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United States Bicentennial

The United States Bicentennial was a series of celebrations and observances during the mid-1970s that paid tribute to historical events leading up to the creation of the United States as an independent republic. It was a central event in the memory of the American Revolution. The Bicentennial culminated on Sunday, July 4, 1976, with the 200th anniversary of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence by the Founding Fathers in the Second Continental Congress.

Background
The nation had always commemorated the founding as a gesture of patriotism and sometimes as an argument in political battles. Historian Jonathan Crider points out that in the 1850s, editors and orators both North and South claimed their region was the true custodian of the legacy of 1776, as they used the Revolution symbolically in their rhetoric.

The plans for the Bicentennial began when Congress created the American Revolution Bicentennial Commission on July 4, 1966. Initially, the Bicentennial celebration was planned as a single city exposition (titled Expo '76) that would be staged in either Philadelphia or Boston. After 6½ years of tumultuous debate, the Commission recommended that there should not be a single event, and Congress dissolved it on December 11, 1973, and created the American Revolution Bicentennial Administration (ARBA), which was charged with encouraging and coordinating locally sponsored events. David Ryan, a professor at University College Cork, notes that the Bicentennial was celebrated only a year after the Fall of Saigon in 1975 and that the Ford administration stressed the themes of renewal and rebirth based on a restoration of traditional values, giving a nostalgic and exclusive reading of the American past.

Logo
Bruce N. Blackburn, co-designer of the modernized NASA insignia, designed the logo. The logo consisted of a white five-point star inside a stylized star of red, white and blue. It was encircled by the inscription American Revolution Bicentennial 1776–1976 in Helvetica Regular. An early use of the logo was on a 1971 US postage stamp. The logo became a flag that flew at many government facilities throughout the United States and appeared on many other souvenirs and postage stamps issued by the Postal Service. NASA painted the logo on the Vehicle Assembly Building at the Kennedy Space Center in 1976 where it remained until 1998 when the agency replaced it with its own emblem as part of 40th anniversary celebrations.

Boston Oil Party
In 1973, on the shores of Boston Harbor, activists and history enthusiasts recreated the Boston Tea Party. Participants and spectators boasted signs and effigies, but no longer against the English crown and taxes. This protest was a call for "environmental protection, racial justice, an end to corporate profiteering, and the impeachment of Richard Nixon." Several people threw packages and oil barrels labeled "Gulf Oil" and "Exxon" into Boston Harbor in symbolic opposition to corporate power, in the style of the Boston Tea Party. This reenactment later was termed as the "Boston Oil Party", and roughly 10,000 people witnessed the dumping of oil conglomerates, as well as the hanging of an effigy of President Nixon.

1975 events
The official Bicentennial events began April 1, 1975, when the American Freedom Train launched in Wilmington, Delaware to start its 21-month, 25,388 mi tour of the 48 contiguous states. (1) (2) (3) (4)

On April 18, 1975, President Gerald Ford traveled to Boston to light a third lantern at the historic Old North Church, symbolizing America's third century. The following day, April 19, he delivered a major address in Concord, Massachusetts at the Old North Bridge where the "shot heard round the world" was fired, commemorating the 200th anniversary of the Battles of Lexington and Concord which began the military aspect of the American Revolution. According to the New York Times "more than 2,000 spectators were on hand" as canons were fired and a Paul Revere reenactor rode through announcing the arrival of British Troops.

On December 31, 1975, the eve of the Bicentennial Year, Ford recorded a statement to address the American people by means of radio and television broadcasts. Presidential Proclamation 4411 was signed as an affirmation to the Founding Fathers of the United States principles of dignity, equality, government by representation, and liberty.

1976 events
1976 festivities included elaborate fireworks in the skies above major US cities. President Ford presided over the display in Washington, D.C. which was televised nationally. Celebrations in cities and towns across the nation opened into full effect including celebrations such as Operation Sail (Op Sail), a large international fleet parade of tall-masted sailing ships gathering first in New York City on Independence Day and then in Boston about one week later. Other large scale events such as reenactments, parades, and booms in commercialized commemoration spread across the nation as the year went on.

New York
In addition to the presence of the 'tall ships', navies of many nations sent warships to New York harbor for an International Naval Review held the morning of July 4. President Ford sailed down the Hudson River into New York harbor aboard the guided missile cruiser USS Wainwright (CG-28) to review the international fleet and receive salutes from each visiting ship, ending with a salute from the British guided-missile destroyer HMS London (D16). The review ended just above Liberty Island at around 10:30 am.

Washington, D.C.
Johnny Cash served as the Grand Marshal of the US Bicentennial parade.

The event was attended by Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip. The royal couple made a state visit to the United States, toured the country, and attended other Bicentennial functions with President and Mrs. Ford. Their visit aboard the Royal Yacht Britannia included stops in Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., Virginia, New York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts.

The Smithsonian Institution opened a long-term exhibition in its Arts and Industries Building replicating the look and feel of the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, including artifacts from earlier exposition. The Bicentennial Festival of American Folklife, a collaboration of the Smithsonian with thousands of national and international scholars, folk artisans, and performers, hosted programs in the western part of the National Mall five days a week for twelve weeks in the summer of 1976. The Smithsonian also opened the new home of the National Air and Space Museum on July 1, 1976.

Government celebration
George Washington was posthumously appointed to the grade of General of the Armies of the United States by the congressional joint resolution Public Law 94-479 passed January 19, 1976, with an effective appointment date of July 4, 1976. This restored Washington's position as the highest-ranking military officer in US history.

NASA commemorated the Bicentennial by staging a science and technology exhibit housed in a series of geodesic domes in the parking lot of the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) called Third Century America. An American flag and the Bicentennial emblem were also painted on the side of the VAB; the emblem remained until 1998, when it was painted over with the NASA insignia. NASA planned for Viking 1 to land on Mars on July 4, but the landing was delayed to July 20, the anniversary of the Apollo 11 lunar landing. On the anniversary of the signing of the Constitution, NASA held the rollout ceremony of the first Space Shuttle (which NASA had planned to name Constitution but was, instead, named "Enterprise" in honor of its fictional namesake on the television series Star Trek ).Delaware crossing reenactment.

On November 20 and 21 of 1976, participants immersed themselves in the era by donning period-accurate uniforms and equipping themselves with the tools and weaponry characteristic of that Christmas night over two centuries prior. The reenactment unfolded as a grand spectacle, featuring a flotilla of boats navigating the icy currents of the Delaware River. Since then, the Crossing the Delaware reenactment has occurred every year to relive and recognize this moment.

Philadelphia
While in Philadelphia on July 6, 1976, Queen Elizabeth presented the Bicentennial Bell on behalf of the British people. The bell is a replica of the Liberty Bell, cast at the same foundry—Whitechapel Bell Foundry—and bearing the inscription "For the People of the United States of America from the People of Britain 4 July 1976 LET FREEDOM RING."

Los Angeles
Disneyland and the Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World presented America on Parade, an elaborate parade celebrating American history and culture, and featured the Sherman Brothers' song "The Glorious Fourth". The parade featured nightly fireworks and ran twice daily from June 1975 to September 1976.

Los Angeles observances included the Bicentennial Parade of 1976 on Wilshire Boulevard,  and the Los Angeles City Schools Bicentennial Pageant at Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, broadcast as part of Happy Birthday, America (NBC), hosted by Paul Anka,   Pacific 21, a bicentennial exhibition and conference center, and Knott's Berry Farm bicentennial celebration.

Professional sports celebrations
The overall theme of the entertainment of Super Bowl X, held January 18, was to celebrate the Bicentennial. Players on both teams, the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Dallas Cowboys, wore a special patch with the Bicentennial Logo on their jerseys; the Cowboys also added red, white, and blue striping to their helmets throughout the 1976 NFL season. The halftime show, featuring the performance group Up with People, was entitled "200 Years and Just a Baby: A Tribute to America's Bicentennial".

The United States Olympic Committee (USOC) initiated bids to host both the 1976 Summer and Winter Olympic Games in celebration of the Bicentennial. Los Angeles bid for the 1976 Summer Olympics but lost to Montreal. Denver was awarded the 1976 Winter Olympics in 1970, but concern over costs led Colorado voters to reject a referendum to fund the games and the International Olympic Committee awarded the games to Innsbruck, Austria, the 1964 host. As a result, there was no Olympics in the United States in 1976 despite a last minute offer from Salt Lake City to host. However, Lake Placid would host the 1980 Winter Olympics, Los Angeles would eventually be awarded the 1984 Summer Olympics, and Salt Lake City would also eventually be awarded the 2002 Winter Olympics.

As site of the Continental Congress and signing of the Declaration of Independence, Philadelphia served as host for the 1976 NBA All-Star Game, the 1976 National Hockey League All-Star Game, the 1976 NCAA Final Four, and the 1976 Major League Baseball All-Star Game at which President Ford threw out the first pitch. The 1976 Pro Bowl was an exception and was played in New Orleans, likely due to weather concerns.

Other
Local observances included painting mailboxes and fire hydrants red, white, and blue. A wave of patriotism and nostalgia swept the nation and there was a general feeling that the irate era of the civil rights movement, the Vietnam War, and the Watergate constitutional crisis of 1974 had finally come to an end.

In the summer of 1976, the city of South Bend, Indiana, embarked on a unique project to commemorate the United States Bicentennial: painting its fire hydrants in vibrant colors and patriotic designs. Over four decades later, many of South Bend's painted fire hydrants still stand as reminders of America's Bicentennial celebration. Bell Telephone Company commissioned Stanley Meltzoff to create a cover for its 1976 directory to commemorate both the Bicentennial and the centennial of the invention of the telephone. Based on Norman Rockwell's The Gossips, Meltzoff depicted America's great historic and iconic figures using the telephone. It became the biggest selling directory in Bell's history.

Many national railroads and shortlines painted locomotives or rolling stock in patriotic color schemes, typically numbered 1776 or 1976, and model railroad manufacturers quickly released bicentennial locomotives which were popular among children and adults. Many military units marked aircraft with special designs in honor of the Bicentennial. John Warner served as ARBA director.

The New Jersey Lottery operated a special "Bicentennial Lottery" in which the winner received $1,776 per week (before taxes) for 20 years (a total of $1,847,040).

The Bicentennial Wagon Train Pilgrimage began a journey from Blaine, Washington on June 8, 1975, concluding at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania on July 4, 1976. The wagon train pilgrimage traced the original covered wagon trade and transportation routes across the United States encompassing the Bozeman Trail, California Trail, Gila Trail, Great Wagon Road, Mormon Trail, Natchez Trace Trail, Old Post Road, Old Spanish Trail, Oregon Trail, Santa Fe Trail, and Wilderness Road.

Karen Steele was the first baby born on July 4, 1976, 12 seconds after midnight, and was referred to as the "Bicentennial Baby". She was featured on The Today Show and Good Morning America, and received commemorations from President Ford, New Jersey Governor Brendan Byrne, and a host of other notables.

Many commercial products, including sports, apparel and collectibles, appeared in red, white, and blue packages in an attempt to tie them to the Bicentennial. Liberty, a brand of Spanish olives, sold their product in glass jars replicating the Liberty Bell during that time. Products were only permitted to display the trademarked Bicentennial logo by paying a license fee to ARBA.

Ceremonial coinage
The US government also commemorated the Bicentennial through the creation of new designs on national currency. The creation of the ceremonial coinage was both a way to get the American public involved in celebrating the bicentennial, and a way to encourage Americans to collect and purchase more bicentennial memorabilia.

Related network television programs aired July 3–4, 1976

 * The Great American Celebration, a 12-hour syndicated entertainment program hosted by Ed McMahon and airing the night of July 3
 * The Inventing of America (NBC), a two-hour BBC co-production reviewing 200 years of American technological innovations and their impact on the world, co-hosted by James Burke and Raymond Burr
 * In Celebration of US (CBS), a 16-hour coverage hosted by Walter Cronkite
 * The Glorious Fourth (NBC), a 10-hour coverage hosted by John Chancellor and David Brinkley
 * The Great American Birthday Party (ABC), hosted by Harry Reasoner
 * Happy Birthday, America (NBC), hosted by Paul Anka from the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
 * Bob Hope's Bicentennial Star-Spangled Spectacular (NBC)
 * Best of the Fourth (NBC), recap with John Chancellor and David Brinkley
 * July 4 satellite broadcast of the University of North Texas One O'Clock Lab Band live performance in Moscow (NBC), sponsored by the US Department of State
 * Days of Liberty (WABC-TV—New York), an animated holiday special
 * Goodbye America (PBS), a mock "newscast" re-enacting a 1776 debate in the House of Commons concerning the future of the Thirteen Colonies
 * Eastward Ho! (WPSX-TV), a half-hour documentary about the Bicentennial Wagon Train, produced by Pennsylvania State University (Penn State). Includes the show troupe which traveled with the wagon train and performed at the campsite each night.

The Bicentennial Minute was a series of short vignettes aired on CBS from 1974 through the end of 1976 to mark the occasion.

Saturday morning Bicentennial programs
In the months approaching the Bicentennial, Schoolhouse Rock!, a series of educational cartoon shorts running on ABC between programs on Saturday mornings, created a sub-series called "History Rock", although the official name was "America Rock". The ten segments covered various aspects of American history and government. Several of the segments, most notably "I'm Just a Bill" (discussing the legislative process) and "The Preamble" (which features a variant of the preamble of the Constitution put to music), have become some of Schoolhouse Rock most popular segments.

In 1974, CBS aired a new animated Archie series on Saturday mornings called The U.S. of Archie; 16 episodes were made and were shown in reruns until September 1976.

Films
For the Bicentennial celebration, Hollywood filmmaker John Huston directed a short movie—Independence (1976)—for the US National Park Service which continues to screen at Independence National Historical Park in Philadelphia.

The 1976 film Rocky cited the Bicentennial in several scenes, mostly during Apollo Creed's entering; Carl Weathers dressed first as George Washington and then as Uncle Sam.

The oversized vehicle in The Big Bus had a scene in its Bicentennial Dining Room.

Gifts for the nation
A number of nations gave gifts to the US as a token of friendship.

The United Kingdom loaned one of the four existing copies of Magna Carta for display in the US Capitol. The document was displayed in a case designed by artist Louis Osman consisting of gold, stainless steel, rubies, pearls, sapphires, diamonds, and white enamel. This was on a base of pegmatite and Yorkshire sandstone. The document was displayed atop a gold replica from June 3, 1976, until June 13, 1977, when it was returned. The case and gold replica remain on display in the Capitol.

Canada through the National Film Board of Canada produced the book Between Friends/Entre Amis which was a photographic essay of life along the US-Canada border. The book was given to libraries across the US and special editions were presented to President Ford and other officials.

The government of France and Musée du Louvre assembled an exhibit of paintings in cooperation with the Detroit Institute of Arts and the Metropolitan Museum of Art that traveled to Detroit and New York City after being shown in Paris. The exhibit, entitled French Painting 1774–1830: The Age of Revolution, included the work of 94 French artists from that period. Many of the 149 works in the exhibit had never been seen outside France and included Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix, Jupiter and Thetis by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres and a portrait of Maximilien Robespierre by Adélaïde Labille-Guiard.

Japan's government constructed and furnished the 513-seat Terrace Theatre of Kennedy Center in Washington. Many of the original furnishings were removed when the theater was renovated between 2015 and 2019. Fifty-three bonsai trees from the Nippon Bonsai Association were donated to the US National Arboretum.

King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofía of Spain presented sculptures of Bernardo de Gálvez, a hero of the American Revolutionary War period and later Viceroy of New Spain; and Don Quixote, Cervantes' fictional hero, on June 3, 1976, on behalf of their nation. The Gálvez sculpture is in a park at Virginia Avenue at 21st Street NW, which has been named Galvez Park. The Don Quixote sculpture was installed nearby on the grounds of The Kennedy Center. Spain's gift also included an exhibit at the National Gallery of Art of eight Goya masterpieces from the collection of Museo del Prado.

King of Norway Olav V, Prime Minister of Norway Odvar Nordli, and the Norwegian government established the Vinland National Health Sports Center in Loretto, Minnesota.

title: United States Bicentennial


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Mega Man 2

Mega Man 2 (stylized as MEGA MAN II)  is an action game developed and published by Capcom for the Nintendo Entertainment System. It was released in Japan in 1988 and in North America and PAL regions the following years. Mega Man 2 continues Mega Man's battle against the evil Dr. Wily and his rogue robots. It introduced graphical and gameplay changes, many of which became series staples.

Although sales for the original Mega Man were unimpressive, Capcom allowed the team to create a sequel. They worked concurrently on other Capcom projects, using their free time to develop the game, using unused content from the first game. Takashi Tateishi composed the soundtrack, with Yoshihiro Sakaguchi serving as a sound programmer.

Mega Man 2 is the second best selling Mega Man game, with more than 1.51 million copies sold. Critics praised its audio, visuals and gameplay as an improvement over the first game. Many publications rank Mega Man 2 as the best game in the series and one of the greatest video games of all time. The game's soundtrack has also been considered one of the greatest video game soundtracks of all time. It has been included in several game compilations such as Mega Man Legacy Collection, rereleased for mobile devices, and become a part of console emulation services. A sequel, Mega Man 3, was released in 1990.

Plot
After his initial defeat, Dr. Wily, the series' main antagonist, creates his own set of Robot Masters in an attempt to counter Mega Man: Metal Man, Air Man, Bubble Man, Quick Man, Crash Man, Flash Man, Heat Man, and Wood Man. He also constructs a new fortress and army of robotic henchmen. Mega Man is then sent by his creator, Dr. Light, to defeat Dr. Wily and his Robot Masters. Mega Man defeats the eight new Robot Masters and then challenges Wily himself. During the final fight, Dr. Wily flees into the caves beneath his fortress and when Mega Man follows, attempts to trick Mega Man into thinking he is a space alien, but Mega Man defeats the alien revealing it to be a holographic projection device which malfunctions showing Dr. Wily at the controls. After the scientist begs for mercy, Mega Man spares Wily and returns home.

Gameplay
Like its predecessor, Mega Man 2 is a platform and action game. The player controls Mega Man as he traverses eight stages to defeat the bosses, Dr. Wily's Robot Masters: Metal Man, Air Man, Bubble Man, Quick Man, Crash Man, Flash Man, Heat Man, and Wood Man. Each Robot Master features a unique weapon and a stage related to their weapon's power. For example, Air Man shoots small tornadoes and is fought in a sky-themed level, while Wood Man can use a shield of leaves and is found in a forest-themed stage. After defeating a boss, their signature weapon becomes available to the player. Each Robot Master is weak to the weapons of certain other Robot Masters; therefore, choosing the order in which the levels are played is a vital component of the gameplay. After completing certain stages, Mega Man receives a special item. These items create platforms that allow Mega Man to access areas that he otherwise could not.

After defeating the eight Robot Masters, the player proceeds to Dr. Wily's fortress, which consists of six levels that are played linearly. As in the first game, the player is required to fight each Robot Master a second time in Dr. Wily's fortress. However, these battles take place in a single room rather than a series of linearly connected rooms. The room contains teleportation devices that lead to each Robot Master. The devices can be entered in any order, but are not labeled. Once the bosses are defeated again, the player must fight Dr. Wily.

Mega Man 2 features a few gameplay changes from the original Mega Man. A new item, the Energy Tank, allows a player to refill Mega Man's health at any time. Also introduced is a password system. A password is displayed after defeating each Robot Master, allowing the player to return to that particular point in the game after restarting the system. The password stores the particular list of completed Robot Masters, as well as the number of accumulated Energy Tanks. Unlike the first game, Mega Man 2 does not feature a score counter, and the player is unable to return to Robot Master levels once completed.

Development
The first Mega Man game—released in 1987—was not successful enough to justify the immediate development of a sequel. According to Roy Ozaki, director Akira Kitamura had wanted to make a sequel to Mega Man, but producer Tokuro Fujiwara was against it. Kitamura then went to Capcom Vice-President to get permission to make the game. Capcom allowed the development team to create a sequel on the condition that they work concurrently on other projects as well. The staff spent their own time on the project to improve upon the original by adding more levels and weapons, as well as improving the graphics. The project supervisor of the first Mega Man invited Inafune to the sequel's development crew; Inafune was working on a separate game at the time. On the previous game, Inafune worked as an artist and character designer but became more involved in the production process of the sequel. "Working on [Mega Man 2] marked my second year at this, and I even got to mentor a 'new kid', which opened up a whole new world of stress for me," Inafune recounted. The development time for the game was only three to four months.

Due to the limited amount of cartridge space available for the first game, elements such as planned enemy characters were omitted from the final product. The unused content was later transferred to Mega Man 2. The team was limited by the graphical capabilities of the Nintendo Entertainment System, and designed characters as pixel art to maintain consistency between the designs and final product; some design elements, however, were lost in the transition. The gameplay system from the original game was kept for Mega Man 2, but the team included more traps for the player to navigate. The game's three support items were added to aid the player because of complaints from consumers and Capcom's marketing department regarding the original game's high difficulty. Inafune's supervisor was "especially unsure" about the usefulness of the Energy Tanks.

The first game did not have any influence from fans, but for the second game, Kitamura wanted to get ideas from players and put them in. The developers allowed input from the public by including boss designs created by fans. Capcom received 8,370 boss submissions for the game, although even the designs for the final eight Robot Masters were "tweaked".

Inafune intended his artwork for Mega Man 2 to be more "anime-ish" than in the first game. A second difficulty setting was added for the North American release. The original version was labeled "difficult", and a "normal" setting was created that made the "arm cannon" and boss weapons more powerful. Veteran video game cover illustrator Marc Ericksen painted the North American box art, which included Mega Man firing a pistol instead of his trademark Mega Buster. Ericksen explained that he was unfamiliar with the game and was directed by the Capcom America creative team to give Mega Man a pistol.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack for Mega Man 2 was composed by Takashi Tateishi (credited as Ogeretsu Kun), with Mega Man composer Manami Matsumae (credited as Manami Ietel) included for having her work on the credits theme from the first game repurposed for the title screen, and for co-composing a minor part of the melody for Air Man's stage. Matsumae had been moved to the arcade division, considered more prestigious at the time, which necessitated a new composer. Matsumae and Tateishi worked closely during their time at Capcom, with Tateishi assisting Matsumae with U.N. Squadron in a similar manner during the period, albeit uncredited. Tateishi's musical background was unusual compared to his contemporaries at Capcom, in that he had not been classically trained but was instead drawing on his experience performing in a band. He sought to consciously move away from the more classical sounding themes that were common at the time. He was also relatively new to the games industry, having only been hired by Capcom earlier that year for Mad Gear (1988). Tateishi would not remain with the franchise after Mega Man 2, as he and Kitamura both resigned from Capcom soon afterwards to work on Cocoron.

Tateishi's initial compositions for the game were of varying moods, with some of them being considered "too cute" by Kitamura, requesting them to be changed to fit in with the rest of the soundtrack. A single fragment of this declined concept remains in the game as Crash Man's stage theme. Tateishi has indicated that "no one has" the earlier, softer score. Stylistically the score was influenced by Mezzoforte and Yellow Magic Orchestra.

The widely praised piece used for the first two Wily stages was heavily compromised due to data limitations, with Tateishi being forced to use the first eight measures of the song multiple times throughout it. Tateishi intended to compose a song exclusive to the second stage, but also abandoned this idea for the same reasons.

As with the previous game, the sound programming was handled by Yoshihiro Sakaguchi, credited as Yuukichan's Papa.

Reception
Though the first Mega Man game had relatively low sales, Mega Man 2 was a huge success. Since its 1988 release, Mega Man 2 has sold over 1.5 million copies worldwide. The game is the second highest selling in the Mega Man series and Capcom's 58th highest-selling game.

Mega Man 2 was critically praised. Electronic Gaming Monthly's four reviewers—Steve Harris, Ed Semrad, Donn Nauert, and Jim Allee—rated the game favorably, each scoring it 8 out of 10. They stated that it was better than the first Mega Man, citing the improved audio-visuals, new power-ups, and password system. Nauert and Allee, however, expressed disappointment that the game was less difficult than the first game. Nadia Oxford of 1UP.com complimented its aesthetics and gameplay. She further stated that Mega Man 2 improved the gameplay of its predecessor by removing excessively difficult elements. Mean Machines' two reviewers, Julian Rignall and Matt Regan, praised several aspects of the game. Rignall lauded the gameplay, citing its addictiveness and the puzzles. Regan praised the difficulty and called the gameplay balanced. Both reviewers complimented the graphics, calling them detailed and stunning, and described it as a great platform game. Retro Gamer editor Richard Burton described it as a "must-have" game for the system, comments echoed by two of Electronic Gaming Monthly's reviewers. Zach Miller writing for Game Informer attributed the success of the game to the players' option to defeat the stages in the order of their choosing. He praised the simple control scheme and the variety of weapons and items. GamesRadar ranked it the second-best NES game ever made, calling it "the pinnacle" of the 8-bit Mega Man games.

The game's soundtrack has been well received by critics. Joey Becht of IGN listed three stage themes from Mega Man 2 along with the main title song among the best in the series. In 2008, Game Informer listed Mega Man 2's introduction sequence as the fifth-best video game opening, citing the build up of excitement that the music and appearance of the character instills. The "Doctor Wily Stage Theme" was ranked second in ScrewAttack's "Top 10 Video Game Themes Ever" video. Nintendo Power' editorial staff praised the music in 2008, stating it is among the best on the platform. In 2009, Gamasutra's Brandon Sheffield describe the music as easily recognizable and lamented that contemporary video game music lacked that trait. The opening riff from the "Crash Man" stage's theme inspired the theme music for the YTV program Video & Arcade Top 10.

Mega Man 2 is a favorite among Mega Man fans, with many calling it the best in the series. Critics have also referred to the game as the series' best. Oxford considered it one of the most memorable game in the series, and Burton and Electronic Gaming Monthly both called the game the best in the series. IGN's Levi Buchanan listed three of the game's bosses among the "Top 10 Mega Man Robot Masters". Several publications consider the game a critical success and have listed it high on "top game" lists. At the end of 1989, it was the top ranked game on Nintendo Power's Top 30 list. In 1997 Electronic Gaming Monthly named it the 73rd best console video game of all time, saying it was the most appealing and challenging game in the series. In August 2008, Nintendo Power listed Mega Man 2 as the third best Nintendo Entertainment System video game. The editorial staff praised the polished improvements over the previous game. GameSpot named Mega Man 2 as one of "The Greatest Games of All Time". It ranked number 33 in Nintendo Powers "Top 200 Nintendo Games Ever" list and number 60 in Official Nintendo Magazines "100 Best Nintendo Games" list. Miller considered it one of the greatest games of all time. In 2007, IGN's three editorial offices—United States, United Kingdom, and Australia—compiled a list of top 100 games. They listed Mega Man 2 as number 67, citing the action and strategic elements along with the impact it had on the series. Mega Man 2 was placed 4th on IGN's list of the Top 100 NES Games. Mega Man 2 was the first game on the cover of Electronic Gaming Monthly. Game Informer placed the game 32nd on their top 100 video games of all time in 2001.

Legacy
Kitamura chose to leave Capcom and joined the company Takeru, where he worked on the game Cocoron instead of Mega Man 3.

Keiji Inafune claims the success of Mega Man 2 is what made the Mega Man series a hit that continues to spawn sequels. 1UP.com commented that the game helped establish the series as a prominent and commercially successful video game franchise. IGN cited Mega Man 2 as helping define the platforming genre. Retro Gamer credited it with helping the series obtain the global presence that allowed spin-offs and more sequels to be created. Many of the conventions of the original Mega Man series were defined by the first game, but Mega Man 2 added crucial conventions that were retained for the rest of the series. The traditional number of Robot Masters for the series is eight as used in Mega Man 2, rather than the six used in the original. It was the first in the series to include an opening cinematic. Mega Man 2 also introduced the Energy Tank item, special movement items, teleporter room, and password system, which became staples in future games. The Energy Tank became the series' iconic health refill item and later served as inspiration for a promotional "Rockman E-Can" drink. In developing Mega Man 9, producer Inafune and Hironobu Takeshita looked to the first two games in the series for inspiration, with Mega Man 2 serving as a standard to surpass in order to meet fans' expectations. Mega Man Universe was to feature a remake of Mega Man 2's story campaign, as well as feature customizable characters and levels. However, Capcom has officially announced the game's cancellation due to "various circumstances." In Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U, Wily Castle, as depicted in Mega Man 2, appears as a selectable stage in both versions of the game. The stage returned in Super Smash Bros. Ultimate.

Rereleases and adaptations

In 1990, Tiger Electronics produced a handheld electronic version with abridged gameplay. Mega Man 2 was remade in 1994 for the Sega Genesis game Mega Man: The Wily Wars, featuring updated graphics and sound. In 1999, Mega Man 2 was rereleased for the PlayStation as the second of six Rockman Complete Works discs, though only in Japan and under the original title Rockman 2. It is largely identical to the original NES release, but had a number of bonuses, such as a "navi mode" for beginners that presents the player with a slightly remade version of the game, detailed encyclopedic content, image galleries, and remixed music. Mega Man 2 was included with nine other games in the series in Mega Man Anniversary Collection for the PlayStation 2, GameCube, and Xbox, released between 2004 and 2005. The game's emulation is identical to the re-release contained in Rockman Complete Works. Also in 2005, Mega Man 2 was released alongside other Capcom games as part of a "Plug It In & Play TV Games" peripheral by Jakks Pacific. Mega Man 2 made its way to mobile phones in 2007. The game was added as a part of the Wii Virtual Console service in PAL regions on December 14, 2007. In celebration of the ninth game's release in September 2008, Capcom Japan released the game on August 26, 2008 in Japan and a North American release on September 15, 2008. In March 2009, Capcom released the game for iPhone OS, while in September of the same year the Complete Works version of Mega Man 2 was released on the Japanese PlayStation Store, making it available for download on the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable. Inafune expressed a desire to remake Mega Man 2, similar to Mega Man Powered Up, but stated that such a project was dependent on the commercial success of the latter. A tech demo for the Nintendo 3DS called Classic Games was shown at E3 2010, displaying more than a dozen classic games, including Mega Man 2, using 3D effects. Reggie Fils-Aimé announced that the games were slated for release on the 3DS and would possibly use the 3DS' features, such as 3D effects, analog control, or camera support. The game was released on the 3DS via the Virtual Console in Japan on August 8, 2012 and was released in Europe and North America on February 7, 2013.

Mega Man 2 was novelized in the Worlds of Power series published by Scholastic in 1990. The novel mostly follows the game, even offering game hints at the end of some chapters. Besides the added dialogue, the one major variation in the novel is that Dr. Light fears Mega Man's chances against Dr. Wily's more powerful new robots and while attempting to duplicate him, accidentally turns him into a human being, a difficulty Mega Man must endure throughout the story. The book's cover also lacks the gun depicted on the North American box art of the game, due to a "no weapons" policy that Worlds of Power writers had to abide by.

The game was also adapted into the third story arc for the Archie Comics Mega Man comic, "The Return of Dr. Wily." In the arc, the Robot Masters are intended to either defeat Mega Man or infect him with a virus bit by bit as he absorbs their Special Weapons. All the Robot Masters are defeated but Mega Man ends up under Dr. Wily's control until the Mega Man Powered Up Robot Masters come to his rescue. Dr. Wily escapes and sets his course for the Lanfront Ruins in South America, foreshadowing an adaptation of Super Adventure Rockman.

Influence on nerd rock scene
The Mega Man 2 soundtrack is one of the most widely remixed soundtracks in gaming, and a great many covers were produced in the 2000s by various artists. Mixdown magazine described the soundtrack as one that would be "rehashed and reimagined at conventions and festivals until the end of time" and further that covering it had been a rite of passage in the early period of the nerd rock scene. Numerous artists and bands performed all or part of the soundtrack on studio albums in the 2000s, including The NESkimos on Battle Perfect Selection (2002), Chromelodeon on Year 20XX (2003), The Minibosses on Brass (2005), Mega Ran on his self titled album (2007), and The Megas on Get Equipped (2008). Many bands of the era additionally drew their stage names from the series, such as Armcannon, The Protomen and DJ Cutman.

Capcom endorsed some of these groups, officially licensing Mega Ran's 2007 cover album and bringing him to San Diego Comic-con that year. In 2010 The Megas were hired by Capcom to produce music for a Mega Man Universe trailer. All of these groups performed at the gaming music event MAGFest through the 2000s and 2010s. Tateishi himself appeared at Super MAGfest 2019 and gave an interview on the development of the game. He also introduced Bit Brigade's performance of the score and performed on stage with Mega Ran. In a 2023 interview, Tateishi stated that his favourite rendition of the Mega Man 2 score was JAM Project's version.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mega Man 2


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Sock puppet

A sock puppet, sockpuppet, sock-puppet, or sock poppet is a puppet made from a sock or a similar garment. The puppeteer wears the sock on a hand and lower arm as if it were a glove, with the puppet's mouth being formed by the region between the sock's heel and toe, and the puppeteer's thumb acting as the jaw. The arrangement of the fingers forms the shape of a mouth, which is sometimes padded with a hard piece of felt, often with a tongue glued inside.

The sock is stretched out fully so that it is long enough to cover the puppeteer's wrist and part of the arm. Often, the puppeteer hides behind a stand and raises the hand above it so that only the puppet is visible. Sock puppeteers may also stand in full view along with their puppets and hold conversations with them through using ventriloquism.

Composition
Sock puppets can be made from socks or stockings of any color. Any sock may be used to create a puppet, but socks that are too tattered may fall apart during a performance, so they are usually bought new. Additions can be glued on in order to give the sock a personality. Streamers and felt strings might be glued on for hair. Buttons or googly eyes (obtained from craft or fabric stores) are used for the puppet's eyes.

Uses
Sock puppets are often used for the education and entertainment of children. They can be used in elaborate puppet shows or children's plays, much as marionettes would be. The process of making sock puppets is popularly taught as a creative activity in elementary schools. Many schools teach children to make sock puppets, which the students use to stage a play or musical.

Sock puppets appear in children's television series where they can be used alone on the puppeteer's hand, without a complex stage or show. Two orange sock puppets named Fu and Fara are used in teaching German children how to read. In the United States, children's entertainer Shari Lewis was known for her television show Lamb Chop's Play-Along featuring the sock puppets Lamb Chop, Charlie Horse, and Hush Puppy. Sock puppets are often used because they are less intimidating and scary, and, therefore, very child-friendly. In Bo Burnham's Inside, one of his skits (How the World Works) is a parody of these shows where his sock puppet "Socko" tries to teach children about various injustices and conspiracy theories (such as the FBI killing Martin Luther King or the possibility of an elitist pedophile ring).

Sock puppets have also been used in television programming aimed at adults. The 1980s saw the introduction of the Ed the Sock character on local cable in Toronto, and the Sifl and Olly show aired on MTV in the 1990s. Both of these were aimed at teenagers and young adults. Sock puppets have also appeared in advertising geared towards adults. During the late 1990s, the e-commerce company Pets.com used a "spokespuppet" in its advertising to much critical acclaim.

Sock puppets have also been used as the main figures in comedy videos on the internet, mostly to parody other media phenomena such as films and television series. Additionally, sock puppets have been used in a variety of Human Resource videos to aid in the education of employees regarding effective business practices.

Professional wrestler Mick Foley has long used a sock puppet by the name of Mr. Socko as an aid in his finishing maneuver, a nerve hold called the Mandible Claw (or Socko Claw), which is usually preceded by Foley theatrically pulling the sock from somewhere on his person. On World Wrestling Entertainment's Raw program, this has traditionally been a cue for commentator Jerry Lawler to complain about "that stinking, sweaty sock!" Mr. Socko has often served as a sidekick for Foley's Mankind character, having been introduced to the world during a skit on WWE television as a means of "cheering up" WWE owner Vince McMahon, who had just been beaten by nemesis Stone Cold Steve Austin. The sock puppet unexpectedly became a hit with wrestling fans, garnering chants from a crowd of more than 10,000 at the following week's program.

title: Sock puppet


text:
Yunti, Prince Xun

Yunti (10 February 1688 – 16 February 1755), born Yinzhen and also known as Yinti before 1722, formally known as Prince Xun, was a Manchu prince and military general of the Qing dynasty. He was trusted by his father, the emperor Kangxi, to lead the imperial forces against the dynasty's greatest threat of the time, the Dzungar Khanate. He proved a successful and popular military leader. He was later imprisoned by the new emperor, who was his full-blood brother – Yongzheng. Yongzheng suppressed the evidences of Yinti's accomplishments and also possible evidences of his right to the throne.

Kangxi era
Yunti was born "Yinzhen" in the Aisin Gioro clan as the 14th son of the Kangxi Emperor. His mother was Empress Xiaogongren, who also bore the Yongzheng Emperor. As Yunti's birth name "Yinzhen" was similar to that of his fourth brother, Yinzhen (胤禛), it was changed to "Yinti" (胤禵).

In 1709, Yinti was granted the title of a beizi. In 1718, after Dzungar forces defeated a Qing army along the Salween River in Tibet, the Kangxi Emperor appointed Yinti as "Great General Who Pacifies the Frontier" (撫遠大將軍) to lead an army of 300,000 into Tibet to attack the Dzungars and their leader, Tsewang Rabtan. It was believed that this was a sign that the Kangxi Emperor was considering Yinti as a potential heir to his throne. In February 1720, Yinti ordered his deputies Galbi and Yanxin to set out from Xining to take Lhasa, while he remained in Xining to build up support with their Mongol allies and then escort the Seventh Dalai Lama to Lhasa. On 24 September 1720, Yinti's army captured Lhasa and returned the Dalai Lama to the Potala Palace.

Yongzheng era
On 21 December 1722, just as Yinti was planning for a conquest of the Dzungar Khanate, according to official accounts, he received news of the Kangxi Emperor's death and was immediately summoned back to the capital, Beijing, to attend his father's funeral. His fourth brother, Yinzhen, succeeded their father and became historically known as the Yongzheng Emperor. It is now known, through Yongzheng's correspondence, that he was called back either by his own father (presumably to arrange for Yinti's succession to the throne), or his brother Yongzheng (under the name of Kangxi and with a forged edict that only mentioned the inheritance matter and not Kangxi's death) who wanted to deceive him into renouncing his military powers. Yinti was only informed of his father's death when he reached Shanxi. He initially had the idea of returning to his headquarters, but was persuaded not to do so. He then accepted that the throne was lost and decided to return to the capital, fully expecting to be executed by his brother.

Yinti and his brothers had to change the character Yin (胤) in their names to Yun (允) to avoid naming taboo, because the reigning emperor's personal name contained the character Yin.

In 1723, Yunti was promoted from beizi to junwang (second-rank prince). However, in the following year, he was demoted back to beizi. The Yongzheng Emperor perceived Yunti as a potential threat to his throne, so he stripped Yunti of his beizi title in 1725 and placed him under house arrest at Shouhuang Palace, in the present-day Jingshan Park. He seemed to have been moved many times. In 1734, he had a daughter with a maid servant somewhere near the Yuanyou Pagoda in the Garden of the Exuberant Spring. By the time Yongzheng died in 1735, it was reported by the Korean emissaries that he was kept at the back garden of the Old Summer Palace (where his brother usually lived). They also reported that shortly before his brother died, the security around the prisoner, who was guarded by one thousand armored soldiers, was only increased, even though otherwise his brother, who seemed to fear him the most, treated him well.

At one point, Yongzheng seemed to have offered Yinti freedom in exchange for service but he refused. He angrily retorted that Maersai, the man who was sent to persuade him, should be killed before he accepted to serve Yongzheng in any capability (Maersai played an important role in suppressing Yinti during Yongzheng's succession or usurption of the throne and after the case of Cai Huaixi, who sent a letter to Yinti to invite him to reclaim the throne).

Qianlong era
In 1735, the Yongzheng Emperor died and was succeeded by his fourth son Hongli, who became historically known as the Qianlong Emperor. The Qianlong Emperor released Yunti in the same year after his coronation. In 1737, Yunti was restored to the ranks of nobility as a fuguo gong (a lesser duke). Ten years later, in 1747, he was promoted to beile. In 1748, he was further promoted back to junwang and granted the title "Prince Xun of the Second Rank" (恂郡王).

Yunti died on 16 February 1755 and was posthumously honoured as Prince Xunqin of the Second Rank (恂勤郡王). The Prince Xun peerage was inherited by his second son, Hongming (弘明; 1705–1767), who became a beile in 1735.

Family
Primary Consort

Titles: Primary Consort of the Fourteenth Prince (第十四王子福晋) → Princess Consort of the Fourth Rank (贝子夫人) → Princess Consort of the Second Rank (郡王福晋) → Princess Consort of the Fourth Rank (贝子夫人) → Primary Consort of the Fourteenth Son of the Kangxi Emperor (第十四儿子福晋) → Duchess of the Second Rank (不入八分国公夫人)→ Princess Consort of the Third Rank (贝勒夫人) → Princess Consort Xun of the Second Rank (恂郡王福晋) → Princess Consort Xunqin of the Second Rank (恂勤郡王福晋)
 * Princess Consort Xunqin, of the Wanyan clan (恂勤郡王福晋 完顏氏)
 * Hongming, Prince Gongqin of the Third Rank (恭勤贝勒 弘明; 25 April 1705 – 4 February 1767), second son
 * Hongkai (弘暟; 31 December 1707 – 28 January 1759), fourth son

Secondary Consort

Titles: Secondary Consort of the Fourteenth Prince (第十四皇子侧妃) → Side Consort of a Beizi (貝子侧妃) → Secondary Consort of a Junwang (郡王侧福晋) → Side Consort of the Fourteenth Son of the Kangxi Emperor (第十四儿子侧妃) → Side Consort of a Duke (不入八分国公侧妃) → Side Consort of a Beile (贝勒侧妃) → Secondary Consort of Xun Junwang (恂郡王侧福晋) → Secondary Consort Xunqin of the Second Rank (恂勤郡王侧福晋) Titles: Secondary Consort of the Fourteenth Prince (第十四皇子侧妃) → Side Consort of a Beizi (貝子侧妃) → Secondary Consort of a Junwang (郡王侧福晋) → Side Consort of the Fourteenth Son of the Kangxi Emperor (第十四儿子侧妃) → Side Consort of a Duke (不入八分国公侧妃) → Side Consort of a Beile (贝勒侧妃) → Secondary Consort of Xun Junwang (恂郡王侧福晋) → Secondary Consort Xunqin of the Second Rank (恂勤郡王侧福晋)
 * Secondary consort, of the Šušu Gioro clan (側福晉 舒舒覺羅氏)
 * Hongchun, Prince Tai of the Second Rank (泰郡王 弘春; 11 October 1703 – 3 March 1739), first son
 * Princess of the Third Rank (郡主; 5 December 1705 – 1 March 1729), second daughter
 * Married Chenggunjab (成衮扎布) of the Harqin league on 10 February 1719
 * Married Senggunzabu (僧衮紮布) in 1719
 * Lady of the Second Rank (縣君; 22 June 1706 – 10 June 1761), third daughter
 * Married Halu of the Namdulu clan in December 1727
 * Princess of the Third Rank (郡主; 8 August 1707 – 4 October 1776), fifth daughter
 * Secondary consort, of the Irgen Gioro clan (側福晉 伊爾根覺羅氏)
 * First daughter (20 February 1705 – March/April 1706)
 * Princess of the Second Rank (縣君; 17 November 1706 – 16 February 1773), fourth daughter
 * Married Deshou (德绶) of the Aohan Borjigin clan
 * Hongying (弘映; 12 December 1707 – 29 August 1771), third son

Concubine

Titles: Mistress of a Duke (不入八分国公格格) → Concubine of a Beile (贝勒庶妃)→ Concubine of Xun Junwang (恂郡王庶妃) → Concubine of Prince Xunqin of the Second Rank (恂勤郡王庶妃) Titles: Concubine of Xun Junwang (恂郡王庶妃) → Concubine of Prince Xunqin of the Second Rank (恂勤郡王庶妃)
 * Mistress, of the Wu clan (吳氏)
 * Sixth daughter (22 February 1737 – 21 September 1741)
 * Mistress, of the Irgen Gioro clan (伊爾根覺羅氏)
 * Princess of the Fourth Rank (縣主; 30 October 1753 – 10 April 1776), seventh daughter
 * Married Erdengge of the Niohuru clan in December 1767

In fiction and popular culture

 * Portrayed by Cheung Wai in The Rise and Fall of Qing Dynasty (1988)
 * Portrayed by Huang Yinxun in Legend of YungChing (1997)
 * Portrayed by Xu Zuming in Yongzheng Dynasty (1999)
 * Portrayed by Derek Kwok in The King of Yesterday and Tomorrow (2003)
 * Portrayed by Chen Zhihui in Huang Taizi Mishi (2004)
 * Portrayed by Mao Zijun in Palace (2011)
 * Portrayed by Lin Gengxin in Scarlet Heart (2011)
 * Portrayed by Wei Qianxiang in Palace II (2012)
 * Portrayed by Owen Cheung in Gilded Chopsticks (2014)
 * Portrayed by Xin Yun Lai in Dreaming Back to the Qing Dynasty (2019)

title: Yunti, Prince Xun


text:
List of people who died in traffic collisions

This list contains notable people who have been killed in traffic collisions. This list does not include those who were killed competing on closed-road events whether in motorsport or in competitive cycling events. Passengers of a vehicle are indicated in parentheses on the "mode of transport" field.


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Josh Reynolds (rugby league)

Josh Reynolds (born 13 April 1989) is a former Australian professional rugby league footballer who played as a for Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs in the National Rugby League.

He previously played for the Wests Tigers in the National Rugby League, and Hull F.C. in the English Super League. He has represented New South Wales in the State of Origin series, Prime Minister's XIII and City Origin.

Background
Reynolds was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on 13 April 1989. He attended Clemton Park Public School and Marist College Kogarah.

Playing career
Reynolds played for the St. George Dragons in the Harold Matthews Cup and then the Canterbury team in the SG Ball competition before progressing to the Toyota Cup in 2008. In 2008 and 2009, Reynolds played for Canterbury in the under 20s before moving onto the ranks of the New South Wales Cup. Reynolds was named Canterbury's 2010 NSW Cup player of the year as well as scoring two tries and kicking four goals, for a personal haul of 16 points, in their 24-12 grand final win over the Windsor Wolves.

2011
In round 11, Reynolds made his NRL debut for the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, playing against the Canberra Raiders at in the 20–12 loss at Canberra Stadium. In round 15, against the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks, he scored his first NRL try in Canterbury's 26–10 win at ANZ Stadium. Reynolds finished his debut year in the NRL with four tries from ten matches.

2012
On 30 September, in the 2012 NRL Grand Final against the Melbourne Storm, Reynolds played at in Canterbury’s 14–4 loss. He finished his impressive season having played in all of Canterbury's 27 matches and scoring 10 tries, which was the first time since Terry Lamb that a Canterbury five-eighth had scored more than 10 tries in a season.

2013
For game 1 of the 2013 State of Origin series, Reynolds was selected to fill in for the injured Kurt Gidley on the interchange bench but did not get a run on the field. He retained his bench spot for game 2, making his official New South Wales debut in the 26–6 loss at Suncorp Stadium. Reynolds wasn't chosen for game 3. Reynolds finished the 2013 NRL season with him playing in 23 matches and scoring 9 tries for Canterbury.

On 29 September, Reynolds played for the Prime Minister's XIII off the interchange bench in the 50–10 win over Papua New Guinea in Kokopo, Papua New Guinea.

2014
Reynolds was selected to play for NSW City in the City vs Country Origin match playing at, and scored a try in the 26-all draw in Dubbo. Reynolds was chosen as New South Wales five-eighth alongside Bulldogs halves partner Trent Hodkinson for all three games of the 2014 State of Origin series, during which the Blues ended Queensland's 8-series winning streak. On 5 October 2014, in the 2014 NRL Grand Final against the South Sydney Rabbitohs, Reynolds played at five-eighth in Canterbury’s 30–6 loss. Reynolds finished the year with 19 matches and 2 tries for the Canterbury club.

2015
Reynolds was selected for the City Origin team at five-eighth as an audition for the vacant five-eighth position for New South Wales. He was penalised and placed on report twice in the second half, one for an attempted trip on Country forward Tariq Sims as he scored a try in the 52nd minute, and in the 77th minute for a shoulder charge on fullback David Mead. He was suspended for one week, and not selected for the Blues team. In the week 1 Elimination Final match against the St George Illawarra Dragons, Reynolds kicked a field goal to win the match for Canterbury 11–10 in golden point extra time. He finished the season with 17 matches, scoring three tries and kicking two field goals.

2016
In round 4, against the South Sydney Rabbitohs, Reynolds played his 100th NRL career match in Canterbury's 42–12 win at ANZ Stadium. In round 8, against the Gold Coast Titans, he kicked a field goal in golden point extra time to win the match for the Canterbury club 21–20. Reynolds finished the season with 8 tries and 2 field goals from 25 matches.

2017
In February, Reynolds was captain of Canterbury's 2017 Auckland Nines squad. On 26 April, after weeks of speculation where Reynolds would go after the season's end, he signed a four-year contract with the Wests Tigers. The value was believed to be around $3 million over four years. It was quoted in many articles that he "felt sick" about leaving the Canterbury club. His influence on teammates also evident when club captain, James Graham, appeared visibly upset on the TV show NRL 360 while talking of Reynolds departure at the end of the year. In Round 18 against the Newcastle Knights, in his final game at Belmore Oval, he was sent off a winner at the death, with Moses Mbye running 70 metres to score the match winning try, afterwards the crowd ran onto the field to celebrate with Reynolds after securing a 20–18 victory. In Round 26 against the St George Illawarra Dragons, Reynolds played his last match in Canterbury colours but injured his ankle in process of scoring his try and sat out most of his farewell match in the 26–20 win at ANZ Stadium. Reynolds finished his last year with Canterbury scoring 5 tries from 17 matches.

2018
After the departure of Aaron Woods, Reynolds was named as one of 5 co-captains at Wests Tigers, alongside Benji Marshall, Chris Lawrence, Russell Packer and Elijah Taylor. Coach Ivan Cleary said, "I just think it's the right model for us right now. When we started this preseason it was pretty obvious straight away that there was no real pecking order. There was no set culture to adhere to. It was all new."

Named at five-eighth for round 1, Reynolds was a late withdrawal with a hamstring tear. Reynolds then made his long-awaited debut in round 6 against Manly but suffered a shoulder bone fracture and was ruled out for at least 4–6 weeks. On 17 July, Reynolds was ruled out for the season with a shoulder injury, having scored two tries from his five appearances.

2019
Reynolds was not selected for first-grade in the opening rounds, playing for the Western Suburbs Magpies feeder team instead. New coach Michael Maguire said, "He's had some issues with his body over the last couple of years and it's going to take some time. I just want to see him get out and enjoy his football." With an injury to Benji Marshall, Reynolds made his return to first grade in round 4, setting up 2 tries and getting a further 2 repeat sets with his kicking game in a Man of the Match performance. After getting a further 2 repeat sets in round 5, commentator Braith Anasta said, "He’s becoming a master at these kicks. He gets the timing and the depth of the kicks and he’s the first one there in the chase."

In July 2019, Reynolds was told by Wests that he was free to negotiate with other teams for the 2020 season after it was revealed that he wasn't in the club's plans following the conclusion of the 2019 season.

Controversy
On 12 December 2019, it was revealed that Reynolds was charged with assault occasioning actual bodily harm relating to an alleged domestic violence incident. The matter was handed to the NRL's Integrity Unit. Reynolds' club later read out a statement saying “Wests Tigers have today confirmed that Josh Reynolds has been charged by New South Wales Police with a domestic violence offence. Both Josh and Wests Tigers have previously alerted the police and the NRL to this matter and will continue to work closely with the NRL Integrity Unit and NSW Police as Josh vigorously defends this charge. As this is an ongoing legal matter, Wests Tigers will be making no further comment at this time".

Reynolds was granted conditional bail to appear at Sutherland Local Court on 18 December 2019.

On 18 December 2019, Reynolds pleaded not guilty to the charges of assault occasioning actual bodily harm. Reynolds argued that bruising found on his ex-partner was not the result of violence, but instead a side-effect of medication she had been taking. The case was later adjourned until 23 July 2020.

On 22 January 2020, Fox Sports released a video which was leaked online showing Reynolds verbally abusing a woman who was at his residence. In the 37 second video, Reynolds can be seen swearing at the woman saying "Give me my phone, where the fuck is it? Get out of my house. I want you out now. I want you out now or I'm going to fucking flip it. I swear to god I'm going to flip it". Reynolds then called the woman a "cunt" and a "dog". The Wests Tigers then released a statement saying "Both Josh and Wests Tigers have previously alerted the NRL Unit as to this matter and will continue to work closely with them as required. As the subject matter is before the courts, Wests Tigers will be making no further comment".

On 6 February 2020, Reynolds was cleared to play by the NRL and had his court case in relation to domestic violence charges moved forward to 29 April 2020. It was also revealed by the Nine Network that the woman at the centre of Reynold's court case was an alleged con artist with several men coming forward claiming to have had relationships with the woman who had used fake names and had stolen money under false pretences in each individual relationship. It was alleged in Reynold's relationship with the woman that she faked being pregnant on three separate occasions. Reynolds also claimed the woman had told him her mother died and she needed money for the funeral when she was in fact alive and well.

On 26 February 2020, all charges against Reynolds were dropped and his court case was cancelled, and when Reynolds spoke to the media, he sent a message to the woman involved saying "Arabella, whatever your name is, you said to me that you were going to bring me and my mum down. But we're still standing, we're still here. So that's just a little message to you. You tried to bring me, my family and my mum down – and it didn't work".

2020
In round 2 of the 2020 NRL season, Reynolds scored his first try of the year and provided a try assist but it wasn't enough as the club were defeated 24–42 by Newcastle at an empty Leichhardt Oval.

On 6 September, it was reported that Reynolds and teammate Russell Packer had left the Wests Tigers round 17 match against Manly-Warringah at half-time which was against team protocols. Wests Tigers CEO Justin Pascoe released a statement saying "The actions are not acceptable from my perspective. We are focused on ensuring every single person, player coach administrator board members actions are in complete alignment with the expectation of higher standards".

Reynolds played a total of ten games for Wests in the 2020 NRL season scoring one try as the club missed out on the finals by finishing 11th.

On 6 December 2020, it was announced that Reynolds had been released from the remainder of his contract with Wests Tigers, and had signed a two-year deal (with the option of a third) with Betfred Super League side Hull F.C. After signing with Hull, Reynolds spoke to the media saying “To be fair I was a dud buy for the Tigers because they didn’t get their moneys worth, That’s fine, I’m happy to admit that. But then again I can’t control injury or selection so I don’t know what people want me to do".

2021
In round 1 of the 2021 Super League season, Reynolds made his debut for Hull F.C. and put in a man of the match performance which included scoring a try in a 22–10 win over Huddersfield.

The following week, Reynolds scored two tries in a 35–4 victory over Salford.

2022
On 22 June 2022, Hull F.C. released a statement confirming they had reached a mutual agreement with Reynolds to terminate his contract early. This follows a very poor spell with the club which did not live up to the expectations of both the club and its supporters. Reynolds was known to be the clubs highest paid player in their history but the clubs management decided to cut their losses to allow recruitment to begin for a replacement. On 26 October, Reynolds re-joined his former club Canterbury on a 12-week train and trial contract.

2023
On 28 January, Reynolds was informed he had been elevated to the Top 30 squad for the Canterbury club, with the news being made public on 1 February. Reynolds was left out of the Canterbury side for their opening round loss against Manly. He instead played for the club's NSW Cup team. On 2 April, Reynolds made his return to first-grade for Canterbury, playing off the bench in their 15-14 win over the North Queensland Cowboys.

On July 10, Reynolds announced his retirement from professional rugby league, after it was revealed he selflessly gave up his position in the club’s top 30 squad to allow the club to sign halfback Toby Sexton from the Gold Coast Titans.

title: Josh Reynolds (rugby league)


text:
User talk:KellyCoinGuy

Articles re coins
Regarding how much detail Wikipedia wants is a touchy subject. Some think we should cover everything. Others think we need to be more specific. One thing to bear in mind though is that some people are very against "stub" articles – ie those less than 2000 bytes. It might be ok to add information on every coin, but probably best not to have a separate article on every coin. Think about having one article which merges information about them. If that gets too large (>35kb), then parts can be split off. This is usually regarded as more useful than 30 articles about individual coins. Remember as well that information should be verifiable and informative. If the information you want to add meets those criteria, then go for it. And good luck! Angela 02:15, 29 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * What do you mean, "touchy subject"? Of course we should cover everything! How could there be any debate about that? ;-)

LOL - I would guess almost anything in Wikipedia could be considered touchy... by someone.

 * Welcome to Wikipedia, Kelly! —Eloquence 20:10, Dec 12, 2003 (UTC)

Thank you.

 * Huh, "more specific" than covering everything? That is one strange ontology you have there. ;-) --snoyes 20:14, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Hmmm. Well I know what I mean. :) Angela. 20:58, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Hello. I see in FreeTDS and Tabular Data Stream that you're neglecting the highlighting convention. (I corrected the problem in those two articles.) Michael Hardy 22:31, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Sorry, where's the discussion on the highlighting convention?

 * Information on such conventions can be found in the manual of style and on the how to edit pages. Hope that helps. Angela.

Mormon page
On the Mormon page recent edits, is there a way you can move that additional info further down into the article so as to reverta away from bloat in the first paragraph. Could you perhaps say all Mormons believe in BofM as well as Bible, and that beliefs in other sacred texts (such as) are the norm but vary among the sects or branches? I think the thesis of the paragraph is that Mormons are this. And all that is is "believe in BofM and trace roots through J. Smith". Hawstom 04:20, 22 Dec 2003 (UTC)

You know, Hawstom, it's a difficult thing to phrase correctly, but different branches of Mormonism have very different beliefs about scripture beyond the Book of Mormon. The RLDS (Now Community Church of Christ) don't believe in the King James version of the Bible at all, going strictly with the Joseph Smith Inspired version. The main LDS church is King James cannonically (for the most part) but pays attention to the JS version. The versions of the Doctrine and Covenants is where the most deviation occurs since it is essentially an 'open' book, continuing to be written in all branches, although at different rates. The main LDS church's last addition to the D&C was the 1979 revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy males regardless of race. You won't find that in any other faction's version. Similarly, the main LDS version of the D&C doesn't contain many of Joseph Smith's early revelations, as they are often somewhat repetitive. If there were a simpler way of saying it, I'd say go with it, but it is difficult to say something brief that is also accurate. And accuracy is important in the world of encyclopedias. It's probably been edited more clearly by now anyway. :-)

On the Mormon Page recent edits, I don't believe it is either more factual or more NPOV to change "roots through J. Smith" to "roots to J. Smith". Can you explain this? Hawstom 04:20, 22 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Why use a big word when a small one will do as well? Joseph Smith is the root, the root isn't reached through him... unless you are saying that you want Wikipedia to present that Joseph Smith is FACTUALLY the voice of God on earth... something that would be controversial.

Hi KellyCoinGuy, I just spotted your article Mechanical calculator in the recent changes... I don't know anything about the subject myself, but I jumped in and changed your handwritten stub message. If you type at the bottom of an article, the standard wiki stub message will be included. And, more important than the wording of the message is that it links to the page about stubs, and this is how other users will find it. It draws attention to the fact you want it to be fleshed out. :) Fabiform 17:57, 16 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I put in {msg:stub} and it didn't work, so I guess I gave up too early. I also asked someone with a great web page on the subject to come and put more information up there, as my knowledge is somewhat limited in this area, and I didn't feel like doing three hours of research only to have some vandal come by and say I copied it from other sources.

Greek Coins give us links to some of the big encyclopedic sites on Greek Coins; give us links to great public collections with illustrated sites; give us stuff on the uses of Greek coins for history (besides the obvious dating of layers); give us tales of the best discoveries of hoards; more more more --That could be a huge entry and not exhaust the subject! Wetman 05:55, 1 Feb 2004 (UTC) (Sorry you seem to have had trouble over the entry.)

Behavior driven development
Hi! The article looks terrific now, but the initial contribution was nothing more than a rather vague fragment: Behavior Driven Development is a software design paradigm similar in some ways to Test-driven development.  That was a speedy due to lack of content. I'm glad you took the time to expand it into what it is now. It's just that an initially short article needs to have a minimum of content. Have fun! - Lucky 6.9 13:56, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

WikiRPG
On the off chance you come back to visit in the next few days, please weigh in at Wikipedia:Miscellany_for_deletion/Wikipedia:WikiRPG, as you seem to be the originator of this page. -- nae'blis 21:32, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Open outsourcing
A template has been added to the article Open outsourcing, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice explains why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. If you endorse deletion of the article, and you are the only person who has made substantial edits to the page, please tag it with db-author. Gudeldar 22:16, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

Ancient question
Hi! You probably don't remember, but you had asked a question on Talk:David Moon over two years ago, which I just found and answered. :-) -- tiny plastic Grey Knight ⊖ 15:13, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

Hey, I'm obviously all over it too... :-) KellyCoinGuy (talk) 18:57, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Phetch

The article Phetch has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * no evidence of notability

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. — RHaworth 08:17, 15 December 2010 (UTC)

Another Go player
Hi. It is nice to see another possible Go (game)-player here on Wikipedia (WP). Thanks for updating the IGS link.

I wondered if you may be interested in these:
 * WikiProject Go
 * WikiProject_Go
 * WikiProject_Go

Just one other thing - did you realise a couple of links from your user page seem not to work at the moment?

Best wishes, Trafford09 (talk) 12:06, 23 January 2012 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:12, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

Cars
Thanks for your message. Do you realise that you've actually created a duplicate ID by forgetting the capitalisation of your user ID? Anyhow, be that as it may, the problem with your articles is that you're (a) using promotional language (try the NPOV tutorial if you're having difficulty with this concept), (b) including spammy links eg. http://www.nissanusa.com/ and (c) not following the guidelines on verifiability. Work on those aspects of the articles and you will probably have no trouble in future. But I see you have had this experience before, so it shouldn't have come as such a surprise when your edits were deleted or reverted. Deb (talk) 22:55, 8 January 2016 (UTC)

Yeah, I realized I created a duplicate ID. Sorry about that. I guess I'm just not into the politics of what Wikipedia has become recently. It used to be more friendly and forgiving around here. I don't see how referring to the manufacturer site from an article about what they manufacture is spammy, but ok. I was trying hard to avoid promotional language. I agree with you on the Verifiability issue. KellyCoinGuy (talk) 22:35, 13 January 2016 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Vipul's Razor

A tag has been placed on Vipul's Razor, requesting that it be deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under two or more of the criteria for speedy deletion, by which pages can be deleted at any time, without discussion. If the page meets any of these strictly-defined criteria, then it may be soon be deleted by an administrator. The reasons it has been tagged are:
 * It seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service or person and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become encyclopedic. (See section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion.) Please read the guidelines on spam and FAQ/Business for more information.
 * It appears to be about a person, organization (band, club, company, etc.), individual animal, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. (See section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion.) Such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. FockeWulf FW 190 (talk) 03:32, 18 September 2017 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Youth Developmental Enterprises

The article Youth Developmental Enterprises has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Unsourced since 2009. Not notable."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Mccapra (talk) 04:35, 4 April 2020 (UTC)

Nomination of Scripophily for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Scripophily is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Scripophily until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. NotReallyMoniak (talk) 01:02, 22 July 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:KellyCoinGuy


text:
VFD

VFD may refer to:

Government

 * Veterinary Feed Directive, United States
 * Volunteer fire department

Technology

 * Vacuum fluorescent display
 * Variable-frequency drive, on electric motors
 * Virtual Floppy Disk (file type), in Microsoft Virtual PC

Other uses

 * V.F.D., a recurring acronym in A Series of Unfortunate Events
 * Factory Workers' Union of Germany (Verband der Fabrikarbeiter Deutschlands; 1890–1933)

title: VFD


text:
The Old Capital

The Old Capital (古都) is a novel by Japanese writer Yasunari Kawabata first published in 1962. It was one of three novels cited by the Nobel Committee in their decision to award Kawabata the 1968 Nobel Prize in Literature.

The Old Capital was first translated into English in 1987 by J. Martin Holman. A revised edition of Holman's translation was published in February 2006.

Plot
Chieko Sada is the daughter of Takichiro and Shige, who operate a wholesale dry goods shop in the Nakagyo Ward of Kyoto. Now twenty, Chieko has known since she was in middle school that she was a foundling adopted by Takichiro and Shige. However, as told by Shige, they snatched Chieko when she was a baby "Under the cherry blossoms at night at Gion Shrine". The discrepancy on whether Chieko was a foundling or stolen is part of the plot and is revealed later in the story.

Soon after a chance encounter at Yasaka Shrine, Chieko learns of a twin sister Naeko, who had remained in her home village in Kitayama working in the mountain forests of cryptomeria north of the city. The identical looks of Chieko and Naeko confuse Hideo, a traditional weaver, who is one potential suitor of Chieko. The novel, one of the last that Kawabata completed before his death, examines themes common to much of his literature: aging and decline; old culture in the commercial new Japan; the muted expression of strong yet repressed emotion; the role of accident and misunderstanding in shaping lives.

The story is set in Kyoto, and incorporates various festivals celebrated there. One of these is the Gion festival which occurs in the book during July. As part of the Gion festival, there is a parade of floats constructed by various neighborhoods in Kyoto and one of Chieko's fond memories is of Shin'ichi, who is also interested in Chieko, participating as a festival boy. The Festival of the Ages is another important festival and this is where Hideo takes Chieko's twin, Naeko, to view the parade.

Reception
Although Kawabata did not consider it his best work, it shares the same themes as his other novels. The Old Capital was one of three novels cited by the Nobel Committee in awarding the 1968 Prize for Literature to Kawabata. The other two were Snow Country and Thousand Cranes.

Adaptations
The novel was adapted in 1963 into a Japanese feature film known in English under the title Twin Sisters of Kyoto. Directed by Noboru Nakamura, it was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. A second film adaptation under the novel's original title Koto was made in 1980 by director Kon Ichikawa. Another film adaptation, again titled Koto, was directed by Yuki Saito and released in 2016.

title: The Old Capital


text:
Attica Correctional Facility

Attica Correctional Facility is a maximum security prison campus in the town of Attica, New York, operated by the New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision. It was constructed in the 1930s in response to earlier riots within the New York state prisons.

A CS gas system (chlorobenzylidine malononitrile) installed in the mess hall and industry areas has been used to quell conflicts in these areas. The prison now holds numerous inmates who are serving various types of sentences (short-term to life). They are often sent to this facility because of disciplinary problems in other facilities. The prison is a maximum security facility.

In 1984, immediately adjacent to the Attica prison, the construction of the Wyoming Correctional Facility was completed. The Wyoming prison is a medium security facility.

Rebellions
Attica was the site of a prison uprising in September 1971 in which inmates took control of the prison for several days. They were seeking to negotiate to improve conditions and treatment at the overcrowded prison. The uprising and subsequent retaking of the prison by the state resulted in 43 deaths and over 89 injuries. Police killed 39 people, ten of which included correctional officers and civilian employees who had been taken hostage. Three prisoners were killed by other inmates and one guard died later from injuries sustained during the initial uprising.

Notable inmates

 * David Berkowitz, better known as Son of Sam, serial killer who confessed to killing six people and wounding several others in New York City during the late 1970s. Since becoming a Christian, Berkowitz has said that he should pay for the sins he has committed and will not seek parole. Berkowitz is now housed at Shawangunk Correctional Facility.
 * H. Rap Brown, Black Panther Party leader, served a sentence in Attica from 1971 to 1976.
 * Brandon Clark, perpetrator of the Murder of Bianca Devins and then posted her dead body online.
 * Jimmy Caci, a captain in the Los Angeles crime family, served eight years in Attica during the 1970s for armed robbery.
 * Mark David Chapman pleaded guilty to murdering John Lennon in 1980. Chapman was sentenced to 20 years-to-life for killing Lennon and has been denied parole thirteen times amid campaigns against his release. Chapman is now housed at Green Haven Correctional Facility.
 * Joseph Christopher, a serial killer who committed murders in the early 1980s in Buffalo, Manhattan, and Rochester. He was held in Attica in 1985. He died March 1, 1993.
 * Edward Cummiskey, Westies hitman during the 1970s.
 * Valentino Dixon was exonerated and released in 2018, after 27 years of incarceration, after another man confessed to the murder for which Dixon was convicted.
 * Dean Faiello, unlicensed physician who was convicted of the manslaughter of banker Maria Cruz in 2003.
 * Colin Ferguson, who murdered six people in 1993 on the Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) in a racist attack. Ferguson was sentenced to multiple life sentences; as of 2010, he is housed at Upstate Correctional Facility.
 * Kendall Francois murdered eight women and stored their bodies in his home in Poughkeepsie, New York. Serving a life sentence without parole, he died in September 2014.
 * Joe Gallo of the Colombo crime family spent nine years in Attica for attempted extortion.
 * Arohn Kee, serial killer
 * Sam Melville, notorious as "mad bomber" in 1960s. He was among 30 prisoners killed by New York State Police and other law enforcement, in addition to 10 hostages, in their suppression of the Attica Prison uprising on September 13, 1971.
 * El Sayyid Nosair, 1993 World Trade Center bombing terrorist was housed in Attica for a short period related to the 1990 assassination of Meir Kahane.
 * Ralph "Bucky" Phillips, convicted murderer, was captured after one of the largest manhunts in New York state history.
 * Joseph 'Mad Dog' Sullivan, a mobster and the only man who has ever escaped the prison.
 * Joel Rifkin, serial killer, was held here for more than four years in solitary confinement before being transferred to the Clinton Correctional Facility in Clinton County.
 * Willie Sutton, robbed 100 banks from the late 1920s to 1952.
 * David Sweat, killed a Broome County deputy sheriff in 2002 and escaped from Clinton Correctional Facility in 2015; was captured and transferred to Attica in 2017.

title: Attica Correctional Facility


text:
Marie-Joseph Chénier

Marie-Joseph Blaise de Chénier (11 February 1764 – 10 January 1811) was a French poet, dramatist and politician of French and Greek origin.

Biography
The younger brother of André Chénier, Joseph Chénier was born at Constantinople, but brought up at Carcassonne. He was educated in Paris at the Collège de Navarre. Entering the army at seventeen, he left it two years afterwards; and at nineteen he produced Azémire, a two-act drama (acted in 1786), and Edgar, ou le page supposé, a comedy (acted in 1785), which both failed. His Charles IX was kept back for nearly two years by the censor. Chénier attacked the censorship in three pamphlets, and the commotion aroused by the controversy raised keen interest in the piece. When it was at last produced on 4 November 1789 it was an immense success, due in part to its political suggestion, and in part to François Joseph Talma's magnificent portrayal of King Charles IX of France.

Camille Desmoulins said that the piece had done more for the French Revolution than the days of October, and a contemporary memoir-writer, the marquis de Ferrire, says that the audience came away ivre de vengeance et du tourment d'un soir de sang ("drunk with the vengeance and torment of an evening of blood"). The performance was the occasion of a split among the actors of the Comédie-Française, and the new theatre in the Palais Royal, established by the dissidents, was inaugurated with Henri VIII (1791), generally recognized as Chénier's masterpiece; Jean Calas, ou l'école des juges ("Jean Calas, or the judges' school") followed in the same year.

In 1792 he produced his Caïus Gracchus, which was even more revolutionary in tone than its predecessors. It was nevertheless proscribed in the next year at the instance of the Montagnard deputy Albitte, for the anti-anarchical hemistich Des lois et non du sang ("Laws, and not blood"); Fénelon (1793) was suspended after a few representations; and in 1794 Timoléon, set to Etienne Méhul's music, was also proscribed. This piece was played after the Reign of Terror, but the fratricide of Timoléon became the text for insinuations to the effect that by his silence Joseph Chénier had connived at the judicial murder of his brother, André, whom Joseph's enemies alluded to as Abel.

In fact, after some fruitless attempts to save his brother, variously related by his biographers, Joseph became aware that André's only chance of safety lay in being forgotten by the authorities, and that ill-advised intervention would only hasten the end. Joseph Chénier had been a member of the National Convention and had voted for the death of Louis XVI; he belonged to the committees of general security, and of public safety. He was, nevertheless, suspected of moderate sentiments, and before the end of the Terror had become a marked man.

He had a seat in the Council of Five Hundred, and the tribunat. In 1801 he was one of the educational jury for the Seine département. His political career ended in 1802, when he was eliminated with others from the tribunate for his opposition to Napoleon Bonaparte. From 1803 to 1806 he was inspector-general of public instruction. He had allowed himself to be reconciled with Napoleon's government, and Cyrus, represented in 1804, was written in his honour, but he was temporarily disgraced in 1806 for his Épître à Voltaire. In 1806 and 1807 he delivered a course of lectures at the Athéne on the language and literature of France from the earliest years; and in 1808 at the emperor's request, he prepared his Tableau historique de l'état et du progrés de la littérature française depuis 1789 jusqu'à 1808 ("Historical view of the state and progress of French literature from 1789 to 1808"), a book containing some good criticism, though marred by the violent prejudices of its author.

The list of his works includes hymns and national songs among others, the famous Chant du départ; odes, Sur la mort de Mirabeau, Sur l'oligarchie de Robespierre, etc.; tragedies which never reached the stage, Brutus et Cassius, Philippe deux, Tibère; translations from Sophocles and Lessing, from Thomas Gray and Horace, from Tacitus and Aristotle; with elegies, dithyrambics and Ossianic rhapsodies. As a satirist he possessed great merit, though he sins from an excess of severity, and is sometimes malignant and unjust. He is the chief tragic poet of the revolutionary period, and as Camille Desmoulins expressed it, he decorated Melpomene with the tricolour cockade.

title: Marie-Joseph Chénier