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Canadian National Exhibition

The Canadian National Exhibition (CNE), also known as The Exhibition or The Ex, is an annual event that takes place at Exhibition Place in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, on the third Friday of August leading up to and including Labour Day, the first Monday in September. With approximately 1.6 million visitors each year, the CNE is Canada's largest annual community event and one of the top fairs in North America. The fair is a combination of agricultural exhibits and events, carnival rides and entertainment, live music, food and special events. Special events include the Warriors Day Parade, the Labour Day Parade and the Canadian International Air Show.

The first Canadian National Exhibition took place in 1879, largely to promote agriculture and technology in Canada. Agriculturists, engineers, and scientists exhibited their discoveries and inventions at the CNE. The event has since expanded to include a carnival, live music and various entertainments as well as art displays and speciality vendors and foods. For many people in the Greater Toronto Area, attending the CNE is an annual family tradition.

Site

The CNE is held at Exhibition Place, which is a 192 acres site located along Toronto's waterfront on the shores of Lake Ontario just west of downtown Toronto. The site features several permanent buildings and structures, many of which have been named as significant under the Ontario Heritage Act. There are several outdoor live music venues on-site including the CNE Bandshell. All of the roads are named after the Canadian provinces and territories. The site includes a football and soccer stadium, basketball practice facility, green space, fountains, plazas, a rose garden, statues and parking lots.

Historically, it is the site of Fort Rouillé, an 18th-century French fort, marked by a monument. As part of the settlement of Toronto by the British, the site became a military reserve for use by the Toronto Garrison of Fort York and cleared of forest in the early 19th century. The Exhibition received permission to use part of the reserve in the 1870s and expanded to use the whole reserve by the 1920s. In the 1950s, the site was expanded south of Lake Shore Boulevard by landfill, and reduced in size on its northern boundary by the construction of the Gardiner Expressway. During the fair, the portion of the site west of Dufferin Street is no longer used.

Shows and attractions
The 18-day event consists of a mix of live entertainment, agricultural displays, exhibits, a large carnival midway with many rides, games and food, casino, sports events and shopping areas. The Canadian International Air Show on Labour Day weekend has been a major feature of the fair since 1949, held over Lake Ontario just south of the CNE grounds.

Several buildings house exhibits and displays from vendors, government agencies and various industry associations. These include the International Pavilion of products from around the world, and the Arts, Crafts and Hobbies Building which features unique items and collectibles. The Enercare Centre complex holds the International Pavilion, a garden show, and the SuperDogs performances. It also has exhibit space used for agricultural or industrial displays and a live stage. The Food Building houses a large number of vendors offering food from many cultures, reflecting Toronto's multicultural population. The Better Living Centre building is used for the CNE Casino on one side, and an agricultural display on the other. The CNE continues its tradition of agricultural produce competitions and the winners are displayed in the Better Living Centre.

The 1792 "Scadding Cabin" log cabin dates back to the first year of the fair and during the CNE is the only time the cabin is open to the public.

The fair has two midways of rides and carnival games. The Kiddie Midway is located in the northwest corner of Exhibition Place, with smaller rides suitable for children under 12. The midway for older youths and adults is situated west of the Enercare Centre and south of BMO Field. It has several dozen rides, including thrill rides, roller coasters, swing rides and a log plume ride. Along several pathways of the midway area are carnival games of "skill", games of chance and many carnival food vendors. The CNE operates a "sky ride", with chairs similar to ski-lift chairs, to carry riders from just west of the Princes' Gates to south of BMO Field.

The Coca-Cola Coliseum is used for live shows. Including high-wire acts, skating, and the RCMP Musical Ride in the past, most recently was an aerial and acrobatic show featuring Olympic skater Elvis Stojko. Outdoors, the Bandshell is used for daily music and nightly headliners. Additionally, areas are set up at various points around the ground for outdoor entertainment. These include such things as beer gardens, musical acts, acrobatic acts, buskers, parkour displays, circus acts, children's shows and educational displays. There are two major parades at the CNE, the Warrior's Day Parade of veterans on opening weekend and the Labour Day Parade of workers on Labour Day.

In both 2013 and 2014, the CNE featured a zip line ride. The CNE zip line was the highest and longest temporary zip line in the world. The launch tower, positioned southeast of the Food Building, measured 180 ft high. The landing tower, southwest of the current Enercare Centre, was 60 ft. The zip line ride consisted of four lines, each measuring nearly 1,100 ft. Zip line riders travelled at approximately 65 km/hour.

The CNE grounds is also home to BMO Field, a large multi-purpose facility located in the center of the grounds. The stadium is used by two professional sports teams based in Toronto, the Toronto Argonauts Canadian football team and the Toronto FC soccer (association football) team. Each team plays at least one home game during the fair. In Coronation Park, located across Lake Shore Boulevard, to the east of the Princes' Gates, the CNE holds a youth peewee baseball tournament and a women's fastball tournament during the run of the fair. The tournaments used to be played at a baseball diamond in the far west corner of Exhibition Place, but that diamond was replaced by the Toronto Raptors practice facility.

Each night of the fair, live music is presented at the CNE Bandshell. It is an outdoor venue in the west end of the park, with a stage reminiscent of the Hollywood Bowl and bench seats in a park-like setting that gently slopes down to the Bandshell. Built in the 1930s, the stage has had a huge number of performances from famous entertainers from many different genres over the years. In the past, the various Exhibition Stadiums hosted large outdoor concerts. The current BMO Field is not used for outdoor live concerts, preserving the field's surface for sports. Today, the Budweiser Stage south of Lake Shore Boulevard in Ontario Place hosts large live concerts during the Ex and all summer long. During the fair, several stages are set up at different places, with live music in a beer garden setting.

Food

Many options are available across the site during the fair. The CNE Food Building offers a wide variety of food options including desserts, international cuisine, and fast food, as well as novelty items, including Frosted Flake, Battered Chicken on a Stick, Deep Fried Red Velvet Oreos and Bacon Wrapped Grilled Cheese. Halal, vegetarian and healthy food options are also widely available. The Food Building, which opened September 1, 1954, celebrates its 70th anniversary in 2024.

Since the 2012 season, the CNE has hosted a food truck rally called "Food Truck Frenzy." This event took place on Princes' Boulevard just inside the Princes' Gates at the east end of the grounds. The 2016 edition featured 26 food trucks serving specialty foods. A "Craft Beer Fest" was added to the event in 2015 and continued in 2016, serving locally crafted beers.

During the fair, several licensed restaurants operate on the grounds, including Bandshell Bar (West End of the CNE grounds); The Beach Bar (South of the Horse Palace); Bronco's (Country Bar - Outside West of the Food Building) Casino Patio (East side of the Better Living Centre); Carousel Bar (Southwest end of the Food Building); Craft Beer Festival Bar (North side of Princes' Blvd); Craft Taps (North side of BMO Field); Dino's (Princes' Blvd South of the Enercare Centre's Hall A); Festival Bar (On Princes' Blvd); Wine Garden (Heritage Court, Enercare Centre).

Shopping
Several shopping opportunities are available for visitors at the CNE:

 * Arts, Crafts and Hobbies Pavilion (in the Queen Elizabeth Building)
 * Gaming Garage Sponsored by Intel (in Hall B of the Enercare Centre)
 * Home and Garden Pavilion (in Hall A Enercare Centre)
 * International Pavilion (in Hall B of the Enercare Centre)
 * Outdoor Marketplace
 * Shoppers' Market (in Hall A of the Enercare Centre)
 * Warehouse Outlets (in Hall C and G of the Enercare Centre)

As well, there are a large number of vendors outside along the streets of the fair offering a variety of products during the CNE.

Warriors' Day Parade
The Warriors' Day Parade is an annual procession of Canadian war veterans. The name was coined by General Sir Julian Byng, was established in 1921 and is organised by the Warriors' Day Parade Council. The parade is held on the third Saturday of August which is the second day of the CNE.

History
The parade council was formed in Toronto in 1921, extending the work of the Canadian National Exhibition which had been hosting military parades and demonstrations beginning in 1879. The council desired a specific day to pay tribute to living veterans of the First World War. "Warriors' Day" was therefore declared; in early years, it was the first day of the Exhibition. The first parade was held in 1921, and the parade has continued to honour the service of Canadian men and women in the armed forces ever since.

The parade is often planned to commemorate specific events. In 2015, the parade commemorated veterans of Second World War. In 2017, the parade was designed to commemorate the Battle of Vimy Ridge and the Dieppe Raid.

Following the world wars, participants in the parade included up to 30,000 military veterans. In 2019, the number of veterans participating was estimated at just below 3,000. A number of privately owned military vehicles and classic cars also take part in the parade.

The 2020 and 2021 editions of the parade were cancelled due to COVID-19.

History
In September 1846, a fair sponsored by the Provincial Agricultural Fair of Canada West, sponsored by the Provincial Agricultural Association and the Board of Agriculture for Canada West, was held in Toronto in the area near present-day King and Simcoe Streets. While primarily an agricultural event, it also displayed manufactured goods and decorative arts and crafts. The fair was a success, and it was proposed that future fairs be held in different locations each year. In 1847, the fair was held in Hamilton and thereafter travelled to such cities as Cobourg, Kingston, Niagara, and Brockville.

In 1852, the fair returned to the west side of University Avenue (see Grange Park (neighbourhood)), stretching from a bit north of Dundas Street to a bit south of College Street. It lasted four days. The Horse Park, on the west side of the grounds, was loaned to the fair by Mrs. Boulton, who lived in the Grange, and it was bounded on the north by the Caer Howell Pleasure Grounds (in a way a forerunner of the midway). The Fair was a success, attracting more than 30,000 visitors.

In 1853, the fair moved on to another city and didn't return to Toronto until 1858 and then again in 1878. After the 1878 fair, Toronto City Council and the local Exhibition Committee approached the Provincial Agriculture Association with a proposition: that the fair remain permanently in Toronto. The Association thanked City Council and the Exhibition Committee for their work in delivering a successful fair in 1878 but informed them that a decision had already been made to move the fair to another city in 1879.

Toronto City Council, along with local businessmen, moved ahead with plans to establish a permanent fair in Toronto. The new fair, known as the Toronto Industrial Exhibition, opened on September 3, 1879, and lasted for three weeks (Sundays excepted). The 50 acres site hosted an attendance of more than 100,000 paid admissions and 8,234 exhibits.

In 1912, the Toronto Industrial Exhibition changed its name to the Canadian National Exhibition to better reflect the scope and reach of the fair. During its history, the CNE has featured exhibits on the latest technological advances in industry and agriculture. CNE patrons were introduced to electric railway transportation in 1884, to Edison's phonograph in 1888, to the wireless telephone in the 1889, to radio in 1903, to television in 1939, to plastics and synthetics in the 1940s. The Government of Canada is not affiliated with the fair; however, it has often exhibited at the CNE.

In 1937, Conklin Shows was awarded the contract to provide amusement rides and games for the CNE midway. The company built the "Flyer" wooden roller-coaster on site as well as delivering rides and games each year during the CNE duration. The company continued to provide this service until 2004, at which point it merged with other leading midway operators to form North American Midway Entertainment, which continues to supply the CNE.

During the Second World War, as during the First World War, the CNE grounds became home to detachments of the Canadian military. In 1939, the Royal Canadian Air Force moved into the Coliseum. The Canadian Army took over the Horse Palace and the Royal Canadian Navy converted the Automotive Building into HMCS York. During the summers of 1940 and 1941, most of the troops stationed at the CNE were re-located. Those troops remaining either continued their regular administrative duties or participated in CNE displays and events aimed at promoting the Canadian war effort. CNE officials had hoped to continue the annual fair throughout the years of the war. In the spring of 1942, however, the CNE agreed to turn the grounds over to the Canadian military for use year-round. During the military occupation of the grounds, virtually every CNE building, large or small, was used by the Canadian armed forces. The CNE grounds remained closed and under the control of the Canadian military until 1946. Between 1945 and 1946, Exhibition Park acted as a demobilization centre for returning soldiers.

The CNE resumed in 1947. Patrons returned to the CNE to see the latest in consumer goods and agricultural advancements. The fair also remained a major hub for sporting events and entertainment. Over time, the CNE moved away from its country-fair heritage toward an increasingly modern, cosmopolitan look and feel. In recent years, the CNE has changed extensively to meet the needs of the growing and changing demographics of Toronto and Southern Ontario.

The first year that the CNE was allowed to open on Sundays was 1968.

Since the 1990s, the fair has used fewer buildings on the site as Toronto has encouraged year-round use of Exhibition Place, partly to reduce annual costs. Three of the westernmost former exhibit buildings are leased out for year-round attractions and are not part of the fair. The exhibit space was replaced by the new Enercare Centre. The former baseball diamond at the very west of the site was converted to a Toronto Raptors practice facility. Baseball was moved outside of the site. The Dufferin Gate is no longer used as a point of entry to the fair.

21st century

In 2003, the CNE celebrated its 125th anniversary, despite the first four days of the exhibition being hampered by the Northeast blackout of 2003. In 2005, the CNE introduced a Mardi Gras parade. In 2010, the CNE became the first fair in North America and the first large-scale event on the continent to achieve EcoLogo Certification.

In 2012, Canadian Olympic gold-medalists Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir performed in La Vie: Aerial Acrobatics & Ice Skating Show during the first 15 days of the fair, and three-time World Champion and Olympic silver-medalist Elvis Stojko closed out the show on Labour Day weekend. In 2015, Virtue and Moir returned for another ice skating and aerial acrobatics show, Bon Voyage!

In 2016, the CNE saw the return of programming at the CNE waterfront with a daily water ski show, and national and international competitions—made possible as a result of infrastructure investment on the West Channel for the 2015 Pan American Games. The same year also saw the introduction of the inaugural CNE Innovation Garage, featuring a pitch competition and displays—a throwback to the CNE's history of showing new technological advances.

In 2020, the CNE and all associated in-person events were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic—the first time the CNE has been cancelled since World War II. The CNE reported that this caused a loss of over $35 million in potential revenue, and $128 million in economic impact to Ontario. In 2021, due to the continued pandemic, the City of Toronto government cancelled all city-led and permitted outdoor in-person events through at least September 6, 2021, therefore cancelling the CNE and all associated in-person events for the second year in a row. As revenue from previous editions are reinvested into subsequent editions, the CNE stated that "the cancellations and financial losses of 2020 and 2021 will have a consequential impact on the future of the CNE."

The CNE resumed operations in 2022. The re-opening on August 19, 2022, was made possible due to funding received from both the Government of Canada ($7.1 million) and the Province of Ontario ($1.6 million). The financial assistance facilitated the introduction of new innovative programming featuring immersive heritage exhibits, enhancements to the Gaming Garage powered by AMD, a reoccurring nightly drone show and a multimedia show called "NEVAEH & the Northstar", both presented by VinFast.

The 2023 CNE surpassed the 2015 attendance with 1,604,000 visitors passing through its gates. Attractions included the Fountain Show and the Canadian International Air Show on the waterfront. The Coliseum held an Ice Skating and Acrobatics Show "Time Flies" with Elvis Stojko. The Better Living Centre hosted a Pink Floyd exhibition. The bandshell's entertainment included Dionne Warwick, Jann Arden, Amanda Marshall, Kim Mitchell, Tynomi Banks and Kardinal Offishal.

In 2023, the Canadian National Exhibition marked the 130th anniversary of the Ferris Wheel by welcoming the Super Wheel, the first of its kind to appear in Toronto. Fairgoers had views of the lake and the city, inside 36-climate controlled gondolas that held four to six guests per gondola.

Economic impact
A 2017 Economic Impact Assessment, conducted by Enigma Research Corporation, reports that the Canadian National Exhibition (CNE) generates an estimated $93.1 million for Greater Toronto Area and more than $128.3 million for the province of Ontario each year.

A 2009 study by the same corporation showed that the 2009 CNE attracted more than 275,000 out-of-town visitors to the city, and that fair-related hiring created an equivalent of 633 full-year jobs in the region. Spending also supported $12.9 million of tax revenue at three levels of government. This national research initiative, commissioned by the Canadian Association of Fairs and Exhibitions (CAFE), was conducted at 20 fairs of varying sizes throughout Canada in 2008. A total of 1,200 people were interviewed during the 2008 Canadian National Exhibition alone.

Other highlights of the research, included a sample size of 1,200 people in on-site, face-to-face interviews, include:

 * Local residents spend US$52million related to the CNE
 * The average non-local spent 2.5 nights in Toronto.

The CNE achieved a historical milestone in 2022, by returning after a two-year closure and attracted 1.56 million visitors to its grounds; generating significant economic impact nearly $112 million for the Greater Toronto Area and $142 million for the province of Ontario each year.

Jobs
The CNE hires approximately 1,200 people starting in the spring of each year to assist in the planning and production of the annual fair. An additional 3,500 people are hired during the Fair itself by CNE partners including Emergency Services, Toronto Police, Toronto Fire, food vendors, exhibitors and concessionaires. For many young people growing up in Toronto, the CNE is their first employment experience.

Partners
The CNE partners with many corporate sponsors and provides a space for over 700 exhibitors. Both Canadian and international businesses contribute to the CNE.

The CNE works with several organizations to promote tourism to the Greater Toronto Area and the province of Ontario, including: Festivals and Events Ontario, Tourism Toronto and Attractions Ontario.

Environmental initiatives
In 2010, the Canadian National Exhibition became the first fair in North America and the first large-scale event on the continent to receive EcoLogo certification, one of North America's largest and most respected environmental standard and certification marks. EcoLogo certification is based on stringent criteria that examine the entire life-cycle of a product and the CNE's success in achieving this honour formally recognizes the fair as an environmental leader. (Canadian National Exhibition is EcoLogo - Certified to Events CCD-095.)

In addition to fulfilling EcoLogo certification requirements, the CNE's environmental strategy consists of three components:

Energy conservation:
 * Decorative lighting on the Midway is turned off during daylight hours
 * Solar panels are utilized throughout the grounds in locations such as the Horse Palace roof, on staff golf carts, on the Midway games, and on garbage compactors
 * In 2008 the CNE introduced solar-powered concession games on the Midway
 * All of the CNE's decorative tree lighting has been replaced with LED lights to reduce electricity consumption

Emissions reduction:
 * The CNE encourages visitors to take public transit, ride their bicycles, and/or walk to get to the site
 * Bicycle racks and bike parking areas are strategically placed around the grounds to accommodate cyclists
 * The vast majority of golf carts used by CNE staff are powered using electricity (vs. gas-powered)
 * On the CNE grounds there are bio-diesel generators that power rides at the fair

Waste diversion:
 * A wide range of materials are recycled and diverted from landfills each season including, but not limited to, cardboard, paper, organic waste, paper hand towels, wood, metals, street sweepings, concrete/asphalt, hay, and cooking oil
 * The CNE provides water refill stations where guests may refill reusable water bottles to reduce the number of disposable plastic bottles that are used
 * During the fair a vast number of recycling, compost, and garbage receptacles are placed around the grounds
 * The use of polystyrene foam is no longer allowed on the CNE grounds, thus reducing the amount of waste that cannot be recycled
 * In the Food Building, tableware is predominantly compostable, which increases the amount of waste that the CNE is able to send to composting facilities, rather than to a landfill
 * Waste diversion rates:
 * 2009 - 77.30%
 * 2010 - 83.76%
 * 2011 - 81.93%
 * 2012 - 82.82%
 * 2013 - 86.36%

Governance and organizational structure
The CNE is operated by the Canadian National Exhibition Association (CNEA) and its volunteer Board of Directors. The CNEA is governed under the jurisdiction of two Acts of the Province of Ontario: the Canadian National Exhibition Association Act, 2000, and the Agricultural and Horticultural Organizations Act, R.S.O. 1990, chapter A.9. The CNEA resides on a municipal site known as Exhibition Place, which is governed by the Board of Governors (BOG) of Exhibition Place, a local board of management of the City of Toronto.

Through various agreements with the City of Toronto, the CNEA operated as a program of the BOG until March 31, 2013. A Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) outlined the various administrative, financial and operational services to be provided to the CNEA by Exhibition Place. The MOU also provided for the use of the buildings and grounds for the annual CNE. During the decade leading up to independence, the CNEA contributed more than $20 million in site fees to the annual operating budget of the BOG, in addition to $7.3 million in operating surpluses. These contributions were included in consolidated annual financial results from the CNEA and BOG for the benefit of the City of Toronto.

On January 27, 2012, the BOG and CNEA announced that the CNEA will officially become financially independent from both the Board of Governors of Exhibition Place and the City of Toronto in 2013. "Chair of the Board [BOG], City Councillor Mark Grimes stated, 'The independence of the CNEA is good for both the CNEA and Exhibition Place. The agreement will protect the Board of Governors and the City against any negative financial consequences and at the same time allow the CNEA to reach financial and organizational stability for the newly independent organization.'" "It will be beneficial for the CNEA to be independent from the City of Toronto to be able to determine and implement consumer strategies and fiscal decisions that are made in the interest of the CNEA and its visitors, as experts within the fair business." As an independent organization, the CNEA will be able to retain its profits and re-invest in the fair. "'This is an extraordinary opportunity for the Canadian National Exhibition,' stated Brian Ashton, President of the Canadian National Exhibition Association (CNEA). 'We believe that as an independent business we can flourish and present an annual fair that will make Toronto and Canada proud!'" "Toronto City Council will be asked for approval of this new agreement at their March 5–6, 2012 meeting."

The new agreement was approved by Toronto City Council and the CNEA officially became independent on April 1, 2013. The CNEA is a non-share capital corporation and a tenant of the BOG to which it pays rent for the use of the grounds and buildings for the annual fair, as well as fees for operational services. The CNEA is not involved with year-round operations, events or development at Exhibition Place.

The CNEA has over 125 member individuals and associations representing each of the following sectors: Municipal, Manufacturers and Industry, Agriculture, and General and Liberal Arts. Member associations appoint a representative to the CNEA and approximately 15 members are appointed directly by the CNEA from the community-at-large. Each year a Board of Directors is elected from this membership, giving equal representation to each section. Six representatives of the Municipal section are appointed by Toronto City Council.

In March 2022, the Canadian National Association (CNEA) announced that Darrell Brown was appointed as Chief Executive Office (CEO) of the CNEA. President Suzan Hall explained "Darrell Brown has been central to the stabilization of our organization, having secured substantial funding from both the Government of Canada and the Province of Ontario that has enabled the CNEA to survive". Darrell Brown has worked as a consultant, legal advisor, and entrepreneur over the five decades of his career. He has practiced law and consulting on employee benefits issues in Canada, lead international development projects and created acclaimed art exhibitions.

Current Board of Directors
May 2023 to Spring 2024 Term

Executive Committee:

title: Canadian National Exhibition


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Talk:Royal Opera House

Comments
"most important opera house"? Is this something that is obvious to Brits?? Without further explanation, it seems a bit POV.

 * Yes, it's so obvious that qualifying it to avoid pov allegations is silly and I'm writing as someone who attends its main rival more frequently as it is cheaper. Wincoote 03:18, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Message for Amandam when she gets here. Check out the Royal Opera House and visit me at User talk:Matthew Stannard

 * Yes, I agree and I have removed this statement ("the finest opera house") from the article. I have removed something similar on the Metropolitan Opera House's article. --Karljoos (talk) 20:45, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

company or building?
Slight confusion here. The article called "Ballet" has a list of Companies, including "The Royal Ballet". It leads to this page, which is not a company, but a building. Just to set the record straight. "The Royal Ballet" is based at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden (ie this page). Arguably "Birmingham City Ballet" is a better dance company, but their building is not as historically as important as the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden.

 * I started a stub for the Royal Ballet a few weeks ago, but no one has done much with it. I think I'll do the same for the Royal Opera company and make it explicit that this is for the building. Wincoote 03:18, 13 Mar 2005 (UTC)

At the risk of starting a contentious thread, as far as I am aware, the building opened as The Theatre Royal, Covent Garden in 1732; and was a playhouse. It was granted the right to become the Royal Italian Opera House in 1847. The article as written has a serious PoV problem, in concentrating on opera and ballet aspects. There is a serious piece of theatre history within this building struggling to get out. Not least the William Charles Macready Shakespeare revival of the 19th c. For over a hundred years it was one of only two places in London where it was legal to perform dramatic works. Kbthompson 11:13, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't think that the above is at all contentious, and if Kbthompson can verify the above facts, names etc., please go ahead and make changes to the article. I didn't write this intro section to the article, but I suspect that it was less POV than it was lack of knowledge about other functions (e..g theatre), and it would be good to have these included in the body of the article.

 * Actually, in quickly checking my copy of Beauvert, he notes: "apart from The Beggars' Opera and a few Handel operas, Covent Garden remained a venue dedicated primarily to plays for the next 100 years" (p.248), so I'll go ahead and make some adjustments to the article myself, and see what else I can find out.

 * Vivaverdi 23:31, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for that, I'll take a look when I'm next awake, and see if there's anything useful I can add. I take the point that opera and ballet sources may not be as forthcoming on the theatre aspects. Kbthompson 23:54, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

 * One source I see on a website link (but don't know its authenticity) calls the theatre the Theatre Royal at Covent Garden (to distinguish it from the T.R. Drury Lane, I assume). Vivaverdi 00:01, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

I believe all 'patent theatres' were given the epithet Theatre Royal; hence Covent Garden and Drury Lane - in lazy parlance, and any combination thereof as 'formal' title; when provincial examples opened up, they got the same title. (Should actually date the establishment of the market, against the construction of the theatre). The two London theatres seem to have been quite close, with an interchangeable cast and management (of course, that might simply be because there were few other career opportunities). Both were quite major influences on Restoration theatre, and both played their part in the ShakieRevival - without them, we'd probably never have heard of him. Kbthompson 12:37, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

OK, some revision. Mainly to get the names in. Handel's association appears to begin as early as 1719, at Lincoln's Inn. First season 1735. 1734 ballet (as we understand it) performed. Later performances include the fame of Grimaldi in their entertainments. Need to do some more reading before proceeding further. Oh, and at some date it was named the Royal English Opera. Kbthompson 16:03, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the above and the very useful updates to this article. ROH and Drury Lane are indeed about 200 yards from each other, so it's interesting to read the Theatre Royal Drury Lane article in comparison to what went on at Covent Garden. I'm trying to recall the relatively recent film which features the rivalries surrounding performances of Handel at Covent Garden and between the two theatres?????

 * My copy of Clive Boursnell's Covent Garden Market (I'll add it to the bibliog. section of the covent Garden article) states that the Charles II granted the then Duke of Bedford

a charter to hold a fruit and vegetable market in 1670, so it would have been well established by the time of the Theatre Royal in 1732. Vivaverdi 19:03, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

Yes, in my reading, the convent garden was attached to St Peter's Westminster (i.e Westminster Abbey); it was passed to the Duke of Bedford, who 'developed' the area - hence, the 'Duke's Company'. The market buildings, we know, did not appear until well after the theatre (see image:entry to the theatre by Rich). The whole area, including Long Acre was market gardens for the monastry/convent, and continued supplying vegetables to the city until the time of the theatre. The image appears to show stalls around an open area. Kbthompson 00:12, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

number of seats, inside images?
Could anyone please add how many people can be seated in the opera house, maybe some more technical data too like the measurements? and could someone maybe add some images from the inside? cheers... Gryffindor 11:16, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Management Issues
Have changed bit about Chris Smith as he did not agree the lottery funding. Also I have added an external link for the damning DCMS report.Piersmasterson 16:11, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

Royal Opera
I have transferred the content about the Royal Opera to the Royal Opera page to make it consistent with the Royal Ballet content and to focus this page more closely on the building and its history. Humansdorpie 09:30, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

Vivaverdi 15:14, 12 April 2006 (UTC)
 * As one who has contributed to the expansion of the ROH article and Royal Opera after 1945 (and who "queued up" outside the house for days at a time in the late 1950s/60s), this is a good idea. I know that the Wiki opera group policy is generally to combine the house with the company, but in this case, it makes good sense.

Removal of purely commercial info, links, etc re: restaurants and bars on the site
I have removed these and propose that others do the same if they appear again.

Consensus please.

Vivaverdi 02:47, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

In re-revertng to your original article, you clearly have nothing to offer on this discussion page as to why you feel it should be included.

Not only is the paragraph filled with typos, no capital letters, etc., but it simply acts as a piece of (self?) promotion for the company/personnel who provide food service at the ROH.

I would be prepared to see this section remain, as long as it is toned down to a FACTUAL presentation of what food & beverage services are available. OPINION (unless supported by a food critic in a worthwhile publication) is not warranted in this or any other article.

Vivaverdi 14:37, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

 * For what it's worth, I agree with Vivaverdi, the section is unacceptable as it stands/stood. Perhaps a very brief factual statement about other services available makes sense, but as it is it's a puff piece, and not a very interesting one. Mak (talk)  17:36, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

Pictures?
It would be great if this article had more pictures. . . the two interior drawings are rather redundant, and you can't tell what the place actually looks like now, inside or out.--Dmz5 03:32, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

Yes, I agree there should more pictures, especially images of the current interior Rtcpenguin 05:37, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Are we able to use pictures on . From reading the wikimedia commons documentation, I believe we are. It might be worth including the bridge image for lack of anything better... EAi 12:14, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * In response to the request for an alternative exterior photograph I have belatedly uploaded an image for possible use on the page, shown here. Russ London (talk) 18:06, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Nice shot! And a nice London blue sky to boot. Let's use it.Viva-Verdi (talk) 18:28, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

 * and, as a P.S., it would be a better top-of-the-article photo than the one of Floral Hall. Viva-Verdi (talk) 18:31, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the endorsement, Viva-Verdi. On the sole basis of your views I'm going to move the pic to the top of the article. If we're subsequently outvoted, it can always be reverted. Russ London (talk) 17:57, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

Disambiguation
Is it possible to start a disambiguation page named "Royal Opera House", since the name may also refer to the Royal Opera House in Valletta, Malta. Perhaps you could let me know what you think is best. Thanks. Marcus1234 08:29, 9 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Added small disambiguation line at the top pointing to this article. Doesn't warrant a full disambiguation page as there are only two articles (that I'm aware of), and this one is by far the most significant. EAi 17:18, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Agree with AEi on this. Vivaverdi 17:32, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

 * That's good enough, thanks. Marcus1234 18:25, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

5th Element Trivia removed
Surely we don't need this. It adds nothing to understanding the history or function of the ROH...

ALSO: removing the specific sections devoted to pointing the way to the ROH's performance history after 1945 doesn't add to anything. In fact, they help separate out the history of the house itself from the performances given in it in modern times.

I hope that there can be a consensus here that these reverts should remain. Viva-Verdi 22:42, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

Does ROH have BOTH surtitles and electronic monitors?
Someone added a sentence which suggested that everyone sees the surtitles, which, when joined to the existing sentence (nowe modified by me), suggested that only some seats have the electronic libretto.

Is this correct? Viva-Verdi 17:16, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

One of the foremost opera houses in the world?
The ROH is obviously a good opera house with a good opera company. However, saying that it is the “one of the foremost opera houses in the world”, even if such statement is sourced, doesn’t follow the standards of objectivity that should be found in an encyclopedia article. Also, it lacks sources. I question whether this edit have followed WP:NPOV. That is why I removed it. Cheers! --Karljoos (talk) 20:43, 12 January 2009 (UTC)
 * WP:NPOV means "...representing fairly, and as far as possible without bias, all significant views that have been published by reliable sources". The Royal Opera House is not just one of many theaters in the world. It clearly belongs to a limited group of very important operatic venues. Expressing this doesn't violate NPOV. And especially users who are unfamiliar with the subject have the right to know that there is some difference between the Royal Opera House or the MET or the Vienna Staatoper or La Scala, and the Santa Fé Opera for example. --Catgut (talk) 10:56, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

At least source such claims. --Karljoos (talk) 14:07, 13 January 2009 (UTC) Crooks always claim they are the best in the world: no point discussing the subject. If some grant artist takes a few thousand off your grannies pension and justifies it by saying he didn't ask first but - hey! - it's the best opera house in the world you can be pretty sure he's a vanity crook. But if you criticise it you are falling to his level. "I agree", the memorial-seeker would say; "give me your schools and hospitals as well". Veganline (talk) 22:54, 21 December 2009 (UTC)

Body discovered in wall?
What building was that? I remember reading about it a few years ago. It was either in Paris or in London. I don't know if its still standing. When it was being renovated in the mid-1800s a body was discovered inside one of the walls. At that time it was already at least 200 years old. --208.65.188.23 (talk) 05:02, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

New file File:Covent Garden Theatre by Henry Brookes.jpg
Recently the file File:Covent Garden Theatre by Henry Brookes.jpg (right) was uploaded and it appears to be relevant to this article and not currently used by it. If you're interested and think it would be a useful addition, please feel free to include it. Dcoetzee 01:07, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

List of post-war chairmen
This list was produced in discussions at Talk:Royal Opera, London but it was decided it should be here not there

 * Lord Keynes 1944–46
 * Lord Waverley 1946–58
 * Lord Drogheda 1958–74
 * Sir Claus Moser 1974–87
 * Sir John Sainsbury 1987–91
 * Sir Angus Stirling 1991–96
 * Lord Chadlington 1996–97
 * Sir Colin Southgate 1998–2003
 * Dame Judith Mayhew 2003–08
 * Simon Robey 2008–

 almost - instinct 15:16, 19 February 2012 (UTC)

The London Royal Opera House was sold?
I know a Hungarian pensioner's opinion does not matter much. Anyway, I'll write it down. I'm looking for the Royal Opera House website on the Internet, and it's a surprise that there is a UK sign on their website, which I know about the Ukrainians www.roh.org.uk. Maybe they sold their Opera House to them? Margit51talk 23:13, 28 July 2017 (UTC)

over-pictured?
Looking further up, at a time there were too few pictures, but what I see today looks more like too many, and many sandwiching the text. Am I the only one to think so? -- Gerda Arendt (talk) 08:54, 18 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Royal Opera House


text:
John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge

The John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge (formerly the Cincinnati-Covington Bridge) is a suspension bridge that spans the Ohio River between Cincinnati, Ohio, and Covington, Kentucky. When opened on December 1, 1866, it was the longest suspension bridge in the world at 1057 ft main span, which was later overtaken by John A. Roebling's most famous design of the 1883 Brooklyn Bridge at 1595.5 ft. Pedestrians use the bridge to get between the hotels, bars, restaurants, and parking lots in Northern Kentucky. The bar and restaurant district at the foot of the bridge on the Kentucky side is known as Roebling Point.

Ramps were constructed leading directly from the bridge to the Dixie Terminal building used for streetcars. These provided Covington–Cincinnati streetcars "with a grade-separated route to the center of downtown, and the terminal building was originally intended to connect, via underground pedestrian passages, with the never-built Fountain Square Station of the infamous Cincinnati Subway." When streetcar service ceased in the 1950s, the terminal was converted to a diesel bus terminal. The ramps were removed in 1998 when it ceased being used as a bus terminal.

Planning and charter
In the mid-19th century, need of a passage over the Ohio River became apparent. Commerce between Ohio and Kentucky had increased to the point that the highly congested steamboat traffic was constricting the economy. A solution that would not constrict traffic on the river even further was a wire cable suspension bridge of the type developed by French engineers. Several American engineers had begun designing and building suspension bridges. One of these men was John A. Roebling of Saxonburg, Pennsylvania. The Ohio River, however, was much wider than any river that had been bridged in France.

The Covington and Cincinnati Bridge Company was incorporated in February 1846, and the company asked Roebling to plan a bridge. The brief outline of his ideas called for a 1200 ft span with 100 ft of clearance at high water to allow steamboats to pass unobstructed, but it included a monumental tower in the middle of the river. Steamboat and ferry interest groups lobbied against this plan. They feared an obstructed waterway, loss of a ferry market, and depreciation of property. The Ohio legislature refused the charter of the bridge. In September, Roebling published a 36-page report containing a technical discussion and an analysis of said problems. He attacked steamboat operators for using oversized chimneys, speculated on future commercial interests, and surmised on the importance of spanning western rivers. Roebling also specified that the company should make the decision as to the placement of the bridge along the river. Still, no charter was granted.

After observing the construction of a suspension bridge upriver, in Wheeling, Virginia (later West Virginia), the legislature relented and passed the charter, mandating excessive dimensions such as a 1400 ft main span and requesting that the legislature determine the bridge location. This latter provision would later be regretted by everyone involved. The roads of Cincinnati and Covington were laid collinear with each other, in the hope that a bridge would be built sometime in the future. When the Ohio legislature decided to choose its own location for the bridge, it failed to pick such an obvious spot, hoping to defend Cincinnati's preeminence over Newport and Covington, the rival Kentucky cities. The bridge was actually located almost entirely in Kentucky because the state boundary follows the north bank of the river. It deprived Cincinnati forever of one of "the finest and most magnificent avenues on this continent."

In 1854, a small suspension bridge over the Licking River at Newport, Kentucky, collapsed. This event deterred investors, and the bridge company could not raise enough money to start construction. Amos Shinkle was elected to the board of trustees in 1856. He brought with him a much needed boost of energy. Shinkle immediately managed to find new private investors and to procure more support from both the Ohio and Kentucky governments. During this time the bridge charter was revised, and the span of the bridge was reduced to a minimum of 1000 ft. By now, Roebling had established a reputation. President Ramson of the bridge company traveled to see Roebling, who was in Iowa, and he secured a contract to build the bridge. In September, Roebling arrived in Cincinnati, and much to his disgust, nothing was prepared.

Construction
Excavation for the foundation of the Covington tower commenced in September 1856 and went smoothly. A foundation was set consisting of 13 layers of oak beams, each layer set perpendicular to the one beneath it, bolted with iron hardware, and finally all cemented into place. On the Cincinnati side, work was delayed from the start. The construction crews could not pump water out of the excavating pit fast enough. After months of little progress, Roebling decided against buying costly machinery or bigger engines for his pumps and, quite last minute, designed his own square positive displacement pumps from three-inch (76 mm) pine planks. He built them locally in about forty-eight hours and ran them off of one of Amos Shinkles' tugboats, the Champion No.1. The homemade pumps displaced forty gallons of mud and clay in each cycle.

When the crews reached the compacted gravel bed of the Ohio River, Roebling decided this would be sufficient for the foundation of the Cincinnati tower. Oak timbers were laid, mirroring the foundation of the Covington tower, and within three months, masonry on both towers reached above the waterline (which, at this time, was at a record low for the fall). Work halted for the freezing temperatures and increased water level, a practice which continued seasonally until completion of the bridge. At this time, a revised contract was drawn up, stating work was to be completed by December 1858, barring "unavoidable calamities".

After a hard winter of 1856–57, and a wet spring, construction resumed in July 1857. Sandstone was used for the first twenty five vertical feet of each tower base. Limestone encased this sandstone to protect against scour and collision from watercraft. The remaining height of each tower was to be constructed of sandstone, rough cut and with a large draft. Roebling said this gave the towers "a massive look, quite suitable to their function."

Working from July to August 1857, the company was without liquid funds, a problem compounded by the Panic of 1857. Work halted because of the inability to pay for the project. In July 1858, operations resumed again, albeit with a smaller workforce. Only one tower was worked on at a time. President Ramson of the company died, and no work was done during the years 1859–60.

In November 1860, Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States, and the Civil War began in January 1861. Upon a threatened siege of Cincinnati from Confederate forces, a pontoon bridge was built to span the Ohio River, allowing Union troops to cross and construct defenses. Soon after, once it had become obvious that a permanent structure was vital, money from investors came pouring in. Bonds were sold, and in January 1863 materials began arriving. In the interest of building more quickly, the requirement for the height of the main span was lowered to 100 ft. Preparations to resume construction were made. Machinery was ordered, and new derricks were built, but a renewed threat of invasion again temporarily halted progress. Finally, in the spring of 1863, work commenced and continued until the end of the year.

In the spring of 1864, work resumed again. Although Roebling operated his own wire mill at Trenton, New Jersey, the bridge company purchased one million pounds of wire from Richard Johnson at Manchester, England, for the cables that would span the width of the river. Roebling had used Johnson's wire for one of his other bridges. He preferred it over wire made in the United States because it was of better quality and greater tensile strength. Anchorages on both shores were constructed of limestone base and a freestone finish. Eleven-ton iron anchors were embedded in each block, securing cables with wrought iron chain links of Roebling's patent. The Civil War depleted the work force on the project, hindering speed and efficiency until its end.

Work on the bridge proceeded steadily after the end of the war. In September 1865 the first two wire ropes were laid. They were unwound from a spool on a barge, allowed to sink to the bottom of the river, then raised in unison from the riverbed. Wooden crossbeams were laid at regular intervals from the wire ropes, and a simple footbridge was constructed for the benefit of the workers. With the Ohio River "spanned," there was a final push to complete the project even through floods and freezing temperatures. The cabling of the bridge went at a feverish pace, with about eighty wires placed per day. Hundreds watched the spider-like process from both shores. And on June 23, 1866, the last wire was taken across, for a total of 10,360 wires. These were subsequently compressed together and wrapped with an outer covering of wire into two cables of 5,180 wires each. Suspenders were hung from the cables by the end of August, and 600000 ft of oak lumber was laid as the floor across 300 wrought iron suspended beams. Two tracks for streetcars were laid. Diagonal stays were added to increase load capacity, strengthen the floor, and check vibration. Wrought iron trusses were added, running the length of the bridge.

On December 1, 1866, pedestrians walked upon the bridge, known locally only as "The Suspension Bridge," for the first time. Over 166,000 people walked across in the first two days. Final touches were put on the bridge over the next few months, and construction officially ended in July 1867. Two men died during construction. When the Roebling Bridge was formally opened on January 1, 1867, the driver of a horse and buggy was charged a toll of 15 cents to cross; the toll for three horses and a carriage was 25 cents. Pedestrians were charged one cent.

Canalization of the Ohio River
At the time the Suspension Bridge was built, the Ohio River was very shallow, often only a few feet deep. A 100-foot vertical clearance was important as steamboats had high stacks to keep sparks as far as possible from the rest of the wooden craft. As more railroads were built and barges replaced steamboat traffic, dams to raise the river and control flooding made sense.

In the early 1900s Congress authorized a system of locks and dams along the Ohio River. In 1929, the canalization project produced 51 wooden wicket dams and lock chambers along its length. This system assured that the depth of river at Cincinnati never fell below 9 feet.

During the 1940s, a shift from steam propelled to diesel powered towboats allowed for longer barges than could be accommodated by the existing dams. In the 1950s the US Army Corps of Engineers replaced the outdated system with new non-navigable dams made of concrete and steel. These dams raised the height of the river at Cincinnati to a normal pool of about 26 feet, lowering the clearance of the Roebling Suspension Bridge to around 74 feet.

Alterations and designations

The original deck of the bridge was built at the lowest possible cost because of Civil War inflation, but the stone towers had been designed to carry a much heavier load than was originally demanded. In 1896, the bridge received a second set of main cables, a wider steel deck, and a longer northern approach. The reconstruction significantly altered the appearance of the bridge, but the new 30-ton weight limit extended its usefulness through the 20th century and beyond. In 1976, in honor of America's bicentennial, the bridge was painted blue (rather than brown).

The Covington-Cincinnati Bridge Company—a private company—operated the bridge until the Commonwealth of Kentucky purchased it in 1953 for $4.2 million. The state collected tolls until 1963 when the Brent Spence Bridge was opened on Interstate 75, downstream, approximately 0.6 mi to the west of The Roebling Suspension Bridge.

The bridge was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1975 and was designated a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1983. It remains the busiest of Cincinnati's four non-freeway automobile or pedestrian bridges. Initially called the "Covington-Cincinnati Suspension Bridge" or "Ohio River Bridge", it was renamed in honor of its designer and builder on June 27, 1983.

The Commonwealth of Kentucky closed the bridge on November 13, 2006, to make extensive repairs to the structure. It reopened in late March. However, it closed again for much of 2008 for repainting. On September 11, 2007, the Commonwealth of Kentucky reduced the weight limit to 11 tons to prevent future structural damage following an analysis by the University of Kentucky. The lower weight limit prevents buses from crossing the bridge.

The Commonwealth of Kentucky once again closed the bridge on April 7, 2010, for a complete repainting; the bridge reopened in November 2010. The closing of the bridge only affected vehicular traffic, while one pedestrian lane remained open.

Recent closures
On January 10, 2013, a large piece of sandstone fell from the north tower causing the bridge to be closed for approximately 4 hours during rush hour. This time was used to remove debris and inspect the tower for further damage.

On March 21, 2018, the bridge was closed until April 27 after an automobile accident damaged a steel section of the bridge. On April 17, 2019, another piece of sandstone fell, prompting closure until August 9.

On November 11, 2020, the nearby Brent Spence Bridge was closed following a fiery collision. Semitrucks began using the Roebling Bridge as an alternate crossing point, in violation of the bridge's 11-ton weight limit, prompting Covington police to close the suspension bridge to all vehicular traffic so additional safeguards could be put in place. The Roebling Bridge reopened on November 13, 2020, with Covington and Cincinnati police monitoring traffic on the bridge.

On February 15, 2021, the bridge closed for a nine-month rehabilitation project; it reopened in November 2021.

title: John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge


text:
Calypso (mythology)

In Greek mythology, Calypso (Καλυψώ) was a nymph who lived on the island of Ogygia, where, according to Homer's Odyssey, she detained Odysseus for seven years against his will. She promised Odysseus immortality if he would stay with her, but Odysseus preferred to return home. Eventually, after the intervention of the other gods, Calypso was forced to let Odysseus go.

Etymology
The name "Calypso" may derive from the Ancient Greek καλύπτω (kalyptō), meaning "to cover", "to conceal", or "to hide". According to Etymologicum Magnum, her name means "concealing the knowledge" (καλύπτουσα το διανοούμενον), which – combined with the Homeric epithet δολόεσσα (dolóessa, meaning "subtle" or "wily") – justifies the reclusive character of Calypso and her island. An alternative explanation is that Calypso derives from versions of "Kalí" + "Ópsis", meaning "Beautiful Sight".

Family
Calypso is generally said to be the daughter of the Titan Atlas. Her mother is mostly unnamed, but Hyginus wrote that it was Pleione, mother of the Pleiades. Hesiod, and the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, mention either a different Calypso or possibly the same Calypso as one of the Oceanid daughters of Tethys and Oceanus. Apollodorus includes the name Calypso in his list of Nereids, the daughters of Nereus and Doris. John Tzetzes makes her a daughter of Helios and the Oceanid nymph Perse, the parents of Circe, perhaps due to her association with Circe; the two goddesses were sometimes confused due to their behaviour and connection to Odysseus. According to a fragment from the Catalogue of Women, Calypso bore the Cephalonians to Hermes as suggested by Hermes' visits to her island in the Odyssey.

The Odyssey
In Homer's Odyssey, Calypso tries to keep the fabled Greek hero Odysseus on her island to make him her immortal husband, while he also gets to enjoy her sensual pleasures forever. According to Homer, Calypso kept Odysseus prisoner by force at Ogygia for seven years. Calypso enchants Odysseus with her singing as she moves to and fro, weaving on her loom with a golden shuttle.

Odysseus comes to wish for circumstances to change. He can no longer bear being separated from his wife, Penelope, and wants to tell Calypso. He is seen sitting on a headland crying, and at night he is forced to have sexual intercourse with her against his will. His patron goddess Athena asks Zeus to order the release of Odysseus from the island; Zeus orders the messenger Hermes to tell Calypso to set Odysseus free, for it was not Odysseus's destiny to live with her forever. She angrily comments on how the gods hate goddesses having affairs with mortals.

Calypso provides Odysseus with an axe, drill, and adze to build a boat. Calypso leads Odysseus to an island where he can chop down trees and make planks for his boat. Calypso also provides him with wine, bread, clothing, and more materials for his boat. The goddess then sets wind at his back when he sets sail. After seven years Odysseus has built his boat and leaves Calypso.

Other narratives
Homer does not mention any children by Calypso. By some accounts that came after the Odyssey, Calypso bore Odysseus a son, Latinus, though Circe is usually given as Latinus' mother. In other accounts, Calypso bore Odysseus two children, Nausithous and Nausinous.

The story of Odysseus and Calypso has some close resemblances to the interactions between Gilgamesh and Siduri in the Epic of Gilgamesh in that "the lone female plies the inconsolable hero-wanderer with drink and sends him off to a place beyond the sea reserved for a special class of honoured people" and "to prepare for the voyage he has to cut down and trim timbers".

A fragment from the Catalogue of Women, erroneously attributed to Hesiod, claimed that Calypso detained Odysseus for years as a favour to Poseidon, the sea-god who detested Odysseus for blinding his son Polyphemus.

According to Hyginus, Calypso killed herself because of her love for Odysseus.

In literature
In her poem Calypso Watching the Ocean, Letitia Landon describes her as eternally yearning for Odysseus' return and comments on the folly of such obsession.

Philosophy
Philosophers have written about the meaning of Calypso in the world of ancient Greece. Ryan Patrick Hanley commented on the interpretation of Calypso in Les Aventures de Télémaque written by Fénelon. Hanley says that the story of Calypso illustrates the link between Eros and pride. Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer brought attention to the combination of power over fate and the sensibility of "bourgeois housewives" in the depiction of Calypso.

title: Calypso (mythology)


text:
JST

JST may refer to:

 * Beijing Jishuitan Hospital
 * Japan Science and Technology Corporation (est. 1996)
 * Japan Science and Technology Agency (est. 2003)
 * Japan Standard Time
 * Jesuit School of Theology of Santa Clara University
 * Journal of Scientific Temper
 * Johnstown–Cambria County Airport (IATA: JST, FAA LID: JST)
 * Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible
 * JST connector, electrical connectors manufactured by J.S.T. Mfg. Co. (Japan Solderless Terminal)
 * Jubilee Sailing Trust
 * Weston Jesuit School of Theology
 * Joint Supervisory Team, a regulatory function of the European Central Bank for each of the national supervisors.

title: JST


text:
William Dillon Otter

General Sir William Dillon Otter (December 3, 1843 – May 6, 1929) was a professional Canadian soldier who became the first Canadian-born Chief of the General Staff, the head of the Canadian Militia.

Military career
Otter was born near Clinton, Canada West. His parents were Anna Louisa, née de la Hooke (1824–1907) and Alfred William Otter (1815–1866), both English immigrants who married in Ontario on 15 September 1842. He began his military career in the Non-Permanent Active Militia in Toronto in 1864. Captain William Otter was Adjutant of the Queen's Own Rifles of Toronto in 1866. He first saw combat with them at the Battle of Ridgeway during the Fenian Raids.

He joined the Permanent Force as an infantry officer when Canada established its own professional infantry unit in 1883. On May 2, 1885, he led a Canadian force of more than 300 in the Battle of Cut Knife against a Cree and Assiniboine camp defended by Poundmaker and Fine-Day. Otter's tactics were ineffective against the defending warriors.

He was appointed as the first commanding officer of the Royal Canadian Regiment of Infantry in 1893.

During the Second Boer War, Otter, by then a lieutenant colonel, commanded the 2nd (Special Service) Battalion of The Royal Canadian Regiment of Infantry in South Africa. Otter played an important part in the Battle of Paardeberg.

He became the first Canadian-born officer to command Canada's military in 1908, and retired in 1910 as a major general. In 1922 he was the second Canadian, after Sir Arthur Currie, to be appointed a full general. Otter had the reputation of being something of a martinet – due mainly to his desire that the young Canadian Army should not show up badly when compared to British troops.

He wrote The Guide: A Manual for the Canadian Militia (Infantry) Embracing the Interior Economy, Duties, Discipline, Drills and Parades, Dress, Books, and Correspondence of a Battalion with Regulations for Marches, Transport & Encampment, Also Forms & Bugle Calls in 1914, which includes sections on discipline, courts martial, offences, complaints, and defaulters.

During the First World War he came out of retirement to command operations for the internment of enemy nationals resident in Canada.

Otter headed the Otter Commission. The Otter Commission was tasked to establish links of perpetuation from the units of Canadian Expeditionary Force back to the institutionally separate units of the Canadian Militia in the years following the First World War. This establishment of perpetuation, based primarily on geographical connections through original recruiting areas of the CEF infantry battalions and CEF mounted regiments, provided a basis by which the achievements and battle honours of the CEF units transferred back to the units of the standing Militia. Without this work of the Otter Commission the CEF and its achievements would have had no continuance with existing units of the Canadian Army today.

General Sir William Otter died on 6 May 1929.

Freemason
Otter was initiated into the Ionic Lodge of Freemasonry in Toronto in February 1869. He became Worshipful Master in 1873.

Legacy
Otter Squadron, composed of University Training Plan Non Commissioned Member (UTPNCM) Officer Cadets, at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario, was named in his honour and the Cadet Squadron Leader of Otter Squadron is permitted to carry his sword on graduation parade.

Family connections
In October 1895 he married Marian Porter, daughter of James Porter & Agnes Dryden. They had three sons and one daughter. Otter was the grandfather of Canadian Military historian Desmond Morton.

Honours
Ribbon bar:

 * Order of the Bath - Knight Commander
 * Royal Victorian Order - Commander
 * Canada General Service Medal - Bars for 1866 and 1870
 * North West Canada Medal - Bar for Saskatchewan
 * Queen's South Africa Medal - Bars for Johannesburg, Paardeberg, Driefontein, and Cape Colony
 * King Edward VII Coronation Medal
 * Volunteer Officers' Decoration

title: William Dillon Otter


text:
Professor Challenger

George Edward Challenger is a fictional character in a series of fantasy and science fiction stories by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Unlike Doyle's self-controlled, analytical character, Sherlock Holmes, Professor Challenger is an aggressive, hot-tempered, dominating figure.

Like Sherlock Holmes, Professor Challenger was based on a real person—in this case, two people: an explorer named Percy Fawcett, who was Doyle's friend; and a professor of physiology named William Rutherford, who had lectured at the University of Edinburgh while Conan Doyle studied medicine there.

Fictional character biography
George Edward Challenger, FRS, MD, DSc, is born in Largs, Ayrshire in 1863 and educated at Largs Academy before studying at the University of Edinburgh. Dr Challenger is appointed to an assistant position at the British Museum in 1892 and is promoted within a year to assistant keeper in the Comparative Anthropology Department. He holds a professorship in Zoology and is elected President of the Zoological Institute in London. Several of his inventions are successfully applied in industry and bring him additional income.

Edward Malone, the narrator of The Lost World, the 1912 novel in which Challenger first appears, describes his first meeting with the character:

"His appearance made me gasp. I was prepared for something strange, but not for so overpowering a personality as this. It was his size, which took one's breath away – his size and his imposing presence. His head was enormous, the largest I have ever seen upon a human being. I am sure that his top hat, had I ventured to don it, would have slipped over me entirely and rested on my shoulders. He had the face and beard, which I associate with an Assyrian bull; the former florid, the latter so black as almost to have a suspicion of blue, spade-shaped and rippling down over his chest. The hair was peculiar, plastered down in front in a long, curving wisp over his massive forehead. The eyes were blue-grey under great black tufts, very clear, very critical, and very masterful. A huge spread of shoulders and a chest like a barrel were the other parts of him which appeared above the table, save for two enormous hands covered with long black hair. This and a bellowing, roaring, rumbling voice made up my first impression of the notorious Professor Challenger."

Challenger is also a pretentious and self-righteous scientific jack-of-all-trades. Although considered by Malone's editor, Mr McArdle, to be "just a homicidal megalomaniac with a turn for science", his ingenuity can be counted upon to solve any problem or get out of any unsavoury situation, and be sure to offend and insult many people in the process. He is also seen as extremely vain by his colleagues: Edward Malone says that "he is convinced, of course, that he is destined for Westminster Abbey" (i.e. famous enough to be buried there), and later speculates that "in his fancy, may he see himself sometimes, gracing the vacant pedestal in Trafalgar Square". Challenger is, in many ways, rude, crude, and without social conscience or inhibition. Yet he is a man capable of great loyalty and his love of his wife is all-encompassing.

Challenger marries Jessica—'Jessie'—and the couple settles at 14 Enmore Gardens, Enmore Park, Kensington, London. After his adventures in South America Challenger and his wife purchase The Briars, in Rotherfield, Sussex, as a second home. Later, following his wife's death from influenza, Challenger sells his London home and rents an apartment on the third floor in Victoria West Gardens, London. Challenger's friend and biographer, the journalist Edward 'Ted' Dunn Malone, marries Enid Challenger, the Professor's daughter, in the summer of 1927. Malone was born in Ireland and achieved some fame in rugby football at international level for Ireland before a career in journalism at the Daily Gazette. Enid Challenger is a freelance reporter at the same newspaper.

In July 1908, Malone joins Challenger, the 66-year-old Mr Summerlee (c. 1842–1925), Professor of Comparative Anatomy, and the explorer and mountaineer Lord John Roxton, third son of the Duke of Pomfret and then in his mid-forties, on an expedition to the Amazon Basin, where Challenger claims to have observed creatures from the Jurassic Age two years previously. On reaching the mouth of the Amazon River in Pará state, the expedition hires local guides and servants Mojo, José, Fernando, Gomez, Manuel and Zambo. From Manaus the expedition continues up-river to reach an unnamed tributary, which they follow by canoe until by late August the explorers arrive in the Guiana Highlands and the table-top mountain (tepui) that is the Lost World. The expedition camps at the foot of the basalt cliffs of the tepui, which they name Maple White Land in honour of the plateau’s discoverer some four years earlier. The isolated plateau is home to numerous prehistoric animals, previously known only from the fossil record, including pterodactyls, allosaurids, iguanodon and an early species of hominid. A group of indigenous people also occupy the plateau, and the explorers aid them to subjugate the predatory 'ape-men'. The expedition returns to London, bringing with them diamonds worth £200,000. Professors Challenger and Summerlee present their findings to the Zoological Institute on 7 November 1908 at the Queen's Hall, Regent Street, London. They claim to have discovered over 150 new species, some dating from the Early Jurassic.

Three years later, the friends re-assemble in Challenger’s Sussex home to witness The Poison Belt incident of 27 to 28 August 1911. Challenger interprets a shift in Fraunhofer's light diffraction lines to predict that the Earth is passing through a deadly interstellar cloud of ether. By breathing oxygen from cylinders brought to the house earlier, Challenger, his wife and friends avoid falling into catalepsy over the several hours the event lasted. It appears as though all animal life on the planet expired but within 28 hours all recovered.

Challenger is able to pursue his scientific interests independently as a result of a bequest by the rubber millionaire Betterton. He purchases an estate on Hengist Down near to his Sussex home and engages construction firm Morden & Company to begin sinking a vertical shaft to a depth of eight miles. In the spring of 1921, American specialist in artesian wells Mr Peerless Jones is engaged to plunge his drilling rod a further hundred feet into the apparently-living protoplasmic substance that was revealed at the bottom of the shaft. Challenger hopes through this experiment to prove that the Earth is a living organism that sustains its vitality from the ether of outer space. Preparations are ready by Tuesday 21 June 1921, and the drill breaches the tissue, producing a loud scream and unleashing a geyser of a protective tar-like secretion, accompanied by global volcanic activity. It is the day "When the World Screamed".

Some months later, Challenger and Malone are the last people to meet the Latvian inventor Theodore Nemor, who claimed to have discovered the physics of disintegrating and then reassembling matter. Nemor apparently seeks competing bids from the British and Soviet governments to buy "The Disintegration Machine" at the time of his unexplained disappearance from London.

The death of Jessica Challenger affects her husband profoundly. Professor Challenger undertakes an investigation into psychic phenomena after Ted Malone and Enid Challenger's reports on spiritualism appear in the Daily Gazette in October 1926. Lord John Roxton, Malone, and the Reverend Charles Mason, a former Church of England exorcist who took up Spiritualism, visits a haunted house at Dryfont in Derbyshire. An apparition at the house convince the two friends of the reality of the spirit world and they set out to explore The Land of Mist further. Challenger joins the investigation ostensibly to demonstrate the fallacies of psychic research but becomes convinced of the reality of intercourse with the spirits of the dead and announces his conversion in a polemic carried by The Spectator magazine.

Novels

 * 1912 – The Lost World, which describes an expedition to a plateau in South America where prehistoric creatures including dinosaurs still survive.
 * 1913 – The Poison Belt, in which the Earth passes through a cloud of poisonous ether.
 * 1926 – The Land of Mist, a story of the supernatural, reflecting the strong belief in spiritualism which Conan Doyle developed later in life.

Short stories

 * 1928 – "When the World Screamed", on Challenger's World Echinus theory.
 * 1929 – "The Disintegration Machine", concerning the potentially dangerous new invention by a scientist named Theodore Nemor.

By other authors

 * "The Footprints on the Ceiling": Jules Castier in his 1919 anthology of pastiches Rather Like. In the story, Edward Malone recounts how Sherlock Holmes was called upon to locate the vanished, seemingly kidnapped, Professor Challenger. The story also was reprinted in the anthology, The Misadventures of Sherlock Holmes (1944), edited by Ellery Queen.
 * Sherlock Holmes's War of the Worlds: Manly Wade Wellman and Wade Wellman. A slightly anachronistic romp, in which Sherlock Holmes and Challenger oppose H. G. Wells' Martian hordes and one of Holmes' old enemies. Holmes is the hero, but Challenger plays a major part. It is mentioned that Challenger helped Holmes solve the case of the Giant Rat of Sumatra.
 * Osamu Tezuka published in 1948 a manga version of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's The Lost World. Tezuka's manga, however, is a Lost World unlike any other. Not an adaptation, this is a complete re-imagining of the story set on an alien planet.
 * There have been several other comic adaptations of Professor Challenger's exploits, but none that were particularly widespread and well known. A descendant of Professor Challenger, named Darwin Challenger, is a minor character in Valiant's Turok: Dinosaur Hunter comics, first appearing in issue #7. He bears a strong resemblance to his ancestor and makes numerous references to events in the Lost World. Professor Challenger and his companions are also referenced in The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen series. According to writer Alan Moore, Challenger had a lifelong friendship with the zoologist Dr. Dolittle. Arguably the most notable appearance is the Dell Comics adaptation of the 1960 movie version of The Lost World, as an issue of their Four Color series.
 * Return to the Lost World: Nicholas Nye. A sequel set a year later than The Lost World, which almost ignores the dinosaurs in favour of a plot involving parapsychology, an extremely odd version of evolutionary theory, and ancient technology in the style of Chariots of the Gods. While Conan Doyle's Challenger is a foe of scientific fraud, this novel begins with him preparing a scientific fake.
 * Challenger, alongside Nikola Tesla, plays a major role in two of Ralph Vaughan's four Sherlock Holmes/H. P. Lovecraft crossovers, The Adventure of the Dreaming Detective (1992) and Sherlock Holmes and the Terror Out of Time (2001).
 * "Sherlock Holmes in the Lost World" (2008) by Martin Powell in anthology Gaslight Grimoire (reprinted in Sherlock Holmes: The Crossover Casebook), in which Challenger is lost in the Lost World again and rescued by Sherlock Holmes. Challenger has a daughter who is also "Professor Challenger".
 * Dinosaur Summer: Greg Bear. Thirty years after Professor Challenger discovered dinosaurs in Venezuela, dinosaur circuses have become popular and are slipping out of the spotlight. The one remaining dinosaur circus makes a bold move to return their dinosaurs to the Tepuye plateau. Challenger himself never appears, but the protagonist's son attended Challenger High School.
 * In this sequel Professor Summerlee, Lord Roxton and the narrator Malone accompany Challenger on a journey to the moon, in a desperate bid to save the people of Ell Ka-Mar, who have crowned Challenger their king.
 * Challenger makes a guest appearance in the 3rd Plateau of Gilles Deleuze & Félix Guattari's post-structuralist philosophical text A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, in which he gives a lecture.
 * The Gorilla Comics series Section Zero, written by Karl Kesel, featured a scientific genius named Titania "Doc" Challenger, implied to be Professor Challenger's descendant.
 * Cult Holmes: The Lost World: In this BBC 7 Cult Holmes story, Holmes is investigating the damage done by Challenger in bringing dinosaurs over from the plateau. Malone's account of events is referred to as if it had been the version of events in the BBC TV adaptation of The Lost World, rather than the novel.
 * In Los Sabios en Salamanca (The Sages in Salamanca), a Spanish short novel by Alberto López Aroca, included in the book "Los Espectros Conjurados" (ISBN 978-84-607-9866-8), Challenger and his friend Lord John Roxton meet Professor Abraham Van Helsing (from Bram Stoker's Dracula) in Salamanca, and attend a meeting of the Sociedad Hermética Española (a Spanish esoteric society). In the story also appear other characters, as H.P. Lovecraft's Randolph Carter, and Spanish writers Francisco de Quevedo and Diego de Torres Villarroel.
 * In the 1960 novel World of the Gods by Pel Torro (a pseudonym of Lionel Fanthorpe), a malevolent shapeshifting alien takes on the physical form of Professor Challenger, believing him to be a real-life Earth scientist, and is then forced to remain in this form for the rest of the novel.
 * The third book in the Iris Wildthyme series by Obverse Books, Miss Wildthyme and Friends Investigate, begins with a novella entitled The Found World by Jim Smith, a pseudo-sequel to The Lost World featuring Challenger, Dr. John H. Watson and Dracula, among others.
 * The third supplement for the Forgotten Futures role playing game is George E. Challenger's Mysterious World (1994), based on and including the Challenger novels and stories.
 * Professor William Rutherford, the real-life model for Challenger, is portrayed by actor John Sessions in one of the series of BBC Films titled Murder Rooms: The Dark Beginnings of Sherlock Holmes. The episode by Stephen Gallagher opens with the young Conan Doyle's attendance at a lantern slide lecture by famed explorer Everard im Thurn featuring the 'Lost World' plateau of Mount Roraima. The story goes on to hint at experiences that Doyle would later draw upon for the novel.
 * Professor Challenger is a major supporting character in the novel Sherlock Holmes im Reich des Ctulhu ("Sherlock Holmes in the Realm of Cthulhu") by Klaus-Peter Walther and the audio play after that novel.

Portrayals
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was the first person to portray Professor Challenger, dressing and making up as the professor for a photograph he wanted included in The Lost World's initial serialized publication in the Strand Magazine. The editor refused, feeling that such hoaxes were potentially damaging. Hodder & Stoughton had no such qualms and featured the image in the first book edition.

Since then, the following actors have played the role:

 * Wallace Beery in the 1925 film The Lost World.
 * Francis L. Sullivan in the 1944 BBC radio adaptations of The Lost World and The Poison Belt.
 * Claude Rains in the 1960 film The Lost World.
 * Basil Rathbone in Dinosaurs!, a 1966 radio-style audio adaptation of The Lost World released on MGM/Leo the Lion Records.
 * Francis de Wolff in a 1975 BBC Radio 4 broadcast of The Lost World.
 * John Rhys-Davies in the 1992 film The Lost World and its 1992 sequel Return to the Lost World.
 * Armin Shimerman in a radio-style audio cassette/compact disc adaptation from Alien Voices in 1997.
 * Patrick Bergin in the 1998 film The Lost World.
 * Peter McCauley in the early 1999 cable-TV movie adaptation and the subsequent 1999–2002 television series Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's The Lost World.
 * Bob Hoskins in the 2001 film The Lost World. Airing in the UK in two parts over Christmas Day and Boxing Day in 2001, it was the first British film adaptation.
 * Bruce Boxleitner played a modernized version of Challenger as a United States Air Force Lieutenant in the 2005 film King of the Lost World.
 * Bill Paterson in the 2011 BBC Radio adaptations of When the World Screamed and The Disintegration Machine.
 * David Robb in the 2011 Classic Serial BBC Radio 4 adaptation of The Lost World.
 * Martin W. Payne in the 2019 short film "Professor Challenger & The Disintegration Machine"

title: Professor Challenger


text:
Bolesławiec County

Bolesławiec County (powiat bolesławiecki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, southwestern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the town of Bolesławiec, famed for its pottery, and its only other town is Nowogrodziec. The county covers an area of 1303.3 km2.

As at 2019 the total population of the county is 90,108, of which the population of Bolesławiec is 38,852, that of Nowogrodziec is 4,243, and the rural population is 47,013.

Neighbouring counties
Bolesławiec County is bordered by Żagań County to the north, Polkowice County to the north-east, Legnica County and Złotoryja County to the east, Lwówek Śląski County to the south, Lubań County to the south-west, and Zgorzelec County to the west.

Administrative division
The county is subdivided into six gminas (one urban, one urban-rural and four rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.

title: Bolesławiec County


text:
Brian Helgeland

Brian Thomas Helgeland (born January 17, 1961) is an American screenwriter, film producer, and director. He is best known for writing the screenplays for the films L.A. Confidential and Mystic River. He also wrote and directed the films 42, a biopic of Jackie Robinson, and Legend, about the rise and fall of the infamous London gangsters the Kray twins. His work on L.A. Confidential earned him the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay.

Early life
Helgeland was born in Providence, Rhode Island, to Norwegian-born parents Aud-Karin and Thomas Helgeland, and was raised in nearby New Bedford, Massachusetts. He majored in English at University of Massachusetts Dartmouth before following his father's work fishing scallop.

One cold winter day in 1985 made Helgeland consider another job, after finding a book about film schools.

Helgeland eventually settled on a career in film, considering his love for movies. He applied for the film school at Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles, as it was the only one which could accept him in the middle of the semester.

Career
Helgeland's agent arranged him a meeting with Rhet Topham, who had an idea for a horror comedy film but was having difficulty writing it. The resulting film was 976-EVIL, which the duo managed to sell for $12,000. 976-EVIL marked the directorial debut of Freddy Krueger portrayer Robert Englund, who went on to recommend Helgeland as New Line Cinema wanted to do a new A Nightmare on Elm Street film. Helgeland was paid $70,000 to do what would become A Nightmare on Elm Street 4: The Dream Master. Both films were released in 1988, with The Dream Master hitting theaters earlier. Another script, Highway to Hell, earned Helgeland $275,000 and got a film release in 1992. In 1990, Helgeland and Manny Coto sold a script, The Ticking Man, for $1 million, but the film was never made.

In 1998, Helgeland won both an Academy Award (for Best Adapted Screenplay with L.A. Confidential) and a Razzie (for The Postman) the same year. Only one person had previously achieved the dubious feat (Alan Menken in 1993), and only one other (Sandra Bullock in 2010) has achieved it since. He accepted the Razzie and became only the fourth person in its history to be personally presented with the statuette. He keeps the statues of both the Oscar and the Razzie on his mantle as "a reminder of Hollywood's idealistic nature and unrealistic expectations."

Helgeland wrote and directed the films Payback (1999), A Knight's Tale (2001), The Order (2003), 42 (2013) and Legend (2015). He has worked with director Clint Eastwood twice, in 2002 on Blood Work, and in 2003 on Mystic River, for which he was nominated for an Oscar for Best Adapted Screenplay, and has written an as yet unproduced adaptation of Moby-Dick.

In 2004, Helgeland co-wrote the screenplay for the major motion picture The Bourne Supremacy, for which he was uncredited. In early 2008, he was attached to shape the script of the thriller Green Zone after screenwriter Tom Stoppard had to drop out, again collaborating with director Paul Greengrass, whom he worked with on The Bourne Supremacy, as well as reuniting with actor Matt Damon, who played Jason Bourne/David Webb. Helgeland wrote the screenplay for the remake of The Taking of Pelham 123, replacing screenwriter David Koepp. The film was released on June 12, 2009.

On May 4, 2017, HBO announced that Helgeland is one of four writers working on a potential pilot for a Game of Thrones spin-off. In addition to Helgeland, Carly Wray, Max Borenstein, and Jane Goldman are also working on potential pilots. Helgeland has been working and communicating with George R. R. Martin, the author of A Song of Ice and Fire, the series of novels upon which the original series is based. Former Game of Thrones showrunners D. B. Weiss and David Benioff would also be executive producers for whichever project is picked up by HBO.

Personal life
Helgeland and his wife Nancy have two sons.

title: Brian Helgeland


text:
Harjumaa (ancient county)

Harjumaa (Harria) (1200 hides), was an ancient county in what would now be the Republic of Estonia.

Parishes

 * around Varbola
 * around Lohu
 * around Kose

title: Harjumaa (ancient county)