text:
Bob Kerrey

Joseph Robert Kerrey (born August 27, 1943) is an American politician who served as the 35th governor of Nebraska from 1983 to 1987 and as a United States Senator from Nebraska from 1989 to 2001. Before entering politics, he served in the Vietnam War, as a United States Navy SEAL officer and was awarded the Medal of Honor for heroism in combat. During the action for which he was awarded the Medal of Honor, he was severely wounded, precluding further naval service.

Kerrey was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1992. He retired from the Senate in 2000 and was replaced by former governor and fellow Democrat Ben Nelson. From 2001 to 2010, he served as president of The New School, a university in New York City. In May 2010, he was selected to become the head of the Motion Picture Association of America. The MPAA, however, could not reach an agreement with him and chose former Connecticut Senator Chris Dodd instead.

In 2012, Kerrey sought election to his old Senate seat to succeed his successor, the retiring Democratic incumbent Ben Nelson. He lost to Republican nominee Deb Fischer.

In 2013, Kerrey joined the Carmen Group lobbying firm.

Kerrey is a co-chair for the advisory board of Issue One, an organization that describes its mission as "fighting for real solutions to the problem of money in politics". In 1987, Kerrey was elected to the Common Cause National Governing Board.

Early life and education
Kerrey was born in Lincoln, Nebraska on August 27, 1943, the son of Elinor Fern (née Gonder), a University of Nebraska instructor, and James Henry Kerrey, a builder and businessman. He attended the public schools of Lincoln and graduated from Lincoln Northeast High School in 1961. He went on to earn a Bachelor of Science degree in pharmacy from the University of Nebraska–Lincoln in 1966. Kerrey pledged Phi Gamma Delta fraternity, and during his senior year he was admitted into the Society of Innocents, the chancellor's senior honorary society of spirit boosters.

Military service
Kerrey served in the United States Navy as a SEAL officer during the Vietnam War. He completed Officer Candidate School in Newport, Rhode Island, in 1967. He then received assignment to Naval Amphibious Base Coronado and subsequently completed Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL (BUD/S) training with class 42 in December 1967. He received direct assignment to SEAL Team ONE, a separate organization from the Underwater Demolition Teams to which new personnel were normally assigned. After extensive pre-deployment training, Kerrey deployed to the Republic of Vietnam as assistant platoon commander with Delta Platoon, SEAL Team ONE in January 1969.

On 25th February 1969 Kerrey led a group of Navy Seals who committed a massacre in Hamlet 5, Thanh Phong Village, in the Thanh Phu District of the Ben Tre Province. 19 civilians were killed when attempting to hide from the US forces, including three pregnant woman. A single survivor, a 12 year old girl named Bui Thi Luom, suffered a foot injury. Kerrey publicly admitted his role in the atrocity for the first time in April 2001, while serving as a US senator.

Kerrey was seriously wounded and lost the lower part of his right leg in combat on Hon Tre island near Nha Trang Bay on March 14, 1969. While suffering shrapnel wounds and blood loss, Kerrey organized his squad in a counterattack that killed or captured enemy Viet Cong. He was later medically discharged from the US Navy due to his wounds. On May 14, 1970, President Richard Nixon awarded Kerrey the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions.

Medal of Honor citation
His Medal of Honor citation reads:

Thanh Phong raid
In 2001, The New York Times Magazine and 60 Minutes II carried reports on an incident that occurred during Kerrey's Vietnam War service. On February 25, 1969, he led a Swift Boat raid on the isolated peasant village of Thanh Phong, Vietnam, targeting a Viet Cong leader who intelligence suggested would be present. The village was considered part of a free-fire zone by the U.S. military.

Kerrey's SEAL team first encountered a villager's house. Later, according to Kerrey, the team was shot at from the village and returned fire, only to find after the battle that some of the killed appeared to be under 18, clustered together in the center of the village. "The thing that I will remember until the day I die is walking in and finding, I don't know, 14 or so, I don't even know what the number was, women and children who were dead", Kerrey said in 1998. "I was expecting to find Viet Cong soldiers with weapons, dead. Instead I found women and children." Kerrey denied personally participating in the operation, but admitted to his own complicity. In contrast, Gerhard Klann, a member of Kerrey's SEAL team, gave a different version independently supported by a separate interview with Vietnamese woman Pham Tri Lanh. According to Klann, the team rounded up the women and children from hooches (shelters) and decided to "kill them and get out of there", for fear that they would alert enemy soldiers. He said Kerrey gave the order to fire. Kerrey responded to Klann's account by stating "it's not my memory of it", and accused Klann of being jealous that Kerrey had not assisted him in obtaining a Medal of Honor for a later mission. Kerrey also accused Pham Tri Lanh of being a Viet Cong guerrilla.

Kerrey expressed anguish and guilt over the incident, saying: "You can never, can never get away from it. It darkens your day. I thought dying for your country was the worst thing that could happen to you, and I don't think it is. I think killing for your country can be a lot worse. Because that's the memory that haunts." He was awarded a Bronze Star for the raid on Thanh Phong, after his unit falsely reported the dead as enemy guerrillas. The citation for the medal reads, "The net result of his patrol was 21 Viet Cong killed, two hooches destroyed and two enemy weapons captured." A display at the War Remnants Museum in Ho Chi Minh City is based on the incident. In reality, amongst the dead had been 13 children and a pregnant woman.

It includes several photos and a drain pipe, which it describes as the place where three children hid before they were found and killed.

Business career
After his military service, Kerrey pursued a business career. From 1972 to 1982, he owned and operated Grandmother's Inc. a chain of restaurants known as Grandmother's Skillet. Another company, Kerrey Holdings, included several fitness centers and a bowling alley. After he ceded active management to his brother in law in 1983, the businesses grew to include 10 restaurants, three fitness centers, a bowling alley, and other enterprises. Kerrey's other ventures included trading in cattle futures and a partnership that invested in commercial real estate including shopping centers.

While engaged in his business career, Kerrey gained his initial political experience. These activities included working on a 1971 voter registration drive with anti-war activist Allard K. Lowenstein. Kerrey also managed a friend's successful campaign for a seat in the state legislature. In addition, he served as a member of the city of Lincoln's Human Rights Commission.

Governor of Nebraska
In 1982, Kerrey ran for Governor of Nebraska; he easily won the Democratic nomination 71 percent to 29 over state senator George "Bill" Burrows, then achieved a narrow victory over incumbent Republican Charles Thone, 51%-49%. He served as one term, 1983 to 1987, and did not run for reelection in 1986. During his governorship, Kerrey pursued policies including welfare reform, education reform, job training, and environmental conservation. Several of these programs became models for other states and the federal government.

In 1986, Kerrey served as chair of the Midwestern Governors Association. As governor, he was known for his transparency and criticism of "politics as usual" obfuscating and clichés. He was the subject of nationwide news coverage in July 1986, when he ordered the Nebraska State Patrol to halt a train after the federal government failed to notify him of a rail shipment of nuclear waste that would pass through Nebraska, and directed the Nebraska Army National Guard to park a tank on the tracks at the Kansas-Nebraska border to ensure that the train did not proceed. After Kerrey's chief of staff and the head of the state patrol met with federal authorities in Kansas, the train was allowed to proceed, with representatives of the federal government agreeing to notify state officials of the dates, times and routes for similar trains in the future.

1988
In 1988, Kerrey ran for the U.S. Senate seat held by recently appointed incumbent Republican David Karnes. He won the Democratic primary with 92% of the vote. In the general election, he defeated Karnes 57%-42%.

1994
Kerrey won re-election to a second term defeating businesswoman Jan Stoney 55%-45%

2012
Kerrey ran again for his old Senate seat after the retirement of Incumbent Democratic Senator Ben Nelson in 2012, but was defeated by Republican candidate State Senator Deb Fischer.

Tenure
Senator Kerrey was a member of the Agriculture Committee and the Finance Committee, and was a member of the Appropriations Committee from 1989 to 1996. He also served as vice chairman of the Intelligence Committee from 1995 to 1999. He was the chairman of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee for the 104th Congress before retiring in 2001.

Kerrey voted for the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act which repealed the Glass–Steagall Act in 1999, defending his position against opposition by stating, "The concerns that we will have a meltdown like 1929 are dramatically overblown". Most famously, Kerrey cast the deciding vote in favor of President Bill Clinton's 1993 budget plan.

9/11 Commission
After his retirement from the Senate, Kerrey served on the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, commonly known as the 9/11 Commission. The commission was created by Congressional legislation to investigate the circumstances of the attacks on September 11, 2001, and to provide recommendations of actions that could help prevent future similar attacks. It was a bipartisan commission of five Democrats and five Republicans. The commission issued its final report, the 9/11 Commission Report on July 22, 2004.

Kerrey criticized the 2014 Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture as "unfair" and "partisan".

1992 presidential election
In September 1991, Kerrey announced his candidacy for the 1992 Democratic nomination for president. In a small field of five second-tier candidates devoid of an early frontrunner, Kerrey was seen as the early favorite. However, his performance on the campaign trail sometimes seemed lackluster, especially in comparison to that of Arkansas governor Bill Clinton.

Kerrey finished third in the New Hampshire primary in February 1992, despite spending heavily on television advertising. He briefly rebounded after winning the South Dakota primary but soon dropped out of the race after finishing fourth in the Colorado primary. Kerrey was on Clinton's "short list" of vice presidential candidates, but Tennessee Senator Al Gore received the nod instead.

The New School
Kerrey served as President of the New School from 2001 to 2010. During this time he more than doubled the endowment, taking it from $94 million in 2001 to $206 million. He also secured substantial federal funding for the school. Both of these factors helped the New School accomplish major academic growth and expansion in the decade that Kerrey was president.

Kerrey presided over an ambitious program of academic development at the university. Under his leadership, the university launched numerous new academic programs, including several joint degree programs. Enrollment increased by 44% to over 10,200, and online course enrollment doubled. He also oversaw an increase in the size of the faculty. The number of full-time faculty members grew from 156 in 2001 to more than 372 in 2009. He also helped to establish the Faculty Senate, which allowed the school to set university-wide standards for promotion, hiring, and faculty evaluation. Additionally, tenure was instituted for all academic departments.

On April 14, 2005, Kerrey announced that the university was changing its name from "New School University" to "The New School", and rebranding its eight divisions as specialized, separate entities serving different constituencies.

On April 17, 2005, a week after accepting a position as head of Democrats for Bloomberg in support of Michael Bloomberg's re-election as Mayor of New York City, Kerrey publicly stated that he was considering running against Bloomberg in the 2005 New York City mayoral election. Three days after announcing his interest, Kerrey announced that he would not run for Mayor, focusing instead on his position as President of the New School.

On December 10, 2008, it was announced that Kerrey had received a vote of no confidence from the university's senior faculty. This was perceived to have come as a response to his management style. The no-confidence vote was largely a symbolic gesture. The Board of Trustees offered their unanimous support for Kerrey at a meeting following the faculty vote.

On December 16, 2008, dozens of students took over the cafeteria in the 65 5th Avenue building; as the occupation continued, the group grew into hundreds of students from the New School, other New York City based universities, labor union members, and other supporters. Initially, the students stated that they would not leave the building unless several school officials resigned. Kerrey attempted to have a discussion with the students at the beginning of the occupation, but the students voted down that option. The occupation ended after 30 hours when the two parties accepted a treaty; Kerrey agreed to amnesty for the students involved in the occupation, more student space, and more student input in school investments and decision making.

Early in the morning of April 10, 2009, 19 students took over the 65 5th Avenue building, erecting an anarchist flag and demanding once again that Kerrey resign. A few hours later, about 20 police officers entered the building, arresting 22 students and ending the occupation after five hours.

In December 2012, the Chronicle of Higher Education reported that in 2010, the year of his anticipated departure, his salary was more than $600,000, and his total take-home pay, including bonuses, deferred compensation and nontaxable benefits, was $3,047,703, making Kerrey the highest-paid private college president in the United States.

Kerrey's time as president concluded on January 1, 2011. He was succeeded by David E. Van Zandt. Kerrey was then appointed President Emeritus.

Fulbright University Vietnam
While visiting Vietnam in May 2016, then Secretary of State John Kerry announced that the United States had appointed Kerrey to be chairman of the Board of Trustees of Fulbright University Vietnam. This announcement unleashed a heated controversy, in view of Kerrey's role in the Thạnh Phong massacre of 1969.

Outspoken Vietnamese critics of the appointment of Kerrey included Tôn Nữ Thị Ninh, a former ambassador to the European Union, and the award-winning Vietnamese-American author Viet Thanh Nguyen. On the other hand, Kerrey's appointment was endorsed by Đinh La Thăng, who at that time was Communist Party Secretary of Ho Chi Minh City and a member of the Politburo, but in January 2018 was tried, convicted, and sentenced to 13 years in prison on corruption charges.

In May 2018, H. Kim Bottomly, former president of Wellesley College, was appointed to succeed Kerrey.

2012 U.S. Senate election
On December 27, 2011, Political Wire reported that Ben Nelson, who had succeeded Kerrey in the Senate, would not seek re-election, and asserted that Kerrey was in talks with senior Democrats about the possibility of replacing him. The Washington Post reported that Kerrey would neither confirm nor deny the rumor. American Crossroads had been running advertisements critical of Kerrey's potential Nebraska Senate run, focusing on the fact that Kerrey had been living in New York for the last ten years. Kerrey responded to the ads with an invitation for Karl Rove to eat at one of Kerrey's restaurants in Nebraska, or to work out at one of his gyms that he owns in that state. On February 27, 2012, The Washington Post reported that Kerrey had earlier decided against a run, but that an aide had confirmed that he was now filing to seek election to his old Senate seat. He won the May 15 Democratic primary against four minor candidates. However, he was defeated on November 6 by Republican state senator Deb Fischer. in a landslide. Kerrey narrowly won the state's two largest counties, Douglas and Lancaster—home to Omaha and Lincoln, respectively—but only won three other counties. His margin in Omaha and Lincoln was not nearly enough to overcome Fischer's margin in the more rural parts of the state.

Circinus
Kerrey works closely as an advisor to Elliott Broidy's firm Circinus, a paramilitary firm Broidy purchased in 2014 which has large contracts with the United Arab Emirates.

Personal life

While he was Governor of Nebraska, Kerrey dated actress Debra Winger while the latter was in Lincoln filming Terms of Endearment (part of which is set in Nebraska), which won the 1983 Oscar for Best Picture. When confronted with intense questioning by the press over the nature of the relationship, Kerrey famously replied; "What can I say – she swept me off my foot", alluding to the fact that the lower part of one of his legs was amputated because of injuries sustained in his Medal of Honor action in Vietnam.

Kerrey is friends with fellow Vietnam veteran Jim Webb. In 2006 he became involved in convincing Webb to run for the US Senate. Webb entered the Virginia Democratic Primary, and Kerrey volunteered to serve as Webb's National Finance Chair. Webb went on to win the extremely close election in Virginia, defeating George Allen. Kerrey also endorsed and appeared at campaign events for Al Franken in his bid for the U.S. Senate in Minnesota.

Kerrey married Sarah Paley in 2001. They have a son, Henry. He has two children from his previous marriage: Ben and Lindsey. He has multiple grandchildren, including Will, Evelyn, and Thomas Kerrey.

A 2012 The New York Times op-ed by columnist Frank Bruni states that Kerrey describes himself as an agnostic.

On September 9, 2008, a pedestrian bridge connecting Omaha, Nebraska with Council Bluffs, Iowa was named in Kerrey's honor by the Omaha City Council.

In 2011, Kerrey was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from The New School.

In 2016, Kerrey received an honorary doctorate and delivered the postgraduate commencement address for Southern New Hampshire University.

title: Bob Kerrey


text:
Talk:Paul Simon

Rosary on his wrist at the DNC performance
A Religious News opinion piece speculates whether he has converted to Christianity after seeing the rosary on his wrist during his Bridge over Troubled Water performance Monday night at the convention. Maybe some interviewer may ask him about it in the coming weeks and a reliable source created. 97.85.173.38 (talk) 02:33, 1 August 2016 (UTC)

Members Live Band 2016
Does anybody have a list of Live Band Members? I went to see him on November 1st 2016 in Brussels and thought I recognized Preston Reed playing guitar, but maybe I am tricked by the long hair :-) --Ruud habets (talk) 19:27, 3 November 2016 (UTC)

SOS/Byrds connection
Don't know if this would be appropriate, but Tom Wilson's choice to "electrify" SOS was influenced by the success the Byrds had with Mr. Tambourine Man. I can get a citation for it, but would like input from others as to whether or not it's appropriate. Thanks.THX1136 (talk) 21:22, 28 August 2017 (UTC)

Domestic Violence Arrest
Why is there no mention of this 2014 incident? https://www.cnn.com/2014/06/17/showbiz/paul-simon-charge-dropped/index.htmlO0drogue0o (talk) 18:36, 9 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Because charges were dropped. PhilKnight (talk) 22:07, 9 March 2019 (UTC)
 * The arrest still happened. The reason is the same as to why his thefts of songs isn't mentioned...some fans sanitize the page from anything critical. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 14.207.195.71 (talk) 16:22, 21 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Yep, I came here looking for information on that. Actually, I was at Edie Brickell's where it seems the same sanitization has been performed. Jyg (talk) 07:15, 3 August 2022 (UTC)
 * @O0drogue0o 67.204.59.234 (talk) 02:21, 15 April 2024 (UTC)

early career is kind of a mess
I'm not sure it makes sense to launch into "Simon & Garfunkel" when one of his greatest albums (which isn't even mentioned here) came out the year after their debut album, and was solo. Should the section be renamed "Solo and with Garfunkel" or something like that? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.224.117.190 (talk) 19:56, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

First paragraph
Shouldn't the first paragraph include a mention of Simon & Garfunkel? The duo's name is only mentioned indirectly at the end of the second paragraph, when really him being in a duo called Simon & Garfunkel feels like a fact significant enough that it should be stated explicitly in the first paragraph — Preceding unsigned comment added by Giovata (talk • contribs) 06:19, 13 June 2022 (UTC)

Paul and Edie moved to Wimberley Texas
They moved to Wimberley Texas, is that something noteworthy enough to be included in the article? I'm not savvy on making [https://theeagle.com/news/state-and-regional/paul-simon-s-new-house-in-wimberley-texas-has-made-him-the-talk-of-the/article_5c10b5ce-4b3e-11ed-8251-3feb637c73c3.html#:~:text=Turns%20out%20they%20both%20live,in%20the%20Texas%20Hill%20Country. Paul Simon’s new house in Wimberley, Texas, has made him the talk of the town] PAUL SIMON GRACES RADIO WAVES OF HIS NEW LITTLE TOWN 2603:8081:8700:687D:C657:D0BF:7B1D:23A (talk) 14:53, 13 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Paul,I'm praying for you..look at Joshua 13:1 and see if that's not a fit. My family spent many wonderful vacations at Longcope's Jacobs Well in Wimberley.   I've enjoyed your gift...praying for the Lord to stir you up as you sing your heart out to HIM...Blessings! 2600:100C:B2A6:896A:986A:DBDA:383D:4AFC (talk) 21:45, 4 July 2023 (UTC)

Kathy Chitty and Simons age
Under personal it claims when they met in 1964 he was 21 and she was 16, not true even the worst mathematician can work out that he was around 22/23 if he was born in 1941 as it states at bio, whilst there is no easily found record of her age she was reported to be 68 in 2014 meaning she was born in 1945 so was around 18/19. more headline grabbing fantasy posted as fact? Rapidlaser (talk) 03:12, 25 February 2024 (UTC)

Hearing loss.
I came across a clip on YouTube where he is talking about his hearing loss. Here is more of what I found. Nosehair2200 (talk) 00:18, 2 July 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Paul Simon


text:
Crème caramel

Crème caramel, flan, caramel pudding, condensed milk pudding or caramel custard is a custard dessert with a layer of clear caramel sauce.

History
Custard has a long documented history, but crème caramel or flan in its modern form, with soft caramel on top, and prepared and cooked using a bain-marie, is first documented in La cuisinière provençale by Jean Baptiste Reboul published in 1897.

In the late 20th century crème caramel was common in European restaurants. The food historian Alan Davidson speculates that this may have been because the dish could be prepared in bulk, in advance.

Etymology
In this context, crème in French means 'custard'. The names crème (caramel) renversée (French) and crema volteada (Spanish) allude to the custard being turned over to be served.

Both crème caramel ("caramel cream") and flan are French names, but flan has come to have different meanings in different regions.

In Spanish-speaking countries and often in the United States, crème caramel is known as flan. This was originally a Spanish-language usage, but in North America the word is now best known in Latin American contexts; the other meaning is less common. Elsewhere, including in Britain, the English word flan means a type of tart somewhat like a quiche.

The Modern English word flan comes from French flan, from Old French flaon, in turn from Medieval Latin fladonem, derived from the Old High German flado, a sort of flat cake, probably from an Indo-European root for 'flat' or 'broad'.

Preparation
Crème caramel is a variant of plain custard (crème) where sugar syrup cooked to caramel stage is poured into the mold before adding the custard base. It is usually cooked in a bain-marie on a stovetop or in the oven in a water bath. It is turned and served with the caramel sauce on top, hence the alternate French names crème (caramel) renversée or crème renversée au caramel. The milk may be flavored with vanilla, cinnamon, or lemon peel. The resulting texture is gelatinous and creamy.

Turning out larger dishes requires care, as the custard easily splits. Larger dishes also require more care to avoid undercooking the interior or overcooking the exterior. Thus, crème caramel is often cooked and served in individual ramekins. The objective is to obtain a homogeneous and smooth cream on the surface of the crème caramel with a liquid caramel base. Cooking it in a bain-marie avoids burning the caramel.

Imitations
An imitation of crème caramel may be prepared from "instant flan powder", which is thickened with agar or carrageenan rather than eggs. In some Latin American countries, the true custard version is known as "milk flan" (flan de leche) or even "milk cheese", and the substitute version is known as just "flan".

Argentina and Uruguay
In Argentina and Uruguay, crème caramel is usually eaten with dulce de leche, whipped cream, or both (flan mixto).

Brazil and Venezuela
In Venezuela and Brazil, it is often made with condensed milk, milk, eggs, and caramelized sugar on top. The Venezuelan version is known as quesillo ("small cheese") and in Brazil, a local version is known as pudim, specifically pudim de leite ("milk pudding"), though the traditional flan is also commercially available. Pudim can have variations of flavor, such as chocolate, coconut, paçoca (peanut candy), cheese, and others, being the condensed milk pudding a base recipe.

Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand
In Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand crème caramel often made with condensed milk, milk, coconut milk (as alternative), coconut cream, eggs and caramelized sugar on top.

Caribbean
Also at most equatorial and Caribbean countries the inclusion of coconut, condensed milk and evaporated milk is widespread. The milk base may also be flavored with nuts, fruit, and so on.

Chile
In Chile, Leche asada or 'roasted milk' is similar to Crème caramel because it is made with the same ingredients, but Leche asada has a less smooth texture and is baked directly, which creates a toasted layer on the surface. In Chile, it is often eaten with dulce de membrillo (quince jelly) or condensed milk.

Costa Rica
Flan in Costa Rica often features coconut or coffee (flan de café).

Croatia
In Croatia, rožata, rozata, rožada or rozada is flavored with the Dubrovnik liqueur rozalin (rose liqueur), which gives the cake its characteristic aroma. It has a documented history stretching from medieval times. Modern variations include vanilla and other flavorings.

Cuba
Cuban flan (flan de Cuba) is made with the addition of egg whites and a cinnamon stick. A similar Cuban dish is Copa Lolita, a small caramel flan served with one or two scoops of vanilla ice cream. Other variations include coconut or rum raisin topping.

Dominican Republic
In the Dominican Republic, only egg yolks are used, mixed with vanilla, evaporated milk, and condensed milk. Coconut flan is known as quesillo.

France
Regional variations of crème caramel in France include:

 * Crème Renversée à la Normande: This variation of crème caramel is specific to the Normandy region of France. It is made with the addition of Calvados, an apple brandy produced in Normandy, which gives the dessert a distinct apple flavor.

 * Crème Caramel à la Bretonne: This variation hails from Brittany and is made with the addition of salted butter, which adds a savory element to the dessert. The salted butter caramelizes with the sugar to create a unique flavor profile.

 * Crème Caramel à la Provençale: In the Provence region, crème caramel is often flavored with lavender or orange blossom water, giving it a floral and aromatic twist.

 * Crème Caramel à la Parisienne: This variation is commonly found in Parisian restaurants and is typically made with whole milk and egg yolks for a rich and creamy texture. It is often served in individual portions or as a large version.

India

Caramel custard is popular, especially in the larger coastal cities, and in former Portuguese colonies such as Goa, Pondicherry, Daman and Diu. Sometimes, masala chai is added on the side. It is a staple on restaurant menus in the beach resorts along India's coasts and also prepared regularly in the home kitchens of the Anglo-Indian Goan, Malayali, Mangalorean and Parsi communities.

Japan
Packaged crème caramel is ubiquitous in Japanese convenience stores under the name purin (プリン) (i.e., "pudding"), or custard pudding. The same kind of dessert is sold in convenience stores in Taiwan.

Malaysia
Caramel custard (locally knows as puding karamel or puding karamel kastard) is a very popular dessert in Malaysia. First introduced by the Portuguese in the 16th century and sold year-round today, this dessert is popular served in restaurants, cafes, hotels, and even Ramadan bazaars for breaking the fast.

Mexico

Crème caramel is extremely popular in Mexico, being made at home, found pre-made at grocery stores, served in restaurants, and even sold on the streets. A variation of the dish called Flan Napolitano is made in some parts of Mexico where cream cheese is added to create a creamier consistency, though it is not as popular or wide spread. Flan's popularity among Mexican-Americans helped the dish become popular in the United States. Another variation is "Flan de Cajeta", which replaces the standard caramel with cajeta (milk caramel with a base of goat milk).

Peru
In Peru, crema volteada 'flipped cream' may use condensed rather than regular milk. Fruit may also be added, such as lucuma, custard apple, soursop, or granadilla.

Philippines

In the Philippines, crème caramel is known as "leche flan" (an anglicization of Spanish flan de leche, literally "milk flan"), which is a heavier version of the Spanish dish, made with condensed milk and more egg yolks. Leche flan is usually steamed over an open flame or stove top in an oval-shaped tin mold known as llanera (also spelled lyanera, which is also used to make hardinera), although rarely it can also be cooked in an oven. Leche flan is a staple dessert in celebratory feasts.

An even heavier version, called tocino de cielo or tocino del cielo (Spanish for "heaven's bacon"), is similar, but has significantly more egg yolks and sugar.

Leche flan is also commonly baked into pastries. The most common is the Filipino dessert flan cake or leche flan cake, a Filipino chiffon or sponge cake base (mamón) with a layer of leche flan on top. It can similarly be baked into steamed cupcakes known as puto mamón, a combination known as puto flan.

Leche flan is also commonly used as a topping for the shaved ice dessert halo-halo.

Portugal

Known as Pudim flan, made with milk, eggs, caramelized sugar, and vanilla. Variations include orange or lemon zest, cinnamon, pineapple, Port wine, or even bacon as is the case with Pudim Abade de Priscos. It characteristically has a hole in the center.

Puerto Rico
Most Puerto Rican flans are based on eggs and milk. Egg white and egg yolks are beaten separately with sugar to achieve a light flan. The Puerto Rican dessert flancocho combines flan de queso (cream cheese flan) with a cake base (bizcocho).

Spain
In Spain, crème caramel is a typical dessert that is often homemade and is also sold in grocery stores and restaurants with many variations. The best known version is the typical flan de huevo (egg flan), but there are many other versions, such as flan de queso, flan de leche, flan de vainilla, etc. In the original version, the flan has a layer of caramelised sugar that is sometimes crystallised to make it hard.

Vietnam
Crème caramel was introduced by the French and is common in Vietnam. It is known as caramen, or kem caramel in northern Vietnam or bánh flan or kem flan in southern Vietnam. Variations include serving with black coffee poured on top, or browning the caramel past typical caramelization point to make a darker, more bitter "burnt caramel".

title: Crème caramel


text:
Talk:Attractor

No Context
This article gives no context whatsoever. It would definitely be confusing to people who don't know what it's about. Can someone slap one of those "confusing" tags on it? --WikiDonn (talk) 06:47, 24 January 2012 (UTC)
 * The context is dynamical systems which is linked in the first sentence. Since attractors only make sense as a property of a dynamical system it's natural to assume the reader has some knowledge of them since it would be impractical to explain every concept from scratch.--RDBury (talk) 17:48, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

Yes... absolutely. This is one of those articles which makes perfect sense if you know all about the topic already, but is otherwise meaningless gobbledegook. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.96.58.212 (talk) 21:04, 4 December 2015 (UTC)

Strange Attractors
Strange attractors are described in several ways in the article: This last seems incorrect. Consider an initial variable point P in three-space, along with tetrahedron ABCD. If P is repeatedly moved half-way toward a randomly-chosen vertex (one of A, B, C, and D) the attractor is a Sierpinski tetrahedron, which has a dimension of 2 even though it is indeed a fractal. Consider replacing this sentence with the first description? "An attractor is called strange if it has a fractal structure." By linking "fractal" to the fractal article, the reader would be referred to a more accurate description: "A fractal is a mathematical set that has a fractal dimension that usually exceeds its topological dimension[1] and may fall between the integers.[2]" (This is my first edit, so I've posted my reasoning here before actually editing the article.] Scottsteketee (talk) 02:10, 23 April 2013 (UTC)
 * "a complicated set with a fractal structure known as a strange attractor."
 * "when these sets...cannot be easily described as simple combinations...then the attractor is called a strange attractor."
 * "An attractor is called strange if it has non-integer dimension."

x1 not a limit set
Maybe explain why x1 is not a limit set, (pendulum example), even though x0 is. Thanks, 71.139.161.36 (talk) 03:59, 21 May 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Attractor. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131112192849/http://1618.pl/home/math_viz/attractor/attractor.html to http://1618.pl/home/math_viz/attractor/attractor.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:22, 21 October 2016 (UTC)

"Hidden attractors" section not adequately sourced and raises COA issues
The section Numerical localization (visualization) of attractors: self-excited and hidden attractors is only supported by WP:primary sources; 3 recent research papers by the same three authors: Kuznetsov, Leonov and Vagaitsev. Wikipedia requires primary sources to be backed up by secondary sources; survey articles or textbooks on the subject (WP:PSTS). Are there any? WP is not the place to present research that has yet to be accepted.

Secondly, the fact that this section was added by Kuznetsov N.V., the author of the only papers on the subject, raises WP:conflict of interest issues. I respect your academic credentials and I'm sure your motives are pure. However, you can see that the lack of any other sources besides your own papers could give the appearance that "hidden oscillation" is a concept you are pushing to advance your own academic career. Adding sources by other authors would resolve any doubts about this. -- Chetvorno TALK 18:31, 17 April 2017 (UTC)
 * @ that makes perfect sense. I'm commenting that section out. I have also added the template on hidden attractor since it suffers from the same problem; once this template is solved, the section will be placed back in this present article.

Visualization of economic processes by attractors
Some economic processes can be described by ODE systems (or by discrete dynamic systems) of the type

x' = fx(x, y, z)

y' = fy(x, y, z)

z' = fz(x, y, z)

Thus, such processes can be represented by attractors. In the Microsoft Store App "VisualEconomics" (https://www.microsoft.com/store/apps/9PP8H144BKMK) 6 examples are implemented which refer to 5 publications. The systems contain parameters that represent the process state and can be changed, with the shape of the attractor also changing. Help functions make it easier to understand, and the associated publication can also be read in parallel.

'Cellular Automata' section not adequately sourced
The section on cellular automata is only supported by WP:primary sources, namely Stephen Wolfram's writing on his own work. Unlike the rest of the article, which describes work that is not only in original papers but also in texts, and is generally accepted by the mathematical community, this section is supported only by books by the proponent of this theory, and published only in unrefereed sources. In addition, unlike the rest of the article, which describes proven results, the Wolfram results in this section are only unsupported conjectures by Wolfram. I will edit to indicate that the results of this section are conjectures by Wolfram, not accepted fact, but I think this section should be deleted entirely, and will do that in a week if there isn't a differing opinion posted here. Andylatto (talk) 15:50, 22 January 2021 (UTC)

Changed first image
I have just replaced the first image (of the Poisson Saturne attractor) by another image of the same attractor. I know that the previous image has been widely liked and shared, but I believe it is time for a change for the following reasons:

 * The only resolution of the previous image is 480x640 pixels, which limits its use severely. The new image is in Commons with a resolution of 12800x9600 pixels.

 * The new image has been run with many more iterations (10^11), so has much more detail.

 * The coloring is designed to emphasize the fact that the attractor is not connected but has two separate components. This is of course not visible in the still image, but it is in the accompanying video to which we also link.

Bvsydow (talk) 17:08, 22 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Attractor


text:
One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich

One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (Один день Ивана Денисовича, ) is a short novel by the Russian writer and Nobel laureate Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, first published in November 1962 in the Soviet literary magazine Novy Mir (New World). The story is set in a Soviet labor camp in the early 1950s and features the day of prisoner Ivan Denisovich Shukhov.

The book's publication was an extraordinary event in Soviet literary history, since never before had an account of Stalinist repressions been openly distributed in the Soviet Union. Novy Mir editor Aleksandr Tvardovsky wrote a short introduction for the issue entitled "Instead of a Foreword".

Translations
At least five English translations have been made. Of those, Ralph Parker's translation (New York: Dutton, 1963) was the first to be published, followed by Ronald Hingley and Max Hayward's (New York: Praeger, 1963), Bela Von Block's (New York: Lancer 1963), and Gillon Aitken's (New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1971). The fifth translation, by H.T. Willetts (New York: Noonday/Farrar Straus Giroux, 1991), is the only one that is based on the canonical Russian text and the only one authorized by Solzhenitsyn. The English spelling of some character names differs slightly among the translations.

Plot
Ivan Denisovich Shukhov has been sentenced to a camp in the Soviet Gulag system. He was accused of becoming a spy after being captured briefly by the Germans as a prisoner of war during World War II. Although innocent, he is sentenced to ten years in a forced labor camp.

The day begins with Shukhov waking up feeling unwell. For arising late, he is forced to clean the guardhouse, but this is a comparatively minor punishment. When Shukhov is finally able to leave the guardhouse, he goes to the dispensary to report his illness. It is relatively late in the morning by this time, however, so the orderly is unable to exempt any more workers and Shukhov must work.

The rest of the novel deals mainly with Shukhov's squad (the 104th, which has 24 members), their allegiance to the squad leader, and the work that the prisoners (zeks) do in hopes of getting extra food for their performance. For example, they are seen working at a brutal construction site where the cold freezes the mortar used for bricklaying if not applied quickly enough. Solzhenitsyn also details the methods used by the prisoners to survive; the whole camp lives by the rule of day-to-day survival.

Tyurin, the foreman of gang 104, is strict but kind, and the squad's fondness for him becomes more evident as the book progresses. Though a morose man, he is liked because he understands the prisoners, talks to them, and helps them. Shukhov is one of the hardest workers in the squad, possessing versatile skills that are in great demand, and he is generally well-respected. Rations are meager – prisoners only receive them on the basis of how productive their work units are (or how productive the authorities think they have been) – but they are one of the few things that Shukhov lives for. He conserves the food that he receives and is always watchful for any item that he can hide and trade for food at a later date, or for favors and services he can do prisoners that they will thank him for in small gifts of food.

At the end of the day, Shukhov is able to provide a few special services for Tsezar (Caesar), an intellectual who does office work instead of manual labor. Tsezar is most notable, however, for receiving packages of food from his family. Shukhov is able to get a small share of Tsezar's packages by standing in lines for him. Shukhov reflects on his day, which was both productive and fortuitous for him. He did not get sick, his group had been assigned well paid work, he had filched a second ration of food at lunch, and he had smuggled into camp a small piece of metal he would fashion into a useful tool.

Main characters
The 104th is the labor-camp team to which protagonist Ivan Denisovich belongs. There are over 24 members, though the book describes the following characters the most thoroughly:
 * (Иван Денисович Шухов), the protagonist of the novel. The reader is able to see Russian camp life through Shukhov's eyes, and information is given through his thoughts, feelings, and actions. Although the title refers to the main character by his given name, Ivan, and patronymic name, Denisovich (son of Denis), the character is primarily referred to by his surname, Shukhov.
 * (Алёшка), a Baptist. He believes that being imprisoned is something that he has earned, since it allows him to reflect more on God and Jesus. Alyoshka, surprisingly, is able to hide part of a Bible in the barracks. Shukhov responds to his beliefs by saying that he believes in God but not heaven or hell, nor in spending much time on the issue.
 * (Гопчик), a young member of the squad who works hard and for whom Shukhov has fatherly feelings, as he reminds Shukhov of his dead son. Gopchik was imprisoned for taking food to Ukrainian ultranationalists. Shukhov believes that Gopchik has the knowledge and adjustment skills to advance far at the camp.
 * (Андрей Прокофьевич Тюрин), the foreman/squad leader of the 104th. He has been in the camp for 19 years. Tyurin likes Shukhov and gives him some of the better jobs, but he is also subject to the camp hierarchy; Tyurin must argue for better jobs and wages from the camp officers in order to please the squad, who then must work hard in order to please the camp officers and get more rations.
 * (Фетюков), a member of the squad who has thrown away all of his dignity. He is particularly seen as a lowlife by Shukhov and the other camp members. He shamelessly scrounges for bits of food and tobacco.
 * , or (Цезарь Маркович), an inmate who works in the camp office and has been given other special privileges; for example, his civilian fur hat was not confiscated by the Personal Property department. Tzesar is a film director who was imprisoned before he could finish his first feature film. Some discussions in the novel indicate that he holds formalist views in art, which were probably the reason for his imprisonment. A cultured man, Tzesar discusses film with Buynovsky. His somewhat higher class background assures him food parcels.
 * (Буйновский) also called "The Captain", a former Soviet Naval captain and a relative newcomer to the camp. Buynovsky was imprisoned after he received a gift from an admiral on a British cruiser on which he had served as a naval liaison. In the camp, Buynovsky has not yet learned to be submissive before the wardens.
 * (Павло), a Ukrainian who serves as deputy foreman/squad leader and assists Tyurin in directing the 104th, especially when Tyurin is absent.
 * , or (Иван Кильдигс), the leading worker of the 104th squad along with Shukhov, a Latvian by birth. He speaks Russian like a native, having learned it in his childhood. Kilgas is popular with the team for making jokes.
 * (Сенька Клевшин), a member of the 104th who became deaf from intense fighting during World War II. He escaped from the Germans three times and was recaptured each time, ending up in the Buchenwald concentration camp.

History
One Day is a sparse, tersely written narrative of a single day of the ten-year labor camp imprisonment of a fictitious Soviet prisoner, Ivan Denisovich Shukhov. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn had first-hand experience in the Gulag system, having been imprisoned from 1945 to 1953 for writing derogatory comments in letters to friends about the conduct of the war by Joseph Stalin, whom he referred to by epithets such as "the master" and "the boss". Drafts of stories found in Solzhenitsyn's map case had been used to incriminate him (Frangsmyr, 1993). Solzhenitsyn claimed the prisoners wept when news of Stalin's death reached them. He uses the epithet batka usaty (батька усатый) in his novel, which translates to "Old Whiskers" or "Old Man Whiskers". This title was considered offensive and derogatory, but prisoners were free to call Stalin whatever they liked: "Somebody in the room was bellowing: 'Old Man Whiskers won't ever let you go! He wouldn't trust his own brother, let alone a bunch of cretins like you!"

In 1957, after being released from the exile that followed his imprisonment, Solzhenitsyn began writing One Day. In 1962, he submitted his manuscript to Novy Mir, a Russian literary magazine. The editor, Aleksandr Tvardovsky, was so impressed with the detailed description of life in the labor camps that he submitted the manuscript to the Communist Party Central Committee for approval to publish it—until then Soviet writers had not been allowed to refer to the camps. From there it was sent to the de-Stalinist Nikita Khrushchev, who, despite the objections of some top party members, ultimately authorized its publication with some censorship of the text. After the novel was sent to the editor, Aleksandr Tvardovsky of Novy Mir, it was published in November 1962.

The labor camp featured in the book was one that Solzhenitsyn had served some time at, and was located in Karaganda in northern Kazakhstan.

Reception and influence
One Day was published in 1962 in Novy mir with the endorsement of CPSU First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev, who praised novella at the Party plenum. In 1964, it was a candidate for Lenin Prize and evoked heated debates among the prize committee, but ultimately failed to win the nomination. It evoked heated debates among the Soviet reading public, as well. As Miriam Dobson notes: "The Novyi mir mailbag contains letters from lawyers, teachers, party members, purge victims and their relatives, self-confessed thieves, prisoners, camp workers, pensioners, an army captain, a collective farmer, a worker in a chemical laboratory, and simply 'young people.' These letters reflect a broad spectrum of opinion. On the one hand, jubilant readers lavished praise on Solzhenitsyn, [Novy mir editor] Aleksandr Tvardovskii, and all that seemed to truly promise a 'new world'; on the other hand, skeptical voices remained convinced that the camps had been populated by inveterate enemies of the Soviet people. Yet in the extant corpus of citizens' letters, such stark positions appear relatively rare."Such open publicity was, however, short lived. In October 1964, Khrushchev was ousted and the gulag theme was disallowed in the Soviet press. Solzhenitsyn's later novels were published abroad and circulated within the Soviet Union illegally. In 1969, Solzhenitsyn was expelled from the Soviet Writers' Union. In 1970, he was awarded the Novel Prize for Literature.

Solzhenitsyn was arrested, stripped of his Soviet citizenship, and exiled from the Soviet Union in 1974. Two days after his expulsion, Glavlit issued an order removing all his books from libraries' open stacks. Until Gorbachev's perestroika allowed their re-publication, they circulated only illegally, as samizdat. Vitaly Korotich, the perestroika-era editor of the magazine Ogoniok wrote: "The Soviet Union was destroyed by information – and this wave started from Solzhenitsyn's One Day".

Film
A one-hour dramatization for television, made for NBC in 1963, starred Jason Robards Jr. in the title role and was broadcast on November 8, 1963. A 1970 film adaptation based on the novella starred British actor Tom Courtenay in the title role. Finland banned the film from public view, fearing that it could hurt external relations with its eastern neighbor.

title: One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich