text:
Talk:Learning object

Poor article
As at August 20, 2006, this is a shockingly poor article and I am puzzled as to why as it seems a number of capable people have worked on it.

As of October 22, 2007, this is still a shockingly poor article. Many of the sentences are meaningless. Futurepower(R) 20:50, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

Major problems - there is no explanation of the motivation for learning objects - there is no documentation of the history of the concept or its relation to OO programming - there is no explanation of specifications and standards for learning objects - one may not like SCORM but it should be covered, as should AICC for that matter - there is no discussion of actual use of learning objects (as opposed to the stale repository approach) and of the kinds of problems that occur - the relation of learning object approaches to mash ups and other related Web 2.0 approaches would be useful, though not really necessary - given the current environment, i.e. the Blackboard patent, a review of patents and learning objects would also be valuable

I wonder if this article has been edited so often it has lost coherence and if a new attempt should be made? steven 01:07, 21 August 2006 (UTC)]]

I think this should have stayed at Learning Object. Why was the capital L removed? Angela

 * 'Learning Object' would be a proper noun. The subject of this article is not a proper noun. --mav 08:47, 6 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Ok, maybe I was getting confused with something else. Google seems to show it being used with the capitals mostly but that might not be what this article is talking about. I unprotected the page too. I assume it was done by accident. It might even have been me I suppose. Angela 13:33, Nov 6, 2003 (UTC)

I changed UK LOM to UK LOM Core, since that is the name of the beast, see the thread 'a new name ... for the UKCMF' on CETIS Metadata SIG mailling list. The LOM and profiles of the LOM probably deserve an entry for themselves. (--Philbarker 10:16, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC))

 * I changed the element types for the UK LOM Core, as per the most recent draft . N.Fegen 09:35, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

A lot of what is here is about LOM or LO repositories, and could perhaps be better moved elsewhere so the LO page is just about LOs. N.Fegen 11:06, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

As of April 25, 2008, this remains a horribly poor article. And people are noticing. --jbmurray (talk|contribs) 05:04, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

Historical context
This entry would be far more useful if it presented the context in which this concept emerged. In particular the work of Wiley and others, and also the general theoretical position from which this emerged. As it stands it reads like an advert by a vendor for why you need to buy a SCORM-compliant system!

The LO concept emerges from the instructional model of education, in particular intelligent tutoring (replacing teachers and learning conversations with packaged content) which itself emerges from the work of Pask, but also generally the 80's AI evangelism.

Today, while LOs are a common concept in elearning, there is also a critique, which also includes many of the original creators of the concept (e.g. David Wiley, again).

I think the diagram midway through this article is also useful, in both positive and negative ways (it explains a viewpoint on LOs, and also surfaces some very mechanistic assumptions about human development): http://www.learningspaces.org/n/papers/objections.html

There is also the relationship between re-use of chunked predesigned content in the LO space, and the dynamic remixing and repurposing of user-created content in the web 2.0 space.

Without this kind of information I don't think this article really offers much value. Not that I'm offering to do more than provide these pointers for now!

Scott Wilson

Virtual Manipulatives Is this a synonym for a learning object? Do learning objects need to be interactive? This term should at least be referenced. See http://www.freewebs.com/schoolgamemaker/#manipulatives for examples. (I have refrained from editing the main page) Tony Forster

 * Well... it depends on what definition you prefer (since they are rather different), for instance IEEE LTSC defines a LO as "Any entity, digital or non-digital" while CETL and many people think of them as "Web-based interactive chunks".

Since web-based interactive chunks are one kind of digital resources, I think the first definition is wider and should be preferred in order to distinguishing between content and supporting technology. Rjgodoy (talk) 07:03, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

Anyone know what happened to EduSource ? It appears the project has been abandoned since February of 2004...

Ericblazek 00:08, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

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This article is poorly written.

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butt, uhave to know al these things are myths, without an y logic, so be care full, u hve to, chngafer ok bye main chalti hoon..... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 218.101.47.96 (talk)

Undo removed blog ref
I'm not sure whether the blog reference meets WP:N but removing the reference only is not acceptable per WP:V. Both the reference and the quotation should be either removed or kept. I choose the less disruptive option. If the blog author is an expert in LOs, there should be more reliable sources other than blog (e.g. papers or books); if he is not, then not only the reference but also the definition is not notable and it should not be listed at all.

Rjgodoy (talk) 06:57, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

> If the blog author is an expert in LOs, there should be more reliable sources other than blog (e.g. papers or books);

Sorry, this is just not true, and especially not true in the domain of learning technology. My own work, for example, is located almost exclusively on my website - although I am widely acknowledged as an expert on Learning Objects I rarely publish in journals and I don't publish books. The editors of Wikipedia need to get over this idea that the only authoritative references are publications. It's just not true, and the Encyclopedia is ruining itself with pointless criticisms.

My website FYI is www.downes.ca and you can verify for yourself whether or not it is considered authoritative. Stephen Downes

 * That is why I didn't delete the definition. Instead, I restored the citation (which had been removed, leaving the definition unsourced).

 * Furthermore, it represents a concept which is assumed by several people, and is quite different from other definitions (LOM, Wiley, CETL) which were stated in the article, thus it is a valuable contribution to the article's coverage.

 * However, I think that such a radical point of view should have been published somewhere else (because if the author had published an article, he would have to clarify what he understands as "Learning Object" as it differs from other well-known definitions). In that case, the same definition from the same author'' could be attributed to an article-or-whatever, which is more reliable than a blog (of course, there are exceptions with blogs, but I feel the article reference is preferable).

 * Note I didn't say "authoritative" but "reliable". Several people criticize Wikipedia because "anyone can edit it". Those critics could be rendered senseless by providing clear and reliable references to authoritative sources.

 * Regards,

 * Rjgodoy (talk) 23:21, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

Revision
OK, I've spent quite some time on this article, to try to get it into shape. I think I've gone about as far as I can without doing further research. I am very much not an expert in this field. Further revisions, expansion, and sourcing is more than welcome--and is in fact very much needed. --jbmurray (talk • contribs) 05:06, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

Criticism
I've added a section for criticisms, and started it with a reference to Dave Wiley's early paper The Reusability Paradox. Those in the field should by-now be well aware of the numerous criticisms of Learning Objects, both as a theory and in the various implementations to date. I'd like to add more references to the section - such as the links Learning Object development has had to Learning Management Systems, and the array of criticism that approach attracts in the education sector, but I'm short on time at the moment so I'm hoping others will. Many early leaders in the fieldof Learning Objects, Brian Lamb at the University of British Columbia, and D'Arcy Norman at the University of Calgary, have also since criticised the ideas behind Learning Objects, opting out of the "movement" and concentrating on the engagement and use of social media and Open Educational Resources instead. Regards Leighblackall (talk) 02:26, 31 July 2010 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Learning object


text:
Street fighting

Street fighting is hand-to-hand combat in public places between individuals or groups of people. The venue is usually a public place (e.g., a street), and the fight sometimes results in serious injury or even death. Some street fights can be gang related.

A typical situation involves two men arguing in a bar, during which dispute one suggests stepping outside, where the fight commences. It is often possible to avoid the fight by withdrawing from the situation; whereas in self-defense, a person is actively trying to escape the confrontation, using force if necessary to ensure his own safety.

In some martial arts communities, street fighting and self-defense are often considered synonymous.

History
Evidence for human fighting goes back 430,000 years in Spain, where a fossil skull was found with two fractures apparently caused by the same object, implying an intentional lethal attack. Another record of early human fighting is one that happened 9,500 to 10,500 years ago in Nataruk, Kenya. The hunter-gatherers fight was a group fight involving both males and females, including children, armed with bladelets and arrow projectiles. The fight was to protect their valuables such as lands, food and water resources and their tribes or families or to respond mortally to the threat from the encounter between two groups of people.

Characteristic
Street fights can be planned ahead or occur suddenly, regardless of location and time. The frequency of physical assaults is based on crime rates, level of poverty and accessibility to weapons. In street fights, everyone can be an opponent, including friends, relatives or even strangers. Street fights usually start with an outbreak of emotion such as anger, fear and indignation. Street fights do not last long, usually running for minutes or even seconds. The outcome of the fight is unpredictable due to the fact that participants are unlikely to know others' abilities, strengths or weaknesses.

The scene can go beyond expectation with the introduction of weapons or the participation of someone from the crowd, whether intentional or unintentional. In the past, only when an opponent died could the other participant be considered the winner. Similarly, at present, the match is only over when one surrenders, or both are unable to continue, when someone from the crowd or the police or a security guard stops the fight or "steps in" or when one of the combatants dies. Despite the brutal and life-threatening consequences, people's willingness to commit violence has increased over time, escalating the danger of street fights.

Causes
The causes of street fighting are varied. Originally, street fighting was a way of defending oneself. In the stone age, fights were mostly aimed for survival purposes – protecting territory, securing resources and defending families. According to Mike Martin, a London lecturer in war studies, "Humans fight to achieve status and belonging. They do so because, in evolutionary terms, these are the surest routes to survival and increased reproduction".

As humans evolve, new conflicts arise in order to gratify more sophisticated wants. The purposes of street fighting shifted to solve interpersonal conflicts. These conflicts could be stratification, misunderstanding, hate speech or even retaliation. For instance, in areas that are not under police surveillance and criminally dominated, violence is believed to be the substantiation of superior reputation and pride. In other words, people take part in street fights to obtain dominance because of social status given to the ruler. For another instance, men showed off their value in the sense that opponents' self-esteem is on the verge of being destroyed from their insults, humiliation and vilification to which violence is the go-to resort. Additionally, some fights are driven by alcohol. Alcohol itself does not directly lead to violence but it acts as a catalyst, allowing cheers from the crowds or provocation from opponents to ignite the fight between fighters. Since the consumption of alcohol negatively impacts the brain function, drunk people fail to assess the situation which often results in overreacting and unpredictable fights.

Biological
It is theorized that certain biological features of the Homo lineage have evolved over time as a means to mitigate injury from hand-to-hand combat. Facial robusticity, which includes traits such as jaw adductor muscle strength and brow ridge size, may offer a protective effect against combat. The jaw adductors stretch as a means to absorb energy from the punch in order to reduce the likelihood of jaw dislocation and prevent fracture. The postcanine teeth may have evolved to be larger and thicker so as to allow the energy from the punch to be transferred from the jaw to the skull. Additionally, the proportion of the human hands have evolved in a way that allows for the formation of a fist, something that was not possible in pre-Homo species.

Physical and mental health
The consequences of street fighting are undeniably dangerous and critical, and street fighters are exposed to short-term and long-term physical health issues. Such poor health includes temporary and permanent disabilities, fractures, partial body part losses, severe injuries, or death. For instance, the face, other parts of the head and neck, and the thorax are the most targeted parts in the body, which account for 83%, 4% and 2% of fractures, respectively, amongst all injuries. In addition to damaging physical health, street fighting can also result in mental illness, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, substance abuse and depression. Extreme feelings of guilt experienced by some perpetrators in the aftermath of a violent event may lead to suicide.

Not only does the involvement in street fights affect the participants, it also collaterally influences the participants' family members and friends, especially small children. Traumatic exposure in small children to such negative experience often leads to post-traumatic stress reactions, such as fear, sadness, numbness, timidity, moodiness, eating disorders, difficulty sleeping, or nightmares. Adults have the high probability of coping with trauma, even when they do not sustain direct injuries, leading to increases in preterm birth, mortality rate, and communal trauma.

Legal
Street fighting is usually illegal due to its disruption of public order. Depending on each localities' laws and the gravity of the situation, participants may be liable to either a fine or imprisonment. In South Australia, for example, the maximum penalty for the offence of fighting in public is a $1,250 fine or three months imprisonment. In New South Wales, Australia, persons involved in a fight that could intimidate the public can be charged by the police for the offence of affray with a maximum punishment of ten years imprisonment. If any injuries are caused during the fight, the severity of the injury will impact the penalty of the participants. Intentional injuries, especially, will result in more severe penalties. One may still be liable for the injuries of the victim even if the injuries were not directly caused by that person but by another participating in the fight. If someone dies, all members in the group that are involved in the assault may be accused of murder, no matter who inflicted the fatal blow. Self-defence is generally too narrow to provide protection.

Economic
In terms of economics, street fights result in damage to social infrastructure. In 2000, a fund worth approximately 9 million euros was spent in order to repair previous three-year demolition done by street fighters. In 1995 in Basque city, the destruction of public transport resulting from street fights cost 2.5 million euros.

Underground street fight clubs
Street fights used to happen in the dark, out of communal sight. With the exposure to social media, however, street fights have become more transparent. Organisers that help with professional street fight setup are known as "clubs", which are run on a money-oriented basis. These clubs can host either amateur underground fights or professional ones. In New York, professional fighters are those who contend for the prize (money or gift) which has monetary value exceeding $75. In contrast, amateur fights also known as 'smokers' refer to unsanctioned fights where no safeguards and regulations are required.

Despite the fact that some illegal fight clubs still run within the authorisers' competence, some street fight clubs even obtain authoritative approval, meaning these sanctioning entities are running under the supervision of a certified regulator. Some further requirements for professional fights enacted by New York State Athletics Commission (NYSAC) include:

 * Medical check-ups for participants before and after the fight
 * A minimum attendance of one commission-designated doctor and an ambulance with medical personnel equipped with appropriate resuscitation kits to be on scene
 * Medical insurance must be provided to participants
 * The venue must meet safety requirements

Pre-fight medical check-ups are required to ensure that the participants are not involved with drugs or infectious diseases such as HIV, Hepatitis or any other illnesses. Any fights that are not in compliance with the authoriser rules and regulations are considered illegal and the participants will have to face legal penalty. The venue of the fight is changed every time for confidential protection and will be announced on the fight day. The promoters are in charge of finding different locations to host these fights where indoor boxing rings, gyms or gym mats with crowd-form barricade are utilised as a disguise so as not to attract the public attention. Amongst incentives that draw people into underground street fights, money oriented and attention seeking are the two most fundamental one. In order to qualify for the fight, attendees have to go through a registration process. The fight is either between two randomly matched applicants whose identity will be kept until the matching day or between two attendees with unresolved conflicts. Sometimes, it can be between 2 fighters urging to start their MMA career that get matched right on the registration spot. Attendees are required to comply with the rules set by the club. The grant price is usually given to the winner only, but sometimes both people can be paid. The club is funded by entrance tickets sold to audiences with undisclosed amounts. The audience may have to go through a security check for weapons as they are not allowed inside the venue. On several occasions, the audience gamble on the result of the fight, particularly, they place their bet on one of the attendees that they expect to win in the hope of a worthy return. The fight lasts for three rounds, sometimes an additional round is conducted because the crowd's provocation fuels the combativeness of the attendees.

Notable street fighters

 * Bruce Lee: Lee was known for engaging in street fights before he started training in martial arts, and continued to street fight while training. He challenged students from rival schools, cross-trained in several disciplines, and eventually developed the hybrid martial art of Jeet Kune Do.
 * Chuck Wepner: A retired professional boxer. He was once a street fighter and took part in multiple street fights from a young age.
 * Haku: Professional wrestler with a fearsome reputation for street fighting and resisting arrest.
 * Ken Shamrock: He engaged in paid street fights while a pro wrestler prior to his mixed martial arts (MMA) career.
 * Tank Abbott: He engaged in many street fights before beginning his professional career with UFC.
 * Josh Barnett: Former UFC Heavyweight Champion Barnett engaged in street fights that he organized online prior to his professional MMA career.
 * Kimbo Slice: He started his career participating in street fights and gained public recognition after footage of him defeating his opponents went viral on the internet. In his first taped fight against a man named Big D, Ferguson left a large cut on his opponent's right eye which led internet fans to call him "Slice", becoming the last name to his already popular childhood nickname, Kimbo.
 * Jorge Masvidal: He was a known street fighter prior to his professional MMA career, including fighting and beating Kimbo Slice's protégé "Ray."
 * Eddie Alvarez: Former UFC Lightweight Champion Alvarez engaged in street fights due to a lack of opportunity before his professional career.
 * Nate Diaz: He has engaged in several street fights during his professional fighting career.
 * Lenny McLean: An English unlicensed boxer, bouncer, bodyguard, businessman and actor. He was known as "The Guv'nor", "the King of the Cobbles" and "the hardest man in Britain".

Bar fights
A bar fight, sometimes known as a pub brawl, is a type of street fight that happens in bars, pubs, and taverns. It is commonly depicted in fiction, most notably in Hollywood films and crime video games.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Street fighting


text:
Terri Fields

Terri Fields is a book writer and teacher from Phoenix, Arizona. Fields teaches at Sunnyslope High School, where she developed her reading program, Reading Is Sweet.

Fields encourages students to read by walking from classroom to classroom and handing out free candy to whomever she catches with one of the books recommended by her on their hands. She has said that one of her goals is to get children to "read with their brains."

Fields was selected as the 1986 Arizona teacher of the year, the first of many awards. In 2000, she was selected as one of the twenty best teachers in the United States, making the All USA Teacher Team. In 2003, she won an award of $2,000 dollars, given to 10 teachers in the 2003 Education's Unsung Heroes contest, sponsored by the ING Group. On November 5 of that year, an article about her was published by the Arizona Republic newspaper.

Fields has also written sixteen teen-oriented story books.

Selected bibliography

 * After the Death of Anna Gonzales (2002, Henry Holt & Co.)
 * Holdup (2007, Roaring Brook Press)
 * Burro's Tortillas (2007, Sylvan Dell)
 * My Father's Son (2008, Roaring Brook Press)
 * Missing in the Mountains (2008, Cooper Square)
 * The Most Dangerous (2012, Sylvan Dell)

title: Terri Fields


text:
User talk:Baldhur

If you have any comments, please contact me on my talk page in the German Wikipedia!

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title: User talk:Baldhur


text:
Talk:Daniel Akaka

Untitled
The language
 * Daniel Kahikina Akaka (b. 1924) is a U.S. Senator from Hawaii and a member of the Democratic Party. He is the first U.S. Senator of mixed Native Hawaiian, Chinese and Japanese ancestry and is the only Chinese-American member of the Senate.

seems to this editor to put far too much significance on the subject's ancestry; to my mind it belongs in the same part of the article as other personal details such as his family. But i don't that think that positioning impairs the article enuf to worry about.

On the other hand, the status of being first with one of the many three-way combinations of ancestry is far less significant than being the first to have what the page has what the page has implied from inception until now, any Polynesian-Hawaiian ancestry. (Calling it Native Hawaiian is not confusing enuf to fuss over). I am cutting back to "first ... with Native-Hawaiian ancestry".

BTW, i didn't stop to think abt it until now, but isn't "Hawai'ian" more appropriate in this context? (I.e., we're talking about the ethnicity here, not what the statehood papers said. That's the criterion i followed in editting Hawaii.)

My edit indicating the date of the status is needed, unless "only ... member" is a confused way of saying what would be more significant, "first such member". "First member" stays true, and doesn't need to be updated when he leaves or another becomes a member. And "only member" is not like "current Senator", bcz whoever adds his successor's page (or updates Akaka's successor's page to show she's now Senator besides whatever else she is) should know enuf to turn Akaka from "current" to "former", while proper adjustment of "only" requires special knowledge or a detailed reading of what may become a long article. I am correcting my bad previous dates but conceptually reverting, to "only Chinese-American as of 2003-2004" (which means "could change with next Congressional election").

I am discarding the "mixed Native Hawaiian, Chinese and Japanese ancestry" info, not because i care to judge whether it has a useful place in WP, but bcz this article is about the political history of Sen. Akaka, as demonstrated by the links to it. And i don't think i know how to write the other article. If someone thinks his role as, say, an inspiration to those who find his ancestry relevant, is worth an article, i'm happy to help set up the diambiguation and linking apparatus to fit the two articles in with the rest of WP.

Hoping to hear more discussion if i'm missing some nuances here. --Jerzy 08:57, 2003 Nov 6 (UTC)

 * Adding in "as of..." is a bad idea. WP can easily be updated and this article can most assuredly be expected to be edited when Mr. Akaka leaves office. We would be changing the "is" into the sentence to "was" anyways. And why 2003-2004 and not just 2003? What if he falls dead tomorrow? Don't assume the editors here are too dumb to figure out he's not the first person of Chinese ancestry of the Senate. The precaution is unnecessary.

 * The fact that he has "mixed Native Hawaiian, Chinese and Japanese ancestry" is as relevant as his birthplace. It belongs somewhere near there in the article. --Jiang 09:07, 6 Nov 2003 (UTC)

As i say, this is a political article, and both his nativity and ethnicity could be excluded without its being impaired significiantly. I think it would be a big improvement to move the birthplace and ethnicity together into the 2nd 'graph, instead of the first, summary, 'graph. But my concern is much less now that it's not changing the meaning of the "only NH" phrase.

Not 2003 alone bcz a change before 2004 is quite unlikely, and quite likely to cause a thoro edit. This is a question of likely efficiency, not guaranteed accuracy.

My concern is not with him leaving Senate, but another person with same characteristics joining. ANd it's not a matter of dumb, it's a matter of too many articles for all of them to be attentively followed, when (unlike his death or defeat) there's no obvious path to what needs to be changed.

The harm you cite is easily fixed. WP is full of articles overdue for updates, and if it still says "as of 1990-2004" in '05, the reader knows it hasn't been updated: if it had been, it would say "was" or "1990-2006", and they know they need to cross-check before relying on the info.

Convesely, with your wording, anyone with a grain of sense knows they have to ignore it, research it themselves, or slog thru the edit history to see when it was added to the article. --Jerzy 10:04, 2003 Nov 6 (UTC)

 * No, my wording assumes truth as of the present. If it becomes no longer valid, then it should be changed. I'm not leaving this site anytime soon. When the list of senators is updated, then the articles for the names removed can be expected to be updated. It will be clearly visible in the news if someone with similar background is appointed in the interim. --Jiang

That may be to the point in this case, but it leaves the question of why the average user should take your wording at face value. This talk may (in this case) promote their doing so, or at least point a direction for users whose need for the info is acute enuf to research that wording's credibility. For my part, i consider "trust but verify" necessary for the present: It's a rare Random-page result that i look at, other than a US or UK town page, that doesn't make me say at some point "what's this crap doing here?", and strike me as important to put off planned Wikipedia work for.

Well, sounds like i should Watchlist the news; how do i find it? And perhaps i should take a serious look at Jiang & your oeuvre.

You might note that no one on WP knows anything significant about my background, nor ever will, since my anonymity is necessary for me to contribute; i'm not sure how common that is among long-termers for qualifications to be deducible, let along verifiable, only from content, but it may become moreso as we grow. But in any case, i'll at least set myself up a reminder to watch whether you're still here, if (when! [smile]) i stop watching everything i've editted.

Is there any publicized existing mechanism for listing pages that should be editted on a schedule?

This has been fruitful, for which i thank you, and i expect i'll contact you at some point with the customary compliments on your work, once i've seen enuf of it to make a sincere compliment instead of a pro forma one. Tnx.

promised note

 * Jiang, browsing back i see that i actually said more earlier, than what i remembered saying while writing the following, and that i probably owe you no apology at all. I don't know how much interest you have, but after my having made the effort to put it down, better that i make this tiny additional effort, and that you have the opportunity to see it, than not.

 * As for me, i've already given this too much attention, so here follows what, a while back, i thot applied; you'll just have to discount to account for my factual error, since i am not going to rewrite it.

As i said, i need to apologize: i was not alert enuf to catch the fact that we were simply "talking past" each other. I hope (and think) i never suggested that there was any likelihood of a change in Sen. A's life that would not be reflected promptly in the art. But on the other hand i never took the simple step of pointing out more explicitly what is unlikely to be properly reflected in updates, ever, without the language i suggested, or a list of pages needing periodic updates. I am referring to changes outside his life, that change his status, as to aspects reflected in the art. ♥

Let me enumerate the plausible ones that i find obvious: (I consider these plausible but unlikely events in a two year time frame, and impractical to deal with. For that reason, it doesn't bother me to risk readers' inferring that the info is "guaranteed" until actually changed or 2004, whichever occurs first.
 * In the period 2003 thru Jan. 2005, a Senator other than him:
 * dies or resigns, and is replaced by someone with relevant Oriental ancestry, or
 * has a "Madeline Albright" event, and learns that they have relevant Oriental ancestry, or
 * after a long period of "passing for white" (as the African-American writer Anatole Broyard did until his death), for whatever reason, decides that the time has come to publicly acknowledge their relevant Oriental ancestry.
 * Beyond 2004:
 * any of the above, which continue to be unlikely, or
 * events i consider more likely (and harder to set upper limits on their probability), someone without Oriental ancestry leaves the Senate at the end of their term, and someone with relevant Oriental ancestry replaces them.

BTW, you may want to look at Wikipedia talk:As of, which i've run across since our previous discussion. --Jerzy 06:46, 2003 Nov 19 (UTC)

Ethnicity
The page for Hiram Fong said he was the first Native Hawaiian Senator. I changed ref. in Akaka article to reflect that. Ellsworth 15:29, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

Photograph
Why not use his official photograph? Most other senators' pages have their official photos, and so I believe Senator Akaka's should too.

Mahalo Akaka Please vote

His name
Why is Akaka's name given in Chinese script? He is an American, he was born in Hawaii, Daniel Akaka is not a Chinese name, and he is only partly of Chinese descent. Do we give Paul Sarbanes' name in Greek script? Or Joe Lieberman's in Hebrew? This seems to be an unnecessary and rather offensive "foreignisation" of Americans of non-Anglo descent. Adam 03:55, 11 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I see we do give Sarbanes' name in Greek script. Well I oppose that too. Adam 03:57, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

First or second?
Pretty much everwhere else Akaka is said to be the first U.S. Senator of Native Hawaiian ancestry. Evidently, Hiram Fong is regarded as Chinese American, as he was apparently no more than 1/4 Native Hawaiian by ancestry. I'm inclined to change Akaka back to being the first, unless there are serious objections. Cgingold (talk) 14:30, 27 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I'd count 1/4 as being of Hawaiian decent - in fact it's a lot more Hawaiian than many, such as some students from Kamehameha. I don't think Sen. Fong should be discounted as he still identified as being Chinese Hawaiian, like many people in Hawaii. —  Keakealani ·?·!·@ 03:10, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

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Paternal grandfather
If his Chinese paternal grandfather's surname was Li, why is Akaka's surname not also Li? Can some explanation of this basic information be added to this article? 76.190.213.189 (talk) 04:06, 29 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Daniel Akaka


text:
Talk:Bass instrument

Bass family?
The modern upright/double Bass is not a member of the Violin family it is a descendant of the Viol. This can be seen in the shape of the instrument (Pointed shoulders not rounded like the violin Cello, and the tuning 4ths between strings not 5ths.)

J.C.

 * It's generally regarded as related to the violin because it is so commonly used alongside violins, violas and cellos. However, if you're sure about the descent, it would be worth at least adding a link to viol and making a note on the double bass article. Basswulf 09:44, 6 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * The viola is tuned to fifths. Hyacinth 12:19, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

Ampeg
What? No Ampeg Baby Bass?

Parentheses
Are the parentheses in the title necessary? How about Bass instrument? Hyacinth 12:20, 25 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I think the parenthesis are just standard for a page that comes from a disambiguation page, but I'm not sure. I do think it would look better without parenthesis since it's talking about bass instruments. RageGarden 03:04, 18 April 2007 (UTC)
 * This does seem to be supported by WP:NATURAL as in String instrument, Keyboard instrument, Brass instrument, ... Kuulopuhe (talk) 09:49, 21 February 2024 (UTC)

"Bass(instrument)" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bass(instrument)&redirect=no Bass(instrument)] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Steel1943 (talk) 16:20, 16 November 2023 (UTC)

Range from C2?
How does it define a bass instrument for its range to be in the range C2-C4, when for example a normal 4-string electric bass guitar in standard tuning goes all the way down to E1? The page "Bass (sound)" includes the same weird claim. Segj2 (talk) 20:44, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

Requested move 21 February 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) Vpab15 (talk) 17:23, 6 March 2024 (UTC)

Bass (instrument) → Bass instrument – Natural disambiguation preferrable to parenthentical disambiguation. Kuulopuhe (talk) 09:50, 21 February 2024 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Leaning oppose, on the grounds that the name of the instrument is the "bass", while there are other instruments that can play bass notes, meaning that "Bass instrument" sounds more like a reference to a class of instruments rather than a specific instrument. BD2412  T 21:30, 21 February 2024 (UTC)
 * This article is about a class of instruments... 162 etc. (talk) 23:49, 21 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose per BD2412. It also seems like an unnatural natural disambiguation— do people call these "bass instruments"? 🌺 Cremastra (talk) 00:33, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * In my defence against BD2412's point, as 162 etc. mentioned, the article is about the class of instruments, not a specific instrument. Also, I think if the phrasing seems unnatural to many then we ought to change the phrasing when it is used in the article and possibly move the Commons category to a more natural name. Kuulopuhe (talk) 02:47, 3 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I have also indeed found some people who refer to this class of instruments with the term "bass instruments":
 * (pp. 413, 414, 419, &c.)
 * (p. 42)
 * (p. 133) Kuulopuhe (talk) 03:12, 3 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose. "Bass instrument" is highly unnatural. —  AjaxSmack  02:29, 3 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Based on what? I have given a few sources where the term is used in my reply to Cremastra. Kuulopuhe (talk) 03:17, 3 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Support. This article is about a class of instruments, not a particular called a bass. There are several instruments commonly called 'bass', but they have their own articles are natural disambiguated titles (double bass, bass guitar). Srnec (talk) 21:14, 5 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Support per Srnec. This article is about the class of instruments known as bass instrument, not any particular one; its scope encompasses the bass guitar, upright bass, and a variety of other bass instruments. ModernDayTrilobite (talk • contribs) 16:52, 6 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Support. This article is about a class of instruments, not a particular called a bass. There are several instruments commonly called 'bass', but they have their own articles are natural disambiguated titles (double bass, bass guitar). Srnec (talk) 21:14, 5 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Support per Srnec. This article is about the class of instruments known as bass instrument, not any particular one; its scope encompasses the bass guitar, upright bass, and a variety of other bass instruments. ModernDayTrilobite (talk • contribs) 16:52, 6 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bass instrument


text: Talk:Hey Arnold!

title: Talk:Hey Arnold!


text:
Talk:Fibonacci sequence

Fibonacci Approximation Function
A function that approximates the Fibonacci sequence is the following: y = (0.003)x^6 - (0.0064)x^5 + (0.0701)x^4 - (0.3435)x^3 + (1.0052)x^2 -(0.6578)x + 0.9895

Try and plot it on Octave or in any other software.

~_Roberto::Barone_~ 95.234.175.68 (talk) 15:14, 18 September 2023 (UTC)

 * It is possible to come up with many polynomials that accurately approximate a few of the Fibonacci numbers. (See polynomial fitting, generally.)  However, regardless of the polynomial $p(x)$, it is the case that
 * $$\lim_{x\rightarrow +\infty} \frac{p(x)}{\phi^x} = 0\,,$$
 * and thus the polynomial will fall woefully short of the Fibonacci sequence for large enough values of $x$. — Q uantling (talk | contribs) 15:38, 18 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your reply.
 * I know... Mine was just an approximate attempt for the sequence.
 * ~_Roberto::Barone_~ 95.234.175.68 (talk) 16:01, 18 September 2023 (UTC)

Pictures in article
The first two pictures in the article illustrate some features of the squares of Fibonacci numbers. Don't we have any pictures to illustrate the actual Fibonacci numbers instead of their squares? Eddi (Talk) 16:32, 2 October 2023 (UTC)

 * With the addition of some thickened / darkened lines, the first picture could emphasize non-squares. The lines that I would thicken are
 * the topmost line, of length 34,
 * the rightmost line, of length 21,
 * the line from the lower right corner, going left for a length of 13,
 * from there going up for a length of 8,
 * from there going right for a length of 5,
 * then down 3,
 * then left 2,
 * then up 1, and
 * then right 1.
 * — Q uantling (talk | contribs) 20:41, 2 October 2023 (UTC)
 * The areas of the squares in the figure are squares of Fibonacci numbers, but the properties illustrated are not particularly areal. --JBL (talk) 17:05, 3 October 2023 (UTC)
 * It's a fair point that these images show more or less the same thing twice, and one of the two could be substituted with another type of image without losing much. –jacobolus (t) 17:13, 3 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Sure, I agree. --JBL (talk) 20:33, 3 October 2023 (UTC)

Intro paragraph
There is not only one Fibonacci sequence. The sequence 2,5,7,12,19,... is a Fibonacci sequence. So I do not see why the introduction should refer to "the" Fibonacci sequence. Shouldn't it describe "a" Fibonacci sequence?

Also, it is not true that every number of a Fibonacci sequence is the sum of the two predecessors (as explained in the introduction paragraph) since the first two numbers in a sequence do not have two predecessors. Shouldn't the language be made precise?

I attempted to correct these two issues back in October 2023, but Jaybee didn't like my edits and reverted them, saying that I should not have done so. Why? Majfoster (talk) 06:37, 7 December 2023 (UTC)

 * First, because Wikipedia articles must be based on the consensus of mainstream published sources, not on the idiosyncratic views of individual editors. Second, because this article is about the usual Fibonacci sequence, not other sequences defined from the same recurrence. We have a separate article for that: Generalizations of Fibonacci numbers. —David Eppstein (talk) 07:27, 7 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the feedback. I see now there is another page for the generalized sequence.  I should have done my due diligence to see if it existed before making a fuss. Majfoster (talk) 16:44, 7 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I agree that starting with other than 0, 1 should be in the other article.
 * I've boldly made an edit to reflect the other point you make; the lead sentence now reads "In mathematics, the Fibonacci sequence is a sequence starting with 0 and 1 in which each subsequent number is the sum of the two preceding ones." For the very first sentence that may be too much information, but let's see what other editors think. — Q uantling (talk | contribs) 15:08, 7 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Excellent, I am am satisfied! Majfoster (talk) 16:45, 7 December 2023 (UTC)

Fibonacci numbers vs. Fibonacci sequence
We bothered to change the name of the article from Fibonacci numbers to Fibonacci sequence. However, much of the text still says things like "The Fibonacci numbers are" rather than "The Fibonacci sequence is". I realize that there are some instances where we really do mean the former, and I realize that there are some instances where changing the former to the latter would be a word salad, and I realize that we don't have to be pedantic about every occurrence ... but might it be worthwhile to change many of instances of the "Fibonacci numbers" to "Fibonacci sequence"? Or, putting it another way, if I do that, am I likely to get instantly reverted? Thanks — Q uantling (talk | contribs) 14:39, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

 * No big deal indeed, so no problem with me. Afaiac, go ahead . - DVdm (talk) 15:41, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
 * However, the article title and your personal preferences are not good reasons for the change, and, per MOS:VAR, you must provide stronger reasons.
 * Also, the two phrases are not always equivalent. For example, in the last but one paragraph of the lead, the examples given are related to the first numbers of the sequence only, not to the whole sequence. So, I would oppose strongly to the change in this paragraph. In the last paragraph of the lead, this is different, as the Fibonacci numbers are not individually related to the golden ratio; this is the sequence that is related to it. So, in this case, I would strongly support the change. D.Lazard (talk) 16:30, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree. Of course we can only make changes where it makes sense. - DVdm (talk) 16:41, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Fibonacci numbers are not individually related to the golden ratio
 * This claim seems too broad and pretty pedantic. For example, powers of the golden ratio when written as "golden integers" of the form $$a + b\varphi$$ have "individual Fibonacci numbers" as their coefficients, as described in . –jacobolus (t) 17:30, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Of course, I would not have used this sentence in the article. However, to establish the expression of the powers of the golden ratio, one needs the recurrence relation, and thus the defition of the sequence. The fact is that it is better to use "sequence" when all numbers are considered together. So "sequence" is better in the first sentence (before the colon) and the last sentence of the last paragraph of the lead; "numbers" is better in the remainder of this paragraph. D.Lazard (talk) 17:55, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Did no one notice that Fibonacci numbers and Fibonacci sequence mean the exact same thing, or is it just me? 80.42.238.212 (talk) 11:26, 8 July 2024 (UTC)
 * "Sequence" implies an order among the numbers ... a first Fibonacci number, then a second, then a third, .... However, "numbers" need not be so organized.  For example, among the transcendental numbers, there is none that people agree is the first, then the second, etc.  — Q uantling (talk | contribs) 12:37, 8 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks; I guess that kind of helps. I only thought that because when I hovered over Fibonacci numbers and then over Fibonacci sequences, it gave the same definition. 80.42.238.212 (talk) 08:40, 10 July 2024 (UTC)

possibly problematic picture placement
Before my edit, my phone (at least in portrait page orientation instead of landscape) displayed the yellow "tiles" image after the phrase "the sequence begins" but before the actual sequence of "0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, ...", making the page easy to misread as saying "Starting from 0 and 1, the sequence begins 21, 13, 3, 2, ..."

If a reason exists why the opening sequence of numbers should start a new line, please move the picture to prevent the article from displaying in such a confusing, misleading way, realizing that the display is prone to change based on what device a reader uses and if the user tilts the device this way or that (and possibly also depending on what browser and zoom settings are in use).

Thanks. --173.67.42.107 (talk) 08:23, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

 * The sequence is displayed on its own line for emphasis. For a better fix of your problem, I moved the image down. D.Lazard (talk) 08:59, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fibonacci sequence


text:
John Mbiti

John Samuel Mbiti (1931–2019) was a Kenyan-born Christian philosopher and writer. He was an ordained Anglican priest, and is considered "the father of modern African theology".

Early life
John Mbiti was born on 30 November 1931 in Mulango, Kitui County, eastern Kenya. His parents were two farmers, Samuel Mutuvi Ngaangi and Valesi Mbandi Kiimba; He was one of six children and was raised in a strong Christian environment. His Christian upbringing encouraged his educational journey through the African Inland Church. He attended Alliance High School in Nairobi and continued his education at University College of Makerere where he graduated in 1953. Mbiti furthered his academic education in the US and received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1956 and a Bachelor of Theology degree in 1957 from Barrington College, a Christian liberal arts school in Rhode Island. He then earned his Doctor of Philosophy in theology at the University of Cambridge, from where he graduated in 1963. Supervised by C.F.D. Moule, his doctoral work sought to answer the question, "How can African societies be effectively evangelized so that the Christian faith can penetrate deeply and firmly into the African soil?"

Later life and death
Mbiti taught religion and theology in Makerere University, Uganda, from 1964 to 1974 and was subsequently director of the World Council of Churches' Ecumenical Institute in Bogis-Bossey, Switzerland. He held visiting professorships at universities across the world and published extensively on philosophy, theology and African oral traditions.

Mbiti's seminal book, African Religions and Philosophy (1969), was the first work to challenge Christian assumption that traditional African religious ideas were "demonic and anti-Christian". His sympathetic treatment of traditional religions was based on massive field work. Mbiti was clear that his interpretation of these religions was from a firmly Christian perspective, and this aspect of his work was sometimes severely criticized.

Mbiti's research interests included theology in Africa and Asia, and ecumenism. He also collaborated on a book of African proverbs, collected from across the continent.

From 2005 up until his death in 2019, Mbiti was an emeritus professor at the University of Bern and a retired parish minister to the town of Burgdorf, Switzerland. He was married to Verena Mbiti-Siegenthaler and had four children and five grand-children. Mbiti died in Burgdorf on 5 October 2019.

Religious work
After graduating from Cambridge University he was ordained an Anglican priest of the Church of England. He served as a parish priest in England until he returned to Makerere in 1964 to teach traditional African religions. From 1980 to 1996 Mbiti was a parish minister in Burgdorf, Switzerland and taught at the same time from 1983 onwards at the University of Bern.

Academic work
Mbiti returned to Makerere University, where he taught African traditional religion from 1964 to 1974. While he was here he wrote his first book, African Religions and Philosophy (1969). His primary focus in his first book was to challenge the widely held views that African traditional religions were rooted in demonic anti-Christian values and to stress that traditional African religions deserve the same respect as Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Buddhism. He based his claim on his knowledge that in the Bible, God is the creator of all things, therefore meaning that God has revealed himself to all things. Mbiti had little knowledge of African Traditional religion, as he was unaware of previous lectures regarding its foundations due to the deep oral traditions of such religions. He sought out his own personal research to teach the class. He gathered ideas from over 300 African peoples or tribes while conducting field research. Being asked by his students for a collection of his research compelled him to compile his notes and lectures into his first book, which was published in 1969. Following his career at Makerere, he held visiting professorships at universities across the world where he continued publishing books on philosophy, theology and African oral traditions.

From 1974 to 1980 Mbiti was the director of the World Council of Churches Bossey Ecumenical Institute. He held a series of influential conferences that focused on intercultural theology. His goal was to bring together African, Asian and other theologians for ecumenical encounter and dialogue. The first conference in June 1976 focused on African and Asian contributions to contemporary theology. This conference had an attendance of more than 80 participants. His second more well-known conference, "Confessing Christ in Different Cultures", was held in Bossey in July 1977. This conference held an attendance of more than 100 people who gathered from 35 different countries. There were discussions on how an individual could reach from a contextual to a universal confession of Christ and emphasized how confession can find expression in liturgy and worship. His third conference focused on "Indigenous Theology and the Universal Church".

Upon his retirement as a parish minister (1996) and university lecturer (2005) in Switzerland, Mbiti translated the entire New Testament from its original manuscripts in Greek and Hebrew into his mothertongue Kikamba, a Bantu language spoken by the Kamba people of Kenya (and Tanzania).

Among the numerous prestigious distinctions and honorary doctorates Mbiti received, the Anglican Church of Southern Africa honored Mbiti with the Archbishop’s Award for Peace and Justice during a celebration of his life and writing at the University of Stellenbosch, Republic of South Africa, in November 2016.

Findings in African traditional religion
Mbiti in his book looks to dissect the origins of African traditional religion, specifically by studying oral traditions. The Igbo religion is one of the traditional African religions that Mbiti researched; their tradition was rooted in their culture. Received orally by authorities, this tradition was transmitted from generation to generation through the same oral process. Their traditions revolve around a highly ontological phenomena, pushing their followers to question their existence and being. Within their traditional life, individuals immersed themselves with religious participation, in which they believe starts before they are born and continues after their death. The Igbo religious life is connected to their ancestors and to those not yet born creating a mystic continuum. The Igbo religion fully embodies all characteristics of a traditional world religion, including its beliefs, sacred myths, oral qualities, strong appeal to the hearts of its followers, a high degree of ritualization, and possession of numerous participatory parsonages such as officiating elders, kings, priests and diviners. The Igbo religion differs from nontraditional proselytizing religions because it does not have elders who carry out missionary work and individuals who do not preach their religion onto others. They believe in a supreme being who is believed to be the controller of the world and all its inhabitants.

Mbiti also discovered that the Igbo religion considers that when an individual dies, their soul or spirit wanders until the body is given a proper burial. This waiting period is called the transitional period of the deceased. Christianity arrived in Igbo land in 1857, creating fear within the Igbo that if they became Christians their god would bring disaster to them. Others also refused to convert to Christianity because of the belief that Christian missionaries were there to destroy the Igbo religion. Christians attacked the traditional song music and dance of the Igbo religion as they deemed it immoral. This may have contributed to the emergence of religious conflict between the Igbo and the Christians, and the impression that African traditional religions were rooted in anti-Christian belief. Elders were merely protecting their traditions. One of Mbiti's most famous quotes in his book African Religions and Philosophy was: "Wherever the African is, there is religion."

Criticisms
Mbiti faced criticism from the Ugandan writer Okot p'Bitek for casting his arguments in intellectual terms that had been established by the west. Specifically, his biggest criticism was that African cosmologies ultimately align with Christian views of God as omnipotent, omnipresent and eternal. P’Bitek wrote in his own book African Religions in Western Scholarship that the African traditional religions are beyond recognition to the ordinary Africans in the countryside. Mbiti supposedly never responded to the criticism, according to Derek Peterson, a professor of history and African studies at the University of Michigan.

Similarly, Tsenay Serequeberhan placed Mbiti in the tradition of ethnophilosophy and argued that Mbiti tries to "expose the interiority of the African to the subversive gaze of the Christian, Muslim, or modernizing Europeanized African."

Works

 * Akamba Stories. Oxford Library of African Literature. Oxford University Press (December 1966). ISBN 0-19-815120-9
 * This work consists of around 80 different stories of various kinds rooted in Kamba tales. Translated and edited to the English language, only two remain in Kikamba. They delve into Kamba life and society, the Kikamba language, as well as a detailed nature of the stories and the contexts within which they are told. To the common reader, they may deduce nothing more than a collection of pleasant African folk tales.

 * Poems of Nature and Faith. Poets of Africa. East African Publishing House (1969).
 * A collection of poems from African poets

 * African Religions and Philosophy. African Writers Series. Heinemann [1969] (1990). ISBN 0-435-89591-5
 * Mbiti’s first book takes a systematic look into the belief that African traditional religions were rooted in anti-Christian beliefs. He revised the book to include the role of women in religion

 * Concepts of God in Africa. London: SPCK (April 1970). ISBN 0-281-02347-6
 * African peoples are not religiously illiterate; this book presents a portion of their traditional religious and philosophical wisdom gathered from over 270 different people or tribes. It contains a systematic study of practically all the information the author could find in writing and otherwise on African reflection about God. This reflection is influenced, naturally, by geographical, historical, cultural, and social-political factors.

 * New Testament Eschatology in an African Background. Oxford University Press (March 1971). ISBN 0-19-821659-9
 * This book is a study of the new Testament Eschatology in an African Background: a study of the encounter between New Testament Theology and African Traditional Concepts.

 * Love and Marriage in Africa. London: Longman (1973).
 * Introduction to African Religion. African Writers Series. Heinemann [1975] (1991). ISBN 0-435-94002-3
 * This book takes a look into a selection of African Proverbs to show the religious and ethical practices passed down through oral tradition

 * The Prayers of African Religion . London: SPCK (October 1975). ISBN 0-281-02871-0
 * An in-depth look into African American Christianity meditation rituals incantations and prayers connection to the divine power.

 * Bible and Theology in African Christianity. Oxford University Press (April 1987). ISBN 0-19-572593-X
 * African Proverbs. Pretoria: UNISA Press (1997).
 * The Kikamba Bible - Utianiyo Mweu Wa Mwiyai Yesu Kilisto (the New Testament of the Lord Jesus Christ), (December 2014) Kenya Literature Bureau.

title: John Mbiti


text:
Enguera

Enguera (Énguera) is a municipality in southwestern province of Valencia, Spain.

The local economy depends primarily on agriculture, and secondarily on industry and services. In recent years, agricultural crops, especially olives, have gained in importance, although the complementary or secondary component of agriculture is evident. Rural tourism, including camping, country homes, a hotel, and restaurants are gaining importance. Meanwhile, the once-flourishing industry that was an important part of the village economy at the end of the eighteenth century has faded almost to nothing. While many of Enguera's inhabitants work in industry, their jobs are in nearby towns.

The Sierra de Enguera is named after this town.

Main sights

 * Late Renaissance church of St. Michael Archangel (16th-17th centuries). It houses a Gothic processional cross.
 * Convent of Sts. Joseph and Anne (17th century)
 * Hermitage of St. Anthony of Padua
 * Archaeological Museum
 * Boat That Has a Tendency to Catch Fire
 * Museum of Fine Arts
 * Ethnological Museum
 * Museum of Agriculture
 * Ruins of the Muslim Castle, destroyed in 1365
 * Flying Dolphin Museum
 * The village of Navalón

Notable people

 * Jorge Perona (born 1 April 1982), Spanish footballer
 * Manuel Tolsá was a prolific Neoclassical architect and sculptor in Spain and Mexico. He served as the first director of the Academy of San Carlos.
 * José María Albiñana (October 13, 1883 – 1936) was a Spanish physician, neurologist, medical writer, philosopher and anti-republican far-right politician.

title: Enguera


text:
Alexander Wilson (ornithologist)

Alexander Wilson (July 6, 1766 – August 23, 1813) was a Scottish-American poet, ornithologist, naturalist, and illustrator. Identified by George Ord as the "Father of American Ornithology", Wilson is regarded as the greatest American ornithologist before Audubon.

Early life
Wilson was born in a Presbyterian family in Paisley, Scotland on July 6, 1766. Alexander senior ("Saunders") had given up smuggling and taken up weaving where he did well and he supplemented income with liquor distilling. The American revolution had caused economic hardship and after the death of Wilson's mother, Mary McNab, his father remarried and moved to Auchinbathie. Wilson got a little bit of schooling but spent time herding livestock and at thirteen he apprenticed with his brother-in-law William Duncan. He also worked four years as a journeyman, shooting grouse in free time and peddling wares across Scotland.

Poetry and emigration
While working as a weaver in Paisley, Wilson became seriously interested in poetry. He was inspired by the dialect verse of Robert Burns, who was only seven years older. He was close friends with fellow Paisley poet Ebenezer Picken.

In addition to ballads and pastoral pieces, Wilson wrote satirical commentary on the conditions of weavers in the mills. In 1792 he wrote a poem called "Watty and Meg: A wife reformed" on a drunkard and his wife, which was quite popular. His authorship of a satirical poem "The Shark, or Lang Mills Detected" with severe personal statements about a mill owner named William Sharp resulted in a libel suit. He then began to blackmail Sharp and this led to Wilson's arrest. His work was said to be inflammatory, against the English, and libelous; he was often in trouble with the law. Because he devoted little time to his trade as a weaver, Wilson lived in poverty. In 1794, he decided to emigrate to America.

From teaching to ornithology
With a nephew, Wilson left Scotland in May 1794 at the age of 27 and landed in Delaware. He walked to Philadelphia where he tried work in printing and weaving. Opportunities were scarce for weavers in the Philadelphia area, and Wilson turned to teaching.

Wilson taught at the Milestown School in Bristol Township, the present-day East Oak Lane neighborhood of Philadelphia, for five years from 1796 to 1801. A scandalous affair with a married woman in 1801 forced him to leave. He then moved on to teach briefly in New Jersey.

Eventually, Wilson settled into a position at Gray's Ferry, Pennsylvania, and took up residence in nearby Kingsessing. There, he met the famous naturalist William Bartram, who encouraged Wilson's interest in ornithology and painting.

Resolved to publish a collection of illustrations of all the birds of North America, Wilson traveled widely, collecting and painting. He also secured subscribers to fund his work, the nine-volume American Ornithology (1808–1814). Of the 268 species of birds illustrated in its pages, 26 had not previously been described. His illustrations of birds in poses were an inspiration for James Audubon and other illustrators and naturalists.

In 1813, Wilson was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society.

Death
Wilson died on August 23, 1813, "of dysentery, overwork, and chronic poverty" according to one report. He was buried in Philadelphia, in the cemetery at Gloria Dei (Old Swedes') church. The two final volumes of American Ornithology were completed by Wilson's friend and patron George Ord, who was an executor of Wilson's estate.

An image entitled "Swedish Lutheran Church", which depicts an apparently elderly individual mourning at the grave of Wilson, was drawn by Thomas Sully (1783–1872), engraved and printed in 1828 by Cephas G. Childs and B. Rogers, respectively, and published in a book of landscapes, Views of Philadelphia (1827–1830).

Legacy
In Paisley, a statue of Wilson was erected on the grounds of Paisley Abbey. A memorial on the banks of River Cart, near the Hammills rapids and waterfall, commemorates Wilson's connection to that city. The memorial is inscribed "Remember Alexander Wilson 1766–1813. Here was his boyhood playground."

A genus of warblers, Wilsonia (now obsolete), was named for Wilson by Charles Lucien Bonaparte. Several species of bird were also named in honor of Wilson, including the Wilson's storm-petrel, Wilson's plover, Wilson's phalarope, Wilson's snipe, and Wilson's warbler. In 2023, the American Ornithological Society decided to rename Wilson's warbler and Wilson's snipe.

According to an article about his life, Wilson's meeting with James Audubon "probably inspired Audubon to publish his own book on birds, and he also influenced many later artists and ornithologists".

The Wilson Journal of Ornithology and the Wilson Ornithological Society also bear his name.

Published works

 * Wilson, Alexander. n.d. The tears of Britain. A poem. OCLC: 166684875.
 * Wilson, Alexander. 1808–1814. American Ornithology; or, the Natural History of the Birds of the United States: Illustrated with Plates Engraved and Colored from Original drawings taken from Nature.
 * Wilson, Alexander. 1800. List of pieces written by Mr. Alexander Wilson, now in Philadelphia. [Paisley, Scotland]: Printed by Andrew Young. At head of title: Paisley repository. No. VIII. Probable decade of imprint from NSTC. "The American blue bird [by A. Wilson, in verse]": p. 2-3; "The Baltimore bird [by A. Wilson, part in verse]": p. 4.
 * Wilson, Alexander. 1800. Watty and Meg: or the wife reclaimed, together with : Habbie Sampson and his wife or, a new way of raising the wind : Donald and his dog : the West Kintra weaver turned teetotaler : the Loss o' the pack : John Tamson's cart : Takin' it out o' his mouth. Paisley, Scotland: W. Wilson.
 * Wilson, Alexander. 1800. Rab and Ringan: a tale as delivered in the Pantheon, Edinburgh by the author of Watty and Meg; to which is added The twa cats and the cheese, a tale. Glasgow: Brash & Reid.
 * Wilson, Alexander. 1801. Oration, on the power and value of national liberty delivered to a large assembly of citizens, at Milestown, Pennsylvania, on Wednesday, March 4, 1801. Philadelphia: Printed by H. Maxwell. Reprinted in Early American imprints. Second series;, no. 1668.
 * Wilson, Alexander. Papers, 1806–1813. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. This material relates to Alexander B. Grosart's biography of Wilson. There are notes and copies of letters and documents, including a copy of Wilson's will. There is one poem by Wilson, "The Last Wish," and an 1806 letter to William Bartram.
 * Wilson, Alexander. 1814. The Foresters: A Poem, Descriptive of a Pedestrian Journey to the Falls of Niagara in the Autumn of 1804. Newtown (PA): S. Siegfried & J. Wilson. Also published in the magazine The Port Folio in 1809/1810.

Collections

 * Complete illustrations from the 9-volume edition of Alexander Wilson, American Ornithologist (at University of Virginia)
 * Selected plates from Wilson's American Ornithology (at Linda Hall Library)
 * Alexander Wilson (exhibition at Cornell University)
 * Wilson's poetry – collection of Wilson's poetry (at Virginia Tech)

title: Alexander Wilson (ornithologist)