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Wireless Internet service provider

A wireless Internet service provider (WISP) is an Internet service provider with a network based on wireless networking. Technology may include commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment designed to operate over open 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5, 24, and 60 GHz bands or licensed frequencies in the UHF band (including the MMDS frequency band), LMDS, and other bands from 6 GHz to 80 GHz.

In the US, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) released a Report and Order, FCC 05-56 in 2005 that revised the FCC’s rules to open the 3650 MHz band for terrestrial wireless broadband operations. On November 14, 2007 the Commission released a Public Notice (DA 07-4605) in which the Wireless Telecommunications Bureau announced the start date for the licensing and registration process for the 3650-3700 MHz band.

As of July 2015, over 2,000 fixed wireless broadband providers operating in the US, servicing nearly 4 million customers.

History
Initially, WISPs were only found in rural areas not covered by cable television or DSL. The first WISP in the world was LARIAT, a non-profit rural telecommunications cooperative founded in 1992 in Laramie, Wyoming by electrical engineer and InfoWorld columnist Brett Glass. LARIAT originally used WaveLAN equipment, manufactured by the NCR Corporation, which operated on the 900 MHz unlicensed radio band. LARIAT was taken private in 2003 and continues to exist as a for-profit wireless ISP.

Another early WISP was a company called Internet Office Parks in Johannesburg, South Africa that was founded by Roy Pater, Brett Airey and Attila Barath in January 1996 when they realized the South African Telco, Telkom could not keep up with the demand for dedicated Internet links for business use. Using what was one of the first wireless LAN products available for wireless barcode scanning in stores, called Aironet (now owned by Cisco), they worked out if they ran a dedicated Telco link into the highest building in a business area or CBD they could wirelessly "cable" up all the other buildings back to this main point and would only require one link from the Telco to connect up hundreds of businesses at the same time. In turn each "satellite" building was wired up with Ethernet so each business connected to the Ethernet LAN could instantly get Internet access. Due to the immaturity of wireless technology, security issues and being forced constantly by Telkom SA (Then the government Telco in South Africa) to cease its service, the company closed its doors in Jan 1999.

There were 879 Wi-Fi based WISPs in the Czech Republic as of May 2008, making it the country with most Wi-Fi access points in the whole EU. ; which was a consequence of the then de facto monopoly of the former telecom operator on fixed data networks. The providing of wireless Internet has a big potential of lower the "digital gap" or "Internet gap" in the developing countries. Geekcorps actively help in Africa with among others wireless network building. An example of a typical WISP system is such as the one deployed by Gaiacom Wireless Networks which is based on Wi-Fi standards. The One Laptop per Child project strongly relies on good Internet connectivity, which can most likely be provided in rural areas only with satellite or wireless network Internet access. In high internet cost countries such as South Africa, prices have been drastically reduced by the government allocating spectrum to smaller WISPs, who are able to deliver high speed broadband at a much lower cost.

Some WISP networks have been started in rural parts of the United Kingdom, to address issues with poor broadband DSL service (bandwidth) in rural areas ("notspots"), including slow rollout of fibre based services which could improve service (usually Fibre to the cabinet to groups of rural buildings, potentially Fibre to the premises for isolated buildings). A number of these WISPs have been set up via the Community Broadband Network, using funds from the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development

Overview
WISPs often offer additional services like location-based content, Virtual Private Networking (VPN) and Voice over IP. Isolated municipal ISPs and larger statewide initiatives alike are tightly focused on wireless networking.

WISPs have a large market share in rural environments where cable and digital subscriber lines are not available; further, with technology available, they can meet or beat speeds of legacy cable and telephone systems. In urban environments, gigabit wireless links are common and provide levels of bandwidth previously only available through expensive fiber optic connections.

Typically, the way that a WISP operates is to order a fiber circuit to the center of the area they wish to serve. From there, the WISP will start building backhauls (gigabit wireless or fiber) to elevated points in the region, such as radio towers, tall buildings, grain silos, or water towers. Those locations will have access points to provide service to individual customers or backhauls to other towers where they have more equipment. The WISP may also use gigabit wireless links to connect a PoP (Point of Presence) to several towers, reducing the need to pay for fiber circuits to the tower. For fixed wireless connections, a small dish or antenna is mounted to the roof of the customer's building and aligned to the WISP's nearest antenna site. When operating over the tightly limited range of the heavily populated 2.4 GHz band, as nearly all 802.11-based Wi‑Fi providers do, it is not uncommon to also see access points mounted on light posts and customer buildings.

Since it is difficult for a single service provider to build an infrastructure that offers global access to its subscribers, roaming between service providers is encouraged by the Wi-Fi Alliance with the protocol WISPr, a set of recommendations approved by the alliance which facilitate inter-network and inter-operator roaming of Wi-Fi users. Modern wireless services have latency comparable to other terrestrial broadband networks.

Technology problems

 * Line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight propagation

title: Wireless Internet service provider


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Pons, Count of Tripoli

Pons (c. 1098 – 25 March 1137) was count of Tripoli from 1112 to 1137. He was a minor when his father, Bertrand, died in 1112. He swore fealty to the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos in the presence of a Byzantine embassy. His advisors sent him to Antioch to be educated in the court of Tancred of Antioch, ending the hostilities between the two crusader states. Tancred granted four important fortresses to Pons in the Principality of Antioch. Since Pons held his inherited lands in fief of the kings of Jerusalem, Tancred's grant strengthened the autonomy of the County of Tripoli. On his deathbed, Tancred also arranged the marriage of his wife, Cecile of France, to Pons.

Pons closely cooperated with Tancred's successor, Roger of Salerno, against the Muslim rulers in the 1110s. He refused obedience to Baldwin II of Jerusalem in early 1122, but their vassals soon mediated a reconciliation between the two rulers. Pons was one of the supreme commanders of the crusader troops during the successful siege of Tyre in 1124. He supported Alice of Jerusalem, the dowager princess of Antioch, against her brother-in-law, Fulk, King of Jerusalem, in late 1132, but they could not prevent him from taking control of Antioch. A year later, Pons was only able to defend his county against Imad ad-Din Zengi, atabeg of Mosul, with Fulk's assistance.

Bazwāj, the mamluk (slave) commander of Damascus, invaded Tripoli in a battle in March 1137. Bazwāj defeated Pons, forcing him to flee to the mountains where native Christians captured Pons. His captors handed him over to Bazwāj who had him killed. The County of Tripoli developed into a fully independent crusader state during Pons' reign.

Early life
Pons' father, Bertrand, was the eldest son of Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse. Bertrand's legitimacy was dubious, however, because his parents were closely related. The identity of Pons' mother is uncertain. The contemporaneous English chronicler Orderic Vitalis stated that Helie of Burgundy (a daughter of Odo I, Duke of Burgundy) was his mother. William of Malmesbury, however, wrote that Pons had been born to an unnamed niece of the powerful Matilda of Tuscany. The year of Pons' birth is also uncertain. The contemporaneous Muslim author, Ibn al-Qalanisi, noted that Pons was a "small boy" when his father died in early 1112. William of Malmesbury and William of Tyre wrote that Pons had been an "adolescent" when he succeeded his father. According to historian Kevin James Lewis, available information suggests Pons was born around 1098.

Pons' grandfather, Raymond IV, was the first prominent nobleman to join the First Crusade in 1095. His attempts to secure the supreme command of the military campaign failed, neither could he keep the fortresses that he conquered from the local Muslim rulers in northern Syria in 1098. Northern Syria developed into a crusader state, the Principality of Antioch, under the rule of Raymond's rivals, the Norman Bohemond and Tancred. Unlike Bohemond and Tancred, Raymond accepted the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos's suzerainty and acted as the Emperor's lieutenant, but the Byzantines could not put an end to the Normans' rule in northern Syria. After the crusaders captured Jerusalem, Raymond refused to rule the Holy City, thus a new crusader state, the Kingdom of Jerusalem, developed in Palestine under the rule of two brothers from Lower Lorraine, Godfrey of Bouillon and Baldwin of Boulogne (or Baldwin I).

Raymond IV laid siege to Tripoli—an important economic and cultural center on the northern border of the Fatimid Caliphate—with Byzantine support in May 1103. Although he adopted the title of count of Tripoli and took control of the nearby villages, he died on 28 February 1105 without conquering the town. Raymond's troops continued the siege, but his infant son, Alfonso Jordan, was taken back to the County of Toulouse. Pons' father, Bertrand, renounced Toulouse in favor of Alfonso Jordan for unknown reasons in the summer of 1108. He soon sailed to Syria to claim the lands his father had conquered around Tripoli. He swore allegiance to Baldwin I of Jerusalem to secure his support and the united armies of the crusader states captured Tripoli on 12 July 1109. Pons most probably had accompanied his father from Toulouse to Syria. He signed one of Bertrand's charters issued in Tripoli in 1110 or 1111.

Minority

Pons was a minor when his father died on 3 February 1112. Anna Comnena recorded that Bishop Albert of Tripoli wanted to keep the money that a Byzantine embassy had deposited with Pons' father and himself. Lewis says, the dispute is evidence the bishop exerted a strong influence on the government during Pons' minority. The money was returned to the Byzantines only after they had threatened to impose a blockade on Tripoli. Pons could only keep the gold and other valuable objects explicitly promised to his father as personal gifts. The Byzantines also persuaded Pons to swear fealty to Alexios I Komnenos as his grandfather and father had done.

His "guardians and lords" concluded an agreement with Tancred of Antioch, making Pons "one of Tancred's knights", according to Ibn al-Qalanisi. Historian Jean Richard associated the "guardians and lords" with the most influential noblemen of the County of Tripoli who ruled the county on the minor count's behalf. Their decision helped to reconcile Antioch's Norman and Tripoli's Occitan crusaders, who had fallen out during the Siege of Antioch. The conflict with the Byzantines also contributed to the rapprochement between Tripoli and Antioch.

Tancred granted Tortosa (now Tartus in Syria), Maraclea, Safita and Krak des Chevalierswhich had been claimed by the counts of Tripolito Pons in fief. Pons held his inherited lands in fief of the kings of Jerusalem. Tancred's grant contributed to the development of Tripoli into an autonomous crusader state. He died in December 1112, but only after ordering his wife, Cecile of France, be engaged to Pons. William of Malmesbury wrote that the dying prince arranged the marriage because he was convinced that Pons would be a successful military leader.

Pons remained in Antioch during the first months or years of the rule of Tancred's successor, Roger of Salerno. Baldwin I of Jerusalem sent envoys to Antioch to seek the assistance of Roger and Pons against Mawdud, the Seljuk atabeg (governor) of Mosul, who had invaded the Kingdom of Jerusalem in late June 1113. However, Baldwin did not wait until their arrival and attacked the invaders near Tiberias. His army was defeated on 28 June. Pons accompanied Roger during the campaign and they sharply criticized Baldwin for his impatience after their arrival.

Cooperation
Walter, the chancellor of Antioch, who wrote a chronicle of the history of the principality, never refers to Pons' presence in Antioch. This implies he had reached the age of majority and returned to Tripoli before 29 November 1114 (which is the starting date of Walter's narration). Pons was certainly in Tripoli when Bursuq ibn Bursuq of Hamadan invaded Antioch in 1115, because Roger of Salerno sent envoys from Antioch to Tripoli to seek his assistance. Walter recorded that Pons marched north to aid Roger only after Baldwin II of Jerusalem had ordered him to join his campaign. This shows that Pons still acknowledged the suzerainty of the king. After their united armies reached Apamea, Bursuq lifted the siege of the Antiochene fort of Kafartab and retreated without fighting. Baldwin and Pons soon returned to their countries, enabling Bursuq to return and capture Kafartab. Roger of Salerno attacked the invaders before Baldwin and Pons returned, and defeated Bursuq on 14 September.

Ilghazi, the Ortoquid ruler of Mardin, invaded Antioch at the end of May 1119. Bernard, the Latin patriarch of Antioch, convinced Roger to again seek help from Baldwin II and Pons. However, Roger could not wait until their arrival. He launched a counter-attack against Ilghazi leading his principality's whole army. Roger died fighting and his army was annihilated on 28 June. Ilghazi tried to prevent Baldwin and Pons from reaching Antioch, but Baldwin entered the town without resistance. Pons, who arrived a day later, warded off Ilghazi's attack in early August. Baldwin was acknowledged as the ruler of Antioch until its absent prince, Bohemond II, came of age.

Conflicts and alliances
Baldwin's acquisition of Antioch made him the most powerful monarch of the crusader states which annoyed Pons. Neither Pons nor the bishops of his county attended the synod which was held on 23 January 1120 at Nablus, although all prelates and secular lords of the Kingdom of Jerusalem were present at the assembly. He openly refused obedience to the king in early 1122. Baldwin mustered his army and marched towards Tripoli, taking the True Cross from Jerusalem with him. According to Fulcher of Chartres' report, to avoid an armed conflict, the two rulers' vassals mediated a reconciliation, making Baldwin and Pons "friends".

Balak, the Ortoquid ruler of Harran, captured Baldwin II of Jerusalem while Baldwin was hunting near the Euphrates on 18 April 1123. During his captivity, a Venetian fleet under the command of the Doge, Domenico Michele, arrived at Acre. Taking advantage of the presence of a sizeable army from Europe, the leaders of the Kingdom of Jerusalem decided to capture Tyre, one of the last of two Fatimid ports on the western coast of the Mediterranean Sea. They laid siege to the town on 16 February 1124.

The Jerusalemite nobles sent envoys to Pons, urging him to join the siege. Pons hurried to the town, accompanied by a large retinue, damaging the self-confidence of the town's defenders, according to William of Tyre. Although Fulcher of Chartres and William of Tyre emphasized that Pons "remained always obedient" to Gormond, the Latin patriarch of Jerusalem, and other Jerusalemite lords during the siege, their narration is actually evidence that Pons was regarded as one of the supreme commanders of the Christian army. He led the Christian troops' successful attack against Toghtekin, the Emir of Damascus, who tried to relieve the besieged town. He was chosen to confer knighthood on the messenger of Joscelin I of Edessa who had brought the severed head of Balak (Baldwin's captor) to the crusaders' camp. After the capture of Tyre on 7 July, Pons' banner was one of the three flags erected over the town's towers. Balak's relative, Timurtash, released Baldwin II in return for 80,000 dinars and Antiochene fortresses on 29 July, but the Antiochene lords prevented Baldwin from ceding the fortresses to him.

Pons' activities in the late 1120s and early 1130s are poorly documented. He supported Baldwin II against Bursuq ibn Bursuq, who had invaded Antiochene territory and captured the fortress of Kafartab in May 1125. The united forces of Jerusalem, Antioch, Tripoli and Edessa defeated Bursuq at Zardana on 11 June, forcing him to lift the siege of the fort. Next year he sought help from the king in attacking Rafaniya (an important castle once held by Pons' grandfather, but lost to Toghtekin in 1115). They besieged the fortress for 18 days and captured it on 31 March 1126. Pons also participated in an unsuccessful campaign against Damascus in November 1129.

Sedition

Relationships between the crusader states became tense after Baldwin II died on 21 August 1131. His successor, Fulk of Anjou, seized the estates of the local lords in both Jerusalem and Antioch and granted them to his own partisans. His sister-in-law, Alice, the dowager princess of Antioch, wanted to take control of the government of Antioch. She formed an alliance with Pons and Joscelin II of Edessa in the summer of 1132. According to William of Tyre, Alice bribed Pons into the alliance. The Antiochene lords who opposed Alice asked King Fulk to intervene, but Pons refused the king passage through Tripoli. Fulk was forced to avoid the county and travel by sea to the Antiochene port of Saint Symeon (now Samandağ in Turkey).

Pons hurried to Antioch and launched a series of attacks against Fulk and his allies from the Antiochene fortresses Arcicanum and Rugia (two castles forming his wife's dowry). Fulk attacked Pons near Rugia in late 1132. Pons suffered a heavy defeat. Although many of his retainers were captured on the battlefield, he was able to flee. His soldiers were taken in chains to Antioch where they were either imprisoned or executed. Pons lost Arcicanum and Rugia, but Fulk did not restore the suzerainty of the kings of Jerusalem over Tripoli.

Last years
Pons renounced the estates he held in the county of Velay (in France) in favor of the bishop of Le Puy in 1132. He had the ra'īs (native chief) of Tripoli murdered for unknown reasons in 1132 or 1133. The execution of a native chief at a crusader ruler's order was an unprecedented act. Lewis argues that it was a sign of growing unrest among the local population. Actually, the Nizari strengthened their hold on the mountainous region along the northern border of the county in the 1130s.

Imad ad-Din Zengi, atabeg (governor) of Mosul, invaded the County of Tripoli, plundering the capital and the neighboring region in 1133. Pons wanted to stop the invaders near Rafaniya, but his army was almost annihilated. After this catastrophic defeat, he fled first to Montferrand, and soon to Tripoli, while Zengi laid siege to the fort of Montferrand. Pons sought Fulk's assistance and the arrival of the Jerusalemite army forced Zengi to lift the siege and to withdraw his troops from the county.

In March 1137, Bazwāj, the mamluk commander of Damascus, launched a military campaign against Tripoli, reaching Pilgrims' Mount near the town. Pons rode out of Tripoli to meet the enemy, but suffered a defeat. He fled to the nearby mountains, but local Christians—according to Lewis, most probably Jacobites or Nestorians—captured and handed him over to Bazwāj who had him killed on 25 March 1137. His son, Raymund, who inherited the County of Tripoli, and his retainers captured the local Christians from the nearby villages and had most of them tortured to death in revenge for Pons death.

Family
According to Albert of Aix, Pons married Tancred of Antioch's widow, Cecile of France, in the presence of Baldwin I of Jerusalem in Tripoli in the summer of 1115. Being a daughter of Philip I of France and Bertrade de Montfort, she was the half-sister of Fulk of Jerusalem. Pons' prestigious marriage strengthened his position and his descendants' royal ancestry was a well-known fact in the crusader states for decades. The eldest son of Pons and Cecile, Raymund, was most probably born in the late 1110s, because he was an "adolescent"—at least fifteen-year-old—when he succeeded Pons in 1137. Pons' younger son, Philip, was last mentioned in the 1140s, but the details of his life are unknown. Agnes, the only daughter of Pons and Cecile, was married to Rainald II Masoir who was a prominent Antiochene nobleman.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pons, Count of Tripoli


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MobileStar

MobileStar Network was a wireless Internet service provider which first gained notability in deploying Wi-Fi Internet access points in Starbucks coffee shops, American Airlines Admiral Club locations across the United States and at Hilton Hotels. Founded by Mark Goode and Greg Jackson in 1998, MobileStar was the first wireless ISP to place a WiFi hotspot in an airport, a hotel, or a coffee shop. MobileStar's core value proposition was to provide wireless broadband connectivity for the business traveler in all the places s/he was likely to "sleep, eat, move, or meet." MobileStar's founder, Mark Goode, was the first to coin the now industry standard expression "hotspot," as a reference to a location equipped with an 802.11 wireless access point. MobileStar's financing was initially provided by Greg Jackson. A predecessor entity, PLANCOM (Public Local Area Network Communications), was disbanded and the intellectual property moved into MobileStar Network. During the Series A financing round, funds were obtained from high-net-worth investors, corporate investors including Proxim and Comdisco, and institutional investors from New York. The Series B investors, who invested $38 million, included the Mayfield Fund and Blueprint Ventures.

MobileStar's initial deployments used a frequency hopping product supplied by Proxim. As reported in the EE Times, "In a move that represents the first use of unlicensed wireless LAN technology in the industrial scientific and medical (ISM) bands to develop a nationwide Internet-access network, Proxim Inc. has teamed up with Dallas-based MobileStar Network Inc. to link its 2.4-GHz unlicensed RangeLAN2 wireless LAN to a national network of Internet access points." However, after the IEEE 802.11b standard was adopted, MobileStar converted its network infrastructure to the 802.11b industry standard. The initial infrastructure was manufactured and financed by Cisco. MobileStar's founders faced many challenges in developing the company: evolving technology standards, fluid business models, no industry standard billing system, and questions about the competitive value of a site license agreement instead of licensed spectrum. Over time each of these issues were addressed and the agreement with Starbucks in late 2000 signaled a maturing of the marketplace. American Airlines also entered into an agreement with MobileStar as did Hilton Hotels As more laptop vendors included integrated 802.11 wireless connectivity within their laptops, users came to expect broadband connectivity in their residences, workplaces, and in public locations such as airports, coffee shops, and hotels. License-free broadband connectivity exploded with the advent of the iPhone in 2007, further validating the premise that license-free spectrum could open up a large domain of connectivity at a cost far less than licensed spectrum. The rise of voice over IP (VOIP) communications operating on the 2.4 MHz spectrum via the 802.11 standard was another indicator of the power of ubiquitous, low to no cost wireless broadband communications.

MobileStar Network's demise in 2001 was the result of at least two important factors: the collapse in the private equity markets in mid-2001 and the events of September 11. While MobileStar's investors provided a bridge loan during the mid-2001 time frame, the terrorist attacks in New York and Washington brought a steep decline in business travel, MobileStar Network's initial core market. MobileStar's investors could not continue to finance the business and new investors were skittish about investing in a company focused on serving a market that had recently and rapidly collapsed.

MobileStar Network ceased operation in October 2001, but its bankrupt assets and contracts were bought by Voicestream Wireless and by February 2002, was operating as T-Mobile Broadband. T-Mobile Broadband was the first part of VoiceStream to rebrand to the T-Mobile name. It was officially launched as T-Mobile HotSpot in August 2002. Many of the original MobileStar Network employees still work for T-Mobile Hotspot and have been responsible for its expansion.

title: MobileStar


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Talk:VHDL

"When" tag in History section
From multiple sources on the internet: The DoD commissioned Intermetrics, IBM, Texas Instruments in 1983 to develop VHDL. You can find that information by googling for "1983 DOD VHDL". But I don't know where to find a "reliable" source for that. I have put a citation of the MIL-STD-454N in the history section, but this Standard is from 1992 (when VHDL was already specified), so it does not tell you when VHDL was originally commissioned. Lundril (talk) 09:39, 15 November 2017 (UTC)

Please remove the Fibonacci example!
The Fibonacci example takes a lot of space and is of no real good. It is long, and boring, not very usefull VHDL and is almsot a copy of the counter example (which is also long and not very useful). It looks like someone was in love with the Fibonacci numbers and decided to add it to the VHDL page just because he could :(

If you guys really want to add something of value to the VHDL page, I suggest you add a picture of the generated hardware for each of the smaller examples. These can be obtained using, for example, the free version (Webpack) of Altera Quartus. I belive that showing the generated hardware would be of _MUCH_ more use to the people just browsing the VHDL pages trying to figure out what the heck it is... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.236.17.231 (talk) 09:24, 18 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I will remove the Fibonacci example in short if no one objects —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.236.17.231 (talk) 19:30, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

Too many code examples
I think this article has way too many code examples. I know this is well intentioned, but this is an encyclopedia, not a software manual. The article should concentrate on verbally describing VHDL, its history, its differences (and similarities) to other HDL languages, and links to resources. p.s. I've noticed a similar problem on other software languages' pages. Peter Ballard (talk) 11:45, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree and encourage you to WP:BEBOLD --Kvng (talk) 19:13, 16 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Agreed. One or two code example for each construct should be plenty. We do not even need a code example for every hardware block. This article is not an introduction to VHDL. It is an encyclopedic entry. Philippe (talk) 09:21, 20 February 2011 (UTC)

Removed weasel sentences
The weasel nonsense about VHDL being supposedly superior (or not or whatever) to Verilog has been around and tagged long enough so I just got rid of it. If someone can provide a NPOV comparison, then cool. And no, I'm not a Verilog fan. Jiri Svoboda (talk) 13:02, 21 February 2009 (UTC)

There is one big difference between VHDL and Verilog (NOT System Verilog) and that is that VHDL has a full type system, whereas Verilog has not. Why is this useful (for synthesis) ? Because in VHDL you can declare a "record" which groups together signals. You can then declare an entity, which just takes an input of this previously declared record type. By this technique you can modify the inputs/outputs of an entity by just changing the type declaration of the record type, but without touching the code describing the entity. There is no way to do something similar in Verilog (because you are missing a type system); and yes: This is a HUGE advantage for VHDL. As an example why this is useful: Have a look here http://gaisler.com/doc/structdesign.pdf 194.25.174.98 (talk) 08:55, 15 November 2017 (UTC)

Questionable Statement Regarding C/C++ As Prerequisite Knowledge
"Although background in a computer programming language (such as C and C++) is helpful, it is not essential."

As someone who has worked with students learning VHDL, this statement about C or C++ is somewhat misleading because these languages are inherently single threaded in nature, whereas VHDL has built-in support for parallel constructs inherent in the language itself. Its mentioned in the article that VHDL borrows heavily from Ada.

GHDL is a VHDL simulator and it is actually written in Ada, so it means that Ada is probably a good basis from which to get comfortable with VHDL because of their shared history, and similar support for parallelism, even if there are some differences. Certainly its a smoother transition than coming to VHDL from a traditional programming language which has different design goals. C is designed for (operating) systems programming, ie. software that does work for other software, and C++ is C with classes for larger projects and object oriented constructs. Neither support parallel task or process synchronization in the way Ada or VHDL do, without libraries external to the language.

Please feel free to comment on my notions, and let me know at once if I am in error. Thank you very much! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.236.37.188 (talk • contribs) 05:09, August 8, 2009

 * I agree, C/C++ is an odd example and Ada is a much better match. Ada has been added some time ago. I will remove the reference to C/C++. --EnOreg (talk) 11:03, 14 April 2010 (UTC)

Not the real 'long term'?
I think it should say 'Very high speed integrated circuit Hardware Description Language' —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.225.243.80 (talk • contribs) 14:53, April 30, 2010

I agree. 63.139.250.163 (talk)

Make good examples (repect guideline coding style)
Synchronous reset must be renamed to RAZ (or equivalant for synchronous reset). "Reset" is top high priority asynchronous signal in design. Better is to use "Reset_n" (active low) because of voltage monitor, reset_n push button...

Why warn against a "beginner's mistake" when we can avoid teaching beginners dangerous coding style altogether?
It's true that pretty much every VHDL textbook shows async-reset flop coding as shown in the article: However, as the article goes on to explain, there is a gotcha with this style if you forget, or intentionally don't want, to assign to something under reset. In the article's example this is pretty obvious as the reset clause remains empty. However in real life this may be much more difficult to spot e.g. inside a larger state machine: If you synthesize the above, A,B and C will consist of hundreds of flops having clock enables (or feedback muxes). This can turn out to be much more expensive than the flops-with-reset we were trying to spare. It will also create a synchronous timing path on the reset signal. This can be easily and safely avoided if you describe your intention of async-reset more accurately:

The above uses position to determine priority. I do not agree with ever using position to determine priority. I would suggest the article change to the following:

Think of it - why are we being taught to use elsif? Is there really an "if-else" relationship between reset and clocking? The relationship has more "override" semantics than "if-else" semantics. Async reset is an unconditional override of everything else, where it applies (and only there!).

Apply the above template to the state machine example and you will get exactly what was intended.

I realize that generations of engineers have been raised on the "elsif rising_edge" paradigm. Still it's no reason to teach that to new generations that come to learn at Wikipedia. Udibar (talk) 21:10, 10 August 2010 (UTC)

Why making ambiguous, difficult to read, sources of errors, heterogeneous code ? VHDL needs high rigour. It is a (very very) strong typed language. Engineers will be efficient by spending time designing that "reading and translating" VHDL. Moreover synthesis tools detect those if-else templates in process and interpret as D flip flop (some high quality tools detect gated clocks and rewrite this as a clock enable). Make life simple. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.250.203.171 (talk) 10:13, 7 October 2011 (UTC)

Best Practice with clocks
Although it is true that you can define a clock with Best practice is to use The reason for this is rising_edge filters such that it will only trigger when rising from '0' to '1'. Whereas CLK'event will trigger when the clock glitches out of undefined. Although this will have no impact of synthesised circuits, it may have an effect on any simulations, as such I would like to suggest that we add a note to make this subtle difference clear in the clock example. --62.232.98.250 (talk) 15:46, 15 October 2012 (UTC)

Disadvantages are Unverifiable
I am removing some disadvantages that are unverifiable and seem biased. For example, the statement: "The abstractions used for modeling digital circuits in VHDL have different semantics than actual hardware, so it does not work well below the RTL abstraction. Specifically it has no built-in type that supports bidirectional components like "pass gates" sometimes used in MOS, and there is no (easy) way to describe such behavior in user code." can be easily disputed. VHDL provides facilities to design at various levels of abstraction, including high-level structural designs, behavioural modelling, and low-level structural (gate-level or switch-level) designs. Pass gates can easily be modelled behaviourally like this:

and this can be used structurally in any switch-level or gate-level design, e.g.: where d = drain, s = source, and g = gate of the transistors.

The statement "The signal abstraction also fails to separate strength, value and certainty which makes it inefficient when not using standard library types." is also confusing / misleading. You can always use standard library types when you declare a signal, and the 9-valued std_logic will be able to separate strength, value, and certainty. If you want to use non-standard library types, you may do so as well; just create a multi-valued logic custom type:

This statement is also disputable: "The failure to implement inheritance means you have to type a lot of extra code. e.g. component and entity declarations often contain the same information, so inheriting one from the other would be useful."

We can always directly instantiate entities without using the 1987-style component declarations. I believe this has been around since 2002 (or earlier).

I am removing this statement as well: "Strong typing destroys polymorphism and means you end up with multiple copies of the same structural code just to get wire types to match."

VHDL supports parametric polymorphism and subtype polymorphism. VHDL supports subtype/inclusion polymorphism where a subtype can be declared from another datatype, and this has been around since probably the beginning of VHDL. Parametric polymorphism is supported by the "generic" keyword. Traditionally, the "generic" keyword is used to pass values into subprograms and entity instances. The limitation with this is you can only pass values whose types have already been defined. VHDL-2008 improves this further by having facilities for generic types, subprograms, and packages. Here, you can pass a yet-to-be-defined type into an entity instance:

Daniel.kho (talk) 02:02, 23 April 2013 (UTC)

Link to VHDL webpage is missing
The link in the info box (http://www.eda.org/twiki/bin/view.cgi/P1076/WebHome) is no longer valid. We need to find a correct link to put here instead. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.182.12.70 (talk) 19:40, 1 August 2017 (UTC)

Suggest merge January 2018
IEEE 1164 makes little sense as a free standing article; this article, on the other hand, explains why IEEE 1164 was needed. Wouldn't it make sense to merge any significant content from that article to this one? --Wtshymanski (talk) 19:25, 21 January 2018 (UTC)

 * I think that both topics are worthy of their own page and would oppose this merge. On the other hand, that would suggest that IEEE 1076 should have its own article as well, though as it's the main standard for VHDL perhaps that would make less sense. Ultimately, I think the IEEE 1164 article could be cleaned up a bit to tell a bit more about why it was created and its relationship to 1076. - - mathmitch7 (talk/contribs) 19:02, 29 July 2018 (UTC)

Package Files should be part of the discussion
There should be mention of package files in this topic. Package files are a big advantage of VHDL and should be included here. I code in a modular fashion and every module I write has a package file included with the logic file to define constants and module specific types, usually records and arrays of records, for the given module. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.144.6.65 (talk) 07:10, 16 February 2018 (UTC)

Infinite vs Infinitesimal
Section §2 Design: Paragraph 2, sentence 2 ends with the phrase "... an infinitely small time step.". The tradition in Analysis is to use the adjective infinite for large and infinitesimal for small. To remove the apparent conflict I would suggest " ... infinitesimally small time step.", although neither is what discrete machines are capable of since their smallest possible size remains finite. However, if what was meant is conceptually the 'smallest possible time step', then infinitesimal would be more appropriate adverb. I'd leave it to the authors to decide.Mkhomo (talk) 21:28, 29 November 2018 (UTC)

citation needed in Early ADA Influences
On trying to track ADA influences I noticed most of ADA references lead to unavailable or obsolete sources such as gopher links which browsers no longer try resolving, and some sites are no longer in existence as I well know with my own from that time. But here (http://archive.adaic.com/pol-hist/policy/mandate.txt) is a citation found indirectly via an sgml floating index that led to an annotated live mausoleum copy which retains access to 'the 1990 ADA Mandate' of Congress for the US DoD Appropriations of 1991. It does not quite support the 'design goal' assertion but does provide the context that DoD military procurement at that time encouraged ADA over other choices for cost containment purposes. The citation also misleads in that the Mandate came long after ADA had proven itself a viable specifications standard for reducing procurement cost. As before I leave it to VHDL subject principals to add it and perhaps adjust the cited claim accordingly (Mkhomo (talk) 05:23, 6 January 2022 (UTC)).

"Simulation alters between two modes
Shouldn't this be "alternates"?

I think that the author is trying to convey the idea that there is a "statement execution (mode), where triggered statements are evaluated" followed by an "event processing (mode), where events in the queue are processed" and then it reverts to the statement execution mode etc. ad infinitum. However I'm not a specialist in this area so haven't done an edit. MarkMLl (talk) 09:08, 11 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:VHDL


text:
Interactive television

Interactive television is a form of media convergence, adding data services to traditional television technology. It has included on-demand delivery of content, online shopping, and viewer polls. Interactive TV is an example of how new information technology can be integrated vertically into established technologies and commercial structures.

History
Prior to the development of interactive television, interaction could only be simulated. In the 1950s, there were limited efforts to provide an illusion of interactive experience, most overtly with Winky Dink and You, which encouraged viewers to draw on a vinyl sheet they would attach to a television set. QUBE operated an interactive cable television service in Ohio from 1977 to 1984.

An interactive video-on-demand (VOD) television service was proposed in 1986 in Japan, where there were plans to develop an "Integrated Network System" service. It was intended to include various interactive services, including videotelephony, home shopping, online banking, remote work, and home entertainment services. However, it was not possible to practically implement such an interactive VOD service until the adoption of DCT and ADSL technologies made it possible in the 1990s. In early 1994, British Telecommunications (BT) began testing an interactive VOD television trial service in the United Kingdom. It used the DCT-based MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 video compression standards, along with ADSL technology.

Sega Channel, a service that allowed Sega Genesis owners to download video games on demand via cable television signals, began rolling out in the United States in 1994 and was discontinued in 1998. It has been described as a form of interactive television.

The first patent of interactive connected TV was granted in 1999 in the United States; it expired in 2015.

ATSC 3.0, also known as "NextGen TV", adds interactivity features to terrestrial television. As of April 2022, broadcasters in 60 media markets in the United States were using ATSC 3.0.

Forms of interaction
Interactive TV includes programs that directly incorporate polls, questions, comments, and other forms of audience response back into the show. For example, Australian media producer Yahoo!7's Fango mobile app allows viewers to provide material that producers can insert into live programming. During the 2012 Australian Open, viewers used the app to suggest questions for commentator Jim Courier to ask players in post-match interviews.

"One-screen" formats involve interaction on the TV screen, using the remote control. Remote-control user interfaces are known in human-computer interaction research as "lean back" interaction, and as a 10-foot user interface. Second screen interactive TV, also called Enhanced TV by ABC and ESPN, uses a personal computer or mobile application. Chat Television, developed in 1996, was the first example of a second screen interactive TV format. The system synchronized online services with television broadcasts, grouping users by time zone and program, so that all real-time viewers could participate in a chat or interactive gathering during the show's airing.

Interactive TV features in smart TVs have drawn criticism because they allow TV manufacturers to collect and transmit data about customer behavior for the purposes of targeted advertising.

title: Interactive television


text:
Talk:EMILY's List

Potential Sources
Tuk28507 (talk) 19:37, 2 October 2023 (UTC)

Untitled
I am a former intern of EMILY's List. However, I am doing this for a class project and all additions proposed are based off research and high quality sources, in addition to extensive research.

username:Akl0608

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 29 October 2018 and 5 December 2018. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Lizgonzalez511.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 19:57, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

POV
POV. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.58.83.44 (talk) 05:22, 19 December 2010 (UTC)

Last paragraph
I'm disinclined to change elements of an article that I know nothing about, but the last paragraph of the article as written made very little sense to me. Aaron 00:26, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I've talked to an EMILY's list employee and she has clealy specified that EMILY's List is a national organization. The Australian EMILY's List is a seperate organization and thus should be moved to a seperate article. I may do this if I get a chance, unless someone beats me to it. --Vince 20:01, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Temporarily removed this line "As of 2006, it was the largest political action committee in the United States (slightly edging out the National Rifle Association)." I have no problem with it, and normally would have left it alone but in my view that's an especially bold claim that has to have a citation with it before it should be posted.--GenkiDama 18:11, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Recent reverts
Regarding the recent edits on the '04 and '06 elections, please follow wp guidlines (WP:REF) regarding dead links -- they are not a justification for passage deletion. If you have an issue with this passage, feel free to edit it, and don't forget to add a citation for your edit. I noticed on your profile it's been a while since you edited; welcome back, and hope you stay a while! --TrustTruth (talk) 02:22, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

Nationalistic
This article does not cover things from an international perspective. -- John (Daytona2 · Talk ·  Contribs) 08:00, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

John Lynch?
If the claims made in this Republican blog post are true this PAC does not seem to be exclusively focused on female candidates. --98.229.138.91 (talk) 17:17, 5 July 2009 (UTC)

Limited to Democrats at one point?
Wasn't EMILY's List originally non-partisan, but at some point after the "Republican Revolution" of 1994, limited its support to Democrats because, as somebody in the organization put it, giving money to a Republican candidate was considered giving money to pro-life Newt Gingrich? —Preceding unsigned comment added by That Don Guy (talk • contribs) 16:13, 11 November 2009 (UTC)

 * I can't imagine anyone thinking EMILY's List was ever bipartisan. In fact, just doing a bit of research, it doesn't even seem they have really ever supported an independent candidate, even if they had the overall same ideals as the list's mission statement. And really, if their only intention was to support strong female progressive candidates who are pro-choice, they should support independent candidates. Good or bad, I think it is safe to say that EMILY's list is decidedly a Democrat organization.

 * But obviously, if you can find documentation that someone speaking FOR the organization made such a statement, it would be worth adding to the history of the group. CleverTitania (talk) 18:20, 15 November 2013 (UTC)

References in popular media
Press Secretary C. J. Cregg in The West Wing made reference to EMILY's List: "Early Money Is Like Yeast -- it raises the dough". Next time I see that episode, I'll come back here and complete the entry and citation if someone doesn't beat me to it.esrob (talk) 19:11, 18 July 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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Wiki Education assignment: Money and Politics
— Assignment last updated by Tuk28507 (talk) 18:56, 22 September 2023 (UTC)

Seeking feedback re: endorsement guideline
This comment serves as notice of a discussion that editors of this article may be interested in: Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Elections and Referendums 67.170.42.135 (talk) 01:16, 17 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:EMILY's List


text:
Plano

Plano may refer to:

Native Americans

 * Plano cultures, the Late Paleo-Indian hunter-gatherer societies of the Great Plains of North America
 * Plano point, the chipped stone tools of the Plano cultures

Places in the United States

 * Plano, Illinois
 * Plano (Amtrak station), train station in Plano, Illinois
 * Plano, Indiana
 * Plano, Iowa
 * Plano, Missouri
 * Plano, Ohio
 * Plano, Texas

Education in the United States

 * Plano High School (Illinois), a high school in Plano, Illinois
 * Plano Senior High School, a senior high school in Plano, Texas
 * Plano Independent School District, the school district serving Plano, Texas, and surrounding cities
 * University of Plano, a former liberal arts college in Plano, Texas

People

 * Óscar Plano (born 1991), Spanish footballer

Other uses

 * Plano, California, fictitious home town near San Jose, of the protagonist of Donna Tartt's novel The Secret History

title: Plano


text:
Geography of Helsinki

Helsinki has a total area of 686 km2. 186 km2 of it is land and 500 km2 of the area is covered with water. It is located at 60.16667°N, 24.93333°W.

Subdivisions
This is a listing of the neighborhoods and localities in the city of Helsinki in alphabetical order. The list is not complete.

• Ala-Tikkurila

• Alppikylä

• Alppila

• Arabianranta

• Aurinkolahti

• Eira

• Haaga

• Hakaniemi

• Hakuninmaa

• Harju

• Heikinlaakso

• Hermanni

• Herttoniemi

• Hietalahti

• Hietaniemi

• Honkasuo

• Huopalahti

• Itäkeskus

• Jakomäki

• Jollas

• Jätkäsaari

• Kaartinkaupunki

• Kaisaniemi

• Kaivopuisto

• Kalasatama

• Kallahti

• Kallio

• Kamppi

• Kannelmäki

• Karhusaari

• Katajanokka

• Kivihaka

• Kivikko

• Kluuvi

• Konala

• Kontula

• Koskela

• Kruununhaka

• Kruunuvuorenranta

• Kulosaari

• Kumpula

• Kuninkaantammi

• Kurkimäki

• Kuusisaari

• Käpylä

• Laajasalo

• Laakso

• Landbo

• Lassila

• Latokartano

• Lauttasaari

• Lehtisaari

• Malmi

• Malminkartano

• Marjaniemi

• Maunula

• Maununneva

• Meilahti

• Mellunmäki

• Meri-Rastila

• Metsälä

• Munkkiniemi

• Munkkivuori

• Myllypuro

• Oulunkylä

• Pajamäki

• Pakila

• Paloheinä

• Pasila

• Pihlajamäki

• Pihlajisto

• Pikku Huopalahti

• Pitäjänmäki

• Puistola

• Pukinmäki

• Puotila

• Puotinharju

• Punavuori

• Rastila

• Reimarla

• Roihuvuori

• Ruoholahti

• Ruskeasuo

• Santahamina

• Siilitie

• Siltamäki

• Suomenlinna

• Suurmetsä

• Suutarila

• Sörnäinen

• Tammisalo

• Tapanila

• Tapaninkylä

• Tapulikaupunki

• Torpparinmäki

• Toukola

• Tuomarinkylä

• Töölö

• Ullanlinna

• Vallila

• Vanhakaupunki

• Vartioharju

• Vartiosaari

• Vesala

• Viikki

• Vuosaari

• Östersundom

Climate

 * Average temperature (2001): +5.9 °C (42 °F)
 * Warmest month, July, average temperature: +17.2 °C (63 °F)
 * Coldest month, February, average temperature: -4.7 °C (23 °F)

title: Geography of Helsinki


text:
User:Zake

This is my user page. So I suppose it could contain some user info.

Though theres probably people who go around changing user info entries to embarrassing stuff.

And they can probably just put in embarrasing info even if I don't actually put in original info.

I'm a newbie.

Zake 23:28, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

title: User:Zake


text:
Beaverton School District

The Beaverton School District is a school district in and around Beaverton, Oregon, United States. It serves students throughout Beaverton, Hillsboro, Aloha, and unincorporated neighborhoods of Portland, OR. The Beaverton Elementary School District 48 was established in 1876, with other elementary districts later merged into the district. The elementary district was later merged with the high school district (10J) to create a unified school district. It is the third-largest school district in the state, with an enrollment of 39,180 students as of 2022. For the 2022–2023 school year, the district had a total budget of $622.8 million.

The district employs over 2,100 teachers at its 34 elementary, nine middle, and six high schools as well as several option schools. Mountainside High School, the district's sixth high school, opened in 2017. Tumwater Middle School (previously Timberland), the district's ninth middle school, opened in the fall of 2021.

History
District 48 was established in 1876 as the "Beaverton Elementary School District", serving grades 1–8. Over the years it merged with other elementary districts and finally, in July 1960, merged with the Beaverton High School District to create one unified school district. The district has followed the trends throughout the US, establishing schools for 7th–9th grades in the mid-1960s (to make a 6-3-3 system) and then in 1994 moving 6th grade into middle school and 9th grade back into high school to form the current 5-3-4 configuration.

The Beaverton School District's school-age population grew by 44% in the 1990s, but by only 14% in the 2000s. The median age in the district increased from 33.3 in 2000 to 35.3 in 2010. The total population of the area under the district's jurisdiction was 253,198 as of the 2010 census.

From March 2020 - March 2021, all students were instructed remotely either through online learning or through comprehensive distance learning. Return to in-person instruction is scheduled to be begin in April, 2021 with a hybrid model. About half of the district's students chose in-person hybrid instruction with the rest choosing to continue comprehensive distance learning

Boundary
Its service area in Washington County includes: Almost all of Beaverton, portions of Hillsboro and Tigard, all of the census-designated places of Cedar Hills, Garden Home–Whitford, Marlene Village, and Oak Hills, and portions of the census-designated places of Aloha, Bethany, Cedar Mill, Metzger, Raleigh Hills, Rockcreek, and West Slope.

The district extends into Multnomah County, where it includes a small portion of Portland.

Middle schools
The Beaverton School District operates nine middle schools housing 6th, 7th, and 8th grades. Prior to the 1994–95 school year they housed students in grades 7–9, as a part of the districts 6-3-3 plan established in the 1960s.

Cedar Park
Cedar Park, located on Park Way, was built in 1965 as the district's fourth middle school. It was first opened during the 1965–66 school year for seventh graders only, with an enrollment of 343; however, construction was not complete until 1966. It opened for all grades beginning with the 1966 school year. The school's mascot is the Timberwolf, and its current principal is Dr. Shannon Anderson. Enrollment for the 2014 school year was 1,043, up from 968 the previous year. Its enrollment in 2018-19 was 1,001. The school received air conditioning for the whole building over the summer of 2017, and its lockers were painted and its fence was replaced over the summer of 2018. This school offers electives such as Drama (also called Theater), Band, Choir, Physical Education, and Spanish. It used to offer a more advanced Spanish class for native speakers as well as a class called Design, which was removed starting in the 2017–18 school year. Cedar Park hosts Rachel Carson Environmental Middle School, which focuses on environmental science.

Conestoga
Conestoga is located on Conestoga Drive. Its mascot is the Cougar, and its principal is Zan Hess. Its 2018-19 enrollment was 997, up from 904 in 2013.

Five Oaks
Five Oaks Middle School's mascot is the Falcon. Five Oaks is located on 174th Avenue. The principal is Kelly Laverne. The school opened in the mid 1970's. There are two gyms in the school, with one under major renovations. The 2018-19 enrollment was 1,001, down from 1,055 in 2013. The school went through a major bond project allowing it to have refurbished classrooms that are much more modernized. In addition to that, the open classroom concept was removed from the school.

Highland Park
Highland Park was opened in 1965 to 1,106 students, after several failed bonds in the previous years. Its mascot is the Raider, and its principal is Curtis Semana. 2018-19 enrollment was 855, up from 820 in 2013.

Meadow Park
Meadow Park's mascot is the Eagle, and its principal is Jared Freeman. 2018-19 enrollment was 806, up from 768 in 2013. The building consists of three main halls and two corridors. Facilities also include three gyms, namely the main gym, upper gym, and west gym.

Mountain View
Mountain View's mascot is the Mountaineer, and its principal is Wendy Rider. 2018-19 enrollment was 895, up from 856 in 2013.

Stoller
Stoller is located on Laidlaw Road. Its mascot is the Jaguar, and its principal is Kelly Angelina. 2018-19 enrollment was 1,554, up from 1,341 in 2013. It is the largest middle school in the school district, and in the state of Oregon.

On November 30, 2018, a threat of violence was made, prompting law enforcement and increased police in the school. The threat was heavily rumored to be a bot that sent out similar threats across the country on the same day. Many other threats were also made in the 2018–19 school year causing panic in many cases. Several threats since then have prompted tighter security measures around the school.

Tumwater
Tumwater is the district's newest middle school is located on NW 118th, and the principal is Matthew Smith. Tumwater means 'waterfall' in the Chinook Wawa language and opened in the fall of 2021. Their mascot is the Rapids.

FLEX
This is the district's online school, the principal is Paul Ottum.

Whitford
Whitford is in Garden Home–Whitford. Garden Home was an established community when the Oregon Electric Railway was built at the beginning of the 20th century, which named a depot on the line for the community. Whitford was a station on the same line, located at the present-day intersection of Allen Road and Scholls Ferry Road (Oregon Route 210); the name was created by combining the names of W. A. White and A.C. Bedford, New York investors who were directors of the railway. Whitford Station closed when the railway stopped running around 1920, but the name stuck. The school itself opened in 1963 to grades 7 and 8. Whitford also offers the summa program for those who score highly on specific tests. Whitford's mascot is Formally the Coachmen, Up until a school vote in 2023. The one chosen during the vote is The Wildcats, and its principal is Zan Hess. 2014 enrollment was 681, up from 680 in 2013.

High schools
High schools in Beaverton are part of the Metro League for interscholastic athletics and activities. The newest, Mountainside High School, opened in September 2017 for freshmen and sophomores. As a result, the district began planning to alter its high school boundaries. The boundary changes were approved in June 2017 and went into effect at the beginning of the 2017–2018 school year.

Option schools

 * Arts & Communication Magnet Academy (ACMA)
 * Focuses on the arts for 6th through 12th grade students. Principal: Bjorn Paige.
 * Beaverton Academy of Science and Engineering (BASE)
 * A merger of the former schools Beaverton Health & Science School and School of Science and Technology. Principal: Diane Fitzpatrick.
 * International School of Beaverton (ISB)
 * Offers the International Baccalaureate program for 6th through 12th grade students. Principal: Andrew Gillford.
 * Community School
 * Community School. Principal: Rachel Sip.
 * Rachel Carson Environmental Middle School
 * Located at Cedar Park Middle School, it focuses on environmental science for 6th through 8th grade students. Principal: Shirley Brock.
 * Summa
 * Programs at Meadow Park, Whitford, Stoller and Tumwater middle schools for talented and gifted students. 795 students were enrolled in Summa classes at five middle schools for the 2014–2015 school year.
 * In November 2014 a plan to move Summa students who attend Stoller Middle School to the newly constructed Timberland middle school as a solution to overcrowding was proposed, but was delayed in November 2015 due to opposition from parents and school administration.

Closed schools

 * Cedar Hills Elementary School
 * Built in the early 1950s; closed in 1983. The building was repurposed as the Cedar Hills Recreation Center of the Tualatin Hills Park & Recreation District (THPRD), initially leased from BSD, but sold to THPRD circa late 1986.
 * Garden Home Elementary School
 * Closed in 1982 and leased to THPRD, who put it to use as the Garden Home Community Center starting later the same year. The building was later sold to THPRD.
 * Merle Davies Elementary School (named Beaverton Grade School until 1949)
 * Opened in 1938; closed in 1983. The building became an annex to Beaverton High School, located directly adjacent, and remains in use as such.
 * Sunset Valley Elementary School
 * Opened in 1948, and closed in 1980. The building and property were purchased in 1979 by Electro Scientific Industries, which used it until the mid-1990s. The building was then razed and replaced by a Home Depot store.
 * C. E. Mason Elementary School
 * The building is now used as Arts & Communication Magnet Academy.

School board
According to the Beaverton School District's website, the school board is "responsible for providing an education program for students living within the District boundaries." The board members for the 2022–2023 school year are Susan Greenberg, Sunita Garg, Eric Simpson, Vice Chair Karen Pérez, Ugonna Enyinnaya, Becky Tymchuk and Chair Tom Colett.

Superintendent
The current Beaverton School District superintendent is Dr. Gustavo Balderas, who has served since July 1, 2022.

Demographics
In the 2009 school year, the district had 1114 students classified as homeless by the state's Department of Education, or 3.0% of students in the district. By 2010, the number of homeless students had grown to 1,580, the highest of any school district in the state.

Teacher/student ratios
The following are the district's teacher/student staffing ratios (K-5 numbers have been updated for the 2019–2020 school year):
 * Kindergarten - 1:26.95
 * Grades 1–5 - 1:30.48
 * Grades 6–8 - 1:35.50
 * Grades 9–12 - 1:26.4

Student/staff profiles
All information below is as of October 1, 2014.
 * Ethnicity:
 * 13% Asian
 * 3% Black
 * 24% Hispanic or Latino
 * 1% Native American/Alaska Native
 * 1% Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
 * 52% White
 * 7% Other (includes students identifying with more than one of the categories above or students not identifying with any of the categories above)
 * Number of primary languages spoken in students' homes: 94
 * Percentage of students qualifying for free and reduced lunch: 36.6%
 * Percentage of students qualifying for special education services: 12.1%
 * Percentage of Talented and Gifted students: 13.5%
 * Percentage of ESL students: 13.3%
 * Percentage of male students: 51%
 * Percentage of female students: 49%
 * High school dropout rate: 2.7% as of 2013–14, lower than Oregon's average of 3.9%
 * Graduation rate: 79.7%, higher than Oregon's average of 72%
 * Number of staff:
 * Teachers: 2,330
 * Classified employees: 1,710
 * School administration: 92
 * District administration: 30
 * Total number: 4,162
 * Teachers with a master's degree or higher: 87%
 * Average years teaching experience: 14.6
 * Salary range: $39,100 - $80,253

title: Beaverton School District


text:
École nationale d'administration publique

The École nationale d'administration publique (ENAP meaning National School of Public Administration) is a graduate school in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. It was established in 1969 by the Quebec provincial government as a means of encouraging people to study professional public administration during a period when a number of social and structural changes were taking place within the province. The enabling legislation is An Act respecting educational institutions at the university level.

The school is unique in that it is partly a pragmatic learning environment geared to educating Quebecers for positions within the public administration and partly a traditional university. ENAP has five campuses throughout Quebec, with two major campuses in Quebec City and Montreal, and three campuses in Gatineau, Saguenay, and Trois-Rivières.

Mission
The mission of ENAP is to contribute to the development of public administration both theoretically and in practice. Training, services to organizations, research, and services are offered in partnership. ENAP seeks to set the standard for public administration in Quebec.

Campus

 * The Quebec City campus (head office) is 555, boulevard Charest Est Québec (Québec) G1K 9E5.
 * The Montreal campus is 4750, avenue Henri-Julien, 5e étage Montréal (Québec) H2T 3E5.
 * The Gatineau campus is 283, boulevard Alexandre-Taché Gatineau (Québec) J8X 3X7.
 * The Saguenay campus is 637, boulevard Talbot Saguenay (Québec) G7H 6A4.
 * The Trois-Rivières campus is 3351, boulevard des Forges Pavillon Ringuet, C.P. 500 Trois-Rivières (Québec) G9A 5H7.

Programs
ENAP offers a variety of programs:
 * Specialized Graduate Diplomas in Public administration, International administration and Regional administration.
 * Master of Public Administration for Analysts in International administration, Organizational analysis and development, Program evaluation and Human resource management.
 * Master of Urban Management Analysis for Analysts
 * Master of Public Administration for Managers in Public management, International management and Municipal management
 * PhD in Public policy analysis and management and Organizational theory and public management
 * 12 short 15 credit courses


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Tondo, Manila

Tondo is a district located in Manila, Philippines. It is the largest, in terms of area and population, of Manila's sixteen districts, with a census-estimated 654,220 people in 2020. It consists of two congressional districts. It is also the second most densely populated district in the city.

Etymology
The name Tondo can be derived from its Old Tagalog name, Tundun as inscribed in the Laguna Copperplate Inscription of 900 AD, the earliest native document found within the Philippines. Dutch anthropologist Antoon Postma, the first to translate the copperplate, believes the term tundun originated from the old Indian language Tamil (Thondai naadu-Chola), which was used alongside Malay as a language of politics and religion in the area at the time.

Before this landmark discovery, several theories (however incorrect now) existed. Philippine National Artist Nick Joaquin once suggested that it might be a reference to a high ground ("tundok"). On the other hand, French linguist Jean-Paul Potet, supposed that the Aegiceras corniculatum, which at the time was called "tundok" ("tinduk-tindukan" today), was the most likely origin of the name.

Early Philippine history
The region of Tondo has been settled by humans for over 1,100 years. Historically, Tondo already existed in the year 900 AD according to the Laguna Copperplate Inscription, a legal document that is the earliest document in the Philippines, written in Kawi script now housed in the National Museum of Anthropology.

According to this document, Tondo was ruled by an unnamed person who held the Sanskrit title of senapati or the equivalent of an admiral. Tondo also had influence all the way to the modern-day province of Bulacan particularly around Lihan (Malolos) and Gatbuca (Calumpit). Tondo was ruled by a line of lakan until the Spanish conquest.

Colonial period
After the Spaniards conquered Tondo in January 1571 they established the Province of Tondo which covered many territories in Northern Luzon particularly Pampanga, Bulacan and Rizal (formerly called Morong), with the city of Manila as its center. In a census conducted by Miguel de Loarca in 1583, Tondo was reported to have spoken the same language as the natives of the province of Pampanga.

Institute of National Language commissioner Jose Villa Panganiban also wrote that the dividing line between Kapampangan and Tagalog was the Pasig River, and that Tondo therefore originally spoke Kapampangan. However, Fray Isacio Rodriquez's Historia dela Provincia del Santisimo Nombre de Jesus de Filipinas stated that Provincia de Tagalos which is Tondo covers all the territories of the future Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila. Prior to the establishment of Bulacan in 1578, Malolos and Calumpit were also included in the territory of Tondo as its visitas. By the end of the 1700s, Tondo was a populous province of 14,437 native families and 3,528 Spanish Filipino families. In 1800, the Province of Tondo was renamed to Province of Manila.

Tondo was one of the first provinces to declare rebellion against Spain in the year 1896. In 1901, under the American colonial regime, there was a major reorganization of political divisions, and the province of Tondo was dissolved, with its towns given to the provinces of Rizal and Bulacan. Today, Tondo just exists as a district in the City of Manila.

Contemporary Period
Slums developed in Tondo along the Pasig River. Authorities sought to improve housing conditions on these areas without condoning the action of Squatting committed by the slums' residents. In the 1970s, the World Bank provided funds to improve conditions in Tondo which led the increase of rent prices and a property boom in the area. These caused the poor Gentrification. The slums that were upgraded were legalized but these areas remain vastly different from other parts of Manila with higher population density, more irregular road and plot patterns, and uncontrolled housing.

In the 1987 constitution, Tondo was split into two congressional districts of Manila making the first district to the west while the second district in the east.

Economy
Tondo hosts the Manila North Harbor Port, the northern half of the Port of Manila, the primary seaport serving Metro Manila and surrounding areas.

The area also hosted Smokey Mountain, a landfill which served Metro Manila and employed thousands of people from around 1960s until its closure in the late 1990s. The dumpsite served as a symbol of poverty even at least two decades since its closure.

Demographics
Urbanization as well as the Lina Law which favors squatting over land owners has resulted in Tondo being one of the most densely populated areas in the world at 69000 PD/sqkm.

Crime
Tondo has developed a reputation for criminality and poverty. In 2010, Manila records state that Tondo has the highest criminal rate in the whole city with the most common crime being pickpocketing.

Culture
The district celebrates the feast of the Tondo Church annually in January, which is dedicated to the image of the Santo Niño housed within the 16th-century Augustinian Tondo Church. The Lakbayaw Street Dance Festival, a competition among Ati-Atihan groups and school, local and religious groups, served as the climax of the feast.

Education
The Department of Education – Schools Division Office of Manila lists 26 public elementary schools and 11 public high schools in Tondo.

Zones

 * First District
 * Zone 1: Barangays 1 to 9
 * Zone 2: Barangays 11 to 20, 25, 26, and 28 to 32
 * Zone 3: Barangays 33 to 39 and 41 to 47
 * Zone 4: Barangays 48 to 55
 * Zone 5: Barangays 56 to 61
 * Zone 6: Barangays 62 to 75
 * Zone 7: Barangays 76 to 90
 * Zone 8: Barangays 91 to 106
 * Zone 9: Barangays 107 to 112 and 116 to 123
 * Zone 10: Barangays 124 to 128
 * Zone 11: Barangays 129 to 134
 * Zone 12: Barangays 135 to 146

 * Second District
 * Zone 13: Barangays 147 to 151
 * Zone 14: Barangays 152 to 165
 * Zone 15: Barangays 166 to 176
 * Zone 16: Barangays 177 to 186
 * Zone 17: Barangays 187 to 197
 * Zone 18: Barangays 198 to 205
 * Zone 19: Barangays 206 to 212
 * Zone 20: Barangays 213 to 220
 * Zone 21: Barangays 221 to 233
 * Zone 22: Barangays 234 to 248
 * Zone 23: Barangays 249 to 259
 * Zone 24: Barangays 260 to 267

Notable people

 * Andrés Bonifacio, Filipino revolutionary leader
 * Lakandula or Lakan Dula (1503–1575), the last ruler of pre-colonial Tondo when the Spaniards first conquered the lands of the Pasig River delta in the Philippines in the 1570s
 * Antonio Villegas, 18th Mayor of Manila City
 * Amy Austria, famous actress
 * Alfredo Lim, 19th Mayor of Manila
 * Rudy Fernandez, actor, movie producer
 * Carmen Planas, lawyer, politician
 * Tito Arevalo, actor
 * Emilio Jacinto, Filipino general
 * Mila del Sol, actress
 * Esang de Torres, singer, stage actress
 * Mona Lisa, actress
 * Chichay, comedian
 * Dely Atay-Atayan, comedian and singer
 * Amado V. Hernandez, labour leader, awarded order national artist of the Philippines
 * Charito Solis, actress
 * José Palma, soldier, writer
 * Lualhati Bautista, novelist
 * Gina Alajar, actress and tv director
 * Wendell Ramos, actor and firefighter
 * Florin Hilbay, attorney
 * Levi Celerio, national artist of the Philippines
 * Isko Moreno, actor, TV personality and former mayor of Manila
 * Ricky Belmonte, actor
 * Ramon Ang, businessman, vice-chairman of San Miguel Corporation
 * Arnold Clavio, newscaster and journalist
 * Rene Requiestas (1957–1993), actor-comedian
 * Dolphy, actor-comedian
 * Carlos Badion, basketball player
 * Ernest Obiena, pole vaulter
 * RK Bagatsing, actor-model
 * Vice Ganda, actor-comedian
 * Raymond Bagatsing, dramatic actor and model
 * Jerald Napoles, actor
 * Joyce Pring, actress
 * Arnel Pineda, singer and the current vocalist of Journey
 * Regine Velasquez-Alcasid, singer and songwriter composer
 * Ramon Bagatsing, politician and the former mayor of Manila
 * Willie Ong, cardiologist
 * Geneva Cruz, actress, singer, and composer
 * Joseph Estrada, former actor and President
 * Valerie Concepcion, actress and television host
 * Asiong Salonga, gangster also known as the "King of Tondo"
 * McCoy de Leon, actor and dancer
 * Francine Diaz, actress and model
 * Jose Manalo, comedian, actor
 * Sonia Roco, educator
 * Ate Gay, comedian
 * Irma Adlawan, actress, queen of local indie film

title: Tondo, Manila


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Tondo

Tondo may refer to:

 * Tondo (art), a circular painting or sculpture
 * Tondo, Manila, a district of Manila
 * Tondo (historical polity), an early historic polity on the north side of the Pasig River delta in Luzon, Philippines; a predecessor of the modern-day district
 * Tondo Conspiracy, a plot against Spanish colonial rule by Tagalog and Kapampangan noblemen in 1587–1588
 * Isaac Tondo (born 1981), Liberian footballer
 * Xavier Tondó (1978–2011), Spanish professional road racing cyclist

title: Tondo


text:
Pacific swift

The Pacific swift (Apus pacificus) is a species of bird that is part of the Swift family. It breeds in eastern Asia. It is strongly migratory, spending the northern hemisphere's winter in Southeast Asia and Australia. The general shape and blackish plumage recall its relative, the common swift, from which it is distinguished by a white rump band and heavily marked underparts. The sexes are identical in appearance, although young birds can be identified by pale fringes to the wing feathers that are absent in adults. This swift's main call is a screech typical of its family. It is one of a group of closely related Asian swifts formerly regarded as one species.

The Pacific swift is found in a wide range of climatic zones and habitats. It breeds in sheltered locations such as caves, natural rock crevices or under the roofs of houses. The nest is a half-cup of dry grass and other fine material that is gathered in flight, cemented with saliva and attached to a vertical surface. The two or three white eggs are incubated for about seventeen days to hatching. Subsequently, the chicks have a long but variable period in the nest before they are fully fledged. When the parents cannot find sufficient food in bad weather, the young can survive for days without being fed by metabolising body fat.

Like all members of its family, the Pacific swift feeds exclusively on insects caught in flight. It tends to hunt higher than most of its relatives other than the white-throated needletail. The Pacific swift has a large population and extensive breeding area, and faces few threats from predators or human activities. It is classed as being of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. It has occurred as far afield as the US and New Zealand, and it is a very rare vagrant in Europe.

Taxonomy
The swifts form the bird family Apodidae, which is divided into several genera. The Pacific swift is in the Old World genus Apus, which is characterised by dark, glossy plumage, a forked tail and sharply pointed wings. Until recently, the Pacific swift was considered to have five subspecies, but three have now been elevated to full species status as part of a "fork-tailed swift" superspecies. The proposed name of the superspecies was formerly a synonym for the Pacific swift.

A 2011 study proposed the following treatment. The long-tailed birds from the Tibetan Plateau with a narrow white throat patch are separated as Salim Ali's swift, A. salimali, the small swifts with narrow white rumps from the Himalayas of India, Nepal and Bhutan become Blyth's swift, A. leuconyx, and the population that breeds in limestone caves in northern Southeast Asia, characterised by a green iridescence and shallow tail fork, is split as Cook's swift, A. cooki. The remaining subspecies are the nominate A. p. pacificus and the southern race A. p. kanoi (formerly known as kurodae). This arrangement has been accepted by the International Ornithological Committee (IOC), but not the International Union for Conservation of Nature. A 2012 paper showed that cooki is closely related to the dark-rumped swift, A. acuticauda, which should therefore be included in the pacificus clade, but made no further taxonomic recommendations.

This swift was first described by John Latham in 1801 as Hirundo pacifica. Scopoli separated the swifts from the swallows as the genus Apus in 1777. Apus, like Apodidae, is derived from the Greek απους, apous, meaning "without feet", a reference to the small, weak legs of these most aerial of birds, and pacificus refers to the Pacific Ocean.

Description

At 17 – in length, the Pacific swift is the largest of the Apus swifts. It has a 43-to-54-cm (17-to-21-in) wingspan. Females are slightly heavier than males, averaging 44.5 g against 42.5 g. It is similar in general shape to the common swift, although slightly longer-winged and with a more protruding head. The fork of the tail is deeper, and the rump is broader. The upperparts are black, apart from a white rump band and a somewhat greyer head. The underparts are black, although white fringes to the feathers give the belly a scaly appearance when seen well from below. The tail and the upper wings are black, and the underwings are brown. The eyes are brown and the small bill and very short legs are black. The sexes are identically plumaged, and juveniles differ from the adults only in that the feathers show pale fringes, particularly on the wings. The southern subspecies, A. p. kurodae, has a narrower white rump (15 mm/0.6 in against the nominate form's 20 mm/0.8 in), a grey throat and blacker underparts. Juveniles of migratory Apus swifts have a partial moult prior to migration, but retain the larger wing feathers. The moult is completed in the wintering grounds, where adults have a complete moult.

This species is usually straightforward to identify. The white-rumped swift is similar to Pacific swift, but its slender body and long, deeply forked tail make it appear quite different from its more powerfully built relative. A possible pitfall is a partially leucistic common swift with a white rump. The Pacific swift can be distinguished with care by its deeper tail fork, longer wings, bigger head, larger white throat patch and patterned underparts. In parts of Southeast Asia, migrating Pacific swifts pass through the resident ranges of former subspecies, and good views are then necessary to be sure of correct identification.

Voice
The calls given by flocks near the breeding areas are typical swift screams, including a trilled tsiririri or harsher spee-eer. They resemble the cries of the common swift, but are softer and less wheezy. Pacific swifts are less vocal on the wintering grounds, but produce a variety of twitters and buzzes.

Distribution and habitat
The nominate subspecies, A. p. pacificus, breeds in eastern Asia from the Ob River northeast to Kamchatka and east to the Kuril Islands, Sakhalin and Japan. It is strongly migratory, wintering in southern Indonesia, Melanesia and Australia, including Tasmania. It is a common migrant through coastal Malaysia, Sumatra and Java with "vast numbers" crossing the Strait of Malacca. Subspecies A. p. kurodae breeds from southeastern Tibet through eastern China to southern Japan, Taiwan and Orchid Island. It is a relatively short-distance migrant, wintering in the Philippines, Malaysia and northern Indonesia.

As a powerful long-distance migrant, the nominate subspecies of Pacific swift has occurred as a vagrant far from its normal range. Birds have been recorded from Brunei, the Maldives, New Zealand and Macquarie Island, and there have been multiple occurrences in the Seychelles. In the US, this species is casual in the Pribilof and Aleutian Islands; a claimed 2010 sighting from the Yukon will be the first for Canada and the mainland of North America if ratified. In South America, there is a 1959 record from Colombia. There are 13 European records as of 2013, from Denmark (two), Spain, Sweden (four) and the UK (seven). It is possible that this overstates the true number of visiting birds. All the listed countries had a sighting on different dates in the summer of 2013 which could be due to a single wandering bird. The four most recent English records in 2005, 2008, 2011 and 2013 all included sightings at Spurn, East Yorkshire, and may refer to one returning individual.

A mainly aerial species, this swift is not limited to particular land habitats or climatic zones; it breeds from the Arctic to sub-tropical China, and from sea level to at least 3,000 m in Japan. It is often found around human habitation. It tends to winter in lowlands, and in Australia it is found in arid areas as well as in towns and on the coast. Flocks of thousands may appear when there are hot strong winds. Pacific swifts often travel and feed with white-throated needletails. The Pacific swift probably sleeps in flight when not nesting, behaviour known to occur in the common swift and suspected in other Apus species, but there is an Australian record of these swifts roosting in a tree, and they are occasionally seen to land briefly on the ground or on vertical surfaces.

Breeding

Most Apus swift species nest in rocky areas, and the majority will accept human habitations as a substitute for natural sites. The Pacific swift is a colonial species that nests in sheltered locations such as caves, crevices in vertical rock faces (including sea-cliffs), or under the eaves of houses. The nest is a half-cup of feathers, dry grass and other light vegetation collected in flight, cemented with saliva and attached to a ledge or vertical surface with the same substance. Two or three eggs is the normal clutch, the number varying with geographical location. In areas where three eggs are usual, a fourth may occasionally be laid; no larger clutches are known. The eggs are white, as with all swifts, and 24–27.5 × 16–17 mm (0.95–1.08 × 0.63–0.67 in) in size. They are incubated by both parents for about 17 days prior to hatching as unfeathered and blind altricial chicks. Both adults brood and feed the chicks, which fledge in an average 40.5 days.

Swifts as a family have smaller egg clutches and much longer and more variable incubation and fledging times than passerines with similarly sized eggs, resembling tubenoses in these developmental factors. Young birds reach a maximum weight heavier than their parents; they can cope with not being fed for long periods of time, and delay their feather growth when undernourished. Swifts and seabirds have generally secure nest sites, but their food sources are unreliable, whereas passerines are vulnerable in the nest but food is usually plentiful. These adaptations mean that when conditions are good, the survival rate is very high. One large Yellow Sea colony had hatching success of 73.5%, with 63.6% of the chicks fledging. The average productivity was 1.24 fledged young per pair per year.

Feeding
All swifts feed on insects caught in flight, and the Pacific swift has been recorded as consuming bees, wasps, termites, moths and flies. A Chinese study found that it caught a wide variety of insect prey and considered that most of the species eaten were harmful to agriculture or forestry, leading to improved agricultural yield in a number of geographical domaines. The Pacific swift tends to hunt higher than sympatric swifts, sharing its airspace mainly with white-throated needletails. It typically feeds at heights up to 300 m, only flying close to the ground in poor weather. It often forages near low-pressure areas, which serve both to raise insects from the ground and to give the swifts additional lift. The swifts circle through the insect swarms in flocks typically of tens or hundreds of birds, although sometimes reaching tens of thousands in Australia. In Siberia, Pacific swifts feed at dusk to much later hours than the common swift, sometimes until midnight, and migrants have been seen flying with bats in the Philippines. The young are fed balls of insects bound with saliva. During bad weather, increased competition leads to malnourishment within populations, where young swifts are often not fed for days and survive on stored body fat.

Predators and parasites
Swifts spend most of their time in flight. Few birds have the necessary speed and agility to catch them, hobbies being the main exception. The nest sites are usually sufficiently inaccessible to be beyond the reach of snakes or mammalian predators.

This swift is host to feather mites including Eustathia cultrifera, Chauliacia canarisi and C. securigera. Biting parasites include the louse fly Crataerina pacifica, bat bugs and sucking mites. Chewing lice include two species first identified on this swift. Davaineidae tapeworms have been found as internal parasites.

Status
The Pacific swift has a very large range, exceeding 10,000,000 km2 (3,800,000 mi2). Its population is unknown, although it is common throughout its breeding range with no evidence of any decline. It is therefore classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as being of least concern. There appear to be no significant threats to this bird; predation is low, and this swift is not tied to a particular habitat. Some birds may die through misadventure or become exhausted when lost on migration (the first record for the Western Palaearctic was found resting on a North Sea gas platform), but swifts have high survival rates and are generally long-lived. The common swift, a close relative of the Pacific swift, has been recorded as reaching 21 years old.

title: Pacific swift


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Talk:Ussuri

Untitled
I do not have a personal knowledge of that incident, but I spoke to people who traveled to Soviet Union few years later and they say that they met Russians who have seen aftermath of Chinese - Soviet war in which Chinese were sending hundreds of thousands of lightly armed troops and Soviets had a laser cannons mowing them to the ground and a river. That caused standoff and eventual Chinese withdrowal. I would like to obtain more details on the subject of two Communist Empires involved in a turf war.

I'll try and find something with regards to this standoff. I believe it happened in the late 1960s, when Sino-Soviet relationships went downhill. KNewman 17:31, Sep 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * The Sino-Soviet border conflict, 1969?

Exactly. I didn't know there was an article on it. Thanks! KNewman 04:07, Sep 23, 2004 (UTC)

To add to article
To add to this article: do the Nanai people (Hezhen/Hezhe people) live in this area? 76.189.141.37 (talk) 23:38, 12 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ussuri