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Hyperion (comics)

Hyperion is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, of which there are several notable versions. Created by writer Roy Thomas and artist Sal Buscema, the original Hyperion made his debut in The Avengers #69 (October 1969). The alternate versions are each from a different dimension of the Marvel Multiverse, and consist of both heroes and villains. Thomas says that the character was intended as a pastiche of DC's iconic hero Superman.

The first Hyperion, Zhib-Ran, was a member of Squadron Sinister, a team created by the Grandmaster to fight against a team of Avengers gathered by the time travelling Kang. Two years after the character's first appearance, a heroic version appeared as a founding member of the alternate-reality Squadron Supreme. This incarnation of the character was a major character in the 1985 series Squadron Supreme, which fleshed out the characterization of Hyperion and the other Squadron Supreme members. In 2003 Marvel Comics launched Supreme Power, a new take on the Squadron Supreme universe, where Hyperion is raised by the United States government to be a super-powered operative. Yet another alternate Hyperion joined the Avengers and later the Earth-616 version of the Squadron Supreme.

Creation
Thomas spoke in depth on the character's creation stating, "The first of the 4 members of the Squadron Sinister I designed for THE AVENGERS, to be an evil counterpart of Superman, kind of a parody/homage. I took the name from the Greek sun god, by way of the Shakespearean quote from HAMLET: "...that was to this, Hyperion to a satyr."  I made sure that every costume line on Hyperion was different from those on Superman... boots, belt, length of sleeves, face mask, etc.  And I gave him a cape that only attached to one shoulder, after the look of a 1940s character called Dyna-Man in a Harry Chesler comic."

Publication history
The first iteration of Hyperion, created by Roy Thomas and Sal Buscema, debuted in The Avengers #69 as a member of the Squadron Sinister.

Two years later, Thomas and penciller John Buscema created an alternate, heroic version of the Squadron Sinister called the Squadron Supreme, once again in the title The Avengers, using characters with the same names as those of the Squadron Sinister (this caused confusion in Marvel's production department, as the covers of The Avengers #85 and #141 claimed the issues featured appearances by the Squadron Sinister when it was in fact the Squadron Supreme that appeared in both issues). In the 12-issue Squadron Supreme limited series (Sept. 1985-Aug. 1986) Mark Gruenwald picked up from where Earth-712 was last seen in The Defenders #114 and revealed this Hyperion's origins.

The character is re-imagined for Marvel's MAX imprint title Supreme Power, where he is an alien who has been raised by the government. This iteration received a spinoff miniseries, Supreme Power: Hyperion, which showed a dystopian possible future.

Another Hyperion joins the Avengers in Jonathan Hickman's The Avengers vol. 5 #1 (Dec. 2012). Hickman described the decision to use a new Hyperion, rather than an existing one:

"This is yet another parallel universe Hyperion. This is not King Hyperion, or Supreme Power Hyperion, this is not Gruenwald's Hyperion. This is Hyperion without all that baggage. This is Hyperion with a fresh slate, for a very specific purpose. He comes out of what the big story is behind the whole Avengers three-year plan that I have. He's very important, very pivotal, and I think people are really going to dig where we go with that. He's not going to be our poor analogue for Superman."

A pastiche of Hyperion, "Hyperius", appears in DC Comics' Final Crisis and The Multiversity, part of a group of recursive homages to other companies' pastiches of DC characters.

Squadron Sinister
The Squadron Sinister are assembled by the cosmic entity the Grandmaster to battle the champions of the time-traveling Kang the Conqueror, the superhero team the Avengers. Hyperion (Zhib-Ran) is apparently brought from a microverse. The Avengers defeat the Squadron and thwart the Grandmaster, with Thor shrinking Hyperion and trapping him in a glass sphere. The Squadron reappears in the title Defenders, reunited by the alien Nebulon. The villains receive greater power in exchange for the planet Earth, and create a giant laser cannon in the Arctic to melt the polar ice caps, which would cover the entire planet in water. The superhero team the Defenders prevent the scheme and defeat the villains (and Nebulon), with the Hulk overpowering Hyperion. After this defeat Hyperion and his two remaining teammates are teleported off world by Nebulon, and later return to Earth. Acquiring an energy-draining weapon, the villains plan to threaten the Earth once again but are defeated by the Defenders and the Avenger Yellowjacket.

The character battles Thor once again and encounters the Earth-712 version of Hyperion. He becomes involved with Thundra, but the relationship ends when she discovers a means of returning to her own dimension. The Earth-712 Master Menace transports Hyperion to his universe and informs him that he is an inorganic duplicate created by the Grandmaster modeled on the Earth-712 Hyperion. The Squadron Sinister Hyperion then impersonates the Squadron Supreme Hyperion for several weeks before dying in battle against the original. The Grandmaster briefly resurrects the character as part of a group called the Legion of the Unliving to combat the Avengers.

A new Hyperion is made when the Grandmaster reforms the Squadron Sinister. He is joined by a new Doctor Spectrum (Alice Nugent, former lab assistant of Henry Pym); the Whizzer (now called Speed Demon), and Nighthawk. This Hyperion originated from the Microverse, as the original Hyperion had believed himself to have been. The Grandmaster increases the Squadron Sinister's powers and they battle the New Thunderbolts. Thunderbolts team leader Baron Zemo defeats the Grandmaster, and in the ensuing chaos Hyperion and his teammates scatter and escape.

Squadron Supreme (Earth-712)
Hyperion, also known as Mark Milton, is a founding member of his reality's Squadron Supreme and the last known Eternal left on his Earth. Four Avengers from the Earth-616 universe accidentally arrive in this Squadron's reality, and the two groups first battle and then work together to stop the global threat posed by the mutant Brain-Child.

Hyperion and the Squadron Supreme are manipulated by the Serpent Crown into battling the Avengers. The Defenders travel to their world to fight the villain Overmind and his ally Null, the Living Darkness, who have placed the Squadron under their control.

Following the societal instability caused by Overmind's takeover of the planet, Hyperion and other Squadron members resolve, against their teammate Nighthawk's advice, to assume control of their United States government, instituting programs aimed at increasing quality of life; for instance Hyperion helps establish a behavior modification program, which the team uses to brainwash the Institute of Evil and numerous other criminals. He becomes trapped in an inter-dimensional zone and is impersonated by the Squadron Sinister Hyperion (Zhib-Ran). Forced to ally himself with Master Menace to escape, Hyperion battles Zhib-Ran to the death; although he wins, he is blinded in the fight. After a battle to the death with Nighthawk and the Redeemers, a team formed to stop the domineering Squadron, Hyperion relents and relinquishes power.

Hyperion and the other surviving members of the Squadron Supreme travel into space to protect their planet from the expanding Nth Man, and are exiled to the Earth-616 universe. The team encounters the hero Quasar, and take up residence at the government facility Project Pegasus. Quasar and the Eternal Makkari rescue the Squadron when the team is captured by the cosmic entity the Stranger; Makkari realizes that Hyperion is an Eternal and teaches him how to restore his eyesight. The entire Squadron later assists the Avengers against the villain Imus Champion before finding the means to return to their universe. Once home, the team disbands, but Hyperion reunites them when he discovers a corrupt government has filled the power vacuum they left. With the aid of inter-dimensional adventurers the Exiles, Hyperion and the Squadron expose the government to a global audience.

Earth-712 was eventually destroyed by an Incursion, a collision between two realities. Hyperion and Power Princess were the last two survivors of their team. A fatally injured Hyperion urged Zarda to escape their reality before it was destroyed.

Supreme Power
This Hyperion was sent to Earth in a spacecraft, and seized shortly after by U.S. government agents who raised him in a tightly controlled, isolated environment. As an adult, he became a covert agent used in strict secrecy, but eventually a reporter came too close to the truth, and the decision was made to make his existence public, largely so he could be used as a distraction from the government's even more closely guarded secret super-operative, Joe Ledger. He briefly allies himself with Nighthawk and Blur to find and defeat the super-powered serial killer Michael Redstone. As Hyperion discovers that he has been systematically lied to his entire life, he becomes disillusioned with the government and eventually openly rebels. When the government attempts to blackmail him into returning by revealing his alien status to the public, he responds by smashing into the North Pole from space, creating a 10.5 seismic event.

In the Supreme Power: Hyperion miniseries, a hastily assembled team of superhumans is sent by the government to retrieve him, and the resulting battle—through an interaction of Hyperion's "flash vision" eye-beams, Nuke's radiation blast, and Arcanna's reality manipulation—sends the combatants into what appears to be an alternate timeline where Hyperion and the Squadron Supreme rule a dystopian world. This causes Hyperion (on his counterpart's advice) to rethink his ideas about power, humanity, and teamwork, leading him to surrender to the Squadron from his world. Emil Burbank later deduces that it was not an alternate world they traveled to, but their own future; Burbank tells no one of his discovery.

Along with the rest of his team, save Nighthawk, Hyperion was killed by the Cabal during an Incursion.

Squadron Supreme (Earth-616)
This Hyperion was sent to his reality's Earth as a baby, the only survivor of a race of Eternals from a dying world. He was raised by a man named "Father", who named him Marcus Milton and taught him the morals of society. As an adult, he became the superhero named Hyperion and protected the world alongside the Squadron Supreme. When his reality collided with another, Hyperion was the only survivor, floating around in the void that had been his universe until a group of A.I.M. scientists pulled him into the Earth-616 reality. Hyperion was in the captivity of A.I.M. until he was freed by the Avengers and offered a place amongst them. Hyperion is among the superheroes that joined the Avengers due to the threat of Ex Nihilo on Mars. Hyperion was with the Avengers when A.I.M. was sighted in the Savage Land trying to extract the formula from one of the Garden's evolution pods. Hyperion later joins the Earth-616 version of the Squadron Supreme along with other various heroes who survived their home realities' destruction. This new incarnation of the Squadron Supreme are more dangerous than the Earth-712 and Supreme Power versions as they swear to protect Earth by any means necessary. Their first public battle is the destruction of Atlantis, which Hyperion enacts himself as well as severing Namor's head with his atomic vision, killing him instantly in retaliation for the King of Atlantis' role in the annihilation of Doctor Spectrum's home reality. After the public death of Namor the Squadron Supreme become a very controversial team which puts them at odds with the Avengers. Hyperion is convinced to take on a secret identity and later decides to take a job as a truck driver.

Squadron Supreme of America
A variation of the Mark Milton version of Hyperion appears as a member of the Squadron Supreme of America. This version is a simulacrum created by Mephisto and programmed by the Power Elite. Hyperion was programmed to be a mild-mannered man raised by farmers who had the strength of an Eternal. In his personal time, he works as a history teacher at Buscema High School in Kensington, Maryland.

In the team's first mission, Hyperion and the Squadron Supreme of America fought Namor and the Defenders of the Deep, when they targeted a Roxxon oil platform off the coast of Alaska. Hyperion had Orka tied up in chains.

Then, the Squadron Supreme visited another oil platform in the Gulf of Mexico. The Squadron Supreme then made short work of Namor and the Defenders of the Deep.

During the War of the Realms storyline, Mark was teaching a class when a code red was issued. He and other members of the Squadron Supreme of America were summoned to Washington D.C., where Phil Coulson brought them up to speed with Malekith the Accursed's invasion. Hyperion and the Squadron Supreme of America fight an army of Rock Trolls and Frost Giants. After the Squadron Supreme caused the Frost Giants to retreat, Phil Coulson sends them to Ohio which has become a battleground.

Hyperion was with the Squadron Supreme attempting to apprehend Black Panther, when he infiltrated the Pentagon to confront Phil Coulson. Hyperion states that the Squadron Supreme are the United States' sanctioned superhero team in light of the Avengers becoming an "anti-American" team.

Powers and abilities
Hyperion is a member of the race of superhumans known as the Eternals. As a result, he has superhuman strength, speed, stamina, durability, agility, reflexes, flight. All versions of Hyperion possess these superhuman attributes, and in a few cases powerful breath. Each also has greatly enhanced sensory perceptions which extends to being able to perceive the entire electromagnetic spectrum (IR, UV vision; radio hearing and radar). Their "atomic vision" allows them to fire beams of heat from their eyes.

The heroic Earth-712 version of Hyperion also possesses the ability to use cosmic energy to augment his life force granting him great longevity and regenerative abilities. The powers of Hyperion and his alternative versions are drained when exposed to "argonite radiation."

Accolades

 * In 2015, Entertainment Weekly ranked Hyperion 72nd in their "Let's rank every Avenger ever" list.
 * In 2017, CBR.com ranked Hyperion 5th in their "15 Most Overpowered Avengers" list.
 * In 2018, CBR.com ranked Hyperion 7th in their "25 Most Powerful Avengers Ever" list and 14th in their "Marvel's 20 Strongest Villains" list.
 * In 2019, CBR.com ranked Hyperion 7th in their "10 Best New Avengers Of The Decade" list.
 * In 2021, CBR.com ranked Hyperion 5th in their "Marvel: The 10 Strongest Male Avengers" list and 5th in their "Marvel: 10 Fastest Villains In The Comics" list.
 * In 2021, Screen Rant included Hyperion in their "10 Most Powerful Members Of The Squadron Supreme" list and in their "16 Most Powerful Cosmic Characters In Marvel Comics" list.
 * In 2022, CBR.com ranked Hyperion 4th in their "10 Scariest Avengers" list and 7th in their "Strongest Fighters In The Avengers" list.

Exiles
King Hyperion was a member of the reality-hopping team known as Weapon X. He is incredibly ruthless and seeks to conquer alternate Earths, but is eventually defeated by Blink and an alternate version of Gambit. Although his body is blown to pieces, Hyperion survives, regenerating and eventually regaining his full power. He seeks revenge on the Exiles, only to be engaged in battle by two alternate versions of himself, including the Earth-712 version. King Hyperion is then exiled to his home reality, where Earth was completely destroyed by nuclear weapons in an attempt to destroy him years prior. He somehow escapes, and is later seen in the mainstream Earth-616 reality's Russia, battling the Winter Guard and the Blue Marvel. He is imprisoned in the Raft, and Luke Cage nominates him for the Thunderbolts program. King Hyperion tells the team that he is a heroic iteration, and that the Hyperion who fought Blue Marvel had switched places with him upon defeat. This is a lie, and he turns on the Thunderbolts during their first mission together. He is soon brought down by Ghost, who uses the nanites in King Hyperion's spine to dose him with argonite. After that, Hyperion is subject to Man-Thing's touch, which burns anyone who feels fear.

Marvel Zombies Supreme
Scientists in the mainstream 616 reality graft the DNA of the Earth-712 Squadron Supreme members to normal human corpses and zap them with radiation to create a Squadron Supreme for their reality in an attempt to attain disease-curing knowledge of genetics. The bodies are reanimated as zombies, and, believing themselves to be the original Squadron Supreme, they attempt to escape the lab facility. Hyperion is successful and goes on an eating rampage in Kansas, but eventually finds enough willpower to realize deep in his mind the immorality of his appetite-driven actions, and thus in turn stopping himself through eating cattle infected with mad cow disease to kill himself.

Paradise X
In the Paradise X miniseries, a version of Hyperion is recruited by X-51 for his squadron of interdimensional heralds. in his reality, almost all superheroes perished in a nuclear attack by Earth's governments. He later kills Kulan Gath, who is responsible for the deaths of many of another reality's heroes.

Secret Wars 2015
Another version of Hyperion appears on Battleworld during Secret Wars in the four issue mini-series Squadron Sinister. He and his Squadron have been annexing other domains of Battleworld. Nighthawk secretly works against Hyperion, framing the Whizzer for treachery so that Hyperion incinerates him, and causing Doctor Spectrum to flee when he is also framed. Nighthawk later shoots Hyperion with an argonite gun, and holds his own in a fight with him using Doctor Spectrum's power prism until Hyperion is so weakened by the argonite that Nighthawk simply strangles him to death with his bare hands.

Television

 * Hyperion appears in The Super Hero Squad Show episode "Whom Continuity Would Destroy!", voiced by Travis Willingham. He, Nighthawk, and Power Princess are pulled from their reality by the Grandmaster to fight Iron Man, the Hulk, and the Scarlet Witch.
 * Hyperion appears in Avengers Assemble, voiced by Brian Bloom. This version is an alien and member of the Squadron Supreme, who thought the only way to bring peace was to rule over their people like tyrants and destroyed their own planet when the population refused to blindly obey them. Hyperion first appears in a self-titled first season episode and became a member of the Red Skull's Cabal until the latter betrays them. In the second season, Hyperion reunites with the Squadron Supreme and attempt to subject the Earth to their tyranny, only to be defeated by the Avengers and remanded to the Vault.

Video games

 * Hyperion appears as an unlockable character in Marvel: Avengers Alliance.
 * Hyperion appears as an unlockable character in Marvel: Future Fight.
 * Hyperion appears as a playable character available via DLC in Lego Marvel's Avengers.
 * Hyperion appears as a playable character in Marvel: Contest of Champions.

title: Hyperion (comics)


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Bourthes

Bourthes (Boorte) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region in northern France.

Geography
A village situated some 15 miles (24 km) southeast of Boulogne-sur-Mer at the D128 and D131 crossroads. The source of the river Aa is found here.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bourthes


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Talk:Historic Reenactors

There are enough participants and interest in this subject to deserve a proper article. I needed to link to one, so I've created this shell, but it will be a long time before I can gve it the attention it deserves. Anyone interseted, please expand and correct this or add links. Thanks, Lou I 14:03, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

See historical reenactment. Rmhermen 23:08, Dec 16, 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Historic Reenactors


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Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority

The Maharashtra Housing Board (MHB) was established in 1948 and had a jurisdiction over the entire State of Maharashtra except for the Vidarbha region. This body undertook construction of residential buildings under various housing schemes for different sections of society. The allotment and maintenance of these buildings was being looked after by it. On the re-organization of the State, the Vidarbha Housing Board (VHB) was established in 1960 as a successor body to the erstwhile Madhya Pradesh Housing Board. It served the Amravati and Nagpur divisions of Maharashtra and its functions were similar to those of the MHB, except that it also advanced loan to co-operative housing societies, institutions, and local authorities for the construction of houses. The Bombay Building Repairs and Reconstruction Board was constituted in 1971. It was created to deal with the problems faced by tenants residing in dilapidated buildings in the Island City of Bombay and undertook its structural repairs and reconstruction to make them structurally sound and safe for habitation. The Bombay Slum Improvement Board was constituted in 1974, with intention to provide basic amenities, such as water taps, drainage, pathways, latrines and streetlights etc. in Bombay slums. To begin with, its activities were confined to the Mumbai City and Mumbai Suburban Districts. These activities were later extended to the remainder of Maharashtra upon the launch of the Maharashtra Housing & Area Development Authority (MHADA), as established by the Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Act, 1976.

MHB and VHB were merged into a single entity known as MHADA, and it came into existence on 5 December 1977. The erstwhile Bombay Housing and Area Development Board was restructured by a Government Resolution dated 5.11.1992 and split into three separate Boards viz. Bombay Housing and Area Development Board, Bombay Building Repairs and Reconstruction Board and Bombay Slum Improvement Board Under the Government Resolution No. 2679/B, dated 22.7.1992. At present, MHADA coordinates and controls the activities of seven regional housing boards and setup for each revenue division in the state viz. Mumbai, Konkan, Pune, Nashik, Nagpur, Amravati, Aurangabad and two special purpose boards viz. Mumbai Building Repairs and Reconstruction Board and Mumbai Slum Improvement Board. In Mumbai alone it has constructed about 3 lakh housing units.

Recently, MHADA has come out with a low cost housing scheme offering 2,593 apartments in Mumbai and Mira Road in its May 2012 Lottery Scheme. In a press conference on 28.08.2019 MHADA Chairman Uday Samant stated that MHADA may not call lottery for 3 years due to unavailability of housing stock. MHADA has stock of only 217 houses as of August 2019. On 6 August 2021, the organisation planned to initiate the process through a lottery system for allocation of low cost houses and will be situated in areas like Virar, Mira Road, Shirdhon, Khoni, Gotheghar, and Vengurla.

Related websites

 * Official Website
 * Maha Housing Corporation


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User:Rimmo

Alias of Graham Rimmington, rimmo is GOD but I,m biased Graham Rimmington 06-01-1967

Gl. Holmegårdsvej 53, 2.Tv 3400 Hillerød Denmark

Work +45 4829 5638

Mob +45 61679963 Email rimmo@rimmo.dk HomePage www.rimmo.dk

Lat-Long:
55° 55' 56", 12° 19' 45" 55.9324 , 12.3294)

GOD

title: User:Rimmo


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Frederick DuCane Godman

Frederick DuCane Godman DCL FRS FLS FGS FRGS FES FZS MRI FRHS (15 January 1834 – 19 February 1919) was an English lepidopterist, entomologist and ornithologist. He was one of the twenty founding members of the British Ornithologists' Union. Along with Osbert Salvin, he is remembered for studying the fauna and flora of Central America.

Godman collected Iznik, Hispano-Moresque and early Iranian pottery. His collection of more than 600 pieces was donated to the British Museum through the will of his younger daughter, Catherine, who died in 1982.

Early life and Cambridge years
Frederick DuCane Godman was born on 15 January 1834 at Park Hatch, Godalming, Surrey, and was one of the thirteen children of Joseph Godman and Caroline Smith. Joseph Godman was a partner in the brewery firm Whitbread & Company. Frederick was sent to study at Eton College in 1844 but left three years later due to poor health and was educated at home by private tutors. At the age of 18 he went with his tutor on a trip around the Mediterranean and the Black Sea visiting southern Spain, Athens and Constantinople.

Godman joined Trinity College, Cambridge in 1853, where he met Alfred Newton and Osbert Salvin. Both Salvin and Godman spent time learning to skin and mount birds at Baker's taxidermy shop on the Trumpington Road. They also spent time in the field on the fens. The custom of these ornithological friends, (which included his younger brother Percy (1836–1922)), to meet and talk over their recent acquisitions led to the idea of an organisation and the foundation of the British Ornithological Union. At a meeting in Newton's room in Magdalene College on 17 November 1858, a group that included Godman, Salvin, Wilfred Simpson, John Wolley, Philip Sclater and others decided that "... an Ornithological Union of twenty members should be formed, with the object of establishing a new Journal devoted to Birds: that Lieut.-Colonel H. M. Drummond should be President, Professor Newton the Secretary of the Union, and Sclater should edit the Journal: that the title of the Journal should be The Ibis."

Travels
Godman inherited a fortune from his father that allowed him to travel the world. In 1857 Godman and his brother Percy visited Bodø in northern Norway. They later published an account of their visit in the Ibis. In 1861 he joined Salvin (who was making his third trip to South America) in a trip to Guatemala and Belize via Jamaica. Godman left Salvin in Belize due to a fever and returned home via the Atlantic coast. In 1865, he made a trip to the Azores with one of his younger brothers, Captain Temple Godman (1844–1894). In 1871 he visited the Canary and Madeira Islands. He corresponded with Charles Darwin. He made many other trips later including a trip to India in 1886 with his brother-in-law Henry John Elwes. They visited Bombay, Delhi, Allan Octavian Hume at Simla, Calcutta and then travelled east to Sikkim. He purchased a collection of butterflies from Robert Lidderdale (1835–1908). During this trip he had trouble walking particularly at high altitudes. They returned through Madras and Sri Lanka. Later on he had a blood clot in the veins of his legs, leading him to move and live in the warmth of Mexico in 1885. Even here he joined Elwes on a trip up Popacatapetl.

Life and work
In 1876 Godman and Salvin decided to work on a project to document the fauna and flora of Central America. This monumental work Biologia Centrali-Americana (1879–1915) was to grow into a 63 volume encyclopaedia on the natural history of Central America. Some of the botanical plates were painted by Salvin's wife. Salvin did not live to see it completed. Godman relied on Salvin for much of the systematics involved. The work was made possible by a number of other collaborators including Richard Bowdler Sharpe and George Charles Champion. The associated collection was also enormous and included collections made by others such as Henry Walter Bates that were purchased. Godman and Salvin also collected numerous bird and butterfly specimens. These were presented to the British Museum in 1885, including nearly 520,000 bird skins alone. Other works by Godman included The Natural History of the Azores (1870) and a two-volume Monograph of the Petrels (1907–10) with plates by J. G. Keulemans. The British Ornithologists' Union instituted the Godman-Salvin Medal for contributions to ornithology while a memorial to Godman and Salvin was constructed and is exhibited in the Natural History Museum. Godman also took an interest in plants, maintaining a large collection of rhododendrons, orchids and alpine plants in his garden and rockery at South Lodge near Horsham. This house is now the South Lodge Hotel. There appears to have been a friendly rivalry with his friend Sir Edmund Loder, a plantsman and owner of nearby Leonardslee country estate. They co-operated on loderii hybrid rhododendron, a cross between Leanardslee's Rhododendron fortunei and South Lodge's Rhododendron griffianthium. South Lodge remains notable for its rhododendrons. His other botanical passions included orchids and nerines, and with his gardener, Geoffrey Giles, he propagated rare orchids, regularly being awarded for his efforts by the Royal Horticultural Society. Along with his brother Colonel Charles Bulkeley Godman (1849–1941), he took an interest in hunting with dogs, fishing and shooting.

Godman collected early Iranian pottery, Iznik pottery and Hispano-Moresque ware. Although he had visited Istanbul in 1852, the ceramics were purchased in England. He became well known as a collector and dealers would bring items to his home near Horsham. His collection included important inscribed and dated works.

In 1873 he married Edith, the daughter of J. H. Elwes (and hence sister of Godman's friend H. J. Elwes) and after her death in 1875 married Alice, daughter of Percy Chaplin in 1891. Along with his second wife, later Dame Alice Mary Godman (1868–1944, who became deputy president of the British Red Cross Society), he travelled to the West Indies and through Africa. He had two daughters by his second wife, Eva Mary (1895–1965) and Catherine Edith (1896–1982). Both his daughters took an interest in natural history. The elder daughter Eva was killed by a vehicle when she crossed a street to post a letter. His collection of more than 600 pieces of Islamic pottery was transferred to the British Museum through the will of his younger daughter, Catherine, who died in 1982.

Godman was secretary of the British Ornithological Union from 1870 to 1882 and again from 1889 to 1897, and also served as president from 1896 until 1913. He was a fellow of the Zoological Society of London, and member of its council from 1902. He was elected to the Royal Society in 1882, received a gold medal from the Linnean Society in 1918, and was made a trustee of the British Museum.

Death
Godman died on 19 February 1919 at 45 Pont Street, London, and was laid to rest in Cowfold, Sussex.

Legacy
Godman is commemorated in the scientific names of four species of reptiles: Anolis godmani (a synonym of Anolis limifrons), Cerrophidion godmani, Rhadinella godmani, Thamnophis godmani ; one amphibian, Godman's tree frog (Tlalocohyla godmani); and a heliconiine butterfly, Heliconius godmani.

Works

 * Books
 * Scans from the Internet archive: Volume 1, Volume 2.
 * Scans from the Internet archive: Volume 1, Volume 2.
 * Scans from the Internet archive: Volume 1, Volume 2.
 * Scans from the Internet archive: Volume 1, Volume 2.

Godman published 12 article on birds in the Ibis. Several of these had multiple parts and almost all were with Salvin as a co-author. He also published over 30 articles on butterflies, again mostly with Salvin.
 * Journal articles

title: Frederick DuCane Godman


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Billy

Billy may refer to:
 * Billy (name), a name (and list of people with the name)

Animals

 * Billy (dog), a dog breed
 * Billy (pigeon), awarded the Dickin Medal in 1945
 * Billy (pygmy hippo), a pet of U.S. President Calvin Coolidge
 * Billy, a young male domestic goat

Film

 * Billy (Black Christmas), a character from Black Christmas
 * Billy (Saw), a puppet from Saw
 * Billy: The Early Years, a 2008 biographical film about Billy Graham

Literature

 * Billy (novel), a 1990 novel by Whitley Strieber
 * Billy, a 2002 biography of Billy Connolly by Pamela Stephenson

Musicals

 * Billy (musical), a musical based on Billy Liar
 * Billy, a 1969 Broadway musical with music and lyrics by Gene Allen and Ron Dante

Albums

 * Billy (Samiam album) (1992)
 * Billy (Feedtime album)

Songs

 * "Billy" (Kathy Linden song), a 1958 song by Kathy Linden
 * "Billy", a 1986 song by Céline Dion from The Best of Celine Dion
 * "Billy", a 1973 song by Bob Dylan from the Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid soundtrack
 * "Billy", a song by James Blunt from Back to Bedlam
 * "Billy", a song by Nik Kershaw from 15 Minutes
 * "Billy", a song by 6ix9ine from Day69

Places

 * Billy, Allier, France
 * Billy, Calvados, France
 * Billy, Loir-et-Cher, France
 * Billy, County Antrim, a parish in Northern Ireland
 * Billy-Berclau, in the Pas-de-Calais département
 * Billy-Chevannes, in the Nièvre département
 * Billy-le-Grand, in the Marne département
 * Billy-lès-Chanceaux, in the Côte-d'Or département
 * Billy-Montigny, in the Pas-de-Calais département
 * Billy-sous-Mangiennes, in the Meuse département
 * Billy-sur-Aisne, in the Aisne département
 * Billy-sur-Oisy, in the Nièvree département
 * Billy-sur-Ourcq, in the Aisne département

Television

 * Billy (1979 TV series), a CBS sitcom starring Steve Guttenberg
 * Billy (1992 TV series), an ABC sitcom starring Billy Connolly
 * "Billy" (Angel), a 2001 episode of Angel

Other uses

 * Billy (bookcase), a bookcase sold by IKEA
 * Billy (crater), a crater on the Moon
 * Billy (slave), African-American slave accused of treason
 * Billy Beer, a beer brand popularized by Billy Carter
 * Billy doll, a "gay doll" created in 1997
 * Billy the Kid (1859–1881), American Old West gunfighter born Henry McCarty, also known as William H. Bonney
 * Billycan or billy, a cooking pot used for camping

title: Billy


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Billy, Calvados

Billy is a former commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Valambray.

title: Billy, Calvados


text:
Talk:Fire extinguisher/Archive 1

Distinguished between stored/generated pressure types.

Stirlingda added this text, which Anome deleted.

Premier Extinguisher: Cold fire® is an extinguisher solution manufactured by [Fire Freeze Worldwide, inc.] that has been demonstrated to effectively put out fires of all types. It is non-toxic and biodegradable. It is a plant-based substance that works by pulling the heat out of a fire via an endothermic reaction. It also encapusulates the fuel, which has the effect of also separating the fuel from oxygen. One or two 2 1/2-gallon extinguishers with 10% Cold Fire® solution with water can quench a fully-engulfed car, including tires burning, in less than two minutes. (See also Cold fire.)
 * Relevant press release: [Cold Fire® is a Hot Fire Extinguisher]

I'm guessing that Stirling's contribution looked as much like an advertisement to the Anome, as it does to me. Perhaps we could revise the text above so it reads less like a press release and more like an encyclopedia entry.

I'm intrigued by the concept of "pulling the heat out of a fire". Please try again, Stirling. --Uncle Ed 14:12, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I had a look at the manufacturer's website. It was indeed rather annoying with the excess of advertising buzzwords and lack of technical information. However, one solid tidbit is that UL classifies it simply as a wetting agent. And indeed, it is supposed to be used as an aqueous solution (as low as 1% concentration for some types of fires), and most of its properties are actually pretty similar to water (including "pulling the heat out of a fire"). The main exception being the claim that it is suitable "for fires of all types" which I frankly do not believe for an agent consisting of 90 - 99% water - electrical fires, anybody? (Incidentally their own MSDS does not support the claim that it is nontoxic; the LCt50 for juvenile rainbow trout is 105 ppm & times; 96 hours, which is not severely toxic but hardly harmless.)
 * Wetting agents can increase the effectiveness of water in fighting fires, and the article probably should indicate this - but I think it is more important to add some information on foams, and expand the information on dry powders. I'll tack it onto my todo list... In any case I don't think there's any need to mention particular brands. Securiger 09:11, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

There's a descrepency between the articles for Halon and for fire extinguishers. In the fire extinguisher article it states:

"Halon is the universal extinguisher. It will extinguish any type of fire and is highly effective. It works by breaking the chemical reaction of the fire. Halon is a chlorofluorocarbon and is being phased out for more environmentally-friendly alternatives. Halon fire extinguishers may cost upwards of 800 USD due to production and import restrictions."

and on the article for Halon:

"Halons are very effective on Class A (organic solids), B (flammable liquids and gases) and C (electrical) fires, but they are totally unsuitable for Class D (metal) fires, as they will not only produce toxic gas and fail to halt the fire, but in some cases pose a risk of explosion."

This seems like an important detail.
 * This article is wrong; they mean "any type of fire (except class D)". I will make the correction, and expand the class D material to explain why. Securiger 09:11, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

OK, I not only made the correction, but also a heap of expansion. Plenty to do though, so I added a ToDo list! Securiger 12:48, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

The article states that Halon is effective primarily due to its chilling effect (removing heat) with a minor effect due to its interuption of the chemical process. Other articles and sources state that Halon is effective *only* due to its interuption of the chemical process. With consideration that Halon is already a gas when it reaches a fire, it seems that the chemical interuption method is the primary means of extinguishing the fire. 30 Jul 2006

Two things
Two things.. --ElectraFlarefire 16:09, 1 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Due to America using a diffrent set of classes than the rest of the world, the intire article is a strange mix of the two diffrent and overlapping classes, confusing american class C and UK/Australian Class C would be a potentually fatial thing. Is there some way to resolve this consistantly without resorting to the exclusion of a class system?
 * We probably should make a side-by-side comparison to make it simpler for folks. By and large, it isn't that hard actually: classes A, B and D are identical in both systems; flammable gases (UK/Aus class C) doesn't really apply to hand held consumer extinguishers; the new class, Fats in Kitchens (F in UK/Aus, K in US) is quite easy to remember; so the only confusing part is electrical fires. -- Securiger
 * Theres seems little mention of what sort of systems are used to supress UK/Australian Class C(Flammable gas) fires apart from mention of the way Halon works. Maybe someone in the know could expand on that?
 * You can't really do them with hand held extinguishers. Basically, a body of flammable gas fully mixed with air will burn at the speed of sound, so it is already too late to try to fight. Thus flammable gas fire fighting breaks into two categories: preventing ignition in high risk areas, and gas fires fed by a continuous fuel supply.
 * The objective in fighting a continuously fed gas fire is to shut off the supply of fuel. Extinguishing the flame without shutting off the supply will result in a volume of gas/air mixture which can cause an explosion. Thus the flame itself is only attacked when it prevents access to the fuel supply. In that case these fires are attacked by using water mist to suppress the flame front enough that an operator in a fire proximity suit can approach and shut off the fuel supply. This may be accompanied by water cooling to prevent overheating of bottles or adjacent pipes. This is not something that can be done with an extinguisher, it requires a large volume of water.
 * Preventing ignition in high risk areas depends on whether the volume will also be occupied by human beings. If not, then displacing oxygen with carbon dioxide or nitrogen is inexpensive and quite sufficient. If human beings will also occupy the dangerous space, then the air must be preloaded with halon 1301 or some other low toxicity flame suppression agent, possibly even high density, low droplet size water mist. Research continues apace for halon replacements for this application and HFCs are now widely in use but there are some applications (e.g. some confined spaces on oil rigs) where at least as recently as 2002 no suitable replacement had been found and it was thought that halon would be likely to continue in use for some time. -- Securiger 09:15, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Request for images ?
I will be attending a fire extinguisher handling course on the 20th of September; being the proud owner of a digital camera, I was wondering whether someone here could think of something in particular which I could try to photograph to be useful here ? There is a limited film capability on the camera as well. Cheers ! Rama 16:42, 12 September 2005 (UTC)

Carbon Dioxide
I have found more than one location where it states in this article that carbon dixodies is "quite toxic". There is nothing toxic about it. Carbon dioxide is an asphyxiant, this is, it is dangerous because it displaces oxygen, but in an of itself CO2 will not poison you.
 * I haven't watched this article in a while, so I only just noticed your comment, probably too late to be useful. However, your claim that CO2 is not toxic and is purely an asphyxiant is quite wrong. In some persons (with naturally weak respiration) it can produce respiratory paralysis at concentrations as low as 3%, while concentrations of 10% will cause collapse in minutes, and death shortly afterward, even in very healthy people. This is much lower than the concentration required for simple asphyxiation with a nonrespirable nontoxic gas such as nitrogen or argon. In fact, a mixture of 90% oxygen/10% CO2 will kill you, when 90% oxygen/10% nitrogen would actually assist respiration! There is no mystery to this; we know pretty clearly how CO2 poisons you. It shifts the bicarbonate buffer equilibrium in blood, which upsets a whole bunch of other metabolic reactions all over the body. This process has been thoroughly studied (see hypercapnia; an extreme form of acute respiratory acidosis). -- Securiger

The use of CO2 in an extinguisher is not going to displace so much oxygen to cause this problem. In some automatic fire suppression systems (like sprinkler systems) which use CO2 and require total flooding, it will be a concern.
 * With flooding systems, it is definitely a concern because the minimum effective concentration of CO2 for firefighting (~34% for unheated liquid fuels, much higher for hot, porous organic materials) is more than triple the lethal concentration. In other words, if it puts out fires throughout the flooded area, it will kill. With a handheld extinguisher, it depends on the the size of the extinguisher, the volume of air into which it is discharged, plus of course the concentration of CO2 already present from the fire. In air currently free of CO2, a 9kg extinguisher will raise the concentration to 3% in an enclosed volume of 164 m3; say, a room with a typical 3 m ceiling, and a floor area of 55 m2 (588 ft2). That's about the size of a typical living room! Or to put it another way, the Boeing 707, 727, 737 and 757 all have the same fuselage diamter, 3.76 m. In a half-tube of that diameter, 164m3 occupies a 30 m length... -- Securiger

I have also found several problems on the section on Halon. It is not completely known how Halon works, but it is believed to be by disruption of the chemical chain reaction.
 * We used to explain this in more detail at halon, but someone didn't like the article and turned it into a redirect. Some (but not all) of the material got merged into Haloalkane. To find the rest, you would need to look through the history of the "halon" article. By the way, while it is no doubt true that there are aspects we do not fully grasp, I think you underestimate how well we understand the mechanism. In fact, if one studies the free radical chain reactions by which gaseous flame fronts propagate, it's almost kind of obvious how halon works. (But still quite neat!) -- Securiger 07:43, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Halon is also a poor Class A extinguisher (a heavy Halon extinguisher can put out only a very small Class A fire). Also, carbon tetrachloride is a type of halon. I can't do it now, but I will do an extensive rewrite on parts of this article. Rt66lt 18:19, 7 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure what your criterion for "poor" is here. In a flooding application, to extinguish a flaring class A fire with halon 1301 requires about 1/4 the mass of extinguishing agent that would be required with CO2. However, it is not particularly good at extinguising smouldering cinders or burning charcoal, which is why halon flood systems have a long hold time for cooling off. (Comparing to dry powder, for class A fires halon requires about 3 x the mass of ABC powder.) Additionally, carbon tetrachloride is not a halon. The term is reserved for those haloalkanes which include bromine and at least one other halogen. Carbon tet extinguishes fire by smothering and cooling, so far as I know there is no evidence of it doing any free radical quenching and since it contains no bromine it isn;t likely to. Plus, it is far more toxic than halons. -- Securiger 07:43, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

I thought that I might add a bit about useage of a CO2 extinguisher - most people would naturally hold it by the horn, and end up frozen to it... Paul-b4 13:59, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

Dry Powder
In the US, "dry powder" is the term used for agents used on (US) Class D fires, and "dry chemical" is used for (US) A, B, and C fires. Is this different in Europe? This distinction needs to be made in the article, and I'll leave it for now. I train firefighters in the US, and there is an important distinction between the two terms in the US. If I don't have a response within a week, I'm going to change this in the article. Rt66lt 00:12, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

Licenses and miscellaneous
I have added the chapter "construction", translated from my article in it.wiki. (BTW, there are other images which may be of use, all in commons). This is EN-prone, of course, so maybe the ISO regulations (which I do not know in full detail) may require something different (for example, the hose, which seems not to be as compulsory as for EN3).

BTW, I have asked to CEN the authorization to use the pictograms for classes A, B, C, but to no avail. Does anybody know where to download them in a GNUproof way? UbUb 14:48, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

Wet potassium salts statement
"The saponification only works on animal fats and vegetable oils, so class F extinguishers cannot be used for class B fires." Is the article referring to class B fires in Europe, the United States or both? If it is referring to Europe, is it also true for the U.S.? Thanks, Kjkolb 09:06, 24 December 2005 (UTC)
 * The definition of class B is the same, or pretty nearly so, for both systems, i.e. flammable liquids other than cooking oil/fat. You cannot use a wet chemical extinguisher on such fires because the wet chemical only saponifies animal fats and vegetable oils (well, technically there are a few other esters it might work on, but unless you are an organic chemist it will be safer to assume not). Thus on other flammable liquids, it will not generate any soap, and hence will not generate any foam, so it will be just like spraying a plain water mist: it might cool the flame front, but is unlikely to extinguish the fire and could easily spread it if directed straight at the liquid. -- Securiger 07:56, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Recharging
Does anyone have a link to information on how to recharge a fire extinguisher? for those who dont live in countrys with the proper authorities?--Whywhywhy 13:32, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

References, general tone
The lack of references here stands out, as does the generally prescriptive tone. I'll see about working on this, but I'm not great at digging up refs. Chris Cunningham 11:22, 15 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, the references are there, since there are even links to the applicable standards. IMHO, the template should be removed.--UbUb 14:51, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

How to put out a fire
This article, and wikipedia in general, offers a lot of technical info about fire extinguishers -- and no basic practical info! I've added a USAGE section to begin to fix the problem. The fire extinguisher article should have plenty of practical info about when to use them and how to use them. But if we don't want to load down the article with too much general info, we need another more general How to put out a fire article, and prominent links to it. 69.87.202.12 22:58, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

Hi! I ran through the Usage section and rewrote it. I think it sounds more encyclopedic now, but I tried to keep as much of your original information in there as possible. Feel free to make any changes you see fit. On a rather humourous note, I hope no one actually spends the time to check How to put out a fire during an actual emergency.

Also, the final section of this page relating to the local fire codes seems a little out-of-place. Anyone have any ideas on how to rewrite it? 24.92.224.252 04:10, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

HAND-HELD
Sorry for the CAPS. But this article isn't about Fire Extinguishers, it's about Hand-held fire extinguishers - a fire reel is a fixed fire extinguisher or fixed fire fighting equipment. I'm here because of the copy-edit tag but the article name is the first thing that seems wrong to me!Garrie 02:18, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

SPAM
Such an extensive list of vendors is considered spam. I am moving the list to here... By consensus only one notable vendor should be selected, or none should be listed. It is not too difficult to search google to find reputable vendors within any given juristriction.

Garrie 02:29, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

Manufacturers & Suppliers

 * Amerex Corporation
 * NNI Inc
 * Fire Safety Products - UK Supplier of Fire Extinguishers and other Fire Safety Products
 * Kidde Fire Fighting
 * ACT Fire & Safety - UK Fire Extinguishers
 * en-Gauge remote electronic extinguisher monitoring by MIJA Inc.
 * -Extinguisher-museum.com > Online museum about antique fire extinguishers and their history

 * Please discuss and move a selection back to the article. I have moved the museum site back to External Links.

Graphite extinguisher
The UK also recognises the recently developed graphite powder extinguisher designed to fight metal fires (class G), due to the inherant problems of using water based extinguishers (water, foam) and the inability of ABC powder and CO2 extinguishers to extinguish this class

Stui 10:34, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

K class?
Any more information on K class fire extinguishers? For cooking oil fires? I've never heard of any such thing other than the table on the main page.--Kvuo 02:50, 24 April 2007 (UTC)
 * In the UK section, the article describes cooking oil as Class F--Malcohol 13:42, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

I would like to see a detailed step by step explaination of how to repressurize a dry chemical extinguisher. Is co2 used? Thks.
 * I don't have a source, but I've had my own recharged, and this is how it went:
 * Discharge into a container that catches the powder for reuse
 * Refill extinguisher from a pre-weighed bag of powder
 * Clean valve/handle assembly, removing hose in process
 * Screw valve/handle assembly onto extinguisher
 * Insert special fitting into discharge port, squeeze handle, charge extinguisher with nitrogen, release handle
 * Remove special fitting and check for leaks
 * Reattach hose
 * Attach maintainence tag

 * My limited experience is that extinguishers with metal valve assemblies can be recharged, but those with plastic valve asemblies probably won't hold a charge after they are used once. --Gerry Ashton 14:34, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

Maintenance section - what about homeowners?
The tone of the Maintenance section is very oriented towards industry or buildings where there is some professional maintenance crew. What about homeowners? Norm Donovan 23:23, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Does dry chemical solidify over time?
While I am aware that each extinguisher should be checked for correct pressure and general good health every 30 days I have heard that the powder in dry chemical extinguishers tends to solidify over time. Is this correct? If so does simply shaking the extinguisher free this? Should dry chemical extinguishers be replaced periodically? I assume it is cheaper and easier to replace these than get professional maintenance, at least for home units. Norm Donovan 23:23, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

 * When I bought some extinguishers for my home from a dealer who also sells them for commercial buildings and fire departments, I was told to bring it in for a recharge after 6 years, and to invert it periodically (30 days would be good). If it has a plastic valve assembly, you're probably right about replacing it rather than having it recharged, because the ones with plastic valve assemblies often leak when they are recharged. --Gerry Ashton 18:06, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

I recently used two dry-powder ABC-extuinguiser.The last check was 23 years ago. The powder worked 100%, the nozzle was not perfect. So I think that the quality of the powdwe keeps alright. P. Veuger, Holland —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.247.98.215 (talk) 10:00, 28 June 2008 (UTC)

Finnish idiom
It is a common idiom in Finnish to say that someone is "as tall as a fire extinguisher", meaning they are still in their infancy, from post-birth to preschool age. Can this be incorporated in the article? J I P | Talk 20:38, 12 June 2008 (UTC)

Propose merge Class D fire extinguisher to this page
I propose the page on class D fire extinguishers be merged with this page.Theseeker4 (talk) 17:57, 23 September 2008 (UTC)
 * No objections, Merge completed Gigs (talk) 22:26, 12 November 2008 (UTC)

My daughter, ten years old, is doing a school assignment on fire extinguishers. The wikipedia entry on extinguishers mentions an inventor called PYRENE who is associated with the carbon tetrachloride extinguisher. But who is this fellow named Pyrene? As a surname it seems not to exist. I have not been able to successfully google for Pyrene as a surname.. not even on genealogy sites. Is this inventor, named mister pyrene fictitious? Some discussion about his existence is called for. regards, kangaroux. 220.233.41.46 (talk) 08:45, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

Add semi-protection
Comparing consecutive edits for the History of this article seems to show that 90% of edits this year have been vandalism from annonymous IP addresses...is it worth considering semi-protecting this article? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wdcf (talk • contribs) 13:10, 23 February 2010 (UTC)

12.69.99.26
I restored a lot of information removed without comment by 12.69.99.26. I'll assume good faith, but it was a lot of brand-specific information, which makes me wonder about the intentions behind the edits. Gigs (talk) 17:51, 22 November 2008 (UTC)

First Patent
An anonymous user just changed the first patent for a fire extinguisher from French C. Hopffer to Ambrose Godfrey. Godfrey's article doesn't mention it. These bits of trivia are always hard because it's not always clear what actually constitutes a fire extinguisher. Even worse, I see people citing the Hopffer trivia on this article on other sites. If anyone has the resources to sort this out, it would be appreciated. Gigs (talk) 04:08, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

Human Body Effects
When I was a Sophomore in High School, a teacher told us that spraying the foam on a human body is deadly, but you always see it done in movies, so I'm wondering what the deal is here? Could somebody please address this Hollywood deal, because I've been confused about this for quite some time... 129.107.81.12 (talk) 20:13, 19 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Talk pages are for discussion of the article, not the subject of the article. But, for special effects and movies, they use CO2 extinguishers, which are OK to use on a burning person.  You should not spray a person with a normal ABC dry chemical if you can help it.    I would still rather be sprayed with dry chemical than burn, if there were no other choice. Gigs (talk) 18:07, 19 March 2009 (UTC)
 * The main article mentions a few different kinds of foam extinguishers. One of them, AFFF, contains fluorinated surfactants with unspecified or unknown affects on human health. The other foams also do not seem to be acutely toxic. If I'm on fire, spray me with the foam! In the movies, I would guess that they use a safe foam such as shaving cream (or a professional foam prop material); it avoids most toxicity issues and is easy to clean up with water and rags for subsequent takes.AdderUser (talk) 06:42, 3 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fire extinguisher/Archive 1


text:
Cambrin

Cambrin is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.

Geography
A farming and light industrial village some 5 mi east of Béthune and 18 mi southwest of Lille, at the junction of the D166 and the N41 roads, by the banks of the small river Surgeon. The marshes of Cambrin are an area of ponds and swamps bordering the communes of Cuinchy and Annequin. They cover 22 hectares and are open to the public. This natural space is managed by the Nature Conservatory Sites of Nord and Pas-de-Calais. As fenland, it plays a major ecological function for the water for the town and surrounding area and contributes to reducing the pollution of surface water. The marshes, which had formerly been used to pump cooling water to the power station of Violaines, consists of a vast wooded wetland. The place is so attractive that a discovery trail has been created for visitors to enjoy their natural heritage. Many species of birds may be observed along this path.

Places of interest

 * The church of Notre-Dame, rebuilt along with the rest of the village, after the First World War.
 * The Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemeteries.
 * The war memorial, one of seven replicas (in France) of Bartholdi's Statue of Liberty.

title: Cambrin


text:
George T. Emmons

George Thornton Emmons (June 6, 1852 – June 11, 1945) was an ethnographic photographer and a U.S. Navy Lieutenant.

He was born in Baltimore, Maryland. His father was George Foster Emmons.

He graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1874. In 1881, he attained the Master rank, (1883) Lieutenant J.G. and (1887) Lieutenant.

In 1882, Emmons was stationed on the Pinta in Alaska, remaining there through the 1880s and 1890s. The Navy was largely responsible for stability in the region in those times.

Emmons married Kittie Baker in 1886.

Through his duties, Emmons got in contact with, and interested in, the Alaska Native cultures of the region: particularly the Tlingit and Tahltan. He began to record information and collect artifacts as he visited them on his leaves. He was dedicated to learning about native traditions, such Chilkat weaving, bear hunting, feuds, and the potlatch (a large ceremonial feast). With his understanding of beliefs and values, and his ethnographer's devotion, he also recorded Tlingit vocabulary. He was assigned to the World's Columbian Exposition to accompany the Alaskan exhibit from 1891–1893.

Emmons retired in 1899 and took on special projects for the federal government. He was sent to Alaska in 1901 to locate border stone markers between Canada and the USA. He gave advice about Alaskan game and forests and salmon fishery in 1902. In 1904, he gathered information about white settlers and Alaska Natives and asked President Theodore Roosevelt to investigate the conditions of Alaska Natives and starvation among the Copper River Indians. He received Roosevelt's support, and presented a report to the Congress in 1905.

His interest in Alaska Natives brought him into close contact with the American Museum of Natural History, which purchased his first two collections of Alaska Native artifacts in the 1890s. Emmons had an exchange of items with the Museum for the next three decades. (In 1902, the Field Museum of Natural History purchased a large and varied collection of more than 1,900 Tlingit objects.) F. W. Putnam, curator of the American Natural History Museum, asked for his help on a report in 1896 and repeated the request to the Navy the following year. So Emmons was officially detached from active service and ordered to write the Ethnological Report on the Native Tribes of Southeast Alaska, elaborated from the museum collections. He became a regular contributor to The American Museum Journal (forerunner of Natural History journal) and other scholarly periodicals.

At the recommendation of Franz Boas, with whom he corresponded regularly and at the request of the president of the American Museum of Natural History, Morris K. Jesup, he began to organize his notes and prepare a manuscript on the Tlingit. When he died in Victoria, British Columbia in 1945, the encyclopedic work was still unfinished. The project was taken over by Frederica de Laguna in 1955 and finally published 1991 with the title The Tlingit Indians. It includes topics such as census data, names of clans and houses, species of plants and their uses, native calendars, and names of gambling sticks.

Writings
Journal articles by Emmons, G. T.:
 * (1903). The Basketry of the Tlingit. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 3 (2), 229–277.
 * (1907). The Chilkat Blanket. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 3 (4), 329–401.
 * (1908). Copper Neck-rings of Southern Alaska. American Anthropologist (ns) 10 (4), 644–649.
 * (1908). Petroglyphs in Southeastern Alaska. American Anthropologist (ns) 10 (2), 221–230.
 * (1909). The Art of the Northwest Coast Indians, Journal of American Museum of Natural History 30 (3).
 * (1910). Niska. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 30 (2), 75–76.
 * (1911). The Tahltan Indians. Anthropological Publications of the University of Pennsylvania Museum 3. Philadelphia: The University Museum.
 * (1912). The Ketselas of British Columbia. American Anthropologist (ns) 14, 467–471.
 * (1913). Some Kitksan Totem Poles. American Museum Journal 13. 362–369.
 * (1914). Portraiture among the North Pacific Coast Tribes. American Anthropologist (ns) 16, 59–67.
 * (1915). Tsimshian Stories in Carved Wood. American Museum Journal 15 (7), 363–366.
 * (1921). Slate Mirrors of the Tsimshian. Indian Notes and Monographs (ns) 15, 21.
 * (1925). The Kitikshan and Their Totem Poles. Natural History 25, 33–48.
 * (1930). The Art of the Northwest Coast Indians: How Ancestral Records Were Preserved in Carvings and Paintings of Mythical or Fabulous Animal Figures. Natural History 30 (3), 282–292. [Reprinted: The Haunted Bookshop, Victoria, BC, 1971.]

Posthumously published books:
 * Emmons, George Thornton (reprint 1993). The Basketry of the Tlingit and the Chilkat Blanket. Friends of Sheldon Jackson. ISBN 1-880475-03-0.
 * Emmons, George Thornton & (Ed.) de Laguna, Frederica (1991). The Tlingit Indians. Seattle, London, Vancouver: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-97008-1
 * Chapter headings resemble the breadth of the work: The Land and the People;  Social Organization;  Villages, Houses, Forts, and Other Works;  Travel and Transportation;  Fishing and Hunting;  Food and its Preparation;  Arts and Industries: Men's Work;  Arts and Industries: Women's Work;  Dress and Decoration;  The Life Cycle;  Ceremonies;  War and Peace;  Illness and Medicine;  Shamanism;  Witchcraft;  Games and Gambling;  and Time, Tides, and Winds.

 * Emmons, George Thornton; (Ed.) Hope, Andrew; (Ed.) Thornton, Thomas (2001). Will the Time Ever Come?: A Tlingit Source Book. University of Washington Press. ISBN 1-877962-34-1.

title: George T. Emmons


text:
Zoisite

Zoisite, first known as saualpite, after its type locality, is a calcium aluminum hydroxy sorosilicate belonging to the epidote group of minerals. Its chemical formula is Ca2Al3(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH).

Zoisite occurs as prismatic, orthorhombic (2/m 2/m 2/m) crystals or in massive form, being found in metamorphic and pegmatitic rock. Zoisite may be blue to violet, green, brown, pink, yellow, gray, or colorless. Blue crystals are known under the name tanzanite. It has a vitreous luster and a conchoidal to uneven fracture. When euhedral, zoisite crystals are striated parallel to the principal axis (c-axis). Also parallel to the principal axis is one direction of perfect cleavage. The mineral is between 6 and 7 on the Mohs hardness scale, and its specific gravity ranges from 3.10 to 3.38, depending on the variety. It streaks white and is said to be brittle. Clinozoisite is a more common monoclinic polymorph of Ca2Al3(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH). Transparent material is fashioned into gemstones while translucent-to-opaque material is usually carved.

The mineral was described by Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1805. He named it after the Carniolan naturalist Sigmund Zois, who sent him its specimens from Saualpe in Carinthia. Zois realized that this was an unknown mineral when it was brought to him by a mineral dealer, presumed to be Simon Prešern, in 1797.

Sources of zoisite include Tanzania (tanzanite), Kenya (anyolite), Norway (thulite), Switzerland, Austria, India, Pakistan, and the U.S. state of Washington.

title: Zoisite


text:
Talk:CrimethInc.

"Jesus Sepulveda
I'm not sure the following two sentences which appear in the "publications" section are accurate, and may in fact be vandalism/opportunism. "... including Jesus Sepulveda's The Garden of Peculiarities, from its South African based cell. These publications formed part of a project entitled the Missing Shelf, in which otherwise regular book stores were able to stock DIY produced radical literature." Ahwoooga (talk) 07:53, 22 June 2013 (UTC)

Reception amongst anarchists
I have an issue with this section, despite the fact that a quote from me is included in it. This section appears to be a weasel attempt to include material critical of Crimethinc. This kind of section is not commonplace for organizational entries on Wikipedia. I'd vote for deleting the section in order to make the article more concise. Chuck0 (talk) 23:46, 14 June 2008 (UTC)
 * How do you mean "weasel" exactly? All the opinions are clearly attributed. I have included any reactions to Crimethinc. by any marginally significant anarchists; Clamor, Libcom and Perspectives on Anarchist Theory are at least as significant as Red Emma's infoshop, and even including your quote is a stretch, as it wasn't from a published article (i.e. on Infoshop News) but your personal blog. The section is certainly true and accurate in the sense that it does not misrepresent (to my knowledge) any of the opinions expressed. I would also argue that it is of great value for the reader in order to put CrimethInc. into context - by following a link or two the reader will learn CrimethInc. is associated with the post-left/"lifestylist" current and opposed by some in the platformist/anarcho-communist/"class struggle" milieu. As the peer review recommended, we need as much context and background as reliable sources and noteworthy opinions will allow, because for the average/uninformed reader it is quite difficult to understand. If you have access to or knowledge of any well-written coverage or noteworthy opinions on CrimethInc. that I've missed, I would love to use them. Regards, Skomorokh  02:53, 20 June 2008 (UTC)
 * The title of the subsection "Reception Amongst Anarchists" is a weasel phrase that avoids titling the section "Criticism." If the section were titled "Criticism" then it would be challenged by more editors, as criticism sections in organizational entries is frowned upon on Wikipedia. I think that this section represents an attempt by CrimethInc critics to insert their opinions about CrimethInc into this entry. This is a no-no on Wikipedia.
 * Yes, the content in this section may be cited, but my concern is with the inclusion of this section, which runs afoul of standard Wikipedia practices. The fact that information in any subsection is cited is a separate issue from the editorial decisions about the inclusion of the section in the first place.
 * Your comments here represent several inaccuracies which demonstrate my point about this section. Crimethinc is neither a post-leftist nor a "lifestylist" current. The latter claim is preposterous, as there is no such thing as a "lifestylist currrent." Certain sectarians in the movement may think that such a thing exists, but Wikipedia is no place for the inclusion of irrational sectarian attacks masquerading as facts. Nobody identifies as "lifestylist." I'm also a prominent post-leftist and know several of the prominent post-leftist writers. Crimethinc has never come up in our discussions as being a post-leftist project. People are confusing Crimethinc articles critical of leftism with post-leftism. Anarchists of many stripes have been critical of leftism for around 150 years. Criticism of leftism is not the same thing as post-leftism. And even if Crimethinc published an article or two that represented post-leftist thinking and analysis, that does not make the Crimethinc project into a representative of post-leftism. This is a error that has been compounded by Wikipedia editors who don't understand the nuances of anarchist theory. Chuck0 (talk) 20:17, 20 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the thoughtful reply. Two points to be addressed:
 * I didn't say (and neither does the article) that CrimethInc. are post-leftist or lifestylist. I said they are associated with those currents/concepts. For example, I often find criticism of CrimethInc. from this angle by anarchist communists associated with NEFAC, Worker's Solidarity Movement, Libcom and Anarkismo.net. (read the comments on those links for an idea). I'm not saying it's accurate, I'm saying it's there.
 * I agree with you that Wikipedia articles on people/organizations should not have Criticism sections, and that if what are effectively criticism sections are masquerading under other titles, they should be honestly retitled "Criticism". But I don't think that is the case here: we have three items of praise (Graeber, Munson, Red Emma's) and three of criticism (Ryan, Libcom, Clamor). In my browser, the praise is seven lines long, while the criticism is six or seven (if you include the reference in the pull-quote). So you'll understand if I disagree that this is anything other than a collection of notable anarchists' impressions of Crimethinc — good, bad or ambiguous. If you have any other notable reactions, I'd be happy to include them. Sincerely, Skomorokh  01:58, 9 July 2008 (UTC)
 * There are plenty of people out there who associate things that aren't associated. Just because a few anarchists think, or desire, that Crimethinc be associated with something doesn't make it so. This has to be established through working relationships between people, such as a post-leftist press publishing a book by Crimethinc, for example (this hasn't happened). What this is really about is another effort by a few anarchists to bad mouth Crimethinc by associating it with things that they don't like or that they think will tarnish Crimethinc's reputation. This is basically a dishonest way to engage in criticism or opposition to something. It gets even sillier when people use Wikipedia to normalize their political vendettas. Chuck0 (talk) 04:38, 13 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Fine, but these are philosophical objections to Wikipedia's modus operandi, which aren't likely to radically change any time soon. As you say, plenty of people associate CrimethInc. with plenty of things. How are we (as Wikipedia editors) supposed to decide which evidence "makes it so" and which doesn't? What if I were to say that your post-leftist press is a capitalist farce? The compromise Wikipedia uses is "report relevant associations made by notable figures as neutrally as possible as let the reader decide what to make of them." Correct me if I am wrong, but you seem to be arguing that someone make an informed subjective choice about which associations to represent; that would be an unworkable solution for an ahierarchical encyclopedia because everyone thinks they are the person whose judgement is best. Skomorokh  17:40, 21 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I can find any number of Wikipedia policies to support my argument that the number of critical links in the Crimethinc entry are excessive. How about the one about using Wikipedia to conduct activism? I've experienced numerous efforts by people editing entries to reflect their own sectarian political agenda. The fact is that the number of critical links on this entry are excessive when compared to similar entries on organizations. Chuck0 (talk) 00:02, 22 July 2008 (UTC)
 * As I respectfully disagree, and don't think we are going to get much further with this discussion, would you like to put it to a third opinion from an uninvolved editor? Regards, Skomorokh  00:53, 22 July 2008 (UTC)
 * No, I think we should mull it over for some period of time. This isn't a critical issue and it reflects issues of style, emphasis and scope in an article. As you may know, I'm in favor of adding more content to Wikipedia articles, whereas the current regime across Wikipedia favors terse articles. Chuck0 (talk) 19:17, 24 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Sure, no problem. Given your preference for adding more content to Wikipedia articles, and your close ties to the anarchist media, do you think you would be able to find reactions to CrimethInc. from noteworthy anarchists that I have missed? That might go some way to add balance. I'll have a look for responses from Crimethinc. Thanks again for your input, Skomorokh  19:32, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Some kind of censorship?
Some of these links take you down some strange avenues, brother. For example, citation 22, at first, appears to be information linked to the police informant issue regarding the convergences. It follows immediately after the sentence about the two instances when that request has been violated. Upon clicking the link, the html heading at first says something regarding "the student underground" and "affidavit". However, within two seconds it leads to hotel listings in Rome. Is this some kind of fake blocker site or just wacky html screwups. Idunno. See for yrself. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.3.15.249 (talk) 21:53, 12 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Sorry, whoever owned the website which hosted the copy of the affidavit apparently failed to renew their contract and lost control. I'll try and resolve this soon. Skomorokh  17:14, 21 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Should be usable now. Skomorokh  17:32, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

2008 convergence sources
Some refs from the recent convergence: Skomorokh 17:21, 21 July 2008 (UTC) Unrelated interview in Swedish anarchomag: http://www.crimethinc.com/blog/2008/09/11/cwc-interview-in-swedish-syndicalist-paper/#more-354 Skomorokh  10:41, 12 September 2008 (UTC)
 * http://www.twincities.com/ci_9927108
 * http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/chi-ap-wi-anarchytraining,0,7287357.story
 * http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=773869
 * http://blogs.jsonline.com/mcilheran/archive/2008/07/16/i-m-putting-on-my-top-hat.aspx

Split proposal
I do not see the need for the split of the publications section at this stage. It is not overly large. -- Alan Liefting (talk) - 00:29, 27 July 2008 (UTC)
 * The peer review suggested that there was repetition and discord between the section's attempt to describe the groups publishing history and the list of works. It is not terribly long, but there is certainly potential for expansion, as I have omitted much in an effort to keep it brief thus far. Skomorokh  00:43, 27 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Furthermore, having a list in the middle of the article disrupts the flow of the text, and the list could not be moved to the end of the article as books are the most noteworthy publications of the group. Skomorokh  00:45, 27 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I would agree with the split for each of the points raised above. Sharpening the focus of the article will be an important step towards featured article quality, and of course, the publication list can also become featured someday. --Cast (talk) 18:55, 27 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I think this topic is impossible to write a featured article upon, given the patchwork sourcing, but that's no reason we shouldn't try to improve it. I'm going to go ahead and implement this split. Do you think the Videos section should stay or split with the books etc.? Skomorokh 18:59, 27 July 2008 (UTC)
 * People tend to think of printed material when they use the word "publication", but so long as they is produced and published by the group, videos belong on the list. I say include them.--Cast (talk) 23:55, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

Plagiarism
I would like to point out that under the Philiosophy section of the Crimethinc entry, my name is erroneously associated with the anti-plagiarist work of George MacDonald Ross. In fact I am an enthusiastic advocate of plagiarism and my reference to Crimethinc's plagiarism is that it is poorly executed in the book Days of War, Nights of Love...which I refer in "Ryan, Ramor (2004) Days of Crime, Nights of Horror, Perspectives on Anarchist Theory. Retrieved 2008-02-22." to as 'a bad photocopy of a good (situationist) book'. So I would appreciate if the reference to me in this context was taken out, thanks. Ramor Ryan —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ramorx (talk • contribs) 21:08, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

2009 Convergence Incident with Apoc
When can we expect some info on this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.2.51.144 (talk) 14:55, 3 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Got a link? The only information we can add to the article is commentary be the mainstream media or by CrimethInc. themselves. Skomorokh  14:57, 3 August 2009 (UTC)
 * For the curious, the incident referenced is this. Skomorokh  15:06, 3 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Yeah, there's a lack of anything resembling objective being posted anywhere from what I can find. Hopefully more will materialize in the near future. There's yet to be anything official from Crimethinc or APOC, and I'm somewhat doubtful there ever will be given the decentralized nature of both organizations. Keeping a lookout, though! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.2.51.144 (talk) 16:59, 3 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Will do, thanks for the heads-up. The fracas made Infoshop News, so with luck we'll be hearing more about it. Regards, Skomorokh  17:19, 3 August 2009 (UTC)

CrimethInc. have a blog post up with extensive comments. Skomorokh 09:05, 5 August 2009 (UTC)

CrimethInc. have released their report. The Pittsburgh City Paper discussed the convergence without mentioning the APOC incident.
 * The conference incident is really outside the scope of any encyclopedia article. Chuck0 (talk) 02:39, 11 September 2009 (UTC)

'Requiem'?
Why on Earth does the link under the disambiguation for 'Requiem' titled 'Requiem(Band)' lead to this article? Sparkstarthunderhawk (talk) 00:14, 6 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I was about to ask the same thing....I searched "Requiem (band)" and was taken to this page....I'm dumb founded. What does this have to do with a band named "Requiem?" Zadion (talk) 07:20, 19 August 2010 (UTC)
 * it seems CrimethInc. is the "record label" of this band; as we do not have an article on this band, it's redirecting here. Write an article? --92.202.47.51 (talk) 10:30, 30 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Requiem is a band that released an album under the CrimethInc. label. Members of the band contributed to CrimethInc. projects contemporaneous to the band's existence. An article for the band should be written, but in the meantime the redirect makes sense. Ahwoooga (talk) 07:58, 22 June 2013 (UTC)

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Breaking the Spell (film) listed at Redirects for discussion
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"Work (book)" listed at Redirects for discussion
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2021 fire
Hi, I feel like the 2021 fire that has affected crimethinc is worth a mention (ref: [1], [2]) yet I do not know where to put it. Any ideas? SP00KY talk  02:08, 23 December 2021 (UTC)

the word Propaganda
"The creation of propaganda has been described as the collective's core function". The word "Propaganda" can often been seen as an example of loaded language, usually with negative associations. Maybe the use of this word should be qualified?

--Badpagenoticer (talk) 01:09, 3 May 2022 (UTC)
 * I guess if you would like to but I see no reason this has to be done. I am not sure what is exactly loaded about Propaganda as a word and if it is 'loaded language' or not but I would say this perspective on Propaganda is not universal and the popular understanding of the word certainly fits just fine here.  SP00KY  talk

title: Talk:CrimethInc.


text:
Carency

Carency is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.

Geography
A farming village located 8 miles (13 km) northwest of Arras on the D58 road. Carency is also the name of the brook which constitutes the course upstream of the Deûle river and which flows through the village.

Places of interest

 * The church of St Aignan, rebuilt, along with most of the village, after the destruction of World War I.
 * Vestiges of a 13th-century castle.

Notable people
François Faber, winner of the 1909 Tour de France, died here fighting in the Second Battle of Artois, on 9 May 1915, during World War I.

title: Carency


text:
Cherry Valley massacre

The Cherry Valley massacre was an attack by British and Iroquois forces on a fort and the town of Cherry Valley in central New York on November 11, 1778, during the American Revolutionary War. It has been described as one of the most horrific frontier massacres of the war. A mixed force of Loyalists, British soldiers, Senecas, and Mohawks descended on Cherry Valley, whose defenders, despite warnings, were unprepared for the attack. During the raid, the Seneca in particular targeted non-combatants, and reports state that 30 such individuals were killed, in addition to a number of armed defenders.

The raiders were under the overall command of Walter Butler, who exercised little authority over the Indian warriors on the expedition. Historian Barbara Graymont describes Butler's command of the expedition as "criminally incompetent". The Seneca were angered by accusations that they had committed atrocities at the Battle of Wyoming, and the colonists' recent destruction of their forward bases of operation at Unadilla, Onaquaga, and Tioga. Butler's authority with the Indigenous People was undermined by his poor treatment of Joseph Brant, the leader of the Mohawks. Butler repeatedly maintained that he was powerless to restrain the Seneca, despite accusations that he permitted the atrocities to take place.

During the campaigns of 1778, Brant achieved an undeserved reputation for brutality. He was not present at Wyoming — although many thought he was — and he along with Captain Jacob (Scott) of the Saponi (Catawba) actively sought to minimize the atrocities that took place at Cherry Valley. Given that Butler was the overall commander of the expedition, there is controversy as to who actually ordered or failed to restrain the killings. The massacre contributed to calls for reprisals, leading to the 1779 Sullivan Expedition which saw the total military defeat of the Iroquois in Upstate New York, who allied with the British.

Background
With the failure of British General John Burgoyne's campaign to the Hudson after the Battles of Saratoga in October 1777, the American Revolutionary War in upstate New York became a frontier war. The Mohawk Valley was especially targeted for its fertile soil and large supply of crops farmers were supplying Patriot troops. British leaders in the Province of Quebec supported Loyalist and Native American partisan fighters with supplies and armaments. During the winter of 1777–78, Joseph Brant and other British-allied Natives developed plans to attack frontier settlements in New York and Pennsylvania. In February 1778 Brant established a base of operations at Onaquaga (present-day Windsor, New York). He recruited a mix of Iroquois and Loyalists estimated to number between 200 and 300 by the time he began his campaign in May. One of his objectives was to acquire provisions for his forces and those of John Butler, who was planning operations in the Susquehanna River valley.

Brant began his campaign in late May with a raid on Cobleskill, and raided other frontier communities throughout the summer. The local militia and Continental Army units defending the area were ineffective against the raiders, who typically escaped from the scene of a raid before defenders arrived in force. After Brant and some of Butler's Rangers attacked German Flatts in September, the Americans organized a punitive expedition that destroyed the villages of Unadilla and Onaquaga in early October.

While Brant was active in the Mohawk valley, Butler descended with a large mixed force and raided the Wyoming Valley of northern Pennsylvania in early July. This action complicated affairs, for the Senecas in Butler's force were accused of massacring noncombatants, and a number of Patriot militia violated their parole not long afterward, participating in a reprisal expedition against Tioga. The lurid propaganda associated with the accusations against the Seneca in particular angered them, as did the destruction of Unadilla, Onaquaga, and Tioga. The Wyoming Valley attack, even though Brant was not present, fueled among his opponents the view of him as a particularly brutal opponent.

Brant then joined forces with Captain Walter Butler (the son of John Butler), leading two companies of Butler's Rangers commanded by Captains John McDonell and William Caldwell, for an attack on the major Schoharie Creek settlement of Cherry Valley. Butler's forces also included 300 Senecas, probably led by either Cornplanter or Sayenqueraghta, as well as a number of Cayuga led by Fish Carrier, and 50 British soldiers from the 8th Regiment of Foot. As the force moved toward Cherry Valley, Butler and Brant quarreled over Brant's recruitment of Loyalists. Butler was unhappy at Brant's successes in this sphere, and threatened to withhold provisions from Brant's Loyalist volunteers. Ninety of them ended up leaving the expedition, and Brant himself was on the verge of doing so when his Indigenous supporters convinced him to stay. The dispute did not sit well with the Indigenous forces, and may have undermined Butler's tenuous authority over them.

Massacre
Cherry Valley had a palisaded fort (constructed after Brant's raid on Cobleskill) that surrounded the village meeting house. It was garrisoned by 300 soldiers of the 7th Massachusetts Regiment of the Continental Army, commanded by Colonel Ichabod Alden. Alden and his command staff were alerted by November 8 through Oneida spies that the Butler–Brant force was moving against Cherry Valley. However, he failed to take elementary precautions, continuing to occupy a headquarters (the house of a settler named Wells) some 400 yd from the fort.

Butler's force arrived near Cherry Valley late on November 10, and established a cold camp to avoid detection. Reconnaissance of the town identified the weaknesses of Alden's arrangements, and the raiders decided to send one force against Alden's headquarters and another against the fort. Butler extracted promises from the Indian warriors in the party that they would not harm noncombatants in a council held that night.

The attack began early on the morning of November 11. Some overeager Native warriors spoiled the surprise by firing on settlers cutting wood nearby. One of them escaped, raising the alarm. Little Beard led some of the Senecas to surround the Wells house, while the main body surrounded the fort. The attackers killed at least sixteen officers and troops of the quarters guards, including Alden, who was cut down while he was running from the Wells house to the fort. Most accounts say Alden was within reach of the gates, only to stop and try to shoot his pursuer, who may have been Joseph Brant. His wet pistol repeatedly misfired and he was killed by a thrown tomahawk hitting him in the forehead. Lt. Col. William Stacy, second in command, also quartered at the Wells house, was taken prisoner. Stacy's son Benjamin and cousin Rufus Stacy ran through a hail of bullets to reach the fort from the house; Stacy's brother-in-law Gideon Day was killed. Those attacking the Wells house eventually gained entry, leading to hand-to-hand combat inside. After killing most of the soldiers stationed there, the Senecas slaughtered the entire Wells household, twelve in all.

The raiders' attack on the fort was unsuccessful—lacking heavy weapons, they were unable to make any significant impressions on its stockade walls. The fort was then guarded by the Loyalists while the Native warriors rampaged through the rest of the settlement. Not a single house was left standing, and the Senecas, seeking revenge, were reported to have slaughtered anyone they encountered. Butler and Brant attempted to restrain their actions but were unsuccessful. Brant in particular was dismayed to learn that a number of families who were well known to him and whom he had counted as friends had borne the brunt of the Seneca rampage, including the Wells, Campbell, Dunlop, and Clyde families.

Lt. William McKendry, a quartermaster in Colonel Alden's regiment, described the attack in his journal: "Immediately came on 442 Indians from the Five Nations, 200 Tories under the command of one Col. Butler and Capt. Brant; attacked headquarters; killed Col. Alden; took Col. Stacy prisoner; attacked Fort Alden; after three hours retreated without success of taking the fort." McKendry identified the fatalities of the massacre as Colonel Alden, thirteen other soldiers, and thirty civilian inhabitants. Most of the slain soldiers had been at the Wells house.

Accounts surrounding the capture of Lt. Col. Stacy report that he was about to be killed, but Brant intervened. "[Brant] saved the life of Lieut. Col Stacy, who [...] was made prisoner when Col. Alden was killed. It is said Stacy was a freemason, and as such made an appeal to Brant, and was spared."

Aftermath
The next morning Butler sent Brant and some rangers back into the village to complete its destruction. The raiders took 70 captives, many of them women and children. About 40 of these Butler managed to have released, but the rest were distributed among their captors' villages until they were exchanged. Lt. Col. Stacy was taken to Fort Niagara as a prisoner of the British.

A Mohawk chief, in justifying the action at Cherry Valley, wrote to an American officer that "you Burned our Houses, which makes us and our Brothers, the Seneca Indians angrey, so that we destroyed, men, women and Children at Chervalle." The Seneca "declared they would no more be falsely accused, or fight the Enemy twice" (the latter being an indication that they would refuse quarter in the future). Butler reported that "notwithstanding my utmost Precaution and Endeavours to save the Women and Children, I could not prevent some of them falling unhappy Victims to the Fury of the Savages," but also that he spent most of his time guarding the fort during the raid. Quebec Governor Frederick Haldimand was so upset at Butler's inability to control his forces that he refused to see him, writing "such indiscriminate vengeance taken even upon the treacherous and cruel enemy they are engaged against is useless and disreputable to themselves, as it is contrary to the dispositions and maxims of the King whose cause they are fighting." Butler continued to insist in later writings that he was not at fault for the events of the day.

The violent frontier war of 1778 brought calls for the Continental Army to take action. Cherry Valley, along with the accusations of murder of non-combatants at Wyoming, helped pave the way for the launch of the 1779 Sullivan Expedition, commissioned by commander-in-chief Major General George Washington and led by Major General John Sullivan. The expedition destroyed over 40 Iroquois villages in their homelands of central and western New York and drove the women and children into refugee camps at Fort Niagara. It failed, however, to stop the frontier war, which continued with renewed severity in 1780.

Legacy
A monument was dedicated at Cherry Valley on August 15, 1878, at the centennial anniversary of the massacre. Former New York Governor Horatio Seymour delivered a dedication address at the monument to an audience of about 10,000 persons, saying:

"I am here today not only to show reverence for those dead patriots, but to offer my respects and heartfelt gratitude to the living descendants of those illustrious persons of the early settlements, who have erected this memorial stone. It is to be hoped that their example will be copied; that the report of these commemorative exercises will move others to like acts of pious duty. Let every son of this soil uncover reverently as this monument is unveiled, and do reverence to their sturdy patriotism, made strong by their grand faith, their trials, and their sufferings, and show that the blood of innocent children, of wives, of sisters, of mothers, and of brave men, was not shed in vain. Let us show the world that 100 years have added to the value of that noble sacrifice. Thus we shall leave this sacred spot better men and women, with a higher and nobler purpose of life than that which animated us when we entered this domain of the dead."

Years after the massacre, Benjamin Stacy's home village of New Salem, Massachusetts, celebrated the annual Old Home Day holiday with a Benjamin Stacy footrace, honoring his escape at Cherry Valley.

title: Cherry Valley massacre


text: Talk:New Zealand dollar

title: Talk:New Zealand dollar