text:
Talk:Federation

Non-federations
"Some countries exhibit characteristics of a federation, but are not. For example, Spain has a relationship resembling that of a federation with its autonomous communities; however, they are created by and exist at the suffrance of the central government, rather than being distinct entities that have chosen to join together." In this case, you've have to add Belgium to this list too... -195.144.90.50, Dec 2003

UAE
Under "Long form titles", the UAE is listed under "None" when it is pretty clear that it is a long form title. It is similar to Mexico, listed under "Others" - United Mexican States as compared with United Arab Emirates - Mexico, like Arabia, is the geographical location, while States, like Emirates, is the political subentity. I've edited the page

In addition, according to the first clause of Article 1 of the Malaysian constitution, it states (roughly translated), "The Federation shall be known, in Malay and in English, by the name Malaysia." It doesn't state "Federation of Malaysia" or "Persekutuan Malaysia". But since the article Malaysia uses "Persekutuan Malaysia", I'll shall keep it that way. --Rajan R 06:58, 12 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Belgium
Belgium is listed as a unitary state but it refers to itself as a federation. This should be corrected

Patrick Fafard Canada

As far as I can gather it seems to be a federation so I've moved it to that list. But if anyone knows better please shout. Iota 00:04, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

-Belgium used to be a unitary state, but they made a change-over to federacy in the last decades :)

Map and South Africa
The map shows South Africa as being a unitary state which has not been correct since the post-Apartheid constitution of 1996.

The 1996 constitution circumscribes certain rights to the provincial governments. Although limited, some of these powers cannot be revoked by national government with a simple majority or executive decree. Making such changes to provincial powers will entail one of two processes. Either through a constitutional amendment that will require a special majority in the lower house, or through a special process in the upper house (which consists of delegations representing each of the provinces) which in some cases will need to amend the constitution.

Since a unitary state is defined by the ability of the national government to revoke devolved powers by means of executive decree or a simple majority in the lower house, South Africa is a federation.

This is the de jure reality. There might be an argument that the country is de facto unitary. Such an argument would go along the lines that the same political party controls enough provincial delegations in the upper house to easily revoke the protected powers of the provinces and thus the republic is a virtual unitary state. However, this argument fails since the process which defines it as a federation will still have to be followed. Martinmenge (talk) 13:36, 16 March 2023 (UTC)
 * The constitution of a federation typically spells out the central government's powers and reserves the rest to the constituent entities, no? In contrast, per South Africa's explanation of provincial governments, the only areas where the provinces exercise exclusive domain are:
 * abattoirs
 * ambulance services
 * liquor licences
 * museums other than national museums
 * provincial planning
 * provincial cultural matters
 * provincial recreational activities
 * provincial roads and traffic
 * Having exclusive control over their own abattoirs isn't really the mark of basically sovereign entities freely relinquishing control over a restricted set of areas to a central authority.
 * That these concessions to the provinces are encoded in the federal constitution rather than ordinary statutes doesn't change that, in my opinion.
 * The more Wikipedian response to you is to ask: What do reliable sources say? I haven't looked into that yet. Largoplazo (talk) 18:25, 16 March 2023 (UTC)
 * With respect to this comment: "The constitution of a federation typically spells out the central government's powers and reserves the rest to the constituent entities, no?" No, there is no universal rule for the distribution of powers between the central government and the regional governments in a federation.  The model you mention is the US model, which has been followed in Australia.  However, Canada and India are federations which do not follow that model, and have lists of the central and regional powers.  The question raised by Martinmenge is an important one, since the heart of a federal system is that the central government cannot unilaterally take away the regional powers, or vice versa.  If the powers of the South African provinces are entrenched in the Constitution and can only be removed by a constitutional amendment, that may be a form of federalism, albeit with weak regional powers.  (And note that the term "federal constitution" is itself a term used only for certain types of federations, not all, and therefore using that term carries with it certain implications which may not be appropriate in a particular discussion). Mr Serjeant Buzfuz (talk) 19:11, 16 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I see there is also a subsection specifically on South Africa. The entire section is based on one reference. This reference appears to be an undergrad essay that argues that South Africa is a unitary state. Within that essay the author concedes that the minimum criteria for a federal state is met by the South African constitution. I am struggling to rectify this as my edit on the subsection was revoked on the ascertain that it was an unreferenced synthesis. I will attempt a better edit. Martinmenge (talk) 06:29, 17 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I guess it doesn't get much better than various articles in the Journal of Federalism in support? Martinmenge (talk) 19:29, 16 March 2023 (UTC)
 * "The study seeks to make sense of the different quantities and patterns of agreement-making across six well-known but important federations (Australia, Canada, Germany, South Africa, Switzerland, and the United States)..." https://academic.oup.com/publius/article-abstract/45/4/e15/1894311 Martinmenge (talk) 19:46, 16 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Largoplazo, in your excerpt from the South African source, you left out this long list of possible provincial powers:
 * agriculture
 * casinos, racing, gambling and wagering
 * cultural affairs
 * education at all levels, excluding university and university of
 * technology education
 * environment
 * health services
 * human settlements
 * language policy
 * nature conservation
 * police services
 * provincial public media
 * public transport
 * regional planning and development
 * road traffic regulation
 * tourism
 * trade and industrial promotion
 * traditional authorities
 * urban and rural development
 * vehicle licensing
 * welfare services.
 * That's a pretty long list. Mr Serjeant Buzfuz (talk) 20:25, 16 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I "left them out" in the same way that I "left out" everything in the universe that I didn't consider relevant to the point I was making. It is expressly at the provinces' option to bother legislating in any of these areas, and the provision doesn't bar the national government from passing legislation that preempts/overrides provincial law in any of these areas. Largoplazo (talk) 22:11, 16 March 2023 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 11:53, 4 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Map-of-india-political-enlarge-view.gif

Should the CSA be listed under "defunct federations"?
The CSA is currently listed under defunct federation. But it was never recognised as an independent state, by either the US, or other nations. Britain and France treated it as a belligerent for some purposes, but I think that's as far as it went. Should the list include a wannabe state? Mr Serjeant Buzfuz (talk) 01:59, 20 May 2023 (UTC)

Missing item in list of 27 federations.
Toward the end of the article, there is a list of federations. The heading says there are 27 federations, but the list names only 26 of them. I don't know which country is missing from the list, otherwise I would just add it. But since I don't know where to find out which country is missing, I'm just putting this note here, asking anyone who knows to add the name, please. (Or if indeed there are only 26 federations, then the heading needs to be changed.)M.J.E. (talk) 14:27, 1 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Another user had removed Bosnia, so I reverted it. Hopefully they will discuss this here instead. BilCat (talk) 18:18, 1 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks for fixing that.
 * I looked into it a bit further, and, based on a map I saw of the world's federations, I finally found what I thought was the missing federation, and it was Bosnia and Herzegovina. If you hadn't already fixed this, I wouldn't have known whether I should add that to the list, just based on my own deductions.M.J.E. (talk) 08:08, 2 August 2023 (UTC)

Lead
The lead is much too long, and the latter part of it deteriorates into a listing of various federations that editors seem to have thought were significant. Germany is raised as an example twice and some cases are pretty obscure for the general reader (Austria-Hungary) or questionable as federations (the League of Corinth). I'd be keen to reduce paragraph 3 and following to: ''A federation is distinct from a unitary state, which is governed as a single entity in which the central government is the supreme authority, and from a confederation, which is set of sovereign states united for purposes of common action. Federations are often multi-ethnic and cover a large area of territory, but neither is necessarily the case. Several ancient and medieval chiefdoms and kingdoms could be described as federations or confederations. Several colonies and dominions consisting of autonomous provinces transformed into federal states upon independence. In some recent cases, federations have been instituted as a measure to handle ethnic conflict within a state. The oldest currently existing federation is the United States, whose constitution went into effect on 4 March 1789; the newest is Nepal, which became a federation on 20 September 2015'' [I'd be open to removing the last sentence]. The lead ought also to say something regarding "confederations" and "empires" Furius (talk) 20:29, 22 August 2023 (UTC)

India
It is not a pure federation. It has several unitary features like dominance of the center over the state, single citizenship, etc. 2409:4060:100:6B3F:388D:BF74:422B:4283 (talk) 14:13, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

 * hello?
 * This need a clarification. 2409:4060:2D3E:FF6A:388D:BF74:422B:4283 (talk) 04:41, 1 June 2024 (UTC)
 * All the countries classified as federations have a single citizenship: Canadian, Mexican, Argentinian, German, etc. The balance of power between the central and second-level governments in those countries varies considerably, but they're still federations, as "federation" doesn't define that balance. Largoplazo (talk) 11:19, 1 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Federation


text:
List of California state prisons

This is a list of state prisons in California operated by the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR). CDCR operates 34 adult prisons in California, with a design capacity of 85,083 incarcerated people. CDCR both owns and operates 34 of the state prisons; it additionally operates California City Correctional Facility, a prison leased from CoreCivic.

CDCR operates a variety of other incarceration facilities, including fire camps and California Division of Juvenile Justice facilities. For more information on the totality of jurisdictions and facilities involved in incarceration in California, see Incarceration in California. For more information on the history, conditions, and demographics of California's prison system specifically, see Prisons in California.

== Facilities ==

Reception centers house incarcerate people incoming to the state prison system while they complete an evaluation and receive a custody score. After that, they may be transferred to another prison for longer-term confinement.

While all facilities have some level of education, treatment, and pre-release programs, reentry hubs provide specific reentry support to incarcerated people within 4 years of release, including cognitive behavioral therapy, job search skills, and financial literacy.

Prisons in California

 * Eagle Mountain Community Correctional Facility, Eagle Mountain, California (owned and operated by Management and Training Corporation, closed in 2003)
 * Deuel Vocational Institution, San Joaquin County, California, (closed in 2021)
 * California Correctional Center, Lassen County, California, (closed March 30, 2023)

Out of State Facilities
In an effort to relieve California prison overcrowding that peaked in 2006, CDCR began housing California prisoners in prisons in other states. In 2009, CDCR began to phase out its use of out-of-state facilities, and it stopped incarcerating people in out-of-state facilities in 2019. The facilities were:

 * West Tennessee Detention Facility, Tennessee (owned and operated by CoreCivic, exited in March 2009)
 * North Lake Correctional Facility, Michigan (owned and operated by Geo Group, operated by the Michigan Department of Corrections, exited October 2011)
 * Red Rock Correctional Center, Arizona (owned by CoreCivic, operated by the Arizona Department of Corrections, exited in October 2013)
 * North Fork Correctional Facility, Oklahoma (owned by CoreCivic, operated by the Oklahoma Department of Corrections, exited in November 2015)
 * Florence Correctional Facility, Arizona (owned and operated by CoreCivic, exited in Feb. 2016)
 * Tallahatchie County Correctional Facility, Mississippi (owned and operated by CoreCivic, exited in July 2018)
 * La Palma Correctional Facility, Arizona (owned and operated by CoreCivic, exited in June 2019)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of California state prisons


text:
John Hope

John Hope may refer to:

United Kingdom

 * John Hope (died c. 1599), MP for Flintshire (UK Parliament constituency)
 * John Hope, Lord Craighall (1605?–1654), Scottish judge
 * Sir John Bruce Hope (c.1684–1766), MP for Kinross, 1727–1734, 1741–1747
 * John Hope, 2nd Earl of Hopetoun (1704–1781)
 * John Hope (botanist) (1725–1786), Scottish surgeon and botanist
 * John Hope (writer) (1739–1785), British politician and writer
 * John Hope, 4th Earl of Hopetoun (1765–1823), Scottish soldier and politician
 * Sir John Hope (British Army officer, born 1765) (1765–1836), British Army general
 * Sir John Hope, 11th Baronet (1781–1853), MP for Midlothian, 1845–1853
 * John Hope, Lord Hope (1794–1858), Scottish judge
 * John Hope (lawyer) (1807-1893), Scottish lawyer and philanthropist
 * John Hope (Liberal politician) (1860–1949), Scottish Liberal politician
 * Sir John Hope, 16th Baronet (1869–1924), MP for Midlothian, 1912–1918, and Midlothian North and Peebles, 1918–1922
 * John Hope, 1st Baron Glendevon (1912–1996), Scottish Tory politician
 * John Hope (footballer) (1949–2016), English football goalkeeper
 * John Hope (merchant), French courtier and merchant who settled in Edinburgh

United States

 * John C. Hope (1806–1879), Lutheran scholar, priest and politician from South Carolina
 * John Hope (educator) (1868–1936), American educator, first African-American president of Morehouse College and Atlanta University
 * John Hope (meteorologist) (1919–2002), American meteorologist and hurricane forecaster
 * John Hope (baseball) (1970–2018), American baseball pitcher

Other

 * Jan Hope (1737–1784), also called John Hope, Dutch banker (Hope & Co.) and owner of Groenendaal park
 * John Hope (Australian politician) (1842–1926), Scottish-born Tasmanian politician
 * John Hope, 7th Earl of Hopetoun (1860–1908), first Governor-General of Australia
 * John Hope (cricketer, born 1841) (1841–1910), New Zealand cricketer
 * John Hope (cricketer, born 1866) (1866–1950), New Zealand cricketer
 * John Hope (priest) (1891–1971), Anglican priest in Sydney, Australia

title: John Hope


text:
Wikipedia talk:Community portal/Open tasks

Formatting errors
Could someone please assist with the formatting of this page? I'm not sure exactly what is wrong here, but this template is causing quite significant formatting errors for content below it when transcluded. There are endless examples, but I intially came across this issue at the following pages: User talk:Neopeius, User talk:MykReeve, User talk:Mattflaschen – see the section headers. Thanks, 72 (talk) 16:18, 4 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Just noting here that I seem to have fixed this issue – it was simpler than I thought, so I'm surprised this wasn't spotted earlier. Pinging just to let you know, the formatting issue at your talk page was due to this template (Opentask) that your removed in this edit. If you did actually want to keep that message and you want to restore it, the issue shouldn't persist. 72 (talk) 16:53, 6 January 2019 (UTC)

Requested move 18 March 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Move proposal succeeded. The move proposal succeeded. But I'm not moving it just yet, due to bot considerations. Any editor (involved/uninvolved in this RM) should feel free to move the page per proposal, once the required changes are done. (closed by non-admin page mover) ---CX Zoom(he/him) (let's talk|contribs) 05:54, 26 March 2022 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Community portal/Opentask → Community portal/Open tasks – Clearer title. Note: should not be moved before User:SuggestBot’s code is changed (I can do that after this is closed). 🐶 EpicPupper (he/him | talk) 04:57, 18 March 2022 (UTC)

 * I don't have strong opinions about this. You might've already looked at SuggestBot's code, it's a one-line change in the configuration to change the page it edits. I suspect this proposal will go through, at which point I can stop the bot from editing the page so we can get the move done. Cheers, Nettrom (talk) 14:43, 19 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. Opentask is clearly not one word. Gonnym (talk) 11:59, 20 March 2022 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 20 April 2022
Here's the good suggestion!

Propose changing the link for link fixing Learn how from Help:Wikitext to either Help:Wikitext or Manual_of_Style/Linking.

And here's the potentially bad suggestion where I completely understand if you don't do it, as navigating categories can be confusing.

Also propose to change the More... link from Fix wikilinks from Category:All_articles_with_too_few_wikilinks to Category:Wikipedia_links. IHaveAVest (talk) 13:32, 20 April 2022 (UTC)

 * Ive gone ahead and updated the Learn how link, but I agree it may be a bit confusing for newer people if the More... linked to a category of categories, so ive left that unchanged. Thanks for the suggestion. Aidan9382 (talk) 06:59, 29 April 2022 (UTC)

God in these days
Views 112.79.150.31 (talk) 15:08, 25 June 2022 (UTC)

Fix wikilinks
Category:All articles with too few wikilinks and Category:Articles with too many wikilinks are often empty these days. Can @SuggestBot draw tasks from Category:Wikipedia red link cleanup to fill up the "Fix wikilinks" section, please? Thanks. --PFHLai (talk) 22:58, 5 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Hi @PFHLai, sorry I didn’t see this sooner! I noticed the issue with the empty categories a little while ago when working on updating the translation categories per this thread on my talk page. Since that red link cleanup category has subcategories, I’m not sure if it’ll work. If there was a “All articles needing red link cleanup” category, adding it would be trivial. I’ll make a note to take a closer look at this and see what I can do. Cheers, Nettrom (talk) 17:34, 1 January 2023 (UTC)


text:
Dick York

Richard Allen York (September 4, 1928 – February 20, 1992) was an American actor. He was the first actor to play Darrin Stephens on the ABC fantasy sitcom Bewitched. He played teacher Bertram Cates in the film Inherit the Wind (1960).

York's career was hampered by a serious back injury he sustained while working on the film They Came to Cordura in 1959. Although his role in Bewitched was a success, he left the series in 1969 after a further decline in his physical health, and rarely acted thereafter.

Early life
York was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana, to Bernard York, a salesman, and Betty, a seamstress. He grew up in Chicago, where a Catholic nun first recognized his vocal promise. He began his career at the age of 15 as the star of the CBS radio program That Brewster Boy. He also appeared in hundreds of other radio shows and instructional films before heading to New York City, where he acted on Broadway in Tea and Sympathy and Bus Stop. He performed with stars including Paul Muni and Joanne Woodward in live television broadcasts and with Janet Leigh, Jack Lemmon, and Glenn Ford in movies, including My Sister Eileen and Cowboy.

While filming the movie They Came to Cordura (1959) with Gary Cooper and Rita Hayworth, he suffered a permanent, disabling back injury. In York's own words, "Gary Cooper and I were propelling a handcar carrying several 'wounded' men down [the] railroad track. I was on the bottom stroke of this sort of teeter-totter mechanism that made the handcar run. I was just lifting the handle up as the director yelled 'cut!' and one of the 'wounded' cast members reached up and grabbed the handle. Now, instead of lifting the expected weight, I was suddenly, jarringly, lifting his entire weight off the flatbed – 180 pounds or so. The muscles along the right side of my back tore. They just snapped and let loose. And that was the start of it all: the pain, the painkillers, the addiction, the lost career."

York's injury did not immediately end his career. In 1960, a year after York's injury, he played Bertram Cates (modeled on John Thomas Scopes, of "Monkey Trial" fame) in the film version of Inherit the Wind.

York went on to star with Gene Kelly and Leo G. Carroll in the ABC comedy-drama Going My Way (1962). York was cast in the series, which lasted one season, as Tom Colwell, who operates a secular youth center.

York appeared in dozens of episodes of now-classic television series, including Justice, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, The Alfred Hitchcock Hour, The Untouchables, Rawhide, The Americans, Wagon Train, Father Knows Best, and CBS's The Twilight Zone, The Virginian, and Route 66.

Bewitched
York was cast as Darrin Stephens in the 1960s sitcom Bewitched as Samantha's (Elizabeth Montgomery) mortal husband. The show was a huge success and York was nominated for an Emmy Award in 1968.

The crew built York a slanted wall on which he could lean between scenes; during the first two seasons, this allowed York to manage his back injury with little difficulty. Halfway through the third season, York's back injury was aggravated into a painful degenerative spine condition, frequently causing shooting delays while he required assistance to walk. Because York would sometimes be seized with debilitating pain, the scripts for some of his later Bewitched episodes were written and staged such that his character would be in bed or on the couch for the entire episode. York did not appear in several third- and fourth-season episodes, and his eventual departure from the show well into the filming of the fifth season necessitated more episodes focusing on Samantha and other members of her family, with mentions that Darrin was away on business.

While filming the fifth-season episode "Daddy Does His Thing", York fell ill: "I was too sick to go on. I had a temperature of 105, full of strong antibiotics, for almost 10 days. I went to work that day, but I was sick. I lay in my dressing room after being in make-up, waiting to be called on the set. They knew I was feeling pretty rotten, and they tried to give me time to rest. I kept having chills. This was the middle of the summer and I was wearing a sheepskin jacket and I was chilling. I was shaking all over. Then, while sitting on a scaffolding with Maurice Evans, being lit for a special-effects scene: They were setting an inky – that's a little tiny [spotlight] that was supposed to be just flickering over my eyes. That flickering, flickering, flickering made me feel weird. And I'm sitting on this platform up in the air ... and I turn to Gibby, a friend of mine on the set who was just down below, and I said, 'Gibby, I think I have to get down.' He started to help me down and that's the last thing I remember until I woke up on the floor. That's about all I remember of the incident ... and I'd managed to bite a very large hole in the side of my tongue before they could pry my teeth apart."

From York's hospital bed, he and director William Asher discussed York's future. "Do you want to quit?" Asher asked. "If it's all right with you, Billy", York replied. With that, York left the sitcom to devote himself to recovery, never to return. Dick Sargent replaced York in the role of Darrin Stephens, taking over the role at the start of the series' sixth season (1969–1970) and continuing in the part until the series ended after its eighth season (1971–1972). Sargent was originally offered the role of Darrin in 1964, but declined in favor of a part in the short-lived sitcom Broadside.

Later years
For the next 18 months, York was largely bed-ridden in a haze of prescription painkillers. In his memoir, The Seesaw Girl and Me, published posthumously, he describes the struggle to break his addiction and come to grips with the loss of his career. The book is in large part a love letter to his wife, Joan (née Alt), the seesaw girl of the title, who stuck with him through the hard times.

He then quit drugs cold turkey, which led to six months' difficult withdrawal and recovery. "I had a band playing in my head, bagpipes night and day," York recalled. "It just went on and on and on and on and on... The fans whisper to you and the walls whisper to you and you look at television and sometimes it flashes in a certain way that sends you into a fit and you know that your wife has put her hand in your mouth so you won't bite off your tongue. You can't sleep. You hallucinate. I used to make a tape recording of rain so I could listen to the rain lying in bed at night to drown out those damned bagpipes."

York eventually beat his addiction, and in the early 1980s tried to revive his career. His last two credits were on two primetime television series, Simon & Simon and Fantasy Island. Afterward he stopped receiving calls when his agent failed to register with the Screen Actors Guild on his behalf, and he retired from show business.

Death
York was a three-pack-a-day smoker for much of his life and often smoked cigarettes on the set of Bewitched; he spent his final years battling emphysema. By 1989, he was using an oxygen tank to help him breathe. While bedridden in his Rockford, Michigan, home, he founded Acting for Life, a private charity to help the homeless and others in need. Using his telephone as his pulpit, York motivated politicians, business people, and the general public to contribute supplies and money.

Despite his suffering, York said, "I've been blessed. I have no complaints. I've been surrounded by people in radio, on stage, and in motion pictures and television who love me. The things that have gone wrong have been simply physical things."

York died of complications from emphysema at Blodgett Hospital in East Grand Rapids, Michigan, on February 20, 1992, at age 63. He is buried at Plainfield Cemetery in Rockford, Michigan.

Book

 * York, Dick. The Seesaw Girl and Me (New Path Press, 2004) Published Posthumously.

Awards and nominations

 * Emmy Awards
 * 1968: Nominated, "Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series"- Bewitched

title: Dick York


text:
Holloway Road

Holloway Road is a road in London, 3 km in length. It is one of the main shopping streets in North London, and carries the A1 road as it passes through Holloway, in the London Borough of Islington. The road starts in Archway, near Archway Underground station, then heads south-east, past Upper Holloway railway station, Whittington Park, past the North London campus of London Metropolitan University near Nag's Head, past Holloway Road Underground station, and the main campus of the university, and then becomes Highbury Corner, near Highbury & Islington station.

Name
The origins of the name are disputed; some believe that it derives from "hollow" due to the dip in the road from the cattle that made their way along the route to the cattle markets in London, whilst some believe it derives from "hallow" and refers to the road's historic significance as part of the pilgrimage route to Walsingham. No documentary evidence can be found to support either derivation.

History
The earliest record giving the name of the road as The Holloway dates from 1307. The main stretch of Holloway Road runs through the site of the villages of Tollington and Stroud. The exact time of their founding is not known, but the earliest record of them dates from 1000. The names ceased to be used by the late 17th century, but are still preserved in the local place names "Tollington Park" and "Stroud Green"; since that time, the area has been known as Holloway.

Description

Holloway Road is one of north London's shopping streets, containing major stores as well as numerous smaller shops. Holloway Road is the site of the main campus of the much-renamed London Metropolitan University (formerly Northern Polytechnic Institute, the Polytechnic of North London and University of North London), and includes the Orion Building, designed by Daniel Libeskind, which can be seen along the central stretch of Holloway Road, and of the headquarters of the National Union of Students and the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. Most of the shops are clustered in the Nag's Head area, near the junction with Seven Sisters Road. North of the Seven Sisters Road is the Nambucca pub and music venue, which burned down in 2008 and reopened two years later.

Archway

The northern point of Holloway Road is the complex interchange at Archway, where the A1 leaves the historic route of the Great North Road. The traditional Great North Road heads northwest up Highgate Hill (now the B519) before turning north at North Road, Highgate to cross the current A1 route. The A1 heads north along the relatively recently built Archway Road. The construction of the interchange left a few buildings isolated in the centre of the roundabout, including the Archway Tavern, which appears on the cover of The Kinks' 1971 album Muswell Hillbillies.

Churches
Holloway Road contains two significant London churches. St Mary Magdalene is situated in St Mary Magdalene Gardens near the southern end of the road. Built by William Wickings in 1814, it is one of the best preserved early 19th century churches in London. Charles Barry Jr.'s St John's Church is a leading example of Gothic Revival architecture and dominates the northern end of the road.

Railway stations
As one of London's primary transport routes during the 19th century railway boom, Holloway Road contains a number of railway stations. Highbury Corner is the site of Highbury & Islington station, one of London's most important transport interchanges. The Victoria line, Northern City Line, and the London Overground North London line converge at this location. It is also the northern terminus of the London Overground East London line.

The station building was badly damaged by a V-1 flying bomb in 1944 and never rebuilt. The remainder of the building was demolished in 1966 in preparation for the construction of the Victoria line; the only surface building is a small entrance hall, set back from the main road.

Holloway Road station opened with the Piccadilly line in 1906, next door to an existing Great Northern Railway main line station built in 1852. The main line station closed in 1915. Although Holloway Road is the nearest station to the Emirates Stadium, trains do not stop here on match days due to concerns about overcrowding.

Upper Holloway station was built in 1868 as part of the Tottenham & Hampstead Junction Railway. It is served by trains on the Gospel Oak to Barking line, which now forms part of the London Overground network.

Archway station is not actually situated on Holloway Road, but approximately 10 m off the main road on Junction Road, underneath the architecturally striking Archway Tower. Originally known as "Highgate", it was the original northern terminus of the Charing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway and until 1940 was the northern terminus of the Northern line.

In popular culture

Record producer Joe Meek, responsible amongst other things for Telstar by The Tornados, a massive UK and US no. 1 record in 1962, and the highly influential 1959 album I Hear a New World, lived and worked at 304 Holloway Road, where, on 3 February, he killed his landlady and them himself with a shotgun. His life is now commemorated by a plaque on the building.

Sex Pistols singer John Lydon (Johnny Rotten) claims to have been born and raised in side-street Benwell Road, although no documentary evidence survives of this.

The road features heavily as the home of a fictionalised Meek in Jake Arnott's The Long Firm trilogy.

The album Season End by Marillion includes "Holloway Girl", which refers to the imprisonment of Judith Ward in Holloway Prison.

A row of Victorian houses, numbers 726–732, opposite Upper Holloway station, stands at the described location of the fictional Brickfield Terrace in George and Weedon Grossmith's Diary of a Nobody. The architecture is typical for buildings on this stretch of the road.

Former pirate radio station Kiss FM would base their studios and offices at 80 Holloway Road when they first launched as a legal radio station.

title: Holloway Road


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Gertrude Chandler Warner

Gertrude Chandler Warner (April 16, 1890 – August 30, 1979) was an American author, mainly of children's stories. She was most famous for writing the original book of The Boxcar Children and for the next 18 books in the series.

Biography
Warner was born on April 16, 1890, in Connecticut, to Edgar Morris Warner and Jane Elizabeth Carpenter Warner. Her family included an older sister, Frances, and a younger brother, John. Her middle name of Chandler came from her mother's ancestors, the Chandlers, who had settled in nearby Woodstock, CT in 1686. Her father Edgar Warner had graduated from Harvard Law School in 1872 and practiced law in Putnam, CT. The Warners' house on Main Street was located across from the railroad station.

When she was five, Warner dreamed of being an author. Late, she accomplished that dream and started writing The Boxcar Children. Albert Whitman & Company Retrieved and began writing in ten-cent blank books as soon as she was able to hold a pencil. She wrote an Article on Warner in Something About the Author, Volume 9, ed. Anne Commire, Detroit: Gale Research, 1976, pp. 195–96. Her first book was an imitation of Florence Kate Upton's Golliwog stories and was titled Golliwog at the Zoo; It "consisted of verses illustrated with watercolors of the two Dutch clocks and the Goliwag. Warner presented this book to her grandfather, and every Christmas afterwards, she would give him a hand-made book as a present.

While growing up, Warner loved to read, and her favorite book was Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. Being in a musical family, she was predisposed to play an instrument; in her case, she chose the cello, and her father bought her a cello kit at a young age. However, because of her frequent illnesses, Warner never finished high school. After leaving, she studied with a tutor and finished her secondary education. In 1918, while she was teaching Sunday School, Warner was called to teach first grade, mainly because male teachers were being called to serve in World War I. Warner continued teaching as a grade school teacher in Putnam from 1918 to 1950. Also during this time, she returned to school for education courses at Yale University's summer school.

Warner was a lover of nature. While growing up, she had butterfly and moth collections, pressed wildflowers, learned of all the birds in her backyard and other places, and kept a garden to see what butterflies were doing. She used these interests in teaching her grade school students, and also used nature themes in her books. For instance, in the second book of The Boxcar Children Surprise Island, the Alden children make a nature museum from the flowers, shells and seaweed they have collected and the shapes of birds they have observed. One of her students recalled the wildflower and stone-gathering contests that Warner sponsored when she was a teacher.

As well as her books in The Boxcar Children series, Warner wrote many other books for children, including The World in a Barn (1927), Windows into Alaska 1928), The World on a Farm 1931)and Peter Piper, Missionary Parakeet (1967). With her sister, Frances Lester Warner, she cowrote "Life's Minor Collisions," a series of essays about humorous conflicts of temperament among friends and families. The sisters took the essays in turn, Frances writing the odd-numbered pieces and Gertrude the even.

Warner never married. She lived in her parents' home for almost 40 years, then moved to her grandmother's house. In 1962, she moved to a brown-shingled house, Jill C. Wheeler, Gertrude Chandler Warner, Abdo Publishing Co, and lived there with her companion, a retired nurse. In her later life, before she died at age 89, Warner became a volunteer for the American Red Cross, a Cancer Society and other charitable organizations to help kids and adults in need from suffering. She is buried in Grove Street Cemetery, in Putnam.

The Boxcar Children series
Warner once said that she did much of her writing while convalescing from illnesses or accidents, and that she conceived the idea of The Boxcar Children while sick at home. Of this, she said –

"'I had to stay at home from school because of an attack of bronchitis. Having written a series of eight books to order for a religious organization, I decided to write a book just to suit myself. What would I like to do? Well, I would like to live in a freight car, or a caboose. I would hang my wash out on the little back piazza and cook my stew on the little rusty stove found in the caboose.'"

This original version of The Boxcar Children was published by Rand McNally and Company in 1924. It included 4 color illustrations by Dorothy Lake Gregory. In 1942, Warner rewrote the book with a prescribed vocabulary of six hundred words and a text of about 15,000 words, so that it could be used as a children's school reader. This edition featured numerous black-and-white silhouette illustrations by L. Kate Deal. Warner continued writing other things, but did not continue with The Boxcar Children series until her retirement from teaching. The second book in the series, Surprise Island, was published in 1949.

Warner once acknowledged that The Boxcar Children was criticized for depicting children with little parental supervision; her critics thought that this would encourage child rebellion. Her response was, however, that the children liked it for that very reason. In her books, Warner "liked to stress the Aldens' independence and resourcefulness and their solid New England devotion to using up and making do."

Today, Albert Whitman & Company publishes the extremely popular series of Warner's original 19 stories. Other authors have contributed to the series, adding approximately 150 books to The Boxcar Children series.

In 2020, Gertrude Chandler Warner's The Box-Car Children, the first book in the series went into the public domain.

Boxcar Children Museum

On July 3, 2004, the Gertrude Chandler Warner Boxcar Children Museum opened in Putnam, Connecticut. It is located across the street from Warner's childhood home and is housed in an authentic 1920s New Haven R.R. boxcar. The museum is dedicated to Warner's life and work, and includes original signed books, photos and artifacts from her life and career as a teacher in Putman. Included is the desk at which a 9-year-old Warner wrote her first story titled Golliwog at the Zoo. There is also a re-creation of the living space created by the Aldens – the Boxcar Children themselves.

Online texts

 * Full-Text of the original 1924 version of The Box-Car Children on Gutenberg.org.
 * PDF version of the original 1924 version of The Box-Car Children on Archive.org.
 * Life's Minor Collisions written with Frances Warner.
 * Full-Text of the original 1924 version of The Box-Car Children on Gutenberg.org.
 * PDF version of the original 1924 version of The Box-Car Children on Archive.org.
 * Life's Minor Collisions written with Frances Warner.

About Warner

 * Boxcar Children Museum
 * The Box-Car Children (1924 first edition) presentation by a rare books dealer
 * The Box-Car Children (1924 first edition) presentation by a rare books dealer
 * The Box-Car Children (1924 first edition) presentation by a rare books dealer

title: Gertrude Chandler Warner


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User talk:Thalia

Howdy Thalia, welcome to Wikipedia. Although you seem to have gotten off to a flying start, here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them -

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! -- Finlay McWalter 01:12, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Howdy. You might have noticed that I put a medical disclaimer on Toxic shock syndrome. It's a tough call as to when this is appropriate, but given that wikipedia is available in some particularly litigative jurisdictions, it's probably best to err on the side of caution. For reference, a list of all the possible disclaimers can be found at MediaWiki_custom_messages. Keep up the great work. -- Finlay McWalter 22:31, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Hi, Finlay.

Thanks. I'm right with you on the medical disclaimer. I thought about it briefly, but forgot in my haste to add something I thought was missing. I added info about symptoms because I thought the tampon article needed a link to symptoms, and there wasn't anything in the TSS article. Anyway, it's nice to know someone's noticing what I do and cleaning up my mistakes. :-) Thalia/Karen 02:51, Dec 14, 2003 (UTC)

 * Your additions there were excellent. Frankly, I tend to keep a weather eye on new users, as we occasionally have the odd weirdo show up and pursue some odd crusade.  Sooner or later you'll edit some random page and find someone else editing it straight after you - that's because lots of people frequently reload the "recent changes" page (looking both for vandals and for interesting goings-on).  I'm not quite that sad a case yet :)    Oh, by the way, you can create a horizontal break by putting in four -s one after the other.  I'll change the rule above this comment, to demonstrate. -- Finlay McWalter 03:26, 14 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I thought you might be keeping an eye on me; your immediate friendly greeting followed by your also editing things I'd been working on seemed a bit more than coincidence. I appreciate it, though. I'm a firm believer in both mentoring and collaboration. And if I may say so, you're doing a lovely job of the former. :-) Thalia/Karen

Well, it's easy to turn POV->NPOV by deleting stuff (mostly all those breathy adjectives and adverbs). Making a POV article bigger and NPOV is much harder. -- Finlay McWalter 22:19, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * S'true. I thought about doing it myself, but as I said, I had reason to hesitate on this particular article.  Particularly since I haven't read the book in question.  Anyway, thanks again.  Thalia/Karen 23:01, Dec 18, 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Thalia


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Bolling v. Sharpe

Bolling v. Sharpe, 347 U.S. 497 (1954), is a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the Constitution prohibits segregated public schools in the District of Columbia. Originally argued on December 10–11, 1952, a year before Brown v. Board of Education, Bolling was reargued on December 8–9, 1953, and was unanimously decided on May 17, 1954, the same day as Brown. The Bolling decision was supplemented in 1955 with the second Brown opinion, which ordered desegregation "with all deliberate speed". In Bolling, the Court did not address school desegregation in the context of the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause, which applies only to the states, but rather held that school segregation was unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Court observed that the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution lacked an Equal Protection Clause, as in the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. However, the Court held that the concepts of equal protection and due process are not mutually exclusive, establishing the reverse incorporation doctrine.

Background
In Carr v. Corning (1950), the District of Columbia Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals (with Judges Bennett Champ Clark, Henry White Edgerton, and E. Barrett Prettyman presiding) affirmed a ruling of the District of Columbia U.S. District Court that upheld school segregation in the District citing seven laws passed by Congress from 1862 through 1874 that had segregated the District of Columbia Public Schools. Under Article I, Section VIII of the U.S. Constitution, "Congress shall have the power ... [t]o exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District ... as may, by Cession of particular States... become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for ... needful buildings". On April 16, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln signed into law the District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act passed by the 37th United States Congress that ended slavery in the District of Columbia.

On May 20, 1862, Lincoln signed into law the Washington County Public Primary Schools Act which required that a special property tax be levied on all taxable property owned by non-white persons in Washington County "for the purpose of initiating a system of education of colored children in said county". The next day, Lincoln signed the Georgetown and Washington Cities Colored Children Education Act into law that required the municipal governments of Georgetown and Washington City to deposit 10 percent of the property tax revenue collected from non-white property owners into separate funds to be "appropriated for the purpose of initiating a system of primary schools for the education of colored children residing in said cities" under the control of the boards of trustees of the public schools in Georgetown and Washington City, and that the boards of trustees "shall possess all the powers, exercise the same functions, and have the same supervision over the schools provided for in this act as are now exercised by them over the public schools now existing in said cities".

However, on July 11, 1862, Lincoln signed the Georgetown and Washington Cities Colored Children Schools Act into law that created a separate board of trustees for non-white schools in Georgetown and Washington City who would "possess all the powers and perform all the duties conferred upon and required of the trustees of public schools in the said cities". On June 25, 1864, Lincoln signed into law the Washington County Public Schools Act passed by the 38th United States Congress that permitted "any white resident of said county shall be privileged to place his or her child or ward, at any one of the schools provided for the education of white children in said county he or she may think proper to select … and any colored resident shall have the same rights with respect to colored schools", and repealed the special property tax on non-white property owners in Georgetown and Washington City to fund non-white schools and instead required that the municipal governments of Georgetown and Washington City to appropriate from the general funds of their schools districts funding to non-white schools proportionate to the percentage of the enrollment in the districts non-white students constituted.

On July 23, 1866, President Andrew Johnson signed into law the District of Columbia Public Schools Act passed by the 39th United States Congress that provided that the Washington County Public Schools Act be construed to "require the cities of Washington and Georgetown to pay over to the trustees of colored schools" the funding required under Section 18 of the Washington County Public Schools Act. On July 28, 1866, Johnson signed the Washington City Colored Schools Lots Donation Act into law that required the Public Buildings Commissioner to "grant and convey to the trustees of colored schools for the cities of Washington and Georgetown … for the sole use of schools for colored children" specific land lots in Washington City. On June 22, 1874, President Ulysses S. Grant signed into law the Revised Statutes of the United States Act passed by the 43rd United States Congress that provided for the revision and consolidation of all federal statutes related to the District of Columbia, that retained Section 16 of the Washington County Public Schools Act, retained a separate board of trustees for non-white schools in Georgetown and Washington City, and required the appointment of a separate superintendent for non-white schools.

Beginning in late 1941, a group of parents from the Anacostia neighborhood of Washington, D.C., calling themselves the Consolidated Parents Group, petitioned the Board of Education of the District of Columbia to open the nearly-completed John Philip Sousa Junior High as an integrated school. The school board denied the petition and the school opened, admitting only whites. On September 11, 1950, Gardner Bishop, Nicholas Stabile and the Consolidated Parents Group attempted to get eleven African-American students (including the case's plaintiff, Spottswood Bolling) admitted to the school, but were refused entry by the school's principal.

James Nabrit Jr., a professor of law at Howard University School of Law, a historically black university, filed suit in 1951 on behalf of Bolling and the other students in the District Court for the District of Columbia seeking assistance in the students' admission. After the court dismissed the claim, the case was granted a writ of certiorari by the Supreme Court in 1952. Howard law professor George E. C. Hayes worked with Nabrit on the oral argument for the Supreme Court hearing. While Nabrit's argument in Bolling rested on the unconstitutionality of segregation, the much more famous Brown v. Board of Education (decided on the same day) argued that the idea of 'separate but equal' facilities sanctioned by Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896) was a fallacy as the facilities for black students were woefully inadequate.

Decision
The Court, led by newly confirmed Chief Justice Earl Warren, decided unanimously in favor of the plaintiffs. In his opinion, Justice Warren noted that while the 14th Amendment, whose Equal Protection Clause was cited in Brown in order to declare segregation unconstitutional, does not apply in the District of Columbia, the Fifth Amendment did apply. While the Fifth Amendment lacks an equal protection clause, Warren held that "the concepts of equal protection and due process, both stemming from our American ideal of fairness, are not mutually exclusive." While equal protection is a more explicit safeguard against discrimination, the Court stated that "discrimination may be so unjustifiable as to be violative of due process." Referring to the technicalities raised by the case's location in the District of Columbia, the Court held that, in light of their decision in Brown that segregation in state public schools is prohibited by the Constitution, it would be "unthinkable that the same Constitution would impose a lesser duty on the Federal Government".

The Court concluded: "racial segregation in the public schools of the District of Columbia is a denial of the due process of law guaranteed by the 5th Amendment". The Court restored both Bolling and Brown to the docket until they could reconvene to discuss how to effectively implement the decisions.

Controversy
Some scholars have argued that the Court's decision in Bolling should have been reached on other grounds. For example, Judge Michael W. McConnell of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit wrote that Congress never "required that the schools of the District of Columbia be segregated". According to that rationale, the segregation of schools in Washington D.C. was unauthorized and therefore illegal.

In a debate, law professors Cass Sunstein and Randy Barnett agreed that while the result was desirable, Bolling does not reconcile with the Constitution, with Barnett saying: "You are right to point out that the Supreme Court's decision in Bolling v. Sharpe is very difficult to reconcile with the text of the Constitution. For this reason, you know that among constitutional scholars of all stripes Bolling is one of the most controversial and difficult cases ever decided by the Court." Conversely, University of Michigan Law School professor Richard Primus has argued that the conventional wisdom among constitutional scholars is that Bolling was not wrongly decided or that the reverse incorporation doctrine is illegitimate, and instead both were "justified by the force of sheer normative necessity."

title: Bolling v. Sharpe


text:
User talk:Dantiger

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Tip: you can sign your name with ~

Dori | Talk 01:17, Dec 13, 2003 (UTC)

Head transplant
Sorry - I pressed the wrong button and didn't include an edit summary for my revert. Basically I thought your paragraph was too POV, and also a tangent in this article - the stem cell controversy already has a full article devoted to it, the subject is at best marginally relevant to this article. Best, Iain99 23:11, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dantiger


text:
User talk:Sigma902

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
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If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Tip: you can sign your name with ~

Dori | Talk 01:17, Dec 13, 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sigma902


text:
Bewitched

Bewitched is an American fantasy sitcom television series that originally aired for eight seasons on ABC from September 17, 1964, to March 25, 1972. It is about a witch who marries an ordinary mortal man and vows to lead the life of a typical suburban housewife. The show was popular, finishing as the second-rated show in America during its debut season, staying in the top ten for its first three seasons, and ranking in eleventh place for both seasons four and five. The show continues to be seen throughout the world in syndication and on recorded media.

Bewitched was created by Sol Saks under executive producer Harry Ackerman and starred Elizabeth Montgomery as Samantha Stephens, Dick York (1964–1969) as Darrin Stephens, and Agnes Moorehead as Endora, Samantha's mother. Dick Sargent replaced an ailing York for the final three seasons, 1969–1972.

Hanna-Barbera produced the opening and closing animation credits. In 2002, Bewitched was ranked No. 50 on "TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time". In 1997, the same magazine ranked the season two episode "Divided He Falls" No. 48 on their list of the "100 Greatest Episodes of All Time".

Plot
A beautiful witch named Samantha (Elizabeth Montgomery) meets and marries a mortal named Darrin Stephens (originally Dick York, later Dick Sargent). While Samantha complies with Darrin's wishes to become a normal suburban housewife, her magical family disapproves of the mixed marriage and frequently interferes in the couple's lives. Episodes often begin with Darrin becoming the victim of a spell, the effects of which wreak havoc with mortals such as his boss, clients, parents, and neighbors. By the epilogue, however, Darrin and Samantha most often embrace, having overcome the devious elements that failed to separate them. The witches and their male counterparts, warlocks, are very long-lived; while Samantha appears to be a young woman, many episodes suggest she is actually hundreds of years old. To keep their society secret, witches avoid showing their powers in front of mortals other than Darrin. Nevertheless, the effects of their spells—and Samantha's attempts to hide their supernatural origin from mortals—drive the plot of most episodes. Witches and warlocks usually use physical gestures along with their incantations. To perform magic, Samantha often twitches her nose to create a spell. Special visual effects are accompanied by music to highlight such an action.

Setting
The main setting for most episodes is the Stephenses' home at 1164 Morning Glory Circle, in an upper-middle-class suburban neighborhood, either in Westport, Connecticut, or Patterson, New York, as indicated by conflicting information presented throughout the series. Many scenes also take place at the fictional Madison Avenue advertising agency McMann and Tate, where Darrin works.

Cast and characters
Annual semi-regulars:
 * Elizabeth Montgomery as Samantha Stephens;
 * Dick York (1964–1969) as Darrin Stephens, her husband (Dick Sargent replaced an ailing York for the final three seasons, 1969–1972);
 * Agnes Moorehead as Endora, Samantha's mother;
 * David White as Larry Tate, Darrin's boss;
 * Irene Vernon (1964–1966), then Kasey Rogers (1966–1972) as Louise Tate, Larry's wife;
 * Alice Pearce (1964–1966), then Sandra Gould (1966–1971) as Gladys Kravitz (Gould took over the part after Pearce's death);
 * George Tobias (1964–1971) as her husband, Abner Kravitz;
 * Erin Murphy (1966–1972) as Tabitha Stephens (she shared this role for 18 episodes with her fraternal twin sister, Diane Murphy).
 * Paul Lynde as Samantha's Uncle Arthur (1965–1971)
 * Maurice Evans as Maurice, Samantha's father;
 * Marion Lorne as Samantha's Aunt Clara (1964–1968);
 * Alice Ghostley as Esmeralda, Tabitha's babysitter (1969–1972);
 * Bernard Fox as Dr. Bombay (1967–1972);
 * Mabel Albertson as Darrin's mother, Phyllis Stephens (1964–1971);
 * Robert F. Simon and Roy Roberts alternating the role of Frank Stephens, Darrin's father (1964–1971).

During its run, the series had a number of major cast changes, often because of illness or death of the actors.

Precursors
Creator Sol Saks' inspirations for this series were the film I Married a Witch (1942), developed from Thorne Smith's unfinished novel The Passionate Witch, and the John Van Druten Broadway play Bell, Book and Candle, which was adapted into the 1958 film.

In I Married a Witch, Wallace Wooley (Fredric March) is a descendant of people who executed witches at the Salem witch trials. As revenge, a witch (Veronica Lake) prepares a love potion for him. She ends up consuming her own potion and falling for her enemy. Her father is against this union. In the film of Bell, Book and Candle, modern witch Gillian Holroyd (Kim Novak) uses a love spell on Shep Henderson (James Stewart) to have a simple fling with him but she genuinely falls for the man.

Both films were properties of Columbia Pictures, which also owned Screen Gems, the company that produced Bewitched.

Production and broadcasting
Sol Saks received credit as the creator of the show; he wrote the pilot of Bewitched but was not involved with the show after the pilot. Creator Saks, executive producer Harry Ackerman, and director William Asher started rehearsals for the pilot on November 22, 1963; this coincided with the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Asher felt personally affected by the event, as he knew Kennedy; he had produced the 1962 televised birthday party where Marilyn Monroe sang "Happy Birthday, Mr. President". The pilot concerned "the occult destabilization of the conformist life of an upwardly mobile advertising man". For that first episode, "I Darrin, Take This Witch, Samantha", Academy Award-winning actor José Ferrer served as the narrator. First season producer and head writer Danny Arnold set the initial style and tone of the series, and he also helped develop supporting characters such as Larry Tate and the Kravitzes. Arnold, who wrote for McHale's Navy and other shows, thought of Bewitched essentially as a romantic comedy about a mixed marriage; his episodes kept the magic element to a minimum. One or two magical acts drove the plot, but Samantha often solved problems without magic. Many of the first season's episodes were allegorical, using supernatural situations as metaphors for the problems any young couple would face. Arnold stated that the two main themes of the series were the conflict between a powerful woman and a husband who cannot deal with that power, and the anger of a bride's mother at seeing her daughter marry beneath her. Though the show was a hit right from the beginning, finishing its first year as the number 2 show in the United States, ABC wanted more magic and more farcical plots, causing battles between Arnold and the network.

In its first season, Bewitched was the American Broadcasting Company's number one show and the best-rated sitcom among all three networks, coming second in ratings only to Bonanza. Bewitched aired at 9 pm Thursday evenings. It was preceded on the air by another sitcom, My Three Sons, and followed by the soap opera Peyton Place. My Three Sons finished 13th in the ratings and Peyton Place ninth. The block formed by the three shows was the strongest ratings grabber in ABC's schedule. Arnold left the show after the first season, leaving producing duties to his friend Jerry Davis, who had already produced some of the first season's episodes (though Arnold was still supervising the writing). The second season was produced by Davis, and, with Bernard Slade as head writer, misunderstandings and farce became more prevalent elements, though this season still included a number of more low-key episodes in which the magical element was not strongly emphasized. With the third season and the switch to color, Davis left the show, and was replaced as producer by William Froug. Slade also left after the second season. According to William Froug's autobiography, William Asher (who had directed many episodes) wanted to take over as producer when Jerry Davis left, but the production company was not yet ready to approve the idea. Froug, a former producer of Gilligan's Island and the last season of The Twilight Zone, was brought in as a compromise. By his own admission, Froug was not very familiar with Bewitched and found himself in the uncomfortable position of being the official producer even though Asher was making most of the creative decisions. After a year, Froug left the show, and Asher took over as full-time producer of the series for the rest of its run. The first two seasons had aired Thursdays at 9:00, and the time was moved to 8:30 shortly after the third year (1966–1967) had begun. Nevertheless, the ratings for Bewitched remained high and it placed among the top fifteen shows through the 1968–69 season. It was the seventh highest-rated show in both the U.S. '65–'66 and '66–'67 schedules. Similarly, it was number 11 the following two years.

At the time, the show had won three Emmy Awards. William Asher won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series in 1966. Alice Pearce posthumously won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for her portrayal of Gladys Kravitz and Marion Lorne won the same award posthumously in 1968 for her portrayal of Aunt Clara. Producers were faced with how to deal with the deaths of both these actresses. When Pearce died in early 1966, Mary Grace Canfield was hired to play Gladys's sister-in-law Harriet Kravitz in four episodes. Comedienne Alice Ghostley was approached to take over the role of Gladys the next season, but turned it down. She and Pearce were good friends so Ghostley decided to decline the role out of respect for Pearce. In the fall of 1966, Sandra Gould was hired as Gladys Kravitz. Gould would remain with the show until the spring of 1971. After Marion Lorne's death in the spring of 1968, she was not replaced, and the character of Aunt Clara was not seen after the fourth season. Beginning in the show's sixth year, Alice Ghostley was finally used to play the character of Esmeralda, a kind but shy and inept witch who served as a nanny and nursemaid to Darrin and Samantha's children, Tabitha and Adam. (Ghostley had appeared in a similar role as Naomi, an incompetent domestic, hired by Darrin to do housecleaning for a pregnant Samantha in the second-season episode "Maid To Order".) In another notable casting change, Louise Tate, played by Irene Vernon during the first two seasons, was played by Kasey Rogers thereafter.

The fifth season of Bewitched (1968-1969) proved to be a turning point for the series, most notably with the mid-season departure of Dick York and the record eight episodes which were filmed without him afterwards (although aired out of order with previously filmed episodes). York was suffering from recurring back problems, the result of an accident during the filming of They Came to Cordura (1959). As a result, many episodes in seasons three and four had York's character of Darrin out of town on business. Towards the end of the season five, York's increased disability, which had caused numerous shooting delays and script rewrites, resulted in his collapsing on the set in January 1969 while filming the episode "Daddy Does His Thing". He was immediately rushed to the hospital and after a long talk with producer-director William Asher, York decided to leave the series. At about the same time, Montgomery and Asher announced that they were expecting another baby and it was decided that Samantha and Darrin would also have another child in the fall of that year. On screen, Samantha tells Darrin over the phone the news of her second pregnancy in the fifth-season episode "Samantha's Good News". That same month, Dick Sargent was cast to play Darrin beginning in the sixth season. It was also during this season that Serena (Samantha's identical cousin, also played by Montgomery) was used more frequently. Filming of scenes involving both Samantha and Serena was accomplished by using Melody McCord, Montgomery's stand-in.

Beginning with the sixth season's (1969–1970) opening credits, in addition to York being replaced with Sargent, Elizabeth Montgomery was billed above the title, and David White now received billing as well, after Agnes Moorehead's. During this year, the show saw a significant decline in ratings, falling from eleventh to 24th place. In mid-1970, the set of the Stephenses' home was being rebuilt due to a fire. In June, the cast and crew traveled to Salem, Magnolia, and Gloucester, Massachusetts to film an eight-part story arc in which Samantha, Darrin, and Endora travel to Salem for the centennial Witches Convocation. These location shoots marked the only times the show would film away from its Hollywood studio sets and backlot. Season seven premiered with eight so-called 'Salem Saga' episodes. These on-location episodes helped the show's sagging ratings. However, during that year, scripts from old episodes were recycled frequently. By the end of the 1970–1971 season, the ratings for Bewitched had noticeably dropped and the show did not even rank in the list of the top thirty programs. ABC moved Bewitched's airtime from Thursdays at 8:30 pm to Wednesdays at 8:00 pm at the beginning of the eighth season. The schedule change did not help ratings as the show was now pitted against CBS's popular The Carol Burnett Show. Fewer recurring characters were used this season; the Kravitzes, Darrin's parents and Uncle Arthur did not appear at all, and Louise Tate only featured in three episodes. Filming ended in December 1971, and in January 1972 the show was finally moved to Saturday night at 8:00 pm, opposite television's number one show, All in the Family, where it fared even worse, with Bewitched finishing in 72nd place for the year.

During its first five seasons, Bewitched was sponsored by both General Motors’ Chevrolet division and the Quaker Oats Company. As a result, Chevrolet vehicles were often prominently featured on the series, even as a part of the storyline (an example of product placement), and there were many scenes of the Stephenses having breakfast in the kitchen. Sponsors in later seasons included Bristol-Myers, Eastman Kodak and Oscar Mayer.

Sets and locations
The 1959 Columbia Pictures film Gidget was filmed on location at a real house in Santa Monica (at 267 18th Street). The blueprint design of this house was later reversed and replicated as a house facade attached to an existing garage on the backlot of Columbia's Ranch. This was the house seen on Bewitched. The patio and living room sets seen in Columbia's Gidget Goes to Rome (1963) were soon adapted for the permanent Bewitched set for 1964. The interior of the Stephenses' house can be seen, substantially unaltered, in the Jerry Lewis film Hook, Line & Sinker (1969). The set was also used several times in the television series Gidget and I Dream of Jeannie, as well as the television film Brian's Song (1971). It was also used, as a setting for an opening tag sequence, for the final episode of the first season of another Screen Gems property, The Monkees and in an episode of The Fantastic Journey. The house served as Doctor Bellows' house on I Dream of Jeannie, and was seen in an episode of Home Improvement when Tim Taylor took Tool Time on location to the house of Vinnie's mother to repair a gas leak in the basement furnace (with a second gas leak at the kitchen stove, unbeknownst to Tim). The Stephens house was also featured in a Fruit of the Loom Christmas commercial and it was used as Clark Griswold's boyhood home in his old home movies in National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation. On Marvel Studios' 2021 limited series WandaVision, which pays homage to Bewitched in a number of episodes, the house's exterior serves throughout the series as the home of neighbor Agatha Harkness, while the interior set briefly appears in one episode as the ever-evolving home of the titular characters, Wanda and Vision.

On the Columbia studio backlot, the Kravitzes' house was actually down the street from the Stephenses' house exterior. Both houses' exterior doors opened to an unfinished 18 by entry, as the interiors were shot on studio sound stages elsewhere. A "front porch" set, replicating the porch of the backlot house was created as well. From 1964 through 1966, the Kravitzes' house was the same as used for The Donna Reed Show. Beginning with season 3 color episodes in 1966, the Kravitz house sets were the same as what would (years later) be featured as The Partridge Family house.

Production and filming for Bewitched was based in Los Angeles and, although the setting is assumed to be suburban New York, several episodes feature wide-angle exterior views of the Stephenses' neighborhood showing a California landscape with mountains in the distance. Another example of questionable continuity regarding the location can be seen in Season 6, Episode 6: Darrin's parents drive home after visiting the new baby, passing several large palm trees lining the street.

Cancellation and aftermath
Despite the low ratings, Bewitched still had a contract for two more seasons on ABC. The network was willing to honor that contract by renewing the sitcom for a ninth season. Montgomery had grown tired of the series and wanted other roles. She and her husband William Asher had separated and divorced in 1974. Asher pitched an idea to ABC for a sitcom starring Paul Lynde. The concept was based on the play Howie, about a lawyer, Paul Simms (played by Paul Lynde), whose daughter marries a slacker named Howard, or "Howie". Paul's character despises him, as he is not interested in earning money or traditional pursuits. In creating a series for Paul Lynde, Asher decided to resurrect the Howie concept for ABC and Screen Gems as a replacement for Bewitched the following year. Asher designed The Paul Lynde Show to be ABC's counterpart to CBS's All In the Family but the show lacked the controversial and topical issues brought up by that series, due to ABC's restriction on social realism. This was despite Lynde's rewrite of the show's dialog to make the series more lively and comedic. When The Paul Lynde Show debuted on ABC in the fall of 1972, it inherited Bewitched’s time slot during its last season on Wednesday nights opposite the first half of the Top 30 hit The Carol Burnett Show on CBS and the Top 20 hit Adam-12 on NBC. While the first episode of The Paul Lynde Show did well in the ratings, strong negative reactions not only to Lynde's character but also the premise of the series led to bad word of mouth and a collapse in viewership.

The show bore some similarities to Bewitched. Some of the sets used for the Simms' house and backyard were used from Samantha and Darrin Stephens's home. The name of Paul's law firm McNish & Simms was very similar to the name of Darrin Stephens's advertising agency McMann & Tate. Many actors regularly seen on Bewitched were also used on Lynde's series including Mabel Albertson, Herb Voland, Jack Collins, Richard X. Slattery, and Dick Wilson.

At the same time, to help fulfill the network's contract with Bewitched, Asher and Harry Ackerman created another ABC sitcom for the 1972–1973 season called Temperatures Rising. The series starred James Whitmore and Cleavon Little. In its first year, the sitcom was not only struggling with its format but with ratings. In mid-season, Asher was replaced as producer by Bruce Johnson and Duke Vincent. Despite its challenges, the series ended its first year with a respectable 29 share and was renewed for the 1973–1974 season. To improve ratings and help Paul Lynde fulfill his contract with the network, ABC wanted to make some changes. When The New Temperatures Rising Show debuted in September 1973, Whitmore was replaced by Lynde and the emphasis on black comedy in the show became more prominent. Ratings for the series fell well below those of the previous season.

When Screen Gems head John Mitchell and ABC chief programmer Barry Diller noticed that The New Temperatures Rising Show was failing, they contacted William Asher and asked him to come back and salvage the series. The show was resurrected on July 18, 1974, after a six-month hiatus with its original title Temperatures Rising. Joining Lynde and Little in the cast was Bewitched alum Alice Ghostley. Despite the changes in cast and format, the attempt to resuscitate the series failed and ABC finally cancelled it. The final episode of Temperatures Rising aired on August 29, 1974, which ended William Asher's original contract with Bewitched and ABC.

Cultural context
In February 1964, feminist Betty Friedan's two-part essay "Television and the Feminine Mystique" for TV Guide criticized the portrayal of women in television shows as simplistic, manipulative, and insecure household drudges whose time was spent dreaming of love and plotting revenge on their husbands. Samantha's character differed from this stereotype and Endora used Friedan-like language to criticize the boring drudgery of household life. Others have looked how the series 'play[ed] into and subvert[ed] a rich load of cultural stereotypes and allusions' regarding witches, gender roles, advertising and consumerism. In the episode "Eat at Mario's" (May 27, 1965), Samantha and Endora use their powers to defend and promote a quality Italian restaurant. They take delight in an active, aggressive role in the public space, breaking new ground in the depiction of women in television.

Airing during the civil rights era, Bewitched broached taboos about interracial marriage.

In a 1992 interview, Elizabeth Montgomery was asked if the show was an allegory about closeted homosexuality. She answered, "Don't think that didn't enter our minds at the time. We talked about it on the set—certainly not in production meetings—that this was about people not being allowed to be what they really are. If you think about it, Bewitched is about repression in general and all the frustration and trouble it can cause."

Reception
Walter Metz attributes the success of the series to its snappy writing, the charm of Elizabeth Montgomery, and the talents of its large supporting cast. The show also made use of respected film techniques for its special effects. The soundtrack was unique, notably where it concerned the synthesized sound of nose twitching.

The first episodes featured a voice-over narrator "performing comic sociological analyses" of the role of a witch in middle class suburbia. The style was reminiscent of Hollywood films such as Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter? (1957). In a 1991 audio interview with film historian Ronald Haver, Elizabeth Montgomery revealed that her father Robert Montgomery was originally approached and asked to narrate these episodes but he refused. Instead, the narration was done by Academy Award-winning actor José Ferrer, who did not receive credit.

The series inspired the rival show I Dream of Jeannie (1965–1970) on NBC, which was produced by the same studio as Bewitched (Screen Gems).

On June 15, 2005, TV Land unveiled a Samantha statue in Salem to mark the show's 40th anniversary. On hand were three surviving actors from the show, Bernard Fox (Dr. Bombay), Erin Murphy (Tabitha), and Kasey Rogers (Louise Tate), as well as producer/director William Asher.

The Flintstones
The 1965 episode of The Flintstones titled "Samantha" (1965) featured Dick York and Elizabeth Montgomery as Darrin and Samantha Stephens, who have just moved into the neighborhood. This crossover was facilitated by both series being broadcast on ABC.

Tabitha and Adam and the Clown Family
An animated TV special made in 1972 by Hanna-Barbera Productions for The ABC Saturday Superstar Movie, this featured teenage versions of Tabitha and Adam visiting their aunt and her family who travel with a circus. The show aired on December 2, 1972.

Tabitha
In 1977, a short-lived spin-off titled Tabitha aired on ABC. Lisa Hartman played Tabitha, now an adult working with her brother Adam at television station KXLA. There were several continuity differences with the original series. Adam and Tabitha had both aged far more than the intervening five years between the two series would have allowed. Adam also had become Tabitha's older mortal brother, rather than her younger warlock brother, as he was in Bewitched. Supporting character Aunt Minerva (Karen Morrow) says she has been close to Tabitha since childhood, though she had never been mentioned once in the original series. Tabitha's parents are mentioned but never appear. However Bernard Fox, Sandra Gould, George Tobias and Dick Wilson reprised their roles as Dr. Bombay, Gladys Kravitz, Abner Kravitz, and "various drunks."

Passions
The 1999-2008 NBC soap opera Passions featured several appearances by Bernard Fox, playing Dr. Bombay. In another echo of Bewitched, the resident witch on Passions, Tabitha Lenox (Juliet Mills), named her daughter "Endora."

Theatrical film
Bewitched inspired a 2005 film starring Nicole Kidman and Will Ferrell. This film was distributed by Columbia Pictures. The film, departing from the show's family-oriented tone, is not a remake but takes a metafictional approach, with the action focused on arrogant, failing Hollywood actor Jack Wyatt (Ferrell) who is offered a career comeback playing Darrin in a remake of Bewitched. The role is contingent upon him finding the perfect woman to play Samantha. He chooses an unknown named Isabel Bigelow (Kidman), who is an actual witch. The film was written, directed, and produced by Nora Ephron, and was poorly received by most critics and was a financial failure. It earned $22 million less than the production cost domestically. However it earned an additional $68 million internationally. The New York Times called the film "an unmitigated disaster."

Comic adaptations
Dell Comics adapted the series into a comic book series in 1964. The art work was provided by Henry Scarpelli.

In 1966, the series was adapted as a strip in Lady Penelope, beginning from issue 12 and lasting until the comic's demise in 1969. It ran for 14 issues.

Novel
A novel by Al Hine was published in 1965 by Dell. It was translated into Japanese and Dutch.

Games
A board game was published by Game Gems in 1964. Stymie, a card game based on Bewitched, was published in 1964 by Milton Bradley. A print and play card game was published in 2007 by MM Board Games. A match 3 puzzle video was published in 2005.

Television remakes

 * Argentina: A remake called Hechizada, produced by Telefé, aired in early 2007. It starred Florencia Peña as Samantha, Gustavo Garzón as her husband, Eduardo, and Georgina Barbarrosa as Endora. This show adapted original scripts to an Argentinian context, with local humor and a contemporary setting. The show was cancelled due to low ratings after a few weeks.
 * Japan: TBS, a flagship station of Japan News Network, produced a remake called Okusama wa majo (奥さまは魔女, meaning '(My) Wife is a Witch'), also known as Bewitched in Tokyo. Eleven episodes were broadcast on JNN stations Fridays at 10 pm, from January 16 to March 26, 2004, and a special on December 21, 2004. The main character, Arisa Matsui, was portrayed by Ryoko Yonekura. Okusama wa majo is also the Japanese title for the original American series.
 * India: In 2002, Sony Entertainment Television began airing Meri Biwi Wonderful, a local adaptation of Bewitched.
 * Russia: In 2009, TV3 broadcast a remake titled Моя любимая ведьма ('My Favorite Witch'), starring Anna Zdor as Nadia (Samantha), Ivan Grishanov, as Ivan (Darrin) and Marina Esepenko as Nadia's mother. The series is very similar to the original, with most episodes based on those from the original series. American comedy writer/producer Norm Gunzenhauser oversaw the writing and directing of the series.
 * United Kingdom: In 2008, the BBC made a pilot episode of a British version, with Sheridan Smith as Samantha, Tom Price as Darrin, and veteran actress Frances de la Tour as Endora.

Proposed reboots
In August 2011, it was reported that CBS ordered a script to be written by Marc Lawrence for a rebooted series of Bewitched.

On October 22, 2014, Sony Pictures Television announced that it sold a pilot of Bewitched to NBC as a possible entry for the 2015—2016 US television season. This show would have concerned Tabitha's daughter Daphne, a single woman who despite having the same magical powers as her mother, grandmother, and great-grandmother, is determined not to use her special abilities to find a soul mate. The new version of the proposed series, written by Abby Kohn and Marc Silverstein, had been on the radar of several major networks, including ABC, after Sony began shopping the project to interested parties.

On August 23, 2018, ABC announced that it had bought a pilot for a single camera Bewitched remake from Black-ish creator Kenya Barris. This was Barris's last new project for the network before his exclusive contract with Netflix went into effect. Around the same time, an animated reboot series was optioned by 9 Story Entertainment and GO-N Productions but never got off the ground.

On June 8, 2023, it was announced Sony will be producing an animated Bewitched series that will center on Samantha and Darrin's daughter Tabitha as a teenager. The series was previewed at MIPJunior on October 3, 2023.

WandaVision
The second episode of drama-mystery television miniseries WandaVision, titled "Don't Touch That Dial", alludes to the series through an animated title sequence and the premise of Wanda Maximoff and Vision living an idyllic suburban life trying to conceal their true natures. Exteriors of the neighborhood were filmed at the now Warner Ranch Backlot with Wanda's nosy neighbor Agatha Harkness living in the Stephens house.

Syndication history
After completing its original run, ABC Daytime and ABC Saturday Morning continued to air the series until 1973. Since then, Bewitched has been syndicated on many local US broadcast stations, first from 1973 to 1982 and then since 1993, including Columbia TriStar Television as part of the Screen Gems Network syndication package from 1999 to 2001, which featured bonus wraparound content during episode airings in 1999.

From 1973 to 1982, the entire series was syndicated by Screen Gems/Columbia Pictures. By the late 1970s, numerous local stations either omitted black-and-white episodes or exclusively aired them during the summer, as there was a prevailing belief that such episodes were generally less appealing than those filmed in color. From 1981 to about 1991, only the color episodes were syndicated in barter syndication by DFS Program Exchange. The first two seasons, which were in black and white, were not included because Columbia retained the rights to them. Beginning in 1989, Nick at Nite only aired the black-and-white episodes, which were originally unedited. The edited versions of the episodes continued in barter syndication until 1992. Columbia syndicated the entire series beginning in 1991. The remaining six color seasons were added to Nick at Nite's lineup in March 1998 in a week-long Dueling Darrins Marathon. Later, seasons 1–2 were colorized and made available for syndication. Eventually, they were made available for DVD sales. The cable television channel WTBS carried seasons 3–8 throughout the 1980s and 1990s from DFS on a barter basis like most local stations that carried the show.

The show aired on the Hallmark Channel from August 6, 2001 to May 24, 2003. Bewitched then aired on TV Land from May 31, 2003 to November 10, 2006, and it returned to TV Land on March 3, 2008, but left the schedule on September 30, 2011.

In September 2008, the show began to air on WGN America, and in October 2012, it began to air on Logo up until January 1, 2024.

Antenna TV has aired the show in conjunction with I Dream of Jeannie since the network's launch in 2011. The cable and satellite network FETV also airs the show together with I Dream of Jeannie. The show also aired on GAC Family for a brief time in 2021.

Overseas markets
In Australia, this series aired on the Nine Network's digital channel GO! later it moved to the Seven Network's digital channels 7TWO later 7flix. Prior to this, the show aired in reruns on Network Ten in 1995 before moving to the Seven Network a year later.

In Italy, the series aired on Raiuno, Telemontecarlo, Italia 1, Rai 3, Canale 5, Retequattro, Boing & Paramount Network under the name Vita da strega (Life as a Witch) from 1967 until 1979.

The Russia-based channel Domashny aired the show from 2008 to 2010.

Internet
Selected episodes may be viewed on iTunes, YouTube, Tubi, IMDb, Hulu, The Minisode Network, Crackle, and Amazon.com. The show also airs on free streaming TV app Pluto TV.

Home media
Beginning in 2005, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released all eight seasons of Bewitched. In regions 1 and 4, seasons 1 and 2 were each released in two versions—one as originally broadcast in black-and-white, and one colorized. The complete series set only contains the colorized versions of Seasons 1–2. Only the colorized editions were released in regions 2 and 4. A disc of the first three episodes was also released in Region 1 to coincide with the 2005 movie.

On August 27, 2013, it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to various television series from the Sony Pictures library including Bewitched. They have subsequently re-released the first six seasons, with seasons 1 & 2 available only in their black and white versions.

On October 6, 2015, Mill Creek Entertainment re-released Bewitched - The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1. Special features were stripped from the release. The first two seasons are in black and white only.

title: Bewitched


text:
User talk:The Cunctator/Deletionism

I have never considered myself a "deletionist"... -- Cyan 01:22, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I think some of the deletionism is a reaction to the increasing inflow of junk (probably not increasing in percentage, just in absolute numbers). It's easier and faster to create nonsense articles than factual ones, plus it's fun and there are no penalties for doing so. Some of the VfD victims were totally legit, they just didn't have many Google hits or were misspelled. Another part of the deletionistic tendency I think stems from a sense that WP is woefully incomplete in many places; time spent on obscure Michael Jordan #1293 is time taken away from, say, radiochemistry. Realistically of course, the person researching #1293 is probably not a radiochemist and wouldn't be able to add to it anyway. I suspect that when all the basic topics are well-covered, the more obscure people are all going to start seeming more "encyclopedic", because that's all that will be left for the Wikipediholics to work on. :-) Stan 06:25, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

You know, this wise, wikiloving attitude is just one more reason I look up to Cunctator as a wiki-arhat. You capture the senselessness of deletionism in a nonpaper wiki precisely. For me, the question is not "is the subject notable?" but "do we say what is worth saying about the subject?" -- Grace Note

title: User talk:The Cunctator/Deletionism


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Accasta

Accasta is a stacking abstract strategy board game on a hexagonal board for two players. The game was designed by Dieter Stein and published solely over the web and in the German game design magazine Spiel & Autor.

History
Accasta was influenced by Dr. Emanuel Lasker's Lasca and Wladyslaw Gliński's hexagonal chess. Dieter Stein tried to achieve a clean and original game differing from the hexagonal chess but to have minor similarities.

After a long time of development, in the spring of 1998, the game became published on the Web and in a German game inventor's magazine. That same year it was published, Accosta took part in some game design competitions and was one of the finalists of the Premio Archimede in Italy in 1998. Just three years later, in 2001, the first version of the game available for online play was developed and implemented.

Gameplay
Accasta is played similarly as a combination of chess and backgammon. Like chess, Accasta has a fixed initial setup and various different pieces. Like backgammon, Accasta has pieces that move toward a target area, blocking enemy pieces, but it has no dice. The main idea of the game is the use of stacked pieces. Players can move multiple times and have the possibility to liberate previously captures pieces.

Trilogy
Stein creating a stacking game trilogy of three games which included:
 * Accasta (1998)
 * Abande (2005)
 * Attangle (2006)

title: Accasta


text:
Logical effort

The method of logical effort, a term coined by Ivan Sutherland and Bob Sproull in 1991, is a straightforward technique used to estimate delay in a CMOS circuit. Used properly, it can aid in selection of gates for a given function (including the number of stages necessary) and sizing gates to achieve the minimum delay possible for a circuit.

Derivation of delay in a logic gate
Delay is expressed in terms of a basic delay unit, τ = 3RC, the delay of an inverter driving an identical inverter without any additional capacitance added by interconnects or other loads; the unitless number associated with this is known as the normalized delay. (Some authors prefer define the basic delay unit as the fanout of 4 delay—the delay of one inverter driving 4 identical inverters). The absolute delay is then simply defined as the product of the normalized delay of the gate, d, and τ:

 * $$d_{abs} = d \cdot \tau$$

In a typical 600-nm process τ is about 50 ps. For a 250-nm process, τ is about 20 ps. In modern 45 nm processes the delay is approximately 4 to 5 ps.

The normalized delay in a logic gate can be expressed as a summation of two primary terms: normalized parasitic delay, p (which is an intrinsic delay of the gate and can be found by considering the gate driving no load), and stage effort, f (which is dependent on the load as described below). Consequently,

 * $$d = f + p$$

The stage effort is divided into two components: a logical effort, g, which is the ratio of the input capacitance of a given gate to that of an inverter capable of delivering the same output current (and hence is a constant for a particular class of gate and can be described as capturing the intrinsic properties of the gate), and an electrical effort, h, which is the ratio of the input capacitance of the load to that of the gate. Note that "logical effort" does not take the load into account and hence we have the term "electrical effort" which takes the load into account. The stage effort is then simply:

 * $$f = gh$$

Combining these equations yields a basic equation that models the normalized delay through a single logic gate:

 * $$d = gh + p$$

Procedure for calculating the logical effort of a single stage
CMOS inverters along the critical path are typically designed with a gamma equal to 2. In other words, the pFET of the inverter is designed with twice the width (and therefore twice the capacitance) as the nFET of the inverter, in order to get roughly the same pFET resistance as nFET resistance, in order to get roughly equal pull-up current and pull-down current.

Choose sizes for all transistors such that the output drive of the gate is equal to the output drive of an inverter built from a size-2 PMOS and a size-1 NMOS.

The output drive of a gate is equal to the minimum – over all possible combinations of inputs – of the output drive of the gate for that input.

The output drive of a gate for a given input is equal to the drive at its output node.

The drive at a node is equal to the sum of the drives of all transistors which are enabled and whose source or drain is in contact with the node in question. A PMOS transistor is enabled when its gate voltage is 0. An NMOS transistor is enabled when its gate voltage is 1.

Once sizes have been chosen, the logical effort of the output of the gate is the sum of the widths of all transistors whose source or drain is in contact with the output node. The logical effort of each input to the gate is the sum of the widths of all transistors whose gate is in contact with that input node.

The logical effort of the entire gate is the ratio of its output logical effort to the sum of its input logical efforts.

Multistage logic networks
A major advantage of the method of logical effort is that it can quickly be extended to circuits composed of multiple stages. The total normalized path delay D can be expressed in terms of an overall path effort, F, and the path parasitic delay P (which is the sum of the individual parasitic delays):

 * $$D = NF^{1/N} + P$$

The path effort is expressed in terms of the path logical effort G (the product of the individual logical efforts of the gates), and the path electrical effort H (the ratio of the load of the path to its input capacitance).

For paths where each gate drives only one additional gate (i.e. the next gate in the path),
 * $$F = GH$$

However, for circuits that branch, an additional branching effort, b, needs to be taken into account; it is the ratio of total capacitance being driven by the gate to the capacitance on the path of interest:
 * $$b = \frac{C_{onpath} + C_{offpath}}{C_{onpath}}$$

This yields a path branching effort B which is the product of the individual stage branching efforts; the total path effort is then
 * $$F = GHB$$

It can be seen that b = 1 for gates driving only one additional gate, fixing B = 1 and causing the formula to reduce to the earlier non-branching version.

Minimum delay
It can be shown that in multistage logic networks, the minimum possible delay along a particular path can be achieved by designing the circuit such that the stage efforts are equal. For a given combination of gates and a known load, B, G, and H are all fixed causing F to be fixed; hence the individual gates should be sized such that the individual stage efforts are
 * $$f = F^{1/N}$$

where N is the number of stages in the circuit.

Delay in an inverter

By definition, the logical effort g of an inverter is 1. If the inverter drives an equivalent inverter, the electrical effort h is also 1.

The parasitic delay p of an inverter is also 1 (this can be found by considering the Elmore delay model of the inverter).

Therefore, the total normalised delay of an inverter driving an equivalent inverter is

 * $$d = gh + p = (1)(1) + 1 = 2$$

Delay in NAND and NOR gates
The logical effort of a two-input NAND gate is calculated to be g = 4/3 because a NAND gate with input capacitance 4 can drive the same current as the inverter can, with input capacitance 3. Similarly, the logical effort of a two-input NOR gate can be found to be g = 5/3. Due to the lower logical effort, NAND gates are typically preferred to NOR gates.

For larger gates, the logical effort is as follows:

The normalised parasitic delay of NAND and NOR gates is equal to the number of inputs.

Therefore, the normalised delay of a two-input NAND gate driving an identical copy of itself (such that the electrical effort is 1) is

 * $$d = gh + p = (4/3)(1) + 2 = 10/3$$

and for a two-input NOR gate, the delay is

 * $$d = gh + p = (5/3)(1) + 2 = 11/3$$

title: Logical effort