text:
Talk:Space Shuttle Challenger disaster

Add A Paragraph About Big Bird's Involvement
Nasa was in talks with Sesame Street Producers to have Caroll Spinney be aboard the challenger and film segments as his famous character, Big Bird. The plan was thrown out because the suit wouldn't be able to fit inside the shuttle and Spinney was replaced by McAuliffe. I think that would be an interesting part of the page. MrCboY1997 (talk) 14:53, 3 July 2023 (UTC)

 * If you've got reliable sources for that, you're welcome to add it. NekoKatsun (nyaa) 17:25, 3 July 2023 (UTC)
 * It has been a bit of time since I was working on this article, but I remember not being able to find reliable sources for the Big Bird anecdote, but read about it in forum posts and the like. That being said, I don't think it was a 1-for-1 swap between Big Bird and McAuliffe; I think the idea was that NASA planned to do more outreach using citizen-astronauts, starting with Teacher in Space, but plans were scrapped after the Challenger Disaster. This story wouldn't merit an entire paragraph/subsection. Balon Greyjoy (talk) 19:50, 9 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Having done a bit of research after this came up, looks like the initial plan was indeed more citizen-astronauts - there were fairly solid plans for at least one reporter that I could find. Big Bird, however, seems to have gotten no further than "hey, this would be neat". I found reference to NASA contacting the producers asking if they thought this would be neat too, and they seem to have agreed, but there's nothing beyond that. I wouldn't call it "in talks," certainly. If we added a reference to this to the article, I'd suggest merely saying that NASA had expressed interest in having Big Bird fly on a shuttle mission - but to be honest, I don't think it belongs on the page that's specifically about the catastrophic launch. NekoKatsun (nyaa) 15:07, 10 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I believe we should add this information as several sources like confirmed talks, however it should be added to another article as per But for Napoleon, it was Tuesday. XCBRO172 (talk) 17:04, 16 November 2023 (UTC)

Add in media War thunder use of image of rocket motor
The new Seek and Destroy update 19 June 2024Example showing they line up and Their own website showing the promotional wallpaper  the update also added a new map labeled “Mysterious Valley, Spaceport” that takes place in a fictional area of China that includes a rocket launch site  173.207.189.230 (talk) 13:17, 23 June 2024 (UTC)

 * I stand corrected not a fictional place in china 173.207.189.230 (talk) 22:33, 23 June 2024 (UTC)
 * They have changed poster and removed the use of the image of the rocket motor’s explosion 173.207.189.230 (talk) 20:27, 26 June 2024 (UTC)
 * This is all trivia with no reliable source to show notability. Reddit is not a valid source for our needs. —  The Hand That Feeds You :Bite 12:27, 28 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Space Shuttle Challenger disaster


text:
4hero

4hero are an electronic music group from Dollis Hill, London, comprising producers Mark "Marc Mac" Clair & Denis "Dego" McFarlane. 4hero are known for being pioneers of breakbeat hardcore, jungle/drum and bass, broken beat and nu jazz music.

Style
4hero's style was initially uptempo breakbeat, house and techno, and has progressed to breakbeat hardcore, oldschool jungle, and drum and bass. Comparisons have been drawn between them and East London band Shut Up and Dance, with both bands evolving in the early 1990s as a rapprochement between the breakbeat-driven African-diasporic musical structures of hip-hop and reggae, and the dark, European reconstruction of the techno sound popularised by the likes of Joey Beltram, CJ Bolland and Mundo Muzique. 4hero both embraced the dynamics of populist rave culture, and maintained an avant-garde status as innovative and experimental producers. They trailblazed genre-crossing studio techniques such as timestretching and pitch-shifting.

Early history, 1989–1995
The main players in 4hero first met and came to prominence in the late 1980s when they were involved in the Strong Island FM pirate radio station. Marc Mac and Gus Lawrence set up Reinforced Records in 1989 to release their own productions as 4hero, with the group being completed by Dego and Ian Bardouille. Their first release was the 1990 single "All B 3 / Rising Son".

The follow-up EP, Combat Dancin', underpinned the sub-bass pressure of the bleep 'n' bass artists associated with Sheffield's Warp Records, such as LFO and Nightmares on Wax, with mid-tempo hip-hop-style breakbeats. It also brought the group to the attention of the rave community due to the track "Mr Kirk's Nightmare", which pivoted around the "Get Into Something" break (taken from The Isley Brothers) and a morbid vocal sample ("Mr Kirk? Your son is dead. He died of an overdose.") taken from the Bobby Susser, anti-drug hit "Once You Understand" by Think. 4hero were among the first proponents of what would become known as "drum and bass", which began to grow in profile via a series of releases on Reinforced. Another drum and bass figurehead, Goldie, met 4hero at a performance in London's Astoria. Marc and Dego went on to teach and collaborate with Goldie which then brought the sounds Goldie envisioned to life, forming the Rufige Cru and Metalheadz monikers.

The band's debut album, In Rough Territory, was released in 1991 on Reinforced. This would be the only one of the group's albums to feature Gus and Ian as full members. In late 1992 and early 1993, 4hero would release the darkcore Journey from the Light EP, which according to and referenced by music journalist Simon Reynolds, "If anyone can claim to have invented dark-core, it's 4 Hero".

Marc Mac and Dego would also record together under the alias "Tom & Jerry" (releasing classics such as "The One Reason", "We Can Be Free", "Maximum Style", and "Air Freshener"), whilst Marc Mac solely as "Manix" (Manic Minds EP, Rainbow People EP, and "Heading to the Light") and Dego as "Tek 9" ("Just a Dream", and Return of Tek 9 EP).

In 1995, NME voted 4hero's second album Parallel Universe the album of the year in its dance category.

1996-present
In 1997, one of their tracks, a remix of Nuyorican Soul's "Black Gold of the Sun", was released to critical acclaim with Louie Vega describing it as "...one of the best remixes ever...".

The next year, 4hero rose again to mainstream visibility with their third studio album as 4hero, Two Pages (1998). Released on Gilles Peterson's Talkin' Loud record label, the double CD blended jazzy double bass, flowing breakbeats and a brew of mysticism, spiritualism, astrology, U.F.O.s, and environmentalism. Luke Parkhouse provided the drums while Ursula Rucker, Carol Crosby and Face V. Walsh provided vocals alongside veteran singer Terry Callier and a few other special guests. The album gained critical acclaim and a place on the shortlist for 1998's Mercury Music Prize as well as picking up a MOBO award in the same year. Both this album and artists recording on 4hero's Reinforced label were influential in the development of the broken beat scene.

Between 1998 and 2001, they hosted a Sunday night show with Kirk Degiorgio on Kiss 100 FM under the "R Solution" moniker.

4hero's fourth album, Creating Patterns (2001), featured another Ursula Rucker collaboration, an appearance from Jill Scott, and a cover of Minnie Riperton's classic 1970s song "Les Fleurs" with Carina Andersson as the lead vocalist. The latter was featured in a Baileys TV commercial and series 4 of Top Gear (both in 2004).

In 2004, the group released a compilation album consisting of two discs. The first disc contained 4hero remixes, while the tracks on disc 2 are remixes of 4hero tracks by other artists. This was released on their new label Raw Canvas. In 2006, 4hero was featured on the track "Bed of Roses" by Jody Watley on her album, The Makeover.

Six years after the release of Creating Patterns, Play with the Changes was released in February 2007 to critical acclaim. Mixmag described it as "their finest album to date" and awarded it the title of Album of the Month in its January 2007 issue.

In 2012, the album Hipology was released under the alias The Visioneers.

Albums

 * In Rough Territory (Reinforced Records, 1991)
 * Parallel Universe (Reinforced Records, 1994)
 * Jacob's Optical Stairway (as Jacob's Optical Stairway) (R&S Records, 1995)
 * Two Pages (Talkin' Loud, 1998)
 * Two Pages Remixed (Talkin' Loud, 1998)
 * Two Pages Reinterpretations (Talkin' Loud, 1999)
 * Creating Patterns (Talkin' Loud, 2001)
 * The Remix Album (Raw Canvas Records, 2004)
 * 4 Hero Present Brazilika (Far Out Recordings, 2006)
 * Play with the Changes (Raw Canvas Records, 2007)
 * Extensions (Raw Canvas Records, 2009)
 * Hipology (as the Visioneers) (BBE Records, 2012)

Selected singles/EPs

 * "All B 3 / Rising Son" (Reinforced Records, 1990)
 * "Combat Dancin' / Mr Kirks Nightmare" (Reinforced Records, 1990)
 * "The Scorcher / Kirk's Back" (Reinforced Records, 1990)
 * "No Sleep Raver/Marimba" (Reinforced Records, 1991)
 * "The Head Hunter" (Reinforced Records, 1991)
 * "Cookin Up Ya Brain / Where's the Boy?" (Reinforced Records, 1992)
 * "Journey from the Light" (Reinforced Records, 1993)
 * "Golden Age" (Reinforced Records, 1993)
 * Internal Affairs EP (with Goldie as Internal Affairs) (Reinforced Records, 1993)
 * Dreamers (as Cold Mission) (Reinforced Records, 1994)
 * Afterglow Pt 1&2 (as Project A-KO) (Reinforced Records, 1994)
 * "Mr. Kirk" (Sm:)e Communications, 1995)
 * Universal Love EP (Selector, 1995)
 * "Earth Pioneers" (Talkin' Loud, 1997)
 * "Loveless" (Talkin' Loud, 1997)
 * "Star Chasers" (Talkin' Loud, 1998)
 * "We Who Are Not as Others" (Talkin' Loud, 1998)
 * "Escape That" (Talkin' Loud, 1999)
 * "Les Fleur" (Talkin' Loud, 2001)
 * "Morning Child" (Raw Canvas Records, 2007)
 * "Look Inside" (featuring Face) (Raw Canvas Records, 2008)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 4hero


text:
General Levy

Paul Scott Levy (born 28 April 1971), also known as General Levy, is an English ragga deejay, regularly employed on studio tracks by drum and bass DJs. He is best known for the track "Incredible" which he recorded with M-Beat. A remixed version of this reached number 8 on the UK Singles Chart in 1994.

Biography
General Levy was born in Central Middlesex Hospital in Park Royal, London on 28 April 1971. He is of Trinidadian descent. Levy's formative years were spent in Harlesden and Wembley in the London Borough of Brent in northwest London. Levy's musical influence was developed in the area, collecting dancehall tapes, beginning in 1981. At the age of 12, General Levy began writing lyrics and went on to form his first sound system with friends, two years later, named Third Dimension.

General Levy's first major releases were with the independent record label Fashion Records, who signed a distribution deal with London Records for the re-releases of the tracks he had recorded. He had earlier releases with the record producers Lloydy Crucial and Robbo Ranx (later of BBC 1xtra), but these were mainly tracks that were hits on the underground dancehall scene. General Levy was ostracized by the UK jungle scene in 1994, due to mis-reported comments he made relating to his collaboration with M-Beat on "Incredible". He had claimed in an interview with The Face that "I run jungle at the moment". This controversy has since died down and he is now being cited as one of the 25 UK MCs "who changed the game".

"Incredible" was featured in the film Ali G Indahouse, and as a TV advertising campaign by Honda.

General Levy briefly collaborated with Rocco Barker of Flesh for Lulu in the band The Space Police. Levy also featured on the song "Only God Can Judge Me" by R&B singer Mark Morrison.

He collaborated with Madness singer Suggs on his 1998 album The Three Pyramids Club, on the track "Girl".

Levy featured on many sound systems in the late 1980s and early 1990s, such as Java One love and Tippertone Sound.

His collaborations with dub producer Joe Ariwa appear on several releases including "In the Ghetto" and "Be Conscious & Wise: Dub Showcase".

In 2018, he collaborated with artists such as Chase & Status, Fedde Le Grand and Spragga Benz.

Albums

 * Double Trouble (1991, Gussie P Records) – Capleton & General Levy
 * The Wickeder General (1992, Fashion Records)
 * Wickedness Increase (1993, FFRR/London)
 * Rumble in the Jungle Volume One (1994, Jungle Fashion Records) – Top Cat & General Levy
 * New Breed (1999, Arts Records)
 * Spirit & Faith (2008, BoombamMuzik)
 * We Progressive (feat The PSB Family) (2011, X-Ray Records)
 * In the Chamber of Dub (2012, Ariwa Sounds) – Joe Ariwa & General Levy
 * 4ward (2014) – DJ Bonnot & General Levy
 * Be Conscious and Wise – General Levy & Joe Ariwa

Book
On 13 November 2022 Levy self published his autobiography entitled Incredible exploring his life and career to date.

title: General Levy


text:
Talk:Estoppel

Discussion
I changed the introduction. I think it was not accurate before. I'm still not sure it is 100% but I think it is closer. This page needs a bit of work to be a respectable encyclopaedic article, mainly the intro. Go team! Therin83 12:47, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
 * The first paragraph is a poorly-written, fragmented, single run-on sentence. It does not provide a clear definition.
 * Does this page refer only to English law? Does the US law include the concept of Estoppel?
 * Maybe false advertising? I'm not sure, but then again I'm not a lawyer. Evil saltine 13:53, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Re example of purchase of radio: Don't know US law but (assuming it is similar to English law) would have thought that the since there was no discussion of price the vendor is entitled to change the price. He made no promise re price. He only stated that he would deal with you like any other customer, who would have to pay $11? Also, the promise to deal with you as a customer could not reasonably be expected to induce you to return - many customers do not.?? Questionable example?? 82.35.65.1

Yes, estoppel is present in U.S. law.

The example is not that flawed, except that it is also an example of other issues which makes it cloudy, a better example would be nice, I think best would be ACTUAL case citations, (and a well written synopsis) to replace the examples given.

This article needs a mention of estoppel by acquiescence Pedant 04:21, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

There are few, if any, topics of the law or relationships of which the law takes cognizance which are not affected to a greater or lesser degree by the principles of estoppel. When an estoppel binds a party to litigation he is prevented from placing reliance on or denying the existence of certain facts. From the point of view of the party in whose favour they operate, estoppels render the proof of certain fact unnecessary, and from the point of view of the party against whom they operates, estoppels have the effect of an absolute exclusionary rule. Also it is possible to argue that estoppel is better regarded as a matter of pleading or substantive law, rather than a rule of evidence. Estoppels are of three kinds; estoppel by judgment (or record), estoppel by deed and estoppel by matter in pais (or by conduct). This article discusses the basic principles of estoppel with only such specific application thereof as appears to be essential to an effective presentation of the subject.|شهرام آکویی محصل|قاعده استاپا و مقایسه آن با انکار پس از اقرار|سالنامه تحقیقات ببن المللی حقوق||1399 شهرام آکویی محصل (talk) 23:06, 23 January 2022 (UTC)

Issue estoppel
What is it? - Issue estoppel (aka collateral estoppel, issue preclusion, estoppel per rem judicatam) is a defence that bars a party from litigating a specific issue that has been decided in a prior separate action. -

Stop program ChristyleeGarris1984 01:15, 13 April 2019 (UTC)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Christysgotit (talk • contribs)

"English and Welsh law"
There's no such concept. "English law" rules over "England and Wales" (and I write that as a fervent Welsh nationalist). I've amended the article appropriately — OwenBlacker 19:17, Feb 9, 2005 (UTC)

Canadian Law
Canadian Law includes the concept of Estoppel. "An estoppel is a doctrine of law which precludes a person from denying the truth of a statement formerly made by him or her or the existence of a series of facts which has caused someone to draw certain logical conclusions." In simpler terms, "An estoppel arises when a person is forbidden by law to speak against their own act or deed. A man's own act or acceptance stops or closes his mouth to prevent him from arguing the opposite." Rcmpsc (talk) 04:03, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

Criminal law/American law subsection
This short paragraph relies exclusively on a single source, citing it somewhat redundantly four times. My (admittedly non-professional) reading of the relevant paragraph in the case cited suggests that the description here garbles and misrepresents the case law on this topic. Since there is a good bit more case law on this, a competent lawyer with more familiarity with the issue or able to review some of the other relevant cases should re-write this section.ScottForschler (talk) 16:47, 8 July 2020 (UTC)

Gah!
Woul not it be simplest to include a definition of what Estoppel is garnered from Halsburys? I appreciate that such a definition might be esoteric and aracane to the lay person, so clearly a disection of said definition by way of explaining what it really means in simpler language is in order.

Sorry
I found the language of the article particularly unhelpful for a lay reader so I have substantially rewritten it in the hope of making the concepts a little more accessible — a task that is actually a serious challenge at this length. I sincerely apologise to the original author for hacking it about to such an extent. But I claim no magic pen so this merely passes on the baton to the next mug prepared to invest the time to produce the bestest version possible. - David91

I found this page very useful. - sena30

Pronunciation
Could a native English speaker add a phonetic transcription and a sound sample? I believe the pronunciation of this word is a bit odd. Karl Stas 15:15, 25 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Just how it looks: 'eh' - 'stop' (and then an 'l' sound with hardly any vowel in between, like at the end of 'people') Therin83 12:11, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
 * That's not obvious for a non-native speaker. I always though the stress would have been on the -el. – gpvos (talk) 16:10, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

Estoppel vs. ESTOP
When I was searching for ESTOP (a common abbreviation for Emergency stop), Wikipedia automatically redirected me to "estoppel". Perhaps a new disambiguation page called "ESTOP" should be made, with links to both "Estoppel" and "Emergency Stop".
 * Done. – gpvos (talk) 16:07, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

Merge
Estoppel (English law) is nearly identical to this article. Probably one has been split off from the other, and both versions have diverged. This is not useful; someone should merge them back, and list only the peculiarities of estoppel under English law as a section or maybe a separate article. – gpvos (talk) 16:07, 8 May 2007 (UTC)

Definitely agree
Nothing is gained by having a separate English Law version of this article. Dratman (talk) 23:34, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

One more vote from an attorney for merging these two estoppel entries. 216.119.179.18 (talk) 13:59, 18 June 2008 (UTC)

One more vote Lasagne Meow (talk) 14:47, 22 April 2016 (UTC)

Not Sure this is entirely wise
Merging the two articles, which governs a legal rule applicable to different jurisdictions could create confusion in numerous situations and is not the right course of action. Indeed the equitable doctrine of promissory estoppel is NOT the same as the operation of the doctrine in the US. For starters one cannot utilise the doctrine as a basis for an action in England. (See Combe v Combe.) 82.19.25.173 (talk) 23:02, 30 May 2010 (UTC)

Res Judicata
I believe that (in American Law at least) Res Judicata is separate from Issue Estoppel. Issue Estoppel (issue preclusion) prevents a party from re-litigating an issue (even against a different party). Res Judicata (claim preclusion) prevents the same parties from re-litigating a claim. The requirements for each are different. —Preceding unsigned comment added by User:216.146.79.58 (talk • contribs) 15:31, 12 June 2007
 * Definitely different issues. Res judicata and the rule in Henderson v Henderson represent a very distinct sub-species of estoppel, and they are partly driven by estoppel and partly driven by rules of public policy.  Definitely should be treated separately for the purposes of Wikipedia articles. --Legis (talk - contribs) 15:51, 12 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Cleaned up and removed reference to Double Jeopardy as well.

Not sufficiently confident to edit (not a lawyer) but...
"The defendant has done or said something to induce an expectation The plaintiff relied (reasonably) on the expectation... ...and would suffer detriment if that expectation were false."

If estoppel is shield and not sword, shouldn't the plaintiff have induced the expectation on which the defendant has relied? Durobrivan 20:59, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

 * The old language of shields and swords isn't that helpful I think. Most varieties of estoppel (barring proprietary estoppel) are described as "shields", in that they are plead in answer to a cause of action. The shield and sword distinction is illusory in practice, because on a given set of facts you can construct the cause of action so that you can plead the "shield" in reply. In the example above for example, if the actual cause of action was breach of contract, the plaintiff will plead breach of contract, the defendant will plead a denial of some sort, and the estoppel will be plead in reply to negate his/her denial. --Cliau (talk) 11:07, 4 December 2008 (UTC)

In American law, Section 90 of the Restatement (Second) of Contracts is based on the established doctrine of promissory estoppel:

Section 90. Promise Reasonably Inducing Action of Forbearance 1)A promise which the promisor should reasonably expect to induce action of forbearance on the part of the promisee or a third person and which does induce such action of forbearance is binding if injustice can be avoided only by enforcement of the promise. The remedy granted for breach may be limited as justice so requires. -signed, a law student

Estoppel in Partnerships???
Does anyone know how a business partnership is created by/through an estoppel?? Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Evryedge (talk • contribs) 20:29, 11 December 2007 (UTC)

Could we add some kind of a reference to the text: "Although some authorities regard reliance-based estoppels as mere rules of evidence, they are in reality rules of substantive law."? As it stands, the reader has no basis for reliance on the preceding sentence. A good source might include a law textbook, which makes exactly the same assertion. Other questions this raises are: what is the position of these other (unknown number) of authorities, who disagree with said classification? If they have no reason to regard it as such, might the article be better served by cutting that out, or an explanation? Thanks. --Yevuard (talk) 21:06, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I think part of the problem is that the issue is confused by the history of estoppel. Previous to the fusion of common law and equity, there was separate development of estoppel by representation in equity and in common law. Starting with a series of decisions beginning in Jorden v Money (1854), estoppel by representation began to be confined to certain circumstances (probably to restrict its separate growth), namely it had to be a representation of present fact, not intention or law. Therefore in Franklin v Manufacturers Mutual Insurance (1936), Sir Frederick Jordan described this form of estoppel as a "rule of evidence". This I think is true, but does not describe all the other species of estoppel. --Cliau (talk) 11:01, 4 December 2008 (UTC)

Seems backwords, something unclear
from the introduction: "In the same way, a landlord might inform a tenant that rent has been reduced, for example, if there was construction or a lapse in utility services. If the tenant relies on this notice, the landlord could be estopped from collecting the full rent." however in this case the landload would attampting to get rent out of the tenent, and therefore the party that created the exectation would be the plaintiff and not the dependent, specifically holding that any expectations should be void because they were not in writing. THe parties are opposite what the definition defines at the top of the article, however this example seems very strong. Is the definition for the term wrong? Is this a uncommon example? (unlikely) Are their cases where it goes the other way that I cant think of? Is there something I am missing? Scientus (talk) 13:02, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I think the examples aren't very well explained for a lay reader, but the expectation referred to is the expectation that the landlord will not collect the balance of the rent, and that the tenant relied on this to their detriment. 121.44.175.94 (talk) 10:43, 4 December 2008 (UTC)

First two paragraphs
I think the first two paragraphs should be removed, the third paragraph is a better starting point work with. Estoppel as a supplement to consideration is but a very small part of estoppel. The other major issue is that estoppel is a doctrine in equity, not common law, and most judges and commentators recognise this distinction despite the fusion. Kraikk (talk) 09:36, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

Confusion allegation
It is a nuisance that any amateur tries to qualify juridical or technical matters as easy to digest. It is not amust, that anyone may understand a matter in a lemma. Please qualify your comment before you put hands on editing.Wireless friend (talk) 00:07, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

Poorly written
The section about promissory estoppel in American law is an incoherent disaster, but I don't have the time to fix it myself right now. --Coolcaesar (talk) 01:45, 25 October 2009 (UTC)

Kinsella reference
A reference written by Kinsella was removed & the edit summary said: "deleting fringe political (anarchist) source from article concerning technical legal matter." 1. The link was broken, so it is hard to see how editing decision could be made based on material that was not accessed. 2. Kinsella is regularly published by OUP. 3. Fringe is a term that more directly applies to pseudoscience & wacko theories, anarchism is not fringe. 4. "technical legal matter" is a rather vague term. Kinsella has written practice books (which are technical legal sources in the sense that they provide "how-to" information for legal professionals. 5. In the law, especially, we do not censor simply because of personal views that disparage anarchists. 6. At best the material may not have been used as a reference for the text, but that is an issue for proper editing of the article text. – S. Rich (talk) 15:03, 29 October 2013 (UTC)
 * 1) please provide a link for the view that Kinsella is "regularly published by OUP." 2) Please provide a link for the view that his libertarian works -- as opposed to his legal works -- are published by any mainstream source. 3) Please note that I Googled the link, and it relates to Argumentation Ethics, a fringe philosophy theory that has little to nothing to do with the law, and has been addressed by virtually no legal scholars. Steeletrap (talk) 16:25, 29 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Srich, I've previously discussed with you the mis-insertion of "further reading" links which do not provide content related to the article subject. This appears to be another such unsuitable addition.  It's not just anything with the word "estoppel" or anything that interests you.  There needs to be expository or analytical content which relates to the subject. This link should be removed.  SPECIFICO  talk  17:14, 29 October 2013 (UTC)
 * 1) Stephan Kinsella. 2) Libertarian works (mainstream, heterodox, or whatever) does not matter – estoppel is a legal subject. 3) What he has said about estoppel in this article needs examination. Etc.) He is listed as a "reference", but it is not clear what parts of the article his reference supports. In any case, your edit summary was off the mark. He is not fringe; you did not look at the reference before removing it ; the subject is not one about anarchism or how anarchism impacts a "technical legal matter". Please remember that WP:BURDEN is on the editor who adds or removes material. You did not meet your burden. – S. Rich (talk) 17:52, 29 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Please remember to assume good faith. Why are you accusing me of lying by saying I did not read the reference? I did read it, and it builds off of Argumentation Ethics, and relates to (fringe) philosophy rather than to law. Also, the link to the books section supports my view, namely that he is not regularly published by OUP. Steeletrap (talk) 18:03, 29 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Srich. To insert this particular Kinsella reference in an article about the legal principle of Estoppel is like putting a reference about your nose in an article about beans.  SPECIFICO  talk  18:04, 29 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Also, while individual anarchists -- such as Randy Barnett and Noam Chomsky, but certainly not Kinsella -- write prolifically for mainstream sources, anarchism tends to be a fringe ideology. I don't know of any anarchist publications that are mainstream RS. So this isn't at all an unreasonable presumption.
 * Moreover, since you seem to believe Kinsella's article relates to "law", I'm surprised by your view that LvMI is apparently an RS for legal matters. Do you therefore think, esp. because Kinsella builds off of Hoppe, that Hoppe's argumentation ethics should be cited here as well? Steeletrap (talk) 18:07, 29 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Steeletrap, the link you removed was broken. That fact, and the invalid rationale for removing the reference lead me to believe that you had not read the reference. (Still, I have stricken my remark about not reading the reference because the overall rationale for removal remains invalid.) Please note that I am not the original poster of the reference – I added it back after it was improperly removed. Whether Kinsella is "regularly" published by OUP hardly matters. He has OUP published books and his Trademark Practice and Forms is regularly published by West/Thomson Reuters (because subscribers to such legal practice guides receive periodic updates). Keeping the reference in the article IAW WP:PRESERVE is the best practice. Tag it with failed reference or other tags if you wish, but don't attempt to WP:CENSOR WP because you have a dislike for Mises.org published authors.  – S. Rich (talk) 20:14, 29 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Let me be clear – I objected to the removal of an item in the reference listing and because the removal was not supported by a valid edit summary or rationale. In fact Kinsella's article talks about "dialogical estoppel" and punishment and “argumentation ethics” in philosophical, not legal, terms. So it is not a valid reference for this legal topic. Now if you'd like to remove the reference with an edit summary of "remove reference which isn't used to support article text & simply involves non-legal topics", you are most certainly welcome to do so. Then it would be clear that the removal was based on something other than WP:IDONTLIKEIT. Thanks.  – S. Rich (talk) 21:05, 29 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Srich, you're teetering on the edge here :). I don't see anybody other than yourself disputing this inappropriate see also link. Users will come to this page to research a legal principle, not Kinsella's brand of philosophical whatnot.  SPECIFICO  talk  21:10, 29 October 2013 (UTC)
 * The imputations of bad faith are really starting to me. I don't dislike LvMI authors; I recognize -- as they do -- that they are fringe. I also think Scientologists are fringe, but I certainly don't dislike or disrespect them. You are smart and educated, so I know you can understand that one may be a mainstream RS on some matters (as Kinsella certainly is on technical legal matters, such as the history of patent law) but not an RS on other matters (namely, economics and philosophy, where he holds fringe views that are not published by mainstream, reliable sources). In the context of the relevant article, he is making a philosophical and theoretical point. It was published not by an RS but by the Mises Institute. I urge you to AGF and consider the good-faith, logically sound rationale behind my argument. Steeletrap (talk) 21:38, 29 October 2013 (UTC)

Kinsella article is normative and fringe
The entire estoppel article is about what the law is, not what it ought to be. Kinsella is out of place because his essay is normative, not positive. It is also WP:Fringe. It applies estoppel to justify retributive justice, by arguments such as "[if] an aggressor kidnaps and cuts off the hand of the victim. The victim is clearly entitled to do the same to the aggressor ... The victim would also be entitled to cut off both of the aggressor’s hands"; and "For poor [thieves and other aggressors], there is no property to take as restitution, and themere infliction of pain on the aggressor may not satisfy some victims. They would be entitled to enslave the aggressor, or sell him into slavery or for medical testing, to yield the best profit possible." How exactly does this stuff belongs in the article? Steeletrap (talk) 22:10, 29 October 2013 (UTC)

 * If you do not think the Kinsella piece should be posted as a reference in the article, why are you conducting WP:OR with this edit ? Are you trying to make a  WP:POINT? As I suggested above, remove it. Justify the removal with a straightforward edit summary, untinged with POV.  (I have agreed that Kinsella's essay does not qualify as RS for the article. Indeed, it does not qualify for a Further reading item.)  – S. Rich (talk) 22:23, 29 October 2013 (UTC)
 * I am not engaging in OR; please tell me where the OR is in my description (unsubstantiated accusations are PAs). I would prefer it being removed wholesale, but if it's going to be included, better to have it be accurately represented. The Kinsella stuff should be merged into Argumentation ethics since he clearly adopts Hoppe's "universalization principle." Steeletrap (talk) 22:37, 29 October 2013 (UTC)
 * If you are convinced it should be removed, I agree; please remove it. I am glad that you appear to agree with my "biased" argument and disagree with your prior statements. I am not going to acquiesce to personal accusations of bad faith and bias. Nor I'm I going to do a 2RR on a Mises-related issue. Steeletrap (talk) 22:44, 29 October 2013 (UTC)

Good to see you listen to reason, Srich. Thanks for removing that link and I hope this is the start of a better-listening and more collaborative Srich. SPECIFICO talk  00:46, 30 October 2013 (UTC)

"Other countries"?
Other than what? Wikipedia is not supposed to be UK or US centric. Mjaggard (talk) 09:45, 7 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Estoppel


text:
Techstep

Techstep is a dark subgenre of drum and bass that was created in the mid-1990s.

Style
It is characterized by a dark, sci-fi mood, near-exclusive use of synthesised or sampled sound sources, 2-step kicks and snares and influences from industrial and techno music, what some writers have described as a "clinical" sound. Although described as having a "techy" feel, techstep's relationship with techno should not be overstated. It shares the technique of creating a high-energy collage from abstract, synthetic noises, including samples, bleeps and squelches: it rarely uses instruments that have not been processed by effects. Similarly, quantized drum-machine kit and percussion sounds are favored over naturalistic human breakbeats. However, it usually adheres to drum and bass norms in other regards, especially in terms of musical structure, with the emphasis on the "drop". Techstep saw jungle music's obsession with bass change, from aiming for low and deep to exploring timbre, artists aiming to outdo each other with ever more distorted and "twisted" bass sounds.

History
Techstep developed from jungle music and hardstep around 1995. The name of the genre was coined by Ed Rush and Trace, who were both instrumental in shaping the sound of techstep. In this case, "tech" did not refer to the smoother style of Detroit techno, but to the raver, more caustic hardcore sounds that were popular in Belgium in the earlier part of the decade, often known as Belgian techno. Techstep was a reaction to the appearance of more pop and virtuosic musical elements on jungle and drum 'n' bass tracks, which were seen as an adulteration of "true" or "original" jungle. Instead the genre was infused with a simpler, colder sound that stripped away most R&B elements, and replaced them with a more hardcore sound, and ideological influences like dystopian films like Blade Runner and RoboCop. One of the first incarnations of the techstep sound is DJ Trace's remix of T-Power's "Mutant Jazz" which appeared on S.O.U.R. Recordings in 1995. This remix, co-produced by Ed Rush and Nico, features the trademark stepping beats and distorted Reese bassline which would become symbolic of the techstep genre. The Torque compilation (No U Turn), the Techsteppin' compilation (Emotif), Breakage LP (Penny Black 1997), and Platinum Breakz 1, 2, and MDZ 01 (Metalheadz) feature some selections of techstep tracks.

Some of the original techstep producers eventually developed the neurofunk style. These included early pioneers Ed Rush and Optical. Artists such as Teebee and Noisia further developed the Neurofunk sound. Moving Shadow and Metalheadz were important labels in the development of the style.

title: Techstep


text:
Talk:Supply-side economics

Aggregate Supply Curve
There is no discussion of whether the AS curve is vertical. And I think that's stereotypical of people who have not studied either supply side or Keynesian economics.

Put GDP on the x-axis and price on the y-axis. Draw a vertical AS curve and a down-curved aggregate demand (AD) curve that levels off.

In this case, the only question that matters IS whether the AS curve is vertical. Because if it is, then the only way to improve GDP is to change aggregate supply. There is no discussion of any of this in the article, and it just amazes me.

title: Talk:Supply-side economics


text:
Michael McGoldrick

Michael McGoldrick (born 26 November 1971, in Manchester, England) is a folk musician who plays Irish flute, uilleann pipes, low whistle and bodhran. He also plays other instruments such as acoustic guitar, cittern, and mandolin.

Bands
McGoldrick has been a member of several influential bands. In 1994 he was awarded the BBC Young Tradition Award, and in 2001 he was given the Instrumentalist of the Year award at the BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards.

McGoldrick was a founder-member of the Celtic rock band Toss the Feathers while still at school. He also competed at that time in the Fleadhanna with Dezi Donnelly (fiddle), whom he had met at local Comhaltas meetings. He made appearances at various local and national festivals and ran whistle/flute workshops at the Cambridge Folk Festival and for Folkworks on their "Flutopia" concert tour.

McGoldrick formed the band Fluke! (later renamed as Flook) with Brian Finnegan and Sarah Allen in November 1995. After one tour, he left to pursue other projects.

He was an early member of Lúnasa from 1997 until roughly 2000 and played on their first albums. He also joined Capercaillie in 1998, playing on six albums (one live) to date.

McGoldrick has played regularly for Afro-Celt Sound System and Kate Rusby's band. he leads the Michael McGoldrick Band.

Between 1996 and the present, McGoldrick recorded five solo albums, all featuring an array of well-known supporting musicians: Morning Rory (1996) showcases his traditional skills. Fused, released in August 2000, explores several other musical genres including jazz; although Wired, released in January 2006, takes the experimental approach of Fused even further, it was preceded by a duo album At First Light (2001), with award-winning uilleann piper John McSherry (also ex-Lúnasa) which goes back to traditional roots. Aurora, released in 2010, features traditional as well as self-penned tunes, and a song (Waterbound) by a Louisiana master of old-time music, Dirk Powell. McGoldrick's latest solo release is Arc (2018).

Between 2007 and 2013, McGoldrick played with the house band for the Transatlantic Sessions (Sessions 3-6) including performing some of his own compositions/arrangements.

In 2010 Michael replaced John McCusker, joining Tim O'Brien on Mark Knopfler's US leg of the Get Lucky Tour. This being a success, he was invited (and accepted) to stay on for the remainder of the World Tour in Europe when John McCusker had returned. He went on to play on the next Mark Knopfler album, Privateering and played with the band for the subsequent World Tour. McGoldrick also recorded for the 'Ceol Tacsi' project with many other British and Irish artists.

Solo/duo/trio

 * Champions of the North (with Dezi Donnelly) - Bop Cassettes (1990)
 * Morning Rory – Aughgrim Records AUGH01 (1996)
 * Fused – Vertical Records VERTCD051 (2000)
 * At First Light (with John McSherry) – Vertical Records VERTCD061 (2001)
 * Wired – Vertical Records VERTCD074 (2005)
 * Aurora – Vertical Records VERTCD090 (2010)
 * Live (with John McCusker & John Doyle, 2009 tour) – Vertical Records (2012)
 * The Mark Radcliffe Folk Sessions (with John McCusker & John Doyle) - Smooth Operations (2016)
 * The Wishing Tree (with John McCusker & John Doyle, studio album) – Under One Sky Records UOSR004 (2018)
 * Arc - Vertical Records VERTCD111 (2018)
 * Dog in the Fog (with Dezi Donnelly) - Boxroom Music (2018)
 * Mike McGoldrick & John Doyle - Boxroom Music (2020)
 * Waterman's (Live) - Vertical Records (2020)
 * The Reed That Bends in the Storm (with John McCusker & John Doyle) - Under One Sky Records (2020)
 * Christmas at Home (with John McCusker & John Doyle) (2020)
 * At Home This Spring (Live) (with John McCusker & John Doyle) (2021)
 * At Our Leisure (with John Carty) - Racket Records (2022)

Toss the Feathers

 * Live at the 32 - Bop Cassettes (1988)
 * Rude Awakening (1993)
 * The Next Round (1995)

Arcady

 * Many Happy Returns – Dara Records DARACD080 (1995)

Flook

 * Flook! Live! – Small CD 9405 (1996)

Capercaillie

 * Beautiful Wasteland - Survival Records (1997)
 * Dawn Till Dusk (The Best of Capercaillie) - Survival Records (1998)
 * Nàdurra - Survival Records (2000)
 * Live in Concert - Survival Records (2002)
 * Choice Language - Vertical Records (2003)
 * Grace And Pride: The Anthology 1984-2004 - Survival Records (2004)
 * Roses and Tears - Vertical Records (2008)
 * At the Heart of It All - Vertical Records (2013)

Lúnasa

 * Lúnasa - Self-released (1998)
 * Otherworld - Green Linnet (1999)
 * The Story So Far... - Compass Records (2008)

Kate Rusby

 * Hourglass – Compass Records (1997)
 * Cowsong – Pure Records (1998)
 * Sleepless – Compass Records (1999)
 * Little Lights – Pure Records (2001)
 * Withered And Died - Pure Records (2001)
 * 10 - Pure Records (2002)
 * Underneath The Stars - Pure Records (2003)
 * The Girl Who Couldn't Fly - Pure Records (2005)
 * Awkward Annie - Pure Records (2007)
 * 20 - Pure Records, Mighty Village, & Island Records (2012)
 * Ghost - Pure Records (2014)
 * Life in a Paper Boat - Pure Records (2016)

Eden's Bridge

 * All in a Life - Straightway Records (2000)
 * Isle of Tides - Whole World Media Group (2002)
 * New Celtic Worship - Whole World Media Group (2005)

Sharon Shannon, Frankie Gavin / Dezi Donnelly, Jim Murray

 * Tunes – Compass Records (2005)
 * Upside Down – The Daisy Label (2006)
 * Renegade – The Daisy Label (2007)

Future Trad Collective

 * Future Trad Collective - Vertical Records (2011)

Usher's Island

 * Usher's Island - Vertical Records (2017)

The McGoldrick Family

 * One for the Road (2024)

As guest artist/other

 * Straight on No Problem - Anthony John Clarke (1997)
 * Spellbound - Ten (1998)
 * 1 Douar - Alan Stivell (1998)
 * Volume 1: The Source - Big Sky (1999)
 * Volume 2: Release - Afro Celt Sound System (1999)
 * Identités - Idir (1999)
 * Missa Celtica - John Cameron (1999)
 * Seal Maiden - Karan Casey (2000)
 * Yella Hoose - John McCusker (2000)
 * New Celtic Music From Green Linnet - Various (2000)
 * Ceol Tacsi - Various (2000)
 * Two Journeys - Tim O'Brien (2001)
 * The Wind Begins To Sing - Karan Casey (2001)
 * Live Recordings From The William Kennedy Piping Festival - Various (2002)
 * 50 US Cents - Reel & Soul Association (2002)
 * Warm & Tender Love (Single) - Reel & Soul Association (2002)
 * The Acoustic Folk Box - Various (2002)
 * Through the Round Window - Eamonn Coyne (2002)
 * Time To Fall - Karen Matheson (2002)
 * Distant Shore - Karan Casey (2003)
 * What Road? - Session A9 (2003)
 * If Not Now - e2K (2003)
 * The Arms Dealer's Daughter - Shooglenifty (2004)
 * Musical Tour of New Zealand - Billy Connolly (2004)
 * Movin' - Human Touch (2004)
 * Shots - Damien Dempsey (2005)
 * ZOOM ZOOM ZOOM - Aquarium (2005)
 * Wayward Son - John Doyle (2005)
 * Downriver - Karen Matheson (2005)
 * Strategy - Horace X (2005)
 * Earthsongs - Secret Garden (2005)
 * The Essential Collection 1995–2005 - Ten (2005)
 * Hands Across The Water - Various (2005)
 * Folktopia - Music of Vertical Records, Vol. 1 - Various (2005)
 * The Furthest Wave - Cathie Ryan (2005)
 * Raining Up - Máiréad (2005)
 * My Secret Is My Silence - Roddy Woomble (2006)
 * The Seventh Veil - Theresa Kavanagh (2006)
 * Live Acoustic at the Jam House - Ocean Colour Scene (2006)
 * The Songs of The Radio Ballads - Various (2006)
 * Og Mhadainn Shamhraidh - Kathleen MacInnes (2006)
 * Música na Maleta - Tejedor (2006)
 * Peacetime - Eddi Reader (2007)
 * Cuilidh - Julie Fowlis (2007)
 * Prism - Beth Nielsen Chapman (2007)
 * Across The Black River - Kevin Burke & Cal Scott (2007)
 * Before the Ruin - Kris Drever, John McCusker & Roddy Woomble (2008)
 * Yella House + Goodnight Ginger - John McCusker (2008)
 * In Love + Love - Heidi Talbot (2008)
 * Border Reiver (Single) - Mark Knopfler (2009)
 * Imeall - Mairéad Ní Mhaonaigh (2009)
 * Get Lucky - Mark Knopfler (2009)
 * Wells For Zoë - Water For Life - Various (2009)
 * Exiles Return - John Doyle and Karan Casey (2010)
 * On the Move - Colin Farrell (2010)
 * Bretonne - Nolwenn Leroy (2010)
 * Summer Hill - Damien O'Kane (2010)
 * Last Star - Heidi Talbot (2010)
 * Capture 1995-2010 - Afro Celt Sound System (2010)
 * Get Lucky in London - Mark Knopfler (2010)
 * Transatlantic Sessions - Series 4: Volume 2 - Jerry Douglas, Aly Bain, & Various (2010)
 * Transatlantic Sessions - Series 4: Volume 3 - Jerry Douglas, Aly Bain, & Various (2010)
 * Transatlantic Sessions - Series 5: Volume 1 - Jerry Douglas, Aly Bain, & Various (2011)
 * Shadow And Light - John Doyle (2011)
 * Out on the Edge - Chris Dawson (2011)
 * Privateering - Mark Knopfler (2012)
 * Ô Filles De L'Eau - Nolwenn Leroy (2012)
 * All The Way Home - Cathy Jordan (2012)
 * Only Boys Aloud - Only Boys Aloud (2012)
 * Chimes of Freedom: The Songs of Bob Dylan - Various (2012)
 * Hammersmith 2011 - Mark Knopfler (2012)
 * Die Wanderhure - Best Of - Stephan Massimo (2012)
 * The Sailor's Revenge - Bap Kennedy (2012)
 * Five And Twenty - Aly Bain & Phil Cunningham (2012)
 * Angels Without Wings - Heidi Talbot (2013)
 * These Wilder Things - Ruth Moody (2013)
 * Tierra - Vicente Amigo (2013)
 * Полная Дискография - Aquarium (2013)
 * Gach Sgeul - Every Story - Julie Fowlis (2014)
 * Songs from Twisting River - West of Eden (2014)
 * Homecoming - A Scottish Fantasy - Nicole Benedetti (2014)
 * Transatlantic Session - Series 6: Volume 3 - Jerry Douglas, Aly Bain, & Various (2014)
 * Make a Note - Colin Farrell (2015)
 * Tracker - Mark Knopfler (2015)
 * JEKYLL + HYDE - Zac Brown Band (2015)
 * Encore Heureux - Zazie (2015)
 * Complicated Game - James McMurty (2015)
 * Urram - Karen Matheson (2015)
 * Katie Morag (Music from the BBC Series) - Donald Shaw (2015)
 * The Widening Gyre - Altan (2015)
 * Vagabond - Eddi Reader (2015)
 * My Secret Is My Silence - Roddy Woombie (2016)
 * Altamira - Mark Knopfler & Evelyn Glennie (2016)
 * Hello Goodbye - John McCusker (2016)
 * Doolin' - Doolin' (2016)
 * The Seven Suns - John McSherry (2016)
 * The Pound Ridge Sessions - Kevin Burke & John Brennan (2016)
 * Alterum - Julie Fowlis (2017)
 * Pretty Little Troubles - Malcolm Holcombe (2017)
 * Searbh Siúcra - Éilís Crean (2017)
 * Pretty Peg - Sam Kelly & The Lost Boys (2017)
 * Celtic Colours Live, Vol. 5 - Various (2017)
 * Happy 2017 from Tim Edey! - Tim Edey (2017)
 * Hebrides - Islands on the Edge Soundtrack (2017)
 * Cavalier - Eddi Reader (2018)
 * Folk Fever - The Band of Love (2018)
 * The Art of Forgetting - Kyle Carey (2018)
 * Banjophony - Damien O'Kane & Ron Block (2018)
 * Down the Road Wherever - Mark Knopfler (2018)
 * Basque Selfie - Korrontzi (2018)
 * Love Is The Bridge Between Two Hearts - Heidi Talbot & John McCusker (2018)
 * Down The Road Wherever in Concert 2019 Tour Compilation - Mark Knopfler (2019)
 * Quarehawk - Michael Walsh (2019)
 * La Lluz Encesa - Llan de Cubel (2019)
 * The Path of Stones - John Doyle (2020)
 * Simply Whistle - Pat Walsh (2020)
 * Glackanacker - The Black Brothers (2020)
 * When I Wait For You - Dirk Powell (2020)
 * Songs for the Sparrows - Nefesh Mountain (2021)
 * Blue Shaman - Abaji (2021)
 * I Got Rhythm - Tim Edey (2021)
 * The Wishing Tree - Sam Kelly & The Lost Boys (2021)
 * Flook/McGoldrick Remixes - Zazim (2021)
 * Autumn - Laura Auer (2022)
 * Our Voices Echo - Rura (2022)
 * Women of the World - Chris While & Julie Matthews (2022)
 * Now and the Evermore - Colin Hay (2022)
 * Michael McGoldrick - Honesty Bar [Rua Soul Remix] - Rua Soul (2022)
 * Banjophonics - Damien O'Kane & Ron Block (2022)
 * The Best of John McCusker - John McCusker (2023)
 * Is It? - Ben Howard (2023)
 * Palm Bay Frost - Palm Bay Frost (2023)
 * Ozark Symphony - Kelly Hunt (2023)
 * Korrontzi 20 - Korrontzi (2023)
 * Live from Celtic Connections 2023 - Transatlantic Sessions (2023)
 * One Deep River - Mark Knopfler (2024)
 * Live from Celtic Connections 2024 - Transatlantic Sessions (2024)

title: Michael McGoldrick


text:
Adam F

Adam Fenton (born 8 February 1972) is an English record producer and DJ who has worked across various genres. He is also the co-founder of the drum and bass label Breakbeat Kaos along with DJ Fresh. He found initial success with the 1990s drum and bass singles "Circles", "Metropolis" / "Mother Earth", and "F-Jam", before releasing his debut studio album Colours in 1997. In 2001, he transitioned into hip hop music, producing the album Kaos: The Anti-Acoustic Warfare, featuring collaborations with LL Cool J, Redman and De La Soul. He later released a remix album, Drum and Bass Warfare, and collaborated with DJ Fresh.

Career
Adam began his career with his early release, the techstep 12", "Metropolis" / "Mother Earth", released in 1996 on the Metalheadz record label. His other early successes were the tracks "F-Jam" and "Circles" (the latter breaking into the Top 20 in the UK Singles Chart). In 1998 he won a MOBO award for his debut album, Colours.

In 2001, he found success in the field of hip hop, primarily with Kaos: The Anti-Acoustic Warfare, working alongside artists such as LL Cool J, Redman and De La Soul. In 2002, Adam created the score for the feature film Ali G Indahouse starring Sacha Baron Cohen for Working Title Films.

He is founder and co-owner of the UK independent record label Breakbeat Kaos, which released Pendulum's album Hold Your Colour; he is also co-owner of the drum and bass website Dogs on Acid.

In early 2007 he was cast in his first film role, the crime thriller The Heavy. In December 2007, Adam also co-starred in Cuckoo, a thriller about sound and lies, co-starring Richard E. Grant and Laura Fraser, directed by Richard Bracewell.

2009 saw Adam back in the studio, this time with Horx to remix The Prodigy's "Take Me to the Hospital" from their album Invaders Must Die. Months later, Adam collaborated with Horx again to release "Shut The Lights Off" with Redman. Adam F and DJ Fresh's 2010 collaboration single under the artist name WTF?! was next, built around Dead Prez's "Hip Hop". Over the past few years Adam has remixed David Guetta, Rihanna, Afrojack, Missy Elliott, Sander van Doorn and Scrufizzer. Returning to the studio in recent years, Adam's "In The Air" collaboration with Sonic C was released as a free download and supported by Annie Mac, MistaJam, Zinc, A-Trak and Zeds Dead. It set the scene for "When The Rain Is Gone", Adam's first official single release under his own name for some time. The single was released in 2012 on 3Beat.

Adam later released his Elements EP on Breakbeat Kaos. It included the tracks "Elements", "When The Rain Is Gone", "In The Air", "It's Bigger Than Hip Hop UK" and his remixes of Afrojack's "Take Over Control" and Sander van Doorn's "Nothing Inside".

Adam's most recent output was in the form of "See You Again", a collaboration with DJ Fresh featuring Michael Warren which was on Fresh's album Nextlevelism. He has also recently collaborated with British electronic music producer Doctor P and Method Man, who is also known for his collaborations with Redman, to produce the late-2013 track "The Pit".

Family
His father was the pop singer and actor Alvin Stardust.

Studio albums

 * Colours (1997)
 * Kaos: The Anti-Acoustic Warfare (2001)

Remix albums

 * Drum and Bass Warfare (2002)

Film scores

 * Ali G Indahouse (2002), Working Title Films and Universal Pictures

Singles and EPs

 * 1995: "Circles" [Section 5]
 * 1996: "Before Today" / Adam F Remix Everything But the Girl Virgin
 * 1996: "Aromatherapy" [Section 5]
 * 1996: "Metropolis" / "Mother Earth" [Metalheadz]
 * 1997: "Telling Lies" / Adam F Mix David Bowie BMG/Arista
 * 1997: "F-Jam" (featuring MC Conrad) [F-Jams] – UK No. 122
 * 1997: "Circles" [F-Jams] – UK No. 20
 * 1998: "Music in My Mind" [F-Jams] – UK No. 27
 * 2001: "Stand Clear" (featuring M.O.P.) [EMI] – UK No. 43
 * 2002: "Where's My..?" (featuring Lil' Mo) [EMI] – UK No. 37
 * 2002: "Metrosound" (with J Majik) [Kaos] – UK No. 54
 * 2002: "Stand Clear" (Remixes) (featuring M.O.P.) [Kaos] – UK No. 50
 * 2002: "Smash Sumthin" (featuring Redman) [Kaos] – UK No. 11
 * 2002: "Dirty Harry's Revenge" (featuring Beenie Man) [Kaos] – UK No. 50
 * 2005: "Eightball" / "Original Junglesound" [Breakbeat Kaos] – UK No. 93
 * 2009: "Take Me to the Hospital" / Adam F & Horx Remix The Prodigy XL Recordings
 * 2009: "Shut the Lights Off!" (with Horx featuring Redman) [Breakbeat Kaos]
 * 2012: "When the Rain Is Gone" [3Beat]
 * 2012: Elements [Breakbeat Kaos]
 * 2013: "The Pit" (with Doctor P featuring Method Man) [Circus]
 * 2015: "Believer" (with DJ Fresh) [Ministry of Sound] – UK No. 58
 * 2016: "Harmony" (with Kokiri featuring Rae) [Sony Music Entertainment]

Featured artists

 * "When the Sun Goes Down" (with DJ Fresh) (2005) UK No. 69
 * "See You Again" (with DJ Fresh featuring Michael Warren) (2012)

title: Adam F


text:
J Majik

J Majik (born James Spratling, Northwood, England) is a drum and bass DJ and producer. He has been active since his early teens in the early 1990s.

Biography
He released his first track in 1992 (as DJ Dextrous) on the Planet Earth record label. By 1994, he had changed his stage name to the current moniker (because there was already another DJ Dextrous within the scene with a following) recording with Suburban Base Records, and was releasing tracks on the Metalheadz label. Since then Majik has released tracks on the Mo' Wax label, and now runs his own label, Infrared. He also makes music under the names Innervisions and Infrared.

Collaborations with

 * Goldie
 * Adam F
 * Danny J
 * DJ Hype
 * Hatiras
 * Kathy Brown
 * Liquid People
 * Sonic & Silver
 * Wickaman
 * Junglist BassPrey
 * DJ Ugallu

Selected albums

 * FabricLive.13
 * Red Alert 2005
 * Crazy World 2008

Singles

 * "Your Sound" (1995)
 * "Jim Kutta" (1995)
 * "Arabian Nights" (1996)
 * "Love Is Not a Game" (featuring Kathy Brown) (2000) - UK #34
 * "The Lizard" (2000)
 * "Solarize" (2001)
 * "Metrosound" (with Adam F) (2002) - UK #54
 * "24 Hours" (2002)
 * "Spaced Invader" (2001) on Defected Records
 * "Scooby Doo" / "Spycatcher" (with Wickaman) (2004) - UK #67
 * "Crazy World" (with Wickaman) (2008)
 * "In Pieces" (with Wickaman featuring Dee Freer) (2011)

Remixes

 * 2003: Adam F - Where's My...?
 * 2005: Breakfastaz - Midnight (With Wickaman)
 * 2008: Deadmau5 & Kaskade - I Remember (With Wickaman)
 * 2008: Goldie - Shining Down (With Goldie)
 * 2010: The Qemists featuring Maxsta - Renegade (With Wickaman)
 * 2010: Cutline - Die for You (With Wickaman)

title: J Majik


text:
Andy C

Andrew Michael Clarke (born 7 April 1976) is an English DJ, record producer and co-founder of RAM Records, a label in the drum and bass genre.

Early years
Andy C was a DJ in his own right but gained a strong reputation and more bookings off the back of the successful "Valley of the Shadows" track, an early drum and bass track that walked the line perfectly between hardcore and drum and bass just as the genres were starting to split. The track, created and released by Origin Unknown (made up of Andy C and Ant Miles)—often referred to as "31 Seconds" or "Long Dark Tunnel" because of the samples it incorporates—made use of a heavy bassline, bell samples and a rolling drum track to produce a popular, easy to recognise track that was easy to mix and became a favourite in dance floors at raves across the UK and beyond. The track was released as an EP in 1993 and has been remixed and re-released several times, and is widely recognised as one of the most influential drum and bass tunes of the early 90s. His signature look (Andy C is rarely seen without a baseball cap) and energetic movement behind the decks when playing make him a recognisable figure.

In 2001, he collaborated with Shimon on the single "Body Rock", which reached number 28 on the UK Singles Chart in January 2002 and became one of the most popular drum and bass songs of the year. However, it also polarized some fans of the genre due to its unusual sound; it utilized a swinging rhythm and "clownish" synthesizer leads, leading to the pejorative term "clownstep" to describe similar tracks that were released in the wake of its success.

Andy C has continued to produce strong selling records released on his label RAM Records throughout the duration of his career, and has earned extensive respect both as a producer and as a DJ. Due to its success as a label, Ram Records has been able to attract and nurture other artists of high calibre, including Chase & Status, Loadstar, Sub Focus and Wilkinson. Showcasing their label and DJ talents, Andy has secured headline acts and their own stage at major events including Creamfields, Global Gathering, The Sunbeat Festival and The Electric Daisy Carnival.

2010–2014
In 2011, Andy C won the Best DJ title in the 2011 Drum & Bass Arena Awards, and since the awards' inception in 2009, he has won the people's vote in the awards for Best DJ each year. He specialises in fast mixing, often employing three turntables. A signature mixing style of Andy is what he refers to as the "Double Drop": lining up two tunes so that both basslines drop at the same time. Andy C has often organised events where he DJs continuously for six hours. In January 2011, Mixmag UK announced the result of 14 month global poll from 35 nominations chosen by other big names in dance music: the survey asked global voters to decide Who is the Greatest DJ of All Time; Andy C was ranked number four on it and the highest British DJ on the list. He is the only DJ to date, to receive in excess of 20 annual 'Best DJ' titles in any genre.

In 2012 Andy C launched a new concept – Andy C Alive, where he uses custom made software and settings to mix both audio and visuals, creating stunning light and laser shows. At the heart of the setup are 3 deck mixing desks, audio and image editing suites and a setup that allows Andy to custom mix content on the fly. These sets need to be custom made for each venue, and to this date Andy C has already had bookings at SXSW in Texas, Beyond Wonderland in California, Vooruit in Gent Belgium and Melkweg in Amsterdam, as well as Brixton Academy and Cambridge Junction.

His talent as a producer and a DJ have earned him extensive respect from his peers, cited as a musical influence and inspiration by some of the biggest names in drum and bass; so diverse is his style that Andy C has played for events run by LTJ Bukem's Good Looking Records, Goldie's Metalheadz and jump up parties like JungleMania and Desire 2000AD. DMC World DJ Championships Hall of Fame Inductee DJ Craze retains that Andy C is his favorite DJ to hear play drum and bass.

His first single in ten years, "Haunting / Workout", was released as a promotional double A-side from the Nightlife 6 compilation on 3 November 2013. It entered the UK Singles Chart at number 188. His next single, "Heartbeat Loud" (with Fiora), was released in November 2014 and entered the UK Singles Chart at number 50.

2015–present
Andy C released the Singles 'New Era' and 'What Bass?' 2016 and 2017. Throughout 2017 he performed at a string of major festivals.

In 2018 Andy C sold out Wembley Arena in three days, becoming the first Drum and Bass artist to do so.

In 2019, Andy C released the singles 'Till Dawn' (which had been featured in his sets since 2015) and 'Back & Forth'. He also toured extensively and headlined many festivals throughout the year.

Awards and nominations
Andy C ranked #61 in DJ Magazine's 2010 Top 100 DJs annual poll announced 27 October 2010.

On 1 December 2011 Andy C won the Best DJ title in the 2011 Drum and Bass Arena Awards.

On 29 November 2013, Andy C won Ambassador of Bass Music in the 2013 Bass Music Awards, and his label Ram Records was nominated for Best Label.

In 2019, Andy C won the 'DJ Mag Top 100 DJs - Highest Drum and Bass Award', climbing 11 positions on the previous year to no.79.

Since its inception in 2009, the peoples vote each year for the annual award for best DJ at The Drum and Bass Arena Awards has been won each year by Andy C, up until 2019 when it was awarded to A.M.C

Musical style and influence
He is considered a pioneering force in the drum and bass genre. He specialises in fast mixing, often employing three analogue turntables. A signature mixing style of Andy is what he refers to as "The Double Drop" – lining up 2 tunes so their heaviest basslines drop at the same time.

Personal life
Andy C is a self-confessed tech freak and a lifelong fan of West Ham United.

title: Andy C


text:
DJ Dara

DJ Dara (Darragh Guilfoyle, Brooklyn, New York) is an Irish drum and bass DJ who performs mainly in North America. He is also a co-founder (along with DJ DB) of Breakbeat Science, a drum & bass record label and store in New York.

He is also a member of the drum & bass group known as the Planet of the Drums.

Albums

 * (1997) Rinsimus Maximus (CD) – Sm:)e
 * (1998) Full Circle: Drum & Bass DJ Mix (CD) – Moonshine
 * (1999) Renegade Continuum Vol. 2 (CD) – Rawkus Raw Kuts
 * (1999) Halfway Home (CD) – Sm:)e
 * (2000) From Here to There (CD) – Moonshine
 * (2001) Future Perfect (CD) – Moonshine
 * (2002) Further (CD) – Moonshine
 * (2003) Breakbeat Science: Exercise 01 (CD) – Breakbeat Science
 * (2004) The Antidote (CD) – Breakbeat Science

Singles

 * (1995) Schizophrenia (12") – Smile

title: DJ Dara


text:
Bramley, Surrey

Bramley is a village and civil parish about three miles (5 km) south of Guildford in the Borough of Waverley in Surrey, south east England. Most of the parish lies in the Surrey Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

Within its boundaries there is evidence of the Iron Age but documents record a village at the end of Anglo-Saxon era of the Kingdom of England and track its expansion and division during the Middle Ages. Much of the building was linear along the Horsham road: many such buildings have survived and the village has a substantial conservation area.

Pre 1600
The name Bramley is of Old English (Anglo-Saxon) origin; like "Bromley", one of its earlier forms, it means a clearing or lea in the broom). Birtley within the parish in the south and means a clearing in the birch.

Before the Saxons arrived the wider area was lightly settled. The builders of the Iron Age fort at Hascombe probably included farmers from the Wintershall and Thorncombe Street areas of present-day Bramley, but there is no evidence for early settlement in the village area and no evidence of any Roman settlement.

The settlement appears in six large parcels in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Brolege and Bronlei. These were held by the Bishop of Bayeux (William the Conqueror's half-brother). Its Domesday assets were: 39½ hides; 3 churches, 5 mills worth £1 6s 0d, 39 ploughs, 20 acre of meadow, woodland worth 100 hogs. In 1086 its wide definition and well-cultivated, fertile area with valuable mills made Bramley the largest and most valuable manor in Surrey by yearly income. It rendered a total of £83 14s 8d per year to its feudal overlords. The area comprised most of the western half of the Hundred of Blackheath, extending to the Sussex border and including Shalford, Wonersh, Hascombe and west Cranleigh.

The Anglo-Saxon settlers of neighbouring Wonersh – the name means a crooked field – and any Celts not displaced by them may have been the people who developed the Linish, Bramley. This name means a flax-stubble field and in 1843, when the Tithe Assessment map was drawn, it covered the area now occupied by the Library, Blunden Court and Old Rectory Close. Flax was used to make linen but before spinning and weaving the stems were "retted"; soaking in running water, a procedure which could have used the stream which also powered the mills.

Cranleigh Waters flows through and drains the village. There were two mills, Bramley Mill and Snowdenham Mill, probably both here at the time of the Domesday survey, and Emply [sic] Lane (now a bridleway) led to the second of these mills from the higher land around Wintershall.

Coronation Oak green today is all that remains of the original village green at the centre of the village. It was once the crossroads where Linersh Lane, the road from Wonersh, met Deep Lane, the original route from Wintershall, and the first Mill Lane (moved in the 1820s), which started from the north side of the house now called 'Saddlers', which was previously known as 'Corners' or 'Old Corners'. There is a reference to a moated manor house near the village green, which would probably have dated from the 14th century; it survived to the early 19th century.

At some time during the Middle Ages the village's arterial A281 road through the village leading to Birtley Green around the east slope of Hurst Hill was established as an alternative Horsham and main Loxwood and Billingshurst (all West Sussex) route from Guildford, as was the road from Thorncombe Street to Bramley (Snowdenham Lane) and Wonersh, the village centred immediately east of the street and Cranleigh Waters. Wonersh is only 0.5 mi away from Station Road, hence the station with two names later.

By the mid 16th century there were 63 houses in what was called Bramley township, 22 of them within half a mile of the church. Two of the grandest houses in the village, of Tudor architecture, remain: East Manor (which faces the rebuilt manor house) and East Water House; its external staircase was added in the 1580s, when it would have been seen from the village green, demonstrating the importance of the owners at a time when domestic staircases were still rare.

Holy Trinity Church
Bramley Church, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, dates from the 12th century with further additions in the 13th century. The tower and chancel date from the early 13th century with the south transept (now part of the south aisle) added later in the century.

Boundary walls were built and the burial ground was licensed for the first time in 1676. Holy Trinity was a daughter church of Shalford; Bramley only became a separate ecclesiastical parish in 1847.

Post 1600
The village was growing in the 17th century; many of the houses on the west side of the High Street date from this period. Bramley Manor, opposite East Manor and originally the farm for Bramley Manor, was built in the middle of the century.

The 18th century brought more changes with the road through the village becoming part of the turnpike road from Guildford to Arundel, following an Act of Parliament of 1757; there is still a milestone in Birtley Road. A bridge and causeway were built on the road to Wonersh in the 1770s; the river was then diverted from its original course close to the bottom of Wonersh Hollow into a new straight course to align with the new bridge.

Most villagers made their living from agriculture. A house The Nunnery was purchased for the poor of the parish in 1735. This was at the far end of the Bramley millpond; it was sold a century later when the poor had to go to Hambledon Workhouse, in the early part of which century the Jolly Farmer public house was established.

The Napoleonic Wars brought concerns for shipping in the English Channel and plans to create an inland waterway between London and Portsmouth led to the building of a canal to connect Guildford to West Sussex and the now traditional port of Littlehampton. This finally opened in 1816. James Stanton was appointed Superintendent of the canal in 1819; by the time of his death in 1857 he had five barges of his own, but by now use of the canal was declining and it finally closed in 1871. Stanton's cottage on the wharf still survives. In 1825 the Earl of Egremont, a great supporter of the canal, had purchased a property in Bramley on the site of the present Park Drive which was soon demolished. He diverted some of the water from the millpond to the canal in an attempt to improve the canal's water supply; this had a lasting effect as the watercourse would define the boundary between the later school and cemetery. The Earl redirected the lane to the mill, roughly to the present Park Drive, and his nephew built Bramley House, now almost completely demolished. This house was later leased by Captain Jekyll and was the childhood home of Gertrude Jekyll. After the Jekyll family left in 1868 the house was considerably extended and the lane to the mill now became a driveway to the house with a third Mill Lane (the present one) put through in 1871.

Development in the village was also influenced by Mrs Charlotte Sutherland, who leased Church House in 1848. She largely financed the building of the north aisle of the Church in 1851, the new Vicarage (now demolished and replaced by Old Rectory Close), the Village School, the cemetery and its chapel (also demolished); her brother, Richard Charles Hussey, was the architect for all these developments.

Various railway companies had built lines in the vicinity and there were stations at Guildford in 1845, Godalming soon after, and Shalford in 1849. Then in 1865 the Cranleigh Line linking Guildford with Horsham opened, and "Bramley & Wonersh station" (initially known as "Bramley") was the last stop on the line before Guildford. This was perhaps the main reason for the increase in population that followed, and there were housing developments including Station Road, Birtley Road and Eastwood Road; the south aisle, incorporating the south transept, was added to the Church in 1875. There were several shops in the village by the 1850s but at the end of the century William Lawn Head re-fronted several of the houses on the west side of the High Street to provide Head's Stores. The Stores have since been split into various premises but Head's elegant shop-fronts remain.

The oldest existing school in the village, now called Bramley Infants School (previously Bramley C of E Primary School) was established in 1850 and at that time consisted of only two classrooms and a clock tower. Two more classrooms were added in 1874 and a further classroom and hall were built in 1894. Architecturally, its clock tower has been well maintained. An extension in 1957 provided indoor toilets and office accommodation. The school has recently been entirely refurbished out of doors and decorated throughout indoors. Originally the school catered for four- to fourteen-year-olds but in 1973 it became a First School and caters for girls and boys from four to seven years old.

St Catherine's School was established in 1885, and has grown to have a significant physical presence in the village. Building of the Chapel began in 1893 and it was dedicated in the following year. It is a notable example of the work of Charles Eamer Kempe, who was responsible for much of the interior decoration, especially the stained glass windows.

By the end of the 19th century the local government of the village changed with the establishment of a Parish Council in 1894. This met, as it still does, in the Village Hall whose Victorian exterior and modern additions conceal a barn with timbers dating back to c.1400.

The gardener Gertrude Jekyll retained an interest in the area, and her friend, leading Arts and Crafts movement architect Edwin Lutyens designed Millmead House in Snowdenham Lane as a speculative development for her in 1904; she designed the garden. This has coursed and part snecked Bargate sandstone/red brick quoins and dressings and is Grade II listed. Grange Cottages were also built at the beginning of the century as staff cottages for Bramley Grange.

World War I brought deaths and wounded men from the front were also seen in the village as Thorncombe Park was used as a hospital. In 1921 the war memorial at the crossroads was built, designed by architect and local resident Frederick Hodgson.

In 1887 Bramley Grange was built on the site of the earlier White House for Colonel Webster (who later developed Bramley Golf course). After the Great War it was converted to a popular hotel and remained a hotel until burnt down in 1996. Between the wars there was more housing development, including the start of Linersh Wood.

In the years since World War II there has been considerable development in the centre of the village, much of it on the east side, including shops, Windrush Close, the Catholic Church, the public library, Blunden Court and Old Rectory Close. On the opposite side houses were built in Mill Lane and Home Park Close was built on the old kitchen garden of Bramley House, which had once contained ' a long range of greenhouses and an abundance of peaches, nectarines, plums, cherries and pears.'

As one of the Beeching closures the Cranleigh Line to Horsham, including Bramley & Wonersh railway station, closed in 1965 after serving the village for almost a century. The Bramley Grange Hotel was heavily damaged in a fire in 1996. In 2004, the building was replaced by retirement apartments constructed in a similar style.

Schools

 * St. Catherine's School, an independent girls' school established in 1885
 * Bramley C of E Primary School, also supported by the County Council, established in 1850.

Businesses
Amenities include a post office, general grocer's, butchers, pet shop, antiques shop, art gallery, café, a restaurant, fish and chip shop, Chinese takeaway and a classic car showroom. There are two public houses: the Jolly Farmer and the Wheatsheaf.

Sports
There is a golf course and cricket green. This was the first cricket ground to host an all women's cricket match in 1745 on Gosden Common where Bramley Cricket Club play today.

Churches
There are two churches, one Roman Catholic, and the Anglican Holy Trinity Church.

Events and other amenities
A library is in the village.

The village fête is held in May each year on Gosden Common, and the village Bonfire in November is a huge local event.

The village is twinned with Rhens, in Germany.

Localities
Four named localities cover the south of Bramley: Birtley Green, Thorncombe Street, Grafham and Smithbrook.

Birtley Green
Birtley Green Hamlet, separated by a 100 m green buffer to its north, consists of Birtley Green Nursing Home, three listed buildings that form Birtley Courtyard and ten houses, three of which are listed buildings. The A281 road passes through the hamlet after passing through Bramley. Birtley Brook is a small linear woodland brook to its south that flows into the Cranleigh Waters or Cran, significant tributary of the main river Wey in Guildford.

Charles Smith purchased a site from Elizabeth Street of Birtley House in 1848. His son William established a brewery in Bramley High Street before 1865. This continued in operation until 1923, when the brewery chimney was demolished. His other son Richard established a foundry in Bramley High Street which lasted until the early 1960s and is now the site of Bramley Motors.

Thorncombe Street
This hamlet is 1.5 mi SSW of Bramley village centre and has 29 houses and four listed buildings.

Grafham
Grafham, like Bramley, is a settlement by the A281 Guildford-Horsham road and includes three roadside buildings that form part of Palmers Cross hamlet and Goose Green to the southwest. In shape it is a linear hamlet with 35 houses. The Grade II*-listed church, St Andrew's, is the burial place of its stone-specialist Gothic Revival architect Henry Woodyer. The church was built between 1861 and 1864 at his own expense; it has a statue of Saint Andrew and carvings of Woodyer himself, his wife and daughter.

There is cricket ground in Grafham used by Grafham and Smithbrook CC.

Smithbrook
Smithbrook is a cluster of 26 buildings of which eight form Smithbrook kilns a former brick-making factory; it is centred 2 mi south of Bramley village centre Smithbrook Brickworks (1936) Ltd were its major operator, see British quarrying and mining narrow gauge railways.

Demography and housing
The average level of accommodation in the region composed of detached houses was 28%, the average that was apartments was 22.6%.

The proportion of households in the civil parish who owned their home outright compares to the regional average of 35.1%. The proportion who owned their home with a loan compares to the regional average of 32.5%. The remaining % is made up of rented dwellings (plus a negligible % of households living rent-free).

title: Bramley, Surrey


text:
Bramley

Bramley may refer to:

People

 * Bramley (surname)

Australia

 * Bramley, Western Australia

England

 * Bramley, Derbyshire
 * Bramley, Hampshire
 * Bramley Training Area, a British Army training camp
 * Bramley, Rotherham, South Yorkshire
 * Bramley, Surrey
 * Bramley, Leeds
 * Bramley Buffaloes, a rugby league club
 * Bramley R.L.F.C., a defunct rugby league club

South Africa

 * Bramley, Gauteng

Other uses

 * Bramley apple, a variety of apple
 * "Bramley" is also a term given to a particular shot played in pocket billiards and similar games

title: Bramley


text:
Peeler

A peeler (vegetable scraper) is a kitchen tool, a distinct type of kitchen knife, consisting of a metal blade with a slot with a sharp edge attached to a handle, used to remove the outer layer (the "skin" or "peel") of some vegetables such as potatoes, broccoli stalks, and carrots, and fruits such as apples and pears. A paring knife may also be used to peel vegetables. The blade of a peeler has a slot with one side sharpened; the other side of the slot prevents the blade from cutting too far into the vegetable.

Overview
There are numerous designs of peelers used today. Most handheld peelers are either straight or Y-type, while the particular designs vary depending on region and personal preference.

Straight peelers
A straight peeler has the blade parallel to the handle, resembling a knife. The blade may be fixed or pivoting. The Lancashire and French Econome designs contain a fixed blade which does not pivot. The Lancashire often has a round wooden handle wrapped in string, and is often single edged, though there are dual edged variants. The Econome, invented in 1928 by Victor Pouzet, entails a unique blade design that features two slits.

Swivel peelers
Swivel peelers have the blade mounted on a pivot; the angle of the blade self-adjusts as pressure is applied, increasing ease of use.

The Jonas peeler, designed in Sweden in 1953, is a straight design with a pivoting blade attached to the end of an oblong metal loop handle, which is held like a knife. A shaft runs through the length of the handle. The blade has two edges to enable use in either direction, and by either hand. While often copied, the original is still made by Linden Sweden. For many decades, it has been the standard type of peeler in the United States.

Y peelers
A Y peeler or speed peeler has a blade perpendicular to its handle, a design closely resembling a safety razor. It is used with a similar action to a razor, shaving off skin in strips parallel to the handle. Most speed peelers have an 'eye gouger' beside the blade, a loop of metal used to dig out eyes and blemishes from a potato.

A particularly famous example of this variety is the Zena Rex peeler, invented in 1947 by Alfred Neweczerzal of Davos, Switzerland. Considered an icon of Swiss design, it was featured on a 2004 Swiss postage stamp. It has a one piece aluminum handle and a pivoting carbon steel blade with dual edges. The stainless steel handled variant, the Zena Star peeler, was the model popularized by legendary New York City street hawker Joe Ades.

Other types
Most "Y" and inline pivoting peelers have a straight blade. A few have a curved blade which is a closer fit to the contour of a potato or other item being peeled; it takes a wider bite, requiring fewer passes to complete peeling.

A mechanical apple peeler is a crank operated device that peels apples and optionally cores and slices them in one motion. When the slicer is enabled it cuts a normal apple into a helical shape. It is designed to work on apples but will also peel a number of other fruits and vegetables such as pears, beetroot, potatoes, cucumbers and thick carrots.

Several variations of this type of crank peeler have appeared in modern times, such as The CrankMaster Peeler, which claims to help those with arthritis be able to peel various fruits like apples and pears.

Industrial peelers
In an industrial setting, potatoes may be peeled using steam jets to loosen the surface skin, followed by a dry abrasion. The process may also involve treatment with lye to soften the outer skin. One type of mechanical peeler, the Magnascrubber, tumbles the potatoes on rollers with rubber studs, which removes the skin. Similar tumbling units with variously sized disc-shaped studs are used for peaches, tomatoes, beets and carrots.

title: Peeler


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Bifurcation

Bifurcation or bifurcated may refer to:

Science and technology

 * Bifurcation theory, the study of sudden changes in dynamical systems
 * Bifurcation, of an incompressible flow, modeled by squeeze mapping the fluid flow
 * River bifurcation, the forking of a river into its tributaries
 * Bifurcation lake, a lake that flows into two different drainage basins
 * Bifurcated bonding, a single hydrogen atom participates in two hydrogen bonds
 * Bifurcated stick grip, a type of aircraft control column

Other uses

 * Bifurcation (law), the division of issues in a trial

title: Bifurcation


text:
Hellcat Records

Hellcat Records is an independent record label based in Los Angeles, California. The label, an offshoot of Epitaph Records, was started as a partnership between Brett Gurewitz of Bad Religion, the owner of Epitaph, and Tim Armstrong of Rancid, who was generally responsible for signing bands.

Hellcat published its Give 'Em the Boot label sampler in multiple volumes starting in 1997.

Films
In 2005, a Give 'Em the Boot DVD was released, featuring tour footage of numerous Hellcat bands.

On January 15, 2006, the label released Live Freaky! Die Freaky!, a full-length film produced by Tim Armstrong and filmed using marionettes. The plot involves Charlie Manson's story being misinterpreted by a nomad on a post-apocalyptic Earth. It features the voice talents of the members of Rancid, Green Day, AFI and the Transplants.

Active roster

 * Tim Timebomb
 * Charged GBH
 * Civet
 * The Creepshow
 * Danny Diablo
 * Devil's Brigade
 * Grade 2
 * HorrorPops
 * The Interrupters
 * Left Alone
 * Nekromantix
 * Orange
 * Rancid
 * Rat Boy
 * The Slackers
 * Society's Parasites
 * Static Thought
 * The Strangers
 * The Unseen
 * Westbound Train

Former bands

 * The Aggrolites
 * Blue Fire City
 * Choking Victim
 * Dave Hillyard and the Rocksteady Seven
 * The Distillers
 * Dropkick Murphys
 * F-Minus
 * The Gadjits
 * The Heart Attacks
 * Hepcat
 * The Independents
 * Joe Strummer and the Mescaleros
 * King Django
 * Lars Frederiksen and the Bastards
 * Leftöver Crack
 * Los Difuntos
 * The Luchagors
 * Mercy Killers
 * The Mighty Mighty Bosstones
 * Mouthwash
 * The Nerve Agents
 * Operation Ivy (re-release only)
 * The Pietasters
 * Roger Miret and the Disasters
 * Street Dogs
 * Tiger Army
 * Time Again
 * Transplants
 * U.S. Bombs
 * U.S. Roughnecks
 * Union 13

title: Hellcat Records


text:
User talk:Chr1s

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

You might find these links helpful in creating new pages or helping with the above tasks: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

UtherSRG 14:31, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC)

PS. You can sign your name using three tildes, like. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.

authors: Template namespace initialisation script

title: User talk:Chr1s


text:
Lethal Injection (album)

Lethal Injection is the fourth studio album by American rapper Ice Cube. It was released on December 7, 1993, through Lench Mob Records and Priority Records. The production on the album was handled by QDIII, Madness 4 Real, Sir Jinx, Laylaw, D'Mag, and Ice Cube himself.

Lethal Injection was supported by three singles: "Really Doe", "You Know How We Do It", and the Funkadelic-sampling "Bop Gun (One Nation)", which became a staple on MTV. The track "Down for Whatever" also gained popularity after featuring in the 1999 film Office Space. The album received generally positive reviews from critics and was a commercial success similar to the rapper's previous albums. The album debuted at number five on the US Billboard 200, selling 215,000 copies in its first week.

Criticism
The album was heavily criticized for what many saw as Cube's pandering to gangsta rap, and for lyrics which were considered to be anti-police, racist and misogynistic, as well as the toning down of socio-political content found on his earlier efforts. The album's standing has increased over time.

Commercial performance
Lethal Injection debuted at number five on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 215,000 copies in its first week. This became Ice Cube's third US top-ten album. The album also debuted at number one on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. On February 1, 1994, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over a million copies in the United States.

Singles
"Really Doe" "You Know How We Do It" "Bop Gun (One Nation)"
 * Released: 1993
 * B-side: "My Skin Is My Sin"
 * Released: February 1994
 * B-side: "2 'N The Morning"
 * Released: August 1994
 * B-side: "Down For Whatever"

title: Lethal Injection (album)


text:
Carvin

Carvin is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.

Geography
An ex-coalmining commune, now a light industrial and farming town, situated some 14 mi northeast of Lens, completely encircled by the N17 and D919 ring road.

History
Major excavations have recently revealed occupation going back to Neolithic times. This settlement is linked to the existence of the vast wet depression around the now-disappeared castle of Epinoy. In the early 12th century, the hamlet of Épinoy, now the east part of the commune, was the home of the hermit Saint Druon of Sebourg.

The history of this market town, located on the road between Arras, Lille and Tournai, was then marked by coal mining, starting in the mid-nineteenth century and ending in 1975. One of the smaller mining companies had its headquarters in Carvin. At nationalization, the pits and mining facilities were consolidated within the Oignies group.

During World War I, from October 1914 to October 1918, Carvin was occupied by the Germans. Located at the rear of the front as a garrison town for both German military and civilians. The bodies of over 6,000 soldiers are laid to rest in one of the largest German cemeteries in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region.

Carvin was awarded the Croix de Guerre on 28 September 1920.

In May 1940, during the German invasion of France, Carvin's town centre was the scene of a major battle that allowed the bulk of British and French troops to get to Dunkirk and freedom. Once the allies had gone, the troops of the Wehrmacht delivered fierce reprisals on the population of the towns of mining pit 4: Carvin, Courrières and Oignies. Following the miners' strike in May and June 1941 which spread throughout the Nord-Pas-de-Calais, many miners (mostly communists) were arrested and executed at Arras.

In 1947, Carvin lost nearly a third of its territory with the separation of the commune of Libercourt, which claimed its independence. The town lost much of its industry during the years 1970 to 1990. Mining, construction and engineering were all reduced in size. Much of the railway network was dismantled in the early 1990s. Today it is mostly a services and residential commune for the regional capital, Lille.

Places of interest

 * The church of St.Martin, dating from the eighteenth century.
 * Two nineteenth-century churches, of St. Druon and St.Barbe.
 * The Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery.

Notable people

 * Jacques Secrétin, international table tennis player, was born in Carvin in 1949.

International relations
Carvin is twinned with:
 * 🇵🇱 Kłodzko, Poland
 * 🇮🇹 Carvico, Italy

title: Carvin


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Cauchy-à-la-Tour

Cauchy-à-la-Tour (El-Cauchie-à-l’Tour; Dutch:"Turringhem" (house of the sons of Turr)) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.

Geography
A farming and ex-coalmining village some 10 mi southwest of Béthune and 30 mi southwest of Lille, at the junction of the D183 and the D341 roads.

Places of interest

 * The church of Saint-Pierre, rebuilt after the First World War.
 * The war memorial.
 * Ruins of an old castle.

Notable people

 * Philippe Pétain, marshal of France, was born here on the 24 April 1856.

title: Cauchy-à-la-Tour


text:
Talk:101st Airborne Division

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Mickeymaitre.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 12:55, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Disambig
Why is this page listed on Wikipedia:Links to disambiguating pages (0-9)? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Jaberwocky6669 (talk • contribs) 05:19, 26 June 2005.

Bryan Isaac Clyde
There's a new entry under notables for Bryan Isaac Clyde. He's a shooting wannabe who was killed before he hurt anyone by federal officers. He doesn't have a page except for a redirect; clicking on his name will take you to the page about the event. I'm tempted to delete the entry but am soliciting comment first.-- Georgia Army Vet Contribs Talk 21:10, 19 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Do you know what standard procedure is with regiments/divisions? I know that with universities we do include the murderers and notable terrorist wannabes in the alumni list.  cf. List of The Evergreen State College people.E.M.Gregory (talk) 22:42, 27 June 2019 (UTC)
 * I see your point there, but Clyde himself doesn't have a page.-- Georgia Army Vet Contribs Talk 21:56, 28 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Delete. No page = not notable.  --A D Monroe III(talk)  22:44, 28 June 2019 (UTC)

Reference for a video game Plot
Which type of article could be used for that? I was thinking, maybe a review? I don't know. It's a quite known saga from a famous developer though it's been years without any new game on the saga. The games' pages have no reference about the plot either. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.141.48.136 (talk) 23:41, 13 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:101st Airborne Division


text:
Talk:Animal physiology

HKAYAL,

Please create a new Wikipedia page for your discussion of Tracheal Stenosis and Micturation. I do (and I'm sure others do) appreciate the depth and breadth of your discussion -- but it deserves its own treatment. This page seems like it should be a more general page having to do with the broader subject of Animal physiology.

Thank you.

title: Talk:Animal physiology


text:
Croisilles

Croisilles may refer to:

France
Several communes in France:

 * Croisilles, Calvados, in the Calvados département
 * Croisilles, Eure-et-Loir, in the Eure-et-Loir département
 * Croisilles, Orne, in the Orne département
 * Croisilles, Pas-de-Calais, in the Pas-de-Calais département

Papua New Guinea

 * Cape Croisilles, Papua New Guinea
 * Croisilles languages of Papua New Guinea

New Zealand

 * Croisilles Harbour, New Zealand
 * Croisilles Peak, New Zealand

title: Croisilles