text:
Nihon-buyō

lit. 'Japanese dance' (日本舞踊) refers to the classical Japanese performing art of dance.

Nihon-buyō developed from earlier dance traditions such as mai and odori, and was further developed during the early Edo period (1603–1867), through the medium of kabuki dances, which often incorporated elements from the older dance genres. Although the term nihon-buyō means "Japanese dance", it is not meant to refer to Japanese dance in general, and instead refers to a few dance genres such as kabuki buyō, which are performed in theatre. Nihon-buyō differs from other varieties of Japanese traditional dance, in that it is a refined style intended as entertainment on a public stage.

The term buyō is a modern term coined during the Meiji period (1868–1911) as a term for "dance", and the writer Tsubouchi Shōyō is believed to have been the first to use the term nihon-buyō. Prior to this, dance was generally referred according to its particular dance genre, such as mai and odori. The term is a combination of the characters mai (舞), which can also be pronounced bu, and odori (踊), which can also be pronounced yō. Shōyō intended nihon-buyō to be a term for Furigoto Geki (振事劇), a form of dance drama in kabuki plays, but the term has now grown to cover several Japanese dance styles, including the modern dance form sosaku buyō. As a genre of dance that has multiple influences, borrows from many different dance traditions developed over a long period, overlaps with theatre and has many different schools, there is some difficulty in defining and categorizing nihon-buyō.

Wider definition
In the broad sense, nihon-buyō refers to the dances kabuki-buyō, and.

 * Kabuki buyō (歌舞伎舞踊) - nihon-buyō in the exact definition refers solely to kabuki-buyō alone
 * Kamigata-mai (上方舞) or jiuta-mai (地唄舞) - dance born and developed in the region of Kyoto and Osaka (the Kamigata region). Kamigata-mai developed during the Edo period, and would be performed at private parties on a relatively small surface, such as the surface of one tatami mat. Its movements are slow and gentle. It can be accompanied by music (jiuta), composed for a shamisen soloist. It is also called zashiki-mai (座敷舞), referring to the name of the room (zashiki) where it is practiced.
 * Shin-buyō (新舞踊) or sōsaku-buyō (創作舞踊) – nihon-buyō has known European and American influences during the 20th century. In the Taishō period (1912–1926), Western arts-inspired writer Tsubouchi Shōyō proposed changes to the performance of kabuki theater, resulting in a new style of dance known as lit. 'new dance', performed by artists wanting to experiment with a new form of expression.

Narrower definition
In the narrow sense, nihon-buyō (日本舞踊) refers solely to kabuki-buyō (歌舞伎舞踊).

The term nihon-buyō dates to the Meiji period. Until then, kabuki-buyō was referred to by various names such as shosagoto (所作事), keigoto (景事), furigoto (振事) or more simply odori (踊).

The choreographers of shosagoto, whose first appearance dates back to around 1673, founded schools to teach this dance to amateurs. Kabuki-buyō, listed as an important intangible cultural property since 1955, is performed by both a kabuki actor and a nihon-buyō dancer.

Dance styles and elements
Unlike Noh, kyōgen, kabuki and bunraku theater, which feature male performers, nihon-buyō is also performed by women. There are two different dance styles taught in nihon-buyō: onnagata, "female roles", and tachiyaku, "male roles". Thus, a woman can play a male role, and a man can play a female role.

Nihon-buyō has three main elements: mai, odori and furi. Mai is a static and abstract movement with an emphasis on the ritual aspect, which is often present in the adaptation sequences of the nô theater; odori is a dynamic and rhythmic movement resulting from, a dance invented by a Buddhist monk around the 10th century; furi includes theatrical, dramatic and figurative body language (such as writing a letter, drinking sake, etc.), representing the actions of everyday life in the Edo period.

Kabuki
Nihon-buyō schools were founded by choreographers (who were originally kabuki musicians or actors), or by actors. These two backgrounds mean that both still share the same dance repertoire.

Noh
There are many nihon-buyō plays which are inspired by Noh theater plays. The three major series of nihon-buyō - sanbasō mono, dōjōji mono and shakkyō mono - are adapted from the Noh plays, Dōjōji and Shakkyō, as well as the matsubame mono repertoire series, adapted from Noh during the Meiji period, with inspiration taken from the approach of kabuki adapting Noh dramas. For these plays, Noh dance (mai) is integrated into the choreography.

Kyōgen
Even before the Meiji period, there were already kyōgen-origin kabuki dance plays, but, like Noh, kyōgen was much adapted after the Meiji period, and this repertoire was appropriated by kabuki actors of this period.

Bunraku
The nihon-buyō plays Ochiudo, Hachidanme and Yoshinoyama, are acts in the kabuki plays adapted from bunraku, Kanadehon Chūshingura and Yoshitsune Senbon Zakura.

In addition, during climaxes of nihon-buyō plays adapted from bunraku (Yagura no Oshichi, Hidakagawa), ningyō-buri (a style of acting imitating the movements of puppets) is used: the character is supported by puppeteers standing behind him and moves as if he was a puppet.

Plays
Nihon-buyō plays consists mainly of kabuki dance plays (shosagoto) created in the Edo period, such as Kyōganoko Musume Dōjōji and Fuji Musume. In addition, there are plays choreographed with the kabuki dance technique. The themes of the plays are plentiful: legends, classical literature, historical figures, crime stories, and life and customs in the Edo period. There are also adaptations of Noh, kyōgen, and bunraku theater.

Plays danced by one person take up about 60% of the repertoire, and plays danced by more than two people make up the rest of the repertoire. About 60% of the plays consist of pure dance plays without drama (metamorphosis play, Edo period daily life play, festive play), compared to around 40% dramatic plays.

Not all parts can be classified perfectly, but they can be roughly grouped into the following categories:

adaptation of the Noh play {{transl|ja|Okina}} (三番叟物)
In the Noh play Okina, the most sacred play mixing dance and prayer ritual for a bountiful harvest and prosperity, three characters, Okina, Senzai and Sanbasō, appear. The latter's dynamic dance gave rise to a series of sanbasō mono repertoires in kabuki: the play Kotobuki Shiki Sanbasō is the most ritualistic, and the rest of the repertoire develops the more entertaining aspects for kabuki: Ayatsuri Sanbasō, Ninin Sanbasō, Shitadashi Sanbasō, Hinazuru Sanbasō, Shiki Sanbasō, Kuruwa Sanbasō, etc.

adaptation of the Noh play {{transl|ja|Dōjōji}} (道成寺物)
The Noh Dōjōji play, inspired by the myth of the Dōjōji temple, was adapted in the kabuki dance as Kyōganoko Musume Dōjōji, which then gave birth to the main series of the repertoire: Ninin Dōjōji, Meoto Dōjōji, Kane no Misaki, Otsue Dōjōji, Futaomote Dōjōji, Yakko Dōjōji, etc.

adaptation of the Noh play {{transl|ja|Shakkyō}} (石橋物)
The Noh play Shakkyo, in which the Buddhist monk sees mythical lions playing with peonies at Mount Seiryo in China, was adapted as an onnagata (female role) dance in the early kabuki period, resulting in the plays Aioi Jishi, Shūjaku Jishi and Makura Jishi. It was around the Meiji period that the adaptation came closer to Noh: the majestic lion dance is performed by a tachiyaku (male actor) in the plays Kagami Jishi and Renjishi.

phantom plays (怨霊物)
A number of nihon-buyō center around stories of ghosts or phantoms.
 * Asama mono (浅間物)
 * A newly-engaged man burns the letter of a courtesan, with whom he had a love affair. In the smoke, the spirit of the courtesan appears and speaks resentfully. The play, Keisei Asamadake, gave variations such as Takao Zange (confession of keisei (literally "castle-toppler", a moniker given to courtesans) Takao).

 * Futaomote mono (双面物)
 * Two characters with totally identical appearances dance together, and one reveals his true, ghostly nature: this style, which originated in a Noh play "The two Shizuka", has become in vogue with many plays as Futago Sumidagawa from Chikamatsu Monzaemon. The most famous plays are Futaomote (the last act of the kabuki play Hōkaibō) and Futaomote Dōjōji. In these plays, the main character is a ghost with two spirits inside. The souls of two lovers who have killed each other come together in an vengeful half-male, half-female spirit.

plays about madness (狂乱物)
Inspired by the category of Noh plays about madness, this theme was developed in dance plays from the earliest period of kabuki. Apart from themes of madness in love, another common theme in kyōran mono is madness due to the loss of a child: in the Edo period, a child could be taken away to be sold to circus troupes. In kyōran mono, the central character of the child's mother commonly loses her mind to grief, and becomes a traveling artist who searches for her child, singing and dancing. In Noh, this theme is featured in the plays Sumida Gawa, Sakura Gawa and Miidera.

 * Madness among men: Ninin Wankyū, Yasuna
 * Madness among women: Onatsu Kyōran, Kurama Jishi, Sumida Gawa, Shizuhata Obi.

lyrical travel plays (道行物)

 * Description of the landscape
 * For a long time in Japanese art there has been a style called michiyuki which describes a journey to a destination. This theme was very popular with the people of the Edo period, as it depicted the freedom of travelling in contrast to the constriction of movement under the shogunate. However, travellers would also be depicted facing melancholy, such as retribution for wrongdoing or attachment to a person met along the journey they must leave. Michiyuki themes are found in the plays Hachidanme (Act VIII of the kabuki play Kanadehon chūshingura), Yoshinoyama (Act IV of the kabuki play Yoshitsune Senbon Zakura), Michiyuki Koi no Odamaki (Act IV of the kabuki play Imoseyama Onna Teikin).

 * Double love suicide
 * Since the play Sonezaki Shinjū (double suicide in Sonezaki) by Chikamatsu Monzaemon, the genre of michiyuki has been associated with themes of a double suicide: a couple consider killing each other at the end of their journey. There, character psychology is brought to the fore, and the description of the landscape becomes a background. Later, a new style entered into vogue: a peddler or a street artist intervenes during the couple's journey, remonstrating with them: Ochiudo (Act IV of the kabuki play Kanadehon Chūshingura), Umegawa, Osome.

quick-change plays (変化物)
In henge mono, the same actor transforms into different characters with a rapid change of costume, and plays between three and twelve (usually seven) characters, one after another – male and female of all ages, from different periods and of all social strata, animals, apparition, and gods. Henge mono was very popular at the start of the 19th century, particularly with the two great actors Bandō Mitsugorō III and Nakamura Utaemon III, who competed to develop this genre. Today, the genre of henge mono is broken down into several plays, one for each character, which are performed independently, like the famous play Fuji-musume, which was originally the first part of a series of five quick-changes: the girl changes into a blind person, a celestial deity, a servant of the samurai and a boatman. Nowadays, many quick-change plays no longer exist in their entirety, with one exception: Rokkasen (six great poets), a play of one performer transforming into 5 poets, for which all 5 quick-changes are still extant and known of.

The most famous henge mono plays are Sagi Musume, Shiokumi, Asazuma Bune, Ame no Gorō, Ukare Bōzu, Mitsumen Komori, Tomo Yakko and Kamuro.

plays about Edo-period customs (風俗物)

 * Traditional festival (matsuri): The pleasure of popular life was undoubtedly the matsuri and many pieces on this theme show the people's passion for this festival: Omatsuri, Sanja-matsuri, Kanda-matsuri, Kioi-jishi, etc.
 * Annual events: Musume-nanakusa, Genroku-hanami-odori, Ryūsei, etc.
 * Peddler: The variety of occupations among the citizens of Edo was surprising, including a peddler or a street performer, who animated the city of Edo. A peddler was not just a salesman, but was accompanied by various performances or songs, sometimes comical, to attract children, and in some cases with an extravagant costume: Dango-uri, Yoshiwara-suzume, Tamaya, Awamochi, Oharame, Katsuo-uri, etc.
 * Street artist: Echigo-jishi, Kairaishi, Dontsuku, Kappore, etc.

Adaptation of Noh and Kyogen theaters after Meiji period (松羽目物)

 * Noh: In the Edo period, when belonging to the warrior class was distinguished from the kabuki which was an entertainment of the popular classes, the adaptation of Noh in the kabuki dance tended to move away from the original piece by completely changing the context, the characters, and the staging. However, in the Meiji era, when the kabuki tried to renew the popular image by introducing the Noh of a high dress, the adaptation of this medieval theater was made by approaching this noble taste, while keeping the content and style of the original piece: Kanjinchō, Funabenkei, Momijigari, Hagoromo, Hashi-benkei, Mochizuki, Shōjō, etc.
 * Kyōgen: Like Noh, kyōgen was adapted in kabuki dance after the Meiji era: Migawari-zazen, Bōshibari, Chatsubo, etc. However, even before this period, there was already an adaptation of kyōgen, such as pieces Tsuri-gitsune, Utsubozaru, Sue-hirogari, etc., but it was transformed into kabuki style.

festive pieces (御祝儀物)
The goshūgi mono genre, which already existed in the Edo period in the field of music, consists of pieces created to celebrate the founding of a new school, the inheritance of a name or the inauguration of an establishment etc. Also, around the beginning of the Meiji era, musicians broke away from the kabuki world, and school leaders performed new pieces every New Year. These festive pieces, celebrating prosperity and auspiciousness, were given choreography, often in the style of Noh dance: this genre is called goshūgi mono, presented in general in the style called su odori (dance with the kimono or the hakama, without costume): Oimatsu, Hokushū, Shima no senzai, Ume no sakae, Matsu no midori, Tsurukame.

Schools
Japan has about two hundred nihon-buyō schools, including the "five great schools":
 * 1) Hanayagi-ryu (花柳流) founded in 1849 by Hanayagi Jusuke I, who was a disciple of Nishikawa Senzō IV. This is the school with the most disciples.
 * 2) Fujima-ryu (藤間流) founded by Fujima Kanbei Ist during the Hōei era (1704–1711).
 * 3) Wakayanagi-ryu (若柳流) founded in 1893 by Wakayagi Judō I, who was a disciple of Hanayagi Jusuke.
 * 4) Nishikawa-ryu (西川流) founded by Nishikawa Senzō I during the Genroku era (1688–1704). At the origin of many schools, it is the oldest school of nihon-buyō.
 * 5) Bando-ryu (坂東流) founded by Bandō Mitsugorō III, kabuki actor representing the Kasei period (1804–1830).

Notable people

 * Masumi Uno (born 1932)

title: Nihon-buyō


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Talk:Nihon-buyō

Removed dance list
Removed this paragraph from List of dances in order to make it a simple alphabetical list of dances. This text directly lifted from the other article and is the basis for this new article. The part of the text which is a list of dances remains in List of dances. The accompanying text has been removed. :Sfdan 06:05, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Trivia
Is this relevant?
 * It is also the name of Kagome's pet cat in the anime series InuYasha.

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Title
Hello, I plan to rename the Buyō page to Nihon-buyō. Indeed, Buyō only refers to dance in Japanese language so it is not the right word for this page. Nihon-buyō is the proper term because it refers only to the dance discussed here.

Perhaps you can change my mind with your arguments or improvements. --Piedelsa (talk) 15:08, 4 April 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Nihon-buyō


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Rank (computer programming)

In computer programming, rank with no further specifications is usually a synonym for (or refers to) "number of dimensions"; thus, a two-dimensional array has rank two, a three-dimensional array has rank three and so on. Strictly, no formal definition can be provided which applies to every programming language, since each of them has its own concepts, semantics and terminology; the term may not even be applicable or, to the contrary, applied with a very specific meaning in the context of a given language.

In the case of APL the notion applies to every operand; and dyads ("binary functions") have a left rank and a right rank.

The box below instead shows how rank of a type and rank of an array expression could be defined (in a semi-formal style) for C++ and illustrates a simple way to calculate them at compile time.

Given the code above the rank of a type T can be calculated at compile time by

or the shorter form

Calculating the rank of an expression can be done using

title: Rank (computer programming)


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Jack Swigert

John Leonard Swigert Jr. (August 30, 1931 – December 27, 1982) was an American NASA astronaut, test pilot, mechanical engineer, aerospace engineer, United States Air Force pilot, and politician. In April 1970, as command module pilot of Apollo 13, he became one of 24 astronauts who flew to the Moon. Ironically, due to the "slingshot" route around the Moon they chose to safely return to Earth, the Apollo 13 astronauts flew farther away from Earth than any other astronauts before or since, though they had to abort the Moon landing.

Before joining NASA in 1966, Swigert was a civilian test pilot and fighter pilot in the Air National Guard. After leaving NASA, he ran for Senate but lost in a primary election against Bill Armstrong. Later he ran for Congress, but while running was diagnosed with cancer. He won the election for Colorado's new 6th district in 1982, but died before being sworn in.

Early life
John Leonard Swigert Jr. was born on August 30, 1931, in Denver, Colorado, to parents John Leonard Swigert Sr. (1903–1973) and Virginia Swigert (1906–1993). Swigert's father was an ophthalmologist. At the age of 14, he became fascinated by aviation. While he would have been content just watching planes take off from nearby Combs Field, young Jack became determined to do more than be a spectator. He took on a newspaper route to earn money for flying lessons, and by age 16 he was a licensed private pilot. He was a member of the Boy Scouts of America and attained the rank of Second Class Scout. He attended Blessed Sacrament School, Regis Jesuit High School, and East High School, from which he graduated in 1949.

Swigert received a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Colorado in 1953, where he also played football for the Buffaloes. He later earned a Master of Science degree in aerospace engineering from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (Hartford campus) in 1965, and a Master of Business Administration degree from the University of Hartford in 1967.

His recreational interests included golf, handball, bowling, skiing, swimming, and basketball. His hobbies included photography.

Flight experience

Following his graduation from Colorado in 1953, Swigert joined the United States Air Force (USAF). Upon graduation from the Pilot Training Program and Gunnery School at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada, he was assigned as a fighter pilot in Japan and South Korea. In 1953, he survived his plane crashing into a radar unit on a Korean airstrip.

After completing his tour of active duty in the USAF, he served as a jet fighter pilot with the Massachusetts (1957–1960) and Connecticut Air National Guard (1960–1965). Swigert held a position as engineering test pilot for North American Aviation before joining NASA. He was previously an engineering test pilot for Pratt & Whitney, from February 1957 to June 1964.

He logged over 7,200 hours in flight, including more than 5,725 hours in jet aircraft.

NASA career
After unsuccessfully applying for NASA's second and third astronaut selections, Swigert was accepted into the NASA Astronaut Corps as part of NASA Astronaut Group 5 in April 1966. Swigert became a specialist on the Apollo command module: he was one of the few astronauts who requested to be command module pilots.

Swigert was a member of Apollo 7's astronaut support crew, the first support crew for an Apollo mission; he served as Capsule communicator (CAPCOM) during the ascent phase of the flight.

Apollo 13
Swigert was one of three astronauts aboard the Apollo 13 Moon mission launched April 11, 1970. Originally part of the backup crew for the mission, he was assigned to the mission three days before launch, replacing astronaut Ken Mattingly. The prime crew had been exposed to German Measles (the rubella virus) from Charles Duke and, because Mattingly had no immunity to the disease, NASA did not want to risk him falling ill during critical phases of the flight.

Apollo 13 was the third crewed lunar-landing attempt, but was aborted after the rupture of an oxygen tank in the spacecraft's service module. Swigert was the astronaut who first announced, "Houston, we've had a problem here". The statement was then repeated by commander of the flight Jim Lovell. Swigert, along with fellow astronauts Lovell and Fred Haise, traveled around the Moon and returned safely to Earth on April 17 after about 5 days and 23 hours, and received the Presidential Medal of Freedom the next day.

Apollo–Soyuz Test Project
NASA Director of Flight Crew Operations Deke Slayton, who selected the astronauts, recommended Swigert as command module pilot for the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, the first joint mission with the Soviet Union. Slayton felt Swigert deserved another chance to fly after having been selected for Apollo 13 two days before launch, and performing well.

During 1972, the Apollo 15 postal covers incident caused NASA investigators to inquire into other astronauts. A number of Apollo astronauts, including Swigert, had made agreements with West German stamp dealer Hermann Sieger, who originated the idea for the Apollo 15 covers, to autograph philatelic items in exchange for a payment of about $2,500. Swigert originally denied involvement when interviewed by NASA investigators. According to Christopher C. Kraft, the investigators subpoenaed his bank records, finding more funds than expected, and records of a predated charitable donation. Swigert's subsequent admission caused NASA Deputy Administrator George M. Low to remove him from Apollo–Soyuz.

Post-NASA career
Aware that his spaceflight career was most likely over, Swigert took a leave of absence from NASA in April 1973 and went to Washington, D.C. to become executive director of the Committee on Science and Astronautics, U.S. House of Representatives.

Swigert eventually left NASA and the committee in August 1977 to enter politics. He ran for the U.S. Senate in 1978, but was soundly defeated in the Republican primary in September by Congressman Bill Armstrong, who was far better known. In 1979, Swigert became vice president of B.D.M. Corporation in Golden. He left in 1981 to join International Gold and Minerals Limited as vice president for financial and corporate affairs.

In February 1982, Swigert left International Gold and Minerals Limited to run for U.S. Congress in the newly created 6th district as a Republican. When a malignant tumor in his right nasal passage was found, the astronaut-politician disclosed this to the voters. Doctors told him he would finish radiation treatments on June 15 and make a complete recovery. However, in August, Swigert developed back pain and was diagnosed with bone marrow cancer. On November 2, 1982, he won the seat with 64% of the popular vote.

Death
On December 19, 1982, seven weeks after his election, he was airlifted from his home in Littleton to Georgetown University Hospital in Washington, D.C. He died of respiratory failure at its Lombardi Cancer Center on December 27, seven days before the beginning of his congressional term, aged 51. He was the last member-elect of the House to die before taking office until Luke Letlow's death from COVID-19 in December 2020.

Fifteen astronauts, including fellow Apollo 13 crewmates Jim Lovell and Fred Haise, were among the thousand mourners at his full military honors funeral in Denver, presided over by Archbishop James Casey, which included a missing man flyover by A-7 Corsairs of the Colorado Air National Guard. He is buried alongside his parents in Mount Olivet Cemetery in Wheat Ridge.

Awards, honors, and organizations

Swigert received the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) Octave Chanute Award for 1966 for his participation in demonstrating the Rogallo wing as a feasible land landing system for returning space vehicles and astronauts.

President Richard Nixon awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom to the Apollo 13 crew shortly after the conclusion of their mission. Following a sparse parade, Swigert received the City of New York Gold Medal on June 3. He received the City of Houston Medal for Valor, 1970. Swigert received the American Astronautical Society Flight Achievement Award for 1970. He was given University of Colorado-Boulder's Distinguished Engineering Alumnus Award in 1970. Vice President Spiro Agnew presented the crews of Apollo 11, 12, and 13 with the NASA Distinguished Service Medal in 1970. The Apollo 13 crew also received the AIAA Haley Astronautics Award in 1971, which included a small monetary award and a medal.

Swigert was awarded the 1972 Antonian Gold Medal.

He was presented an Honorary Doctorate of Science degree from American International College in 1970, an Honorary Doctorate of Laws degree from Western State University in 1970, and an Honorary Doctorate of Science from Western Michigan University in 1970.

In 1983, Swigert was among 14 Apollo astronauts inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame.

In 1988, Swigert was inducted into the Colorado Aviation Hall of Fame.

In 1995, Swigert was portrayed by Kevin Bacon in Ron Howard's film Apollo 13.

In 1997, Swigert, along with 23 other Apollo astronauts, was posthumously inducted into the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame which is located at the Kennedy Space Center.

He was elected in September 2003 to the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Alumni Hall of Fame.

In 1997, a statue of Swigert made by George and Mark Lundeen was placed on display in the U.S. Capitol Building as one of two statues given by the state of Colorado to the National Statuary Hall Collection. As of December 2008 the statue is on display in Emancipation Hall in the United States Capitol Visitor Center. A duplicate statue is currently on display at Denver International Airport Terminal B, where passengers exit the airport's train system.

The Space Foundation was founded in 1983 in part to honor the memory and accomplishments of Swigert. In 2004, the Space Foundation launched the John L. "Jack" Swigert Jr. Award for Space Exploration, which is presented annually to an individual, group, or organization that has made a significant contribution to space exploration. On August 18, 2009, the Space Foundation and Colorado Springs District 11 partnered to open the Jack Swigert Aerospace Academy.

Swigert was a member of numerous organizations. He was a fellow of the American Astronautical Society; associate fellow of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics; and member of the Quiet Birdmen, Phi Gamma Delta, Pi Tau Sigma, and Sigma Tau.

title: Jack Swigert


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Pumori

Pumori (पुमोरी, ) (or Pumo Ri) is a mountain on the Nepal-China border in the Mahalangur section of the Himalayas. Pumori lies just eight kilometres west of Mount Everest. Pumori, meaning "the Mountain Daughter" in Sherpa language, was named by George Mallory. "Pumo" means young girl or daughter and "Ri" means mountain in Sherpa language. Climbers sometimes refer to Pumori as "Everest's Daughter". Mallory also called it Clare Peak, after his daughter.

Pumori is a popular climbing peak. The easiest route is graded class 3, although with significant avalanche danger. Pumori was first climbed on May 17, 1962, by Gerhard Lenser on a German-Swiss expedition. Two Czechs (Leopold Sulovský and Zdeněk Michalec) climbed a new route on the south face in the spring of 1996.

An outlier of Pumori is Kala Patthar (5643 m), which appears as a brown bump below the south face of Pumori. Many trekkers going to see Mount Everest up close will attempt to climb to the top of Kala Patthar.

Trekking and mountaineering
Nearly 500 people had summitted Pumori by 2005, at a cost of 42 lives. It was noted for its increasing popularity by 2008, with such features as being able to use the Everest base camp for Nepal (when occupied) when trekking or climbing Pumori and offering views of Tibet, Nepal and Everest. However, there have been some dangers from avalanches including some Spanish climbing teams that took heavy losses (such as in 1989 and 2001), and the 2015 avalanche, which was triggered by the 2015 earthquake, originated from the Pumori-Lingtren ridge.

In 1982 a group climbing to Pumori also did a ski-hike around Everest. Jim Bridwell led the climbing expedition to Pumori.

Ascents

 * 1962 first ascent by Gerhard Lenser of a German-Swiss expedition.
 * 1974 West Face new route by Alpine Club Unpo, Japan, summit reached by Minoru Takagi and Nobuyaki Kaneko on Oct 13.
 * 1982 "Saphire Bullets of Pure Love" new route/first winter ascent by Jim Bridwell, summited by Bridwell, Janet Reynolds (first woman ascent ), Ned Gillette, January 6, Everest Grand Circle Expedition, book copyright 1985 Mountaineers Publishing, Seattle Washington
 * 1986 East Face new route by Hiroshi Aota and Yoshiki Sasahara (Japan) over three days, summiting on December 3.
 * 1986 1985 Catalan Route on East Face, solo by Todd Bibler, summit reached December 5.
 * 2002 Three women (Leila Bahrami, Mitra Nazari, and Farhondeh) from an Iranian expedition reached the summit on October 20 via the southeast face to the east ridge. The Sherpas twice stopped opening the route to the team as they did not expect the women to manage the difficulties.
 * 2017 First Winter Ascent of the peak was done for the first time by a Pakistani mountaineer Muhammad Ali Sadpara.

Ski attempts

 * 1995 Jim Zellers and Tom Burt completed the first snowboard descent of Pumori
 * 2013 Seb de Sainte Marie and Paul Holding unsuccessfully attempted to climb and ski the West Face.

Accidents

 * In late October 1988 two Icelandic climbers died on the mountain. They were found 30 years later, in November 2018 by an American mountaineer.
 * In 1989 a team of four Spanish climbers were killed in an avalanche on Pumori, and again in September 2001 another Spanish team was killed in an avalanche.
 * On 19 October 2002, five Basque mountaineers were swept 600–800 metres down the southeast face by an avalanche caused by seracs falling above them.
 * On 25 April 2015 a 7.8 MW earthquake struck Nepal and triggered several avalanches on and around Mount Everest, including one that hit Everest Base Camp. A witness described it as "a huge avalanche coming off Pumori". The avalanche traveled through part of the Khumbu Icefall and into the South Base Camp. At least 19 were killed.

title: Pumori


text:
Dope vector

In computer programming, a dope vector is a data structure used to hold information about a data object, especially its memory layout.

Purpose
Dope vectors are most commonly used to describe arrays, which commonly store multiple instances of a particular datatype as a contiguous block of memory. For example, an array containing 100 elements, each of which occupies 32 bytes, requires 100 × 32 bytes. By itself, such a memory block has no place to keep track of how large the array (or other object) is overall, how large each element within it is, or how many elements it contains. A dope vector is a place to store such information. Dope vectors can also describe structures which may contain arrays or variable elements.

If such an array is stored contiguously, with the first byte at memory location M, then its last byte is at location M + 3199. A major advantage of this arrangement is that locating item N is easy: it begins at location M + (N × 32). Of course, the value 32 must be known (this value is commonly called the "stride" of the array or the "width" of the array's elements). Navigating an array data structure using an index is called dead reckoning.

This arrangement, however (without adding dope vectors) means that having the location of item N is not enough to discover the index N itself; or the stride; or whether there are elements at N − 1 or N + 1. For example, a function or method may iterate over all the items in an array and pass each one to another function or method, which does not know the item is part of an array at all, much less where or how large the array is.

Without a dope vector, even knowing the address of the entire array does not tell you how big it is. This is important because writing to the N + 1 element in an array that only contains N elements, will likely destroy some other data. Because many programming languages treat character strings as a kind of array, this leads directly to the infamous buffer overflow problem.

A dope vector reduces these problems by storing a small amount of metadata along with an array (or other object). With dope vectors, a compiler can easily (and optionally) insert code that prevents accidentally writing beyond the end of an array or other object. Alternatively, the programmer can access the dope vector when desired, for safety or other purposes.

Description
The exact set of metadata included in a dope vector varies from one language and/or operating system to another, but a dope vector for an array might contain:

 * a pointer to the location in memory where the array elements begin (this is normally identical to the location of the zeroth element of the array (element with all subscripts 0). (This might not be the first actual element if subscripts do not start at zero.)
 * the type of each array element (integer, Boolean, a particular class, etc.).
 * the rank of an array.
 * the extent of an array (its range of indices). (In many languages the starting index for arrays is fixed at zero, or one, but the ending index is set when the array is (re-)allocated.)
 * for arrays where the extent in use at a given time may change, the maximum and current extents may both be stored.
 * the stride of an array, or the amount of memory occupied by each element of the array.

A program then can refer to the array (or other dope-vector-using object) by referring to the dope vector. This is commonly automatic in high-level languages. Getting to an element of the array costs a tiny bit more (commonly one instruction, which fetches the pointer to the actual data from out of the dope vector). On the other hand, doing many other common operations are easier and/or faster:

 * Without a dope vector, determining the number of elements in the array is impossible. Thus it is common to add an extra element to the end of an array, with a "reserved" value (such as NULL). The length can then be determined by scanning forward through the array, counting elements until this "end-marker" is reached. Of course, this makes length-checking much slower than looking up the length directly in a dope vector.
 * Without knowing the extent of an array, it is not possible to free (unallocate) that memory when it is no longer needed. Thus, without dope vectors, something must store that length somewhere else. For example, asking a particular OS to allocate space for a 3200-byte array, might cause it to allocate 3204 bytes at some location M; it would then store the size in the first 4 bytes, and tell the requesting program the allocated space starts at M+4 (so that the caller will not treat the extra 4 bytes as part of the array proper). This extra data is not considered a dope vector, but achieves some of the same goals.
 * Without dope vectors, extra information must also be kept about the stride (or width) of array elements. In C, this information is handled by the compiler, which must keep track of a datatype distinction between "pointer to an array of 20-byte-wide elements", and "pointer to an array of 1000-byte-wide elements". This means that a pointer to an element in either kind of array can be incremented or decremented in order to reach the next or previous element; but it also means that array widths must be fixed at an earlier stage.

Even with a dope vector, having (only) a pointer to a particular member of an array does not enable finding the position in the array, or the location of the array or the dope vector itself. If that is desired, such information can be added to each element within the array. Such per-element information can be useful, but is not part of the dope vector.

Dope vectors can be a general facility, shared across multiple datatypes (not just arrays and/or strings).

title: Dope vector


text:
Lowell, Arizona

Lowell is a populated place situated in Cochise County, Arizona, United States. It was incorporated into Bisbee in the early 1900s.

Originally a residential town, it was later settled by many miners from countries such as Finland, Serbia and Montenegro working in the Lavender Pit mine located there.

title: Lowell, Arizona


text:
Wear

Wear is the damaging, gradual removal or deformation of material at solid surfaces. Causes of wear can be mechanical (e.g., erosion) or chemical (e.g., corrosion). The study of wear and related processes is referred to as tribology.

Wear in machine elements, together with other processes such as fatigue and creep, causes functional surfaces to degrade, eventually leading to material failure or loss of functionality. Thus, wear has large economic relevance as first outlined in the Jost Report. Abrasive wear alone has been estimated to cost 1–4% of the gross national product of industrialized nations.

Wear of metals occurs by plastic displacement of surface and near-surface material and by detachment of particles that form wear debris. The particle size may vary from millimeters to nanometers. This process may occur by contact with other metals, nonmetallic solids, flowing liquids, solid particles or liquid droplets entrained in flowing gasses.

The wear rate is affected by factors such as type of loading (e.g., impact, static, dynamic), type of motion (e.g., sliding, rolling), temperature, and lubrication, in particular by the process of deposition and wearing out of the boundary lubrication layer. Depending on the tribosystem, different wear types and wear mechanisms can be observed.

Wear types and mechanisms
Types of wear are identified by relative motion, the nature of disturbance at the worn surface or "mechanism", and whether it effects a self regenerative or base layer.

Wear mechanisms are the physical disturbance. For example, the mechanism of adhesive wear is adhesion. Wear mechanisms and/or sub-mechanisms frequently overlap and occur in a synergistic manner, producing a greater rate of wear than the sum of the individual wear mechanisms.

Adhesive wear
Adhesive wear can be found between surfaces during frictional contact and generally refers to unwanted displacement and attachment of wear debris and material compounds from one surface to another. Two adhesive wear types can be distinguished: Generally, adhesive wear occurs when two bodies slide over or are pressed into each other, which promote material transfer. This can be described as plastic deformation of very small fragments within the surface layers. The asperities or microscopic high points (surface roughness) found on each surface affect the severity of how fragments of oxides are pulled off and added to the other surface, partly due to strong adhesive forces between atoms, but also due to accumulation of energy in the plastic zone between the asperities during relative motion.
 * 1) Adhesive wear is caused by relative motion, "direct contact" and plastic deformation which create wear debris and material transfer from one surface to another.
 * 2) Cohesive adhesive forces, holds two surfaces together even though they are separated by a measurable distance, with or without any actual transfer of material.

The type of mechanism and the amplitude of surface attraction varies between different materials but are amplified by an increase in the density of "surface energy". Most solids will adhere on contact to some extent. However, oxidation films, lubricants and contaminants naturally occurring generally suppress adhesion, and spontaneous exothermic chemical reactions between surfaces generally produce a substance with low energy status in the absorbed species.

Adhesive wear can lead to an increase in roughness and the creation of protrusions (i.e., lumps) above the original surface. In industrial manufacturing, this is referred to as galling, which eventually breaches the oxidized surface layer and connects to the underlying bulk material, enhancing the possibility for a stronger adhesion and plastic flow around the lump.

A simple model for the wear volume for adhesive wear, $$V$$, can be described by:

$$V = K\frac{WL}{H_v}$$

where $$W$$ is the load, $$K$$ is the wear coefficient, $$L$$ is the sliding distance, and $$H_v$$ is the hardness.

Abrasive wear
Abrasive wear occurs when a hard rough surface slides across a softer surface. ASTM International defines it as the loss of material due to hard particles or hard protuberances that are forced against and move along a solid surface.

Abrasive wear is commonly classified according to the type of contact and the contact environment. The type of contact determines the mode of abrasive wear. The two modes of abrasive wear are known as two-body and three-body abrasive wear. Two-body wear occurs when the grits or hard particles remove material from the opposite surface. The common analogy is that of material being removed or displaced by a cutting or plowing operation. Three-body wear occurs when the particles are not constrained, and are free to roll and slide down a surface. The contact environment determines whether the wear is classified as open or closed. An open contact environment occurs when the surfaces are sufficiently displaced to be independent of one another

There are a number of factors which influence abrasive wear and hence the manner of material removal. Several different mechanisms have been proposed to describe the manner in which the material is removed. Three commonly identified mechanisms of abrasive wear are:

 * 1) Plowing
 * 2) Cutting
 * 3) Fragmentation

Plowing occurs when material is displaced to the side, away from the wear particles, resulting in the formation of grooves that do not involve direct material removal. The displaced material forms ridges adjacent to grooves, which may be removed by subsequent passage of abrasive particles.

Cutting occurs when material is separated from the surface in the form of primary debris, or microchips, with little or no material displaced to the sides of the grooves. This mechanism closely resembles conventional machining.

Fragmentation occurs when material is separated from a surface by a cutting process and the indenting abrasive causes localized fracture of the wear material. These cracks then freely propagate locally around the wear groove, resulting in additional material removal by spalling.

Abrasive wear can be measured as loss of mass by the Taber Abrasion Test according to ISO 9352 or ASTM D 4060.

The wear volume for single-abrasive wear, $$V$$, can be described by:

$$V = \alpha\beta\frac{WL}{H_v} = K\frac{WL}{H_v}$$

where $$W$$ is the load, $$\alpha$$ is the shape factor of an asperity (typically ~ 0.1), $$\beta$$ is the degrees of wear by an asperity (typically 0.1 to 1.0), $$K$$ is the wear coefficient, $$L$$ is the sliding distance, and $$H_v$$ is the hardness.

Surface fatigue
Surface fatigue is a process in which the surface of a material is weakened by cyclic loading, which is one type of general material fatigue. Fatigue wear is produced when the wear particles are detached by cyclic crack growth of microcracks on the surface. These microcracks are either superficial cracks or subsurface cracks.

Fretting wear
Fretting wear is the repeated cyclical rubbing between two surfaces. Over a period of time fretting which will remove material from one or both surfaces in contact. It occurs typically in bearings, although most bearings have their surfaces hardened to resist the problem. Another problem occurs when cracks in either surface are created, known as fretting fatigue. It is the more serious of the two phenomena because it can lead to catastrophic failure of the bearing. An associated problem occurs when the small particles removed by wear are oxidized in air. The oxides are usually harder than the underlying metal, so wear accelerates as the harder particles abrade the metal surfaces further. Fretting corrosion acts in the same way, especially when water is present. Unprotected bearings on large structures like bridges can suffer serious degradation in behaviour, especially when salt is used the during winter to deice the highways carried by the bridges. The problem of fretting corrosion was involved in the Silver Bridge tragedy and the Mianus River Bridge accident.

Erosive wear
Erosive wear can be defined as an extremely short sliding motion and is executed within a short time interval. Erosive wear is caused by the impact of particles of solid or liquid against the surface of an object. The impacting particles gradually remove material from the surface through repeated deformations and cutting actions. It is a widely encountered mechanism in industry. Due to the nature of the conveying process, piping systems are prone to wear when abrasive particles have to be transported.

The rate of erosive wear is dependent upon a number of factors. The material characteristics of the particles, such as their shape, hardness, impact velocity and impingement angle are primary factors along with the properties of the surface being eroded. The impingement angle is one of the most important factors and is widely recognized in literature. For ductile materials, the maximum wear rate is found when the impingement angle is approximately 30°, whilst for non-ductile materials the maximum wear rate occurs when the impingement angle is normal to the surface. A detailed theoretical analysis of dependency of the erosive wear on the inclination angle and material properties is provided in.

For a given particle morphology, the erosion rate, $$E$$, can be fit with a power law dependence on velocity:

$$E = kv^n$$

where $$k$$ is a constant, $$v$$ is velocity, and $$n$$ is a velocity exponent. $$n$$ is typically between 2 - 2.5 for metals and 2.5 - 3 for ceramics.

Corrosion and oxidation wear
Corrosion and oxidation wear occurs both in lubricated and dry contacts. The fundamental cause are chemical reactions between the worn material and the corroding medium. Wear caused by a synergistic action of tribological stresses and corrosion is also called tribocorrosion.

Impact Wear
Impact wear is caused by contact between two bodies. Unlike erosive wear, impact wear always occurs at the same, well-defined place. If the impact is repeated, then usually with constant kinetic energy at the moment of impact. The frequency of impacts can vary. Wear can occur on both bodies, but usually, one body has significantly higher hardness and toughness and its wear is neglected.

Other Types of Wear
Other, less common types of wear are cavitation and diffusive wear.

Wear stages
Under nominal operation conditions, the wear rate normally changes in three different stages:

 * Primary stage or early run-in period, where surfaces adapt to each other and the wear-rate might vary between high and low.
 * Secondary stage or mid-age process, where steady wear can be observed. Most of the component's operational life is spent in this stage.
 * Tertiary stage or old-age period, where surfaces are subjected to rapid failure due to a high rate of wear.

The wear rate is strongly influenced by the operating conditions and the formation of tribofilms. The secondary stage is shortened with increasing severity of environmental conditions, such as high temperatures, strain rates and stresses.

So-called wear maps, demonstrating wear rate under different operation condition, are used to determine stable operation points for tribological contacts. Wear maps also show dominating wear modes under different loading conditions.

In explicit wear tests simulating industrial conditions between metallic surfaces, there are no clear chronological distinction between different wear-stages due to big overlaps and symbiotic relations between various friction mechanisms. Surface engineering and treatments are used to minimize wear and extend the components working life.

Wear testing
Several standard test methods exist for different types of wear to determine the amount of material removal during a specified time period under well-defined conditions. ASTM International Committee G-2 standardizes wear testing for specific applications, which are periodically updated. The Society for Tribology and Lubrication Engineers (STLE) has documented a large number of frictional, wear and lubrication tests. Standardized wear tests are used to create comparative material rankings for a specific set of test parameter as stipulated in the test description. To obtain more accurate predictions of wear in industrial applications it is necessary to conduct wear testing under conditions simulating the exact wear process.

An attrition test is a test that is carried out to measure the resistance of a granular material to wear.

Modeling of wear
The Reye–Archard–Khrushchov wear law is the classic wear prediction model.

Wear coefficient
The wear coefficient is a physical coefficient used to measure, characterize and correlate the wear of materials.

Lubricant analysis
Lubricant analysis is an alternative, indirect way of measuring wear. Here, wear is detected by the presence of wear particles in a liquid lubricant. To gain further insights into the nature of the particles, chemical (such as XRF, ICP-OES), structural (such as ferrography) or optical analysis (such as light microscopy) can be performed.

title: Wear


text:
AltaVista

AltaVista was a Web search engine established in 1995. It became one of the most-used early search engines, but lost ground to Google and was purchased by Yahoo! in 2003, which retained the brand, but based all AltaVista searches on its own search engine. On July 8, 2013, the service was shut down by Yahoo!, and since then the domain has redirected to Yahoo!'s own search site.

Etymology
The word "AltaVista" is formed from the words for "high view" or "upper view" in Spanish (alta + vista); thus, it colloquially translates to "overview".

Origins
AltaVista was created by researchers at Digital Equipment Corporation's Network Systems Laboratory and Western Research Laboratory who were trying to provide services to make finding files on the public network easier. Paul Flaherty came up with the original idea, along with Louis Monier and Michael Burrows, who wrote the Web crawler and indexer, respectively. The name "AltaVista" was chosen in relation to the surroundings of their company at Palo Alto, California. AltaVista publicly launched as an Internet search engine on December 15, 1995.

Ilene H. Lang was the founding CEO of AltaVista after being recruited by Digital Equipment Corporation to build its software business.

At launch, the service had two innovations that put it ahead of other search engines available at the time: It used a fast, multi-threaded crawler (Scooter) that could cover many more Web pages than were believed to exist at the time, and it had an efficient back-end search, running on advanced hardware.

Popularity and technologies
AltaVista was the first searchable, full-text database on the World Wide Web with a simple interface. Users could define search results to be listed for either Web Pages, Images, Video or Audio.

As of 1998, it used 20 multi-processor machines using DEC's 64-bit Alpha processor. Together, the back-end machines had 130 GB of RAM and 500 GB of hard disk drive space, and received 13 million queries every day. Another distinguishing feature of AltaVista was its minimalistic interface, which was lost when it became a Web portal, but regained when it refocused its efforts on its search function. It also allowed the user to limit search results from a domain, reducing the likelihood of multiple results from the same source.

AltaVista's site was an immediate success. Traffic increased steadily from 300,000 hits on the first day to more than 80 million hits per day two years later. The ability to search the Web, and AltaVista's service in particular, became the subject of numerous articles and even some books. The AltaVista site became one of the top destinations on the Web, and in 1997 it earned US$50 million in sponsorship revenue. It was the 11th most visited Web site in 1998 and in 2000.

AltaVista was the most favored search engine used by professional researchers at the "Internet Search-Off" study in February 1998, with 45 percent of the researchers choosing it. Second place belonged to HotBot at 20 percent.

By using the data collected by the crawler, employees from AltaVista, together with others from IBM and Compaq, were the first to analyze the strength of connections within the budding World Wide Web in a seminal study in 2000.

In 2000, AltaVista was used by 17.7% of Internet users while Google was used by only 7% of Internet users, according to Media Metrix.

Business transactions
In 1996, AltaVista became the exclusive provider of search results for Yahoo!. In 1998, Digital was sold to Compaq, and in 1999, Compaq redesigned AltaVista as a Web portal, hoping to compete with Yahoo!. Under CEO Rod Schrock, AltaVista abandoned its streamlined search page and focused on adding features such as shopping and free e-mail. In June 1998, Compaq paid AltaVista Technology Incorporated (ATI) $3.3 million for the domain name altavista.com – Jack Marshall, cofounder of ATI, had registered the name in 1994.

In June 1999, Compaq sold a majority stake in AltaVista to CMGI, an Internet investment company. CMGI filed for an initial public offering (IPO) for AltaVista to take place in April 2000, but when the Internet bubble collapsed, the IPO was cancelled. Meanwhile, it became clear that AltaVista's Web portal strategy was unsuccessful, and the search service began losing market share, especially to Google. After a series of layoffs and several management changes, AltaVista gradually shed its portal features and refocused on search. By 2002, AltaVista had improved the quality and freshness of its results and redesigned its user interface.

In February 2003, AltaVista was bought by Overture Services, Inc. for $140 million. In July 2003, Overture was taken over by Yahoo!. After Yahoo! purchased Overture, AltaVista used the same search index as Yahoo! Search - the same search engine it had provided results to previously.

In December 2010, a Yahoo! employee leaked PowerPoint slides indicating that the search engine would shut down as part of a consolidation at Yahoo!.

Free services
AltaVista provided Babel Fish, a Web-based machine translation application that translated text or webpages from one of several languages into another. It was later superseded by Yahoo! Babel Fish in May 2008 and now redirects to Bing's translation service.

AltaVista also provided a free email service which had 200,000 active registered email accounts using the "altavista.com" domain and others before shutting down in March 2002. Domestic US accounts were closed; others were sold to Mail.com.

First CAPTCHA system
To fight against an increasing number of malicious internet bots, AltaVista implemented the first practical CAPTCHA schemes to protect against fraudulent account registrations. They implemented it specifically to prevent bots from adding URLs to their web search engine.

Shutdown
On June 28, 2013, Yahoo! announced on its Tumblr page that AltaVista would shut down on July 8, 2013;  since that date, visits to AltaVista's home page redirect to Yahoo!'s main page.

title: AltaVista


text:
Atlántico Department

Atlántico (, Atlantic) is a department of Colombia, located in northern Colombia with the Caribbean Sea to its north, the Bolívar Department to its west and south separated by the Canal del Dique, and the Magdalena Department to its east separated by the Magdalena River. Despite being the third smallest in the country, the department is among the most densely populated, with a population of 2,535,517.

The department's capital and most-populous city is Barranquilla with a population of 1,327,209. Soledad and Malambo are also significant population centers within Atlántico, constituting integral parts of the Barranquilla metropolitan area.

Municipalities

 * 1) Baranoa
 * 2) Barranquilla
 * 3) Campo de la Cruz
 * 4) Candelaria
 * 5) Galapa
 * 6) Juan de Acosta
 * 7) Luruaco
 * 8) Malambo
 * 9) Manatí
 * 10) Palmar de Varela
 * 11) Piojó
 * 12) Polonuevo
 * 13) Ponedera
 * 14) Puerto Colombia
 * 15) Repelón
 * 16) Sabanagrande
 * 17) Sabanalarga
 * 18) Santa Lucía
 * 19) Santo Tomás
 * 20) Soledad
 * 21) Suán
 * 22) Tubará
 * 23) Usiacurí

Higher education
The University of Atlántico, with 22,790 students in 2021, stands as the largest higher education institution by student population in the department.

In September 2023, the University of the Coast was ranked second among the top universities in the country, while the University of the North ranked fifteenth.

Notable people

 * Alci Acosta, musician
 * Andrés Roa, association football player
 * Antonio Rada, former association football player
 * Arturo Segovia, former association football player
 * Carlos Bacca, association football player, one of Colombia’s top all-time strikers, having scored over 300 goals for both club and country throughout his professional career
 * Carlos Rodado, politician
 * Checo Acosta, musician and prominent figure in the Carnival of Barranquilla
 * Evaristo Sourdis, politician who held several significant positions
 * Fredy Montero, association football player
 * Homer Martínez, association football player
 * Juan José Nieto, politician, first Afro-Colombian president
 * Luis Muriel, association football player
 * Luis Sandoval, association football player
 * Mauro Manotas, association football player
 * Melissa Martínez, sports journalist and presenter
 * Pacho Galán, musician

title: Atlántico Department


text:
Luigi Lablache

Luigi Lablache (6 December 1794 – 23 January 1858) was an Italian opera singer of French and Irish ancestry. He was most noted for his comic performances, possessing a powerful and agile bass voice, a wide range, and adroit acting skills: Leporello in Don Giovanni was one of his signature roles.

Biography
Luigi Lablache was born in Naples, the son of Nicolas Lablache, a merchant from Marseille, France, to an Irish lady. He was educated from 1806 at the Conservatorio della Pietà de' Turchini in Naples, where Gentili taught him the elements of music, and Giovanni Valesi instructed him in singing, while at the same time he studied the violin and cello. He fled the Conservatorio five times in order to pursue an acting career, but each time he was brought back in disgrace. His voice was a beautiful contralto, and just before it broke he sang the solos in Mozart's Requiem on the death of Joseph Haydn in 1809.

Before long he became possessed of a magnificent bass, which gradually increased in volume until at the age of twenty it attained a compass of two octaves from E-flat below to E-flat above the bass stave. In 1812, when only eighteen, he was engaged at the Teatro di San Carlo, Naples, and appeared in Valentino Fioravanti's La Molinara. From 1812 to 1817 he sang at Palermo. In 1817, at La Scala in Milan, he took the part of Dandini in Rossini's La Cenerentola. The opera Elisa e Claudio was written for him in 1821 by Saverio Mercadante and his position was assured. His reputation spread throughout Europe.

From Milan he went to Turin, returned to Milan in 1822, then appeared at Venice, and in 1824 at Vienna. Going back to Naples after an absence of twelve years, he created a great sensation as Assur in Rossini's Semiramide. On 30 March 1830, under Ebers's management, he was first heard in London as Geronimo in Cimarosa's Il matrimonio segreto and thenceforth appeared there annually, also singing in many provincial festivals. In 1827 Franz Schubert wrote three songs in Italian (Op. 83, D. 902) for Lablache, marvellous exercises in Rossinian pastiche; they are among the last songs he ever wrote.

A physically imposing man, his voice was at all times extraordinarily powerful; but he could produce comic, humorous, tender, or sorrowful effects with equal ease and mastery. As an actor, he excelled equally in comic and tragic parts. His chief rôles were Leporello (his greatest part), Geronimo the Podestà in La gazza ladra, Dandini in La Prova d' un' Opera Seria, Henry VIII in Anna Bolena the Doge in Marino Faliero, and Oroveso in Norma. He created the title role in Donizetti's Don Pasquale in 1843 and Massimiliano in Verdi's I masnadieri in 1847. Towards the close of his career he played two new characters of quite different types with great success, Shakespeare's Caliban in Fromental Halévy's La Tempesta and Gritzenko, the Kalmuck, in Scribe's and Meyerbeer's L'étoile du nord.

At the funeral of Beethoven in 1827 he was one of the thirty-two torchbearers who surrounded the coffin, and he also sang in Mozart's Requiem. He sang the same Requiem at Chopin's funeral in 1849. He was the soloist, singing a Lacrimosa, at Bellini's funeral in 1835.

In 1836/37 he taught singing to Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom, the later Queen Victoria.

Luigi Lablache died at Naples on 23 January 1858, and was buried at Maisons-Laffitte, near Paris. Lablache had married the singer Teresa Pinotti in 1813, and they had thirteen children; several of them, notably Frederick Lablache, were also singers. His eldest daughter, Francesca (Cecchina), married the pianist Sigismond Thalberg in 1843, and his younger daughter, Therese, married the opera singer Hans von Rokitansky. The actor Stewart Granger was his great-great-grandson and the BBC TV Antiques Roadshow expert Bunny Campione is also a descendant.

In 1881, Sarah E. Bromwell and Jesse Shepherd claimed to conjur the spirit of Lablache at 464 West Randolph Street, Chicago, Illinois.

title: Luigi Lablache


text:
Lifetime (Canadian TV channel)

Lifetime is a Canadian English-language discretionary specialty channel owned by Showcase Television Inc., a subsidiary of Corus Entertainment. Based on the U.S. cable network of the same name, Lifetime broadcasts films, television series, and reality series aimed at women.

The channel was launched on September 7, 2001 as Showcase Diva as a digital offshoot of Showcase by Alliance Atlantis focusing on films targeting a female audience. After a series of ownership changes, the channel was relaunched into its current name in 2012 with the Lifetime branding licensed by A&E Networks.

History
In November 2000, Alliance Atlantis (via the Showcase Television subsidiary) was granted approval by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) to launch a television channel called Romance Television, described as "a national English-language Category 2 specialty television service devoted to romance. Programming will include relationship- themed game shows and magazine style programs featuring romantic vacation resorts. Other programs will explore romantic moments in people's lives, as well as classic romantic feature films, epic mini-series and made-for-television movies."

The channel was launched on September 7, 2001 as Showcase Diva, a spin-off of Showcase. Programming consisted of primarily television dramas and films.

On January 18, 2008, Canwest Global acquired control of Showcase Diva through its purchase of Alliance Atlantis' broadcasting assets, which were placed in a trust in August 2007. On October 27, 2010, ownership changed again as Shaw Communications gained control of Showcase Diva as a result of its acquisition of Canwest and Goldman Sachs' interest in CW Media.

On May 30, 2012, it was announced that Showcase Diva would be rebranded as a Canadian version of Lifetime on August 27, 2012, through a brand licensing agreement with the U.S. channel's parent company A&E Networks. The rebrand would result in the addition of more reality series, talk shows and other original series from Lifetime to the channel's films and television dramas.

An HD feed was launched on May 29, 2013, along with the never-before-seen HD feeds for H2, Slice, and the DHX-owned Disney Junior service (now known as Family Jr.).

In February 2022, Lifetime was added to streaming bundle StackTV. It was later added in February 2023 to the Global TV app along with the Canadian version of the Magnolia Network.

title: Lifetime (Canadian TV channel)


text:
Max (Canadian TV channel)

Max is a Canadian French language specialty channel owned by Remstar Media Group, a division of Remstar. The channel primarily broadcasts entertainment programming, focusing on scripted television series and films.

Established in 1997 as MusiMax as a joint venture between CHUM Limited and Radiomutuel, it was originally conceived as a sister network to MusiquePlus, and focused primarily on adult contemporary music (making it the French-language equivalent to MuchMusic's then-sister network MuchMoreMusic). After the acquisition of CHUM by CTVglobemedia, Radiomutuel's successor Astral Media acquired CHUM's stake in MusiMax, marking its separation from common ownership with its English counterpart. When Astral was acquired by CTVglobemedia's predecessor Bell Media in 2013, MusiquePlus was sold to V Media Group, parent company of Quebec's V network.

As with its English counterpart, MusiMax was formerly oriented primarily towards music programming. Due to shrinking interest in music television because of the growth of online platforms, MusiMax increasingly focused on non-music programming targeting a young adult audience, such as scripted programming and films. In 2016, Remstar relaunched MusiMax as Max into its current format while M3 (the former MuchMoreMusic) was replaced into the Canadian version of Gusto, which was renamed into CTV Life Channel in 2019.

As a former Category A service, Max was required to be carried on the basic service of all digital television providers serving the province of Quebec. The channel was, and still is, typically offered optionally at the discretion of providers outside of the province.

History
CHUM Limited first pursued a license from the CRTC for MuchMoreMusic—an adult contemporary counterpart to MuchMusic—in 1993, as part of a round of applications for new specialty channels. CHUM also proposed MusiquExtra, a French-language counterpart that would be a sister to MusiquePlus. The CRTC approved only Maclean-Hunter and Rawlco Communications' The Country Network, denying all other applicants.

CHUM submitted its proposals again in January 1996; they included both MuchMoreMusic and its French counterpart with Radiomutuel, now known as MusiMax, which proposed a service "designed for an adult audience that will be devoted to music in all its forms". On September 4, 1996, the CRTC approved CHUM and Radiomutel's application for Musimax. The channel launched on September 8, 1997.

In June 1999, Astral Media announced it would take over Radiomutuel and gain control of Radiomutuel's assets including MusiMax shortly thereafter. In July 2006, CTVglobemedia announced it would acquire CHUM Limited. While the company initially planned to keep MusiquePlus and MusiMax, it instead elected to sell its stakes in the networks. On April 11, 2007, Astral Media announced that it would be acquiring the remaining 50% in MusiMax and MusiquePlus from CHUM Limited, giving it majority ownership. The sale was completed on June 30, 2007.

On March 4, 2013, following the Competition Bureau's approval of Bell Media's takeover of Astral, Bell announced that it would sell MusiquePlus, MusiMax, and Family and its three sister networks in an attempt to relieve CRTC concerns regarding the takeover. On December 4, 2013, Remstar, owners of the French television system V, announced that it would acquire MusiquePlus and MusiMax for an undisclosed amount through its subsidiary V Media Group. On September 11, 2014, the CRTC approved the sale. The acquisition is valued at $15.5 million; to fund the purchase, Remstar will sell 15% stakes in V Media to the Caisse, Fonds de solidarité FTQ and a third unannounced investor, and sell $1.5 million in advertising time across MusiquePlus and MusiMax to Bell. Remstar also successfully applied to have the amount of music-oriented programming the channel must air reduced to 80%. The sale was closed on September 16, 2014.

On August 29, 2016, MusiMax rebranded as Max, switching to a general entertainment format.

Max HD
On August 23, 2010, Astral launched a HD feed of MusiMax called MusiMax HD. It is available on Bell Fibe TV, Cogeco and Vidéotron. On August 29th, 2016,Musimax HD rebranded to Max HD due to the name change.

International distribution

 * Saint Pierre and Miquelon - distributed on SPM Telecom systems.

title: Max (Canadian TV channel)


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Stride of an array

In computer programming, the stride of an array (also referred to as increment, pitch or step size) is the number of locations in memory between beginnings of successive array elements, measured in bytes or in units of the size of the array's elements. The stride cannot be smaller than the element size but can be larger, indicating extra space between elements.

An array with stride of exactly the same size as the size of each of its elements is contiguous in memory. Such arrays are sometimes said to have unit stride. Unit stride arrays are sometimes more efficient than non-unit stride arrays, but non-unit stride arrays can be more efficient for 2D or multi-dimensional arrays, depending on the effects of caching and the access patterns used. This can be attributed to the principle of locality, specifically spatial locality.

Reasons for non-unit stride
Arrays may have a stride larger than their elements' width in bytes in at least three cases:

Padding
Many languages (including C and C++) allow structures to be padded to better take advantage either of the word length and/or cache line size of the machine. For example:

In the above code snippet,  might well turn out to have a stride of eight bytes, rather than five (4 bytes for the int plus one for the char), if the C code were compiled for a 32-bit architecture, and the compiler had optimized (as is usually the case) for minimum processing time rather than minimum memory usage.

Overlapping parallel arrays
Some languages allow arrays of structures to be treated as overlapping parallel arrays with non-unit stride:

This idiom is a form of type punning.

Array cross-section
Some languages like PL/I or Fortran allow what is known as an array cross-section, which selects certain columns or rows from a larger array. For example, if a two-dimensional array is declared as an array of one dimension consisting only of the second column may be referenced as

Example of multidimensional array with non-unit stride
Non-unit stride is particularly useful for images. It allows for creating subimages without copying the pixel data. Java example:

title: Stride of an array


text:
Nuptse

Nuptse or Nubtse (Sherpa: नुबचे, Wylie: Nub rtse, ) is a mountain in the Khumbu region of the Mahalangur Himal, in the Nepalese Himalayas. It lies 2 km WSW of Mount Everest. The main peak, Nuptse I at an elevation of 7,861 m, was first climbed on May 16, 1961, by Dennis Davis and Sherpa Tashi. After a hiatus of almost 20 years, Nuptse again became the objective of mountaineers, with important routes being put up on its west, south, and north faces.

Name
Nuptse is Tibetan for "west peak", as it is the western segment of the Lhotse-Nuptse massif.

Geography
Nuptse lies 2 km WSW of Mount Everest. It is a dramatic peak when viewed from the south or west, and it towers above the base camp for the standard south col route on Everest. However, it is not a particularly independent peak: its topographic prominence is only 319 m. Hence it is not ranked in the list of highest mountains.

The main Nuptse ridge contains 7 summits:

Climbing
Nuptse was first climbed in 1961 and a few times thereafter.
 * 1961 - First ascent of the North Ridge on May 16 by Dennis Davis and Sherpa Tashi as part of a British expedition led by Joe Walmsley. Tashi was the first human to set foot on the summit as Davis waited to take photos.  Davis followed closely after Tashi.  On May 17, other members of the same expedition reached the summit: Chris Bonington, Les Brown, James Swallow and Pemba Sherpa.
 * 1976 - The Joint British Army-Royal Nepalese Army Nuptse Expedition in an attempt to be the second team atop Nuptse ended in tragedy with the loss of four climbers to falls.
 * 1979 - Ascent of the North Ridge on October 19 by Georges Bettembourg, Doug Scott, Alan Rouse and Brian Hall.
 * 1984 - First ascent of the West Ridge by Yvan Estienne, Rémi Roux, et al., an expedition led by Raymond Renaud.
 * 1994 - First ascent of the south pillar of Nuptse Shar I by Frenchmen Michel Fauquet and Vincent Fine, who were stopped by the wind on the summit ridge 300 m from the summit. The climb was nominated for a Piolets d'Or.
 * 2008 - Opening of the south face by Stéphane Benoist and Patrice Glairon-Rappaz; nominated for the Piolets d'Or in 2008.
 * 2017 - Frédéric Degoulet, Benjamin Guigonnet and Hélias Millerioux open a route on the south face.
 * 2023 - On 8 May, a team of 3 climbers from the US and 6 Sherpas were the first to reach the summit in the year. It is reported that at least 65 climbers in 6 teams have obtained permits for Nuptse.

In culture
In 1987, Sally McCoy, Director of Equipment at The North Face, an American outdoor recreation products company, was part of the Snowbird Everest Expedition. This inspired The North Face to create outerwear named after peaks and glaciers of the region. In 1992, the company introduced the Nuptse Jacket. It featured a novel baffle construction to reduce shifting of the down and to increase warmth. The Nuptse jacket in bright colours was popular in New York City in the 1990s, especially among school kids and rappers. The Nuptse line of outdoors clothing has expanded to over 60 items in 2023.

title: Nuptse


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Claude Chevalley

Claude Chevalley (11 February 1909 – 28 June 1984) was a French mathematician who made important contributions to number theory, algebraic geometry, class field theory, finite group theory and the theory of algebraic groups. He was a founding member of the Bourbaki group.

Life
His father, Abel Chevalley, was a French diplomat who, jointly with his wife Marguerite Chevalley née Sabatier, wrote The Concise Oxford French Dictionary. Chevalley graduated from the École Normale Supérieure in 1929, where he studied under Émile Picard. He then spent time at the University of Hamburg, studying under Emil Artin and at the University of Marburg, studying under Helmut Hasse. In Germany, Chevalley discovered Japanese mathematics in the person of Shokichi Iyanaga. Chevalley was awarded a doctorate in 1933 from the University of Paris for a thesis on class field theory.

When World War II broke out, Chevalley was at Princeton University. After reporting to the French Embassy, he stayed in the U.S., first at Princeton and then (after 1947) at Columbia University. His American students included Leon Ehrenpreis and Gerhard Hochschild. During his time in the U.S., Chevalley became an American citizen and wrote a substantial part of his lifetime's output in English.

When Chevalley applied for a chair at the Sorbonne, the difficulties he encountered were the subject of a polemical piece by his friend and fellow Bourbakiste André Weil, titled "Science Française?" and published in the Nouvelle Revue Française. Chevalley was the "professeur B" of the piece, as confirmed in the endnote to the reprint in Weil's collected works, Oeuvres Scientifiques, tome II. Chevalley eventually did obtain a position in 1957 at the faculty of sciences of the University of Paris and after 1970 at the Université de Paris VII.

Chevalley had artistic and political interests, and was a minor member of the French non-conformists of the 1930s. The following quote by the co-editor of Chevalley's collected works attests to these interests: "Chevalley was a member of various avant-garde groups, both in politics and in the arts... Mathematics was the most important part of his life, but he did not draw any boundary between his mathematics and the rest of his life."

Work
In his PhD thesis, Chevalley made an important contribution to the technical development of class field theory, removing a use of L-functions and replacing it by an algebraic method. At that time use of group cohomology was implicit, cloaked by the language of central simple algebras. In the introduction to André Weil's Basic Number Theory, Weil attributed the book's adoption of that path to an unpublished manuscript by Chevalley.

Around 1950, Chevalley wrote a three-volume treatment of Lie groups. A few years later, he published the work for which he is best remembered, his investigation into what are now called Chevalley groups. Chevalley groups make up 9 of the 18 families of finite simple groups.

Chevalley's accurate discussion of integrality conditions in the Lie algebras of semisimple groups enabled abstracting their theory from the real and complex fields. As a consequence, analogues over finite fields could be defined. This was an essential stage in the evolving classification of finite simple groups. After Chevalley's work, the distinction between "classical groups" falling into the Dynkin diagram classification, and sporadic groups which did not, became sharp enough to be useful. What are called 'twisted' groups of the classical families could be fitted into the picture.

"Chevalley's theorem" (also called the Chevalley–Warning theorem) usually refers to his result on the solubility of equations over a finite field. Another theorem of his concerns the constructible sets in algebraic geometry, i.e. those in the Boolean algebra generated by the Zariski-open and Zariski-closed sets. It states that the image of such a set by a morphism of algebraic varieties is of the same type. Logicians call this an elimination of quantifiers.

In the 1950s, Chevalley led some Paris seminars of major importance: the Séminaire Cartan–Chevalley of the academic year 1955-6, with Henri Cartan and the Séminaire Chevalley of 1956-7 and 1957-8. These dealt with topics on algebraic groups and the foundations of algebraic geometry, as well as pure abstract algebra. The Cartan–Chevalley seminar was the genesis of scheme theory, but its subsequent development in the hands of Alexander Grothendieck was so rapid, thorough and inclusive that its historical tracks can appear well covered. Grothendieck's work subsumed the more specialised contribution of Serre, Chevalley, Gorō Shimura and others such as Erich Kähler and Masayoshi Nagata.

Selected bibliography

 * 1936. L'Arithmetique dans les Algèbres de Matrices. Hermann, Paris.
 * 1940. "La théorie du corps de classes," Annals of Mathematics 41: 394–418.
 * 1946. Theory of Lie groups. Princeton University Press.
 * 1951. "Théorie des groupes de Lie, tome II, Groupes algébriques", Hermann, Paris.
 * 1951. Introduction to the theory of algebraic functions of one variable, A.M.S. Math. Surveys VI.
 * 1954. The algebraic theory of spinors, Columbia Univ. Press; new edition, Springer-Verlag, 1997.
 * 1953–1954. Class field theory, Nagoya University.
 * 1955. "Théorie des groupes de Lie, tome III, Théorèmes généraux sur les algèbres de Lie", Hermann, Paris.
 * 1955, "Sur certains groupes simples," Tôhoku Mathematical Journal 7: 14–66.
 * 1955. The construction and study of certain important algebras, Publ. Math. Soc. Japan.
 * 1956. Fundamental concepts of algebra, Acad. Press.
 * 1956–1958. "Classification des groupes de Lie algébriques", Séminaire Chevalley, Secrétariat Math., 11 rue P. Curie, Paris; revised edition by P.Cartier, Springer-Verlag, 2005.
 * 1958. Fondements de la géométrie algébrique, Secrétariat Math., 11 rue P. Curie, Paris.

title: Claude Chevalley


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User:Morwen/exclave

 * Clent and Broome, Staffordshire -> Worcestershire (1844)
 * Dudley, Worcestershire -> Staffordshire (1966) -> West Midlands (1974)

title: User:Morwen/exclave


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CBC News Network

CBC News Network (formerly CBC Newsworld) is a Canadian English-language specialty news channel owned by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC). It is Canada's first all-news channel, and the world's third-oldest television service of this nature (after CNN in the United States, and Sky News in the United Kingdom.)

CBC News Network is funded by cable subscriber fees and commercial advertising, unlike the CBC's main television network, and it cannot directly receive operational funds from the corporation's public funding allotment. Nonetheless, the network benefits from synergies with other CBC services; such as the ability to share reporters and programs with the main network.

CBC News Network's French-language counterpart is Ici RDI, also owned by the CBC (or, Société Radio-Canada in French).

Revenue
According to the 2014 "Communications Monitoring Report" by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC), CBC News Network in 2014 had 11.3 million subscribers and a revenue of $86.7 million.

History
With CNN and CNN International already being widely available in Canada during the 1980s and beyond, private and state-owned Canadian broadcasters began to apply for a licence for a similar 24-hour news service in Canada. In 1987, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) awarded a licence to the CBC.

The launch of the CBC's 24-hour news service was delayed several times: first when Allarcom, who had filed a competing application for an all-news channel, chose to appeal the CRTC decision; second, when the federal cabinet issued a directive to the CBC to revise its service plan for the network to include private commercial broadcasters and to launch a parallel French language service; and lastly, when cable companies were reluctant to add the service just five months after a similar launch of numerous other channels.

CBC Newsworld finally began broadcasting on 31 July 1989 from several regional studios in Halifax, Toronto, Winnipeg and Calgary, becoming Canada's first all-news channel. (As of 2017, there are production studios in Vancouver, Toronto and Halifax.)

In the 1990s, the channel also aired repeats of CBC Television's political sketch comedy series This Hour Has 22 Minutes and Royal Canadian Air Farce, but these were discontinued in 2001 after a CRTC directive that the shows did not qualify as news programming.

In 2000, because of a fee dispute between Persona (then known as Regional Cablesystems; later acquired by Eastlink) and the CBC, CBC News Network was dropped by a number of Persona-owned cable systems. Thereafter, while CBC News Network was sometimes thought to be a mandatory basic cable channel, these cable systems did not carry the channel at all during much of the 2000s.

Newsworld International
Some of CBC News Network's programming also aired on the now-defunct Newsworld International, an American cable news network co-owned by the CBC and the Power Corporation of Canada. CBC Newsworld (as it was then known) produced some programming for Newsworld International, and scheduled programming from other news networks like Britain's BBC World, which did not air on the Canadian channel.

Soon after, Newsworld International was sold to USA Networks in 2000, then to Vivendi Universal Entertainment in 2001, and then to Al Gore and Joel Hyatt in 2004. Newsworld continued to provide the network's programming until Gore and Hyatt launched their own network, Current TV, on 1 August 2005. In 2013, the channel was sold again to the Al Jazeera Media Network and became Al Jazeera America on 20 August 2013.

2009 re-launch
In December 2008, it was reported that the CBC planned to revamp Newsworld in 2009, as the result of a strategic review and market survey. The CBC found that consumer awareness of CBC Newsworld was lower in comparison to other specialty channels, and there was a perception that the CBC broke stories too slowly. Tentative plans also called for the revamped channel to have more prominent displays of news headlines and weather reports.

On 21 October 2009, it was announced that CBC Newsworld would be renamed CBC News Network on October 26 as part of a larger re-launch of the CBC News division. A new lineup of programs was introduced to the network, with a greater emphasis towards live news coverage. New programs included CBC News Now (the channel's rolling news coverage), Power & Politics, The Lang and O'Leary Exchange (a business news program hosted by Amanda Lang and Dragons' Den-investor Kevin O'Leary), and Connect with Mark Kelley.

CBC News Network HD
In January 2009, the CBC launched an HD simulcast of CBC News Network (then CBC Newsworld) called CBC Newsworld HD. The channel was renamed CBC News Network HD on 26 October 2009 to coincide with the renaming of CBC Newsworld to CBC News Network. The HD feed has been confirmed at 720p resolution on Shaw Cable after it was added to the lineup in 2014. It is available through all major television providers in the country.

Programming
CBC News Network used to air a number of magazine-style programs, along with hourly news updates. The network has moved from that style of programming to focusing solely on live-news and documentary programs, including The Passionate Eye and Rough Cuts—both of which used to be hosted by Michaëlle Jean—and Politics—a political affairs program hosted by Don Newman that aired twice daily. The Hour with George Stroumboulopoulos was launched in 2005 in an attempt to attract younger viewers; similar news-oriented talk shows, such as Pamela Wallin Live, CounterSpin, Face Off, and Benmergui Live, also aired on the network in the 1990s.

The network's daytime schedule consists of live rolling news coverage, branded as CBC Newsroom (formerly known as CBC News Now), which airs weekdays from 10:00a.m. to 4:00p.m. ET, Saturdays from 6:00a.m. to 5:30p.m. ET, and Sundays from 6:00a.m. to 4:00p.m. ET (with a two-hour break from 10:00a.m. to 12:00p.m. ET). Instead of producing a separate noon-hour program, most CBC Television stations simulcast CBC News Network from 12:00 to 1:00pm local time, with an "L-bar" showing local news and weather headlines.

Power & Politics airs live from 5:00 to 7:00p.m. ET. From 7:00 to 9:00p.m. on weekdays, CBC News Network airs Canada Tonight.

Beginning with the Atlantic Time Zone airing at 9:00p.m. ET, The National—CBC News' flagship nightly newscast—runs live until 2:00a.m. ET and then on a loop until 6:00 a.m. ET the following morning.

Other original programming that appear on CBC News Network includes:

 * Marketplace — Canadian consumer watchdog series
 * The Fifth Estate — investigative documentary newsmagazine series
 * The Passionate Eye — documentary television series
 * Rosemary Barton Live — live weekly program on political news and issues, hosted by CBC's chief political correspondent Rosemary Barton.
 * The Investigators — hosted by Diana Swain

Since 2021, the channel has also simulcast CBC Radio One's news phone-in show Cross Country Checkup on Sunday afternoons.

In 2023, CBC announced several programming changes, including news hosts, for both weekday and weekend programs. Among the changes was an official name change to daytime and weekend rolling news programming to ‘CBC Newsroom’. ‘CBC Rundown with Andrew Nichols’ was also ended, in favour of an expanded two-hour Canada Tonight.

Current

 * Peter Armstrong
 * Adrienne Arsenault
 * Rosemary Barton
 * Travis Dhanraj
 * Natasha Fatah
 * Jennifer Hall
 * Ian Hanomansing
 * Heather Hiscox
 * Colleen Jones
 * Carole MacNeil
 * Andrew Nichols
 * Scott Peterson
 * Aarti Pole
 * Hannah Thibedeau

Former
Original members of the first Newsworld anchor team:

 * George Boyd
 * Whit Fraser
 * Beth Gaines
 * Jane Gilbert
 * Paul Griffin

Other former anchors:
 * Dave Brindle
 * Kim Brunhuber — now with The National
 * Bill Cameron — deceased (2005)
 * Bruce Dowbiggin — 1990s
 * Harry Forestell — later host of CBC News: New Brunswick
 * Dawna Friesen — now with Global National
 * Tom Harrington — current host of The World This Hour on CBC Radio One
 * Michaëlle Jean — now former Governor General of Canada
 * Vassy Kapelos — moved to CTV News in November 2022 to become the host of Power Play and Question Period.
 * Mark Kelley
 * Nil Köksal — became host of World Report, CBC News Toronto Weekend, and CBC Toronto News at 11 (Sunday), currently host of As It Happens since July 2022
 * Amanda Lang — eponymous anchor of The Lang and O'Leary Exchange; now host of Bloomberg North on Bloomberg TV Canada
 * Anne-Marie Mediwake — now CTV Morning Live
 * Suhana Meharchand
 * Jordi Morgan — official for the Canadian Federation of Independent Business and metro organiser for the Progressive Conservative Party of Nova Scotia
 * Reshmi Nair
 * Don Newman — retired
 * John Northcott - now weekend anchor of World Report on CBC Radio One
 * Anne Petrie
 * Kathleen Petty — current host of Ottawa Morning on CBC Radio Ottawa
 * Lorne Saxberg — died in snorkelling accident in Thailand
 * Sarika Sehgal — moved to CTV News Channel; now deceased
 * Alison Smith — now retired; former co-anchor of The World at Six on CBC Radio One with Bernie McNamee
 * Evan Solomon — now host of Question Period on CTV News Channel
 * George Stroumboulopoulos — now freelance
 * Sheldon Turcott — retired; deceased as of 2000
 * Nancy Wilson — retired
 * Michael Serapio — now CPAC host
 * Ginella Massa

title: CBC News Network


text:
Talk:Treaty of London

Documentation re the 1359 Treaty of London
Details will appear on the talk page for Treaty of London (1359). Their main relevance here is to justify the change to the entry for the above-named treaty, by explaining that the old text is ambiguous, but evidence exists to support this construction of the former text

The description of the (14th-century) Treaty of London as "Treaty ceding western France to England, repudiated by the Estates-General in Paris, 19 May 1359" is supported by Web data, in every detail, as long as the reading of these three ambiguous phrases is
 * the (14th-century) Treaty of London ceded large parts of western France to England, but was repudiated by the Estates-General in Paris on 19 May 1359.

--Jerzy 07:40, 2003 Nov 14 (UTC)

1700 Treaty of London
needs more work; connects to Pragmatic Sanction and Joseph Ferdinand of Bavaria -- ;Bear 22:47, 2004 Apr 7 (UTC)

1852?
Isn't there a treaty of 1852, subsequent to the one of 1832? Philip Trueman 17:57, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

Also the 1718 Treaty of London, by which the Duke of Savoy gave up Sicily for Sardinia? PatGallacher (talk) 20:16, 17 January 2015 (UTC)

This is not a dab page
This is a list article, not a disambiguation page. It could easily be titled List of treaties made in London. Or it could be a broad-concept article, about the history and reasons that London has so often been a place for the crafting and signing of treaties.

WP:DABCONCEPT says:
 * If the primary meaning of a term proposed for disambiguation is a broad concept or type of thing that is capable of being described in an article, and a substantial portion of the links asserted to be ambiguous are instances or examples of that concept or type, then the page located at that title should be an article describing it, and not a disambiguation page. [emphasis mine]

It goes on to say,
 * Where the primary topic of a term is a general topic that can be divided into subtopics, such as chronologically..., the unqualified title should contain an article about the general topic rather than a disambiguation page. [again, my emphasis]

The nuances of disambiguation pages baffle many editors; it's common to mistake a list of very similar items for a dab page. , I hope you will reconsider your revert. Thanks. — Gorthian (talk) 18:58, 1 March 2017 (UTC)

 * The title Treaty of London is inherently ambiguous, it refers to many different things all known by the same name, and for convenience on Wikipedia given date disambiguators. Treaty of London can't be treated as a "broad concept or type of thing", because it isn't. Again, it's not a "general topic that can be divided into subtopics" as each Treaty of London is a discrete thing or subject, with no necessary relation to any of the others. DuncanHill (talk) 19:04, 1 March 2017 (UTC)
 * While there may be some entries that don't strictly conform to disambiguation page standards, I agree with DuncanHill that this term is highly ambiguous and overall I think it is better to leave this as a disambiguation page to help ensure that mistaken links are marked in order to facilitate disambiguation. The nonconforming entries can be moved to see also if necessary. older ≠ wiser 00:18, 2 March 2017 (UTC)
 * All right. I obviously still confuse lists and dabs myself. Since this is a dab page, I'm off to self-revert a bunch of edits now. Thanks to all of you for helping out. — Gorthian (talk) 02:12, 3 March 2017 (UTC)
 * BTW: While you're at it, could you restore the deleted article please? Pdfpdf (talk) 10:16, 4 March 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Treaty of London