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Motion capture

Motion capture (sometimes referred as mo-cap or mocap, for short) is the process of recording the movement of objects or people. It is used in military, entertainment, sports, medical applications, and for validation of computer vision and robots. In filmmaking and video game development, it refers to recording actions of human actors and using that information to animate digital character models in 2D or 3D computer animation. When it includes face and fingers or captures subtle expressions, it is often referred to as performance capture. In many fields, motion capture is sometimes called motion tracking, but in filmmaking and games, motion tracking usually refers more to match moving.

In motion capture sessions, movements of one or more actors are sampled many times per second. Whereas early techniques used images from multiple cameras to calculate 3D positions, often the purpose of motion capture is to record only the movements of the actor, not their visual appearance. This animation data is mapped to a 3D model so that the model performs the same actions as the actor. This process may be contrasted with the older technique of rotoscoping.

Camera movements can also be motion captured so that a virtual camera in the scene will pan, tilt or dolly around the stage driven by a camera operator while the actor is performing. At the same time, the motion capture system can capture the camera and props as well as the actor's performance. This allows the computer-generated characters, images and sets to have the same perspective as the video images from the camera. A computer processes the data and displays the movements of the actor, providing the desired camera positions in terms of objects in the set. Retroactively obtaining camera movement data from the captured footage is known as match moving or camera tracking.

The first virtual actor animated by motion-capture was produced in 1993 by Didier Pourcel and his team at Gribouille. It involved "cloning" the body and face of French comedian Richard Bohringer, and then animating it with still-nascent motion-capture tools.

Advantages
Motion capture offers several advantages over traditional computer animation of a 3D model:
 * Low latency, close to real-time results can be obtained. In entertainment applications, this can reduce the costs of keyframe-based animation. The Hand Over technique is an example of this.
 * The amount of work does not vary with the complexity or length of the performance to the same degree as when using traditional techniques. This allows many tests to be done with different styles or deliveries, giving a distinct personality that is only limited by the talent of the actor.
 * Complex movement and realistic physical interactions such as secondary motions, weight, and exchange of forces can be easily recreated in a physically accurate manner.
 * The amount of animation data that can be produced within a given time is extremely large when compared to traditional animation techniques. This contributes to both cost-effectiveness and meeting production deadlines.
 * Potential for free software and third-party solutions reducing its costs.

Disadvantages

 * Specific hardware and special software programs are required to obtain and process the data.
 * The cost of the software, equipment and personnel required can be prohibitive for small productions.
 * The capture system may have specific requirements for the space in which it is operated, depending on camera field of view or magnetic distortion.
 * When problems occur, it is easier to shoot the scene again rather than trying to manipulate the data. Only a few systems allow real-time viewing of the data to decide if the take needs to be redone.
 * The initial results are limited to what can be performed within the capture volume without extra editing of the data.
 * Movement that does not follow the laws of physics cannot be captured.
 * Traditional animation techniques, such as added emphasis on anticipation and follow through, secondary motion or manipulating the shape of the character, as with squash and stretch animation techniques, must be added later.
 * If the computer model has different proportions from the capture subject, artifacts may occur. For example, if a cartoon character has large, oversized hands, these may intersect the character's body if the human performer is not careful with their physical motion.

Applications

There are many applications of Motion Capture. The most common are for video games, movies, and movement capture, however there is a research application for this technology being used at Purdue University in robotics development.

Video Games
Video games often use motion capture to animate athletes, martial artists, and other in-game characters. As early as 1988, an early form of motion capture was used to animate the 2D player characters of Martech's video game Vixen (performed by model Corinne Russell) and Magical Company's 2D arcade fighting game Last Apostle Puppet Show (to animate digitized sprites). Motion capture was later notably used to animate the 3D character models in the Sega Model arcade games Virtua Fighter (1993) and Virtua Fighter 2 (1994). In mid-1995, developer/publisher Acclaim Entertainment had its own in-house motion capture studio built into its headquarters. Namco's 1995 arcade game Soul Edge used passive optical system markers for motion capture. Motion capture also uses athletes in based-off animated games, such as Naughty Dog's Crash Bandicoot, Insomniac Games' Spyro the Dragon, and Rare's Dinosaur Planet.

Robotics
Indoor positioning is another application for optical motion capture systems. Robotics researchers often use motion capture systems when developing and evaluating control, estimation, and perception algorithms and hardware. In outdoor spaces, it’s possible to achieve accuracy to the centimeter by using the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) together with Real-Time Kinematics (RTK). However, this reduces significantly when there is no line-of-sight to the satellites — such as in indoor environments. The majority of vendors selling commercial optical motion capture systems provide accessible open source drivers that integrate with the popular Robotic Operating System (ROS) framework, allowing researchers and developers to effectively test their robots during development.

In the field of aerial robotics research, motion capture systems are widely used for positioning as well. Regulations on airspace usage limit how feasible outdoor experiments can be conducted with Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS). Indoor tests can circumvent such restrictions. Many labs and institutions around the world have built indoor motion capture volumes for this purpose.

Purdue University houses the world’s largest indoor motion capture system, inside the Purdue UAS Research and Test (PURT) facility. PURT is dedicated to UAS research, and provides tracking volume of 600,000 cubic feet using 60 motion capture cameras. The optical motion capture system is able to track targets in its volume with millimeter accuracy, effectively providing the true position of targets — the “ground truth” baseline in research and development. Results derived from other sensors and algorithms can then be compared to the ground truth data to evaluate their performance.

Movies
Movies use motion capture for CGI effects, in some cases replacing traditional cel animation, and for completely CGI creatures, such as Gollum, The Mummy, King Kong, Davy Jones from Pirates of the Caribbean, the Na'vi from the film Avatar, and Clu from Tron: Legacy. The Great Goblin, the three Stone-trolls, many of the orcs and goblins in the 2012 film The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey, and Smaug were created using motion capture.

The film Batman Forever (1995) used some motion capture for certain visual effects. Warner Bros. had acquired motion capture technology from arcade video game company Acclaim Entertainment for use in the film's production. Acclaim's 1995 video game of the same name also used the same motion capture technology to animate the digitized sprite graphics.

Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999) was the first feature-length film to include a main character created using motion capture (that character being Jar Jar Binks, played by Ahmed Best), and Indian-American film Sinbad: Beyond the Veil of Mists (2000) was the first feature-length film made primarily with motion capture, although many character animators also worked on the film, which had a very limited release. 2001's Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within was the first widely released movie to be made with motion capture technology. Despite its poor box-office intake, supporters of motion capture technology took notice. Total Recall had already used the technique, in the scene of the x-ray scanner and the skeletons.

The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers was the first feature film to utilize a real-time motion capture system. This method streamed the actions of actor Andy Serkis into the computer-generated imagery skin of Gollum / Smeagol as it was being performed.

Storymind Entertainment, which is an independent Ukrainian studio, created a neo-noir third-person / shooter video game called My Eyes On You, using motion capture in order to animate its main character, Jordan Adalien, and along with non-playable characters.

Out of the three nominees for the 2006 Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, two of the nominees (Monster House and the winner Happy Feet) used motion capture, and only Disney·Pixar's Cars was animated without motion capture. In the ending credits of Pixar's film Ratatouille, a stamp appears labelling the film as "100% Genuine Animation – No Motion Capture!"

Since 2001, motion capture has been used extensively to simulate or approximate the look of live-action theater, with nearly photorealistic digital character models. The Polar Express used motion capture to allow Tom Hanks to perform as several distinct digital characters (in which he also provided the voices). The 2007 adaptation of the saga Beowulf animated digital characters whose appearances were based in part on the actors who provided their motions and voices. James Cameron's highly popular Avatar used this technique to create the Na'vi that inhabit Pandora. The Walt Disney Company has produced Robert Zemeckis's A Christmas Carol using this technique. In 2007, Disney acquired Zemeckis' ImageMovers Digital (that produces motion capture films), but then closed it in 2011, after a box office failure of Mars Needs Moms.

Television series produced entirely with motion capture animation include Laflaque in Canada, Sprookjesboom and Cafe de Wereld in The Netherlands, and Headcases in the UK.

Movement Capture
Virtual reality and Augmented reality providers, such as uSens and Gestigon, allow users to interact with digital content in real time by capturing hand motions. This can be useful for training simulations, visual perception tests, or performing virtual walk-throughs in a 3D environment. Motion capture technology is frequently used in digital puppetry systems to drive computer-generated characters in real time.

Gait analysis is one application of motion capture in clinical medicine. Techniques allow clinicians to evaluate human motion across several biomechanical factors, often while streaming this information live into analytical software.

Some physical therapy clinics utilize motion capture as an objective way to quantify patient progress.

During the filming of James Cameron's Avatar all of the scenes involving motion capture were directed in real-time using Autodesk MotionBuilder software to render a screen image which allowed the director and the actor to see what they would look like in the movie, making it easier to direct the movie as it would be seen by the viewer. This method allowed views and angles not possible from a pre-rendered animation. Cameron was so proud of his results that he invited Steven Spielberg and George Lucas on set to view the system in action.

In Marvel's The Avengers, Mark Ruffalo used motion capture so he could play his character the Hulk, rather than have him be only CGI as in previous films, making Ruffalo the first actor to play both the human and the Hulk versions of Bruce Banner.

FaceRig software uses facial recognition technology from ULSee.Inc to map a player's facial expressions and the body tracking technology from Perception Neuron to map the body movement onto a 2D or 3D character's motion on-screen.

During Game Developers Conference 2016 in San Francisco Epic Games demonstrated full-body motion capture live in Unreal Engine. The whole scene, from the upcoming game Hellblade about a woman warrior named Senua, was rendered in real-time. The keynote was a collaboration between Unreal Engine, Ninja Theory, 3Lateral, Cubic Motion, IKinema and Xsens.

In 2020, the two-time Olympic figure skating champion Yuzuru Hanyu graduated from Waseda University. In his thesis, using data provided by 31 sensors placed on his body, he analysed his jumps. He evaluated the use of technology both in order to improve the scoring system and to help skaters improve their jumping technique. In March 2021 a summary of the thesis was published in the academic journal.

Methods and systems

Motion tracking or motion capture started as a photogrammetric analysis tool in biomechanics research in the 1970s and 1980s, and expanded into education, training, sports and recently computer animation for television, cinema, and video games as the technology matured. Since the 20th century, the performer has to wear markers near each joint to identify the motion by the positions or angles between the markers. Acoustic, inertial, LED, magnetic or reflective markers, or combinations of any of these, are tracked, optimally at least two times the frequency rate of the desired motion. The resolution of the system is important in both the spatial resolution and temporal resolution as motion blur causes almost the same problems as low resolution. Since the beginning of the 21st century - and because of the rapid growth of technology - new methods have been developed. Most modern systems can extract the silhouette of the performer from the background. Afterwards all joint angles are calculated by fitting in a mathematical model into the silhouette. For movements you can not see a change of the silhouette, there are hybrid systems available that can do both (marker and silhouette), but with less marker. In robotics, some motion capture systems are based on simultaneous localization and mapping.

Optical systems
Optical systems utilize data captured from image sensors to triangulate the 3D position of a subject between two or more cameras calibrated to provide overlapping projections. Data acquisition is traditionally implemented using special markers attached to an actor; however, more recent systems are able to generate accurate data by tracking surface features identified dynamically for each particular subject. Tracking a large number of performers or expanding the capture area is accomplished by the addition of more cameras. These systems produce data with three degrees of freedom for each marker, and rotational information must be inferred from the relative orientation of three or more markers; for instance shoulder, elbow and wrist markers providing the angle of the elbow. Newer hybrid systems are combining inertial sensors with optical sensors to reduce occlusion, increase the number of users and improve the ability to track without having to manually clean up data.

Passive markers
Passive optical systems use markers coated with a retroreflective material to reflect light that is generated near the camera's lens. The camera's threshold can be adjusted so only the bright reflective markers will be sampled, ignoring skin and fabric.

The centroid of the marker is estimated as a position within the two-dimensional image that is captured. The grayscale value of each pixel can be used to provide sub-pixel accuracy by finding the centroid of the Gaussian.

An object with markers attached at known positions is used to calibrate the cameras and obtain their positions, and the lens distortion of each camera is measured. If two calibrated cameras see a marker, a three-dimensional fix can be obtained. Typically a system will consist of around 2 to 48 cameras. Systems of over three hundred cameras exist to try to reduce marker swap. Extra cameras are required for full coverage around the capture subject and multiple subjects.

Vendors have constraint software to reduce the problem of marker swapping since all passive markers appear identical. Unlike active marker systems and magnetic systems, passive systems do not require the user to wear wires or electronic equipment. Instead, hundreds of rubber balls are attached with reflective tape, which needs to be replaced periodically. The markers are usually attached directly to the skin (as in biomechanics), or they are velcroed to a performer wearing a full-body spandex/lycra suit designed specifically for motion capture. This type of system can capture large numbers of markers at frame rates usually around 120 to 160 fps although by lowering the resolution and tracking a smaller region of interest they can track as high as 10,000 fps.

Active marker
Active optical systems triangulate positions by illuminating one LED at a time very quickly or multiple LEDs with software to identify them by their relative positions, somewhat akin to celestial navigation. Rather than reflecting light back that is generated externally, the markers themselves are powered to emit their own light. Since the inverse square law provides one quarter of the power at two times the distance, this can increase the distances and volume for capture. This also enables a high signal-to-noise ratio, resulting in very low marker jitter and a resulting high measurement resolution (often down to 0.1 mm within the calibrated volume).

The TV series Stargate SG1 produced episodes using an active optical system for the VFX allowing the actor to walk around props that would make motion capture difficult for other non-active optical systems.

ILM used active markers in Van Helsing to allow capture of Dracula's flying brides on very large sets similar to Weta's use of active markers in Rise of the Planet of the Apes. The power to each marker can be provided sequentially in phase with the capture system providing a unique identification of each marker for a given capture frame at a cost to the resultant frame rate. The ability to identify each marker in this manner is useful in real-time applications. The alternative method of identifying markers is to do it algorithmically requiring extra processing of the data.

There are also possibilities to find the position by using colored LED markers. In these systems, each color is assigned to a specific point of the body.

One of the earliest active marker systems in the 1980s was a hybrid passive-active mocap system with rotating mirrors and colored glass reflective markers and which used masked linear array detectors.

Time modulated active marker
Active marker systems can further be refined by strobing one marker on at a time, or tracking multiple markers over time and modulating the amplitude or pulse width to provide marker ID. 12-megapixel spatial resolution modulated systems show more subtle movements than 4-megapixel optical systems by having both higher spatial and temporal resolution. Directors can see the actor's performance in real-time, and watch the results on the motion capture-driven CG character. The unique marker IDs reduce the turnaround, by eliminating marker swapping and providing much cleaner data than other technologies. LEDs with onboard processing and radio synchronization allow motion capture outdoors in direct sunlight while capturing at 120 to 960 frames per second due to a high-speed electronic shutter. Computer processing of modulated IDs allows less hand cleanup or filtered results for lower operational costs. This higher accuracy and resolution requires more processing than passive technologies, but the additional processing is done at the camera to improve resolution via subpixel or centroid processing, providing both high resolution and high speed. These motion capture systems typically cost $20,000 for an eight-camera, 12-megapixel spatial resolution 120-hertz system with one actor.

Semi-passive imperceptible marker
One can reverse the traditional approach based on high-speed cameras. Systems such as Prakash use inexpensive multi-LED high-speed projectors. The specially built multi-LED IR projectors optically encode the space. Instead of retro-reflective or active light emitting diode (LED) markers, the system uses photosensitive marker tags to decode the optical signals. By attaching tags with photo sensors to scene points, the tags can compute not only their own locations of each point, but also their own orientation, incident illumination, and reflectance.

These tracking tags work in natural lighting conditions and can be imperceptibly embedded in attire or other objects. The system supports an unlimited number of tags in a scene, with each tag uniquely identified to eliminate marker reacquisition issues. Since the system eliminates a high-speed camera and the corresponding high-speed image stream, it requires significantly lower data bandwidth. The tags also provide incident illumination data which can be used to match scene lighting when inserting synthetic elements. The technique appears ideal for on-set motion capture or real-time broadcasting of virtual sets but has yet to be proven.

Underwater motion capture system
Motion capture technology has been available for researchers and scientists for a few decades, which has given new insight into many fields.

Underwater cameras
The vital part of the system, the underwater camera, has a waterproof housing. The housing has a finish that withstands corrosion and chlorine which makes it perfect for use in basins and swimming pools. There are two types of cameras. Industrial high-speed cameras can also be used as infrared cameras. Infrared underwater cameras come with a cyan light strobe instead of the typical IR light for minimum fall-off underwater and high-speed cameras with an LED light or with the option of using image processing.

Measurement volume
An underwater camera is typically able to measure 15–20 meters depending on the water quality, the camera and the type of marker used. Unsurprisingly, the best range is achieved when the water is clear, and like always, the measurement volume is also dependent on the number of cameras. A range of underwater markers are available for different circumstances.

Tailored
Different pools require different mountings and fixtures. Therefore, all underwater motion capture systems are uniquely tailored to suit each specific pool instalment. For cameras placed in the center of the pool, specially designed tripods, using suction cups, are provided.

Markerless
Emerging techniques and research in computer vision are leading to the rapid development of the markerless approach to motion capture. Markerless systems such as those developed at Stanford University, the University of Maryland, MIT, and the Max Planck Institute, do not require subjects to wear special equipment for tracking. Special computer algorithms are designed to allow the system to analyze multiple streams of optical input and identify human forms, breaking them down into constituent parts for tracking. ESC entertainment, a subsidiary of Warner Brothers Pictures created especially to enable virtual cinematography, including photorealistic digital look-alikes for filming The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions movies, used a technique called Universal Capture that utilized 7 camera setup and the tracking the optical flow of all pixels over all the 2-D planes of the cameras for motion, gesture and facial expression capture leading to photorealistic results.

Traditional systems
Traditionally markerless optical motion tracking is used to keep track of various objects, including airplanes, launch vehicles, missiles and satellites. Many such optical motion tracking applications occur outdoors, requiring differing lens and camera configurations. High-resolution images of the target being tracked can thereby provide more information than just motion data. The image obtained from NASA's long-range tracking system on the space shuttle Challenger's fatal launch provided crucial evidence about the cause of the accident. Optical tracking systems are also used to identify known spacecraft and space debris despite the fact that it has a disadvantage compared to radar in that the objects must be reflecting or emitting sufficient light.

An optical tracking system typically consists of three subsystems: the optical imaging system, the mechanical tracking platform and the tracking computer.

The optical imaging system is responsible for converting the light from the target area into a digital image that the tracking computer can process. Depending on the design of the optical tracking system, the optical imaging system can vary from as simple as a standard digital camera to as specialized as an astronomical telescope on the top of a mountain. The specification of the optical imaging system determines the upper limit of the effective range of the tracking system.

The mechanical tracking platform holds the optical imaging system and is responsible for manipulating the optical imaging system in such a way that it always points to the target being tracked. The dynamics of the mechanical tracking platform combined with the optical imaging system determines the tracking system's ability to keep the lock on a target that changes speed rapidly.

The tracking computer is responsible for capturing the images from the optical imaging system, analyzing the image to extract the target position and controlling the mechanical tracking platform to follow the target. There are several challenges. First, the tracking computer has to be able to capture the image at a relatively high frame rate. This posts a requirement on the bandwidth of the image-capturing hardware. The second challenge is that the image processing software has to be able to extract the target image from its background and calculate its position. Several textbook image-processing algorithms are designed for this task. This problem can be simplified if the tracking system can expect certain characteristics that is common in all the targets it will track. The next problem down the line is controlling the tracking platform to follow the target. This is a typical control system design problem rather than a challenge, which involves modeling the system dynamics and designing controllers to control it. This will however become a challenge if the tracking platform the system has to work with is not designed for real-time.

The software that runs such systems is also customized for the corresponding hardware components. One example of such software is OpticTracker, which controls computerized telescopes to track moving objects at great distances, such as planes and satellites. Another option is the software SimiShape, which can also be used hybrid in combination with markers.

RGB-D cameras
RGB-D cameras such as Kinect capture both the color and depth images. By fusing the two images, 3D colored voxels can be captured, allowing motion capture of 3D human motion and human surface in real-time.

Because of the use of a single-view camera, motions captured are usually noisy. Machine learning techniques have been proposed to automatically reconstruct such noisy motions into higher quality ones, using methods such as lazy learning and Gaussian models. Such method generates accurate enough motion for serious applications like ergonomic assessment.

Inertial systems
Inertial motion capture technology is based on miniature inertial sensors, biomechanical models and sensor fusion algorithms. The motion data of the inertial sensors (inertial guidance system) is often transmitted wirelessly to a computer, where the motion is recorded or viewed. Most inertial systems use inertial measurement units (IMUs) containing a combination of gyroscope, magnetometer, and accelerometer, to measure rotational rates. These rotations are translated to a skeleton in the software. Much like optical markers, the more IMU sensors the more natural the data. No external cameras, emitters or markers are needed for relative motions, although they are required to give the absolute position of the user if desired. Inertial motion capture systems capture the full six degrees of freedom body motion of a human in real-time and can give limited direction information if they include a magnetic bearing sensor, although these are much lower resolution and susceptible to electromagnetic noise. Benefits of using Inertial systems include: capturing in a variety of environments including tight spaces, no solving, portability, and large capture areas. Disadvantages include lower positional accuracy and positional drift which can compound over time. These systems are similar to the Wii controllers but are more sensitive and have greater resolution and update rates. They can accurately measure the direction to the ground to within a degree. The popularity of inertial systems is rising amongst game developers, mainly because of the quick and easy setup resulting in a fast pipeline. A range of suits are now available from various manufacturers and base prices range from $1000 to US$80,000.

Mechanical motion
Mechanical motion capture systems directly track body joint angles and are often referred to as exoskeleton motion capture systems, due to the way the sensors are attached to the body. A performer attaches the skeletal-like structure to their body and as they move so do the articulated mechanical parts, measuring the performer's relative motion. Mechanical motion capture systems are real-time, relatively low-cost, free from occlusion, and wireless (untethered) systems that have unlimited capture volume. Typically, they are rigid structures of jointed, straight metal or plastic rods linked together with potentiometers that articulate at the joints of the body. These suits tend to be in the $25,000 to $75,000 range plus an external absolute positioning system. Some suits provide limited force feedback or haptic input.

Magnetic systems
Magnetic systems calculate position and orientation by the relative magnetic flux of three orthogonal coils on both the transmitter and each receiver. The relative intensity of the voltage or current of the three coils allows these systems to calculate both range and orientation by meticulously mapping the tracking volume. The sensor output is 6DOF, which provides useful results obtained with two-thirds the number of markers required in optical systems; one on upper arm and one on lower arm for elbow position and angle. The markers are not occluded by nonmetallic objects but are susceptible to magnetic and electrical interference from metal objects in the environment, like rebar (steel reinforcing bars in concrete) or wiring, which affect the magnetic field, and electrical sources such as monitors, lights, cables and computers. The sensor response is nonlinear, especially toward edges of the capture area. The wiring from the sensors tends to preclude extreme performance movements. With magnetic systems, it is possible to monitor the results of a motion capture session in real time. The capture volumes for magnetic systems are dramatically smaller than they are for optical systems. With the magnetic systems, there is a distinction between alternating-current (AC) and direct-current (DC) systems: DC system uses square pulses, AC systems uses sine wave pulse.

Stretch sensors
Stretch sensors are flexible parallel plate capacitors that measure either stretch, bend, shear, or pressure and are typically produced from silicone. When the sensor stretches or squeezes its capacitance value changes. This data can be transmitted via Bluetooth or direct input and used to detect minute changes in body motion. Stretch sensors are unaffected by magnetic interference and are free from occlusion. The stretchable nature of the sensors also means they do not suffer from positional drift, which is common with inertial systems. Stretchable sensors, on the other hands, due to the material properties of their substrates and conducting materials, suffer from relatively low signal-to-noise ratio, requiring filtering or machine learning to make them usable for motion capture. These solutions result in higher latency when compared to alternative sensors.

Facial motion capture
Most traditional motion capture hardware vendors provide for some type of low-resolution facial capture utilizing anywhere from 32 to 300 markers with either an active or passive marker system. All of these solutions are limited by the time it takes to apply the markers, calibrate the positions and process the data. Ultimately the technology also limits their resolution and raw output quality levels.

High-fidelity facial motion capture, also known as performance capture, is the next generation of fidelity and is utilized to record the more complex movements in a human face in order to capture higher degrees of emotion. Facial capture is currently arranging itself in several distinct camps, including traditional motion capture data, blend-shaped based solutions, capturing the actual topology of an actor's face, and proprietary systems.

The two main techniques are stationary systems with an array of cameras capturing the facial expressions from multiple angles and using software such as the stereo mesh solver from OpenCV to create a 3D surface mesh, or to use light arrays as well to calculate the surface normals from the variance in brightness as the light source, camera position or both are changed. These techniques tend to be only limited in feature resolution by the camera resolution, apparent object size and number of cameras. If the users face is 50 percent of the working area of the camera and a camera has megapixel resolution, then sub millimeter facial motions can be detected by comparing frames. Recent work is focusing on increasing the frame rates and doing optical flow to allow the motions to be retargeted to other computer generated faces, rather than just making a 3D Mesh of the actor and their expressions.

Radio frequency positioning
Radio frequency positioning systems are becoming more viable as higher frequency radio frequency devices allow greater precision than older technologies such as radar. The speed of light is 30 centimeters per nanosecond (billionth of a second), so a 10 gigahertz (billion cycles per second) radio frequency signal enables an accuracy of about 3 centimeters. By measuring amplitude to a quarter wavelength, it is possible to improve the resolution down to about 8 mm. To achieve the resolution of optical systems, frequencies of 50 gigahertz or higher are needed, which are almost as dependent on line of sight and as easy to block as optical systems. Multipath and reradiation of the signal are likely to cause additional problems, but these technologies will be ideal for tracking larger volumes with reasonable accuracy, since the required resolution at 100 meter distances is not likely to be as high. Many scientists believe that radio frequency will never produce the accuracy required for motion capture.

Researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology researchers said in 2015 that they had made a system that tracks motion by radio frequency signals.

Non-traditional systems
An alternative approach was developed where the actor is given an unlimited walking area through the use of a rotating sphere, similar to a hamster ball, which contains internal sensors recording the angular movements, removing the need for external cameras and other equipment. Even though this technology could potentially lead to much lower costs for motion capture, the basic sphere is only capable of recording a single continuous direction. Additional sensors worn on the person would be needed to record anything more.

Another alternative is using a 6DOF (Degrees of freedom) motion platform with an integrated omni-directional treadmill with high resolution optical motion capture to achieve the same effect. The captured person can walk in an unlimited area, negotiating different uneven terrains. Applications include medical rehabilitation for balance training, bio-mechanical research and virtual reality.

3D pose estimation
In 3D pose estimation, an actor's pose can be reconstructed from an image or depth map.

title: Motion capture


text:
Pedro Lascuráin

Pedro José Domingo de la Calzada Manuel María Lascuráin Paredes (8 May 1856 – 21 July 1952) was a Mexican politician who served as the 38th president of Mexico for 45 minutes on 19 February 1913, the shortest presidency in history. The grandson of Mariano Paredes, the 15th president of Mexico, Lascuráin previously served as Mexico's foreign secretary for two terms and was the director of a small law school in Mexico City for 16 years.

Early life
Pedro José Domingo de la Calzada Manuel María Lascuráin Paredes was born in 1856 in the Rancho la Romita (now Colonia Roma) in Mexico City. He was the son of Francisco Lascuráin Icaza and Ana Paredes Cortés. His family was wealthy and very religious. His family was of Basque origin by maternal line, established in Mexico in the early 19th century. His maternal grandfather was Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga, who served as the 15th president of Mexico from 1845 to 1846.

In 1890, Lascuráin married María Enriqueta Flores y Manzanera, the daughter of Juan Manuel Flores, a governor of Durango during the Porfiriato.

Early career

Lascuráin received a law degree in 1880 from the Escuela Nacional de Jurisprudencia (National School of Jurisprudence) in Mexico City. He was mayor of Mexico City in 1910 when Francisco I. Madero began a campaign against the re-election of Porfirio Díaz. Lascuráin was a supporter of Madero, and after Madero was elected president to replace Díaz, Lascuráin served twice as foreign secretary in Madero's cabinet, from 10 April 1912 to 4 December 1912, and from 15 January 1913 to 19 February 1913. In between the two terms, he again was the mayor of Mexico City. As foreign secretary, he had to deal with the demands of Henry Lane Wilson, the United States ambassador to Mexico.

Presidency
On 19 February 1913, general Victoriano Huerta overthrew Madero. Lascuráin was one of the people who convinced Madero to resign the presidency while he was being held prisoner in the National Palace and claimed that his life was in danger if he refused.

Under the 1857 Constitution of Mexico, the vice president, the attorney general, the foreign secretary, and the interior secretary stood in line to the presidency. As well as Madero, Huerta had ousted vice president José María Pino Suárez and attorney general Adolfo Valles Baca. To give the coup d'état some appearance of legality, he had Lascuráin assume the presidency, who would then appoint him as his interior secretary, making Huerta next in line to the presidency, and then resign.

The presidency thus passed to Huerta. As a consequence, Lascuráin was president for less than an hour; sources quote figures ranging from 15 to 56 minutes, making his presidency the shortest in history.

Huerta called a late-night special session of Congress, and under the guns of his troops, the legislators endorsed his assumption of power. A few days later, Huerta had Madero and Pino Suárez killed. The coup and the events surrounding it became known as the Ten Tragic Days.

Later life
Huerta offered Lascuráin a post in his cabinet, but Lascuráin declined. He retired from politics and began practicing again as a lawyer. He was the director of the Escuela Libre de Derecho, a conservative law school, for 16 years and published extensively on commercial and civil law. Lascuráin died on 21 July 1952.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pedro Lascuráin


text:
User:Kingturtle/2Pac

Dear Tupac fans and historians, I have heard a long list of reasons supporting the claim that Tupac is still dead. I don't know enough about the history to know which claims have plausability, and which are simply made up.

I set up this page so you could help me learn more about the conspiracy theories. I hope eventually to create a lecture for my History class on this topic...to help teach about checking facts and evidence. But I need to become more of an expert in the topic myself.

The following are various claims made by conspiracy theorists. Please add your comments below any that you can. I am interesting in any information that would verify or repudiate each claim.

Thanks in advance, Kingturtle 04:15, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I don't know much about this case - just stumbled across the page - but here's a few comments. 63.70.211.103 09:12, 23 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * I've started adding some lyrical clues. More will follow -- Sander 16:16, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Pac saying the illuminati isn't real http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mj7Ni0tEmdE isn't this proof enough for the conspiracy idiots?
 * Tupac had approx. a 75 million dollar life insurance policy on him which was never cashed therefore if he was still alive and came back, no legal action could be taken.

 * Not to mention i heard a rumor of a radio station in Los Angeles which was saying how Tupac is indeed in hiding and they had "inside sources" about how he will return on July 7 2007 (7/7/7) at a place where there is a lot of people. Coincidently there is a huge concert that day in which 2 billion people would attend, Live Earth. 7/7/07 HELL BE BACKK YO! [ Yeah, have you heard other rumors too? Like he should have returned more than 10 times already? Accept the facts man and stop coming up with stupid theories.]

 * He wasn't though, was he? *rolls eyes*

 * There were never any pictures released of Tupac in the hospital.
 * There normally wouldn't be. That's a violation of patient privacy. 63.70.211.103 09:12, 23 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * The driver of the car in which Tupac was riding, Suge Knight (the exectutive producer of Death Row Records), didn't show up for questioning about the shooting.
 * This is false. Suge drove Pac to the hospital, disappeared for a few hours, then came back to answer the police's questions. They did say he was a bit uncooperative, though. Also, Suge was famously interviewed on ABC and said that if he knew who Pac's killer was, he wouldn't necessarily say. That caused a bit of suspicion pointing to Suge himself as setting up the shooting (possibly to boost record sales), since The 7 Day Theory was supposed to be Pac's last album with Death Row (finishing a 3-cd deal, with All Eyez on Me supposedly counting as two, since it was a double-disc). Schmiddy 20:26, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * The video "I ain't Mad at Cha" was released only a few days after his death. The video shows Tupac as an angel in heaven. In the video, Tupac was shot after leaving a theater with Suge Knight.
 * Walking out of a theater, not driving away from a boxing ring? In other words, the only part it got right was that he was shot, which any fool could have guessed. 63.70.211.103 09:12, 23 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Tupac dies in his last video released under the name "Tupac". His new video "Toss It Up" from the new album was released under the name "Makaveli".

 * A shooting involving Snoop Doggy Dogg occured close to the release of his album Doggystyle. The shooting made Snoop appear more "real" and showed his fans that he really was a gangsta. The shooting gave him respect because everyone bought his album believed what he was talking about. Within one week of its release, Doggystyle went platinum. Snoop was signed to the same label as Tupac, which is Death Row Records.
 * Tupac had been involved in plenty of "gangsta" trouble before, been shot once before, and done prison time. No-one doubted he was "real". 63.70.211.103 09:12, 23 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * In interviews prior to the shooting, Tupac talked about how he wanted to stop rapping and being a gangsta and get out of the limelight. What is the only way Tupac could completly escape the media spotlight ??? (Answer: if the public thought he was dead.)
 * In the previous point, it's supposed to be done for publicity. Now, it's done to escape publicity. You can't have it both ways.In Tupac's latest album "Loyal To The Game" in the song "Thugs Get Lonely Too" feat. Nate Dogg Tupac says " See, it ain't easy bein' me,

Life as a celebrity is less than heavily,I got these fakes and these back-stabbers chasin' me around,And it's always drama,Whevever I wanna get around". These lyrics support the idea Tupac wanted to escape the media spotlight. 63.70.211.103 09:12, 23 Dec 2003 (UTC) Also the many song that where released after his dead seems to me that he planned to stop for a time, thats why tupac got such a large legacy. 02-01-2008.

 * There are no suspects for the shooting.
 * There were lots of suspects, just no proof. He had been involved in a violent fight with an unknown person at the boxing match; maybe that guy got mad, then got even. He had accussed B.I.G. of trying to kill him. And some people even have some crazy theories about Suge being involved. 63.70.211.103 09:12, 23 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Press wasn't going to be allowed at the funeral, but then the funeral was cancelled for unknown reasons.
 * What's this got to do with him being alive? There wasn't going to be an open casket, he was already cremated! 63.70.211.103

 * Tupac always wore a bulletproof vest, no matter where he went. Why didn't he wear it to a very public event like a Tyson fight?
 * Who says he always wore it? Many of his performances were done bare chested - no bullet-proof vest. And apparently he was on his way to a performance.63.70.211.103

Tupac told to his aunt that it was to hot in las vegas so he did't took his "bulletproof"vest with him. 02-01-2008.

 * In most of his songs he talks about being buried, so why was he allegedly cremated the day after he "died"? And since when do they creamate someone the day after death without an autopsy? Furthermore, it is illegal to bury someone who has been murdered without an autospy. In addition, nobody could dig up Tupacs body like they wanted to do with Elvis and did with Abraham Lincoln.
 * According to, this is an urban legend. There was an autopsy. It was done pretty quickly because he had been slowly dieing in hospital for several days, so there wasn't much doubt about the cause of death. It's also normal to do an autopsy as quickly as practical after the time of death. 63.70.211.103
 * Wasn't that documented proven to be fake? The photo definitely is. Anyway, I find it strange that he always rapped about being buried, but was cremated after he "died". Why would they ignore his wish? Sander 08:45, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)
 * He always RAPPED about being buried. That's hardly an official source for prescribing his wishes for his death ceremonies, is it?

 * The title of the new album by Makaveli (Tupac) is The 7 Day Theory. He was shot on September 7th; and survived on the 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, and "died" the 13th. Hence the title The 7 Day Theory. Tupac's album All Eyes on Me was released on Feb.13, 1996. Tupac "died" on Sept.13, 1996. It is quite a coinsidence that the two dates are exactly 7 months apart.
 * The album name might be a reference to his death, but it wasn't prophetic; this album was assembled from unpublished work two months after he had died. (Also, evening of the 7th till afternoon of the 13th is six days, not seven.) More to the point, the guy was dying in hospital for a week. If the death was faked, there would have to be hundreds of hospital staff in on the deal. 63.70.211.103
 * Actually, from what I've heard, the Makaveli album was recorded in 7 days, hence the title. Sander 08:45, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * There is nothing in the new album that says TUPAC RIP 1971-1996. Wouldn't it make sense to include something like that in the first album after his "death"?
 * It might make sense, but there could be any number of reasons why it was not included. This is a rather weak suggestion, proving nothing.

 * The executive producer of The 7 Day Theory, as listed in the CD booklet of the album, is Simon (who is a previously unknown producer in the rap music industry). In the bible, Simon was an apostle of Jesus. Simon was one of the first witnesses of the Resurrection listed by Saint Paul (I Cor. 15: 5).

 * On the cover of The 7 Day Theory, there is a picture of Tupac being crucified. This fits with the idea that Tupac "died" so he could be reincarnated as Makaveli.
 * Furthermore, I saw a picture a while back that there was something visible in the sky of the cover, and there was some significant info in the map on the cover. I lent out my cd, but when I get back I'll verify this. Sander 08:45, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * The only witness to the shooting was found shot to death in a hallway of an apartment building in East Orange, NJ. Hmm...now no one will get any info out of him.
 * The police reports said there were nearly twenty witnesses.63.70.211.103

 * If you rearrange the letters of "Makaveli", you get "make alive."
 * Err, no you don't - not unless you "buy a vowel". If you want to see the crazy stuff you can get up to with anagrams, look here . And that's without even cheating by adding extra letters. 63.70.211.103

 * Tupac died on Friday the 13th.

 * Las Vegas is a town where lots of people can be bribed, like doctors, the press, lawyers etc.
 * Aah, conclusive! Who says this is the case? And even so, you can bribe people in Las Vegas, hence Tupac is still alive... what?? One hell of a lot of people would have had to have been bribed - eventually someone with a conscience would have refused and we would have heard something about it. The case is too big for something like that not to have come out by now.

 * The white Cadillac of the murderers was never found. How can this be, when Las Vegas is in the middle of the desert?
 * Well, maybe the answer to this lies in the previous sentence? If lots of people in Vegas can be bought off... Funnyhat

 * The white Cadillac drove past several cars containing Tupacs friends, many of them were bodyguards. Noone pursued the killers and there are no witnesses. How is this possible, just after a heavyweight fight? Furthermore, there are no pictures at all showing the killing of Tupac.

 * Makaveli, the new identity of 2Pac, is named after the Italian war strategist Nicholas Machiavelli. He talked about faking ones death to mislead ones enemies. Tupac was a fan of him and read his books several times. Could he be taking his advice?

 * More 7's
 * Tupacs age was 25, 2+5=7.
 * Tupacs time of death was 4.03, 4+0+3=7
 * In the movie Gang Related, Tupacs badge number is 115 (1+1+5=7), Tupac and James Belushi wait in room 7 the number appears several times more.
 * In the movie Gridlock'd the number 7 appears many times, especially in the restaurants where all L's are replaced with upside-down 7's.
 * The Makaveli album was released on November 5. 5+1+1=7
 * The album 'R U Still Down' was released on the 25th (2+5=7)
 * The music video 'I wonder if heaven's got a ghetto' spans 7 days
 * In the music video 'Toss it up', Tupac breaks a mirror: 7 years of bad luck.
 * Tupac was born on the 16th (1+6=7)
 * In the intro of the Makaveli album, you hear 7 gunshots.
 * There are actually six, then one as 2Pac starts his verse. It is said this was done to boost sales. -- Sander 22:36, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * There were no balistic tests. Why not?

 * There is a life insurance policy worth 72 million dollar waiting to be cashed. Why not? When Tupac returns, noone can sue him because the money hasn't been cashed.

 * Why didn't Death Row, a rich and powerful company, offer a reward to find the killers?
 * Maybe because that would be a stupid way to draw attention to illegal activities? Maybe because the mob could and probably did slaughter them themselves? Maybe because... they simply didn't care about the death of one rapper?

 * In the inlay of the Makaveli album, it says 'Exit: 2Pac, Enter: Makaveli' as if 2Pac died and Makaveli was reborn.

 * Machiavelli wrote two books called 'Book 1' and 'Book 2'. The cd's of 'All eyez on me' are called? Book 1 and Book 2. Machiavelli also wrote 'The art of war'. Bone_thugs_n_harmony released an album with Tupac called... The art of war.

 * The tattoo on Tupacs back says 'Exodus 16:31'. Above it says 'So the people rested on the seventh day'. The entire Exodus 16:31 is about the 7 days.

On the autopsy photo you see tupac cut open but no blood(drops) on the sheet ,so fake photo I think. 02-01-2008
 * The fake autopsy photo: this photo didn't surface until there were some theories about Tupacs death. Perhaps Tupac had this photo made to silence the theories.

Because more fans will believe he is still alive so they keep buying new albums, all for publicity. 02-01-2008
 * After Tupacs death, Afeni Shakur became in charge of the music videos. She could have put an end to all the rumours and 7's. Yet in the video 'I wonder if heaven's got a ghetto' Tupac is shown in Mexico or something, after his death. The video is 7 days long. Why would she do this?

 * In the "Hail Mary" video, the tombstone is broken, all Tupacs enemies are dead and the man in jail (Suge Knight) is enjoying it.

 * In the "Smile for me now" video, 2Pac is crucified, but then released and he walks away.

Lyrical clues
[[*In the song "Life Goes On", Tupac raps about his own funeral. However, he was cremated. Why would they ignore his wish?
 * Again - that is from a rap song! It's not in his will!

It dose'nt matter if it's just rap song! The reason Tupac is considered the best rapper ever is because he was real in his rymes. Yeah, I never got the chance to meet Tupac but I still feel like he's one of the very few celebrities that kept it real and believe he did.As far as him being cremated goes, How do you know?! people can say he was cremated but that dosen't mean he was. I would love for Tupac to be alive, but I'm not gonna argue because I don't know all I know is He changed my out look on life and I'm forever thankful to Tupac for that. I'd rather live forever not knowing for sure and that's all I can do because the only person who knows for sure, is TUPAC AMARU SHAKUR!!!
 * In the song Smile for me now, 2Pac says There's going to be some stuff you're gonna see that is going to make it hard to smile in the future. But through whatever you see, through all the rain and the pain, you gotta keep your sense of humor. Is he preparing his fans for his death?

Or maybe if people do think he staged his own death, maybe these lyrics show that he wanted to be out the limelight, however, still be in them, and wanted people to always wonder if he was or is going to ever come back. I thought this because of the lyrics that said through all the rain and the pain, you gotta keep your sense of humour. Maybe it was his sense of "humour" to keep people wondering whether he was still alive or dead?? just a theory of mine that, i personally would love to think he's still alive,aids if he jus keeps low and doesnt make this big comeback.... however people were sayin back in 2003 that he would come back then as it was '7' years after his 'death'. How long will it go on for till people think he is actually dead... wot about on the 25/2/2525?? the 5's and 2's all add up to '7'... hey maybe he'll come back then............ or maybe he's laughing at these people who are waiting for him to comeback especially the people he had beef with and who may b slightly worried about him coming back. (DAVE, 15 YRS OLD, PORTSMOUTH UK)

 * In thug luv, Bizzy says right before 2Pac starts He's alive he's alive  **correction: Bizzy actually says cleveland, cleveland**

 * In Richie Rich's album Seasoned Veteran, which was released on the same day as The 7 Day Theory, on the song "Niggas Done Changed" which is a duet with Tupac, Tupac says the following lyrics: "I've been shot and murdered, can't tell you how it happened word for word / but best believe that nigga's gonna get what they deserve". This implies that Tupac knew he would be dead when the album was released.
 * Probably a reference to Tupac getting shot in 1994, and accusing B.I.G., Puffy, Andre Hall and Stretch of setting him up. 63.70.211.103
 * Nope. Tupac could tell you everything about the New York shooting, he could tell how it happened and who did it. Plus, he wasn't murdered in New York -- Sander 15:47, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * In Makaveli's (Tupac's) song "White Man's World" on album The 7 Day Theory, he says "We ain't never gonna walk off this planet unless ya'll choose to." Did he choose to walk off the planet by faking his death?

 * In Tupac's song "Ambitionz az a Ridah" on the album All Eyes On Me, he says "Blast me but they didn't finish, didn't diminish my powers so now I'm back to be a muthafuckin menace, they cowards thats why they tried to set me up, had bitch ass niggas on my team so indeed they wet me up, BUT I'M BACK REINCARNATED." This implies that Tupac is reincarnated as Makaveli.
 * I think it implies something completely different. This album was released just two months after the death of Stretch, who Tupac had accused of being involved in his previous, non-fatal shooting in 1994. 63.70.211.103

 * In his recent new album titled "2Pac Greatest Hits" on one of the tracks he said "Rest in peace Biggie Smalls", wasn't these tracks recorded before the death of the Notorious B.I.G?
 * Since Tupac had accussed B.I.G. of trying to kill him, it could be interpreted as a threat. B.I.G. was murdered about five months after Tupac.63.70.211.103
 * Also, one of the Outlawz said they recorded this song in case 2Pac should die before Biggie did. Sander 08:45, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Stretch Walker was also on this track, and he was shot dead before either 2Pac or Biggie, in Nov. 1995. Simply put, this track was clearly recorded before Nov. 1995 when all three rappers were still alive. **alternative: it has been said that this track was for another biggie smalls also from New York. Big syke confirmed this in an interview http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAulfswSxH4 (around 3-4 min).

 * In the song 'Life goes on', 2Pac raps Have a party at my funeral, let every rapper rock it. Why didn't they grant his wish?
 * Realistically, how are you going to throw a party at a guy's funeral?
 * There are often parties at funerals, so it's not a strange thing. Tupac clearly wanted a party at his funeral. -- Sander 10:25, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Once more, his rap songs surely can't be used as a source of instruction for his funeral! Who would really think, I know, let's trawl through his entire works to see if we can pick up any clues about what he wants us to do at his funeral?

 * Could you imagin the trouble there would be if every rapper was there at that time of the east/westcost war? imagin knowing where every one of your enemies were, and they were all in one place, it would have ended up being a bloodbath, ohh and it was only a rap, it wasnt his will. -Luke

He's talking about Stretch. "And that nigga that was down with me: Restin dead: Switched sides, guess his new friends wanted him dead." Stretch and Pac used to be close until Pac's 94 shooting.
 * Ain't Hard 2 Find:
 * The title is a challenge for us to find him.
 * "I heard rumor I died, murdered in cold blood dramatized. Pictures of me in my final stages, you know mama cried, but that was fiction, some coward got the story twisted. Like I no longer existed, mysteriously missing, but I'm worldwide baby, I ain't hard to find". The picture in his final stages is the fake autopsy picture.
 * "You tried to play me, now homicide is my only payment". Biggie tried to play him, now who's dead?
 * "Breaking them off on sight, stopping lives like red lights, watch them pause as I pull my strap out my drawers, and get to dumping on their ass, like the last outlaw". Sounds like the night Biggie died

 * Hail Mary:
 * Tupac says "Run, quick, see, what do we have here now?" This is what happened when everyone noticed Jesus was resurrected. Mary was the first to discover this.

 * Well, *a* woman named Mary was the first to discover the risen Jesus, but it was Mary Magdalene, not Mary the mother of Jesus (who is obviously the one referred to in "Hail Mary" prayers). Funnyhat

 * The man doing the reggae part says "running from the penitentiary" all the time, which is what 2Pac was doing at that time.

 * Blasphemy:
 * In the beginning you hear "unless the lord does return in the next 7 days..." then 2Pac says "7 years, don't start that blasphemy". He also repeats the phrase "Follow me".
 * However, it's been 8 years now and still no sign -- Sander 15:47, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * "I'm contemplating thoughts, wondering the thought to go. Brotha's getting shot coming back resurrected". He wonders where to go, get's shot and returns years later.
 * "I leave this here and hope God can see my heart is pure. Is heaven just another door?" Sounds like Tupac is asking Gods permission to fake his death, hoping God sees he means well.

 * Life of an outlaw:
 * "I play for keeps, arrange the whole crime scene"
 * "All for the street fame on how to be managed, to plan shit, 6 months in advance to what we plotted, approved to go on swole and now I got it. Life Of An Outlaw." This implies that Tupac planned his "death" in advance and now he is enjoying the success of his plan.

 * Krazy:
 * "A million things run through my mind, you ain't gotta be in jail to be doing time". Tupac is watching time go by in his own jail (being away from the world) which makes him go crazy.
 * No sorry man but thats not right. I interpret it differently. When he says "A million things run through my mind, you ain't gotta be in jail to be doing time", hes saying he is not free, he is forced to hide because of his foes and because of his loss of freedom, he is going crazyyyyy.

 * White Man's World:
 * "My time away just made perfection, did you think I'd die?" Tupac predicts what his conspiracy would do, how being away is perfection. He'll certainly be much richer.

 * No, i think hes talking about the first 94' shooting here, time away meaning when he was recovering from being shot, which proberly gave him time to sort alot of stuff out and get things right, which is where he means perfection

 * Hold Ya Head:
 * In the beginning, you can hear "Can you see him?" "I see him". Then 2Pac responds: "I'm alive"

 * Maybe because when he was singing that song he was alive?

 * The correct sentences are "Look at Satan", "I see him" and are from the 1992 movie Malcolm X. After that, I think 2Pac responds with "I'm black". -- Sander 07:52, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

 * "Got a cell at the penn for me waiting, is this my fate?" When Tupac returns, there is a jail cell waiting for him, but will he go there? With his death threats, people will be on his side. They'll say he had no other choice than to fake his death.

 * "Running from the police till they capture me, and my aim is to spread more smiles than tears." Currently, he's evading the police. His death caused a few tears, but when he returns there will be more smiles.

 * Lost Souls:
 * "Just wait until the rain turns to sunshine"

 * Never had a friend like me (Suge and Pac sang this song always in the studio):
 * "And you wonder if these white judges like us. Just stay strong, we'll appeal, nigga you'll be free. Down wit cha to the very end." Sounds like Suge's situation nowadays.
 * "I'm down for you so ride with me. My enemies your enemies...Nobody knows where we'll be". Tupac was riding with Suge the night in Las Vegas. They both had the same enemies. No one will know where they are.

 * Staring through my rearview:
 * "Staring at the world through my rearview, just looking back at the world, from another level, ya know what I mean?" He's watching the world from a different place. In White Man's World, he talks about leaving the planet when we choose to do it. He chose to do it now.
 * "Multiple gunshots fill the block, the fun stops. Niggaz is callin' cops, people shot, nobody stops. I wonder when the world stopped caring last night, two kids shot while the whole world staring" Sounds like Las Vegas, except 2Pac replaces himself and Suge with 'two kids'
 * "Tell me, will my enemies flee when they see me?" If would be Puffy, what would you do when 2Pac returned?
 * "Listen. Trough the intermission search your heart for a plan. We turning bad boys to grown men, it's on again" Why is it 'on again'? To realize that, the war with Bad Boys should stop. This happened now. But for it to be on again, 2Pac would have to return.
 * "I'm seeing nothing but my dreams coming true". His plan is working.
 * "Now you see him, now you don't. Some niggaz be here for the moment, then they gone. What happened to them? Well let's see, it seems to be a mystery"
 * Listen to the last verse. He put his mind to the conspiracy and it worked. He's now on another level.

 * Against all odds ("The realest shit I ever wrote"):
 * "I disappeared in the crowd, all you seen were troops". Tupac disappeared on September 7, all we saw were 'troops' (cops).
 * "Gunshots to Tut, now you stuck". Walter "King Tut" Johnson was murdered in January 1997. He was one of the men who mugged and shot Tupac in 1994.

 * Made Niggas:Gunshots to Tut, now you stuck". Walter "King Tut" Johnson was murdered in January 1997. He was one of the men who mugged and shot Tupac in 1994.   Apparently, someone has changed the definition of the word murder-"Although it has been a decade since Tupac’s murder and nine years since Tut’s federal indictment, the ghosts of both events still haunt Johnson and Hip Hhop as a whole. TUPAC’S controversial take on the matter 'Against All Odds' off the Makavelli L.P includes the line: 'Gun shots to Tut, now you stuck!' and 50 CENT kept tut’s name in the game with the verse on “MANY MEN”: 'Feds ain’t no jack when Pac got shot, I got a kite from the pen saying Tut got knocked.'

Johnson is now currently serving his life sentence in Jonesville, Va and he confirms to KING that as both New York Magazine and Newsweek have speculated that he is at the center of a renewed investigation by the U.S ATTORNEY’s office in New York regarding the shooting as well as slaying of Tupac Shakur. Johnson says that in the spring of 2005, he was moved by the Feds from Jonesville prison to the Metropolitan Corrctional Center (MCC) in downtown Manhattan next to a cell containing Jacques 'Haitian Jack' Agnant for intense questioning.

Johnson says that in spite of that he is working with tupac’s father, Mutulu Shakur and Shakur’s private investigator Watani Tyehembia in their own investigation of the murder of Tupac shakur, Tyehembia confirms that Tut has cooperated.

King Tut isn’t surprised why many of Tupac’s fans are wary of his motives in helping to solve the murder of Tupac, 'I can understand why pac fans would not like me and I respect their loyalty to him'…'But I want them to know I definitely had nothing to with his attempted murder nor his assassination, it is very important that they know that this situation is MORE COMPLICATED THAN THEY WOULD EVER BELIEVE, if you look at this case you will find numerous lies, inconsisticies and more importantly cover-ups and smoke screens!'

'If i’m wrong prosecute me to the fullest degree, but if I’m innocent let me go, even though i was a bad guy in my younger years, i didn't do this, and i don't deserve to be here for this!'"-King Magazine ?/04

 * "When the plot helps me survive several centuries". 2Pac was shot in the 20th century and will return in the 21st century.

 * Fright Night:
 * "I was stuck in the game, cuz everybody in the industry was fucking me man. Listen, I got a scheme, break away, do my own thing, drop some conversation, sit back and let the phone ring."

I personally think that this sentence could possibly support the idea of tupac coming back and releasing songs under the name Makavelli. I interpret it as he was being fucked over by the people he was hanging with and the people he was recording with i.e the death row label (who we already think may have had somthing to do with tupacs 'death'), and that his 'scheme' suggests that he had planned somthing to 'break away' i.e end what ever the shit was that was fucking him over. This also links in with the whole idea that this 'death' was staged and that he !!MAY!! still b alive. And the sit back and let the phone ring may refer to him having a rest?? away from the limelight for abit, before coming back into the rap industry, which he always had planned to do as he obviously wanted to 'let the phone ring' and to offered another recording contract. Just another of my theorys, although as much as I hate 2 say it i don't think we will ever get to know the whole truth about what happened if he is still alive as I think he's just staying real, keeping safe and when he does eventually die if infact he is still alive... that it will b a small afare and something the media will not get the oppotunity to find out about!! just another of my theory's :P (DAVE 15 YRS OLD, PORTSMOUTH UK)

 * David Kenner, Death Row's attorney, was fucking with 2Pac. He was stuck with his contract. Then he tells us to listen, he has a way out: fake his death.

 * "Niggas don't want to see me rise. '97 watch me cut these muthafuckas down to size". Who died in '97? Biggie Smalls. Bad Boys was cut down in size.

 * That's great and all, but 2Pac says garbage like that for every year. (Personally, I don't know why rappers always mention the year . . . it just dates their songs.) Funnyhat

 * Troublesome '96:
 * "Niggaz talk a lot of shit, but that's after I'm gone, cuz they fear me in the physical form". Tupac is a ghost now (he has no physical form). A lot of 'bustas' talk shit, but only after he's gone.

 * When we ride on our enemies:
 * "Pay attention, here's a word to those that robber me: I murder you, then I run a train on Mobb Deep". Again: King Tut wasn't paying attention.

 * Ghetto Gospel:
 * "I make mistakes, I learn from everyone. And when its said and done I bet this brother be a better one. If I'm uspet, you dont stress. Never forget, that God hasn’t finished with me yet. I feel his hand on my brain. When I write ryhmes, I go blind, and let the lord do his thang. But i'm in

Ballad of a Dead Soldier

a single witness screaming bloody murder, murder blast tell me homey what ya see now a blind man and a dead body I'm meant to leave town

I pull my secret arrival 2Pac four fives (.45) time for survival death to my rivals (Biggie?) tell me what you want lord? Nobody laugh after the death of a drug lord the situations critical Nothing is colder than hear the ballad of a dead souja

my only fear of death is reincarnation

take a private plane trying to survive the game for all my homies that'll never be alive again All they promised us is death nigga take a breath could be the last one left nigga its real now

Breathin [Chorus] Stressed I'm busta free Enemies give me reason, to be the last mother fucker breathin Bustin' My automatic rounds catch em while they sleepin Now I'm the last mother fucker breathin

Changes I see no changes wake up in the morning and I ask myself is life worth living should I blast myself?

'Cause I always got to worry 'bout the pay backs some buck that I roughed up way back comin' back after all these years rat-tat-tat-tat-tat that's the way it is!

Thug Love (released after death)

I flaunted America's most wanted live on TV. the hittum up video was shown on America's most wanted on the show about Tupac.

Good Life (released after death)

Now maybe if I died and came back, wouldn't have to slang crack Addicted the game, so obviously we came strapped

I learned my lessons as a thug in these wicked as hood fights But I'm a baller now…I live the good life

I found a way to stack money Guaranteed to rise I live the good life Cause thug niggaz don't die

[Chorus] This is the good life Fuck my foes God bless the dumb niggaz That trust the hoes I found a way to stack money Guaranteed to rise !!!I live the good good life Cause thug niggaz don't die!!!!

[Big Syke] No one knows, what the future holds, for you,

Hail Mary

When they turn out the lights, I'll be down in the dark Thuggin eternal through my heart

Happy Home

Show me the meaning of together and forever we rise If it would help our child grow then together we die

How Do You Want It

(2Pac talking about that he is gonna die, and why)

One of us gon' see the cemetary My only hope to survive if I wish to stay alive Gettin high, see the demons in my eyes, before I die I wanna live my life and ball, make a couple million And then I'm chillin fade em all, these taxes got me crossed up and people tryin to sue me Media is in my business and they actin like they know me

I Aint Mad At Cha

I kiss my Mama goodbye, and wipe the tears from her lonely eyes Said I'll return but I gotta fight the fate's arrived Don't shed a tear, cause Mama I ain't happy here I'm through trial, no more smiles, for a couple years They got me goin' mad, I'm knockin busters on they backs in my cell, thinkin, "Hell, I know one day I'll be back"

Letter 2 My Unborn

Make way for a whirlwind prophesized I wanna go in peace When I gotta die On these cold streets Ain't no love, no mercy and no friends In case you never see my face again

Tell me what to say to my unborn seed In case I pass away will my child get to feel loved

regular criminal oasis awaits us If there's a heaven for true thugs I'll see you there And I'm sorry for not being there Just know, your daddy was a souljah Me against the world Bless the boys and all my little girls To the Lord I'm eternal Resting in peace Please take care of all my seeds And my unborn child

Life Goes On

(Chorus) How many brothas fell victim to tha streetz Rest in peace young nigga, there's a Heaven for a 'G' !!be a lie, If I told ya that I never thought of death my niggas, we tha last ones left but life goes on.....!!!!

I got your name tated on my arm so we both ball 'til my dying days !!before I say goodbye!! Kado & Mental, rest in peace Thug till I die

Verse Three: 2Pac singing about his funeral!!!!

Bury me smilin' with G's in my pocket have a party at my funeral let every rapper rock it let tha hoes that I usta know from way before kiss me from my head to my toe give me a paper and a pen so I can write about my life of sin a couple bottles of Gin incase I don't get in tell all my people i'm a Ridah nobody cries when we die we outlaws let me ride until I get free (get free, die!?) I live my life in tha fast lane got police chasen me to my niggas from old blocks from old crews niggas that guided me through back in tha old school pour out some liquor have a toast for tha homies see we both gotta die but ya chose to go before me and brothas miss ya while your gone you left your nigga on his own how long we mourn !!!life goes on...!!!

Outro: 2pac talking

(…)You know what I mean last year,we poured out liquor for ya !!!this year nigga, life goes on!!! (2Pac died the same year!) we're gonna clock now

(…) (2Pac talking about comeing back!?)

next time you see your niggas we gonna be on tha top nigga your gonna be like, 'Goddamn, them niggas came up' that's right baby life goes on.... and we up out this bitch hey Kato, Mental y'all niggas make sure it's popin' when we get up there man, don't front.

M.O.B (released after death)

You wonder who shot me here's a clue, stay alert Cause we comin' for you

So Many Tears (released after death)

I shall not fear no man but God Though I walk through the valley of death I shed so many tears if I should die before I wake Please God walk with me grab a nigga and take me to Heaven)

I'm not livin in the past, you wanna last Be tha first to blast

And fuck the world cause I'm cursed, I'm havin visions of leavin here in a hearse, God can you feel me? Take me away from all the pressure, and all the pain Show me some happiness again, I'm goin blind I spend my time in this cell, ain't livin well I know my destiny is Hell, where did I fail? My life is in denial, and when I die, baptized in eternal fire I'll shed so many tears

Now I'm lost and I'm weary, so many tears I'm suicidal, so don't stand near me My every move is a calculated step, to bring me closer to embrace an early death, now there's nothin left There was no mercy on the streets, I couldn't rest I'm barely standin, bout to go to pieces, screamin peace (…)Paintin a picture of my enemies killin me, in my sleep Will I survive til the mo'nin, to see the sun Please Lord forgive me for my sins,!!! cause here I come... !!!

Thugz Mansion (released after death)

Shit, tired of gettin shot at Tired of gettin chased by the police and arrested Niggaz need a spot where WE can kick it A spot where WE belong, that's just for us Niggaz ain't gotta get all dressed up and be Hollywood Ya know what i mean? Where do niggaz go when we die? Ain't no heaven for a thug nigga That's why we go to thug mansion That's the only place where thugs get in free and you gotta be a G ... at thug mansion

A place to spend my quiet nights, time to unwind So much pressure in this life of mine, I cry at times I once contemplated suicide, and woulda tried

Dear momma don't cry, your baby boy's doin good Tell the homies I'm in heaven and they ain't got hoods

Untill The End Of Time (released after death)

Remember me! As an Outcast Outlaw Another album out that's what I'm about… more! gettin' raw 'till tha day I see my casket Buried as a G' while tha whole world remembers me Until the end of time

If the angels come down and takes me away Memories of Me and my songs will always stay Until The End Of Time

Wonder If Heaven Got A Ghetto (released after death)

I'd rather be dead than a po' nigga Let the Lord judge the criminals If I die, I wonder if heaven got a ghetto

Untouchable

You niggas kill me Why ya'll niggas don't wanna talk that shit when we in the physical form? Why ya'll niggas get all shy when we right there next to you at the premiers? (Laughs) Ya'll niggas get alot of heart when you get up in the studio, huh? Well do this for me would ya? Next time you get the notion to talk about an Outlaw nigga Or a nigga on the westside, the best side, Call me...Call me nigga...Reach out and touch a nigga. Cause if you don't do that, And I hear one of you niggas sayin' something on the record, Expect me nigga like you expect Jesus to come back, Expect me nigga, I'm commin'.

After the fire comes the rain After the pleasure there's pain Even though we broke for the moment we'll be balling again

Ya'll remember me Legendary live eternally Bury me in pieces cause they fear reincarnation Niggas screaming peace cause they fear when my squad face 'em

People don't know ho killed Tupac. I don't know ho it was, but i have clue!!! Some ours before Tupac died he was in a fight with the rapper Baby Lane, ho was one of Tupac's rivals. So maiby it was he ho killed Pac.
 * Tupac' murder:

In the song God bless the dead 2pac said ''Rest in peace Biggie Smalls. As you know Pac died before Biggie... ore did he die?!?
 * Tupac Lives!!!

tupac did God bless the dead before his first shooting(94). On the track you can hear also Big stretch, he was killed around 94-95. so the track was recorded a long time before tupac dead. Remember that tupac always talk about dead so many things look like he is still alive but infact he prepared him self to life on after his dead throught all his songs. 02-01-2008

For the idiot above me who thinks Biggie Smalls (bad boy chriss wallace)was related to God bless the dead. God bless the dead 2pac didnt dedicate that to him "the track was made in 94, Bad boy Biggie was not dead then. BIGGY SMALLZ was the alias of another rapper who died that year, a west coast rapper who's main producer was Johnny J, 2Pac's future multi--platinum producer. I just want to clear that out that a lot of people who don't do this research will end up thinking Tupac was a prophet or some sort. He's not. This was a song dedicated to Biggy Smallz, a fellow rapper who died in 94" So dont listen to that idiot above me. Friday July 04, 2008

Johnny J, 2Pac's Multi-Platinum committed suicide Oct 3, 2008 while in prison for a D.U.I. charge. Hold on, u retard, johnny j did not commit suicide. He was extorted via death threat to give up unheard tracks, similar to how tupac was murdered. Look up the public record, the F.B.I. file on tupac and other rappers who get death threats and then they die if they don't comply. R.I.P. Johnny J, Tupac and Yaki Kadafi, there's indication that Easy E died also at the time of attempted extortion. 9-3-10     602 623 480 520 AZ representing

 * Your a moron he dedicated this song to biggie because he knew that they would both be shot at some point in their life thats why he says " don't worry IF you see god first tell him shit got worse".

title: User:Kingturtle/2Pac


text:
Carl F. H. Henry

Carl Ferdinand Howard Henry (January 22, 1913 – December 7, 2003) was an American evangelical Christian theologian who provided intellectual and institutional leadership to the neo-evangelical movement in the mid-to-late 20th century. He was ordained in 1942 after graduating from Northern Baptist Theological Seminary and went on to teach and lecture at various schools and publish and edit many works surrounding the neo-evangelical movement. His early book, The Uneasy Conscience of Modern Fundamentalism (1947), was influential in calling evangelicals to differentiate themselves from separatist fundamentalism and claim a role in influencing the wider American culture. He was involved in the creation of numerous major evangelical organizations that contributed to his influence in Neo-evangelicalism and lasting legacy, including the National Association of Evangelicals, Fuller Theological Seminary, Evangelical Theological Society, Christianity Today magazine (of which he was the founding editor), and the Institute for Advanced Christian Studies. The Carl F. H. Henry Institute for Evangelical Engagement at Southern Baptist Theological Seminary and the Carl F. H. Henry Center for Theological Understanding at Trinity International University seek to carry on his legacy. His ideas about Neo-evangelism are still debated to this day and his legacy continues to inspire change in American social and political culture.

Early life
Henry grew up in Long Island, New York as the son of German immigrants, Karl F. Heinrich and Johanna Vaethroeder (Väthröder). After his high school graduation in 1929 he began working in newspaper journalism.

In 1932, at the age of 19, he became editor of The Smithtown Times and later a stringer for The New York Times. The next year, after becoming a Christian, he decided to go to college to begin a life of Christian service.

Family
His wife Helga Bender Henry wrote a book in 1955 about the Union Rescue Mission in Los Angeles. In 1999 she published Cameroon on a Clear Day about her parents' work in that country.

Their son Paul B. Henry was a U.S. Congressman from Michigan from 1985 until his death in 1993.

Education
Frank E. Gaebelein, then headmaster of The Stony Brook School, gave him a catalogue to the evangelical liberal arts Wheaton College. He enrolled in 1935, where he was greatly influenced by the philosophical teaching of Gordon Clark. While at Wheaton, Henry also taught typing and journalism. There he met Helga, a missionary kid, whom he married in August 1940. He received both bachelor's and master's degrees from Wheaton. He then earned a Doctor of Theology degree from Northern Baptist Theological Seminary. Henry was ordained as a Baptist minister in 1942. He also earned a PhD from Boston University in 1949.

Teaching career
Henry taught at Northern Baptist Theological Seminary from 1942 to 1947. Also in 1942, Henry took part in launching the National Association of Evangelicals, serving on its board for several years and being book editor of their magazine United Evangelical Action.

In 1947, Henry joined with Harold Ockenga, Harold Lindsell, Edward John Carnell, and radio evangelist Charles E. Fuller to help establish Fuller Theological Seminary in Pasadena, California. He served as acting dean in the seminary's first year and remained there as a professor until he left to establish Christianity Today magazine.

In 1949, Henry was part of the meeting of evangelical scholars who discussed the need for an organization "to promote serious academic discussion," and suggested the name adopted by the resulting organization: the Evangelical Theological Society.

Henry taught as a visiting professor or guest lecturer at colleges, universities, seminaries, and conferences across the United States and around the world, including in Japan, Singapore, India, Liberia, South Korea, Yugoslavia, the Philippines, the Netherlands, and Romania. These institutions include the Asian Center for Theological Studies and Mission, Bethel University (Minnesota), Christian Theological Seminary, Columbia Bible College, Denver Conservative Baptist Seminary, Gordon Divinity School (which is now known as Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary), Hillsdale College, Hong Kong Baptist College (which is now called Hong Kong Baptist University), Latin American Theological Seminary, Soongsil University, Eastern Baptist Theological Seminary (now renamed as Palmer Theological Seminary), The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, and Winona Lake Summer School of Theology. He also served as the chairman for international conferences and consultations, including the World Congress on Evangelism in Berlin in 1966.

In the early 1980s Henry was a founding board member of the Institute on Religion and Democracy, with which he remained active until the mid-1990s.

Writing and editing career
His first book was. His second book,, is a critique that rejects modern liberalism and preserves a doctrinal focus on the Bible, but also rejects the rigidness and disengagement of Fundamentalists. The book firmly established Henry as one of the leading Evangelical scholars.

In 1956, Henry became the first editor-in-chief of the magazine Christianity Today, which was founded by evangelist Billy Graham to serve as a scholarly voice for evangelical Christianity and a challenge to the liberal Christian Century. He was the magazine's editor until 1968.

Henry's magnum opus was a six-volume work entitled God, Revelation, and Authority, completed in 1983. He concluded "that if we humans say anything authentic about God, we can do so only on the basis of divine self-revelation; all other God-talk is conjectural." In his magnum opus he presented a version of Christian apologetics called presuppositional apologetics. Henry regarded all truth as propositional, and Christian doctrine as "the theorems derived from the axioms of revelation."

Influence on neo-evangelicalism
Henry was one of the most influential figures in the development of Neo-Evangelicalism, which emerged in the 1940s and 1950s as a response to the fundamentalist-modernist controversies of the early 20th century. Henry sought to create a new movement that would combine orthodox Christian theology with broader cultural engagement rather than just within Christianity. David F. Wells says Henry's belief in the authority of scripture and the importance of God as the foundation of Christianity helped to recover a more biblically grounded theology in contrast to the theological liberalism of the early 20th century. Henry's influence would likely not have had as far of a reach if not for his founding of the evangelical magazine Christianity Today and his work in establishing Fuller Theological Seminary and Trinity Evangelical Divinity School. Neo-evangelism in years after Henry's influence has started to become more about conservatism and culture wars, however the legacy of Henry has inspired some neo-evangelists in recent years to promote a shift in emphasis to social justice and a broader assessment of cultural and political issues beyond the concerns of only conservatism.

Death
Henry died in 2003 at the age of 90.

Critical assessments
As with any theologian, Henry had people who criticized his work and beliefs. One such critic is Stanley Hauerwas, a theologian who believes similarly to Henry that society ought to be formed around Christian ethics but disagreed with the way Henry wants to go about it. Hauerwas writes "Carl Henry, for example, has developed a highly sophisticated model of cultural influence, which assumes that if Christians can only become successful in the worlds of scholarship, journalism, and the arts, then they will be able to reassert the Christian vision in a society that has largely forgotten it. But Henry's vision, no matter how sophisticated, is ultimately one of assimilation, and in the end, that is no more than capitulation to the dominant culture." Hauerwas goes on to argue that the church's main goal is not to change the world, but to be a faithful witness to the gospel of Jesus Christ. He argues that the church's role is to promote a way of life that is characterized by love, hospitality, and forgiveness, rather than by power and success.

Another critic of Henry is David F. Wells, who did agree with some of Henry's theology but also disagreed with Henry's idea of cultural engagement, arguing that Henry's focus on defending Christian truth has not been effective with our current culture. He says that Henry's approach is too narrow and does not address the broader cultural and social issues facing our society.

George M. Marsden critiques Henry's book The Uneasy Conscience of Modern Fundamentalism (1947), saying it was a good critique of fundamentalism and helped to create a new focus for evangelicalism that emphasized broader cultural engagement. However, Marsden also argues that Henry's critique was limited by his own theological and cultural biases. He says Henry is blinded by his social and cultural context as an outsider to fundamentalism and therefore puts a greater influence on cultural engagement than other evangelicals might.

Works

 * "The Pacific Garden Mission" (Zondervan, 1942)
 * Remaking the Modern Mind (Eerdmans, 1946)
 * The Uneasy Conscience of Modern Fundamentalism (Eerdmans, 1947)
 * The Evangelical Pulpit (Eerdmans, 1948)
 * The Protestant Dilemma (Eerdmans, 1948).
 * The Drift of Western Thought (Eerdmans, 1951)
 * Christian Personal Ethics (Eerdmans, 1957)
 * Contemporary Evangelical Thought (Channel Press, 1957) (editor)
 * Evangelical Responsibility in Contemporary Theology (Eerdmans, 1957)
 * Revelation and the Bible (Baker, 1958) (editor)
 * Basic Christian Doctrines (Baker, 1962)
 * Evangelicals at the Brink of Crisis (Word, 1967)
 * Faith at the Frontiers (Moody, 1969)
 * Evangelicals in Search of Identity (Word, 1976)
 * God, Revelation and Authority, 6 vols. (Word, 1976–83).
 * The Christian Mindset in a Secular Society (Multnomah, 1984)
 * Christian Countermoves in a Decadent Culture (Multnomah, 1986)
 * Confessions of a Theologian: An Autobiography (Word, 1986)
 * Twilight of a Great Civilization (Crossway, 1988)
 * Evangelical Affirmations (Zondervan, 1990) (editor, with Kenneth Kantzer)

title: Carl F. H. Henry