text:
Talk:Quebec nationalism

"Quebec Nationalism" or "Quebec nationalism"?
"Quebec Nationalism" or "Quebec nationalism"? I'm thinking the latter. "Quebecois nationalism" may be even better. -- stewacide

Lower case would be better, yes. "Quebecois nationalism" would not be appropriate because, if in French "Québécois" simply means an inhabitant of Québec, in the English language it seems it refers to the French language culture of Quebec, not the whole of Quebec. Since "Quebecan nationalism", "Quebecian nationalism", or "Quebecer nationalism" either don't exist or sound improper, "Quebec nationalism" is the only choice left. This is how it is referred to in English. -- Mathieugp

 * My point was that the nationalism in question is restricted to the old-stock French speaking majority (the English usage of "Quebecois" as you correctly pointed out), and since that's what this article is about (right?) it would seem to be more acurate than just "Quebec".

 * "Quebec nationalism" would have to include all the nationalisms in the province of Quebec (not only the Quebecois majority, but the English, various indian and Inuit groups, etc.), but I don't beleive that's the intent of this article. -- stewacide 23:28, 23 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Not really. There is only one nationalism that is based on the territory of Quebec. Native american nationalisms are numerous all accross the Americas and should be treated separately. Most Native American nations do not recognize the borders created by the colonizers of Europe. :-) There is no English nationalism specific to Quebec. There are indididuals who identify to the Canadian nation inside Quebec. Canadian nationalism is not based on the territory of Quebec. When a nationalism is territorial and civic, it has to include all its citizens, even those who do not identify to it. Some Quebec nationalists currently discuss creating a true citizenship for Quebec, inside Canada like in Switzerland. I think this would only make things more complicated, but hey, people have the right to their opinions. ;-) In the Questia Library, they call it Quebec nationalism.

Maybe we can link to other pages dealing with the First Nations and Canadian nationalism? -- Mathieugp

p.s. you should have moved the talk page with the article.

 * Good idea. -- Mathieugp

 * Scotland was misplaced on the list alongside Ireland, Germany etc as nations which had 'failed' republican movements within them. The only event i can think of which could be misinterpreted in this manner are the jacobite rebelions which were not scottish nationalist in character and were not motivated by ambitions of independance or republic (rather obvious considering they were wars in support of a deposed monarchical line.) -n Siarach

Why is Quebec nationalism a word used for other places too? "is the subject of many international studies together with the contemporary nationalism of Scotland, Catalonia and other non-sovereign regions of the world." I think this sentence needs to be changed. -- a.n.o.n.y.m  t 20:15, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

Shouldnt the many criticism of Quebecois nationalist theory be added as well. Many anti-nationalists in Quebec who support the theory of multiculturalism argue that Quebec is just as divisible as Canada when it comes to language and ethnicity. If Quebec is a nation, than what about the Eastern Townships and West Mount with an English speaking tradition and British heritage centuries old, or the Mohawk and Innu of northern Quebec who most certainly do not see themselves as Quebecois either??? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.115.97.241 (talk • contribs)
 * I realize this comment was added quite some time ago, but I will respond anyway. If you feel something needs to be added to the article, and you can cite facts from reliable sources, than by all means make said changes.  If, however, you want only to add opinions and/or conjecture, please refrain. ---  RepublicanJacobite  The'FortyFive'  20:55, 30 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Please respect wikipedia guidelines. Editors (anonymous or not) are allowed to make comments that are based on opinions or ideas on the talk page.  That is the point of a talk page.   Andrew 6 47 01:15, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

 * In Canadian Universities, we title "Quebec nationalism" using "French Canadian nationalism", denoting all French-rooted Canadians. Quebec is not considered an outlier, either. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.50.198.254 (talk) 03:52, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

This is unecyclopedic
The tone, the wording, the general course of the article strikes me as unencyclopedic. I don't know anything about Quebec though so while this should be rewritten, I'm not the one to do it Jztinfinity 08:06, 5 December 2006 (UTC) You are right. It is very biased, the person who wrote is obviously a nationalist —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.157.214.92 (talk) 05:06, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

The article starts with : Canada was first a French colony What about the indigenous people before 1534? Canada was not first a French colony, it was a territory with its own inhabitants with their habits and traditions. The French came after and colonized a territory that was already inhabited. This is a big error to start an article with. Many quebecois nationalists like to think the French were there first, so they can claim Quebec as their country. Unfortunately, what many of them seem to forget is that the British did to the French what the French did to the indigenous people, that is to take away from them a land they controlled.(The person who wrote that clearly doesn't know anything about Canadian history. The French didn't take the native's territory, they had no intention to take their land. They simply lived on the lands the natives allowed them to live on, and treated the natives as trading partner, not as conquered people. Champlain himself told the natives : Our men will marry your women and we will become one people.) So basing nationalism on the idea that French were there first (before the British) is a big mistake. Claiming a country on the fact that French colons were the first inhabitants of Quebec, is also a big mistake. Modern Quebec is not the legacy of some French colonialists. It is the result, or the fruit of many invasions and imigration, starting with the indigenous tribes wars bringing together tribes from many places in North America, then the French and British invasions, the immigration from Europe (Britain, Ireland, China, Germany, Italy, Poland, Ukraine, etc) in the 19th century and the modern immigration from all over the world.96.23.204.67 (talk) 03:33, 10 January 2011 (UTC)Jose 96.23.204.67 (talk) 03:33, 10 January 2011 (UTC) I agree entirely. The use of "non-sovereign region" in the introduction is unencyclopedic as it implies that sovereignty is something that Quebec has been denied, yet lays claim to, which is false. Also, there was no clarification of the Quebec nationalism movement as one that is also within a very small part of English Canada as there is a minority of Anglophone Canadians who have supported the movement from time to time. When the British Conquest of the 1760's is discussed, there is no reference to the 7 Years War, or the fact that France voluntarily surrendered Canada in favour of Guadeloupe at the Treaty of Paris, or the highly influential and controversial Quebec Act. I have cited these three issues with a footnote to the Blackwell Encyclopedia. Others include references to post-1960 Quebec nationalist movements in the section concerned with 1534-1760! What's more, in the discussion of the contemporary debate, there is a noticeable lack of sources for such a complex and ever-changing issue. I have tried to rectify some of these flaws, but encourage others (who aren't editorializing with an obvious agenda) to provide more objective, historically accurate, and well documented editing to other parts of the article which may be lacking. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.202.11.139 (talk) 01:10, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

 * People who have not the faintest idea of the subject have been adding/removing their two cents to this article for quite some time. Most of the history-related stuff is completely off-topic not to mention inaccurate. For example, reading the Quebec Act article itself contradicts the much propagated belief that it succeeded in appeasing the discontent in the colony. Even the colonial administrators of the time knew it was a failure, and the Congress' Own existence and military success becomes hard to explain otherwise.

 * I have added many references to this article, many which can be consulted (partially or fully) online, hoping people would at least bother to skim through before messing up the article further. Was I wrong?

 * No other topic, except maybe an ongoing civil war or military conflict, is more likely to attract ideologues of all sorts who will wish to point out this aspect and this aspect, deny this aspect or that other one. It is going to be quite the task to bring this article to be neutral and informative. But it is doable. :) -- Mathieugp (talk) 13:28, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

Citing the Quebec Sovereignty movement as the main article relating to contemporary Quebec nationalism is inappropriate as Quebec nationalism exceeds much more than simply the discussion of sovereignty. As far as the Quebec Act goes, the Colonial administrators of the time viewed it as an extreme failure with the Thirteen Colonies but a slight success with Quebec, so I agree with you. I tried to clarify that with a couple edits. Also, the Treaty of Paris rhetoric needed to be toned down. It's a strange article, with bias from both sides. Also, I think we can all agree that Quebec nationalism is not second to civil war and ongoing military conflict in regards to the diversity of opinion... let's not try to inflate the importance of our little article too much. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Guevaira (talk • contribs) 19:02, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

Québec Nationalism vs Québec sovereignty movement
The section on Contemporary Québec Nationalism link to "Québec Sovereingty Movement" as its main article. This is highly inaccurate ; Québec nationalisms exist outside and beyond the independance divide. (Or, in other words, nearly all independantists are nationalists, but many nationalists aren't independantists)

Contemperary Quebec nationalism contains far too much POV
First of all "Anglophone Canadian nationalism"? I think most Francophones outside of Quebec share the same Canadian nationalistic sentiment and there are still (believe it or not) many Francophones in Quebec who see themselves as being Canadian! So I do not think that Canadian Nationalism should be described as being strictly "Anglophone", because it is not.

Also when it came to the argument of Quebec nationalism being ethnic oriented as opposed to territorial I felt that again far too much POV dominated the presented thesis. The fact that study after study has shown that the vast majority of non-Francophones in Quebec, groups whose roots in the province go back just as far as the Francophones do not see themselves as being part of a Quebecois nation was ignored. So I made reference to it of course.

"There is little doubt, at least, that the post-1950s era witnessed a remarkable awakening of Quebecers' self-identity. The rural, conservative and Catholic Province of Quebec of the 19th and early 20th centuries has given way to a confident, cosmopolitan society that has many of the attributes of a modern nation. Regardless of their political leanings, Quebecers have come to see themselves as a unique people with a culture worth preserving. In recent years, however, this has often manifested in the reasonable accommodation debate, even or especially at official levels"

This seems like a huge amount of POV, but I'm not sure how it could be edited to sound less biased, or too at least make it clear that while Quebec's society has changed dramatically over the last half century (as has Ontario's, Newfoundland's, even Saskatchewan's, not too mention Canada in general) the idea that the geographic province of Quebec stretching from the Bay of Gaspe to the Arctic Coast constitutes a nation is not shared by everyone in the province itself. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.115.85.176 (talk • contribs)

 * What you have added here, as well as to the article itself, are a series of opinions. Please cite facts from reputable sources if you wish to counter what you see as inappropriate POV.  Thank you. ---  RepublicanJacobite  The'FortyFive'  20:50, 30 September 2007 (UTC)
 * It's funny...this article cites nothing. So, your argument is moot, Jake. Half the things I've found here, while informative, aren't credible in any way. If you tell me to go read a book, I'll ask you which one, and you'll fail to give me an answer. I'd agree with Anon. 70.50.198.254 (talk) 03:49, 28 November 2007 (UTC) Joe

 * I have to agree with the anonymous editor in certain ways.
 * a) Canadian Nationalism is not unique to white Anglophone Canadians, and isn't explicit to the provinces outside of Quebec. I know many Quebecois that can be considered Canadian nationalists/federalists/pro-United Canada, and how is that referenced?
 * b) I also know many people within the borders of the Province of Quebec who do not consider themselves part of the "Quebecois nation" and thus do not consider the province to be a nation. That also cannot be referenced.   Andrew 6 47 01:12, 1 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Your arguments have some contradictions. First, you say that canadian nationalism is not unique to white anglophones canadians and then you say that Quebec nationalism is ethnic because anglophones, allophones and first nations living in Quebec do not consider themselves as being a part of the Quebec nation.  That sounds like a double standart to me.  A lot of non "Québecois de souche" backgrounds also identifie with Quebec nationalism.65.94.163.139 (talk) 06:01, 29 March 2009 (UTC)

Neutrality problem regarding the Charter of Values
In the article, I stumbled upon "In recent years, however, this ethnocentrism has often been manifested in the "Charter of Quebec Values" debate, especially at official levels."

The idea that the said Charter ought to be ethnocentrism is maybe almost unanimous amongst anglophones, it doesn't mean it's neutral. A lot of supporters of said Charter were refering to the French laïcité, that is more universalist in the opinion of its promoters rather than ethnocentrist. The wording should avoid seeming like taking an opinion.

A glimpse about the difference of point of view : http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2013/08/29/jackson-doughart-secularisms-two-solitudes/

--ThoMiCroN (talk) 02:49, 21 April 2014 (UTC)

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External links modified
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Spelling
Please clarify,

There are several occurrences when nationalism is described as ethically based. Don’t you mean ethnically? Sir John Falstaff (talk) 18:18, 25 July 2021 (UTC)
 * You're right. I have fixed those easy-to-miss mistakes. Indefatigable (talk) 21:27, 26 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Quebec nationalism


text:
Thomas Perkins (businessman)

Thomas James Perkins (January 7, 1932 – June 7, 2016) was an American businessman and venture capitalist who was one of the founders of the venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins.

Biography
Perkins received a B.S. in electrical engineering and computer science from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1953. He earned an MBA from Harvard University in 1957. While attending MIT, Perkins joined the Delta Upsilon fraternity. Perkins was mentored by Georges Doriot.

Career
In 1963, he was invited by Bill Hewlett and David Packard to become the administrative head of the research department at Hewlett-Packard. He was the first general manager of HP's computer divisions, credited with helping shepherd HP's entry into the minicomputer business. During the 1960s, he also started University Laboratories, which was later merged into Spectra-Physics. At University Laboratories he was the co-developer of the first low-cost He-Ne laser, having had the idea of how to directly integrate the laser cavity mirrors inside the plasma tube.

In 1973, with Eugene Kleiner, he founded Kleiner Perkins, one of the first Sand Hill Road venture capital firms. Later, Frank J. Caufield and Brook Byers joined the firm, eventually becoming named partners. Perkins was a director at Applied Materials, Compaq, Corning Glass, Genentech, Hewlett-Packard, and Philips Electronics. He was chairman of Tandem Computers, from its founding in 1974 until its 1997 merger with Compaq. Perkins was also chairman of Genentech from 1976 until 1990, when it merged with Roche Holding Ltd.

During the HP/Compaq merger fight in 2001, Perkins was a member of the Compaq board and an outspoken supporter of the merger. He joined the HP board of directors in the merger, retired, and officially rejoined the HP board days before Carly Fiorina was forced to resign from her posts as chairman and chief executive officer of HP. Perkins led efforts to force Fiorina out.

Resignation from HP Board
Perkins resigned from HP's board on May 18, 2006, over the actions taken by the board's chair, Patricia C. Dunn, to ferret out the board-level source of media leaks using methods Perkins considered unethical and possibly illegal. HP gave no cause in the SEC-required 8-K filing, and according to Perkins refused to amend the filing to indicate his reasons for resigning. In response, Perkins disclosed his reasons publicly, triggering an SEC investigation and significant media interest into HP's leak-finding activities.

Perkins's residential phone records were obtained through a method known as pretexting. AT&T confirmed that someone pretended to be Perkins, using his phone number and his Social Security Number. HP confirmed that the investigative firm they hired used pretexting to obtain information on the call records of the directors. HP's investigation found that Dr. George Keyworth was the source of several leaks. At the May 18, 2006 board meeting, Keyworth admitted to leaking information but refused to resign after the board passed a resolution calling for his resignation. HP's board decided on August 31, 2006, to not renominate Keyworth for another term as director.

The Securities and Exchange Commission and the State of California began inquiries into the methods used by HP to investigate its directors.

News Corp. board
Perkins sat on the board of directors of Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation along with Viet D. Dinh. Dinh represented Perkins in the HP board affair. In July, 2011, Dinh and fellow News Corp. board member Joel Klein took over the investigation of the News of the World phone hacking affair and related Corporation issues. One business commentator, noting Perkins' prior experience with phone-hacking in the HP scandal, speculated that Perkins "may be [was the] best hope" as News Corp. sought to work out of its phone-hacking scandal. Perkins did not stand for reelection to the News Corp board for the fiscal year of 2012.

Personal life
, Perkins was worth an estimated $8 billion He had two children, with his first wife, the late Gerd Thune-Ellefsen. After she died in 1994, he married romance novelist Danielle Steel in March 1998; her book The Klone and I (ISBN 0-385-32392-1) was about their friendship. They separated in August 1999 and were later amicably divorced.

In 1996, Perkins was convicted in France of involuntary manslaughter arising from a yacht-racing collision and was fined $10,000.

Perkins was the subject of a 2007 60 Minutes special titled "Captain of Capitalism", which focused on his memoir and featured a tour of his yacht. He was also featured in the documentary film Something Ventured, which premiered in 2011.

Criticism for "Kristallnacht" comment
In January 2014, the Wall Street Journal published a letter from Perkins that compared the "progressive war on the American one percent" of wealthiest Americans and the Occupy movement's "demonization of the rich" to the Kristallnacht and anti-semitism in Nazi Germany:

"Writing from the epicenter of progressive thought, San Francisco, I would call attention to the parallels of fascist Nazi Germany to its war on the 'one percent', namely its Jews, to the progressive war on the American one percent, namely the 'rich.'"

The letter was widely criticized and condemned in The Atlantic, The Independent, among bloggers, Twitter users, and "his own colleagues in Silicon Valley". Perkins subsequently apologized for making the comparisons with Nazi Germany, but otherwise stood by his letter, saying, "In the Nazi era it was racial demonization, now it's class demonization."

A month after publication of the letter in the Wall Street Journal, Perkins stated in a Commonwealth Club interview (which can be seen on YouTube) when asked at the ending for his 60-minute "Plan to Save the World" he said that he believed elections should be set up such that the number of votes a person can cast would be proportional to the amount of taxes that the person pays. Both Perkins, the moderator and the audience were laughing. In an interview afterwards, Perkins said "I intended to be outrageous, and it was."

Homes and yachts
Perkins had houses in Belvedere, Marin County, California, and spent about two months a year at Plumpton Place, his Elizabethan mansion in East Sussex, England, which once belonged to Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page. In 2010, he purchased the penthouse atop the Millennium Tower on Mission Street in San Francisco's financial district.

In July 2006, he formally launched his 289 ft sailing yacht named The Maltese Falcon, at the time the world's largest privately owned sailing yacht. The yacht was listed for sale in 2006 on Yachtworld.com, the asking price being €99,000,000 with engine hours listed at 1,890 hours. Perkins sold the yacht for £60 million in July 2009.

In 2011 Perkins acquired a Japanese fisheries training vessel, and had it converted into an "adventure" yacht named Dr. No which is used to carry a "Deep Flight" submarine, manufactured by Hawkes Ocean Technologies, of Richmond California. The boat has a website which carries a link to a video documenting encounters with Humpback whales at depth in Tonga.

Death
Perkins died June 7, 2016, after a prolonged illness at his home in Marin County, California, aged 84.

Books

 * Classic Supercharged Sports Cars (ISBN 0-9612268-0-3) Published in 1984, this is Perkins's account of pre-World War II classic car collection.
 * Sex and the Single Zillionaire, (ISBN 0-06-085167-8) published In January 2006, this is Perkins first romance novel, which he dedicated to Steel.  The plot of the book is based on a reality TV idea which was pitched to Perkins, where he would date a series of women and choose one to marry.  He claims that "no 'ghost' did the writing."  Proceeds from the book will be donated to Harvard University.
 * Valley Boy: The Education of Tom Perkins. (ISBN 1-59-240313-1) published in November 2007, this is Perkins's memoir.  Perkins discussed  the book, his time at HP, and his sailboat with Lesley Stahl on 60 Minutes in September 2007.
 * Mine's Bigger: The Extraordinary Tale of the World's Greatest Sailboat and the Silicon Valley Tycoon Who Built It. An account of Perkins' building of The Maltese Falcon – by Newsweek's David A. Kaplan – was published in 2007. The book in 2008 won the Gerald Loeb Award for best business book of the year.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Thomas Perkins (businessman)


text:
Tuningen

Tuningen is a Gemeinde (municipality) located in the Schwarzwald-Baar district in the middle of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

The municipality belongs to the administrative authority (Verwaltungsgemeinschaft) of Villingen-Schwenningen.

Geography
Tuningen is located at the east border of the Black Forest about 14 km south-east of the district town Villingen-Schwenningen, 6 km east of Bad Dürrheim and 5 km south-west of Trossingen.

History
The first explicit reference to Tuningen dates to 797, in a deed of donation by the cloister St. Gallen.

Twin towns

 * 🇮🇹 Camogli, Italy, since 1998

title: Tuningen


text:
Walkabout (pub chain)

Walkabout is an Australian themed pub and restaurant chain in the United Kingdom, owned by Stonegate Pubs since December 2016.

History
The first Walkabout bar was opened in 1994. In December 2016, it was reported that the brand had 30 outlets, down from a peak of about 50.

In 2009, Walkabout's parent company went into administration. A number of unprofitable sites were closed and the company refinanced itself.

In the 2010s, Walkabout came under pressure by boroughs keen to clean up and gentrify their high streets. Its Covent Garden branch, which was the first to open in the mid '90s, was closed in March 2013 with the company saying the site was too small. There were 30 Walkabouts left operating at this time. Shepherd's Bush Walkabout, one of their best known branches, closed in October 2013, leaving only one branch of Walkabout in London. This closed in 2017.

Commencing in 2013, Walkabout embarked on a refurbishment programme across the estate, with the following sites being refurbished: Derby, Carlisle, Lincoln and Blackpool. Following a hiatus in the refurbishment programme works began in earnest in 2015 starting in March with Walkabout Bristol, followed by Sheffield and Newquay. Also the first new Walkabout for 6 years opened in Brighton (in the former Walkabout site); other new venues popped up in Solihull and Lichfield (following the purchase of two former Apres sites ). 2015 finished with the opening of a new Walkabout in Manchester's Printworks just before Christmas.

2016 began with the refurbishment of the Walkabout Birmingham on Broad St. Throughout the year, many other existing venues were refurbished, now functioning as new concept Walkabouts. They also have continued to acquire a variety of new sites across the UK and close others.

The most recent opening was in Chelmsford, where the site transitioned from a Wetherspoons to a new Walkabout bar in under three weeks. In contrast, Walkabout's Liverpool venue closed on New Year's Day 2018 after 20 years.

Walkabout has also evolved through innovation, from collaborations with Pieminister and Kilner, to developments in their food offering and stadium seating being added to the Reading venue for watching sports.

title: Walkabout (pub chain)


text:
User talk:Rhombus

Hey there! Welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like this place--I sure do--and want to stay. If you need help on how to title new articles check out Naming conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the manual of style. If you need help look at Help and The FAQ, plus if you can't find your answer there, check The Village pump or The Reference Desk! Happy wiki-ing! Alexandros

re: Links
Let me also welcome you to Wikipedia and add my thanks for your edits to the various beekeeping articles. I did just revert one of the edits you made on Africanized honeybee. You changed Almonds to almonds. I assume you were fixing the capitalization error which no one else seems to have caught. While that change works, the piped link can be confusing for future reader/editors. The easier way to fix it was to change Almonds to almonds.

Wikipedia's mark-up language automatically extends the link to all subsequent letters in the word. Thus, Almond, Almonds and Almondine all link to the same place (though the link does not extend for Almond's because of the apostrophe). You can confirm that by floating your mouse over the link briefly. Second, while capitalization is important for Wikipedia links, they turned that requirement off for the first letter. Almond and almond both link to the same place though aLmond does not.

I hope I'm not being too forward sharing a tip that took me a while to figure out. Thanks again for your help. Rossami (talk) 14:20, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

Karla Homolka
Hi. You are making a lot of good changes to Karla Homolka. Are you going to update Paul Bernardo? He was convicted for life of the crime but the story is only detailed on the Karla Homolka page. - Tεx  τ  urε  19:04, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

who/whom
Just noticed an edit you made (edit to []). I think you should check it. "Whom" is not a correct replacement in all cases for "who".

"The person who wrote the book" (as an example) is correct. "The person to whom I gave the book" is correct (who is also acceptable). In this case, your change doesn't seem correct, as the "who" isn't the recipient of an action. Hope that's understandable. Cheers. DavidH 21:17, July 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Saw your response; not absolutely convinced, because I'd parse it this way:
 * "The aircraft company described the employee as the one who did something" rather than "the one to whom something was done."
 * This, I suppose, is one reason why so many grammarians now accept "who" in all cases; even people who study language and write for a living (as I do) can become confused. Also, I'm an American writer, and it just isn't drilled into us to use "whom" except in phrases such as "to whom am I speaking?" DavidH 21:56, July 29, 2005 (UTC)

Anthropoid
Hi, thanx for the clean-up of the Operation Anthropoid!;) szalas

James Dean
Thanks for your cleanup to the James Dean] article. :)  [[Image:Monkeyman.png

Monkeyman(talk) 03:08, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

re: Talk pages
Was talking about this:

This guy is seriously messed up -- it's obvious just from listening to the song lyrics. They're so angry and mean-spirited. Of course, if somebody abandoned you on the top floor of a flooded, uninhabitable home, you might be fucked up, too. --Rhombus 21:45, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

From here. I took it off of the page. If you want to say stuff like that, go to a music forum. Arnesh 11:08, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

re: Isaac Brock
"This guy is seriously messed up -- it's obvious just from listening to the song lyrics. They're so angry and mean-spirited. Of course, if somebody abandoned you on the top floor of a flooded, uninhabitable home, you might be fucked up, too." isn't exactly "open discussion". The policy doesn't lean towards comments like that, which don't help the article further along at all. You think that comment really helped the article? When it comes to this, I think it is best put as: They should not be used by editors as platforms for their personal views. or "Stay objective: Talk pages are not a forum for editors to argue their own different points of view about controversial issues."

Also, did that comment do any of this at all? (Did you even read WP:TALK...?) Arnesh 21:55, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

 * First off, I just don't see how that comment can help the article. Also if a comment is "uncivil", you may remove it. WP:CIVIL and WP:CIVIL. My point is, that comment was unnecessary and offensive. It didn't do any of this at all.
 * Did it:

 * Communicate: If in doubt, make the extra effort so that other people understand you and you get a proper understanding of others. Being friendly is a great help. It is always a good idea to explain your views; it is less helpful for you to voice an opinion on something and not explain why. Giving an opinion helps in convincing others and reaching consensus.

 * Keep on topic: Talk pages are not for general conversation. Keep discussions on the topic of how to improve the associated article. Irrelevant discussions are subject to removal.
 * Be positive: Article talk pages should be used for ways to improve an article, not to criticize, pick apart, or vent about the current status of an article. However, if you feel something is wrong, but aren't sure how to fix it, then by all means feel free to draw attention to this and ask for suggestions from others.

 * Stay objective: Talk pages are not a forum for editors to argue their own different points of view about controversial issues. They are a forum to discuss how the different points of view obtained from secondary sources should be included in the article, so that the end result is neutral and objective (which may mean including conflicting viewpoints). The best way to present a case is to find properly referenced material. (For an alternative forum for personal opinions, see the Wikibate proposal.)

 * Deal with facts: The talk page is the ideal place for all issues relating to verification. This includes asking for help to find sources, comparing contradictory facts from different sources, and examining the reliability of references. Asking for a verifiable reference to support a statement is often better than arguing against it.

 * Share material: The talk page can be used to store material from the article which has been removed because it is not verified, so that time can be given for references to be found. New material can sometimes be prepared on the talk page until it is ready to be put into the article.

 * Discuss edits: The talk page is particularly useful to talk about edits. If one of your edits has been reverted, and you change it back again, it is good practice to leave an explanation on the talk page and a note in the edit summary that you have done so. The talk page is also the place to ask about another editor's changes. If someone queries one of your edits, make sure you reply with a full, helpful rationale.

 * Make proposals: New proposals for the article can be put forward for discussion by other editors if you wish. Proposals might include changes to specific details, page moves, merges or making a section of a long article into a separate article.

 * In that link you sent me to WP:TALK, it says you may remove comments if they are uncivil. I don't know why you want to keep your comment in so badly, don't you agree that it was simply an unnecessary opininon that didn't help the article? That's why I removed it in the first place. Either way, I'm just tired of this arguement, we've carried this on for so long... Arnesh 13:11, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Germany Invitation
--Zeitgespenst (talk) 08:13, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

FRA law translation refining
Hello, and thank you for improving my translations over at FRA law! I consider myself pretty good at english, but it is not my native language and translating is no easy task. Please keep an eye on the article, more crappy english is coming ;) Plrk (talk) 16:31, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion declined: Andrew Potter
Hello Rhombus. I am just letting you know that I declined the speedy deletion of Andrew Potter, a page you tagged for speedy deletion, because of the following concern: the target of this redirect does exist. Thank you. JohnCD (talk) 16:32, 21 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Does it? The article to which "Andrew Potter" redirects says nothing about Andrew Potter at all. In fact, last year I had to correct a circular redirect on the target page. The point is, "Andrew Potter" should point to an article about Andrew Potter, and not to an article about a book he co-wrote which tells nothing about the person himself (would you redirect "Stephen King" to "Cujo"?). The problem is that the redirect hides this: there is no article about Andrew Potter. --Rhombus (talk) 08:14, 25 February 2010 (UTC)
 * First, many apologies for not answering before. About then, I let my watchlist build up to the point where I was missing things, and your must have been one that slipped by.

 * I don't agree about this redirect. As far as the procedural bureaucracy goes, G8 would only apply for "redirects to invalid targets such as nonexistent targets, redirect loops, and bad titles." In this case, the target was a valid one as it mentions the subject (though you were quite right to take out the circular link back from the article). If you wanted to get rid of the redirect, you would need to take it to WP:Redirects for discussion.

 * But, procedure aside, I think Wikipedia is better with this redirect than without it. Nobody has thought Mr Potter worth an article, but Wikipedia does have some information about him, i.e. that he co-wrote this book, and the redirect points any enquirer to that information. 355 people followed that link last month. Regards, JohnCD (talk) 09:50, 24 May 2010 (UTC)

Collective guilt campaign
Hi, I've seen both translations used. I think the best one is the one more related to what was intended rather than dictionary accuracy, but nevertheless. A question that was bugging me, that perhaps you can help with.

If you translate "your fault -> eure schuld", how do you translate "your guilt -> ?" thanks, --Stor stark7 Speak 10:26, 14 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Hej hej, ok, tack.--Stor stark7 Speak 23:32, 15 May 2010 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Tagesthemen-smile.jpg
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Media Claim
Happened to notice that reporter/editor from Sun Media Brian Lilley accuses fellow reporter Andrew Potter of writing his own Wikipedia article. (This doesn't appear to be true). I noticed you've been following this article and edited it some, so thought you'd be interested: http://blogs.canoe.ca/lilleyspad/cbc/andrewpotterdoesntknowsquat/ --kt 12:20, 7 April 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kathleen5454 (talk • contribs)

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Looking for help with Landline article
Hi Rhombus, I'm reaching out to you because you previously made some edits to the "Decline of the landline phone" section of the landline article. I've recently posted some outreach at Talk:Landline about that section, as the unsourced mention of Verizon there seems unreasonable to me. As I mention in my Talk page note, I'm an employee of Verizon, and so don't make any edits myself. If you have time, do you think you could take a look at my request and, if my request seems reasonable to you, remove the language I mentioned?

Thanks so much, VZBob (talk) 20:46, 18 September 2014 (UTC)

 * This has been done. VZBob (talk) 14:08, 24 September 2014 (UTC)

Removal of Mayday episode info
Hi, I noticed that you are removing this information from articles saying that it is "not relevant and not encyclopedic". Could you clarify why? Episodes include interviews with investigators, survivors, the pilots and flight attendants and other related personnel, as well as re-enactments of the accident. I think it goes into a lot of detail and should be included, but I'm interested in your thoughts. Melonkelon (talk) 21:36, 19 November 2015 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Rhombus


text:
Spiracle

Spiracle or spiraculum may refer to:

 * Spiracle (arthropods), opening in the exoskeletons of some arthropods
 * Spiracle (vertebrates), openings on the surface of some vertebrates
 * Spiraculum, a genus of land snails in family Cyclophoridae

title: Spiracle


text:
User talk:TimR

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia! Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Tip: you can sign your name with ~

Noldoaran 02:48, Nov 25, 2003 (UTC)

Please create a user page
Please create a user page at User:TimR. I could create it myself, but I prefer not to touch other people's user pages. Because of the existence of subpages such as User:TimR/Tables, it's just odd to not have an uplink. — Randall Bart 01:01, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Fair point - now done. Thanks. :-) TimR 07:48, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

Sortkeys
I started a discussion at Template talk:Sortablename, since there seem to be a number of unconnected efforts to create sortkeys for sortable wikitables. ~ trialsanderrors 23:20, 2 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Very interesting - thanks. I'll have a good look at that. TimR 07:11, 3 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for working on this excellent utility: sorting by surname was exactly what I was looking for. In the spirit of Burns Night, lang may yir lum reek! --NigelG (or Ndsg) | Talk 17:55, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:TheMemoirsOfSherlockHolmes-BBCAdaptation-TheFinalProblem-Extract.ogg)
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Little Ben
In this article you added the information that the clock is constantly one hour ahead of GMT. Is this true? Emeraude 16:16, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I was told this some years ago by an London local history specialist as the explanation for the rather cryptic rhyme - I have to say that I am not sure whether it is still true (or indeed ever was) but I will try to check it out next time I am in London outside British Summer Time. TimR 16:32, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

Peter Tobin references
When I viewed the page last, the references had disappeared entirely along with the categories, after (and presumably somehow as a result of) your edit. I didn't have the time just then to figure out why, hence the revert. Katharineamy (talk) 20:48, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

January 2008
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Fair use rationale for Image:ThinkTheUnthinkableCast.jpg
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Orphaned non-free media (Image:LordOfTheRingsBBCRadioAdaptation1981Cover.jpg)
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About your recent edit..
On this edit, please see Spelling on how to "spell check" correctly, because the way you are doing it is just.... woah. Thanks. -66.51.147.57 —Preceding comment was added at 00:11, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

Another chart that won't work
Would you be willing to help me with another chart that is just not working? The lines are not going where they should, and I can't figure out why it isn't working. Thanks in advance. - LA @ 21:04, 3 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Delighted to be able to help. Don't forget that a box (with text in it) has a width of 'three' compared to a line segment, with a width of 'one' which is why lines can seem to be too short (see the boxes section under the parameters paragraph. Also don't be afraid to experiment: I guess where things go, and then decide from looking whether a line should be a little longer or shorter and then just put more tiles into the appropriate line of the template. Eventually after many trials and previews, I get something I'm reasonably happy with.... :-) Feel free to shout for further help. TimR (talk) 21:51, 3 April 2008 (UTC)

Just need an opinion
Tim...would you give me your opinion of a chart that I have made? It is here. I just need an opinion, since it is working well since you pointed out what I missed when reading the usage. - LA @ 06:00, 8 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Sorry it's taken me a while to get back to you about this. I'm really impressed with the chart. It's huge and you've put a lot of effort into it! If you're after any suggestions for changes or improvements, I have nothing to add: you've done an excellent job there. :-) TimR (talk) 09:48, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:HamishAndDougalCover.gif)
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Orphaned non-free media (Image:AfterHenrySimonBrettNovelCover.jpg)
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April 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits did not appear to be constructive and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. Mayalld (talk) 09:39, 20 April 2008 (UTC)

sortable wikitable
when i sort on User:TimR/Tables the last table, the dates in the left column don't sort properly. do they work for you? --Rajah (talk) 02:19, 4 June 2008 (UTC)
 * ok, my bad. i see now you are using a custom javascript for that. my apologies. --Rajah (talk) 02:20, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

RE: DID castaway choices
Always nice to know one's efforts are appreciated - ta! Cavie78 (talk) 10:05, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

Wine and Viticulture templates
Very nifty! :) AgneCheese/Wine 03:31, 1 February 2009 (UTC)

Nice! Thanks... Pmrich (talk) 11:14, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

Please check out refinements of Template:Viticulture. Your input is appreciated. Also, what do you think of change in category? It does not make sense to me. Pmrich (talk) 11:33, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

Spider-Man
Hello. :) Since you have been involved in editing the article Spider-Man, I wanted to let you know that we have nominated the article for "Good Article" status. You can view the review page, and if there is anything you can do to make the article better, please do so. :) There are a number of concerns to be addressed and some work to be done, so pitch in if you are able, make any suggestions that you think might be helpful, or at least just be there for moral support. :) BOZ (talk) 01:38, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

Template:Infobox Radio show
Someone has mucked about extensively with the Radio Show Infobox template and removed the caption capability. Can you rescue the situation? Thanks. Softlavender (talk) 20:19, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the pointer. Certainly. I can't do it right now, but I'll have a look in the next day or two to try to see what's going on. TimR (talk) 23:16, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Nevermind, I notified the editor involved and he fixed it. It's all fine now! Not fully fixed yet, although I've renotified the editor involved. Softlavender (talk) 02:29, 17 February 2009 (UTC)

Grape Variety Capitalisation
Hi, Your article on grape variety caps is mostly correct BUT it misses a further point, which is that there is a further breakdown below cultivar(!). So while Vitis vinifera ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ is correct, Sauvignon blanc is fully Vitis vinifera ‘Sauvignon’ blanc. These are mostly for the cultivars with differing coloured grapes, although their may be other examples, hence Cabernet Franc is all caps, but Pinot noir and Pinot gris are not.--Limegreen (talk) 11:10, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

Template:Alcoholic beverages
Hi. I saw your message on Jerem43's talk page about this template. I don't know of any specific examples off the top of my head, but I understand the problem, because it's come up several times since 2006, back when I started editing related articles. Sadly, on average, once you pull the basic information about a drink into an infobox, the remainder of the article is frequently quite short, sometimes a stub, sometimes just a bit longer. Either way, when someone views a very short article and over half the page is templates (the infobox and the Alcoholic beverages template, plus maybe others), it really overwhelms the article and makes it appear insignificant. Such articles tend to get flagged for deletion. However, articles like that in the past have been dramatically expanded and improved well beyond the stub threshold. Large templates do not help in that case. Furthermore, once a person has seen the template the first time, they really don't need to see the whole thing over and over again. It might be nice to use a cookie or something to track if a person has viewed the template, or better yet, track the hidden/shown choice, but we can't. The compromise then is to keep large navigation templates like Alcoholic beverages collapsed (hidden) until the user expands them deliberately. I hope that clarifies things for you, but if not, you can ask me again (or Jerem43, who is actually much more active currently in dealing with the templates for these WikiProjects). Have a good weekend! — Will scrlt ( “Talk” ) 12:44, 30 May 2009 (UTC)

Infobox wine grape variety
Hello Tim, I just realised that you created Template:Infobox wine grape variety several months ago, and that this template is another template than Template:Infobox grape variety which has existed since 2007. The latter template is the one linked to by the WikiProject Wine project page. I just posted my take on your template on Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Wine. Tomas e (talk) 17:31, 3 June 2009 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:Cite archers episode
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You are now a Reviewer
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Audio Drama Wiki
Hello, I noticed that you are involved in the Wikipedia Radio project, and I wanted to invite you to participate with a new wiki project specifically about radio drama: the Audio Drama Wiki. I've been an Wikipedia editor for a while now, but there is a lot of information that would be very useful to have about the medium that doesn't fall within Wikipedia's parameters. Hence, a new wiki. You are welcome to join us if you are interested. Justinkrivers (talk) 01:06, 13 January 2011 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:Cite EU regulation
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Non-free rationale for File:TheHudsonAndPepperdineShow-Series1Episode1Extract.ogg
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Adding chart tiles
Hi Tim,

Thanks for making Template:Chart happen. I use it a lot!

The way the code works is completely over my head, so I wanted to ask you - how technically feasible is the prospect of adding new tile types? It would be useful to have tiles that look like  (that is to say, a horizontal line with a small gap through which a vertical line passes) and the same thing but rotated through 90° (it's hard to draw an example with ASCII art). They could be used for clearer indications of lines that have to cross over each other in complicated trees. Would I be able to ask you to do that if it isn't crazy difficult? If it is, please feel free to decline.

Cheers, — Hex    (❝ ?!  ❞)   19:04, 14 October 2012 (UTC).

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title: User talk:TimR


text:
Willem de Vlamingh

Willem Hesselsz de Vlamingh (baptized 28 November 1640 – after 7 August 1702 ) was a Dutch sea captain who explored the central west coast of New Holland (Australia) in the late 17th century, where he landed in what is now Perth on the Swan River. The mission proved fruitless, but he charted parts of the continent's western coast.

Early life
Willem de Vlamingh was born in Oost-Vlieland in the Dutch Republic. He was baptised on 28 November 1640. In 1664, de Vlamingh sailed to Novaya Zemlya and discovered Jelmerland. In 1668, he married; his profession was skipper in whaling, and he still lived on the island Vlieland. In 1687, he and his wife sold their "apartment" in the Jordaan.

De Vlamingh joined the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1688, and made his first voyage to Batavia in the same year. Following a second voyage, in 1694, he was asked, on request of Nicolaes Witsen, to mount an expedition to search for the Ridderschap van Holland, a VOC capital ship that was lost with 325 passengers and crew on its way to Batavia in 1694. VOC officials believed it might have run aground on the western coast of Australia.

Rescue mission
In 1696, de Vlamingh commanded the rescue mission to Australia's west coast to look for survivors of the Ridderschap van Holland that had gone missing two years earlier, and had admiral Sir James Couper on board. There were three ships under his command: the frigate Geelvink, captained by de Vlamingh himself; the Nijptang, under Captain Gerrit Collaert; and the galiot Weseltje, under Captain Cornelis de Vlamingh, son of Willem de Vlamingh. The expedition departed Texel 'strictly incognito' on 3 May 1696 and, because of the Nine Years' War with France, sailed around the coast of Scotland to Tristan da Cunha. In early September the three ships arrived at Cape of Good Hope, where they stayed for seven weeks because of scurvy among the crew. There, Cornelis de Vlamingh took command after Laurens T. Zeeman died. On 27 October, they left using the Brouwer Route on the Indian Ocean route from the African Cape of Good Hope to the Dutch East Indies. On their way east they checked Île Saint-Paul and Île Amsterdam, but no wreckage or survivors were found. On 5 December they sailed on.

On 29 December 1696, de Vlamingh's party landed on Rottnest Island. He saw numerous quokkas (a native marsupial), and thinking they were large rats he named it 't Eylandt 't Rottenest ("Rats' Nest Island"). He afterwards wrote of it in his journal: "I had great pleasure in admiring this island, which is very attractive, and where it seems to me that nature has denied nothing to make it pleasurable beyond all islands I have ever seen, being very well provided for man's well-being, with timber, stone, and lime for building him houses, only lacking ploughmen to fill these fine plains. There is plentiful salt, and the coast is full of fish. Birds make themselves heard with pleasant song in these scented groves. So I believe that of the many people who seek to make themselves happy, there are many who would scorn the fortunes of our country for the choice of this one here, which would seem a paradise on earth".

On 10 January 1697, he ventured up the Swan River. He and his crew are believed to have been the first Europeans to do so. They are also assumed to be the first Europeans to see black swans, and de Vlamingh named the Swan River (Zwaanenrivier in Dutch) after the large number they observed there. The crew split into three parties, hoping to catch an Aboriginal, but about five days later they gave up their quest to catch a "South lander".

On 22 January, they sailed through the Geelvink Channel. The next days they saw ten naked, black people. On 24 January they passed Red Bluff. Near Wittecarra they went looking for fresh water. On 4 February 1697, he landed at Dirk Hartog Island, Western Australia, and replaced the pewter plate left by Dirk Hartog in 1616 with a new one that bore a record of both of the Dutch sea-captains' visits. The original plate is preserved in the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.

de Vlamingh, with his son and Collaert, commanded a return fleet from the Indies on 3 or 11 February 1698, which arrived in his hometown, Amsterdam, on 16 August. However, it is not certain that de Vlamingh was still alive at that point, and burial records from Vlieland around this time do not exist. On an earlier retourship, de Vlamingh had sent Witsen a box with seashells, fruits and vegetation from New Holland (Australia), as well as eleven drawings that Victor Victorsz had made on the expedition. De Vlamingh also included some black swans, but they died on the voyage. Witsen offered the drawings to Martin Lister. Witsen, who had invested in the journey, was disappointed the men had been more interested in setting up trade than in exploring. In 1699, William Dampier would explore the coast of Australia and New Guinea.

title: Willem de Vlamingh


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The Games Machine

The Games Machine is a video game magazine that was published from 1987 until 1990 in the United Kingdom by Newsfield, which also published CRASH, Zzap!64, Amtix! and other magazines.

History
The magazine ran head to head with Future's recently launched ACE and EMAP's long running C&VG magazines. Unhappy with the profits from the title Newsfield decided to end the title in 1990.

However Newsfield would, more or less, continue with a multi format magazine with Raze. This new title would concentrate on the ever rising consoles like the Mega Drive as well as the established NES and Master System.

The Games Machine in Italy
A magazine with the same name is still being published in Italy. While it started as an Italian translated version of the British magazine, it currently publishes original articles, and is one of the best selling PC games magazines in Italy.

title: The Games Machine


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First lieutenant

First lieutenant is a commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces; in some forces, it is an appointment.

The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations, but in most forces it is sub-divided into a senior (first lieutenant) and junior (second lieutenant) rank.

In navies, while certain rank insignia may carry the name lieutenant, the term may also be used to relate to a particular post or duty, rather than a rank.

Indonesia
In Indonesia, "first lieutenant" is known as Letnan Satu (Lettu), Indonesian National Armed Forces uses this rank across all three of its services. It is just above the rank of second lieutenant and just below the rank of captain.

Israel
In the Israel Defense Forces, the rank above second lieutenant is simply lieutenant. The rank of (קצין מקצועי אקדמאי (קמ"א (katsín miktsoí akademai or "kama"), a professional academic officer (that is, a medical, dental or veterinary officer, a justice officer or a religious officer), is equivalent to a professional officer of the second class in the reserve and equivalent to first lieutenant.

British Army
In the British Army and Royal Marines, the rank above second lieutenant is simply lieutenant (pronounced lef-tenant), with no ordinal attached.

Before 1871, when the whole British Army switched to using the current rank of "lieutenant", the Royal Artillery, Royal Engineers and fusilier regiments used "first lieutenant" and "second lieutenant".

Royal Navy
The first lieutenant (often abbreviated "1st Lt") in a Royal Navy ship is a post or appointment, rather than a rank.

Historically the lieutenants in a ship were ranked in accordance with seniority, with the most senior being termed the first lieutenant and acting as the second-in-command, unless the ship was complemented with a commander. Although lieutenants are no longer ranked by seniority, the post of "first lieutenant" remains. In minor war vessels, destroyers, frigates, and submarines, the first lieutenant is second in command, executive officer (XO) and head of the executive branch; in larger ships where a commander of the warfare specialization is appointed as the executive officer, a first lieutenant is appointed as their deputy. The post of first lieutenant in a shore establishment carries a similar responsibility to the first lieutenant of a capital ship. Colloquial terms in the Royal Navy for the first lieutenant include "number one", "the jimmy" (or "jimmy the one") and "James the First" (a back-formation referring to James I of England). The first lieutenant may hold the rank of sub-lieutenant, lieutenant or lieutenant-commander.

U.S. Army, U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Air Force, and U.S. Space Force
In the U.S. Army, U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Air Force, and U.S. Space Force, a first lieutenant is a junior commissioned officer. It is just above the rank of second lieutenant and just below the rank of captain. It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant (junior grade) in the other uniformed services.

Promotion to first lieutenant is governed by Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980. DOPMA guidelines suggest all "fully qualified" officers should be promoted to first lieutenant. A second lieutenant (grade O-1) is usually promoted to first lieutenant (grade O-2) after 18 months in the Army or 24 months in the Marine Corps and Air Force. The difference between the two ranks is slight, primarily being experience and a higher pay grade. It is not uncommon to see officers moved to positions requiring more experience after promotion to first lieutenant. For example, in the Army and Marine Corps these positions can include leading a specialty platoon, or assignment as the executive officer for a company-sized unit (70–250 soldiers or marines). In the Air Force, a first lieutenant may be a flight commander or section's officer in charge with varied supervisory responsibilities, including supervision of as many as 100+ personnel, although in a flying unit, a first lieutenant is a rated officer (pilot, navigator, or air battle manager) who has just finished training for his career field and has few supervisory responsibilities.

U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard
In the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard, "first lieutenant" is the name of a billet and position title, rather than rank. Officers aboard early sailing ships were the captain and a number of lieutenants. The senior among those lieutenants was known as the first lieutenant, and would have assumed command if the captain were absent or incapacitated. As modern ships have become more complex, requiring specialized knowledge of engineering, communications, and weapons, the "first lieutenant" is the officer in command of the deck department responsible for line handling during mooring and underway replenishment. On smaller ships, the officer of the "first lieutenant" billet holds the rank of lieutenant, junior grade or ensign. On larger vessels, the position of "first lieutenant" is held by a lieutenant or, in the case of extremely large warships such as cruisers or aircraft carriers, the position of "first lieutenant" may be held by a lieutenant commander or even commander. However, on submarines and in aircraft squadrons, where the deck department may only have a few junior sailors, the "first lieutenant" billet may be filled by a first-class petty officer or chief petty officer. What is known in the U.S. Navy as the "first lieutenant division" is usually composed of junior sailors (E-3 and below) who are completing their ninety days of temporary assigned duty, or TAD, that all enlisted personnel are required to perform when initially assigned to a command. The primary mission of the division is servicing, cleaning, organizing and inventorying items within a command.

U.S. Revenue Cutter Service
The term "first lieutenant" had a dual meaning in the United States Revenue Cutter Service (known until 1894 as the United States Revenue-Marine). The position title of first lieutenant was held by a junior officer who was in charge of deck operations and gunnery. The rank of first lieutenant was the equivalent of lieutenant in the current rank structure of the U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Navy, United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps. The next senior officer ranking above first lieutenant was captain and the next two lower officer ranks were second and third lieutenant, respectively. When the Revenue Cutter Service merged with the United States Life-Saving Service to form the U.S. Coast Guard in 1915, the rank of first lieutenant carried over into Coast Guard and remained in use until 1918, when the Coast Guard adopted the rank structure of the U.S. Navy.

title: First lieutenant


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Pub chain

A pub chain is a group of pubs or bars operating under a unified brand image. Pubs within a chain are tied houses and can, generally, only sell products which the chain owner sanctions. Pubs in a chain normally display their chain branding prominently and may also feature shared aspects, such as menus and staff uniforms.

Pub chains can exist as a stand-alone operation, often called a pubco, or can be a division of a larger company, such as a brewery.

History
Pub chains are an evolution of the tied house system. During the latter half of the nineteenth century increased competition between breweries led many of them to buy up local pubs in an attempt to secure markets for their products. Although tied houses had existed in some cities since the seventeenth century, this period has come to be known as the birth of the tied house system. As well as securing markets for their own products, this system provided an efficient supply chain directly from the brewery to the pub; cutting costs for breweries and allowing complete and uninterrupted control over quality.

Most tied houses today are owned by non-brewing pub chains, known as pubco's. A key difference between this, and the traditional tied house system, is that pubco's align themselves with specific brewers in order to obtain big discounts; reducing profits for breweries and restricting their ability to control the quality of the end product.

Types
In the United Kingdom, there are two types of pub chain, reflecting the ownership of the pub and the style of operations. Pubs are either tenanted or managed.

Marston's Brewery and Stonegate Pub Company are two of the largest pub chains in the UK operating multiple brands of branded pubs.

Pub chains such as Punch Taverns and Ei Group own thousands of tenanted pubs which are not branded to retain uniqueness. They are controlled in the brands of beer, ales and lagers and sometimes other beverages that they may sell.

Pub chains operating managed houses are frequently run as brands, located near a high street but rarely in predominantly residential areas.

Multiple-held pubs do exist in countries other than the United Kingdom, but due to most countries having different accepted systems of ownership and supply, they do not hold anywhere near the level of control over the market as they do in the UK.

title: Pub chain


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Prime Minister of Hungary

The prime minister of Hungary (Magyarország miniszterelnöke) is the head of government of Hungary. The prime minister and the Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Parliament, to their political party and ultimately to the electorate. The current holder of the office is Viktor Orbán, leader of the Fidesz – Hungarian Civic Alliance, who has served since 29 May 2010.

According to the Hungarian Constitution, the prime minister is nominated by the president of Hungary and formally elected by the National Assembly. Constitutionally, the president is required to nominate the leader of the political party who wins a majority of seats in the National Assembly as prime minister. If there is no party with a majority, the president holds an audience with the leaders of all parties represented in the assembly and nominates the person who is most likely to command a majority in the assembly, who is then formally elected by a simple majority of the assembly. In practice, when this situation occurs, the prime minister is the leader of the party winning a plurality of votes in the election, or the leader of the senior partner in the governing coalition.

Official title
The title of Hungary's head of government in Hungarian is miniszterelnök. Literally translated, this means "minister-president". However, since "prime minister" or "premier" is the more usual title in a parliamentary system for a head of government in English-speaking nations, the title is translated as "prime minister" by most English sources.

Palatine of Hungary
The palatine (comes palatii, comes palatinus, later palatinus (regni), nádorispán/nádor, nádvorný župan / nádvorný špán, later: palatín/nádvorník, Palatin) was the highest dignitary in the Kingdom of Hungary after the king (a kind of powerful Prime Minister and supreme judge) from the kingdom's rise up to 1848/1918.

Initially, he was in fact the representative of the king, later the vice-regent (viceroy). In the early centuries of the kingdom, he was appointed by the king, later elected by the Diet of the Kingdom of Hungary. After the Habsburgs solidified their hold of Hungary, the dignity became an appointed position once again. Finally, it became hereditary in a cadet (junior) branch of the Habsburg dynasty after King Francis appointed his brother Joseph.

Creation of the position
During the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 the revolutionaries wanted the creation of a Hungarian cabinet which would be independent from the Austrian Empire and the Buda Chancellery (which was office of the imperial governor-general). One of the 12 points said: ''2. A responsible government in Buda-Pest.''

Ferdinand V appointed Count Lajos Batthyány for the position of prime minister of Hungary on 17 March 1848. The government was called ministry, differently from the current acceptation. The ministries were called departments. The position was vacant after the defeat of the freedom fight.

title: Prime Minister of Hungary