text:
Delta Air Lines Flight 191

Delta Air Lines Flight 191 was a regularly scheduled Delta Air Lines domestic service from Fort Lauderdale, Florida, to Los Angeles with an intermediate stop at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (DFW). On August 2, 1985, the Lockheed L-1011 TriStar operating Flight 191 encountered a microburst while on approach to land at DFW. The aircraft impacted ground just over 1 mi short of the runway, struck a car near the airport, collided with two water tanks, and disintegrated. 137 people died and 25 others were injured in the crash. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) determined that the crash resulted from the flight crew's decision to fly through a thunderstorm, the lack of procedures or training to avoid or escape microbursts, and the lack of hazard information on wind shear. Forecasts of microbursts improved in the following years, with USAir Flight 1016 being the only subsequent microburst-induced crash of a commercial, fixed-wing aircraft in the United States.

Aircraft
The aircraft was a Lockheed L-1011-385-1 TriStar (registration number N726DA). It was delivered to Delta on February 28, 1979, and had operated continuously since then. Three Rolls-Royce RB211-22B engines powered the aircraft.

Crew members
The crew consisted of three flight crew members, and eight cabin crew members. Of the 11 crew members, only three flight attendants survived.

The captain, Edward Michael "Ted" Connors Jr., age 57, had been a Delta Air Lines employee since 1954. He qualified to captain the TriStar in 1979 and had passed his proficiency checks. The NTSB report mentioned that past flight crews who had flown with Connors described him as a meticulous pilot who strictly adhered to company policies. The report stated that Connors "deviated around thunderstorms even if other flights took more direct routes" and "willingly accepted suggestions from his flight crew." Since his qualification in 1979, Connors had passed all eight en route inspections that he had undergone; the NTSB report also noted that he had received "favorable comments" regarding "cockpit discipline and standardization". Connors had logged over 29,300 hours of flight time, 3,000 of them in the TriStar.

Flight 191's first officer was Rudolph Przydzial "Rudy" Price Jr., age 42, who had been a Delta Air Lines employee since 1970. Delta captains who flew with Price described him as an "above average first officer" who possessed "excellent knowledge" of the TriStar. Price had logged 6,500 flight hours, including 1,200 in the TriStar.

The flight engineer, Nicholas Nestor "Nick" Nassick, age 43, had been a Delta Air Lines employee since 1976. He had logged 6,500 hours of flight time, including 4,500 in the TriStar. Nassick had served with the U.S. Air Force from 1963 to 1976 and fought in four tours in the Vietnam War. Fellow Delta employees described him as "observant, alert, and professional".

Connors had served with the U.S. Navy from 1950 to 1954 and fought during two tours in the Korean War. Price had served with the U.S. Navy from 1964 to 1970 and fought in four tours in the Vietnam War. The pilots were based in Atlanta, the flight attendants were Miami/Ft. Lauderdale based.

Passengers
Of the 152 passengers, 128 were killed by the crash. Twelve of the 24 survivors were seated in a cluster near the tail of the aircraft. The NTSB report lists 126 passenger fatalities rather than 128, but notes that two of the passengers listed as survivors died more than 30 days after the crash, on September 13 and October 4, 1985. Of the dead, 73 originated from the Miami metropolitan area; 45 were from Broward County, 19 were from Palm Beach County, and 9 were from Dade County.

One of the passengers was Don Estridge, known to the world as the father of the IBM PC; he died aboard the flight along with his wife. Two IBM summer interns, four IBM employees from the IBM branch office in Burbank, California, and six additional family members of IBM employees also perished.

History
Flight 191 was a regularly scheduled passenger flight from Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, to Los Angeles International Airport in Los Angeles, California, with a scheduled stop at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. The flight departed Fort Lauderdale on an instrument flight rules flight plan at 14:10 Central Daylight Time (UTC−05:00). The flight's dispatch weather forecast for DFW stated a "possibility of widely scattered rain showers and thunderstorms." Another dispatch weather alert warned of "an area of isolated thunderstorms ... over Oklahoma and northern and northeastern Texas." The flight crew reviewed these notices before takeoff.

As the aircraft flew past New Orleans, Louisiana, a weather formation near the Gulf Coast strengthened. The flight crew decided to deviate from the intended route to make the more northerly Blue Ridge arrival to DFW. The flight held for 10–15 minutes over the Texarkana, Arkansas VORTAC. At 17:35, the crew received an Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) broadcast for weather on approach to DFW, and the Fort Worth Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) air traffic controller cleared the flight to the Blue Ridge, Texas VORTAC and instructed the flight to descend to 25000 ft.

At 17:43:45, the Fort Worth ARTCC controller cleared the flight down to 10000 ft. The controller suggested they fly a heading of 250° toward the Blue Ridge approach, but Captain Connors replied that the route would take them through a storm cell, stating, "I'd rather not go through it, I'd rather go around it one way or the other." After a brief exchange, the controller gave the flight a new heading. At 17:46:50, the controller cleared the flight direct to Blue Ridge and instructed the flight crew to descend to 9000 ft. The captain expressed his relief that the controller did not send them on the original trajectory. At 17:51:19, the second officer commented, "Looks like it's raining over Fort Worth." At 17:51:42, the Fort Worth ARTCC controller transferred the flight to DFW Airport Approach Control, which cleared the flight to descend to 7000 ft. Two minutes later, the controller asked the Delta flight to deviate by 10° and to slow their airspeed to 180 kn. The flight acknowledged the request. As the flight descended, the crew prepared the aircraft for landing. At 17:56:19, the feeder controller cleared the flight down to 5000 ft. Nine seconds later, the controller announced that rain was north of the airport, and that the airport would be using instrument landing system (ILS) approaches.

At 17:59:47, Price said, "We're gonna get our airplane washed." Around the same time, the captain switched to the arrival radio frequency and informed the approach controller that they were flying at 5000 ft. The controller replied that the flight should expect to approach Runway 17L (later named 17C). At 18:00:36, the approach controller asked an American Airlines flight that was two aircraft ahead of Flight 191, and on the same approach, if they could see the airport. The flight responded, "As soon as we break out of this rain shower we will." At 18:00:51, Flight 191 was instructed to slow to 170 kn and to turn to heading 270°. Flight 191 was instructed to descend to 3000 ft at 18:01:34. One minute later, the approach controller turned the flight toward Runway 17L and cleared them for an ILS approach at or above 2300 ft. Half a minute afterward, the controller asked the flight to reduce their speed to 160 kn, which the flight crew acknowledged. At 18:03:30 the controller advised, "And we're getting some variable winds out there due to a shower ... out there north end of DFW." Several seconds later, an unidentified flight crew member commented, "Stuff is moving in."

Just 3 mi ahead of Flight 191, a Learjet 25 was on the same approach to Runway 17L. While on final approach, the Learjet flew through the storm north of the airport and encountered what was later described as "light to moderate turbulence". The Learjet encountered heavy rain and lost all forward visibility, but was able to continue its ILS approach and land safely. When later asked why he did not report weather conditions to the tower, the Learjet's captain testified that he had nothing to report because "the only thing that we encountered was the heavy rain." The tower controller handling landings on Runway 17L saw lightning from the storm cell after the Learjet landed, but before he saw Flight 191 emerge from the storm.

Crash
At 18:03:46, the approach controller once again asked Flight 191 to reduce its speed, this time to 150 kn, and then handed the flight over to the tower controller. Twelve seconds later, the captain radioed the tower and said, "Tower[:] Delta one ninety one heavy, out here in the rain, feels good." The tower controller advised Flight 191 that the wind was blowing at 5 kn with gusts up to 15 kn, which the captain acknowledged. The flight crew lowered the landing gear and extended their flaps for landing. At 18:04:18, Price commented, "Lightning coming out of that one. ... Right ahead of us." The captain called out that they were at 1000 ft at 18:05:05. Fourteen seconds later, he cautioned Price to watch his airspeed. At the same time, the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) captured the beginning of a sound identified as rain hitting the cockpit. The captain warned Price, "You're gonna lose it all of a sudden, there it is." At 18:05:26, the captain told Price, "Push it up, push it way up." Several seconds later, the CVR recorded the sound of the engines spooling up. Connors then said, "That's it." At 18:05:36, Connors exclaimed, "Hang on to the son of a bitch!" From this point, the aircraft began a descent from which it never recovered. The angle of attack (AOA) was over 30° and began to vary wildly over the next few seconds. The pitch angle began to sink and the aircraft started descending below the glideslope.

At 18:05:44, with the aircraft descending at more than 50 ft/s the ground proximity warning system (GPWS) sounded. The captain responded by declaring "TOGA", aviation shorthand for the order to apply maximum thrust and abort a landing by going around. The first officer responded by pulling up and raising the nose of the aircraft, which slowed but did not stop the plane's descent. At 18:05:52, still descending at a rate around 10 ft/s, the aircraft's landing gear made contact with a plowed field 6336 ft north of the runway and 360 ft east of the runway centerline. Remaining structurally intact, Flight 191 remained on the ground while rolling at high speed across the farmland. The main landing gear left shallow depressions in the field that extended for 240 ft before disappearing and reappearing a few times as the aircraft approached Texas State Highway 114.

The aircraft struck a highway street light, and its nose gear touched down on the westbound lane of Highway 114, skidding across the road at at least 200 mph. The aircraft's left engine hit a 1971 Toyota Celica driven by 28-year-old William Mayberry, killing him instantly. As the aircraft continued south, it hit two more street lights on the eastbound side of the highway and began fragmenting. The left horizontal stabilizer, some engine pieces, portions of the wing control surfaces, and parts of the nose gear came off the aircraft as it continued along the ground. Some witnesses later testified that fire was emerging from the left wing root. Surviving passengers reported that fire began entering the cabin through the left wall while the plane was still moving. A survivor stated that he watched passengers attempt to escape the fire by unbuckling their seatbelt and try to flee, but were sucked out of the plane, while others who stayed caught on fire due to leaking jet fuel. He only survived due to being doused by rain from openings in the plane. The aircraft's motion across open land ended when it crashed into two water tanks on the edge of the airport property; the aircraft grazed one water tank about 1700 ft south of Highway 114, and then struck the second one. As the left-wing and nose struck the water tank, the fuselage rotated counterclockwise and was engulfed in a fireball. The fuselage from the nose rearward to row 34 was destroyed. The tail section emerged from the fireball, skidding backward, and came to rest on its left side before wind gusts rotated it upright.

Post-crash response
All airport fire and emergency units were alerted within one minute of the crash. Forty-five seconds after first being alerted, three fire trucks from the airport's fire station No. 3 arrived at the crash and began fighting the fire. Additional units from fire stations No. 1 and No. 2 arrived within five minutes, and despite high wind gusts and heavy rain, the fire was mostly under control within 10 minutes after the alert was sounded.

The first paramedics arrived within five minutes of the crash and immediately established triage stations. In later testimony to NTSB officials, on-site EMTs estimated that without the on-scene triage procedures, at least half of the surviving passengers would have died. Most of the survivors of Flight 191 were located in the aircraft's rear smoking section, which broke free from the main fuselage when the aircraft hit the water tanks. Authorities transported most of the survivors to Parkland Memorial Hospital.

The cockpit and passenger section forward of seat row 34 had been completely fragmented by impact with the water tanks and post-crash fires; all but eight of the occupants in this section were killed. The remainder of the surviving passengers and crew were in the rear cabin and tail section, which separated relatively intact and landed on its side in an open field, and most of these were in the center and right portions of the fuselage from seat row 40 rearwards. Overall, the disintegration of the Tristar was so extensive that the NTSB investigation was quite difficult. Survivors reported that fire broke out in the cabin prior to hitting the tanks and began spreading through the aircraft's interior, which is consistent with the right wing's collision with the light pole and fuel tank ignition. Some of the people in the tail section were unable to free themselves due to injuries, so rescue crews had to extricate them. Most survivors were also soaked with jet fuel, further adding to the difficulty of exiting the wreckage.

Two of the passengers who initially survived the crash died more than 30 days later. On the ground, an airline employee who assisted in rescuing survivors was hospitalized overnight for chest and arm pain. The crash ultimately killed 137 people, including 128 of the 152 passengers and eight of the 11 crew (including all three flight crew members ), and the driver of the car.

Delta Air Lines Flight 191 has the second-highest death toll of any aviation accident involving a Lockheed L-1011 anywhere in the world, after Saudia Flight 163.

Investigation
Numerous public safety agencies responded to the crash, including the Dallas/Fort Worth Airport Department of Public Safety, the Texas Department of Public Safety, the Irving Fire Department, the Irving Police Department, and all available third-watch personnel from the Dallas Police Department's Northwest Patrol Division and the Northeastern Sector of the Fort Worth Police Department's Patrol Division.

After a long investigation, the NTSB deemed the cause of the crash to be attributable to pilot error (for their decision to fly through a thunderstorm), combined with extreme weather phenomena associated with microburst-induced wind shear. The NTSB also determined that a lack of specific training, policies, and procedures for avoiding and escaping low-altitude wind shear was a contributing factor.

The NTSB attributed the accident to lack of the ability to detect microbursts aboard aircraft; the radar equipment aboard aircraft at the time was unable to detect wind changes, only thunderstorms. After the investigation, NASA researchers at Langley Research Center modified a Boeing 737-200 as a testbed for an onboard Doppler weather radar. The resultant airborne wind shear detection and alert system was installed on many commercial airliners in the United States after the Federal Aviation Administration mandated that all commercial aircraft must have on-board wind shear-detection systems.

The NTSB was also critical of the airport for failing to notify emergency services in surrounding municipalities in a timely manner. While the airport's on-site emergency services were notified almost immediately, the DFW Department of Public Safety (DPS) Communications Center did not begin notifying off-site emergency services until nearly 10 minutes after the crash and did not finish its notifications until 45 minutes after the crash. During notifications, DPS also failed to request ambulances from the adjacent communities of Irving, Grapevine, and Hurst; however, Hurst responded with ambulances after personnel at its ambulance company overheard the airport crash report on a radio-frequency scanner. The NTSB concluded that the overall emergency response was effective due to the rapid response of on-airport personnel, but found "several problem areas" which under different circumstances "could affect adversely the medical treatment and survival of accident victims at the airport".

Reforms
Following the crash and the ensuing NTSB report, DFW's DPS made improvements to its postcrash notification system, including the introduction of an automated voice notification system to reduce notification times. In 1988, following the crash of Delta Air Lines Flight 1141 while taking off from DFW, DPS completed its notification of nearby emergency services in 21 minutes; the NTSB described this as a "significant improvement" over response times after the Delta Flight 191 crash. Based on the improved response times, the NTSB issued a Safety Recommendation on January 9, 1990, calling for airport executives nationwide to consider the benefits of using automated voice notification systems for their emergency aid notifications. Pilots were also required to train to react to microbursts and to quickly take evasive action in order to safely land the plane.

Trial
The Delta Flight 191 crash resulted in the longest aviation trial in American history, lasting 14 months from 1988 to 1989 and presided over by Federal Judge David Owen Belew Jr. of the Northern District of Texas. The trial featured the first use of computer graphic animation as substantive evidence in federal court. While the use of such animation later became routine, its use in the Flight 191 litigation was sufficiently novel that it became the cover story of the December 1989 ABA Journal, the magazine of the American Bar Association. Preparing the animated video for trial cost the Department of Justice around $100,000 to $150,000 (inflation adjusted $ to $), and required nearly two years of work. The court found that both government personnel and the Delta flight crew were negligent, but that Delta was ultimately responsible because its pilots' negligence was the proximate cause of the accident, and the ruling was upheld on appeal to the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals.

Dramatization and media
The crash was the subject of the television movie Fire and Rain.

The Discovery Channel Canada/National Geographic television series Mayday dramatized the crash of Flight 191 in a season-five episode titled "Invisible Killer". The crash had previously been discussed in the Mayday season-one episode "Racing the Storm", which covered the weather-related crash landing of American Airlines Flight 1420.

The crash was featured on an episode of When Weather Changed History and Why Planes Crash on The Weather Channel, and the episode "Deadly Weather" of Survival in the Sky on The Learning Channel.

The crash was mentioned in the feature film Rain Man.

Working as a reporter for the Fort Lauderdale News and Sun-Sentinel in 1986, future renowned crime fiction author Michael Connelly and two other reporters conducted extensive interviews of survivors of Delta Flight 191 and wrote an article detailing their experiences during and after the crash. The article explored the topic of survivor guilt and earned Connelly and his co-writers a finalist position for the Pulitzer Prize.

Memorial
Ten years after the crash, survivors and family members of victims gathered in Florida to recognize the tenth anniversary of the crash. In 2010, 25 years after the accident, a memorial was installed at Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport's Founders Plaza in Grapevine.

title: Delta Air Lines Flight 191


text:
Dong River (China)

The Dong River is the eastern tributary of the Pearl River in Guangdong province, southern China. The other two main tributaries of the Pearl River are the Xi River and the Bei River. The headwater is located in Mount Sanbai (三百山) in Anyuan County, Jiangxi.

The Dong River is a major source of water for megacities in Pearl River Delta, including Hong Kong, Shenzhen, and Guangzhou. The Hong Kong Government has purchased Dong River water from Guangdong since 1965. Over 70 percent of domestic water in Hong Kong is imported from the Dong River. Its discharge totals roughly 807.5 m3/s.

Historical findings
A dinosaur egg fossil dated back to the Late Cretaceous was discovered by primary school student named Zhang Yangzhe while playing near the Dong River in 2019 in July. The boy's mother, Li Xiaofang, later contacted the Heyuan Dinosaur Museum members, and under their excavation guidance more than 10 dinosaur egg fossils each about 9 centimeters in diameter and dating back to 66 million years were revealed.

Places along the river include

 * Ganzhou, Jiangxi
 * Anyuan
 * Xunwu
 * Heyuan, Guangdong
 * Longchuan
 * Dongyuan
 * Yuancheng District
 * Huizhou
 * Boluo
 * Huicheng District
 * Dongguan

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dong River (China)


text:
Talk:Vishvamitra

Untitled
Todo: Add menaka and sakuntala too...

Viswamitra is NOT a saptarishi.
The Saptarishis are Atri, Brigu, Kutsya, Vasishta, Gautama, Kashyapa and Angirasa. They all share more than just being Bramharishis. While Viswamitra is a Bramharishi, he's not one of the seven. -shash 11:17, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Viswamitra meaning
Viswa means Universe, and the name Viswa-mitra means Friend of Universe. Its given as "All-Friend" which is different from "Universe-Friend". It should be written as "Friend of Universe" or "Universal Friend"

కిరణ్మయి (talk) 14:08, 26 June 2009 (UTC)

Where is the section on the Rig Veda
Besides a perfunctory remark in the introduction, there is not 1 section here on Vishvamitra being an author of an entire mandala of the Rig Veda. This article also doesn't cite references, and is probably written from personal understanding of the role the main subject plays in the faith of the editors. Cleanup is required, with citations, hence my tagging it. --Gñāna (talk) 13:46, 2 June 2010 (UTC)

Vashisht and vishvamitra
This story is not true in this page Bhagruti (talk) 06:30, 7 October 2022 (UTC)

Text background Bhagruti (talk) 06:33, 7 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vishvamitra


text:
Index of Canada-related articles

The following is an alphabetical list of topics related to Canada.

0–9

 * .ca – Internet country code top-level domain for Canada
 * 49th parallel north
 * 60th parallel north
 * 100 km isolated peaks of Canada
 * 102nd meridian west
 * 110th meridian west
 * 120th meridian west
 * 141st meridian west
 * 150th anniversary of Canada
 * 1500 metre prominent peaks of Canada
 * 1958 Jim Mideon 500 – a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series racing event that took place in Toronto
 * 4000 metre peaks of Canada

A

 * A few acres of snow
 * Aboriginal peoples in Canada
 * Abortion in Canada
 * Acadia
 * Access copyright
 * Addition Elle
 * Adjacent and neighbouring countries:
 * Denmark (Greenland)
 * France (Saint Pierre and Miquelon)
 * United States of America
 * Act Against Slavery (1793)
 * Act of Union (1840)
 * Atlin Mountain
 * Aulneau, Jean-Pierre
 * Alberta
 * Alberta Basin
 * Alberta Civil Enforcement Act
 * Alberta Culture Days
 * Alberta Enterprise Group
 * Amarok Society
 * Americas
 * North America
 * Northern America
 * Islands of Canada
 * Arctic Ocean
 * Baffin Bay
 * Beaufort Sea
 * Canadian Arctic Archipelago
 * Queen Elizabeth Islands
 * Davis Strait
 * Hudson Bay
 * James Bay
 * Hudson Strait
 * Kane Basin
 * Northwestern Passages
 * North Atlantic Ocean
 * Bay of Fundy
 * Gulf of Saint Lawrence (**Golfe du Saint-Laurent)
 * Great Lakes
 * Labrador Sea
 * Newfoundland and Labrador
 * North Pacific Ocean
 * Haida Gwaii
 * Inside Passage
 * Vancouver Island
 * Anglo-America
 * French America
 * Arctic and North Temperate Zone
 * Arctic Circle
 * Arctic policy of Canada
 * Area Codes
 * Art in Canada
 * Asian Canadian
 * Atlas of Canada
 * Auditor General of Canada
 * Austin Airways
 * Avenir d'enfants

B

 * Baffin Bay
 * Bank of Canada
 * Banking in Canada
 * Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec
 * Baptist Union of Western Canada
 * Barbados–Canada relations
 * Battle of Batoche
 * Battle of Chateauguay
 * Battle of Crysler's Farm
 * Battle of Lake Erie
 * Battle of Lundy's Lane
 * Battle of Normandy
 * Battle of Queenston Heights
 * Battle of Stoney Creek
 * Battle of the Plains of Abraham
 * Battle of the Thames
 * Battle of York
 * BC Legislature Raids
 * Bay of Fundy
 * Beaufort Sea
 * Bearskin Airlines
 * Beothuks
 * Bibliography of Canada
 * Bibliography of Canadian history
 * Bibliography of Canadian military history
 * Bibliography of Canadian provinces and territories
 * Big Six banks
 * Bilingualism in Canada
 * Black Canadian
 * Blame Canada
 * Bloc Québécois
 * Booster Juice
 * Borderless World Volunteers
 * Bowie Seamount
 * Boys in Red Tragedy
 * Bre-X Gold Scandal
 * British Columbia
 * British Columbia Archaeological Impact Assessment
 * British Columbia Ombudsperson
 * British North America
 * Business Development Bank of Canada

C

 * CTV Television Network
 * Cabinet of Canada
 * Cable Television Standards Council
 * Calm Air
 * Canada
 * Provinces and territories of Canada
 * Alberta
 * British Columbia
 * Manitoba
 * New Brunswick
 * Newfoundland and Labrador
 * Nova Scotia
 * Ontario
 * Prince Edward Island
 * Quebec
 * Saskatchewan
 * Northwest Territories
 * Nunavut
 * Yukon
 * Canadians
 * Canadiens
 * Canada and Iraq War resisters
 * Canada and the Iraq War
 * Canada and the Vietnam War
 * Canada and weapons of mass destruction
 * Canada Border Services Agency
 * Canada Community Currencies
 * Canada Company
 * Canada Council
 * Canada Cup (hockey)
 * Canada Day
 * Canada East
 * Canada Forum for Nepal
 * Canada Health Act
 * Canada Health and Social Transfer
 * Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years
 * Canada in NATO
 * Canada Pension Plan
 * Canada Revenue Agency
 * Canada West
 * Canada–Caribbean relations
 * Barbados–Canada relations
 * Canada–Cuba relations
 * Canada–Grenada relations
 * Canada–Haiti relations
 * Canada–Jamaica relations
 * Canada-France relations
 * Canada–France Maritime Boundary Case
 * Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement
 * the Canadas
 * Canada's Athletes of the 20th Century
 * Canada's Walk of Fame
 * Canada's World
 * Canadian Auto Workers
 * Canadian Alliance
 * Canadian Arctic Archipelago
 * Canadian Association of Broadcasters
 * Canadian Association of Journalists
 * Canadian Authors
 * Canadian Baptist Ministries
 * Canadian Bar Association
 * Canadian beer
 * Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC)
 * Canada China Business Council
 * Canadian Centennial
 * Canadian Christian Meditation Community
 * Canadian Coast Guard
 * Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops
 * Canadian Confederation
 * Canadian content
 * Canadian Convention of Southern Baptists
 * Canadian court system
 * Canadian Curling Association
 * Canadian dollar
 * Canadian Embassy in Washington
 * Canadian English
 * Canadian environment
 * Canadian federal election
 * Canadian Fire Alarm Association
 * Canadian Fisherman
 * Canadian Food Inspection Agency
 * Canadian football
 * Canadian Freelance Union
 * Canadian heraldry
 * Canadian Hydrographic Service
 * Canadian identity
 * Canadian Idol
 * Canadian incumbents by year
 * Canadian Internet Registration Authority
 * Canadian Interuniversity Sport
 * Canadian Jewellers Association
 * Canadian Letters and Images Project
 * Canadian Parliamentary Secretary
 * Canadian Party of Labour
 * Canadian Stars
 * Canadian Travel Show
 * Canadian literature
 * Canadian Martyrs
 * Canadian Mining Certification Program
 * Canadian Museum for Human Rights
 * Canadian Museum of Civilization
 * Canadian Museum of Nature
 * Canadian Music
 * Canadian Music Hall of Fame
 * National Parks of Canada
 * Canadian National Railway
 * Canadian order of precedence
 * Canadian Pacific Railway
 * Canadian pioneers in early Hollywood
 * Canadian postal code
 * Canadian Press
 * Canadian Professional Figure Skating Championships
 * Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
 * Canadian raising
 * Canadian Rockies
 * Canadian science fiction
 * Canadian Security Intelligence Service
 * Canadian Shield
 * Canadian Society for the Study of Rhetoric
 * Canadian Society of New York
 * Canadian Space Agency
 * Canadian Special Forces
 * Canadian Standards Association
 * Canadian Statutory Holiday
 * Canadian Tire
 * Canadian Undergraduate Technology Conference
 * Canadian Union of Skilled Workers
 * Canadian University Science Games
 * Canadian War Museum
 * Canadians of convenience
 * Canadiana
 * Capital of Canada: Ottawa
 * Capital punishment in Canada
 * Caroline Affair
 * Carleton University
 * Category:Bibliographies of Canada
 * Category:Buildings and structures in Canada
 * Category:Canada-related lists
 * Category:Canada portal
 * Category:Canadian people
 * Category:Canadian portals
 * Category:Communications in Canada
 * Category:Culture of Canada
 * Category:Economy of Canada
 * Category:Education in Canada
 * Category:Environment of Canada
 * Category:Events in Canada
 * Category:Geography of Canada
 * Category:Government in Canada
 * Category:Health in Canada
 * Category:History of Canada
 * Category:Images of Canada
 * Category:Law of Canada
 * Category:Military of Canada
 * Category:Politics of Canada
 * Category:Science and technology in Canada
 * Category:Society of Canada
 * Category:Sports in Canada
 * Category:Transport in Canada
 * commons:Category:Canada
 * Cayley-Galt Tariff
 * Census division
 * Census division statistics of Canada
 * Central Manitoba Railway
 * Census of New France
 * Charlottetown Accord
 * Charlottetown Conference
 * Château Clique
 * Château Frontenac
 * Chiaque Language
 * Chief Electoral Officer (Canada)
 * Chief Justice of Canada
 * Chief of the Defence Staff (Canada)
 * Chinese Canadian
 * Christopher Dufrost de La Jemeraye
 * Cirque du Soleil
 * Cinema of Canada
 * Citizens' Reference Panel
 * Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC)
 * Civil Code of Quebec
 * Clifton Hill, Niagara Falls
 * Code for Canada
 * Codex canadiensis
 * Collège militaire royal de Saint-Jean
 * Colonial Militia in Canada
 * Commonwealth of Nations
 * Commonwealth realm
 * Communications in Canada
 * Communications Security Establishment
 * Conscription Crisis of 1917
 * Conscription Crisis of 1944
 * Conservative Party of Canada
 * Constitution of Canada
 * Constitutional Act of 1791
 * Constitutional monarchy
 * Convention of Atlantic Baptist Churches
 * Coureur des bois
 * Court system of Canada
 * Craigellachie, British Columbia
 * Crime in Canada
 * Culture of Canada

D

 * Davis Strait
 * Definitions of Canadian borders
 * Della Falls
 * Demographics of Canada
 * Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Canada)
 * Department of Intergovernmental Affairs
 * Department of Justice (Canada)
 * The Great Depression in Canada
 * Deputy Prime Minister of Canada
 * Devonshire Initiative
 * DEW Line
 * Dieppe Raid
 * DRE Valcartier
 * Drug policy of Canada
 * Dufrost de La Jemeraye, Christopher
 * Dumont, Gabriel
 * Dumont, Yvon

E

 * Early Canadian Newspapers
 * Economic history of Canada
 * Economic impact of immigration to Canada
 * Economy of Canada
 * Education in Canada
 * Edward VIII
 * "Eh"
 * Elections Canada
 * Elizabeth II
 * Engineered Lifting Systems & Equipment Inc
 * English colonization of the Americas
 * English language
 * Entartistes
 * Euthanasia in Canada
 * Extreme points of Canada
 * Extreme points of Canadian provinces

F

 * Family Compact
 * The Famous Five
 * Farm Credit Canada
 * Federal Identity Program
 * Federal-Provincial Distribution of Legislative Powers
 * Fellowship of Evangelical Baptist Churches in Canada
 * Festivals in Canada
 * First Air
 * First Ministers conference
 * First Nations of Canada
 * Flag of Canada
 * FLQ
 * Foreign relations of Canada
 * Fort Garry
 * Fort Gibraltar
 * Fort Kaministiquia
 * Fort La Reine
 * Fortress Louisbourg
 * Fort St. Charles
 * Fort St. Pierre
 * Fort Steele, British Columbia
 * François de La Vérendrye
 * French America
 * French Canada
 * French colonization of the Americas
 * French in Canada
 * French language

G

 * Geography of Canada
 * George V
 * George VI
 * Global Television Network
 * Golfe du Saint-Laurent
 * Goods and Services Tax (Canada)
 * Governor General of Canada
 * Governor General's Award
 * Grand Trunk Railway
 * Great Lakes
 * Lake Erie
 * Lake Huron
 * Lake Michigan
 * Lake Michigan–Huron
 * Lake Ontario
 * Lake Superior
 * Great Peace of Montreal
 * Great Seal of Canada
 * The Greatest Canadian
 * Grits
 * Group of Seven
 * Groupe TVA
 * Gulf of Saint Lawrence

H

 * Haida Gwaii
 * Halifax Explosion
 * Halifax Riot
 * Hans Island
 * Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump
 * Health Canada
 * Health Care in Canada Survey
 * Heritage Moment
 * High-speed rail in Canada
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I

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M

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N

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O

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P

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Q

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R

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S

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T

 * Tallest structures in Canada
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U

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V

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W

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Y

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Z

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Crown corporations

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title: Index of Canada-related articles


text:
Accotink Bay Wildlife Refuge

Accotink Bay Wildlife Refuge is a nature preserve on the grounds of Fort Belvoir in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States. Several other parks, including Mason Neck State Park, Pohick Bay Regional Park, and the Jackson Miles Abbott Wetland Refuge are located nearby.

The refuge was established in 1979 to protect sensitive wetlands and wildlife habitats associated with Accotink Bay and to provide opportunities for environmental education and low-intensity recreation. The refuge offers more than eight miles of hiking trails, including a short paved trail for handicapped access.

Species native to the preserve include: The Accotink Bay Wildlife Refuge Environmental Education Center is located at the entrance to the refuge. The center features exhibits, videos and trail guides about the refuge and offers nature education programs.
 * Foxes
 * Deer
 * American toads
 * Raccoons
 * Black rat snakes
 * Eastern box turtles
 * Various millipedes, including Narceus americanus
 * Various salamanders, including spotted salamanders and red back salamanders
 * Various spiders, including Lycosa aspersa

A small parking area with space for six cars (two reserved for handicapped) is located just outside the Tulley Gate entrance off Route 1.

title: Accotink Bay Wildlife Refuge


text:
Bei River

Bei River (北江; literally "The North River"; pinyin: Běi Jiāng; wade-giles: Pei3 Chiang1; jyutping: Bak1 Gong1, literally "North River") is the northern tributary of the Pearl River in southern China. The other two main tributaries of the Pearl River are the Xi Jiang and the Dong Jiang.

The Bei River is 633 km long, and is located in northern Guangdong.

title: Bei River


text:
North River (Hudson River)

North River (Noort Rivier) is an alternative name for the southernmost portion of the Hudson River in the vicinity of New York City and northeastern New Jersey in the United States.

Name
In the early 17th century, the entire watercourse was named the North River (Dutch: Noort Rivier") by the Dutch colonial empire; by the early 18th century, the term fell out of general use for most of the river's 300+ mile course. The name remains in limited use among local mariners and others  and on some nautical charts and maps. The term is also used to describe infrastructure on and under the river, including the North River piers, North River Tunnels, and Riverbank State Park.

The origin of the name North River is generally attributed to the Dutch. In describing the major rivers in the New Netherland colony, they called the present-day Hudson River the "North River", the present-day Connecticut River the "Fresh River", and the Delaware River the "South River". Another theory is that the North River and East River were so named for the direction of travel they permitted once having entered the Upper New York Bay.

At various times, North River has referred to:

 * The entire Hudson River
 * The approximately 160-mile portion of the Hudson below its confluence with the Mohawk River, which is under tidal influence
 * The portion of it running between Manhattan and New Jersey
 * The length flowing between Lower Manhattan and Hudson County, New Jersey.

The river's history is strongly connected to the shipping industry in the Port of New York and New Jersey, which shifted primarily to Port Newark in the mid-20th century due to the construction of the Holland Tunnel and other river crossings and the advent of containerization. Throughout this multi-century history, the name for the lower portion of the river has remained interchangeable with both North River and Hudson River used to describe it.

19th century
In 1808, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin issued a report of proposed locations for transportation and communication internal improvements of national importance. The North River figured prominently among his proposals as the best route toward western and northern lands; similar routes were chosen for the Erie Canal and other early canals built by the New York state.

Gallatin noted the following in reference to the North and Hudson Rivers, writing:

"What is called the North River is a narrow and long bay, which in its northwardly course from the harbor of New York breaks through or turns all the mountains, affording a tide navigation for vessels of eighty tons to Albany and Troy, one hundred and sixty miles above New York. This peculiarity distinguishes the North River from all the other bays and rivers of the United States. The tide in no other ascends higher than the granite ridge or comes within thirty miles of the Blue Ridge or eastern chain of mountains. In the North River it breaks through the Blue Ridge at West Point and ascends above the eastern termination of the Catskill or great western chain.

A few miles above Troy, and the head of the tide, the Hudson from the north and the Mohawk from the west unite their waters and form the North River. The Hudson in its course upwards approaches the waters of Lake Champlain, and the Mohawk those of Lake Ontario."

20th century
In 1909, two tunnels were under construction: one was called the North River Tunnels, the other, the Hudson Tubes. That year the Hudson–Fulton Celebration was held, commemorating Henry Hudson, the first European to record navigating the river, and Robert Fulton, the first man to use a paddle steamer in America, named the North River Steamboat, to sail up it, leading to controversy over what the waterway should be called.

Much of the shoreline previously used for maritime, rail, and industrial activities has given way to recreational promenades and piers. On the Hudson Waterfront in New Jersey, the Hudson River Waterfront Walkway runs for about 18 miles. In Manhattan, the Hudson River Park runs from Battery Park to 59th Street.

North River on maps
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's current charts call the lower river the "Hudson", and the United States Geological Survey lists "North River" as an alternative name of the Hudson River without qualifying it as any particular portion of the river.

Hagstrom Maps, formerly the leading mapmaker in the New York metropolitan area and known for occasional quirky and anachronistic names, features, and artifacts on their maps, has labeled all or part of the Hudson adjacent to Manhattan as "North River" on several of its products. For instance, on a 1997 Hagstrom Map of Manhattan, the stretch of river between Hudson County, New Jersey, and Lower Manhattan, roughly corresponding to the location of the North River piers, was labeled "North River", with the label "Hudson River" used above Midtown Manhattan.

On a 2000 map of "Northern Approaches to New York City" included in Hagstrom's New York [State] Road Map, the entire river adjacent to Manhattan was labeled "Hudson River (North River)" with the river further north at Tappan Zee labeled the "Hudson River".

North River piers
Piers along the Hudson shore of Manhattan were formerly used for shipping and berthing ocean-going ships. In shipping notices, they were designated as, for example, "Pier 14, North River". As with the river, the name "North River piers" has largely been supplanted by "Hudson River piers", or just by a pier and number, e.g., "Pier 54". Pier 40 is located at Houston Street, and the numbering of the piers to the north correspond to the nearest numbered street plus 40 – thus, for example, North River Pier 86 is at West 46th Street.

Most of the piers that once existed in lower Manhattan fell into disuse or were destroyed in the last half of the 20th century. The remaining piers are Pier A at the Battery and piers ranging from Pier 25 at North Moore Street to Pier 99 at 59th Street. Many of these piers and the waterfront between them are part of the Hudson River Park which stretches from 59th Street to the Battery. The park, a joint project between New York City and New York State commenced in 1998, consists of several non-contiguous parcels of land and piers totaling 125 acre, plus another 400 acre of the river itself. Several piers were rebuilt for adaptive re-use as part of the park project, with approximately 70% of the planned work complete by 2011.

Status

 * Pier A is a designated national and New York City landmark. The building on the pier dates to 1886, and was used by the city's Department of Docks, Harbor Police, and was later a fireboat station. The pier was closed and renovated from 1992 to November 2014, after which it reopened as a restaurant.
 * What little remained of Piers 1 through 21 were buried under landfill from the World Trade Center construction project in 1973 and turned into Battery Park City.
 * Pier 25 is a sports and docking facility at the foot of North Moore Street with a mini golf course.
 * Pier 26 was rebuilt over 2008–2009 and is home to a new park designed by OLIN and Rafael Viñoly and opened in September 2020, featuring a sports court and an engineered wetland.
 * Pier 34, at Canal Street, contains a ventilation shaft for the Holland Tunnel.
 * Pier 40, at Houston Street, was built as a terminal for the Holland America Line in 1962, and now contains various playing fields, long-term parking spaces and the Trapeze School of New York on the roof (during the summer).
 * The term "Christopher Street Pier" usually refers specifically to Pier 45 opposite West 10th Street in Greenwich Village. However, it refers to three other piers as well, between Piers 42–51. Pier 51 houses a water-themed playground, part of Hudson River Park.
 * Piers 52 and 53, also known as Gansevoort Peninsula, were formerly a New York City Department of Sanitation facility used for shipping trash out of Manhattan. They are being converted into a public park, expected to be complete in 2023. Also at the end of Pier 53 is the FDNY's Marine 1 fireboat facility, occupying a new building completed in 2011.
 * Pier 54 and Pier 55, part of Hudson River Park since its creation in 1998, was closed in 2011 when it was deemed structurally unsound. Plans were unveiled in November 2014 for a new park designed by Heatherwick Studio and costing $130 million. The project was temporarily canceled in 2017 after costs had grown to $250 million, but was later revived as part of an agreement to complete the remainder of Hudson River Park. The new park, dubbed "Little Island," took the place of the now-dismantled Piers 54 and 55, and opened in May 2021.
 * Pier 57, at 15th Street and 11th Avenue, formerly served as a terminal for shipping and storage of cargo for the Grace Line. Between 1969 and 2003, Pier 57 housed the Hudson Pier Bus Depot for the New York City Transit Authority. After its abandonment, plans created in 2009 called for an improved pier design for commercial use, initially dubbed the SuperPier by its developer. The renovated pier reopened to the public in April 2022, featuring office space for Google, a food hall, and a rooftop park.
 * Piers 59–62 are used as Chelsea Piers, which were originally a passenger ship terminal in the early 1900s that was used by the RMS Lusitania and was the destination of the RMS Titanic. The Chelsea Piers Sports & Entertainment Complex opened at the site in 1995.
 * Pier 63 was the location of a Pavonia Ferry terminal that opened in 1869. The terminal was demolished in 1942, and the pier then housed a Baltimore and Ohio Railroad transfer barge. In the late 1980s, boat enthusiast John Krevey converted an old railroad barge on the Hudson River to a floating jetty.
 * Pier 66 is part of Hudson River Park, It is located at 26th Street and is used for sailing and paddle sports.
 * Pier 76, formerly the NYPD impound lot, was reopened by the Hudson River Park Trust on June 9, 2021 as a park and cultural space.
 * Pier 78 is the only Hudson River pier that is privately owned, and is used for sightseeing cruises.
 * Pier 79 is the West Midtown Ferry Terminal used by NY Waterway and NYC Ferry. Pier 79 connects to an Art Deco style ventilation shaft for the Lincoln Tunnel.
 * Pier 81 is site of North River Lobster and World Yacht
 * Pier 83 is used by Circle Line Sightseeing Cruises.
 * Pier 84 served as a concert venue from the former Schaefer Music Festival. The pier also houses a water-themed playground within Hudson River Park, is a stop for New York Water Taxi, and has a bicycle rental shop and other businesses serving primarily tourists.
 * Pier 86 at West 46th Street is home to the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum, the centerpiece of which is the USS Intrepid, an aircraft carrier that served from World War II to the Vietnam War. This pier once served as the passenger ship terminal for the United States Lines.
 * Piers 88–92 are part of the New York Passenger Ship Terminal, used by numerous modern cruise ships and ocean liners. In 1942, the USS Lafayette (formerly SS Normandie) caught fire at Pier 88, remaining capsized there for a year.  Pier 92 was subsequently used as an exhibition space, but closed in 2019 after the pier was found to be unsafe.
 * Pier 94 was formerly also part of the Passenger Ship Terminal, and until 2020 housed the "UnConvention Center", the second-largest exhibition hall in New York City. As of 2023, it is slated to be redeveloped into a film studio.
 * Pier 96 is part of Hudson River Park. It is the home of Manhattan Community Boathouse, an all-volunteer non-profit organization that offers free kayaking to the public each summer.
 * Pier 97 is part of Hudson River Park. It was until 1975 the home of the Swedish American Line passenger ship terminal. The terminal was demolished some time after 1984 and the pier has since been used for various purposes, including many years as a Sanitation Department parking lot and a brief period as a live event venue sponsored by JBL and Live Nation. In November 2019, it was announced that the pier would be converted into a park, with construction expected to start in September 2020. As of September 2020, the pier is now expected to reopen in March 2024.
 * Pier 98 is used for Con Edison employee car parking, a training facility and delivery by barge and storage of fuel oil.
 * Pier 99 houses the West 59th Street Marine Transfer Station, used by the New York City Sanitation Department.
 * Pier I and most of Riverside Park South were originally part of the abandoned Penn Central railyard between 59th and 72nd Streets. These lettered piers were built at a 55-degree angle to the shore to facilitate the transfer of rail cars from their tracks to a waiting barge. Pier I is the only remaining rail pier. The 69th Street Transfer Bridge of the New York Central Railroad is still extant and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2003.

Railroads and ferries
Prior to the opening of the North River Tunnels and the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad tubes in the early 1900s, passengers and freight were required to cross the river for travel to points east. This led to an extensive network of intermodal terminals, railyards, ferry slips, docks, barges, and carfloats. The west shore of the river from the mid 19th to the mid 20th century was home to expansive facilities operated by competing railroads. Most are now gone, allowing for public access to the waterfront at piers, parks, promenades and marinas along the Hudson River Waterfront Walkway. New ferry slips and terminals exclusively for pedestrian use have been built.
 * Communipaw Terminal was in operation from 1864 to 1967. It was owned by the Central Railroad of New Jersey and also hosted trains of the Baltimore and Ohio and the Reading Company. The CRRNJ's main ferry ran to pier 11 at Liberty Street. The historic landmark is now a major feature of Liberty State Park and ferry terminal for service to Ellis Island and Liberty Island. The terminal is adjacent to the Big Basin of the Morris Canal (used to ship anthracite from the mines of Pennsylvania) which entered the harbor at the river's mouth.
 * Exchange Place station was the location of the first waterfront terminal in 1834, and its larger successor was used until 1961. Regular ferry service from Paulus Hook had begun in the early Dutch colonial period. The original station was built by the New Jersey Railroad to meet the world's first steam ferry service which had been initiated in 1812 by Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston. During the Pennsylvania Railroad era in the 20th century the station was called Exchange Place, local nomenclature for the streetcar terminus and Hudson and Manhattan Railroad tube station. The main ferry ran to Cortlandt Street. The district is now sometimes known as "Wall Street West" due to the concentration of financial concerns and skyscrapers located there. Today ferry service travels to Battery Park City Ferry Terminal, Pier 11 at Wall Street, and the West Midtown Ferry Terminal.
 * Pavonia Terminal operated from 1861 to 1958. The terminal, completed in 1889 by the Erie Railroad, was at the end of the Long Dock which extended into the partially landfilled Harsimus Cove. The Jersey City Terminal was also used by the New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway. It was named after the seventeenth century New Netherland settlement of Pavonia. Ferry service began in the 1840s. The main Pavonia Ferry later ran to Chambers Street and 23rd Street. The Erie's Pavonia trains were moved to Hoboken Terminal between 1956 and 1958, and the ferries and terminal abandoned. The terminal and yards have now been developed into the residential and commercial district of Newport, Jersey City.
 * Hoboken Terminal is the last of the Hudson River terminals still in use and is now operated by NJ Transit. Regular ferry service was started in 1834 by John Stevens. Train service began in 1863 by the Morris and Essex Railroad and was taken over by Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad, which built the terminal in 1908. The DL&W later merged with the Erie to create the Erie Lackawanna Railway which, after becoming part of Conrail, operated until the state takeover in the 1970s. The main routes of the Hoboken Ferry ran to Barclay Street, Christopher Street and 23rd Street; these ferries operated until 1967. Today NY Waterway ferries travel to the Battery Park City Ferry Terminal, Pier 11 at Wall Street and the West Midtown Ferry Terminal.
 * Weehawken Terminal operated from 1884 to 1959 as the terminus for New York Central Railroad's West Shore Railroad division as well as for the New York, Ontario and Western Railway. The extensive Weehawken Yards also handled freight for the Erie Railroad with the New Jersey Junction Railroad. The New York Central Railroad 69th Street Transfer Bridge is now a historic site. The main Weehawken Ferry travelled directly across the river to 42nd Street and for a time was part of route of the Lincoln Highway. Other ferries included those to 14th Street and Cortland Street. The original tunnel under Bergen Hill is now used by the Hudson–Bergen Light Rail and contains the Bergenline Avenue station. Ferry service is now provided from Weehawken Port Imperial to the West Midtown Ferry Terminal, Battery Park City Ferry Terminal, and Wall Street.
 * The New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway terminus in Shadyside, Edgewater, was opened in 1894 for the shipment of coal and other products. This led to extensive landfilling and industrial growth including plants of Hess Oil and Chemical, Lever Brothers, Alcoa, and the Ford Motor Company. Many workers from Manhattan used the ferry from 125th Street to reach their jobs. The factories of Edgewater have been demolished, the brownfields redeveloped for residential, retail, and recreational uses. The ferry now travels from Edgewater Landing to West Midtown Ferry Terminal.

Fixed crossings
The last crossing to be built was the south tube of the Lincoln Tunnel in 1957, but in 1962, another deck was added to the George Washington Bridge. Since 2003, various proposals have been made to add a new train line. This includes an extension of the completed 7 Subway Extension, the canceled Access to the Region's Core, and the proposed Gateway Project.

title: North River (Hudson River)


text:
West River

West River may refer to:

Rivers
Canada
 * West River (Antigonish, Nova Scotia) in Antigonish County, Nova Scotia
 * West River (Pictou, Nova Scotia) in Pictou County, Nova Scotia
 * West River (Halifax, Nova Scotia) in Sheet Harbour, Nova Scotia
 * West River (Annapolis, Nova Scotia) in Kejimkujik National Park
 * West River (Ontario), in Sudbury District

China
 * Xi River or West River, Guangdong
 * Changle River, formerly West River, Zhejiang

United States
 * West River (Connecticut)
 * Mattabesset River, Connecticut, formerly known as West River
 * West River (Maine)
 * West River (Maryland)
 * West River (Massachusetts)
 * West River (New York), a river in New York
 * West River (Rhode Island)
 * West River (South Dakota)
 * West River (Vermont)

Locations
Canada
 * West River, Ontario, an unincorporated place in Sudbury District
 * West River, Prince Edward Island, a community in Prince Edward Island
 * West River Station, Nova Scotia, a community in Pictou County

United States
 * West River (neighborhood), New Haven, Connecticut
 * West River, Maryland, a town
 * West River, Wyoming, a town
 * West River (South Dakota), a region name

title: West River


text:
Xi River

The Xi River or Si-Kiang is the western tributary of the Pearl River in southern China. It is formed by the confluence of the Gui and Xun Rivers in Wuzhou, Guangxi. It originates from the eastern foot of the Maxiong Mountain in Qujing City, Yunnan Province. Then it flows east through Guangdong, and enters the Pearl River Delta just east of the Lingyang Gorge in Zhaoqing. The main branch of the Xi River flows southeast through the delta entering the South China Sea at Modao Men, just west of Macau. The major cities along the Xi include Wuzhou, Zhaoqing, and Jiangmen.

The other two main tributaries of Pearl River are the Dong River (literally, the East River) and Bei River (the Northern River).As for other functions, it plays a vital role in carbon storage and transport in Southern China. The Xi River is facing some ecological challenges such as drought, invasive species, and pollution.

Xi River system
The basin of the Xi River ranges from eastern Yunnan Province to southern Guangdong Province with a humid subtropical or tropical monsoon climate. The Xi River is navigable for its entire length. It is a commercial waterway of southern China, and links the delta cities to the interior. Over two thousand years ago, the Lingqu Canal was dug, connecting the Xi River basin (the Li River, which is a tributary of the Gui River) with the Xiang River, which flows into the Yangtze, thus providing a continuous waterway from the Pearl River Delta to the Yangtze Valley. The Xi River is rich in water conservancy and water resources, providing significant contributions to agricultural irrigation, river transportation, and power generation in coastal areas.

The Xi River is the largest of the Pearl's tributaries. Its volume of flow is second in China only to that of the Yangtze River, and it supplies water to many places in Guangxi, Guangdong and Macau. The greater Xi River is also one of China's longest. Existing in many segments it extends for 2271.8 km:
 * Nanpan River: 950 km
 * Hongshui River: 669.6 km
 * Qian River: 121.0 km
 * Xun River: 172.2 km
 * Xi River (including main branch to the sea): 359.0 km

Major cities along the river

 * Wuzhou
 * Zhaoqing
 * Foshan (Gaoming District)
 * Heshan
 * Jiangmen
 * Zhongshan
 * Zhuhai

River Ecology
Rivers are a significant storage and transport system for both organic and inorganic carbon. The Xi River is an important source of atmospheric carbon dioxide in Southern China, with carbon inputs coming mainly from the river's headwater Nanpan and Beipan rivers. In the Beipan River, carbon inputs come from the oxidation of organic carbon and the coal industry along the river. In the Nanpan River, carbon inputs come mainly from soil and organic detritus.

Drought
The Xi River basin has historically experienced droughts, which are worsening due to climate change and rapid urbanization along with many parts of the river. This increase in population is straining water resources. The climate of the watershed is subtropical to tropical monsoon, with 80% of precipitation falling between April and September. This extreme variation in yearly precipitation patterns exacerbates drought issues. Climate change is predicted to cause a significant decrease in average, highest, and lowest river flows, with average flow droppings anywhere from 4 to 49%. Increasing frequency and severity lead the meteorological and hydrological droughts.

Invasive species
Invasive or non-native species are an issue in rivers in southern China, including the Xi River. Southern China rears the majority of non-native species in aquaculture. These species are mainly introduced from aquaculture, and may predate or outcompete native species. Most introduced species are omnivores, including the Nile tilapia, the most common non-native species in southern China rivers.

Pollution
Many commercial fish species in the Xi River and the encompassing Pearl River watershed have been contaminated with significant amounts of Bisphenol A, common in plastics manufacturing. Bisphenol A is a chemical that can be harmful to the endocrine system of fish and humans.

Protection
In order to protect the Xi River, the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region government issued a notice prohibiting new construction projects and migration of people within the land occupied and inundated areas of the Xi River mainstream control project in Guangxi. Besides, the protection measures include: promulgated a fishing ban, wetland park protection, develop green recycling and low-carbon economic, the innovation of ecological and environmental protection cooperation mechanism and Xi River Basin Nature Reserve construction management.

title: Xi River


text:
List of people on the postage stamps of Nigeria

This is a list of people on the postage stamps of Nigeria and earlier constituent parts, including the years in which they appeared on a stamp.

Lagos 1874-1906

 * Victoria of the United Kingdom (1874)
 * Edward VIII of the United Kingdom (1904)

Niger Coast Protectorate 1894-1898

 * Victoria of the United Kingdom (1894)

Northern Nigeria 1900-1912

 * Victoria of the United Kingdom (1900)
 * Edward VIII of the United Kingdom (1902)
 * George V of the United Kingdom (1912)

Oil Rivers 1892-1893

 * Victoria of the United Kingdom (1892)

Southern Nigeria 1901-1912

 * Victoria of the United Kingdom (1901)
 * Edward VIII of the United Kingdom (1903)

Nigeria 1914-1960

 * Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom (1953–1958)
 * George V of the United Kingdom (1914–1936)
 * George VI of the United Kingdom (1937–1948)

Nigeria Independent 1960+

 * Nnamdi Azikiwe (1963, 1964)
 * Robert Baden-Powell (1965, 1982)
 * Alexander Graham Bell (1976)
 * Yakubu Gowon (1969)
 * Jaja of Opobo (1964)
 * John F. Kennedy (1964)
 * Christian J. Kiewiet (1914, 1988)
 * Herbert Macaulay (1964)
 * Murtala Muhammed (1977)
 * Nefertari (1964)
 * Wright brothers (1978)
 * Philip Emeagwali (2006)

Biafra 1968-1969

 * Pope Paul VI (1969)


text:
Vanden Plas

Vanden Plas is the name of coachbuilders who produced bodies for specialist and up-market automobile manufacturers. Latterly the name became a top-end luxury model designation for cars from subsidiaries of British Leyland and the Rover Group, being last used in 2009 to denote the top-luxury version of the Jaguar XJ (X350).

Batched and bespoke coachwork
The business began in 1870 in Brussels, Belgium, initially making axles later producing horse-drawn carriages. It was founded by Guillaume van den Plas, a blacksmith, and his three sons, Antoine, Henri and Willy, who later set up a branch in Paris. Guillaume's surname is Dutch meaning "from the lake". In 1884 they moved from Brussels to Antwerp. With increased business they opened a branch in Brussels again in 1890. By 1900, they worked with De Dion Bouton, Berlier, Germain and Packard. By 1908 Carrosserie Van den Plas had a workforce of 400 men producing 300 special bodies a year, and that soon increased to over 750. The French branch ceased production in 1934 while the Belgian business was active until 1949.

The coachbuilder's name first appeared in the United Kingdom in 1906 when Métallurgique cars were imported with Carrosserie Van den Plas coachwork. The first Vanden Plas company in England was established by Warwick Wright (now Peugeot dealers) in 1913, building bodies under license from Carrosserie Van den Plas Belgium. During the First World War UK activities were switched to aircraft production, and the UK business was bought by The Aircraft Manufacturing Company which was based at Hendon near London. In 1917, Vanden Plas (1917) Ltd. was incorporated. After the war it seems to have been a struggle to get back into coachbuilding and in 1922 that company was placed in receivership. The exclusive UK naming rights seem to have been lost, because in the early 1920s the Belgian firm was exhibiting at the London Motor Show alongside the British business. In 1923 the rights to the name and the goodwill were purchased by the Fox brothers, who incorporated Vanden Plas (England) 1923 Limited. They moved the business from Hendon to Kingsbury and built on the contacts that had been made with Bentley. Between 1924 and 1931, when Bentley failed, Vanden Plas built the bodies for more than 700 of their chassis.

In the 1930s the company became less dependent on one car maker, and supplied coachwork to such as Alvis, Armstrong Siddeley, Bentley, Daimler, Lagonda, Rolls-Royce and Talbot. The company also updated its production methods and took to making small batches of similar bodies. With the outbreak of war in 1939, coachbuilding stopped and the company returned to aircraft work, manufacturing the wooden framework for the de Havilland Mosquito, one of the most successful aircraft of the Second World War. After the war, the company continued its association with de Havilland, and manufactured parts for the Vampire jet fighter.

Princess
With peace in 1945, the company looked to restart its old business when a new customer came along. Austin wanted to market a chauffeur-driven version of its in-house-built large 4-litre Rolls-Royce-size A110 Sheerline luxury car and approached Vanden Plas. Vanden Plas became a subsidiary of the Austin Motor Company in 1946 and produced Austin's A120 Princess model on the Austin Sheerline chassis.

From 1958, this began to involve chassis assembly and Austin, now BMC, recognised Vanden Plas as a motor manufacturer in its own right by dropping Austin from the name and so enabled Nuffield dealers to sell the Princess. In 1960, the Princess became the Vanden Plas Princess.

Daimler DS 420
Austin was joined in BMC by Jaguar with its new subsidiary Daimler. Production of Princess limousines ended in 1968 when they were replaced with Daimler DS420 limousines (Jaguar had acquired Daimler in 1960) built by Vanden Plas on a lengthened Jaguar Mark X platform. The DS420 was produced at the Kingsbury Lane Vanden Plas factory until it closed in November 1979.

The British Leyland board decided in 1967 there were insufficient funds for marketing the Daimler brand in North America, as well as Jaguar. From that point, Vanden Plas was used in North America instead of Daimler on Jaguar's top luxury models. Ownership of the Vanden Plas name stayed with the Rover Group, so when Jaguar was sold off, it was obliged to stop using Vanden Plas in the United Kingdom, although it continued to do so in America. Within the UK a Daimler Double-Six Vanden Plas became a plain Daimler Double-Six.

Badge engineering
Also in 1957/8, Vanden Plas were asked by Leonard Lord to add luxury fittings to a batch of Austin A105 Westminster cars, beginning the practice of using the company's skills and name for badge-engineered (and modified) luxury versions of many of the BMC (and later British Leyland (BL)) cars such as the 1100/1300 range and the Allegro (known as the Vanden Plas 1500, 1.5 & 1.7 from 1975 to 1980). The Vanden Plas works in Kingsbury, North London closed in 1979 and the marque switched to Abingdon.

From 1982 to 1989, Austin Rover made upmarket Vanden Plas models within its Metro, Maestro, Montego and Rover SD1 and SD3 ranges.

The name is also used in North America on Jaguar cars otherwise branded Daimler in other markets between 1982-2008.

In 1992, a Japanese company recreated the Vanden Plas 1100/1300 look on the Nissan Micra K11. This involved replicating the front and rear of the Vanden Plas, complete with two tone paint scheme as sported by the original model in the 1960s.

The last UK market British car to bear the Vanden Plas name was the Rover 75 at the beginning of the 21st century.

China
The rights to the design of the Rover 75 cars and the MG Group (which had formerly been MG Rover) were purchased by a Chinese firm, Nanjing Automobile. Ford purchased the Rover name from the Rover Group's previous owner BMW to protect the Land Rover brand from Shanghai Automotive, who wanted the Rover name for their 75-based car (Ford was at this time owner of Land Rover and Jaguar). The Vanden Plas name (for outside North America) and many other Leyland names were purchased by Nanjing Automobile.

General

 * 1) Vanden Plas history & models at "The unofficial Austin Rover resource"

title: Vanden Plas


text:
Van der Plas

Van der Plas is a Dutch toponymic surname meaning "from the pool / pond / lake". People with this name include:

 * Caroline van der Plas (born 1967), Dutch politician
 * Charles van der Plas (1891–1977), Dutch Governor of East Java from 1936 to 1941
 * David van der Plas (1647–1704), Dutch portrait painter
 * Debora van der Plas (1616–1680), Dutch-born Swedish businesswoman
 * Frank van der Plas (born 1960), Dutch comedic actor and singer performing as Ome Henk
 * Pieter van der Plas I (c.1590–c.1661), painter active in Brussels

title: Van der Plas


text:
Metropolitan Borough of Greenwich

The Metropolitan Borough of Greenwich was a metropolitan borough in the County of London between 1900 and 1965. It bordered the boroughs of Woolwich, Lewisham and Deptford and, across the River Thames, the borough of Poplar and the County Borough of West Ham in Essex. Within the area of the borough were the Royal Naval College (now the National Maritime Museum), the Royal Observatory and Greenwich Park.

The borough was abolished in 1965, and its area was merged with that of the borough of Woolwich to form the London Borough of Greenwich within the new ceremonial county of Greater London.

Formation and boundaries
The borough was formed from four civil parishes: Charlton-next-Woolwich, Deptford St Nicholas, Greenwich and Kidbrooke. In 1901 Charlton-next-Woolwich and Kidbrooke were merged to form Charlton and Kidbrooke. In 1930 the remaining three civil parishes were combined into a single civil parish called Borough of Greenwich, which was conterminous with the metropolitan borough.

Previous to the borough's formation it had been administered by two separate local bodies: Greenwich District Board of Works and Lee District Board of Works.

Population and area
The borough covered 3852 acre. The population in each decennial census was:

Constituent parishes 1801–1899 Metropolitan Borough 1900–1961

Politics
The borough was divided into eight wards for elections: Charlton & Kidbrooke, Marsh, North West, North, South East, South, St Nicholas Deptford and West.

Borough council
Metropolitan borough councils elections were held triennially. The first election to the borough council was held on 1 November 1900. The result was a majority for the pro-Conservative Moderates, who had 16 councillors elected. The opposition was formed by the Progressives with 8 seats. At the next election in 1903 Moderates held control with the support of 2 Independent Conservative councillors. By the time of the 1906 election, the Conservatives contested the elections throughout London under the Municipal Reform label. The Municipal Reformers held the council with 21 seats to 5 Progressives and 4 Independents. They held the council at the 1909 and 1912 elections: 1909 saw the first Socialist councillor elected to the council. Due to World War I, the next council election was not held until 1919. The Labour Party took control of the borough, with 20 seats to 10 for the Municipal Reform Party. Three years later the position was reversed, with Municipal Reformers retaking control with 22 seats to Labour's 11. At the 1925 election the Municipal Reform and Labour parties both took 15 seats, and the borough council was consequently under no overall control. The same party composition was returned at the 1928 and 1931 elections. Labour subsequently gained control, which they held at the 1934 election. Labour held the borough at the 1937 election. Elections were again suspended during the Second World War, the next contest being in 1945: Labour held the borough. Elections to boroughs due in November 1948 were postponed to May 1949 to coincide with those for county councils. The Conservative Party contested the elections in the place of the Municipal Reformers. Labour held the council at this and all later elections to the metropolitan borough council, with the Conservatives forming the only other grouping. The last election to the council was held on 10 May 1962, when Labour gained 29 seats to 6 for the Conservatives.

Parliamentary constituency
A parliamentary borough of Greenwich had been formed by the Reform Act 1832. In 1918 the boundaries were realigned to correspond to the metropolitan borough.

Coat of arms
The borough council was granted a coat of arms by the College of Arms on 15 July 1903. The central band bearing an hour-glass represented the Greenwich Meridian and the surrounding stars the Royal Observatory. The crest above the shield was an ancient ship and crossed anchors, standing for the connections of Greenwich with the Royal Navy. The Latin motto was Tempore utimur or "We use time": a reference to Greenwich Mean Time.

Some charges from these arms were taken over for the arms of the London Borough of Greenwich in 1965 and in 2012 for the new coat of arms of the Royal Borough of Greenwich.

Town Halls
West Greenwich House was built in 1876 and served as headquarters for the Greenwich District Board of Works before it was inherited by the new Borough Council in 1900. When built it had a dome and lantern above the parapet. It served as the Town Hall until 1939 after which it housed other council offices. Today it thrives as the West Greenwich Community and Arts Centre; the building was recently restored and refurbished.

In 1939, a new and much larger Greenwich Town Hall and Borough Hall were built on the corner of Greenwich High Road and Royal Hill in the Art Deco style. When the Metropolitan Borough of Greenwich was merged into the London Borough of Greenwich in the 1960s, Woolwich Town Hall was used as the headquarters for the new larger borough instead. The Town Hall and Borough Hall buildings are now occupied by GSM London and a dance centre (Greenwich Dance) respectively.

title: Metropolitan Borough of Greenwich


text:
Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich

The Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich was a metropolitan borough in the County of London from 1900 to 1965. It was formed from the civil parishes of Eltham, Plumstead and Woolwich. Its former area is now part of the Royal Borough of Greenwich and the London Borough of Newham.

Formation and boundaries
The borough was formed from three civil parishes: Eltham, Plumstead and Woolwich. In 1930 these three were combined into a single civil parish called Borough of Woolwich, which was conterminous with the metropolitan borough.

Previous to the borough's formation it had been administered by three separate local bodies: Lee District Board of Works, Plumstead Vestry and Woolwich Local Board of Health.

Population and area
The area of the borough varied between 8,277 and 8282 acre. The population, as recorded at the census, was:

Constituent parishes 1801-1899 Metropolitan Borough 1900-1961

Politics
The borough was divided into eleven wards for elections: Burrage, Central, Dockyard, Eltham, Glyndon, Herbert, River, St George's, St Margaret's, St Mary's and St Nicholas.

Parliament constituency
For elections to Parliament, the borough was represented by one constituency: In 1918, the borough's representation was increased to two seats:
 * Woolwich
 * Woolwich East
 * Woolwich West

Abolition
Most of it was amalgamated with the Metropolitan Borough of Greenwich to form the London Borough of Greenwich, but small parts north of the river, including North Woolwich, were instead included in the London Borough of Newham.

title: Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich


text: Talk:Bohai Economic Rim (Region)

title: Talk:Bohai Economic Rim (Region)


text:
Metropolitan Borough of Chelsea

The Metropolitan Borough of Chelsea was a metropolitan borough of the County of London between 1900 and 1965. It was created by the London Government Act 1899 from most of the ancient parish of Chelsea. Following the London Government Act 1963, it was amalgamated with the Royal Borough of Kensington in 1965 to form the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea.

Ecclesiastical parish
The ancient parish was originally dedicated to All Saints, but by the late 17th century it had been rededicated to St Luke. It was in the Diocese of London. In 1824 a new parish church was built in the centre of the parish, it was also dedicated to St Luke and the original parish church became a chapel-at-ease known as All Saints, Chelsea or Chelsea Old Church. From 1831, as the population of Chelsea increased, a number of new parishes were formed:
 * Holy Trinity, Upper Chelsea in 1831
 * St Saviour, Upper Chelsea in 1840
 * St Jude, Upper Chelsea in 1844, (merged into Holy Trinity, Upper Chelsea in 1892)
 * All Saints, Chelsea (Chelsea Old Church) voluntarily took care of certain streets from 1855, became a separate parish in 1951
 * Park Chapel, Chelsea Park in c.1855, (renamed Emmanuel, Chelsea Park in 1906; then St Andrew, Chelsea Park in 1912)
 * St Simon Zelotes, Upper Chelsea in 1859
 * Christ Church, Chelsea in 1860
 * St John, Chelsea World's End in 1877

In the detached part of Chelsea parish, around the hamlet of Kensal Green (Kensal Town), a number of new parishes were also formed:
 * St John the Evangelist, Kensal Green in 1845 with parts of Kensington, Paddington, Hammersmith and Willesden
 * St Luke the Evangelist, Kensal Green in 1877 with parts of Holy Trinity, Kilburn
 * St Jude, Kensal Green in 1879

Population and area
The area of the borough was 660 acre, once Kensal Town was transferred to Kensington and Paddington. The borough's only railway station was Chelsea & Fulham, on the West London Line, which closed in 1940. The borough's only tube station was Sloane Square.

The population recorded in the Census was:

Chelsea Vestry 1801–1899 Metropolitan Borough 1900–1961

Coat of arms
The borough was granted a coat of arms by the College of Arms on 28 February 1903. The blazon was:
 * Gules within a cross voided or a crozier in pale of the last in the first quarter a winged bull statant in the second a lion rampant reguardant both argent in the third a sword point downwards proper pomel and hilt gold between two boars' heads couped at the neck of the third and in the fourth a stag's head caboshed of the second.

The winged bull is the symbol of St Luke, patron saint of Chelsea (St Luke's parish church is just off the King's Road). The other emblems referred to various holders of the manor over the centuries: the crozier for Westminster Abbey, the lion for Earl Cadogan (first mayor of the borough), the boars' heads and sword for the Sloane family and the stag's head for the Stanley family.

The motto was Nisi dominus frustra or "It is vain without the Lord".

The fourfold division of the shield was a design favoured by Albert Woods, Garter King of Arms for municipal grants: other examples in London included those of the metropolitan boroughs of Bermondsey, Camberwell, Islington, Kensington and Southwark.

Politics
Under the Metropolis Management Act 1855 any parish that exceeded 2,000 ratepayers was to be divided into wards; as such the incorporated vestry of St Luke Chelsea was divided into four wards (electing vestrymen): No. 1 or Stanley (9), No. 2 or Church (18), No. 3 or Hans Town (21) and No. 4 or Royal Hospital (12).

In 1894 as its population had increased the incorporated vestry was re-divided into five wards (electing vestrymen): Stanley (12), Church & Cheyne (15), Hans Town (12), Royal Hospital (9) and Kensal Town (12).

The metropolitan borough was also divided into five wards for elections: Cheyne, Church, Hans Town, Royal Hospital and Stanley.

Borough council
The borough council was controlled by the Municipal Reform Party, which was allied to the Conservative Party, from its creation until 1949. In that year, the "Municipal Reform" label was discarded, and the Conservative party governed the borough until the borough's abolition in 1965. Chelsea Town Hall, a neo-classical building containing frescos, remains in use. It is situated on King's Road, at the corner of Chelsea Manor Street.

Parliament constituency
For elections to parliament, the borough formed a single constituency. By 1950, the decline in population meant that the Chelsea constituency also included the Brompton area of the Metropolitan Borough of Kensington.

title: Metropolitan Borough of Chelsea