text:
User talk:Calmypal/Archive 1

Hello Calmypal, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Angela 03:35, Nov 6, 2003 (UTC)

Hi Cal :) Usually we only link once to another article, and we leave further occurances of the term unlinked. The Guinness book was linked once up the top, so doesn't need to be linked again.

Thanks Dysprosia 03:16, 8 Nov 2003 (UTC)

It may seem rather ironic but I have just deleted Inclusionist. This sort of thing should only be on Meta as it is not helping Wikipedia in any way. The Wikipedians by inclusionism/deletionism should also be on Meta, and has been deleted by someone else. Although there are some similar pages that exist here, the plan is to move all of these to Meta as well. I think you'll find the Inclusionism already has a list like this anyway, so do feel to contribute over there instead. Angela 20:47, Nov 8, 2003 (UTC)

I think you may slightly confused about the namespaces we use here as you want to have your inclusionist article in the main namespace. This is the area for the encyclopedia proper. The   Wikipedia-namespace (prefix Wikipedia:) contains info about Wikipedia: how to use it, etc. See Namespace for further explanation. Pages that contain information on user's affiliation to notions such as inclusionism play no part in an encyclopedia, which is what this is, so have no place on this site. I have responded to your other comments by e-mail. Angela 22:39, Nov 8, 2003 (UTC)

Calmypal, would you please stop adding articles with obviously totally irrelevant content like Joe Ahmed and Wikipedians by Facial Hair? You may wish to consider what Wikipedia is not; also, you may have read this and this. If I remember correctly, there has already been some debate about your tendency to ridicule people as exemplified by creating Engime's Theory of Pure Absurdity that pretended to be an article but was in fact just an attack on so-called deletionists. So please stop it, this attitude will certainly not gain you much support here.Kosebamse 20:22, 13 Nov 2003 (UTC)

That was not an attack on deletionists. Give me another example where that theory could be supported, and I'll admit that I should have thought of that and used it instead. Anyway, I want to know what Wikipedians have what facial hair! - Arthur George Carrick 19:20, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC)

More about that article of yours at my talk page. I would like to note that it has been considered trolling by the sysop who deleted it, but that's past - I don't want to argue about what you did in the past, just wish to tell you that Wikipedia wants your knowledge, not your provocations. Kosebamse 19:31, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC)

I retract all above statements. I was a stupid angry confused newbie. - Woodrow 23:37, 25 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Wikipedia talk:Fame and importance
Please come vote! Jack 10:57, 29 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Please add something other than a massive list of primes to the list of prime numbers article, like some of the interesting history of their derivations to go with the simple facts. Jamesday

Hi, Dubya was already listed on Redirects for deletion last week and the decision was to keep it. Angela. 04:27, Feb 1, 2004 (UTC)

HI PEEPS! SUP? (24.229.140.53 23:12, 19 December 2006 (UTC))

BBB
Hey, thanks for creating the BBB page. Care to tackle any of the others? :) Anthony DiPierro 15:10, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Here's John Marshall Harlan... - Arthur George Carrick 23:55, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for reverting my user page from vandalism! I appreciate the vigilance, and will try to watch out for yours in the future. Jwrosenzweig 00:26, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Another brief thank you for being the first person to notice my call for haiku and provide one. :-) I liked it.  Have a good day, Jwrosenzweig 19:55, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

The End
Thanks for the explanation about "The End." Didn't know it was used as an anchor. Fuzheado 23:49, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC)

When i noticed that you trashed my approach to the get-to-the-end problem on VfD within 7 minutes, i was concerned that you might construe my reference to "nonsense" as implying that it was i who trashed the end-of-file section.

In fact, i've twice noticed it gone, but have never removed it.

The nonsense i removed was an instruction to use the End key to get to the end of the page; i don't know whether that was put there by someone who also removed the heading, or who found the heading already gone.

I consider jumping to the heading hopeless bcz i don't see any evidence that you're going to get people to stop deleteing the heading, whether it's happening intentionally or accidentally. On reflection, "nonsense" may be a little strong (for either way of going to the end-of-page, since the end of the page is almost always going to be within sight of the last nomination), but i still think you'll need more than the "good luck" i can wish you, to make it work. [smile] --Jerzy(t) 08:26, 2004 Mar 12 (UTC)

The end key works, but from what you say it doesn't seem to work for you. It's much better to have something simple that works for everyone. Yes, the end has previously been removed by Fuzheado and Jwrosenzweig, and I can only assume that whoever made the jump to the bottom link put a heading there originally. Until the software contains a feature to include a link to jump to the bottom, this will have to do. - Wikipedia 20:40, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Wikilottery
You won first and second prizes in the wikilottery. Congrats! silsor 02:58, Mar 13, 2004 (UTC)

Yay! Though I do think it was a little unfair to the others for me to buy 5 tickets... - Wikipedia 03:03, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

MediaWiki:Uspresidents
Stop adding the presidents footer and answer why it is needed at MediaWiki talk:Uspresidents. --Jiang 00:18, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * If you continue adding without reaching consensus you will find your edits immediately reverted. Please stop trolling. --Jiang

 * How can I respect the judgment of someone who removes the comments of others from talk pages? - Woodrow 01:11, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I hate to be a grump...
but I think signing things as Wikipedia may confuse new users. You know, they'll think you're in charge or you own it or something. :-) Anyway, I'm suggesting you find something else -- not a major issue, but I know people get confused (heck, one newbie thought Kingturtle was in charge in a dispute I was involved in....maybe "King" threw him?).  Thanks! Jwrosenzweig 00:50, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Thanks, I didn't think of that. -                                                                                00:56, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Wood
I noticed your name on your recent vote to delete Joke article. It caught my attention because Woodrow is my cat's name (we also have an Ike). Anyway then I had a look at your user page and saw you live in the Phila area. I live in Roxborough. See you -ike9898 02:06, Mar 20, 2004 (UTC)

Please stop adding the footer because it is a waste of time. I will revert it as long as you fail to convince us of its need and create a consensus to use it. --Jiang

As long as you can keep removing it, I can keep adding it. - Woodrow 22:05, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

re: Hey, Brian! With cases like ALFRED NOBEL, it's easier to just turn it into a redirect. We don't keep duplicate articles. You also might want to read up on speedy deletions. All the best, Woodrow 02:14, 31 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Thanks, Woodrow. I think I'll stay out of the VfD stuff, at least for awhile. I tend to take the hard way when there are easier paths. Brian Rock 02:28, Mar 31, 2004 (UTC)

Calmypal, what do you think about Cecropia's nominations for adminship? Get-back-world-respect 14:08, 1 Apr 2004 (UTC)

22nd Amendment
Hello Woodrow, Is the point you made on my Talk page that the 22nd Amendment would allow Clinton to serve again? I believe that, based on the history of the amendment, that would be a clear violation of the intent. Certainly it could only be definitively decided by the Supreme Court, and it would certainly go to the Supreme Court. But how do you feel about my other point that it could only damage a candidate to have a doubtfully legal Vice Presidential candidate? It would become a central issue in the campaign, no? Cheers! Cecropia 20:54, 1 Apr 2004 (UTC)

If you're editing my talk page, you're not banned. What Internet service provier do you use? Maximus Rex 01:11, 2 Apr 2004 (UTC)

I've unblocked that address. Sorry for any inconvenience. Maximus Rex 01:14, 2 Apr 2004 (UTC)

press corps
Thanks for fixing the redirect here. I now know how to do it. Peter Ellis 01:23, 2 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Curious
Thanks, Woodrow -- but why? :-) What in particular are you honoring? :-)  I'm intrigued, flattered, and slightly embarrassed: thanks for brightening my morning! Jwrosenzweig 16:37, 2 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * Count me even more flattered, even more smiling, and much much more embarrassed. :-) Thanks for making me feel appreciated, and for wishing me well.  I promise to keep eating food. :-) Jwrosenzweig 20:35, 2 Apr 2004 (UTC)

3/12=25%, no? Anyway, I was just coming to tell you your application is archived here should you wish to refer it. Good luck with any later applications you make. Angela. 17:47, Apr 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * Ah, good point. I generally take them into account in some way without actually counting them. Angela. 17:56, Apr 4, 2004 (UTC)

Honored Americans
Did you remember what you wrote on the Talk:George Washington page?? Do you know who ranks fourth?? Also, do you think that this "honored Americans" can be at its own Wikipedia article?? Please do not treat me like a coward. 66.245.68.140 22:21, 4 Apr 2004 (UTC)

But why do you think I chose 1945?? I chose it because that's when World War II ended, and this makes it an important border in United States history. What year would you have picked?? Anyone who sees the list at the bottom has the right to extend it, not just you. I believe that the one who ranks fourth is probably either Andrew Jackson or Abraham Lincoln, but I'm not really sure. 66.245.68.140 22:45, 4 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Aja (album)
Hi Woodrow. I'm responding to your query on my Talk page.

I removed the statements that Aja contains "some of their longest songs ever", and that the first song is the title track, because I thought neither were particularly significant, especially in the first sentence. Every band has an album or two where they stretch out with long songs, and most albums have a title track.

The first item could be mentioned in a more detailed description, where Aja might be contrasted with other albums. The second should be apparent in a track list. I can take care of both.

Also, "Aja" is not the first track, it's the second. First up is my favorite, "Black Cow".

-- Paul Richter 01:15, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC)

When I made the changes I hastily deleted the bit on the namesake of "Aja". Did you mean that the album is named after an African tribe/language or African/Hindu mythology? It's not clear which one, and I find it highly doubtful that it's any of them.

The lyrics imply that "Aja" is just a variation of "Asia". I've never come across any claims to the contrary.

-- Paul Richter 05:12, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC)

If you have AIM: MarderIII or Yahoo: wikilir -- we can play on Yahoo! chess sometime -- Im a 1600+. I also play on FICS some. Lirath Q. Pynnor

Please stop supporting User:Exploding Boy for adminship. He makes innapropriate articles like  and . Radical WiKi 13:22, 7 Apr 2004 (UTC)

your current signature
I find your current signature confusing. First, I didn't realize who it was from. Then when I tried to reply to you, I got a random page, and then your user page. Please consider making your signature the standard signature. It will better enhance communication. Thanks, Kingturtle 19:31, 9 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Chess
Hi, I've started a discussion on which syntax(es) should be implemented for table-based chessboards. Your opinion is invited. Thanks. Arvindn 14:57, 10 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Thanks!
Thanks for your support, Calmypal. Hope you'll do better the next time you come around on the vote. I think you will! Cecropia 03:36, 14 Apr 2004 (UTC)

User:I am sexy
Is there a good reason for you to be modifying User:I am sexy's user page? - Fennec 01:13, 13 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * This should be brought up with me at my talk page. Feel free to revert it, it's mistranslated anyway, despite my best efforts. - Woodrow, Emperor of the United States 01:26, 13 Apr 2004 (UTC)

AMA co-ordinator election is now on
You may now vote for user:Ed_Poor or user:Alex756 in the first ever AMA co-ordinator election. Follow the instructions on AMA Coordinator Election Procedure for more details.

AMA members who wish to abstain from voting must also e-mail wikipedia_ama_voting@yahoo.co.uk with notice of that intent.

To clarify anything before voting, ask user_talk:Zanimum or user_talk:Jwrosenzweig on their talk pages.

AMA members have until April 30, at 11:00:00 EST to vote. -- user:zanimum
 * Your vote has been counted. Jwrosenzweig 15:49, 20 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Apologies. I'll watch out for that one. Meelar 05:38, 17 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Sig and Chess
Did you notice I cut my chess page? I felt I had to, due to the debate, and trying to compel with the new guidelines.

I've done this before, and I just would like to ask you to shorten your sig, because they are so confusing and take up a lot of space, saying nothing... ✏ Sverdrup 21:41, 19 Apr 2004 (UTC)

VfU listing
What did you hope to accomplish through your recent listing on VFU? UninvitedCompany

 * I thought it should be kept for BJAODN. That's BJAODN's purpose...isn't it? - Woodrow XXIIIII, Emperor of the United States, Minister of Ministry 00:19, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

In response to the edit made to the HHG page, I offer you this: "The title The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy is often abbreviated as "HHG", "HHGG", "HHGTTG" or "H2G2". " from the HHG/HHGG page. :)

So should the HHG thing be put back in?

--Krupo 08:30, 1 May 2004 (UTC)

 * 2 g's? - Herbert 00:18, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

Thank you!
Thank you for putting White whale back into a re-direct to Beluga. If the user who vandalizes by putting nonsensical information on this article comes back, please block (I don't know the gender of this user, so I don't know what pronoun to use.) 66.32.76.38 23:52, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

Uh oh!
The user who vandalizes White whale is back! Please do whatever you can to stop this from happening! 66.32.76.38 23:57, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

True or false??
True or false: you know of a way to modify the Talk:George Washington page so that the "Honored Americans" section can be updated more often. 66.245.3.103 19:57, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately, false. How often it is updated depends on whether people make that happen. By the way, have you considered getting an account? - Herbert 00:17, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

Thank you!
Thank you for updating the "Honored Americans" in Talk:George Washington. But, what is your "This is a separate project" supposed to mean?? The reason I put it at Talk:George Washington is because George Washington is the #1, and putting it at a talk page for a different person can certainly be artificial. For any more updates, remember the rule: there is no limit as long as you are including Americans whose entire life was within the range from 1706 to 1945. 66.32.252.78 14:07, 9 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Herbert Hoover
Please note that Herbert Hoover was alive as late as 1964 and the rule for honor ranks says that we are to include Americans who lived entirely between 1706 and 1945. What did you originally think?? 66.245.99.35 16:58, 12 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Honored Americans Project
Don't forget about the Honored Americans project at Talk:George Washington. I added 2 more Americans to it and each one had exactly 2 honors. Any more you can think of for either of them, or for Alexander Hamilton, who also currently has exactly 2 honors. 66.245.17.89 00:34, 3 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Edit attribution
Hi. Your request for edit reattribution was rejected. Please see Changing attribution for an edit/Rejected requests. Regards  — Kate Turner | Talk 04:07, 2004 Sep 5 (UTC)

 * I actually forgot about that. - Calmypal 02:39, Sep 6, 2004 (UTC)

Fahrenheit 9/11
You do realise that TRON Guy hadn't even seen the movie right?

http://67.19.85.90/~richard/tronf911.wmv
 * Audience Member: You think you're going to go see this?
 * Tron Guy: I haven't decided yet.
 * Audience Member: Why?
 * Tron Guy: Uh, because I think... I don't think a whole lot of Michael Moore... I don't think he has much in the way of integrity.

AlistairMcMillan 15:15, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Hey, I just saw the movie yesterday on the internet, and it was basically what I expected from reviews. I only really saw it because one of my liberal friends two lines is "Watch Fahrenheit 9/11!" (the other being variations of "Bush is a moron!"). I believe the criticisms give one a very good idea of the film's content. - Calmypal 15:20, Sep 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure what you are saying here. You seriously think we should include quotes from people critiquing films that they haven't actually seen? AlistairMcMillan 16:19, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Technically, it was a critique of Michael Moore. ;-) - Calmypal 16:30, Sep 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * Frankly if the only critique you can find of Michael Moore comes from TRON Guy, then Moore can't be doing too badly. I've watched that clip a bunch of times and still can't work out what his Fahrenheit 9/11 complaint is all about.  Moore asked a US Representative a question?  Oh My God, how is Moore allowed to walk the streets after behaviour like that?  How can he even show his face in public?  Don't you people have laws against that kind of stuff?  AlistairMcMillan 17:08, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Excuse me, don't we have a bunch of links at the bottom of the page? We have more than enough to use when we criticise the DF. Seriously, do you think this man would put a positive response from a Congressman in his film? The man outright lies! He edited over a reply from one Congresman to make it look worse, as I recall. Ever hear of Charlton Heston and Detroit? That's hard to defend... - Calmypal 19:29, Sep 8, 2004 (UTC)

 * I wasn't talking about everyone elses additions to the page. I was talking about yours.  You added the TRON Guy quote and that was the only quote you added.  My opinion on anything else is as irrelevant as yours.  If you are going to add to the Fahrenheit 9/11 page please try to stay NPOV.  If you are going to include people's quotes on the film it might be useful if have (a) seen the film and (b) have a little more credibility than Kermit the Frog. AlistairMcMillan 20:28, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * I see you found someone with a "little" more credibility than Kermit. You wouldn't happen to have a source for that quote would you?  I looked around but couldn't find it anywhere.  AlistairMcMillan 19:19, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * 'Twas on the show today. - Calmypal 19:28, Sep 9, 2004 (UTC)

Are you just taking the piss now?

 * CALLER: But you call him a liar and a propagandist and you don't back up your -- where are your facts to prove that he is that?
 * RUSH: I don't know how many times I have done this. Let's start out --
 * CALLER: Is it on your website?
 * RUSH: Let's go ahead, finish your thought.
 * CALLER: If you've got the facts, post them on your website. I'd love to see it.
 * RUSH: All right.
 * CALLER: Let me just say -- this is my argument, because I listen to you all the time --
 * RUSH: It takes about as long as the movie to refute it because everything in it is a lie and --
 * CALLER: That's not true. That is not true. He's gotta book coming out that's going to cite his sources, and he also -- you made a point yesterday about listening to our soldiers, and if our soldiers say something, well, maybe we should pay attention. He's got a book coming out that has thousands -- I won't say thousands, but hundreds of letters from soldiers. Are you going to refute these letters from these soldiers that have written to Michael Moore over these years?
 * RUSH: Let me ask you this, what is the point of Moore's movie? What can you take away from it?
 * CALLER: The point is I think there's a lot of weird red flags that were raised that need to be looked at and not just swept under the carpet. And if you cannot -- have you watched -- let me ask you, have you actually seen the movie?
 * RUSH: No, no, I haven't seen the movie.

From the transcript on his own site.

AlistairMcMillan 22:28, 9 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * CALLER: See, Rush, that's what drives us crazy is how can you take -- you've got to watch it first. If you would honestly sat down and watched --

 * RUSH: Where is my bootleg copy? I've got a bootleg copy. I can't bring myself to watch it. It's nothing but bunch of tripe. All I have to know is this. This is all I have to know. All I have to know is that Michael Moore made blatant distortions in Bowling for Columbine, blatant distortions in Roger and Me, he opens this movie with a misrepresentation of just how sweetness and light life in Iraq was and Bush has gone in and destroyed all these millions of innocent little kite flying little people. All I have to know about Moore is that he misrepresented what Richard Clarke admitted to doing, and that is flying the bin Laden family out of Washington. It was not Bush that did it. Bush did not have a thing to do with it, Richard Clarke did. Richard Clarke admitted this, Richard Clarke said this before Moore's movie came out. Moore had a chance to change the record and didn't. I have enough evidence to know that so much is wrong in this movie that none of it is worth believing.

 * CALLER: You can't be like that. It's not a fair critique --

 * RUSH: I most certainly can be like that. I can choose to believe it based on my knowledge of Moore based on his previous work and based on this. Based on analyses of the work by people who had seen it who I trust.

 * CALLER: But, Rush, you have a huge responsibility to your audience.

 * RUSH: And I am more than fulfilling it.

Like I said, you don't need to see the movie to know it's a pack of lies. - Calmypal 11:10, Sep 10, 2004 (UTC)

Another lash for the dead horse
I don't know why the Bubba-VP question arose in your mind again, but it's nice to have agreement. I also feel this issue will come up again, now that elections seem to be increasingly in the hands of the litigators. :) -- Cecropia | Talk 16:31, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Edit to Jim McGreevey

 * Princeton Township attorney Bruce Afran said federal District Judge Garrett Brown agreed to hold a Sept. 8 hearing on a lawsuit filed by him and another attorney, Carl Mayer, that claims McGreeveys delayed resignation violates federal voting rights laws

I assume you got permission before copying this sentence from the Star Ledger to the Jim McGreevey  page. Right? AlistairMcMillan 15:23, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Right, I should have provided a source for that. Sorry. Anyway, I'm sure they'll sue me into the street over one sentence. - Calmypal 15:41, Sep 13, 2004 (UTC)

 * Do you have a source for these radio talk show rumours of which you speak? AlistairMcMillan 15:53, 13 Sep 2004 (UTC)

From Mod to User: Eszett Talks to Calmypal
Wow, is this the same Calmypal from Mantako? I absolutely need to know. kthx, your benevolent moderator Eszett.

 * Yes, is this the same Eszett from Wikipedia? - Calmypal 13:36, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)

Yes, Eszett (Wikipedia) and Eszett (mantako) are one and the same. Eszett 01:27, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

One more thing... Are you just a conservative from the site in disguise? We must answer the suspicion. Eszett 01:57, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Conservative in disguise? I thought the speculation was that I was a parody of right-wing thought. I am conservative. - Calmypal 02:34, Oct 27, 2004 (UTC)

 * I've heard some sources say that you are either jox, jox's dad, or Sean Hannity (!), but either way it is popular opinion that you are either an angry conservative venting their rage under a pseudonym, or else a complete joke. I don't believe any of it myself, but you just seem so... radically conservative. ~ Eszett 00:03, 28 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Mark Twain's Library of Humor
I left you a note in Wikisource:User talk:Calmypal, and await your reply. (I don't blame you for not reading it. I don't follow my dormant User_talk pages on the various wikis either.) I'd appreciate it if you replied - either there or in Wikipedia, whatever is more convenient. -- Itai 11:41, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Come join the AIW
You are currently listed as an honorary member of the Association of Inclusionist Wikipedians, we encourage you to become a full-fledged member. Posiduck 04:31, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Rafael Leonidas Trujillo
Yes, the disambig message is necessary there, as "Rafael Trujillo" redirects there. WhisperToMe 23:36, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

"Leftist Crap"
This is pretty close to personal attack. Deletion of talk pages because you do not like what is discussed is also quite out of order.Refdoc 00:51, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

You have now reverted three times. A fourth revert would be against the 3RR rule. Refdoc 01:07, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Not so. It's been more than 24 hours. - Calmypal 01:29, Feb 25, 2005 (UTC)

Undelete
Please take a gander: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Votes_for_undeletion#Universist_Movement Universist 03:57, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Calmypal/Archive 1


text:
Isabella I of Jerusalem

Isabella I (1172 – 5 April 1205) was reigning Queen of Jerusalem from 1190 to her death in 1205. She was the daughter of Amalric I of Jerusalem and his second wife Maria Comnena, a Byzantine princess. Her half-brother, Baldwin IV of Jerusalem, engaged her to Humphrey IV of Toron. Her mother's second husband, Balian of Ibelin, and his stepfather, Raynald of Châtillon, were influential members of the two baronial parties. The marriage of Isabella and Humphrey was celebrated in Kerak Castle in autumn 1183. Saladin, the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt and Syria, laid siege to the fortress during the wedding, but Baldwin IV forced him to lift the siege.

Baldwin IV, who suffered from lepromatous leprosy, had made his nephew (the only son of his sister, Sibylla by her first husband), Baldwin V, his heir and co-ruler, to prevent Sibylla's second husband, Guy of Lusignan, from mounting the throne. The High Court of Jerusalem stipulated that a committee of Western European rulers was entitled to choose between Sibylla and Isabella to succeed Baldwin V if he died before reaching the age of majority, but Sibylla and Guy of Lusignan were crowned soon after Baldwin V died in 1185. Guy's opponents tried to play Isabella and her husband off against him, but Humphrey did homage to the royal couple.

Childhood
Isabella was the daughter of Amalric, King of Jerusalem, by his second wife, Maria Comnena. Maria Comnena (who was a grandniece of the Byzantine emperor, Manuel I Komnenos) married Amalric on 29 August 1167. Isabella was born before September 1172.

Amalric died unexpectedly on 11 July 1174. His son by his first marriage, Baldwin IV, was crowned king two weeks later. Before long, it became obvious that Baldwin suffered from lepromatous leprosy. To secure the succession to the ailing king, his sister, Sibylla, was given in marriage to William of Montferrat in November 1176, but he died seven months later. Baldwin's cousin Count Philip I of Flanders, who landed at Acre in August, offered Robert of Bethune for Sibylla's new husband, also proposing that Isabella (who was Baldwin's and Sibylla's half-sister) should marry Robert's younger brother, William of Bethune. The High Court of Jerusalem refused both proposals.

Isabella's mother married Balian of Ibelin in autumn 1177. His brother, Baldwin of Ibelin, wanted to marry Sibylla, but the king preferred another candidate, Guy of Lusignan. After the marriage of Sibylla and Guy on Easter 1180, a division emerged between Guy of Lusignan's supporters and opponents. The first group included the mother of Baldwin IV and Sibylla, Agnes of Courtenay, her brother, Joscelin, and Raynald of Châtillon, Lord of Oultrejordain. Their opponents included Isabella's mother and stepfather, and Raymond III of Tripoli. To secure Guy's position, the king arranged the betrothal of Isabella to Raynald of Châtillon's stepson, Humphrey IV of Toron in October 1180. Isabella was sent to Kerak Castle to be educated by Humphrey's mother, Stephanie of Milly. Stephanie forbade her to pay visits to her mother and stepfather at Nablus.

The relationship between Baldwin IV and Guy of Lusignan deteriorated. Baldwin IV removed Guy from the regency and denied his right of succession, making Guy's stepson (Sibylla's son from her first marriage), Baldwin V, his heir and co-ruler on 20 November 1183. A version of Ernoul's chronicle suggests that the child Baldwin V was made heir, because the ailing Baldwin IV wanted to avoid a debate between his sisters' supporters about his succession. Guy's principal supporters, Joscelin of Courtenay and Raynald of Châtillon, were not present at Baldwin V's coronation, because they attended the wedding of Isabella and Humphrey of Toron.

First marriage

The wedding took place in Kerak Castle. Saladin, the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt and Syria laid siege to the fortress. According to Ernoul's chronicle, Stephanie of Milly sent meals to the besiegers from the feast and Saladin forbade his engineers to destroy the tower of the fortress in which Humphrey and Isabella spent the wedding night. Baldwin IV assembled a relief army and departed from Jerusalem to Kerak, although he was unable to ride a horse. Saladin lifted the siege and retreated without a fight on 3 or 4 December.

"[Stephanie of Milly] sent to Saladin bread and wine, sheep and cattle in celebration of her son's wedding... . And when Saladin received these gifts he was exceedingly delighted and gave thanks to those who brought them to him, asking where the bride and bridegroom were staying: their tower was pointed out to him. Thereupon Saladin gave out orders throughout his army that no attack should be directed at this tower."

The dying Baldwin IV appointed Raymond of Tripoli regent for Baldwin V in April 1185. On Raymond's demand, the High Court of Jerusalem ruled that a committee consisting of the pope, the Holy Roman Emperor and the kings of France and England would be entitled to choose between Sibylla and Isabella if Baldwin V died before reaching the age of majority. Baldwin IV died on 16 March 1185. About a year and a half later (before mid-September 1186) the child Baldwin V also died.

Sibylla's uncle Joscelin of Courtenay persuaded Raymond III of Tripoli and his allies to leave Jerusalem, and urged her supporters (including Raynald of Châtillon) to assemble in the town. Ignoring the 1185 ruling of the High Court, the noblemen and prelates who came to Jerusalem concluded that Sibylla was the lawful heir to her son. Those who were opposed to Sibylla (including Raymond III of Tripoli and Balian of Ibelin) assembled in Nablus. They argued that Sibylla's legitimacy was dubious, because her parents' marriage had been annulled. They also emphasized that Isabella was born after the coronation of her father. They sent envoys to Jerusalem to protest against Sibylla's coronation, but Heraclius, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, crowned her in mid-September. Heraclius also anointed Guy of Lusignan king after she placed a crown on Guy's head.

On Raymond of Tripoli's proposal, the noblemen who assembled in Nablus decided that they proclaim Isabella and Humphrey of Toron queen and king. However, Humphrey (whose mother and stepfather were Sibylla's supporters) fled from Nablus to Jerusalem and did homage to Sibylla and Guy. Before long, all barons followed his example and swore fealty to the queen and her husband, with the exception of Raymond of Tripoli who left the kingdom.

Saladin imposed a crushing defeat on the united army of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the Battle of Hattin on 4 July 1187. Isabella's husband was captured on the battlefield. Before long, Saladin's troops seized most towns and fortresses of the Kingdom of Jerusalem: Tiberias fell soon after the battle, Acre on 9 July, Beirut before 6 August, and Jerusalem on 2 October. Tyre was an exception, holding out for months under the command of Conrad of Montferrat who had come to the Holy Land from Italy a few weeks after the battle.

Conrad regarded himself as the ruler of Tyre, forbidding Guy of Lusignan to enter the town in the summer of 1189. Guy laid siege to Acre, but James of Avesnes, Louis III of Thuringia and other crusader commanders who came to the Holy Land also questioned his claim to leadership. Guy's wife, Sibylla, and their two daughters died in the autumn of 1190. Guy's opponents argued that he had only been king by marriage, and his wife's half-sister, Isabella, inherited the crown. Guy did not want to abandon his claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Taking advantage of the situation, Conrad of Montferrat decided to marry Isabella.

Isabella's stepfather supported Conrad's plan. Isabella resisted, but her mother put her under pressure. Maria Komnena also swore that Baldwin IV had forced the eight-year-old Isabella to marry Humphrey of Toron, whose effeminacy was well known. Before long, the papal legate, Ubaldo Lanfranchi, Archbishop of Pisa, and Philip of Dreux, Bishop of Beauvais, annulled the marriage of Isabella and Humphrey. Baldwin of Forde, Archbishop of Canterbury, forbade her to marry Conrad, stating that both Isabella and Conrad would commit adultery if they married. However, Baldwin of Forde died on 19 November 1190.

Second marriage
Conrad married Isabella on 24 November. Isabella returned to Humphrey the Lordship of Toron that Baldwin IV had annexed to the crown in 1180. Guy of Lusignan refused to abdicate, but most barons regarded him as the lawful monarch. Conrad and Isabella returned to Tyre. After Philip II of France, who landed at Acre on 20 April 1191, acknowledged Conrad's claim to Jerusalem, Guy of Lusignan and Conrad's opponents (including Humphrey of Toron and Bohemond III of Antioch) sought assistance from Richard I of England, who decided to support them. Guy adopted the title of "king-elect of Jerusalem" in May.

The crusaders captured Acre on 11 July 1191. On 28 July, Richard and Philip agreed that Guy could retain the title of king till the end of his life, but Conrad would rule Tyre, Beirut and Sidon; after Guy's death, the kingdom would be united under the rule of Conrad and Isabella or their issue. Three days later, Philip left for France and Richard became the sole supreme commander of the crusaders. The native barons remained hostile towards Guy. After Richard decided to return to England in April 1192, the barons urged him to revise the previous decision about the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Election
Richard held an assembly on 16 April 1192. The prelates and the noblemen who attended the meeting unanimously voted for Conrad. Richard accepted their decision, granting Cyprus to Guy in compensation for his lost kingdom. Richard dispatched his nephew Count Henry II of Champagne to inform Conrad about the barons' decision. Henry arrived at Tyre about four days later. It was agreed that Conrad and Isabella would be crowned at Acre.

Isabella, who loved lingering in her bath, spent unusually much time there on 28 April. Being hungry, Conrad decided to have a dinner with Philip of Dreux, but by the time he arrived at Philip's house, the bishop had already finished his meal. Conrad wanted to return home, but two men ambushed and stabbed him in a narrow street. Most sources agree that they were sent by Rashid ad-Din Sinan, head of the Assassins. While dying, Conrad ordered Isabella not to give Tyre to anyone but Richard or to the new king of Jerusalem. When Duke Hugh III of Burgundy, the French king's lieutenant in the Holy Land, urged Isabella to deliver Tyre to him, she shut herself up in the fortress and refused to open its gates.

Third marriage
On learning of Conrad's assassination, Henry of Champagne, who had meanwhile returned to Acre, hurried back to Tyre. Henry, who was the nephew of both Richard of England and Philip of France, was acclaimed king by the barons and the citizens of Tyre. According to Ernoul, Henry was hesitant, because Isabella was pregnant, possibly with a son. The barons and the citizens, continued Ernoul, promised him that his children would inherit the Kingdom of Jerusalem to convince him to accept the crown. The betrothal of Henry and Isabella was announced two days after Conrad's death. The marriage was celebrated in Acre on 10 May 1192.

Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani, who was present at the wedding, wrote:

"Henry of Champagne married the Marquis' wife on the same night, maintaining that he had first right to the dead man's wife. She was pregnant, but this did not prevent himself uniting himself with her, something even more disgusting than the coupling of the flesh. I asked one of their courtiers to whom paternity would be awarded and he said: 'It will be the Queen's child.' You see the licentiousness of these foul Unbelievers!"

Isabella and Conrad's child, Maria of Montferrat, was born in 1192. Henry and Isabella then had three daughters, Margaret (born 1193/1194), Alice (born 1196) and Philippa (born 1197). Henry died in 1197 when a balcony or window-trellis gave way and he fell out of a window.

Fourth marriage
After his death, Isabella married for a fourth time to Aimery of Cyprus, brother of Guy of Lusignan. They were crowned together as King and Queen of Jerusalem in January 1198 in Acre. They had two daughters, Sibylla (born 1198) and Melisende (born 1200), and one son, Amalric (born 1201). King Aimery died in 1205 of food poisoning caused by white mullet, four days before his wife, and shortly after their son. On her death on 5 April 1205, Isabella was succeeded as queen by her eldest daughter Maria.

The legality of Isabella's divorce from Humphrey was challenged in 1213, during the dispute over the succession to Champagne between her daughters Alice and Philippa and Henry's nephew Theobald IV. However, its validity seems to have been upheld: no challenge was made to the legitimacy of Maria and her descendants to succeed to the throne of Jerusalem, and in Champagne, Theobald bought off his cousins Alice and Philippa.

Family
Isabella's first marriage to Humphrey IV of Toron was childless.

From her second marriage to Conrad of Montferrat she had one daughter:
 * 1) Maria (1192–1212), succeeded Isabella as Queen of Jerusalem.

From her third marriage to Henry II of Champagne she had three daughters:
 * 1) Margaret (1193/1194 – before 1205) betrothed to Guy of Cyprus but they both died as children.
 * 2) Alice (1195/1196–1246), firstly married Hugh I of Cyprus, secondly she married Bohemond V of Antioch and thirdly married Raoul de Soissons. She was a rival claimant of Champagne.
 * 3) Philippa (c. 1197 - 20 December 1250), married Erard de Brienne-Ramerupt and was also a claimant of Champagne.

From her fourth and final marriage to Aimery of Cyprus she had the following children:
 * 1) Sibylla (October–November 1198 – c. 1230 or 1252), married King Leo I of Armenia
 * 2) Melisende (c. 1200 – aft. 1249), married 1 January 1218 Bohemund IV of Antioch
 * 3) Amalric (1201 – 2 February 1205, Acre)

In popular culture
Isabella has made few fictional appearances, but she is a major character in Graham Shelby's The Knights of Dark Renown (1969) and its sequel The Kings of Vain Intent (1970). Shelby idealises her marriage to Humphrey, depicting them as his young romantic leads. He then goes on to depict her being beaten and raped by Conrad in a sadistically abusive relationship. This sensationalist depiction is not supported by any evidence. Shelby implies that Isabella plotted Conrad's murder in revenge for his abuse, and depicts her as mentally numbed and indifferent to Henry.

She is the title character of Alan Gordon's mystery novel, The Widow of Jerusalem (2003), which paints a more sympathetic portrait of her marriage to Conrad. She is introduced as a spoilt, vain young woman, but she matures in the course of the story. Only when it is too late does she realise that her husband loves her. His murder, and the later death of Henry, are investigated by the hero, the fool Theophilos (Feste).

She is positively portrayed as a child and young woman in Sharon Kay Penman's The Land Beyond The Sea.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Isabella I of Jerusalem


text:
Talk:Keyboard instrument

Virginal vs Harpsichord
I thought a virginal was actually a separate instrument from the harpsichord, maybe closer to the clavichord?

Also, I can see how a piano might be called a percussion instrument, because of the hammers, but it seems like it should get classified as a string instrument too. -- Merphant 03:44, 6 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * A virginal is just a harpsichord with one keyboard and the strings running paralell to the keyboard (as on a clavichord) as far as I know - I don't think there's anything more to it than that. Whether that means we should list it separately to the harpsichord, I don't know, but it's certainly not very wrong to list them together.

 * As for classification - the way we had it divided into "strings", "winds" and "percussion" didn't really make any sense, because in the first two you're classifying according to what is vibrating, while in the last you're classifying according to how it is being caused to vibrate. I've fiddled around with it a bit, therefore. --Camembert

 * Listing the virginal separate from the harpsichord would, I'd say, not be very different from separating grand piano from upright piano. I'd say leave it this way. --EldKatt

An unnecessary article?
Does anyone think that this should be merged with the article Musical Keyboard; or perhaps just delete the Musical Keyboard article? Surely one of these articles is expendable.
 * I'm reluctant. This article is about a particular class of instruments which use a keyboard, whereas musical keyboard is about said keyboard in particular (and not the stuff surrounding it) and its layout. (OK, that didn't adequately explain my thoughts, but I'm half asleep at the moment.) I think these topics should stay separate. There's certainly enough to say about both, even though both articles can be improved quite a bit. EldKatt 22:58, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

But to quote the Musical Keyboard article, "Many musical instruments which have a key for each note lay them out in the standard way shown in the graphic: the piano, harpsichord, clavichord, organ, synthesizer, celesta, melodica, glasschord, and carillon are keyboards. Also, instruments such as the xylophone which have a separate sounding part for each note lay them out in this pattern." It talks about many different keyboard instruments which I believe are all mentioned in the Keyboard instrument article. I also just realized that the 'instrument' in this article's title ought to be capitalized.
 * After a little consideration, I would merge the "Musical Keyboard" into this one. All the instuments on this page generally share the same keyboard as on the other page, and it seems unneccessary to separate them.--B. Phillips 23:56, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * All the keyboard instruments it talks about are indeed mentioned here, as they should be. But it also talks about the way the separate sounding parts in a xylophone, a marimba, a vibraphone, orchestral bells, tubular bells and crotales (to name those I can think of now) are arranged, and these instruments are patently not keyboard instruments. So musical keyboard isn't really about the keyboard itself (which indeed is something rather inseparable from keyboard instruments) but about its layout. On the other hand, the musical keyboard article is of pretty low quality and something should be done to improve it. Personally, though, I don't think the remedy at this point is to merge. EldKatt 13:30, 16 July 2005 (UTC)

I second merging "Musical Keyboard" into "Keyboard Instruments". "Keyboard instrument" is a technical term, while "musical keyboard" is kinda slangy. The keyboard instrument page is basically a stub. Also, 'musical keyboard' could be confused with 'electronic keyboard' or maybe even a player piano(might be a stretch). Both pages would benefit from a merger, especially since both touch on similar topics and share almost exact information. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:569:F8B5:3000:6C57:9DD9:1CCE:B087 (talk) 06:55, 24 February 2018 (UTC)

Keyboards redirects here
The article Keyboards is a redirect to this page. The term Keyboards and sometimes Keyboard alone means an electronic keyboard and not the class of keyboard instruments (Longman dictionay and MSN Encarta Dictionary confirm this). I will change that redirect to the page electronic keyboard.

 * I disagree. "Keyboards" refers to all keyboard instruments. When a player on a popular recording is credited with keyboards, it usually means that the person in question performed various keyboard instruments, both electronic and acoustic. --Trweiss 14:38, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I completely agree with Trweiss. And it was in fact I who made the questioned redirect and subsequent dab notice on this article. Please see Special:Whatlinkshere/Keyboards and note that nearly all of the 150+ links are referring to Keyboard instrument and not the plural of Keyboard. Although convention would have Keyboards redirect to Keyboard, this seems like a good instance where we should concern ourselves with de facto rather than de jure. -- Krash (Talk) 19:34, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

Another point is that the picture of this page rather suits the electronic keyboard page than keyboard instruments class. The picture is talking about a specific brand (Yamaha) and doesn't include the word electronic. I will change it. -Neshatian 16:34, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Simply changed to #redirect to keyboard. Period. --Teika kazura (talk) 04:00, 7 March 2012 (UTC)

MIDI on this page?
I think the MIDI section is rather related to electronic instruments. It can be described in electronic instruments (covering how MIDI is incorporated in different instruments, samplers and ...), in electronic_keyboard (covering MIDI controlers, MIDI keyboards, etc) and in MIDI itself for basic concepts. Neshatian 08:20, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry, but I disagree. It is important to mention that keyboards may simply be keyboards and not musical instruments at all. Such is the case with MIDI controllers in general and keytars specifically.

 * The electronic keyboard article is chiefly about a class of electronic instruments made for the home market, not about electronic keyboard instruments in general. There are plenty such instruments which are not equipped with MIDI.

 * I think the discussion of MIDI and how it relates to the history of keyboard instruments is better discussed in this more general article. --Trweiss 14:50, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for you comments Trweiss. But really I'm not yet convinced. If there are "some keyboards that are not musical instruments", what are they doing in this page which is about Keyboard Instruments. Though this is a separate discussion, I think that even MIDI keyboards (controllers) are a kind of Electronic instruments. But let's stick to the main subject of this discussion: Why should MIDI heading stay on this page?

First of all, this page is about a family of instruments called: Keyboard Instruments. So what we write here should be related to most members of this family and not just a minority of them. Let’s look at the list of keyboard instruments on the bottom of the page. What is the proportion of MIDI-enabled instruments to the whole list? It is not large enough.

Let’s look at the MIDI first (and its only) paragraph. It begins with “Many electronic keyboard instruments are outfitted with … “. It is affirming that this is related to electronic keyboards. I tink electronic keybaords doesn’t mean just those home playing ones, necessarily. I know that electronic keyboard page is very poor. But we should complete it and maybe again not as an instrument but a class of electronic instruments ranging from toys ro those professionals. Unfortunately, this paragraph is not comprehensive at all and with some minor mistakes. For example: The purpose of MIDI is not just controlling; the sound module has nothing to do on this page. Keytar is not just a MIDI controleer, it’s an electronic keyboard instruments and most of the models produce sounds themselve without any external MIDI tone generator and …

Finally, The MIDI article is fairly good and I would suggest to merege this to that page to avoid redundancy. If we think that MIDI Keyboard is a separate class from electronic keyboard we would creat a new page. However as I mentioned we can extend electronic keyboard]] to not just including those home market ones but a wider range of electronic keyboard instruments. Regards --Neshatian 09:35, 7 February 2006 (UTC) the keyboad is a piano without the pedals and electronic —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.208.224.132 (talk) 15:56, 16 September 2010 (UTC)

Merging discussion

 * I think they are completely different topics. Electronic keyboard is a descendant of Keyboard instrument covering a small proportion of this category. --Neshatian 07:48, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Only a minority of keyboard instruments are electronic keyboards, and there is enough to say about both topics to warrant individual articles. Furthermore, I don't see what purpose a merge would serve. EldKatt (Talk) 11:47, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I see this as merging a stub into a parent article. In my view, this isn't like merging Piano and Electric piano or Guitar and Electric guitar; it's more like merging Can opener and Electric can opener or Razor and Electric razor. I wonder how the electronic keyboard article can grow any more. In actuality, the article seems little more than a glorified disambiguation for synthesizer, sampler (musical instrument), electronic organ, digital piano, and keytar. The entire article could simply be a section of the keyboard instrument article, between "History" and the "incomplete list...". (Sorry to change the format around on this talk page, but I think we can get more accomplished by discussing this, not voting.) -- Krash (Talk) 03:01, 25 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Hm. You're right. I take back what I said above; further motivation beside what you write is unnecessary. EldKatt (Talk) 13:59, 25 February 2006 (UTC) Thinking even further, I realize that this issue is more complicated than I naively thought. I'm currently undecided. EldKatt (Talk) 11:44, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I wish we had come to a conclusion before merging . I think there two main reasons that these pages (Keyboard Instrument and Electronic keyboard) can not be mereged: (1) Your example is true. However when we talk about can opener we are not talking about a category (or class) of openers but a an individual object. This is not true for this article which is about a big family of instruments. This article should concern a general definition, History, Evolution, Categoies and a directory of instruments recognized as keyboard instrument.(2) There many things about electronic keyboard that can not be fit into this page or other pages. A synthesizer is not equiped with a keyboard necessarily so is sampler; so they can not hold all the related subjects. Besides, what about many things related to electronic keyboards specifically? Can we put Pithc bend, Modulation wheel, Auto accompaniment, Short-cuts for chords, Styles and Custom (user defined) styles, Built-in sequneceres, Drum pads, List of manufacturers, Different models,  and so many related topics, here on this page? I kindly ask you to wait for a conclusion before making changes. --Neshatian 07:49, 26 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I too would have liked to see some sort of consensus before a merge. One for, one against, and one embarrassingly undecided (that's me) doesn't really suggest that the issue is dealt with. EldKatt (Talk) 11:44, 26 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Neshatian, I'm sorry but I fail to see any point that you are trying to make. Nothing is stopping you or anyone else from including those "related things" on this page, though I'm not sure what relevance they would have here. Rather than beating some moot point, why not expand the "electronic keyboard" section to reflect your vision for it. This might then (perhaps) better support your argument that it could stand alone as its own article. As it is edited right now, I feel, it's much better than having a stub and a really short incomplete article that are about two of the same thing. Please see WP:POVFORK. -- Krash (Talk) 14:33, 26 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Ok, I took a look at the old Electronic Keyboard article, and I'd have to say that it works fine as a heading under this article. If Neshatian wants to expand the section, I'll try to help if I have time. When the section gets too big it can be forked.--fataltourist 17:20, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I’ve added some headings under electronic keyboard section. Now it's obvious that it can't remain here in this page. If everybody agrees, we will move it to its own page. --Neshatian 12:47, 18 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't see anything as "obvious" and wish that such condescending language in discussions be avoided. I don't understand why the user feels so strongly the need to move part of this article and wish that he could cite sources for the information that he is adding. -- Krash (Talk) 01:49, 19 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I never knew that "obvious" is a condescending word! By “obvious” I mean, now that ‘’electronic-keyboard’’ body is being added to this article and shows its potential to have a detailed content, it doesn’t make sense to have an instance instrument article inside a family of instruments. I don’t like my opinion to be considered ‘’’condescending’’’ when I put it in a discussion page (which is for this purpose I think). I think of discussion as a constructive debate. --Neshatian 06:50, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

Popularity
What popularized the keyboard instrument more? The organ or the stringed keyboards? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 67.87.110.175 (talk • contribs).

first instrument using keyboard principle
just a little suggestion that might be researched further, but i have heard that the organ was not the first instrument to use keys, but a hurdy gurdy a stringed instrument using a rosin wheel to produce sound, was actually one of the first in an instrument called an organistrum, although i am probobly wrong.

Keyboard shaped like a Guitar
What is the name of the keyboard shaped like a guitar? Zachorious (talk) 11:08, 4 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I've wondered that for a long time. WAVY 10 Fan (talk) 18:46, 10 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Just googled it. It's called a "keytar". WAVY 10 Fan (talk) 18:47, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

External link removed for WP:RS not so much for lack of WP:NOTE
I removed the section containing the only link for not being a reliable source. The author also does not have the notability needed and does not make Wikipedia:Verifiability guidelines. Can we do better than to include a biker's website? *The general keyboard in the age of MIDI.
 * After reading the article that the external link takes you to, I decided to put that link back as a useful reference. However, I do see problems with WP:V and WP:RS. Jrod2 (talk) 15:31, 14 April 2008 (UTC)

Synthesizers
Why synths aren't mentioned on the list? --ProgressiveAeternus (talk) 17:10, 1 February 2009 (UTC)

External link
Would it be possible to add http://www.classicalmusichomepage.com/reference/keyboard-reference to the external links list? This page lists all the best online reference material for keyboards. Thanks. Ndifrancesco (talk) 13:18, 22 May 2009 (UTC)

Carillon
I added the picture with the keyboard of a carillon to show the difference to most of the other keyboards. --ThT (talk) 03:54, 11 September 2010 (UTC)

Pianet
Isn't the Pianet wrongly classified? It appears to be an idiophone, not an electrophone. J. Martin Velez Linares 17:35, 14 September 2015 (CDT)

Other devices using "piano" keyboard
Where to list other (non musical) devices, using the keyboard, e.g. Clavier à lumières (Color organ), which produces only light? Žiga (talk) 06:41, 25 November 2015 (UTC)

 * I think we have this covered already. See Keyboard.  Opus33 (talk) 16:17, 25 November 2015 (UTC)

Electronic Keyboards
Read the body of this article and you would think that the only modern keyboards were electronic pianos! The electro-mechanical piano needs to be mentioned (e.g. Fender Rhodes), as do electro-mechanical organs (Hammond) and other esoteric variations like early tape-based samplers (Mellotron). Space needs to be given to synthesisers and other electronic keyboards that are not primarily piano emulators, controllers that can be used with different music sources (covering things like evolutions like pitch bend and vibrato wheels etc.), other types of keyboard instrument such as bass pedal boards and accordions. Stub Mandrel (talk) 10:40, 23 January 2017 (UTC)

Would a list be unencyclopedic?
Greetings. On this article (which is TAFI horray!), there was, in my opinion, an overexausted list right on the main article. When juxaposed with the rest of the article, it doesn't mix well. I would either create a separate list on a separate page (click to start), or via a navbox. What do you think? Also: Wasn't there a rule about this, like maybe Manual of Style/Embedded lists?

Thanks, Zanygenius(talk to me!)(email me!) 15:39, 25 March 2019 (UTC)

 * Support creating List of keyboard instruments. This qualifies for an article as per WP:NOTDUP relative to Category:Keyboard instruments. North America1000 01:44, 26 March 2019 (UTC)

 * Thanks! Should I go ahead with splitting then? Zanygenius(talk to me!)(email me!) 02:17, 26 March 2019 (UTC)

Keyboards listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Keyboards. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Ivanvector (Talk/Edits) 14:49, 6 May 2019 (UTC)

"Modern keyboards" section
In general, the section reads like a collection of random factoids, half of them wrong, the other half of unclear importance. Some of the many problems:

 * Ignoring every other kind of keyboard instrument referred to in the article, this section acts like the only two kinds of keyboard instruments in existence are traditional acoustic pianos and electronic devices trying to simulate acoustic pianos. It often uses the word “keyboard” as a synonym for the second type. E.g., “A simple keyboard has light plastic keys”.
 * The section makes factual claims that sort of make sense in the specific context of a debate over which kind of piano is better, acoustic or electronic? But the claims are ridiculous in the context of keyboard instruments in general. E.g., “Each acoustic keyboard contains 88 keys”. Really? Accordions have 88 keys? Carillons have 88 keys?
 * The section borders on non-NPOV on the only issue it seems to care about. “The electric piano and electronic piano were early efforts that, while useful instruments in their own right, did not convincingly reproduce the timbre of the piano.” It probably wouldn't be hard to convince me of this claim (assuming the extremely narrow definition of “electronic piano” that the Electronic piano article pendantically insists on), but ...
 * The only three citations in the section are to blog posts of unclear neutrality. (At least some editor corrected the howler I noticed in earlier revisions of the page, which listed one of the blog authors as “Post, Guest”.)
 * Whoever wrote the section misunderstood at least one of the references they're citing. The section says “smaller arrangements have a minimum of 61 keys”. The closest that the reference (a blog post with consumer buying advice) comes to saying this is: “Commonly, these smaller instruments will have either 76 or 61 keys.” If you squint, you might be able to imagine the blog is recommending that a beginning student shouldn't buy a keyboard with fewer than 61 keys — a far cry from its supposed claim that smaller keyboards don't even exist.

I don't care enough about the debate over acoustic vs. electronic pianos to try to fix this into anything remotely coherent. I don't know enough about keyboard instruments in general to have a sense of how important the topic of this section is to the article. I suspect deletion is the easiest surgery, but one of the article's regular editors might care enough about it to fix it. As it is, it's just embarrassing. 2604:3D09:A97D:E200:E11D:5896:15A4:B66 (talk) 03:34, 10 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Yeah fair enough ... I don't know enough about the subject of the article to salvage that section either, so I've just removed it. Many of the problems were caused by edits made during the "Articles for improvement" project in early 2019 (see the above collapsed note), but some of the text is much older. I only have this article on my watchlist due to vandalism that stuck around for a while, ironically in the section under discussion. Graham 87 05:02, 10 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Keyboard instrument


text:
Wrist drop

Wrist drop is a medical condition in which the wrist and the fingers cannot extend at the metacarpophalangeal joints. The wrist remains partially flexed due to an opposing action of flexor muscles of the forearm. As a result, the extensor muscles in the posterior compartment remain paralyzed.

Forearm anatomy
The forearm is the part of the body that extends from the elbow to the wrist and is not to be confused with the arm, which extends from the shoulder to the elbow. The extensor muscles in the forearm are the extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor digiti minimi, extensor digitorum, extensor indicis, extensor carpi radialis brevis, and extensor carpi radialis longus. These extensor muscles are supplied by the posterior interosseous nerve, a branch of the radial nerve. Other muscles in the forearm that are innervated by this nerve are the supinator, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus and abductor pollicis longus. All of these muscles are situated in the posterior half of the forearm (posterior is when it is in its standard anatomical position). Also, the brachioradialis, anconeus, triceps brachii and extensor carpi radialis longus are all innervated by muscular branches of the radial nerve in the arm.

Causes
Wrist extension is achieved by muscles in the forearm contracting, pulling on tendons that attach distal to (beyond) the wrist. If the tendons, muscles, or nerves supplying these muscles are damaged or otherwise not working as they should be, wrist drop may occur.

The following situations may result in wrist drop:
 * Stab wounds to the chest at or below the clavicle–The radial nerve is the terminal branch of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus. A stab wound may damage the posterior cord and result in neurological deficits, including an inability to abduct the shoulder beyond the first 15 degrees, an inability to extend the forearm, reduced ability to supinate the hand, reduced ability to abduct the thumb and sensory loss to the posterior surface of the arm and hand.
 * Broken humerus–The radial nerve can be damaged if the humerus (the bone of the arm) is broken because it runs through the radial groove on the lateral border of this bone along with the deep brachial artery.
 * Lead poisoning–Wrist drop is associated with lead poisoning due to the effect of lead on the radial nerve.
 * Persistent injury–Persistent injury to the nerve is a common cause through either repetitive motion or by applying pressure externally along the route of the radial nerve as in the prolonged use of crutches, extended leaning on the elbows, or regular upper body rope suspension. The colloquial terms for radial nerve palsy are derived from this cause.
 * Correcting dislocated shoulders–Radial nerve palsy can result from the now discredited practice of correcting a dislocated shoulder by putting a foot in the person's armpit and pulling on the arm in attempts to slide the humerus back into the glenoid cavity of the scapula.
 * Neuropathy in the hands and/or arms in patients with rheumatoid arthritis may in rare cases cause wrist drop. "When a joint swells, it can pinch the nerves of sensation that pass next to it. If the swelling irritates the nerve, either because of the inflammation or simply because of pressure, the nerve can send sensations of pain, numbness, and/or tingling to the brain. This is called nerve entrapment. Nerve entrapment most frequently occurs at the wrist (carpal tunnel syndrome) and elbow (ulnar nerve entrapment). A rare form of nerve disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis that causes numbness and/or tingling is neuropathy. Neuropathy is nerve damage that in people with rheumatoid arthritis can result from inflammation of blood vessels (vasculitis)."

Types
Types of wrist drop are distinguished by the nerves affected:
 * Weakness of brachioradialis, wrist extension and finger flexion = radial nerve lesion
 * Weakness of finger extension and radial deviation of the wrist on extension = posterior interosseous nerve lesion
 * Weakness of triceps, finger extensors and flexors = c7,8 lesion
 * General weakness of upper limb marked in deltoid, triceps, wrist extension and finger extension = corticospinal lesion

Diagnosis
The workup for wrist drop frequently includes nerve conduction velocity studies to isolate and confirm the radial nerve as the source of the problem. Other screening tests include the inability to extend the thumb into a "hitchhiker's sign". Plain films can help identify bone spurs and fractures that may have injured the nerve. Sometimes MRI imaging is required to differentiate subtle causes.

Treatment
Initial treatment includes splinting of the wrist for support, along with osteopathic medicine, physiotherapy and occupational therapy. In some cases, surgical removal of bone spurs or other anatomical defects that may be impinging on the nerve might be warranted. If the injury was the result of pressure from prolonged use of improperly fitted crutches or other similar mechanisms of injury, then the symptoms of wrist drop will most likely resolve spontaneously within 8–12 weeks.

title: Wrist drop


text:
Alan Gordon

Alan Gordon may refer to:

 * Alan Gordon (actor), Canadian actor
 * Alan Gordon (author) (born 1959), mystery writer whose works are based on Shakespearean characters
 * Alan Gordon (Brookside), fictional character from the defunct soap opera Brookside
 * Alan Gordon (historian) (born 1968), Scottish-born Canadian historian
 * Alan Gordon (Scottish footballer) (1944–2010), Scottish footballer
 * Alan Gordon (soccer) (born 1981), American soccer player
 * Alan Gordon (songwriter) (1944–2008), American songwriter
 * Alan Gordon (cricketer) (1944–2007), English cricketer
 * Al Gordon (born 1953), comic book artist
 * Lin Gordon (1917–2011), Australian politician

title: Alan Gordon


text:
Sight-reading

In music, sight-reading, also called a prima vista (Italian meaning "at first sight"), is the practice of reading and performing of a piece in a music notation that the performer has not seen or learned before. Sight-singing is used to describe a singer who is sight-reading. Both activities require the musician to play or sing the notated rhythms and pitches.

Sight-reading
In music literature, the term "sight-reading" is often used in a generic sense to refer to the ability to read and perform instrumental and vocal music at first sight, which involves converting musical information from sight to sound. However, some authors, including Udtaisuk, prefer to use more specific terms such as "sight-playing" and "sight-singing" when applicable. This distinction allows for a narrower usage of the term "sight-reading" to describe the silent reading of music without producing sound through an instrument or voice.

Highly skilled musicians can sight-read silently; that is, they can look at the printed music and hear it in their heads without playing or singing (see audiation). Less able sight-readers generally must at least hum or whistle in order to sight-read effectively. This distinction is analogous to ordinary prose reading in late antiquity, when the ability to read silently was notable enough for Augustine of Hippo to comment on it.

The term a prima vista is also used, as Italian words and phrases are commonly used in music and music notation. To play a musical piece a prima vista means to play it 'at first sight'. According to Payne, "the ability to hear the notes on the page is clearly akin to music reading and should be considered a prerequisite for effective performance ... Egregious errors can occur when a student, analyzing a piece of music, makes no effort to play or hear the composition but mechanically processes the notes on the page."

Music schools generally require sight-reading as part of an audition or an exam.

Sight transposition
Some musicians can transpose music during performance to suit particular instruments or vocal ranges, to make the playing of the instrument(s) or singing easier, or a number of other uses. For transposing instruments such as the clarinets, trumpets, saxophones, and others, transposing is a necessary skill; for all musicians, it is a useful one.

Sight-playing
According to Udtaisuk, "many [authors] use the term sight-reading for instrumental sight-reading performance". However, Udtaisuk and some other authors use the more descriptive term "sightplaying" (or "sight-playing") for instrumental sight-reading, because sight-playing combines two unique skill sets: music reading and music making.

Sight-singing
Some authors, according to Udtaisuk, use the term "sight-singing" for vocal sight-reading. As with sight-playing, Udtaisuk advocates and uses the more descriptive term "sightsinging" for vocal sight-reading because sight-singing combines sight-reading and singing skills.

Psychology
The ability to sight-read partly depends on a strong short-term musical memory. An experiment on sight reading using an eye tracker indicates that highly skilled musicians tend to look ahead further in the music, storing and processing the notes until they are played; this is referred to as the eye–hand span.

Storage of notational information in working memory can be expressed in terms of the amount of information (load) and the time for which it must be held before being played (latency). The relationship between load and latency changes according to tempo, such that t = x/y, where t is the change in tempo, x is the change in load, and y is the change in latency. Some teachers and researchers have proposed that the eye–hand span can be trained to be larger than it would otherwise be under normal conditions, leading to more robust sight-reading ability.

Human memory can be divided into three broad categories: long-term memory, sensory memory, and short-term (working) memory. According to the formal definition, working memory is "a system for temporarily storing and managing the information required to carry out complex cognitive tasks such as learning, reasoning, and comprehension". The paramount feature that distinguishes the working memory from both the long-term and sensory memory is this system's ability to simultaneously process and store information. The knowledge has what is called a "limited capacity", so there is only a certain amount of information that can be stored and it is easily accessible for only a small window of time after it has been processed, with a recall time block of roughly fifteen seconds to one minute.

Experiments dealing with memory span have been conducted by George Miller in 1956 that indicated, "Most common number of items that can be stored in the working memory is five plus or minus two.” However, if this information is not retained and stored (“consolidated”) in one's long-term memory, it will fade quickly.

Research indicates that the main area of the brain associated with the working memory is the prefrontal cortex. The prefrontal cortex is located in the frontal lobe of the brain. This area deals with cognition and contains two major neural loops or pathways that are central to processing tasks via the working memory: the visual loop, which is necessary for the visual component of the task, and the phonological loop, which deals with the linguistic aspects of the task (i.e. repeating the word or phrase). Although the hippocampus, in the temporal lobe, is the brain structure most frequently paired with memories, studies have indicated that its role is more vital for consolidation of the short-term memories into long-term ones than the ability to process, carry out, and briefly recall certain tasks.

This type of memory has specifically come into focus when discussing sight reading, since the process of looking at musical notes for the first time and deciphering them while playing an instrument can be considered a complex task of comprehension. The main conclusion in terms of this idea is that working memory, short-term memory capacity and mental speed are three important predictors for sight reading achievement. Although none of the studies discredits the correlation between the amount of time one spends practicing and musical ability, specifically sight-reading proficiency, more studies are pointing to the level at which one’s working memory functions as the key factor in sight-reading abilities. As stated in one such study, "Working memory capacity made a statistically significant contribution as well (about 7 percent, a medium-size effect). In other words, if you took two pianists with the same amount of practice, but different levels of working memory capacity, it's likely that the one higher in working memory capacity would have performed considerably better on the sight-reading task."

Based on the research and opinions of multiple musicians and scientists, the take home message about one's sight-reading ability and working memory capacity seems to be that “The best sight-readers combined strong working memories with tens of thousands of hours of practice.”

Sight-reading also depends on familiarity with the musical idiom being performed; this permits the reader to recognize and process frequently occurring patterns of notes as a single unit, rather than individual notes, thus achieving greater efficiency. This phenomenon, which also applies to the reading of language, is referred to as chunking. Errors in sight-reading tend to occur in places where the music contains unexpected or unusual sequences; these defeat the strategy of "reading by expectation" that sight-readers typically employ.

Professional use
Studio musicians (e.g., musicians employed to record pieces for commercials, etc.) often record pieces on the first take without having seen them before. Often, the music played on television is played by musicians who are sight-reading. This practice has developed through intense commercial competition in these industries.

Kevin McNerney, jazz musician, professor, and private instructor, describes auditions for University of North Texas Jazz Lab Bands as being almost completely based on sight-reading: "you walk into a room and see three or four music stands in front of you, each with a piece of music on it (in different styles ...). You are then asked to read each piece in succession."

This emphasis on sight-reading, according to McNerney, prepares musicians for studio work "playing backing tracks for pop performers or recording [commercials]". The expense of the studio, musicians, and techs makes sight-reading skills essential. Typically, a studio performance is "rehearsed" only once to check for copying errors before recording the final track. Many professional big bands also sight-read every live performance. They are known as "rehearsal bands", even though their performance is the rehearsal.

According to Frazier, score reading is an important skill for those interested in the conducting profession and "Conductors such as the late Robert Shaw and Yoel Levi have incredibly strong piano skills and can read at sight full orchestral scores at the piano" (a process which requires the pianist to make an instant piano reduction of the key parts of the score).

Pedagogy
Although 86% of piano teachers polled rated sight-reading as the most important or a highly important skill, only 7% of them said they address it systematically. Reasons cited were a lack of knowledge of how to teach it, inadequacy of the training materials they use, and deficiency in their own sight-reading skills. Teachers also often emphasize rehearsed reading and repertoire building for successful recitals and auditions to the detriment of sight-reading and other functional skills.

Hardy reviewed research on piano sight-reading pedagogy and identified a number of specific skills essential to sight-reading proficiency:
 * Technical fundamentals in reading and fingering
 * Visualization of keyboard topography
 * Tactile facility (psychomotor skills) and memory
 * Ability to read, recognize, and remember groups of notes (directions, patterns, phrases, chords, rhythmic groupings, themes, inversions, intervals, etc.)
 * Ability to read and remember ahead of playing with more and wider progressive fixations
 * Aural imagery (ear-playing and sight-singing improves sight-reading)
 * Ability to keep the basic pulse, read, and remember rhythm
 * Awareness and knowledge of the music's structure and theory

Beauchamp identifies five building blocks in the development of piano sight-reading skills:
 * 1) Grand-staff knowledge
 * 2) Security within the five finger positions
 * 3) Security with keyboard topography
 * 4) Security with basic accompaniment patterns
 * 5) Understanding of basic fingering principles

Grand-staff knowledge consists of fluency in both clefs such that reading a note evokes an automatic and immediate physical response to the appropriate position on the keyboard. Beauchamp asserts it is better to sense and know where the note is than what the note is. The performer does not have time to think of the note name and translate it to a position, and the non-scientific note name does not indicate the octave to be played. Beauchamp reports success using a Key/Note Visualizer, note-reading flashcards, and computer programs in group and individual practice to develop grand-staff fluency.

Udtaisuk also reports that a sense of keyboard geography and an ability to quickly and efficiently match notes to keyboard keys is important for sight-reading. He found that "computer programs and flash cards are effective ways to teach students to identify notes [and] enhance a sense of keyboard geography by highlighting the relationships between the keyboard and the printed notation".

Most students do not sight-read well because it requires specific instruction, which is seldom given. A major challenge in sight-reading instruction, according to Hardy, is obtaining enough practice material. Since practicing rehearsed reading does not help improve sight-reading, a student can only use a practice piece once. Moreover, the material must be at just the right level of difficulty for each student, and a variety of styles is preferred. Hardy suggests music teachers cooperate to build a large lending library of music and purchase inexpensive music from garage sales and store sales.

Assessment and standards
In some circumstances, such as examinations, the ability of a student to sight-read is assessed by presenting the student with a short piece of music, with an allotted time to peruse the music, then testing the student on the accuracy of the performance. A more challenging test requires the student to perform without any preparation at all.

The Washington Assessment of Student Learning has piloted a classroom based assessment which requires 5th and higher grade students to sight-sing or perform on instruments from sheet music they have written. It is suggested that students use solfege or numbering systems or fingering without instruments as aids. 8th graders are expected to sing by sight: "Students are asked to perform a sight-singing exercise of four measures of music. Students will be assessed on their understanding of rhythm and steady beat and their ability to perform in the designated key with accurate interval changes, a cappella."

Many students and adults cannot sight-sing, and even some professional singers cannot sing by sight. However, in combination with an assessment which requires composing music on a staff as early as 5th grade, it is hoped that such a requirement will raise arts achievement. Pilot data show that many students can meet or exceed such standards.

The Standard Assessment of Sight Reading (SASR) is a non-subjective sight reading evaluation method. It was created with a scientific/electronic platform to insure a non-subjective approach to grading and administering that test. It consists of several thousand pieces of music over 80 graded levels of difficulty that have been reviewed by 135 teachers and students to ascertain the correct difficulty levels. Their scores were averaged electronically in order to insure a scientific approach to graduating the difficulty levels of the music.

Notes and references
Notes

References

Sources

title: Sight-reading


text:
Taishanese

Taishanese, alternatively romanized in Cantonese as Toishanese or Toisanese, in local dialect as Hoisanese or Hoisan-wa, is a Yue Chinese dialect native to Taishan, Guangdong. Although related, Taishanese has little mutual intelligibility with Cantonese. Taishanese is also spoken throughout Sze Yup (or Siyi in the pinyin romanization of Standard Mandarin Chinese), located on the western fringe of the Pearl River Delta in Guangdong China. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, most of the Chinese emigration to North America originated from Sze Yup (which includes Taishan). Thus, up to the mid-20th century, Taishanese was the dominant variety of the Chinese language spoken in Chinatowns in Canada and the United States. It was formerly the lingua franca of the overseas Chinese residing in the United States.

Names
The earliest linguistic studies refer to the dialect of Llin-nen or Xinning. Xinning was renamed Taishan in 1914, and linguistic literature has since generally referred to the local dialect as the Taishan dialect, a term based on the pinyin romanization of Standard Mandarin Chinese pronunciation. Alternative names have also been used. The term Toishan is a convention used by the United States Postal Service, the Defense Language Institute and the 2000 United States Census. The terms Toishan, Toisan, and Toisaan are all based on Cantonese pronunciation and are also frequently found in linguistic and non-linguistic literature. Hoisan is a term based on the local pronunciation, although it is not generally used in published literature.

These terms have also been anglicized with the suffix -ese: Taishanese, Toishanese, and Toisanese. Of the previous three terms, Taishanese is most commonly used in academic literature, to about the same extent as the term Taishan dialect. The terms Hoisanese and Hoisan-wa do appear in print literature, although they are used more on the internet.

Another term used is Sìyì (Sze Yup or Seiyap in Cantonese romanization; ). Sìyì or Sze Yup refers to a previous administrative division in the Pearl River Delta consisting of the four counties of Taishan, Kaiping, Enping and Xinhui. In 1983, a fifth county (Heshan) was added to the Jiangmen prefecture; so whereas the term Sìyì has become an anachronism, the older term Sze Yup remains in current use in overseas Chinese communities where it is their ancestral home. The term Wǔyì, literally "five counties", refers to the modern administrative region, but this term is not used to refer to Taishanese.

History
Taishanese originates from the Taishan region, where it is spoken. Taishanese can also be seen as a group of very closely related, mutually intelligible dialects spoken in the various towns and villages in and around Siyi (the four counties of Toishan, Hoiping, Yanping, Sunwui, transcribed from Cantonese; the names "Taishan, Kaiping, Enping and Xinhui", as above, are romanized from Standard Mandarin using Pinyin).

A vast number of Taishanese immigrants journeyed worldwide through the Taishan diaspora. The Taishan region was a major source of Chinese immigrants through continental Americas from the late-19th to mid-20th centuries. Taishanese was the predominant dialect spoken by the 19th-century Chinese builders of railroads in North America. Approximately 1.3 million people are estimated to have origins in Taishan. Prior to the signing of the Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965, which allowed new waves of Chinese immigrants, Taishanese was the dominant dialect spoken in Chinatowns across North America.

Taishanese is still spoken in many Chinatowns throughout North America, including those of San Francisco, Oakland, Los Angeles, New York City, Boston, Vancouver, Toronto, Chicago, and Montreal by older generations of Chinese immigrants and their children, but is today being supplanted by mainstream Cantonese and increasingly by Mandarin in both older and newer Chinese communities alike, across the continent.

Relationship with Cantonese
Taishanese is a dialect of the Yue branch of Chinese, which also includes Cantonese. However, due to ambiguities in the meaning of "Cantonese" in the English language, as it can refer to both the greater Yue dialect group or its prestige standard (Standard Cantonese), "Taishanese" and "Cantonese" are commonly used in mutually exclusive contexts, i.e. Taishanese is treated separately from "Cantonese". Despite the closeness of the two, they are hardly mutually intelligible.

The phonology of Taishanese bears a lot of resemblance to Cantonese, since both of them are part of the same Yue branch. Like other Yue dialects, such as the Goulou dialects, Taishanese pronunciation and vocabulary may sometimes differ greatly from Cantonese. Although Taishan stands only 60 mi from the city of Guangzhou, they are separated by numerous rivers, and the dialect of Taishan is among the most linguistically distant Yue dialects from the Guangzhou dialect.

Standard Cantonese functions as a lingua franca in Guangdong province, and speakers of other Chinese varieties (such as Chaozhou, Minnan, Hakka) living in Guangdong may also speak Cantonese. On the other hand, Standard Mandarin Chinese is the standard language of the People's Republic of China and the only legally allowed medium for teaching in schools throughout most of the country (except in minority areas), so residents of Taishan speak Mandarin as well. Although the Chinese government has been making great efforts to popularize Mandarin by administrative means, most Taishan residents do not speak Mandarin in their daily lives, but treat it as a second language, with Cantonese being the lingua franca of their region.

Initial consonants
There are 19 to 23 initials consonants (or onsets) in Taishanese, which is shown in the chart below in IPA:

 * 1) The respective nasal onsets (,, and ) are allophones of the pre-nasalized voiced stop onsets (, , and ). The velar nasal (ŋ) sound occurs in both syllable initial and syllable final positions. There is a tendency toward denasalization for initial  as in 耳   ‘ear’, 飲/饮   ‘to drink’，魚   ‘fish’ and 月   ‘moon’. In words like 牙  ‘tooth’ and 我  ‘I; me’, denasalization does not seem to take place. In syllable final position following the rounded vowel [o], /ŋ/ is usually modified by lip-rounding. Examples are: 東 /uŋ/ ‘east’ and 紅 /huŋ/ ‘red’.
 * 2) The palatal sibilants (,, and ) are allophones of the respective alveolar sibilants (, , and ) when the first vowel of the final consonant is high ( and ).
 * 3) The palatal approximant is an allophone of the voiced fricative sibilant initial.
 * 4) The palatal approximant can be a semivowel of the vowel  when used as a glide.
 * 5) The labial-velar approximant can be a semivowel of the vowel  when used as a glide.

Vowels
There are about seven different vowels in Taishanese:

 * 1) The closed front vowel can be a palatal approximant  as a semivowel.
 * 2) The closed back vowel can be a labial-velar approximant  as a semivowel.
 * 3) The rounding of the schwa is variable.

Final consonants
The final consonant (or rime) occurs after the initial sound, which consists of a medial, a nucleus, and a coda. There are three medial (or glides) in Taishanese that occur after the initial sound: null or no medial,, or. There are five main vowels after the medial:, , , , and null or no vowel. There are nine main codas at the end of the final: null or no coda,, , , , , , , and.

Tones
Taishanese is tonal. There are five contrastive lexical tones: high, mid, low, mid falling, and low falling. In at least one Taishanese dialect, the two falling tones have merged into a low falling tone. There is no tone sandhi.

Taishanese has four changed tones: mid rising, low rising, mid dipping and low dipping. These tones are called changed tones because they are the product of morphological processes (e.g. pluralization of pronouns) on four of the lexical tones. These tones have been analyzed as the addition of a high floating tone to the end of the mid, low, mid falling and low falling tones. The high endpoint of the changed tone often reaches an even higher pitch than the level high tone; this fact has led to the proposal of an expanded number of pitch levels for Taishanese tones. The changed tone can change the meaning of a word, and this distinguishes the changed tones from tone sandhi, which does not change a word's meaning. An example of a changed tone contrast is 刷 (to brush) and 刷  (a brush).

Writing system
The writing system is Chinese. Historically, the common written language of Classical Literary Chinese united and facilitated cross-dialect exchange in dynastic China, as opposed to the spoken dialects which were too different to be mutually intelligible. In the 20th century, standard written Chinese, based on Mandarin, was codified as the new written standard. As Taishanese is primarily used in speech, characters needed specifically for writing Taishanese are not standardized and may vary. Commonly seen alternatives are shown below.

The sound represented by the IPA symbol ⟨ɬ⟩ (the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative) is particularly challenging, as it has no standard romanization. The digraph "lh" used above to represent this sound is used in Totonac, Chickasaw and Choctaw, which are among several written representations in the languages that include the sound. The alternative "hl" is used in Xhosa and Zulu, while "ll" is used in Welsh. Other written forms occur as well.

The following chart compares the personal pronouns among Taishanese, Cantonese, and Mandarin. In Taishanese, the plural forms of the pronouns are formed by changing the tone, whereas in Cantonese and Mandarin, a plural marker (地/哋/等 dei6 and 们/們 men, respectively) is added.

title: Taishanese


text:
Per capita

Per capita is a Latin phrase literally meaning "by heads" or "for each head", and idiomatically used to mean "per person". The term is used in a wide variety of social sciences and statistical research contexts, including government statistics, economic indicators, and built environment studies.

It is commonly used in the field of statistics in place of saying "per person" (although per caput is the Latin for "per head" ).

It is also used in wills to indicate that each of the named beneficiaries should receive, by devise or bequest, equal shares of the estate. This is in contrast to a per stirpes division, in which each branch (Latin: stirps, : stirpes) of the inheriting family inherits an equal share of the estate. This is often used with the '2-0 rule', a statistical principle that determines which group is larger per capita. Under the 2-0 rule, a group is the largest per capita if it has both the biggest total size and size of the group of the objects in question, therefore resulting in a 2-0 score.

title: Per capita


text:
United Baptist

United Baptist is name of several diverse Baptist groups of Christianity in the United States and Canada.

History
The name "United Baptist" appears to have arisen from two separate unions of Baptist groups: (1) the union of Regular Baptists and Separate Baptists in Kentucky, Virginia, and the Carolinas in the United States late in the 18th century and near the turn of the 19th century, and (2) the union of Regular Baptists and Free Baptists in the Maritime Provinces of Canada near the beginning of the 20th century. Many Baptists in the southern United States were called United Baptists, while most in the north were called Regular Baptists. Missionary Baptist bodies such as the Southern Baptist Convention, the American Baptist Association (ABA) and even some American Baptist Churches USA (ABCUSA) are descendants of the United Baptists. Churches in the ABCUSA retaining the name United Baptist are primarily in the northeast, especially Maine, and are products of the Regular/Free Baptist union. One local association of churches in the ABA maintained the "United Baptist" name into the mid-1990s. A number of churches in the United Baptist Convention of the Atlantic Provinces (now Convention of Atlantic Baptist Churches) continue to use the name United Baptist.

Status
The most prominently recognizable United Baptists are the unaffiliated local associations of churches that have remained separate and distinct from affiliation with any national or general organizations. The Churches and Church Membership in the United States 1990 survey found over 54,000 members in 436 churches and 24 associations. Approximately 27 such associations exist in the United States, and fall roughly into three groups:
 * 1) United Baptist (General), some Arminian-oriented, open communion bodies that fellowship with other bodies (that are moderately Calvinistic and closed communion).  The common factor is style of worship;
 * 2) United Baptist (Landmark), moderately Calvinistic closed communion bodies that once nominally cooperated with the Southern Baptist Convention;
 * 3) United Baptist (Regular), primitivistic closed communion bodies that were early in opposition to Baptist missionary and educational enterprises, but that remained aloof from the Primitive Baptists. The largest concentration of these churches is in Kentucky.

The following associations are believed to exist in 2003:
 * United Baptist (General)
 * Ancient Christian (IN, KY, OH)
 * Bethel (MO)
 * Bethlehem (WV)
 * Central Missouri (MO)
 * Centerpoint (OH)
 * First Love (IN)
 * Friendship (IN)
 * Kings River (OK, AR)
 * New Bethel (OH)
 * Ohio Valley (OH, WV)
 * Tri-State (IN, KY, OH)
 * Union (AR)
 * United Baptist (Landmark)
 * Green River (KY)
 * South Concord (KY)
 * South Fork (KY) - Disbanded as of September 2013.
 * Stockton Valley (TN)
 * West Union (TN)
 * United Baptist (Regular)
 * Blaine Union (KY)
 * Calvary (WV) - called "Regular United"
 * Cedar Springs (KY)
 * Iron Hill (KY, OH, WV)
 * Laurel River (KY)
 * Mt. Sion (WV, KY) - called "Regular United"
 * Mt. Zion (KY)
 * New Hope (KY)
 * Paint Union (KY, OH, IN)
 * Old Bethlehem (WV, OH)
 * Old Paint Union (KY, OH)
 * Old Tri-State Zion (KY)- no longer in existence
 * Original Old Paint Union (KY) - No longer in existence
 * Red Bird River (KY)
 * Town Creek (AL)- "United Baptists of the Primitive Faith and Order"
 * Tri-State Zion (KY)
 * United (KY)
 * Union Bethlehem (WV)-No longer in existence.
 * Wills Creek (AL) - "United Baptists of the Primitive Faith and Order"
 * Wills Creek (AL)
 * Old Zion (KY, WV, OH)

Old Paint Union dissolved, with two churches going into Tri-State Zion, and the other four going into Paint Union.

Union Bethlehem dissolved after a split occurred in Tri-State Zion and Union Bethlehem. Five churches from TSZ and two from Union Bethlehem formed Zion(Tris-State Zion). Union Bethlem was left with only four churches, so they dissolved that association, and went into Paint Union.

These three sub-groups of United Baptists reflect differences in benevolences, (i.e. Sunday School) historical affiliations (i.e. Landmark) and worship styles (i.e. a cappella vs. musical instruments).

 * Three bodies nominally connected to the name United Baptist:
 * Convention of Atlantic Baptist Churches - a union of Free Baptists and Regular Baptists
 * United American Free Will Baptist Church
 * United American Free Will Baptist Conference

Practice
The unaffiliated United Baptist associations differ from one another in their views on the atonement, eternal security, and prerequisites of communion. They are fairly consistent in avoiding general unions and conventions, observing the ordinance of feet washing, and preferring an itinerant and non-salaried ministry, ministers may only be men and hold their own jobs for living support, the church is supported by free will offerings and give to the minister free will offerings from church service. A majority of the churches tend to primitivism, including women remaining silent during business of the church and not wearing pants (though some of the women wear pants outside the church), rejecting a seminary trained ministry, and even instrumental music, (though some have pianos). They hold the old time ways in salvation, that people must be first convicted of their sins through old time preaching and be born again through repentance. They do not believe in the practice of "accepting" the Lord as personal Savior, since they salvation comes from God during repentance to his satisfaction—when God is fully satisfied he will give deliverance from sin (salvation) (e.g., Green River, Kentucky Association). True United Baptist only use natural water baptisms. Associations promote fellowship by "corresponding" with (sending representatives to) other associations that they deem to be of "like faith and order".

title: United Baptist