text:
Talk:Metro Atlanta

Daughter article
This page is a daughter article of the Atlanta, Georgia page WhisperToMe 08:27, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Where did county population numbers come from?
These numbers seem too high, where did they come from: 1,090,000 (Fulton), 781,000 (Cobb)...

This appears to be vandalism:

Revision as of 19:17, 27 August 2006 (edit) 24.98.187.0 (Talk)

68.219.137.236 07:02, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Please adjust for 2010 census. Also, the alphebetical column wasn't updated in the fix. Netdragon (talk) 19:16, 19 March 2011 (UTC)

Counties: 20, 19 or 5?
The article starts off According to the 2000 census, the 20-county Atlanta, Georgia metropolitan area. However the list of counties, and the map, only show 19 counties. Looking at the US Census Bureau's list of metro areas, it seems the difference is Pickens County, which they include in the metro area but we don't.

To add further to the confusion, the article on MARTA effectively lists metro Atlanta's counties as being Fulton, DeKalb, Cobb, Gwinnett and Clayton and no others.

So which is correct. Or do we need to rewrite this article to say there are multiple conflicting definitions in play. -- Chris j wood 21:56, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * No response to the above question in three weeks, so I've added to the page in the hope somebody who can help resolve the current articles self-contradictory state will notice it. -- Chris j wood 21:31, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)

When in doubt, go with the census definition. Kaldari 19:24, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually, looks like it's 28 counties . Kaldari 19:48, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Ok. I've dropped the map link (Image:Map_of_Georgia_highlighting_ATLMetroArea.PNG) as it no longer corresponds to the definition in the text. Anybody know how to update it?. -- Chris j wood 00:51, 30 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * This is getting silly. We have had 5-county, 19-county, 20-county and 28-county definitions. Now a couple of anonymous editors have added 11-county and 12-county 'core areas', in neither case citing any source in the article, or in this discussion. As they are anonymous, I cannot discuss their contributions with them, but I'm guessing from the lack of backup info that these are there own private views, so I'm going to revert the changes. If they are reading this, please feel to reinstate if you can cite a decent source. -- Chris j wood 23:19, 4 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Dropped map again
Anonymous contributor 164.111.195.234 has re-instated the map I dropped above. It is not clear if this was a statement that 164.111.195.234 believes the 28-county definition to be wrong, or whether they simply hadn't noticed that the map no longer corresponds to the definition of the Atlanta metropolitan area adopted above. Either way, either the text or the map must change to keep consistency, and as 164.111.195.234 is anonymous and made no attempt to explain the change, it is easiest to stick with the text and drop the map again. -- Chris j wood 12:04, 4 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Atlantas'metro area is the size of Holland or Vancouver Island.That's a little extreme for a metro area don't you think.It must be the largest metro area in the WORLD and makes Atlanta seem more populus than it actually is.

Actually, Atlanta's metro is not the largest in the world. It's around 8500-10000 sq miles with much of it being rural. Also, if you read the Georgia article you would know that Georgia has the smallest average county size in the country. So people see 28 counties and automatically think metro Atlanta is gigantic (it is large) when it's actually smaller than Houston and a few others in the country.

The map needs updating I think. For example Hall county is listed as being part of the MSA, but it isn't highlighted. 130.207.62.67 (talk) 17:08, 11 May 2012 (UTC)

I-75 is NOT the widest highway...
I find this one piece of info (under transportation) to be incorrect: "Currently, I-75 is 15 lanes wide at the Windy Hill Interchange (8 northbound, 7 southbound), and as such, is the widest freeway in the world."

If you go to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Toronto you'll see that: "Bisecting the city from west to east across its inner suburbs, Highway 401 (or simply, "the 401") acts as a bypass of the downtown core, and is both the busiest and widest highway in the world" —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 70.124.194.75 (talk • contribs).

Edge cities
why is gwinnett under edge cities? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 67.33.142.156 (talk • contribs).
 * You're right - since Gwinnett is a county I have removed it. I also removed Cumberland, which is simply a business area that overlays parts of the cities of Smyrna and Marietta. -- Satori Son 03:54, 30 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I also move Buckhead to the "Suburbs with 10,000 or more inhabitants" section, since it is simply a neighborhood entirely within the city limits of Atlanta. -- Satori Son 03:58, 30 January 2007 (UTC)
 * As correctly pointed out, I added the wrong Buckhead article.  It should have been the Buckhead (Atlanta) article, and obviously not the article for the very small town of Buckhead, Georgia. Sorry about that; I have fixed. -- Satori Son 04:16, 30 January 2007 (UTC)
 * The portion of Buckhead that is mostly office space is "Lenox". The problem is that most people call Lenox Buckhead instead (even though Buckhead is really the area from Lenox to Vinings, Cumberland, Midtown, Ridgewood, and Bolton). In fact, economic development guides call Lenox the Buckhead office district. Therefore, I would say Buckhead is applicable except for one thing - it was urbanized more than 30 years ago, just like Marietta proper. Netdragon (talk) 03:39, 31 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Based on the article for Edge Cities there are five criteria. I don't think the ones listed in the article match those.  For example, Gwinnett and Cumberland don't match "It must be perceived by the population as one place."  The article says "the general tendency to identify oneself as being "from Gwinnett." Is that true?  Most people I know say they are from Duluth or Norcross, etc. Akubhai 16:09, 11 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree, and have removed Gwinnett County, Georgia yet once again. It clearly does not qualify.
 * And while I agree that Cumberland (Atlanta) probably does not qualify either (having also removed it once before), it's a closer call. The article for it does describe it as an edge city, so probably an issue that should be taken up at Talk:Cumberland (Atlanta). -- Satori Son 16:31, 20 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I disagree that Cumberland doesn't fit. Cumberland is definitely has established a sense of place since 1980. It fits the concept perfectly. It is the office portion of the zip code and Vinings is the residential portion. This is commonly how we break it down (I live in Smyrna, right outside of Vinings). The only portion of contention is the Overlook, which is usually considered Vinings and probably should be excluded. However, the Cumberland Parkway side of Mount Wilkinson and Cumberland Parkway until Paces Ferry is still considered part of the Cumberland activity center, including the Home Depot Headquarters. Part of "Cumberland" extends into Smyrna along Spring Rd, and part into Sandy Springs on Aker's Mill. However, if you omit that, then the rest is: Aker's Mill, Circle 75, Windy Ridge, Cobb Parkway, Galleria Parkway, Interstate North, Cumberland Parkway, Riverwood and Cumberland Boulevard. This is almost completely office and retail with a few condos. Wildwood and Windy Hill is probably outside the area you could consider Cumberland. Netdragon (talk) 03:39, 31 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Are Sandy Springs, Dunwoody, and Alpharetta "characterized by more jobs than bedrooms"? Akubhai 17:41, 20 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, I would think Sandy Springs and Dunwoody would easily meet that criteria, what with the high rises and major office complexes along Hammond and the Ga. 400 corridor, but I'll admit I haven't seen any statistics. No clue about Alpharetta.  Maybe I'll dig into this when I get a chance (been working on the new WP:ATL templates and categories today...). -- Satori Son 18:06, 20 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I would say that Alpharetta is characterized as a bedroom community from the perspective of metro Atlanta. It has a lot of relos for business regional HQ etc but a lot of suburbs have that. We could just as easily say that Kennessaw, Roswell and a whole host of other cities qualify as edge cities as well under this concept. Do we want to go down this road? I am removing Alpharetta and moving it to the suburb list Netdragon (talk) 03:39, 31 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I must say that I think Gwinnett qualifies as an edge city, simply because most people do say they live in Gwinnett, as opposed to people in Cobb or North Fulton who more commonly name the city in which they live. Also, Gwinnett has its own niche identity, via the Arena and Gladiators, than do any of the other edge cities listed.  auburnirishman 23:57
 * While I certainly agree that Gwinnett County has a distinct identity, I just don't think it meets the strict definition of an edge city (see Edge city). Gwinnett County as a whole is more residential than commercial. In fact, many more people commute out of Gwinnett County than commute into it each day for work (I used to be one of them: Duluth to Buckhead every day - what a nightmare...). -- Satori Son 18:09, 21 June 2007 (UTC)
 * The Central Perimeter is the real "edge city" comprising the office districts of Sandy Springs and Dunwoody. People call it that as well. A recent report shows it has 32 million square feet of office space (http://www.colliers.com/Content/Repositories/Base/Markets/Atlanta/English/Market_Report/PDFs/3Q09OfficeMarketReport.pdf). The problem for most people when considering it a place is that it spans parts of Dunwoody and Sandy Springs and therefore isn't one "census-designated place", however I don't believe that matters. I am going to add the Perimeter. Netdragon (talk) 03:39, 31 December 2009 (UTC)

I reverted anonymous removal of cities from the edge cities list, but is there any way of determining with certainty which suburbs meet the criteria for being an "edge city"? Qqqqqq 17:27, 30 July 2007 (UTC)

Leave edge city discussion to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_edge_cities#Atlanta and mirror that list. No need to duplicate discussion here. Netdragon (talk) 23:45, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

I once again removed questionable edge cities on a list that was started without any discussion. Please discuss in discussion for http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_edge_cities#Atlanta - If it's not on there, it shouldn't be in this article. Town Center was also left off, which was inconsistent. It seems to me some people are plugging their favorite areas. This is not an article for advocacy. It should be facts-based. Netdragon (talk) 19:50, 19 March 2011 (UTC)

Hey guys, I think perhaps we've run into a situation that is being muddied from being over-analytical in the wrong ways. There are multiple definitions of edge cities, but the #1 problem is people are focusing on the political boundaries of cities too much and I don't think that is the major point of the definitions. This is a part of the country where much is built in unincorporated areas, different cities annex different parts of highly successful commercial areas and at points in the past the older traditional cities annexed their old suburbs (ie. Buckhead). I'm going to copy the lead paragraph from the edge city page:

" An edge city is an American term for a concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment outside a traditional downtown (or central business district) in what had previously been a residential or rural area. The term was popularized in the 1991 book Edge City: Life on the New Frontier by Joel Garreau, who established its current meaning while working as a reporter for the Washington Post. Garreau argues that the edge city has become the standard form of urban growth worldwide, representing a 20th-century urban form unlike that of the 19th-century central downtown. Other terms for the areas include suburban activity centers, megacenters, and suburban business districts. "

The point being here is many of the things removed are indeed edge cities, but are being removed for analytical reasons on the existence of a city or the name being shared with other entities. The definition doesn't mention anything about where it is in relation to any city's borders. It does mention being outside of the traditional downtown and containing some of the traditional uses of a downtown in a modern form and I think that is the major point.

Buckhead easily fits into this definition. Yes, it is inside the city of Atlanta. However, it is definitely "a concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment outside a traditional downtown." It fits perfectly and in many ways it is Atlanta's first edge city.

The other operational definition the author details listed on the edge city pagea:

"In 1991, Garreau established five rules for a place to be considered an edge city:
 * Has five million or more square feet (465,000 m²) of leasable office space.
 * Has 600,000 square feet (56,000 m²) or more of leasable retail space.
 * Has more jobs than bedrooms.
 * Is perceived by the population as one place.
 * Was nothing like a "city" as recently as 30 years ago. Then it was just bedrooms, if not cow pastures."

Buckhead fits this very well, but people are just focusing on it being inside the city of Atlanta too much.

Midtown arguably fits this as well too, but the debate really needs to be centered on whether it is a continuation of a traditional downtown-like growth. Atlantic Station would fit this definition.

Peachtree Corners would fit this definition very well.

Alpharetta (commonly just loosely referred to as North Fulton) fits this definition. The issue here is when someone says North Fulton [county] it can convey two meanings: 1) the entire political extents of the county line in the northern part of Fulton County or 2) the busy business corridor along GA400. This corridor is mostly centered on Alpharetta city, but not entirely. However the definition fits. It is not a traditional downtown. it has way more office space than needed, way more retail than needed, more jobs than residents, it is a perceived place, and was not a traditional city 30 years ago.

Gwinnett suffers from the same problem and confusion. It is a really large county, but there is corridor growth along I-85 from Gwinnett Place Mall up to the Gwinnett Center near sugarloaf Pkwy. The issue is the original naming features have only "Gwinnett" in common. Cumberland had Cumberland Mall to help create a name. Gwinnett only had Gwinnett Place Mall to help create a naming identity. So in reference as an edge city, people locally know that to be the place. It might need to consider branding a new name, but it doesn't change what is physically there. Which is way more than 5msf of leasable office space, more than 600,000sf of retail, has more jobs than residents, is perceived as a place, and was nothing like a city in the timeline granted by the author. Just to demonstrate this naming practice. Atlanta has the Livable Centers Initiative grant program. This area, which includes the Gwinnett Center and Gwinnett Place Mall, is merely only called the Gwinnett LCI. Now there are other LCIs within Gwinnett County, but they referred to that area as "Gwinnett." County leaders in the past have tried to call it "downtown Gwinnett." (for those from outside the area, it does not have any of the characteristics of a traditional downtown, beyond that of the edge city definition). The point being, is even though it shares a name with the County it is in and admittedly this causes confusion for outsiders and perhaps those in different parts across town, that area closely bounded by the Gwinnett LCI definitely meets all of the above qualities of an edge city. Please see Map in reference:

Perimeter (or Perimeter center) fits the definition well and it is Atlanta's largest edge city. We shouldn't dwell on the fact that it is bisected by the city boundaries of Dunwoody and Sandy Springs and that Dunwoody and Sandy Springs has quieter areas further away. Perimeter Center is a sense of place beyond these city boundaries and in that area the definition fits.

Kennesaw is a place I'm unsure about, but it is worth a look. Again we can't dwell on the city limits of Kennesaw too much, as an edge city we are really referencing the commercial/office/retail center building up around I-75 and I-575 near Town Center. Locally, people refer to it as Kennesaw, whether or not it is is in the actual city of Kennesaw. I just don't political boundaries to dictate too much when there is clearly a singular commercial center developing that fits all these definitions. Yes, some are far bigger and some are far smaller. What I specifically will be looking at later is does it surpass 5msf? I think this will be close, but I think it is an issue that is hard to research/source. Agencies, like Colliers, just calls it the Northwest submarket, but that includes Cumberland. Kennesaw and Cumberland are clearly perceived to be different places locally, but they are included in the same submarket for research on office space.

I'm ok leaving it as it has many 'border-line' qualities, but the most questionable one that has been listed, past or present, is actually the airport area. The problem is there is not much office space there. There is not much retail space either, at least outside of the airport. The airport is a destination for travelers, but not day-to-day locals. All of the South Atlanta sub market according to Colliers is only 13msf. The problem is that goes far, far beyond the airport area and most of that is away from the airport. There is the new Porsche complex, Chik-fil-a is nearby, and there is some office space. I'm just not sure if it reaches 5msf around the airport itself or 600,000sf of retail space for that matter. It also lacks areas of entertainment space, included in the definition. This very well can change over time, but if we are going to be overly-analytical one of the places we keep leaving on the list is the place that struggles to meet the definition the most.

One thing is definitely sure. This page is being edited to constrain the definition of an edge city to only focus on 2 or 3 places when Atlanta has many significant non-traditional areas of retail/office space popping up that fit this definition. Atlanta is a spread out suburban city and jobs do travel out to where people live. Cwkimbro (talk) 21:53, 18 September 2016 (UTC)

Changing the name
I propose changing the name of this page from 'Atlanta Metropolitan Area' to 'Metro Atlanta' for two reasons: 1) It more accurately reflects its name, and 2) Other metro areas, such as Chicago, are titled "Chicagoland", and renaming this page would move Atlanta into that category. auburnirishman 23:59 20 Jun 2007

 * Actually Atlanta metropolitan area is the more proper name. You'll find the corresponding article for Chicago is Chicago metropolitan area. Take a look at United States metropolitan area and you'll find among the Top 25 metropolitan areas, the xxxxx metropolitan area form is the majority, followed by Greater xxxxx and then a few singleton forms related to how a particular area (strongly) names itself (Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex, Delaware Valley, Inland Empire (California) including one, Metro Detroit, matching your proposed form. While there certainly is common usage among residents for "Metro Atlanta", I don't think it justifies the rename. AUTiger » talk 17:10, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with AUTiger. And Metro Atlanta already redirects to here, so anyone searching for that will still end up in the same place. -- Satori Son 17:57, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

Demographics
I think that we should at least mention the differences in race distribution and wealth throughout the area. Since Metro Atlanta stands as the definitive example of the New South, it is only right that this article should talk about the differences seen when one compares income and educational qualities of areas such as the downtown district and Marietta. Sociology isn't my forte, but I would be willing to work with others to bring this about. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Mrathel (talk • contribs).
 * I'm not entirely sure what it is you wish to discuss or compare when you use an undefined term like "downtown district" - do you mean the City of Atlanta, the Downtown neighborhood (CBD) of the City of Atlanta, or specific zips/census tracts? In any case, it sounds suspiciously like (or perilously close to) original research. AUTiger  » talk 06:59, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

I am sorry if I failed to define my terms, or, even worse, implied that research needed to be done-- but what I was attempting to get at was that the article could benefit from a section that focuses on the racial, educational, and monetary distributions throughout the Metro Atlanta area. This of course could be done with a chart or a map; I don't really know to be honest...I just thought it would give the article a bit of depth.Mrathel 05:00, 7 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I agree. The Dallas metro area, for instance, has a segment for demographics.  Metro Atlanta should as well. Mr2b (talk) 00:42, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

Public Transportation
"The first commuter rail line would run south of the city, eventually extended to Lovejoy and possibly Hampton near Atlanta Motor Speedway. This project took two decades under Democrats, and has now been threatened by some Republicans in the Georgia General Assembly as being "wasteful", despite being successful in every other U.S. city that has it."

Probably the most obvious example of pro-public transportation bias in this article. No measure of success is cited. Arguments against a commuter rail-line connecting Lovejoy and Hampton are ignored. Arguments against expansion of MARTA into Clayton, Cobb, and Gwinnett Counties are similarly ignored, and instead opposition to MARTA is passively associated with "White Flight." No citations for that either.

Should stick to the facts and figures of the transportation system. If this article has to delve into the politics of public transportation, both sides should be presented as unbiased as possible.

Speaking of arguments against public transportation...how come there are no sections for entertainment or sports? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.217.89.179 (talk) 07:22, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

I'm sorry, (has anyone else considered this?) that despite the reasons for the powers that be who decided Atlanta instead of Miami is the 'major population center' of the southeast, I find that: including 28 counties in your "CSA/Metro area" just to be distinguished by the designation of "largest population in the southeast" is a bit excessive. 28 counties? that pretty much encompasses 1/3 of the entire state! If Miami were to include 28 counties nearby, it would be one of the largest in the world! I still think Miami (and its 3 counties) are a more realistic reasonable designation for largest Metro Statistical population center. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rahiim03 (talk • contribs) 00:55, 21 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia does not decide what counties are in the Metropolitan area. The Census Bureau does. It is largely based off commuter patterns and economic and social relations locally. Georgia has a large rural population (dense as rural populations go). It makes it harder to draw the line between the economic and social boundaries of a city and outlying rural areas. In contrast Miami is surrounded by uninhabitable areas. Lastly, Georgia has tiny counties. It isn't about the number of counties alone. Cwkimbro (talk) 02:21, 28 August 2013 (UTC)

Demographics
The Atlanta city page keeps getting demographic info for the entire metro. A demographic section needs to be created on this page so the Atlanta demographic section can be cleaned up. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mmann3333 (talk • contribs) 05:28, 3 December 2009 (UTC)

Suburbs and surrounding cities

 * The current lists are all mixed up. Many exurbs are listed as suburbs. Then there are two lists: cities and suburbs. There is no clear definition of what a suburb and an exurb is. E.g. some of the "suburbs", such as Cartersville, are really exurbs. Many incorporated cities with over 10,000 are listed as suburbs. The data used was obviously mixed and out of date. I will combine the list, leave any existing cities/suburbs/exurbs with under 10,000 since they will probably grow anyway and/or may be included with different CDP boundaries in the 2010 census. Finally, http://www.citypopulation.de/USA-Georgia.html is not very complete. I'm going to update data from 2009 data in http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/files/SUB-EST2008-ALL.csv and sort by population since it's already partially sorted that way. Some CDPs like Vinings CDP and Belvedere Park CDP haven't been updated by the census bureau since 2000 (and thus not listed on the CSV). For those CDPs, I will use other data and cite it (usually City Data since people who maintain the City Data pages are usually very picky). I don't know why I am bothering since the 2010 census will be available in a year, however this will in fact make our work easier when it is released. The article http://www.census.gov/econ/census07/pdf/state/georgia.pdf is also helpful, since it talks about the CDPs. For instance, Brookhaven is part of "North Atlanta CDP" and there is no known seperate census data for Brookhaven alone. Netdragon (talk) 20:42, 3 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Warning!!! This should all be updated in 2011 based on the 2010 census, which will be the most accurate source of data. Note that many Wikipedia pages site to old data, and should probably be updated to the latest estimates, then updated again in 2010. Netdragon (talk) 20:32, 3 January 2010 (UTC)
 * DONE for suburbs list and map. (Todo: Individual city pages and county list are still outdated) Netdragon (talk) 19:19, 19 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Vinings was not included even though it's a census-designated place according to the Census Bureau and over 10,000 people as of 2007 according to http://www.city-data.com/city/Vinings-Georgia.html Netdragon (talk) 20:32, 3 January 2010 (UTC)
 * As mentioned above, some incorporated cities with over 10,000 people are listed as suburbs. This includes Buford, Lilburn, and Powder Springs were listed as suburbs when they are really cities with over 10,000 people. There are others, however these are the three examples I chose Netdragon (talk) 21:50, 3 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Note: Discussion above was before county list was updated, so the map was missing some MSA counties. See latest discussion in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Atlanta_metropolitan_area#New_Cobb_County_and_South_Fulton_cities_and_1990s_counties for latest Netdragon (talk) 04:37, 15 February 2022 (UTC)

"World's largest toll-free calling zone"
"The area is the world's largest toll-free calling zone spanning 7,162 square miles (18,549 km2), has three active telephone area codes, and local calling extending into portions of two others."

What is this supposed to mean? Area code 406 covers all of Montana (147,042 square miles), to name just one of many that cover a larger area than metro Atlanta. And there's no way it's the biggest toll-free area requiring 10-digit dialing—several in Canada are clearly bigger, and possibly some in the US. Could it refer to population? I don't know if those numbers are available anywhere, but that seems pretty dubious too. Jwsinclair (talk) 18:14, 9 July 2011 (UTC)

 * I also wonder what that entry is about: "world largest toll-free zone". Almost every phone service in the US is toll-free for domestic calls, except for very few.Merlin1935 (talk) 05:55, 20 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Are you saying that a call from Billings to Missoula would be a local call? That seems unlikely. john k (talk) 17:31, 23 October 2012 (UTC)

 * I don't know if this claim is still true, but it use to be. The key phrase is "toll-free." It isn't the world's largest area code, but it was the largest area where there was no long-distance charge to call within. Many area codes use to charge a small long-distance fee if the call was far enough away. If often has to do with how the call is routed through different telephone exchanges. Cwkimbro (talk) 02:13, 28 August 2013 (UTC)

List of Counties in CSA/MSA
According to http://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/metroarea/us_wall/Dec_2009/cbsa_us_1209.pdf, the list of counties is a bit off. Putnam County is not in either the MSA or the CSA, and Troup County (in the CSA as part of the LaGrange MSA) is missing. There's also no way to differentiate between counties in the MSA and CSA. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mattquest50 (talk • contribs) 20:41, 2 June 2012 (UTC)

Also - Gwinnet, Fulton, and Cobb counties (the three most populous ones) are not included in the list for some reason. Currently the list of counties in the Metro Area only sums to 3M instead of the 6M at the bottom - doesn't make sense. 104.163.190.207 (talk) 20:16, 8 October 2020 (UTC)

Japanese Demographics
What is the value of citing Japanese population in Metro Atlanta as at 1990 without a contextual reference to present day population? Without reference to growth, this citation of a two decade-old statistics has no significance. Suggests to delete it, or relate the 1990 number to most recent population figure to provide meaning. Merlin1935 (talk) 06:11, 20 July 2012 (UTC)

Washington DC
Why is this article saying something implying Washington DC is in the southeast?? The metropolitan area is in Maryland. Georgia guy (talk) 01:16, 4 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Traditionally Maryland is in the South and is south of the Mason-Dixon Line. That metro is also in Virginia. Cwkimbro (talk) 02:02, 28 August 2013 (UTC)

Cities connected to Atlanta by Interstate highways
There are 3 Interstate highways in Atlanta, and each one connects Atlanta to 2 other cities. The cities are:

 * I-75 connects Atlanta to Chattanooga and Macon
 * I-85 connects Atlanta to Montgomery and Greenville
 * I-20 connects Atlanta to Birmingham and Augusta

These answers are the same answers all highway signs in Metro-Atlanta say are the cities that the highways go towards. One user has reverted twice an edit of mine to make the section of this article that mentions this be consistent with the above info. Any thoughts?? Georgia guy (talk) 21:46, 30 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Of course it was reverted because whoever originally wrote the section or included the cities correctly included Tampa. In fact I would probably go one step further and also include Marietta on I-75. This source (which gives the cities which are to be used on Interstate signs) lists it, and it is also used on signs in the Atlanta area.

 * shows Tampa used to direct traffic around Atlanta via I-285.

 * shows Tampa as one of the cities via I-75, with Atlanta and Macon.

 * --162.239.236.97 (talk) 03:48, 31 December 2013 (UTC)

Time to update Atlanta MSA definition to include 29 counties
This is per the US Office of Management and Budget's February 2013 definition:

http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/bulletins/2013/b-13-01.pdf

Also, the name is no longer the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta MSA, but the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell MSA. I'd like to discuss this with contributors before making the change.

Aglassonion (talk) 02:30, 10 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Well, it only took two years but Morgan has been added. --RDavi404 (talk) 18:39, 4 March 2015 (UTC)

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School Districts
In the Education section, I think there should be a list of school districts (in accordance with the counties in the MSA) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Awesomegaming (talk • contribs) 20:00, 31 December 2019 (UTC)

New Cobb County and South Fulton cities and 1990s counties

 * The current image "surrounds" map leaves out some metro counties such as Paulding and Forsyth and others because the original counties list was missing some MSA counties. It is likewise missing some cities in those counties (including cities Hiram, Dallas, but strangely includes Cumming already). A good timing for fixing this is the inevitable updates when Cobb County cities of Mableton, Vinings, Lost Mountain and/or East Cobb form since all will need to be updated for that along with South Fulton and some others that formed a few years back which also aren't on the map yet. See https://dch.georgia.gov/sites/dch.georgia.gov/files/Atlanta%20Service%20Area%20Map.pdf Netdragon (talk) 04:06, 15 February 2022 (UTC)

Municipalities of the Atlanta CSA
Can someone have a list of Municipalities of the Atlanta CSA 2600:1700:6180:6290:F1C5:D498:AB50:50BC (talk) 17:30, 26 February 2022 (UTC)

missing Rex Georgia
it's a city in Clayton County where I lived for a while 11k population according to the usps zip code 30273 71.56.52.229 (talk) 02:34, 21 June 2022 (UTC)

Historical Population Table
The historical population table should be updated to include yearly estimates like it used to in years past. It doesn't seem to be editable. 146.126.61.241 (talk) 12:52, 19 September 2022 (UTC)

Geography section reads like a personal opinion
The entire geography section reads like a personal opinion, and it’s missing citations. Mini Inanna (talk) 19:03, 27 November 2022 (UTC)

Atlanta CSA table needs editing
The section of the article that lists all the entities in the Atlanta GA-AL Combined Statistical Area needs editing. The table is inaccurate. The Toccoa, GA Micropolitan Statistical Area is no longer part of the CSA, and the Calhoun, GA Micropolitan Statistical Area is. See the July 2023 OMB Bulletin: https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/OMB-Bulletin-23-01.pdf Tompdav214 (talk) 07:52, 3 December 2023 (UTC)

Professional Sports teams needs editing
Georgia Swarm needs to be added, and their are likely other sports teams in Atlanta that arent listed. JackMCOBBGA (talk) 14:16, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Metro Atlanta


text:
Functional equation

In mathematics, a functional equation is, in the broadest meaning, an equation in which one or several functions appear as unknowns. So, differential equations and integral equations are functional equations. However, a more restricted meaning is often used, where a functional equation is an equation that relates several values of the same function. For example, the logarithm functions are essentially characterized by the logarithmic functional equation $$\log(xy)=\log(x) + \log(y).$$

If the domain of the unknown function is supposed to be the natural numbers, the function is generally viewed as a sequence, and, in this case, a functional equation (in the narrower meaning) is called a recurrence relation. Thus the term functional equation is used mainly for real functions and complex functions. Moreover a smoothness condition is often assumed for the solutions, since without such a condition, most functional equations have very irregular solutions. For example, the gamma function is a function that satisfies the functional equation $$f (x + 1) = x f (x)$$ and the initial value $$f (1) = 1.$$ There are many functions that satisfy these conditions, but the gamma function is the unique one that is meromorphic in the whole complex plane, and logarithmically convex for $x$ real and positive (Bohr–Mollerup theorem).

Examples

 * Recurrence relations can be seen as functional equations in functions over the integers or natural numbers, in which the differences between terms' indexes can be seen as an application of the shift operator. For example, the recurrence relation defining the Fibonacci numbers, $$F_{n} = F_{n-1}+F_{n-2}$$, where $$F_0=0$$ and $$F_1=1$$

 * $$f(x+P) = f(x)$$, which characterizes the periodic functions

 * $$f(x) = f(-x)$$, which characterizes the even functions, and likewise $$f(x) = -f(-x)$$, which characterizes the odd functions

 * $$f(f(x)) = g(x)$$, which characterizes the functional square roots of the function g

 * $$f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)\,\!$$ (Cauchy's functional equation), satisfied by linear maps. The equation may, contingent on the axiom of choice, also have other pathological nonlinear solutions, whose existence can be proven with a Hamel basis for the real numbers
 * $$f(x + y) = f(x)f(y), \,\!$$ satisfied by all exponential functions. Like Cauchy's additive functional equation, this too may have pathological, discontinuous solutions
 * $$f(xy) = f(x) + f(y)\,\!$$, satisfied by all logarithmic functions and, over coprime integer arguments, additive functions
 * $$f(xy) = f(x) f(y)\,\!$$, satisfied by all power functions and, over coprime integer arguments, multiplicative functions
 * $$f(x + y) + f(x - y) = 2[f(x) + f(y)]\,\!$$ (quadratic equation or parallelogram law)
 * $$f((x + y)/2) = (f(x) + f(y))/2\,\!$$ (Jensen's functional equation)
 * $$g(x + y) + g(x - y) = 2[g(x) g(y)]\,\!$$ (d'Alembert's functional equation)
 * $$f(h(x)) = h(x + 1)\,\!$$ (Abel equation)
 * $$f(h(x)) = cf(x)\,\!$$ (Schröder's equation).
 * $$f(h(x)) = (f(x))^c\,\!$$ (Böttcher's equation).
 * $$f(h(x)) = h'(x)f(x)\,\!$$ (Julia's equation).
 * $$f(xy) = \sum g_l(x) h_l(y)\,\!$$ (Levi-Civita),
 * $$f(x+y) = f(x)g(y)+f(y)g(x)\,\!$$ (sine addition formula and hyperbolic sine addition formula),
 * $$g(x+y) = g(x)g(y)-f(y)f(x)\,\!$$ (cosine addition formula),
 * $$g(x+y) = g(x)g(y)+f(y)f(x)\,\!$$ (hyperbolic cosine addition formula).
 * The commutative and associative laws are functional equations. In its familiar form, the associative law is expressed by writing the binary operation in infix notation, $$(a \circ b) \circ c = a \circ (b \circ c)~,$$ but if we write f(a, b) instead of $a ○ b$ then the associative law looks more like a conventional functional equation, $$f(f(a, b),c) = f(a, f(b, c)).\,\!$$

f(s) = 2^s\pi^{s-1}\sin\left(\frac{\pi s}{2}\right)\Gamma(1-s)f(1-s) $$ is satisfied by the Riemann zeta function, as proved here. The capital $Γ$ denotes the gamma function.
 * The functional equation $$

\begin{vmatrix} a & b\\ c & d \end{vmatrix}$$ = 1, defines $f$ to be a modular form of order $k$.
 * The gamma function is the unique solution of the following system of three equations:
 * $$f(x)={f(x+1) \over x}$$
 * $$f(y)f\left(y+\frac{1}{2}\right)=\frac{\sqrt{\pi}}{2^{2y-1}}f(2y)$$
 * $$f(z)f(1-z)={\pi \over \sin(\pi z)}$$   (Euler's reflection formula)
 * The functional equation $$f\left({az+b\over cz+d}\right) = (cz+d)^k f(z)$$ where $a, b, c, d$ are integers satisfying $$ad - bc = 1$$, i.e. $$

One feature that all of the examples listed above share in common is that, in each case, two or more known functions (sometimes multiplication by a constant, sometimes addition of two variables, sometimes the identity function) are inside the argument of the unknown functions to be solved for.

When it comes to asking for all solutions, it may be the case that conditions from mathematical analysis should be applied; for example, in the case of the Cauchy equation mentioned above, the solutions that are continuous functions are the 'reasonable' ones, while other solutions that are not likely to have practical application can be constructed (by using a Hamel basis for the real numbers as vector space over the rational numbers). The Bohr–Mollerup theorem is another well-known example.

Involutions
The involutions are characterized by the functional equation $$f(f(x)) = x$$. These appear in Babbage's functional equation (1820),
 * $$f(f(x)) = 1-(1-x) = x \, .$$

Other involutions, and solutions of the equation, include

which includes the previous three as special cases or limits.
 * $$ f(x) = a-x\, ,$$
 * $$ f(x) = \frac{a}{x}\, ,$$ and
 * $$ f(x) = \frac{b-x}{1+cx} ~ ,$$

Solution
One method of solving elementary functional equations is substitution.

Some solutions to functional equations have exploited surjectivity, injectivity, oddness, and evenness.

Some functional equations have been solved with the use of ansatzes, mathematical induction.

Some classes of functional equations can be solved by computer-assisted techniques.

In dynamic programming a variety of successive approximation methods are used to solve Bellman's functional equation, including methods based on fixed point iterations.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Functional equation


text:
Anita Wachter

Anita Wachter (born 12 February 1967) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer and Olympic gold medalist from Austria. She focused on the technical events and specialized in giant slalom.

Biography
Born in Bartholomäberg, Montafon, Vorarlberg, Wachter won the World Cup overall title in 1993, and the giant slalom title twice (1990 and 1994). She was the gold medalist in the combined at the 1988 Winter Olympics, and won two silver medals in 1992 (combined and giant slalom). Wachter also won five medals at the World Championships; she represented Austria in three Olympics, twice also as flag bearer (1992 and 1994) and eight World Championships.

Wachter retired from competition after the 2001 season with 19 World Cup wins (14 Giant slalom, 2 Super G, 1 Slalom, 2 Combined), attained 76 podiums, and had 175 top ten finishes. She is living together with her longtime companion Rainer Salzgeber; they have two daughters.

Season titles

 * 1 Overall, 2 Giant slalom

Race victories

 * 19 wins: (14 Giant slalom, 2 Super G, 1 Slalom, 2 Combined)
 * 76 podiums

title: Anita Wachter


text:
Montafon

Montafon ( in local dialect: "Muntafu") is a 39 km long valley in the westernmost Austrian federal state of Vorarlberg.

It is traversed by the river Ill (Vorarlberg) and extends from the city of Bludenz and the Verwall Alps in the north, to the Silvretta and Rätikon mountain range in the south. Piz Buin, at 3,312 meters, is the highest peak within the Silvretta mountain range and the highest peak in Vorarlberg. The Montafon region has a population of 16,421(2021).

Geography
The Montafon is an association of ten communities ("Stand Montafon"), all of which belong to the Bludenz district. The main town is Schruns. Regional tourism is marketed by the Tourist Association Montafon, run by the municipalities, the Vorarlberger Illwerke and the regional mountain cableways.

The municipalities: The route from Bludenz into the valley: The state road B188 leads past an old cement plant and through the town of Lorüns. Then one drives through the Alma woods and past the Tränabächle (Brook of Tears). The valley unfolds its full splendor beginning at St. Anton (in the local dialect: "Santatöni") on the left, with Vens and Vandans on the right. St. Anton should not be confused with the more well-known ski resort of St. Anton am Arlberg.
 * Bartholomäberg (1,100 m )
 * Gaschurn (1,000m)
 * Lorüns (583 m)
 * St. Anton im Montafon (650 m )
 * Sankt Gallenkirch (900m)
 * Schruns (700 m )
 * Silbertal (890 m )
 * Stallehr (600 m)
 * Tschagguns (700 m )
 * Vandans (660 m )

Passing on to Rodund the main electrohydric plant of the Vorarlberger Illwerke comes into view. Continue on through Gantschier and Kaltenbrunnen to Schruns and Tschagguns (in the local dialect: "Schru und Tschaggu"). Above Schruns is the mountain town of Bartholomäberg, with its outlying areas Jetzmunt and Lutt overlooking St. Anton, and its southeastern precincts Kristberg and Innerberg overlooking the Silbertal Valley. This valley stretches southeast from Schruns towards the Arlberg mountain range, passing the outpost of the Fellamendli. The hamlet of Latschau, with its hydroelectric power station and the main base of the Golm ski resort, projecting up over Tschagguns, and opposite Bartholomäberg.

From Schruns and Tschagguns form the midpoint of the Montafon; this divides the outer valley ("Außerfratte") from the inner valley ("Innerfratte"). Continuing up to St. Gallenkirch, the road branches off at Galgenul towards Gargellen, another rugged branch valley that ends at the ski resort of Gargellen. Continuing up the main Montafon valley, the road passes through Gortipohl and on to Gaschurn (in the local dialect: "Gaschorra"), then to Partenen. Here the road snakes up to the Silvretta mountain pass.

Economy
The economy in the Montafon is dominated by a mixture of traditional rural activities like forestry, hydroelectric energy production, agricultural products, as well as tourism-related services and products.

Agriculture and Farming
Farming and agriculture are part of traditional Alpine transhumance. This is a three-phase seasonal droving of grazing livestock between the valleys in winter and the high mountain pastures in summer, ensuring a sufficient food supply for the cattle throughout the year. While tourism and other industries contribute more to the economy, seasonal migration to high pastures is still an important economic factor for parts of the population. In the autumn, if no animals have died and there have not been any accidents up in the mountains, the farmers decorate the cattle and bring them down from the mountain pastures in a festive parade, a highlight of regional culture.

Sports
Tourism plays a vital role and the Montafon is well-known for its skiing, hiking, and mountain biking. The Silvretta high alpine road (German: Hochalpenstraße) gives access to remote ski areas that are located altitudes of 650 to 1,430 meters. The construction of the Montafon Railway in 1905 also helped develop the seasonal tourist industries.

There are five ski regions: Silvretta Montafon, Golm, Gargellen, Silbertal-Kristberg and Silvretta-Bielerhöhe, with a total of 60 ski lifts and 225 kilometers of ski slopes in the region. Freeriding is a popular sport and there are various fun parks with half-pipes. For cross-country skiing there are 121 kilometers of classic routes, as well as 33 kilometers of skating-routes.

Ski mountaineering has become more and more popular and can be pursued on every mountain in the Montafon.

During the summers and autumns the vast hiking trails along all of the mountain ranges are very popular, among locals and tourists alike. There are even trails that can be accessed via pushchairs ("Muntafuner Gagla Weg“). Nine of the ski lifts are also open during the summer and autumn seasons and allow for quick and convenient ascents or descents in the mountains. All hiking and biking trails are well-marked. Many areas are protected and biking is not always allowed. 26 alpine huts are open during the summer, and special buses for hikers operate in the area.

Mountain hiking and climbing are possible on a great variety of trails, with a broad range of difficulties. For beginners, there are eight climbing parks and 15 fixed rope routes.

There are also two 9-hole golf courses in Tschagguns and in Partenen.

Annual events
Montafoner Resonanzen is a music festival consisting of a series of events in the Montafon region. It is held annually on weekends in August and September. Each weekend is dedicated to another genre (classical, jazz, Austrian folk musik, organ, cross-over). The locations vary each year. Guests may combine hiking and eating out with the concerts, considering the musical performances are held at extraordinary locations like the Tübinger Hütte at 2,191 m (Gaschurn) or the Panoramagasthof Kristberg.

Sports
In the 2012/13 season, the first SBX World Cup Montafon was held as part of the FIS Snowboard World Cup. The World Cup takes place annually in December, with races carried out in the Silvretta Montafon ski area, starting below the Hochjoch summit and finishing near the cable car's mountain station. The difference in altitude between start and finish is around 200 meters. During the World Cup, visitors can watch the snowboarders and skiers during the day time and enjoy concerts in Schruns in the nighttime.

The Montafon-Arlberg Marathon is a mountain marathon taking place since 2003. It encomprises 42,195 meters and 1,500 meters in altitude in two federal states (Vorarlberg and Tyrol).

Customs and Traditions
Alpine Transhumance plays a vital role in traditional Alpine culture, just as do Yodeling, Alphorn, Schwingen, and cheese production.

Tracht
The Montafon festive costume for women consists of a black dress (Juppa), whose bodice (Miadr) is laced at the front. An apron (Schoß) in pastel colors is tied over it. The embroidery is particularly valuable on this costume: the "Brosttuach" is tied in the front of the bodice (ibresa), the apron straps (Schoßbänder) are tied over the apron. Nowadays, the "Libli" (actually part of the younger girls' costume) is mainly worn by dance groups instead of outerwear. In this case, a white blouse is also part of the costume. The picture is rounded off by a red petticoat, red stockings, shoes with buckles and a bow tied around the neck.

The most striking feature of the Montafon festive costume is the embroidery. This consists of two or more parts, depending on the occasion and the outer clothing of the costume. All embroidery is handmade, embroidered with silk on black velvet. A skilled embroiderer needs around 500 working hours to produce a complete embroidery.

Today, the traditional garment is still being manufactured at the Juppenwerkstatt Riefensberg.

Outer wear

 * Glöggli-Tschopa: The curly cut Glögglitschopa, so named after the red or green lined frill on the back, has long, narrow sleeves with lapels made of embroidered silk atlas. A characteristic of a well-fitting Glögglitschopa is the Benkli, a fold running from the middle of the breast cloth to the Glöggli.
 * Schlutta: The Schlutta, originally the warden chopa, is a brocade jacket. The collar has a delicate white tip.

Headpieces

 * Pelzkappa: a heavy otter skin hat
 * Mäßli: a headgear with the shape of a cylinder that widens upwards without a brim
 * Sanderhut: The sander hat is a headgear introduced around 1900 for the Montafon costume.
 * Schäppel: a silver or gold crown worn by young girls

Architecture
The Montafonerhaus is a house type in the Montafon valley from the 15th to the 20th century. It is a striking feature of the Montafon cultural landscape and is a characteristic of the valley. The classic Montafoner house mixes stone and wood elements.

Cuisine
The Montafoner Sauerkäse or Montafon cheese (dialect: Sura Kees or Sura Käs, referring to a type of sour cream/curdled milk cheese) is a sour cream cheese made in the Montafon since the 12th century. Montafon has one of the oldest traditions of cheese production in the Alpine region, and this is still an important dairy product. It has very little fat (1-10% fat in dry matter) and is a local speciality, similar to the Tyrolean grey cheese.

Gauertaler Alpkultur
The LEADER programme Gauertaler Alpkultur was created to inform guests and locals in the Gauertal valley about the cultural landscape. Knowledge of this cultural landscape is slowly being lost. Therefore, this path was created to present the Gauertal as a good example of local alpine culture and alpine transhumances. As the trails in the Gauertal are quite popular, the hikers had to be routed in such a way that the sensitive alpine areas were no longer seriously affected. At 13 stations, objects were created by artists who devoted themselves to various cultural areas. Panels and info-brochures tell the stories about the land, the people and the culture.

The following artistic interventions have been created in the Gauertaler landscape:
 * 1) Entrance gate
 * 2) Tree of Myths (alpine myths)
 * 3) Note 1: water & alpine pastures
 * 4) Watcher (shepherd's life)
 * 5) Alpine regions & tourism (no sculpture)
 * 6) Note 2 (forest challenges)
 * 7) Tribune (life in the Maisäß)
 * 8) Cloakroom (changes of culture)
 * 9) Avalanche tree (natural hazards)
 * 10) Battlefield (history in the Alps)
 * 11) Alpinism (no sculpture)
 * 12) Cheese harp (life and work)
 * 13) Antler tree (alp and hunting)

There are three different paths and each tells a different story:
 * Main tour: Gauertaler Alpkultur: Grüneck (1,890 meters) - Obere Latschätzalpe - Obere Sporaalpe - Lindauer Hütte - untere Sporaalpe - untere Latschätzalpe - Wachters Dieja - Plazadels - Matschwitz. Length: 12.7 km; duration: approx. four ours
 * Alptour: Grüneck (1,890 meters) - Obere Latschätzalpe - Obere Sporaalpe - Lindauer Hütte - untere Sporaalpe - untere Latschätzalpe - Gauen - Latschau. Length: 11,3 km; duration: approx. 3.5 hours
 * Maisäßtour (tour of alpine transhumance): Grüneck (1,890 meters) - Obere Latschätzalpe - Wachters Dieja - Plazadels - Matschwitz. Length: 6,7 km; duration: approx 2.5 hours

Museums
In the Montafon valley, there are four museums:

 * Heimatmuseum Schruns (Schruns Museum of Local History)
 * Alpin- und Tourismusmuseum Gaschurn (Gaschurn Alpine and Tourism Museum)
 * Bergbaumuseum Silbertal (Mining Museum Silbertal)
 * Museum Frühmesshaus Bartholomäberg

Trivia
A number of celebrities including Alfred Dassler have stayed in the Montafon valley. Some of the older folks still talk about the long nights in Schruns playing cards and drinking with Ernest Hemingway and John dos Passos. The Snows of the Kilimanjaro (1936) and several other novels and short stories were written in, or they contain material about, the Montafon and the Silvretta glaciers. The famous German novelist and poet Erich Kästner also repeatedly visited the valley, as did the former German chancellor Helmut Kohl. The noted opera singer Elisabeth Schwarzkopf spent her last years in Schruns, where she died on August 2, 2006.

title: Montafon


text:
Quantum foam

Quantum foam or spacetime foam is a theoretical quantum fluctuation of spacetime on very small scales due to quantum mechanics. The theory predicts that at these small scales, particles of matter and antimatter are constantly created and destroyed. These subatomic objects are called virtual particles. The idea was devised by John Wheeler in 1955.

Background
With an incomplete theory of quantum gravity, it is impossible to be certain what spacetime would look like at small scales. However, there is no definitive reason that spacetime needs to be fundamentally smooth. It is possible that instead, in a quantum theory of gravity, spacetime would consist of many small, ever-changing regions in which space and time are not definite, but fluctuate in a foam-like manner.

Wheeler suggested that the uncertainty principle might imply that over sufficiently small distances and sufficiently brief intervals of time, the "very geometry of spacetime fluctuates". These fluctuations could be large enough to cause significant departures from the smooth spacetime seen at macroscopic scales, giving spacetime a "foamy" character.

Experimental results
The experimental proof of the Casimir effect, which is possibly caused by virtual particles, is strong evidence for the existence of virtual particles. The g-2 experiment, which predicts the strength of magnets formed by muons and electrons, also supports their existence.

In 2005, during observations of gamma-ray photons arriving from the blazar Markarian 501, MAGIC (Major Atmospheric Gamma-ray Imaging Cherenkov) telescopes detected that some of the photons at different energy levels arrived at different times, suggesting that some of the photons had moved more slowly and thus were in violation of special relativity's notion that the speed of light is constant, a discrepancy which could be explained by the irregularity of quantum foam. More recent experiments were, however, unable to confirm the supposed variation on the speed of light due to graininess of space.

Other experiments involving the polarization of light from distant gamma ray bursts have also produced contradictory results. More Earth-based experiments are ongoing or proposed.

Constraints on the size of quantum fluctuations
The fluctuations characteristic of a spacetime foam would be expected to occur on a length scale on the order of the Planck length (≈ 10−35 m), but some models of quantum gravity predict much larger fluctuations.

Photons should be slowed down by quantum foam, with the rate depending on the wavelength of the photons. This would violate Lorentz invariance. But observations of radiation from nearby quasars by Floyd Stecker of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center failed to find evidence of violation of Lorentz invariance.

A foamy spacetime also sets limits on the accuracy with which distances can be measured because photons should diffuse randomly through a spacetime foam, similar to light diffusing by passing through fog. This should cause the image quality of very distant objects observed through telescopes to degrade. X-ray and gamma-ray observations of quasars using NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory, the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope and ground-based gamma-ray observations from the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array (VERITAS) showed no detectable degradation at the farthest observed distances, implying that spacetime is smooth at least down to distances 1000 times smaller than the nucleus of a hydrogen atom,    setting a bound on the size of quantum fluctuations of spacetime.

Relation to other theories
The vacuum fluctuations provide vacuum with a non-zero energy known as vacuum energy.

Spin foam theory is a modern attempt to make Wheeler's idea quantitative.

title: Quantum foam


text:
Schruns

Schruns is a municipality in the Montafon valley (altitude 690 meters), in the Bludenz district of the westernmost Austrian state of Vorarlberg.

To the west is the famous Zimba mountain, often called the "Vorarlberger Matterhorn," which is very popular among climbers and hikers.

Geography
The Litz river, a tributary of the Ill river flows through the town. A side valley, the Silbertal, stretches to the east of Schruns. The area has a high mountain massif accessible by train and ski-lifts.

To the north is the Bartholomäberg, to the south St. Gallenkirch, and to the west Tschagguns. The nearest larger municipality is Bludenz.

About 45.2 percent of the area is forested, with 18.1 percent mountainous.

Sports
Since 2012/13, Schruns has been part of the FIS Snowboard World Cup, which takes place annually in December. During the daytime, visitors can watch snowboard cross races up on the Hochjoch of the Silvretta Montafon ski area. In the evening, concerts are held in Schruns.

Schruns is a hotspot for mountain biking and trail running. For more than ten years, Schruns has hosted the M3 Montafon Bike Marathon with over 500 bikers.

Notable people
In the early 1920s Schruns was the favorite ski resort of Ernest Hemingway. He wintered there with his first wife, Hadley, and oldest son, who was then just an infant. It was there that he revised the manuscript of The Sun Also Rises. In Hemingway's classic story "The Snows of Kilimanjaro" the third scene in the first flashback sequence recounts memories of Schruns. These images of snow and glacier skiing stand in stark contrast to the description of the Serengeti Plain in the main story and anticipate the coming journey to the snows of Kilimanjaro.

 * Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi died there in 1972
 * Elisabeth Schwarzkopf lived in the village in her last years and died there in 2006
 * Georg Margreitter, footballer for Grasshopper Club Zürich, born in 1988

title: Schruns


text:
Talk:The Daily Californian

Suggestions to future editors of this article
Valuable article as it stands, but incomplete. As an article on the paper, it needs more about ongoing publishing and other history; as an article on the event, it would be mistitled and could do with more details on it and earlier instances.

I've treated it as what it says, in which case info on would all be welcome. --Jerzy 09:05, 2003 Nov 12 (UTC)
 * finances,
 * staff recruiting & governance,
 * current and historical columns and regular beats,
 * circulation history, and
 * participation in or origination of syndication,

Removed some stuff:

"Repeatedly since the 1960s, "

How so?

In addition, it was Dean who was voted out of office in 02. It can't be Bates's reelection campaign. --Jiang

I don't recall the year, but your assertion is false: If Dean was defeated in '02, Bates still could have been irritated in '02 and stolen the papers. Brainhell 16:12, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

OK, I found an article and added the link fromThursday, December 12, 2002:

 * "The Alameda County District Attorney charged Berkeley Mayor Tom Bates Thursday with theft for stealing 1,000 copies of the Nov. 4 edition of The Daily Californian. In a statement to the Daily Cal, Bates said he will plead guilty to the infraction charge, and will pay the $250 fine. The copies that Bates has admitted to stealing included the endorsement of his opponent in the November election, then-Mayor Shirley Dean."

needs work
This is unsubstantiated POV:

"These moves, while necessary for the financial success of the newspaper..."

The moves may have undermined the financial 'success' of the paper.

"...began to erode the student foundation that ran the newspaper."

This is unsubstantiated.

"A newspaper run completely by students worked very well..."

POV again.

"...but financial and management problems dampened the first decade of The Daily Californian's independence."

Agreed, but it would be nice to provide support for this statement.

"It was during the early 1990s that The Daily Californian also began to tap its growing group of proud and successful alumni."

No doubt they were "proud and successful" but it sounds like boosterism not appropriate to an encyclopedia. The paper had been organizing alumni before the 1990s, and before the move back to campus. This construction makes it sound like the change occurred after the move.

"The Daily Californian Alumni Association was founded."

One wonders when it actually was founded. Brainhell 16:12, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

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Potential areas of improvement
Joan Didion served on the staff of the Daily Californian: https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/books/story/2019-11-08/joan-didion-1960s-70s-david-ulin?_amp=true   Mysteryman blue  05:50, 24 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Daily Californian


text: User talk:146.108.202.21

title: User talk:146.108.202.21


text:
Talk:Nobel Peace Prize

Mikhail Gorbachev Nobel Peace Prize Controversy
I added the name of Mikhail Gorbachev to the controversial Nobel Peace Prize winners because it was in fact very controversial back then, knowing that he opposed the independence of the Baltic countries, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, and even used very repressive methods against their claims, like it happened the following month to being given his award. The source I used proves it: "Some Scandinavian commentators had doubted that Mr. Gorbachev would get the Peace Prize, generally the most controversial of the annual Nobel awards, because policies like those barring separatist movements in the Baltic republics and sending troops to crush riots in Soviet Azerbaijan made him too controversial." Mistico (talk) 03:37, 30 October 2013 (UTC)

Liu Xiaobo prize as "subject of controversy"
At the moment there are 3 links cited: two from China Radio International and one dead link. Is that really enough to have him on the list of controversial recipients? GeneralGreene (talk) 19:06, 10 October 2014 (UTC)

List of laureates
I removed an extensive list of laureates copied from List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates. The list is too long for this article, which is why it has its own page. If there are opposing opinions, I suggest they be discussed here before the list is reinstated. Wikipeterproject (talk) 10:27, 24 October 2014 (UTC)

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Currency
Strange that a prize awarded in Norway by Norwegians is expressed in Swedish (not Norwegian) crowns. — Tonymec (talk) 06:25, 9 October 2019 (UTC)

 * The prize is awarded in SEK (Swedish crowns) and not NOK (Norwegian crowns). Adinga1 (talk) 09:03, 20 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nobel Peace Prize


text:
Talk:University of Hong Kong

Initial text
Wonder if it would be too detail to list all the student association here. It seems the page a little bit clumsy. Gakmo 08:49, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

agree

I have moved the student associations under a new page called The Hong Kong University Students' Union. Spring Dennis

famous alumni list includes people not famous
I would like to suggest that the list of famous alumni from HKU includes alot of people who are not famous.

For example, Sun Yat-Sen should be on the list.

However, the rest of the list seems to include people on the legislative council, do we plan on changing the list every time there are new Council members?

Also, the inclusion of government bureaucrats such as the HK Monetary Authority head and the Hospital Authority head are questionable.

I think that most other great universities only include famous alumni that are world-renowned and have made some great impact to society as a head of government, author, scientist, etc. Bureaucrats and officials of little note that will soon be forgotten should not be included on a list of "famous alumni." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.245.178.135 (talk) 13:47, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

Student Enrollment Number
The pamphlet titled, "Inauguration Ceremony for New Students 2005/September 2, 2005 Loke Yew Hall", states:

''In 2004-5 academic year, the University had over 21,300 students (around 12,000 undergraduates and 9,300 postgraduates). Its student population included more than 2,500 non-local students.''

Yet, in his introductory remarks (in the same ceremony), Dr. Albert Chau, Dean of Student Affairs, gave a student population number closer to the "14,000" offered here. Is the pamphlet information correct or in error and can this updated student enrollment be added to the page? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 147.8.17.55 (talk) 05:35, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

On Hazing
HKU hall education (at least some) has been over accentuate "hall contribution" as a requirement of admission. Exemplified by the re-admission form adopted by Starr Hall HKU, you have to list and quantify contribution to hall. It is so ridiculous that you are required to reveal "how many time have you been to interhall competitions". The intensified atmosphere on materialistic hall contribution has bred the hazing culture. Some wardens of the halls believes that admitting students who contribute most is an incentive for cultivating hall culture. The reason is that hall memberships are essential for some students having very remote residence or even no residence in HK, so acquiescence of hazing is simply needed under the accommodation pressure. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sam Lo (talk • contribs) 22:42, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

While the hazing practice in the HKU residential hall may be "tame" (actually I'm not sure even about that) when compared to the standard practice of, say, American fraternities, in most Western countries freshmen had to ask before they would be hazed (say through pledging a frat), whereas at HKU everyone who lives in a dorm has to go through such process. So no I would not characterize the HKU practice as harmless fun when compared to their Western counterparts.

Hall education
I am told by some of my friends that academic staffs of the University are apointed to take up positions in each hall, it seems to me that the hall education in University of Hong Kong resembles some kind of collegiate atmosphere in the collegiate universities. Could someone add a word or two on that?
 * Yes, they are appointed as so, but no hall has the right to enrol students and all 10 university faculties are independent from the hall system. I guess the HKU hall system should be different from the collegiate universities, say, Oxford.

Interviews for admission to the LKS Faculty of Medicine in September 2006 were apparently conducted in Cantonese where the applicant was able to speak it.

edited because: 1) Interviews for all subjects were in Cantonese 2) apparently is not appropriate, if anyone disagrees then put a "citation needed" instead 3) Changed where to if, because it sounds like "Cantonese is forbidden in certain places, so the interview had to be conducted where the applicant was able to speak it".

It is very doubtful, at least to me as a HKU student, that interviews are conducted in Cantonese. That has never been the case as far as I know. And that the lessons are conducted in Chinese is also doubtful, because the employment contract of the lecturers states that they have to use English as a medium of instruction, though sometimes, they may use a Chinese word to explain some difficult English words. (Of course, Chinese language courses are not conducted in English.)

ranking of HKU

 * Please sign your comments with 4 tildas (4 of ~). I don't see what's wrong with mentioning the Times considering another ranking, the Jiaotong U one, is doing HKU's ranking a disservice.  It is ridiculous and impractical to mention every single ranking for every university.  The section as it stands now is satisfactory. Jsw663 10:49, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

 * "The Webometrics ranking of universities, however, is based entirely on the web-presence of the university (a computerised assessment of the size and sophistication of the website). As such it is unlikely to accurately reflect the academic performance directly, but will reflect the internet based activities of the universities."

This is also not the entire truth, according the website of webometrics: "If the web performance of an institution is below the expected position according to their academic excellence, university authorities should reconsider their web policy, promoting substantial increases in the volume and quality of their electronic publications."

 * Rankings are often bloody bias and inaccurate. It gives the (often ignorant) general public false interpretation of a good/bad university. Universities placed lower down the ranks are perceived to be bad, is nonsense. It depends on the catagories which they are ranked on. Not, for example how many volumes of books they have etc.
 * Every university have their own strengths. You don't have to be a rocket scientist to figure out on most rankings, Harvard is always/mostly placed 1st; not because it is BEST school in all subjects but the amount of endowment it has for research and funding good profs. Rankings are mostly used for people to feel good about themselves. The best asset of a university is its' students not rankings.

There should not be "The" in the title
The title should be "University of Hong Kong", not "The University of Hong Kong". See Naming conventions (definite and indefinite articles at beginning of name) --Neo-Jay 20:36, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

 * It is called THE university of HK according to their very own website.

 * Please read Naming conventions (definite and indefinite articles at beginning of name): "The definite article should not be used for universities, even if the official name of the university uses the definite article... " --Neo-Jay 05:33, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

Discussion on the "criticism" section
Is it wise to place so much emphasis on this section, and is it wise at all to keep such a section? Wikipedia is not a forum for discussing "hot topic," wikipedia is supposed to provide objective information to other wiki users. Furthermore, other wiki-articles regarding universite don't have this kind of subjective section on their pages. Justicelilo 05:23, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

~Actually I enjoy that section as it appears to be one of the few places in HKU culture where "criticism" is brought into public view. I feel proud of my university when I read such reflections as it functions to allow us to wrestle with what our university is exactly.

 * Ya, I understand your point. My point is that you can do that by making a HKU criticism website somewhere out there on the Web and place your discussion there on that Web site, then link the discussion on the wikipedia page. It is weird to see a university wiki-article, which is supposed to be neutural, focusing so heavily on "controversial" matters. I am not questioning the motive behind it, as it maybe well-intented. Nor am I attempting to obstruct freedom of speech, I am just questioning its appropriateness. Justicelilo 03:28, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I just moved this section up so people can discuss the matter. Also, I am noticing that there is an edit war happening on the "criticism" section. I believe that both sides should discuss the matter here, instead of engaging in an edit-war. Justicelilo 07:24, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

The neutrality of the "present" section is disputed

 * I now official raise the discussion of the method in which the ranking is presented on HKU page. While it is legitmate to put one school's ranking on wiki, it is inordinary to compare with the other schools. Representatives from the other schools are caught in a troubling position due to the current presntation on ranking. On one hand, information about their schools are used to support a statement, but the other schools are not given a chance to respond, since it appears unappropriate and dubious to do so; this is a violation of wiki policy on neutral point of view, 2.4 fairness of tone, and 2.6, let the facts speak for themselves. The correct form of the statement without being non-neutral should be:

 * "According to the Times Higher Education Supplement 2006 World University Rankings, HKU was ranked 33rd in the world and 3rd among universities in the Greater China."

 * If comparison is made, then it should try to be fair and neutral by providing information in a full and frank manner, however, that would defeat the purpose of a wikipedia page, since it will go into needless details regarding the issue, and it might make this section into a soapbox. It is pointless to respond to the statement by writing, "while HKU has higher overall ranking on one particular university poll, a number of its programs are ranked behind their respective counterparts in the other universities." However, it is the only way to remain neutral on a media. In general, one should note that it is important to stay on topic and only provide information regarding the object/subject that is being written, and refrain from provding details that are not directly representing the object/subject being written. This is a safe rule of thumb. For example, ranking data of another school is not directly representing HKU, and should not have a place on the HKU wiki-page.
 * Further information regarding wikipedia's neutrality policies please see: Neutral point of view . Justicelilo 04:02, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

 * NPOV tag has been removedJusticelilo 07:24, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

The neutrality of the "criticism" section is disputed

 * Wikipedia is NOT a soapbox, see: What Wikipedia is not section 1.4 for further information.
 * The recent editing of language regarding the english-decline issue by a certain user to "lessen the blow" also violates the neutral point of view policy on wikipedia (one can review the "history" of changes of the HKU article to find out what I am talking about). On the other hand, soapbox type of article invites this kind of violation on neutrality, such is the reason why one should consider to present recent issues regarding HKU NOT in this manner (that resembles a soapbox). It is wise to take note on how journalist writes objectively to raise attention towards an issue. It is possible to present all issues in the criticism setion without turning the section a "soapbox". Personally, I think these issues are interesting, but they should not be presented in the current form. Justicelilo 04:11, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Hku space logo.gif
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Some More Rankings

Any comments on this ranking?

(See also http://www.hku.hk/press/news_detail_5651.html)

--CBKAtTopsails 15:10, 9 November 2007 (UTC)
 * This is not a discussion forum as per What_Wikipedia_is_not. This page is used for discussion for how to improve the article, not commenting on ranking of universities. I think you are spamming the discussion page with a very long and irrelevant list that u directly copied from a website. Da Vynci (talk) 18:45, 20 April 2010 (UTC)

additional references or sources for verification
How do I improve upon making more additional references or sources to verify for the Study Abroad Section? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Xcinja (talk • contribs) 06:41, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, first of all, the list of universities Hong Kong U has SA affiliations with should not be listed in its entirety. (A simple sentence stating that "HKU is affiliated with "X" # of universities spanning eighteen countries" should suffice.)  You basically need to find articles (satisfying WP:RS) on the subject and support claims you've added into the article.  If you want to review other university articles that have been rated "FA" or "GA" (Featured/Good Article), you may see the list of articles here: Category: FA-Class Universities articles, Category: GA-Class Universities articles.  Modeling HKU's article after a FA/GA class article would vastly improve its current rating.  Also review WP:UNI.  - Jameson L. Tai   talk  ♦  contribs  11:40, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Well I found it directly from the site connected to HKU but not in an article, all of the information I've found is basically from the site directly so I'm sure that the facts I've found are correct and is the article really too long? because I put a lot of work into formating the Universities and I would've linked them to the site directly but the site is powered by javascript so it's the same exact site and wouldn't work so well being directly linked, si there anything else I should change or fix? and is there any solutions I could use to fix the problems I've created? ThanksXcinja (talk) 01:37, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, it is too long. I mean it.  When this tiny section (in terms of context) outstretches the actual content of the article, it's too long.  I'll send a copy of what you have right now so you don't lose the work, but that list is coming off of the article now.   - Jameson L. Tai   talk  ♦  contribs  06:19, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

anything else i should change? btw the putting on the signature was for my project which i haven't presented yet. I was told to sign there. sorryy. thanks for the help in editing. Xcinja (talk) 18:10, 22 March 2008 (UTC)

the negative criticism section
Must have references. Reinsert those parts of it for which there are good published 3rd party sources.DGG (talk) 03:50, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

application
i live in Africa.and i will like to pursue an under graduate degree in your university can any guide me how go about it..i can really need some help?????? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.198.104.118 (talk) 15:50, 6 May 2011 (UTC)

Chinese names
WhisperToMe (talk) 00:42, 9 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Hong Kong University Press or HKUPress - 香港大學出版社

Wikipedia is not a directory.
The guidelines stipulate not to include all the programs and degrees offered by the University in the article since wikipedia is not a directory. But I'm not sure if those departments subordinate to each Faulty should be removed as well. It seems inappropriate to incorporate such information as several GA (e.g. Oxford and MIT) don't have their academic divisions listed in such exhaustive details. Biomedicinal (contact)

source for academic freedom row

 * Joseph Lian Yizheng (Feb 18, 2015). The chief executive may lie, but the father does not

Copyright problem removed
Prior content in this duplicated one or more previously published sources. The material was copied from: http://www.hku.hk/press/press-releases/detail/10792.html and http://www.hku.hk/about/governance/governance_structure.html. Copied or closely paraphrased material has been rewritten or removed and must not be restored, unless it is duly released under a compatible license. (For more information, please see "using copyrighted works from others" if you are not the copyright holder of this material, or "donating copyrighted materials" if you are.)

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History section
Is it really necessary to devote so much space to the Johannes Chan controversy? The coverage seems way out of proportion to other events in the history section and it is difficult to judge the historical significance of the event so soon after the fact. Maybe this information is better placed on the page of Johannes Chan himself. 61.244.137.12 (talk) 11:21, 6 October 2015 (UTC)
 * I've created a separate article for the event and will shorten coverage on this page to summary style shortly. Citobun (talk) 02:42, 7 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Whether to add WikiProject COVID-19 or WikiProject Viruses?
It looks like several dozens of coronavirus species were found by HKU's PhDs, suffixed by HKU1, HKU2, ... etc on their taxon names. Liuxinyu970226 (talk) 03:11, 8 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:University of Hong Kong


text:
Stefano Casiraghi

Stefano Casiraghi (8 September 1960 – 3 October 1990) was an Italian offshore powerboat racer, socialite, and businessman. He was the second husband of Princess Caroline of Monaco; he died during a racing accident defending his 1990 Class 1 World Powerboat Championship title.

Early life
The son of Giancarlo Casiraghi (1925–1998), a wealthy businessman, and Fernanda Biffi (b. 1926 ), Stefano Casiraghi grew up in the Casiraghi family's estate, Villa Cigogne, in Fino Mornasco. He had two brothers, Marco and Daniele (1956–2016), and one sister, Rosalba. He also developed an early passion for the speedboat races on Lake Como. He followed in the footsteps of his brothers by enrolling at Milan's Bocconi University, but left without obtaining a degree. He began to work for his father and his oldest brother, Marco.

Business
Casiraghi was involved in the real estate and retail export enterprises of the family business that his father had built up. His obituary in The New York Times described him as a financier and Chairman of Cogefar France (a construction subsidiary of Fiat). The same source said he had a majority interest in Engeco, a Monaco-based construction company which he founded in 1984. At the time of his first child's birth, he was the director of the Christian Dior boutique in Monte Carlo.

Speedboat racing
A throttle man, a role that requires control of the trim tab while observing water conditions to reach optimum speed, Casiraghi participated in eighty offshore races during his lifetime. Over a 20-year career, he won a dozen of those competitions and, at the time of his death, was the world champion of offshore speedboat racing, including the World Championship held off the coast of Atlantic City in 1989. Casiraghi had set the record (since broken) for 277 km/h on Lake Como in 1984.

Marriage and family
On 29 December 1983 in Monaco, he and Princess Caroline married in a civil ceremony in the Hall of Mirrors of the Monegasque Princely Palace. They were not able to have a Catholic ceremony because Caroline had been divorced from Philippe Junot, and an annulment had not yet been obtained. However, as Caroline was over three months pregnant, the couple did not want to wait any longer.

The couple had three children: Andrea (born 8 June 1984), Charlotte (born 3 August 1986), and Pierre (born 5 September 1987). The children were born at Princess Grace Hospital Centre in Monaco, respectively, fourth, eleventh and eighth in the line of succession to the Monegasque throne, after their twin cousins and their mother. Although their parents had not married in the Church, as required for legitimacy under church law, they were legitimized by Pope John Paul II in February 1993, eight months after their mother's marriage to Junot was annulled in June 1992.

Death
Casiraghi was killed in an offshore powerboat racing accident off the coast of Monaco near Cap Ferrat on 3 October 1990 while defending his world offshore title. He was 30 years old and had planned to retire after the race. Only weeks earlier, he had survived an accident when his boat blew up off the coast of Guernsey.

There were three to four-foot wave conditions on the race course, which caused Casiraghi's 42-foot catamaran, Pinot di Pinot, to flip. Traveling at ca. 150 km/h, it did not have a full canopy, and experts who studied the accident have said that Casiraghi would most likely have survived the accident had the boat been equipped with one. As a result of his death, safety laws became more stringent; a safety harness and closed hull became compulsory, as was a twin hull design for boats. Races now take place close to the harbour where waves are gentler, which is policed off for safety reasons as boats are no longer allowed to drive near the course.

Of the accident, Anne Edwards wrote that Casiraghi and his copilot, Patrice Innocenti, had been "trying to make up for time they had lost earlier in the race when they had stopped to rescue a pilot whose vessel had caught fire." Innocenti survived the accident. He was pulled from the water and taken to Monaco's Princess Grace Hospital.

Casiraghi's funeral was held in Monaco's Cathedral of St. Nicholas eight years after Princess Grace's funeral in the same place. Casiraghi is buried in the Chapelle de la Paix in Monaco, which is also the resting place of his wife's paternal grandfather, Prince Pierre of Monaco.

title: Stefano Casiraghi