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Technōs Japan

Technōs Japan Corp. (株式会社テクノスジャパン) was a Japanese video game developer, best known for the Double Dragon and Kunio-kun franchises (the latter including Renegade, Super Dodge Ball and River City Ransom) as well as Karate Champ, The Combatribes and Voltage Fighter Gowcaizer. As of June 2015, Arc System Works owns the intellectual properties of Technōs Japan.

History
Initially operating from a single-room apartment, Technōs was founded in 1981 by three staff members of Data East. Their first game was Minky Monkey, released in 1982. A few months after their foundation, a lawsuit was brought up against the company by Data East under allegations that Technos had stolen data from Data East's arcade game Pro Tennis with the intent of producing and selling a bootleg of it. The two companies settled in August 1983 and Technos would go on to create two arcade games published by Data East, Tag Team Wrestling and Karate Champ. Technōs Japan's earlier games were published by other companies, as Technōs at the time did not have the economical resource to distribute their own games.

Nekketsu Kōha Kunio-kun ("Hot Blooded Tough Guy Kunio"), a side-scrolling beat-em-up released in 1986 about a high school student who fought thugs and delinquents from other schools, was the company's first big hit in Japan. Kunio-kun was released in the west as Renegade with the game's graphics changed to make the game marketable in the overseas market. Technōs would then produce a Nintendo Entertainment System version of the game, which would be Technōs' first game for the home console market. Technōs Japan's subsequent arcade beat-em-up, Double Dragon, was a big success worldwide when it was released in 1987, leading to the production of an NES version of the game, as well as licensed versions by other companies for various platforms.

The success of Kunio-kun led to the production of numerous spin-offs and sequels starring the same character produced for the 8-bit Family Computer platform in Japan and later for the Game Boy and Super Famicom, resulting in more than twenty games starring Kunio by the mid-1990s, many of which were rule-bending sports games. A few Kunio-kun games were localized for the North American market; namely Super Dodge Ball, River City Ransom and Nintendo World Cup, but none maintain any connection with each other. Technōs would attempt to remedy this by attempting to localize several Kunio-kun under the Crash 'n the Boys label, but only Crash 'n the Boys: Street Challenge was released (the game's ending features a teaser for Ice Challenge, which was unreleased).

Technōs also released two arcade sequels to Double Dragon: Double Dragon II: The Revenge in 1988 and Double Dragon 3: The Rosetta Stone in 1990 (the latter was developed by an external development team at East Technology), and produced the respective NES versions of those games, as well as Super Double Dragon in 1992, an original installment for the Super NES. An American-produced Double Dragon animated series and a live-action film were also made as well.

Outside the Double Dragon and Kunio-kun games, Technōs produced a few original games for the arcade and home markets such as U.S. Championship V'Ball, The Combatribes and Shadow Force, as well as two WWF arcade games (WWF Superstars and WWF Wrestlefest), but most of these games (aside from the WWF arcade games) did not achieve the same kind of success that Kunio-kun and Double Dragon achieved. The company's last games were produced for the Neo Geo hardware, which include a Double Dragon fighting game based on the movie, their second and last fighting game Voltage Fighter Gowcaizer, and a Neo Geo sequel to Super Dodge Ball. By 1996, Technōs Japan declared bankruptcy and ceased operations. Some of the developers who worked on the Neo Geo titles (including Kengo Asai) briefly worked at Face, a former affiliate of SNK.

Post-bankruptcy
Following the closure, a licensing company named Million Co., Ltd was formed to purchase the former intellectual properties of Technōs Japan. Million continued to produce new games such as Super Dodge Ball Advance, Double Dragon Advance and River City Ransom EX for the Game Boy Advance, Super Dodgeball Brawlers for the Nintendo DS, as well as reissuing older titles via the Virtual Console and other services. In June 2015, Arc System Works acquired all intellectual properties of Technōs Japan from Million Co., Ltd.

U.S. subsidiary
Technōs Japan had a subsidiary in the U.S. called American Technōs Inc., which was originally located in Beaverton, Oregon until 28th of February 1991 then at Cupertino, California. American Technōs was formed in 1987, shortly after the release of Double Dragon at the arcades and published all of Technōs Japan's arcade games in North America beginning with Double Dragon II: The Revenge. While the majority of Technōs Japan's console games were still licensed to other companies such as Tradewest (Double Dragon and Super Double Dragon), Acclaim Entertainment (Double Dragon II and III), CSG Imagesoft (Super Dodge Ball) and even Nintendo (Super Spike V'Ball and Nintendo World Cup), American Technōs also managed to publish a few console games, namely River City Ransom and Crash 'n the Boys: Street Challenge for the NES, Super Double Dragon (co-published with Tradewest) and The Combatribes for the Super NES, and Geom Cube for the PlayStation. American Technōs also published Super Bowling (developed by Athena) and Super Pinball: Behind the Mask (developed by Meldac/KAZe) for the Super NES and the helicopter game Strike Point for the PlayStation. American Technōs was still operating after Technōs Japan's demise until sometime during the late 1990s. Its former president was Keiichi Iwamoto.

List of games by platforms
All games are listed by original Japanese titles unless otherwise noted. Neo Geo games are listed separately from the other arcade games. This list does not take account licensed versions that were released by other companies (such as the Master System port of Double Dragon and the PC Engine ports of the Kunio games published by Naxat Soft) or games that were produced by Million, the subsequent copyrights holder of Technōs Japan's former properties. Also, all of the following games are listed by their original Japanese release date.

Arcade

 * Minky Monkey: 1982
 * Zeroize: 1983
 * Eggs (Japanese: Scrambled Eggs): 9/1983
 * Dommy: 1983
 * Tag Team Wrestling (Japanese: The Big Pro-Wrestling!): 12/1983
 * Karate Champ: 7/1984
 * Shusse Ōzumō: 1984
 * Mysterious Stones: 11/1984
 * Acrobatic Dog-Fight (Japanese: Dog-Fight: Batten O'Hara no Sucharaka Kuuchuu-sen): 1984
 * Bogey Manor: 1985
 * Mat Mania (Japanese: Exciting Hour): 1985
 * Mania Challenge: 1986
 * Battle Lane Vol. 5: 1986
 * Renegade (Japanese: Nekketsu Kōha Kunio-kun): 5/1986
 * Xain'd Sleena (American title: Solar Warrior; European title: Soldier of Light): 11/1986
 * Double Dragon: 6/1987
 * Super Dodge Ball (Japanese: Nekketsu KōKō Dodgeball Bu): 11/1987
 * China Gate (Japanese: Sai Yu Gou Ma Roku): 3/1988
 * Double Dragon II: The Revenge: 6/1988
 * U.S. Championship V'Ball: 12/1988
 * WWF Superstars: 7/1989
 * Block Out: 10/1989
 * The Combatribes: 6/1990
 * Double Dragon 3: The Rosetta Stone (developed by East Technology): 11/1990
 * WWF Wrestlefest: 7/1991
 * Shadow Force: 6/1993

Family Computer/Nintendo Entertainment System

 * Renegade (Japanese: Nekketsu Kōuha Kunio-kun): 4/17/1987
 * Double Dragon: 4/8/1988
 * Super Dodge Ball (Japanese: Nekketsu KōKō Dodgeball Bu): 7/26/1988
 * River City Ransom (Japanese: Downtown Nekketsu Monogatari; PAL version: Street Gangs): 4/25/1989
 * Super Spike V'Ball (Japanese: U.S. Championship V'Ball): 11/10/1989
 * Double Dragon II: The Revenge: 12/22/1989
 * Nintendo World Cup (Japanese: Nekketsu KōKō Dodgeball Bu Soccer Hen): 5/18/1990
 * Downtown Nekketsu Kōshinkyoku Soreyuku Daiundōkai: 10/12/1990
 * Double Dragon III: The Sacred Stones (Japanese: Double Dragon III: The Rosetta Stone): 2/22/1991
 * Sugoro Quest: 6/28/1991
 * Downtown Special: Kunio-kun no Jidaigeki dayo Zen'in Shūgō: 7/26/1991
 * Ike Ike! Nekketsu Hockey Bu: Subette Koronde Dairantō (announced in the U.S. as Crash 'n the Boys: Ice Challenge, but was unreleased): 2/7/1992
 * Crash 'n the Boys: Street Challenge (Japanese: Bikkuri Nekketsu Shinkiroku: Harukanaru Kin Medal): 6/26/1992
 * Nekketsu Kakutō Densetsu: 12/23/1992
 * Kunio-kun no Nekketsu Soccer League: 4/23/1993
 * Nekketsu Street Basket: Ganbare Dunk Heroes: 12/17/1993
 * Block Out : Unreleased
 * Nekketsu Kunio-Kun Zukan: Unreleased
 * Nekketsu Yakyuu Kozou: Unreleased
 * Xain'd Sleena: Unreleased
 * China Gate: Unreleased
 * Double Dragon IV: Renegade: Unreleased

Game Boy

 * Double Dragon: 7/20/1990
 * Double Dragon II (Japanese: Nekketsu Kōha Kunio-kun: Bangai Rantō Hen) 12/7/1990
 * Nintendo World Cup (Japanese: Nekketsu Kōkō Soccer Bu: World Cup Hen): 4/26/1991
 * Nekketsu Kōkō Dodgeball Bu: Kyōteki! Dodge Soldier no Maki (Game Boy version of Super Dodge Ball released only in Japan): 11/8/1991
 * Downtown Nekketsu Kōshinkyoku: Dokodemo Daiundōkai: 7/24/1992
 * Bikkuri Nekketsu Shinkiroku: Dokodemo Kin Medal: 7/16/1993
 * Downtown Special: Kunio-kun no Jidaigeki dayo Zen'in Shūgō: 12/22/1993
 * Taiyō no Tenshi Marlowe: Ohana Batake no Dai Panic!: 5/27/1994
 * Nekketsu! Beach Volley dayo: Kunio-kun: 7/29/1994

Super NES/Super Famicom

 * Shodai Nekketsu Kōha Kunio-kun: 8/7/1992
 * Super Double Dragon (Japanese: Return of Double Dragon): 10/16/1992
 * The Combatribes: 12/23/1992
 * Kunio-kun no Dodgeball dayo Zen'in Shūgō: 8/6/1993
 * Downtown Nekketsu Baseball Challenge: 12/17/1993
 * Shin Nekketsu Kōha: Kunio-tachi no Banka (developed by Almanic): 4/29/1994
 * Kunio no Oden: 5/27/1994
 * Popeye: Ijiwaru Majo Sea Hag no Maki: 8/12/1994
 * Funaki Masakatsu no Hybrid Wrestler: Tōgi Denshō: 10/21/1994
 * Sugoro Quest ++: Dicenics: 12/9/1994
 * Dun Quest: Mashin Fūin no Densetsu: 7/21/1995
 * Kunio no Bike Racing: Nekketsu Bari Bari Kouttotai: Unreleased

Game Gear

 * Popeye: Beach Volleyball: 8/12/1994

PlayStation

 * Geom Cube (3D puzzle game similar to Blockout): 12/22/1994

Neo Geo

 * Double Dragon: 2/1995
 * Voltage Fighter Gowcaizer (Japanese: Chōjin Gakuen Gowcaizer): 9/1995
 * Super Dodge Ball (Japanese: Kunio no Nekketsu Dodgeball Densetsu): 1996
 * High Voltage 12+1: Unreleased
 * Death Match: Unreleased
 * DarkSeed/Dragon's Heaven (co-developed with Face): Unreleased

title: Technōs Japan


text:
Talk:Symmetry

Asymmetrical interactions
Article says: 'asymmetrical nteractions send the message "I am special; better than you."'. This is wrong (and rather new age); specialisation creates asymmetry without creating that kind of relation. I have added "may". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.120.134.215 (talk) 08:12, 13 September 2015 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure asymmetric interactions are even relevant for this page. Sbcloatitr (talk) 19:08, 27 August 2017 (UTC)

Knowledge symmetry?
As far as I know the sentence that says "as an aspect of scientific models, language, music and even knowledge itself" incorrect, I have never heard knowledge being described as symmetric. Sbcloatitr (talk) 19:05, 27 August 2017 (UTC)

'Arts and Crafts'
Much that I admire the example Celtic knotwork, the sample given is not correct for symmetry - in that it offers a pseudo-bilateralism. This is because of the 'over'/'under' nature of the knot which prevents true bilateral symmetry in knot designs of this sort. Knotwork that is P4 symmetry is, however, correct. I have therefore amended the sample. (20040302 (talk) 09:19, 9 September 2019 (UTC))

Divide - simmetry for multiply.
First portion energy and second portion of energy. Simmetry..

Лоб и затылок. Simmetry. Кручение рук, вращение глаз - искусфто, гадание, видения .. Вещщщ ... чешем рэпу ... )))

И ваапчэ!! Солнце - то пучит, то Оное - сохнет .. по Любомуё .. наверное .. как знать ??

Нда. Дела наши мирские .. 176.59.204.43 (talk) 00:52, 12 March 2020 (UTC)

 * This is English Wikipedia.—Anita5192 (talk) 00:56, 12 March 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Symmetry


text:
User talk:Intangir

Hi =)

Please leave a message after the tone. Intangir 00:56, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

Messages

Lifespan
OK, Thanks. You know what? I'm taking two classes. The Gerontology book defined "lifespan" as "maximum life span." The psychology book defined "lifespan" as the life course of a single individual from birth to death. Hence, depending on the field, the meaning can be different. Thus, I agree a disambiguation would be best.

Also, I was a bit lazy...if someone else wants to add more, there is data out there for various animals, often reported in books and in Guinness. The real key is that people need to understand that the life span of mammals especially is limited by genetics. We see the oldest dog die at 29 years, 5 months, and several other dogs reached 29 but didn't break the record. The deaths of the oldest dogs are distributed far more steeply than most people realize. This is in fact true for any mammal....the oldest mouse was 4, for example.→ R Young {yak ł talk } 05:45, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

Quicksort edits
When I first saw that someone had made major changes to highly visible sections of the aged and contentious quicksort article, I was terribly worried that they would be a disaster needing cleaning up. To the contrary, your changes condensed and rearranged reams of babble into a much more readable article. I am nothing short of amazed, and pray that you will stay to give many more articles your magic touch. Deco 06:48, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks! That article had plenty of interesting info, but I just couldn't stand how it was organized. Unfortunatly, it takes me forever to write anything... I spent 2.5 hours revising that! Intangir 03:11, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Return of the Untagged Image project
You were kind enough to contribute to the Untagged images project; I beg to draw your attention to part 2 of the project - there are about 12,000 more images in need of tagging. Any assistance you could provide would be most welcome. thanks --Tagishsimon (talk)

Abstract clean
Thanks for cleaning up my article hombre, many cheers.

- Black Velvet - 8:29PM (UTC), 3 Sep 2005

Whoa! Thanks for leaving the message. I was just going around disambiguating will. I didn't notice that abstract had somehow avoided becoming a disambiguation article. I've now made it so, and moved what was there to Abstract (law). - Intangir 18:36, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Compensating variation
The problem I have with this is that the definitions of the two terms are exclusive: compensating variation says that price differences are explained by some differences in the product in question, wheras a wage gap assumes an inequality and pay for the same labor. The motherhood example you provide is a good example of compensating variation, but doesn't seem to be a good example of what is described at wage gap, because if she is working less hours, or is unwilling to move, then clearly it doesn't appear that she is doing the same labor at all. "Wage gap" would seem to refer exactly to situations where there is a difference in wages that compensating variation doesn't explain, that is the difference in wages is arbitrary. Perhaps this could be clarified in the article. Christopher Parham (talk) 21:33, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

Gravitational interaction of antimatter
Good job! I was looking forward to this article! deeptrivia (talk) 06:58, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks! -- Intangir 09:40, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Hang on, in fact you wrote some nonsense which you need to clarify or remove. Please see the talk page.  TIA---CH 23:39, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

I notice that you've also linked to this article from a large number of other articles that discuss antimatter. I'd suggest holding off on this until Gravitational interaction of antimatter has been vetted as factually accurate. --Christopher Thomas 06:22, 21 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Too late =) -- Intangir 06:32, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

Arrow of time/second law etc.
Hi Itangir,

Your argument was basically that the second law implies an asymmetry under time reversion, and that that is incompatible with the first law of thermodynamics, because conservation of energy requires invariance under time translations. First of all, note that Noether's theorem applies to continuous symmetries. But you would probably argue that an increasing entropy means that you don't have invariance under time translations.

The argument is not correct, because the reason that entropy increases is due to initial conditions not due to an intrinsic time asymmetry in the fundamental laws of physics. The microscopic laws of physics can be exactly time reversible (and also invariant under time translations) while the entropy can still increase. The entropy could in principle also decrease if you start with a specially prepaired system (e.g. by reversing all velocities of the particles of the system).

Similarly, the laws of physics are invariant under rotations, which implies via Noether's theorem that angular momentum is conserved. But that doesn't mean that only rotationally invariant states are allowed in Nature. It only means that two states that can be obtained from each other by rotation will have the same physical properties. If you do an experiment inside a building which is completely isolated from the environment then rotating the entire building and repeating the experiment must yield the same results.

Count Iblis 13:40, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks -- Intangir 18:20, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

SED
Thanks! A few pointers about the biblio - it is reasonably complete for peer-reviewed post-1985 papers by Puthoff, Rueda and Haisch and friends (Ibison, Danley, Cole)... (but there are lots of conference proceedings etc and things like NASA's Breakthrough Propulsion Physics workshops I did not include in anticipation of the negative reaction here ;) On the other hand the coverage of earlier work is extremely incomplete, there are a lot of interesting papers by Boyer and Marshall if you're interested in the history of the field. Also, there is quite a lot of good work by Cetto & de la Pena, and also by the "Italian school" of Cavalleri, Recami, Salesi, etc, which is almost completely absent. I suspect there is a similar "Russian school" ;) I'm not sure if it makes more sense to read these in forward or reverse chronological order, since some of the earlier work has been superceded (e.g. Puthoff's first try at SED gravity force by means of vacuum polarization).  Good luck.  ObsidianOrder 02:34, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

Cold Fusion RfC
Hello,

There's currently a controversy at Cold fusion that I would appreciate it if you could look at. The article is about to fail a Featrued Article Removal Candidate vote. There are at least 3 fairly different versions in play: one based on the original Featured Article dating back to 2004-08-20 and tossing out all edits between now and then ("FA version"), one which was the current version up until that  ("current version"), and a proposed new draft written originally by Edmund Storms (a retired Los Alamos scientist) and edited by me  ("Storms version"). At the moment the article is being rather agressively edited by a few people who support the version from a year ago, and if this stands, a lot of good material will be lost. Frankly, I can't entirely support any of the versions; the article just needs more work and more different perspectives. Hence this invitation. I hope you can help.

I'm posting this to you because I've seen you on various physics-related pages, and/or because you've worked on the Cold fusion page before. Thank you for your time.

ObsidianOrder 06:27, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

Rate Theory (In audition)
Hello, I read your article on Rate theory. It is well written and a nice beginning treatment of the subject of rate versus place coding in the auditory system. I am new to editing the Wikipedia so bear with me if my criticisms are out of place. First, I came to your article from the link in Vestibulocochlear nerve, which is short, yet badly in need of revising. I was planning to revise Vestibulocochlear nerve, and at the same time to remove the link to Rate theory, perhaps linking instead from the longer articles on the Ear, Auditory system, and Hearing.

Next, I wonder about the naming of the article. The contributions of spike timing (rate) and neural connectivity (place) to coding in neurons is important in every sensory system. Could this article be renamed to "Rate theory (hearing)"? Similarly, Place theory should be Place theory (hearing), or perhaps Tonotopic representation. (Note, however, that tonotopic frequency is NOT the same as pitch.) I am not sure how to do this in Wiki, but unless you have some objection I will figure it out.

Finally, I would like to address the content of the article. It's not clear to me where in the auditory system you are discussing rate versus place coding. Furthermore, pitch perception is complex. It is likely that there are different types of codes for pitch in different parts of the auditory pathway. See for example Bendor and Wang (2005). "The neuronal representation of pitch in primate auditory cortex." _Nature_ 436, 1161-1165.

Another issue is that the linked article describing pitch perception used old cochlear implant hardware that was limited to <1000 Hz stimulation. 1000 Hz is roughly the maximum firing rate of auditory neurons. Contemporary implants can stimulate roughly 10x faster. A more interesting experiment would be to use a high carrier frequency (e.g. 5000 Hz), amplitude-modulated at varying frequencies. This is so simple that it must have been done. There are 196 hits in a Pubmed search for "cochlear implant" and pitch. Unfortunately I don't have time to skim through that right now, but later on this week...

A fascinating subject. I'll probably stick to creating more basic content at first. Let me know what you think of the proposed changes.

Neurogeek 19:39, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the complement :) I don't really know much of anything about this subject, what I know was occasioned by reading Beament's "How We Hear Music", which is much more concerned with music than with the biological mechanism of how we hear it. I wrote the article in order to encourage others to develop it more so that I could learn more about this. I think your name suggestion is a great idea, infact I'll go do that now :) As for where in the auditory pathway, I think the idea is that the hair cells are signalling in time with their vibrations. I'll add this info to the article.
 * -Sorry it's taken so long for me to respond, I was taking an unannounced sabbatical from here. Intangir 22:33, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

Total re-write of the main Physics page is in progess
You might like to join us at Physics/wip where a total re-write of the main Physics page is in progess. At present we're discussing the lead paragraphs for the new version, and how Physics should be defined. I've posted here because you are on the Physics Project participant list. --MichaelMaggs 08:04, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:Tyrant.png)
 Thanks for uploading Image:Tyrant.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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WikiProject Physics participation
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If you still are an active participant of WikiProject Physics, please add yourself to the current list of WikiProject Physics participants. Headbomb {ταλκ – WP Physics: PotW} 14:57, 25 June 2008 (UTC)

Nomination of Dev-C++ for deletion
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You may edit the article during the discussion, including to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. JohnBlackburne wordsdeeds 19:44, 12 October 2010 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Fore Thought Entertainment QuakeWorld

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ArbCom elections are now open!
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Inner measure
Hi Intangir,

I have removed the definition you added to the inner measure article almost 14 years ago. Please see the discussion on the talk page for the rationale. It looks like that was your penultimate edit before quitting Wikipedia, at least as a logged-in user, so I don't have a lot of expectation that you'll see this note, but I thought I'd leave it anyway just in case. --Trovatore (talk) 05:46, 3 April 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Intangir


text:
User talk:Evilkeen

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Angela. 03:09, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Evilkeen


text:
Roy Rogers Restaurants

Roy Rogers Franchise Company, LLC is a chain of fast food restaurants primarily located in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern United States. The chain originated as the rebranding of the RoBee's House of Beef chain of Fort Wayne, Indiana, acquired by the Marriott Corporation in February 1968. However, Marriott first used the Roy Rogers Roast Beef name on conversions of the company's Junior Hot Shoppes in the Washington, D.C. area in April 1968, then the existing RoBee's stores. An aggressive nationwide franchising campaign was launched. At its peak, the chain included over 600 locations. The chain now has 37 locations in six states, either company owned or franchised.

The Roy Rogers chain was sold in 1990 to Imasco, then the parent company of Hardee's, and experienced severe decline as many locations converted to Hardee's. In 2002, the trademark was purchased by Plamondon Companies.

Roy Rogers' menu consists primarily of hamburgers, roast beef sandwiches, fried chicken, nine side items (including french fries), and beverages. Many locations also serve breakfast.

1967–1968: RoBee's and Marriott
In 1967, the Azar's Big Boy restaurant franchise started RoBee's House of Beef restaurants in Ft. Wayne, Indiana. The Marriott Corp., which had acquired Bob's Big Boy and the Big Boy trademark in 1967, acquired RoBee's in February 1968 with plans to expand nationwide. RoBee's franchises would first be offered to Big Boy franchisees to coincide with their existing Big Boy territory. At the time there were 13 RoBee's restaurants in six states.

During the acquisition, in January 1968, the competing roast beef chain Arby's sued RoBee's for trademark infringement and (other similarities that it considered) unfair competition. Because "RoBee's" sounded too much like "Arby's" the settlement required a new brand name and Marriott wanted something recognizable. Big Boy founder Bob Wian, then sitting on Marriott's board of directors, was friends with Roy Rogers' agent and suggested that the company approach Rogers about the use of his name. Already interested in associating with a chain restaurant, Rogers was in similar discussions with another company when Marriott called. Nonetheless, he accepted Marriott's offer: Rogers would receive a licensing fee for use of his name and also be paid for personal appearances at the restaurants. The restaurants would be called "Roy Rogers Roast Beef Sandwich" restaurants, and despite Arby's complaints, it retained RoBee's building design and covered wagon logo design.

Several major Big Boy franchisees accepted Marriott's offer and became Roy Rogers regional franchisees, including Abdow's, Frisch's, Elias Brothers, Marc's, and Shoney's which together covered much of the Northeastern, Midwest and Southern US. Pittsburgh franchisee Eat'n Park rejected the offer and took public offense at paying fees to Rogers. In the Pittsburgh area and elsewhere, other regional franchisees were sought who would also subfranchise to smaller operators, and by January 1969, Marriott claimed regional franchises for every state but Alaska. Roy Rogers' restaurants also opened in Canada, franchised to that nation's Big Boy franchisee, JB's of Canada.

Marriott divided the United States into 33 franchise regions and required regional franchisees open a set number of restaurants in a four-year period. Regional franchisees would pay Marriott a 2% royalty, and subfranchisees typically pay the regional franchisee 3%, who would keep the additional 1%. A restaurant required a $35,000 cash investment upfront,  including $7,500 paid to Marriott. Additionally, the cost of the building and equipment, with seating for 42 persons, cost about $100,000 in 1968, excluding the cost of land. Marriott offered financing but charged an interest rate of 12% on land and 17% for the building. The prototype restaurant seated 40 to 45 persons with additional outdoor seating on an optional patio in front of the building, but actual restaurants varied, one franchisee's dining area accommodating 75 persons.

The first Roy Rogers restaurant opened up on Co- founder and Hot Shoppes manager, Henry L. Wright's property in April 1968 in the Bailey's Crossroads section of Falls Church, Virginia, on the corner of Leesburg Pike and Carlin Springs Road (5603 Leesburg Pike). Another opened at 5214 River Road, in Bethesda, Maryland. The area was selected because Marriott was headquartered in metropolitan Washington, D.C., the River Road unit located directly across the street. (Marriott executives and Marriott family members were frequent patrons of this store.) These first locations were conversions of Jr. Hot Shoppes, Marriott's existing fast food chain. In May 1968, RoBee's units began to open as Roy Rogers. Rogers made a four state tour of namesake restaurants in the Southern U.S., appearing at each location for an hour, shaking hands and handing out signed photographs. Filming for the first television commercials advertising Roy Rogers Restaurants took place in the Apple Valley, California area where Rogers lived with his family. In 1968 and 1969, Rogers and friends, Earl Bascom and Mel Marion, were filmed at various locations including the historic Las Flores Ranch in Summit Valley and the Campbell Ranch in Victorville.

1968–1989: Growth and challenges
Rapid growth began in 1968 and Marriott made optimistic projections. In October 1968, there were reportedly 38 units open and 65 under construction, and by December, 56 opened with 39 under construction. Marriott projected 700 or more Roy Rogers restaurants in four years. By June 1969, 105 units were open with a new projection of 870 in four years. A February 1970 newspaper article reported that over 160 units were in operation. However, growth halted in 1970, when Marriott suspended Roy Rogers franchising, due to financial losses from closing failing locations. The following year, the Texas–based regional franchise, Ram-Hart Systems, filed for Chapter 11 protection, asking to terminate unprofitable leases, which made the entire chain unprofitable. After franchising resumed, only 172 restaurants were open by September 1972, a quarter of the 700 stores projected four years earlier.

In 1976, a Roy Rogers in Fairfax, Virginia was robbed, where five employees were herded into the restaurant's freezer and shot in the head. Only one survived.

On August 30, 1977, Roy Rogers was struck by a cottage cheese pie thrown by a 17 year old while Rogers and his Sons of the Pioneers singers were performing at a Fairfax restaurant. The youth pleaded guilty a month later and was fined $100.

In 1982, Marriott bought the Gino's restaurant chain for $48.6 million. The company converted 180 of the 313 restaurants to Roy Rogers to expand in the Baltimore/Washington area.

Also in 1982, Marriott sued the Riese family, a franchisee, when they discovered the Rieses were planning to relocate a Roy Rogers restaurant with a Häagen Dazs and a Pizza Hut in Times Square. The Riese family won the suit, and the Riese Organization later developed other food courts in New York City.

1990–1997: Hardee's
In 1990, Marriott sold the chain for $365 million to Imasco, the parent company of Hardee's, a Midwestern and Southern chain seeking further expansion into the Mid-Atlantic market. The remaining non-franchised Roy Rogers locations were converted into Hardee's restaurants, although many of the converted Hardee's continued to offer Roy Rogers' fried chicken. This conversion caused a customer revolt and the units returned to the Roy Rogers' brand. The restaurants promoted new flame-broiled hamburgers, but they were not the same as the original Roy Rogers products and later failed.

Hardee's finally sold the remaining Roy Rogers locations to McDonald's, Wendy's, and Boston Market between 1994 and 1996. This left 13 Roy Rogers franchisees, with two dozen free-standing locations, in addition to locations owned by HMSHost in travel plazas along highways in the Northeast.

Prior to the Hardee's acquisition, Roy Rogers cooked its fries in a blend of beef tallow and vegetable oil. Hardee's, which had already replaced tallow with all vegetable shortening, implemented the same procedure for Roy Rogers.

1997–present: CKE, Imasco, Plamondon Companies
In 1997, CKE Restaurants acquired Hardee's from Imasco, but Imasco retained the Roy Rogers trademark and franchise system. The Riese family, which owned 18 Roy Rogers restaurants, sued CKE Restaurants and Imasco for $10 million in 1997, claiming the Roy Rogers chain has been destroyed through "a series of marketing errors of epic proportions."

Imasco sold Roy Rogers to Plamondon Enterprises (now Plamondon Companies) in 2002, after three years of negotiation. Roy Rogers was relaunched as Roy Rogers Franchise Company, LLC. Plamondon had already opened the first new Roy Rogers restaurant in Frederick, Maryland in 2000. At the time of the sale, there were 63 existing Roy Rogers franchises in nine states.

In 2021, Roy Rogers announced a strategy to build concentrically out of core markets in the Mid-Atlantic, like Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania. The growth circle would slowly get bigger and include New York, the Eastern Seaboard, and states like Ohio, Tennessee, Florida, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia. The next year, the company announced a new partnership with One Holland Corporation restaurant group and planned to open 10 new Roy Rogers locations over the next six years in the Cincinnati metropolitan area. The new locations would be in Hamilton, Butler and Clermont counties in Southwest Ohio; Boone, Kenton, Campbell counties in Northern Kentucky; and Dearborn County in Southeast Indiana.

In February 2024, Roy Rogers will build a third location in Leesburg, Virginia where it has already has a strong presence.

Products and services
Though standard Roy Rogers locations serve food in a typical fast-food fashion, some locations (such as the locations that were formerly Jr. Hot Shoppes) and the franchises located throughout Mid-Atlantic highway rest-stops serve the food in a cafeteria-style. An exception is the Allentown service plaza on the Pennsylvania Turnpike's Northeast Extension, which serves its customers in the typical fast-food fashion since it reopened in May 2008 (the entire service plaza had been rebuilt from its original form, which included cafeteria-style serving).

In the cafeteria-style restaurants, customers push their trays on rails past stations stocked with pre-wrapped packages of hamburgers, cheeseburgers, and roast-beef sandwiches. A feature of this chain in any of the locations is the Fixin's Bar which features numerous condiments. Due to this feature, sandwich items are delivered without any of the customary garnishes. After selecting and paying for these items, patrons can garnish them to their own taste at the Fixin's Bar with such items as ketchup, BBQ sauce, mayonnaise, horseradish sauce, lettuce, tomatoes, pickles, and onions. Numerous locations offer hand-dipped milkshakes made with Edy's Ice Cream.

Popular items on the menu are roast beef sandwiches and fried chicken, which was advertised by Roy Rogers under the "Pappy Parker" name beginning in the 1970s using a cartoon prospector (the Pappy Parker name was inherited from Marriott's original Hot Shoppes chain). Other signature items at Roy Rogers are the Gold Rush chicken sandwich (a fried chicken breast with bacon, a slice of Monterey Jack cheese, and a honey-based BBQ sauce) and the Double-R Bar Burger (a cheeseburger with ham). The side items featured at Roy Rogers are french fries, baked potatoes, mashed potatoes with gravy, and baked beans. Seasonal items that select Roy Rogers locations occasionally offer include the beer-battered cod sandwich and platter.

Locations
Roy Rogers Restaurants are located in the following states, with number of locations.

 * West Virginia: 1
 * Maryland: 21
 * New Jersey: 2
 * Pennsylvania: 5
 * Virginia: 7
 * Ohio: 1

As of June 2024, there are 37 Roy Rogers restaurants..

title: Roy Rogers Restaurants


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User talk:TseiTsei~enwiki

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

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Articles for deletion nomination of Easy CD-DA Extractor
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Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called TseiTsei. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name TseiTsei~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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title: User talk:TseiTsei~enwiki


text:
Northern elephant seal

The northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) is one of two species of elephant seal (the other is the southern elephant seal). It is a member of the family Phocidae (true seals). Elephant seals derive their name from their great size and from the male's large proboscis, which is used in making extraordinarily loud roaring noises, especially during the mating competition. Sexual dimorphism in size is great. Correspondingly, the mating system is highly polygynous; a successful male is able to impregnate up to 50 females in one season.

Description
The huge male northern elephant seal typically weighs 1500 – and measures 4 –, although some males can weigh up to 3700 kg. Females are much smaller and can range from 400 to 900 kg in weight, or roughly a third of the male's bulk, and measure from 2.5 to 3.6 m. The bull southern elephant seals are, on average, larger than those in the northern species, but the females in both are around the same size, indicating the even higher level of sexual dimorphism in the southern species. Northern elephant seals typically live for around 9 years.

Pups are born with dark, almost black fur that they shed after weaning to turn silvery grey. As they develop, both juveniles and adults go through a molting period in which their initially black fur is replaced with a coat that ranges from silver to deep grey, finally fading to tan. Adult males' necks and chests are furless and have a speckled pattern of pink, white, and light brown. This the consequence of thicker, calloused skin that builds a protective shield in preparation for fights they participate in during the mating season.

The eyes are large, round, and black. The width of the eyes and a high concentration of low-light pigments suggest sight plays an important role in the capture of prey. Like all seals, elephant seals have atrophied hind limbs whose underdeveloped ends form the tail and tail fin. Each of the "feet" can deploy five long, webbed fingers. This agile, dual palm is used to propel water. The pectoral fins are used little while swimming. While their hind limbs are unfit for locomotion on land, elephant seals use their fins as support to propel their bodies. They are able to propel themselves quickly (as fast as 8 km/h) in this way for short-distance travel, to return to water, catch up with a female or chase an intruder.

Like other seals, elephant seals' bloodstreams are adapted to the cold in which a mixture of small veins surrounds arteries capturing heat from them. This structure is present in extremities such as the hindlimbs.

A unique characteristic of the northern elephant seal is that it has developed the ability to store oxygenated red blood cells within its spleen. In a 2004 study researchers used MRI to observe physiological changes of the spleens of 5 seal pups during simulated dives. By 3 minutes, the spleens on average contracted to a fifth of their original size, indicating a dive-related sympathetic contraction of the spleen. Also, a delay was observed between contraction of the spleen and increased hematocrit within the circulating blood, and attributed to the hepatic sinus. This fluid-filled structure is initially expanded due to the rush of RBC from the spleen and slowly releases the red blood cells into the circulatory system via a muscular vena caval sphincter found on the cranial aspect of the diaphragm. This ability to slowly introduce RBC into the blood stream is likely to prevent any harmful effects caused by a rapid increase in hematocrit.

Range and ecology
The northern elephant seal lives in the eastern Pacific Ocean. They spend most of their time at sea, and usually only come to land to give birth, breed, and molt. These activities occur at rookeries that are located on offshore islands or remote mainland beaches. The majority of these rookeries are in California and northern Baja California, ranging from Point Reyes National Seashore, California to Isla Natividad, Mexico. Significant breeding colonies exist at Channel Islands, Año Nuevo State Reserve, Piedras Blancas Light, Morro Bay State Park and the Farallon Islands in the US, and Isla Guadalupe, Isla Benito del Este and Isla Cedros in Mexico. In recent decades the breeding range has extended northwards. In 1976 the first pup was found on Point Reyes and a breeding colony established there in 1981. Since the mid-1990s some breeding has been observed at Castle Rock in Northern California and Shell Island off Oregon, and in January 2009 the first elephant seal births were recorded in British Columbia at Race Rocks. The California breeding population is now demographically isolated from the population in Baja California.

Northern elephant seals exhibit extreme sexual dimorphism in their feeding behaviours. When the males leave their rookeries, they migrate northwards to their feeding grounds along the continental shelf from Washington to the western Aleutians in Alaska. The males mostly feed on benthic organisms on the ocean floor. When the females leave their rookeries, they head north or west into open ocean, and forage across a large area in the northeastern Pacific. They have been recorded as far west as Hawaii. Female elephant seals feed mainly on pelagic organisms in the water column.

Vagrant elephant seals possibly appear on tropical regions such as at Mariana Islands. Historical occurrences of elephant seal presence, residential or occasional, in western North Pacific are fairly unknown. There have been two records of vagrants visiting to Japanese coasts; a male on Niijima in 1989 and a young seal on beaches in Hasama, Tateyama in 2001. A 2.5 meter female was found on Sanze beach, Tsuruoka, Yamagata in October 2017, making it the first record from Sea of Japan. This individual was severely weakened but showing signs of recovery after receiving medications at Kamo Aquarium, and the aquarium is discussing whether or not to release her. Some individuals have been observed on the coast of northeast Asia. Certain individuals established haul-out sites at the Commander Islands in the early 2000s; however, due to aggressive interactions with local Steller sea lions, long-term colonization is not expected.

Female elephant seals forage in the open ocean, while male elephant seals forage along the continental shelf. Males usually dive straight down to the ocean floor and stay at the bottom foraging for benthic prey. The females hunt for pelagic prey in the open ocean, and dive deeper (up to 1735 m, though on average about 500 m) and stay down longer than the males. Female elephant seals have been tagged and found to dive almost continuously for 20 hours or more a day, mostly in 400 to 600 meter deep water, where small fish are abundant.

Northern elephant seals eat a variety of prey, including mesopelagic fish such as myctophids, deep-water squid, Pacific hake, pelagic crustaceans, relatively small sharks, rays, and ratfish. Octopoteuthis deletron squid are a common prey item, one study found this species in the stomachs of 58% of individuals sampled off the coast of California. A female northern elephant seal was documented in 2013 by a deep sea camera at a depth of 894 m, where it consumed a Pacific hagfish, slurping it up from the ocean floor. The event was reported by a Ukrainian boy named Kirill Dudko, who further reported the find to scientists in Canada. Elephant seals do not need to drink, as they get their water from food and metabolism of fats.

While hunting in the dark depths, elephant seals seem to locate their prey at least partly by vision; the bioluminescence of some prey animals can facilitate their capture. Elephant seals do not have a developed a system of echolocation in the manner of cetaceans, but their vibrissae, which are sensitive to vibrations, are assumed to play a role in search of food. Males and females differ in diving behavior. Males tend to hug the continental shelf while making deep dives and forage along the bottom, while females have more jagged routes and forage in the open ocean. Elephant seals are prey for orcas and great white sharks. Both are most likely to hunt pups, and seldom hunt large bull elephant seals, but have taken seals of all ages. The shark, when hunting adults, is most likely to ambush a seal with a damaging bite and wait until it is weakened by blood loss to finish the kill.

Social behavior and reproduction
Northern elephant seals return to their terrestrial breeding ground in December and January, with the bulls arriving first. The bulls haul out on isolated or otherwise protected beaches, typically on islands or very remote mainland locations. It is important that these beach areas offer protection from the winter storms and high surf wave action. The bulls engage in fights of supremacy to determine which few bulls will achieve a harem.

After the males have arrived on the beach, the females arrive to give birth. Females fast for five weeks and nurse their single pup for four weeks; in the last few days of lactation, females come into estrus and mate. Mating behavior relates to a social hierarchy, and stronger males are considered higher rank than those smaller and weaker. In this polygynous society, a high-ranking bull can have a harem of 30–100 cows, depending on his size and strength. Males unable to establish harems will wait on the periphery, and will try to mount nearby females. Dominant bulls will disrupt copulations of lower-ranking bulls. They can mount females without interference, but commonly break off to chase off rivals. While fights are not usually to the death, they are brutal and often with significant bloodshed and injury; however, in many cases of mismatched opponents, the younger, less capable males are simply chased away, often to upland dunes. In a lifetime, a successful bull could easily sire over 500 pups. Most copulations in a breeding colony are done by only a small number of males and the rest may never be able to mate with a female. Copulation is most often on land, and takes roughly five minutes. Pups are sometimes crushed during battles between bulls.

After arrival on shore, males fast for three months, and females fast for five weeks during mating and when nursing their pups. The gestation period is about 11 months. One study observed the vast majority of births to take place at night, and in the aforementioned harems. Immediately after birth, a female will turn to her pup and emit a warbling vocalization to attract them, and will continue to throughout the nursing period. Sometimes, a female can become very aggressive after giving birth and will defend her pup from other females. Such aggression is more common in crowded beaches. While most females nurse their own pups and reject nursings from alien pups, some do accept alien pups with their own. An orphaned pup may try to find another female to suckle and some are adopted, at least on Año Nuevo Island. Some pups, known as super weaners, may grow to exceptionally large sizes by nursing from other females in addition to their mothers. Pups nurse about four weeks and are weaned abruptly before being abandoned by their mother, who heads out to sea within a few days. Pups gain weight rapidly during the nursing period, and weigh 300-400 pounds on average upon being weaned. Left alone, weaned pups will gather into groups and stay on shore for 12 more weeks. The pups learn how to swim in the surf and eventually swim farther to forage. Thus, their first long journey at sea begins.

Elephant seals communicate though various means. Males will threaten each other with the snort, a sound caused by expelling air though their probosces, and the clap-trap, a loud, clapping sound comparable to the sound of a diesel engine. Pups will vocalize when stressed or when prodding their mothers to allow them to suckle. Females make an unpulsed attraction call when responding to their young, and a harsh, pulsed call when threatened by other females, males or alien pups. Elephant seals produce low-frequency sounds, both substrate-borne and air-borne. These sounds help maintain social hierarchy in crowded or noisy environments and reduce energy consumption when fasting.

History and status
Beginning in the 18th century, northern elephant seals were hunted extensively, almost to extinction by the end of the 19th century, being prized for oil made from their blubber, and the population may have fallen as low as only 20-40 individuals. In 1874, Charles Melville Scammon recorded in Marine Mammals of the Northwestern Coast of America, that an 18-ft-long bull caught on Santa Barbara Island yielded 210 gallons of oil. They were thought to be extinct in 1884 until a remnant population of eight individuals was discovered on Guadalupe Island in 1892 by a Smithsonian expedition, who promptly killed several for their collections. The elephant seals managed to survive, and were finally protected by the Mexican government in 1922. Since the early 20th century, they have been protected by law in both Mexico and in the United States. Subsequently, the U.S. protection was strengthened after passage of the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, and numbers have now recovered to over 100,000.

Nevertheless, a genetic bottleneck experienced by Northern elephant seals during the nineteenth century made them more susceptible to disease, environmental changes and pollution. Such a small initial population of around 20-40 also meant that extensive inbreeding occurred within the species, leading to a whole other onset of issues. Such issues from the bottleneck a sharp loss of genetic diversity and increased homozygosity in the surviving population, and also a decreased number of haplogroups. In addition to this, there was also a substantial increase in the rate of asymmetry within the animals' skulls.

In California, the population is continuing to grow at around 6% per year, and new colonies are being established; they are now probably limited mostly by the availability of haul-out space. Their breeding was probably restricted to islands, before large carnivores were exterminated or prevented from reaching the side of the ocean. Numbers can be adversely affected by El Niño events and the resultant weather conditions, and the 1997–98 El Niño may have caused the loss of about 80% of that year's pups. Presently, the northern elephant seal is protected under the federal Marine Mammal Protection Act and has a fully protected status under California law (California Fish and Game Code [FGC] § 4700).

While the population is rising in the state of California, some colonies farther south are experiencing declining populations, likely due to rising sea and air temperatures. In Baja California, the two largest colonies, in Guadalupe and San Benito, have seen consistently declining numbers for the past two decades. Seeing as populations farther north are consistently increasing, it has been hypothesized that this discrepancy is due to a change in migration patterns. As sea and air temperatures rise, Northern elephant seals may not be migrating as far south as they have previously. The climate is expected to continue warming, and southern populations are expected to continue falling.

Populations of rookery sites in California have increased during the past century. At Año Nuevo State Park, for example, no individuals were observed whatsoever until 1955; the first pup born there was observed in the early 1960s. Currently, thousands of pups are born every year at Año Nuevo, on both the island and mainland. The growth of the site near San Simeon has proved even more spectacular; no animals were there prior to 1990. Currently, the San Simeon site hosts more breeding animals than Año Nuevo State Park during winter season.

title: Northern elephant seal


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Benevolence International Foundation

The Benevolence International Foundation (Benevolence International Fund in Canada), was a purported nonprofit charitable trust based in Saudi Arabia. It was determined to be a front for terrorist group Al-Qaeda and was banned by the United Nations Security Council Committee 1267 and the US Department of the Treasury in November 2002. The BIF's chief executive officer Enaam Arnaout began a ten-year sentence in 2003 after pleading guilty for racketeering in a U.S. federal court.

The nonprofit was founded in 1987 by Adel bin Abdul-Jalil Batterjee of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Batterjee was later personally embargoed by the UN from December 2004 until March 2013 and by the US, from December 2004 on. Their website stated that they were a "humanitarian organization helping those afflicted by wars" and providing "short-term relief such as emergency food distribution, long term projects, education and self-sufficiency to the children, widowed, refugees, injured and staff of vital governmental institutions." The BIF had offices in Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Sarajevo and Zenica), Canada, China, Croatia, Georgia (Duisi and Tbilisi), the Netherlands, Pakistan (Islamabad, Peshawar), the Palestinian Territories, Russia (Chechnya, Dagestan, Ingushetia, Moscow), Saudi Arabia (Riyadh and Jeddah), Sudan, Tajikistan, the United Kingdom, the United States and Yemen.

A list of the 20 main financiers of Al-Qaeda, composed by Osama bin Laden in 1988 and dubbed by him the Golden Chain, was found in the Bosnia office of Benevolence International Foundation when it was raided in March 2002.

History
The Islamic Benevolence Committee ( Lajnat al-Birr al-Islamiah) was founded in 1987 by Adel bin Abdul-Jalil Batterjee (عادل بن عبد الجليل بترجي) of Jeddah Saudi Arabia and had operations in both Jeddah and Peshawar, Pakistan. The group was a "charity" that openly supported fighters against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, supplying weapons and funds to the Mujaheddin and facilitating the immigration of foreign volunteer jihadists into that conflict zone.

Another organization, the Benevolence International Corporation, is said to have been started in 1988 by Mohammed Jamal Khalifa of Jeddah, the brother in law of Osama Bin Laden. At the time of founding and operation, it was known as an "import-export" company. It is said that this group was a front for the Abu Sayyaf group.

In 1992 the Benevolence International Corporation (BIC) in the Philippines folded public operations, while the Islamic Benevolence Committee was renamed to the Benevolence International Foundation (BIF). The new entity was incorporated as a tax-exempt nonprofit in Illinois on March 30, 1992, with Enaam Arnaout as its director. Arnaout married an American woman and obtained citizenship in the United States. In 1993 the organization's headquarters moved to Chicago. Meanwhile, the Filipino BIC group would become a group set up to attack U.S. interests in the Philippines. Khalid Sheik Mohammed is said to have led the rest of the group.

On June 15, 1994, US Ambassador Melissa F. Wells visited the BIF headquarters on an envoy from President Bill Clinton, met with Ma'moun Muhammad al-Hasan Bilou, and "praised BIF and its efforts to provide humanitarian relief".

In late 1994, Mohammed Jamal Khalifa travelled to the United States to meet with Mohamed Loay Bayazid, the president of BIC at the time.

Prosecution
Khalifa and Bayazid were arrested in Mountain View, California, in December 1994. The FBI received communications from the Philippines that Khalifa was funding Operation Bojinka, a terrorist plot that was foiled on January 6, 1995. However, Khalifa was deported to Jordan by the INS in May 1995. The Jordanian court acquitted Khalifa and until his death, he lived in Saudi Arabia. Bayazid was also let go.

The U.S. Government alleged that the group sent money and communications to Osama Bin Laden and purchased rockets, mortars, rifles, bayonets, dynamite and other bombs for Al-Qaeda members in Chechnya, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, and redirected funds meant for charity purposes to purposes related to terrorism. The U.S. government also alleged that the group was aiding the travel of terrorists, including Khalifa, Bayazid, and al-Qaeda co-founder Mamdouh Salim. In addition, it was also coordinating the escape of BIF members from Bosnian police.

During a sentencing hearing in August 2003, U.S. District Judge Suzanne Conlon told prosecutors they had "failed to connect the dots" and said there was no evidence that Arnaout "identified with or supported" terrorism.

These allegations were withdrawn as part of a February 2003 plea bargain in which Enaam Arnaout pleaded guilty to racketeering charges. The plea bargain allowed for him to provide information to prosecutors as long as charges that are related to Al-Qaeda are dropped. He publicly denies any link to the group.

A 2011 NPR report claimed that some of the people associated with this group were imprisoned in a highly restrictive Communication Management Unit.

title: Benevolence International Foundation


text:
BIF

BIF or bif may refer to:

Organisations

 * Benevolence International Foundation, part of al-Qaeda, posing as a charity
 * Brabrand IF, football club playing in the Danish 2nd Division
 * Brøndby IF, football club playing in the Danish Superliga
 * Brynäs IF, ice hockey team from Gävle, Sweden
 * Die BIF, one of the first lesbian magazines

Places

 * Barrow-in-Furness railway station, station code BIF
 * British Industries Fair, Birmingham, England

Science and technology

 * Banded iron formation, a type of rock
 * Bifrenaria, orchid genus
 * Borderline intellectual functioning

Other uses

 * Bif Naked, Canadian musician
 * Bipartisan Infrastructure Framework, H.R. 3684, in relation to the 2021 U.S. infrastructure spending plan
 * Burundian franc, by ISO 4217 code

title: BIF


text:
User talk:Wikibot

Leave a message at Alexandros' talk page

Can a dev give this the bot flag? Its edits are frequent enough to make it hard to follow recent changes. Thanks. --Pakaran 05:12, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Done -- Tim Starling 05:32, Dec 7, 2003 (UTC)

It would be good if the operator of the bot would be written on the page, so people know where they can react. I know Rob's software quite well, so I'd be willing to answer things that have to do with that as well. Andre Engels 11:22, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Is Wikibot automated ? or someone decides which articles the bot has to work on everyday ? is the bot taking care of standardizing interwiki links for ALL articles in wikipedia ? Jay 16:07, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

A request for assistance
Would you support the concept of moving the Earhart "myths" to a separate page or article? The reason for my suggesting this is that the main article should be an accurate and scholarly work while the speculation and conspiracy theories surrounding the disappearance of Amelia Earhart are interesting, they belong in a unique section. Most researchers, as you know, discount the many theories and speculation that has arisen in the years following her last flight. Go onto the Earhart discussion page and register your vote/comments...and a Happy New Year to you as well. Bzuk 02:50 3 January 2007 (UTC).

This is a automated to all bot operators
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title: User talk:Wikibot


text:
Wikipedia:Chinese interlanguage links

The Chinese within the tag could be either Traditional or Simplified. It doesn't matter. Whether the user sees Traditional or Simplified is theoretically determined by his choice of user interface in his own Preferences.

Interlanguage Interwiki links
In Interwiki linking, in the case of linking to another Wiki project, but involving another language, such as linking from en.wikipedia to a Chinese language source on Wikisource, this may be done by first putting the project link target, then a colon followed by the target language as a prefix to the article page name, in the form:

For example, to link from en.Wikipedia to a Chinese language text at Wikisource (zh.wikisource):

 * Type:

 * To get: 天問

 * Type:

 * To get: 天問

 * Type:

 * To get: Heavenly Questions

These 3 examples all resolve to the zh.wikisource page 天問, but without the misleading and distracting appearance of being an external link.

title: Wikipedia:Chinese interlanguage links


text:
Music of Mauritania

The music of Mauritania comes predominantly from the country's largest ethnic group: the Moors. In Moorish society musicians occupy the lowest caste, iggawin. Musicians from this caste used song to praise successful warriors as well as their patrons. Iggawin also had the traditional role of messengers, spreading news between villages. In modern Mauritania, professional musicians are paid by anybody to perform; affluent patrons sometimes record the entertainment, rather than the musicians themselves, and are then considered to own the recording.

Instruments
Traditional instruments include an hourglass-shaped four-stringed lute called the tidinit and the woman's kora-like ardin. Percussion instruments include the tbal (a kettle drum) and daghumma (a rattle).

Types of Mauritanian music
There are three "ways" to play music in the Mauritanian tradition:
 * Al-bayda - the white way, associated with delicate and refined music, and the Bidan (Moors of North African stock)
 * Al-kahla - the black way, associated with roots and masculine music, and the Haratin (Moors of Sub-Saharan stock)
 * l'-gnaydiya - the mixed or "spotted" way

Music progresses through five modes (a system with origins in Arabic music): karr, fagu (both black), lakhal, labyad (both white, and corresponding to a period of one's life or an emotion) and lebtyat (white, a spiritual mode relating to the afterlife). There are further submodes, making for a complicated system, one to which nearly all male musicians conform. Female musicians are rare and are not bound by the same set of rules.

Musicians
In spite of the rarity of female musicians in Mauritania, the most famous Moorish musician is a woman, Dimi Mint Abba. Dimi's parents were both musicians (her father had been asked to compose the Mauritanian national anthem), and she began playing at an early age. Her professional career began in 1976, when she sang on the radio and then competed, the following year, in the Umm Kulthum Contest in Tunis.

Another popular female musician is Malouma, who is also a respected politician and social activist ("Desert of Eden," Shanachie Records [U.S.], 1998).

Another esteemed female musician is Noura Mint Seymali.

Mauritania has also rappers in the Hip-hop movement. Professional Hip-hop started in the late 2000s.

title: Music of Mauritania


text:
Wikipedia talk:Chinese interlanguage links

Naming of 'cn' and 'tw'
On an unrelated note, why call the different links 'cn' and 'tw'? Reminds me of politics... --Jiang, Talk 03:32, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Well, it is not a Wikipedian developer's invention. The chronology:
 * ISO 639 states that Chinese language = zh
 * ISO 3166-1 specifies that Mainland = cn; Republic of China = tw; HK = hk; Singapore = sg; Macau = mo
 * RFC 1766 ("Tags for the Identification of Languages") combines 639 with 3166-1, resulting in five tags:
 * zh-cn
 * zh-tw
 * zh-sg
 * zh-hk
 * zh-mo

These were originally not used to mark trad/simpl, but to differentiate between localism of the same language. Their English parallels are easier to see. For example, en-ca, en-gb and en-nz mean that "color" is spelled as "colour"; but en-us spells it like "color". This is how they are still used in "Language Preferences" in most broswers (IE, Netscape, Mozilla...).

But somewhere down the way, somebody chose to make zh-cn the abbrev of simpli and zh-tw trad. And now, the use is stuck, and quite popular, if not very widespread in computer science. --Menchi 04:43, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Since Wikipedia is still young, one should really try to use zh-trad/zh-simp, the -cn,-tw,-hk should be used to refer to variant on language, not on script. Is this "chinese inter language link" a kind of ad hoc hack?--pektiong 03:35, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I agree, but simp means "stupid" -- which may not be very attractive to "simp" users. --Menchi (Talk)ü| â 05:55, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * 'Simp' does not mean "supid", IMO. Can anybody tell me when/who/how this "new" function is added to the wikipedia software? Is there any discussion "before" this new function is born? --pektiong 00:23, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Somebody asked for it and I added it, maybe six months ago. If you don't like them, just use "zh". It all goes to the same place. --Brion 00:33, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I think this is a good function. I am just want to know the history of thie change. --pektiong 17:40, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I believe it was User:Formulax who asked. It just suddenly appeared. Even I, at the time very active in Chinese WP, and other Chinese admins had no idea how or who or what this occurred. (We got the why, and we agreed with it.) No, there was no discussion. --Menchi (Talk)ü| â 00:46, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I love this article! Really funny to read. Personally speaking, using "zh-cn" and "zh-tw" really reminds me of something political... Another problem is, I think the tags now "中文(简体)(Simplified Chinese)" are really ugly (with two brackets). Why not merge them together like "简体中文(Simplified Chinese)" and "繁體中文(Tranditional Chinese)" instead? --Samuel 02:59, 7 Jan 2004 (UTC)~

None of the other languages have english translations. The English labels take up too much space. "简体中文" and "繁體中文" (no English, maybe keep pinyin Zhongwen-S/T) should be enough.

Articles with the same cn/tw title will still have separate simplified/traditional texts. Clicking on them leads a reader to a disambiguation page. Why not do away with the zh entirely and skip linking to the disambiguation? --Jia ng 02:13, 15 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * Many years later, an off topic pedantic note on terminology: ISO 3166-1 states that China = cn; Taiwan, Province of China = tw; Hong Kong = hk; Singapore = sg; Macao = mo. --PalaceGuard008 (Talk) 10:16, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

In general, is there a consensus that (zh-tw or zh-cn) preferable, or is (zh)? That is, if there is only a simplified version available, for instance, should I use zh-cn or zh?

PS - I agree with Jiang about ditching the English. - Nat Krause 12:31, 1 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * It's always better to specify the version whenever possible. So if there's only a zh-cn, use zh-cn, not zn. --Jiang 21:11, 1 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Page combination and auto-converstion in MediaWiki 1.4
In the past few months there has been an effort to combine the different versions of the same page on Chinese wikipedia, in preparation for the auto-converstion feature that is currently being tested in the MediaWiki 1.4 beta.

What this means is that for pages that already have two versions, contents are manually merged into one version (generally the one that has a longer history), and the other title became a redirect to the merged versions. For those that only has one version now, redirects are created as found. This will greatly reduce the amount of maintainence needed to keep two versions in sync, since almost all editors can only edit article in one version, though some can read both.

The standard interwiki bot is also changed (~Oct 2004) to handle the case where if the simplified and traditional is the same, it will remove the zh-cn and zh-tw link, and put in the unified zh link as well. Also, when I ran the bot on the Chinese wiki specifing the home language to be zh, it will make an entry into warning file to replace zh-cn or zh-tw with zh if there is only one version present.

So, the recommandation for linking should be changed, that if you are not sure which version it is, or if there is only one Chinese version (as in you can't find an link to the other version on Chinese wiki), the link to Chinese should be zh. --Vina 21:43, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)