text:
Net worth

Net worth is the value of all the non-financial and financial assets owned by an individual or institution minus the value of all its outstanding liabilities. Financial assets minus outstanding liabilities equal net financial assets, so net worth can be expressed as the sum of non-financial assets and net financial assets. This concept can apply to companies, individuals, governments, or economic sectors such as the financial corporations sector, or even entire countries.

Calculation
Net worth is the excess of assets over liabilities. The assets that contribute to net worth can include homes, vehicles, various types of bank accounts, money market accounts, stocks and bonds. The liabilities are financial obligations such as loans, mortgages, and accounts payable (AP) that deplete resources.

Companies
Net worth in business is also referred to as equity. It is generally based on the value of all assets and liabilities at the carrying value which is the value as expressed on the financial statements. To the extent items on the balance sheet do not express their true (market) value, the net worth will also be inaccurate. On reading the balance sheet, if the accumulated losses exceed the shareholder's equity, net worth becomes negative.

Net worth in this formulation does not express the market value of a firm; a firm may be worth more (or less) if sold as a going concern, or indeed if the business closes down.

Net worth vs. debt is a significant aspect of business loans. Business owners are required to "trade on equity" in order to further increase their net worth.

Individuals
For individuals, net worth or wealth refers to an individual's net economic position: the value of the individual's assets minus liabilities. Examples of assets that an individual would factor into their net worth are retirement accounts, other investments, home(s), and vehicles. Liabilities include both secured debt (such as a home mortgage) and unsecured debt (such as consumer debt or personal loans). Typically intangible assets such as educational degrees are not factored into net worth, even though such assets positively contribute to one's overall financial position.

For a deceased individual, net worth can be used for the value of their estate when in probate.

Individuals with considerable net worth are described in the financial services industry as high-net-worth individuals and ultra high-net-worth individuals.

In personal finance, knowing an individual's net worth can be important to understand their current financial standing and give a reference point for measuring future financial progress.

Governments
Balance sheets that include all assets and liabilities can also be constructed for governments. Compared with government debt, a government's net worth is an alternative measure of the government's financial strength. Most governments utilize an accrual-based accounting system in order to provide a transparent picture of government operational costs. Other governments may utilize cash accounting in order to better foresee future fiscal events. The accrual-based system is more effective, however, when dealing with the overall transparency of a government's spending. Massive governmental organizations rely on consistent and effective accounting in order to identify total net worth.

Countries
A country's net worth is calculated as the sum of the net worth of all companies and individuals resident in that country, plus the government's net worth. For the United States, this measure is referred to as the financial position, and totalled $123.8 trillion as of 2014.

Importance
Net worth is a representation of where one stands financially. This can be used to help create budgets, influence wise spending, motivate one to pay off debt, and it can motivate someone to save and invest. Net worth is also important to look at when considering retirement.

title: Net worth


text:
Talk:Balance of Terror

Untitled
Wasn't "balance of terror" a phrase used to describe the nuclear standoff of the Cold War/the policy adopted by the US and USSR in maintaing huge nuclear arsenals to ensure no one had the upper hand (thereby ensuring peace)? If I am right (and I may well be wrong), should we disambiguate, or place a note at the top directing someone to Balance of terror (policy). Or should we wait until I or someone else writes such an article? Any thoughts? Jwrosenzweig 21:35, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * That would be balance of terror (which there is one link to). I odn't think disambiguating by case is so bad here. Morwen 21:37, Dec 17, 2003 (UTC)

 * So, if I search "balance of terror" on Google, could I end up at this site first? And end up deciding to go elsewhere? How could we steer someone who accidentally ended up at the wrong article? Jwrosenzweig 21:40, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Well, if you do search today; you get star trek as hit 2, 4, 5. :) Maybe a small disambig note at the top of this page. Morwen 21:44, Dec 17, 2003 (UTC)
 * I think the more common term for the RW state of affairs would have been mutually assured destruction. - knoodelhed 21:46, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * I think I'm well read on this topic and I've never heard the phrase "balance of terror". Can we source the use of this phrase, please? We don't want to be the ones to create new phrases here. Thanks. Rossami 22:45, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * http://www.rand.org/publications/classics/wohlstetter/P1472/P1472.html, #1 hit on google. Morwen 22:46, Dec 17, 2003 (UTC)

I don't know how to edit the sidebar; The Romulan Commander doesn't "antagonize" over Captain Kirk's tactical ability, he agonizes. Can somebody correct this? Thanks. Clarityfiend 03:06, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

 * ^^^You just hit "edit this page," and find the text that is under the sidebar and edit it. Sir Rhosis 00:46, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

Remastered version
Just want to document a bit more some edits I just made to the bullet point about this being the first episode of the remastered Trek. It was the first (in most markets) to air, but do we have any source that it was the first actually to be remastered, as the sentence implied before my edit? Also, it stated that it was airing in HDTV, but from what I've been reading, the episodes were produced in HD but are currently being broadcast in SD. -- Hawaiian717 06:55, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

Rand
Should mention maybe that in original running order this was the last ep in which Yeoman Rand appeared.Captain Pedant (talk) 21:41, 30 January 2009 (UTC)

Trivia? Alastairward (talk) 21:49, 30 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Hard to tell; the article for the previous episode ("The Conscience of the King")indicates that her walk-on there was her final filmed scene, so her appearance here has to do with filming vs. broadcast order. It's a bit odd to watch the previous episode, read the article on it (with the aforementioned blurb), and then watch the next one and go, "why's Rand there?" MSJapan (talk) 04:33, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

Episode brings to mind a WW II movie. Title?
This episode strongly reminds me of a WWII movie at sea in which an American destroyer captain plays a cat and mouse game with a German captain of a U-boat. Just as with this episode, the commanders engender a mutual respect. Does anyone recall the title of this movie? Also, did the Star Trek writer ever acknowledge being influenced by it? Thanks.HistoryBuff14 (talk) 00:18, 8 February 2016 (UTC)

 * That would be The Enemy Below from 1957.   Scr ★ pIron IV 21:35, 4 March 2016 (UTC)

 * Thanks so much!!HistoryBuff14 (talk) 15:03, 5 April 2016 (UTC)

marriage subplot
Should it be included in the plot section? 67.169.147.28 (talk) 08:37, 21 July 2016 (UTC)

Reception
The reception section was (and still is) essentially a long list and clearly needs work, but simply deleting it is not an improvement. Especially not if it leaves a huge list of unexplained references.

There seems to be potential to reorganize and clean it up, to try and move away from the list and instead write out more prose. Actual reviews could be separated and from the top lists. I think it is more important to include details about why this episode was frequently rated by critics and fans as one of the best episodes rather than the numbered ranking themselves being important. -- 109.78.204.175 (talk) 22:25, 11 April 2021 (UTC)
 * The best way to reorganize this is not immediately clear. Broadly speaking there is lots of praise for the episode as a whole, and also praise for the performance of Mark Lenard specifically. Presenting that nicely as prose is the hard part. It might also be worth reorganising some of the top lists. Several take the form of binge watch or viewing guides. Others rate the episode as a whole.
 * Deleting is easy, improving is hard. I've done a small bit to reorganize it, but there is certainly more that could be done to make it better. I hope others will try and improve it too and like Wikipedia in general it will gradually get better. -- 109.78.204.175 (talk) 23:15, 11 April 2021 (UTC)

 * No. Expanding the section with more prose will not improve it. It is already badly hypertrophied. I count more than two dozen references, nearly all of them quickly written clickbait listicles repeating the same received opinions. Every one of the articles cited was published recently, within a compressed span of about five years. This is out of line with typical "Reception" sections on WP, which emphasize contemporary opinion, followed by some more recent assessments in the case of works with enduring popularity. I think it is worth pointing out that this section attributes critical opinions to publications rather than to named critics; this is because the writers are ciphers, churning out "content" for an algorithm hungry for lists and rankings. Long before you get to twenty instances, the section has devolved into noise, and organizing the listicles into categories and adding verbiage will not help.

 * I realize that it took someone a lot of effort to build this list of links. Sadly, there are too many of them, and they are not noteworthy. Three or four would suffice, together with a brief summary of the critical consensus. I humbly propose "The episode is frequently praised by critics and cited as one of the best episodes of Star Trek."

 * I don't think much of your insinuation I am not seeking to improve the article. I sincerely think "The episode is frequently praised by critics and cited as one of the best episodes of Star Trek" is a great improvement over a screenful—many, on mobile—of repetitive links. I did not remove the citations in the hope someone might choose a few of the most notable and remove the rest. I am arguing that is what we ought to do now. I think you should immediately stop expanding the section. How will making it bigger improve the article? If a tree falls somewhere on the internet, does WP have to record the event? Just because it's a reliable source doesn't mean we have to leap to précis everything it prints. Take a step back and just look at the size of the section. Look how little variety of opinion it describes, and in what paucity of detail.

 * Regulov (talk) 00:46, 12 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Well said, Regulov. There are one or two editors who for a long time have been obsessively adding content such as you mention. I agree with your proposal. Eric talk 11:32, 12 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Agreed. StarHOG (Talk) 14:11, 12 April 2021 (UTC)

 * Opposed? Regulov (talk) 17:29, 14 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Reception sections have been a standard part of Wikipedia articles since the beginning, and wholesale deletion would really be a major change. There is nothing wrong with reporting what sources are saying about this episode. Starspotter (talk) 12:44, 6 May 2021 (UTC)

 * No one disputes that. The list of sources formerly found here was much longer than is typical on WP, the articles cited were in most cases pretty slapdash, and the praise was unanimous and one-dimensional. The section has not been removed; it has been pruned back to a reasonable length. The article does, in fact, report what sources say about the episode, just not every source that can be found under every couch cushion. Regulov (talk) 10:04, 22 May 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Balance of Terror


text:
Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front

The Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF; የኢትዮጵያ ሕዝቦች አብዮታዊ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ግንባር) was an ethnic federalist political coalition in Ethiopia that existed from 1988 to 2019. It consisted of four political parties: Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF), Amhara Democratic Party (ADP), Oromo Democratic Party (ODP) and Southern Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement (SEPDM). After leading the overthrow of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, it dominated Ethiopian politics from 1991 to 2019. In November 2019, the EPRDF was dissolved, and Prime Minister and EPDRF chairman Abiy Ahmed merged three of the constituent parties (not including the TPLF) into his new Prosperity Party, which was officially founded on 1 December 2019.

History
During the Ethiopian Civil War, the EPRDF was a rebel group battling the Derg, a military regime led by Mengistu Haile Mariam that was effectively in power from 1974 until it was replaced by the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia in 1987. During this period, the Derg was responsible for the deaths of tens of thousands of opponents without trial in the Qey Shibir and the 1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia resulting in 400,000 deaths.

The EPRDF was formed by the union of the TPLF and the Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement (EPDM) in early-1989. They were later joined by the OPDO (the Oromo members of the TPLF, EPLF, and EPDM) and the Ethiopian Democratic Officers' Revolutionary Movement (a small body of Derg officers captured by TPLF, most notably at Shire in February 1989, which was later disbanded after the establishment of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia).

Following the collapse of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia in the early 1990s, the EPRDF gained support from the United States. Michael Johns, an Africa expert with The Heritage Foundation, wrote in 1991 that "there are some modestly encouraging signs that the front intends to abandon Mengistu's autocratic practices".

Leadership

 * Meles Legesse Zenawi Asres (8 May 1988 – 20 August 2012)
 * Hailemariam Desalegn Boshe (16 September 2012 – 27 March 2018)
 * Abiy Ahmed Ali (27 March 2018 – 1 December 2019)

Organization
The EPRDF was an alliance of four political parties:
 * Oromo Democratic Party (ODP), which is based in the Oromia Region (formerly known as OPDO)
 * Amhara Democratic Party (ADP) based in the Amhara Region (formerly known as ANDM)
 * Southern Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement (SEPDM) based in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region
 * Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) based in the Tigray Region

The EPRDF was led by a Council as well as an executive committee, whose members were selected every three years by a congress of the party. The four member parties had the same organizational structure. Government and party structures were closely intertwined.

The other five regions of Ethiopia were governed by parties which were either created or heavily influenced by the EPRDF. One of the earliest was the Afar People's Democratic Organization in the Afar Region, which subsequently merged with other Afar political groups to create the Afar National Democratic Party (ANDP). These were the five regional parties:
 * Afar National Democratic Party (ANDP) in Afar Region
 * Argoba People's Democratic Organization (APDO) for the Argobba people
 * Hareri National League (HNL) in Harari Region
 * Gambela People's Democratic Movement (GPDM) in Gambela Region
 * Ethiopian Somali People's Democratic Party (ESPDP) in Somali Region
 * Benishangul-Gumuz People's Democratic Unity Front (BGPDUF) in Benishangul-Gumuz Region

Revolutionary democracy
Revolutionary democracy replaced Marxism–Leninism as the EPRDF's official ideology in the early 1990s, not because the front had lost their belief in Marxism, but rather because of the international situation (the Soviet Union was dissolved in 1991). The main message of Revolutionary Democracy, similar to that found in Marxist–Leninist thought, is that a vanguard party should rule because it represents the people and has "supposedly superior knowledge of the nature of social development conferred on them by the EPRDF ideology." Similar to Marxism–Leninism, the EPRDF prefers to categorize society into classes such as the peasantry, the bourgeoisie, the proletariat and the comprador bourgeoisie and considers its main adversary to be imperialism, that is free market capitalist states.

The peasantry are considered the main class in Ethiopia, since they form a majority of the population, and they are considered the pillar of Revolutionary Democracy. Upon seizing power, the front was suspicious of the petite bourgeoisie class, believing that they were naturally inclined to oppose the front's policies. Despite this, the front believed it could win over the petite bourgeoisie through economic incentives and successful policy. Importantly, if members of the petite bourgeoisie class oppose the EPRDF, the front will "empty their 'belly and pocket'". The urban proletariat are in contrast naturally inclined towards the EPRDF, and the EPRDF seeks to recruit members of these class so as to strengthen the front's organizational links with the trade unions. The EPRDF asserts that the "local investor", that is, the capitalist, will naturally be hostile towards the front and its policies, and the front should therefore try to persuade this class to become neutral. Religious organizations are deemed reactionary by the EPRDF.

Some people state that the EPRDF has not espoused a well-defined unified ideology or political philosophy. Its members held a variety of positions that could be broadly defined as being to the left of the opposition parties. The EPRDF traditionally identified itself with a number of general goals, namely rapid export-based economic growth; close cooperation with the United States in foreign and defense policies; close cooperation with China on economic and trade policies: and several newer issues, such as administrative reform. Administrative reform encompassed several themes, namely simplification and streamlining of government bureaucracy; privatization of state-owned enterprises; and adoption of measures, including tax reform, in preparation for the expected strain on the economy posed by a rapidly growing population. Other priorities in the early 1990s included the promotion of a more active and positive role for Ethiopia following the collapse of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, the internationalization of Ethiopia's economy by the liberalization and promotion of domestic demand (expected to lead to the industrialization) and the promotion of education. A business-inspired commitment to free enterprise was tempered by the insistence of protectionism and tariffs.

Relation to liberalism
The EPRDF opposes liberal democracy, and liberalism in general. Despite this, Revolutionary Democracy can be considered a mixture of communist and liberal thought. The front views liberal democracy and free market capitalism as decadent, and has a "romantic attachment" to the beliefs of Vladimir Lenin, who condemned liberal democracy as the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie (literally the dictatorship of the upper class) while supporting Lenin's assertion of the need for a vanguard party which practices democratic centralism. It considers liberal democracy to be "ill-fit and unsustainable", but ironically much of the front's economic policies are based on the tacit acknowledgement of the need of some liberalism in the economic field.

Relation to communism
With the majority of EPRDF's top leaders being former members of the Marxist–Leninist League of Tigray, a Hoxhaist organization led by among others Meles Zenawi, Marxist ideology still plays a prominent role in party discourse, with some even claiming that the front is hiding their ideology. Theodore M. Vestal claims that the front based its ideology on Marxist–Leninist revisionism, believing it explains the regime's authoritarian nature. Of the communists traits in Revolutionary Democracy, most of them have been borrowed from Mao Zedong Thought, an ideology conceived by Chinese leader Mao Zedong.


text:
Robert Henley, 1st Earl of Northington

Robert Henley, 1st Earl of Northington, PC (c. 1708 – 14 January 1772), was the Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain. He was a member of the Whig Party in the parliament and was known for his wit and writing.

Family
Born the second son of Anthony Henley, Robert Henley was from a wealthy family in Hampshire. His grandfather, Sir Robert Henley, had been Master of the Court of the King's Bench, essentially a defence counsel.

Henley's father Anthony Henley was educated at Oxford and interested in literature. When he moved to London, he became the friend of the Earls of Dorset and Sunderland, as well as a friend of Swift, Pope, and Burnet. After becoming a married man, Anthony Henley had been the Member of Parliament for Andover in 1698. He died in August, 1711 and was succeeded in turn by his eldest son, Anthony and his second son, Robert.

Early life
Henley was educated at Westminster School and attended St. John's College in Oxford. He gained a fellowship at the All Souls College in 1727, entered the Inner Temple to study law in 1729 and was called to the bar on 23 June 1732. He succeeded his elder brother in 1746, inheriting The Grange, Northington in Hampshire which had been built for his grandfather by Inigo Jones.

Career
He was elected a Member of Parliament for Bath in 1747 and became Recorder of the town in 1751. He was appointed Attorney General and knighted in 1756 and promoted the next year to Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, the last person to receive this title. Although as Lord Keeper he presided over the House of Lords, he was not made a peer until 1760 when he became Baron Henley of Grange in the County of Southampton. When George III ascended to power, Henley was appointed Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain in 1761 and made Earl of Northington in 1764.

The delay in raising him to the peerage was due to the hostility of George II, who resented Henley's former support of the Prince of Wales's faction, known as the Leicester House party; and it was in order that he might preside as Lord High Steward at the trial of the Earl Ferrers for murder in 1760 that he then received his patent. He resigned from his position in 1767 and died at his residence in Hampshire on 14 January 1772.

Personal life
In 1743, Henley had married Jane Huband who was the daughter of Sir John Huband of Ipsley of Warwickshire. He had three sons and five daughters. The names of his daughters were:

 * Lady Catherine Henley (d. 9 Jan 1779);
 * Lady Bridget Henley (d. 13 March 1796), married 1) Robert Lane and 2) Capt. Hon. John Tollemache (30 March 1750 – 25 September 1777);
 * Jane Henley (d. February 1823);
 * Lady Elizabeth Henley (d. 20 August 1821);
 * Mary Henley (1753–1814), married 1) Edward Ligonier, 1st Earl Ligonier, and 2) Thomas Noel, 2nd Viscount Wentworth.

He was succeeded by his son Robert Henley, 2nd Earl of Northington.

Cases

 * Vernon v Bethell (1762) 28 ER 838, "necessitous men are not, truly speaking, free men, but, to answer a present exigency, will submit to any terms that the crafty may impose upon them."
 * Shanley v Harvey (1763) 2 Eden 126, 127, as "soon as a man sets foot on English ground he is free".
 * Brown v Peck (1758) 1 Eden 140, provisions discouraging cohabitation were void against public policy, as where a will promised £5 a month to a beneficiary to split up from her husband, or £2 otherwise. She was entitled to the £5.
 * Hussey v. Dillon 2 Amb 603, 604, testament and meaning of "grandchildren"
 * 1 Eden 5, "The Court has always in cases of this nature considered the question of consent with great latitude, adhering to the spirit and not the letter. The maxim Qui tacet satis loquitur has therefore been respected, and constructive consents have been looked upon as entitled to as much regard as if conveyed in express terms".
 * Earl of Buckinghamshire v Drury
 * Pike v Hoare, 2 Eden, 182; Amb. 428, on conflict of laws, a will affecting lands in the Colonies "is not triable" in this country.
 * Burgess v Wheate 1 Eden, 251

title: Robert Henley, 1st Earl of Northington


text:
Hesse-Homburg

Hesse-Homburg was a state of the Holy Roman Empire and a sovereign member of the German Confederation. It was formed into a separate landgraviate in 1622 by the landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt; it was to be ruled by his son, although it did not become independent of Hesse-Darmstadt until 1668. It was briefly divided into Hesse-Homburg and Hesse-Homburg-Bingenheim; but these parts were reunited in 1681.

History
In 1806, Hesse-Homburg was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Hesse (Hesse-Darmstadt); but in 1815, by the Congress of Vienna, the latter state was compelled to recognize the independence of Hesse-Homburg, which was increased by the addition of Meisenheim. The Landgraviate of Hesse-Homburg consisted of two parts, the district of Homburg on the right side of the Rhine, and the district of Meisenheim, added in 1815, on the left side of the same river. Hesse-Homburg joined the German Confederation as a sovereign state on July 7, 1817. The landgraviate was the only principality that was not one of the founding members of the Confederation, apart from the Duchy of Limburg ruled by the King of the Netherlands (added in 1839) and the Duchy of Schleswig (1848-1851) ruled by the Danish king. In 1848, the landgraviate had a population of 22,800 and a total land area of 166 square miles, thus making it one of the smallest states in the German Confederation. Hesse-Homburg was represented by the Grand Duchy of Hesse in the Inner Council of the Confederate Diet, but had a seat of its own on the Plenary Council. The state joined the Zollverein in 1835.

In 1833, baths were opened in Homburg, which brought unexpected wealth and attention to the landgraviate. A casino and gambling saloons soon opened, which also contributed greatly to the state's burgeoning economy. Several legal overtures were made by the diet in an attempt to end gambling, but all attempts failed until after Hesse-Homburg passed into Prussian hands.

On 24 March 1866, Hesse-Homburg was inherited by the Grand Duke of Hesse, while Meisenheim fell to Prussia. On 20 September of that same year, these territories were taken from Hesse-Darmstadt again, and the former landgraviate was combined with the Electorate of Hesse, Duchy of Nassau, the Free City of Frankfurt and some former parts of the Kingdom of Bavaria to form the Prussian Province of Hesse-Nassau.

Today, the former Homburg district forms part of the German state of Hesse while Meisenheim forms part of Rhineland-Palatinate.

Government and administration
The most important administrative body in Hesse-Homburg was the Privy Council (Geheimrat), the members of which were appointed by the landgrave. On 18 February 1818, Frederick V founded the State Government, which combined all formerly independent state colleges (consistories, chamber, forestry college, college medicum, and court) into a central authority, divided into three deputations. Hesse-Homburg did not adopt a constitution until 1850, in the wake of the 1848 Revolutions.

title: Hesse-Homburg


text:
Apollonia–Arsuf

Apollonia (Ἀπολλωνία; אפולוניה), known in the Early Islamic period as Arsuf (أرْسُوف) and in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem as Arsur, was an ancient city on the Mediterranean coast of today's Israel. In Israeli archaeology it is known as Tel Arshaf (תֵּל אַרְשָׁף). Founded by the Phoenicians during the Persian period in the late sixth century BCE, it was inhabited continuously until the Crusader period, through the Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine periods, during the latter being renamed to Sozusa (Σώζουσα, or Sozusa in Palaestina to differentiate it from Sozusa in Libya). It was situated on a sandy area ending towards the sea with a cliff, about 34 km south of Caesarea.

It fell to the Muslims in 640, was fortified against Byzantine attacks and became known as Arsuf. In 1101 it was conquered by the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, and was a strategically important stronghold in the Third Crusade, during which the Battle of Arsuf (1191) was fought nearby. The fortified city and the castle fell to the Mamluks in 1265, when both were completely destroyed.

The site of Arsuf (also Apollonia–Arsuf אַפּוֹלוֹנְיָה-אַרְסוּף) is now in Herzliya municipality, Israel (just north of Tel Aviv). The site was intensively excavated from 1994. In 2002 Apollonia National Park was opened to the public.

Names
The city is first recorded under its Greek name Apollonia in the final decades of the Persian period (mid-4th century BCE). In a long-standing suggestion, first proposed by Clermont-Ganneau in 1876, it was assumed that the Greek name was given due to the interpretatio graeca of the Canaanite deity Resheph (ršp) as Apollo (as god of the plague), suggesting that the settlement would originally have been a "Phoenician" foundation. The Semitic name ršp would then have been "restored" in the medieval Arabic toponym of Arsūf. There is indeed no archaeological evidence for a settlement prior to the Persian period, and Izre'el (1999) upholds this identification, suggesting that the Semitic name might have been preserved by the Aramaic-speaking Samaritan community. The Samaritan chronicle of Abu l-Fath (14th century, written in Arabic) records a toponym rʿšfyn (with ayin). Izre'el (1999) considers the possibility of identifying this toponym with the Arabic Arsūf, assuming that the ayin may derive from a mater lectionis used in Samaritan Aramaic orthography.

A tradition connecting the name with the biblical Resheph, a grandson of Ephraim, is spurious.

The name of the nearby Israeli settlement of Rishpon was given in 1936, inspired by a misreading of an inscription of Tiglath-Pileser III, where *rašpūna was read for kašpūna; recognition of the misreading rendered void the identification of Arsuf with a supposed Iron Age Phoenician settlement of *Rašpūna.

The renaming of Apollonia "city of Apollo" to Sozusa (Σώζουσα Sōzousa) "city of the Saviour" took place in the Byzantine period, under the influence of Christianity as the state religion, motivated by Soter (Σωτήρ) "savior" being a byname of Apollo as well as of Christ. The renaming is paralleled in at least three other cities called Apollonia: Sozusa in Cyrenaica, Sozopolis in Pisidia and Sozopolis in Thrace. The identification of ancient Apollonia with Byzantine-era Sozusa is due to Stark (1852), that of medieval Arsuf with Apollonia/Sozusa to Clermont-Ganneau (1876).

The site is variously referred to as Apollonia, Arsin, Arsuf, Arsuph, Arsur, Arsuth, Assur, Orsuf and Sozusa in Crusader-era documents, with a large dominance of "Arsur" among the secondary sources discussed by Schmidt.

Antiquity
Although some Chalcolithic and Iron Age remains were uncovered at the site, there is no evidence that there was a settlement prior to the Persian period (ca. 500 BCE). While the importance of the town was overshadowed by both Jaffa and Caesarea, Apollonia developed into a regional center after the decline of its neighbouring site at Tel Michal in the Late Persian period, and was likely the main city and harbour in the southern Sharon Plain by the mid-4th century BCE. It is mentioned in the Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax.

During the Hellenistic period it was a port town ruled by the Seleucids.

Under Roman rule, the town prospered and grew into the chief commercial and industrial centre of the region between the Poleg and Yarkon rivers. In 113 CE, Apollonia was partially destroyed by an earthquake, but recovered quickly.

Apollonia is mentioned by Pliny, Hist. nat., V, 14, and Ptolemy, V, xv, 2, between Cæsarea and Joppa, and by other ancient authors, including Josephus, Ant. jud., XIII, xv, 4, Appianus, ''Hist. rom. Syr.'', 57. The Roman proconsul, Gabinius, found it ruined in 57 BCE, and had it rebuilt (Josephus, Bel. jud., I, viii, 4). Apollonia is depicted in the Tabula Peutingeriana, on the coastal highway between Joppa and Caesarea, at the distance of 22 miles from Caesarea, confirming the identification of Arsuf with Apollonia.

There was no coin minting in Apollonia, confirming that the town did not have the role of a Roman provincial center but was rather considered a medium-sized coastal town like Jamnia and Azotus.

Sozusa in Palaestina was the name of the city in the late Roman province of Palaestina Prima, and its episcopal see was a suffragan of Caesarea, the provincial capital. The name had changed from Apollonia to Sozusa before 449, when Bishop Baruchius signed the acts of the Robber Council of Ephesus with this title. The name Sozusa also occurs in the works of the Byzantine geographers Hierocles and George of Cyprus. Apart from Baruchius of 449, the names of two more of its bishops, Leontius in 518, and Damianus in 553, are also known. The death of patriarch Modestus in 630 in the city is recorded in both Georgian and Arabic texts, the Georgian texts using Sozos (for Sozusa) and the Arabic texts Arsuf, suggesting that both names remained in use for some time in the early medieval period.

During the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, the city surrendered on terms in 614 to Shahrbaraz and was in Sasanian hands until near the end of the war.

Early Muslim period
In 640, the town fell to the Muslims. The Arabic name Arsuf or Ursuf occurs in works of Arab geographers from the 10th century, e.g. Al-Muqaddasi said it was "smaller than Yafah, but strongly fortified and populous There is here a beautiful pulpit, made in the first instance for the Mosque of Ar Ramlah, but which being found too small, was given to Arsuf".

At the time of the Muslim conquest, Sozusa was inhabited by Samaritans. In 809, following the death of Harun al-Rashid, the local Samaritan community was destroyed and their synagogue ruined. In 809 the Abbasids violently removed the large group of Samaritans that had been living in the city.

The town's area decreased to about 22 acre and, for the first time, it was surrounded by a fortified wall with buttresses, to resist the constant attacks of Byzantine fleets from the sea.

Crusader to Mamluk period

Godfrey de Bouillon attempted to capture it, but failed for want of ships (William of Tyre, IX, x). King Baldwin I took it in 1102, after a siege by land and sea, allowing the inhabitants to withdraw to Ascalon. The Crusaders, who called it Arsur, rebuilt the city's walls and created the Lordship of Arsur in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. In 1187 Arsuf was recaptured by the Muslims, but fell again to the Crusaders on 7 September 1191 after the Battle of Arsuf, fought between the forces of Richard I of England and Saladin.

John of Ibelin, Lord of Beirut became Lord of Arsuf in 1207 when he married Melisende of Arsuf. Their son John of Arsuf (d. 1258) inherited the title. The title then passed to John of Arsuf's eldest son Balian of Arsuf (d. 1277). He built new walls, the large castle and new harbor in 1241. In 1251 Louis IX of France re-erected its ramparts. From 1261, the city was ruled by the Knights Hospitaller.

In 1225, Yakut wrote: "Arsuf remained in Muslim hands till taken by Kund Furi [Godfrey of Bouillon], lord of Jerusalem, in the year 494 [ AH 494, i.e. 1101 CE], and it is in the hand of the Franks [Crusaders] at the present day."

In 1265, sultan Baibars, ruler of the Mamluks, captured Arsuf after 40 days of siege, after almost getting killed in the moat by a sortie of the defenders. The inhabitants were killed or sold as slaves and the town completely razed. The destruction was so complete that the site was abandoned and never regained its urban character – in the 14th century the geographer Abulfeda said it contained no inhabitants ("Tabula Syriæ", 82).

According to Mujir al-Din (writing c. 1496), the Sidna Ali Mosque just south of Arsuf was dedicated by Baibars at the site of a saint's tomb where he prayed for victory prior to retaking Arsuf.

In the Middle Ages, Sozusa was confused with Antipatris. The identity of Arsuf with ancient Apollonia was first noted by Clermont-Ganneau in 1876.

Ottoman period

In 1596, Ottoman tax registers recorded a village called Arsuf with 22 families and 4 bachelors, all Muslims. The villagers paid a total of 2,900 akçe in taxes. 1/3 the revenue went to a waqf: Hadrat 'Ali bin 'Ulaym. It appeared, just named "village" on the map that Pierre Jacotin compiled during Napoleon's invasion of 1799.

Catholic titular see until 1965
Sozusa in Palaestina is listed as a titular see in the 2013 Annuario Pontificio. Due to the confusion with the other ancient city in classical Palestine known as Apollonia, it was also assigned under the name Antipatris. Its last titular bishop of the Latin Church was Francis Joseph McSorley, the Apostolic Vicar of Jolo (d. 1970). It has no longer been assigned since, in accordance with the practice established after the Second Vatican Council regarding all titular sees situated in what were the eastern patriarchates.

British Mandate and Israeli periods
The site was incorporated in Herzliya municipality in 1924. At the time, a village called al-Haram existed adjacent to the ruins, but it was depopulated during the 1948 Nakba, and the area south of the site was built up as the Shikun Olim (שיכון עולים "immigrant housing") district of Herzeliya in the 1950s.

Rishpon was established in 1936 to the immediate north-east of the site. It is part of the Hof HaSharon Regional Council, Central District.

Arsuf is a modern "exclusive clifftop community" named for Arsuf, built in 1995 north of the site, in Hof HaSharon Regional Council.

Archaeology
The site of Apollonia–Arsuf was excavated in the 1990s and opened for visitors as Apollonia National Park in 2002. Excavations were ongoing as of 2015. The excavation report is prepared in three volumes, of which the first was published in 1999. The second and third volume, covering the excavation seasons until 2015, were in preparation as of 2016.

The above-ground remains before the excavations included the medieval city wall and moat, enclosing an area of about 90 dunam, a Crusader castle with a double-wall system with an area of about 4 dunam, a port with built jetties and a sheltered anchorage, protected by a sandstone reef.

Large amounts of pottery were recovered in the area surrounding the city, mostly of the Byzantine and early Islamic period, indicating that the city extended significantly beyond its old walls in the 7th century. A large Roman-era villa maritima was uncovered to the south of the site.

title: Apollonia–Arsuf


text:
Newton Stewart

Newton Stewart (Gd: Baile Ùr nan Stiùbhartach) is a former burgh town in the historical county of Wigtownshire in Dumfries and Galloway, southwest Scotland. The town is on the River Cree with most of the town to the west of the river, and is sometimes referred to as the "Gateway to the Galloway Hills".

The main local industries are agriculture, forestry and tourism. The town hosts a local market, and a number of services to support the farming industry. There are many mountain biking trails in the area. Newton Stewart lies on the southern edge of the Galloway Forest Park, which supplies many jobs to the town. Newton Stewart is 7 mi from Scotland's book town Wigtown.

History
The town was founded in the mid 17th century by William Stewart, fourth and youngest son of the 2nd Earl of Galloway. The "New Town of Stewart" was granted burgh status by charter from King Charles II, allowing a weekly market and two annual fairs to be held.

It was on a pilgrimage to the shrine of St Ninian at Whithorn in 1329 that Robert the Bruce forded the river where the present bridge stands. Designed by John Rennie the Elder and built in 1813 the present bridge replaced the old bridge of 1745.

The industrialist Sir William Douglas (died 1809), best known for founding the planned town of Castle Douglas, also established cotton mills in Newton Stewart, which was renamed "Newton Douglas" in his honour but soon reverted to Newton Stewart.

The main municipal building in the town, the McMillan Hall, was completed in 1885.

Transport
The A75 road runs along the southern edge of the town, and connects the town to Stranraer in the west and Dumfries in the east. Public transport in and around the town and to places in South Ayrshire and Dumfries & Galloway is mainly provided by Stagecoach Western.

Newton Stewart railway station was on the Portpatrick and Wigtownshire Joint Railway and closed in 1965, as a result of the Beeching Axe. The nearest railway stations are at Stranraer and Barrhill which are respectively 25 mi and 18+1/2 mi from Newton Stewart.

Education
Newton Stewart has three primary schools:
 * Penninghame
 * Minnigaff
 * St Ninian’s RC

The town has one secondary school, the Douglas Ewart High School.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC Scotland and ITV Border. Television signals are received from one of the two local relay transmitters (Minnigaff and Cambret Hill ).

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Scotland on 93.1 FM and Greatest Hits Radio Dumfries & Galloway on 103.0 FM.

The Galloway Gazette and Dumfries & Galloway Standard are the town's local newspapers.

The horror film The Wicker Man, set on the fictional privately-owned Scottish island of Summerisle, was filmed almost entirely (some opening scenes filmed in Plockton, Wester Ross also) on location around Newton Stewart, and had its premiere at its cinema in 1973.

Tourism
There are numerous nature trails nearby as part of Galloway Forest Park, managed on behalf of the state by Forest Enterprise.

Sport
Newton Stewart FC, nicknamed the "Creesiders", play in the South of Scotland league, their ground is called Blairmount Park.

Notable people

 * The artist and musician Bill Drummond of the KLF and K Foundation grew up in the town.
 * Scottish Under 23 international footballer Ian Gibson (1943–2016), played for Middlesbrough, Coventry City and Cardiff City amongst others.
 * Educationalist Prof William Wither McClelland FRSE (1889–1968) professor of Education at St Andrews University.
 * Lieutenant General Sydney Rigby Wason CB, MC and Bar (1887 – 1969), a senior officer in the Second World War.

title: Newton Stewart


text:
Port Glasgow

Port Glasgow (Port Ghlaschu, ) is the second-largest town in the Inverclyde council area of Scotland. The population according to the 1991 census for Port Glasgow was 19,426 persons and in the 2001 census was 16,617 persons. The most recent census in 2011 states that the population has declined to 15,414. It is located immediately to the east of Greenock and was previously a burgh in the county of Renfrewshire.

Originally a fishing hamlet named Newark, Port Glasgow came about as a result of large ships being unable to navigate the shallow and meandering River Clyde to the centre of the city of Glasgow. As a result, it was formed as a remote port for Glasgow in 1668 and became known as 'New Port Glasgow', which was shortened to 'Port Glasgow' in 1775. Port Glasgow was home to dry docks and shipbuilding beginning in 1780.

The town grew from the central area of the present town and thus many of the town's historic buildings and people are found here. Port Glasgow expanded up the steep hills inland to open fields where areas such as Park Farm, Boglestone, Slaemuir and Devol and Oronsay were founded. This area has subsequently become known as upper Port Glasgow and most of the town's population occupies these areas.

Origins
The origins of Port Glasgow go back to the construction by Sir George Maxwell between 1450 and 1477 of the "New Werke of Finlastoun", which became Newark Castle. At a good anchorage near the castle, a small fishing hamlet known as Newark formed, like other scattered hamlets along the shores of the River Clyde. After 1589 the village of Greenock formed just under 4 mi to the west of Newark, and gradually became a market town with growing fishing and sea trade, although it had only a jetty in the bay to unload ships. Since seagoing ships could not go further up the Clyde due to sandbanks and shallows, the Glasgow merchants such as the Tobacco Lords wanted harbour access, but got into arguments with Greenock over harbour dues and warehouses. They put a bid in for the Easter Greenock estate for a harbour, but were outbid and the lands became the Barony of Cartsburn. They then negotiated with Sir Patrick Maxwell of Newark Estate, and in 1668 he agreed to feu (lease) to the City of Glasgow 13 acre of land to the west of the castle, for payment of 1,300 merks and an annual feu duty of four merks. Construction of piers and breakwaters enclosing the harbour began promptly, and Newport Glasgow was constituted as a free port.

Trade prospered quickly, and by 1710 Newport Glasgow had the principal Clyde custom house, initially in Customhouse Lane, then after 1754 in a new building constructed on the west quay of the harbour. Through that century the town became known simply as Port Glasgow. Ships, mostly owned by Glasgow merchants, imported tobacco, sugar, rum, cotton and mahogany from the Americas, as well as timber, iron and hemp from the Baltic. These goods were then taken by road to Glasgow, as was market garden produce from farms around Port Glasgow. A change began in 1773 when the Lang Dyke was constructed to deepen the upper river, and ships increasingly went upriver straight to Glasgow. In 1830, the custom house collected £243,349 3s 1d in revenue, but after that income from the port declined, while by then Greenock had its own customs house.

In the 1690s, the grid-iron street layout, which still forms much of the town centre today, was laid out.

Shipbuilding
In 1780, Thomas McGill set up one of the first shipyards in the area, located near Newark castle. By the 19th century, Port Glasgow had become a centre of shipbuilding. The Comet was built in the town in 1812 and was the first commercial steam vessel in Europe. A replica of the Comet was built in 1962 to mark the 150th anniversary. It, and a plaque commemorating the actual site of construction, were situated in Port Glasgow town centre in 1973.

The Town Buildings were completed in 1815 and Port Glasgow became a parliamentary burgh in 1832, but around this time, the River Clyde up to Glasgow was deepened and new road and rail links meant that the town was no longer needed much as a port. The shipbuilding industry then took over as the main source of employment and prosperity. Port Glasgow has been responsible for about a quarter of the total tonnage of ships launched on the Clyde, and also dealt in scrapping old ships, most notably the French liner L'atlantique, the burnt out wreck of which was broken up in the yard of Smith & Houston. However, as with most of Inverclyde's industry, the shipbuilding industry has all but gone and only Ferguson Marine, which was nationalised in 2019, remains in the town today.

Regeneration
The former Gourock Ropeworks building, built as a sugar refinery in 1866, was redeveloped as luxury flats in 2006, and a retail park has been laid out adjacent to the town centre.

Transport
The town is served by Port Glasgow railway station (main station) in the town centre and Woodhall railway station in the east end of the town. Both stations are on the electrified Inverclyde Line, which has frequent services to the termini at Glasgow Central, Gourock and Wemyss Bay.

From 1869 to 1959, the town was also served by rail at Port Glasgow Upper railway station on the Greenock and Ayrshire Railway.

The town is connected to nearby Glasgow by the A8 dual carriageway and the M8 motorway.

Glasgow Airport located 21 km (13 mi) to the east is the closest airport to Port Glasgow.

Newark Castle

Newark Castle stands very close to the shore of the Clyde, and dates to around 1484. It was home to the Maxwell Family until 1694. By 1800, the castle was surrounded by shipyards, but today only Ferguson's shipyard remains, standing immediately to the west of the castle. A park and waterfront walkway have been constructed to the east, on the site of Lamont's shipyard and Smith & Houston's shipbreaking yard. The castle is now a visitor attraction maintained on behalf of the nation by Historic Scotland.

Parklea
About 1 mi upstream from the castle and its surrounding park, several acres of the Clyde foreshore at Parklea are owned by the National Trust for Scotland. For many years, the land has been leased to the local council as playing fields. When the NTS acquired the land, it was regarded as protecting the foreshore from the widespread acquisition by shipyards. However, this did not prevent the construction of extensive timber ponds along this stretch of the river.

Shipbuilders of Port Glasgow sculpture
A new sculpture by John McKenna was installed in Coronation Park in March 2022. The 10m high stainless steel structure depicts two larger than life shipyard workers wielding sledgehammers to bend steel plates into shape to form the hull of a ship, part of which is also depicted.

Coronation Park
Coronation Park was opened on the site of the West Harbour in 1937 to celebrate the coronation of King George VI. It contains a memorial to the Clyde boating tragedy when 20 people died when a pleasure cruiser capsized in bad weather on 14 September 1947.

Football
Port Glasgow has played host to several successful football clubs, including Port Glasgow Athletic F.C. and their sister side Port Glasgow Athletic Juniors F.C., which are both now defunct. Port Glasgow F.C., formed in 1948, returned "home" to a new stadium at Parklea, Port Glasgow in 2012, following a spell playing their home games in nearby Greenock.

Parliamentary representation
Port Glasgow was a parliamentary burgh as part of the Kilmarnock Burghs constituency from 1832 to 1918, when it was merged into the West Renfrewshire constituency. From 1974 to 1997, it was part of the Greenock and Port Glasgow constituency. It returned to the West Renfrewshire constituency in 1997, before becoming part of the present Inverclyde constituency in 2005. In the Scottish Parliament, Port Glasgow has been part of the West Renfrewshire Holyrood constituency since 1999.

Areas of Port Glasgow
Areas of Port Glasgow include:

 * Bardrainney
 * Boglestone
 * Bouverie
 * Broadfield
 * Chapelton
 * Clune Park
 * Devol
 * Highholm
 * Kelburn
 * Kingston Dock
 * Lilybank
 * Mid Auchinleck
 * Park Farm
 * Parkhill
 * Slaemuir
 * Springhill
 * Town Centre
 * Woodhall

title: Port Glasgow


text:
User talk:Brent Gulanowski/Categorization

OK, so, here are some specific questions:

 * What's the Colon? colon classification
 * What's the UDC? Universal Decimal Classification
 * Is "LC" the "Library of Congress" categorization system?
 * Is "DDS" the Dewey Decimal System?
 * When you say "category: all" page, do you mean that there's a literal page? Or is that a symbolic name?
 * What do you propose to do for the 200K articles already existing?

I'm sorry if this sounds hostile or dismissive, but I've been reading categorization proposals till my face turns blue. Most propose the following features:

 * Articles are tagged with a category somehow. How to do this varies.
 * It's possible to do multiple categories per article.
 * Categories can have sub-categories.
 * Category pages have links to articles in that category.
 * Category pages have links to sub-categories of that category.
 * Articles have a special link to the category or categories that they belong to.

Some also have these features:

 * Articles in a sub-category don't get linked in that sub-category's "super-category".

I guess I'm wondering if you could pull this together into a Categorization requirements article or something. I think we could use that to determine if concrete implementation proposals actually meet the requirements. --ESP 21:49, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I will add links for the articles which describe the terms I have mentioned. I should move the related links to the top and make them required reading, perhaps. I am still not used to writing hyper-text. It ruins my train of thought to think about linking, and I forgot to re-read it. Please see the Library classification page and related pages, though. You did get two out of four! :-)

 * I am frustrated to hear that there are very many categorization proposals when all I have seen is a bunch of me-too requests to use Dewey Decimal or Library of Congress or whatever weak book-sorting method and a bunch of hyper-specific examples of desired categories on Wikipedia talk:Category schemes. I don't count those as proposals. The difficulty in finding pages about categorization is particularly ironic, but maybe I'm just insufficiently 1337.

 * Category:all -- before getting into this, which is maybe too fine grained an issue, consider the wider question of whether a category should have one page or two pages. What I mean is that each category has two descriptions: its actual members (thus, a list), or a natural language summary, in other words an article. The two are logically distinct, but whether to make two pages (or three, see below) is ergonomic, if I can use that word. Anyway, here follows some more stuff, which I can either put into the article itself as is, or it can be debated and dissected here first.

Here are a few more thoughts I had as I read your good proporsal:

1. Any existing drill-down searching does not work well, if at all. That method is an exceptionally powerful tool when it exists. This is a needed focus.

2. Portals and category lists are difficult to find.

3. Using more simple-term categorization will help the less knowlegeable find what they need.

4. The problem with combining category and content information is that it tends to add confusion to the whole process. If the category name is not clear, then right there is the place for a disambiguation link.

It had appeared to me that the majority of your thoughts are right on point. I very much appreciate improvements in the subject area, as they are sorely needed. In fact, the home page should be the place where all the portals and categorization begins as the starting point for drill-down searching. - KitchM (talk) 16:50, 28 July 2011 (UTC)

Category:All
All articles belong to the "all" category by definition. The main page, if it is the "category:all" page (which I implicitly assume in the article), is the summary article for the all category, as opposed to the member list for the "all" category. A third aspect of a category could be its meta-data, which is variable and not related to the categorization scheme. The purpose of meta-data is ergonomic. The meta-data is everything else you'd want on a page for a category -- I don't know how else to define it. The side bar, control panel (search, user links, etc.). The main page is possibly unique in light of the additional content (including what could be called meta-meta-data if that term was not so awful and nearly meaningless), so I deliberately did not dwell on it.

Separation of Concept from Implementation
How pages are tagged should be irrelevant at the conceptual and design stages. I personally have no stake in that. What is more important is the logical process which leads to the definition of a category, which is why I am emphasizing an algorithm, and why I cannot over-emphasize it (from my position).

Whether the wiki had two or 200K articles should not matter to the algorithm, although I accept that it matters to a real implementation. It is possible to create constraints which make the algorithm more complicated but more flexible and conducive, which do not change the essential nature of the algorithm.

Default Categories
For example, one could define a set of default categories that are easy to generate automatically. The most obvious one is alphabetical ordering, but there could be hundreds of similar ones based on sorting (by date created, length, whatever). Although you don't have to use sorting and partioning, either; that is just the easiest to implement or think about. (Partitioning, by the way, leads to a nice uniform tree of categories.)

(It would be possible to define a set of default categories using links, and simplify by discarding any link which creates a loop. Either mark each page as categorized (if you want a tree), or not (if you want a DAG). A category could be defined as the set of pages reached from the first page in n links, or it could be the first n pages (assuming some kind of ordering of links). Link (or page) n+1 would be taken as the first in a new category. This is much more complicated a means to auto-generate a default set of categories. It would be interesting to try. Chances are it would not be much more useful than an alphabetical sorting for human use.)

Creation of New Categories
Whether one starts with all articles not categorized or all articles in system-generated default categories, the next step is to start producing useful categories. This happens one page at a time. Ideally you only allow one page at a time, although letting users lose on the system might prove problematic -- I leave that to the sychronization specialists. But say you have no default categories and all 200K articles are just sitting in "all" or even "none". By the algorithm as it stands, we immediately have to define a special "category" category. Whether this is safe by axiomatic set theory we might need a specialist to help us with. I don't know the implications of self reference in set theory, i.e.: can a set contain itself? Probably unimportant here. It might, however, be important to decide if a category is a purely logical entity or if it is merely a page in the "category" category. I'd say the former, since pages are in some sense generated as needed, and are distinct from articles themselves, correct?

Example of Creating a New Category
Given the "all" category, the "category" category, and two articles, one about each of these categories (being named, for now "category:all" and "category:category", both articles are immediately members of both categories. Thus, a member list page generated for either will include links to both. Category member list pages 'are not' ur-entities (that is, not eligible for category membership themselves), only snapshots of the system at a moment in time. (Set theorists might take issue with this.) We are finally ready to add a new page to the category system. Let's say we have an article entitled "set theory" (or "backgammon" if you prefer). Article (set theory: ur-element) "set theory" ("backgammon") is added first to category "all". At this point the algorithm provides two options:
 * do nothing
 * move "set theory" ("backgammon") into a sub-category (set theory: sub-set) of "all" entitled, say "mathematics" ("games")

The algorithm only lets you move one article at a time into the new sub-category. You could choose to define a language for category management tasks which allowed the movement of lists of pages, and a user interface which allowed the selection of pages in order to construct a list interactively. Whatever, that's the implementation. Regardless, the article(s) so moved are still logically part of the parent category, although it is better to call the new sub-category a partition and to represent it with a token in any list of the members of the parent category (this is distinct from saying that the sub-category is itself a member of the sub-category -- we're not allowing sets of sets here, for the moment).

Implications of Default Categories (Autogenerated)
The system should probably auto-generate an empty category summary article or at least a token or reference. This might be different than how uncreated non-category articles are created.

If the articles are initially placed in auto-generated categories, it is immaterial whether those categories are "special" (say, permanent where others are not, or temporary where others are permanent). If there are ten pages per category, then you'll have 20K default categories, so its clear that the system better be able to handle them efficiently, but I don't see why that would be a problem.

A more annoying problem of combining default category generation with category summary articles is that you end up with countless stub pages that will never be filled. It would make sense that auto-generated categories do not have auto-generated stub pages.

Prevention of Orphan Categories
What is a problem, in the case of multiple contributors defining categories, is the creation of bogus categories, but that's a management issue. The algorithm takes it for granted that contributors only define meaningful categories. What would be required is that an article which begins life in a default category has to be put into an existing real category before it can be moved into a sub-category. So, the first article has to be added to the "all" category (nothing can be added to the "category" category). A stricter variation on the algorithm would involve forcing a new article to be added to sub-categories in sequence, starting at the "all" category, to ensure no orphan categories are created. Alternately, it is enough to require that every new category has a parent category, which can be proved (by induction) to amount to the same thing. One trusts that contributors will not simply make every new category an immediate child of "all".

Viewing Membership of a Category
Exactly how a list of members is maintained in the implementation is not especially relevant. Likewise, it is not important what the maximum number of categories per article is set at. What is important is that an article cannot be both a member of a category and a sub-category -- membership in any category implies membership in its parent. If an article somehow made it into the lists of both the parent and the child, it would in fact be in the parent twice, which is a violation of the nature of a set. Keep in mind that we are using a token of some kind to represent the sub-category as a partition of the parent -- that token (a pointer) literally is those members. It is important to distinguish this state of affairs from the idea of a record or structure in a programming language like C -- if a struct contains a struct as a member, the members of the second struct are not members of the first struct.

-- Brent Gulanowski 07:45, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)


text:
Portsoy

Portsoy (Port Saoidh) is a village in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Historically, Portsoy was in Banffshire. The original name may come from Port Saoithe, meaning "saithe harbour". Portsoy is located on the Moray Firth coast of northeast Scotland, 50 mi northwest of Aberdeen and 65 mi east of Inverness. It had a population of 1,752 at the time of the 2011 census.

History
Portsoy became a burgh of barony in 1550, under Sir Walter Ogilvie of Boyne Castle, and the charter was confirmed by parliament in 1581.

From the 16th century until 1975, Portsoy was in the civil and religious parish of Fordyce. It lost its status as a burgh in 1975 and became a part of the District of Banff And Buchan. In 1996, administration was transferred to the Aberdeenshire council area.

The "old harbour" dates to the 17th century and is the oldest on the Moray Firth. The "new harbour" was built in 1825 for the growing herring fishery, which at its peak reached 57 boats. The Old Town Hall in The Square was completed in 1798.

Economy
Portsoy is known for local jewellery made from "Portsoy marble" (which is not marble, but rather serpentinite). The annual Scottish Traditional Boat Festival was started in 1993 to celebrate the 300th year of the harbour.

In popular culture
Portsoy, notably the harbour, has featured in BBC period dramas The Camerons, The Shutter Falls and Peaky Blinders and a Tennent's Lager advert parodying the 1949 film Whisky Galore!. It was also the principal location for Gillies MacKinnon's film Whisky Galore!, a 2016 remake of the 1949 film; Portsoy represented the fictional island of Todday.

Transport
Portsoy railway station was formerly the terminus of the Banff, Portsoy and Strathisla Railway branch of the Great North of Scotland Railway system. It closed in 1968.

Notable people

 * Jimmy MacBeath, the wandering singer, was born in Portsoy and is buried there
 * William Boyd, Canadian pathologist and medical textbook writer, was born in Portsoy
 * Eoin Jess, the former Aberdeen and Scotland footballer, was born in Portsoy
 * Jim Paterson, trombonist with Dexys Midnight Runners, was born and raised in Portsoy

title: Portsoy


text:
Richard Bethell, 1st Baron Westbury

Richard Bethell, 1st Baron Westbury, (30 June 1800 – 20 July 1873) was a British lawyer, judge and Liberal politician. He served as Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain between 1861 and 1865. He was knighted in 1852 and raised to the peerage in 1861.

Background and education
Born at Bradford on Avon, in Wiltshire, he was the eldest son of the physician Richard Bethell of Bristol and Jane (née Baverstock). He was from an old Welsh family originally named Ap Ithel. His younger brother was John Bethell.

He was educated in Bath and Bristol before attending Wadham College, Oxford at only 14 years old. He received a scholarship the next year. He took first-class honours in classics and second class in mathematics, and he graduated as a Bachelor of Arts in 1818 and was elected a fellow of his college. In 1823, Bethell was called to the bar at the Middle Temple.

Career
Westbury was made a Queen's Counsel in 1840 was appointed Vice-Chancellor of the County Palatine of Lancaster in 1851. His most important public service was the reform of the then existing mode of legal education, a reform which ensured that students before call to the bar should have at least some acquaintance with the elements of the subject which they were to profess.

In 1847, he ran unsuccessfully for Parliament; contesting Shaftesbury, he lost to Whig politician Richard Brinsley Sheridan. He was successful in his second attempt in 1851, when he was elected for Aylesbury. Attaching himself to the liberals, he became Solicitor General in 1852, on which occasion he was made a Knight Bachelor. He was nominated Attorney-General in 1856 and again in 1859, serving both times for two years. He represented Wolverhampton from 1859 to 1861.

On 26 June 1861, on the death of Lord Campbell, he was appointed Lord Chancellor and raised to the peerage as Baron Westbury, of Westbury, in the County of Wiltshire. Owing to the reception by parliament of reports of committees nominated to consider the circumstances of certain appointments in the Leeds Bankruptcy Court, as well as the granting a pension to a Mr Leonard Edmunds, a clerk in the patent office, and a clerk of the parliaments, the Lord Chancellor felt it incumbent upon him to resign his office, which he accordingly did on 5 July 1865, and was succeeded by Robert Rolfe, 1st Baron Cranworth. After his resignation he continued to take part in the judicial sittings of the House of Lords and the Privy Council until his death. In 1872 he was appointed arbitrator under the European Assurance Society Act 1872.

Character
Perhaps the best known of his decisions was the judgment delivering the opinion of the judicial committee of the privy council in 1863 against the heretical character of certain extracts from the well-known publication Essays and Reviews.

His principal legislative achievements were the passing of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1857, and of the Land Registry Act 1862 (generally known as Lord Westbury's Act), the latter of which in practice proved a failure. What chiefly distinguished Lord Westbury was the possession of a certain sarcastic humour; and numerous are the stories, authentic and apocryphal, of its exercise. In fact, he and Sir William Henry Maule filled a position analogous to that of Sydney Smith, convenient names to whom good things may be attributed.

Family
Lord Westbury married Ellinor Mary, daughter of Robert Abraham, in 1825. His younger brother John married another daughter of Abraham, Louisa Sarah, in 1833. They had four sons and four daughters:

 * Ellen (1826–1880)
 * Eliza (1828–1916)
 * Richard Augustus, 2nd Baron (1830–1875)
 * Slingsby (1831–1896)
 * Arthur Howard (1833–1834)
 * Emma Louisa (1835–1877)
 * Augusta (1839–1931)
 * Walter John (1842–1907)

After Ellinor Mary's death in March 1863, Richard Bethell married Eleanor Margaret, daughter of Henry Tennant, in January 1873. After an illness, Westbury died six months later on 20 July 1873, within a day of the death of Bishop Samuel Wilberforce, his special antagonist in debate. He was buried in the Great Northern Cemetery (now the New Southgate Cemetery). He was succeeded in the barony by his son from his first marriage, Richard, who committed suicide two years later. Lady Westbury died in December 1894.

title: Richard Bethell, 1st Baron Westbury


text:
Colombian Liberal Party

The Colombian Liberal Party (Partido Liberal Colombiano; PLC) is a centre to centre-left political party in Colombia. It was founded as a classical liberal party but later developed a more social-democratic tradition, joining the Socialist International in 1999.

The Liberal Party along with the Colombian Conservative Party dominated the Colombian political scene from the end of the 19th century until 2002, in bipartisan political hegemony. The two parties were in direct military conflict between 1948 and 1958, during the civil war period known as La Violencia, after which they established the "National Front", agreeing to rotate power, intercalating for a period of four presidential terms. The election victory of independent candidate Álvaro Uribe in 2002 put an end to dominance of two party politics in Colombia.

Currently, the Liberal Party is the largest party in Congress and supported the left-wing presidency of Gustavo Petro until leaving Petro's coalition on November 28, 2023.

History
The party was founded in 1848 and, in opposition to the Colombian Conservative Party, became one of the two main political forces in the country for over a century. The two parties frequently engaged in armed conflict with one another, precipitating several civil wars.

In the 1940s, the liberal party turned towards socialism under the influence of the charismatic lawyer Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, despite the antipathy it provoked among party members and liberal leaders. In the rural area, Gaitanism faced a bloody repression to which its scrupulous respect for legality did not prepare it: 15,000 militants were murdered between 1945 and 1948 by death squads supposedly close to the conservatives. Gaitán himself, who was a likely winner of the next presidential election, was assassinated in 1948.

After the period known as La Violencia the Liberals and the Conservative Party reached an agreement to share power from 1958 to 1974 in the so-called National Front agreement that followed the fall of General Gustavo Rojas Pinilla. Nowadays there are many critics of the 16-year agreement but it greatly reduced the intensity of the violent political warfare that preceded it.

Following the end of the National Front agreement in 1974, the Liberal Party dominated Colombian politics until 2002; Liberal candidates won five of the seven Presidential elections and the party was the largest in both the Chamber of Representatives and Senate throughout the entire period.

In the 1994 election the Liberal Party's Ernesto Samper was narrowly elected president. Immediately afterwards he was accused of accepting millions from the Cali Cartel to fund his campaign. While Samper had immunity to prosecution as president, a number of his close associates were convicted of involvement in the so-called Proceso 8000 scandal, including Defence Minister Fernando Botero Zea. Partly due to the scandal the Liberal Party lost seats in the 1998 parliamentary election, although it remained easily the largest party. More seriously, the Liberals were defeated in the presidential election held the same year.

The Liberal Party suffered a major split in the lead-up to the 2002 elections. Horacio Serpa Uribe, the party's unsuccessful 1998 presidential candidate was nominated to run again. However Álvaro Uribe, a former senator and governor from the party launched an independent presidential campaign, backed by the Conservatives and dissident Liberals. Whereas Serpa supported the ongoing idea of negotiations with FARC, Uribe advocated confronting the guerrillas. Uribe was victorious in the elections, securing a majority in the first round. In the aftermath, the "Government endorsed" leadership of the party continued to oppose Uribe's administration, but many senators and representatives supported the government, becoming known as the "Uribist" faction. As a compromise, former president César Gaviria Trujillo was elected party leader in 2005.

At the 2006 legislative election, the Liberals lost around half their seats. While they remained the largest party in the Chamber of Representatives, they finished third in the Senate. Horacio Serpa was again nominated as the Liberal candidate for the subsequent presidential elections of 28 May 2006 and won 11.84% of the popular vote, placing him third, the worst ever result for a Liberal candidate.

During the parliamentary elections of 14 March 2010, the Liberal Party obtained 17 senators and 37 representatives, placing third in both the Chamber of Representatives and Senate. At the 2010 presidential election Liberal candidate Rafael Pardo finished sixth with 4.38% of the vote, worse than Horacio Serpa's 2006 vote. The Liberal Party went on to join the governing coalition of President Juan Manuel Santos.

title: Colombian Liberal Party


text:
Balance of terror

The phrase "balance of terror" is usually, but not invariably,  used in reference to the nuclear arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

During the Cold War
It describes the tenuous peace that existed between the two countries as a result of both governments being terrified at the prospect of a world-destroying nuclear war. The term is usually used for rhetorical purposes, and was probably coined by Lester Pearson in June 1955 at the 10th anniversary of the signing of the UN Charter: "the balance of terror has succeeded the balance of power".

Some political scientists use this phrase as a means of differentiating the world situation that followed World War II from that which preceded it. Previously, empires had prevented war between each other by maintaining a relative balance of their ability (economic, military, and political) to wage war against each other—the phrase "balance of power" was often used to describe this kind of tentative peace.

The atomic bomb created a new political reality, in which two superpowers had the ability to destroy each other and at least gravely damage all of human civilization. The obstacle to war between the communists and capitalists was no longer the fear that the other side was more powerful, but rather the realization that nuclear arsenals were now large enough and deadly enough that winning would still likely result in the destruction of one's own country and perhaps the rest of the world as well.

In this counterintuitive way, the existence of the most powerful weapons ever created actually supported a kind of peace: while many wars were fought around the world during the Cold War, the superpowers never fought each other directly, nor have atomic bombs been dropped in war since the atomic bombing of Nagasaki in 1945.

Other uses
Lawrence Summers, after the financial meltdown of 2008, adopted the term as appropriate for the situation of a 'financial balance of terror' in global markets.

Uses

 * John F. Kennedy used the phrase in his 1961 inaugural address in which he described the United States and the Soviet Union were "both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankind's final war."
 * Albert Wohlstetter of the RAND Corporation wrote the paper "The Delicate Balance of Terror" in 1958.
 * The classic Star Trek episode, "Balance of Terror," borrowed the catch phrase for the title. The story had Captain Kirk matching wits with a Romulan commander whose ship had superior weaponry and was capable of invisibility.  Kirk had to find a way to stop the Romulan attacks without starting a war.

title: Balance of terror


text:
Katzenellenbogen

Katzenellenbogen is a Jewish Ashkenazi surname derived from the name of the former County of Katzenelnbogen, a small medieval state of the German Empire (see also Katzenelnbogen Castle and town). Protection money paid by Jews was the main source of income for the small principality. Different spellings of the toponym and surname include Katzenelenbogen and Katznelbogen, with further derivative forms and spellings of the surname like Katsenelenbogen, Catzenellenbogen, Katzin, Katz, Elbogen/Ellenbogen and Bogen.

Notable people

 * Basil Kazen Ellenbogen (1917–1996), British Army officer and consultant physician (born Katzenellenbogen)
 * Benita Katzenellenbogen (born 1945), American biologist
 * Boris D. Bogen (1869–1929), born Katzenelenbogen, Russian-born Jewish-American educator and social worker
 * Edwin Katzen-Ellenbogen (1882–after 1955), Austrian-Polish and American eugenicist and physician in the Buchenwald concentration camp (also known as Katzenellenbogen)
 * Eyran Katsenelenbogen (born 1965), Israeli-born American jazz pianist
 * Ezekiel Katzenellenbogen (about 1670–1749), Polish-German rabbi
 * Gershon Ellenbogen (1917–2003), British barrister, author and Liberal Party politician (born Katzenellenbogen)
 * John Katzenellenbogen (born 1944), American professor of chemistry
 * Konrad Kellen (1913–2007), German-born American political scientist, intelligence analyst and author. (born Katzenellenbogen)
 * Ludwig Katzenellenbogen (1877–1944), German brewery director
 * Meir ben Isaac Katzenellenbogen (died 1565), Italian rabbi
 * Ostap Ortwin (1876–1942), whose real name was Oskar Katzenellenbogen, Polish journalist and literary critic
 * Samuel Judah Katzenellenbogen, Italian rabbi, son of Meir Katzenellenbogen
 * Stephen M. Kellen (1914–2004), German-American banker and philanthropist (born Katzenellenbogen)
 * Tamara Katsenelenbogen (1894–1976), Russian architect

In popular culture

 * "Gilly Gilly Ossenfeffer Katzenellen Bogen by the Sea", a 1954 popular song by Al Hoffman and Dick Manning
 * a fictional family in the short story "The Spectre Bridegroom" in Washington Irving's 1819 collection The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.
 * a fictional character in part 3 of Vasily Grossman's 1960 novel Life and Fate
 * Yakov Katzenelenbogen, the fictional leader of the eponymous team in the Phoenix Force novels

"Son of" (Katznelson)
Katzeneleson, Kazenelson, Kaznelson are further variations of the name by addition of the ending -son, 'son (of)'.

title: Katzenellenbogen


text:
Fanmi Lavalas

Fanmi Lavalas (Lavalas Family, Lavalas is Haitian Creole for flood), is a social-democratic political party in Haiti. Its leader is former Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristide. It has been a powerful force in Haitian politics since 1991. Fanmi Lavalas governments advocate a policy of "growth with equity" based on Western European social democratic principles. Fanmi Lavalas governments have emphasised investment in education and health care as their priorities and have refused International Monetary Fund austerity measures.

History
Lavalas emerged as a powerful social movement in the late 1980s, and it backed Jean Bertrand Aristide's election campaign in 1990. The establishment of the Lavalas movement as a formal political party, renamed Fanmi Lavalas, took place in 1996 as a split by Aristide from the Struggling People's Party (OPL) over the question of his resumption of the three years he lost in exile following the 1991 coup Two main reasons for its creation are known: (1) to allow the Lavalas movement to remain inclusive while opposing the neo-liberal policies of the foreign-influenced OPL, which was one of the conditions for Aristide's return to power in 1994; (2) to prevent rival politicians from taking over the movement's leadership from Aristide and other more left-wing leaders. The Haitian military overthrew Aristide's first government in 1991. "Fanmi Lavalas" may be roughly translated into English as "Avalanche Family" or "Waterfall Family" (referring to the Biblical flood), but the name is almost never completely translated from Haitian Creole, although it is sometimes given as "Lavalas Family". It was registered officially as a political party on 30 October 1996, and on 14 February 1997 it was recognized by the electoral authorities.

Elections were set for 2006 by the Interim Government, which was established by the governments of Canada, the US, and France. Certain members of Fanmi Lavalas claimed that Marc Bazin was the Lavalas candidate. However, its grassroots supporters overwhelmingly supported René Garcia Préval in his campaign as president. Lavalas candidates boycotted the election for the most part, but its voters supported the emergence of Preval's Lespwa party. The results of the election of the 7 February and 21 April 2006 Chamber of Deputies are not available.

Election exclusion
The performance of the Fanmi Lavalas party in Haitian elections has been difficult to measure since the 2004 coup d'état that toppled it from power as it has been repeatedly excluded from the democratic process. It was again excluded from participation in the 2010–2011 Haitian general election by the electoral council after the candidates did not receive the necessary votes.

2015 presidential and legislative election
CEP accepted Lavalas' request to contest election in the 2015 election. In highly controversial elections that were forced to be rerun due to credible charges of electoral fraud, the party's presidential candidate, Maryse Narcisse only received 110,449 votes, or 7.32% of popular votes. The party's legislature candidates received 5 seat out of 85 already elected seats in the 2015 parliamentary election, a second round will be held in December 27. The process and outcome of the 2015-2016 elections are still seen as controversial and are widely viewed as having damaged the credibility of the government of President Jovenel Moise and the Parti Haïtien Tèt Kale (Bald-head party).

Members of Committee
Youseline Augustin Bell - Committee of Finance, Jacob François - Commission of Information, Majolie Zéphirin - Commission of Information, Jean Luc Bell - Commission of Youth. Members: Louis Bonnet, Ernst Montoban, Jerry Jean Louis, Jean Pierre Barthol, Gary Servius, Claudine Janvier, Philippe André Jacques, Bazelais François, Fritz Péan, Roosevelt Goguette, Abel Moise, Vital Tholerme, Bellefleur Jean, Romane Joseph, Jean Elie Pierre-Louis, Rivière Dantès, Tony Désir, André Joseph

title: Fanmi Lavalas


text:
Talk:Call of Duty (video game)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Call of Duty (video game). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20091001145956/http://au.gamespot.com/features/6081710/index.html?tag=gameguide;title;1 to http://au.gamespot.com/features/6081710/index.html?tag=gameguide;title;1

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:36, 13 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Call of Duty (video game). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://au.gamespot.com/features/6081710/index.html?tag=gameguide%3Btitle%3B1
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090105171948/http://www.callofduty.com/codww to http://www.callofduty.com/CoDWW

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 09:30, 29 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Call of Duty (video game). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/65Y0LIDjh?url=http://pc.ign.com/articles/456/456776p1.html to http://pc.ign.com/articles/456/456776p1.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070324184702/http://au.pc.ign.com/articles/456/456776p1.html to http://au.pc.ign.com/articles/456/456776p1.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.elspa.com/?i=3942

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 09:42, 10 December 2017 (UTC)

Installable scenarios
A Canadian jihadist, Kevin Omar Mohammed, ended up having his arrest triggered by a request for an installable scenario for Call of Duty that would let him play the role of a first person shooter at the Brussel's Airport, mere days after terrorists attacked that airport. I added that information to his article. But this article doesn't say anything about installable scenarios... MOD he implied they were called. Geo Swan (talk) 16:25, 26 February 2019 (UTC)
 * This article is for the original game. Mohammed was probably making a reference to No Russian, a controversial level from a later game. Many games are capable of having custom levels, sometimes with support from the developer and sometimes not. Generally isn't covered for most games as secondary sources don't talk about it much. "Mods" is indeed the term usually used, or "custom maps" -- ferret (talk) 19:28, 26 February 2019 (UTC)
 * , can you tell me more about this "No Russian" MOD? When I used tineye and google image search on the image that triggered the controversy some of the matches were similar to the image he used, but the link included the phrase "No Russian".  Is the "No Russian" MOD controversial because it, itself, is about attacking civilians in an airport?

 * I ask because there is a big difference between a guy asking for a copy of an unofficial MOD, set in an airport, using a screenshot from that MOD, and a guy who personally changes an ordinary call of duty screenshot to make it look like an attack on civilians in an airport.

 * Thanks! Geo Swan (talk) 13:32, 14 March 2019 (UTC)
 * No Russian isn't a mod, its a level in Modern Warfare 2. It is indeed about attacking civilians in an airport. Read the article. -- ferret (talk) 16:11, 14 March 2019 (UTC)

Edits promoting a website across a few articles
see here

I only came across this trying to remember which CoD game I played way back when.

The edits seems to be promoting a website with a link that leads to the website itself, I do not know if this is against some community rules, so I am not planning on reverting all of them.

The only one that I did revert was with this article, visible in history (unnamed because I did not yet have an account until this moment), with a summary questioning the relevance of the website under the american campaign section. ConradKato (talk) 13:58, 26 May 2019 (UTC)

Source

 * https://web.archive.org/web/20040823064949/http://www.multiplayer.it/b2b/articoli.php3?id=10078

Xbox 360 release?
If this game came out in 2003, there's no way it came out on the 360, as the 360 didn't exist yet. Unless it got ported, I think whoever put it there meant the Xbox. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.96.161.220 (talk) 02:28, 20 March 2022 (UTC)

 * It got ported in 2009. 2A02:C7E:3860:4500:D453:9245:8B04:45D (talk) 14:59, 26 September 2022 (UTC)

Incorrect Platforms
Platforms in the sidebar don't list the original PS2 and Xbox (just the ports to next gen consoles) 194.242.55.7 (talk) 10:39, 22 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Because it wasn't released on them. -- ferret (talk) 13:31, 22 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Call of Duty (video game)


text:
Primetime (American TV program)

Primetime was an American news magazine television program that debuted on ABC in 1989 with co-hosts Sam Donaldson and Diane Sawyer and originally had the title Primetime Live. The program's final episode aired May 18, 2012.

Early history
Originally, the program aired live on the ABC network and featured a live studio audience. The first interviews included Roseanne Barr and a piece on a Middle East hostage crisis reported by Chris Wallace. Donaldson and Sawyer would allow audience members to comment on the program and ask questions of the guests, who were usually interviewed live via satellite or in studio, a practice that resulted in many technical difficulties and easy satirization on Saturday Night Live. Internal conflicts between Sawyer and Donaldson later led them to be separated, and the audience eliminated. However, the program has always had some live elements when broadcast as Primetime Live, generally consisting of Donaldson reading the opening remarks of packaged stories and the opening title as Primetime... LIVE!. Over time, live interviews were de-emphasized and hidden camera investigations began to occupy more of the schedule.

Cancellation and changes
In 1998, ABC, in an effort to consolidate all of their news magazines, cancelled Primetime Live and combined it with ABC's other well-known news magazine, 20/20. The move was made to compete more effectively with NBC's Dateline, which ran multiple nights of the week. In 2000, however, ABC relaunched the program. It was renamed Primetime Thursday with Charles Gibson, after they replaced Donaldson.

In 2003, ABC aired a short-lived 2003 continuation of the newsmagazine, 20/20 Downtown, as Primetime Monday.

Beginning in the 2004–2005 season, the show was known once again as Primetime Live. Its pair of co-hosts from the previous four seasons, Charles Gibson and Diane Sawyer, was replaced by the rotating team of Sawyer, David Muir, Chris Cuomo, Cynthia McFadden and John Quiñones. The format shifted back to investigative reporting and a new executive producer, Shelley Ross, was brought on board. On July 21, 2005, the show's title was changed to Primetime.

Beginning in the 2006–2007 television season, the news magazine adopted a subseries format, where multiple episodes would be focused on one topic such as crime and medical mysteries, with no set weekly timeslot. Sawyer departed the program around the time this change in format occurred, though she occasionally anchored special editions of Primetime. David Muir joined as co-anchor in 2007. What Would You Do? has become the most popular sub-series and can be regularly seen on ABC, often with a set timeslot. In 2011 ABC aired a special edition of Primetime: an interview by Diane Sawyer with Jaycee Dugard. In 2012, beginning with the sixth season, the Primetime branding was removed from the What Would You Do? show. It still airs sans branding and is anchored by Quiñones. The branding has not been used by any program or special since this time.

Food Lion scandal
One hidden-camera investigation, of south-eastern U.S. grocery chain Food Lion, backfired when Food Lion sued ABC. Food Lion sued for trespass and breach of loyalty, claiming that the report was produced under deceptive pre-tenses, and ABC employees hired by Food Lion wearing hidden cameras filmed other Food Lion employees without following proper notification procedures. Food Lion did not sue for libel, as the one-year statute of limitations had already run by the time it received all the footage shot by ABC, and prior to receiving the footage, its attorneys believed it would be difficult to prove that ABC acted with actual malice. A jury awarded Food Lion $5.5 million, but later appeals by ABC to the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals resulted in the damages reduced to $2.00. This scandal caused significant damage to Food Lion's business operations, leading to the closures of recently opened stores in Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Delaware, and Pennsylvania, affecting their plans for future expansion, all while generating negative media attention and financial losses for the company.

Awards

 * 2005 - Pigasus Award (by James Randi Educational Foundation) for the special "John of God" about "psychic surgeon" João Teixeira

Formats
Formats of Primetime include:

 * Primetime Monday: A short-lived 2003 continuation of the newsmagazine 20/20 Downtown.
 * Primetime: What Would You Do?: Hidden camera program featuring artificial situations in public and social settings designed to gauge the reaction (or lack thereof) of regular citizens.
 * Primetime: Basic Instincts: Followed the same format as What Would You Do?, but in more of a controlled test setting.
 * Primetime: Medical Mysteries: Basic format reporting on cases of mysterious ailments.
 * Primetime: The Outsiders: Human interest format involving subjects with odd habits or standards of living.
 * Primetime: Crime: Branding for episodes revolving around a full criminal case, including arrest, trial and aftermath.
 * Primetime: Mind Games: Investigative series revolving around psychology and other studies with heavy skepticism around them, such as magicians and televangelists.
 * Primetime: Family Secrets: Summer series revolving around famous family conflicts, both celebrity and criminal.
 * Primetime: Would You Fall for That?: Summer series with an emphasis on vulnerability and credulity from the public.
 * Primetime: Beyond Belief: A 2011 special five-part series that delved into paranormal and unexplained phenomena.

Co-anchors and reporters
Co-Anchors:

 * Sam Donaldson (1989–1998)
 * Charles Gibson (2000–2004)
 * Diane Sawyer (1989–1998, 2000–2006)
 * Chris Cuomo (2003, 2004–2010)
 * Cynthia McFadden (2003, 2004–2008)
 * David Muir (2007-2008)
 * John Quiñones (2003, 2004–2012): correspondent on "What Would You Do?" program
 * Elizabeth Vargas (2003, occasionally thereafter)
 * Jay Schadler (2003, occasionally thereafter)

Reporters:
 * Jay Schadler: contributes reports
 * Mary Fulginiti: report on legal and investigative issues primarily for "Primetime"
 * Rondi Charleston (former)
 * Nick Watt: host of "Would You Fall For That?"

International broadcasts
ABC News programming is shown daily on the 24-hour news network OSN News in MENA Region.

In Australia, the program airs at 2 p.m. Saturdays (Extended Edition) and 1:30 p.m. Thursdays on Sky News Australia.

In Canada, Citytv had rights to the show but only aired it when a limited series was scheduled. Primetime: What Would You Do? is currently on the air airing in simulcast with ABC.

Ratings
The program's highest rated episode was the June 14, 1995 episode. It featured Diane Sawyer interviewing Michael Jackson and Lisa Marie Presley, and the world premiere of Jackson's music video for his latest single, "Scream". The broadcast garnered 60 million viewers. Sawyer's interview was controversial in the journalism industry for her use of pre-taped "persons on the street" to ask the couple questions.

1989–1990: #92, 9.1 million

1990–1991: #60, 9.8 million

1991–1992: #40, 12.4 million

1992–1993: #31, 12.7 million

1993–1994: #17, 14.2 million

1994–1995: #31, 11.7 million

1995–1996: #18, 12.3 million

1996–1997: #15, 11.9 million

1997–1998: #22, 14.2 million

2000–2001: #50, 11.1 million

2001–2002: #49, 10.3 million

2002–2003: #81, 8.5 million

2003–2004: #83, 8.0 million

2004–2005: #95, 7.0 million

2005–2006: #98, 7.1 million

2006–2007: #145, 6.1 million

title: Primetime (American TV program)