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Elijah Parish Lovejoy

Elijah Parish Lovejoy (November 9, 1802 – November 7, 1837) was an American Presbyterian minister, journalist, newspaper editor, and abolitionist. After his murder by a mob, he became a martyr to the abolitionist cause opposing slavery in the United States. He was also hailed as a defender of free speech and freedom of the press.

Lovejoy was born in New England and graduated from what is today Colby College. Unsatisfied with a teaching career, he was drawn to journalism and decided to 'go west'. In 1827, he reached St. Louis, Missouri. Under the Missouri Compromise of 1820, Missouri entered the United States as a slave state. Lovejoy edited a newspaper but returned east for a time to study for the ministry at Princeton University. On his return to St. Louis, he founded the St. Louis Observer, in which he became increasingly more critical of slavery and the powerful interests protecting slavery. Facing threats and violent attacks, Lovejoy decided to move across the river to Alton in Illinois, a free state. However, Alton was also tied to the Mississippi River economy, easily reachable by anti-Lovejoy Missourians, and badly split over abolitionism.

In Alton, Lovejoy was fatally shot during an attack by a pro-slavery mob. The mob was seeking to destroy a warehouse owned by Winthrop Sargent Gilman and Benjamin Godfrey, which held Lovejoy's printing press and abolitionist materials. According to John Quincy Adams, the murder "[gave] a shock as of an earthquake throughout this country." The Boston Recorder wrote that "these events called forth from every part of the land 'a burst of indignation which has not had its parallel in this country since the Battle of Lexington.'" When informed about the murder, John Brown said publicly: "Here, before God, in the presence of these witnesses, from this time, I consecrate my life to the destruction of slavery." Lovejoy is often seen as a martyr to the abolitionist cause and to a free press. The Lovejoy Monument was erected in Alton in 1897.

Early life and education
Elijah Parish Lovejoy was born at his paternal grandparents' frontier farmhouse near Albion, Maine (then part of Massachusetts), the eldest of nine children of Elizabeth (Pattee) Lovejoy and Daniel Lovejoy. Lovejoy's father was a Congregational preacher and farmer, and his mother was a homemaker and a devout Christian. Daniel Lovejoy named his son in honor of his close friend and mentor, Elijah Parish, a minister who was also involved in politics. Due to his own lack of education, the father encouraged his sons – Elijah, Daniel, Joseph Cammett, Owen, and John – to become educated. Elijah was taught to read the Bible and other religious texts by his mother at an early age.

After completing early studies in public schools, Lovejoy attended the private Academy at Monmouth and China Academy. When sufficiently proficient in Latin and mathematics, he enrolled at Waterville College (now Colby College) as a sophomore in 1823. Lovejoy received financial support from minister Benjamin Tappan to continue his studies there. Based on faculty recommendations, from 1824 until his graduation in 1826, he also served as headmaster of Colby's associated high school, the Latin School (later known as the Coburn Classical Institute). In September 1826, Lovejoy graduated cum laude from Waterville, and was class valedictorian.

Journey westward
During the winter and spring, he taught at China Academy in Maine. Dissatisfied with teaching, Lovejoy considered moving to the American South or westward to the Northwest Territory. His former teachers at Waterville College advised him that he would best serve God in the West (now considered the American Midwest).

In May 1827, he went to Boston to earn money for his journey, having settled on the free state of Illinois as his destination. Unsuccessful at finding work, he started for Illinois by foot. He stopped in New York City in mid-June to try to find work. He eventually landed a position with the Saturday Evening Gazette as a newspaper subscription peddler. For nearly five weeks, he worked to sell subscriptions.

Struggling with his finances, he wrote to Jeremiah Chaplin, president of Waterville College, explaining his situation. Chaplin sent the money that his former student needed. Before embarking on his journey westward, Lovejoy wrote a poem which later seemed to prophesy his death:

Career in Missouri
In 1827, Lovejoy arrived in St. Louis, Missouri, a major port in a slave state that shared its longest border with the free state of Illinois. Although it had a large slave market, St. Louis identified itself less with the plantation South and more as the "gateway to the West" and the American "frontier."

Lovejoy initially ran a private school in St. Louis with a friend, which they modeled after academies in the East. Lovejoy's interest in teaching waned, however, when local editors began publishing his poems in their newspapers.

St. Louis Times
In 1829, Lovejoy became a co-editor with T. J. Miller of the St. Louis Times, which promoted the candidacy of Henry Clay for president of the United States. Working at the Times introduced him to like-minded community leaders, many of whom were members of the American Colonization Society. They supported sending freed American blacks to Africa, considering it a kind of "repatriation." Opponents of the ACS including Frederick Douglass noted most African Americans had been native-born for generations and considered their future to be in the U.S. Among Lovejoy's new acquaintances were prominent St. Louis attorneys and slaveholders such as Edward Bates (later U.S. Attorney General under President Abraham Lincoln); Hamilton R. Gamble, later Chief Justice of the Missouri Supreme Court; and his brother Archibald Gamble.

Lovejoy occasionally hired slaves who were leased out by owners, to work with him at the paper. Among them was William Wells Brown, who later recounted his experience in a memoir. Brown described Lovejoy as "a very good man, and decidedly the best master that I had ever had. I am chiefly indebted to him, and to my employment in the printing office, for what little learning I obtained while in slavery."

Theological training
Lovejoy struggled with his interest in religion, often writing to his parents about his sinfulness and rebellion against God. He attended revival meetings in 1831 led by William S. Potts, pastor of First Presbyterian Church, that rekindled his interest in religion for a time. However, Lovejoy admitted to his parents that "gradually these feelings all left me, and I returned to the world a more hardened sinner than ever."

A year later, Lovejoy found the call to God he had been yearning for. In 1832, influenced by Christian revivalist meetings led by abolitionist David Nelson, he joined the First Presbyterian Church and decided to become a preacher. He sold his interest in the Times, and returned East to study at Princeton Theological Seminary. While he was at Princeton, Lovejoy debated the question of slavery with an abolitionist named Bradford. Although Lovejoy had opposed abolitionism during the debate, after returning to St. Louis he would write to Bradford repeatedly asking him to write articles for his newspaper.

After graduation, he went to Philadelphia, where he became an ordained minister of the Presbyterian Church on April 18, 1833.

St. Louis Observer
In 1833, a group of Protestants in St. Louis offered to finance a religious newspaper if Lovejoy would agree to return and edit it. Lovejoy accepted and on November 22, 1833, he published the first issue of the St. Louis Observer. His editorials criticized both the Catholic Church and slavery. By 1830, sixty percent of the population of St. Louis was Catholic, and the proprietors of the Observer tasked Lovejoy with countering the increasing influence of Catholicism.

From the fall of 1833 to the summer 1836, Lovejoy regularly published articles criticizing the Catholic Church and church doctrine. Some were written by Lovejoy, while others were contributed by other authors. Initially, he criticized Catholic beliefs such as transubstantiation, clerical celibacy, and the influence of Catholicism on foreign governments. He also argued that "Popery" undermined the fundamental principles of American democracy. Local Catholics and clergy were offended by these attacks and regularly responded in articles of their own in The Shepherd of the Times, a Catholic newspaper funded by Bishop Joseph Rosati.

In 1834, the St. Louis Observer began to increase its coverage of slavery, the most controversial issue of the day. At first, Lovejoy resisted calling himself an abolitionist, because he disliked the negative connotations associating abolitionism with social unrest. Even as he expressed antislavery views, he claimed to be an "emancipationist" rather than an "abolitionist." In the spring of 1835, the Missouri Republican advocated the gradual emancipation of slaves in Missouri, and Lovejoy voiced his support through the Observer. Lovejoy urged antislavery groups in Missouri to push for the issue to be addressed during a proposed state constitutional convention. To their dismay, the editors of both newspapers soon found that their "moderate" proposal to end slavery gradually could not be discussed without igniting a polarizing political debate.

Over time, Lovejoy became bolder and more outspoken about his antislavery views, advocating the outright emancipation of all slaves on religious and moral grounds. Lovejoy condemned slavery and "implored all Christians who owned slaves to recognize that slaves were human beings who possessed a soul," and famously wrote:"Slavery, as it exists among us . . . is demonstrably an evil. In every community where it exists, it presses like a nightmare on the body politic. Or, like the vampire, it slowly and imperceptibly sucks away the life-blood of society, leaving it faint and disheartened to stagger along the road of improvement."

Threats of violence
Lovejoy's views on slavery began to incite complaints and threats. Pro-slavery proponents condemned anti-slavery coverage which appeared in newspapers, stating that it was against "the vital interests of the slaveholding states." Lovejoy was threatened to be tarred and feathered if he continued to publish anti-slavery content.

By October 1835, there were rumors of mob action against The Observer. A group of prominent St. Louisans, including many of Lovejoy's friends, wrote a letter pleading with him to cease discussion of slavery in the newspaper. Lovejoy was away from the city at this time, and the publishers declared that no further articles on slavery would be published during his absence. They said that when he returned, he would follow a more rigorous editorial policy. Lovejoy responded by expressing disagreement with the publishers' policy. As tensions over slavery escalated in St. Louis, Lovejoy would not back down from his convictions; he sensed that he would become a martyr for the cause. He was asked to resign as editor of The Observer, to which he agreed. After the newspaper's owners released The Observer property to the moneylender who held the mortgage, the new owners asked Lovejoy to stay on as editor.

Lynching of Francis McIntosh
Lovejoy and The Observer continued to be embroiled in controversy. In April 1836, Francis McIntosh, a free man of color and boatman, was arrested by two policemen. En route to the jail, McIntosh grabbed a knife and stabbed both men. One was killed and the other seriously injured. McIntosh attempted to escape, but was caught by a white mob, who tied him up and burned him to death. Some of the mob were brought before a grand jury to face charges. The presiding judge, Judge Luke Lawless, refused to convict anyone; he said the crime was a spontaneous mob action without any specific people to prosecute. The judge made remarks suggesting that abolitionists, including Lovejoy and The Observer, had incited McIntosh into stabbing the policemen.

Marriage and family
Lovejoy also served as an evangelist preacher. He traveled a circuit across the state, during which he met Celia Ann French of St. Charles, located on the Missouri River west of St. Louis, now a suburb of the city. She was the daughter of Thomas French, a lawyer who came to St. Charles in the 1820s. The couple were married on March 4, 1835. Their son Edward P. Lovejoy was born in 1836. Their second child was born after Elijah's death and died as an infant. In a letter to his mother, Elijah had written about Celia:"My dear wife is a perfect heroine... never has she by a single word attempted to turn me from the scene of warfare and danger – never has she whispered a feeling of discontent at the hardships to which she has been subjected in consequence of her marriage to me, and those have been neither few nor small."

Move to Illinois
In the summer of 1836, Lovejoy attended the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Pittsburgh and met several followers of abolitionist Theodore Weld. At the assembly, Lovejoy was frustrated by the church's hesitation to fully support petitions for abolition and drafted a protest submitted to church leadership. By this time, he had fully embraced the label of "abolitionist."

In the face of all the negative publicity and two break-ins in May 1836, Lovejoy decided to move The Observer across the Mississippi River to Alton, Illinois. At the time, Alton was large and prosperous, many times larger than the frontier city of Chicago. Although Illinois was a free state, Alton was also a center for slave catchers and pro-slavery forces active in the southern area. Many refugee slaves crossed the Mississippi River from Missouri. Among Alton's residents were pro-slavery Southerners who thought Alton should not become a haven for escaped slaves.

On July 21, 1836, Lovejoy published a scathing editorial criticizing the way that Judge Luke Lawless had handled the murder trial of Francis McIntosh. Arguing that the judge's actions appeared to condone the murder, he wrote that Lawless was "a Papist; and in his charge we see the cloven foot of Jesuitism." He also announced that his next issue would be printed in Alton. Before he could move the press, an angry mob broke into The Observer office and vandalized it. Only Alderman and future mayor Bryan Mullanphy attempted to stop the crime, and no policemen or city officials intervened. Lovejoy packed what remained of the office for shipment to Alton. The printing press sat on the riverbank, unguarded, overnight; vandals destroyed it and threw the remains into the Mississippi River.

Alton Observer
Lovejoy served as pastor at Upper Alton Presbyterian Church (now College Avenue Presbyterian Church). In 1837, he started the Alton Observer, also an abolitionist, Presbyterian paper. Lovejoy's views on slavery became more extreme, and he called for a convention to discuss forming an Illinois state chapter of the American Anti-Slavery Society, established in Philadelphia in 1833.

Many residents of Alton began to question whether they should continue to allow Lovejoy to print in their town. After an economic crisis in March 1837, Alton citizens wondered if Lovejoy's views were contributing to hard times. They felt Southern states, or even the city of St. Louis, might not want to do business with their town if they continued to harbor such an outspoken abolitionist.

Lovejoy held the Illinois Antislavery Congress at the Presbyterian church in Upper Alton on October 26, 1837. Supporters were surprised to see two pro-slavery advocates in the crowd, John Hogan and Illinois Attorney General Usher F. Linder. The Lovejoy supporters were not happy to have his enemies at the convention, but relented as the meeting was open to all parties.

On November 2, 1837, Lovejoy responded to threats in a speech, saying: "As long as I am an American citizen, and as long as American blood runs in these veins, I shall hold myself at liberty to speak, to write and to publish whatever I please, being amenable to the laws of my country for the same."

Mob attack and death
Lovejoy had acquired a fourth press and hid it in a warehouse owned by Winthrop Sargent Gilman and Gilford, major grocers in the area. A mob, said by Appleton's to be composed mostly of Missourians, attacked the building on the evening of November 6, 1837. Pro-slavery partisans approached Gilman's warehouse, where Lovejoy had hidden his printing press. The conflict continued. According to the Alton Observer, the mob fired shots into the warehouse. When Lovejoy and his men returned fire, they hit several people in the crowd, killing a man named Bishop. After the attacking party had apparently withdrawn, Lovejoy opened the door and was instantly struck by five bullets, dying in a few minutes.

Jon Meacham in his book And There Was Light: Abraham Lincoln and the American Struggle notes that Lovejoy was murdered on November 7, 1837, after he helped William Lloyd Garrison found an Illinois chapter of Garrison's Anti-Slavery Society.

Elijah Lovejoy was buried in Alton Cemetery; his grave was unmarked to prevent vandalism. The ceremony was kept small. In 1864, Thomas Dimmock "reclaimed from oblivion" Lovejoy's grave. Dimmock had "succeeded in establishing the location of the grave... in a roadway where vehicles were passing over it... Mr. Dimmock had the bones disinterred and...  laid in a new grave where they would be free from trespass." He also arranged for a gravestone and helped found a committee to create a monument to the editor. Dimmock was principal orator at the dedication of a later monument erected in 1897 to commemorate Lovejoy.

The Chicago Tribune said of the grave marking and association to fund a monument:

"For many years Lovejoy's grave was unmarked and in danger of utter oblivion, until one who had known him in life, Thomas Dimmock of St. Louis, . . . marked the grave with the simple stone bearing he inscription: 'Hic jacet Lovejoy. Jam parce depulto.' 'Here lies Lovejoy: now spare his grave.' It was largely through the efforts of Mr. Dimmock that ten years ago the Lovejoy Monument Association was formed . . .."

Alton riot trial
Francis B. Murdoch, the district attorney of Alton, prosecuted charges of riot related to both assailants and defenders of the warehouse in January 1838, on Wednesday and Friday of the same week. He called the Illinois Attorney General, Usher F. Linder, to assist him.

Murdoch (with Linder) first prosecuted Gilman, owner of the warehouse, and eleven other defenders of the new press and building. They were indicted on two charges related to the riot at a trial opening January 16, 1838, for "unlawful defence", so defined and charged because it was "violently and tumultuously done." Gilman moved to be tried separately; his counsel said he needed to be able to show his lack of criminal intent. The court agreed on the condition that the other eleven defendants would be tried together. Although the proceedings lasted until 10 p.m. that night, in the case of Gilman, the jury returned after ten minutes to declare him "Not Guilty." The next morning the "City Attorney entered a 'Nolle Prosequi' as to the other eleven defendants", effectively dismissing the charges against them.

A new jury was called to hear the case against the assailants of the warehouse. The attackers allegedly responsible for destruction of the warehouse and Lovejoy's death were tried beginning January 19, 1838. Concluding it was not possible to assign responsibility among the several suspects and others not indicted, the jury gave a verdict of "not guilty". The jury foreman had been identified as a member of the mob and was wounded in the attack. The presiding judge doubled as a witness to the proceedings. These conflicts of interest are believed to have contributed to the "not guilty" verdict.

Aftermath and legacy

After Lovejoy was killed, there was a dramatic increase in the number of people in the North and the West who joined anti-slavery societies, which formed beginning in the 1830s. Partly because he was a clergyman, there was outrage about his death. It became a catalyst for other pro- and anti-slavery events, like the John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, that culminated with the American Civil War.

Lovejoy was considered a martyr by the abolition movement. In his name, his brother Owen Lovejoy became the leader of the Illinois abolitionists. Owen and his brother Joseph wrote a memoir about Elijah, which was published in 1838 by the Anti-Slavery Society in New York and distributed widely among abolitionists in the nation. With his killing symbolic of the rising tensions within the country, Lovejoy is called the "first casualty of the Civil War."

Abraham Lincoln referred to Lovejoy's murder in his Lyceum address in January 1838. About Lovejoy, Lincoln said, "Let every man remember that to violate the law, is to trample on the blood of his father, and to tear the charter of his own, and his children’s liberty… Let reverence for the laws be breathed by every American mother…in short let it become the political religion of the nation…"

John Brown was inspired by Lovejoy's death. At a church meeting the Sunday after Lovejoy's murder, he vowed to commit his life to abolition. Two neighbors recalled that he announced: "I pledge myself, with God's help, that I devote my life to increasing hostility to slavery." A later recollection by his half-brother Edward Brown had a different formulation: "Here, before God, in the presence of these witnesses, from this time, I consecrate my life to the destruction of slavery."

John Glanville Gill completed his Ph.D. at Harvard in 1946 on The Issues Involved in the Death of the Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, Alton, 1837. This thesis was adapted and published in 1958 as the first biography of Lovejoy, entitled Tide Without Turning: Elijah P. Lovejoy and Freedom of the Press.

Honors and awards

 * Rankin was a 2013 Inductee into the National Abolition Hall of Fame in Peterboro, New York.
 * The Elijah Parish Lovejoy Award was established by Colby College in his honor. It is awarded annually to a member of the press who "has contributed to the nation's journalistic achievement." A major classroom building at Colby is also named for Lovejoy. An inscribed memorial rock from his birthplace was installed in a grassy square at Colby.
 * In 2003, Reed College established the Elijah Parish and Owen Lovejoy Scholarship, which it awards annually.
 * Memorials and plaques
 * In 1897, the 110-foot tall Elijah P. Lovejoy Monument was erected at Alton's City Cemetery; $25,000 had been appropriated by the state legislature, and $5,000 raised by residents of Alton and other supporters.
 * A plaque honoring Elijah Parish Lovejoy was installed on an external wall at the Mackay Campus Center at his alma mater, Princeton Theological Seminary.
 * He is the first person listed in the "Journalists Memorial" located at the Newseum, 555 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC.
 * Elijah Lovejoy is recognized by a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame.
 * Numerous places and institutions were named after him:
 * The majority African-American village of Brooklyn, Illinois, located just north of East St. Louis, is popularly known as 'Lovejoy' in his honor.
 * The Presbytery of Giddings-Lovejoy, Presbyterian Church (USA), formed on January 3, 1985, from the merger of Elijah Parish Lovejoy Presbytery and the Presbytery of Southeast Missouri.
 * Lovejoy Health Center in Albion, Maine, his birthplace.
 * The Lovejoy School in Washington, D.C. was named in his honor in 1870. It moved to a new Victorian building at 12th and D Street NE in 1872, and closed in 1988. It was adapted and converted to the Lovejoy Lofts condominiums in 2004.
 * Lovejoy Elementary School in Alton, Illinois.
 * LoveJoy United Presbyterian Church, Wood River, Illinois
 * Lovejoy Library at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville

Further reading (most recent first)

 * (Biography for middle-grade readers.)
 * (Biography for middle-grade readers.)
 * (Biography for middle-grade readers.)

title: Elijah Parish Lovejoy


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Eurasian scops owl

The Eurasian scops owl (Otus scops), also known as the European scops owl or just scops owl, is a small owl in the typical owl family Strigidae. Its breeding range extends from southern Europe eastwards to southern Siberia and the western Himalayas. It is migratory, wintering in Africa south of the Sahara.

Taxonomy
The Eurasian scops owl was formally described by Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. Linnaeus cited the 1599 description by the Italian naturalist Ulisse Aldrovandi, placed it with all the other owls in the genus Strix and coined the binomial name Strix scops. The Eurasian scops owl is now placed in the genus Otus that was introduced in 1769 by Welsh naturalist Thomas Pennant. The genus name is derived from the Latin otus meaning "eared owl". The specific epithet scops is from the Ancient Greek word skōps for a little eared owl. The term is believed to be of Pre-Greek origin; folk etymology links it to σκώπτω (skṓptō, "to mock") or σκέπτομαι (sképtomai, "to examine").

Five subspecies are recognised:
 * O. s. scops (Linnaeus, 1758) – France and Italy to the Caucasus area
 * O. s. mallorcae von Jordans, 1923 – Iberian Peninsula, Balearic Islands and northwest Africa
 * O. s. cycladum (Tschusi, 1904) – southern Greece and Crete to southern Turkey, Syria and Jordan
 * O. s. turanicus (Loudon, 1905) – Iraq to northwest Pakistan
 * O. s. pulchellus (Pallas, 1771) – Kazakhstan to southern Siberia and western Himalayas

Description
The Eurasian scops owl is 19 – in length with a wingspan of 47 –. This is somewhat smaller than the little owl (Athene noctua). It perches upright and shows small ear-tufts. The plumage is predominantly grey-brown in colour, with a paler face, underparts and shoulder line. This species has a strong direct flight on long narrow wings, reflecting its migratory habits.

The call is a deep whistle given by both sexes. It is similar to the call of midwife toads in the genus Alytes.

Distribution and habitat
This bird breeds in southern Europe eastwards into western and central Asia. It is migratory, wintering in southernmost Europe and sub-Saharan Africa. It was spotted in Newtown area near Kolkata for a brief period during October 2021. It was the first sighting in eastern India. It is rare any distance north of its breeding range, usually occurring as a spring overshoot. It is unlikely that this nocturnal owl would be found outside the breeding season when it is not calling.

Breeding
Eurasian scops owls breed in open woodland, parks and gardens. The nest is usually a hole in a tree or in a wall, but can sometimes be an old nest of another species such as a crow. The clutch is usually 4 or 5 eggs. These are white and measure 31 x and weigh around 13 g. The eggs are incubated only by the female. They hatch after 24-25 days. The young are cared for and fed by both parents. They fledge when aged 21–29 days and become independent of their parents at 30–40 days of age.

Diet
It takes small prey such as insects and other invertebrates. It is largely nocturnal.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Eurasian scops owl


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Talk:Hiking

Books on walking
Would it be useful to add a section on walking books? The following are some suggestions: Examples in other languages than English? Rwood128 (talk) 21:02, 16 November 2020 (UTC)
 * William Wordsworth, A Guide through the District of the Lakes
 * .Bill Bryson: A Walk in the Woods – describing his attempt to walk the Appalachian Trail
 * John Hillaby, Journey to the Jade Sea (1964); Journey through Britain; Journey through Europe; Journey to the Gods (1991). Accounts of various long distance walks.
 * Patrick Leigh Fermor, A Time of Gifts (1977); Between the Woods and the Water (1986); The Broken Road (2013). A trilogy describing a walk across Europe.
 * John Muir: A thousand-mile walk to the Gulf.
 * Dervla Murphy: walking across the Andes, Ethiopia, etc.
 * Robert Louis Stephenson: Travels with a Donkey – 12-day, 200-kilometre (120 mi) solo hiking journey through the Cévennes mountains.

Orphaned references in Hiking
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Hiking's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "h1": From Lycian Way:  From Fethiye:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 22:26, 16 November 2020 (UTC)

Images
Hi Nick Moyes, I have restored the two images that you deleted, presumably because you thought that they were off topic. I understand, but I'm preparing now to start using trail crampons for safety, even though I actually walk within a city's boundaries, and then, when deep snow comes, I will sometimes use snowshoes. But I will still be hiking/walking. I will also see signs of skis on the trails that I use. The two winter images emphasises their similarity with hiking in other seasons. The snowshoe article begins: "A snowshoe is footwear for walking over snow". Rwood128 (talk) 15:06, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

 * See: "Winter Hikes in Nova Scotia" Rwood128 (talk) 15:27, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Hi, . Thank you for giving your rationale for reverting my removal of two irrelevant images from the 'See also' section of this article. Rather than stomping in and simply reverting you (which only causes upset) I thought it best to explain that I believe you were wrong to reinstate them, and to explain my rationale for their removal (which was mentioned in my edit summary):
 * 'See also' sections do not contain images.
 * Neither snow shoes nor ski touring are mentioned in the article. They are, of course related activities and so a wikilink within the 'See also' section is quite acceptable.
 * If you feel they are relevant to the article, you should include a section of text about them before including an image, though I respectfully suggest you would be better doing so at Backpacking (hiking), where both more specialised techniques are already briefly mentioned, then in this more general article about hiking.
 * Images used in articles need to add encyclopaedic content about the subject. Neither this image nor this image add value to the article, and serve only to confuse and misdirect, as they are not referred to anywhere on the page. Indeed, they are wikilinked in 'See also' at 'Related activities' and not even as 'Types of hiking' So this is WP:UNDUE, just as including an image of a llama would be inappropriate on the grounds of it being relevant to Llama hiking.
 * And most whacky of all: the image of a girl feeding a bird on her arm whilst happening to be wearing snow shows (that you can't properly see) is, well, plain daft.
 * So please reinstate my edit and appreciate that we all have experiences when hiking that might be related to the broad subject, but not directly it, but this is an encyclopaedia which should serve to inform and not confuse the reader. Neither your own personal experiences, or mine as an active hiker and alpinist are relevant. I often carry an ice axe and crampons when I'm hiking in winter, or on approach walks in the Alps. None of those images would be directly relevant here, nor are the two that I removed. Please revert your edit which reinstated them. Nick Moyes (talk) 16:19, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Thanks Nick Moyes. I will await any further comment, and will also think further about this. There is mention of winter hiking, under hazards, but this is peripheral. A section on winter hiking is needed that can includes, for example, reference to the use of crampons and an ice ax. Your choice of words such as "wacky" and "daft" is puzzling, but maybe there is a cultural difference as you don't have a real winter in England.
 * The disputed images in fact illustrate the "see also" section, especially "related topics". Your comment about the snowshoe image being "plain daft" is over the top. There is a caption and my ancient eyes can see the snow shoes. Rwood128 (talk) 18:43, 20 November 2020 (UTC)

 * As I said above, it is quite inappropriate to add any images to the 'See also' section, and I have to respond to you over the image of a girl feeding a bird whilst standing, wearing snow shows to illustrate 'hiking'. It is, indeed, quite daft to include such a wacky image. Can you not see how irrelevant that is to the article? (Maybe it's a cultural thing.) But I am pleased you have now seen sense and removed it. I have moved the images out from the 'See also' section into the section you've sensibly created on 'winter hiking' - I'm very happy to see that section included, and would very much welcome seeing it being expanded, as well as appropriate images added to support the text content. Please just ensure you follow WP:MOS when expanding content. You are quite right about English winters; that's why hikers in England who want to become competent alpine mountaineers often head a few hundred miles north to improve their winter skills by ice climbing in Scotland - a place where many of the world's toughest climbers have come from. Cheers, Nick Moyes (talk) 02:27, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

I agree with and have restored the photograph of the snowshoer in the See also section. Snowshoeing is a form of hiking, and the picture illustrates snowshoeing, per MOS:IMAGERELEVANCE. Further, there is nothing is MOS:SEEALSO that forbids images in the section. If you'd like to come up with a better snowshoeing image, I'm open for substitution, but I think it illustrates a form of winter hiking, and I support keeping the photograph in. If you'd like to discuss further, let's stick to using Wikipedia guidelines, and avoid perjorative terms such as "daft". — hike395 (talk) 06:16, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Thanks hike395, however, I had changed the snowshoeing image, so that we now have two for snowshoeing, and you deleted the one for Cross-country skiing. I'm presuming that was an error and will restore that image. Rwood128 (talk) 12:28, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

 * There's no problem having these images in the article, providing they are relevant to an appropriate section, which they now seem to be - and I appreciate the efforts of all those working to improve the structure and content of this article, which is now showing a marked improvement. But there simply is no justification for any image being placed in a See also section, just as there would not be in 'References' either. Perhaps consider a WP:GALLERY if extra images are ever really necessary, but please consider mobile users who only see one section and their accompanying images at any one time. Meanwhile, I have repositioned the remaining image from 'See also' into the winter hiking section of the article, per MOS:IMAGELOCATION, and have expanded that section a little. On a desktop, they still currently appear to project down into the 'See also' sub-section, but they are nevertheless in the right place now.  Nick Moyes (talk) 15:50, 21 November 2020 (UTC)

 * I meant to restore the snowshoer with bird photo, but if you prefer the snowshoers in Bryce Canyon, it's clear that the consensus is not restore the bird photo. — hike395 (talk) 14:38, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Hike395, I was happy with the earlier more homely image but thought that the new image might be more acceptable to Nick Moyes. In the end I think the article has benefitted from the debate. Rwood128 (talk) 15:59, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

 * I think it has indeed benefited from the attention (and yes, I like the alternative snowshoeing image a lot better) - thanks both. As an aside, you might also have spotted that I've now uploaded and inserted a citation and image of alpaca trekking to llama hiking because I thought we were unfairly excluding alpacas from the page, and also because the choice of main image there was a bit off-topic (aka daft). Warning: Anyone shoving an alpaca into this article will be instantly blocked. (Only kidding!). Cheers, Nick Moyes (talk) 16:11, 22 November 2020 (UTC)

Hiking with children
Schi11, the new Hiking addition reads too much like a manual. See What Wikipedia is not. Please revise (you risk having it deleted). I'll try and help. Rwood128 (talk) 13:27, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Suggestion: Maybe the cited sources in German can be paraphrased and quoted? Rwood128 (talk) 13:48, 26 December 2020 (UTC)

 * And in English, and , etc. Rwood128 (talk) 14:22, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

 * I agree with these comments - we aren't here to give advice about how to do something. I'm going to give it a quick once-over. Girth Summit  (blether)  16:29, 27 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Nick Moyes, re your recent edit, I don't know whether it is as glaringly obvious to all parent that: "it is possible to engage in hiking with young children", as you think, though the wording might be improved. In my experience successful hiking with a young child requires lots of planning and flexibility. Rwood128 (talk) 20:32, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Thanks, . I don't think our role is to spell out things that are not glaringly obvious; it is, of course, to cover a topic encyclopaedically, and we need to avoid making statements that might themselves mislead. My edit was purely intended to remove poor wording that to me would sound awkward to, or confuse, a reader. I'm OK with expanding this section a little more in order to explain the very different issues involved with hiking with babies, with toddlers and with older children. I suggest this book might be a suitable source to base any expansion upon, or it could go in 'Further reading'. It certainly covers the key areas and, like you, I also have experience of taking a baby, and then a 4 year old, and then a teenage child up major mountain trails. Yes, I agree: they all involve careful planning. There are two definitions that seem essential to appreciate here in any editing: that of what 'hiking' is, and what a 'child' is. I do feel that some of this article's editors seem determined to expand it into areas that stray well beyond what general hiking is, and into into realms best covered by other articles. (I would, for example, suggest that the inclusion of the photo of Striding Edge is a perfect example of that. If anyone's been on it, they'll know why I say that. It's an easy scrambling route, less a hiking trail, so doesn't really belong here).  Nick Moyes (talk) 00:37, 29 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Thanks Nick, I certainly agree about the need not to stray too far into related areas. With regard to the photo of Striding Edge, I believe that I added that, and for me it represents more or less the boundary of what I see as hiking. This also includes hiking in snow, paths protected with chains, etc, in the Alps, and, here in Newfoundland. walking with trail crampons in winter on easy paths locally, Rwood128 (talk) 12:48, 29 December 2020 (UTC)

 * OK fair enough. On further reflection I might accept that Striding Edge is at the very upper limit of relevance to 'Hiking' - with some limited scrambling involved - and the caption does make that clear. But other classic UK routes like Crib Goch on Snowdon  or Aonach Eagach Ridge in Glencoe definitely fall into the scrambling category and so wouldn't be appropriate here. But I still wonder whether an image of another route better known for mainstream hiking, rather than pushing the limits would be better. Perhaps the Miner's Track or the Pyg track on Snowdon might fit the bill more? (Somewhere I've a photo of my 4 year old doing it all by herself, and carrying her own rucksack too; I might upload it if it looks potentially useful!) Nick Moyes (talk) 15:59, 29 December 2020 (UTC)

The point of the Striding Edge image was to demonstrate a hiking "boundary", rather than a typical hike. The Aonach Eagach ridge was done by a friend of mine, years ago, who was no mountaineer, and I suppose some might see it as representing the "very upper limit" between hiking and rock climbing. I did the Snowdon Horseshoe as a student on a hiking weekend. We stayed mostly below the crest, with little scrambling, and I was guided through the only really exposed scramble (that I remember) by a mountaineering type dangling over an abyss! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rwood128 (talk • contribs) 18:35, 29 December 2020 (UTC)

Hazard
Hike395 why change the image, in view of the discussion on the Talk page, especially as you suggest that this image is of a more obviously hazardous hiking route – which I don't in fact see. Anyhow aren't there too many photos of the North American landscape already? Can you clarify? Rwood128 (talk) 21:32, 29 December 2020 (UTC)

 * I interpreted 's comment to say that Striding Edge was a marginal hike. I was trying to find a picture of an arete hike that is less hazardous than Striding Edge. Clouds Rest is a perfectly standard hike on an arete, no scrambling or handholds. It actually isn't that hazardous, unless you do something actively unsafe. You can get a sense of that hiking that spot from the video here. There's a 1000m dropoff to the right of the arete, but it's difficult to take a picture that shows both the knife-edge and the 1000m drop-off.

 * I'm not insisting that the photograph stay in the article, if you think that we need to restore geographical balance. I can try to find a non-North-American version of a safe-ish arete hike. — hike395 (talk) 23:55, 29 December 2020 (UTC)

 * I found a photo on flickr of a ridge hike in the Ötztal Alps. I've never been to that spot, but the satellite and topo maps show it's an arete. Not sure how dangerous it is, but the hiker shown doesn't seem to be scrambling. — hike395 (talk) 00:10, 30 December 2020 (UTC)

 * fyi -- a fun photograph that shows the 1000-m dropoff at Clouds Rest, but not the knife-edge is here. — hike395 (talk) 00:16, 30 December 2020 (UTC)
 * I'd just come back by suggesting that exposure is a very obvious hazard, and it might perhaps be more useful (=encyclopaedic) to highlight a less obvious hazard, and on a less extreme hiking route than on a sharp arete. Maybe something like use of a water filter to avoid risks from contaminated water, or perhaps sunstroke avoidance, or dehydration, carrying too much equipment, being insufficiently prepared, benightment, hypothermia, or navigation/map-reading failure, having toddlers in tow (!), accidents/injury, loss of daylight, bear spray?, the so-called 'bad step/mauvais pas' or swollen river crossings which normal hikers can encounter wherein their lack of experience in scrambling/rock techniques mean they can suddenly become wildly out of their depth etc. (suddenly remembering a woman crying in sheer panic at the start of the Crib Goch ridge which I and my daughter skipped across without a problem!) BTW, whilst I'm here, did anyone tell the youths hiking in Israel that they should have carried rainproof gear? Our article's 'Equipment' section currently says they need to.  It's important to appreciate that people hiking in arid climates encounter quite different hazards and needs than those of us in cold, temperate climes. Nick Moyes (talk) 00:43, 30 December 2020 (UTC)

 * We could show this photo of Crib Goch. It's a Featured Picture (which I prefer to show in articles), and also shows hikers on the arete. Alternatively, per Nick, we could show the risk due to animals with this photo of a bear trying to steal hikers' gear. I rather like that one. — hike395 (talk) 15:01, 30 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Nice picture, but really not OK for this article at all, as that route is not a hiking route - it's an exposed scramble, impossible to get on from the Pen-y-Pass end without a short but challenging scrambling move of c.10m, then a considerable amount of exposed scrambling elsewhere along it. Please don't be tempted to include any pics of that route on this page as it's too off-topic (I'd rather have the bear!). Quite a few people come to grief thinking the Crib Goch ridge is just an exposed walk/hike; I remember soloing a winter route on Snowdon's Trinity face back in Feb 1986, descending via the icy Crib Goch ridge, only to learn that the day previously the president of the Alpine Club (UK) had fallen to his death whilst making the same traverse. But getting back on topic: I've spent the afternoon poring over maps and images to locate the Austrian ridge route added by in diff. I've updated the image description on Commons and can confirm it's the Rotkogel (2894m) - see also  and, apart from steel cables for protection in one short section, there's no obvious scrambling on that route, so I'm quite OK with it's use here. Nick Moyes (talk) 16:50, 30 December 2020 (UTC)

Great choice hike395. No cables in UK! It is great to get agreement here. Rwood128 (talk) 19:15, 30 December 2020 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 26 August 2019 and 11 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Hanna wietsma.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 23:27, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hiking


text:
Michael Flanders

Michael Henry Flanders (1 March 1922 – 14 April 1975) was an English actor, broadcaster, and writer and performer of comic songs. He is best known for his stage partnership with Donald Swann.

As a young man Flanders seemed to be heading for a successful acting career. He contracted polio in 1943 while serving in the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve and for the rest of his life was reliant on a wheelchair. He made a career as a prolific broadcaster on radio and later television, and together with his old schoolfriend, the composer Donald Swann, he wrote successful songs in the late 1940s and early and mid-1950s for revues in the West End of London. In 1956 they themselves performed some of these songs, along with new songs, in a two-man revue, At the Drop of a Hat. This show, and its successor, At the Drop of Another Hat, ran with occasional short breaks from 1956 to 1967 and played in theatres throughout the British Isles, the US, Australia and elsewhere.

During and after the stage partnership with Swann, Flanders pursued a many-faceted career, performing on stage, screen, radio, concert platforms and recordings. He wrote opera librettos, a children's book, a volume of poetry and the words of a cantata about Noah's Ark.

Early years
Flanders was born in Hampstead, London, the third child and only son of Percy Henry Flanders and his wife, Rosa Laura ("Laurie"), daughter of Charles O'Beirne, of Hastings. His father had a variety of occupations, including actor and cinema manager. His mother was a professional violinist.

From 1936 to 1940 Flanders was a pupil at Westminster School, where his contemporaries included Peter Ustinov, Peter Brook, Tony Benn and Donald Swann. In his last term in 1940, he and Swann collaborated on a school revue called Go To It! From Westminster, Flanders went up to Christ Church, Oxford, to read History. There he acted and directed for the Oxford University Dramatic Society and the Experimental Theatre Club. His roles included Brabantio in Othello, Pirandello's Henry IV and Shawcross in Auden and Isherwood's The Ascent of F6. He also wrote drama criticisms for the Oxford magazine Cherwell. In October 1941 he made his professional acting debut at the Oxford Playhouse as Valentine in Shaw's You Never Can Tell. His biographer and Oxford contemporary Michael Meyer writes of Flanders in this period: "a lean and long-striding six-foot three, a fine oarsman and quarter-miler and by far the outstanding Oxford actor of our year. None of us had any doubt that he would be the Olivier or Donat of our generation; with his height, athleticism, thin, handsome face, deep intelligence and splendid voice, he was formidably, perhaps completely, equipped."

In 1942 Flanders applied to join the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve, serving at first as an able seaman, and later commissioned as a sub-lieutenant. He survived unharmed a torpedo attack in 1942 on his ship, HMS Marne, but the following year he contracted poliomyelitis at sea and spent the next three years in hospitals. In 1946 he was discharged, but remained a wheelchair user for the rest of his life. He was deeply upset when the university authorities refused, because of his disabilities, to allow him back to resume his studies.

Postwar
Flanders returned to the family home in Hampstead Garden Suburb. He directed and produced plays with a local amateur theatre group and arranged small musical gatherings with other amateurs of music, including Gerard Hoffnung and Frank Hauser. A stage acting career being no longer possible, he found work as a radio broadcaster and wrote a few song lyrics. At the same time, Swann began composing music for revues. He recalled in 1974, "We wrote our first song in the summer of 1948. I'd gone over to Michael's home near Hampstead Heath to see if he could think of some words for a tune I'd written … 'It all sounds a bit like Gilbert and Sullivan, don't you think? … It must be terribly boring in the D'Oyly Carte Company, having to do everything exactly as it always has been done – Idea! ' '" The resulting trio, "In the D'Oyly Cart" [sic], for three disgruntled Savoyards, was accepted by the producer Laurier Lister for his new show Oranges and Lemons. The revue and the trio were highly successful, and Lister commissioned further work from the pair for his next production, Penny Plain (1951). Among their contributions to the latter were "Prehistoric Complaint", a solo for Max Adrian, "dressed in bits of fur as a sort of mis-fit caveman", and "Surly Girls", with Adrian, Desmond Walter-Ellis and Jimmy Thompson as a trio of appalling St Trinian's schoolgirls.

The Flanders and Swann numbers in the two shows worked so well that Lister invited the pair to write much of his next revue, Airs on a Shoestring (1953). Their topics ranged from economics and politics ("There's a Hole in My Budget") to a plaintive song about London's last tram ("Last of the Line") to a send-up of Benjamin Britten's works to date ("Guide to Britten"). In the same year Flanders wrote the libretto for a short opera by Antony Hopkins, Three's Company. They followed this up the next year with A Christmas Story. Also in 1954 Flanders, in partnership with Kitty Black (1914–2006), translated Stravinsky's Histoire du soldat for the Edinburgh Festival. The work played to capacity audiences in Edinburgh, and again in London at the Royal Festival Hall in 1956 with Flanders as the narrator, Sir Ralph Richardson as the Soldier and Peter Ustinov as the Devil. The translation has held its place as the standard English version into the 21st century.

During the 1950s, Flanders consolidated his career as a broadcaster, on radio, and later on television, in programmes ranging from sports commentary to poetry readings, and including a two-year stint as chairman of The Brains Trust after it moved from radio to television. He preferred performing to writing, and said that he wrote mainly "to give myself something to perform."

At the Drop of a Hat
As established and successful songwriters Flanders and Swann were invited to lecture on their craft at Dartington International Summer School in 1956. Flanders found that his spoken introductions were as well received by the audience as were the songs themselves. He and Swann decided to give a show along similar lines in London. They took the New Lindsey Theatre for a limited three-week run; the New Lindsey, holding about 150 people, was situated outside the London West End theatre district. The show opened on 31 December 1956. The press notices were good, the box-office did excellent business, and the pair were offered a West End transfer. Swann recalled in 1977, "We turned it down unanimously. It seemed to spell the end of Michael's radio career (he had by that time done at least a thousand broadcasts) and the end of Swann as composer." After each had spent two or three sleepless nights worrying, they reconsidered; the show transferred to the Fortune Theatre in Covent Garden on 24 January 1957, where, according to The Times, "it took the audience by storm". The critic J. C. Trewin wrote, "I feel that even [W. S.] Gilbert might have applauded the intricate neatness of their numbers. … I urge you to hear Mr Flanders as he explains the precise derivation of 'Greensleeves'." The show ran for 808 performances at the Fortune, until 2 May 1959.

In August 1959 Flanders and Swann took the revue to the Edinburgh Festival. On 8 October they opened in New York at Broadway's John Golden Theatre, playing there for 215 performances. In the New York Herald Tribune Walter Kerr wrote, "Whatever it is that runs through both these gentlemen's veins it makes them lively, witty, literate, ingratiating, explosively funny and excellent company for a daffy and delightful evening". After closing on Broadway they toured the show through 12 cities in the US, one in Canada and three in Switzerland. During 1962 and 1963, they revived the production in Canada and toured the British Isles, appearing in 17 towns and cities. During the tour they continually added new songs and dropped old ones; by the time they returned to the West End in October 1963 the programme was so different from that given at their last London appearance more than four years earlier that the show had a new title: At the Drop of Another Hat.

At the Drop of Another Hat
The second show followed the pattern of the first, with songs and monologues linked by comment and introductions by Flanders. It opened on 2 October 1963 at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket, a much larger house than the Fortune (with 900 seats to the Fortune's 438). Once again the reviews were excellent. The Daily Express called the show "an instant success"; The Times called it "a delicious entertainment … an inimitable evening": "They continue to write animal songs (one celebrating a love affair between an armadillo and a derelict tank is the best of the new group) and songs about little Britain (vanishing railway stations, the habits of the British workman &c.) … and there are occasional raids on other composers – notably a prestissimo Mozart movement to a song about the trials of an amateur horn player. Mr Flanders reaches his peak in two monologues – an account of an olive-stuffing fiesta in the Andorran foothills, and a derisive commentary by a contemporary onlooker at the building of Stonehenge." The duo played at the Haymarket until 21 March 1964, and after a break they toured the show in Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong and southern England, before opening again in London, at the Globe Theatre in September 1965, playing there until February 1966. Finally, they toured the show in Canada and the US, concluding in a Broadway run at the Booth Theatre from 31 December 1966 to 9 April 1967.

The decision to stop playing the Hat shows was chiefly Swann's, who felt they were impeding his range as a serious composer. The two remained friends and continued to collaborate from time to time.

Michael Flanders was the subject of This Is Your Life in 1972 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews.

Other work
During breaks in the schedule of the Hat shows, and after they had come to an end, Flanders performed on radio, television, stage, film and the concert platform. In 1962 he appeared at the Aldwych Theatre, London, as the Storyteller in the Royal Shakespeare Company's production of Brecht's The Caucasian Chalk Circle. In 1970 he starred in the revue Ten Years Hard by Peter Myers; his performance was praised, but the show was not, and it closed within a month. He acted in the films Doctor in Distress (1963) and The Raging Moon (1971).

Flanders continued to broadcast on radio and television. On BBC radio he was the anchorman of the "Scrapbook" and "Battle for the Atlantic" series, and he was a regular on the quiz shows "Twenty Questions" and "Animal, Vegetable and Mineral". On television he presented the concert, opera and ballet series "Gala Performance". He provided the storyteller's voice on the British soundtrack of the Barbapapa animated cartoon series, and narrated many documentaries, including the 1969 BBC Royal Family.

As a writer, Flanders's best-known work other than his revue lyrics is probably the text for the children's cantata Captain Noah and His Floating Zoo with music by Joseph Horovitz, which won an Ivor Novello Award in 1976. He published a book of poems, Creatures Great and Small, in 1964, and a children's book The Sayings and Doings of Nasrudin the Wise in 1974.

Recordings
Parlophone records made live recordings of both the Hat shows, and studio recordings of a collection of the songs about animals. Unreleased material, privately recorded or off-air, was later released on LP and CD. For EMI Flanders recorded the narration of Peter and the Wolf with the Philharmonia Orchestra conducted by Efrem Kurtz (1959). With Fenella Fielding he recorded Edith Sitwell's Façade poems with Walton's music played by the Academy of St Martin in the Fields conducted by Neville Marriner (1972). Flanders had long been fascinated by Façade: "It is an extraordinarily difficult work – even an impossible one. There are times when you are just forced to babble, others when you are completely swamped by the orchestra. It really pushes you to the limits".

Flanders recorded as narrator in his and Antony Hopkins's opera Three's Company (1954); as reader in "Touches of Sweet Harmony – Music inspired by Shakespeare" (1962); as the Dromios in The Comedy of Errors with John Neville as the Antipholuses (1963); and as reader of the whole of St Mark's Gospel on a three LP set (1962). With the Michael Sammes singers he recorded "The Little Drummer Boy", which was issued as a single disc and as part of a compilation EP, with introductions by Flanders, "The Christmas Story". He was the narrator on an EMI LP "Elizabeth the Great" (1963) celebrating Queen Elizabeth I, with Mary Morris as Elizabeth.

Personal life
On 31 December 1959, Flanders married Claudia Davis, daughter of the journalist Claud Cockburn and stepdaughter of Robert Gorham Davis, professor of English at Columbia University in New York. They had two daughters, both of whom became journalists: Laura and Stephanie.

Flanders was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1964 New Year's Honours. He was an eloquent advocate of better access to theatres for people with disabilities, and later he interested himself in other campaigning issues. After his death, Claudia Flanders continued to promote the cause of accessibility for wheelchair users.

Flanders died suddenly on 14 April 1975, aged 53, of a ruptured intracranial berry aneurysm, while on holiday at Betws-y-Coed, Wales. His ashes were scattered in the grounds of Chiswick House in west London, a place where he had often liked to sit in the afternoon during the final years of his life.

Commemoration
On 30 June 2007 BBC Radio 4's The Archive Hour broadcast "Flanders on Flanders", a documentary by Flanders's daughter Stephanie about her father and his work. The Michael Flanders Centre, a 75-place day care centre in Acton, London, was founded in his honour by Claudia Flanders and others.

title: Michael Flanders


text:
Danmark

Danmark may refer to:
 * The Danish, Norwegian and Swedish name for the country of Denmark, see Etymology of Denmark
 * The minor locality of Danmark in Uppsala Municipality, Sweden

Danmark is also a common ship's name:

 * Danish ironclad Danmark, an armoured frigate, 1864-1900
 * Danmark, a three-masted bark used on the Danmark Expedition 1906-1908
 * Danmark, a full-rigged training ship, 1932-present

title: Danmark


text:
Bangladesh Air Force

The Bangladesh Air Force (BAF) (বাংলাদেশ বিমান বাহিনী) is the aerial warfare branch of the Bangladesh Armed Forces. The air force is primarily responsible for air defence of Bangladesh's sovereign territory as well as providing air support to the Bangladesh Army and Bangladesh Navy. Furthermore, the BAF has a territorial role in providing tactical and strategic air transport and logistics capability for the country.

Since its establishment on 28 September 1971, the Bangladesh Air Force has been involved in various combat and humanitarian operations, from the Bangladesh Liberation War in which it was born, to supporting international efforts including United Nations peacekeeping missions. Operation Kilo Flight was a famous operation conducted by the Bangladesh Air Force during the Bangladesh Liberation War.

Foundation

The Bangladesh Air Force was officially formed on 28 September 1971 consisting of the revolting Bengali officers and airmen of the Pakistan Air Force at Dimapur Airport in the Indian state of Nagaland and it was launched formally by flying three repaired vintage aircraft on 8 October 1971. BAF's initial personnel were around a 1000 Bengali members of the Pakistan Air Force, who were stationed in East Pakistan at the outbreak of the war and who deserted to the Bangladeshi side. At that time, the embryo of Bangladesh Air Force BAF was formed with less than a hundred officers and around 900 airmen and warrant officers. These numbers were gradually strengthened by the slow but steady defection from among the around 3000 Bengali officers and airmen stationed and grounded in West Pakistan. By the first week of December, a total of 700 Bengali officers and airmen had defected from the Western border. A significant number of BAF personnel participated in the Ground Warfare roles in the Bangladesh War of Independence. During the independence war, initially, officers of the BAF attached to the then Bangladesh Government were Chief Representative to Chakulia Guerrilla Training Camp Squadron Leader M. Hamidullah Khan, Group Captain A. K. Khandekar, DCOS Army(Liaison) later Sub-Sector Commander and as Commander - Sector 11, Flight Lieutenant Liaqat as Battalion Adjutant, Flying Officer Rouf, Flying Officer Ashraf and Flight Sergeant Shafiqullah as company commanders. Squadron Leader Sadruddin Hossain, Squadron Leader Wahidur Rahim, Squadron Leader Nurul Qader, Squadron Leader Shamsur Rahman and Squadron Leader Ataur Rahman as sub sector company commanders. Squadron Leader Khademul Bashar participated in the war as Commander-Sector 6.

Indian civilian authorities and the IAF donated 1 DC-3 Dakota (gifted by the Maharaja of Jodhpor), 1 Twin Otter plane, and 1 Alouette III helicopter for the newborn Bangladesh Air Force. The Bengali rank and file fixed up the World War II vintage runway at Dimapur Airport, then began rigging the aircraft for combat duty. The Dakota was modified to carry 500 pound bombs, but for technical reasons it was only used to ferry Bangladesh government personnel. The Alouette III helicopter was rigged to fire 14 rockets from pylons attached to its side and had .303 Browning machine guns installed, in addition to having 1-inch (25 mm) steel plate welded to its floor for extra protection. The Twin Otter boasted 7 rockets under each of its wings and could deliver ten 25 pound bombs, which were rolled out of the aircraft by hand through a makeshift door. This tiny force was dubbed Kilo Flight, the first fighting formation of the nascent Bangladesh Air Force. Squadron Leader Sultan Mahmud was appointed as the commander of the 'Kilo Flight'.

Bangladesh Air Force first went in action on 3 December 1971 and attacked the Chattogram-based oil tank depot and oil tank depot was totally destroyed by that air attack. The air attack was conducted by Capt. Akram Ahmed. The second Bangladesh Air Force attack was on 6 December 1971 at Moulvibazar Pakistani Army barracks under the command of Squadron Leader Sultan Mahmud, where Captain Shahabuddin Ahmed was co-pilot.

After the surrender of Pakistan, all personnel reported to Bangladesh Forces commander-in-chief, Col. M. A. G. Osmani. On 7 April 1972, the post of the chief of air staff went into effect by order of the President of Bangladesh. The combined command of Bangladesh Forces had been abolished with effect from 7 April 1972 and replaced by three separate commands for the three services with acting chiefs of staff. The Bangladesh Air Force gradually began to reoccupy the reform all the airbase structures throughout the country, HQ administrative buildings, fuel and weapons depots.

After independence
After independence, in November–December 1972, the BAF received a significant donation from the former USSR. Among the aircraft delivered were ten single-seat Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21MFs, two twin-seat Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21UMs, and twelve Mil Mi-8 utility helicopters. Later on, China also supplied some equipment.

Apart from the aircraft of Kilo Flight which were donated by India, most Pakistan Air Force aircraft grounded in Dhaka due to runway cratering by the Indian Air Force during the liberation war, were sabotaged before surrender. Of these, four Canadair Sabres were also returned to service by Bangladeshi ground technicians in 1972. The Pakistan Air Force prior to 1971 had many Bengali pilots, air traffic controllers, technicians and administrative officers and the general Bengali representation in the Pakistan Air Force was around 15% (and 18% in the officer ranks) of the 25,000 odd manpower of the Pakistan Air Force in 1971, which although lower than their share in the population (50%) was much higher than the 6% numbers in the Army. Many of them distinguished themselves during the Bangladesh Liberation War, they provided the nascent Bangladesh Air Force with a good number of trained personnel. It had grown with the repatriation of the around 2000 Air Force personnel from Pakistan in 1973 after the Simla Agreement.

In 1977, some personnel of Bangladesh Air Force, led by Sergeant Afsar, attempted to stage a coup, which resulted in the deaths of 11 air force officers. After the mutiny was put down by the then Provost marshal Wing Commander M. Hamidullah Khan, TJ, SH, BP, President Ziaur Rahman even considered disbanding the Bangladesh Air Force, in favour of an army aviation wing. However, this plan did not go ahead. President Ziaur Rahman placed Hamidullah in charge of Command and Communication Control at the old Parliamentary building, present day Prime Minister's office. Hamidullah reorganized the Forces intelligence to directorate general level under the authority of the President. Hence the DGFI was born.

Defence co-operation improved with Pakistan considerably under the government of Ziaur Rahman and the military regime of Hossain Mohammad Ershad in Bangladesh, which had grown more distant from its war ally, India. Common concerns over India's regional meddling have influenced strategic co-operation leading to a gift of several squadrons of refurbished Shenyang F-6 fighter aircraft from Pakistan to the Bangladesh Air Force in the late 1980s. Bangladesh bought 8 Mig-29 from Russia in 1999 under Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina. Bangladesh Air Force Academy (BAFA) received National colours in 2003 by the then Prime Minister Khaleda Zia. The Recruits' Training School (RTS) has been awarded with BAF Colours by ex-Chief of Air Staff (AVM Fakhrul Azam) in 2004. In 2017 Bangladesh Air Force was awarded the Independence Day Award.

COVID-19 pandemic operations
Bangladesh Air Force was very active during COVID-19 pandemic. BAF provided emergency Medivac for many critical COVID-19 patients by their helicopters. BAF also evacuated immigrants, migrants workers and airlifted tons of relief materials for home and abroad by their C-130B and C-130J cargo aircraft.

Forces Goal 2030
The Bangladesh Air Force has an ambitious modernisation plan to be implemented in upcoming years under Forces Goal 2030. As per the goal, air force is to be a strong deterrent force to well protect the sky of Bangladesh. Plans are made to strengthen both air power and land based air defence capabilities. Since the formulation of the forces goal 2030, the BAF has developed in many folds.

The Bangladesh Air Force has set up an advanced training unit named 105 Advance Jet Training Unit which is a dedicated fighter pilot training unit of BAF. The unit consists of three training squadrons which will provide advanced training to the pilots selected for operating the fighter jets.

Since 2010, BAF has taken the delivery of sixteen Chengdu F-7BGI fighter aircraft, sixteen Yakovlev Yak-130 advanced jet trainers, two C-130J transport aircraft, nine K-8W jet trainer aircraft, three Let L-410 Turbolet transport trainer aircraft and twenty three CJ-6 basic trainers. Process is going on for the procurement of sixteen multirole combat aircraft. BAF has also taken the delivery of 21 Mi-171Sh combat transport helicopters, four AgustaWestland AW139 maritime SAR helicopters and two AW 119KX training helicopters since 2010. Procurement process of eight attack helicopters is going on.

BAF earned the Surface to Air Missile capability by introducing FM-90 short range air defence missile in 2011. Till date, BAF Has taken the delivery of two regiments of FM-90 systems. Bangladesh air force received an Italian origin long range Selex RAT-31DL air defence radar in 2019.

Bangladesh has signed a government to government contract with the United Kingdom for the supply of two off-the-shelf C-130J aircraft currently in service with the Royal Air Force. In June 2019, another contract was signed for the procurement of additional three off-the-shelf C-130J aircraft from UK. As of September 2020, three of the aircraft have been delivered.

On 20 June 2018, the Bangladesh Air Force signed a contract with China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation (CATIC) for the procurement of seven K-8 jet training aircraft. On 15 October 2020, BAF received those seven procured K-8 jet training aircraft.

UN mission deployment
More than 600+ BAF personnel, including officers and airmen, 10 BAF helicopters and are currently deployed to various UN Missions. Another C-130 transport aircraft is providing support to UN Mission in Africa. With the deployment of C-130 aircraft and its personnel, Bangladesh became the largest troops contributing country in UN peacekeeping missions.

Women
On 25 November 2020, 64 female recruits completed airmens recruit training in Recruits Training School, Shamshernagar; this was the first time that the air force took females as airwomen. As officers, women can join since the early 2000s but women were not allowed to become pilots till 2014, in 2014 two females received pilots training. Now female pilots of BAF have flown Mi-17s, Bell-206s, L-410s and recently C-130Js.

Organisation
According to the Constitution of Bangladesh, President of Bangladesh act as the civilian commander-in-chief, and Chief of Air Staff (COAS), by statute a four-star air officer (air chief marshal), commands the Air Force. The Bangladesh Air Force is currently commanded by Air Marshal Hasan Mahmood Khan. The Bangladesh Air Force (BAF) has its headquarters at Dhaka Cantonment. HQ has 4 branches, Operations & Training (Ops. & Trng.), Administration (Admin.), Maintenance (Mte.) and Plannings (Plans). Each branch is headed by officers who are considered as principal staff officer (PSO) and known as assistant chief of air staff, e.g. ACAS (Ops & Trng). Under each PSO there are various directorates headed by directors of air commodore rank. Under each director there are deputy directors (DD) headed by group captain and staff officers (SO) with the rank of wing commander and below.

 * Office of the Chief of Air Staff (COAS)
 * Air Secretary's Branch
 * Chief Inspector's Office
 * Directorate of Air Intelligence
 * Judge Advocate General

 * Operations and Training Branch
 * Directorate of Air Defence
 * Directorate of Air Operations
 * Directorate of Air Traffic Services
 * Directorate of Air Training
 * Directorate of Education
 * Directorate of Flight Safety
 * Directorate of Cyber Warfare and Information Technology
 * Directorate of Meteorology
 * Directorate of Overseas Air Operations

 * Administration Branch
 * Directorate of Provost Marshal
 * Directorate of Administrative Co-ordination
 * Directorate of Finance
 * Directorate of Medical Services (Air)
 * Directorate of Personnel
 * Chief Engineer's Office (Air)
 * Directorate of Works
 * Directorate of Welfare and Ceremony

 * Maintenance Branch
 * Directorate of Armament and Weapons
 * Directorate of Communication and Electronics
 * Directorate of Engineering
 * Directorate of Supply

 * Planning Branch
 * Directorate of Plans
 * Directorate of Flight Safety
 * Directorate of Recruitment
 * Directorate of Project
 * Directorate of Administrative Co-ordination

Branches (officer)
Branches of officers of Bangladesh Air Force are:
 * General Duties (Pilot), abbreviation: GD(P)
 * General Duties (Navigator), abbreviation: GD(N)
 * Engineering
 * Air Defense Weapons Controlling (ADWC)
 * Air Traffic control (ATC)
 * Meteorology
 * Logistics
 * Administration
 * Finance/Accounts
 * Education
 * Legal
 * Medical (officers are seconded from army)

Trade groups (airmen)
Trade Groups of airmen are: • #Aircraft Engineering

• #Electrical and Instrument Engineering

• #General Engineering

• #Mechanical Transport Engineering

• #IT Assistant

• #Armament Engineering

• #Radio Engineering

• #Ground Signalling

• #Radar Operator

• #Air Traffic Controlling Assistant

• #Education

• #Cypher

• #Meteorological Assistant

• #Medical Assistant

• #Secretarial Assistant (General Duties)

• #Secretarial Assistant (Accounts)

• #Logistics Assistant

• #Ground Combatant (GC)

• #Provost

• #Administrative Assistant

• #Musician

• #Aircrew

Installations and bases

 * Bangladesh Air Force Academy, Jessore
 * Recruits Training School, Shamshernagar, Moulvibazar
 * Airmen Training Institute, Chattogram
 * Flying Instructor's School, Bogra
 * BAF Base Khademul Bashar,Dhaka
 * BAF Base Bangabandhu,Kurmitola
 * BAF Base Birshreshto Matiur Rahman,Jessore
 * BAF Base Zahurul Haque, Chottogram
 * BAF Base Cox’s Bazar
 * BAF Base Bir Uttam Sultan Mahmud, Tangail
 * BAF Base Shamshernagar,Sylhet (Recommended)
 * BAF Base Barisal,(Recommended)

Current modernisation
The BAF has an ongoing modernisation programme under Forces Goal 2030. To perform its increasing duties and responsibilities, the air force is being divided into two separate commands: Southern air command and Northern air command. A new air base is being set up under southern command at Barishal with an emphasis on maritime security. Another air base is under construction at Sylhet.

On 29 October 2019, Italian company Leonardo announced that it has secured a contract to supply Kronos Land 3D AESA radar systems to the Bangladesh Air Force to provide air surveillance and detect and track targets in tactical environments. The number of radars ordered were not disclosed.

In the third Bangladesh-UK strategic dialogue held in May 2019, the two countries desired to further strengthen the defence ties between them. The United Kingdom expressed its readiness to support Bangladesh with procurement of high calibre multi-role combat aircraft alongside other modernisation programmes. The five ex-RAF 'short-bodied' C-130Js were ordered in two batches - in 2018 and 2019 - to replace Bangladesh's ageing,  second-hand  C-130Bs. The first aircraft was delivered in August 2019. They will be used to transport troops and equipment, both home and abroad, as well as provide humanitarian assistance and support UN peacekeeping mission. The fourth aircraft landed at the Bangabandhu Airbase in Dhaka on 20 February 2023. Bangladesh has ordered five air lifters.

In October 2019, US officials said Bangladesh had proposed to the United States to purchase advanced military equipment including multi-role combat fighters, attack helicopters and surface-to-air missile systems. They offered Bangladesh Air Force two types of attack helicopters and the BAF opted for the AH-64 Apache helicopters. In January 2020, Boeing confirmed that the AH-64E attack helicopter has been down-selected by the BAF after a competitive bidding process. Any purchase of AH-64 Apache helicopters depends on Bangladesh and the United States signing Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agreement (ACSA) and General Security of Military Information Agreement (GSOMIA) agreements. However, in late December 2021, it was reported that Bangladesh is now finalizing a government-to-government (G2G) deal with Russia to buy 8 Mi-28NEs with necessary equipment, along with operation and maintenance training. As of 2024, the Bangladesh government has not signed the deal yet.

In January 2020, the minister responsible for defence affairs in the parliament, Anisul Huq told the parliament that process is going on to procure 16 multirole combat aircraft, eight attack helicopters, three VVIP helicopters, two air defence radar units, 24 primary trainer aircraft, two light aircraft, one K-8W simulator, four MRAP vehicles, one AW-119 simulator, 2 counter drone surveillance radar system and one mobile ATC tower and life extension and upgrade of Mig-29 aircraft.

In 2021, Bangladesh Air Force requested the Bangladesh Government to earmark around 25,200-crores taka (2.5 billion euro) for 16 western-origin multirole fighter jet. In order to sign the agreement and for the first installment council, Bangladesh Air Force has requested for allocation of 6,300-crores taka from the 2021-22 financial year. In 2021, Eurofighter World Magazine stated Bangladesh as a potential customer for the Eurofighter Typhoon. France also offered the Dassault Rafale to the Bangladesh Air Force. Plans and procedures for the procurement of 16 western-origin multirole fighter jet were established after cancellation of the older tender for 8 to 12 Russian made MRCA. As of 2024, the Bangladesh Government has not signed any deal for the multirole fighter jets.

In June 2021, Bangladesh Air Force revealed the order of 24 Grob G 120TP trainer aircraft. According to Masihuzzaman Serniabat, previous COAS, Bangladesh Air Force has ordered 24 trainer aircraft from Grob. Under the deal, Grob Aircraft will also install a composite material (fiberglass reinforced plastic and carbon fibre composites) repair workshop and a propeller repair workshop in Bangladesh.

Accidents

 * 8 April 2008: Squadron leader Morshed Hasan died when a Chengdu F-7 crashed in Ghatail upazila of Tangail. The pilot ejected from the aircraft but was critically injured when its parachute malfunctioned. He died at Combined Military Hospital (CMH) in Dhaka after he had been rescued from the scene.
 * 20 December 2010: Squadron Leaders Ashraf Ibne Ahmed and Mahmudul Haque were killed as Bangladesh Air Force PT-6 aircraft crashed near Barisal Airport.
 * 8 April 2012: A pilot officer Shariful Haque died and a squadron leader Muhammad Mamunur Rashid was injured when an Aero L-39 training aircraft crashed in Madhupur upazila of Tangail.
 * 26 April 2012: A PT-6 aircraft was on a training mission belonging to Bangladesh Air Force crash landed in West Bengal, India. Trainee pilot Rashed Sheikh's escaped the aircraft safely with minor injuries. India arranged a safe return of the pilot to Bangladesh.
 * 13 May 2015: A Mi-17 helicopter on a training flight belonging to Bangladesh Air Force crash landed at the airport and caught fire. All three people on board sustained major injuries and were hospitalized.
 * 29 June 2015: Flight Lieutenant Tahmid went missing when his F-7MB crashed into the Bay of Bengal. The Aircraft took off around 10:27am from Johurul Haque air base, lost contact with the control room around 11:10am and later crashed in the Bay of Bengal in Patenga around 11:30am.
 * 11 July 2017: A Yak-130 'Mitten' training aircraft crashed at Lohagara in Bangladesh's southeastern Chittagong District. Two pilots were unharmed.
 * 27 December 2017: Two Yak-130 aircraft crashed at Maheshkhali Island in Cox's Bazar due to a mid-air collision. The official report states that the accident happened during the breaking of formation at a training exercise. All four pilots of two aircraft were rescued alive.
 * 3 January 2018: 1 Mil Mi-17 helicopter crashed in Sreemangal whilst carrying Kuwaiti delegates. Everyone was rescued alive.
 * 1 July 2018: Squadron Leader Md Serajul Islam and Squadron Leader Enayet Kabir Polash were killed when their K-8W trainer aircraft crashed at Bookbhora oxbow lake near Jessore Airport on a night training mission.
 * 23 November 2018: Wing Commander Arif Ahmed Dipu died when his F-7BG crashed in Tangail's Madhupur upazila on a training mission. The fuel tank of the aircraft reportedly caught fire after it used weaponry in the sky, leading the pilot to eject in low altitude. The pilot was later found dead and parts of plane were seen scattered.
 * 9 May 2024: A YAK 130 training fighter plane of the Bangladesh Air Force crashed in Chattogram's Patenga due to pilot error. One of the two pilots was injured, and Squadron Leader Muhammad Asim Jawwad died. CCTV video shows the aircraft performing three aileron rolls while rapidly descending before impacting the runway right-side-up and without landing gear. The aircraft then caught fire and bounced upwards, taking off again. Both crew members ejected and were rescued alive. The pilot died in hospital while the co-pilot sustained serious injuries. Bangladesh sent six officers to early retirement following Yak-130 accident.  However, Bangladeshi officials have attributed the crash to a possible mechanical failure before the video leaked.

title: Bangladesh Air Force


text:
Donald Swann

Donald Ibrahim Swann (30 September 1923 – 23 March 1994) was a British composer, musician, singer and entertainer. He was one half of Flanders and Swann, writing and performing comic songs with Michael Flanders.

Life
Donald Swann was born in Llanelli, Carmarthenshire, Wales. His father, Herbert Alfredovich Swann, was a Russian doctor of English descent, from the expatriate community that started out as the Muscovy Company. His mother, Naguimé Sultán Swann (born Piszóva), was a Turkmen-Russian nurse from Ashgabat, now part of Turkmenistan. They were refugees from the Russian Revolution. Swann's great-grandfather, Alfred Trout Swan, a draper from Lincolnshire, emigrated to Russia in 1840 and married the daughter of the horologer to the tsars. Some time later the family added a second 'n' to their surname. His uncle Alfred wrote the first biography of Alexander Scriabin in English.

The family moved to London, where Swann attended Dulwich College Preparatory School and Westminster School. It was at the latter that he first met Michael Flanders, a fellow pupil. In July and August 1940 they staged a revue called Go To It. The pair then went their separate ways during World War II, but were later to establish a musical partnership writing songs and light opera, Flanders providing the words and Swann composing the music.

In 1941 Swann was awarded an exhibition to Christ Church, Oxford, to read modern languages. In 1942 he registered as a conscientious objector and served with the Friends' Ambulance Unit (a Quaker relief organisation) in Egypt, Palestine and Greece. After the war, Swann returned to Oxford to read Russian and Modern Greek.

In the 1970s, Swann became a Sponsor of the Peace Pledge Union.

Donald Swann was married twice; he married Janet Oxborrow in 1955 and they were divorced in 1983; his second wife was the art historian Alison Smith. In 1992 he was diagnosed with cancer. He died at Trinity Hospice in South London on 23 March 1994.

Career
When by chance Swann and Flanders met again in 1948 it led to the start of their professional partnership. They began writing songs and light opera, Swann writing the music and Flanders writing the words. Their songs were performed by artists such as Ian Wallace and Joyce Grenfell. They subsequently wrote two two-man revues, At the Drop of a Hat and At the Drop of Another Hat, which they performed all over the world until their partnership ended in 1967.

At the same time, Swann was maintaining a prolific musical output, writing the music for several operas and operettas, including a full-length version of C. S. Lewis's Perelandra, and a setting of J. R. R. Tolkien's poems from The Lord of the Rings to music in The Road Goes Ever On song cycle.

In 1953–59 Swann provided music for seven plays by Henry Reed on the BBC Third Programme, generally known as the Hilda Tablet plays after one of the fictional characters, a lady composer of avant-garde "musique concrète renforcée". Besides incidental music, Swann composed for this character an opera, "Emily Butter" and several other complete works. A lifelong friendship with Sydney Carter resulted in scores of songs, the best known being "The Youth of the Heart" which reappeared in At the Drop of A Hat, and a musical Lucy & the Hunter.

After his partnership with Flanders ended, Swann continued to give solo concerts and to write for other singers. He also formed the Swann Singers and toured with them in the 1970s. Throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, he continued performing in various combinations with singers and colleagues and as a solo artist. One such was a jazz partnership with trumpeter Digby Fairweather and vocalist Lisa Lincoln for the Swann in Jazz series of concerts and the 1994 CD.

It is estimated that Swann wrote or set to music nearly 2,000 songs throughout his career. He wrote a number of hymn tunes which appear in modern standard hymn books. In the later years of his life he 'discovered' Victorian poetry and composed some of his most profound and moving songs, settings of William Blake, Emily Dickinson, Christina Rossetti, Oscar Wilde and others. A selection of his solo songs were recorded on a Hyperion double CD issued in 2017.

Flanders and Swann

 * 1957 – Excerpts from at the Drop of a Hat (EP)
 * 1957 – More Excerpts from at the Drop of a Hat (EP)
 * 1957 – More out of the Hat! (EP)
 * 1959 – Little Drummer Boy/The Storke Carol (EP)
 * 1960 – At The Drop of a Hat (produced by George Martin)
 * 1961 – The Bestiary of Flanders & Swann (EP)
 * 1964 – At The Drop of Another Hat (produced by George Martin)
 * 1964 – Favourites from at the Drop of Another Hat (EP)
 * 1964 – More out of the New Hat (EP)
 * 1966 – EMI Comedy Classics (Hat and Another Hat on two cassettes)
 * 1967 – The Bestiary of Flanders & Swann (produced by George Martin)
 * 1975 – And Then We Wrote...
 * 1977 – Tried by the Centre Court
 * 1994 – The Complete Flanders & Swann (first three albums in a boxed set)
 * 1994 – A Transport of Delight: The Best of Flanders & Swann
 * 1997 – More out of the Drop of a Hat – Again! (double cassette)
 * 1999 – The Flanders and Swann Collection
 * 2000 – A Drop of Hilarity from Flanders & Swann
 * 2007 – Hat Trick: Flanders & Swann Collector's Edition

Other audio

 * 1951 – The Youth of the Heart (78 rpm)
 * 1958 – London Sketches (Donald Swann & Sebastian Shaw)
 * 1963 – Festival Matins (EP)
 * 1964 – Songs of Faith & Doubt (EP)
 * 1965 – For The Love of Betjeman (Donald Swann & John Betjeman, EP)
 * 1966 – Donald Swann & the Choir of the Friends' School, Saffron Walden (EP)
 * 1967 – Poems and Songs of Middle Earth (J. R. R. Tolkien, Donald Swann, and William Elvin)
 * 1968 – Sing Round The Year (Boys of Westminster School and Girls of Mayfield Putney)
 * 1970 – An Evening in Crete (Donald Swann & Lilli Malandraki)
 * 1971 – The Song of Caedmon (Donald Swann & Arthur Scholey, EP)
 * 1973 – A Crack in Time (The Swann Singers)
 * 1973 – Wacky & His Fuddlejig (Donald Swann & Arthur Scholey, narrated by Peter Ustinov, EP)
 * 1973 – The Rope of Love (The Swann Singers)
 * 1975 – The Five Scrolls or "The Five Seasons of God" (Donald Swann & Rabbi Albert Friedlander)
 * 1975 – The Parable of the Lost Sons (Donald Swann & The Nairobi Youth Choir, EP)
 * 1980 – Radio Orwell (The Olive Quantrill Singers)
 * 1981 – Swann with Topping (Donald Swann & Frank Topping)
 * 1984 – Requiem for the Living (Donald Swann & Cecil Day-Lewis)
 * 1989 – Alphabetaphon (Donald Swann, 3 cassettes)
 * 1992 – Amiscellany (Donald Swann & John Amis)
 * 1994 – Swann in Jazz
 * 1999 – The Isles of Greece

Other sources

 * "Milestones Apr. 4, 1994". Time. 4 April 1994. 143 (14): p. 19. (obituary)

title: Donald Swann


text:
List of assets owned by Rogers Communications

This is a list of assets currently owned by Rogers Communications Inc.

Rogers Cable Division

 * Rogers Cable — both a cable television and internet service provider with about 2.25 million television customers, and over 930,000 internet subscribers, primarily in Southern & Eastern Ontario, New Brunswick (except in Sackville), and Newfoundland and Labrador.
 * Rogers TV — English-language network of community-oriented channels.
 * TV Rogers — French-language network of community-oriented channels.
 * Source Cable — cable service in Hamilton, Ontario
 * Sportsnet PPV — Pay-per-view service
 * CPAC (66.75%) — specialty channel

Rogers Internet Division

 * Rogers Hi-Speed Internet
 * Rogers Telecom
 * Rogers Home Phone Service

Rogers Wireless Division

 * Rogers Wireless
 * Rogers Hotspots — WiFi hotspot service installed in venues across Canada
 * Fido Solutions
 * Chatr

Conventional television

 * Citytv
 * CITY - Toronto, Ontario (First aired 1972)
 * CKVU - Vancouver, British Columbia (owned & operated since 2002)
 * CKAL - Calgary, Alberta (O&O since 2005)
 * CKEM - Edmonton, Alberta (O&O since 2005)
 * CHMI - Winnipeg, Manitoba (O&O since 2005)
 * Citytv Saskatchewan - Regina & Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (O&O since 2012)
 * CJNT - Montreal, Quebec (O&O since 2012)
 * OMNI Television
 * CFMT - Toronto, Ontario (First aired 1979)
 * CJMT - Toronto, Ontario (O&O since 2002)
 * CHNM - Vancouver, British Columbia (O&O since 2008)
 * CJCO - Calgary, Alberta (O&O since 2008)
 * CJEO - Edmonton, Alberta (O&O since 2008)
 * Hockey Night in Canada – Rogers-produced part-time television network airing on CBC Television stations

Specialty and Pay TV

 * FX Canada (66.64%)
 * FXX Canada (66.64%)
 * OLN
 * Sportsnet
 * Sportsnet 360
 * Sportsnet One
 * Sportsnet World
 * TSC
 * WWE Network (Distribution only)

Television production

 * Dome Productions (50%)

Groupe TVA
Rogers Communications owns 0.03% stake of Groupe TVA

 * TVA
 * CFTM-DT - Montreal
 * CFCM-DT - Quebec City
 * CFER-DT - Rimouski
 * CHLT-DT - Sherbrooke
 * CHEM-DT - Trois-Rivières
 * CJPM-DT - Saguenay
 * addikTV — film and television series
 * Évasion — travel and adventure
 * Canal Indigo — PPV movie service
 * Le Canal Nouvelles — 24 hour news
 * CASA — lifestyle and real estate
 * Moi et Ce — lifestyle and entertainment
 * Prise 2 — retro film and television series
 * TVA Sports — sports
 * Zeste — food-related entertainment and lifestyle programming

Podcasts

 * Frequency Podcast Network
 * Pacific Content

Other Assets

 * Rogers Bank
 * Rogers Smart Home Monitoring

Sports Teams

 * Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment (37.5%)
 * Toronto Maple Leafs
 * Toronto Raptors
 * Toronto FC
 * Toronto Argonauts
 * Toronto Marlies
 * Raptors 905
 * Toronto FC II
 * TFC Academy
 * Toronto Blue Jays

Stadiums

 * Rogers Centre
 * Rogers Arena (naming rights only; the building itself is owned by Canucks Sports & Entertainment)
 * Rogers Place (naming rights only; the building itself is owned by City of Edmonton and operated by Oilers Entertainment Group)

Former Assets

 * Ignite SmartStream — a streaming platform from Rogers.
 * Inukshuk Wireless (50%)
 * Mobilicity — brand retired in 2016, customers moved to Chatr.
 * Rogers Publishing — sold to St. Joseph Communications in 2019.
 * L'actualité médicale
 * L'actualité pharmaceutique
 * Canadian Business
 * Châtelaine
 * Chatelaine
 * The Directory of Restaurant & Fast Food Chains
 * The Directory of Retail Chains
 * Emballages, Les Nouvelles
 * Enfants Quebec
 * Flare
 * Gestion Santé
 * glow
 * glow health
 * Hello! Canada
 * LOU LOU (English)
 * LOU LOU (French)
 * Maclean's
 * Mère Nouvelle
 * Mon Enfant
 * MoneySense
 * The National List of Advertisers
 * Profit
 * Pure
 * Québec Pharmacie
 * Shopping Centre News’s
 * Today's Parent
 * Rogers Video — video rental business (although some stores converted into Rogers Plus outlets)
 * Shomi — video streaming service co-owned with Shaw Communications, shut down in 2016.
 * Yoopa — children's programming