text:
Talk:Shareaza

=2009=

URL's
Lets open this for discussion

Should the URL's point to shareaza.sourceforge.net, or should they point directly to pantheraproject.net as SF automatically redirects users there.

I vote for pantheraproject.net as it is the final place for the redirects, as well as the Wiki, Forums and Help which are also hosted on that domain. 84.68.29.237 (talk) 23:55, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

 * The SourceForge page is still the one advertised as the project's home page, primarily because nobody outside of the code developer community knows what "Panthera" is. I'd rather we pointed there for now, at least until the Panthera Project actually releases something. Chris Cunningham (not at work) - talk 09:52, 11 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Yeah, shareaza.sourceforge.net is and will always be the page advertised in order to be able to redirect all users at any time to a new domain, should this become necessary, since what happened with the shareaza.com domain should never happen again. Also, both versions of the links should be kept since the SSL encrypted links currently generate an error on InternetExplorer ("This page contains both secure and unsecure items[...]" or something similar) becasue the page does load (unencrypted) SF logo files from SourceForge. Since such a message could scare away users who don't know about SSL and related stuff and the error message is really annoying, the normal version should be kept as link, too.

 * BTW, it was a domain takeover and not only a transfer. And the defense found should be mentionned, too (my personal opinion, not so important, since I don't know if the policies allow naming such a stuff, even if not written like an advertisement). Also, I don't think 'trademark registration' is a good way to name this illegal action. (To be further discussed).

 * One last thing: 84.68.29.237, plz register, I hate discussing with IPs ^^ Old Death (talk) 15:33, 11 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Done
 * Also, take a look at other BT sites which support HTTPS connections, they all have the same error message when you view their site over HTTPS, yet their articles only show the secure link, PirateBay and Isohunt spring to mind. I don't see the need for several URL's to a single site, however I understand now for pointing to shareaza.sourceforge.net should the domain name change again.
 * Domain transfer has been talked about already above... I'm going to add some more to it. AskMeHowIAm (talk) 12:28, 18 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Generally, I agree: using only one link looks more clean. What about waiting ~1 month to give the server admin the time to fix the error message issue? (I don't know whether it is possible or not.) Also, we could use the securized link for the forums and the shareaza.sf.net link for the project main page (since SSL doesn't really add significant security for visiting the project page, whereas this is the case on the forums (login data etc.))
 * As for the Pirate Bay: they are not even advertising their https link on their (english) wikipedia article. (-;
 * Greetings, Old Death (talk) 21:19, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Check the page history, it did, then did not, then did, and now it does not ;) AskMeHowIAm (talk) 00:09, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I've now removed the duplicate-domain links. If anyone here knows the administrators of shareazasource.com, it might be a good idea to suggest that they run the home page through a spellchecker. Chris Cunningham (not at work) - talk 14:56, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Without being rude as it does appear time and effort has gone into that site (and my question is not related to Shareaza so I suppose it should not really be discussed here), could someone please define to me the term 'P2P Terrorist'? As an avid user of many file sharing programs since the days of Napster, I have never heard this term used before. AskMeHowIAm (talk) 00:09, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

Reference: iMesh clone and purpose of Shareaza

 * "(or resp. ShareazaV5, V6 etc.), an iMesh clone promoting commercial music netshoping from Discordia LTD, an israelian company closely related to the RIAA."

This has been deleted by AskMeHowIAm recently. I think there should be a mantion of a) the fact that it is not anymore only v4 and b) what this application is all about (iMesh clone + Discordias purpose) in the article, as it is somehow very important, isn't it? It is in my eyes what the entire takeover is all about. Greetings, Old (talk) 09:43, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Hello OD, my main objection is simply how after every release we are going to see something like V5, V6, V7, V8, V9, V10. There is no reason to do this so it may as well be stopped now instead of later.
 * The article also talks about the version being made available on the day Discordia received the domain, the sources also describe version 4. There is enough information in this article for people to see what the current release of the 'real' Shareaza is, and where to get it from, no matter how many times Discordia update their version.

 * The latter half of the sentence 'promoting commercial music netshoping' firstly does not make any sense, secondly the ability to purchase music is only available to those in the US and Canada (see iMesh). Thirdly, Discordia are based in Cyprus, not Israel and lastly 'closely related to the RIAA'. The only thing that iMesh and the RIAA have in common is that iMesh were sued by them, they are still operating thanks to getting Robert Summer on their side, who had his contacts in the RIAA and could make them see that iMesh were serious about going legal - http://news.cnet.com/Legal-P2P-opens-for-business/2100-1027_3-5911718.html. Oh, and of course paying royalties to them and the other folk in the industry.

 * The last thing I'm going to say on the above matter, having a section about Discordia, we both know that it would never be a neutral subject ;)
 * Now for something totally irrelevant to the above, this isn't really the place but I am sorry to read about what happened to you guys and your project. I actually thought Rhythm was doing a great job as admin and was helping to steer Shareaza forward, what with the recent site changes and stuff. Good luck getting the project back on course! AskMeHowIAm (talk) 23:33, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I'll try to reformulate it to make it sound neutral and correct the mistake (Israel/Cyprus) about the country. It is important in my opinion to describe the company posing the threat to our project and the service they try to install.
 * Greetings, OldDeath (talk) 10:08, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

Shareaza Pro / Premium
What's up with these versions (google for them; you'll see several software download sites ofering them)? I expect them to be fraudulent (not associated with Shareaza), but they're not mentioned on the page. 213.112.129.85 (talk) 20:59, 7 September 2009 (UTC)
 * They are fakes and not related to the Shareaza Open Source Project at all. Any versions of Shareaza with a higher version number than 2.x.x.x are fakes, too. mfg, OldDeath (talk) 09:49, 14 September 2009 (UTC)

=2010=

Nav boxes
Don't the amount of navigation boxes at the bottom seem a bit extreme? I would be for removing Shareaza from the Gnutella navigation box and not use it here. I think that it only acts as a leaf node and not an ultra-peer. However, there are many other clients like this. Just a suggestion to remove this one as I think the clutter of nav boxes at the bottom of the page is a bit un-managable. I believe there is some template parameter to have them close by default. I would suggest this for all but 'Gnutella2/G2' as Shareaza is the primary citizen of this network. Bpringlemeir (talk) 18:52, 29 January 2010 (UTC)
 * This is probably a mis-understanding. Users without Javascript see all the user nav boxes, they do not collapse.  I typically use NoScript and all othe nav-boxes are expanded.  See also A_navbox_on_every_page for some more on this topic.  The amount still seems excessive.  See Navigation_templates.  I think links to the protocol pages would suffice and the nav-box doesn't need to be here (except G2).  The 'see also' section is a good place for the protocol links. Bpringlemeir (talk) 19:10, 29 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Maybe the IRC and eD2k templates could be removed from the page, but the link on the nav boxes should stay. These two are the least important (there are still many Gnutella users on Shareaza clients, even if it is unable to run as an ultrapeer). The other templates should stay at my opinion and as they should be collapsed for 99% of the internet users, there should be no problem, besides...
 * mfg, OldDeath (talk) 22:07, 31 January 2010 (UTC)

Piolet
The link redirects to Ice axe! --213.130.254.217 (talk) 09:04, 7 June 2010 (UTC)
 * The Piolet P2P article seems to have been deleted... I'll fix the issue.
 * mfg, OldDeath (talk) 22:33, 8 June 2010 (UTC)

Why separate version history from the rest of the history
Version history is history too. That section should either be a subsection of History or (better yet) simply mixed in with the current text. Although the current way makes it easier to find info on specific versions (and for that alone I'd rather not make such a big change BOLDly), that's a moot point because they are simply not each important enough to deserve their own section. --an odd name 02:21, 8 August 2010 (UTC)
 * You are right I think. I moved it into the history section and I'll add some more content once I get the time to. Could be two weeks, though...
 * mfg, OldDeath - 15:26, 14 August 2010 (UTC)

Sharelin
Please do something with information about Sharelin. It does NOT port Shareaza features, it is NOT limited Shareaza for linux and it is NOT based on Shareaza. Sharelin is a stand-alone project on implementing G2 on unix/linux. G2 code along with http file transfer routines were written from scratch. See http://sharelin.sf.net for details. Sav. 95.84.148.28 (talk) 09:23, 23 August 2010 (UTC)

=2011=

Etymology
Would anyone know the origin of the program name? Clearly "Share" but the 'aza' part in particular. At first I thought it might be derived from Kazaa until researching the dates and realizing that Shareaza precedes it in creation so I'm not sure what it's from now. I thought it might be interesting to list on the article. Dictabeard (talk) 12:53, 26 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I think the French Wikipedia article on Shareaza has the answer to your question. IIRC, it was playing on some person out of a tale for children...
 * mfg, OldDeath - 16:27, 29 January 2011 (UTC)

Nice contradiction, really!!
Now read this WP snippet: Discordia Ltd (iMesh Inc.), filed for trademark registration of the Shareaza name in an attempt to stop the original developers from using the name, claiming that the first-ever use was on December 17, 2007.. Ah yes. So Discordia say first ever use was shortly before Xmas '07. And how, Discordia, do you guys explain the fact that you allegedly had a public Shareaza ready back in 1999? Work on Shareaza began in 1998, with the introduction of the first Shareaza in 1999 - slightly after the original Napster. linky Another proof that this "company" does nothing but fraud and involving themselves in a spiderweb of contradictions. -andy 77.7.12.148 (talk) 12:25, 6 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Lol, nice catch. :) I've saved a screen-shot of their page in case it is needed at a later time xD.
 * mfg, OldDeath - 12:43, 16 April 2011 (UTC)

Question to community of shareaza
No forum activity because almost no registered user over there? I noticed a ticket talk about no one can register: Ticket 229 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:B011:B005:9A6:B4DA:159:8A8F:5A58 (talk) 09:32, 25 March 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shareaza


text:
Vincent Bugliosi

Vincent T. Bugliosi Jr. (August 18, 1934 – June 6, 2015) was an American prosecutor and author who served as Deputy District Attorney for the Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office between 1964 and 1972. He became best known for successfully prosecuting Charles Manson and other defendants accused of the Tate–LaBianca murders that took place between August 9 and August 10, 1969.

In 1972, Bugliosi left the District Attorney's (DA) office and started a private practice, which included defense cases for criminal trials. He twice ran for the DA's office, but was not elected. He also began his writing career, exploring notable criminal cases.

Early life and education
Bugliosi was born on August 18, 1934, in Hibbing, Minnesota, to parents of Italian descent. When he was in high school, his family moved to Los Angeles. Bugliosi graduated from Hollywood High School. He attended the University of Miami on a tennis scholarship and graduated in 1956. In 1964, he earned his law degree from the UCLA School of Law, where he was president of his graduating class.

Career
Bugliosi began his law career in the Los Angeles County District Attorney's office in 1964, where he served as a deputy district attorney for eight years, through 1972. He successfully prosecuted 105 out of 106 felony jury trials, which included 21 murder convictions.

Manson prosecution
As a Los Angeles County Deputy District Attorney, Bugliosi came to national attention for prosecuting the seven murders that took place August 9–10, 1969, in which Sharon Tate, Jay Sebring, Abigail Folger, Wojciech Frykowski, Steven Parent, and Leno and Rosemary LaBianca were killed.

Bugliosi successfully prosecuted Charles Manson, Tex Watson, Susan Atkins, Patricia Krenwinkel, and Leslie Van Houten for these murders, and each was convicted. He was credited especially with gaining conviction of Manson, who, although he had tied up the La Biancas, had not been physically present during the actual murders.

Political candidate
In 1972, Bugliosi ran as a Democrat for Los Angeles County District Attorney against longtime incumbent Joseph Busch. Joseph Gellman was his legal counsel for this campaign. Bugliosi narrowly lost the campaign. Bugliosi ran again in 1976, after Busch died of a heart attack in 1975, but lost to interim District Attorney John Van de Kamp, who was incumbent.

Private practice
After leaving the Los Angeles district attorney's office in 1972, Bugliosi turned to private practice. He represented three criminal defendants, achieving acquittals for each of them—the most famous of which was Stephanie Stearns (referred to as "Jennifer Jenkins" in his book), whom he defended for the murder of Eleanor "Muff" Graham on Palmyra Atoll, a South Pacific island.

O. J. Simpson case
Bugliosi wrote Outrage: The Five Reasons Why O. J. Simpson Got Away with Murder (1996), about the acquittal of O. J. Simpson for the murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Lyle Goldman. Bugliosi argues that Simpson was guilty. He criticizes the work of the district attorney, prosecutors, defense lawyers, and Judge Lance Ito. He criticized the media for characterizing Simpson's lawyers as "the Dream Team", and said that the lawyers were unremarkable and of average ability. He used his profiles to explore what he considers broader problems in American criminal justice, the media, and the political appointment of judges.

Bill Clinton
Bugliosi criticized the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Clinton v. Jones. In his book, No Island of Sanity, he argues that the right of a president to be free of a private lawsuit while in office outweighed Paula Jones's interest in having her case brought to trial immediately.

George W. Bush
Bugliosi condemned the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in the Bush v. Gore case that decided the 2000 presidential election. He wrote a lengthy criticism of the case for The Nation, titled "None Dare Call It Treason", which he later expanded into a book titled The Betrayal of America. Some of his criticisms were depicted in the 2004 documentary Orwell Rolls in His Grave. He also believed that George W. Bush should have been charged with the murders of the thousands of American soldiers who died in the Invasion of Iraq, because of his belief that Bush launched the invasion under false pretenses. In his book, The Prosecution of George W. Bush for Murder, he laid out his view of evidence and outlined what questions he would ask Bush at a potential murder trial. Bugliosi testified at a House Judiciary Committee meeting on July 25, 2008, at which he urged impeachment proceedings for Bush. The book formed the basis of a 2012 documentary film, The Prosecution of an American President.

RFK assassination
Bugliosi is on record for believing that Senator Robert F. Kennedy was the victim of a conspiracy. He said the following during a civil trial of the RFK assassination: "We are talking about a conspiracy to commit murder ... a conspiracy the prodigious dimensions of which would make Watergate look like a one-roach marijuana case. ... The signed statements given me perhaps can be explained away, but in the absence of a logical explanation, these statements, by simple arithmetic, add up to too many bullets and therefore, the probability of a second gun." As a result of his research, Bugliosi came to refute conspiracy theories.

JFK assassination
In 1986, Bugliosi played the part of prosecutor in an unscripted 21-hour mock television trial of Lee Harvey Oswald. His legal opponent, representing Oswald, was the well-known criminal defense attorney Gerry Spence. London Weekend Television sponsored the mock trial, which followed Texas criminal trial procedure. It also included a former Texas judge and a jury of U.S. citizens from the Dallas area which reviewed hundreds of exhibits and listened to witnesses who testified about the assassination. The jury found Oswald guilty. Spence remarked, "No other lawyer in America could have done what Vince did in this case."

The program required extensive preparation by Bugliosi and inspired him to later write a comprehensive book on the subject of the assassination. His 1,612-page book with a CD-ROM containing an additional 958 pages of endnotes and 170 pages of source notes, Reclaiming History: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy, was published in May 2007. His book examined the JFK assassination in detail and drew on a variety of sources; his findings were in line with those of the Warren Report, which concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the assassination of the 35th President. He called Reclaiming History his "magnum opus." The book won the 2008 Edgar Award for Best Fact Crime. A portion of the book was re-published in 2008 as Four Days in November: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy, which became the basis of the 2013 film  Parkland.

The title of Reclaiming History derived from Bugliosi's belief that the history of the Kennedy assassination has been hijacked by conspiracy theories, the popularity of which, he asserted, has a pernicious and ongoing effect on American thought:

"Unless this fraud is finally exposed, the word believe will be forgotten by future generations and John F. Kennedy will have unquestionably become the victim of a conspiracy. Belief will have become unchallenged fact, and the faith of the American people in their institutions further eroded. If that is allowed to happen, Lee Harvey Oswald, a man who hated his country and everything for which it stands, will have triumphed even beyond his intent on that fateful day in November."

Writing career
After leaving the district attorney's office, Bugliosi wrote, jointly with Curt Gentry, a book about the Manson trial called Helter Skelter (1974). The book won an Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America for the best true crime book of the year. It was adapted twice for television movies (one produced in 1976 and one in 2004). As of 2015, it is the best-selling true crime book in publishing history, with more than 7 million copies sold.

Bugliosi wrote several other books, mostly dealing with well-known crimes. His works include And the Sea Will Tell (1991), which he wrote with Bruce Henderson about the murder case against Stephanie Stearns. It was a #1 New York Times bestselling book. He later wrote Reclaiming History: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy (2007), in which he challenged numerous conspiracy theories and explored the events surrounding the assassination. He also wrote The Prosecution of George W. Bush for Murder (2008), a condemnation of former president George W. Bush's decision to invade Iraq.

Method of writing
Bugliosi did not own a computer and at one time did all his research through library microfilm archives. In his later years, he relied on his virtual secretary, Rosemary Newton, to help with these tasks. He also wrote his books entirely by hand, with Newton later transcribing his long-hand texts.

Personal life
Bugliosi was married, and he and his wife Gail had two children: a daughter, Wendy, and a son, Vince Jr. Although raised Catholic, Bugliosi said later in life that he was an agnostic, although he was open to the ideas of deism.

Death
Bugliosi died of cancer at age 80, at a Los Angeles hospital on June 6, 2015. He is interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.

Books

 * Helter Skelter (with Curt Gentry) (1974) (Edgar Award, 1975, Best Fact Crime book)
 * Till Death Us Do Part: A True Murder Mystery (with Ken Hurwitz) (1978) (Edgar Award, 1979, Best Fact Crime book)
 * Shadow of Cain (with Ken Hurwitz) (1981)
 * Lullaby and Good Night (with William Stadiem) (1987)
 * Cleopatra: Biography (1988)
 * Dinner with the Timbo: Getting to Know a Great Man (with Timothy Bishop) (1990)
 * And the Sea Will Tell (with Bruce Henderson) (1991)
 * Drugs in America: The Case for Victory - A Citizen's Call to Action (1991)
 * The Phoenix Solution: Getting Serious About Winning America's Drug War (1996)
 * Outrage: The Five Reasons Why O. J. Simpson Got Away with Murder (1996)
 * No Island of Sanity: Paula Jones v. Bill Clinton—The Supreme Court on Trial (1998)
 * The Betrayal of America: How the Supreme Court Undermined the Constitution and Chose Our President (2001)
 * Reclaiming History: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy (2007) (Edgar Award, 2008, Best Fact Crime book)
 * The Prosecution of George W. Bush for Murder (2008)
 * Four Days in November: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy (2007)
 * Divinity of Doubt: The God Question (2011)

In film and television
Many of Bugliosi's books have been adapted to the screen, and he appeared as a character in several of them. He also appeared as himself in the 1973 documentary film Manson.
 * Helter Skelter 1976 (portrayed by George DiCenzo)
 * On Trial: Lee Harvey Oswald (1986 TV film appearing as himself)
 * And the Sea Will Tell 1991 TV film (portrayed by Richard Crenna)
 * Till Death Us Do Part 1992 TV film (portrayed by Arliss Howard)
 * Helter Skelter 2004 (portrayed by Bruno Kirby)

Articles

 * "No Justice, No Peace", Playboy, February, 1993.
 * "None Dare Call It Treason", The Nation, February 5, 2001.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Vincent Bugliosi


text:
Grampian Television

Grampian Television was the original name of the Channel 3 service for the north of Scotland founded in 1961 and now named STV. The northern region's coverage area includes the Northern Isles, Western Isles, Highlands (except Fort William and Lochaber), Grampian, Tayside (except the Kinross area), and parts of north Fife.

Grampian went on the air on 30 September 1961. The company was bought out in 1997 by STV Group (the parent company of STV, the Channel 3 broadcaster in Central Scotland). The name Grampian Television was retired in 2006 and the channel is now known as STV on-air. STV runs one service which covers both central and northern Scotland but with separate news bulletins. Legally, however, the two services are still licensed separately; the northern licence is held by STV North, which is owned and operated by STV Group plc (formerly SMG plc), and the southern licence by STV Central (previously known as Scottish Television).

As an independent company, Grampian had a very distinctive local personality which was quite different from STV's. After the station was bought, it gradually assimilated with STV, culminating in the change of name in 2006. STV did not adopt the generic ITV branding that is now used in the other Channel 3 regions which are owned by ITV plc.

STV's regional news programme for Northern Scotland is called STV News at Six and is supplemented by short news bulletins on weekdays. The station also produces regional television commercials.

In 2008, the United Kingdom began its 5-year programme to end analogue television broadcasts as part of the switchover to digital transmissions, with the eight transmitters covering the STV North region (Angus, Rosemarkie, Knockmore, Eitshal, Durris, Bressay, Rumster Forest and Keelylang Hill) switching over from May to October 2010.

Foundation and launch
Applications for the new North East Scotland contract area were sought by the Independent Television Authority (ITA) in the spring of 1960. From the original seven applicants, three serious contenders emerged and the contract was awarded in August 1960 to North of Scotland Television Limited on the provision that board positions were offered to the other two final applicants, Caledonian Television and North Caledonian Television. The company's first managing director was G.E. Ward Thomas who later established Yorkshire Television in 1968.

The name North of Scotland TV was considered too cumbersome for use and to reflect the input of the other applicants, a new name was chosen on 11 January 1961– "Grampian Television" after one of the key Scottish mountain ranges, the Grampian Mountains. Grampian planned to launch on 1 October 1961 and had already bought and converted their studios for the start date. However, four months prior to launch, the Post Office announced that the links which would connect Grampian to the network would not be ready until February 1962. This would have left the new station only able to broadcast output from its neighboring colleagues at Scottish Television (STV). Pressure at the highest level of Government ensured that the links were in place in time for the station's planned launch.

The first (pre-launch) test transmissions from the Durris transmitting station began on 1 September 1961. A week later, Grampian announced the names of their initial announcers-June Imray, Douglas Kynoch and Elizabeth Mackenzie -all of them were teachers. However, Mackenzie handed in her resignation the day before the station launched "for health reasons"; Her position was initially filled by 23 year-old Jimmy Sleigh, before James Spankie came into Grampian as the permanent replacement.

Grampian Television went on air on Saturday 30 September 1961 at 2.45 pm (the 15th ITA franchise to launch) with the opening authority announcement from continuity announcer Douglas Kynoch and a brief welcome from the chairman of the Independent Television Authority, Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick:

Douglas Kynoch:

''Good afternoon. This is the first transmission of Grampian Television Limited, over the Durris and Monteagle transmitters of the Independent Television Authority. Today, we're about to join all the millions of viewers of the Independent Television network and we're very glad to have in our studios, to switch us into the network, the chairman of the Independent Television Authority, Sir Ivonne Kirkpatrick.''

Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick:

''Good afternoon. I am glad to be in Aberdeen today to welcome you into the great family of Independent Television viewers. You now have your own television company in the North East and I hope that you'll very soon come to regard Grampian Television as an essential part of your everyday life. I wish you and Grampian the best of luck and now, let us join the network.''

Following the brief opening, the station handed over to ABC's networked coverage of Racing from Catterick Bridge. Later in the opening day at 7pm, Grampian's first chairman, Sir Alexander B. King, presented a half-hour introductory programme about the station. At the time of launch, Grampian served a potential audience of 332,000 people in 98,000 homes.

Early years on air
In its first year, Grampian produced nine regular regional programmes - namely News and Views (a thrice-weekly magazine programme), Country Focus, Women's World, Serenade, Scotland for Me, Points North (a long-running current affairs programme), Grampian Golf, local news bulletins and monthly church services.

In the early days, Grampian struggled as viewers in a key part of its transmission area, the city of Dundee, were still tuning into coverage from STV via the strong signal of the Black Hill transmitter. Three months after its first transmission, the station was only attracting 13% of the available audience in Dundee while viewing audiences across the region turned out to be less than had been hoped for. Viewer correspondence was said to amount to little more than half a dozen letters per week.

The problems in Dundee along with the effects of Television Advertising Duty and the Equity Strike led to heavy financial losses and a subsequent reduction in transmitter rental for Grampian. But by the end of 1962, the station had succeeded in increasing audience in both Dundee and the region as a whole. The success in viewing figures were attributed to an increase in regional programming.

Whereas Grampian had previously restricted its output to news and current affairs beforehand, production controller James Buchan decided to go for broke and branch out to produce light entertainment and music shows (originally, at the rate of four programmes a week) - such programming would remain a staple of the station's local output for the next forty years or so. By 1963, no less than fifty Grampian shows had featured in the local Top Ten audience ratings.

Towards the end of the decade, the station's potential audience reached a million viewers and Grampian was employing just over 200 staff at their studios in Aberdeen, Dundee and Edinburgh. Prior to the 1968 contract round, smaller regional stations sought an affiliation with one of the four major ITV companies, who would provide the bulk of their programming. Grampian chose to link up with ABC Weekend Television.

1974 Strike
On 5 September 1974, a visiting company executive caught staff in the studio control room, who should have been rehearsing for a local programme, watching the banned pornographic film Deep Throat instead. The staff director in charge, was dismissed the next day. However, Tony Bacon was also a local shop steward for the ACTT union and following a meeting, all 65 members walked out at 5PM, which brought transmissions to a halt and claiming that the management hadn’t followed nationally agreed procedures for dismissals. As negotiations continued over the next week viewers in the region were left without an ITV service and, as some areas could not pick up any BBC transmissions, they were without a television service entirely. A solution was eventually reached when it was agreed that the record could show that Mr Bacon had resigned voluntarily and the service resumed on 18 September 1974 (10:30AM).

Technological advances
Grampian was slower than most other ITV stations to begin colour broadcasting which, after the company invested £180,000 in new equipment, promptly started in September 1971—an occasion timed to mark their 10th anniversary on air.

The launch of the colour service led to a strike over Christmas 1971. A new film editor had signed a mutuality-binding three-month contract, and Grampian's decision to offer him permanent employment was not exercised. For the Christmas period, Grampian had hired colour studio cameras especially for the Hogmanay programmes and the filming of a networked documentary. The station resumed broadcasting at 10 pm on Boxing Day, which allowed the station to broadcast its first networked colour documentary Two Of A Kind.

Despite this, the station did come up with a number of technical firsts. The most notable of these came in 1978 when Grampian became the first British television station to replace 16mm film cameras with Electronic News Gathering [ENG] video cameras for news coverage - a move which finally allowed its regional news programme Grampian Today to extend from three to five nights a week. Grampian also developed its own outside broadcast unit, initially using studio equipment. Later developments would allow Grampian to further enhance its regional news service and on air presentation, which relied heavily on in-vision continuity.

The franchise rounds
Following the station's earlier troubles, Grampian Television, along with all other ITV companies at the time, won a three-year extension to their license (later extended by a further year) in 1964. In 1967, they went unopposed by any other consortiums to win a further six-year contract from July 1968 - a contract expanded by a further eight years in 1974.

Six years later, Grampian won another eight-year franchise (later extended to ten years), effective of January 1982. The only change made to the license was the classification of the franchise as North and North East Scotland, as opposed to North East Scotland - a change which the station had already capitalized upon in January 1980 when Grampian Today was relaunched as North Tonight as part of a major expansion for Grampian's news operation.

The Broadcasting Act of 1990 led to a significant change in the way ITV franchises were awarded - as opposed to the straightforward review process utilized by the outgoing Independent Broadcasting Authority, the new light-touch regulator, the Independent Television Commission, required that the successful applicant pass a quality threshold and business plan.

In the event, Grampian was outbid by two challengers; Channel 3 Caledonia and North of Scotland Television (the latter of which was ironically the name of the original Grampian Television consortium). Both competitors failed to pass the quality threshold, and Grampian won back the franchise by default with a bid of £720,000 per year.

After retaining its franchise, Grampian sought to expand its media business interests. In May 1994, the company won the new Central Scotland FM radio licence in partnership with Border Television - the new station, Scot FM (now Heart Scotland), had an uneasy start as it struggled with ratings and programming. Border pulled out of Scot FM a year later, before Grampian sold it off in July 1996 to the Independent Radio Group for £5.25 million.

At the same time, Grampian also owned shares in Moray Firth Radio, until they were sold off to Scottish Radio Holdings.

Networked production
With encouragement from the IBA, Grampian and other small ITV companies were encouraged to produce more network output following the 1980 franchise round. The station had previously produced a small number of networked or part-networked productions including the daytime adult education series Katie Stewart Cooks and the light entertainment show Melody Inn. Prior to this, Grampian had expectations of becoming one of the major players in networking new programming for ITV2 (this was before Channel 4 was created, and the inception for ITV2 was discussed at that time which never came to fruition. This is not to be confused with the ITV2 which is now known on the digital platform).

In the franchise period following, the station was commissioned to produce networked series of the local film magazine programme The Electric Theatre Show (following a successful run on London Weekend Television) alongside new series including occasional variety show Magic of the Musicals, lifestyle series Pennywise & Hot Property, networked one-off documentaries such as A Prince Among Islands and children's cartoon series James the Cat.

The station also produced various editions of several series co-produced by most ITV regions - namely the religious programme Highway, current affairs debate The Time, The Place, documentary strand About Britain and the Saturday morning children's shows Get Fresh and Ghost Train.

Grampian also contributed to Channel 4 in the form of various documentary series including Oil (co-produced with NRK), The Blood is Strong, Alternative Energy and Scotland the Grave. The long-running schools programme Living & Growing transferred from ITV to Channel 4 in September 1987.

Grampian's later networked contributions were minimal, with the few exceptions including co-production of The National Television Awards from 1995 to 1997 and a daytime repeat run of local documentary series Medics of the Glen in 2004.

SMG buyout
Grampian remained independent until June 1997 when Scottish Media Group, owner of Scottish Television, bought the station for £105 million.

The buyout led to various cutbacks in Grampian's staffing and programme production - notable changes included the transfer of on-air presentation from Aberdeen to Scottish Television's playout center in Glasgow. More Grampian-produced programmes were also broadcast on Scottish, and vice versa.

The station was also criticized by the Independent Television Commission (ITC) concerning the amount and relevance of its non-news regional output with more and more programming being produced from outside the region, chiefly in Glasgow - local production was gradually phased out with the station's final non-news programme broadcast in 2008.

In June 2003, the company moved to new premises at Craigshaw Business Park in West Tullos, Aberdeen, and the original headquarters at Queen's Cross were subsequently demolished, becoming home to a development of luxury flats.

From Grampian to STV North
In March 2006, the owners of Grampian Television, then known as SMG plc (now STV Group plc) announced that the Grampian TV brand would be retired and renamed, along with Scottish Television, as simply 'STV', with a new logo comprising a large, stylized letter 'S'. Anne Scott made the final announcement for Grampian.

The two regional news programmes in the Northern and Central Scotland regions (previously known as North Tonight and Scotland Today respectively) were still broadcast in their respective regions after the "STV" rebranding, which occurred at 9:25 am on Tuesday 30 May 2006. Both North Tonight and Scotland Today were rebranded as STV News at Six on Monday, 23 March 2009 but continue to air as separate programmes.

The decision to rebrand Grampian was met with much criticism from across the former Grampian region - the move was viewed by many as similar to the ITV plc-owned licenses in England, Wales and Southern Scotland where all of the regions are branded as ITV1. The objections are largely due to the fact that the largely rural Scottish culture in the North is very different from the more industrial Central Scotland area.

The news service and advertising remains regionalized as before with the Tayside and North East Fife area receiving its own opt-out service, featuring a dedicated news bulletin within STV News at Six on weekdays and separate local advertising. Up until September 2011, both areas also received their own version of the overnight strand, The Nightshift.

Aberdeen
Grampian's first studios and headquarters were located at Queens Cross, Aberdeen, where the company purchased a former tram depot belonging to Aberdeen Corporation Tramways in 1960. The depot was converted for use as television studios with completion planned prior to October 1961. The complex housed two main studios and a third smaller studio for continuity, which was updated in the early 1980s when £4 million worth (2009: £10.5m) was spent on a new Central Technical Area and presentation facilities.

These studios continued to be of importance to Grampian well into the new millennium, despite the transfer of the presentation and continuity to Scottish's Glasgow base and job losses when SMG took over the company. In June 2003, Grampian moved to new, smaller, state-of-the-art all digital studios at Craigshaw Business Park in West Tullos, Aberdeen, some of the most advanced in the world at the time of opening. Their previous headquarters at Queens Cross were subsequently demolished and redeveloped as housing.

Dundee and Inverness
In addition to their Aberdeen headquarters, Grampian ran a newsroom and sales office in Dundee at the entrance of the Angus Hotel in Marketgait, which also contained a film studio for interviews.

In 1978, the Dundee operation moved to a new remote-controlled studio at Albany House, before moving again to Harbor Chambers in the City Quay area in 1998.

As of April 2008, STV's Tayside operation is based at Seabraes in the Greenmarket area of Dundee.

In 1983, a further district newsroom and remote-controlled studio was opened at Huntly Street, Inverness, aimed at improving coverage of the Highlands and Islands. The Inverness operation relocated to Stoneyfield Business Park during the summer of 2020.

Other studios
Grampian also had a studio in Edinburgh, despite it being in Scottish's franchise area, which had closed by 1969, and a new £4 million studio complex in Stornoway, opened in the September 1990 to facilitate an expansion in Scottish Gaelic language output, including the daily news bulletin Telefios. The studios were closed in 2000 following the end of the Gaelic news service and the transfer of other programmes to Glasgow.

Presentation
Grampian's company logo and on screen identity made use of The Saltire, the Flag of Scotland, in all incarnations of the company's independent life. Grampian's first on screen identification film, or ident for short, featured a black, white and grey image of four mountain peaks, which turn into the saltire, with the grey peak at the bottom, against the tune "Scotland the Brave". This was replaced in 1964 by another ident, showing the saltire zooming into the center of the screen, with the Grampian name appearing letter-by-letter towards the bottom of the screen; a music box-style rendition of "Scotland the Brave" played underneath. This ident lasted until 1971, when colour came to the region at the same time as the 10th anniversary of the station. The colour ident started with the four sections of the saltire (now coloured red, yellow, blue and white) merging to form a white diamond, from which the saltire emerges upon a light blue background; the Grampian name and the word "COLOUR" rotate into place beneath the saltire (noticeably done with some sort of mechanical model, as opposed to being part of the animation). This was accompanied by a harp version of the "Scotland the Brave" jingle.

In the early 1980s a new black background ident was introduced (placing a greater emphasis on the text, now including the word "TELEVISION", with a smaller saltire), along with a newer version of the "Scotland the Brave" jingle.

Grampian's first computer generated ident was introduced in January 1985 and featured various diamond and dot shapes flying around in space, changing colour against an electronic tune. As the ident progresses, the dots move closer, and the diamonds bend so that it becomes a three-dimensional saltire shape as the "Scotland the Brave" music begins to be more noticeable. The saltire logo then forms up as the box folds inside out and the dot shapes pull away.

However, this colorful and dynamic ident was only to last four years, as Grampian adopted the first ITV generic look from September 1989 until October 1998 - the longest usage of the generic ident by any ITV company. As the majority of junctions featured in-vision announcements into programmes, the ident was rarely seen for most of the day. When the new ITV logo was about to be launched and after SMG had bought the channel, the ident was replaced by a saltire on blue background, tilted slightly, with the sections of the saltire bursting into place, accompanied by an edited version of the ITV generic music from 1989.

In-vision continuity was relied upon heavily by Grampian - from the early 1980s onwards, the station's duty announcers also presented short regional news bulletins, including the North Headlines at closedown, and the daily Birthday Spot for children. In-vision announcements were finally abandoned in the summer of 1998, before the closure of Grampian's Aberdeen presentation department that September.

During 1999, Grampian, like Scottish Television refused to use the second generic ITV identity. The company decided instead to use a new branding package, based on a blue square with the words 'Grampian TV' in the bottom of the square. Launched on 28 February 2000, it featured various scenes of Scottish people and places up and down the country. Various scenes featured a lady horserider along a beach, a young lady and dog returning home, elderly tweed workers in the highlands, waves crashing below Dunottar Castle, a tea dance, an oil rig in the North Sea, the Grampian mountains, chefs in a restaurant kitchen and a waitress in a pub. The look is notable for its cool colour palette and ambient music.

On 6 January 2003, the idents were replaced by the celebrity idents, mostly used by the Granada and Carlton regions, and adapted for use by Grampian. The ITV1 logo was replaced with Grampian's logo, and additional idents made depicting Scottish and Grampian celebrities. However, this was not to last, as in 2006, the Grampian name was to be lost on screen in favour of STV. The idents featured Scottish people passing around the logo, an elongated 'S', to other people in other scenes off screen until the 'S' is placed in the center of the screen. The upbeat music and dynamic filming gives the idents an energetic quality to the station. These idents were shared with Scottish, as were all idents following the package as the two networks have ceased as separate entities.

The current ident set came into force in February 2009 and was an extension to the theme. A scene, similar to the last look, flips over to reveal another scene. This continues, with increasing pace and a wider perspective, until the STV logo flips into view against a blue background.

Programmes
Programming produced by Grampian Television (STV North) since 1961 include:

News

 * Grampian Headlines (1988–2003)
 * Grampian News (2002–06)
 * Grampian Today (mid-1970s – 1980)
 * News and Views (1961 – mid-1970s)
 * News Review (early 1990s – 2013)
 * North News (lunchtime bulletin, 1980–88)
 * North Headlines (late night bulletin, 1980–87)
 * North Today (2006–09)
 * North Tonight (1980–2009)
 * STV News (2009–)
 * Playtime (1963–present)

Current affairs

 * The Buck Stops Here
 * Craig Millar Reports (latterly The Craig Millar Files, 2003–04)
 * Country Focus (1961–84)
 * Crossfire (1984–2004)
 * Grampian Week (1970s)
 * Inquisition
 * North Tonight Special
 * One Life to Live
 * Personal View
 * Points North (1961–84)
 * Politics Now (co-produced with STV Central, 2004–2011)
 * Scotland Tonight (co-produced with STV Central, 2011–present)
 * Scottish Questions
 * We the Jury (1991–98)

Documentaries

 * The A9 Mystery (1978)
 * About Britain (contributions for the ITV network)
 * Around the World in 80 Hours (1993)
 * Beyond Explanation
 * The Big Beat
 * Black Water, Bright Hope
 * The Blood is Strong (for Channel Four, late 1980s)
 * Blowout at Bravo (1977)
 * Carnoustie: A Town of Golf
 * Columba's Way (1972)
 * Commando (1983)
 * Cop College
 * A Day in the Life (2003)
 * Elizabeth of Glamis (1985)
 * The Energy Alternative (for Channel Four, 1990)
 * Export Scotch (1982)
 * Fife: Andrew's Kingdom
 * A Glen for All Seasons (1997)
 * The Glovers of Nagasaki (co-produced with Fuji TV, 1995)
 * Highlands (produced by STV Productions, 2008)
 * The Highland Heartlands (1986)
 * Home at Last (1989)
 * Hot Property (for the ITV network)
 * Last of the Hunters (1987)
 * The Man Who Changed the World (1986)
 * The Masterbuilders
 * Medics of the Glen (also broadcast on the ITV network)
 * Network First (contributions for the ITV network, mid - late 1990s)
 * Nick Hancock's Fishing School (produced by STV Productions, 2007)
 * Northern Eye
 * Oil (co-produced with NRK for Channel Four, 1986)
 * On the Road Again (1984)
 * Picnic at Whitehill (1986)
 * Place in the Sun (1981)
 * A Prince Among Islands (for the ITV network, 1992)
 * The River
 * Seeing Scotland
 * Scotland the Grave (for Channel Four, 1991)
 * Scotland's Larder (1990–2001)
 * Selina Scott Meets
 * Storm on the Mountain (for Channel Four, 1988)
 * The Byre Theatre: Please Keep Your Feet Off the Stage (1983)
 * This Scotland (co-produced with Scottish Television)
 * To Russia with Burns (1978)
 * Two of a Kind
 * Unsolved (2003–04)
 * Valhalla
 * Walking Back to Happiness
 * What Price Oil? (1973)
 * The Woman Who Ate Scotland (2006–07)
 * A Year in Spain: Selina Scott with the Spanish Royal Family (for the ITV network, 1993)

Features

 * Breakthrough
 * Country Matters (1990s)
 * Desert Island Chefs
 * The Electric Theatre Show (for the ITV network, 1976–1984)
 * The Five Thirty Show (co-produced with STV Central, 2008–09)
 * Fix It
 * Get Real
 * The Grampian Garden (1963–1980)
 * Grampian Midweek (2000–03)
 * Grampian Weekend
 * The Great Outdoors
 * Grow for It
 * Movie Date
 * Naturally Scottish
 * Northern Exposure (for stv.tv, 2007–09)
 * Northern Exposure: Ask Kirstin (for stv.tv, 2007–09)
 * Off the Wall (2004)
 * Out and About (late 1980s)
 * Pennywise (for the ITV network, 1985–88)
 * The People Show
 * Pin Money (1987)
 * Put It in Writing
 * Rich, Gifted and Scots (co-produced with Scottish Television)
 * Rude Health
 * The Scottish Tourism Supreme Awards
 * The Scottish Soldier (1975)
 * Spend, Spend, Spend
 * Sign a Story
 * Strictly Scottish (1970s)
 * Summer at Six (1980s)
 * Under the Hammer (1997–99, co-produced with Scottish Television)
 * The Way It Was (1980s–1998)
 * Wednesday People

Entertainment

 * Andy's Party (1977–81)
 * The Art Sutter Show (1989–98)
 * Aye Yours
 * At Home with Kenneth McKellar
 * The Big Break (1989)
 * Bothy Nichts
 * Breakers (1990s)
 * Calum's Ceilidh
 * The McCalmans (1986)
 * Cairngorm Cabaret
 * Cairngorm Ski Night
 * Ceilidh on the Caledonian Canal (1986)
 * Chartburn (1999)
 * A Highland Hogmanay
 * Come Aboard
 * Country and Irish
 * Club Cupid (co-produced with STV Central, 2006)
 * Conquer the Castle (produced by STV Productions, 2008)
 * The Entertainers (1977–82)
 * First Light
 * Grampian Disco Dancing Championship
 * Guess Who's Coming To Dinner (1984–86)
 * The Highland Road (1984)
 * Ingle Neuk
 * It's George (1970s-1980s)
 * ITV Telethon (local and networked contributions, 1988, 1990, 1992)
 * The Jim Macleod Show (1970s)
 * McCue's Music
 * Magic of the Musicals (1984)
 * Maggie! (1983)
 * Melody Inn (part networked)
 * The National Television Awards (co-produced with Indigo Television Productions for the ITV network, 1995–97)
 * The Nightshift (regional version, 2010–11)
 * Northern Nights hosted by John Carmicheal and his Band
 * The Paul Coia Show (1986–1988)
 * Patter Merchants (1990)
 * Pick of the North
 * Pop Scotch
 * The Royal Clansmen
 * Runrig on the Rock
 * Random Choice (1986)
 * Richard Clayderman (1985)
 * Scotch and Irish (1993–96)
 * Scotland the What
 * Shammy Dab (1980–89)
 * Silver City Folk
 * Stritcly Scottish
 * A Touch of Music
 * Talking Loud
 * Thomson at Teatime (early 1970s)
 * Top Club (1971–98)
 * Top Team (1972–77)
 * Try For Ten (1965–67)
 * The Video Show (1985)
 * Video Jukebox (1987)
 * Welcome to the Ceilidh (1976–82)
 * Win a Word
 * You'd Better Believe It! (1990)

Children's

 * Bill's Magic Box
 * The Birthday Spot
 * Furry Tales (2001)
 * Get Fresh (contributions for the ITV network, 1986–88)
 * Ghost Train (contributions for the ITV network, 1989–92)
 * Isla's Island
 * James the Cat (for the ITV network) (1984–86)
 * Junior Try for Ten (1967–69)
 * High Time
 * Pick a Number (for the ITV network) (1987–94, devised by presenter Phil Mckay)
 * Romper Room
 * Rumblie Jumblie
 * Ron & Friends (1972–74)
 * Seamus
 * Scene on Saturday (1976 – early 1980s)
 * Superbox (early 1980s)
 * Top Team
 * Win a Word (1970)
 * Wize Up (1996–98)
 * Zoom! (early - mid-1970s)

Sport

 * The Back Page
 * Grampian Sheepdog Trials (also broadcast on the ITV network and Channel 4, early 1980s – mid-1990s)
 * Pure Strength
 * The Scottish Golf Show (2005)
 * Sportscall
 * Sportscope
 * The Western Isles Challenge (co-produced with S4C and Trans World International)

Outside broadcast coverage of various sports including league football, cross country, lawn bowls, shinty, professional wrestling (for the ITV network's World of Sport), marathons, cycling, exhibition tennis, international amateur boxing, curling, triathlon and mountain bike racing.

Scots Gaelic

 * Ar Duthaich
 * Am Fasach
 * Blas (1994–98)
 * Beathainchean Neontach (Nature)
 * Beagan Gaidhlig (1971–74)
 * Bocsa‘s An Fidhle
 * Ceol na Fidhle (Traditional music)
 * Coille is Cuan (Nature, 1995–96)
 * Comhla Rinn (Chat show)
 * Crann Tara (Current affairs/features, 1982–1990s)
 * Cuir Car (Children's)
 * Deanamaid Gairdeachar
 * Duirn Chelteach
 * Failte (Features)
 * Fionnan Feior (Documentaries)
 * Le Durach (Gaelic version of The Birthday Spot)
 * Muir is Tir
 * Nochd Gun Chadal (Contemporary music)
 * Seall (Documentaries)
 * Seudan a chauain (1995–97)
 * Sechd Laithean (Current affairs)
 * Sgeulachdan Na Cagatcile
 * Spors (Sport)
 * Tacsil
 * Telefios (Regional news, 1993–2000)
 * Telefios na Seachduinn (News review, 1993–2000)

An expanded archive of selected factual and entertainment output from Grampian Television continues to be uploaded to the STV Player's YouTube channel.

title: Grampian Television


text:
Paper embossing

Embossing and debossing are the processes of creating either raised or recessed relief images and designs in paper and other materials. An embossed pattern is raised against the background, while a debossed pattern is sunken into the surface of the material but might protrude somewhat on the reverse side.

Techniques
Often used in combination with foil stamping, embossing alters the surface of paper stock or other substrates by providing a three-dimensional or raised effect on selected areas. The procedure requires the use of two dies: one that is raised and one that is recessed. The dies fit into each other so that when the paper is pressed between them, the raised die forces the stock into the recessed die and creates the embossed impression. A specific level of pressure is applied to the dies in order to squeeze the fibers of the paper, which results in a permanently raised area in the paper. When the dies are produced, a die maker engraves the desired image into several metal plates, which are the embossing dies for use on an embossing press. A thorough understanding of the process will enable a more successful result. Generally, embossing is the process most often employed to attract attention or convey a high quality textural contrast in relation to the surrounding area of the paper stock.

"Debossing" is similar to embossing, but recesses the design rather than raising it. Rather than the paper being raised in specific areas, it is indented. The process involves applying pressure to the front side of a substrate and forcing the material down from the surface. Although it is not as common as embossing, it is occasionally used to provide a different effect or appearance that fits a particular theme. Embossing and debossing on digitally printed applications is an off-line process, which may add a significant cost to the job.

Embossing is basically used to create a distinctive effect. The greatest concern and emphasis on the client’s behalf should be placed on the outcome of the embossed effect. In order to achieve the best possible effect, it is important to understand the embossing process and the types of dies that are used for embossing. The three factors that need to be controlled during the embossing process are:

 * 1) Pressure: the intensity of the impact on the weight of the stock being embossed.
 * 2) Heat: the ability to maintain a consistent heat level for the best impression.
 * 3) Die depth: the client's artwork or the engraver's efforts will initially determine the die depth, however, if by looking at the artwork it appears that an adjustment of the die depth may be necessary, the die may need to be retooled to achieve a greater depth. Most types of paper can be embossed, and size is not normally a consideration. Embossing without ink, so that the image is raised but not colored, is called "blind embossing". Embossing used in conjunction with ink, so that the raised area is coloured, is called "colour register embossing". Embossing used in conjunction with foil stamping is called "combination stamping" or "combo stamping".

Embossing involves a separate stage in the production process, after any varnishing and laminating. It requires a separate press run, and is priced accordingly. In addition to being used as a design element, embossing can be used to improve the performance of paper products like napkins, diapers, and tissue paper.

Die materials
The metals most often used for die construction are zinc, magnesium, copper, and brass. The material used for a specific application depends upon a number of factors.

Blind emboss
Blind embossing does not include the use of ink or foil to highlight the embossed area. The change in the dimensional appearance of the material is the only noticeable difference resulting from the embossing. The blind embossing process provides a clean and distinctive or subtle image on paper stock. It is best used to create a subtle impression or low level of attention to the piece, yet provide some slight form of differentiation for the finished work.

Registered emboss
Registered embossing is a process that places the embossed image in alignment with another element created with ink, foil, punching, or with a second embossed image.

Combination emboss
Combination embossing is the process of embossing and foil stamping the same image. It involves imprinting and aligning foil over an embossed image to create a foil emboss. A sculptured die, generally made of brass is used for this procedure. The process requires close registration that must be controlled to keep the image and foil matched precisely. The process of embossing and foil stamping is accomplished in one operation with the use of a combination die. The combination die has a cutting edge around the perimeter to cleanly break the excess foil away from the embossed area.

Pastelling
Pastelling is also referred to as tint leaf embossing. It involves the process of using a combination die to provide a subtle antique appearance to a substrate that is embossed and foil stamped. Pearl finishes, clear gloss, or similar pastel foil finishes can be selected that provide a soft two-color antique look (without scorching) to the embossed image. Lighter colored stocks work best to provide this soft contrasting effect.

Glazing
Glazing refers to an embossed area that has a shiny or polished appearance. Most often this process is accomplished with heat that is applied with pressure in order to create a shiny impression on the stock. Dark colored heavy weight stocks generally work best with glazing because the polished effect is much more noticeable and the dark color of the stock helps to eliminate or soften any burned appearance that may result from the application of the heat. When used in conjunction with foil, the process can provide the foil with a slightly brighter appearance.

Scorching
Scorching is similar to glazing except that it is not used to polish the stock. Instead, scorching does what it implies: as the temperature of the die heating plate is increased beyond a normal temperature range, a scorched effect is created in the embossed image, which results in an antique or shaded appearance. It is best to use a lighter colored stock for this procedure in order to provide a unique two-toned appearance. Caution should be used in requesting this effect, since it is easy to burn the stock if too much heat is used. If scorching occurs too close to the printed copy, it can interfere with the clarity of the printed copy; however, this may be the effect that is desired for a particular application.

Document authentication
A notary public may use an embossed seal to mark legal papers, either in the form of an adhesive seal, or using a clamp-like embossing device, to certify a signature on a document, contract, etc., or cause to become certified through a notary public or bill. Registered professional engineers also use embossing seals to certify drawings, thereby guaranteeing to the recipient that due diligence has been exercised in the design. Government agencies use embossed seals to certify that an important document, such as a birth certificate, court order, etc., is an authentic, original copy, rather than a photocopy that could be altered in the copying process.

On stamps
Embossing has been used regularly on postage and other types of stamps. The embossed paper of a letter sheet or stamped envelope is called an indicium. Notable early examples include some of the earliest stamps of Italy, Natal, and Switzerland, as well as the early high values of Great Britain (1847–54). Modern stamps still sometimes use embossing as a design element.

title: Paper embossing


text:
ITV Border

ITV Border, previously Border Television and commonly referred to as simply Border, is the Channel 3 service provided by ITV Broadcasting Limited for the England/Scotland border region, covering most of Cumbria and Dumfries and Galloway, the Scottish Borders and parts of Northumberland. The TV service previously covered the Isle of Man from 26 March 1965 until 15 July 2009.

Border Television was taken over by Granada plc in 2001 and a year later, as part of a network-wide re-launch, the name Border Television was dropped from on-air presentation, continuity and idents before networked programming in favour of the national ITV1 brand (ITV1 Border was used before regional programming). The licence for the region was transferred from Border Television to ITV Broadcasting Limited in November 2008. The legal name of the company was changed on 29 December 2006 from Border Television Ltd to ITV Border Ltd. The company was dissolved on 7 February 2023.

As of 25 February 2009, the regional news programme Lookaround was broadcast from the studios of ITV Tyne Tees in Gateshead with news and advertising staff based at offices in Carlisle and Edinburgh. However, on 16 September 2013, a full regional news service for the Border region was restored as part of an extensive relaunch of the station's local programming. A sub-regional service for the south of Scotland was reintroduced in January 2014. (The third channel in the rest of Scotland is STV.)

Launch
In May 1960, the Independent Television Authority (ITA) invited applicants to provide the ITV service for the Borders region – an area that covered the English counties of Westmorland and Cumberland, the south of Scotland and later, the Isle of Man.

Prior to this, the ITA had moved away from the idea of satellite stations (companies owned by distant management as seen with Southern Television in the south of England) towards companies that had strong local ownership. The contract covered two new transmitters at Caldbeck, near Carlisle and Selkirk, near Saint Boswells in the Scottish Borders. Granada Television and ABC Weekend Television had laid a claim to providing service via Caldbeck whilst Scottish Television expressed a strong interest in Selkirk. The ITA rejected both these in favour of a new contract area and a new company to serve it – although they stipulated the area to be "marginal" in their plans and that applicants had to present a very strong business case for the area as well as the contract.

Two applications were received, one from Solway Television and another from Border Television. Border were chosen on the basis of their plans and management which was considered local but still featured names from large business (the then chairman of Reuters for example) and from the world of education.

Launch was scheduled for February 1961 but construction problems with both transmitters resulted in delays until May of that year. As this led into the summer holiday period, Border asked for a launch delay as the break would affect advertising revenue. Accordingly, Border launched on Friday 1 September 1961, the 14th ITV station to go to air.

During its first year of operation, Border made a profit unlike other regional companies in their initial year, and by its second year, it had covered its launch costs, due mainly to a 60% audience penetration in an area that, at the time, was largely ignored by the BBC. From Friday 26 March 1965, the Isle of Man was added to Border's coverage area.

1970s and 1980s
Initially, Border produced little for the network and concentrated on local programming, most notably its flagship local news programme Lookaround. Later, when ITV and the BBC were given permission to extend broadcasting hours to daytime, Border carved a niche for providing the ITV network with afternoon quizzes and light entertainment. Derek Batey, Border TV's Assistant Controller of Programmes, became the frontman for one of ITV's most popular daytime quiz shows of the 1970s and early 1980s, Mr. and Mrs.. (A separate version of Mr. and Mrs. was also produced by HTV at the same time.) Batey also presented and produced the long-running chat show Look Who's Talking. Meanwhile, a 15-minute music show, The Sound of ..., was seen across several ITV regions and featured The Spinners, British folk music band The Settlers and other similar artists.

Financial and industrial problems began to hit the company during the 1970s – a fall in net profits to just £13,587, led to job losses and a cut in programme production in September 1975. In November 1978, a dispute with the ACTT (Association of Cinematograph, Television and Allied Technicians) led to 40 staff at the Durranhill studios being locked out for three weeks by management – several members of staff resorted to a sit in until the strike ended in stalemate and compromise.

By 1980, Border was again in severe financial trouble owing to a national economic downturn which affected advertising revenue on the whole ITV network, with the station losing £70,000 before tax in October 1981. The situation was deemed so serious that at one point the company considered not re-applying for its licence when it expired in December 1981 – though it would prove successful, as it did in July 1967 and October 1991. From January 1982, Border began broadcasting to south Cumbria from the Kendal transmitter which previously carried Granada. Border had lobbied the IBA for over a decade to serve the southern Lake District – a move backed by Cumbria County Council – while on the Isle of Man, officials voiced a preference to switch signals to Granada, citing inclusion in regional news coverage would benefit the tourism industry, with direct ferry links from Liverpool and Heysham.

More industrial problems were to follow in November 1982 when Border closed for a month in a dispute over new technology, which ended only after letters asking for an improvement in industrial relations were withdrawn. The dispute led to several members of management resigning – with Jim Graham moving from the BBC to become managing director and Paul Corley joining as director of programming. Graham and Corley began to transform Border by targeting a greater presence on the ITV network, despite the company's weak financial position. Graham hired Melvyn Bragg to present new programming. The launch of Channel 4 in 1982 also bolstered Border's network portfolio – providing extra finance for many of the new programmes being produced from the Carlisle studios (themselves being expanded) and commissioning to make a number of programmes, most notably Land of the Lakes (presented by Melvyn Bragg), a music show entitled Bliss (hosted by Muriel Gray) and Border's very first sitcom, The Groovy Fellers with Jools Holland and Rowland Rivron.

Border also expanded into children's programming during the 1980s with The Joke Machine, Crush A Grape, Pick A Number, Krankies Television, BMX Beat and contributions to Saturday morning series Get Fresh and Ghost Train (produced in conjunction with Tyne Tees Television, and others). Melvyn Bragg went on to become deputy chairman of Border Television in 1985 and its chairman in 1990. In 1996, he left the post but remained on the board.

Opt-out services
In 1989, Border began providing a sub-regional service for Scottish Borders viewers served by the Selkirk transmitter, consisting of a short opt-out during Lookaround each weeknight. In April 1999, the opt-out was extended to cover Dumfries and Galloway and a dedicated Scottish news bulletin was introduced on weekday lunchtimes.

The following August, Border began to use the opt-out service to provide split coverage of sports and occasional political programming. The station also opened an Edinburgh bureau to provide coverage of the Scottish Parliament.

Acquisition and takeover
Border was unopposed in retaining its ITV franchise in 1991, with a bid of £52,000 per year (or £1,000 per week).

In 1993, Border began its first venture into commercial radio when it was awarded the licence for a new regional radio station serving Central Scotland – Scot FM – in partnership with Grampian Television. By May 1995, Grampian had bought out Border's stake in the company.

Border's second venture was Century Radio, conceived as the second regional station for North East England, on 1 September 1994, with John Myers (a former continuity announcer) as managing director and John Simons as programming director. During the rest of the 1990s, Border launched an additional Century radio station in Manchester while holding interests in a number of other stations including Sun FM in Sunderland and Cumbria's CFM Radio, and in 1997 formed a subsidiary, Border Radio Holdings, for its radio business.

In March 2000, a takeover battle broke out between Capital Radio and Scottish Radio Holdings for Border – the latter went on to state that Border's ongoing status as a truly independent media business was no longer a realistic option in a consolidating industry. By April, Capital Radio had purchased the company and the following year sold Border's television assets to Granada Media Group for £50.5 million. Rumours over its future persistently dogged Border and it trod a difficult path to balance the interests of three different nations. As with many of the other ITV regional stations, a steady reduction in the range and quantity of its output continued its decline.

In July 2006, it was announced that the Berwick-upon-Tweed transmitter was to transfer to Tyne Tees as part of the preparations for the digital switchover of the Border region in 2008, and to bring Berwick into line with the rest of the North East which was scheduled to switch over to digital in 2012. The transfer took effect from 13 December 2006, although Border news programmes still carry stories about Berwick-upon-Tweed due to its proximity to the eastern Scottish Borders.

Merger
In 2008, the United Kingdom began its five-year programme to cease analogue television broadcasts as part of the switchover to Digital television starting with Border.

Towards the end of his tenure as ITV plc executive chairman, Michael Grade began dismantling the ITV regional layout, arguing the existence of ITV Border "no longer makes sense" relative to the regional audience it serves. On 12 September 2007, Grade announced plans to close ITV Border and merge the region with ITV Tyne Tees.

On 25 September 2008, Ofcom gave ITV the go ahead to merge the Border and Tyne Tees operations from early in 2009. Following a survey of Isle of Man viewers in autumn 2008, coverage of the Isle of Man was transferred from ITV Border to ITV Granada on Thursday 16 July 2009. ITV Border still serves the northern portions of the Isle of Man to this day.

ITV Border's own regional news service ceased production on Tuesday 24 February 2009, replaced by a dual-regional service the next day. The sub-regional service for southern Scotland was also closed. The main ITV Border newsroom is now based in the Kingstown area of Carlisle with reporters living and working in Carlisle, Dumfries, Edinburgh, Kendal, Selkirk and Whitehaven.

ITV Border won the RTS awards for Best News Programme: Nations and Regions for Lookaround, whilst ITV Tyne Tees & Border was nominated in three categories in February 2011.

Restoring a full regional service
On 23 July 2013, proposals to reintroduce a full service of news and regional programmes for the ITV Border region were approved by OFCOM. In September 2013, Lookaround was restored as a full half-hour programme on weekdays with shorter daytime and weekend bulletins reintroduced during the month. The programme continues to be broadcast from Gateshead with extra journalists recruited for newsgathering in the Border region, including a Scottish political editor in Edinburgh, a sports correspondent and district reporters.

ITV Border was also required to reopen its former opt-out service for southern Scotland, previously used to broadcast split news bulletins and select STV programming. A minimum of 90 minutes a week of bespoke local programming is broadcast on ITV Border Scotland while viewers in Cumbria continue to receive network output. The opt-out service was launched on Monday 6 January 2014 and initially broadcast over Freeview only, with programmes also available on the ITV Border website. From mid-March 2015, the split Border Scotland service became available to satellite viewers, replacing Border (England) in the relevant area.

Studios
Unlike some of the new ITV stations at the time, Border constructed a purpose-built studio centre, located in Brunel Way, Carlisle. The complex contained two production studios, a small continuity studio and a film interview studio. These were converted to colour with the station and were expanded and upgraded when demand increased following the launch of Channel 4.

Following the merger of ITV Border's service with that of ITV Tyne Tees, the Border studios were closed and demolished in 2010. A new office was opened in the Kingstown area of Carlisle with a newsroom and sales offices. In 2015 a newsroom and edit suites were opened in Selkirk, where some of the southern Scotland opt-out programmes are produced. Both sites have fibre video and data links to ITV Tyne Tees in Gateshead.

ITV Border also maintains a bureau for Scottish Parliament coverage in Edinburgh with district news reporters and camera crews based locally in Dumfries, Galloway, Kendal and Whitehaven. The Edinburgh and Selkirk offices produces the southern Scotland political programme, Representing Border.

Identity
Throughout its history until its rebranding as "ITV Border", Border Television used the same logo, an abstract symbol known affectionately by locals as "the chopsticks". It features a thick shape with a forker line crossing it and running either side of the shape, which divides the area into three parts, representing Scotland above the line, England below it, and the Solway Firth in the small area to the left.

The launch identity was a black caption with the white logo and "Border Television" beneath, over an announcement. The start-up routine was symbolic because of its distinctive and unchanging music and the announcement stating: "This is Border Television, coming to you from the Caldbeck, Selkirk and Richmond Hill transmitters of the Independent Television Authority." and then, "This is Border Television broadcasting to Cumbria, South Scotland, the Isle of Man and North and West Northumberland, from the Caldbeck, Selkirk and associated transmitters of the Independent Broadcasting Authority." This was replaced when colour came to the region by the same contents, contained within a rectangle on a blue background with a Colour caption outside the box. The colour caption was removed in the 1980s and the announcement said: "This is Border Television providing a full colour service to Cumbria, South Scotland, the Isle of Man and North and West Northumberland including Berwick-upon-Tweed, from the Caldbeck, Selkirk and associated transmitters of the Independent Broadcasting Authority."

Border finally adopted an animated ident on 1 September 1989 when they adopted the ITV Generic look. Their version was mildly well suited, as the contents of the traditional Border logo were recognisable in the "V" segment of the logo. This look was extensively used, even in the news department. Border also began to use in-vision continuity more heavily.

On 5 September 1994, the logo was updated into a 3D version, this ident features a 3D Border logo falling into place against an icy-cold cyan backdrop, which was set to the same as 1989 ITV Generic theme, and it remained for nearly 12 months until 31 August 1995. Border also to use the same in-vision continuity again.

On 1 September 1995, the logo was changed again with two different idents, a same 3D Border logo falling into place against a water-effect blue backdrop, which was set to the same tune as used previously but later played on instruments to match the water theme. In another one, with the same sequence against a backdrop of spinning discs and blue and purple colours. New music was also composed featuring deep basses. The whole effect was to make Border have an authoritative and broadcaster tone. This package remained for four years until 7 November 1999.

On 8 November 1999, Border adopted the second generic look along with the rest of the regions, but did not use their logo in this look. From then on, Border only used network designs for idents; as from 28 October 2002, Border idents featuring a celebrity with the ITV1 logo with the word Border underneath were used for local programming only. All other programming used network idents and from 1 November 2004 no regional idents existed. Local productions are now attributed on-screen to 'ITV News and Current Affairs Border' and ITV Border.

Programmes
Children's programmes
 * Border Birthdays

Current programmes

 * Border Life (Southern Scotland only)
 * ITV News Border
 * Around the House (also broadcast on ITV Tyne Tees)
 * ITV News Lookaround
 * Representing Border (Southern Scotland only)
 * Border Sport in Focus (Southern Scotland only)

Past programmes

 * The Andy Stewart Show
 * APB
 * Basil's Joke Machine
 * Bliss (1985)
 * BMX Beat
 * Border Folk
 * Border Forum (1970–77)
 * Border Greats
 * Border Month (1972–79)
 * Border Parliamentary Report (1972–78)
 * Border Stories (1999–2004)
 * Cock of the Border (1960s)
 * Coconuts (1990)
 * Crush a Grape
 * Galloway Ceilidh (1979
 * Hindsight (1981–87)
 * Homegrown
 * Krankies Television/K.T.V.
 * Krazy Kitchen
 * Law of the Lakes
 * Look Who's Talking
 * Mr. and Mrs.
 * Nature Trail
 * Pick a Number (1984–86)
 * Revelations (1984–88)
 * Scene Shed (1980s)
 * Studio One (1976-80s)
 * The Joke Machine (1989)
 * The Sound of .... (1970–81)
 * The Union and the League
 * Take the Mick
 * Trailblazing
 * Try For Ten (1968–84)
 * Vegetable Village (1965)
 * Way of the Lakes

title: ITV Border