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Talk:Buckfast bee

Still bred today
Hello, I was at the Abbey today and the head beekeeper told me they do not do anything to maintain the line developed by Brother Adam and while it is likely some of their bees still have some of the genes from the Buckfast line, they are now mutts and no one there considers them to be Buckfast bees in the sense of the race of bees. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.145.202.182 (talk) 20:14, 28 May 2018 (UTC) From reading Buckfast Abbey's own website I agree with previous Poster. https://www.buckfast.org.uk/bees-past-and-present Is123Biblio (talk) 20:53, 18 October 2018 (UTC)

1898
The Buckfast hybrid bee was a bee developed by "Brother Adam", (born Karl Kehrle) in 1898 in Germany, who was in charge of beekeeping at Buckfast Abbey.

I tried to clean up the grammar a bit but wasn't sure what the first sentence meant- was Brother Adam born in 1898 or did he develop the Buckfast bee in this year?

Cheers quercus robur

 * Judging by the Buckfast Abbey page and what i know, he was born 1898, so I will change it Mujinga 21:00, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

Comments and question
1. "Brother Adam was inspired about the survival of the Italian × black bee crosses."

This is not a proper sentence in the English language.

2. Both date and place of birth of Brother Adam are not consistent. Compare introduction and box. The information needs to be fixed.

3. What is "cwt"? It should be explained of there should be a link behind it. I assume it stants for centum weight (cwt) or hundredweight (100 pounds (US) or 112 pounds (Imperial).

ICE77 (talk) 01:17, 17 September 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Under the "External links" section there is a Link to the "Bee Improvement and Bee Breeders' Association", to the best of my knowledge this has little, if anything, to do with Buckfast bees, and the organization is not referenced in the main article, thereofore I think it should be deleted.Is123Biblio (talk) 14:56, 19 October 2018 (UTC)

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Heritage
Under the heading "Heritage" it states "The Buckfast contains heritage from mainly ... A. m. mellifera (English)..." BUT in 1968 Br. Adam had published an article in Bee World, https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.1968.11097180 called "Isle of Wight or Acarine Disease" in which he states on page 14 "...aware of the good qualities of the native British bee... I tried to get hold of it again - if it still existed. About 1942 Mr. J. Tinsley... thought he had discovered a few colonies... but further tests showed that this was not so. In the summer of 1945 I secured some queens from a secluded place in the extreme west of Ireland, which were claimed to be pure natives. This strain proved to be like the old native British bee in its susceptability to acarine; we raised a batch of queens but, although they were mated with drones of our own strain, the first-cross as well as the original stock succumbed to acarine" (NB: Br. Adam considered acarine to be the Isle of Wight Disease) From this paragraph you can see that he clearly failed in his sincere efforts to incorporate the DNA of the old British and old Irish AMM's into his breeding program, even the CROSSES he made from the imported Irish queens died of acarine, he equates the Irish AMM's to the old British AMM's meaning that their DNA too died out. THEREFORE I think that the reference to "A. m. mellifera (English)" should be deleted. Is123Biblio (talk) 21:35, 18 October 2018 (UTC)

Only just noticed that the Section "Origins" is stating that which is then repeated in the "Heritage" Section, the only difference is that there are no Sources for the "Origins" Section and sources for the "Heritage" Section, so I would suggest just a deletion of the "Origins" Section, any objections lets talk about it here. --Bibby (talk) 23:49, 16 May 2021 (UTC)

Karl Kehrle or Br. Adam
Throughout this wiki page Brother Adam is refered to by his original name of Karl Kehrle, but yet in all other writings about him as a beekeeper and monk he is refered to as Brother Adams, he took this name / title whenever he became a monk, and to the best of my knowledge did not use his original name thereafter, therefore I think that "Karl Kehrle" should be changed to Br. Adam except for a small note at the beginning of the article; to further support this, even the "The Karl Kehrle Foundation" (one of the External links in the article) even refers to him as Br. Adam on it's pages.Is123Biblio (talk) 22:44, 19 October 2018 (UTC)

Characteristics - Weaknesses
First, the stated weakness of "Low amount of brood during winter" is now considered to be a strength NOT a weakness since the arrival of Varroa, therefore this should be deleted at worst and added as a Strength at best! In fact it is my undersatnding that the Buckfast bee has a brood break during the winter, helping to kill the varroa in the hive. Second, the stated weakness of "Possibility of second-generation defensiveness if not requeened (may be from Africanized genes introduced)", should be removed because there is no evidence for Africanized genes in the Buckfast lines and DNA analysis has not detected any. Also "second-generation defensiveness" would only likely occur if the virgin queens mated with drones with aggressive genes, as the Buckfast is known and bred for it's non-agressiveness, it is very unlikley to have been a pure Buckfast drones, therefore this statement is misguided and also misleading.Is123Biblio (talk) 22:55, 19 October 2018 (UTC)

The Weaknesses seem to refer to hybridization which Br. Adam does deal with in one of his books, I can replace this Section for a better, more informed, and accurate Section which can be Sourced, if there are no objections I will do so.Bibby (talk) 23:34, 21 November 2018 (UTC)

Also I think that the Strengths should also be removed as I cannot get an easy Source for them all, at least in the manner that they are worded, but I can get good Sources for similar Strengths, which I am now adding; just wanted to say what I am intending to do, in case anyone has comments/ input - you can fully see what I mean shortly. Bibby (talk) 23:34, 21 November 2018 (UTC)

Scientific classification
Having the scientific name "Species: A. mellifera - hybrid" is misleading, my understanding is that it should just be ""Species: A. mellifera" it is in the "Sub-specie" that things get a bit confusing. We cannot use the word "hybrid" as that can also be applied to eg: Midnite Bees or other hybrids; I would suggest that we use ""Species: A. mellifera buckfast", any thoughts, otherwise we are going to have problems whenever other bee breeds and hybrids are added to Wiki? Is123Biblio (talk) 22:24, 20 October 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Buckfast bee


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Nyckelharpa

Stemming from Sweden, the nyckelharpa (, plural nyckelharpor), meaning "keyed fiddle" or "key harp"(lit. ), is a bowed chordophone, similar in appearance to a fiddle or violin but larger (in its earlier forms essentially a modified vielle), which employs key-actuated tangents along the neck to change the pitch during play, much like a hurdy-gurdy. The keys slide under the strings, with the tangents set perpendicularly to the keys, reaching above the strings. Upon key-actuation, the tangent is pressed to meet the corresponding string, much like a fret, shortening its vibrating length to that point, changing the pitch of the string. It is primarily played underarm, suspended from the shoulder using a sling, with the bow in the overhanging arm.

The origin of the instrument is unknown, but its historical foothold and modern development is much larger in Sweden than other countries. Many of the early historical depictions of the instrument are found in Sweden, the earliest possibly depiction found on a relief located on a 14th century church portal. While historically not too common of an instrument in Sweden (relatively speaking), the violin outshining it in usage among spelmän (players of Swedish folk music), the nyckelharpa became a popular folk instrument in the Swedish province of Uppland during the 17th century, subsequently leading to its popularization and spread throughout Sweden the following centuries. By the 19th century it had become a "fine" instrument, being played at concerts in Stockholm, and by the early 20th century it had become an archetypal instrument alongside the violin for Swedish folk music. Today it is considered by many to be the quintessential national instrument of Sweden. The oldest surviving nyckelharpa is dated 1526 and is part of the Zorn Collections in Mora Municipality, Sweden.

Besides Sweden, early depictions of nyckelharpor can also be found in Denmark, Germany and Italy, among other European countries. The earliest of these is found in a 1408 fresco by Taddeo di Bartolo at the Palazzo Pubblico chapel in Siena, Italy, which depicts an angel playing a "keyed viola". Recently there has been a push by luthiers and the like to make recreations of these older depictions of nyckelharpor, akin to reconstructional archaeology, but also new instruments based on the nyckelharpa concept of a keyed bow instrument.

The street performer Grigor Chukaleksey is explaining and playing nyckelharpa in Tallinn.

Eurovision Song Contest 1995 winner Norway's song "Nocturne" (Secret Garden Group) used this instrument in their performance.

1000s–1200s (first keyed instruments)

Development of keyed string instruments appears to have started during the High Middle Ages, with instruments such as the duo-played organistrum (a hurdy-gurdy), starting in the late 900s or early 1000s. Such were popular in Southwestern Europe and eventually evolved into the solo-played "symphonia"-hurdy-gurdy in France or Spain in the 1200s, featuring diatonic tangents. Somewhere along the line, it appears the keyed section of a "hurdy-gurdy" was integrated onto a bowed string instrument, producing the first keyed fiddle or proto-nyckelharpa instrument. It is unclear were the instrument first appeared, but the spread of hurdy-gurdy and bowed string instruments in Europe during the later Middle Ages makes it possible that the instrument was invented independently by several people.

1300s–1500s (first keyed vielles)
The earliest possible depiction of nyckelharpor, or rather "keyed vielles" by appearance, known can be found in a relief on one of the portals to the Källunge Church, located on the Swedish island of Gotland. Dating from circa 1350, it depicts two musicians with bow stringed instruments suspiciously looking like nyckelharpor, appearing to have keyboxes (a cover above the strings) like a hurdy-gurdy. The relief is however eroded and damaged from time, making it hard to confirm them as nyckelharpor.

The earliest confirmed depiction of a nyckelharpa appears in an Italian church painting found in Siena, Italy, dating to 1408. It depicts an angel playing a vielle-looking nyckelharpa (a common nyckelharpa motif for the period), featuring five keyes and a keybox above the strings.

Throughout the 15th century, more depictions of nyckelharpor start appearing in church paintings, notably in Swedish and Danish churches, such as the Emmislöv Church, which has a painting of a nyckelharpa musician dating to 1450–1475. Others include the Tolfta Church in Sweden, which has two paintings of angels playing nyckelharpa, dating to c. 1460–1525. Interestingly, most, if not all, Swedish nyckelharpa depictions on church paintings, lack keyboxes. Early Danish nyckelharpa depictions, such as the ones found in the Rynkeby Church, dated to ca. 1560, all feature keyboxes.

The earliest known recorded name for nyckelharpor can be found in an early German music dictionary (Musiklexikon) by Martin Agricola, dating to 1529. There it is called a Schlüsselfidel ("key vielle"). The corresponding image features a keybox on the instrument.

1600s–1800s (early modern period)

The german term, Schlüsselfidel, is mentioned in Theatrum Instrumentorum, a famous work written in 1620 by the German organist Michael Praetorius (1571–1621). At this time the nyckelharpa was not too common of an instrument in Sweden, the violin outshining it in Swedish folk music use.

Starting from the early 17th century, however, the nyckelharpa got a foothold as a popular folk instrument among spelmän (players of Swedish folk music) in the Swedish province of Uppland, which came to be the stronghold for nyckelharpa music the following centuries, including musicians like (Carl Ersson Bössa, 1783–1847) from Älvkarleby. From Uppland, the popularization of the instrument spread to the neighbouring provinces and eventually throughout Sweden. By the 19th century it had become a "fine" instrument which came to be played at concerts in Stockholm.

1900s–onward (modern period)

The popularization of the nyckelharpa continued and by the early 20th century it had become an archetypal instrument for Swedish folk music, equivalent to the violin. From this point the instrument would see a wide range of developments to make it a more modern instrument for a modern audience.

Changes by August Bohlin (1877–1949) in 1929/1930 made the nyckelharpa a chromatic instrument with a straight bow, making it a more violin-like and no longer a bourdon instrument. Composer, player and maker of nyckelharpor Eric Sahlström (1912–1986) used this new instrument and helped to re-popularize it in the mid-20th century. In spite of this, the nyckelharpa's popularity declined until the 1960s roots revival.

The 1960s and 1970s saw a resurgence in the popularity of the nyckelharpa, with notable artists such as Marco Ambrosini (Italy and Germany), Sture Sahlström, Gille, Peter Puma Hedlund and Nils Nordström including the nyckelharpa in both early music and contemporary music offerings. Continued refinement of the instrument also contributed to the increase in popularity, with instrument builders like Jean-Claude Condi and Annette Osann bringing innovation to the bow and body.

In 1990s, the nyckelharpa was recognised as one of the instruments available for study at the folk music department of the Royal College of Music in Stockholm (Kungliga Musikhögskolan). It has also been a prominent part of several revival groups in the later part of the century, including the trio Väsen, the more contemporary group Hedningarna, the Finnish folk music group Hyperborea and the Swedish folk music groups Dråm and Nordman. It has also been used in non-Scandinavian musical contexts, for example by the Spanish player Ana Alcaide, the English singer and multi-instrumentalist Anna Tam, and Sandra Schmitt of Storm Seeker, a Pirate metal band from Germany.

The first World Nyckelharpa Day took place on 26 April 2020 just as the world had gone into lockdown. All the events took place online, either as livestreams or pre-recorded videos on Youtube. This now is a yearly event taking place on the Sunday closest to 26 April – this being the birthday of the great nyckelharpa player Byss-Calle. The event is co-ordinated by British/Swedish nyckelharpa player Vicki Swan.

English composer Natalie Holt used nyckelharpa for background score of the Disney+ series Loki from 2021.

Reconstructional archaeology

In the 21st century there has been a growing interest among enthusiast to resurrect the early historical nyckelharpa designs. This has led to countless recreations of preserved historical copies, such as the moraharpa and esseharpa, among others, but also a push to recreate nyckelharpa-designs only found in historical paintings, such as the one depicted in Siena, Italy. Such projects can be seen as reconstructional archaeology, although reproductions are not always 1–1 clones of what is depicted in the old paintings.

The nyckelharpa depicted in Siena, Italy, has been dubbed viola a chiavi di Siena (Italian for "Siena keyed viola"), or simply Siena-Harpa (also styled Sienaharpa) for short, relating to the Swedish naming-theme ("Siena harp"), and such a reconstruction was produced as part of an international research project around 2020, built by professional luthier Alexander Pilz, a seasoned maker of nyckelharpor working out of Leipzig, Germany. The popularisation of the Italian design has led other luthiers in recent years to produce reproductions of the depiction as well.

Technique
The nyckelharpa is usually played with a strap around the neck, stabilised by the right arm. Didier François, a violinist and nyckelharpist from Belgium, is noted for using an unusual playing posture, holding the nyckelharpa vertically in front of the chest. This allows a wider range of motion for both arms. It also affects the tone and sound of the instrument.

Some players may use a violin bracket to keep the nyckelharpa away from the body so that it can swing freely, causing it to sound more "open" as its resonance is not damped.

Variants
There are several variants of the nyckelharpa being produced and played today, differing in the number and arrangement of keys, number and arrangement of strings, and general body shape. They can be divided into types "with resonance strings" and types "without resonance strings". There are also a variety of derivatives which belongs to the "keyed bowed chordophone-family" but do not necessarily have to be classified as nyckelharpor.

Listed types below refer to Swedish/Nordic types as "variants", with other types being referred to as "derivatives".

Variants with resonance strings

The most common types of nyckelharpor are distinguished by having resonance strings. They can be divided into several subvariants, but the four main variants are as follows:

 * Kromatisk nyckelharpa ("chromatic key harp") – most predominant type of nyckelharpa. The three-row so-called "chromatic nyckelharpa", with the melody strings tuned A1 – C1 – G, a drone C (from the highest to the lowest string) that is only touched occasionally, and 12 resonance strings (one for each step of the chromatic scale).
 * Kontrabasharpa ("double bass harp") – most popular during the 17th and 18th centuries. Typically the top has a high arch, and there are two oval-shaped soundholes in the lower bout called oxögon. The name "Kontrabasharpa" refers not to the pitch being any deeper than a standard nyckelharpa's (it isn't), but to the unstopped drone string which always resonates below the melody strings during regular play. The two melody strings are set up on either side of the drone string, such that melodies can be played as double stops between a single melody string and the open drone string without the two melody strings ever clashing.
 * Silverbasharpa ("silver base harp") – most popular in the 19th and early 20th centuries, so named because of the bass strings which are traditionally wound with silver. It is the immediate predecessor to the modern nyckelharpa, and the string configuration is identical, however it retains the older top with a more pronounced arch as well as the two oxögon. The main difference is that only the top two strings are stopped, meaning that the bottom C and G strings cannot play any other notes, and so nearly all of its repertoire is in the key of C. In addition, some silverbasharpor may be diatonic and not chromatic, and some keys may stop both melody strings at once.
 * Oktavharpa ("octave harp") – invented by Lennart and Johan Hedin in 1996. It is essentially a modern three-row nyckelharpa tuned an octave down, almost identical to a cello. It is the lowest-pitched variant of the nyckelharpa.

The resonance strings, or sympathetic strings, which were added to the instrument during the 2nd half of the 16th century, are not bowed directly but resonate with the other strings. There can be anywhere from six to twelve of them, depending on the construction and tonality of the instrument. Some modern nyckelharpor have been made with four or even five rows of keys, however they have not been popular enough to replace the three-row nyckelharpa as the standard.

Variants without resonance strings
Beyond the common variants with resonance strings, there are a variety of nyckelharpa designs without such. Some of examples include:
 * Moraharpa ("Mora harp") – is the most common nyckelharpa derivative, based on a unique nyckelharpa found in the Swedish town of Mora Municipality, Sweden, dating to 1526 (although presumed to be from the later 17th century). This design has a straight bridge, one melody string, two drone strings, and one row of keys, with a body resembling a lute.
 * Esseharpa (Swedish for "Esse harp") or ähtävän harppu (Finnish for "Ähtävä harp") – Finnish/Fenno-Swedish nyckelharpa derivative, based on nyckelharpa examples from Fenno-Swedish former municipality Esse (Ähtävä) in the Finnish region of Ostrobothnia (Österbotten). It is small and cone-shaped with four (sometimes three) strings and one row of ten to fifteen keys.
 * Vefsenharpa ("Vefsn harp") – Norwegian nyckelharpa derivative, based on nyckelharpa examples from the Norwegian municipality Vefsn (Vefsen) in the county of Nordland. Similar to the Esseharpa but with inward curves on the body.

Derivatives

 * Viola a chiavi di Siena ("Siena keyed viola") or Siena-Harpa ("Siena harp") for short – is a nyckelharpa derivative based on the previously mentioned 1408 fresco by Taddeo di Bartolo at the Palazzo Pubblico chapel in Siena, Italy, featuring an angel playing a nyckelharpa. As part of reconstructional archaeology, this recreated design has three melody strings, one drone string, and one row of keys.
 * Viola d'amore a chiavi ("keyed viola d'amore") – is a nyckelharpa derivative seemingly invented by professional luthier Alexander Pilz, a seasoned maker of nyckelharpor from Leipzig, Germany. It has gut strings and is specially built for renaissance-baroque music. It has a different sound than traditional Swedish Nyckelharpor, closer to the viola da gamba, and therefore has the name "keyed viola d'amore".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Nyckelharpa


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Talk:Tales from Topographic Oceans

Alan White's writing credit?
The article currently says at Background and writing that "[Alan] White contributed some lengthy sections of music that bridged between the main sections of tracks, but did not receive a writing credit. This bothered him at first, but he later acquiesced and accepted the concept was mostly Anderson and Howe's brainchild." However, it also says at Songs: "The lyrics were written by Anderson and Howe, and each band member is credited for composing the music." The track listing also says, "All lyrics by Jon Anderson and Steve Howe. All music written and arranged by Anderson, Howe, Chris Squire, Rick Wakeman and Alan White."

Why does the article say that White was denied a writing credit, and then say that he did receive a writing credit? --Metropolitan90 (talk) 01:44, 31 May 2020 (UTC)
 * We would need to read the source for that claim, which I don't have at hand right now. The record does actually credit all five Yes members with music.--Gorpik (talk) 08:04, 1 June 2020 (UTC)

 * I have removed the contentious statement. It can be returned when the appropriate research has been done, and reworded for clarity. SilkTork (talk) 09:23, 24 October 2020 (UTC)

Release date
The December 15, 1973 issue of Billboard Magazine reported, ""The new Yes album became the first LP in Britain to ship gold on Monday under regulations introduced by BPI on April I." That would make the release date December 10, and it probably didn't hit the shelves until sometime later. 96.231.230.210 (talk) 18:03, 16 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tales from Topographic Oceans


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Suidae

Suidae is a family of artiodactyl mammals which are commonly called pigs, hogs, or swine. In addition to numerous fossil species, 18 extant species are currently recognized (or 19 counting domestic pigs and wild boars separately), classified into between four and eight genera. Within this family, the genus Sus includes the domestic pig, Sus scrofa domesticus or Sus domesticus, and many species of wild pig from Europe to the Pacific. Other genera include babirusas and warthogs. All suids, or swine, are native to the Old World, ranging from Asia to Europe and Africa.

The earliest fossil suids date from the Oligocene epoch in Asia, and their descendants reached Europe during the Miocene. Several fossil species are known and show adaptations to a wide range of different diets, from strict herbivory to possible carrion-eating (in Tetraconodontinae).

Physical characteristics
Suids belong to the order Artiodactyla, and are generally regarded as the living members of that order most similar to the ancestral form. Unlike most other members of the order, they have four toes on each foot, although they walk only on the middle two digits, with the others staying clear of the ground. They also have a simple stomach, rather than the more complex ruminant stomach found in most other artiodactyl families.

They are small to medium animals, varying in size from 58 to 66 cm in length, and 6 to 9 kg in weight in the case of the pygmy hog, to 130 - 210 cm and 100 - 275 kg in the giant forest hog. They have large heads and short necks, with relatively small eyes and prominent ears. Their heads have a distinctive snout, ending in a disc-shaped nose. Suids typically have a bristly coat, and a short tail ending in a tassle. The males possess a corkscrew-shaped penis, which fits into a similarly shaped groove in the female's cervix.

Suids have a well-developed sense of hearing, and are vocal animals, communicating with a series of grunts, squeals, and similar sounds. They also have an acute sense of smell. Many species are omnivorous, eating grass, leaves, roots, insects, worms, and even frogs or mice. Other species are more selective and purely herbivorous.

Their teeth reflect their diet, and suids retain the upper incisors, which are lost in most other artiodactyls. The canine teeth are enlarged to form prominent tusks, used for rooting in moist earth or undergrowth, and in fighting. They have only a short diastema. The number of teeth varies between species, but the general dental formula is:.

Behavior and reproduction
Suids are intelligent and adaptable animals. Adult females (sows) and their young travel in a group (sounder; see List of animal names), while adult males (boars) are either solitary, or travel in small bachelor groups. Males generally are not territorial, and come into conflict only during the mating season.

Litter size varies between one and twelve, depending on the species. The mother prepares a grass nest or similar den, which the young leave after about ten days. Suids are weaned at around three months, and become sexually mature at 18 months. In practice, however, male suids are unlikely to gain access to sows in the wild until they have reached their full physical size, at around four years of age. In all species, the male is significantly larger than the female, and possesses more prominent tusks.

Classification

The following 18 extant species of suid are currently recognised:

Phylogeny
Cladogram of Suidae. Mikko's Phylogeny Archive (Based is McKenna & Bell, 1997, Liu, 2003 и Harris & Liu, 2007):

title: Suidae


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Carse of Gowrie

The Carse of Gowrie is a stretch of low-lying country in the southern part of Gowrie, Perth and Kinross, Scotland. It stretches for about 20 mi along the north shore of the Firth of Tay between Perth and Dundee. The area offers high-quality agricultural land and is well known as a major area for strawberry, raspberry and general fruit growing. Fruit is easy to cultivate in the area because of its southerly aspect and low rainfall. It has been suggested that monks brought new varieties of apples and pears to the area in the Middle Ages and there may have been vineyards growing on slopes near the River Tay.

Landscape
The landscape of the Carse was created by glacial process and for part of the Mesolithic period the Carse of Gowrie was under water. Fertile fluvioglacial soils made the Carse a good place to settle and farm. Groome's Ordnance gazetteer of Scotland, dating from the mid-1880s, describes Carse of Gowrie as having consisted of a series of isolated mounds, known as inches, surrounded by less well-drained land with stagnant pools still evident in 1760. The word inch, meaning an island, is still present in placenames such as the Inchmichael farms, the castle of Megginch, the village of Inchture and hamlet of Inchyra. The area was drained by cutting a number of artificial ditches many of which are known locally as pows (e.g. Pow of Glencarse, Grange Pow, Pow of Errol).

Norman nobles built castles at Megginch, Kinnaird and Fingask in the twelfth century.

In his travels preacher John Wesley described the Carse in May 1768 thus: "We rode through the pleasant and fruitful Carse of Gowry, a plain 15 or long, between the river Tay and the mountains, very thickly inhabited, to Perth".

A great turnpike road was built through the Carse between Perth and Dundee in about 1800 (now the A90), and was connected by branch roads to Errol's local harbours on the Tay at Port Allen and Powgavie. Prior to this, according to historian Lawrence Melville, the routes between places were 'mere bridle tracks' and the main way of travelling between Perth and Dundee was on the River Tay by sailing ship or steamboat.

The Dundee and Perth Railway was created by Act of Parliament on 31 July 1845 and built a standard-gauge line through the Carse with stations at or near several villages including Invergowrie, Inchture, Errol, Glencarse and Kinfauns.

The Errol Clay formations were exploited extensively from the nineteenth century to make bricks, drainage tiles and pantiles for roofing at works at Inchcoonans, Falla, Pitfour and Waterybutts. Some older buildings in the area were built of clay and a few survive.

The Carse of Gowrie Sustainability Group are involved in Carse-wide environmental projects such as the Patrick Matthew trail which includes St Madoes, the Megginch estate, Inchture and Invergowrie. The group aim to develop relationships between communities, local authorities and the Scottish government to address local environmental issues.

The Carse Churches is a group of four Church of Scotland parish congregations with a ministry team (Abernyte, Inchture, Kinnaird and Longforgan).

The Carse Association for Continuing Education is a voluntary group founded in 1995 which organises adult education classes in church and village halls, primary schools and other social spaces.

Surrounding hills
Rossie Hill is 3.8 miles to the north, rising to 564 feet. Nearby, Dron Hill is 4.4 miles to the north, with a summit of 683 feet.

Constituent villages
The main villages in the Carse of Gowrie are:

 * Errol
 * Glencarse
 * Inchyra
 * Inchture
 * Invergowrie
 * Kinfauns
 * Kinnaird
 * Leetown
 * Longforgan
 * St Madoes

title: Carse of Gowrie


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Târgoviște

Târgoviște (, alternatively spelled Tîrgoviște) is a city and county seat in Dâmbovița County, Romania. It is situated 80 km north-west of Bucharest, on the right bank of the Ialomița River.

Târgoviște was one of the most important cities in the history of Wallachia, as it was its capital from 1418 to 1659. At the 2021 census, the city had a population of 66,965 people, making it the 27th largest in the country.

Name
The name Târgoviște is a Slavic name which the city acquired in the Middle Ages. It is derived from the old Slavonic word for "marketplace", referring to the place rather than the market itself.

The name is found in placenames not only in South Slavic areas (Bulgarian Търговище, Serbian Трговиште and Croatian Veliko Trgovišće), but also in West Slavic such as Slovak Trhovište, Czech Trhoviště or Polish Targowica. Additionally, places with the same name are found in Romania, in the regions of Oltenia, Banat, and Moldavia.

The Romanian and Bulgarian towns with the same name are also twinned.

Early history
The area of Târgoviște which was first inhabited is located where the Saint Nicholas-Geartoglu Church and Stelea Veche Church stand today. It was in this place that the first fortifications were built: a small stone building surrounded by a brick wall and a moat, probably belonging to a local ruler. However, archaeological evidence is scarce and it is difficult to pinpoint exactly when it was erected.

Saxon colony
Another nucleus of the city was built by Saxon colonists from Transylvania, in the area where the Catholic Saint Mary Church is located, a church that was built during the early years of the colony. A local tradition says that the church was built in 1300. The colonists came around the end of the 13th century and the beginning of the 14th century, the same period that Câmpulung was colonized. There is archeological evidence that the land occupied by the new colonists had been previously inhabited by locals, which leads to the conclusion that it had been approved by the local ruler.

The colonists influenced the local administration, as Târgoviște was the only town in Wallachia that had Transylvanian organization features, having official titles such as birău and folnog, which are found in documents together with local officials, like vornic and pristav. The town had a night watch which was also known by a Latin term (viglu < vigilia) instead of the local terms such pază or strajă. Under Mircea the Elder (1383–1419), Târgoviște became the third capital of Wallachia.

After 1400, the town began to grow and become denser. In both the Saxon part (around the stronghold) and the Romanian part, there were several large dwellings with cellars and cocklestoves similar to those found in Central Europe. The wealth is also known based on the number of treasure troves discovered, the largest being a hoard of 6,284 silver coins, found in the Saxon part of the town. The town gravitated around the Saxon part, this being valid until the Saxon community began its decline during the 16th century.

Capital of Wallachia
In the 15th century, the capital of Wallachia was Curtea de Argeș, however, due to Târgoviște's economic growth, toward the end of the century, it became a secondary residence of the Wallachian hospodar. In 1396, Bavarian traveler Johann Schiltberger mentions both Curtea de Argeș and Târgoviște as capitals of Wallachia. While Mircea I lived in Curtea de Argeș, Michael I, Mircea's son and co-prince lived in Târgoviște, where he continued to live even as a single ruler. Dan II preferred Curtea de Argeș and he was the last hospodar to rule from that city, the court being finally moved to Târgoviște by Alexandru Aldea in 1431.

Throughout the period it was the capital of Wallachia, the Târgoviște Princely Court (Curtea Domnească din Târgoviște) had been constantly refurbished and extended. The compound was surrounded by stone walls and a moat and a new church and a tower had been built. Vlad III Dracula ("the Impaler") later added the Chindia Tower, now a symbol of the city.

Starting with 1565, for the next two centuries, the rulers alternated the capital between Târgoviște and Bucharest, often on political reasons, as the former was preferred by the rulers who were more friendly toward Transylvania and the King of Hungary. Throughout the 15th and 16th centuries, Târgoviște was a major trade hub, especially with Poland, Brașov, and Sibiu.

By the 16th century, the Romanians became majority in the city, as some Saxons left for Transylvania and others were assimilated. Greek merchants began to settle in the city, especially after 1500, while Greek monks settled in the nearby Dealu and Panaghia monasteries.

As the capital of Wallachia, Târgoviște faced numerous sieges and invasions. In 1395, it was sieged and set on fire by Bayezid I. In 1457, the townsfolk of Târgoviște were punished by Vlad III Dracula for their involvement in the assassination of his brother: the elite of the city were killed, while the young were sent to work at his Poenari Castle.

The Ottoman invasion of 1462 did not reach the city, being prevented by Vlad III through the night attack at Târgoviște. In 1476, the city was taken by Stephen V Báthory following a fifteen-day siege intended to restore Vlad to the throne. Several other battles were fought near the city during the rules of Neagoe Basarab and Radu of Afumați.

In 1597, the Hajduks of Mihai Viteazul and Starina Novak fought and won a decisive battle against the Ottoman Empire in Târgoviște.

Decline
After the capital was finally moved to Bucharest during the rule of Constantin Brâncoveanu (1688–1714), Târgoviște lost its importance, decaying economically as its population decreased.

Modern history
Târgoviște was the site of the torture and execution of Tudor Vladimirescu on 7 June 1821 during the Wallachian uprising.

Târgoviște was the site of the trial and execution of Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife Elena on 25 December 1989 during the Romanian Revolution.

Geography
One village, Priseaca, is administered by the city.

Population
In 2021, there were 66,965 inhabitants. According to the 2002 census, 96.6% of the inhabitants were Romanians and 2.84% Roma people.

Railway
Târgoviște is a railway node, with branches serving Titu (joining there the Ploiești and Pietroșița lines).

Today, the city is served by multiple stations:
 * Târgoviște (south-west of the town).
 * Romlux halt (north-west).
 * Teiș halt (former Târgoviște-Vest) (north).
 * Târgoviște Nord station (north-east).
 * Valea Voievozilor halt (east).

The railway station is open for both passenger traffic - with sales/reservation office and electronic ticketing machine - and merchandise traffic. Local halts serves the large industrial operators of the city - Mechel, Oțelinox, Upet, Erdemir, Romlux, Rondocarton.

Roads
Located at a crossroads of ancient trade routes, the city can be easily approached from all sides. Târgoviște Municipality is located approximatively 80 km north-west of Bucharest, with a convenient access to Henri Coandă International Airport, located in Otopeni, to the north of Bucharest.

Also, a number of county roads pass the city:
 * DJ 711 Târgoviște — Bujoreanca
 * DJ 712 Târgoviște — Șotânga — Vulcana-Pandele — Brănești — Pucioasa
 * DJ 718A Târgoviște — Dealu Monastery
 * DJ 719 Târgoviște — Valea Voievozilor
 * DJ 721 Târgoviște — Colanu — Văcărești — Perșinari — Gura Șuții — Produlești —Costești Deal

Public transport
In the city, public transport is provided by Public Transport and include bus and maxi-taxi. From 1995 until 2005, trolleybuses operated in the city. In 2005 public transport was developed and modernized, Public Transport becoming a passenger transport company in public-private partnership.

Twin towns – sister cities
Târgoviște is twinned with:

 * 🇪🇸 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
 * 🇲🇩 Căușeni, Moldova
 * 🇮🇹 Corbetta, Italy
 * 🇪🇸 Ciudad Real, Spain
 * 🇮🇹 Gioia del Colle, Italy
 * 🇨🇳 Guilin, China
 * 🇹🇷 Karadeniz Ereğli, Turkey
 * 🇧🇬 Kazanlak, Bulgaria
 * 🇷🇺 Nefteyugansk, Russia
 * Santarém, Portugal
 * 🇧🇬 Targovishte, Bulgaria
 * 🇭🇺 2nd district of Budapest, Hungary

Sport
The city has one football club, FC Chindia Târgoviște which plays in the second tier of Romanian football, the Liga II.

Târgovişte is also home to Municipal MCM Târgovişte basketball club which competes in the Romanian League and the EuroCup.

Natives

 * Grigore Alexandrescu (1810–1885), poet
 * Vasile Atanasiu (1886–1964), general
 * Tony Bulandra (1881–1943), actor
 * Ioan Alexandru Brătescu-Voinești (1868–1946), writer
 * Sorana Cîrstea (born 1990), tennis player
 * Cornel Dinu (born 1948), football player
 * Florin Pripu (born 1980), professional football player
 * Ion Heliade Rădulescu (1802–1872), writer, philologist, politician
 * Laurențiu Ion (born 1991), poet
 * Theodor Stolojan (born 1943), economist, politician
 * Matei Vlădescu (1835–1901), general and politician

title: Târgoviște


text:
User:Nilmerg

(I thought it was about time to put something onto this page.)

Writer and would-be-editor out of the Land of the Thousand Lakes. Mainly I have messed with the redirect project of the previous user Daniel Quinlan.

Previously as 81.197.15.117 and 81.197.14.230.

title: User:Nilmerg


text:
Atholl

Atholl or Athole (Athall; Old Gaelic Athfhotla) is a large historical division in the Scottish Highlands, bordering (in clockwise order, from north-east) Marr, Gowrie, Perth, Strathearn, Breadalbane, Lochaber, and Badenoch. Historically it was a Pictish kingdom, becoming one of the original provinces of the Kingdom of Alba before being incorporated into the sheriffdom and later county of Perthshire. Today it forms the northern part of Perth and Kinross, Scotland.

Etymology
In Scottish Gaelic the name is Athall, which traditionally has been interpreted as deriving from the Old Irish Ath-fhotla, or 'New Ireland' (Fotla being a traditional name for Ireland). The explanation given for this relates to the Gaelic settlement of Scotland, which was previously inhabited by the Picts.

James E. Fraser has called the 'New Ireland' interpretation into question. On the basis of the early spelling Athochlach, the first element has been proposed as representing ath, meaning 'ford, way through', and the second fochla, 'north', thus giving a full meaning 'way to the north' (exactly as in the English name for Norway). Ath-fochla may have represented a Gaelic equivalent of a Pictish name (c.f. Welsh Ad[wy] Gogledd).

Pictish kingdom
The first documented record of Atholl is an 8th-century mention in the Annals of Ulster, but three placenames in Atholl – the town of Dunkeld and the mountains Schiehallion and Rohallion – preserve the name of the Caledonians, a tribe or tribal confederation recorded by Roman writers including Tacitus and Cassius Dio.

Atholl is listed in the 9th century poem Seven Children of Cruithne and the longer Pictish King Lists as one of the seven Pictish territories founded by eponymous children of the mythical Pictish founder Cruithne son of Cinge. Atholl is the only one of these territories, apart from the dominant northern kingdom of Fortriu, to be historically documented as having its own king. The Northumbrian Bede, writing in the early 8th century, described how the Picts were divided by the Mounth and the Grampian Mountains into northern and southern groupings, with the southern Picts having their "seats among the mountains". It is therefore possible that Atholl was the dominant royal region of the southern Picts, as Fortriu was in the north, before coming firmly under the grip of Fortriu during the 8th century Verturian Hegemony.

Province and earldom
Atholl emerged as one of the core provinces of the early Kingdom of Alba. The first known Mormaer of Atholl was Dubdon of Atholl, recorded in the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba as having been killed during the battle between King Dub and his challenger Cuilén at Dorsum Crup in 965.

The first recorded Earl of Atholl was Matad, Earl of Atholl sometime in the 12th century. In 1703 the title was made a Dukedom by Queen Anne. The title also holds numerous subsidiary titles. These include: Marquess of Atholl (created 1676), Marquess of Tullibardine (1703), Earl of Atholl (1629), Earl of Tullibardine (1606 and 1676), Earl of Strathtay and Strathardle (1703), Viscount of Balquhidder (1676), Lord Murray of Tullibardine (1604), Lord Murray, Balvenie and Gask (1676) and Baron Percy (1722). The Barony of Percy forms part of the peerage of Great Britain; all other titles belong in the peerage of Scotland.

The right of the Earls of Atholl to hold courts for the area were ended in 1746 by the Heritable Jurisdictions Act, and the province was subsequently only subject to the jurisdiction of the sheriff of Perth. In the mid 19th century, local government reforms replaced the ancient provinces by new Counties (shires), aligned to sheriffdom boundaries; hence, Atholl formed the northern portion of the new Perthshire.

Towns and villages in Atholl include Aberfeldy, Ballinluig, Blair Atholl, Dunkeld, Kirkmichael, Logierait, Pitlochry and Weem.

Notable residents

 * John Small (British Army officer)
 * Alexander Mackenzie, born at Logierait in 1822, politician and second Prime Minister of Canada.

title: Atholl


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Kingsbury tube station

Kingsbury is a London Underground station in Kingsbury, northwest London, England. It is on the Jubilee line between Queensbury and Wembley Park stations, in Zone 4, in the borough of Brent.

Although now only served by deep-level tube trains, the section of line serving the station is built to surface gauge, and trains to that larger LU loading gauge occasionally pass through.

History
It was opened on 10 December 1932 as part of the Stanmore branch of the Metropolitan Railway and served by that company's electric trains. After the formation of London Transport in 1933 this branch became part of the LU Metropolitan line and was later transferred to the Bakerloo line in 1939 and then to the Jubilee line in 1979. The design style is similar to that of other Metropolitan Railway buildings of the same period rather than to the concrete and glass style used at the same time by the LER group. In common with other nearby Metropolitan Railway stations (e.g. Harrow-on-the-Hill, Neasden, Queensbury) there is an element of fiction in the station name; the area is properly within the eastern extent of Kenton (Kingsbury Road at this point was originally part of the eastern end of Kenton Lane) and Kingsbury proper is actually closer to Neasden LU station.

Location
The station entrance is in a parade of shops on the south side of the A4006 Kingsbury Road, opposite Berkeley Road.

Connections
London Buses routes 79, 183, 204 and 324, night route N98, Superloop bus SL10 and non-TFL route 644 serve the station.

title: Kingsbury tube station


text:
Wembley Park tube station

Wembley Park is a London Underground station in Wembley Park, north west London. The station is served by the Jubilee and Metropolitan lines and is in Travelcard Zone 4. It is located on Bridge Road (A4089) and is the nearest Underground station to exit for Wembley Stadium and Wembley Arena. This is where the Jubilee line from Stanmore diverges from the Metropolitan line, which was formerly a branch of the Metropolitan Railway and was taken over by the Bakerloo line and is now part of the Jubilee line.

Before the station
Until 1880 the Metropolitan Railway (MR) line out of London only ran as far as. In early 1879 work began to build an extension to, with one additional station at Kingsbury and Neasden. Services to Harrow started on 2 August 1880, extending the MR route (today's Metropolitan line) into Middlesex. At this time Wembley was a sparsely populated rural area which did not merit the construction of a railway station and MR trains passed through without stopping. In his 1973 BBC documentary Metro-land, Sir John Betjeman remarked, "Beyond Neasden there was an unimportant hamlet where for years the Metropolitan didn't bother to stop. Wembley. Slushy fields and grass farms." However the then chairman of the MR, Edward Watkin, was an ambitious businessman who sought new ways of attracting paying passengers out of London and onto his railway, and he regarded the barren lands of Wembley as a business opportunity.

Opening of the station
In 1881 Watkin purchased large tracts of land close to the MR line and began a grand scheme to build an amusement park at Wembley, laid out with boating lakes, a waterfall, ornamental gardens and cricket and football pitches. The centrepiece of this park was to be a soaring metal tower, known as Watkin's Tower; at 1200 ft it was to be taller than the Eiffel Tower and would offer panoramic views of the surrounding countryside, just 12 minutes from Baker Street station. Wembley Park station was specially constructed to serve these pleasure grounds as a destination for excursion trips on the company's trains. The station opened for the first time on 14 October 1893 and initially operated to serve only Saturday football matches in the park. It opened fully on 12 May 1894.

Watkin confidently anticipated that large crowds would flock to the park and the railway station design incorporated additional platforms to handle large passenger numbers. Watkin's Tower ran into structural and financial difficulty; it was never completed and the partially built structure was demolished in 1904. Despite this, Wembley Park itself remained a popular attraction and flourished.

Later in the 1890s, the Great Central Railway's (GCR's) London extension was constructed adjacent to the MR's tracks. The tracks pass under the entrance building but the station has never been served by main line operators. In 1905 the tracks were electrified and the first electric trains became operational. Between 1913 and 1915, the MR added additional tracks to double the line's capacity.

From 1915 the MR began a programme of selling off its surplus land holdings in Buckinghamshire, Hertfordshire and Middlesex for suburban housing development. Its Metropolitan Railway Country Estates Limited marketed areas such as Wembley Park under the "Metro-land" brand, promoting modern homes in beautiful countryside with a fast railway service to central London. The MR sold the park land at Wembley when the site was selected to host the 1924 British Empire Exhibition and the grand British Empire Exhibition Stadium constructed for this event was later to become Wembley Stadium, the home ground of the England national football team.

Stanmore branch and Bakerloo line
On 10 December 1932, the MR opened a branch line north from Wembley Park to Stanmore. Originally, the MR served all stations south from Wembley Park to Baker Street station but the line suffered from congestion due to limited capacity on the tracks heading into Baker Street. Following the combination of the MR and London's other underground railways to form the London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB) in 1933, the LPTB took steps to alleviate the congestion by constructing new Bakerloo line tunnels from Baker Street to connect to the Metropolitan's tracks south of Finchley Road station. From 20 November 1939, the Bakerloo line then took over the Metropolitan stopping services between Wembley Park and Finchley Road and the Stanmore branch.

1948 Olympic Games
Following World War II, London was chosen to host the 1948 Olympic Games. To handle the exceptional number of spectators visiting Wembley Stadium, the original station building was extended, with a new ticket hall, additional circulation routes and platform stairs. This was built in a red-brick modernist style. At the opening of the Jubilee line on 1 May 1979, the Bakerloo service from Baker Street to Stanmore was transferred to the new line.

UEFA Euro 1996

When the UEFA European Football Championship was held at Wembley in 1996, a large temporary staircase was constructed leading down from the 1948 extension and under the newly built Bobby Moore Bridge, which had opened in 1993. Intended as a temporary structure, the staircase remained in its unfinished state until 2004 when station upgrade works commenced.

Upgrade and expansion
As part of the Wembley Stadium redevelopment in the early 2000s, the station was comprehensively rebuilt and expanded, increasing capacity by 70%. Costing £80m, the work included a significantly larger ticket hall, additional footbridges, widened stairs to Olympic Way and 5 lifts to provide step-free access. To cater for event crowds, event day entrances/exits were also constructed. Undertaken by Tube Lines, the expansion was completed in 2006, prior to the completion of the delayed Stadium project. The provision of additional platforms for Chiltern Railways services was considered, but was not proceeded with.

In the early 2020s, Transport for London proposed a new residential development on land adjacent to the station currently used as car parking. This development of over 450 new homes with Barratt Homes was approved by Brent Council in Dec 2020.

Layout
The station currently has six London Underground tracks, with the two Jubilee line tracks in the centre flanked in turn by the Slow and Fast (outermost) Metropolitan line tracks. There are fast and semi-fast trains during peak hours (Southbound during the morning peak and Northbound during the evening peak). Fast and semi fast trains pass through this station in the southbound direction and sometimes passes in the northbound direction. Platform 6 is only used when the train is scheduled to stop at the station. This is because fast and semi-fast trains pass in the southbound direction. So platform 6 is locked off most of the time. Both Metropolitan and Jubilee line trains may start or end their service at the station. Jubilee line trains that terminate at Wembley Park reverse via sidings between the running lines to the north of the station. Meanwhile, Metropolitan line trains that terminate at Wembley Park use the fly-under and Neasden depot to reverse.

Connections
London Buses routes 83, 182, 206, 223, 245 and 297 serve the station.

Future developments
There was a proposal in the early 2000s for an underground railway running between Brent Cross and Surbiton which would call at this station. This was superseded by the proposed West London Orbital overground route using existing tracks, not running via Wembley Park, which is still at the proposal stage and is not approved or funded at present.

The Fastbus is also a proposed limited-bus service running from Wembley Park to North Acton.

title: Wembley Park tube station


text:
1600 in science

The year 1600 CE in science and technology included some significant events.

Astronomy

 * January 1 – Scotland adopts today as being New Year's Day.
 * February 4 – Johannes Kepler joins Tycho Brahe as his assistant at the castle of Benátky, near Prague.
 * February 17 – Giordano Bruno is burned at the stake for heresy in Rome.
 * July – Danish astronomer Longomontanus arrives in Prague, where he works with the Moon orbital theory; he brings the rest of Tycho's astronomical instruments with him.

Biology

 * University of Copenhagen Botanical Garden established.
 * Olivier de Serres publishes Le Théâtre d'Agriculture in France.
 * First recorded use of the word Naturalist in its modern English sense, in Christopher Sutton's Disce Mori.

Earth sciences

 * February 19 – The Peruvian volcano Huaynaputina erupts catastrophically. This is the largest known volcanic explosion in South America and triggers severe global climatic events including the Russian famine of 1601–1603.
 * William Gilbert publishes De Magnete in England, describing Earth's magnetic field; beginning of the modern science of geomagnetism.

Exploration

 * January – Sebald de Weert makes the first definite sighting of the Falkland Islands.
 * Tadoussac, France's first trading post on the mainland of New France (now Canada), is established.

History of science and technology

 * Approximate date – Stradanus's engravings of notable inventions, Nova Reperta, begin publication by Philip Galle in the Netherlands.

Mathematics

 * approx. date – Ludolph van Ceulen computes the first 35 decimals of pi (π).

Physics

 * William Gilbert coins the Latin word "electricus" to describe electricity.

Technology

 * Simon Stevin invents a carriage propelled by sails.

Births

 * Early ? – Dud Dudley, English metallurgist (died 1684)
 * November – John Ogilby, Scottish cartographer (died 1676)
 * approx. date – Lionel Lockyer, English quack doctor (died 1672)
 * approx. date – Martine Bertereau, French mineralogist

Deaths

 * February 15 – José de Acosta, Spanish naturalist (born 1539)
 * February 17 – Giordano Bruno (born 1548), Italian, Dominican friar, philosopher, mathematician, poet, astrologer and astronomer is burned at the stake in the Campo de' Fiori by the Roman Inquisition for heresy. In the 19th and 20th centuries, he becomes regarded as a martyr for free thought and modern scientific ideas.
 * September 1 – Tadeáš Hájek, Czech physician and astronomer (born 1525)

title: 1600 in science


text:
Neasden tube station

Neasden is a London Underground station in Neasden. It is on the Jubilee line, between Wembley Park and Dollis Hill stations. Metropolitan line trains pass through the station but do not stop. The Chiltern Main Line/London to Aylesbury Line runs to the west of the station.

History
The station opened on 2 August 1880 as part of the ongoing extensions to the Metropolitan Railway (this time to Harrow), with the name Kingsbury and Neasden. The name was changed to Neasden and Kingsbury in 1910, and then changed again to its current name Neasden in 1932, the same year Kingsbury station opened. After the Metropolitan Railway was taken into public ownership in 1933, train services to Stanmore were transferred to the new eastern branch of the Bakerloo line in 1939 and Metropolitan line trains ceased to stop at the station the following year. In 1979, the main service was transferred to the Jubilee line.

The station's surface building is located in Neasden Lane. It has been extensively modified over the years, losing its original roof and high chimneys in the late 20th century, and a segment of the front was rebuilt around 1993 to remove a newsagent previously placed there. As well as the ticket office there are three ticket collection barriers and a single luggage gate (these were installed in the late 1990s; prior to this there were no barriers and just a gate), and the station also has a shop. The stairs from the surface building lead to four platforms. Platforms 1 and 4 are on the Metropolitan line, served on a few days a year for local events and when necessary due to disruptions to normal services. Platforms 2 and 3 were the northbound and southbound platforms for the Bakerloo line and since 1979 are now used by the Jubilee line. The platforms are constructed to "transition height" to allow regular use by tube trains of the Jubilee line and occasional (early morning, late night and during work on the line) use by the larger Metropolitan Line trains.

Platforms 1, 2 and 3 were built originally in 1880. Neasden had three platforms, which was unusual for a small station. The reason for three platforms was that Neasden was a terminus for many local Metropolitan trains from London and which would be stabled in the nearby depot. Platforms 4 and 5 were built in 1914 as a result of the quadrupling of the Metropolitan between Finchley Road and Harrow-on-the-Hill. Platform 5 was used as a bay platform for trains terminating at Neasden from stations north on the Met such as Stanmore. This platform was removed later on and the track is now used as a relief siding for the depot.

Neasden is one of the few stations on the southern section of the former Metropolitan Main line to still have its original platform buildings intact and its architecture is typical for a station serving a medium-sized village. Baker Street and Willesden Green are the other stations to have their platform buildings intact. The line between Finchley Road and Harrow-on-the-Hill was quadrupled between 1914 and 1916, and many intermediate stations had to be rebuilt to enable the fast lines to be built. Jubilee line trains sometimes terminate at Neasden.

It was proposed in 2008 that the North and West London Light Railway could serve the station.

Nearby attractions

 * Neasden Temple
 * Wembley Stadium

Connections
London Buses route 297 serve the station.

title: Neasden tube station


text:
Legio IX Hispana

Legio IX Hispana ("9th Spanish Legion"), also written as Legio VIIII Hispana, was a legion of the Imperial Roman army that existed from the 1st century BC until at least 120 AD. The legion fought in various provinces of the late Roman Republic and early Roman Empire. The nickname "Hispana" was gained when it was stationed in Hispania under Augustus. It was stationed in Britain following the Roman invasion in 43 AD. The legion disappears from surviving Roman records after c. 120 AD and there is no extant account of what happened to it.

The unknown fate of the legion has been the subject of considerable research and speculation. One theory (per historian Theodor Mommsen) was that the legion was wiped out in action in northern Britain soon after 108 AD, the date of the latest datable inscription of the Ninth found in Britain, perhaps during a rising of northern tribes against Roman rule. This view was popularised by the 1954 novel The Eagle of the Ninth in which the legion is said to have marched into Caledonia (modern-day Scotland), after which it was "never heard of again".

This theory fell out of favour among modern scholars as successive inscriptions of IX Hispana were found in the site of the legionary base at Nijmegen (Netherlands), suggesting the Ninth may have been based there from c. 120 AD, later than the legion's supposed annihilation in Britain. The Nijmegen evidence has led to suggestions that IX Hispana was destroyed in later conflicts of the 2nd century. Suggestions include the Bar Kokhba revolt (132–135 AD) or Marcus Aurelius's war against Parthia (161–166 AD) in Armenia. However, some scholars have ascribed the Nijmegen evidence to a mere detachment of IX Hispana, not the whole legion.

In any event, it is clear that the IX Hispana did not exist during the reign of the emperor Septimius Severus (r. 193–211 AD), as it is not included in two identical but independent lists of the 33 legions existing in this period.

Republican army (to 30 BC)
The origin of the legion is uncertain, but a 9th legion seems to have participated in the siege of Asculum during the Social War in 90 BC.

When Julius Caesar became governor of Cisalpine Gaul in 58 BC, he inherited four legions, numbered VII, VIII, IX, X, that were already based there. The Ninth (IX) may have been quartered in Aquileia "to guard against attacks from the Illyrians". Caesar created two more legions (XI and XII), using all six for his attack on the Helvetii initiating the Gallic wars.

The Caesarian Ninth Legion fought in the battles of Dyrrhachium and Pharsalus (48 BC) and in the African campaign of 46 BC. After his final victory, Caesar disbanded the legion and settled the veterans in the area of Picenum.

Following Caesar's assassination, Caesar's ally Ventidius Bassus made attempts to recreate the 7th, 8th, and 9th legions, but "it is not clear that any of these survived even to the time of Philippi". Octavian later recalled the veterans of the Ninth to fight against the rebellion of Sextus Pompeius in Sicily. After defeating Sextus, they were sent to the province of Macedonia. The Ninth remained with Octavian in his war of 31 BC against Mark Antony and fought by his side in the Battle of Actium.

Imperial Roman army (30 BC – AD 130?)

With Octavian, whom the Senate later titled Augustus, established as sole ruler of the Roman world, the legion was sent to Hispania to take part in the large-scale campaign against the Cantabrians (25–19 BC). The nickname Hispana ("stationed in Hispania") is first found during the reign of Augustus and probably originated at that time.

After this, the legion was probably part of the imperial army in the Rhine borderlands that was campaigning against the Germanic tribes. Following the abandonment of the eastern Rhine area (after the disastrous Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in AD 9), the Ninth was relocated in Pannonia.

Britain (AD 43 – at least 108)
In AD 43, the legion most likely participated in the Roman invasion of Britain led by the emperor Claudius and general Aulus Plautius, because they soon appear amongst the provincial garrison. In AD 50, the Ninth was one of two legions that defeated the forces of Caratacus at Caer Caradoc. Around the same year, the legion constructed a fort, Lindum Colonia, now Lincoln. Under the command of Caesius Nasica they put down the first revolt of Venutius, king of the Brigantes tribe, between 52 and 57.

The Ninth suffered a serious defeat at the Battle of Camulodunum under Quintus Petillius Cerialis in the rebellion of Boudica (61), when most of the foot-soldiers were killed in a disastrous attempt to relieve the besieged city of Camulodunum (Colchester). Only the cavalry escaped. The legion was later reinforced with legionaries from the Germania provinces. When Cerialis returned as governor of Britain ten years later, he took command of the Ninth once more in a successful campaign against the Brigantes in 71–72, to subdue north-central Britain. Around this time they constructed a new fortress at York (Eboracum), as shown by finds of tile-stamps from the site.

The Ninth participated in Agricola's invasion of Caledonia (modern Scotland) in 82–83. According to Tacitus, the legion narrowly escaped destruction when the Caledonians beyond the Forth launched a surprise attack at night on their fort. The Caledonians "burst upon them as they were terrified in their sleep". In desperate hand-to-hand fighting the Caledonians entered the camp, but Agricola was able to send cavalry to relieve the legion. Seeing the relief force, "the men of the Ninth Legion recovered their spirit, and sure of their safety, fought for glory", pushing back the Caledonians. The legion also participated in the decisive Battle of Mons Graupius.

The last attested activity of the Ninth in Britain is during the rebuilding in stone of the legionary fortress at York (Eboracum) in 108. This is recorded in an inscribed stone tablet discovered in 1864, now displayed in the Yorkshire Museum in York.

Germania Inferior (108? – 130?)
Several inscriptions attesting IX Hispana have been found in the site of the legionary fortress on the lower Rhine river at Noviomagus Batavorum (Nijmegen, Netherlands). These include some tile-stamps (dated 104–120); and a silver-plated bronze pendant, found in the 1990s, that was part of a phalera (military medal), with "LEG HISP IX" inscribed on the reverse. In addition, an altar to Apollo, dating from this period, was found at nearby Aquae Granni (Aachen, Germany), erected in fulfillment of a vow, by Lucius Latinius Macer, who describes himself as primus pilus (chief centurion) and as praefectus castrorum ("prefect of the camp", i.e. third-in-command) of IX Hispana. (it was commonplace for chief centurions, on completion of their single-year term of office, to be promoted to praefectus castrorum).

The archaeological evidence thus appears to indicate that elements of IX Hispana were present at Noviomagus sometime after 104 AD (when the previous incumbent legion, X Gemina, was transferred to the Danube) and that IX was probably replaced by a detachment of legion XXX Ulpia Victrix not long after 120 AD. Less clear is whether the whole IX legion was at Nijmegen or simply a detachment. The evidence for the presence of senior officers such as Macer convinced several scholars that the Ninth Legion as a whole was based there between 121 and 130. It may have been both: first a detachment, later followed by the rest of the legion: a vexillatio Britannica ("British detachment") is also attested at Nijmegen in this period. However, it is unclear whether this detachment was drawn from the IX Hispana (and its attached auxiliary regiments) alone, or from a mix of various British-based units.

Theories about the Ninth's disappearance
The Nijmegen finds, dating to c. 120, were (as of 2015) the latest records of Legion IX found. The Ninth was apparently no longer in existence after 197. Two lists of the legions survive from this era, one inscribed on a column found in Rome (CIL VI 3492) and the other a list of legions in existence "today" provided by the contemporary Greco-Roman historian Dio Cassius, writing c. 210–232 (Roman History LV.23–24). Both these lists date from after 197, as both include the 3 Parthica legions founded by Septimius Severus in that year. Both lists provide an identical list of 33 legions. Neither includes a "IX Hispana". It thus appears that IX Hispana disappeared sometime in the period 120–197.

The traditional theory is that the Ninth was destroyed in a war on Britain's northern frontier against the indigenous Celtic tribes. According to the eminent 19th-century German classicist Theodor Mommsen, "under Hadrian there was a terrible catastrophe here, apparently an attack on the fortress of Eboracum [York] and the annihilation of the legion stationed there, the very same Ninth that had fought so unluckily in the Boudican revolt." He suggested that a revolt of the Brigantes soon after 108 was the most likely explanation. Mommsen cited as evidence the Roman historian Marcus Cornelius Fronto, writing in the 160s AD, who told the emperor Marcus Aurelius: "Indeed, when your grandfather Hadrian held imperial power, what great numbers of soldiers were killed by the Jews, what great numbers by the Britons". The emperor Hadrian (r. 117–138) visited Britain in person around 122 AD, when he launched the construction of Hadrian's Wall because, according to one Roman source, "the Britons could not be kept under Roman control". It is plausible that Hadrian was responding to a military disaster. However, there is no archaeological evidence of it around 120.

Mommsen's thesis was published long before the first traces of IX Hispana were found at Nijmegen. As a result of these, and of inscriptions proving that two senior officers, who were deputy commanders of the Ninth in c. 120, lived on for several decades to lead distinguished public careers, led to the Mommsen theory falling out of favour with many scholars. These now suggest later conflicts in other theatres as possible scenes of IX Hispana's demise:
 * 1) The Second Jewish Revolt against the Romans in Judea that broke out in 132. It was reported that the Romans suffered heavy casualties in this war, whose start-date fits neatly with the estimated time of IX Hispana's departure from Nijmegen (120–130). In this scenario, the Ninth may have been dispatched to Judea to reinforce the locally based legions, but was heavily defeated by Jewish forces and the remnants of the unit disbanded. However, another legion, XXII Deiotariana, normally based in Egypt, is actually documented in Judea at this time and its surviving datable records also cease c. 120. It is possible that both legions were destroyed by the Jews, but if so this would rate as the worst Roman military disaster since the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (AD 9) when 3 legions were lost.
 * 2) The emperor Marcus Aurelius' Parthian War (161–166) against King Vologases IV. According to Greco-Roman historian Cassius Dio, a  Parthian army led by the general Chosroes surrounded and annihilated an unspecified Roman legion in Armenia. This led to the suicide of its commander, the governor of Cappadocia, Marcus Sedatius Severianus. At this time, there were two legions permanently stationed in Cappadocia, the XII Fulminata and the XV Apollinaris. Both these units are attested as operational well beyond AD 200, so neither could have been the legion destroyed by the Parthians. The theory that the Ninth was the lost legion has the drawback that there is a complete lack of evidence that the Ninth was present in the East in the period 130–160. Some scholars argue that the legion referred to by Dio was the XXII Deiotariana, but if so, the latter could not have been annihilated by the Jews thirty years earlier.

Several scholars continue to argue that destruction in Britain is the most likely scenario for the Ninth's disappearance. Russell argues that "by far the most plausible answer to the question 'what happened to the Ninth' is that they fought and died in Britain, disappearing in the late 110s or early 120s when the province was in disarray". Such scholars criticise the assumptions of those who extrapolate from inscription evidence, arguing that it is easy to confuse evidence about different persons with the same name. It is highly unlikely that if the legion continued in existence up to the Armenian war of 161, no records at all later than c. 120 would be known. Keppie says that "no inscriptions recording the building activities of the legion or the lives and careers of its members have come from the East", suggesting that if the legion did leave Britain, it ceased to exist very soon afterwards. Russell argues that "there is no evidence that the Ninth were ever taken out of Britain." He has claimed that the tile stamps found at Nijmegen cannot be dated to the period after 120, but "all seem to date to the 80s AD, when detachments of the Ninth were indeed on the Rhine fighting Germanic tribes." Keppie also says that the tiles cannot be securely dated, but suggests that they date from c. 105 during a temporary absence of the legion from Britain. However, Keppie does not support the theory that the legion met its end in Britain. He suggests that the legion may have been withdrawn from York around 117 to take part in the war in Parthia at the end of Trajan's reign. Keppie suggests that it was the legion's absence elsewhere that encouraged a native uprising, obliging Hadrian to send the Legio VI Victrix to Britain.

The fate of the Ninth remains the subject of vigorous debate among scholars. Frere noted that "further evidence is needed before more can be said".

Epigraphic inscriptions

 * Monumentum / (...) Quirina Quintillus miles legionis IX Hispanae annorum (...) Pisoni filius posuit (...). Leon (Legionem)

In fiction and popular culture
The Ninth Legion's mysterious disappearance has made it a popular subject for historical fiction, fantasy and science fiction.

 * In Rosemary Sutcliff's 1954 historical novel The Eagle of the Ninth, a young Roman officer, Marcus Flavius Aquila, is trying to recover the Eagle standard of his father's legion beyond Hadrian's Wall.
 * A Home Service radio dramatisation of The Eagle of the Ninth was broadcast on Children's Hour in about 1956.
 * In Alan Garner's 1973 novel Red Shift, one narrative involves a group of Roman soldiers who are survivors of the Legion's destruction, trying to survive in hostile, 2nd-century Cheshire.
 * In Karl Edward Wagner's 1976 fantasy novel Legion from the Shadows (featuring Robert E. Howard's Bran Mak Morn), the survivors of the Ninth flee underground where they interbreed with the Worms of the Earth.
 * A BBC television serial was made of The Eagle of the Ninth in 1977.
 * The 1979 historical novel Legions of the Mists by Amanda Cockrell recounts the destruction of the Ninth Hispania by an attack by combined tribes in Scotland.
 * In David Gemmell's "Stones of Power" historical fantasy series, (1988–1991) the Ninth have been trapped in Limbo and are released by the protagonists (Uther Pendragon in Ghost King and Alexander the Great in Dark Prince (1991)) to help in battles.
 * In Will Murray's 1993 Doc Savage novel, The Forgotten Realm, the Ninth Hispana founded a city called Novum Eboracum ("New York") in the African Congo, surviving until at least the 1930s.
 * A full-cast radio dramatization of The Eagle of the Ninth was broadcast by BBC Radio 4 in 1996.
 * In Marion Zimmer Bradley's Lady of Avalon historical fantasy novel, (1997) the Ninth is destroyed in a battle with the native Britons, from which the hero Gawen escapes to return to Avalon.
 * In Susanna Kearsley's 1997 novel The Shadowy Horses, an archaeologist believes he has found the remains of a fort that housed the Ninth Legion in remote Eyemouth, Scotland.
 * N. M. Browne's 2000 Warriors of Alavna accounts for the disappearance of the Legion by transporting it to an alternative reality.
 * Valerio Massimo Manfredi's 2002 historical novel L'ultima legione (The Last Legion) depicts the Ninth Legion as being part of the legend of King Arthur.
 * Jim Butcher's Codex Alera fantasy series (2004–2009) is populated by the descendants of the Ninth Legion and its camp followers, who were transported to the world of Carna.
 * The 2006 album Caledonia by German Celtic metal band Suidakra includes a song "The IXth Legion" about the legion's fight with the Picts.
 * The 2007 movie The Last Legion based upon the Manfredi novel.
 * In Stephen Lorne Bennett's 2010 historical novel Last of the Ninth the Ninth Legion is destroyed by the Parthians under General Chosroes, in Cappadocia in 161 AD.
 * The 2010 movie Centurion follows the destiny of the Ninth Legion, as seen from the perspective of centurion Quintus Dias.
 * The 2011 movie The Eagle is based on the book The Eagle of the Ninth.
 * The 2013 book The Eagle has Fallen written by Brian Young also subscribes to the theory that the Legion was destroyed in Britain.
 * The 2017 Doctor Who episode "The Eaters of Light" features the remnants of the Ninth Legion, which was wiped out by an extradimensional being.
 * In Marc Alan Edelheit's 2017 book Lost Legio IX: The Karus Saga the remains of the IXth, about to be destroyed by the native Britons, find themselves transported to another planet where they will rebuild a Roman civilization.
 * In the TV series Britannia
 * In Kate Atkinson's novel Behind the Scenes at the Museum, set in 20th century York, the ghosts of the members of Legio IX – together with those of people from other periods in York's history – celebrate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953 and raise aloft their legion's Eagle in the new Queen's honour.
 * In Robert Kroese's Alternative history "The Iron Dragon" series, the 9th is wiped out when time travellers, escaping the Judean Revolt, drop a malfunctioning proton reactor on them.
 * In the lore of the SCP Foundation web series, the 9th Legion is revealed to have been destroyed by SCP-682 during experiments using the anomaly SCP-067.
 * In the film Horrible Histories: The Movie - Rotten Romans released in 2019, part of the story includes Legion IX Hispana or as it is nicknamed in it "The IX Men" as one of the main characters is sent to serve in it in Britain as a punishment after upsetting the emperor.
 * Hal Colebatch and Matthew Joseph Harringtons story Aquila Advenio from 2009, printed in Man-Kzin Wars XII, includes descendants of Legion IX Hispana being present on a planet occupied by Kzinti.

title: Legio IX Hispana


text:
Willesden Green tube station

Willesden Green is a London Underground station on Walm Lane in Willesden. It is served by the Jubilee line and is between Dollis Hill and Kilburn stations. Metropolitan line trains also pass through the station, but do not stop. The station is in both Travelcard Zone 2 and Zone 3.

History
The original station opened on 24 November 1879 on the Metropolitan Railway (later the Metropolitan line). From 1894 to 1938, the station was known as Willesden Green and Cricklewood. From 20 November 1939, it also served the Stanmore branch of the Bakerloo line, with Met services being withdrawn in the following year. It transferred to the Jubilee line in 1979. A connecting tunnel at Embankment station mistakenly shows Willesden Green as part of the Bakerloo line, as a result of a typo which should say Willesden Junction instead; this can be found on a printed map on the wall of Embankment station.

The new main station buildings, which date from the reconstruction of 1925, are fine examples of the work of Charles Walter Clark, the Metropolitan Railway's architect, who used this style of marble white faience for several 'central' area stations. The diamond-shaped clock is also a trademark of his style. The ticket hall interior retains much of the rare original green tesserae mosaic tiling and was one of the reasons that led to the station being made a Grade II Listed Building in December 2006.

Willesden Green is one of the few stations on the southern section of the former Metropolitan main line still to have its original platform buildings intact and its architecture is typical for a station serving a medium-sized town; Baker Street and Neasden are the other stations to have their platform buildings intact. The line between Finchley Road and Harrow-on-the-Hill was quadrupled between 1914 and 1916, and many intermediate stations had to be rebuilt to enable the fast lines to be built.

A goods yard, which was in use until 1966, was located to the north of the station. From 1933, when the London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB) took over service, trains from the north would be run by the LNER to Neasden Depot where they would be then hauled by LPTB steam locos to Willesden.

From the beginning of October 2022 to September 2023, this station was used to trial an artificial intelligence that would detect events such as fare evasion, anti-social behaviour and injured persons. This was done by installing a processing device that had access to the CCTV cameras present in the station.

Services
There are frequent Jubilee line trains at Willesden Green. Jubilee line trains heading southbound terminate at North Greenwich or Stratford. It previously served Charing Cross until 1999, when the Jubilee line extension isolated the station from the rest of the line. Those heading northbound either terminate here, at Wembley Park or Stanmore. Willesden Green is also served as part of the Night Tube, which is run overnight on Fridays and Saturdays.

The station still has side platforms for the Metropolitan line, but these are not in regular use and are only used when the Jubilee line is not serving the station due to planned engineering works or severe service disruption.

Connections
London Buses routes 260, 266 and 460 serve the station.

title: Willesden Green tube station


text:
Kilburn tube station

Kilburn is a London Underground station near Brondesbury Park in north-west London. It is on the Jubilee line, between Willesden Green and West Hampstead stations and is in Travelcard Zone 2. The station is on the A5 Kilburn High Road or Shoot-up Hill, approximately 0.1 mile north of Brondesbury station. Metropolitan line trains typically bypass the station without stopping.

The station was first opened on the Metropolitan line in 1879 as part of an extension to Willesden Green. The two-track line through the station was quadrupled in the 1910s. After merging to form the London Passenger Transport Board in 1933, Metropolitan line services through the station were transferred to the Stanmore branch of the Bakerloo line, and the station was extensively rebuilt. This branch was then transferred again to the Jubilee line in 1979. The 1930s station building remains, and was refurbished in 2005. The station is now wheelchair accessible and has frequent train services to Central London.

Location
Kilburn serves the area of the name itself, which is a moderate commercial district and dense residential suburb. The place was said to be named after Cylla, then a Saxon, or from the 1121 Saxon term "Cuneburna" for "the cattle stream". The earliest settlements near the station date back to 1847. The station is on the A5 Kilburn High Road or Shoot-up Hill. The road connects several stations including Brondesbury and Kilburn High Road. Nearby landmarks include the Red Lion, Kiln Theatre, Kilburn Grange Park, ICMP London and Kingsgate Primary School.

History
The Metropolitan Railway (MR) first opened a separate line called the Metropolitan and St. John's Wood Railway (M&SJWR) from Baker Street to Swiss Cottage. Due to low passenger numbers, the MR was considering options to extend the M&SJWR further to provide new routes into Central London. Permission was granted to extend the line up to Harrow via Kilburn in 1874.

The station opened as Kilburn and Brondesbury on 24 November 1879 which formed part of the extension to Willesden Green. As there was an increase in traffic, the tracks from Finchley Road to Harrow (now Harrow-on-the-Hill) were to be quadrupled. Four-track operation started between Finchley Road and Kilburn in 1913, extending to Wembley Park in 1915. This created a bottleneck between Finchley Road and Baker Street.

On 1 July 1933, the MR amalgamated with other Underground railways, tramway companies and bus operators to form the London Passenger Transport Board, and the MR became the Metropolitan line of London Transport. Due to a bottleneck between Finchley Road and Baker Street, the Bakerloo line was to extend to Finchley Road and Stanmore to relieve congestion on the Metropolitan line. The extension would also take over the intermediate stations, including Kiburn. Construction began in 1936 and Kilburn became part of the Stanmore branch of the Bakerloo line on 20 November 1939, at which time the station was extensively rebuilt. Metropolitan line services through the station ceased on 7 December 1940, where services were fully transferred to the Bakerloo line. The station was renamed to its current name on 25 September 1950.

During World War II and throughout the 1950s and early 1960s consideration was given to various routes connecting north-west and south-east London via Central London. The Victoria line was given priority and it was not until after construction of that line started that detailed planning began for the new line. It was planned to run in an east–west direction along Fleet Street, and was to be named the Fleet line. Lack of funding meant that only the first stage of the proposed line, from Baker Street to Charing Cross was approved in July 1969; funding was agreed in August 1971. Construction began in 1972. In 1977, the name of the line was changed to the Jubilee line, to mark the Queen's Silver Jubilee that year. Trial running of trains began in August 1978 and the Jubilee line opened on 1 May the next year. The line had been officially opened by Prince Charles the previous day, starting with a train journey from Green Park to Charing Cross. This replaced the Stanmore branch of the Bakerloo line, with the initial section operating between Stanmore and Charing Cross.

The station today
One of the bridges just beyond the station which carries the four-track line over the A5 Kilburn High Road (then known as Watling Street) has the company name "METROPOLITAN RAILWAY" fixed on the sides of the viaduct. The numbers on the viaduct read "1914", around the time when the Metropolitan Railway quadrupled its tracks from Finchley Road to Harrow-on-the-Hill.

In 2005, major refurbishing works took place, which involved the station being fully repainted, receiving a new CCTV system, better lighting, upgraded PA systems, new toilets, and new train indicator boards at the ticket hall and platform level. A lift was also installed at the station to provide step-free access from street to platform level. Heritage features were also retained throughout the refurbishment.

Services
Kilburn is on the London Underground Jubilee line, between Willesden Green and West Hampstead stations, in Travelcard Zone 2. The typical off-peak service in trains per hour (tph) is:
 * 24 tph eastbound (southbound) to Stratford
 * 16 tph westbound (northbound) to Stanmore
 * 4 tph westbound (northbound) to Willesden Green
 * 4 tph westbound (northbound) to Wembley Park

Night tube services began operation on the night of 7 October 2016, two months after the Central and Victoria line services began. 6 tph operate in both directions throughout the entire line.

Connections
London Buses routes 16, 32, 189, 316, 332 and 632, and night route N16 serve the station.

Kilburn is close to Brondesbury station on the London Overground North London line, with a walking distance of 0.1 mile. This route is also considered as an official out-of-station interchange by Transport for London.

title: Kilburn tube station