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Marian Engel

Marian Ruth Engel (née Passmore; May 24, 1933 – February 16, 1985) was a Canadian novelist and a founding member of the Writers' Union of Canada. Her most famous and controversial novel was Bear (1976), a tale of erotic love between an archivist and a bear.

Biography
Born May 24, 1933, in Toronto, Ontario, Engel lived the first years of her life in foster care before being adopted by Frederick Searle and Mary Elizabeth (Fletcher) Passmore. Her father taught auto mechanics, taking on positions at schools across southwestern Ontario. The family moved frequently and Engel spent time as a child in Port Arthur, Brantford, Galt, Hamilton and Sarnia.

After graduating from the Sarnia Collegiate Institute & Technical School, Engel obtained her Bachelor of Arts in Language Studies at McMaster University in 1955 and completed a Master of Arts in Canadian Literature at McGill University in 1957. Her M.A. supervisor while at McGill was author Hugh MacLennan, whom she corresponded with until her death. In 1960 Engel was awarded a Rotary Foundation Scholarship and spent a year studying French Literature at the Université d'Aix-Marseille in Aix-en Provence, France. Instead of returning to Canada the following year, she worked in England as a translator and began working on the unpublished manuscript Women Travelling Alone.

Engel met Howard Engel, a mystery novel writer and Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) radio producer in Canada, and married him in England in 1962. They returned to Toronto in 1964. The couple had two children, twins William Lucas Passmore and Charlotte Helen Arabella. While raising her young family, Marian began to pursue a writing career. Marian and Howard separated in 1975 and divorced in 1977.

Engel taught briefly (1957–58) at The Study in Montreal, as well as at McGill University, the University of Montana-Missoula and St. John's School in Cyprus. Engel was writer-in-residence at the University of Alberta from 1977 to 1978 and served the same role at the University of Toronto from 1980 to 1982. From 1975-1977 she served on the City of Toronto Book Award Committee (an award she won in 1981 for Lunatic Villas ) and the Canadian Book and Periodical Development Council.

Writers' rights advocacy
Engel was a passionate activist for the rights of Canadian writers on the national and international stage. She was the first chair of the Writers' Union of Canada, established in 1973, with early meetings taking place in her Toronto home. Engel also helped instigate the Public Lending Right Commission as a trustee on the Toronto Public Library Board from 1975-1978.

Pensions for writers and royalties from library loans were two of the issues Engel championed. In a 1974 Maclean's editorial Our Authors are Being Ripped Off, Engel outlined a vision for author compensation based on library circulation statistics. She argued that authors are expected "to live off that vapourous substance "prestige"" and suggested that the uncompensated use of Canadian writers' work is a violation of copyright.

Writing
Marian Engel's first published novel, No Clouds of Glory, was published in 1968. Later reissued in the United States as Sarah Bastard's Notebook (1974), the work challenged traditional notions of female identity by using a fragmented approach to the subjective narrative that mirrored entries in a notebook.

Engel's most famous and controversial novel was Bear (1976), a tale of erotic love between an archivist and a bear. Her editor at Harcourt Brace rejected the manuscript noting that: "Its relative brevity coupled with its extreme strangeness presents, I'm afraid, an insuperable obstacle in present circumstances." It was eventually published by McClelland & Stewart after being championed by Robertson Davies. It won the Governor General's Literary Award for Fiction in 1976.

Inside the Easter Egg (1975) and her posthumous The Tattooed Woman (1985) were collections of short stories. Some of these short stories had originally been written for Robert Weaver's CBC radio program Anthology. The novel JOANNE: The Last Days of a Modern Marriage was originally commissioned as a radio-novel by CBC for the program This Country in the Morning. In addition to her novels, Engel wrote two children's books; Adventures of Moon Bay Towers (1974) and My name is not Odessa Yarker (1977).

Engel was an avid journal keeper and she used them primarily as a repository for memories and details from which she drew for her fiction. In 1999, this material was edited and published as Marian Engel's Notebook: 'Ah, mon cahier, écoute...'.

From 1965-1985 she corresponded with literary peers and friends such as Hugh MacLennan, Robertson Davies, Dennis Lee, Margaret Atwood, Timothy Findley, Alice Munro, Margaret Laurence, Matt Cohen, Robert Weaver, Graeme Gibson and more. Some of this correspondence can be found in Dear Hugh, Dear Marian: the MacLennan-Engel Correspondence (1995) and Marian Engel: Life in Letters (2004)

Themes
Engel's writing illustrated contemporary life with a focus on the day to day experiences of women. She described her work as an exploration of "how you deal with an imperfect world when you have been brought up to look for perfection." The relationships between mothers and daughters, rooted in explorations of identify formation and subjective experiences, were a common theme. Doubled identities were also commonly used to illustrate the challenge of choosing between the push and pull of daily life – namely traditional gender roles and the imagined possibility of the "other."

Although Engel's writing garnered multiple awards, some viewed her focus on women and their search for self-fulfillment as one-note writing. Author Alice Munro disagreed, noting that Engel was one of the first to examine women's lives "at their most muddled", demonstrating it was possible to not only write but be published while writing about female experiences.

Death
Engel died in Toronto, of cancer, on February 16, 1985. Writers, including Gwendolyn MacEwen, read during a memorial service in her honour co-ordinated by Timothy Findley at The Music Gallery on February 28. Elizabeth and the Golden City, the novel Engel was working on at the time of her death, was left unfinished. It was incorporated into Marion and the Major: Engel's Elizabeth and the Golden City by Christyl Verduyn and published in 2010.

After her death the Writer's Development Trust of Canada instituted the $10,000 Marian Engel Award, which was presented annually to a woman writer in mid-career. The award was prompted by Engel's friends and colleagues who established an endowment fund in her name to recognize significant literary achievement by female writers under the age of 45. The first contributor to the fund was Margaret Atwood. The Engel and Findley Awards are no longer awarded separately, but were combined into the new Writers' Trust Notable Author Award as of 2008, subsequently renamed the Writers' Trust Engel Findley Award.

Awards and honours

 * Governor General's Award for English-language fiction (1976)
 * Officer of the Order of Canada(1982)
 * Toronto Book Award (1982)
 * Toronto YWCA's Woman of Distinction in Arts (1984)

Books

 * No Clouds of Glory. 1968 (reissued as Sarah Bastard's Notebook in 1974)
 * Islands of Canada (photographs by J. A. Kraulis). 1981
 * Islands of Canada (photographs by J. A. Kraulis). 1981
 * Islands of Canada (photographs by J. A. Kraulis). 1981
 * Islands of Canada (photographs by J. A. Kraulis). 1981
 * Islands of Canada (photographs by J. A. Kraulis). 1981
 * Islands of Canada (photographs by J. A. Kraulis). 1981
 * Islands of Canada (photographs by J. A. Kraulis). 1981
 * Islands of Canada (photographs by J. A. Kraulis). 1981
 * Islands of Canada (photographs by J. A. Kraulis). 1981
 * Islands of Canada (photographs by J. A. Kraulis). 1981

Posthumous publications

 * Verduyn, Christl, ed. Dear Marian, Dear Hugh: The MacLennan-Engel Correspondence. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1995.
 * Verduyn, Christl, ed. Marian Engel's Notebook: 'Ah, mon cahier, écoute...'. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1999.
 * Verduyn, Christl and Kathleen Garay, eds. Marian Engel: Life in Letters. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004
 * Verduyn, Christl, Marian and the Major: Engel's Elizabeth and the Golden City Montreal-Kingston: McGill Queen's University Press, 2010.

title: Marian Engel


text:
Zorn Collections

The Zorn Collections, or Zornsamlingarna, is a Swedish state museum, located in Mora, dedicated to preserving the works by painter Anders Zorn.

Anders Zorn was one of Sweden's internationally best known artists. His fame abroad was founded mainly on his portraiture, with his ability to capture the character and personality of the depicted person. His nude studies are also very famous, as are his genre pictures which mostly depict working people and in which his swift and elegant impressionistic technique found its fullest scope.

The Zorn Collections administers Anders and Emma Zorn's donation to the Swedish State. The Zorn Collections consists of four museums: Zorngården, Zorn Museum, Zorn's Gammelgård & Textilkammare and Zorn's Gopsmor.

Museums

 * Zorngården was the home of Anders and Emma Zorn. It is shown today as it was at the time of Emma Zorn's death in 1942. Drawing inspiration from English and Swedish architecture, it is a fine example of the architecture which characterizes the years around 1900.
 * The Zorn Museum (Swedish: Zornmuseet), Ragnar Östberg's last work, is a two-storied rectangular brick building in the classical style. The Zorn Museum mainly displays for work by Anders Zorn and examples of his artistic variety - oil paintings, water colors, etchings and sculptures.
 * Gammelgård is Zorn's old farm consisting of about 40 old houses, grouped around a farm, a mill, chalets, and boathouses. Gammelgård provides the opportunity to see how the Dalarna farmers lived in the past. Textilkammare, the Textile Room, was added in 1993 to display parts of the Zorn family's collection of country textiles.
 * Gopsmor was a combination of a fishing cottage and a wilderness studio, situated some 20 kilometers to the north of Mora. Zorn arranged for some old log buildings to be moved there. It became something of an escape for him when he became too well known in Mora.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Zorn Collections


text:
Columbia Metropolitan Airport

Columbia Metropolitan Airport is the main commercial airport for Columbia and the Midlands region of South Carolina, United States. The airport is located in West Columbia, 5 mi southwest of Columbia, in Lexington County. It is surrounded by the city of Cayce and the towns of Springdale, Pine Ridge, and South Congaree. The airport is a regional cargo hub for UPS Airlines.

World War II era
The airport was built in 1940 as Lexington County Airport. In 1940 the United States Army Air Corps indicated a need for the airfield as part of the buildup of its forces after World War II began in Europe. The earliest recorded Air Corps use of the airport was when the 105th Observation Squadron began flying Douglas O-38 and North American O-47 light observation aircraft on 24 September.

In 1941 the airport came under formal military control, and an immediate program began to turn the civil airport into a military airfield. On 8 December 1941, as the Columbia Army Air Base, Columbia Army Airfield's mission was a training base for B-25 Mitchell crews.

One of the earliest units to train at Columbia AAB was the 17th Bombardment Group, which arrived on 9 February 1942. When the group arrived in Columbia its combat crews were offered the opportunity to volunteer for an "extremely hazardous" but unspecified mission which ultimately turned out to be the famous Doolittle Raid on Japan. Contrary to popular belief, the volunteers who made up the crews of the Doolittle Raid did not train for the Raid itself at Columbia.

Training at Columbia Army Air Base was phased down during the summer of 1945. Several units arrived at the base from overseas to inactivate during September and October. It was inactivated by the U.S. Army Air Forces on 30 November and returned to civil authorities, which converted it back to an airport. The 350th Bombardment Squadron was assigned to Columbia Metropolitan Airport on 16 July 1947 as part of the Air Force Reserve, but it was never equipped or manned; it was inactivated on 27 June 1949.

Postwar use
Before World War II, Columbia's main civil airport had been Owens Field. However, its location near downtown made expansion impossible. Accordingly, in 1947, most frontline passenger service relocated to Lexington County Airport, which was renamed Columbia Metropolitan Airport. The city of Columbia built a new terminal at the airport in the early 1950s. It burned down, and a new one was built in its place.

In 1962, the Richland-Lexington Airport District was established to operate the airport. It is governed by a 12-member commission–five nominated by Lexington County's legislative delegation, five nominated by Richland County's legislative delegation, and two nominated by the Columbia city council.

Passenger service began on Delta Air Lines which has served Columbia for over 70 years. Delta began flights from Columbia to Charleston, Asheville, Jacksonville, Augusta, Savannah and New York–La Guardia. Delta DC-9 jet flights began March 7, 1966, with Flight 521 from Charleston continuing to Atlanta.

Eastern Airlines flew to Charlotte, Washington, and New York; it first scheduled jets to CAE in 1965. Piedmont Airlines flew from Augusta, Florence, and Charlotte in 1962. Southern Airways flew to Charleston and Greenville/Spartanburg. In January 1978 Eastern started flights to Atlanta after a route swap with Piedmont Airlines. Southern Airways left in December 1978, six months before their merger with North Central Airlines to form Republic Airlines. Atlantis Airlines started service in 1979 for a brief time using Twin Otter aircraft. Piedmont Airlines introduced nonstop service to Miami in January 1980, but dropped Columbia in June 1980 leaving only Delta and Eastern for a time.

In November 1982 Piedmont Airlines returned to Columbia with flights to Charlotte and later Newark. American Airlines would start service in 1985 to Raleigh and United Airlines would fly to Charlotte and Chicago–O'Hare. PeopleExpress and Continental Airlines. Freedom Airlines operated Convairs to Columbia in 1983. United Express (operated by Atlantic Coast Airlines) entered the market May 24, 1999 with service to Washington–Dulles and added Chicago–O'Hare on July 1, 2000. Northwest Airlines (operated by Pinnacle Airlines) came to Columbia on October 6, 2003, offering service to Detroit. On October 30, 2005, American Eagle returned after a nine-year absence with service to Dallas/Fort Worth after Delta closed their DFW hub earlier that year. In October 2010 US Airways Express operated by Air Wisconsin began non-stops to New York–La Guardia, but wound up discontinuing it as a result of a New York–La Guardia slot swap with Delta, which now has two daily flights to the airport.

Since 2000 the airport has tried to recruit low-cost carriers, but has been unable to maintain those services. Allegiant Air tried service to Orlando/Sanford, St. Petersburg/Clearwater and Fort Lauderdale in Florida, yet these services did not last. Independence Air served Columbia briefly in 2004 and 2005 with service to Washington–Dulles before ceasing its operations in January 2006. In May 2008, Spirit Airlines began service to Fort Lauderdale but terminated the route in March 2009. In 2011 Vision Airlines launched service to Destin, Florida, ending the route after a month.

In 2015 United Airlines CEO Jeff Smisek was forced to step down after it was revealed that he had continued to run an unprofitable route to the airport from Newark Liberty International Airport for former Port Authority of New York and New Jersey chairman David Samson.

On June 7, 2018 American Airlines restored mainline service to Columbia with two daily nonstop flights to Dallas/Fort Worth. The airline also announced it would start flights to/from Miami by the end of 2019.

Facilities
The airport covers 2,600 acre and has two runways: 11/29 is 8,601 x 150 ft and 5/23 is 8,001 x 150 ft. It has a 50 x 50 ft helipad. The center 75 feet of runway 5/23 is asphalt; the edges are grooved concrete.

The airport is a hub for UPS Airlines and was a hub for Air South, a former low-cost carrier.

For the year ending February 22, 2022 the airport had 63,338 aircraft operations, an average of 174 per day: 46% general aviation, 23% air taxi, 23% airline and 8% military. In November 2023, there were 81 aircraft based at this airport: 44 single-engine, 13 multi-engine, 14 jet, 5 helicopter and 5 gliders.

The terminal opened May 30, 1965, and was renovated in 1997. The renovation was designed by Heyward, Woodrum, Fant & Associates, Ltd. It replaces a terminal built in the early 1950s which was a replacement of a terminal built several years earlier in the early 1950s. Since the late 1980s, capital improvements have been undertaken, including a renovated and expanded terminal, a new parking garage (completed in 2003), the lengthening of the runways, and better interstate access. The terminal has several services, including gift shops, the Everett Adams Memorial Chapel, restaurants and bars inside the terminal. Free wireless internet service is provided throughout the airport as well as small number of recharge stations with access to outlets.

Police and fire/rescue services are provided by the Columbia Metro Airport Department of Public Safety. Public safety officers are South Carolina Police Academy Class 1 officers, and South Carolina Fire Academy IFSAC Firefighter II, and Airport Firefighter. Some have basic EMT certifications. The Department has three ARFF units, one RIV unit, one fire pumper, and a service truck. Law enforcement is covered by four patrol vehicles. The Department provides fire services at the FAR 139 level only. Structural firefighting is handled by Lexington County Fire Service.

Airlines and destinations
Passenger service is currently provided by five scheduled airlines, with commercial cargo service being handled by three scheduled airlines and numerous air freight operators. Two fixed-base operators also serve the Metro facility with various charter flights. The airport maintains a newly dedicated air cargo terminal, the Columbia Airport Enterprise Park (CAE Park) and Foreign Trade Zone #127. Columbia Metropolitan Airport recently completed a $45 million terminal expansion and renovation. Annually, the airport serves about 1 million passengers, though prior to the Great Recession, nearly 1.5 million passengers were served.

Southeastern regional cargo hub
In August 1996, the UPS Airlines-owned cargo airline opened an $80 million southeastern regional hub at the airport, one of six regional hubs throughout the United States. The hub offers next-day, second-day and third-day air service. The buildings encompass 352000 sqft and the 44 acre ramp is large enough to hold 22 DC-8 aircraft. The hub can process 42,000 packages an hour. Other major air cargo companies serving the airport include ABX Air and FedEx Express.

Accidents and incidents

 * A Volpar 18 (registration ) crashed on February 26, 1971 while attempting to land at the airport. The aircraft crashed in poor visibility and fog while performing a missed approach, killing the pilot and seven passengers.
 * A Beechcraft C90 King Air crashed on December 20, 1973 while attempting to land at the airport. The aircraft collided with trees after descending below minimum descent altitude in poor visibility. The pilot and a passenger were killed and another passenger was seriously injured.
 * A Learjet 60 crashed on September 19, 2008 while attempting a rejected takeoff on runway 11, crashing instead into the hillside across a road beyond the end of the runway. Four people died in the accident, including the two pilots. The sole survivors were musicians Travis Barker of Blink 182 and DJ Adam Goldstein, who died a year later.
 * On December 20, 2020, a Western Global Airlines Boeing 747 lost a wingtip on its right wing while taxiing before take-off at Columbia Metropolitan Airport, for a flight to Ontario International Airport in Ontario, California. No one aboard was reported injured.

Features

 * The airport's two airplane runways measure 8000 ft and 8600 ft in length.
 * The airport runways can accommodate an airplane of any size, including the Boeing 747 and the military C-5A.
 * The airport contains its own police department, fire station, and post office (Air Mail Facility).
 * Decorative and semi-natural ponds bordering the sides of the airport terminal can be used by the airport fire department to put out fires.
 * The air traffic control tower is 105 ft tall.
 * More than 1.1 million passengers travel through Columbia Metropolitan Airport each year.
 * More than 1,400 people work at the airport.

In popular culture

 * An opening scene in the 2006 film Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan, starring Sacha Baron Cohen, was shot in the Columbia Metropolitan Airport terminal although it is labeled as "New York Airport."
 * Air scenes from the 1943 World War II film A Guy Named Joe, starring Spencer Tracy and Lionel Barrymore, and directed by Victor Fleming, were filmed at what was then called the Columbia Army Air Base.

title: Columbia Metropolitan Airport


text:
Cocacolonization

Cocacolonization (alternatively coca-colonization) refers to the globalization of American culture (also referred to as Americanization) pushed through popular American products such as the soft-drink brand  Coca-Cola. The term is a portmanteau of the name of the multinational soft-drink maker and "colonization".

The term was first documented in 1949 in Australia and in France, where the French Communist Party strongly opposed the further expansion of Coca-Cola. In 1948, the French finance ministry stood against "Coke" on the grounds that its operation would bring no capital to help with French recovery, and was likely to drain profits back to the parent company in the United States. The French Communist Party also warned that the Coke distribution-system would double as an espionage network.

In World War II (1939-1945) and the Cold War (1947-1991), many outside of the United States associated Coca-Cola with American culture. Seeing ties to the culture of the United States, some Europeans rejected perceived attempts to cocacolonize their countries, objecting to what they saw as an invasion of their nationalistic identities. Europeans saw Coca-Cola not just as a carbonated refreshment, but as bottled America. By the end of the Cold War, American ideals were spread across the world by Coke and in certain cases, used to combat Communism.

Cocacolonization as a historical concept gained visibility in the Americanization debate in Europe with the 1994 publication of Reinhold Wagnleitner's book Coca-Colonization and the Cold War: The Cultural Mission of the United States in Austria After the Second World War. Wagnleitner used "Coca-Colonization" to embody the premise of his book: the United States of America attempted cultural imperialism by expanding American ideals through the spread of consumer goods such as Coca-Cola and Levi jeans, and through cultural symbols like rock and roll and Marlon Brando's black leather jacket, as well as through the promotion of democracy in Europe.

The expression "coca-colonization" also appears in medical literature to describe the lifestyle changes and the associated increase of incidence of characteristic chronic diseases, e.g.  type 2 diabetes.

History
The concept of Cocacolonization began at the beginning of World War II. Over time, some countries resisted the American soft drink while others openly accepted it. To all, it represented America and its culture and at a majority of major historical events during the 20th century, Coke was in attendance.

“Although the brand dates back to the late 1880s, the basic brand proposition - Coca-Cola satisfies, Coca-Cola is a delightful, refreshing beverage - has remained virtually unchanged, as has the brand name and its distinctive logo.” The image of the Coca-Cola continues today: “The brand is seen as traditional, patriotic, friendly, and American.”

World War II
When war broke out and American troops were sent overseas, the Coca-Cola company vowed that any American in uniform should be able to get a Coke for five cents wherever they were. As a result, the company built bottling stations in the Pacific and on the Western front. Nazis recognized Coke to be a "Jewish-American" drink. In response, the regime only allowed Coke in the country if it displayed a swastika on the bottle, which it did. In the Soviet Union, war hero Marshal Georgi Zhukov loved the drink, but Soviet leader Joseph Stalin viewed it as a symbol of American imperialism and forbade its consumption. As a solution, Coca-Cola developed a clear version of the drink bottled with a white cap and red star as a disguise to allow Zhukov to consume Cola without suspicion.

On the Pacific front of the war, Coke had a tough time reaching the troops. To address the issue, the company created portable soda fountains that were distributed throughout the islands on the Pacific Ocean. Asian countries experienced Coca-Cola. According to the company, the drink spread throughout the islands because, "Coke symbolized the American way of life."

Throughout the war, Coke dispersed ads for their soda all over the world. The majority of the ads displayed an American soldier drinking a soda with the natives of that country. If the ad was in a country outside of the United States, it was written in the native language of that country. Popular ads had positive images of Americans with Coke in New Zealand, Russia, the Philippines, Newfoundland, Italy, England, and in Poland. According to Coca-Cola, "From the jungles of the Admiral Islands to the officer clubs in the Riviera," Coke and America was there.

Late 1940s and the Cold War
The end of World War II marked up by widespread cocacolonization of Europe and Asia. In 1947, Coca-Cola bottling operations began in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg; then Switzerland, Italy, and France by 1949. Author Mark Gordon said, "American ideals were now being pushed on Europeans every time they sipped a bottle of Coke." By the early 1950s, there were 63 bottling plants expanding across three continents including the countries of: Egypt, Iceland, Iran, West Africa, and New Guinea. Many US companies benefitted from expansion into Europe, including Coca-Cola. Through these foreign endeavours, the US was able to informally create a business and corporate empire via the expansion of several US companies. By the time of the Cold War, Coke met resistance in some countries. Italians kept from indulging in the soda. Austrians recognized the expansion of the company as an attempt to spread American culture and ideals overseas. In France, French communists spread awareness about Coca-Cola. They coined the term cocacolonization because they saw the spread of Coke in their country as an attempt to make it an American colony. When the company attempted to open a bottling plant in the country, French Communists threatened to barricade Paris to keep Coke out. To the French, the company represented capitalist America.

At the fall of the Berlin Wall, the end of Communism in Germany in November 1989, Coca-Cola handed out sodas.

Health factors
Medical experts use the term cocacolonization in their medical journals representing the spread of unhealthy American foods overseas.

A significant shift in nutrition has occurred. Developed nations export processed foods that are high in trans fats and refined sugar to developing nations, causing a change from previous methods of survival such as hunting and gathering.

Cocacolonization has been linked to the spike in Type 2 diabetes, obesity, and increased risk for cardiovascular diseases because of the connection between economic situation and low costs of high fat, high sugar foods.

Due to an increase in tourism in their area, the Mayan tribe in the Yucatán Peninsula experienced a decline in health because they were introduced to unhealthy American foods. They became increasingly dependent on the foods. Similarly, the Tz'utujill tribe in Guatemala was also introduced to the same food and encountered the same decline in health lead. Worldwide, type 2 diabetes spread and steadily increased over the past 20 years. The explanation for their decline in health was cocacolonization.

Widespread
As of 2015, Coca-Cola has been distributed to over 200 countries worldwide. A few of the many countries consist of China, Guatemala, Papua New Guinea, Mexico, Russia, Canada, United Kingdom, Algeria, and Libya. According to the company, "Coca-Cola is the second-most understood term in the world behind "okay."

Coca-Cola as a product has stretched across international borders to create a brand. “In much political, academic and conversational rhetoric the term Coca-Cola comes to stand, not just for a particular soft drink, but also for the problematic nature of commodities in general. It is a meta-commodity. … It may stand for commodities or capitalism, but equally Imperialism or Americanization.” Cocacolonization as referring to the spread of American culture and/or brands; Coca-Cola is an example of the widespread infrastructure of westernized capitalism and consumerism. There have been several notable pushbacks against Cocacolonization. In 2012, Bolivia's Foreign Minister David Choquehuanca (alongside President Evo Morales) unsuccessfully tried to place a ban on Coca-Cola in a move against Western imperialism and capitalism.

Coca-Cola operates via franchises; therefore, for areas to benefit from its production, local bottling plants are required. Trinidad obtained the franchise in 1939, so in Trinidad Coke was bottled by the firm of Cannings - which, like other older colonial firms, was taken over, in Cannings' case in 1975.

In Trinidad, sweet drinks are not viewed as luxury items, but instead as everyday items of the common man. In relation to Coca-Cola, “the centrality of the black sweet drink to Trinidadian drinking is above all summed up in the notion of a “rum and Coke” as the core alcoholic drink for most people of the island.” Having a common drink that requires the existence of an exact sweet drink emphasizes its hold on the local environment.

title: Cocacolonization


text:
Talk:Marine Hymn

Text of hymn?
Somebody got the full text ? It would imho do well do have it here.

Greetz Hexren 09:19, 18 November 2003 User:213.39.181.251

title: Talk:Marine Hymn


text:
Tivadar Soros

Tivadar Soros (Teodoro Ŝvarc; born Theodor Schwartz; 7 April 1893 – 22 February 1968) was a Hungarian lawyer, author and editor. He is best known for being the father of billionaire George Soros, and engineer Paul Soros.

He was born into an Orthodox Jewish family in Nyírbakta, Hungary, near the border with Ukraine. His father had a general store and sold farm equipment. When Tivadar was eight, his father moved the family to Nyiregyhaza, the regional center in north-eastern Hungary, providing a somewhat less isolated life experience.

He first met his wife Erzsébet when she was eleven years old during a visit to the home of her father Mor Szücs, a cousin of his own father.

He studied law at the Franz Joseph University in Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca), in what was then Hungarian Transylvania.

Soros fought in World War I and spent years in a prison camp in Siberia before escaping. He founded the Esperanto literary magazine Literatura Mondo (Literary World) in 1922, having learned the language from a fellow soldier during the war, and edited it until 1924.

In 1936, Soros changed the family's surname from the German-Jewish "Schwartz" to "Soros", in an attempt to protect the family from Hungary's increasing antisemitism. Soros was said to like the new name because it is a palindrome and because of its meaning; in Hungarian, soros means "next"; in Esperanto it means "will soar".

Soros forged paperwork, giving the family's new alias, as the Germans occupied Hungary in 1944. The family fled to safe houses for nearly a year, until Soviet forces invaded the country.

Soros died of cancer in New York in 1968.

Publications

 * Modernaj Robinzonoj ("Modern Robinsons") (1923), a short novel which was republished in 1999 by Esperanto publisher Bero and was translated into several languages, including English (Maskerado: Dancing Around Death London: Canongate, 2000).

 * Maskerado ĉirkaŭ la morto ("Masquerade around death") (1965), an autobiographical novel about Soros's experience during the Nazi occupation of Budapest. It has been translated into English, French, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Czech, Russian, German and Turkish.

title: Tivadar Soros


text:
Teodoro

The name Teodoro is the Italian, Portuguese and Spanish form of Theodore.

Given name

 * Teodoro Alcalde (1913–1995)
 * Teodoro Ardemans (died 1726)
 * Teodoro Borlongan (1955–2005)
 * Teodoro Buontempo (1946–2013)
 * Teodoro Cano García (born 1932)
 * Teodoro Celli (1917–1989), music critic
 * Teodoro Corrà (born 1996), actor
 * Teodoro Correr (1750–1830)
 * Teodoro Cottrau (1827–1879)
 * Teodoro Cuñado (born 1970)
 * Teodoro de Croix (1730–1792)
 * Teodoro Fernandes Sampaio (1855–1937), Brazilian engineer, geographer and historiographer
 * Teodoro Fernández (1913–1996)
 * Teodoro García Simental (born 1974)
 * Teodoro Ghisi (1536–1601)
 * Teodoro Goliardi (1927–1997)
 * Teodoro Kalaw (1884–1940)
 * Teodoro Kalaw (sport shooter)
 * Teodoro Lechi (1778–1866)
 * Teodoro Locsin Jr. (born 1948)
 * Teodoro Lonfernini (born 1976)
 * Teodoro Maniaci
 * Teodoro Matos Santana (1946–2013)
 * Teodoro Mauri (1904–1960)
 * Teodoro Moscoso (1932–1992)
 * Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo (born 1942), president of Equatorial Guinea
 * Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue (born 1968), Vice President of Equatorial Guinea and son of the President of Equatorial Guinea
 * Teodoro Orozco (born 1963)
 * Teodoro Palacios (1939–2019)
 * Teodoro Paredes (born 1993)
 * Teodoro Petkoff (1932–2018)
 * Teodoro Plata (1866–1897)
 * Teodoro R. Yangco (1861–1939)
 * Teodoro Ribera
 * Teodoro Sandiko (1860–1939)
 * Teodoro Schwartz (1893–1968)
 * Teodoro Vega (born 1976)

Surname

 * Gilbert Teodoro (born 1964)
 * John Iremil Teodoro (born 1973)
 * Lourdes Teodoro (born 1946)
 * Lucimar Teodoro (born 1981)
 * Manuel Teodoro (born 1963)
 * Marcelino Teodoro (born 1970)
 * Zé Teodoro (born 1963)

Characters

 * Teodoro (Prison Break character), Theodore "T-Bag" Bagwell

title: Teodoro


text:
Wikipedia:Logos

Many images of logos are used on Wikipedia and long standing consensus is that it is acceptable for Wikipedia to use logos belonging to others for encyclopedic purposes. There are three main concerns with logo use. First, they are usually non-free images, and so their use must conform to the guidelines for non-free content and, specifically, the non-free content criteria. Second, logos are often registered trademarks and so their use is restricted independently of copyright concerns. Third, there are editorial issues about adhering to a neutral point of view and selecting an appropriate logo and representation.

The encyclopedic rationale for including a logo is similar to the rationale for including portraits of a famous actor: most users feel that portraits provide valuable information about the person that is difficult to describe solely with text. Logos should be regarded as portraits for a given entity. Unlike people, however, where it is often possible to take a free photograph of that person, logos are typically protected by copyright and trademark law and so cannot be replaced by a completely free alternative.

Uploading non-free logos

 * This section offers advice on applying the non-free content criteria to logos. It does not replace the policy, which is fully applicable to logos.

Company logos may appear in articles on those companies, but note that, if challenged, it is the responsibility of those who wish to include the logo to prove that its use meets Wikipedia non-free content criteria. Logos uploaded to Wikipedia must be low-resolution and no larger than necessary. The logo should receive a detailed fair use rationale — the template Non-free use rationale logo can help generate a detailed rationale that covers all necessary information. As well as a fair use rationale, the URL where the logo was found is useful to help verify the licensing information, copyright holder and authenticity of the logo. An image copyright tag must be added to all images uploaded — for most logos, non-free logo (shown below) is appropriate. Note that it is necessary to seek formal permission from the owner in advance of using its logo, so long as the usage is fair use, does not create any impression that the logo is associated with Wikipedia or endorses either Wikipedia or the article in which the logo appears, and does not create any reasonable grounds for complaint by the owner.

Copyright-free logos
Although many logos are non-free images and should be treated as such, there are three common cases where a logo will be copyright-free:
 * 1) The first case is based on the date of first publication: if the logo was first published before, it can be assumed to be public domain.
 * 2) The second case is a logo that is simply a sequence of letters or written words: Characters from a typeface are uncopyrightable in the U.S., so logos that consist purely of characters from a typeface are also uncopyrightable. You may use PD-textlogo (shown below) on these logos.
 * 3) Lastly, a logo is not eligible for copyright if it consists entirely of simple geometric shapes, or a simple combination of shapes and text. PD-textlogo also applies to these, provided the image remains fairly simple overall. See, for instance File:Best Western logo.svg.

Note, a logo can still be protected by trademark law, even if it is not subject to copyright.

Trademark concerns
U.S. law protects the right of non-owners to use trademarks for purposes of criticism and commentary. First Amendment considerations override any limits on these expressive, noncommercial use of trademarks. "The Constitution is not offended when the [Maine] antidilution statute is applied to prevent a defendant from using a trademark without permission in order to merchandise dissimilar products or services. ... The Constitution does not, however, permit the range of the antidilution statute to encompass the unauthorized use of a trademark in a noncommercial setting such as an editorial or artistic context." (emphasis added) L.L. Bean, Inc. v. Drake Pubs., Inc., 811 F.2d 26, 31, 33 (1st Cir. 1987.)

Similarly, the Federal Trademark Dilution Act of 1995 does not apply to the "noncommercial use" of a famous mark. 15 U.S.C. 1125(c)(4)(B). The U.S. Supreme Court has defined "commercial speech" as "speech which ... propose[s] a commercial transaction." Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council 425 U.S. 748, 762 (1976.)

The only limit on this right is whether someone might think that the commentary was produced by the trademark owner. "[A]n author certainly would have a First Amendment right to write about the subject of the Boy Scouts and/or Girl Scouts. However, this right is diluted by trademark law insofar as that author cannot present her subject in a manner that confuses or misleads the public into believing, through the use of one or more trademarks, that those organizations have produced or sponsored the work in question." (emphasis added) Girl Scouts of the United States v. Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc., 808 F. Supp. 1112 at 1121, n. 12 (S.D.N.Y. 1992.)

When uploading material which is subject to trademark protection, but for which the template does not apply, please use the trademark template:

Note that any appropriate image copyright tags must still be used in addition to the trademark template. It is recommended to identify the trademark owner in the image description.

Advertisements
Avoid using a logo in any way that creates an impression that the purpose of its inclusion is to promote something. Generally, logos should be used only when the logo is reasonably familiar or when the logo itself is of interest for design or artistic reasons.

Negative logos
Logos should not be used in contexts which are, taken as a whole, strongly negative. It is generally acceptable to use a logo in an article about what the logo represents (such as a company or organization), or in an article discussing the logo itself, its history and evolution, or the visual style of the logo's creator. Defaced logos or logo parodies should be used with care and not given undue prominence. For example, parodies of logos may be carefully used under fair use in an article about a parody site or campaign, but should only be used in articles on the original if the parody is discussed extensively.

Logo choice
Reasonable diligence should be taken to ensure that the logo is accurate and has a high-quality appearance. This does not mean that unnecessarily high resolution images should be used, but it does mean that resized logos should not be used if their appearance differs significantly from the original. Usually, the current logo should be the logo presented. When a historical logo is used, the caption should indicate this, and there should be a good reason for the use of the historical logo (whether the current logo is used or not) explained in the historical logo's fair use rationale. Logos that contain slogans should be omitted in favour of equivalent logos that do not. The slogans can be described in the article's prose, or the article's prose and infobox (not in the infobox alone).

Logo size
In order to ensure that logos are appropriately displayed with an adequate level of detail, do not use a logo with smaller than 100-pixel resolution unless there is not a larger version.

Placement
A logo may appear in the infobox of the main article on the subject the logo represents. For example, the main company logo may appear in the main article about the company, the main school logo in the main article about the school, and the main sports team logo in the main article about the sports team, but a school logo and a school sports team logo may not both appear in the same article (although they may appear in separate articles). Outside of these limits, neither non-free nor trademarked logos (see discussion) should be used within an article. Non-free logos are also not allowed to be placed in drafts, user sandboxes, or any other page that isn't in the article namespace.

Accessibility
Visually impaired users, like most users, may want to know what a logo looks like. If it is in an infobox, the logo is inaccessible to visually-impaired users and, in that case, a prose description is appropriate. Because an alt text would not work in an infobox, add the prose description to the body of the article. Since the logo is a primary source and logos are rarely described in secondary sources, in a Wikipedia article a logo may be described directly from the logo, factually but preferably with prudently understated wording, to avoid its reading like advertising.

U.S. government agencies
U.S. law may prohibit the reproduction of designated logos of U.S. government agencies without permission. Use-restrictions of such logos must be followed and permission obtained before use, if required. However, this does not affect the copyright status, because as works of the federal government, they are automatically in the public domain. These should be tagged with insignia.

Reference works
Special care should be taken when using the logo of an encyclopedia or other reference work in a Wikipedia article. While the standard for fair use remains the same as for other logos, not taking such care is more likely to introduce trademark issues.

Band logos
Logos for musical bands are generally not as integral to a band's image as corporate logos are for companies. For this reason, current consensus is that non-free band logos are generally not appropriate in an article about a band unless the logo itself is discussed in the prose. A logo may be placed inline with text discussing it if its inclusion meets the non-free content criteria. Freely-licensed logos may be used, providing their inclusion enhances the article.

title: Wikipedia:Logos


text: Wikipedia talk:Logos

title: Wikipedia talk:Logos


text:
TBZ

TBZ, tbz, or TbZ can refer to:

 * A computer file, the result of tar and bzip2 operations.
 * Tetrabenazine, a drug
 * Thiabendazole, a parasiticide
 * Tabriz International Airport
 * Tahnoun bin Zayed Al Nahyan (national security advisor), National Security Advisor of UAE
 * The ICAO Airline Designator of Iranian ATA Airlines

title: TBZ


text:
Talk:Aswan Dam

Why is he trying to hide the truth?
User:KNHaw from his anger and envy wants to hide the chief engineer of the project Malyshev Nikolai Alexandrovich Details about all the participants can be found on the official resource =Hydroproject= http://www.mhp.rushydro.ru/company/history/asuanskaya-plotina/ that designed this dam, there are no details in English. If there is no resource in English, this does not mean that the truth should be hidden. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 37.145.62.194 (talk) 06:28, 22 July 2022 (UTC)

 * You have been making repeated unsourced edits and refuse to provide any valid sources, despite attempts to reach out to you in good faith. The one English language source you cited did not mention the Aswan Dam project and is a dubious anyways (FreeDictionary.com). As for your other source (mhp.rushydro.ru), it is not an English language site (and, no, "you're lazy - just translate this Russian source with google" does not cut it as an English language source) and also appears to be a commercial webpage, not a historical site or news site. Find an English source that meets the criteria in wp:sources as I asked you to do and you can redo your edit. But you refuse to do so.
 * Additionally, the person you are claiming was the project engineer has never been mentioned before and does not have a Wikipedia article. Even if they did contribute, no one has ever seen a need to add it to the article before. See Existence ≠ Notability for details.
 * Finally, you add insulting comments in your edit comments and are now making personal attacks on me here. I am not on some sort of vendetta - I have simply asked you to obey the policies cited above and you refuse to do so. If you were to simply find a sutiable source, redo your edit, and move on, we'd both be happy. But you refuse.
 * Just find a suitable source and make us both happy, okay? KNHaw   (talk)  15:48, 22 July 2022 (UTC)
 * This is the official source of the company that designed the project. The dam was built by the USSR. Every company has its own history, if you're so dumb you don't understand the basics. Look who designed this dam? and go to their website. http://www.mhp.rushydro.ru/company/history/asuanskaya-plotina/ Source of the company that developed the project- 100%. 37.145.62.194 (talk) 09:05, 23 July 2022 (UTC)
 * https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Малышев,_Николай_Александрович 188.19.187.233 (talk) 09:09, 23 July 2022 (UTC)
 * First, can we stop with the personal attacks here? This is a clear violation of Civility. I don't know where you're used to posting but that kind of garbage has no place on Wikipedia. I wouldn't stand for someone insulting any user - including you - in that way. So I sure am not going to stand for you doing it to me. It stops now.
 * Second, you haven't answered the core question: Can you find an English language source that backs up your claims? If so, please make your change with my blessings! If this is really important to you, do some digging - you may just find what you need. But as it is, these sources don't cut it.
 * Finally, I get that you're not going to listen to me. So, I'm moving this discussion here so experts can inform us who is in the right. Sound good?
 * Good luck. KNHaw   (talk)  20:34, 23 July 2022 (UTC)

High floods destroy crops?
Crops are planted on the floodplain. Flooding should destroy all crops every year except when the flood fails by this logic. Surely the danger posed by high flooding was damage to infrastructure (such as dykes) built to maximize yields, or to structures built on the lowlands. 108.34.149.124 (talk) 18:07, 22 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Traditional agriculture in Egypt - before the building of the first dams in the 19th century - was based on a single crop planted after the annual flood and harvested a few months later. The floods thus did not damage any crops. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flooding_of_the_Nile#Agriculture. I thus believe you are right when you write in your second sentence that the benefits from flood protection (mentioned in the article by Abul-Ata and quoted in this Wikipedia article) refer to damage to infrastructure. Mschiffler (talk) 16:47, 23 August 2022 (UTC)

Appraisal of the Project
This whole section is full of grammar and punctuation errors, and it reads like an advertisement rather than part of a wiki. 2601:601:4085:AFE0:0:0:0:8813 (talk) 05:41, 11 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Completely agree, and it only cites one source. It should be removed or reduced to a couple sentences 213.27.234.246 (talk) 22:26, 9 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aswan Dam


text:
Five Points (Columbia, South Carolina)

Five Points in Columbia, South Carolina is a shopping, restaurant, and nightlife area that attracts customers from the nearby University of South Carolina and the Columbia metropolitan area. It is the center for the city's annual St. Patrick’s Day Festival.

It was Columbia's first neighborhood shopping district, named for the intersection of Harden Street, Devine Street, and Santee Avenue. It was home to Columbia's first supermarket (an A & P), first Chinese restaurant (Kester’s Bamboo House), and the first bar in South Carolina to serve a cocktail (the Stage Door, which claimed to sell the state's first legal mixed drink after the South Carolina General Assembly approved the use of minibottles in 1973).

When streetcars were prevalent, Five Points was a hub (rotating circle) for moving between downtown Columbia and the residential area of Shandon.

In 2019, Five Points was added to the National Register of Historic Places.

title: Five Points (Columbia, South Carolina)


text:
Flann O'Brien

Brian O'Nolan (Brian Ó Nualláin; 5 October 1911 – 1 April 1966), his pen name being Flann O'Brien, was an Irish civil service official, novelist, playwright and satirist, who is now considered a major figure in twentieth-century Irish literature. Born in Strabane, County Tyrone, he is regarded as a key figure in modernist and postmodern literature. His English language novels, such as At Swim-Two-Birds and The Third Policeman, were written under the O'Brien pen name. His many satirical columns in The Irish Times and an Irish-language novel, An Béal Bocht, were written under the name Myles na gCopaleen.

O'Brien's novels have attracted a wide following both for their unconventional humour and as prominent examples of modernist metafiction. As a novelist, O'Brien was influenced by James Joyce. He was nonetheless skeptical of the "cult" of Joyce, saying "I declare to God if I hear that name Joyce one more time I will surely froth at the gob."

Family and early life
O'Brien's father, Michael Vincent O'Nolan, was a pre-independence official in HM Customs Service, a role that required frequent moves between cities and towns in England, Scotland and Ireland. Although of apparently trenchant Irish republican views, he did, because of his role and employment, need to be discreet about them. At the formation of the Irish Free State in 1921, O'Nolan senior joined the Irish Revenue Commissioners.

O'Brien's career as a writer extended from his student days, through his years in the Irish civil service and the years following his resignation.

O'Brien's mother, Agnes (née Gormley), was also from an Irish republican family in Strabane, and this, then and now largely nationalist and Catholic town, formed somewhat of a base for the family during an otherwise peripatetic childhood. Brian was the third of 12 children; Gearóid, Ciarán, Roisin, Fergus, Kevin, Maeve, Nessa, Nuala, Sheila, Niall, and Micheál (in that period, known as the Gaelic Revival, giving one’s children Gaelic names was somewhat of a political statement.) Though relatively well-off and upwardly mobile, the O'Nolan children were home-schooled for part of their childhood using a correspondence course created by his father, who would send it to them from wherever his work took him. It was not until his father was permanently assigned to Dublin that Brian and his siblings regularly attended school.

School days
O'Brien attended Synge Street Christian Brothers School, Dublin of which his novel The Hard Life contains a semi-autobiographical depiction. The Christian Brothers in Ireland had a reputation for excessive, prolific and unnecessary use of violence and corporal punishment,  which sometimes inflicted lifelong psychological trauma upon their pupils.

Blackrock College, however, where O'Brien's education continued, was run by the Holy Ghost Fathers, who were considered more intellectual and less likely to use corporal punishment against their students. Blackrock was, and remains a very prominent school, having educated many of the leaders of post-independence Ireland, including presidents, taoisigh (prime ministers), government ministers, businessmen and the elite of "Official Ireland" and their children.

O'Brien was taught English by the President of the College, and future Archbishop, John Charles McQuaid.

According to Farragher and Wyer:

"Dr McQuaid himself was recognised as an outstanding English teacher, and when one of his students, Brian O'Nolan, alias Myles na gCopaleen, boasted in his absence to the rest of the class that there were only two people in the College who could write English properly, namely, Dr McQuaid and himself, they had no hesitation in agreeing. And Dr McQuaid did Myles the honour of publishing a little verse by him in the first issue of the revived College Annual (1930)—this being Myles' first published item."

The poem itself, "Ad Astra", read as follows: Ah! When the skies at night Are damascened with gold, Methinks the endless sight Eternity unrolled.

Student years
O'Brien wrote prodigiously during his years as a student at University College Dublin (UCD), which was then situated in various buildings around Dublin's south city centre (with its numerous pubs and cafés). There he was an active, and controversial, member of the well known Literary and Historical Society. He contributed to the student magazine, called in Irish Comhthrom Féinne (Fair Play), under various guises, in particular the pseudonym Brother Barnabas. Significantly, he composed a story during this same period titled "Scenes in a Novel (probably posthumous) by Brother Barnabas", which anticipates many of the ideas and themes later to be found in his novel, At Swim-Two-Birds. In it, the putative author of the story finds himself in riotous conflict with his characters, who are determined to follow their own paths regardless of the author's design. For example, the villain of the story, one Carruthers McDaid, intended by the author as the lowest form of a scoundrel, "meant to sink slowly to absolutely the last extremities of human degradation", instead ekes out a modest living selling cats to elderly ladies and begins covertly attending Mass without the author's consent. Meanwhile, the story's hero, Shaun Svoolish, chooses a comfortable, bourgeois life rather than romance and heroics:

 * 'I may be a prig', he replied, 'but I know what I like. Why can't I marry Bridie and have a shot at the Civil Service?'
 * 'Railway accidents are fortunately rare', I said finally, 'but when they happen they are horrible. Think it over.'

In 1934 O'Brien and his university friends founded a short-lived literary magazine called Blather. The writing here, though clearly bearing the marks of youthful bravado, again somewhat anticipates O'Brien's later work, in this case, his "Cruiskeen Lawn" column as Myles na gCopaleen:

 * Blather is here. As we advance to make our bow, you will look in vain for signs of servility or of any evidence of a desire to please. We are an arrogant and depraved body of men. We are as proud as bantams and as vain as peacocks.

 * Blather doesn't care. A sardonic laugh escapes us as we bow, cruel and cynical hounds that we are. It is a terrible laugh, the laugh of lost men. Do you get the smell of porter?

O'Brien, who had studied German in Dublin, may have spent at least parts of 1933 and 1934 staying in Nazi Germany, namely in Cologne and Bonn, although details are uncertain and contested. He claimed himself, in 1965, that he "spent many months in the Rhineland and at Bonn drifting away from the strict pursuit of study." So far, no external evidence has turned up that would back up this sojourn (or an also anecdotal short-term marriage to one 'Clara Ungerland' from Cologne). In their biography, Costello and van de Kamp, discussing the inconclusive evidence, state that "...it must remain a mystery, in the absence of documented evidence an area of mere speculation, representing in a way the other mysteries of the life of Brian O'Nolan that still defy the researcher."

Civil service
A key feature of O'Brien's personal situation was his status as an Irish civil servant, who, as a result of his father's relatively early death in July 1937, was for a decade obliged to partially support his mother and ten siblings, including an elder brother who was then an unsuccessful writer (there would likely have been some pension for his mother and minor siblings resulting from his father's service); however, other siblings enjoyed considerable professional success. One, Kevin (also known as Caoimhín Ó Nualláin), was a Professor of Ancient Classics at University College, Dublin; yet another, Micheál Ó Nualláin was a noted artist; another, Ciarán Ó Nualláin, was a writer, novelist, publisher and journalist. Given the desperate poverty of Ireland in the 1930s to 1960s, a job as a civil servant was considered prestigious, being both secure and pensionable with a reliable cash income in a largely agrarian economy. The Irish civil service has been, since the Irish Civil War, fairly strictly apolitical. Civil Service Regulations and the service's internal culture generally prohibit Civil Servants above the level of Clerical Officer from publicly expressing political views. As a practical matter, this meant that writing in newspapers on current events was, during O'Brien's career, generally prohibited without departmental permission which would be granted on an article-by-article, publication-by-publication basis. This fact alone contributed to O'Brien's use of pseudonyms, though he had started to create character-authors even in his pre-civil service writings.

O'Brien rose to be quite senior, serving as private secretary to Seán T. O'Kelly (a minister and later President of Ireland) and Seán MacEntee, a powerful political figure, both of whom almost certainly knew or guessed O'Brien was na gCopaleen. Though O'Brien's writing frequently mocked the civil service, he was for much of his career relatively important and highly regarded and was trusted with delicate tasks and policies, such as running (as "secretary") the public inquiry into the Cavan Orphanage Fire of 1943 and planning of a proposed Irish National Health Service imitating the UK's, under the auspices of his department—planning he duly mocked in his pseudonymous column.

In reality, that Brian O'Nolan was Flann O'Brien and Myles na gCopaleen was an open secret, largely disregarded by his colleagues, who found his writing very entertaining; this was a function of the makeup of the civil service, which recruited leading graduates by competitive examination. It was an erudite and relatively liberal body in the Ireland of the 1930s to the 1970s. Nonetheless, had O'Nolan forced the issue, by using one of his known pseudonyms or his own name for an article that seriously upset politicians, consequences would likely have followed—contributing to the acute pseudonym problem in attributing his work today.

A combination of his gradually deepening alcoholism, legendarily outrageous behaviour when, frequently, inebriated, and his habit of making derogatory and increasingly reckless remarks about senior politicians in his newspaper columns led to his forced retirement from the civil service in 1953 after enraging a minister who realised he was the unnamed target whose intellect was ridiculed in several columns. One column described that the politician's reaction to any question requiring even a trace of intellectual effort as "[t]he great jaw would drop, the ruined graveyard of tombstone teeth would be revealed, the eyes would roll, and the malt eroded voice would say 'Hah?'" (He departed, recalled a colleague, "in a final fanfare of fucks".)

Personal life
Although O'Brien was a well-known character in Dublin during his lifetime, relatively little is known about his personal life. He joined the Irish civil service in 1935, working in the Department of Local Government. For a decade or so after his father's death in 1937, he helped support his brothers and sisters, eleven in total, on his income. On 2 December 1948 he married Evelyn McDonnell, a typist in the Department of Local Government. On his marriage he moved from his parental home in Blackrock to nearby Merrion Avenue, living at several further locations in South Dublin before his death. The couple had no children. Evelyn died on 18 April 1995.

Health and death
O'Brien was an alcoholic for much of his life and suffered from ill health in his later years. He was afflicted with cancer of the throat and died from a heart attack on the morning of 1 April 1966.

Journalism and other writings
From late 1940 to early 1966, O'Brien wrote short columns for The Irish Times under the title "Cruiskeen Lawn", using the moniker Myles na gCopaleen (changing that to Myles na Gopaleen in late 1952, having put the column on hold for most of that year). For the first year, the columns were in Irish. Then, he alternated columns in Irish with columns in English, but by late 1953 he had settled on English only. His newspaper column, "Cruiskeen Lawn" (transliterated from the Irish "crúiscín lán", meaning "full/brimming small-jug"), has its origins in a series of pseudonymous letters written to The Irish Times, originally intended to mock the publication in that same newspaper of a poem, "Spraying the Potatoes", by the writer Patrick Kavanagh:

I am no judge of poetry—the only poem I ever wrote was produced when I was body and soul in the gilded harness of Dame Laudanum—but I think Mr Kavanaugh [sic] is on the right track here. Perhaps the Irish Times, timeless champion of our peasantry, will oblige us with a series in this strain covering such rural complexities as inflamed goat-udders, warble-pocked shorthorn, contagious abortion, non-ovoid oviducts and nervous disorders among the gentlemen who pay the rent [a well known Irish slang for pigs].

The Irish Times has, traditionally, published a lot of letters from readers, devoting a full page daily to such letters, which are widely read. Often an epistolary series, some written by O'Brien and some not, continued for days and weeks under a variety of false names, using various styles and assailed varied topics, including other earlier letters by O'Brien under different pseudonyms. The letters were a hit with the readers of The Irish Times, and R. M. Smyllie, then editor of the newspaper invited O'Brien to contribute a column. Importantly, The Irish Times maintained that there were in fact three pseudonymous authors of the "Cruiskeen Lawn" column, which provided a certain amount of cover for O'Nolan as a civil servant when a column was particularly provocative (though it was mostly O'Brien). The managing editor of The Irish Times for much of the period, Gerard "Cully" Tynan O'Mahony (father of the comedian Dave Allen), a personal friend and drinking companion of O'Brien, and likely one of the other occasional authors of the column, was typically one of those pressed for a name but was skilfully evasive on the topic. (Relations are said to have decayed when O'Nolan somehow snatched and absconded with O'Mahoney's prosthetic leg during a drinking session [the original had been lost on military service].)

The first column appeared on 4 October 1940, under the pseudonym "An Broc" ("The Badger"). In all subsequent columns the name "Myles na gCopaleen" ("Myles of the Little Horses" or "Myles of the Ponies"—a name taken from The Collegians, a novel by Gerald Griffin) was used. Initially, the column was composed in Irish, but soon English was used primarily, with occasional smatterings of German, French or Latin. The sometimes intensely satirical column's targets included the Dublin literary elite, Irish language revivalists, the Irish government, and the "Plain People of Ireland". The following column excerpt, in which the author wistfully recalls a brief sojourn in Germany as a student, illustrates the biting humour and scorn that informed the "Cruiskeen Lawn" writings:

I notice these days that the Green Isle is getting greener. Delightful ulcerations resembling buds pit the branches of our trees, clumpy daffodils can be seen on the upland lawn. Spring is coming and every decent girl is thinking of that new Spring costume. Time will run on smoother till Favonius re-inspire the frozen Meade and clothe in fresh attire the lily and rose that have not sown nor spun. Curse it, my mind races back to my Heidelberg days. Sonya and Lili. And Magda. And Ernst Schmutz, Georg Geier, Theodor Winkleman, Efrem Zimbalist, Otto Grün. And the accordion player Kurt Schachmann. And Doktor Oreille, descendant of Irish princes. Ich hab' mein Herz/ in Heidelberg verloren/ in einer lauen/ Sommernacht/ Ich war verliebt/ bis über beide/ Ohren/ und wie ein Röslein/hatt'/ Ihr Mund gelächt or something humpty tumpty tumpty tumpty tumpty mein Herz it schlägt am Neckarstrandm. A very beautiful student melody. Beer and music and midnight swims in the Neckar. Chats in erse with Kun O'Meyer and John Marquess ... Alas, those chimes. Und als wir nahmen/ Abschied vor den Toren/ beim letzten Küss, da hab' Ich Klar erkannt/ dass Ich mein Herz/ in Heidelberg verloren/ MEIN HERZ/ es schlägt am Neck-ar-strand! Tumpty tumpty tum.

 * The Plain People of Ireland: Isn't the German very like the Irish? Very guttural and so on?

 * Myself: Yes.

 * The Plain People of Ireland: People say that the German language and the Irish language is very guttural tongues.

 * Myself: Yes.

 * The Plain People of Ireland: The sounds is all guttural do you understand.

 * Myself. Yes.

 * The Plain People of Ireland: Very guttural languages the pair of them the Gaelic and the German.

Ó Nuallain/na gCopaleen wrote "Cruiskeen Lawn" for The Irish Times until the year of his death, 1966.

He contributed substantially to Envoy (he was "honorary editor" for the special number featuring James Joyce ) and formed part of the (famously heavy drinking) Envoy / McDaid's pub circle of artistic and literary figures that included Patrick Kavanagh, Anthony Cronin, Brendan Behan, John Jordan, Pearse Hutchinson, J. P. Donleavy and artist Desmond MacNamara who, at the author's request, created the book cover for the first edition of The Dalkey Archive. O'Brien also contributed to The Bell. He also wrote a column titled Bones of Contention for the Nationalist and Leinster Times under the pseudonym George Knowall; those were collected in the volume Myles Away From Dublin.

Most of his later writings were occasional pieces published in periodicals, some of very limited circulation, which explains why his work has only recently come to enjoy the considered attention of literary scholars. O'Brien was also notorious for his prolific use and creation of pseudonyms for much of his writing, including short stories, essays, and letters to editors, and even perhaps novels, which has rendered the compilation of a complete bibliography of his writings an almost impossible task. Under pseudonyms, he regularly wrote to various newspapers, particularly The Irish Times, waspish letters targeting various well-known figures and writers; mischievously, some of the pseudonymous author-identities reflected composite caricatures of existing people, this would also fuel speculation as to whether his model (or models) for the character was in fact the author writing under a pseudonym, apparently leading to social controversy and angry arguments and accusations. He would allegedly write letters to the editor of The Irish Times complaining about his own articles published in that newspaper, for example in his regular "Cruiskeen Lawn" column, or irate, eccentric and even mildly deranged pseudonymous responses to his own pseudonymous letters, which gave rise to rampant speculation as to whether the author of a published letter existed or not, or who it might in fact be. There is also persistent speculation that he wrote some of a very long series of penny dreadful detective novels (and stories) featuring a protagonist called Sexton Blake under the pseudonym Stephen Blakesley, he may have been the early science fiction writer John Shamus O'Donnell, who published in Amazing Stories at least one science fiction story in 1932, while there is also speculation about author names such as John Hackett, Peter the Painter (an obvious pun on a Mauser pistol favoured by the war of independence and civil war IRA and an eponymous anarchist), Winnie Wedge, John James Doe and numerous others. Not surprisingly, much of O'Brien's pseudonymous activity has not been verified.

Etymology
O'Brien's journalistic pseudonym is taken from a character (Myles-na-Coppaleen) in Dion Boucicault's play The Colleen Bawn (itself an adaptation of Gerald Griffin's The Collegians), who is the stereotypical charming Irish rogue. At one point in the play, he sings the ancient anthem of the Irish Brigades on the Continent, the song "An Crúiscín Lán" (hence the name of the column in the Irish Times).

Capall is the Irish word for "horse" (from Vulgar Latin caballus), and "een" (spelled ín in Irish) is a diminutive suffix. The prefix na gCapaillín is the genitive plural in his Ulster Irish dialect (the Standard Irish would be "Myles na gCapaillíní"), so Myles na gCopaleen means "Myles of the Little Horses". Capaillín is also the Irish word for "pony", as in the name of Ireland's most famous and ancient native horse breed, the Connemara pony.

O'Brien himself always insisted on the translation "Myles of the Ponies", saying that he did not see why the principality of the pony should be subjugated to the imperialism of the horse.

At Swim-Two-Birds
At Swim-Two-Birds works entirely with borrowed characters from other fiction and legend, on the grounds that there are already far too many existing fictional characters.

The book is recognised as one of the most significant modernist novels before 1945. Indeed it can be seen as a pioneer of postmodernism, although the academic Keith Hopper has argued that The Third Policeman, superficially less radical, is actually a more deeply subversive and proto-postmodernist work, and as such, possibly a representation of literary nonsense. It was one of the last books that James Joyce read and he praised it to O'Brien's friends—praise which was subsequently used for years as a blurb on reprints of O'Brien's novels. The book was also praised by Graham Greene, who was working as a reader when the book was put forward for publication. Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges, whose work might be said to bear some similarities to that of O'Brien, praised the book in his essay "When Fiction Lives in Fiction".

The British writer Anthony Burgess stated, "If we don't cherish the work of Flann O'Brien we are stupid fools who don't deserve to have great men. Flann O'Brien is a very great man." Burgess included At Swim-Two-Birds on his list of Ninety-Nine Novels: The Best in English since 1939. At Swim-Two-Birds has had a troubled publication history in the USA. Southern Illinois University Press has set up a Flann O'Brien Center and begun publishing all of O'Brien's works. Consequently, academic attention to the novel has increased.

The Third Policeman and The Dalkey Archive
The rejection of The Third Policeman by publishers in his lifetime had a profound effect on O'Brien. This is perhaps reflected in The Dalkey Archive, in which sections of The Third Policeman are recycled almost word for word, namely the atomic theory and the character De Selby.

The Third Policeman has a fantastic plot of a murderous protagonist let loose on a strange world peopled by overweight policemen, played against a satire of academic debate on an eccentric philosopher called De Selby. Sergeant Pluck introduces the atomic theory of the bicycle.

The Dalkey Archive features a character who encounters a penitent, elderly and apparently unbalanced James Joyce (who dismissively refers to his work by saying 'I have published little' and, furthermore, does not seem aware of having written and published Finnegans Wake) working as an assistant barman or 'curate'—another small joke relating to Joyce's alleged priestly ambitions—in the resort of Skerries. The scientist De Selby seeks to suck all of the air out of the world, and Policeman Pluck learns of the molecule theory from Sergeant Fottrell. The Dalkey Archive was adapted for the stage in September 1965 by Hugh Leonard as The Saints Go Cycling In.

Other fiction
Other books written by O'Brien include An Béal Bocht—translated from the Irish as The Poor Mouth—(a parody of Tomás Ó Criomhthain's autobiography An t-Oileánach—in English The Islander), and The Hard Life (a fictional autobiography meant to be his "masterpiece"). As noted above he may, between 1946 and 1952, have been one of the writers to use the pseudonym Stephen Blakesley to write up to eight books of the protracted series of "penny dreadful" Sexton Blake novels and stories, and he may have written yet more fiction under a wide array of pseudonyms.

O'Brien's theatrical output was unsuccessful. Faustus Kelly, a play about a local councillor selling his soul to the devil for a seat in the Dáil, ran for only 11 performances in 1943. A second play, Rhapsody in Stephen's Green, also called The Insect Play, was a reworking of the Capek Brothers' synonymous play using anthropomorphised insects to satirise society. It also was put on in 1943 but quickly folded, possibly because of the offence it gave to various interests including Catholics, Ulster Protestants, Irish civil servants, Corkmen, and the Fianna Fail party. The play was thought lost, but was rediscovered in 1994 in the archives of Northwestern University.

In 1956, O'Brien was co-producer of a production for RTÉ, the Irish broadcaster, of 3 Radio Ballets, which was just what it said it was—a dance performance in three parts designed for and performed on radio.

Legacy

O'Brien influenced the science fiction writer and conspiracy theory satirist Robert Anton Wilson, who has O'Brien's character De Selby, an obscure intellectual in The Third Policeman and The Dalkey Archive, appear in his own The Widow's Son. In both The Third Policeman and The Widow's Son, De Selby is the subject of long pseudo-scholarly footnotes. This is fitting, because O'Brien himself made free use of characters invented by other writers, claiming that there were too many fictional characters as is. O'Brien was also known for pulling the reader's leg by concocting elaborate conspiracy theories.

In 2011 the '100 Myles: The International Flann O'Brien Centenary Conference' (24–27 July) was held at The Department of English Studies at the University of Vienna, the success of which led to the establishment of 'The International Flann O'Brien Society' (IFOBS). Each year the IFOBS announces awards for both books and articles about O'Brien. In October 2011, Trinity College Dublin hosted a weekend of events celebrating the centenary of his birth. A commemorative 55c stamp featuring a portrait of O'Brien's head as drawn by his brother Micheál Ó Nualláin was issued for the same occasion. This occurred some 52 years after the writer's famous criticism of the Irish postal service. A bronze sculpture of the writer stands outside the Palace Bar on Dublin's Fleet Street. Kevin Myers said, "Had Myles escaped he might have become a literary giant." Fintan O'Toole said of O'Brien "he could have been a celebrated national treasure – but he was far too radical for that." An award winning radio play by Albrecht Behmel called Ist das Ihr Fahrrad, Mr. O'Brien? brought his life and work to the attention of a broader German audience in 2003.

O'Brien has also been semi-seriously referred to as a "scientific prophet" in relation to his writings on thermodynamics, quaternion theory and atomic theory.

In 2012, on the 101st anniversary of his birth, O'Brien was honoured with a commemorative Google Doodle.

His life and works were celebrated on BBC Radio 4's Great Lives in December 2017.

In The Guardian feature "My Hero", John Banville chose O'Brien, writing: "O’Brien was a philistine as well as a consummate prose stylist, an artist who threw away his talent, a Catholic who allowed himself to drift into the sin of despair, and a great comic sensibility thwarted and shrivelled by emotional self-denial. He would have laughed at the notion of being anybody’s hero."

Novels

 * At Swim-Two-Birds (Longman Gren & Co. 1939)
 * The Third Policeman (written 1939–1940, published posthumously by MacGibbon & Kee 1967)
 * An Béal Bocht (credited to Myle na gCopaleen, published by An Preas Náisiúnta 1941, translated by Patrick C. Power as The Poor Mouth "1973)
 * The Hard Life (MacGibbon & Kee 1961)
 * The Dalkey Archive (MacGibbon & Kee 1964)
 * Slattery's Sago Saga (seven chapters of an unfinished novel written circa 1964–1966, later published in the collections Stories and Plays, Hart-Davis, MacGibbon 1973, and The Short Fiction of Flann O'Brien, Dalkey Archive Press 2013, edited by Neil Murphy & Keith Hopper. It was also adapted as a play in 2010.

Selected newspaper columns
The best-known newspaper column by O'Brien, "Cruiskeen Lawn", appeared regularly in the Irish Times between 1940 and 1966. The column was initially credited to Myles na gCopaleen, but from late 1952 onwards it was published under the name of Myles na Gopaleen. Selections from this column have appeared in four collections:

 * The Best of Myles (MacGibbon & Kee 1968)
 * Further Cuttings from Cruiskeen Lawn (Hart-Davis, MacGibbon 1976)
 * The Hair of the Dogma (Hart-Davis 1977)
 * Flann O'Brien at War: Myles na gCopaleen 1940–1945 (Duckworth 1999); also published as At War.

O'Brien also wrote a column, "Bones of Contention", which appeared under the name George Knowall in The Nationalist and Leinster Times of Carlow between 1960 and 1966. Selections have been published as

 * Myles Away from Dublin (Granada 1985).

Other collections

 * A Bash in the Tunnel (O'Brien's essay on James Joyce with this title appears in this book edited by John Ryan, published by Clifton Books 1970, alongside essays by Patrick Kavanagh, Samuel Beckett, Ulick O'Connor and Edna O'Brien).
 * Stories and Plays (Hart-Davis, MacGibbon 1973), comprising Slattery's Sago Saga, "The Martyr's Crown", "John Duffy's Brother", "Faustus Kelly" and "A Bash in the Tunnel"
 * The Various Lives of Keats and Chapman and The Brother, edited and introduced by Benedict Kiely, Hart-Davis, MacGibbon 1976, ISBN 0 246 10643 3
 * Myles Before Myles (Granada 1985), a selection of writings by Brian O'Nolan from the 1930s.
 * Rhapsody in St Stephen's Green (play, an adaptation of Pictures from the Insects' Life), (Lilliput Press 1994)
 * The Short Fiction of Flann O'Brien, edited by Neil Murphy & Keith Hopper (Dalkey Archive Press 2013), including "John Duffy's Brother", "Drink and Time in Dublin" and "The Martyr's Crown"
 * Plays & Teleplays, edited by Daniel Keith Jernigan, Dalkey Archive Press 2013, ISBN 978-1-56478-890-0

Correspondence

 * The Collected Letters of Flann O'Brien, edited by Maebh Long (Dalkey Archive Press 2018)

Flann O'Brien studies
Since 2012 the International Flann O’Brien Society has published an open-access peer-reviewed journal, The Parish Review: Journal of Flann O'Brien Studies.

title: Flann O'Brien


text: User talk:212.219.114.3

title: User talk:212.219.114.3


text:
Talk:Zhifu Island

疃
Tuǎn in Dàtuǎn (大疃) is a rare char; it means "hamlet". Here's its Unihan page:. --Menchi 10:47, 18 Nov 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zhifu Island


text:
Talk:Kimaris

The Cimmerians also existed in the real world. Wetman

 * Please, no real world! - Er, speaking of which, this article seems like it was probably copied from a book. -Willmcw 09:02, Apr 1, 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kimaris


text:
Talk:Gorki

Untitled
where did lenin die? we seem to be claiming two places called Gorky which had the honour. Secretlondon 10:53, Nov 18, 2003 (UTC)

=Gorki/Gorky - band=

I changed the listing of the Belgian band from

"Gorki, later renamed to Gorky, a Belgian band by Luc De Vos"

to

"Gorki, originally named Gorky, a Belgian band by Luc De Vos"

instead of just switching the names, because the first name is the subject of the sentence, and the subject must be the current name.

The original name was Gorky (Russian for "the bitter one"), which was changed to Gorki for rather commercial reasons. Should I create a stub?

The page has been deleted as rubbish - but clearly the band exists, and perhaps should have a page. http://houbi.com/belpop/groups/gorky.htm -- Beardo 02:40, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

Russia
Some changes based on MOS:DAB:

I have excluded this:
 * Gorki, name of several rural localities in Russia
 * As per
 * Only use this feature if the item being described actually appears on the page you are linking to
 * There is no mention of any Gorki in Types of inhabited localities in Russia. If and when any such article is created it can be included directly here.

I have also put the Russian places before the Polish ones as per:
 * In most cases, place the items in order of usage, with the most-used meanings appearing at the top and less common meanings below.
 * Since Nizhny Novgorod is the best-known (even allowing for the name-change).

jnestorius(talk) 14:22, 19 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Hi, Jnestorius. Thanks for the note.  Let me explain why the note about rural localities is important.  First of all, we add this phrase routinely to the disambiguation pages and set index articles when it is important to let readers know that places by a certain name (in this case, "Gorki") exist, yet there is no immediate reason to actually list them all.  In this case, there are 35 rural localities in Russia by this name that I know of (i.e., can list and source them), and there are at least twice as many more.  That'd be an awful lot of red links, so we settle for a compromise—we bundle them together under one phrase.  I realize that's bending MOSDAB a little bit, but I'd argue this is one case when a little bending is actually helpful—we don't overwhelm readers with red links yet still let them know that they are not seeing the whole picture.
 * As for the order, I have no preference here. Listing the items in alpha order makes sense, but you are quite correct about "Gorky" being most commonly used in reference to Nizhny Novgorod.  Perhaps it would make more sense to split this page into "Gorky" and "Gorki" (including "Górki"), seeing that in Russian, at least, these are two different words, which are spelled and pronounced differently (the former is an adjective, the latter—a plural noun).  Since they are spelled differently in English as well, having two separate dab pages for them (and linking them via "see also") may be a good decision.  Cheers,—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); 15:00, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Hi Ezhiki.
 * I don't think there is a need to warn readers that "there of lots of obscure places in Russia called Gorki not listed on the Gorki dab page", any more than it is necessary to state that the John Smith page does not include all John Smiths. Likewise, to take geographic examples, there are plenty of villages called Newtown or tributaries called South Fork not listed. We will hardly add a general disclaimer to all Wikipedia pages "Warning: you may be thinking of some obscure entity with the same name rather than this one".
 * Aside from the lack of necessity, the statement would violate WP:CITE. Each entry in a dab page will, ideally, link to a non-dab page where the existence of the entity with the given name is evinced by citing a verifiable source.  There is no place for such citations on the dab page itself (or, in this case, on the Types of inhabited localities in Russia page), so it would  just be your assurance that such places exist: a bad precedent.
 * Perhaps it's worth adding a (cited) List of rural localities in Russia named Gorki, and wikilinking that list on this dab; perhaps not. Items in a list need not be wikilinked if they are not noteworthy individually; but if the collectivity is not noteworthy, there should be no list at all.
 * As regards splitting Gorki and Gorky, I guess that's okay if all the articles are titled at their appropriate romanization. Should Gorkiy and Gorkij then redirect to Gorky?
 * jnestorius(talk) 15:55, 19 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I generally agree with you on #1, but one difference here is that we are actually working on being able to list all those obscure places (they all do meet the inclusion criteria, after all). Add to that the fact that "Gorki" is one of the most common toponyms in Russia (definitely in top five, and accounting for roughly 0.1% of names of all inhabited localities), but unlike John Smiths or Newtowns, "Gorki" is not a name that's immediately obvious to be common to English-speaking audience we are targeting.  Then, if even one of the obscure entries is included (which can happen any moment as soon as someone feels like writing a stub on one), it becomes even more important to give readers a warning that no, the one we happened to list here is not the only one in existence, and it is very probable that you, the reader, might be searching for something else.  Why mislead readers when one short sentence can prevent that from happening?  Just because we could stick to the letter of MOSDAB?  MOSDAB is not carved in stone; it is called a "guideline" because it allows for some amount of flexibility when such flexibility makes sense.  The situation with Russian toponyms makes all the sense to me.
 * At any rate, if you are so bent against this sentence, we might simply go with your (and MOSDAB's) suggestion and create a set index article which would be linked to from this dab. I rather hate set index articles myself (in my view, they do nothing beyond what a dab page could handle, plus they contribute to useless listcruft), but oh well, I do believe that the problem should be addressed, whatever the means.  I guess that the only reason we even have the set index articles clause in the MOSDAB is because someone got reeeeaaaalllyyy tired of dealing with people for whom the letter of the guidelines is more important than the needs of readers we are here to serve :)
 * In addition, I wanted to point out that when it comes to geographic locations, notability is not an issue. Wikipedia has (and is supposed to have) articles on all inhabited localities, no matter how obscure or small.  The only requirement is verifiability.
 * Finally, as far as splitting this dab goes, yes, "Gorkiy" and "Gorkij" would be included with (and redirected to) "Gorky". Also, by the looks of it, if "Gorki" is moved to a separate page, it may very well become the set index page I mentioned above (so we don't have to use a stupid name like "List of inhabited localities named Gorki").  The only two entries that do not qualify for inclusion (band and metro station) can be listed in the set index article's "see also" section.  Would you like to take care of the split, or would you prefer me to do it?  Thanks.—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); 16:43, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree that all rules have wiggle room, but this is not an issue applicable only to this one page, so to save redebating on other similar pages, can you back up your earlier claim that such phrases are "routinely" added to dab pages, with some examples or a statement of policy or guideline? Perhaps an explicit modification of the MOS would be better than an ongoing implicit exemption.
 * As to whether all inhabited localities are covered (Not that I disagree or consider it relevant to our discussion): Notability (Places and transportation) is currently only a proposal, and all it suggests is "A city/town/village must show a verifiable notation in multiple atlases."
 * BTW Górki used to be an untidy set index page; now it's been merged in here. jnestorius(talk) 01:15, 20 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Here are a few off the top of my head: Oktyabrsky, Kamenka, Pokrovka, Alexeyevka, Nikolayevka... I hope you get the picture. IAR is the main policy behind this, mainly because MOSDAB is not always very efficient when it comes to organizing a workflow for a project of this scope.  Another one is WP:NC:CITY, which provides guidelines as to how the articles on Russian inhabited localities should be titled (and for which it is important to know whether or not a name is unique).  I am fully aware that all those "other rural localities" entries should eventually be expanded into full lists, but please note that since Russia has over 150,000 rural localities—all verifiable via official government registries and "available in multiple atlases" (I digress, but what a stupid proposal that is!)—there is no way this can be done all at once.  I can (and do) always expand these entries upon request, but from the maintenance and workflow efficiency point of view it is much preferred not to expand them at the time dabs and set index articles are first created.  What this also means is that the "other rural localities" clause is added only when there is a good reason to—either it is needed to explain a WP:NC:CITY#Russia-compliant choice of a title, or an article about one of the locations exists and there is a need to clarify that it is not the only one (Gorki!), or there is a link to a dab page but no appropriate entry on the dab page and it is unclear which place is meant (it is not uncommon for several distinct places located in an area to share the same name), or there is a need for red- and backlinks organization and cleanup.  All these situations call for a clarification, and the "other rural localities" sentence is the minimal useful solution that allows for such a clarification.  Since it is also not a permanent solution but rather a temporary plug, I really don't see the need to amend any guidelines to cover it—applying IAR, in my view, is quite justified here.  It's important to understand that while the sentence is indeed routinely added, there is no agenda to add it to as many places as possible, but only when absolutely necessary.  Basically, it all boils down to improving workflow efficiency by using some wiggle room for which the guidelines allow vs. insisting that every procedure must follow the guidelines to the letter at the expense of impeding a project with a huge scope and limited resources.  Which approach do you think is ultimately more beneficial to Wikipedia?
 * In conclusion, I have looked at what was done Górki, and, frankly, I am horrified. I do agree that the set index page was not in the best of conditions (the "see also" section was especially awful), but why in the world was it redirected here point-blank?  Seems more like "deleted because it sucks" solution to me, except that the deletion decision was masked as a redirect decision.  Has the person who redirected the page contacted the author of the page to see if s/he would improve it?  If the author was not available, was this page brought to the attention of a wider audience (a note on the Polish noticeboard would have done it just fine)?  Have the citations been requested for unsourced material?  Was it even understood that set index pages are exempt from the MOSDAB requirements and hence red links are perfectly fine?  In my view, the page should be restored, (at least some of the) actions I decribed above taken, and, considering the number of entries, it makes sense to keep "Górki" separate from "Gorki" (and "Gorky").—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); 15:30, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Okay, you've pretty well convinced me. That said, if you are systematically linking to Types of inhabited localities in Russia, the unreferenced tag needs to be taken care of; at least for the "Modern classification" section. A link to a summary reference should do for that.  A nice-to-have would be a reference to some comprehensive gazetteer; in which case, a clunky "some of the most commonly-occurring names for locations in Russia are:  Oktyabrsky, Kamenka, Pokrovka, Alexeyevka, Nikolayevka...[add as required]" sentence would satisfy the letter of the MOSDAB without too much unwieldiness. jnestorius(talk) 15:45, 20 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks and yes, that article is on my to-do list, as it has more issues than just lacking references. Problem is, thousands of other things are on that list as well, but I'll make this one a priority (it is linked to from pretty much every article on Russian places of any scope, so it's long overdue as it is).  As for the list of the most commonly-occurring names in Russia, that, unfortunately, I would not be able to source.  I myself work off the database which I developed, and it includes lists of and information about Russian inhabited localities based on reliable sources, but whatever aggregation I can run against that database is uncitable as it qualifies as original research.  What's more, the database is only about 40% complete, so while I can track the name frequency distribution trends with a good degree of confidence, I don't have the complete stats.  Now, this does not mean such stats are not available somewhere else (I'm sure they are), but I never had a chance to see them (which is one of the reasons why I'm bothering with the database in the first place).
 * Anyway, thanks much for your patience and input. Please let me know if you want to take care of splitting this dab yourself or if you'd prefer me to do it (I don't have a problem with it either way).  Best,—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); 16:35, 20 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. I hate donkey-work, so if you're volunteering to do some drudgery, then thanks and be my guest :) jnestorius(talk) 21:18, 20 March 2008 (UTC)
 * No problem. I find myself specializing in donkey work more and more these days anyway :)  I'll take care of it soon; feel free to re-check once I'm done.  Cheers,—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); 23:17, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

After the split
I have edited this page to a Abtract (talk) 18:29, 22 March 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gorki


text:
Talk:The Internal Description of a Causal Set: What the Universe Looks Like from the Inside

This page not justified on its own: will redirect to page on the author.

Charles Matthews 10:54, 18 Nov 2003 (UTC)