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Edward Nicholas

Sir Edward Nicholas (4 April 1593 – 1669) was an English officeholder and politician who served as Secretary of State to Charles I and Charles II. He also sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1621 and 1629. He served as secretary to Edward la Zouche and the Duke of Buckingham in the Admiralty and became a clerk of the Privy Council. He supported the Royalist cause in the English Civil War and accompanied the court into exile, before assuming the post of Secretary of State on the Restoration.

Life
Nicholas was the eldest son of John Nicholas of a Wiltshire family. He was educated at Salisbury grammar school, Winchester College, and Queen's College, Oxford.

After studying law at the Middle Temple, in 1618 Nicholas became secretary to Edward la Zouche, 11th Baron Zouche, lord warden and admiral of the Cinque Ports. In 1621 he was elected as a Member of Parliament for Winchelsea. He was re-elected as one of the Members for Winchelsea in 1624 for what became known as the Happy Parliament. Nicholas kept diaries of all the parliaments in which he sat. When Zouche resigned his office of lord warden to the Duke of Buckingham, the Duke, upon Zouche's recommendation, on 9 December 1624 appointed Nicholas as his secretary for the business of the Cinque Ports. In 1625 Nicholas became the first holder of the office of Secretary to the Admiralty; shortly afterwards he was appointed an extra clerk of the privy council, with duties relating to Admiralty business. In 1628 he was elected a Member for Dover and sat until 1629, when King Charles decided to rule without parliament and in the event did so for eleven years. Appended to a copy of Charles's speech at the dissolution of this parliament on 10 March 1629 is a poem of twenty-four verses in Nicholas's hand, beginning:

 * The wisest king did wonder when he spide
 * The nobles march on foot, their vassals ride
 * His majestie may wonder now to see
 * Some that would needs be king as well as he.

From 1635 to 1641 Nicholas was one of the clerks in ordinary to the council. In this situation, he had much business to transact in connection with the levy of ship-money. When in 1641 King Charles I went to Scotland, he remained in London and was responsible for keeping the king informed of the proceedings of parliament. When Charles returned to London, Nicholas was knighted and appointed a privy councillor and a Secretary of State, in which capacity he attended the king while the court was at Oxford and carried out the business of the Treaty of Uxbridge.

Throughout the Civil War, Nicholas was one of Charles's wisest and most loyal advisers. He arranged the details of the king's surrender to the Scots on 5 May 1646, although he does not appear to have advised or even to have approved of the step. He also had the duty of treating for the capitulation of Oxford on 24 June 1646, which included permission for Nicholas himself to retire abroad with his family. He went to France, being recommended by the king to the confidence of the Prince of Wales.

In 1648 Nicholas wrote a pamphlet, An Apology for the Honorable Nation of the Jews, which called for the readmission of the Jews to England. It is one of the few examples of pro-admission writing that does not also call for the conversion of the Jews and is cited by Menasseh Ben Israel in his Humble Addresses, although Cecil Roth wonders whether the pamphlet might actually have been written by a Jew.

After the king's death, Nicholas remained on the continent, concerting measures on behalf of the exiled Charles II with Hyde and other royalists, but the hostility of Queen Henrietta Maria deprived him of any real influence in the counsels of the young sovereign. He lived at the Hague and elsewhere in a state of poverty which hampered his power to serve Charles, but which the latter did nothing to relieve. Charles appointed him secretary of state while in exile in 1654. As an enthusiastic Royalist, in a letter dated 10 September 1657 to Sir Edward Hyde, Nicholas speaks of Cromwell,

"... I conceive his Majesty should do well to set a good price on his head and all the heads of the chief commanders in Ireland and also in Scotland ..."

Nicholas returned to England at the Restoration and duly took office as Secretary of State along with William Morice, a former parliamentary supporter. Nicholas was soon retired, much against his own wishes, in favour of Charles's favourite Henry Bennet. He received a grant of money and the offer of a peerage, which he felt too poor to accept. He retired to a country seat in Surrey (the manor of West Horsley) which he purchased from Carew Raleigh, son of Sir Walter Raleigh, and there he lived till his death in 1669.

Family
Nicholas married Jane Jay, a daughter of Henry Jay, an alderman of London and had several sons and daughters. His eldest son was Sir John Nicholas, a Clerk of the Signet and Clerk of the Privy Council. His daughter Susannah married as his second wife the Irish statesman George Lane, 1st Viscount Lanesborough: like her father, he spent years in exile with Charles II, and by 1659 the couple were almost destitute, but was well rewarded after the Restoration. Susannah died in 1671.

His younger brother Matthew Nicholas (1594–1661) was successively Dean of Bristol, canon of Westminster and Dean of St Paul's. His country seat was at Sunninghill in Berkshire.

Correspondence
The collected correspondences of Nicholas were published in three volumes by the Royal Historical Society in 1920.

Arms

The arms of Nicholas’s father were: Argent, a fess wavy between three ravens sable, a differencing of the arms of Nicholas of Winterborne Earls, Wiltshire.

In 1649, augmented arms were granted to Sir Edward Nicholas, blazoned Argent, on a cross gules an imperial crown or, which he bore in the 1st & 4th quarters, with his paternal arms in the 2nd and 3rd quarters.

title: Edward Nicholas


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File talk:Cheche.JPG

Great picture! Where was it taken? —Noldoaran (Talk) 04:11, Dec 10, 2003 (UTC)

Gender
Is this dude or a woman??? 69.242.191.132 02:47, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: File talk:Cheche.JPG


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John Trenchard

John Trenchard is the name of:

 * John Trenchard (Secretary of State) (1640–1695)
 * John Trenchard (writer) (1662–1723)
 * John Trenchard (of Warmwell) (c.1596–1662), MP for Wareham and Dorset

title: John Trenchard


text:
Public interest defence

A public interest defence is a defence in law that allows a defendant who disclosed classified or protected information to avoid criminal or civil liability by establishing that the public interest in disclosure of the information outweighs the public interest in nondisclosure.

In the context of secrecy laws, it may permit a whistleblower to disclose government misconduct.

In the context of journalism, publication of a story that the journalist reasonably believes to be true "having regard for all the circumstances", even if subsequently found to be untrue, is protected against action for defamation in UK law.

In the United Kingdom, the Defamation Act 2013 provides a public interest defence.

Official secrets
The inclusion of the defence was a subject of debate in the legislative process of the Official Secrets Act 1989 of the United Kingdom. The defence was not included in the final Act. The defence was also absent in secrecy laws in other countries that were based on the Act.

In Australia, the Public Interest Disclosure Act 2013 "provides a means to report suspected misconduct by public officials", setting out how such a disclosure must be done to qualify for protection.

Canada has reformed its secrecy laws in 2001 by adding the defence in its Security of Information Act. However, its application is limited to situations in which the defendant has followed a series of steps set out in the legislation before making the disclosure, and the person's purpose in making the disclosure is to reveal an offence committed by another person in their official duties.

The inclusion of the defence has been a subject of debate in Hong Kong in 2003 during its legislative process to implement Article 23 of the Basic Law in the media in Hong Kong.

The US does not have a public interest defence. Edward Snowden, a NSA contractor who leaked classified documents in the public interest, said he will return to the US and stand trial if he is allowed a public interest defence. Snowden has been living abroad since 2013.

title: Public interest defence


text:
William Legge, 1st Earl of Dartmouth

William Legge, 1st Earl of Dartmouth (14 October 1672 – 15 December 1750), was Lord Privy Seal from 1713 to 1714. He was a Hanoverian Tory, supporting the Hanoverian succession following the death of Queen Anne.

Life
The only son of George Legge, 1st Baron Dartmouth, he was educated as a town-boy at Westminster School. He subsequently went to King's College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. in 1689. He succeeded to his father's barony in 1691.

In 1702, he was appointed a member of the Board of Trade and Plantations, and eight years later he became Secretary of State for the Southern Department and joint keeper of the signet for Scotland.

In 1711, he was created Viscount Lewisham and Earl of Dartmouth. In 1713, he exchanged his offices for that of Lord Privy Seal, which he held until the end of 1714. After a long period of retirement from public life he died on 15 December 1750. Dartmouth's eldest son, George Legge, Viscount Lewisham (c. 1703 – 1732), had predeceased him, leaving a son, William. Another son of the first earl was Henry Bilson-Legge, who later served as Chancellor of the Exchequer.

In politics he was a moderate; though himself a Tory, he was prepared to work with the Whigs. He earned the regard of Robert Harley, another believer in moderation; Dartmouth in return remained a loyal friend after Harley's downfall. He also had the confidence of Queen Anne, who praised him as "an honest man." As a Minister, though far from brilliant, he earned a reputation for competence and hard work. He was also noted for discretion; foreign ambassadors complained that it would be easier to get information from a brick wall than from Dartmouth. In his private life, his fondness for laughing at his own jokes led to his nickname "the Jester".

Marriage and children
Lord Dartmouth married Lady Anne Finch, third daughter of Heneage Finch, 1st Earl of Aylesford, in July 1700. They had six children:

 * George Legge, Viscount Lewisham (born c. 1704, died 29 August 1732), father of William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth.
 * Lady Barbara Legge (born 1701, died 29 October 1765), married Sir Walter Bagot, 5th Baronet, of Blithfield Hall.
 * Hon. Heneage Legge (born 1704, died 29 August 1759)
 * Lady Anne Legge (born 1705, died July 1740), married Sir Lister Holte, 5th Baronet, of Aston Hall.
 * Rt Hon. Henry Bilson-Legge, PC, FRS (born 29 May 1708, died 23 August 1764), Chancellor of the Exchequer three times between 1754 and 1761.
 * Commodore Hon. Edward Legge, FRS (born 1710, died 1747)

Dartmouth was succeeded by his grandson, William, son of his eldest son George Legge, Viscount Lewisham, who died young in 1732.

The Dartmouth family lived at Sandwell Hall (since demolished) in Sandwell Valley.

Legacy
The city of Dartmouth in Nova Scotia, Canada, is named for him.

title: William Legge, 1st Earl of Dartmouth


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Beppo

Beppo is a diminutive of the given name Giuseppe. It may refer to:

Given name

 * Beppo Brem (1906–1990), German actor
 * Beppo Levi (1875–1961), Italian mathematician

Nickname

 * Beppo Mauhart (1933–2017), Austrian business executive
 * Giuseppe Occhialini (1907–1993), Italian physicist
 * Beppo Römer (1892–1944), German politician
 * Joseph Schmid (1901–1956), German World War II general

Other uses

 * Beppo (comics), a fictional monkey in the DC Comics universe
 * Beppo (poem), an 1818 poem by Lord Byron
 * Beppo Station, a Japanese railway station
 * Beppo Shrine, a noteworthy high ranking Shinto Shrine

title: Beppo


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Talk:Municipalities of Portugal

Most of the text seems out of place in what should simply be a listing of the concelhos/municípios. It should be moved to the History of Portugal and Olivença articles.

Brooklyn Nellie 04:21, Dec 10, 2003 (UTC)

I dont see it like that, I see it as information about municipalities and i'm preparing some more. There's no Portuguese History, only an introduction to the Municipal History of Portugal.

Pedro

Dear Nricardo please see Naming conventions (use English). This is not Portuguese wikipedia. I'm Portuguese and I also use accents, they are really useful, but english speaking people dont usually use it. So respect them. That's why, i created the list, without accents.

Pedro

Did you miss the part that said "Languages like Spanish or French should need no transliteration"? I assume Portuguese, being a Romance language, falls into that category. The only Portuguese cities that have common English names are Lisbon and Oporto.

BrooklynNellie

VENICE
VENICE is the correct English spelling of the Italian city with canals. Why do you insist on making correct items incorrect?

Brooklyn Nellie

In Italian, Venice is Venezia. In Portuguese Veneza. What's the point there? There are some specific accents in Portuguese that doesnt exist nether in French nor Spanish. I don't insist, i just want people to read it without difficulty. They don't know how to pronounce it! I'll read it and search for sources about that. If you find that's better to put accentuation so be it.

Pedro

The point is, you misspelled Venice. I corrected it, along with the names of the concelhos. You then reverted my changes, including the absolutely incorrect spelling of Venice. Brooklyn Nellie 23:50, Jan 5, 2004 (UTC)

Please see the articles on départements of France (D%E9partement) and Autonomous communities of Spain (Autonomous_communities_of_Spain). You will see in both that native accentuation is used. Brooklyn Nellie 00:01, Jan 6, 2004 (UTC)

Ok. In a few days, I'll make a new and different listening with Portuguese accentuation.

Pedro

Merger discussion
I have proposed that the article List of Municipalities of Portugal be merged into this one. The information is virtually the same, although List of Municipalities of Portugal is far more complete. Nevertheless, I think that in the case of a merger, Municipalities of Portugal should become the main article. I also suggest creating standards for this kind of articles (as you can see in Category:Lists_of_municipalities, there are just too many variations).--Húsönd 13:21, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Survey for the merger

 * Support as proposer.--Húsönd 13:21, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Support . These kinds of articles may begin as lists, but have the potential to become articles that include lists. Also, "Xs of Y", where X = a type of subdivision and Y = a country or territory, seems to be the standard format for articles on national administrative subdivisions. Regards, David Kernow 15:38, 19 August 2006 (UTC), abstaining 01:50, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Oppose - First, this is a featured list, it was chosen as the best Wikipedia has to offer. When it was chosen to featured status it was just like it is now, merging featured content is not a good policy. Second, we have a broader article about the concept of municipality in Portugal, which needs do be developed, then we have the list. Concentrate your efforts in the development of that article instead of merging a wonderful 90Kb article into it. That would ruin both articles. 84.90.44.3 16:45, 19 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Indeed the List of Municipalities article is featured and has great quality. A merged article would pretty much resemble the List of Municipalities article, with some additional info that the main Municipalities article would add. I do not intend to cause any damage to the quality of the List of Municipalities article, on the contrary. And I reckon that the new article could become featured one soon enough. I just think that the two articles are similar enough to justify merging.--Húsönd 18:40, 19 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Re-viewing the articles again, perhaps moving some of the material from the current Municipalities of Portugal to the current List of municipalities of Portugal and then renaming the latter Municipalities of Portugal might work more effectively, i.e. a non-wholesale reverse merge...? Regards, David 01:50, 20 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Well yes, that is pretty much the result that I had in mind. But, can an article be renamed to one that already exists? Wouldn't that require the other article to vanish first? Regards--Húsönd 15:16, 20 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I think I'd copy the contents of both* to an editor outside Wikipedia, work on a merged version there, then replace the current List of municipalities of Portugal with the merged version (and Edit summary: "Merged material from Municipalities of Portugal" or the like) and then request a page move from List of municipalities of Portugal to Municipalities of Portugal. That way I believe the integrity of the pages' histories should be maintained. *Although I'd say the table in Municipalities of Portugal is redundant, i.e. I'd only work on merging information in Municipalities of Portugal's text with List of municipalities of Portugal before requesting the latter is renamed to the former. I'd look at trying this myself now, but have demands elsewhere for the time being. Best wishes, David Kernow 12:59, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I'll follow your advice. Thanks for your help. Regards --Húsönd 13:07, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Oppose - I second everything written by 84.90.44.3 on 16:45, 19 August 2006 (UTC). I'll also add, a bit redundantly, that, in terms of Wikipedia common practice, a list is a list and an article is an article (in strict sense). A list may have just a how-to-read header and remit to the article, which in turn be fully narrative as it should be. Also, the fact that the list is over 90K is an automatic recommendation in WP terms that it NOT be merged with another article, taking it above the 30K recommended limit. --maf 17:43, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * The articles unnecessarily share common information (each has its own list). Fusing the info into a single article would not create a much bigger article than the List one. The merger is part of an attempt to standardize all the articles containing lists of municipalities. I thought that the merger could be a good idea, but perhaps this needs further discussion. I have just created a discussion for the standardization of the lists of municipalities here. Please feel free to join the discussion. --Húsönd 19:36, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I just reverted this edit: "12:49, 22 August 2006 PedroPVZ" that redirected this article to the List of Municipalities of Portugal. This survey is not closed, thank you for respecting it while it is open. I will now go to the other discussion you opened. --maf 14:13, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Oppose - I second maf. Joao  pais  17:55, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * merge I've created this one, but the list of municipalities is way better. I've redirected, but someone removed. --Pedro 14:16, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I've made a REDIRECTConcelho and kept what was important in the article for the concelhos themselfs.
 * I believe you should have done a MOVE in order to take this discussion page along. (I did a similar mistake this morning before finding the appropriate policy.) But see my comment on the move at the Talk:Concelho page.--maf 14:01, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

Improve the overall quality of Portugal-related geographical articles
A project to improve the overall quality of Portugal-related geographical articles, please see: Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (Portuguese-related articles) TrueColour (talk) 11:32, 20 October 2009 (UTC) TrueColour (talk) 11:32, 20 October 2009 (UTC)

Municipality and city / town are different things
From User_talk:TrueColour

 * Why are you moving Portuguese city and town articles to "something municipality"? Even if a municipality contains other towns or parishes out of the cities or towns, those are just "honorary status", they dont have any administrative relevance, every municipality is governed by a town hall or city hall. Using the same order of ideas, every article about every city in the world should have a ... municipality article. it doesnt make sense. only parishes have administrative relevance, but can be in or out of the city borders, because Portuguese law does not state limits to cities, just municipalities, so the city limits changes with development.-Pedro (talk) 11:25, 20 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Please see: Talk:Municipalities_of_Portugal. Main reason is the articles are all not in a very good state and they lag behind other WPs. We need organisation. City/town is NOT the same as municipality. Look on a map with municipality borders to find out that municipalities are much larger often than cities. Sometimes the reverse is true. Municipalities are the longest lasting(?) divisions in Portugal, they deserve clear addressing and articles. See Category:Municipalities by country to find other countries that exactly have what you propose: A distinction between Municipality and city. But not all countries need that, because in some that is the same entity. TrueColour (talk) 11:38, 20 October 2009 (UTC)

 * yes. cities and municipalities are not the same thing. but you can't force a distinction, that is not enforced in real life. The issue is that a city doesnt have official borders, municipalities do. Most city limits you see are purely statistical or for urbanization porpoises, so represents the end of the urban area. The municipality is the reflection of the city/town (coat of arms, flag, city hall, downtown). So the population you see for cities, was just an effort by wikipedians for that distinction, that we know it exists, because there are some large municipalities with large number of inhabitants, where the city is tiny and with little population, but presented as larger cities, especially in foreign sources. So it has informative porpoises only, not administrative.

The municipal structure can be developed in the "geography subsection" (parishes, towns, villages and such) and in the "political subsection" with the civil parishes. Furthermore, the structure of a given municipality can be very distinct from the next one. You redirect Resende to Resende Municipality. I dont know where you saw "Resende Municipality" in a map, I never saw that. It is Resende (period). People from there wont like to see it presented like that, because they will feel that you changed their town's name. The problem with the portuguese articles is someone willing to write about it, just that. The structure was fine or better, perfect. Because you can deal with the natural diversity of municipal structures. --Pedro (talk) 14:25, 20 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Sorry, the town is at Resende, Portugal it has 2900 inhabitants. The municipality is at Resende Municipality, Portugal, it has 11,978 inhabitants. The name of the town is not "Resende, Portugal" and not "Resende Municipality, Portugal". It is simply "Resende". These former are only page titles in the English Wikipedia. The distinction is there in real live and you can see it by looking at a map, maybe Google Earth with municipality boundaries would do the job. TrueColour (talk) 14:37, 20 October 2009 (UTC)

 * I forgot to say to you, that the city borders can change fast, are not official, because a city doesnt have that, it goes as fast as the urbanization goes, so saying resende has 2600 inhabitants is not something with administration porpoises, but purely INFORMATIVE on the urban core of the municipality.
 * Sorry, but Google Earth's outdated maps are good for museums only. City and municipality are too different things, yes, but these can be treated in one article only, like it is in PT.wikipedia, and was in EN.wikipedia. -
 * that something can be treated in one article doesn'T mean it is good. One can treat whole Portugal in one article by that logic. The municipality borders don't change so much. And that city boundaries change faster may be true, but they still not coincide with the municipalities in 99% of the cases. TrueColour (talk) 15:16, 20 October 2009 (UTC)
 * No. You have the parish articles, where you can talk about specific villages/group of villages or even parishes with town/city status within the municipality, and one can also create articles for the villages (hamlets) themselves, known in Portugal as "Localidades" or "Lugares", that can number hundreds in one municipality only. there is also diversity in the civil parishes themselves. can be city districts, can have town or city status (new thing), can be a village or a group of villages. -Pedro (talk) 15:47, 20 October 2009 (UTC)
 * This was already explained to TrueColour. A) Nobody disputes that municipality is different than its respective seat town/city, but splitting the concepts is not only unnecessary but also inconvenient and even damaging - If it ain't broke, don't fix it. B) Should we really need to use two different articles to separate material on the municipality and the seat, we can always expand the article on the respective civil parish. TrueColour's edits need to be reverted asap. Hús  ö  nd  19:17, 20 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I've returned after some years away just to say that I'm outraged by this move, given that in most cases including references to the city and to the municipality in the same article while explaining the difference is fairly easy If it ain't broke, don't fix it. Mário (talk) 23:25, 3 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Having no separate articles for the main city and for the municipality is bad for references. Of course you can have it in one, you can also have all Portuguese municipalities in one single article and explain the differences. Or have New York and New York City in one article. But there are purposes where it is better to have different articles for the different entities. Some municipalities do not contain any city, some contain several. The structure is more clear if these entities are treated in separate articles. TrueColour (talk) 15:54, 7 November 2009 (UTC)

Article naming
Some research from Category:Municipalities by country. Below are the eleven sets of articles that use a type specifier for all articles. Nine use uppercase without brackets:
 * Category:Municipalities of Bolivia - Somename Municipality
 * Category:Municipalities of Bulgaria - Somename Municipality
 * Category:Municipalities of Denmark - Somename Municipality
 * Category:Municipalities of Estonia - Somename Parish
 * Category:Municipalities of the Republic of Macedonia - Somename Municipality
 * Category:Municipalities of the Marshall Islands - Somename Atoll
 * Category:Municipalities of South Africa - Somename District/Local Municipality
 * Category:Municipalities of Sweden - Somename Municipality
 * Category:Municipalities of Venezuela - Somename Municipality
 * two use different formats:
 * Category:Municipalities of Mexico - Somename (municipality)
 * Category:Municipalities of Latvia - Somename municipality

TrueColour (talk) 19:22, 21 October 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Municipalities of Portugal


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James Craggs the Younger

James Craggs the Younger (9 April 1686 – 16 February 1721), was an English politician.

Life
Craggs was born at Westminster, the son of James Craggs the Elder. Part of his early life was spent abroad, where he made the acquaintance of George Louis, Elector of Hanover, afterwards King George I of Great Britain. In 1713 he became Member of Parliament for Tregony, in 1717 Secretary at War, and in the following year Secretary of State for the Southern Department. Craggs was implicated in the South Sea Bubble, but not so deeply as his father, whom he predeceased, dying on 16 February 1721, aged 34. Among Craggs's friends were Alexander Pope (who wrote the epitaph on his monument in Westminster Abbey), Joseph Addison and John Gay.

James Craggs left an illegitimate daughter, Harriot Craggs, by the noted dancer and actress Hester Santlow. Harriot married firstly in 1726 to Richard Eliot, having nine children including Edward Craggs-Eliot, 1st Baron Eliot and secondly in 1749 to John Hamilton by whom she had a son.

James Craggs also left two Illegitimate sons, each named James, by different mothers, Reference to these may be found in the Will of his uncle, Michael Richards, who left bequests to Harriot and to each of the sons. One of the sons died at sea in 1740 as a lieutenant in the Royal Navy under the name James Smith, but noted as being the natural son of the late Secretary Craggs.

In 1719 he was one of the original backers of the Royal Academy of Music, establishing a London opera company which commissioned numerous works from Handel, Bononcini and others.

title: James Craggs the Younger


text:
The Pink Phink

The Pink Phink is a 1964 American animated short comedy film directed by Friz Freleng. It is the first animated short starring the Pink Panther, based on the character created for the opening credits of Blake Edwards' film released a year earlier. The short won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short at the 37th Academy Awards.

Plot
The Pink Panther and an unnamed painter (known as the "Little Man") compete over whether a house should be painted blue or pink. Each time the painter attempts to paint something blue, Pink thwarts him in a new way, and paints the object/area pink. At the end, the exasperated painter inadvertently turns the house and everything around it pink (first by repeatedly shooting at the elusive panther with a shotgun that Pink had poured pink paint into, and then by burying the panther's pink paint cans in the soil outside the house, where they "sprout" and grow pink grass and trees), and Pink moves in. But just before he moves in, he paints the white man completely pink. The painter bangs his head against the mailbox outside in frustration as Pink then walks into the house as the sun (also turned pink) sets to make the sky turn blue and the cartoon fades out.

Academy Award
The Pink Phink was the first Pink Panther animated short produced by DePatie–Freleng Enterprises and by winning the 1964 Academy Award for Animated Short Film, it marked the first time that a studio won an Academy Award with its first animated short. It is also both the only animated Pink Panther short and the only installment in the franchise to win the award.

Credits

 * "The Pink Panther Theme": Henry Mancini
 * Produced by: David H. DePatie, Friz Freleng
 * Directed by: Friz Freleng
 * Executive Producer: Walter Mirisch
 * Co-Director: Hawley Pratt
 * Story by: John W. Dunn
 * Animation: Don Williams, Bob Matz, Norman McCabe, LaVerne Harding.
 * Layout: Dick Ung (uncredited)
 * Backgrounds: Tom O'Loughlin
 * Film Editor: Lee Gunther
 * Camera Operator: John Burton, Jr.
 * Production Supervisor: Bill Orcutt
 * Music Score: William Lava

Laugh track
A laugh track was added to the theatrical Pink Panther cartoons when they were broadcast as part of the Pink Panther Show aired on NBC, and this laugh track still appears when the show is aired on the Spanish language Boomerang TV channel, and the France Channel Gulli. Most American broadcasts currently air minus the laugh track. The Pink Phink can be viewed in its original form with full titles and sans laugh track on The Official Pink Panther channel on YouTube along with the MGM Television logo.

Popular culture

 * An episode of the animated series Dexter's Laboratory entitled "A Silent Cartoon" is a homage to this short; the short features Dexter (filling the role of the painter) trying to construct a blue laboratory, while an all-pink version of his sister Dee Dee finds clever ways to turn the blue lab into a completely pink lab.
 * In the 2010 series Pink Panther and Pals, a scene from "A Pinker Tomorrow" in which the Pink Panther tricks the Little Man (Big Nose) to cover the outside of the house in paint, is a homage to the original short, but in a futuristic environment.

title: The Pink Phink


text:
James Craggs the Elder

James Craggs the Elder (1657 – 16 March 1721), of Jermyn Street, Westminster and Charlton, Lewisham, Kent, was an English financier and Whig politician who sat in the English and British House of Commons from 1702 to 1713.

Life
Craggs was baptized on 10 June 1657, the eldest son of Anthony Craggs of Wolsingham, county of Durham, and his wife Anne Morcroft, daughter of Rev. Ferdinando Morcroft, DD, of Goswich, Lancashire, rector of Stanhope-in-Wardell, county Durham, and prebendary of Durham. He was educated at Bishop Auckland grammar school. After following various callings in London, Craggs, who was a person of considerable financial ability, entered the service of the Duchess of Marlborough. Through her influence he was returned at the 1702 English general election as Member of Parliament for Grampound. He retained the seat until the 1713 British general election.

Craggs was in business as an army clothier and held several official positions, becoming joint Postmaster-General in 1715. Making the most of his opportunities in all these capacities, he amassed a great deal of money. Craggs also increased his wealth by mixing in the affairs of the South Sea Company, but after his death an act of parliament confiscated all the property which he had acquired since December 1719. He left an enormous fortune when he died in disgrace for his involvement in the South Sea Bubble, a month after the death of his son. It is possible that Craggs the Elder committed suicide.

He married Elizabeth Richards, daughter of the Irish artillery officer Jacob Richards corn chandler, of Westminster on 4 January 1684. Their children included James Craggs the Younger, and Anne Craggs, wife of Robert Nugent, 1st Earl Nugent, Elizabeth wife of Edward Eliot and Margaret wife, firstly of Samuel Trefusis and secondly of Sir John Hinde Cotton.

title: James Craggs the Elder


text:
Talk:Autogenic training

Edits that I plan to implement:
I plan to improve this article first by making structural changes to the article. As it is written at the moment, the “Practices and Effects” sections are merged together, but I believe it makes more sense to separate them into two distinct sections as there are a lot of information about both. Furthermore, the “Neurophysiological aspects” provide good information, but there are also other perspectives to consider autogenic training from, such as cardiovascular. Therefore, I plan to make a separate section that explains the many different mechanisms through which autogenic training benefits the body. Furthermore, the article is unnecessarily bulky and difficult to understand at certain points. I plan to address this issue by rewording sentences, and perhaps even restructuring entire paragraphs. Furthermore, I hope to bolster the section that discusses the benefits of autogenic training across many areas, because currently, the article only addresses a small portion of the benefits that autogenic training provides. I will achieve this by using many strong peer-reviewed research studies that examined the benefits in clinical settings. Finally, in the new “Methods” section that I will add in place of the “Practices and Effects,” section, I will lay out clearly how to practice autogenic training, and explain the discrepancies in the different methods. Please see my annotated bibliography in my bibliography sandbox to further examine the resources that I will be using to improve this article. Tkong22 (talk) 14:23, 5 April 2023 (UTC)

Pseudoscience? What?
How is it possible to change the categorization of this article? This is a standard relaxation method, extensively researched for 100 years now (!!!), and educated all around the world in universities, in psychology faculties. It is a technic, with a basic and understandable routine, based on biofeedback mechanism. Plenty of scientific research (https://www.evidence.nhs.uk/search?q=Autogenic+training) shows that it helps to lower stress symptoms, and physical pain as well. The category of pseudoscience devaluate this technic, putting it into a context it does not deserve. Autogenic training and conspiracy theories in the same page? This must be fixed. How is it possible to fix it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kashmir~huwiki (talk • contribs) 00:52, 19 November 2016 (UTC)

Untitled
There has GOT to be more on this. Look on www.google.com and search for autogenic training.

Sample session
Can someone please improve the sample session? Outline the steps more clearly, give an example of "canceling," maybe include more description?FemFoison 19:47, 15 April 2007 (UTC) Just done it! 87.194.107.126 (talk) 20:58, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

How to do this practice... ?
This looks like a good page except for that it is not clear as to how this practice is done. The page says that it is a visualization in the lede, but then later on says that the practice involved a sort of body scan and internal use of a phrase. What is cancelling? Please help if you can. makeswell (talk) 12:02, 29 July 2010 (UTC)

Visualization is not the best word for describing the process, since it implies using visuals. You actually remember how it *feels* like when your arm is heavy (for example, after coming home from work, you lay down on the bed and relax, you don't want to move a limb, since they are so heavy with exhaustion), while (silently, in your head) telling yourself "my right arm is heavy." It will respond with a sensation of sinking, heaviness, as the muscles relax. In your next session you just remember that sensation of sinking/heaviness, and expect your arm to respond. You can use sensual memories for all exercises, imagine your arm is suspended in warm water while telling yourself "My right arm warm", etc.

After some sessions, the sensations spread out, then you'll feel your left arm also respond to the suggestion of heavyness, so you'll change your suggestion to "both arms are heavy". That's called generalization. A while after that, your legs will also respond, so the final version of the suggestion is "Both arms and legs are heavy" or "all limbs are heavy". Same for the suggestion of warmth.

Cancelling is done to get you back to the normal waking state. These are not suggestions, but commands, to wake you up :) but a bit difficult for me to translate ("Arme fest! Atem tief! Augen auf!" perhaps German is better suited for that ;) ) Okay, you tell yourself "stretch" as you raise your arms, make fists, stretch, etc, "breath" as you take a deep breath, and "eyes open" as you (duh!) open your eyes. That's all.

btw, this is only the first of three parts of autogenic training. the 2nd part is using affirmations, the 3rd part is meditation.. a bit like active imagination. 109.85.154.117 (talk) 09:43, 5 May 2011 (UTC)

clinical evidence - extend with new source Klaus Grawe et al 1994
Studies about autogenic training are quite rare. So maybe the article should include discussions from other countries:

There is a 900-pages german book which was very influential in Germany from the midninties, Klaus Grawe - Psychotherapie im Wandel. It is a meta-analysis of 3500 respectively 900 publications till 1985 on the outcome of psychotherapy and includes about 100 studies about relaxation techniques as sole treatment (page 579). For more information on Grawe see: http://www.psychotherapyresearch.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=50

Grawe analyzed only 14 studies (there are many more but they were discarded due to methodological deficits): Only some studies showed noteworthy improvements. As there were many more studies on Progressive_muscle_relaxation which on average showed greater improvements Grawe was very skeptic about AT (pages 613-617). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.206.186.96 (talk) 02:13, 12 September 2010 (UTC)

 * This seems like constructive discussion - could you add it to the main article perhaps? Destynova (talk) 04:24, 24 December 2010 (UTC)

AT is besmirched by box related to quackery
As a person who has experienced the benefits of Autogenic Training, it is tragic that this entry has a box next to it which totally besmirchs the technique. There is much scientific evidence to support AT's benefits. It has been endorsed by Melbourne (Australia) University's Student Wellbeing site, for example. It is not alternative quackery. Plus, there is not enough emphasis on detailing how to carry out the techniques related to AT — Preceding unsigned comment added by Leigh Plews (talk • contribs) 17:03, 30 August 2017 (UTC)

Agreed. We all await your references to the scientific evidence to support AT's benefits from reputable sources so that the charges of association with quackery that you point out, can be refuted.

In this case, it's up to you to provide the summary and links to the evidence following the guidelines placed helpfully above in the Talk page

Places to go might include: 1) Google Scholar (see references here) 2) An article this article from healthline.com 3) An excellent article from goodtherapyDOTcom on autogenic training. The URL is blocked within Wikipedia, but the article is worth a read as it has a lot of detail on the history and the steps involved. Though written for therapists, the language is clear and accessible. Some academic references are also included.

As a person experienced on the patient side, perhaps you'll also be able to include the missing summaries of the method that you also note are needed. Douglas Orme 20:50, 3 October 2021 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Douglasorme (talk • contribs)

Wiki Education assignment: WRIT 015-13, Writing for Others
— Assignment last updated by Tkong22 (talk) 12:05, 3 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Autogenic training


text:
Robert Darcy, 4th Earl of Holderness

Robert Darcy, 4th Earl of Holderness, (17 May 1718 – 16 May 1778), known before 1721 as Lord Darcy and Conyers, was a British diplomat and politician.

Career
In 1741 he collaborated with G.F. Handel in the production of Deidamia. From 1744 to 1746 he was ambassador at Venice and from 1749 to 1751 he represented his country at The Hague. In 1751 he became Secretary of State for the Southern Department, transferring in 1754 to the Northern Department, and he remained in office until March 1761, when he was dismissed by King George III in favour of Lord Bute, although he had largely been a cipher in that position to the stronger personalities of his colleagues, successively the Duke of Newcastle, Thomas Robinson, Henry Fox, and William Pitt the Elder. From 1771 to 1776 he acted as governor to two of the King's sons, a solemn phantom as Horace Walpole calls him. He left no sons who survived childhood, and all his titles became extinct except the Baronies of Darcy de Knayth and Conyers, which were baronies by writ inherited from his father, and the Portuguese countship of Mértola, inherited from his mother. In those peerages, he was succeeded by his daughter, Amelia Osborne, Marchioness of Carmarthen.

David Hume wrote, "It is remarkable that this family of d'Arcy [sic] seems to be the only male descendant of any of the Conqueror's barons now remaining among the Peers. Lord Holdernessae [sic] is the heir of that family".

Family
He was the only surviving son of Robert Darcy, 3rd Earl of Holderness, and his wife Lady Frederica Schomberg. On 29 October 1743, Darcy married Mary Doublet, daughter of Francis Doublet and Constantia Van-der-Beck. The couple had three children, only one of whom survived childhood:
 * George Darcy, Lord Darcy and Conyers (September 1745 – 27 September 1747)
 * Thomas Darcy, Lord Darcy and Conyers (born and died 1750), buried 29 July 1750 in the Great or St. James Church in The Hague, the Netherlands
 * Lady Amelia Darcy (12 October 1754 – 27 January 1784); married firstly Francis Osborne, Marquess of Carmarthen, and had issue. The couple divorced in 1779. She married secondly John "Mad Jack" Byron, father of Lord Byron, and had one daughter, Augusta Leigh.

title: Robert Darcy, 4th Earl of Holderness


text:
Thomas Robinson, 1st Baron Grantham

Thomas Robinson, 1st Baron Grantham, (c. 1695 – 30 September 1770), of Newby, Yorkshire, was a British diplomat and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1727 and 1761.

Early life
Robinson was a younger son of Sir William Robinson, Bt (1655–1736) of Newby-on-Swale, Yorkshire, who was Member of Parliament for York from 1697 to 1722. His elder brother was Rear Admiral Sir Tancred Robinson. He had been a scholar and minor fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge.

Career
Robinson gained his earliest diplomatic experience in Paris. At the 1727 British general election he was returned as Member of Parliament for the pocket borough of Thirsk on the Frankland interest, after his eldest brother, for whom the seat had originally been intended, resigned his pretensions to him. He was absent, presumably on account of his diplomatic duties, from all the recorded divisions of that Parliament. After Paris he went to Vienna, where he was English ambassador from 1730 to 1748. During 1741 he sought to make peace between the empress Maria Theresa and Frederick the Great, but in vain, and in 1748 he represented his country at the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle. He was made a Knight Companion of the Bath in 1742.

Returning to England Robinson sat in parliament for Christchurch from 1749 to 1761. In 1750, he was appointed to the Privy Council.

Southern Secretary

In 1754 Robinson was appointed Secretary of State for the Southern Department and Leader of the House of Commons by the prime minister, the Duke of Newcastle, and it was on this occasion that Pitt made the famous remark to Fox, "the duke might as well have sent us his jackboot to lead us." In November 1755 he resigned, and in April 1761 he was created Baron Grantham.

Later career
He was Master of the Great Wardrobe 1749–1754 and again 1755–1760, and was joint Postmaster-General in 1765 and 1766. He died in London on 30 September 1770.

He married Frances, daughter of Thomas Worsley of Hovingham, on 13 July 1737, and had two sons and six daughters. He was succeeded in the peerage by his eldest son Thomas.

The town of Grantham, New Hampshire in the United States of America is named after Robinson.

title: Thomas Robinson, 1st Baron Grantham


text:
Talk:Portchester

Untitled
This should link to Portchester castle (ideally), or at least to the Roman channel forts, but I don't know how to find articles for either, nor enough to contribute new articles for either.

Disruption by Nuttah is currently making updating the page a problem it is suggest to wait and is understandable why this page is in such a poor state. Fareham, wimbeldon and various other pages all use the same format of linking to useful information.

Current areas that seriously need updating:-

Amenities
 * Local Parks
 * Educations - Mainly the four schools
 * Organisations and the annual Gala
 * Main business and economic activities of the area.
 * The future transport change for the area.
 * Places of worship.

Tone and Structure
The tone needs work. Some of the wording is of the promotional, tourist brochure style. Also we need citations on more of the content. Finally, the structure needs work. The lead is too long and the history needs to be split out from that into its own section and expanded. --DanielRigal (talk) 11:51, 31 May 2009 (UTC)

History section
According to the present article, nothing has happened in Portchester for the past 1500 years.

This article sadly needs an update from a local historian, not an archeologist.--Oldontarian (talk) 18:46, 16 June 2016 (UTC)

Spelling and Grammar, False information
Spelling and grammar is terrible which I have been trying to edit. Also, the twinning section is completely false. Portchester is part of the Borough of Fareham, which is twinned with Vannes in France and Pulheim in Germany. Portchester itself is not twinned with any other place. Also the census figures do not include both Portchester wards, so the population figures in the table are grossly under-reported. Oursoulsarecheap2day (talk) 23:16, 1 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Hi, Thanks for coming here, Could I ask how do you know the twinning section is false ?, The other question is do you have a source for the population figures ?, Those are my only 2 issues, Thanks, – Davey 2010 Merry Xmas / Happy New Year 23:33, 1 January 2018 (UTC)

Archaeological report
https://legacy-reports.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk/content/uploads/2019/02/770793-Land-at-Cranleigh-Road-Porchester-Hants-Northern-Half-Evaluation-Report.pdf

©Geni (talk) 23:59, 18 April 2021 (UTC)

Misleading distance information
The article claims that Porchester "is 4 miles (6.4 km) northwest of Portsmouth and a similar distance from Southampton on the A27 road" but an online mapping app says that the latter is about 4 times further away by road.

124.170.235.165 (talk) 124.170.235.165 (talk) 07:11, 9 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Portchester


text:
Cos Cob art colony

The Cos Cob art colony was a group of artists, many of them American Impressionists, who gathered during the summer months in and around Cos Cob, a section of Greenwich, Connecticut, from about 1890 to about 1920.

In a joking reference to their predilection for painting views of the vernacular architecture, group member Childe Hassam nicknamed the art colony "the Cos Cob Clapboard School of Art."

History
Artists had been coming to Greenwich to paint since the 1870s, but the art colony began to form when John Henry Twachtman settled in Greenwich in 1889. The town was only a short train ride from New York City, yet retained a rural character that appealed to artists. Many of Twachtman's friends came to visit him at his home; among them were Hassam, J. Alden Weir, Theodore Robinson, Henry Fitch Taylor, and Robert Reid. For longer stays, they boarded at the Holley House (now known as the Bush-Holley House), a rambling old saltbox overlooking Cos Cob's small harbor.

During the winter, Twachtman and Weir taught at the Art Students League of New York. Probably beginning in 1890, Twachtman established summer art classes in Cos Cob; Weir taught with him in 1892 and 1893. Many of the summer students were enrolled at the Art Students League. Among the artists who first visited Cos Cob as summer students were Elmer Livingston MacRae, Ernest Lawson, Allen Tucker, Charles Ebert, Mary Roberts Ebert, Alice Judson, and Genjiro Yeto.

Other artists associated with the Cos Cob art colony include Leonard Ochtman, Mina Fonda Ochtman, Dorothy Ochtman, Edward Clark Potter, Emil Carlsen, George Wharton Edwards, and Kerr Eby. The art colony also included many writers and editors, including Lincoln Steffens and Willa Cather.

Members of the Cos Cob art colony were deeply involved in organizing the Armory Show, the exhibition that in 1913 introduced modernist European art to a vast American audience. The art colony formed its own hometown organization in 1911. The Greenwich Society of Artists (now the Greenwich Art Society) held its first exhibition in 1912 at the Bruce Museum, which opened to the public for the first time on that occasion.

title: Cos Cob art colony


text:
Roland and Rattfink

Roland and Rattfink is an American series of animated shorts produced and released from 1968 to 1971. The main characters also made several guest appearances on The Pink Panther animated series. The series was produced by David H. DePatie and Friz Freleng and seventeen cartoons were produced.

Plot
The cartoons concerned blond, muscular, good-looking, pacifist "good guy" Roland and the many attempts by the evil, weedy, green-skinned (in most of the cartoons), mustachioed Rattfink to defeat or dispose of him.

Roland and Rattfink were both voiced by Lennie Weinrib (except in "The Deadwood Thunderball" where they were voiced by John Byner and Dave Barry).

"Hurts and Flowers" (one long, running joke about Rattfink destroying flower child Roland's daisies) concludes with Rattfink getting killed and Roland leaving a daisy in a flowerpot on his grave. When Roland walks away, Rattfink's ghost rises from the grave to throw the flowerpot at him.

Home video
The series was released January 27, 2009 on DVD from MGM Home Entertainment/20th Century Fox Home Entertainment as a part of The Pink Panther Classic Cartoon Collection. The individual shorts were released on DVD and Blu-Ray on June 28, 2016 by Kino Lorber, and are also available to stream on Hulu.

title: Roland and Rattfink


text:
Talk:Opole

Untitled
This article is about a city in Poland

History
I believe this article would be much better if it had a History section. Any volunteers? [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 11:45, Sep 14, 2004 (UTC)

It does now (08/01/07)

Pronunciation
I don't think ɔ:pɔlε is correct because Polish doesn't have long vowels. Additionally, it might be useful to mark the stres, so I suggest: ɔˈpɔlε.

Regarding above, I live there and both "O"s are as in hot & pot,and the "e" as in end or pen.

Yes, I agree with you. ( I'm from Poland ) O like in hot, P - pen, L - like, E - end. 77.113.97.231 (talk) 15:06, 3 April 2008 (UTC)

St. Adalbert's Church?
I believe it's called Holy Mary's (Polish: Najswietszej Marii Panny) Church. Shouldn't it be corrected? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.222.88.124 (talk) 13:59, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

strange category
Someone added a category that Opole is a site of 21st-century attack on synagogues and Jewish communal organizations.

First of all this old Jewish cemetary is not owned by any Jewish communal organizations, but is a property of Opole communal services. Second of all the information about its recent desacration has been demented on the portal Jewish.org.pl but that was not checked by the brave fighter with supposed anti-semitic acts.

Categories in articles about cities are concerning their administrative location. Adding there something like this looks simply grotesque. Finally desacrations of Jewish (and other minority) cemetaries happen in many cities in the world. On the same CFCA page there is an information that a cemetary was devastated in Hartford, Connecticut, but there is no "21st-century attacks on synagogues and Jewish communal organizations" category there. Why?

Opole.pl (talk) 10:00, 23 November 2012 (UTC)

text removed from main article
(Note: The deportation of Viennese Jews to Opole most likely is a reference to a historical event that happened in "the other Opole," a town by the same time in Lublin, in eastern Poland. Therefore, the facts in this paragraph may not be factual as they apply to the Opole this article refers to).

This was in the "After WWI" section of the article. While this statement may be correct, it does not belong in the article. Perhaps an editor with access to resources regarding the deportation of Jews from Vienna could research this further. (The "other Opole" referred to is Opole Lubelskie). W. B. Wilson (talk) 08:48, 17 August 2013 (UTC)
 * the text mentioned above is still today, more than four years after (or again) in this article! It is confusing! 80.151.9.187 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 12:15, 18 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Opole


text:
Talk:Second Peace of Thorn (1466)

Old talk
The article have to be at the historical name. In English, this is the most common. -- Nico 21:34, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

The city name was and is Torun, not Thorn (this is a 19th century German name of a Polish city) -- CC 22:28, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

The name was Thorn, the city was even founded by Germans. And the English name on the treaty is "Second Treaty of Thorn". Try a Google search. Nico 22:31, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I have reluctantly protected this page: if this upsets CC, Taw, and 24.2, all I can say is that the edit war seemed to be escalating, and I decided I would protect whatever form the page was in when I got there: it happened to be most recently edited by Nico. Hopefully the community can come to a decision regarding how we are to refer to these locations in Poland--until that happens, perhaps we should all take a breather and add useful content to WP somewhere else entirely. I know working on new articles always calms me down. Hopefully we can work this out soon...Jwrosenzweig 22:37, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Well, i guess best thing would be creating pages "Treaty of Thorn" and "Treaty of Torun" and then see which page will attract more viewings. Is that possible in wikipedia? szopen

The city name is Torun (historical and modern), and this city witnessed a peace congress in 1466. The city was later Germanised to Thorn, but there is no reason why we should use this 19th century city name to this historical event.

The peace treaty was written in Latin, and it used the name of Thorun several times, reflecting its medieval spelling. The original is still preserved and I have seen a copy of it myself. There is no reason why we should use a 19th century German name for the Polish city of Toruń. Modern spelling is Toruń, and it is a real city in Poland. Modern spelling should be used here, so please move to Second Treaty of Torun.

1525 Treaty of Krakow
Casimir IV was put under ban for his attempt to illegally annex Prussia and the 1466 agreements and the 1525 agreements were neither authorized nore recognized by the HRE emperors, nore the popes, who had recorded supreme overlordship of Prussia with the Golden Bulls of Rimini and Rieti.

 * 1) Casimir was put under ban? By whom? By emperor, whom he had considered his equal and who has no authority over him?
 * 2) Attempt to illegally annex Prussia? He was invited by Prussia burghers and gentry for annexing, and anyway Teutons hold it illegally since IIRC all or almost all earlier trials ordered TO to return Gdansk to Poland!
 * 3) Pope had not confirmed it, so what: did you read why they need confimration? It was said something in sense: "pope's confimration is not needed, but will be seeked for ensuring lsating peace", I could search for exact Dlugosz quote if you want.
 * So, your quote does not add anything: it tries to suggest, that Casimir was subject to emperor, it tries to suggest that pope's confirmation was needed, and that annexation was illegal, all three of which are not true.

Szopen 08:02, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Cut and Paste move, title of article
I've reverted the cut and paste move of this article to Second Treaty of Torun. If you think it should be moved, get someone to delete Second Treaty of Torun or move it somewhere else (Treaty of Torun/Thorn (1466), or some such, would be a good location), and then move the article there. Cut and paste moves are just wrong, and Space Cadet has been around long enough to know that.

On the substantive matter, Second Treaty of Thorn is more commonly used in English. There are about three times as many hits on google for "Treaty of Thorn" as there are for "Treaty of Torun". john k 16:41, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Second Treaty of Thorn is the proper name, I agree. -- Matthead Discuß   00:18, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

Pope and treaty
Really did pope recognized the treaty? In all history books ive read he didn't even though papal legate was a mediator. Not that this is VERY relevant, since both sides agreed that his (pope's) confirmation is not needed but only would be welcomed... I am even not sure whether pope take back the curse from the Prussian confederation Szopen 10:22, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

NPOV
If anybody thinks this article is POVed, or would like to explain why the de-Wiki version is better, please do so here. Otherwise I see no reason for the NPOV tag or the bizzare 'see better article on de-Wiki' note to remain in the article.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 00:08, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

Content?
The article lacks descriptions of the actual content of the treaty. -- Matthead Discuß   00:15, 7 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, and some editors here even deleted some parts of the treaty's main elements (like the fact that treaty stated clearly that Prussia was incorporated into Polish kingdom). Szopen (talk) 07:36, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

The source in Polish is here: http://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/II_pok%C3%B3j_toru%C5%84ski photocopies are here: http://dziedzictwo.polska.pl/katalog/index,Pokoj_torunski_1466,cid,2340.htm

The treaty states that "[list of the cities and lands]" will belong [..] only and exclusively to mentioned before most serence king Casimir AND POLISH KINGDOM"

What;s more in the text of treaty NEVER IT IS STATED that Prussian confederation was a side: it was peace treaty between Polish king and his allies and supporters and Teutonic order. In other words, some editor here __on purpose __ deleted true information and inserted false informations into the article. Szopen (talk) 07:47, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

Here what treaty says about Prussian confederation: 1) Between whom was the war? "które powstały między najjaśniejszym księciem panem Kazimierzem, z Bożej łaski królem polskim, wielkim księciem litewskim, panem i dziedzicem Rusi i Prus wyżej wspomnianym, i najjaśniejszymi książętami panami Konradem, Kazimierzem, Bolesławem, Januszem, książętami Mazowsza, Henrykiem, księciem słupskim, oraz wielebnym ojcem księdzem Pawłem, biskupem warmińskim, i kapitułą jego, Stefanem, wojewodą mołdawskim, Królestwem Polskim, ziemiami i innymi posiadłościami temuż panu królowi i królestwu podległemu,"

i.e "between Polish king, lord and inheritor of Russia and Russia, several dukes, bishop of Warmia, Stefan voivode of Moldavia, Polish kingdom and its lands and other belongings of that king and kingdom"

2) And now, prepare, treaty mentions Pussian confederation: The hostilities between Teutonic Order and Polish king, "poddanym naszymi w ziemiach pruskich" - OUR SUBJECTS IN PRUSSIAN LAND. That's all. No any other mentioning about Prussian Confederation. Probably because it was subject of Polish king since 1454 (or 1455, can't remember), when Prussian delegates asked Polish king to incorporate Prussia into Polish kingdom. Polish king then of course did it, and Prussians took and oath of loyalty in 1454 (or 1455). In other words, Prussian confederation was not side in the war. They were simply subjects of Polish king, out of their own will. Szopen (talk) 08:00, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was Move to Second Peace of Thorn (1466). Parsecboy (talk) 18:39, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

According to WP:COMMONNAME, an article's title should be at the most common phrasing used in English.

The following is a perusal of Google Books. Google results by themselves can be fickle and the exact numbers may differ depending when a query is conducted, but the proportions indicate primary English usage.
 * Second Peace of Thorn: 101
 * Second Peace of Torun: 19
 * Second Peace of Toruń: 1

 * Second Treaty of Thorn: 47
 * Second Treaty of Torun: 16
 * Second Treaty of Toruń: 1

 * Peace of Thorn 1466: 288
 * Peace of Torun 1466: 59
 * Peace of Toruń 1466: 6

 * Treaty of Thorn 1466: 202
 * Treaty of Torun 1466: 72
 * Treaty of Toruń 1466: 4

An examination of Google Books publications indicates the predominance of "Thorn" over Toruń/Torun in historical usage. Although there are many older publications within the results, newer books prefer Thorn over Toruń/Torun as well. Although the city Toruń is in modern Poland, this is an article about a historic treaty. The better titles seem to me to be First Peace of Thorn or Peace of Thorn (1466). The current title, Peace of Toruń (1466), is rarely used in English compared to the alternatives. Olessi (talk) 05:42, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

Molobo advertised Peace of Toruń (1411) at Portal talk:Poland/Poland-related Wikipedia notice board. I have subsequently listed both 1411 and 1466 at WikiProject Middle Ages/General and Wikipedia talk:German-speaking Wikipedians' notice board. Olessi (talk) 15:13, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Support any formulation with "Thorn." This usage follows quality sources such as Cambridge, Britannica, &c. in addition to the Google Book results (which are sometimes more questionable).  I marginally prefer Peace of Thorn (1466) to Second Peace of Thorn since sources using "second" are often not using it as a proper noun but as a descriptive.  Also support a move of the disambiguation page. —   AjaxSmack   01:24, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Support a quick move back to Second Treaty of Thorn without much further ado, as it was this name under which it was created in 2002 before it was moved twice, hardly with consensus:
 * 03:04, 12 July 2005 Space Cadet (Second Treaty of Thorn moved to Second Peace of Toruń)
 * 7:52, 4 February 2006 Appleseed (moved Second Peace of Toruń to Peace of Toruń (1466): create consistent title)
 * How about using Second Peace Treaty of Thorn (1466) to cover all combinations? -- Matthead Discuß   02:48, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Strong oppose. Google counts are hardly best way to establish the proper name. Due to German occupation of Poland and eradication of Polish state by Germany, google lists several German publications that insisted on German names and hence such results won't be neutral.--Molobo (talk) 11:45, 11 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Evidence for this? It would require that a German source used the exact words "Second Peace of Thorn", which seems unlikely; an effort to search for such turns up nothing. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 20:05, 11 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Strong oppose. Google hits also largely represent publications from Cold War period when German names were favored. What do encyclopedias say? Space Cadet (talk) 14:38, 11 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Is Cold War still going on between Poland and England? As of 2005, English historian, Norman Davies (honorary doctor of the universities of Lublin and Gdańsk, member in the Polish Academy of Learning), in God's Playground (required reading in many Polish classrooms) uses several times "of Thorn" (Published 2005), in regard to both 15th century Treaty of Thorn as well as to the 1724 Tumult of Thorn, but never "of Torun" (or "of Toruń"). Besides, the article on the Blood-bath of Thorn was moved to Tumult of Thorn (Toruń) in Dec 2007, hardly with consensus. This needs to be fixed, too. And according to WP:5P, WP:NPOV, WP:V WP:RS, WP:CS, WP:NOR, Wikipedia should not echo other "encyclopedic" Tertiary sources. -- Matthead Discuß   09:30, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Support per Matthead and AjaxSmack.(Pommerland (talk) 15:46, 11 May 2008 (UTC))
 * Support per Cambridge and Britannica, not necessarily Google Books though. --DerRichter (talk) 18:04, 11 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Support per balance of reasoning. This falls under WP:NCGN: Use the widely accepted historical English name, what we now use about the place as it existed in the fifteenth century. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 20:05, 11 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Support It´s just consequent to name it “Peace of Thorn” as the town was part of the Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights at that time and Thorn was the official and common name in English. (HerkusMonte (talk) 05:11, 12 May 2008 (UTC))
 * Support per  AjaxSmack   . Skäpperöd Skäpperöd (talk) 05:04, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

Question - there appears to be consensus to move the page, is there a decided-upon version of the title? Once that's chosen, I can close the proposal and move the page. Thanks. Parsecboy (talk) 13:42, 23 May 2008 (UTC)
 * According to evidence presented above, Peace beats the rather general Treaty. I'd say it is helpful to include both Second and a clarifying 1466, so I suggest Second Peace of Thorn (1466). -- Matthead Discuß   17:33, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

WikiProject Military history/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2008
Article reassessed and graded as start class. --dashiellx (talk) 13:03, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

Move to
It has been suggested (by User:Armbrust) that this page be moved to Second Peace of Thorn. That looks like a good idea, but given that the current name was the result of a consensus decision here on this page, it should first be proposed here on this page. 08:34, 1 November 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Second Peace of Thorn (1466)


text:
The Ant and the Aardvark

The Ant and the Aardvark is a series of 17 theatrical short cartoons produced at DePatie–Freleng Enterprises and released by United Artists from 1969 to 1971.

Plot
The cartoon series follows attempts of a blue aardvark (voiced by John Byner,  imitating Jackie Mason ) attempting to catch and eat a red ant named Charlie (also voiced by Byner,  imitating Dean Martin ), usually doing so by inhaling with a loud vacuum cleaner sound. The aardvark character is essentially unnamed; in the episode "Rough Brunch", he claims his name is simply "Aardvark". Despite this, and his identification in the series title as an aardvark, in many of the shorts he refers to himself (and is referred to by the ant) as an anteater. The ant gives his nemesis a variety of names as sly terms of endearment (Ol' Sam, Ol' Ben, Ol' Blue, Claude, Pal, Buddy, Daddy-O). In several bumper sequences of The Pink Panther Show, he is called "Blue Aardvark".

Production
The Ant and the Aardvark series was originally released by United Artists. Seventeen theatrical shorts were produced in the original series, and were subsequently featured in various television syndication packages, usually shown with DFE's other characters such as the Pink Panther and The Inspector. Most of the 17 entries appear in their television syndication form (complete with an audible laugh track added by NBC-TV) on the video on demand service Amazon Video.

When The Ant and the Aardvark first appeared on The New Pink Panther Show in the fall of 1971, the series became wildly popular, so much in fact that the duo became a featured part of the NBC series. Even though the 17 entries remained popular throughout the broadcast run of The Pink Panther Show, no new entries were produced.

The series used several unique production techniques for the period. The aardvark's body was solid blue: his only clothes—a pair of blue shorts and matching T-shirt—were a matching blue. Similarly, Charlie Ant was solid red, and did not sport any clothing. As such, the character's solid colors allowed them to stand out clearly against the multi-colored backgrounds featured prominently in the series. Charlie also sported half-closed eyes, as a sign of a bon viveur.

Musical director Doug Goodwin was responsible for the jazzy music score. Goodwin assembled an established group of jazz session musicians to perform the series' theme music and musical cues. For the first time in animated cartoons, all six musicians—Ray Brown, Billy Byers, Pete Candoli, Shelly Manne, Jimmy Rowles and Tommy Tedesco—received on-screen credit.

Art Leonardi was responsible for the main title graphic for all DePatie-Freleng entries. For The Ant and the Aardvark series, Leonardi expanded on a technique first introduced for the first Pink Panther cartoon, The Pink Phink. This entailed tearing paper into the forms of objects and characters to form stylized images.

Additional characters
There were additional minor characters in the series. Among them were the following: (all voiced by John Byner unless otherwise noted)

 * "Computer" – a talking device purported to be a supercomputer, which the Aardvark builds to help come up with ideas to catch the ant; however, all these ideas fail, which turns out to be because the "computer" is not really a computer, but an automatic toaster. Its voice is an imitation of a young Paul Lynde. (Technology, Phooey)
 * Cousin Term the Termite (Rough Brunch) - Charlie's wood-devouring cousin, who is trying to stay on a diet despite his cravings.
 * Aunt Minerva – one of the Gi-ants and Charlie's aunt. (The Ant From Uncle)
 * Tiny the Elephant, an ape, and a look-alike of Roland (from another DePatie-Freleng series, Roland and Rattfink) – Charlie Ant's lodge brothers (Mumbo Jumbo)
 * An unnamed Green Ardvark – he is similar to the Blue Aardvark except barrel-chested instead of pot-bellied. He appears in I've Got Ants In My Plans and Odd Ant Out (in the latter, he is depicted wearing a cap); the first cartoon sees the two aardvarks squaring off over who gets to eat Charlie, while the second sees them battle over a can of chocolate-covered ants.
 * Tiger (voiced by Marvin Miller) – a large tiger who protects Charlie from the Aardvark as a favor for pulling a thorn from his foot. (Scratch a Tiger)
 * A scientist with a Boris Karloff-like voice (Science Friction)
 * A nurse at an animal hospital (voiced by Athena Lorde) – she tended to the ant and the aardvark when they ended up in her hospital (From Bed to Worse)
 * An anteater-eating shark (Isle of Caprice)
 * A nearsighted lifeguard – despite wearing glasses, he tends to mistake the Aardvark for a dog (Dune Bug)
 * A toastmaster ant – who gives a toast at an ant dinner event (I've Got Ants in My Plans)

International versions

 * In the German dub, the Aardvark is a female anteater named Elise (Eliza) voiced by Marianne Wischmann while Charlie (voiced by Fred Maire) remains male. The cartoons are known under the title Die blaue Elise ("The Blue Eliza").
 * In the Latin American Spanish dub, the Aardvark is a male anteater voiced by Pedro D'Aguillón (original dub) and Javier Rivero (dub on some re-airings). Charlie (voiced by Álvaro Carcaño and Salvador Nájar) remains unchanged. The series title is La hormiga y el oso hormiguero ("The Ant and the Anteater").
 * In the Brazilian Portuguese dub the Aardvark is an anteater voiced by Ionei Silva. The series title is changed to A Formiga e o Tamanduá ("The Ant and the Anteater").
 * In the European Portuguese dub the aardvark remains an aardvark.
 * In the French dub, the Aardvark is a male anteater voiced by Michel Gatineau while Charlie is voiced by actress Marcelle Lajeunesse. The title is known as Tamanoir et Fourmi Rouge ("Aardvark and Red Ant").

Films
All voices provided by John Byner unless otherwise noted.

Credits

 * Producers: David H. DePatie, Friz Freleng
 * Directors: Friz Freleng, Hawley Pratt, Gerry Chiniquy, Art Davis
 * Story: John W. Dunn, Irv Spector, Dave Detiege, Sid Marcus, Larz Bourne, Dale Hale
 * Animation: Warren Batchelder, Manny Gould, Manny Perez, Don Williams, Art Leonardi, Robert Taylor, Bob Goe, Tom Ray, Lloyd Vaughan, Bob Richardson, John Gibbs, Phil Roman, Robert Bentley, Kenneth Muse, Irv Spence
 * Graphic Designers: Corny Cole, Dick Ung, Al Wilson, Lin Larsen
 * Voices: John Byner, Marvin Miller, Athena Lorde
 * Color Designer: Tom O'Laughlin, Richard H. Thomas
 * Title Cards: Art Leonardi
 * Production Supervisor: Jim Foss
 * Coordinator: Harry Love
 * Camera: John Burton Jr.
 * Film Editor: Lee Gunther
 * Musical Director: Doug Goodwin
 * Musicians:
 * Ray Brown - bass
 * Billy Byers - trombone
 * Pete Candoli - trumpet
 * Jimmy Rowles - piano
 * Tommy Tedesco - guitar/banjo
 * Shelly Manne - drums

Revivals
The first revival featured the characters as part on the 1993 incarnation of The Pink Panther. The characters remained unchanged, though unlike the original 1969-1971 cartoons, they do not appear in their own segments but rather are included in segments featuring the Pink Panther (now voiced by Matt Frewer). John Byner returned to voice both Charlie Ant and the Aardvark.

The second revival occurred in 2010 as part of Pink Panther and Pals. Eddie Garvar voices the Aardvark, who retains his previous characterization. Kel Mitchell, using his natural voice, voices the Ant.

title: The Ant and the Aardvark


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The Blue Racer

The Blue Racer is a series of 17 theatrical cartoons produced from 1972 to 1974 created by Friz Freleng and David H. DePatie. The character's first cartoon, Snake in the Gracias, was released theatrically on January 24, 1971.

Production
The cartoons are directed by Art Davis, Gerry Chiniquy, Sid Marcus, Robert McKimson, David Deneen, Bob Balser, Cullen Houghtaling and produced by David H. DePatie and Friz Freleng. The majority of the cartoons were animated at the DePatie-Freleng studio, except for two done overseas: Aches and Snakes at Australia's Filmgraphics studio, and Little Boa Peep at Spain's Pegbar Productions.

Plot
A fast-moving blue snake named the Blue Racer (voiced by Larry D. Mann) tries unsuccessfully to catch a stereotypically-Japanese beetle (voiced by Tom Holland), who is a black belt in karate. Both characters spun off from Tijuana Toads in "Hop and Chop" (the Japanese beetle) and "Snake in the Gracias" (the Blue Racer). The goofy crane from Tijuana Toads (Crazylegs Crane, who also repeatedly failed to collar the Racer and the Toads himself) also later appeared in the series as well. 17 cartoons were produced.

Production

 * Bob Holt voiced both the Blue Racer and the Japanese Beetle in the 1972 short Support Your Local Serpent.
 * The Japanese Beetle's last appearance was in the 1972 short Blue Racer Blues.

Filmography
All cartoons were written by John W. Dunn.

Other appearances
The Blue Racer (or a snake looking just like him) appeared in the 1978 Pink Panther cartoon "Pinktails for Two" where he mistook the Panther's pink tail for a lady snake. In this film, the Blue Racer did not speak or move with super-speed.

Home video
All 17 shorts were available on DVD and Blu-ray on May 30, 2017 from Kino Lorber (through their deal with MGM Home Entertainment). Extras included were audio commentaries and two featurettes.

title: The Blue Racer


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Hoot Kloot

Hoot Kloot is an American series of 17 theatrical cartoon shorts produced by DePatie–Freleng Enterprises from 1973 to 1974.

Plot
Sheriff Hoot Kloot is a diminutive, short-tempered lawman who tries to maintain order in a remote western town. He is aided by his loyal horse Fester whom Kloot refers to simply as "Horse". Fester remains Kloot's honest and faithful friend, often giving the Sheriff the benefit of his homespun wisdom while battling various outlaws including Crazywolf, a looney sheep-stealing wolf.

Hoot Kloot was later broadcast as part of the NBC Saturday morning cartoon series The Pink Panther and Friends.

Filmography
All cartoons written by John W. Dunn.

Credits

 * Produced by: David H. DePatie and Friz Freleng
 * Story: John W. Dunn
 * Animation: Bob Bemiller, John Freeman, Bob Richardson, Reuben Timmins, Don Williams
 * Title Designer: Arthur Leonardi
 * Layout: Martin Strudler
 * Background: Richard Thomas
 * Voices:
 * Hoot Kloot/Fester - Bob Holt
 * Crazywolf - Larry D. Mann
 * Camera: John Burton Jr.
 * Executive in Charge of Production: Lee Gunther
 * Film Editor: Joe Siracusa
 * Musical Director: Doug Goodwin
 * Musicians:
 * Larry Ketchum - piano
 * Harold Wass - violin
 * Scott Jordan - guitar
 * Polly Henry - flute
 * Angela Shea - saxophone
 * Tom Sebastian - bass

Home video
Kino Lorber (through their deal with MGM Home Entertainment) released all 17 shorts on DVD and Blu-ray in May 2017.

title: Hoot Kloot