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James Dyson

Sir James Dyson  (born 2 May 1947) is a British inventor, industrial designer, farmer, and business magnate who founded the Dyson company. He is best known as the inventor of the bagless vacuum cleaner, which works on the principle of cyclonic separation. According to the Sunday Times Rich List 2023, he is the fifth-richest person in the United Kingdom, with an estimated family net worth of £23 billion. As of March 2024, Forbes lists Dyson's net worth as $13.4 billion.

He served as the Provost of the Royal College of Art from August 2011 to July 2017, and opened a new university, the Dyson Institute of Engineering and Technology, on Dyson's Wiltshire campus in September 2017.

Early life and education
James Dyson was born 2 May 1947 in Cromer, Norfolk, one of three children of Janet M. (née Bolton) and Alec William Dyson. He was named after his grandfather, James Dyson. His father died of prostate cancer when he was nine years old and he described his childhood home as 'penniless' after his father's death. He was nonetheless educated at Gresham's School, an independent boarding school in Holt, Norfolk, from 1956 to 1965, due to the Headmaster agreeing to pay his school fees. At school he excelled at long-distance running, and said he learned determination from it.

Dyson spent a year, 1965–1966, at the Byam Shaw School of Art, choosing the school because of its excellent reputation under principal Maurice de Sausmarez's leadership. Dyson credits de Sausmarez’s guidance and teaching with inspiring him to become a designer. In 2015 Dyson spoke at the opening of a retrospective exhibition of de Sausmarez's work at the University of Leeds, speaking of the great influence the artist and former principal had on him and his career.

He studied furniture and interior design at the Royal College of Art,1966–1970, before moving into engineering. It was while attending the Royal College of Art to study fine art that he transferred to industrial design, partly because of the tutorage of structural engineer Anthony Hunt.

Early inventions
In 1970, Dyson helped to design the Sea Truck while studying at the Royal College of Art. His first original invention, the Ballbarrow, was a modified version of a wheelbarrow using a ball instead of a wheel and was featured on the BBC's Tomorrow's World television programme. Dyson persisted with the idea of ball instead of wheel and invented the Trolleyball, a trolley that launched boats. He designed the Wheelboat which could travel at speeds of 64 kilometres per hour (40 mph) on land and water.

Vacuum cleaners
In the late 1970s, Dyson had the idea of using cyclonic separation to create a vacuum cleaner that would not lose suction as it picked up dirt. He became frustrated with his Hoover Junior's diminishing performance: the dust bag pores kept becoming clogged with dust, which reduced suction. The cyclone idea came from a sawmill that used cyclone technology.

Partly supported by his wife's salary as an art teacher, and after five years and about 5,127 prototypes, Dyson launched the "G-Force" cleaner in 1983. No manufacturer or distributor would handle his product in the UK, as it would have disturbed the market for replacement dust bags, so Dyson launched it in Japan through catalogue sales. Manufactured in bright pink, the G-Force sold for the equivalent of $2,000, or around $5,500 in 2023 taking inflation into account. It won the 1991 International Design Fair Prize in Japan. Dyson filed a series of patents for his dual cyclone vacuum cleaner EP0037674 in 1980, and when his invention was rejected by the major manufacturers, he set up his own manufacturing company, Dyson Ltd. In June 1993, he opened a research centre and factory in Malmesbury, Wiltshire.

Dyson's slogan, "say goodbye to the bag", proved attractive to the buying public. The Dyson Dual Cyclone became the fastest-selling vacuum cleaner ever made in the UK. It outsold those of some of the companies that had rejected his idea, and became one of the most popular brands in the UK. In early 2005, it was reported that Dyson cleaners had become the market leaders in the United States by value (though not by the number of units sold). Dyson licensed the technology in North America from 1986 to 2001 to Fantom Technologies, after which Dyson entered the market directly.

Following this success, other major manufacturers began to market their own cyclonic vacuum cleaners. In 1999, Dyson sued Hoover (UK) for patent infringement, and the High Court ruled that Hoover had deliberately copied a fundamental part of his patented designs in making its Triple Vortex bagless vacuum cleaner range. Hoover agreed to pay damages of £4 million.

In mid-2014, Dyson personally appeared in Tokyo to introduce his "360 Eye" robotic vacuum cleaner. The new model featured 360° scanning and mapping for navigation, cyclonic dust separation, a custom-designed digital motor for high suction, tank treads for traction, a full-width brushroll bar, and user interface via a free iOS or Android app.

Interviewed by Fast Company (May 2007), Dyson asserted the importance of failure in one's life. "I made 5,127 prototypes of my vacuum before I got it right. There were 5,126 failures. But I learned from each one. That's how I came up with a solution. So I don't mind failure. I've always thought that schoolchildren should be marked by the number of failures they've had. The child who tries strange things and experiences lots of failures to get there is probably more creative."

Other inventions
In 2000, Dyson expanded his appliance range to include a washing machine called the ContraRotator, which had two rotating drums moving in opposite directions. The range was offered in bright colours, rather than the usual white or silver, although white versions came later. It was not a commercial success and was discontinued in 2005.

In 2002, the company created a model of the optical illusions depicted in the lithographs of Dutch artist M. C. Escher. Engineer Derek Phillips, after a year of work, created a water sculpture in which the water appeared to flow upwards to the tops of four ramps arranged in a square, before cascading to the bottom of the next ramp. Called Wrong Garden, the sculpture was displayed at the Chelsea Flower Show in 2003. The illusion was accomplished by having water containing air bubbles pumped to a slit at the top from which it cascaded down, making it appear that the water was flowing upwards. In October 2006, Dyson launched a fast hand dryer, the Dyson Airblade, that used a thin layer of air as a squeegee to remove water from the skin, rather than using heat.

A fan without external blades called the Air Multiplier was launched in October 2009. Functions such as heating, air-purifying and humidifying were added later.

In April 2016, Dyson launched a smaller and quieter hair dryer, the Dyson Supersonic.

Research and development
In 2017, Dyson spent £7 million a week on research and development of new products. The company is the UK's biggest investor in robotics and artificial intelligence research, employing over 3,500 engineers and scientists, and engaging in more than 40 university research programmes. Speaking to the Daily Telegraph, Dyson said, “We’re looking at more non-domestic products but we are not rushing to do lots of different things,” he said. “We are a private company so we can do it when we are ready.”

In November 2014, Dyson announced plans to invest a further £1.5 billion into the research and development of new technology, including funding for an expanded campus at the Dyson UK headquarters in Malmesbury which will create up to 3,000 jobs.

The then Prime Minister David Cameron, said: "Dyson is a great British success story and the expansion of the Malmesbury campus will create thousands of new jobs, providing a real boost to the local economy and financial security for more hardworking families. Investment on this scale shows confidence in our long-term economic plan to back business, create more jobs and secure a brighter future for Britain".

In March 2016, Dyson announced a second new multimillion-pound research and development centre on a 517 acre former Ministry of Defence (MoD) site at Hullavington, Wiltshire. The company said it aimed to double its UK-based workforce in the next five or six years. Dyson said: "After 25 years of UK growth, and continuing expansion globally, we are fast outgrowing our Malmesbury Campus. To win on the world stage you have to develop new technology and develop great products and that's what we're doing here.".

In September 2017, Dyson announced plans to produce an electric vehicle, aiming to be launched in 2020, investing £2 billion of his own money. He assembled a team of more than 400 people for the project. According to reports, the vehicle was intended to be powered by a solid-state battery, Dyson having acquired the battery company Sakti3 in 2015. In October 2019, Dyson announced that the electric car project had been cancelled due to it not being commercially viable.

In 2017, he launched the Dyson Institute of Engineering and Technology.

Allegations of copyright infringement
Dyson has several times accused Chinese spies and students of copying technological and scientific secrets from the UK through the planting of software bugs and by infiltrating British industries, institutions, and universities after they left. He also complained that China benefits from stealing foreign designs, flouting of product copyrights, and a two-speed patent system that discriminates against foreign firms with unreasonably longer times.

Tax affairs
Dyson's tax affairs have been subject to considerable scrutiny in the British press across the political spectrum.

Lux Leaks
Dyson publicly stated in 2008, "I think it's wrong to direct your business for tax reasons. Your business should be where you can do it best". However, in 2009, his company Dyson Ltd incorporated a new parent company in Malta to create £300 million and £550 million in intercompany loans via Luxembourg and Isle of Man companies that increased tax-deductible interest payments in the UK between 2009 and 2012. The creation of the additional UK tax-deductible interest payments relied on deals with the Luxembourg tax authorities revealed in the 2014 Lux Leaks. The Dyson group stated to The Guardian in 2014: "At no time did the [group's former] non-UK structure deliver any significant tax advantage and, of the entities in question, all have been dissolved".

Estimated tax contributions
In the 2022 Tax List published by The Sunday Times in January 2022, Dyson and his family were listed as 11th of the UK's 50 biggest taxpayers. The newspaper estimated £101 million was contributed for the last full year on record. The IPPR think tank noted that only two of those listed in the 2021 Sunday Times Rich List – Dyson and the Weston family – were listed in that year's Tax List. In the previous three years, Dyson had featured at 6th, 4th and 3rd in the Sunday Times Tax List, with the newspaper estimating a total contribution of £345.8 million to the UK exchequer.

Pro-Eurozone
In 1998, Dyson was one of the chairmen and chief executives of 20 FTSE 100 companies who signed a statement published in The Financial Times calling on the government for early British membership of the Eurozone. He claimed that failure to join the euro would lead to the destruction of the British manufacturing base. In February 2000 claiming that the strength of the pound was affecting his company's profits on exports to France and Germany, Dyson threatened to shift focus from his Malmesbury plant to a new plant set up in Malaysia because the government would not join the euro. Later in 2000 Dyson again threatened to shift production abroad. In February 2002, Dyson announced that production was being shifted to the Far East. In August 2003, the assembly of washing machines was also switched from Malmesbury to Malaysia.

Pro-Brexit
Dyson was one of the most prominent UK business leaders to publicly support Brexit before the referendum in June 2016. Since the referendum, Dyson has stated that Britain should leave the EU Single Market and that this would "liberate" the economy and allow Britain to strike its own trade deals around the world. During 2016, 19% of Dyson Ltd exports went to EU countries, compared with 81% to non-EU countries. In 2017, Dyson suggested that the UK should leave the EU without an interim deal and that "uncertainty is an opportunity". Previously, in 2014, Dyson had said he would be voting to leave the European Union to avoid being "dominated and bullied by the Germans". In November 2017, Dyson was critical of the UK government Brexit negotiations and said "we should just walk away and they will come to us". After it became public in January 2019 that Dyson's company was to move its headquarters from Malmesbury to Singapore, he was accused of hypocrisy regarding his campaign for Brexit.

European Court of Justice
In November 2015, Dyson lost its case against EU energy labelling laws in the European General Court; however, a subsequent appeal in the European Court of Justice said that the previous ruling had "distorted the facts" and "erred in law".

Criticism of Rishi Sunak policies
Dyson criticised Prime Minister Rishi Sunak in January 2023 for what he called "ever higher tax bills" for corporations. In May of the same year, Dyson said that Sunak had a "scandalous neglect" of the science and technology sector.

Libel cases
In 2022, Dyson sued Channel 4 and ITN over allegations of exploitation of workers at one of his suppliers' factories. In the High Court, it was ruled that there was no personal defamation.

In December 2023, Dyson unsuccessfully brought a libel claim against Mirror Group Newspapers in which he claimed that an opinion article published in the Daily Mirror in January 2022 criticising his company's move to Singapore following his support of Brexit was "highly distressing and hurtful".

Philanthropy
Dyson set up the James Dyson Foundation in 2002 to support design and engineering education. It is a registered charity under English law and operates in the UK, US, and Japan. The foundation aims to inspire young people to study engineering and become engineers by encouraging students to think differently and to make mistakes. The foundation supports engineering education in schools and universities, as well as medical and scientific research in partnership with charities. It achieves this by funding resources such as the "Engineering Box", a box filled with activities for a school to use as a teaching aid.

In May 2014, the foundation announced an £8 million donation to create a technology hub at the University of Cambridge. The donation would also allow for a design and construction lab to be developed for undergraduate engineering students.

In March 2015, the foundation gave £12 million to Imperial College London to allow the purchase of a Post Office building in Exhibition Road from the Science Museum. Imperial College was to open the Dyson School of Design Engineering in this building, and teach a new four-year master's degree in design engineering.

Around 2021, the foundation gave £4million towards the construction of a £27 million hub for cancer services at the Royal United Hospital, Bath, to be called the Dyson Cancer Centre. This followed a £500,000 donation to the Dyson Centre for Neonatal Care at the same hospital, which opened in 2011.

The foundation supports the work of young designers through the James Dyson Award, an international design award that "celebrates, encourages and inspires the next generation of design engineers".

Dyson is also a trustee of The James and Deirdre Dyson Trust, a separate charity through which he and his wife make personal donations in various fields. In June 2019, the charity donated £18.75 million to Dyson's old school, Gresham's, to build a new STEAM Education building, which was completed in 2021. In November 2023, the charity made a further donation of £35 million to Gresham’s School to develop a state-of-the-art Prep School with a new building incorporating STEAM education facilities for pupils aged seven to 13.

Honours and awards

 * In 1997 Dyson was awarded the Prince Philip Designers Prize.
 * Dyson was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1998 New Year Honours for services to industrial design.
 * In 2000, he received the Lord Lloyd of Kilgerran Award.
 * He received an honorary doctorate from the University of Bath in 2000.
 * In 2005 Dyson was elected a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng) and appointed a Royal Designer for Industry.
 * Dyson was appointed Knight Bachelor in the 2007 New Year Honours for services to business.
 * Dyson was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2015.
 * Dyson was appointed to the Order of Merit (OM) in the 2016 New Year Honours for achievements in industrial design.
 * In 2017 Dyson was awarded IEEE Honorary Membership.
 * Dyson was provost of the Royal College of Art in London until 1 July 2017, having succeeded Sir Terence Conran in August 2011, and is patron of the Design & Technology Association.
 * He was chair of the board of trustees of the Design Museum, "the first in the world to showcase design of the manufactured object", until suddenly resigning in September 2004, saying the museum had "become a style showcase" instead of "upholding its mission to encourage serious design of the manufactured object".
 * Dyson was elected an international member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2019, for the development of advanced technologies and innovative products and contributions to design and engineering education.

Personal life
Dyson married Deirdre Hindmarsh in 1968. They have two sons and a daughter.

In 1999, he acquired Domaine des Rabelles, an estate and winery near Villecroze and Tourtour, Var, France. In 2003, Dyson paid £15 million for Dodington Park, a 300 acre Georgian estate in South Gloucestershire close to Chipping Sodbury. He and his wife also own a house in Chelsea, London.

His vessel Nahlin is the largest British-flagged and -owned super yacht with an overall length of 91 m, and was ranked 36th in a 2013 survey of the world's 100 biggest yachts. He also owns two Gulfstream G650ER private jets registered G-VIOF and G-GSVI. He previously owned an older Gulfstream G650, registered G-ULFS and currently owns a AgustaWestland AW-139 helicopter.

Dyson is a lifelong fan of Bath Rugby and has frequently attended games at the Rec. The Dyson company have been the title sponsors of the club since 2014, with Bath Rugby being the first sports team officially backed by the firm. As a result of this, Dyson are the main brand on all Club kit and are the naming rights holders of the East Stand at the Rec.

In July 2019, Dyson spent £43 million on a 21108 sqfoot triplex flat at the top of the Guoco Tower, the tallest building in Singapore. He sold the flat in October 2020 for £36 million, and in April 2021 it was reported that he had moved his place of residence back to the UK. Dyson has also invested heavily in buying agricultural land in Lincolnshire, Oxfordshire, and Gloucestershire, and by 2014 was one of the biggest landowners in the UK.

Dyson is the beneficial owner of Weybourne Holdings Pte, a Singapore-based business that owns 31 UK properties, worth at least £287 million.

Publications
Dyson's publications include two autobiographies:
 * Against the Odds: An Autobiography (1997) ISBN 9780752809816
 * Invention: A Life (2021) ISBN 9781471198748

title: James Dyson


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Talk:The Dark Tower III: The Waste Lands

Untitled
This page needs more synopsis material
 * Beware of putting too much plot and not enough notability, review, awards etc material. Otherwise this will become fancruft. :: Kevinalewis  : (Talk Page) /(Desk)  15:02, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

I removed this paragraph which was a personal essay:

 * One theory I have is that the Beams, the Guardians, and the Tower were created by branches of N.C. Positronics as a combined venture to hold the world together after, or while, society wreaked havoc with nature. The beams, however, do more than just hold Roland's world together, they extend throughout ALL worlds.  Therefore, it is more plausable that the beams were created so that there would be a point at which they would all cross that would lead to all other worlds.  I believe that the Great Old Ones used the Dark Tower to leave Roland's world after doing whatever it is that caused the Waste Lands and the mutations in so many creatures.  The Great Old Ones left the Dark Tower standing either so that they could use it to continue to travel to other worlds, or because they were in such a hurry to leave Roland's World.  The Great Old Ones probably did not build the Dark Tower for the purpose of leaving Roland's World, but made a B-line for it when the shit hit the fan.  The Tower is the lynchpin of all worlds/universes, connecting them together--yet keeping them separate from one another.

DJ Clayworth 17:00, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * It's pretty much implied that the Tower and the Beams existed long before Northern Positronics. They weren't created by technology or magic, they were created along with Mid World itself when it rose from the primordial Chaos. While the Tower exists in *ALL* worlds in some form or another, the Beams *ONLY* exist in Mid World. The Great Old Ones were mainly technicians who found portals between worlds and tried to support and strengthen the Beams which existed since long before the Great Old Ones came around. --2003:71:4F4B:6332:5DB9:6E6A:B4D1:170 (talk) 01:11, 22 July 2018 (UTC)

"The God Drums"
I moved the section on "The God Drums" to the article about Lud. I hope I didn't break any rules in doing so. - DynSkeet 08:18, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Removed spoiler
I changed the real name of the wizard into "Man in Black". Simply because his real name is not mentioned in the series yet, and there is no need to add information of the kind that still lays in the future for those who havn't read the other books. I also changed some information that was wrong. 193.217.196.245 21:44, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Henry and Vietnam
It should be relevant and notable for the article that the world that Jake is drawn from is not ours. Jake is drawn from New York in 1977, and shortly before it happens, we learn that it was just before Eddie's brother Henry went to the army. We know from the previous book The Drawing of the Three that Henry was sent to Vietnam and thus returned traumatized, which means that in Jake's (and Eddie's) world, the Vietnam war is still going on under Carter, when in ours it ended unter Ford (see Fall of Saigon), two years prior to the drawing of Jake. It's in book four, Wizard and Glass, that Sai King openly introduces the idea of many worlds even just slightly deviating from each other to the universe (or rather multiverse) of the Dark Tower series, when Jake and Eddie come upon a car plate with the name of a Kansas sports team which doesn't exist in their world. --2003:71:4E48:5265:C95E:5249:221F:2893 (talk) 23:32, 15 March 2016 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Ice milk

Ice milk, or iced milk, is a frozen dessert made with frozen dairy milk, but with less milk fat than regular ice cream. Ice milk is sometimes priced lower than ice cream.

In the United States, ice milk is defined as containing less than 10 percent milk fat and the same sweetener amount as ice cream. A 1994 change in United States Food and Drug Administration rules allowed ice milk to be labeled as "non-fat ice cream", "low-fat ice cream", or "light ice cream" in the United States (depending on its fat content). In Canada, ice milk is defined as containing 3%–5% milk fat content, while 5%–7.5% milk fat content would instead be considered "light ice cream"; a product with an undefined milk fat content would be defined simply as a "frozen dairy dessert".

title: Ice milk


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AVL

AVL may refer to:

 * Automatic vehicle location
 * Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (Valencian Language Academy)
 * Anti-Villain League, a fictitious international crime fighting organization in the Despicable Me media franchise and the movie Minions: The Rise of Gru
 * The United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
 * Asheville Regional Airport in North Carolina, IATA airport code
 * Automatic Volume Limiter, limits the volume of a device such as an MP3 or CD player
 * Avenel railway station, Australia
 * AVL tree, a data structure named after inventors Adelson-Velsky and Landis that is used in computer programming
 * American Vampire League, a political organization advocating for Vampire rights in the HBO show True Blood.

aVL may refer to:
 * Lead augmented vector left (aVL), a voltage difference in electrocardiography

title: AVL


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Glenn Research Center

NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field is a NASA center within the cities of Brook Park and Cleveland between Cleveland Hopkins International Airport and the Rocky River Reservation of Cleveland Metroparks, with a subsidiary facility in Sandusky, Ohio. Its director is James A. Kenyon. Glenn Research Center is one of ten major NASA facilities, whose primary mission is to develop science and technology for use in aeronautics and space. , it employed about 1,650 civil servants and 1,850 support contractors on or near its site.

In 2010, the formerly on-site NASA Visitors Center moved to the Great Lakes Science Center in the North Coast Harbor area of downtown Cleveland.

History
The installation was established in 1942 as part of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) and was later incorporated into the National Aeronautics and Space Administration as a laboratory for aircraft engine research.

It was first named the Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory after funding was approved in June 1940. It was renamed the Flight Propulsion Research Laboratory in 1947, the Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory (LFPL) in 1948 (after George W. Lewis, the head of NACA from 1919 to 1947), and the NASA Lewis Research Center in 1958.

On March 1, 1999, the center was officially renamed the NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field, in honor of John Glenn, who was a fighter pilot, astronaut (the first American to orbit the Earth) and a politician.

As early as 1951, researchers at the LFPL were studying the combustion processes in liquid rocket engines.

Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility

The 6400 acre NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at the Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility or just Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility, formerly the NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at Plum Brook Station or just Plum Brook Station, in southern Erie County, Ohio, near Sandusky, is also part of Glenn (41.34983°N, -82.6505°W). It is located about 50 mi from the main campus. It specializes in very large scale tests that would be hazardous on the main campus.

the station consisted of five major facilities:
 * B-2 Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility
 * Combined Effects Chamber
 * Cryogenic Components Laboratory: slated for demolition
 * Hypersonic Test Facility
 * Space Power Facility

The Plum Brook Reactor was decontaminated and decommissioned under a 2008 cost-plus-fee contract valued at more than $33.5 million.

In 2019 the U.S. senators from Ohio, Rob Portman and Sherrod Brown, proposed to rename Plum Brook Station after Neil Armstrong. The legislation was signed into law on December 30, 2020, and Plum Brook Station was renamed the Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility.

B-2 Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility
The B-2 Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility is the world's only facility capable of testing full-scale, upper-stage launch vehicles and rocket engines under simulated high-altitude conditions. The Space Power Facility houses the world's largest space environment vacuum chamber.

Icing Research Tunnel
The icing Research Tunnel is a wind tunnel capable of simulating atmospheric icing condition to test the effect of ice accretion on aircraft wings and body as well as to test anti-icing systems for aircraft.

Zero Gravity Research Facility
The Zero Gravity Research Facility is a vertical vacuum chamber used for dropping experiment payloads for testing in microgravity. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1985. The facility uses vertical drop tests in a vacuum chamber to investigate the behavior of components, systems, liquids, gases, and combustion in such circumstances.

The facility consists of a concrete-lined shaft, 28 ft in diameter, that extends 510 ft below ground level. An aluminum vacuum chamber, 20 ft in diameter and 470 ft high, is contained within the concrete shaft. The pressure in this vacuum chamber is reduced to 13.3 newtons per square meter (1.3atm) before use.

After the closing of the Japan Microgravity Centre (JAMIC), the NASA Zero-G facility is the largest microgravity facility in the world.

Another, smaller drop tower remains in use with a free fall time of 2.2 seconds. The smaller tower has a significantly reduced cost per drop and the Dropping In Microgravity Environment (DIME) educational program is conducted there.

Aeronautics science and technology
NASA Glenn does significant research and technology development on jet engines, producing designs that reduce energy consumption, pollution, and noise. The chevrons it invented for noise reduction appear on many commercial jet engines today, including the Boeing 787 Dreamliner.

Space science and technology
The Glenn Research Center, along with its partners in industry, are credited with the following:
 * The liquid hydrogen rocket engine, which Wernher von Braun credited as being the critical technology leading to the Apollo Moon landings
 * The Centaur upper stage rocket
 * The gridded ion thruster, which is a high-efficiency engine for spaceflight. A Glenn-derived ion engine was used on the successful NASA probe Deep Space 1.
 * The Electrical Power System for Space Station Freedom, which, except for minor modifications, is used on the International Space Station.

List of core competencies
NASA Glenn's core competencies are:
 * Air-breathing propulsion
 * Communications technology and development
 * Space propulsion and cryogenic fluids management
 * Power, energy storage, and conversion
 * Materials and structures for extreme environments

Education
The Glenn Research Center is home to the Lewis' Educational and Research Collaborative Internship Program (LERCIP). It provides internships for high school and college students and high school teachers. The high school program is an eight-week internship for sophomores and juniors with interests in science, technology, engineering, math, or professional administration. The college level consists of a 10-week internship and is open to college students at all levels. Only residents of the Cleveland area are eligible for high school LERCIP, but college LERCIP is open to students nationwide. Interns work closely with their NASA mentors and are involved in the daily activities of the center. They are expected to be available to work 40 hours a week for the duration of the internship. The LERCIP Teacher program is a 10-week internship for educators in STEM fields.

Other
The Dropping In Microgravity Environment is an annual contest held yearly by the center. Teams of high school students write proposals for experiments to be performed in the Drop Tower. The winners travel to the center, perform their experiments, and submit a research report to NASA.

Future
After 2004, NASA had been shifting its focus towards space exploration as mandated by the Vision for Space Exploration. Because of this, it was perceived by some that regional NASA centers like Glenn, which focus on research and technology, were becoming more and more marginalized in terms of resources and relevance. However, on May 13, 2006, it was announced that NASA Glenn Research Center had secured management of the Crew Exploration Vehicle's service module, which promised to generate billions of dollars and hundreds of jobs for the center. This work secured the center's future in the near term, and signalled a shift in priority for the center from aeronautical research to space exploration, aligning itself closer with NASA's new mission.

Another change of direction created uncertainty in 2010, however, when President Obama and Congress declared the end of the Vision for Space Exploration and sought to chart a new course for human space flight and NASA. However, the 2015 budget for NASA made substantial increases to projects in which the Research Center participates, such as aeronautics research, planetary science and space technology, and some of that funding was expected to flow down to the center.

NASA Glenn Visitor Center

The Visitor Center closed in September 2009 with many displays shifted to the Great Lakes Science Center, and new ones created there. This move was done to reduce the public relations budget and to provide easier access to the general public, especially the under-served community. It was hoped that putting the displays at the much more visited science center will bring the NASA Glenn facility more public exposure. In fact, this proved true: compared to the 60,000 visitors per year at its former site, the Glenn Visitor Center enjoyed 330,000 visitors in the first year at the Great Lakes Science Center. The new display area at the science center is referred to as the Glenn Visitor Center.

The NASA Glenn Research Center also offers public tours of its research facilities on the first Saturday of each month. Reservations must be made in advance.

title: Glenn Research Center


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Geography of Quebec

Located in the eastern part of Canada, and (from a historical and political perspective) part of Central Canada, Quebec occupies a territory nearly three times the size of France or Texas. It is much closer to the size of Alaska. As is the case with Alaska, most of the land in Quebec is very sparsely populated. Its topography is very different from one region to another due to the varying composition of the ground, the climate (latitude and altitude), and the proximity to water. The Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Lowlands and the Appalachians are the two main topographic regions in southern Quebec, while the Canadian Shield occupies most of central and northern Quebec.

With an area of 1,542,056 km2, it is the largest of Canada's provinces and territories and the tenth largest country subdivision in the world. More than 90% of Quebec's area lies within the Canadian Shield, and includes the greater part of the Labrador Peninsula. Quebec's highest mountain is Mont D'Iberville, which is located on the border with Newfoundland and Labrador in the northeastern part of the province in the Torngat Mountains. The addition of parts of the vast and scarcely populated District of Ungava of the Northwest Territories between 1898 and 1912 gave the province its current form.

The territory of Quebec is extremely rich in resources in its coniferous forests, lakes, and rivers—pulp and paper, lumber, and hydroelectricity are still some of the province's most important industries. The far north of the province, Nunavik, is subarctic or Arctic and is mostly inhabited by Inuit.

The most populous region is the Saint Lawrence River valley in the south, where the capital, Quebec City, and the largest city, Montreal, are situated. North of Montreal are the Laurentians, a range of ancient mountains, and to the east are the Appalachian Mountains which extends into the Eastern Townships and Gaspésie regions. The Gaspé Peninsula juts into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to the East. The Saint Lawrence River Valley is a fertile agricultural region, producing dairy products, fruit, vegetables, maple sugar (Quebec is the world's largest producer of maple syrup ), and livestock.

Borders
Quebec is bordered by the province of Ontario, James Bay and Hudson Bay (including the circular Nastapoka arc) to the west, the provinces of New Brunswick and Newfoundland and Labrador to the east and Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay to the north. Its northernmost point is Cape Wolstenholme. Quebec also shares a land border with four northeast states of the United States (Maine, New Hampshire, New York and Vermont) to the south.

In 1927, the border between the Province of Quebec and the Dominion of Newfoundland was delineated by the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. The government of Quebec does not officially recognize the Newfoundland and Labrador–Quebec border. A border dispute remains regarding the ownership of Labrador. A maritime boundary also exists with the territories of Nunavut, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia. Quebec has officially more than 12000 km of borders of all types. Half of these are land limits, 12% river limits and 38% marine limits.

Topography
Quebec's highest point at 1652 m is Mont d'Iberville, known in English as Mount Caubvick, located on the border with Newfoundland and Labrador in the northeastern part of the province, in the Torngat Mountains. The most populous physiographic region is the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Lowlands. It extends northeastward from the southwestern portion of the province along the shores of the Saint Lawrence River to the Quebec City region, limited to the North by the Laurentian Mountains and to the South by the Appalachians. It mainly covers the areas of the Centre-du-Québec, Laval, Montérégie and Montreal, the southern regions of the Capitale-Nationale, Lanaudière, Laurentides, Mauricie. It includes Anticosti Island, the Mingan Archipelago, and other small islands of the Gulf of St. Lawrence lowland forests ecoregion. Its landscape is low-lying and flat, except for isolated igneous outcrops near Montreal called the Monteregian Hills, formerly covered by the waters of Lake Champlain. The Oka hills also rise from the plain. Geologically, the lowlands formed as a rift valley about 100 million years ago and are prone to infrequent but significant earthquakes. The most recent sedimentary rock layerswere formed as the seabed of the ancient Champlain Sea at the end of the last ice age about 14,000 years ago. The combination of rich and easily arable soils and Quebec's relatively warm climate makes this valley the most prolific agricultural area of Quebec province. Mixed forests provide most of Canada's springtime maple syrup crop. The rural part of the landscape is divided into narrow rectangular tracts of land that extend from the river and date back to settlement patterns in 17th century New France. More than 95% of Quebec's territory lies within the Canadian Shield. It is generally a quite flat and exposed mountainous terrain interspersed with higher points such as the Laurentian Mountains in southern Quebec, the Otish Mountains in central Quebec and the Torngat Mountains near Ungava Bay. The topography of the Shield has been shaped by glaciers from the successive ice ages, which explains the glacial deposits of boulders, gravel and sand, and by sea water and post-glacial lakes that left behind thick deposits of clay in parts of the Shield. The Canadian Shield also has a complex hydrological network of perhaps a million lakes, bogs, streams and rivers. It is rich in the forestry, mineral and hydro-electric resources that are a mainstay of the Quebec economy. Primary industries sustain small cities in regions of Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean, and Côte-Nord. The Labrador Peninsula is covered by the Laurentian Plateau (or Canadian Shield), dotted with mountains such as Otish Mountains. The Ungava Peninsula is notably composed of D'Youville mountains, Puvirnituq mountains and Pingualuit crater. While low and medium altitude peak from western Quebec to the far north, high altitudes mountains emerge in the Capitale-Nationale region to the extreme east, along its longitude. In the Labrador Peninsula portion of the Shield, the far northern region of Nunavik includes the Ungava Peninsula and consists of flat Arctic tundra inhabited mostly by the Inuit. Further south lie the subarctic taiga of the Eastern Canadian Shield taiga ecoregion and the boreal forest of the Central Canadian Shield forests, where spruce, fir, and poplar trees provide raw materials for Quebec's pulp and paper and lumber industries. Although the area is inhabited principally by the Cree, Naskapi, and Innu First Nations, thousands of temporary workers reside at Radisson to service the massive James Bay Hydroelectric Project on the La Grande and Eastmain rivers. The southern portion of the shield extends to the Laurentians, a mountain range just north of the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Lowlands, that attracts local and international tourists to ski hills and lakeside resorts.

The Appalachian region of Quebec has a narrow strip of ancient mountains along the southeastern border of Quebec. The Appalachians are actually a huge chain that extends from Alabama to Newfoundland. In between, it covers in Quebec near 800 km, from the Montérégie hills to the Gaspé Peninsula. In western Quebec, the average altitude is about 500 m, while in the Gaspé Peninsula, the Appalachian peaks (especially the Chic-Choc) are among the highest in Quebec, exceeding 1000 m.

Hydrography
Quebec has several notable islands, namely the numerous islands of the Hochelaga Archipelago that includes the Island of Montreal and Îles Laval which make up full or parts of the major cities of Montreal and Laval. Île d'Orléans near Quebec City, the sparsely populated Anticosti Island in the outlet of the Saint Lawrence River, and the Magdalen Islands archipelago in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence are other noteworthy islands.

Quebec has one of the world's largest reserves of fresh water, occupying 12% of its surface. It has 3% of the world's renewable fresh water, whereas it has only 0.1% of its population. More than half a million lakes, including 30 with an area greater than 250 km2, and 4,500 rivers drain into the Atlantic Ocean, through the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the Arctic Ocean, by James, Hudson, and Ungava bays. The largest inland body of water is the Caniapiscau Reservoir, created in the realization of the James Bay Project to produce hydroelectric power. Lake Mistassini is the largest natural lake in Quebec. The Saint Lawrence River has some of the world's largest sustaining inland Atlantic ports at Montreal (the province's largest city), Trois-Rivières, and Quebec City (the capital). Its access to the Atlantic Ocean and the interior of North America made it the base of early French exploration and settlement in the 17th and 18th centuries. Since 1959, the Saint Lawrence Seaway has provided a navigable link between the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes. Northeast of Quebec City, the river broadens into the world's largest estuary, the feeding site of numerous species of whales, fish, and seabirds. The river empties into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. This marine environment sustains fisheries and smaller ports in the Lower Saint Lawrence (Bas-Saint-Laurent), Lower North Shore (Côte-Nord), and Gaspé (Gaspésie) regions of the province. The Saint Lawrence River with its estuary forms the basis of Quebec's development through the centuries. Other notable rivers include the Ashuapmushuan, Chaudière, Gatineau, Manicouagan, Ottawa, Richelieu, Rupert, Saguenay, Saint-François, and Saint-Maurice.

Climate
In general, the climate of Quebec is cold and humid. The climate of the province is largely determined by its latitude, maritime and elevation influences. According to the Köppen climate classification, Quebec has three main climate regions. Southern and western Quebec, including most of the major population centres and areas south of 51oN, have a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with four distinct seasons having warm to occasionally hot and humid summers and often very cold and snowy winters.

The main climatic influences are from western and northern Canada and move eastward, and from the southern and central United States that move northward. Because of the influence of both storm systems from the core of North America and the Atlantic Ocean, precipitation is abundant throughout the year, with most areas receiving more than 1000 mm of precipitation, including over 300 cm of snow in many areas. During the summer, severe weather patterns (such as tornadoes and severe thunderstorms) occur occasionally. Most of central Quebec, ranging from 51 to 58 degrees North has a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc). Winters are long, very cold, and snowy, and among the coldest in eastern Canada, while summers are warm but very short due to the higher latitude and the greater influence of Arctic air masses. Precipitation is also somewhat less than farther south, except at some of the higher elevations. The northern regions of Quebec have an arctic climate (Köppen ET), with very cold winters and short, much cooler summers. The primary influences in this region are the Arctic Ocean currents (such as the Labrador Current) and continental air masses from the High Arctic. The four calendar seasons in Quebec are spring, summer, autumn and winter, with conditions differing by region. They are then differentiated according to the insolation, temperature, and precipitation of snow and rain. In Quebec City, the length of the daily sunshine varies from 8:37 hrs in December to 15:50 hrs in June; the annual variation is much greater (from 4:54 to 19:29 hrs) at the northern tip of the province. From temperate zones to the northern territories of the Far North, the brightness varies with latitude, as well as the Northern Lights and midnight sun.

Quebec is divided into four climatic zones: arctic, subarctic, humid continental and East maritime. From south to north, average temperatures range in summer between 25 and 5 C and, in winter, between -10 and -25 C. In periods of intense heat and cold, temperatures can reach 35 C in the summer and -40 C during the Quebec winter, They may vary depending on the Humidex or Wind chill. The all time record high was 40.0 C and the all time record low was -51.0 C.

The all-time record of the greatest precipitation in winter was established in winter 2007–2008, with more than five metres of snow in the area of Quebec City, while the average amount received per winter is around three metres. March 1971, however, saw the "Century's Snowstorm" with more than 40 cm in Montreal to 80 cm in Mont Apica of snow within 24 hours in many regions of southern Quebec. Also, the winter of 2010 was the warmest and driest recorded in more than 60 years.

Wildlife
The province is home to a wide variety of flora and fauna. The birdlife is diverse including Wild Turkey, Meleagris gallopavo, Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, Sphyrapicus varius and Loggerhead Shrike, Lanius ludovicianus.

The large land wildlife is mainly composed of the white-tailed deer, the moose, the muskox, the caribou (reindeer), the American black bear and the polar bear. The average land wildlife includes the cougar, the coyote, the eastern wolf, the bobcat, the Arctic fox, the fox, etc. The small animals seen most commonly include the eastern grey squirrel, the snowshoe hare, the groundhog, the skunk, the raccoon, the chipmunk and the Canadian beaver.

Biodiversity of the estuary and gulf of Saint Lawrence River consists of an aquatic mammal wildlife, of which most goes upriver through the estuary and the Saguenay–St. Lawrence Marine Park until the Île d'Orléans (French for Orleans Island), such as the blue whale, the beluga, the minke whale and the harp seal (earless seal). Among the Nordic marine animals, there are two particularly important to cite: the walrus and the narwhal. Inland waters are populated by small to large fresh water fish, such as the largemouth bass, the American pickerel, the walleye, the Acipenser oxyrinchus, the muskellunge, the Atlantic cod, the Arctic char, the brook trout, the Microgadus tomcod (tomcod), the Atlantic salmon, the rainbow trout, etc.

Among the birds commonly seen in the southern inhabited part of Quebec, there are the American robin, the house sparrow, the red-winged blackbird, the mallard, the common grackle, the blue jay, the American crow, the black-capped chickadee, some warblers and swallows, the common starling and the rock dove, the latter two having been introduced in Quebec and are found mainly in urban areas. Avian fauna includes birds of prey like the golden eagle, the peregrine falcon, the snowy owl and the bald eagle. Sea and semi-aquatic birds seen in Quebec are mostly the Canada goose, the double-crested cormorant, the northern gannet, the American herring gull, the great blue heron, the sandhill crane, the Atlantic puffin and the common loon. Many more species of land, maritime or avian wildlife are seen in Quebec, but most of the Quebec-specific species and the most commonly seen species are listed above.

Some livestock have the title of "Québec heritage breed", namely the Canadian horse, the Chantecler chicken and the Canadian cow. Moreover, in addition to food certified as "organic", Charlevoix lamb is the first local Quebec product whose geographical indication is protected. Livestock production also includes the pig breeds Landrace, Duroc and Yorkshire and many breeds of sheep and cattle.

The Wildlife Foundation of Quebec and the Data Centre on Natural Heritage of Quebec (CDPNQ) (French acronym) are the main agencies working with officers for wildlife conservation in Quebec.

Vegetation
Given the geology of the province and its different climates, there is an established number of large areas of vegetation in Quebec. These areas, listed in order from the northernmost to the southernmost are: the tundra, the taiga, the Canadian boreal forest (coniferous), mixed forest and Deciduous forest.

On the edge of the Ungava Bay and Hudson Strait is the tundra, whose flora is limited to a low vegetation of lichen with only less than 50 growing days a year. The tundra vegetation survives an average annual temperature of -8 C. The tundra covers more than 24% of the area of Quebec. Further south, the climate is conducive to the growth of the Canadian boreal forest, bounded on the north by the taiga. Not as arid as the tundra, the taiga is associated with the sub-Arctic regions of the Canadian Shield and is characterized by a greater number of both plant (600) and animal (206) species, many of which live there all year. The taiga covers about 20% of the total area of Quebec. The Canadian boreal forest is the northernmost and most abundant of the three forest areas in Quebec that straddle the Canadian Shield and the upper lowlands of the province. Given a warmer climate, the diversity of organisms is also higher, since there are about 850 plant species and 280 vertebrates species. The Canadian boreal forest covers 27% of the area of Quebec. The mixed forest is a transition zone between the Canadian boreal forest and deciduous forest. By virtue of its transient nature, this area contains a diversity of habitats resulting in large numbers of plant (1000) and vertebrates (350) species, despite relatively cool temperatures. The ecozone mixed forest covers 11.5% of the area of Quebec and is characteristic of the Laurentians, the Appalachians and the eastern lowlands forests. The third most northern forest area is characterized by deciduous forests. Because of its climate (average annual temperature of 7 C), it is in this area that one finds the greatest diversity of species, including more than 1600 vascular plants and 440 vertebrates. Its relatively long growing season lasts almost 200 days and its fertile soils make it the centre of agricultural activity and therefore of urbanization of Quebec. Most of Quebec's population lives in this area of vegetation, almost entirely along the banks of the Saint Lawrence. Deciduous forests cover approximately 6.6% of the area of Quebec.

The total forest area of Quebec is estimated at 750300 sqkm. From the Abitibi-Témiscamingue to the North Shore, the forest is composed primarily of conifers such as the balsam fir, the jack pine, the white spruce, the black spruce and the tamarack. Some species of deciduous trees such as the yellow birch appear when the river is approached in the south. The deciduous forest of the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Lowlands is mostly composed of deciduous species such as the sugar maple, the red maple, the white ash, the American beech, the butternut (white walnut), the American elm, the basswood, the bitternut hickory and the northern red oak as well as some conifers such as the eastern white pine and the northern whitecedar. The distribution areas of the paper birch, the trembling aspen and the mountain ash cover more than half of Quebec territory.

title: Geography of Quebec


text:
Wikipedia:Blank maps

Here are some blank maps for color and label in different languages.

IMPORTANT: Only .svg (vector) and .png (raster) images are to be used for unanimated maps.

SVG format
SVG is a vector graphics format. SVG has advantages over PNG for creating world maps of arbitrary detail or zoom level, certain editing purposes, saving layers, and rescaling text, curves and lines. SVG is preferred: see Wikipedia:WikiProject_Maps.

National

 * Image:Loc bangladesh2.svg – Bangladesh (obsolete since Bangladesh has 7 divisions)
 * WikiProject Indian maps – India Map Project page. Many maps of India
 * Image:India-locator-map-blank.svg – India with the states. States on a separate layer and can be removed if necessary.

National

 * Image:Canada_blank_map.svg — Canada.
 * File:Blank US Map (states only).svg — United States (including Alaska and Hawaii). Each state is its own vector image, meaning coloring states individually is very easy.
 * File:Blank USA, w territories.svg – United States, including all major territories.

Caribbean / Central America

 * File:Antilles.svg – Antilles
 * File:Lesser_Antilles_location_map.svg – Lesser Antilles location map

Oceania

 * Image:oceania98.svg – very large SVG including primary level divisions (states/provinces) of Oceania as of 1998.

South America

 * Image:south_america98.svg – very large SVG including primary level divisions (states/provinces) of South America as of 1998.
 * Image:Southamerica blank.svg

National

 * Image:Brazil Blank Map.svg – Brazilian states.

PNG format
PNG is a raster graphics format. PNG has advantages over SVG including smaller filesize (due to less-than-optimal server-side SVG-to-raster conversion), more widely supported and often easier and faster to make simple changes to things such as borders.

Obsolete
These maps are now deprecated :

 * Image:BlankMap-World.png – World map, Robinson projection centered on the meridian circa 11°15' to east from the Greenwich Prime Meridian. Microstates and island nations are generally represented by single or few pixels approximate to the capital; all territories indicated in the UN listing of territories and regions are exhibited. Quite large – 1480 x 625 pixels, 62 628 bytes.
 * Image:BlankMap-World-alt.png – Version of Image:BlankMap-World.png, but including the peripheral projection lines and Antarctica. 1488 x 755 pixels, 35 471 bytes.
 * Image:Newworldmap.png – Version of Image:BlankMap-World-alt.png, but with bodies of water coloured blue. 1488 x 755, 37 171 bytes.
 * Image:Newworldmap-alt.png – Version of Image:BlankMap-World-alt.png, but with bodies of water coloured blue and white land masses. 1488 x 755.
 * Image:BlankMap-World-v2.png – Version of Image:BlankMap-World.png, but with sovereign microstates (i.e., under 2 500 km² in area) represented as circles to facilitate identification and colourising. 1357 x 628 pixels, 28 549 bytes.
 * Image:BlankMap-World-v3.png – Version of v2, but using thin lines between islands owned by the same country so countries can be colored in one click – may be more convenient for converting large amounts of country data to a map.
 * Image:BlankMap-World-v4.png – Version of v2, but it increases the size of other tiny countries as well, for visibility purposes, and uses white borders even for the microstates.
 * Image:BlankMap-World-v4-Borders.png – Version of v4 with borders around each country.
 * Image:BlankMap-World-v5.png – Version of v4 with thin lines to join areas owned by the same country for one-click colouring.
 * Image:BlankMap-World-v5-EU.png – Version of v5 with EU as one country.
 * Image:BlankMap-World-v6.png – Version of v4 with dots for dependencies as well as sovereign territories.
 * Image:BlankMap-World-v6-Borders.png – Version of v6 with borders around each country.
 * Image:BlankMap-World-v7.png – Version of v4 with thin lines to join areas owned by the same country for one-click colouring and with dots for dependencies as well as sovereign territories (merged content from v5 and v6).
 * Image:BlankMap-World-v7-Borders.png – Version of v7 with borders around each country.

Historic

 * 1: Image:BlankMap-World-1ce.png
 * 820: Image:BlankMap-World-820.png
 * 1500: Image:BlankMap-World-1500.png
 * 1710: Image:BlankMap-World-1710.png
 * 1840: Image:BlankMap-World-1840.png
 * 1861: Image:BlankMap-World-1861.png
 * 1866: Image:BlankMap-World-1866.png
 * 1872: Image:BlankMap-World-1872.png
 * 1898: Image:BlankMap-World-1898.png
 * 1912: Image:BlankMap-World-1912.png
 * 1914: Image:Map_of_the_World_(1914).PNG
 * WWI: Image:BlankMap-World-WWI.PNG – World from around the time of World War I
 * 1918.8: Image:1918.8_Blank_World_Map.PNG
 * 1921: Image:BlankMap-World-1921.png
 * 1924: Image:BlankMap-World-1924.png
 * 1935: Image:BlankMap-World_1935.png
 * 1937: Image:BlankMap-World 1937.png
 * 1938.3: Image:BlankMap-World 1938march.png
 * 1938.10: Image:BlankMap-World 1938.png
 * 1939.3: Image:BlankMap-World_1939march.png
 * 1939.10: Image:BlankMap-World_1939.png
 * WWII: Image:BlankMap-World-WWII.PNG – World from around the time of World War II.
 * 1942.11: Image:1942.11 blank world map.PNG
 * 1945.5: Image:1945.5 Blank World Map.PNG
 * 1957: Image:BlankMap-World-1957.png
 * 1962–1963: Image:BlankMap-World-1962.png
 * 1970: Image:BlankMap-World-1970.png
 * 1985: Image:BlankMap-World-1985.png – World before the fall of the Soviet Union, the reunification of Germany (including West Berlin), and Yemen, and dissolution of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, and the independence of East Timor and Eritrea. Nominally from 1985.
 * 1990: Image:BlankMap-World-1990.png
 * 1993: Image:BlankMap-World-1993.png
 * 2000: Image:BlankMap-World-2000.png
 * 2005: Image:BlankMap-World-2005.png
 * 2007: Image:BlankMap-World-2007.png
 * 2009: Image:BlankMap-World-2009.PNG

Europe

 * Image:BlankEurope.png – A large map of Europe. 1236x1245px 44.18 KB.
 * Image:BlankMap-Europe.png – Europe as far east as western Russia, western Turkey, and Cyprus. Some of the world's smallest states (e.g., Monaco, Vatican City) appear as single pixels. Includes the former eastern Soviet republics. 450 x 422 pixels, 9 812 bytes.
 * Image:BlankMap-Europe-v2.png – Version of Image:BlankMap-Europe.png, but with sovereign microstates (i.e., under 2 500 km² in area) represented as circles to facilitate identification and colourising. 450 x 422 pixels, 9 943 bytes.

 * Image:BlankMap-Europe-v3.png – Europe without borders, showing some of North Africa and Western Asia.
 * Image:BlankMap-Europe-v4.png – Version of Image:BlankMap-Europe-v3.png, but with borders shown

 * Image:BlankMap-Europe-v5.png – White background, black borders, blue sea.

National

 * Image:Italy template.png – Italian regions, 25% rescaling factor suggested.
 * Image:France template.png – French regions, 50% rescaling factor suggested.
 * Image:Blank Map Germany States.png – German states, 40% rescaling factor suggested.
 * Image:BlankMap-RussiaDistricts.png
 * Image:BlankMap-EnglandRegions.png
 * Image:BlankMap-EnglandCeremonialCounties.png
 * Image:BlankMap-EnglandAdministrativeCounties.png
 * Image:BlankMap-EnglandAdministrativeCounties1974.png
 * Image:BlankMap-EnglandSubdivisions.png
 * Image:BlankMap-LondonBoroughs.svg
 * Image:Scotland1996Blank.png
 * Image:Wales1996Blank.png
 * Image:GreekPerepheriesBlank.png
 * Image:BlankMap-Switzerland.png

Historic

 * 1990: Image:Soviet Union Map.png

Africa

 * Image:Blankmap-Africa2.png – 757x785 px.
 * Image:BlankMap-Africa.png – 341x341px.

National

 * Image:BlankMap-Nigeria-states.PNG

North America

 * Image:Map of USA.png – United States with outlines for individual states.
 * Image:Map of USA-bw.png – Black and white outlines for states, for the purposes of easy coloring of states.
 * Image:BlankMap-USA-states.PNG – US states, grey and white style similar to Vardion's world maps.
 * Image:Map of USA with county outlines.png – Grey and white map of USA with county outlines.

Hi-res 2 color images

 * Image:Usa-state-boundaries-lower48+2.png – USA state outlines, Hawaii and Alaska displaced, 2005x1289px, black on transparent.
 * Image:usa-state-boundaries-1000.png – USA state outlines, true positions, 1000 px wide, black on white
 * Image:usa-state-boundaries-1000-transparent.png – USA state outlines, true positions, 1000 px wide, black on transparent
 * Image:usa-state-boundaries-4000.png – USA state outlines, true positions, 4000 px wide, black on white
 * Image:usa-state-boundaries-4000-transparent.png – USA state outlines, true positions, 4000 px wide, black on transparent

Sub-national

 * Image:Map of Florida.png – County boundaries shown.
 * File:BlankMap-Florida-Counties.png – Gray map made for easy coloring of counties.

Caribbean / Central America

 * Image:BlankMap-Caribbean.png – The Caribbean, including part of South America, part of Central America, and part of Florida. Shows most significant islands, including all the small independent countries (such as Saint Lucia or Dominica). 419 x 445 pixels, 3 064 bytes.
 * Image:BlankMap-Caribbean-in-world.png – Same as above, but with added location in world box. 419 x 445 pixels, 10 514 bytes.

National

 * Image:Mexico template.png – Mexican states, 33% rescaling factor suggested.
 * Image:BlankMap Costa Rica.png – Costa Rica provinces, 30% rescaling factor suggested.

National

 * Image:Argentina provinces, blank.png – Argentina provinces, 30% rescaling factor suggested.

Asia

 * Image:BlankAsia.png

National

 * Image:BlankMap Thailand.png – Thailand provinces, 20% rescaling factor suggested.
 * Image:China blank map-1.png – People's Republic of China
 * Image:China blank map-2.png – People's Republic of China
 * Image:Hong Kong District Locator (template map).png – Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China.
 * Image:BlankMap-Philippines.png
 * Image:Macau Parish Locator (template map).png – Macau Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China.
 * commons:Category:Maps of India – India
 * Image:BlankMap-PersianGulf.png – Persian Gulf area, showing all of Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates, as well as large parts of other countries like Saudi Arabia, Oman, Iran, and Iraq. 359 x 251 pixels, 3 271 bytes.
 * Image:BlankMap-Caucasus.png – Caucasus region national borders.

Historic

 * 1949: Image:Map of China (1912-1949).png – Republic of China before Civil War.

National

 * Image:BlankMap-Australia.png – No borders
 * File:Blank Australia map with inhabited external territories.png – Australia with inhabited external territories, useful for representing demographic data

Antarctica

 * Image:Antarctica Map.png – South Pole in the center, also shows the subantarctic islands.

Hemisphere maps
These are azimuthal orthographic projections of the Earth from four sides plus the poles. 726x726 pixels, aliased. XCFs have separate layers for water, land, coastlines, political borders, political borders over water (not shown in PNGs), and latitude & longitude gridlines (not shown in PNGs).

 * Image:Blankmap-ao-000 -africa europe.png XCF
 * Image:Blankmap-ao-090W-americas.png XCF
 * Image:Blankmap-ao-180W-oceania.png XCF
 * Image:Blankmap-ao-270W-asia.png XCF
 * Image:Blankmap-ao-090N-north pole.png XCF
 * Image:Blankmap-ao-090S-south pole.png XCF

Blank maps derived from OMC

 * A web interface by Martin Weinelt – It generates maps using GMT (The Generic Mapping Tools), from public domain vector data. The resulting maps should be in the public domain.

These maps show elevation and main rivers, but no modern boundaries. They are intended for use in archaeological/historical contexts (Kurgan, Ancient Orient, Neolithic Europe, etc.):
 * Image:Pontic caspian blank map.png
 * Image:Europe 34 62 -12 54 blank map.png
 * Image:Northern india blank map.png
 * Image:Orient 27 43 22 55 blank map.png
 * Image:Greece 34 43 17 30 blank map.png
 * Image:Urals blank map.png

title: Wikipedia:Blank maps


text: Talk:Garfield: The Movie

title: Talk:Garfield: The Movie