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Halifax f.p.

Halifax f.p. is an Australian television crime series produced by Nine Network from 1994 to 2002. The series stars Rebecca Gibney as Doctor Jane Halifax, a forensic psychiatrist(f.p.) investigating cases involving the mental state of suspects or victims. The series is set in Melbourne.

The producers of the film were Beyond Simpson Le Mesurier; Australian Film Finance Corporation and aired on the Nine Network Australia Pty Ltd. The budget for each episode was an average of AU$1.3 million. Funding came in part from the Australian Film Finance Corporation and Film Victoria.

The show was a set of 21 stand-alone television films, spread over six series. Each was between 90 and 120 minutes long, with a new "episode" airing roughly every few months during its eight-year run. The series aired in more than 60 countries. In August–October 2020, a short weekly revival of the series, called Halifax: Retribution, was also aired.

Main

 * Rebecca Gibney as Dr Jane Halifax, a forensic psychiatrist

Recurring

 * Robyn Nevin as Angela Halifax, Jane's mother
 * Steve Bisley as Jonah Cole, a rogue cop who becomes Jane's lover
 * David Roberts as Lead Detective, who is Angela Halifax’ boyfriend

Guests

 * Andrew McFarlane as Owen Toser, Jane's psychiatric colleague, who is also her ex-boyfriend
 * Sophie Lee as Corri Neale, psychiatric patient, who becomes a murder victim
 * Aaron Blabey as Tony Lobianco
 * Adrian Wright as Grammar school teacher
 * Nicholas Eadie as Ian Moffat, a Grammar school teacher / Ian Laser, a QC’s secret lover
 * Troy Beckwith as Grammar school student
 * John Walton as Kaz (Police Sergeant)
 * Peter Adams as Premier of Victoria
 * Steven Vidler as Steve Kingsley
 * Deborra-Lee Furness as Brigit Grant
 * Frances O'Connor as Frances, a mentally unstable murder suspect
 * Paul Sonkkila as Jane's colleague
 * Ben Mendelsohn as Peter Donaldson, a Conservatory of Music student, who is also Jane's former psychiatric patient and a murder suspect
 * Amanda Douge as Lauren Hayward, a Conservatory of Music student, who is Peter Donaldson's girlfriend
 * Mark Hennessy as Kovacs, a murderer, and former psychiatric patient
 * Robert Hughes as Presenter of ”City Tonight”
 * Radha Mitchell as Sarah, a victim's sister
 * Colin Friels as Police Officer Kevin Tait (‘The Toecutters’)
 * Tim Robertson as Police Officer (‘The Toecutters’)
 * Peter Hardy as Police Officer Tony Roman (‘The Toecutters’)
 * Jason Clarke
 * Belinda McClory as Paula Kingsley
 * Jacqueline McKenzie as Sharon Sinclair, murder suspect
 * Marshall Napier as Dr Dale Counahan, Sharon Sinclair's psychologist
 * Richard Roxburgh as Sergeant Paul Santos, who is also Jane's former psychiatric patient
 * Angela Punch McGregor as Personal Assistant
 * Brett Climo as Danny. a photographer, who is also Jane's old uni friend
 * Steve Jacobs as Willkam, a convicted rapist
 * Gary Day as Sergeant Mick Snow
 * Annie Jones as Alison Hart, a former rape victim
 * Peter Hosking as Homicide police officer
 * Max Phipps as Detective Inspector Derrida, from the drug squad
 * Beth Buchanan as Informant
 * Ian Bliss as Stalker
 * Andrew Blackman as Lawyer
 * Guy Pearce as Daniel Viney & Richard Viney
 * Dee Smart as Fiona Calwell
 * Louise Siversen as Linda Quinn / Beth Hartley
 * Lewis Fiander
 * Neil Melville as Detective
 * Bruce Spence as Eric Washburn, a ‘psychic’ investigator
 * Clodagh Crowe as Detective
 * Hugo Weaving as Detective Sgt. Tom Hurkos
 * Grant Piro as Suspect
 * Bruce Hughes as Dance Student
 * Shane Connor as Ray, a mechanic and murder suspect
 * Hugh Jackman as Detective Eric Ringer, who becomes Jane's lover
 * Sonia Todd as Detective Helen Hunt
 * Grant Bowler as Detective Bob Palance
 * Susan Lyons as Detective
 * Samuel Johnson as Jane's psychiatric patient
 * Garry McDonald as ’time travelling’ psychiatric patient
 * Simon Westaway as Jon Knight, a solicitor
 * Frankie J. Holden as Detective
 * Greg Stone as Detective Leon Finke
 * Andrew Clarke
 * Marta Dusseldorp as Glenys Lund, who becomes a murder victim
 * Petra Yared as Alicia Polk
 * Marnie Reece-Wilmore as Annabel Colless
 * Marton Csokas as John Garth
 * Peter O'Brien
 * Nicholas Bell
 * David Tredinnick as David Neilson / Gautama
 * Peter Kowitz as Matthew Erhmann
 * Danny Adcock as Athol Callaghan
 * Damien Fotiou as Michael Slevic
 * Andy Anderson as former Detective
 * Doris Younane as Emma Ford, a lawyer
 * Damian Walshe-Howling as Scott Brennan
 * Fiona Corke as Christine / Lisa McNamara, who is Jane's former psychiatric colleague
 * Essie Davis as Alison Blount, Lisa McNamara's psychiatric patient
 * Andrew McKaige as Tim McNamara, Lisa McNamara's widow
 * Tony Barry as Jane's former forensics colleague
 * Terry Serio as Detective
 * Dino Marnika as Detective
 * Julieanne Newbould as Margaret Masters
 * Richard Cawthorne as Gary Groom, a stalker
 * Rhondda Findleton as Detective Grace Lord
 * Jeremy Callaghan as Alex, Jane's lover
 * Matthew Dyktynski as Detective
 * William McInnes
 * Caroline Gillmer as Roseanne
 * Emily Browning as Kristy O’Connor
 * Catherine Wilkin as Erica Chatwin / Marion Walters
 * Nell Feeney as Maureen O’Connor
 * Alan Cassell
 * Mary Docker as Elly, Jane's psychiatric patient
 * Sacha Horler as Karen Oldfield, Elly's girlfriend
 * Wayne Hope
 * Julieanne Newbould aa Margaret Masters

Background
The series follows the career of Dr. Jane Halifax (Rebecca Gibney), a forensic psychiatrist. Her qualifications in the series are listed as MBBS (Melb.) and FRANZCP. Halifax is Melbourne-based and is shown living at Jensen House on Swanston Street opposite the State Library of Victoria. Her offices are shown as located in Causeway House on Little Collins Street. An only child, her mother, Angela Halifax (Robyn Nevin), lives alone, and her deceased father, John Halifax (1935-1991), was a barrister who enjoyed magic as a hobby.

In episodes 1-7 and 9, she owns and drives a Jaguar Mark 2 (although she drives a modern convertible in episode 8 and later a Saab 900 NG). In episode 1, a book she wrote as an undergraduate (The Preppie Rapist) is mentioned in a court case where she appears as an expert. In episode 5, Halifax mentions returning from a stint in the US helping out the FBI. In episode 6, it is mentioned that she was 'burnt' by a relationship she had with a married professor while studying in the US. In episode 16, Halifax undergoes a colposcopy and a cone biopsy due do abnormal cell growth (a medical issue common in her father's family).

Series overview
Telemovies listed chronologically by series, with release dates by the Australian Television archive.

Series 2 (1996)
Note: Episode 2 was aired after 3.

Series 4 (1999)
Note: Episode 2 was aired after 3.

Reception
The show went on to be nominated for and win a number of AFI awards.

AACTA Award for Best Telefeature, Mini Series or Short Run Series:
 * 1995 The Feeding (Winner); Hard Corps (Nominated); Lies of the Mind (Nominated)
 * 1996 Cradle and All (Nominated)
 * 1998 Afraid of the Dark (Nominated)
 * 1999 Swimming with Sharks (Nominated)
 * 2000 A Person of Interest (Nominated)
 * 2002 Takes Two (Nominated)

Best Actor in a Leading Role in a Television Drama

 * 1995 (Hard Corps) Colin Friels & Steven Vidler (Winner); (The Feeding) Steve Bisley (Nominated); (Lies of the Mind) Richard Roxburgh (Nominated)
 * 1998 (Afraid of the Dark) Shane Connor (Nominated)
 * 1999 (Swimming with Sharks) David Tredinnick (Nominated)

Best Performance by an Actor in a Telefeature or Mini Series

 * 2000 (A Person of Interest) Andy Anderson (Winner); (A Hate Worse Than Death) Nicholas Eadie (Nominated)

Best Actress in a Leading Role in a Television Drama

 * 1995 (Lies of the Mind) Jacqueline McKenzie (Winner); (Lies of the Mind) Rebecca Gibney (Nominated)
 * 1998 (Afraid Of The Dark) Rebecca Gibney (Nominated)
 * 2002 (Takes Two) Mary Docker (Nominated)

Best Performance by an Actress in a Telefeature or Mini Series

 * 2000 (The Spider And The Fly) Essie Davis (Nominated); (A Person Of Interest) Rebecca Gibney (Nominated)

Best Screenplay in a Television Drama

 * 1995 Lies of the Mind (Nominated); The Feeding (Nominated)
 * 1998 Afraid of the Dark (Nominated)
 * 2000 A Person of Interest (Nominated)
 * 2002 Takes Two (Nominated)

title: Halifax f.p.


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JCC

JCC may refer to:

People

 * John C. Calhoun (1782–1850), American vice president under John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson
 * John Cooper Clarke (born 1949), English performance poet
 * Jimmy Chamberlin Complex, a Jazz-Fusion band formed by former Smashing Pumpkins drummer Jimmy Chamberlin
 * Julio César Chávez (born 1962), Mexican boxer
 * Julio César Chávez Jr. (born 1986), son of the 1962 born Mexican boxer
 * John Calvin Coolidge Jr., the 30th president of the United States

Places

 * Jaffari Community Centre
 * Jakarta Convention Center
 * Jamestown Community College
 * Jefferson Community College (disambiguation), various places
 * Jewish Community Centre for London
 * Jhenidah Cadet College
 * John C. Campbell Folk School
 * John Charles Centre for Sport, Leeds, England
 * Johnston Community College, Smithfield, North Carolina
 * Jackson College, formerly known as Jackson Community College
 * JCC (Jaeneung Culture Center), Seoul, South Korea
 * China Basin Heliport, IATA code JCC, dismantled when the SFPD Aero Division was disbanded

Organisations

 * Jewish Community Center
 * Jewish Claims Conference, formally The Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany
 * JC International Airlines (ICAO code: JCC)

Programming

 * Java Call Control, in reference to Java Programming
 * Jcc, standard notation for any x86 conditional jump
 * JCC Driver, a JDBC driver for IBM's DB2 Universal Database

Things

 * al Jazeera Children's Channel
 * Jane Coffin Childs Memorial Fund for Medical Research
 * Japanese Crude Cocktail, basket of crude oils used as a basis for gas-pricing
 * Jedi Council Community
 * Job Corps Center
 * Joint Control Commission
 * Journal of Computational Chemistry, an academic journal
 * Journal of Corporate Citizenship, an academic journal published by Greenleaf Publishing
 * Journées cinématographiques de Carthage, the local Tunisian name (in French) for the Carthage Film Festival of Tunis
 * Jubilee Comedy Circus, a comedy show that aired on Sony TV
 * Joseph Chamberlain College, College in Birmingham, England
 * Joint Crisis Committee, a type of committee in Model UN
 * Junior Car Club, an early name for the British Automobile Racing Club

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: JCC


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Griselda

Griselda, also spelled Grizelda, is a feminine given name from Germanic sources that is now used in English, Italian, and Spanish as well. According to the 1990 United States Census, the name was 1,066th in popularity among females in the United States.

The name likely specifically stems from the Proto-Germanic language elements *grīsaz, "grey", and *hildiz, meaning "battle" (compare modern German grau and Held), thus literally "gray battle-maid".

As a figure in European folklore, Griselda is noted for her patience and obedience and has been depicted in works of art, literature and opera.

The name can also be spelled "Griselde", "Grisselda", "Grieselda", "Grizelda", "Gricelda", and "Criselda".

Common nicknames include "Zelda", "Selda", "Grissy", "Gris", "Grisel", "Grizel" or "Crisel"

People named Griselda or Grizelda include:
 * Griselda (folklore)
 * Griselda Álvarez (1913–2009), first female governor in Mexico
 * Griselda Báthory (1569–1590), Hungarian and Polish noblewoman
 * Griselda Blanco (1943–2012), a former Medellín Cartel drug lord
 * Grizelda Cjiekella (died 2015), South African politician
 * Griselda El Tayib (1925–2022), British-born visual artist and cultural anthropologist
 * Griselda Gambaro (born 1928), Argentine writer
 * Griselda González (born 1965), Argentine former long-distance runner
 * Griselda Hinojosa (1875–1959), first female pharmacist in Chile
 * Grizelda Kristiņa (1910–2013), last native speaker of the Livonian language
 * Griselda Pascual (1926–2001), Spanish Catalan mathematician
 * Griselda Pollock (born 1949), British art historian, cultural analyst and scholar
 * Griselda Steevens (1653–1746), Irish philanthropist and benefactor of Dr Steevens' Hospital in Dublin
 * Griselda Tessio (born 1947), vice-governor of the Argentine province of Santa Fe
 * Grizelda Elizabeth Cottnam Tonge (1803–1825), Nova Scotian poet

Fictional characters include:
 * Griselda Marchbanks, in J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter books
 * Griselda Salazar, in the Fear the Walking Dead television series
 * Grizelda (or Grizel) Oldbuck, the eponymous character's sister in Walter Scott's "The Antiquary."

title: Griselda


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Talk:True Whig Party

Comments
The connection with American Whigs is scarcely more than the name. Wetman 00:39, 23 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Is it really the case that the True Whig party -- created in 1878 -- "sold human labour to other colonial powers"? I was under the impression that the British navy had shut down the transatlantic slave trade decades earlier. Who were they selling to? French colonialists in Côte D'Ivoire? Jobius 08:28, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * As I understand it, the trade was with various Portuguese colonies in Africa, particularly the islands in the Gulf of Guinea. I'll check the source I originally used, as I'm sure it went into some detail.  Rather than an actual slave trade, I believe it was the (rather similar) sale of bonded labour; again I will check this.  Warofdreams 28 June 2005 09:09 (UTC)
 * «In 1930 they sold human labour to Portuguese colonialists on Fernando Po» — this is fishy, as Bioko remained in Spanish hands after Portugal regained its independence in 1640. In 1930 it would almost surely be Spanish colonialists…Tuvalkin (talk) 18:40, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

Surely a True Whig is a contradiction in terms... 217.34.39.94 18:21, 14 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Read the "Forced labor scandal" section of Charles D. B. King. 129.79.203.193 (talk) 19:55, 12 September 2012 (UTC)

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History
The decline and fall of the first Liberian republic 41.57.95.2 (talk) 16:13, 4 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:True Whig Party


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Culture of East Timor

The culture of East Timor reflects numerous cultural influences, including Portuguese, Roman Catholic, and Malay, on the indigenous Austronesian cultures in East Timor.

UNESCO activities
Timor-Leste become a state party to the UNESCO World Heritage Convention on 31 January 2017. It has yet to nominate possible inscriptions in any UNESCO networks such as UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists, World Heritage List, World Network of Biosphere Reserves, Creative Cities Network, and Global Geoparks Network. Major contenders for the country includes Atauro Island, which Conservation International has cited as having the most biodiverse waters in the world, Cultural Landscape of the Fataluku, and Historic Monuments of Dili.

Architecture
East Timorese architecture and landscaping is a combination of both Portuguese and indigenous Timorese. Many heritage districts, heritage towns, and heritage structures have been retained in Timor-Leste, unlike its Southeast Asian neighbors whose architectural styles have been dreadfully replaced by modern and shanty structures that have destroyed cultural domains. Timor-Leste does not yet have a policy to conserve its architecture and landscapes, but is still one of the few nations in Asia to possess well-preserved indigenous architecture and colonial architecture. A proposal is also being made by some locals for the establishment of a law which mandates all villages to have a single architectural and landscaping style to preserve their village/town aesthetics and culture.

Literature
Easily the most famous East Timorese author is Xanana Gusmão, the leader of the Timorese resistance organization Fretilin, and former Prime Minister of independent East Timor. He wrote two books during the struggle for independence. Also a poet and painter, he produced works describing the culture, values, and skills of the Timorese people.

Other important writers of Timor include: Luís Cardoso, Fernando Sylvan, Ponte Pedrinha, Jorge Barros Duarte, Crisódio Araujo, Jorge Lauten, Francisco Borja da Costa, Afonso Busa Metan and Fitun Fuik.

Religion
East Timor has been nominally Catholic since early in the Portuguese colonial period. The Catholic faith became a central part of East Timorese culture during the Indonesian occupation between 1975 and 1999. While under Portuguese rule, the East Timorese had mostly been animist, sometimes integrated with minimal Catholic ritual, the number of Catholics dramatically increased under Indonesian rule. This was for several reasons: Indonesia was predominantly Muslim; the Indonesian state required adherence to one of six officially recognised religions and recognise traditional beliefs; and because the Catholic Church, which remained directly responsible to the Vatican throughout Indonesian rule, became a refuge for East Timorese seeking sanctuary from persecution.

The 'Apostolic Administrator' (de facto Bishop) of the Diocese of Dili, Monsignor Martinho da Costa Lopes, began speaking out against human rights abuses by the Indonesian security forces, including rape, torture, murder, and disappearances. Following pressure from Jakarta, he stepped down in 1983 and was replaced by the younger priest, Monsignor Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, who Indonesia thought would be more loyal. However, he too began speaking out, not only against human rights abuses, but the issue of self-determination, writing an open letter to the Secretary General of the United Nations, calling for a referendum. In 1996 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, along with exiled leader José Ramos-Horta, now the country's President.

However, in spite of the majority of the country's people now being Catholics, there is freedom of religion in the new secular republic, and the former prime minister Marí Alkatiri, is a Muslim of Yemeni descent.

Sports
East Timor has joined many international sport associations, including the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The IOC board has granted full recognition to the East Timorese Olympic Committee (COTL). The IOC had allowed a mainly symbolic four-member team to take part in the 2000 Sydney Games under the Olympic flag as "Independent Olympic Athletes." The Federação de Timor-Leste de Atletismo has joined the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF). The Federação de Badminton de Timor-Leste joined the International Badminton Federation (IBF) in April 2003. The East Timor Cycling Federation has joined the Union Cycliste Internationale. The Confederação do Desporto de Timor Leste has joined the International Weightlifting Federation. East Timor is also a full member of the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF).

East Timor has taken part in several sporting events. Although the athletes came back with no medals, East Timorese athletes had the opportunity to compete with other Southeast Asian athletes in the 2003 Southeast Asian Games held in Vietnam in 2003. In the 2003 ASEAN Paralympics Games, also held in Vietnam, East Timor won a bronze medal. In the Athens 2004 Olympic Games, six athletes participated in three sports: athletics, weightlifting and boxing. East Timor won three medals in Arnis at the 2005 Southeast Asian Games. East Timor was also one of the competing nations in the first Lusophony Games, winning a bronze medal in the women's volleyball competition (finishing third out of three teams), despite the fact the team had lost all its three games. On October 30, 2008, East Timor earned their first international points in a FIFA match with a 2–2 draw against Cambodia.

Horse racing
Horse Racing is a popular sport in Timor Leste. Although less than 14 hands high, the Timor pony is used. It is renowned for its agility and strength. Regional race meets are held throughout Timor-Leste.

Film
An extensive collection of Timorese audiovisual material is held at the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia. These holdings have been identified in a document titled The NFSA Timor-Leste Collection Profile, which features catalogue entries and essays for a total of 795 NFSA-held moving image, recorded sound and documentation works that have captured the history and culture of Timor-Leste since the early 20th century. The NFSA is working with the Timor-Leste government to ensure that all of this material can be used and accessed by the people of that country.

The extensive audiovisual material in the Max Stahl archive on the independence of Timor-Leste have been inscribed in UNESCO's Memory of the World Register in 2013 as "Birth of a nation: turning points."

Cuisine
The cuisine of East Timor consists of regional popular foods such as pork, fish, basil, tamarind, legumes, corn, rice, root vegetables, and tropical fruit. East Timorese cuisine has influences from Southeast Asian foods and from Portuguese dishes from its colonisation by Portugal. Flavours and ingredients from other former Portuguese colonies can be found due to the presence of Portuguese soldiers from other colonies in East Timor.

Public holidays
East Timor now has public holidays that commemorate historic events in the liberation struggle, as well as those associated with Catholicism and Islam. They are defined in the Timor-Leste Law no. 10/2005.

title: Culture of East Timor


text:
Talk:Frauen-Liebe und Leben

Spacing
Is the spacing in the title correct? Should it be moved to Frauenliebe und leben or Frauenliebe und - leben? Dysprosia 00:47, 23 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * It is German. In German it is common to use the hyphen in case of nouns consisting of two or more parts. Instead of "Frauenliebe und Frauenleben" it is common to abbreviate spelling "Frauenliebe und -leben". 82.82.129.206 00:52, 23 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Indeed. I'm pretty sure this is most common form of the title (my copy of the score has it this way, anyway). --Camembert

Cool, thanks. We'll just leave it, shall we? :) Dysprosia 00:56, 23 Nov 2003 (UTC)

List of recordings (Schumann's setting)
The recordings of Shumann's Cycle is a real mess. I cannot follow it at all. Needs updating or editing. 98.210.23.161 (talk) 17:48, 9 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Agreed. For example, under "During the 1930s the principal versions were those of", we have "Elena Gerhardt made a recording with Gerald Moore in 1947-1948" (my emphases). -- Jmc (talk) 18:12, 9 January 2017 (UTC)

Title, again

 * 1) The title of the Schumann cycle is Frauenliebe und -leben. This is a standard  construction in German, meaning "Woman's love and life", where the dash in '-leben' signifies "woman's love and woman's life."
 * 2) Lachner called his his cycle Frauenliebe, which again is the standard way of making a compound noun in German, 'Woman's love'.
 * 3) Now the title of Chamisso's poem-cycle (I looked it up) is actually Frauen-Liebe und Leben. In my view this means something different, more akin to "Woman's love—and Life [itself]".
 * 4) However, if Chamisso had actually meant this and called it "Frauenliebe und Leben", I think the finger-wagging German speakers would probably have said, "But you've left the -dash out!"
 * 5) German also uses a dash to indicate that the two joined words constitute a name like Bioskop-Atelier or Apollo-Theater, but I'm not sure that this is quite the same thing.
 * 6) The poems were published in 1830, and I don't know if German usage changed in that short time.
 * 7) Thus, my feeling is still that the orthography of Chamisso's title may be a way of emphasising the meaning I suggested in 3.
 * 8) Wotevs, the article is currently about the poems and not the Schumann setting, so I propose a name change from Frauenliebe und -leben (the Schuumann title) to the correct title of Chamisso's poems, Frauen-Liebe und Leben. >MinorProphet (talk) 01:35, 4 September 2017 (UTC)
 * MinorProphet (talk) 19:17, 13 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Hmmm, your up-looking looks backwards to me: Chamisso's 1831 Gedichte has Frauen-Liebe und Leben while Clara's edition reads Frauenliebe und Leben (following a ms. tradition) and Schumann's 1860 publication uses Frauenliebe u. Leben. I'm highly skeptical about reading any nuances of meaning into these.
 * In my opinion one ought to think very hard before adopting a different pagename from WP:de, particularly when New Grove is in agreement with Frauenliebe und -leben. (Btw, you didn't mean this, did you?) Sparafucil (talk) 22:20, 13 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Support to return to the name of Schumann's setting, which is the main topic of the article, - also the common name. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 22:30, 13 September 2017 (UTC)

I just love a good de-indent...

Wotevs: lolissimo, but no.

My only salient point is No. 7 supra. My off-the-cuff musings may have misled you, and I have retrospectively struck them through, and reverted my edit about the title of the Schumann cycle.

The lede indicates that the various compositions are all settings of Chamisso's poems. The title correctly reflects this fundamental concept. As to other wikis: the German article is exclusively about the Schumann work, and anyway has exactly zero (0) inline references. Do you disagree with any of the following?

 * "Frauen-Liebe und Leben (A Woman's Love and Life) is a cycle of poems by Adelbert von Chamisso, written in 1830. They describe the course of a woman's love for her man, from her point of view, from first meeting through marriage to his death, and after. Selections were set to music as a song-cycle by masters of German Lied, namely Carl Loewe (1836), Franz Lachner (c1839), and Robert Schumann (1840). The setting by Schumann (his opus 42) is now the most widely known.
 * Chamisso's poems
 * There are nine lyrics in the cycle, to which Chamisso gave the title Frauen-Liebe und Leben. It was first published in 1830, and twice in 1831 in the first editions of his poetry, and of his complete works. "

When the article was created it was just about the Schumann work. At some point someone changed the lede to mention the poems as being the source of the various settings. The orginal poems were not cited, so I looked them up: hence my my edits and name change. The Rufus Hallmark book I cited even talks about a fourth little-known setting.

PS Schumann's songs are OK, esp. Dichterliebe, but the 4th Symphony and the Konzertstück do it for me. I have conducted the former (sadly not the original version, which I prefer) and tried to 4-track myself playing all the solo parts in the latter. MinorProphet (talk) 02:05, 14 September 2017 (UTC)

 * As you rightly note the article originated under the WP:Classical music banner instead of WP:Germany. I don't think extending the discussion to Loewe & Lachner necessarily changes the primary focus to a primarily literary one, and in fact in the bibliography I don't see a single secondary work that discusses the poetry in outside of its musical (indeed Schumannesque) context. A second point is whether the typographical variants have any demonstrable significance: If the article were eventually split into Frauen-Liebe und Leben and Frauenliebe und -leben, can one be expected to know which is which in the way that Woyzeck and Wozzeck are distinguished? Sparafucil (talk) 00:59, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I agree with your points. I notice, by the way, that almost all of the available scores, gramophone records and CDs - starting with Julia Culp - give the title as Frauenliebe und Leben, and that -leben is in a very noticeable minority. If you would like, I will hunt down some reliable sources as to the usual spelling in English of the Schumann work, but I bet it's going to be without the dash. As you say, very few English speakers have any interest whatsoever in that direction.
 * However, I see little reason why any WP:en article should have exactly the same title as the German one, or vice versa, and here's an example I prepared earlier :- German literary types realised long ago that Henry IV, Part 2 is really quite boring and not worth bothering about: maybe this explains the German title of Henry IV, Part 1? I tend to think of him as Henry IV, der Halbenkönig. And why is the English title of de:Faust, erster Teil not Faust, First Part? (I hope you realise that I'm not being particularly serious here, just reheating some points which must have been made at least a million times on all WPs, and just hoping to find the 'best' title for this particular English Wikipedia article.)
 * I agree that the current title introduces some awkward and unnecessary complications. I know that Frauenliebe und -leben is grammatically correct contemporary German, but this (AFAIK) applies to normal written or spoken German such as you would find in any newspaper or encyclopædia article: but I don't think that specific literary titles are subject to any sort of discussion at all. These tiny orthographical variants could be thought of as just good old artistic flouting of literary convention (e.g. e. e. cummings), which certain sections of any society simply do not like.
 * There could be a small 'Variant spellings' section or paragraph or footnote, discussing (or just listing) these very specific yet apparently meaningless variants, perhaps with reference to current German usage. So how about a name change to Frauenliebe und Leben to keep the Brexiters happy? You know, the ones with a tiny... um... er... majority.     Blimey, that took nearly  two hours, I reckon edit-warring is much easier, but not nearly as much fun.      >MinorProphet (talk) 04:27, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Ah, translated titles are a different can of wormy oranges;-) WP:Opera has/had? a policy of slavish adherence to New Grove's sentence capitalization, at one point resulting in separate pages for La mère coupable and La Mère coupable; at the time WP:France hadn't decided on a standard style so maybe the battle may yet be reopened. Your suggested research into WP:Common name might be an interesting avenue, though. Sparafucil (talk) 00:34, 17 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Translating is wormy, but the suggestion "Frauenliebe und Leben" is impossible because Leben then would be "Life", not "Women's Life". It's so wrong that I would not even want a redirect. Why not restore the common name of Schumann's work? The poem alone would not have any entry in the English Wikipedia, - Schumann made it notable. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 07:21, 17 September 2017 (UTC)

Title, Part III
[Continuing the above discussion]

Please excuse this vast rambling essay, I just let my mind do that Viginia Woolf stream-of-consciousness thing while waiting for slow pages to load during my attempt to determine the English common name of Schumann's song cycle.

You said that "Frauenliebe und Leben" is impossible because Leben then would be "Life", not "Women's Life". But this is exactly my point in #2 above. This was my initial response to the title of Chamisso's Gedichtzyklus Frauen-Liebe und Leben: "In my view this means something different, more akin to 'Woman's love—and Life [itself]' ". However:

Before we begin, has anyone grown up singing from a particular vocal score or reading record or CDs covers? It was the green Peters Edition for me, and also Dichterliebe. Or maybe you learned it in school/college from a respected teacher? If so, it may have disappeared firmly yet happily into our our memories, and are we thus convinced of our own experience or opinions or what other people said. We probably didn't even care until a certain J. Wales started something, and here we all are. I have another huge article under starter's orders, but anyway, here goes:

Soooo, what is the "common name" of the Schumann? Are we going to consider either Or both? Let's have a look.
 * a) The most common published title of the score in its original language (not many in English) ? Or...
 * b) The title which other published reliable sources (in English) use when discussing the work?

If a), I'm afraid you may be surprised: I googled, and these are the hits:
 * Frauenliebe und Leben: F.Whistling, (Leipzig undat. 1842?); Breitkopf & Härtel (1885 ed. Clara S); Heinze; Barenreiter; Peters Edition (urtext); Henle Verlag; International Music Company (IMC), probably a reprint; Universal Edition;  G. Schirmer (NB main title in English, with 'ergänzungsstrichloser Deutsch' in smaller type); usw., usw., ad infinitum.
 * Frauen-Liebe und Leben: Peters old edition
 * Frauenliebe und -leben: Modern reprint of Peters

In other words, every single reliable music publisher uses Frauenliebe und Leben.

So, should a consensus reflect the title of published scores, as at a) above: or should it take into account (or even be based wholly on) b) reliable published English-language sources discussing the work, which is a whole 'nother can of worms, and takes vastly longer.

I don't really think we need to worry about 'wormy translation' here (and it is full of vermiculation) if we are just considering the title of this English-language article: I reckon there are enough reliable English-language sources not to worry. I usually get bored finding rules and guidelines around to make a point and don't usually bother, but here goes:

b) Now, over time some works get known by different names, like Shakespeare's The Second Part of Henry the Fourth (NB First Folio title), currently known as Henry IV, Part 2—and not at all on WP:de. On a similar trajectory, Faust / Der Tragödie / zweiter Teil is known in Germany as de:Faust, zweiter Teil) but wasn't known too well in England or US as Faust: The second Part of the Tragedy as Faust, Part Two currently confirms. Does the Schumann cycle suffer this unworthy fate? Or that of the FF The Tragedy of Anthony and Cleopatra? No, it's still generally available as Frauenliebe und Leben in 2017, nearly 180 years after it was written.

 * Common Names, and Article Titles
 * WP:Article titles: "If there are too few reliable English-language sources to constitute an established usage, follow the conventions of the language appropriate to the subject (German for German politicians), etc."
 * WP:Naming conventions (use English): "The native spelling of a name should generally be included in parentheses, in the first line of the article, with a transliteration if the Anglicization isn't identical."
 * WP:DIACRITICS but It'll probably do: "In general, the sources in the article, a Google book search of books published in the last quarter-century or thereabouts, and a selection of other encyclopaedias, should all be examples of reliable sources; if all three of them use a term, then that is fairly conclusive. If one of those three diverges from agreement then more investigation will be needed. If there is no consensus in the sources, either form will normally be acceptable as a title."
 * WP:ESTABLISHED: "If a particular name is widely used in English-language sources, then that name is generally the most appropriate, no matter what name is used by non-English sources."

So: if there are enough English-language reliable sources, we could instead consider the majority of them. I feel that recent sources which discuss the works in detail are to be preferred to encyclopedic entries. Ohhh, just looky over here, see what I've found:
 * Guralnick, Elissa S. (2006) "'Ah Clara, I am not worthy of your love’: Rereading ‘Frauenliebe und Leben’, the Poetry and the Music". Music and Letters, Volume 87, Issue 4, 1 November 2006, pp. 580–605.
 * Another random JSTOR one: Schumann's Song Cycles: The Cycle within the Song by Barbara Turchin (1985) briefly mentions Frauenliebe und -Leben, but oops, it's over 25 years old... so sad.
 * Oh no, what about all these? Search for "Schumann, Robert, 1810-1856. Frauenliebe und Leben" on Worldcat. (May include the previous four). No, you deffo won't like this: that's 16 out of 20 Frauenliebe und Lebens back to 1984 using Frauenliebe und Leben or leben, and a further 6 out of 10 before 1983. I normally try not to do maths in public, but I reckon 22/30 is over 66%.
 * Another random JSTOR one: Schumann's Song Cycles: The Cycle within the Song by Barbara Turchin (1985) briefly mentions Frauenliebe und -Leben, but oops, it's over 25 years old... so sad.
 * Oh no, what about all these? Search for "Schumann, Robert, 1810-1856. Frauenliebe und Leben" on Worldcat. (May include the previous four). No, you deffo won't like this: that's 16 out of 20 Frauenliebe und Lebens back to 1984 using Frauenliebe und Leben or leben, and a further 6 out of 10 before 1983. I normally try not to do maths in public, but I reckon 22/30 is over 66%.

Anyway, Sparafucil, how much detail does Grove go into? Is it just mentioned in the list of works (which are usually very good in G.) or is there a longer, more specific discussion?

NB The following has no bearing on the article's title, I am genuinely curious to know: my personal (un-reffed, uninformed) feeling is that despite every major publisher printing Frauenliebe und Leben on their covers, Frauenlieben und -leben has been retrospectively applied by certain German speakers to the name of Schumann's song-cycle as if it were a standard German construction such as 'Straßenbahn und -bushaltestellen' (to use one of my old German teacher's favourite examples). Please correct me if I'm wrong. Anyway, here's the result of my inquiry:

 * End of vast rambling essay

a1) The entirety of reliable editions of the Schumann cycle use the exact title of Frauenliebe und Leben including: Breitkopf und Härtel, Peters Edition urtext, Bärenreiter, Henle, Universal. a2) Frauen-Liebe und Leben and Frauenliebe und -leben are also found, but none of the main publishers currently use either of these titles. b) Twenty-two out of thirty published sources going back to 1983, including the most recent one also surprisingly use Frauenliebe und Leben,
 * Executive summary

In other words, in my opinion every single reliable edition of the score, and over two-thirds of reliable published sources use Frauenliebe und Leben without the dash. NB I remind you of what I said earlier: "If you would like, I will hunt down some reliable sources as to the usual spelling in English of the Schumann work, but I bet it's going to be without the dash." Yup.

So, Gerda, in response to your charming and reasonable request that I restore it to the "common name", I repeat my proposal that this article's name (currently Frauen-Liebe und Leben) be changed to Frauenliebe und Leben, 'coz that's what it seems to be. I've got lots to do, anyone else want to do the move? MinorProphet (talk) 02:21, 18 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Thank you for diligent research, telling me again that what I think is common is not necessarily common, and that commonness changes over time. Shakespeare's title was Loues labors lost, but recent editions and performances come under Love's Labour's Lost. Kafka wrote Das Schloss, which was later in Germany Das Schloß, until an orthography reform in 1996 made it Das Schloss again. In a way, it doesn't even matter what the article title is, as long as the different names and their places in history are explained. My 2ct. Ich grolle nicht ;) --Gerda Arendt (talk) 14:13, 18 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Hmm, Das Wikischloss? Ach, diese Admins überall... MinorProphet (talk) 17:54, 18 September 2017 (UTC)

 * "Please excuse this vast rambling essay..."O dear ;-) but thanks for the entertainment.
 * Since ESTABLISHED and agreement between sources (I'm still mildly curious about whether Chamisso's holograph/autograph agrees with his printer), encyclopedias (Slominsky's Baker's V gives Frauenliebe und -Leben) and "books published in the last quarter-century or thereabouts" can't settle the issue, it looks like "the conventions of the language appropriate to the subject" would be the rule and I suppose19c German is fluid enough to make 1996 rules seem logical, lest more labovr be lost. Sparafucil (talk)
 * I'm sure you are making a point, but which one? What is _your_ current suggestion for the article's title? Please see below. Gerda seems unworried, as long as the issues raised here are explained in the article.
 * BTW, (and somewhat tongue-in-cheekily—nicht ernstgemeint (or: ernst gemeint), to use another English compound expression specifically addressed by the 1966 German rules :)—Slonimsky was born in 1897 in Russia, and what he made of the German language while writing in English in America in 1958 (before the '66 rules were even thought of) is anyone's guess. I'm not surprised that he thought "-leben" was correct, Russian is even more inflected than German.
 * Anyway, the publisher of Bakers was G. Schirmer Inc., whose own published title of the work in question reads Woman's Love and Life / (Frauenliebe und Leben)  . Sorry, I feel you'll have to do better than that, "Spa-ra-fucil|Spa-ra-fucil." (Act I, Scene 2). Do we have the actual name of the author of the article in Baker? Is the issue unsettled between people who simply can't read the title of a work as given on the cover by every single reliable publisher since 1842? Why do the German 1966 orthographical rules matter (most interesting, thanks for the link, although the particular issue that concerns us here seems not to be discussed in the article) in deciding what non-native-German-speakers might mistakenly believe? Anyway, my entire life has been one Lost Labovr, so let us pray continue, time being no impediment, neither to art nor knowledge: Vita brevis est, etc. :-}} MinorProphet (talk) 15:31, 20 September 2017 (UTC)

So I was going to change the title to Frauenliebe und Leben (despite my earlier move to Frauen-Liebe und Leben which I personally prefer): but that needs a WP:Move request which I've never attempted, so I'll leave it as it is and perhaps disambig the various titles in the main article as suggested.  MinorProphet (talk) 02:12, 2 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Finally got round to adding a 'Nomenclature' section reflecting this interesting and fruitful discussion. Thanks, all. ✅ MinorProphet (talk) 00:05, 12 December 2017 (UTC)

Translation of poem titles
I wonder why the translations of the poem titles in the section about Schumann's setting are title case. They are only translations, no? --Gerda Arendt (talk) 20:07, 13 September 2017 (UTC)
 * You're right of course, save in the rather unlikely case that someone wanted to refer later to individual songs by English titles. Sparafucil (talk) 22:27, 13 September 2017 (UTC)
 * MinorProphet (talk) 04:31, 16 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Frauen-Liebe und Leben


text:
Tamworth Manifesto

The Tamworth Manifesto was a political manifesto issued by Sir Robert Peel in December 1834 to the voters of Tamworth prior to the 1835 United Kingdom general election. It is widely credited by historians as having laid down the principles upon which the modern British Conservative Party is based.

In November 1834, King William IV removed the Whig Prime Minister Lord Melbourne and asked the Duke of Wellington, a Tory, to form a ministry. Wellington was reluctant; he formed a caretaker government but recommended that the king choose Peel, who was abroad. After Peel took over in December, an election was called. Perhaps owing to Wellington's endorsement, Peel intended from the start, as the historian S. J. Lee tells, "to fully convince the country and electorate that there was a substantial difference between his brand of conservatism and that of his predecessor and 'old tory' Wellington."

With that in mind, on 18 December the Tamworth Manifesto was published by the press and read around the country. Like many other manifestos in nineteenth-century British politics it was formally an address to the electors of the leader's own constituency, but reproduced widely. In the event Tamworth was uncontested in 1835: Peel and his brother William were the only candidates – they were elected, i.e. "returned", unopposed. Nationally, Peel's party made gains, but the Whigs retained an overall majority and Melbourne returned to power in April.

Peel's aims dictated in the Tamworth Manifesto
The main aim of the manifesto was to appeal to the electorate in the new Parliament.
 * Peel accepted that the Reform Act 1832 was "a final and irrevocable settlement of a great constitutional question".
 * He promised that the Conservatives would undertake a "careful review of institutions, civil and ecclesiastical".
 * Where there was a case for change, he promised "the correction of proved abuses and the redress of real grievances".
 * Peel offered to look at the question of church reform in order to preserve the "true interests of the Established religion".
 * Peel's basic message, therefore, was that the Conservatives "would reform to survive".
 * However, he opposed what he saw as unnecessary change, fearing "a perpetual vortex of agitation".

title: Tamworth Manifesto


text:
Lommedalen

Lommedalen is a rural community in a small valley in Bærum municipality in the county of Akershus, Norway. The population is about 3,000 people. Lommedalen valley opens up at Bærums Verk and runs about 5 kilometers to the north.

Lommedalen includes wooded areas, some agricultural land, and residential zones. It includes parts of the forest area Krokskogen. The river Lomma runs through the valley. A forest road from Lommedalen goes to Hole in Buskerud. The pilgrim road to Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim passed through Lommedalen in medieval times and was resurrected in celebration of the 1000th anniversary of Trondheim in 1997.

Lommedalen is a popular area for skiing and slalom in winter time and horseback riding in summer time. Lake Burudvann is a popular hiking destinations and seaside resort located in the area. The area is also home to two golf courses, Lommedalen Golf Club and Bærum Golf Club. Lommedalsbanen is a narrow gauge railway museum located at the top of the valley. Lommedalen church (Lommedalen kirke) dates from 1995. The building material is stone and brick. The church is of rectangular plan and 700 number of seats.

People associated with Lommedalen

 * Ari Behn (1972–2019), author and ex-husband of Princess Märtha Louise, and their children Maud Angelica and Leah Isadora
 * Narve Bonna (1901–1976) ski jumper
 * Magnus Carlsen (b. 1990) chess player
 * Leif Kristian Haugen (b. 1987) World Cup alpine ski racer
 * Aleksander Aamodt Kilde (b. 1992) World Cup alpine ski racer
 * Thomas Rogne (b. 1990) football (soccer) player
 * Rune Velta (b. 1989) ski jumper.

title: Lommedalen


text:
Talk:Iris (anatomy)

Merging
I think we should definitely merge this article with the Iris...it's too short to be on its own.

Menpri (talk) 21:03, 19 April 2012 (UTC)
 * This article is about a piece of anatomy, whereas your suggested merge (limbal ring) is about a physiologic variation. In the absence of any discussion over the last year I have removed the merge tags. LT90001 (talk) 13:54, 26 August 2013 (UTC)

References and cleanup
This article seriously needs some references and a good cleanup. (Especially the alternative medicine, "red eye" and veterinary bits stood out.) I dunno how to add the warning boxes though. --KatjaKat (talk) 20:26, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

Function?
How about telling what the iris dose up front? Still don't know what it does and why it does it. Need to read more.

 * Was just thinking that. Article currently opens by describing the tissue the iris is made of. I am adding an opening statement that "The Iris is a membrane in the eye, responsible for controlling the amount of light reaching the retina." —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cmsg (talk • contribs) 13:46, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

Black Ring
The black ring surrounding the iris is not described!?
 * If the iris is black, how can it have a black ring? Find a reference and add something, teach us! 173.164.86.190 (talk) 19:15, 4 February 2011 (UTC)

There is no black ring per se-- the dark ring seen at the periphery of the iris is due to a combination of 1) a shadow of the opaque portion of the limbus and 2) a thinning of the anterior stroma and crypts. Art4med (talk) 22:04, 11 April 2011 (UTC)

Biometrics
Could someone put information in relating to the biometrics and how they relate to the iris? --Cyberman 20:59, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

There are iris scanners (iridial) and retinal scanners in use for biometrics, however the retinal scanners require a more intimate distance and flash/focus of the lens than a pair of irises-- the best capture of irides is as pairs. (removed the earlier unsigned comment on this) Art4med (talk) 22:00, 11 April 2011 (UTC)

Two Toned Iris
Could someone explain (in the article) the reason the iris can be two-toned (varying from the centre to the outside) and for what purpose this serves? Cheers, --Floongle 21:30, 5 September 2005 (UTC)

See the article eye color. InFairness 07:39, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

This will take some time, but where there is a will... Thank you for the kind words which for me raise specters of higher standards. I can only keep them in iridial studies and proto-ionian Greek etymologies. Which brings me back to the design board : ) Monday
 * < flooded with POV, make it NPOV, etc...>
 * Sincerely, best to you ! Irismeister

, 2024-July-29, Universal Time,   articles in Wikipedia, and growing, growing...
 * "Remember! United we stand... Divided we fall... Well, well, well... well... Well, Stanley!"

The iris is the only living tissue always visible naturally, with open eyes.

 * What does this mean? -Montréalais 09:10, 1 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I think it means that all human tissue is covered by skin except the iris? So your iris is the only tissue that others can see. ?? Kingturtle 10:06, 1 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Well, that can't be it: skin is tissue, as are the mucosa in your mouth. - Montréalais

 * What we call "skin", gentlemen, is only a cover of opaque, dead, keratin-imbibed stratum cornosum . NOT living cells. The other skin strata, lucidum , granulosum, spinosum , basalis are hardly visible via the layer of dead keratin. Skin, fur, nails, scales repeat the story. So the only living tissue always visible  remains well characterized.  Concedo , warts and all are alive but you see them in the iris very  rarely indeed. As for the with open eyes  this is kind of self-evident, like the we hold this truth to be self-evident that all men are created equal  passage in that We, the people document : ) The bottomline ? Kingturtle is right, and so is Montréalais, but what is unique to the iris remains unique and well characterized by The iris is the only living tissue always visible naturally, with open eyes  methinks. Sincerely, irismeister 18:02, 2004 Feb 13 (UTC)

You can see living skin under your fingernails, in a similar way you can see the iris through your cornea. You can also see living tissue in your mouth, your tongue, for example. There's a line between "visible" and "exposed." Just being visible doesn't make it significant.

Not an anatomical illustration
The picture as replaced has no caption, let alone anatomical detail. It repeats the iridology instantiation, also without merit there. Anyway, it is hardly fit for an anatomical description, since most stromal detail is simply unavailable. Please revert or I'll do it myself in due time. Sincerely, irismeister 19:27, 2004 Feb 13 (UTC)

Better illustration would be good; will see if I have one with no conflict on rights (a medical illustrator serving ophthalmic literature for 30+ years). Art4med (talk) 22:07, 11 April 2011 (UTC)

question: Medical impact Using these scans?
Can there be medical problems, after using a Irisscan more times a day and used for many years?

Are there any midical reports about the use of these scans?

Well, it depends on the physical construction of the device used for scanning the iris. However, in most practical situations, both you and your eyes are unaware of the iris scan (which is purposely hidden near the ATMs for instance, by design, and has no chance to adjust pupil size, that's for sure. As a result, increased exposure of the retina may follow, through a larger-than-needed pupil aperture. The situation is aggravated by repetead, continuous exposure. I for instance use the ATM several times a day. The industry did NOT address your safety concern, or mine, in search for cheap secret identification. The situation is similar to that following aggressive marketing of spuriously protecting sun glasses: Lenses which do not contain an anti-UV screen and only reduce overall  light intensity, in fact endanger the eyes: The pupil reacts to the decreased overall light intensity, and dilates, increasing its diameter in a split second. More light enters the eye so spuriously protected by sun glasses. Sadly, this increased light admitted inside the eyeball includes higher-energy, lower-bandwidth, really dangerous UV light (not filtered by most sun glasses). It is UV light which damages the retina more than higher intensity mid-spectrum green or low-spectrum, low energy red and infra-red frequencies. The bottomline? Play natural. Play safe ! And check the anti-UV filtering properties of your sun glasses, iris scanners, flashes and light bulbs. Thank you for the interesting point raised. This should be included in the text. As for the second question not that I know, I'm afraid, there aren't. I checked PaperChase (a service of the National Library of Medicine listing ALL published medical literature). There are, however older studies concerning natural light. Corporations in America have a well documented habit of supressing information not serving their sales department in one way or another. Sincerely, irismeister 14:36, 2004 Feb 19 (UTC)

I am considering uploading an image of my own heterochrimia iridis to illustrate this paragraph - good idea? Nick04 18:02, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Cool ! Thank you very much, Nick04. Now we'll have our own Aristotle and Emperor :-) - Happy editing - irismeister 18:12, 2004 Feb 23 (UTC)

 * I'll get on it today or tommorrow - whenever I can retrieve the photos I have of it. Nick04 08:41, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC) - BTW, should mention it's a sectorial heterochrimia iridis.

Even better - we'll have a higher impact set of photographs, Nick04 - Happy editing :O) - irismeister 18:11, 2004 Feb 24 (UTC)

Added pic - needs work on the layout. I'll try to obtain a better copy from my eye hospital when I next visit for a checkup (the current image having being taken by me). Nick04 18:56, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

And very well taken as well ! - Happy editing - irismeister 23:22, 2004 Feb 26 (UTC)

Non-english sections

These sections were added to the article but are not English (what are they?), so I moved them here. Translate at will or whatever it's good for. --Chinasaur 00:05, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

1. Removed the translated fragment in Romanian: it's out of date, it should have been in a sandbox somewhere, it should be in the Romanian Wikipedia anyway, and it's in the way of the normal chronological addition of new comments. If someone really wants it they can access it from old edits in this page's History.

2. Re the reversion on 2nd Oct:     a) This is no place for taxonomic hairsplitting - in this article, we only need an idea of the approximate scope.     b) Theria is not a term commonly recognised, even among biologists, and its status is disputed     c) The statement is wrong anyway. The 'vertebrate' eye plan is NOT restricted to the Therians, or even to the mammals - it's present in teleosts and cartilaginous fish.         It begins to disappear in the jawless fish, and is no longer recognisable in the non-vertebrate chordates.  So vertebrates is right on target.

Rhd 18:03, 2004 Oct 1 (UTC)

Manual of Style says spelling should be consistent
"Each article should have uniform spelling and not a haphazard mix of different spellings (it can be jarring to the reader). In particular, for individual words and word-endings. For example, do not use center (American) in one place and centre (British) in another." User:Niteowlneils
 * Indeed - "colour" and "color" are used all over the place. Will someone fix this? — 217.46.147.13 (talk) 12:18, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

New Picture
Maybe this guy will let us use his pictures of monkey eyes as diagrams. :)

iris

Irides
In that a search of Irides redirects to the Iris (anatomy) page.. I attempted to provide anyone searching for informtation on Irides the abstract strategy game with a link to the Irides(game) page. I don't understand why Elf deleted this link for the reason "I couldn't see what it had to do with "Iris", let alone specifically "Iris (anatomy)." when that is exactly why the link was created in the first place.. to allow those who weren't interested in Iris (anatomy) to find the information they wanted.

 * Ah ha, I see the difficulty. OK, the solution is to change the redirect to a disambiguation. Which isn't at all obvious to newer users, I'm afraid. Your heart's in the right place. :-)  So I went ahead and changed it. Try searching for Irides now.   Elf | Talk 03:38, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

Article Improvement Drive
Contact lens is currently nominated to be improved on Article Improvement Drive. Please support the article with your vote. --Fenice 10:51, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

Do these make up an individual's epigentic constitution?
First of three comments / questions: If I were a student having to find out what epigenetic means, and this were the first article I came upon, then I could interpret the first sentence in the section "Genetic and physical factors determining iris color" as meaning that "an individual's epigenetic constitution is made up of the combined effects of texture, pigmentation, fibrous tissue and blood vessels within the iris stroma". What then about the rest of the body? To avoid this, one could just leave out "which together make up an individual's epigenetic constitution", or, if one does want to make the point, I can suggest something like "the whole of which is epigenetically determined" or "which is part of the individual's epigenetic make-up". --Seejyb 21:04, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

The physics of eye colour
The paragraph starting "The optical mechanisms by which the non-pigmented stromal components influence eye color are complex, and many erroneous statements exist in the literature" is difficult to make sense of, and the present description specifically does not help the reader much to know what is erroneous. I would suggest that one starts out by plainly stating that, as far as is known, eye colour is determined both by One can than carry on to say what the pigments are (and are not - such as blue), and give a short description of what is meant by structural colour. Under structural colour, the parts about scattering, diffraction, interference, Tyndall, Rayleigh and Raman can be put in perspective (seen in the right light?). This is presumably the main area where the "erroneous statements" can then be pointed out. I see that Wikipedia has no article yet on structural colour, nor schemochrome, and in the article on Pigment, structural colour and pigment are differentiated in what seems to me an incorrect way. --Seejyb 21:10, 23 April 2006 (UTC)
 * pigment (biochrome), as well as by
 * altering of reflected light by the physical composition of the iris - molecules and microstructures that are not pigments (structural colour).

Red eye
The comment "...ocular albinism, in which the eye is otherwise healthy despite an obviously red pupil and a translucent pinkish iris due to reflected light from the fundus." is not true. Both of the albinos whom I know have blue eyes (iris), and apparently normal (black) pupils. Oculocutaneous and ocular albinism have different manifestations. I'll post what I have before I change anything... --Seejyb 21:14, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

'Scuse me while my brain goes 'splody
I wouldn't be the first person to call myself stupid (though I freely admit there are things I don't understand), but I was so blown away by the talk about radial contraction folds, crypts of Fuch and heterochromia, my brain shut down and I lost track of what the actual purpose, if any, of the iris is.

It isn't a particular uncommon thing for me to feel on many of the medical articles, as a matter of fact. I understand Wikipedia's an encyclopedia, and I wouldn't ever ask anyone to dumb down an article, but... the article seems inaccessible to a layman like myself.

Could someone please help with a somewhat simplified explanation or, at the very least, leave a message on my talk page explaining to me what the purpose of the iris is? ekedolphin 06:43, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, what is your purpose? Like you and everyone else the irides has no purpose, it simply is there. Cuzandor 00:10, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

The iris functions akin to the diaphragm of a camera, helping to regulate the inflow of light toward the retina. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Bticho (talk • contribs) 04:49, 21 September 2006 (UTC).

Anatomy Box Image
I recently created and uploaded a high-quality image of a human Iris (blue). If no one objects, I will move the current iris-image in the anatomy box downward as a separate image and use the new one instead. Reason: higher Quality (approx. 4MPix) --JDrewes (talk) 16:11, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

No offense meant, but would it be alright to replace that image? It is a high-quality image, but it looks... how can I say this... like it came from a morgue. The image I would like to replace it with is still quite high resolution-- almost the same as yours, but it is wide instead of square.

Reason: Still good quality and looks better on the eye.

I would oppose this for a multitude of reasons: 1. Iris covers only about 20% of the image area - but this page is about the iris, not the eye and the facial area around it. I would suggest closer cropping. Therefore, resolution of the iris is actually rather low. If you can, you might try to get closer to your subject to get better magnification. 2. Image is severely overexposed (lower-left quadrant, not the actual iris, though) 3. No offense, but the main subject in this iris picture appears to be the reflection of the camera lens, which is indeed quite well readable, the hands of the photographer and the surrounding environment. I would suggest to use a darkened room instead of outdoors, and not to wear a white shirt. A black cloth over the camera would also help, as otherwise the flash return would again show up in the image. The amount of ambient reflection actually covers and suppresses most of the visible part of the iris. 4. Only about 60% of the iris is actually exposed, because of a partial eye aperture. I would suggest to simply use fingers to keep the eye aperture wide enough so as to allow a full view on the iris. 5. Noise/Denoising. Due to the inherent noise of the camera system, noise and denoising artifacts have reduced image detail, especially the finer facets in the "second layer" of this person's iris.

Your suggested picture may look better on the eye (to you), but imho the purpose of the lead image of the iris article should be the best possible illustration of what an iris looks like. And, I can assure you, my subject didn't come from the morgue, but instead is alive and well, and gave informed consent ;-)

To some up my points: in an anatomical description, quality and detail should supersede artistic beauty - even though beauty does lie in the eye of the observer ;-)

Cheers, --JDrewes (talk) 00:08, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

Too human centric
This article could stand the attention of s.o. from an animal biology project. Lots of animals have irises. The article, as is, looks as though only humans did. What about cuttlefish, reptiles, goats and sheep, cats etc. Do any insects have irises?? 76.97.245.5 (talk) 14:38, 24 April 2009 (UTC)

epigenetic vs epistatic
under "Genetic and physical factors determining iris color": i think the genetic factors determining eye colour are epistatic, not epigenetic as quoted. I'm not 100% sure, but from the the explanation of how it works it sounds like epistasis, not epigenetics. Perhaps somebody can investigate this further?? 129.96.244.110 (talk) 06:52, 18 August 2009 (UTC)

Average diameter?
This article needs to specify the average size. Jason Quinn (talk) 20:59, 18 May 2010 (UTC)

In the practice of ocularistry (the making of artificial eyes), the average Caucasoid iris is given to be 11.5 mm. This, however, is only the APPARENT size, as the (anatomical) limbus overhangs the peripheral iris to a varying degree, usually making the iris appear "wider than tall" (more overhang top and bottom). The ANATOMICAL iris is perfectly round as seen from the posterior, and averages 12mm. Art4med (talk) 21:53, 11 April 2011 (UTC)

Conflict of Sources: Development of Iris Color
According to Britannica's coverage of the development of iris pigment:

"Usually, a baby belonging to the white races is born with blue eyes because of the absence of pigment cells in the stroma; the light reflected back from the posterior epithelium, which is blue because of scattering and selective absorption, passes through the stroma to the eye of the observer. As time goes on, pigment is deposited, and the colour changes; if much pigment is laid down the eye becomes brown or black, if little, it remains blue or gray."

On the other hand, Webvision, from the University of Utah, a trusted site on the physiology of the eye, presents this quote:

"Eye color, or more correctly, iris color is due to variable amounts of eumelanin (brown/black melanins) and pheomelanin (red/yellow melanins) produced by melanocytes. More of the former is in brown eyed people and of the latter in blue and green-eyed people. The Melanocortin-1 Receptor Gene is a regulator of eumelanin production and is located on chromosome(MCIR) 16q24.3. Point mutations in the MCIR gene will affect melanogenesis. The presence of point mutations in the MCIR gene alleles is a common feature in light skinned and blue/green eyed people"

The first one involves development over time, the second a chemical balance. Which one is right? We need an expert!

Nuvitauy07 (talk) 20:47, 24 October 2010 (UTC)

Iris
The use of the title "Iris" is under discussion, see Talk:Iris (plant) where the plant is proposed to be the primary topic. -- 70.24.248.246 (talk) 21:30, 28 December 2012 (UTC)

different species
I actually came to this page to see if I could see a list of animals that had slit irises like cats juxtaposed against circular ones like humans, and then more uncommon things like goats and their horizontal rectangular irises. And it's not even all cats, the big cats have round irises. I was wondering if there was some taxonomic connection between the ones that have it one way versus another, but nope, apparently no one else cares, I am astounded by how shortsighted and limited these wikipedia articles are, I thought this was supposed to have a page on EVERYthing. I certainly got nowhere by searching for an actual article about slit iris.

75.175.48.64 (talk) 14:21, 23 August 2014 (UTC)

 * this information can be found in the Pupil article, as it's the pupil that is considered to have an unusual shape. ~ Boomur [☎] 14:39, 3 October 2014 (UTC)

Recent string of reverts
I'm a bit confused over recent edits by User:Cavefish777 and User:Cavefish7777, and more recently, User:Troglobite64. These edits have generally made the "Eye color" section confusing and grammatically incorrect. After my rollback of the initial edits was reverted by the original editor (i think this was 777), i went ahead and did some cleanup off Cavefish's version, as the old version was less-than-ideal anyway. This has also been reverted, and I'm not really sure why. Another user has opened a sockpuppet investigation due to sockpuppetry associated with a similarly named account in the past. I was wondering if the cavefishes had anything to discuss, so that we could avoid an edit war. ~ Boomur [☎] 02:58, 3 October 2014 (UTC)

Nomenclature
Is there a name for the iris and pupil combined? ie the non-white/sclera part of the eye, the coloured part? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.164.16.123 (talk) 22:46, 5 November 2016 (UTC)

Random Amber eyes section
There is this weird section inserted about Amber-colored eyes right in the middle of the section about Genetic and physical factors determining iris color. I moved it because it seems weird to have it as a top-level header. 45.37.108.163 (talk) 20:20, 11 December 2017 (UTC)

Huh?
What does this mean: "This anterior surface projects as the dilator muscles." Is there perhaps a word missing at the end, like "contract"? Pollifax (talk) 03:40, 28 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Iris (anatomy)


text:
User:Steven Cooney/Symbolproject

Symbolproject

title: User:Steven Cooney/Symbolproject


text:
Shinagawa Station

Shinagawa Station (品川駅) is a major railway station in the Takanawa and Konan districts of Minato, Tokyo, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East), Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central), and the private railway operator Keikyu. The Tokaido Shinkansen and other trains to the Miura Peninsula, Izu Peninsula, and the Tōkai region pass through here. Though a major station in Tokyo, Shinagawa is not served by the Tokyo subway network. However, it is connected to the Toei Asakusa Line via Keikyu through services.

Despite its name, the station is not located in Shinagawa ward. Shinagawa is also commonly used to refer to the business district around the station, which is in Takanawa and Konan neighborhoods of Minato, directly north of Shinagawa ward.

This station is just south of a large yard complex consisting of Shinagawa Carriage Sidings, Shinagawa Locomotive Depot, and Tamachi Depot.

Lines
Shinagawa is served by the following lines:

JR Central

 * Tokaido Shinkansen

Keikyu

 * Keikyu Main Line

JR Central announced in 2011 that Shinagawa will be the terminal for the Chūō Shinkansen, a maglev line under construction and scheduled to begin service to Nagoya in 2027.

Station layout
The main JR station concourse is situated above the platforms running east–west across the breadth of the station. A freely traversable walkway divides the station into two sections. The southerly section contains a number of shops and market-style stalls which form the "e-cute" station complex.

Cross-platform interchange between the Yamanote and Keihin-Tohoku lines is only available for Yamanote Line trains to Shibuya and Keihin-Tōhoku Line trains to Tokyo.

The Keikyu platforms are on the western side of the station at a higher level than the JR platforms. Some Keikyu trains terminate at Shinagawa while others continue on to join the Toei at Sengakuji.

New ground level Keikyu platforms are currently undergoing construction and are expected to be completed around 2030 as part of the Keikyu's Continuous Grade Separation project.

The Shinkansen platforms were opened on October 1, 2003, to relieve congestion at Tokyo Station. Platforms are on the east side of the station.

JR platforms

 * Platform 8 is used for temporary timetables due to construction work or other obstructions elsewhere, or other special services and uses. As an example, in 2021, JR East stabled a Narita Express train at the platform and rented out seats as temporary teleworking spaces.

History
Shinagawa is one of Japan's oldest stations, opened on 12 June 1872, when the service between Shinagawa and Yokohama provisionally started, four months before the inauguration of "Japan's first railway" between Shimbashi and Yokohama through Shinagawa on 14 October 1872. This line is a part of the Tōkaidō Main Line. Nothing remains of the original structure.

Later on 1 March 1885, the Yamanote Line started operation. Takanawa station of the Keikyu Line (then Keihin Railway Line) opened on 11 March 1924 across the street from Shinagawa station. Takanawa station was renamed Shinagawa station and moved to the current site on 1 April 1933.

The station concourse on the eastern side of the station (located above the platforms) was extensively redeveloped in 2003 in connection with the construction of the Shinkansen platforms and also to improve access to the new commercial development "Shinagawa Intercity".

Keikyu introduced station numbering to its stations on 21 October 2010; Shinagawa was assigned station number KK01.

Station numbering was introduced to the JR East platforms in 2016 with Shinagawa being assigned station numbers JT03 for the Tokaido Line, JO17 for the Yokosuka Line, JK20 for the Keihin-Tohoku Line, and JY25 for the Yamanote Line. At the same time, JR East assigned the station a 3-letter code; Shinagawa was assigned the code "SGW".

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2017, the JR East station was used by an average of 378,566 passengers daily (boarding passengers only), making it the fifth-busiest station operated by JR East. The passenger figures for previous years are as shown below.

West side (Takanawa Exit)

 * Aqua Park Shinagawa
 * National Route 15
 * Shinagawa East One Tower

East side (Konan Exit)

 * Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology

Bus services
Services are provided by Toei Bus, Tokyu Bus, Keikyu Bus, Airport Transport Service, and others.

title: Shinagawa Station


text:
John D. Lee

John Doyle Lee (September 6, 1812 – March 23, 1877) was an American pioneer, and prominent early member of the Latter Day Saint Movement in Utah. Lee was later convicted of mass murder for his complicity in the 1857 Mountain Meadows Massacre and sentenced to death. In 1877, he was executed by firing squad at the site of the massacre.

Early Mormon leader
Lee was born on September 6, 1812, in Kaskaskia, Illinois Territory, and joined the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in 1838. He was a friend of Joseph Smith, founder of the church, and was the adopted son of Brigham Young under the early Latter Day Saint law of adoption doctrine. In 1839, Lee served as a missionary with his boyhood friend, Levi Stewart. Together they preached in Illinois, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee. During this period Lee converted and baptized "Wild Bill" Hickman. Lee practiced plural marriage and had 19 wives (at least eleven of whom eventually left him) along with 56 children.

Lee was a member of the Danites, a fraternal vigilante organization. The Danites were first organized in Caldwell County, Missouri, during the Mormon War. Lee was also an official scribe for the Council of Fifty, a group of men who provided guidance in practical matters to the church, specifically concerning the move westward out of the established areas United States in the east to the Rocky Mountains. After Smith's death, Lee went with Brigham Young and other Latter Day Saints to what is now Utah, and worked towards establishing several new communities there. Some of those communities included Lee's Ferry and Lonely Dell Ranch, located near Page, Arizona. A successful and resourceful farmer and rancher, in 1856, Lee became a United States Indian Agent in the Iron County, Utah, area, where he was assigned to help Native Americans establish farms. In 1858, Lee served a term as a member of the Utah Territorial Legislature, and following church orders in 1872, Lee moved from Iron County and established a heavily used ferry crossing on the Colorado River, where the site is still called Lee's Ferry. The nearby ranch was named the Lonely Dell Ranch and is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places, together with the ferry site.

Massacre
In September 1857, the Baker–Fancher party, an emigrant group from Arkansas, camped at Mountain Meadows, a staging area in southern Utah used to prepare for the long crossing of the Mojave Desert by groups travelling westward to California. They were attacked by a combined group of Native Americans and Mormon militia men dressed as Native Americans. There were multiple motives for the conflict, including a general atmosphere of rising tensions between the US Federal government and Mormon settlers (see Utah War of 1857–1858) and a rumor that the Baker–Fancher party included those who had murdered Mormons at the 1838 event known as Haun's Mill massacre.

On the third day of the siege, Lee (not dressed as a Native American) approached the Baker–Fancher encirclement under cover of a white flag and convinced the emigrants to surrender their weapons and property to the Mormons in return for safe conduct to nearby Cedar City. The emigrants accepted the offer and surrendered, however approximately 120 of the Baker–Fancher party were then killed by Mormon militia and Paiute Indians, leaving only about 17 small children as survivors. William Ashworth notes in his autobiography that after the massacre, the "leaders among the white men had bound themselves under the most binding oaths to never reveal their part in it." Lee told Brigham Young that the Indians had been solely responsible, that "no white men were mixed up in it." Lee later maintained that he had acted under orders from his militia leaders, under protest, and remained active in Mormonism and local government for several years afterwards.

Arrest and execution

In 1874, Lee was arrested and tried for leading the massacre. The first trial ended inconclusively with a hung jury, seemingly because of the prosecution's attempt to portray Brigham Young as the true mastermind of the massacre. A second trial in 1876, in which the prosecution placed the blame squarely on Lee's shoulders, ended with his conviction and he was sentenced to death. Lee never denied his own complicity, but claimed he had not personally killed anyone. He said he had been a vocally reluctant participant and later a scapegoat meant to draw attention away from other Mormon leaders who were also involved. Lee further maintained that Brigham Young had no knowledge of the event until after it happened. However, in the Life and Confessions of John D. Lee he (or an editor) wrote, "I have always believed, since that day, that General George A. Smith was then visiting southern Utah to prepare the people for the work of exterminating Captain Fancher's train of emigrants, and I now believe that he was sent for that purpose by the direct command of Brigham Young."

On March 23, 1877, Lee was executed by firing squad at Mountain Meadows on the site of the 1857 massacre. His last words included a reference to Young: "I do not believe everything that is now being taught and practiced by Brigham Young. I do not care who hears it. It is my last word... I have been sacrificed in a cowardly, dastardly manner." On April 20, 1961, the LDS Church posthumously reinstated Lee's membership in the church.

Descendants
Lee had 19 wives and 56 children, and his descendants are now numerous. Former solicitor general Rex E. Lee is a direct descendant of John Lee, as are his sons Senator Mike Lee of Utah and Utah Supreme Court justice Thomas R. Lee. Another descendant, Gordon H. Smith, was a U.S. senator from Oregon. U.S. representatives Mo Udall (D–AZ) and Stewart Udall (D–AZ) and their respective sons, senators Mark Udall (D–CO) and Tom Udall (D–NM) are also descendants. Stewart Udall served as United States Secretary of the Interior under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. See also the Lee–Hamblin family for a list of more of his noteworthy descendants.

Film portrayals
John Lee was portrayed by Jon Gries in the film September Dawn (2007).

title: John D. Lee


text:
Study of the Hebrew language

As the Old Testament (known as the Tanakh) was written in Hebrew, Hebrew has been central to Judaism and Christianity for more than 2000 years.

Jewish scholars of Hebrew
The study of Hebrew occurred already in some grammatical notes in the Talmud and Midrash. The Masoretes continued the study as they fixed the text and vocalization of the Hebrew Bible. Under the influence of Arab grammarians, Rabbi Saadia Gaon (tenth century) made the Jewish study of Hebrew grammar almost scientific. Later Jewish grammarians include David Qimhi (known as the Radak), Abraham ibn Ezra and Judah ben David Hayyuj.

Eliezer Ben-Yehuda is the main revivalist of Hebrew as a modern spoken language, although in his book Language in Time of Revolution, Israeli scholar Benjamin Harshav diminishes Ben-Yehuda's role and attributes the success of the revival to a wider movement in the Jewish society.

Non-Jewish scholars of Hebrew
The first major non-Jewish grammarian was John Reuchlin (16th century), but it was not until the early 19th century that Hebrew linguistics was studied in a secular, scientific way. The pioneer of this movement was Wilhelm Gesenius, who published thirteen editions of his Hebräische Grammatik. After Gesenius' death in 1842, the 14th through 21st editions were published by E. Rödiger, and the 22nd through 28th editions by Emil Kautzsch. Many of these editions were translated into English. The 28th edition was published in 1910 by A. E. Cowley and is known today simply as Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar. It became the standard Hebrew reference grammar, and although it is somewhat outdated by newer works, it is still widely used in the field in the 21st century.

The largest compendium of Hebrew grammatical material is König's Historisch-Kritisches Lehrgebäude der Hebräischen Sprache (1881-97).

Paul Joüon's Grammaire de l'hébreu biblique (1923) was recently edited and translated into English by Takamitsu Muraoka as A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew (1991; revised edition 2006). Muraoka made this into the most complete and up-to-date reference grammar. Also modern is Rudolf Meyer's Hebräische Grammatik (1966-72), but it is not quite as thorough as Joüon-Muraoka. Of note as well is Mayer Lambert's Traité de grammaire hébraïque (1931).

The most thorough, well-organized, and analytically incisive Hebrew grammar is the 29th edition of Gesenius' grammar by Gotthelf Bergsträsser. However, the author only managed to complete the sections on Phonology (1918) and the Verb (1929) before his untimely death. Although other grammars are more current, Bergsträsser's is unsurpassed due to its depth and insight. Another excellent grammar is Hans Bauer and Pontus Leander's Historische Grammatik der Hebräischen Sprache des Alten Testaments (1917-22) although it, too, lacks syntax. Neither grammar has been translated into English, although Bergsträsser's has been translated into Hebrew (Jerusalem, 1972).

Israeli scholars of Hebrew
Modern Israeli scholars in the field of Hebrew linguistics include Naftali Herz Tur-Sinai, Chaim Menachem Rabin, E. Y. Kutscher, Shelomo Morag, Joshua Blau, Ze'ev Ben-Haim, Haiim B. Rosén, Ghil'ad Zuckermann, Elisha Qimron and Moshe Bar-Asher.

The Academy of the Hebrew Language
The Academy of the Hebrew Language (האקדמיה ללשון העברית) in modern Israel is the "Supreme Foundation for the Science of the Hebrew Language", founded by the Israeli Government in 1953. It is responsible for coining neologisms to keep up with today's rapidly changing society. It also has the "final say" concerning matters of spelling and grammar.

title: Study of the Hebrew language


text:
International Congress on Medieval Studies

The International Congress on Medieval Studies is an annual academic conference held for scholars specializing in, or with an interest in, medieval studies. It is sponsored by the Medieval Institute at the Western Michigan University in Kalamazoo, Michigan, and is held during the first half of May. The Congress is the largest annual gathering in the field, regularly attracting over three thousand registered participants from all over the world. The 50th annual conference took place in 2015.

History
In 1962, the newly established Institute for Medieval Studies at Western Michigan University organized a biennial gathering known as the Conference on Medieval Studies. By 1970, participation had grown significantly and the gathering was made an annual affair. Unusual for the time, the organizers issued calls for papers which were open to all in the field who were interested, including graduate students (see Scope and Participation, below). In the program of the 50th Congress, John Sommerfeldt reminisces about the inception of the humble conference as a place where "bright young scholars could be heard." The torch, as Sommerfeldt puts it, has been carried respectably by subsequent directors of the Medieval Institute of Western Michigan University, with increasing numbers of participants and insightful new approaches to medieval studies. The directors, following John Sommerfeldt, include Otto Gründler, Paul E. Szarmach, James M. Murray, and the newly appointed Jana Schulman.

In 1973, the Institute for Cistercian Studies was established at Western Michigan, and began to hold its annual Cistercian Studies Conference as a sub-set of the International Congress on Medieval Studies.

The Medieval Academy of America has held its annual meetings at the Congress in 1974 and 1982. The academy began sponsoring a plenary session in 1992 and maintains a committee for this purpose.

In 2020, due to rise of COVID-19, the 55th International Congress on Medieval Studies was canceled. The Congress moved to a virtual format for 2021, with both live and prerecorded session and a virtual exhibits hall.

Structure
The Congress is typically held during the first or second week of May, and runs from Thursday morning through Sunday afternoon. Most events are held on the West Campus of Western Michigan University.

The archived schedule of the 42nd International Congress on Medieval studies, held in May 2007, illustrates the structure and events of the Congress as described below.

Sessions
Sessions form the bulk of the activity at the Congress. There are three main types of sessions:
 * The vast majority of sessions are presentations of research. These sessions typically consist of between two and four presentations given by scholars in the field who present papers or other updates on the findings of their current research. Each of these sessions is organized around a theme under which the constituent presentations fit.
 * A minority of sessions are organized as roundtable discussions, in which a discussion on a predetermined topic takes place in at least a partially spontaneous manner. Short, prepared presentations are sometimes given as part of the roundtable.
 * A few sessions are organized as workshops, in which attendees are active participants. These focus on the teaching and practice of new skills.

Many sessions have a sponsoring group, although individuals or the Congress may organize sessions. Many of the sessions are sponsored by academic associations, universities, or publishers, while others are arranged by ad hoc groups which are interested in a particular topic.

Approximately six hundred sessions are held across twelve different time slots during the four days. Each session is scheduled to last ninety minutes.

Plenary Lectures
Two plenary lectures are given during the conference, at the beginning of the day on Friday and Saturday.

Exhibits Hall
The exhibits hall is open during the length of the Congress, and is composed primarily of book publishers selling their latest titles in the field of medieval studies. A minority of the hall also features handcrafts, music, and foodstuffs for sale. In 2007, approximately seventy exhibitors participated.

Meetings
The Congress serves as a rare chance for international societies of medieval specialists to gather in person, and dozens of business meetings are conducted during breaks between sessions. Many groups use the opportunity to plan for their presentations later in the summer at the International Medieval Congress held at Leeds University.

Entertainment and Attractions
The Congress typically features a film festival, screening movies which have a medieval setting or theme. There are also performances of medieval music and theater.

Some participating organizations sponsor social gatherings in the form of wine hours or open bar receptions.

There are also demonstrations, to foster an understanding of material culture, that vary from year to year. Past demonstrations have included a trebuchet, a longboat, and most recently, a demonstration of blacksmithing.

The annual meeting of medievalists corresponds with the nesting of swans at Goldsworth pond, located at the very heart of the conference. Most years Congress ends before the eggs have hatched, but the 50th Congress was late enough that medievalists got to enjoy watching the cygnets get their sea legs.

Scope and Participation
The Congress is very broad in scope, being open to all topics related to the medieval period and to participants from any background. This has served to set it apart from other meetings in the field. Topics may range from discussions of mysticism, numismatics, and medieval Latin, to modern medieval-themed video games, the works of J. R. R. Tolkien, and the teaching of medieval studies in the classroom.

Such being the case, participants come from a broad variety of educational backgrounds. Most are professors and graduate students, but a significant minority is composed of architects, monks, undergraduate students, fiction authors, and other independent scholars and enthusiasts. Presenters are not necessarily experts in medieval history; scholars of literature, theater, religion, and art frequently give presentations.


text:
Falls Creek Alpine Resort

The Falls Creek Alpine Resort is an alpine ski resort in the Hume region in northeastern Victoria, Australia. It is located in the Alpine National Park in the Victorian Alps, approximately 350 km by road from Melbourne, with the nearest town being Mount Beauty, which is approximately 30 km away. The resort lies between an elevation of 1500 and 1830 m above sea level, with the highest lifted point at 1780 m. Skiing is possible on the nearby peak of Mount McKay at 1842 m, accessed by snowcat from the resort.

The resort is an unincorporated area, directly administered by the government of Victoria, and surrounded by the Alpine Shire.

Alpine resort
Falls Creek is beginner/intermediate friendly, with almost 80% of the resort dedicated to these types of skiers/snowboarders. However, Australia's notoriously fickle snow conditions ensure that snowmaking using the water from the nearby Rocky Valley Lake is sometimes, particularly early in the season, the main source of skiable snow. Consequently, like all Australian snowfields, Falls Creek's customer base is almost entirely domestic, however many international cross country skiers travel to Falls Creek for the Kangaroo Hoppet, Australia's Worldloppet event on the last Saturday of August and international snowboarders to Stylewars, The Australian Slopestyle Championships and Australia's highest sanctioned TTR World Tour event held in the first week of September.

The resort features 4500 accommodation beds, and consequently a large number of restaurants, bars and nightclubs to entertain guests at night. Some apartments are privately owned, but the resort's management requires that they must be available for hire when not occupied.

The resort also serves as a summer base to explore the national park surrounding the resort.

Falls Creek is accessible by the Bogong High Plains Road from Mount Beauty all year round, though like all of Australia's snow resorts snow chains must be carried during winter and fitted if directed. The road continues across the High Plains and descends to meet the Omeo Highway north of the hamlet of Anglers Rest, however the route from this side is closed during the snow season.

In summer both routes are popular with cyclists, and various cycling events are held that involve climbing to the resort, including the popular SCODY 3 Peaks Challenge (recently renamed to Falls Creek Peaks Challenge).

Quick Statistics

 * Highest elevation: 1842 m
 * Highest lifted elevation: 1780 m
 * Village elevation: 1600 m
 * Number of lifts: 16

In winter

 * Snowline elevation: 1100 m
 * Average yearly snowfall: 4 m
 * Average days open in winter: 128

Alpine
Cross country
 * Number of Runs: 76+
 * Longest advanced run: Wishing Well, 3 km
 * Longest beginner run: Wombats Ramble, 2.2 km
 * Terrain mix: 17% [[Image:Ski trail rating symbol-green circle.svg|13px]] beginner, 60% [[Image:Ski trail rating symbol-blue square.svg|13px]] intermediate, 23% [[Image:Ski trail rating symbol-black diamond.svg|13px]] advanced
 * Total lift length: 8.1km
 * Lift capacity: 28,392 Passengers/hour
 * Number of trails: 21
 * Groomed trail network: 65 km
 * Longest trail: Rocky Valley Dam Loop, 21 km
 * Terrain mix: Beginner 33% [[Image:Ski trail rating symbol-green circle.svg|13px]], Intermediate 48% [[Image:Ski trail rating symbol-blue square.svg|13px]], Advanced 19% [[Image:Ski trail rating symbol-black diamond.svg|13px]]

History
After World War II, the Kiewa electrical scheme was started in the Kiewa River valley by the State Electricity Commission of Victoria. On land previously used only for summer cattle grazing in the natural alpine grasslands, the first ski lodge was built in 1948 by workers from the scheme. The first lift, a rope tow, was built in 1951 and the first chairlift in Australia was constructed there in 1957.

Falls Creek Post Office opened on 9 June 1958 (with telegraph and telephone facilities only until 1964).

The high plains in the area were used for summer cattle grazing from 1851 until 2005, when the Government of Victoria did not renew grazing licences due to concerns about the cattle's impact on the fragile alpine environment. Some of the cattlemen's huts still survive and are a tourist attraction in summer. Mount Bogong, Victoria's highest mountain, is nearby. The nearest town to Falls Creek is Mount Beauty.

In 2019, Vail Resorts announced the acquisition of Falls Creek and Hotham for AU$174 million, and today they operate three of the largest ski resorts in Australia, including Perisher Ski Resort in New South Wales.

Climate
Falls Creek has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Dfb) with short, cool summers and cold, very snowy winters.

On February 3 2023, Falls Creek reached a top of just 0.5 C. Falls Creek registered the lowest temperature ever recorded in Victoria (along with Omeo in June 1965) at -11.7 C on 3 July 1970.

Proposed developments
In 2009, the Falls Creek resort plan proposed replacing the Gully triple chair with a gondola, having a capacity of 1800 passengers per hour and a speed of up to 6 metres per second. This proposal also made its appearance in the 2016 masterplan, but nothing has resulted as of yet. It is worth noting that a gondola this short would be considerably expensive, where it would be much more cost effective to replace a much longer lift.

Snowmaking
In 2021, Falls Creek invested AU$1.88 million into snowmaking machines. These new TechnoAlpin guns were placed along Wombats Ramble, Main Street and at the base of Drovers Dream. These snow machines now accompany the older snowmaking technology along Ruined Castle and Main Street.

Notable seasons
2022 saw unusually large snowfalls in June, resulting in an established snowpack before the start of the ski season. As a result of this, Falls Creek and many other resorts opened to visitors one week early, with a snow depth of over 75cm at beginning of June.

Notable racers
Source:

 * Steven Lee, Olympic and World Cup alpine skier. Also a back-country tour guide for Falls Creek
 * Malcolm Milne (born 1948), World Cup alpine racer, learned to ski at Falls Creek
 * Ross Milne (1944–1964), learned to ski at Falls Creek.
 * Britteny Cox (born 1994), Australian Mogul Skier and the youngest athlete to compete at the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Winter Games. 2017 - World Champion, World Cup Moguls Crystal Globe Winner, World Cup Freestyle Overall Crystal Globe Winner

Notable snowboarders

 * Scott James (born 1994), Australian Snowboarder, Australia's youngest male Olympian in 50 years and the youngest male competitor at the Vancouver Games. He won bronze in Men’s halfpipe at the 2018 Winter Olympics.

title: Falls Creek Alpine Resort