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User talk:Halibutt/Archive 20

Disclaimer
If you came here to accuse me of anything, offend me or suggest my parents were commies - think twice before you post anything here. // Halibutt

Bruno Jasienski's German roots
Do you have a source? Xx236 (talk) 09:59, 30 October 2012 (UTC)

DYK nomination of Children’s Memorial Health Institute
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DYK for Children's Memorial Health Institute
The DYK project (nominate) 08:03, 30 November 2012 (UTC)

Battle of Radzymin (1920) - forthcoming TFA
Hello, this is to let you know that I have selected Battle of Radzymin (1920) as today's featured article for December 11, 2012. The blurb (which is at Today's featured article/December 11, 2012) currently looks like this:

The Battle of Radzymin, a key part of what later became known as the Battle of Warsaw, took place during the Polish–Soviet War (1919–21). The battle occurred near the town of Radzymin, some 20 km north-east of Warsaw, between August 13 and 16, 1920. The first phase began with a frontal assault by the Red Army on the Praga bridgehead. The Soviet forces captured Radzymin on August 14 and breached the lines of the 1st Polish Army, which was defending Warsaw from the east. Radzymin changed hands several times in heavy fighting. The Russians wanted to break through the Polish defences to Warsaw, while the Polish aim was to defend the area long enough for a two-pronged counteroffensive to outflank the attacking forces. After three days of intense fighting, the corps-sized 1st Polish Army under General Franciszek Latinik managed to repel a direct assault by six Red Army rifle divisions at Radzymin and Ossów. The struggle for control of Radzymin forced General Józef Haller, commander of the Polish Northern Front, to start the 5th Army's counterattack earlier than planned. Radzymin was recaptured on August 15, and this victory proved to be one of the turning points of the battle of Warsaw.

If you prefer that the article appear as TFA on a different date, or not at all, please ask me or one of the other TFA team members (featured article director, TFA delegates / ) or start a discussion at Wikipedia talk:Today's featured article/requests. If the blurb needs tweaking, you might change it—following the instructions at Today's featured article/requests/instructions. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page. Hope this all makes sense; let me know if not. BencherliteTalk 00:50, 5 December 2012 (UTC)

Thanks for great map
Hi Halibutt, I just stumbled upon your very beautiful and informative infographic map of the Partitions of Poland. Just wanted to say thanks and keep it up! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Valentinywiggin (talk • contribs) 11:46, 25 January 2013 (UTC)

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Non-free rationale for File:Lastpic 4comp2PPLeg Radom-Kielce Jan45.jpg
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The Bugle: Issue LXXXIV, March 2013
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Prosba o zgode na wykorzystanie grafiki.
Szanowny Panie, zwracam sie z uprzejma prosba o udzielnie zgody na wykorzystanie fotografii Pana autorstwa:

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Warszawa_Atlas.png Zdjecie (z zaznaczeniem autorstwa) bedzie zamieszczone w programie spotkań w ramach miedzynarodowego projektu naukowego Our Mythical Childhood…Classics and Children's Literature Between East and West, ktore odbeda sie na Uniwersytecie Warszawskim w dniach 23-26 maja 2013 r. Szczegolowe informacje o projekcie znajduja sie na stronie: http://kamar.domeczek.pl/OMC%20www/Our%20Mythical%20Childhood.html. W programie zostana tez zamieszczone stosowne podziekowania dla Autorow materialow graficznych.

Zostawiam swoj adres e-mail do kontaktu: kucharski.michal@ibi.uw.edu.pl

Pozdrawiam serdecznie, Michal Kucharski Sekretarz naukowy projektu Our Mythical Childhood… Wydzial Artes Liberales UW

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The Bugle: Issue LXXXV, April 2013
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Sikorski's tourists
Would you happen to have any sources? I can't find a single good Polish source discussing this term. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 09:30, 29 April 2013 (UTC)

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Emilia Plater
You may want to check out this article, now in the Good Article review process. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 09:22, 13 May 2013 (UTC)

The Bugle: Issue LXXXVI, May 2013
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The Bugle: Issue LXXXVII, June 2013
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Please cite your sources
And preferably use inline citations. Then we could even DYK your content and make people read your articles. But if you don't want to be bothered with that, at least, bardzo prosze, pay attention to WP:CITE and WP:V and add something in the "references" section. Thanks, --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 19:59, 1 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Wacław Król is unref'ed. If you translate it from pl wiki I suggest a note in the edit summary. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 22:12, 1 July 2013 (UTC)

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Better source request for File:Krzyz Walecznych 1920.jpg
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Article creation
Hi Halibutt I dont knowe if youre aware of this, but there is an excellent template for aviation article creation at Template:WPAVIATION creator, which uses the latest layouts and specifications templates and removes a lot of the slog of inputting basic article code. Check it out!--Petebutt (talk) 05:00, 5 July 2013 (UTC)

PWS-22 & PWS-23
Hi Halibutt, Excellent to see more polish aircraft articles, but there seem to be some issues with these two:
 * 1) The subject matter hardly warrants such detailed articles
 * 2) A single article to cover both would be sufficient as they were VERY closely related and differed mainly in size and engine arrangements, i.e. merge them.
 * 3) A variants section to explain the differences between the BN3, and T variants.
 * 4) Try to use your own prose instead of parrotting references.
 * 5) Avoid adding superfluous details, such as the various competing aircraft which should only get fleeting mentions at best.

Just some suggestions, but if you look at the articles again objectively you may see my points.

Good luck and carry on writing articles.--Petebutt (talk) 15:41, 4 July 2013 (UTC)

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New articles (Aircraft)
You might be interested in what is to offer here!--Petebutt (talk) 11:03, 10 July 2013 (UTC)

re: your message
Mauthausen-Gusen[edit]

Re: this edit; could you add your source to the article as well? //Halibutt 14:10, 4 June 2013 (UTC)

Hi, I didn't know how to go about it, since it is from 1. Reimer's individual 'german wikipedia ' pages, and they told me not to cite wiki as a source. I can add the other source from French if that is acceptable. I presume it must be translated into English for en. wiki. YoursValleyspring (talk) 18:15, 11 July 2013 (UTC)

1. Guido Reimer (* 31. Juli 1901 in Ronsperg; † unbekannt) war ein deutscher SS-Obersturmführer und Kommandeur des SS-Sturmbanns im KZ Buchenwald sowie Leiter der Spionage- und Sabotage-Abwehr im KZ Mauthausen. de.wikipedia, Guido Reimer

2. Krebsbach, Eduard (SS, Standortarzt à Mauthausen de 1941 à 1943, puis commandant du camp de Kaiserwald près de Riga) : capturé en 1945 ; dépose en 1946 dans le procès de Mauthausen ; condamné à mort par un Tribunal américain à Dachau le 5 mai 1946 ; exécuté à Landsberg le 28 mai 1947. (french)

http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/gusenmed.html

Dr. Eduard Krebsbach Between October 1941 and Autumn 1943, he was Chief-Physician of the SS and the Police at Linz, Steyr, Wels and KZ Mauthausen-Gusen. He was the first to start mass-execution of ill and unfit prisoners by heart-injections. So he was nicknamed "Dr. Spritzbach" (Injection-Doctor) in the camps. In January 1942, 732 Spanish inmates and 571 Soviet inmates were exterminated by heart-injections at KZ Gusen Concentration Camp. In general, heart-injections were given at KZ Gusen Camp two times a week until April 1945. The career of Dr. Krebsbach ended at KZ Mauthausen-Gusen when he shot Josef Breitenfellner, a young man from Langenstein-Village who served in the German Army at that time and was home for vacation. Krebsbach shot this German soldier May 22, 1943, on vacation from his private house because he was disturbed by Breitenfellner and his friends. Due to this crime, Dr. Krebsbach was moved from KZ Mauthausen-Gusen to KZ Warwara where he led the selections along with the liquidation of that camp in August 1944. Later, he worked as the Inspector for Epidemies in the occupied countries of Lettland, Estland and Lithuania. The following SS-Doctors refused to give heart-injections at KZ Gusen:

3. Heim, Aribert (médecin SS, Mauthausen, pratique la vivisection sur des êtres humains) : impuni, serait encore vivant à la fin de 2005, vivrait aux Canaries. (french)

http://d-d.natanson.pagesperso-orange.fr/devenus.htm

— Preceding unsigned comment added by Valleyspring (talk • contribs) 18:12, 11 July 2013 (UTC)

edits
Sorry, it would not let me add the links for some reason to my two footnotes, 23 and 24. re: edits to en.wikipedia.org, Mauthausen-Gusen Concentration Camp. Thank you for suggestions...Valleyspring (talk) 18:38, 11 July 2013 (UTC)

23 ^ http://d-d.natanson.pagesperso-orange.fr/devenus.htm 24 ^ http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/gusenmed.html

Translation
Hi, I wonder if you could help me with a translation from Polish to English. Just titles of classical compositions, not a long list. It's important, thanks. Krenakarore TK 11:08, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Thanks man, I do need some help. You can translate it right here, I'll pick it up later. These are titles of Viktor Kosenko's compositions. They're originally in Russian and Ukrainian. I received this translated to Polish from a soprano in Krakow. If you know what they mean, it would also help as well. I thank you once and once again. Krenakarore  TK 11:43, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

 * You did very well. It helps knowing that those are mere transliterations. I know the guy who can do that. Hail hail Halibutt...:) ! Krenakarore  TK 06:25, 17 July 2013 (UTC)

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The Bugle: Issue LXXXVIII, July 2013
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Permission to use Photo
I work for the Friends of Israel, a Christian-Zionist organization. We are publishing a new biography of a woman named Halina, a Christian Holocaust survivor who loves the Jewish people and fought in the Polish Resistance. We would like to use the photo entitled "File:Uprising kotwica.jpg." found in Wikimedia. Can we get your permission to reprint the photo in our book? If so, please let me know of possible fees connected with it and how you would like it credited. Thank you for your consideration. Liz Johnson Publications Assistant

The Friends of Israel P.O. Box 908 Bellmawr, NJ 08099 (856) 853-5590 Fax: (856) 853-4296 ljohnson@foi.org www.foi.org — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.73.208.113 (talk) 15:40, 25 July 2013 (UTC)

File:Rzeczpospolita_1920.png - Katowice and autonomous Silesian Voivodeship joined Poland in 1922 and not before!
Hi Halibutt, I have found an error on your maps regarding Poland (II RP) between 1918 and 1922. Katowice were incorporated into Poland on 22. June 1922 (when polish military came in, rest of area in July). Especially the maps on Polish–Soviet War are affected - at that time autonomous Silesian Voivodeship did not exist and it's area was beyond Polish borders. So please correct the affected maps accordingly. Regards! --Beschu (talk) 22:09, 29 July 2013 (UTC)

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File:Pila Flag.png listed for deletion
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Kosynierzy
I wonder if you'd like to add anything to my newest article. It's going to be DYKed soon. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 04:10, 19 August 2013 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for August 19
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Template:Did you know nominations/Battle of Warsaw (1831)
If you can finish it (see comments there) we can feature it on the front page. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 13:57, 20 August 2013 (UTC)
 * DYKs don't have to be finished; but they need to be nominated in a roughly complete form within five days of creation/expansion. So if you can expand the section to such a point you can remove the template (doesn't have to be finished, just roughly complete), it can be DYKed. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 04:36, 21 August 2013 (UTC)

The Bugle: Issue LXXXIX, August 2013
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August 2013
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 * lay Fort No. 59 (4 cannons, 400 men under Maj. Józef Borzęcki), while to the south Fort No. 54 up to 350 men under Maj. Ignacy Dobrzelewski and 6 guns under Lt. Julian Konstanty Ordon.Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus|<font style="color:#7CFC00;background:#006400;"> reply here 07:50, 24 August 2013 (UTC)

Question
For you at Template:Did you know nominations/Państwowa Fabryka Karabinów. --<sub style="border:1px solid #228B22;padding:1px;">Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus|<font style="color:#7CFC00;background:#006400;"> reply here 08:10, 26 August 2013 (UTC)

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DYK for Battle of Warsaw (1831)
Alex ShihTalk 12:02, 26 August 2013 (UTC)

DYK for Państwowa Fabryka Karabinów
Graeme Bartlett (talk) 12:03, 30 August 2013 (UTC)

PFK revert
You reverted this, commenting that it "was illegal". How was the factory equipment illegal? This should be explained. --Piledhigheranddeeper (talk) 11:47, 31 August 2013 (UTC)

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Source-related issues
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CzerniHów, czerniHowskie
Cześć. Na Twoich mapach Rzeczypospolitej Trojga Narodów znajduje się błąd ortograficzny (a jednocześnie rzeczowy - istnieją też Czernichowy pisane przez ‹ch›) - ukraiński Czernihów pisze się przez ‹h›, nie przez ‹ch›! Pozdrawiam, Ryba g (talk) 15:26, 18 September 2013 (UTC)

The Bugle: Issue LXXXXX, September 2013
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Adam Cyra
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re: Nazi crimes against the Polish nation
You chose a difficult one for your first review. I'll see if I can add anything; IIRC this article was intended as a split from WW2 general one, on he level similar to Holocaust in Poland (one deals with the Jews, one with the non-Jews). The concept is notable, but I haven't looked at the article in loooong time. Might have time on Friday. --<sub style="border:1px solid #228B22;padding:1px;">Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus|<font style="color:#7CFC00;background:#006400;"> reply here 16:15, 2 October 2013 (UTC)

Last will and testament of Tadeusz Kościuszko
Since you c/e much of the article about TK, you may be interested in this new subarticle. I am attempting to split all controversial/undue info about the will from TK article into this new one - it is a major topic at Featured article candidates/Tadeusz Kościuszko/archive1. Comments appreciated, --<sub style="border:1px solid #228B22;padding:1px;">Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus|<font style="color:#7CFC00;background:#006400;"> reply here 07:23, 5 October 2013 (UTC)

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Your GA nomination of Battle of Warsaw (1831)
Hi there, I'm pleased to inform you that I've begun reviewing the article Battle of Warsaw (1831) you nominated for GA-status according to the criteria. This process may take up to 7 days. Feel free to contact me with any questions or comments you might have during this period. Message delivered by Legobot, on behalf of Piotrus -- 06:50, 17 October 2013 (UTC)

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The Bugle: Issue XCI, October 2013
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Your GA nomination of Battle of Warsaw (1831)
The article Battle of Warsaw (1831) you nominated as a good article has passed ; see Talk:Battle of Warsaw (1831) for comments about the article. Well done! Message delivered by Legobot, on behalf of Piotrus -- 04:22, 24 October 2013 (UTC)

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Maly drobiazg a cieszy
- when translating pl wiki articles with geo coordinates, it's just takes one minute to add this useful snippet of info. --<sub style="border:1px solid #228B22;padding:1px;">Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus|<font style="color:#7CFC00;background:#006400;"> reply here 08:59, 31 October 2013 (UTC)

October 2013
Hello, I'm BracketBot. I have automatically detected that [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=579639527 your edit] to Tadeusz Mazowiecki may have broken the syntax by modifying 1 ""s. If you have, don't worry: just [ edit the page] again to fix it. If I misunderstood what happened, or if you have any questions, you can leave a message on [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=edit&preload=User:A930913/BBpreload&editintro=User:A930913/BBeditintro&minor=&title=User_talk:A930913&preloadtitle=BracketBot%20–%20&section=new my operator's talk page].
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 * of the Polish United Workers' Party within the Polish Sejm, dubbed the "MP circle of Znak" koło poselskie Znak. Mazowiecki remained a member of the Sejm until 1971, serving his [[
 * During the National Assembly (1997) he introduced compromise preamble of Polish constitution previously written by founders of Tygodnik Powszechny weekly, which was accepted by the

Talk:Nazi crimes against the Polish nation/GA1
This is a reminder that you have a GA review to complete... --<sub style="border:1px solid #228B22;padding:1px;">Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus|<font style="color:#7CFC00;background:#006400;"> reply here 04:21, 1 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Second reminder. PS. You may also want to comment at Featured article candidates/Treblinka extermination camp/archive1. --<sub style="border:1px solid #228B22;padding:1px;">Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus|<font style="color:#7CFC00;background:#006400;"> reply here 08:46, 26 November 2013 (UTC)

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Wikipedia article traffic statistics - Battle_of_Warsaw_(1831)
15 peoople per day or so. Not bad - 5,000 each year... think about circulation numbers for an average print historical magazine.--<sub style="border:1px solid #228B22;padding:1px;">Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus|<font style="color:#7CFC00;background:#006400;"> reply here 02:38, 3 November 2013 (UTC)

11th Hussars
Hi the British 11th Hussars was a regiment but never the 11th Hussars Regiment. The correct formal name is 11th Hussars (Prince Albert's Own) from 1920s, prior to that 11th (Prince Albert's Own) Hussars. Hope that makes sense. Jim Sweeney (talk) 09:33, 7 November 2013 (UTC)

Incomplete DYK nomination
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DYK nomination of Maurzyce Bridge
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Jewish cemeteries of Warsaw
Could you help clean up that mess? I cannot identify which Polish wiki articles the sections on "Praga Cemetery" and "Nowa Jerozolima Cemetery" may refer; I'd like to at least stub if not DYK all Jewish cemeteries in Warsaw. Pl wiki at pl:Cmentarze żydowskie w Warszawie lists pl:Cmentarz żydowski w Warszawie (Radość) and pl:Cmentarz żydowski w Warszawie (Bródno). I guess that the Praga ones refers to Bródno... sigh, a mess, as I say. Hopefully you being the expert on Warsaw will be able to clean this up; I'd be happy to help with DYKing resulting content. --<sub style="border:1px solid #228B22;padding:1px;">Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus|<font style="color:#7CFC00;background:#006400;"> reply here 10:59, 15 November 2013 (UTC)

The Bugle: Issue XCII, November 2013
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DYK for Maurzyce Bridge
The DYK project (nominate) 08:02, 18 November 2013 (UTC)

The Bugle: Issue XCIII, December 2013
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Talk:Nazi crimes against the Polish nation/GA1
Halibutt, Poeticbent continues working on his Treblinka FAC to the exclusion of this nomination—even though the FAC closed a week ago, concentration remains on working the article so a new FAC can be opened in a week's time, at which point even more work will be needed to address issues raised by the review.

I think, under the circumstances, it's best to close what is now the oldest ongoing hold—82 days and counting—and let Poeticbent nominate again when there's time to work on the GAN, since the issues you've raised remain unaddressed. Aside from editing the first Germanization paragraph on December 12, Poeticbent hasn't touched the article since October 16. Can you please post to the review page? Many thanks. BlueMoonset (talk) 16:18, 23 December 2013 (UTC)

Polish 1st Armored division
Hello Halibutt,

I see you are active on the Polish Military team. I am trying to find original sources on the 1st Polish Armored division and its role in closing the Falaise Pocket in France in August 1944. For example, is there an official history and/or are the battle reports available somewhere?

If you can help me I'd greatly appreciate it!

Thanks, David Davidsullivan317 (talk) 20:29, 24 December 2013 (UTC)

Bug River etymology
Hi, I've just wiki-organised the article Bug River and found your name origin information on the talk page. Do you have references for your information? it would be great to include etymology in the article. Manytexts (talk) 23:29, 14 January 2014 (UTC)

The Bugle: Issue XCIV, January 2014
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Trembowla
Hi, dear Halibutt. I'd like to attract Your attention to the issue that Trembowla is in the wrong place on Your maps. YOMAL SIDOROFF-BIARMSKII (talk) 04:44, 22 January 2014 (UTC)

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Proposed deletion of Midrasz

The article Midrasz has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * This unreferenced articles as written fails WP:V and WP:N requirements.

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. <sub style="border:1px solid #228B22;padding:1px;">Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus|<font style="color:#7CFC00;background:#006400;"> reply here 17:04, 1 February 2014 (UTC)

your maps need upkeep, let me.
Halibutt, you are alive! Thank my lucky stars. Some of your maps need fixing or updating and I was hoping you had the original files I could use instead of hacking what is on commons. Please tell me you are willing to spend some time on this important, neglected maintenance, or at the very least, hand off the goods. Zdrufko, -- Mareklug talk 12:57 am, Today (UTC−6)

About Halibutt
''re-posted from user talk:Mareklug in its entirety (the section) for transparency, and to meet the user's own wishes regarding factoring correspondence dialogue on user pages that involve him. --Mareklug talk 09:10, 15 February 2014 (UTC)

Yes, he is still somewhat active here. But regarding your comment for him, I recommend you either leave it on his talk page or WP:ECHO him, I'd be surprised if he (or most other voters) would come back to the check for replies to their vote. Would you? --<sub style="border:1px solid #228B22;padding:1px;">Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus|<font style="color:#7CFC00;background:#006400;"> reply here 09:29, 11 February 2014 (UTC)
 * I would, since I am a megalomaniacal show-off, hellbent on alienating sensitive people, when I am not influencing the less coruscant (I am trying very hard not to say, the dul^H^H^H). But that is just me, Piotrze. ;) Danke for the advice. --Mareklug talk 10:55, 11 February 2014 (UTC)

Tell me precisely which maps you mean and I might be able to find the original. It all depends on what maps you are referring to. I believe I uploaded the original xcf files of the early maps to commons, so they are there. The newer svg maps are also there, but I might have some different versions at my PC. Let me know the details and I hope I might be able to help. <font color="#901">// Halibutt 12:06, 11 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Thank you, but the precise telling will have to wait. I am swamped, and did not budget any time for this, merely ejaculated :) at the sight of you my surprise and need.  The maps of Poland, historical maps, are the ones that need to be the best originals you can lay your hands on.  I remember having had to alter some texts on the map, or range of colors, or introduce a new color to the legend... stuff like that.  --Mareklug talk 14:21, 11 February 2014 (UTC)
 * First of all, next time you try to reach me, drop a line to my talk page. I don't visit yours regularly.
 * Secondly, you either refer to the 18th century maps of Poland or the 20th century maps of Poland. The earlier are made in GIMP and the source file is available for all to use. Sadly, most clones of my maps were made by people who preferred to use MS Paint and modify them by painting with their mouse. And I can do little about it. The 20th century map however was made in vector format from the beginning, and it's much easier to edit and correct. <font color="#901">// Halibutt 23:31, 14 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Thank you. I had in mind the 18th century maps. I will try to manage with what is on Commons for those. Incidentally, I am aware of the pl wiki custom of replying on the responder's user talk page, and so on, without rhyme or reason, but I was following the local custom (en wiki) which embraces the much saner keep-it-all-in-one-place-and-thread approach.  When replying to you, however, I will copy the answer to your talk page, as you wish.  Thank you for your maps and for taking the time to tell me about them.  Zdrufko, -- Mareklug talk 09:10, 15 February 2014 (UTC)

 * P.s. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halibut You realized all along, I trust, that your handle is a misspelling, a rather droll one, of the fish?  Were you punning on purpose on the word "butt"?  W znaczeniu "tyłek"  ;)  -- Marek

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The Bugle: Issue XCV, February 2014
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Permission to use image
I am writing a book on Polish immigration, focusing on a group that emigrated generally from the Rzeszow area to northeastern Pennsylvania. They all became coalminers. I am including a section on the history of Poland, and the reasons the compelled them to leave their homeland. Your map of the partitions of Poland - Partitions of Poland.png (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland), I would like to include it in the book, though I would like to include it in black and white. Would you grant permission for this use?

Regards,

Martin Novak

PS - My grandfather, Jan Andrzej Nowak came from Maćkówka, and grandmother from Kolbuszowa Dolna

Novakm15 (talk) 02:19, 2 March 2014 (UTC)

title: User talk:Halibutt/Archive 20


text:
Clement Clarke Moore

Clement Clarke Moore (July 15, 1779 – July 10, 1863) was an American writer, scholar and real estate developer. He is best known as author of the Christmas poem "A Visit from St. Nicholas", which first named each of Santa Claus's reindeer.

Moore was Professor of Oriental and Greek Literature, as well as Divinity and Biblical Learning, at the General Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church, in New York City. The seminary was developed on land donated by Moore and it continues on this site at Ninth Avenue between 20th and 21st streets, in an area known as Chelsea Square. Moore gained considerable wealth by subdividing and developing other parts of his large inherited estate in what became known as the residential neighborhood of Chelsea. He also served for 44 years as a member of the board of trustees of Columbia College (later University), and was a board member of the New York Society Library and the New York Institution for the Blind.

"A Visit from St. Nicholas," which later became widely known by its opening line, "'Twas the Night Before Christmas," was first published anonymously in 1823. Moore publicly claimed authorship in 1837, and this was not disputed during his lifetime, but a rival claimant emerged later and scholars now debate the identity of the author, calling on textual and handwriting analysis as well as other historical sources.

Early life
Moore was born on July 15, 1779, in New York City at "Chelsea", his mother's family estate. He was the son of Benjamin Moore (1748–1816) and Charity (née Clarke) Moore (1747–1838). At the time of Clement's birth Benjamin Moore was assistant rector of Trinity Church in Manhattan. He later became rector of Trinity and bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of New York, also serving as acting president of Kings College in 1775 and 1776 and president of the renamed Columbia College (now Columbia University) from 1801 to 1811.

Moore's maternal grandfather was Major Thomas Clarke, an English officer who stayed in the colony after fighting in the French and Indian War. He owned the large Manhattan estate "Chelsea", then in the country north of the developed areas of the city. As a girl, Moore's mother Charity Clarke wrote letters to her English cousins. Preserved at Columbia University, these show her disdain for the policies of the British monarchy and her growing sense of patriotism in pre-Revolutionary days. Moore's grandmother Sarah Fish was a descendant of Elizabeth Fones and Joris Woolsey, one of the earlier settlers of Manhattan. Moore's parents inherited the Chelsea estate, and deeded it to him in 1813. He earned great wealth by subdividing and developing it in the 19th century.

Moore received a Bachelor of Arts from Columbia College as valedictorian of the class of 1798, and earned his Master's degree there in 1801.

Career
One of Moore's earliest known works was an anonymous pro-Federalist pamphlet published prior to the 1804 presidential election, attacking the religious and racial views of Thomas Jefferson (the incumbent president and Democratic-Republican candidate). His polemic, titled in full "Observations upon Certain Passages in Mr. Jefferson's Notes on Virginia, which Appear to Have a Tendency to Subvert Religion, and Establish a False Philosophy," depicted Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia (1785) as an "instrument of infidelity" that "debases the negro to an order of creatures lower than those who have a fairer skin and thinner lips."

In 1820, Moore helped Trinity Church organize a new parish church, St. Luke in the Fields, on Hudson Street. He later gave 66 tracts of land – the apple orchard from his inherited Chelsea estate – to the Episcopal Diocese of New York to be the site of the General Theological Seminary.

Based likely on this donation, and on the publication of his Hebrew and English Lexicon in 1809, Moore was appointed as professor of Biblical learning at the Seminary. He held this post until 1850.

After the seminary was built, Moore began the residential development of his Chelsea estate in the 1820s with the help of James N. Wells, dividing it into lots along Ninth Avenue and selling them to well-heeled New Yorkers. Covenants in the deeds of sale created a planned neighborhood, specifying what could be built on the land as well as architectural details of the buildings. Stables, manufacturing and commercial uses were forbidden in the development.

Moore was appointed to the Columbia College board of trustees in 1813 and served until 1857. He was clerk of the board from 1815 to 1850. From 1840 to 1850, Moore also served as a board member of the New York Institution for the Blind at 34th Street and Ninth Avenue (now the New York Institute for Special Education). He published a collection of poems (1844).

A Visit from St. Nicholas

This poem, "arguably the best-known verses ever written by an American," was first published anonymously in the Troy, New York Sentinel on December 23, 1823. It had been given to the paper's editor by Sarah Sackett of Troy, who probably got it from Harriet Butler of Troy, a family friend of the Moores.

Anonymous or pseudonymous publication of poetry was customary at the time, but as the poem's popularity grew so did curiosity about its author. In response to a query in 1829, Sentinel editor Orville Holley wrote that "We have been given to understand that the author ... belongs by birth and residence to the city of New York, and that he is a gentleman of more merit as a scholar and a writer than many of more noisy pretensions." (Italics his.)

In 1837 Moore was finally publicly identified as the author in journalist Charles Fenno Hoffman's The New-York Book of Poetry, to which Moore had submitted several poems. In 1844, he included "Visit" in Poems, an anthology of his works. His children, for whom he had originally written the piece, encouraged this publication. In 1855, Mary C. Moore Ogden, one of the Moores' married daughters, painted "illuminations" to go with the first color edition of the poem.

Authorship controversy
Scholars have debated whether Moore was the author of this poem. Professor Donald Foster used textual content analysis and external evidence to argue that Moore could not have been the author. Foster believes that Major Henry Livingston, Jr., a New Yorker with Dutch and Scottish roots, should be considered the chief candidate for authorship. This view was long espoused by the Livingston family. Livingston was distantly related to Moore's wife.

In response to Foster's claim, Stephen Nissenbaum, professor of history at the University of Massachusetts, wrote in 2001 that, based on his research, Moore was the author. In his article, "There Arose Such a Clatter: Who Really Wrote 'The Night before Christmas'? (And Why Does It Matter?)", Nissenbaum confirmed Moore's authorship, "I believe he did, and I think I have marshaled an array of good evidence to prove [it]".

Foster's claim has also been countered by document dealer and historian Seth Kaller, who once owned one of Moore's original manuscripts of the poem. Kaller has offered a point-by-point rebuttal of both Foster's linguistic analysis and external findings, buttressed by the work of autograph expert James Lowe and Dr. Joe Nickell, author of Pen, Ink and Evidence.

There is no evidence that Livingston ever claimed authorship, nor has any record ever been found of any printing of the poem with Livingston's name attached to it. But, according to the original copy of the poem that was sent to The Sentinel, the names of Santa's last two reindeer were Dunder and Blixem, instead of Donder (later Donner) and Blitzen, as printed. The changes in spelling are attributed to a printing error and/or correcting Moore's spelling inaccuracies, as he did not speak Dutch.

In 2016, the matter was discussed by MacDonald P. Jackson, an emeritus professor of English literature at the University of Auckland, a fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand and an expert in authorship attribution using statistical techniques. He evaluated every argument using modern computational stylistics, including one never used before – statistical analysis of phonemes – and found, in his opinion, that in every test that Livingston was the more likely author.

Developing Chelsea

Moore's estate, named Chelsea, was on the west side of the island of Manhattan north of Greenwich Village. It was mostly open countryside before the 1820s. It had been purchased in 1750 by his maternal grandfather Maj. Thomas Clarke, a retired British veteran of the French and Indian War (the North American front of the Seven Years' War). Clarke named his house for the Royal Hospital Chelsea in London that served war veterans. Moore's parents inherited the estate in 1802, and several years later they deeded it to him.

When the government of New York City decided on a street grid in Manhattan, based on the Commissioner's Plan of 1811, the new Ninth Avenue was projected to go through the middle of the Chelsea estate. In 1818, Moore wrote and published a pamphlet calling on other "Proprietors of Real Estate" to oppose the manner in which the city was being developed. He thought it was a conspiracy designed to increase political patronage and appease the city's working class, and argued that making landowners bear the costs of the streets laid through their property was "a tyranny no monarch in Europe would dare to exercise." He also criticized the grid plan and the flattening of hills as ill-advised.

Despite his protests, Moore was already preparing to develop Chelsea, acquiring adjacent plots of land from relatives and neighbors until he owned everything from Eighth Avenue to the Hudson River between 19th and 24th Streets. Together with carpenter-builder James N. Wells he divided the neighborhood into lots and marketed them to well-heeled New Yorkers. He donated a large block of land to the Episcopal diocese for construction of a seminary, giving them an apple orchard consisting of 66 tracts. Construction began in 1827 for the General Theological Seminary. Based on his knowledge of Hebrew, Moore was appointed as its first professor of Oriental Languages, serving until 1850.

The seminary continues to operate on the same site, taking up most of the block between 20th and 21st streets and Ninth and Tenth avenues. Ten years later, Moore gave land at 20th Street and Ninth, east of the avenue, to the diocese for construction of St. Peter's Episcopal Church. The contemporary Manhattan neighborhood is known as Chelsea after his estate.

Moore and slavery
When Moore's maternal grandmother died in 1802 she left four slaves to Moore's parents. In his 1956 biography of Moore, Samuel W. Patterson asserted that the four remained with the Moore family and were not freed until the full abolition of slavery in New York in 1827, and this assertion has been repeated in many other works. It is incorrect. Manumission records show that Benjamin and Charity Moore freed one of the four, Charles Smith, in 1803. In the 1810 U.S. Census Benjamin Moore is listed as having two slaves in his household, who according to manumission records were subsequently freed in 1811 and 1813 and did not have the same names as the inherited slaves. In the 1820 Census, Clement Moore's first as a head of household, he is listed as having no slaves.

Personal life
In 1813, Moore married Catherine Elizabeth Taylor, daughter of William Taylor and Elizabeth (née Van Cortlandt) Taylor. William Taylor was a New Jersey lawyer who had served as chief justice of Jamaica. Elizabeth Van Cortlandt was a direct descendant of Stephanus Van Cortlandt, the first native-born mayor of New York City and first patroon of Van Cortlandt Manor, as well as the niece by marriage of Sir Edward Buller, 1st Baronet. Together, Catherine and Clement Moore were the parents of nine children:
 * Margaret Elliot Moore (1815–1845), who married John Doughty Ogden (1804–1887), a grandson of U.S. Attorney Abraham Ogden and nephew of U.S. Representative David A. Ogden.
 * Charity Elizabeth Moore (1816–1830), who died young.
 * Benjamin Moore (1818–1886), who married Mary Elizabeth Sing (1820–1895), in 1842, and was the father of Clement Clarke Moore, grandfather of Barrington Moore Sr., and great grandfather of Barrington Moore Jr.
 * Mary Clarke Moore (1819–1893), who married John Doughty Ogden, her older sister's widower, in 1848.
 * Clement Moore (1821–1889), who did not marry.
 * Emily Moore (1822–1828), who also died young.
 * William Taylor Moore (1823-1897), who married Lucretia Post in 1857 and, after her death in 1872, Katherine E. Robinson. He had no children.
 * Catharine Van Cortlandt Moore (1825–1890), who did not marry.
 * Maria Theresa ("Terry") Barrington Moore (1826–1900), who did not marry.

After spending a month in their company in the resort town of Sharon Springs, New York, in 1848, the acerbic diarist George Templeton Strong described the unmarried Moore children as, "the sons a compound of imbecility deep beyond all fathoming, with an appetite for chambermaids beyond all precedent—the two Miss M’s very nice indeed." In the 1850s, Moore began summering in Newport, Rhode Island, together with his daughters Terry and Mary, and Mary's family. He died on July 10, 1863, at his summer residence on Catherine Street in Newport, five days before his 84th birthday. His funeral was held in Trinity Church, Newport, where he had owned a pew. His body was returned to New York for burial in the cemetery at St. Luke in the Fields. On November 29, 1899, his body was reinterred in Trinity Church Cemetery in New York.

Legacy and honors

 * In 1911, the Church of the Intercession in Manhattan started a service on the Sunday before Christmas that included a reading of the poem followed by a procession to Moore's tomb at Trinity Church Cemetery on the Sunday before Christmas. This continues until this day.
 * Clement Clarke Moore Park, located at 10th Avenue and 22nd Street in Chelsea, is named after Moore.
 * A playground opened in the park November 22, 1968, and was named for Moore by local law the following year. In 1995 it was fully renovated, and new trees were added. Local residents gather annually there on the last Sunday of Advent for a reading of "Twas the Night Before Christmas".
 * PS13 in Elmhurst, Queens, is named after Clement C. Moore.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Clement Clarke Moore


text:
Cripplegate

Cripplegate was a gate in the London Wall which once enclosed the City of London, England.

The Cripplegate gate lent its name to the Cripplegate ward of the City, which encompasses the area where the gate and the former city wall once stood. The ward is divided into two parts: Cripplegate Within and Cripplegate Without, a division that originated from the gate and wall. Each part has a designated beadle and a deputy (alderman). Following boundary changes in 1994 (City) and 2003 (ward), the majority of the ward now falls within Cripplegate Without, as the ward of Bassishaw has expanded significantly into the Cripplegate Within area.

Until World War II, the area approximating to Cripplegate Without was commonly known as simply Cripplegate. The area was almost entirely destroyed in the Blitz of World War II, causing the term to fall out of colloquial speech. Cripplegate Without is the site of the Barbican Estate and Barbican Centre, with a small part of these lying in neighbouring Aldersgate Without.

The gate
The origins of the gate's name are unclear. One theory, bolstered by a mentioning of the gate in the fourth law code of Æthelred the Unready and a charter of William the Conqueror from 1068 under the name "Crepelgate", is that it takes its name from the Anglo-Saxon word crepel, meaning a covered or underground passageway.

Another unsubstantiated theory suggests it is named after the cripples who used to beg there. The name of the nearby medieval church of St Giles-without-Cripplegate lends credence to this suggestion as Saint Giles is the patron saint of cripples and lepers.

History of the gate
It was initially the northern gate to the Roman city walls, built around AD 120 or 150, eighty years before the rest of the wall was completed. It appeared to have been used as part of the Roman city walls until at least the 10th-11th centuries. Cripplegate was rebuilt during the 1490s and was unhinged and fortified with a portcullis after Charles II became king in 1660. It was eventually demolished in 1760; much of Cripplegate was gone by the 19th century and only small fragments of it survive today.

The ward
Cripplegate is one of the 25 ancient wards of the City of London, each electing an alderman to the Court of Aldermen and commoners (the City equivalent of a councillor) to the Court of Common Council of the City of London Corporation. Only electors who are Freemen of the City are eligible to stand. In the early 12th century, the area was originally referred to as Alwoldii which was probably the name of the current alderman. The early records are unreliable as regards who the Aldermen were, but from 1286 there is a more reliable list of Aldermen available. The modern City of London spreads across a square mile of land and remains divided into 25 geographic areas, or 'wards'. Four of these wards (Aldersgate, Portsoken, Queenhithe and Cripplegate), are described as 'residential' as they contain the vast majority of all City residents.

Geography
The Ward of Cripplegate provides part of the Northern edge of the City and stretches from just below Old Street, down to London Wall at its southern tip, where it meets the Ward of Bassishaw. To the west is the Ward of Aldersgate and on the Eastern edge is Coleman Street.

The 2003 Ward Boundary Review recommended some significant changes for a number of wards and these were eventually implemented in 2013.

The Cripplegate Ward boundary used to extend a great deal further south, all the way down to Cheapside in fact. The ward was home to the halls of six livery companies and now only one remains (the Barber-Surgeons in Monkwell Square).

Each ward is represented by an assembly called the 'Court of Common Council'. This consists of 100 common councilmen and 25 alderman (one for each Ward). The number of councilmen allocated to each particular ward is based on the size of the electorate and where Cripplegate used to warrant twelve members of council it is now reduced to nine.

The ward is promoted by the Cripplegate Ward Club. Founded in 1878, The Cripplegate Ward Club is a social organisation, encouraging its members to take an interest in the civic affairs of the City, while also supporting appeals and charitable activities. Cripplegate is among the busiest of the 20-plus ward clubs in the City of London, with a varied programme of events throughout the year.

The gate's name is preserved in the church of St Giles-without-Cripplegate which is sited immediately outside the site of the former gate. A small road named Cripplegate Street lies slightly to the north of the site of the gate between Viscount Street and Bridgewater Street.

History of the ward
The wards of London appear to have taken shape in the 11th century, before the Norman Conquest. Their administrative, judicial and military purpose made them equivalent to Hundreds in the countryside. The primary purpose of wards like Cripplegate, which included a gate, appears to have been the defence of the gate, as gates were the weakest points in any fortification.

Cripplegate Without was, in the 11th, 12th and possibly later centuries, part of an area outside the northern wall called the Soke of Cripplegate, held by the church of St. Martin's Le Grand.

In 1068, a burial site, where Jewin Street now stands, was the only place in England where Jews were permitted to be buried. Those living elsewhere in the country were forced, at great expense and inconvenience, to bring their dead there.

The philosopher Thomas More, writer of Utopia, was born on Milk Street in 1478. In 1555, John Gresham endowed the new Gresham's School in Norfolk with three tenements in the parish of St. Giles Without Cripplegate, including 'The White Hind' and 'The Peacock'.

During the Second World War, the Cripplegate area, a centre of the rag trade, was virtually destroyed and by 1951 the resident population of the City stood at only 5,324, of whom 48 lived in Cripplegate. Discussions began in 1952 about the future of the area, and the decision to build new residential properties was taken by the Court of Common Council on 19 September 1957. The area was reopened as the Barbican Estate in 1969.

Tranter's Hotel was located at 6–9 Bridgewater Square, in a Georgian building with 60 rooms available, not far from today's Beech Street, before being destroyed by the World War II bombs.

It was advertised in a number of periodicals and magazines between 1887 and 1919 as a very centrally located, family and commercial, temperance-friendly hotel, convenient for St Paul's Cathedral and Aldersgate station, for business and pleasure.

Politics
Current elected representatives in Cripplegate are David Graves (Alderman), Mark Bostock, David Bradshaw, Mary Durcan, Vivienne Littlechild, Susan Pearson, William Pimlott, Stephen Quilter and John Tomlinson.

In the 2017 City-wide Common Council elections, the Labour Party won two seats in Cripplegate ward with local residents Mary Durcan and William Pimlott making Labour gains. The Labour Party won a record total of five seats on the Common Council in March 2017 winning two seats in Portsoken, two seats in Cripplegate ward and one seat in Aldersgate ward.

Following a boundary change in 1994, the Golden Lane Estate was transferred from Islington to the City, and so Cripplegate is today the most populous of the four residential wards of the City, with a population of 2,782 (2011).

Cripplegate Foundation
Cripplegate Foundation is a registered charity and local grant-making foundation supporting residents in the London borough of Islington and a small area of the City of London. The Foundation's vision is of a society where everyone can live a rewarding and fulfilled life, free from poverty and inequality.

Cripplegate Foundation works to improve access to opportunities for everyone and to make lasting change. They do this by:

 * listening to, and learning from, local people and communities,
 * raising funds and making grants, and
 * working in partnership with local people and organisations.

As a place-based funder, Cripplegate Foundation's grants and programmes are available to Islington groups and residents based on their respective criteria. These include Islington Council's Community Chest, Islington’s Resident Support Scheme (RSS), the Catalyst Programme, and Islington Giving funds.

As well as awarding grants, Cripplegate Foundation offers a range of resources to Islington’s residents and voluntary organisations. These include innovative and practical research, advice and support, How Not What, a key outcome of the Development Partner programme, and office space available for booking by Islington voluntary groups.

History of Cripplegate Foundation
The Foundation dates its origins to the donation of £40 "to provide trousers for local people" on 2 April 1500. However it was only in 1891 that various local trusts were consolidated into the Cripplegate Foundation by the London Parochial Charities Act. Between 1896 and 1973 the foundation ran the Cripplegate Institute at the southern end of Golden Lane, a handsome 'peoples palace' designed by architect Sidney Smith which contained a theatre and concert hall, a library free to residents and offices for social workers and from which grants to groups and individuals were given. The building was listed in 1987 but was sold by the Foundation and subsequently completely gutted by Swiss Bank UBS for its own offices. From 1 April 2008 the area of benefit was expanded to include Islington. John Gilbert is the chair of the foundation, having been on the board of governors since 2005.

Cripplegate Bank
The Cripplegate Savings Bank was established in 1819 as a joint stock bank, then re-registered as Cripplegate Bank Ltd in 1879, and finally renamed London, Commercial & Cripplegate Bank Ltd in 1900. In between 1876-1906 the Cripplegate Bank was located at 31 and then 1 Whitecross Street, before been incorporated into the Union Bank of London, and finally been liquidated.

In popular culture
The second wedding in the film Four Weddings and a Funeral takes place in the fictional church of St. Mary of the Fields, Cripplegate, EC2. It was filmed in the chapel of the Royal Naval College, Greenwich.

Cripplegate makes an appearance in the 2020 video game, Assassin's Creed: Valhalla as one of the restricted areas in London.

title: Cripplegate


text:
Casino chip

Casino chips (also known as poker chips, gaming tokens, or checks/cheques) are small discs used as currency in casinos. Larger, rectangular gaming plaques may be used for high-stakes games. Poker chips are also widely used as play money in casual or tournament games, are of numismatic value to casino chip collectors, or may be kept as souvenirs.

Chips and plaques used in table games may be made of a mixture of metal, clay, ceramic, and plastic materials inlayed or painted with colors and numbers indicating various denominations, while metal token coins are used primarily in slot machines. Some casinos embed RFID tags into chips to collect data and fight counterfeiting, and plaques may have printed serial numbers.

Use
Money is exchanged for tokens in a casino at the casino cage, at the gaming tables, or at a cashier station. The tokens are interchangeable with money at the casino. Generally they have no value outside of the casino, but certain businesses (such as taxis or waiters—especially for tips) in gambling towns may honor them informally.

Tokens are employed for several reasons. Because of the uniform size, shape, and patterns of stacks of chips, they are easier to tally compared to currency. This attribute also enables the pit boss or security to quickly verify the amount being paid, reducing the chance that a dealer might incorrectly pay a customer. The uniform weight of the casino's official tokens allows them to weigh great stacks or heaps of chips rather than tally them (though aids such as chip trays are far more common). Furthermore, it is observed that consumers gamble more freely with replacement currencies than with cash. A more pragmatic reason for casinos using chips in place of cash at table games is to discourage players from grabbing back their bet and attempting to flee should their bet not win, because chips, unlike cash, must be redeemed at the casino cashier and have no value outside the casino in question. Lastly, the chips are considered to be an integral part of the casino environment, and replacing them with some alternate currency would be unpopular.

Many casinos have eliminated the use of metal tokens (and coins) in their slot machines, in favor of paper receipts or pre-paid cards, which, while requiring heavy infrastructure costs to install, eliminate the coin handling expenses, jamming problems encountered in machines which took coins or tokens and can allow more game-specific technology in the space of a machine which would usually be dedicated to coin mechanisms. While some casinos (such as the Hard Rock Hotel in Las Vegas) which installed the receipt system had kept the $1 tokens around for use as $1 chips, most other casinos using the receipts had simply scrapped the tokens entirely. Most casinos using receipts have automated machines at which customers may redeem receipts, eliminating the need for coin counting windows and decreasing labor costs.

Casino chip collecting is a part of numismatics, more specifically as specialized exonumia collecting. This hobby has become increasingly popular with the Casino Chips & Gaming Tokens Collectors Club formed in 1988. Some collectors may value certain casino tokens up to $100,000, which are typically traded on online auction websites like eBay. Several casinos sell custom-made sets of chips and one or two decks of cards stamped with the name of the casino on them. Each set is contained in a small briefcase or box.

History
The ancestors of modern casino tokens were the counters used to keep score in the card games Ombre and Quadrille. In 1752, French Quadrille sets contained a number of different counters, known as jetons, fiches and mils. Unlike modern poker chips, they were colored differently only to determine player ownership for purposes of settling payments at the end of the game, with different denominations differentiated by different shapes that each counter type had.

In the early history of Poker during the 19th century, players seemed to use any small valuable object imaginable. Early poker players sometimes used jagged gold pieces, gold nuggets, gold dust, or coins as well as "chips" primarily made of ivory, bone, wood, paper, and a composition made from clay and shellac. Several companies between the 1880s and the late 1930s made clay composition poker chips. There were over 1000 designs from which to choose. Most chips were white, red, blue, and yellow, but they could be made in almost any color desired.

Construction
The vast majority of authentic casino chips are "clay" chips but can be more accurately described as compression molded chips. Contrary to popular belief, no gaming chip going as far back as the 1950s has been 100% clay. Modern clay chips are a composition of materials more durable than clay alone. At least some percentage of the chips is of an earthen material such as sand, chalk, and clay similar to that found in cat litter. The process used to make these chips is a trade secret, and varies slightly by manufacturer, most being relatively expensive and time-consuming per chip. The edge spots, or inserts, are not painted on; to achieve this effect, this area of the clay is removed and then replaced with clay of a different color; this can be done to each chip individually or a strip can be taken out of a cylindrical block of material and replaced with the alternate color before the block is cut into chips. Then each chip receives a mid-inlay if desired, and is placed in a special mold that compresses the chip, hence the term compression molded chips. The pressure of the compression and the heat that is added varies from manufacturer to manufacturer.

The printed graphics on clay chips is called an inlay. Inlays are typically made of paper and are then clad with a plastic film applied to the chip prior to the compression molding process. During the molding process the inlay becomes permanently fastened to the chip and can not be removed from the chip without destroying the inlay.

Ceramic chips were introduced in the mid 1980s as alternative to clay chips, and are also used in casinos, as well as being readily available to the home market. The ability to print lettering and graphics on the entire surface of the chip, instead of just the inlay, made them popular. Ceramic chips are sometimes also referred to as clay or clay composite, but they are in fact an injection molded chip made with a special plastic or resin formula that approximates the feel and sound of ceramic or porcelain. There are less expensive chips for the home market, made from various forms of plastic and plastic covered metal slugs as well.

The chips used in United States casinos typically weigh about 10 grams, but they can be between 8 and 16 g worldwide.

Colors
There is no universally standardized color scheme for poker chip values, and schemes not only vary nationally and regionally, but even from venue to venue, or by event type within a single venue.

Chip colors found in home sets typically include red, white, blue, and sometimes green and black; however, more recently a wide assortment of colors have become readily available, particularly in lower-cost ABS plastic chips. Common additional colors are pink, purple, yellow, orange, and grey. Newer designs in home chips include three-color designs where a three-step molding process creates a chip with unique base, secondary, and detail colors. As chip sets are tailored to the buyer, the values of various colors vary widely, with less traditional colors either used as very high values such as $500, $1,000, $5,000, and so forth, common in tournaments, or as special "fractional" values such as $2 or $0.50, common in low-limit games.

In casinos, uniform chip colors and sizes are sometimes specified by the local gaming control board for consistency. For example, regulations in New Jersey and Illinois specify similar uniform colors. Notably, Nevada has no regulations regarding color, which is why Nevada casinos may use white, blue, or gray as $1, though $5 through $5000 are almost always consistently colored. All US states where gambling is legal require that casino chips have a unique combination of edge spots for identification, the name and location of the casino and the chip's value, if any, impressed, printed, or molded onto the obverse and reverse of the token.

In 19th-century United States, there was enough of a tradition of using blue chips for higher values that "blue chip" in noun and adjective senses signaling high-value chips and high-value property are attested since 1873 and 1894, respectively. This established connotation was first extended to the sense of a blue-chip stock in the 1920s.

$2.50 chips (colloquially referred to as "snappers" by chip collectors) are mostly used for blackjack tables, since a "natural" (a 21 on the first two cards dealt to a player) typically pays 3:2 and most wagers are in increments of $5. However, the Tropicana Casino and Borgata in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and others, have used $2.50 (pink) chips in $7.50 to $15 and $10 to $20 poker games.

$20 chips are used mostly at baccarat and pai gow poker because a 5% commission charged for all winning banker wagers at baccarat and winning wagers at pai gow converts evenly. Bets of $20 are not uncommon in traditional table games such as craps and roulette; a $20 chip, for example, places a $5 bet on each of the "hard ways" in craps and is preferable to passing a stack of chips or making change.

Because eight is considered a lucky number in Chinese culture, chips denominated 8, 88, and 888 (e.g., $8 in the US) are common in casinos catering to a Chinese clientele, often as a promotion for the Chinese Lunar New Year. They will sometimes contain an image of the animal associated with the year and are issued in a variety of colors.

Low-denomination yellow chips vary in value: $20 in Atlantic City and Illinois (which also uses "mustard yellow" $0.50 chips); $5 at most Southern California poker rooms; $2 at Foxwoods' poker room in Ledyard, Connecticut; Running Aces Harness Park and Canterbury Park, both in Minnesota; and at Casino del Sol in Tucson, Arizona; and $0.50 at Potawatomi Casino in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Blue chips are occasionally used for $10, most notably in Atlantic City. In Las Vegas and California, most casinos use blue or white for $1 chips, though many Las Vegas casinos now use $1 metal tokens in lieu of chips.

Chips are also available in denominations of $1000 or more, depending on the wagering limits of the casino. Such chips are often yellow or orange.. Casinos in Nevada, Atlantic City, and other areas that permit high wagers typically have chips available in $5000, $10,000, $25,000, and more; the colors for these vary widely.

Denominations above $5000 are almost never encountered by the general public; their use is usually limited to "high limit rooms" where bet sizes are much greater than on the main floor. Casinos often use gaming plaques for these denominations: These plaques are about the size of a playing card, and must be marked with serial numbers. The greatest value placed on a plaque to date is $10 million, used at the London Club in Las Vegas.

Televised poker tournaments and cash games sometimes use bundled paper bills for high denominations, though the World Series of Poker and the World Poker Tour use round chips exclusively with denominations up to $250,000; tournament chips, however, are not redeemable for cash.

European casinos use a similar scheme, though certain venues, such as the Aviation Club de France, use pink for €2 and blue for €10. European casinos also use plaques rather than chips for high denominations, usually in the €1000 and higher range.

Security
Each casino has a unique set of chips, even if the casino is part of a greater company. This distinguishes a casino's chips from others, since each chip and token on the gaming floor has to be backed up with the appropriate amount of cash. In addition, with the exception of Nevada, casinos are not permitted to honor another casino's chips.

The security features of casino chips are numerous. Artwork is of a very high resolution or of photographic quality. Custom color combinations on the chip edge (edge spots) are usually distinctive to a particular casino. UV markings can be made on the inlay. Certain chips incorporate RFID technology, such as those at the Wynn Casino in Las Vegas. Also, makers' marks are difficult to reproduce.

Counterfeit chips are rare. High levels of surveillance, along with staff familiarity with chip design and coloring, make passing fake chips difficult. Casinos, though, are prepared for this situation. All states require that casinos have a set of chips in reserve with alternate markings, though they may not be required to have exactly the same number of reserve chips as they do on the floor. The most notable instance of counterfeiting chips was broken up in 2005, when two men were caught falsely converting $1 chips into higher denominations.

Casino chips used in tournaments are usually much cheaper and of much simpler design. Because the chips have no cash value, usually chips are designed with a single color (usually differing in shade or tone from the version on the casino floor), a smaller breadth, and a basic mark on the interior to distinguish denominations; however, at certain events (such as the World Series of Poker or other televised poker), chips approach quality levels of chips on the floor.

Variations
Several casinos, such as the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, issue "limited edition" varied-designed chips, commemorating various events, though retaining a common color scheme. This encourages customers to keep them for souvenirs, at a profit to the casino.

In certain casinos, such as the Wynn and Encore Casinos in Las Vegas, chips are embedded with RFID tags to help casinos keep better track of them, determine gamblers' average bet sizes, and to make them harder for counterfeiters to reproduce. However, this technique is costly and considered by many to be unnecessary for profit. Also, this technology provides minimal benefits in games with layouts that do not provide gamblers with their own designated betting areas, such as craps.

title: Casino chip