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Province of Saxony

The Province of Saxony (Provinz Sachsen), also known as Prussian Saxony (Preußisches Sachsen), was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia and later the Free State of Prussia from 1816 until 1944. Its capital was Magdeburg.

It was formed by the merger of various territories ceded or returned to Prussia in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna: most of the former northern territories of the Kingdom of Saxony (the remainder of which became part of Brandenburg or Silesia), the former French Principality of Erfurt, the Duchy of Magdeburg, the Altmark, the Principality of Halberstadt, and some other districts.

The province was bounded by the Electorate of Hesse (the province of Hesse-Nassau after 1866), the Kingdom of Hanover (the province of Hanover after 1866) and the Duchy of Brunswick to the west, Hanover (again) to the north, Brandenburg to the north and east, Silesia to the south-east, and the rump kingdom of Saxony and the small Ernestine duchies to the south. Its shape was very irregular and it entirely surrounded enclaves of Brunswick and some of the Ernestine duchies. It also possessed several exclaves, and was almost entirely bisected by the Duchy of Anhalt save for a small corridor of land around Aschersleben (which itself bisected Anhalt). The river Havel ran along the north-eastern border with Brandenburg north of Plaue but did not follow the border exactly.

The majority of the population was Protestant, with a Catholic minority (about 8% as of 1905) considered part of the diocese of Paderborn. The province sent 20 members to the Reichstag and 38 delegates to the Prussian House of Representatives (Abgeordnetenhaus).

Early history
The province was created in 1816 out of the following territories:
 * the Prussian lands which lay immediately to the (south-)west of the Havel river; those which lay beyond the Elbe – the Altmark, Principality of Halberstadt and County of Wernigerode and the western part of the Duchy of Magdeburg – had been part of the Kingdom of Westphalia from 1807 to 1813 but had since been regained
 * territory gained from the Kingdom of Saxony after the Battle of Leipzig in 1813 (confirmed in 1815): the towns and surrounding territories of Wittenberg, Merseburg, Naumburg, Mansfeld, Querfurt, and Henneberg; within the Kingdom of Saxony these had comprised:
 * most of the Wittenburg Circle (excluding the far north around Belzig which was merged into Brandenburg)
 * the northern parts of the Meissen Circle and Leipzig Circle Circles
 * the Thuringia Circle
 * a small part of the Neustadt Circle around Ziegenrück, which formed an exclave within Thuringia
 * the County of Stolberg-Stolberg
 * the Saxon parts of the former County of Mansfeld (the remainder had been part of Magdeburg)
 * part of the Principality of Querfurt
 * most of the Saxon portion of the former County of Henneberg around Suhl, which formed a second Thuringian exclave
 * the former bishoprics of Merseburg and Naumburg
 * the County of Barby;
 * territory given to Prussia after the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss: lands around Erfurt (formerly directly subordinate to the Emperor of the French as the Principality of Erfurt), the Eichsfeld (formerly belonging to the Archbishopric of Mainz), the former imperial cities of Mühlhausen and Nordhausen, and Quedlinburg Abbey.
 * several small territories which were former Hannovarian enclaves within the Altmark, centred around Klötze, and which had been part of the Kingdom of Westphalia from 1807 to 1813
 * a small amount of territory on the left bank of the Havel that had previously belonged to Anhalt-Dessau (Anhalt-Zerbst before 1796)

Later history
The Province of Saxony was one of the richest regions of Prussia, with highly developed agriculture and industry. In 1932, the province was enlarged with the addition of the regions around Ilfeld and Elbingerode, which had previously been part of the Province of Hanover.

On 1 July 1944, the Province of Saxony was divided along the lines of its three administrative regions. The Erfurt Regierungsbezirk was merged with the Herrschaft Schmalkalden district of the Province of Hesse-Nassau and given to the state of Thuringia. The Magdeburg Regierungsbezirk became the Province of Magdeburg, and the Merseburg Regierungsbezirk became the Province of Halle-Merseburg.

In 1945, the Soviet military administration combined Magdeburg and Halle-Merseburg with the State of Anhalt into the Province of Saxony-Anhalt, with Halle as its capital. The eastern part of the Blankenburg exclave of Brunswick and the Thuringian exclave of Allstedt were also added to Saxony-Anhalt. In 1947, Saxony-Anhalt became a state.

The East German states, including Thuringia and Saxony-Anhalt, were abolished in 1952, but they were recreated as part of the reunification of Germany in 1990 (with some slight border changes; in particular territories around Torgau, which were part of Saxony-Anhalt between 1945 and 1952, passed to Saxony) as modern states of Germany.

Subdivisions
Prior to 1944, the province of Saxony was divided into three Regierungsbezirke. In 1945, only the provinces of Magdeburg and Halle-Merseburg were re-merged.

Regierungsbezirk Magdeburg
Urban districts (Stadtkreise)

 * 1) Aschersleben (1901–1950)
 * 2) Burg bei Magdeburg (1924–1950)
 * 3) Halberstadt (1817–1825 and 1891–1950)
 * 4) Magdeburg
 * 5) Quedlinburg (1911–1950)
 * 6) Stendal (1909–1950)

Rural districts (Landkreise)

 * 1) Calbe a./S.
 * 2) Gardelegen
 * 3) Haldensleben
 * 4) Jerichow I
 * 5) Jerichow II
 * 6) Oschersleben (Bode)
 * 7) Osterburg
 * 8) Quedlinburg
 * 9) Salzwedel
 * 10) Stendal
 * 11) Wanzleben
 * 12) Wernigerode
 * 13) Wolmirstedt

Regierungsbezirk Merseburg
Urban districts (Stadtkreise)

 * 1) Eisleben (1908–1950)
 * 2) Halle a. d. Saale
 * 3) Merseburg (1921–1950)
 * 4) Naumburg a. d. Saale (1914–1950)
 * 5) Weißenfels (1899–1950)
 * 6) Wittenberg (Lutherstadt)
 * 7) Zeitz (1901–1950)

Rural districts (Landkreise)

 * 1) Bitterfeld
 * 2) Delitzsch
 * 3) Eckartsberga
 * 4) Liebenwerda
 * 5) Mansfelder Gebirgskreis
 * 6) Mansfelder Seekreis
 * 7) Merseburg
 * 8) Querfurt
 * 9) Saalkreis
 * 10) Sangerhausen
 * 11) Schweinitz
 * 12) Torgau
 * 13) Weißenfels
 * 14) Wittenberg
 * 15) Zeitz

Regierungsbezirk Erfurt
Urban districts (Stadtkreise)

 * 1) Erfurt (1816–18 and 1872–present)
 * 2) Mühlhausen (1892–1950)
 * 3) Nordhausen (1882–1950)

Rural districts (Landkreise)

 * 1) Hohenstein county
 * 2) Heiligenstadt
 * 3) Langensalza
 * 4) Mühlhausen
 * 5) Schleusingen
 * 6) Weißensee
 * 7) Worbis
 * 8) Ziegenrück

title: Province of Saxony


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Talk:Creativity

English
Creativity cannot be taught 41.114.201.188 (talk) 13:19, 24 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Why Creativity cannot be taught 41.114.201.188 (talk) 13:21, 24 April 2024 (UTC)

Too many individual theories
The "process theories" section is very filled out but has no context or organization for any of the theories provided. Most of them are sourced only to a few people advocating them and a few people criticizing them, and there's an enormous number of them. The section needs to get cut down a bit. Mrfoogles (talk) 17:30, 6 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Most of the article is basically pet theories, and needs to be rewritten with secondary sources to emphasize which of them are relevant, I think. Mrfoogles (talk) 16:33, 8 June 2024 (UTC)

LLM editing note
Looking at this diff from 2023, it looks like a decent portion of the article was edited with ChatGPT. This could be a non-problem, but given the originator of that diff, @Moorlock, was the largest article contributor, it should be noted. Mrfoogles (talk) 07:22, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

 * I think such tinkering is to be avoided. LLMs aren't in command of the details of sources. As such, there's no assurance at all that any paraphrasing is appropriate. OsFish (talk) 08:56, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I see a few mistakes (e.g. changing (one work type is intra-sectoral (e.g. "general sponge") -> one work type is intra-sectoral, exemplified by terms like "general sponge"), which takes an accidental use of "e.g." instead of "i.e." and changes it into a claim that the term "general sponge" is an example of a kind of work), but nothing major that I can pick out. The author says the copy-editing was "assisted" rather than done by, so that might be a good sign. I can't find any of that diff in the article now so it's unclear if any of it survived, though. Mrfoogles (talk) 19:02, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Creativity


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Talk:Game of strategy

The game classification article lists games of skill and games of strategy as separate categories - but chess, checkers (draughts) and go are listed here as games of strategy but are also listed in the mind sport article, which is a sub-category of games of skill. So which category do they belong to ? I am confused. -- Gandalf61 13:24, Nov 25, 2003 (UTC)

 * as i know mind sport games (chess, checkers (draughts) and go) may belong to both categories dependent how they are played. as solitaire (vs computer) or problem set games they tend to games of skill but are not quite; vs a second human player they are classical games of strategy .. i/someone should take some more reading about the classifications although they are propagated by Anderson/Moore and Brian Sutton-Smith i havent found unf more valuable/clear information about it than what i've written down yet. -- Ebricca 13:30, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC)

If Mastermind (game) is a game of strategy, then so too are Diplomacy (game) and Rock, Paper, Scissors --Henrygb 11:18, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

 * No, Rock, Paper, Scissors is a game of chance. It does involve having some idea how your opponent plays, but the Nash equilibrium is for both players to play completely randomly. Seahen 23:08, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Indeed so. But this is a randomised strategy, as is setting the code in Mastermind and many optimal strategies in game theory, which then become a game of chance by playing the optimal strategy. Snakes and Ladders is a game of pure chance - there is nothing you can do to change the outcome, but Rock, Paper, Scissors actually requires a stategic decision to be random or to seek to exploit the other player's non-randomness.   --Henrygb 14:36, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Game of strategy


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Zurab Zhvania

Zurab Zhvania (ზურაბ ჟვანია; 9 December 1963 – 3 February 2005) was a Georgian politician, who served as Prime Minister of Georgia and Speaker of the Parliament of Georgia.

Zhvania began his political career at a young age as a member of Green Party in the early 90s. In 1993, Zhvania was elected General Secretary of Eduard Shevardnadze's political party. From that point on until his death in 2006, Zhvania played an important role in Georgian politics. In 1995 he became the chairman of parliament and maintained the post until his resignation in 1999, which was followed with the discharge of other ministers whom Zhvania had suspected of corruption. In 2003, Zhvania united with other opposition leaders, mainly Burdjanadze and Saakashvili, to hold non-violent protests against the rigging of the 2003 presidential elections. This protests culminated with the resignation of Shevardnadze and the ascendance of Saakashvili to the presidency. Zhvania became prime minister and served the post until his death in 2005.

Early life
Zhvania was born in Tbilisi into the family of Besarion Zhvania, an ethnic Georgian, and Rema Antonova, of mixed Jewish and Armenian ancestry, both physicists working at the Tbilisi Institute of Physics. In 1985 he graduated from the Faculty of Biology of the Tbilisi State University. He worked at the university through 1992. In 1993 he married Nino Kadagidze, who owned a book store with English language books in Tbilisi. They had a son and two daughters: Elisabeth, Besarion and Anna. Zhvania spoke Georgian, English, German and Russian.

Career
Zhvania entered national politics in 1988. Between 1988 and 1990, Georgia's Green Party, which Zhvania co-chaired, was one of a number of opposition groups that took part in the country's drive to regain its independence. In September 1991 his party joined the opposition to the first post-Soviet President of Georgia, Zviad Gamsakhurdia. Gamsakhurdia's violent overthrow in January 1992 resulted in Eduard Shevardnadze, the former Soviet foreign minister, coming to power a few months later. In 1992 Zhvania was elected chairman of Eastern European Greens.

Shevardnadze established the Union of Citizens of Georgia to provide a moderate centre-right grouping for reformist democrats. Zhvania joined the UGC in 1995, entering the Georgian parliament in the same year, and recruited other reformists to the party, notably Mikheil Saakashvili. In 1993, Zhvania became general secretary of Shevardnadze's party. On 25 November 1995, after the party's victory at the election, he was elected as chairman of the Georgian parliament.

However, Zhvania fell out with Shevardnadze over a corruption scandal and resigned as speaker on 1 November 2001. He and Saakashvili also left Shevardnadze's party. In 2002, he established and chaired a new party, called the United Democrats.

Zhvania had a wife and three children, and in addition to his native Georgian, he spoke Armenian, Hebrew, English, German, and Russian. Zurab Zhvania is the only Georgian Prime Minister to have died while in office.

November elections
The parliamentary elections of 2 November 2003 were widely condemned by local and international observers as being grossly rigged by the government. In response, Zhvania and other opposition figures called for mass protests against Shevardnadze. Two weeks of massive popular protests followed, forcing Shevardnadze's resignation on 23 November. He was replaced on an interim basis by Zhvania's successor as parliamentary speaker, Nino Burjanadze. Zhvania himself became a minister in the transitional government prior to fresh presidential elections held on 4 January 2004, which were won by Saakashvili.

Prime minister
In February 2004 according to the proposal of President Saakashvili Zhvania was elected as Prime Minister by the Parliament of Georgia. He led a young reformist cabinet with 15 members with an average age of 35 years. With his cabinet Zhvania was seen as a moderate counterweight to the "radical" attitudes of President Saakashvili. He also was a key figure in the talks on the separatist republics of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Controversial was Zhvania's role during the privatisations in Georgia, when he took over all final decisions, while the competent ministers of economy had to be changed three times within two years. Experts also criticized his role in the sale of the port of Batumi and of 16 ships of the Georgian Black Sea fleet.

Circumstances
Zhvania died early in the morning of 3 February 2005 from what officials claimed was carbon monoxide poisoning caused by an inadequately ventilated gas heater. He was in a rented apartment with Raul Usupov, deputy governor of Georgia's Kvemo Kartli region, at the time. Usupov also died. Guards entered the house after there was no word from Zhvania for several hours to find him in an armchair and Usupov in the kitchen. Details of the incident are still limited, although officials have said there was a gas-powered heating stove in the main room of the house, where a table was set up with a backgammon set lying open upon it.

Immediately after the incident, live on Rustavi-2 television, Georgia's Interior Minister Vano Merabishvili said there was no reason to suspect foul play. Bodies were taken to the coroner's office, where a preliminary examination showed both died from carbon monoxide poisoning. There were reports of serious technical violations when the gas heaters were installed, with officials saying there was no ventilation in the apartment.

However, Zhvania's family members have questioned the official version of the death, with Goga Zhvania having said that he was sure that his brother was assassinated. In March 2006 interview with the Washington Post Georgia's ex-president Eduard Shevardnadze also said that he believed Zhvania was murdered.

In addition, Irakli Okruashvili has also stated in his scandalous speech in Imedi TV, that Zhvania's corpse was moved to the house, but who actually moved the corpse he said he was not going to talk about that any longer that day.

According to some reports Mikheil Machavariani, Deputy Chairman of the Parliament of Georgia, was one of the last people who spoke with Zurab Zhvania the night before his death.

President Mikheil Saakashvili, at an emergency Cabinet meeting, said, "In Zurab Zhvania, Georgia has lost a great patriot, who devoted his entire life to serving the motherland. Zurab's death is a great blow to Georgia and to me personally. I lost a very close friend, a reliable adviser and a great ally. I want to call on you all to be strong, because there is no greater responsibility than loyal service to our country and our people." Rabbi Mikhailashvili stated, "The Jewish community mourns the sudden loss of Zurab Zhvania. As a Jew, he had a close relationship to the Jewish community in Georgia." As of March 2014 Mikheil Saakashvili was wanted by the Georgian Prosecutor's office for questioning in an investigation carried out for the purpose of establishing circumstances surrounding Zhvania's death.

Bodyguard trials and aftermath
Years after the incident, Zhvania's death remains at the center of Georgia's political life. In 2015, several of Zhvania's bodyguards were convicted of neglect after they admitted that on the day of Zhvania's death they had left him alone, at his own request. According to the bodyguards, Zhvania maintained a secret apartment and went to unspecified meetings there, sometimes disguised in a beard. When the security personnel entered the apartment to check on Zhvania, they found his body naked along with the naked Raul Usupov. The bodyguards admitted to tampering with the scene in order to erase any traces that the two men have had sex, so as to "keep his [Zhvania’s] name clean". Zhvania's family members deny allegations of homosexuality and instead insist that it was a staged murder by unspecified persons.

title: Zurab Zhvania


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Talk:Fairness

Some content moved to Forty-nine charismatic virtues. Peter Manchester 13:33, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Is Justice always Fair?
It is difficult to accept that justice is always fair. Justice depends on the form it takes in a society that is generally acceptable to the majority of the population. Different societies will have different definitions of justice, and thereofore what is fair in one society may seem horribly unfair in another. The terms fairness, justice, morality and ethics are all quite similar in this regard, and as such should not be used as a principle to any universal argument.--H.A.L. {{unsignedip2|12:30 & :31, 22 April 2005 65.39.13.235

"Behavioral economics" entry
I removed
 * * A form of preferences, as studied in behavioral economics

Having done so, i note that Nevertheless:
 * 1) Failing to mention fairness probably doesn't rule out a lk to an article, if some users who read the entry say "Oh, good; i didn't think of going straight there, but that's the kind of fairness i had in mind."
 * 2) The function of the non-lk portions of a Dab entry is not to be understood by users whose needs won't be advanced by seeing the article.
 * 1) The article in fact uses the string "fair", in its 27kB, only once, only halfway thru, in the phrase fair price, raising a presumption that most users who come to the accompanying Dab for info on fairness in the behavioral economics sense would be more efficiently helped if they go straight to the fair-price/fair-value article without the delay and disappointment of getting there thru the behavioral-economics article.
 * 2) Describing "fairness" as "a form of preferences" (with or without bolding) seems idiosyncratic or obscurely technical at best.
 * 3) An entry that invites users to "take a chance" on it, bcz they've understood the other entries without finding one TYat. --Jerzy•t 10:13, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

†fairness is were people respect and share thing with each other —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.142.87.9 (talk) 21:47, 9 October 2008 (UTC)

Why is this a disambiguation page?
Surely the concept of fairness, used in multiple senses (in law, in politics, in society generally) deserves its own page? "A fair day's work for a fair day's wage". A "fair go". "It's not fair". "Justice as fairness". And so on. Where are the philosophers to write about this?  Wik idea  13:02, 29 September 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fairness


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Gauss map

In differential geometry, the Gauss map of a surface is a function that maps each point in the surface to a unit vector that is orthogonal to the surface at that point. Namely, given a surface X in Euclidean space R3, the Gauss map is a map N: X → S2 (where S2 is the unit sphere) such that for each p in X, the function value N(p) is a unit vector orthogonal to X at p. The Gauss map is named after Carl F. Gauss.

The Gauss map can be defined (globally) if and only if the surface is orientable, in which case its degree is half the Euler characteristic. The Gauss map can always be defined locally (i.e. on a small piece of the surface). The Jacobian determinant of the Gauss map is equal to Gaussian curvature, and the differential of the Gauss map is called the shape operator.

Gauss first wrote a draft on the topic in 1825 and published in 1827.

There is also a Gauss map for a link, which computes linking number.

Generalizations
The Gauss map can be defined for hypersurfaces in Rn as a map from a hypersurface to the unit sphere Sn − 1 ⊆  Rn.

For a general oriented k-submanifold of Rn the Gauss map can also be defined, and its target space is the oriented Grassmannian $$\tilde{G}_{k,n}$$, i.e. the set of all oriented k-planes in Rn. In this case a point on the submanifold is mapped to its oriented tangent subspace. One can also map to its oriented normal subspace; these are equivalent as $$\tilde{G}_{k,n} \cong \tilde{G}_{n-k,n}$$ via orthogonal complement. In Euclidean 3-space, this says that an oriented 2-plane is characterized by an oriented 1-line, equivalently a unit normal vector (as $$\tilde{G}_{1,n} \cong S^{n-1}$$), hence this is consistent with the definition above.

Finally, the notion of Gauss map can be generalized to an oriented submanifold X of dimension k in an oriented ambient Riemannian manifold M of dimension n. In that case, the Gauss map then goes from X to the set of tangent k-planes in the tangent bundle TM. The target space for the Gauss map N is a Grassmann bundle built on the tangent bundle TM. In the case where $$M=\mathbf{R}^n$$, the tangent bundle is trivialized (so the Grassmann bundle becomes a map to the Grassmannian), and we recover the previous definition.

Total curvature
The area of the image of the Gauss map is called the total curvature and is equivalent to the surface integral of the Gaussian curvature. This is the original interpretation given by Gauss.

$$ \iint_R \pm|N_u \times N_v| \ du\, dv = \iint_R K|X_u \times X_v| \ du\, dv = \iint_S K \ dA$$

The Gauss–Bonnet theorem links total curvature of a surface to its topological properties.

Cusps of the Gauss map

The Gauss map reflects many properties of the surface: when the surface has zero Gaussian curvature, (that is along a parabolic line) the Gauss map will have a fold catastrophe. This fold may contain cusps and these cusps were studied in depth by Thomas Banchoff, Terence Gaffney and Clint McCrory. Both parabolic lines and cusp are stable phenomena and will remain under slight deformations of the surface. Cusps occur when: There are two types of cusp: elliptic cusp and hyperbolic cusps.
 * 1) The surface has a bi-tangent plane
 * 2) A ridge crosses a parabolic line
 * 3) at the closure of the set of inflection points of the asymptotic curves of the surface.

title: Gauss map


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Talk:Compassion

Hinduism
As I read the article, I'm wondering if it's possible to reorganize the section for Hinduism? I think that it could be condensed in a clearer and concise way to be more straightforward. EJHM1 (talk) 05:19, 2 May 2023 (UTC)EJHM1 23:17, 1 May 2023

Comment
Some content moved to Forty-nine charismatic virtues. Peter Manchester 13:35, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)

... v.s. Sympathy
So how does this differ from sympathy? Should the two be merged? Why or why not?

 * Additionally, is compassion predicated on empathy or sympathy, or neither, or both? It may be something outside the bounds of both of these things, but is triggered in various forms, or to various ends, by these things. 24.16.251.40 23:30, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Sympathy is about feeling "sorry for" another person from a distance. As in, "you poor dear". "I feel sorry for you, you poor thing."

Compassion is about getting involved, entering in, suffering with, walking in the shoes of another person. "Compassion" is derived from the latin root words "cum": "with" and "passio": "to suffer", or literally "to suffer with". It is not about taking away or relieving one's suffering but rather meeting them in the place of one's suffering and being a companion with them, perhaps in hopes of lightening the load, but if suffering is not alleviated it does not mean one was less compassionate. Sympathy is not equal to compassion. All compassion may be sympathetic, but not all sympathy is compassionate. Sympathy is more about feeling sorry for another person from a distance. Compassion requires walking with the other person and feeling with them their suffering.

Empathy is different than sympathy because it’s about taking the perspective of the other, in the other’s shoes. I don’t put myself in their shoes, I try to see what it must be like for that unique person, not how I’d react, but I try to take that other person’s perspective, in their situation.

Sympathy: You poor thing. I feel so bad for you.

Empathy: That must be a tough thing for someone with your history to face.

Empathy: I have experienced the situation you are going through. (Has nothing to do with how you express your perception of another's situation only the fact that you understand because you suffered the same situation.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.192.115.129 (talk) 12:53, 27 January 2014 (UTC)

Compassion: How can I walk with you in this dark time and hurt with you? Compassion pushes us to take action whenever we see or feel another person sad or in pain.

Measure
How to measure [compassion] in a country? unknown 07:38, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Possibly charitable acts as percentage of disposable income (not just donations of money), volunteer hours donated, etc.... These would have to be measured against fully altruistic (ie. tithing) or technically selfish acts (ie. donating to one's own organization) that just seem compassionate.  I am unaware of any resources that are currently doing this, but you might want to check out the United Nations.  You would probably also have to subtract (or even maybe divide by?) the relative number of anti-compassionate acts (such as expecting or demanding bribes, interfering with journalism, interfering with unharmful free expression, etc...) in those nations.  A few organizations do this last, such as: http://www.heritage.org/index/ (Index of Economic Freedom), http://www.rsf.org/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=573 (Reporters sans frontières) .  International human rights watches of various sorts would probably also be up on it. 24.16.251.40 23:51, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

How to teach somebody to have compassion?
How to teach somebody to have compassion or to increase it, children or adults?
 * Same way you teach someone to like to eat tripe: you convince or trick them into trying it and if they still don't like it, not much you can do. Maxim K 00:37, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

 * You teach somebody to have compassion by example, by being compassionate with them. You increase your own compassion through repetition of being compassionate (and also through meditation). --Brian Fenton (talk) 20:56, 4 August 2011 (UTC)

Compassion is a sense of shared suffering, most often combined with a desire to alleviate or reduce such suffering; to show special kindness to those who suffer.

One other way to teach compassion could be to show compassion to those you are trying to teach it to. For example, how did Jesus Christ teach it? By doing.Darci1200 (talk) 19:22, 25 September 2021 (UTC)

removed "veganism" from see also
Not that vegans aren't compassionate, but it seemed far too arbitrary to include.

Buddhism in the the beginning summary
I think the first few paragraphs should objectively describe compassion without discussing all these buddhist beliefs, perhaps moving the buddhist quotes into the 'In Religion' section. Thoughts? --Dankind 19:18, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Agreed - I have moved the information into the Religion section just now - the intro para could probably do with a bit more work. Ys, Gouranga(UK) 21:21, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

ay sorry this is sao paulo brazil .39830044

Purpose of Hitler's words?
More quatations should be included, at least to justify the existence of those words. Alex. 20:04, 4 September 2007

 * I have removed the quote. This Google search seems to indicate that the quote was made up. It definitely appears to be unsourceable. (For future reference, it is usually best to move random quotes like this to their corresponding page at wikiquotes.org if they can be sourced. Otherwise, be bold and delete the (probably) fake quote.) Dave Runger 20:14, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

Origin
I was wondering, where did compassion come from? Why did we evolve to be compassionate? From a survival standpoint, compassion is a weakness; for example: A man evolves compassion and is attacked by a mountain lion, he bests the creature and it lays on the ground dying. The man feel compassion for the lion and helps save it's life; when the lion is better, in most cases it would immediately rip out the man's throat. As such the man who evolved compassion is killed, thus not being able to pass on the trait.24.118.227.213 05:02, 28 September 2007 (UTC)
 * It probably evolved in tribal settings, tribes where members support probably did better... That's maybe also why people tend to care more about those that are similar to them or territorially close. Maxim K 00:15, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 03:52, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

vs Empathy?
The article says that Compassion should not be confused with Empathy, but after reading the article, the difference between the two still isn't clear to me. --Irrevenant [ talk ] 08:35, 28 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Compassion implies both understanding of other's suffering as well as the desire to alleviate it, empathy is an ability to understand other's emotions, without those being explicitly stated, but it doesn't neccesserily imply concern (although colloquialy it often does, iin which case there is no difference) Maxim K (talk) 05:54, 26 May 2008 (UTC)
 * The article should probably cite some literature on the difference, and maybe dedicate a section to it. To me "compassion" is more of a religious concept that entails a certain value system, whereas empathy is more of a psychological/cognitive one describing the cognitive capacity of empathizing with someone else by imagining their state of mind.User:Maunus ·ʍaunus·snunɐw· 01:00, 11 July 2014 (UTC)

Merge with Compassion in spirituality
The Compassion article is little more than a stub. It seems unreasonable to have such a large offshoot article such as Compassion in spirituality standing on its own. These two articles should be merged. Neelix (talk) 20:56, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Compassion in spirituality should be brought here. --Robert Daoust (talk) 21:05, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

I disagree. Spirituality as a "kind-of" or "type-of" of emotion is just postmodern speculation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Co4e (talk • contribs) 19:56, 21 October 2011 (UTC)

Actual definition
According to OED, the word 'compassion' means:

1. Suffering together with another, participation in suffering; fellow-feeling, sympathy. 2. The feeling or emotion, when a person is moved by the suffering or distress of another, and by the desire to relieve it; pity that inclines one to spare or to succour. 3. Sorrowful emotion, sorrow, grief.

And yet the article begins with the line "Compassion is an understanding of the emotional state of another or oneself." Compassion is primary a feeling (an emotion) rather than a mere intellectual understanding. Further, the first paragraph ends with the line "compassion may lead an individual to feel empathy with another person." Compassion is feeling; thus this statement is not accurate.

- Nearfar (talk) 05:21, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

I agree with Nearfar. The whole intro is badly in need of a serious rewrite. It's embarrassing. Wingspeed (talk) 17:44, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

I have just added a second paragraph in the lead, dealing with the etymology of the English word, compassion, as I think it may be relevant, and it leads to cross-references to the related words patient — as seen by physicians — and pathos. --DavidB 05:44, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

Thanks for the definition

I am an outlier, but I have been building a model. In our model compassion is the behavior arsing out of the "simpler systems" of empathy. Both sympathy and empathy are held in the aggregate of simpler emotions. The decomposition can be traced down to the more autonomic or somatic sensory experiences. It feels good to eat. It feels good to be caressed. It feels bad when spanked. all emotions following birth are abstractions of the somatic constraints. This topic should be bound to "ambivalence" and ambivalence should be the stub article for all emotion discussion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Co4e (talk • contribs) 19:21, 21 October 2011 (UTC)

Compassion in the Jewish tradition
Just noticed: this is a yawning, and also embarrassing, omission. Volunteers? Wingspeed (talk) 16:40, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Also is more conspicuously lacking now a section on compassion in secular society or persons... --Robert Daoust (talk) 18:11, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Very true. Wingspeed (talk) 18:19, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I'll put all the religious stuff under an overall label, "Religious and spiritual views on compassion," which, with luck, will speed up the appearance of a "Philosophical & secular views on compassion" section or some such. Wingspeed (talk) 14:02, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

The Sikh tradition
The Sikh section - again, embarrassingly - seeems at present to be mainly about not the Sikh but the Buddhist tradition. Needs to be rectified as matter of urgency. Volunteers?Wingspeed (talk) 14:35, 13 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Just sought to rectify this omission, but still needs a lot more work, as indeed do the Hindu & Christian sections.Wingspeed (talk) 14:14, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

Positive
Do we really want to refer to Compassion as a positive emotion? Isn't that a subjective statement, in contrast with the NPOV? Many may see compassion as a weakness (though I do not). Nutiketaiel (talk) 19:43, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Seeing no objection, I will remove it now. Nutiketaiel (talk) 11:52, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I'm the guilty party. I think you're probably right. Weakness for alliteration must have got the better of me. Thanks for spotting it. :D Wingspeed (talk) 02:32, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Not at all; the alliteration was pretty tempting. ;-)  Thank you for the positive feedback.  Nutiketaiel (talk) 11:32, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I added a new section Criticism - as virtually nobody has thought about writing it. This should help clear up the debate on compassion being a 'positive' emotion - Nearfar (talk) 01:15, 6 October 2008 (UTC)

Sutra

 * Great Compassion Dharani Sutra

"(Also known as:)
 * Maha Karuna Dharani Sutra
 * Maha Karunikacitta Dharani Sutra
 * Nilakantha Dharani Sutra"

How to mention/insert it best to section Buddhism?

 * Austerlitz -- 88.75.79.147 (talk) 14:18, 1 February 2009 (UTC)

"(The full title is:) Thousand-Handed and Thousand-Eyed Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva's Vast, Perfect, Unimpeded, Great-Compassionate Heart Dharani Sutra"

-- 88.75.79.147 (talk) 14:22, 1 February 2009 (UTC)

-- 88.75.79.147 (talk) 14:34, 1 February 2009 (UTC)
 *

Alice Miller
Can there be.
 * Compassion for abusing parents Tuesday April 07, 2009
 * Austerlitz -- 88.75.89.140 (talk) 10:12, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

this link, ^ Exploring Religious Ethics in Daily Life on the wikisite (see references no. 2) does not work there.
 * Austerlitz -- 88.75.69.44 (talk) 12:44, 11 August 2009 (UTC)

To be inserted
How and what best? Shastra
 * Dr. Yutang Lin: The Unification of Wisdom and Compassion

 * Austerlitz -- 88.75.201.192 (talk) 15:25, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

http://www.purifymind.com/BuddhistPsychotherapy.htm Wisdom and Compassion: Buddhist Psychotherapy as Skillful Means © 2002 Kerry Moran

 * -- 88.75.201.192 (talk) 15:34, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

Lede issues
I generally like the tone and the philosophical way the lede explains the concept, referencing some of the most notable components. However "compassion" is not "an emotion" - its a trait of sympathetic beings, with an emotional dimension. It is the essential property of "compassionate" beings. There is also a problem with the degree factor - asserting that "compassion" has to be "passionate," when in fact it can be quite philosophical and to some degree detached. Compassion is not empathy with more energetic emotion in it - though the two words are sometimes used that way, that is not strictly the way the terms relate to each other. Also, the etymology paragraph in the lede belongs in its own section - though I understand why its placed high in the article. If someone else does not get to it first, I'll work on the above changes shortly. Regards, -Stevertigo (w | t | e) 00:45, 13 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree. Please let all know any disagreement before creating a new heading. New worl April 12, 2013.

Historical?
For one, this isn't attributed properly, and for seconds it seems very much out of place. Should at the very least be "Philosophy" or something similar.

It's also a very general hearsay quote that should be supported by actual sourced quotes-otherwise we're looking at a contemporary quote purporting to be historical. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.112.0.130 (talk) 00:26, 22 August 2012 (UTC)

Cruel Compassion
Thomas Szasz wrote a book titled Cruel Compassion. Szasz says the FEELING of compassion was distrusted in the past. “Greek and Roman philosophers distrusted (feeling) compassion. In their view, reason alone was the proper guide to conduct. They regarded compassion ( a virtue) as an affect, neither admirable nor contemptible.” Helping people who do not want "help" because of the feeling of compassion, is potentially evil. Some slave owners claimed they were helping their slaves have a better life. Henry Wilckens anti abolitionist.--Mark v1.0 (talk) 12:49, 15 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, and it says so in the article, in the section Historical. So which changes to the article do you want to discuss? With friendly regards,  Lova Falk     talk   12:33, 16 January 2013 (UTC)

Senior Psychology Lab
Hello, I am a Senior Psychology student at Clemson University. As part of my Senior Psychology Lab I am editing psychology related articles on Wikipedia. I am going to start editing this page. If other contributors have any suggestions or opinions please let me know. Bensmyers (talk) 20:03, 21 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Welcome! Please remember that Wikipedia is not an academic paper or essay! Wikipedia articles should not be based on WP:primary sources, but on reliable, published secondary sources (for instance, journal reviews and professional or advanced academic textbooks) and, to a lesser extent, on tertiary sources (such as undergraduate textbooks). WP:MEDRS describes how to identify reliable sources for medical information, which is a good guideline for many psychology articles as well. With friendly regards,  Lova Falk     talk   18:53, 23 February 2013 (UTC)

I have written most of the content that I would like to add to the article in my User:Bensmyers/sandbox. Please feel free to tell me about any changes that need to be made because I know that the content needs to be cleaned up before being added to the article. I also plan on adding more empirical research before finalizing my modifications. Everything that I plan on adding to the article is related to the Psychology section. Bensmyers (talk) 20:21, 8 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Just a friendly reminder to use secondary and tertiary sources when adding more "empirical research". Descriptions of single studies are usually removed.  Lova Falk     talk   07:26, 12 March 2013 (UTC)
 * In your sandbox, you wrote the following: "Research has shown that self-compassion and self-esteem are positively correlated in men and that men who are compassionate, forgiving of themselves, and possess a balance emotional perspective have higher levels of self-confidence.[30]" In Wikipedia we describe the information that we have about a subject, so we would simply remove the four first words, and write: "Self-compassion and self-esteem are positively correlated in men...". However, you use a primary source, and your claim is way too strong. This is one study with 145 heterosexual men, and the results can specific for heterosexual men, for the country and culture of these men, and the results can possibly be biased by the scientists' prejudices and way of asking. So this whole statement has to go. Use secondary sources. Se-con-da-ry sources. Secondary sources! Face-smile.svg   Lova Falk     talk   07:33, 12 March 2013 (UTC)

Non-modern compassion
Someone with more eloquence than I should create a section on compassion shown by species other than homo sapiens.

http://www.fromquarkstoquasars.com/6-human-fossils-of-compassion/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.14.181.23 (talk) 00:43, 27 December 2013 (UTC)

The Starfish Story by Loren Eiseley
"The Star Thrower" by Loren Eiseley is a modern American myth often used to teach the lesson of compassion. The essay is a contrast of the Narrator with the Rescuer, the observer with the doer, the man of Reason with a fully-realized human being, a blinking-light robot with a Human of deep compassion for Life. Only after some torturous soul-searching does the robot become a Man, able and eager to join in the life-saving/life-giving activities of the rescuer on the beach. Eiseley has stated "When the human mind exists in the light of reason and no more than reason, we may say with absolute certainty that Man and all that made him will be in that instant gone." The Starfish Story, has it has become known in various simplified adaptations, does not fall into any of the religious categories given in the main article but the story is so well-known in this country that the article seems incomplete without it.Flatwaterblue (talk) 21:00, 6 August 2014 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Flatwaterblue (talk • contribs) 20:19, 6 August 2014 (UTC)
 * The link to our article is The Star Thrower. Dougweller (talk) 09:48, 7 August 2014 (UTC)

Fatique and Burnout with Compassion?
The article included a section under the heading FATIQUE with a reference to a 20 year old article which suggests that there can occur a fatigue with compassion. However, neuroscientific research from the last years suggests that it is empathy that leads to fatigue or burnout and that compassion rather prevents burnout and fatigue. That's why I updated the section and its heading. Academic references for this amendment can be found here:
 * 1) Altruism: The Power of Compassion to Change Yourself and the World, author= M. Ricard, chapter IV, chapter-url: http://info-buddhism.com/Empathy-Compassion-Neuroscience-Ricard-Altruism.html, pages=56–64, year=2015, publisher: Brown and Company, isbn: 978-0316208246 and here:
 * 2) Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training, Olga M. Klimecki, Susanne Leiberg, Matthieu Ricard, and Tania Singer, Department of Social Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences

Kt66 (talk) 15:25, 31 August 2016 (UTC)

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Does Compassion Require Suffering?
This article has caused me to be curious about an aspect of the concept of compassion. It seems like this article has explained that the basis of compassion is the feeling of love that we develop for someone else when they are suffering or sad. This was interesting to me. Does someone need to be suffering or sad in order to receive our compassion? Can we not have compassion on someone who is successful or happy? These questions came to my mind while reading.

I would also be interested in seeing some other examples/histories of compassion that aren't so religious or philosophical. Adding some extra examples from books or movies might allow the reader to become more connected and understanding of the concept. Sarahshawrich (talk) 04:45, 20 January 2022 (UTC)

I like all of these thoughts and questions, I would definitely look for some books to see if they can be answered so that we can have a good source material, since this article is rated in the c-class for most of the sections. (also I am new in this Wikipedia editing work so I am learning how to do this! thank you guys for your patience.) Ky137 (talk) 05:22, 17 January 2023 (UTC)

Compassion and the Immune System
A study by G. Rein, M. Atkinson, and R. McCraty found that positive emotions, compassion included, improved immune functioning. The researchers observed the amount salivary IgA after inducing anger or positive emotions in participants. It was found that compassion and like moods tended to increase the amount of antibodies found in saliva. Here is the citation for the article:

Rein, Glen, Mike Atkinson, and Rollin McCraty. The physiological and psychological effects of compassion and anger. Institute of HeartMath, 1995.

Here is the link: http://www.aipro.info/drive/File/228.pdf Erinbueler (talk) 22:51, 14 January 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Adult Development Winter 2023
— Assignment last updated by Jskalski (talk) 20:41, 2 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Compassion


text:
Brooklyn Technical High School

Brooklyn Technical High School, commonly called Brooklyn Tech and administratively designated High School 430, is a public high school in New York City that specializes in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. It is one of the three original specialized high schools operated by the New York City Department of Education, along with Stuyvesant High School and the Bronx High School of Science. Brooklyn Tech is considered one of the country's most prestigious and selective high schools.

Admission to Brooklyn Tech involves taking the Specialized High Schools Admissions Test and scoring the cutoff for Brooklyn Tech. Each November, about 30,000 eighth and ninth graders take the 3-hour test for admittance to eight of the nine specialized high schools. About 1,400 to 1,500 students are admitted each year.

Brooklyn Tech counts top scientists, inventors, innovators, Fortune 500 company CEOs and founders, high-ranking diplomats, academic scholars, literary and media figures, professional athletes, National Medal recipients, Nobel laureates, and Olympic medalists among its alumni.

Admission
Admission to Brooklyn Tech is based exclusively on the Specialized High Schools Admissions Test (SHSAT), open to all eighth-grade and first-time ninth-grade New York City students. The test has math (word problems and computation) and verbal (reading comprehension and grammar) sections. Of the approximately 30,000 students taking the SHSAT for September 2011 admission, with 23,085 students listing Brooklyn Tech as a choice on their application, about 1,951 offers were made (the most of any of the specialized high schools, partly due to the school's size).

Graduation requirements
Per the New York State graduation requirements, students can earn a local diploma, a Regents diploma, or an advanced Regents diploma.

To earn a Brooklyn Tech diploma, students must meet "service credit" requirements (which can be dated to at least the 1950s and likely earlier) in addition to the Advanced Regents Diploma requirements.

Beginning with the class of 2010, each student must meet the following requirements by the end of their senior year to receive a Brooklyn Tech diploma:

I. A minimum of 50 hours of community service outside of the school or through specified club activities.

II. A minimum of 32 service credits earned through participation in Tech clubs, teams, and/or participation in designated school related events.

Service credits are earned as follows:
 * 1) 8 service credits per term to all students in Legacy Clubs; Student Government (SGO); Student Productions; and/or PSAL Teams (including Cheerleading),
 * 2) 6 service credits per term to all students working on office squads; participating in Student Leadership; who hold membership in a chapter of an honor society; and/or are in clubs that represent Brooklyn Tech in some significant activities,
 * 3) 4 service credits per term to all students who participate in all other clubs not referred to above.
 * 4) Service Credits numbering less than a maximum of 4 can be given to students who participate in unique, yet insignificant activities as determined by a member of faculty.

Reputation
Brooklyn Tech is considered one of the most elite, prestigious, and selective high schools in the United States. Together with Stuyvesant High School and Bronx High School of Science, it is one of the three original Specialized High Schools of New York City, operated by the New York City Department of Education, all three of which The Washington Post cited in 2006 as among the country's best magnet schools (a category the school is often placed in, though its founding predates the concept of a "magnet school", whose intended purpose was not the same). Admission is by competitive examination. As a public school, BTHS has no tuition fee, but only students who reside in New York City are allowed to attend, as per the Hecht-Calandra Act.

Brooklyn Tech ranked 2nd in New York State on the 2021 U.S. News & World Report "Best High Schools" list, making it the highest ranked Specialized High School. In 2008, Newsweek listed it among five public high schools that were not in the magazine's 13 "Public Elite" ranking, explaining, "Newsweek's Challenge Index is designed to recognize schools that challenge average students, and not magnet or charter schools that draw only the best students in their areas. These [...] were excluded from the list of top high schools because [...] their sky-high SAT and ACT scores indicate they have few or no average students". Brooklyn Technical High School consistently appears in the U.S. News and World Reports list of the top 50 High Schools in the United States.

Brooklyn Tech is a founding member of the National Consortium for Specialized Secondary Schools of Mathematics, Science and Technology. Routinely, 99% of its graduates are accepted to four-year colleges with the 2020 graduating class being offered more than $150 million in scholarships and grants. In 2011, U.S. News & World Report ranked Brooklyn Tech among the nation's 50 best high schools for mathematics and science. It was ranked #2 on Niche 's "Standout High Schools in America" list.

History
In 1918, Dr. Albert L. Colston, chair of the Math Department at Manual Training High School, recommended establishing a technical high school for Brooklyn boys. His plan envisioned a heavy concentration of math, science, and drafting courses with parallel paths leading either to college or to a technical career in industry. By 1922, Dr. Colston's concept was approved by the Board of Education, and Brooklyn Technical High School opened in a converted warehouse at 49 Flatbush Avenue Extension, with 2,400 students. This location, in the shadow of the Manhattan Bridge, is the reason the school seal bears that bridge's image, rather than the more obvious symbol for the borough, the Brooklyn Bridge. Brooklyn Tech would occupy one more location before settling into its site at 29 Fort Greene Place, for which the groundbreaking was held in 1930.

Early years
Atypical for American high schools, Brooklyn Tech uses a system of college-style majors. The curriculum consists of two years of general studies with a technical and engineering emphasis, followed by two years of a student-chosen major.

The curriculum remained largely unchanged until the end of Dr. Colston's 20-year term as principal in 1942. Upon his retirement, Tech was led briefly by acting principal Ralph Breiling, who was succeeded by Principal Harold Taylor in 1944. Tech's modernization would come under Principal William Pabst, who assumed stewardship in 1946 after serving as chair of the Electrical Department. Pabst created new majors and refined older ones, allowing students to select science and engineering preparatory majors including Aeronautical, Architecture, Chemical, Civil, Electrical (later including Electronics and Broadcast), Industrial Design, Mechanical, Structural, and Arts and Sciences. A general College Preparatory curriculum was added later.

Principal Pabst retired in 1964. A railroad club was established by the late Vincent Gorman, a social studies teacher, and students attended fan trips, tours of rail repair facilities and participated in the restoration of steam engine #103 and a historic rail passenger car at the former Empire State Railroad Museum. In August 1965, a ten-year-old boy named Carl Johnson drowned in the swimming pool at Brooklyn Tech while swimming with his day-camp group. The next year, more than 30 graduating Seniors in the school (including many student leaders) complained that Tech's curriculum was old and outdated. Their primary complaint was that the curriculum was geared toward the small minority of students who were not planning on attending college. In 1967, the schools of New York City got to view television in the classrooms for the first time, thanks to the 420-foot WNYE-TV tower atop Brooklyn Tech.

For the school year beginning in the last half of 1970, young women began attending; all three NYC specialized and test-required science high schools were now coeducational.

Incorporation into specialized high school system and later years
In 1972, Brooklyn Tech, Bronx Science, Stuyvesant High School, and High School for Performing Arts become incorporated by the New York State Legislature as specialized high schools of New York City. The act called for a uniform exam to be administered for admission to Brooklyn Tech, Bronx Science, and Stuyvesant. The exam would become known as the Specialized High Schools Admissions Test (SHSAT) and tested students in Math and English. With its statewide recognition, the school had to become co-educational. Previous to this, Brooklyn Tech was All Boys, and had a sister school, Bay Ridge High School which was all girls.

In 1973, Tech celebrated its 50th anniversary with a dinner-dance at the Waldorf Astoria. To further commemorate the anniversary, a monument was erected, with a time capsule beneath it, in the north courtyard. The monument has eight panels, each with a unique design representing each of Tech's eight majors at that point.

In 1983, Matt Mandery's appointment as principal made him the first Tech alumnus to hold that position. The following year, Tech received the Excellence in Education award from the U.S. Department of Education. The Alumni Association was formally created during this time, and coalitions were formed with the New York City Department of Transportation. Mandery oversaw the addition of a Bio-Medical major to the curriculum. John Tobin followed as principal in 1987, abolished the Materials Science department, and closed the seventh-floor foundry.

In the mid-1980s, a violent street gang known as the Decepticons were founded at Brooklyn Tech. As well, in 2000, the city issued a special report concerning the lack of notification to law enforcement during a string of robberies within the high school, including armed robbery with knives and stun guns.

Recent years
In March 1998, an alumni group led by Leonard Riggio, class of 1958, announced plans for a fund-raising campaign to raise $10 million to support their alma mater financially through facilities upgrades, the establishment of curriculum enhancements, faculty training, and a university-type endowment. The endowment fundraiser, the first of its kind for an American public school, received front-page attention in The New York Times and sparked a friendly competition amongst the specialized high schools, with both Bronx Science and Stuyvesant announcing their own $10 million campaigns within weeks of the Brooklyn Tech announcement. In November 2005, the Brooklyn Tech Alumni Association announced the completion of the fundraising phase of what they had termed the Campaign for Brooklyn Tech. In April 2008, the Brooklyn Tech Alumni Foundation launched a second endowment campaign.

Sixteen alumni died in the September 11 attacks in 2001. They are Dennis Cross '59, Ronald F. Orsini '60, Joel Miller '63, Sheldon R. Kanter '66, Stephen Johnson '75, Danny Libretti '76, Dominick E. Calia '79, Dipti Patel '81, Andre Fletcher '82, Courtney W. Walcott '82, Gerard Jean Baptiste '83, Wai C. Chung '84, Paul Innella '85, Michael McDonnell '85, Thomas Tong '87, and Paul Ortiz '98.

Since 2001, Brooklyn Tech has undergone refurbishing such as the renovation of the school's William L. Mack Library entrance, located on the fifth-floor center section. As well, two computer labs were added. The school also reinstated a class devoted to the study of Shakespeare, which students can elect to take in their senior year.

Lee McCaskill
Dr. Lee D. McCaskill, the appointed principal in 1992, served for 14 years, during which Tech saw the installation of more computer classrooms and the switch from the traditional mechanical drawing by hand to teaching the use of computer-aided design programs.

In 2000, the Special Commissioner of Investigation for the NYC School District wrote a report condemning Brooklyn Technical High School administrators for failing to report several armed robberies that took place in the bathrooms and stairwells.

In 2003, The New York Times published an investigative article that noted "longstanding tensions" between the faculty and Principal McCaskill, "spilled into the open in October, with news reports that several teachers accused him of repeatedly sending sexually explicit e-mail messages from his school computer to staff members." While the article praised him for his addition of music and sports programs, it mostly described the principal as autocratic, controlling the school "largely through fear and intimidation," and documented acts of personal vindictiveness toward teachers; severe censorship of the student newspaper and of assigned English texts, including the refusal to let the Pulitzer Prize-finalist novel Continental Drift by Russell Banks be used for a class; and of bureaucratic mismanagement. A follow-up column in 2004 found that there was increased teacher exodus, specifically documenting Principal McCaskill's campaign against Alice Alcala, who described as one of the city's leading Shakespeare teachers. Alcala had won Brooklyn Tech a $10,000 grant and brought in the Royal National Theatre of Great Britain for student workshops, but after Alcala had done so, McCaskill repeatedly denied her access to the auditorium and gave her low performance rankings. Shortly after, Alcala left for Manhattan's Murry Bergtraum High School, where she brought in $1,800 in grants for Shakespeare education; meanwhile, at Brooklyn Tech, there was no longer any course solely devoted to Shakespeare, according to the column.

In two newspaper articles in 2005, it was revealed that a $10,000 grant obtained by Dr. Sylvia Weinberger in 2001 to refurbish the obsolete radio studio remained unused. New classroom computers were covered in plastic rather than installed because the classrooms had yet to be wired for them.

The Office of Special Investigations of the New York City Department of Education launched an investigation of McCaskill on February 2, 2006, concerning unpaid enrollment of New Jersey resident McCaskill's daughter in a New York City public school, which is illegal for non-residents of the city. Dr. McCaskill produced a lease claiming that he rented an apartment in Brooklyn, but the copyright date on the lease was after the signatures were dated. On February 6, McCaskill announced his resignation from Brooklyn Tech and agreed to pay $19,441 in restitution.

A week later special commissioner Richard J. Condon rebuked the Department of Education for allowing McCaskill to retire, still collecting $125,282 in accrued vacation time, just days before the OSI completed its investigation. Condon also recommended that Cathy Furman McCaskill, the principal's wife, be dismissed from her position as a teacher at Boys and Girls High School in Brooklyn for her part in submitting fake leases and other fraudulent documents to indicate the family lived in the Cobble Hill section of Brooklyn. The next day, the Department of Education announced that it would fire her. After retiring from Brooklyn Tech, McCaskill became principal of Hillside High School in New Jersey, where in 2013, he resigned following accusations he spanked a female student.

Randy Asher
On February 7, 2006, the Department of Education named Randy Asher, founding principal of the High School for Math, Science and Engineering (HSMSE), as interim acting principal. Asher had previously served as Brooklyn Tech's assistant principal in mathematics from 2000 to 2002 before leaving to become founding principal of HSMSE. During his time as principal, the total student enrollment increased from 4,200 to 5,700. In the beginning of January 2017, Asher abruptly left Tech to take on a new position as an NYC Education Department senior advisor to help reduce the Absent Teacher Reserve. Throughout Asher's tenure, the school's reputation was sullied by several allegations of sexual harassment and assault of students by faculty members, resulting in the termination of Sean Shaynak (an aerospace engineering teacher hired by Asher) and the reassignment of English teacher and school newspaper advisor David Lo. Music teacher Marisa Cazanave abruptly resigned in the fall of 2016 when faced with charges of having an inappropriate relationship with a male student. The school was also rocked by allegations of racism against black students and Asher faced mounting student pressure on social media to fix the situation. Following Asher's departure, former assistant principal David Newman took on the new position as acting principal of the specialized high school. In February 2020, Newman was appointed principal.

Building and facilities

The school, built on its present site in 1932 at a cost of $6 million, is 12 stories high, and covers over half a city block. Brooklyn Technical High School is directly across the street from Fort Greene Park. Facilities at BTHS include:

 * Gymnasia on the first and eighth floors, with a mezzanine running track above the larger first floor gym and a weight room on the third floor boys locker room. The eighth floor gym had a bowling alley lane and an adjacent wire-mesh enclosed rooftop sometimes used for handball, golf and for tennis practice.
 * 25-yard swimming pool in the basement
 * Wood, machine, sheet metal and other specialized shops. A program involves a shop where an actual house is built and framed by students. Most have been converted into normal classrooms or computer labs, except for a few robotics shops, such as the Ike Heller Computer Integrated Manufacturing and Robotics Center.
 * A foundry on the seventh floor, with a floor of molding sand used for creating sand casting molds and equipped with furnaces, kilns, ovens and ancillary equipment for metal smelting. Students made wooden patterns in pattern making, which were used to make sand molds which were cast in the foundry and machined to specification in the machine shops. It was closed in the late 1980s.
 * Materials testing lab, used during the basic materials science (Strength of Materials) class. Included industrial capacity Universal Testing Machine and brinell hardness tester and polishing and microscopic examination rooms. During the 1960s, students attended "inspection training shop" and were taught to use x-ray analysis to detect metal fatigue failures, use of vernier measuring instruments, micrometers, and go-no-go gauges.
 * Aeronautical lab, featuring a large wind tunnel, During the 1960s, a T-6 Texan U.S. Air Force surplus aircraft in the building was used for student aeronautical mechanic instruction.
 * Radio studio and 18,000 watt transmitter licensed by the Federal Communications Commission as WNYE (FM). The studio has not been used since the 1980s.
 * 3,100-seat auditorium, with two balconies—the 4th largest auditorium in New York City
 * Recital hall on the ninth floor
 * Drafting, both pencil and ink technical drawing and freehand drawing rooms
 * Library with defunct fireplaces
 * Football field on Fulton and Clermont Streets. The Football Field, named in honor of Brooklyn Tech Alumnus Charles Wang, was opened in 2001, with the home opener played October 6, 2001, against DeWitt Clinton High School.
 * Access to Fort Greene Park for outdoor track, tennis, etc.
 * Mock courtroom for use by the Law & Society major and the Mock Trial Team.
 * The 420-foot WNYE-FM tower atop the school is three times taller than the building. The entire structure combined is 597 ft tall. It was the tallest structure in Brooklyn, beating out AVA DoBro by only one foot, but beaten in 2017 with the completion of The Hub, which is 13 feet taller.
 * In 1934, the Public Works of Art Project (PWAP), which later became the Works Projects Administration (WPA), commissioned artist Maxwell B. Starr to paint a mural in the foyer depicting the evolution of man and science throughout history.

Transportation
The New York City Subway's Fulton Street and Lafayette Avenue  stations are located nearby, as well as more BMT and IRT services at DeKalb Avenue and Atlantic Terminal, which also serves the Long Island Rail Road. Additionally, New York City Bus's and  routes stop near Brooklyn Tech. Students residing a certain distance from the school are provided full-fare or half-fare student MetroCards for public transportation on their first day of school at BTHS, as well as the first day of each school term onward.

Academics
Brooklyn Tech uses a college-style system of majors, unusual for an American high school. Below is the list of majors at Brooklyn Tech.

 * Aerospace Engineering
 * Applied Mathematics
 * Architectural Engineering
 * Biological Sciences
 * Chemistry
 * Civil Engineering
 * Electrical Engineering
 * Environmental Science
 * Finance
 * Industrial Design
 * Law & Society
 * LIU PharmD
 * Neuroscience
 * Mechatronics & Robotics
 * Media Communications
 * Physics
 * Social Science Research
 * Software Engineering

Students are placed into a major during the second semester of their sophomore year after ranking all the majors in order of preference. These majors include courses, typically Advanced Placement or Project Lead the Way (PLTW) courses, that concentrate in that specific area of interest given to students during their last two years at Tech. Each major has a different formula (PI index) used to rank students according to their ranking preference of the majors and their current averages from freshman and sophomore year. A student with a higher PI index for their second preference if they did not get into their first, will get priority over another student with a lower average on the same major preference.

Bret Stephens, an opinion columnist, wrote in The New York Times that "The success of Brooklyn Tech only casts an unflattering light on every other corner of the public school bureaucracy."

Extracurricular activities
Brooklyn Tech fields 30 junior-varsity and varsity teams in the Public School Athletic League (PSAL). The school's historic team name has been the Engineers. The school colors are navy blue and white. The school's more than 100 organizations include the Brooklyn Tech Amateur Radio Club (club station call sign W2CXN), Civil Air Patrol Brooklyn Tech Cadet Squadron, chess, debate, football, wrestling, forensics (speech), hockey, mock trial, robotics, and rowing teams and clubs, and The Survey, the official school newspaper. Tech has a literary art journal, Horizons, for those who want to express themselves through art, poetry, photography, and prose. The Model United Nations provides students with a venue for discussing foreign affairs and also hosts a conference each year called TechMUN. Other clubs cater to a wide range of topics such as anime, the Stock Market, Dance Dance Revolution, ultimate Frisbee, politics, quilting, fashion, debate (which offers Public Forum, Congress and Policy), table tennis and animal rights. The cheerleading squad is named the Enginettes. In 2012, Tech students created a Junior State of America Chapter at their school. Brooklyn Tech has its own student union, to address issues on a student level. Tech has a variety of community service clubs, such as Key Club, Red Cross Club, and BETA. Tech students put on a musical each spring.

There are two step teams, Lady Dragons and Organized C.H.A.O.S.

The school has several Coordinator of Student Activities (COSA).

Notable alumni
A list of notable alumni of Brooklyn Technical High School is listed below. Brooklyn Technical High School also has a unique Hall of Fame, which lists alumni who have contributed significantly to STEM. Such alumni are noted below.

 * Gary Ackerman '60 – United States Representative, New York (1983–2013)
 * Warren Adler '45 – novelist
 * David Antin, '50 – poet, art critic, professor
 * Henry L. Bachman, President of IEEE in 1987. Vice President of BAE Systems
 * Karol J. Bobko '54 – NASA astronaut (1999 Hall of Fame inductee)
 * George R. Caron '38 – Tail gunner aboard the Enola Gay
 * John Catsimatidis '66 – chairman and CEO, Red Apple Group
 * Harry Chapin '60 – Entertainer, humanitarian (2000 Hall of Fame inductee)
 * Tom Chapin '62 – Entertainer, humanitarian
 * Lorenzo Charles '81 – Professional basketball player
 * Frank A. Cipriani, Ph.D., '51 – President, SUNY at Farmingdale (1998 Hall of Fame inductee)
 * Cordell Cleare – New York State Senator
 * Kim Coles '80 – Actress
 * John Piña Craven '42 – Chief Scientist, US Navy Special Projects Office
 * Diane Dixon '82 – U.S. Track and Field Olympic gold medalist (1984)
 * James E. Dalton '49 – former Chief of Staff, Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe; retired United States Air Force general (1998 Hall of Fame inductee)
 * Tavonia Evans, African-American author, businesswoman, cryptocurrency expert, and educator
 * Richard Fariña '55 – Writer, folksinger
 * Lou Ferrigno '69 – Bodybuilder, actor
 * Sidney Gordin, artist, professor
 * Meredith Gourdine, Ph.D., '48 – Electrogasdynamics pioneer, '52 Olympic silver medalist] (1998 Hall of Fame inductee)
 * Warren Foster '23 – Cartoon music composer
 * Geoff Fox '68 – WTNH meteorologist
 * Bernard Friedland '48 – engineer, professor at New Jersey Institute of Technology
 * Elmer L. Gaden c.'40 – "The father of biochemical engineering"
 * Carl Gatto '55 – Alaska House of Representatives from 2003 to 2012
 * Gerry Goffin '57 – Brill Building lyricist
 * Francis Grasso '67 – Early disco DJ
 * David Groh '58 – actor (Rhoda)
 * Gary Gruber, Ph.D., '58 – Author, physicist, testing expert
 * Arthur Hauspurg – former Chairman of Consolidated Edison
 * Isaac Heller (1926–2015, class of 1943), toy manufacturer who co-founded Remco (2013 Hall of Fame inductee)
 * Herbert L. Henkel '66 – former Chairman of Ingersoll Rand Corporation
 * Tommy Holmes '35 – Major League Baseball player
 * Joseph J. Jacobs, Ph.D., '34 – Author, engineer, humanitarian (2003 Hall of Fame inductee)
 * Lamont Jones (born 1972) – basketball player
 * Marvin Kitman '47 – Author, Newsday television critic (1998 Hall of Fame inductee)
 * Joseph J. Kohn, '50 – Mathematician (2000 Hall of Fame inductee)
 * Richard LaMotta '60 – Founder of Chipwich, ice cream sandwich company
 * Jerry Landauer – investigative journalist with The Wall Street Journal
 * Baldwin Lee '68 – photographer
 * Ivan Lee '99 – Olympic saber fencer
 * Al Lerner '51 – Businessman, ran MBNA and former owner of the Cleveland Browns
 * MSgt. Meyer S. Levin '34 – Decorated Army Air Force hero, World War II (1999 Hall of Fame inductee)
 * Harvey Lichtenstein '47 – Executive Director, Brooklyn Academy of Music (1967–99) (1999 Hall of Fame inductee)
 * Turk Lown, Major League Baseball player
 * Jack Maple '70 – New York City Deputy Police Commissioner for Crime Control Strategies (1994–1996) and developer of CompStat process; completed high school equivalency after dropping out
 * Richard Matheson '43 – Author, screenwriter
 * Barry Mayo '70 – Radio executive
 * Matthew F. McHugh '56 – U.S. Congressman (1975–93)
 * Londell McMillan '83 – Attorney
 * Conrad McRae '89 – Professional basketball player
 * Everett Mendelsohn 1949 – Historian of science
 * Saverio "Sonny" Morea '50 – American aerospace engineer, former NASA employee, and flight instructor. He managed the development of the Rocketdyne F-1 and Rocketdyne J-2 for the Apollo program Saturn V rocket, as well as the Lunar Roving Vehicle.
 * Anthony "Tony" Moran '82 – DJ, remix/record producer
 * Zellnor Myrie '04 – New York State Senator
 * Richie Narvaez '82 – Author
 * Mike Nieves – Deputy Chief of Staff to New York City Council Speakers Christine Quinn, Gifford Miller and Peter Vallone
 * Ronnie Nunn '68 – NBA Director of Officials
 * Dallas Penn urban fashion, sneaker head and internet icon
 * Arno Allan Penzias, Ph.D. '51 – 1978 Nobel laureate in physics (2000 Hall of Fame inductee)
 * Frederik Pohl '37 – science fiction author, editor and fan; dropped out due to family exigencies during the Great Depression; received honorary diploma in 2009
 * Vernon Reid '76 – Musician, Living Colour
 * Sal Restivo, Ph.D., '58 – Author, researcher (1998 Hall of Fame inductee)
 * Leonard Riggio '58 – chairman, Barnes & Noble (1999 Hall of Fame inductee)
 * Werner Roth '66 – Professional soccer hall-of-famer
 * Albert Ruddy '48 – Two-time Academy Award-winning producer
 * Mark Sarvas '82 – Novelist, book critic
 * Steven Sasson '68 – National Medal of Technology and Innovation-winner for work on digital photography (2013 Hall of Fame inductee)
 * John P. Schaefer, President Emeritus of the University of Arizona.
 * Raymond Scott '27 – composer, pianist, engineer
 * Stanley Shaftel – Architect
 * Irwin Shapiro '47 – astrophysicist
 * Keeth Smart '96 – Men's fencing silver medalist, 2008 Olympics
 * Erinn Smart '97 – Women's fencing silver medalist, 2008 Olympics
 * George Wald, Ph.D., '23 – Biologist, '67 Nobel Laureate (1998 Hall of Fame inductee)
 * Charles B. Wang '62 – Co-founder, Computer Associates International; minority owner, New York Islanders hockey team (2000 Hall of Fame inductee)
 * Anthony D. Weiner '81 – United States Representative from New York (1999–2011); permanently registered sex offender
 * Robert Anton Wilson '50 – countercultural writer, futurist and Playboy associate editor
 * Jumaane Williams '94 – New York City Public Advocate and former New York City Council member
 * Walter Yetnikoff '49 – attorney and record industry executive
 * Paul Yesawich '41 – professional basketball player
 * Marilyn Zayas '82 – Judge, Ohio's First District Court of Appeals
 * Lee David Zlotoff '70 – television writer

In popular culture
The Brooklyn Tech Cheerleading Squad appeared in the 1988 Spike Lee film School Daze, and a video for the movie, entitled "Da Butt", was shot at Brooklyn Tech.

Lee also used the first floor gymnasium as a shooting location for Jesus Shuttlesworth's, played by Ray Allen, Sportscenter preview in He Got Game..

School interiors for the pilot episode of the 2013 series The Tomorrow People were filmed in Brooklyn Tech. (Subsequent episodes were filmed in Vancouver rather than New York City.)

Brooklyn Tech was also used to film the FOX series Gotham.

The Netflix series Grand Army is also loosely based on Brooklyn Tech.

title: Brooklyn Technical High School


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Talk:Sensitivity

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Some content moved to Forty-nine charismatic virtues. Peter Manchester 13:36, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)

This page is ridiculous; it obviously needs to become a disambiguation page! I've done almost enough for one day, but if anyone out there gets inspired, please help. Michael Hardy 22:17, 4 Feb 2004 (UTC)

.... ok, next step: all (or most) of the links to the page need to be directed to one of the three new pages. I've started this process; others are invited to contribute as well. (Oh, and if anyone wants to work on links to the Vatican disambiguation page (linking to Vatican Hill, Vatican City, or Holy See, or maybe other pages), get busy on that too.) Michael Hardy 03:02, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sensitivity


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Dorpat Voivodeship

The Dorpat Voivodeship (Województwo dorpackie or województwo derpskie) was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Duchy of Livonia, part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, from 1598 until the Swedish conquest of Livonia in the 1620s. The seat of the voivode was in the town of Dorpat (Tartu), while the regional assembly (sejmik) for the whole province of Livonia was located in Wenden. The area of the Dorpat Voivodeship was app. 9,000 square kilometers, and it had two senators in the Senate of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

The voivodeship was created by King Zygmunt III Waza in 1598, out of the Dorpat Presidency, which had existed since the Truce of Jam Zapolski (1582). It was divided into five districts:
 * district (starostwo) of Dorpat (Tartu)
 * district (starostwo) of Oberpahlen (Põltsamaa)
 * district (starostwo) of Lais (Laiuse)
 * district (starostwo) of Kirrumpah (Kirumpää)
 * district (starostwo) of Neuhausen (Vastseliina)

It effectively ceased to exist in 1621, when northern Livonia was conquered by the Swedish Empire, and turned into Swedish Livonia (see also Polish–Swedish War (1600–1629)). Officially, the Dorpat Voivodeship was liquidated in 1660, following the Treaty of Oliva. Nevertheless, the title of Voivode of Dorpat was kept until the Partitions of Poland, as the so-called "fictitious title" (urzad fikcyjny).

Castellans of Dorpat

 * 1599–1609 Maciej Leniek
 * 1612–1625 Bertrand Olszer

Titular castellans

 * 1627–1631 Aleksander Massalski
 * 1638–1643 Piotr Rudomina-Dusiacki
 * 1644–1646 Henryk Denhoff

Voivodes
The voivodes of Dorpat Voivodeship.
 * 1598–1600 Jan Abramowicz,
 * 1598 Gerard Denhoff (Gerhard Dönhoff; c. 1550–1598) (pl)
 * 1600–1602 Marcin Kurcz (died 1602) (pl)
 * 1609–1617 Teodor Dadźbog Karnkowski (1573–1617)
 * 1617–1627 Mikołaj Kiszka (c. 1588–1644)

Titular voivodes

 * 26 August 1625 Tartu capitulated to Sweden
 * 1627–1634 Kasper Doenhoff (Caspar Dönhoff; c. 1588–1645)
 * 1634–1640 Gothard Jan Tyzenhauz (died 1640)
 * 1641–1651 Andrzej Leszczyński (c. 1606–1651)
 * 1651–1651 Enoch Kolenda
 * 1651–1654 Teodor Denhoff (died 1654) (pl)
 * 1654–1654 Zygmunt Opacki (died 1654)
 * 1654–1658 Olbracht Opacki (c. 1621–1680)'
 * ?–1657 Aleksander Ludwik Wolff
 * 1657–1658 Zygmunt Wybranowski
 * 1658–1660 Przecław Paweł Leszczyński (1605–1670)
 * 1670–1676 Samuel Leszczyński (1637–1676)

title: Dorpat Voivodeship


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LabourStart

LabourStart is the news and campaigning website of the international trade union movement. It distributes news both via its own website and also through a news syndication service (in both RSS and JavaScript formats) which is used by trade union websites around the world. There are newswires for specific languages, countries, regions, and some US states and every Canadian province. There are special newswires for online campaigns, women's labour news, and even a Health and Safety NewsWire run jointly with Hazards. The site has 638,000 unique visits per month as of February 2012.

News links are collected by a network of nearly 960 volunteer correspondents and appear in 27 languages.

History
LabourStart was founded in March 1998 as part of the website launched in 1996 by Eric Lee in order to provide updates to his book, The Labour Movement and the Internet: The New Internationalism. The LabourStart website was initially hosted by Solinet, the website of the Canadian Union of Public Employees (CUPE) and its editor was based in Israel, on Kibbutz Ein Dor. In June 1998, Lee moved to London and the site has been based in Britain ever since.

From 1998 through 2002, LabourStart was a project of Labour and Society International (LSI), a non-governmental organisation based in London and initially headed up by Arthur Lipow, Stirling Smith and David Clement. At the end of 2002, LSI ceased functioning and LabourStart became entirely independent. At the same time, a number of LabourStart correspondents met up for the first time in London and have continued to meet online ever since. A number of correspondents have been named as Senior Correspondents and they, together with founding editor Lee, ran the project on a day by day basis until a recent re-organization.

In 2001 LabourStart expanded its news service to include news in other languages.

Governance
Until September 2015 LabourStart was administered informally by a self-selected group of Senior Correspondents. Generally these were people active in the labour movements of their home countries. The selection criteria were never formalized but most were full-time trade union officials, either appointed or elected. Efforts were made to select Senior Correspondents in order to expand LabourStart's footprint in various countries but these were mostly unsuccessful. Readership and campaigns participation remained largely confined to Europe, North America and Australia.

In order to address this ongoing problem and other structural issues an invitation-only retreat was held in September 2015 in Brussels. The retreat was meant to respond to complaints about a lack of transparency in regard to LabourStart's operations and finances, the chaotic nature of decision-making, the need to become a truly global organization, and the need for succession planning as many of the organization's volunteers, including its founder, are now in their late 50s or 60s.

The retreat resulted in the creation of an Executive Committee with formal decision-making authority and a number of issue-specific working groups. Steps were also taken to move toward equal gender representation within LabourStart's leadship but women remain in a minority.

Campaign Work
Central to LabourStart's efforts are its multilingual mailing lists, which started with around 500 names in 1998 and within four years had grown more than sixfold to 3,227 names. Five years later, it had grown even more, and by June 2007 there were more than 53,000 subscribers to the weekly newsletter. By April 2012, there were just under 100,000 names on the lists. The mailing lists are used by LabourStart primarily to promote its online campaigns in support of workers' rights around the world.

As of November 2015 the various mailing lists are as follows:
 * English: 85,588
 * French: 8,325
 * German: 5,785
 * Spanish: 5,448
 * Italian: 3,970
 * Turkish: 3,719
 * Korean: 3,068
 * Norwegian: 2,782
 * Russian: 2,433
 * Dutch: 1,774
 * Swedish: 1,256
 * Chinese: 1,103
 * Polish: 793
 * Finnish: 687
 * Japanese: 488
 * Arabic: 463
 * Portuguese: 416
 * Indonesian: 346
 * Hebrew: 282
 * Tagalog: 254
 * Farsi: 242

Social networks also play a role in LabourStart's news distribution and campaigning services. It has focussed its efforts on Facebook and Twitter and has a larger following than many national trade union centres.

Twitter followers:
 * Global English: 15,395
 * Canada English: 4,962
 * Canada French: 876
 * USA: 563
 * Italian: 421
 * Indonesia: 360
 * Swedish: 306
 * French: 229
 * German: 90
 * Spanish: 74
 * Portuguese: 47
 * Japanese: 21
 * Russian: 18

Facebook Pages and Groups:
 * Like LabourStart.org page (English): 10,177
 * Members of LabourStart group: 8,611
 * Like LabourStart page (French): 483
 * Like LabourStart page (German): 447
 * Like LabourStart page (Turkish): 169
 * Like LabourStart page (Hebrew): 148
 * Members of LabourStart Vostok [Russian]: 82

In recent years, LabourStart has conducted dozens of global online campaigns on behalf of unions. These campaigns have led in many cases to companies and governments being compelled to release jailed trade unionists, to negotiate with unions, and so on. Examples of recent LabourStart online campaigns call on the Egyptian government to overturn the jail sentence for Kamal Abbas and on the government of Iran to not execute jailed trade unionist and university teacher Abdolreza Ghanbari. These campaigns are initiatives of the International Trade Union Confederation and the Education International with which LabourStart has an ongoing partnership in promoting workers' rights through online campaigns.

LabourStart campaigns are sponsored or endorsed by a trade union or global union federation. LabourStart's campaign services are provided to unions at no charge.

It is not unknown for an online action mounted by LabourStart to exceed 20,000 participants within a week but the norm is around 10,000. Nation-specific campaigns may see as little as a few hundred participants or as many as 10,000, depending in part on the issue and on the population of the relevant country (Canada and the United Kingdom are the two most common single-country campaign sources).

Global Solidarity Conferences
LabourStart holds annual Global Solidarity Conferences. Following small international meetings in London and Washington DC in 2008 and 2009, major events were held in Hamilton, Ontario in 2010, Istanbul in 2011, Sydney, Australia (2012), Berlin, Germany (2014) and Toronto, Canada (2016).

UnionBook
In 2010 LabourStart launched UnionBook, a social network for trade unionists. It runs on the Ning platform. By March 2012 it had just over 5,000 members. By 2015 membership in UnionBook had stabilized at just over 6,000 and the site had become a forum for a small number of users with extreme or repetitive views. At a meeting of the LabourStart Executive Committee in Brussels in September 2015 the decision was made to offer the site as-is to any interested union or group of trade unionists. As of October 2015 references to LabourStart as the 'owner' of UnionBook were removed from the site. As of January 2016 there had been no offers to assume responsibility for the site and it appears likely that it will simply be shut down.

Educational Activities
LabourStart volunteers regularly conduct workshops on the organizing potential of the new media for unions. These workshops are often organized at the request of a specific union or central labour body but LabourStart volunteers also often play key roles in organizing union-tech events such as the LabourTech conferences in Canada.

It has also provided hands-on technical assistance to unions moving onto the 'net but the demand for this service has declined rapidly since most unions of any size are now well-established online.

One of the first evaluations of the then-new Facebook for trade union organizing purposes was conducted by a team of LabourStart volunteers based in Canada and the UK in 2007, well before Facebook was widely known or popular outside university student circles.

Controversies
LabourStart has been criticized by some in the digital labour movement including Walton Pantland of Cyberunions for continuing to rely on e-mail as the 'killer app' for online campaigning into the foreseeable future. These critics tend to see the e-mail-based tactics used by LabourStart as dated and not reflective of the move to smartphones as the primary devices for accessing the internet by trade unionists, especially in the global south. In response LabourStart has relied on its analyses of the weaknesses of alternative platforms, in particular the question of who owns or controls those alternative platforms.

As all of LabourStart global and national leadership figures are active within global, national or local trade unions they often take positions publicly. These are then sometimes attributed to LabourStart. Attempts are made by LabourStart to explain that it acts at the request of the existing structures of the global labour movement and that its volunteers are not subject to organizational discipline. But attacks on LabourStart, including calls for boycotts of the site and its campaigns, resulting from a position taken by one of its high-profile volunteers are regular if not frequent occurrences.

Similarly, disputes within and amongst LabourStart volunteers that reflect the differing positions of the unions and political factions from which they are drawn are regular occurrences. The Canadian and Dutch sections have, for example, clashed over whether a confessional trade union, one that is explicitly affiliated with an organized religion or church, can be considered a legitimate trade union. Issues like these are fundamental to what LabourStart does as the question of legitimacy determines whether a trade union is able to access LabourStart's services and whether persons affiliated with it may move into senior leadership positions within LabourStart.

LabourStart is regularly subject to criticism for its lack of a footprint in Latin America, large parts of Asia and sub-Saharan Africa outside South Africa.

Reception
Other labour organisations and news sources treat LabourStart as a known and serious campaigning organisation. Thus ITFGlobal has "LabourStart appeal backs Estonian activist sacked for speaking out"; Solidarity Center has "LabourStart Campaign. Peruvian Union Leader Fired after Speaking out against Poor Working Conditions"; Workers' Liberty has "Forging global solidarity", a report on LabourStart's 2014 Berlin conference; similarly Red Pepper has "Labourstart Global Solidarity Conference opens this Friday in Berlin". The Labor Hall of Fame reports on a series of LabourStart activities. Trades Unions across the world likewise rely on LabourStart services and report on LabourStart campaigns, thus European Federation of Public Service Unions reports on "Labourstart campaign to support sacked workers Istanbul Hospital - please sign". The Canadian GoUnion has a "partners and allies" page about LabourStart with a history of the organisation. Industri all reports on LabourStart's campaign at Rio Tinto. Justice for Colombia has "LabourStart Launches Colombia Petition".

LabourStart received the prestigious Arthur Svensson International Prize for Trade Union Rights in 2016.

title: LabourStart