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Stowe, Buckinghamshire

Stowe is a civil parish and former village about 2 mi northwest of Buckingham in the unitary authority area of Buckinghamshire, England. The parish includes the hamlets of Boycott, Dadford and Lamport.

Stowe House is a Grade I listed country house in the parish and is occupied by Stowe School.

History
Stowe's toponym probably refers to an ancient holy place of great significance in Anglo-Saxon times. The manor of Stowe predates the Norman conquest of England. The Domesday Book of 1086 assessed the manor at five hides. It listed William the Conqueror's half-brother Odo, Bishop of Bayeux as the manor's feudal overlord and the Norman brothers-in-arms Robert D'Oyly and Roger d'Ivry as his tenants. D'Oyly founded Oxford Castle and he and d'Ivry founded a college of secular canons there. Not long after 1086 the manor of Stowe was transferred to the college's endowment, confirmed by a charter of Henry I in 1130.

By 1150 the Augustinians of Osney Abbey had absorbed the college, and in 1278–79 it held three hides at Stowe. Osney Abbey retained Stowe until it was forced to surrender its estates to the Crown in the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1539. In 1542 the Diocese of Oxford was instituted and Osney Abbey was consecrated as its first cathedral. The abbey's former estates, including Stowe, formed the bishopric's endowment.

In 1590 John Underhill, Bishop of Oxford, conveyed Stowe to Elizabeth I, who in the same year granted it to new secular owners. They sold it to John Temple of Burton Dassett in Warwickshire, whose grandson Sir Peter Temple, 2nd Baronet enclosed a deer park in 1651. The village was probably abandoned at this time. The estate remained with the Temple-Grenville family until 1921, when it was sold by the Reverend Luis C.F.T. Morgan-Grenville (1889–1944). Stowe School was founded here in 1923.

Parish church
The earliest mention of the parish church of the Assumption of the Blessèd Virgin Mary is in Henry I's charter of 1130. The oldest part of the building is the late 13th-century three-bay arcade between the nave and the north aisle. The west tower was added in the first half of the 13th century, followed by the chancel in about 1350 and the south aisle and arcade in the latter part of the 14th century. Late in the 15th century both aisles were rebuilt and the Perpendicular Gothic nave clerestory and south porch were added. In the 16th century the Perpendicular Gothic north chapel was added, with an arcade of two bays between it and the chancel. The church was altered in the 18th century and is now a Grade II* listed building.

In the late 17th century a ring of five bells was hung in the bell tower. James Keene, who had foundries at Woodstock, Oxfordshire and Bedford, cast the second, fourth and fifth bells in 1654. Richard Keene cast the third bell in 1660 and the tenor in 1665. In 1988 John Taylor & Co of Loughborough cast a new treble bell, increasing the ring to six. The church has a Sanctus bell that was cast in about 1799.

Stowe House
Formerly the country seat of the Dukes of Buckingham and Chandos, Stowe House is now occupied by Stowe School. The landscaped gardens and its many monuments were acquired by the National Trust in 1990, and are open to the public. The National Trust is overseeing a restoration programme of the grounds, temples and follies.

Stowe in film
Because of its picturesque surroundings Stowe has been the setting for many films, including Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, the Bollywood film Kabhi Khushi Kabhi Gham, Proof of Life, Stardust (2007), and The World Is Not Enough in the James Bond series.

Notable people
The teacher, author and murder victim Peter Farquhar taught at Stowe School and worshipped and preached at Stowe Parish Church.

title: Stowe, Buckinghamshire


text:
Talk:Gaucho

Wardrobe malfunction
The description for chiripá corresponds to gaucho bombachas. I've also added the correct meaning of chiripá.

See DRAE (Dictionary of the Real Academia Española, in Spanish): Chiripá and Pantalón Bombacho

Also in Spanish: Chiripá and Bombachas.

Several sources (for example, the last one above) cite that the bombachas were British imports from Turkey, it is worth mentioning?

Ejrrjs 00:15, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I think it's worth mentioning, I love stuff like that... -- Jmabel | Talk 01:31, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * Will you add those references to the article or should I? -- Jmabel | Talk 01:33, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)
 * I'll do it Ejrrjs 08:14, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Done. Here there is another secondary source (in Spanish, 1st paragraph). It would be nice to add the Turkish name for the bombachas. Ejrrjs 11:17, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

UCSB
Why would anyone reading about gauchos want to know that it happens to be the mascot of UCSB? This seems to me to be appropriate to mention at University of California, Santa Barbara, but not here. -- Jmabel | Talk 20:02, Mar 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree. Ejrrjs | What? 22:07, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * I have removed accordingly. -- Jmabel | Talk 00:22, Mar 16, 2005 (UTC)
 * Why is it appropriate to mention the mascot in the FIFA World Cup, but not at UCSB? Ar57 4 July 2005 09:23 (UTC)
 * Because the former is significantly related to Argentina, while the latter is an absolutely arbitrary symbol. But I, personally, wouldn't mind seeing it gone as well.-- Jmabel | Talk July 4, 2005 17:38 (UTC)
 * I added a 'Modern Influences' section (mostly to get 'gaucho pants' in without giving the main article too many asides) and now it seemed reasonable to add the UCSB reference back in. Robbyslaughter 15:52, 28 August 2005 (UTC)

The gaucho isn't
name for an occupation

has same mistake.

No, you can have gauchos of any ethniticity; e.g. "Los gauchos judíos" (The Jewish Gauchos), a novel by Alberto Gerchunoff.

Ejrrjs | What? 06:34, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * But they were minority in the gaucho siciety, weren't they? --Ypacaraí 13:16, 2005 Jun 10 (UTC)

 * Well, they used to live in their own Colonias, so it depends on where the census is made :-)
 * I could also mention the black gauchos, such as the moreno killed by Martín Fierro. My point is: gauchos were either mestizos or criollos (or even black or mulattos) and did not have any specific "racial" distinction from the inhabitants of the cities. Of course they shared a specific culture, which can be still enjoyed on special occasions (such as Heritage Day, November 10th). They were "long distance" herders and that job is not required any longer. Ejrrjs | What? 18:28, 10 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Uh sorry, I used the word "ethnic" w/o knowing it includes "racial" meaning. Of course I read (translated) "Martin Fierro". I meant in above comment that they shared cultural character, so they shouldn't be considered as some sort of occupation and could be considered as a nation. And this nation was suppressed and mistreated like Jose Hernandez described in "Martin Fierro". Much later, after hordes of european immigrants had shared the pampas safely, the specific culture is now only used as touristic attractions. Isn't it? So I think the difinition in this article isn't correct. --Ypacaraí 03:03, 2005 Jun 24 (UTC)
 * But sharing a cultural character a nation does not make. The first reason is, they didn't even try to do it, so it is a counterfactual statement (see, instead, Rio Grande do Sul, which was an independent Republic for a while). Secondly, a shared culture seems to be a precondition for nation building (Ernst Gellner:Nations and Nationalism, Cornell University Press, 1983) but is not enough (nation of skaters, of surfers, of nerds??) (...to be continued...) Ejrrjs | What? 18:48, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * But I'm using the word "nation" as a group of people sharing same culture, like creole. --Ypacaraí 23:48, 2005 Jun 24 (UTC)

 * For me the argentine gauchos are an ethnic group. They have their "own names", their "own music", their "own women" (las chinitas), their own clothing, their own food, their own house styles (ranchos), Etc., I don't think that gauchos are the equivalent for cowboys, it's just for Walt Disney cartoon?.
 * The jewish gauchos weren't "gauchos" they were called so for the rural life of them. --Vokoder 20:56, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

HaHa, argentine gauchos a ethnic group!!. They have their "own Names", their "own music", their "own women", etc, etc, Sorry but is a great mistake, you don't know nothing about the argentine or the gauchos, first, the names are exactly like the others in the entire argentine, the national food is the Asado, an every people this food, the music is commonly know like "Folklore" (more of 800 different types/class of music styles) and every people singing and dancing this music, you know Mercedes Sosa?, Atahualpa Yupanqui?, you understan? i.e. my brother is a gaucho but i am not, why? simple, my brother work in a rural establishment and him take part of this Old Life Style. Yes, this is the word, "Old -but still present- Life Style" 190.178.238.13 (talk) 00:38, 29 March 2012 (UTC)Hernán

UCSB
I've retained a brief mention of the gaucho being the mascot of UCSB, but cut this longer passage:

"Also, the official mascot of the University of California, Santa Barbara. The gaucho itself is only represented by a black, zoro-type mask although there are occasional appearances by the 'phantom,' an alumn who returns to basketball games to cheer the team on, along with the rowdy (and often intoxicated) pep club, the gaucho locos."

If someone wants to start an article on the gaucho as icon or in popular culture, this (with the spelling fixed) would presumably belong there. - Jmabel | Talk 20:26, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

How about Santa Catarina
Is well know fact that Santa Catarina, RS neighbour's state, does host some Gaúchos. And also in the Guerra dos Farrapos RS joinned SC and founded República Juliana. I think the article lacks by not citing Gaúchos in Santa Catarina. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 201.37.94.165 (talk • contribs).
 * If it is a well-known fact, there should be little difficulty finding citation. - Jmabel | Talk 22:22, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

 * There is a small and very scantily populated area in the mountains of Santa Catarina, between São Joaquim and the border with Rio Grande do Sul, which has essentially a Gaúcho culture, but other than that, the only Brazilians that could be considered Gaúcho north of Rio Grande do Sul are migrants from that state and their descendants.

 * In this sense, Gaúchos can be found everywhere in Brazil, even in the very distant Amazon region, because people from Rio Grande do Sul have migrated to all parts of the country and in many cases founded communities with strong Gaúcho roots and traditions. For example, there is a town called Porto dos Gaúchos ("Port of the Gaúchos") in northern Mato Grosso, thousands of kilometres from Rio Grande do Sul. However, Gaúchos are almost invariably a minority group in such areas and not representative of the prevailing local culture (although acknowledged to have heavily influenced it in many places).

 * I believe that in Brazil, Gaúchos are basically and strongly associated with Rio Grande do Sul, to the point that the word gaúcho is used in Brazilian Portuguese as a universal demonym for people from there, even for modern urban dwellers of the state capital of Porto Alegre with immigrant rather than Gaúcho ancestry in its strictest sense (the alternative demonyms sul-rio-grandense and rio-grandense-do-sul, although more precise, are only very rarely used and considered somewhat pedantic). The República Juliana was a brief political alliance at a precise historical moment, and I don't think it made catarinenses (people from Santa Catarina) any closer to Gaúcho culture in the long term. The two states do have a lot in common (as well as strong economic ties), but this affinity is chiefly due to the intense European immigration (most notably German and Italian) to both states starting in the 1880s - long after the core Gaúcho culture was formed in the Pampas plains (which geographically do not extend north to Santa Catarina).

 * So, personally, I don't think Gaúchos in Santa Catarina are significant enough to be mentioned.
 * --UrsoBR (talk) 10:30, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

Some notes from a guy with a History degree from UFPR: Actually what is called "gaucho culture" here was something shared by the whole south of Brazil and parts of center-west of Brazil. But for political and historical reasons, only Rio Grande do Sul kept those traditions while Parana and Santa Catarian didn't. Just look at some portraits of "tropeiros" from Parana or Santa Catarina. It's the same gaucho attire.

Some years ago some politician in Curitiba (capital of Parana) tried to institute the "bombacha" (gaucho pants) as official dress in the Capital. This became a joke, because nowadays everyone connects bombacha with Rio Grande do Sul, but those politicians were pretty correct in a historical sense. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.80.62.37 (talk) 18:53, 25 August 2011 (UTC)

Etymology
Regarding: "the Arabic chaucho (a type of whip used in herding animals)." While I have no idea if a proposed Arabic origin if Gaucho is correct, I would note that "chaucho" is clearly not an Arabic word at all, although this may be a Iberian deformation of an Arabic word for "a type of whip used in herding animals." The CH (is it "sh" as in French or "ch" as in English, or...) does not exist in Arabic, and the form of the word given looks to be Iberian (Spanish I would guess). This entry should obviously be researched more (although Wikipedia in its typical sloppiness is a great source for naive false etymologies). (collounsbury 17:05, 31 March 2007 (UTC))

free image
there's a great free image of a gaucho here: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3g12117 140.247.240.181 23:32, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

Ronaldinho
In the section "Modern influences", one reads: "Ronaldinho, nicknamed by some as Ronaldinho Gaúcho" but as long as any brazilian I know refers to Ronaldinho as "Ronaldinho gaúcho", I suggest to change the entry to "Ronaldinho, nicknamed in Brazil as Ronaldinho Gaúcho"... —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gustavo Colvero (talk • contribs)

Mascot's hat
Reading the text I can't find any reference to the origin of the gaucho's hat and the exclusive association of both. As I ain't any specialist in the subject I can't make a straight association of the hat worn by the Texas Tech's mascot (some kind of zorro) and the one commonly worn by the gauchos. So why shouldn't the entry be removed? Moreover one can quickly make confusion between the zorro there and a gaucho. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gustavo Colvero (talk • contribs)

A way of life
I think this article lacks by not emphisizing the gaucho as belonging to a way of life preserved untill today and the association with the term gaucho with cowboy seems erroneous to me, as we have the terms vaqueiro, peão, etc; in portuguese and words like peón and vaquero in spanish. Perhaps it should be explicitly pointed that the gaucho's way of life isn't any touristic show. We can cite, for example the activities of the worldwide Movimento Tradicionalista Gaúcho and the Confederacion Gaucha Argentina and they efforts to keep traditionalism in these days. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gustavo Colvero (talk • contribs)

Purpose
Hello again. My final contribution (complain?) for now is to purpose a complete renewing of the article. The new one is intended to have sections differentiating the gaucho as it is in Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, etc; sections explaining the gaucho's complete gear, culinary, traditions, festivities, peculiar language, their influence in their country and so on. I think that with a joint effort we can extend this article to a subsection of WikiProject South America. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gustavo Colvero (talk • contribs)

Changes made
As nobody manifested contrary, I'm making some of the changes that I've pointed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gustavo Colvero (talk • contribs)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 05:57, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Criollos
Any reason not to use Criollo people over creole peoples when linking from the criollos? It would be more accurate, no? I reverted for now pending discussion.--MartinezMD (talk) 14:15, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

 * A problem with that would be that in Brazil, where part of the Gaúchos live, the similar Portuguese word crioulo has a totally different meaning from what is understood as criollo or creole in other countries. It is used to designate people with black (African) ancestry, and although commonplace in the past, it is now considered derogatory, racist and very politically incorrect. This could be confusing and troublesome.
 * --UrsoBR (talk) 11:03, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

Pampas "as far north as Paraná"?
The article text said that "Gauchos (...) lived on the pampas, the plain that extends north from Patagonia, bounded on the west by the Andes and extending as far north as the Brazilian state of Paraná." This was absolutely incorrect, since just north of Rio Grande do Sul (and including that state's northeastern area and part of the North) is the high plateau of Santa Catarina that marks the end of the plain. In Brazil, the Pampas plain comprises solely the larger part of Rio Grande do Sul, extending from Argentina on the west and from Uruguay on the south. So, I have corrected that phrase's ending to "...and extending on the east to Uruguay and the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul." --UrsoBR (talk) 11:03, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

Paragraph order change proposal

I think this paragraph is more relevant than the DNA study of the gaucho from Rio Grando do Sul. Therefore it should be placed before. The DNA could be more relevant if it wasn't exclusive to the gauchos from the south of Brazil but the gauchos from all regions. This DNA study is very specific to one region, which is why it should be place after the paragraph mention. The more general information should be most times place before. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Weezer08 (talk • contribs) 21:34, 22 March 2010 (UTC)

Incomplete/unclear sentence
In the second paragraph under the 'History' section: "Most gauchos were either criollo (South Americans of Spanish or Portuguese ancestry) or mestizo (of mixed Spanish and Native American blood), but the European, African, or mixed ancestry." I would fix it but I'm not knowledgable enough on the topic to know what it is trying to say. -MidnightDesert (talk) 09:43, 6 May 2010 (UTC)

The myth of the open border
This sentence,

 * Another explanation could be that it is due to the nomadic nature of the gaucho's life; simply going where cattle were thriving.

seems reminiscent of the myth that gauchos could freely roam through the borders between Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil (particularly the latter two). This idea, that can be often found here and in other Wikipedia articles, is completely unfounded. John Charles Chasteen explains it quite well in his Heroes on horseback: a life and times of the last gaucho caudillos):

 * However invisible on the ground, the border had a large impact on their lives and held an important place in their understanding of the political order. After all, the border had not been imposed on them, as its invisibility seemed to indicate. Rather, the borderlanders had imposed the border in wars against with each other.

So, I am proposing to remove this ideological tirade from the article. If anyone disagrees, please explain here why. Ninguém (talk) 18:50, 2 August 2010 (UTC)

Difficult to read
the article is difficult to read. It seems to have been originally written by an Argentine and then updated by a Brazilian, then a Uruguayan. The result is a competition between which country has the most authentic gauchos. --177.214.126.254 (talk) 10:28, 26 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Examples, please♫ SqueakBox talk contribs 15:57, 26 October 2013 (UTC)

Falklands?
the mention and photo of "gauchos" from the Falklands has an obvious political motive. Wikipedia is not the right forum for this debate. --177.214.126.254 (talk) 10:34, 26 October 2013 (UTC)

 * The image is also used in Origins of Falkland Islanders, which mentions gauchos at several parts. Cambalachero (talk) 15:05, 26 October 2013 (UTC)
 * No ref here though, the ref was to a suspended account. I dont though agree that there is any political motivation, if there was on which side would the political motivation be? As it isnt clear makes a mockery of the claim♫ SqueakBox talk contribs 15:49, 26 October 2013 (UTC)

Gender
Can women be called "gaucho"? The emphasis seems to be on "cowboys" and other men. —DIV (120.23.85.218 (talk) 15:13, 26 May 2015 (UTC))

Women are called "China" and in fact is a Quechua word...like Gaucho come from Guacho (original quechua: Huacho)..both, Gaucho and Guacho mean the same orphan and wanderer...we use both in Argentina, to people and animal, Gaucho is the spanish pronunciation of Guacho, not is a arabic word.--152.170.24.22 (talk) 20:00, 21 June 2016 (UTC)

Definitions in lede
IMHO too many editors have been amending the definitions of the word gaucho to accord with their own personal understanding, without noticing the existing definitions are fully sourced, and by whom. Thus their amendments have the effect, doubtless unintended, of misquoting the Diccionario de la Lengua Española. The Diccionario may not be infallible,  but it is far and away the most authoritative text in the Spanish language. I have mentioned the source explicitly in the text now, so at, even if some editors don't read the footnotes, least they know who they are gainsaying.Ttocserp 14:06, 27 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Wouldn't it be appropriate to mention that not all gauchos were mestizos though?68.149.54.222 (talk) 08:28, 4 March 2017 (UTC)

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Corrected the definitions of "chiripá" and "tirador"
The chiripá is not the same as a tirador and neither of them are a kind of sash.

The chiripá is a garment worn in the fashion of a diaper, as this article used to say. It is often created with a poncho, though the famous song "El Orejano" mentions that poor people used sackcloth. From Chiripá, translated: "a simple skirt cinched around the waist, wrapped once and a half times around the body... falling to mid-knee, and also, in another form... a rectangle passed between the legs and cinched at four points around the waist, in the form of a diaper..."

The name of the sash is also not "tirador", which is a different garment entirely than both the sash and the chiripá, but "faja".

I have made both these changes.--169.252.4.23 (talk) 05:22, 3 April 2021 (UTC)

Gaucho culture in Brazil
There is a sentence in the beginning of the article that needs to be reviewed, for it relates to the gaucho culture in Brazil as being present only in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, which is inaccurate both geographically and historically. The mentioned sentence goes: "The gaucho is a symbol in Argentina, Uruguay, Rio Grande do Sul state in southern Brazil, and the southern Chilean Patagonia." The gaucho is a symbol in the whole south of Brazil, and the arrival of gaucho culture in Chile is a recent event if compared to its relevance in other regions from Brazil apart from Rio Grande do Sul.

In fact, the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in the southernmost region of Brazil, which borders both Uruguay and Argentina, was the last state to receive and absorb the gaucho culture in Brazil, which had previously flourished for some good 150 years between Argentina and other states of Brazil such as Santa Catarina, and more historically relevant the state of Parana. In order to understand this historical development, it is important to understand the trade pathways that existed between Argentina and Brazil. The Pampas certainly did not reach the state of Parana, but the gaucho culture developed itself firstly there and in the Argentine Pampas, a century and half before it went to the southernmost region of Brazil.

The wide-panted cattleman from Argentina, "troops-man" or "tropeiros", were tradesman and travelers who transported herds of cattle and other products, such as spices and seasonings, with the purpose of marketing them in the South, Southwest and Midwest regions of Brazil. But most importantly was the trade of cattle from the Pampa fields of Argentina to the markets and ports of both cities of Sorocaba and Sao Paulo.

The pathway, which came later to be known as "the pathway of matte", consisted initially of entering Brazil through its western border, in the region of Foz do Iguazu (Iguazu falls) in the state of Parana. It later became known as the "pathway of matte" because the state of Parana was primordially inhabited by indigenous tribes known as "Guarani", and the habit of drinking hot yerba-matte in the cold South Brazilian weather was introduced to the Argentine cattleman by the indigenous tribes that lived in what is today the state of Parana.

The the cattleman, in turn, taught the tribes how to eat the "asado" or the slow-cooking groundfire barbecue. This exchange of culture is what brought about the birth of the gaucho culture - a clear mixture of Spaniard herdsman culture (whose influence can be found in other parts of Latin America such as Mexico), with its Persian originated wide pants, guitars and accordions, while the guarani tribes taught them how to protect themselves form the cold through hot drinks, and also guided them to the best regions to travel and camp through the land.

This interaction between the Guarany and Argentine cattleman during the 1700s is the actual birth of the gaucho culture, a word that derives, arguably, from the Araucaninan language word "kauchu", meaning "friend", which till today preserves the culture of drinking hot yerba-matte tea next to the slow cooked ground-fire barbecue, along with its typical music, clothing, dances and accent, which at times is so foreign to most Brazilians that it could perhaps be understood as a quasi-dialect. In fact, the gaucho culture is a very positive example of cultural amalgamation. It was not until the 1800s that the gaucho culture went South, from Parana down to the other southern states of Santa Catarina and eventually Rio Grande do Sul and Uruguay.

It is important to understand that the trade pathway travelled virtually on a straight line, from the Brazilian western border with Argentina in Foz do Iguazu, all the way to what is today the city of Curitiba, the capital of the state of Parana, which was the last stop, so to speak, to the troops-man before they arrived into the market towns in the Brazilian states more to the north, thus leaving the "gaucho area" and entering regions with a different cultural identity and weather. It is in fact above the state of Parana, that Brazil is technically understood as being tropical, different from the sub-tropical weather of Brazil's southernmost States.

In the 1800s, the crossing by boat between Argentina and Uruguay was achieved, which created the possibility of expanding the trade pathways, and the "matte pathway" was then transformed into the "matte route", given its elliptical shape. The Argentine cattleman would thus continue their northern journey through Argentina all the way to Foz do Iguazu, but now on their way back, from Sao Paulo to Argentina, they would prefer to go southwards, through the vast lands of southern Brazil, entering deep into the States of Santa Catarina and subsequently Rio Grande do Sul and Uruguay. It is important to understand that by then the races has greatly amalgamated between the Europeans from Spain and Portugal and local indigenous tribes, mostly Guarany, and the gaucho culture was already some 6 generations in full blossom.

Gaucho culture did not arrive in the state Rio Grande do Sul until after the end of the Cisplatine War, with constant efforts from the Portuguese Crown to populate that southernmost region, which culminated in the Farroupilha revolution in 1835. The actual borders of the State of Rio Grande do Sul were delineated only in 1801 with the Treaty of Badajoz. The constant battles for the region of Rio Grande do Sul between the kingdoms of Portugal and Spain throughout most of the 18th century was one of the main obstacles for any settlements or culture to develop in the region. The first attempts by the Jesuits was quickly destroyed, and the first successful attempt to populate that region was made around the 1830s with the arrival of German migrants. By this time, the gaucho culture had already been in full development for approximately 150 years in both Argentina and Parana state through the mentioned "matte pathway".

Nevertheless, due to mass disseminations of the Brazilian media, only the State of Rio Grande do Sul ended up being identified as the "gaucho" region of Brazil - a historical and geographical inaccuracy, given the facts stated above and the other fact that, until today, the gaucho culture is widely found in all southern states of Brazil, from Parana to Santa Catarina to Rio Grande do Sul. It is interesting to notice that the yerba-matte grows naturally throughout the state of Parana, and it was one of Brazil's main commodities to both Argentina and Uruguay in the 1800s. In truth, all people from the South of Brazil are gaucho to a certain extent, especially in the countryside. It is noteworthy to observe, by instance, that the very first CTG (Center for Gaucho Traditions) ever recorded in the history of Brazil was situated in what is today the busy Zacharias Plaza (Praça Zacarias), in the very heart of Parana state capital city of Curitiba.

Therefore, it is inaccurate to state in the main text that the gaucho culture exists only in Argentina and in Rio Grande do Sul, for as stated above, it is wide spread throughout the whole of southern Brazil, Uruguay, and today it has spread into regions of Paraguay, Chile and some other northwest regions of Brazil. My suggestion is to correct the sentence to: "The gaucho is a symbol in Argentina, Uruguay, and the southern Brazilian states of Parana, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul." The arrival of the gaucho culture do the southern Chilean Patagonia is a much recent event, and far less relevant to gaucho culture than its development is both Parana and Santa Catarina through the historical pathways of matte and cattle by the troops-man.

 * Then all you need to do is cite reliable sources to support it.Ttocserp 10:08, 26 April 2021 (UTC)

 * Well, there's plenty of reliable sources to support it since these are well known historical facts, yet the intellectual production on this matter is mostly in Portuguese. Shall I add the sources anyway?

Etymology section
Is the Etymology section too long and too specialised for a general article on Gaucho? If so, it could be moved to a new article and replaced by a brief summary.Ttocserp 08:38, 16 August 2022 (UTC)

Lead section
The existing lede is not really based on the body of the article, but on dictionary definitions. I doubt if anyone can really define gaucho, an elusive concept whose meaning has varied and continues to vary, but in any case it is not for Wikipedia to attempt it, as per WP:NOTDICT. The lead section, rather, should be a concise summary of the main body of the article. Ttocserp 22:00, 18 January 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Gaucho


text:
Anycast

Anycast is a network addressing and routing methodology in which a single IP address is shared by devices (generally servers) in multiple locations. Routers direct packets addressed to this destination to the location nearest the sender, using their normal decision-making algorithms, typically the lowest number of BGP network hops. Anycast routing is widely used by content delivery networks such as web and name servers, to bring their content closer to end users.

Addressing methods
There are four principal addressing methods in the Internet Protocol:

History
The first documented use of anycast routing for topological load-balancing of Internet-connected services was in 1989; the technique was first formally documented in the IETF four years later. It was first applied to critical infrastructure in 2001 with the anycasting of the I-root nameserver.

Early objections
Early objections to the deployment of anycast routing centered on the perceived conflict between long-lived TCP connections and the volatility of the Internet's routed topology. In concept, a long-lived connection, such as an FTP file transfer (which can take hours to complete for large files) might be re-routed to a different anycast instance in mid-connection due to changes in network topology or routing, with the result that the server changes mid-connection, and the new server is not aware of the connection and does not possess the TCP connection state of the previous anycast instance.

In practice, such problems were not observed, and these objections dissipated by the early 2000s. Many initial anycast deployments consisted of DNS servers, using principally UDP transport. Measurements of long-term anycast flows revealed very few failures due to mid-connection instance switches, far fewer (less than 0.017% or "less than one flow per ten thousand per hour of duration" according to various sources) than were attributed to other causes of failure. Numerous mechanisms were developed to efficiently share state between anycast instances. And some TCP-based protocols, notably HTTP, incorporated "redirect" mechanisms, whereby anycast service addresses could be used to locate the nearest instance of a service, whereupon a user would be redirected to that specific instance prior to the initiation of any long-lived stateful transaction.

Internet Protocol version 4
Anycast can be implemented via Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). Multiple hosts (usually in different geographic areas) are given the same unicast IP address and different routes to the address are announced through BGP. Routers consider these to be alternative routes to the same destination, even though they are actually routes to different destinations with the same address. As usual, routers select a route by whatever distance metric is in use (the least cost, least congested, shortest). Selecting a route in this setup amounts to selecting a destination.

Internet Protocol version 6
Anycast is supported explicitly in the IPv6 addressing architecture. The lowest address within an IPv6 subnet (interface identifier 0) is reserved as the "Subnet Router" anycast address. In addition, the highest 128 interface identifiers within a subnet are also reserved as anycast addresses.

Most IPv6 routers on the path of an anycast packet through the network will not distinguish it from a unicast packet, but special handling is required from the routers near the destination (that is, within the scope of the anycast address) as they are required to route an anycast packet to the "nearest" interface within that scope which has the proper anycast address, according to whatever measure of distance (hops, cost, etc.) is being used.

The method used in IPv4 of advertising multiple routes in BGP to multiply-assigned unicast addresses also still works in IPv6, and can be used to route packets to the nearest of several geographically dispersed hosts with the same address. This approach, which does not depend on anycast-aware routers, has the same use cases together with the same problems and limitations as in IPv4.

Applications
With the growth of the Internet, network services increasingly have high-availability requirements. As a result, operation of anycast services has grown in popularity among network operators.

Domain Name System
All Internet root nameservers are implemented as clusters of hosts using anycast addressing. All 13 root servers A–M exist in multiple locations, with 11 on multiple continents. (Root servers B and H exist in two U.S. locations.)  The servers use anycast address announcements to provide a decentralized service. This has accelerated the deployment of physical (rather than logical) root servers outside the United States. Many commercial DNS providers have switched to an IP anycast environment to increase query performance and redundancy, and to implement load balancing.

IPv6 transition
In IPv4 to IPv6 transitioning, anycast addressing may be deployed to provide IPv6 compatibility to IPv4 hosts. This method, 6to4, uses a default gateway with the IP address. This allows multiple providers to implement 6to4 gateways without hosts having to know each individual provider's gateway addresses. 6to4 has been deprecated in response to native IPv6 becoming more prevalent.

Content delivery networks
Content delivery networks may use anycast for actual HTTP connections to their distribution centers, or for DNS. Because most HTTP connections to such networks request static content such as images and style sheets, they are generally short-lived and stateless across subsequent TCP sessions. The general stability of routes and statelessness of connections makes anycast suitable for this application, even though it uses TCP.

Connectivity between Anycast and Multicast network
Anycast rendezvous point can be used in Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP) and its advantageous application as Anycast RP is an intra-domain feature that provides redundancy and load-sharing capabilities. If the multiple anycast rendezvous point is used, IP routing automatically will select the topologically closest rendezvous point for each source and receiver. It would provide a multicast network with the fault tolerance requirements.

Security
Anycast allows any operator whose routing information is accepted by an intermediate router to hijack any packets intended for the anycast address. While this at first sight appears insecure, it is no different from the routing of ordinary IP packets, and no more or less secure. As with conventional IP routing, careful filtering of who is and is not allowed to propagate route announcements is crucial to prevent man-in-the-middle or blackhole attacks. The former can also be prevented by encrypting and authenticating messages, such as using Transport Layer Security, while the latter can be frustrated by onion routing.

Reliability
Anycast is normally highly reliable, as it can provide automatic failover without adding complexity or new potential points of failure. Anycast applications typically feature external "heartbeat" monitoring of the server's function, and withdraw the route announcement if the server fails. In some cases this is done by the actual servers announcing the anycast prefix to the router over OSPF or another IGP. If the servers die, the router will automatically withdraw the announcement. "Heartbeat" functionality is important because, if the announcement continues for a failed server, the server will act as a "black hole" for nearby clients; this is the most serious mode of failure for an anycast system. Even in this event, this kind of failure will only cause a total failure for clients that are closer to this server than any other, and will not cause a global failure. However, even the automation necessary to implement "heartbeat" routing withdrawal can itself add a potential point of failure, as seen in the 2021 Facebook outage.

Mitigation of denial-of-service attacks
In denial-of-service attacks, a rogue network host may advertise itself as an anycast server for a vital network service, to provide false information or simply block service.

Anycast methodologies on the Internet may be exploited to distribute DDoS attacks and reduce their effectiveness: As traffic is routed to the closest node, a process over which the attacker has no control, the DDoS traffic flow will be distributed amongst the closest nodes. Thus, not all nodes might be affected. This may be a reason to deploy anycast addressing. The effectiveness of this technique depends upon maintaining the secrecy of any unicast addresses associated with anycast service nodes, however, since an attacker in possession of the unicast addresses of individual nodes can attack them from any location, bypassing anycast addressing methods.

Local and global nodes
Some anycast deployments on the Internet distinguish between local and global nodes to benefit the local community, by addressing local nodes preferentially. An example is the Domain Name System. Local nodes are often announced with the no-export BGP community to prevent hosts from announcing them to their peers, i.e. the announcement is kept in the local area. Where both local and global nodes are deployed, the announcements from global nodes are often AS prepended (i.e. the AS is added a few more times) to make the path longer so that a local node announcement is preferred over a global node announcement.

title: Anycast


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User talk:MrBlonde~enwiki

I found there was no defenition for Gildot, and came to the conclusion that Gildot deserved one.

Can you please stop uploading information regarding Digg? This has been deleted through proper vfd process and an attempt to get it undeleted at vfu was turned down. That means we don't want information about the website here and any further attempts to add it are seen as vandalism. -- Francs2000 | Talk 12:56, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Gildot

A tag has been placed on Gildot requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion, or "db", tag; if no such tag exists, then the page is no longer a speedy delete candidate and adding a hang-on tag is unnecessary), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, you can contact one of these administrators to request that the administrator userfy the page or email a copy to you. LiteralKa (talk) 12:50, 23 March 2011 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called MrBlonde. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name MrBlonde~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:59, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 16:36, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:MrBlonde~enwiki


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Wikipedia:WikiProject Fictional Series/General

Dec 2003
I disagree with the plan as it is. Since Wiki is not paper, I think forcing every character into a single page is going to make it look ugly (look at Minor characters from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy!) I think every character, every concept, every idea, every pebble referred to by name in a fictional series ought to have a page of its own. Also, I'd vote for putting avoiding headers as much as possible - they look ugly! Even if we go for your plan, I'd suggest something like a paragraph on each character, with the character's name in bold the first time it's mentioned, so it's easy to find. Of course, we lose the ability to link to the character directly, but then again, I believe they should have their own pages. Even if we do it this way, we'd have half-a-dozen redirects into the large articles anyway, which I think is just a waste of page-space. -- Gaurav 10:43, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I think either you must have misread what I typed or I typed it wrong. I do not want a page for every single character, that's the whole point. For a major character, like Harry Potter or Frodo Baggins, there might be enough material to make it worthwhile, but hopefully not for minor characters. Phil 08:23, Dec 8, 2003 (UTC)

Additional note: We're going to have to come up with a format for ... (series) pages as well as the pages in the series (how do they refer back to the series page for instance; also issues such as "Should the Harry Potter series page be at Harry Potter, since most people go there for the series, with the boy wizard himself at Harry Potter (character) ... "). This is going to be fun! -- Gaurav 11:22, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I'm tempted to suggest that we advocate the use of disambiguation pages. So a page at Harry Potter (using HP as an example, obviously this would go for any eponymous character) might say: "Harry Potter is the eponymous hero of a series of books. You can find information about the books at Harry Potter (series) or about the character at Harry Potter (fictional character) "; note the careful omission of pipe symbols so the parenthesised bits show. This would seem to me to fit the concept most people would have of a paper encyclopædia, so let's make use of their expectations; it would also give breathing space should some non-fictional Harry Potter (or whoever) turn up who needs his own page. Phil 08:29, Dec 8, 2003 (UTC)

 * I like! Also, I think your suggestion of making it wordy is better than to go with the standard Wikipedia disambiguation page warning. Gaurav 05:02, 23 Dec 2003 (UTC)

The First Plan
I'm going to suggest that we construct a framework which can be expanded as necessary, but can also be compacted. I envisage a minimal article on a series with Headings for ==Books in the Series==, ==Characters in the Series==, ==Places in the Series==, ==Concepts in the Series==. (Possibly people would be happier abbreviating these to ==Books==, Characters==, ==Places==, ==Concepts==.) Should it prove necessary, separate pages could be constructed with similar titles and referred to in the appropriate section.

To use the Artemis Fowl example, the Artemis Fowl (series) article could be restructured as above with Headings for ==Books==, ==Characters==, ==Places==, ==Concepts==. If one of the sections, say ==Characters==, got large, we could then construct a page for Characters in the Artemis Fowl Series and move the content there; the main page would refer to this page. It would be possible for major characters to be listed on the main page as references into the Characters page, eg:

Major Characters
 * Artemis Fowl the eponymous hero

As regards the structure of each subordinate page, I envisage using Headings again for each item so that the reference would work properly. There should be no problem nesting Headings so we can group characters together on the page, eg:

==Humans== ===Artemis Fowl=== ===Butler=== ===Juliette=== ==Fairies== ===Holly=== ===Captain Root===

''That's me done for today, I'm going home before I start typing pure gibberish. Someone please wrestle this into a proper framework; I will be as un-offended as you want :-)''

The Second Plan
My proposal is to organise it as much like a real encyclopedia/wikipedia article, without loosing the point that what is being described here is an entire universe. For instance, my structure of a (series) page would be:

 * Introductory paragraph, describing who wrote the series, when, why (motivations: for instance, Gullivar's Travels was a satire against society), etc.
 * Contextualising: Which series/mythological legends was this inspired by (suitably wikified, I can just see a million links from Lord of the Rings (series) to Norse mythology).
 * Plot/Story
 * Summary of the plot of the series as a whole. For LotR, this would be about a paragraph on each of the books, with the title of the book in italics and Wiki-linked to the correct article. Major characters will also be Wiki-linked at this point.
 * Books/Episodes in this Series
 * An ordered list of all the books, with links to article, publishing year, author, etc. Should be a one-liner - anything else which needs to be said needs to go into the plot.
 * Characters
 * An unordered list of important characters, with a one-line comment (eg. "Darth Vader, Emperor Palpatine's right hand man.") [not sure about this]
 * Minor characters not be mentioned at all; they shouldn't deserve Wikipedia pages. If they do, they should be linked up here =). For instance, I think there should be pages on Trillian and Marvin the Paranoid Android, but no real need for pages on The Man Who Rules The Universe (who would instead be mentioned on the The Restaurant at the End of the Universe page and the Zaphod Beeblebrox'' page).
 * To conclude, paragraphs of interesting minutaea: For instance, mention of the fact that Tolkein was writing LotR from the 1920's-30's and through World War II, how he had difficulty in getting Frodo to cross the Dead Marshes, etc. Also *External Links
 * Fan pages, official pages (for series like Star Trek)

Additional Suggestions
Should we set up the character pages, etc. as subpages? For instance, should we have The_Lord_of_the_Rings/Aragon? Or just leave it as Aragorn with disambiguation links if needed?
 * For: Gaurav
 * Neutral: Seth Ilys
 * Against: Wikipedia policy (Phil)

Just asked in the Village pump about a very similar question, and it seems to me that this is one of the very few circumstances in which subpages would be valuable. Articles on Hermione Granger or Legolas sitting next to Herman Melville and Loki just don't sit right at all with me. But... if this is done, it should be done very carefully, with only a specified list of universes allowed to generate subpages (those universes which generate *hundreds* of articles, e.g. LotR, Star Trek, etc). At the same time, efforts should be taken to make those articles that do have broader cultural significance (e.g. Mr. Spock) are expanded to comments on that significance. But it only really makes sense to do so with *large*, complex, intricate fictional universes, not small ones (Gulliver's Travels, Earthsea), otherwise we're back to the whole problem of proliferating and inappropriate subpages again. - Seth Ilys 01:57, 28 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Please don't make them subpages!!!!! RickK 02:44, 28 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Perhaps something functionally similar, but differently notated, would work, given the almost-fanatical aversion to subpages around here. FWIW, only two of the argument against subpages really apply (all of the others are essentially negated by the fact that these are fictional universes we're dealing with), and those ("The slash has an ordinary meaning that subpages co-opt" and "Subpage titles are ugly") are a matter of notation, not concept. What about using, say, a colon or double-dash? (The Lord of the Rings -- Aragorn or The Lord of the Rings : Aragorn Of course, the more I think about it, the more unwieldy it seems to unify in format *all* of the articles under a particular fictional universe. Ah, well, at least it's an interesting thought experiment... - Seth Ilys 03:06, 28 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Most people if they're going to see the article on Legolas will just type Legolas, not Lord of the Rings/Legolas, so there would have to be lots of redirects anyway, not to confuse the readers. Ausir 14:27, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Separate The Plot
User:HappyDog just separated the plot from Harry Potter to Harry Potter (plot). I think it's a brilliant idea! Gaurav 10:50, 31 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Editathon
This is getting nowhere. I have a proposal. Instead of arguing it out, let's choose one series - say Harry Potter - and we have an edit-a-thon on it? We just attack every single article on Harry Potter and change it into whatever format we like, using a page here to coordinate/argue/flame war about why our options are best. When the smoke clears, we should have a whole lotta pages, and a much better idea about the kinda community decision about what to do. Of course, we'll probably have to go back and clean up any waste pages (i.e. if the decision is, we go with one page for all the minor characters, etc, we'll have to delete redirect it out).

If you guys agree, sign up here WikiProject Fictional Series/Editathon. Tell me why you thinks this sucks on the associated Talk page. Editathon starts whenever atleast five people ratify any one series. It ends 15th March. Gentlemen, start your browsers! (p.s. Should this be going on on MetaWikipedia instead? Or should it be here since it's - for now - an English-Wiki-only project?)

New Suggestion
Hey, I don't know if anyone is still involved in this or not (if everyone has disappeared, I'm going to take it over and trash just about everything except what I think are good ideas), but I think what needs to be done before anything else is to decide what main points need to be included on each series' page. I've been doing some thinking and these are the primary characteristics of series' that I've come up with.

 * World/Universe - describe the overall setting of the story. Give the characteristics in relation to reality. The geography of the world (if the story is based on a single world). If it is extremely developed like in Lord of the Rings, a separate page devoted to that universe needs to be created.
 * Characters - There are three main kinds of characters. Each should just have a basic description of their role in the story. In depth character analysis can be done on individual pages.
 * Primary - the characters from who's point of view the story is told or whom the narrator features constantly. Pretty easy to determine. In Lord of the Rings, it would be the 7 companions.
 * Secondary - characters that reappear throughout the story and have a significant role, but not as great as the primary characters. In Lord of the Rings, it would be characters like Elrond, and the various Kings, or the main Ent (I'm drawing a blank on his name right now).
 * Tertiary - characters with very few appearances but have an important, non-episodic role (in the case of television series...i.e. we don't want to be naming the leader of every world in Star Trek). In Lord of the Rings, I'm thinking of characters like Tom Bombadil.
 * Over-rideing themes - i.e. good vs evil, end of the world/saviouristic
 * Critical discussion of the series - pros, cons and neutral
 * Basic story line - details can be done on individual pages

Oh and the series' that I can think of right of hand are Dune universe, Harry Potter, Star Wars, Star Trek, Wheel of Time, Sword of Truth, A Song of Ice and Fire, The Foundation Series, Ender's Game Series (and Shadow), Lord of the Rings, Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, Earthsea, Chronicles of Narnia, and Riverworld. Several of these probably already have projects/standardized themes to their related pages (like Harry Potter), and that's ok, but they should be referenced by this project, and then have people involved in this project focus on the series' that haven't received as much attention. Bornyesterday 17:23, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * There should certianly be an entry for "Works in the series" in this structure, with posisble links to individual works, IF there are separate pages for them. Whne starting a new series page, I would not automatically make pages for individual works unless you are pretty sure that the page will be considerably more than a stub.DES 29 June 2005 22:56 (UTC)

 * I would also tend to favor a joint (characters in...) or (major characters in... ) page, rather than a separate page for each character. IMO it should be the fairly rare exception that a fictional character has a separate page -- indeed i think we have too many such pages now, and i am more inclined to merge them, than to create more. Everythign depends on the details of the case, of course.DES 29 June 2005 22:56 (UTC)

 * For more examples of series, see Category:Fantasy series. DES 29 June 2005 22:56 (UTC)

To continue, the overall goal of this project should be to establish a format for presenting the series' that don't already have their own format. Things like Harry Potter and LotR already have pretty decent coverage. We should let the folks working on those keep at it, and give other series' their due.

Merges
I have been working some on Category:Fantasy book stubs trying to reduce the number of stubs by expanding articles. I found several cases where there were stubs for several books in a series, but a good page for the sereis as a whole. I have merged the subs into the series page for The Dark Is Rising and The Wheel of Time, and I am planning to do so for The Belgariad. Perhaps we should have some discussion as to when such a merge is a good idea? DES 21:16, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * In the case of stories such as WoT and The Dark Is Rising, I think that is fine. While the stories and events of WoT can be complex, the overall story is not extremely deep with meaning. Where stories and their meanings can be greatly elaborated on, those should have independent pages. Bornyesterday 21:27, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * That makes sense to me. But I would also say that, whatever the potential depth, if nothing has yet been written about a book beyond a stub, then a merge may well be a good idea. If content is added later that would justify a separate article, it can always be broken back out. Would you agree? DES 22:48, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, absolutely. That sounds like a dandy plan. Bornyesterday 21:57, Jun 25, 2005 (UTC)

Fantasy & SF
I have recently been trying to clean up Category:Fantasy book stubs a bit. In the process I had several thoughts that are relevant to this project, particualrly since do many fantasy and SF works are parts of series.

First of all, I am making a point to use isfdb series on all series pages, and isfdb title on all pages for a specific work, for all Fantasy and SF works I edit. (Of course isfdb name should be used on the relavant page about the author, if it exists.)

Secondly i have created and I am starting to populate Category:Fantasy series, and i recomend that this or a simialr appropriate category be used on all series entries. I also find that the existing Category:Fantasy novels is not on many articles where it should be. Again similar categories should be applied to articles about other fictional works. DES 29 June 2005 15:07 (UTC)

Is anybody home? Category:Series
Hello - is anybody still on this project? Categories for "sequels" (as opposed to the original work) have lately been created and discussed at CFDs. Looks like there is some category wrangling in order, and this project seems like the place/people to do it. I posted Qs for discussion at Category talk:Sequels. --lquilter 19:55, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

Young Adult Novel Stubs
I just took a look at the list of Young Adult Novel Stubs and was shocked to find that there were 311. Shouldn't we start expanding them? What is the use of having those articles in Wikipedia if they don't provide encyclopaedic coverage? We should be concerned about them because some of them are about the Nancy Drew or Hardy Boys books.--Vaishu2 08:27, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

There are also some 600 fictional character stubs that might need looking into. Vaishu2 08:32, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

On Notability
template set that accesses the proper page. [See 16char]
 * Lady Aleena dropped me a note and asked me to look in along about the time of that last post... not much seems active. [I be real busy in RL just now] However, in reading through the above—particularly some of the older posts on general organization of things, one thing jumps out at me... NOTABILITY... unless a character can cross that hurdle, and in most series, darn few do, most all series will need to have some sort of list article to handle most characters. For example, seeing some Afd activity along those lines led me to create 1632 characters around Xmas.
 * Secondly, note the organization, Lname, Firstname, Title... the latter of which is quite important in that series. The alternative is alphabetically by lastname, ignore the first name, etc. In this case, I chose to access the list(s) [I'm planning and providing for a historical and main fictional split with minor fictional characters giving three lists] with a
 * The downside to template access is people have to know about them, but IMHO, if someone isn't familiar enough with the series tools they are probably not familiar enough to be doing any major editing on the series, for the one thing that is certain, if one takes one on, there is an endless mountain of work to go on with. OTOH, one can find plenty of examples to mimic, and therefore the template method really isn't much of a hurdle.
 * The same may and probably should be said for Series relevant fictional places, institutions and so forth. The notability nazi's are out to delete articles... don't know why but I couldn't sway them whilst they were writing some of the earliest such, and things have gotten so much worse now. Hence more list articles in a series 1632 places, 1632 series battles, 1632 institutions, 1632 writers and so on ad nauseum.
 * The last and I think important point on this sort of organization is the template and list articles together prevent and defang the need for disambigulations and redirect pages when a character might be called or referred to in-universe by several variations of their name. The much beloved and important "Rebecca Abrabanel Stearns", is equally valid as Becky Sterns, Becky Abrabanel, Rebecca Stearns... etc. depending upon the series time of the reference, and in the case of this weird collaborative universe series which has more short fiction than it's ten novels to date, how the particular author used that in the short story one is recapping in a synopses. Whether she is Becky Stearns the TV personality or Senator Sterns of the United States of Europe (USE) matters a bit given the role in whichever tale is being covered.
 * TTFN, and good writing! // Fra nkB 20:46, 20 March 2008 (UTC)


text:
Dadford

Dadford is a hamlet in the parish of Stowe, north Buckinghamshire, England.

The hamlet is named Anglo Saxon in origin, meaning, Dodda's Ford in modern English. Although, originally in the parish of Biddlesden, the hamlet was annexed to Stowe in the 17th century to provide extra living accommodation for the servants of the new manor house.

The hamlet still exists today, though it remains quite small in size. It has never had a public house but had a shop and post office until the 1980s. It has retained an iconic red telephone kiosk.

title: Dadford


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Media franchises

This is the talk page for WikiProject Media franchises. Please give us your input to help this project get restarted once again.

Request for comment on Biographies of living people
Hello Wikiproject! Currently there is a discussion which will decide whether wikipedia will delete 49,000 articles about a living person without references, here:

Requests for comment/Biographies of living people

Since biographies of living people covers so many topics, nearly all wikiproject topics will be effected.

The two opposing positions which have the most support is:
 * 1) supports the deletion of unreferenced articles about a living person, User:Jehochman
 * 2) opposes the deletion of unreferenced articles about a living person, except in limited circumstances, User:Collect

Comments are welcome. Keep in mind that by default, editor's comments are hidden. Simply press edit next to the section to add your comment.

Please keep in mind that at this point, it seems that editors support deleting unreferenced article if they are not sourced, so your project may want to pursue the projects below.

Discussion
Feel free to join the discussion at Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Television.

"Pretty Cure" or "PreCure"? RfC
There is a request for comment about whether the term "Pretty Cure" or "PreCure" should be used on articles within the Pretty Cure franchise category. The discussion is at Talk:Pretty Cure. Input from project members would be appreciated. Thanks, Historyday01 (talk) 20:08, 9 June 2024 (UTC)

"Paddington (franchise)"
The usage of is under discussion. See talk:Paddington (film series) for the discussion, on where the 2014 film series and derivative properties is the franchise. -- 64.229.90.32 (talk) 05:13, 11 June 2024 (UTC)

Requested move at Talk:Hit-Girl & Kick-Ass
There is a requested move discussion at Talk:Hit-Girl & Kick-Ass that may be of interest to members of this WikiProject. Safari Scribe Edits! Talk! 16:56, 12 June 2024 (UTC)


text:
Boycott, Buckinghamshire

Boycott is a hamlet in the parish of Stowe in north Buckinghamshire, England.

Boycott was originally an Anglo Saxon settlement. Its name came from Anglo-Saxon Boiacot = either "Boia's Cottage" or "the cottage of the boys or servants". The Marquis of Buckingham annexed Boycott hamlet to the parish of Stowe in the late 18th century to provide living accommodation for his staff and servants.

Until the Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844 Boycott was part of Oxfordshire.

title: Boycott, Buckinghamshire


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Dakar Region

Dakar Region (Région de Dakar) is the smallest and most populated Region of Senegal, encompassing the capital city of the country, Dakar, and all its suburbs along the Cap–Vert Peninsula, Africa's most westerly point.

Administration
The Dakar region is divided into five départements (administrative structures without political power, unlike the French départements). The départements had the following areas and populations at the Census of 2023:

Keur Massar Department was formed in May 2021.

Dakar department
Dakar Department is also a commune (city). This is a situation comparable to Paris which is both a department and a commune. The department/commune of Dakar is further divided into:
 * 4 arrondissements, which are administrative structures without much power. The arrondissements are further divided into:
 * 19 communes d'arrondissement (i.e. "communes of arrondissement"). The communes d'arrondissement have a lot of power, unlike the arrondissements of Paris, and are more comparable to the London boroughs.

Guédiawaye department
Guédiawaye Department is also a commune (city). This department has only one arrondissement, so that Guédiawaye is both a department and an arrondissement. The department /arrondissement/commune of Guédiawaye is further divided into:
 * 5 communes d'arrondissement

Pikine department
Pikine Department is also a commune (city). The department /commune of Pikine is further divided into:
 * 3 arrondissements, which are further divided into:
 * 16 communes d'arrondissement

Rufisque department
Rufisque Department is made up of two arrondissements and six urban communes:
 * Rufisque arrondissement, which is also a commune (city). The arrondissement/commune of Rufisque is divided into 3 communes d'arrondissement:
 * Rufisque Centre (Nord)
 * Rufisque Est
 * Rufisque Ouest
 * Bambylor arrondissement, which, administratively speaking, is the only rural part of the Dakar region. The Bambylor arrondissement is divided into 3 communautés rurales (i.e. "rural communities"):
 * Yène
 * Bambylor
 * Tivaouane Peulh-Niaga
 * The six communes of Bargny, Sébikotane, Diamniadio, Jaxaay-Parcelle-Niakoul Rap, Sangalkam and Sendou

Conclusion
Within the Dakar 'region, the only politically significant units (i.e. those who have elected officials and wield a significant power) are: the 7 communes, the 2 communautés rurales, and the 43 communes d'arrondissement.

title: Dakar Region


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Edward Nelson

Edward Nelson (May 4, 1932 – September 10, 2014) was an American mathematician. He was professor in the Mathematics Department at Princeton University. He was known for his work on mathematical physics and mathematical logic. In mathematical logic, he was noted especially for his internal set theory, and views on ultrafinitism and the consistency of arithmetic. In philosophy of mathematics he advocated the view of formalism rather than platonism or intuitionism. He also wrote on the relationship between religion and mathematics.

Biography
Edward Nelson was born in Decatur, Georgia, in 1932. He spent his early childhood in Rome where his father worked for the Italian YMCA. At the advent of World War II, Nelson moved with his mother to New York City, where he attended high school at the Bronx High School of Science. His father, who spoke fluent Russian, stayed in St. Petersburg in connection with issues related to prisoners of war. After the war, his family returned to Italy and he attended the Liceo Scientifico Giovanni Verga in Rome.

He received his Ph.D. in 1955 from the University of Chicago, where he worked with Irving Segal. He was a member of the Institute for Advanced Study from 1956 to 1959. He held a position at Princeton University starting in 1959, attaining the rank of professor there in 1964 and retiring in 2013.

In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. He died in Princeton, New Jersey, on September 10, 2014.

Stochastic quantum mechanics
Nelson made contributions to the theory of infinite-dimensional group representations, the mathematical treatment of quantum field theory, the use of stochastic processes in quantum mechanics, and the reformulation of probability theory in terms of non-standard analysis. For many years he worked on mathematical physics and probability theory, and he retained a residual interest in these fields, particularly in connection with possible extensions of stochastic mechanics to field theory.

Four color problem
In 1950, Nelson formulated a popular variant of the four color problem: What is the chromatic number, denoted $$\chi$$, of the plane? In more detail, what is the smallest number of colors sufficient for coloring the points of the Euclidean plane such that no two points of the same color are unit distance apart? We know by simple arguments that 4 ≤ χ ≤ 7. The problem was introduced to a wide mathematical audience by Martin Gardner in his October 1960 Mathematical Games column. The chromatic number problem, also now known as the Hadwiger–Nelson problem, was a favorite of Paul Erdős, who mentioned it frequently in his problems lectures. In 2018, Aubrey de Grey showed that χ ≥ 5.

Foundations of mathematics
In the later part of his career, he worked on mathematical logic and the foundations of mathematics. One of his goals was to extend IST (Internal Set Theory—a version of a portion of Abraham Robinson's non-standard analysis) in a natural manner that includes external functions and sets, in a way that provides an external function with specified properties unless there is a finitary obstacle to its existence. Other work centered on fragments of arithmetic, studying the divide between those theories interpretable in Raphael Robinson's arithmetic and those that are not; computational complexity, including the problem of whether P is equal to NP or not; and automated proof checking.

In September 2011, Nelson announced that he had proved that Peano arithmetic was logically inconsistent. An error was found in the proof by Terence Tao, and Nelson retracted the claim.

title: Edward Nelson