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Talk:January 20

US Presidents
A US president was/is inaugurated (or reinaugurated) on Jan 20th every four years from 1937 on; do we really need to say it each time? It's not like a coronation, which generally happens more or less at the convenience of the honoree's predecessor. Maybe some of the big ones -- FDR's 3d and 4th, George W. Bush perhaps (given the controversy). But Ike? LBJ? --Charles A. L. 18:31, Dec 16, 2003 (UTC)
 * I agree. can we come up with a better solution? must we include all the instances of this regular event? Kingturtle 07:34, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes I can, the article should always mention the first and the latest inauguration on the 20th of January. So the 2001 Bush inauguration should remain at least untill the next inauguration on the 20th of January (wich will almost certain be in 2009).    User:Allard Thursday 30 August 2007 16:29 CET

 * I think we should also remove JFK, if all other presidents beside the incumbent are to be removed. Reeeky2001 (talk) 16:25, 12 January 2010 (UTC)

I was totally shocked yesterday to see that someone removed all of the Presidential inaugurations from January 20. Ever since 1937, January 20 has BEEN inauguration day. This is in the 20th amendment to the Constitution, and to dub this "unsupported" is disingenous. In response to the above comment, YES "we really need to say it each time". Unline a coronation, each inauguration is unique for its own reasons. Either it sets a precedent or something unusual, newsworthy and hisory making is uttered during the inaugural address. At a coronation the royalty sits there and says absolutely nothing. At an inauguration, the inauguree is always setting one precedent or the other by his utterances and/or his actions. I'm sorry but I find it appalling that inaugurations were actually deleted from this page. CHRISTMAS is a "regular event". THE FOURTH OF JULY is a "regular event". A CORNONATION is a "regular event". But a Presidential inauguration? No, each one is unique and each one is significant. I don't know what country you folks above are from but you are obviously not Americans. Nghtownclerk (talk) 22:55, 21 January 2010 (UTC)nghtownclerkNghtownclerk (talk) 22:55, 21 January 2010 (UTC)

A couple of things: 1) typically a coronation will take place following the death of the predecessor, therefore hardly at his/her 'convenience'. 2) @Nightownclerk, many of us are indeed not American, but neither is Wikipedia. Your implication that kings and queens do not set the tone of time is rather defeated by the commonly accepted use of phrases like Elizabethan/Victorian/Georgian/Edwardian England. While I agree that these are historical shorthand to a large extent, they do indicate a general acceptance that the tone and values of a time change with the monarch and those associated with him/her. It is however, possible that your objection is based on a British/American English difference of usage of the word 'regular' The other contributors here have used it in the sense of an event happening at recurring and predictable intervals; I think you are interpreting it in the more American sense of 'normal'. Presidential inaugurations do take place on the same date every four years(as you point out) and are therefore demonstrably and intentionally 'regular': coronations take place following the death or abdication of the predecessor, cannot be predicted and are therefore not 'regular'. No-one was attacking or belittling the importance of each new president to the American people, your defensive position was therefore a little unjustified. 3)Both Clinton and George W Bush are listed as the 43rd President. As I don't have an account I would feel uncomfortable making the change: could someone else please do it?--85.72.36.254 (talk) 12:52, 20 January 2011 (UTC)

TV trivia
I removed "2006 - high school musical is shown in tv in USA." are you kidding me? Tony P 09:01, 7 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I personally wouldn't have even given it mention on the talk page. -- 97.113.116.173 (talk) 20:58, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

Barack Obama
Could someone explain how Barack Obama is the first 'African-American' president when he is just as Causasian as he is Black-therefore he is Biracial. Also, what does the term 'African -American' mean outside the United States? Obama's father was an African, not an African American. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.252.245.194 (talk) 14:52, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

 * His biographical article (at, not surprisingly, Barack Obama) declares him to be 'African-American'. If you'd like to try out your argument, click on Talk:Barack Obama and give it a shot. However, given that this particular argument has brought up there and shot down multiple times, I don't expect you to have much luck. Nonetheless, there and not here is where you want to make that argument. --CalendarWatcher (talk) 15:53, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

 * this is a funny discussion. Since I am 1/32nd native american, I guess I can say that I am a native american as well. Kudos to the guy who brought up the biracial bit. But alas, just because he states something he is not, does that mean we have to accommodate this? Or should we just put into the truth that he is in fact biracial? Or even the more archaic term Mulatto? Dasbrick (talk) 23:50, 1 July 2009 (UTC)
 * One of the many benefits to college education would be knowing that peoples can be ethnically identified both racially and culturally. No where is this more apt than with people of African descent in the United States. RoyBatty42 (talk) 19:12, 21 January 2011 (UTC)

More specifically, you'll want to go here first.

US Presidential Inagurations
There has been a fair amount of adding and removing of US presidential inaugurations to the Events section of this article. The section titled What is not notable or not considered an Event in the guidelines is explicit about this: Repetitive events – e.g. multiple sightings of comets, listing of Super Bowl winners, listing of every significant battle in a war, listings of every person to become president of a country, regardless of the impact of their presidency. Presidential inauguration, no matter how notable the president may be, should not be listed by default. Any notable events that happen during their tenure should be listed instead, and anything that can't be nailed down to a particular day is simply out of scope for these pages, regardless of notability.

I don't think this means that presidential inauguration can never represent notable events, just that they aren't notable in and of themselves, nor are they dependent on future events that may occur during the presidency. An inauguration may still represent a significant social first, and the Barak Obama inauguration may stand as an example of this. The breaking of the color barrier in Major League Baseball is explicitly listed as a significant social milestone, and it could be argued that the Obama inauguration is similar. There certainly are differences, and I'm not convinced that the inauguration is more significant than the election. Either way let's discuss it here instead of in back and forth edit summaries. Winston365 (talk) 05:28, 21 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Agree and therefore Kennedy's should be included because he gave his "Ask not what your country can do for you..." speech, probably the most famous line in American political rhetoric. RoyBatty42 (talk) 19:05, 21 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I noticed this after I removed these. Inaugurations are not of particular note as they are scheduled events that follow the regular election process.  The election of Barack Obama was notable because it was a social milestone.  His inauguration is just a formality and it isn't notable.  I can think of no other inauguration that should be considered notable. This topic comes up every year at this time.  -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 23:20, 21 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Listing the election instead of the inauguration makes sense, inaugurations are a bit of a formality. It was the election that had the real impact. As for the Kennedy inauguration, it doesn't strike me as belonging on this page precisely because it is nothing other than "American political rhetoric." It may be a good line, but that doesn't make the speech a notable event in the WP:DOY sense of the word. Winston365 (talk) 03:16, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Perhaps taking your own advice and reading that it would be more helpful to your understanding, especially the section dealing with what's not notable DOY. None of those criteria apply. So, honestly ponder this question: if you asked 10 people over the age of 18 to name a John F. Kennedy quote, how many would not name the line in his inauguration? Further more, on Thursday many news outlets noted the 50th anniversary of the speech. I think having the New York Times, the Los Angeles Times and NPR note the speech's date pretty much renders this debate moot as to if it is noteworthy.

 * To call it "nothing other than 'American political rhetoric'" is to also reveal a pretty thin understanding of recent American history. That line challenged a very polically active generation to become involved socially on a scale that has not been equaled since. It signaled a pro-active approach to citizenship left dormant after WW II. RoyBatty42 (talk) 22:10, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

 * In the Kennedy case we're not really discussing the notability of an inauguration. We're talking about a speech.  You can argue the notability of the speech but the fact that it took place at his inauguration is coincidental.  His inauguration is not notable.  -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 22:39, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

 * It would seem then either way you will have to mention the inauguration in context to the speech. At this point, the debate seems pretty moot and I would be off getting the references to the anniversary from the previously mentioned sources but I have this feeling you're still going to try to delete it on some overly narrow grounds. Who wants to waste the time doing such? RoyBatty42 (talk) 04:13, 4 February 2011 (UTC)

Other birthdays
Lead Belly's birthday is listed as January 20, 1888. Should it be added?22yearswothanks (talk) 08:53, 21 November 2012 (UTC)

L.A. Thompson patents the roller coaster
This listing about L.A. Thompson's patent is a bit deceiving and unnoteworthy. Thompson was not the first person to patent the roller coaster, but he is the first person to build a roller coaster from his patent. There were roller coasters long before this. XercesBlue (talk) 20:42, 20 January 2014 (UTC)

750th anniversary of De Montfort's Parliament
20th January 2015 is the 750th anniversary of the first English Parliament. However the article De Montfort's Parliament is not eligible for Selected anniversaries/January 20 because it's tagged with refimprove. Would anyone be able to help clean this up?

The BBC are planning a "Democracy Day" of live events, discussions and debate, produced in partnership with the Speaker’s Office of the House of Commons, including broadcasts from inside Westminster. Whizz40 (talk) 11:09, 21 December 2014 (UTC)
 * The article has been improved, mainly by User:Hchc2009, and I have added it fully to WP:Selected anniversaries/January 20. Thincat (talk) 19:41, 14 January 2015 (UTC)

Births and Deaths
In accordance with the guidelines, I've started weeding the Births and Deaths sections by removing entries for celebrities with 0-4 articles in other languages. Where possible, these have been transferred to the relevant Year in Topic articles. As well as making the lists more manageable, this will help with the globalization effort.Deb (talk) 16:37, 12 April 2015 (UTC)

Trump or not....
I have locked down the page for a week, as this is popping up on my watchlist daily now. We had this discussion (concerning inaugurations) before, but I do not see a clear consensus. So, all involved, have at it. Lectonar (talk) 19:51, 26 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the week-long hiatus. I agree that we need a more explicit consensus than what can be found on this talk page thus far. The edit-warring has to stop.
 * WP:DOY makes it clear that not every Inauguration Day is historic. In comes routinely every four years and, without more, that's not enough. The most recent insertion of the date of the current president's inauguration was accompanied by an unsourced assertion that this inauguration's historicity hinges on the president's lack of military or political experience.  Without a source to back that up, I deleted the assertion. But now I've found a source for this distinction, and one whose place under our reliable sources policy is unassailable.  Fortune magazine, in an article titled "Trump Inauguration Makes History Today in More Ways Than One" said "It’s often observed that no one is prepared to be president, that every president must grow into the job. Donald Trump arguably enters the job from further back on the learning curve than any of his predecessors. He is the first president never to have served in any part of government, including the military."
 * You can find the full article here.
 * And here are others that can be used to source the proposition that the 2017 Inaugural was historic:
 * "Donald Trump Poised to Make History at Presidential Inauguration", The Washington Times
 * "Historic Trump Inauguration Creates Mixed Feelings" WJLA News.
 * David in DC (talk) 20:44, 26 April 2017 (UTC)

 * The User is under a 24 for EW. I was thinking that before I read the sources above that it would be historic for at least the duration of the administration.  d.g. L3X1  (distænt write)   )evidence(  13:05, 26 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Not sure where this discussion has ended up but this article currently has Trump's inauguration listed with no explanation of why it was particularly historic Cannolis (talk) 02:50, 19 July 2017 (UTC)
 * All are historic or none are (I didn't find the prior discussion). Presidents are hugely important legally and politically and the U.S. has had only 45, of whom only a handful were inaugurated on January 20. Each one was historic for some reason and it's virtually certain that some reliable secondary source said so at the time. Each was historic for a reason evident on or before inauguration day and that lasted long enough to support reporting on this page and presumably the Wikipedia article about each President should say so in the lead; sources should go into those articles. An argument against listing inaugurations is the volume, because the same arguments for listing them applies to heads of state worldwide; we now have about 190 nations and presumably whatever decision applies to January 20 should apply to all dates. Nick Levinson (talk) 04:46, 23 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Then I would say it needs more eyes....Lectonar (talk) 20:45, 23 July 2017 (UTC)

Another argument against including every January 20 US presidential inauguration
I quickly skimmed the multiple discussions on this page regarding US presidential inaugurations, so I may have missed something, but I didn't notice any mention of the presidents of other countries. If other countries regularly install theirs according to a schedule, are they listed in the Events sections of their respective dates? I checked one other country that I am familiar with, South Korea. Every five years and continuing for nearly thirty years (from 1987 to 2013), the South Korean president was inaugurated on February 25. However, there is no mention of any of them on the February 25 page. Would readers generally support adding all of them to that page? Or just the socially significant ones? Whatever standard is used for South Korea and other countries' presidential inaugurations should also apply to the Americans. -- BlueResistance (talk) 02:58, 20 January 2019 (UTC)
 * We should either have every US presidential inauguration, or we should have Inauguration Day listed as a holiday or observance p  b  p  01:25, 27 January 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 20 January 2019
Under Events, there is a period missing at the end of this sentence: "Franklin D. Roosevelt and John Nance Garner are sworn in for their second terms as U.S. President and U.S. Vice President, the first occasion a Presidential Inauguration to take place on January 20 following the ratification of the 20th Amendment" 98.210.124.96 (talk) 22:36, 20 January 2019 (UTC)
 * Pictogram voting wait.svg Already done by DannyS712 (talk) 23:27, 20 January 2019 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 26 September 2020
Change the unicode character: - (U+002D) with: – (U+2013) on the last item of the 'Deaths' section (Tom Fisher Railsback) to match the rest of the article. Soltra45 (talk) 00:10, 26 September 2020 (UTC)

 * ✅ –Deacon Vorbis (carbon • videos) 02:30, 26 September 2020 (UTC

Semi-protected edit request on 14 January 2021
On January 20th 2021 Prisedent Joe Biden become the oldest to be in office. Can't figure out how to mainly edit the information page but delete the 2018 where is says trump is the oldest President in Office. PLease cause I can't figure it out.,
 * I've amended the wording in line with your request. Deb (talk) 10:36, 15 January 2021 (UTC)

2021 entry
Should the 2021 entry be there yet? That event won't take place until nearly nine hours from now. Gildir (talk) 08:13, 20 January 2021 (UTC)
 * I think it should. I don't see any harm in including it, even though it's in the (near) future. 101090ABC (talk) 09:22, 20 January 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 21 January 2022
20th January 304 – St. Sebastian is martyred during the Decian persecution. ErrolFarrugia (talk) 07:50, 21 January 2022 (UTC)
 * This is the talk page for January 20, not January 21. Please clarify exactly which date you want this entry added to, and also provide a reference. Thanks, Kiwipete (talk) 09:03, 21 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 12:45, 21 January 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 20 January 2024
In the births area, a notable birth to add would be Sid Wilson for 1977. He is the turntablist for Slipknot. Tamezsus (talk) 16:33, 20 January 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ Liu1126 (talk) 18:59, 21 January 2024 (UTC)

Inauguration Day should be added
Hello, early today I tried to add inauguration day in the USA but was reverted, wrongfully I believe. Inauguration Day in the U.S. has been scheduled for January 20 quadrennially since 1937 and there are many celebrations to commemorate it. CLEARLY a holiday or observances. Many citations exist for that date, this is one. p b  p  00:38, 27 January 2024 (UTC)

 * No. As per WP:EVENTDOY, this does not occur annually. Kiwipete (talk) 03:42, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

Fix dash formatting
Under "Ray Anthony", "–" should be changed to "&ndash;" to match with the rest of the article and WP:DOYSTYLE

2604:3D08:4F7A:BA30:0:0:0:CFD5 (talk) 21:37, 6 April 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ Kline • talk to me! • contribs 22:59, 6 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:January 20


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Vincent C. Schoemehl

Vincent C. Schoemehl, Jr. (born October 30, 1946, in St. Louis) was the 42nd mayor of St. Louis, Missouri, serving three terms from 1981 to 1993. At the time of his first election, he was one of the city's youngest mayors. In 1992, Schoemehl was defeated in the Democratic primary by lieutenant governor Mel Carnahan in a bid to become Governor of Missouri. He is best known as being primarily responsible for the NFL St. Louis Cardinals relocating to Phoenix, Arizona, and the expansion of Lambert Airport and the start of the eminent domain destruction of the Carrolton neighborhood in the name of noise abatement.

Personal life
Born in St. Louis in 1946, Schoemehl received a degree in history from the University of Missouri-St. Louis in 1972. He and his wife, Lois, have two sons. Their son Tim Schoemehl made a run for Missouri State Representative District 64 in 2004.

Political career
Schoemehl was elected to the City of St. Louis board of aldermen as a representative from the 28th ward for six years before being elected mayor in 1981. Schoemehl returned to public office in 2003, winning election as a member of the St. Louis School Board. He resigned from that position in November 2005. He recently retired from his post as president and CEO of Grand Center, Inc.

Real estate and development
Schoemehl is active in the areas of historic preservation and urban design. He helped save the Cupples Warehouses from demolition and promoted "public-private partnerships" that led to more than 600 rehabilitation projects. He also launched Operation Brightside, a City beautification program, and Operation Safestreet, a home safety program. In 1991, Schoemehl served as a committee member for the Rudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence.

He has expressed regret for the 1980s destruction of downtown historic buildings and disruption of the Gateway Mall by the fifteen story office building now named after Peabody Energy. Opposition to the plan had been prominent, including historic preservationists relocating offices to one of the endangered buildings. CBS Radio vice president Robert Hyland described it as "an absolute aesthetic disaster." The destruction of "Real Estate Row" has been described as "one of the greatest tragedies in St. Louis architectural history."

Among the legacies of Schoemehl's tenure as mayor of St. Louis are numerous concrete street blockades nicknamed "Schoemehl pots."

Schoemehlville
Building demolitions and development leading to gentrification were among the causes for homelessness claimed by Reverend Larry Rice of the New Life Evangelistic Center when he constructed tent cities named "Schoemehlville" on the City Hall lawn. In several summers during the late 1980s and early 1990s, an estimated 100-150 people lived in the temporary tent cities to raise awareness around housing needs and to protest a lack of city support for homeless people. The encampments often coincided with the annual VP Fair, and in 1987 Rice brought a flock of sheep to City Hall to protest the city "pulling the wool" over the citizen's eyes.

Bi-State Development Agency
In July 2007, Matt Blunt nominated Schoemehl to be one of Missouri's five commissioners on the ten person board of commissioners for the Bi-State Development Agency which operates public-transit on both the Illinois and Missouri sides of the Greater St. Louis area. Schoemehl replaced Harvey Harris after the former's confirmation by the Missouri Senate.

Board of education
Schoemehl was elected to the St. Louis City Board of Education in a slate of candidates with significant financial backing from then mayor Francis Slay and several local corporations. The board's decision to hire a private firm to restructure the school district and close schools resulted in public protests, a lawsuit, and criticism from education reform scholars Jeff Henig and Amy Stuart Wells. Schoemehl compared dissenting parents of students to Nazis in a heated school board meeting, winning the title of 2003 "Best Villain" from the Riverfront Times.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Vincent C. Schoemehl


text:
NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies

The NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies (Dutch: NIOD Instituut voor Oorlogs-, Holocaust- en Genocidestudies) is an organisation in the Netherlands which maintains archives and carries out historical studies into the Second World War, the Holocaust and other genocides around the world, past and present. The institute was founded as a merger of the Netherlands Institute for War Documentation (Dutch: Nederlands instituut voor oorlogsdocumentatie, NIOD, formerly National Institute for War Documentation, Dutch: Rijksinstituut voor oorlogsdocumentatie, RIOD) and the Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies (CHGS).

It has been part of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences since 1 January 1999.

Mission
According to its website, the NIOD Institute's mission is to: "Collect, manages, opens up and makes accessible archives and collections about the Second World War. Conduct academic research and publishes about it. Give information to government bodies and individual. Stimulate and organise debates and activities about war violence and processes that are at the basis of war violence."

It administers the archives of the German occupation of the Netherlands and the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, as well as large collections of clandestine newspapers and pamphlets, photographs, books and articles.

Studies and publications
The institute published The Kingdom of the Netherlands During World War II (Dutch: Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog) in fourteen volumes and 18,000 pages. This magnum opus of Loe de Jong is the standard reference on the history of the Netherlands during World War II. The NIOD had recently made an electronic edition of the entire work, available for downloading from 11 December 2011, licensed under creative commons CC BY 3.0.

It also performed a study into the Srebrenica massacre of 1995, which led to the report Srebrenica: a 'safe' area, which led to the resignation of the second cabinet of Wim Kok.

Other publications

 * Post, Peter / Gijsbers, Harco: The Encyclopedia of Indonesia in the Pacific War. Publisher: Brill, Leiden/Boston, 2010. ISBN 9789004168664
 * Withuis, Jolande / Mooij, Annet (eds.): The Politics of War Trauma, The Aftermath of World War II in Eleven European Countries. Publisher: Aksant, Amsterdam, 2010. ISBN 9789052603711
 * Boender, Barbara / Haperen, Maria van / Üngör, Ugu: The Holocaust and other genocides. An introduction. Publisher: Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, 2012. ISBN 9789089643810
 * Adler, Nanci: Keeping Faith with the Party: Communist Believers Return from the Gulag. Publisher: Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 2012. ISBN 9780253357229
 * Keizer, Madelon de (ed.) / Bakker, Marjo (ed.) / Griffin, Roger (ed.): Fascism. Journal of Comparative Fascist Studies. Publisher: Brill, Leiden, 2012.


text: User talk:80.6.82.237

title: User talk:80.6.82.237


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Abraham Gottlob Werner

Abraham Gottlob Werner (25 September 1749 – 30 June 1817) was a German geologist who set out an early theory about the stratification of the Earth's crust and propounded a history of the Earth that came to be known as Neptunism. While most tenets of Neptunism were eventually set aside, Werner is remembered for his demonstration of chronological succession in rocks; for the zeal with which he infused his pupils; and for the impulse he thereby gave to the study of geology. He has been called the "father of German geology".

Life
Werner was born in Wehrau (now Osiecznica, Lower Silesian Voivodeship), a village in Prussian Silesia. His family had been involved in the mining industry for many years. His father, Abraham David Werner, was a foreman at a foundry in Wehrau.

Werner was educated at Freiberg and Leipzig, where he studied law and mining, and was then appointed as Inspector and Teacher of Mining and Mineralogy at the small, but influential, Freiberg Mining Academy in 1775.

While in Leipzig, Werner became interested in the systematic identification and classification of minerals. Within a year he published the first modern textbook on descriptive mineralogy, Von den äusserlichen Kennzeichen der Fossilien (On the External Characters of Fossils [or of Minerals]; 1774).

During his career, Werner published very little, but his fame as a teacher spread throughout Europe, attracting students, who became virtual disciples, and spread his interpretations throughout their homelands, e.g. Robert Jameson who became professor at Edinburgh and Andrés Manuel del Río who discovered vanadium. Socratic in his lecturing style, Werner developed an appreciation for the broader implications and interrelations of geology within his students, who provided an enthusiastic and attentive audience. Werner's students Friedrich Mohs (who was in 1818 also successor to Werner's chair at the Freiberg Mining Academy), Robert Jameson and G. Mitchell even had plans to establish an institute analogous to Freiberg Mining Academy in Dublin, which were due to the death of some people involved never carried out.

Werner was plagued by frail health his entire life, and passed a quiet existence in the immediate environs of Freiberg. An avid mineral collector in his youth, he abandoned field work altogether in his later life. There is no evidence that he had ever traveled beyond Saxony in his entire adult life. He died at Dresden from internal complications said to have been caused by his consternation over the misfortunes that had befallen Saxony during the Napoleonic Wars. He is buried in the Neuen Annenfriedhof in south-west Dresden. The grave is marked by a simple boulder inscribed with his name.

He was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1810.

Werner's theory
Starting from the pre-existing traditions of stratigraphy and cosmogony in Europe, Werner applied superposition in a classification similar to that of Johann Gottlob Lehmann. He believed that the Earth could be divided into five formations:

 * 1) Primitive (Urgebirge) Series: intrusive igneous rocks and high rank metasediments considered to be the first precipitates from the ocean before the emergence of land.
 * 2) Transition (Übergangsgebirge) Series:  more indurated limestones, dikes, sills, and thick sequences of greywackes that were the first orderly deposits from the ocean. These were "universal" formations extending without interruption around the world.
 * 3) Secondary or Stratified (Flötz) Series:  the remaining, stratified fossiliferous rocks and certain associated "trap" rocks. These were thought to represent the emergence of mountains from beneath the ocean and were formed from the resulting products of erosion deposited on their flanks.
 * 4) Alluvial or Tertiary (Aufgeschwemmte) Series: poorly consolidated sands, gravels, and clays formed by the withdrawal of the oceans from the continents.
 * 5) Volcanic Series : younger lava flows demonstrably associated with volcanic vents. Werner believed that these rocks reflected the local effects of burning coal beds.

The basic concept of Wernerian geology was the belief in an all encompassing ocean that gradually receded to its present location while precipitating or depositing almost all the rocks and minerals in the Earth's crust. The emphasis on this initially universal ocean spawned the term "Neptunism" that became applied to the concept and it became virtually synonymous with Wernerian teaching, although Jean-Étienne Guettard in France actually originated the view. A universal ocean led directly to the idea of universal formations, which Werner believed could be recognized on the basis of lithology and superposition. He coined the term "geognosy" (meaning "knowledge of the Earth") to define a science based on the recognition of the order, position, and relation of the layers forming the Earth. Werner believed that geognosy represented fact and not theory. His followers resisted speculation, and as a result Wernerian geognosy and Neptunism became dogma and ceased to contribute to further understanding of the history of the Earth.

His former student Robert Jameson, who later became Regius Professor at the University of Edinburgh, founded the Wernerian Natural History Society in 1808 in honour of Werner, which, while debating many aspects of natural history, was a bastion of the Wernerian view of the Earth.

Criticism
A principal focus of Neptunism that provoked almost immediate controversy involved the origin of basalt. Basalts, particularly formed as sills, were differentiated from surface lava flows, and the two were not recognized as the same rock type by Werner and his students during this period. Lavas and volcanoes of igneous origin were treated as very recent phenomena unrelated to the universal ocean that formed the layers of the Earth. Werner believed that volcanoes only occurred in proximity to coal beds. Burning melted overlying basalts and wackes, producing basalts and lavas typically at low elevations. Basalt at higher elevations proved to Werner that they were chemical precipitates of the ocean.

A second controversy surrounding Neptunism involved the volumetric problems associated with the universal ocean. How could he account for the covering of the entire Earth and then the shrinking of the ocean volume as the primitive and transitional mountains emerged and the secondary and tertiary deposits were formed? The movement of a significant volume of water into the Earth's interior had been proposed by the classical Greek geographer Strabo, but it was not embraced by Werner because it was associated with conjecture. Nevertheless, with his views on basalt, he did not believe that the interior of the Earth was molten. Werner appears to have dodged the question for the most part. He thought that some of the water could have been lost to space with the passing of some celestial body. That interpretation, however, raised the related question of explaining the return of the waters reflected in the secondary rocks.

Legacy
Werner's ability as a lecturer attracted students from all over Europe. Applications of his ideas fomented debate, particularly over the origin of basalt, in the so-called Neptunist-Plutonist controversy.

The variety of scapolite known as wernerite is named in his honour. Werner is credited with coining the term geognosy, for the geological study of the Earth's structure, specifically its exterior and interior construction.

In 1805, he described the mineral zoisite and named it after Sigmund Zois, who sent him its specimens from Saualpe in Carinthia.

Werner’s major work, Von den äußerlichen Kennzeichen der Foßilien (1774), contained a comprehensive colour scheme he had devised for the description and classification of minerals. The work, incorporating this colour nomenclature with some modifications, was translated into French by Claudine Guyton de Morveau (née Picardet) in 1790 and into English by Thomas Weaver in 1805. Patrick Syme (1774–1845), painter to the Wernerian and Horticultural Societies of Edinburgh, published in 1814 a revised version, entitled Werner's Nomenclature of Colours, with Additions, arranged so as to render it useful to the Arts and Sciences. In Germany, the scheme was favoured, for example, by the young polymath Novalis (Friedrich von Hardenberg) (1772–1801), who was impressed by its analytical character.

The Werner Mountains in Antarctica and the Werner Range in Greenland were named after him.

Works

 * Von den äusserlichen Kennzeichen der Fossilien (Leipzig, 1774; French translation by Mme. Guyton de Morveau, Paris, 1790; English translation, |A Treatise on the External Characters of Fossils, by Weaver, Dublin, 1805; later reprinted with notes by the Wernerian Society, Edinburgh, 1849–50).
 * Kurze Klassifikation und Beschreibung der verschiedenen Gebirgsarten (Dresden, 1787).
 * Neue Theorie über Entstehung der Gänge (Freiberg, 1791; French translation by Daubuisson, Paris, 1803; English translation by Charles Anderson as "New Theory of the Formation of Veins, with its Application to the Art of Working Mines", Edinburgh, 1809).

title: Abraham Gottlob Werner


text:
Cambrils

Cambrils is a coastal town in the comarca of Baix Camp, province of Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain. The town is near the tourist town Salou and is frequently visited by those travelling by air using Reus Airport.

Roman empire to Middle Ages
The town of Cambrils can trace its origins back to prehistoric times, although it was not until the Roman period that the present town of Cambrils began to grow. This is evident from the archaeological sites found throughout the municipality, such as the Roman villa of La Llosa, strategically located alongside the Via Augusta and not far from the Roman capital of Tarraco.

By the mediaeval period, there was already a permanent settlement on the right bank of the Alforja Torrent. From 1152, the kingdom of Aragon, having driven the Moors out of Catalonia, granted a series of privileges to encourage the repopulation of the place known as Cambrils. It was in the 12th century that the foundations were laid for the establishment of a stable population centre here at the southern gateway to the Camp de Tarragona, well connected to El Camino Real (the Royal Road) that linked Tortosa and Tarragona. The area also had good maritime connections; indeed, the troops of Jaume I sailed from these beaches in 1229 to re-conquer Majorca from the Moors.

Due to this strategic position, the Crown kept title over the town by establishing a feudal lord—vassal to the king-count—and a detachment of soldiers here. In addition, they built defensive walls and towers that also served to protect other nearby villages such as Els Tegells, Les Planes and Montbrió. This royal initiative lead to the development of the present-day Old Town, with a church, hostel, hermitage, hospital, convent, market, fair, artisans, and, above all, farmers who worked the rich lands surrounding Cambrils.

However, the vitality of the community was severely disrupted in December 1640 when the town of Cambrils was the site of one of the episodes of the Reapers' War (Guerra dels Segadors) that brought Catalonia into conflict with King Philip IV of Spain. Faced with a far superior army, the population of Cambrils withstood a siege that lasted three days, before they finally capitulated. Contrary to the agreed terms of surrender, the occupying troops killed a large number of the defenders and destroyed most of the town walls. This is one of the most important events in the town's history and it is commemorated every year by a ceremony held in the Plaça del Setge (Siege Square), in front of the ruins of the walls.

From the 18th century the population began to increase, as can be seen from the establishment of workers' neighbourhoods outside the walled area. At the same time, the coastal area, now the port quarter of Cambrils, was also occupied, thanks to the construction of the Port or Moors' Tower. For centuries living on the seashore had been fraught with danger, due to constant pirate attacks. Fishermen and others who did not have time to flee to the shelter of the walled town were often killed or kidnapped. Other small mediaeval villages such as Mas d'en Bisbe, Vilagrassa and Vilafortuny, the latter of which had its own castle and church, also suffered the ravages of the pirates, which impeded the growth of their populations, a situation that did not change until they were annexed to the municipality of Cambrils in the 19th century. Over time, and with the danger largely a thing of the past, the families of fishermen and seafarers began to build their houses around the Port or Moors' Tower, thus founding the quarter that, a century later, would see the construction of the harbour, which was finished in the mid 20th century and is now the best known symbol of Cambrils.

In addition to the production of flour in the town's numerous water-driven mills, from the 19th century on small industries began to develop. These included liqueur producers, brick and building material factories, and boatyards building increasingly large vessels. The opening of the railway in 1867 gave a considerable boost to the town's commerce, agriculture and fishing, despite a series of wars, epidemics, and meteorological disasters suffered during the 19th century. The 20th century brought with it the beginning of an increase in population that would be multiplied in the 1950s with the arrival of various waves of immigration from other parts of Spain.

At the beginning of the 1960s the potential of tourism to the town was realized and began to be exploited. Large estates were built to house these new arrivals, who mainly came to enjoy the Mediterranean sun, beach and cuisine.

At dawn on August 18, 2017, an Audi A-3 with five terrorists drove into the crowd that was walking along the Cambrils seafront. Subsequently, the car overturned, the terrorists got out and began stabbing passersby. The five terrorists were killed by the Mossos d'Esquadra, leaving one woman dead in their wake and six other people injured, three of them police officers. Later it became apparent that the cell killed in Cambrils had a connection with the attack the day before in Las Ramblas in Barcelona.

Economy
The city, along with the rest of the region around Tarragona, has enjoyed very rapid development over the last two decades. The town's fishing and agriculture background is being replaced by such emerging industries as chemical, petrochemical, services and tourism. These, in turn, have spurred large-scale development, leading to major investments in infrastructure and an increased standard of living. Today, most of the tourists to this area are Spaniards, who have their summer house at this fishing village with high quality beaches.

The Agriculture Cooperative of Cambrils was founded at 1902. Nowadays it is the agriculture and food industry reference around Camp de Tarragona. The local farmers produce fruits, vegetables, and arbequina olives, from which is made the well-known Extra Virgin Olive Oil PDO Siurana. This product has been awarded as Best Olive Oil of Spain in Fruity Category by the Agriculture Ministry of Spain and Best Olive Oil Mill of Spain (2005–2006) awarded by the Spanish Association of Municipalities of the Olive Tree (AEMO).

Sights
The main sights are:

 * Molí de les Tres Eres – The main building of the Cambrils Museum of History.
 * Museu Agrícola de Cambrils – Agricultural museum of Cambrils
 * Torre de l'Ermita – Chapel Tower
 * Torre del Port – Port Tower
 * Ermita de la Mare de Déu del Camí – Chapel
 * El Parc del Pescador – Fisherman's park
 * El Parc del Pinaret – The newest and largest park.

Beaches
The beaches are:

 * Eastern beaches:
 * Cap de St. Pere
 * Vilafortuny
 * Esquirol
 * The Cavet
 * Prat d'en Forés – Regueral
 * Western beaches:
 * La Riera
 * Horta de Sta. Maria
 * La Llosa
 * L'Ardiaca
 * Note:

Hiking
The GR 92 long distance footpath, which roughly follows the length of the Mediterranean coast of Spain, has a staging point at Cambrils. Stage 26 links northwards to Tarragona, a distance of 28.1 km, whilst stage 27 links southwards to L'Hospitalet de l'Infant, a distance of 16.3 km.

Notable people

 * Francisco Vidal (1868–1943), cardinal, Archbishop of Tarragona

title: Cambrils


text: User talk:199.217.32.2

title: User talk:199.217.32.2


text:
Carlos Ferrero

Carlos Ernesto Fernando Ferrero Costa (born 7 February 1941) is a Peruvian politician who served as congressman as a member of Perú Posible representing Lima from 1995 until 2006 and also served as the President of the Congress from late-2000 until 2003. He was the Prime Minister of Peru from December 2003 until his resignation August 2005. He belongs to the Perú Posible party. Before he became a member of the Perú Posible party, he was part of the Fujimorist Cambio 90 of Alberto Fujimori.

His predecessor was Beatriz Merino, who resigned on October 15, 2003 at the request of President Alejandro Toledo.

Biography
He was born on February 7, 1941. Son of the agronomist Alfredo Ferrero Rebagliati and Adelina Costa Elice, he was born in Lima in 1941, a few days later his family moved to Pisco, Ica. He returned to Lima, where he completed his initial studies at the Immaculate Heart School, and then finished high school at the Santa María Marianistas School.

His uncle, Raúl Ferrero Rebagliati, was President of the Council of Ministers and Minister of Foreign Affairs. His brother, lawyer and diplomat Eduardo Ferrero Costa, was Chancellor during Alberto Fujimori's second government.

His higher studies were carried out at the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, which he entered in 1959. At that university he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (1964) and Law (1966). He also studied at the Center for Higher Military Studies.

During his university days he was a member of the Christian Social Student Front.

He practiced radio journalism on Radio Miraflores as a political commentator (1965–1969). In the same way, he has been a news commentator on Panamericana Televisión (1978–1980) and América Televisión (1989). He was Co-host of the 2x2 television program on Canal N (1999–2000).

He worked at the Central Reserve Bank of Peru (1965–1982). He entered the Department of Economic Studies and followed training at the International Monetary Fund in Analysis and Financial Policy (1967). He then went on to work for the General Secretariat of the BCR.

He was administrative manager of the BCR (1976–1980) and president of the Peruvian part of the Puyango-Tumbes Binational Commission (1978–1980). He went on to the bank's legal department until he resigned in 1982.

He has been a professor of Law at the universities: Femenina del Sagrado Corazón (1965–1967), Católica, Ricardo Palma, San Martín de Porres, San Marcos and Lima, as well as the Diplomatic Academy of Peru.

Political career
He worked for former President Alberto Fujimori, and was elected several times under his party, Cambio 90–New Majority, After he was in disgrace with the government, he passed to the opposition party. In the 2000 elections, he ran for First Vice President as the running mate of Alejandro Toledo in his Perú Posible ticked but the ticket lost to Alberto Fujimori’s Peru 2000 ticket. Nevertheless, he was re-elected to the Congress. In late-2000, after the resignation of Fujimori, he ran against Valentín Paniagua for the Presidency of the Peruvian Congress. He lost the election, and Paniagua claimed his position as Interim President of Peru. He would then become President of the Congress in 2000, and was reaffirmed in 2001 and 2002 and served until 2003.

he became Prime Minister of December 15, 2003. On January 13, 2004, he appeared before the Congress of the Republic to present the general policy of the government and ask for the vote of confidence (or also called the investiture). Ferrero addressed the congressmen and announced that the government would meet the growing social demands and that it would follow the lines that the Toledo government proposed since July 2001: improving institutions, reducing poverty, strengthening trade and the economy, reform and modernization of the State and fight against corruption. Ferrero emphasized the reform of the State to combat corruption, the realignment of public resources. Ferrero announced the proposal to modify the Organic Law of the Executive Power, the draft Framework Law of Public Employment, the Law of incompatibilities and prohibitions for the exercise of public function, the law of the Public Employment Remuneration System. He also announced that they would promote the simplification of procedures, decentralization, private investment, education, social programs, among others. At the end of his presentation, Ferrero raised the question of confidence, which obtained 49 votes in favor, 6 against and 44 abstentions.

He resigned abruptly August 11, 2005 when president Alejandro Toledo appointed Fernando Olivera as Minister of Foreign Affairs. He failed to attain re-election in the 2006 elections.

His brother is Eduardo Ferrero Coast who is the former Ambassador (and former Minister of Foreign Affairs under the Fujimori Administration) in the United States.

title: Carlos Ferrero


text:
Slip-turn

A slip-turn is a maneuver in which an aircraft turns using only the rudder. In most aircraft, the presence of a fixed vertical stabilizer complicates the maneuver. However, in those in which the whole of the vertical stabilizer comprises the rudder, such as the Fokker Dr.I triplane, the aircraft can be made to effectively skid in the horizontal plane, a technique employed by the German World War I ace Josef Jacobs to great effect, and which Werner Voss used in his final combat.

title: Slip-turn


text:
Johnny Olson

John Leonard Olson (May 22, 1910 – October 12, 1985) was an American radio personality and television announcer. Olson is perhaps best known for his work as an announcer for game shows, particularly the work he did for Mark Goodson-Bill Todman Productions. Olson was the longtime announcer for the original To Tell the Truth and What's My Line?, and spent over a decade as the announcer for both Match Game and The Price Is Right, working on the latter series at the time of his death.

Early career
Olson's first network job on radio was in New York City in 1944, hosting (with his wife) the audience-participation show Ladies Be Seated, a stunt game along the lines of Truth or Consequences, broadcast on NBC Blue. He had previously hosted several radio shows in Chicago, including the second iteration of Johnny Olson's Rumpus Room, a late-night variety show broadcast from 10:30 p.m. to midnight, which was also the name of a later daytime talk show he hosted on the DuMont Television Network. He also was host of Johnny Olson's Luncheon Club on ABC radio in 1950-1951.

Work for DuMont Television Network
In 1945, Olson and his wife hosted a five-week run of a TV version of Ladies Be Seated. From May 1947 to July 1949, Olson hosted Doorway to Fame, an evening television talent show on the new DuMont Television Network. From January 1949 to July 1952, Olson hosted Johnny Olson's Rumpus Room, a daytime television talk show which was the first daytime show broadcast from DuMont's flagship station WABD over DuMont's small East Coast network. Olson also hosted the Saturday-morning children's show Kids and Company on DuMont from September 1951 to June 1952, with co-host Ham Fisher.

Early announcing work
On television, Olson was an announcer on Break the Bank and was the announcer and sometimes the host on Fun for the Money on ABC-TV in 1949. Olson also was the announcer for Play Your Hunch.

Olson was host of Homemaker's Jamboree, an audience-participation game show that debuted on WJZ-TV on October 5, 1952.

Beginning in 1960, Olson announced the CBS prime-time panel game To Tell the Truth. The following year, he added duties on sister show What's My Line?, and in 1962 began announcing on the original Match Game in daytime on NBC until that series ended in 1969. Before going live, Olson did an audience warm-up by asking questions and getting the audience ready for the live telecast.

Twice, in 1965 and again in 1974, he appeared as the mystery guest on What's My Line?. The first time he managed to stump the panel; the second time, Arlene Francis guessed his identity.

Olson was also the announcer for The Jackie Gleason Show from 1962 until its cancellation in 1970.

Olson continued to announce What's My Line? and To Tell the Truth after both shows moved from CBS to syndication in the late 1960s. His involvement with those shows ended when he was designated announcer of the 1972 revivals of The Price Is Right and I've Got a Secret, both of which were taped in Hollywood, where he relocated.

He was the announcer for five of The Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethons from 1966 to 1970.

The Price Is Right
Although Name That Tune, To Tell the Truth, What's My Line? and Match Game put Olson in the elite class of television game-show announcers, the revival of The Price Is Right cemented Olson's fame. In addition to serving as host Bob Barker's sidekick, Olson was a beloved and valued member of the "cast". He warmed up the audiences prior to taping; during taping, he often received on-camera exposure (occasionally bantering with Barker) prior to calling out the contestants' names. He also frequently appeared in the showcases.

His exhortation for contestants to "Come on down!" became a catchphrase, and a The Price Is Right tradition observed by his successors Rod Roddy (1986–2003), Rich Fields (2004–2010) and George Gray (2011–present).

Match Game and later career
Olson began announcing for the revived Match Game.

During the 1970s and early 1980s, during the peak of his announcing duties on The Price Is Right and Match Game, he worked on several other Goodson-Todman game shows. He announced: • Now You See It,

• Concentration (both hosted by Jack Narz)

• Mindreaders (hosted by Dick Martin)

• Double Dare (hosted by Alex Trebek)

• Body Language (hosted by Tom Kennedy)

• the 1982–84 revival of Tattletales (hosted by Bert Convy)

He also filled in for:

• Bob Hilton on Blockbusters

• Gene Wood on the NBC version of Card Sharks

• Password Plus

•  The Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour

Death
On October 6, 1985, Olson suffered a stroke and was taken to St. John's Hospital and Health Center in Santa Monica, California, where he died October 12, 1985, at age 75. Shortly afterwards, Bob Barker paid tribute to him at the end of the remaining episodes of The Price Is Right that were taped with Olson as announcer before he died:

"Since taping this program, we've lost our good friend, Johnny Olson. You'll continue to see and hear Johnny on the many programs he's already taped. He was dearly loved by all of us, and he'll be sorely missed."

title: Johnny Olson


text:
University of Illinois Springfield

The University of Illinois Springfield (UIS) is a public university in Springfield, Illinois. The university was established by the Illinois General Assembly in 1969 as Sangamon State University with a focus on post-graduate education. It became the third member of the University of Illinois system on July 1, 1995. The university now also includes a liberal arts college and is a member of the Council of Public Liberal Arts Colleges. UIS is also a member of the American Association of State Colleges and Universities and the American Council on Education. The campus' main repository, Brookens Library, holds a collection of nearly 800,000 books and serials in addition to accessible resources at the University of Illinois Chicago and University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign campuses.

The University of Illinois Springfield serves 4,198 students (Fall 2022) with 56 bachelor's degrees, 39 minors, 44 master's degrees, 1 doctorate degree, 37 graduate certificates and coursework that leads to 6 ISBE endorsements.

Sangamon State University
In 1967, the Illinois General Assembly created a Board of Regents to operate Illinois State University and Northern Illinois University, as well as a third unnamed institution in Springfield. In 1969, Governor Richard Ogilvie signed into law a bill officially creating Sangamon State University. It originally operated as an "upper-division" university—that is, a university that offers only the last two years of undergraduate education, as well as graduate work. The first classes were held on September 28, 1970, at the former Hotel Leland in downtown Springfield. In October, SSU began offering classes in the current campus location near Lake Springfield.

Sangamon State aimed to be a "truly pioneering segment of public education" through a spirit of openness, innovation and adaptability.

The school grew steadily over the years. Its first permanent building, Brookens Library, was dedicated in 1976, and its Public Affairs Center and first dormitories opened in 1980.

Transition to the University of Illinois System
In 1995, Governor Jim Edgar signed a bill which abolished the Board of Regents and merged SSU with the University of Illinois system. On July 1, SSU officially became the University of Illinois Springfield. Naomi Lynn, the last president of SSU, became the first chancellor of UIS.

Establishment of a four-year general education program
In 2001, it admitted freshmen for the first time in an honors program called the "Capital Scholars". On September 8, 2005, the University of Illinois Board of Trustees approved a new general education curriculum, making UIS a full-fledged four-year university for the first time. Freshmen were slated to be admitted under the general education curriculum beginning in fall 2006.

Campus
The University of Illinois Springfield is located six miles southeast of Springfield, occupying 740 acres of prairie land adjacent to Lake Springfield and Lincoln Land Community College. In 1841, the land was acquired by Thomas Strawbridge Jr., a prosperous saddler and harness maker in Springfield. The Thomas Strawbridge homestead, constructed around 1845, still stands on the south edge of the University of Illinois Springfield campus and was restored in 2012.

Today, there are three easily identifiable areas on campus: Legacy Campus, SSU Permanent Construction, and the University of Illinois era.

Legacy Campus
The Legacy Campus hosts an array of student services and facilities buildings. There is also the Cox Children's Center which was established in 1970. Some of the key buildings on this part of campus are the WUIS building, Student Life Building (SLB), Business Services Building (BSB), Human Resources Building (HRB), Student Affairs Building (SAB), and the Visual & Performing Arts Building (VPA).

SSU permanent construction
The first permanent construction on campus, Brookens Library was completed in 1976 and the Public Affairs Center, was completed in Fall of 1980. These buildings were the first part of a master plan of 1970–1971 that called for an "urban campus" surrounded by restored prairie land, free of all vehicular traffic and easily navigable by pedestrians. All permanent campus buildings would be located within a "ring road", now known as University Drive. The Public Affairs Center also houses Sangamon Auditorium, a 2,018 seat concert hall and performing arts center built in 1981. It occupies the entire second level of the Public Affairs Center.

Residence life
UIS offers four living options for more than 1,100 students. On the East Campus there are four courts of apartments, one being designated for family housing including Sunflower, Larkspur, CLover, and Bluebell Courts. There is also the housing office at Homer L. Butler Commons (HCOM). On West Campus there are 96 townhouses encompassed within Pennyroyal, Marigold, Trillium and Foxglove court. For first and second year students there are two residence halls, Lincoln Residence Hall (LRH) and Founders Residence Hall (FRH).

University of Illinois Degrees and Certificates
The University of Illinois Springfield has been offering online courses and degrees since 1999. Currently UIS offers 56 bachelor's degrees, 39 minors, 44 master's degree, 1 doctorate degree, 37 graduate certificates and coursework that leads to 6 ISBE endorsements.

Colleges

 * College of Business and Management
 * College of Health, Science, and Technology
 * College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences
 * College of Public Affairs & Education

Student Newspaper
The UIS Observer is the student online news publication.

Fraternities

 * Phi Kappa Tau
 * Delta Kappa Epsilon
 * Alpha Phi Alpha
 * Phi Beta Sigma
 * Sigma Lambda Beta

Sororities

 * Alpha Kappa Alpha
 * Delta Sigma Theta
 * Gamma Phi Omega
 * Sigma Sigma Sigma
 * Zeta Phi Beta

Transportation
The main campus of UIS is accessible via Sangamon Mass Transit District. Routes 11, 15, and 905 provide bus service from campus to the Lincoln Land Community College and to downtown Springfield.

Athletics

The Illinois–Springfield (UIS) athletic teams are called the Prairie Stars. The university is a member of the Division II level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the Great Lakes Valley Conference (GLVC) since the 2009–10 academic year, which they became a full-fledged Division II member on August 1, 2010. The Prairie Stars previously competed in the American Midwest Conference (AMC) of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 2003–04 to 2008–09.

UIS competes in 15 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, tennis and track & field (indoor and outdoor); while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, tennis, track & field (indoor and outdoor) and volleyball.

Alumni

 * Cheri Bustos - former U.S. representative, Illinois's 17th district (M.A. Public Affairs Reporting)
 * Mike Cernovich - right-wing social media personality and host of The Alex Jones Show on InfoWars (2001 B.A. Philosophy)
 * Ward Churchill - former University of Colorado professor, social critic, activist (1974 B.A. Communications, 1975 M.A. Communications)
 * Vince Demuzio - Illinois state senator, 1975–2004 (1981 B.A. in Education and Human Services; 1996 M.A. in Education and Public Policy)
 * Karen A. Hasara - former mayor of Springfield, Illinois, Illinois state senator, (1972 B.A. Psychology, 1992 M.A. Legal Studies)
 * Kyle Gupton - basketball player
 * Gordon S. Heddell - former United States Department of Defense inspector general (1975 M.A. Legal Studies)
 * Jim Langfelder - former mayor of Springfield, Illinois
 * Al Lewis - Columnist, Dow Jones Newswires
 * Kimberly Lightford - current member, Illinois State Senate
 * Bobby McFerrin - vocal performer and conductor (attended 1975, did not complete degree)
 * Milton J. Nieuwsma - author, Emmy-winning filmwriter-producer (1978 M.A.)
 * Richard Oruche - shooting guard on the Nigerian national basketball team (2010 B.A. Business Administration)
 * Richard Osborne - former CEO of Scotsman Industries
 * Dana Perino - White House Press Secretary for the George W. Bush administration (1995 M.A. Public Affairs Reporting)
 * Elgie Sims - current member, Illinois Senate
 * Russell Smith - movie producer
 * Thom Serafin - communications consultant

Faculty

 * Michael Burlingame, historian
 * John Knoepfle, poet and translator
 * Phillip S. Paludan, historian
 * Paul Simon, political scientist

title: University of Illinois Springfield


text:
Abram Besicovitch

Abram Samoilovitch Besicovitch (or Besikovitch; Абра́м Само́йлович Безико́вич; 23 January 1891 – 2 November 1970) was a Russian mathematician, who worked mainly in England. He was born in Berdyansk on the Sea of Azov (now in Ukraine) to a Karaite Jewish family.

Life and career
Abram Besicovitch studied under the supervision of Andrey Markov at the St. Petersburg University, graduating with a PhD in 1912. He then began research in probability theory. He converted to Eastern Orthodoxy, joining the Russian Orthodox Church, on marrying in 1916. He was appointed professor at the University of Perm in 1917, and was caught up in the Russian Civil War over the next two years. In 1920, he took a position at the Petrograd University.

In 1924, he went to Copenhagen on a Rockefeller Fellowship, where he worked on almost periodic functions under Harald Bohr. A type of function space in that field now bears his name. After a visit to G.H. Hardy at the University of Oxford, he had appointments at the University of Liverpool in 1926, and the University of Cambridge in 1927.

Besicovitch moved to Cambridge University in 1927. In 1950, he was appointed to the Rouse Ball Chair of Mathematics. In 1958, he retired and toured the US for eight years. After returning to Trinity College Cambridge, he died in 1970. He was appointed Lecturer in the Faculty of Mathematics, and therefore received recognition as a Cambridge MA by 'Special Grace' on 24 November 1928. He worked mainly on combinatorial methods and questions in real analysis, such as the Kakeya needle problem and the Hausdorff–Besicovitch dimension. These two particular areas have proved increasingly important as the years have gone by. The Kovner–Besicovitch measure of the central symmetry of planar convex sets is also named after him.

He was also a major influence on the economist Piero Sraffa, after 1940, when they were both Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, and on Dennis Lindley, one of the founders of the Bayesian movement in the United Kingdom. He was J.E. Littlewood's successor in 1950 in the Rouse Ball chair at the University of Cambridge, retiring in 1958. He died in Cambridge.

Awards and honours
Besicovitch was in 1934 made FRS and in 1952 won the Sylvester Medal from the Royal Society. He received in 1950 the De Morgan Medal of the London Mathematical Society. He was a visiting scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study in the fall of 1954.

Besicovitch's candidacy for the Royal Society reads:"'Distinguished as a pure mathematician, particularly for his researches in the theory of functions of a real variable, the theory of analytic functions, and the theory of almost periodic functions.'"

The asteroid 16953 Besicovitch is named in his honour.

A portrait of Besicovitch by Eve Goldsmith Coxeter is in the collection of Trinity College, Cambridge.

Quotation

 * A mathematician's reputation rests on the number of bad proofs he has given.

title: Abram Besicovitch


text:
University of New Mexico

The University of New Mexico (UNM; Universidad de Nuevo México) is a public research university in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Founded in 1889 by the New Mexico Territorial Legislature, it is the state's second oldest university, the flagship university in the state, and the largest by enrollment, with 22,630 students in 2023.

UNM comprises twelve colleges and schools, including a medical school and the only law school in New Mexico. It offers 215 degree and certificate programs, including 94 baccalaureate, 71 master, and 37 doctoral degree programs. The main campus spans 800 acre in central Albuquerque, with branch campuses in Gallup, Los Alamos, Rio Rancho, Taos, and Los Lunas.

UNM is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities - very high research activity". According to the National Science Foundation, it spent over $243 million on research and development in 2021, ranking 103rd in the U.S. UNM is classified as a Hispanic-Serving Institution (HSI) by the U.S. Department of Education, with nearly half its students being Hispanic.

UNM's 16 varsity sports programs, known as the Lobos, compete in NCAA Division I (FBS for football) and are members of the Mountain West Conference; the school has won national championships in skiing and cross country running. UNM's official colors are cherry and silver. The school has approximately 200,000 alumni worldwide.

Founding
The University of New Mexico was founded on February 28, 1889, with the passage of House Bill No. 186 by the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of New Mexico, which stipulated that:"Said institution is hereby located at or near the town of Albuquerque, in the county of Bernalillo within two miles north of railroad avenue in said town, upon a tract of good high and dry land, of not less than twenty acres suitable for the purposes of such institution."The bill also university when New Mexico became a state. Bernard Shandon Rodey, a judge of the territory of New Mexico, pushed for Albuquerque as the location of the university and was one of the authors of the statute that created UNM, earning him the title of "Father of the University." Two years later, Elias S. Stover became the first president of the University and the following year the university's first building, Hodgin Hall, opened.

Early growth

The third president of UNM, William G. Tight, who served from 1901 to 1909, introduced many programs for students and faculty, including the first fraternity and sorority. Tight introduced the Pueblo Revival architecture for which the campus has become known. During Tight's term, the first Pueblo Revival style building on campus, the Estufa, was constructed, and the Victorian-style Hodgin Hall was plastered over to create a monument to Pueblo Indian culture. However, Tight was vilified for his primitivism and was removed from office for political reasons, though history would vindicate him as the Pueblo Revival style became the dominant architectural style on campus.

Under David Ross Boyd, the university's fifth president, the campus was enlarged from 20 to 300 acre and a 200000 acre federal land grant was made to the university. In 1922, the university was accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. During this time, more facilities were constructed for the university, but it was under the tenure of James F. Zimmerman, the university's seventh president, that the university underwent its first major expansion. Under Zimmerman, many new buildings were constructed, student enrollment increased, new departments were added, and greater support was generated for scientific research. Among the new buildings constructed were Zimmerman Library, Scholes Hall, the first student union building (now the anthropology complex), the university's first gymnasium and its first stadium. John Gaw Meem, an architect based in Santa Fe, was contracted to design many of the buildings constructed during this period and is credited with imbuing the campus with its distinctive Pueblo Revival style.

World War II and beyond
During World War II, UNM was one of 131 U.S. colleges and universities that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program, which offered students a path to a Navy commission.

In 1945, the university hired John Philip Wernette to be its eighth president. Upon arrival, Wernette focused on improving the university's faculty, programs, and services. He instituted an eighteen-point program of procedures for the selection of new faculty and appointed a committee to ensure better teaching candidates for faculty members. He also developed a program for faculty advancement. Offices of the General Placement Bureau, Veterans Assistance, and Testing and Counseling Services were formed to assist students and Wernette required all seniors in 1946 to take the Graduate Record Examinations test to provide the school with a measurement of how well it was educating its students. The university started the Law School and School of Business Administration during his tenure.

In 1947, Wernette came into conflict with the Board of Regents over the hiring of two faculty members he thought were unqualified. His contract was not renewed by the Board the following year. Thomas L. Popejoy was appointed in 1948 as Wernette's successor, being the first native New Mexican to serve as university president. Holding his position for the next twenty years, Popejoy presided over a period major growth for the university. During this time, enrollment jumped from nearly 5,000 to more than 14,000; new programs such as medicine, nursing, dental, and law were founded; and numerous new facilities were constructed, including Mesa Vista Hall, Mitchell Hall, Johnson Gymnasium, new dormitories, the current student union building, the College of Education complex, the business center, the engineering complex, the Fine Arts Center, the Student Health Center, University Stadium, University Arena (now officially known by its nickname of The Pit), and North Campus. This period also saw the foundation of UNM's branch facilities in Los Alamos and Gallup and the acquisition of the D.H. Lawrence Ranch north of Taos.

During the early 1970s, two sit-in protests at UNM led to a response from law enforcement officers. On May 5, 1970, protestors against the Vietnam War and the Kent State massacre occupied the Student Union Building. The National Guard was ordered to sweep the building and arrest those inside; eleven students and journalists were bayonetted when those outside did not hear the order to disperse given inside. On May 10, 1972, a peaceful sit-in protest near Kirtland Air Force Base led to the arrest of thirty-five people and was pushed back to UNM, leading to eight more arrests. The following day, tear gas was used against hundreds of demonstrators on campus and the situation continued to deteriorate, leading the university to declare a state of emergency.

New programs and schools were created in the 1970s and the university gained control over the hospital on North Campus. New facilities for the medical and law schools were constructed on North Campus and new Main Campus buildings were constructed on the site of the now demolished Zimmerman Field, including Ortega Hall, Woodward Hall, the Humanities building, and the Art building. The campus also underwent a new landscaping plan, which included the construction of the duck pond west of Zimmerman Library and the conversion of many streets to pedestrian malls in order to make a more pedestrian-friendly campus.

At the end of the decade, the university was implicated in a recruiting scandal dubbed "Lobogate" by the press. An FBI wiretap on the phone of a prominent Lobo booster recorded a conversation in which basketball head coach Norm Ellenberger arranged with assistant coach Manny Goldstein to transfer bogus credits from a California junior college to the office of the UNM registrar. Subsequent investigation turned up a manufactured college seal from Mercer County Community College in New Jersey, along with blank transcripts and records of previous forgery. Further investigation uncovered alleged incentives like cars and apartments doled out to prime players and exposed a vast network of sports gambling. The scandal forced Ellenberger to resign and defined the term of William E. Davis, UNM's eleventh president.

Recent history
The university has continued to grow, with expanding enrollment and new facilities. In the 1980s, dramatic expansion occurred at the medical center, business school, and engineering school. The Centennial Library was also constructed. During the 1990s, an Honors College was founded, and the university completed construction of a new bookstore and Dane Smith Hall. The Research Park at South Campus was also expanded.

By this point, the university had one of the largest student and faculty populations of Hispanics and Native Americans in the country. A study released in 1995 showed that the number of full-time Hispanic faculty at UNM was four times greater than the national average and the number of Native American teachers five times greater. The schools of law and business had some of the largest Hispanic student populations of any university in the country.

In the first decade of the 2000s, major expansion began on medical facilities on North Campus. The current visitor center, a new engineering center, and George Pearl Hall were constructed. Renovations and expansions were undertaken on several buildings on Main Campus, along with the creation of a branch campus in Rio Rancho. This wave of construction is continuing at present with more projects ongoing.

In 2016, UNM was the first university in the country to launch a Signature School Program with the Central Intelligence Agency, which enables students to interact with analysts and learn how to join the CIA once they graduate.

In 2017, the campus became smoke and tobacco free, with the exception of a few designated smoking areas located near the residence halls. The New Mexico Department of Health assisted in the effort, paying for signs and stickers around campus as well as a PSA shown during orientation.

Into the 21st century, UNM has become a major contributor to New Mexico's burgeoning bioscience sector: The university's health sciences and biomedical engineering programs have helped launch 39 health-related startups since 2013, as well as 40 tech startups during the same period. Bioscience ventures accounted for 17 of 29 companies, or 58%, that formed from UNM-based research and technology between 2019 and 2022. The school has launched several programs and initiatives aimed at fostering more technology startups, often in collaboration with local, state, and federal agencies as well as other southwestern universities. In 2021, the Directed Energy Center at UNM became established hrough a cooperative agreement with the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL).

Campus
UNM's main campus is located on 800 acre in Albuquerque on the heights a mile east of Downtown Albuquerque. It is split in three parts – central, north, and south. The central campus is situated between Central Avenue on the south, Girard Boulevard on the east, Lomas Boulevard on the north, and University Boulevard on the west, and is home to the main academic university. The North Campus, which includes the medical, nursing, pharmacological, and law schools as well as the University of New Mexico Hospital, is located on the north side of Lomas across from the central campus. The South campus is located a mile south of the central campus, centered around the intersection of University Boulevard and Avenida César Chavez, and includes most of UNM's athletic facilities. The central campus is noted for its unique Pueblo Revival architectural style, with many of the buildings designed by former university architect John Gaw Meem, who is credited with imbuing the campus with its distinctive Southwestern feel. The central campus is also home to the University of New Mexico Arboretum, which contains some 320 species of woody plants.

Eight university buildings are listed separately on the National Register of Historic Places, including Hodgin Hall, the university's first building, and two adjacent structures, the Art Annex and Sara Reynolds Hall. The Estufa, one of the first Pueblo Revival style structures in the country and the first on campus, is also on the list. Other structures on the registry are Carlisle Gymnasium, Jonson Gallery, Scholes Hall, and the University House.

The central campus is home to four museums: the Maxwell Museum of Anthropology in the anthropology building, the Silver Family Geology Museum and the Meteorite Museum which are located in Northrop Hall, the Museum of Southwestern Biology in the CERIA building, and the University Art Museum in the Center for the Arts.

In an effort to promote sustainability and lessen the environmental impact of the campus, UNM has been reducing the campus energy usage through monitoring and retrofitting cooling, heating, water, and lighting technologies. Due to these efforts, the university's grade on the College Sustainability Report Card 2009 improved from a "C" to a "B" according to the Sustainable Endowments Institute. Since 2008, following an executive order that all new state buildings over 15000 sqft must meet LEED silver at minimum, all new construction on campus has been registered for LEED status. So far, an expansion of Castetter Hall and the Technology and Education Center are the only LEED-certified buildings on campus, with a Gold and Platinum rating respectively. Several other buildings are currently registered for LEED status.

Libraries
The primary UNM library units are the Health Sciences Library and Informatics Center, the Law Library, and the University Libraries, which consists of:
 * Centennial Science and Engineering Library
 * Center for Southwest Research (special collections and archives—housed in Zimmerman Library)
 * Fine Arts and Design Library
 * Parish Memorial Business and Economics Library
 * Zimmerman Library (for humanities and social sciences)

Academics
The University of New Mexico offers more than 215 degree and certificate programs, including 94 baccalaureate, 71 masters and 37 doctoral degrees, through 12 colleges and schools:

Rankings
In its list of "Best Colleges" in the U.S. for 2022, U.S. News & World Report ranked UNM as tied for 212th among national universities, tied for 107th among public universities, and tied at 90th for "Top Performers on Social Mobility". Several graduate programs are highly ranked nationally, including family medicine (7th), graduate clinical training (8th), nuclear engineering (14th), and primary care (16th); among the graduate programs in the top 100 nationwide are electrical engineering (63), computer engineering (69), chemical engineering (77), and physics (77).

UNM ranks 8th in the "Military Friendly" rating, which denotes institutions that excel in accommodating, aiding, and retaining students who are military veterans.

Undergraduate admissions
Undergraduate admission to UNM is rated "selective" by U.S. News & World Report, with an acceptance rate of 65% according to The Princeton Review. For Fall 2019, the school received 12,181 freshmen applications, of which 5,973 were admitted (49.0%) and 2,594 enrolled. The average GPA of enrolled freshmen was 3.44, while the middle 50% range of SAT composite scores were 1000–1290, 520–640 for evidence-based reading and writing, and 520–630 for math. The middle 50% range of the ACT Composite score was 19–25.

Athletics
UNM's NCAA Division I program (FBS for football) offers 18 varsity sports. The teams are known as the Lobos, who compete in the Mountain West Conference. Two human mascots, referred to as Louie Lobo and Lucy Lobo, rouse crowds at New Mexico athletic events. The official school colors are cherry and silver. The Lobos have won national championships in skiing and cross country running.

Rivalries
UNM maintains strong athletic rivalries with New Mexico State University. The UNM-NMSU rivalry is called the Rio Grande Rivalry, a competitive series based on points awarded to the winners of head-to-head competitions between the two universities in every sport. A rotating trophy is granted to the winning university for a period of one year, until the award presentation the following year. The rivalry is celebrated at UNM by the Red Rally, a large bonfire that takes place the Thursday before the UNM-NMSU football game.

Basketball

The Lobo men's basketball team is famous for its venue, The Pit. It may be best known as the site of the 1983 NCAA basketball championship, in which North Carolina State University, coached by Jim Valvano, upset the University of Houston.

The UNM women's basketball team has won the Mountain West championship for four of the past five years, and have gone to the NCAA Tournament for the past six consecutive years.

Cross country
The UNM women's cross-country team won the NCAA championship in 2015 and 2017. Lobo Ednah Kurgat also won the individual title in 2017, and UNM's Weini Kelati won in 2019.

Football
The Lobo football team plays at University Stadium which is located across the street from The Pit.

The team has been to six bowl games since 1997 after a 35-year bowl drought. Placekicker Katie Hnida made history in the 2003 Las Vegas Bowl when she became the first woman to play in an NCAA Division I-A game, attempting but missing an extra point in the Lobos's 27–13 loss to UCLA. She later attempted and made two extra points in UNM's 72–8 victory over Texas State.

New Mexico also lost its 2003 and 2004 bowl games, making its record in bowl games 2–8–1. The football team went to the first year of the New Mexico Bowl in 2006 and lost to San Jose State University 20–12. In 2007, the Lobos finished the regular season 8–4 and were invited to the New Mexico Bowl for the second straight season. The Lobos shut out the favored Nevada Wolf Pack 23–0 to win their first bowl game since the 1961 Aviation Bowl.

Student life
The main university campus is located in the lower Heights of Albuquerque just east of Downtown Albuquerque and is the focal point for the neighborhoods surrounding it; the neighborhoods to the immediate south and west are home to a large population of students. However, the vast majority of UNM's student population live off-campus around the Albuquerque metropolitan area, with only just over 2,000 living in on-campus housing.

The Student Union Building (SUB) is a major activity center for students on-campus, with a food court, a movie theater, event facilities, student government and organization offices, student services, and recreation areas. Another major hotspot for students is the popular Frontier Restaurant, a late-night eatery located across Central Avenue from main campus and a popular meeting spot for students. The Duck Pond is a popular relaxation spot for students and local residents, particularly in the warmer months.

Student organizations
There are over 400 student-run organizations on campus, which include academic, athletic, ethnic, honorary, political, religious, and service groups, as well as fraternities and sororities.

ASUNM
The Associated Students of the University of New Mexico (ASUNM) is the undergraduate student government of UNM, with an elected student body president, vice-president, student court, and 20 senators. Senators are elected to two-semester terms. There are two elections each school year; in each, 10 senators are elected. Many candidates run in slates. There are different agencies within ASUNM, such as Lobo Spirit and Community Experience.

GPSA
The Graduate and Professional Student Association (GPSA) is the graduate student government of UNM, led by an elected president and a representative council from the different schools of study on campus since 1969.

Greek life
The University of New Mexico is home to several fraternities and sororities; on-campus sources claim that around 5% of the UNM student body is involved in Greek life.

Traditions

 * Homecoming Week is held each fall to welcome back alumni. Over the course of the week, the student body elects a Homecoming King and Queen and six attendants (three male and three female) to serve as the homecoming court.
 * Lobo Day is a celebration for the founding date of the university on February 28, 1889.
 * Red Rally is a rally held before the football match with UNM's rival, New Mexico State University.

Media
UNM owns and operates KUNM-FM, one of two National Public Radio stations in Albuquerque. In 2008, KUNM-FM won 16 Associated Press awards, including Station of the Year. UNM also owns and operates the University of New Mexico Press, its publishing arm established in 1929. With Albuquerque Public Schools, UNM also operates New Mexico PBS, Albuquerque's public television station which currently broadcasts in High Definition Digital on two channels, English and Spanish. The Daily Lobo is UNM's student-run daily newspaper and is a publication serving the metro area.

title: University of New Mexico


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Spatial mismatch

Spatial mismatch is the mismatch between where low-income households reside and suitable job opportunities. In its original formulation (see below) and in subsequent research, it has mostly been understood as a phenomenon affecting African-Americans, as a result of residential segregation, economic restructuring, and the suburbanization of employment.

Spatial mismatch was first proposed by John F. Kain, following the theory of John Meyer, in a seminal 1968 article, "Housing Segregation, Negro Employment, and Metropolitan Decentralization". That article did not specifically use the term "spatial mismatch", and Kain disclaimed credit.

In 1987, William Julius Wilson was an important exponent, elaborating the role of economic restructuring, as well as the departure of the black middle-class, in the development of a ghetto underclass in the United States.

History
After World War I, many wealthy Americans started decentralizing out of the cities and into the suburbs. During the second half of the 20th century, department stores followed the trend of moving into the suburbs. In 1968, Kain formulated the “Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis”, but he did not refer to it by this term. His hypothesis was that black workers reside in segregated zones that are distant and poorly connected to major centers of growth. The phenomenon has many implications for inner-city residents dependent on low-level entry jobs. For example, distance from work centers can lead to increasing unemployment rates and further dampen poverty outcomes for the region at large. Since its conceptualization in the late 1960s, the spatial mismatch hypothesis has been widely cited to explain the economic problems encountered by inner-city minorities.

Factors
In 2007, Laurent Gobillon, Harris Selod, and Yves Zenou suggested that there are seven different factors that support the spatial mismatch phenomenon. Four factors are attributed to potential workers accessibility and initiatives. The remaining three factors stress employers' reluctance to divert away from the negative stigma of city people and in particular minorities when hiring.

Potential workers perspectives

 * Commuting cost is seen as an obstacle for inner-city people to be present for job interviews and furthermore to arrive to work everyday on time. In other words, cars may be too expensive for some workers and they may have to rely heavily on public transportation. Public transportation is problematic in a sense that it is not always prompt and may not stop at all job location sites.
 * Information access to jobs decreases as distance increases away from the job center. People who are living away from the job center are generally less knowledgeable about potential openings than individuals who live closer to the job center. Therefore, networking and information spillovers are of a major advantage in accessing information about potential openings.
 * There seems to be a lack of incentive for distance workers to search intensively for a job that is relatively far away. Gobillion, Selod and Zenou believe that minorities, more or less, do a tradeoff between short-term loss and long-term benefits. The short term loss involves making frequent search trips to distant work centers. However, the long-term benefit involves obtaining a stable job and thus a higher wage rate. Unfortunately, minorities tend to weigh the short-term loss higher than the long-term benefits and as a result, decrease their opportunity at obtaining a job in the suburbs.
 * There also seems to be a high search cost involve for urban workers looking for a job in the suburbs. It might be associated with paying a job agency to expand their search beyond the urban residential area or locating an agency in the suburbs.

China
Growth of ghost cities in China, mostly from not yet agglomerated areas between or adjacent metropolitan areas or coal mining towns, as in the case of the most famous example, Kangbashi New Area of Ordos, are an example of spatial mismatch. In the case of places near metropolitan areas, it represents less of a risk going forward than in mining areas.

title: Spatial mismatch