text:
Red-necked nightjar

The red-necked nightjar (Caprimulgus ruficollis) is the largest of the nightjars occurring in Europe. It breeds in Iberia and North Africa, and winters in tropical West Africa.

Taxonomy
Caprimulgus is derived from the Latin capra, "nanny goat", and mulgere, "to milk", referring to an old myth that nightjars suck milk from goats. The specific ruficollis is from Latin rufus, "red", and collum, "neck".

The common name "nightjar", first recorded in 1630, refers to the nocturnal habits of the bird, the second part of the name deriving from the distinctive churring song.

There are two subspecies: nominate ruficollis, breeding in Iberia, and desertorum breeding in North Africa. The North African form desertorum is paler than the Iberian one, and has different patterning on the base of its primary feathers: dark and orange bands of approximately equal width, compared to the narrower orange bands and greater extent of black of ruficollis.

Description
The variegated plumage resembles the European nightjar. The adult is lichen-grey, barred and streaked with buff, chestnut and black. The underparts are barred. It is larger and longer-tailed than the more widespread species, and has a rufous neck-collar. Both sexes have white wing spots, tail sides and throat. During the day this nightjar lies silent upon the ground, concealed by its plumage; it is difficult to detect, looking like a bit of lichen-covered twig or a fragment of bark. The length is 32 cm, and the wingspan 64 cm. Like other nightjars, it has a wide gape, long wings, soft downy plumage and nocturnal habits.

Call
Its call is a repetitive mechanical kyok-kyok-kyok..., which rises and falls as the bird turns its head from side to side. When it churrs, the bird lies or crouches along a branch or rail, but it will sing from a post. During courtship, and occasionally at other times, it uses a mechanical signal, a sharp cracking sound, caused by clapping the wings together over the back.

Habitat
Open sandy heaths with trees or bushes are the haunts of this crepuscular nightjar. It flies at dusk, most often at sundown, with an easy, silent moth-like flight; its strong and deliberate wingbeats alternate with graceful sweeps and wheels with motionless wings. Crepuscular insects, such as moths, are its food.

Nesting
It is a late migrant, seldom appearing in the breeding area before the end of April or beginning of May. No nest is made; the two elongated and elliptical eggs are placed upon the bare ground; the brooding bird, sitting closely, is their best protection.

Vagrancy
The species has occurred as a vagrant twice in northern Europe, in Northumberland, Britain in October 1856, and in Denmark in 1991. The Northumberland bird was shot at Killingworth on 5 October by a gamekeeper, and the specimen purchased by John Hancock. In 2006, Keith Vinicombe and Dominic Mitchell cast doubt on the British record, believing that the lack of detail around the circumstances of finding indicated that a mistake or fraud could not be ruled out. The British Ornithologists' Union Records Committee subsequently re-examined the record and came to the conclusion that it should continue to be regarded as acceptable. The British record is a first-autumn bird of the Iberian race ruficollis, and the Danish record also appears to be of this form; earlier suggestions that the British bird was of the North African race desertorum were erroneous – the specimen's paleness being due to fading whilst on public display at the Hancock Museum. There are also several nineteenth-century European records from outside the species' normal breeding range: from southeast France, Malta, the Canary Islands, Croatia, Israel and Sicily.

title: Red-necked nightjar


text:
Talk:Sight-reading

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Amberrymc.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 09:20, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Hyphenation
Qazin (talk) 05:43, 30 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Hyphenate except as noted below.
 * Its use in direct quotes should not be changed from its original hyphenation.
 * Its use in citations, notes, references, etc. should not be changed.
 * The article title is incorrect and needs to be change.
 * "Sight-playing" and "sight-singing" are also hyphenated. "Sight transposition" is not.

Discuss links
Editors regularly clean out undiscussed links from this article. Please discuss in Unresolved Proposals/Questions below if you want a link not to be cleaned out regularly, and review the following guidelines: Qazin (talk) 22:58, 31 July 2008 (UTC)
 * WikiProject Spam
 * Spam
 * External links

Assessment and standards has suspected advertisement
I suspect assessment and standards section - thelast paragraph is put there for concealed marketing purposes:

There is just one commercial product it claims it is the standard, questionable at best. If reader searches "The Standard Assessment of Sight Reading" they will be led to that particular commercial product.

The real question is that is there really a widely accepted assessment standard and what institutions endorse it and possibly use for assessing? Is there such information anywhere? If not, I suggest this paragraph to be removed.

Fix article title (move page)
Per guidelines, this article title needs to be changed to hyphenated, existing redirects need to be changed to the new title, and a new redirect needs to be created from old title to new title. Qazin (talk) 06:12, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

Clarification
How come you can read and play "musical notation without having seen it before"?? -- Taku 07:08, Nov 6, 2003 (UTC)

 * You've seen the notation system before - you've just not seen this particular piece of sheet music before. I've tweaked it a bit - hopefully it's clearer now. --Camembert

Thanks. Now, it makes sense. -- Taku

Should we include other kinds of sight reading?
Sight reading is also something that actors do -- being presented with a script and having to perform it without rehearsal or preparation. Does anyone else think this should be mentioned somewhere within the article? --Sonance 06:48, May 27, 2005 (UTC)
 * That's a very good point. I've added a mention in the first paragraph, but that's probably not enough, since the rest of the article is purely about music. If the term 'sight reading' is common in acting as well as music, then it needs a section to itself - but I'm not at all qualified to do that. Would anyone else like to have a go? Wombat 08:00, 27 May 2005 (UTC)

I'm familiar with the expression "Cold reading"; do actors really sight read? I notice the cold reading article is about something else altogether. Sparafucil 04:51, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

Silent reading
I am quite fascinated by this sentence: "This distinction is analogous to ordinary prose reading during the Middle Ages, when the ability to read silently was apparently considered remarkable." Does anyone have a source for this? I would love to learn more.

Oh here:

When [Ambrose] read, his eyes scanned the page and his heart sought out the meaning, but his voice was silent and his tongue was still. Anyone could approach him freely and guests were not commonly announced, so that often, when we came to visit him, we found him reading like this in silence, for he never read aloud. This quote, taken from St. Augustine’s Confessions, and referring to Ambrose, bishop of Milan circa 383 AD, offers the first instance in recorded Western literature of silent reading (Manguel 43). The fact that Augustine took such pains to point out the circumstance, emphasizing the fact that Ambrose "never read aloud", suggests that this practice was by no means considered an ordinary occurrence at the time. Indeed, there is ample evidence "to suggest that in medieval Europe reading was normally [sic] a public activity, performed out loud for the benefit of the listeners" (Rendall 35). Certainly, this is partly due to the fact that literacy rates throughout the Western world were so low as to be almost non-existent until the early 16th century. Thus, the only way for written information to be disseminated was through public readings.

http://www.louisville.edu/a-s/english/dale/401/termpapers/foster.htm

 * Thanks very much, 24.215.202.168. I put the anecdote into the Ambrose article and also added here a link to a book chapter that covers this material more thoroughly.

 * Btw you can sign and date your postings (thus making these talk pages a bit more coherent by concluding with four consecutive tildes: ~ .  Yours truly, Opus33 16:09, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

An unsupported passage
I am moving this passage to the talk page:

 * Sight reading ability is a distinct area of study for musicians and will tend to atrophy if neglected. Practice improves the ability and a musician who has a sight-reading job will get better results by doing a lot of sight reading beforehand. The best way to improve sight reading is to do exactly that: read page after page of totally unfamiliar music.

Reason: there's no source given, it just seems to be someone's opinion. To qualify for inclusion in an encyclopedia, we'd need to have a reference to a controlled experimental study showing that practice makes a difference, or a poll of musicians asking them if their sight reading ability atrophies when they don't practice it. A quick Google check didn't find any such sources on line, but perhaps a visit to a library might do it. Opus33 16:09, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed - I can only offer anecdotal evidence that it's the case (my sight-reading used to be so much better!), and that's not really enough. Wombat 08:27, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Remove Refimprove template
I've added some references for existing content and I've added some additional referenced content and references. Most of the content is now referenced fairly well. I propose removing the Refimprove template currently at the top of the article. Any remaining holes in the sourcing can be annotated with a template. Please comment. Qazin (talk) 20:11, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

Seeing no objections, I have implemented the above proposal and moved this to Resolved Proposals. Qazin (talk) 20:25, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

Sight-read vs Sight read
The article has both uses: with and without the hyphen. An online (American) dictionary has it as "sight-read" (http://m-w.com/dictionary/sight%20read). Is that the universal preferred spelling, or is "sight read" (no hyphen) more common elsewhere? Either way, I think this article should use only one or the other. Harveydrone 23:49, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Very good question. I looked at a few journal articles and it is usually hyphenated, but not always and not even consistently in the same article. My AHD 3rd electronic version also shows it hyphenated. Regardless of the noun and verb hyphenation:
 * Its use as a compound modifier should always be hyphenated. For example, it should be "sight-reading skills" not "sight reading skills." However, even this isn't even followed consistently in the literature.
 * I think it should be the same as the title of the article. So if we decided to hyphenate in the article, we probably should change the article title. Not sure of the difficulty or impact of this.
 * Its use in direct quotes should not be changed from its original hyphenation.
 * Its use in citations should not be changed.
 * Qazin (talk) 20:42, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

 * OED 2nd ed also shows it hyphenated. Qazin (talk) 04:14, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

Seeing no further discussion, I have resolved the above question by adding an editorial guideline above, fixing non-conforming content, and moving this to Resolved Proposals. I will leave the title change to someone else or I will do it in the future. Qazin (talk) 05:24, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

Move "In Drama" section to Cold Reading (theatrical) article
I propose moving the In Drama section to the existing Cold reading (theatrical) article thereby limiting the subject of this article to music. Here are my reasons:
 * There is already more content on this specific practice in the Cold reading (theatrical) article.
 * cold-reading may be the more commonly used term for this practice as suggested by these google search results:
 * cold-reading drama -music 7060
 * sight-reading drama -music 3500
 * cold-reading acting -music 22500
 * sight-reading acting -music 3190

 * The OED 2nd ed. definition of sight-reading is limited to the practice in music. (However, my AHD 3rd ed does not limit to music, but only gives music as an example.)
 * Although the OED 2nd ed. does not have an entry for cold-reading, it does have an entry for cold as an adverb meaning w/o preparation, preliminary performance, and cites a theatrical example. Please comment. Qazin (talk) 04:11, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

Seeing no objections, I have implemented this proposal: moved relevant content to Cold reading (theatrical), removed "In Drama" section, promoted remaining sections, added otheruses template to top. Qazin (talk) 19:11, 4 August 2008 (UTC)

Pedagogy External Link
My new addition to Pedagogy has a related addition to External Links. It seems to meet all the criteria in the Discuss links guidelines for acceptability and desirability. It is relevant to two references in the content, which I've marked with links to the External Links section. Please review and comment. Qazin (talk) 23:40, 6 August 2008 (UTC)

Since there has been no discussion on this in two months, I have moved it to the Resolved section. If anyone wants to discuss it in the future, please move it back to the Unresolved section. Thank you. Qazin (talk) 17:50, 7 October 2008 (UTC)

See User_talk:Aruffo. Qazin (talk) 21:23, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

 * So I didn't notice it two months ago, and it's lain dormant; I've noticed it now. (Although a delay often makes reasonable an assumption of no disagreement, I am not aware of a statute of limitations.)  If this external site is a site you have a personal stake in, then it is a conflict of interest and should not be added by you.  If it is a site that contains scientific information relevant to the topic, the relevant information should be included as part of the article body and referenced appropriately.  If the external site expands significantly and substantially upon a relevant concept which cannot reasonably be contained within the Wiki article, then the concept should be included in the body and referenced appropriately.  If, however, the link is merely provided as an afterthought-like "for more information, see..." then it can be as easily found with a Google search, and qualifies to be removed as linkspam.  aruffo (talk) 23:00, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I completely agree that delayed editing is just as valid. "... you can assume that silence implies consensus ... until someone comes along and changes the page by editing or reverting. The more visible the statement, and the longer it stands unchallenged, the stronger the implication of consensus is. ... Where a decision is based mostly on silence, it is especially important to remember that consensus can change" WP:Silence. Thanks for joining the discussion. Qazin (talk) 22:31, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

In response to Aruffo's opposition to the proposed external link to www.sightreadingpractice.com, I have reexamined the relevant guidelines. Although the guidelines otherwise imply this site should be linked, it IS a potential conflict of interest (COI) since I created the site. "You should avoid linking to a website that you own, maintain or represent, even if the guidelines otherwise imply that it should be linked" Links to Avoid.

However, this alone does not preclude including the link. "If the link is to a relevant and informative site that should otherwise be included, please consider mentioning it on the talk page and let neutral and independent Wikipedia editors decide whether to add it. ... Each link should be considered on its merits, using the following guidelines. As the number of external links in an article grows longer, assessment should become stricter. When in doubt about the appropriateness of adding new links, make a suggestion on the article's talkpage and discuss with other editors.".

 * This link meets all the guidelines under What to Link including that it is "proper in the context of the article (useful, tasteful, informative, factual, etc.)."
 * It does not violate any of the Restrictions on linking.
 * It also does not fall under any of the Links to Avoid, except the COI issue discussed above.

If this link is found to be appropriate, it should be add in an External Links section and not inline since inline external links are deprecated, even for citations WP:IC Embedded Links.

I am presenting this link for consideration by neutral and independent editors. Please comment. Thank you. Qazin (talk) 22:31, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I wouldn't disagree that the link fails to violate most restrictions, which are written to appropriately exclude most undesirable content. However, failure to be undesirable does not automatically make something desirable, and there are also explicit restrictions specifically written to exclude this type of link.  The content provided by this proposed link is neither extraordinary nor notable.  Inclusion of a non-notable "example" will, by slippery slope, allow and encourage the enlistment of any and all non-notable sites who provide content which is substantially similar, if not identical.  As a neutral and independent editor, I point out that Wikipedia is not a directory, and to find sites such as this proposed link, a reader is better served by a Google search, which will turn up not only that site but dozens more of the same. aruffo (talk) 02:27, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

Aruffo, I appreciate your neutral independent perspective and thoughtful arguments. I respectfully point out that the guideline addresses not only what not to link, but also What should be linked, including:
 * "Sites that contain neutral and accurate material that cannot be integrated into the Wikipedia article due to copyright issues, amount of detail (such as professional athlete statistics, movie or television credits, interview transcripts, or online textbooks) or other reasons. Sites with other meaningful, relevant content that is not suitable for inclusion in an article, such as reviews and interviews."

The "other reason" the proposed site cannot be integrated into the article is that it contains over 5500 flashcards and is interactive.

It is doubtful that slippery slope will allow or justify additional redundant examples. This potential problem is already anticipated and mitigated by what to link in the guidelines:

 * "Each link should be considered on its merits, using the following guidelines. As the number of external links in an article grows longer, assessment should become stricter. When in doubt about the appropriateness of adding new links, make a suggestion on the article's talkpage and discuss with other editors".

In other words, consideration of an additional link is on its own merits rather than precedence, stricter for subsequent links, and subject to discussion on the talk page. Following this guideline will prevent the External Links section from becoming a directory.

Moreover, we have a notice on the this talk page fashioned after the Discuss Links Here template as recommended by Project Spam that requires all links be discussed prior to addition. We should also included this comment after the External Links heading: ATTENTION! Please do not add links without discussion and consensus on the talk page. Undiscussed links will be removed.

It is also doubtful that slippery slope will encourage such redundant links, since the history shows that some previous additions of less relevant external links were made even without such encouragement, and the last addition was made only after the proposed link was up for two months. That link was added without discussion and in violation of the guideline, and therefore was properly removed without discussion or consideration of its merits.

Though I am admittedly biased, the proposed site is the best example I've found of the type of program referenced in the article. It is arguably the best site because I created it by combining and adding to all the existing sites I could find. I couldn't find a single site with all the capabilities I wanted. In fact, if another better site can be found, I wouldn't object to linking to it instead of my site.

It is true that a google search will turn up some free online sight reading practice sites, but they are buried in among hundreds of thousands of irrelevant results. It took me a long time using google to determine the best search terms and to find even a handful of applicable sites. Linking to the proposed site would save users a lot of time.Qazin (talk) 21:44, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

 * You seem to be offering contradictory evidence by first suggesting that a certain link is unusually meritorious but then demonstrating that it barely registers among hundreds of thousands of similar Google results. Although Google results are, themselves, assuredly not the sole measure of notability, the fact that there are hundreds of thousands of similar Google results is illustrative.  Linking from Wikipedia will not make it any easier for people to find a site; it will make it easier for people to find your site, and there is little reason that can be given why yours should be favored over theirs.  The fact that there of hundreds of thousands of similar pages strongly suggests that the criteria of notability applicable for arguing inclusion or exclusion of any one of them are inherently identical to that of the link you propose.  That is, your site's merit as an exemplar is of questionable value placed aside its evident and demonstrated lack of notability; one's own children are always the prettiest, and you have not made us aware of any independent and objective public evaluations which testify or suggest that your site is more notable than any other, much less notable enough to be considered an encyclopedic reference.  Although I might contend that slippery slope is inevitable when standards for inclusion are reduced to mere exemplars, regardless of quality, the slippery slope factor is theoretically irrelevant because the objectively observable commonality and indistinguishability (among hundreds of thousands) of the link you propose is strong argument for its exclusion.  aruffo (talk) 20:12, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

Aruffo, it appears from your response that my last comment was unclear and invited misinterpretation. I apologize and will attempt to clarify.
 * You said I demonstrated that "there are hundreds of thousands of similar Google results." In fact, I said there are "hundreds of thousands of irrelevant results." By irrelevant I mean dissimilar to the point of being unrelated to the proposed site. I further stated that I was only able to find a "handful of applicable sites." By applicable, I mean similar. There are not, as you interpreted from my comment, "hundreds of thousands of similar pages," there are only a handful similar pages among 716,000 dissimilar unrelated word-search results (and among 4500 phrase-search results).
 * You said I demonstrated the proposed site "barely registers" in the google search. In fact, I said that the search yields "some free online sight reading practice sites ... buried in among" these unrelated sites, thus demonstrating the lack of precision of a google search. I didn't mention where the proposed site ranks, but it ranks very high. If you do a google search on the phrase or words "sight reading practice", you will see the proposed site ranks number three and number four respectively.
 * Of course, this invites the question, "if users can find the proposed link so easily by doing a google search, why does it need to be linked in the article?" That is answered in the end of my last comment: "It took me a long time using google to determine the best search terms and to find even a handful of applicable sites. Linking to the proposed site would save users a lot of time." This gives me an idea for an alternative to the current proposal which I may enter as a separate proposal after I've researched it in the guidelines.
 * Since there are only a few similar sites (that I've been able to find) instead of hundreds of thousands, my claim of notability is not quite as hyperbolic as you imply. However, I agree that I have presented no evidence. But, I did offer the concession that if a superior site is found subsequent to linking the proposed site, the superior site should replace it. I think this demonstrates my good faith in proposing this link to improve the article and not merely out of my admitted potential COI. The problem of comparing the few similar sites in determining which is objectively best, gives me yet another idea for an alternative, which I may also be proposing on this page after I've researched it in the guidelines. Qazin (talk) 03:58, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Conflict of interest is not a minimal issue, it is a primary issue. This is not an issue of merit or quality, but of notability.  You claim that your site is "the best".  Another person could as easily, and as legitimately, claim their own site to be "superior" (or denigrate yours as "inferior").  No such personal claim makes either site an encyclopedic reference.  I don't see that anyone would have reason to doubt your good faith. Choosing to dismiss explicit criteria for exclusion in favor of attending to implicit criteria for inclusion is a natural consequence of conflict of interest, because of your sincere and honest desire to find reasons to have your site included.  I repeat-- including a link does not help readers find a site, but your site.  It is your opinion that readers would desire to find your site, and Wikipedia's guideline that Wikipedia is not a directory.  The questionable and subjective assertion that sites which offer sight reading practice are difficult to come by (the first search I attempted immediately revealed dozens of sites which seem fully related and entirely relevant, and your site came up as hit #4) is nonetheless trumped by the observation that mere exemplars are not encyclopedic.  aruffo (talk) 04:28, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

Since inclusion of external links requires consensus and no consensus appears likely on this proposal, I consider it failed and am moving it to the Resolved section. Qazin (talk) 05:10, 23 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I second support for inclusion of sightreadingpractice.com as an important and unique resource that can aid those seeking improvement in an applicable interactive form. Erin Fogle (talk) 04:28, 12 November 2008 (UTC)

NMA External Link
This external link was added by an annoymous editor. This action violates our guidelines because: 1) it is embedded instead of in an External Links section; and 2) it was added without prior discussion here. Should this link be added?

Qazin (talk) 20:30, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

I'd agree that it shouldn't be added. aruffo (talk) 03:25, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

Assessment and standards reference problem
In checking references, I was unable to find any of the article content on the page the reference links to. I also followed the Zoo Music link on that page and couldn't find the referenced content. Has the site changed, or is there another deeper link that we should use instead? I've left a request for help on Bachcell's talk page. Qazin (talk) 04:28, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

Updated with help from User:Bachcell. Moved to resolved section. Qazin (talk) 21:26, 3 March 2009 (UTC)

Address broken link in Hardy 1998 reference and others
The external link in reference Hardy 1998 used to go to a page with information about Dianne Hardy's masters thesis. Now it redirects to http://www.sc.edu/music/. Much of the Pedagogy section depends on this reference. Evan R. Murphy (talk) 23:57, 24 May 2013 (UTC)

 * I was able to salvage the pages using the Wayback Machine and set up hosting for them on my server. Updating the reference's external link to point here and moving this issue to the resolved section. Evan R. Murphy (talk) 19:50, 25 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Just noticed the Beauchamp and Frazier references having similar issues, so I addressed them in the same way. Evan R. Murphy (talk) 15:40, 29 October 2014 (UTC)

Auditory Sight Reading / Sight Transposition
Thepunisher911, thank you for your contribution. I have made the following changes to integrate your knowledge into this article and other related content: Thank you, Qazin (talk) 18:03, 2 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Added section heading so it will appear in contents.
 * Added link to main article on transposition which includes a section on sight transposition. You might consider also contributing to that article.
 * Changed name of heading from "auditory sight reading" to "sight transposition," which is the standard term for this phenomenon and the name used in the article that discusses it in more detail. I googled "auditory sight reading" and couldn't find a single use of that term. If you are aware of uses of this term and can site them in the literature, please add the term back with a citation.

Educational Resources
Is anyone familiar with some (free?) educational resources that could be appended to this article, perhaps simply in the external links section? While this article does a great job of covering the topic it leaves a reader wanting for more information about just how such a skill is acquired. 63.215.129.140 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 19:09, 23 February 2010 (UTC).

Please consider (and discuss) adding http://thesightreadingproject.com/ as a resource for people to see a moveable do solfege system at work in real music reading situations. It was posted as an external link and removed as link spam on November 7, 2010; however, it satisfies the preceding request. I see the point that Arrufo raises with his discussion about what is encyclopedic, but I contend links of this nature are akin to free textbooks offered as external links in other subject areas. Thanks- Albrightk (talk) 16:29, 7 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Backing up such a contention is simple: Which Wikipedia policies can you cite to explicitly justify its inclusion?  I cite policies which explicitly and enumeratively exclude such a site.  I am not aware of policies which would include a random "free textbook" as encyclopedic or notable, but I haven't scoured every available policy and guideline.  aruffo (talk) 19:04, 7 November 2010 (UTC)

No problem... An official link is a link to a website or other Internet service that meets both of the following: 1) The linked content is controlled by the subject (organization or individual person) of the Wikipedia article. (check) 2) The linked content primarily covers the area for which the subject of the article is notable. (check- or arguable at least.) Meanwhile, the site does not require registration to use it, is freely available, and provides enrichment on the subject matter. I hope you will continue to consider the idea, and I do apologize for my newbish faux pas on editing before discussion. Albrightk (talk) 02:32, 8 November 2010 (UTC)

 * The "official links" policy does not apply to the proposed link. The subject of this Wikipedia article ("Sight reading") is a concept, and is therefore neither an organization nor an individual person, and therefore by definition cannot have an "official link".  Examples of "official links" would be linking the Nintendo article to its official website, or The Doobie Brothers' article to their official website.  aruffo (talk) 02:48, 8 November 2010 (UTC)

I appreciate the dialog, as I certainly am becoming more versed in Wikipedia rules, guidelines and language. Although I do not fully concede that such a link would be improper, I recognize my pursuit to share a resource which the article correctly states there is so little of (quality sight-reading materials and knowledge of a sight-reading pedagogy) does not constitute knowledge itself, just an avenue in the pursuit and application of it. Cheers, Albrightk (talk) 23:55, 8 November 2010 (UTC)

Sight transposition
it says "self taught guitar players in particular".......... why does it matter weather or not are they self taught? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.172.224.189 (talk) 07:02, 8 February 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Sight-reading. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20080520090910/http://www.menc.org:80/industry/job/careers/careers.html to https://www.menc.org/industry/job/careers/careers.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at Sourcecheck).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 07:47, 28 February 2016 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Sight-reading


text:
User:Daniel Quinlan/redirects1

This page is part of Daniel Quinlan's Redirect Project. -

Articles starting with letters A to M.

A (done)

 * A. K. Erlang - A. Erlang
 * Adolph Ochs - Adolph S. Ochs
 * Adrian Olivares - Adrian Carlos Olivares
 * Adventure International - Adventure Network International
 * African Union - African Postal Union
 * Agnes Macphail - Agnes Campbell Macphail
 * Agricultural Adjustment Act - Agricultural Act
 * Ahmad Shah - Ahmad Nizam Shah
 * Air Force - Air Expeditionary Force
 * Air Force One - Air One
 * Air Georgian - Air Zena Georgian (not sure) (it's actually Airzena Georgian, so I redirected and added a page. ugen64 21:30, Nov 15, 2003 (UTC))
 * Alan A. Dale - Alan Dale
 * Alan Bean - Alan L. Bean
 * Alan Shepard - Alan B. Shepard
 * Alaska Highway - Alaska Marine Highway
 * Albert Richard Smith - Albert Smith
 * Aleksandr Prokhorov - Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov
 * Aleksandr Vasilievich Suvorov - Aleksandr Suvorov
 * Alexander Anderson - Alexander Outlaw Anderson
 * Alexander Campbell - Alexander B. Campbell
 * Alexander J. Cartwright - Alexander Cartwright
 * Alexander Scriabin - Alexander Nikolayevich Scriabin
 * Alexander Stephens - Alexander H. Stephens
 * Alexander Stuart Murray - Alexander Murray
 * Alexis M. Herman - Alexis Herman
 * Alfred Cooper - Alfred Duff Cooper
 * Alfred Lawson - Alfred William Lawson
 * Alfred P. Sloan - Alfred Sloan
 * Alfred V. Aho - Alfred Aho
 * Ali Abdullah Saleh - Ali Saleh
 * Alice Miller - Alice Duer Miller
 * Alien Hand Syndrome - Alien Syndrome
 * Alien Registration Act - Alien Act
 * Allan W. Eckert - Allan Eckert now a redirect
 * Alvin York - Alvin C. York now a redirect
 * Amberley Working Museum - Amberley Museum
 * Ambrose Hundley Sevier - Ambrose Sevier
 * Amelia Jenks Bloomer - Amelia Bloomer
 * American Airlines Center - American Center
 * American Enterprise Institute - American Institute (3)
 * American Film Institute - American Institute (3)
 * American Law Institute - American Institute (3)
 * American Media - American Mainstream Media
 * American Music Records - American Records (first is a small New Orleans jazz label, second is referred to only in an upload log, should have been "Def American Records", and is Slayer's label).
 * American Revolution - American Industrial Revolution
 * American River - American Heritage River
 * American Secular Union - American Union
 * American University - American Intercontinental University
 * Amon Göth - Amon Leopold Göth
 * Amy Johnson - Amy Jo Johnson (Power Rangers)
 * Ananda Coomaraswamy - Ananda K. Coomaraswamy
 * Anarchist Federation - Anarchist Communist Federation
 * Andrei Sakharov - Andrei D. Sakharov
 * Andrew Cunanan - Andrew Phillip Cunanan
 * Andrew Jackson - Andrew L. Jackson
 * Andrew Wilson - Andrew J. Wilson
 * Ann W. Richards - Ann Richards
 * Annie Jump Cannon - Annie Cannon
 * Another Green World - Another World
 * Antoine Alexandre Barbier - Antoine Barbier
 * Antonia Novello - Antonia Coello Novello
 * Argonne National Laboratory - Argonne Laboratory
 * Arlington National Cemetery - Arlington Cemetery
 * Armenian Church - Armenian Catholic Church
 * Arthur Balfour - Arthur Earl Balfour (only link is from this page!)
 * Arthur Conan Doyle - Arthur Doyle
 * Arthur Ferguson - Arthur D. Ferguson
 * Arthur Hallam - Arthur Henry Hallam
 * Arthur J. Stone - Arthur Stone
 * Arthur Kennedy - Arthur Edward Kennedy
 * Arthur Lee (US Civil War diplomat) - Arthur Hamilton Lee (British admiral)
 * Artturi Ilmari Virtanen - Artturi Virtanen
 * Asian American - Asian Pacific American
 * Aubrey Beardsley - Aubrey Vincent Beardsley
 * Auckland International Airport - Auckland Airport
 * August Hermann Francke - August Francke
 * Axel Lillie - Axel Axelsson Lillie

B (done)

 * BBC Symphony Orchestra - BBC Orchestra
 * Babe Zaharias - Babe Didrikson Zaharias
 * Baghdad International Airport - Baghdad Airport
 * Balkan Bulgarian Airlines - Balkan Airlines
 * Baroness Young - Baroness Janet Young
 * Barry Boehm - Barry W. Boehm
 * Barry Williams - Barry Whizzo Williams
 * Ben Nighthorse Campbell - Ben Campbell
 * Benjamin Franklin - Benjamin Joseph Franklin
 * Benjamin Harrison - Benjamin Johns Harrison
 * Benjamin Latrobe - Benjamin Henry Latrobe
 * Benjamin Mkapa - Benjamin William Mkapa
 * Benjamin Nathaniel Smith - Benjamin Smith
 * Benjamin Tillman - Benjamin Ryan Tillman
 * Benjamin Whorf - Benjamin Lee Whorf
 * Benny Paret - Benny Kid Paret
 * Bernardo Alberto Houssay - Bernardo Houssay
 * Bert Williams - Bert A. Williams
 * Betty Williams - Betty Helena Williams
 * Big Sandy River - Big River
 * Black Hawk Down - Black Down
 * Blackfriars Bridge - Blackfriars Railway Bridge
 * Blue Mountains - Blue Ridge Mountains
 * Boston Post - Boston Morning Post
 * Brian Jones - Brian Leander Jones (September 11 victim)
 * Brisbane International Airport - Brisbane Airport
 * British Academy - British Film Academy
 * British Army - British Eighth Army
 * British Empire - British Indian Empire
 * Broadcast Twelve Records - Broadcast Records
 * Bronze Star Medal - Bronze Medal
 * Bruce C. Heezen - Bruce Heezen
 * Bryan Guinness - Bryan Walter Guinness
 * Buffalo National River - Buffalo River

C (done)

 * CBS Evening News - CBS News (2)
 * CBS Morning News - CBS News (2)
 * Calder Memorial Trophy - Calder Trophy
 * California State University - California University
 * Calvin Bridges - Calvin Blackman Bridges (possible, not sure) (same guy, Calvin Bridges' middle name was Blackman).
 * Candid Camera - Candid Candid Camera (Redirect would be self-reference - part of the same program, would link to the same page)
 * Carl Stalling - Carl W. Stalling
 * Carl Wieman - Carl E. Wieman
 * Carlos Valderrama - Carlos Pive Valderrama
 * Caroline B. Cooney - Caroline Cooney
 * Carolyn Gold Heilbrun - Carolyn Heilbrun
 * Caspar Weinberger - Caspar W. Weinberger
 * Catherine Loguidice - Catherine Lisa Loguidice (sept. 11 victim)
 * Catholic League - Catholic Forensics League
 * Cecil Rhodes - Cecil J. Rhodes
 * Celeste Victoria - Celeste Torres Victoria (sept. 11 victim)
 * Central Baseball League (US) - Central League (Japan - expect that Jimmy Austin refers to that but it is probably a typo)
 * Central Coast - Central Gold Coast (too vague to tell) (not too vague, "central coast", NSW isn't the same as "gold coast", QLD).
 * Central Washington University - Central University
 * Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman - Chandrasekhara Raman
 * Chandrika Kumaratunga - Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga
 * Chapters Inc. - Chapters Books Inc.
 * Charles Best - Charles Herbert Best
 * Charles Boyer - Charles C. Boyer (inconclusive) (links are from talk pages)
 * Charles Bronfman - Charles Rosner Bronfman
 * Charles Brown - Charles Armitage Brown
 * Charles Christie - Charles H. Christie
 * Charles Dana Gibson - Charles Gibson
 * Charles Darwin - Charles G. Darwin
 * Charles Doolittle Walcott - Charles Walcott
 * Charles Dow - Charles H. Dow
 * Charles Evans Hughes - Charles Hughes
 * Charles Fort - Charles Hoy Fort
 * Charles Francis Richter - Charles Richter
 * Charles George Gordon - Charles Gordon
 * Charles Gobat - Charles Albert Gobat
 * Charles Gray - Charles McNeill Gray
 * Charles James Fox - Charles Fox
 * Charles James Napier - Charles Napier
 * Charles John Biddle - Charles Biddle
 * Charles Joseph Bonaparte - Charles Bonaparte (2)
 * Charles Kao - Charles K. Kao
 * Charles Kettering - Charles F. Kettering
 * Charles Kingsford Smith - Charles Smith
 * Charles Lever - Charles James Lever
 * Charles Lindbergh - Charles A. Lindbergh
 * Charles Lucas - Charles D. Lucas
 * Charles Lucien Bonaparte - Charles Bonaparte (2)
 * Charles Marion Russell - Charles Russell (2)

 * Charles Mathews - Charles Edward Mathews (very unlikely, but not sure) (nope, dates don't match)
 * Charles Moore - Charles C. Moore
 * Charles Murray - Charles Shaar Murray (unlikely, but not sure) (nope. One of them died in 1941, the other wrote a book Blues on CD).
 * Charles Pierce - Charles Wilson Pierce
 * Charles Pinckney - Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
 * Charles Rennie Mackintosh - Charles Mackintosh
 * Charles Robert Richet - Charles Richet
 * Charles Spurgeon - Charles Haddon Spurgeon
 * Charles Stewart - Charles D. Stewart (unlikely) (not the same, but D. added to existing disambiguation-style page)
 * Charles Taze Russell - Charles Russell (2)
 * Charles University - Charles Sturt University
 * Charles Villiers Stanford - Charles Stanford
 * Charles W. Morris - Charles Morris
 * Charles Wentworth Dilke - Charles Dilke
 * Charles Whitman - Charles S. Whitman
 * Charles William Beebe - Charles Beebe (very likely) (checked, it's the same person)
 * Charles William Eliot - Charles Eliot
 * Charles William King - Charles King
 * Charles Williams - Charles K. Williams
 * Chester A. Arthur - Chester Arthur
 * Chicago Times - Chicago Sun Times
 * Christian Coalition - Christian Defense Coalition
 * Christina Rossetti - Christina Georgina Rossetti
 * Christopher Bond - Christopher S. Bond
 * Christopher Dodd - Christopher J. Dodd
 * Clark University - Clark Atlanta University
 * Claude Charles Fauriel - Claude Fauriel
 * Claude Louis Berthollet - Claude Berthollet
 * Colin Henry Wilson - Colin Wilson
 * Colonial America - Colonial North America
 * Columbia Union College - Columbia College
 * Columbia University - Columbia International University
 * Common Criteria - Common Toxicity Criteria
 * Common Gateway Interface - Common Interface
 * Communications Decency Act - Communications Act
 * Computer Olympiad - Computer Chess Olympiad
 * Conrad Hilton - Conrad Nicholson Hilton
 * Cumberland College - Cumberland County College
 * Cyrus Field - Cyrus West Field
 * Cyrus McCormick - Cyrus Hall McCormick (likely)
 * Cyrus Vance - Cyrus Roberts Vance (most likely)

D (done)

 * Dana Scott - Dana S. Scott
 * Daniel E. Howard - Daniel Howard
 * Daniel Greene - Daniel J. Greene
 * Daniel Patrick Moynihan - Daniel Moynihan
 * Dassault Mirage III - Dassault III (talk page, example of a bad name).
 * David A. Wheeler - David Wheeler (not sure) (I am)
 * David Adams Richards - David Richards
 * David Bradley - David W. Bradley Different, DWB probably not encyclopedic, but there is also a DB who is a British Actor Lou I
 * David Brewster - David P. Brewster
 * David Davis - David Brion Davis
 * David Dickinson - David W. Dickinson
 * David E. Kelley - David Kelley
 * David Edwin Hughes - David Hughes
 * David Foster Wallace - David Wallace
 * David Friedrich Strauss - David Strauss
 * David Howell Evans - David Evans
 * David Kennedy - David M. Kennedy
 * David Lee Roth - David Roth
 * David Mason - David Edward Mason (not sure) (seems incredibly unlikely, we don't execute trumpeters in the UK. And his article says he's still alive.)
 * David Masson - David P. Masson (unlikely, but unsure)
 * David O. Selznick - David Selznick
 * David Owen - David Lloyd Owen
 * David R. Morgan - David Morgan
 * David Stern - David P. Stern
 * David Van Day - David Day (unlikely) (I'll invoke prejudice and say the pop singer didn't write a book about links between Arthurian legend and history).
 * David Watkins - David Ogden Watkins
 * Dawes Act - Dawes Severalty Act
 * Dean Martin - Dean Paul Martin
 * Delta Cultural Center - Delta Center
 * Diane Julie Abbott - Diane Abbott
 * Diego Maradona - Diego Armando Maradona
 * Diet Coke - Diet Cherry Coke (different product)
 * Digital Equipment Corporation - Digital Corporation (only on this page)
 * Discovery Channel (US cable channel) - Discovery Civilization Channel (Canadian channel)
 * Disney Studios - Disney MGM Studios (latter is amusement park)
 * Donald A. Peterson - Donald Peterson (Donald A. Peterson == sept 11 victim)
 * Donald Campbell - Donald E. Campbell
 * Donald Johanson - Donald C. Johanson
 * Donald Regan - Donald J. Regan (sept. 11 victim)
 * Donna Shalala - Donna Edna Shalala
 * Douglas Engelbart - Douglas C. Engelbart
 * Douglas MacArthur - Douglas B. MacArthur
 * Douglas Smith - Douglas Burnet Smith (unlikely, not sure)
 * Dutch War - Dutch Independence War

E (done)

 * EU Copyright Directive - EU Directive
 * East River - East Dart River
 * East Sea - East Siberian Sea
 * Eastern Airlines - Eastern Australian Airlines
 * Eastern Cape Province - Eastern Province
 * Eastern League - Eastern Colored League
 * Eastern Michigan University - Eastern University
 * Eddie Davis - Eddie Lockjaw Davis
 * Edgar Mitchell - Edgar D. Mitchell kept as redirect
 * Edinburgh Academy - Edinburgh Southern Academy
 * Edmund Gettier - Edmund L. Gettier
 * Edmund Pendleton - Edmund Henry Pendleton
 * Edmund Pettus - Edmund Winston Pettus
 * Edmund Randolph - Edmund Jennings Randolph
 * Edward Augustus Holyoke - Edward Holyoke
 * Edward Fitzgerald - Edward Marlborough Fitzgerald
 * Edward G. Robinson - Edward Robinson
 * Edward M. Korry - Edward Korry
 * Edward Morley - Edward Williams Morley
 * Edward Norton - Edward Lawry Norton
 * Edward Osborne Wilson - Edward Wilson
 * Edward Young - Edward M. Young
 * Edwin Abbott Abbott - Edwin Abbott
 * Edwin Drake - Edwin L. Drake
 * Edwin Sandys - Edwin Duncan Sandys
 * Elizabeth Barrett Browning - Elizabeth Browning (likely, but unsure) (yes, wife of Robert in both cases)
 * Elizabeth Cady Stanton - Elizabeth Stanton
 * Ellen Zwilich - Ellen Taaffe Zwilich
 * Elliot Richardson - Elliot L. Richardson
 * Ellison Onizuka - Ellison S. Onizuka
 * Emerson Quartet - Emerson String Quartet
 * Enhanced CD - Enhanced Music CD
 * Eric Temple Bell - Eric Bell
 * Ernest Aldrich Simpson - Ernest Simpson
 * Ernst Kummer - Ernst Eduard Kummer
 * Erskine Hamilton Childers - Erskine Childers
 * Eugen Gabriel Lazar - Eugen Lazar (sept. 11 victim)
 * Eurico Gaspar Dutra - Eurico Dutra
 * European Championship - European Football Championship
 * European Commission - European Travel Commission
 * European Community - European Political Community (unlikely) (not)

F (done)

 * FA Cup - FA Youth Cup
 * Fairport Convention - Fairport Live Convention (latter an album by former)
 * Family Man - Family Of Man
 * Famous People Players - Famous Players
 * Fat Little Bastard - Fat Bastard
 * Felicia Hemans - Felicia D. Hemans
 * Filippo Tommaso Marinetti - Filippo Marinetti
 * First Age - First Global Age
 * Foggy Foggy Dew - Foggy Dew (different song)
 * Folsom State Prison - Folsom Prison
 * Ford Crown Victoria - Ford Victoria (I think)
 * Fort Prince George - Fort George
 * Fort William Henry - Fort Henry
 * Four Non Blondes - Four Blondes
 * Frances Scott Fitzgerald - Frances Fitzgerald (unsure) (no, doesn't mention a Pulitzer.
 * Frances Willard - Frances E. Willard
 * Francesco Sforza - Francesco II Sforza
 * Francis Drake - Francis M. Drake
 * Francis Ford Coppola - Francis Coppola
 * Francis Jeffrey - Francis Jeffrey Jeffrey
 * Francis Turner Palgrave - Francis Palgrave
 * Frank Aquilino - Frank Thomas Aquilino (sept 11 victim)
 * Frank Black - Frank S. Black
 * Frank Carlucci - Frank C. Carlucci
 * Frank Laubach - Frank C. Laubach
 * Frank Lautenberg - Frank R. Lautenberg
 * Frank Murkowski - Frank Hughes Murkowski
 * Frank Robinson - Frank M. Robinson
 * Franz Gruber - Franz Xaver Gruber
 * Franz Mesmer - Franz Anton Mesmer
 * Fred Reed - Fred A. Reed (unlikely) (one a Washington Times columnist, one an award-winning Canadian French-English translator. Probably not).
 * Frederic Edwin Church - Frederic Church
 * Frederick Banting - Frederick Grant Banting
 * Frederick Church - Frederick C. Church
 * Frederick Hobson Leslie - Frederick Leslie
 * Frederick II - Frederick William II
 * Frederick Jackson Turner - Frederick Turner (unlikely) (historian / science fiction writer)
 * Frederick Madison Smith - Frederick Smith
 * Frederick T. Frelinghuysen - Frederick Frelinghuysen
 * Freeman Gosden - Freeman F. Gosden
 * French Empire - French Third Empire
 * French National Assembly - French Assembly
 * Friedrich August Wolf - Friedrich Wolf
 * Frontier District - Frontier Trails District different Scout districts.

G (done)

 * Gabriel Garcia Marquez - Gabriel Marquez
 * Games Workshop (Britain) - Games Designers Workshop (USA, defunct)
 * Gaumont Film Company - Gaumont Company
 * Geneva Conference - Geneva Naval Conference
 * Geoff Emerick - Geoff E. Emerick
 * Geoffrey A. Landis - Geoffrey Landis
 * Georg Ohm - Georg Simon Ohm
 * George A. Mathews - George Mathews
 * George Albert Wells - George Wells
 * George Augustus Selwyn - George Selwyn
 * George Bernard Shaw - George Shaw
 * George Brydges Rodney - George Rodney
 * George Buck - George H. Buck
 * George C. Day - George Day
 * George C. Scott - George Scott (2)
 * George Catlin - George Smith Catlin
 * George Dantzig - George B. Dantzig
 * George Duke - George M. Duke
 * George Elliott Clarke - George Clarke
 * George Elroy Boyd - George Boyd
 * George Ernest Morrison - George Morrison
 * George Fox - George L. Fox
 * George Gilbert Scott - George Scott (2, neither of them)
 * George Gissing - George Robert Gissing
 * George Harrison - George Paul Harrison
 * George Hoyt Whipple - George Whipple
 * George Leake - George Walpole Leake
 * George M. Dallas - George Dallas
 * George Macaulay Trevelyan - George Trevelyan
 * George Marshall - George Preston Marshall
 * George Metesky - George P. Metesky
 * George Moore - George Foot Moore
 * George Pierce Baker - George Baker
 * George Price - George Cadle Price
 * George Read - George C. Read
 * George H. Reid - George Reid (Australian politician)
 * George Houston Reid - George Reid (Australian politician)
 * George Robertson - George Groom Robertson
 * George Romney - George Wilcken Romney
 * George Rose - George Henry Rose
 * George Roy Hill - George Hill
 * George Staunton - George Leonard Staunton
 * George Taylor - George Washington Taylor
 * George Thomas - George W. Thomas
 * George Washington - George Corbin Washington
 * Georgi Beregovoi - Georgi Timofeyevich Beregovoi
 * Gerald Edelman - Gerald M. Edelman
 * Gertrude B. Elion - Gertrude Elion
 * Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney - Gertrude Whitney
 * Gerty Cori - Gerty T. Cori
 * Gilbert Stuart - Gilbert Charles Stuart
 * Glenn Curtiss - Glenn H. Curtiss
 * Gloria Vanderbilt - Gloria Moore Vanderbilt
 * Golden World Records - Golden Records
 * Gordon B. Hinckley - Gordon Hinckley (fixed)
 * Gordon R. Dickson - Gordon Dickson
 * Gosford Park - Gosford Forest Park
 * Grace Hopper - Grace Murray Hopper
 * Graham William Allen - Graham Allen
 * Grand Hotel - Grand Central Hotel
 * Great Barr Hall - Great Hall
 * Great Belt Bridge - Great Bridge
 * Great Lakes Commission - Great Commission
 * Great Uprising - Great Arab Uprising
 * Great Valley - Great Wold Valley
 * Greek Orthodox Church - Greek Church
 * Greenville College - Greenville Technical College
 * Gwynne Owen Evans - Gwynne Evans

H (done)

 * HMS Good Hope - HMS Hope
 * HMS Nelson - HMS Lord Nelson
 * HMS Queen Elizabeth - HMS Elizabeth
 * HMS Royal Oak - HMS Oak
 * HMS Royal Sovereign - HMS Sovereign
 * Hanshin Electric Railway - Hanshin Railway
 * Harald Sverdrup - Harald Ulrik Sverdrup
 * Harold Bloom - Harold Jack Bloom
 * Harold Lasswell - Harold D. Lasswell
 * Harold P. Brown - Harold Brown
 * Harold Stassen - Harold E. Stassen
 * Harry Smith - Harry B. Smith
 * Hart Memorial Trophy - Hart Trophy
 * Hartford Blues - Hartford Dark Blues
 * Hawker Siddeley Aviation - Hawker Aviation
 * Haymarket Riot - Haymarket Square Riot
 * Hector German Oesterheld - Hector Oesterheld
 * Hedayat Arsala - Hedayat Amin Arsala
 * Heinz Guderian (father) - Heinz Gunther Guderian (son)
 * Helen Hunt - Helen Lakelly Hunt
 * Helen Maria Jackson - Helen Jackson
 * Henry Adams - Henry Brooks Adams
 * Henry Adoniram Swift - Henry Swift
 * Henry Austin Bruce - Henry Bruce
 * Henry Austin Dobson - Henry Dobson
 * Henry B. Brown - Henry Brown
 * Henry Cardinal Beaufort - Henry Beaufort
 * Henry David Thoreau - Henry Thoreau
 * Henry Handel Richardson - Henry Richardson
 * Henry III - Henry Burrkardt III
 * Henry Lawson - Henry Hertzberg Lawson
 * Henry Luce - Henry R. Luce
 * Henry Norris Russell - Henry Russell
 * Henry Parry Liddon - Henry Liddon
 * Henry Percy - Henry George Percy (OK as it is)
 * Henry Shrapnel - Henry S. Shrapnel
 * Henry Wadsworth Longfellow - Henry Longfellow
 * Henry Walton Smith - Henry Smith
 * Henry Wilson - Henry Bristowe Wilson
 * Henry Wood - Henry Evelyn Wood
 * Herbert Spencer - Herbert W. Spencer
 * Hermann Grassmann - Hermann Gunter Grassmann
 * Hermann Oberth - Hermann Julius Oberth
 * Hiram Johnson - Hiram W. Johnson
 * Hiram Maxim - Hiram Percy Maxim
 * Homer E. Capehart - Homer Capehart
 * Horatio Kitchener - Horatio Herbert Kitchener
 * Howard Jones - Howard Mumford Jones
 * Howard K. Smith - Howard Smith
 * Howard Walter Florey - Howard Florey
 * Hugh Grant - Hugh L. Grant
 * Hugh L. White - Hugh White
 * Hugh MacDonald - Hugh John MacDonald
 * Hungarian Vizsla - Hungarian Wirehaired Vizsla
 * Husband E. Kimmel - Husband Kimmel

I (done)

 * Iain Duncan Smith - Iain Smith
 * Ian Hunter - Ian McLellan Hunter
 * Ignaz Semmelweis - Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis
 * Igor Dmitrievich Novikov - Igor Novikov
 * Igor Kurchatov - Igor Vasilevich Kurchatov
 * In Living Color - In Color
 * Independent Irish Party - Independent Party
 * Indian Removal Act - Indian Act (2)
 * Indian Reorganization Act - Indian Act (2)
 * Indianapolis Motor Speedway - Indianapolis Speedway
 * Inside Out - Inside Wants Out
 * International Actuarial Association - International Association (4)
 * International Development Association - International Association (4)
 * International Phonetic Association - International Association (4)
 * International Police Association - International Association (4)
 * Internet Archive - Internet Classics Archive
 * Internet Movie Database - Internet Database
 * Irish Republican Army (IRA) - Irish Army (Army of Ireland)
 * Ivan Sutherland - Ivan Edward Sutherland

J

 * Jack Butler Yeats - Jack Yeats
 * Jack L. Chalker - Jack Chalker
 * James A. Owen - James Owen
 * James Alan McPherson - James McPherson
 * James Anthony Froude - James Froude
 * James Augustus Grant - James Grant
 * James Balfour - James Maitland Balfour
 * James Blount - James H. Blount
 * James Bowman Lindsay - James Lindsay
 * James Brady - James H. Brady
 * James Buchanan - James L. Buchanan
 * James Clark Ross - James Ross
 * James Craig - James Henry Craig
 * James Cross - James Richard Cross
 * James David Forbes - James Forbes
 * James E. Davis - James Davis
 * James E. Reilly (scriptwriter) - James Reilly (astronaut)
 * James Earl Jones - James Jones (2)
 * James Eastland - James Oliver Eastland
 * James F. Byrnes - James Byrnes
 * James Fenimore Cooper - James Cooper (politician)
 * James Fox - James A. Fox
 * James Garfield - James Rudolph Garfield
 * James Garner - James Finn Garner
 * James Gunn - James E. Gunn
 * James Henry Monk - James Monk
 * James Hogg - James Stephen Hogg
 * James Hunt - James Bennett Hunt
 * James Inglis Hamilton - James Hamilton
 * James J. Hill - James Hill
 * James Joseph Ferguson - James Ferguson
 * James K. Vardaman - James Vardaman
 * James L. Dozier - James Dozier
 * James L. Farmer - James Farmer
 * James L. Jones - James Jones (2)
 * James M. Cox (D-OH from 1909-13) - James Cox (R-NJ from 1809-10)
 * James Madison - James Jonas Madison
 * James Marshall - James Vance Marshall
 * James Norwich Arbuthnot - James Arbuthnot
 * James P. Johnson - James Johnson (2)
 * James Paul Clarke - James Clarke
 * James Prince Lee - James Lee
 * James Rodney Schlesinger - James Schlesinger
 * James Van Allen - James Allen
 * James Weldon Johnson - James Johnson (2)
 * James White (disamguation page) - James Patrick White (September 11 victim)
 * James Wilkinson - James Biddle Wilkinson (not entirely sure - two both versions are mentioned in Pike expedition, not clear whether they refer to the same person)
 * James Wolfe - James H. Wolfe
 * James Woods - James John Woods
 * Jamestown Exposition - Jamestown Tricentennial Exposition
 * Jane Kennedy - Jane Elizabeth Kennedy
 * Japan Airlines - Japan Asia Airlines
 * Japanese Red Army - Japanese Army (former is a 1971 terrorist group)
 * Jared Diamond - Jared M. Diamond (possibly same)
 * Jay Treaty - Jay Gardoqui Treaty
 * Jean Ann Kennedy - Jean Kennedy
 * Jean Racine - Jean Baptiste Racine
 * Jeane Kirkpatrick - Jeane J. Kirkpatrick
 * Jedediah Smith - Jedediah Kilburn Smith - Jedediah K. Smith (politician from NH, 1812 candidate for US-Senate)
 * Jefferson Davis - Jefferson C. Davis
 * Jerome Bruner - Jerome S. Bruner
 * Jesse Lynch Williams - Jesse Williams
 * Jim Guy Tucker - Jim Tucker
 * Jimmy Swaggart - Jimmy Lee Swaggart
 * Jimmy Webb - Jimmy L. Webb
 * Joanna Glass - Joanna McClelland Glass
 * Joe Frazier - Joe Speedo Frazier
 * Joe Williams - Joe Lee Williams
 * Joel Rosenberg - Joel C. Rosenberg
 * Johan Vilhelm Snellman - Johan Snellman
 * Johann Friedrich Agricola - Johann Agricola
 * Johann Gottfried Herder - Johann Herder
 * Johann Gottlob Schneider - Johann Schneider
 * Johann Jakob Bodmer - Johann Bodmer
 * Johann Nepomuk Maelzel - Johann Maelzel
 * John A. Logan - John Logan
 * John Abercrombie - John William Abercrombie
 * John Adams - John Luther Adams
 * John Alan West - John West
 * John Allsebrook Simon - John Simon
 * John Austin - John Eric Austin
 * John Barbour - John Strode Barbour
 * John Barrow - John D. Barrow
 * John Barrymore (fahter) - John Drew Barrymore (son)
 * John Breaux - John B. Breaux
 * John Brunner (SF writer) - John Conrad Brunner (anatomist)
 * John C. Dvorak - John Dvorak
 * John C. McGinley - John McGinley
 * John C. Wright - John Wright
 * John Carroll - John Lee Carroll
 * John Clark - John Chamberlain Clark
 * John Conway - John H. Conway
 * John Coughlin - John Gerard Coughlin (9.11 victim)
 * John Crome - John Berney Crome
 * John D. Rockefeller - John Rockefeller (different time periods)
 * John Dewey - John Frederick Dewey (doubt it)
 * John Dickson Carr - John Carr
 * John Drake - John Reuben Drake (doubt it)
 * John Earle - John Baylis Earle
 * John Edensor Littlewood - John Littlewood
 * John Edward Robinson - John Robinson
 * John Ehrlichman - John D. Ehrlichman
 * John Fowler - John Edgar Fowler
 * John French - John Dumbo French
 * John G. Avildsen - John Avildsen
 * John G. Bennett - John Bennett
 * John Gilbert - John VII Gilbert
 * John Glenn - John H. Glenn
 * John Goodman - John B. Goodman
 * John Gould Fletcher - John Fletcher
 * John Gregg - John Robert Gregg
 * John H. Overton - John Overton
 * John Hamilton Gray - John Gray
 * John Hancock (Declaration of Independence) - John Lee Hancock (film director)
 * John Henry - John Flournoy Henry
 * John Hicks - John R. Hicks
 * John Holland - John Phillip Holland
 * John Holmes - John W. Holmes
 * John Home - John Marsh Home
 * John Hughes - John J. Hughes
 * John Hunt Morgan - John Morgan
 * John Ireland - John Henry Ireland
 * John Kenneth Galbraith - John Galbraith
 * John Kevin McAvoy - John McAvoy (9-11 victim)
 * John L. Sullivan - John Sullivan
 * John Lee Hooker - John Hooker
 * John Lewis - John Llewellyn Lewis
 * John Lloyd - John Henry Lloyd
 * John Lloyd Stephens - John Stephens
 * John Logie Baird - John Baird (British politician)
 * John Lott - John W. Lott
 * John Loudon McAdam - John McAdam
 * John Mack - John M. Mack
 * John Marshall - John Ross Marshall
 * John Mathieson - John A. Mathieson (don't think so)
 * John Mauchly - John William Mauchly
 * John McCain - John S. McCain
 * John McDowell - John F. McDowell
 * John Mill - John Stewart Mill
 * John Millington Synge - John Synge
 * John Mitchel - John Purroy Mitchel
 * John Mortimer - John Robert Mortimer
 * John Morton - John Bingham Morton
 * John Nelson Darby - John Darby
 * John Nichols - John G. Nichols
 * John Norman - John Richardson Norman (seriously doubt it)
 * John Osborne - John E. Osborne
 * John Ousterhout - John K. Ousterhout
 * John P. Hale - John Hale
 * John Paul Jones - John Jones
 * John Payne Collier - John Collier
 * John Pearson - John James Pearson
 * John Perry Barlow - John Barlow
 * John Pople - John Anthony Pople
 * John Potter - John E. Potter
 * John Redmond - John Edward Redmond
 * John Reid - John M. Reid
 * John Ross - John Jones Ross
 * John Sanford - John W.A. Sanford
 * John Saul Howson - John Howson
 * John Searle - John R. Searle
 * John Selden Roane - John Roane
 * John Sergeant - John Dickinson Sergeant
 * John Singleton Copley - John Copley fixed link
 * John Sirica - John J. Sirica
 * John Sparkman - John Jackson Sparkman
 * John Stanley - John Paul Stanley
 * John Stark - John S. Stark
 * John Stevens - John L. Stevens
 * John Stewart Bell - John Bell
 * John Thach - John S. Thach
 * John Trumbull - John H. Trumbull
 * John W. Davis - John Davis
 * John Walsh - John A. Walsh (doubt it)
 * John Wesley Powell - John Powell
 * John Wheeler - John Archibald Wheeler
 * John William King - John King
 * John William McCormack - John McCormack
 * John Xiphilinus - John VIII Xiphilinus
 * Jon Perconti - Jon A. Perconti (9.11 victim)
 * Jonathan Trumbull - Jonathan Jr Trumbull fixed link
 * Jordanhill College - Jordanhill Training College
 * Jose Luis Rodriguez - Jose Rodriguez
 * Jose Napoles - Jose Mantequilla Napoles
 * Joseph Blanco White - Joseph White
 * Joseph Campbell - Joseph B. Campbell (Alaska governor)
 * Joseph E. Johnston - Joseph Johnston
 * Joseph Ellis - Joseph J. Ellis
 * Joseph Fletcher - Joseph O. Fletcher
 * Joseph H. Greenberg - Joseph Greenberg
 * Joseph Hill - Joseph Lister Hill
 * Joseph Hooker - Joseph Dalton Hooker
 * Joseph Justus Scaliger - Joseph Scaliger
 * Joseph Mary Plunkett - Joseph Plunkett
 * Joseph Merrick - Joseph Carey Merrick
 * Joseph Stilwell - Joseph W. Stilwell (likely)
 * Joseph Vilardo - Joseph Barry Vilardo (9/11 victim)
 * Joseph Zaccoli - Joseph C. Zaccoli (9/11 victim)
 * Joshua Reiss - Joshua Scott Reiss (9.11 victim(s))
 * Judah P. Benjamin - Judah Benjamin
 * Juho Kusti Paasikivi - Juho Paasikivi (fixed the stamp page this came from)
 * Juilliard String Quartet - Juilliard Quartet
 * Jules Basile Guesde - Jules Guesde
 * Juliette Gordon Low - Juliette Low
 * Julio Cesar Gonzalez - Julio Gonzalez
 * Julius Caesar Scaliger - Julius Scaliger
 * Julius Charles Hare - Julius Hare
 * Jung Koo Chang - Jung Chang (seriously doubt it)

K (done)

 * Kansai International Airport - Kansai Airport
 * Kansas State University - Kansas University
 * Karl Bernhardovich Radek - Karl Radek
 * Karl King - Karl Clarence King
 * Katherine Harris - Katherine Corri Harris
 * Kenneth Arrow - Kenneth J. Arrow
 * Kenneth E. Iverson - Kenneth Iverson
 * Kenneth L. Pike - Kenneth Pike
 * Kenneth Roberts - Kenneth Allison Roberts
 * Kensington Gardens - Kensington Roof Gardens
 * Kevin J. Anderson - Kevin Anderson
 * Kevin Murphy - Kevin James Murphy (9/11 victim)
 * Kevin Smith - Kevin Joseph Smith (9/11 victim)
 * Klaus Maria Brandauer - Klaus Brandauer
 * Kyushu University - Kyushu Sangyo University

L (done)

 * Larry Campbell - Larry Joe Campbell
 * Lars Johan Hierta - Lars Hierta
 * Late Late Show - Late Show
 * Lauri Kristian Relander - Lauri Relander (corrected the stamp page with the short name)
 * Lawrence University - Lawrence Technological University
 * Lenape District (NY) - Lenape Bay District (PN)
 * Leon M. Lederman - Leon Lederman
 * Leonid Brezhnev - Leonid I. Brezhnev
 * Lewis Morris - Lewis Richard Morris
 * Liberal Party - Liberal Constitutionalist Party
 * Libyan Arab Airlines - Libyan Airlines
 * Lincoln University - Lincoln Memorial University
 * Linda Park - Linda Sue Park (doubt it)
 * Little Boy - Little Drummer Boy
 * Little Missouri River - Little River (2)
 * Little Pied Cormorant - Little Cormorant
 * Little Red River - Little River (2)
 * Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral - Liverpool Cathedral
 * Lockheed Corporation - Lockheed Martin Corporation
 * Logan International Airport - Logan Airport
 * Lomonosov Gold Medal - Lomonosov Medal (only this page)
 * London Naval Treaty - London Treaty
 * London Necropolis Company - London Company (2)
 * London Virginia Company - London Company (2)
 * Lotfi Zadeh - Lotfi A. Zadeh
 * Lou Henry Hoover - Lou Hoover
 * Louis A. Johnson (politics) - Louis Johnson (music)
 * Louis Auguste Blanqui - Louis Blanqui
 * Louis Joseph Robichaud - Louis Robichaud
 * Louis Sullivan - Louis Wade Sullivan
 * Lov Grover - Lov K. Grover
 * Lucius Verus - Lucius Aelius Verus
 * Luis De Torres - Luis Torres (only this page)
 * Luther Campbell - Luther R. Campbell
 * Lynn Frazier - Lynn J. Frazier

M (Done)

 * Macintosh Classic - Macintosh Color Classic
 * Manhattan Christian College - Manhattan College
 * Mann Act - Mann Elkins Act (fixed link to another article)
 * Manuel L. Quezon - Manuel Quezon
 * Margaret Brown - Margaret Wise Brown
 * Margaret Smith - Margaret Bayard Smith
 * Margaret Smith Court - Margaret Court
 * Maria Figueroa Rodriguez - Maria Rodriguez
 * Marianne Moore - Marianne Craig Moore
 * Marina Beach - Marina State Beach
 * Marina Tsvetaeva - Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva
 * Mark Clark - Mark W. Clark (created stub article)
 * Mark David Chapman - Mark Chapman
 * Mark Ellis - Mark Joseph Ellis
 * Mark Hatfield - Mark O. Hatfield
 * Mark Jonathan Harris - Mark Harris
 * Mark Z. Danielewski - Mark Danielewski
 * Mars Observer - Mars Climate Observer
 * Mary Bell - Mary Hayley Bell
 * Mary Dixon Kies - Mary Kies
 * Maxwell D. Taylor - Maxwell Taylor
 * Mercury Music Prize - Mercury Prize
 * Merton Miller - Merton H. Miller
 * Miami University - Miami Christian University
 * Michael Anderson - Michael J. Anderson
 * Michael Collins - Michael L. Collins (9.11 victim)
 * Michael Fenton Stevens - Michael Stevens
 * Michael Jackson - Michael P. Jackson
 * Michael Jordan - Michael I. Jordan
 * Michael Moore - Michael Kevin Moore
 * Michael Noonan - Michael J. Noonan
 * Michael O. Leavitt - Michael Leavitt
 * Michael Patrick Tucker - Michael Tucker (9.11 victim)
 * Michael Powell - Michael K. Powell
 * Michael Smith - Michael Hoke Smith
 * Michael Stackpole - Michael A. Stackpole
 * Middlesbrough F.C. - Middlesbrough Ironopolis F.C.
 * Midwest Conference - Midwest Classic Conference
 * Mike Nichols - Mike J. Nichols
 * Mikhail Glinka - Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka
 * Mikhail Gorbachev - Mikhail S. Gorbachev
 * Mikhail Lermontov - Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov
 * Mildred Benson - Mildred Wirt Benson
 * Milton S. Hershey - Milton Hershey
 * Mirabeau B. Lamar - Mirabeau Lamar
 * Missile Command - Missile Defense Command
 * Mohammed Nadir Shah - Mohammed Shah (2)
 * Mohammed Zahir Shah - Mohammed Shah (2)
 * Moise Tshombe - Moise Kapenda Tshombe
 * Mount Baker - Mount Marcus Baker
 * My Three Sons - My Sons
 * Mychal F. Judge - Mychal Judge

count 2 (done)

 * Air Marshal - Air Chief Marshal, Air Vice Marshal
 * Alexander Mackenzie (Canadian politician), Alexander Mackenzie (explorer) - Alexander Marshall Mackenzie (architect), Alexander Slidell Mackenzie (US militaryman), Alexander Mackenzie (musician)
 * Ambrose Burnside - Ambrose Everett Burnside, Ambrose E. Burnside
 * Arthur Miller (playwright) - Arthur C. Miller (cinematographer), Arthur Lewis Miller (politician)
 * British Airways - British United Airways, British Island Airways
 * Caesar Rodney - Caesar Augustus Rodney, Caesar A. Rodney (A. and Augustus might be the same, though)
 * Canadian Airlines - Canadian Regional Airlines, Canadian Western Airlines
 * Carl Perkins - Carl Lee Perkins, Carl Dewey Perkins
 * Charles Abbot - Charles Greeley Abbot, Charles S. Abbot
 * Christian Herter - Christian Archibald Herter, Christian A. Herter
 * Clarence Brown - Clarence Gatemouth Brown, Clarence J. Brown
 * Conrad Hall - Conrad W. Hall, Conrad L. Hall
 * Crawford Long - Crawford W. Long, Crawford Williamson Long
 * David Jones - David Ian Jones (only this page), David Hugh Jones
 * Derrick Green - Derrick Arthur Green, Derrick Auther Green (both only this page)
 * Donald Adams - Donald L. Adams, Donald LaRoy Adams
 * Edison Records - Edison Disc Records, Edison Bell Records
 * Edward White - Edward Douglass White, Edward D. White
 * Elizabethtown College Pennsylvania - Elizabethtown Technical College, Elizabethtown Community College (both Kentucky)
 * Ernest Thayer - Ernest Lawrence Thayer, Ernest L. Thayer
 * Everett Dirksen - Everett M. Dirksen, Everett McKinley Dirksen
 * Fox Network - Fox Kids Network, Fox Sports Network
 * Frank Woolworth - Frank W. Woolworth, Frank Winfield Woolworth
 * Free Republic - Free Rasalhague Republic, Free Vinland Republic
 * George Burns - George Henry Burns, George H. Burns (the latter two are the same person - baseball player)
 * George Jones (musician) - George Wallace Jones (congress-critter), George Washington Jones (different congress-critter)
 * George Ross (US politician) - George Hamlin Ross (author), George William Ross (Ontario premier)
 * Hugo Black - Hugo Lafayette Black, Hugo L. Black
 * Indiana University - Indiana Wesleyan University, Indiana State University
 * International League (North American baseball) - International Arbitration League (one of the forerunners of League of Nations), International Communist League
 * James Black - James Augustus Black, James D. Black
 * James Clark - [James West Clark]], James B. Clark
 * James Douglas - James Sholto Douglas, James Buster Douglas
 * James Frazer - James G. Frazer, James George Frazer
 * James Gray - James Whiteside Gray, James Michael Gray (only this page)
 * James III (king) - James Harris III (musician), James Whitmore III (entertainer)
 * James Murray - James Edward Murray, James A. Murray
 * James Richardson - James Burchill Richardson, James Armstrong Richardson
 * James Stewart - James D. Stewart, James B. Stewart
 * James Taylor - James Hudson Taylor, James Arnold Taylor
 * James Wilson - James F. Wilson, James Jefferson Wilson
 * James Wright - James Mahan Wright, James Homer Wright
 * Jan Smuts - Jan Christiaan Smuts, Jan Christian Smuts
 * John Barry - John S. Barry, John Wolfe Barry
 * John Davies - John Howard Davies, John Quentin Davies
 * John Eaton - John W. Eaton, John Henry Eaton
 * John Hart - John De Hart, John Patrick Hart (only this page)
 * John Hay - John Stuart Hay, John MacDougall Hay
 * John Kennedy - John P. Kennedy, John Pendleton Kennedy
 * John Kerr - John Hosea Kerr, John Leeds Kerr
 * John Law - John Phillip Law, John Philip Law (although the that two latter may be connected)
 * John Murray - John J. Murray (only this page), John L. Murray
 * John Newton - John Haymes Newton, John H. Newton
 * John Pemberton - John C. Pemberton, John Styth Pemberton
 * John Phillips - John Calhoun Phillips, John S. Phillips
 * John Reed - John H. Reed, John F. Reed
 * John Watson - John C. Watson, John Broadus Watson
 * John White - John G. White, John Sylvester White
 * Jose Cuevas - Jose Pipino Cuevas, Jose Luis Cuevas
 * Leonid Kantorovich - Leonid Vitalyevich Kantorovich, Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich
 * Lloyd Rosenberg - Lloyd D. Rosenberg, Lloyd Daniel Rosenberg
 * Michael Foster - Michael John Foster, Michael Jabez Foster
 * Miss America - Miss Black America, Miss Junior America

count 3 (done)

 * Christian Church - Christian Reformed Church, Christian Conservative Church, Christian Identity Church
 * David Lewis - David P. Lewis, David Levering Lewis, David K. Lewis
 * First Republic - First French Republic, First Spanish Republic, First Philippine Republic
 * George Miller - George A. Miller, George Paul Miller, George Clark Miller
 * Grammy Award - Grammy Trustees Award, Grammy Legend Award, Grammy Tech Award
 * James Mason - James Brown Mason, James Murray Mason, James O. Mason
 * James Watson - James Sibley Watson, James D. Watson, James Wreford Watson
 * John Campbell - John Archibald Campbell, John Hull Campbell, John Wilson Campbell
 * John Dalton - John H. Dalton, John M. Dalton, John N. Dalton
 * John Edwards - John Paul Edwards, John C. Edwards, John Cummins Edwards
 * John Hayes - John F. Hayes, John B. Hayes (only this page), John Henry Hayes
 * John Howard - John Eager Howard, John C. Howard, John Galen Howard
 * John Moore - John Bassett Moore, John Henry Moore, John R. Moore
 * John Mott - John Raleigh Mott, John DE Mott, John R. Mott
 * John Thomas - John Chew Thomas, John E. Thomas (listed in the first page), John H. Thomas
 * John Walker - John Ernest Walker, John Williams Walker, John E. Walker
 * John Young - John Sacret Young, John Paul Young, John Cuthbert Young

count 4 (done)

 * American Museum - American Art Museum, American History Museum, American Indian Museum, American Holocaust Museum
 * John Anderson - John Zuinglius Anderson, John FItzgerald Anderson , John HD Anderson, John Murray Anderson
 * John Fisher - John S. Fisher, John A. Fisher, John Norwood Fisher, John Roger Fisher (only this page)
 * John Miller - John Krepps Miller, John Franklin Miller, John B. Miller, John J. Miller
 * John Mitchell - John Cameron Mitchell, John Ames Mitchell, John Mitch Mitchell, John Purroy Mitchell
 * John Wilson - John P. Wilson, John Tuzo Wilson, John Lyde Wilson, John L. Wilson

count 5 (done)

 * Charles Thompson - Charles S. Thompson, Charles Edwin Thompson, Charles Poulett Thompson, Charles Wyville Thompson, Charles Winston Thompson
 * Eagle District - Eagle Valley District, Eagle Bay District, Eagle Bluff District, Eagle Rock District, Eagle Peaks District
 * Edinburgh Festival - Edinburgh International Festival, Edinburgh Book Festival, Edinburgh Science Festival, Edinburgh Fringe Festival, Edinburgh Film Festival
 * George Brown - George Spencer Brown, George W. Brown, George Douglas Brown, George Sanford Brown, George William Brown
 * John Brown - John Henry Brown, John Young Brown, John W. Brown, John Q. Brown, John C. Brown
 * John Johnson - John Michael Johnson, John Mercer Johnson, John Henry Johnson, John H. Johnson, John Telemachus Johnson
 * John Taylor - John Henry Taylor, John Mark Taylor, John B. Taylor, John G. Taylor, John Lampkin Taylor

count 7 (done)

 * China Airlines - China International Airlines, China North Airlines, China Northwest Airlines, China Eastern Airlines, China Northern Airlines, China Southern Airlines, China Yunnan Airlines
 * James Smith - James T. Smith, James Bonecrusher Smith, James Edward Smith, James Y. Smith, James Strudwick Smith, James M. Smith , James Gregory Smith (only this page)
 * John Williams - John J. Williams, John Skelton Williams, John Christopher Williams, John H. Williams, John G. Williams, John James Williams, John Sharp Williams

count 8 (done)

 * George Smith (disambiguation page) -
 * George O. Smith (author stub), George Albert Smith (LDS president), George Charles Smith (minister of Norfolk Island), George I. Smith (premier of Nova Scotia), George William Smith (Virginia governor), George Edward Smith (Maryland mayor), George Harmonica Smith (blues musician)

count 10 (done)

 * John Smith - Jonathan Bayard Smith, John Walter Smith, John T. Smith, John Stafford Smith, John B. Smith, John Orrin Smith, John Christopher Smith, John Speed Smith, John Cotton Smith, John Gordon Smith

title: User:Daniel Quinlan/redirects1


text:
Music of Panama

Panama is a Central American country, inhabited mostly by mestizos (persons of mixed African, European and indigenous ancestry). The music of Panama is heavily based on the folk music of Spain, particularly that of Andalusia and was influenced first by the indigenous populations of Kunas, Teribes, Ngobe Bugle and others, and then by the black population who were brought over, first as slaves from Africa, between the 16th century and the 19th century, and then voluntarily (especially from Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Saint Lucia) to work on the Panamanian Railroad and Canal projects between the 1840s and 1914.

With this heritage, Panama has a rich and diverse music history, and important contributions to cumbia, saloma, pasillo, punto, tamborito, mejorana, bolero, jazz, salsa, reggae, calypso, rock, and other musical genres.

Saloma and mejorana
The saloma and mejorana feature a distinctive vocal style said to derive from Sevillians. The most important native instruments used to play these musics are the mejoranera, a five-stringed guitar accompanying songs called mejoranas as well as torrentes, and the rabel, a violin with three strings used to play cumbias, puntos and pasillos in the central provinces of Coclé, Herrera, Los Santos and Veraguas.

Cumbia
Closely related to its more well-known Colombian cousin, Panamanian cumbia, especially amanojá and atravesao styles, are domestically popular. Another important music is punto and the salon dances like pasillo, danza and contradanza. During the 19th and 20th centuries, the Pasillo music was very popular.

Tamborito
A folk dance, called tamborito is very popular. Danced by men and women in costumes, the tamborito is led by a cantalante, a female lead singer, who is backed by a clapping chorus (the "estribillo") that sings four-line stanzas of copla (a lyrical form related to Spanish poetry) as well as three drums.

Congo
A somewhat similar genre called congo is popular among the black communities of the northern coast in Costa Arriba, which includes Portobelo, a province of Colón.

Tipico
Contemporary popular Panama folkloric music is generally called música típico , or pindín, which since the 1940s has included instruments such as the guiro, conga and especially the accordion, among others. Some famous Panamanian artists in this genre are Aceves Nunez, Teresín Jaén, Ulpiano Vergara, Lucho De Sedas y Juan De Sedas, Dorindo Cárdenas, Victorio Vergara Batista, Roberto "Papi" Brandao, Nenito Vargas, Yin Carrizo, Abdiel Núñez, Manuel de Jesús Abrego, Alejandro Torres and Samy y Sandra Sandoval.

Salsa
Panama's leading salsa musician, Rubén Blades, has achieved international stardom, after collaborating with other local musicians like Rómulo Castro and Tuira. Other world-famous musicians from Panama included Luis Russell, who played with Louie Armstrong in the 1920s, Mauricio Smith, a noted saxophone and flute player who played with Chubby Checker, Charles Mingus, Dizzy Gillespie, Machito and Mongo Santamaría, among others. Victor "Vitin" Paz, a pillar of the Latin jazz trumpet, was a cornerstone of the Fania All Stars for many years. *Gaitanes, La KShamba, Roberto Delgado and many others.

Jazz
Panama has a long history in jazz, beginning with Luis Russell, pianist, composer and director, who traveled to New Orleans in 1919 and made important contributions. By the 1940s the port city of Colón boasted at least ten local jazz orchestras. Legends of Jazz in Panama included pianist and composer Victor Boa, bassist Clarence Martin, singer Barbara Wilson and French horn player John "Rubberlegs" McKindo. This jazz legacy was recently reinvigorated when the US-based Panamanian pianist Danilo Perez organized the first jazz Festival in January 2004.

Calypso
Panama also boasts a vibrant history of calypso and mento music sung by nationally well-known musicians such as Lord Panama, Lord Delicious, Two-Gun Smokey, Lady Trixie, Lord Kon-Tiki, Lord Kitti, and Lord Cobra and the Pana-Afro sounds.

Modern times
By the 1960s, local doo-wop groups were evolving into what became known as the Combos Nacionales, five to ten musician groups using electric instruments and incorporating the diverse sounds of jazz, calypso, salsa, merengue, doo wop, soul and funk. Famous Combos Nacionales included The Silvertones, The Exciters, The Fabulous Festivals, The Beachers, The Soul Fantastics, Los Mozambiques, The Goombays, Los Juveniles, Roberto y su Zafra and Bush y sus Magnificos. By 1970, the dynamic Combos Nacionales sound dominated Panamanian popular music, only winding down toward the late 1970s.

Reggae en Español originated in Panama, known as Spanish reggae is very popular among youth, and spawned the Spanish language dancehall also known as reggae en español (Spanish dancehall) style known as the predecessor to reggaeton, which originated with such artists as El General, Nando Boom, Renato, Mr. Rico,  Aldo Ranks, Kafu Banton, Jam & Suppose, Danger Man and Chicho Man, before becoming popular in Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic and eventually amongst youth in the United States. As of 2006, Panama has become a major source and contributor to reggaeton and, especially as Reggaeton from Panama is on the rise and continues to dominate charts in the United States and abroad.

The Pioneers of the International Reggae en Espanol movement out of Panama were Gary H. Mason aka: Big Daddy G., and Luis "Wicho" Phillips aka: The Karma Master. They introduced and produced the songs "El Meneaito" performed by Gaby, "Soy El Mas Sensual" performed by Renato, "Camión Lleno de Gunn" performed by Jam & Suppose, "El Marciano" performed by Cocoman, as well as hits by Reggae Sam, Aldo Ranks, Toby King, Reggae Kid, and many other well known Panamanian Artists.

While often still referred as Reggae, much of the current Panamanian reggae scene is based in Jamaica's dancehall scene. The genre still maintains some of the style of the earlier reggae en Español, such as the laidback lyrics and references to everyday life, but some details, like the common practice of taking Jamaican dancehall songs (or even non-dancehall songs, as the case of Benny Benassi's Satisfaction) and releasing them with Spanish lyrics but otherwise minor to no differences with the original track, is now often criticized as plagiarism, mainly due to Internet, which has allowed people to have more awareness about a song's origins.

One of such artists to often face said criticism is Japanese, who tends to release songs based on viral hits like Gangnam Style or "Moving like Bernie" (a song involving the "Bernie dance" dance moves), or popular songs like Wiggle. This criticism, however, is mostly related to what some people consider "uninspired lyrics". Some speculate that the plagiarism issue is what keeps Panamanian and Jamaican dancehall scenes rarely colliding in the form of music collaborations, despite the closeness of both cultures.

Parallel to this, reggae influences in Panama have also spawned several popular reggae roots bands, such as Cellula, Pureza Natural, Raices y Cultura, Inspiración Mística, Panta Rey, among others. While reggae entered the country through Antillian immigrants, it has reached all sorts of people, like Mestizo singer from Coclé I-Nesta, who has experimented with traditional reggae roots, dancehall and even reggae fusion, and has collaborated with Argentinian reggae singer Fidel Nadal. Reggae roots remains popular among Panamanian youth of different regions, classes and races, specially among Rastas and secular weed subculture.

A thriving and very popular rock en español scene has produced such groups as Orquesta Garash, Radicales Libres, Filtro Medusa, Skamilonga, Los Rabanes, Xantos Jorge, Cage 9, Factor VIII, Os Almirantes, Nervial, Los 33, Señor Loop, Roba Morena, Out-reazon, Lemmiwinks, Skraped Knees, Calibre 57, ROGAM, Cabeza De Martillo, just to name a few. Solo artists like Cienfue and Horacio Valdés have also proved popular.

In recent years, the Electronic Dance Music scene of Panama has flourished, not being restricted just to concerts by David Guetta or Tiësto, but having full-fledged electronic music festivals like The Day After, which have featured famous EDM acts like Afrojack, Nervo, Martin Garrix, W&W and the like. Some national electronic music producers have appeared; however, the development of the producer scene is at a much earlier stage than its fanbase, partly because of the country's music labels focus on dancehall and its subgenres. However, a well-known Dancehall producer from the country, Predikador, has had an experimental venture on electronic dance genres in his "2050" series of sequentially named tracks, which have drawn from the popular EDM genres at the time each track was made (namely, Dubstep and Big Room House).

Also worth mentioning is Pedro Altamiranda and his historically popular music spanning several generations and political moments. His songs have a comedic tone and are often satirical; some of which have been banned by leaders like Manuel Noriega. Despite this, his influence has persisted, and many popular phrases and slang used in Panama are lyrics from Altamiranda's songs.

Composers

 * Narciso Garay, classical, symphonic interpretations of Panama Folklore
 * Nicholas Aceves Nunez, Cumbia, Panama Folklore, Pasillo.
 * José Luis Rodríguez Vélez, cumbia, bolero, pasillo
 * Carlos Eleta Almarán "Dartañan", bolero
 * Rubén Blades, salsa
 * Omar Alfanno, Salsa
 * Erika Ender, Latin pop, salsa, reguetón, ballad
 * Gaitanes, Latin pop, salsa, merengue, ballad
 * Luis Russell, jazz, swing
 * Danilo Perez, jazz
 * Roque Cordero, classical
 * Samuel Robles, classical
 * Marina Saiz-Salazar, classical
 * Mr.Rico reggae Dance hall
 * Nando Boom, reggae
 * El General, reggae
 * Jamilka Kennedy, Salsa

Music Directors

 * Aurelio Escudero
 * José Luis Rodríguez Vélez
 * Armando Boza
 * Luciano Muñóz
 * Luis Russell
 * Dino Nugent

Singers

 * Aldo Ranks, reggae and reggaeton
 * Apache Ness, reggae
 * Mr. Rico, reggae Dance hall
 * Eddy Lover, reggaeton
 * Edwin Benitez, rock
 * El Roockie, reggae and reggaeton
 * Flex, reggaeton
 * Gaitanes, salsa and tropical singers
 * Joey Montana, reggaeton
 * Kafu Banton, reggae and reggaeton
 * La Factoría, reggaeton
 * Latin Fresh, hip hop, reggae and reggaeton
 * Lorna, reggae and reggaeton
 * Makano, reggaeton
 * Mikk D'Wolff, rock
 * Tony Moro, bolero, chachachá
 * Barbara Wilson, jazz
 * Sandra Sandoval, pindín
 * Catalina "Catita" Carrasco, cumbia (d. 2012)
 * Lucho De Sedas
 * Omar Alfanno, Salsa
 * Renato

Accordion

 * Aceves Nunez
 * Rogelio "Gelo" Córdoba
 * Ulpiano Vergara
 * Juan De Sedas
 * Dorindo Cárdenas
 * Victorio Vergara
 * Yin Carrizo
 * Samy Sandoval
 * Osvaldo Ayala
 * Ceferino Nieto
 * Roberto "Fito" Espino
 * Papi Brandao
 * Alfredo Escudero
 * Isaac de León

Trumpet

 * Victor "Vitin" Paz

Mejoranera

 * Juan Andrés Castillo
 * Los Juglares del Dexas

Organist

 * Luis "Lucho" Azcárraga
 * Ismael "Chacho" De La Rosa
 * Toby Muñoz
 * Avelino Muñoz

Guitar

 * Emiliano Pardo Tristán

Violin

 * Samuel Ramos
 * Clímaco Batista

Musical producers

 * Predikador
 * Rubén Blades
 * Roberto Blades
 * Gaitanes
 * Herman (chispa) Lawson
 * Dino Nugent

title: Music of Panama


text:
Strategic Simulations

Strategic Simulations, Inc. (SSI) was a video game developer and publisher with over 100 titles to its credit from its founding in 1979 to its dissolution in 1994 (though the brand was in use until around 2002). The company was especially noted for its numerous wargames, its official computer game adaptations of Dungeons & Dragons, and for the groundbreaking Panzer General series.

History
The company was founded by Joel Billings, a wargame enthusiast, who in the summer of 1979 saw the possibility of using the new home computers such as the TRS-80 for wargames. While unsuccessfully approaching Avalon Hill and Automated Simulations to publish wargames, he hired programmers John Lyons, who wrote Computer Bismarck—later claimed to have been the first "serious wargame" published for a microcomputer —and Ed Williger, who wrote Computer Ambush. Both games were written in BASIC as were many of SSI's early games.

Although Billings expected that he and Lyon would write the first version of Computer Bismarck on a North Star computer, Apple Computer executive Trip Hawkins, who would later found Electronic Arts, persuaded Billings to switch to the Apple II because of its graphics. Computer Bismarck appeared for the Apple in January 1980 and for the TRS-80 later in the year. Chuck Kroegel, who joined the company as an employee in 1983, was the co-author with David Landrey of many of the early SSI wargames and led product development for over ten years.

By late 1980, SSI advertised that its games could "take you from Waterloo to the Super Bowl. (By way of the North Atlantic.)" In 1982 SSI launched their RapidFire line. Although the name implies action titles, it was in fact simply a branding of games being written by third party authors. The initial series consisted of Cytron Masters, The Cosmic Balance and Galactic Gladiators. Later titles included Epidemic!, a real time strategy title dealing with a global plague, Queen of Hearts, Cosmic Balance II, Broadsides and others. The branding effort did not last very long, and appeared to have been ended in either 1983 or 1984. Chris Smith reviewed SSI's RapidFire Line in The Space Gamer No. 59. Smith commented that " RapidFire is a game line that deserves any award it can be nominated for. It is the best line of computer games I've ever seen, and the programs rate high on an individual basis also."

By 1985, Antic wrote "serious computer wargamers consider [SSI] a company in a class by itself". It had 60 employees and had published 12 games in the previous year, most written in compiled BASIC. Developers such as Gary Grigsby received royalties of up to $20,000 per game. By fiscal 1987 the company had $5 million in sales, and had released 89 games in its first eight years.

SSI had expanded into role-playing games in 1984 with titles such as Wizard's Crown, Questron and the Phantasie series. In 1987, SSI acquired the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons (AD&D) license from TSR and subsequently published 30 titles in that series, starting with Pool of Radiance in 1988 and including War of the Lance in 1989 (Apple II) and 1990 (MS-DOS & Commodore 64). The TSR products formed the core of games released using the Gold Box engine.

By 1992, Computer Gaming World stated that SSI "is no longer known as, primarily, a wargame company [but] continues to publish its share of wargames". In 1994, the company released Panzer General. Panzer General was a very approachable and easy-to-play game that nevertheless had some gameplay depth and the sense of continuity and goals. It was followed by three other games based on slightly modified versions of the basic engine, including Allied General and Pacific General, the latter arguably being the most balanced. Non-historical games based on the same system were also released, Star General and Fantasy General. These were later referred to collectively as the 5-Star General Series.

As the newer versions were released over a three-year period they increasingly became outdated in terms of improving computer hardware. In 1997 they released a new version, Panzer General II, with hand-painted maps and icons. It was very popular, selling well over 100,000 copies in its first release, and is still modded and played today. People's General was based on the same engine. In 1999 Panzer General 3D Assault introduced a true 3D engine, but gameplay was not particularly notable. A final attempt in 2000 was Panzer General III: Scorched Earth.

SSI was acquired by Mindscape in 1994, spent some time as part of Mattel, and finally became part of Ubisoft in March 2001, which retired the brand a few years later.

In December 2013, Joel Billings donated several SSI video games, such as Computer Bismarck, including the source code for preservation to the ICHEG.

title: Strategic Simulations