text:
List of tourist attractions in Delhi

Government buildings

 * Sansad Bhavan or the Parliament of India is a circular building designed by the British architects Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker in 1912–1913. Construction began in 1921, and in 1927 the building was opened as the home of the Council of State, the Central Legislative Assembly, and the Chamber of Princes.
 * Rashtrapati Bhavan was built with a mix of European and Mughal/Indian styles. It was originally built for the Governor General of India. Inaugurated in 1931 as the Viceregal Lodge, the name was changed in 1959 after India became a republic. Now it is the presidential palace of India.

Connaught Place
Connaught Place, also known as CP, is a business and commercial centre with hotels, shopping complexes, and offices. Tourist attractions include Hanuman Mandir, an ancient temple with a mention in Guinness Book of Record, Jantar Mantar, an astronomical observatory from the 18th century, Maharaja Agrasen ki Baoli and State Emporiums which houses a collection of ethnic specialities of the states.

Connaught Place is divided into two circles, called the inner and outer Connaught circle. Janpath, an open-air shopping complex, lies on the road connecting the inner and outer circle with Palika Bazaar, a landmark market in the underground maze below Connaught Place.

Historic sites

 * The Qutub Minar is located in Qutb complex, Mehrauli in South Delhi. It was built by Qutub-ud-din Aibak of the Slave Dynasty, founder of the Delhi Sultanate, started construction of the Qutub Minar's first storey around 1192. In 1220, Aibak's successor and son-in-law Iltutmish completed a further three storeys. In 1369, a lightning strike destroyed the top storey. Firoz Shah Tughlaq replaced the damaged storey and added one more. It is a fluted red sandstone tower, which tapers up to a height of 72.5 meters and is covered with intricate carvings and verses from the Quran.
 * Lodhi Gardens, earlier called Lady Willingdon Park, is a 15th- and 16th-century park with numerous monuments scattered among its lawns, flowers, shady trees and ponds. Notable monuments are the Tomb of Sikandar Lodi, Bara Gumbad and Shisha Gumbad.
 * When Ghazi Malik founded the Tughlaq Dynasty in 1321. He built the strongest fort in Delhi at Tughlaqabad, completed with great speed within four years of his rule.
 * Salimgarh Fort, which is now part of the Red Fort complex, was constructed on an island of the Yamuna River in 1546 by the Suri Dynasty.
 * The Purana Quila (Old Fort) is a good example of Mughal military architecture. Built by Pandavas, renovated by Humayun, with later modifications by Sher Shah Suri, the Purana Quila is a monument that is different from the well-planned, carefully decorated, and palatial forts of the later Mughal rulers. It does not have a complex of palaces, administrative, and recreational buildings as is generally found in the forts built later but rather has plain design and sturdy strong walls that were meant to defend it from attacks.
 * Chandni Chowk, a main marketplace in Delhi, keeps alive the city's living legacy of Shahjahanabad. It is a very famous place in Delhi it is famous for its Jalebi and Parathas. Chandni Chowk remains Asia's largest wholesale market. Created by Shah Jahan, legend has it that Shah Jahan planned Chandni Chowk so that his daughter could shop for all that she wanted. Handicrafts once patronized by the Mughals continue to flourish there. Within the vicinity are the Laal Quila (The Red Fort), Fatehpuri Mosque and Jama Masjid along with Sis Ganj Gurudwara, Gauri Shankar Mandir, Jain Mandir and a lot of small temples, the place is witnesses of genuine cultural harmony.
 * The Safdarjung's Tomb is a garden tomb in a marble mausoleum.
 * Humayun's tomb is the tomb of the Mughal emperor Humayun that was commissioned by Humayun's wife and chief consort, Empress Bega Begum in 1569. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
 * Red Fort is a historic fort in Delhi where every year on the Independence day of India (15 August), the Prime Minister hoists the Indian "tricolour flag" at the main gate of the fort and delivers a nationally broadcast speech from its ramparts.
 * The Jantar Mantar consists of 13 architectural astronomy instruments, built by Maharaja Jai Singh II.
 * The Siri Fort is a historic fort located between Mehrauli and Hauz Khas, and was built during the rule of Alauddin Khilji.
 * Iron Pillar, a 7.21 meters tall metallurgical wonder, is located in Qutb complex.

Hinduism

 * Akshardham Temple it is the third largest Hindu temple in the world. It was built in 2005. In the sprawling 100 acre land rests an intricately carved monument, high-technology exhibitions, a musical fountain, a food court and gardens.
 * The Laxminarayan Temple was built in honour of Lakshmi (Hindu goddess of wealth), and her consort Narayana (Vishnu, Preserver in the Trimurti) by B. R. Birla from 1933 and 1939, when it was inaugurated by Mahatma Gandhi. The side temples are dedicated to Shiva, Krishna and Buddha. The temple spread over 7.5 acres, is adorned with many shrines, fountains, and a large garden, and also houses Geeta Bhawan for discourses. The temple is one of the major attractions of Delhi and attracts thousands of devotees on the Hindu festivals of Janmashtami and Holi.
 * ISKCON Temple also popularly called as the Hare Krishna temple is a famous Vaishnava temple with deities of Sri Radha Krishna. Located in South Delhi, the construction of the temple began in 1991 and was completed in 1998 under the planning of internationally renowned architect Achyut Kanvinde. ISKCON Temple in Delhi.jpg The temple primarily built with red stone is recognized for its unique architecture which blends the traditional Vedic with contemporary style. The complex also houses a one of a kind in the country Robtic show which explains the message of Bhagavad Gita. Another highlight of the temple is beautifully drawn paintings of the Lord done by the foreign devotees. Apart from these, the temple acts as a sturdy base for those wish to study the Vedic scriptures, Yoga and provides a facility for practising Bhakti Yoga as given by Srila Prabhupada. The temple also serves the devotees pure vegetarian food at its 'Govindas' restaurant. The temple is easy to approach as it well connected by buses and Metro trains..
 * Chhatarpur Temple is located at Chhatarpur, is the second-largest temple complex in India, and is dedicated to Goddess, Katyayani
 * Kalka Ji Mandir is a famous Hindu mandir or temple, This temple is situated on Kalkaji Mandir (Delhi Metro station) in the southern part of Delhi, India, in Kalkaji, a locality that has derived its name from this famous temple and is located opposite Nehru Place business centre.

Jainism

 * Shri Digambar Jain Lal Mandir is the oldest and best-known Jain temple in Delhi originally built in 1658. This temple is located just opposite the massive Red Fort at the intersection of Netaji Subhas Marg and Chandni Chowk. The temple is an impressive structure made up red stone giving the name Lal Mandir. The temple is known for an avian veterinary hospital, called the Jain Birds Hospital, in a second building behind the main temple.
 * Shri Atma Vallabh Jain Smarak is a Jain temple and a multi-faceted memorial in the sacred memory of Jain Acharya Shri Vijay Vallabh Surishwer Ji. The main hall of the temple is considered a brilliant example of the structural design as per ancient Jain Sthapatya Kala (Main Sompura: Amrutbhai Mulshankar Trivedi). It is built in dome-shaped internally with stepped roof exterior.

Sikhs

 * Gurdwara Bangla Sahib is one of the most prominent and largest gurdwaras in Delhi. Gurdwara Bangla Sahib is the most visited one in Delhi. Millions visit from all over the world and of all religions to offer their prayers at this elegant yet historical gurdwara in Delhi. The gurdwara marks the place where the eighth Sikh Guru, Guru Harkrishan, lived his last breath serving the population ravaged by the smallpox and cholera epidemic. The Gurdwara offers free food (langar) to all visitors and devotees throughout the day. Even one can have its M.R.I. free of cost at Bangla Sahib. There is a beautiful reservoir.

Islam

 * The Masjid-i-Jahan Numa, commonly known as Jama Masjid, is the principal mosque of Old Delhi. Commissioned by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and completed in 1656, it is one of the largest and best-known mosques in India. It can accommodate around 25,000 people at once.
 * Nizamuddin Dargah is the Mausoleum of the famous Sufi Saint Nizamuddin Auliya, Delhi.
 * Matka Peer Dargah is the Mausoleum of the famous Sufi Saint Sheikh Abu Bakar Tusi, Delhi.

Baháʼí

 * The Lotus Temple is an exceptionally beautiful structure, built as a Baháʼí House of Worship. It is situated in South Delhi and looks like a white lotus. It was built by the community of the Baháʼí Faith. The temple has received a wide range of attention in professional architectural, fine art, religious, governmental, and other venues.

Christian

 * Cathedral Church of Redemption, also known as Viceroy Church. Located east of Parliament House and Rashtrapati Bhavan, which was used by then viceroy of British India. The Church derives its name from Palladio's Church of Il Redentore in Venice as well as Lutyens St Jude's Church, Hampstead Garden Suburb. The cathedral was built in eight years and was completed in 1935. Cathedral was designed by Henry Medd. The cathedral was built in such a manner that even in the extreme summers it remains cool and serene. The church serves locals and foreigners. It is visited by tens of thousands of visitors each day.
 * St. James' Church is one of the oldest churches in Delhi.

Memorials

 * National War Memorial on the 21st anniversary of Kargil Vijay Diwas, 2020.jpg National War Memorial is a war memorial to India's military.
 * The India Gate located astride the Rajpath is a war memorial to 70,000 soldiers of the Indian Army who lost their lives in the First World War.
 * The Wall of Truth is a memorial for Sikhs killed during the 1984 anti-Sikh riots and "all Sikhs killed world over in hate crimes".
 * The National Police Memorial commemorates police personnel from all of the central and state police forces in India who have died in the line of duty since Independence. Wall_of_Valour_National_Police_Memorial_New_Delhi_India.jpg
 * On the banks of the Yamuna River, which flows past Delhi, there is Raj Ghat, the final resting place of Mahatma Gandhi, the father of the nation. It has become an essential point of call for all visiting dignitaries. Two museums dedicated to Gandhi are situated nearby.Gandhi Memorial.jpg, the memorial to Mahatma Gandhi, is a simple black marble platform that marks the spot of his cremation on 31 January 1948.|thumb]]

Museums

 * Ghalib Museum
 * Indian War Memorial Museum
 * Pradhan Mantri Sangrahalaya
 * National Museum
 * National Rail Museum
 * National Museum of Natural History
 * National Philatelic Museum, New Delhi
 * Indian Air Force Museum, Palam
 * National Gallery of Modern Art
 * National Gandhi Museum
 * National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum
 * National Police Memorial and Museum
 * National Science Centre, New Delhi
 * Kiran Nadar Museum of Art
 * Parliament Museum
 * Red Fort Archaeological Museum
 * Shankar's International Dolls Museum
 * Sulabh International Museum of Toilets
 * Dr. Zakir Hussain Museum

Other attractions

 * Delhi is a food lover's paradise, from street food to the Paranthe Wali Gali of old Delhi selling everything from paranthas to nihari, to the modern-day but local cafes that have sprung up, to the Mughlai and North Indian restaurants- Delhi food is its heart and soul. And it requires a huge appetite to sample it all.
 * Lying close to the Raj Ghat, the Shanti Van (literally, the forest of peace) is the place where India's first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru was cremated. The area is now a beautiful park adorned by trees planted by visiting dignitaries and heads of state.
 * Ahinsa Sthal is a Jain temple located in Mehrauli. This temple is famous for its magnificent 13 ft. 6-inch statue of Mahavira carved from single granite rock.
 * Rajpath, constructed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, is a road that runs from Rashtrapati Bhavan and is surrounded by beautiful gardens.

Parks and gardens

 * Garden of Five Senses is a park with numerous modern art and sculpture pieces spread over 20 acres near Saket in south Delhi.
 * Aram Bagh park is located near Paharganj and spread over 1 acres. It is a popupar destination for travelers that is offer budget accommodation and street food
 * Waste To Wonder is a park spread over seven acres in Sarai Kale Khan. It has replicas of seven wonders of the world made out of 150 tonnes of waste.
 * Bharat Darshan Park SDMC is a park spread over 8.5 acres made out of 350 metric tonnes of waste. It opened in December 2021. It was developed by the South Delhi Municipal Corporation (SDMC) in West Delhi's Punjabi Bagh at an estimated cost of ₹ 14 crore and replicas of 21 monuments from across the country.
 * Aastha Kunj
 * The National Zoological Park is a 176-acre (71 ha) zoo near the Old Fort in Delhi, India. The zoo is home to about 1350 animals representing almost 130 species of animals and birds from around the world.
 * The India Africa Friendship Rose Garden in Chanakyapuri has many unique rose varieties.
 * Millennium Indraprastha Park, located between ITO and Akshardham, is a park with an amphitheatre, food court and a Vishwa Shanti Stupa with Buddha statue.
 * Sunder Nursery, a 90 acres heritage park near Humayun's Tomb, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and has a garden with marble fountains.

title: List of tourist attractions in Delhi


text:
Subdivisions of Scotland

For local government purposes, Scotland is divided into 32 areas designated as "council areas" (comhairlean), which are all governed by single-tier authorities designated as "councils". They have the option under the Local Government (Gaelic Names) (Scotland) Act 1997 of being known (but not re-designated) as a "comhairle" when opting for a Gaelic name; only Comhairle nan Eilean Siar (Council of the Western Isles) has chosen this option, whereas the Highland Council (Comhairle na Gàidhealtachd) has adopted its Gaelic form alongside its English equivalent, informally.

The council areas have been in existence since 1 April 1996, under the provisions of the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994. Historically, Scotland was divided into 34 counties or shires. Although these no longer have any administrative function, they are still used to some extent in Scotland for cultural and geographical purposes, and some of the current council areas are named after them. There are also a number of other administrative divisions, some of which are handled by joint boards of the councils.

At the most local level, Scotland is divided into civil parishes, which are now used only for statistical purposes such as the census. The lowest level of administrative subdivision are the communities, which may elect community councils.

History of the subdivisions of Scotland
Traditionally burghs have been the key unit of the local government of Scotland, being highly autonomous entities, with rights to representation in the old Parliament of Scotland. Even after the Acts of Union 1707, burghs continued to be the principal subdivision. Until 1889, administration was on a burgh and parish basis.

The years following 1889 saw the introduction of a hierarchy of local government administration comprising counties, counties of cities, large burghs and small burghs.

With effect from 16 May 1975 and until 31 March 1996 the local government divisions of Scotland consisted of an upper tier of regions each containing a lower tier of districts except for the single-tier island council areas. Since 1996 there has only been a single tier of government, and the former island council areas are of equal status to the other councils.

Council areas

 * These are mid-year estimates for from the Office for National Statistics.

Other subdivisions
Scotland has several other administrative divisions, some of which are handled by joint boards of the councils.

Electoral and valuation
There are several joint boards for electoral registration and the purposes of property valuation for assessing council tax and rates.

Health
See also NHS Scotland

Until 1 April 2014 the towns of Cambuslang and Rutherglen were in the Greater Glasgow and Clyde health board area despite being located in South Lanarkshire. They are now part of NHS Lanarkshire.

Transport
The Scottish Government has created seven "Regional Transport Partnerships", for establishing transport policy in the regions. They broadly follow council area groupings.

Eurostat NUTS
In the Eurostat Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS), Scotland is a level-1 NUTS region, coded "UKM", which is subdivided as follows:

Land registration
The current land registration system in Scotland divides Scotland into 33 Registration Counties, each coming into effect on various dates between 1981 and 2003. These areas in most cases resemble those of the pre-1975 administrative counties with Glasgow being the only current city to form a registration county.

Sheriffdoms
Sheriffdoms are judicial areas. Since 1 January 1975, these have been six in number:

 * Glasgow and Strathkelvin
 * Grampian, Highland and Islands
 * Lothian and Borders
 * North Strathclyde
 * South Strathclyde, Dumfries and Galloway
 * Tayside, Central and Fife

Lieutenancy areas
The Lieutenancy areas of Scotland are the areas used for the ceremonial lord-lieutenants, the monarch's representatives. The areas are similar to the Historic Counties and the Registration Counties, but are not identical to either. Most notably, the four cities of Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh, and Glasgow form separate areas from the surrounding countryside, with the Lord Provost of each city acting ex officio as the lord-lieutenant.

Former police and fire services
The Police and Fire Reform (Scotland) Act 2012 resulted in the merger of local police and fire services on 1 April 2013 to form the Police Service of Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Seirbheis Phoilis na h-Alba) and the Scottish Fire and Rescue Service (SFRS, Scottish Gaelic: Seirbheis Smàlaidh agus Teasairginn na h-Alba).

Prior to 1975 policing was the responsibility of the Cities and Burghs of Scotland (see List of burghs in Scotland). Between 1975 and 2013 Scotland was subdivided into Police and fire service areas based on the regions and districts and island council areas that were also formed in 1975. The police and fire service regions used between 1975 and 2013 are listed below.

Lower level subdivisions
Scotland is divided into 871 civil parishes which often resemble same-named but legally different ecclesiastical parishes. Although they have had no administrative function since 1930, they still exist and are still used for statistical purposes such as the census. Many former civil parish areas also continued to form registration districts until 1 January 2007. Many boundary changes have occurred over the years and an area currently derived from an old parish might no longer contain a place previously within that parish. Similarly, county boundaries (as still used for land registration) have also changed over the years such that a parish mentioned historically (generally before the 1860s) as being in one county (or sometimes two due to straddling a border) might now be in a neighbouring county and consequentially in a different succeeding council area.

For most administrative purposes, the base level of sub-division in Scotland is now that of communities, which may elect community councils. The main role of these bodies is to channel and reflect local opinion to other bodies; they otherwise have very limited powers. There are around 1,200 communities in Scotland. Not all communities have councils; some have joint councils.

Scottish communities are the nearest equivalent to civil parishes in England.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Subdivisions of Scotland


text:
Talk:Alkaline earth metal

Explanations
hey everyone i need to understand this. anybody want to help me? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 168.37.196.2 (talk • contribs) 14:28, 5 November 2003 (UTC).

What is development of alkaline earth metal? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 210.213.139.128 (talk • contribs) 11:24, 8 August 2004 (UTC).

I don't understand your question. Do you mean that you have a homework assignment that says "Describe the development of alkaline earth metals" or something like that? If so, the answer is "It depends what you mean by 'development'." -- Heron 15:55, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Why is it that school is harder when you try?

Magnesium
Magnesium will react with hot water, liberating hydrogen, I have done it. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 12.10.127.58 (talk • contribs) 14:22, 10 August 2005 (UTC).

Did you do it at 1atm? At 1 atm Magnesium metal only reacts with steam (hot water vapor from boiling) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 65.93.214.8 (talk • contribs) 02:46, 30 September 2005 (UTC). Ibrahim Samad Afridi: Magnesium and calcium are the most common alkaline earth metal.Metallic bonding in these metals involve two electrons .Therefore these metals are soft but are much harder than alkali metals.They are relatively reactive but less reactive than alkali metals magnesium reacts with steam but calcium reacts with cold water. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 182.177.66.104 (talk) 13:53, 22 May 2012 (UTC)

Chemistry Lab Question
Why does the metallic character of the alkaline earth metals increase as you go down the group?

How can magnesium react with the noble gasses? - The Student

Physical & chemical properties, beryllium & important reactions/compounds
The content of this article is good in my opinion. In to order to complement the existing information, I thought it would be a good idea to add some information talking about the physical and chemical properties of these elements. I found it was also important to talk about beryllium since, as I mentioned in my text was "special". Finally I decided to add some important reactions and compounds in order to understand in depth the alkaline earth metals. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Babychanel (talk • contribs) 22:59, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

I made a couple of changes where "alkali metal" was used where "alkaline earth" was meant. Also for some reason "ununennium" popped in as the second element in period eight and the second not yet discovered element; the first is unbinilium and, since the synthesis of ununseptium, so is the second.Syd Henderson (talk) 00:37, 2 April 2011 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Alkaline earth metal
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Alkaline earth metal's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "EB": From Sri Lanka:  From Alkali metal:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 03:33, 12 April 2012 (UTC)

Beryllium, magnesium excluded
Mention somewhere beryllium and magnesium are sometimes excluded, thus the group sometimes begins at calcium.--R8R Gtrs (talk) 19:04, 12 June 2012 (UTC)
 * A ref: When Be and Mg are excluded from group 2, they're sometimes included in group 12 instead. Double sharp (talk) 07:32, 14 June 2012 (UTC)

Non-linear molecules
Just pointing you into this paper: http://131.104.156.23/Lectures/CHEM_462/7113_Literature/ic00113a023.pdf. If I were to write the thing, I'd definitely use it somehow (no major accent, but you wouldn't maybe find the paper yourselves guys... I wouldn't at least, found it accidentally)... No biggine... but a nice by-the-way (two or three sentences) addition--R8R Gtrs (talk) 23:50, 19 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks! I'll add this in soon. StringTheory11 (t • c) 23:56, 19 August 2012 (UTC)

History of strontium
I updated the history section of strontium an eliminated the misconception that Hope named it.--Stone (talk) 23:17, 26 November 2012 (UTC)

Eka radium
Is it just me, or is it undue weight to devote one of the three paragraphs in the lede to an element that does not exist?

Rwflammang (talk) 19:41, 21 October 2013 (UTC)
 * It's kinda interesting that it might not behave like the lighter alkaline earth metals, which increases its notability. Double sharp (talk) 02:01, 22 October 2013 (UTC)

 * This undue weight and interesting. But I think it can go to a lower section of the article. This is not what anybody is searching for. Wikipedia is a place were you search for certain information and not for interesting things. --Stone (talk) 11:25, 22 October 2013 (UTC)

 * I dunno honestly. It certainly could work in the lede, as it is not everything we predict about E120 and this is just a summary. See the lede for alkali metal (E119, similar case). But the lede here hasn't been expanded so it does not fit well. We really need a separate section for this. Double sharp (talk) 14:50, 22 October 2013 (UTC)

 * The problem is that in the lead there should be a small condensed version of the maintext. Refs should only be used if it is controversal. Second point in the alkali metals article is 300 of 3000 words while in the alkaline earth it is 400 of 1000 words.--Stone (talk) 18:30, 22 October 2013 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 07:20, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Alkali metal which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 06:14, 28 February 2019 (UTC)

Singular
How do you propose to make the introduction singular? (You moved the article back) Christian75 (talk) 07:38, 11 February 2022 (UTC)
 * there is no particular requirement that the bolded term in the article lead has to match the title of the article when it comes to singular/plural. The lead would be phrased in the way that best introduces the topic, which this one currently does. See for example mammal, which is about a class of animals and whose lead uses the plural, but where the title is singular. While the title is expected to conform to overall titling policies, and in particular to consider whether the term is predominantly considered plural or singular in sources. In the case of alkali metals, (and probably therefore alkaline earth metals too), the two terms are virtually tied in book usage, which means that our general preference for the singular from WP:NCPLURAL should apply. Anyway, the bottom line is that this was discussed already at Talk:Alkali_metal and there was no consensus to move it, so if you wish to make a move you'll have to propose it at a fresh WP:RM discussion and provide evidence as to why the current set-up is wrong. Cheers — Amakuru (talk) 10:55, 11 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alkaline earth metal


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User:Forseti

Feel free to copy my Monobook CSS sheet for better looking Wikipedia Talk • New • Anon RC • CSD • VfD • Goings-on • VP • Cleanup • Ref desk • Attention • Most wanted • Requested  Highlights:
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 My name is Marcin "Forseti" Pazdziora. I live in Lodz in Poland, but my sentiment goes to Wroclaw where I was born in 1976.

I wrote (and will write) on following topics:
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Also I know some topics in biology and IT field but I believe that there are better than me and so I'll limit myself to edits if I find any errors. I will no longer write on Polish-German relations as there is really no sense in perpetuating revert wars with untoward people (please inform me if I miss any Wikipedia policy that is aimed at relieving this problem).

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pl:Wikipedysta:Forseti

title: User:Forseti


text:
Talk:Monomial

old comments
What contradiction(s?) as implied by the "may not be consistent" arises due to the allowance of coefficients?

The monomials in one unknown X are therefore the powers Xn for n = 0, 1, 2,...

Doesn't that "0" imply that coefficients are permitted?

It implies that 1 is a monomial.

Charles Matthews 14:58, 5 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Right, right, I was just coming back to remove my dumb comment :)

'Diverge' - an English subjunctive, no?

Charles Matthews 15:20, 5 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Oh. Sorry. Didn't realize it was subjunctive.

Definition: what kind of powers?
"is a product of powers of variables". Do these have to be nonzero integral powers? Is x√x a monomial? What about 1/x ?Gphilip (talk) 08:15, 3 December 2012 (UTC)
 * The first sentence says "in the context of polynomials". Thus, implicitly, non negative integer exponents are assumed. I agree that it would be better to make this assumption explicit. On the other hand monomials with negative exponents are considered in the context of Laurent polynomials and monomials with rational numbers as exponents are considered in the context pf Puiseux series. I'll edit the lead accordingly. D.Lazard (talk) 09:59, 3 December 2012 (UTC)

Recent reverts
has done a major revision of the article. This revision includes This is not a complete list of the issues of this edit, but is sufficient to show that it makes the article much worst than it was. Thus this edit cannot be accepted.
 * Removal of essential information, namely the existence in the literature of two different, although related, definitions of a monomial.
 * Introduction in the body of the article of external links which should be removed per WP:ELNO, even if they were in a section "External links". Also introduction of a link to a dab page
 * Introduction of contradiction between two consecutive paragraph: In a paragraph is is said that 6 and $$-7x^5$$ are monomials, and, the next paragraph asserts that, in the case of one variable, a monomial is either 1 or a power of the variable with a positive integer as an exponent (solving this contradiction requires considering the two different definitions, whose description has been removed by the editor)
 * Introduction of a terminology that is uncommon in mathematics, and therefore confusing ("lone variable")
 * Introduction of a terminology ("atomic term") that is not defined, nor linked, irrelevant here, and too WP:TECHNICAL for this article (this is a term of mathematical logic).
 * Confusing use of two different meanings of "term" in the same sentence: "atomic term" refers to terms of a theory in logic, and later in the sentence, "term" is used as a synonymous of "summand".

I have reverted this edit twice. I have also opened a thread in the talk page of the editor, and warned him of the WP:3RR rule. In each case, "the enemies" has restored his edit, without any comment here and in talk pages (here, mine, or his).

Thus, as this editor seems not accept discussing, I'll revert him again, and if he continue to edit warring, I'll notify this behavior to Administrators' noticeboard. D.Lazard (talk) 19:33, 17 January 2019 (UTC)

 * I concur with D. Lazard that the new version appears to be inferior to the old one (thus, the reverting is warranted) For example, the new version had “a monomial is a simple product” as the first sentence; this is not understandable and remember like the overwhelming majority of the readers read only the first sentence. But I would like also to say that I’m not too fond of the lead of the stable version; it’s overly technical. We shouldn’t be showering a calculus student with the term like “power product”. Of course, the precision is necessary in the beyond-calculus levels; foe example, one may need to distinguish between $$xy$$ and $$yx$$ but that can be done later in the article where we lose calculus students. —- Taku (talk) 18:48, 18 January 2019 (UTC)

 * There is a definition of monomial that I really like: it is a function from a finite set X to $$\mathbb{N}$$; see for example . If $$X = \{ x_1, \dots, x_n \}$$, then it’s easy see this definition is equivalent to the usual one but has a benefit that we are not implicitly introducing an ordering (which can be a delicate structure). (If I recall, there is also a definition in terms of an orbit.) —- Taku (talk) 18:59, 18 January 2019 (UTC)
 * I am also not too fond with the stable version. The definition proposed by Taku is very elegant, and deserve to be mentioned in the article. In fact, monomials may be identified with multisets, and this identification is often used for counting multisets and monomials. However, this should not appear as the main definition, as it is confusing, because it hides the main property of monomials, that is to be specific polynomials that form a basis of the vector space or module of all polynomials. D.Lazard (talk) 20:35, 18 January 2019 (UTC)
 * No disagreement from me; after all, it’s “monomial” as opposed to “polynomial”. —- Taku (talk) 01:37, 20 January 2019 (UTC)

Degree of a monomial
I'm a bit surprised to find that this page asserts the degree of a monomial to be "the sum of all the exponents of the variables". This article even references CLO without mentioning that there are other possible definitions of "degree" for multivariate monomials. That is, this article is written entirely in the frame of total degree. I do agree that this is the most common notion of a degree in multivariate contexts, but it feels amiss to not point out the article's conventional choice.

Additionally, this definition is only codified after an extensive discussion of the number of monomials of a certain degree. --EuclideanSwag (talk) 09:06, 22 November 2022 (UTC)

Figure recently added
An editor has recently added an image to the article, and has added it again after a revert. I'll revert this image again, because of multiples issues. Here are the main ones. D.Lazard (talk) 21:52, 12 December 2022 (UTC)
 * MOS:PERTINENCE: There is nothing in the body of the article that is illustrated by this image
 * Unusual terminology that is not defined in Wikipedia: the reader has to guess himself that "end behaviour" means "behavior at infinity or asymptotic behavior.
 * The image is about univariate polynomial functions defined by a monomial, and is placed in a section that is explicitely about multivariate monomials.
 * There is nothing specific about monomials in this image: all univariate polynomial functions of degree $n$ have the same behavior at infinity as their monomial of highest degree.
 * The image contains textual information that cannot be easily edited.
 * The textual information consists of formulas without any prose for explaining them
 * The formulas are awfully formatted and use uncommon notation not defined in Wikipedia: the variables are not in italic; "n%2=0" instead of "$n mod 2 = 0$" or, better, "$n$ even" ("%" means "mod" in some programming languages, but not in mathematics); notation "x → +∞, f(x) → +∞" is nowhere defined in Wikipedia; apparently it means $\lim_{x\to +\infty}f(x)=+\infty.$
 * etc.

title: Talk:Monomial


text:
Mário Soares

Mário Alberto Nobre Lopes Soares (7 December 1924 – 7 January 2017) was a Portuguese politician, who served as prime minister of Portugal from 1976 to 1978 and from 1983 to 1985, and subsequently as the 17th president of Portugal from 1986 to 1996. He was the first secretary-general of the Socialist Party, from its foundation in 1973 to 1986. A major political figure in Portugal, he is considered the father of Portuguese democracy.

Family
Soares was the son of João Lopes Soares (Leiria, Arrabal, 17 November 1879 – Lisbon, Campo Grande, 31 July 1970), founder of the Colégio Moderno in Lisbon, government minister and then anti-fascist republican activist who had been a priest before impregnating and marrying Elisa Nobre Baptista (Santarém, Pernes, 8 September 1887 – Lisbon, Campo Grande, 28 February 1955), Mário Soares's mother, at the 7th Conservatory of the Civil Register of Lisbon on 5 September 1934. His father also had another son by an unknown mother named Tertuliano Lopes Soares. His mother had previously been married and had two children, J. Nobre Baptista and Cândido Nobre Baptista. Mário Soares was raised as a Roman Catholic, but came to identify himself as a republican, secular and socialist.

Early life
Soares was born in the Coração de Jesus neighbourhood of Lisbon, and graduated in history and philosophy from the University of Lisbon. He became a university lecturer in 1957, but his activities in opposition to the dictatorship of António de Oliveira Salazar led to repeated arrests. He was active in resistance groups such as the Movement for Anti-Fascist National Unity and the Movement for Democratic Unity.

Soares began his studies at Colégio Moderno, owned by his father. There, for a short period he was taught geography by Álvaro Cunhal, who would later become the towering figure of Portuguese Communism and one of Soares' greatest political rivals.

While a student at university, Soares joined the Portuguese Communist Party, being responsible for the youth section. In this capacity, he organised demonstrations in Lisbon to celebrate the end of World War II. He was first arrested by PIDE, the Portuguese political police, in 1946, when he was a member of the Central Committee of the Movement of Democratic Unity (Movimento de Unidade Democrática), at the time chaired by Mário de Azevedo Gomes. Soares was arrested twice in 1949. On those latter occasions, he was the secretary of General Norton de Matos, a candidate for the Presidency. However, he became estranged from de Matos when the latter discovered Soares's Communist sympathies.

Soares married Maria de Jesus Barroso Soares, an actress, on 22 February 1949, while in the Aljube prison, at the Third Conservatory of the Civil Register of Lisbon. They had a son, João Soares, who later became Mayor of Lisbon, and a daughter, Isabel Barroso Soares (born in 1951), who now manages the Colégio Moderno.

Soares's multiple arrests for political activism made it impossible for him to continue with his career as a lecturer of history and philosophy. Therefore, he decided to study law and become an attorney.

Political activity during the Estado Novo
In 1958, Soares was very active in the presidential election supporting General Humberto Delgado. Later, he would become Delgado's family lawyer, when Humberto Delgado was murdered in 1965, in Spain, by agents of the dictatorship's secret police (PIDE). As a lawyer, he defended some of Portugal's political prisoners and participated in numerous trials conducted in the Plenary Court and in the Special Military Court. Represented, particularly, Álvaro Cunhal when he was accused of several political crimes, and along with Adelino da Palma Carlos he also defended the dynastic cause of Maria Pia of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Braganza.

In April 1964, in Geneva, Switzerland, Soares together with Francisco Ramos da Costa and Manuel Tito de Morais created the Acção Socialista Portuguesa (Portuguese Socialist Action). At this point he was already quite distant from his former Communist friends (having quit the Communist Party in 1951); his views were now clearly inclined towards economic liberalism.

In March 1968, Soares was arrested again by PIDE, and a military tribunal sentenced him to banishment in the colony of São Tomé and Principe in the Gulf of Guinea. His wife and two children, Isabel and João, accompanied him. However, they returned to Lisbon eight months later for in the meantime dictator Salazar had been replaced by Marcello Caetano. The new dictator wanted to present a more democratic face to the world, so many political prisoners, Soares among them, were released and allowed exile in France.

In the October 1969 general election, which was rigged, the democratic opposition (whose political rights were severely restricted) entered with two different lists. Soares participated actively in the campaign supporting the Coligação Eleitoral de Unidade Democrática or CEUD (Electoral Coalition for Democratic Unity). CEUD was clearly anti-fascist, but they also reaffirmed their opposition to Communism.

In 1970, Soares was exiled to Rome, Italy, but eventually settled in France where he taught at the Universities of Vincennes, Paris and Rennes. In 1973, the 'Portuguese Socialist Action' became the Socialist Party, and Soares was elected Secretary-General. The Socialist party was created under the umbrella of Willy Brandt's SPD in Bad Münstereifel, Germany, on 19 April 1973.

Carnation Revolution
On 25 April 1974, elements of the Portuguese Army seized power in Lisbon, overthrowing Salazar's successor, Marcello Caetano. Soares and other political exiles returned home to celebrate what was termed the "Carnation Revolution".

In the provisional government which was formed after the revolution, led by the Movement of the Armed Forces (MFA), Soares became minister for overseas negotiations, charged with organising the independence of Portugal's overseas colonies. Among other encounters, he met with Samora Machel, the leader of Frelimo, to negotiate the independence of Mozambique.

Within months of the revolution however (and in spite of the April 1975 Constituent Assembly election results which gave victory to the Socialist Party and clearly favored the pro-democracy political parties), it became apparent that the Portuguese Communist Party, allied with a radical group of officers in the MFA, was attempting to extend its control over the government. The prime minister, Vasco dos Santos Gonçalves, was accused of being an agent of the Communists and a bitter confrontation developed between the Socialists and Communists over control of the newspaper República.

President Francisco da Costa Gomes dismissed Vasco Gonçalves in September 1975 and a failed far-left coup in late November ended the far-left influence in Portuguese government and politics. After the approval of the 1976 Constitution, a democratic government was finally established when national elections were held on 25 April 1976.

Prime minister
The 1976 legislative election gave the Socialists a plurality of seats in the newly created Assembly of the Republic and Soares became prime minister. Deep hostility between the Socialists and the Communists made a left-wing majority government impossible, and Soares formed a weak minority government. Vast fiscal and currency account deficits generated by previous governments forced Soares to adopt a strict austerity policy, which made him deeply unpopular. Soares had to resign from office after only two years, in 1978.

The wave of left-wing sentiment which followed the 1974 revolution had now dissipated, and a succession of conservative governments held office until 1983, with Soares' Socialist Party unsuccessful in the 1979 special elections and 1980 elections. Soares again became prime minister following the 1983 elections, holding office until late 1985. His main achievement in office was negotiating Portugal's entry into the European Economic Community. Portugal at the time was very wary of integrating itself into the EEC, and Soares almost single-handedly turned public opinion around.

Presidency
In the 1986 presidential election, Soares was elected president of Portugal, beating Diogo Freitas do Amaral by little more than 2%. He was reelected in 1991, this time with almost 70% of the vote. For most of Soares' two terms of office, Portugal was governed by the centre-right Social Democratic Party, led by Aníbal Cavaco Silva.

In 1989, he was the first foreign head of state to visit Czechoslovakia in the course of the Velvet Revolution, invited by Václav Havel, who was elected president of Czechoslovakia two days later.

He devised the so-called Presidência Aberta (Open Presidency), a series of tours around the country, each addressing a particular issue, such as the environment or a particular region of Portugal. Although generally well received by the public, some claimed that he was criticizing the government and exceeding his constitutional role. Others stated that the tours were in the style of medieval courts. Yet the name stuck for today's presidential initiatives of the same type.

Post-Presidency

 * Soares retired in 1996, but in 1998 he headed the Independent World Commission on the Oceans.
 * In 1999 he headed the Socialist ticket in elections to the European Parliament, where he served until the 2004 elections. He ran for President of the Parliament, but lost to Nicole Fontaine.
 * In 2000 he was awarded the North-South Prize.
 * Soares was a member of the Club de Madrid, an independent organization of more than 80 former democratic statesmen from around the world. The group works to strengthen democratic governance and leadership.
 * In March 2005, he launched a petition urging the European Union to start membership talks with Cape Verde.
 * On 30 August 2005, he announced his candidacy to run for president in the election that occurred on 22 January 2006, when he was 81 years old. However, he lost the election to Aníbal Cavaco Silva and was even behind Manuel Alegre, receiving 14% of the vote. "The results went against my expectations. I accept this defeat with a feeling of mission accomplished," he said. It was suggested (on the RTP1 TV programme Prós e Contras in March 2008) that one of the reasons for his weak support could be that the Portuguese were reluctant to elect any president for more than two terms (only allowed by the Portuguese Constitution of 1976 if non-consecutive).
 * In the TV programme Os Grandes Portugueses (English: The Greatest Portuguese), he was voted 12th, the highest-placed among living people chosen by the public.
 * He was a member of the strongest Masonic lodge in Portugal.
 * He was president of the then Mário Soares and Maria Barroso Foundation (Fundação Mário Soares (FMS)).
 * He sat on the board of directors of the Orient Foundation (Portugal) (Fundação Oriente).
 * He was a Member of the Portuguese Council of State, as a former elected president of Portugal.
 * After the Finnish general elections on 17 April 2011, Soares opined that "Finland has changed into an extremely conservative country, where solidarity is unknown." Soares evoked the memory of Kalevi Sorsa, contrasting his generosity with "those dwarfs, who now want to rule Finland, their ethical values and hostility to Portugal". According to Soares the Finns live in an illusion, believing that "speculative markets and credit criminals can destroy nations with nine hundred years' independent history".

Death and state funeral
Soares died on 7 January 2017 at the age of 92. He had been admitted to the hospital on 13 December, and although his condition at first showed slight signs of improvement, he lapsed into a coma on 26 December from which he never recovered. The Portuguese Government offered a state funeral and declared three days of national mourning. It was the first state funeral in Portugal after that of President Óscar Carmona in 1951. After lying in state at Jerónimos Monastery during 9 January, his remains were transported to Prazeres Cemetery the next day, and now lie at the family vault next to those of his wife.

National honours
N.B. according to "Ordens honoríficas portuguesas – Nacionais com Ordens Portuguesas" recipients:
 * PRT Military Order of the Tower and of the Sword - Grand Cross BAR.png Grand Collar of the Order of the Tower and Sword (GColTE – 9 March 1991)
 * PRT Order of Christ - Grand Cross BAR.svg Grand Cross of the Order of Christ (GCC – 09/04/1981)
 * PRT_Order_of_Liberty_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg Grand Collar of the Order of Liberty (GColL – 9 March 1996)
 * PRT Three Orders BAR.svg Grand Master of the Portuguese Orders (9 March 1986 – 9 March 1996):

Foreign honours
N.B. according to "Ordens honoríficas portuguesas – Nacionais com Ordens Estrangeiras" recipients:

 * 🇩🇿 Algeria: Collar (Athir) of the National Order of Merit (29 May 2005)
 * 🇦🇹 Austria: Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (10 March 1987)
 * 🇧🇷 Brazil:
 * Grand Collar of the Order of the Southern Cross (10 November 1987)
 * Grand Collar of the Order of the National Congress (13 April 1987)
 * Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross (10 March 1987)
 * Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (30 March 1988)
 * Grand Cross of the Order of Rio Branco (4 January 1977)
 * Bahia: Collar of the Order of Merit of Bahia (30 March 1988)
 * São Paulo: Grand Cross of the Order of Ipiranga (13 April 1987)

 * 🇧🇬 Bulgaria: First Class of the Order of the Balkan Mountains (26 October 1994)
 * 🇨🇻 Cape Verde: 1st Class of the Order of Amílcar Cabral (5 January 2001)
 * 🇨🇱 Chile: Collar of the Order of Merit (22 July 1992)
 * 🇨🇴 Colombia: Grand Collar of the Order of Boyaca (27 July 1988)
 * People's Republic of the Congo: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit (12 September 1989)
 * 🇨🇾 Cyprus: Grand Collar of the Order of Makarios III (29 May 1990)
 * 🇩🇰 Denmark:
 * Knight of the Order of the Elephant (6 May 1992)
 * Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog (30 March 1988)
 * 🇩🇴 Dominican Republic: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of Duarte, Sánchez and Mella (10 March 1987)
 * East Timor: Grand Collar of the Order of Timor-Leste (3 January 2017)
 * 🇪🇨 Ecuador: Collar of the National Order of Merit (12 September 1989)
 * 🇪🇬 Egypt: Collar of the Order of the Nile (4 April 1992)
 * 🇫🇮 Finland: Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose of Finland (8 March 1991)
 * 🇫🇷 France:
 * Grand Cross of the National Order of Legion of Honour (7 May 1990)
 * Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (26 May 1988)
 * 🇩🇪 Germany:
 * Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (8 January 1991)
 * Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (10 March 1987)
 * 🇬🇷 Greece: Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer (20 November 1987)
 * Holy See: Collar of the Order of Pope Pius IX (8 January 1991)
 * 🇭🇺 Hungary: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary	(25 January 1993)
 * 🇮🇸 Iceland:
 * Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Falcon (4 June 1993)
 * Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon (21 November 1983)
 * 🇮🇹 Italy:
 * Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (5 April 1989)
 * Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (26 April 1986)
 * Ivory Coast: Grand Cross of the National Order of the Ivory Coast (1 June 1990)
 * 🇱🇺 Luxembourg:
 * Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau (26 May 1988)
 * Grand Cross of the Order of the Oak Crown (28 February 1996)
 * 🇲🇹 Malta: Honorary Companion of Honour of the National Order of Merit (9 October 1994)
 * 🇲🇽 Mexico: Grand Cross of the Order of the Aztec Eagle (16 January 2003)
 * 🇲🇦 Morocco:
 * Collar of the Order of Muhammad (20 February 1995)
 * First Class of the Order of Muhammad (6 February 1992)
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion (26 September 1991)
 * 🇳🇴 Norway: Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav (10 March 1987)
 * Palestine: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Star of Palestine (18 November 1993)
 * 🇵🇾 Paraguay: Presidential Collar of Marshal López (Grand Cross) of the National Order of Merit (18 December 1995)
 * 🇵🇱 Poland:
 * Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland (21 May 1993)
 * Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (26 October 1994)
 * Grand Cross of the Order of St Mary Magdalene (19 August 1993)
 * 🇸🇳 Senegal: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit (28 February 1996)
 * 🇰🇷 South Korea: Grand Gwanghwa Medal of the Order of Diplomatic Service Merit (23 April 1987)
 * 🇿🇦 South Africa: Grand Cross of the Order of Good Hope (17 November 1995)
 * Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Collar of the Order pro merito Melitensi (9 May 1989)
 * 🇪🇸 Spain:
 * Collar of the Order of Charles III (30 March 1988)
 * Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III (10 March 1987)
 * Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (21 November 1977)
 * 🇸🇪 Sweden: Knight of the Order of the Seraphim (28 January 1987)
 * 🇹🇳 Tunisia: Grand Cross of the Order of 7 November (6 December 1993)
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom:
 * Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (19 May 1994)
 * Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George (28 February 1996)
 * 🇻🇪 Venezuela: Collar of the Order of the Liberator (10 November 1987)
 * Yugoslavia:
 * Great Star of the Order of the Yugoslav Star (23 April 1990)
 * Sash of the Order of the Yugoslav Star (30 March 1988)
 * Zaire: Grand Cordon of the National Order of the Leopard (4 December 1989)

Foreign awards
In 1998, Soares won the International Simón Bolívar Prize of UNESCO.

In 2000, Soares received the North-South Prize of the Council of Europe.

He was an honorary member of the Club of Rome and member of High Council of Francophonie.

He was appointed Doctor of Laws (honoris causa) by the University of Leicester in 1994.

Soares was named the "patron" for the College of Europe's academic year 2020-2021.

1986 Portuguese presidential election
Mário Soares won the election with 3,010,756 votes (51.18%) after the second round of voting.

1991 Portuguese presidential election
Mário Soares won the election with 3,459,521 votes (70.35%).

2006 Portuguese presidential election
Mário Soares finished third with 785,355 votes (14.31%).

title: Mário Soares


text:
Talk:Estimation

Primary posts
Why does this article mention software? Estimation is a much, much broader topic than that. It's a way of using math to cope with the world, isn't it? In industry, estimation probably is most often associated with estimating the construction cost of buildings. Software development seems a very small part of the story of estimation.

There is also estimation in the Harry Van Trees sense, applied to random variables, where we use statistical knowledge to estimate the value of a variable we can't observe based on some other variable that we can observe. There are various special cases of this such as detection, where the hidden variable is a boolean. Estimation is some of the mathematics behind modems and radars. (The hidden variable for the modem is "what bit did the sender think he was sending?" and for the radar "is there an aircraft up there, and what is its precise location?"). The same math is also used in medical imaging.

http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0471095176/104-9158830-1284763

http://web.mit.edu/6.432/www/

I took this course a few years back and it was way cool. I know MIT is working on putting their lecture notes online, I'm really looking forward to when this course is there.

 * This antedates Harry Van Trees! See Lehmann's book Theory of Point Estimation.  Ronald Fisher is one of the big names in estimation theory. Michael Hardy 16:14, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)

"often based on approximate, uncertain, incomplete, or noisy data". I disagree. "based on incomplete data" is better. Bad data does not make the result an estimate - it is just a bad result. Insufficient data makes the result an estimate. See inferential statistics. Bo Jacoby 09:10, 9 September 2005 (UTC)

Estimation
How are the different estimate scenarios 50/50, 70/30 and 90/10 arrived at? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 134.146.0.27 (talk) 09:20, 15 May 2007 (UTC).

 * Subscript 113.211.102.172 (talk) 04:27, 8 May 2024 (UTC)

Estimation in project management moved
I have moved the text on estimation in project management to a dedicated article. --Dan Polansky 12:06, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

how to do the project of software company in the details. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 117.242.18.119 (talk) 09:17, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

Estimation and approximation are NOT the same
The approximation is for round numbers, probably the exact number is unknown, but surely the information is enough accurate to be useful, the estimation is just something that you believe of something that is uncertain. For example, you can estimate that you are going to do a certain work in 30 minutes, but probably the work may be easier than what you expected and take less than 20 minutes, or the work may be so hard and you can take more than 40 minutes. --  BOMBINI   ( messages ) 04:06, 16 May 2012 (UTC)

Disambig
I have modified the article into a disambiguation page as there were/are many different interpretations of "esimation" (and "estimate", which redirects here) in different applications. Melcombe (talk) 11:41, 16 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Unless you can demonstrate that the various kinds of "estimation" addressed do not involve the generation of an "estimate", such a disambiguation page is a clear violation of WP:DABCONCEPT. The primary topic of an article may be abstract and difficult to write about, but that does not eliminate the fact that there is a single primary topic of which all of these kinds of estimation are merely subsets. bd2412  T 19:24, 9 August 2012 (UTC)

Proposed merge.
A guesstimate is just a special case of an estimate. Since the latter article is short, and not likely to grow substantially in its current location, I propose to merge it here and make it a section of Estimation. bd2412 T 21:46, 5 November 2014 (UTC)
 * I think it's a separate concept, like back-of-the-envelope calculation is distinct from calculation. I'm more in favor of emptying estimation, moving portions into Statistical estimation and Approximation, then merging the rest with Estimation (disambiguation). Portions of the present article read too much like a textbook. Do you think the style in Manual of Style/Disambiguation pages is feasible? Fgnievinski (talk) 04:09, 6 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Estimation is not an ambiguous topic, it is merely abstract. Emptying it out would leave no place for links to point that intended to discuss the general concept rather than either of those subtopics, and no place for the reader to find the basic overview of the subject. bd2412  T 04:27, 6 November 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Estimation


text:
Pussy, Savoie

Pussy is a small village in the commune of La Léchère in the Savoie département of France. It is situated on the eastern slope of Mont Bellachat above the left bank of the Isère, 9 km (5.5 mi.) northwest of Moûtiers. The name derives from Pusiacum, based on the Roman personal name Pussius, which refers to the owner of the place in the Roman era.

The village boundary covers 18 km2 (6.8 mile²). The local church, dedicated to Saint John the Baptist, was rebuilt in 1669. In 1561 the population was recorded as 1455 people, 548 in 1776, and 276 in 1979. Pussy and several other small villages were merged into the La Léchère commune for administrative purposes in 1972.

title: Pussy, Savoie


text:
Talk:George Papandreou, junior

He is not "George Papandreou, Jr" - that is an American usage. He is the younger of two George Papandreous.

Adam, how do you know his children will enter politics? How old are they? --Jia ng 05:41, 6 Jan 2004 (UTC)

FYI: This article needs some NPOV editing. I will edit it a bit when I will have time. Optim 17:48, 7 Jan 2004 (UTC)

...Optim...

The article is very well-written and very beutiful and informative. It is a true journalistic work and I agree with whatever it says about Papandreou, a politician who has great potential and ability. This article could fit very well in a newspaper or book, but not in Wikipedia because it is too much supportive to Papandreou, more than needed. I suggest that this article needs some NPOV editing in order to become an excellent Wikipedia article:
 * The 07:55, 6 Jan 2004 revision included the sentence: "Greece is a country where dynastic politics have a long tradition". It is true and I agree completely to this sentence. However, I have some soft objections because "dynastic" is not the right word for an encyclopedia because it is "democratic POV". I think that the most encyclopedic and NPOV word is "non-democratic". How do you think? I changed the word but I am open for discussion if anyone has thought of any better word or has some comments on it. (I understood something else due to cultural difference)
 * The current revision contains the phrase "no-one disputed his genuine ability". It is true that Papandreou has great ability, but is this information encyclopedic? I think it would be more encyclopedic if it was written like "Mr. A-Politician said in public that Papandreou has genuine ability" or something like that, i.e. giving some reference to support this position. Since the main goal of Wikipedia is to provide information, it is not necessary to include this phrase in the article.
 * The current revision also contains "inflammatory nationalist rhetoric of his father". Maybe we need some reference, for example: "His father once said that..." or something like this, giving the date if possible.
 * The current revision also says "He has a son, Andreas, and a daughter, Margarita-Elena, making it possible that the Papandreou dynasty will extend to a fourth generation": Right. But... The useful encyclopedic information here is that he has a son and a daughter. The inclusion of "making it possible that the Papandreou dynasty will extend to a fourth generation" may seem as too supportive towards Papandreou or POV by many. Again, the information is true, but it isn't real information. The real information is that he has children; the reader is (I hope) able to understand by himself or herself that it is possible that Papandreou family may continue being involved in politics after George.
 * The word "dynasty" seems POV to me. In Greece we usually use this word when we want to show our support for a political family. I don't know about its usage outside Greece. How do you think? if you agree that it is POV then it could be replaced by the word "family" or something like this...

The reason for this analysis is only to help make this article better and more useful to the reader. I am open for discussion and I will be happy to learn your thoughts.

I know that sometimes NPOVness is difficult to be achieved, and I often make NPOV checks on my articles to be sure that I don't try to present only my own position. My moto is "serve the reader, not yourself". NPOVness is one of the foundamental policies of Wikipedia and our goal is to provide useful information to the reader.

With Best Wishes for Peace Profound, Optim 01:43, 8 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Now I understand how you use the word "dynastic". You use it in the normal way. I thought you meant something different, sorry. You see, we also use this word as a synonym for "dictator" or "totalitarian" and "tyrant". :) Optim 02:10, 8 Jan 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:George Papandreou, junior


text:
Talk:Guilder

Untitled
"...featuring a different bird for each denomination" It's been only a few years ago now, but I recall that the old banknotes didn't feature birds, but people instead!

ƒ 5 = poet Joost van den Vondel (until it was replaced by a ƒ 5 coin) ƒ 10 = painter Frans Hals ƒ 25 = composer Jan Petersz. Sweelinck ƒ 100 = admiral Michiel de Ruyter (until replaced by a bird, then an abstract) ƒ 1000 = philosopher Baruch d'Spinoza

These 1950's "face"-notes and the 80's ƒ 50 (sunflower) and ƒ 250 (lighthouse) were designed by R.D.E. Oxenaar. Eventually all faces were replaced by abstracts, designed by Jaap Drupsteen.

Oops, according to http://aes.iupui.edu/rwise/countries/Europe/Netherlands/netherlands.htm it -did- feature birds. You know I never noticed them and I had been paying with these for years! Those faces were so imprinted in my mind :-)

Well, maybe someone can use this info for inclusion. -Marc

It would be a valuable addition if someone could find images of the Dutch Guilder notes (which, as I recall, were very attractively designed). We post similar images for Euro_banknote and United States dollar too. -- Finlay McWalter 14:50, 5 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * You can get those from the ECB website here. I think it would be better if somebody could upload a better picture of the 1G coin because its hard to see what colour its supposed to be. All my Guilders are silver but that looks brown. --Neal ricketts 14:54, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Among them was the daalder, one and a half guilder -- is this right? I recall that Rijksdaalder was the nickname of the two-and-a-half-guilder coin. -- Arwel 16:36, 19 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Citing "the name gulden was used, derived from the German Goldene (golden)." Did someone ever come to the idea that it could be just an original Dutch word ??. The Dutch word "gulden" means gold (adjective), although usually "gouden" is being used today.

"Daalder" = 1.50 guilder, that's right. Probably there used to be a coin for this amount. "Rijksdaalder" = 2.50 guilder.

--Taka 11:25, 28 Apr 2004 (UTC)

+++

To avoid confusions: German gulden and Dutch guilders had different values against the thaler (or "Reichsthaler"). Three German gulden equalled 2 German Reichssthaler. Dutch and Polish gulden were less valuable - I will give the early 18th century exchange rates against the pound in the article.

Olaf Simons

Exchange Rate history
The wonderful Japanese Yen page contains historical JPY/USD rates. It would be excellent if these could be added here.

Isn't 'guilder' a base unit of money in a roleplaying game '7th sea'? If so, that's definitely a tribute to "Princess Bride"

Arubaanse Gulden
Please add also the Aruban Guilder (Arubaanse gulden) as a current currency —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.247.203.89 (talk) 14:57, 25 July 2008 (UTC)
 * That's called Florin. --Loginnigol (talk) 10:35, 7 November 2013 (UTC)

Historical value?
What sort of value did it have in the middle ages? A good meal and lodgings? A set of clothing? A cow? A sword? A set of armor? A warhorse? A farm? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.127.80.59 (talk) 15:35, 16 October 2011 (UTC)

Guilder/Glader
Could an extra section be added to use in fiction?

n the Edge Chronicles (by Stuart and Riddell), the city of Great Glade uses 'gladers' as currency which the authors stated was a play on the word guilders. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.41.254.152 (talk) 22:10, 23 April 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Guilder


text:
Induced representation

In group theory, the induced representation is a representation of a group, $G$, which is constructed using a known representation of a subgroup $H$. Given a representation of $H$, the induced representation is, in a sense, the "most general" representation of $G$ that extends the given one. Since it is often easier to find representations of the smaller group $H$ than of $G$, the operation of forming induced representations is an important tool to construct new representations.

Induced representations were initially defined by Frobenius, for linear representations of finite groups. The idea is by no means limited to the case of finite groups, but the theory in that case is particularly well-behaved.

Algebraic
Let $G$ be a finite group and $H$ any subgroup of $G$. Furthermore let $(π, V)$ be a representation of $H$. Let $n = [G : H]$ be the index of $H$ in $G$ and let $g_{1}, ..., g_{n}$ be a full set of representatives in $G$ of the left cosets in $G/H$. The induced representation $IndG H π$ can be thought of as acting on the following space:

 * $$W=\bigoplus_{i=1}^n g_i V.$$

Here each $g_{i} V$ is an isomorphic copy of the vector space V whose elements are written as $g_{i} v$ with $v ∈ V$. For each g in $G$ and each gi there is an hi in $H$ and j(i) in {1, ..., n} such that $g g_{i} = g_{j(i)} h_{i}$. (This is just another way of saying that $g_{1}, ..., g_{n}$ is a full set of representatives.) Via the induced representation $G$ acts on $W$ as follows:

 * $$ g\cdot\sum_{i=1}^n g_i v_i=\sum_{i=1}^n g_{j(i)} \pi(h_i) v_i$$

where $$ v_i \in V$$ for each i.

Alternatively, one can construct induced representations by extension of scalars: any K-linear representation $$\pi$$ of the group H can be viewed as a module V over the group ring K[H]. We can then define

 * $$\operatorname{Ind}_H^G\pi= K[G]\otimes_{K[H]} V.$$

This latter formula can also be used to define $IndG H π$ for any group $G$ and subgroup $H$, without requiring any finiteness.

Examples
For any group, the induced representation of the trivial representation of the trivial subgroup is the right regular representation. More generally the induced representation of the trivial representation of any subgroup is the permutation representation on the cosets of that subgroup.

An induced representation of a one dimensional representation is called a monomial representation, because it can be represented as monomial matrices. Some groups have the property that all of their irreducible representations are monomial, the so-called monomial groups.

Properties
If $H$ is a subgroup of the group $G$, then every $K$-linear representation $ρ$ of $G$ can be viewed as a $K$-linear representation of $H$; this is known as the restriction of $ρ$ to $H$ and denoted by $Res(ρ)$. In the case of finite groups and finite-dimensional representations, the Frobenius reciprocity theorem states that, given representations $σ$ of $H$ and $ρ$ of $G$, the space of $H$-equivariant linear maps from $σ$ to $Res(ρ)$ has the same dimension over K as that of $G$-equivariant linear maps from $Ind(σ)$ to $ρ$.

The universal property of the induced representation, which is also valid for infinite groups, is equivalent to the adjunction asserted in the reciprocity theorem. If $$(\sigma,V)$$ is a representation of H and $$(\operatorname{Ind}(\sigma),\hat{V})$$ is the representation of G induced by $$\sigma$$, then there exists a $H$-equivariant linear map $$j:V\to\hat{V}$$ with the following property: given any representation $(ρ,W)$ of $G$ and $H$-equivariant linear map $$f:V\to W$$, there is a unique $G$-equivariant linear map $$\hat{f}: \hat{V}\to W$$ with $$\hat{f}j=f$$. In other words, $$\hat{f}$$ is the unique map making the following diagram commute:

The Frobenius formula states that if $χ$ is the character of the representation $σ$, given by $χ(h) = Tr σ(h)$, then the character $ψ$ of the induced representation is given by

 * $$\psi(g) = \sum_{x\in G / H} \widehat{\chi}\left(x^{-1}gx \right),$$

where the sum is taken over a system of representatives of the left cosets of $H$ in $G$ and

 * $$ \widehat{\chi} (k) = \begin{cases} \chi(k) & \text{if } k \in H \\ 0 & \text{otherwise}\end{cases}$$

Analytic
If $G$ is a locally compact topological group (possibly infinite) and $H$ is a closed subgroup then there is a common analytic construction of the induced representation. Let $(π, V)$ be a continuous unitary representation of $H$ into a Hilbert space V. We can then let:

 * $$\operatorname{Ind}_H^G\pi= \left\{\phi\colon G \to V \ : \ \phi(gh^{-1})=\pi(h)\phi(g)\text{ for all }h\in H,\; g\in G \text{ and } \ \phi \in L^2(G/H)\right\}.$$

Here $φ∈L^{2}(G/H)$ means: the space G/H carries a suitable invariant measure, and since the norm of $φ(g)$  is constant on each left coset of H, we can integrate the square of these norms over G/H and obtain a finite result. The group $G$ acts on the induced representation space by translation, that is, $(g.φ)(x)=φ(g^{−1}x)$ for g,x∈G and $φ∈IndG H π$.

This construction is often modified in various ways to fit the applications needed. A common version is called normalized induction and usually uses the same notation. The definition of the representation space is as follows:

 * $$\operatorname{Ind}_H^G\pi= \left \{\phi \colon G \to V \ : \ \phi(gh^{-1})=\Delta_G^{-\frac{1}{2}}(h)\Delta_H^{\frac{1}{2}}(h)\pi(h)\phi(g)  \text{ and }  \phi\in L^2(G/H) \right \}.$$

Here $Δ_{G}, Δ_{H}$ are the modular functions of $G$ and $H$ respectively. With the addition of the normalizing factors this induction functor takes unitary representations to unitary representations.

One other variation on induction is called compact induction. This is just standard induction restricted to functions with compact support. Formally it is denoted by ind and defined as:

 * $$\operatorname{ind}_H^G\pi= \left\{\phi\colon G \to V \ : \ \phi(gh^{-1})=\pi(h)\phi(g) \text{ and } \phi \text{ has compact support mod } H \right\}.$$

Note that if $G/H$ is compact then Ind and ind are the same functor.

Geometric
Suppose $G$ is a topological group and $H$ is a closed subgroup of $G$. Also, suppose $π$ is a representation of $H$ over the vector space $V$. Then $G$ acts on the product $G × V$  as follows:
 * $$g.(g',x)=(gg',x)$$

where $g$ and $g′$ are elements of $G$ and $x$ is an element of $V$.

Define on $G × V$  the equivalence relation

 * $$(g,x) \sim (gh,\pi(h^{-1})(x)) \text{ for all }h\in H.$$

Denote the equivalence class of $$(g,x)$$ by $$[g,x]$$. Note that this equivalence relation is invariant under the action of $G$; consequently, $G$ acts on $(G × V)/~$. The latter is a vector bundle over the quotient space $G/H$ with $H$ as the structure group and $V$ as the fiber. Let $W$ be the space of sections $$\phi : G/H \to (G \times V)/ \! \sim$$ of this vector bundle. This is the vector space underlying the induced representation $IndG H π$. The group $G$ acts on a section $$\phi : G/H \to \mathcal L_W$$ given by $$gH \mapsto [g,\phi_g]$$ as follows:
 * $$(g\cdot \phi)(g'H)=[g',\phi_{g^{-1}g'}] \ \text{ for } g,g'\in G.$$

Systems of imprimitivity
In the case of unitary representations of locally compact groups, the induction construction can be formulated in terms of systems of imprimitivity.

Lie theory
In Lie theory, an extremely important example is parabolic induction: inducing representations of a reductive group from representations of its parabolic subgroups. This leads, via the philosophy of cusp forms, to the Langlands program.

title: Induced representation


text:
Talk:Hawaiian monarchy

Was the monarchy hereditary? Why do some of them have different last names? Rmhermen 14:55, Nov 5, 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hawaiian monarchy


text:
Talk:Franc

It's great that we have such good pictures of the franc coins. If someone still has them, images of the relevant (pre euro) franc notes would also be a valuable addition, I think. We already do something similar for other currencies such as Euro banknote and United States dollar. -- Finlay McWalter 14:56, 5 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * The French Franc banknotes along with the notes of all the other legacy currencies are available online at the European Central Bank at this address: --Neal ricketts 23:13, 31 Oct 2004 (UTC)

French franc, Belgian franc, etc
I would be good to have a page on each former Euro currency, detailing history and withdrawl. The Irish pound page is a good example. Seabhcán 11:10, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC) --69.138.38.64 03:38, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

female image on coin
Is it true that the female image on the coin is modelled on different women? And this changes over time? Has Bridget Bardot been represented on a coin? Lentisco 05:52, 13 May 2006 (UTC) --> answer : no, it's the bust of Marianne which is modelled on famous french women : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne

(quote) ... or from the French franc, meaning "free" (and "frank"). Should be Old French or old Dutch probably? 80.127.115.114 12:38, 29 August 2006 (UTC) --> "Franc" = frank, free, open... in french

Fair use rationale for Image:KMF 5 rev.JPG
Image:KMF 5 rev.JPG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 19:22, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

New Franc? Value of French franc
I was hoping to find information on the changing value of the French franc over the years. Can anyone add info on this? APW (talk) 08:26, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Franc


text:
Aragonese Party

The Aragonese Party (Partido Aragonés, PAR) is a political party which advocates the interests of Aragon within Spain. The party was founded in 1978 under the name Aragonese Regionalist Party, but changed its name in 1990, keeping the initials PAR. The founders of PAR included Emilio Eiroa, who later served as the President of the Government of Aragon from 1991 to 1993.

PAR had representation in the European Parliament between 1999 and 2004, where it sat in the European Coalition group.

title: Aragonese Party