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Talk:Likud

Center right politics
It is LONG-established (here on Wikipedia, and elsewhere) that Likud is a center-right political party. There are certainly sources that describe it as right-wing which is an umbrella term for anything right of center, which includes center-right politics. That is what it is and it should be included. Just as the Republican Party and Liberal Party of Australia are center right parties. Only recently have some users (whose good faith, I am disappointed to say, I question) have gone on what it appears to be a smear campaign to include the words "right-wing" as much as possible. Reasons written by these editors include things along the lines of "Center right in comparison to whom?" A BBC article outlines the makeup of the parites in the Knesset (describing them as right, left, centrist, religious, etc.). It describes Likud as centre right. An AFP chart showing the makeup of the parliament, drew a half-circle pie chart, with Likud on the right side closest to the center, immediately to the right of Labor and Kadima. A "Fact File" by the largest media corporation in Israel goes into describe the main platform of every major party in Israel. Using words like center-left for the Labor Party, left for Meretz, and what do you know, center right for Likud. So there's that comparison.

Others are "Given current events, it is debatable that they are center right." According to whom? Certainly no significant source (or even an insignificant one I am yet to see). Or just "No way they are center", without any source. To make a long story short: Likud is accepted to be a center-right political party in Israel. The end. --Shamir1 (talk) 22:54, 21 February 2009 (UTC)
 * The only people that could describe Likud as centre-right are either Likudniks trying to make their party look moderate, or far-right people trying to denigrate it for not being right-wing enough. There is absolutely nothing centrist about the party; it takes a hard line on security issues, a Thatcherist line on economics, and a blurred status quo view on religious issues. Please stop your unilateral edit war. пﮟოьεԻ   5  7  23:32, 21 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I was asked to comment on this issue by Number 57. Actually, I have to completely agree with Shamir here, although sources for the statements would certainly help. Especially important are unbiased Israeli sources (such as the media's political analysts), which as I said in the discussions about Yisrael Beitenu, would be the most reliable and professional sources in this case. Obviously if there are no reliable sources, the argument does not stand up. However, assuming there are sources for both designations, here's why I agree with Shamir:
 * Firstly, we have to ask the question of what defines the right-wing bloc and what defines the left-wing bloc in Israel. On security matters (which is usually how the parties are judged), it's the willingness to create a Palestinian state. The left advocates returning to the 1949–67 borders, while the right does not acknowledge a Palestinian state in any form, and is against any settlement evacuation. The center (led by Kadima) advocates a Palestinian state, but with significantly modified borders vis-a-vis the Green Line. On this issue, the Likud ideology has some rightist elements (no settlement evacuation), but also many clearly centrist elements, like the very idea of a Palestinian state, as well as a strong willingness to develop the Palestinian economy and police.
 * On the religious issue, again, the Likud is right-wing because it supports religious parties and some of their ideas (actually mostly on security issues), but opposes many other ideas, such as larger pensions/child benefits, and takes a centrist stand on the status quo (e.g. their ambivalency on public transportation on Shabbat, again the same stance as Kadima).
 * On the economic issues, the Israeli political system doesn't really have a clear right- and left-wing. Only two parties (Likud and Avoda) have strong economic policies, with Avoda being socialist and Likud being capitalist. If this is taken to mean that Avoda is left while Likud is right, what does that make of the other 10 Knesset parties? Most of the 34 Israeli parties are socialist or similar (i.e. not like Likud), including all the traditional right-wing parties (Haredi and religious-Zionist).
 * I therefore believe that Likud is a center-right party, although what really matters of course is sources. However, I strongly support using more Israeli professional political analysts as sources, and less foreign media outlets that know about as much about Israeli politics as you can find on Google (or Wikipedia for that matter). -- Ynhockey (Talk) 00:11, 22 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Just to clarify, by 'sources' I didn't mean 'sources that mention that Likud is a right-wing or center-right party', but 'sources that discuss Likud as a right-wing or center-right party', i.e. sources that talk page Likud's ideology specifically. I don't think a media source that says 'the right-wing Likud party was chosen to lead' or something like that. There's obviously a controversy here, and we shouldn't use articles as sources where the author was writing about something else entirely and probably didn't think twice about using whatever term for Likud. -- Ynhockey (Talk) 00:27, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Hey Ynhockey. The most comprehensive entries on individual Israeli political parties I have found in English are ones by Ynetnews (owned by Israel's largest media corporation, and the Library of Congress Country Studies. These entries are detailed and read like encyclopedia articles. The Country Studies article can be found here and its other articles on Israel (including other parties) here. The Ynet article can be found here, and for reference, here is a selection of other parties: Labor, Meretz, Kadima, Shas, Israel Our Home, Balad, Hadash. --Shamir1 (talk) 08:19, 22 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Much less significant (but if you are interested), there are two recent New York Times articles that mention Netanyahu's gravitation toward the political center. I repeat, this really is not significant. Here is the AFP pie chart (would be nice if uploaded) and here is a BBC article that (on the right hand side) breaks down the political parties in power. --Shamir1 (talk) 08:33, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

Thanks for the sources! It might be worth noting that in these elections specifically, Likud might be sometimes dubbed more righist than it is because it ran jointly with the Ahi, which is not part of the Likud and thus not relevant to this article. -- Ynhockey (Talk) 23:33, 22 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I think the question here is whether we place Likud on the Israeli spectrum or go by a general international definition. A Number 57 noted, Likud would meet all right-wing criteria in England, for example. In Israel, it is centrist compared to many other parties, and is evidently somewhat reluctant to form a coalition with them. -- Nudve (talk) 06:59, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

Two words: Avigdor Lieberman. Stop your "center-right" bullshit, i reckon everyone wants to be center because its trendy and because it prevents the "fear of extrems", but when you appoint a racist as a minister, you're not "center" anymore. I could say "Useless massac....sorry", i mean i could say "Cast Lead" too, isn't it? And as someone noticed, Likud is right-wing even for....UK. So i don't even have to give the French classification for this party. It's like saying the republicans are Center and the democrats Left, no one with even the slightest bit of serious would believe you. 161.73.55.141 (talk) 03:03, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

POV of a different source
My initial edit was based on just the previous diff that looked incorrect, based on my knowledge of pre-Kadima Likud; I am however, less enlightened concerning internal political dynamics in the Bibi era, following the demise of the previous Herut generation. Things change. The edit summary states why I reverted it. My next edit was justified and ref'd to the same source given for the opposite view. I don’t want to argue; I want to edit. My third edit was to meant to defuse it, but also add my two ref’d cents; on BBC, Bibi had just left Peres’s office, and the edit was sourced to an existing ref. I then read and edited critically further thru the page; it seems there is a lot of fluff and little meat. Then I moved on. Upon returning, I find my two ref’d cents were deleted under questionable pretense, based on the edit summary, but that another editor had arrived. I will generally leave this ‘center-right’ fight to others, but consideration of a ref’d American government pov should be included in the discussion, and I will tend to protect its inclusion. This is NPOV, I believe, and I re-inserted it with quotes.

Though not invited, this discussion raises some common points, which I would like to be discussed. I guess the first is why unbiased American government (not political) sources might not be considered important also. Can an American source be that --- they certainly put their money where their mouth is. I don’t know, but their opinions are certainly easily RS’d, particularly with regard to Likud and where they see them as particularly “right”, compared to whom and sometimes why. A second point is the 'source spectrum' from which the term “center” and the 'source spectrum' from which the term “right” are derived, as noted above. In some general terms they could be divided into things economic and every day life and things political with both domestic and international dimensions. I understand there are also many things specifically Israeli and/or Jewish, which I can not fully comprehend, but note some have remained unresolved since the Haskalah, American Jewish assimilation, and the utter failure of a similar attempt in Europe.

As a non-Jewish foreign editor, which might be different than those here, the political side, particularly international, aspects of Likud seem more important in the big picture than they are currently indicated. My personal bias is that Likud tends to earn ‘centrist’ cover from specific domestic economic issues (e.g. non-socialist), but seems to secularly or politically pick and choose on religious issues, as alluded above. I am sure internal sources define the details best, but these issues are often completely absent or replaced by fluff, as they are in America. That is not to say these are unimportant however, as many international RSs attest. One item included not once in the current Likud article is the term Eretz Israel, as well as that specific spelling, which is documented in major English media to the period of Begin’s ‘77 Likud victory. That is said to differentiate the phrase from Eretz Yisrā'el,which should not to be confused with Medīnat Yisrā'el, but absolutely is, including Likud. Another item is the extremely poor link to Revionism hidden in the lower text, but I assume it may be related to the OR currently residing in the past tense usage in the lede here. That appears incorrect, based on WP:Lede, as well as appearing pov’edly mis-leading. I hope this helps explain why I completely agree with #57. It is another RS’able POV that should not be excluded on what seems apparent ownership or other issues.

Since I see my two cents has been deleted again, I hope I will receive a more reasoned collaborative response rather than just an unreasonable deletion. Regards, CasualObserver'48 (talk) 07:57, 22 February 2009 (UTC)
 * But then again, maybe not; moved on or ignored. Seems less than collaborative. CasualObserver'48 (talk) 09:10, 23 February 2009 (UTC)

Personally, I think it is more accurate to call it a right-wing party rather than a centre-right party. Surely right-wing includes both centre-right and far right and it is therefore more neutral and less contentious to use the more general term if there is disagreement? BobFromBrockley (talk) 16:33, 10 July 2009 (UTC)

Shouldn't it be described as a far-right party, not center-right or just right?
 * The Likud is generally seen as center-right (e.g. - see Bloomberg from 17 April 2019). The Israeli far-right is a different beast entirely - and generally there are very few such members in the Likud itself (there's usually a party or three to the right of the Likud). The left side of the Likud (which varies in size per session, but is generally not insignificant) is generally indistinguishable from the Israeli center (various center parties, or the right side of Labour) - when the now defunct Kadima (a centrist party by definition) split from the Likud it was made up from the Likud's left side with some of Labor's right (e.g. Haim Ramon). Icewhiz (talk) 14:53, 12 May 2019 (UTC)

The use of "secular" in the lead
Should we be using the descriptor of "secular" so prominently in the lead, given its only supported by one citation from 2008? We have other ideologies given for the party, most of which are cited with multiple sources that we could use in the lead instead. This seems to be placing a lot of weight and reliance on a singular and fairly old source when we have better cited alternatives. Helper201 (talk) 23:50, 25 June 2022 (UTC)

"Centre-Right" description should be removed
The party has moved much to the right under Netanyahu and is almost never cited as "centre-right" these days. I think it should be simply described as right-wing, the party is not far off from Yamina which this wiki describes as "right-wing to far-right". — Preceding unsigned comment added by AWorldThatNeverExisted (talk • contribs) 06:25, 3 July 2022 (UTC)

I disagree, I think there are a lot of center-right factions within Likud. Center-right-to-right-wing is fine policy wise. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:23C7:C09E:ED01:61C1:6F65:7371:65E3 (talk) 00:06, 8 July 2022 (UTC)

Conservatism or national liberalism at the top of the ideology list
Should conservatism or national liberalism be placed at the top of the ideology list in the infobox? Helper201 (talk) 16:15, 3 August 2022 (UTC)

, I see no evidence of there ever having been a consensus to place national liberalism at the top of the ideology list. Conservatism has more citations including from academic sources. We should go with what reliable sources state over the views and opinions of Wikipedia editors. Helper201 (talk) 19:47, 1 August 2022 (UTC)
 * , look you made a major change to this article about a prominent party in Israeli politics without reaching a consenous in the talkpage first. I just restore it back from your change. You should revert your edit back while trying to reach a consensous here. You can't change the primary ideology of a party on your own without a consesnus. It also not a citation contest cause Likud has serval ideologies and it BOTH National liberlism and BOTH coservative (in part), if I will now another citation to the other ideologies then I will cahnge the major ideology to another ideology? NO. You added a new citation and changed the major political ideology on your own based on your point of view without anyone agreeing with this change. It also wrong to make this change as I explained in the edit summary. Sokuya (talk) 18:05, 2 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I think conservatism makes much more sense for the Likud than national liberalism, especially in terms of how RS describe the party. The phrase "national liberalism" is unsupported and perhaps a bit misleading to readers who are not familiar with Israeli politics. For both this page and 2022 Israeli legislative election, I would support replacing national liberalism with conservatism. Jacoby531 (talk) 21:16, 2 August 2022 (UTC)
 * , actually conservatism was on top before national liberalism, as seen here - https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Likud&diff=1006228994&oldid=1006228127 - before any of my recent edits. As I said, there was never any consensus made to have national liberalism at the top. You were the one first asked to take this to the talk page and to stop reverting. Yet you have continued to blatantly ignore this multiple times and be uncooperative and are the only one rejecting or taking any issue with this and are making a big deal out of this when you don't have a consensus and, as said, if you are going to make the argument of reverting back, conservatism was at the top first. You have no leg to stand on here unless you gain a consensus. Helper201 (talk) 00:40, 3 August 2022 (UTC)
 * No, it was National liberalism for years! see January 2021 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Likud&oldid=998722735 January 2020 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Likud&oldid=935541469, January 2019 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Likud&oldid=879537538, January 2017 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Likud&oldid=759014236, January 2016 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Likud&oldid=699323267, January 2015 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Likud&oldid=644279317, January 2014 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Likud&oldid=590181232 If there was a brief period of Conservative on top (as the link you provided) it was reverted back shortly afterward. Clearly National liberalism was on top before your change and kept that way for almost a decade. if you want to change such an imported prefernce you must reach a consensus. I just reverting it back to the way it was before your change. It dosn't matter you asked me to go to talk page fist, its somthing you should had done before any major change in the first place. I dissagree with your change. Sokuya (talk) 10:18, 3 August 2022 (UTC)
 * What you are continuing to wilfully ignore is that there was no consensus for having national liberalism at the top. All your saying is "status quo = good", "change = bad". This is not Wikipedia policy or mandated that this has to be followed. You can't use this to dictate that others are not able to change things without consensus for change from what came first, which itself didn't have a consensus in the first place. Helper201 (talk) 16:14, 3 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Conservatism has been mainly used by scholars to describe Likud. These sources date back to the 1980s, so I'd say that this ideology should be at the top. --Vacant0 (talk) 16:42, 3 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Here's a couple of sources (from 1980s to the present period):
 * Vacant0 (talk) 17:19, 3 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Vacant0 (talk) 17:19, 3 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Vacant0 (talk) 17:19, 3 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Vacant0 (talk) 17:19, 3 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Vacant0 (talk) 17:19, 3 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Vacant0 (talk) 17:19, 3 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Vacant0 (talk) 17:19, 3 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Vacant0 (talk) 17:19, 3 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Conservatism - From my understanding, the conservatism label is the one most applied to the party by contemporary RSs, while national liberal is one of those legacy tags that political parties sometimes get stuck with (and sometimes encourage) even decades after shifting ideologies. PraiseVivec (talk) 20:03, 3 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Conservatism is plainly used far more often to describe them. While Google results aren't the be-all-and-end-all, a search for "conservative Likud party", with quotes around the whole thing, turns up twice as many results as "national liberal" "Likud", without the requirement that the two be together as in the first one - that is to say, the Likud party is called the "conservative Likud party" twice as often as the words "national liberal" appear anywhere on any page with it in any context. It appears four times as often as "national liberal" "Likud party". And just glancing over those results makes it clear that within those pages, "conservative" is generally used to describe the party's ideology, whereas "national liberal" is usually just used in reference to its official name. --Aquillion (talk) 17:08, 5 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Conservatism (bot-summoned) Maybe in 1977, when the centre of Israeli politics was in a very different place this just might be debatable, but Likud has always been a party of the right, where on the right has no doubt shifted, but precisely because of those shifts Conservative is best as the primary descriptor.

 * Regards,--Goldsztajn (talk) 12:18, 8 August 2022 (UTC)

It's a member of IDU and ECR Party, conservative organizations. Martianmister (talk) 16:57, 6 November 2022 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 31 December 2022
- Sergey Kondrashov (talk) 01:40, 31 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: This is an empty request. Lemonaka (talk) 08:34, 31 December 2022 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 5 January 2023
- Sergey Kondrashov (talk) 07:32, 5 January 2023 (UTC)

 * [[File:Political profiling of the statistical areas in the elections to the 25th Knesset.jpg|thumb|מפה המציגה אזורים סטטיסטיים עם תמיכה דומיננטית בכיוון פוליטי מסוים ובמפלגות מובילות.Political profiling of the statistical areas in the elections to the 25th Knesset ]]
 * Likud (ha'Likud) electoral support in the elections to the 25th Knesset.jpg Sergey Kondrashov (talk) 07:35, 5 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Please add two graphic files that seem relevant to the topic of the article at the very end of the "Knesset" part: Sergey Kondrashov (talk) 07:37, 5 January 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't think these maps are worth adding to the article. It might be relevant to the election article though. Cheers, Number   5  7  11:37, 5 January 2023 (UTC)

This article is too Palestinian biased
Members of Likud are never racists. Mureungdowon (talk) 11:31, 6 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Please elaborate on what parts of the article are biased and how you'd like to see them change Totalstgamer (talk) 11:34, 6 March 2023 (UTC)
 * That’s just a lie lol Hattiexo (talk) 17:54, 22 February 2024 (UTC)

determining a political position
The party's political stance must simply be right-wing. This also applies to overseas cases such as the Liberal Democratic Party of Japan. There are also credible sources that describe the party as far-right (The Dong-A Ilbo is a mainstream media outlet). Lazt9312 (talk) 09:55, 30 March 2023 (UTC)

 * In the discussion, if there is no objection, I will simply describe it as the right wing. Lazt9312 (talk) 13:13, 31 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I can't agree that Likud's political position is simply "Right-wing". Likud's political position should quickly be changed to "Centre-right to right-wing". Unlike real right-wing parties like Japan's LDP, Likud does not advocate World War II-related totalitarianism. Likud's political position is clearly center-right, which has long been supported by Wikipedia users. LDP promotes hatred of Koreans, the main victims of World War II, and Japanese nationalism is not irrelevant to fascism. However, Likud is supported by Jews, who are the main victims of World War II. Jewish nationalism and Japanese nationalism can never be on the same line. I think by South Korean political standards the LDP is a far-right party, and Likud is a center-left party. Unlike other conservative parties in Asia, Likud is culturally liberal. Mureungdowon (talk) 13:35, 6 April 2023 (UTC)
 * America's white liberal elites accuse Israel of being an imperialist. They refrained from criticizing Shinzo Abe, an obvious far-right fascist politician, while criticizing Benjamin Netanyahu, who is close to the moderate liberal. I think this is very anti-Semitic. Japan's armament is an existential threat to South Koreans. Israel has done nothing to blame internationally. The real imperialist is Japan, not Israel. Palestinian supporters who accuse Zionism of being "imperialistic" are silent when Japan torments South Korea with Japanese far-right imperialism, but Israeli supporters passively support South Korea in the conflict between Japan and South Korea. Mureungdowon (talk) 13:47, 6 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Dong-A Ilbo is a South Korean conservative media outlet. South Korean conservatives are accused of being "Chinilpa" by South Korean liberals. Israel succeeded in liquidating the Nazis, but South Korea failed to liquidate Chinilpa. Therefore, I think Chosun Ilbo/JoongAng Ilbo/Dong-A Ilbo is more likely to have an right-wing anti-Semitic bias than Hankyoreh/Kyunghyang Shinmun. (Of course, I don't think even South Korean liberals are completely free from anti-Semitism. Some South Korean liberals think Israel's policy toward Palestine is colonial, but it is a completely foolish judgment. Israel is an anti-imperialist country against Japanese imperialism. ) To describe Likud as a 'far-right' in Dong-A Ilbo is just plain anti-Semitism. Mureungdowon (talk) 13:57, 6 April 2023 (UTC)
 * In fact, documents must be written by source. Not only the Dong-A Ilbo, but also the Kyunghyang Shinmun and Yonhap News were described as far-right.
 * Credible sources describe the party as center-right, right-wing, and far-right. Therefore, it should be portrayed as right-wing.
 * (The Dong-A Ilbo was relatively anti-Japanese among newspapers at the time.) Lazt9312 (talk) 04:40, 9 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Korean sources are unnecessary for articles related to Israeli political parties in the English Wikipedia. English or Hebrew sources are required. Mureungdowon (talk) 20:44, 9 April 2023 (UTC)
 * The claim that Likud is a far-right party is nothing more than a prejudice caused by the incitement of Palestinian supporters. Likud is undoubtedly a centre-right liberal party unrelated to the far-right. Mureungdowon (talk) 20:46, 9 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Just say they are right-wing without the 'center-' or 'far-'. A Google Scholar assessment shows 10,500 hits for Likud in association with "right-wing", just 1,860 hits for "far-right" and just 1,150 hits for "centre-right" - it's pretty obvious that they are far right right wing, and the sources support this. That their coalitions are far-right is neither here nor there. Iskandar323 (talk) 07:03, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Likud is never "right-wing" or "far-right". Let's compare it to other Right-wing parties:
 * Japan's LDP is a fairly far-right party. The LDP denies World War II war crimes and detests Koreans who were severely damaged by the Asian Nazis during World War II. (Here, if we change Koreans to Jews and Japan to Germany, it is a clear neo-Nazi.) LDP politicians visit Yasukuni shrine, where war criminals are buried during World War II. (Imagine a German politician visiting a Nazi shrine.)
 * Poland's PiS/South Korea's PPP blatantly promotes LGBT hatred.
 * Unlike PiS/PPP, Likud doesn't hate LGBT. Also, unlike the LDP/PiS/PPP, Likud does not advocate fascism. Above all, the LDP/PiS/PPP in general are never liberals, but Likud is clearly a liberal. The LDP has a "Liberal" in its party name but is never considered a liberal. Likud has never supported a right-wing policy at the same level as the LDP/PiS/PPP. Mureungdowon (talk) 08:09, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
 * If Likud is not center-right, then the LDP and PiS should be considered obvious far right. Fumio Kishida is far more fascist than Donald Trump on the Comfort women issue. Donald Trump came to South Korea under the leadership of Moon Jae-in and met with the victims of Comfort Women, which Shinzo Abe strongly criticized Moon Jae-in. Donald Trump never denies the human rights of victims of World War II. Fumio Kishida denies it.## However, Western liberal media refer to Fumio Kishida as a "moderate conservative", while Donald Trump or Benjamin Netanyahu as the "ultra-conservative". Western liberal media have no idea about Asia. Mureungdowon (talk) 08:23, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Without exaggeration, moderate politicians within Japan's LDP are far more ultra-conservative and fascist than Netanyahu. In my view, the LDP is a de facto anti-liberal ultranationalist 'far-right' party, and Likud is an absolute national-liberal 'centre-right' party. Unlike the LDP, which is a real "Right-wing" party, Likud is never considered ultranationalist. (Even many media, report LDP as 'ultranationalist', but Likud does not report it as such.) Mureungdowon (talk) 08:30, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Conservatives in South Korea, Japan, and Poland are never liberals, even close to semi-fascists. But conservatives in Israel do not deny the value of cultural liberalism, and have nothing to do with fascism. I think the Western media's view of Japan is very right-leaning and the view of Israel is very left-leaning. Muslims are the second largest in the world after Christians. On the other hand, Koreans are far fewer than Jews. Moreover, while Japan is the world's third-largest GDP power that keeps China in check, Israel is not. Japan, a former fascist state, still threatens South Korea militarily, but Israel has never been a fascist state and never threatens Palestinians except for the Hamas issue. Therefore, the 'political correctness' of Western liberal media is limited to certain areas. I am a South Korean liberal. Individual far-right parties are rarely popular in Japan, Poland, and South Korea because far-right forces join the LDP/PiS/PPP. Israel's far-right forces do not join the Likud, exist as individual parties, and form a coalition government with Likud. Japan, Poland, and South Korea are more conservative than Israel. Mureungdowon (talk) 09:03, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
 * It's doesn't really matter how the political systems of other countries behave or how they compared to Israel; the only thing relevant here is weighing, proportionately, what the reliable sources tell us. Iskandar323 (talk) 11:41, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
 * It is quite different to describe Likud directly as the far-right, and to describe some of the parties that are not Likud but make up the right-wing alliance with Likud as the far-right. The second link you've given is mostly not about Likud being the far-right, but about other far-right conservative parties in solidarity with Likud being the far-right. On the other hand, the third link you presented mostly suggests that Likud is center-right. Mureungdowon (talk) 11:52, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Right-wing is the phrasing in the majority of sources, while sources that refer to the party as center-right are in the minority. Aside from far-right, another term is hard-right . Iskandar323 (talk) 12:17, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Actually "right-wing Likud" works pretty well as a full, composite set phrase, both on Scholar, and on Ngrams, where the relative usage becomes plainly apparent. Iskandar323 (talk) 12:22, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
 * There is a longstanding consensus among users. The 'centre-right' must be maintained for now. Mureungdowon (talk) 12:30, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Japan is close to the de facto one-party system, and South Korea is close to the de facto two-party system. However, Israel is a total multi-party system. Far-right Japanese will join the LDP, far-right South Korean will join the PPP, but far-right Jews will NEVER join the Likud. Many far-right Jews belong to Takuma, and there are NO far-right Jews in Likud. Unlike the LDP, Likud is by NO means an ultranationalist. I think it's a very anti-Korean and anti-Semitic bias to call Likud a "right-wing", while Western media don't call the LDP a "far-right" or "fascist". Mureungdowon (talk) 12:51, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
 * If you want to discuss East Asian politics, go do so on a page about East Asian politics. It's irrelevant here, and the drawing of parallels is just wasted ink. Iskandar323 (talk) 13:40, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I will provide a source depicting Likud as far-right for use in discussion.
 * There are also examples of portraying some members of the party as far-right.  }} Lazt9312 (talk) 13:42, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
 * The second source does not mention far-right at all, and the third does not mention Likud or Netanyahu directly as far-right. WP:SYNTH. Mureungdowon (talk) 20:40, 10 April 2023 (UTC)
 * A second source refers to the party's members as "artnering with the far-right, conservative Benjamin Netanyahu" as far-right.
 * A number of media reasons for treating the party itself as far-right can be additionally presented.
 * https://www.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.php?id=20190409500152
 * In the midst of voting, the far-right Likud party of current Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu is fighting a close confrontation with former Chief of Staff Benny Gantz's centrist coalition, the "Blue and White" coalition.
 * https://mobile.newsis.com/view.html?ar_id=NISX20221222_0002132123
 * Report to President Herzog just before the deadline on the 21st
 * All five political parties, including the ruling Likud Party, are far-right
 * The most far-right conservative cabinet in history could be launched
 * https://m.news1.kr/articles/?3590390
 * Ahead of the general elections on the 9th, Netanyahu, who leads the far-right Likud Party, is fighting a close battle with former Army Chief of Staff Benny Gantz, who leads the centrist opposition coalition 'Blue and White'.
 * These media outlets are the country's Associated Press or mainstream media. Lazt9312 (talk) 14:49, 11 April 2023 (UTC)
 * In fact, since there are enough grounds for being far-right, if there are no further objections, it would be better to simply write as a right-winger. Lazt9312 (talk) 14:51, 13 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Likud's Composition is also composed of a centrist party or a center-right party, while there is no far-right party. See Likud. Likud is centre-right to right-wing. Mureungdowon (talk) 19:12, 13 April 2023 (UTC)
 * What came before Likud does not necessarily define it. In addition, this should go with what most sources say. Iskandar323 (talk) 19:30, 13 April 2023 (UTC)
 * So, let's agree to a simple right-wing description. Lazt9312 (talk) 13:40, 6 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I support to keep only right wing as Iskandar323 provided scholar hits that 10k! put them on right wing and 1k to centre right? Also far right as little bit more scholar hits against centre right Shadow4dark (talk) 05:59, 16 July 2023 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 29 August 2023
In this phrase:

Israel as "threats" and "enemies,".[137][138][139]

Please remove the stray comma. 123.51.107.94 (talk) 00:16, 29 August 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ —TechnoSquirrel69 (sigh) 01:14, 29 August 2023 (UTC)

History inaccurate, omits ארגון Irgun • Etzel Orgins
Cf. Irgun entry on Wikipedia.The Likud history and chart are factually inaccurate and incompatible with Irgun Wikipedia article. Also, inconsistency, if Italian Brothers of Italy is (rightly) linked with Mussolini, then Likud which has same individuals as Irgun still living and constituting the party, this omission so egregious and disrespectful of facts, it suggests propaganda or manipulation. (No, I'm not an antisemite. I'm an ethnic Jew, not like Kanye, like Chomsky). Iopis (talk) 02:21, 22 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't think it's particularly relevant here. It is absolutely relevant to the Herut article, but Likud didn't come into existence until nearly 25 years after Irgun ceased to exist. Number   5  7  15:53, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

Statement relevance to section
It’s not immediately clear why the following statement is relevant to the “Palestinians” section:

“However, it has also been the party that carried out the first peace agreements with Arab states. For instance, in 1979, Likud Prime Minister Menachem Begin signed the Camp David Accords with EgyptianPresident Anwar al-Sadat, which returned the Sinai Peninsula (occupied by Israel in the Six-Day War of 1967) to Egypt in return for peace between the two countries.”

My suggestion is to either remove this statement, or replace section header with “Palestinians and Other Arab Nationals” Blockkay (talk) Blockkay (talk) 14:38, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

LGBT rights under Likud
There needs to be an addition to the article pertaining to Likud under the “Culture” section. This is an important topic that is disturbingly (and likely purposefully) absent from the article at this time. It need to be unlocked so that relevant information can be added by myself or others with sourced and important information. Utahcountypiano (talk) 22:55, 26 February 2024 (UTC)
 * See WP:MAKINGEREQ. Sean.hoyland (talk) 08:54, 27 February 2024 (UTC)

Why מחל?
The lead gives the party name in Hebrew, but doesn't explain why the party symbol is mem-chet-lamed when mem and chet aren't in the name. Is someone who knows more able to add this? — OwenBlacker (he/him; Talk) 10:22, 27 February 2024 (UTC)

 * The party symbol in Israel ( a combination of 1-3 Hebrew letters) is just an identifier used on voting slips - it doesn't have to include or be related to the party name. So for example in the recent elections Yamina ran using the identifier "ב" - nothing to do with the party name.
 * But in the case of Likud, the party was originally formed as a union between three smaller factions - Herut and (the Chet) the Liberal party (the Lamed) and the National party (Mamlachtiti- the Mem)   Kentucky Rain24 (talk) 17:51, 28 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks @Kentucky Rain24. Is that something you can source to add to the article? — OwenBlacker (he/him; Talk) 13:41, 29 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't have a source handy, it is personal knowledge, but should be easy to find one. Kentucky Rain24 (talk) 01:15, 6 March 2024 (UTC)
 * here is one that comes close Kentucky Rain24 (talk) 01:21, 6 March 2024 (UTC)
 * forgot the link -https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/a-faction-is-not-a-party-part-2/ Kentucky Rain24 (talk) 01:22, 6 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you; I have added that to the end of the lead. — OwenBlacker (he/him; Talk) 14:10, 6 March 2024 (UTC)
 * looks good! I think you should also remove the line about the "Anthem" - it is no such thing, just a one-time election jingle Kentucky Rain24 (talk) 20:39, 6 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't know enough about it; I'll let you do that 😊 —  OwenBlacker (he/him; Talk) 22:25, 6 March 2024 (UTC)

"Anthem"
Could someone remove the entry for "Anthem"?- it is no such thing, just a one time jingle used for election videos, a long time ago (when Sharon was still the party leader) Kentucky Rain24 (talk) 01:07, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

“the Arabs” rather than specific countries
The phrase “the Arabs” is used to vaguely refer to some of Israel’s neighbors.

“…reaching agreements with the Arabs…”

The term is extremely vague in this context, also inaccurate and mildly racist.

This should be revised to refer to the specific nation (in this case Egypt.) The agreement the Likud made was with the Egyptians and the Egyptian government, not all Arabs.

Furthermore,

“…suspicion of neighboring Arab nations' intentions…”

is again unnecessary, overly vague and racist. All of Israel’s immediate neighbors are Arabic speaking countries. The only non-Arabic speaking neighbors anywhere close are Turkey and Iran - the Likud are also suspicious of them.

Adding “Arab” makes it less accurate and more racist. 2601:152:800:11A0:A93B:F2B6:51F3:EA0F (talk) 16:03, 17 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Done Totalstgamer (talk) 21:12, 18 March 2024 (UTC)

"Anthem"

 * What I think should be changed (format using textdiff):

 * it is not an "Anthem", just a one time jingle used for election videos, a long time ago (when Sharon was still the party leader):
 * References supporting the possible change (format using the "cite" button):

Kentucky Rain24 (talk) 20:06, 24 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Researcher (Hebrew: חוקרת) (talk) 06:11, 15 April 2024 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 24 April 2024
It seems that someone has changed Likud's political position to "right-wing to far-right". I can find no sources that call Likud a far-right party, nor does this article have any sources saying as much. Either A. It should be listed as only right-wing or B. The proper sources should be added to justify this change Sutapurachina (talk) 00:39, 24 April 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ I reviewed all 8 citations and did not find a single case where Likud is directly described as far-right. Multiple sources use far-right to refer to the current coalition, or to other parties within the coalition like the Religious Zionist Party, but all of these sources describe Likud as simply right-wing. Since the page is about Likud and not the entire coalition I have removed this from the infobox. Jamedeus (talk) 02:20, 24 April 2024 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 19 July 2024
Reference for the International Democracy Union is Could be added to the infobox. John Kroka (talk) 18:52, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ Rkieferbaum (talk) 03:05, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Likud


text:
User:Wst~enwiki

Englische-Wikipedia Seite für Wst, also wir seiner Sprechungseite sehen können.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Wst~enwiki


text:
Stellarium (software)

Stellarium is a free and open-source planetarium, licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 or any later version, available for Linux, Windows, and macOS. A port of Stellarium called Stellarium Mobile is available for Android, iOS, and Symbian as a paid version, being developed by Noctua Software. These have a limited functionality, lacking some features of the desktop version. All versions use OpenGL to render a realistic projection of the night sky in real time.

Stellarium was featured on SourceForge in May 2006 as Project of the Month.

History
In 2006, Stellarium 0.7.1 won a gold award in the Education category of the Les Trophées du Libre free software competition.

A modified version of Stellarium has been used by the MeerKAT project as a virtual sky display showing where the antennae of the radiotelescope are pointed.

In December 2011, Stellarium was added as one of the "featured applications" in the Ubuntu Software Center.

Planetarium dome projection
The fisheye and spherical mirror distortion features allow Stellarium to be projected onto domes. Spherical mirror distortion is used in projection systems that use a digital video projector and a first surface convex spherical mirror to project images onto a dome. Such systems are generally cheaper than traditional planetarium projectors and fish-eye lens projectors and for that reason are used in budget and home planetarium setups where projection quality is less important.

Various companies which build and sell digital planetarium systems use Stellarium, such as e-Planetarium.

Digitalis Education Solutions, which helped develop Stellarium, created a fork called Nightshade which was specifically tailored to planetarium use.

VirGO
VirGO is a Stellarium plugin, a visual browser for the European Southern Observatory (ESO) Science Archive Facility which allows astronomers to browse professional astronomical data. It is no longer supported or maintained; the last version was 1.4.5, dated January 15, 2010.

Stellarium Mobile
Stellarium Mobile is a fork of Stellarium, developed by some of the Stellarium team members. It currently targets mobile devices running Symbian, Maemo, Android, and iOS. Some of the mobile optimisations have been integrated into the mainline Stellarium product.

title: Stellarium (software)


text:
Luis Miguel

Luis Miguel Gallego Basteri (born 19 April 1970)  is a Mexican singer and record producer. Born in Puerto Rico, to an Italian mother and a Spanish father, he is often referred to as El Sol de Mexico (The Sun of Mexico), derived from the nickname his mother gave him as a child: "Mi sol" (My sun). Luis Miguel has sung in multiple genres and styles, including pop songs, ballads, boleros, tangos, jazz, big band, and mariachi. Luis Miguel is also recognized as the only Latin singer of his generation not to cross over to the Anglo market during the "Latin Explosion" in the 1990s.

Despite recording only in Spanish, Luis Miguel continued to be the best-selling Latin artist in the 1990s, and was credited for popularizing the bolero genre within the mainstream market. He has sold around 60 million records worldwide, making him one of the best-selling Latin music artists.

Latin pop music, along with his personal life and showmanship on stage, has made Luis Miguel popular for nearly his entire career, which started in Mexico in 1981. At the age of 14, he received his first Grammy for his duet "Me Gustas Tal Como Eres" with Sheena Easton, making him one of the youngest Grammy-winning artists in music history. In 1991, the RIAA recognized the success of his 1991 album Romance as one of the best-selling Latin albums of all time. He was the first Latino artist to earn two platinum certifications for Spanish-language albums in the United States, for Romance and Segundo Romance (the latter earning him 35 platinum records throughout Central and South America). He is also recognized by Billboard as the artist with the most top-10 hits on Billboard's Hot Latin Songs chart. His album Cómplices was released in 2008, peaking at No. 10 on the mainstream Billboard 200; his most recent album, ¡México Por Siempre!, was released in 2017 and earned him his second No. 1 on the Billboard Regional Mexican Albums chart, achieving double-platinum status.

Luis Miguel is also known for his high-grossing, captivating live performances. He is the highest-grossing Latino touring artist since Boxscore began tracking touring data in 1990, with a total of $278.5 million. With the Luis Miguel Tour, which took place in 2010, he visited 22 countries in North America, South America and Europe, where he performed in a three-year span with a total of 223 shows all over the world, making it the longest and highest-grossing tour ever made by a Latin artist. He also holds the record for the most consecutive presentations in the Auditorio Nacional (National Auditorium) with a total of 30 consecutive concerts as well as the record for the most presentations in the same venue with a total of 258 concerts. , Luis Miguel ranks number two on Billboard's Greatest of All-Time Latin Artists chart.

Early life
Luis Miguel was born in San Juan, Puerto Rico to parents Luisito Rey and Marcela Basteri. During his childhood years, his father, who was also his manager, encouraged him to watch and analyze nearly every movie, recording, and concert performance of Elvis Presley. In 1982, he released his first album, Un Sol, by the Mexican branch of EMI Records, which won him his first gold disc at the age of 11. Two years later, he started touring Latin American countries including Colombia, Venezuela, Chile, and Argentina. With 1982's Un Sol, he scored a major hit with the single, "1+1=Dos Enamorados".

1984–1987: Palabra de Honor, Sanremo Music Festival and Soy Como Quiero Ser
In 1984, Luis Miguel took on a Spanish pop-rock style of music, with the international release of his fourth studio album Palabra de Honor produced by the then Spanish Hispavox director Honorio Herrero. In 1985, at age 15, he took part in the Sanremo Music Festival, where he won the second place award with his song "Noi Ragazzi Di Oggi". That same year, he was also presented with the "Antorcha de Plata" Award in the Viña del Mar Music Festival for his duet single "Me Gustas Tal Como Eres" ("I Like You Just As You Are") with Scottish singer Sheena Easton. In 1983, he co-starred in the film Ya Nunca Más (released 1984) and in 1985, Fiebre de amor.

In 1986, he took a brief hiatus as his relationship with his father was souring due to alleged mismanagement, poor financial decisions and risking the earnings of his career. Shortly after signing with Warner Records, in 1987, he fired his father and started to work with Juan Carlos Calderón. Luis Miguel's album Soy Como Quiero Ser in May 1987 sold well over 2.5 million records. The album featured Spanish-language adaptations of popular English-language songs, such as "Ahora Te Puedes Marchar" and "Yo Que No Vivo Sin Ti".

1988–1990: Busca una Mujer and 20 Años
On 25 November 1988, Luis Miguel's second album Busca una Mujer was released. The first single "La Incondicional" became a top-ten hit throughout Latin America in the first half of 1989, and thanks in part to the music video, it spent over seven months on the top ten of many Latin American charts. The video was shocking to many fans as he had cut his signature long hair. This cemented his transition from a child star into an adult superstar. By the end of 1989, the second single "Fría Como el Viento" reached No. 1 on the Hot Latin Tracks. He also had a top-ten single with "Separados" in early 1990, peaking at #8.

In 1990, he made a successful transition from child singer to adult showman with the album 20 Años and an ensuing string of sold-out shows first in Mexico then throughout Latin America and elsewhere in the world. 20 Años sold 600,000 copies in its first week of release and resulted in the release of three singles: "Tengo Todo Excepto A Ti", "Entrégate", and "Amante del amor", with the two former hitting number 1 on Billboard's Hot Latin Tracks in 1990.

1991–1993: Romance and Aries
In 1991, Luis Miguel's career went to even greater heights and earned him the respect of a wider audience with the release of Romance, an album of romantic boleros, most from the 1950s. He has been credited with reinventing the bolero for modern audiences. The album Romance, which became his most successful material ever, eventually sold 7 million units worldwide.

In 1993, Luis Miguel's fifth studio album, Aries, was released, which won him that year's Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album. That same year, Luis Miguel was invited by Frank Sinatra to join him on his Duets II album and to perform live in a nationally televised special in honor of Sinatra's 80th birthday, along with other stars such as Stevie Wonder and Natalie Cole.

1994–1996: Segundo Romance and Nada Es Igual
In 1994, he released a sequel to Romance, Segundo Romance, featuring him as a convincing pop singer with mastery over timeless Latin classics such as "Solamente Una Vez" and "Historia de un Amor". The album earned Miguel another Grammy Award, as well as platinum status in the United States.

In 1996, for his contribution to the recording industry, Luis Miguel received a star and was inducted to the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at that time the youngest male singer to receive a star. Soon after, Luis Miguel returned to the studio and released Nada Es Igual, a pop album featuring "Sueña", the main theme for Disney's The Hunchback of Notre Dame.

1997–1999: Romances and Amarte Es un Placer
In 1997, Luis Miguel released his third album of the bolero series Romances, which sold over 5 million copies. "Por Debajo de la Mesa" was released as the lead single from the album. The single quickly reached number one on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart, two months later; it would spend twenty-six weeks on the chart. At the 40th Annual Grammy Awards in 1998, Luis Miguel won the award for Best Latin Pop Performance. He also received the Billboard Latin Music Award for "Male Pop Album of the Year" and the World Music Award for "Best Selling Latin Artist" in the same year.

In 1999, Luis Miguel released his ninth studio album Amarte Es un Placer which, in 2000, earned him two Latin Grammys for being Best Album of the Year and Best Pop Album of the Year. The single "O Tú, O Ninguna" of Amarte Es Un Placer became number 1 on the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks and perched at the top position for eight consecutive weeks. Following the success of Amarte Es Un Placer, Luis Miguel released Mis Romances in 2001, his fourth album in the bolero series. The album, which sold over two million copies worldwide was followed by the launch of Mis Romances Tour which took place throughout the U.S., Europe, and Latin America.

2003–2004: 33 and Mexico en la Piel
In 2003, Luis Miguel released his first pop album in over four years entitled 33, indicative of his age. The album, which featured a collection of ballads and uptempo songs climbed to number 1 on Billboard's Latin Charts earning Luis Miguel two Billboard Awards as well as Grammy and Latin Grammy award nominations. On the 33 Tour, Luis Miguel filled the largest halls in the U.S., toured throughout Latin America, including Chile where his album 33 sold 2.5 million copies and was recognized that same year by Warner Chile as the artist with the most sold records sold in the history of Chile. He also performed at Mexico's sold-out National Auditorium, and various sold-out shows in Buenos Aires, as well as other prestigious international venues such as Plaza de Toros de Las Ventas in Spain.

That same year, Prince Felipe of Spain presented him with a special award for being the best-selling foreign artist in his country's history, and hosted a special party in his honor in Madrid. In addition to his album 33 Luis Miguel was bestowed by Lo Nuestro Awards in 2003 a "Premio Lo Nuestro a la Excelencia", (literally, The "Ours" award for Excellence) a lifetime achievement award for his outstanding career at the mere age of 33 being the youngest artist to receive this award. In 2004, Luis Miguel released his Mexico En La Piel. The album, which was a collection of traditional Mexican mariachi songs, went on to sell five million copies worldwide. For this album, he received a diamond disc and won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Ranchero Album at the Latin Grammy Awards of 2005 and also the Grammy Award for Best Mexican/Mexican-American Album. He launched his Mexico En La Piel Tour in 2005. In 2006, Luis Miguel performed thirty shows between 18 January and 27 February at the National Auditorium in Mexico City. The 123-date tour started in September 2005 in Mexico which then stretched to Argentina, Chile and Uruguay. The Mexico En La Piel Tour won the Billboard "Tour of the Year" and positioned itself as No.1 on the Billboard World Top Boxscore.

2005: Grandes Éxitos and Navidades
In 2005, Luis Miguel released Grandes Éxitos, his first greatest hits album, that featured his greatest songs he recorded during all his career, including two never-released singles: "Misterios Del Amor" and "Si Te Perdiera". That same year, he released a Christmas album called Navidades. The playlist includes many Christmas standards in Spanish. The album reached number one on Billboard's Top Latin Albums chart during the first week of its release. The album released two singles "Santa Claus Llegó A La Ciudad" ("Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town"), and "Mi Humilde Oración" ("My Grown-up Christmas List").

2008–2010: Cómplices and Luis Miguel
On 6 May 2008, Luis Miguel released Cómplices, produced by him and written by Spanish composer Manuel Alejandro. It sold almost 350,000 copies in the first 24 hours. The first single, "Si Tú Te Atreves" was released on 7 April 2008, and the second single of the album was "Te Desean". Luis Miguel made history with his album Complices which debuted at No.10 on the Billboard Top 200, being the highest position a Latin artist has ever reached on the Billboard Top 200 with a fully Spanish-composed album, it also reached No.1 on the Billboard Top Latin Albums making him the Latin artist with the most No.1 albums on the chart with a total of 9 albums. His Complices Tour began in Seattle, Washington on 3 September 2008.

Luis Miguel released his self-titled studio album on 14 September 2010. Its first single "Labios de Miel" is a smooth Latin pop song. The tour started on 4 November 2010 in the city of Lima, Peru and covered the United States, South America, Mexico and Spain among other countries. On 22 February 2012, he sang at the Viña del Mar International Song Festival. With one million dollars for his performance, he became the most expensive artist in the history of the festival. Luis Miguel performed at the Curaçao North Sea Jazz Festival on 31 August 2013. In August 2014, the song "Déjà Vu" was leaked on the web.

2017–2018: Television biopic and ¡Mexico Por Siempre!
On 4 May 2017, Telemundo signed a deal for the exclusive U.S. broadcast rights to the "officially authorized TV series" based on Luis Miguel's life story and announced it would air in 2018. On the same day, Netflix also revealed it has the rights to stream the yet-unnamed bio-series in Latin America and Spain with the same target date.

On his official Facebook, page it was announced that his new single "La Fiesta del Mariachi" was set to release on 27 October 2017. On 24 November, the full album, titled ¡México Por Siempre! was released, it features 14 tracks of traditional Mexican music. The tour began February 2018, in the National Auditorium of Mexico City and ended September 2019 in Las Vegas.

On 22 April, Netflix and Telemundo started airing the self-titled series Luis Miguel. Together with revealing many parts both known and unknown of the singer, it also brought nostalgic moments for those watching it, like the mirroring of his Sabritas ad, called in the series "Saboritas".

Personal life
His father was a Spanish singer, songwriter and guitarist, Luis Gallego Sánchez, known as "Luisito Rey", and his mother was an Italian actress, Marcela Basteri. His father was from Cádiz, a city in southwestern Spain, and his mother was from the Province of Massa-Carrara, Italy. He was named Luis Miguel in honor of Spanish bullfighter Luis Miguel Dominguín. Luis Miguel has two younger brothers.

His birth date is on 18 April, but he celebrates his birthday on 19 April as that was the day his father registered him at Puerto Rico's Civil Registry. Due to his early fame, Luis Miguel had a complicated childhood. He had a difficult relationship with his father, who was also his manager. His father was very strict and demanding during incessant rehearsals, although his father's strict discipline has also been credited with playing a large role in his success. In 1986, Luis Miguel's mother disappeared mysteriously and her whereabouts are still unknown. In the late 1980s, Luis Miguel fired his father due to financial problems caused by poor representation. After their estrangement, his father, who was a heavy drinker, fell into depression and died on 9 December 1992 in Barcelona, Spain.

Luis Miguel is recognized for his taste for haute cuisine and for being a self-taught sommelier. Luis Miguel released his own vintage of wine, "Único. Luis Miguel", a Cabernet Sauvignon. A native Spanish speaker, he also speaks English, Italian and Portuguese. Luis Miguel is the father of three children: one born in June 1989, from his relationship with Stephanie Salas; and two born in January 2007 and December 2008, both from his relationship with actress Aracely Arámbula. His numerous relationships are widely covered by the Latin media.

Regarding his religious faith, he stated: "I am Catholic because I was born in a Catholic family. I believe in God, I visit church whenever I rarely have the chance due to my work commitments." He has refrained from speaking about politics, stating that an artist should be "apolitical and dedicate themselves to songs". In April 2010, he was briefly hospitalized at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles. The cause of the hospitalization was not disclosed. On 2 May 2017, Luis Miguel surrendered himself to the U.S. Marshals following a case with his former manager William Brockhaus where Luis Miguel was ordered to pay him over one million dollars in July 2016. He was released that same day by signing a promissory note.

Artistry and image
Luis Miguel rarely grants interviews or attends award ceremonies. He is always escorted by a diligent security team and he is transported in several trucks to distract paparazzi and reporters. He is quoted as saying, "I maintain my sanity by keeping my distance."

Luis Miguel is considered one of the top male pop singers worldwide today. His voice has been estimated to span three octaves, and six notes. In a career that has spanned almost forty years, he has become the main male singer from Latin America, having performed successfully pop music, bolero, mariachi and romantic ballads. In the late 1980s, Luis Miguel made the transition from child star to consolidated international singer, and since then, he became one of the most revered and popular Latin American artists ever. Also dubbed as a crooner, his wide vocal range and performance have been praised by critics and other artists all over the world. Producer Gustavo Santaolalla described him as "one of the greatest singers of all time" and stated that "Luis Miguel is not just a singer, he's an artist."

Frank Sinatra personally invited Luis Miguel to participate in a duet in the album Duets II. Luis Miguel has been dubbed several times by the press and the media as the "Latin Frank Sinatra". His music has reached speaking continents such as Asia and Africa. The press stated that at the time of his capture, the dictator Saddam Hussein had the album Segundo Romance, among his belongings.

His net worth is estimated at US$180 million.

Summary of distinctions
At the age of 14, Luis Miguel received a Grammy Award for his duet "Me Gustas Tal Como Eres" ("I Like You Just The Way You Are") with Sheena Easton. In 1991, the RIAA gave him a recognition for the high sales of the albums Romance and Segundo Romance. He was the only Latin artist to perform at the show "Sinatra: 80 Years My Way", along with other pop icons such as Bruce Springsteen, Natalie Cole and Bob Dylan. His 1997 album Romances became the first Spanish-language album ever debuting at No. 14 on the Billboard Top 200. Warner Music Group recognized Luis Miguel as the best-selling artist in the history of Chile with over 2.5 million records sold. In 2003, Prince Felipe of Spain presented him with a special award for being the best-selling foreign artist in his country's history. In 2008, Luis Miguel's album Navidades became the first Christmas album ever to be nominated for the Grammy in the category of Pop. His album Cómplices broke records in Mexico, by selling over 320,000 copies on its first day of release. Just three days after its release, his new album achieved Quadruple Platinum certification in Mexico, Platinum in Argentina and gold records in Chile and the United States.

Luis Miguel is also known for his high-grossing tours in Chile, Uruguay, Venezuela, Brazil and Spain between 1999 and 2000. The tour consisted of 99 concerts and was attended by approximately 1.4 million fans. It was the highest-grossing tour ever made by a Latin artist, as well as the most extended. These two records have been broken by his Mexico En La Piel Tour. His 33 Tour peaked at No. 1 in the Billboard World Top Boxscore. The Mexico En La Piel Tour of 2005–2007, with a total of 124 concerts, peaked at No. 1 in the Billboard World Top Boxscore. The tour spanned two years with a total of 129 concerts attended by over 1.5 million spectators, and grossed around $95 million. In 2006, during the Mexico En La Piel Tour, after giving 30 consecutive sold-out concerts at the Auditorio Nacional in Mexico, gathering over 260,000 spectators he was awarded with the "Estela de Plata" at the last concert. His Luis Miguel Tour is ranked at number five of the highest-grossing tours of 2011 in North America.

Awards and recognitions

 * In 1984, received the Grammy Award for Best Mexican American Performance for his duet "Me Gustas Tal Como Eres" (I Like You Just The Way You Are) with Sheena Easton.
 * In 1985, Luis Miguel won Antorcha de Plata at the Festival de la Cancion de Viña del Mar for his duet "Me Gustas Tal Como Eres" (I Like You Just The Way You Are) with Sheena Easton.
 * In 1985, wins the second place at the Sanremo Music Festival in Italy with the song "Noi Ragazzi di Oggi" (Lyrics by Cristiano Minellono - Music by Salvatore Cutugno).
 * In 1990, won two more Antorcha de Plata at the Festival de la Cancion de Viña del Mar.
 * In 1991, Luis Miguel was recognized at South Korea International Music Award as the best abroad for his album "Romance" for Romance.
 * In 1991, received recognition by RIAA for selling 2 million copies of Romance and Segundo Romance.
 * In 1992, he received European Excellence prize in Spain.
 * In 1992, received a Billboard Awards for the Best Latin Artist, for the Best Spanish-language Album (for his album Romance) and Best Singer in Spanish.
 * In 1993, received a Billboard Awards for Best Latin Male Artist of the Year, Best Spanish-Language Album of the Year Aries.
 * In 1993, received a Grammy Award for the Best Latin Pop Album Aries.
 * In 1994, received a Grammy Award for being the Best Latin Male singer with his album Segundo Romance.
 * In 1994, he was invited to record a special-edition duet of "Come Fly With Me" with Frank Sinatra for his album Duets II.
 * In 1995, became the single Latin artist to perform at the show SINATRA: 80 Years My Way along with other pop icons such as Bruce Springsteen, Natalie Cole and Bob Dylan.
 * In 1996, received a star in the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
 * In 1996, he recorded the song "Sueña" (Spanish version of "Someday") for the Disney movie The Hunchback of Notre Dame.
 * In 1997, Pollstar Magazine recognized Luis Miguel as the first Latin artist to enter the list of All-Time Top-20 grossing artists who have sold as many records in a single location in the history of music.
 * In 1997, the album Romances became the first Spanish-language album ever debuting on the Billboard Top 200.
 * In 1997, Luis Miguel received a Grammy Award for being the Best Latin Pop Artist of the Year with his album Romances.
 * In 2000, received a Latin Grammy Award for Best Album of the Year and Best Pop Album of the Year on his Amarte es un Placer.
 * In 2000, received a Latin Grammy Award for Best Pop Album.
 * In 2000, received a Latin Grammy Award for being the Best Pop Male Artist.
 * In 2001, he received a Billboard Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance which included a collaboration with Michael Jackson in the Spanish version of "What More Can I Give" entitled "Todo Para Ti" dedicated to the victims of 11 September 2001 attacks in New York.
 * In 2002 received the Premio Luna de Mexico (Moon of Mexico Award) for being the artist with the best artistic career (at that time of 20 years).
 * In 2003, Warner Music recognized him as the best-selling artist in the history of Chile with over 2.5 million records sold.
 * The 33 Tour peaked at No. 1 in the Billboard World Top Boxscore.

 * In 2005, received a Latin Grammy Award for Best Ranchero Album México En La Piel.
 * In 2005, received a Grammy Awards for Best Mexican Album Mexico En La Piel.
 * In 2005, followed by the En La Piel Tour in Mexico, Luis Miguel gave 6 consecutive sold-out concerts in the Gibson Universal Amphitheater in Los Angeles, CA.
 * The Mexico En La Piel Tour peak No. 1 in the Billboard World Top Boxscore.
 * In 2005, Luis Miguel became the first Latin artist to receive a star on the streets of Las Vegas Star.
 * In 2006, he won Estela de Plata for his tour in Mexico for giving 30 concerts at Auditorio Nacional, which, all in all gathered around 300,000 spectators.
 * In 2008, Luis Miguel's album Navidades became the first Christmas album ever being nominated in the Grammy in the category of Pop.
 * In 2008, the online store amazon.com announced that the album Complices had peaked number 1 in the list best-selling albums in the website two weeks before the release of the album.
 * Cómplices broke records in Mexico, by selling over 320,000 copies in its first day of release.
 * Cómplices debuts at #1 on the Billboard Top Latin Albums, making Luis Miguel the artist with the most albums in this position in the history of the chart.
 * Cómplices debuts at #10 on the Billboard 200, the highest position Miguel would achieve on the American charts.
 * Cómplices hits Diamond status in Mexico three weeks after of release, with over 400,000 copies sold.
 * Dalia Silver 180 Concert Auditorio Nacional.
 * Album "No Culpes a la Noche" # 180 in the Billboard 200.
 * Labios de Miel # 1 in Mexico with Quadruple Platinum Album.
 * In October 2010, is recognized by the "Latino Awards 2010" as "Artist of the Century" in New York.
 * In 2011, National Auditorium recognition for being the only artist with 200 submissions in the history of enclosure.
 * TOUR 2011 was ranked # 3 HOT TOURS of Billboard Magazine.
 * ARTIST Named # 1 in more accumulated in the charts hits "Hot Latin Songs" Billboard Magazine issue 25 Years of Billboard "Hot Latin Songs".
 * On 22 February 2012 at the "International Song Festival of Viña del Mar" is rewarded with 3 "Gulls" (gold, silver, platinum) and the keys to the city.
 * On 2 September 2012 in the "People in Spanish Festival" is awarded with "Lifetime Achievement Award" and "Mayor for a Day" in the city of San Antonio, Texas.
 * Receive on 22 October 2012 in Argentina at the hands of President Cristina Kirschner a plaque in recognition of his 100 presentations in that country (1982-2012).
 * In October 2012 he was named "distinguished guest" by the city of Antofagasta.
 * On 13 September 2013 in Las Vegas is awarded with "Diamond Award", a certificate from the Nevada Governor's Office for their contributions to the state, a certificate from the United States Senate recognizing him as one of the top Hispanic artists in the world, and "Day of Luis Miguel".
 * In 2018, received two Latin Grammy Award for Best Mariachi Album and Album of the Year.
 * In 2018, received a Grammy Awards for Best Regional Mexican Album Mexico Por Siempre.

Discography

 * Un sol (1982)
 * Directo al corazón (1982)
 * Decídete (1983)
 * Ya nunca más (1983)
 * También es Rock (1984)
 * Palabra de Honor (1984)
 * Fiebre de amor (1985)
 * Soy como quiero ser (1987)
 * Busca Una Mujer (1988)
 * 20 Años (1990)
 * Romance (1991)
 * Aries (1993)
 * Segundo Romance (1994)
 * Nada Es Igual (1996)
 * Romances (1997)
 * Amarte Es Un Placer (1999)
 * Mis Romances (2001)
 * 33 (2003)
 * México En La Piel (2004)
 * Navidades (2006)
 * Cómplices (2008)
 * Luis Miguel (2010)
 * ¡México Por Siempre! (2017)

Concert tours

 * Busca Una Mujer Tour (1989–1990)
 * 20 Años Tour (1990–1991)
 * Romance Tour (1991–1992)
 * Aries Tour (1993–1994)
 * Segundo Romance Tour (1994)
 * El Concierto Tour (1995)
 * America Tour (1996)
 * Romances Tour (1997–1998)
 * Amarte Es Un Placer Tour (1999–2000)
 * Mis Romances Tour (2002)
 * 33 Tour (2003–2004)
 * Mexico En La Piel Tour (2005–2007)
 * Cómplices Tour (2008–2009)
 * Luis Miguel Tour (2010–2012)
 * The Hits Tour (2012–2013)
 * Deja Vu Tour (2014–2015)
 * México Por Siempre Tour (2018–2019)
 * Luis Miguel Tour 2023–24 (2023–2024)

Grammy Awards
The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States. Miguel received six awards from fifteen nominations.

Latin Grammy Awards
The Latin Grammy Awards are awarded annually by The Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences of the United States. Miguel received six awards from nine nominations.

title: Luis Miguel


text: User talk:64.60.51.146

title: User talk:64.60.51.146


text:
Worshipful Company of Cutlers

The Worshipful Company of Cutlers is one of the ancient Livery Companies of the City of London. It ranks 18th in the order of precedence of the Companies.

The trade of knife-making and repairing was formed in the thirteenth century as a guild; the Cutlers' Company received a Royal Charter in 1416. The Company, like many other City Livery Companies, no longer has a strong connection with its trade, which for the most part relocated north to Sheffield, where a similar association, the Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire was established. Thus, the Livery Company remains primarily as a charitable institution. The Company funds and administers a variety of educational initiatives such as scholarships and awards.

Heraldry
John Stowe stated that the arms of the Cutlers of London ("Gules, three pairs of swords in saltire argent hilts and pommels or) were granted in 1476 by Thomas Holme, Clarenceux King of Arms, and the crest "an elephant bearing a castle" by Robert Cooke (c.1535-1592/3), Clarenceux. The supporters are two elephants.

It has been claimed the elephant and castle crest gave rise to a public house displaying the crest as its sign on the site of an old cutlers' inn at Newington, south London, and this is responsible for the naming of area Elephant and Castle. In correspondence with a contributor, the Cutlers Company has stated it has no connection whatsoever with the location. Meanwhile a historian of the Elephant and Castle area states that 'elephant and castle' was a common public house name, and the eponymous district of London simply acquired its name in a happenstance fashion from that establishment.

The Company's motto was originally Pervenir a bonne foy, which later became Pour parvenir a bonne foy, an Anglo-Norman phrase meaning To succeed through good faith.

The Company's livery hall is located on a site in Warwick Lane once occupied by the Royal College of Physicians, near Newgate Street. It was designed by T. Tayler Smith, the Company's surveyor, and was opened in 1888. It is a brick building, the façade decorated with a terracotta frieze depicting the processes of knife-making by the sculptor Benjamin Creswick, who had worked as a knife-grinder in Sheffield.

title: Worshipful Company of Cutlers


text:
Bornite

Bornite, also known as peacock ore, is a sulfide mineral with chemical composition Cu5FeS4 that crystallizes in the orthorhombic system (pseudo-cubic).

Appearance
Bornite has a brown to copper-red color on fresh surfaces that tarnishes to various iridescent shades of blue to purple in places. Its striking iridescence gives it the nickname peacock copper or peacock ore.

Mineralogy
Bornite is an important copper ore mineral and occurs widely in porphyry copper deposits along with the more common chalcopyrite. Chalcopyrite and bornite are both typically replaced by chalcocite and covellite in the supergene enrichment zone of copper deposits. Bornite is also found as disseminations in mafic igneous rocks, in contact metamorphic skarn deposits, in pegmatites and in sedimentary cupriferous shales. It is important as an ore for its copper content of about 63 percent by mass.

Structure
At temperatures above 228 C, the structure is isometric with a unit cell that is about 5.50 Å on an edge. This structure is based on cubic close-packed sulfur atoms, with copper and iron atoms randomly distributed into six of the eight tetrahedral sites located in the octants of the cube. With cooling, the Fe and Cu become ordered, so that 5.5 Å subcells in which all eight tetrahedral sites are filled alternate with subcells in which only four of the tetrahedral sites are filled; symmetry is reduced to orthorhombic.

Composition
Substantial variation in the relative amounts of copper and iron is possible and solid solution extends towards chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and digenite (Cu9S5). Exsolution of blebs and lamellae of chalcopyrite, digenite, and chalcocite is common.

Form and twinning
Rare crystals are approximately cubic, dodecahedral, or octahedral. Usually massive. Penetration twinning on the crystallographic direction, {111}.

Occurrence
It occurs globally in copper ores with notable crystal localities in Butte, Montana and at Bristol, Connecticut in the U.S. It is also collected from the Carn Brea mine, Illogan, and elsewhere in Cornwall, England. Large crystals are found from the Frossnitz Alps, eastern Tirol, Austria; the Mangula mine, Lomagundi district, Zimbabwe; from the N'ouva mine, Talate, Morocco, the West Coast of Tasmania and in Dzhezkazgan, Kazakhstan. There are also traces of it found amongst the hematite in the Pilbara region of Western Australia.

History and etymology
It was first described in 1725 for an occurrence in the Ore Mountains, Bohemia, in what is now the Karlovy Vary Region of the Czech Republic. It was named in 1845 for Austrian mineralogist Ignaz von Born.

title: Bornite


text:
Robert Tannahill

Robert Tannahill (3 June 1774 – 17 May 1810) was a Scottish poet of labouring class origin. Known as the 'Weaver Poet', he wrote poetry in English and lyrics in Scots in the wake of Robert Burns.

Life
Tannahill was born in Castle Street in Paisley to Janet (née Pollock) and James Tannahill, a silk gauze weaver. Soon after his birth the family moved to a newly built cottage in nearby Queen Street, which became both family home and weaving shop. Tannahill had a delicate constitution and a limp, due to a slight deformity in his right leg. On leaving school at age 12, he was apprenticed to his father as a handloom weaver. It was during this time that he began to show an interest in poetry.

With his apprenticeship completed, Tannahill left Paisley in late 1779 to work in Bolton, Lancashire. He returned in late 1801 to support his family. His father died soon after his return and he cared for his infirm mother. As he reported in a letter to a friend, "My brother Hugh and I are all that remain at home, with our old mother, bending under age and frailty; and but seven years back, nine of us used to sit down at dinner together." Then Hugh married and Robert was left the sole support, making a resolution which he records in a touching but substandard poem in English, "The Filial Vow". As things fell out, however, his mother was to outlive him by thirteen years.

In the years which followed, his interest in poetry and music blossomed after he became acquainted with the composer Robert Archibald Smith, who set some of his songs in the Scots language to music. While taking part in the literary life of the town, he helped found the Paisley Burns Club and became its secretary. His work now began to appear in periodicals such as The Scots Magazine and in 1807 he published a small collection of poems and songs in an edition of 900 copies which sold out in a few weeks. Out on a walk some time later, he heard a girl in a field singing his "We'll meet beside the dusky glen on yon burnside" and was greatly encouraged. But in 1810, following the rejection of an augmented collection of his work by publishers in Greenock and Edinburgh, he fell into a despondency aggravated by fears for his own health. Eventually he burned all his manuscripts and apparently drowned himself in a culverted stream under the Paisley Canal, where he was found because he had left his jacket and watch at the mouth of the tunnel.

However, in 2024 research conducted by Paisley Museum and Dr Moira Hansen from the Open University cast doubt on the belief that he deliberately took his own life. According to the researchers, Tannahill was suffering from tuberculosis and was experiencing "episodes of incoherent delirium". He entered the stream in a confused state, in an attempt to cool himself in the water. This explains why he took the time to remove his coat and watch, and why he hadn’t headed for the deeper waters nearby. The researchers concluded that his death was accidental rather than suicide.

Poetry
Most of Tannahill's poetry dates from his return home in 1802, when he composed as he worked at the loom, ‘weaving threads and verses alternately’. His interest in poetry was of long standing and his reading was almost solely confined to it. Using both Scots and English, he experimented with many forms: tales, fables, epitaphs, verse epistles, odes, besides the body of dialect song on which his reputation mainly rests. Among the odes are three written for the Burns anniversary, of which the first is a bravura performance. Here the tartan-clad Genius of Scotland enters the assembly of the gods on Olympus and begs for a national bard, which is immediately granted with the birth of Burns. Poverty is a frequent theme in his work, including that brought about by the Napoleonic Wars for returning soldiers and sailors or their widows.

The 1807 collection had been titled The soldier's return, a Scottish interlude in two acts, with other poems and songs. The title piece was a dramatic fragment in dialect couplets, serving as frame for accompanying lyrics, of which Tannahill (but few others) thought highly. The book had been published by subscription, as was common at the time, but the poet later objected to this as demeaning. It was for this reason that he made unsuccessful attempts to get his work accepted commercially. But it was not long after his death that such editions began to come from the press: in 1815 and 1817, with a reprint of the original collection in 1822. In addition, there was a large selection in Motherwell's Harp of Renfrewshire, dating from 1819 and several times reprinted. Later collections of Tannahill's work, augmented by copies of poems preserved by his friends and associates, followed soon after.

Music
As well as R.A.Smith's settings, other songs were set by John Ross, the Aberdeen organist. More had been written by Tannahill to accompany traditional Scottish airs, and some from Ireland too. Several have now entered the oral tradition. Perhaps the most enduring is "The Braes of Balquhidder" – the basis for the ballad "Wild Mountain Thyme", which has the chorus "Will Ye Go Lassie, Go?" In it he refers to a story from his nursemaid, Mary McIntyre of Balquhither parish, that she and her mother had baked bannock for the army of Charles Edward Stuart, marching to Culloden. Tannahill also wrote "Thou Bonnie Wood of Craigielea", the tune of which was later modified to form the music for the famous Australian bush folk song "Waltzing Matilda". Finally, Tannahill wrote "The Soldier's Adieu", which became the basis for the folk song "Farewell to Nova Scotia."

In 2006 Brechin All Records released Volume 1 of The Complete Songs of Robert Tannahill. Volume 2 was released in 2010 to coincide with the second centenary of his death.

Legacy
As a suicide, Tannahill was buried in an unmarked grave in the burying ground adjacent to the West Relief Church (now Castlehead Cemetery) on Canal Street in Paisley. In 1866 a granite monument was erected there by public subscription, marking the growing recognition of the poet's importance. The centenary of his birth was marked in 1874 by an edition of his Poems and Songs and by a procession to the Gleniffer Braes, one of the most frequently mentioned landscapes in his work, attended by 15,000 people. A series of annual concerts at which his songs were performed were held on the Braes between 1876 - 1936. The penny admission charge went towards paying for David Watson Stevenson's statue of Tannahill that was erected in the grounds of Paisley Abbey in 1883. A memorial well was also built in the glen, although now it is much neglected.

Likenesses of the poet all seem to have stemmed from a pencil sketch made the day after his death by local artist John Morton. The first copperplate engraving of this appeared as the frontispiece of The Harp of Renfrewshire in 1819 and later accompanied editions of the poems in 1822, 1825, 1838, and 1846. Later came bust-size portraits in oil, of which one was made in 1833 by William Beith, a Paisley flower painter. Another by Thomas Carswell, a Greenock artist, was made for Mr. Marshall of Ladyburn, who had been at school with Tannahill. This was partly done from the engraved portrait in the Harp of Renfrewshire and checked against Marshall's remembrance of his old school-fellow. Still another by Alexander Blair was engraved by Samuel Freeman for the Biographical dictionary of eminent Scotsmen (see above).

A bust of the poet was sculpted by John Fillans in 1845, again using Morton's drawing as a basis, and this was presented to Paisley Museum in 1873. Elsewhere, a bust of the poet was included in the Wallace Monument’s Hall of Heroes in 1869. And in 1889 his portrait appeared among others in the stained glass windows at Lamlash House commissioned from Stephen Adam.

Tannahill is one of the sixteen writers and poets depicted on the lower sections of the Scott Monument on Princes Street in Edinburgh. He appears on the right side of the southern face.

After a period of intermission, the Burns Club he helped found now meets during the winter months in the old Tannahill cottage.

The Scottish folk music group the Tannahill Weavers, active since 1976, are named after Robert Tannahill, and have recorded several of his songs.

title: Robert Tannahill


text:
Loadable kernel module

In computing, a loadable kernel module (LKM) is an object file that contains code to extend the running kernel, or so-called base kernel, of an operating system. LKMs are typically used to add support for new hardware (as device drivers) and/or filesystems, or for adding system calls. When the functionality provided by an LKM is no longer required, it can be unloaded in order to free memory and other resources.

Most current Unix-like systems and Microsoft Windows support loadable kernel modules under different names, such as kernel loadable module (kld) in FreeBSD, kernel extension (kext) in macOS (although support for third-party modules is being dropped ), kernel extension module in AIX, dynamically loadable kernel module in HP-UX, kernel-mode driver in Windows NT and downloadable kernel module (DKM) in VxWorks. They are also known as kernel loadable modules (or KLM), and simply as kernel modules (KMOD).

Advantages
Without loadable kernel modules, an operating system would have to include all possible anticipated functionality compiled directly into the base kernel. Much of that functionality would reside in memory without being used, wasting memory, and would require that users rebuild and reboot the base kernel every time they require new functionality.

Disadvantages
One minor criticism of preferring a modular kernel over a static kernel is the so-called fragmentation penalty. The base kernel is always unpacked into real contiguous memory by its setup routines; thus, the base kernel code is never fragmented. Once the system is in a state in which modules may be inserted, for example once the filesystems have been mounted that contain the modules, it is likely that any new kernel code insertion will cause the kernel to become fragmented, thereby introducing a minor performance penalty by using more TLB entries, causing more TLB misses.

Linux
Loadable kernel modules in Linux are loaded (and unloaded) by the  command. They are located in  or   and have had the extension   ("kernel object") since version 2.6 (previous versions used the   extension). The  command lists the loaded kernel modules. In emergency cases, when the system fails to boot due to e.g. broken modules, specific modules can be enabled or disabled by modifying the kernel boot parameters list (for example, if using GRUB, by pressing 'e' in the GRUB start menu, then editing the kernel parameter line).

License issues
In the opinion of Linux maintainers, LKM are derived works of the kernel. The Linux maintainers tolerate the distribution of proprietary modules, but allow symbols to be marked as only available to GNU General Public License (GPL) modules.

Loading a proprietary or non-GPL-compatible module will set a 'taint' flag in the running kernel—meaning that any problems or bugs experienced will be less likely to be investigated by the maintainers. LKMs effectively become part of the running kernel, so can corrupt kernel data structures and produce bugs that may not be able to be investigated if the module is indeed proprietary.

Linuxant controversy
In 2004, Linuxant, a consulting company that releases proprietary device drivers as loadable kernel modules, attempted to abuse a null terminator in their, as visible in the following code excerpt:

The string comparison code used by the kernel at the time tried to determine whether the module was GPLed stopped when it reached a null character, so it was fooled into thinking that the module was declaring its license to be just "GPL".

FreeBSD
Kernel modules for FreeBSD are stored within  for modules distributed with the operating system, or usually   for modules installed from FreeBSD ports or FreeBSD packages, or for proprietary or otherwise binary-only modules. FreeBSD kernel modules usually have the extension. Once the machine has booted, they may be loaded with the  command, unloaded with , and listed with. Modules can also be loaded from the loader before the kernel starts, either automatically (through ) or by hand.

macOS
Some loadable kernel modules in macOS can be loaded automatically. Loadable kernel modules can also be loaded by the  command. They can be listed by the  command. Loadable kernel modules are located in bundles with the extension. Modules supplied with the operating system are stored in the  directory; modules supplied by third parties are in various other directories.

NetWare
A NetWare kernel module is referred to as a NetWare Loadable Module (NLM). NLMs are inserted into the NetWare kernel by means of the LOAD command, and removed by means of the UNLOAD command; the  command lists currently loaded kernel modules. NLMs may reside in any valid search path assigned on the NetWare server, and they have  as the file name extension.

VxWorks
A downloadable kernel module (DKM) type project can be created to generate a ".out" file which can then be loaded to kernel space using "ld" command. This downloadable kernel module can be unloaded using "unld" command.

Solaris
Solaris has a configurable kernel module load path, which defaults to. Most kernel modules live in subdirectories under ; those not considered necessary to boot the system to the point that init can start are often (but not always) found in. When running a DEBUG kernel build the system actively attempts to unload modules.

Binary compatibility
Linux does not provide a stable API or ABI for kernel modules. This means that there are differences in internal structure and function between different kernel versions, which can cause compatibility problems. In an attempt to combat those problems, symbol versioning data is placed within the  section of loadable ELF modules. This versioning information can be compared with that of the running kernel before loading a module; if the versions are incompatible, the module will not be loaded.

Other operating systems, such as Solaris, FreeBSD, macOS, and Windows keep the kernel API and ABI relatively stable, thus avoiding this problem. For example, FreeBSD kernel modules compiled against kernel version 6.0 will work without recompilation on any other FreeBSD 6.x version, e.g. 6.4. However, they are not compatible with other major versions and must be recompiled for use with FreeBSD 7.x, as API and ABI compatibility is maintained only within a branch.

Security
While loadable kernel modules are a convenient method of modifying the running kernel, this can be abused by attackers on a compromised system to prevent detection of their processes or files, allowing them to maintain control over the system. Many rootkits make use of LKMs in this way. Note that, on most operating systems, modules do not help privilege elevation in any way, as elevated privilege is required to load a LKM; they merely make it easier for the attacker to hide the break-in.

Linux
Linux allows disabling module loading via sysctl option. An initramfs system may load specific modules needed for a machine at boot and then disable module loading. This makes the security very similar to a monolithic kernel. If an attacker can change the initramfs, they can change the kernel binary.

macOS
In OS X Yosemite and later releases, a kernel extension has to be code-signed with a developer certificate that holds a particular "entitlement." Such a developer certificate is only provided by Apple on request and not automatically given to Apple Developer members. This feature, called "kext signing", is enabled by default and it instructs the kernel to stop booting if unsigned kernel extensions are present. In OS X El Capitan and later releases, it is part of System Integrity Protection.

In older versions of macOS, or if kext signing is disabled, a loadable kernel module in a kernel extension bundle can be loaded by non-root users if the OSBundleAllowUserLoad property is set to True in the bundle's property list. However, if any of the files in the bundle, including the executable code file, are not owned by root and group wheel, or are writable by the group or "other", the attempt to load the kernel loadable module will fail.

Solaris
Kernel modules can optionally have a cryptographic signature ELF section which is verified on load depending on the Verified Boot policy settings. The kernel can enforce that modules are cryptographically signed by a set of trusted certificates; the list of trusted certificates is held outside of the OS in the ILOM on some SPARC based platforms. Userspace initiated kernel module loading is only possible from the Trusted Path when the system is running with the Immutable Global Zone feature enabled.

title: Loadable kernel module