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Talk:Calendar of saints

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St. Loup's feast day is/was September 1. I have a slide (not scanned yet) of the KL page from a couple of MSs that show that, if it's useful; the one that's in there is nice, but it's not from Sens24.34.104.12 (talk) 20:59, 29 March 2009 (UTC)covalence2

 * Does anyone fancy working on WikiProject Christian liturgical year? Gareth Hughes 11:09, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

maybe...but I have several other projects going so I could probably only help with the few saints and events that I'm otherwise currently working on24.34.104.12 (talk) 20:59, 29 March 2009 (UTC)covalence2

People in France mark the name day -- maybe restricted to catholics though.mOST OF TH EVARY MANY DUDES THAT ARE catholics elsewhere too?

 * Does anyone fancy working on WikiProject Christian liturgical year? Gareth Hughes 11:09, 21 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I thought Bernard of Clairvaux's feast day was May 28, but he isn't listed here and it isn't mentioned in his article. Is this because it's untrue or because no one's added it? Tuf-Kat 21:26, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)

Confusing mishmash of lists
In order for it to make sense to include Pauline Catholic festal classifications (Solemnity, Feast, Memorial, Optional Memorial, Commemoration), this list would need to be limited to saints on the Pauline (modern) Catholic calendar, and that particular calendar would also need to be specified: Universal Calendar (for the whole Church), Albuquerque diocesan calendar, Franciscan calendar, etc. For example, the titular feast of a parish (e.g. St. Patrick's Day for St. Patrick's Church) is raised to the rank of Solemnity, most countries have a national saint (for example, St. George in England) which are not considered "Optional Memorials" for the rest of the Church, etc. If the goal is an ecumenical Christian liturgical calendar, this could be an aggregation of various more specific calendars. But I would hate to lose the Universal (RC) Calendar information. Perhaps a split is in order, perhaps a Portal? --Tremont30 16:31, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

How about two separate calendars, one with the universal calendar, and a second listing with all the local feasts, either afterwards or as a separate article? I think it's best to keep the Catholic, Orthodox, Anglican, and other calendars separate, since putting them all together might be too confusing. 12.208.18.23 02:19, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I dont think the goal is an ecumenical calendar at all. If anything, the goal should be to respect the differences among the traditions.  This is an encyclopedia.  We can handle a variety of lists.  And what do you mean by Pauline?  That is not the common nomenclature especially since there are two major Pauline liturgical reforms--Paul V and Paul VI. If you mean Paul VI (which is more correct than Second Vatican Council) it is more proper to say "Roman Missal 1969" or reform of Paul VI.  --Vaquero100 07:05, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

I've always heard the Tridentine Missal referred to as the Missal of Pius V, not Paul V, who was elected Pope in 1605, well after the 1570 Missal which followed the Council of Trent. "Pauline", as I've always seen it used refers to the 1969 Missal with its revisions. PaulGS 00:00, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

December 25: Nativity of the Ford (Christmas) - Solemnity
I could be wrong but shouldn't that read 'Lord' rather than 'Ford'?--Jimmyjrg 11:54, 7 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Clear vandalism. I reverted that and the other addition on the same edition: Novus Porno Missae for Novus Ordo Missae Monkeycheetah 13:33, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

Only universal calendar
Is this only the universal calendar? Or does it include diocesan and congregational traditions? --Benedikt 15:25, 25 February 2006 (UTC) and to prove this, read on..... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.202.26.100 (talk) 16:51, 19 October 2008 (UTC)

Many feast days on Wikipedia Days pages are wrong
I've noticed that on Wikipedia's pages for each day of the year, many of the saints' days listed (no doubt in good faith by the editor/s who are doing a good job trying to add to the Holidays and Celebrations section) are not up to standard. Many have the saints' days wrong, and many link to the wrong saint -- sometimes not even to a saint but just a similar word. I'm no expert so I hope someone who is can clean these up. Alpheus 04:08, 14 May 2006 (UTC)

"Feast"
A list of feasts might do with a few words on the topic of feasting, if not a menu suggestion or two. Midgley (talk) 16:01, 29 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Of course, it's not clear what a feast entails. Obviously it's some sort of religious observance rather than simply a special meal, which is the regular definition. Some elucidation would be welcome. Kortoso (talk) 16:35, 3 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Kortoso's distinction is quite close to the way dictionaries define "feast" in this context, which I have now cited in the article. Esoglou (talk) 19:12, 3 June 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Calendar of saints


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Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Poetry

Requested move at Talk:Foot (prosody)
There is a requested move discussion at Talk:Foot (prosody) that may be of interest to members of this WikiProject. Vanderwaalforces (talk) 12:38, 19 January 2024 (UTC)

Good article reassessment for Green Knight
Green Knight has been nominated for a good article reassessment. If you are interested in the discussion, please participate by adding your comments to the reassessment page. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, the good article status may be removed from the article. Spinixster  (chat!)  09:23, 27 February 2024 (UTC)

Brenda Cárdenas
Looks as if she might be a notable poet: she is mentioned in about four en.wiki articles but seems not to be the Mexican politician to whom I've just created the redirect Brenda Cardenas. Someone might like to start an article on her and ensure that the pair are clearly signposted by hatnotes etc? See her website, Poetry Foundation, Academy of American Poets etc. Pam  D  18:17, 8 March 2024 (UTC)

Requested move at Talk:Ae Fond Kiss (song)
There is a requested move discussion at Talk:Ae Fond Kiss (song) that may be of interest to members of this WikiProject. Safari Scribe Edits! Talk! 22:17, 9 June 2024 (UTC)

Disclosed COI
Hi! I work for the BYU Library, and I'll be working on pages affiliated with this project. Please let me know if you have any questions, comments, or concerns! Noah Hickman (talk) 23:01, 17 June 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Poetry


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Talk:Monsters (D&D)

I support deletion or redirection for this article Even with the merged content from the list, we've already got monster, fantasy bestiary, list of races in role-playing games, legendary creature, list of fictional species, and cryptozoology. In particular, fantasy bestiary was created with popular fantasy RPGs and fiction in mind. --Mrwojo 14:51, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * The page is listed on Vfd. Please express your support there. -- Timwi 18:28, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

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Dorton

Dorton (or Dourton) is a village and civil parish in the Aylesbury Vale district of Buckinghamshire. It is in the western part of the county, about 5 mi north of the Oxfordshire market town of Thame.

Manor
The village toponym is derived from the Old English for "farm at a narrow pass". The Domesday Book of 1086 records it as Dortone, and in the 13th century it was Durtone.

Before the Norman conquest of England Alric, son of Goding, a thegn of Edward the Confessor, held the manor of Dorton. However, the Domesday Book records that by 1086 the Norman baron Walter Giffard held it.

Dorton House is a Grade I listed Jacobean mansion to the south of the village. It is now a preparatory school, Ashfold School.

Parish church
The Church of England parish church of Saint John the Evangelist was originally a chapel of ease to nearby Chilton. St. John's has been a parish in its own right since at least 1590.

The nave and chancel of the church building may be 12th century, as is the bowl of the font. There is a 13th-century lancet window in the nave. The south porch was added in the 13th century, es evidenced by a blocked window of that date in its east wall. In the 14th century the Decorated Gothic south aisle was added, the chancel arch was at least partly rebuilt and the present east window and piscina were added. The present stained glass in the east window is 15th century. The present entrance arch to the porch was added in the 15th century, the base of the font is from the same century and the Perpendicular Gothic window in the south wall of the south aisle was added in about 1480.

St. John's has three bells hung in a timber-framed bell-cot, plus a small Sanctus bell. Bartholomew Atton of Buckingham cast the tenor bell in 1604 and Robert Atton cast the second bell in 1626. John Taylor and Sons cast the treble bell in 1828, presumably at the bell-foundry they then had at Oxford.

Economic and social history
Dorton Spa, a chalybeate spring, is north of the village in Spa Wood. A large pump room and health spa were opened in about 1840 but due to lack of Royal patronage (unlike Royal Leamington Spa and Royal Tunbridge Wells) Dorton Spa declined. Little exists of it now.

The Great Western Railway had the "Bicester cut-off" railway built through the parish in 1910. The line passes within a few yards of the village, and in 1937 the GWR opened Dorton Halt to serve it. British Railways closed the halt in 1963. The railway is now part of the Chiltern Main Line.

Dorton was noted in the 1960s and 1970s for the tug-of-war team the Dorton Dons.

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Downley

Downley is a village and civil parish in Buckinghamshire, England, which was included in Wycombe district before its abolition. It is high in the Chiltern Hills, overlooking the town of High Wycombe, although today it is almost indistinguishable from the urban spread of the latter town.

The central part of the parish is the common, this extends over about 56 acre. It is part of the Chilterns Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Downley was originally within the 1890s civil  parish of West Wycombe, however, in the 1930s West Wycombe village was incorporated into the Borough of High Wycombe and the remainder of the original civil West Wycombe Parish, which included Downley, became known as West Wycombe Rural Detached Parish. Due to Local Government reorganisation in the 1980s West Wycombe Rural Detached Parish was split into two civil Parishes, one of which was Downley Parish, the other being Piddington & Wheeler End. Downley was once three hamlets, Downley was the largest, with Littleworth and Plummer's Green on its south side. Both of these have now been incorporated into Downley as a whole, but there are still names such as Littleworth Road and Plomer Hill. Plomer is a derivative from Plummer.

Downley was extensively built up in the 1950s-1960s and is still changing now, with the parish boundary being extended.

The Memorial Hall, also known as the Village Hall, in the High Street was built in 1923 and is still in use. The old School, built in the 1870s is also still in use. There were also furniture making factories in the village as well as home workshops; a practice which was common in the Chilterns as High Wycombe and surrounding towns were large producers of furniture, in particular chairs from the Industrial Revolution onwards.

Downley was once home to several farms, the largest of these stopped working in the 1990s but can be plainly seen from commonside with its huge barns and unusual listed farm house.

Toponym
The toponym "Downley" is derived from the Old English words dun ("wood") or down ("hill") and lea ("clearing"). This indicates that the Anglo-Saxons found this area of the Chilterns to be wooded and that Downley was a clearing.

The Common
One of the few Chiltern commons that has remained open in the area, rather than become wooded. The common was once part of an Anglo-Saxon tithing, or group of ten dwellings.

Something else that makes this common unusual is the way it has been changed by its industrial past. The biggest change in its landscape is the excavation of clay, chalk and flint from all over the common, this has left behind pits, called dells, some very large and deep. The reason the clay was extracted is slightly vague but is most likely for making bricks and tiles. The smaller pits that are round, usually made on a boundary ditch are saw pits. These are identifiable as the spoil heap is on the downward slope.

Also noticeable, mainly in the woods are ancient parish boundaries. These once separated the land between Hughenden and West Wycombe parishes.

During World War II the Army used the common to test and repair Churchill tanks. The tracks are still visible, but are hard to make out, on the common today. Downley Common was used as a golf course for a short while, hence the name of Golf Link Cottages and the Bricklayers Arms once being called the Golf Links.

At the top of the common next to the cricket pavilion there is a small but distinct Blacksmiths Forge. This was still in use up until the early 1990s. Downley is also home to the rare starfruit flower which has been known to grow on Mannings Pond.

The welfare of the common is maintained by the Downley Common Preservation Society.

Downley Common also plays host to a number of sports clubs, mainly Downley Cricket Club and Downley Albion Football Club.

History
The oldest house in the village, Blacksmiths Cottage is situated on the top end of the common, dates from the 12th or 13th century. The oldest pub in Downley is The Le De (not Lady) Spencers Arms at the very top of the common. It's known to the locals as the Lee Dee, The Shed or the Top Pub. The building dates from the 17th century and was once a bakery. It is believed to have been a watering hole for drovers who passed through from Wales on their way to London.

West Wycombe estate still leaves its mark on Downley life, there is a large, regular shoot, mostly held on Saturdays during hunting season. This is managed by Cookshall Farm, which is in the parish at the very top end.

Folklore and events
Downley has a few interesting road names, such as "Bug Alley" which is now Moor Lane, Coffin Lane which is at the end of Moor Lane and leads to Hughenden Church. Kiln Pond Lane, where apparently a horse and cart reputedly ran into the Kiln Pond.

Downley traditions include the Guy Fawkes Night torch parade, where literally hundreds of people march up the common with tin can torches and throw then into the bonfire. Also there are two Village fetes, one being Downley day and the other being the Jolities which is the older. Downley also claims a strong sporting heritage. With well established cricket and football teams who use the cricket pitch and newly gained space next to Mannings field.

Schools
The Downley School (or TDS) is a combined school in Downley with 'Inadequate' (Ofsted), which teaches pupils from ages 4–11 (Years 1–6 in the British educational system).

Football Club
Downley has several local football teams ranging from junior side Downley Dynamos all the way up to the oldest club in the village, Downley Albion Football Club formed in 1885. Both the Dynamos and Albion play home games at Downley Common and share the sports pavilion which is also used by the local cricket team.

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Talk:William Hovell

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Does anyone know which Yarmouth William Hovell was born in? Warofdreams 15:04, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

William Hovell not born in Yarmouth
I has just been discovered that he was probably born in Wales. It appears he was the brother of John Hovell. Their father was Philip (William ) Hovell and their mother was Elizabeth Grey.

title: Talk:William Hovell


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Drayton Beauchamp

Drayton Beauchamp (pronounced 'Beecham') is a village and civil parish within Aylesbury Vale district in Buckinghamshire, England. It is in the east of the county bordering Hertfordshire, about six miles from Aylesbury and two miles from Tring.

History
The village toponym is derived from the Old English for "farm where sledges are used". It is a common place name in England, and refers to places that were perched on the hillside, thus requiring the use of a sledge rather than a cart to pull heavy loads. The suffix 'Beauchamp' refers to the ancient manorial family of the parish. The village is intersected by the Icknield Way a prehistoric, long-distance trackway of significant importance in providing a trading route between East Anglia and the Thames Valley certainly during the Iron Age and maybe earlier. In more recent times it has been bisected by the Roman Road, Akeman Street now the A41 and by both the Aylesbury Arm and Wendover Arm of the Grand Union Canal.

Following the Norman conquest of England William I awarded land which later became known as Drayton Beauchamp to Robert, Earl of Morton who as Magno le Breton had accompanied William at the time of the Norman Invasion in 1066. The Morton family founded a church at Drayton on the site where the present-day church of St Mary the Virgin now stands. During the early part of the 13th century the manor was owned by William de Beauchamp (de Bello Campo). The lands were passed from the Beauchamp family to the Cobhams. Sir John Cobham gave the property to King Edward III. The King granted it to his shield-bearer Thomas Cheney (also spelt Cheyne) in 1364. It remained in the Cheyne family until the death of William Cheyne, Lord Viscount Newhaven in 1728.

During the period after 1066 in which the Lord of the Manor of Drayton was Magno le Breton the southern end of the manor would have been valued for its summer pasture. This area which became known later as Cholesbury contained a large Iron Age Hillfort. This gradually became a permanent settlement and was subsequently separated off as a separate manor. In 1541 it was sold by Robert Cheyne to Chief Justice John Baldwin and became an autonomous manor.

Drayton Beauchamp was sold by the Cheyne family to John Gumley in 1728 for £22,200 and in 1788 the Lordship of the Manor was inherited by Lady Robert Manners. The manor house beside the church had been demolished around 1760 and a new one built elsewhere in the parish by the Gumleys. In 1835 the Lordship of the Manor passed to Mrs. Caroline Jenney and remained in that family until the death of Miss Airmyne Harpur-Crewe in 1999.

The parish church was extensively rebuilt in the 15th century from materials salvaged from an earlier church. Most notable is the Norman font which dates back to the 12th century. The first rector of the new Church was Richard Hooker who took up his incumbency in 1584. Richard is today remembered for his writings in particular a four-volume work known as Of the Lawes of Ecclesiastical Politie.

The church was again restored in 1867 when the rector was the parson-naturalist, Henry Harpur Crewe.

In 1934 Drayton Beauchamp ceded a small parcel of land, adjacent to the previously detached parish of Cholesbury to the new parish of Cholesbury-cum-St Leonards.

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Jolof Empire

The Jolof Empire (امبراطورية جولوف), also known as Great Jolof, or the Wolof Empire, was a Wolof and Sereer confederacy state that ruled parts of West Africa, most precisely modern-day Senegal, Mali, Gambia and Mauritania from around the 12th century to 1549. Following the 1549 battle of Danki, its vassal states were fully or de facto independent; in this period it is known as the Jolof Kingdom.

Origins
Wolof oral traditions relate that the Wolof were the earliest inhabitants of the region that became Jolof, which was named after a local chief Jolof Mbengue. The empire consisted mostly of Wolof, Serer and Fula from north of the Senegal River. The region was ruled by Lamanes of the Mbengue, Diaw and Ngom families. They were related to early rulers of neighboring kingdoms such as Baol.

Jolof was a vassal of the Mali Empire for much of its early history. It remained within that empire's sphere of influence until the latter half of the 14th century.

Ndiadiane Ndiaye
Traditional accounts among the Wolof agree that the founder of the state was the possibly mythical Ndiadiane Ndiaye (also spelled Njaajaan Njaay or Njai). Sallah writes: "Some say that Njajan was the son of Abu Darday, an Almoravid conqueror who came from Mecca to preach Islam in Senegal ... Some say that Ndiadiane Ndiaye was a mysterious person of Fulani origin. Others say he was a Serer prince." In general, Ndiaye is given an Almoravid Islamic lineage and a link on his mother's side to the state of Takrur. James Searing adds that "In all versions of the myth, Njaajaan Njaay speaks his first words in Pulaar rather than Wolof, emphasizing once again his character as a stranger of noble origins."

The legend of Ndiadiane Ndiaye has many variations in detail, but these share some important commonalities. It begins when his father dies and his mother remarries with a slave. This match so enfuriated Ndiaye that he jumped into the Senegal River and began an aquatic life. He made his way downstream to Waalo. At this time, the area was divided into villages ruled by separate Lamanes, some of whom were engaged in a dispute over a wood near a prominent lake (in some versions, it is a dispute over a catch of fish). This almost led to bloodshed, but it was stopped by the mysterious appearance of a stranger from the lake. The stranger divided the wood fairly and disappeared, leaving the people in awe. The people then feigned a second dispute and kidnapped the stranger when he returned. They offered him the kingship of their land. When these events were reported to the ruler of the Kingdom of Sine, Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali, also a great magician, he is reported to have exclaimed "Ndiadiane Ndiaye" in his native Serer language in amazement. He then suggested that all rulers between the Senegal River and the Gambia River voluntarily submit to this man, which they did.

Dating
Attempting to date Ndiadiane Ndiaye and the establishment of the Jolof Empire, John Donnelly Fage suggests that "that the rise of the empire was associated with the growth of Wolof power at the expense of the ancient Sudanese state of Takrur, and that this was essentially a fourteenth-century development." Ogot proposes that the Jolof became permanently independent during a succession dispute in 1360 between two rival lineages within the Mali Empire. There is no consensus among scholars, however.

Imperial History
The earliest centuries of Jolof's history are known only through oral histories, and few details have survived. During the relatively dry period (c. 1100–1500) the Jolof empire expanded soutwards and westwards, progressively 'Wolofizing' the ruling classes of the smaller states thus incorporated into the empire. The states of Cayor and Baol, which were founded around the same time as Jolof, were absorbed early on. Many of the earliest buurbas came from maternal lineages native to Baol. The Kingdom of Sine and an early form of the Kingdom of Saloum were absorbed in the late 14th century at the earliest. This completed the core constituent states of the Jolof confederacy: Cayor, Baol and Waalo, and the Serer states of Sine and Saloum.

Apex
Beginning in the 1440s, Portuguese ships began to visit the coast, initially looking to capture slaves but soon shifting to trade. The Jolof expansion may have been assisted by the purchase of horses from these traders. At this time, Jolof was at the height of its power.

Buurba Biram Njeme Eler, or possibly Cukli Njiklaan, conquered Namandirou in approximately the 1450s, then extended extended his authority over Takrur. Eler moved the capital from Njiayeen Sabur to Thieung. He was also likely responsible for subduing the Mandinka states on the northern bank of the Gambia, including Niumi, Badibu, Nyani, and Wuli, as the Mali Empire declined. Jolof would also expand its control over the gold trade, conquering Gajaaga and subsequently Bambuk, although Jean Boulègue argues of such conquest being very unlikely. Control over the kingdoms of the Gambia also gave the Buurba some access to the growing commerce there.

Succession Disputes
Upon Buurba Biram Njeme Eler's death, the succession was disputed between his son, Bokar Bige, and his nephew Tase Daagulen. The latter was eventually victorious, with the help of Brak Cukuli Mbooj of Waalo. This conflict was, in a way, a contest between a patrilineal inheritance system (father-son) and a matrilineal one (uncle-nephew), as Biram Eler and Tase Daagulen were both members of the Jonai matrilineage. Between roughly 1455 and 1489, five buurbas would claim the throne, sowing chaos and civil war.

In the 1480s, Jelen, the buumi or prince, was ruling the empire in the name of his brother Birayma Kuran Kan, known in Portuguese sources as Bur Birao. Tempted by the Portuguese trade, he moved the seat of government to the coast to take advantage of the new economic opportunities. Other princes, opposed to this policy, deposed and murdered the buurba in 1489. Jelen escaped and sought refuge with the Portuguese, who took him to Lisbon. There he exchanged gifts with King John II and was baptized. Faced with the opportunity to put a Christian ally on the throne, John II sent an expeditionary force under a Portuguese commander to put the prince back on the throne of Jolof. The objective was to put him on the throne and a fort at the mouth of the Senegal River. Neither goal was achieved. A dispute between the commander and the prince resulted in the former accusing the bumi of treachery and killing him.

In the early 16th century, the Jolof Empire was still very powerful, and capable of fielding 100,000 infantry and 10,000 cavalry. But succession disputes were not the only thing tearing it apart. The Atlantic Trade trade, for instance, had brought extra wealth to the empire, but with Jelen's failure the rulers of the vassal states on the coast got the lion's share of the benefits, which eventually allowed them to eclipse and undermine the emperor. Jolof was located far from the coast, and had no direct access to maritime trade.

There was also the matter of external forces, such as the breakup of the Mali Empire. Mali's slipping grip on its far-flung empire had allowed Jolof to become an empire in the first place. But now conflict was spreading to Jolof's northern territories. In 1513, Koli Tenguella led a strong force of Fulani and Mandinka into Futa Toro, seizing it from the Jolof and setting up his dynasty, and also destroying Namandirou. In 1520 the Serer kingdoms of Sine and Saloum in the south broke away.

Battle of Danki and disintegration
In 1549, Kayor successfully broke from the Jolof Empire under the leadership of the crown prince Amari Ngoone Sobel Fall by defeating Jolof at the Battle of Danki. The battle caused a ripple effect resulting in Waalo and Baol also leaving the empire. By 1600, the Jolof Empire was effectively over. Kayor invaded its southern neighbor, Bawol, and began forming a personal union of its own. Jolof was reduced to a kingdom; nevertheless, the title of Burba remained associated with imperial prestige and commanded nominal respect from its ancient vassals.

Society
Jolof society harbored a developed hierarchical system involving different classes of royal and non-royal nobles, free men, occupational castes, and slaves. Occupational castes included blacksmiths, jewelers, tanners, tailors, musicians, and griots. Smiths were important to the society for their ability to make weapons of war as well as their trusted status for mediating disputes fairly. Griots were employed by every important family as chroniclers and advisors, without whom much of early Jolof history would be unknown. Jolof's nobility were nominally animists, but some combined this with Islam. However, Islam had not dominated Wolof society until about the 19th century, when the empire had long been reduced to a rump state in the form of the Kingdom of Jolof.

Women
Throughout the different classes, intermarriage was rarely allowed. Women could not marry upwards, and their children did not inherit the father's superior status. However, women had some influence and role in government. The Lingeer was head of all women and very influential in state politics. She owned several villages that cultivated farms and paid tribute directly to her. There were also other female chiefs whose main task was judging cases involving women. In the empire's most northern state of Walo, women could aspire to the office of Bur and rule the state.

Economy
Isolated from the main maritime and trans-Saharan trade routes, the economy of Jolof proper was relatively simple. Moor or Jula merchants were the main carriers of trade, which was organized around weekly markets and consisted mostly of millet, salt, beans, cattle and other essentials. Coinage was not used, but iron bars and cloth served as universal means of exchange.

Political organization
The ruler of Jolof was known as the Bour ba or Buurba, who was selected by a college of electors that included the rulers of the five main constituent kingdoms. Although nominally the head of the entire empire, the Buurba directly controlled a relatively small portion of Jolof; Lamanes held a lot of power, and became progressively more independent as the royal family became more consumed by succession disputes.

Once appointed, officeholders went through elaborate rituals to both familiarize themselves with their new duties and elevate them to a divine status. From then on, they were expected to lead their states to greatness or risk being declared unfavored by the gods and being deposed. The stresses of this political structure resulted in a very autocratic government where personal armies and wealth often superseded constitutional values.

Relations with Constituent Kingdoms
The Jolof Empire included five coastal kingdoms from north to south: Waalo, Kayor, Baol, Sine and Saloum. All of these states were tributary to the land-locked state of Jolof. Each was governed by a ruler were chosen by their respective nobles. Each had practical autonomy but was expected to cooperate with the Bour on important matters, and send regular tribute to Jolof. This did not always happen, however, and wars between the constituent kingdoms were common; provinces could gain or lose degrees of independence, or move from one king's control to another.

title: Jolof Empire


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Gadchiroli district

Gadchiroli district (Marathi pronunciation: [ɡəɖt͡ʃiɾoliː]) is an administrative district in Maharashtra, India. The city of Gadchiroli is the administrative headquarters of the district.

Members of Parliament
(Gadchiroli–Chimur)
 * Namdeo Kirsan (INC)

Extent and history
Maharashtra tapers in the east, where this district forms the south-east corner. The district is bordered by Gondia district to the north, Mohla-Manpur-Ambagarh Chowki, Kanker, Narayanpur and Bijapur districts of Chhattisgarh to the east, Jayashankar Bhupalpally district of Telangana to the south, and Mancherial and Komaram Bheem districts of Telangana and Chandrapur district to the west. Gadchiroli District was created on 26 August 1982 by the separation of Gadchiroli and Sironcha talukas from Chandrapur district.

Strategic planning
The district is currently a part of the Red Corridor.

Divisions
The district is divided into six revenue sub-divisions:Gadchiroli, Aheri,Chamorshi,Etapalli,Wadsa(Desaiganj),Kurkheda. These are each further divided into 2 taluka. Gadchiroli sub-division consists of Gadchiroli and Dhanora, Chamorshi sub-division consist of chamorshi and Mulchera talukas; Aheri sub-division consists of Aheri and Sironcha.Etapalli sub-division cover Etapalli and Bhamragad talukas; and Desaiganj (Wadsa) sub-division consists of Wadsa and Armori.Kurkheda sub-division consist of Kurkheda and Korchi talukas. There are 557 gram panchayats (village councils) and 1,688 Revenue Villages. The district has 12 panchayat samitis (local development-block governments). Only three municipalities, Gadchiroli, Wadsa (Desaiganj), and Armori exist in the district.

Following the delimitation of the constituencies in 2008, the district had three Vidhan Sabha (legislative assembly) constituencies: Gadchiroli, Armori and Aheri. All of these are part of the newly carved Gadchiroli-Chimur Lok Sabha constituency.

Natural geography
Established on 26 August 1982 The main river basin of the district is the Godavari, which flows west-to-east and forms the southern boundary of the district. The major tributaries of the Godavari are the Indravati and the Pranhita, the latter of which is formed by the confluence of the Wainganga and the Wardha near Chaprala village of Chamorshi taluka.

Dhanora, Etapalli, Aheri and Sironcha talukas in the eastern part of the district are covered by forest. Hills are found in Bhamragad, Tipagad, Palasgad and Surjagad area. The eastern part of Gadchiroli, bordering Chhattisgarh state, is mainly hilly and is tribal-dominated, similar to neighbouring Bastar region in Chhattisgarh.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census Gadchiroli district has a population of 1,072,942, roughly equal to the nation of Cyprus or the US state of Rhode Island. This gives it a ranking of 424th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 74 PD/sqkm. Its population growth rate during 2001–2011 was 10.46%. Gadchiroli has a sex ratio of 975 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 70.55%. 11.00% of the population lived in urban areas. Scheduled castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 120,745 (11.25%) and 415,306 (38.71%) of the population respectively. Almost 85% of the tribals are Gonds, in particular the Madia Gonds.

Languages
At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 54.38% of the population in the district spoke Marathi, 23.68% Gondi, 10.87% Telugu, 5.12% Bengali, 2.15% Hindi and 1.69% Chhattisgarhi as their first language.

Marathi is the main language in the western and northern parts of the district, while Chhattisgarhi is spoken in Korchi tehsil. Gondi is the dominant language in the eastern parts. Bengali is spoken by refugees in Mulchera tehsil. Telugu speakers are majority in Sironcha tehsil in the far south.

it is the second-least-populous district of Maharashtra (out of 39), after Sindhudurg.

Economy
The district is categorised as tribal and undeveloped, with farming as the main occupation. Forests cover more than 79.36% of the hilly geographical of the district. The district produces bamboo and Tendu leaves, and paddy is the main agricultural product. Other agriculture includes sorghum, linseed, pigeon pea (tur), and wheat.

The only large-scale industry in the district is a paper mill at Ashti in Chamorshi taluka and the paper pulp factory at Desaiganj. There are many rice mills in the district. The Tussar silk worm centre is in Armori taluka. 18.5 km of railway lines pass through the district.

The district is known for activity of Naxalites – the People's Liberation Guerrilla Army – who have taken shelter in the dense forests and hills.

In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Gadchiroli among the country's 250 most-backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the twelve districts in Maharashtra currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).

Health
The Lok Biradari Prakalpa (LBP) situated at Hemalkasa in the Bhamragad taluka is one of the major institutions offering healthcare and education services to the local Madia Gond tribals. LBP was envisioned by the late Gandhian, Dr. Murlidhar Devidas Amte, fondly called Baba Amte. His family consisting of Dr. Prakash Amte, Dr. Mandakini Amte and their children currently work at the LBP.

Education
The government recently established Gondwana University on dated 27 September 2011 in Gadhchiroli district.

High schools
•  Global media Kerala model E/M school,allapalli.

 * government English medium school gadchiroli
 * Dharmarao High School & Junior College, Allapalli.
 * Gondwana Sainiki Vidyalaya, Gadchiroli
 * Platinum Jubilee School and Junior College (Science), Gadchiroli
 * Shriniwas High School Ankisa
 * Dharmarao High School Sironcha
 * Republic English Medium School, Aheri
 * School Of Scholars, Gadchiroli
 * Rampuri Primary School
 * Shri. Shivaji High School, Gadchiroli
 * Z.P. High School, Gadchiroli
 * Carmel High School, Gadchiroli
 * Vasant Vidyalaya High School
 * Rani Durgavati High School & Junior College Allapalli
 * Netaji Subhash Chandra Jr. College, Sundernagar
 * Indira Gandhi Memoriyal High School & Junior College, Subhashgram
 * Mahatma Gandhi vidyalaya, Armori
 * Dr. Ambedkar vidyalaya, Armori
 * Hitakarani high school, Armori
 * Swami Vivekanda Vidyalaya, Armori
 * Adarsh English High school, Desaiganj (wadsa)
 * Mahatma Gandhi Vidyalaya, Desaiganj (Wadsa)
 * Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Vidyalaya, Desaiganj (Wadsa)
 * Pushpa Priya Devi High School & Junior science College Jimalgatta
 * Vianney Vidya Niketan (ICSE), Navegaon, Gadchiroli

Model school Aheri

 * Platinum Jubilee School & Jr. College (science)
 * School Of Scholars, Gadchiroli
 * Shriniwas Junior College, Ankisa
 * Z. P. Junior College of Science Sironcha
 * Shivaji Junior Science College
 * Govt ITI Complex, Gadchiroli
 * Mahatma Gandhi junior college, Armori
 * N.S.C Jr. College Sundarnagar
 * Adarsh English High School & Junior College, Desaiganj (Wadsa)
 * Mahatma Gandhi Vidyalaya & Junior College, Desaiganj (Wadsa)

Senior (degree) colleges
Sainath Adhayapak vidyalaya, Murkhala Prof.Jogendra kawade college Vairagad Shri govindrao Munghate Art and Science college kurkheda
 * Bhagvantrao Arts College Sironcha
 * Shivaji Science College Gadchiroli
 * Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Gadchiroli
 * Government Science College, Gadchiroli
 * Government Polytechnic, Gadchiroli
 * College of Agriculture, Sonapur complex Gadchiroli
 * Model College ,Gadchiroli
 * Fule-Ambedkar College of Social Work, Gadchiroli
 * Mahatma Gandhi college, Armori
 * Chanakya Academy, Aheri & Alapalli (Competitive Exam Coaching Center)
 * Chanakya Academy, Police Physical Ground, Aheri
 * Adarsh Mahavidyalaya Art & Com. Desaiganj (Wadsa)

Important places

 * Wadadham Fossil Park, tah, Sironcha
 * Chaprala Wildlife Sanctuary
 * Bhamragarh Wildlife Sanctuary
 * Lok Biradari Prakalp, Hemalkasa
 * Binagunda waterfall, Bhamragad
 * Tipagad, tah. Korchi
 * Khobramendha, tag dhanora
 * Bhandareshwar temple, tag Armori
 * Search hospital, Chatgaon
 * Desaiganj Wadsa, market place
 * Markanda dev, Tah Chamorshi
 * Somnur sangam tah, Sironcha
 * Pranhita Sangam tah, Sironcha
 * Triveni sangam bhamragad

title: Gadchiroli district


text:
Drayton Parslow

Drayton Parslow is a village and civil parish in Buckinghamshire, England, about 3.5 mi south of Bletchley, within the Buckinghamshire Council unitary authority area. In the 2001 census the parish had a population of 596, increasing at the 2011 census to 614.

Toponym
In the 11th century the toponym was Draintone or Draitone. This is derived from Old English and means "farm where sledges are used". It is a common English toponym for places that were on a hillside, where a sledge rather than a cart was needed for heavy loads. By the 13th century it had become Draitone Passele, referring to the Passelewe family, who tenanted the manor of Drayton from the latter part of the 11th century. It evolved through Draygtone Passelewe in the 14th century and Draighton Perselow in the 17th century before reaching its current form.

Manor
In the reign of Edward the Confessor in the 11th century, Lewin de Nuneham held a manor of two hides and one virgate at Drayton. After the Norman conquest of England Lewin was displaced as feudal overlord by the Norman Geoffrey de Montbray, Bishop of Coutances. De Montbray tried unsuccessfully to displace the Passelewes as his tenants, and the family retained Drayton until 1379 when it passed by marriage to the Purcell family. In 1461 it was conveyed to a descendant of the Passelewes, William Laycon, in whose family it then remained until at least 1570.

In Edward the Confessor's reign, two brothers held a second, smaller manor of three virgates at Drayton. The Domesday Book records that by 1086 William I's half-brother Odo, Bishop of Bayeux held the fief of this manor. However, Odo was tried for fraud in 1076 and disgraced again in 1082 for acting without Royal authority, and his extensive estates were eventually escheated to the Crown. Odo's Drayton manor was annexed to the Honour of Ampthill in Bedfordshire. In 1562 it was linked with the manor of East Greenwich, and the last record of overlordship of this manor is dated 1607.

Church of England
The Church of England parish church of the Holy Trinity contains fragments of 12th-century masonry. The first known documentary record of the parish church is from 1232. The chancel was rebuilt in the 14th century in the Decorated Gothic style. In the 15th century the nave was rebuilt and the west tower was built or rebuilt in the Perpendicular Gothic style. Of the same period are the Perpendicular Gothic hexagonal baptismal font, the three-light east window of the chancel, a 15th-century alabaster relief above the altar depicting the Crucifixion of Jesus and fragments of 15th-century stained glass in the windows. In the 16th century the south porch was added. In 1863 the church was restored and the chancel was extended about 6 ft eastwards, re-using the Perpendicular east window in the new position. Holy Trinity is now a Grade II* listed building.

By 1925 Holy Trinity had a ring of three bells. Bartholomew Atton of Buckingham cast the tenor bell in 1591. John Taylor & Co of Loughborough, who at the time also had a foundry at Oxford, cast the treble and second bell in 1842. In 1935 these became the fourth and fifth bells as John Taylor & Co cast a new treble, second and third bells, increasing the ring to six.

Holy Trinity has also a Sanctus bell that was cast in 1669 by Anthony Chandler, who worked at his family's bell-foundry in the village (see below).

Holy Trinity parish is now part of the Benefice of Newton Longville, Mursley, Swanbourne, Little Horwood and Drayton Parslow.

Drayton Rectory is a Georgian house of five bays built in 1753 or 1754.

Holy Trinity Church has been Grade II* listed (Entry Number: 1289256) since 19 August 1959. The summary states: "Fragments of C12 masonry, C14 chancel, C15 nave and W. tower,C16 S. porch. All much restored C19".

Baptist
Drayton Baptist Chapel was built in 1830. Worship at the chapel is now on alternate Sunday mornings.

Methodist
Drayton's first Primitive Methodist chapel was built in 1847. In 1912 it was replaced with a new Gothic Revival red brick chapel, and in 1932 it became part of the Methodist Union. Drayton's Methodist congregation declined in the 1960s and 70s, and in 1984 the chapel was sold and converted into a private house.

History
The settlement is recorded in the Domesday Book (1086) which lists 18 households. In later years, the top end of the village became known as Hog End and later, Church End. Until the 1800s, most residents worked in agriculture.

Bell-foundry
Drayton Parslow had a bell-foundry from 1635 to 1754. It was started by Richard I Chandler and run by members of his family for the next 91 years. In 1726 Edward Hall took over, and continued the business until 1754. By early 1800, the business was no longer in operation, probably because of increasing competition.

Reports indicate that 163 bells that were cast by founders from Drayton Parslow are known to survive. Examples in Buckinghamshire include bells at St James, Aston Abbotts, St Nicholas, Ickford and St Giles, Pitchcott and the Sanctus bell at St John the Evangelist, Whitchurch. There are also examples in Oxfordshire including at The Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Beckley, St Michael's, Fringford, St Mary the Virgin, Kidlington and SS Peter and Paul, Steeple Aston and the Sanctus bells at St Mary, Chesterton and St Nicholas', Emmington. An example in Northamptonshire is at St James the Less, Sulgrave.

World War I and II
Residents of the village were involved in both world wars. The village has a memorial obelisk that states: Commemoration First World War (1914-1918), Second World War (1939-1945) at the junction of Main Road and Chapel Lane.

According to Historic England, the village was also a World War II outstation to the Government Code and Cipher School at Bletchley Park; some of the work was moved here in 1943 when the group needed more space. Another source indicates that the buildings were also used as a prisoner of war camp, and after the war, as a hostel for displaced persons and those employed at the brick works. After the war, the Post Office used some of the buildings as a training centre. By the late 1980s the site had been redeveloped; a housing estate is now located there, Prospect Close.

Amenities
Drayton Parslow Village School is a mixed, community, infant school, which educates children between the ages of four and seven and has about 45 pupils. Since 2007 the school has been in a partnership sharing a single headteacher with the schools in Mursley and Swanbourne. Many parish children older than seven go to Swanbourne C of E School, the Junior school of the Three Schools, while others travel to Stewkley or Winslow.

Drayton Parslow has a public house, The Three Horseshoes. The community has a village hall (Greenacre Hall), a Sports and Social Club, and a recreation field with playground and cricket pitch. A MUGA (multi-use games area) is located beside the village hall. The village school educates children to Year 3; Schools are located in the nearby communities for Grade 4 to 7.

In 2004, part of the village was declared a Conservation Area "of special architectural or historic interest, the character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance".

Notable people

 * William Wright (1841–1916), cricketer

 * 2 chefs 1 stove - independent gourmet food service. (In service)

title: Drayton Parslow


text:
Tambacounda Region

Tambacounda, formerly known as Sénégal Oriental, is a region of Senegal. It used to be part of the Mali Empire before the borders were created to separate Mali from Senegal. Tambacounda is physically the largest of Senegal's 14 regions, but is sparsely populated and its economy lags behind the rest of the country. The department of Kédougou was separated from Tambacounda in 2008, and became a separate region.

Departments
Tambacounda region is divided into 4 departments:
 * Bakel Département
 * Goudiry Département
 * Koumpentoum Département
 * Tambacounda Département

Geography
Tambacounda is traversed by the northwesterly line of equal latitude and longitude.

Culture
Tambacounda is famous for its rich djembe and dance culture and heritage. Some of the greatest djembe masters from Segu, Mali came to Tambacounda in the mid 1900s, bringing with them their history, knowledge, and secrets of the djembe. Its official language is French, but Wolof is more widely spoken in Sénégal.

Much knowledge of djembe history was transmitted directly to djembe master Abdoulaye Diakité by his master teacher Suncaru Jara. Jara's teacher was Chebleni Traore whose teacher, Numuni Traore, was the first djembe master to bring the djembe out of Bamana secrecy, igniting its diaspora.

The diaspora of the djembe also occurred because there were too many djembe masters in Tambacounda at that time, pressuring some to move on to different towns or countries. Diakité significantly influenced the djembe's diaspora, first by touring worldwide with the National Ballet of Senegal for 18 years as their lead soloist, in addition to his later work in the 1990s running the Tambacounda West African Drum and Dance Camp in the Bay Area.

In light of its rich cultural heritage and location, Tambacounda is today known as a djembe "proving ground", since one never knows who might be passing through. This has had the effect of keeping the local djembe players on their toes, by playing according to tradition. Even in the face of globalization, djembe performances have remained predominantly traditional in Tambacounda.

In 2019, Italian artist Giovanni Hänninen launched a project called People of Tamba, consisting of 200 portraits taken across the Tambacounda region in Senegal exhibited at Also Known as Africa (AKAA) art and design fair, 8-11 November 2019. Inspired by German photographer August Sander’s seminal work, People of the 20th Century, People of Tamba was conceived as dignified portrait of the society of Tambacounda, the largest city in the most remote and rural region of Senegal, and the point of departure for the majority of Senegalese migration, with the aim to counter negative and number-based reporting about migration in western media by bringing individuals and their personal stories to the fore.

Notable People

 * Moutarou Baldé
 * Abdoulaye Bathily

 * Clément Cailleau
 * Abdou Karim Camara
 * Seydou Cissokho
 * Karim Coulibaly
 * Mohamed Coulibaly (footballer, born 1988)

 * Abdoulaye Diakité

 * Sidiki Kaba

 * Aïda Mbaye

 * Mame Bassine Niang

 * Nafi Toure

Economy
The economy of Tambacounda is based primarily on agriculture, with cash crops including cotton and peanuts. Mining plays a role in the southern part of the region around the city of Kedougou. The region is also home to the Niokolo-Koba National Park, the largest reserve in western Africa, which supports another leg of Tambacounda's economy, tourism.

title: Tambacounda Region


text:
Lev Dovator

Lev Mikhaylovich Dovator (20 February 1903 19 December 1941 ) was a famous Soviet major general who was killed in action during World War II and posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Life
Born in 1903, Dovator came from a Belarusian Jewish peasant family. In 1922, he was elected to be Secretary of Komsomol Committee of Khotino village. He joined the Red Army in 1924 and went on to become an officer after graduating from cavalry school and a military academy. In 1926 he attended Borisoglebsk-Leningrad Cavalry Commanders School, graduating in 1929 to become a platoon commander in the 27th Cavalry regiment, 5th Cavalry Division. In October 1933, he was posted with the 1st Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division, as a commissar. From May 1935 to May 1936, Colonel Dovator was commissar of the Independent Reconnaissance Battalion of the 93rd Rifle Division. He attended Frunze Military Academy in 1939, and during the early months of the war, Dovator was with the Western Front Headquarters. At the outbreak of the Second World War he was a colonel in charge of a brigade of Cossack cavalry.

Operation Barbarossa
At the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union, he was posted as Chief of Staff of the Red Army's 36th Cavalry Division. In July 1941, he won the Order of the Red Banner for bravery in the defensive battles at the Solovyo crossing of the Dniepr. Colonel Dovator conducted a successful fighting withdrawal, crossing a bridge over the river just before the Germans captured it. In August 1941 he was given command of a cavalry group consisting of the 50th and 53rd Cavalry Divisions. General Lev Dovator's 50th and 53rd Cavalry divisions were raised exclusively from Kuban Cossacks. Despite his Jewish heritage, unique with the Cossacks, they accepted Dovator as one of their own and considered him a great leader, superb horseman, and master of sabre.

By mid-August, German troops reached the Mezha River. On August 13, Dovator received orders to raid the German rear and disrupt preparations for their next advance. Out of his two divisions of 4,500 men he took 3,000 Cossacks. The group was concentrated in the vicinity of Pozhano, Formino, and Budnits. By mid-August, they were assembled in a swampy and forested region 20 km/12 miles east of Zharkovskii, well behind and beyond the 30th Army's right flank. For a week, Dovator's Cossacks repeatedly probed the German defenses, seeking to infiltrate. The cavalry pressed its advance into the German rear in a dispersed formation, traveling along cart roads and forest trails. Thanks to excellent reconnaissance his cavalry for 10 days smashed the German rear. During this time they killed more than 2,500 troops of the Wehrmacht, 200 vehicles, and 7 tanks. The famous artists of the Moscow circus from the team of Mikhail Tuganov notably served in this unit. They were reportedly able to shoot standing on the back of a galloping horse or, conversely, by firing from underneath its belly, which influenced the development among Germans of the myth of the "wild Russian".

The formation created an illusion that their riding force was much larger than 3,000 sabres, which had a great psychological effect on the Germans. Squadrons unexpectedly materialized from dense forests to cut communication wires, attack supply convoys and isolate German garrisons, only to vanish back into the forests. Once liberated, villagers reported that they had heard from the Germans that 100,000 Cossacks had broken through German lines. Dovator's deception was clearly effective. He soon became the commander of a cavalry group, and in August–September 1941 this cavalry group executed the most daring raid through rear areas of the German army in the vicinity of Smolensk. Dovator's famous raid in early 1941 was conducted with only 3000 sabres and sixty-five machine guns carried on packhorses. The Germans after the raid appointed an award amounting to 100,000 Marks for his head. On 11 September 1941, he was promoted to major general for this action.

Battle of Moscow
On November 20, his unit became the 3rd Cavalry Corps due to its enormous battlefield success. On 27 November, however, it was renamed the 2nd Guards Cavalry Corps. During the Battle of Moscow, Dovator was the commander of 2nd Guards Cavalry Corps, which fended off the enemy advance at Volokolamsk.

He was killed in an offensive action on 19 December 1941, near the outskirts of Ruza. He was reportedly cut down by machine-gun fire while crawling towards a forward position to get a better look near the village of Palashkino.

Dovator was posthumously awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union two days afterwards, as well as the Order of Lenin. He was replaced in command by Major General Issa Pliyev. Lev Dovator is buried alongside Ivan Panfilov, as they fought together to stop the 9th Army (Wehrmacht) from reaching Moscow.

title: Lev Dovator


text:
Thiès Region

Thiès is a region of western Senegal. The capital is also called Thiès.

Geography
Thiès has two coastlines, one in the north with the Grande Côte housing the Niayes vegetable market, one to the south with the Petite Côte, one of the tourist areas of Senegal. Principally the main passageway between the peninsula and the rest of the country, the region of Thiès has received a communication route connected to the first rail line and new road infrastructure. Thiès is relatively small, yet it is the most populous region after Dakar, with a population of 2,467,523 inhabitants in 2023.

The coastal communities are dependent on fishing, growing crops, and coastal tourism for subsistence. The interior of the region was the peanut basin. Phosphates are also mined there.

History
The Thiès Region has always been occupied by the Serer people since the ancient Serers and their ancestors. However, in the pre-colonial period, more so around the 16th century, the Wolof immigrants among others have settled in. Like the Fatick Region, the entire Thiès Region is strongly Serer and one of the most important of Serer country. It is also where many of the Serer sacred and historical sites are found. The area is well represented by the Cangin, a sub-group of the Serers, who had a fierce reputation for protecting their country from outsiders in precolonial times as well as during the colonial-era (see Timeline of Serer history and Serer medieval history).

Geographically, the region partially overlaps with the precolonial Kingdoms of Cayor and Baol. The Kingdom of Baol was ruled by the Joof family for several centuries until c 1549. During the colonial-era, its development was supported by the railway line - the Dakar-Saint-Louis railway in the late nineteenth century, and then with the Dakar-Niger railway. Thus Administratively, it is one of the oldest in the country.

Administrative divisions
Thiès region is divided into 3 departments (départements), 14 communes (soon 15 communes in 2023), 12 arrondissements, 32 communautés rurales and 3 communes d'arrondissement.

Departments
The region is divided into 3 departments as follows':
 * M'bour Département
 * Thiès Département
 * Tivaoune Département

Communes
In M'bour Département:
 * Ville d'Akon (planned)
 * M'bour
 * Joal-Fadiouth
 * Nguekokh
 * Ngaparou
 * Popenguine-Ndayane
 * Saly
 * Somone
 * Thiadiaye

In Thiès Département:
 * Kayar
 * Khombole
 * Pout

In Tivaouane Département:
 * Tivaouane
 * Mboro
 * Meckhe

Arrondissements
In M'bour Département:
 * Fissel
 * Séssène
 * Sindia

In Thiès Département:
 * Thiès Nord (also commune d'arrondissement)
 * Thiès Sud (divided into 2 communes d'arrondissement)
 * Keur Moussa
 * Notto
 * Thiénaba

In Tivaouane Département:
 * Méouane
 * Médina Dakhar
 * Niakhène
 * Pambal

Communautés rurales
In M'bour Département:
 * Fissel
 * Ndiaganiao
 * Nguéniène
 * Sandiara
 * Séssène
 * Malicounda
 * Diass
 * Sindia

In Thiès Département:
 * Diender Geudj
 * Fandène
 * Keur Moussa
 * Notto
 * Tassette
 * Ndiayène Sirah
 * Thiénaba
 * Ngoudiane
 * Touba Toul

In Tivaouane Département:
 * Méouane
 * Taïba Ndiaye
 * Darou-Khoudoss
 * Koul
 * Mérina Dakhar
 * Pékesse
 * Nbayène
 * Ngandiouf
 * Niakhène
 * Thilmakha
 * Chérif Lo
 * Mont Rolland
 * Notto Gouye Diama
 * Pambal
 * Pire Gourèye

In 2003, the rural population was 769,884, grouped in 31 villages, in communautés rurales.

Notable residents

 * Maurice Ndour (born 1992), basketball player for Hapoel Jerusalem of the Israeli Basketball Premier League

title: Thiès Region


text:
Talk:Calvary Chapel Association

Anthony Iglesias
I have removed a sentence which appeared to be a scurrilous attack on the four men who accused Iglesias of sexual abuse. Here is a link and quote from an article on the matter, it would be good if someone could summarize it properly. https://www.thedailybeast.com/calvary-chapels-tangled-web
 * Meanwhile, Smith’s Calvary Chapel Outreach Mission, which at the time acted as the denomination’s central organization, was denying its responsibility in an even more sordid legal battle. In 2011 four young men sued both a Calvary church in Idaho and Smith’s “mothership” in Costa Mesa, Calif., alleging that Calvary leadership had protected a pedophile youth minister who molested them as boys. The suit reportedly claimed that the accused pedophile, Anthony Iglesias, had been previously removed from a Calvary ministry in California and sent home from a Thailand mission trip for sexual misconduct with boys, and that the churches allowed him continued access to children despite knowing his history. One of the accusers alleged that when his parents approached Robert Davis, the senior pastor of the Idaho church, about Iglesias’s inappropriate contact with their son, Davis said, “Yeah, we knew. That’s why we pulled him out of Thailand.”

 * Iglesias was convicted of molesting two of the plaintiffs, but their case against Calvary was dismissed. (The young men's lawyer, Tim Kosnoff, told The Daily Beast that he would never take a sex-abuse case in Idaho again because the state’s court system is “very hostile to sexual-abuse victims and very friendly to perpetrators and institutions that enable them.”)

Wjhonson (talk) 16:58, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

 * A one or two sentence summary wouldn't be hard. Do you have a source other than the Daily Beast? It is not considered reliable - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Perennial_sources#The_Daily_Beast. Ckruschke (talk) 18:39, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

BrainUnboxed2020 (talk) 13:36, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

Rewrite for NPOV
I added a similarly worded revision to the article to get the NPOV rewriting jump started. I urge editors to continue to process and rework the material for NPOV. BrainUnboxed2020 (talk) 02:32, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

Current: While still a member of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel, Chuck Smith reported that a prophecy came to him in which the Lord said to him that He was changing his name. His new name would mean "Shepherd" because the Lord was going to make him the shepherd of many flocks and the church would not be large enough to hold all of the people who would be flocking to hear the Word of God.[2] In December 1965 Smith became the pastor (the English word "pastor" comes from the Latin pastor, meaning "shepherd"[3]) of a 25-person evangelical congregation[4] in Costa Mesa (California).[5] In 1968 this church broke away from the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel in Santa Ana, California. Before Smith became their pastor, twelve of the 25 members attended a prayer meeting about whether or not to close their church: they reported that "the Holy Spirit spoke to them through prophecy" and told them that Smith would become their pastor, that he would want to elevate the platform area, that God would bless the church, that it would go on the radio, that the church would become overcrowded, and that he would become known throughout the world.[6]

Rewrite: While a member of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel, Chuck Smith told others of a vision in which he would lead a new large church.In December 1965 he became Pastor of a 25-person evangelical congregation in Costa Mesa California. Members spoke of their own vision of becoming part of a massive church movement. In1968 they broke away from Foursquare International.

Current: Smith's book Harvest recorded an almost identical prophecy delivered to 16 discouraged people ready to quit.[6][need quotation to verify]

Rewrite: This line should now be deleted for NPOV — Preceding unsigned comment added by BrainUnboxed2020 (talk • contribs) 12:58, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

The Book Your Church Doesn't Want You To Read, Editor Tim C. Leedom, 1993
"One of the centers of this movement was Calvary Chapel, in Santa Ana, California. Its leader, the Reverend Chuck Smith, is a staunch, conservative minister from the pentecostal Foursquare denomination who once showed John Birch Society films to his growing youth group. As a younger man. Rev. Smith sang solo in the worship services of the Rev. Virginia Brandt Berg, the mother of the infamous David Berg, founder of the Children of God cult

Smith has been known to publicly denounce homosexualist liberal theologians. I have seen him in the pulpit, while talking of the gay church, violently slamming his fist down on the pulpit, and with acrid countenance, tell his sheepish flock that if he flew a jet bomber, those churches would be the first targets of his deserved wrath" p. 395

Comment: It is easy for me to find passages like this in a variety of published works. It brings to mind that perhaps rather than piling references like this up in the "criticism" section that the internal political views of the leaders of Calvary Chapel deserve some focus in this article. Is it fair to say that at a leadership level that Calvary Chapel is a far right wing populist, "Christian Nationalist" movement? — Preceding unsigned comment added by BrainUnboxed2020 (talk • contribs) 12:25, 3 April 2022 (UTC)

In terms of far right wing populism and political extremism, consider this reference to Chuck Missler

Update
What about the CCA / CGN developments? 2A01:4C8:D20:130E:75CF:F7AD:E61B:4A2B (talk) 02:36, 26 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Calvary Chapel Association


text:
Department of Health and Social Security

The Department of Health and Social Security (commonly known as the DHSS) was a ministry of the British government in existence for twenty years from 1968 until 1988, and was headed by the Secretary of State for Health and Social Services.

History
Until 1968 the social security responsibilities had been split between the Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance, and the health responsibilities by the Ministry of Health.

In 1988 the department was split again into a separate Department of Health and the Department of Social Security.

In 2001 the Department for Work and Pensions was formed from the Department of Social Security, absorbing the employment functions which had previously been the responsibility of the Department for Education and Employment since the dissolution of the Department of Employment in 1995.

Ministers

 * Minister of State for Health and Social Security

Impact
Even two and a half decades after its abolition, the initials "DHSS" continue to be used by the general public to describe the Department for Work and Pensions or some of the benefits it provides (such as Income Support).

References in popular culture

 * Half Man Half Biscuit the notable cynico-rock group from The Wirral, UK, named their first album "Back in the DHSS" as a pun on the earlier single by the Beatles ("Back in the USSR") and a nod to the growing unemployment under the Thatcher administration of the 1980s.
 * UB40 (a reggae group from Birmingham, whose first album was released in 1980 ) was named after the form issued by the DHSS to those claiming unemployment benefit, the full name of which was Unemployment Benefit form 40.
 * British group Wham! mention the "DHSS" in their song "Wham Rap! (Enjoy What You Do)".
 * Punk poet Attila the Stockbroker's poem "Russians in the DHSS" satirized the Cold War threat of the Soviet Union in Thatcher-era Britain.
 * In The Young Ones episode "Bomb" Rick attempts to write a threatening telegram to the British Government through a DHSS office which he mistakes for the post office.
 * In Yes Minister it is mentioned by one of the characters, when sitting in a round-table meeting in relation to equal opportunities for women. | https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=x_KRk4q3Y44 |


text:
Opel Kadett

The Opel Kadett is a small family car produced by the German automobile manufacturer Opel from 1936 until 1940 and then from 1962 until 1991 (the Cabrio continued until 1993), when it was succeeded by the Opel Astra.

Originally, the Kadett was Opel's smallest model; however, as it grew in size with each generation (ultimately competing in the European C-segment), the Opel Corsa became GM/Opel's entry-level model.

Kadett I (1936–1940)
The first Opel car to carry the Kadett name was presented to the public in December 1936 by Opel's commercial-technical director, Heinrich Nordhoff, who would in later decades become known for his leadership role in building up the Volkswagen company. Production was interrupted in 1940 by World War II.

The new Kadett followed the innovative Opel Olympia in adopting a chassis-less unibody construction, suggesting that like the Vauxhall 10 introduced in 1937 by Opel's English sister-company, the Opel Kadett was designed for high-volume, low-cost production.

Kadett serie 11234 (1937)
For 1937 the Kadett was offered as a small and unpretentious two door "Limousine" (sedan/saloon) or, at the same list price of, as a soft top "Cabrio-Limousine". The body resembled that of the existing larger Opel Olympia and its silhouette reflected the "streamlining" tendencies of the time. The 1,074 cc side-valve engine came from the 1935 Opel P4 and came with the same listed maximum power output of 23 PS at 3,400 rpm. The wheelbase, at 234 cm, was right between the little P4 and the larger Olympia. The "11234" nomenclature stands for the engine's displacement in deciliters (11) followed by the wheelbase in centimeters (234).

The brakes were now controlled using a hydraulic mechanism. The suspension featured synchronous springing, a suspension configuration already seen on the manufacturer's larger models and based on the Dubonnet system for which General Motors in France had purchased the license. The General Motors version, which had been further developed by Opel's North American parent, was intended to provide a soft ride, but there was some criticism that handling and road-holding were compromised, especially when the system was applied to small lightweight cars such as the Kadett. By the end of 1937 33,402 of these first-generation Kadetts had been produced.

Kadett "KJ38" and "K38 Spezial" (1938–1940)
From December 1937 a modified front grill identified an upgrade. The 1,074cc Opel 23 PS engine and the 2337 mm wheelbase were unchanged, with few differences between the cars for 1937 and those for 1938.

The manufacturer now offered two versions of the Kadett, designated the "Kadett KJ38 and the "Kadett K38" the latter also being sold as the "Kadett Spezial". Mechanically and in terms of published performance there was little to differentiate the two, but the "Spezial" had a chrome stripe below the window line and extra external body trim in other areas such as on the front grill. The interior of the "Spezial" was also better equipped. To the extent that the 300 Mark saving for buyers of the car reflected reduced production costs, the major difference was that the more basic "KJ38" lost the synchromous springing with which the car had been launched, and which continued to be fitted on the "Spezial". The base car instead reverted to traditional rigid axle based suspension similar to that fitted on the old Opel P4.

The base car was available only as a two-door "Limousine" (sedan/saloon). Customers looking for a soft-top "Cabrio-limousine" would need to specify a "Kadett Spezial". For the first time Kadett buyers, provided they were prepared to choose a "Kadett Spezial" could also specify a four-door "Limousine" (sedan/saloon) bodied car, priced at as against  for a "Spezial Cabrio-Limousine" and  for a two-door "Spezial Limousine".

The "Kadett KJ38" was intended to fill the market segment of the Opel P4, but the KJ38, priced at, was more expensive than the P4 and its reduced specification left it with the image of a car for poor people (..Image des Arme-Leute-Autos..) at a time when economic growth in Germany was finally fostering a less minimalist approach to car buying. The "Kadett K38 Spezial" fared better in the market place: in 1938 and again in 1939 it was Germany's top-selling small car. By May 1941 the company had produced 17,871 "Kadett KJ38"s and 56,335 "Kadett K38 Spezial"s.

Commercial
Competitive pricing led to commercial success, and Kadetts continued to be produced during the early months of the war: by the time production ended in May 1940, following the intensification of World War II, 106,608 of these Opel Kadetts were produced on the assembly line at Opel's Rüsselsheim plant, which had been the first major car plant in Germany to apply the assembly-line techniques pioneered by Henry Ford.

Soviet afterlife
After the Second World War, the Soviet Union requested the tooling from the Opel Rüsselsheim car plant in the American occupation zone as part of the war reparations agreed by the victorious powers, to compensate for the loss of the production lines for the domestic KIM-10-52 in the siege of Moscow. Faced with a wide range of German "small litrage" models to choose from, Soviet planners wanted a car that closely followed the general type of the KIM – a 4-door sedan with an all-metal body and 4-stroke engine. They, therefore, rejected both the rear-engined, two-door KdF-Wagen (future VW Beetle) and the two-stroke powered, front-wheel-drive, wooden-bodied DKW F8, built by the Auto Union Chemnitz plant in the Soviet occupation zone. The closest analog of the KIM to be found was the 4-door Kadett K38.

On 26 August 1945, the State Defense Committee published Order No. 9905, which prescribed the start of production of the 4-door Kadett on the Moscow small car plant "without any changes to the design". The implementation of the plan was far from smooth. The Rüsselsheim plant had been deeply involved in the Nazi war effort, producing aircraft engines for the Luftwaffe, and consequently has been heavily damaged by the Allied air raids. Very little was left to be salvaged – mostly incoherent drawings and plans, with several stamping dies for the 2-door version of the Kadett to add.

Still, a number of Kadetts had been captured as trophies by the Red Army and were available for study and reverse-engineering. This project was conducted by design bureaus formed as Soviet-German joint ventures under the Soviet Military Administration in Germany (SMAD). There were 11 of them in total. One in Berlin reverse-engineered the engine and transmission. Another in Schwarzenberg worked on the steel body. The wooden-bodied station wagon was developed in Chemnitz. The vast majority of the personnel of these design bureaus were German specialists and craftsmen hired by the Military Administration. These design bureaus not only prepared the necessary blueprints and documentation, but also provided the wooden master model for the body. They even developed the new trim pieces which distinguished the Moskvitch from its Opel prototype, including hood emblems and hubcaps with a large "M" (for "Moskvitch"). However, the stamping dies and most of the tooling had to be produced in the USSR.

Production started on 4 December 1946. The Moskvitch 400/420 continued to be made in Moscow with some minor changes until 1956, when it was replaced by the Moskvitch 402. The latter was an all-new design apart from the engine, for which Moskvitch continued to use the Kadett side-valve engine until 1958, when it was replaced with a domestically designed OHV engine.

Kadett A (1962–1965)
The Kadett was reintroduced in 1962, with deliveries beginning on 2 October, a little more than 22 years after the original model was discontinued in May 1940. The new car (designated the Kadett A) was a small family car like its predecessor, although it was now available in two-door saloon, three-door estate ("Car-A-Van") and coupé versions.

Kadett B (1965–1973)
The Kadett B was launched at the Frankfurt Motor Show in late summer 1965, The Kadett B was larger all-round than the Kadett A: 5% longer both overall and in terms of the wheelbase, 7% wider and 9% heavier (unladen weight), albeit 10 mm lower in basic standard "Limousine" (sedan/saloon) form. Production ended in July 1973, with the successor model introduced a month later following the summer shut-down, in August. The two-seat Opel GT was heavily based on Kadett B components, its body made by a French contractor, Brissonneau & Lotz, at their Creil factory.

Kadett C (1973–1979)
The Kadett C appeared in August 1973 and was Opel's version of the General Motors' "T-Car". It was the last small Opel to feature rear-wheel drive, and remained in production at Opel's Bochum plant until July 1979, by which time Opel had produced 1,701,076. Of these, 52% had been exported outside West Germany, most of them to markets in other parts of western Europe.

The Kadett C was mirrored in Europe by its British derivative - the Vauxhall Chevette. For the first time the Opel Kadett and its Vauxhall equivalent were now very clearly the same car, and marked the gradual convergence of Opel and Vauxhall models, which would be completed with the later Kadett D.

Kadett D (1979–1984)
The Kadett D was introduced in the middle of August 1979, with deliveries on the home market beginning early in September 1979. In November 1979, the car went on sale in the United Kingdom, some five months before the Vauxhall Astra Mark 1, the British version, was launched in March 1980. The cars were designed as three- or five-door hatchbacks and estates or station wagons. There were also two- and four-door sedans (saloons) featuring separate boots/trunks, which shared the silhouettes of the hatchbacks: in the United Kingdom, the saloon versions were soon withdrawn, until the 1986 launch of the MKII-based Belmont. For the first time since 1965, there was no coupé-bodied Kadett in the range: the previous Kadett C coupé was indirectly replaced by the three-door 1.3 SR sports model.

Technologically, the Kadett D was part of a major investment for Opel (and General Motors as a whole) in a new front-wheel drive architecture, with an all-new family of engines and transmissions which would later be applied in the larger Ascona C and the smaller Corsa A in 1981, and 1982, respectively. It was also the first application of the Family I engine, with a single overhead camshaft, aluminium-alloy cylinder head, hydraulic valve lifters, with capacities of 1297 cc (producing 60 PS and 75 PS) and had a transaxle design that allowed the clutch to be replaced without removing the transmission unit. A carry-over 1196 cc Opel OHV engine from previous generations of the Kadett producing 55 PS and a top speed of 87 mph was also offered on entry-level models from launch,. The larger Family II engine debuted in 1600 cc form and was offered after Frankfurt 1981, followed by an 1800 cc version introduced for the Kadett GSE/Astra GTE model. The Kadett D was also equipped with a 1600 cc diesel engine, an option which was first presented at the Brussels Motor Show in 1982. Another frugal model, mostly sold in Italy, was the 1.0 liter model with 50 PS.

This range of engines was also used for later models of the Corsa/Nova, and the mid-sized Cavalier/Ascona. From May 1981, the 1.3 was also available with a three-speed automatic. The automatic was made available to the diesel in September 1982. In the United Kingdom, Opels and Vauxhalls were initially sold through separate marketing operations, with overlapping lineups that competed directly with each other. By 1982 this anomaly had been sorted out and the Opel lineup was limited to the well-equipped five-door Berlina (1.3S or 1.6S) and the sporty 1.6 SR, leaving most of the market to the Vauxhall-badged cars.

One interesting version which first appeared in mid-1982 was the Kadett Pirsch, (for deer stalking, a stealthy form of hunting). In non-German-speaking countries it was generally marketed as the "Kadett Off Road." This was a station wagon with rustic trim, fitted with a limited-slip differential, reinforced suspension and more suitable tires, increased ground clearance, a skid plate, and shortened front fenders. In Sweden, a special postal Kadett ("Opel Kadett Post") was offered, fitted with a high roof (necessitating a unique and much taller windshield) and a sliding right-hand door, RHD, and the automatic transmission. This version was converted by Karosseriefabrik Voll in Würzburg, Germany. Voll also made a postal version of the later Kadett E.

The Kadett D was also sold as the IDA Kadett and assembled Kikinda, Yugoslavia. In Indonesia, PT. Garmak Motor was also reproduced Kadett D after 1984 in Jakarta, only for local market general buyers and taxi fleets until around 1995. It was later replaced by Opel Optima (Astra F) sedan. Only available as a 5-door hatchback, with carburetted 1298 cc GM Family 1 engine and 5-speed manual transmission.

South Africa
The Opel Kadett D was also built in South Africa by General Motors South African (Pty) Ltd. The South African range was made up of four-door fastback sedans, five-door hatchbacks, and a five-door estate model called the Voyage. The engines used are Opel's 1.2-litre overhead valve inline-four (L models only), or the OHC 1.3-litre (GL, GLS, and Voyage). Power is 60 PS and 75 PS respectively. Later a 1.6 L was added and also a 1.8 L in the GTE performance model.

Small engine sizes with round lights on the bonnet while large engine sizes would have square lights on the bonnet.

Kadett E (1984–1995)
The Kadett E (sold as the Vauxhall Astra Mark 2 in the United Kingdom) was introduced in August 1984, and was voted the 1985 European Car of the Year. The 1984 model was also developed into a more conventional three-box design with a boot (trunk), badged as the Vauxhall Belmont in the United Kingdom, launched at Frankfurt 1985. There was a station wagon called the "Caravan", available with either three or five doors, as well as a convertible built by Bertone in Italy (from 1987). There was also a van version with a raised roof, called the Opel Kadett Combo in Europe, and the Bedford Astramax in the United Kingdom.

The car was noted for its advanced aerodynamics and distinctive "teardrop" shape - mirroring the trend in the mid 1980s for swooping aerodynamic styling - with the front end styling taken directly from the Opel Tech 1 concept car of 1981, although some styling cues from the Kadett D were retained for continuity such as its 'Kamm tail' and oversized C-pillar extraction vent. This generation was built and sold as the Chevrolet Kadett in Brazil, while the station wagon was called the Chevrolet Ipanema. The Kadett E formed the basis of the Daewoo LeMans (later known as the Daewoo Cielo, Racer and Nexia) in South Korea, Nexia being the hatchback version), which was sold in the United States and New Zealand as the Pontiac LeMans, and in Canada (initially) as the Passport Optima. The Nexia was produced until 2016 at the UzDaewoo plant in Asaka, Uzbekistan.

Name change to Astra
In 1991, GM Europe decided to standardise model names across its two brands, and Opel adopted Vauxhall's name for the Kadett, Astra, for the replacement car for Europe which debuted that year. Only South Africa kept the Kadett name until the 1999 (Astra/Kadett F), whereafter all models took the Astra name.

However, under Opel's internal naming convention, successive generations of the Astra platform are treated as a logical continuation of the Kadett lineage, hence the original 1991 Astra was designated Astra F in relation to the previous Kadett E. This convention has continued through the current Astra L.

title: Opel Kadett


text:
List of dams and reservoirs in Canada

This is a list of dams and water reservoirs in Canada.

Alberta

 * Bassano Dam
 * Bearspaw Dam
 * Bighorn Dam
 * Brazeau Dam
 * Cascade Dam
 * Dickson Dam
 * Ghost Dam
 * Glenmore Reservoir
 * Interlakes Dam
 * Milk River Ridge Reservoir
 * Oldman River Dam
 * Three Sisters Dam
 * Coal Lake Dam

British Columbia

 * Brilliant Dam
 * Buntzen Lake Dam (Buntzen Lake)
 * Cleveland Dam (Capilano Lake)
 * Clowhom Dam (Clowhom Lake)
 * Comox Lake Dam, Puntledge River
 * Corra Linn Dam (Kootenay Lake)
 * Coquitlam Dam (Coquitlam Lake)
 * Daisy Lake Dam (Daisy Lake)
 * Duncan Dam (Duncan Lake)
 * Horseshoe Dam
 * Elk Falls Dam (Elk River)
 * John Hart Dam
 * Jordan River Diversion Dam
 * Hugh Keenleyside Dam (Arrow Lakes)
 * Kenney Dam (Nechako Reservoir)
 * Lajoie Dam (Downton Lake)
 * Lower Bonnington Dam
 * Mica Dam (Kinbasket Lake)
 * Ocean Falls Dam
 * Peace Canyon Dam
 * Powell River Dam (Powell Lake)
 * Revelstoke Dam (Lake Revelstoke)
 * Ruskin Dam (Hayward Lake)
 * Seton Canal (a.k.a. Lillooet Canal)
 * Seton Dam (Seton Lake)
 * Seven Mile Dam
 * Seymour Dam (Seymour River)
 * Seymour Falls Dam (Seymour River)
 * South Slocan Dam
 * Spillimacheen Dam
 * Stave Falls Dam (Stave Lake)
 * Terzaghi Dam a.k.a. Mission Dam (Carpenter Lake)
 * Theodosia Dam
 * Upper Bonnington Dam
 * W. A. C. Bennett Dam (Lake Williston)
 * Waneta Dam
 * Wahleach Dam a.k.a. Jones Lake Dam (Wahleach Lake a.k.a. Jones Lake)
 * Whatshan Dam

Manitoba

 * Grand Rapids Dam
 * Great Falls Dam
 * Jenpeg Dam
 * Kettle Dam
 * Keeyask Dam
 * Knapp Dam
 * Laurie River I Dam
 * Laurie River II Dam
 * Limestone Dam
 * Long Spruce Dam
 * McArthur Dam
 * Nelson River and Churchill Diversion
 * Rivers Dam
 * Pine Falls Dam
 * Pointe du Bois Dam
 * Seven Sisters Dam
 * Slave Falls Dam

New Brunswick

 * Beechwood Dam
 * Grand Falls Generating Station
 * Mactaquac Dam
 * Tinker Dam
 * Tobique Narrows Dam
 * Milltown Generation Station

Newfoundland and Labrador

 * Smallwood Reservoir, Churchill Falls generating station, largest capacity in North America (5,428 MW installed, expandable to 9,252 MW); the world's second-largest reservoir.
 * Ossokmanuan Reservoir, Twin Falls generating station (diverted to Churchill Falls)
 * Cat Arm Reservoir, Cat Arm Hydroelectric Generating Station
 * Star Lake, Star Lake generating station
 * Hinds Lake, Hinds Lake Hydroelectric Generating Station
 * Deer Lake, Deer Lake generating station
 * Paradise River Dam, Paradise River Hydroelectric Generating Station (the largest concrete arch dam in Eastern North America)
 * Grand Falls Dam, Exploits River generating station
 * Bishops Falls Dam, Bishops Falls generating station

Large hydroelectric

 * Decew Falls 2 (Twelve Mile Creek)
 * Ontario Power (retired) (Niagara River)
 * Sir Adam Beck 1 (Niagara River)
 * Sir Adam Beck 2 (Niagara River)
 * Sir Adam Beck Pump-Generating Station (Niagara River) upgrade complete
 * Abitibi Canyon Generating Station (Abitibi River)
 * Harmon (Mattagami River)
 * Hound Chute (Montreal River)
 * Indian Chute (Montreal River)
 * Kipling (Mattagami River)
 * Little Long (Mattagami River)
 * Lower Notch (Montreal River)
 * Lower Sturgeon Falls (Mattagami River)
 * Matabitchuan (Montreal River)
 * Otter Rapids Generating Station (Abitibi River)
 * Sandy Falls (Mattagami River)
 * Smoky Falls (Mattagami River)
 * Wawaitin Falls (Mattagami River)
 * Aguasabon (Aguasabon River)
 * Alexander Falls (Nipigon River)
 * Cameron Falls (Nipigon River)
 * Caribou Falls (English River)
 * Ear Falls (English River)
 * Kakabeka Falls (Kaministiquia River)
 * Manitou Falls (English River)
 * Pine Portage (Nipigon River)
 * Silver Falls (Dog River)
 * Whitedog Falls (Winnipeg River)
 * Arnprior (Madawaska River)
 * Barrett Chute (Madawaska River)
 * Calabogie (Madawaska River)
 * Chats Falls Dam (Ottawa River)
 * Chenaux Station (Ottawa River)
 * Des Joachims (Ottawa River)
 * Mountain Chute (Madawaska River)
 * Otto Holden (Ottawa River)
 * R.H. Saunders (St. Lawrence River)
 * Stewartville (Madawaska River)
 * Baysville Dam, Baysville

Small Hydroelectric

 * Auburn (Otanabee River)
 * Big Chute (Severn River)
 * Big Eddy (Muskoka River)
 * Bingham Chute (South River)
 * Coniston (Wanapitei River)
 * Crystal Falls (Sturgeon River)
 * Fanshawe Dam (Thames River)

Non hydroelectric

 * Pittock Dam (Thames River)
 * Wildwood Dam (Thames River)
 * Crooks' Hollow Dam (Spencer Creek, Greensville)
 * Claireville Flood Control dam and reservoir, Claireville Conservation Area (Humber River (Toronto)
 * G Ross Lord Park Flood Control dam and reservoir, G Lord Ross Park (Don River (Toronto)
 * Milne Dam and Reservoir, Milne Park Conservation Area - Markham (Rouge River (Toronto))
 * McLeod Dam Green Energy Project (Moira River (Belleville))
 * Orangeville Reservoir, Orangeville, Ontario - 332 acres lake is at the headwaters of the Credit River and Nottawasaga River

Planned Upgrades or Projects

 * Umbata Falls Hydroelectric Project - Installed capacity of 23MW Q2 2008. This project in progress is a partnership of the Pic River First Nation and Innergex II Income Fund (on the White River, near Marathon).
 * Island Falls Hydroelectric Project - Installed capacity of 20 mW Q4 2009. Canadian Hydro Developers Inc. Location: Smooth Rock Falls.
 * Glen Miller Hydroelectric Project - Innergex II Income Fund (Trenton).

Hydroelectric generation under development

 * Little Long, Harmon, Kipling and Smoky Falls - 450MW
 * Lower Sturgeon, Sandy Falls and Wawaitin - 16MW
 * Mattagami Lake Dam - 5MW

Quebec

 * Water-resource system Aux-Outardes
 * Outardes-2 Generating Station
 * Outardes-3 Generating Station
 * Outardes-4 Generating Station
 * Water-resource system Bersimis
 * Pipmuacan Reservoir
 * Bersimis-1 Generating Station
 * Bersimis-2 generating station
 * Water-resource system Gatineau and Lower Outaouais
 * Baskatong Reservoir
 * Bryson Generating Station
 * Cabonga Reservoir
 * Carillon Generating Station
 * Chelsea Generating Station
 * Chute-des-Chats
 * Hull-2
 * Paugan
 * Rapides-Farmers
 * Rivière-des-Prairies Generating Station
 * Water-resource system La Grande Rivière
 * La Grande-1 generating station
 * Robert-Bourassa Reservoir
 * Robert-Bourassa generating station
 * La Grande-2-A generating station
 * La Grande-3 generating station
 * La Grande-4 generating station
 * Laforge-1 generating station
 * Laforge-2 generating station
 * Caniapiscau Reservoir
 * Brisay generating station
 * Water-resource system Manicouagan
 * Hart-Jaune Generating Station
 * Manic-1 generating station
 * Manicouagan Reservoir
 * Jean-Lesage generating station
 * Manic-3 generating station
 * Manic-5 generating station
 * Manic-5-PA generating station
 * Water-resource system Mitis
 * Mitis-1 Generating Station
 * Mitis-2 Generating Station
 * Water-resource system Upper Outaouais
 * Bourque Dam and Dozois Reservoir
 * Première-Chute Generating Station
 * Rapide-Deux Generating Station
 * Rapide-Sept Generating Station
 * Rapides-des-Îles Generating Station
 * Rapides-des-Quinze Generating Station
 * Water-resource system Rivière Véco
 * Lac-Robertson Generating Station
 * Water-resource system Saint-François
 * Chute-Hemmings Generating Station
 * Drummondville Generating Station
 * Water-resource system St-Lawrence river
 * Beauharnois Hydroelectric Generating Station
 * Des Cèdres Generating Station
 * Water-resource system Saint-Maurice
 * Beaumont generating station
 * Gouin Reservoir
 * Grand-Mère Generating Station
 * La Gabelle Generating Station
 * La Tuque Generating Station
 * Rapide-Blanc Generating Station
 * Saint-Narcisse Generating Station
 * Shawinigan-2 Generating Station
 * Shawinigan-3 Generating Station
 * Trenche Generating Station

Saskatchewan

 * Arm Lake Dam (also known as Craik Dam)
 * Avonlea Dam
 * Boundary Dam
 * Blackstrap North Dam
 * Blackstrap South Dam
 * Bradwell East Dam
 * Bradwell West Dam
 * Brightwater Creek Dam
 * Broderick North Dam
 * Broderick West Dam
 * Buffalo Pound Dam
 * Candle Lake Dam
 * Chicken Lake Dam
 * Cowan Lake Dam
 * Craven Dam
 * Crooked Lake Dam
 * Darmody Dam
 * Dellwood Brook Dam
 * Duncairn Dam
 * E.B. Campbell Hydroelectric Station
 * Echo Lake Dam
 * Francois-Finlay Dam
 * Gardiner Dam
 * Grant Devine Dam
 * Island Falls Dam
 * Katepwa Dam
 * Kingsway Dam
 * Kipahigan Lake Dam
 * Lac la Plonge Dam
 * Lac la Ronge Dam
 * Makwa Lake Control
 * Moose Mountain Dam
 * Moosomin Dam
 * Opuntia Lake Control
 * Pike Lake Water Supply
 * Qu'Appelle River Dam
 * Rafferty Dam
 * Round Lake Dam
 * Scott Dam
 * Spruce River Dam
 * Star City Dam
 * Summercove Dam
 * Tee-Pee Creek Dam
 * Theodore Dam
 * Valeport Dam
 * Wascana Lake Weir
 * West Poplar Dam
 * Whitesand Dam
 * Zelma Dam

Yukon

 * Schwatka Lake
 * Aishihik Lake

title: List of dams and reservoirs in Canada


text:
Dunsmore, Buckinghamshire

Dunsmore is a hamlet in the parish of Ellesborough, in Buckinghamshire, England. It occupies a hilltop position in the Chiltern Hills about 2 miles south of Wendover. Access is by two steep, single-track hillside lanes.

The place name is Anglo Saxon in origin, and means literally Dunna's moor.

Much of the surrounding land is owned by the National Trust and is heavily wooded with beech trees, and bracken. Due to its elevation the village is occasionally cut off by treacherous road conditions during harsh winters.

Central features of the hamlet are the village pond, the village hall and the Church of the Resurrection, Dunsmore. In the past the village supported a shop and two public houses, The Fox and The Black Horse, but these have now closed and been converted into residential dwellings.

Dunsmore is close by to Chequers, the country retreat for the serving Prime Minister, and the local Second Boer War memorial on Coombe Hill, Buckinghamshire. The memorial stands above Wendover in the Aylesbury Vale. There are many good, rural walks nearby.

title: Dunsmore, Buckinghamshire


text:
Dunton, Buckinghamshire

Dunton is a village and civil parish in the Aylesbury Vale district of Buckinghamshire, England. The village is situated approximately 8 mi north from Aylesbury and 4 mi south-east from Winslow.

In 2011, Dunton had a population (including Hoggeston) of 189. The parish contains the Grade II* listed Church of St Martin and six other buildings that are Grade II listed.

History
According to A Dictionary of British Place Names, the Dunton name is Old English in origin, and means an estate linked to a man called 'Dodda' or 'Dudda'. In the 1086 Domesday Book Dunton it is recorded as "Dodintone." At that time, the manor was held by Odo of Bayeux, a bishop. Records from 1298 and 1322 discuss a windmill in Dunton.

In the 1870s, John Marius Wilson described Dunton as: "a parish in Winslow district, Bucks; near the source of the river Thame, 4 miles SE by S of Winslow town and r. station."

For many years before 1862, the manor was held by the Earl Spencer, but then passed to Lord Carrington. As of 1925, his son, the Marquess of Lincolnshire, held the manor.

Dunton's parish church is dedicated to St Martin. The historic listing summary provides these specifics: "C12 nave with S. wall rebuilt late C18, C13 chancel. Cl5 W. tower, all much restored late C18". Documents from the reign of Edward I of England indicate that the church was an "appurtenant to Dunton Manor", and had a rectory.

Another source states that the church nave dates to the 12th century, the chancel to the 13th, and the tower to the 15th. Rebuilding and restoration took place in the 18th century. St Martin's was Grade II* listed by English Heritage in 1959. The church is the only public building in Dunton, and is a centre for parish social life. Further parish Grade II listed buildings include The Old Rectory, an early 18th-century house; and Dunton Manor, a 16th-century house with later alterations.

Demographics
Dunton's population in 2011 was 189 according to census data. Historically the parish population has not been this large. Past parish data shows population has only surpassed 100 people twice before 2001: once in 1831, when there were 116 people; and ten years later in 1841, when there were 107.

The numbers of males and females follow a general trend between 1801 and 2011. The only year in which males and females were of equal number was 1961, when each numbered 38.

title: Dunton, Buckinghamshire