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Talk:Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom

"The" Prince of Wales
According to letters patent, all children of the eldest son of The Prince of Wales enjoy style of HRH with the rank of Prince or Princess. Is "The Prince of Wales" to be understood as "the person who was The Prince of Wales during the publication of the letters patent" (= Charles) or "the person who is The Prince of Wales right now" (= then Charles, currently William)? These two lead to different conclusions regarding the status of Prince George's future children, if they are born before Charles dies. (At the very least, "The Prince of Wales" is not the same thing as "a/any Prince of Wales", but I guess this has no practical consequences in this case.) 37.33.177.116 (talk) 10:17, 27 September 2022 (UTC)

Various issues
What is an United Kingdom order of precedence? Is that a person, nation or title? -- Taku

See order of precedence, which really to be linked to from the article.

There seems to be some extinct titles on this list, for example Viscount Tonypandy was given an hereditary peerage, but he was bachelor and as he died in 1997 the title is now extinct. Also the title Viscount Stansgate in currently cannot be used until Tony Benn dies. What is the source of this list? Mintguy 18:22, 8 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Why are "Gentlemen" listed separately from "Ladies"? The precedence isn't separated like that. Sarah Armstrong-Jones has precedence over her children, the Chatto boys, for example. RickK 20:15, 8 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * According to Burke's, : "At very high levels the two sexes mingle to a certain extent..." The site proceeds to provide three tables: one for Ladies, one for Gentlemen, and one more for the Royal Family. However, other sites, and, suggest that only two tables exist. I have not come across a site that suggests that only one Unified Table of Precedence exists. Lord Emsworth 21:40, Nov 8, 2003 (UTC)

And for that matter, why is the Queen listed under "Gentlemen"? Morwen 20:40, 8 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * As one will notice, a similar policy is used for several offices held by women. The "President of the Family Division" is listed under Ladies and Gentlemen. Within the "Gentlemen" category, a note placed next to the office states that the holder is a woman, and directs the viewer to the Table for Ladies. Of course, if this seems unnecessary, it could be abandoned. Lord Emsworth 21:40, Nov 8, 2003 (UTC)

 * Fair enough. This might be worth an explanation in the article, though. Morwen 22:11, 8 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * It will be done soon. On a related note, I think that the England Gentlemen section has grown to over 32 kb. Therefore, it requires division into separate sections for the aid of those with the less capable browsers. I think that "Part I" and "Part II" will do, but I await further suggestions.

 * I should think just before the start of Barons would be a convenient place to break. Morwen 22:24, 8 Nov 2003 (UTC)

The Earl of Wessex's new daughter needs to be added to the Ladies. RickK 16:26, 9 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * I believe that the child is yet to be named. When the child does acquire a name, I shall be sure to place her on the List. Lord Emsworth 16:53, Nov 9, 2003 (UTC)

 * She should be after Eugenie and before Zara, no? john 05:25, 10 Nov 2003 (UTC)

In terms of local precedence, how do these people rank in comparison with national figures? I mean, within the county, who has precedence, the Duke of Norfolk, or the Lord Lieutenant of the County? john 04:59, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * The site from Burke's suggests that "At local functions generally, the Lord Lieutenant of the county should take precedence..." I therefore assume that "local functions" refers to official functions in which only the officers of the locality formally take part. I think that at social functions, where those outside the county are likely to be present, the table precedence for England and Wales, etc, should be used.

this list is 93kb. Consider moving the sublists elsewhere like List of Viscounts of Ireland, List of Barons of England, etc. --Jiang 00:23, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Now it's 101. Is there concurrence? --Jiang

I do concur, but I first beg: That separate pages be created for England & Wales, for Scotland, and for Northern Ireland. Thereafter, additional changes may be made and further concerns addressed. I now ask: Is it preferable to follow the convention used heretofore when naming order of precedence pages, and to use the adjectives in naming the new pages: English and Welsh order of precedence; Scottish order of precedence; Northern Irish order of precedence, or is it preferable to name them with nouns: England and Wales order of precedence; Scotland order of precedence; Northern Ireland order of precedence. Secondly, are we to include Wales in the title of the article on England? That is, are we to say: England and Wales/ English and Welsh order of precedence, or are we to say: England/ English order of precedence. --Lord Emsworth 19:26, Nov 15, 2003 (UTC)

 * Suggest Order of precedence in England and Wales, thus sidestepping the problem. Morwen 19:28, 15 Nov 2003 (UTC)

I agree with Morwen. john 19:31, 15 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Then, in an attempt to use a standard formula, we may write: Order of precedence in England and Wales, Order of precedence in Scotland and Order of precedence in Northern Ireland. Note that the usage in other articles seems to be to leave "precedence" in lower case. If there is no objection to the forms set forth, I shall commence the conversion process. On a related note, I think that we can use the UK order of precedence page as: --Lord Emsworth 19:35, Nov 15, 2003 (UTC)
 * A page providing links to the other orders.
 * An explanation of the order (what presently forms the Notes section)

 * Yes, that sounds good. One thing, though, is that the order of precedence in England and Wales page will almost certainly still be too long.  Among other things, I'd suggest that the lists of Lord Lieutenants of Counties, and Lord Mayors, and so forth, be split off to separate pages.

john 20:21, 15 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * I think that the lists of Lord Lieutenants, etc. can be logically split off. The Lord Lieutenants do not have a precedence between themselves. On the other hand, Dukes, etc., have a set precedence amongst themselves. Lord Emsworth 20:29, Nov 15, 2003 (UTC)

 * I beg to ask, what exactly makes a page "too long?" If the qualification were known, then one may know exactly what is necessary to shorten it. Lord Emsworth 21:21, Nov 15, 2003 (UTC)

Pages are supposed to be no longer than 32K or so, so that people with primitive browsers can still edit them. By the way, are the judges you've listed in proper order of precedence (by seniority, or what not?) I'd also note that there's a British govt. page that lists Privy Councillors, but that since it only lists them by year no proper order could be worked out, and the list is so long it would probably be best to put it on a separate page, anyway. john 23:21, 15 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Judges are indeed in the order provided by the Dept. for Constitutional Affairs. As far as the 32K limit is concerned, I thought that the problem could be solved by dividing the page into sections. --Lord Emsworth 23:35, Nov 15, 2003 (UTC)

 * Not sure. If that's true, then I wouldn't worry about it. john 00:38, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * The individuals with primitive browsers need only click on the "edit" button adjacent to the section heading. If the section has fewer than 32K of information, then no editing problem should occur. --Lord Emsworth 01:04, Nov 16, 2003 (UTC)

Dowagers
What's your authority for specifying that a dowager peeress or baronetess has to be a direct ancestor of the current peerage/baronetcy holder in order to take precedence of his consort? As far as I know,as long as they are non-remarried widows of previous holders of the title,they rank in order of their husbands' holding of that title whether the current holder is a son,grandson,nephew,cousin,or whatever of their husband.--Louis Epstein/12.144.5.2/le@put.com

Perhaps you're right. I saw it at http://laura.chinet.com/html/titles09.html.

Prince Consorts
Do prince consorts automatically gain precedence over all men? Didn't old Liz have to declare Phil to have precedence immediately after herself. After all prince consort is not even a title in the British royalty. I don't think Albert was declared so by order in council or Act of Parliament? And even then anyone who marries the sovereign is not automatically given any title? If say Philip died and the Queen remarried, the new man would not gain any title unless she created him one? Astrotrain
 * Precisely. And btw it's princes consort. – DBD 12:20, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Officers of State and Household Officers
Currently, the article states,

''The precedence of other officers - the Lord Great Chamberlain, Earl Marshal, Lord Steward, and Lord Chamberlain - is based on the degree of their peerage. These officers rank above all other peers of their rank. Thus, if the Lord Steward were a Duke, he would outrank other Dukes, and if a Marquess, would outrank other Marquesses, and so forth. The precedence of the Master of the Horse is linked directly to that of the Lord Chamberlain, for the Master follows immediately after the Lord Chamberlain. However, if the Master is of a higher degree of peerage than the Lord Chamberlain, he would rank among his fellow peers of that degree, and not below the Lord Chamberlain.''

Isn't this true only within the House of Lords? It was my understanding that in terms of general precedence, these officers rank above all the Dukes. john k 19:23, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

Succession boxes
Is it really necessary to have succession boxes for the order of precedence? Proteus (Talk) 13:24, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I would say, no. Especially as it is in dispute what the order of precedence is. Astrotrain 21:36, July 19, 2005 (UTC)

A couple of issues
First:

 * 1) The Sovereign's daughters-in-law
 * 2) The Sovereign's daughters

This seems to be what people say the order is at present, but I know there's been a lot of dispute about this at alt.talk.royalty, and I seem to remember that, traditionally, only the Princess of Wales ranked above the sovereign's daughters in her own right - other sovereigns' daughters-in-law only ranked ahead of their sisters-in-law when they were with their husbands. It would be easy enough to check on this - did the Duchess of Connaught rank before or after Princess Louise and Princess Beatrice? Did the Duchess of Gloucester rank before or after Princess Mary?

Second:

What's with these supposed recent changes to the order of precedence? Isn't the real issue that the royal family just fucks about with it as they please, with no real rhyme or reason? john k 16:26, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

 * 1) Until the current Sovereign's reign, there was never any doubt that daughters outranked daughters-in-law (and whenever it's been discussed on a.t.r numerous examples have been cited by many different people of this rule being practised). I'd be inclined to put daughters before daughters-in-law due to overwhelming precedent and the lack of any announcement that the system has been changed.
 * 2) Well, they mess around a lot with the precedence they use, but never seem to mess with the official table of precedence (there haven't even been any press releases saying the order has changed). The way I look at it, the Queen deciding to seat (say) Lady Wessex before the Princess Royal at a dinner is no different to the Duke of Norfolk giving a higher place at a family dinner to his daughters than to his eldest son's wife — i.e. they are both perfectly entitled to do so, as precedence isn't governed by law, but neither should be taken as an indication that the official table of precedence for use throughout the country has been changed. You'll get people on a.t.r saying things like "precedence is whatever the Queen wants it to be, and she doesn't have to announce changes", but that isn't how any other aspect of the Royal Prerogative is exercised, so I don't see why precedence should be any different. Proteus (Talk) 16:53, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

Visiting sub-royal sovereigns
I know that, traditionally, visiting heads of state rank immediately below the monarch. But what about heads of state who are not Kings, but are, say, sovereign dukes, or whatever? For instance, during the last years of Victoria's reign, her second son Alfred was sovereign Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Did he rank before or after his elder brother the Prince of Wales? Did Charles Edward, Edward VII's nephew and Alfred's successor as Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, rank ahead of where he would rank as a nephew of the king because of his sovereign status? Did he at least outrank his cousin Prince Arthur of Connaught, another nephew who was not a sovereign? There is no real attempt here to explain how the British treat foreign royalty visiting Britain in terms of precedence. This would be useful, wouldn't it? john k 16:31, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes. We could really do with some seatings plans or what not from the end of Victoria's reign. (I'm unsure about this. Do heads of state always rank immediately after the Sovereign, or only when they are acting as heads of state, i.e. on official business or what not? If they're just on holiday or something (or, in this case, at a family get-together), could they just be ranked by their personal precedence (or its rough equivalent in a foreign country)?) Proteus (Talk) 16:58, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

If they are a Head of State then they, for protocol reasons, are of equal rank to the Queen when they attend as official State visits. (note the protocol at G20 comapring the diference between Heads of Government and heads of State)

As for precedence between the European Royal families I believe one exists but I am not certain how formal it is, nor quite how it operates but I believe it is either to do with time since accession or age of incumbent. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.75.37.250 (talk) 15:30, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

What's precedence for?
In classic wikipedia style, I realize that we have a ton of articles detailing the exact order of precedence in various countries, but we have very little in the way of explanation about what precedence actually determines. Perhaps we could work something up. john k 10:00, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, I came here to try to figure this out. As far as I can tell from reading multiple pages on precedence and their talk pages the only purpose it serves is to determine who sits where at official dinners. Can anyone elaborate? 69.165.150.160 (talk) 06:29, 1 November 2015 (UTC)

Edit by 209.247.23.143
''This will change, however, when the new rules governing the succession come into force. Effective with the generation following that of Prince William of Wales, the eldest child of the sovereign will become the heir apparent without regard to gender.''

I've removed this uncited edit - anyone know whether a source can be found? Or is this just speculative frivolity? – DBD 12:18, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Definitely speculative and perhaps frivolous. -- Ibagli ( Talk ) 00:20, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

This page vs. template
The order of precedence of Ladies in the UK according to this page seems very different from the order presented on Template:UK Order of Precedence (Ladies). I am not sure which is correct; could someone with a better understanding of this please correct the faulty one? Thank you. --Zoeydahling (talk) 05:23, 29 May 2011 (UTC)

 * The template corresponds to another page: Order of precedence in England and Wales. The order of precedence in this page seems to be for royal family members only, not including other government officials and peers, therefore it bears no relation to the template. Also, if you look at pages that have that template, they also include a succession box for the order of precedence in Scotland. - Yk3 talk · contrib 09:33, 29 May 2011 (UTC)

Precedence in the female line
There seems to be some problems with this article listing individuals who are in the female line as outranking those in the male line. For example, the wife of Peter Phillips does not out rank Princesses Beatrice and Eugenie of York. When the order of precedence says "wives of sovereign's grandsons" it means wives of the sovereigns grandsons in the male line. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.184.133.37 (talk) 18:15, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

Update. According to "The Daily Telegraph" today, the Duchess of Cambridge, when not accompanied by William, takes precedence after Princesses of the Blood Royal, meaning the Princess Royal, the Princess Alexandra, the Princess Beatrice and the Princess Eugeine of York, and must curtsey to them. She must curtsey regardless when in the prescence of Her Majesty, the Duke of Edinburgh and her father-and stepmother-in-laws. 74.69.126.89 (talk) 13:36, 24 June 2012 (UTC)
 * The article at the Telegraph's website is here. Opera hat (talk) 15:07, 24 June 2012 (UTC)

Precedence of Cambridge children
Are we agreed that, as things stand, the children of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge must take precedence as children of a Duke of the Blood Royal? DBD 13:29, 14 June 2013 (UTC)
 * And what precedence is that? After the Duke of Fife? No. At the top is the Sovereign. Next is the Royal Family. After the Royal Family the first in precedence is the Archbishop of Canterbury. HRH Prince(ss) N of Cambridge will be a member of the Royal Family. Opera hat (talk) 00:08, 15 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Not sure that helps as 'the royal family' has no legal meaning. DBD is probably wrong (in practice) I feel on the 'Younger sons of Dukes of the Blood Royal'. That category was designed for those children who were not princes so seems illogical for G to be included with them. I can't however offer any answer as to where he actually is.Garlicplanting (talk) 15:41, 4 January 2014 (UTC)

Knights bachelor
The article doesn't say where knights bachelor appear. Richard75 (talk) 13:43, 29 December 2013 (UTC)
 * After all other knights of the various orders of chivalry.Garlicplanting (talk) 15:32, 4 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Great, but the article needs to say so, what is your source? Richard75 (talk) 16:20, 4 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Debretts I have some memory that it used to be in this article or perhaps it was another. Garlicplanting (talk) 12:21, 5 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I'll put that in. Richard75 (talk) 14:23, 5 January 2014 (UTC)

Female royal heirs now take higher precedence
I think this article is now out of date due to the Succession to the Crown Act 2013, which means elder royal princesses born after 2011 will now succeed to the throne over a younger brother. So, if Prince George has a girl as his first child, she'll succeed to the throne whatever. I'm not sure how this will changes the order of precedence though - if he has two elder girls and a younger boy, will the boy be higher than the middle girl in precedence, as the current rules imply? With three male heirs to the throne lined up, it's going to be a long long time before that's dealt with.Gymnophoria (talk) 14:59, 9 January 2015 (UTC)
 * First of all, the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 is not yet in place, as Australia has not yet passed legislature to change the succession there and the succession isn't actually changed until legislature is passed in all the realms that require legislation to be passed.
 * legislation came into force on 26 March 2015. Geofpick (talk) 16:46, 26 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Second of all, when this is actually changed, the orders of precedence will still function the same as there are two different orders of precedence, one for men and one for women. What might change is that the wives may not continue to take precedent over the daughters/granddaughters, etc - according to the list we have here, Sophie comes before Anne, and Kate and Autumn before Beatrice and Eugenie, right now.  In the future, with equal primogeniture in place, this may change, but that's really speculation. Psunshine87 (talk) 15:36, 9 January 2015 (UTC)

Titles vs. First Names
This issue comes up repeatedly on royalty-related articles, where I think there is a difference in focus from our many articles on British peerages, which seem to have become an inadvertent model for worldwide royalty articles. With respect to use of such locutions as "Anne, Princess Royal" vs "The Princess Royal" or "Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall" vs "The Duchess of Cornwall", it's appropriate to use them in articles for the same reason it is to use them in naming Wikipedia articles: Wikipedia's point of view is not Anglo-centric; rather, it is a global encyclopedia written in English. And it's perspective is encyclopedic not ephemeral. I agree that at the Court of St. James's, and perhaps for Commonwealth journalists and others following the doings of members of that court, appropriate usage is "the Queen", "The Duchess of Cornwall", "The Princess Royal", "The Prince of Wales", etc. But for global Wikipedia there is never any such person as "the Queen", and for encyclopedic Wikipedia (as distinct from periodicals like court circulars and newspapers) the "Prince of Wales" is viewed as much (or more) historically as currently. It is unhelpful to readers to say "The Prince of Wales is expected to succeed the King on the throne" without indicating specifically who the persons referred to were/are -- unless one is writing generally, in which case that is, of course, suitable usage. The principles that, e.g., children of a Commonwealth monarch are "The Prince Firstname" or that "Mary, Duchess of Somewhere" is the widow of a Duke of Somewhere rather than the wife of one or holder of the peerage in her own right, are conventions appropriate and presumptive for Commonwealth residents/readers -- but not for others who read an encyclopedia in English. It is unnecessarily inconvenient to have to click or search back in an article to determine which Prince of Wales is being referred to in an article when use of the person's name (on first reference) will immediately distinguish that individual from other possible holders of the same title: The only reason for that inconvenience is to compel Wikipedia to adhere to the Commonwealth's court etiquette in presenting information. I turn to Wikipedia to learn about English culture (among other things) -- not to be subjected to it. When in London "the Queen" is Elizabeth II, in Amman she is Rania, when in Amsterdam she is Máxima and when in Kuala Lumpur she is Haminah. Since English Wikipedia is (we hope) read in all five capitals, there is no circumstance in which "the Queen" is used in which we should not already have been told in context her name as well as her title. And so on for other titleholders. FactStraight (talk) 03:01, 28 March 2015 (UTC)

 * No, title "The Queen" ALWAYS refers to Her Majesty the Queen, not of these other ingrates. 98.10.165.90 (talk) 23:52, 26 December 2016 (UTC)

Use of sub-pages
Comrades. I have created a sub-page (Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom/Royal family (gentlemen)) and inserted it into each of the three national orders' pages. My hope was that we could make every part of the orders which is common between one or more into a sub-page thusly, such that when there are changes (in incumbents, for instance) only one edit need be made. What do we think? DBD 22:25, 1 February 2017 (UTC)

Format of Royal Family succession boxes
At the moment, these (or some of them) are in the following format:-

I suggest that: - 1. The line 'The Duke of York' simply duplicates information which is in the title of the article. 2. If it read 'As a son of the Sovereign', it would tell the reader at a glance why the subject is in that position in the order of precedence. 3. As things stand, the reader has to click on the link to an article which explains this. 4. For those who take precedence after the RF, the corresponding line reads eg 'as Archbishop of Canterbury'. 5. It would be best if all succession boxes had a consistent format, as far as possible.

Thoughts? Alekksandr (talk) 22:11, 1 October 2017 (UTC)
 * It sounds reasonable, but hasn't the order of precedence recently been revamped so that a grandson of the Sovereign precedes sons of the Sovereign in practice? That makes #2 less helpful. Also, #4 is also repetitive (like #1) because the episcopal title would be in the succession box right above. Surtsicna (talk) 19:11, 2 October 2017 (UTC)
 * 1. Wiki currently deals with the distinction between the 'traditional' rules and current practice by two separate boxes - see eg Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York. 2. I feel that #4 would be helpful in a case like Edward_Fitzalan-Howard,_18th_Duke_of_Norfolk - he takes his precedence in England and Wales (and in NI, according to Burke's) from being Earl Marshal, but his precedence in Scotland from being premier Duke in the Peerage of England. Alekksandr (talk) 21:14, 2 October 2017 (UTC)

Great-great grandchildren of former sovereigns?
Is there protocol for the great-great grandchildren of former sovereigns? For example, Lady Amelia Windsor is the great-great granddaughter of George V and Mary of Teck. Her grandfather is Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, a first cousin to Elizabeth II. Her father is The Earl of St Andrews. Would her order of precedence be higher, as a member of the royal family, or would she be placed with all other daughters of British earls? -- Willthacheerleader18 (talk) 18:25, 18 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Lady Amelia's precedence is that of the daughter of a duke's eldest son, while her style is that of an earl's daughter (because her father is styled as an earl). There is no title or precedence assigned to the male-line great-great-grandchild of a monarch, past or present. Because Amelia's father is heir-apparent to his father's dukedom, he use's his father's highest subsidiary title of earl. If her father were not the heir to a peerage, he would be styled as the male-line great-grandson of a monarch, i.e. as the younger son of a duke, "Lord Firstname Windsor", (although without precedence as such). In that case, since the children of younger great-grandsons of monarchs' have no title, style or precedence, she would be "Miss Amelia Windsor". So Amelia's prefix of "Lady" derives from the fact that her father is styled by courtesy as an earl, and she, also by courtesy, as an earl's daughter. FactStraight (talk) 22:11, 18 July 2018 (UTC)

Children of Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex
Why aren't Lady Louise and James, Viscount Severn on this list? They are grandchildren of the sovereign. Theoretically, they are princess and prince. Lady Cassidy School (talk) 16:23, 12 June 2019 (UTC)

Daughters of dames
Are daughters of Dames given the same precedence as daughters of knights or baronets? Or are the children of Dames given any precedence? -- Willthacheerleader18 (talk) 03:15, 26 January 2022 (UTC)

Order of Precedence for women is wrong
The Order of Precedence for women listed here is wrong - eg it states that daughters-in-law of the monarch are senior to actual daughters of the monarch. It claims to be based upon an entry in the Heraldic site (which itself is a “fan site” and not an authoritative source) - however even then it doesn’t quote Heraldica correctly. Debrets, a much more authoritative source clearly lays down the precedence here. Unless anyone argues to the contrary, I will edit this page to match debretts. The Thieving Gypsy (talk) 20:22, 16 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Order of precedence for women is still incorrect. I agree we need to follow Debrett's here as they are the premier source. There is no mention of the women's order of precedence changing whether their husband is present or not. For example - Princess of Wales has precedence in her husband's presence but when alone she falls below Princesses of the Blood Royal like the Princess Royal and the York Sisters. Refer to top of Chapter 2 here: https://debretts.com/royal-family/tables-of-precedence/
 * Unless there is an objection, I will overhaul the Women section to include these differences and match Debrett's. Heraldica really isn't a reliable source and should not be the primary source for any information over Debrett's.  Even Harper's Bazaar and People's magazine has better information on Women in the order of precedence then Wikipedia right now (and they all rely on Debrett's as a reliable source.) SassyMay (talk) 01:23, 30 April 2024 (UTC)


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John Tzetzes

John Tzetzes (Ἰωάννης Τζέτζης; c. 1110, Constantinople – 1180, Constantinople) was a Byzantine poet and grammarian who lived at Constantinople in the 12th century. He is known for making significant contributions in preserving much valuable information from ancient Greek literature and scholarship. Of his numerous works, the most important one is the Book of Histories, also known as Chiliades ("Thousands"). The work is a long poem containing knowledge that is unavailable elsewhere and serves as commentary on Tzetzes' own letters. Two of his other important works are the Allegoriai on the Iliad and the Odyssey, which are long didactic poems containing interpretations of Homeric theology.

Biography
Tzetzes described himself as pure Greek on his father's side and part Iberian (Georgian) on his mother's side. In his works, Tzetzes states that his grandmother was a relative of the Georgian Bagratid princess Maria of Alania who came to Constantinople with her and later became the second wife of the sebastos Constantine Keroularios, megas droungarios and nephew of the patriarch Michael Keroularios.

He worked as a secretary to a provincial governor for a time and later began to earn a living by teaching and writing. He was described as vain, seems to have resented any attempt at rivalry, and violently attacked his fellow grammarians. Owing to a lack of written material, he was obliged to trust to his memory; therefore caution has to be exercised in reading his work. However, he was learned, and made a great contribution to the furtherance of the study of ancient Greek literature.

Works
Tzetzes published a collection of 107 of his Letters addressed partly to fictitious/unidentified personages, and partly to influential men and women of the writer's time. They contain a considerable amount of social and biographical information, and are full of learned allusions to history, rhetoric, and mythology.

These letters became the springboard for what became during the Renaissance perhaps the most influential of his many works, the Book of Histories, usually called Chiliades ("thousands") from the arbitrary division by its first editor (N. Gerbel, 1546) into books each containing 1,000 lines. The work consists of 12,674 lines of political verse, divided into 660 topics, each of which is a gloss on a literary, historical, or other learned reference in one of his published letters. The first 141 histories serve as poetic footnotes to a verse letter Tzetzes addressed to John Lachanas, an official in Constantinople.

This collection of literary, historical, theological, and antiquarian miscellanies provides an important snapshot of the intellectual world of Constantinople in the mid-12th century, and also preserves fragments of more than 200 ancient authors, including many whose works have been lost. The author subsequently brought out a revised edition with marginal notes in prose and verse (ed. T. Kiessling, 1826; on the sources see C. Harder, De J. T. historiarum fontibus quaestiones selectae, diss., Kiel, 1886).

Tzetzes supplemented Homer's Iliad by a work that begins with the birth of Paris and continues the tale to the Achaeans' return home.

The Homeric Allegories, in "political" verse and dedicated initially to the German-born empress Irene and then to Constantine Cotertzes, are two didactic poems, the first based on the Iliad and the second based on the Odyssey, in which Homer and the Homeric theology are set forth and then explained by means of three kinds of allegory: euhemeristic (πρακτική), anagogic (ψυχική) and physic (στοιχειακή). These works were translated into English in 2015 and 2019 by Adam J. Goldwyn and Dimitra Kokkini.

In the Antehomerica, Tzetzes recalls the events taking place before Homer's Iliad. This work was followed by the Homerica, covering the events of the Iliad, and the Posthomerica, reporting the events taking place between the Iliad and the Odyssey. All three are currently available in English translations.

Tzetzes also wrote commentaries on a number of Greek authors, the most important of which is that elucidating the obscure Cassandra or Alexandra of the Hellenistic poet Lycophron, usually called "On Lycophron" (edited by K.O. Müller, 1811), in the production of which his brother Isaac is generally associated with him. Mention may also be made of a dramatic sketch in iambic verse, in which the caprices of fortune and the wretched lot of the learned are described; and of an iambic poem on the death of the emperor Manuel I Komnenos, noticeable for introducing at the beginning of each line the last word of the line preceding it (both in Pietro Matranga, Anecdota Graeca 1850).

For the other works of Tzetzes see J. A. Fabricius, Bibliotheca graeca (ed. Harles), xi.228, and Karl Krumbacher, ''Geschichte der byz. Litt. (2nd ed., 1897); monograph by G. Hart, "De Tzetzarum nomine, vitis, scriptis," in Jahn's Jahrbucher für classische Philologie. Supplementband xii'' (Leipzig, 1881).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Tzetzes


text:
Talk:Richard Carrión

Untitled
Just for the record: The founder of Banco Popular was Richard Carrion's GRANDFATHER, Rafael Carrion-Pacheco. Also, Richard is Camille Carrion's COUSIN,  not her brother.

No longer President
The current president of Banco Popular is David H. Chafey, Jr. (at least in Puerto Rico, per BPPR Puerto Rico Spanish-language web page); he has been president since 2004. The article itself refers to Carrion's presidency in the past tense ("when he was president"). Richard Carrion continues to be the CEO. This is also consistent with what appears on the Popular, Inc. page. Please correct or verify if you find different information.--Lawrlafo (talk) 22:09, 4 January 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Richard Carrión


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George Brown

George Brown may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * George Loring Brown (1814–1889), American landscape painter
 * George Douglas Brown (1869–1902), Scottish novelist
 * George Williams Brown (1894–1963), Canadian historian and editor
 * George D. Brown (architect), American architect
 * George H. Brown (producer) (1913–2001), British film producer
 * George Mackay Brown (1921–1996), Scottish poet, author, and dramatist
 * George Brown (medievalist) (died 2021), American scholar of Anglo-Saxon literature
 * George Brown (musician) (1949–2023), American drummer for Kool & the Gang

Business and industry

 * George Edwards Brown (1780–1848), British-born Chilean businessman and politician
 * George Brown (financier) (1787–1859), American banker and railroad founder
 * George W. Brown (businessman) (1845–1918), American founder of the Brown's Business College chain
 * George A. Brown (1885–1940), Scottish businessman, manager of the Rangoon Times
 * George R. Brown (1898–1983), American construction entrepreneur
 * George Garvin Brown IV (born 1969/70), Canadian businessman

Law

 * George F. Brown (c. 1820–1893), justice of the Supreme Court of Mississippi
 * George H. Brown (North Carolina judge) (1850–1926), associate justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court
 * George M. Brown (judge) (1864–1934), American attorney and judge in Oregon
 * George Stewart Brown (1871–1941), judge for the United States Customs Court
 * George H. Brown Jr. (Tennessee judge) (born 1939), associate justice of the Tennessee Supreme Court
 * Sir George Brown (Belizean judge) (1942–2007), chief justice of Belize from 1990 to 1998

Military

 * Sir George Brown (British Army officer) (1790–1865), British general in the Crimean War
 * George Brown (admiral) (1835–1913), American admiral
 * George Scratchley Brown (1918–1978), chief of staff of the U.S. Air Force, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

Canada

 * George Brown (Canadian politician) (1818–1880), Scottish-born journalist and politician
 * George Stayley Brown (1827–1915), ship owner, historian and political figure in Nova Scotia
 * George W. Brown (Saskatchewan politician) (1860–1919), Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan
 * George Brown (Ottawa politician) (born 1959), Ottawa politician

United Kingdom

 * George Brown (Governor of Bombay) (fl. 1811–1812), governor of Bombay
 * George Francis Brown (1802–1871), civil servant of the East India Company
 * George Mackenzie Brown (1869–1946), member of parliament
 * George Brown, Baron George-Brown (1914–1985), Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs

United States

 * George Brown (Rhode Island politician) (1746–1836), lieutenant governor of Rhode Island
 * George Houston Brown (1810–1865), New Jersey politician
 * George William Brown (mayor) (1812–1890), mayor of Baltimore, Maryland
 * George W. Brown (Wisconsin politician) (c. 1819–?), Wisconsin legislator from Waukesha County
 * George Brown (Wisconsin politician, born 1830) (1830–1909), English-born Wisconsin politician
 * George H. Brown (Lowell mayor) (1877–1950), mayor of Lowell, Massachusetts
 * George Brown Jr. (1920–1999), U.S. representative from California
 * George Brown Jr. (Kentucky politician) (born 1948), member of the Kentucky House of Representatives
 * George L. Brown (politician) (1926–2006), Colorado politician
 * Hank Brown (George Hanks Brown, born 1940), U.S. senator from Colorado

Other countries

 * George Brown (South African politician) (1870–1932), Scottish-born South African trade unionist and politician
 * George Deas Brown (1922–2014), Australian politician
 * George Brown (Australian politician, born 1929) (1929–2002), Australian politician and Lord Mayor of Darwin, Northern Territory

Religion

 * George Brown (bishop of Dunkeld) (c. 1438–1515), Scottish bishop
 * George Brown (Benedictine) (died 1628), English Benedictine
 * George Brown (bishop of Liverpool) (1784–1856), English Roman Catholic Bishop of Liverpool
 * George Brown (missionary) (1835–1917), English Methodist missionary to Fiji, Samoa, and New Britain, president-general of the Methodist Church of Australasia

Science and medicine

 * George Brown (inventor) (1650–1730), Scottish inventor
 * Sir George Lindor Brown (1903–1971), English physiologist and Secretary of the Royal Society
 * George Harold Brown (1908–1987), American developer of color television
 * George W. Brown (computer scientist) (1917–2005), American statistician, game theorist, and computer scientist
 * G. Spencer-Brown (1923–2016), English mathematician
 * Sir George Malcolm Brown (1925–1997), English geologist
 * George Brown (sociologist) (born 1930), English medical sociologist

American football

 * George Brown (coach) (fl. 1953), American football coach
 * George Brown (American football) (1923–2008), American football player
 * George Brown (gridiron football) (1923–2013), American and Canadian football player

Association football (soccer)

 * George H. Brown (footballer) (1866–1903), English footballer, Notts County
 * George Brown (footballer, born 1880), English footballer, Stoke,	Norwich City, Millwall, Sheffield United
 * George Brown (footballer, born 1883), English footballer, Southampton
 * George Brown (footballer, born 1903) (1903–1948), English footballer, Huddersfield, Aston Villa, Burnley, Leeds United
 * George Brown (footballer, born 1907) (1907–1988), Scottish international footballer, Rangers
 * George Brown (Australian soccer) (fl. 1920s), Australian international soccer player, Brisbane City, Pineapple Rovers
 * George Brown (footballer, born 1928) (1928–2011), Scottish footballer, Stenhousemuir, Hamilton Academical
 * George Brown (soccer, born 1935), American soccer player, New York Americans, Elizabeth Falcons
 * George Brown (footballer, born 1999), Indonesian footballer

Baseball

 * George Brown (1910s outfielder) (1885–1955), American Negro leagues baseball outfielder
 * George Brown (pitcher) (fl. 1920s), American Negro leagues baseball pitcher
 * George Brown (1940s outfielder) (fl. 1940s), American Negro leagues baseball outfielder

Cricket

 * George Brown (cricketer, born 1783) (1783–1857), English cricketer
 * George Brown (cricketer, born 1821) (1821–1875), English cricketer
 * George Brown (cricketer, born 1887) (1887–1964), English cricketer

Other sports

 * George Daniel Brown (1836–1902), English golfer
 * George Brown (rower) (1839–1875), Canadian champion single scull rower
 * George V. Brown (1880–1937), American sports official and coach
 * George Knockout Brown (1890–?), American welterweight boxer
 * George Brown (ice hockey) (1912–1972), Canadian ice hockey player
 * George Brown (motorcyclist) (1912–1979), English motorcycle racer
 * George Brown (sailor) (1915–1995), British Olympic sailor
 * George Brown (rugby league, Batley) (fl. 1940s), English rugby league footballer for England and Batley
 * George Brown (long jumper) (1931–2018), American long jumper
 * George Brown (basketball) (1935–2016), American basketball player
 * George Brown (rugby league, Castleford) (fl. 1950s–1960s), English rugby league footballer for Castleford
 * George Brown (Australian footballer) (born 1959), Australian rules footballer

Trade unions

 * George William Brown (trade unionist) (1880–?), British trade unionist and politician
 * George Brown (communist) (1906–1937), Irish-born Manchester trade unionist killed in the Spanish Civil War

Other people

 * Sir George McLaren Brown (1865–1939), Canadian railway administrator
 * George Brown (executioner) (fl. 1911–1919), English executioner
 * Igor Gouzenko (alias George Brown, 1919–1982), Soviet defector to Canada

Other uses

 * George Brown College, applied arts and technology college in Toronto, Ontario, Canada
 * George Brown, Class Clown, a book series by author Nancy E. Krulik
 * George Brown Darwin Botanic Gardens, located in Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
 * George Brown & Co, a defunct Scottish shipbuilder

title: George Brown


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Le Chambon-sur-Lignon

Le Chambon-sur-Lignon (, literally "Le Chambon on Lignon"; Lo Chambon) is a commune in the Haute-Loire department in south-central France.

Residents have been primarily Huguenot or Protestant since the 17th century. During World War II these Huguenot residents made the commune a haven for Jews fleeing from the Nazis. They hid them both within the town and in the countryside, and helped them flee to neutral Switzerland. In 1990 the town was one of two collectively honoured as the Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem in Israel for saving Jews in Nazi-occupied Europe. The other awardee was the Dutch village of Nieuwlande.

Geography
The town lies in the middle of the commune, on the right bank of the Lignon du Velay, which flows north-northwestward through the commune and forms part of its northwestern border.

World War II
During World War II, throughout France, the Nazis and the collaborationist Vichy regime were rounding up Jews and sending them to the death camps.

Under the leadership of local Protestant minister Pastor André Trocmé, and his deputy pastor Edouard Theis, the citizens of the village of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon risked their lives to rescue and hide Jews in private homes, on farms in the area, as well as in public institutions. Whenever the Nazi patrols came searching, the Jews were hidden in the mountainous countryside.

After the war, one of the villagers recalled: "As soon as the soldiers left, we would go into the forest and sing a song. When they heard that song, the Jews knew it was safe to come home." The situation took a more tense turn when the Germans invaded the South Zone in 1942. Local people continued to protect the Jews in open defiance of the authorities. For instance, they gave Vichy Youth Minister Georges Lamirand a petition against the deportation of the Jews when he visited the village in 1942.

In addition to providing shelter, the citizens of the town obtained forged identification and ration cards for Jews to use. They helped them cross the border to the safety of neutral Switzerland. Some of the residents were arrested by the Gestapo such as Rev. Trocmé's cousin, Daniel Trocmé, who was sent to Maidanek concentration camp, where he was murdered.

It was estimated that the people of the area of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon saved between 3,000 and 5,000 Jews from certain death.

Present day
The ethos and practice of sheltering refugees continues, with migrants coming from many war zones, including Congo, Libya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Kosovo and Chechnya.

In 2021 the commune was bequeathed around €2m by Eric Schwam who was hidden in a school in 1943 and remained until 1950.

Honors

 * In 1981 the entire town was awarded an honorary degree by Haverford College in Pennsylvania in recognition of its humanitarian efforts.
 * In 1982, documentary filmmaker Pierre Sauvage – who was born and sheltered in Le Chambon – returned there to film Weapons of the Spirit (1989).
 * In 1990, for risking their lives to rescue Jews, the entire town was recognized as "Righteous Among the Nations". A small garden and plaque on the grounds of the Yad Vashem memorial to the Holocaust in Israel was dedicated to the people of Chambon-sur-Lignon.
 * In 2004 French President Jacques Chirac officially recognized the heroism of the town.
 * Chateau.pont.de.mars.1.jpg January 2007 they were honoured along with the other French Righteous Among the Nations in a ceremony at the Panthéon in Paris.

Eric Schwam, an Austrian man who fled the Nazis with his family during the Second World War and found refuge in the village, bequeathed approximately €2 million for the village.

Education
The town of Chambon-sur-Lignon was home to Le Collège-Lycée Cévenol International, a private boarding school founded in 1938 by local Protestant ministers André Trocmé and Edouard Theis. The school closed its doors in 2014 due to financial troubles and declining enrollment, three years after the rape and murder of a 14-year-old student.

Personalities
Alexander Grothendieck, a central figure of 20th-century mathematics, was among the Jewish children sheltered during the war.

The paternal grandfather of actor Timothée Chalamet was from the town.

Chambon Sur Lignon is the French home of British/American Evangelist Graham Jones

Popular culture
Malcolm Gladwell uses Chambon-sur-Lignon in his book David and Goliath as an example of how the rebellious origin of its people influenced their actions when protecting Jewish people during the Second World War. The town also appears in the last book French author Romain Gary published before his death, The Kites, and recounts the bravery of its inhabitants in the face of danger.

Twin towns

 * Fislisbach, Switzerland
 * Meitar, Israel - since November 9, 2006

title: Le Chambon-sur-Lignon


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No. 3 Commando

No. 3 Commando was a battalion-sized Commando unit raised by the British Army during the Second World War. Formed in July 1940 from volunteers for special service, it was the first such unit to carry the title of "Commando". Shortly afterwards the unit was involved in a largely unsuccessful raid upon the German-occupied Channel Island of Guernsey.

In 1941 they were involved in successful raids on the Lofoten Islands and Vaagso, in Norway, before taking part in the costly Dieppe raid in August 1942, where the unit was tasked with knocking out a German coastal artillery battery on the eastern flank of the main landings, although due to a chance encounter in the Channel with a German convoy, a large majority of the unit failed to make it ashore.

In early 1943, the unit was sent to Gibraltar before moving to North Africa in April from where they were involved in the Allied invasion of Sicily and operations in Italy prior to being withdrawn to Britain to prepare for Operation Overlord. On D-Day they went ashore on 6 June 1944 as part of the 1st Special Service Brigade tasked with linking up with the 6th Airborne Division on the eastern flank of Sword before being withdrawn. Later they took part in the Allied counterattack during the Ardennes Offensive in early 1945 before taking part in the advance into Germany as part of Operation Plunder.

Following the end of the war, No. 3 Commando carried out occupation duties in Germany before it was disbanded on 4 January 1946.

Formation and early raids
Formed in Plymouth in late June 1940 following the Dunkirk evacuation, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel John Durnford-Slater, No. 3 Commando was the first British unit to use the title of "Commando". By 5 July 1940 they had been fully raised and a little more than a week later they carried out one of the first Commando raids of the war. This raid, known as Operation Ambassador, which had been hastily organised at the behest of the British prime minister, Winston Churchill, was probing raid on the German-occupied island of Guernsey. As a result of a number of mishaps and hurried planning, the raid proved to be unsuccessful.

In October 1940, as part of a reorganisation of the Commando formations, the unit was amalgamated with No. 8 (Guards) Commando into a single special service battalion known as the 4th Special Service Battalion, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Robert Laycock. As a part of this organisation, the unit's name was changed to 'A' Special Service Company. At the end of 1940, the special service battalions were reorganised into a headquarters and two Commandos and the name of the unit reverted to No. 3 Commando. In January 1941 the special service battalions were broken up, the Commandos were delinked and raised back to full battalion-sized units themselves.

In March 1941, 250 officers and men from No. 3 Commando took part in the first large-scale Commando raid, which was launched on four ports in the Lofoten Islands in Norway. The raid, codenamed Operation Claymore, proved to be a considerable success, resulting in the capture of a number of wheels of the German Enigma encoding machine which helped the Allies to decode German radio traffic later in the war, as well as the destruction of a considerable amount of petrol and oil and the capture of several hundred Germans.

Vaagso
On 27 December 1941, the Commandos carried out another raid in Norway, this time on the port of Vaagso (Nor:Vågsøy) and the island of Maaloy (Måløy) known as Operation Archery. Under overall operational command of Brigadier Joseph (Charles) Haydon who directed the operation from HMS Kenya, Nos. 5 and 6 Troops under Major Jack Churchill landed on Maaloy while Durnford-Slater led Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4 Troops ashore on Vaagso. In addition to the troops from No. 3 Commando, there were two troops from No. 2 Commando acting as the floating reserve.

Following a brief naval bombardment the troops on Maaloy succeeded in securing the island; however, the four troops in Vaagso experienced considerable resistance from the German garrison and their attack up the main street briefly stalled before Durnford-Slater signalled Haydon requesting the floating reserve be released to him and No. 6 Troop under Peter Young were ferried across from Maaloy.

Overhead a considerable air battle ensued, while in the anchorage the naval force continued to bombard the shore line and attack German shipping in the port. On the shore the fighting in the streets continued for a number of hours and as the Commandos advanced up the main street intelligence teams searched buildings for valuable documents before demolition teams planted explosives and destroyed them. Finally, by 13:45 the order for the Commandos to withdraw was given. Withdrawing by troops back down the road, they moved back to the landing craft and by 14:45 they had re-embarked, taking a number of German prisoners and Norwegian volunteers with them.

The overall losses for the Commandos were 19 killed and 57 wounded, the majority of which were from No. 3 Commando while 120 Germans were killed and a further 98 captured.

Dieppe
In August 1942 No. 3 Commando was involved in the ill-fated Operation Jubilee, an exploratory raid on Dieppe in France. The plan called for a frontal assault on the port by the Canadian 2nd Division. Before this would take place, however, Troops from No. 3 and 4 Commandos would land at beaches on the eastern and western flanks and neutralise two German artillery batteries that were covering the main anchorage. No. 3 Commando was assigned the task of attacking the Goebbels Battery, landing on the eastern flank, under Durnford-Slater's command. The battery was located near Berneval-le-Grand, about half a mile from the sea with steep cliffs in front of it. It was decided that No. 3 Commando would land on two beaches to the east and west of the battery, from which gullies rose towards the battery and which would provide concealment while the Commandos approached the battery.

As the convoy of landing craft and other vessels ferried the Commandos across the English Channel; however, they had a chance encounter with a German tanker escorted by a number of armed trawlers which proceeded to fire upon them. In the confusion that followed a number of the landing craft were damaged and forced to turn back, while others were reported as missing and believed sunk. As a result the decision was made to abandon the attack.

Nevertheless, unbeknown to their commanders and each other, and having lost communications, the seven landing craft that had been reported missing made for their assigned beaches, determined to press on with the attack. In the end two parties landed, one party consisting of six craft carrying approximately 120 men under Captain R.L Willis landed on the beach opposite Le Petit Berneval to the east of the battery—Yellow I—while the other, consisting of only one craft of 20 men from No. 6 Troop under Major Peter Young landed to the west at Yellow II.

Of the 120 men that landed at Yellow I, 37 were killed, 81 were captured, mostly after having been wounded, and just one managed to evade capture and return to Britain. Among those that were killed was Lieutenant Edward Loustalot, a United States Army Ranger, who was the first American soldier to be killed in the European theatre of operations. The smaller party, under Young, however, fared better and managed to advance within 200 yd of the battery, however, due to lack of numbers they were unable to launch an assault on the battery and instead proceeded to harass the gunners for a number of hours and distract them from their purpose of firing on the anchorage before they were forced to withdraw. They succeeded, albeit briefly, to divert the guns from their task of firing on the ships off the coast. Major Young's withdrawal was effected with such haste, and under such heavy fire, that he did not have time to board the Motor Launch (ML346, commanded by Lt A.D. Fear DSC RNVR) on which he returned home; he was towed part of the way, in the water, clinging to a line attached to the stern of the ship.

Sicily and Italy
After the Dieppe raid, a long period of lull followed for No. 3 Commando during which time they were based around Weymouth and were brought back up to strength with an intake of 120 former policemen who had volunteered for service with the Commandos and had just completed their training at the Commando Depot at Achnacarry in Scotland. In January 1943, however, the unit received orders to move to Gibraltar, where they were stationed as a precaution in case Germany decided to invade Spain. While there the commanding officer, John Durnford-Slater, carried out reconnaissance of potential targets in Spain from the air and sent officers on leave across the border to gather intelligence.

In April 1943 the unit was moved to North Africa, landing at Algiers before later moving to Alexandria where they began preparing for operations as part of Operation Husky, the Allied invasion of Sicily. On 10 July 1943, landing ahead of the main force near Cassibile, a few miles south of Syracuse on the Sicilian coast, half of No. 3 Commando—Nos. 4, 5 and 6 Troops, under the command of Durnford-Slater, carried out a night time attack on an Italian artillery battery without suffering a single casualty. Meanwhile, Nos. 1, 2 and 3 Troops under the command of Peter Young, carried out a landing at Scoglio Imbiancato, a beach near Fontane Bianche, which was unopposed but a series of navigational delays meant that they landed later than planned. Nevertheless, the two forces managed to link up before capturing the town of Cassibile later that night.

On 13 July, the Commandos embarked once more upon the Prince Albert with the task of landing in the Bay of Agnone, behind enemy lines and capture the Ponte dei Malati bridge and hold it, intact, until the 50th Division, which formed the vanguard of the advancing British Eighth Army, under General Bernard Montgomery, could relieve them. It was described as the "most perilous enterprise of its career".

The landing took place in two waves due to a shortage of landing craft. The first wave hit the beach near Agnone Bagni, about 7 mi from the bridge, at 22:00 hours and took fire from the Italian defenders almost immediately. Under the leadership of Durnford-Slater, Young and Lieutenant George Herbert, all experienced combat officers, the Commandos eventually managed to fight their way off the beach and push inland. The second wave followed a few hours later, also under fire, and despite one of the eight landing craft running aground on some rocks, most of the men were also able to get off the beach.

The Commandos were involved in a number of minor skirmishes as they advanced towards the bridge, however, by 03:00 on 14 July the lead elements reached the north-east end of the bridge, where Durnford-Slater halted the men to re-organise before launching the assault. Shortly after the assault began, with No. 4 Troop leading the way. Within ten minutes the pillboxes had been cleared and No. 3 Commando, had taken control of the bridge.

With a strength that continued to grow until there was about 350 men around the bridge, the charges that had been placed on the bridge were removed and No. 3 Commando settled in to defend the bridge as they waited for 50th Division to arrive. Over the course of the next few hours they were subjected to mortar fire and shelling from a Panzer IV tank. Eventually, as casualties mounted and their reinforcement became overdue the Commandos were forced to abandon the position, nevertheless they had prevented the bridge from being blown up and it was eventually recaptured as the Eighth Army arrived a short time later. The unit, however, suffered heavily for the success, suffering 30 killed, 66 wounded and 59 missing or captured. The bridge was later renamed No. 3 Commando Bridge in their honour.

At the end of the Sicilian campaign Durnford-Slater took over command of a brigade-sized element consisting of No. 3 and No. 40 (Royal Marine) Commando and the Special Raiding Squadron and as a result Peter Young took over command of the unit. Following this, in late August 1943, after receiving replacements from No. 12 Commando which was in the process of being disbanded, the unit carried out a number of reconnaissance operations across the Strait in preparation for the invasion of Italy.

On 8 September, two troops from No. 3 Commando took part in a dawn landing at Porto San Venere (now Vibo Marina in Calabria) as part of the main invasion, helping to clear the quay. The rest of unit arrived shortly afterwards and then they moved on to Vibo Valentia, where they waited for further orders. On 19 September, No. 3 Commando received orders to proceed to Bari along with the rest of Durnford-Slater's brigade. Arriving there on 30 September, two days later 180 men from No. 3 Commando, organised into four troops under Captain Arthur Komrower, embarked from Manfredonia as part of the attack force tasked with capturing the port of Termoli.

The detachment from No. 3 Commando went ashore in the first wave, securing a bridgehead through which the rest of the force proceeded to advance. By 08:00 on 3 October Termoli had been captured; however a counterattack by 16th Panzer Division continued until early on 6 October, during which No. 3 Commando defended an exposed forward position in what Durnford-Slater described as "probably their finest performance of the war". Shortly after they received orders to return to the United Kingdom in order to prepare for the invasion of Normandy.

D-Day and beyond
After returning from Italy, No. 3 Commando became part of the 1st Special Service Brigade, commanded by Brigadier The Lord Lovat. It marked the end of the unit's independence, as from then they were part of a larger organisation, and the role of the Commandos had evolved from small scale raiding and precision operations, to more large scale operations in which they were mainly used as highly trained infantry assault units.

On D-Day, the 1st Special Service Brigade was tasked with linking up with the 6th Airborne Division on the eastern flank of Sword and securing the high ground near La Plein. No. 3 Commando landed at La Breche, west of Ouistreham at 09:05 coming ashore in the second wave. They were engaged before they hit the beach, and three of the landing craft that the Commandos were travelling in were hit by high-velocity shells. Casualties were high, with No. 6 Troop suffering at least 20 wounded, but in the end they were lower than had been expected.

Despite one of the landing craft running aground on a false beach, the majority of the unit crossed the beach and reached the form-up point about 1,000 yd inland. Apart from the men from No. 6 Troop which had been wounded in their landing craft, the commanding officer, Peter Young, found that his command was largely intact. Nevertheless, he was unable to begin the advance immediately as the narrow route upon which they were to march was blocked by No. 6 Commando. As a result they were held up in the form-up point for a while, where they were subjected to more German mortar fire.

Later, No. 3 Commando resumed the advance, passing through No. 45 (Royal Marine) Commando's positions in Collevile and marching along the road to Saint-Aubin-d'Arquenay where they met up again with No. 6 Commando. From there they advanced quickly to the bridge that spanned the River Orne, where they linked up with the airborne and glider troops that had seized the bridge in the early hours of the morning. Crossing the bridge, which was still under fire from enemy snipers, Peter Young made contact with the airborne headquarters and was told to take the unit to Le Bas de Ranville instead of advancing on Cabourg. Detaching No. 3 Troop to capture Amfreville and Le Plein, the rest of the No. 3 Commando took up positions as ordered, but were shortly relieved and were able to rejoin No. 3 Troop, tasked with holding the high ground around Le Plein.

On 7 June, a combined force from Nos. 4 and 5 Troops under command of the second-in-command, Major John Pooley, carried out an attack on the Merville battery near the coast where there were still guns firing on the landing beaches. The battery had been taken the previous day by a force from the 9th Parachute Battalion, but had been reoccupied later by the Germans and it was heavily defended by mortars and landmines. Approaching from the south, No. 4 Troop moved across the open ground before taking up position behind the hedgerows 300 yards from the battery and from where laid down covering fire for No. 5 Troop which approached from the east with fixed bayonets.

After a stubborn defence, in which a number of Commandos, including Pooley, were killed, they took the battery, however, shortly afterwards they were counterattacked by German force supported by self-propelled artillery. Casualties during this attack were high and eventually the Commandos were forced to withdraw back to La Plein.

Following this the unit became involved in largely defensive operations as the 1st Special Service Brigade dug in. Nevertheless they kept up the pressure on the Germans by carrying out offensive patrols, small scale raids and sniping. In mid-July a breakout from the beachhead was attempted and the 1st Special Service Brigade moved through the Le Bois de Bavent, a large wooded area, as the Germans began to withdraw. No. 3 Commando was involved in this advance, moving to Varaville where they caught up with the German rearguard and proceeded to clear the village. The advance continued into the following month and on 19 August they were ordered to seize the high ground to the north of Dozule. Attacking at night, the brigade advanced with No. 3 Commando leading the main body behind the vanguard and was able to infiltrate the German positions before the lead sections ran into the German headquarters units.

Over the next five days, the brigade advanced a further 40 mi before a halt was finally called on 26 August 1944. On 7 September, No. 3 Commando, along with the rest of the 1st Special Service Brigade, were withdrawn from the line and returned to the United Kingdom to prepare to be redeployed to the Far East for operations against the Japanese. They had been in action continuously for 83 days. Shortly after this, No. 3 Commando's commanding officer, Peter Young, was promoted to colonel and left to take command of the 3rd Commando Brigade in Burma. As a result, Arthur Komrower took command of No. 3 Commando.

Final operations
Throughout 1944, plans were made to send the brigade, which had been renamed the 1st Commando Brigade, to the Far East; however, the effect of the German Ardennes Offensive resulted in these being cancelled. In January 1945, under the command of Brigadier Derek Mills-Roberts, No. 3 Commando was deployed to Asten on the Maas. Later in the month, the unit took up positions at Maeseyck and on 24–25 January, with snow falling on the streets and a heavy German artillery barrage on the town, they took part in an assault on Linne. The assault was only partially successful and due to the destruction of the bridges that spanned the frozen Montforterbeek Canal, the Allies were unable to bring up armour to support No. 3 Commando which had moved across the ice on foot. When the Germans brought up their own tanks, the advance came to a halt.

The Commandos were forced to spend the night freezing in the open in a ditch. The following day, after sappers from the Royal Engineers managed to erect a temporary bridge across the canal, a number of Churchill and Sherman tanks from the 8th Hussars managed to get across and No. 1 and No. 6 Troops climbed on top and advanced across the open ground and into the centre of the town.

A brief period of lull followed as the 1st Commando Brigade prepared to resume operations and on 13 February they were relieved in Linne by No. 46 Royal Marine Commando and went back to Maasbrecht for a rest. The rest did not last long, however, and later in the month they relieved the marines at Smakt and began preparing for Operation Plunder, the crossing of the Rhine. At 22:00 on 23 March 1945, No. 3 Commando crossed the river in Buffalo landing vehicles and began moving on Wesel, where, on 25 March they cleared the centre of the town and captured a large number of German prisoners.

After this the brigade continued to advance, moving through Ruddenburg and Greven before carrying out an attack on Osnabruck, which No. 3 Commando led, on 4 April 1945. The next day, they crossed the Weser River in assault boats and under the cover of darkness carried out a flanking manoeuvre on the Germans occupying the town of Leese. As other elements from the brigade attacked from the east, No. 3 Commando, now under the command of Peter Bartholomew after Komrower had been posted to the Commando Training Depot, carried out a follow-up operation to the north. The operation was an attack on a factory that had been producing V-2 rockets and after No. 3 Commando had captured it with the support of a number of tanks, a search found a number of these weapons, along with about 100 scientists who had been working in the factory.

The advance continued throughout the month and by 29 April, No. 3 Commando crossed the Elbe and carried out an attack on Lauenberg. No. 6 Commando led the assault, with Brigade Headquarters and No. 3 Commando following shortly behind them and established themselves on the high ground, before being clearing operations in Lauenberg itself. By the end of the month all German opposition in the area had ceased and it marked the end of No. 3 Commando's offensive operations. On 7 May, when the Germans surrendered, No. 3 Commando was firmly established in Lübeck, where they began the next phase of their service history as occupation troops.

Disbandment
After undertaking occupation duties in Germany after the war, No. 3 Commando was finally disbanded on 4 January 1946 while at Victoria Station. During the course of their operational service, members of the unit received the following decorations: 6 Distinguished Service Orders, 23 Military Crosses, 33 Military Medals, 6 Distinguished Conduct Medals, 18 Mentions in Despatches, and 1 George Medal. One member of the unit was also appointed as a Member of the Order of the British Empire.

Structure
The Commando units went through a number of organisational structures as the concept was refined and their roles became clearer throughout the course of the war. Upon formation, No. 3 Commando had an establishment of 535 all ranks organised into ten troops each with 50 men underneath a headquarters troop. In late 1940, the Commando units were merged into a special service brigade which was made up of five special service battalions, each of which were made up of two company-sized elements. By the end of the year, this was changed again as the battalions were organised around a headquarters and two Commandos. The special service battalion organisation was discontinued in March 1941, and the unit establishment was set at 470 all ranks, with a headquarters troop of 80 officers and men and six troops of three officers and 62 other ranks.

Commanding officers

 * Lieutenant Colonel John Durnford-Slater, DSO and Bar: July 1940 – August 1943;
 * Lieutenant Colonel Peter Young, DSO, MC & 2 Bars: August 1943 – September 1944;
 * Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Komrower, DSO: September 1944 – April 1945;
 * Lieutenant Colonel Peter Bartholomew, DSO: April 1945 – January 1946.

Battle honours
The following battle honours were awarded to the British Commandos during the Second World War.

 * Adriatic
 * Alethangyaw
 * Aller
 * Anzio
 * Argenta Gap
 * Burma 1943–45
 * Crete
 * Dieppe
 * Dives Crossing
 * Djebel Choucha
 * Flushing
 * Greece 1944–45
 * Italy 1943–45
 * Kangaw
 * Landing at Porto San Venere
 * Landing in Sicily
 * Leese
 * Litani
 * Madagascar
 * Middle East 1941, 1942, 1944
 * Monte Ornito
 * Myebon
 * Normandy Landing
 * North Africa 1941–43
 * North-West Europe 1942, 1944–1945
 * Norway 1941
 * Pursuit to Messina
 * Rhine
 * St. Nazaire
 * Salerno
 * Sedjenane 1
 * Sicily 1943
 * Steamroller Farm
 * Syria 1941
 * Termoli
 * Vaagso
 * Valli di Comacchio
 * Westkapelle

title: No. 3 Commando


text:
Karl Lehrs

Karl Ludwig Lehrs (January 14, 1802 – June 9, 1878), was a German classical scholar.

Born at Königsberg, he was Jewish, but in 1822 he converted to Christianity. In 1845 he was appointed professor of ancient Greek philology at Königsberg University, a post he held until his death.

Work
His most important works are: Lehrs was a man of decided opinions; his enthusiasm for everything Greek caused him to insist on the undivided authorship of the Iliad; comparative mythology and the symbolical interpretation of myths he regarded as a species of sacrilege.
 * De Aristarchi Studiis Homericis (1833), which laid a new foundation for Homeric exegesis (on the Aristarchean lines of explaining Homer from the text itself) and textual criticism.
 * Quaestiones Epicae (1837).
 * De Asclepiade Myrleano (1845).
 * Herodiani Scripta Tria emendatiora. Accedunt Analecta (1848).
 * Populäre Aufsätze aus dem Altertum (1856, Second much enlarged edition, 1875), his best known work.
 * Horatius Flaccus (1869), in which, on aesthetic grounds, he rejected many of the odes as spurious.
 * Die Pindarscholien (1873).

title: Karl Lehrs


text:
Kuala Lumpur Sentral station

Kuala Lumpur Sentral Station (KL Sentral) is a transit-oriented development that houses the main railway station of Kuala Lumpur, the capital of Malaysia. Opened on 16 April 2001, KL Sentral replaced the old Kuala Lumpur railway station as the city's main intercity railway station. KL Sentral is the largest railway station in Malaysia, and also in Southeast Asia from 2001 to 2021, before Krung Thep Aphiwat Central Terminal in Bangkok, Thailand was completed.

KL Sentral is designed as an intermodal transport hub. All of Kuala Lumpur's passenger rail lines serve KL Sentral except the Ampang, Sri Petaling, Shah Alam Line and Putrajaya Lines. Many intercity trains serving Peninsular Malaysia start here. All the railway components of the scheme have been completed. It was also designed to be a new business and financial hub for Kuala Lumpur.

Overview
KL Sentral refers to the entire 290,000 square metres of development built on the former Keretapi Tanah Melayu marshalling yard in Brickfields. The development includes the transport hub, hotels, office towers, condominiums and shopping malls and was expected to be completed in 2015.

KL Sentral has been divided into 14 land parcels, each representing a different function. Some of these lots have been fully constructed and are already in use, while others are either in the process of being built, or are still awaiting development, according to the phased programme.

KL Sentral is being developed by a consortium made up of Malaysian Resources Corporation Berhad (MRCB), Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTMB) and Pembinaan Redzai Sdn Bhd.

History
Kuala Lumpur Sentral station stands on the site of the former Malayan Railway's marshalling yard called the Central Railroad Repair Shops. In the Second World War during the Japanese occupation of Malaya, the yard was the target of the Allies' 1945 bombing of Kuala Lumpur. The yard was targeted twice, on 19 February 1945 and 10 March 1945. The second bombing raid also damaged a nearby museum.

In 1994, with the objective of enhancing Kuala Lumpur city's public transport, the Government of Malaysia awarded a contract to a consortium to transform 72 acre at the old railway marshalling yard into a modern transit hub within a self-contained urban development. The consortium, led by Malaysian Resources Corp Bhd (MRCB), appointed architect Kisho Kurokawa and Associates, who also designed the Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA), to design the master plan for the entire development.

In July 2010, a number two trains crashed into each other. One was an airport bound train and the other was a parked train. The crash injured three people.

In early August 2019, KL Sentral was one of the locations affected by two online bomb threats posted on Twitter; the other being the Russian Embassy in Kuala Lumpur. These threats were posted via a hacked account by an individual calling himself "limzhengyan"; as a result the Malaysian police carried out a search on those locations and determined that the threats were hoaxes, although coincidentally on the same day an incomplete improvised explosive device was found at the Bukit Damansara area.

Starting from 29 May 2023, KL Sentral LRT station officially rebranded as KL Sentral - redONE. The partnership is part of a five-year station naming rights agreement between Prasarana Integrated Development and redONE, the largest mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) in ASEAN.

Development zones
The KL Sentral development area is divided into several plots of land, each with a specific development purpose. All constructions were scheduled to be completed by 2015.

Office zones

Office zones in KL Sentral account for more than 50% of the total land area. The developer intends that KL Sentral will ultimately be the business and financial hub of Kuala Lumpur.

Lot A: CIMB Headquarters (Menara CIMB)
Lot A will be the new headquarters for CIMB Group which is located facing the National Museum. As of June 2011, the new headquarters' name which appears on the construction site is Menara CIMB (CIMB Tower). The company acquired the land in July 2008, and construction is expected to begin in Q4 2007 and complete in 2011. It is unknown how many floors there will be but it should have around 600000 sqft of office space available.

Lot M: Plaza Sentral
Lot M or Plaza Sentral is a completed office complex in the west of KL Sentral. The complex was completed in two stages.

 * Phase I was completed in June 2001, comprising three blocks and total gross floor area of 785000 sqft. Offering prestigious office suites, Plaza Sentral was sold and quickly taken up by multinationals and Malaysian companies alike, eager to take advantage of the global connectivity and convenience of working in KL Sentral. Its take-up rate is reaching 100%.
 * Phase II was launched in September 2003 due to the escalating demand for premium office space. It has since been fully taken up. Comprising two towers – 18-storey and 26-storey – made up of four blocks and a total gross floor area of 879381 sqft, the building was completed in 2006. Tenants include British Telecom and Maxis Communications.
 * Sentral Tower, a purpose-built 30-storey office tower, was sold to Lembaga Tabung Haji for RM161.46mil in March 2004.
 * Plaza Sentral has a basement parking lot.

Lot J: Sooka Sentral & 4 Office Towers
Lot J is a development lot for four 35-storey office towers of identical architecture.

Lot J was sold to United Engineers (M) Bhd (UEM) in May 2005 with plans for four towers. Tower A was built by UEM for its corporate headquarters called Mercu UEM on the prime piece of land with a gross floor area of 1300000 sqft. Tower B will be an office tower for the Malaysian Industrial Development Authority. Tower C was built by Quill Realty Sdn Bhd and sold to Suruhanjaya Syarikat Malaysia (SSM) for its corporate headquarters. Tower D is an office building built by Quill, named Quill 7.

A development on Lot J is the 180000 sqft six-storey lifestyle centre which houses a fitness and spa centre, business centre, food court, restaurants and alfresco dining facilities. This development, called Sooka Sentral, opened its doors in December 2007.

Lot N: 1 Sentral Tower
1 Sentral Tower is an office tower, offering a gross floor area of 453000 sqft. Construction was completed in 2007. It houses companies such as PricewaterhouseCoopers, MRCB and General Electric.

Others
Lot B has been proposed as a financial area for KL Sentral. No construction has taken place.

Lot F is planned for a future office block. Currently, the base is used for a furniture exhibition mall and Food and Beverage (F&B) centre.

Entertainment zones
Lot E will be a hub for entertainment and convention centre. The deck of this development has been completed.

Lot G: NU Sentral
Lot G, located in the south of KL Sentral consist of 1200000 sqft shopping complex, 600000 sqft office block, 500000 sqft serviced apartments, and a 546000 sqft three-star hotel. NU Sentral is the shopping mall in the area, and directly acts as a pathway between Stesen Sentral and the KL Sentral monorail station. Development works commenced in 2008 and was completed in 2014. The land was previously used as a parking lot and a short-cut for pedestrians from Brickfields and the KL Sentral Monorail station to KL Sentral proper.

In January 2008 MRCB set up a joint venture company with Pelaburan Hartanah Bumiputera Bhd (PHBB) named Jewel Surprises Sdn Bhd to develop the area. The new company will hold a lease on the plot of land for 99 years.

Lot H: Stesen Sentral
Stesen Sentral (Central Station) is the name of Lot H, which is the designated transport hub within the KL Sentral development project, although both the public and connected transit lines generally refer to the station itself as "KL Sentral".

Stesen Sentral, designed to house six rail networks, was completed in December 2000 and the rail, retail and food and beverage operations began in April 2001. Standing on 9.3 acre, the main building has a gross floor area of half a million sq ft and the specifications were based on passenger projections up to the year 2020, which was when Malaysia aspired to be a fully developed nation.

In 2008, Stesen Sentral registered over 100,000 passengers daily, which translates into 36.5 million people a year.

The station has a parking lot for visitors and people working around the KL Sentral area.

Rail services
KL Sentral is served by the following services: (Note: the Kelana Jaya Line station is branded as KL Sentral - redONE due to sponsorship reasons.)
 * Express Rail Link (ERL): airport rail link to Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA)
 * KLIA Ekspres: non-stop express trains to KLIA T1 and KLIA T2 stations.
 * KLIA Transit: commuter-style trains to KLIA that also calls at all stations in between, i.e. Bandar Tasik Selatan, Putrajaya/Cyberjaya (Putrajaya Sentral), and Salak Tinggi.
 * KTM Komuter: Commuter trains serving the Klang Valley region
 * Batu Caves-Pulau Sebang Line: Batu Caves – Pulau Sebang/Tampin
 * Tanjung Malim-Port Klang Line: Tanjung Malim – Port Klang
 * KL Sentral-Terminal Skypark Line: KL Sentral – Terminal Skypark (Suspended)
 * KTM Electric Train Service (ETS): Intercity trains to Gemas, Butterworth, and Padang Besar
 * Rapid KL: Light rapid transit (LRT) service
 * Kelana Jaya Line: Putra Heights – Gombak

Connecting rail services
The following lines have stations located within the vicinity of KL Sentral complex:

 * KL Monorail: KL Sentral Monorail station at Jalan Tun Sambanthan can be accessed via NU Sentral shopping mall located adjacent to KL Sentral complex.
 * MRT Kajang Line: Muzium Negara MRT station at Jalan Damansara can be accessed via a 200-metre undergound walkway from the KL Sentral complex.

Transit Concourses
There are two Transit Concourses within KL Sentral station.

 * Level 1 Transit Concourse is the main concourse of the station building. The ticketing counters and faregates of the   KTM Komuter,  LRT Kelana Jaya Line, and  KLIA Transit are accessed from this concourse. Commuters may also connect to  KL Monorail through NU Sentral mall which can be accessed via escalators at the end of the concourse.
 * Level 2 Transit Concourse is located at the northern end of the station building and is used by passengers travelling on the KTM ETS intercity trains and the  KL Sentral-Terminal Skypark Line. Faregates at this concourse lead directly to the intercity platforms.

KL City Air Terminal (KL CAT)
KL City Air Terminal is located at the eastern and western ends of the station building and was opened on 14 April 2002 together with the KLIA Ekspres. Designed as an "Airport Terminal in the City", KL CAT is an IATA-indexed station and is assigned with the IATA code XKL.

As of October 2023, passengers flying Malaysia Airlines and Batik Air can check-in their baggage at KL CAT before boarding a KLIA Ekspres train to Kuala Lumpur International Airport.

KL CAT is divided into two halls:

 * KL CAT Departure Hall is located at the western end of the station building and houses the check-in counters, ticketing counters, and faregates to access KLIA Ekspres departure platform.
 * KL CAT Arrival Hall is located at the eastern end of the station building and houses the exit faregates from KLIA Ekspres arrival platform. The linkway to connect to  Muzium Negara for the  MRT Kajang Line is also located at this hall.

When KL CAT was built, there were plans to offer through checked baggage service from KLIA to KL CAT where checked baggage of passengers arriving at KLIA would be conveyed to KL CAT and collected by passengers at KL CAT. However, these plans have not materialised.

KL Sentral Monorail station
The KL Sentral monorail station stands on Jalan Tun Sambanthan in Brickfields, behind the NU Sentral shopping mall. The station acts as a terminating stop for the KL Monorail line. It is directly connected to NU Sentral which allows for uninterrupted walking between Stesen Sentral and the monorail station.

The monorail station is also equipped with new ticket vending machines, ticketing gates as well as a new Customer Service Office. Tactile paving for the visually impaired is also provided beginning from NU Sentral. The completion of the overhead bridge now enables customers to travel between KL Sentral and the monorail station safely and conveniently. The station uses the Spanish solution, having one rail line with a platform on each side, for passengers embarking and disembarking the train separately.

Before NU Sentral was built, passengers who wanted to move from the monorail station to Stesen Sentral and vice versa had to walk through the busy Jalan Tun Sambanthan.

The monorail and LRT stations are not the interchange station or out-of-station interchange stations. The commuter will be charged 2 single-way journey fares instead of integrated fares whenever using these connecting stations.

Muzium Negara MRT station
Due to space constraints, an MRT station could not be built in the Stesen Sentral area, therefore an MRT station had to be built in front of the nearby National Museum to allow connections to Stesen Sentral. The Muzium Negara MRT station opened on 17 July 2017, along with the underground footbridge that connects the MRT station to the main KL Sentral building.

KL Sentral bus hub
KL Sentral has also been made a city bus hub by Rapid KL as part of its bus network revamp. It is the bus hub for city shuttle and trunk bus routes.

Buses to Singapore and the Kuala Lumpur International Airport also operate from KL Sentral, while most other bus operators go near KL Sentral along Jalan Tun Sambanthan. Also, a hop-on/hop-off tourist bus stop is located between Hilton and the station. Traveling by bus to Genting Highlands is also available here.

From KL Sentral

 * Bandar Utama bus hub – KL Sentral
 * Pusat Bandar Damansara MRT station – KL Sentral
 * Parliament of Malaysia – KL Sentral (Only available during meeting session)

From Pasar Seni / Kotaraya / Lebuh Pudu

 * Putrajaya Sentral – Lebuh Pudu bus hub (Lebuh Pudu-bound only)
 * Puchong Utama – Pasar Seni
 * Putra Perdana – Pasar Seni
 * Puchong Prima – Pasar Seni
 * Saujana Puchong – Pasar Seni
 * Taman Sri Sentosa / Sri Manja – Pasar Seni
 * Subang Jaya station – Pasar Seni
 * Taman Desa – Pasar Seni
 * Taman OUG – Pasar Seni via Awan Besar LRT station
 * Awan Besar LRT station – Pasar Seni
 * Flat Enggang Kinrara – Pasar Seni
 * Port Klang – Pasar Seni via KL Sentral
 * UiTM Section 2, Shah Alam – Pasar Seni
 * Taman Sri Muda, Shah Alam – Pasar Seni
 * Subang Mewah, USJ 1 – Pasar Seni
 * Subang Suria – Pasar Seni
 * Kota Damansara – Pasar Seni
 * Taman Medan / Taman Sri Manja – Pasar Seni
 * Petaling Jaya Old Town – Pasar Seni
 * Pantai Hillpark – Pasar Seni
 * Bangsar Park – Pasar Seni
 * Pasar Seni – Kompleks Mahkamah, Jalan Duta
 * Subang Mewah, USJ 1 – Pasar Seni via New Pantai Expressway (NPE)
 * Taman Sri Muda, Shah Alam – Pasar Seni via New Pantai Expressway (NPE)

Lot C: St. Regis Hotel
Lot C houses the St. Regis Hotel Kuala Lumpur. The luxurious hotel consists of 208 rooms and suites started its operation in May 2016.

Lot D: The Sentral Residences
Lot D consists of two 55-storey residential towers called The Sentral Residences that overlooks the Lake Gardens and the city. Jointly developed by MRCB, CapitaLand and Quill Group, construction was completed in 2015.

Lot I : Hilton KL & Le Méridien Hotels
Lot I consists of two skyscraper hotels occupied by Hilton Kuala Lumpur & Le Méridien Kuala Lumpur, owned by Daito Asia Development Sdn. Bhd. and Daisho Asia Development Sdn. Bhd. respectively. The hotels opened for business in September and October 2004 respectively.

Lot K and L: Suasana Sentral and Suasana Sentral Loft
Lot K is the location of a serviced apartment, Suasana Sentral. Suasana Sentral consists of two blocks, or 400 units of apartments. It was completed in 2002 and is fully sold and occupied, with about 40% of the buyers coming from the international community.

The second phase of condominiums on Lot L, Suasana Sentral Loft was launched in early 2005 and began occupancy in early 2008. The 37 and 38-storey apartment towers have a total of 600 units. All have been sold.

title: Kuala Lumpur Sentral station