text:
Talk:Knot (unit)

Speed
knot is a unit of speed, not velocity. Speed is a scalar (distance over time) while velocity is a vector (displacement (direction vector) over time). A knot is obviously the former. Stewart Adcock 18:42, 20 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Name
I'm changing the name of the article to "Knot (speed)" from "Knot (nautical)", because the unit is used not only for nautical things but also in meteorology and aviation. GrahamN 15:12, 1 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * How about nautical mile per hour? –radiojon 03:09, 2004 Apr 2 (UTC)

The thing is known as a "knot", not a "nautical mile per hour". What's wrong with "Knot (speed)"? GrahamN 16:38, 2 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Wrong data?
I've done some calculations, and unless I'm mistaken 1 knot equals 1.32 miles per hour, not 1.15 as the article states. Furthermore, I believe it would be more useful for international users if the equivalent speed in kilometers per hour (kph) was added, since it's a more familiar scale of speed, with which most people around the world can relate (not the case of miles per hour or metres per second). Regards, Redux 12:20, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * My caclulations agree with the article. (If you follow the link on the number in the article, you'll see that Google's calculations agree as well.) But as for kph, that's easy: 1852 m/h = 1.852 km/h! Isn't the metric system nifty? -- Toby Bartels 05:33, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * You were right about the knot/mph ratio, I had miscalculated. I'd remove the "precisely" after the kph conversion though, since 1.852 is a round up (the actual precise number being 1.851999985024).  I'm glad to have been of assistance in the m/h v. km/h thing.  Regards, Redux 20:06, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Redux talked about 'metres per second', not 'per hour'. And timekeeping, alas, isn't that simple in the metric system. It's not decimal, but more like duodecimal or 60-base. But the article now already gives km/h, so what am I on about? DirkvdM 10:26, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * You are making the thins unnecessary complicated. one hour is always and everywhere on the world 3600 seconds. That is not touching the scaling or normative system. So for simple conversions multiply somethings-by-hour with 3600; and otherwise divide it. In some cases two transformations at the same time gives easy memorized numbers, as it is for transposition from m/s to km/h : the factors *1000/3600 simply is 3.6. And for inverse transposition km/h to m/s divide by this number.--Cosy-ch (talk) 10:21, 5 June 2016 (UTC)

Though I'm neither a mathematician nor a sailor, I'd consider replacing the term "roughly" as the characterization of the conversions from knots to statutory miles per hour, at least. The reason? Because, worked out to six decimal places as it is, a difference of one digit in the last decimal place (e.g., 1.150780 mph instead of the stated 1.150779 mph) amounts to traveling 0.0634 inches (1.61 mm) more or less over one hour. To me, "roughly" in this context indicates a coarse measure. However, wouldn't the differences here be really difficult to measure in any practical situation. Wouldn't the phrase "almost precisely" be a better substitute? Am I missing something here? Anoneditor 22:58, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I think the correct mathematical phrase is "is approximately equal to". The reason for including the phrase is to highlight the fact that one of the conversions (to 1.852 kilometres per hour) is exact and by definition; the others are only true to the accuracy shown.  I agree that the current version is 'sub-optimal', but what do people think is the best way to express this?  Maybe two lists, one with only that conversion in it?  Maybe change the phrase introducing the current list, and keep the bold print just for that one?  --Nigelj 10:10, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

 * OK, how about this?

== Conversions ==

1 (international) knot is exactly equal to 1.852 kilometres per hour, and is approximately equal to the following:

 * 101.268591 feet/minute
 * 1.687810 feet/second
 * 0.5144444 metres per second
 * 1.150779 mile (statute)/hour (mph)
 * 0.99936 Admiralty knot

 * Looks fine to me. So good in fact that I have added it to the article.  --Nigelj 21:40, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

I cannot believe "it looks fine to me" has been accepted as a reason to post something on a wiki! All information is required to be verifiable, there is no verified information on much of this article. Therefore all unverified information will be deleted by February 1st 2012 if it has not been fixed--75.17.205.29 (talk) 20:57, 28 January 2012 (UTC)Dr. S

 * The feet per second is not frequently used in aviation at all. Instead of that, nearly every where used is feet per minute. take a look at old-style photos from cockpits (as called 'steam gauches') - you will find no instrument with feet / seconds.

At the other hand, all gliders worldwide are equipped and do calculates with metric system (m for altitude, km/h for speed and m/s vor vertical speed indiaction). In general aviation (all wing and rotor airplains), the metric system is used for entire Russia and some former URSS- States. In the european scene of very light aircrafts, the paragliders/motorgliders and the deltaplanes, they all are using metric systems, in consequences the m/s for vertical speed. Please correct this in your table and in the text. --Cosy-ch (talk) 10:28, 5 June 2016 (UTC)

Locale
where is the knot unit used? is it used outside of USA as well? Xah Lee 03:49, 2004 Oct 12 (UTC)

 * I'd guess that the knot is usually used at sea. ;-) Yes, it is widely used outside the US. It is used in Britain at least. Stewart Adcock 00:20, 15 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Knots are used around thw world for maritime and aviation purposes, like GMT is. Dolive21 11:34, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Examples
I looked here to see what typical speeds of ships are. The Stad Amsterdam is supposed to be very fast with 16 knots. How fast is that for a tall ship? And what are typical speeds of other types of boats/ships? DirkvdM 10:26, 21 August 2005 (UTC)
 * For a clipper, that's fast. That's also a little faster than many naval ships typically go, but I know that Nimitz class carriers are capable of around 30 knots. BioTube 01:17, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

--

Most modern warships are capable of around 30 at knots full steam.

Text cut and pasted from other site
I just removed a big chunk of text which was added by user 69.58.224.12. This was because it was just cut and pasted, probably from this site. --Spondoolicks 09:43, 23 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I've also now removed the 'CleanUp' tag that had been added because of this strange text.  --Nigelj 18:51, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

Why?
Why do they still use inferior knots and not, m/s or km/h? --- Unsigned comment.
 * Read second paragraph of the "Discussion" section in article. --- Safemariner 14:56, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

Velocity made good?
Could someone confirm that velocity made good really refers to speed over ground. I am a ship science student, I have only come across velocity made good as meaning the velocity vector either to windward or toward some reference point (typically toward a waypoint in GPS's). —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 152.78.254.72 (talk) 19:03, 13 March 2007 (UTC).

 * It can be more complicated for a sailing boat: You might be beating hard on the wind, and so unable to sail directly towards your waypoint: VMG towards the waypoint is very different to SOG in that case. --Nigelj 20:19, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

From the text of the article it is not clear why Speed Over Ground SOG and Velocity Made Good are expressed in knots. Neither of them is speed relatived to the fluid and seems to be inconsistent with the rest of the article. Perhaps a dimensional analysis is needed here. Unsigned comment by User:72.213.32.110

 * Most speeds on boats and aircraft are expressed in Knots. This is true whether it is the speed through the water (STW), as measured in the past by chip logs or more recently by various patent logs, speed over the ground (SOG), measured by GPS or radar, or velocity made good toward the next waypoint (VMG), also measured by GPS or radar. No dimensional analysis is needed because they are all in the same units --
 * STW + (the component of the speed of the current parallel with the boat) = SOG
 * all measured in knots, paying attention to signs.
 * . . Jim - Jameslwoodward (talk • contribs) 13:38, 3 May 2010 (UTC)

Still do not understand
I looked this up for the origin of the term "Knot", which I still do not understand. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.218.13.153 (talk) 03:56, 7 April 2007 (UTC).

 * The section on the origin of the knot makes it sound so precisely invented. In fact the use of a log was modified over time, with different distances between the knots on the line and different times measured (though I've never seen other than 28s and 30s).  At one point, the British Admiralty defined the knot it terms of distance over time (as a result of measuring the distance along the meridian) and that resulted in one standard for distance between knots.  Later refinements of the meridian length resulted in further refinements of the knot distances on the line as well as the time for the glass.  Eventually, the results converged on the information stated in the Origin section.

 * The principle is simple - throw a log overboard and see how long it takes for the vessel to move some distance away from the log. The log has a line tied to it and the distance is measured by counting the number of knots tied into the line as the line passes over the stern of the vessel.  The time is fixed at, say, 30 seconds.  Knowing time and distance you can calculate speed = distance/time.Michael Daly 20:02, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

Missing information
The rational for the name "Knot" is absent from this article. It is allegedly derived from the number of physical knots in a log line dropped into the water and pulled astern by the way of the vessel that pass in a time period. But this needs citing prior to insertion in the article. Fiddle Faddle 22:57, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

-What i want to know is why they used 47 feet 3 inches between each knot tied in the line? It is kind of a random distance to use. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.19.242.245 (talk) 14:13, 25 October 2009 (UTC)

 * From the article you may determine that the distance together with the time interval used represented one nautical mile per hour. Fiddle Faddle (talk) 21:53, 25 October 2009 (UTC)

Surplus information
I do not believe the section Nautical examples as it stands today has any relevance to this article. It refers to displacement hul maximum theoretical speeds, not to knots per se. Fiddle Faddle 22:57, 17 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree that the section does not belong here. Based on misunderstanding and misinterpretation of the term hull speed and its (frequent mis)use, I question whether it should be included anywhere :-) - but that's another discussion.  (It is useful if you want to discuss what Froude did and how speed vs resistance behaves in typical, but not all, displacement hulls).  Michael Daly 20:09, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

 * See the section "Examples" above: an ordinary member of the interested public asked for some typical examples of use of the unit, so I supplied some. If it doesn't suit an extreme-expert's most pedantic sensibilities, then of course, you may delete as much material as you want. (It's much easier than adding any!) --Nigelj 18:19, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Please don't take edits in Wikipedia personally. You are more than welcome to create an article about displacement speeds and place this information in it, but it is not in place in this article.  I would welcome your creating it in a new article, I would welcome a link to it in See also.  Please do not resort to name calling, and assume good faith in your comments.  I removed, and am removing again, the section that two of us feel to be out of place here.  Please just create it, and create it well, in a new article.  The work you put in is worth preserving, but this is not the article for it.

 * While it was only a small consensus it certainly was a consensus for removal. We really do need the information you created, just not in this definitive article about the unit itself.  Fiddle Faddle 19:09, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Who is this 'we'? The Management Committee of Wikipedia-editors-who-just-know-what-is-needed? If you want a new article, then create it yourself, my friend. --Nigelj 19:35, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

 * The material has been transcribed to Hull speed. Fiddle Faddle 08:53, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

abbreviation for knot
If you have a view on what abbreviation(s) should or should not be used, you may be interested in reading this discussion. Thunderbird2 20:59, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

 * While I agree with the intent of your most recent change to the knot's abbreviation, I have a bit of a philosophical problem with the IEEE, of all organizations, as a prime reference on a measure of significant interest to the mariner. :-)  I'd prefer to see a prime reference (i.e named in the text of the article) that is primarily an organization that is nautical or specifically concerned with weights and measures.  Chart 1 (Canada) or Chart 1 (USA) being the standard reference for nautical charts in those respective countries may be preferred. Michael Daly 06:00, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

I see your point. The counter-argument is that the IEEE is an international organisation, while the ones you quote are not. On this particular abbreviation they appear to agree though. At least the Canadian one uses kn, but I wasn't sure where to look in the NOAA document. Was I missing something obvious? Thunderbird2 09:53, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

 * While this is unreferenced, custom and practice when I was taught navigation was always "kt" and also the fact that it is stated as a plural "kts". Fiddle Faddle 10:01, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

Aha - I found the NOAA abbreviation (also kn). So if the IEEE as well as the maritime authorities of Canada and USA all favour kn, that sounds like it qualifies for an even stronger statement (favouring kn over kt) than the one we have already. Do you agree? Thunderbird2 11:50, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I see every reason to state the total universe of abbreviations, noting the preference for kn and the existence of kt and plurals where used, and using cite web or other appropriate template to reference whatever is required. Fiddle Faddle 13:29, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

I edited the introduction. Is that OK now? Thunderbird2 15:55, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Very good. :-) Michael Daly 16:08, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

I added a source reference for the 28-second chip log definition. Coould somebody more skilled than me check the reference formatting? Mleivo (talk) 19:29, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

Abbreviation kn reopened
I have redone the reference for the abbreviation "kn". The US (NOAA) document whose citation I have left in place, is, in fact, a document which incorporates IHO Chart INT 1 (the IHO does not publish its own charts), and, therefore, represents the international position on the subject. The Canadian document which was previously cited is essentially identical, as is New Zealand 201, British Admiralty Chart 5011, and similar publications from other nations. Although called charts, these are in fact 96 page A4 books. . . . . Jim. . . . Jameslwoodward (talk • contribs) 21:13, 19 December 2009 (UTC)

"Knots per hour" wasn't always an error.
While the expression "knots per hour" is considered erroneous today, this wasn't always so. If you look at 19th-century sources on maritime and naval matters, you will frequently see "knot" used not as a measure of speed, but of distance (synonymous with "nautical mile"), and speeds will often be given in "knots per hour". Searching Google Books for the phrase over that timeframe turns up plenty of examples, often in professional naval and maritime journals that presumably would be careful about proper usage of terminology. Of course, my mentioning this here counts as original research, but hopefully someone can find a discussion of this change in usage in a reliable source so that it can be mentioned in the article. --Colin Douglas Howell (talk) 00:26, 29 August 2011 (UTC)

ISO status
See |cite #2, whose title is
 * "Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI, and units based on fundamental constants"

which makes the third sentence in the article backwards:
 * "The knot is a non-SI unit and not accepted for use with the International System of Units (SI)"

as it is clear that the knot is accepted for use with the SI. Therefore my change, eliminating the "not", appears to be correct.

Footnote (f) in the same cite says:
 * "(f) The knot is defined as one nautical mile per hour. There is no internationally agreed symbol, but the symbol kn is commonly used."

which is consistent with the change I made. Of course this reference may be wrong, but I see no reference for the claim that "kn" is an ISO standard symbol. Certainly all the navigators I know -- American, German, English, and Swedish -- use "kt", not "kn".. . Jim - Jameslwoodward (talk to me • contribs) 16:05, 11 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Looks good. Good catch. It's just possible that someone may confuse kt with 'kilo-ton', I suppose. --Nigelj (talk) 16:57, 11 September 2013 (UTC)
 * The statement "there is no internationally agreed unit" was probably correct at the time the article was written, but it is no longer so. That changed in 2006, when ISO published the International Standard ISO 80000-3.  That standard defines the knot (I quote verbatim) as "knot (kn), 1 kn := 1 nautical mile per hour = (1 852/3 600) m/s ≈ 0,514 444 m/s". Dondervogel 2 (talk) 17:04, 11 September 2013 (UTC)

 * OK, thanks. Can we have a WP cite for that? And do you agree that the removal of "not" from the first sentence is correct? . . Jim - Jameslwoodward (talk to me • contribs)  17:18, 11 September 2013 (UTC)
 * I'm beginning to see where the confusion is coming from. That 8th edition SI document is also published in 2006, so perhaps the two organisations were not communicating well with each other.  Given that ISO and SI contradict each other, do you think the article should include a statement to that effect? I think you're right about removing the word "not" (if you mean the second occurrence - the first one is correct ;-) Dondervogel 2 (talk) 17:33, 11 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Hmmm. Given that SI is stating a negative, while ISO is stating a positive out of its own book, I think I would run with ISO. The fact that ISO lists it says that SI is simply wrong, or out of date. I'd still like a cite for it, though. . . Jim - Jameslwoodward (talk to me • contribs)  19:29, 11 September 2013 (UTC)

 * I added a reference to the standard itself. Or did you mean a secondary reference? Dondervogel 2 (talk) 19:35, 11 September 2013 (UTC)

We can't make the statement that knot is "not accepted for use with the International System of Units (SI)" supported by a citation to the BIPM SI Brochure where a table called "Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI" includes the knot. That was a good catch, and I have fixed it again. There are other problems in that lede now, though. One is that we say that kn is the ISO standard symbol and that "The same symbol is preferred by the IEEE". What we don't mention is that SI says, "There is no internationally agreed symbol, but the symbol kn is commonly used", so they acknowledge or recognise it too. Secondly, we give kt and NMPH a great deal of prominence, when they are both clearly 'wrong' by modern day standards, and their mention is uncited. Fixing these would require quite a rewrite if the new lede is to be readable. It must also be remembered that this is the WP:LEDE and so should be summarising points made with citations in the main body pof the article. In other words, most of this detail needs to be moved down into the article, fully cited, and a summary placed in the lede. Lots to do. --Nigelj (talk) 19:53, 11 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Please be careful what you do with "kn" and "kt". The SI and its strict adherents tend to make pronouncements that completely ignore what ordinary people actually say -- does anyone you know say that it's 1.5 megameters between point A and point B? Of course not, we say 1,500 kilometers although that is wrong by SI rules. (My spell checker marks "megameters" and "megametres" as misspelled.)

 * While I fully recognize the limitations of WP:NOR, I am an experienced marine navigator and, as I said above, none of the people I know -- American, German, English, and Swedish -- use "kn". I think the use of "kn" is intended to avoid confusion with kilo-ton, but as a practical matter I can't see that happening -- we say that a large ship displaces 80,000 tons, not 80 kilo-tons. Also note that the FAA uses "kt" as the abbreviation for knot (see, for example 14 CFR 1 part 35 appendix B). On the other hand, Bowditch uses "kn". I would be comfortable if we said that both "kt" and "kn" are in general use. . . Jim - Jameslwoodward (talk to me • contribs)  10:57, 12 September 2013 (UTC)

Hi. I reverted James modification as it was clearly wrong (and I don't get how Nigelj or others did not see it). So, " Non-SI units accepted for use with the International System of Units" is a precise notion that is exhaustively defined in the table 6 (section 4.1) of the 8th edition of the SI brochure. You can look for it, you won't find the knot. However, you'll find it in table 8, which is simply called "Other non-SI units". Hence, sorry James and Nigelj, but that was not a good catch, actually a very bad one. Besides, since the ISO doesn't run SI (the BIPM does), there can not be any conflict and BIPM words prevail as long as they are restrained to the SI. Padex (talk) 13:17, 16 May 2018 (UTC)

IPA Pronunciation
I think that someone should probably change the pronunciation to IPA instead of 'not' ThatplaceinMali (talk) 22:45, 11 October 2014 (UTC)

Gaps vs. commas as thousands separator
A thin gap is preferable to a comma because a comma can be confused with the decimal separator. In other words, "11,000 m" might be interpreted by some as eleven metres, whereas "11 000 m" can only mean eleven thousand metres. Dondervogel 2 (talk) 08:28, 11 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Per Talk MOSNUM, commas are very likely to live forever at enwiki. What about the thousands of numbers in articles that currently use commas? Anyway, thanks for your reply to my edit summary (diff), although I imagine there would be lots of enwiki readers who would be perplexed to see a number with gaps in it. Johnuniq (talk) 11:44, 11 September 2016 (UTC)
 * I did not mean to imply that thin spaces are preferred by all. I interpreted your question as why preferred by some. In my experience people do not find (thin) spaces confusing. Dondervogel 2 (talk) 16:20, 11 September 2016 (UTC)

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Difference
Knot (unit) includes:
 * This method gives a value for the knot of 20.25 in/s, or $1,851.66 m/h$. The difference from the modern definition is less than 0.02%.

A recent edit changed the finish to "less than 0.13%". I restored the original based on these calculations: And (1.0 − 0.999816)*100 = 0.018 < 0.02. Johnuniq (talk) 22:31, 5 September 2017 (UTC)
 * → 20.25 in/s

Inland waterway usage
The lede says the knot is used for maritime measurement. Taken strictly this would exclude inland waterways. I recently read an assertion that the knot is never used in inland navigation, but this was in an American novel, so I am unsure how much weight to give it internationally. The book also stated that mph are always used, which further inclines me to think that the usage is just US &/or dated. Personaly, I have always been accustomed to use knots on rivers & lakes. Does anyone know if there sre national or international standards one way or the other? If it can be pinned down it would be a good addition to the article. --D Anthony Patriarche (talk) 05:35, 1 June 2019 (UTC)

Knots
Voice over 143.44.192.119 (talk) 03:00, 5 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Knot (unit)


text:
AMA Supercross Championship

The AMA Supercross Championship (commercially known as Monster Energy AMA Supercross) is an American motorcycle racing series. Founded by the American Motorcyclist Association (AMA) in 1974, the AMA Supercross Championship races are held from January through early May. Supercross is a variant of motocross which involves off-road motorcycles on a constructed dirt track consisting of steep jumps and obstacles; the tracks are usually constructed inside a sports stadium. The easy accessibility and comfort of these stadium venues helped supercross surpass off-road motocross as a spectator attraction in the United States by the late 1970s.

From 1974 until 2002 and again from 2008 until 2021, the series was the World Championship of the sport. After losing this status, and with respect to the MXGP holding that discipline's worldwide title, the series, along with the AMA Motocross Championship, will form the SuperMotocross World Championship from 2023.

History
The first motocross race held on a race track inside a stadium took place on August 28, 1948, at Buffalo Stadium in the Paris suburb of Montrouge. As the popularity of motocross surged in the United States in the late 1960s, Bill France added a professional motocross race to the 1971 Daytona Beach Bike Week schedule. The 1972 race was held at Daytona International Speedway on a constructed track on the grass surface between the main grandstand and the pit lane. Jimmy Weinert won the 250 class and Mark Blackwell was the winner of the 500 class.

The event that paved the way for constructed, stadium-based motocross events was a 1972 race held in the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, promoted by Mike Goodwin and Terry Tiernan, then-president of the AMA, and won by 16-year-old Marty Tripes. It was billed as the "Super Bowl of Motocross" which led to the coining of the term "Supercross." The Super Bowl of Motocross II held the following year was an even greater success and, eventually evolved into the AMA Supercross championship held in stadiums across the United States and Canada.

Originally, each of the AMA Supercross races were promoted by different promoters, most notably Mike Goodwin in the West, Pace Motorsports in the Midwest and Southwest, Super Sports in the East, and Daytona International Speedway, which promotes its own race. In the 1980s, Mickey Thompson Entertainment Group (MTEG) took over the West region. In the 1990s, MTEG went bankrupt and Super Sports sold its business to Pace, which became the primary AMA Supercross promoter (with Daytona continuing to be the one holdout). In 1998, Pace was bought by SFX Entertainment, which was bought in turn by Clear Channel in 2000. The live events division of Clear Channel was split off as Live Nation in 2005, and the motorsports division was sold to Feld Entertainment in 2008, which currently promotes the championship except for the Daytona round, which is promoted by NASCAR Holdings (the owner of Daytona International Speedway).

While growing consistently since the '70s, the modern Supercross schedule since 1985 has become further compacted. The schedule would run from February to November, with both the "outdoor" (Motocross) and "indoor" (Supercross) schedules coinciding with each other during the year. By 1986, the schedule was compacted to a January to June schedule, and in 1998, the series adopted its present format, starting in early January and ending in early May, with races weekly except for Easter weekend (a traditional off-week for motorsport in the United States). In 2000, the present calendar was adopted with the season starting in the Los Angeles area on the Saturday after the first Thursday of January (between January 3–9) and ending with an early May race in Las Vegas, after which the AMA Motocross Championship "outdoor season" begins.

The American Motorcyclist Association awards three Supercross Championships each year. They are the 450cc (was known as 250cc two-stroke), and both an East and West division on the 250cc (was 125cc two-stroke). Supercross racing classifications are governed by the displacement of the motorcycle's engine. They were based on two-stroke engines until 2006, when four-stroke engines replaced two-stroke engines. From 2007 until 2012, a formula nomenclature similar to IndyCar was used, with the 450cc class known as Supercross and 250cc as Supercross Lites. Starting in 2013, the AMA and Feld Motor Sports returned to the traditional nomenclature, based on four-stroke engines: 450cc (known as "MX1" in Europe), and 250cc (also known as "MX2"). The 450cc Champion has always been generally considered to be the most prestigious.

From 2011-2019, the final race of the season, known as the Monster Energy Cup for sponsorship reasons, is held at Sam Boyd Stadium in Las Vegas. A US $1 million purse is available to the rider who wins all three featured races. Ryan Villopoto won the purse at the inaugural event in 2011, as did Marvin Musquin in the 2017 edition, and Eli Tomac in the 2018 race.

Calendar
The AMA series begins in early January and continues until early-May. It consists of 17 rounds in the 450cc Class, and 9 rounds in 250cc West Class and 9 rounds in the 250cc East Class, held in football and baseball stadiums across the US.

Beginning with Anaheim 1, the series holds two of its first five races at Angel Stadium before it heads eastwards. The series concludes in Salt Lake City in early May. The East-West Shootouts Occur at round 14 & 17. The series also holds a race in Daytona during Daytona Bike Week.

Event format
Each meet is structured similarly to Short track motor racing with two heat races and a consolation race in each class. In both classes, each heat race is six minutes plus one lap. Each heat features 20 riders (one may have 21 riders depending on qualifying results), with the top nine advancing to the feature. The other 22 riders are relegated to the consolation race, known as the Last Chance Qualifier, which is five minutes plus one lap, with the top four advancing to the final.

In the 450cc class, the highest placed competitor in points, provided he is in the top ten in national points, and has yet to qualify after either heat race or consolation race, will receive a provisional for the feature race. The feature race is 15 minutes plus one lap in the 250cc class, and 20 minutes plus one lap for the 450cc class, with 25 championship points for the race win. At 3 races per year a three race format is use. The rules are similar to the Monster Energy Cup individual scoring will determine the overall race winner.

For the season-ending East-West Shootout at Las Vegas for the 250cc class starting in May 2011, each region's top 20 will race in the non-championship event for a 15-minute heat race. Standard rules apply, with the feature race being 10 laps. In 2016, the East-West Shootout became a points-paying round where both regions' champions would be decided in the same feature. Starting in 2018, the combined East-West Shootout will also be held in the middle of the season, at the Indianapolis round.

Starting with the 2012 Season, riders who are in first place in the Series' Points Lead will use the red plate to race in the Series. Starting with the 2024 Season, the reigning champion from the SuperMotocross Championship in the 250cc & 450cc class, will use a purple plate with yellow numbers to signify their status as an SMX Champion.

If at any point during the Heat Races, LCQs or the Feature Races, that the race is red-flagged within less than 3 laps, the race will be a complete restart. However, if the race is red-flagged with more than 3 laps completed but less than 90% of the total race distance and after a minimum of a 10-minute delay, the race will be a staggered restart with riders lined up from the previous lap they went.

Track
The sport of Supercross is best described as motocross racing that takes place within the confines of a sports stadium. The tracks are typically shorter in length than a standard motocross track. They feature a combination of man-made obstacles such as whoop sections (where riders skim along the tops of multiple bumps), rhythm sections (irregular series of jumps with a variety of combination options), and triple jumps (three jumps in a row that riders normally clear in a single leap of 70 feet or more). Many of the turns have banked berms, but some are flat. It takes roughly five hundred truckloads of dirt to make up a supercross track. Soil conditions can be hard-packed, soft, muddy, sandy, rutted, or any combination thereof.

Current
In 2023, there are three broadcast partners from the NBC family of networks: NBC, USA Network and Peacock. Source:

AMA Supercross Championship winners by year
Between 2008 and 2021 the AMA Supercross Championship was also designated an FIM World Championship. Lost FIM World Championship status in 2022 due to a rebooted world championship.

Supercross all time wins list
Source:

Riders in bold have competed in the 2024 Supercross championship

† next to rider's name in the 250/125 Class column indicates rider has competed in the 2024 450 Supercross championship

Venues
Sources:

World Supercross Championship winners by year
Conceived in 2003; merged with the AMA series prior to the 2008 season until 2021.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: AMA Supercross Championship


text:
Aldgate East tube station

Aldgate East is a London Underground station on Whitechapel High Street in Whitechapel, in London, England. It takes its name from the City of London ward of Aldgate, the station lying to the east of the ward (and the City). It is on the Hammersmith & City line between Liverpool Street and Whitechapel, and on the District line between Tower Hill and Whitechapel, in Travelcard Zone 1.

Original station
The original Aldgate East station opened on 6 October 1884 as part of an eastern extension to the District Railway (now the District line). It was 500 ft to the west of the current station, close to the Metropolitan Railway's Aldgate station. The curved link to the Metropolitan Railway had to be particularly sharp owing to the location of Aldgate East station.

Resited station
As part of the London Passenger Transport Board's 1935–1940 New Works Programme, the triangular junction at Aldgate was enlarged to allow for a much gentler curve and to ensure trains that were held on any leg of the triangle did not foul any signals or points elsewhere. The new Aldgate East platforms were sited almost immediately to the east of their predecessors with one exit facing west toward the original location and another at the eastern end of the new platforms.

The new station opened on 31 October 1938 and the earlier station closed permanently the previous night. It was designed to be completely subterranean providing a much-needed pedestrian underpass for the road above. In order to accommodate the space needed for the underpass, the existing track needed to be lowered by more than 7 ft. To achieve this task whilst still keeping the track open during the day, the bed underneath the track was excavated and the track held up by a timber trestle framework. Once excavation was complete and the new station had been constructed around the site, an army of over 900 workmen lowered the whole track simultaneously in one night using overhead hooks to suspend the track when necessary. The hooks.

The eastern exit of the new station was now close enough to St Mary's (Whitechapel Road), the next station along the line, that this could also be closed. This reduced operational overheads and journey times because the new Aldgate East had effectively replaced two other stations.

Past proposals
A campaign was launched by a local councillor in a bid to change the name of the station to Brick Lane tube station by 2012, but this had no official support and was not successful. The same councillor has also campaigned to have Shoreditch High Street railway station renamed "Banglatown".

The station today
The station has no surface buildings. A canopy was constructed in the 2000s and in 2013–14, the high-rise Aldgate Tower, was built above it. , when there was a fire in the building, the tower also contained apartments. Ticket barriers control access to all platforms.

District and Hammersmith & City line trains run into Aldgate East from Liverpool Street and Tower Hill along two sides of the above triangle and pass through the site of the earlier station, most of which has been obliterated by the current junction alignment although the extensive width and height and irregular shape of the tunnel can be observed.

The platforms have a particularly high headroom and this, combined with the late-1930s style of tiling, typical of the stations of the then London Passenger Transport Board, gives the platforms a particularly airy appearance, unusual on the Underground at the time of construction. The tiling contains relief tiles showing devices pertinent to London Transport and the area it served; these were designed by Harold Stabler and made by the Poole Pottery.

Station improvements
The station was Metronet's first (and show-piece) station refurbished in 'heritage' style. Work began at platform level in 2007. On 9 March 2007, it was noted that every other platform bullseye and its associated blue enamel "Way Out" plate below had been removed on both platforms marking the end of the only sub-surface 'New Works' station. By 14 March, all the roundels had been removed and temporary signs substituted. The north-east entrance was closed from 10 March 2007 until 2009. As of 23 May 2007, the tiling had been removed from the eastbound platform and the walls were rough cemented but the tiles remained on the westbound one. The new framework for lighting and cabling had been installed.

District line
This is the general off-peak frequency. During peak times trains also operate to Wimbledon. During off-peak times, 3 trains per hour from Wimbledon terminate at Barking (as of December 2014).

 * 12 tph eastbound to Upminster (On Sundays alternate trains run to Barking only)
 * 3 tph eastbound to Barking
 * 6 tph westbound to Ealing Broadway
 * 6 tph westbound to Richmond
 * 3 tph westbound to Wimbledon

Hammersmith & City line
The typical off-peak service in trains per hour (tph) is:
 * 6 tph eastbound to Barking
 * 6 tph westbound to Hammersmith

It is not a regular service but before 6am, two Circle line trains run from Barking to Edgware Road via Victoria (as of February 2015).

Buses
London Buses routes 15, 25, 115, 135, 205, 242, 254 and night routes N15, N25, N205, N253 and N550 serve the station.

Nearby tourist attractions

 * Whitechapel Art Gallery
 * Petticoat Lane Market
 * Brick Lane
 * Spitalfields Market
 * Hamish Mackie's public artwork of six galloping horses

title: Aldgate East tube station


text:
Whitechapel station

Whitechapel is an interchange station in Whitechapel, East London for London Underground, London Overground and Elizabeth line services. The station is located behind a street market of the same name and opposite Tower Hamlets Town Hall. It lies between Aldgate East and Stepney Green stations on the District and Hammersmith & City lines, between Shoreditch High Street and Shadwell stations on the East London Line. To the West of Whitechapel on the Elizabeth Line is Liverpool Street, to the East the line splits with one branch going to Stratford and one to Canary Wharf. It is in Travelcard Zone 2.

The station was comprehensively rebuilt in the late 2010s and early 2020s as part of the Crossrail project.

East London Railway
Whitechapel station was originally opened in 1876 when the East London Railway (ELR, now the East London Line) was extended north from Wapping to Liverpool Street station. The ELR owned the tracks and stations but did not operate trains. From the beginning, various railway companies provided services through Whitechapel including the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR), the London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LC&DR), Great Eastern Railway (GER) and the South Eastern Railway (SER).

District Railway
On 6 October 1884, the District Railway (DR, now the District line) opened a new station adjacent to the deeper ELR station as the terminus of an extension from (part of the extension also formed the final section of the Circle line ). The new station was given the name "Whitechapel (Mile End)". The ELR passenger service between Whitechapel and Liverpool Street was withdrawn in 1885. The station received its present name on 13 November 1901.

On 1 February 1902, the DR station was temporarily closed for rebuilding. It reopened on 2 June 1902, when the DR opened the Whitechapel & Bow Railway, a joint venture with the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway (LT&SR). The new extension ran eastwards to Bromley-by-Bow where it joined the LT&SR's tracks. DR services then operated regularly to and as far as Southend-on-Sea in the summer.

The DR tracks were electrified in 1905 and electric trains replaced steam trains. Services going eastwards were cut back to the limit of electrification at East Ham; later they were re-extended to Barking in 1908, and to Upminster in 1932.

Metropolitan Railway
On 3 December 1906, the Metropolitan Railway (MR, which in 1933 became the Metropolitan line) extended its service to Whitechapel as the eastern terminus of its service. The MR also ran trains over the southern section of ELR via a connection (St Mary's Curve) between the DR tracks west of Whitechapel and the ELR tracks north of Shadwell station. When the tracks of the ELR were electrified in 1913, the MR ended services to the DR station and extended its ELR service through Whitechapel to (at that time the terminus of the line, but now closed). The change of service took place on 31 March 1913.

On 30 March 1936, the Metropolitan line began operating again through the District line station as far as.

During the 1980s, the London Transport considered converting the East London line into a light railway similar to the Docklands Light Railway, or restoring the then-disused connection to Liverpool Street reconnecting Whitechapel to Liverpool Street via Shoreditch.

The line had also become a line in its own right (though it was still grouped operationally with the Metropolitan line) and, from 1990, its colour on the map changed to orange. At the same time, the Hammersmith-Barking section of the Metropolitan line has also been operated separately as the Hammersmith & City line after it appeared as a completely separate line and it colour changed to pink on the tube map.

On 25 March 1995, during the construction of the Jubilee Line Extension, the East London Line was closed to allow repair works on the Thames Tunnel. General renovations and new signalling works were undertaken at the same time. The line reopened south from Whitechapel on 25 March 1998 and north from Whitechapel on 27 September 1998.

Throughout its life, Whitechapel has been used extensively as an eastern terminus; however, since the timetable change in December 2009, trains have reversed at Plaistow instead of Whitechapel. This is owing to operational changes related to the construction work to build one large island platform.

London Overground
In preparation for the extension of the East London Line to Dalston Junction and, the line north of Whitechapel to Shoreditch was closed on 9 June 2006. Services to Shoreditch had previously been run during peak hours and Sunday mornings only; these were replaced by a bus link.

Work on the extension of the East London line commenced and the line was closed on 22 December 2007. It reopened on 27 April 2010 when tracks on a new alignment were connected to a disused North London Line viaduct from Shoreditch to Dalston, making Whitechapel part of the London Overground network. Temporary bus services operated during the closure, of which rail replacement route ELW remained in service until the ELL fully opened on 23 May 2010. The southern extension of phase 1 from New Cross Gate to Crystal Palace and West Croydon was completed simultaneously with that to Dalston in 2010 and a full service began in May 2010.

In early 2015, because there were no services running on the Hammersmith & City and Circle lines between Edgware Road and Aldgate East/Tower Hill, a revised Circle line service operated between Edgware Road and Barking via Victoria. This occurred because of track drainage replacement and station works at Euston Square, Moorgate and Liverpool Street. It was the first time a regular Circle line service had called at Whitechapel.

Owing to Crossrail work that took place at Whitechapel station, Night Overground services initially did not stop at that station until works were complete. From December 2019, Night Overground began to stop additionally at Whitechapel.

Station rebuild as part of Crossrail
In the 2010s and early 2020s, the station was comprehensively rebuilt as part of the Crossrail project. The work was undertaken by a joint venture of Balfour Beatty, Morgan Sindall and Taylor Woodrow Construction.

The work involved restoring the historic station entrance, building a new station concourse and ticket hall above the Underground and Overground tracks, widening the sub-surface line platforms, and providing an intermediate concourse above the Overground tracks – as well as platforms and other infrastructure for Elizabeth line services. 10 lifts provide step free access to all platforms, with 3 escalators providing access down to the Elizabeth line platforms. A new north-south, free public access route through the station is also provided, shortening journeys for local residents.

Originally forecast in the early 2010s to cost £110m, the work at Whitechapel is estimated to have cost around £830m. Crossrail CEO Mark Wild stated that Whitechapel was “one of the most challenging Elizabeth Line stations to construct”, with challenges including building the new concourse above live railway lines, as well as ensuring continued use of the station by passengers. A temporary ticket hall off Court Street maintained access into the station during the 5 year period that the main entrance was closed.

The revamped original entrance reopened on 23 August 2021.

When opened on 24 May 2022, services initially ran between Paddington and Abbey Wood only. Since 6 November 2022, the line splits into two branches just east of the station: one towards Shenfield, joining the Great Eastern Main Line just south of Stratford, and the other continuing to Abbey Wood The Elizabeth Line platforms lie to the north of the station, with access via escalators down from the intermediate concourse above the Overground tracks.

Bilingual signage
Whitechapel station has bilingual station signage, owing to the large Bengali community in the local area. In March 2022, station signs on the platforms bear "Whitechapel" and also "হোয়াইটচ্যাপেল" in Bengali. It is one of the relatively few stations in England to have bilingual signage, others being Southall (Punjabi), Wallsend (Latin), Hereford (Welsh), Moreton-in-Marsh (Japanese) and St Pancras International, Ebbsfleet International and Ashford International (all French).

Design

Whitechapel has the unusual situation where the District and Hammersmith & City line London Underground platforms are located above the East London Line London Overground platforms.

District and Hammersmith & City line
The station used to have six platforms in open cuttings north of Whitechapel Road. The Hammersmith & City and District lines had two eastbound and two westbound (although trains could have reversed direction from any platform during times of disruption or engineering work). There was a siding beside platform 4 track accessed from the east side of the station which could accept a 6-car C or D stock train. There was another siding from platform 1 eastbound. This was of sufficient length and signalled to hold only a six car C stock train and when it was holding a train the platform (one) could only be used as a terminal, to reverse trains east to west, not as a through platform. The East London line (now part of London Overground) has one northbound and one southbound platform. They are sited at the eastern end of the station and are in a deeper cutting.

In September 2011 the track was permanently removed from platforms 2, 3, and 4. Platform 4 has been extended over the trackbed and westbound trains use the route of the old siding which has been connected to the main line at the western end to provide a through route. This platform is renumbered platform 2. Trailing crossovers are provided at each end of the station. The two island platforms were combined to form one large island platform with a central circulating area. A new double-ended centre reversing siding has been constructed beyond to compensate for the loss of reversing facilities from Whitechapel. Since December 2009 Hammersmith & City line trains have not been scheduled to reverse at Whitechapel. Outside peak hours they currently reverse alternately at Plaistow and Barking.

St Mary's Curve
The St Mary's curve connection between the District line track and the East London Line was used for passenger traffic until 1941, but was subsequently only used to transfer empty trains to and from the other sub-surface lines. The curve was often lit and could easily be seen from the left-hand side of East London line trains entering Whitechapel station from the south, prior to the refurbishment of the East London line that commenced in late December 2007. The points on the District line, connecting it to the curve, were removed in summer 2008. Just west of Whitechapel is the site of the former station, one of the many closed London Underground stations.

Artwork
In 1997, Vitreous enamel panels designed by Doug Patterson were installed on the East London line (now part of the London Overground) platforms.

On the Elizabeth line platforms, colourful paper collages of local residents by Chantal Joffe have been recreated in aluminium. This work is titled "A Sunday afternoon in Whitechapel".

Services
Services at Whitechapel are operated by the Elizabeth line, London Overground and London Underground's District and Hammersmith & City lines.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour (tph) is:

Connections
London Buses routes 25, 205, 254, D3 and night routes N25, N205 and N253 serve the station.

title: Whitechapel station


text:
Cotswold District

Cotswold is a local government district in Gloucestershire, England. It is named after the wider Cotswolds region and range of hills. The council is based in the district's largest town of Cirencester. The district also includes the towns of Chipping Campden, Fairford, Lechlade, Moreton-in-Marsh, Northleach, Stow-on-the-Wold and Tetbury, along with numerous villages and surrounding rural areas.

In 2021 the district had a population of 91,125. The district covers nearly 450 sqmi, with some 80% of the land located within the Cotswolds Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The much larger area referred to as the Cotswolds encompasses nearly 800 square miles, spanning five counties: Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire, Warwickshire, Wiltshire, and Worcestershire. This large Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty had a population of 139,000 in 2016.

Eighty per cent of the district lies within the River Thames catchment area, with the Thames itself and several tributaries including the River Windrush and River Leach running through the district. Lechlade is an important point on the river as the upstream limit of navigation. In the 2007 floods in the UK, rivers were the source of flooding of 53 per cent of the locations affected and the Thames at Lechlade reached record levels with over 100 reports of flooding.

The neighbouring districts are South Gloucestershire, Stroud, Tewkesbury, Cheltenham, Wychavon, Stratford-on-Avon, West Oxfordshire, Vale of White Horse, Swindon and Wiltshire.

History
The district was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. The new district covered the area of five former districts, which were all abolished at the same time: The new district was named Cotswold, reflecting its central position within the hills and wider region of that name.
 * Cirencester Rural District
 * Cirencester Urban District
 * North Cotswold Rural District
 * Northleach Rural District
 * Tetbury Rural District

Governance
Cotswold District Council provides district-level services. County-level services are provided by Gloucestershire County Council. The whole district is also covered by civil parishes, which form a third tier of local government.

Political control
The council has been under Liberal Democrat majority control since the 2019 election.

The first election to the council was held in 1973, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until the new arrangements took effect on 1 April 1974. Political control of the council since 1974 has been as follows:

Leadership
The council has a ceremonial chair of the council who presides at council meetings and acts as the district's first citizen. Political leadership is instead provided by the leader of the council. The leaders since 2001 have been:

Composition
Following the 2023 election and one subsequent suspension later in May 2023, the composition of the council was:

The next election is due in 2027.

Premises
The council is based at the Council Offices on Trinity Road in Cirencester. The building was built in 1837 as the Cirencester Union Workhouse, later serving as Watermoor Hospital following the creation of the National Health Service in 1948. After the hospital closed the building was converted to become the council's headquarters, being formally opened by Prince Charles on 21 May 1981.

Towns and parishes
The whole district is covered by civil parishes. The parish councils for Chipping Campden, Cirencester, Fairford, Lechlade, Moreton-in-Marsh, Northleach with Eastington, Stow-on-the-Wold and Tetbury take the style "town council". Some of the smaller parishes have a parish meeting rather than a parish council.

Media
In terms of television, the area receives various transmitters from different regions:
 * Mendip (BBC West/ITV West Country) covering Cirencester and Tetbury.
 * Oxford (BBC South/ITV Meridian) covering Stow-on-the-Wold, Lechlade, Northleach and Fairford.
 * Sutton Coldfield (BBC West Midlands/ITV Central) covering Chipping Campden and Moreton-in-Marsh.

Radio stations for the area are:
 * BBC Radio Gloucestershire
 * BBC Radio Wiltshire
 * BBC CWR
 * Heart West
 * Capital Mid-Counties
 * Greatest Hits Radio South West
 * Corinium Radio (serving Cirencester)
 * North Cotswold Community Radio (serving North Cotswolds)
 * Cotswolds Radio

The district is served by the weekly local newspaper, Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard.

Elections
Since the last full review of boundaries in 2015 the council has comprised 34 councillors representing 32 wards, with two wards electing two councillors and the rest electing one each. Elections are held every four years.

Councillors
There are 34 councillors. After the May 2019 election, there were 18 Liberal Democrats, 14 Conservatives, one independent and one Green.

title: Cotswold District


text:
International Six Days Enduro

The International Six Days Enduro (ISDE), formerly known as the International Six Days Trial (ISDT), is the oldest 'off-road' motorcycle event on the FIM Calendar.

The ISDT was first held in 1913 at Carlisle, England. It has occurred annually, apart from interruptions due to World War I and World War II, at various locations throughout the world. The early events were a true test of machine, rider skill and reliability. Held on the 'roads' of that era, today most of the routes are truly 'off-road'. Originally titled the International Six Days Trial, in 1981 the FIM decided to update the name to International Six Days Enduro, the name Enduro having been devised by the Americans and popularised by many motorcycle manufacturers also greater reflected the change in the event from a trial to more akin to a rally featuring skills more associated with cross country motocross.

The sport has been associated with many great motorcyclists before its 100th anniversary in 2013; this also includes women such as 1920s-30s star Marjorie Cottle. Up until 1973 the contest was always held in Europe. In 1973 it went outside continent for the first time, to the United States. Since then it has been outside Europe more frequently: twice in Australia (1992 and 1998), once more in the United States (1994), Brazil (2003), New Zealand in 2006, Chile in 2007 and 2018, and Mexico in 2010. The 2014 event was held from the 3 to 8 of November in San Juan, Argentina.

The event has attracted national teams from as many as 32 countries in recent years. Over its long history the rules and conditions have changed to keep in step with the developments in the sport, but it remains a supreme test of rider and machine. Over the six days and upwards of 1250 miles a rider must contend with strict rules about time allowances and restrictions on mechanical replacements, carrying out his or her own motorcycle repairs. The ISDE can attract entries of more than 500 riders, together with thousands of support crew and spectators. This has a major impact on tourist income for the venue in which it is based each year. For 2013, the 100th anniversary of the holding of the first ISDT, the FIM announced that there were a record number of pre-entry requests of 820 covering 35 nations from across the Globe with 600 entries being allowed to compete.

Usually referred to as the 'Olympics of Motorcycling' with trophies for best four-rider national, three-rider junior national, three-rider women's national, three-rider club national and three-rider manufacturing teams. Gold, silver and bronze medals are awarded on an individual level. The medals are typically awarded based on percentage of finishers, or relative to the best individual performance in the event within their specific class. Individual gold medals go to participants who finish within 10% of their class' top competitor's total elapsed time, silver medals are awarded for those who finish within 25%, and bronze medals are awarded to any rider who finishes all six days within their time allowance.

Most recently the ISDE has been embroiled in controversy. During the 2015 event held in Slovakia, the Australian team were leading the overall Men's World Trophy team classification on day 3. During this day, three of France's six competitors were disqualified from the event by the multinational ISDE committee for not completing the required course. Australia then rode the following days to manage their lead against second place Italy, until day 5 when the French team were reinstated into the event by the French-founded Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme without any penalty, despite having not completed the assigned course. This put the French team into the lead and with only one short day of riding to go the Australian team was unable to cut the French lead down enough during the final day. The FIM ultimately gave the victory to France in highly controversial circumstances. Australia protested by walking off the podium and lodged a protest against the result due to the uncertainty of winning the ISDE actually requires riding the course.

However, on 2 November of that year, the FIM International Disciplinary Court (CDI) rejected the appeals lodged by the Fédération Française de Motocyclisme (FFM), the Real Federación de Motociclimo (RFME) and the Auto-Cycle Union (ACU) therefore, the decision made by the ISDE committee to disqualify the eight riders for missing a routine check was upheld meaning three of the French World Trophy team were disqualified resulting in team being reclassified to 23rd with Australia officially awarded as winner of the 2015 World Trophy title.

Trivia
Hollywood actor Steve McQueen and his friends Bud Ekins, Dave Ekins, Cliff Coleman and John Steen represented United States at the 1964 ISDT held in East Germany. This would be the first United States team ever, organized by John Penton.

title: International Six Days Enduro


text:
Gloucester Road tube station

Gloucester Road is a London Underground station in Kensington, west London. The station entrance is located close to the junction of Gloucester Road and Cromwell Road. Close by are the Cromwell Hospital and Baden-Powell House.

The station is served by the District, Circle and Piccadilly lines. On the District and Piccadilly lines, the station is between South Kensington and Earl's Court, and on the Circle line, it is between South Kensington and High Street Kensington. It is in London fare zone 1.

The station is in two parts: sub-surface platforms, opened in 1868 by the Metropolitan Railway as part of the company's extension of the Inner Circle route from Paddington to South Kensington and to Westminster; and deep-level platforms opened in 1906 by the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway. A variety of underground and main line services have operated over the sub-surface tracks. The deep-level platforms have remained largely unaltered with no lift access. A disused sub-surface platform features periodic art installations as part of Transport for London's Art on the Underground scheme.

Sub-surface station

The station was opened as Brompton (Gloucester Road) on 1 October 1868 by the Metropolitan Railway (MR, later the Metropolitan line) when it opened an extension from Paddington (Praed Street) (now Paddington). The station acted as the temporary terminus of the railway until 24 December 1868 when the MR opened tracks to South Kensington to connect to the first section of the District Railway (DR, later the District line) which opened on the same day from South Kensington to Westminster. The station was provided with four platforms sheltered by an elliptical glazed iron roof. A two-storey station building in cream-coloured brick with arched windows and an ornamental balustrade at roof level was built at the eastern end. Initially, the MR operated all services over both companies' tracks.

Residential development had been gradually spreading westward from Belgravia since the 1840s, but the area around the station site was mainly in horticultural use as market gardens when the new line was constructed. The planning of the line encouraged the local land owners, including Lord Kensington, to extend Cromwell Road westwards and the opening of Gloucester Road station, stimulated rapid residential development in the surrounding area.

On 12 April 1869, the DR opened a south-westward extension from Gloucester Road to West Brompton where it opened an interchange station with the West London Extension Joint Railway (WLEJR, now the West London line). At the opening there was no intermediate station – Earl's Court station did not open until 1871 – and the service operated as a shuttle between the two stations. On 1 August 1870, the DR opened additional tracks between Gloucester Road and South Kensington and the West Brompton shuttle became a through service.

On 3 July 1871, the DR opened its own tracks between Gloucester Road and High Street Kensington. These tracks, the Cromwell Curve, were opened without Parliamentary authority in an unsuccessful attempt by the DR to improve its share of the revenues between High Street Kensington and South Kensington stations which were divided on the basis of mileage of track owned by the two companies.

On 1 February 1872, the DR opened a northbound branch from its station at Earl's Court to connect to the West London Extension Joint Railway (WLEJR, now the West London line) at Addison Road (now Kensington (Olympia)). From that date the Outer Circle service began running over the DR's tracks. The service was run by the North London Railway (NLR) from its terminus at Broad Street (now demolished) in the City of London via the North London line to Willesden Junction, then the West London Line to Addison Road and the DR to Mansion House – at that time the eastern terminus of the DR.

From 1 August 1872, the Middle Circle service also began operations through Gloucester Road, running from Moorgate along the MR's tracks on the north side of the Inner Circle to Paddington, then over the Hammersmith & City Railway (H&CR) track to Latimer Road, then, via a now demolished link, on the WLEJR to Addison Road and the DR to Mansion House. The service was operated jointly by the H&CR and the DR.

On 30 June 1900, the Middle Circle service was withdrawn between Earl's Court and Mansion House, and, on 31 December 1908, the Outer Circle service was also shortened to terminate at Earl's Court. The station was redesigned by Metropolitan Railway consultant architect George Campbell Sherrin, including removing of the elliptical roof. In 1949, the Metropolitan line-operated Inner Circle route was given its own identity on the tube map as the Circle line. In 1907, "Brompton" was dropped from the station's name to bring it into accordance with the deep-level station.

In the 1970s, the eastbound Circle line platform was taken out of use and the track layout was rearranged to remove the westbound Circle line track and widen the island platform. The eastbound Circle and District lines both serve the north side of the island platform and the westbound Circle line which was redirected to serve the south side of the island platform. The disused platform is used for Art on the Underground installations, often placed into the brick recesses in the northern retaining wall. In the 1990s a deck was constructed above the District and Circle line platforms on which was constructed a shopping mall and apartment building.

Deep-level station
By the beginning of the 20th century, the DR had been extended to Richmond, Ealing Broadway, Hounslow West and Wimbledon in the west and to New Cross Gate in the east. The southern section of the Inner Circle was suffering considerable congestion between South Kensington and Mansion House, between which stations the DR was running an average of 20 trains per hour with more in the peak periods.

To relieve the congestion, the DR planned an express deep-level tube line starting from a connection to its sub-surface tracks west of Gloucester Road and running to Mansion House. The tunnels were planned to run about 60 to(-) beneath the existing sub-surface route with only one intermediate stop at Charing Cross (now Embankment). Parliamentary approval was obtained in 1897 but no work was done. In 1898, the DR took over the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway (B&PCR) which had a route planned from South Kensington to Piccadilly Circus. The route was modified to join the DR deep-level route at South Kensington.

Following the purchase of the DR by the Underground Electric Railways Company of London in 1902, the planned DR and B&PCR lines were merged with a third proposed route from the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway. The DR deep-level route was revised at its western end to continue to Earl's Court and surface to the east of Barons Court. The deep-level platforms were opened on 15 December 1906 by the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway (GNP&BR, now the Piccadilly line) which ran between Finsbury Park and Hammersmith. A new surface building for the lifts was designed by Leslie Green with the GNP&BR's distinctive ox-blood red glazed terracotta façade.

As part of the development over the sub-surface platforms, the station buildings were remodelled internally to share a single entrance and ticket office. Space in the Piccadilly line building that was formerly used for operational purposes or as the exit to the street is now used for retail purposes. During the 2000s, the deep-level parts of the station underwent refurbishment with areas of damaged wall tiles being replaced. The dark green and cream tiled walls of the Piccadilly line's lower level passages and platforms were restored, with damaged tiles being replaced by reproductions to match the original designs.

On 24 May 1957, Teresa Lubienska, a Polish Countess who had survived Auschwitz concentration camp, was stabbed five times on the eastbound Piccadilly line platform and died shortly afterwards. Her murder remains unsolved to this day.

Artwork on disused platform
In 2000, the disused eastbound platform was suggested as a location for temporary art installations, with artworks located in the brick recesses in the northern retaining wall. Platform for Art, and subsequently Art on the Underground have used the disused platform for temporary installations of sculptures, murals or photographs. Artworks have been by a variety of artists over the past 20 years, including David Shrigley, Chiho Aoshima and Heather Phillipson.

Services
The station is in London fare zone 1. On the District and Piccadilly lines, the station is between Earl's Court and South Kensington, and on the Circle line, it is between High Street Kensington and South Kensington. Gloucester Road is the westernmost interchange between these three lines, although the tube map promotes the easier interchange at South Kensington. Train frequencies vary throughout the day, but generally District line trains operate every 2–6 minutes from approximately 05:15 to 00:28 eastbound and 05:59 to 00:47 westbound; they are supplemented by Circle line trains every 8–12 minutes. Piccadilly line trains operate every 2–6 minutes from approximately 05:41 to 00:25 eastbound and 05:56 to 00:43 westbound. The Piccadilly line operates a 24-hour Night Tube service on Fridays and Saturdays.

On the Piccadilly line 1973 Stock is used. On the Circle and District lines S Stock is used.

Connections
London Buses day and night routes serve the station.

title: Gloucester Road tube station


text:
High Street Kensington tube station

High Street Kensington is a London Underground station on Kensington High Street, in Kensington. The station is on the Circle line between Gloucester Road and Notting Hill Gate, and the District line between Earl's Court and Notting Hill Gate and is in Travelcard Zone 1. Kensington Arcade forms the entrance to the station.

Station layout
The station itself has four platforms─two through platforms and two bay platforms. Platform 1 is used for anticlockwise Circle line and westbound District line trains towards Gloucester Road and Earl's Court respectively. Platform 2 is for clockwise Circle line and eastbound District line trains towards Edgware Road. Platforms 3 and 4 are used for terminating District line trains from Earl's Court. Platform 3 is usually used for the Olympia service, which runs weekends and for special events, and platform 4 is usually only used at the start and end of the day. There used to be a waiting room between Platform 2 and 3 for customer use, but this was turned into a staff room for drivers shortly before the Circle line extension to Hammersmith was implemented in December 2009.

On Platform 3, westbound, there is one of the few surviving K8 telephone kiosks. Now used for the TfL internal system, the kiosk is Grade II listed.

Just south of the station is the junction where the Circle and District lines diverge.

Services
The typical off-peak service from this station is: Weekends and Special Events only:
 * 12 tph (trains per hour) to Edgware Road via Paddington (6 tph District line, 6 tph Circle line)
 * 6 tph to Wimbledon via Earl's Court (District line)
 * 6 tph anticlockwise on the Circle line via Victoria and Embankment to Hammersmith

 * 3 tph to Kensington (Olympia) via Earl's Court (District line)

Connections
London Buses routes 9, 23, 27, 28, 49, 52, 70, 328, 452 and C1, night routes N9, N27, N28 and N31 and Green Line route 702 serve the station.

Brief history
The station was originally built by the Metropolitan Railway after parliament passed the Metropolitan Railway's and Metropolitan District Railway's Bill in 1864. Work started in 1865, and in 1867 a barrel roof enclosed the station designed by the Metropolitan Railway's engineer Sir John Fowler. The station, originally titled Kensington Station, had four lines, two for the Metropolitan Railway and two for the Metropolitan District Railway. The station was further redeveloped under the plans of the Metropolitan Railway's consultant architect, George Campbell Sherrin, between 1906 and 1907. Sherrin's designs saw the barrel roof was taken off with the platforms covered by plain wooden shelters on iron columns. The North end of the platforms saw a new superstructure built over them, which contained a new octagonal booking hall, and an arcade that lead to the High Street. The space in the arcade was taken by neighbouring department stores Pontings and Derry & Toms. The octagonal booking hall was rebuilt by London Transport in 1937-38 to increase its capacity.

title: High Street Kensington tube station


text:
Six Days (song)

"'Six Days" is a song by American trip-hop artist DJ Shadow, from his second album, The Private Press. The song was written by Brian Farrell and Dennis Olivieri, and was produced by DJ Shadow. It was released as the third official single from the album in 2002.

The main vocals of the song are sampled from the 1971 song "Six Day War" by the British band Colonel Bagshot, with some riffs taken from the 1970 song "I Cry in the Morning" by the American singer Dennis Olivieri. Brian Farrell of Colonel Bagshot and Olivieri are both given songwriting credits on the track.

Music video
The song's music video was directed by Hong Kong director Wong Kar-wai. It features actor Chang Chen and Malaysian model Danielle Graham.

Shadow approached Wong Kar-wai, one of his favorite directors, in an attempt to create a music video unlike his previous ones. Wong also happened to be a fan of Shadow's music and accepted. The idea was to make a short film revolving around the song's hook line: "Tomorrow never comes until it's too late..."

The plot is centered on a man (Chang) who, upon discovering his girlfriend (Graham) has cheated on him, tries to destroy all traces of their relationship, eventually realizing that this is futile, as what has happened cannot be undone. The video was shot by famed cinematographer Christopher Doyle, who has worked on most of Wong's films and has also shot films by directors Gus Van Sant, Barry Levinson and Phillip Noyce. It contains numerous instances of the number 426, a reference to Wong Kar-wai's then-upcoming film 2046.

Use in other media

 * The remix of this song is mixed with the songs "Annie's Horn" by D-Code, "Shout" by Tears for Fears, and "Where It's At" by Beck in the video game DJ Hero.
 * A Hip-Hop version of the song (featuring Mos Def) was used in the end credits for the film Phone Booth (2002). It was also used for two films of the Fast & Furious franchise: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift (2006) and Furious 7 (2015).
 * A different and much faster-paced remix, by Soulwax, samples The B-52s song "52 Girls" throughout. This remix ended up on their remix album Most of the Remixes.

title: Six Days (song)


text:
Talk:Soviet collectivism

Maybe it's just me, but a reference to the Borg of Star Trek on a page about Soviet Collectivism just makes me gnash my teeth. orthogonal 18:57, 20 Nov 2003 (UTC)

It's not encyclopedic. But them I'm not into Star Trek. Secretlondon 18:58, Nov 20, 2003 (UTC)

The whole freaking page is a travesty (no offense, intended, but it's a muddle). What next, Napoleon Bonaparte and hobbits? orthogonal 19:00, 20 Nov 2003 (UTC)

It was quite insane to mention the borg or a just humour we do not understand. What do you think about the tragedy of the commons and mentioning Eric Raymond towards the end, in the light that RMS was categorical against the allegation from Bill Gates that "open source is Anti-American and communism". Any chances it will be taken wrongly? [added by Gdimitr]

Gdmintr: please don't top-post, and please sign your contributions on Talk pages. The way it was edited made it look as if I had added your comment. orthogonal 22:46, 20 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Sorry about that orthogonal. There is something really wrong about this page, the idea is it would tell us about "soviet collectivism in manufacturing"; I'd expect to see things about their processes, their technology, their advances, their contribution to the art, what went wrong and why, what went right and why et.c. I mean these people they've sent the first animal, man, and woman in orbit, made the mir apparently they've done something right too, SU was not about Ladas only. Instead, there is a sterile attitude "soviets are bad", mixed with general talking about what is collectivism which somehow via association with soviets and communism (and I fell victim to this myself) leads to the conclusion that "all collectivism is bad" or that "only borgs and failed soviets" are collectives because they are communists. et.c. I mean, open source, wikipedia and the internet are collective and as far as I am concerned are not "bad", "soviet" or "borg". Should we consider heavily rewritting it? [added by Gdimitr 01:38, Nov 21]

- I support the removal of both paragraphs by HectorRodriguez. If they are restored, they will require considerable work. A neutral discussion of War Communism and Soviet economic performance and structures in the later years can be found in the Wiki articles on Soviet history. 172 00:07, 10 Feb 2004 (UTC)~

--- VV:

Please stop reinserting this rant. If well read general reader on this subject, let alone a Russian or Soviet specialist, saw this article, Wiki would be a laughingstock. If you want to know how to write an encyclopedic entry on the subject, rather than rant and ramble about it, read Paul Gregory and Robert Stuart's Russian & Soviet Economic Performance & Structure, which is the most widely read survey text on the subject. If you don't want to buy it, it's probably available at any college library, which are usually open to the public if you want to read the material inside. If you want to find information online, do search for the authors, and you'll come up with a lot of articles citing this work. I'd give you some webpages, but I'm running short of time now and have to go. 172 02:43, 11 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * First of all, I (obviously) did not write it; I am merely one of two people seeking to restore it after it was deleted by vandal HectorRodriguez. Second of all, it is not a rant and should not be characterized as such.  If you feel the facts are off or its description of the failures of the system are inaccurate, you should fix them rather than simply nix this description, especially since you seem to be saying you know the subject.  I for now am also going to AssumeGoodFaith that you're not telling me I'm ranting and rambling.  (As a side note, there's far worse crap than this on Wikipedia.) -- VV 05:25, 11 Feb 2004 (UTC)

--- As it is, I've written enough on the stagnation of the Soviet system of administration command in the seventies and eighties. But I'm not touching that crap removed from this page. I'll assume that the user didn't know better, and I won't hold it against him/her, but it's such utter gibberish, I don't even know what the hell the topic is.

Is it focusing on, say, centralized planning and its operational dimensions (e.g., the system of incentives, property rights, information mechanisms for decision-making, the centralization of decision-making at high levels of the organizational hierarchy). All I see is a loopy polemic rambling on "Soviet collectivism." Is this an article on the economic bureaucracy? Gospan? Planning ministries (the fondoderzhateli)? State farms (the sovkhoz)? State industries (predpriiatiie)? Collective farms (kolkhoz)? Labor?

If you think that it makes sense, have fun with the rewrite. In the meantime, those paragraphs are getting removed. 172 06:15, 11 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * First of all, this is a collaborative project, so your last declaration is out of line. Two people favor the restoration, two its deletion.  That's why we're discussing it.  Anyway, the life cycle of Wikipedia article is very often starting with poorly written and poorly organized beginnings, which are then fleshed out and improved by others.  Your policy seems to be to delete or undo anything that's not perfect, which does not work well.  You seem too concerned with what others will think of the project if they stumble upon an intermediate stage, but there's plenty of other bad articles out there, and we have a long way to go before this will be all high-quality work (possibly never).  Maybe it will encourage others to get involved?  -- VV 20:48, 11 Feb 2004 (UTC)

---

If I do enough guesswork, it almost seems as if the writers were trying to describe the Austrian critique of the administrative command economy. Already in the 1920s, well before Stalin had made the choice of the administrative command economy, Freiderich Hayek and Ludwig von Mises launced their critique with "War Communism" in mind. They argued that it would have a number of inherent weaknesses that would threaten its economic efficiency and its ability to grow.

By the 1970s, Soviet specialists using the more recent tools of information economics have gone back to some of these insights, especially the difficult information issues in a hierarchical economic system. I'm well aware of the major theoretical appraisals of Soviet economic performance, but what is this supposed to be?

Rather than grand philosophical assumptions about "collectivism," at the root of the recent critiques, you have an analysis of principal-agent relationships in the Soviet economy (e.g. the planning apparatus issuing instructions to enterprises) and why the structure cannot function well if agents engage in rent-seeking or ("corrupt") behavior.

This article, however, seems to be an idiosyncratic mix of the Austrian critique, the author's personal essay on "collectivism," sweeping anti-Marxist platitudes, and Soviet economic history rambling on despite the lack of even a discernible topic.

I already laid out problems in Soviet economic performance in previous articles. But this thing is an unsalvageable rant with no concrete overarching topic that belongs on the VFD. It's just going to turn to a forum for users to mouth off with their personal philosophies on the Soviet economy and human nature. In the mean time, those two paragraphs are the most problematic and they're staying out of the text.

BTW, I will not respond to you again on this page if you don't tell me what "Soviet collectivism" is and what topics this article can discuss. It's off base to order me around. telling me that I cannot delete this drivel if you cannot defend it. 172 08:15, 12 Feb 2004 (UTC)

--- VV:

Please define "Soviet collectivism" and lay out what topics this article needs to address before restoring those paragraphs. See my two set of postings above. For once, please respond to them. 172 11:57, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Soviet collectivism


text:
Great Portland Street tube station

Great Portland Street station is a London Underground stop between and  stations. It lies on the Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines. Great Portland Street station is listed as a building of National Significance and is in Travelcard Zone 1.

History
The station was part of the world's first underground railway, the Metropolitan Railway, which opened between "Bishop's Road" (now ) on the Hammersmith & City line and "Farringdon Street" (close to the present-day station). It was opened on 10 January 1863 as "Portland Road", changed to its present name on 1 March 1917 but was renamed "Great Portland Street and Regents Park" in 1923 and then reverted to its present name in 1933. The current structure was built in 1930 on a traffic island on the Marylebone Road at its intersection with Great Portland Street and Albany Street. Its construction is a steel framed cream terracotta clad exterior, with the perimeter providing shops and originally a car showroom with office space over the station. Great Portland Street was at a major sales location for the motor industry. It was designed by the Metropolitan Railway's architect C. W. Clark and was Grade II-listed in January 1987.

The station lies at the northern end of Great Portland Street – a main road which marks the border between Marylebone and Fitzrovia.

The local neighbourhood plan identified the gyratory around Great Portland Street Underground Station as one where public realm improvements and traffic calming should be made.

Services
The station is served by the Metropolitan, Hammersmith & City and Circle lines, between Euston Square in the east and Baker Street to the west. All three lines share the same pair of tracks from Baker Street Junction to Aldgate Junction making this section of track one of the most intensely used on the London Underground network.

Circle line
The typical service in trains per hour (tph) is:
 * 6 tph clockwise via Kings Cross St Pancras and Liverpool Street
 * 6 tph anti-clockwise to Hammersmith via Paddington

Hammersmith & City line
The typical service in trains per hour (tph) is:
 * 6 tph eastbound to Barking
 * 6 tph westbound to Hammersmith via Paddington

Metropolitan line
The typical off-peak service in trains per hour (tph) is: The typical peak time service in trains per hour (tph) is:
 * 12 tph eastbound to Aldgate
 * 12 tph westbound via Baker Street:
 * 2 tph to Amersham
 * 2 tph to Chesham
 * 8 tph to Uxbridge
 * 14 tph eastbound to Aldgate
 * 14 tph westbound via Baker Street:
 * 2 tph to Amersham
 * 2 tph to Chesham
 * 4 tph to Watford
 * 6 tph to Uxbridge

Connections
The station is served by London Buses day and night routes.

title: Great Portland Street tube station


text:
Lancaster Gate tube station

Lancaster Gate is a London Underground station near Lancaster Gate on Bayswater Road in Paddington (City of Westminster), to the north of Kensington Gardens. It is on the Central line between Queensway and Marble Arch stations and is in Travelcard Zone 1.

History
Lancaster Gate station was opened on 30 July 1900 by the Central London Railway (now the Central line). The original station building was typical of the work of the line's original architect Harry Bell Measures. It was demolished and a new surface building constructed as part of the development above in 1968. The development was designed by T P Bennett & Son as an office block but converted soon after into a hotel. In 2004–05 the lower floors of the hotel were re-clad in white stone to a design by Eric Parry Architects. The hotel received planning permission for the re-cladding to include the station façade.

Refurbishment
Lancaster Gate was closed from July to November 2006 so that the lifts and other parts of the station could be refurbished. The station's chronic lift failures were considered by Transport for London to be a safety hazard and an inconvenience to passengers. Patronage has increased over the years and as a result the station's small ticket hall area is often congested, especially at weekends.

Lancaster Gate station was also closed from January to June 2017 for complete replacement of the lifts. Due to the small size of the station, it was not feasible to do one lift at a time, so it was deemed necessary to close the entire station.

Location
Despite its name, the station is close to the Marlborough Gate entrance to Hyde Park/Kensington Gardens, about 300m to the east of the Lancaster Gate entrance.

The station is within walking distance of Paddington station, providing a convenient interchange between the Central line and the main line station, although this is not highlighted on the Underground map. Transport for London's September 2011 report "Central London Rail Termini: Analysing passengers' onward travel patterns" did not include using Lancaster Gate as a means of getting from Paddington to the Central line.

Connections
London Buses routes 94, 148, 274 and night route N207 serve the station

title: Lancaster Gate tube station


text:
Mansion House tube station

Mansion House is a London Underground station in the City of London which takes its name from Mansion House, the residence of the Lord Mayor of London. It opened in 1871 as the eastern terminus of the Metropolitan District Railway. Today, Mansion House is served by the Circle and District lines. It is between Blackfriars and Cannon Street stations and it is in fare zone 1. The station is located at the junction of Queen Victoria Street and Cannon Street.

Mansion House is a sub-surface station with three platforms. The westbound platform, number 1, and the eastbound platform, number 3, are shared by both the Circle and District lines. A third platform was used for terminating eastbound trains, however it is no longer used and the track removed as services continue and terminate at Tower Hill.

Despite the station's name, it is not the nearest tube station to Mansion House itself, which is in fact directly opposite an entrance to Bank station. Moreover, two other stations on the same District and Circle lines (Cannon Street and Monument) are also nearer to Mansion House than its namesake.

History
Mansion House station was opened on 3 July 1871 by the Metropolitan District Railway (MDR, now the District line) when the company extended its line eastwards from St. Paul's station (which is now named Blackfriars). Mansion House became the new eastern terminus of the MDR.

The MDR connected to the Metropolitan Railway (MR, now the Metropolitan line) at South Kensington and, although the two companies were rivals, each company operated its trains over the other's tracks in a joint service known as the "Inner Circle".

On 1 February 1872, the MDR opened a northbound branch from its station at Earl's Court to connect to the West London Extension Joint Railway (WLEJR, now the West London line) which it connected to at Addison Road station (now named Kensington (Olympia)). From that date the "Outer Circle" service began running over the MDR's tracks. The service was run by the North London Railway (NLR) from its terminus at Broad Street (now demolished) via the North London Line to Willesden Junction, then the West London Line to Addison Road and the MDR to Mansion House.

From 1 August 1872, the "Middle Circle" service also began operations through Westminster running from Moorgate along the MR's tracks on the north side of the Inner Circle to Paddington then over the Hammersmith & City Railway (H&CR) track to Latimer Road, then, via a now demolished link, to the West London Line to Addison Road and the MDR to Mansion House. The service was operated jointly by the H&CR and the MDR.

From 1 March 1883, the District operated a service between Mansion House and Windsor, using Great Western Railway tracks from a junction installed just east of Ealing Broadway station, but it was unremunerative and ceased on 30 September 1885.

On 10 October 1884, the MDR and the MR jointly opened the line eastwards to Mark Lane station (closed 1967), thereby completing the "Inner Circle".

The first penny chocolate vending machine in the country was installed in the station in July 1886.

In 1897 the MDR obtained parliamentary permission to construct a deep-level railway running between Gloucester Road and Mansion House, beneath the existing sub-surface line. This new line was to be an express route using electric trains to relieve congestion on the sub-surface tracks. Mansion House was to be the terminus of the express route, with platforms 71 ft below the sub-surface ones. No immediate work was carried out on the deep-level line, and the subsequent take over of the MDR by the Underground Electric Railways Company of London (UERL) and the resignalling and electrification of the MDR's routes between 1903 and 1905 meant that congestion was relieved without needing to construct the deep-level line. The plan was dropped in 1908.

On 30 June 1900, the "Middle Circle" service was withdrawn between Earl's Court and Mansion House. On 31 December 1908, the "Outer Circle" service was also withdrawn.

In the 1920s Mansion House station's entrance was rebuilt to a design by Charles Holden. It featured a tall glazed screen with the Underground roundel similar to his station designs for the extension to Morden of the City & South London Railway (now the Northern line) opened between 1924 and 1926.

In 1949, the Metropolitan line-operated "Inner Circle" was given its own identity on the Tube map as the Circle line.

On 29 October 1989, the station was closed for the construction of a new entrance and for further renovation. It reopened on 11 February 1991.

During the weekend of 8–9 October 2016 the west-facing bay platform number 2 was decommissioned and the track removed; all District line trains now continue to Tower Hill. the hydraulic buffer at the east end of platform 2 is still in place.

Connections
London Buses day and nighttime routes serve the station.

title: Mansion House tube station


text:
User talk:Dinkoarun

Hi, welcome to the Wikipedia.

Could you please explain the source of some of your contributions (i.e. Mani Ratnam and Illaiyaraja and their images)? Wikipedia should only contain material under the GFDL, see Copyrights.

Also, do not upload images in .bmp format, but rather .jpeg to conserve space, see: Image use policy, thanks, Dori 00:07, Nov 21, 2003 (UTC)

Ashoka and Chanakya
Hello Dinkoarun, can you provide the source and permission details of the image Image:Ashoka.jpg uploaded by you. Thanks. Jay 18:12, 11 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * That goes also for Image:Chanakya.jpg. -- user:zanimum

More images
Hello Dinkoarun, you haven't provided details of the images uploaded. I've listed the following images at Copyright problems. If you can provide sufficient details of the permissions, please do so at the page. Image:Ashoka.jpg, Image:Jaya.jpg, Image:MG-Ramachandran.jpg, Image:Karunanidhi.jpg, Image:Meenakshi tample.jpg, Image:Chanakya.jpg
 * The above have been deleted. Jay 15:53, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Also can you please give information as to source and permissions for these images you uploaded : Image:Kanyakumari.jpg and Image:Periyar.jpg. Image:Irj.jpg isn't linked from any article and there is no information as to who the person is. Please provide the details. Jay 08:05, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Unverified images: Illayaraja
Hi! Thanks for uploading the following image:

 * Image:Ilayaraja4.bmp

I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GNU Free Documentation License,  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the imagesand I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk, automation script)]] 23:37, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

P.S. You can help tag other images at User:Yann/Untagged_Images. Thanks again.
 * I've listed the above at Copyright problems. Jay 15:53, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Unverified images: Irj
Hi! Thanks for uploading the following image:

 * Image:Irj.jpg

I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GNU Free Documentation License,  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know at my talk page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk, automation script)]] 04:38, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

P.S. You can help tag other images at User:Yann/Untagged_Images. Thanks again.
 * I've listed the above at Images and media for deletion. Jay 15:53, 28 Jan 2005 (UTC)

India quick links
pamri 09:28, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

December 2022
Hello, I'm Canada18. I noticed that you added or changed content in an article, Ilaiyaraaja, but you didn't provide a reliable source. It's been removed and archived in the page history for now, but if you'd like to include a citation and re-add it, please do so. You can have a look at referencing for beginners. If you think I made a mistake, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. Canada18 (talk) 19:58, 29 December 2022 (UTC)
 * this user last edited in 2009. Did you associate an edit by an IP to this user? Jay  💬 06:15, 30 December 2022 (UTC)

Good article reassessment for Ilaiyaraaja
Ilaiyaraaja has been nominated for a good article reassessment. If you are interested in the discussion, please participate by adding your comments to the reassessment page. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, the good article status may be removed from the article. Onegreatjoke (talk) 21:27, 30 May 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dinkoarun


text:
User:Noldoaran/Boilerplate

see also: Boilerplate text

New users
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title: User:Noldoaran/Boilerplate