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Nucleoplasm

The nucleoplasm, also known as karyoplasm, is the type of protoplasm that makes up the cell nucleus, the most prominent organelle of the eukaryotic cell. It is enclosed by the nuclear envelope, also known as the nuclear membrane. The nucleoplasm resembles the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell in that it is a gel-like substance found within a membrane, although the nucleoplasm only fills out the space in the nucleus and has its own unique functions. The nucleoplasm suspends structures within the nucleus that are not membrane-bound and is responsible for maintaining the shape of the nucleus. The structures suspended in the nucleoplasm include chromosomes, various proteins, nuclear bodies, the nucleolus, nucleoporins, nucleotides, and nuclear speckles.

The soluble, liquid portion of the nucleoplasm is called the karyolymph nucleosol, or nuclear hyaloplasm.

History
The existence of the nucleus, including the nucleoplasm, was first documented as early as 1682 by the Dutch microscopist Leeuwenhoek and was later described and drawn by Franz Bauer. However, the cell nucleus was not named and described in detail until Robert Brown's presentation to the Linnean Society in 1831. The nucleoplasm, while described by Bauer and Brown, was not specifically isolated as a separate entity until its naming in 1882 by Polish-German scientist Eduard Strasburger, one of the most famous botanists of the 19th century, and the first person to discover mitosis in plants.

Role
Many important cell functions take place in the nucleus, more specifically in the nucleoplasm. The main function of the nucleoplasm is to provide the proper environment for essential processes that take place in the nucleus, serving as the suspension substance for all organelles inside the nucleus, and storing the structures that are used in these processes. 34% of proteins encoded in the human genome are ones that localize to the nucleoplasm. These proteins take part in RNA transcription and gene regulation in the nucleoplasm. Proteins located in the nucleoplasm are involved in the activation of genes that are used in the cell cycle. Some nucleoporins which typically make up the nuclear pore, can be mobile and participate in the regulation of gene expression in the nucleoplasm. The nuclear pore is where molecules travel from inside the nucleoplasm to the cytoplasm and vice versa. The nucleoplasm is also a route for many molecules to travel through. Smaller molecules are able to pass freely through the nuclear pore to get into and out of the nucleoplasm, while larger proteins need the help of receptors on the surface of the nuclear envelope. The nuclear matrix is also believed to be contained in the nucleoplasm where it functions to maintain the size and shape of the nucleus, in a role similar to that of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm. However, the existence and the exact function of the nuclear matrix remain unclear and heavily debated.

Composition
The nucleoplasm is a highly viscous liquid that is enveloped by the nuclear membrane and consists mainly of water, proteins, dissolved ions, and a variety of other substances including nucleic acids and minerals.

Proteins
Nearly a third of the human protein-coding genes (6784 genes) have been found to localize to the nucleoplasm via targeting by a nuclear localization sequence (NLS). Cytosolic proteins, known as importins, act as receptors for the NLS, escorting the protein to a nuclear pore complex to be transported into the nucleoplasm. Proteins in the nucleoplasm are mainly tasked with participating in and regulating cellular functions that are DNA-dependent, including transcription, RNA splicing, DNA repair, DNA replication, and a variety of metabolic processes. These proteins are divided into histone proteins, a class of proteins that bind to DNA and give chromosomes their shape and regulate gene activity, and non-histone proteins.

The nucleoplasm contains many enzymes that are instrumental in the synthesis of DNA and RNA, including DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase which function in DNA replication and RNA transcription, respectively. Additionally, the nucleoplasm is host to many of the enzymes that play essential roles in cellular metabolism. NAD+ synthase is stored in the nucleoplasm and functions in electron transport and redox reactions involved with the electron transport chain and synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Pyruvate kinase is also found in the nucleoplasm in significant quantities; this enzyme is involved in the final step of glycolysis, catalyzing the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate along with the phosphorylation of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to ATP. Importantly, the nucleoplasm contains co-factors and co-enzymes, including acetyl-CoA, which plays a vital role in the citric acid cycle, and ATP, which is involved in energy storage and transfer.

Ions
The ionic composition of the nucleoplasm is crucial in maintaining homeostasis within the cell and the organism as a whole. Ions that have been documented in the nucleoplasm include sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium. These ions are key players in a variety of biological functions. Sodium and potassium play key roles in the sodium-potassium pump, a transmembrane ATPase that pumps three sodium ions out of the cell for every two potassium ions it pumps into the cell, creating an ionic gradient. While this pump is generally considered to be a plasma membrane protein, its presence has been recorded in the nuclear envelope, controlling the ionic gradient between the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm of the cell and contributing to the homeostasis of calcium within the cell. These ions also determine the concentration gradient that exists between the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm, serving to control the flow of ions across the nuclear envelope. They are important in maintaining the osmolarity of the nucleoplasm which in turn provides structural integrity to the nuclear envelope as well as the organelles suspended in the dense nucleoplasm.

Similarity to cytoplasm
Nucleoplasm is quite similar to the cytoplasm, with the main difference being that nucleoplasm is found inside the nucleus while the cytoplasm is located inside the cell, outside of the nucleus. Their ionic compositions are nearly identical due to the ion pumps and permeability of the nuclear envelope, however, the proteins in these two fluids differ greatly. Proteins in the cytoplasm are termed cytosolic proteins which are produced by free ribosomes while proteins that localize to the nucleoplasm must undergo processing in the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus before being delivered to the nucleoplasm as part of the secretory pathway. These proteins also differ in function, as proteins that localize to the nucleoplasm are largely involved in DNA-dependent processes including cell division and gene regulation, while cytosolic proteins are mainly involved in protein modification, mRNA degradation, metabolic processes, signal transduction, and cell death.

The cytoplasm and the nucleoplasm are both highly gelatinous structures enclosed by membranous structures- the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope, respectively. However, while the cytoplasm is contained by a single lipid bilayer membrane, the nuclear envelope that compartmentalizes the nucleoplasm consists of two separate lipid bilayers- an outer membrane and an inner membrane. The cytoplasm is also found in all known cells while nucleoplasm is only found in eukaryotic cells, as prokaryotic cells lack a well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Additionally, during cell division, the cytoplasm divides during cytokinesis, while the nucleoplasm is released with the dissolution of the nuclear envelope, refilling only after the nuclear envelope reforms.

The organelles and other structures within the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm are organized by protein filaments within their respective compartments. The cytoplasm contains the cytoskeleton, a network of protein filaments found in all cells, while the nucleoplasm is believed to contain the nuclear matrix, a hypothetically analogous network of filaments that organizes the organelles and genetic information within the nucleus. While the structure and function of the cytoskeleton have been well documented, the exact function, and even the presence, of the nuclear matrix is disputed. While the exact composition of the nuclear matrix has not been confirmed, type V intermediate filaments, known as nuclear lamins, have been documented in the nucleoplasm, functioning in the structural support of the nucleus as well as the regulation of DNA replication, transcription, and chromatin organization. Cytoplasmic streaming, the circular flow of cytoplasm driven by the cytoskeleton, has been well documented in the cytoplasm, aiding in intracellular transport, but this process has not been documented in the nucleoplasm.

title: Nucleoplasm


text:
User talk:Radomil

Archive 1

Poprawione
Tylko jedno słówko :) Warto też kopiować takie prośby na WP:PWNB, im wiecej sie zainteresuje tym lepiej :) --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 18:46, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Teatr Wielki
I believe it is usual to use a comma instead of "in" for page titles. Gustav von Humpelschmumpel 19:34, 21 May 2007 (UTC) OK I will fix the links. Regards Gustav von Humpelschmumpel 19:47, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

Air Force of the Polish Army
The sentence about the 103rd Squadron has long since been rewritten by Poeticbent.

I knew that German (at least) uses British-style dates, and I read somewhere (but I can't find it now) that Wikipedia prefers British English for articles about Europe, presumably because Europeans are more familiar with British English than American English. The British-style dates were changed to U.S.-style dates by Poeticbent, not me, and it doesn't matter if people use date preferences.

Another thing I read somewhere that I can't find now, is that there are two styles of user page conversation on Wikipedia. The reason to reply on one's own page is to allow the complete conversation to be read by others without switching back and forth. If you look at any long user talk page, you can normally find some replies from the page's owner on his own user talk page. Both conversation styles can be accommodated by temporarily putting a user talk page on your Watchlist when you leave a message. Art LaPella 17:59, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

Yes, some people (I think a minority) prefer answers on their own user talk page, but don't say it's because you get a notification - unless you understand that putting the other person's user page on your watch list will also give you a less immediate notification. Art LaPella 18:29, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

I'm also an administrator, although I do more editing than discussion compared to other administrators. I don't keep track of old items on my watchlist - I unwatch them when someone edits them if the issue is no longer current, and if you look at random user talk pages you'll see how popular that is. Whatever. Art LaPella 18:52, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

What is a Polish chessboard? It isn't on English Wikipedia, and I don't think it's even on Google. The Google hits confuse chessboards from Poland with polishing a chessboard. The chessboards that do come from Poland look like American chessboards, 8x8 not 2x2 as in the picture.

The Transformation section seems disproportional to the rest of the article. I would think the most important facts about a military organization would be a description of its battles and a description of its capability if ordered into another war, not such a long list of demobilized organizations. Art LaPella 21:00, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

Summary style says: "In shorter articles, if one subtopic has much more text than another subtopic, that may be an indication that that subtopic should have its own page, with only a summary presented on the main page" with a link to the subtopic's own page. Art LaPella 21:48, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

I'm not sure either, but at least I wouldn't make the section any longer without splitting it off into another article. Art LaPella 21:56, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

Czemu nie przetłumaczysz artykułu na polski?

Poznań
Strona o Poznaniu jest dosyć uboga w zdjęcia. Może dobrze byłoby rozpatrzyć tę kwestię...??? Kajzderski

Polish Land Forces
thanks for the information you provided on my talkpage. I left the regional names given to the units out, as I did not know their English name most of the time and there isn't much space in the graphic to include these names. However where if you are willing to help- You can find the graphic here and I have the following questions:

 * First I have some questions about units that I already was able to include in the graphic:
 * Is "Batalionu Piechoty Zmotoryzowanej" correctly translated as “Motorized Battalion”? ✅
 * What are: "kompania łączności", "kompania ochrony i regulacji ruchu", "kompania wsparcia".
 * I translated “Batalion Powietrznodesantowy” as Paratrooper Battalion. Correct? ✅
 * 10th Logistics Brigade: ✅
 * What does “składowania” mean? ✅
 * What does “ewakuacji sprzętu” mean? ✅
 * 23 Śląska Brygada Artylerii under the link "Struktura BA" you will find the Brigades units: What does “dra” mean? I made a Rocket Artillery Group of it… ✅
 * I translated “Pułk Samochodowy” as Transport Regiment. ✅
 * I translated “Pułk Ochrony” as Protection Battalion. ✅
 * Does “batalionów łączności” mean “Signal Battalion”? ✅
 * Secondly: there is a long list of regiments and battalions listed in the Polish Wikipedia article about the Polish Land Forces. I tried to translate these units, but I do not know where they belong to. Which command is responsible for these units and what is the English translation for them?
 * Samodzielne pułki
 * 14 Suwalski Pułk Artylerii Przeciwpancernej (Suwałki) = 14th Anti-Tank Rgt.
 * 4 Pułk Przeciwlotniczy (Czerwieńsk) = 4th Air Defence Rgt.
 * 8 Koszaliński Pułk Przeciwlotniczy (Koszalin) = 8th Air Defence Rgt
 * 1 Dębliński Pułk Drogowo-Mostowy (Dęblin) - jednostka Pomorskiego OW = ???
 * 2 Inowrocławski Pułk Komunikacyjny (Inowrocław) = 2nd Signals or PsyOps Rgt.?
 * 3 Włocławski Pułk Drogowo-Mostowy (Włocławek) - jednostka Śląskiego OW = ???
 * 5 Pułk Inżynieryjny (Szczecin) = ???
 * 9 Pułk Dowodzenia(Białobrzegi) = 9th Command Btn.
 * 49 Pułk Śmigłowców Bojowych (Pruszcz Gdański) = ???
 * 56 Kujawski Pułk Śmigłowców Bojowych (Inowrocław) = ???
 * 1 Pułk Specjalny Komandosów (Lubliniec) = 1st Special Forces Rgt.
 * 2 Hrubieszowski Pułk Rozpoznawczy (Hrubieszów) = 2nd Reconnaissance Rgt. – is this a Special Forces unit?
 * 9 Warmiński Pułk Rozpoznawczy (Lidzbark Warmiński) = 9th Reconnaissance Rgt. – is this a Special Forces unit?
 * 4 Pułk Chemiczny (Brodnica) = NBC Rgt.
 * Samodzielne bataliony i kompanie
 * 100 Batalion Łączności (Szczecin) – jednostka Międzynarodowego Korpusu Północ-Wschód = 100th Signals Btn.
 * 8 Batalion Walki Radioelektronicznej (Grudziądz) = 8th Signals Btn.
 * 11 Batalion Walki Radioelektronicznej (Legnica) = 11th Signals Btn.
 * 5 Batalion Chemiczny (Tarnowskie Góry) = 5th NBC Btn.
 * 1 Batalion Zabezpieczenia Dowództwa Wojsk Lądowych (Warszawa) = ???
 * 1 Kujawsko-Pomorski Batalion Zabezpieczenia Okręgu Wojskowego (Bydgoszcz) = ???
 * 2 Batalion Dowodzenia Okręgu Wojskowego (Wrocław) = 2nd Command Btn. ??
 * 28 Batalion Dowozu Amunicji = 28 Ammunition Btn.
 * 3 bataliony remontowe (52, 55, 112) = Maintenance Btn.
 * 8 batalionów zaopatrzenia (75, 82, 86, 91, 95, 97, 107, 122) = Supply Btn.
 * 6 batalionów ratownictwa inżynieryjnego (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) = ???
 * ponadto m. in. 2 kompanie kontroli ruchu 2 kompanie transportu ciężkiego itp. = ???
 * Third: These are the Brigades of which I could not find any information and therefore they are only in the graphic with the Brigade icon, but all their units are missing- if you or someone you know has information about these brigades, please let me know it.
 * 1 Warszawskiej Brygady Pancernej
 * 3 Brygada Zmechanizowana Legionów
 * 10 Brygada Kawalerii Pancernej
 * 34 Brygada Kawalerii Pancernej
 * 2 Brygada Zmechanizowana Legionów
 * 12 Brygada Zmechanizowana
 * 36 Brygada Zmechanizowana
 * 9 Brygada Kawalerii Pancernej
 * 16 Pomorsko-Warmińska Brygada Zmechanizowana
 * 20 Bartoszycka Brygada Zmechanizowana
 * 1 Mazurska Brygada Artylerii
 * 1 Brzeska Brygada Saperów
 * "2 Mazowiecka Brygada Saperów" doesn’t even have a homepage…
 * 10 Opolska Brygada Logistyczna
 * 15 Sieradzka Brygada Wsparcia Dowodzenia

Can you help? thanks, --noclador 08:01, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Hi Radomil, thanks for your answers- I already updated the graphic :-) --noclador 09:40, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your help with all the translations. I'll wait 2-3 days with updating the graphic, in the hope that you might be able to find out, if these units are all directly under the Land Forces Command or other commands. The units that are under command of the Silesian and Pommeranian Military District I will add tonight. --noclador 09:16, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

I found a link to the units of the Silesian Military district- could you have alook and try to find out, what the units of the 10 Logistic Brigade are? http://www.sow.mil.pl/index.php?id=jednostki#naglowek --noclador 06:35, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I just finished to update the graphic. As for the 10th LogisticsBrigade, I moved some of the units that are supposedly part of the Silesian Military district into the 10th Logistics Brigade- the reason: the 1stLogistic Brigade has the same kind and number of units as the Silesian Military district and I think it is more logical that these units have in the meantime be moved under command of the 10 Log. Brig... I also included all the Regiments and Battalions that are under direct command of the Land Forces. The new graphic is now up: commons:Image:Poland Land Forces.png --noclador 08:32, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

Warning
Please do not delete content from pages on Wikipedia as you did to Polish Air Force article in this edit. Your edit do not appear to be constructive and have been reverted. If you would like to experiment, please use the Sandbox for test edits. Thank you. --Eurocopter tigre 12:40, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

Marcin Dunin
That is a wonderful picture of the sculpture, thank you for uploading it! Do you by any chance have a closer view of the face of the sculpture? Thank you, Elonka Dunin. :) --Elonka 22:35, 9 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks! It's a great addition to Wikipedia, and I have several family members in the U.S. who will be interested in seeing it.  Also, considering the chaos of my current RfA, it's actually a useful thing for me to look at. If I'm pondering the answer to a question, I can look at the picture, and think, "How would my ancestors have handled this?"  :)  So again, thanks. --Elonka 18:59, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

Polish Marines
I did not actually know when I created this article. I have been intending to do some research around it but have not yet found time to do so. I created this article when I noticed the term 'Polish Marines' was used in the Polish Navy article. --Hydraton31 09:55, 12 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Many thanks for your help in creating this article, hopefully I will have time to do something about it. --Hydraton31 14:52, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:KKS_Lech_Poznań.gif
Thanks for uploading or contributing to Image:KKS_Lech_Poznań.gif. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use. Suggestions on how to do so can be found here.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to ensure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Bigr Tex  21:06, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

DYKi
Ostatnio mniej sledze nowe artykuly; polecam reklamowac takie jak Tramways in Poznań na Template talk:Did you know.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 16:59, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

Odp: Polskie flagi
We wprowadzeniu do List of Polish flags zaznaczyłem, że lista obejmuje tylko flagi zdefiniowane przez polskie prawo na poziomie państwowym, czyli ustawy bądź rozporządzenia ("flags defined by Polish national law, either through an act of parliament or a ministerial ordinance"). A zatem nie obejmuje ona ani flag ustalonych przez samorządy, ani przez stowarzyszenia. Ponieważ bandery jachtowe są obecnie zdefiniowane tylko przez statuty stowarzyszeń żeglarskich, to uważam, że nie ma na nie miejsca w tym artykule. — Kpalion(talk) 14:09, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Articles wanted
greg park avenue (talk) 20:44, 18 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Zdzisław Jezioro, also in Polish,

Polish Air Force
bylo by milo gdybys skonczyl odwracac artykul Polish Air Force do poprzedniego, nieaktualnego stanu —Preceding unsigned comment added by Militaryboy (talk • contribs) 17:08, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

question about Image:MiG-21 RB6.jpg
Hi, there is an intriguing insignia on the fuselage near the nose (black, with wings). Do you know more about it? The MiG-21 appears to be non-operational. Is it in a museum or a park? --Jtir (talk) 11:15, 10 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes. This is MiG-21PFM #4106 of Polish Air Force with insignia of 10th Fighter Reg. from Łask, near Łódź (not existing anymore, replaced on 1 Jan 2001 by 10th Tactical Sqn. and 32nd AF Base) currently on display in Museum of Armament (Muzeum Uzbrojenia) in Fort Winiary (better known as Cytedela) in Poznań, Poland. Radomil talk 11:51, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Ach, and insignia - this is black dragon - emblem of 1st Flight of 10th Fighter Reg. Radomil talk 12:16, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks! I have added your detailed description to your image on Commons. I did some copyediting, but I'm not an aviation or military specialist, so my usage may not be quite right. What is the Polish for "black dragon emblem"? A closeup might be a nice addition to Polish Air Force. There appears to be a square panel obscuring part of the emblem. Do know what that is? --Jtir (talk) 21:15, 10 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the additional details. Now I see that the "panel" is part of the insignia. --Jtir (talk) 23:38, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

Marcin Dunin
Hello Radomil, I edited about 2 hours to comment your deletion of German place names in this article -which I reverted. The edits are lost. To make it short: Good luck to change Rome to Rzym, and so on. Remember, we are in 2007, not in 1945. Gerhard51 (talk) 22:42, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

It seems you like to have an edit war. Gerhard51 (talk) 22:47, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

Sword of Saint Peter
Na moje oko trzeba by rozbudowac mniej wiecej dwukrotnie do DYKa, na razie to stub.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 20:39, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

pl:Twierdza Poznań
Wypadałoby choć stubnąć... :) Ostatnio napisałem Toruń Fortress i na razie mi o fortyfikacjach pisac sie nie chce... --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 06:45, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

your edits on Pomeranian names
Please note that the duchy of Pomerania joined in to Saxony in 1164 and into the HRE in 1181, German settlement and adapting German law / language / culture followed thereon (see eg Ostsiedlung). Please note that the Pomeranian_language (East Pom) and Polabian dialects (West Pom) used before (Low) German was introduced are not equal to modern Polish, though related.

Please stop editwars on issues you obviously have not investigated deeply enough. If you want to discuss any specific matter you are welcome. Skäpperöd (talk) 14:25, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

 * With Brandenburg there was always struggling and warfare as Brandenburg sought to integrate the duchy of Pomerania within its realm, she also claimed Pomerania inheritance as a whole and Uckermark in specific throughout history - despite she would not succeed getting the whole duchy of Pom until the last Griffin died heirless, Brandenburg eg advanced into and temporarily incorporatet Stargard and (most of) Uckermark. There were a lot of treaties of Pomeranian dukes against Brandenburg or other threatening neighbors like Mecklenburg. The HRE's central authority most of the time was very limited, armed and diplomatic conflicts between the HRE's states/duchies/principalities were common until Prussia succeeded to create a much or less unified centralistic Germany under its hegemony in late modern times.

 * But in "our" case, alliances as the one you mentioned are not suitable for determing the language used in the duchy. Please, don't have your editwar continued as it really makes no sense to deny historical facts that can be studied with a low amount of time and means. Please inform yourself before further false edits are made.

 * Maybe you are confusing the duchy of Pom with Pomerelia? I really don't know what else I can do to get you study a bit of Pomeranian history which would prevent you from making false edits. Skäpperöd (talk) 16:18, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

 * You don't get the point. Just because HRE was not a nation state in modern sense it does not mean that the duchy of Pomerania was not German. The duchy joined in as a Slavic one, yes, but the dukes themselves turned the duchy into a German one just thereafter. You need to read about Pomeranian history, I'm getting tired of stating what you could easily know by yourself if you would just start to inform yourself before starting a silly edit war. Skäpperöd (talk) 05:28, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

I have requested a comment on talk:Dukes_of_Pomerania, you are invited to post further arguments there. Skäpperöd (talk) 08:35, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

The Talk:Dukes of Pomerania discussion is not intended to change WP:NCGN but to clarify the historical content and the English usage to those who are not comfortable with it. This discussion is not a poll to actually change the rules, so don't expect this to happen. If you want to establish a new naming rule, you need to start a poll on the WP:NCGN talk page. Skäpperöd (talk) 04:12, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

Please. I gave you the historical content, I gave you the links to the respective wiki rules. This is not about you vs me or PL vs DE, but simply about the English use of historical names in wiki. I will again give you the respective links. Let's make great articles and not have a silly war because of a misunderstanding.

WP:NCGN

Talk:Gdansk/Vote

Skäpperöd (talk) 05:11, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

I am glad you finally read some of the above links.

WP:NCGN:In cases when a widely accepted historic English name is used, it should be followed by the modern English name in parentheses on the first occurrence of the name in applicable sections of the article in the format: "historical name (modern name)." Now, as the duchy does not exist anymore, it does not have any modern name. Yet, because the city the duchy took its specifying name from changed its name after WWII, the new name, although not really related to the duchy, might be given in parentheses for orientation.

Gdansk vote says, in case of cities, we should use the name of the respective time span we are in first and the other name in parentheses.

You might want to consult an admin if you have trouble applying the rules, or you might start a campaign to change these rules. Be aware that persistent edits against Gdansk vote consensus are treated alike vandalism (see above enforcement link).

Skäpperöd (talk) 08:35, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

Stettin was the only name of the city before 1945. Before 45, there was no double naming or a preference or anything because only one name existed. Skäpperöd (talk) 06:31, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

Gdansk vote: Be aware that persistent edits against Gdansk vote consensus are treated alike vandalism (see above enforcement link in the above Gdansk vote template).

3RR Please read about 3RR-rule. You violated that rule already and can easily get blocked. You currently appear to be engaged in an edit war. Note that the three-revert rule prohibits making more than three reversions on a single page within a 24 hour period. Additionally, users who perform a large number of reversions in content disputes may be blocked for edit warring, even if they do not technically violate the three-revert rule. If you continue, you may be blocked from editing. Please do not repeatedly revert edits, but use the talk page to work towards wording and content that gains a consensus among editors. If necessary, pursue dispute resolution.

Skäpperöd (talk) 07:02, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

Jak Czarniecki do Poznania...
Cześć, wiem, że czas reakcji mam dosyć długi, ale to dlatego, że nie bardzo mogę dojść do ładu z tym, jak to właściwie było z tym Czarnieckim. Nie mam pod ręką dobrych źródeł drukowanych na ten temat, a szperając po Internecie, im bardziej się w to zagłębiam, tym bardziej się to wszystko nie trzyma kupy i nie wiem, czy to Wybicki coś pokręcił, czy też mnie brakuje informacji.

Zacznijmy od "wracania się przez morze". Z tego, co wiem, to jedyna morska przygoda Czarnieckiego polegała na sforsowaniu cieśniny o szerokości 400-500 m oddzielającej wysepkę Als od stałego lądu Jutlandii. Zdobywszy zamek Sønderborg w grudniu 1658 r., Czarniecki wrócił na stały ląd, aby kontynuować wyzwalanie Danii (a nie Polski) z rąk szwedzkich. Czarniecki wrócił do Polski dopiero we wrześniu 1659 r.

Co do bytności hetmana w Poznaniu, to wiadomo mi tylko o naradzie wojennej, którą król Jan Kazimierz odbył z Czarnieckim i innymi dowódcami na poznańskim Zamku Królewskim 26 listopada 1657 r. Ale w takim razie Czarniecki nie mógł się wracać do Poznania, bo był tam jeszcze przed wyprawą do Danii. I nie było to "po szwedzkim rozbiorze", bo Potop jeszcze wtedy trwał. Może, jako poznaniak, wiesz o jakimś innym pobycie Czarnieckiego w Poznaniu, już po jego powrocie z Danii? Choć nawet jeśli wracał jeszcze do Poznania, to nie wiem, przed kim miałby wtedy "ratować Ojzyznę". Jak widzisz, znaków zapytania jest sporo. Mam nadzieję, że uda nam się to wspólnie wyjaśnić. — Kpalion(talk) 19:09, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Wielkie dzięki za wyjaśnienie. Postaram się teraz jakoś uporządkować fragment o Czarnieckim w Poland Is Not Yet Lost. Gdybyś jeszcze mógł zaproponować jakieś źródła (zarówno dot. Czarnieckiego, jak i związków Wybickiego z Poznaniem), na które można by się powołać w artykule, to byłoby cudownie. — Kpalion(talk) 20:32, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

POlish Air Force
Czesc, jak dasz mi chwile to posprzatam ten balagan z silami powietrznymi ale co chwila mi cos zmieniasz i sie gubie :P —Preceding unsigned comment added by Militaryboy (talk • contribs) 21:31, 17 August 2008 (UTC)

MON nie zna angielskiego :P —Preceding unsigned comment added by Militaryboy (talk • contribs) 21:46, 17 August 2008 (UTC)

31blot
Ja nie ruszalem tego tematu od miesiaca :) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Militaryboy (talk • contribs) 19:33, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

Dude, what are you doing, ALL THE PICTURES ARE OF POLISH F-16. You are being a stubborn jerk. I'm trying to compromise. If you won't, I will report this issue to Wiki admins... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.149.136.201 (talk) 19:45, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

Same could be said for all those old Russian- made aircraft and utility helicopters you put up. I'm trying to showcase the newest air craft that Poland has received and if you are such an expert then you would notice that there are TWO variant to the Polish F-16 (C AND D) one has TWO SEAT AND EXTRA FUEL TANKS WHILE THE OTHER IS A ONE SEATER... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.149.136.97 (talk) 19:58, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

Lets, put it this way... here in the US I heard from a few WIKI users that the polish Air Force Page is poorly set up and the way it was organized looked like they were still flying those old Soviet planes. All I'm trying to do is clean up the images and showcase the new aircraft... it you can't dig it, iguess you just won't get it... look and presentation might not be your strong suit... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.149.136.201 (talk) 20:19, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

I don't have an account set up, At this point I think we can come to a compromise and include both versions, I will make a few changes let me know what you think... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.57.91.34 (talk) 20:44, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

You know what, In America they laugh at dumb "POLAKS" like you and Poland in general, because of things like this. I'm trying to make the page more up to date and show what is "new" and "show it in a positive manner". Also, I want to compromise and keep your ideas and photos, but for whatever reason you won't. " IS THE POLISH AIR FORCE GOING TO FLY THE GOVERNMENT VIP PLANE INTO COMBAT??? PEOPLE DON'T LOOK FOR UTILITY AIRCRAFT ON THE WEB, YET YOU PUT UP A WHOLE LINE OF PLANES THAT PEOPLE ARN'T INTERESTED IN"... Dude, you're stupid, you got no --public perception-- skills!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.149.136.201 (talk) 21:45, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

Hey idioto ja pochodze z Krakowa a teraz mieszkam w US. I widze jak tandetnie zagracasz "Polish Air Force" wiki page... Wes i puknij sie w leb... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.149.136.97 (talk) 21:57, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

At this point, You can have your edits... despite the fact that I tried to Compromise and include everyones pics, you kept on reverting back to you changes... Just to point out you don't own this site... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.149.136.201 (talk) 22:14, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

Re:Polish Air Force
I've added the page to my watchlist. Anon's comments above are obviously personal attacks, if he does anything else I will semiprotect the affected pages - since he has a dynamic IP I cannot block him efficiently. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 22:39, 23 November 2008 (UTC)

New Poznan editor
Check here.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 19:17, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

Wielkopolskie Powstanie 1848
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Poland_Uprising_(1848) I am currently trying to improve this article in every possible way. Seeing as you are from Poznań and frequently engage in Poznań related articles I would welcome your contribution in this regards if you have time.--Molobo (talk) 22:30, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

WikiProject Poland
WikiProject Poland has awarded you a status of a honorary member (since you never signed up on our membership page). Thank you for your Poland-related encyclopedic contributions! Please consider officially joining the project by moving yourself from the "Honorary members" list to the "Active members" list here. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 22:17, 24 March 2009 (UTC)

15th Poznań Uhlans Regiment
Thanks for the article; if you were to add some sources, it could be featured on our main page after a T:TDYK nomination. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 01:39, 16 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I've nominated it here: []. For DYKs, language is not as big of a concern as references; if you could format the remaining one properly (example) and add more, this would help. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 15:31, 16 December 2009 (UTC)

File source problem with File:AM Pozna&-324;.PNG
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POLAND
Would you like to add yourself to that list? You are listed as honorary instead of regular member due to your accomplishments and the fact you never bothered to add yourself to the list :) --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 20:48, 17 December 2010 (UTC)

Re: Poznań Town Hall photo
Hi, Wikipedia is not your private gallery, where you can display your works!!! Please try Commons or Flickr. BurgererSF (talk) 17:41, 28 March 2011 (UTC)

Monitor. WikiProject Poland Newsletter: Issue 1 (April 2011)
Delivered by EdwardsBot (talk) 21:21, 25 April 2011 (UTC)

We miss you!
On behalf of WPPOLAND - we hope to see you back with us again one day! --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| talk to me 19:11, 6 February 2012 (UTC)

We miss you!
On behalf of WPPOLAND - we hope to see you back with us again one day! --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 17:21, 23 August 2012 (UTC)

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Compromised account
WP:COMPROMISED. -- zzuuzz (talk) 18:26, 22 November 2018 (UTC)

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Radomil


text:
Fungus Amongus

Fungus Amongus is the debut studio album by American rock band Incubus, released on November 1, 1995, by Chillum Records, Incubus' own independent label. It was later re-released under Epic and Immortal Records on November 7, 2000, after popular demand.

Background
Formed in 1991, Incubus had trouble attracting the interest of major labels for their first album, which led to them releasing Fungus Amongus independently in 1995. The band printed 1,000 copies and sold all of them. Vocalist Brandon Boyd remembered in 2020, "It was a win for us, but let me tell you like selling 1,000 copies was hard. When we did get to work with a major label, it was definitely exciting."

Stylistically, Fungus Amongus shows strong influences of funk metal bands such as Faith No More, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Primus, and Mr. Bungle, most of whom are mentioned in the liner notes of the 2000 reissue. In subsequent interviews, Boyd has cited all of these artists as influences on the band and has mentioned his enjoyment at later having Incubus perform alongside them, including with Mr. Bungle at the 2000 SnoCore Tour and with Faith No More at the 2015 Soundwave Festival in Australia. In a 2012 interview, Boyd reflected that Fungus Amongus was "a very accurate statement of where we were at that time. We were teenagers and had little to no knowledge or understanding of the world. We were learning how to write songs and be a band and had no concept or idea that those recordings would stick. It was almost Outsider art. I think Fungus Amongus and S.C.I.E.N.C.E. were Incubus still finding our distinctive voice. So those albums are schizoid amalgamations of many of the bands we were obsessing over in the early to mid-nineties."

The group presents a quasi-rap style on Fungus Amongus, which continued onto 1997's S.C.I.E.N.C.E., showing Boyd rapping on songs such as "Psychopsilocybin", "Trouble in 421", "Speak Free", and "Take Me to Your Leader". The song "Shaft!" references Lorena Bobbitt, an American woman who gained notoriety for cutting off her husband's penis in 1993. The album cover image is of a fly agaric mushroom. Many of the names given under "Personnel" are actually pseudonyms for the band members. "Fabio" is guitarist Mike Einziger; "Dirk Lance" is bassist Alex Katunich, who later adopted the moniker as his stage name; "Brandy Flower" is an actual Sony employee; and "Happy Knappy" is vocalist Brandon Boyd. "Bett" and "Brett Spivery" refer to Brett Spivey, longtime friend of the band, who went on to make their first two DVDs and the videos for "I Miss You" and "Summer Romance (Anti-Gravity Love Song)".

"Hilikus", "Shaft!", "Take Me to Your Leader", and "You Will Be a Hot Dancer" were all re-recorded for the 1997 Enjoy Incubus EP, which was the band's first release after signing to Epic/Immortal Records in 1996. The EP also included additional material, such as a new song called "Version". The re-recordings of the Fungus Amongus tracks featured added DJ scratches by DJ Lyfe, who joined Incubus in late 1995, after Fungus Amongus had been released. The re-recording of "Hilikus" had a new, untitled hidden track, which plays after several minutes of silence. On this release, some of the band members were given new pseudonyms; Einziger's was "Dynamike", Boyd's was "Brandon of the Jungle", and DJ Lyfe's was "Kid Lyfe". On S.C.I.E.N.C.E. the band continued to create new pseudonyms, before abandoning this concept on later releases.

Reception and legacy
Upon initial release, the album failed to chart; however, when re-released in 2000 by Epic/Immortal Records, it managed to peak at number 116 on the Billboard 200. The album received generally negative reviews from critics. Dean Carlson of AllMusic wrote, "Incubus' independent debut is an unremarkable take on suburban MTV funk." He also criticized frontman Brandon Boyd, writing, "there's much to dislike, notably frontman Brandon Boyd, who growls like he wants the voice of anybody but himself". Tim Grierson of About.com observed, "at this early stage, Incubus just sounded like a tired rehash of Rage Against the Machine and Red Hot Chili Peppers." In 2001, Spin labeled the album as "goofy" and "Primus-obsessed."

The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (2004) gave the album one star out of five. The review states, "although it may only be vaguely recalled, the great funk metal scare occurred at the dawn of the 90s, between the waning of hair metal and the waxing of grunge." It adds that "Incubus was a latecomer to a boomlet of shirtless suburban funkateers who were greatly inspired by the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Primus and Faith No More" and that "Fungus Amongus, a compendium of slapped bass and forced wackiness, seemed hopelessly dated in 1995." The 2003 book The Rough Guide to Rock describes the album as "a rough-and-ready amalgam of funk, rock, metal and wilful weirdness that merely hinted at what Incubus would go on to produce." Frank Guan of Vulture stated in 2017 that it was "a sincere and skilled pastiche of their funk-drunk idols" and characterized its lyrical content as having "references to 4/20, space aliens, and psilocybin mushrooms."

In 2020, Ultimate Guitar included it on their list of "Top 8 Iconic Funk Metal Albums". Loudwire added it to a list titled "26 Bands Who Sound Nothing Like Their First Album". They stated, "taking cues from Faith No More, Primus and hip-hop, the funk-first rap/rock of Fungus Amongus was a snapshot of heavy music in 1995."

When looking back on Incubus's discography in a 2017 interview with Kerrang!, Boyd observed, "[Fungus Amongus] was super-fun to make, but we didn't know what we were doing. I guess that's why a lot of our fans love that record, but for me when I hear it I truly cringe. I would just as soon bury it forever." In a 2022 Louder Sound article, Boyd placed it last in his ranking of the eight Incubus studio albums. He said, "it doesn’t feel like a studio album. It was barely mixed and recorded — S.C.I.E.N.C.E. was the first time we had a recording budget." When ranking the band's eight studio albums in 2020, Kerrang! placed Fungus Amongus seventh, ahead of only their 2011 album, If Not Now, When?. In 2023, Alternative Press placed it fifth in their ranking, saying that "while the band could surely play, nothing was polished or breakthrough quite yet."

Live performance
The band has not performed any songs from Fungus Amongus or Enjoy Incubus since 2004. That year, they performed "Take Me to Your Leader" nine times on their A Crow Left of the Murder... tour, having then not played it since 1998. Their last performances of any of the other Fungus Amongus songs were in 2000. The intro to "Trouble in 421" was briefly played at a July 2011 show in Los Angeles, which was recorded as part of their Incubus HQ Live release. While Incubus still regularly performs certain songs from S.C.I.E.N.C.E., Boyd asserted in 2012 that the band has no intention of performing tracks from Fungus Amongus again. He remarked, "what's funny is people are still asking for a lot of those songs. We're very happy that they exist, but we just as soon let them exist in recordings. I don't even know if we'd know how to play them."

Personnel

 * Happy Knappy – vocals, djembe
 * Fabio – guitars
 * Dirk Lance – bass
 * Salsa – drums

title: Fungus Amongus


text:
Weimar Triangle

The Weimar Triangle (French: Triangle de Weimar; German: Weimarer Dreieck; Polish: Trójkąt Weimarski) is a regional alliance of France, Germany, and Poland created in 1991 in the German city of Weimar. The group is intended to promote co-operation between the three countries in cross-border and European issues.

It exists mostly in the form of summit meetings between the leaders of the three countries, and of their foreign ministers. The collaboration between member states includes inter-parliamentary contacts, military, scientific and cultural co-operation.

1990s
The Weimar Triangle was established in the German city of Weimar in 1991, aimed at assisting Poland's emergence from Communist rule. Attending the meeting were the Foreign Ministers of each state: Roland Dumas of France, Hans-Dietrich Genscher of Germany, and Krzysztof Skubiszewski of Poland. Genscher chose Weimar for the inaugural meeting because it was situated in former East Germany.

At the 1992 meeting of the Weimar Triangle in France, Poland won agreement from Germany and France that it should have special association status at the Western European Union, the European arm of NATO.

2000s
Apart from regular meetings of ministers of foreign affairs and occasional summits of the countries' leaders, no major changes or decisions were made in the first decade of the twenty-first century in the Weimar Triangle.

2010s
At the 2011 summit hosted by President Bronisław Komorowski of Poland and attended by President Nicolas Sarkozy (France) and Chancellor Angela Merkel (Germany), the three leaders discussed issues of renewing regular Weimar Triangle meetings and improving relations with Russia (among other topics). Both Germany and France urged Poland to join the Pact for Competitiveness.

On 5 July 2011, France, Germany, and Poland signed an agreement in Brussels to put together a unit of 1,700 soldiers under Polish command, called the Weimar Battlegroup, that was to be ready to deploy in crisis zones starting in 2013. The operational command centre was to be based in Mont Valerien, located in a Paris suburb.

Shortly after the referendum on the status of Crimea held on 16 March 2014, the chairpersons of the Weimar Triangle parliament's committees on foreign affairs – Elisabeth Guigou of France, Norbert Röttgen of Germany and Grzegorz Schetyna of Poland – visited Kyiv to express their countries’ firm support of the territorial integrity and the European integration of Ukraine. This was the first time that parliamentarians of the Weimar Triangle had ever made a joint trip to a third country.

In April 2016, Poland's foreign minister Witold Waszczykowski told daily newspaper Gazeta Wyborcza that the Weimar Triangle had lost its relevance for his country.

On 28 August 2016, representatives of the three countries vowed to "reinvigorate" the Weimar Triangle. German foreign minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier said the group would meet before the end of 2016, and French foreign minister Jean-Marc Ayrault said France would host a summit in November 2016. The stated reasoning for this reinvigoration were the decision of the United Kingdom to leave the European Union, as well as the ongoing European migrant crisis.

2020s
On 8 February 2022, the meeting between Presidents Emmanuel Macron, Andrzej Duda and Chancellor Olaf Scholz took place in Berlin to discuss security cooperation in the face of the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian crisis. This was the first such trilateral meeting between the three heads of states in many years (although this is technically false, since Scholz is not in fact Germany's head of state), and was seen as a step towards strengthening the Weimar Triangle format. At a joint press conference President Duda appealed for unity among European leaders saying that "We must show that we speak in one voice". The German Chancellor stressed that any violation of Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity was "unacceptable" and would have "far-reaching consequences for Russia in political, economic and geo-strategic dimensions" while President Macron reinforced France's determination to use diplomatic efforts which he said were "the only path to end the conflict around Ukraine." Unfortunately on 24 February Vladimir Putin decided to invade Ukraine.

On 12 June 2023, the leaders of the Weimar Triangle, Scholz, Macron and Duda met at the group's summit held in Paris to discuss a number of foreign policy issues the most important of which was the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The leaders reaffirmed their "unwavering support" for Ukraine and declared to assist the country in its defence efforts against Russia’s aggression politically, with humanitarian aid, financially and also by supplying arms. Among the topics discussed was also Ukraine’s future membership in the European Union and the NATO alliance.

On 27 June 2023, the German Minister of Finance Christian Lindner remarked in Berlin that today was the first meeting in that format of financiers since 2017. The invasion of Ukraine was the reason for the revived interest in this format. Lindner, Bruno Le Maire and Magdalena Rzeczkowska discussed the union of their capital markets.

As the Fall of Avdiivka culminated, at the meeting of Weimar Triangle heads in Berlin on 12 February 2024 Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk hinted that his country might join the European Sky Shield Initiative project headed by Germany, notable especially in the wake of unsettling comments on the future of NATO by an American presidential candidate. The foreign ministers, who also met that day in La Celle-Saint-Cloud, called amongst other things for a "Weimar of citizens", a "Weimar of youth", a "Weimar of excellence" and a "Weimar of culture".

On 15 March 2024, a summit of Weimar Triangle was held in Berlin with Macron, Scholz and Tusk in attendance. The leaders stressed that they remained united over their stance on Europe's response to Russia's war in Ukraine. The leaders also announced a "capacity coalition" to provide long-distance artillery to Ukraine would be established, while declaring to "never prompt escalation" there. Chancellor Scholz stated that the three countries wanted to make sure that Ukraine could be capable of defending itself against Russia's invasion. Other journalists were keen to quote Scholz as having said at the "hastily arranged summit" that a "coalition for long-range rocket artillery" was then formed and that "starting immediately, we will procure even more weapons for Ukraine, on the overall world market." Another journalist was surprised that the leaders did not take questions from the press.

Ministers of Foreign Affairs

 * 1) 28–29 August 1991 in Weimar, Germany: Hans-Dietrich Genscher, Roland Dumas, Krzysztof Skubiszewski
 * 2) 23–24 April 1992 in Bergerac, France: Hans-Dietrich Genscher, Roland Dumas, Krzysztof Skubiszewski
 * 3) 11–12 November 1993 in Warsaw, Poland: Klaus Kinkel, Alain Juppé, Andrzej Olechowski
 * 4) 14–15 September 1994 in Bamberg, Germany: Klaus Kinkel, Alain Juppé, Andrzej Olechowski
 * 5) 26 October 1995 in Paris, France: Klaus Kinkel, Hervé de Charette, Władysław Bartoszewski
 * 6) 19 December 1996 in Warsaw, Poland: Klaus Kinkel, Hervé de Charette, Dariusz Rosati
 * 7) 19 November 1997 in Frankfurt/Oder, Germany: Klaus Kinkel, Hubert Védrine, Dariusz Rosati
 * 8) 6 January 1999 in Paris, France: Joschka Fischer, Hubert Védrine, Bronisław Geremek
 * 9) 30 August 1999 in Weimar, Germany: Joschka Fischer, Hubert Védrine, Bronisław Geremek
 * 10) 7 June 2000 in Kraków, Poland: Joschka Fischer, Hubert Védrine, Bronisław Geremek
 * 11) 23 April 2002 in Paris, France: Joschka Fischer, Hubert Védrine, Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz
 * 12) 16 January 2004 in Berlin, Germany: Joschka Fischer, Dominique de Villepin, Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz
 * 13) 27 June 2005 in Warsaw, Poland: Joschka Fischer, Philippe Douste-Blazy, Adam Daniel Rotfeld
 * 14) 17 June 2008 in Paris, France: Frank-Walter Steinmeier, Bernard Kouchner, Radoslaw Sikorski
 * 15) 26–27 April 2010 in Bonn, Germany: Guido Westerwelle, Bernard Kouchner, Radoslaw Sikorski (with Kostyantyn Gryshchenko from Ukraine as guest)
 * 16) 23 June 2010 in Paris, France: Guido Westerwelle, Bernard Kouchner, Radoslaw Sikorski (with Sergey Lavrov from Russia as guest)
 * 17) 20 May 2011 in Bydgoszcz, Poland: Guido Westerwelle, Alain Juppé, Radoslaw Sikorski
 * 18) 29 February 2012 in Berlin, Germany: Guido Westerwelle, Alain Juppé, Radoslaw Sikorski
 * 19) 20 February 2014 in Kyiv, Ukraine: Frank-Walter Steinmeier, Laurent Fabius, Radoslaw Sikorski
 * 20) 31 March-1 April 2014 in Berlin and Weimar, Germany: Frank-Walter Steinmeier, Laurent Fabius, Radoslaw Sikorski
 * 21) 24 October 2014 in La Celle-Saint-Cloud, France: Frank-Walter Steinmeier, Laurent Fabius and Grzegorz Schetyna
 * 22) 3 April 2015 in Wrocław, Poland: Frank-Walter Steinmeier, Laurent Fabius and Grzegorz Schetyna
 * 23) 28–29 August 2016 in Weimar and Berlin, Germany: Frank-Walter Steinmeier, Jean-Marc Ayrault, Witold Waszczykowski
 * 24) 15 October 2020 in Paris, France: Heiko Maas, Jean-Yves Le Drian, Zbigniew Rau
 * 25) 10 September 2021 in Weimar, Germany: Heiko Maas, Jean-Yves Le Drian, Zbigniew Rau
 * 26) 1 March 2022 in Łódź, Poland: Annalena Baerbock, Jean-Yves Le Drian, Zbigniew Rau
 * 27) 12 February 2024 in La Celle-Saint-Cloud, France: Annalena Baerbock, Stéphane Séjourné, Radosław Sikorski

Heads of state and government

 * 1) 21 September 1993 in Gdańsk, Poland: Richard von Weizsäcker, François Mitterrand, Lech Wałęsa
 * 2) 21 February 1998 in Poznań, Poland: Helmut Kohl, Jacques Chirac, Aleksander Kwaśniewski
 * 3) 7 May 1999 in Nancy, France: Gerhard Schröder, Jacques Chirac, Aleksander Kwaśniewski
 * 4) 27 February 2001 in Hambach, Germany: Gerhard Schröder, Jacques Chirac, Aleksander Kwaśniewski
 * 5) 9 May 2003 in Wrocław, Poland (held a few days before the referendum on the entry of Poland in the European Union): Gerhard Schröder, Jacques Chirac, Aleksander Kwaśniewski
 * 6) 19 May 2005 in Nancy, France: Gerhard Schröder, Jacques Chirac, Aleksander Kwaśniewski
 * 7) 5 December 2006 in Mettlach, Germany: Angela Merkel, Jacques Chirac, Lech Kaczynski
 * 8) 7 February 2011 in Warsaw, Poland: Angela Merkel, Nicolas Sarkozy, Bronisław Komorowski
 * 9) 6 March 2013 in Warsaw, Poland: Angela Merkel, François Hollande, Donald Tusk (jointly with leaders of the Visegrád Group)
 * 10) 8 February 2022 in Berlin, German: Olaf Scholz, Emmanuel Macron, Andrzej Duda
 * 11) 12 June 2023 in Paris, France: Olaf Scholz, Emmanuel Macron, Andrzej Duda
 * 12) 15 March 2024 in Berlin, Germany: Olaf Scholz, Emmanuel Macron, Donald Tusk

A planned Summit on 3 July 2006 in Weimar, Germany was postponed due to alleged indisposition of the Polish president Lech Kaczyński.

Ministers of European Affairs

 * 1) 26 May 2003 in Warsaw, Poland: Hans Martin Bury, Noëlle Lenoir, Danuta Hübner
 * 2) 22 October 2004 in Warsaw, Poland: Hans Martin Bury, Claudie Haigneré, Jarosław Pietras
 * 3) 7 November 2008 in Paris, France: Günter Gloser, Pierre Lellouche, Mikołaj Dowgielewicz
 * 4) 1 February 2010 in Warsaw, Poland: Werner Hoyer, Jean-Pierre Jouyet, Mikołaj Dowgielewicz
 * 5) 22 September 2011 in Berlin, Germany: Werner Hoyer, Jean Leonetti, Mikołaj Dowgielewicz
 * 6) 16 March 2012 in Antibes, France: Michael Georg Link, Jean Leonetti, Mikołaj Dowgielewicz
 * 7) 1 October 2012 in Warsaw, Poland: Michael Georg Link, Thierry Repentin, Piotr Serafin
 * 8) 16 July 2013 in Bad Wimpfen, Germany: Michael Georg Link, Bernard Cazeneuve, Piotr Serafin
 * 9) 10 July 2014 in Warsaw, Poland: Michael Roth, Harlem Désir, Piotr Serafin
 * 10) 26 September 2014 in Herleshausen, Germany: Michael Roth, Harlem Désir, Rafał Trzaskowski
 * 11) 30 September 2015 in Paris, France: Michael Roth, Harlem Désir, Rafał Trzaskowski
 * 12) 14 June 2016 in Warsaw, Poland: Michael Roth, Harlem Désir, Konrad Szymański
 * 13) 21 January 2020 in Lens, Pas-de-Calais, France: Michael Roth, Amélie de Montchalin, Konrad Szymański
 * 14) 15–16 September 2022 in Poznań, Poland: Anna Lührmann, Laurence Boone, Konrad Szymański
 * 15) 11 May 2023 in Eltville, Germany: Anna Lührmann, Laurence Boone, Szymon Szynkowski vel Sęk
 * 16) 17–18 July 2023 in Skopje, North Macedonia: Anna Lührmann, Laurence Boone, Szymon Szynkowski vel Sęk

Ministers of Defence

 * 1) 12 February 1999 in Kraków, Poland: Rudolf Scharping, Alain Richard, Janusz Onyszkiewicz
 * 2) 29 September 2004 in Heiligendamm, Germany: Peter Struck, Michèle Alliot-Marie, Jerzy Szmajdziński
 * 3) 25 July 2006 in Wieliczka, Poland: Franz Josef Jung, Michèle Alliot-Marie, Radoslaw Sikorski
 * 4) 31 March 2015 in Berlin, Germany: Ursula von der Leyen, Jean-Yves Le Drian, Tomasz Siemoniak

Ministers of Finance

 * 1) 18 July 2003 in Berlin, Germany: Hans Eichel, Francis Mer, Andrzej Raczko
 * 2) 6 July 2015 in Warsaw, Poland: Wolfgang Schäuble, Michel Sapin, Mateusz Szczurek
 * 3) 19 January 2016 in Berlin, Germany: Wolfgang Schäuble, Michel Sapin, Paweł Szałamacha
 * 4) 22 February 2017 in Paris, France: Wolfgang Schäuble, Michel Sapin, Mateusz Morawiecki
 * 5) 28 June 2023 in Weimar, Germany: Christian Lindner, Bruno Le Maire, Magdalena Rzeczkowska

Ministers of Internal Affairs

 * 1) 24 July 2013 in Kraków, Poland: Hans-Peter Friedrich, Manuel Valls, Bartłomiej Sienkiewicz

Ministers of the Environment

 * 1) 15 July 2013 in Warsaw, Poland: Peter Altmaier, Philippe Martin, Marcin Korolec
 * 2) 26 February 2014 in Berlin, Germany: Barbara Hendricks, Philippe Martin, Maciej Grabowski

Ministers for Economic Affairs

 * 1) 7 February 2014 in Kraków, Poland: Sigmar Gabriel, Arnaud Montebourg, Janusz Piechociński
 * 2) 4 July 2019 in Poznań, Poland: Peter Altmaier, Bruno Le Maire, Jadwiga Emilewicz
 * 3) 5 May 2021 in Paris, France: Peter Altmaier, Bruno Le Maire, Jarosław Gowin

Ministers of Agriculture

 * 1) 2 September 2014 in Bonn, Germany: Christian Schmidt, Stéphane Le Foll, Marek Sawicki
 * 2) 31 August 2015 in Berlin, Germany: Christian Schmidt, Stéphane Le Foll, Marek Sawicki
 * 3) 7 October 2019 in Warsaw, Poland: Julia Klöckner, Didier Guillaume, Jan Krzysztof Ardanowski

Committees on Foreign Affairs

 * 1) 19–20 March 2007 in Berlin, Germany

Speakers of Parliament

 * 1) 29 May 2010 in Essen, Germany: Norbert Lammert, Bernard Accoyer, Bronisław Komorowski
 * 2) 5 July 2013 in Kraków, Poland: Norbert Lammert, Claude Bartolone, Ewa Kopacz
 * 3) 16 June 2016 in Paris, France: Norbert Lammert, Claude Bartolone, Marek Kuchciński

Committees on Defence

 * 1) 9 June 2011 in Berlin, Germany: Susanne Kastner, Guy Teissier, Stanisław Wziątek

Committees on European Affairs

 * 1) 2012 in Paris, France
 * 2) 2013 in Gdańsk, Poland
 * 3) 13–14 November 2014 in Berlin, Germany
 * 4) 2016 in France
 * 5) 2018 in Poland
 * 6) 13 May 2019 in Berlin, Germany

title: Weimar Triangle


text:
Toll Collect

Toll Collect GmbH is a German company that has developed and is running the tolling system for trucks (LKW-Maut) on German motorways.

The company was a consortium led by Daimler AG, Deutsche Telekom, and Cofiroute until 2018 when it was taken over by German Government. The consortium won a bid for the development of a toll billing system from the German government. The development of the system started in September 2002. The technology is based on the Global Positioning System, and a web application for booking truck routes in advance. Trucks are equipped with embedded systems called "On Board Units" (OBUs). OBUs are used for positioning, monitoring and billing. Additionally, the OBUs have infrared and Dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) interfaces for exchanging data with stationary enforcement gantries and mobile enforcement on the tolled road network.

Since the end of 2002 several hundred engineers and programmers worked on the project. Articles report more than 1000 experts were involved in the project. The rollout was first scheduled for the end of August 2003, but was delayed repeatedly, causing the government to forfeit toll collection on trucks using the Autobahn. The deadline was first shifted by 2 months, then by at least one year. Not until the German government purchased Toll Collect were the long-lasting disputes between Toll Collect and the German government about the payment of damages due to the long delay in the launching system resolved. There were also accusations that during the tendering procedure for the system, the offers made by non-German companies were not given fair consideration.

The system was opened two years behind schedule on January 1, 2005. It was the first system in the world that deployed a national GNSS road pricing scheme. The charge per kilometre varies according to the number of axles and the vehicle's emission category, and is between 9 and 14 cents per kilometre. For a trip from Hamburg to Munich (776 km) for example, the costs lie between €69.84 and €108.64. Since the installation of an On Board Unit (OBU) by a professional service is costly and/or time-consuming, the option of paying for a specific trip tickets was also provided from the very beginning (as illustrated).

In publications from December 2019, however, journalists attributed Toll Collect's whereabouts to the federal government to the contracts signed by Transport Minister Andreas Scheuer with industry representatives on the failed car toll in December 2018 and also critically assessed the role of the State Secretary and later Toll Collect boss Gerhard Schulz. According to this, the provision of parts of the Toll Collect infrastructure was probably already assured to Scheuer's contractual partners at the time before the bidding process for the Toll Collect privatization was officially ended in January 2019.

Technical background of the satellite based toll system
Generally, for any truck travelling on the German motorways, the distance-based fees can be paid by different means: through the advanced purchase of a specific route via the internet or at payment terminals (typically located in fuel stations), or fully automated through the use of OBUs that are professionally installed in the trucks. Through the use of satellite navigation, the position and the trip are data stored in the OBU which enable the device to determine the tolling fees that apply for the route driven. The data collected in the OBU are transferred to the data center by mobile data communication (GSM), and processed for billing. The fact that the system is "satellite based" relates to the positioning only, not to the communication of the OBU to the data center.

To prevent avoidance of toll payments (e.g. by switching off the OBUs), the trucks are photographed at approximately 300 toll enforcement gantries, and checked by approximately 450 mobile checking stations. The data generated from these compliance checks are compared in the central computing system, and enforcement measured being started. The non-compliance rate is published as being constantly less than 1%.

Plans to export the specific German solution to other countries were not realized, but a number of GNSS-based tolling solutions were implemented in European countries for distance-based charging of trucks. Plans to expand the system to value-added services, such as fleet management, were not implemented.

title: Toll Collect


text:
Talk:Independent Democratic Serb Party

Rewrote History
Changed

The party is led by Vojislav Stanimirović and aims to facilitate the return of the Serbs who were driven out of Croatia in 1995 when the Croatian military and police conquered the self-proclaimed Republic of Serbian Krajina and put that territory back under Croatian control.

to

The party is led by Vojislav Stanimirović and aims to facilitate the return of the Serbs ''who in 1995, in the face of Operation Storm, fled out of Croatia. Operation Storm was a military operation in which the Croatian military and police retook the main part if the self-proclaimed Republic of Serbian Krajina, thus restoring Croatian government control up to and including the Republic of Croatia's internationally recognised boundaries.''

b/c it is more accurate and NPOV. For example, how can a country conquer it's own internationally recognised territory. Added link to Operation Storm which contains more information on the operation. iruka 03:27, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

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The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 01:07, 13 December 2020 (UTC)
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title: Talk:Independent Democratic Serb Party


text:
Fimafeng

Fimafeng is one of the servants of Ægir in Norse mythology. In the Lokasenna, Fimafeng is killed out of jealousy by Loki at a party held by his master, after hearing him being lauded by the people for the banquet he had prepared to the Æsir (gods).

Name
The Old Norse name Fimafeng has been translated as 'hurrying service'.

Attestation
In the beginning of Lokasenna (Loki's Flyting), Aegir's servants Fimafeng and Eldir are praised by the people for their good job at welcoming guests to a feast prepared to the Æsir (gods) and hosted by their master. The áss (god) Loki, jealous of the praise being heaped upon them, suddenly kills Fimafeng, causing the Aesir to expel him from the party. Loki eventually returns to the feast and offers an elaborate series of insults (flyting) to the Aesir gods and to the other servant, Eldir.

title: Fimafeng


text:
Flyting

Flyting or fliting (Classical Gaelic: immarbág, iomarbháigh, lit. "counter-boasting"), is a contest consisting of the exchange of insults between two parties, often conducted in verse.

Etymology
The word flyting comes from the Old English verb flītan meaning 'to quarrel', made into a gerund with the suffix -ing. Attested from around 1200 in the general sense of a verbal quarrel, it is first found as a technical literary term in Scotland in the sixteenth century. The first written Scots example is William Dunbar, The Flyting of Dunbar and Kennedie, written in the late fifteenth century.

Description
Flyting is a ritual, poetic exchange of insults practiced mainly between the 5th and 16th centuries. Examples of flyting are found throughout Scots, Ancient, Medieval and Modern Celtic, Old English, Middle English and Norse literature involving both historical and mythological figures. The exchanges would become extremely provocative, often involving accusations of cowardice or sexual perversion.

Norse literature contains stories of the gods flyting. For example, in Lokasenna the god Loki insults the other gods in the hall of Ægir. In the poem Hárbarðsljóð, Hárbarðr (generally considered to be Odin in disguise) engages in flyting with Thor.

In the confrontation of Beowulf and Unferð in the poem Beowulf, flytings were used as either a prelude to battle or as a form of combat in their own right.

In Anglo-Saxon England, flyting would take place in a feasting hall. The winner would be decided by the reactions of those watching the exchange. The winner would drink a large cup of beer or mead in victory, then invite the loser to drink as well.

The 13th-century poem The Owl and the Nightingale and Geoffrey Chaucer's Parlement of Foules contain elements of flyting.

Flyting became public entertainment in Scotland in the 15th and 16th centuries, when makars would engage in verbal contests of provocative, often sexual and scatological but highly poetic abuse. Flyting was permitted despite the fact that the penalty for profanities in public was a fine of 20 shillings (over £300 in 2024 prices) for a lord, or a whipping for a servant. James IV and James V encouraged "court flyting" between poets for their entertainment and occasionally engaged with them. The Flyting of Dumbar and Kennedie records a contest between William Dunbar and Walter Kennedy in front of James IV, which includes the earliest recorded use of the word shit as a personal insult. In 1536 the poet Sir David Lyndsay composed a ribald 60-line flyte to James V after the King demanded a response to a flyte.

Flytings appear in several of William Shakespeare's plays. Margaret Galway analysed 13 comic flytings and several other ritual exchanges in the tragedies. Flytings also appear in Nicholas Udall's Ralph Roister Doister and John Still's Gammer Gurton's Needle from the same era.

While flyting died out in Scottish writing after the Middle Ages, it continued for writers of Celtic background. Robert Burns parodied flyting in his poem, "To a Louse", and James Joyce's poem "The Holy Office" is a curse upon society by a bard. Joyce played with the traditional two-character exchange by making one of the characters representing society as a whole.

Similar practices
Hilary Mackie has detected in the Iliad a consistent differentiation between representations in Greek of Achaean and Trojan speech, where Achaeans repeatedly engage in public, ritualized abuse: "Achaeans are proficient at blame, while Trojans perform praise poetry."

Taunting songs are present in the Inuit culture, among many others. Flyting can also be found in Arabic poetry in a popular form called naqā’iḍ, as well as the competitive verses of Japanese Haikai.

Echoes of the genre continue into modern poetry. Hugh MacDiarmid's poem A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle, for example, has many passages of flyting in which the poet's opponent is, in effect, the rest of humanity.

Flyting is similar in both form and function to the modern practice of freestyle battles between rappers and the historic practice of the Dozens, a verbal-combat game representing a synthesis of flyting and its Early Modern English descendants with comparable African verbal-combat games such as Ikocha Nkocha.

In the Finnish epic Kalevala, the hero Väinämöinen uses the similar practice of kilpalaulanta (duel singing) to defeat his opponent Joukahainen.

Modern portrayals
In "The Roaring Trumpet", part of Harold Shea's introduction to the Norse gods is a flyting between Heimdall and Loki in which Heimdall says, "All insults are untrue. I state facts."

The climactic scene in Rick Riordan's novel The Ship of the Dead consists of a flyting between the protagonist Magnus Chase and the Norse god Loki.

In the Monkey Island video game series, insults are often integral to duels such as sword fighting and arm wrestling.

In Assassin's Creed: Valhalla, in which the protagonist is a Viking themself, players can engage in flyting with various non-playable characters for prestige and other rewards.

Some see the subculture of hip hop music known as Battle rap as a modern expression, providing a platform for two individuals to poetically insult each other.

title: Flyting


text:
Flag of Macau

The Regional Flag of the Macau Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China is light green with a lotus flower above the stylised Governador Nobre de Carvalho Bridge and water in white, beneath a circular arc of five golden five-pointed stars: one large star in the center of the arc with two smaller stars on each side of the large star, each with a point angled directly outward from the center of the common circle on which they lie.

The lotus was chosen as the floral emblem of Macau. The Governor Nobre de Carvalho Bridge is a bridge linking the Macau Peninsula and the island of Taipa. The bridge is one of the most recognisable landmarks for the territory. The water beneath the lotus and the bridge symbolise Macau's position as a port and its role played in the territory. The five five-pointed stars echo the design of the flag of the People's Republic of China, symbolising the relationship Macau has with its sovereign state.

According to the Basic Law of Macau, the Macau Regional Flag is a green flag with five stars, lotus flower, bridge and sea water. This law also adopted "Apart from displaying the Flag of the People's Republic of China, the Macao Special Administrative Region may also use a regional flag".

1993 proposals
In 1993, several proposed designs were put forward.
 * Similar to the current flag of Macau, but the lotus is stylised differently and is found in a disc, with the stars inside the flower
 * A tricolour of red-white-red; the middle band has a depiction of St. Paul's Cathedral in Macau
 * A triband with a stylised "M" standing for Macau; a large star above four smaller stars representative of China
 * A vertical bicolour of green and red, resembling the Flag of Portugal, with a stylised lotus flower in the lower fly
 * A red and blue stylised "M" with a large five-pointed star, with a red lotus blossom within the centre of the star, on the upper fly of a white flag with two blue horizontal bands
 * Similar to the current flag of Macau, but the flag colour is red, and the emblem excludes the bridge and water underneath the lotus on the current flag
 * A stylised lotus flower with an arch of yellow stars on a red flag
 * A stylised lotus flower with an arch of yellow stars above the flower on a red flag
 * A depiction of the Guia Fortress Lighthouse, the oldest in Asia, under a golden star; a white halo ring forms around the lighthouse, and two light cones divide the upper fly (red in colour) and lower fly (blue in colour)
 * A vertical bicolour of green and red, resembling the Flag of Portugal, with a white gull in the upper fly and a white depiction of the Gov. Nobre de Carvalho Bridge in the lower fly
 * A stylised lotus flower on a red flag with an arch of yellow stars above the flower
 * A red triangle with base on hoist and apex on the fly edge, filled with the stars from the flag of China
 * A stylised lotus flower, with a red-outlined star within the top petal
 * Another depiction of the Gov. Nobre de Carvalho Bridge in the lower fly on a red flag, with the five yellow stars running parallel to the outline of the bridge

Portuguese rule
Prior to the handover of Macau to the People's Republic of China by the Portuguese Republic in 1999, Macau officially used only the Portuguese flag, in contrast to Hong Kong, which, under British rule, used a defaced Blue Ensign as its flag, alongside the Union Jack. In 1967, there were proposals to give each overseas province its own flag, consisting of the Portuguese flag with the local coat of arms, but none was ever adopted.

There was a flag for the Government of Macau, with the colony's coat of arms on a light blue field.

There was a flag for the Portuguese-ruled Municipal Council of Macau, with a Portuguese-style coat of arms and two angels as heraldic supporters, which was used at the 1999 handover ceremony as well as the 1990, 1994 and 1998 Asian Games.

title: Flag of Macau


text:
1941 in sports

 * Note — many sporting events did not take place because of World War II

1941 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.

American football

 * NFL Championship: the Chicago Bears won 37–9 over the New York Giants at Wrigley Field
 * Minnesota Golden Gophers – college football national champions.
 * Chicago Bears win only meeting vs. Green Bay Packers in the playoffs. On January 23, 2011, they will meet again in the playoffs.
 * At a college game in Youngstown, Ohio, game officials use a penalty flag for the first time.

Association football

 * La Liga won by Atlético Aviación
 * German football championship won by SK Rapid Wien
 * Serie A won by Bologna
 * Primeira Liga won by Sporting CP
 * There is no major football competition in England, Scotland or France due to World War II. In England, several regional leagues are played but statistics from these are not counted in players’ figures.

Australian rules football

 * Victorian Football League
 * Melbourne wins the 45th VFL Premiership, beating Essendon 19.13 (127) to 13.20 (98) in the 1941 VFL Grand Final
 * Brownlow Medal awarded to Norman Ware (Footscray)
 * South Australian National Football League:
 * 4 October: Norwood 14.16 (100) beats Sturt 10.11 (71) for their nineteenth premiership but first since 1929.
 * Western Australian National Football League:
 * 11 October: West Perth 14.14 (98) beat East Fremantle 10.17 (77) to win their eighth WANFL premiership.

Baseball

 * New York Yankees win the World Series, beating Brooklyn Dodgers by 4 games to 1
 * Ted Williams records a season batting average of .406; it is the last time a major leaguer hit over .400
 * Joe DiMaggio's 56-game hitting streak (May 15 – July 16)

Basketball
NBL Championship

 * Oshkosh All-Stars over Sheboygan Redskins (3–0)

Events
 * Ninth South American Basketball Championship in Mendoza is won by Argentina.

Boxing
Events Lineal world champions
 * The highlight of the year is the World Heavyweight title fight between two current world champions, Joe Louis and Billy Conn, won by Louis with a 13th-round knockout.
 * World Heavyweight Championship – Joe Louis
 * World Light Heavyweight Championship – Billy Conn
 * World Middleweight Championship – vacant → Tony Zale
 * World Welterweight Championship – Fritzie Zivic → Freddie "Red" Cochrane
 * World Lightweight Championship – Lew Jenkins → Sammy Angott
 * World Featherweight Championship – Harry Jeffra → Joey Archibald → Albert "Chalky" Wright
 * World Bantamweight Championship – Lou Salica
 * World Flyweight Championship – vacant

Cricket
England and South Africa India Australia New Zealand and West Indies
 * There is no first-class cricket in England or South Africa due to World War II.
 * Ranji Trophy – Maharashtra defeats Madras by six wickets.
 * Bombay Pentangular – Hindus
 * During the 1940–41 season, although the Sheffield Shield is not contested, a number of interstate cricket matches are played for patriotic funding. For the 1941–42 season, seven three-day interstate matches are scheduled but only one is played before the urgency of the Pacific War puts an end to Australian first-class cricket until November 1945.
 * New Zealand abandons the Plunket Shield for 1940–41 but here, and in the West Indies, a small number of first-class matches are arranged and played each season until after the war without being part of an official competition.

Cycling
Tour de France Giro d'Italia
 * not contested due to World War II
 * not contested due to World War II

Figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships
 * not contested due to World War II

Golf
Men's professional Men's amateur Women's professional
 * Masters Tournament – Craig Wood
 * 1941 U.S. Open – Craig Wood
 * British Open – not played due to World War II
 * PGA Championship – Vic Ghezzi
 * British Amateur – not played due to World War II
 * U.S. Amateur – Bud Ward
 * Women's Western Open – Patty Berg
 * Titleholders Championship – Dorothy Kirby

Horse racing
Steeplechases Hurdle races Flat races
 * Cheltenham Gold Cup – Poet Prince
 * Grand National – not held due to World War II
 * Champion Hurdle – Seneca
 * Australia – Melbourne Cup won by Skipton
 * Canada – King's Plate won by Budpath
 * France – Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe won by Le Pacha
 * Ireland – Irish Derby Stakes won by Sol Oriens
 * English Triple Crown Races:
 * 2,000 Guineas Stakes – Lambert Simnel
 * The Derby – Owen Tudor
 * St. Leger Stakes – Sun Castle
 * United States Triple Crown Races:
 * Kentucky Derby – Whirlaway
 * Preakness Stakes – Whirlaway
 * Belmont Stakes – Whirlaway

Ice hockey

 * Stanley Cup – Boston Bruins defeat the Detroit Red Wings 4 games to 0.

Rowing
The Boat Race
 * Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race is not contested due to World War II

Rugby league

 * 1941 New Zealand rugby league season
 * 1941 NSWRFL season
 * 1940–41 Northern Rugby Football League Wartime Emergency League season / 1941–42 Northern Rugby Football League Wartime Emergency League season

Rugby union

 * Five Nations Championship series is not contested due to World War II

Speed skating
Speed Skating World Championships
 * not contested due to World War II

Tennis
Australia England France USA Davis Cup
 * Australian Men's Singles Championship – not contested
 * Australian Women's Singles Championship – not contested
 * Wimbledon Men's Singles Championship – not contested
 * Wimbledon Women's Singles Championship – not contested
 * French Men's Singles Championship – Bernard Destremau (France) defeats Henri Cochet (France) 8–6, 6–2
 * French Women's Singles Championship – Alice Weiwers (Luxembourg) † details to be ascertained
 * American Men's Singles Championship – Bobby Riggs (USA) defeats Frank Kovacs (USA) 5–7, 6–1, 6–3, 6–3
 * American Women's Singles Championship – Sarah Palfrey Cooke (USA) defeats Pauline Betz Addie (USA) 7–5, 6–2
 * 1941 International Lawn Tennis Challenge – not contested

Awards

 * Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year – Joe DiMaggio, Major League Baseball
 * Associated Press Female Athlete of the Year – Betty Hicks Newell, golf

title: 1941 in sports


text:
World of Noise

World of Noise is the debut album recorded by American rock band Everclear. It was recorded in a friend's basement for $400 with Art Alexakis on vocals/lead guitar, Craig Montoya on bass, Scott Cuthbert on drums and was released in 1993 by Tim Kerr Records.

Album information
Alexakis used a beat-up Guild Bluesbird guitar to perform the album. For an amp, Alexakis used a Fender Super Twin with a blown 6L6 tube that would squeal every time Art hit a chord. Often, the amp would overheat and start smoking. When that happened, they would put icepacks on the back and let it cool down, then get back to recording the demo. Despite the problems, Alexakis' amp ended up giving the album a uniquely raucous, noisy sound.

The album was originally never meant to be released, but rather a demo. After finishing the initial sessions, the band compiled a cassette and sold it at shows. Once more material was complete, the band swapped out a couple of songs and issued the album on Tim/Kerr. The original self-released cassette included "Drunk Again", which later appeared on the Nervous & Weird EP and lacked "Nervous & Weird".

When the band signed with Capitol Records in 1994, the label agreed to re-release the album, and remastered it to try to improve the sound. Capitol released their version of the album on November 1, 1994. In the early 2000s, rights to the album reverted to Alexakis, who planned to remix the album and reissue it on his own label, Popularity Recordings. However, problems at his label (and its subsequent closure) shelved the project.

The song "Loser Makes Good" was written about an insane homeless man that shot and killed Art's friend, Phillip Bury, better known by his stage name "Buck Naked" of "Buck Naked and the Barebottom Boys", who released their only album on Alexakis's label, Shindig Records.

Personnel

 * Art Alexakis - lead guitar, vocals, producer, engineer, & mixer
 * Craig Montoya - bass, movement
 * Scott Cuthbert - drums, vocals
 * Karl Brummer - engineer, mixer

title: World of Noise


text:
Dar Pomorza

The Dar Pomorza (Gift of Pomerania) is a Polish full-rigged sailing ship built in 1909 which is preserved in Gdynia as a museum ship. She has served as a sail training ship in Germany, France, and Poland. Dar Pomorza won the Cutty Sark Trophy in 1980.

History
The ship was built in 1909 by Blohm & Voss and dedicated in 1910 by Deutscher Schulschiff-Verein as the German training ship Prinzess Eitel Friedrich, named for Duchess Sophia Charlotte of Oldenburg, wife of Prince Eitel Friedrich of Prussia. Her yard no. was 202, her hull was launched on 12 October 1909. In 1920, following World War I, the ship was taken as war-reparations by Great Britain, then brought to France, where she was assigned to the seamen's school at St-Nazaire under the name Colbert. The ship was in 1927 given to Baron de Forrest as compensation for the loss of a sailing yacht. Due to the high costs of refurbishing the ship, she was sold in 1929.

Still bearing the name Prinzess Eitel Friedrich, she was bought by the Polish community of Pomerania for £7,000, as the new training ship for the Polish Naval Academy in Gdynia. She was given the name "Dar Pomorza" (the Gift of Pomerania). In 1930 the ship was repaired and fitted with an auxiliary diesel engine. The experience gained during rebuilding works enabled Danish shipbuilders of Nakskov to build a sail training vessel for their country, the Danmark (still in service).

The ship made her first voyage under Polish colours named (temporarily) "Pomorze" (Pomerania in Polish). (Possibly the name was later changed in an effort to not name the ship similar to a very unfortunate one, the German pre-dreadnought battleship Pommern (Pomerania in German), which was lost with all hands during the Battle of Jutland in June 1916.) This first voyage was made under tow of two Dutch tugs ("Poolzee" and "Witte Zee") with a party of Polish and Dutch runners aboard, starting on 26 Dec. 1929 from St. Nazaire, and ending on 9 Jan. 1930 at Nakskov, the ship narrowly escaping destruction in a gale off the Brittany coast. The voyage later became famous through some accounts, including one written by Mr T. Meissner, the ship's first mate.

During the following years, rebuilt and converted into training unit fitted i/a with an auxiliary Diesel engine, she was used as a training ship, receiving the nickname "White Frigate". In 1934-1935 she travelled around the world (via Panama Canal). During that famous voyage, she called at many ports as the first ship ever under Polish flag. In 1937 a special voyage took her around the famous Cape Horn; thus she became the first ship under Polish Colours to round the famous cape. In 1938 she took part at the famous meeting of Baltic sail training ships at Stockholm, regarded as the predecessor of all the post-war Operation Sail meetings, winning i. a. special respect the skipper of Norwegian sail training vessel Christian Radich. During World War II she was interned in Stockholm. After the war, she was brought to Communist Poland and used as a training ship again.

In 1967 she made a 'second debut', calling at Montreal, Quebec, Canada, during the Expo-Fair and winning general respect for her and her country. In the 1970s she took part in several Operation Sail and Cutty Sark Tall Ships' Races, winning her first race in 1972, taking the 3rd place in 1973, the 4th in 1974 and winning the 1st place and Cutty Sark Trophy in 1980. In 1976, during the famous Operation Sail '76 in the US, her retiring skipper Kazimierz Jurkiewicz was officially greeted by Mr Kjell Thorsen, the skipper of the Norwegian "Christian Radich". The "Dar Pomorza" has been one of several Blohm & Voss-built tall ships, most popular in the world. Her importance to the world's maritime heritage is her origin - she is the younger sister of the (still existing) Grossherzogin Elisabeth, the world's first purpose-built sail training ship. As well, she is the first ship ever to carry the Polish Colours around the world in one voyage (1934–35), thus becoming incomparable to any other existing unit of her sort.

On 15 September 1981 she undertook her last voyage to the Finnish harbour of Kotka, finishing it 13 days later. On 4 August 1982 she was decommissioned and festively replaced by the Dar Młodzieży as a training ship.

Museum ship

Since 27 May 1983 she has been a museum ship in Gdynia (next to the Błyskawica). She is part of a collection of National Maritime Museum in Gdańsk. In October 2009 the Dar Pomorza celebrated her 100th "birthday". The celebration included her second christening by Mrs Barbara Szczurek, the wife of the Mayor of Gdynia.

Her speed under sail averaged 5 knots, with a 17 knots maximum. Her auxiliary engine was one of the type used in German U-boats, and her horn, installed after the war, was from the German battleship Gneisenau, scuttled on 27/28 March 1945 at one of the entrances to the harbour of Gdynia.

Sister ships
The three sister ships of Dar Pomorza also survive:
 * Duchesse Anne (originally Großherzogin Elisabeth)
 * Schulschiff Deutschland
 * Statsraad Lehmkuhl (originally Großherzog Friedrich August)

title: Dar Pomorza


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Quentin Stafford-Fraser is a Computer Scientist based in Cambridge, England.

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