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English-language editions of The Hobbit

This list contains only complete, printed English-language editions of The Hobbit by J. R. R. Tolkien. It is not for derived or unprinted works such as screenplays, graphic novels, or audio books.

Introduction
For this list, a printing is a separate edition if any of the following criteria is met:
 * The publisher declares it to be a new edition.
 * Substantial changes to the text have been introduced beyond correcting typographical errors.
 * A publisher prints the basic design for the first time.
 * The dust jacket or cover design has changed appreciably.
 * The height or width of the book has changed.
 * The binding materials have changed.

For this list, a printing is a variant of a separate edition if both it is not a separate edition itself and also any of the following criteria is met:
 * Inconspicuous marks or annotations declare it to be from a different publisher than an edition it is otherwise identical to (e.g., book club edition).
 * Some internal illustrations appear as color instead of black-and-white, or vice versa.
 * Some small change has been made in the design of the book or its binding or dust jacket without affecting the whole design.

A printing is 'not' a separate edition or variant solely because of any of the following:
 * Binding color changed.
 * Dust jacket color scheme changed but design remained the same.
 * Typographical errors were corrected.

Numbered pages means the page number of the last page of the story itself, regardless of whether the page number actually appears on the page. It does not include end papers or advertisement pages, even if they are numbered.

Early American editions

The early United States editions of The Hobbit were published by the Houghton Mifflin Company of Boston and New York City and are particularly collectible but difficult to identify. Tolkien's publisher was George Allen & Unwin of London (A&U). Houghton Mifflin of Boston and New York arranged to publish Tolkien's books in the United States. Houghton Mifflin printed sheets for the first edition from plates etched from a photo-enlargement of the Allen & Unwin first edition. For the second edition they imported sheets directly from A&U. However, they bound their own volumes, usually distinctly from their British counterparts. The American versions differed from the British in one respect crucial to the collectibles market: beyond the first printing, most of Houghton Mifflin's impressions did not identify which printing run they came out of or even a copyright date. This failure caused confusion in the collectibles market, as few people can identify the Houghton Mifflin second editions, which were extant from 1951 to 1966.

Very roughly, earlier printings are valued more than later. In particular, the first edition, with its different account of Riddles in the Dark, is in great demand. However, the fifth overall impression, or the first printing of the second edition, seems to be garnering prices as high as the British fourth printing, which was the cheapest and most common of the first edition printings. Later second edition printings are valued much less than first edition printings or the first printing of the second edition. The presence of the matching dust-jacket often doubles the value of any of these printings, particularly if it is in good shape. However, because the second American edition changes its binding color from printing to printing, they gain considerable charm displayed in array without their jackets.

The first edition

Houghton Mifflin published the first American edition of The Hobbit in spring of 1938 following its September, 1937 debut in the United Kingdom. For this first edition Houghton Mifflin printed the sheets in the United States. They chose to print it in a larger size and on heavier stock than Allen & Unwin's first edition, and they included four color plates of Tolkien's original artwork. Margins are ample and the typesetting well crafted for readability. The lettering on the tan cloth cover is printed in deep blue. The bowing hobbit emblem on the front and the dwarf's hood emblem on the spine are filled with bright red. The end-paper maps were printed in red only, instead of the black and red chosen by Allen & Unwin. The publisher mistakenly put the Wilderland map at the front and the Lonely Mountain map at the back, the reverse of the description in the text.

Surviving dust-jackets on the first edition are rare. It is not known whether that is because of attrition, because some printings were not jacketed, or because lots directed to some markets did not come with jackets. What is known is that jackets have been reported on more than one of the printings, most commonly on the first printing. The jacket has a medium blue field all around. The front announces the title in white, beneath which appears, in color and framed in red, Tolkien's illustration of Hobbiton. The reverse displays Tolkien's illustration of Smaug on his trove, also in color.

A series of changes to the book suggest that Houghton Mifflin printed the first edition several times. The earliest copies show the same bowing hobbit emblem on the title page as is visible on the cover, but in outline. The first printing appeared on March 1, 1938. This earliest printing also has no half-title page. At some point the publisher replaced the emblem on the title page with a seated flautist. The first two printings mistakenly identify Chapter VII as Chapter VI on page 118, a defect corrected in the third. The binding's cloth changes slightly in color and texture in step with other changes. The first printing's table of illustrations lists Thrór's map as the front endpaper, in accordance with the text (page 30) but contradicting the actual order. The later printings of the first edition list the Wilderland map as the front endpaper, in accordance with the actual order but contradicting the text.

(Regarding the bowing Hobbit emblem, some say the boots the hobbit wears conflicted with the text's description of a bare-footed hobbit, prompting the publisher to replace it. Yet the device comes directly from Tolkien's picture of Bilbo bowing to Smaug on his horde of treasure. Tolkien defended the boots to an astute reader by explaining that Bilbo had acquired them along the way.)

Hammond & Anderson refer to these variations as "states" within the "first printing", and recorded only two: one with the bowing hobbit on the title page, and one with the seated flautist. Houghton Mifflin's practice was to place the publication year at the foot of the title page for the first printings of its first editions. All first edition Hobbit copies, of all variations, with or without the bowing hobbit of the first printing, show "1938" as the date on the title page, perhaps discouraging bibliographers from ascribing different printings to them.

Other library bindings have been reported. A red library binding with yellow title and a simple geometric design in black, and including free-leaf maps, has been seen with the stamp "New Method Book Bindery", a company well known in the trade at the time (later becoming "Bound to Stay Bound Books Inc." ).

All printings of the first edition measure 15.0 x 21.0 cm. They contain 310 numbered pages.

First edition identifier
†Note the explanation below: this is not the order the maps appear, but, rather, the order stated in the List of Illustrations. In all first editions the Wilderland map appears as the front paste-down.

††Earliest confirmed date as seen in publisher's records, owner's inscriptions, or library stamps.

 * emblem
 * hobbit: Center of title page shows a bowing hobbit emblem.
 * flautist: Center of title page shows a seated flautist emblem.
 * half-title
 * none: Volume has no half-title page.
 * present: Volume has a half-title page.
 * binding
 * book cloth A: Yellowish-tan with slight greenish cast. Even color, tight weave in both directions.
 * book cloth B: Neutral light tan, the lightest amongst the group. Tight weave.
 * book cloth C: Slightly darker than book cloth B; very faint pinkish cast in some light. Even weave.
 * book cloth D: Variegated darker tan, lacking any greenish or yellowish pall. Linen-like weave.
 * book cloth E: Similar to book cloth A, but more intensely yellow.
 * library: Deep orange with jacket design silk-screened in black.
 * page 118
 * Chapter VI: The chapter title is mislabeled.
 * Chapter VII: The chapter title is correct.
 * map order
 * Thrór front: The List of Illustrations mistakenly states Thrór's map is the front endpaper.
 * Thrór back: The List of Illustrations correctly states Thrór's map is the rear endpaper.
 * map stock
 * smooth: The paper the maps are printed on is smoothly calendered.
 * rough: The paper the maps are printed on is no smoother than the text block.
 * map leaves
 * paste-down: The outside leaf of each map is pasted down onto the inside of the cover.
 * free: The outside leaf of each map is a free leaf.
 * type flaws
 * clean
 * None of the flaws listed below.
 * broken A
 * p. 193: Line 8, the "t" in "into" is broken.
 * p. 193: Line 10, the "o" of "of" is broken.
 * p. 205: Line 5, the "e" of "else" is broken.
 * p. 237: Last paragraph, there may be spots of thin ink toward the left, especially the two (s)s of "darkness" as well as "the" below.
 * broken B
 * All of broken A plus:
 * p. 81: Line 16, the comma after "blade," is light, and so is the opt left of the "o" just below.
 * p. 119: Line 3, the "o" in "below" is broken at the bottom.
 * p. 125: Line 4, the "o" in "to see" is broken at the bottom.
 * p. 125: Line 13, the "ea" in "mean" is slightly clipped at the top.
 * p. 145: Line 16, the "he" in the first "the" is lightened.
 * broken B/C
 * All of broken B plus:
 * p. 213: Line 13, the right stem of "n" in "nor" is broken in the middle.
 * p. 217: Line 1, the hump of the "h" in "the" has a hairline crack.
 * broken C
 * All of broken B/C plus:
 * p. 17: Line 2, the upper half of the left stem of the "w" in "well" is lightened slightly.

Basics
Tolkien began work on The Lord of the Rings in the years after The Hobbit's publication. As the story evolved, Tolkien realized he needed to change how Bilbo and Gollum interacted in The Hobbit to suit the plot of The Lord of the Rings. He also wrote a new version of the introductory note to explain an apparent discrepancy between the map, saying that Thrain had been king under the mountain despite Thorin's father Thrain never having held that title. This was explained as the map referring to a distant ancestor, Thrain I. However, this introduced contradictions with the text, such as statements that Erebor had been founded in the time of Thorin's grandfather, thus precluding an ancient Thrain I having ruled there. These issues were eventually addressed with changes for the third edition. Allen & Unwin prepared a new edition of The Hobbit for release in 1951, and Houghton Mifflin followed suit. These American impressions from the 5th through the 14th were bound from sheets printed in Great Britain, corresponding to the same George Allen & Unwin printings of the second edition. Unlike the AU printings, the American copies do not state the printing until the 18th in the second edition, making them very difficult to identify in isolation. The only exceptions are the 11th, 12th, and one of the two variants of the 5th impression, each of which states the full printing history. The following list of "points" was developed by Strebe by comparing unknown American printings to known British printings. Steve Frisby untangled the 9th printing, which differs from its Allen & Unwin counterpart on page 315. (This divergence likely resulted from the cancel title pages AU was obliged to supply when they converted 9th printing sheets intended for British domestic use into Houghton Mifflin sets. ) Information regarding the print run sizes of the Second American Edition of the Hobbit is held by the University of Reading Special Collections Service.

The American second editions from the 5th through 14th printings measure 12.7 x 19.0 cm, contain 315 numbered pages, and have end-paper maps printed in black, white, and red. The frontispiece is printed in color, but the remaining color plates of the first edition have been eliminated. With the exception of the 5th printing, the cover design is similar to the American first edition, only smaller, differently colored, and lacking the bowing hobbit emblem on the front board. Both variants of the 5th printing, on the other hand, are bound identically to the British printings, with the only distinction being the notation "Houghton Mifflin Company" at the base of the book's spine.

Print runs
The following table lists the printing dates, export dates, and number of sheets exported from George Allen & Unwin to Houghton Mifflin across the second edition, as determined from George Allen & Unwin records. The Stated date is the date listed in the corresponding UK impression's printing history on the copyright page.

5th printing variants
Houghton Mifflin issued two distinct variants corresponding to the British 5th printing.

The earlier variant (5a) is constructed in a similar style to the subsequent American printings of the second edition. That is, the title page states "Houghton Mifflin Company - Boston, The Riverside Press - Cambridge", and the book lacks the printing history and colophon entirely. Even so, the sheets for the text body came from A&U and thus are identical to the British 5th printing.

The later variant (5b) is identical to the British 5th printing in every regard except for the "Houghton Mifflin" notation at the base of the spine. In particular, the title page states "London, George Allen & Unwin Ltd, Museum Street"; the colophon shows the A&U St. George and the Dragon insignia and the addresses of the publishers offices worldwide; and the title page verso shows the full printing history.

Dust-jackets
American second edition dust-jackets are nearly identical to British, except that Houghton Mifflin is printed at the bottom of the spine instead of George Allen Unwin. The design is basically unchanged from the original 1937 edition of The Hobbit. Dust-jackets declare the impression and often may be used to ascertain at least the approximate printing of the book. Sometimes, however, the publisher put dust-jackets from one printing onto books of a neighboring printing. Also lost, damaged or discarded dust-jackets are sometimes replaced with ones acquired elsewhere. Hence the jacket cannot be considered definitive.

Collation
The 5th and 6th impression signature marks are at the bottom center:

[B] on page 17, henceforth incrementing one letter every 16 pages.

[*] on page 307.

The 7th, 8th, and 9th impression signature marks start with [B] on page 17, henceforth incrementing one letter every 32 pages.

[*] on page 307.

Signature marks change on the 10th impression: [A*] at the bottom of the Table of Contents; [B] at bottom left of page 33 etc. These signature marks remain unchanged through the 14th impression.

Paper
Paper weight, measured as thickness, varies from printing to printing. Generally the earlier impressions are thinner than the later. Measurements exclude the binding and end papers; they start from the half-title page and extend to the last story page. The leaves should be pressed tightly when measuring. Measurements are rounded to the nearest half millimeter.

Binding

The 5th through 14th impressions come in a variety of colors. Generally all the books from one printing are bound in the same color, but exceptions may have been found, perhaps when bindings intended for one printing were left over and found use at the beginning of the next printing. Hence the color of the covers cannot conclusively identify a book.

Advertisements
Commencing with the 7th impression, the final page of the story advertises The Lord of the Rings. The distance between the advertisement and the main body of the text varies from impression to impression. Here the distance is measured from the baseline of the last line of the story's text down to the baseline of the first line of the advertisement.

 * The 5th impression advertises Farmer Giles of Ham on the reverse of the half-title page.
 * The 6th impression advertises The Lord of the Rings on the reverse of the half-title page but not on the last page of the text.
 * The 6th through 13th impressions advertise Farmer Giles of Ham and Lord of the Rings* on the reverse of the half-title page.
 * The 14th impression advertises The Adventures of Tom Bombadil, Farmer Giles of Ham, and Lord of the Rings on the reverse of the half-title page.
 * The 15th impression of the Allen & Unwin British edition advertises The Adventures of Tom Bombadil, Farmer Giles of Ham, (The) Lord of the Rings, and Tree and Leaf on the reverse of the half-title page. Houghton Mifflin probably did not issue a printing from these sheets.

* The advertisement for The Lord of the Rings on the half-title page is missing 'The ' until the 24th printing.

Printing flaws
Starting with the 7th impression, the first "o" on page 22 is broken at 5:00 o'clock.

The 13th impression, on the bottom of page 315, displays an illegible "ab" in "you will learn a lot more 'about them". The 7th through 12th impressions, on the other hand, are clean. The illegible "ab" persists throughout remaining printings of the second edition, both British and American.

Later printings of second edition
Houghton Mifflin enlarged the book to 14.0 x 21.0 cm commencing with the 15th printing, probably in 1964. At that point they abandoned importing sheets from George Allen and Unwin. Parallel to the single British 15th printing, Houghton Mifflin reprinted The Hobbit nine times from their own plates until the advent of the third edition. They dropped the red color from the maps and removed the color frontispiece so that no color remained in the book's interior. The 15th and remaining printings of the second edition are bound in light green with lettering in dark blue. Beginning with the 18th impression the volumes state the printing number on the reverse of the title page. The 23rd impression is the final impression of the second edition.

The 24th printing belongs to the third edition: it replaces the second edition's description of the revised edition with a description of runes; the type is completely reset; and the page count increases to 317.

While the Allen and Unwin sheets appear to have been printed from Linotype plates, clues suggest that Houghton Mifflin opted to filmset the later printings of the second edition. They did not phototypeset new plates; rather they seem to have photographed the 14th impression. While the sheets are larger, the type block itself is identical. All the print surface flaws that the Allen and Unwin plates had accumulated up to that point were faithfully reproduced in film for the remaining printings. Because any number of copies of the film can be made and stored for future use, the type does not degrade from printing to printing the way it would with Linotype. If the film tears or loses its crispness, it may simply be replaced with a duplicate. Indeed, the 23rd impression's type block is effectively identical.

By settling on a single binding color and dropping all color from the interior, Houghton Mifflin cheapened later printings of the second edition, making them less 'collectible'.

The third edition
In 1965, finding a grey area in copyright law and irregularities in Houghton Mifflin's copyright and import compliance, publisher Ace Books issued a paperback edition of The Lord of the Rings against Tolkien's wishes. Already aware of potential copyright weakness and now having learned of Ace's plans, that same year George Allen & Unwin asked Tolkien to prepare a list of revisions to both The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, so that their copyrights could be renewed. Several dozen short changes were then introduced in the next few impressions of The Hobbit, starting with the 24th printing in 1966 and being complete by 1968. These were primarily minor stylistic variations (e.g. "They hadn't been riding..." to "They had not been riding...") and revisions to bring the story more in line with Tolkien's latest ideas about the broader mythology of his Middle-earth stories. Collectively, these changes are considered the third edition. The printings of the standard third edition are not marked as such. Instead, they list their printing on the reverse of the title page in the original succession, dating right back to the first UK printing. They are bound identically to the later printings of the second edition. The first impression of the third edition is the one marked as the 24th printing with a copyright date of 1966. Second editions contain the original description of the revised edition, beginning with, "In this reprint several minor inaccuracies...". The third edition's foreword, on the other hand, describes the runic characters seen on the maps and in the text. It commences with, "This is a story of long ago." Also, third editions contain 317 numbered pages, as compared to the 315 of the second edition.

Other known English-language editions

 * English language edition annotated for Russian students of English.
 * BCA Publishing edition of 1992. Quarterbound with gilded lettering on spine and raised ribbing.
 * Alan Lee illustrations, 60th anniversary edition, 1997
 * HarperCollins Alan Lee illustrations, 2000, published for Dealerfield Ltd. Pictorial laminated boards. Almost certainly just a variant of 1997 Alan Lee.
 * Michael Hague illustrations, hardcover
 * Unwin 4th edition
 * Del Rey paperback with cover matched to Peter Jackson's films
 * 1999 HarperCollins DeLuxe edition
 * "Collins Modern Classics", Title on front shifted left of center
 * Thorndike Press Large Print Basic Series, 483 pages.
 * Unwin early 80s mass-market paperback with Smaug on his hoard, "The Hobbit" over a rust-colored background rectangle
 * Harper Collins Limited Editions Collectors' Box with CD, fold-out map, etc. 2000.
 * Unwin Hyman 1987 50th anniversary
 * Black softcover with red dragon at bottom on front and runes in circle in middle
 * Ballantine 1987 paperback 50th anniversary edition (with or without 50th anniversary note); Bilbo and Gollum on cover, cover illustration by Michael Herring.
 * Ballantine 1978 film art edition, softcover edition of HA1977 Rankin/Bass animation.
 * Late 1990s Ballantine softcover with "natural" scene of Gandalf in foreground, bridge in background, river flowing to foreground, forest on the right.
 * 3D pop-up edition illustrated by John Howe
 * Houghton Mifflin hardcover 4th edition, 255 pages, with Tolkien illustrations, but dust jacket shows Smaug on his hoard and vases, cups, and chalices in the foreground.
 * 1970 The Hobbit "Pleasure in Reading" edition. 279 pages. Australian edition? Complete?
 * Ballantine paperback edition with "The Greatest Epic Fantasy of Our Time" on green background; Gandalf approaching Bag End; 305 pages.
 * 1972 English edition printed in Taiwan.
 * Newer version of EB1990 with new cover art

title: English-language editions of The Hobbit


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Colorado tick fever

Colorado tick fever (CTF) is a viral infection (Coltivirus) transmitted from the bite of an infected Rocky Mountain wood tick (Dermacentor andersoni). It should not be confused with the bacterial tick-borne infection, Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Colorado tick fever is probably the same disease that American pioneers referred to as "mountain fever".

Colorado tick fever virus (CTFV) infects haemopoietic cells, particularly erythrocytes, which explains how the virus is transmitted by ticks and also accounts for the incidence of transmission by blood transfusion.

Signs and symptoms
The first signs and symptoms of Colorado Tick Fever are shown between the 1 and 14th day after the bite from the tick. Once bit by the tick and the onset of symptoms is presented, one will more often then not experience a biphasic fever. A biphasic fever, is a fever that will attack, only to let you feel better, just to infect you once again. Although the virus may only last a couple of weeks, the Virus can be found in the red blood cells for up to 6 months after being cured.

Initial symptoms include fever, chills, headaches, pain behind the eyes, light sensitivity, muscle pain, generalized malaise, abdominal pain, hepatosplenomegaly, nausea and vomiting, and a flat or pimply rash. During the second phase of the virus, a high fever can return with an increase in symptoms. CTF can be very severe in cases involving children and can even require hospitalization. Complications with this disease have included aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, and hemorrhagic fever, but these are rare.

CTF is seasonal, mostly occurring in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States and usually in altitudes from 4,000 to 10,000 feet (1,600 to 3,000 meters). Patients with CTF are mostly campers and young males, who most likely have been bitten because of their activities.

Virology
The virus particle, like other coltiviruses, is about 80 nm in diameter and is generally not enveloped. The double-stranded RNA viral genome is about 20,000 bp long and is divided into 12 segments, which are termed Seg-1 to Seg-12. Viral replication in infected cells is associated with characteristic cytoplasmic granular matrices. Evidence suggests the viral presence in mature erythrocytes is a result of replication of the virus in hematopoietic erythrocyte precursor cells and simultaneous maturation of the infected immature cells rather than of direct entry and replication of CTFV in mature erythrocytes.

Tick
The Rocky Mountain wood tick is usually found attached to a host, but when it is without a host, it hides in cracks and crevices, as well as soil. If for some reason the tick is not able to find a host before the winter, it will stay under ground cover until spring, when it can resume its search. The behavior of the Rocky Mountain wood tick varies with its life stages: adults are active as early as March, peaking in April and May, while nymphs and larvae are active around April and June respectively. By late summer or early fall, all these stages typically disappear. Small mammals are common hosts for larvae and nymphs, while adults generally feed on larger mammals such as horses, cattle, and deer.

Transmission
Colorado tick fever (CTF) is transmitted through the bite of an infected Rocky Mountain wood tick. The ticks become carriers of the CTF virus by feeding on infected reservoir animals like small rodents. Transmission from a tick to person is the most common cause of infection. Person-to-person transmission is not typical but can occur rarely through blood transfusions. Post-infection, the CTF virus can linger in red blood cells for several months, hence, blood and bone marrow donations are discouraged for six months following infection.

Diagnosis
A combination of clinical signs, symptoms, and laboratory tests can confirm the likelihood of having CTF. Some tests include complement fixation to Colorado tick virus, immunofluorescence for Colorado tick fever, and some other common laboratory findings suggestive of CTF, including leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, and mildly elevated liver enzyme levels.

Detection of viral antibodies on red blood cells is possible.

Prevention
To avoid tick bites and infection, experts advise:
 * Avoid tick-infested areas, especially during the warmer months.
 * Wear light-colored clothing so ticks can be easily seen. Wear a long sleeved shirt, hat, long pants, and tuck pant legs into socks.
 * Walk in the center of trails to avoid overhanging grass and brush.
 * Clothing and body parts should be checked every few hours for ticks when spending time outdoors in tick-infested areas. Ticks are most often found on the thigh, arms, underarms, and legs. Ticks can be very small (no bigger than a pinhead). Look carefully for new "freckles".
 * The use of insect repellents containing DEET on skin or permethrin on clothing can be effective. Follow the directions on the container and wash off repellents when going indoors.
 * Remove attached ticks immediately.

Contracting the CTF virus is thought to provide long-lasting immunity against reinfection. However, it is always wise to be on the safe side and try to prevent tick bites.

Treatment
No specific treatment for CTF is yet available. The first action is to make sure the tick is fully removed from the skin, then acetaminophen and analgesics can be used to help relieve the fever and pain. Aspirin is not recommended for children, as it has been linked to Reye’s syndrome in some viral illnesses. Salicylates should not be used because of thrombocytopenia, and the rare occurrence of bleeding disorders. People who suspect they have been bitten by a tick or are starting to show signs of CTF should contact their physicians immediately.

Tick removal
Ticks should be removed promptly and carefully with tweezers and by applying gentle, steady traction. The tick's body should not be crushed when it is removed and the tweezers should be placed as close to the skin as possible to avoid leaving tick mouthparts in the skin. Mouthparts left in the skin can allow secondary infections. Ticks should not be removed with bare hands. Hands should be protected by gloves or tissues and thoroughly washed with soap and water after the removal process.

A match or flame should not be used to remove a tick. This method, once thought safe, can cause the tick to regurgitate expelling any disease it may be carrying into the bite wound.

Epidemiology
The disease develops from March to September, with the highest infections occurring in June. The disease is found almost exclusively in the western United States and Canada, mostly in high mountain areas such as Colorado and Idaho. The CTFV was first isolated from human blood in 1944.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Colorado tick fever


text:
Talk:Hypodermic needle

Aprilophobia?
Sounds like someone's idea of a joke stemming from April O'neill from the TNMT... Any references? Undead Herle King 20:40, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

sizing
I had a quick go at trying to find a nice sizing chart. But it's difficult because of the different standards.

here's this, it's pretty wrong i think, the site the data comes from wasn't a manufacturer or anything. In other places the numbers aren't that 'round'.

27G 0.40 mm 26G 0.45 mm 25G 0.50 mm 24G 0.55 mm 23G 0.60 mm 22G 0.70 mm 21G 0.80 mm 20G 0.90 mm 19G 1.10 mm 18G 1.20 mm

here are some other sites i'll bookmark with tables or lists of conversions.

 * This has the colour codes people i kknow have used.
 * These people sell needles, surely they'd know
 * Spinal needles
 * Specifications
 * This has a colour chart, no mm diameters though
 * French catheter chart
 * Another one, but a pdf so you can use in
 * Info on wire, and wire sizes. See wire.
 * lots of custom needles

http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/msyringe.html

Needle gauge Outside diameter, inches Inside diameter, inches Nominal wall thickness, inches 27 0.0160 - 0.0165  0.0075 - 0.0095  0.004 28  0.0140 - 0.0145  0.0065 - 0.0080  0.0035 29  0.0130 - 0.0135  0.0065 - 0.0080  0.003 30  0.0120 - 0.0125  0.0055 - 0.0070  0.003 32  0.0090 - 0.0095  0.0035 - 0.0050  0.002 -69.87.203.105 12:53, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

History?
As an editor on the hypnosis entry, it is important to understand when the hypodermic needle was invented and perhaps the implications. Would someone be willing to write something about the history? Thanks! DrMattGomes 03:59, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

In this http://www.cnn.com/2006/LAW/07/31/basement.lipo.ap/index.html cnn article it is revealed that you can actually be chraged with "illegal possession of a hypodermic needle". I wonder if there's an exeption for filling your ink cartridges, for example.

There is a need for historic background. Here is an article as an example: http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blsyringe.htm

I watched an episode of Modern Marvels on Opium and it alluded that the hyperdermic syringe was developed to deliver morphine to the blood system.

YO DAWG WHERE DID HYPODERMIC NEEDLES COME FROM MY BRO SAYS THE ANCIENT MEZOAMERICANS HAD THEM BUT LIKE I DON'T KNOW IF I CAN JIVE WITH THAT. TELL ME SUCKA! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.57.136.205 (talk) 09:47, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

 * IS CAPLOCK FROM THE ANCIENT MEZOAMERICANS TOO?!? -- King Öomie 13:26, 15 September 2009 (UTC)

It is estimated that about 10% of the adult population may have a phobia of needles (Trypanophobia),
This statement is quite questionable. Trypanophobia is a fear of Injections, yet it states it as being a fear of needles. Needs to be changed I think. 82.21.53.146 16:39, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

Phobia section
The Phobia section (as seen on the time stamp at the end of this post) is very good. It is short, to the point (hehe), concise and reflects everything my mother has told me in her experience as a nurse in a state hospital. Good work guys! JayKeaton (talk) 15:15, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

Directly into the blood stream?
Does anyone know if all injections meant for the bloodstream go there directly, or if not, what happens "in between"? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.227.76.232 (talk) 06:04, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

 * If the needle enters a large vein, then yes, whatever's in the needle is immediately introduced into the bloodstream (typical with IV drips). Some inoculations are injected instead into muscle tissue (usually the upper-arm area), which tends to cause soreness. -- King Öomie 13:25, 15 September 2009 (UTC)

Attacks
Any information on hypodermic needle attacks? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.111.192.79 (talk) 10:24, 15 September 2009 (UTC)

Emergency Room
The information about patient injected epinephrine/diphenhydramine (Benedryl), etc, possibly making a trip to the ER unneeded is bad medical advice. I know Wikipedia is not a place for medical advice, but it's not great advice to give out. I don't know international medical law, but I do know how it works in the US and we are absolutely not supposed to recommend that a patient use one of these self-injectables for allergies or severe asthma, etc. in order to make it unnecessary to go to the hospital. These substances are designed in order to make it possible for a patient to be able to make it to the hospital. They are supposed to give themselves the injection and immediately proceed to the hospital. I am deleting the corresponding statement. 66.92.185.212 (talk) 21:08, 20 October 2009 (UTC)

hyperdermic needle redirects here
I don't know what its actually called but I remember some method of delivering medicines or vaccinations using forced air so that the apparatus itself doesn't actually penetrate the skin. I figured hyperdermic needle would take me there instead of the exact fucking opposite 74.250.177.86 (talk) 03:44, 12 May 2010 (UTC)

Philia
Just thinking that since the phobia is listed, why not the philia? In all equalness, of course. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.58.25.37 (talk) 00:50, 3 July 2010 (UTC)

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Specific uses
I would appreciate it if a medical practitioner could offer a short list of the types/gauges of needle that are used for specific purposes, e.g., antibiotics vs. steroids. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:306:CF99:2080:61FE:D01F:92B3:2833 (talk) 19:23, 7 February 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Hypodermic needle


text:
Angel (comics)

Angel, in comics, may refer to:

 * Angel comics, comics featuring the Buffyverse character Angel
 * Warren Worthington III, a Marvel Comics character and member of the X-Men who has used the names Angel and Archangel
 * Angel (Thomas Halloway), the character Thomas Halloway, published by Marvel's predecessor Timely Comics
 * Angel Salvadore, a Marvel Comics character from the X-Men, who used the name Angel as well as Tempest
 * Angels (Marvel Comics), supernatural characters based on the angels of various religions
 * Angel (2000 AD), a character and story from 2000 AD

title: Angel (comics)


text:
User:Jianshuo~enwiki

This is Jian Shuo Wang, http://home.wangjianshuo.com

WANG Jian Shuo

Basic Information
Last name: Jian Shuo First name: Wang Birth: Oct 18, 1977

Working Experience
Now: Microsoft

Education
Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Friends
I have a very short list of friends here while I have many friends in real life. Here are their names and I hope they can begin to create this Wikipedia entry by themselves soon.

FAN Wen Feng

title: User:Jianshuo~enwiki


text:
Open-source intelligence

Open source intelligence (OSINT) is the collection and analysis of data gathered from open sources (covert sources and publicly available information) to produce actionable intelligence. OSINT is primarily used in national security, law enforcement, and business intelligence functions and is of value to analysts who use non-sensitive intelligence in answering classified, unclassified, or proprietary intelligence requirements across the previous intelligence disciplines.

Categories
OSINT sources can be divided up into six different categories of information flow:

 * Media, print newspapers, magazines, radio, and television from across and between countries.
 * Internet, online publications, blogs, discussion groups, citizen media (i.e. – cell phone videos, and user created content), YouTube, and other social media websites (i.e. – Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc.). This source also outpaces a variety of other sources due to its timeliness and ease of access.
 * Public government data, public government reports, budgets, hearings, telephone directories, press conferences, websites, and speeches. Although this source comes from an official source they are publicly accessible and may be used openly and freely.
 * Professional and academic publications, information acquired from journals, conferences, symposia, academic papers, dissertations, and theses.
 * Commercial data, commercial imagery, financial and industrial assessments, and databases.
 * Grey literature, technical reports, preprints, patents, working papers, business documents, unpublished works, and newsletters.

OSINT is distinguished from research in that it applies the process of intelligence to create tailored knowledge supportive of a specific decision by a specific individual or group.

OSINT collection methodologies
Collecting open-source intelligence is achieved in a variety of different ways, such as:

 * Social Media Intelligence, which is acquired from viewing or observing a subjects online social profile activity.
 * Search engine data mining or scraping.
 * Public records checking.
 * Information matching and verification from data broker services.

Definition
OSINT is defined in the United States of America by Public Law 109-163 as cited by both the U.S. Director of National Intelligence and the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), as intelligence "produced from publicly available information that is collected, exploited, and disseminated in a timely manner to an appropriate audience for the purpose of addressing a specific intelligence requirement." As defined by NATO, OSINT is intelligence "derived from publicly available information, as well as other unclassified information that has limited public distribution or access."

According to political scientist Jeffrey T. Richelson, “open source acquisition involves procuring verbal, written, or electronically transmitted material that can be obtained legally. In addition to documents and videos available via the Internet or provided by a human source, others are obtained after U.S. or allied forces have taken control of a facility or site formerly operated by a foreign government or terrorist group.”

Former Assistant Director of Central Intelligence for Analysis Mark M. Lowenthal defines OSINT as “any and all information that can be derived from overt collection: all types of media, government reports and other documents, scientific research and reports, commercial vendors of information, the Internet, and so on. The main qualifiers to open-source information are that it does not require any type of clandestine collection techniques to obtain it and that it must be obtained through means that entirely meet the copyright and commercial requirements of the vendors where applicable."

History
OSINT practices have been documented as early as the mid-19th century in the United States and early 20th century in the United Kingdom.

OSINT in the United States traces its origins to the 1941 creation of the Foreign Broadcast Monitoring Service (FBMS), an agency responsible for the monitoring of foreign broadcasts. An example of their work was the correlation of changes in the price of oranges in Paris with successful bombings of railway bridges during World War II.

The Aspin-Brown Commission stated in 1996 that US access to open sources was "severely deficient" and that this should be a "top priority" for both funding and DCI attention.

In July 2004, following the September 11 attacks, the 9/11 Commission recommended the creation of an open-source intelligence agency. In March 2005, the Iraq Intelligence Commission recommended the creation of an open-source directorate at the CIA.

Following these recommendations, in November 2005 the Director of National Intelligence announced the creation of the DNI Open Source Center. The Center was established to collect information available from "the Internet, databases, press, radio, television, video, geospatial data, photos and commercial imagery." In addition to collecting openly available information, it would train analysts to make better use of this information. The center absorbed the CIA's previously existing Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), originally established in 1941, with FBIS head Douglas Naquin named as director of the center. Then, following the events of 9/11 the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act merged FBIS and other research elements into the Office of the Director of National Intelligence creating the Open Source Enterprise.

Furthermore, the private sector has invested in tools which aid in OSINT collection and analysis. Specifically, In-Q-Tel, a Central Intelligence Agency supported venture capital firm in Arlington, VA assisted companies develop web-monitoring and predictive analysis tools.

In December 2005, the Director of National Intelligence appointed Eliot A. Jardines as the Assistant Deputy Director of National Intelligence for Open Source to serve as the Intelligence Community's senior intelligence officer for open source and to provide strategy, guidance and oversight for the National Open Source Enterprise. Mr. Jardines has established the National Open Source Enterprise and authored intelligence community directive 301. In 2008, Mr. Jardines returned to the private sector and was succeeded by Dan Butler who is ADDNI/OS and previously Mr. Jardines' Senior Advisor for Policy.

Tools
The web browser is a powerful OSINT tool that provides access to numerous websites and both open source and proprietary software tools that are either purpose-built for open source information collection or which can be exploited for the purposes of either gathering of open source information or to facilitate analysis and validation to provide intelligence. A cottage industry of both for-profit and not-for-profit investigative and educational groups such as Bellingcat, IntelTechniques SANS and others offer indices, books, podcasts and video training materials on OSINT tools and techniques. Books such as Michael Bazzell's Open Source Intelligence Techniques serve as indices to resources across multiple domains but according the author, due to the rapidly changing information landscape, some tools and techniques change or become obsolete frequently, hence it is imperative for OSINT researchers to study, train and survey the landscape of source material regularly. A guide by Ryan Fedasiuk, an analyst at the Center for Security and Emerging Technology, lists six tools open-source analysts can use to stay safe and utilize operational security (OPSEC) when conducting online investigations. These include VPNs, cached webpages, digital archive services, URL and file scanners, browser sandbox applications, and antivirus software.

Numerous lists of aggregated OSINT content are available on the web. The OSINT Framework contains over 30 primary categories of tools and is maintained as an open source project on GitHub.

Risks for practitioners
A main hindrance to practical OSINT is the volume of information it has to deal with ("information explosion"). The amount of data being distributed increases at a rate that it becomes difficult to evaluate sources in intelligence analysis. To a small degree the work has sometimes been done by amateur crowd-sourcing.

Accredited journalists have some protection in asking questions, and researching for recognized media outlets. Even so, they can be imprisoned, even executed, for seeking out OSINT. Private individuals illegally collecting data for a foreign military or intelligence agency is considered espionage in most countries. Of course, espionage that is not treason (e.g. betraying one's country of citizenship) has been a tool of statecraft since ancient times.

Professional association
The OSINT Foundation is a professional association for OSINT practitioners in the United States Intelligence Community. It is open to U.S. Citizens and seeks to raise the prominence of the open-source intelligence discipline.

Literature

 * Scientific Publications

 * Deneuville, A., Hernández López, G. & Rasmi, J. (Eds.) 'Contre-enquêtes en sources ouvertes'. Multitudes, 89, 2022.
 * Arthur S. Hulnick: 'The Dilemma of Open Source Intelligence: Is OSINT Really Intelligence?', pages 229–241, The Oxford Handbook of National Security Intelligence, 2010
 * Cody Burke: 'Freeing knowledge, telling secrets: Open source intelligence and development', Bond University, May 2007
 * Florian Schaurer, Jan Störger: 'The Evolution of Open Source Intelligence', OSINT Report 3/2010, ISN, ETH Zürich, October 2010
 * Abdelrahman Rashdan: 'The Social Media OSINT Challenge to US Intelligence: Culture Not Gigabytes', in New Media Politics Rethinking Activism and National Security in Cyberspace. Ed. Banu Baybars-Hawks. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015
 * Kamal, Mohamed, Legal Implications of AI-Driven OSINT: Insider Threats and Data Leaks in Egypt and the European Union ( 2023).  Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4672751
 * Kamal, Mohamed, Legal Implications of AI-Driven OSINT: Insider Threats and Data Leaks in Egypt and the European Union ( 2023).  Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4672751

title: Open-source intelligence