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Nathan Mayer Rothschild

Nathan Mayer Rothschild (16 September 1777 – 28 July 1836, also known as Baron Nathan Mayer Rothschild, was an English-German banker, businessman and financier. Born in Frankfurt am Main, he was the third of the five sons of Mayer Amschel Rothschild and his wife, Guttle (née Schnapper). He was the founder of the English branch of the prominent Rothschild family.

Early life, origins in Frankfurt
Nathan Mayer Rothschild was born on 16 September 1777 to Mayer Amschel Rothschild and Guttle Schnapper in the Jewish ghetto area of Frankfurt in the Holy Roman Empire (in present-day Germany). He was born to an Ashkenazi Jewish family. He was the third son, and his brothers were Amschel Mayer Rothschild, Salomon Mayer Rothschild, Carl Mayer Rothschild and James Mayer Rothschild. All five brothers would go on to become close business partners spread out across Europe. They had five sisters, including Henriette Rothschild, who married Abraham Montefiore.

Move to England and involvement in textile trade
In 1798, at the age of 21, he settled in Manchester, England, and established a business in textile trading and finance. He later moved to London and began dealing on the London Stock Exchange from 1804. He made a fortune in trading bills of exchange through a banking enterprise begun in 1805, dealing with financial instruments such as foreign bills and government securities.

Rothschild became a freemason of the Emulation Lodge, No. 21, of the Premier Grand Lodge of England on 24 October 1802, in London. Up until this point, the few Ashkenazi Jews who lived in England tended to belong to the "Antients" on account of their generally lower social class, while the more established Sephardim joined the Moderns.

Gold, securities trading and the Napoleonic Wars

From 1809, Rothschild began to deal in gold bullion and developed this as a cornerstone of his business, which was to become N. M. Rothschild & Sons. From 1811 on, in negotiation with Commissary-General John Charles Herries, he undertook to transfer money to pay Wellington's troops, on campaign in Portugal and Spain against Napoleon, and later to make subsidy payments to British allies when these organized new troops after Napoleon's disastrous Russian campaign.

Later, during the 1840s, as early socialists in France (such as Alphonse Toussenel and Pierre Leroux) attacked the Rothschilds and "Jewish financiers" in general, a French socialist from among their circle, Georges Marie Mathieu-Dairnvaell, authored a work entitled Histoire édifiante et curieuse de Rothschild Ier, Roi des Juifs ("Edifying and Curious History of Rothschild the First, King of the Jews"). Within it, he made claims about Nathan Mayer Rothschild's early knowledge of the outcome of the Battle of Waterloo, whose couriers delivered information about the victory back to London before the British Cabinet itself knew, claiming that he used this knowledge to speculate on the London Stock Exchange and make a vast fortune by unfair advantage against the other British stock holders, essentially defrauding them.

Frederic Morton relates the story thus: To the Rothschilds, [England's] chief financial agents, Waterloo brought a many million pound scoop. ... a Rothschild agent ... jumped into a boat at Ostend ... Nathan Rothschild ... let his eye fly over the lead paragraphs. A moment later he was on his way to London (beating Wellington's envoy by many hours) to tell the government that Napoleon had been crushed: but his news was not believed, because the government had just heard of the English defeat at Quatre Bras. Then he proceeded to the Stock Exchange. Another man in his position would have sunk his work into consols [bank annuities], already weak because of Quatre Bras. But this was Nathan Rothschild. He leaned against "his" pillar. He did not invest. He sold. He dumped consols. ... Consols dropped still more. "Rothschild knows," the whisper rippled through the 'Change. "Waterloo is lost." Nathan kept on selling, ... consols plummeted – until, a split second before it was too late, Nathan suddenly bought a giant parcel for a song. Moments afterwards the great news broke, to send consols soaring. We cannot guess the number of hopes and savings wiped out by this engineered panic.

The Rothschild family and others have claimed that this embellished version of events originated in Mathieu-Dairnvaell's 1846 writing, was further embellished by John Reeves in 1887 in The Rothschilds: the Financial Rulers of Nations, and then repeated in other popular accounts like that of Morton and the 1934 American film directed by Alfred L. Werker, The House of Rothschild.

Historian Niall Ferguson agrees that the Rothschilds' couriers did get to London first and alerted the family to Napoleon's defeat, but argues that since the family had been banking on a protracted military campaign, the losses arising from the disruption to their business more than offset any short-term gains in bonds after Waterloo. Rothschild capital did soar, but over a much longer period: Nathan's breakthrough had been prior to Waterloo when he negotiated a deal to supply cash to Wellington's army. The family made huge profits over a number of years from this governmental financing by adopting a high-risk strategy involving exchange-rate transactions, bond-price speculations, and commissions.

The Rothschild family archives confirm that, although "it is virtually part of English history that Nathan Mayer Rothschild made 'a million' or 'millions' out of his early information about the Battle of Waterloo, the evidence is slender". It notes the presence in the archives of a contemporary letter from a Rothschild courier, John Roworth, who wrote to Nathan: "I am informed by Commissary White that you have done well by the early information which you had of the Victory gained at Waterloo." The archivists suggest that this comment – the only hard evidence of Rothschild making a fortune going long on UK gilts – may, in fact, have been a reference to business dealings between Rothschild and the British Government, as suggested by Ferguson. (The contract for supplying cash to Wellington's army had been offered precisely because of Rothschild's international network. "The Government had already failed to establish a similar network of its own and had been let down by other more established London firms, and the Rothschild courier and communications network had gained a justifiable reputation for speed and reliability.") It confirms that the Rothschild couriers brought news of victory at Waterloo "a full 48 hours before the government’s own riders brought the news to Downing Street", but the archive has no records to estimate the size of any gain Rothschild made. "But knowing the structure of the market we can conclude that however much Nathan made out of Waterloo, it must have been very considerably less than a million pounds, let alone 'millions'."

It is also very commonly reported that the Rothschilds' advanced information was caused by the speed of prized racing pigeons, held by the family. However, this is widely disputed and the Rothschild archive states that, although pigeon post "was one of the tools of success in the Rothschild business strategy during the period c. 1820–1850,... it is likely that a series of couriers on horseback brought the news" of Waterloo to Rothschild.

More recently, Brian Cathcart has refuted the claim that Rothschild was the first man in London to know of the victory at Waterloo. He traces the earliest news to a dispatch Wellington sent via his messenger to Lord Bathurst, the Secretary of War, which was received on the evening of 21 June.

Family ascent to prominence
In 1816, his four brothers were raised to the nobility (Adelung) by the Emperor of Austria. They were now permitted to prefix the Rothschild name with the particle von, although outside the German-speaking world it was common practice across Europe to use the language of diplomacy, rendering names and titles in French, in this case: de.

In 1818 he arranged a £5 million loan to the Prussian government and the issuing of bonds for government loans formed a mainstay of his bank's business. He gained a position of such power in the City of London that by 1825–1826 he was able to supply enough coin to the Bank of England to enable it to avert a liquidity crisis.

It appears that Nathan Mayer was the originator of the family device of the 'Five Arrows'. The origin is said to be a Persian tale told to the Patriarch, Mayer Amschel, as the family gathered around his death-bed, when he is said to have observed that the tale was applicable to his own family: individually an arrow may be easily broken, but when held as a bundle they would be unbreakable. In 1818, Nathan Meyer applied for a grant of arms, on learning that gentry status would suffice, and had the Five Arrows confirmed for himself and his wider family.

Title
In 1822, all five brothers were granted the title of Baron, or raised to the Freiherrnstand, by the Emperor. From 1822, both Nathan Mayer himself, and any legitimate male descendant, could call himself: Freiherr von Rothschild, or in the language of diplomacy whether in France or not, Baron de Rothschild. In practice, having accepted the aristocratic title for the benefit of his family, he chose not to use it himself and so did not request official recognition of the title. In 1838, two years after his death, Queen Victoria did authorise the use of this Austrian title in the United Kingdom.

In 1824, together with his brother-in-law, Sir Moses Montefiore, he founded the Alliance Assurance Company, which later merged with Sun Insurance to form Sun Alliance.

Slavery
In the aftermath of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 with the Slave Compensation Act 1837, Rothschild and his business partner Moses Montefiore loaned the British Government £15 million (worth £ in 2024) with interest which was subsequently paid off by the British taxpayers (ending in 2015). This money was used to compensate the slave owners in the British Empire after slavery had been abolished. According to the Legacies of British Slave-Ownership at the University College London, Rothschild himself was a successful claimant under the scheme.

He was a beneficiary as mortgage holder to a plantation in the colony of Antigua (present day Antigua and Barbuda) which included 158 enslaved Black people. He received a £2,571 compensation payment, at the time (worth £ in 2024).

Later dealings and death
In 1835 he secured a contract with the Spanish Government giving him the rights to the Almadén mines in southern Spain, effectively gaining a European mercury monopoly. He died from an infected abscess in Frankfurt in 1836.

His body was brought to London for burial, with the funeral procession on 8 August from his house on New Court in the City of London to the Brady Street Ashkenazi Cemetery in Whitechapel accompanied by three police Superintendents (those of the London City Police and of H and K Divisions of the new Metropolitan Police), William Taylor Copeland (Lord Mayor of London) and contingents from the Jews' Orphan Asylum and the Jews' Free School, and the graveside address given by Chief Rabbi Solomon Hirschell. Nathan's wife Hannah was later buried alongside him.

Legacy
By the time of his death, his personal net worth amounted to 0.62% of British national income. He had also secured the position of the Rothschilds as the preeminent investment bankers in Britain and Europe. His son, Lionel Nathan Rothschild (1808–1879), continued the family business in England. During his life, Nathan Mayer Rothschild, as the most accomplished of his brothers, solidified the Rothschild family as a major power in European and thus world affairs. Their great rivals, the Baring family, said of Nathan Mayer and his family; "They are generally well planned, with great cleverness and adroitness in execution -- but he is in money and funds what Bonaparte was in war."

The German poet Heinrich Heine, a Jewish convert to Lutheranism, declared "money is the God of our time and Rothschild is his prophet", he described Nathan Mayer Rothschild as one of "three terroristic names that spell the gradual annihilation of the old aristocracy", alongside Cardinal Richelieu and Maximilien Robespierre. For Heine, Richelieu had destroyed the power of the old feudal aristocracy, Robespierre had "decapitated" its weakened remnant and now Rothschild signified the creation of a new social elite, as new lords of finance. The financial system which the Rothschilds created during this period was viewed as a revolutionary development, with a cosmopolitan emphasis, due to the high liquidity of assets in the new system based in bonds, instead of being based in land.

Personal life
On 22 October 1806 in London, he married Hannah Barent-Cohen (1783–1850), daughter of Levy Barent Cohen (1747–1808) and wife Lydia Diamantschleifer. Hannah Barent-Cohen was the aunt of Benjamin Frederik David Philips, the founder of Philips, and Karl Heinrich Marx. Hannah's sister, Judith Barent-Cohen, was the wife of Sir Moses Montefiore. Nathan and Hannah's children were:

 * 1) Charlotte Rothschild (1807–1859) married 1826 Anselm von Rothschild (1803–1874) Vienna.
 * 2) Lionel Nathan (1808–1879) married 1836 Charlotte von Rothschild (1819–1884) Naples
 * 3) Anthony Nathan (1810–1876) married 1840 Louise Montefiore (1821–1910)
 * 4) Nathaniel (1812–1870) married 1842 Charlotte de Rothschild (1825–1899) Paris
 * 5) Hannah Mayer (1815–1864) married 1839 Hon. Henry FitzRoy (1807–1859)
 * 6) Mayer Amschel (1818–1874) married 1850 Juliana Cohen (1831–1877)
 * Louise von Rothschild (1820–1894) married 1842 to her first cousin Mayer Carl von Rothschild (1820–1886) Frankfurt

Description
An anonymous contemporary described Nathan Rothschild at the London Stock Exchange as "he leaned against the 'Rothschild Pillar' ... hung his heavy hands into his pockets, and began to release silent, motionless, implacable cunning":

"Eyes are usually called the windows of the soul. But in Rothschild's case you would conclude that the windows are false ones, or that there was no soul to look out of them. There comes not one pencil of light from the interior, neither is there one gleam of that which comes from without reflected in any direction. The whole puts you in mind of an empty skin, and you wonder why it stands upright without at least something in it. By and by another figure comes up to it. It then steps two paces aside, and the most inquisitive glance that you ever saw, and more inquisitive than you would ever have thought of, is drawn out of those fixed and leaden eyes, as if one were drawing a sword from a scabbard. The visiting figure, which has the appearance of coming by accident and not by design, stops just a second or two, in the course of which looks are exchanged which, though you cannot translate, you feel must be of most important meaning. After this, the eyes are sheathed up again, and the figure resumes its stony posture.

During the morning, numbers of visitors come, all of whom meet with a similar reception and vanish in a similar manner. Last of all the figure itself vanishes, leaving you utterly at a loss."

title: Nathan Mayer Rothschild


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Edmond James de Rothschild

Baron Abraham Edmond Benjamin James de Rothschild (הברון אברהם אדמונד בנימין ג'יימס רוטשילד; 19 August 1845 – 2 November 1934) was a French member of the Rothschild banking family. A strong supporter of Zionism, his large donations lent significant support to the movement during its early years, which helped lead to the establishment of the State of Israelwhere he is simply known as "The Baron Rothschild", "HaBaron", or "Hanadiv Hayeduah".

Early years
A member of the French branch of the Rothschild banking dynasty, he was born in the Paris suburb of Boulogne-Billancourt, Hauts-de-Seine, the youngest child of James Mayer Rothschild and Betty von Rothschild. He grew up in the world of the Second Republic and the Second Empire and was a soldier "Garde Mobile" in the Franco-Prussian War.

In 1877, he married Adelheid von Rothschild of Naples, the daughter of Wilhelm Carl von Rothschild, one of the Rothschild banking family of Naples, with whom he had three children: James Armand Edmond, Maurice Edmond Karl and Miriam Caroline Alexandrine.

Art, science and academy
Edmond de Rothschild inherited Château Rothschild in Boulogne-Billancourt and, in 1877, acquired the Château d'Armainvilliers in Gretz-Armainvilliers in the Seine-et-Marne département.

Edmond took little active part in banking but pursued artistic and philanthropic interests, helping to found scientific research institutions such as the Institut Henri Poincaré, the Institut de Biologie physico-chimique, the pre-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, the Casa Velázquez in Madrid, and the French Institute in London. In 1907, as a cofounder member, he also provided funds and support for the foundation of the Friends of the French National Museum of Natural History Society. He served as a member of the French Académie des Beaux-Arts and through it sponsored the archaeological digs of Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau in Egypt, Eustache de Lorey in Ottoman Syria, and Raymond Weill in Palestine.

Edmond de Rothschild acquired an important collection of drawings and engravings that he bequeathed to the Louvre consisting of more than 40,000 engravings, nearly 3,000 drawings, and 500 illustrated books. Included in this gift were more than one hundred engravings and drawings by Rembrandt. A portion of his art collection was bequeathed to his son James A. de Rothschild and is now part of the National Trust collection at Waddesdon Manor. However, in 1882 Edmond cut back on his purchases of art and began to buy land in Ottoman Palestine.

Rothschild also sponsored archaeological excavations, including those undertaken by Judith Marquet-Krause at Et-Tell.

Zionism
He became a leading proponent of the Zionist movement, financing the first site at Rishon LeZion. In his goal for the establishment of a Jewish homeland, he promoted industrialization and economic development. In 1924, he established the Palestine Jewish Colonization Association (PICA), which acquired more than 125000 acres of land and set up business ventures.

Edmond de Rothschild also played a pivotal role in Israel's wine industry. Under the supervision of his administrators in Ottoman Palestine, farm colonies and vineyards were established, and two major wineries were opened in Rishon LeZion and Zikhron Ya'akov. It is estimated that Rothschild spent over $50 million in supporting the settlements and backed research in electricity by engineers and financed development of an electric generating station.

Rothschild funded a glass factory that would supply bottles for his wineries. Rothschild met Meir Dizengoff in Paris and chose Dizengoff to launch and manage the new factory, called Mizaga. Dizengoff opened the factory in Tantura in 1892 and managed the factory for approximately two years. Mizaga was the first Jewish-owned factory in Ottoman Palestine.

Jews and Arabs lived amicably on Rothschild's land, with no Arab grievances, even in the worst periods of disturbance. According to historian Albert M. Hyamson, "Rothschild recognised that the overriding interest of the Jews of Palestine was the confidence and the friendship of their Arab neighbours. The interests of the Arab cultivators of the land he bought were never overlooked, but by development he made this land capable of maintaining a population ten times its former size." While Edmond de Rothschild was not always supportive of an inclusive government—he suggested in 1931 to Judah Magnes that "We must hold them (the Arabs) down with a strong hand" —he acknowledged the importance of co-governance and peaceful coexistence in a 1934 letter to the League of Nations, stating that "the struggle to put an end to the Wandering Jew, could not have as its result, the creation of the Wandering Arab."

Death
In 1934, Baron de Rothschild died at Château Rothschild, Boulogne-Billancourt. His wife died a year later on 29 December 1935. They were interred in Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris until April 1954 when their remains were transported to Israel aboard a naval frigate.

At the port of Haifa, the ship was met with sirens and a 19-gun salute. A state funeral was held with former Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion giving the eulogy following which Edmond de Rothschild and his wife were re-interred atop a hill near Haifa in what today is called Ramat HaNadiv (The Generous one's Heights) Memorial Gardens, near the towns of Zichron Ya'akov (in Memoriam of Jacob, which is James in English) and Binyamina ("of little Benjamin"), both of which he helped fund, and are named in his honor. The open space at Ramat HaNadiv and the Rothschild family charity Yad HaNadiv ("The generous one's hand" and also "The generous one's memory"), are all as well named in honor of the Baron and his famous philanthropy in Palestine. Both named in his honor, where HaNadiv translates to English as "generous", seen in the families later Israeli charitable foundation Yad Hanadiv. Started in 1954, (the very same year the Baron and his wife were buried in Israel) to carry on the legacy of Edmond's earlier philanthropy in Palestine, and his colony association, the PICA.

Commemoration
For his Jewish philanthropy Baron Edmond became known as "HaNadiv HaYadu'a", (Hebrew for "The Known Benefactor" or "The Famous Benefactor") and in his memory his son bequeathed the funds to construct the building for the Knesset. Israel's 1982/5742 Independence Day coin is dedicated to the memory of Edmond de Rothschild and marks the centenary of his first projects in Israel. From 1982 until 1986, the Bank of Israel used his portrait on the 500 Israeli sheqel note.

Rothschild Boulevard in Tel Aviv is named after him, as well as various localities throughout Israel which he assisted in founding. Rishon LeZion, the city which he helped to found named one of the central streets Rothschild Street, and in 1996 Rothschild Mall was built. Also named after him is the Parc Edmond de Rothschild (Edmond de Rothschild Park) in Boulogne-Billancourt.

title: Edmond James de Rothschild


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Waddesdon Manor

Waddesdon Manor is a country house in the village of Waddesdon, in Buckinghamshire, England. Owned by the National Trust and managed by the Rothschild Foundation, it is one of the National Trust's most visited properties, with over 463,000 visitors in 2019.

The Grade I listed house was built in a mostly Neo-Renaissance style, copying individual features of several French châteaux, between 1874 and 1889 for Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild (1839–1898) as a weekend residence for entertaining and to house his collection of arts and antiquities. As the manor and estate have passed through three generations of the Rothschild family, the contents of the house have expanded to become one of the most rare and valuable collections in the world. In 1957, James de Rothschild bequeathed the house and its contents to the National Trust, opening the house and gardens for the benefit of the general public. Unusually for a National Trust property, the family of James Rothschild, the donor, manage the house. The Rothschild Foundation, chaired by Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild until his death in February 2024, acts as custodian and continues to invest in the property.

1874–1898

In 1874, Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild bought the Waddesdon agricultural estate from the Duke of Marlborough with money inherited from his father Anselm. Rothschild was familiar with the estate from fox hunting in the locality. At the time of purchase, the estate had no house, park or garden. The site of the future Manor House was a bare hill. Known as Lodge Hill, it had been stripped of its timber by the impoverished Duke of Marlborough prior to the sale. Over the following three years, the summit of the hill was levelled; eventually, on 18 August 1877, the foundation stone was laid.

The first house party was held in May 1880 with seven of Rothschild's close male friends enjoying a fireworks display. When, finally, the main house was ready in 1883, Rothschild invited 20 guests to stay. Before his premature death in 1898, on weekends between May and September Rothschild was host to many important guests including the future king Edward VII. House parties usually involved 14 to 20 guests.

Guests commented on the level of luxury service provided by the 24 house staff. In 1890, Queen Victoria unusually requested to pay a visit. She was impressed with the beauty of the house and grounds as well as Rothschild's ability to quietly manage the day's events. She was struck by the newly installed electric lights designed to look like candles in the chandeliers, and it is reported that she asked for the room to be darkened to fully witness the effect.

1898–1957

When Baron Ferdinand died in 1898, the house passed to his sister Alice de Rothschild. She saw Waddesdon as a memorial for her brother and was committed to preserving it. She did add significant items to the collection, particularly furniture and carpets with French royal provenances, Meissen porcelain, textiles and armour.

Following Alice de Rothschild's death in 1922, the property and collections passed to her French great-nephew James A. "Jimmy" de Rothschild, who was married to an English woman, Dorothy Pinto. James further enriched the Manor with objects from the collections of his late father Baron Edmond James de Rothschild of Paris.

James and Dorothy hosted a Liberal Party rally at Waddesdon in 1928, where David Lloyd George addressed the crowd. During World War II, children under the age of five were evacuated from Croydon and lived at Waddesdon Manor, the only time children lived in the house. James and Dorothy also provided asylum at Waddesdon for a group of Jewish boys from Frankfurt.

1957–1997
When James de Rothschild died in 1957, he bequeathed Waddesdon Manor, 120 acre of grounds and its contents to the National Trust, to be preserved for posterity. Dorothy moved to nearby Eythrope and the Manor was never again used as a residence. It opened to the public in 1959, with around 27,000 visitors in the first year. Dorothy chaired the new management committee in close collaboration with the National Trust and took a very keen interest in Waddesdon for the remainder of her long life.

At Dorothy's death, in 1989, her nephew Jacob Rothschild inherited her position and responsibilities. At his initiative, the Manor underwent a major restoration from 1990 to 1997, and the visitor attractions were enhanced, including the creation of the Waddesdon Wine Cellars.

1997–2019
Until his death in February 2024, Jacob Rothschild chaired the family charity handling Waddesdon's management, the Rothschild Foundation. Waddesdon Manor operates as an independent organisation within the National Trust.

From 2004 to 2006, the Baron's Room and Green Boudoir were restored to reflect Baron Ferdinand's original arrangements. In 2003 a burglary was committed involving the Johnson Gang, when approximately 100 gold snuff boxes and other items were stolen from the collection prompting the installation of new security measures. In 2021 one small sweet-box from this theft was identified at auction and returned to Waddesdon.

Since 2004, there has been an exhibitions programme. Notable exhibitions include the Lod Mosaic in 2014. Waddesdon was one venue celebrating the work of Henry Moore in 2015 and Eliot Hodgkin in 2019.

New works of art have been acquired by the Rothschild Foundation to complement the existing collections at Waddesdon, such as Le Faiseur de Châteaux de Cartes by Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin, added in 2007.

There has also been a programme of engagement with contemporary artists, beginning with Angus Fairhurst represented by Arnolfini in 2009. Works have been sited near the Manor and on the wider estate including by Richard Long, Sarah Lucas. In 2012, Christie's chose the Manor to exhibit sculptures by leading contemporary artists.

Between 2013 and 2017, Bruce Munro had a residency at Waddesdon Manor, beginning with the music and light piece Cantus Arcticus in the Coach House Gallery in 2013. Winter Light (2013), with its distinctive wigwam-type structures sited in the gardens of the Manor, was Munro's first solo exhibition of his large-scale pieces; Winter Light returned in 2016–2017. In 2014, Munro developed his pod-like structures, adding elements of language in Snow Code, shown in the Manor. In ...---...SOS, Munro's winter exhibition of 2015–2016, tents were lit up in tune with sound, in response to images of disaster relief.

In 2012, Edmund de Waal exhibited work in the Manor, creating a dialogue between his work and the historical interiors. In 2015, artist Joana Vasconcelos was commissioned to install two sculptures entitled Lafite in front of the Manor. In 2016, Kate Malone exhibited a collection of new work inspired by the people, gardens, collections, and archive. Two portrait pots of Baron Ferdinand and Alice de Rothschild by Malone remain on display at the Manor.

Architecture
Prior to the construction of Waddesdon Manor, no house existed on the site. Ferdinand de Rothschild wanted a house in the style of the great Renaissance châteaux of the Loire Valley. Ferdinand chose as his architect Gabriel-Hippolyte Destailleur. Destailleur was already experienced in working in this style, having overseen the restoration of many châteaux in that region, in particular that of the Château de Mouchy.

Through Destailleur's vision, Waddesdon embodied an eclectic style based on the châteaux so admired by his patron, Baron Ferdinand. The towers at Waddesdon were based on those of the Château de Maintenon, and the twin staircase towers, on the north facade, were inspired by the staircase tower at the Château de Chambord. However, following the theme of unparalleled luxury at Waddesdon, the windows of the towers at Waddesdon were glazed, unlike those of the staircase at Chambord. They are also far more ornate.

The structural design of Waddesdon was not entirely retrospective. Hidden from view were the most modern innovations of the late 19th century including a steel frame, which took the strain of walls on the upper floors, and which consequently permitted the layout of these floors to differ completely from the lower floors. The house also had hot and cold running water in its bathrooms, central heating, and an electric bell system to summon the numerous servants. The building contractor was Edward Conder & Son.

After the Manor was completed in 1883, Ferdinand quickly decided it was too small, as his architect had prophesied. The Bachelors' Wing to the east was extended after 1885 and the Morning Room, built in late-Gothic style, was added to the west after 1888. The stables to the west of the Manor were built in 1884. Ferdinand and his stud groom devised the plan, working with Conder. Destailleur designed the façades in a French 17th-century style.

Wine Cellars
The Wine Cellars in the Manor were created during the Centenary Restoration and opened in 1994. They are modelled on the private cellars at Château Lafite Rothschild. More than 15,000 bottles are stored in the Cellars, some 150 years old, the majority from the Château Lafite Rothschild and Château Mouton Rothschild estates. It is the largest private collection of Rothschild wines in the world. There are also wine labels designed by artists such as Salvador Dalí and Andy Warhol.

Collections
Once his château was complete, Baron Ferdinand installed his extensive collections of English 18th-century portraits by artists like Gainsborough and Reynolds, as well as French 18th-century boiseries, Savonnerie carpets, Gobelins and Beauvais tapestries, furniture, Sèvres ceramics, books, Dutch paintings and Renaissance treasures.

Works were acquired for their exquisite quality and fine provenance, particularly those belonging to French royalty of the Ancien Régime. One of the highlights of the collection is the extraordinary musical automaton elephant, dating from 1774 and made by the French clockmaker H Martinet.

Of the ten surviving examples of the Sèvres pot-pourri vase in the shape of a ship from the 1760s, three are at Waddesdon, including one with a very rare scene of a battle connected to the Seven Years' War.

In the 1890s, Baron Ferdinand focused on the Renaissance collection for his small museum in the New Smoking Room. This collection was bequeathed to the British Museum and is now known as the Waddesdon Bequest.

The interior of Waddesdon Manor was photographed in 1897 for Baron Ferdinand's privately published The Red Book.

Subsequent members of the family added noted collections of paintings, Limoges enamel, arms and armour, maiolica, manuscripts, prints and drawings.

Waddesdon's internationally famous collection has thus been formed principally by four members of the Rothschild family: Baron Ferdinand (1839–1898), his sister Alice de Rothschild (1847–1922), their cousin Edmond James de Rothschild (1845–1934) and Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild (1936–2024).

Gardens
Baron Ferdinand wanted a garden to entertain his guests during his weekend house parties. To make the gardens, extensive landscaping of the hill was carried out, including leveling the top of the hill. The gardens and landscape park were laid out by the French landscape architect Elie Lainé. An attempt was made to transplant full-grown trees by chloroforming their roots, to limit the shock. While this novel idea was unsuccessful, many very large trees were successfully transplanted. Elaborate flower beds were planted, centred on the south Parterre. Several artificial rock formations were created by James Pulham, including to house mountain goats and llamas, part of Ferdinand's zoo. Altogether, the creation of his garden cost £153,000, which (in terms of average wages then and in 2015) equates to £68.8 million.

After her brother's death Alice brought the care she had taken with her garden at Eythrope to Waddesdon. Alice was a keen gardener with a good understanding of flowers and plants; she would often walk around and weed the paths. With her head gardener, George Frederick Johnson who worked at Waddesdon from 1905 to 1954, Alice grew flowers for competition. Alice was responsible for introducing three-dimensional bedding in the shape of a bird, recreated in the gardens today.

Under James, the gardens were less impressive. The South Parterre was grassed over in the 1930s. It was replanted with flowers for the opening of the house under the National Trust in 1959.

As part of the 1990s restoration, Beth Rothschild led a team reintroducing Ferdinand's colour scheme of trees, shrubs and bedding plants. The carpet bedding is now designed on computer allowing the schemes to be quickly installed. The patterns change each year to reflect different themes.

The gardens are listed Grade I on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.

Garden trees
Though the trees are not of a great age there are many specimens of deciduous and coniferous trees that have now reached maturity creating the desired effect in the Waddesdon landscape. Some of these trees were planted in the 1870s and responsibility for this fell to William Barron whose job it was to transplant trees from the surrounding countryside to give the grounds of Waddesdon a sense of maturity, creating vistas and focal points under the instructions from Elie Lainé. Deciduous trees were selected on their form, flowering and array of autumnal colour. Conifers were selected for their evergreen nature, cones and berries. Today many species such as chestnuts, limes and maples as well as yew, cedars and redwoods can be seen. From Baron Ferdinand's time to today, distinguished visitors have been invited to plant memorial trees. Queen Victoria, King Edward VII, King George V and Queen Mary were early royal visitors. Charles III (as Prince of Wales) and Prime Ministers Sir John Major and Tony Blair have also planted trees.

Garden sculptures
Baron Ferdinand acquired many fine statues and fountains to add interest to the gardens. A notable feature is his love of 18th-century Italian pieces. The fountains to the north and south of the house include sculptures of Pluto, Proserpina, tritons and nereids originally made by Giuliano Mozani around 1720 for the Ducal Palace of Colorno. A bust of the muse Erato has been recently attributed to Filippo Parodi.

A fine example of French early 18th-century sculpture is sited near the Aviary: Apollo by Jean Raon, 1699, associated with a commission at Versailles. There are also Dutch vases in the style of Albert Jansz Vinckenbrinck and sculptures by Jan van Logteren, the latter were originally displayed at Aston Clinton House.

In 2001, Stephen Cox's tomb-like sculpture Interior Space: Terra degli Etruschi was installed at the end of the Baron's Walk. Inscribed on a nearby marble slab are the names of the Rothschilds who built and have cared for Waddesdon.

Aviary
Baron Ferdinand also created a cast-iron aviary, inspired by 18th-century pavilions at the Palace of Versailles and Château de Chantilly, as well as his childhood home at Grüneburg. It was completed in 1889. Like other members of his family, such as Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, Ferdinand was also a keen animal lover. He stocked the aviary with exotic birds and enjoyed feeding them for his guests. The aviary's paint and gilding were restored in 2003 and it now houses endangered species with a focus on breeding programs. It is a registered zoo.

Estate
In Ferdinand's time, there was a large kitchen garden and extensive glass houses growing fruit and flowers, including Ferdinand's beloved orchids. They were near the Dairy Water garden which has elaborate rock formations by James Pulham. As part of the day's entertainments, Ferdinand's guests were taken to the ornamental Dairy to taste milk from cows who wore Meissen porcelain name tags.

In recent years, commissions to contemporary architects have occurred on the wider estate. Windmill Hill Archive (2011) was designed by Stephen Marshall. Flint House (2015) was designed by Skene Catling de la Peña. It won RIBA House of the Year in 2015.

In 2012, it was announced that Waddesdon Manor would be one of the sites for Jubilee Woodlands, designated by the Woodland Trust to commemorate Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee.

Film and television
Many films have been shot at Waddesdon Manor, including the Carry On film Don't Lose Your Head (1966); Never Say Never Again (1983); An Ideal Husband (1999); Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... (2001), Ladies in Lavender (2004); Ripley Under Ground (2005); The Queen (2006); The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor (2008); Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows (2011); A Little Chaos (2014);  Victor Frankenstein (2015), Our Kind of Traitor (2016); and The Infiltrator (2016).

Waddesdon Manor has also been used as a location for a number of television programmes. These include Howards' Way (1985), Downton Abbey (2011), And Then There Were None (BBC One, 2015), The Crown (2016) and Endeavour.

title: Waddesdon Manor


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Waddesdon

Waddesdon is a village in Buckinghamshire, England, 6 mi west-north-west of Aylesbury on the A41 road. The village also includes the hamlets of Eythrope and Wormstone. Waddesdon was an agricultural settlement with milling, silk weaving and lace making enterprises.

History
The name 'Waddesdon' means 'hill of a man named Wott'.

The parish church of St Michael and All Angels dates from 1190 with medieval and Victorian additions.

Waddesdon was involved in the marriage of Maud Holland in the 1360s. Edward the Black Prince agreed with Hugh de Courtenay, 2nd/10th Earl of Devon that Maud would marry Devon's grandson Hugh Courtenay. Devon promised to award Maud an annuity of 200 marks and the manors of Sutton Courtenay and in Buckinghamshire. The arrangements were approved by Pope Urban V and Edward III. The wedding had taken place by February 1365, when the manors were granted to Maud.

Between 1897 and 1936, Waddesdon had train services on the Aylesbury and Buckingham Railway (later part of the Metropolitan) at Waddesdon railway station, two miles from the village. There was also a halt on the Brill Tramway.

In 1874, Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild bought a large estate in the area and built the mansion of Waddesdon Manor on a hill-top above the village. He transformed Waddesdon into an estate village, with new houses for employees and tenants, a school, a public house, cricket pavilion and village hall.

Waddesdon Manor and grounds are now the property of the National Trust, and Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild retains the estate and a house at nearby Eythrope.

On 17 November 2017, near Waddesdon, there was a mid-air collision between an aeroplane and a helicopter, with four fatalities.

Education
Waddesdon Village Primary School is a mixed, community, primary school, which has approximately 200 pupils from the age of four through to the age of eleven. The village is also home to Waddesdon Church of England School, a secondary school which holds over 1000 students and staff. It has over 600 students.

Notable residents

 * Peter Palmer (died 1621), justice of  the  Court of Common Pleas (Ireland), was born in Waddesdon,  where his  family  leased the  main   mansion  house.
 * Alice Shalvi

title: Waddesdon


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Tina Darragh

Tina Darragh (born 1950) is an American poet who was one of the original members of the Language group of poets.

Biography
Darragh was born in Pittsburgh and grew up in the south suburb of McDonald, Pennsylvania. She began writing in 1968 and studied poetry in Washington, D.C. at Trinity University from 1970 to 1972. Between 1974 and 1976, she worked with Some of Us Press and at the Mass Transit community bookstore and writing workshop.

Mass Transit, and after it Folio bookshop, became focal points for much of the poetic activity that was to result in the East Coast wing of the "Language" group, and here Darragh met other poets, including Susan Howe, Diane Ward, Doug Lang, Joan Retallack, and P. Inman, all of whom were also to become key members of the group.

She and Inman are married and live in Greenbelt, Maryland.

Darragh's extensive list of publications include on the corner to off the corner (1981), Striking Resemblance (Burning Deck, 1988), a(gain)2 st the odds (1989), and adv. fans - the 1968 series (1993). Her work has been included in numerous anthologies, including the important "Language"-oriented anthology, In the American Tree (edited by Ron Silliman). In 1998, her work was published in the anthology etruscan reader VIII (with Douglas Oliver & Randolph Healy) and included selections from "The Dream Rim Instructions + SEE References" and "fractals <<—>> l-in-error". Darragh has also been involved in numerous collaborative efforts with others including the recent Belladonna Elders Series No. 8: Jane Sprague / Tina Darragh / Diane Ward published by Belladonna Books in 2009.

title: Tina Darragh


text:
Talk:Tina Darragh

Comment
This article is part of WikiProject Poetry. Please read the guidelines set out there before editing the page.

title: Talk:Tina Darragh


text:
User:Grahhh

I like pie.

title: User:Grahhh


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Euler product

In number theory, an Euler product is an expansion of a Dirichlet series into an infinite product indexed by prime numbers. The original such product was given for the sum of all positive integers raised to a certain power as proven by Leonhard Euler. This series and its continuation to the entire complex plane would later become known as the Riemann zeta function.

Definition
In general, if $a$ is a bounded multiplicative function, then the Dirichlet series

 * $$\sum_{n} \frac{a(n)}{n^s}\,$$

is equal to

 * $$\prod_{p} P(p, s) \quad \text{for } \operatorname{Re}(s) >1 .$$

where the product is taken over prime numbers $p$, and $P(p, s)$ is the sum

 * $$\sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{a(p^k)}{p^{ks}} = 1 + \frac{a(p)}{p^s} + \frac{a(p^2)}{p^{2s}} + \frac{a(p^3)}{p^{3s}} + \cdots $$

In fact, if we consider these as formal generating functions, the existence of such a formal Euler product expansion is a necessary and sufficient condition that $a(n)$ be multiplicative: this says exactly that $a(n)$ is the product of the $a(p^{k})$ whenever $n$ factors as the product of the powers $p^{k}$ of distinct primes $p$.

An important special case is that in which $a(n)$ is totally multiplicative, so that $P(p, s)$ is a geometric series. Then

 * $$P(p, s)=\frac{1}{1-\frac{a(p)}{p^s}},$$

as is the case for the Riemann zeta function, where $a(n) = 1$, and more generally for Dirichlet characters.

Convergence
In practice all the important cases are such that the infinite series and infinite product expansions are absolutely convergent in some region

 * $$\operatorname{Re}(s) > C,$$

that is, in some right half-plane in the complex numbers. This already gives some information, since the infinite product, to converge, must give a non-zero value; hence the function given by the infinite series is not zero in such a half-plane.

In the theory of modular forms it is typical to have Euler products with quadratic polynomials in the denominator here. The general Langlands philosophy includes a comparable explanation of the connection of polynomials of degree $m$, and the representation theory for $GL_{m}$.

Examples
The following examples will use the notation $$\mathbb{P}$$ for the set of all primes, that is:
 * $$\mathbb{P}=\{p \in \mathbb{N}\,|\,p\text{ is prime}\}.$$

The Euler product attached to the Riemann zeta function $ζ(s)$, also using the sum of the geometric series, is

 * $$\begin{align}

\prod_{p\, \in\, \mathbb{P}} \left(\frac{1}{1-\frac{1}{p^s}}\right) &= \prod_{p\ \in\ \mathbb{P}} \left(\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{p^{ks}}\right) \\ &= \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n^s} = \zeta(s). \end{align}$$

while for the Liouville function $λ(n) = (−1)^{ω(n)}$, it is

 * $$ \prod_{p\, \in\, \mathbb{P}} \left(\frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{p^s}}\right) = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{\lambda(n)}{n^{s}} = \frac{\zeta(2s)}{\zeta(s)}.$$

Using their reciprocals, two Euler products for the Möbius function $μ(n)$ are

 * $$ \prod_{p\, \in\, \mathbb{P}} \left(1-\frac{1}{p^s}\right) = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{\mu (n)}{n^{s}} = \frac{1}{\zeta(s)} $$

and

 * $$ \prod_{p\, \in\, \mathbb{P}} \left(1+\frac{1}{p^s}\right) = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{|\mu(n)|}{n^{s}} = \frac{\zeta(s)}{\zeta(2s)}.$$

Taking the ratio of these two gives

 * $$ \prod_{p\, \in\, \mathbb{P}} \left(\frac{1+\frac{1}{p^s}}{1-\frac{1}{p^s}}\right) = \prod_{p\, \in\, \mathbb{P}} \left(\frac{p^s+1}{p^s-1}\right) = \frac{\zeta(s)^2}{\zeta(2s)}.$$

Since for even values of $s$ the Riemann zeta function $ζ(s)$ has an analytic expression in terms of a rational multiple of $π^{s}$, then for even exponents, this infinite product evaluates to a rational number. For example, since $ζ(2) = π^{2}⁄6$, $ζ(4) = π^{4}⁄90$, and $ζ(8) = π^{8}⁄9450$, then

 * $$\begin{align}

\prod_{p\, \in\, \mathbb{P}} \left(\frac{p^2+1}{p^2-1}\right) &= \frac53 \cdot \frac{10}{8} \cdot \frac{26}{24} \cdot \frac{50}{48} \cdot \frac{122}{120} \cdots &= \frac{\zeta(2)^2}{\zeta(4)} &= \frac52, \\[6pt] \prod_{p\, \in\, \mathbb{P}} \left(\frac{p^4+1}{p^4-1}\right) &= \frac{17}{15} \cdot \frac{82}{80} \cdot \frac{626}{624} \cdot \frac{2402}{2400} \cdots &= \frac{\zeta(4)^2}{\zeta(8)} &= \frac76, \end{align}$$

and so on, with the first result known by Ramanujan. This family of infinite products is also equivalent to

 * $$ \prod_{p\, \in\, \mathbb{P}} \left(1+\frac{2}{p^s}+\frac{2}{p^{2s}}+\cdots\right) = \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{2^{\omega(n)}}{n^s} = \frac{\zeta(s)^2}{\zeta(2s)}, $$

where $ω(n)$ counts the number of distinct prime factors of $n$, and $2^{ω(n)}$ is the number of square-free divisors.

If $χ(n)$ is a Dirichlet character of conductor $N$, so that $χ$ is totally multiplicative and $χ(n)$ only depends on $n mod N$, and $χ(n) = 0$ if $n$ is not coprime to $N$, then

 * $$ \prod_{p\, \in\, \mathbb{P}} \frac{1}{1- \frac{\chi(p)}{p^s}} = \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{\chi(n)}{n^s}.$$

Here it is convenient to omit the primes $p$ dividing the conductor $N$ from the product. In his notebooks, Ramanujan generalized the Euler product for the zeta function as

 * $$ \prod_{p\, \in\, \mathbb{P}} \left(x-\frac{1}{p^s}\right)\approx \frac{1}{\operatorname{Li}_s (x)} $$

for $s > 1$ where $Li_{s}(x)$ is the polylogarithm. For $x = 1$ the product above is just $1⁄ζ(s)$.

Notable constants
Many well known constants have Euler product expansions.

The Leibniz formula for $\pi$

 * $$\frac{\pi}{4} = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^n}{2n+1} = 1 - \frac13 + \frac15 - \frac17 + \cdots$$

can be interpreted as a Dirichlet series using the (unique) Dirichlet character modulo 4, and converted to an Euler product of superparticular ratios (fractions where numerator and denominator differ by 1):

 * $$\frac{\pi}{4} = \left(\prod_{p\equiv 1\pmod 4}\frac{p}{p-1}\right)\left( \prod_{p\equiv 3\pmod 4}\frac{p}{p+1}\right)=\frac34 \cdot \frac54 \cdot \frac78 \cdot \frac{11}{12} \cdot \frac{13}{12} \cdots,$$

where each numerator is a prime number and each denominator is the nearest multiple of 4.

Other Euler products for known constants include:

 * The Hardy–Littlewood twin prime constant:

 * $$ \prod_{p>2} \left(1 - \frac{1}{\left(p-1\right)^2}\right) = 0.660161... $$

 * The Landau–Ramanujan constant:

 * $$\begin{align}

\frac{\pi}{4} \prod_{p \equiv 1\pmod 4} \left(1 - \frac{1}{p^2}\right)^\frac12 &= 0.764223... \\[6pt] \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \prod_{p \equiv 3\pmod 4} \left(1 - \frac{1}{p^2}\right)^{-\frac12} &= 0.764223... \end{align}$$

 * Murata's constant :

 * $$ \prod_{p} \left(1 + \frac{1}{\left(p-1\right)^2}\right) = 2.826419... $$

 * The strongly carefree constant $×ζ(2)^{2}$ :

 * $$ \prod_{p} \left(1 - \frac{1}{\left(p+1\right)^2}\right) = 0.775883... $$

 * Artin's constant :

 * $$ \prod_{p} \left(1 - \frac{1}{p(p-1)}\right) = 0.373955... $$

 * Landau's totient constant :

 * $$ \prod_{p} \left(1 + \frac{1}{p(p-1)}\right) = \frac{315}{2\pi^4}\zeta(3) = 1.943596... $$

 * The carefree constant $×ζ(2)$ :

 * $$ \prod_{p} \left(1 - \frac{1}{p(p+1)}\right) = 0.704442... $$

 * and its reciprocal :

 * $$ \prod_{p} \left(1 + \frac{1}{p^2+p-1}\right) = 1.419562... $$

 * The Feller–Tornier constant :

 * $$ \frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2} \prod_{p} \left(1 - \frac{2}{p^2}\right) = 0.661317... $$

 * The quadratic class number constant :

 * $$ \prod_{p} \left(1 - \frac{1}{p^2(p+1)}\right) = 0.881513... $$

 * The totient summatory constant :

 * $$ \prod_{p} \left(1 + \frac{1}{p^2(p-1)}\right) = 1.339784... $$

 * Sarnak's constant :

 * $$ \prod_{p>2} \left(1 - \frac{p+2}{p^3}\right) = 0.723648... $$

 * The carefree constant :

 * $$ \prod_{p} \left(1 - \frac{2p-1}{p^3}\right) = 0.428249... $$

 * The strongly carefree constant :

 * $$ \prod_{p} \left(1 - \frac{3p-2}{p^3}\right) = 0.286747... $$

 * Stephens' constant :

 * $$ \prod_{p} \left(1 - \frac{p}{p^3-1}\right) = 0.575959... $$

 * Barban's constant :

 * $$ \prod_{p} \left(1 + \frac{3p^2-1}{p(p+1)\left(p^2-1\right)}\right) = 2.596536... $$

 * Taniguchi's constant :

 * $$ \prod_{p} \left(1 - \frac{3}{p^3}+\frac{2}{p^4}+\frac{1}{p^5}-\frac{1}{p^6}\right) = 0.678234... $$

 * The Heath-Brown and Moroz constant :

 * $$ \prod_{p} \left(1 - \frac{1}{p}\right)^7 \left(1 + \frac{7p+1}{p^2}\right) = 0.0013176... $$

title: Euler product


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Talk:Gyrinocheilidae

 * Should the recent addition by Phle96 at the end of the article be simply reverted out or morphed into an "in aquaria" section or some such? --Mperkins 10:04, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Crossocheilus siamensis (German entry) disagrees with the classification here.
 * That's Crossocheilus, not Gyrinocheilus. As this article notes, a number of species may also be called "algae eater", and there should be xrefs to them from here, but they're not officially part of the family. (The aquarium trade is most unhelpful in using the same name for multiple types.) Stan 18:26, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gyrinocheilidae


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Howard Hughes Medical Institute

The Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) is an American non-profit medical research organization based in Chevy Chase, Maryland. It was founded in 1953 by Howard Hughes, an American business magnate, investor, record-setting pilot, engineer, film director, and philanthropist, known during his lifetime as one of the most financially successful individuals in the world. It is one of the largest private funding organizations for biological and medical research in the United States. HHMI spends about $1 million per HHMI Investigator per year, which amounts to annual investment in biomedical research of about $825 million.

The institute has an endowment of $22.6 billion, making it the second-wealthiest philanthropic organization in the United States and the second-best-endowed medical research foundation in the world. HHMI is the former owner of the Hughes Aircraft Company, an American aerospace firm that was divested to various firms over time.

History
The institute was formed with the goal of basic research including trying to understand, in Hughes's words, "the genesis of life itself." Despite its principles, in the early days it was generally viewed as a tax haven for Hughes's huge personal fortune. Hughes was HHMI's sole trustee and he transferred his stock of Hughes Aircraft to the institute, in effect turning the large defense contractor into a tax-exempt charity. For many years the Institute grappled with maintaining its non-profit status; the Internal Revenue Service challenged its "charitable" status which made it tax exempt. Partly in response to such claims, starting in the late 1950s it began funding 47 investigators doing research at eight different institutions; however, it remained a modest enterprise for several decades.

The institute was initially located in Miami, Florida, in 1953. Hughes's internist, Verne Mason, who treated Hughes after his 1946 plane crash, was chairman of the institute's medical advisory committee. By 1975, Hughes was sole trustee of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, which in turn owned all the stock of the Hughes Aircraft Company.

In 1969, Representative Wright Patman "complained that the Hughes foundation was a tax‐evasion device," noting that the institute spent only $5.7 million for its operations between 1954 and 1961, a period during which Hughes Aircraft accumulated $76.9 million in profits. By 1975, it had also avoided certain stipulations of the 1969 reform act for charitable institutions due to legal filings by Hughes to change its operational status, with his objections going directly to the White House.

The institute moved to Coconut Grove, Florida, in the mid-1970s and then to Bethesda, Maryland, in 1976.

In 1993, the institute moved to its headquarters in Chevy Chase, Maryland.

It was not until after Hughes's death in 1976 that the institute's profile increased from an annual budget of $4 million in 1975 to $15 million in 1978 and prior to Hughes Aircraft sale the number had peaked to $200 million per year. At the time of the sale Hughes Aircraft employed 75,000 people and vast amounts of money from the approximate annual revenue of $6 billion were put into Hughes Aircraft internal research and development rather than the medical institute. Most of the money for the medical institute came from the operations at Ground System Group responsible for providing Air Defense Systems to NATO, Pacific Rim, and the USA. In this period it focused its mission on genetics, immunology, and molecular biology. Since Hughes died without a will as the sole trustee of the HHMI, the institute was involved in lengthy court proceedings to determine whether it would benefit from Hughes's fortune. In April 1984, a court appointed new trustees for the institute's holdings.

In January 1985 the trustees announced they would sell Hughes Aircraft by private sale or public stock offering. On June 5, 1985 General Motors (GM) was announced as the winner of a secretive five-month, sealed-bid auction. The purchase was completed on December 20, 1985, for an estimated $5.2 billion, $2.7 billion in cash and the rest in 50 million shares of GM Class H stock. The proceeds caused the institute to grow dramatically.

HHMI completed the building of a new research campus in Ashburn, Virginia called Janelia Research Campus in October 2006. It is modeled after AT&T's Bell Labs and the Medical Research Council's Laboratory of Molecular Biology. With a main laboratory building nearly 1000 ft long, it contains 760000 sqft of enclosed space, used primarily for research. The campus also features apartments for visiting researchers.

In 2007, HHMI and the publisher Elsevier announced they have established an agreement to make author manuscripts of HHMI research articles published in Elsevier and Cell Press journals publicly available six months following final publication. The agreement takes effect for articles published after September 1, 2007.

In 2008, the Trustees of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute selected Robert Tjian as the new president of HHMI.

In 2009, HHMI awarded fifty researchers, as part of the HHMI Early Career Scientist Competition.

In 2014, the institute created a new round of its primary award competition, for a total of $150 million in award money from 2015 to 2012. The institute is expanding the Ashburn campus in 2019.

In 2016, the HHMI Trustees selected Erin K. O'Shea, a previous Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer at the institute, the new president of HHMI.

In 2022, HHMI began to require immediate open access to publications from its research.

In 2023, HHMI was sued by Dr. Vivian Cheung for disability discrimination.

Assets
the Howard Hughes Medical Institute had assets of $22,588,928,000.

Funding details
Funding details :

title: Howard Hughes Medical Institute


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Springfield rifle

The term Springfield rifle may refer to any one of several types of small arms produced by the Springfield Armory in Springfield, Massachusetts, for the United States armed forces.

In modern usage, the term "Springfield rifle" most commonly refers to the Springfield Model 1903 for its use in both world wars.

There were also numerous limited production, experimental, marksmanship, and sporting rifles produced by the Springfield Armory which are referred to as "Springfield rifles".

Some examples of the smoothbore Springfield Model 1842 musket that were later modified with rifling and used during the American Civil War may also be referred to as "Springfield rifles".

Rifled musket:

 * Springfield Model 1855 – .58 caliber Maynard tape primer percussion lock rifled musket.
 * Springfield Model 1861 – .58 caliber percussion lock rifled musket.
 * Springfield Model 1863 – .58 caliber percussion lock rifled musket.

Single-shot rifle:

 * Springfield Model 1865 – .58-60 caliber trapdoor rifle.
 * Springfield Model 1866 – .50-70 caliber trapdoor rifle.
 * Springfield Model 1868 – .50-70 caliber trapdoor rifle.
 * Springfield Model 1869 – .50-70 caliber trapdoor cadet rifle.
 * Springfield Model 1870 – .50-70 caliber trapdoor rifle.
 * Springfield Model 1870 Remington-Navy – .50-70 caliber rolling-block rifle.
 * Springfield Model 1871 – .50-70 caliber rolling-block rifle.
 * Springfield Model 1873 – .45-70 caliber trapdoor rifle.
 * Springfield Model 1875 – .45-70 caliber trapdoor officer's rifle.
 * Springfield Model 1877 – .45-70 caliber trapdoor carbine.
 * Springfield Model 1880 – .45-70 caliber trapdoor rifle.
 * Springfield Model 1882 – .45-70 caliber trapdoor short rifle.
 * Springfield Model 1884 – .45-70 caliber trapdoor rifle.
 * Springfield Model 1886 – .45-70 caliber trapdoor carbine.
 * Springfield Model 1888 – .45-70 caliber trapdoor rifle.
 * Springfield Model 1888 – .45-70 caliber trapdoor rifle.

Repeating rifle:

 * Springfield Model 1892–99 – .30-40 caliber Krag–Jørgensen bolt action rifle.
 * Springfield Model 1903 – .30-03, .30-06 caliber bolt-action rifle.
 * Springfield Model 1922 – .22 LR caliber bolt action training rifle.

Self-loading rifle:

 * M1 Garand – .30-06 caliber semi-automatic rifle.
 * M14 rifle – .308 caliber select-fire rifle.

title: Springfield rifle


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User:Guang

Specialise in Military, Computer

Mount Waverley Secondary College Yr 12

title: User:Guang


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John Mason School

John Mason School (JMS) is a secondary school with sixth form in the town of Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire.

History
John Mason School, located on Wootton Road, opened as a grammar school in September 1960, to 69 students. The school is named after sixteenth-century intellectual, diplomat and spy Sir John Mason. He was born in Abingdon and educated at the nearby Abingdon School. Coincidentally, the first Headteacher of John Mason School, Derrick Hurd, went on to become Head at Easthampstead Park School based on the estate of which Sir John Mason was the keeper in 1548.

The school was previously in a four-way partnership of Abingdon schools known as 14:19 Abingdon. The other members were Larkmead School, Fitzharrys School and Abingdon and Witney College. The four partners shared sixth form lessons. John Mason is now part of the Abingdon Learning Trust, together with Fitzharrys School and Rush Common School, and shares its sixth form, JMF6 Abingdon, with Fitzharrys. John Mason has approximately 1031 students as of 2024.

Sarah Brinkley, previously the deputy headteacher, became the school's new headteacher in September 2015. In 2020, she was succeeded as headteacher by Adrian Rees, and instead became the Executive Headteacher and Director of Secondary Education at the Abingdon Learning Trust. In 2022, Brinkley left her role as Executive Headteacher, and remained the Director of Secondary Education until 2023. Rees' departure from the school was announced in February 2023, and he officially left the school in March, being replaced by Kirsty Rogers, who was the school's deputy head teacher and worked as acting headteacher until September, when, after eight years at the school, she left John Mason School to become headteacher at Aureus School in Didcot, and Alastair West became the new headteacher.

JMS is part of the OX14 Partnership, along with Fitzharrys School, Larkmead School, Radley College, Abingdon School, and St Helen and St Katharine. The partnership was officially launched on 19 November 2021, and allows the seven schools to coordinate opportunities, extra-curricular activities, and support with mental health.

Because of the discovery of reinforced autoclaved aerated concrete (RAAC) in the school's main block, John Mason School announced on 8 September 2023 that the school was to be fully closed to all students on Monday 11th, and that the school would have a reduced capacity for the rest of the week, with many students set to work from home. The United Kingdom government stated earlier in 2023 that areas where RAAC was identified should be evacuated and shut down until remedies could be put in place. The school had had multiple surveys for the material in 2022, and found no RAAC within any of the buildings. Despite this, the school stated on 8 September that it had been given "further information", and that there was indeed RAAC on the site. The reduced capacity restrictions continued for another week, though with more students on site. On Friday 22nd, it was announced that, after an additional survey from a surveyor commissioned by the Department for Education, the school was to reopen to all students from Monday 25th.

Specialist school and academy status
The school was granted specialist school status for visual and performing arts in 2004. In 2006, JMS built and opened the 06 Gallery using funding provided after receiving its specialist status. The 06 Gallery contains much of the students' artwork.

Previously run by the Oxfordshire County Council (OCC), on 1 February 2014, John Mason School became the first school in Abingdon to convert to an academy, giving it more control over it's admissions, finances, and curriculum. While now directly funded by the Department for Education, JMS continues to work with the Oxfordshire County Council for certain aspects of education.

Abingdon Learning Trust
John Mason School, along with Fitzharrys School and Rush Common School, belongs to the multi-academy trust, the Abingdon Learning Trust (ALT). Formed in 2012 as the Rush Common Academy Trust, it was in 2016 it was announced that the three schools planned to join as the ALT, and officially changed their name.

Houses
The school has three houses, Stert, Ock, and Thames, of the colours red, green and blue respectively. There was a fourth house, Isis, but this was dissolved in 1993. The houses are named after watercourses in the town of Abingdon.

Academic performance
According to the Department of Education 2011 breakdown of A-level results, John Mason were the sixth best in the UK for performance in mathematics, with 38% of students getting A* grade. In 2013, then-Education Secretary Michael Gove praised John Mason as "a school that, under a particularly inspirational head, is taking very very positive steps to provide students with a range of qualifications and the type of education that is relevant to the modern world." In 2017 Ofsted reported its quality of teaching, learning and assessment, outcomes for pupils and overall effectiveness all required improvement; the second lowest grade.

The Welsh Farm
The school owns a farm, generally known as the Welsh Farm, at Troedyrhiwgellifawr near the village of Pumsaint and the town of Llandovery in Wales. Students commonly undertake a four-day trip. The John Mason Association owns and runs the farm.

Notable former staff and pupils
Paul Mayhew-Archer (a writer on The Vicar of Dibley and My Hero) was formerly a teacher at JMS.

Famous former pupils include West End actor and singer Oliver Tompsett, BBC and Channel 5 news presenter Katie Ledger, and Dr Mike Leahy, who presents his own TV programme Invasion of the Bodyscratchers and has appeared in many other medical programmes.

title: John Mason School


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Mount Waverley Secondary College

Mount Waverley Secondary College is a public secondary school located in the Melbourne suburb of Mount Waverley. The school consists of roughly 1900 students and is one of the largest in the state. The school consists of two campuses (junior and senior) both situated on Stephensons Road in Mount Waverley. The Junior Campus holds years 7 and 8, with year levels 9 to 12 at the Senior Campus. The campuses are a short walking distance apart.

History
Mount Waverley Secondary College officially opened in 1964 as Mount Waverley High School with seventy-three Form 1 pupils, six teaching staff and one staff member in the office. The school's emblem, the unicorn, represents Sir Walter Scott who authored the Waverley Novels.

The three Light Timber Construction (LTC) buildings, which were clad in orange brick, were constructed in various stages after the school's opening. The school changed name to Mount Waverley Secondary College in the early 1990s and later occupied the site of the former Waverley North Primary School (also constructed in LTC) after that school was closed, thus forming a "junior campus" from the site.

Mount Waverley Secondary College (formerly Mount Waverley High School) has no association with Waverley High School which was located in Chadstone, Victoria and was permanently closed in the 1990s.

On Tuesday, 28 January 2003 (the day before the commencement of the school year), much of the Middle/Senior campus LTC buildings were destroyed by a deliberately lit fire causing an estimated $4 million in damage. Classrooms damaged in the fire included five IT classrooms, three science rooms, one fabrics room and 11 general purpose classrooms. A further two science rooms and three home economics rooms were also damaged in the fire.

All staff and students were relocated to Deakin University's Burwood campus for three weeks immediately after the fire. The rebuilt school was officially opened in December 2004, after $5.6 million was spent on rebuilding.

Facilities
The senior site has a modern two-story building, which was constructed after the fire of 2003, along with a number of art buildings and portables. (Most of the Light Timber Construction buildings were demolished after the fire). The junior site consisted of 3 blocks and one school oval, all were connected with covered walkways. But in 2009 Mount Waverley Secondary College was given 10.1 million dollars from the government, allowing the build of two brand new buildings on the Junior site. The Junior Campus is now positioned as a flagship school. It has received international attention for design and learning capacity. The Junior Campus design has won the following awards:

 * International CEFPI Award – Best new construction of a major facility
 * Australian Chapter of the Council of Education – Award for Facilities Design
 * The Project of Distinction Award by the Council of Educational Facility Planners International (CEFPI) for Best Middle School/Junior High

The Senior Campus also hosts the 200 seat Unicorn Theatre facility, two libraries, and two gymnasiums. The school once leased a school camp, from the historic trust the historic Lower Homebush State School #2258 in Avoca, Western Victoria. The school was closed in 1967, and reopened as the Lower Homebush Campus in 1996 as a school camp.

Curriculum
In the Junior and Middle Schools (Years 7–8 and 9–10 respectively), the College offers a comprehensive curriculum based on the Victorian Essential Learning Standards (VELS). Students are allowed greater choice in their subjects beginning in Year 9, where they can choose their electives (which are separate from the core curriculum).

For the Senior School (Years 11–12), the students can study for their Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE). The College offers a wide range of subjects from all learning areas. Students also have access to Vocational Education and Training (VET) subjects as part of their VCE program.

Student Leadership
The student body is represented by Student Leadership Teams (SLT) that operate at each year level from Years 8–11. Students in Year 12 have the opportunity to become prefects or captains. Recently, Mount Waverley Secondary College's SLT have won numerous awards, including:
 * Australia's Team Leadership Award for Students (ATLAS) from Halogen Australia
 * Department of Education and Training SRC of the Year award from the Victorian Student Representative Council (VicSRC)
 * Group Action Award from the Victorian Student Representative Council (VicSRC) (second runner-up)

Drama
Every year, the College runs a school-wide production. Previous productions include Chicago (2023), Matilda (2022), Seussical The Musical (2021), The Addams Family (2019), Bring It On The Musical (2018), Legally Blonde The Musical (2017), Beauty and the Beast (2016), Fame (2015), Footloose (2014), The Writer (2012), Little Shop of Horrors and Grease. Due to the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, the College's production of Seussical The Musical was delayed, being pushed into 2021.

Music
Year 7 students at the college have the opportunity to learn an instrument as part of the classroom music program. Instruments taught include those in the brass, woodwind and string families. Outside the classroom, students of all year levels have the opportunity to join ensembles at the College, including wind bands, big bands and string orchestras. Ensembles at the college frequently engage in inter-school festivals and competitions, including the annual Generations in Jazz competition. In 2019, the College's Symphonic Band and Stage Band traveled to Sydney to participate in the Australian International Music Festival.

Sports
Students have the opportunity to participate in a range of inter-school sports competitions, including basketball, badminton, netball, AFL football, cross country, soccer, softball, baseball, cricket, swimming, hockey, volleyball, tennis, athletics, and table tennis. The College boasts a strong reputation in its sporting achievements, particularly within competitions between local schools. Many of the students go on to compete at a state level.

Mount Waverley Secondary College's intermediate boys soccer team won the state finals on 5 September 2018.

Debating
The Mount Waverley Association of Debaters (M.A.D.) have several debating teams from Years 9–12 who all represent the College in inter-school debating competitions.

Notable alumni

 * Nick Barker – musician
 * Taylin Duman – AFL Footballer
 * Brett Godfrey – co-founder and initial CEO of Virgin Australia Airlines
 * Peter Handscomb – Australian Test cricketer
 * Jeff Hogg – AFL footballer
 * John Kim – actor
 * Chris Knights – AFL Footballer
 * Van Tuong Nguyen – convicted of drug trafficking in Singapore and hanged in December 2005
 * Paul Reiffel – Australian Test cricketer and umpire
 * Graeme "Shirley" Strachan – lead singer with Skyhooks, carpenter, TV presenter
 * Peter Tatchell – British human rights campaigner and LGBT activist
 * Bret Thornton – AFL footballer
 * Emily Whitehead – artistic gymnast
 * Kate Eddy – netballer
 * Daniel McKenzie – AFL Footballer
 * Gemma Lagioia – AFLW player

title: Mount Waverley Secondary College


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Ernest Dowson

Ernest Christopher Dowson (2 August 1867 – 23 February 1900) was an English poet, novelist, and short-story writer who is often associated with the Decadent movement.

Biography
Ernest Dowson was born in Lee, then in Kent, in 1867. His great-uncle was Alfred Domett, a Prime Minister of New Zealand. Dowson attended The Queen's College, Oxford, but left in March 1888 without obtaining a degree.

In November 1888 Dowson started work at Dowson & Son, his father's dry-docking business in Limehouse, East London. He led an active social life, carousing with medical students and law pupils, visiting music halls, and taking the performers to dinner.

Dowson was a member of the Rhymers' Club, and a contributor to literary magazines such as The Yellow Book and The Savoy. He collaborated with Arthur Moore on two unsuccessful novels, worked on a novel of his own, Madame de Viole, and wrote reviews for The Critic. Later in his career Dowson became a translator of French fiction, including novels by Balzac and the Goncourt brothers, and Les Liaisons dangereuses by Choderlos de Laclos.

In 1889 Dowson became infatuated with an 11-year-old girl, Adelaide "Missie" Foltinowicz, the daughter of a Polish restaurant-owner. In 1892 Dowson converted to Roman Catholicism and in 1893 he proposed to Foltinowicz, who was then aged 15. She rejected his proposal and later married a tailor.

In August 1894 Dowson's father, suffering from tuberculosis, died of an overdose of chloral hydrate. In February 1895 his mother, who also had tuberculosis, hanged herself. Soon after her death Dowson's health began to decline rapidly. Leonard Smithers gave Dowson an allowance to live in France and make translations for him. However, in 1897 Dowson returned to London to live with the Foltinowicz family. In 1899 Robert Sherard found Dowson almost penniless in a wine bar. Sherard took him to his cottage in Catford, where Dowson spent his last six weeks.

On 23 February 1900 Dowson died in Catford at the age of 32. He was interred in the Roman Catholic section of Brockley and Ladywell Cemeteries in London.

Works
Dowson is best remembered for three phrases from his poems:

 * "Days of wine and roses", from the poem "Vitae Summa Brevis"
 * "Gone with the wind", from the poem '' Non sum qualis eram bonae sub regno Cynarae"
 * "I have been faithful ... in my fashion", from "Non sum qualis eram bonae sub regno Cynarae"

J. P. Miller called a television play Days of Wine and Roses (1958) and the film of the same title was based on the play. The phrase also inspired the song "Days of Wine and Roses".

Margaret Mitchell, touched by the "far away, faintly sad sound I wanted" in the first line of the third stanza of "Non sum qualis eram bonae sub regno Cynarae", chose the line as the title of her novel Gone with the Wind.

"Non sum qualis eram bonae sub regno Cynarae" is also the source of the phrase "I have been faithful ... in my fashion", as in the title of the film Faithful in My Fashion (1946). Cole Porter paraphrased Dowson in the song "Always True to You in My Fashion" in the musical Kiss Me, Kate. Morrissey uses the lines, "In my own strange way, / I've always been true to you. / In my own sick way, / I'll always stay true to you" in the song "Speedway" on the album Vauxhall & I.

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, Dowson provides the earliest recorded use of the word "soccer" in written language, although he spelled it "socca".

Dowson's prose works include the short stories collected as Dilemmas (1895), and the two novels A Comedy of Masks (1893) and Adrian Rome (each co-written with Arthur Moore).

"Non sum qualis eram bonae sub regno Cynarae" was first published in The Second Book of the Rhymer's Club in 1894, and was noticed by Richard Le Gallienne in his "Wanderings in Bookland" column in The Idler, Volume 9.

Books

 * A Comedy of Masks: A Novel (1893) With Arthur Moore.
 * Dilemmas, Stories and Studies in Sentiment (1895)
 * Verses (1896)
 * The Pierrot of the Minute: A Dramatic Phantasy in One Act (1897)
 * Decorations in Verse and Prose (1899)
 * Adrian Rome (1899), with Arthur Moore
 * Cynara: A Little Book of Verse (1907)
 * Studies in Sentiment (1915)
 * The Poems and Prose of Ernest Dowson, with a Memoir by Arthur Symons (1919)
 * Letters of Ernest Dowson (1968)
 * Collected Shorter Fiction (2003)

Legacy

 * In a letter to Leonard Smithers, Oscar Wilde wrote of the death of Dowson: "Poor wounded wonderful fellow that he was, a tragic reproduction of all tragic poetry, like a symbol, or a scene. I hope bay leaves will be laid on his tomb, and rue and myrtle too, for he knew what love is."
 * Arthur Moore wrote several comic novels about the young adult duo of Anthony "Tony" Wilder and Paul Morrow. Tony is based on Dowson, while Paul is based on Moore. Moore's novel The Eyes of Light is mentioned by E. Nesbit in her novel The Phoenix and the Carpet.
 * In a memoir included in Poems and Prose of Ernest Dowson (1919) Arthur Symons describes Dowson as "a man who was undoubtedly a man of genius ... There never was a poet to whom verse came more naturally. ... He had the pure lyric gift, unweighed or unballasted by any other quality of mind or emotion."
 * Frederick Delius set several of Dowson's poems to music in his Songs of Sunset and Cynara.
 * John Ireland set Dowson's poem "I Was Not Sorrowful (Spleen)" from Verses (1896) in his 1912 song cycle Songs of a Wayfarer.
 * T. E. Lawrence quotes from Dowson's poem "Impenitentia Ultima" in Seven Pillars of Wisdom (Chapter 54).
 * Eugene O"Neill quotes from both "Vitae Summa Brevis" and "Cynarae" in his play Long Day's Journey into Night (1941).
 * Dowson's poem Vitae Summa Brevis a/k/a "Days of Wine and Roses" is recited by the character Waldo Lydecker in the 1944 Otto Preminger-directed film noir Laura and in the UK-produced TV series The Durrells in Corfu (series 2, episode 4).
 * In anticipation of the anniversary of Dowson's birth on 2 August 2010 his grave, which had fallen derelict and been vandalised, was restored. The unveiling and memorial service were publicised in the South London Press, on BBC Radio 4 and in the Times Literary Supplement, and dozens of people paid tribute to the poet 110 years after his death.
 * Jack London quotes from Dowson's poem "Impenitentia Ultima" in The Sea-Wolf (Chapter XXVI).

title: Ernest Dowson


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Villajoyosa

Villajoyosa, in Valencian: La Vila Joiosa ("the Joyful Town") and officially Villajoyosa/La Vila Joiosa is a coastal town and municipality in the south of the Valencian Community, Spain, by the Mediterranean Sea. It is the historic and administrative capital of Marina Baixa county, and is located in the province of Alicante. The town is known locally simply as La Vila.

It is the historic and administrative capital of the comarca of Marina Baixa and is located 32 km from the city of Alicante, in the coastal area known as Costa Blanca (White Coast). It has over three kilometers of beaches, including the Platja Centre (Central Beach), close to the city centre. The river Amadorio runs through La Vila.

The area is famous for its chocolate industry and tourism. One of the most popular tourist attractions is its Gothic Catholic church of the Assumption, with a Baroque altar piece. Another popular destination, the Royal Palm Casino (formerly Casino Costa Blanca), is now closed. The town's festival of Moros i Cristians, celebrated at the end of July, was declared an International Tourist Interest Festival. Currently, this festivity commemorates a boat landing from the Berber pirates that was repelled by the population of the town.

Notable people

 * Marta Baldó, rhythmic gymnast and Olympic Champion (1996, Atlanta)
 * José Catalá, footballer
 * Maisa Lloret, rhythmic gymnast
 * Felipe Orts, road and cyclo-cross cyclist
 * Maxim Kuzminov, Russian defector and helicopter pilot found dead in Villajoyosa
 * Anthony Jung, footballer who was born in Villajoyosa, Spain, to a German mother and Spanish father. He emigrated at the age of three with his divorced mother to Germany.

Twin towns

 * 🇫🇷 Vitré, Ille-et-Vilaine, France, since 1989
 * 🇪🇸 Quesada, Spain, since 2006
 * 🇪🇸 Bullas, Spain, since 2006

title: Villajoyosa


text:
Talk:Poetess

This article is part of WikiProject Poetry. See that page for guidelines.

This page seems extremely POV to me. The general tone is patronizing and the last paragraph in particular is insulting to 20th century poets in general and women poets, especially Ms Rich, in particular. Bmills 10:29, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I would propose the following replacement text.

The word poetess denotes, at its simplest, a woman poet. However, this term has fallen out of use mainly as a result of objections from women poets and feminist critics. These objections may be summarised under two headings.

Firstly, the term poetess has come to imply a kind of minor talent or achievement by a part-time writer, as in the following quotation from the Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot, by Alexander Pope:

 * Is there a Parson, much bemus'd in beer,
 * A maudlin Poetess, a rhyming Peer. . .

or, as Marguerite Ogden puts it, "the word poetess, with all its suggestion of tepid and insipid achievement."

Secondly, in common with similar terms such as actress, poetess is rejected for insisting on gender distinctions in an area where these are not relevant, and with the default term, poet, indicating the primacy of male practicioners. For these reasons, they perfer the use of the word poet for members of both sexes as being more in the spirit of non-sexist language.

but I'm open to suggestion. Bmills 10:54, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * You are probably right, in that the examples may well have been left out (but, my God, have you read Adrienne Rich? An irresistable target.)

 * But I would at minimum retain the quotation by Marguerite Ogden. I thought it was reasonably clear that the subject was a stereotype.  As such, some mention of the images called forth by the stereotype seems to be in order; and the practicing of inditing odes to the poetess's menses strikes me as so central to the stereotype as to be diagnostic.  -- Smerdis of Tlön 12:59, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I have endeavoured to reword the article, esp. the last paragraph, to make it clearer that it is indeed discussing the images called forth by the stereotype.  I removed the examples. The word "poetess" is problematic in a way that, say, "actress" is not, for reasons that go well beyond mere non-sexist language issues.  -- Smerdis of Tlön 14:59, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Much better now, but I'd like to lose the inappropriate external link. Bmills 15:21, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

This article, in its current form, seems to be just about why poetess is a bad word. Is there nothing else relevant to the word "poetess"? I don't see why it is worth having this article if its only purpose is pushing a point of view -- the validity of which is irrelevant to most.

In the spirit of the article, that "poetess" should not exist, it is better for this article not to exist. Rintrah 08:16, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

=NPOV= This article seems really one sided, pushing the view that poetess is a derogatory word. If the article is to be kept (which I'm not sure it should be), the article should be broken down into sections, such as:
 * introduction
 * historical origin and usage of the word
 * modern & feminist usage of the word

Unsourced, completely biased statements such as "The word "poetess" is often used in a mildly pejorative and dismissive sense; like all the best pejoratives, it keeps open the option to deny that the person who used the word meant anything of the kind," need to disappear from the article. caz | speak 18:05, 7 January 2007 (UTC)
 * You're right; such sentences moralise rather impart any objective information. Rintrah 14:39, 20 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I made a start. Rintrah 08:06, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

Pope's usage
The claim that poetess was sometimes used pejoratively may well be true, but the quote from Pope's Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot is a very feeble example. In fact, I don't think it's an example at all. The passage is pejorative because Pope says the poetess is maudlin; remove that description and poetess becomes as neutral a signifier as the others Pope uses, parson and peer. I think the Pope quote should be junked and replaced with an example more relevant, assuming the point is accurate. 69.237.196.82 (talk) 16:31, 23 May 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Poetess