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Dmitry Ustinov

Dmitriy Fyodorovich Ustinov (Дмитрий Фёдорович Устинов; 30 October 1908 – 20 December 1984) was a Soviet politician and a Marshal of the Soviet Union during the Cold War. He served as a Central Committee secretary in charge of the Soviet military–industrial complex from 1965 to 1976 and as Minister of Defence of the Soviet Union from 1976 until his death in 1984.

Ustinov was born in the city of Samara to a Russian working-class family in 1908. Upon reaching adulthood, he joined the Communist Party in 1927 before pursuing a career in engineering. After graduating from the Institute of Military Mechanical Engineering in 1934, he became a construction engineer at the Leningrad Artillery Marine Research Institute. By 1937, he transferred to the Bolshevik "Arms" Factory where he ultimately rose to become the director. While serving as People's Commissar of Armaments during World War II, he achieved distinction within the party's ranks by successfully overseeing the evacuation of Leningrad's industries to the Ural Mountains, a feat for which he was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labour. At the war's end, he was entrusted with seizing raw materials, scientists and research left over from Germany's missile programme.

Under Leonid Brezhnev's leadership, Ustinov joined the Central Committee Secretariat and rose to become a candidate member of the Politburo by 1965. Following his rise to the central party apparatus, he was given the task of administering the Soviet Union's defense industry and its armed forces. By 1976, he succeeded Andrei Grechko as Minister of Defense and received the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union. Thereafter, Ustinov's hardline attitudes towards the West and unreserved backing for the Soviet arms buildup would dominate his country's national security policy up until his death in 1984.

Early life
Dmitry Feodorovich Ustinov was born in a working-class family in Samara. During the Civil War, when hunger became intolerable, his sick father went to Samarkand, leaving Dmitry as head of the family. Shortly after that, in 1922, his father died. In 1923, he and his mother, Yevrosinya Martinovna, moved to the city of Makarev (near Ivanovo-Voznesensk) where he worked as a fitter in a paper mill. Shortly after that, in 1925, his mother died.

Ustinov joined the Communist Party in 1927. In 1929, he started training at the Faculty of Mechanics in the Ivanovo-Voznesensk Polytechnic Institute. Afterward, Ustinov was transferred to the Moscow Bauman Higher Technical School. Then, in March 1932, he entered the Institute of Military Mechanical Engineering in Leningrad from where he graduated in 1934. Afterward, he worked as a construction engineer at the Leningrad artillery Marine Research Institute. In 1937, he was transferred to the "Bolshevik" Arms Factory as an engineer. He later became the director of the Factory.

War service
At the time of the German invasion of the Soviet Union, in June 1941, Joseph Stalin appointed the 32-year-old Ustinov to the post of People's Commissar of Armaments. From this position, he supervised the massive evacuation of the defence industry from the besieged city of Leningrad to east of the Ural Mountains. Over 80 military industries were evacuated that together employed over six hundred thousand workers, technicians, and engineers. Stalin later rewarded Ustinov, whom he called "the Red-head", with the Soviet Union's highest civilian honour, Hero of Socialist Labour. After the war was over, Ustinov played a crucial role in requisitioning the German missile programme, developed during World War II, as an impetus to the Soviet missile and space programmes.

Post-war career
In 1952, Ustinov became a member of the Central Committee. In March 1953, after Stalin died, the Ministry of Armaments was combined with the Ministry of Aviation Industry to become the Ministry of Defense Industry, with Ustinov assigned as head of this new ministry. In 1957, he was appointed as a Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union and became chairman of the Military-Industrial Commission.

Rise to the Soviet leadership
Leonid Brezhnev took power after the ousting of Khrushchev, and Ustinov returned to the defence industry. In 1965, Brezhnev made Ustinov a candidate member of the Politburo and secretary of the Central Committee with oversight of the military, the defense industry, and certain security organs. He was also placed in charge of developing the Soviet Union's strategic bomber force and intercontinental ballistic missile system. Ustinov was known in the defense industry as Uncle Mitya. He was also missile engineer Vladimir Chelomey's stolid personal adversary. He issued a directive, in February 1970, that ordered Chelomey's OKB-52 design bureau to combine its Almaz space station with Sergei Korolyov's OKB-1 design bureau, then headed by Vasili Mishin. This order was designed as an impetus towards the development of the Salyut space station.

Ustinov gained power in the bureaucracy as he rose in the defence industry.

Minister of Defence
In 1976, after Andrei Grechko died on 26 April, Ustinov became the Defence Minister and was promoted to General of the Army on 29 April. On 30 July, he was promoted to the highest military rank in the Soviet Union, Marshal of the Soviet Union, although he had no prior military career. Together, with Marshal Nikolai Ogarkov and the Soviet General Staff, Ustinov embarked on a programme to enhance and modernise the Soviet Union's development of military sciences. In 1979, he confidently asserted that "The armed forces of the USSR are on a high level that ensures the accomplishment of any tasks set by the party and the people".

The growing influence of the Soviet military gave Ustinov the role of Kremlin kingmaker, for his support was decisive in allowing Yuri Andropov to succeed Brezhnev. Ustinov was also influential in the Chernenko regime, compensating for the latter's serious health problems and inexperience in military affairs.

In 1979, Hafizullah Amin assassinated the leader of Afghanistan, Nur Muhammad Taraki. In October 1979, the sentiment for Soviet military intervention in Afghanistan grew stronger in the Soviet politburo where Ustinov and Andropov were the strongest proponents of military intervention. Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko also lent his support for an invasion. The introduction of US forces into the Persian Gulf after the 1979 Iran hostage crisis particularly alarmed the Soviet General Staff. Ustinov began to wonder, "If the Americans do all these preparations under our noses, then why should we hunker down, play cautious, and lose Afghanistan?" In November, Ustinov and Andropov began to formulate plans for a Soviet military invasion of Afghanistan. On 12 December 1979, the Politburo approved the Ustinov-Andropov plan to invade Afghanistan. On 24 December 1979, Soviet troops entered Afghanistan.

In the early 1980s, the development of the Space Shuttle program in the United States caused considerable concern in the Soviet defense industry. While Defence Minister, Ustinov received a report from his analysts that the US Shuttle could be used to deploy space based nuclear missiles over Soviet territory. Russian space programme academic Boris Chertok recounts that Ustinov was so worried about the US Shuttle that he gave the development of the Soviet response program, the Buran Shuttle, top priority.

Involvement in the KAL 007 Disaster
In 1992, Russian president Boris Yeltsin disclosed five top-secret memos dating from late 1983, memos that had been written within weeks of the downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007. These memos were published in Izvestia number 228 on 16 October 1992. According to these memos, the Soviet Union had been able to recover the "Black Box" from KAL 007 and decipher its tapes. Thereafter, Ustinov, along with Viktor Chebrikov, head of the KGB, recommended to General Secretary Yuri Andropov that their possession of the Black Box not be made public since its tapes could not support the Soviet contention that KAL 007 was on a U.S. espionage mission. "'In connection with all mentioned above it seems highly preferable not to transfer the flight recorders to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) or any third party willing to decipher their contents. The fact that the recorders are in possession of the USSR shall be kept secret. As far as we are aware neither the US nor Japan has any information on the flight recorders. We have made necessary efforts in order to prevent any disclosure of the information in future.' (Memo 5.)"

Death and legacy
On 7 November 1984, Ustinov did not preside over the annual Red Square Military Parade on the October Revolution Day. First Deputy Defense Minister Marshal Sergey Sokolov stood in for Ustinov to both inspect the troops and deliver the commemoration speech. Ustinov had contracted pneumonia in late October. Emergency surgery had to be performed to correct an aneurysm in his aortic valve. His liver and kidneys later deteriorated. Eventually, he suffered a cardiac arrest and died on 20 December 1984. He was honored with a state funeral, and his ashes were interred in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis on 24 December 1984.

The RFS Marshal Ustinov is a Russian warship named after him in his honor. The Baltic State Technical Military-Mechanical University in Saint Petersburg changed its name to the Ustinov Baltic State Technical Military-Mechanical University. The city of Izhevsk was also renamed after him from 1984 to 1987; however, under Mikhail Gorbachev, cities that had been renamed for recent Soviet leaders were reverted to their former names.

Ustinov placed great importance on the military for many decades. For example, he succeeded in always keeping the USSR's intercontinental ballistic missiles, ICBMs, current. Ustinov also wrote several books throughout his life. These included "Selected Speeches and Articles" (1979), and "To serve my country - the cause of Communism" (1982).

Personality and family
In his memoirs Mikhail Gorbachev describes Ustinov as a man who normally had an energetic and bright personality. When Gorbachev was facing opposition in the Politburo shortly after Andropov's death, Ustinov told Gorbachev to "stand firm" and to "take heart".

Soviet Army Colonel General Igor Illarionov, an assistant of Ustinov for 30 years, described him as "the most Stalinist of all the Commissars". Indeed, Ustinov had been groomed by Stalin to maintain the established system. Illarionov also said that Ustinov, like many of his contemporaries, was shaped by his experiences in the Great Patriotic War. Illarionov described Ustinov as a man who was very passionate about his work and had a habit of working late at night and sleeping for a couple of hours during the day.

The former Chief of the 4th Main Directorate of the Ministry of Health, Academician Yevgeniy Chazov wrote about Ustinov: "I met him for the first time thanks to Andropov, who was his close friend. From the first moment I liked his will power, quick decision making, optimism, drive, expertise, combined with a certain simplicity and openness. In my mind, he represented the best representatives of the so-called command-and-control systems by which we defeated Germany during World War II. I think his only mistake, which he may not have realized, was the Afghan war. A bad politician and diplomat, he, as a representative of the old Stalinist "guard", believed that all issues could be solved via a position of strength. On the other hand, I saw Andropov tossed and nervous because of the Afghan war. I believe that he ultimately understood their mistake. Ustinov, however, was always calm and apparently convinced that he was right."

However, Ustinov's unwillingness to support any kind of reforms, even if popular within the Politburo itself, led to him frequently clashing with the Chief of the General Staff, Marshal Nikolai Ogarkov. Ogarkov and many Officers of the General Staff resented Ustinov's influence over Brezhnev, viewing him as a lobby for the interests of the Defense Industries against those of the Military. This became problematic for Ogarkov, since he favored reducing the massive Soviet military into a more compact strike force that utilized high-technology conventional arms and centered on Special Forces operations. Ustinov on the other hand (his lobbying for the defense industries notwithstanding), favored the usual emphasis on manpower and nuclear deterrence to maintain his "high intensity non-nuclear conflict" strategy, despite the lack of efficiency that became apparent in Afghanistan. In light of this, although Ustinov dramatically increased the technological capabilities of the Soviet Armed forces, most of the improvements were directed towards the operation of Strategic Nuclear Weapons, such as the Typhoon-class submarine, the Tu-160 bomber, and the SS-20 Saber.

Ustinov was married to Taisa Alekseevna Briekalova-Ustinova (1903–1975). They had a daughter, Vera Dmitriyevna Ustinova, and a son, Nikolai Dmitriyevich Ustinov (1931–1992). Ustinov also had a granddaughter, Nastya Nemtsova.

In popular culture
Ustinov appears briefly in Tom Clancy's 1984 novel The Hunt for Red October in his capacity as Defense Minister; his death is mentioned by the titular spy Colonel Filitov in The Cardinal of the Kremlin. He is given a more important role in the 2002 novel Red Rabbit, which takes place in between the events of Patriot Games and Red October.

Ustinov is also a character of The Manhattan Projects, a comic book by Jonathan Hickman and Nick Pitarra. He is depicted as a disembodied brain mounted on a robot body.

Soviet

 * Hero of the Soviet Union
 * Hero of Socialist Labor, twice (1942, 1961)
 * Order of Lenin, 11 times (1939, 1942, 1944, 1951, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1968, 1971, 1978, 1983)
 * Order of Suvorov, 1st class (1945)
 * Order of Kutuzov, 1st class (1944)
 * Lenin Prize (1982)
 * Stalin Prize winner, 1st class (1953)
 * USSR State Prize (1983)
 * campaign and jubilee medals

Foreign

 * Mongolian People's Republic
 * Hero of the Mongolian People's Republic (6 August 1981)
 * Order of Sukhbaatar, three times (1975, 1978, 1981)
 * Order of the Red Banner (1983)
 * 6 other medals

 * Czechoslovakia
 * Hero of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (6 October 1982)
 * Order of Klement Gottwald, twice (1978, 1983)
 * Order of the White Lion, 1st class (1977)
 * 2 other medals

 * Vietnam
 * Order of Ho Chi Minh (1983)

 * Bulgaria
 * Order of Georgi Dimitrov, twice (1976, 1983)
 * 7 other medals

 * Poland
 * Cross of Grunwald, 1st class (1976)

 * Peru
 * Order of Aeronautical Merit

 * People's Republic of Hungary
 * Order of the Flag of the People's Republic of Hungary with rubies, twice (1978, 1983)

 * Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
 * Order of the Sun of Liberty (1982)

 * East Germany
 * Order of Karl Marx, twice (1978, 1983)
 * Scharnhorst Order (1977)

 * Finland
 * Order of the White Rose, 1st class (1978)

 * Cuba
 * Order of Playa Girón (1983)
 * 2 other medals

title: Dmitry Ustinov


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Talk:Nichiren

Subsection on Nichiren's Writings to Women
I added a subsection. More sources to follow.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Nichiren


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User:Gidonb

Gidonb is an information scientist and a polyglot. He is a Wikipedian since 2003. He was a lead actor in a film, has published, has been interviewed in the media, and has recorded. When he thinks of someone who is not notable, he thinks of himself. All visits according to current entities and boundaries, even when been somewhere before change. The "next visits" are not a bucket list or planned travel. Just my best estimate where I may end up first, if traveling to an unvisited country on each continent. It is a a forward looking way of completing the list. Next, testing these predictions against actual travel, which is more often than not to countries and regions I have visited before. Still, UAE was on the list, then actually happened. Conservatively, I have replaced it with Qatar as the "next next".
 * Countries and territories lived in / visited:
 * Africa 🇪🇬 🇪🇹
 * Asia 🇨🇳 🇨🇾 🇮🇱 🇯🇵 🇯🇴 🇹🇭 and
 * Europe 🇨🇿
 * North 🇩🇰 🇫🇮 🇮🇸 🇳🇴 🇸🇪 🇬🇧
 * South 🇭🇷 🇲🇰 🇬🇷  🇮🇹  🇸🇮🇪🇸  and
 * West (all but Liechtenstein) 🇦🇹 🇧🇪 🇫🇷 🇩🇪 🇱🇺 🇲🇨 🇳🇱 🇨🇭
 * North America 🇨🇦 🇨🇷 🇺🇸 and
 * States and autonomous regions lived in / visited:
 * Africa: Ethiopia   and Addis Ababa
 * Asia: United Arab Emirates
 * Europe: Austria ; Bosnia and Herzegovina (all)  ; Belgium (all)   ; Germany (to do); Spain  Switzerland (to do); United Kingdom 🏴 🏴
 * North America: Canada
 * United States
 * East             and
 * Central
 * West
 * Airport visits only: 🇩🇯 🇶🇦
 * "Next visits", by continent: 🇦🇺 🇰🇪 🇲🇽 🇵🇹 🇸🇷 🇶🇦
 * Refill
 * Wmcloud

title: User:Gidonb


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Yamaha DSP-1

The Yamaha DSP-1 is a processor of early home theater surround sound equipment, produced in 1986. The DSP-1 (referred to by Yamaha as a Digital Soundfield Processor) allowed owners to synthesize up to 6-channels of surround sound from 2 channel stereo sound via a complex digital signal processor (DSP). Much like today's home theater receivers the DSP-1 offered sixteen "sound fields" created through the DSP including a jazz club, a cathedral, a concert hall, and a stadium. However, unlike today's integrated amps and receivers, these soundfield modes were highly editable, allowing the owner to customize the effect to his or her own personal taste. The DSP-1 also included an analog Dolby Surround decoder as well as other effects such as real-time echo and pitch change.

Most of the DSP-1's controls are on the unit's remote control. The reason, as mentioned in the manual, being that it was felt that adjustments should be done at the listening position. This can make it difficult for collectors to find a complete functioning unit, although there is at least one provider of aftermarket remote controls with duplicate programming for the DSP-1 if needed. In Dolby Surround mode, only 4 channels are active, with just the front main channels and rear surround channels operating, the forward surround channels being muted.

Yamaha has kept the DSP prefix for many of its home DSP and audio amp/receiver products.

title: Yamaha DSP-1


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Cosumnes River College

Cosumnes River College is a public community college in Sacramento, California. It opened in 1970, taking its name from the Cosumnes River which flows just a few miles to the south. As of Spring 2017, enrollment was at 13,091 students at its main and satellite campus in Elk Grove, California. Folsom Lake College, a former satellite campus, attained independence in 2004.

History
The concept for Cosumnes River College was included in a Master Facility Need Study that was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Los Rios Community College District in February 1967. A campus site of 180 acre was obtained and construction proceeded on a library building, a science building, an automotive and technology complex, a women's physical education building, and a swimming pool. In the fall of 1970 the college opened with an initial enrollment of about 2,100.

The architect who designed the original buildings of the college is Nacht & Lewis Architects of Sacramento. They also designed the Learning Resource Center in 2005.

In September 1975, the Business/Social Science building was dedicated, which included computer laboratories. In the spring of 1989, the California state finals for the National Geography Bee were first held within the recital hall. They have been held there in April ever since. In fall of 1990, the cafeteria building was opened, with facilities for both staff and student dining, and also for the instructional food service program. The next phase of construction was in the summer of 1991, which added the College Center building with space for the Admissions/Records, Financial Aid, Business Services, Administration and the book store. In fall of 1995 a visual and performing arts complex was opened, completing the roster of facilities in the college's original plan.

A permanent Child Development Center was completed in March 2002, and in December 2003 staff moved into a new Southeast Office Complex.

In 2004, the Folsom Lake Center was accredited and renamed as Folsom Lake College, becoming the fourth community college under Los Rios Community College District.

In 2004, construction on the Operations and Public Safety (OPS) building was completed. The building houses a variety of support services and departments. This includes a Health Services office staffed by college nurses, the Operations Department offices (housing the offices for Custodial/Maintenance Services and for Facility Use Processing), a Mail and Printing Center, and a substation of the Los Rios Community College Police Department.

The two-story Learning Resource Center was dedicated in 2005 with classroom space, and special computer labs for English as a Second Language, Digital Media, Journalism, and a Math Center. These buildings were funded in part from a voter-approved community college district bond, Measure A.

The college's plans also include construction of an Elk Grove Center in the southern part of Elk Grove, California, United States. The center site was dedicated with a ground breaking in 2011. Construction also began in 2011 on the $18-million Winn Center for Construction and Architecture which will provide instructional space for Construction, Construction Management Technology, Pharmacy Technology, and Photography among other programs. The building was supported by a $1-million gift from Mike Winn and family.

In partnership with the Sacramento Regional Transit, (SACRT) construction the CRC/Regional Transit Parking Structure began in 2011. In 2015, the college received light rail service when the Blue Line was extended to terminate at a new station on Bruceville Road on the east side of the campus.

Campus
The college occupies a campus of 180 acre on the south side of Sacramento.

Organization and administration
The college is part of the Los Rios Community College District.

Student life
Cosumnes River College is home to The Connection, an award-winning biweekly newspaper. An opinion zine, The Voice, is also published on campus.

Cosumnes River College is also home to the environmental student organization 'Students for a Sustainable Future Club' or SSF Club. Established in 2011, this group exists to promote sustainability and environmentalism through education, advocacy, and activism both on campus and in the community. This club is an official chapter of the California Student Sustainability Coalition as well as an affiliate of the Sierra Student Coalition.

Athletics
The college was a factor in area college sports from the very beginning. It opened up the 1971 football season against reigning state champion College of the Redwoods and nearly pulled off an upset. That team was coached by Coit Conant. During the short period of time that the school fielded a football team, from 1971 to 1978, it was the predominant area power in that sport. The school has provided powerful teams in all other sports since the inception of the school winning several conference titles.

In 2006, the college became home to the now-defunct Sacramento Heatwave of the American Basketball Association (ABA). In 2012, The Cosumnes River Hawks Baseball team took home the school's first ever state championship. In 2012 and 2013, the college's Community Athletic Center hosted the California Community College Athletic Association state basketball Final Four and Championship tournament.

Major construction of new athletic fields on the north side of campus was completed in 2012–13, including two soccer fields, softball complex, baseball complex (renamed Conway Field), and complete remodeling of the shared-use football stadium with the addition of artificial turf.

Notable alumni

 * Mike Diva - VFX artist and director
 * Jermaine Dye - Major League outfielder for the Chicago White Sox and 2005 World Series MVP
 * David Hernandez - Major League relief pitcher for the Arizona Diamondbacks and Baltimore Orioles

title: Cosumnes River College


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John Holter

John W. Holter (April 1, 1916 – December 22, 2003) was a toolmaker working for the Yale and Town Lock Company Stamford Connecticut. His son Casey Holter was born on November 7, 1955, with a severe form of spina bifida. Shortly after birth he contracted meningitis, which caused his head to expand rapidly. His parents were told that he had developed "water on the brain" or hydrocephalus.

As luck would have it Holter's son was being looked after in Philadelphia, where the surgeons Nulsen and Spitz had already demonstrated that a ventricle-to-atrium diversion system could work. What they needed was an inexpensive and practical valve that could control the direction of the flow and maintain normal cranial pressure.

A chance discovery showed Holter, after a failed attempt in which a young boy died, that he could use a silicone one-way valve (pressure sealing). After a medically suitable grade of Silastic (silicone rubber) was found, the device was patented, and John Holter set up a company, Holter-Hausner International, to manufacture the cerebral shunts.

Although he was unable to save his son Casey, his design, the Spitz-Holter valve (also called the Spitz-Holter shunt) continues to help millions around the world since the late 1950s.

title: John Holter


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Brain Salad Surgery

Brain Salad Surgery is the fourth studio album by English progressive rock band Emerson, Lake & Palmer, released on 7 December 1973 by their new record label, Manticore Records, and distributed by Atlantic Records.

Following the tour in support of their previous album, Trilogy (1972), the group acquired rehearsal facilities to work on new material, which would blend classical and rock themes. To control things, they launched their own record company, Manticore, in March 1973. The album was recorded from June to September at Olympic and Advision Studios and mixed in October 1973 at AIR Studios in London. As were all the group's previous works, it was produced by Greg Lake. The album includes a cover designed by H. R. Giger.

Released to a mixed critical response, it has received more favourable reviews since its release. Brain Salad Surgery continued the group's commercial success, reaching number 2 in the United Kingdom and number 11 in the United States, and eventually gaining Gold certifications in both countries. In its support, the trio embarked on their largest world tour to date, including a headlining spot at the California Jam festival.

The album has been remastered/remixed and reissued numerous times, including stereo and 5.1 surround sound remixes by Jakko Jakszyk.

Background
After the release of their third album, Trilogy, in June 1972, the group toured across Europe and the United States, playing in sold-out venues. By the beginning of 1973, Emerson, Lake & Palmer had become commercially successful in both the UK and the US.

The group had become somewhat dissatisfied with their record label Atlantic Records for a lack of involvement. Around January 1973 Keith Emerson, Greg Lake, Carl Palmer, and their manager Stewart Young decided to form their own record company. Together, they bought an abandoned ABC cinema in Fulham, West London and converted it into a rehearsal room and company headquarters, which would later be named Manticore Records. Lake said: "We set up Manticore to try and make the entire record process as good as it could be. We were also aware of a number of artists who we knew were having problems getting their music released and getting a record deal". Since the group knew that they would not have enough time to run their company, Atlantic promoter Mario Medious, who had worked with the group since their debut album, was brought in to serve as the president of Manticore in April 1973. Atlantic handled distribution duties.

Production
Emerson, Lake & Palmer began working on new material at the end of 1972. As Lake explained in an interview, the group's previous record, Trilogy, was recorded with the use of 24-track machines and featured too many overdubs that made the music very difficult to recreate properly on stage. So the trio agreed to record an album that they could perform live. The rehearsal facilities equipped in the former cinema allowed the group to play live, then write, play live again, write again, etc., resulting in a feeling of addressing an audience, that would be alluded to in the well-known line "Welcome back, my friends, to the show that never ends...".

Writing
During writing sessions around the end of 1972 and the beginning of 1973, the first two tracks began to take shape. One of them was the first movement of what would become the dominating composition of the forthcoming album, the epic "Karn Evil 9", and the other was an adaptation of the 4th Movement of Alberto Ginastera's 1st Piano Concerto.

At nearly 30 minutes long, "Karn Evil 9" would consist of three movements (called "impressions"). Due to time limitations, the first movement initially had to be split into two parts between sides one and two of the vinyl record. Although the original Atlantic CD retained the division of the suite, subsequent editions have presented it in an uninterrupted version. All music of the epic was written by Emerson and can be described as a futuristic fusion of classical and rock themes. Structurally, the first and third movements are separated by an extended instrumental passage in spite of the whole composition having initially been conceived as an instrumental. All lyrics in the first movement are credited to Lake. To assist in creating lyrics for the third movement, he brought in lyricist Pete Sinfield, with whom Lake had worked at the time he was in King Crimson. Sinfield had been planning to make a solo album and had asked Lake for help to release it on Manticore. Lake had agreed that the record label would support Sinfield's project and additionally suggested his contributing to lyrics for the group's next album. Sinfield recalled: "I was half way through making a solo album when Greg called me to say that Manticore wanted to release it. The catch was that he wanted me to collaborate on lyrics for a long piece that had begun to take shape". The main theme of the epic is the battle between artificial and natural intelligence, which would end with a man being taken over by the computer he had invented. It had initially been titled by Emerson as "Ganton 9" after a fictional planet to which all evil and decadence had been thrown out. However, Sinfield believed that the music Emerson had written sounded just like a carnival, and so he came up with the title "Karn Evil 9".

The most recognisable section of "Karn Evil 9" is the second part of the first movement, containing the famous line "Welcome back, my friends, to the show that never ends...", which was eventually taken as the title of the group's second live album. It is often used as a song dedicated to the opening of sports seasons. It is also a common radio staple.

Emerson had contemplated recording an adaptation of the 4th Movement ("Toccata concertata") of Ginastera's 1st Piano Concerto as far back as the beginning of 1971. He had heard the toccata for the first time when he was a member of The Nice and had been "struck with the music immediately". Emerson had not considered a possibility of Emerson, Lake & Palmer playing the piece until Palmer proposed to incorporate a drum solo into the trio's repertoire, which would be a core part of the composition. When Emerson played the toccata to Palmer, the latter approved it, and then, the piece was rehearsed by the entire group, although it was quite difficult, since Lake did not read music and Palmer was unable to apply a score written for piano to the drums.

Both "Karn Evil 9: 1st Impression" and "Toccata" were included in the setlist for a series of concerts across Europe beginning at the end of March 1973. Around that time, a new semi-acoustic number, "Still....You Turn Me On", was introduced to the public. Written by Lake alone, the song has commonly been regarded as a necessary balance in the content, which is dominated by aggressive compositions. The next track intended for inclusion in the album was an adaptation of Hubert Parry's hymn "Jerusalem", with the lyrics from "And did those feet in ancient time", a short poem from the preface to William Blake's epic Milton. Finally, the last piece, which would make the album, was the honky-tonk piano-based song "Benny the Bouncer" composed by Emerson, with Lake and Sinfield writing the words.

After the album was almost completely recorded, three additional tracks, which would be put on the shelf for a while, were written: the instrumental "When the Apple Blossoms Bloom in the Windmills of Your Mind I'll Be Your Valentine", credited to the entire group, "Tiger in a Spotlight" and the title song, both composed by Emerson, with Lake and Sinfield providing lyrics. Brain Salad Surgery was the first album to have no songwriting contributions from Palmer (aside from the drum solo in "Toccata"), who, nevertheless, has regarded it as his favourite by far.

Recording
The recording sessions began in June 1973 at Olympic Studios in Barnes, London, with Lake, as he had done on the group's previous records, serving as the producer, and Chris Kimsey as the engineer. The only track committed to tape at Olympic was the first movement of "Karn Evil 9". Following a period of further writing, the work on the upcoming album continued in August at Advision Studios in Fitzrovia, London, with engineer Geoff Young. The second and third movements of "Karn Evil 9" were completed in the first half of that month, with the third impression being the first track to be recorded at Advision. The muse's sped-up and altered voice from the second movement and the 'computer' voice from the third movement were contributed by Emerson, and his only vocal credit in the trio's repertoire. In order to achieve the "computer" voice, he ran his voice through the Moog's ring modulator.

Although an arrangement of Ginastera's toccata had been performed by the group on their European tour from March to April 1973, the composition had received additional instrumentation before its final version was recorded. Palmer had written a percussion movement with the use of eight specially developed drum synthesizers. This movement with an "atmospheric" electronic sound was inserted in the middle section of "Toccata". Soon after the adaptation was committed to tape in September, the group became aware that they did not have the rights to release this music. Emerson contacted Ginastera's publishers who responded that the composer would not allow any adaptation of his works, but they advised him to talk to him personally. So Emerson flew to Geneva to discuss the issue with Ginastera himself. Once Ginastera heard the new arrangement, he gave the authorization to use his piece. To quote Emerson: "He played our recording of "Toccata" on a tape recorder. After a few bars he stopped the tape ... and exclaimed 'Diabolic!' I thought he said 'diabolical' and expected him to show us the door. He had been listening to the tape in mono and our recording was in stereo. I jumped up and switched the machine to stereo hoping he would listen again. It transpired that he wasn't concerned about that at all. He listened again and declared 'Terrible!' which actually was a compliment. 'You've captured the essence of my music like no one else has before', the great maestro said."

The next songs recorded at Advision were "Still....You Turn Me On" and "Jerusalem". The adaptation of the hymn is notable for the debut of the first polyphonic synthesizer in history, the Moog Apollo, which was just a prototype of the Polymoog at that time. Together with the Lyra monophonic and the Taurus bass synthesizers, it formed the Moog Polyphonic Ensemble, also known as the Constellation. The Apollo synthesizer was also used by Emerson on "Benny the Bouncer", which was the last track recorded for the album.

In addition to its considerable evolution of synthesizer technology, Brain Salad Surgery also contained a higher proportion of songs featuring acoustic and electric guitars than their earlier work. Whereas the first three studio albums contained only one or two tracks each with guitars, "Toccata", "Benny The Bouncer" and both parts of "Karn Evil 9: 1st Impression" all feature electric guitar texturing, with two lengthy guitar solos highlighting Karn Evil 9. "Still You Turn Me On" additionally features multiple acoustic guitars and wah-wah guitar accents in addition to Emerson on harpsichord and accordion. From this point onward, the guitar would become a more common addition to ELP albums although it would remain subordinate to Emerson's keyboard work.

Mixing
The results of the four-month recording sessions were mixed in the first week of October 1973 at AIR Studios in London. The original mix was turned down by Emerson, Lake & Palmer, and as a result, most of the material was remixed once more to their satisfaction. The first mixes of several tracks have been released on some more recent reissues of the album.

Artwork and packaging

Since cover art for the impending album was required, Manticore manager Peter Zumsteg introduced Emerson to a popular artist, Hans Ruedi Giger, who was living in Zurich. In April 1973, as a part of their European tour, the group played a two-day concert there. After the concert, Emerson with Zumsteg visited the artist at his home. At that time, the working title for the album was Medious' expression Whip Some Skull on Ya, which is translated as fellatio. Coincidentally, under the impact of the music, including Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Giger had just created a human skull-based triptych entitled Work 216: Landscape XIX. When he revealed the triptych to his guests, Emerson immediately felt that it was completely appropriate for the album cover art.

Subsequently, the album title was changed to Brain Salad Surgery, which has the same meaning as Whip Some Skull on Ya. The phrase was probably taken from the song "Right Place, Wrong Time" by Dr. John, which had been a hit single in summer 1973 and contains the line "I been running trying to get hung up in my mind, got to give myself a little talking to this time, just need a little brain salad surgery, got to cure this insecurity".

Giger painted two new pieces approximately the actual size of the vinyl record entitled Work 217: ELP I and Work 218: ELP II. The first painting was chosen by the group as the front cover. It contains the artist's distinctive monochromatic biomechanical artwork, integrating an industrial mechanism with a human skull and the new 'ELP' logotype, which was also designed by Giger and has been standard for Emerson, Lake & Palmer ever since. The lower part of the skull is covered by a circular screen, which displays the mouth and chin in its flesh-covered state, as well as what appears to be the top of a phallus below the chin, arising from the 'ELP' tube. Art director Fabio Nicoli insisted on a non-standard construction of the vinyl sleeve rather than being a normal gatefold. The front cover of the novelty triptych sleeve was split in half down the centre, except for the circular screen, which was attached to the right flap, and was opened up like a gate. Opening the flaps revealed the second painting, featuring the full face of a human female (modelled after Giger's partner Li Tobler) with ringlets of wire hair framing the closed eyes and multiple scars, including the infinity symbol and a scar from a frontal lobotomy. The illustration originally had the complete phallus, but when the artwork was presented to the record company, it was rejected and dismissed as pornographic. As Giger refused to take the penis off the painting, the group had another artist airbrush it into a shaft of glowing light. The back cover was entirely black with the large white lettering 'Brain Salad Surgery'. Work 217: ELP I was also used as a custom label, with the spindle of the turntable penetrating through the lips. The vinyl packaging included a 12-panel fold-out poster with photographs of Emerson, Lake, and Palmer, which were taken by Rosemary Adams.

When Manticore Records went defunct in 1977, Atlantic Records reissued the album with the initial design as well as with an ordinary vinyl packaging, which consisted of simple non fold-out outer and inner sleeves. The 'face' painting was used as the back cover of the outer sleeve.

After the exhibition Giger in Prague was closed on 31 August 2005, the two original 34×34 cm acrylic-on-paper paintings Work 217: ELP I and Work 218: ELP II were lost or stolen and have not yet been found.

Release
Prior to the album becoming available, British newspaper New Musical Express released an issue with an attached free promotional flexi disc on 10 November 1973. Packaged in a miniature facsimile of the original album sleeve, the one-sided flexi disc, playing at 33 1⁄3 rpm, contained the song "Brain Salad Surgery", along with excerpts from all five tracks of the forthcoming album. Being a late-recorded track, the title song had not been intended for Brain Salad Surgery and was not included in its track listing. However, it was later used as the B-side to the UK number two hit single "Fanfare for the Common Man" and ended up on the compilation of studio outtakes Works Volume 2 (1977).

Brain Salad Surgery was released in the United Kingdom on 7 December 1973 by Manticore Records and was available on vinyl record, cassette, and 8-track cartridge through distribution by Atlantic Records. A reel-to-reel version of the album was also briefly available. The very first vinyl pressings were manufactured in the United States, along with the sleeves due to their non-standard construction. The album was a large seller, peaking at number 2 on the UK Albums Chart and spending there 18 weeks. It was held from the top spot for two weeks in a row only by Tales from Topographic Oceans from the arch-rival group Yes. On 1 March 1974, the album was certified Gold by British Phonographic Industry for sales in excess of 100,000 copies. In Canada the album spent 3 weeks at number 10 and was in the Top 100 for 39 weeks.

In spite of the feeling that Lake's acoustic song "Still....You Turn Me On" stood out as an evident single choice, Emerson, Lake & Palmer did not select it for a release, both because Palmer did not play on the track and because it was least representative of the album or their general direction. Instead of that song, the group's interpretation of "Jerusalem" was chosen for the single, which would be backed with another studio out-take, "When the Apple Blossoms Bloom in the Windmills of Your Mind I'll Be Your Valentine". The single was released on 30 November 1973, but its success was inhibited by the BBC, which banned the song from airplay. As a result, "Jerusalem" failed to chart in the United Kingdom.

In the United States, Brain Salad Surgery was released in December 1973 by Manticore on vinyl record, cassette, and 8-track cartridge, and distributed by Atlantic. Although no singles were issued, it climbed to number 11 on the Billboard 200 and stayed in the charts for 47 weeks, more than any other Emerson, Lake & Palmer album. It has been certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for selling at least 500,000 copies in the United States.

Reissues
The album was released for the first time on CD, which was mastered by Barry Diament, in 1986. The earliest copies for the U.S. market were pressed in Japan. It was also released on CD in 1987 in West Germany under the Manticore label by RCA/Ariola and was the first to feature Karn Evil 9 playing in its entirety (While the tracks for Karn Evil 9 is split up, 1st Impression Part 1 & Part 2 does not fade out and fade in). Since then Brain Salad Surgery has been remastered/remixed, expanded, and reissued multiple times in different formats, with the studio outtakes "Brain Salad Surgery" and "When the Apple Blossoms Bloom in the Windmills of Your Mind I'll Be Your Valentine" having often been added as bonus tracks. In 1993, the album was remastered by Joseph M. Palmaccio. In 2000, Rhino Entertainment Company released a DVD-Audio containing a 5.1 surround sound mix, done by John Kellogg and Paul Klingberg.

Because of its length, "Karn Evil 9: 1st Impression" had originally been split into two parts for vinyl, with a fade-out at the end of side 1 and a fade-in at the beginning of side 2. Some early CD editions continued to split the track, but since then it has been presented as a single, uninterrupted piece.

In 2008, a remastered and expanded three-disc 35th-anniversary deluxe edition was released by Sanctuary Records, a subsidiary label of Universal Music Group at that time. Disc 1 (CD) contained the original album, remastered by Paschal Byrne. Disc 2 (CD) consisted of different recordings and mixes of tracks associated with Brain Salad Surgery, as well as two bonus tracks: "When the Apple Blossoms Bloom in the Windmills of Your Mind I'll Be Your Valentine" and "Brain Salad Surgery". Disc 3 was a hybrid SACD containing the original album in stereo and surround sound. For the 5.1 mix, the 2000 Rhino version was taken.

In 2014, a limited six-disc super deluxe box set edition was released by Legacy/Sony Music. Disc 1 (CD) contained the original album, remastered by Andy Pearce. Disc 2 (CD) was composed of bonus tracks associated with Brain Salad Surgery. Disc 3 (CD) contained a new stereo version of the album. The original and new stereo versions in high resolution along with a brand new 5.1 surround sound mix by Jakko Jakszyk were featured on Disc 4 (DVD-Audio). The Manticore Special Documentary film, photo gallery, and Giger's original artwork were included in Disc 5 (DVD-Video). Finally, Disc 6 was a 180gm vinyl record with the original album. A cut-down three-disc edition, which consisted of the Discs 1, 2, and 4 (but without the 5.1 mix), received international release around the same time. In Japan, the 40th anniversary 3 disc edition, on the Victor Entertainment label, contains the new stereo and 5.1 surround mixes as well as original stereo mixes on DVD-audio on the first disc, the original album remastered on the second disc, and on the third disc the Alternate Brain Salad Surgery with bonus tracks.

To mark the 50th anniversary a picture disc depicting the original Giger album artwork was released in the UK for Record Store Day on 22 April 2023.

Critical reception
Upon its initial release, the album was met with a remarkably polarized critical reception. Gordon Fletcher of Rolling Stone considered that although Emerson, Lake & Palmer managed to vanquish "insufficient intensity and lack of worthy material" of their previous records in live performances, these flaws overwhelmed all the group's positives in the studio, resulting in things like Brain Salad Surgery, which was deemed as a "sadly uneven album from a group with technical gifts equal to that of any British trio". In particular, he counted the lyrics of "Still....You Turn Me On" to be somewhat overblown and dismissed "Benny the Bouncer" as "a needless nonsensical whimsey". Writing for The Village Voice, Robert Christgau, who had never been favourable towards Emerson, Lake & Palmer, submitted a review, which consisted entirely of rhetorical questions, and assigned the album a very low "C−" rating. On the other side, Pete Erskine of Sounds was positive about the record, calling it the group's "most uncluttered and melodic album to date and certainly their rockiest". In The Pittsburgh Press, critic Pete Bishop praised "the unmatched keyboard virtuosity of Keith Emerson," and called the album "a feast of sounds and imagination." Before its release in the United States in December 1973, Brain Salad Surgery was reviewed by Billboard and described as "a complex, exciting sonic experience which touches on several bases—heavy rock, flowing jazz and some zesty pop material".

Retrospective response has been predominantly favourable. AllMusic contributor Bruce Eder cited the record as "Emerson, Lake & Palmer's most successful and well-realized album, and their most ambitious as a group, as well as their loudest". He summarized that it represents "a high point that the trio would never again achieve, or even aspire to". Paul Stump, in his 1997 History of Progressive Rock, characterized the album as frustratingly uneven, but highlighted the "demonic" version of "Toccata" and the group instrumental workout in the third part of "Karn Evil 9" as among the band's finest moments. While reviewing the box set A Time and a Place for the online All About Jazz magazine, John Kelman mentioned Brain Salad Surgery as a "crowning masterpiece" and the group's "undeniable high water mark". The album was included in the musical reference book 1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die, where it was called "the most fully realized—and still decidedly brazen—ELP statement".

In 2005, Q Classic and Mojo magazines placed Brain Salad Surgery at number 5 on their "40 Cosmic Rock Albums", which was published in the special edition Pink Floyd & The Story of Prog Rock. In 2015, it was ranked the 12th greatest progressive rock album of all time by Rolling Stone, whose reviewer Will Hermes characterised the record as "prescient and pretty damn rocking".

Tour

Soon after the recording sessions ended and the tracks were mixed in October 1973, the group rehearsed for their upcoming world tour to promote the album. Spanning from 14 November 1973 to 21 August 1974, and including 100 live performances, it comprised four parts: Leg 1—North America (from 14 November 1973 to 18 December 1973, 28 shows), Leg 2—North America (from 24 January 1974 to 6 April 1974, 29 shows), Leg 3—Europe (from 18 April 1974 to 1 June 1974, 26 shows), and Leg 4—North America (from 26 July 1974 to 21 August 1974, 17 shows).

On stage, Emerson, Lake & Palmer mixed the complex musicianship of their material with theatrics which attracted criticism. These included Emerson playing a grand piano while it revolved in mid-air, and abusing the Hammond organ by sticking knives in the manuals, throwing it around the stage and letting it feed back, while Palmer played on a revolving drum kit. The group carried almost 40 tons of equipment, which took five hours to unpack and set up, including a 30-channel board discrete quadraphonic public address sound system provided by International Entertainers Service, and a state-of-the-art lighting system, designed by Judy Rasmussen, which consisted of large ladders at each corner of the stage and two arches installed above the performance area.

Their 2 February 1974 concert, which was played in the main arena at the Anaheim Convention Center in Anaheim, California, was documented on the three-disc anthology Welcome Back, My Friends, to the Show That Never Ends ~ Ladies and Gentlemen, released on 19 August 1974. Much of the performance was also used for broadcasting on the American rock music radio show King Biscuit Flower Hour. The live album reached number 6 on the UK charts and number 4 on the Billboard 200, which was the highest U.S. chart position the trio ever achieved.

Arguably the most high-profile performance was on 6 April 1974, when Emerson, Lake & Palmer co-headlined with Deep Purple at the California Jam festival, held at the Ontario Motor Speedway in Ontario, California, with an attendance of 350,000 paying fans. Only 55 minutes of the group's $2 1/2$-hour festival-closing set was aired by ABC television network, which was a sponsor of the festival, on 7 May and 10 June 1974. The remaining footage of ELP's entire performance has thus far not surfaced (unlike Deep Purple, whose entire 1-hour set has been issued in various audio and video releases). The extant ELP footage was eventually released on video in 2005 as a part of Beyond the Beginning DVD-Video. The audio recordings first appeared in 1998 on the album Then & Now.

After the tour was completed in August 1974, Emerson, Lake & Palmer took an extended hiatus from recording and performing. In 1976, the group reunited to work on their next album, Works Volume 1 (1977).

Track listing
All lyrics written by Greg Lake and all music written by Keith Emerson, except where noted.

Some CD editions have the entire suite "Karn Evil 9" as a one track, giving the album a total of five tracks.

Emerson, Lake & Palmer

 * Keith Emerson – Hammond B3 & L-100 organs, acoustic and electric pianos, harpsichord, Clavinet, Moog synthesizers, Moog Polyphonic Ensemble (known as the Constellation, comprising the Apollo polyphonic, the Lyra monophonic, and the Taurus Moog bass pedals synthesizers), computer voice (on "Karn Evil 9: 3rd Impression")
 * Greg Lake – vocals, bass, electric and acoustic guitars; production
 * Carl Palmer – drums, percussion, percussion synthesizers
 * Peter Sinfield – lyrics

Technical

 * Geoff Young – engineer (all tracks except "Karn Evil 9: 1st Impression")
 * Chris Kimsey – engineer ("Karn Evil 9: 1st Impression")
 * Barry Diament – CD mastering (at Atlantic Studios, New York)
 * Joseph M. Palmaccio – 1993 remastering (at PolyGram Studios)
 * Bill Inglot and Dan Hersch – 1996 remastering
 * John Kellogg – 2000 5.1 remix production and mastering (at Magna Vision Studios, Santa Monica, California)
 * Paul Klingberg – 2000 5.1 remix engineering, mixing, and mastering (at Magna Vision Studios, Santa Monica, California)
 * Mark Chalecki – 2007 remastering (at Capitol Mastering, Hollywood)
 * Paschal Byrne – 2008 stereo remastering (at The Audio Archiving Company, London)
 * Andy Pearce – 2011 remastering, 2014 remastering
 * Matt Wortham – 2014 remastering
 * Jakko Jakszyk – 2014 stereo and 5.1 mixing (at Silesia Sound, Hertfordshire)
 * H. R. Giger – cover painting
 * Fabio Nicoli Associates – design and art direction
 * Rosemary Adams – photography

title: Brain Salad Surgery


text:
Talk:Mount Jefferson (Oregon)

Mount Jeffersons
Presidential Range fails to link here (erroneously) only bcz link is Mt. Jefferson; needs disamb eventually. --Jerzy 05:48, 2003 Dec 13 (UTC)

 * Oh yeah... Probably should move to Mount Jefferson (Oregon) etc, because I bet GNIS will tell us many more states have Jeffies somewhere in them. Stan 06:36, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Sounds like an effective convention to me. Guess i should go reread Presidential Range and see if it mentions a state.... [wink] --Jerzy 15:15, 2003 Dec 13 (UTC)

 * It would make more sense to have the range's name as the disambiguator since some mountains sit astride borders and others share the same name as another mountain even within that border. In California, for example, there are several Table Mountains and Glass Mountains. Lakes are even worse. --mav 17:44, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Also helps with the situation where highest point in a state is on a mtn whose peak is in the next state! --Jerzy 19:15, 2003 Dec 13 (UTC)

 * A little more specifically, i'd suggest that groups of mountains that don't constitute ranges be acceptable, e.g. Mount Jefferson (White Mountains) and Appalachian Mountains)? And that the largest group that eliminates the ambiguity is usually preferable.  I.e., not Mount Jefferson (Presidential Range) since the Whites and Appalachians include the Prezzies and the Blue Ridge respectively, each along with others, and are probably better known that the Presidentials and Blue Ridge?
 * But am i right in assuming that "(Whites)", "(Presidentials)", and "(Appalachians)" are the wrong choice, esp. since they don't make clear whether to add "Mountains" or "Range" to complete the name? --Jerzy 02:50, 2003 Dec 14 (UTC)

 * There's no official standard, but when I add a disambiguator, I generally favor a word or phrase that is itself the name of an article, so searching will find - "Whites" is probably never used anywhere in WP to refer to any of the mountain ranges of that name, so "White Mountains" seems better. Either range or political unit would work, can't always do one or the other - there are three White Mountains in the US, more than one "Presidential Range" IIRC, not every mountain is part of a range, and as mav points out, states can have multiples too. Somewhere or another I've seen elevation used as disambiguator, but it will be a very long time before WP needs anything that desperate. Stan 04:12, 14 Dec 2003 (UTC)

The original article for the mountain in Oregon has now been moved to Mount Jefferson (Oregon). USGS GNIS listed 9 other mountains although they all exist in distinct states. I will change Mount Jefferson shortly to a disambiguation page. RedWolf 05:08, Jun 18, 2004 (UTC)

Williamette River??
I've lived in Oregon all my life (fifth generation Oregonian in fact), and have never heard of the "Williamette" River. There's a rather prominent N-S flowing river that runs most the length of the Willamette Valley and at Portland empties in to the Columbia River, but it's called the Willamette River (no "i" after the last "l").

Is "Williamette" a spelling that captures some important piece of historical context, or should the spelling be changed to accurately represent the river's name as it written absolutely everywhere today?

If there is some latent historical insight in calling it "Williamette," can someone please update the "Willamette River" article to document that fact? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.9.146.66 (talk) 23:45, 21 January 2007 (UTC).

 * Though there might be some latent historical insight into typographical errors or possible sarcasm about same, usually it's better to just fix things like that yourself. :) Katr67 16:57, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

Nice image to add?
I ran across this lovely image, Image:Mt Jefferson Oregon.jpg, and thought it might be a good addition to the article, but I'm not sure we can justify three images and don't want to replace one without discussion. The image in the infobox is good since it shows the profile of the entire mountain. Thoughts? Katr67 16:57, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Three images would be a bit much. The infobox image is rather lacking in contrast and clarity, but I agree we should keep it until we can get a better image that shows the full profile. I'll try to get one next time I'm in the area. With regards to replacing Image:Mount-Jefferson.jpg, I think Image:Mt Jefferson Oregon.jpg shows more detail on the mountain itself while the snow cover contrasts nicely with the infobox image which shows the late summer appearance of the mountain. Of course, Image:Mt Jefferson Oregon.jpg is my image, so I'm hardly unbiased. -- Headwes 21:42, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

Dormant/Extinct Line
I am removing this line as it is not cited.

In addition, volcanoes are considered active if they have had an eruption within 10,000 years. Mount Jefferson also is a volcano of the Cascade Volcanic Arc, which consists of volcanoes within the active Juan de Fuca subduction zone - current volcanoes and potential new ones can form and erupt at any time within this zone.

See the definition of active at Volcano: "The Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program's definition of 'active' is having erupted within the last 10,000 years."

LQ (talk) 07:10, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

Jefferson's vague eruptive history is similar to Adams'. Considering this I think the opening line should not include any active/inactive designation. Rather than be vague in the summery, it should be noted later in the article how obscure Jefferson's latest eruptions have been. See the CVO USGS page for more details: http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Jefferson/ -- LQ (talk) 12:18, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

 * We had a similar debate at talk:Mount Hood over a year ago. Bottom line is that geologists don't use the terms active/inactive/dormant any more than medical personal use critical/serious/fair/good:  both seem to be mostly for media sound bites, not for communicating useful information.  Perhaps Jeff's condition can be stated the same as Hood:  potentially active, though I don't know of a reference for Jeff.
 * Find a reference if you want to add the active volcano content. Most references I seen call Jefferson dormant or extinct. A volcano that has not erupted in the past 10,000 years is not always considered dormant or extinct ether; see Mount Cayley, another Cascade volcano, which is potentially active (it contains hotsprings and seismic activity) and has eruptions older than Jefferson. Black Tusk 00:50, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

Removed the 'extinct' part - it last erupted in the Holocene, so it can't be extinct. Guanlongwucaii (talk) 15:37, 20 May 2009 (UTC)Guanlongwucaii

Citation needed
"This was the only High Cascade mountain they named." It might be true that this is the only mountain the the range that they successfully named. If I remember correctly they named others as well but those mountains had already been named by the English and the new names did not stick. I'm not certain of my facts here but the statement certainly is ambiguous. I vote to remove it altogether. --DRoll (talk) 06:43, 9 November 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mount Jefferson (Oregon)


text:
Landsmannschaft Ostpreußen

The Landsmannschaft Ostpreußen ("Homeland Association of East Prussia") is a non-profit organization for Germans who were evacuated or expelled from East Prussia during World War II and as well as people who emigrated in more recent times, exercising their right to German citizenship, based on a 1913 German law. It was formed on 3 October 1948 by East Prussian refugees in West Germany.

Organisation
The organization's current president is Stephan Grigat. Its seat is in Hamburg, and it is a member of the Bund der Vertriebenen. Its official newspaper is the Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung. The Bund Junges Ostpreußen is a subsidiary youth organization of the Landsmannschaft Ostpreußen; its predecessor, Junge Landsmannschaft Ostdeutschland, was disassociated from the parent organization in 2000.

Presidency

 * 1948-1951: Ottomar Schreiber
 * 1952-1966: Alfred Gille
 * 1966-1971: Reinhold Rehs
 * 1971-1974: Joachim Freiherr von Braun
 * 1974-1979: Hans-Georg Bock
 * 1979-1990: Ottfried Hennig
 * 1990-1992: Harry Poley
 * 1992-2010: Wilhelm von Gottberg
 * since 6 November 2010: Stephan Grigat

title: Landsmannschaft Ostpreußen


text:
Landsmannschaft Schlesien

The Landsmannschaft Schlesien - Nieder- und Oberschlesien e.V. ("Territorial Association of Silesia - Lower and Upper Silesia", "Homeland Association of Silesia - Lower and Upper Silesia") is an organization of Germans born in the former Prussian provinces of Lower and Upper Silesia, and their descendants, who currently live in Germany. The Landsmannschaft Schlesien was established in March 1950 and is a member of the Federation of Expellees, and has its headquarters in Königswinter, North Rhine-Westphalia.

About
The association consists of people who were expelled or evacuated during World War II or after, and their descendants, as well as people who emigrated in more recent times, exercising their right to German citizenship, based on a 1913 German law. (See Aussiedler, the German Law of Return.) (The German nationality law was reformed in 1999 to, besides other matters, remove reference to ethnic German ancestry from the law.)

The current president is Stephan Rauhut who is a German Christian Democratic Union politician. He succeeded Rudi Pawelka on 9 November 2013, who had succeeded Herbert Hupka, the president from 1968 to 2000. All these presidents have been CDU members. According to the association, the Landsmannschaft currently has about 200,000 members nationwide. Until 1988, Der Schlesier (The Silesian) was the main organ of the Landsmannschaft.

In 1985, the Landsmannschaft planned to hold a congress in Stuttgart under the motto 40 Jahre Vertreibung - Schlesien bleibt unser ("40 years of expulsion - Silesia remains ours"). Chancellor Helmut Kohl declined to attend unless the slogan was modified, which it was, to "Silesia remains our future in a Europe of free nations". At the 2001 congress held in Nuremberg, Interior Minister Otto Schily was booed when he said that the expulsions were the consequence of German aggression.

There is also another Silesian Landsmannschaft, the Landsmannschaft der Oberschlesier e.V. (Bundesverband) representing Upper Silesians.

Presidents of the Federation
The presidents of the Federation since its founding have been:
 * 1950–1952: Walter Rinke
 * 1952–1953: Karl Hausdorff
 * 1953–1954: Walter Rinke
 * 1954–1955: Julius Doms
 * 1955–1968: Erich Schellhaus
 * 1968–2000: Herbert Hupka
 * 2000–2013: Rudi Pawelka
 * 2013- : Stephan Rauhut

Schlesische Jugend
The youth organization of the Landsmannschaft, the Schlesische Jugend, was founded in 1948. Its aim is to preserve the heritage of Silesia with its culture and landscapes. The focus of the work of the Schlesische Jugend is cultural and political education. The Schlesische Jugend was accused of links with the right-wing Junge Landsmannschaft Ostdeutschland, and also to the extreme right-wing National Democratic Party of Germany which led in 2011 to its exclusion from the Landsmannschaft. A Divisional Court reversed the exclusion on 1 February 2012 as invalid, but the National Executive Board of the Landsmannschaft renewed the exclusion on 10 March 2012.

title: Landsmannschaft Schlesien


text:
User talk:Stay cool~enwiki

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You might find these links helpful in creating new pages or helping with the above tasks: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

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you can sign your name using three tildes, like. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.

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User talk:Intellectus~enwiki

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

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The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information. → ←·§−Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Intellectus. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Intellectus~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 14:04, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Intellectus~enwiki


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Erika Steinbach

Erika Steinbach (, born 25 July 1943) is a German right-wing politician. She previously served as a member of the Bundestag from 1990 until 2017.

She was a member of the Christian Democratic Union from 1974 to 2017, and served as a member of the CDU national board 2000–2010, as a member of the leadership of the CDU/CSU parliamentary group and as the CDU/CSU's spokeswoman on human rights and humanitarian aid 2005–2017. Steinbach belonged to the socially conservative wing of the CDU and opposes abortion and same-sex marriage. During the European migrant crisis, Steinbach was critical of Chancellor Merkel's policies: in January 2017 she left the CDU over the migrant issue, from then on sitting as an independent member of the Bundestag. She did not stand in the September 2017 federal election, therefore leaving the Bundestag. Instead, Steinbach has publicly endorsed the Alternative für Deutschland (AfD), though she did not become a member of the right-wing populist party. In 2018 Steinbach became President of the Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung, a political foundation affiliated with the AfD. A long-time member of the German-Israeli Association, Steinbach is also known for pro-Israeli views, and has often criticized the German Foreign Office for voting in favour of anti-Israeli resolutions at the UN.

In addition to her parliamentary activity, Steinbach was president of the Federation of Expellees from 1998 to 2014. Erika Steinbach studied music and was a member of concert orchestras before becoming a politician.

Early life
Steinbach's father, Wilhelm Karl Hermann, was born in Hanau (Hesse, western-central Germany), but his family had their origins in Lower Silesia. In 1941 he was stationed in Rumia (Rahmel), a village in the Second Polish Republic, which was occupied by Nazi Germany in 1939 as part of the newly created province of Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia. Wilhelm Karl Hermann served there as an airfield technician as a Luftwaffe Sergeant. Steinbach's mother, Erika Hermann (née Grote), was ordered to work in the town after the annexation as a Luftwaffenhelfer. Steinbach was born there as Erika Hermann.

In January 1944, her father was deployed to the Eastern Front. In January 1945 during East Prussian Offensive of the Soviet Army, Steinbach's mother together with her children, fled to Schleswig-Holstein in northwestern Germany. In 1948 the family moved to Berlin, where Steinbach's grandfather had become mayor of one of the districts.

In 1949, Wilhelm Karl Hermann returned from Soviet captivity. In 1950, the family moved to Hanau, Hesse where Steinbach finished her education and started studying the violin. In 1967 she had to abandon her music career due to a damaged finger. In 1972, she married Helmut Steinbach, the conductor of a local youth symphonic orchestra. Steinbach graduated from a school of civil administration and moved to Frankfurt, where she started working for a Communal Evaluation Office.

Career in the CDU, Member of Parliament
In 1974 she joined the Frankfurt branch of the CDU. In 1977 she was elected a member of the Frankfurt City Council and held that post until 1990.

She was elected a member of the Bundestag in 1990, for the constituency of Frankfurt am Main III representing that until 1998. Since 2005, she has represented the constituency of Frankfurt am Main II. In 1990 she voted against the German–Polish Border Treaty (1990). In 1997 she criticized the approval of the Czech-German Declaration of Reconciliation.

Since 2005, she has been a member of the German parliamentary committee for human rights and humanitarian aid and spokesperson for human rights and humanitarian aid of the CDU/Christian Social Union fraction. She is also a deputy member of the parliamentary Committee for the Interior. Since 2000, she has been a member of the national board of the CDU (German, CDU-Bundesvorstand).

In 2009, she was offered the position of Secretary of State in the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, but declined.

Federation of Expellees
Steinbach joined the German Federation of Expellees in 1994. In May 1998 she was elected President of the organization, and was re-elected in 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008 and 2010. The Federation of Expellees claims to have 1.3 million members. This figure was disputed in January 2010 by the German news service DDP, which reported an actual membership of 550,000.

The German Federal Expellee Law of 1953 defines as expellee all German nationals and ethnic Germans with a primary residence outside post-war Germany, who lost this residence in the course of the World War II-related flight and expulsions.

Steinbach has distanced herself from the Prussian Trust, that aggressively seeks restitution of German properties in Poland.

Steinbach represents the Federation of Expellees on the board of the national broadcasting company ZDF.

Centre Against Expulsions
Erika Steinbach is the founder, along with Peter Glotz, of the foundation Centre Against Expulsions (Zentrum gegen Vertreibungen), which is working to establish a museum for the victims of "Flight, displacements, forced resettlements and deportations all over the world in the past century", a project of the German federal government on initiative and with participation of the Federation of Expellees. The museum will contain a permanent exhibition to document expulsions including the expulsion of Germans after World War II.

The federal government established the federal foundation "Flucht, Vertreibung, Versöhnung" which is intended to be the basis of a future museum. The Federation of Expellees is entitled to appoint some of the board member, although they need to be confirmed by the cabinet.

On 4 March 2009 the Federation of Expellees decided not to nominate Steinbach to the council and instead left one seat unoccupied, after the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) threatened to veto Steinbach's appointment to the board. On 19 October 2009, after the SPD was ousted from government and replaced by a liberal-conservative coalition dominated by Steinbach's party, Steinbach announced her intention to take the seat at the board. However, objections against her were subsequently also raised by the new foreign minister Guido Westerwelle of the liberal Free Democratic Party. However, Steinbach is supported by her own party and the CSU, both of which have called upon Westerwelle to give up his resistance, and have cited earlier statements by Westerwelle where he had praised Steinbach a few years ago.

In 2006 she was involved in an exhibition on the expulsions in Europe in the 20th century. The exhibition deals with expulsions of German, Armenians, Poles, Turks, Greeks, Latvians, Karelians, Ukrainians, Italians and other peoples – topics many Europeans are unfamiliar with.

International human rights activism
As the CDU/CSU spokeswoman for human rights, Erika Steinbach is involved in a number of activities promoting human rights worldwide.

She was an expert speaker at the International Cuba Conference of the International Society for Human Rights in 2006.

Franz Werfel Human Rights Award
Together with Peter Glotz, she was the primary initiator of the Franz Werfel Human Rights Award, and serves as a jury member together with Otto von Habsburg, Klaus Hänsch and Otto Graf Lambsdorff among others. It has been awarded every second year since 2003 in the Frankfurt Paulskirche. The 2009 recipient was Herta Müller.

Membership of the CDU national board
Steinbach was a member of the CDU national board from 2000 to September 2010, when she chose to resign from the position following a controversy over comments about the German invasion of Poland. Steinbach, in support of other members of her expellee organization, said that the German attack on Poland was just a response to Poland's mobilization, resulting in criticism of her. Steinbach's resignation was met with mixed feelings within the CDU/CSU. Some members were worried that her departure could cause a split, and a formation of a new right wing party in Germany.

End of CDU membership
Steinbach left the CDU in January 2017, stating that Chancellor Angela Merkel's decisions during the European migrant crisis, which she called a violation of the German law, prompted her decision. She did not run in the 2017 federal election.

Affiliation with the AfD
After leaving the CDU, Steinbach became informally associated with the AfD. In 2018 Steinbach became President of the Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung, a political foundation affiliated with the AfD. As President of the foundation, Steinbach has also advocated pro-Israeli views.

Interest in language
Steinbach was member of the Goethe-Institut from 1994 to 2002. She is also member of the Verein Deutsche Sprache.

Political positions
Erika Steinbach was considered conservative within the CDU in most fields of policy, belonging to the initiators of the. Her work as a member of parliament focuses on human rights, and she is a strong critic of human rights violations in communist countries around the world. She is also a strong supporter of the process of European integration.

Steinbach endorses the Charter of the German expellees of August 1950.

Social policy
Erika Steinbach holds conservative views on social policy and opposes abortion and same-sex marriage, which sometimes has caused controversy.

Immigration
Since the onset of the European migrant crisis, Steinbach has been one of the most vocal critics of Chancellor Merkel's refugee policies. This resulted in her leaving the CDU in January 2017; she said that allowing so many people into Germany for months without identifying them properly went "against our laws and against EU treaties" and that she could no longer support the CDU.

Perception
Erika Steinbach is much more widely known in Poland and the Czech Republic than in Germany. According to Cordell and Wolff (2005), the political importance the Federation of Expellees has in German politics is overestimated in Poland and the Czech Republic because of its disproportional media presence in those countries and campaigns of "aggressively nationalist politicians".

Criticism
Steinbach's public pronouncements have been criticized by late President of Poland Lech Kaczyński for causing a deterioration in German-Polish relations. Steinbach has a negative reputation in Poland. One example of this was a 2003 cover montage of Polish news magazine Wprost that depicted her riding Chancellor Gerhard Schröder while wearing an SS uniform. In 2007 Gazeta Wyborcza, a popular newspaper in Poland, reproduced a leaflet presenting Steinbach in the succession of the Teutonic Knights and the Nazis, and repeated claims of the full compensations never paid to Poland for losses caused by Nazi Germany.

Polish ambassador to Germany, Marek Prawda, Poland's Foreign Minister Radosław Sikorski and Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk expressed unease with Steinbach's appointment to the board of the Center against Expulsions in February 2009. Władysław Bartoszewski, an Auschwitz survivor who is Poland’s commissioner on relations with Germany, said that giving Mrs Steinbach a seat on the board would be akin to the Vatican appointing a Holocaust denier like Richard Williamson to manage relations with Israel. On 16 September 2010, Steinbach attested Bartoszewski "a bad character" on German TV. At the time the Polish foreign minister, Radosław Sikorski, privately warned Berlin that allowing Mrs Steinbach’s appointment would shake German-Polish relations “to their foundations”. "Do people whose families lived there for generations want to be identified with a person like Mrs. Steinbach, who came to our country with Hitler and had to leave it with Hitler too?" Sikorski said in Brussels on 23 February 2009, referring to Steinbach’s father having moved to German-occupied Poland during the war and asked her to follow the example of President Horst Köhler, who was born within a family of wartime German settlers in Poland and never considered himself an expellee. The fact that Steinbach represents a person born to a German officer stationed in occupied Poland has been described as one of the essential issues for Poles.

Václav Havel, the former president of the Czech Republic and anti-communist dissident, was said to refuse to speak to Steinbach due to the positions taken by the Federation of Expellees under her leadership.

According to an editorial in Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger, the Polish criticism may be part of an anti-German campaign in which Steinbach has become the enemy stereotype and demonization of Steinbach is a kind of reason of state. The way she is portrayed to the Polish public has been described by some editorial writers as having rather "hysteric features" or a "psychosis". Some German media blame conservative nationalists in the Law and Justice for having used her as a hate figure in internal politics to counter Donald Tusk ignoring Steinbach's real views.

Lecture controversy
In May 2008 Steinbach started a series of lectures about the "German settlement in Eastern Central Europe" at the University of Potsdam. However demonstrations by left-wing students who protested against Steinbach's allegedly revisionist views on German history by throwing water filled balloons and blocking the entrances compelled her to cancel the further lectures. On 11 June 2008, a full meeting of the students council decided (with 146 against 7 votes) to protect the right of freedom of opinion and speech and invited Steinbach again, if necessary under police protection. The local Mayor, supported by several political parties, expressed his displeasure about the incident and requested that the university council invite Steinbach again.

Honours
On 9 July 2009, she was awarded the Bavarian Order of Merit by Prime Minister of Bavaria Horst Seehofer for her work for the rights of the victims of the Expulsion.

title: Erika Steinbach


text:
User talk:Dwmorris

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

You might find these links helpful in creating new pages or helping with the above tasks: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

UtherSRG 06:00, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)

you can sign your name using three tildes, like. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.

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