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Adherbal (admiral)

Adherbal (, ; died 230BC), also known as Atarbas (Ατάρβας, Atárbas), was the admiral of the Carthaginian fleet which battled the Romans for domination of the Mediterranean Sea during the First Punic War (264–241BC). Polybius identified Adherbal during the Battle of Drepana as the Carthaginian commander-in-chief. He led the Carthaginian fleet to Drepana in Sicily and inflicted a crushing defeat on the Roman consul P. Claudius Pulcher during the naval battle in 249BC.

Battle of Drepana
Encouraged by previous victories, the new consul for 250 Gaius Atilius Regulus launched a campaign to attack the last Punic strongholds on the island of Sicily: Lilybaeum and Drepana. For this surprise attack, which was carried out in 249, the Romans mustered a fleet of 123 quinqueremes. Adherbal was tasked to defend Drepana with the assistance of Hannibal the Rhodian and Carthalo. In their desire for stealth, the Romans attacked at night causing them to lose their formation. Adherbal commanded the Punic fleet and immediately ordered his forces to set to sea when the straggling line of Roman galleys approached the shore by dawn. His defense cost the Romans 93 ships while Carthage lost nothing.

Adherbal's conduct during the siege was documented by historians such as Polybius and Leonardo Bruni. The latter, for instance, described the admiral delivering an oratio obliqua before his forces as he led them to meet the Romans. He would later write that Adherbal "won great praise as the man who, by virtue of his courage and skill, restored to his fellow Carthaginians their lost reputation as a sea power."

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title: Adherbal (admiral)


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Garda Síochána

The Garda Síochána (meaning "the Guardian(s) of the Peace") is the national police and security service of Ireland. It is more commonly referred to as the Gardaí ("Guardians") or "the Guards". The service is headed by the Garda Commissioner, who is appointed by the Irish Government. Its headquarters are in Dublin's Phoenix Park.

Since the formation of the Garda Síochána in 1923, it has been a predominantly unarmed force, and more than three quarters of the service do not routinely carry firearms. As of 31 December 2019, the police service had 14,708 sworn members (including 458 sworn Reserve members) and 2,944 civilian staff. Operationally, the Garda Síochána is organised into four geographical regions: the East, North/West, South and Dublin Metropolitan regions, in turn broken into divisions, districts and sub-districts.

The service is the main law enforcement and security agency in the state, acting at local and national levels. Its roles include crime detection and prevention, drug enforcement, road traffic enforcement and accident investigation, diplomatic and witness protection responsibilities; it also provides a community policing service. Special units exist for specific areas of work such as organised crime prevention, migration management and cyber crime, and there is a central Garda technical bureau, a mounted unit and a canine unit. The service has its own college.

Members of the Garda Síochána are not free to join general trade unions but are represented by four rank-based organisations; there is also an association for retired members of the force.

Terminology
The service was originally named the Civic Guard in English, but in 1923 it became the Garda Síochána in both English and Irish. This title has been maintained in recent legislation. This is usually translated as "the Guardians of the Peace". Garda Síochána na hÉireann ("of Ireland", ) appears on its logo but is seldom used elsewhere. At that time, there was a vogue for naming the new institutions of the Irish Free State after counterparts in the French Third Republic; the term "guardians of the peace" (gardiens de la paix, literally 'peacekeepers') had been used since 1870 in French-speaking countries to designate civilian police forces as distinguished from the armed gendarmery, notably municipal police in France, communal guards in Belgium and cantonal police in Switzerland.

The full official title of the police service is rarely used in speech. How it is referred to depends on the register being used. It is variously known as An Garda Síochána; the Garda Síochána; the Garda; the Gardaí (plural); and it is popularly called "the guards". Although Garda is singular, in these terms it is used as a collective noun, like police.

An individual officer is called a garda (plural gardaí), or less formally, a "guard", and is typically addressed as such by members of the public when on duty. A police station is called a garda station. Garda is also the name of the lowest rank within the force (e.g. "Garda John Murphy", analogous to the British term "constable" or the American "officer", "deputy", "trooper", etc.). A female officer was once officially referred to as a bangharda ("female guard"; plural banghardaí). This term was abolished in 1990, but is still used colloquially in place of the gender-neutral garda.

Colloquially, as a slang or derogatory term, they are sometimes referred to in certain areas of Ireland as "the shades".

Organisation
The service, which is operationally independent of the Government, Department of Justice and the Policing Authority, is headed by the Garda Commissioner, whose immediate subordinates are two deputy commissioners – in charge of "Policing and Security" and "Governance & Strategy", respectively – and a Chief Administrative Officer with responsibility for resource management (personnel, finance, Information and Communications Technology, and accommodation). A few functions, including the Office of Corporate Communications and the Internal Audit Section, report directly to the Commissioner's Office. There is an assistant commissioner for each of the four geographical regions, along with a number dealing with other national support functions. The four geographical Garda regions, each overseen by an assistant commissioner, are:
 * 1) Dublin Metropolitan Region
 * 2) North-Western
 * 3) Eastern
 * 4) Southern

At an equivalent or near-equivalent level to the assistant commissioners are such figures as the Chief Medical Officer, and the civilian executive directors, heading Information and Communications Technology, Finance and Services, Strategy and Transformation, Legal, and Human Resources and People Development.

Directly subordinate to the assistant commissioners are approximately 40 chief superintendents, about half of whom supervise what are called divisions. Each division contains a number of districts, each commanded by a superintendent assisted by a team of inspectors. Each district contains a number of sub-districts, which are usually commanded by sergeants.

Typically each subdistrict contains only one Garda station. A different number of Gardaí are based at each station depending on its importance. Most of these stations employ the basic rank of Garda, which was referred to as the rank of Guard until 1972. The most junior members of the service are students, whose duties can vary depending on their training progress. They are often assigned clerical duties as part of their extracurricular studies.

The Garda organisation also has more than 3,000 civilian support staff (not sworn police officers). working across a range of areas such as human resources, occupational health services, finance and procurement, internal audit, IT and telecommunications, accommodation and fleet management, as well as aspects of scene-of-crime support, research and analysis, training and general administration. The figure also includes industrial staff such as traffic wardens, drivers and cleaners.

Structure and numbers
As of September 2023, the organisation is structured as follows:
 * Deputy Commissioner - Policing and Security
 * Assistant Commissioner - National Crime and Security Intelligence Service
 * National Surveillance Unit
 * Special Detective Unit
 * Special Tactics & Operations Command
 * Emergency Response Unit
 * Armed Support Units
 * Liaison & Protection
 * Assistant Commissioner - Organised and Serious Crime
 * Garda National Bureau of Criminal Investigation
 * Garda National Drugs and Organised Crime Bureau
 * Garda National Economic Crime Bureau
 * Garda National Cyber Crime Bureau
 * Garda National Immigration Bureau
 * Garda National Protective Services Bureau
 * Technical Bureau
 * Operational Support Services that consists of:
 * Air Support Unit
 * Water Unit
 * Dog Unit
 * Mounted Unit
 * Assistant Commissioner - Roads Policing & Community Engagement
 * Garda National Roads Policing Bureau
 * Garda Community Engagement Bureau
 * Garda National Youth Diversion Bureau
 * Assistant Commissioners for 4 regions (in turn with divisions, and a Dublin roads unit)
 * Public Order Units are embedded in the regions
 * Garda Síochána Reserve members are embedded in the regions
 * Executive Director for Information and Technology
 * Central Vetting Unit
 * Garda Information Services Centre
 * National Data Protection Office
 * Deputy Commissioner for Strategy, Governance and Performance
 * Chief Administrative Officer
 * Legal, Occupational Health & Wellbeing, HR & Professional Development and Finance & Services units
 * Garda Síochána College

Garda Reserve
The Garda Síochána Act 2005 provided for the establishment of a Garda Reserve to assist the force in performing its functions and supplement the work of members of the Garda Síochána. The intent of the Garda Reserve is "to be a source of local strength and knowledge". Reserve members are to carry out duties defined by the Garda Commissioner and sanctioned by the Minister for Justice. With limited training of 128 hours, these duties and powers must be executed under the supervision of regular members of the Service; they are also limited concerning those of regular members.

The first batch of 36 Reserve Gardaí graduated on 15 December 2006 at the Garda College, in Templemore. Having reached a strength of over 1,100 in 2014, as of October 2016, there were 789 Garda Reserve members, with further training scheduled for 2017, however numbers have fallen since then, to under 460 as of 2021, and under 400 by 2023.

Rank structure
A garda allocated to detective duties, up to and including the rank of chief superintendent, is a detective and the word detective (Bleachtaire) is prefixed to their rank (e.g. detective sergeant, bleachtaire sáirsint). The detective moniker is not a rank but rather a role identification, a detective Garda and a Garda are the same rank. As of 31 December 2022, 2,401 Gardaí were on Detective duty, about one-sixth of the total.

Uniform
In 2022, the fourth iteration of the Garda uniform was launched. It dispensed with formal shirts and ties, substituting a "sky blue" polo shirt, worn with loose-fitting "operational trousers", and a yellow-and-dark-navy waterproof jacket. A tie is available for formal occasions, and the Garda hat from previous versions of the uniform is retained. Alternative head and other coverings, such as the turban, kippah and hijab, are provided for. The uniform was for force members of the ranks of Garda, sergeant and inspector, with no change for those of superintendent rank or above. The original Garda uniform featured a high "night helmet" and cape, as was then used in the UK. There were changes to colouration of both fabric and buttons in 1987.

Equipment
Most uniformed members of the Garda Síochána do not routinely carry firearms. Individual gardaí have been issued ASP extendable batons and pepper spray as their standard issue weapons while handcuffs are provided as restraints.

The service, when originally created, was armed, but the Provisional Government reversed the decision and reconstituted the service as an unarmed police service. This was in contrast to the attitude of the British Dublin Castle administration, which refused appeals from the Royal Irish Constabulary that the service be disarmed. In the words of first Commissioner, Michael Staines, TD, "the Garda Síochána will succeed not by force of arms or numbers, but on their moral authority as servants of the people." This reflected the approach in the Dublin Metropolitan Police, which had also been unarmed, but did not extend to the CID detective branch, who were armed from the outset.

According to Tom Garvin such a decision gave the new force a cultural ace: "the taboo on killing unarmed men and women who could not reasonably be seen as spies and informers".

Armed Gardaí
The Garda Síochána is primarily an unarmed force; however, detectives and certain units such as the regional Armed Support Units (ASU) and the national Emergency Response Unit (ERU) are commissioned to carry firearms and do so. A website managed by the Institute for International and Comparative Law in Africa notes that there are "no specific legal provisions on use of firearms by the Gardaí, which is predominantly an unarmed police service. Instead, the law provides an exemption from licensing requirements under the various Firearms Acts for a member of the Garda Síochána when on duty".

The armed officers serve as a support to regular Gardaí. Armed units were established in response to a rise in the number of armed incidents dealt with by regular members. To be issued with a firearm, or to carry a firearm whilst on duty, a member must be in possession of a valid gun card, and cannot wear a regular uniform.

Armed Gardaí carry Sig Sauer P226 and Walther P99C semi-automatic pistols. In addition to issued pistols, less-lethal weapons such as tasers and large pepper spray canisters are carried also by the ERU.

In December 2018, Minister for Justice Charlie Flanagan provided updated specifics. "'Training is provided by Firearms Instructors attached to the Garda College and the Emergency Response Unit under the control of the Director of Training, Garda College. ... there are approximately 2700 personnel that are currently authorised to carry firearms. This can increase to approx. 3500 depending on operational requirements. ... Members attached to regular units and Detective units are trained in handguns only, namely Smith & Wesson revolver, Sig Sauer & Walther semi-automatic pistol. Specialist Units such as Emergency Response Unit and the Armed Support Unit are trained in Sig Pistol, H&K MP7 Sub-machine gun, Taser and 40mm direct impact munitions (Less Lethal options)'."

In early April 2019, the Garda Representative Association called for 24-hour armed support units in every division across Ireland. In response, Minister Flanagan noted that "gardaí have had armed support for a long number of years. One of the great attributes of the [Garda Síochána], is the fact that it is in the main an unarmed police service. I think that's good and I would be concerned at attempts to ensure that the arming of the gardaí becomes commonplace." He did not support the GRA demands on a country-wide basis: "I think there is merit in ensuring that at a regional level, there can be an armed response should the circumstances warrant. And I'm thinking particularly in Drogheda where currently we have an armed support unit on the street in order to meet head-on what is a particularly nasty challenge."

Vehicles
Garda patrol cars are white in colour, with a fluorescent yellow and blue battenberg type marking, accompanied by the Garda crest as livery. Full or partial battenburg markings are used on traffic or roads policing vehicles. RSU/ASU vehicles also have Battenburg markings - as well as a red stripe denoting the fact that it is an armed unit. Unmarked patrol cars are also used in the course of regular, traffic and other duties. Specialist units, such as the ERU, use armoured vehicles for special operations.

The Garda Fleet management Section manages the vehicles, totalling approximately 2,750 in 2019, which are located in the various Garda Divisions and specialist units.

Policing Authority
In the first week of November 2014, Minister for Justice Frances Fitzgerald obtained the approval of the Irish Cabinet for the General Scheme of the Garda Síochána (Amendment) Bill 2014, intended to create a new independent policing authority, in what she described as the 'most far-reaching reform’ of the Garda Síochána since the State was founded in 1922. The draft bill proposed that state security would remain the responsibility of the Minister for Justice and outside the remit of the new authority. The first chairperson-designate of the new authority was the outgoing Revenue Commissioners chairperson Josephine Feehily.

Garda Inspectorate
Under Section 115 of the Garda Síochána Act, the Garda Síochána Inspectorate consists of three members who are appointed by the Irish Government. The functions of the Inspectorate, inter alia, are as follows:
 * Carry out, at the request or with the consent of the Minister, inspections or inquiries with any particular aspects of the operation and administration of the Garda Síochána,
 * Submit to the Minister (1) a report on those inspections or inquiries, and (2) if required by the Minister, a report on the operation and administration of the Garda Síochána during a specified period and on any significant developments in that regard during that period, and any such reports must contain recommendations for any action the Inspectorate considers necessary.
 * Provide advice to the Minister about best policing practices.

The first Chief Inspector (since July 2006), was former Commissioner of Boston Police, Kathleen M. O'Toole. She reported directly to the Minister for Justice. From 2006 to 2009, O'Toole was supported by two other inspectors, Robert Olsen and Gwen M. Boniface. Olsen was Chief of Police for 8 years of the Minneapolis Police Department. Boniface is a former Commissioner of the Ontario Provincial Police and was one of 3 female police commissioners in Canada when appointed in May 1998. She suggested that rank and file Gardaí were not equipped to perform their duties or protect themselves properly. She also suggested that routine arming may become a reality but dismissed the suggestion that this was currently being considered. In 2012, O'Toole was succeeded by Robert K. Olson.

Garda Síochána Ombudsman Commission
Over 2000 complaints were made against the organisation in 2009, with a similar number of complaints by 2017. The Garda Commissioner referred over 100 incidents where the conduct of a garda resulted in death or serious injury to the Ombudsman for investigation. Also newly instrumented, the Garda Síochána Ombudsman Commission (referred to colloquially as the Garda Ombudsman or simply abbreviated to GSOC) replaces the earlier system of complaints (the Garda Síochána Complaints Board). Becoming fully operational on 9 May 2007, the commission is empowered to:
 * Directly and independently investigate complaints against members of the Garda Síochána
 * Investigate any matter, even where no complaint has been made, where it appears that a Garda may have committed an offence or behaved in a way that justified disciplinary proceedings
 * Investigate any practice, policy or procedure of the Garda Síochána with a view to reducing the incidence of related complaints

The commission's first chairman was Kevin Haugh (a High Court Judge) who died in early 2009, shortly before his term of office was to conclude.

Diplomatic protection
The Garda Special Detective Unit (SDU) are primarily responsible for providing armed close protection to senior officials in Ireland. They provide full-time armed protection and transport for the President, Taoiseach, Tánaiste, Minister for Justice, Attorney General, Chief Justice, Director of Public Prosecutions, ambassadors and diplomats deemed 'at risk', as well as foreign dignitaries visiting Ireland and citizens deemed to require armed protection as designated so by the Garda Commissioner. The Commissioner is also protected by the unit. All cabinet ministers are afforded armed protection at heightened levels of risk when deemed necessary by Garda Intelligence, and their places of work and residences are monitored. Former Presidents and Taoisigh are protected if their security is under threat, otherwise they only receive protection on formal state occasions. The Emergency Response Unit (ERU), a section of the SDU, are deployed on more than 100 VIP protection duties per year.

History
Prior to the creation of the Irish Free State, policing in Ireland had been undertaken by the quasi-military Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC), with a separate and unarmed Dublin Metropolitan Police (DMP). These were joined in 1919 by a parallel security force loyal to the provisional government, the Irish Republican Police. The early years of the new state saw a gradual process of incorporating these various pre-existing forces into a single centralised, nationwide and civilian organisation.

The Civic Guard was formed by the Provisional Government in February 1922 to take over the responsibility of policing the fledgeling Irish Free State. It replaced the Royal Irish Constabulary and the Irish Republican Police of 1919–22. In August 1922 the force accompanied Michael Collins when he met the Lord Lieutenant in Dublin Castle. The Garda Síochána (Temporary Provisions) Act 1923 enacted after the creation of the Irish Free State on 8 August 1923, provided for the creation of "a force of police to be called and known as 'The Garda Síochána. Under section 22, The Civic Guard were deemed to have been established under and to be governed by the Act. The law therefore effectively renamed the existing force.

The seven-week Civic Guard Mutiny began in May 1922, when Garda recruits took over the Kildare Depot. It resulted in Michael Staines' resignation in September.

During the Civil War of 1922–23, the new Free State set up the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) as an armed, plain-clothed counter-insurgency unit. It was disbanded after the end of the war in October 1923 and elements of it were absorbed into the Dublin Metropolitan Police (DMP). In Dublin, policing remained the responsibility of the Dublin Metropolitan Police (founded 1836) until it merged with the Garda Síochána in 1925. Since then, the Garda has been the only civil police service in the state now known as Ireland. Other police forces with limited powers are the Military Police within the Irish Defence Forces, the Airport Police Service, and Dublin Harbour Police and Dún Laoghaire Harbour Police forces.

The headquarters, the Phoenix Park Depot in Dublin, consists of a series of buildings; the first of these were occupied in 1839 by the new Constabulary. Over subsequent years, additional buildings were added, including a riding school, chapel, infirmary and cavalry barracks; all are now used for other purposes. The new Garda Síochána started to occupy the Depot in early 1923. The facility also included a training centre but that was moved to McCan Barracks, Templemore, County Tipperary in the 1960s; it is now the Garda Síochána College.

Scott Medal
First awarded in 1923, the Scott Medal for Bravery is the highest honour for bravery and valour awarded to a member of the Garda Síochána. The first medals were funded by Colonel Walter Scott, an honorary Commissioner of the New York Police Department. The first recipient of the Scott Medal was Garda James Mulroy. Other notable recipients include Garda Patrick Malone of St. Luke's in Cork City who – as an unarmed Garda – disarmed Tomás Óg Mac Curtain (the son of Tomás Mac Curtain).

To mark the United States link, the American English spelling of valor is used on the medal. The Garda Commissioner chooses the recipients of the medal, which is presented by the Minister for Justice.

In 2000, Anne McCabe – the widow of Jerry McCabe, a garda who was killed by armed Provisional IRA bank robbers – accepted the Scott Medal for Bravery that had been awarded posthumously to her husband.

The Irish Republican Police had at least one member killed by the RIC on 21 July 1920. The Civic Guard had one killed by accident 22 September 1922 and another was killed in March 1923 by Frank Teeling. Likewise 4 members of the Oriel House Criminal Investigation Department were killed or died of wounds during the Irish Civil War. The Garda Roll of Honor lists 89 Garda members killed between 1922 and 2020.

Garda Commissioners
The first Commissioner, Michael Staines, who was a Pro-Treaty member of Dáil Éireann, held office for only eight months. It was his successors, Eoin O'Duffy and Éamon Broy, who played a central role in the development of the service. O'Duffy was Commissioner in the early years of the service when to many people's surprise the viability of an unarmed police service was established. O'Duffy later became a short-lived political leader of the quasi-fascist Blueshirts before heading to Spain to fight alongside Francisco Franco's Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War. Broy had greatly assisted the Irish Republican Army (IRA) during the Anglo-Irish War, while serving with the Dublin Metropolitan Police. Broy was depicted in the film Michael Collins as having been arrested and killed by SIS agents during the Irish War of Independence, when in reality he lived till 1972 and headed the Garda Síochána from 1933 to 1938. Broy was followed by Commissioners Michael Kinnane (1938–52) and Daniel Costigan (1952–65). The first Commissioner to rise from the rank of ordinary Garda was William P. Quinn, who was appointed in February 1965.

One later Commissioner, Edmund Garvey, was sacked by the Fianna Fáil government of Jack Lynch in 1978 after it had lost confidence in him. Garvey won "unfair dismissal" legal proceedings against the government, which was upheld in the Irish Supreme Court. This outcome required the passing of the Garda Síochána Act 1979 to retrospectively validate the actions of Garvey's successor since he had become Commissioner. Garvey's successor, Patrick McLaughlin, was forced to resign along with his deputy in 1983 over his peripheral involvement in a political scandal.

On 25 November 2014 Nóirín O'Sullivan was appointed as Garda Commissioner, after acting as interim Commissioner since March 2014, following the unexpected retirement of Martin Callinan. It was noted that as a result most top justice posts in Ireland at the time were held by women. The first female to hold the top rank, Commissioner O'Sullivan joined the force in 1981 and was among the first members of a plainclothes unit set up to tackle drug dealing in Dublin.

On 10 September 2017 Nóirín O'Sullivan announced her retirement from the force and, by extension, Garda Commissioner. Upon her retirement, Deputy Commissioner Dónall Ó Cualáin was appointed Acting Commissioner pending a permanent replacement. In June 2018, Drew Harris was named as this replacement, and officially appointed in September 2018 following Ó Cualáin's retirement.

Past reserve forces
During the Second World War (often referred to in Ireland as "the Emergency") there were two reserve forces to the Garda Síochána, An Taca Síochána and the Local Security Force.

An Taca Síochána had the power of arrest and wore a uniform, and were allowed to leave the reserve or sign-up as full members of the Garda Síochána at the end of the war before the reserve was disbanded. The reserve was established by the Emergency Powers (Temporary Special Police Force) Order 1939.

The Local Security Force (LSF) did not have the power of arrest, and part of the reserve was soon incorporated into the Irish Army Reserve under the command of the Irish Army.

Northern Ireland
The Patten Report recommended that a programme of long-term personnel exchanges should be established between the Garda Síochána and the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI). This recommendation was enacted in 2002 by an Inter-Governmental Agreement on Policing Cooperation, which set the basis for the exchange of officers between the two services. There are three levels of exchanges:

 * Personnel exchanges, for all ranks, without policing powers and for a term up to one year
 * Secondments: for ranks Sergeant to Chief Superintendent, with policing powers, for up to three years
 * Lateral entry by the permanent transfer of officers for ranks above Inspector and under Assistant Commissioner

The protocols for these movements of personnel were signed by both the Chief Constable of the PSNI and the Garda Commissioner on 21 February 2005.

Garda officers also co-operate with members of the PSNI to combat cross-border crime and can conduct joint raids on both jurisdictions. They have also accompanied politicians and officials from the Republic, such as the President, on visits to Northern Ireland.

Other jurisdictions
Since 1989, the Garda Síochána has undertaken United Nations peace-keeping duties. Its first such mission was a 50 strong contingent sent to Namibia. Since then the force has acted in Angola, Cambodia, Mozambique, South Africa, and the former Yugoslavia. More recently, Garda members have served in Cyprus with UNFICYP, and in Kosovo with EULEX Kosovo. The force's first fatality whilst working abroad was Sergeant Paul M. Reid, who was fatally injured while on duty with the United Nations UNPROFOR at "Sniper's Alley" in Sarajevo on 18 May 1995.

Members of the Garda Síochána also serve in the Embassies of Ireland in London, The Hague, Madrid and Paris. Members are also seconded to Europol in The Hague, in the Netherlands and Interpol in Lyon, France. There are also many members working directly for UN and European agencies such as the War Crimes Tribunal.

Under an agreement with the British Government and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the Garda Síochána and the Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland are allowed to inspect the Sellafield nuclear facility in Cumbria, England.

Controversy and allegations involving the police service
The Gardaí have faced complaints or allegations of discourtesy, harassment and perjury. A total of 1,173 complaints were made against the Gardaí in 2005, with over 2000 complaints made in 2017.

Some such incidents have attracted broad attention and resulted in a number of reform initiatives—such as those relating to Garda whistleblowers or which led to the Morris and Barr Tribunals.

Mishandling of cases and complaints
The Kerry Babies case was one of the first public inquiries into the mishandling of a Garda investigation. Later, in the 1980s, the Ferns Report (an inquiry into allegations of clerical sexual abuse) described as "wholly inadequate" the handling of one of eight formal complaints made to Wexford gardaí, but noted that the remaining formal complaints were handled in an "effective, professional and sensitive" manner.

The Gardaí were also criticised in the Murphy Report in relation to the handing over of the case of Fr. Paul McGennis to Archbishop McQuaid by Commissioner Costigan. Some very senior Gardaí were criticised for regarding priests as being outside their remit in 1960. On 26 November 2009, then Commissioner Fachtna Murphy apologised for the failure of the Garda Síochána to protect victims of child abuse, saying that inappropriate contact between gardaí and the Dublin Archdiocese had taken place at the time, and later announced an examination into the report's findings.

The Gardaí were criticised by the commission of investigation into the Dean Lyons case for their handling of the investigation into the Grangegorman killings. In his report, George Birmingham said that the Gardaí had used leading questions in their interviews with Lyons, and had failed to act on a suspicion that Lyons' confession was unreliable. For a period, the gardaí involved in the case failed to act on the knowledge that another man, Mark Nash, had confessed to the crime.

Allegations resulting in Tribunals of Inquiry
In the 1990s and early 2000s the Garda Síochána faced allegations of corrupt and dishonest policing in County Donegal. This became the subject of a Garda inquiry (the Carty inquiry) and subsequent judicial inquiry (the Morris Tribunal). The Morris Tribunal found that some gardaí based in County Donegal had invented a Provisional IRA informer, made bombs and claimed credit for locating them, and attempted to frame Raphoe publican Frank McBrearty Junior for murder – the latter case involving a €1.5m settlement with the State. A similar case saw a €4.5m judgement, after another Donegal publican was wrongly convicted based on "perjured Garda evidence" and "a conspiracy to concoct false evidence" by the same Donegal-based gardaí.

On 20 April 2000, members of the Garda Emergency Response Unit (ERU) shot dead 27-year-old John Carthy at the end of a 25-hour siege as he left his home in Abbeylara, County Longford with a loaded shotgun in his hands. There were allegations made of inappropriate handling of the situation and of the reliance on lethal force by the Gardaí. This led to a Garda inquiry, and subsequently, the Barr Tribunal. The official findings of the tribunal of inquiry, under Justice Robert Barr, were that the responsible sergeant had made 14 mistakes in his role as the negotiator during the siege, and failed to make real efforts to achieve resolution during the armed stand-off. It further stated however that the sergeant was limited by lack of experience and resources, and recommended a review of Garda command structures, and that the ERU be equipped with stun guns and other non-lethal options. The Barr tribunal further recommended a formal working arrangement between Gardaí and state psychologists, and improvements in Garda training.

During the mid-2010s, the Garda whistleblower scandal led to a tribunal of enquiry, and the resignations of two ministers for justice and two Garda commissioners.

Allegations involving abuse of powers
One of the first charges of serious impropriety against the force rose out of the handling of the Sallins Train Robbery in 1976. This case eventually led to accusations that a "Heavy Gang" within the force intimidated and tortured the accused. This eventually led to a Presidential pardon for one of the accused.

In 2004, an RTÉ Prime Time documentary accused elements within the Garda of abusing their powers by physically assaulting people arrested. A retired Circuit Court judge (W. A. Murphy) suggested that some members of the force had committed perjury in criminal trials before him but later stated that he was misquoted, while Minister of State Dick Roche, accused Gardaí in one instance of "torture". The Garda Commissioner accused the television programme of lacking balance. The documentary followed the publication of footage by the Independent Media Centre showing scuffles between Gardaí and Reclaim the Streets demonstrators. One Garda in the footage was later convicted of common assault, while several other Gardaí were acquitted.

In 2014, a debate arose relating to alleged abuse of process in cancelling penalty points (for traffic offences), and a subsequent controversy resulted in a number of resignations.

In 2017, Dara Quigley, who lived with mental illness, was arrested for public nudity, an incident captured on CCTV. A Garda member went to the police station CCTV control room and recorded the incident on a phone, then shared it to a WhatsApp group including other Gardaí. The video was quickly shared to Facebook and went viral. Quigley took her own life several days later. The Garda, who recorded and shared the video, was not charged with a crime.

Allegations involving cross-border policing and collusion with the IRA
The former head of intelligence of the Provisional IRA, Kieran Conway claimed that in 1974 the IRA were tipped off by "high-placed figures" within the Gardaí about a planned RUC Special Branch raid, which was intended to capture members of the IRA command. Asked if this was just a one-off example of individual Gardaí colluding with the IRA, Conway claimed: "It wasn't just in 1974 and it wasn't just concentrated in border areas like Dundalk, it was some individuals but it was more widespread."

Following a recommendation from the Cory Collusion Inquiry, the Smithwick Tribunal investigated allegations of collusion following the 1989 killing of two Royal Ulster Constabulary officers by the Provisional IRA as they returned from a meeting with the Gardaí. The tribunal's report was published in December 2013, and noted that, although there was no "smoking gun", Judge Smithwick was "satisfied there was collusion in the murders" and that "evidence points to the fact that there was someone within the Garda station assisting the IRA". The report was also critical of two earlier Garda investigations into the murders, which it described as "inadequate". Irish Justice Minister Alan Shatter apologised "without reservation" for the failings identified in the report.

The family of Eddie Fullerton, a Buncrana Sinn Féin councillor killed in 1991 by members of the Ulster Defence Association, criticised the subsequent Garda investigation, and in 2006, the Minister for Justice considered a public inquiry into the case.

Operational management and finances
Protests at the proposed Royal Dutch Shell Corrib gas refinery near Erris, County Mayo saw large Garda operations with up to 200 Gardaí involved. By September 2008, the cost of the operation was €10 million, and by January 2009 estimated to have cost €13.5 million. Some outlets compared this to the €20 million budgeted for operations targeting organised crime. A section of road used by the protesters was allegedly dubbed "the Golden Mile" by Gardaí because of overtime opportunities. Complaints were also made about Garda management and handling of the protests.

In 2017, a number of reported operational issues (including handling of the Garda whistleblower scandal, falsified alcohol breath tests, and the finances of the Garda Training College) were referenced as contributors to the early retirement of then commissioner Nóirín O'Sullivan.

Reform initiatives
Arising from some of the above incidents, the Garda Síochána underwent a number of reform initiatives in the early 21st century. The Morris Tribunal, in particular, recommended major changes to the organisation's management, discipline, promotion and accountability arrangements. Many of these recommendations were subsequently implemented under the Garda Síochána Act 2005.

"The Tribunal has been staggered by the amount of indiscipline and insubordination it has found in the Garda force. There is a small, but disproportionately influential, core of mischief-making members who will not obey orders, who will not follow procedures, who will not tell the truth and who have no respect for their officers"

It was also stated by the tribunal chairman, Justice Morris, that the code of discipline was extremely complex and, at times, "cynically manipulated" to promote indiscipline across the force. Judicial reviews, for example, were cited as a means for delaying disciplinary action.

The fall-out from the Morris Tribunal was considerable. While fifteen members of the force were sacked between 2001 and 2006, and a further 42 resigned in lieu of dismissal in the same period, Commissioner Conroy stated that he was constrained in the responses available to deal with members whose misbehaviour is cited in public inquiries.

Updated procedures and code of discipline
With support from opposition parties, and reflecting broad political consensus, the Minister for Justice responded to many of these issues by announcing a new draft code of discipline on 17 August 2006. The new streamlined code introduced new procedures to enable the Commissioner to summarily dismiss a Garda alleged to have brought the force into disrepute, abandoned duties, compromised the security of the State or unjustifiably infringed the rights of other persons.

In addition, a four-member "non-officer management advisory team" was appointed in August 2006 to advise on implementing change options and addressing management and leadership challenges facing the Gardaí. The advisers were also mandated to promote a culture of performance management, succession planning, recruitment of non-officers with specialist expertise, and improved training.

Enhanced non-officer support
Clerical and administrative support was updated such that, in the two-year period from December 2006 to December 2008 whole-time equivalent, non-officer staffing levels were increased by over 60%, from under 1,300 to approximately 2,100. This was in support of a policy to release more desk-bound Gardaí for operational duties and to bring the level of general support in line with international norms. A tier of middle and senior non-officer management was also introduced in administrative and technical/professional support areas. A Chief Administrative Officer at Deputy Commissioner level was appointed in October 2007 to oversee several of these support functions.

Enhanced oversight
The Garda Inspectorate, Garda Síochána Ombudsman Commission and Policing Authority were introduced, as part of the reform process, under the Garda Síochána Act 2005 and the Garda Síochána (Policing Authority and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2015.

Public attitudes to the Garda Síochána
The Garda Public Attitudes Survey 2017 found that 74% of respondents were satisfied with the Gardaí, down from 81% in the 2008 survey.

The 2017 survey (taken before revelations of false breath tests, wrongful convictions and the departure of the then commissioner) also found that less than half of respondents believed that the Gardaí was a well managed or world-class police service.

Labour disputes
Industrial action (including work-to-rule and withdrawal of labour) was threatened by Gardaí during 2016, arising out of a dispute on pay and conditions.

Linguistic capabilities and diversity
In 2015, it was reported that the Garda had no active officers who are proficient in Arabic, forcing them to rely on assistance on Interpol. There are calls to recruit Arabic-speaking recruits, especially those from the Irish Muslim community.

In 2019, the European Network Against Racism Ireland submitted a paper calling for the Garda's Garda Racial, Intercultural, and Diversity Office to be disbanded and replaced with a specialist unit due to its limited manpower and resources to tackle hate crime cases.

Garda Band
The Garda Band is a public relations branch of the Garda Síochána, and was formed shortly after the foundation of the force. It gave its first public performance on Dún Laoghaire Pier on Easter Monday 1923, and its first Bandmaster was Superintendent D.J. Delaney. In 1938, the Dublin Metropolitan Garda Band (based at Kevin Street) and the Garda Band amalgamated and were based at Garda Headquarters in Phoenix Park.

Besides providing music for official Garda functions (such as graduation ceremonies at the Garda College) the band also performs at schools, festivals and sporting events.

Members of the band, none of whom are involved in policing duties, were paid an average of €58,985 in 2017.

Representation
There are four legally-recognised bodies defined by regulation, each working with specific ranks of Garda:
 * the Garda Representative Association (GRA), for all officers of the rank of Garda
 * the Association of Garda Sergeants and Inspectors (AGSI), for the ranks of Sergeant, Station Sergeant and Inspector
 * the Association of Garda Superintendents (AGS)
 * the Association of Garda Chief Superintendents (AGCS)

There is also the Garda Retired Members Association (GRMA), previously the Garda Pensioners Association.

Other associated bodies
Members of the Garda Síochána have their own credit unions and a medical insurance society, as well as a benevolent society for members and former members in need. The organisation has a wide range of clubs and societies, with a coordinating structure, the Coiste Siamsa, for sporting groups.

title: Garda Síochána


text:
Time Cube

Time Cube was a pseudoscientific personal web page set up in 1997 by the self-proclaimed "wisest man on earth", Otis Eugene "Gene" Ray. It was a self-published outlet for Ray's "theory of everything", also called "Time Cube", which polemically claims that all modern sciences are participating in a worldwide conspiracy to teach lies by omitting his theory's alleged truth that each day actually consists of four days occurring simultaneously. Alongside these statements, Ray described himself as a "godlike being with superior intelligence who has absolute evidence and proof" for his views. Ray asserted repeatedly and variously that the academic world had not taken Time Cube seriously.

The website registration expired in August 2015.

Website
The Time Cube website did not have a home page as such.

A large amount of self-invented jargon is used throughout, often never defined. In one paragraph, Ray claimed that his own wisdom "so antiquates known knowledge" that a psychiatrist examining his behavior diagnosed him with schizophrenia.

Adi Robertson of The Verge commented that Ray's theory of time is "an incredibly confusing one peppered with racism and homophobia".

Time Cube concept
Ray's personal model of reality, called "Time Cube", states that all of modern physics and education is wrong, and argues that, among many other things, Greenwich Time is a global conspiracy. He uses various graphs (along with pictures of himself) that purport to show how each day is really four separate days—SUN-UP, MID-DAY, SUN-DOWN, and MID-NIGHT (formerly morning, early afternoon, late afternoon, and evening)—occurring simultaneously.

The following quotation from the website illustrates the recurring theme: "When the Sun shines upon Earth, 2 – major Time points are created on opposite sides of Earth – known as Midday and Midnight. Where the 2 major Time forces join, synergy creates 2 new minor Time points we recognize as Sunup and Sundown. The 4-equidistant time points can be considered as Time Square imprinted upon the circle of Earth. In a single rotation of the Earth sphere, each Time corner point rotates through the other 3-corner Time points, thus creating 16 corners, 96 hours and 4-simultaneous 24-hour Days within a single rotation of Earth – equated to a Higher Order of Life Time Cube."

Ray offered $1,000 or $10,000 to anyone who could prove his views wrong.

Reception
Ray spoke about Time Cube at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in January 2002 as part of a student-organized extra-curricular event during the independent activities period. He repeated his $10,000 offer for professors to disprove his notions at the event; none attempted it. John C. Dvorak wrote in PC Magazine that "Metasites that track crackpot sites often say this is the number one nutty site." He also characterized the site's content as "endless blather." When asked by Martin Sargent in 2003 how it felt to be an Internet celebrity, Ray stated that it was not a position he wanted, but something he felt he had to do as "no writer or speaker understands the Time Cube." Ray also spoke about Time Cube at the Georgia Institute of Technology in April 2005, delivering a speech in which he attacked the instruction offered by academics.

In 2005, Brett Hanover made Above God, a short documentary film about Ray and Time Cube. The film was likely named after one of Ray's websites, which criticized the idea that God exists. Hanover's film won awards for Best Documentary at the Indie Memphis Film Festival and the Atlanta Underground Film Festival.

In popular culture
The song "To the End of the World" on Alestorm's 2017 album No Grave But the Sea makes several references to the Time Cube concept.

The song "Time Cube" on Honest Bob and the Factory-to-Dealer Incentives' 2004 album Second & Eighteen contains excerpts from the Time Cube rant.

title: Time Cube


text:
Bert Kaempfert

Bert Kaempfert (born Berthold Heinrich Kämpfert; 16 October 1923 – 21 June 1980) was a German orchestra leader, multi-instrumentalist, music producer, arranger, and composer. He made easy listening and jazz-oriented records and wrote the music for a number of well-known songs, including "Strangers in the Night", “Danke Schoen” and "Moon Over Naples".

Early life and career
Kaempfert was born in Hamburg, Germany, where he received his lifelong nickname, Fips, and studied at the Hamburg School of Music. A multi-instrumentalist who played accordion, piano, clarinet, and other instruments, he was hired by Hans Busch to play with his orchestra, before serving as a bandsman in the German Navy during World War II. He later formed his own big band and toured with them, following that by working as an arranger and producer, making hit records with Freddy Quinn and Ivo Robić. Kaempfert met his future wife, Hannelore, in 1945. They married a year later, on 14 August 1946. They had two daughters, Marion and Doris.

Bert Kaempfert & His Orchestra
Kaempfert's first hit with his orchestra was "Wonderland by Night". Recorded in July 1959, the song could not get released in Germany, so Kaempfert took the track to Decca Records in New York, which released it in America in the fall of 1960. With its haunting solo trumpet by Charles Tabor, muted brass, and lush strings, the single topped the American pop charts and turned Bert Kaempfert and Orchestra into international stars. Over the next few years, he revived such pop tunes as "Tenderly", "Red Roses for a Blue Lady", "Three O'Clock in the Morning", and "Bye Bye Blues", as well as composing pieces of his own, including "Spanish Eyes" (a.k.a. "Moon Over Naples"), "Danke Schoen", and "Wooden Heart", which were recorded by, respectively, Al Martino, Wayne Newton, and Elvis Presley. For Kaempfert, little brought him more personal satisfaction than Nat King Cole recording his "L-O-V-E".

Kaempfert's orchestra made extensive use of horns. A couple of numbers that featured brass prominently, "Magic Trumpet" and "The Mexican Shuffle", were played by both Kaempfert's orchestra and by Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass. The Brass covered "Magic Trumpet", and Kaempfert returned the favor by covering Brass compadre Sol Lake's number "The Mexican Shuffle". The latter tune evolved into a TV ad, The Teaberry Shuffle.

Promotion of the Beatles
In his capacity as record producer, Kaempfert played a part in the rise of the Beatles. In 1961, he hired the Beatles to back Tony Sheridan on an album called My Bonnie. Sheridan had been performing in Hamburg, and needed to recruit a band to play behind him on the proposed tracks. Kaempfert auditioned and signed the Beatles, and recorded two tracks with them during his sessions for Sheridan: "Ain't She Sweet" (sung by rhythm guitarist John Lennon) and "Cry for a Shadow" (an instrumental written by Lennon and lead guitarist George Harrison). The album and its singles, released by Polydor Records, were the Beatles' first commercially released recordings.

On 28 October 1961, a customer walked into the Liverpool music store owned by Brian Epstein and asked for a copy of "My Bonnie". The store did not have it, but Epstein noted the request. He was so intrigued by the idea of a Liverpool band releasing a record that he investigated. That event led to his discovery of the Beatles and, through his efforts, their signing by George Martin to Parlophone Records after Kaempfert helped them avoid any contractual claim from Polydor.

Songwriting
Throughout the 1960s, various artists recorded renditions of Kaempfert's music:
 * "Strangers in the Night" (with words by Charles Singleton and Eddie Snyder), was originally recorded as part of his score for the 1966 film A Man Could Get Killed. It became a #1 hit for Frank Sinatra in 1966, despite Sinatra's hatred of the song. This was followed a year later with another hit for Sinatra, "The World We Knew (Over and Over)".
 * "Wooden Heart", sung by Elvis Presley in the film G.I. Blues was a hit in 1961. Joe Dowell's cover of "Wooden Heart" became a big hit, reaching #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 on August 28, 1961. Kaempfert arranged this traditional German folk song Muss i denn for the Presley movie.
 * His instrumental "Moon Over Naples", when given words by Snyder, became "Spanish Eyes", originally a hit for Al Martino and also recorded by Engelbert Humperdinck, Presley, and many others.
 * "Danke Schoen", with words added by Kurt Schwabach and Milt Gabler, became Wayne Newton's signature song.
 * "L-O-V-E", with words added by Milt Gabler, was a hit for Nat King Cole.
 * "Almost There", which reached No. 67 on the U.S. charts but No. 2 on the U.K. charts, was recorded by Andy Williams.
 * His 1962 movie theme from the film 90 Minuten nach Mitternacht (Terror After Midnight), with lyrics added by Herb Rehbein and Joe Seneca, became a pop ballad called "Love After Midnight", recorded by both Patti Page (1964) and Jack Jones (1966).
 * A jazzier number called "A Swingin' Safari" was the theme tune for the long-running TV game show The Match Game, used on the NBC version from 1962 to 1967. The composer received credit for the theme ("Music by Bert Kaempfert") but the recording actually used was an American cover version by the Billy Vaughn orchestra.
 * Another 1962 single, "That Happy Feeling", became well known as background music for children's television programming, most notably that of Sandy Becker on his daily WNEW-TV (now WNYW) show in New York between 1963 and 1967.
 * The LP entitled A Swingin' Safari was heavily influenced by South African kwela style music, containing versions of "Zambesi", "Wimoweh", "Skokiaan", and "Afrikaan Beat", as well as the title track. Many of the tracks were later used in the film An Elephant Called Slowly (1969).
 * "Tahitian Sunset" was sampled extensively by the lo-fi dance artists Lemon Jelly as their track "In the Bath".

In 1963, jazz trumpeter Bobby Hackett recorded a complete album with 12 Kaempfert compositions, Bobby Hackett Plays the Music of Bert Kaempfert. It has now been re-released in the United States under the Sony Records label in the Collectable Jazz Classics series, along with the album Bobby Hackett Plays The Music of Henry Mancini on a "2-in-1" CD.

In 1967, jazz clarinetist Pete Fountain recorded the album Pete Fountain Plays Bert Kaempfert in Hamburg, Germany, with musicians from Kaempfert's orchestra. It featured Kaempfert's signature hits.

In 1967, the Anita Kerr Singers released the LP Bert Kaempfert Turns Us On!, a tribute to Kaempfert, featuring the standard hits.

In 1967, Jimi Hendrix included the melody of "Strangers in the Night" in his improvised guitar solo for his famous guitar-burning version of "Wild Thing" at the Monterey Pop Festival.

In 1968, jazz trumpeter Al Hirt recorded the album Al Hirt Plays Bert Kaempfert. It too featured Kaempfert's major hits. That year, BMI awarded accolades to five of Kaempfert's songs: "Lady", "Spanish Eyes", "Strangers in the Night", "The World We Knew", and "Sweet Maria". Many of his hits during the 1960s were composed and arranged with the help of German Herb Rehbein, who became a successful bandleader in his own right. Rehbein's death in 1979 shook Kaempfert deeply. Both Kaempfert and Rehbein were posthumously inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.

In 1970, Johnny Mathis issued a double-LP album set, Sings the Music of Bacharach & Kaempfert, for Columbia. It consisted of a total 21 tracks in a heavyweight gatefold picture sleeve. The Kaempfert tracks were done in his arrangement style, and the Bacharach tracks were done in the American's unique upbeat style. The same year Kaempfert composed the score for the war film You Can't Win 'Em All, starring Tony Curtis and Charles Bronson.

By the 1970s, sales of Kaempfert's music had declined, but he continued to record. His version of the Theme from Shaft was admired by composer Isaac Hayes and remained popular with audiences. He expanded the musical scope of his band and recorded in a wide variety of styles. He also began to play live concerts with his orchestra, beginning in 1974, with an appearance at the Royal Albert Hall in London.

Kaempfert is sampled in the 1998 song "One Week" by the Barenaked Ladies. The song's lyrics also declare that "Bert Kaempfert's got the mad hits".

Collaborations
Kaempfert used many musicians who were available in West Germany and other parts of Europe, including many of the same players who played for James Last, Kai Warner, and Roberto Delgado. He featured such top soloists as trumpeters Charly Tabor, Werner Gutterer, Manfred Moch, and Ack van Rooyen, trombonists Åke Persson, and Jiggs Whigham, and sax/flute player Herb Geller. Drummer Rolf Ahrens supplied the characteristically simple but steady beat, often playing just a snare drum with brushes.

Another contributor to Kaempfert's music was guitarist/bassist Ladislav "Ladi" Geisler, who popularized the famous "knackbass" (crackling bass) sound, using the Fender Telecaster Bass Guitar, which became the most distinctive feature of many Kaempfert recordings — a treble staccato bass guitar sound in which the bass string was plucked with a pick and immediately suppressed to cancel out any sustain. An acoustic bass played a simple pattern in unison with this staccato electric bass, which created a unique sound. It was Geisler who lent his guitar amplifier to The Beatles for their recording session with Tony Sheridan, after the band's own equipment proved to be inadequate for recording purposes.

Death and legacy

Kaempfert died suddenly following a stroke at his home in Mallorca on 21 June 1980, at the age of 56, shortly after a successful appearance in the United Kingdom.

Bert-Kaempfert-Platz, a square in the Barmbek district of Hamburg, Germany, is named after him.

Discography
Titles are for European releases; the U.S. release may have a different title.

N.A. singles
• "Cerveza" (U.S. #108, Music Vendor, 1959, his first U.S. chart single; re-charted U.S. #73, 1961)

• "Wonderland by Night" (U.S. #1, CAN #1(7wks), 1961)

• "Tenderly" (U.S. #31, CAN #34, 1961)

• "Now and Forever" (U.S. #48, AC #14, CAN #8, 1961)

• "A Swingin' Safari" (1962)

• "Afrikaan Beat" (U.S. #42, AC #10, CAN #13, 1962)

• "That Happy Feeling" (U.S. #67, 1962)

• '"Livin' it Up" (1963)

• "Holiday for Bells" (1963)

• "Red Roses for a Blue Lady" (U.S. #11, AC #2, CAN #20, 1965)

• "Three O'Clock in the Morning" (U.S. #33, AC #10, 1965)

• "Moon Over Naples" (U.S. #59, AC #6, 1965)

• "Bye Bye Blues" (U.S. #54, AC #5, CAN #37, 1966)

• "Strangers in the Night" (AC #8, 1966)

• "I Can't Give You Anything But Love" (U.S. #100, AC #6, 1966)

• "Hold Me" (AC #37, 1967)

• "Talk" (AC #39, 1967)

• "Caravan" (AC #10, 1968)

• "The First Waltz" (AC #30, 1968)

• "Mister Sandman" (AC #12, 1968)

• "(You Are) My Way of Life" (AC #17, 1968)

• "Jingo Jango"

• "Games People Play" (AC #30, 1969)

• "The Maltese Melody" (1969)

• "Someday We'll Be Together" (AC #27, 1970)

• "Sweet Caroline (Good Times Never Seemed So Good)" (AC #24, 1971)

• "Love Theme" (1970)

• "Only a Fool (Would Lose You)" (1972) - a very brief foray into music with proper words.

Albums
• April in Portugal (1958)

• Ssh! It's Bert Kaempfert & His Orchestra (1959)

• Combo Capers (1960)

• Wonderland by Night (1960)

• The Wonderland of Bert Kaempfert (1961)

• Dancing in Wonderland (1961)

• Afrikaan Beat and Other Favorites (1962)

• With a Sound in My Heart (1962)

• A Swingin' Safari (1962)

• That Happy Feeling (1962)

• 90 Minuten nach Mitternacht (1962)

• Dreaming in Wonderland (1963)

• Living It Up (1963)

• Christmas Wonderland (1963)

• That Latin Feeling (1964)

• Blue Midnight (1964)

• Let's Go Bowling (1964)

• The Magic Music of Far Away Places (1965)

• Love Letters (1965)

• Bye Bye Blues (1965)

• Three O'Clock in the Morning (1965)

• A Man Could Get Killed (1966)

• Strangers in the Night (1966)

• Greatest Hits (1966)

• Hold Me (1967)

• The World We Knew (1967)

• Bert Kaempfert's Best (1967)

• Bert Kaempfert/Pete Fountain (MCA Double Star Series DL 734698) (1967)

• Love That Bert Kaempfert (1967)

• My Way of Life (1968)

• Ivo Robic singt Kaempfert-Erfolge (with Ivo Robic, 1968)

• One Lonely Night (1969)

• Traces of Love (1969)

• The Kaempfert Touch (1970)

• Free and Easy (1970)

• Orange Coloured Sky (1971)

• Bert Kaempfert Now! (1971)

• 6 Plus 6 (1972)

• Yesterday and Today (1973)

• To the Good Life (1973)

• Greatest Hits Volume 2 (1973)

• The Most Beautiful Girl (1974)

• Gallery (1974)

• Live in London (1974)

• Golden Memories (1975)

• Forever My Love (1975)

• Kaempfert '76 (1976)

• Safari Swings Again (1977)

• Tropical Sunrise (1977)

• Swing (1978)

• In Concert (with Sylvia Vrethammar, 1979; also released as a video)

• Smile (1979)

title: Bert Kaempfert


text:
Talk:Londonderry Air

Removed inflammatory POV
This was placed at the top of the article. I saw fit to remove it because it had no place in the article: "(There is no such place as "Londonderry". THe name of the town, and the county, is Derry. "Londonderry is a British bastardization of the name which is rejected by the Irish, and by the people of Derry.)" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.194.112.65 (talk) 14:06, 19 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Well to be honest if he thinks that then the jokes on him as derry is a British version of what the old irish name was! The C of E. God Save The Queen! (talk) 11:54, 19 September 2010 (UTC)

Title
Properly, "Londonderry Air" can also refer to the music, not just this particular set of lyrics (one of many). The song "Danny Boy" is also set to the same music. Julian May describes a good deal of the song's history in an appendix to her The Many-Colo[u]red Land (it's page 410 of my 1982 Pan paperback, ISBN 0-330-26656-X) and gives a number of more scholarly references. I suspect that there is even more recent scholarship on the tune than that.

The tune, says May, was first published in 1855 by George Petrie in a collection entitled Ancient Music of Ireland. The version in Petrie's book did not yet have a title. 18.24.0.120 02:30, 30 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Danny Boy
I suspect that the title, DANNY BOY, would be an anglicisation of the Gaelic, DOMHNAILL BUI, referring to Donal (in modern Irish) with the fair hair (BUI meaning yellow). Any comments?

 * It seems unlikely given that Danny Boy written by an Englishman, Fred Weatherly, long after the tune was published, but before he had heard it.--Henrygb 03:56, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Alternate Title?
I seem to recall owning a CD some years ago that listed Danny Boy as set to the music of the "Air from County Derry"? Should this be mentioned? I suspect its a RC/Protestant thing.Hornplease 06:14, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Probably also trying to avoid a schoolboy snigger at derrière. I wouldn't make concessions to sectarian prudes. --Henrygb 02:27, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Terry Wogan calls it 'Derry Air', and that's good enough for me. The Audley article linked also quotes that name once. Townmouse 19:42, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

"A Derry Air" is not the name of the song. This is supported by doing a google search which lists 3 results relating to the song - one is on a German page, one is on a homepage of a user named "gael"-something (now redundant with a 404 not found error), and the last one is on a Japanese page.

Derry Air is a traditional Irish air. So why call it anything else than the Irish name? If you ask me or anyone of my fellow Irsihmen, they would tell you it is Derry Air, not Londonderry air. Londonderry is a name the British gave Derry during their reign in Ireland, but the tune isn't written by a Brit, is it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Clamour.For.Glamour (talk • contribs) 17:20, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

The song's name should not be changed simply because of pointless sectarian wranglings over Londonderry/Derry Jonto 14:41, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

The name of the tune is Londonderry Air, whatever the name you want to call the City\County, it doesn't change the name of the song. Keith 17:25, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Having said that, I would say its name is rather unfortunate as we can expect there will be strong arguments from both sides if and when it becomes an official or at least more common anthem

 * In that case it becomes "Please stand for the tune from Danny Boy". There isn't any argument that is the name of the melody. the Keith [[Image:Flag of Northern Ireland2.svg|30px]] 11:16, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I deviate slightly but one of the biggest misconceptions of the Derry/Londonderry discussion is that they were the same place. The settlement of Derry was totally destroyed by a local Irish chief in 1608. A brand new city was laid some six miles away from Derry in 1615 and from day one was called Londonderry. It is a mute part of history which, perhaps through ignorance or convenience has been forgotten. In modern terms it would be like bulldozing Lisburn and building a new city in Moira a decade later then claiming that Moira should be called Lisburn. Having looked into this tune, I can find no record prior to 1960 that refers to this tune as the 'Derry air' or air from 'Derry'. it was always the Londonderry Air. Indeed the entire debate of the name of the city is a relatively modern one that simply did not exist prior to 1970. The city was Londonderry but everybody called it Derry in the same way Newtownards is known as Ards. the name was politicised in the 1970s. Captainbeecher (talk) 21:01, 28 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Odd then that James I of England granted a charter in 1613 for the renaming of the city of Derry. Bjmullan (talk) 21:09, 28 September 2011 (UTC)

I'm Irish and (at least 'in theory') of the Catholic/Nationalist tradition, and I would normally always call the place Derry rather than Londonderry, if only for the convenience of brevity. Nevertheless I have sometimes heard the expression 'The Londonderry Air', and I had never before now heard the expression 'The Derry Air', nor the expression 'An air from County Derry' (at least not as a name for that air; it is of course an accurate description of that air, and of countless other such airs). That might just be my own eccentricity or ignorance, but I've just finished watching an hour-long programme on BBC Northern Ireland resulting from the 2013 centenary of the publication of Danny Boy. This was a co-production by BBC Northern Ireland and RTE (Radio Teilifis Eireann, the state broadcaster of the Republic of Ireland). The programme repeatedly mentioned The Londonderry Air, and mentioned no other name. Consequently the above rather embarassing claim by Clamour.For.Glamour that "anyone of my fellow Irishmen" (he seemingly isn't claiming to be speaking for Irishwomen, so I guess we should be thankful for small mercies) would "would tell you it is Derry Air" would seem to be thoroughly questionable even as regards Catholic/Nationalist Irish people, let alone Irish people of other traditions. Indeed the fact that his claim, as presently phrased, implies that such people are not Irish means that his claim, as presently phrased, would be rejected as unacceptable by almost the entire spectrum of Catholic/Nationalist opinion (the people who call the place 'Derry' in public, almost all of whom at least claim to regard Northern Irish Unionists as fellow Irish people), though ironically it might well be music to the ears of a rather large section of Northern Irish Unionists (the people who call the place 'Londonderry' in public - unsurprisingly almost everybody abbreviates it to 'Derry' in private), many of whom insist that they are British and Ulster but not Irish, something which rather distresses quite a lot of Catholic/Nationalist Irish opinion. Not that most of this matters all that much to this article, except to make the point that editors should perhaps be rather sceptical of things said here by people who claim they speak for all Irish people. Tlhslobus (talk) 02:58, 12 November 2013 (UTC)

The pun
Is there a reason for not noting the obvious ribald pun? Litch 21:34, 25 February 2007 (UTC)
 * What, London Derriere? --Æ AUSSIE evil Æ 21:16, 5 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Because Wikipedia tries to be encyclopedia not a schoolboy jokebook. --Henrygb 18:05, 6 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Yeah, it's not noteworthy for the article's purposes, but I do have to admit that is the very first thing that came to mind when I saw the name. - furrykef (Talk at me) 13:19, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

Lyrical texts
Should the lyrical texts be shortened to one or two verses with an external resource/link?? They seem pretty pointless. Maybe they should have pages of their own or be shortened?--Filastin (talk) 13:23, 29 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I find it useful to have them collected in a reliable website. nless they can be transferred to wikisource, I vote for keeping them.
 * Here is one more I found, when searching for wordss I heard in a recording:

ANTHEM FOR IRELAND
Oh Land of Love, we bless thee gentle Mother Oh Land of Light, feir Jewel of the Sea Oh Land of Joy, where brother shall greet brother And all thy souls shall dwell in harmony

And when the clouds of torment and of sorrow Flee with the dark at rising of the sun And shall clasp hands in happiness tomorrow When we have learned that all who dwell in Thee are One.

All wounds shall heal, unkindness be forgiven All hurts forgot, as in the darkest night No more shall we by war nor strife be riven All Ireland's Children face the future bright

Chorus: One God shall reign in hearts His flame has lighted And He shall lead our people to the sun One heart, one soul, one land by Love United Where we shall live in peace until His Will be done

eddie irvine wanted this played as his national anthem if he won a race not god save the queen or amhran na bhfiann should this get a mention

Merge
Please note : There is a discussion at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Songs/coverversions with the purpose of trying to establish a standard rule for merge/separate different versions of the same song. Please make known your opinions on the matter. --Richhoncho (talk) 13:43, 29 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks for drawing that general point to our attention.
 * As regards this particular topic of "Londonderry Air" and "Danny Boy" I suggest keeping them separate. Whereas the majority of popular songs generally have a simple 1:1 link between the lyrics and their tune, this particular case is somewhat different; the simple 1:1 link doesn't hold. "Danny Boy" is a set of lyrics, generally sung to the tune "Londonderry Air". But looking at it from the other direction, the tune is also used, and widely so, for other sets of lyrics. So whatever guideline (that earlier phrase "standard rule" is poor) may be agreed at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Songs/coverversions (where "cover versions" is understood to mean same lyrics+tune pairing) our particular case (multiple sets of lyrics to same tune) has other factors that could sway the balance in a different direction. Feline Hymnic (talk) 14:31, 29 November 2009 (UTC)

I accept the arguments are slightly different here, however I would contend that from your view the lyrics, (as lyrics to a non-existant tune), are non-notable and should be deleted. Anyway, without concensus I am not going to merge, so more comments would be welcome. --Richhoncho (talk) 19:35, 2 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Both of these are important enough in their own right to have separate articles, so I would be against a merge. Hohenloh + 21:48, 3 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Since the air existed before Danny Boy, I don't see what would be accomplished by merging the articles. I often think Wikipedia articles are too finely granulated but that's not the case here.  The two subjects are virtually independent and should have separate articles. SDCHS (talk) 03:17, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

Let's take this to be a consensus against merging Danny Boy and Londonderry Air--Rumping (talk) 17:26, 3 February 2010 (UTC)

Article Conflict (Danny Boy Section)
There is a conflict between this article and the one on Danny Boy. Here, we are told unequivocally that "Weatherly intended the song as a parting message from a woman to a man". The latter article says "Some contend that 'Danny Boy' was intended as a message from a woman to a man ... but it was actually intended as a father to a son." It would be nice if someone who knows definitively would straighten this out. If no one can say beyond personal preference which is true, appropriate weasel words should be added to both articles. SDCHS (talk) 02:41, 1 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Interesting. I thought the concensus was that Londonderry Air and Danny Boy should have 2 articles (as per discussion above) and yet... this article covers the words as if it is one and the same. --Richhoncho (talk) 12:13, 1 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Danny Boy was wrong, due to a recent edit by someone who has made no other edits.--Rumping (talk) 16:06, 1 February 2010 (UTC)
 * The "woman to man" is just one of several and certainly not as authoritative as the article suggests. I've taken the whole section out, it belongs in Danny Boy anyway, and I've rewritten the references in the Danny Boy section to square up much closer to the facts. David T Tokyo (talk) 05:33, 4 August 2010 (UTC)

The
Isn't it the Londonderry Air? I've never known it called A until I came to this page. Totnesmartin (talk) 16:39, 31 March 2011 (UTC)

 * The A was the result of the article having been renamed by Eduardo Sellan III on 24 March 2011 without explanation or discussion. I've now moved the article back to Londonderry Air (which is the correct title per WP:COMMONNAME). --Zundark (talk) 12:45, 24 June 2011 (UTC)

Aislean an oigfear
Does anybody know the tune of the Aislean? Well, I do - I found it in the net a couple of years ago, it was published on standingstones.com. I added the tune to my harp- repertoire, and I am still wondering, why it is connected to the Derry- Air. You could as well take e.g. "Let it be" or something similar (ok, Paul McCartney is still a bit younger than Ruaidri Dáll Ó Catháin). The tune is quite connectable to London derrière, but it is a tune of its own, and I regard the similarity to be mere chance, really normal in traditional music. The link between the two tunes goes back to a man called Hugh Shields, who published it as early as 1979, and everybody believes it. I don't.

Donnchadh Ó hAmhsaigh, who is supposed to be the Aislean's author lived through the complete (!!!) 18th century, wich is not so very long ago - though I regard the tune a little older - Ruaidri Dall seems more plausible, as the tune sounds more like rennaissance music, than baroque.

Funny enough, the words of the "The Confession of Devorgilla" fit much more to the Aislean. Have you tried to sing them to the plumber- boy's song (Just to add another schoolboy's joke: the pipes are calling, harr, harr): they fit into a different metrical system, you'll find it hard to press them into the Derry- Air. But the Aislean's time fits them all right - good to have another tune in store.--Ginness (talk) 22:56, 13 May 2013 (UTC)

 * By the way, here you are: [[Media:Aislean_an_oigfear_(Tune).mid]] --Ginness (talk) 22:17, 17 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the link. Should this link be included in the article to improve it by allowing readers make up their own minds on whether the theory makes sense, or would that violate some of the 2 million variants of WP:Whatever-you-do-DO-NOT-let-mere-readers-make-up-their-own-minds-in-case-this-might-call-into-question-the-Infallible-Authority-of-the-Priesthood-of-Authors-of-Reliable-Sources? Tlhslobus (talk) 01:55, 12 November 2013 (UTC)

 * To my astonishment, I lately found a comment in Waltons' "Ireland - The Songs" (Dublin/ Westfield, MA, 1993 Vol. 4, p.16) upon the song "The Last Rose of Summer", where it is stated that Thomas Moore wrote the song to a tune called "The Young Man's Dream". Knowing the Aislean for a couple of years now and the Lst Rose even ten times longer, I was really surprised to find out that in this case it is definitely the same tune with only a few variations. But honestly, did anyone ever connect the Last Rose of Summer to Danny Boy???--Ginness (talk) 08:07, 4 June 2014 (UTC)

 * I did, and I think James Galway does too. Just listened to a Galway cd where the two are played right after each other in the same tempo, and they really sound like variations on the same tune. The kinship was so striking that I had to check for the roots of these two songs here on WP; and sure enough it turns out that they are (very likely) derived from a common ancestor. Added the connection into the article. :) 83.254.143.38 (talk) 19:12, 17 August 2018 (UTC)

Too many songs
It's time to move these various songs and hymns to Wikisource - they are taking over the article. Wikipedia is not a song-book. Hohenloh+ 14:29, 23 June 2013 (UTC)

 * I agree.--Ginness (talk) 17:05, 4 July 2013 (UTC)

Instrumental Settings
Could add 'Irish Rhapsody No. 1' by [|Charles Stanford].

Possible reference:

I would do it, but I'd probably kill WP. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.242.100.23 (talk) 08:56, 29 August 2013 (UTC)

National anthem of Northern Ireland?
National anthem of Northern Ireland redirects to Londonderry Air, but I think it's wrong. Northern Ireland national football team uses God Save the Queen as national anthem, like the English team. I think National anthem of Northern Ireland should be a separate article like National anthem of England, National anthem of Scotland and National anthems of New Zealand. --Wikipean (talk) 14:34, 15 September 2013 (UTC)

Londonderry Air is used by (or has been used by) the Northern Ireland team at the Commonwealth Games. England/Scotland/Northern Ireland/Wales compete independently. England uses "Jerusalem". There is no United Kingdom team, so "God Save The Queen" is not used. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 101.188.54.40 (talk) 08:12, 24 September 2020 (UTC)

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Semi-protected edit request on 15 November 2019
"Please change the title Londonderry Air to Londonderry Air/ Derry Air. That would at least show some measure of respect to the perspective of millions of Irish, Northern Irish and Irish diaspora who continue to oppose the British occupation of Northern Ireland." Comhad na fírinne (talk) 20:28, 15 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Please provide references to support this being the correct name. Canterbury Tail talk 20:30, 15 November 2019 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 15 December 2019
Please consider adding opinion of Havergal Brian in Musical Opinion of 1935 (writing as La main gauche). That the "Londonderry Air" (as he knew it) was "of no great age, and this because the leading note, the seventh, is sharp and not flat, as is found in most traditional airs". Concluding "The only conclusion I reach is that some person of name unknown did write the lovely and immortal melody called the Londonderry air. Such single inspirations are not unknown in music: and in this case I venture to suggest that the inspiration came to Jane Ross, and that shyness alone robbed her of fame." Musical opinion, February 1935, p. 395 http://www.havergalbrian.org/articles/londonderry-air.php Panchrestonalias (talk) 02:57, 15 December 2019 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 5 August 2021
There is no such place as County Londonderry. So change The "Londonderry Air" is an Irish air that originated in County Londonderry, Ireland to The "Londonderry Air" is an Irish air that originated in County Derry, Ireland. 78.16.143.2 (talk) 08:39, 5 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Move-protection-shackle.svg Not done: page move requests should be made at Requested moves.  Mel ma nn   09:05, 5 August 2021 (UTC)

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Talk:List of people from Georgia (U.S. state)

Jeannette Rankin
What makes Jeannette Rankin a Georgian? RickK 02:30, 30 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Good question. I always associate her with Montana, but it turns out that she lived on a farm in Georgia for a good chunk of the latter half of her life (though she continued to spend her summers in Montana).

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Daggerboard

A daggerboard is a retractable centreboard used by various sailing craft. While other types of centreboard may pivot to retract, a daggerboard slides in a casing. The shape of the daggerboard converts the forward motion into a windward lift, countering the leeward push of the sail. The theoretical centre of lateral resistance is on the trailing edge of the daggerboard.

General
A daggerboard is a removable vertical keel that is inserted through a "trunk" in the center of a vessel's hull, usually amidships. Daggerboards are usually found in small sailing craft such as day sailers, which are easily handled by a single person. Daggerboards are not usually ballasted but are locked in place by a clip or pin. Unlike a centreboard, which can be set at different angles to the hull of the boat, daggerboards are generally limited to a single perpendicular position relative to the hull. If a daggerboard is located off center, it is called a leeboard or a bilgeboard.

The characteristic which differentiates daggerboards from other centerboards and swingkeels is that daggerboards are easily removable, even when the boat is underway. Centerboards and swingkeels, common alternatives to fixed keels, can pivot up and down but are fixed to the hull. The freedom of movement of dagger- and centerboards allows them to swing or slide up into the hull of the boat, which is advantageous when sailing in shallow waters. The pivoting centerboard or swingkeel can swing up when it strikes an object which helps prevents the sort of damage to which fixed keels or daggerboards are subject. Daggerboards can be raised and lowered as needed but will generally be damaged if not retracted before impact with the bottom or with floating objects.

Many small sailboats use a daggerboard instead of a fixed keel. This allows these boats to be more easily moved on trailers, sailed in shallow waters, and easily beached. Daggerboards also afford an opportunity to reduce drag when racing because they can be retracted when not needed (i.e. when sailing downwind or in very light winds).

Daggerboards are often made of wood; the problem with wood is that wood rots over time. Alternate materials for daggerboards are metal (aluminum/steel) and fiberglass. A daggerboard boat can be costly to manufacture. If not well-made, the daggerboard will transfer vibrations from the trunk through the hull.

Purpose
The purpose of the daggerboard (or any keel) is to balance the force of the wind on the sails. Without a daggerboard or keel, a sailboat could not sail up-wind and would simply be blown sideways.

During a storm, daggerboards can help reduce the tendency of a small boat to tip over ("breach") due to waves. A catamaran in a storm would lift the leeward hull daggerboard and fully extend the upwind daggerboard. If there is no wind and an outboard motor is being used, lifting the daggerboards will ensure the least drag.

When a small sailboat flips on its side, the keel can also be used to right the boat. Standing on the keel gives the sailor additional leverage to roll the hull upright. The centerboard, daggerboard, or bilgeboard can be used as a platform upon which to stand, providing increased leverage, in the event the dinghy overturns via a capsize or turtle.

How it works
Because water is denser than air, the force generated by wind against the much larger surface area of the sails can be equalized by the force of a relatively small daggerboard pushing in the water below the hull. A daggerboard fits into a trunk that runs through the hull of the rig. When the board is in the trunk it keeps the water out while in use due to how tightly wedged it is. It is held in place by a pin on the forward end or a shock cord. The daggerboard puts a counterforce from the wind pushing on the sails. Daggerboards are often long and thin to reduce drag and increase effective lift, thus providing a better lift-to-drag ratio.

History
In 2008, a 55 ft daggerboard ship was found using deep scan sonar equipment off the southern shore of Lake Ontario, the only such vessel known to have been found in the Great Lakes. Vessels of this type were used for a short time in the early 19th century.

In the early 19th century daggerboards were infrequently being used on American schooners. These schooners were used for nearby coastal trade of cotton, wheat, and apples. A sunken 1833 daggerboard schooner was found in the great lakes with the help of sonar equipment. Knowing this, daggerboards have been around since late in the 17th century. Daggerboards can be found on monohulls which is the classic sailboat and multihulls called catamarans.

Daggerboards come in all different shapes and sizes, some curved or s-shaped. Curved daggerboards started to appear thirty to forty years ago. The first prototype was made in 1985 by Ian Farrier. The benefits of vertical lift generated by curved daggerboards are nominal. When actually sailing, curved daggerboards - not to be confused with hydrofoils - do not make a drastic change.

Boats with daggerboards
Generally, daggerboards are used on smaller rigs such as 10 to 40 feet for racing but there is a large number of custom and semi-custom catamaran builders who offer daggerboards as an option. Daggerboard rigs may be faster than fixed keels because fixed keels have so much hydrodynamic drag by the shape. Some makes which utilize a daggerboard design are: The Mirror Dinghy, Laser, Vanguard 15.

title: Daggerboard


text:
Magnesium carbonate

Magnesium carbonate, MgCO3 (archaic name magnesia alba), is an inorganic salt that is a colourless or white solid. Several hydrated and basic forms of magnesium carbonate also exist as minerals.

Forms
The most common magnesium carbonate forms are the anhydrous salt called magnesite (MgCO3), and the di, tri, and pentahydrates known as barringtonite (MgCO3*2H2O), nesquehonite (MgCO3*3H2O), and lansfordite (MgCO3*5H2O), respectively. Some basic forms such as artinite (Mg2CO3(OH)2*3H2O), hydromagnesite (Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2*4H2O), and dypingite (Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2*5H2O) also occur as minerals. All of those minerals are colourless or white.

Magnesite consists of colourless or white trigonal crystals. The anhydrous salt is practically insoluble in water, acetone, and ammonia. All forms of magnesium carbonate react with acids. Magnesite crystallizes in the calcite structure wherein Mg(2+) is surrounded by six oxygen atoms.

The dihydrate has a triclinic structure, while the trihydrate has a monoclinic structure.

References to "light" and "heavy" magnesium carbonates actually refer to the magnesium hydroxy carbonates hydromagnesite and dypingite, respectively. The "light" form is precipitated from magnesium solutions using alkali carbonate at "normal temperatures" while the "heavy" may be produced from boiling concentrated solutions followed by precipitation to dryness, washing of the precipitate, and drying at 100 C.

Preparation
Magnesium carbonate is ordinarily obtained by mining the mineral magnesite. Seventy percent of the world's supply is mined and prepared in China.

Magnesium carbonate can be prepared in laboratory by reaction between any soluble magnesium salt and sodium bicarbonate:

If magnesium chloride (or sulfate) is treated with aqueous sodium carbonate, a precipitate of basic magnesium carbonate – a hydrated complex of magnesium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide – rather than magnesium carbonate itself is formed:

High purity industrial routes include a path through magnesium bicarbonate, which can be formed by combining a slurry of magnesium hydroxide and carbon dioxide at high pressure and moderate temperature. The bicarbonate is then vacuum dried, causing it to lose carbon dioxide and a molecule of water:
 * Mg(OH)2 + 2 CO2 → Mg(HCO3)2
 * Mg(HCO3)2 → MgCO3 + CO2 + H2O

With acids
Like many common group 2 metal carbonates, magnesium carbonate reacts with aqueous acids to release carbon dioxide and water:
 * MgCO3 + 2 HCl → MgCl2 + CO2 + H2O
 * MgCO3 + H2SO4 → MgSO4 + CO2 + H2O

Decomposition
At high temperatures MgCO3 decomposes to magnesium oxide and carbon dioxide. This process is important in the production of magnesium oxide. This process is called calcining:
 * MgCO3 → MgO + CO2 (ΔH = +118 kJ/mol)

The decomposition temperature is given as 350 °C (662 °F). However, calcination to the oxide is generally not considered complete below 900 °C due to interfering readsorption of liberated carbon dioxide.

The hydrates of the salts lose water at different temperatures during decomposition. For example, in the trihydrate MgCO3*3H2O, which molecular formula may be written as Mg(HCO3)(OH)*2H2O, the dehydration steps occur at 157 °C and 179 °C as follows:

 * Mg(HCO3)(OH)*2(H2O) → Mg(HCO3)(OH)*(H2O) + H2O at 157 °C
 * Mg(HCO3)(OH)*(H2O) → Mg(HCO3)(OH) + H2O at 179 °C

Uses
The primary use of magnesium carbonate is the production of magnesium oxide by calcining. Magnesite and dolomite minerals are used to produce refractory bricks. MgCO3 is also used in flooring, fireproofing, fire extinguishing compositions, cosmetics, dusting powder, and toothpaste. Other applications are as filler material, smoke suppressant in plastics, a reinforcing agent in neoprene rubber, a drying agent, and colour retention in foods.

Because of its low solubility in water and hygroscopic properties, MgCO3 was first added to salt in 1911 to make it flow more freely. The Morton Salt company adopted the slogan "When it rains it pours", meaning that its salt containing MgCO3 would not stick together in humid weather. Magnesium carbonate, most often referred to as "chalk", is also used as a drying agent on athletes' hands in rock climbing, gymnastics, powerlifting, weightlifting and other sports in which a firm grip is necessary.

As a food additive, magnesium carbonate is known as E504. Its only known side effect is that it may work as a laxative in high concentrations.

Magnesium carbonate is used in taxidermy for whitening skulls. It can be mixed with hydrogen peroxide to create a paste, which is spread on the skull to give it a white finish.

Magnesium carbonate is used as a matte white coating for projection screens.

Medical use
It is a laxative to loosen the bowels.

In addition, high purity magnesium carbonate is used as an antacid and as an additive in table salt to keep it free flowing. Magnesium carbonate can do this because it does not dissolve in water, only in acid, where it will effervesce (bubble).

Safety
Magnesium carbonate is non-toxic and non-flammable.

Compendial status

 * British Pharmacopoeia
 * Japanese Pharmacopoeia

title: Magnesium carbonate


text:
LHR (disambiguation)

LHR is the IATA code for Heathrow Airport, England, UK.

LHR may also refer to:

Science and technology

 * Lite Hash Rate, an anti-cryptocurrency-mining technology in the 2021 GPU GeForce 30 series
 * Long homologous repeats, genetic sequences
 * Lung-to-head ratio, a factor in the treatment of congenital diaphragmatic hernia
 * Luteinizing hormone receptor, a transmembrane receptor in reproductive tissues

Other uses

 * Light Horse Regiment, former name of the armoured regiment of the South African Army

title: LHR (disambiguation)


text:
LGW

LGW may refer to:

 * London Gatwick Airport, an airport in West Sussex with the IATA code LGW
 * Luftfahrtgesellschaft Walter, a German regional airline with ICAO code LGW
 * Langwathby railway station, which has the UK railway station code LGW
 * Laser-guided bombs, sometimes known as Laser-guided weapons (LGW)

title: LGW


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Vigintisexviri

The vigintisexviri ( vigintisexvir; lit. 'twenty-six men') were a college (collegium) of minor magistrates (magistratus minores) in the Roman Republic. The college consisted of six boards:

 * the decemviri stlitibus judicandis – 10 magistrates who judged lawsuits, including those dealing with whether a man was free or a slave;
 * the tresviri capitales, also known as nocturni – three magistrates who had a police function in Rome, in charge of prisons and the execution of criminals;
 * the tresviri monetales or tresviri aere argento auro flando feriundo – three magistrates who were in charge of striking and casting bronze, silver and gold (minting coins);
 * the quattuorviri viis in urbe purgandis – four magistrates overseeing road maintenance within the city of Rome;
 * the duoviri viis extra urbem purgandis – two magistrates overseeing road maintenance near Rome; and
 * the four praefecti Capuam Cumas – praefecti sent to Capua and Cumae in Campania to administer justice there.

Being a member of the vigintisexviri was a prerequisite to the quaestorship after the reforms of Sulla. The label used for these magistrates may only have been introduced after Sullan times, but the first of the constituent boards may date back to the third century BC.

The duoviri viis extra urbem purgandis and the four praefecti Capuam Cumas were abolished by Augustus c. 13 BC, reducing the vigintisexviri to the vigintiviri. In AD 13, the senate restricted eligibility, ordaining that only equites should be eligible to the college of the then-vigintiviri. The remaining boards were not abolished entirely until at least the third century.

title: Vigintisexviri