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St Martin-in-the-Fields

St Martin-in-the-Fields is a Church of England parish church at the north-east corner of Trafalgar Square in the City of Westminster, London. Dedicated to Saint Martin of Tours, there has been a church on the site since at least the medieval period. This location, at that time, was farmlands and fields beyond the London wall.

It became a principal parish church west of the old City in the early modern period as Westminster's population grew. When its medieval and Jacobean structure was found to be near failure, the present building was constructed in an influential neoclassical design by James Gibbs in 1722–1726. The church is one of the visual anchors adding to the open-urban space around Trafalgar Square.

Roman era
Excavations at the site in 2006 uncovered a group of burials dating from c A.D. 350, including a sarcophagus burial dating from c A.D. 410. The site is outside the city limits of Roman London (as was the usual Roman practice for burials) but is particularly interesting for being so far outside (1.6 km or 1 statute mile west-south-west of Ludgate), and this is leading to a reappraisal of Westminster's importance at that time. The burials are thought by some to mark a Christian centre of that time (possibly reusing the site or building of a pagan temple) or possibly even developing around the shrine of a martyr.

Saxon
What is extraordinary is that the Roman burial ground was acknowledged by the Saxons, who also buried their dead there. To have such a long time span as a burial ground makes St Martin-in-the-Fields relatively unusual. It is possible that the Saxon town of Lundenwic essentially grew eastwards from the early burial group (Museum of London Archaeology).

Medieval and Tudor
The earliest extant reference to the church is from 1222, when there was a dispute between the Abbot of Westminster and the Bishop of London as to who had control over it. The Archbishop of Canterbury decided in favour of Westminster, and the monks of Westminster Abbey began to use it.

Henry VIII rebuilt the church in 1542 to keep plague victims in the area from having to pass through his Palace of Whitehall. At this time it was literally "in the fields", occupying an isolated position between the cities of Westminster and London.

Seventeenth century
By the beginning of the reign of James I, the local population had increased greatly and the congregation had outgrown the building. In 1606 the king granted an acre ( 4,046.86 mts2) of ground to the west of St Martin's Lane for a new churchyard, and the building was enlarged eastwards over the old burial ground, increasing the length of the church by about half. At the same time, the church was, in the phrase of the time, thoroughly "repaired and beautified". Later in the 17th century, capacity was increased by the addition of galleries. The creation of the new parishes of St Anne, Soho, and St James, Piccadilly, and the opening of a chapel in Oxenden Street also relieved some of the pressure on space.

As it stood at the beginning of the 18th century, the church was built of brick, rendered over, with stone facings. The roof was tiled, and there was a stone tower, with buttresses. The ceiling was slightly arched, supported with what Edward Hatton described as "Pillars of the Tuscan and Modern Gothick orders". The interior was wainscotted in oak to a height of 6 ft, while the galleries, on the north, south and west sides, were of painted deal. The church was about 84 ft long and 62 ft wide. The tower was about 90 ft high.

A number of notables were buried in this phase of the church, including Robert Boyle, Nell Gwyn, John Parkinson and Sir John Birkenhead.

Rebuilding

A survey of 1710 found that the walls and roof were in a state of decay. In 1720, Parliament passed an act for the rebuilding of the church allowing for a sum of up to £22,000, to be raised by a rate on the parishioners. A temporary church was erected partly on the churchyard and partly on ground in Lancaster Court. Advertisements were placed in the newspapers that bodies and monuments of those buried in the church or churchyard could be taken away for reinterment by relatives.

The rebuilding commissioners selected James Gibbs to design the new church. His first suggestion was for a church with a circular nave and domed ceiling, but the commissioners considered this scheme too expensive. Gibbs then produced a simpler, rectilinear plan, which they accepted. The foundation stone was laid on 19 March 1722, and the last stone of the spire was placed into position in December 1724. The total cost was £33,661 including the architect's fees.

The west front of St Martin's has a portico with a pediment supported by a giant order of Corinthian columns, six wide. The order is continued around the church by pilasters. In designing the church, Gibbs drew upon the works of Christopher Wren, but departed from Wren's practice in his integration of the tower into the church. Rather than considering it as an adjunct to the main body of the building, he constructed it within the west wall, so that it rises above the roof, immediately behind the portico, an arrangement also used at around the same time by John James at St George, Hanover Square (completed in 1724), although James' steeple is much less ambitious. The spire of St Martin's rises 192 ft above the level of the church floor.

The church is rectangular in plan, with the five-bay nave divided from the aisles by arcades of Corinthian columns. There are galleries over both aisles and at the west end. The nave ceiling is a flattened barrel vault, divided into panels by ribs. The panels are decorated in stucco with cherubs, clouds, shells and scroll work, executed by Giuseppe Artari and Giovanni Bagutti.

Until the creation of Trafalgar Square in the 1820s, Gibbs's church was crowded by other buildings. J. P. Malcolm, writing in 1807, said that its west front "would have a grand effect if the execrable watch-house and sheds before it were removed" and described the sides of the church as "lost in courts, where houses approach them almost to contact".

The design was criticised widely at the time, but subsequently became extremely famous, being copied particularly widely in the United States. Although Gibbs was discreetly Catholic, his four-wall, long rectangular floor plan, with a triangular gable roof and a tall prominent centre-front steeple (and often, columned front-portico), became closely associated with Protestant church architecture world-wide.

In Britain, the design of St Andrew's in the Square church (built 1739–56) in Glasgow was inspired by the church. In the American Colonies, St. Michael's Anglican Church (Charleston, South Carolina) (built 1751–61), was heavily influenced by St Martin-in-the-fields, though the columns of its front portico are of the Tuscan order, rather than the Corinthian order. St. George's Church, Dublin (built 1802), though obviously influence by St Martin's-in-the-fields, that influence seems to be via St Andrews in the Square, as exampled in the copying of its Ionic columns instead of St Martin's Corinthian columns. In India, St Andrew's Church, Egmore (built 1818–1821), Madras (now Chennai), is another example. In South Africa, the Dutch Reformed Church in Cradock is modelled on St Martin-in-the-Fields.

Various notables were soon buried in the new church, including the émigré sculptor Louis-François Roubiliac (who had settled in this area of London) and the furniture-maker Thomas Chippendale (whose workshop was in the same street as the church, St Martin's Lane ), along with Jack Sheppard in the adjoining churchyard. This churchyard, which lay to the south of the church, was removed to make way for Duncannon Street, constructed in the 19th century to provide access to the newly created Trafalgar Square. Two small parcels of the churchyard survived, to the north and east of the church. The Metropolitan Public Gardens Association laid them out for public use in 1887; unusually for the MPGA, it paved them with flagstones as well as planted them with trees. For many years covered in market stalls, the churchyard has been restored including with the provision of seating.

Before embarking for the Middle East Campaign, Edmund Allenby was met by General Beauvoir De Lisle at the Grosvenor Hotel and convinced General Allenby with Bible prophecies of the deliverance of Jerusalem. He told General Allenby that the Bible said that Jerusalem would be delivered in that very year, 1917, and by Great Britain. General Beauvoir de Lisle had studied the prophecies, as he was about to preach at St Martin-in-the-Fields.

Recent times
Because of its prominent position, St Martin-in-the-Fields is one of the most famous churches in London. Dick Sheppard, Vicar from 1914 to 1927 who began programmes for the area's homeless, coined its ethos as the "Church of the Ever Open Door". The church is famous for its work with young and homeless people through The Connection at St Martin-in-the-Fields, created in 2003 through the merger of two programmes dating at least to 1948. The Connection shares with The Vicar's Relief Fund the money raised each year by the BBC Radio 4 Appeal's Christmas appeal.

The crypt houses a café which hosts jazz concerts whose profits support the programmes of the church. The crypt is also home to the London Brass Rubbing Centre, established in 1975 as an art gallery, book, and gift shop. A life-sized marble statue of Henry Croft, London's first pearly king, was moved to the crypt in 2002 from its original site at St Pancras Cemetery.

In January 2006, work began on a £36-million renewal project. The project included renewing the church itself, as well as provision of facilities encompassing the church's crypt, a row of buildings to the north and some significant new underground spaces in between. The funding included a grant of £15.35 million from the Heritage Lottery Fund. The church and crypt reopened in the summer of 2008.

Its present vicar is Sam Wells (since 2012), who as well as being a priest is a renowned theologian and writer.

Twelve historic bells from St Martin-in-the-Fields, cast in 1725, are included in the peal of the Swan Bells tower in Perth, Australia. The current set of twelve bells, cast in 1988, which replaced the old ones are rung every Sunday between 9am and 10am by the St Martin in the Fields Band of Bell Ringers. The bells are also rung by the Friends of Dorothy Society each year as part of London Pride.

In popular culture
Being in a prominent central London location, the exterior of the church building frequently appears in films, including Notting Hill and Enigma, and television programmes, including Doctor Who and Sherlock.

References to the church take place in the following novels:
 * 1850 – David Copperfield by Charles Dickens
 * 1908 – A Room with a View by E. M. Forster
 * 1928 – The Last Post, the fourth and final novel in Ford Madox Ford's tetralogy Parade's End
 * 1949 – Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell (in which a future Totalitarian regime abolishes religion and turns the building into a military museum)
 * 1949 – The Parasites by Daphne du Maurier
 * 2004 – Quicksilver by Neal Stephenson
 * 2012 – Winter of the World by Ken Follett

References to the church occur in the following poems:

 * 1893 – "The Kingdom of God" by Francis Thompson
 * 2009 – "Now traveller, whose journey passes through" by Andrew Motion

The St Mary's Church in Pune is designed in the style of St Martin's.

The church may be the St Martin's referred to in the nursery rhyme known as Oranges and Lemons.

Royal connections
The church has a close relationship with the royal family, whose parish church it is, as well as with 10 Downing Street and the Admiralty.

Almshouses
The church established its own almhouses and pension-charity on 21 September 1886. The 19 church trustees administered almshouses for women and provided them with a weekly stipend. The almshouses were built in 1818, in Bayham Street (to a design by Henry Hake Seward), on part of the parish burial ground in Camden Town and St Pancras and replaced those constructed in 1683.

Charity

The St Martin-in-the-Fields charity supports homeless and vulnerably housed people. The church has raised money for vulnerable people in its annual Christmas Appeal since 1920 and in an annual BBC radio broadcast since December 1927.

The Connection at St Martin's is located next to the church, and works closely with the church's charity. It supports 4000 homeless people in London each year, by providing accommodation, medical and dental care, skills training, and creative activities.

Vicars

 * 1539: Edmund Watson
 * 1539: Robert Beste
 * 1554: Thomas Wells
 * 1572: Robert Beste
 * 1572: William Wells
 * 1574: Thomas Langhorne
 * 1574: William Ireland
 * 1577: Christopher Hayward
 * 1588: William Fisher
 * 1591: Thomas Knight
 * 1602: Thomas Mountford
 * 1605–1611: Francis Marbury
 * 1632: William Bray
 * 1641: John Wincopp
 * 1643: Thomas Strickland
 * 1644–1648: Daniel Cawdry
 * 1648: Gabriel Sangar
 * 1661: Nicholas Hardy
 * 1670: Thomas Lamplugh
 * 1676: William Lloyd
 * 1680: Thomas Tenison
 * 1692: William Lancaster
 * 1693: Nicholas Gouge
 * 1694–1716: William Lancaster
 * 1716–1723: Thomas Green
 * 1723–1756: Zachariah Pearce
 * 1756–1776: Erasmus Saunders
 * 1776–1812: Anthony Hamilton
 * 1812–1824: Joseph Holden Pott
 * 1824–1834: George Richards
 * 1834–1848: Sir Henry Robert Dukinfield, Bart.
 * 1848–1855: Henry Mackenzie
 * 1855–1886: William Gilson Humphry
 * 1886–1903: John Fenwick Kitto
 * 1903–1914: Leonard Edmund Shelford
 * 1914–1927: Hugh Richard Laurie Sheppard
 * 1927–1940: William Patrick Glyn McCormick
 * 1941–1947: Eric Loveday
 * 1948–1956: Lewis Mervyn Charles-Edwards
 * 1956–1984: Austen Williams
 * 1985–1995: Geoffrey Brown
 * 1995–2011: Nicholas Holtam
 * 2012–present: Samuel Wells

Music
The church is known for its regular lunchtime and evening concerts: many ensembles perform there, including the Academy of St Martin-in-the-Fields, which was co-founded by Sir Neville Marriner and John Churchill, a former Master of Music at St Martin's.

Organ
The organ is housed in the west gallery. The first organ to be installed in the new Gibbs church of 1726 was built by Christopher Schreider in 1727. The current instrument was built in 1990.

List of organists
Organists include:
 * John Weldon 1714–1736
 * Joseph Kelway 1736–1781 (formerly organist of St Michael, Cornhill)
 * Benjamin Cooke 1781–1793
 * Robert Cooke 1793–1814 (son of Benjamin Cooke)
 * Thomas Forbes Gerrard Walmisley 1814–1854
 * William Thomas Best 1852–1855?
 * W.H. Adams, appointed 1857
 * H.W.A. Beale
 * William John Kipps 1899–1924
 * Martin Shaw 1920–1924
 * Arnold Goldsborough 1924–1935
 * John Alden 1935–1938
 * Stanley Drummond Wolff 1938–1946
 * John Churchill 1949–1967
 * Eric Harrison 1967–1968
 * Robert Vincent 1968–1977 (later organist of Manchester Cathedral)
 * Christopher Stokes 1977–1989 (later Director of Music, St Margaret's Westminster Abbey and Organist & Master of the Choristers Manchester Cathedral)
 * Mark Stringer 1989–1996 (currently Director of Music, Wells Cathedral School, Wells UK, since April 2015; Executive Director Trinity College London, 1997–2012; sometime Director of Music, Methodist Central Hall, Westminster)
 * Paul Stubbings 1996–2001 (later Director of Music, St Mary's Music School, Edinburgh)
 * Nick Danks 2001–2008
 * Andrew Earis 2009 –

St Martin's school
In 1699 the church founded a school for poor and less fortunate boys, which later became a girls' school. It was originally sited in Charing Cross Road, near the church. At one time it was known as St Martin's Middle Class School for Girls, and was later renamed St Martin-in-the-Fields High School for Girls. It was relocated to its present site in Lambeth in 1928.

The school badge depicts the eponymous Saint Martin of Tours. The school's Latin motto Caritate et disciplina translates as "With love and learning". The school is Christian but accepts girls of all faiths.

title: St Martin-in-the-Fields


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Talk:Timeline of Quebec history

see also Talk:Timeline of Quebec history/Delete

From User talk:Mathieugp:
 * Hi Mathieugp, I just came across Political History of Quebec which you created a few days ago. The page is currently nothing but subheadings. I hope you don't mind the suggestion, but it would be best if you added the content before saving it as there is a risk it might be deleted otherwise. Angela. 01:22, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

In response to the above, I moved History of Quebec to conform to other ?Timeline of History? pages in Wikipedia. Angelique 17:05, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Good idea but bad title. Timeline of Quebecois history or Timeline of history of Quebec or something would be better. Tuf-Kat 17:14, Dec 7, 2003 (UTC)

User:TUF-KAT - Should we change Timeline of United States history too? Angelique

 * Sigh...what was wrong with leaving it under History of Quebec, and just turning the timeline into an article? Adam Bishop 17:56, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I also see that this was a botched move, apparently it was just copied into a new article rather than moved properly, so all the edit history is still at History of Quebec. This is getting insane...I think I would prefer letting Angelique go beserk over History of Quebec instead of getting involved at all. Adam Bishop 19:11, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I left History of Quebec open so a proper written history can be made with a link to the timeline. This is what was done by others for the USA etc. Angelique 19:51, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Well, you might want to have this page deleted, revert History of Quebec, and then move it properly over here with "move this page" function (it's a common mistake so I don't mean to sound like I am blaming you for it). Adam Bishop 19:54, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I deleted: "The Collège Laval, the first institution of higher learning in Canada," because it doesn't makje sense. University of New Brunswick was created back in 1795. Clarification might help? Angelique 19:51, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Why do you just delete stuff? This is so unethical. The first institution of higher learning in Canada is the Séminaire de Québec, founded in 1663. Collège Laval is a mistake. It was founded by Mgr François de Montmorency "Laval" but will not have his name until it is given its Royal Charter in 1852. After that, it will be called Université Laval. Since you are for sure able to read both French and English very well, you can visit this Website and see for yourself http://www.ulaval.ca/scom/contact/printemps02/01.html. Please, reinsert the information, correcting Collège Laval with Séminaire de Québec, founded in 1663. -- Mathieugp 22:41, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I agree with your moving the chronology to Timeline of Quebec history, however, there shouldn't be a capital H for 'history' and, as Adam Bishop pointed out, you should have used the move function. Will you move it to Timeline of Quebec history properly or should someone else do it? -- Mathieugp 22:41, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

-- Moved from: Talk:History of Quebec:

I am removing the following input by Tremblay and Mathieugp for the fourth time. This is absolute and total falsehood deliberately placed in this article to denegrate the Prime Minister of Canada. Angelique 16:23, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

"The Prime Minister of Canada, John A. MacDonald declares that "Even if all the dogs of Quebec bark, Riel will be hanged!" He later claimed that he meant dogs in the literal sense."

 * Which part do you object do? That he meant dogs literally? If so, then it's probably a good idea to take that out, even though you should still be avoiding editing the article :) Anyway, are you objecting to the quote in general? Is it apocryphal? Or do you just think that nothing bad should be said about Macdonald? Adam Bishop 16:40, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * She appears to be unwilling to discuss anything related to these pages...perhaps we are unworthy of her? I am still wondering about that "every dog in Quebec" quote she keeps removing. Adam Bishop 23:48, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Yes, we are unworthy for sure. She wants to remove it because it makes John A. McDonald, first Prime Minister of the Dominion of Canada, member of the Orange Order, look like he didn't respect Quebecers. Personally, I think it would not be fair to the man to just quote him without putting his words in context. However, removing it is like saying it didn't happen. -- Mathieugp 00:11, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)

The first thing in writing history is to research facts. Second, if quoting, make sure you are certain they actually said it and then that you have it accurate. In political history there are certain quotes that not just historians but virtually everyone knows. They may not know the exact quote, but all know the factual meaning. Examples: Chamberlain?s 1938 referring to ?peace with honour? - Churchill?s ?fight them in the streets? - JFK?s ?Ask not? - Nixon?s ?I am not a crook? etc. Had Prime Minister, John A. Macdonald ever referred to the people of Quebec as dogs, it would be in every history class in Canadian centers of learning, the rallying cry for Quebec separatists, and a truly infamous moment in Canadian history. Hence, the validity of this remark should have raised a flag to any historian and any Canadian seeing it in a Wikipedia article. The quote that was posted here was reposted each time I deleted it even though I stated it was an ?absolute and total falsehood.? And, I expected anyone who disagreed with my clear assertion of such a major and infamous attribution to a Prime Minister, to provide facts and references to their view, not childish jibes or unfounded criticsm. I do not like racism and bigotry and I do not like malicious slander. Canadians are proud of their first Prime Minister and lies that hate-mongers put in Wikipedia to denigrate him, only end up denigrating Wikipedia as a whole. So, to set the record straight I refer to a very proud Canadian, the Hon. Senator Gerry St. Germain, a French-Canadian, born in Louis Riel country in St. Boniface, Manitoba, a former member of the Canadian House of Commons, a former Cabinet Minister of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, the same party as John A. Macdonald  and a current member of the Senate Committee on Aboriginal Peoples. The statement about Louis Riel attributed to the Prime Minister of Canada is in fact nothing even remotely close to the falsehood at Wikipedia and his mundane words were never considered as anything other than what it exactly says:

 * "He shall hang, even though all dogs in Quebec bark in his favour."

For reference, please go to the Senate of Canada site: http://www.sen.parl.gc.ca/gstgermain/PDF/DebPres/DebatesLouis%20Riel.doc Angelique 23:25, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Okay...

Had Prime Minister, John A. Macdonald ever referred to the people of Quebec as dogs, it would be in every history class in Canadian centers of learning,

Well...isn't it? It's been in every Canadian history class I've ever taken. That is not to say it is necessarily true, and that of course does not mean I have taken every Canadian history class there has ever been :)

the rallying cry for Quebec separatists, and a truly infamous moment in Canadian history.

Isn't it both those things as well? In fact I would say every Canadian I know, who knows about Macdonald and Riel, knows that quote (but there are many who know of neither person, of course).

I'm not sure what your link is meant to accomplish. You can read for yourself that Senator St. Germain says:

It was Sir John A. Macdonald who said, "He shall hang, even though all dogs in Quebec bark in his favour."

It's about halfway down page six. So I'm not sure how you have concluded that it is an "absolute and total falsehood." I don't think the quote is bigotry, or racism, or malicious slander, on anyone's part. It's just what Macdonald said at the time - or, perhaps, what was attributed to him. I don't see anyone claiming that it was never said at all, even your link doesn't claim that.

We can't go around changing things to make Wikipedia full of Canadian pride; that's not the "neutral point of view," which is the foundation of Wikipedia. It doesn't matter if you think it dishonours Macdonald to have that quote there, and I don't think you have shown that it is a false quote. I am also worried about what you will do to the John A. Macdonald page itself, which talks about his alcoholism, and the story of his vomiting during a debate (which is more definitely apocryphal than this Riel quote).

I also you need to calm down and not get personally offended by what you read here. It's hard to understand what you are objecting to, even now after you've posted such a long explanation (which seems to contradict what you're claiming anyway). As I try to read what you've written, I am honestly baffled as to what you are arguing - is it that the quote is just a quote, and that Macdonald did say it? Or are you saying he never said it at all? Or are you saying the quote should not be used to denigrate him? I don't understand. Adam Bishop 00:51, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * You are the only person I know who go as far as denying that the man has actually said "He shall hang, though every dog in Quebec bark in his favor". Typing the sentence in www.google.ca will produce over 100 results. Typing the translation into modern English will produce even more results (300). One source is on an actual Orange Order fan site and even there nobody denies that it occurred during an interview in Ottawa in 1885. Unfortunately, I cannot find more precise details online. (http://members.tripod.com/~Roughian/index-27.html)

 * If you could prove this quote to be false, you would be making quite an extraordinary discovery because many people seem not to question this fact at all since as far back as 1885 when it became public information. You should really publish your proof and become famous.

 * As for it being a separatist rallying cry, you are not entirely off this time. After the hanging of Riel, Honoré Mercier became famous in Quebec for saying "Riel, our brother, is dead..." Some say that this got him elected premier of Quebec. However, if Quebec nationalism was based on nothing but resentment and frustrations, the rallying cry would have to be : "Mange de la marde!" (Eat shit!), or "Comment veux-tu donner du genie a un peuple qui n'en a pas?" (How do you give intelligence to a people that has no brain?) all professed by Pierre (Eliott) Trudeau. -- Mathieugp 03:44, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

The KKK denounced French speakers? Please provide facts or it will be deleted. It may be convenient to Mathieugp goals, but for a bunch of lunatics who worship the German-speaking Hitler, this thing doesn't fit. Angelique 19:43, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * It probably had something to do with them being Catholic, I imagine. Anyway, can you please provide facts about the Macdonald stuff before you go off on other adventures? It's not very Wiki-like to ignore questions, and it makes us question the validity of everything else you do :) Adam Bishop 19:51, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

To Adam Bishop - You said "please provide facts about the Macdonald stuff" --- ???? I stated all the facts, and on this page. Remember, I suggested several times that you try reading before opening your mouth. Please, start acting a little responsible here. Angelique 19:59, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Angelique, you have said entirely nothing about the "all dogs in Quebec" thing, or what you have said is completely non-sensical. No one has any idea what you are opposed to - the quote itself, whether he even said it, what it means for Macdonald's character. We just don't know. Both Mathieu and I brought up some questions about what you posted on this talk page, and you've completely ignored them. Adam Bishop 20:39, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * The KKK is anti everything that is not white anglo-saxon and protestant. Anti gay, anti catholic, anti black, anti jew etc. Angelique cleverly replaced Protestant with Christian and is now questioning the fact that French Canadians fell into the scapegoat categories of the KKK. In any case, since I care about facts, I found this, in English, for her : http://www.usask.ca/education/ideas/tplan/sslp/kkk.htm Good reading my dear! -- Mathieugp 20:10, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Timeline of Quebec history
I moved the page Timeline of Quebec History to Timeline of Quebec history using the move function. It worked just fine. Now, I am going to begin the breakdown of the timeline the way it is done on Timeline of United States history but keeping the current structure by political regime. If there are objections, it is not too late to stop me. Regards to all. -- Mathieugp 21:08, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I object to most everything Mathieugp does, because each edit is an attempt to slant his views and when one disagrees with him, he calls them "brainwashed morons." In accordance and compliance with Wikipedia policy, I reserve the right to edit or revert everything Mathieugp does. Angelique the brainwashed moron

That is not in accordance or compliance with any policy; we're supposed to be working together here. It will just lead to edit wars, and eventually the page being blocked, and perhaps people considering you a troll and banning you (as a last resort, of course). Mathieu isn't entirely innocent here either, of course (I suspect that neither am I), but automatically reverting him will not solve anything. Adam Bishop 21:44, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Quote every edit page in Wikipedia: "If you don't want your writing to be edited mercilessly and redistributed at will, then don't submit it here." Angelique the brainwashed moron

 * I believe you have misunderstood that; it doesn't mean "edited and reverted over a personal grudge, to the detriment of the encyclopedia as a whole." It means don't think of edits as being owned by you. Adam Bishop 22:05, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Dear Mr. Bishop: Please show me just one of my edits that are "edited and reverted over a personal grudge, to the detriment of the encyclopedia as a whole" and I will leave immediately. If not please shut up. You have already apologized for one grave mistake, don't add to it by slandering me. Angelique 00:56, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Wow, you've completely misunderstood why I apologized to you. I just wanted to start over, I was hoping you would realize you were wrong as well and would also want to start over. I see that I was wrong. Adam Bishop 16:10, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

This event, before you were born, may be called that by a few radical separatists, but the fact is mob violence and a violent attack on Pierre Trudeau was not/is not called an such BS as the "Monday of the Bludgeon" by any credible news organization. In fact, police conduct was never an issue--ever. The famous news clip of others running for cover while Trudeau is seen defying the violent mob as bricks and bottles flew by his head, is what got him elected. Read history, please. Angelique 00:21, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Hey Angelique, can you provide substantial proof that Le lundi de la matraque is a term used by only a few? Tremblay 00:18, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Why? Did you and your friends post it to your website for great journalists? Angelique 00:21, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

RE: 1963 - Front de Libération du Québec members, Gabriel Hudon and Raymond Villeneuve are sentenced to 12 years in prison for manslaughter after their bomb killed Sgt. O'Neill, a watchman at Montreal's Canadian Army Recruitment Center. They will serve less than four years. --- It is worth noting, that Sgt. O'Neill is dead forever. Angelique 00:47, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Some people would object to you making fun of the dead. -- Mathieugp 01:02, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

RE: Second Cup bombings. McDonald's didn't change their name even after being bombed because they really are owned by the famous Big Mac who was Marshal of France Angelique 00:52, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * It was not renamed because McDonald's is an internationally know and successful trademark like Coke or Nike. That's what business logic dictates. -- Mathieugp 01:00, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

So why bomb the hell out of them? Angelique 01:06, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Because they are idiotic kids trying to get attention? Because they are frustrated? -- Mathieugp 01:22, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Proposed Breakdown
I have posted a proposed breakdown which follows the evolution of Quebec from the Beginnings of time to present. The current breakdown follows the geopolitical evolution of Quebec from New France until now for most of it. A new timeline division is made for every new constitutional change, including 1982 which will make Angelique happy. I have also intentionally broke down the long 1867 - 1960 period in two: (1867 - 1899) and (1900-1960) to mark the beginning of the 20th century. 1960 is the beginning of modern Quebec era which we are still under and marked the end of the "grande noirceur" which peaked under Duplessis. Voila. All comments are welcomed. -- Mathieugp 01:00, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * After less than 5 minutes, Angelique had already deleted what I had written. This is her best performance so far. All timelines I have looked at were broken down. See Timeline of United States history or even Timeline of Canadian history. This makes it more readable as we humans tend to group things in categories to identify through comparison. See cognition, knowledge, categorization, logical fallacy and scientific method to begin with. -- Mathieugp 01:22, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

There is nbo need to break this up into many pages. An encyclopedia needs to be concise and easy to follow for any reader. Currently, the page is still much shorter than many others at Wikipedia and as is, Mathieu/Tremblay have done an outstanding job making it a nice, neat presentation. Angelique 01:05, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I agree that there doesn't need to be that many subdivisions...I'm not sure there's much need for any subdivisions at all. A lot of what is in this article already isn't encyclopedic anyway, it could really use some cleaning up. Adam Bishop 01:44, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Why do you say there is no need for that many subdivisions? My opinion is that the timeline will include many historical events for each year eventually, so I expect it will grow quite a lot over time. Each page of the subdivisions could be at least as long as the one we have right now, which is a mess. I thought that we wanted to do the short concise article in History of Quebec? -- Mathieugp 01:55, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I guess the shorter one could be at History of Quebec...it just seems that there are a lot of things in the Timeline that aren't really necessary (just from looking at the end, is it necessary to mention everytime there is a poll?). As for the subdivisions, I know they go by important events, but 1774-1791, for example, is only 17 years. I think it may make more sense to put, say, 1760-1867 all in one article. Adam Bishop 02:48, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Ok. If you gather the support of the majority with your proposal, I will obey democracy and we can break it down into longer segments. I still think it would be better to prepare for later when there are more events added to the timeline. If you look at Timeline of Canadian history, they have a link for every year on there. Some events don't belong in a historical timeline like the year my mother was born or the day you first laced your shoes. I think we can have other Timeline of Quebec something for special things. For example, there is a Timeline of United States diplomatic history. There could be a Timeline of Quebec anti-semitic history and Timeline of Quebec terrorist history for Angelique. ;-) More seriously, we can add lists of all kinds and election results or polls in other articles because there are important I think. -- Mathieugp 03:04, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Oh, I see, you want to do it like the "years in Canada" articles...well, in that case, why not just add the Quebec events to those? Adam Bishop 03:07, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * The key events that are also relevent to Canada (the federation) can be included there for sure. However, the Timeline of Canadian history begins in the 1860s and it focuses on what is important to the majority of Canadians. If there were a Timeline of North American history, all the events occuring in Canada would get lost in the mass of American events and it would be difficult to perceive the reality of Canadians as a people. In the same way, craming events that occured in Quebec inside a timeline for all of Canada will not be very useful to understanding Quebec history. It is just a question of focus. For example, a Timeline of Ontario history would reveal facts that are lost in the big picture of the history of all provinces put together. Does that make sense? -- Mathieugp 04:08, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I would put Ontario events there too; there's no reason you can't add more dates to the Timeline of Canadian history, it's only arbitrarily at 1860 at the moment anyway :) On an article for, say, 1890, it could be subdivided further into events for all the provinces. I think that would be more useful than having 13 different timelines plus the Canadian one. We should probably also ask the creators of the Timeline of Canadian history what they think of this. Adam Bishop 04:10, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Ok. I still want to working on the Timeline of Quebec history. The Timeline of United States history does not have a breakdown of all 50 States. Each State entered the union at a different moment (except for the first 13 ones I guess.) and they all have their own story to tell. It is the same for the Canadian federation and knowing the pride of Newfies, Albertans and British Columbians for their home province, I am sure they will want to tell their own history as they learned it from their different history programs. I think there can be 13 different timelines linking to each other and sharing common events. -- Mathieugp 04:48, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I found an excellent online source on Quebec history I'd like to share: http://fc.lbpsb.qc.ca/~history/mod1u.htm. It is all the modules of the history of Quebec and Canada as taught in Quebec high schools (francophone and anglophone). This is as neutral as it gets. -- Mathieugp 01:55, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Neutral? Did not the English language School Boards condemn the new "Parti Quebecois" prepared history books imposed on them, calling it a biased rewrite of history? Or, is that more: (cur) (last). . 17:04, 8 Dec 2003. . Mathieugp (This page presents the culture of Quebec, not a caricature of "French-Canadian" culture as perceived from Toronto.) Angelique 13:44, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * The education program is written by the same devoted professionals at the Ministry of education as anywhere else in the world. The Ministry of education was created in 1968. The PQ was elected in 1977. Currently, the elected government of the National Assembly is not the PQ and they will not touch the education program to write what Angelique wants to see in it. This history program is the most unbiased in all of Canada precisely because it is made for both anglophones and francophones who would not accept that the other side pushes its own point of view.

I removed from the year 1572: "This event is pointed to today to explain why the French voted full religious freedoms for all in 1789 with the [Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]." -- This is irrelevant and meaningless to the date in question and in 1789, irrelevant and meaningless to the British controlled Quebec history. Too, this so-called Declaration (oops there was a 10:00 a.m. trial followed by a 10:30 guillotine) was meaningless and the article needs proper explanation. Angelique 14:02, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * You cannot be serious. Read French revolution and learn the importance of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen for all of Humanity. You hatred of all that is not English is beyond me. -- Mathieugp 14:44, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Find 1572 as an important date in the history of any Canadian province just for fun. That year is not relevant unless you are trying to push a POV where all Catholics and French are criminals and the British Empire is responsible for all major advances of Humanity. -- Mathieugp 14:44, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Dear Mathieugp - Seeing as 1) I am a French citizen, and 2) baptized a Roman Catholic, I'm not sure about your bigoted remarks here, unless of course it is no more than an expansion of your calling others a brainwashed moron. Please elaborate? Angelique 14:49, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * J'ai de la difficulté à croire que tu puisses être de nationalité française. Citoyenneté française? C'est possible. On peut devenir citoyen d'un nouveau pays et choisir de ne pas s'intégrer à la culture de celui-ci pour un ensemble de raisons valables, par exemple si l'on est réfugié. Ceci dit, il est normal de faire le contraire, de vouloir être (ou devenir) français en habitant la France. Je doute que cela soit ton cas. Tu sembles être loin d'avoir le jugement et l'esprit critique d'une européenne. La Révolution française est un point tournant dans l'histoire de toute l'humanité, tout comme la déclaration d'indépendance américaine. Tous les humains, et particulièrement ceux de nationalité française, peuvent êtres fiers des progrès que nous avons accomplis depuis cette époque. Je pense aussi que tu emploies les mots "bigoted" et "racist" sans vraiment connaître le véritable sens de ces mots et surtout l'origine des sentiments qu'ils expriment : l'intolérance face aux autres et l'irrespect de la différence. Jusqu'à présent, la seule personne qui ait fait l'ample démonstration de ces deux grands défauts de la personne humaine, de l'avis de 3 personnes sur 4 au moins, ce n'est pas moi, c'est toi. La maîtrise du langage ne semble pas être ta plus grande force ma pauvre amie. -- Mathieugp 17:35, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I think you are trying to get me angry and insult you to boot me out of wikipedia. Good try Angelique. -- Mathieugp 17:35, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Je suis en accord avec toi, Mathieu...perhaps she is pulling our legs (but I don't know how to say that in French :)) Adam Bishop 19:15, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

User:Angelique has copied and pasted the History of Quebec article into Timeline of Quebec History which she created. In doing this, she did not use the move function. Mathieugp

 * I've now merged the history of these two pages, so it looks as though the History of Quebec page was moved in the first place, rather than cut and pasted and Timeline of Quebec History now has the complete editing history in it. Angela. 00:02, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

History of Quebec
Now, how do we go about writing a good article for History of Quebec? Right now, Tremblay tells me he is working on Revolution tranquille. Do you want to work on it Tremblay, Adam Bishop or Angelique? I will me working on the timeline personnally. Cleaning up and removing lenghtly opinion paragraphs. -- Mathieugp 05:22, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Hmm...this is what I was talking about before. Something like Timeline of Quebec history (1001 to 1533) is not very useful at all, and could either be merged with some of the other divisions, or merged into the timeline of Canada. Adam Bishop 05:33, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Yeah I think you are right now. We can merge it with the one before. There won't be many new things added to 1001 to 1533. Unless a person very knowledgeable of the Amerindian and Inuit history and antropology pops in. All things relevant here can be added to the timeline of Canada, because Quebec is Canada, Canada is Quebec, for a long period of time. :-) -- Mathieugp 14:45, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I reverted the work of Mathieugp who is trying to split up this page against all logic and the will of others. This kind of conduct will not be tolerated. I have posted the 14 new articles created from this one to Votes for deletion. Angelique 12:35, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

For the third time I removed this: "For some, this event is referred to as the Lundi de la Matraque (Monday of the Bludgeon)." -- This definition has never appeared in any reputable newspaper, magazine. The creation of a slogan by those with an agenda and published in their websites or other fringe publications do not belong in Wikipedia. This article has been filled with many such distortions by User:Mathieugp / [[User:TYremblay. Angelique 14:19, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * You have stated that you would object to everything I do. User:Adam Bishop has been giving constructive criticism, User:Tremblay said he didn't have time to look into this for now. I have agreed that some subdivisions are not necessary. However, the history of the Province of Quebec as a province of the British Empire starts in 1763 and before that, some people existed here, so I think it is fair to let them tell their history. I personally don't like a historiography that excludes the natives almost completely. This is a very long history. The subdivisions are modeled after Timeline of United States history. The other one I looked at, Timeline of Canadian history had subdivision for every year. I thought this was exagerated, so I copied the other one. But, whatever I'll say, you'll disagree for sure. I demanded that Angela tries to reason with you, seeing that on three occasions, you reverted to your own previous version. The timeline subdivisions can be modified, but I don't think people will vote for their removal just because you don't like me. -- Mathieugp 15:13, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure what she means either, "Nightstick Monday" is used to refer to that event in English, so it's not as if you have invented the term for Wikipedia. Adam Bishop 18:05, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

It's time you give proof instead of shooting off your mouth, again. Provide proof from just one reputable source (CBC, CTV, Toronto Star, Montreal Gazette, Globe and Mail) where they even once called it "Monday of the Bludgeon" or the sudden new version, "Nightstick Monday." What most Canadians called that night, was another example of extremists who use violence to achieve their goals. Evey credible media outlet did and continues to refer to that as the 1968 St Jean Baptiste Riot. So, prove what you say for a change because so far you have never proven a single thing. Angelique 18:37, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Excellent, you'll prove your claims. Just what we'd been asking for! Here are a few recent edits that I'd be interested in seeing proved:

 * * That MacDonald never said "He shall hang, even though all dogs in Quebec bark in his favour." Timeline of Quebec history
 * * That FDR's words on the dispersion and assimilation of French Canadians, Jews, Italians and Germans were "distorted". Timeline of Quebec history
 * * That Voir publishes "heresay" and is "not a credible news source". Yves Michaud
 * * That the aboriginal peoples call [the period of lasting peace in New France] the continued decimation of their nation. New France

 * I've got more, but that should be enough for now. Tremblay 20:19, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

As a matter of fact, produce just one example from any of the country's credible media services named above, and I will leave Wikipedia, permanently. Angelique

 * One example from a credible media service: http://www1.sympatico.ca/news/Specials/2000/trudeau/timeline.html
 * Trudeau showered with rocks and bottles on reviewing stand during St-Jean Baptiste Day riot; so-called 'Lundi de la matraque' - Nightstick Monday - as 290 arrested, 130 injured. Montreal, Quebec.

 * ©1989-2000 Ottawa Researchers/Dr. Alastair Sweeny All Rights Reserved. Tremblay 20:19, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Will you just consider the English language media? Because Lundi de la matraque is unlikely to be printed in those. However, in French language media, the expression is still in use some 35 years after :

 * Lundi de la matraque in Ledevoir.com Oh yeah, that's right. Lionel Groulx wrote in it, therefore it cannot be valid. You were clever in listing only the media owned by the federal government and private owners who contribute to the Liberal Party of Canada. -- Mathieugp 20:30, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Calling it the "1968 St. Jean Baptiste Day riot" is preferrable to Lundi de la matraque or whatever English translation of that there is. Adam Bishop 20:34, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I removed this BS. The most famous saying in women's rights history in Canada (and court case) is "I (a woman) am not a person". Angelique 18:48, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Quebec women had lost the right to vote under the Union regime when the civil code of Quebec was harmonized with the British common law which then gave the juridical status of a minor to women. Prior to that, women were not legally prevented from voting in Lower Canada.

 * The two are unrelated. Whatever the most famous saying is in English Canada, it doesn't change the fact that Quebec women were legally prevented from voting (like the other women) until they won their battle against this injustice. It took many many years, it was even longer by 38 years in Quebec. Before the Union Act though, the Civil code of Quebec didn't make it illegal for women to vote. That doesn't mean it was socially accepted for women to do it, but it is a historical fact that the wife of Papineau, Julie, for example was voting during elections, so was Papineau's mother. After the shooting of 1832, the Parti Patriote passed a law limiting the right to vote to men above 21. The opinion of men at the time was that it was a question of security for children an women. Julie Papineau was very bitter at her husband after that. Fortunately for Quebec women, the bill didn't get royal assent. -- Mathieugp 20:30, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Just for the record: The BNA act used the word "persons" when it referred to more than one person and the word "he" when it referred to one person. As a consequence it was argued that the act meant that only a man could be a person.

In 1927 Emily Murphy, Irene Marryat Parlby, Nellie Mooney McClung, Louise Crummy McKinney and Henrietta Muir Edwards asked the Supreme Court of Canada to answer the question "Are women persons?" The Supreme Court of Canada decided that the word "person" did not include women.

The five women, nicknamed "The Valiant Five" were shocked and disgusted by the decision but did not quit and took the case to the Privy Council in England which in those days, was in fact Canada's highest court. The women of Canada, including Quebec, were estatic when, on October 18, 1929, the Privy Council of England declared that Canadian women were indeed persons. We won! Angelique 18:57, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I've decided to put an end to Mathieugp/Tremblay's word game intended to deceive. I will challenge each thing with factual details. Intimating that Quebec, under France's rule, allowed women to vote is pure bull. Women in France (and its colonies) did not get the right to vote until 1944. Please see the United Nations website: http://www.undp.org/hdr2003/indicator/indic_234_1_1.html Angelique 19:18, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Here is an excellent link detailing what I have written on the right to vote in Quebec. 60th Anniversary of women's right to vote. This is on the site of the Chief Electoral Officer of Québec. You will not find more neutral than this. Read and wash away this anti-Quebec prejudice forever. -- Mathieugp 22:33, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * It was not under France's royal regime, it was under the 1791 Constitutional Act. -- Mathieugp 20:30, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I think they could vote because there was technically nothing saying they couldn't, but that might have been later under British rule. I'll look it up this time so you don't accuse me of not having facts, or whatever. By the way, do you mean "we won" as a woman in general, or a Canadian woman? Aren't you from France? Adam Bishop 19:25, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Hehehe. Good one. -- Mathieugp 20:30, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * It wasn't meant like that...I was just curious. Adam Bishop 20:36, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I am actually curious too. Who is Angelique? -- Mathieugp

We means "women" of all nations and the universe. I was born in France (in the place they call the "Cradle of the French language", and retain my citizenship of which I am deeply proud. Angelique 19:35, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I see...but do you live in Canada? Or are you just interested in Canadian politics? Adam Bishop 19:44, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I am interested in truth, justice, and equality for everyone, including women. Angelique 22:05, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Hardbanned DW was Angelique
Well, I guess we won't see DW/Angelique until he/she reappears under a new user name... -- Mathieugp 05:06, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Implemented Subdivisions
I merged Beginnings to 1000 with 1001 to 1533. I also added navigation menus at the top of each page. I only did my best to clean up. I was thinking we should put 1950s type subheadings as on Timeline of United States history. What do you guys think of it? -- Mathieugp 05:06, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Timeline of Quebec history


text:
User talk:Cpk1971

The role of the sentinel
Small world. :-)--uɐɔlnʌɟoʞǝɹɐs 17:48, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Cpk1971


text:
Henry Havelock

Major-General Sir Henry Havelock (5 April 1795 – 24 November 1857) was a British general who is particularly associated with India and his recapture of Cawnpore during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

Early life
Henry Havelock was born at Ford Hall, Bishopwearmouth (now in Sunderland), the son of William Havelock, a wealthy shipbuilder, and Jane, daughter of John Carter, solicitor, of Stockton-on-Tees. He was the second of four brothers, all of whom entered the army. The family moved to Ingress Park, Greenhithe, Kent, when Henry was still a child, and here his mother died in 1811. From January 1800 until August 1804 Henry attended Dartford Grammar School as a parlour boarder with the Master, Rev John Bradley, after which he was placed with his elder brother in the boarding-house of Dr. Raine, headmaster of Charterhouse School until he was 17. Among his contemporaries at Charterhouse were Connop Thirlwall, George Grote, William Hale, Julius Hare, and William Norris (Recorder of Penang), the last two being his special friends. Shortly after leaving Charterhouse his father lost his fortune by unsuccessful speculation, sold Ingress Hall, and removed to Clifton.

In accordance with the desire of his mother he entered the Middle Temple in 1813, and became a pupil of Joseph Chitty; his fellow-student was Thomas Talfourd. Havelock was thrown upon his own resources, and obliged to abandon the law as a profession. By the good offices of his brother William, who had distinguished himself in the Peninsular War and at Waterloo, he obtained on 30 July 1815, at the age of 20, a post as second lieutenant in the 95th Regiment of Foot, Rifle Brigade, and was posted to the company of Captain Harry Smith, who encouraged him to study military history and the art of war. He was promoted lieutenant on 24 October 1821. During the following eight years of service in Britain he read extensively all the standard works and acquired a good acquaintance with the theory of war.

India
Seeing no prospect of active service, he resolved to go to India, and at the end of 1822 transferred into the 13th (1st Somersetshire) Regiment (Light Infantry), then commanded by Major Robert Sale, and embarked on the General Kyd in January 1823 for India. Before embarkation he studied the Persian and Hindustani languages with success under John Borthwick Gilchrist. During the voyage a brother officer, Lieutenant James Gardner, awakened in Havelock religious convictions which had slumbered since his mother's death, but henceforth became the guiding principle of his life.

Havelock served with distinction in the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826), after which he returned to England and married Hannah Shepherd Marshman, the daughter of eminent Christian missionaries Dr. and Mrs. Joshua Marshman. At about the same time he became a Baptist, being baptized by John Mack at Serampore. He introduced some of his new family's missionary ideas to the army and began the distribution of bibles to all soldiers. He also introduced all-rank bible study classes and established the first non-church services for military personnel.

First Afghan War
By the time Havelock took part in the First Anglo-Afghan War in 1839, he had been promoted to the rank of captain. He was present as aide-de-camp to Willoughby Cotton at the capture of Ghazni, on 23 May 1839, and at the occupation of Kabul. After a short period in Bengal to secure the publication of his Memoirs of the Afghan Campaign, he returned to Kabul in charge of recruits, and became interpreter to General William George Keith Elphinstone.

In 1841, being attached to Sir Robert Henry Sale's force, he took part in the celebrated passage of the defiles of the Ghilzais and in the fighting from Tezeen to Jalalabad. Here, after many months siege, his column in a sortie en masse defeated Akbar Khan on 7 April 1842. He was now made Deputy Lieutenant-General of the infantry division in Kabul, and in September he assisted at Jagdalak, at Tezeen, and at the release of the British prisoners at Kabul, besides taking a prominent part at Istalif. He next went through the Gwalior campaign as Persian interpreter to Sir Hugh Gough, and distinguished himself at Maharajpur in 1843, and also in the Sikh Wars at the battles of Mudki, Ferozeshah and Sobraon in 1845.

He used his spare time to produce analytical reports about the skirmishes and battles in which he was involved. These writings were returned to Britain and were reported on in the press of the day. For his military services he was made Deputy Adjutant-General at Bombay. He transferred from the 13th Regiment of Foot to the 39th, then as second major into the 53rd at the beginning of 1849, and soon afterwards left for England, where he spent two years and became involved in the running of the Stepney Baptist Academy, soon to move to Regent's Park. He returned to India in 1852 with further promotion: he was appointed Quartermaster-General, promoted to full colonel, and appointed Adjutant-General, India in November 1854.

Indian Rebellion of 1857–1859
In that year, he was selected by Sir James Outram to command a division in the Anglo-Persian War, during which he was present at the action of Muhamra against the forces of Nasser al-Din Shah under command of Khanlar Mirza. Peace with Persia freed his troops just as the Indian Rebellion broke out; and he was chosen to command a column to quell disturbances in Allahabad, to support Sir Henry Lawrence at Lucknow and Wheeler at Cawnpore, and to pursue and utterly destroy all mutineers and insurgents. Throughout August Havelock led his soldiers northwards across Oudh (present day Uttar Pradesh), defeating all rebel forces in his path, despite being greatly outnumbered. His years of study of the theories of war and his experiences in earlier campaigns were put to good use. At this time Lady Canning wrote of him in her diary: "General Havelock is not in fashion, but all the same we believe that he will do well." But in spite of this lukewarm commendation Havelock proved himself the man for the occasion and won a reputation as a great military leader.

Three times he advanced for the relief of the Lucknow, but twice held back rather than risk fighting with troops wasted by battle and disease. Reinforcements arrived at last under Outram, who assumed command. With Havelock commanding the assault, Lucknow was relieved on 25 September 1857. However, a second rebel force arrived and besieged the town again. This time Havelock and his troops were caught inside the blockade.

Death
He died in Lucknow on 24 November 1857 of dysentery, a few days after the siege was lifted. He lived long enough to receive news that he was to be created a Baronet for the first three battles of the campaign; but he never knew of the major-generalship which was conferred shortly afterwards. With his baronetcy came a pension of £1,000 a year voted by Parliament. He was also appointed Colonel of the 3rd (East Kent) Regiment of Foot ("The Buffs") in December, as news of his death had yet to reach England. The baronetcy was afterwards bestowed upon his eldest son, Henry, in the following January; while to his widow, by Royal Warrant of Precedence, were given the rights to which she would have been entitled had her husband survived and been created a baronet. Parliament awarded pensions of £1,000 a year each to widow and son.

Statue in Trafalgar Square

There is a statue of Havelock (by William Behnes) in Trafalgar Square, London. The plaque on the plinth reads:

"To Major General Sir Henry Havelock KCB and his brave companions in arms during the campaign in India 1857. 'Soldiers! Your labours, your privations, your sufferings and your valour, will not be forgotten by a grateful country.' H. Havelock"

In 2000, there was a controversy when the then mayor of London, Ken Livingstone suggested that the Trafalgar Square statue, together with that of General Charles James Napier, be replaced with "more relevant" figures.

Statue in Mowbray Park

William Behnes also designed the statue of Havelock at the top of Building Hill in Mowbray Park Sunderland. Two cannon (replicas of cannons presented to Sunderland after the Crimean War in 1857) stand beside the statue, facing north commanding the view over the park. The statue, however, looks west towards Havelock's birthplace. The statue reads: Born 5, April 1795 at Ford Hall Bishopwearmouth Died 24 November 1857 at Dil-Koosa Lucknow.

An imposing monument to Havelock's memory was erected by his sons, widow, and family. His tomb still stands in Chander Nagar – Alambagh area of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. These verses are inscribed on his tomb: " His ashes in a peaceful urn shall rest; His name a great example stands, to show How strangely high endeavours may be blessed, When piety and valour jointly go."

Other

 * Havelock MRT station and Havelock Road along Singapore River, Singapore
 * Havelock Island, in the Andaman Islands was also named in his honour (now Swaraj Dweep).
 * Several public Houses in England are named "The General Havelock": The Haydon Bridge pub sign bears his portrait, as does the East Sleekburn one; in addition, there is a road/street called Havelock Mews next to the latter.
 * Havelock Road in Luton is claimed to be named after him. The road appears on The 1887 1st edition and 1901 2nd edition OS maps
 * Havelock Guest House in Jersey.
 * The New Zealand towns of Havelock, on the South Island, and Havelock North, on the North Island, are named after him.
 * Havelock Road in Southall, London, was to be renamed Guru Nanak Road in 2021.
 * Havelock, North Carolina, a city in coastal North Carolina
 * The town of Havelock, Nebraska, which was incorporated in 1893 but was later annexed by the City of Lincoln, was named after him. The former area of the town is still known today as the Havelock neighborhood in Lincoln.
 * Havelock Street in Sunnyside, San Francisco, California established in 1880.

In fiction
Havelock, referred to as Gravedigger Havelock, appears as a character in several of the Flashman novels by George MacDonald Fraser - Flashman, Flashman and the Mountain of Light and Flashman in the Great Game. He is portrayed as a very competent officer and an exceptionally religious man.

title: Henry Havelock


text:
Talk:Village (disambiguation)

Text from Vfd
Begin moved text

 * The Village. I can't work out what this is. Maybe someone else can. It's been on cleanup for a long time. DJ Clayworth 23:30, 1 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Delete. It's source text by George Crabbe. Maximus Rex 23:34, 1 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Keep, I've deleted source text and took article in different direction -- The Village in The Prisoner. Fuzheado 00:07, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Move it all into the article The Prisoner. Hardly a good "use" of the term "village" - Marshman 08:50, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * The Village is indeed already described in The Prisoner article. However, I disagree that the term is somehow wasted on the reference in The Prisoner.  We have pages on far less significant topics. Fuzheado 14:28, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * True, but usually not with such common words as "village". Now every Google search for some Named Village will present this as one result unless confined in quotes - Marshman
 * I can see that sometimes it's worth taking account of google searches, but in this case I don't think we should allow ourselves to be swayed by the results of incompetent google searches. The article should be kept or deleted on its own merits - if it's worth having, then it's worth having even though it sometimes gives a false hit on some google searches. Onebyone 13:05, 3 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Keep due to effort by various people. Onebyone 13:07, 3 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Delete. Drop into The Prisoner.  Not worth its own entry.
 * Too ambiguous. Delete or rename The Village (The Prisoner). When I hear "The Village" I think of and NYC neighborhood. Davodd 04:44, Dec 6, 2003 (UTC)

End moved text

Disambiguation and/or merging is still an option, but doesn't require the use of Vfd. -- Oliver P. 17:09, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Requested move 23 June 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) Polyamorph (talk) 14:59, 30 June 2024 (UTC)

The Village → Village (disambiguation) – About even number of entries which are just "Village" vs "The Village", and "Village" is the PTOPIC which the page should match. QuietHere (talk | contributions) 10:55, 23 June 2024 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support per nom. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:33, 25 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:DABNAME.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 17:28, 25 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Village (disambiguation)


text:
List of cities in the United Arab Emirates

The table below shows a list of every city in the UAE with a population of at least 10,000, listed in descending order. The capitals are shown in bold. The population numbers are of the cities, and not the emirates, often with the same name. There is also an additional list of the rest of the populated settlements in the UAE under 10,000 (not listed in descending order).


text:
Awadh

Awadh, known in British historical texts as Avadh or Oudh, is a historical region in northern India, now constituting the northeastern portion of Uttar Pradesh. It is roughly synonymous with the ancient Kosala region of Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain scriptures.

It was a province of all the major Islamic dynasties in India including the Mughal Empire. With the decline of late Mughal Delhi, Awadh became a major source of literary, artistic, religious, and architectural patronage in northern India under the rule of its eleven rulers, called Nawabs. From 1720 to 1856, the nawabs presided over Awadh, with Ayodhya and Faizabad serving as the region's initial capitals. Later, the capital was relocated to Lucknow, which is now the capital of Uttar Pradesh.

The British conquered Awadh in 1856, which infuriated Indians and was recognised as a factor causing Indian Mutiny (1857-58), the biggest Indian uprising against British rule.

Etymology
The word Awadh is inherited from the Sanskrit word Ayodhya meaning "not to be warred against, irresistible".

History
Awadh, known as the granary of India, was important strategically for the control of the Doab, a fertile plain between the Ganges and the Yamuna rivers. It was a wealthy kingdom, able to maintain its independence against threats from the Marathas, the British and the Afghans.

Ancient
Awadh's political unity can be traced back to the ancient Hindu kingdom of Kosala, with Ayodhya as its early capital in traditional history, though in Buddhist times (6th–5th century BCE ) Shravasti became the kingdom's capital city.

Modern Awadh finds historical mention only in the Mughal time of Akbar, in the late 16th century.

In prehistoric times, Awadh, reputedly the kingdom of Bikukshi, contained five main divisions :
 * 1) Uttara Kosala or the trans-Ghaghra districts, now known as Bahraich, Gonda, Basti and Gorakhpur.
 * 2) Silliana, consisting of lower range of hills to the north of Uttara Kosala, now belonging to Nepal, with the Tarai at its base.
 * 3) Pachhimrath, which may be roughly described as the country between Ghaghra and Gomti west to the line from Ayodhya to Sultanpur. This division included about third of present district of Ayodhya (including Ambedkar Nagar), a small portion of the north of Sultanpur, greater part of Barabanki, and sections of the Lucknow and Sitapur districts.
 * 4) Purabrath, which may be roughly described as the country between Ghaghra and Gomti east to the line from Ayodhya to Sultanpur. This division included about two-thirds of present district of Ayodhya (including Ambedkarnagar), the north-eastern corner of Sultanpur, and parts of Mirzapur district, Pratapgarh District and Jaunpur.
 * 5) Arbar, extended southwards from Gomti to the Sai river.

Before independence
Since AD 1350 different parts of the Awadh region were ruled by the Delhi Sultanate, Sharqi Sultanate, Mughal Empire, Nawabs of Awadh, East India Company and the British Raj. Kanpur was one of the major centres of Indian rebellion of 1857, participated actively in India's Independence movement, and emerged as an important city of North India.

For about eighty-four years (from 1394 to 1478,), Awadh was part of the Sharqi Sultanate of Jaunpur; emperor Humayun made it a part of the Mughal Empire around 1555. Emperor Jehangir granted an estate in Awadh to a nobleman, Sheik Abdul Rahim, who had won his favour. Sheik Abdul Rahim later built Machchi Bhawan in this estate; this later became the seat of power from where his descendants, the Sheikhzades, controlled the region. Until 1719, the Subah of Awadh (bordering (Old) Delhi, Agra, Illahabad and Bihar) was a province of the Mughal Empire, administered by a Nazim or Subah Nawab (governor) appointed by the Emperor. Nawab –the plural of the Arabic word 'Naib', meaning 'assistant'– was the term given to subahdars (provincial governors) appointed by the Mughal emperor all over India to assist him in managing the empire. In the absence of expeditious transport and communication facilities, they were practically independent rulers of their territory and wielded the power of life and death over their subjects. Persian adventurer Saadat Khan, also called Burhan-ul-Mulk, was appointed the Nazim of Awadh in 1722 and he established his court in Faizabad near Lucknow. The Nawabs of Lucknow were in fact the Nawabs of Awadh, but were so referred to because after the reign of the third Nawab, Lucknow became the capital of their realm, where the British station Residents ('diplomatic' colonial Agents) from 1773. The city was "North India's cultural capital"; its nawabs, best remembered for their refined and extravagant lifestyles, were patrons of the arts. Under them music and dance flourished, and many monuments were erected. Of the monuments standing today, the Bara Imambara, the Chhota Imambara and the Rumi Darwaza are notable examples. One of the more lasting contributions by the Nawabs is the syncretic composite culture that has come to be known as the Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb.

Awadh under the Mughals
From the pre-historic period to the time of Akbar, the limits of the subah (imperial top-level province) and its internal divisions seem to have been constantly changing, and the name of Oudh, or Awadh, seems to have been applicable to only one of the ancient divisions or Sarkars, nearly corresponding to old Pachhimrath. The title of Subehdar (governor) of Awadh is mentioned as early as 1280 AD, but it can only have denoted the governor of the tract of the country above defined. The Awadh of Mughal Badshah (emperor) Akbar was one of the twelve (or fifteen) subahs into which he divided the Mughal Empire as it stood in 1590. As constituted at the end of the sixteenth century, the Subah contained five sarkars, viz. Awadh, Lucknow, Bahraich, Khairabad and Gorakhpur, which in turn were divided in numerous mahals and  (districts).

Khan Zaman Khan Ali Asghar son of Qazi Ghulam Mustafa was appointed as Subahdar of Awadh during the reign of Farrukhsiyar. This appointment was made in place of 'Aziz Khan Chughtai'. Later on, Mahabat Khan was appointed as Subahdar of Awadh in place of Khan Zaman Khan Ali Asghar, who was all over again transferred to Azimabad (Patna) as Subahdar in place of 'Sar Buland Khan'.

It seems to have been of nearly the same extent as the Province of Oudh at the time of annexation to British India in 1858, and to have differed only in including Gorakhpur, Basti, and Azamgarh, and in excluding Tanda, Aldemau, Rajesultanpur and Manikpur, or the territory to the east and South of Faizabad, Sultanpur and Pratapgarh.

Under the hereditary Nawabs of Awadh

As the Mughal power declined and the emperors lost their paramountcy and they became first the puppets and then the prisoners of their feudatories, so Awadh grew stronger and more independent. Its capital city was Faizabad. Saadat Khan, the first Nawab of Awadh, laid the foundation of Faizabad at the outskirt of ancient city of Ayodhya. Faizabad developed as a township during the reign of Safdar Jang, the second nawab of Avadh (1739–54), who made it his military headquarters while his successor Shuja-ud-daula made it a full-fledged capital city. Shuja-ud-Daula, the third Nawab of Awadh, built a fort known as "Chhota Calcutta", now in ruins. In 1765 he built the Chowk and Tir-paulia and subsequently laid out the Angoori Bagh and Motibagh to the south of it, Asafbagh and Bulandbagh to the west of the city. During the reign of Shuja-Ud-Daula, Faizabad attained such a prosperity which it never saw again. The Nawabs graced Faizabad with several notable buildings, including the Gulab Bari, Moti Mahal and the tomb of Bahu Begum. Gulab Bari stands in a garden surrounded by a wall, approachable through two large gateways. These buildings are particularly interesting for their assimilative architectural styles. Shuja-ud-daula's wife was the well known Bahu Begum, who married the Nawab in 1743 and continued to reside in Faizabad, her residence being the Moti-Mahal. Close by at Jawaharbagh lies her Maqbara, where she was buried after her death in 1816. It is considered to be one of the finest buildings of its kind in Awadh, which was built at the cost of three lakh rupees by her chief advisor Darab Ali Khan. A fine view of the city is obtainable from top of the begum's tomb. Bahu Begum was a woman of great distinction and rank, bearing dignity. Most of the Muslim buildings of Faizabad are attributed to her. From the date of Bahu Begum's death in 1815 till the annexation of Avadh, the city of Faizabad gradually fell into decay. The glory of Faizabad finally eclipsed with the shifting of capital from Faizabad to Lucknow by Nawab Asaf-ud-daula.

The Nawabs of Awadh were a Persian Shia Muslim dynasty from Nishapur, who not only encouraged the existing Persian-language belle-lettrist activity to shift from Delhi, but also invited, and received, a steady stream of scholars, poets, jurists, architects, and painters from Iran. Thus Persian was used in government, in academic instruction, in high culture, and in court.

Saadat Khan Burhanul Mulk was appointed Nawab in 1722 and established his court in Faizabad near Lucknow. He took advantage of a weakening Mughal Empire in Delhi to lay the foundation of the Awadh dynasty. His successor was Safdarjung the very influential noble at the Mughal court in Delhi. Until 1819, Awadh was a province of the Mughal Empire administered by a Nawab.

Awadh was known as the granary of India and was important strategically for the control of the Doab, the fertile plain between the Ganges and the Yamuna rivers. It was a wealthy kingdom, able to maintain its independence against threats from the Marathas, the British and the Afghans.

The third Nawab, Shuja-ud-Daula fell out with the British after aiding Mir Qasim the fugitive Nawab of Bengal. He was comprehensively defeated in the Battle of Buxar by the British East India Company, after which he was forced to pay heavy penalties and cede parts of his territory. The British appointed a resident at Lucknow in 1773, and over time gained control of more territory and authority in the state. They were disinclined to capture Awadh outright, because that would bring them face to face with the Marathas and the remnants of the Mughal Empire.

Asaf-ud-Daula, the fourth Nawab and son of Shuja-ud-Daula, moved the capital from Faizabad to Lucknow in 1775 and laid the foundation of a great city. His rule saw the building of the Asafi Imambara and Rumi Darwaza, built by Raja Tikait Rai Nawab Wazir (Diwan) of Awadh, which till date are the biggest architectural marvels in the city. Asaf-ud-Daula made Lucknow one of the most prosperous and glittering cities in all India. It is said, he moved because he wanted to get away from the control of a dominant mother. On such a thread did the fate of the city of Lucknow depend.

In 1798, the fifth Nawab Wazir Ali Khan alienated both his people and the British, and was forced to abdicate. The British then helped Saadat Ali Khan to the throne. Saadat Ali Khan was a puppet king, who in the treaty of 1801 ceded half of Awadh to the British East India Company and also agreed to disband his troops in favour of a hugely expensive, British-run army. This treaty effectively made part of the state of Awadh a vassal to the British East India Company, though they continued to be part of the Mughal Empire in name till 1819.

Coins were struck under the nawab's control for the first time in 1737, at a new mint opened in Banaras, although the coins named the Mughal emperor, not the Nawab. After the Battle of Buxar, the British seized Banaras, and so the mint was moved in 1776 to Lucknow. From there, coins in the name of the Mughal emperor continued to be struck, and they continued to name Muhammadabad Banaras as the mint. It was only in 1819 that Nawab Ghaziuddin Haidar finally started to strike coins in his own name. Soon thereafter, Awadhi coins started to feature the kingdom's European style coat of arms.

The wars and transactions in which Shuja-ud-Daula was engaged, both with and against the British East India Company, led to the addition of Karra, Allahabad, Fatehgarh, Kanpur, Etawah, Mainpuri, Farrukhabad and Rohilkhand, to the Oudh dimensions, and thus they remained until the treaty of 1801 with Saadat Ali Khan, by which province was reduced considerably as half of Oudh was ceded to the British East India Company. Khairigarh, Kanchanpur, and what is now the Nepal Terai, were ceded in 1816, in liquidation of Ghazi ud din Haider's loan of a million sterling towards the expense of Nepal War; and at the same time pargana of Nawabganj was added to Gonda district in exchange for Handia, or Kawai, which was transferred from Pratapgarh to Allahabad.

British rule
The treaty of 1801 formed an arrangement that was very beneficial to the company. They were able to use Awadh's vast treasuries, repeatedly digging into them for loans at reduced rates. In addition, the revenues from running Awadh's armed forces brought them useful revenues while it acted as a buffer state. The Nawabs were ceremonial kings, limited to pomp and show but with little influence over matters of state. By the mid-19th century, however, the British had grown impatient with the arrangement and wanted direct control. They started looking about for an excuse, which the powerless Nawabs had to provide. On 1 May 1816, a British protectorate was signed.

In 1856 the East India Company annexed the state under the Doctrine of Lapse, which was placed under a Chief Commissioner. Wajid Ali Shah, the then Nawab, was imprisoned, and then exiled by the company to Calcutta (Bengal). In the subsequent Revolt of 1857, his 14-year-old son Birjis Qadra son of Begum Hazrat Mahal was crowned ruler, and Sir Henry Lawrence killed in the hostilities.

In the Indian Rebellion of 1857 (also known as the First War of Indian Independence and the Indian Mutiny), the rebels took control of Awadh, and it took the British 18 months to reconquer the region, months which included the famous Siege of Lucknow.

The Tarai to the north of Bahraich including large quantity of valuable forest and grazing ground, was made over to the Nepal Darbar in 1860, in recognition of their services during the Revolt of 1857, and in 1874 some further cessions, on a much smaller scale, but without any apparent reason, were made in favour of the same Government. In 1877 the offices of lieutenant-governor of the North-Western Provinces and chief commissioner of Oudh were combined in the same person; and in 1902, when the new name of United Provinces of Agra and Oudh was introduced, the title of chief commissioner was dropped, though Oudh still retained some marks of its former independence.

Rulers

 * Subadar Nawabs
 * 1732 – 19 March 1739 Borhan al-Molk Mir Mohammad Amin Musawi Sa`adat `Ali Khan I (b. c. 1680 – d. 1739)
 * 19 March 1739 – 28 April 1748 Abu´l Mansur Mohammad Moqim Khan (1st time) (b. c. 1708 – d. 1754)
 * Nawab Wazir al-Mamalik
 * 28 April 1748 – 13 May 1753 Abu´l Mansur Mohammad Moqim Khan (s.a.) (acting to 29 June 1748)
 * Subadar Nawabs
 * 5 November 1753 – 5 October 1754 Abu´l Mansur Mohammad Moqim Khan (s.a.) (2nd time)
 * 5 October 1754 – 15 February 1762 Jalal ad-Din Shoja` ad-Dowla Haydar (b. 1732 – d. 1775)
 * Nawab Wazir al-Mamalik
 * 15 February 1762 – 26 January 1775 Jalal ad-Din Shoja` ad-Dowla Haydar (s.a.)
 * 26 January 1775 – 21 September 1797 Asaf ad-Dowla Amani (b. 1748 – d. 1797)
 * 21 September 1797 – 21 January 1798 Mirza Wazir `Ali Khan (b. 1780 – d. 1817)
 * 21 January 1798 – 11 July 1814 Yamin ad-Dowla Nazem al-Molk Sa`adat `Ali Khan II Bahadur (b. bf. 1752 – d. 1814)
 * 11 July 1814 – 19 October 1818 Ghazi ad-Din Rafa`at ad-Dowla Abu´l-Mozaffar Haydar Khan (b. 1769 – d. 1827)
 * Kings (title Padshah-e Awadh, Shah-e Zaman)
 * 19 October 1818 – 19 October 1827 Ghazi ad-Din Mo`izz ad-Din Abu´l-Mozaffar Haydar Shah (s.a.)
 * 19 October 1827 – 7 July 1837 Naser ad-Din Haydar Solayman Jah Shah (b. 1803 – d. 1837)
 * 7 July 1837 – 17 May 1842 Mo`in ad-Din Abu´l-Fath Mohammad `Ali Shah (b. 1777 – d. 1842)
 * 17 May 1842 – 13 February 1847 Naser ad-Dowla Amjad `Ali Thorayya Jah Shah (b. 1801 – d. 1847)
 * 13 February 1847 – 7 February 1856 Naser ad-Din `Abd al-Mansur Mohammad Wajed `Ali Shah (b. 1822 – d. 1887)
 * 5 July 1857 – 3 March 1858 Berjis Qadr, son of the above (in rebellion) (b. c. 1845 – d. 1893)

Religion
A vast majority of the population practices Hinduism. It is also home to the Ram Janmabhoomi, an important pilgrimage site in Hinduism that marks where the deity Rama was born. The Muslim community has a strong presence in the urban areas of Awadh, such as Prayagraj and the capital city of Lucknow, which has a large Shia Muslim population. Other than that they are mostly concentrated in the Devipatan division.

Culture
The region of Awadh is considered to be the center of Ganga-Jamuni culture.

Sham-e-Awadh
Sham-e-Awadh is a popularised term referring to the "glorious evenings" in the Awadh capitals of Faizabad and later (and even today and to a greater extent) Lucknow.

Awadh was established in 1722. with Faizabad as its capital. Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula's son Nawab Asaf-ud-Daula, the fourth Nawab of Awadh, shifted the capital from Faizabad to Lucknow; this led to the decline of Faizabad and rise of Lucknow.

Just as Banares (Varanasi) is known for its mornings, so Lucknow is for its evenings. Many of its well-known buildings were erected on the banks of the Gomti River in the time of Nawabs. The Nawabs used to take in a view of the river Gomti and its architecture in the evening hours, giving rise to Sham-e-Awadh's romantic reputation.

There is a saying:'Subah-e-Benares', 'Sham-e-Awadh', 'Shab-e-Malwa' meaning mornings of the Benares, evenings of the Awadh and nights of Malwa.

Awadhi cuisine
Awadhi Cuisine is primarily from the city of Lucknow and its environs. The cooking patterns of the city are similar to those of Central Asia, the Middle East, and Northern India as well. The cuisine consists of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes. Awadh has been greatly influenced by Mughal cooking techniques, and the cuisine of Lucknow bears similarities to those of Kashmir, Punjab and Hyderabad; and the city is famous for its Nawabi foods.

The ' and ' of Awadh gave birth to the dum style of cooking or the art of cooking over a slow fire, which has become synonymous with Lucknow today. Their spread would consist of elaborate dishes like kebabs, kormas, biryani, kaliya, nahari-kulchas, zarda, sheermal, Taftan, and. The richness of Awadh cuisine lies not only in the variety of cuisine but also in the ingredients used like mutton, paneer, and rich spices including cardamom and saffron.

In popular culture
The events surrounding the 1856 overthrow of Wajid Ali Shah and the annexation of Awadh by the British are depicted in the 1977 film The Chess Players by the acclaimed Indian director Satyajit Ray. This film is based on famous Urdu story Shatranj Ke Khilari by the great Hindi-Urdu novelist writer Munshi Premchand.

The 1961 film Gunga Jumna is portrayed in Awadh and was noted for its use of the Awadhi dialect in mainstream Hindi cinema.

The novel Umrao Jaan Ada as well as the subsequent films are based on two cultural cities of Awadh, Lucknow and Faizabad.

The region has been in the center of various period films of Bollywood and modern films like Main, Meri Patni Aur Woh and Paa to name a few. It has also been shot in various songs of Bollywood.

title: Awadh


text:
User talk:MasterDirk

Welcome
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snoyes 17:18, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Image:Eros.jpg
Hi, I was just looking at your Italian Greyhound photo (Image:Eros.jpg). It's a lovely pose, but seems to have got quite grainy - presumerbly on compression, although it's not a small file. Maybe I could try to improve it? If you would e-mail me a copy of the original, I could see what I can do. Regards -- sannse (talk) 11:23, 26 Apr 2004 (UTC)

More on that photo--we'd really like to have a nongrainy version; also we need to know the source of the photo (who took it, for example) and what the copyright status is if you know it (e.g., GFDL, which you can include with .  If you could please update the page (and/or email us or upload the original nongrainy version), we'd be delighted. Otherwise, we probably won't be able to keep using the photo.  Thanks!  Elf | Talk 03:30, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Sorry, can't really help you on that, as the original IS a grainy version taken by me with my PDA. No copyright-issues violated, then, but graininess is unavoidable :) MasterDirk 08:52, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Weight training
Thank you for your kind peer review. The suggestions that you made were spot-on, and I will be implementing them forthwith. In particular, I'll be moving the exercise descriptions to another article. I should have paid more attention when my girlfriend "skipped the boring bit" when she read the article. [[User:GeorgeStepanek|GeorgeStepanek\talk ]] 23:50, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Stubs
Thanks for adding the Snow (codec) article. As part of WikiProject Stub sorting, I replaced the generalized generalized    tag with   . When you create new articles, it would be great if you could use these more specific tags whenever possible. Thanks, and continue contributing to Wikipedia! RussBlau 20:31, May 18, 2005 (UTC)

Tests
This is a test. No, this is THE test :)

June 2009
Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit you made to the page Jeff Goldblum has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the sandbox for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, please ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thank you. – Zntrip 23:48, 25 June 2009 (UTC)

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User talk:Cix

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snoyes 17:20, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

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Rabbie Namaliu

Sir Rabbie Langanai Namaliu (3 April 1947 – 31 March 2023) was a Papua New Guinean politician. He served as the fourth prime minister of Papua New Guinea from 4 July 1988 to 17 July 1992 as leader of the Pangu Party.

Biography
Namaliu was born in East New Britain Province, Territory of New Guinea on 3 April 1947. An ethnic Tolai, Namaliu came from East New Britain. He was educated in Papua New Guinea and in Canada, at the University of Victoria in Victoria, British Columbia. Prior to his political career he was an academic in the field of political science at the University of Papua New Guinea.

After Papua New Guinea's independence in 1975, Namaliu was one of four leading civil servants, together with Mekere Morauta, Anthony Siaguru, and Charles Lepani who led the formation of public administration and public policy in PNG's immediate post-independence years. They were often called "Gang of Four".

Before becoming prime minister, he served as foreign minister for the first time, from 1982 to 1984, by this time beginning his long alliance with Michael Somare, who was prime minister at that time and served as foreign minister while Namaliu was prime minister. Namaliu was appointed Leader of the Opposition in June 1988. and replaced Paias Wingti as the Prime Minister in July 1988.

He was appointed foreign minister in 2002, as part of the National Alliance Party government of Michael Somare. He served as foreign minister until 12 July 2006 when he became finance minister during a cabinet reshuffle. Namaliu subsequently lost his seat of Kokopo Open at the 2007 Election but had not ruled out a future return to politics. He lost his cabinet post when the new government, again led by Somare, took office in August 2007.

As a former prime minister of Papua New Guinea, he was a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom from 1989, and was styled "The Right Honourable" with the postnominal letters 'P.C.'.

Namaliu married the civil servant, Margaret Nakikus, in 1987. She headed the country's National Planning Office. They had two son, Isaac and Langanai (Rabbie Jnr.), and a daughter, Joy. After his defeat in parliament in 1992 he left politics to be with Nakikus, who had incurable leukaemia and was in hospital in Brisbane, Australia. She died in 1992.

Namaliu died on 31 March 2023, at the age of 75 about 3 days before his 76th birthday.

title: Rabbie Namaliu


text:
User talk:Jodymeme

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

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snoyes 17:22, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

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Tokyu Corporation

The Tokyu Corporation (東急株式会社), a contraction of and formerly Tōkyō Kyūkō Dentetsu kabushiki gaisha (東京急行電鉄株式会社) until 2 September 2019, is a Japanese keiretsu or conglomerate headquartered in Shibuya, Tokyo. While a multinational corporation, its main operation is the Tokyu Railways Company, Ltd. (ja:東急電鉄株式会社), a wholly-owned subsidiary operating railways in the Greater Tokyo Area.

History

The oldest predecessor of company was the Musashi Electric Railway (武蔵電気鉄道), opened in 1908. The railway's operations were converted into a kabushiki gaisha (company) in 1910. Keita Gotō, now a notable Japanese industrialist, was appointed as the CEO in 1920 and he began a major expansion program.

The most important predecessor was first registered on September 2, 1922, as the Meguro-Kamata Electric Railway (目黒蒲田電鉄) and is related to the construction of Den-en-chōfu. It was originally founded by the developers of Den-en-chōfu). It was acquired by the Musashi Electric Railway in 1924, shortly before Musashi was renamed into the Tokyo-Yokohama Electric Railway (東京横浜電鉄), also known as the Toyoko, in the same year.

After Musashi/Toyoko's acquisition, the Meguro-Kamata Electric Railway initially operated as a subsidiary of Toyoko. It was not until 16 October 1939 that both Toyoko and Meguro-Kamata Electric railways were formally merged and the new company took the Toyoko name.

In 1938, Toyoko established Toyoko Eiga [ja], possibly for competition with Ichizo Kobayashi's Toho Company. It became the Toei Company in 1951.

Toyoko took its current name on 1 May 1942, after the Japanese government forced the company to acquire the Odawara Express Railway and the Keihin Electric Railway in 1943 to support Japan's efforts in Pacific War of World War II. In 1944 it also acquired the Keio Teito Electric Railway (which had merged with Odawara Express before in 1940).

In 1948, after the war, Tokyu divested the forced-acquired companies, and the divested companies are now known as Odakyu Electric Railway, Keikyu Corporation, and Keio Corporation respectively. The 1943–48 era of Tokyu was colloquially known as Dai-Tokyu (lit. Great Tokyu).

Tokyu lines
Tokyu also operates the Kodomonokuni Line (Nagatsuta Station – Kodomonokuni Station, 3.4 km) under contract with and on behalf of Yokohama Minatomirai Railway Company.

Related businesses
The Tokyu Group also owns two smaller railroad companies, Ueda Kōtsū and Izukyū Corporation; several bus companies; and a major upscale department store chain, the Tokyu Department Store operating in Japan and the MBK Center in Bangkok, Thailand. Other retail operations include Tokyu Hands stores (except for the two locations in Nagoya, which are owned by Sanco Creative Life Co., indirectly controlled by Kintetsu Group Holdings, and operated under license). It also runs a number of hotels under the names Tokyu/Pan Pacific in Japan and formerly owned the Pan Pacific Hotels abroad, which it sold to UOL Limited of Singapore.

Formerly the owner of Japan Air System (JAS), Tokyu used to be the largest shareholder of Japan Airlines Holdings (JAL) following JAS's merger with JAL. The Tokyu Group also owns and operates the upscale Tokyu Hotels and budget Tokyu Inns.

From 1958 until 2001, Tokyu also owned the Japanese (now American) Shirokiya department store company. It was the owner of Mago Island until 2005, when Mel Gibson purchased it for US$15 million.

Tokyu Corporation is also the largest single shareholder in the Shizuoka Railway Company, but its holdings in the railway are not part of the group.

Rolling stock

 * Tokyu 9000 series (since 1986)
 * Tokyu 1000 series (since 1988)
 * Tokyu 2000 series (since 1992)
 * Tokyu 300 series (Setagaya Line, since 1999)
 * Tokyu 3000 series (since 1999)
 * Tokyu 5000 series (since 2002)
 * Tokyu 6000 series (since 2007)
 * Tokyu 7000 series (since 2007)
 * Tokyu 2020 series (since early 2018)
 * Tokyu 6020 series (since early 2018)
 * Tokyu 3020 series (since mid-2019)

New Tokyu 2020 series ten-car EMUs and Tokyu 6020 series seven-car EMUs have entered service since early 2018.

title: Tokyu Corporation


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Bronko Nagurski Trophy

The Bronko Nagurski Trophy has been awarded annually since 1993 to the collegiate American football defensive player adjudged by the membership of the Football Writers Association of America (FWAA) to be the best in the National Collegiate Athletic Association. The award is named for Bronko Nagurski, who played football for the University of Minnesota and Chicago Bears, and is presented by the Charlotte Touchdown Club and FWAA.

title: Bronko Nagurski Trophy