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DHL

DHL is a logistics company providing courier, package delivery and express mail service, delivering over 1.7 billion parcels per year. A subsidiary of the German logistics firm DHL Group, its express mail service DHL Express is one of the market leaders for parcel services in Europe. DHL Express is Germany's main international courier and parcel service. DHL also operates a separate parcel service targeting the German consumer market in conjunction with Deutsche Post. This service is linked to DHL Express with some shared infrastructure but they operate as different entities within DHL Group and have separate vehicles and couriers for last mile delivery.

The company DHL itself was founded in San Francisco, United States in 1969 and expanded its service throughout the world by the late 1970s.

The company was primarily interested in offshore and intercontinental deliveries, but the success of FedEx prompted DHL's own domestic (intra-US) expansion starting in 1983. In 1998, Deutsche Post began to acquire shares in DHL. It reached controlling interest in 2001, and acquired all outstanding shares by December 2002. The company then absorbed DHL into its Express division, while expanding the use of the DHL brand to other Deutsche Post divisions, business units, and subsidiaries. Today, DHL Express shares its DHL brand with business units such as DHL Global Forwarding and DHL Supply Chain. It gained a foothold in the United States when it acquired Airborne Express in 2003.

Origins
While Larry Hillblom was studying law at University of California, Berkeley's Boalt Hall School of Law in the late 1960s, he accepted a job as a courier for the insurance company Michael's, Poe & Associates (MPA). He started running courier duty between Oakland International Airport and Los Angeles International Airport, picking up packages for the last flight of the day, and returning on the first flight the next morning, up to five times a week.

After he graduated, Hillblom met with MPA salesman Adrian Dalsey and they planned to expand MPA's concept of fast delivery to other business enterprises. They flew between Honolulu and San Francisco, transporting bills of lading for their first client, Seatrain Lines.

Name origins
Hillblom put up a portion of his student loans to start the company, bringing in his two friends Adrian Dalsey and Robert Lynn as partners, with the combined initials of their surnames as the company name (DHL). They shared a Plymouth Duster that they drove around San Francisco to pick up the documents in suitcases, then rushed to the airport to book flights using another relatively new invention, the corporate credit card. As the business took off, they started hiring new couriers to join the company. Their first hires were Max and Blanche Kroll, whose apartment in Hawaii often became a makeshift flophouse for their couriers.

Domestic expansion
In the 1970s, DHL became an international delivery company, similar to Loomis and Purolator who were the only other international courier companies at the time. In 1979, under the name of DHL Air Cargo, the company entered the Hawaiian Islands with an inter-island cargo service using two Douglas DC-3 and four DC-6 aircraft. Adrian Dalsey and Larry Hillblom personally oversaw the daily operations until its eventual bankruptcy closed the doors in 1983. At its peak, DHL Air Cargo employed just over 100 workers, management and pilots.

The only major competitor in the overnight market was Federal Express (FedEx), which did not open its first international service until 1981, expanding to Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Nevertheless, the domestic market was extremely profitable, and DHL was the third largest courier behind FedEx and UPS.

Deutsche Post purchase
Deutsche Post began to acquire shares in DHL in 1998, acquiring a controlling interest in 2001. By the end of 2002, Deutsche Post had acquired all of DHL's remaining stock, and absorbed the operation into its Express division. The DHL brand was expanded to other Deutsche Post divisions, business units and subsidiaries. Today, DHL Express shares its DHL brand with other Deutsche Post business units, such as DHL Global Forwarding, DHL Freight, DHL Supply Chain, and DHL Global Mail. In 1999, Deutsche Post World Net (DPWN) purchased the Belgian shipping company Van Gend & Loos as well as Swiss freight forwarder Danzas. In 2001, Deutsche Post acquired a majority (51%) of DHL's shares, and the remaining 49% in 2002. The new DHL was launched by merging the old DHL, Danzas, and Securicor Omega Euro Express. The Packstation, an automated delivery booth, was introduced as a pilot project in Dortmund and Mainz.

2000-2010
In 2002, DHL Introduced a new red-and-yellow color scheme and logo. This drastic color change was mainly due to their linkup with the Jordan Grand Prix Formula One racing team, who had to run yellow liveried cars because of contractual agreements with the other main sponsor, Benson & Hedges.

DHL Airways, Inc., which handled all US domestic flights, was renamed ASTAR Air Cargo in 2003, following a management buyout. DHL's airline had over 550 pilots in service in October 2008. In August 2003, Deutsche Post acquired Airborne Express and began its integration into DHL.

A planned expansion by DHL at Brussels Airport created a political crisis in Belgium in 2004. On 21 October 2004, DHL Express announced that it planned to move its European hub from Brussels to Leipzig, Germany (Vatry, France, was also considered but rejected). DHL's unions called a strike in response and paralyzed work for a day.

On 8 November 2004, DHL Express invested €120 million in an Indian domestic courier, Blue Dart, becoming the majority shareholder in the company.

In 2005, Deutsche Post made an offer to buy the contract logistics company Exel plc, which had just acquired Tibbett & Britten Group. On 14 December 2005, Deutsche Post announced the completion of the acquisition of Exel. DHL integrated Exel into its logistics division, rebranding the division's services as DHL Exel Supply Chain. Following that acquisition, DHL had a global workforce of 285,000 people (500,000 people including DPWN and other sister companies) and roughly $65 billion in annual sales.

In 2006, DHL won a ten-year contract worth £1.6 billion to run the NHS Supply Chain, part of the United Kingdom's National Health Service. Under the contract, DHL was responsible for providing logistics services for over 500,000 products to support 600 hospitals and other health providers in the UK.

In a 50/50 joint venture with Lufthansa Cargo, DHL Express co-founded a new cargo airline, AeroLogic, in 2007, based at Leipzig/Halle Airport. The carrier operated up to 11 Boeing 777F planes by 2012. In December 2007, DHL became the first carrier to transport cargo via wind-powered ships, flying MS Beluga Skysails kites.

As part of the NHS contract, DHL opened a new 250000 sqft distribution centre in 2008 to act as a stock-holding hub for food and other products, with another distribution centre planned for opening in 2012. The two new distribution centres created about 1,000 new jobs.

In May 2008, DHL Aviation moved its European hub from Brussels Airport to Leipzig/Halle, leading to a significant increase in cargo traffic at the airport. In the same month, DHL Express announced restructuring plans for its United States network, including termination of its business relationship with ABX Air and a new contract with competitor UPS for air freight operations. Its cargo hub was also shifted from Wilmington to Louisville. The Air Line Pilots Association, International protested, but on 10 November 2008, DHL announced that it was cutting 9,500 jobs as it discontinued domestic air and ground operations within the United States due to economic uncertainty. However, it retained international services and was still in talks with UPS to transport DHL packages between U.S. airports.

DHL ended domestic pickup and delivery service in the United States in 2009, effectively leaving UPS and FedEx as the two major express parcel delivery companies in the US. Limited domestic service was still available from DHL, with the packages tendered to USPS for local delivery. In April 2009, UPS announced that DHL and UPS had terminated negotiations without an agreement for UPS to provide airlift for DHL packages between airports in North America. DHL said in a statement, "We have not been able to come to a conclusive agreement that is acceptable to both parties." DHL continued to use its current air cargo providers, ASTAR Air Cargo and ABX Air.

2011- to date
The company sold its UK B2B and B2C domestic parcel operations in 2010 to British delivery company Home Delivery Network, since renamed Yodel.

In 2013, the company opened a newly expanded and upgraded global hub at the Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport in Hebron, Kentucky. On 1 November 2013, it sold its UK domestic same-day operations to British courier Rico Logistics but continued to offer time and day definite domestic services as well as international services in the UK.

In late 2020, DHL entered agreements to deliver the COVID-19 vaccine manufactured by BioNTech and Pfizer.

In March 2021, DHL Aviation announced the relocation of hub operations from Bergamo to Milan Malpensa Airport where DHL opened new logistics facilities.

In October 2021, DHL said that it would raise its rates for customers in the United States by an average of 5.9 percent, starting on January 1, 2022.

Services
DHL Express's global headquarters are part of the Deutsche Post headquarters in Bonn. Headquarters for North America are located in Guadalajara, Mexico, and Plantation, Florida, while its Asia–Pacific and emerging markets headquarters are located in Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, and China. The European hub is in Leipzig, Germany. Most of DHL Express's business is incorporated as DHL International GmbH.

Major competitors include FedEx, UPS, and national post carriers such as United States Postal Service (USPS) and Royal Mail. However, DHL has a minor partnership with the USPS, which allows DHL to deliver small packages to the recipient through the USPS network known as DHL Global Mail, now known as DHL eCommerce. It is also the sole provider for transferring USPS mail in and out of Iraq and Afghanistan.

DHL offers worldwide services, including deliveries to countries such as Iraq, Afghanistan and Myanmar (formerly Burma). As it is German-owned, DHL is not affected by U.S. embargoes or sanctions and will ship to Cuba and North Korea. However, there are strict codes for delivering to North Korea, as the country has shaky relations with the West.

Environmental record
As of 2007 DHL took measures to control their environmental effect by use of alternative fuel vehicles. DHL changed vehicles in certain delivery fleets in order to use alternative fuels. Certain new vehicles used compressed natural gas.

Noise
Residents in the Saale district have been complaining about the noise pollution from the Leipzig Saale airport for years. A noise protection report last year showed that the existing aircraft noise was "indecent". The biggest problem has been night flights, according to a citizens' initiative.

Use of electric vehicles
In December 2014, Deutsche Post DHL purchased the StreetScooter company, a small manufacturer of electric vehicles as part of its long-term goal to reach zero emissions in its delivery operations. By year end 2016, some 2,000 vehicles had been produced.

In 2016, BYD supplied DHL with electric distribution fleet of commercial BYD T3, which provided daily logistics in the Central Business District (CBD) of Shenzhen and surrounding areas.

As of 2016, electric vans with a much greater range were to be required to achieve the long-term goal of replacing the entire Deutsche Post and DHL Express fleet of approximately 70,000 vehicles with StreetScooter models.

In 2022, DHL equipped 67 trucks in the US with TRAILAR solar mats, which power lift gates and other equipment for fuel savings.

As of 2017 the Deutsche Post/DHL GoGreen program planned to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and local air pollutants; The long-term goal, summarized by Frank Appel, chief executive officer, was more aggressive. "From now until 2050, our mission will be to drive our business toward zero [logistics related] emissions. We are setting the standard for the future of the transport sector and doing our part to help the world community reach its goal of limiting global warming to less than two degrees Celsius."

Finances
The DHL Express financial results are published in the Deutsche Post AG annual report. In 2016, this division's revenue increased by 2.7% to €14 billion. The earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) increased by 11.3% over 2015 to €1.5 billion.

Animal right activist protest
On 16 September 2005, DHL won a High Court injunction establishing an exclusion zone around each of its 288 buildings in the UK as well as the homes of its 18,000 UK employees. The firm has been the subject of a campaign of intimidation because of their business with Huntingdon Life Sciences. The judge banned protesters from coming within 50 yd of any DHL premises or the homes of their employees as well as any organized demonstration within 100 yd unless the police had been given four hours' notice. The injunction also protects anyone doing business with DHL from intimidation.

DHL Aviation
Deutsche Post owns five airline subsidiaries operating for DHL Express, operating approx. 250 aircraft and another 21 aircraft on order, which are collectively referred to as DHL Aviation. DHL Express is an equal partner in a sixth airline that operates for DHL Express:
 * Blue Dart Aviation, Chennai, India, provides services for Indian destinations from Chennai International Airport
 * DHL Aero Expreso, Panama City, Panama provides services for destinations in Central and South America
 * DHL Air UK, Hounslow, United Kingdom provides services for European destinations from East Midlands Airport
 * European Air Transport Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany provides services for European destinations from Leipzig/Halle Airport
 * AeroLogic (joint venture with Lufthansa), Schkeuditz, Germany provides services from Europe to central and eastern Asian destinations from Leipzig/Halle Airport and Frankfurt Airport
 * SNAS/DHL, Bahrain provides services for Middle East destinations from Bahrain International Airport

Sponsorships
For several years, DHL was the primary sponsor of the Penske Racing Porsche RS Spyder Le Mans Prototypes in the International Motor Sports Association American Le Mans Series. DHL have also sponsored Ryan Hunter-Reay's #28 IndyCar Series car for Andretti Autosport since 2011. They moved to Romain Grosjean in 2022 and then to Álex Palou and Chip Ganassi Racing in 2024. With DHL, Hunter-Reay won the championship for the 2012 IndyCar Series season as well as the 2014 Indianapolis 500. DHL was the main title sponsor of the Jordan Formula One team during 2002. Since then, DHL has become a regular track-side sponsor at various Formula One races throughout each year, as well as becoming the 'Official Logistics Partner' of the category. Since 2007, they have also sponsored the DHL Fastest Lap Award for the driver that achieves the fastest laps in a season.

Manchester United Football Club announced them as their first training kit sponsor in August 2011, agreeing to a four-year deal with DHL reported to be worth £40 million; it is believed to be the first instance of training kit sponsorship in English football. In 2014, FC Bayern Munich agreed to a six-year sponsorship deal with DHL. In 2012, the company became the main sponsor of League of Ireland club Bohemian F.C.

In 2011, DHL became the title sponsor of the South African Western Cape Rugby Union teams Western Province and the Stormers. This came into effect on 1 January 2011 for a period of three years. DHL were still the current sponsor for both teams as of the 2017–2018 season.

For the 2011–12 Volvo Ocean Race DHL was one of four race partners providing logistics for this event.

In 2014, the company sponsored, with IMG Fashion, DHL Exported, which was aimed at "assisting designers who are already successful locally to gain momentum internationally". DHL Exported will "sponsor a chosen designer for two consecutive seasons at" the Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week in New York, London Fashion Week, Milan Fashion Week or Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Tokyo. IMG Fashion "will accept applications from February 17 through April 2 at dhlexported.com".

Expanding its support to various cultural endeavors, in 2014 DHL signed as the Official Logistics partner for Cirque du Soleil. DHL transports up to 2,000 tonnes and 80 freight containers utilizing air, sea, and land to transport the equipment from one city to the next.

In 2015, DHL became the main sponsor of Italian volleyball club Modena Volley, covering the whole men's SuperLega Italian championship and the CEV Champions League.

DHL is a major sponsor of Surf Life Saving Australia.

DHL Express, also came on board for the five times Indian Premier League (IPL) champions Mumbai Indians as a Principal Sponsor and Official Logistics Partner in 2021.

In 2020 DHL collaborated with Veldskoen Shoes, a South African shoe company to launch a limited edition sneaker in London called "Dear Everyone".

Accidents and incidents

 * In 2002, Bashkirian Airlines Flight 2937, a Tupolev Tu-154 passenger jet, collided with DHL Flight 611, a Boeing 757-200 cargo jet at 35000 ft over Überlingen, Germany. All 69 passengers on board the Bashkiran flight (consisting mainly of Russian schoolchildren) and the two pilots of DHL were killed.
 * The DHL shootdown incident in Baghdad on 22 November 2003 wherein Iraqi insurgents fired an SA-7 "Grail" surface-to-air missile at a European Air Transport Airbus A300 operating on behalf of DHL. The aircraft took off from Baghdad airport whereupon the missile struck the left wing, disabling all three hydraulic systems and set the wing on fire. The aircraft began a dangerous phugoid (vertical oscillation) but the crew managed to land safely at the airport, despite only being able to control the aircraft by adjusting the engine thrust.
 * In October 2008, two DHL Express Middle East senior executives, David Giles and Jason Bresler, were assassinated in Kabul by one of their own Afghan employees; they received military honors from the U.S. military, the first of such kind in Afghanistan.
 * On 18 March 2010, a DHL Antonov An-26 aircraft made an emergency landing on the frozen Lake Ülemiste, close to Lennart Meri Tallinn Airport. Initial reports indicated problems with the landing gear and one of the engines. The flight was operated by Exin on behalf of DHL. The aircraft involved was SP-FDO and the flight departed from Helsinki Airport. One of the six crew members was injured.
 * On 13 February 2021, the cargo door of DHL Flight 126, Boeing 757-200 freighter G-DHKZ, opened at an altitude of approximately 5300 ft after the aircraft departed from Leipzig/Halle Airport. Airframe parts fell on the grounds of a power plant approximately 10 nmi from the airport, but no cargo was lost, and the flight crew was able to return to Leipzig/Halle with no injuries. The incident is under investigation.
 * On 7 April 2022, a DHL de Guatemala Flight 7216 crash landed in San Jose, Costa Rica after attempting an emergency landing due to a hydraulic failure. Both crew members survived without injuries.

title: DHL


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True Whig Party

The True Whig Party (TWP), also known as the Liberian Whig Party (LWP), is the oldest political party in Liberia and one of the oldest parties in Africa. Founded in 1869 by primarily darker-skinned Americo-Liberians in rural areas, its historic rival was the Republican Party. Following the decline of the latter, it dominated Liberian politics from 1878 until 1980. The nation was virtually governed as a one-party state under the TWP, although opposition parties were never outlawed.

Initially, its ideology was strongly influenced by that of the United States Whig Party (from which it took its name). Much of the TWP's support came from the Americo-Liberian community who held an influential position over Liberian politics and society. The TWP's long term leader and President William Tubman was widely regarded as the father of modern Liberia.

The TWP fell out of power following the 1980 Liberian coup d'état in which many of its leading members died or fled, ending its dominant position. The TWP ceased to be officially recognized following the coup, although it was never disbanded and continued as a rump party. The party went on to participate in the unsuccessful Coalition for the Transformation of Liberia (COTOL) ahead of the 2005 general election before de-coalition and winning fewer votes at the 2017 elections.

History
The True Whig Party was founded in the township of Clay-Ashland in 1869 as a reorganised version of the Opposition Party. It presided over a society in which black American settlers and their descendants, known as Americo-Liberians, though a small minority of the population, constituted nearly 100% of the citizens able to vote. It primarily represented them, often working in tandem with the Masonic Order of Liberia.

The True Whig Party was initially formed as an alliance of "mostly dark-skinned upriver planters and the dark-skinned faction among the coastal merchants", opposed to the lighter-skinned mulatto elite represented by the Republican Party. The party first came to power after Edward James Roye won the 1869 Liberian general election and was sworn in as president the following year. The Republican Party had tended to be supported by Americo-Liberians of mixed African and European ancestry while darker skinned Americo-Liberians initially rallied around the TWP, however as the Republican Party began to decline in influence most Americo-Liberians transferred their support to the TWP.

After Anthony W. Gardiner was elected president in 1878, the TWP went on to govern Liberia for over a century. While opposition parties were never made illegal and Liberia was not classed as a dictatorship, the TWP more or less ran the country as a one party state and held a monopoly on Liberian politics.

The party was accused of endorsing systems of forced labor. In 1930 they sent "contract migrant laborers", under conditions tantamount to slavery, to Spanish colonists on Fernando Pó in Spanish Guinea (now Bioko in Equatorial Guinea). This led to an investigation by the League of Nations, a five-year U.S. and British boycott of Liberia followed by the resignation of President Charles D. B. King. Despite this dispute, the West generally considered the True Whig Party as a stabilizing, unthreatening force in the period after. The US and Britain later invested extensively in the nation under William Tubman's long period of rule (1944–1971).

Under the leadership and Presidency of William Tubman, the TWP took a pro-American stance in international policy, encouraged foreign investment, promoted industrialization and embarked on a mass modernization program of Liberia's domestic infrastructure. This led to a period of economic prosperity during the 1960s, was credited with putting Liberia on the map and establishing the country as a modern power in Africa. Although opponents of Tubman's government accused it of being authoritarian, Liberia was widely regarded internationally as being a stable and successful nation in the region whilst other African states were undergoing civil wars and political strife.

Following Tubman's death in 1971, the TWP leadership and Presidency was taken over by William Tolbert. Tolbert diverted from the TWP's traditional policies by seeking to stress Liberian sovereignty and political independence, as opposed to a nation reliant on international businesses and governments. He initiated some socially liberal reforms, pledged stricter regulation of foreign businesses operating in Liberia, granted official recognition status to opposition parties and tried to re-balance economic disparities between Americo-Liberians and native ethnic tribes. He also pursued open diplomatic and economic relationships with the Soviet Union and shifted Liberia's focus to other African nations as opposed to the West. However, some of these reforms were reversed following the Maryland County ritual killings and the Rice Riots in which Tolbert called for the arrest of opposition leaders. Opposition parties also accused Tolbert of using corruption and political nepotism to retain power while traditionalist members of the TWP and some of Tolbert's cabinet were angered by his initiative of appointing native Liberians into government positions which they saw as usurping their position.

The party lost power after Tolbert was killed in a military coup on 12 April 1980 by a group of AFL soldiers led by Samuel Doe, who formed the People's Redemption Council (PRC). They had opposed Tolbert's clampdown on the political opposition and what they saw as his tolerance of corruption. Many high-ranking officials of the TWP such as E. Reginald Townsend, Frank E. Tolbert (William's brother) and Cecil Dennis were executed, depleting much of its executive leadership whilst others fled the country. The new government subsequently restricted activities of the TWP and it lost its official status; the vast majority of its members and supporters left the party, but other TWP members vowed to continue and it struggled on as a minor rump party without official recognition. Members of indigenous groups began to exert more political power following the coup, in keeping with their dominance in number of the national population, further diminishing the TWP's support which had come from the formerly more influential but demographically smaller Americo-Liberian population. Doe's government also realigned Liberia's foreign policy back to a pro-US position, making it harder to gain international recognition as an opposition group with fears over communist expansionism and the rise of Soviet backed client regimes in Africa during the Cold War. In 1985, all political opposition (including the TWP) were banned following a coup attempt against Doe.

Legacy
In 1991, the party faced a challenge from a new group, which identified as the "National True Whig Party of Liberia." TWP chairman Momo Fahnbulleh Jones threatened legal action to induce the newly founded party to change its name.

The TWP was officially reconstituted in 2005 under the leadership of Peter Vuku.

The TWP participated in the 2005 general election as part of the Coalition for the Transformation of Liberia (COTOL). The COTOL coalition won eight seats but was dissolved the next year after some of its members left to join the ruling Unity Party. The TWP registered to compete as an individual party for the House of Representatives in the 2011 general election, while endorsing President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf's bid for a second term at Presidential level. However, the party had strife over its leadership five months before the election, and it failed to nominate any candidate for any legislative seat and did not compete as a result.

In 2013, members of the TWP became embroiled in a dispute over Edward J. Roye Building in Monrovia which had been constructed as the party headquarters. The building had been appropriated by the Liberian General Services Agency which provoked anger among TWP members who stated they are still the rightful owners and that Chairman of the Council of State David D. Kpormakpor had decreed that it should be returned to the TWP's possession.

In 2015, the TWP appointed former government information minister Reginald Goodridge as its new chairman and was successfully registered to stand as an individual party for the 2017 election but ended up gaining 0.96% of the vote.

On August 31, 2020, a political alliance containing seven constituent parties, including the TWP, known as the Rainbow Alliance (RA) was certified by the National Elections Commission (NEC). Goodridge served as the interim chairman of the alliance. The RA unsuccessfully contested the 2020 Senate elections with 10 candidates. The RA held its first national convention on October 29, 2022, in Paynesville. Interim Chairman Goodridge was elected standard bearer. The RA did not run a candidate in the 2023 presidential election. The RA unsuccessfully ran candidates in various 2023 legislative elections.

Ideology
The True Whig Party initially sought to emulate the policies of the American Whig Party (from which it took its name) and the philosophy of Whiggism. The TWP was also described as promoting conservatism and black conservatism in the twentieth century during Tubman's rule. Although the party favored protectionism in its early years, it later pursued deregulation, free-market and economically liberal policies known as the "porte ouverte" ("open door") under Tubman to attract investment and stimulate growth. In terms of foreign policy, the TWP took a pro-Western and particularly pro-American stance owing to the fact much of the TWP's support and membership came from the Americo-Liberian population. Although Liberia did not declare war on Germany and Japan until 1944, the party supported the Allies against the Axis powers during the Second World War. Under Tubman, the party was also anti-communist during the height of the Cold War. It later supported America's foreign policy during the Vietnam War and maintained friendly relations with the state of Israel, being among African governments who voted Yes to Israel becoming an independent sovereign nation as a Jewish-dominant state. Under the leadership of William Tolbert (who sought to stress Liberia's political independence), the ruling TWP shifted away from a pro-Western stance to a neutral posture by fostering partnerships with other African states and opening up relationships with the Soviet Union, China and Eastern Bloc nations, pursuing liberal domestic policies and attempting to bring more native Liberians into governing circles. These ideological changes caused consternation among both TWP supporters and politicians in Tolbert's administration.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: True Whig Party


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Fundamental Methodist Conference

The Fundamental Methodist Conference, is a Methodist denomination of Christianity. It organized in 1942.

In 2001 there were 814 members in 13 congregations. Its headquarters near Springfield, Missouri. The conference is a member of the American Council of Christian Churches.

It holds its annual conference at the Fundamental Methodist Conference Grounds near Ash Grove in Lawrence County, Missouri, where it hosts an active youth camp ministry. This body is a member of the American Council of Christian Churches.

The denomination publishes The Evangelical Methodist in conjunction with the likeminded Evangelical Methodist Church of America.

Background
The Fundamental Methodist Conference was instituted at Ash Grove, Missouri, in 1942 under the name Independent Fundamental Methodist Church. The title was changed to Fundamental Methodist Church, Inc., when the first annual conference was held in 1944.

The Fundamental Methodist Conference traces its origins through the Methodist Protestant Church to the Anglican reformation and evangelical awakening of the Wesley brothers, John and Charles. The three major Methodist conferences in the United States – the Methodist Episcopal Church, Methodist Episcopal Church, South, and the Methodist Protestant churches – united under the name The Methodist Church in 1939. The union was attended with dissatisfaction among certain people in all three groups. The John's Chapel Church (formerly part of the Methodist Protestant Church) of Lawrence County, Missouri, withdrew from The Methodist Church on August 27, 1942, and elected a committee to draw up a constitution and by-laws for fundamental Methodists. On August 23, 1944, the first annual conference was held in Greene County, Missouri, with three churches representing. The denomination was chartered on February 27, 1948.

Unlike most other Methodists, the churches of the Fundamental Methodist Conference do not baptize infants, though the dedication of children is retained. They only observe the mode of immersion for baptism. Since they do not regard baptism as initiation to the universal church, they will receive members from other churches who have been baptized by sprinkling or pouring. Government is more congregational and less connectional than generally practiced by other Methodists (though some other Methodist denominations, such as the Congregational Methodist Church, have a congregational polity). Each congregation owns its property and calls its pastors. The church has no bishops; the Annual Conference elects a District Superintendent and a Secretary-Treasurer.

title: Fundamental Methodist Conference


text:
Battle of Stones River

The Battle of Stones River, also known as the Second Battle of Murfreesboro, was fought from December 31, 1862, to January 2, 1863, in Middle Tennessee, as the culmination of the Stones River Campaign in the Western Theater of the American Civil War. Of the major battles of the war, Stones River had the highest percentage of casualties on both sides. The battle ended in Union victory after the Confederate army's withdrawal on January 3, largely due to a series of tactical miscalculations by Confederate Gen. Braxton Bragg, but the victory was costly for the Union army. Nevertheless, it was an important victory for the Union because it provided a much-needed boost in morale after the Union's recent defeat at Fredericksburg and also reinforced President Abraham Lincoln's foundation for issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, which ultimately discouraged European powers from intervening on the Confederacy's behalf.

Union Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans's Army of the Cumberland marched from Nashville, Tennessee, on December 26, 1862, to challenge Bragg's Army of Tennessee at Murfreesboro. On December 31, each army commander planned to attack his opponent's right flank, but Bragg had a shorter distance to go and thus struck first. A massive assault by the corps of Maj. Gen. William J. Hardee, followed by that of Leonidas Polk, overran the wing commanded by Maj. Gen. Alexander M. McCook. A stout defense by the division of Brig. Gen. Philip Sheridan in the right center of the line prevented a total collapse, and the Union assumed a tight defensive position backing up to the Nashville Turnpike. Repeated Confederate attacks were repulsed from this concentrated line, most notably in the cedar "Round Forest" salient against the brigade of Col. William B. Hazen. Bragg attempted to continue the assault with the division of Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge, but the troops were slow in arriving and their multiple piecemeal attacks failed.

Fighting resumed on January 2, 1863, when Bragg ordered Breckinridge to assault a lightly defended Union position on a hill to the east of the Stones River. Chasing the retreating Union forces, they were led into a deadly trap. Faced with overwhelming artillery, the Confederates were repulsed with heavy losses. Probably fooled by false information planted by McCook and campfires where no troops were posted, set up by Rosecrans, and thus believing that Rosecrans was receiving reinforcements, Bragg chose to withdraw his army on January 3 to Tullahoma, Tennessee. This caused Bragg to lose the confidence of the Army of Tennessee.

Military situation
After the Battle of Perryville in Kentucky on October 8, 1862, Confederate Gen. Braxton Bragg's Army of Mississippi withdrew to Harrodsburg, Kentucky, where it was joined by Maj. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith's army of 10,000 on October 10. Although Bragg's newly combined force was up to 38,000 veteran troops, he made no effort to regain the initiative. Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell, the Union commander at Perryville, was equally passive and refused to attack Bragg.

Frustrated with his prospects in Kentucky and low on supplies, Bragg withdrew fully from Kentucky through the Cumberland Gap, passed through Knoxville and Chattanooga, turned northwest, and eventually stopped in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. His army, joined with Smith's Army of Kentucky and together renamed the Army of Tennessee as of November 20, took up a defensive position northwest of the city along the West Fork of the Stones River. During a visit by Confederate president Jefferson Davis on December 16, Bragg was ordered to send the infantry division of Maj. Gen. Carter L. Stevenson to Mississippi to assist in the defense of Vicksburg. The loss of Stevenson's 7,500 men would be sorely felt in the coming battle. Bragg reorganized his army, and Kirby Smith left for East Tennessee.

Bragg commanded two corps, under Maj. Gen. William J. Hardee (divisions of major generals John C. Breckinridge, Patrick R. Cleburne, and John P. McCown) and Maj. Gen. Leonidas Polk (divisions of major generals Benjamin F. Cheatham and Jones M. Withers), and a cavalry command under Brig. Gen. Joseph Wheeler. Bragg had to deal with a command problem that became typical for him during the war: a virtual revolt of his senior generals, who petitioned Jefferson Davis to relieve him in favor of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, the commander of all armies in the Western Theater. Davis refused to relieve either Bragg or the rebellious generals.

On the Union side, President Abraham Lincoln had become frustrated with Buell's passivity and replaced him with Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans, victor of the recent battles of Iuka and Corinth. Rosecrans moved his XIV Corps (which was soon after designated the Army of the Cumberland) to Nashville, Tennessee, and was warned by Washington that he, too, would be replaced if he did not move aggressively against Bragg and occupy eastern Tennessee. However, Rosecrans took ample time to reorganize and train his forces (particularly his cavalry) and resupply his army. He did not begin his march in pursuit of Bragg until December 26.

Initial movements
While Rosecrans was preparing in Nashville, Bragg ordered Col. John Hunt Morgan to move north with his cavalry and operate along Rosecrans's lines of communications, to prevent him from foraging for supplies north of Nashville. The Battle of Hartsville, at a crossing point on the Cumberland River about 40 miles (64 km) upstream from Nashville (north of Murfreesboro) was an incident in Morgan's raid to the north, before Rosecrans had the bulk of his infantry forces on the move. The relatively small battle that followed Morgan's surprise attack was an embarrassing Union defeat, resulting in many captured Union supplies and soldiers. The Union also engaged in a strategic cavalry raid. On December 26, the day Rosecrans marched from Nashville, a small force under Brig. Gen. Samuel P. Carter raided the upper Tennessee Valley from Manchester, Kentucky. Until January 5, Carter's men destroyed railroad bridges and fought a few skirmishes, including a serious one on December 28 at Perkins's Mill (also known as Elk Fort). But none of the cavalry raids, Confederate or Union, had any significant effect on the Stones River Campaign.

The Army of the Cumberland marched southeast the day after Christmas in three columns, or "wings", towards Murfreesboro, and they were effectively harassed by Wheeler's Confederate cavalry along the way, which delayed their movements. Although Rosecrans had reported his army to have 81,729 effectives in Nashville, his force on the march was barely more than half of that since he needed to protect his base and supply lines from the harassment of the Confederate cavalry. The left wing of 14,500 men under Maj. Gen. Thomas L. Crittenden (divisions of Brig. Gens. Thomas J. Wood, John M. Palmer, and Horatio P. Van Cleve) took a route that was parallel to the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, passing through La Vergne and south of Smyrna. The right wing of 16,000 men under Maj. Gen. Alexander M. McCook (divisions of Brig. Gens. Jefferson C. Davis, Richard W. Johnson, and Philip H. Sheridan) marched south along the Nolensville Turnpike to Nolensville, south to Triune, and then eastward to Murfreesboro. The center wing of 13,500 men under Maj. Gen. George Henry Thomas (divisions of Maj. Gen. Lovell H. Rousseau and Brig. Gens. James S. Negley, Speed S. Fry, and Robert B. Mitchell) moved south along the Wilson Turnpike and the Franklin Turnpike, parallel to the Nashville and Decatur Railroad, then eastward through Nolensville and along the same route used by Crittenden south of the Nashville and Chattanooga. Union cavalry under Brig. Gen. David S. Stanley (a single cavalry division under Col. John Kennett) preceded each of the three columns. The separation of the wings was designed to conduct a turning movement against Hardee at Triune, but when the U.S. march began, Bragg moved Hardee back to Murfreesboro to avoid a confrontation.

Geography and location
Murfreesboro was a small town in the Stones River Valley, a former state capital named for a colonel in the American Revolutionary War, Hardy Murfree. All through the war it was a center for strong Confederate sentiment, and Bragg and his men were warmly welcomed and entertained during the month of December. It was located in a rich agricultural region from which Bragg planned to provision his army and a position that he intended to use to block a potential Union advance on Chattanooga. Hardee noted afterward that "The field of battle offered no particular advantages for defense." Despite this, Bragg was reluctant to move farther south, say to the arguably more defensible Duck River Valley, or farther north, to Stewart's Creek, where Rosecrans thought Bragg would defend. Sensitive to the political requirements that almost no Tennessee ground be yielded to Federal control, he chose the relatively flat area northwest of the politically influential city, straddling the Stones River. Portions of the area, particularly near the intersection of the Nashville Pike and the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, were characterized by small but dense cedar forests, in places more impenetrable to infantry than the Wilderness of Spotsylvania in Virginia. Short limestone outcroppings, separated by narrow cracks as if rows of teeth, impeded the movement of wagons and artillery. Hardee's Corps was initially placed in Triune, about 20 miles (32 km) to the west, Polk's on the west bank of the river, and a detached division from Hardee's Corps under Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge on the low hills east of the river. None of the troops were ordered to construct field fortifications.

Disposition of armies

By the time Rosecrans had arrived in Murfreesboro on the evening of December 29, the Army of Tennessee had been encamped in the area for a month. By nightfall, two thirds of Rosecrans's army was in position along the Nashville Turnpike, and by the next day Rosecrans's army numbered about 41,000 and Bragg's 35,000. The odds were closer than those figures would indicate. Bragg had the advantage of the detached, but cooperating, cavalry commands under Forrest and Morgan, who raided deeply behind Union lines while Wheeler's cavalry slowed the Union forces with hit-and-run skirmishes. (Part of Rosecrans's reluctance to move from Nashville was the inexperience of his cavalry forces in comparison to their Confederate counterparts.) On December 29, Wheeler and 2,500 of his men rode completely around the Union army, destroying supply wagons and capturing reserve ammunition in Rosecrans's trains. They captured four wagon trains and 1,000 Union prisoners.

On December 30, the Union force moved into line two miles (three km) northwest of Murfreesboro. The two armies were in parallel lines, about four miles (six km) long, oriented from southwest to northeast. Bragg's left flank was weak at the start, and Rosecrans could have attacked there when he arrived and wheeled left, around the flank and directly into the town of Murfreesboro, but he did not know the full disposition of Bragg's forces because of the skillful screening of the Confederate cavalry during the Union march. In a manner similar to the previous year's First Battle of Bull Run, both commanders devised similar plans for the following day: envelop the enemy's right, get into his rear, and cut him off from his base. Since both plans were the same, the victory would probably go to the side that was able to attack first. Rosecrans ordered his men to be ready to attack after breakfast, but Bragg ordered an attack at dawn.

Bragg's forces were situated with Leonidas Polk's corps on the west side of the river, and William J. Hardee's men on the east. He had expected Rosecrans to attack on December 30, but when that did not happen, his plan was to drive Hardee's corps and the cavalry under Brig. Gen. John A. Wharton deep into the Union rear. He began moving the bulk of Hardee's corps across the river to his left flank to prepare for the next morning's attack. This left Breckinridge's division in reserve on the east side of the river on the high ground.

Plans
Rosecrans intended to have Crittenden cross the river and attack the heights east of the river, which would be an excellent artillery platform to bombard the entire Confederate lines. However, Crittenden—facing Breckinridge on the Union left—failed to notify McCook (on the Union right) of these troop movements. McCook, anticipating the next day would begin with a major attack by Crittenden, planted numerous campfires in his area, hoping to deceive the Confederates as to his strength on that flank, and to disguise the fact that his flank was not anchored on an obstacle (the nearby Overall Creek). Thomas, in the center, was ordered to make a limited attack and act as the pivot for Crittenden's wheel.

The armies bivouacked only 700 yd from each other, and their bands started a musical battle that became a non-lethal preview of the next day's events. Northern musicians played "Yankee Doodle" and "Hail, Columbia" and were answered by "Dixie" and "The Bonnie Blue Flag." Finally, one band started playing "Home! Sweet Home!" and the others on both sides joined in. Thousands of Northern and Southern soldiers sang the sentimental song together across the lines.

Opposing forces
Source: Official Records, Series I, Volume XX, Part 1, pages 174–182, 207–217, 1093–1099

Union
Maj. Gen. William Rosecrans' Army of the Cumberland fielded approximately 43,000 men and included three infantry army corps named Right Wing, Center and Left Wing.

The Right Wing, under Maj. Gen. Alexander McD. McCook, consisted of the following divisions:
 * First Division, Brig. Gen. Jefferson C. Davis (brigades of Cols. P. Sidney Post, William P. Carlin and William E. Woodruff).
 * Second Division, Brig. Gen. Richard W. Johnson (brigades of Brig. Gen. August Willich, Brig. Gen. Edward N. Kirk and Col. Philemon P. Baldwin).
 * Third Division, Brig. Gen. Philip Sheridan (brigades of Brig. Gen. Joshua W. Sill, Col. Frederick Schaefer and Col. George W. Roberts).

The Center, under Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas, consisted of the following divisions:
 * First Division, MG Lovell H. Rousseau (brigades of Col. Benjamin F. Scribner, Col. John Beatty, Col. John C. Starkweather and Lt. Col. Oliver L. Shepherd)
 * Second Division, BG James S. Negley (brigades of Brig. Gen. James G. Spears, Col. Timothy R. Stanley and Col. John F. Miller)
 * Third Division, BG Speed S. Fry (brigade of Col. Moses B. Walker)

The Left Wing, under Maj. Gen. Thomas L. Crittenden, consisted of the following divisions:
 * First Division, BG Thomas J. Wood (brigades of BG Milo S. Hascall, Col George D. Wagner, and Col Charles G. Harker)
 * Second Division, BG John M. Palmer (brigades of BG Charles Cruft, Col. William B. Hazen, and Col. William Grose)
 * Third Division, BG Horatio P. Van Cleve (brigades of Cols. Samuel Beatty, James P. Fyffe and Samuel W. Price)

The Cavalry Corps, under BG David S. Stanley, included one cavalry division (Col. John Kennett): brigades of Cols. Robert H. G. Minty and Lewis Zahm.

Confederate
Gen. Braxton Bragg's Army of Tennessee fielded approximately 35,000 men and included two infantry army corps:

The First Corps, under Lt. Gen. Leonidas Polk, consisted of the following divisions: The Second Corps, under Lt. Gen. William J. Hardee, consisted of the following divisions:
 * Cheatham's Division, Maj. Gen. Benjamin F. Cheatham (brigades of Brig. Gen. Daniel S. Donelson, Brig. Gen. Alexander P. Stewart, Brig. Gen. George Maney and Col. Alfred J. Vaughan, Jr.)
 * Withers' Division, Maj. Gen. Jones M. Withers (brigades of Col. John Q. Loomis, Brig. Gen. James R. Chalmers, Brig. Gen. J. Patton Anderson and Col. Arthur M. Manigault)
 * Breckinridge's Division, Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge (brigades of Brig. Gen. Daniel W. Adams, Col. Joseph B. Palmer, Brig. Gen. William Preston, Brig. Gen. Roger W. Hanson and Brig. Gen. John K. Jackson)
 * Cleburne's Division, Maj. Gen. Patrick R. Cleburne (brigades of Brig. Gens. Lucius E. Polk, St. John R. Liddell, Bushrod R. Johnson and Sterling A. M. Wood)
 * McCown's Division, Maj. Gen. John P. McCown (brigades of Brig. Gens. Mathew D. Ector, James E. Rains, Evander McNair and Sterling A. M. Wood)

The Cavalry Corps, under Brig. Gen. Joseph Wheeler Wheeler, consisted of brigades of Brig. Gens. Abraham Buford, John Pegram and John A. Wharton.

December 31, 1862

At dawn on December 31, about 6:00 a.m., Confederate William J. Hardee struck first, attacking the Union's right flank with the division of Maj. Gen. John P. McCown, before many in Union Brig. Gen. Richard W. Johnson's division had finished their breakfast. This was the third major battle, after Fort Donelson and Shiloh, in which an early morning attack caught a Union army by surprise. The 10,000 Confederates who massed on their left attacked in one massive wave. McCook's deceptive campfires and the relative inexperience of McCown caused his division to drift away to the left, which left a gap in the front, but the gap was filled seamlessly by the division coming up from his rear, under Maj. Gen. Patrick R. Cleburne. These two divisions swept all resistance aside. Several artillery batteries were captured without having had time to fire a shot. Johnson's division, on the right, suffered over 50% casualties. His neighboring Union division to the left, under Brig. Gen. Jefferson C. Davis, was able to hold only briefly.

Although meeting stiff resistance, Hardee drove the Union troops back three miles (5 km) to the railroad and the Nashville Pike by 10:00 a.m., where Johnson was able to rally them. Rosecrans canceled Crittenden's attack on the Confederate right, which had begun with Brig. Gen. Horatio P. Van Cleve's division crossing the river at 7:00 a.m., and instead rushed reinforcements to his own right flank. He had been slow to recognize the threat, assuming incorrectly that McCook would be capable of turning back Hardee's assault. As Rosecrans raced across the battlefield directing units, seeming to be ubiquitous to his men, his uniform was covered with blood from his friend and chief of staff, Col. Julius Garesché, beheaded by a cannonball while riding alongside.

The second Confederate wave was composed of Polk's corps, consisting of the divisions of Maj. Gens. Jones M. Withers and Benjamin F. Cheatham. What saved the Union from total destruction that morning was the foresight of Brig. Gen. Philip Sheridan (McCook's wing), who anticipated an early attack and had the troops of his division up and ready in the center of the right half of the line by 4:00 a.m. Withers hit Sheridan's right flank first (and Davis's left) but was repulsed in three separate charges. Then Cheatham, with his reserve division, hit Sheridan's front as Cleburne struck his flank. Cheatham's assault was sluggish and piecemeal; observers claimed he had been drinking heavily and was unable to command his units effectively. While Sheridan's men slowed the enemy advance, they did it at heavy cost to themselves; all three of Sheridan's brigade commanders were killed that day, and more than one third of his men were casualties in four hours of fighting in a cedar forest surrounded on three sides that became known as "The Slaughter Pen". By 10:00 a.m., many of the Confederate objectives had been achieved. They had captured 28 guns and over 3,000 Union soldiers.

Two Confederate blunders aided Rosecrans. Breckinridge, on the east side of the river, did not realize that Crittenden's early morning attack had been withdrawn. He refused to send two brigades as reinforcements across the river to aid the main attack on the left. When Bragg ordered him to attack to his front—so that some use could be made of his corps—Breckinridge moved forward and was embarrassed to find out that there were no Union troops opposing him. At about that time, Bragg received a false report that a strong Union force was moving south along the Lebanon Turnpike in his direction. He canceled his orders that Breckinridge send reinforcements across the river, which diluted the effectiveness of the main attack. By 11:00 a.m., Sheridan's ammunition ran low, and his division pulled back, which opened a gap that Hardee exploited. The Union troops regrouped and held the Nashville Pike, supported by reinforcements and massed artillery. Repeated attacks on the left flank of the Union line were repulsed by Col. William B. Hazen's brigade in a rocky, 4 acre wooded area named "Round Forest" by the locals; it became known as "Hell's Half-Acre". Brig. Gen. Milo S. Hascall sent the 3rd Kentucky to the Round Forest as reinforcements. When he was informed that the 3rd's regimental commander was dead, he decided to take personal command of the defensive position. He declared that it had to be held, "even if it cost the last man we had". Hazen's brigade was the only part of the original Union line to hold. The Union line was stabilized by the strong leadership of Rosecrans and by the rallying of the divisions under Johnson and Davis. The new line was roughly perpendicular to the original line, in a small half oval with its back to the river.

Bragg planned to attack the Union left, a portion of the oval line facing southeast, manned by Hazen's brigade. The only troops available for such an assault were Breckinridge's, and Bragg ordered him to cross the river, but Breckinridge moved slowly. By 4:00 p.m., Breckinridge's first two brigades assaulted Hazen in piecemeal attacks and suffered heavy repulses. Two more brigades arrived, and they were sent in, reinforced by other elements of Polk's corps. The attack failed a second time. Thomas responded with a limited counterattack that cleared his front. By 4:30 p.m., the battle was finished.

Bragg's plan had had a fundamental flaw: although his objective was to cut Rosecrans's line of communication (the Nashville Pike), his attack drove the Union defenders to concentrate at that point. Bragg's biographer, Grady McWhiney, observed:

"Unless the Union army collapsed at the first onslaught, it would be pushed back into a tighter and stronger defensive position as the battle continued, while the Confederate forces would gradually lose momentum, become disorganized, and grow weaker. Like a snowball, the Union would pick up strength from the debris of battle if they retreated in good order. But the Confederates would inevitably unwind like a ball of string as they advanced."

That night Rosecrans held a council of war to decide what to do. Some of his generals felt that the Union army had been defeated and recommended a retreat before they were entirely cut off. Rosecrans opposed this view and was strongly supported by Thomas and Crittenden. Thomas has been quoted by different sources in the council meeting as saying either "This army does not retreat" or "There's no better place to die." The decision was made to stand and fight, and as the Union line was reinforced, the morale of the soldiers rose.

On the Confederate side, Bragg was certain that he had won a victory. Although he had suffered 9,000 casualties, he was convinced that the large number of captured Union soldiers meant that Rosecrans had lost considerably more. The Confederate army began digging in, facing the Union line. Bragg sent a telegram to Richmond before he went to bed: "The enemy has yielded his strong position and is falling back. We occupy [the] whole field and shall follow him. ... God has granted us a happy New Year."

January 1–3, 1863
At 3:00 a.m. on January 1, 1863, Rosecrans revived his original plan and ordered Van Cleve's division (commanded by Col. Samuel Beatty following Van Cleve's wounding the previous day) to cross the river and occupy the heights there, protecting two river crossing sites and providing a good platform for artillery. But the day was relatively quiet as both armies observed New Year's Day by resting and tending to their wounded. Polk launched two probes of the Union line, one against Thomas, the other against Sheridan, to little effect.

In the rear, Wheeler's cavalry continued to harass the Union line of communication on the turnpike back to Nashville. Convoys of wounded had to travel under heavy escort to be protected from the cavalry, and Wheeler interpreted these movements as preparations for a retreat, and he reported such to Bragg. Buoyed by his sense that he had won the battle, Bragg was content to wait for Rosecrans to retreat.

At 4:00 p.m. on January 2, Bragg directed Breckinridge's troops to attack Beatty's division, which was occupying the hill on the east side of the river. Breckinridge initially protested that the assault would be suicidal but eventually agreed and attacked with determination. The Union troops were pushed back across McFadden Ford, but the Confederate charge ran into heavy fire from massed Union artillery across the river, commanded by Crittenden's artillery chief, Capt. John Mendenhall. Mendenhall deployed his guns perfectly—45 arrayed hub-to-hub on the ridge overlooking McFadden's Ford and 12 more guns about a mile to the southwest, which could provide enfilading fire, completely commanding the opposite bank and heights beyond—and saved the day for Rosecrans. The Confederate attack stalled, having suffered over 1,800 casualties in less than an hour. A Union division under the command of James S. Negley (Thomas's wing) led a counterattack at 4:45 p.m., and the Confederate troops retreated. Breckinridge was devastated by the disaster. He lost nearly one third of his Kentucky troops (Hanson's Brigade, also known as the Orphan Brigade because it could not return to Union-occupied Kentucky). As he rode among the survivors, he cried out repeatedly, "My poor Orphans! My poor Orphans."

On the morning of January 3, a large supply train and reinforced infantry brigade led by Brig. Gen. James G. Spears reached Rosecrans. Wheeler's cavalry attempted to capture the ammunition train that followed it but was repulsed. Late that evening, Thomas attacked the center of the Confederate line with two regiments in reaction to constant enemy sharpshooting against troops in his division under Lovell H. Rousseau. Thomas drove the Confederates from their entrenchments, taking about 30 prisoners. Despite this action, the main battle is generally accepted to have ended on January 2.

Bragg now knew that Rosecrans was not likely to retreat and would continue to receive reinforcements—the Confederates had only about 20,000 men ready to resume a battle and intelligence reports convinced Bragg that Rosecrans would soon have 70,000—and he knew that the miserable weather of freezing rain could raise the river enough to split his army. Beginning at 10:00 p.m. on January 3, he withdrew through Murfreesboro and began a retreat to Tullahoma, Tennessee, 36 miles (58 km) to the south. Rosecrans occupied Murfreesboro on January 5, but made no attempt to pursue Bragg. Rosecrans was quoted after the battle as saying, "Bragg's a good dog, but Hold Fast's a better."

"Just as at Perryville, Bragg seemed to change under stress from a bold and aggressive attacker to a hesitant and cautious retreater. He had, of course, sound reasons for withdrawing from Murfreesboro. His principal subordinates advised him to retreat. He had lost nearly 30% of his men in the recent battles; if forced to fight again without some rest, his army might disintegrate. But his decision to retreat allowed his enemies to charge that once again Bragg had lost his nerve."

Casualties
Total casualties in the battle were 25,645: 13,906 on the Union side and 11,739 for the Confederates, or 32.7% of all troops. Considering that only about 78,400 men were engaged, this was the highest percentage of casualties (3.8% killed, 19.8% wounded, and 7.9% missing/captured) of any major battle in the Civil War, higher in absolute numbers than the infamous bloodbaths at Shiloh and Antietam earlier that year. Four brigadier generals were killed or mortally wounded: Confederate James E. Rains and Roger W. Hanson; Union Edward N. Kirk and Joshua W. Sill. Also among the wounded was Union soldier Frances Elizabeth Quinn, one of many women who disguised themselves as men to fight in the civil war.

Effect on the Confederacy
The battle was tactically inconclusive. Bragg received almost universal scorn from his Confederate military colleagues; only the support of Joseph E. Johnston and President Jefferson Davis's inability to find a suitable replacement saved his command.

Effect on the Union
The battle was very important to Union morale, as evidenced by Abraham Lincoln's letter to General Rosecrans: "You gave us a hard-earned victory, which had there been a defeat instead, the nation could scarcely have lived over." The Confederate threat to Kentucky and Middle Tennessee had been nullified, and Nashville was secure as a major Union supply base for the rest of the war.

Rosecrans spent five and a half months reinforcing Murfreesboro. The massive earthenworks "Fort Rosecrans" was built there and served as a supply depot for the remainder of the war. The next major operation, the Tullahoma Campaign, did not come until June, when Rosecrans finally moved his army against Bragg.

Battlefield preservation
Part of the site of the Battle of Stones River and Fort Rosecrans is now Stones River National Battlefield. It contains the Hazen Brigade Monument, the nation's oldest intact Civil War monument, erected in May 1863 by William Hazen's brigade at Hell's Half Acre. The 600 acre (2.4 km2) National Battlefield includes Stones River National Cemetery, established in 1865, with more than 6,000 Union graves. The American Battlefield Trust and its partners have acquired and preserved 74 acres of the battlefield, some of which has been sold to the National Park Service and incorporated into the national battlefield.

Appearances in music
The battle is referenced in the song "Dear Sister" by bluegrass musician Claire Lynch.

The Steeldrivers also recount the battle in the song “The River Runs Red”.

title: Battle of Stones River


text:
Lepisosteus

Lepisosteus is a genus of gars in the family Lepisosteidae.

Distribution
Lepisosteus is known to be a freshwater fish. However, they do have the ability to survive in high salinity, and low oxygen water after gulping air. Lepisosteus prefers to reside in brackish and shallow slow-moving waters, living usually in schools. The habitat range of this genus ranges on the Eastern coast from the Gulf of Mexico in Florida north to Quebec. Habitats can be found in the Missouri River Basin and Mississippi River drainage area, westward in the Rio Grande River basin of Southern Texas and Northern Mexico. There are also populations in the Great Lakes except for Lake Superior. Their range can occasionally reach out towards the Mobile Bay, Perdido Bay, and Mississippi Sound.

Physical Description & Life Cycle
These fish have ganoid scales on their elongated bodies with a single dorsal fin on the posterior side approximately one inch from their caudal fin. Depending on the clarity of the water, Lepisosteus colors will change. In clear water they can have bright colors of green and silvery-white; alternatively if the water is brackish and cloudy, their colors will be more of a brown hue. Hatchlings are approximately 8–10 mm in size. The average full-grown length of Lepisosteus varies from 34 to 78 inches depending on the species. In comparison to their long snouts, Lepisosteus have relatively small heads; however, their mouths full of sharp teeth.

Lepisosteus is a slow-growing genus generally living a long time. Female gars take 6 years to reach sexual maturity, grow larger, and live up to 22 years. Male gars reach maturity around 3 or 4 years after hatching. The males do not often live longer than 11 years. The Longnose Gar will migrate upstream to smaller streams with faster-moving water to spawn and lay eggs. Fish of this genus that are newly hatched will attach themselves vertically to submerged objects by an adhesive disc on their snout. The youth stay attached to the objects until the yolk sac is absorbed which usually takes about 9 days. After the yolk sac of an egg is absorbed, the roe hatches. Hatchlings stabilize to a horizontal position, take their first aerial breath, and begin feeding.

Habitat & Feeding Habits
Because Lepisosteus has evolved to be a top predator, they are voracious eaters that eat a variety of other freshwater fish and crustaceans such as Ictiobus and Blue crabs. Adults will float toward the surface of streams to scout prey that are below them while younger fish in this genus will hide in submersed vegetation to ambush hunt. Studies have found this native North American species is a predator of invasive Asian Carp. The Lepisosteus genus enjoys living in shallow water similar to the habitat of the Invasive Asian Carp. This genus is not generally used for recreational hunting because their roe is toxic to humans. There are no significant threats to these top predators other than habitat loss. On the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, this genus is listed as Least Concerned. The fossil found in Northern Mexico shows that the family once may have been able to live in oceans. The genus consists of four species but cretaceous fossils have shown this family has ancient relatives.

Species
The currently recognized species are: Lepisosteus oculatus, Lepisosteus osseus, Lepisosteus platostomus, and Lepisosteus platyrhincus. Three species formerly classified in Lepisosteus (tropical gar, Cuban gar, and alligator gar) are now assigned to the genus Atractosteus.

Fossil species
According to Grande, 2010. In addition, indeterminate record is known from Campanian Oldman Formation.
 * †Lepisosteus bemisi Grande, 2010
 * †Lepisosteus indicus Woodward, 1908
 * †Lepisosteus whitneyi Marsh, 1871

Dubious fossil species

 * †Lepisosteus aganus (Cope, 1877) Nomen dubium
 * †Lepisosteus bohemicus (Laube, 1901) Nomen dubium
 * †Lepisosteus cominatoi Santos, 1984 Nomen dubium
 * †Lepisosteus cycliferus (Cope, 1873) Nomen dubium
 * †Lepisosteus fimbriatus Wood, 1846 Nomen dubium
 * †Lepisosteus glaber Marsh, 1871 Nomina nuda
 * †Lepisosteus integer (Cope, 1877) Nomen dubium
 * †Lepisosteus knieskerni Fowler, 1911 Nomen dubium
 * †Lepisosteus longus Lambe, 1908 Nomen dubium
 * †Lepisosteus nahunticus (Cope, 1869) Nomen dubium
 * †Lepisosteus notabilis Leidy, 1873 Nomen dubium
 * †Lepisosteus occidentalis Leidy, 1856 Nomen dubium
 * †Lepisosteus opertus Estes, 1964 Nomen dubium
 * †Lepisosteus strausi Kinkelin, 1884 Nomen dubium
 * †Lepisosteus suessoniensis Gervais, 1888 Nomina nuda

title: Lepisosteus


text:
Talk:Ernest Renan

Vie de Jesus
Amazing -- this doesn't mention his bestselling "Vie de Jesus." Not my field or period (or preference) so I won't put it in. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.66.247.154 (talk • contribs) 23:05, 22 November 2003

I have at least put it in, but this page still needs masses of work, and lets down an interesting chap -- Rob

Siblings of Celebrities
Henriette had accepted in the family of Count Zamoyski an engagement more lucrative than her former place. She exercised the strongest influence over her brother, and her published letters reveal a mind almost equal, a moral nature superior, to his own.

Where can one find her published letters? And do you know more on this Count Zamoyski: full name,marital status,position,and duration of association with Henriette Renan? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.174.6.182 (talk • contribs) 08:56, 26 February 2004

On Daniel and the Apocrypha
This entry claims that Renan called the book of Daniel apocryphal. This is preposterous since "apocryphal" means "not in the canon" -- and Daniel is certainly in the canon of scripture for both Christians and Jews. I looked up |Renan's original entry in the 1911 Britannica, and I noticed that the error began there. Be that as it may, I changed the entry here in Wikipedia, assuming that a clear and correct meaning is more important than being loyal to the 1911 Britannica. Perhaps Renan argued that the book of Daniel ought to be apocryphal; I don't know. I do know that he made a case in the Vie de Jésus that Daniel is a very late book, a view with which modern Biblical scholars agree. --Hapax 21:15, 23 January 2006 (UTC)
 * according to wikipedia: Apocraphy "are texts of uncertain authenticity or writings where the authorship is questioned."--Dwarf Kirlston 13:08, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

Biased?
"He did indeed write that if "the essential element of a nation is that all its individuals must have many things in common," they "must also have forgotten many things. Every French citizen must have forgotten the night of St. Bartholomew and the massacres in the 13th century in the South.""

sounds a bit biased? like someone doesn't like the french... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.5.70.1 (talk) 10:51, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

 * What on earth are you talking about? Renan was French. Paul B (talk) 15:31, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

Date of death
There seem to be 2 schools of thought: 2 October or 12 October. Can anyone verify the exact date? -- JackofOz (talk) 06:45, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

Vital dates - revisited
It's both his vital dates that show discrepancies. I've done a quick survey of Renan's articles in other languages and these are the results:
 * born 27 February, died 2 October: Czech, German, Latin, Slovenian
 * born 27 February, died 12 October: Spanish
 * born 28 February, died 2 October: Esperanto, French, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian
 * born 28 February, died 12 October: English, Dutch, Swedish, Turkish
 * born 27 or 28 February, died 12 October: Bulgarian
 * born 23 February, died 2 October: Welsh.

I haven't checked any of the talk pages, but not a single one of these articles makes any reference to the fact that his vital dates seem to be a matter of opinion rather than of fact.

We really do need to get to the bottom of this. Does anyone have authoritative information about either date? -- Jack of Oz    ... speak! ...   09:53, 11 September 2010 (UTC)

(http://www.jstor.org/stable/2710457), p. 478 (n.24). Eusebeus (talk) 17:33, 11 September 2010 (UTC)
 * October 2. Henry Brewster mentioned his death in a letter of October 9 1872. "...when Renan died in 1892 Brewster mourned his passing as follows: "Renan's death is the loss of a friend to me. I rejoiced to see him honoured. I think he is the only man to whom I owe the debt of intellectual gratitude one owes one's master." (Letter to Ethel Smyth dated October 9, 1892)" From Martin Halpern, Henry B. Brewster (1850-1908): An Introduction, in American Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 3 (Autumn, 1962), pp. 464-482
 * He definitely died on October 2. Renan's early biographer William Francis Barry says he was born on 27th Feb (p.4) . However, Lewis Freeman gives evidence that he was born on the 28th, since the birth certificate is reproduced in Théophile Janvrais' Ernest Renan en Bretagne. There is also a letter sent by his sister on his birthday, which is dated 28th. For some unknown reason Renan apparently sometimes told people his birthday was the 27th, and that date appeared in some early biographies. Paul B (talk) 21:56, 11 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks folks. To forestall future good-faith edits based on erroneous sources, it might be good to mention the discrepancy among sources, and explain why we prefer the dates we show.  --   Jack of Oz    ... speak! ...   02:10, 12 September 2010 (UTC)

Quote
This random quote was added without source: "We aspire not to equality but to domination. The country of a foreign race must again be a country of serfs, of agricultural laborers or industrial workers.  It is not a question of eliminating the inequalities among men but of broadening them and making them law." I think it's from Caliban, but we need to source it. Paul B (talk) 15:48, 5 February 2009 (UTC)
 * It's cited by Aime Cesaire in Discourse on Colonialism. I'm not sure of the original source. ~ Peter1c (talk) 17:15, 15 February 2021 (UTC)

Cosmos
Phrases like "the splendour of the cosmos" sound as though they have been translated from French. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.97.194.200 (talk) 13:45, 29 October 2010 (UTC)

 * The florid language derives from the Encyclopædia Britannica (Eleventh ed.), from which much of this article is copied verbatim. Paul B (talk) 13:50, 29 October 2010 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 14:38, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

"defensing discourse"
"defensing discourse". That's not English, is it? Or did the person who wrote it mean to write something like "defensive discourse"? Can the author rewrite or explain, please? Thanks. 82.27.181.141 (talk) 09:59, 12 September 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Ernest Renan: French Nationalist?
Continued from User talk:96.87.73.241.

Currently the article only refers to his belief in the superiority with regards to Africa. That would be eurocentrism but not nationalism. I would indicate inclusion within the article of a description of Renan as a nationalist previous or at the same time that the Category:French nationalists is included. Ernest Renan is also not mentioned neither in nationalism nor in French nationalism. He has works on the nation, and I do not necessarily dispute that he believes in the superiority of his nation, but even then I think the specific label nationalist would be WP:Original Research unless used by WP:Reliable Sources. I tried searching in google for both {"Ernest Renan was a nationalist"} and {"ernest renan, nationalist"} and neither found any sources. It seems the article as it is reports accurately on how he is seen by RS: "He is best known for his influential historical works on early Christianity, and his political theories, especially concerning nationalism and national identity." - As a thinker of nationalism but not a nationalist himself, as I understand it he defined the nation in What is a Nation?, if nation is still being defined in his era, if it is still not a solid concept, I think perhaps that is a good reason for RS to reject labeling him a nationalist.--User:Dwarf Kirlston - talk 13:50, 26 February 2017 (UTC)

"Known For"
Some IP editor keeps changing the introduction by claiming that Ernest Renan was "known for" his Antisemitism and racism. This is not true: Renan lived in the Near East and was expert in Semitic languages. He was sympathetic to the Semitic cultures; his sister Henriette is buried in Lebanon. He may have had some remarks on the subject that are no different from the Zeitgeist of the times: many many other writers were vastly more "known for" than him and we would have to rewrite all bios on Wikipedia.

Also note that "known for" has a strict meaning on Wikipedia: the core of a person's contribution. Renan is known for his "human", nonGod, Jesus. PopulationGeneticsLevant (talk) 06:46, 5 April 2018 (UTC)

All civilisations [have] been the work of aristocracies
Renan said this. I don't know anything about his reasoning or when he said it, but if it reflects some theory he had rather than just a passing comment, it seems worthy of inclusion. I leave it to those who know more about him to judge. 11:06, 27 October 2020 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by LastDodo (talk • contribs)

Regarding source #4
Regarding the source of "now discredited" Ashkenazis descended from Khazars, a better source should be put here because this source claims "Khazars did not convert to Judaism", a completely different and irrelevant topic. 176.240.170.180 (talk) 10:53, 3 May 2022 (UTC)

 * As Solzhenitsyn explained, the kings of chiefs of the Khazars did marry into the Jewish faith and were Jewish by ancestry beyond a certain point. The bulk of the ordinary Khazars were not of Jewish descent, but merely adopted the religion. The text here is confusing - the ruling class of the Khazars were Jewish in ancestry, but few Jews today are of Khazar ancestry. It is pointless to edit this, as all Wikipedia articles are defended by antifa leftists who won't allow accurate edits. 2A00:23C8:A7A3:4801:733E:646C:63DA:CF9D (talk) 14:10, 28 August 2022 (UTC)

tendentious argument in support of Renan
This paragraph is problematic and should be removed:

"However, it is questionable whether Renan can be considered a racist, much less an anti-Semite. American historian George Mosse, in Toward the Final Solution. A History of European Racism, mentions Renan only a couple of times (pp. 88 and 129-130), and in both cases speaking of Renan's Life of Jesus. In these pages, Mosse argues that according to Renan, the intolerance would be a Jewish and not a Christian characteristic, but biblical Judaism would have lost its importance even among the Jews themselves as civilization progressed. That is why modern Jews are no longer disadvantaged by their past and are able to make important contributions to modern progress."

Any reader of Renan's "Islam and Science," for example, will be hard-pressed to come away with any sense that Renan is not racist. For his time, his racism is almost completely unexceptional, and I don't understand this paragraph's need to defend Renan in terms of his degree of racism. Even so, to say he's not racist because he's only mentioned a couple of times in a book about anti-Semitism is hardly a strong argument. Ingrambd (talk) 18:58, 13 April 2023 (UTC)
 * George Mosse was a world-famous scholar --he trained hundreds fo historians at the University of Wisconsin (and also was a professor at Hebrew University of Jerusalem). The job of anonymous editors is to report what the reliable sources say. If there is criticism of Mosse by reliable sources, then the rule is to include it not to erase text.  The article's coverage of the race issue is out of date. Anyone interested in the matter should start with Robert D. Priest, "Ernest Renan's Race Problem." The Historical Journal 58.1 (2015): 309-330. online here.  Priest writes: "Renan is an ambivalent figure: from the 1850s onwards he used ‘race’ to denote firm differences between the ‘Aryan’ and ‘Semitic’ language groups in history; but after 1870 he repeatedly condemned biological racism in various venues and contexts." Rjensen (talk) 08:01, 31 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ernest Renan


text:
List of SOE F Section networks and agents

This article lists the clandestine networks, also known as circuits, (réseaux in French) established in France by F Section of the British Special Operations Executive during World War II. The SOE agents assigned to each network are also listed. SOE agents, with a few exceptions, were trained in the United Kingdom before being infiltrated into France. Some agents served in more than one network and are listed more than once.

The clandestine networks and agents were "dedicated to encourage and aid resistance" to the German occupation of the country. Activities included gathering intelligence, organizing and supplying indigenous resistance groups, and sabotaging transportation, communications, and industrial facilities. A typical SOE network had three agents: 1. Circuit organiser: leader, planner, and recruiter of new members. 2. Wireless Radio Operator: send and receive wireless messages to and from SOE headquarters in London, encode and decode messages, maintain wireless sets. 3. Courier or messenger: travel between organiser, wireless operator, and resistance groups to deliver and receive messages, and, on occasion, deliver explosives and other equipment. Large networks sometimes had more than one courier and wireless operator.

Each network was given a name and each agent belonging to the network had one or more code names and aliases which he used in France. For example, SOE organiser George Reginald Starr was the organiser of the Wheelwright network and known as "Hilaire" to French contacts in the Resistance and to other SOE personnel.

Nearly 50 SOE networks were operating in France when the country was liberated from German control in 1944. Forty-three circuits were no longer existent at that time of which 31 had been destroyed by the Germans.

Approximately 470 SOE agents served in France during World War II. The Valençay SOE Memorial in Valençay, France lists the names of 91 men and 13 women who were killed, executed, or died in prison while serving as SOE agents.

Networks and personnel
All names of networks and dates for the operations of individual networks are from M. R. D. Foot's SOE in France (2004), pages 466-467. Dates of network operations are inclusive; some networks had lengthy periods of inactivity within the dates cited. Individual agents may have served in more than one network or during only part of the time the network was operational.

Acrobat (September 1942 to May 1944)

 * John Renshaw Starr (1908–1996), organiser
 * George Donovan Jones, wireless operator
 * Harry Rée (1914–1991)
 * Diana Rowden (1915–1944), courier, code name "Paulette"
 * John Cuthbert Young (1907–1944), wireless operator, code name "Gabriel"

Author/Digger (September 1943 to August 1944)

 * Harry Peulevé (1916–1963), wireless operator, organizer
 * Louis Bertheau (1919–1944), wireless operator

Autogiro (March 1941 to August 1942)

 * Pierre de Vomécourt (1906–1986), organiser, code name "Lucas."
 * Georges Bégué (1911–1993), wireless operator; the first SOE agent to be sent to France, arriving by parachute the night of 5/6 May 1941.
 * André Bloch (1914–1942), wireless operator
 * Noel Fernand Rauol Burdeyron (real name, Norman F. Burley), agent
 * Christopher Burney (1917–1980), assistant
 * Marcel Clech (1905–1944), wireless operator. code name "Bastien"
 * Roger Cottin - assistant
 * Raymond Henry Flower

Bricklayer (November 1942 to February 1944)

 * France Antelme (1900–1944), organiser, Code name "Dumontet"
 * Madeleine Damerment (1917–1944), courier, code name "Solange"

Butler (August 1942 to August 1944)

 * Jean Bouguennec (1912-1944), organiser, code name "Max"
 * Marcel Rousset, wireless operator, code name "Leopold"
 * Marcel Fox, courier, code name "Ernest"

Carte (September 1941 to May 1943)

 * Andée Girard, (1901–1968), organiser

Chancellor (June to September 1944)

 * George Millar, organiser

Chestnut (May 1942 to August 1943)

 * William Grover-Williams (1903–1945), organiser, code name "Sebastien"
 * Robert Benoist (1904–1944), code name "Lionel"
 * Jean-Pierre Wimille (1908–1949)
 * Robert Dowlen (1907–1945), wireless operator, code name "Richard"

Cinema/Photo (January 1943 to February 1944)

 * Emile Garry (1909–1944), organiser
 * Noor Inayat Khan (1914–1944), wireless operator, code name "Madeleine"

Clergyman (October 1943 to August 1944)

 * Denise Bloch (1916–1945), courier, wireless operator, code name 'Ambroise"

Detective (July 1942 to August 1944)

 * Henri Sevenet (1914–1944), organiser
 * Brian Stonehouse (1918–1998), wireless operator, code name "Celestine"

Digger

 * Jacques Poirier – organiser

Donkeyman (July 1942 to August 1944)

 * Marguerite Knight (1920–2004), courier, code name, "Nicole"
 * Odette Sansom (1912–1995), courier

Farmer (November 1942 to September 1944)

 * Michael Trotobas (1914–1943), organiser

Farrier (December 1942 to May 1944)

 * Henri Dericourt, air operations officer, code name "Gilbert"
 * Juliane Aisner, courier, code name Clair
 * Rene Clement, assistant

Fireman (March 1944 to September 1944)

 * Patricia O'Sullivan, wireless operator, code name "Simonet"

Footman (January to September 1944)

 * George Hiller — organiser

Freelance (April 1944 to September 1944)

 * Nancy Wake, courier, code name Helene

Headmaster (September 1942 to August 1944)

 * Charles Sydney "Soapy" Hudson, organiser
 * Francisque Eugene Bec (1905-1944), instructor
 * Sonya Butt, courier, code name "Blanche"
 * Pierre-Raimond Glaesner, instructor
 * George Jones, wireless operator
 * Brian Dominic Rafferty (1919-1945), courier, organiser, code name "Dominique"

Heckler/Saint (September 1941 to August 1944)

 * Virginia Hall, courier, code names "Marie" and "Diane"

Historian (April 1944 to August 1944)

 * Lilian Rolfe, courier, code name "Nadine"

Inventor (September 1942 to December 1943)

 * Vera Leigh, courier, code name "Simone"
 * Marcel Clech (1905-1944), wireless operator, code name="Bastien"*

Jockey (March 1943 to September 1944)

 * Francis Cammaerts, organiser, code name "Roger"
 * Christine Granville, courier, code name "Pauline"
 * Cecily Lefort, courier, code name "Alice."

Juggler (July 1942 to August 1944)

 * Sonia Olschanezky, courier, code name "Tania"

Labourer (April to June 1944)

 * Elisée Allard (1906-1944, courier, code name "Baudouin"
 * Odette Wilen, courier, code name "Sophie"

Marksman (July 1942 to September 1944)

 * Elizabeth Devereux-Rochester, courier, code name "Elizabeth"

Minister (March to September 1944)

 * Dennis John Barrett (1916-1944), wireless operator, code name "Honore"
 * Yvonne Fontaine, courier, code name "Mimi"

Monk (June 1943 to March 1944)

 * Eliane Plewman, courier, code name "Gaby"

Monkeypuzzle (July 1942 to August 1943)

 * Marcel Clech (1905-1944), wireless operator, code name "Bastien"

Musician (November 1942 to August 1944)

 * Gustave Biéler (1904-1944), organiser, code name "Guy"
 * Yolande Beekman, courier, code name "Yvonne"

Parson (June 1943 to February 1944)

 * François Vallée (1912-1944), organiser,
 * George Clement (1917-1944), wireless operator, code name "Edouard"
 * Henri Gaillot (1896-1944), code name "Ignace"

Permit (July to September 1944)

 * Robert Bruhl – assistant
 * Gerard Dedieu – organiser
 * Ginette Jullian, wireless operator, code name "Adele"
 * Charles Ronald Shearn. Arrived in France 8 August 1944. Killed in Burma, 1945.

Physician/Prosper (June 1942 to August 1943
Also known as Prosper. SOE's most important network in 1942-1943. Agents continued to be sent to the Prosper network for some time after it came under control of the Germans in June 1943.
 * Francis Suttill (1910-1945), organiser, code name "Prosper"
 * Francine Agazarian, courier, code name "Marguerite"
 * Jack Agazarian – wireless operator
 * James Frederick Amps (1908-1945), deputy, code name "Tomas"
 * Andrée Borrel (1919–1944), courier, code name "Denise"
 * Jacques Bureau – radio technician
 * George William Darling – group leader
 * Henri Dericourt, air operations officer
 * Noor Inayat Khan, wireless operator. Captured, executed 13 Sep 1944 at Dachau.
 * Gilbert Norman – wireless operator
 * Yvonne Rudelatt, courier, code name "Jacqueline"
 * Madeleine Tambour
 * Germaine Tambour

Pimento (July 1942 to August 1944)

 * Anthony Brooks, organiser
 * Lise de Baissac, courier

Plane (April 1942 to August 1943)

 * Marie-Thérèse Le Chêne, courier, code name "Adele"

Privet (July 1942 to June 1943)

 * Edward (Teddy) Montfort Wilkinson, organiser, code name "Alexandre."

Prunus (April 1942 to April 1943)

 * Maurice Pertschuk, organiser
 * Marcus Bloom (1907-1944), wireless operator, code name "Urbain"
 * Philippe de Gunzbourg, courier

Salesman (April 1943 to August 1944)

 * Violette Szabo, courier, code name "Louise"

Scholar (May 1944 to July 1944

 * Yvonne Baseden, courier, code name "Odette"

Scientist (July 1942 to August 1944

 * Claude de Baissac, organiser
 * Lise de Baissac, courier. code name "Marguerite"
 * Mary Katherine Herbert, courier, code name "Claudine"
 * Roger Landes, wireless operator
 * Phyllis Latour, wireless operator, code name "Genevieve"

Scullion (April to September 1943)

 * Phillip John Amphlett (1921-1945), saboteur

Shipwright (May 1944 to September 1944)

 * Amédée Maingard, organiser

Silversmith (May to September 1944)

 * Henri Borosh - organiser.
 * Madeleine Lavigne, wireless operator, code name "Isabelle"

Spindle (January 1942 to July 1943)

 * Peter Churchill, organiser
 * Adolphe Rabinovitch, wireless operator
 * Odette Sansom, courier, code name "Lise"

Stationer (January 1943 to April 1944)

 * Maurice Southgate, organiser
 * Amédée Maingard, wireless operator
 * Jacqueline Nearne, courier, code name "Jacqueline"
 * Pearl Witherington, courier, code names "Marie" and "Pauline"

Stockbroker/Judge (April 43 to September 1944)

 * Éric Cauchi (1917-1944), arms instructor, code name "Pedro"

Ventriloquist (May 1941 to November 1942)

 * Philippe de Vomécourt, organiser
 * Muriel Byck (1918-1944), wireless operator, code name "Violette"
 * Blanche Charlet, courier, code name "Christiane"
 * Henri Sevenet
 * Brian Stonehouse, organiser

Wheelwright (November 1942 to September 1944)

 * George Reginald Starr, organiser
 * Claude Arnault, saboteur, code name "Néron."
 * Denise Bloch, courier, code name 'Ambroise"
 * Yvonne Cormeau, wireless operator, code name "Annette"
 * Philippe de Gunzbourg
 * Charles Ducharlard, saboteur
 * Dennis Parsons, wireless operator
 * Anne-Marie Walters, courier, code name "Colette"

Wizard (March 1944 to July 1944)

 * Eileen Nearne (1921–2010), wireless operator, code name "Rose"

Wrestler (May 1944 to September 1944)

 * Pearl Witherington (1914–2008), organiser, code name "Marie" and "Pauline"
 * Henri Cornioley

Map of networks as of June 1943
The map below shows the major SOE F Section networks which existed in France in June 1943, based on the map published in Rita Kramer's book "Flames in the Field" (Michael Joseph Ltd, 1995).

Note: The map does not show the correct location of the original Autogiro network, which operated in the Paris area and did not exist after the spring of 1942. However the network was later revived by Francis Suttill, organiser of Prosper.

Asymptote
Operation Asymptote was mounted in February 1944, while the Operational Instructions were quite clear, the disguised objective was to rescue two agents Émile Bollaert and Pierre Brossolette who had been captured on 2 February 1944 while trying to leave Brittany by boat. F. F. E. Yeo-Thomas (alias Shelley, alias Asymptote alias Cheval) and Maurice Lostrie (alias Trieur) were dropped on the night of 24 February 1944 by a RAF Halifax of 161 Squadron on DZ (Drop-zone) Sarrall, 16 km NE of Montluçon, Allier. Yeo-Thomas was captured by the Gestapo on 21 March 1944. Brossolette died while trying to escape the next day.