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Ford's Theatre

Ford's Theatre is a theater located in Washington, D.C., which opened in 1863. The theater is best known for being the site of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. On the night of April 14, 1865, John Wilkes Booth entered the theater box where Lincoln was watching a performance of Tom Taylor's play Our American Cousin, slipped the single-shot, 5.87-inch derringer from his pocket and fired at Lincoln's head. After being shot, the fatally wounded Lincoln was carried across the street to the nearby Petersen House, where he died the next morning.

The theater was later used as a warehouse and government office building. In 1893, part of its interior flooring collapsed, causing 22 deaths, and needed repairs were made. The building became a museum in 1932, and it was renovated and re-opened as a theater in 1968. A related Center for Education and Leadership museum opened in 2012, next to Petersen House.

The Petersen House and the theater are preserved together as Ford's Theatre National Historic Site, administered by the National Park Service; programming within the theater and the Center for Education is overseen separately by the Ford's Theatre Society.

History

The site was originally a house of worship, constructed in 1833 as the second meeting house of the First Baptist Church of Washington, with Obadiah Bruen Brown as the pastor. In 1861, after the congregation moved to a newly built structure, John T. Ford bought the former church and renovated it into a theater. He first called it Ford's Athenaeum. It was destroyed by fire in 1862 and was rebuilt.

Assassination of President Lincoln
On April 14, 1865—just five days after General Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House—Lincoln and his wife attended a performance of Our American Cousin at Ford's Theatre. The famous actor John Wilkes Booth, desperate to aid the dying Confederacy, made his way into the presidential box and shot Lincoln. Booth then jumped down to the stage and escaped through a rear door. This was witnessed by a theater full of people, possibly including the then 5-year-old Samuel J. Seymour who claimed to be the last living witness to the Lincoln assassination before his death in 1956.

Following the assassination, the United States government appropriated the theater. Congress paid Ford $88,000 in compensation, and an order was issued forever prohibiting its use as a place of public amusement. Between 1866 and 1887, the theater was taken over by the U.S. military and served as a facility for the War Department with records kept on the first floor, the Library of the Surgeon General's Office on the second floor, and the Army Medical Museum on the third. In 1887, the building exclusively became a clerk's office for the Record and Pension Office of the War Department when the medical departments moved out.

Disrepair and restoration
On June 9, 1893, the front section of the three interior floors collapsed when a supporting pillar was undermined during excavation of the cellar, killing 22 clerks and injuring another 68. This led some people to believe that the former church turned theater and storeroom was cursed. The building was repaired and Record and Pension Office clerks were moved back on July 30, 1894.

In 1928, the building was turned over from the War Department Office to the Office of Public Buildings and Parks of the National Capital. A Lincoln museum opened on the first floor of the theater building on February 12, 1932—Lincoln's 123rd birthday. In 1933, the building was transferred to the National Park Service.

The restoration of Ford's Theatre was brought about by the two-decade-long lobbying efforts of Democratic National Committeeman Melvin D. Hildreth and Republican North Dakota Representative Milton Young. Hildreth first suggested to Young the need for its restoration in 1945. Through extensive lobbying of Congress, a bill was passed in 1955 to prepare an engineering study for the reconstruction of the building. In 1964, Congress approved funds for its restoration, which began that year and was completed in 1968.

On January 21, 1968, Vice President Hubert Humphrey and 500 others dedicated the restored theater. The theater reopened on January 30, 1968, with a gala performance. The presidential box is never occupied.

The theater was again renovated during the 2000s. It has a current seating capacity of 665. The reopening ceremony was on February 11, 2009, which commemorated Lincoln's 200th birthday. The event featured remarks from President Barack Obama as well as appearances by Katie Couric, Kelsey Grammer, James Earl Jones, Ben Vereen, Jeffrey Wright, the President's Own Marine Band, Joshua Bell, Patrick Lundy and the Ministers of Music, Audra McDonald and Jessye Norman.

In March of every year, the Abraham Lincoln Institute holds a symposium at Ford's Theatre.

Ford's Theatre National Historic Site
The National Historic Site consisting of two contributing buildings, the theater and the Petersen House, was designated in 1932.

The Ford's Theatre Museum beneath the theater contains portions of the Olroyd Collection of Lincolniana. Most recently renovated for a July 2009 reopening, the Museum is run through a partnership with the National Park Service and the private non-profit 501(c)(3) Ford's Theatre Society. The collection includes multiple items related to the assassination, including the Derringer pistol used to carry out the shooting, Booth's diary and the original door to Lincoln's theater box. In addition, a number of Lincoln's family items, his coat (without the blood-stained pieces), some statues of Lincoln and several large portraits of the President are on display in the museum. The blood-stained pillow from the President's deathbed is in the Ford's Theatre Museum. In addition to covering the assassination conspiracy, the renovated museum focuses on Lincoln's arrival in Washington, his presidential cabinet, family life in the White House and his role as orator and emancipator. The museum also features exhibits about Civil War milestones and generals and about the building's history as a theatrical venue. The rocking chair in which Lincoln was sitting is now on display at The Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan.

Petersen House

After Lincoln was shot, doctors had soldiers carry him into the street in search of a house in which he would be more comfortable. A man on the steps of the house of tailor William Petersen beckoned to them. They took Lincoln into the first-floor bedroom and laid him on the bed – diagonally because of his unusual height. Many people came to visit him throughout the night before he died the following morning at 7:22 a.m.

The Petersen House was purchased by the U.S. government in 1896 as the "House Where Lincoln Died", being the federal government's first purchase of a historic home. The National Park Service has operated it as a historic house museum since 1933, the rooms furnished as on the night Lincoln died.

title: Ford's Theatre


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Communist Party of India

The Communist Party of India (CPI) is the oldest communist party in India. The CPI was founded in modern-day Kanpur on 26 December 1925.

Although the CPI considers its formation date as 1925, but Communist Party of India (Marxist), which got split from CPI in 1964, is of the view that CPI was founded on 17 October 1920. There is a disagreement between the two parties on this topic.

Currently, it has two members in Lok Sabha and two members in Rajya Sabha. In addition, it has 22 MLAs across four states and one MLC in Bihar. It has the current ECI status of a state party in Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Manipur.

CPI was heavily involved in resistance to British colonisation, the fight against the caste system and for land reform. Between 1921 and 1933, many Communist leaders were arrested and imprisoned. In 1934, the British colonial administration banned the Communist Party and its affiliated trade union and peasant organisations, making membership a criminal offence. The Communist Party continued its activities clandestinely, despite the repression. Between 1946 and 1951, it structured the peasant revolt in Telangana and organised guerrilla warfare against the feudal lords. CPI was the main opposition party in India during the 1950s to 1960s.

CPI was part of the ruling United Front government from 1996 to 1998 and had two ministers under Devegowda and Gujral Ministry. Left Front gave outside support to VP Singh government(1989–90) and UPA government(2004–2009). The Left Front governed West Bengal for 34 years (1977–2011) and Tripura for 25 years (1993–2018).

As of December 2023, the CPI is a part of the state government in Kerala led by LDF. CPI have four Cabinet Ministers and a Deputy Speaker in Kerala. In Tamil Nadu, it is in power with SPA coalition led by DMK. In Telangana, it is in alliance with the INC.

CPI, along with the Left Front, is part of the INDIA bloc formed to defeat the incumbent BJP-led right-wing NDA government in 2024 General elections.

Formation
The Communist Party of India was formed on 26 December 1925 at the first Party Conference in Kanpur, which was then known as Cawnpore. Its founders included M. N. Roy, his wife Evelyn Trent, Abani Mukherji, and M. P. T. Acharya. S.V. Ghate was the first General Secretary of CPI. There were many communist groups formed by Indians with the help of foreigners in different parts of the world, Tashkent group of Contacts were made with Anushilan and Jugantar the groups in Bengal, and small communist groups were formed in Bombay (led by S.A. Dange), Madras (led by Singaravelu), United Provinces (led by Shaukat Usmani), Punjab, Sindh (led by Ghulam Hussain) and Bengal (led by Muzaffar Ahmed).

There is a dispute on the year of formation of CPI. The Communist Party of India (Marxist) which split from CPI in 1964, considers 17 October 1920 as the founding day of Communist Party of India. On this day M.N. Roy, Evelyn Trent-Roy, Abani Mukherji, Rosa Fitingov, Mohd.Ali, Mohd. Shafiq and M.P.T. Acharya met in Tashkent to form the Communist Movement in India. Though 1920 and 1925 both dates are insignificant, because on both of these occasions, the CPI did not adopt a “Party Constitution”, which was a foremost prerequisite required to be considered for the membership of the Communist International. The CPI considers 1925 as their founding day, but CPI(M) thinks 1920 as the year, when Communist Movement in India was founded. There is a technical dispute between both parties on this issue.

Involvement in independence struggle
During the 1920s and the early 1930s the party was poorly organised, and in practice there were several communist groups working with limited national co-ordination. The government banned all communist activity, which made the task of building a united party difficult. Between 1921 and 1924 there were three conspiracy trials against the communist movement; First Peshawar Conspiracy Case, Meerut Conspiracy Case and the Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case. In the first three cases, Russian-trained muhajir communists were put on trial. However, the Cawnpore (now spelt Kanpur) trial had more political impact. On 17 March 1924, Shripad Amrit Dange, M.N. Roy, Muzaffar Ahmed, Nalini Gupta, Shaukat Usmani, Singaravelu Chettiar, Ghulam Hussain and R.C. Sharma were charged, in Cawnpore Bolshevik Conspiracy case. The specific pip charge was that they as communists were seeking "to deprive the King Emperor of his sovereignty of British India, by complete separation of India from Britain by a violent revolution." Pages of newspapers daily splashed sensational communist plans and people for the first time learned, on such a large scale, about communism and its doctrines and the aims of the Communist International in India.

Singaravelu Chettiar was released on account of illness. M.N. Roy was in Germany and R.C. Sharma in French Pondichéry, and therefore could not be arrested. Ghulam Hussain confessed that he had received money from the Russians in Kabul and was pardoned. Muzaffar Ahmed, Nalini Gupta, Shaukat Usmani and Dange were sentenced for various terms of imprisonment. This case was responsible for actively introducing communism to a larger Indian audience. Dange was released from prison in 1927. Rahul Dev Pal was a prominent communist leader.

On 26 December 1925, a communist conference was organised in Kanpur. Government authorities estimated that 500 persons took part in the conference. The conference was convened by a man called Satya Bhakta. At the conference Satyabhakta argued for a 'National communism' and against subordination under Comintern. Being outvoted by the other delegates, Satyabhakta left the conference venue in protest. The conference adopted the name 'Communist Party of India'. Groups such as Labour Kisan Party of Hindustan (LKPH) dissolved into the CPI. The émigré CPI, which probably had little organic character anyway, was effectively substituted by the organisation now operating inside India.

Soon after the 1926 conference of the Workers and Peasants Party of Bengal, the underground CPI directed its members to join the provincial Workers and Peasants Parties. All open communist activities were carried out through Workers and Peasants Parties.

The sixth congress of the Communist International met in 1928. In 1927 the Kuomintang had turned on the Chinese communists, which led to a review of the policy on forming alliances with the national bourgeoisie in the colonial countries. The Colonial theses of the 6th Comintern congress called upon the Indian communists to combat the 'national-reformist leaders' and to 'unmask the national reformism of the Indian National Congress and oppose all phrases of the Swarajists, Gandhists, etc. about passive resistance'. The congress did however differentiate between the character of the Chinese Kuomintang and the Indian Swarajist Party, considering the latter as neither a reliable ally nor a direct enemy. The congress called on the Indian communists to use the contradictions between the national bourgeoisie and the British imperialists. The congress also denounced the WPP. The Tenth Plenum of the executive committee of the Communist International, 3 July 1929 – 19 July 1929, directed the Indian communists to break with WPP. When the communists deserted it, the WPP fell apart.

On 20 March 1929, arrests against WPP, CPI and other labour leaders were made in several parts of India, in what became known as the Meerut Conspiracy Case. The communist leadership was now put behind bars. The trial proceedings were to last for four years.

As of 1934, the main centres of activity of CPI were Bombay, Calcutta and Punjab. The party had also begun extending its activities to Madras. A group of Andhra and Tamil students, amongst them P. Sundarayya, were recruited to the CPI by Amir Hyder Khan.

The party was reorganised in 1933, after the communist leaders from the Meerut trials were released. A central committee of the party was set up. In 1934 the party was accepted as the Indian section of the Communist International.

When Indian left-wing elements formed the Congress Socialist Party in 1934, the CPI branded it as Social Fascist.

The League Against Gandhism, initially known as the Gandhi Boycott Committee, was a political organisation in Calcutta, founded by the underground Communist Party of India and others to launch militant anti-Imperialist activities. The group took the name 'League Against Gandhism' in 1934.

In connection with the change of policy of the Comintern toward Popular Front politics, the Indian communists changed their relation to the Indian National Congress. The communists joined the Congress Socialist Party, which worked as the left-wing of Congress. Through joining CSP, the CPI accepted the CSP demand for a Constituent Assembly, which it had denounced two years before. The CPI however analysed that the demand for a Constituent Assembly would not be a substitute for soviets.

In July 1937, clandestine meeting held at Calicut. Five persons were present at the meeting, P. Krishna Pillai, K. Damodaran, E.M.S. Namboodiripad, N. C. Sekhar and S.V. Ghate. The first four were members of the CSP in Kerala. The CPI in Kerala was formed on 31 December 1939 with the Pinarayi Conference. The latter, Ghate, was a CPI Central Committee member, who had arrived from Madras. Contacts between the CSP in Kerala and the CPI had begun in 1935, when P. Sundarayya (CC member of CPI, based in Madras at the time) met with EMS and Krishna Pillai. Sundarayya and Ghate visited Kerala at several times and met with the CSP leaders there. The contacts were facilitated through the national meetings of the Congress, CSP and All India Kisan Sabha.

In 1936–1937, the co-operation between socialists and communists reached its peak. At the 2nd congress of the CSP, held in Meerut in January 1936, a thesis was adopted which declared that there was a need to build 'a united Indian Socialist Party based on Marxism-Leninism'. At the 3rd CSP congress, held in Faizpur, several communists were included into the CSP National Executive Committee.

Two communists, E.M.S. Namboodiripad and Z.A. Ahmed, became All India joint secretaries of CSP. The CPI also had two other members inside the CSP executive.

On the occasion of the 1940 Ramgarh Congress Conference, CPI released a declaration called Proletarian Path, which sought to use the weakened state of the British Empire in the time of war and gave a call for general strike, no-tax, no-rent policies and mobilising for an armed revolutionary uprising. The National Executive of the CSP assembled at Ramgarh took a decision that all communists were expelled from CSP.

In July 1942, the CPI was legalised, as a result of Britain and the Soviet Union becoming allies against Nazi Germany. Communists strengthened their control over the All India Trade Union Congress. At the same time, communists were politically cornered for their opposition to the Quit India Movement.

CPI contested the Provincial Legislative Assembly elections of 1946 on its own. It had candidates in 108 out of 1585 seats, winning in eight seats. In total, the CPI vote counted 666 723, which should be seen with the backdrop that 86% of the adult population of India lacked voting rights. The party had contested three seats in Bengal, and won all of them. One CPI candidate, Somnath Lahiri, was elected to the Constituent Assembly.

The Communist Party of India opposed the partition of India and did not participate in the Independence Day celebrations of 15 August 1947 in protest at the division of the country.

After independence
During the period around and directly following Independence in 1947, the internal situation in the party was chaotic. The party shifted rapidly between left-wing and right-wing positions. In February 1948, at the 2nd Party Congress in Calcutta, B. T. Ranadive (BTR) was elected General Secretary of the party. The conference adopted the 'Programme of Democratic Revolution'. This programme included the first mention of struggle against caste injustice in a CPI document.

In several areas the party led armed struggles against a series of local monarchs that were reluctant to give up their power. Such insurgencies took place in Tripura, Telangana and Kerala. The most important rebellion took place in Telangana, against the Nizam of Hyderabad. The Communists built up a people's army and militia and controlled an area with a population of three million. The rebellion was brutally crushed and the party abandoned the policy of armed struggle. BTR was deposed and denounced as a 'left adventurist'.

In Manipur, the party became a force to reckon with through the agrarian struggles led by Jananeta Irawat Singh. Singh had joined CPI in 1946. At the 1951 congress of the party, 'People's Democracy' was substituted by 'National Democracy' as the main slogan of the party.

Communist Party was founded in Bihar in 1939. Post independence, communist party achieved success in Bihar (Bihar and Jharkhand). Communist party conducted movements for land reform, trade union movement was at its peak in Bihar in the sixties, seventies and eighties. Achievement of communists in Bihar placed the communist party in the forefront of left movement in India. Bihar produced some of the legendary leaders like Kishan leaders Sahajanand Saraswati and Karyanand Sharma, intellectual giants like Jagannath Sarkar, Yogendra Sharma and Indradeep Sinha, mass leaders like Chandrasekhar Singh and Sunil Mukherjee, Trade Union leaders like Kedar Das and others. In the Mithila region of Bihar Bhogendra Jha led the fight against the Mahants and Zamindars. He later went on the win Parliamentary elections and was MP for seven terms.

In theearly 1950s young communist leadership was uniting textile workers, bank employees and unorganised sector workers to ensure mass support in north India. National leaders like S A Dange, Chandra Rajeswara Rao and P K Vasudevan Nair were encouraging them and supporting the idea despite their differences on the execution. Firebrand Communist leaders like Homi F. Daji, Guru Radha Kishan, H L Parwana, Sarjoo Pandey, Darshan Singh Canadian and Avtaar Singh Malhotra were emerging between the masses and the working class in particular. This was the first leadership of communists that was very close to the masses and people consider them champions of the cause of the workers and the poor.

In 1952, CPI became the first leading opposition party in the 1st Lok Sabha, while the Indian National Congress was in power.

In the 1952 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election, Communist Party was banned, so it couldn't take part in the election process. In the general elections in 1957, the CPI emerged as the largest opposition party. In 1957, the CPI won the state elections in Kerala. This was the first time that an opposition party won control over an Indian state. E. M. S. Namboodiripad became Chief Minister. At the 1957 international meeting of Communist parties in Moscow, the Chinese Communist Party directed criticism at the CPI for having formed a ministry in Kerala.

Liberation of Dadra-Nagar Haveli: The Communist Party of India, along with its units in Bombay, Maharashtra and Gujarat, decided to start armed operations in the area in the July 1954. Both the areas were liberated by the beginning of August. Communist leaders like Narayan Palekar, Parulekar, Vaz, Rodriguez, Cunha and others emerged as the famous Communist leaders of this movement. Thereafter, the struggle to liberate Daman and Diu was begun by the Communist Party in Gujarat and other forces.

Goa Satyagraha: The countrywide Goa satyagraha of 1955–56 is among the unforgettable pages in the history of freedom struggle, in which the Communists played a major and memorable role. The CPI decided to send batches of satyahrahis since the middle of 1955 to the borders of Goa and even inside. Many were killed, many more others arrested and sent to jails inside Goa and inhumanly treated. Many others were even sent to jails in Portugal and were brutally tortured. The satyagraha was led and conducted by a joint committee known as Goa Vimochan Sahayak Samiti. S.A. Dange, Senapati Bapat, S.G. Sardesai, Nana Patil and several others were among the prominent leaders of the Samiti. Satyagraha began on 10 May 1955, and soon became a countrywide movement.

Ideological differences led to the split in the party in 1964 when two different party conferences were held, one of CPI and one of the Communist Party of India (Marxist).

During the period between 1970 and 1977, CPI was allied with the Congress party. In Kerala, they formed a government together with Congress as part of a coalition known as the United Front, with the CPI-leader C. Achutha Menon as Chief Minister. This government continued governing throughout the emergency period and was responsible for the many acts of repression throughout the period carried out against political opponents in the guise of fighting naxals, manifesting most infamously in the Rajan case. The United Front government also used this opportunity to pursue class struggle by punishing those from the managerial classes, money lenders, bosses with anti-labour stances, ration shopkeepers and truckers engaged in black marketing, under stringent provisions of MISA and DIR.

In the 1980s, CPI opposed the Khalistan movement at Punjab. In 1986, CPI's leader in Punjab and MLA in the Punjabi legislature Darshan Singh Canadian was assassinated by Sikh extremists. Altogether about 200 communist leaders out of which most were Sikhs were killed by Sikh extremists in Punjab.

Present situation
CPI was recognised by the Election Commission of India as a 'National Party'. Until 2022, CPI happened to be the only national political party from India to have contested all the general elections using the same electoral symbol. Owing to a massive defeat in 2019 Indian general election where the party saw its tally reduced to two MPs, the Election Commission of India sent a letter to CPI asking for reasons why its national party status should not be revoked. Due to repeated poor performances in elections, Election Commission of India withdrew its national party status on 10 April 2023.

On the national level, they supported the Indian National Congress-led United Progressive Alliance government along with other parliamentary Left parties, but without taking part in it. Upon attaining power in May 2004, the United Progressive Alliance formulated a programme of action known as the Common Minimum Programme. The Left bases its support to the UPA on strict adherence to it. Provisions of the CMP mentioned to discontinue disinvestment, massive social sector outlays and an independent foreign policy.

On 8 July 2008, the General Secretary of CPI(M), Prakash Karat, announced that the Left was withdrawing its support over the decision by the government to go ahead with the United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act. The Left parties combination had been a staunch advocate of not proceeding with this deal citing national interests.

In West Bengal, the CPI participates in the Left Front. It also participated in the state government in Manipur. In Kerala, the party is part of Left Democratic Front. In Tripura the party is a partner of the Left Front, which governed the state until 2018. In Tamil Nadu it is part of the Secular Progressive Alliance and in Bihar it is the part of Mahagathbandhan. It is involved in the Left Democratic Front in Maharashtra. In February 2022, CPI and Congress formed an alliance in Manipur named Manipur Progressive Secular Alliance. The current general secretary of CPI is D. Raja.

Presence in states
As of 2020, the CPI is a part of the state government in Kerala. Pinarayi Vijayan is Chief Minister of Kerala. CPI have four Cabinet Ministers in Kerala. In Tamil Nadu, it is in power with SPA coalition led by M. K. Stalin. The Left Front governed West Bengal for 34 years (1977–2011) and Tripura for 25 years (1993–2018)

Leadership
The 24th Party Congress of Communist Party of India was held from 14 to 18 October 2022 in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh.

General Secretary

 * D. Raja

National Secretariat

 * 1) D. Raja
 * 2) Amarjeet Kaur
 * 3) K. Narayana
 * 4) Bhalchandra Kango
 * 5) Pallab Sen Gupta
 * 6) Binoy Viswam
 * 7) Syed Azeez Pasha
 * 8) Nagendra Nath Ojha
 * 9) Rama Krushna Panda
 * 10) Annie Raja
 * 11) Girish Chandra Sharma

List of General secretaries and Chairmen of CPI
Article XXXII of the party constitution says:

"The tenure of the General Secretary and Deputy General Secretary, if any, and State Secretaries is limited to two consecutive terms—a term being of not less than two years. In exceptional cases, the unit concerned may decide by three-fourth majority through secret ballot to allow two more terms. In case such a motion is adopted that comrade also can contest in the election along with other candidates. As regards the tenure of the office-bearers at district and lower levels, the state councils will frame rules where necessary."

Principal mass organisations
In Tripura, the Ganamukti Parishad is a major mass organisation amongst the Tripuri peoples of the state.
 * All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC)
 * All India Students' Federation (AISF)
 * All India Youth Federation (AIYF)
 * National Federation of Indian Women (NFIW)
 * All India Kisan Sabha – AIKS (peasants organisation)
 * Bharatiya Khet Mazdoor Union – BKMU (agricultural workers)
 * Indian People's Theatre Association – IPTA (cultural wing)
 * All India State Government Employees Confederation (State government employees)
 * Indian Society for Cultural Co-operation and Friendship (ISCUF)
 * All India Peace and Solidarity Organisation (AIPSO)
 * Progressive Writers' Association (PWA)
 * All India Adivasi Mahasabha (Tribal Wing)
 * All India Dalit Rights Movement (AIDRM)
 * Tamil Nadu Oppressed People's Movement
 * People's Service Corps
 * Ganamukti Parishad

Notable leaders

 * Abdul Sattar Ranjoor – Founding state secretary of the CPI in Jammu and Kashmir
 * Ajoy Ghosh – Former general secretary of CPI, freedom fighter
 * Amarjeet Kaur – General Secretary of AITUC and National Secretary of CPI
 * Annabhau Sathe – Samyukta Maharashtra movement leader
 * Annie Raja – General Secretary of NFIW and National Executive Member of CPI
 * Ardhendu Bhushan Bardhan – Former general secretary
 * Aruna Asaf Ali – Freedom fighter
 * Binoy Viswam – Former Member of Rajya Sabha, Former minister in the Government of Kerala and current State Secretary of CPI Kerala State Committee
 * Bhan Singh Bhaura - Parliamentarian from Punjab and Founder President Khet Mazdoor Sabha
 * Bhargavi Thankappan – Parliamentarian
 * Bhupesh Gupta – Parliamentarian
 * C. Achutha Menon – Finance minister in first Kerala ministry Former chief minister of Kerala
 * C. Divakaran – Senior leader, former minister and National Council Member from Kerala
 * Chandra Rajeswara Rao – former general secretary, Telangana freedom fighter
 * Chaturanan Mishra parliamentarian & former Central Minister of India
 * Chittayam Gopakumar – Deputy Speaker of Kerala Legislative Assembly and State council member
 * C. K. Chandrappan – Parliamentarian & former Kerala state secretary of the party
 * C. N. Jayadevan – Senior leader, parliamentarian
 * Dhanwantri – one of the founder of communist party in Jammu & Kashmir
 * Darshan Singh Canadian – Trade Unionist, fight against Khalistan movement
 * D. Pandian – Parliamentarian & former Tamil Nadu state secretary
 * D. Raja – parliamentarian & General secretary of the party
 * E. Chandrasekharan Nair – Senior leader and former Minister in the Government of Kerala
 * Geeta Mukherjee – Parliamentarian & Former Vice President of National Federation of Indian Women
 * Govind Pansare – Prominent activist and lawyer
 * Gurudas Dasgupta – Parliamentarian & Former General Secretary of the All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) and Bharatiya Khet Mazdoor Union
 * Hajrah Begum – former general secretary of NFIW
 * Hasrat Mohani – founding member
 * Hijam Irabot – Founder leader of CPI in Manipur
 * Hirendranath Mukherjee-Parliamentarian & He was awarded Padma Bhushan in 1990 and Padma Vibhushan in 1991 by the President of India for his lifelong services
 * Ila Mitra – Peasant Movement Leader from West Bengal
 * Indrajit Gupta – Parliamentarian, former general secretary and a former central minister
 * Jagannath Sarkar – former National Secretary, freedom fighter, builder of communist movement in Bihar and Jharkhand
 * Junu Das – Prominent leader of CPI
 * Kalpana Datta – freedom fighter
 * Kalyan Roy – Parliamentarian
 * Kanam Rajendran – Former Kerala state secretary of the party
 * K.N. Joglekar – founding member of CPI
 * Kunwar Mohammad Ashraf
 * Meghraj Tawar – Former Rajasthan MLA and leader of the CPI
 * M. Kalyanasundaram – Parliamentarian
 * M. N. Govindan Nair – Kerala state secretary during the first communist ministry and a freedom fighter
 * Mohit Banerji – Prominent Leader
 * Nallakannu – former Tamil Nadu state secretary of the party
 * N.E. Balaram – Founding leader of the communist movement in Kerala, India
 * Pannyan Raveendran – Former Kerala state secretary of the party
 * Parvathi Krishnan – Parliamentarian
 * P. Krishna Pillai – Founder and First secretary of CPI in Kerala
 * P. K. Vasudevan Nair – Former Chief minister of Kerala, Former AISF general secretary, Former AIYF general secretary
 * Puran Chand Joshi – first general secretary of the Communist Party of India
 * P. S. Sreenivasan – Former Minister of Kerala
 * Rajaji Mathew Thomas – Journalist, former MLA and CPI National council Member, from Kerala
 * Ramendra Kumar – Former Parliamentarian, national executive member, national president AITUC
 * Rosamma Punnoose – Freedom Fighter
 * R.Sugathan – Prominent trade unionist, mass leader and member of Kerala Legislative assembly
 * Sachchidanand Vishnu Ghate – First general secretary of CPI, freedom fighter
 * Satypal Dang- He was a legislator of Punjab State Legislative Assembly, representing the Communist Party of India for four terms and a Minister of Food and Civil Supplies in the United Front ministry led by Justice Gurnam Singh and Padma Bhushan Awardee.
 * S.S. Mirajkar – Trade Unionist, Freedom fighter
 * Suhasini Chattopadhyay – founding member of CPI
 * Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy – former general secretary of the party & parliamentarian
 * Shripad Amrit Dange – Freedom fighter & former chairman of the party
 * Thoppil Bhasi – Writer, film director & parliamentarian
 * T. V. Thomas – Minister in first Kerala ministry
 * Veliyam Bharghavan – Parliamentarian & Former Kerala state secretary of the party
 * Vidya Munshi – Journalist
 * Vimla Dang – leader of CPI
 * V. S. Sunil Kumar – Former Agriculture Minister in Kerala
 * V.V. Raghavan -CPI Central Secretariat Member, two-time Loksabha Member from Thrissur Kerala, Rajya sabha Member, Former Agriculture minister of Kerala

General election results

 * : 12 seats in Assam and 1 in Meghalaya did not vote.

State Legislative assembly results

 * N/A indicates Not Available

Results from the Election Commission of India website. Results do not deal with partitions of states, defections and by-elections during the mandate period.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Communist Party of India


text:
Yeadon, West Yorkshire

Yeadon is a town within the metropolitan borough of the City of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England.

Most of the town is in the Otley and Yeadon ward of Leeds City Council and the Leeds North West parliamentary constituency. A southern part of the town, north of Swincar Avenue on Kirk Lane and south of the A65) is in the Guiseley and Rawdon ward and the Pudsey constituency.

Leeds Bradford International Airport is immediately east of the town.

Early times
Yeadon's name comes from Old English gæh and dūn meaning steep hill, and the hilly part of the High Street has been known as "the Steep" for centuries. It was one of three hill settlements: Rawdon, Yeadon and Baildon, and it has been suggested that Rawdon was the main one, Yeadon being used for burial (there are burial urns nearby) and other religious purposes.

Medieval Period
Yeadon was part of the Kingdom of Elmet until overrun by the Anglo-Saxons who transferred religion to Guiseley by building a church and divided Yeadon into two areas, Yeadon and Nether Yeadon, with Saxon lords (thegns). It remained divided until 1630. Following the Danish conquest of Yorkshire Yeadon was part of the Wapentake of Skyrack but still with Saxon lords.

After the Norman conquest the two manors were taken from their Saxon lords and given to the House of Percy (present Yeadon village) and the Meschines family (Nether Yeadon). According to the Domesday book it comprised four carucates or about 328 acres. Much of the area was later acquired by Bolton Priory and Kirkstall Abbey who exerted considerable power until the Dissolution of the Monasteries. In 1354 the villagers won a court case against Kirkstall Abbey over 300 acres of moorland between Yeadon Tarn (lake) and Horsforth, which now accommodates Leeds Bradford Airport. In this period there were only thirty or so households scattered around three points: where the town centre is now; the main cluster round where the Woolpack is, and a smaller group of cottages further to the west along Yeadon Gill at Nether Yeadon, probably a marketplace. Sheep were farmed and the wool made into cloth locally. Yeadon Gill provided water power for a corn mill.

Later history
Despite the English Civil War the area prospered and the population more than doubled to more than 400 during the 17th century, with 93 hearths (i.e. fireplace with chimney) recorded. Medieval parcels of land were traded into more efficient farms and a new mill was built. The town was no longer divided and had a significant social organization with poor relief and a constable. The 18th century saw the establishment of a school (now Layton Cottage) and more stone houses were built replacing the wattle and daub cottages, a windmill and the first steam engine operated mill were built. The people worshipped at the parish church in Guiseley, some distance away, and started demanding their own church in 1714: but did not get one until 1844.

John Yeadon (1764–1833), a lay preacher in the town for more than thirty years, kept a journal about his life, family and events in the locality for most of his adult life. He and his wife, Mary had fourteen children, one of whom had a severe intellectual disability. John conducted services locally, but also in many villages and towns in the Aire and Wharfe Valleys. He attended services conducted by John Wesley, one of the founders of Methodism, many times. The handwritten journal provides detailed insights into town life and the early Methodist Church in the district. In the 19th century, the population rose rapidly from 1,695 in 1801 to 4,109 in 1851 and 7,396 in 1891 as Yeadon became a manufacturing rather than farming town. It was particularly noted for making women's apparel. To assist trade, New Road (now A65) was built in 1827 through Yeadon, linking Kirkstall with Guiseley and the railway followed in the 1840s. In 1845 it was administratively separated from Guiseley. By 1853 it had gas from the "Yeadon and Guiseley Gas Light Co". The watercourse became badly polluted by effluent from Bradford, Shipley and Bingley, leading to a successful court case against Bradrod Corporation in 1868. The Yeadon Waterworks sank a well in 1861 and began the Cold Harbour Reservoir in 1877. The town's Board of Health was established in 1863, and set up the cemetery and buildings in 1876. In 1880 the town had its own "Yeadon Town Hall and Mechanics' Institute".

20th century onwards
Increasing social unrest and labour disputes in the early 20th century led to a major lockout and subsequent hunger marches in 1913. As a result of the dispute, the working week in the textile mills was shortened, and workers received a pay rise, although this fell short of the demands of the trade unions who in consequence streamlined their organisation. In 1937 it became part of the Aireborough district, being the most populous township of over ten thousand.

Geography
The main part of the town is on a hill with a south facing slope towards the Aire valley. It is bounded by the A65 road to the southwest and the A658 road to the southeast. South of the junction of these roads are Nether Yeadon and Little London. To the west of the A65 is New Scarborough, containing many 19th century houses. A public park, Nunroyd Park, to the northwest provides a green break between the housing of Yeadon and Guiseley. This was formerly the house and lands of a mill owner, and before that the parkland belonging to a nunnery, royd meaning a woodland clearing.

Evidence of the medieval settlement is seen in fields to the north in Yeadon Banks which follow the strips of this time, and in the irregular and organic location of buildings around Town Street and Ivegate, described in 1878, as "a bewildering labyrinth of yards and courts and intricate lanes". By contrast the 19th century development produced a regular grid of terraced houses, many of which remain, while the pattern of streets remains for those that have gone. There are also a number of former mill and dyeworks sites.

The geology is sandstone and millstone grit, which has been extensively quarried and used for buildings, and impervious shale and clay to the north, which allowed the formation of a natural hilltop lake, Yeadon Tarn, which was enlarged for industrial use. Leeds Bradford Airport occupies the high plateau of Yeadon Moor to the east. In chronostratigraphy, the term Yeadonian—for a British sub-stage of the Carboniferous period—is derived from the study of a geological site at the brick and tile works in Yeadon.

Public transport
Yeadon had a rail connection from Guiseley that opened in 1894. The line was closed in 1964. It is now a nature path and most of its length can still be walked, from the Old Engine Fields, off Henshaw Lane, past Guiseley retail park where it joined the Guiseley Branch Line. The line continued over Henshaw Lane where an old bridge can still be seen. Immediately after the bridge was the railway station, near the Station Inn in the (now) council storage yard. The line terminated opposite Trinity Church (previously Benton Congregational Church) in Rawdon. Yeadon Station was mostly used for goods, and the line served several large mills directly along its route (Leafield Mill, Kirk Lane Mill, Westfield Mill, Green Lane Mill, a soap works and a dye works). The only passenger trains were special services. The first train to leave Yeadon Station in 1905 held 500 people. The following year, trains took passengers from Yeadon to Blackpool.

Yeadon (Green Lane) was connected by tram to Leeds from 1909 until the 1950s. Northbound, Yeadon is served by bus route A2 to Harrogate, 33, 34 and 27 to Otley and Guiseley respectively, and the 966 to Guiseley. Southbound, the town is served by the A2 to Bradford via Greengates, the A3 to Bradford via Shipley, 33, 34 and 27 to Leeds

Religion
Yeadon was part of the old, large Guiseley Parish but a church, St John the Evangelist Church, was built in 1844 as a Commissioners' church with a grant of £300. It was designed by Walker Rawsthorne. Its tower was demolished as unsafe in 1970. The New Life Community Church was formerly St Andrew's Parish Church (C of E), built by Thomas Healey of Bradford in 1891 and is Grade II listed. There is a Roman Catholic church (St Peter and St Paul,) a Methodist church developed from a Primitive Methodist Chapel, and a meeting hall for Plymouth Brethren.

Town Hall
Facing north on Town Hall Square by the High Street, the Yeadon Town Hall and Mechanics' Institute of 1880 was designed by William Hill of Leeds. It is a Grade II listed building of coursed dressed sandstone, with slate roofs in French Gothic style, with a central tower with a clock. The architect was selected after a competition with more than 200 entries, with a budget of £5,000. The stone mason was Richard Hogg of Rawdon.

The building was used as a registrar's office in the Yorkshire Television programme The Beiderbecke Tapes in 1985.

Low Hall
Arthur Mee wrote "Though Yorkshire has many greater houses, it has few more charming than Low Hall on the fringe of Yeadon." It is a Grade II listed building on Gill Lane, a former 17th century farmhouse (with a datestone "W S 1658"), remodelled in the 19th century, of coursed sandstone and slate roof. It was built in 1624, and has a porch added by William Sale in 1658, the stone believed to be taken from Esholt Priory following the Dissolution of the Monasteries. It contains a Tudor priest hole.

Yeadon Tarn
Yeadon Tarn, also known as Yeadon Dam, between High Street and the airport runway was drained during the Second World War to prevent enemy aircraft using its reflection as a landmark to identify the nearby Avro factory. The tarn is used for sailing and fishing. Mallard ducks, swans and a sizable population of Canada geese can be found at the tarn. Adjacent to the tarn is a park of 17 acres with a BMX bike track, known as Tarnfield Park.

Governance
Yeadon, along with neighbouring towns Guiseley and Rawdon, formed Aireborough Urban District, which was created in 1937 and abolished in 1974. Yeadon still hosts local Rugby Union side Aireborough RUFC at Nunroyd Park. Yeadon (except for the area north of Swincar Avenue on Kirk Lane, and the area south of the A65) is now in the Leeds City Council Ward of Otley and Yeadon ward. It is represented by three councillors. Leeds City Council now control the public services in Yeadon. Yeadon falls into Leeds North West constituency, which is held by the Labour Party, represented by Katie White.

Amenities
Yeadon has a developed town centre and most of the businesses are situated around the High Street. There is a Morrisons supermarket and several other chain shops, such as KC's Express (est. 1994). There are also building societies, estate agents and public houses. Travelodge and Premier Travel Inn hotels are situated near the airport. In Town Hall Square there is a public library which is part of Leeds City Council’s library network. It also operates as a council One Stop Centre.

Sports
Cricket has been played in Yeadon at least since around 1850 when scores of people were reported to play on Yeadon Moor after work ended on a Saturday teatime. Play continued as long as the light would allow. The origins of cricket in Yeadon are not definitely known, but at that time Yeadon boasted two teams, Topenders and Lowenders. The teams decided to amalgamate at a meeting held in the Old Victoria Hotel, at the junction of Sandy Way and the Green in 1859. The club adopted the name Yeadon United Cricket Club, ‘united’ was dropped some time later.

The legendary W. G. Grace played at the Swan ground in 1877 with a United South XI. Grace was bowled for nought by an elated bowler who was then admonished by his captain for removing the man the crowd had paid to see.

Yeadon Cricket Club plays in the Bradford Premier League with their 1XI in Division One and the 2XI in Division One (2nds) and the 3XI play in the Mid Yorkshire Sunday Cricket League, Championship after winning their Section in 2023.

Yeadon FC won promotion to the FA's Wharfedale Triangle Premier League in the 2018–19 season.

Economy
The Avro factory next to Yeadon Aerodrome from 1938 to 1946 produced many of the company's wartime planes, including the Lancaster, Lincoln, York and Anson. Approximately 700 Lancasters were produced at Yeadon.

Aviation heritage in Yeadon is kept alive by the activities of 2168 (Yeadon) Squadron Air Training Corps.

The national charity Epilepsy Action has its headquarters in the town.

Notable residents

 * Betsy Sawyer, who was born enslaved in Antigua, died in Yeadon on 24 November 1839. A memorial stone was placed in Yeadon Methodist Churchyard after her death to remember her journey to freedom and her life.
 * The former Yorkshire and England cricket captain Brian Close lived in the town during his childhood.
 * Moses Ayrton (1878–1950), a New Zealand Methodist minister and socialist, was born in Yeadon.

title: Yeadon, West Yorkshire


text:
Bahujan Samaj Party

The Bahujan Samaj Party (abbr. BSP) is a political party in India that was formed to represent Bahujans (literally means "community in majority"), referring to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes (OBC), along with religious minorities. According to Kanshi Ram, when he founded the party in 1984, the Bahujans comprised 85 percent of India's population, but were divided into 6,000 different castes. The party claims to be inspired by the philosophy of B. R. Ambedkar, Mahatma Jyotiba Phule, Narayana Guru, Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj, and Gautama Buddha.

Kanshi Ram named his protégée, Mayawati, as his successor in 2001. The BSP has its main base in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh where it was the second-largest party in the 2019 Indian general election with 19.3% of votes and fourth largest in the 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election with 12.88% of votes. Its election symbol is an elephant which is the same symbol historically used by Dr. Ambedkar's Scheduled Castes Federation.

Etymology
"Bahujan" is a Sanskritic term found in Hindu and Buddhist texts, and literally refers to "many people", or "the majority". It connotes the combined population of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Classes, Muslims, and minorities who together constitute the demographic majority of India. The word "Bahujan" appears in the dictum "Bahujana Hitaya Bahujana Sukhaya", or "The benefit and prosperity of the many", articulated by Gautama Buddha.

In his writing, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar used the term to refer to the majority of people in society that experienced discrimination and oppression on the basis of caste. Jyotirao Phule used the term in a similar context, and compared the Bahujans of India to Slavery in the United States. Schedule Caste and Bahujan writers have suggested this proportion was 70 percent of the population.

History
Bahujan Samaj Party was founded on the birth anniversary of B. R. Ambedkar (14 April 1984) by Kanshi Ram, who named former school teacher, Mayawati, as his successor of BSP in 2001. The party's power grew quickly with seats in the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh and the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India. In 1993, following the assembly elections, Mayawati formed a coalition with Samajwadi Party president Mulayam Singh Yadav as Chief Minister. On 2 June 1995, she withdrew support from his government, which led to a major incident where Mulayam Singh Yadav was accused of sending his zealots to keep her party legislators hostage at a Lucknow guest house and shout casteist abuses at her. Since this incident, they have regarded each other publicly as chief rivals. Mayawati then obtained support from the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) to become Chief Minister on 3 June 1995. In October 1995, the BJP withdrew their support and fresh elections were called after a period of President's Rule. In 2003, Mayawati resigned from her own government to prove that she was not "hungry for power" and asked the BJP-run Government of India to remove Union Tourism and Culture Minister, Jagmohan. In 2007, she began leading a BSP-formed government with an absolute majority for a full five-year term.

On 10 Dec 2023, Mayawati declared her nephew Akash Anand as the party's successor. However, he was sacked immediately after his comments on the ruling BJP Party.

Silver jubilee
On 14 April 2009, the Bahujan Samaj Party celebrated its silver jubilee. The Manywar Shri Kanshi Ramji Shahri Garib Awas Yojna housing scheme for poor was launched by Lucknow Development Authority (LDA). The role of Mayawati was discussed in BSP's success. A mass rally was organised in Lucknow with 10000 police personnel on duty. It was the 305th and largest rally of BSP since 1984. As per Observer Research Foundation, within 25 years BSP became third largest political party of India.

Views
BSP believes in "Social Transformation and Economic Emancipation" of the "Bahujan Samaj". The Bahujan Samaj signifies the Bahujans as the Scheduled Castes (SC), the Scheduled Tribes (ST), and the Other Backward Castes (OBC). B. R. Ambedkar, a proponent of Bahujan rights, is their important ideological inspiration. The BSP also speaks in favor of religious minorities. The party claims not to be prejudiced against upper-caste Hindus. In 2008, while addressing the audience, Mayawati said: "Our policies and ideology are not against any particular caste or religion. If we were anti-upper caste, we would not have given tickets to candidates from upper castes to contest elections".

Success in 2007
The results of the May 2007 Uttar Pradesh state assembly election saw the BSP emerge as a sole majority party, the first to do so since 1991. Mayawati began her fourth term as Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh and took her oath of office along with 50 ministers of cabinet and state rank on 13 May 2007, at Rajbhawan in the state capital of Lucknow. Most importantly, the majority achieved in large part was due to the party's ability to take away majority of upper castes votes from their traditional party, the BJP.

The party could manage only 80 seats in 2012, as opposed to 206 in 2007 assembly elections. BSP government was the first in the history of Uttar Pradesh to complete its full five-year term. On 26 May 2018, Ram Achal Rajbhar was replaced by R S Kushwaha as the president of UP unit.

2014 Lok Sabha Elections
The 2014 national Lok Sabha elections saw the BSP become the third-largest national party of India in terms of vote percentage, having 4.2% of the vote across the country but gaining no seats.

2019 Lok Sabha Elections: Mahagathbandhan
Prior to the 2019 Lok Sabha elections, BSP formed an alliance. The Mahagathbandhan (or Grand Alliance), or simply the Gathbandhan (Alliance), is an anti-Congress, anti-BJP Indian political alliance formed in the run-up to the 2019 general election under the leadership of two former Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh, Akhilesh Yadav of the Samajwadi Party and Mayawati of the Bahujan Samaj Party, along with Ajit Singh's Rashtriya Lok Dal and several other political parties, contesting in different states of India.

In Uttar Pradesh, BSP contested 38 seats, SP 37, and RLD 3, and the alliance supported Congress in the final two. Due to this seat sharing agreement, BSP's vote share fell slightly nationally and in the state, but they won 10 seats, up from 0 in 2014. The Samajwadi Party won 5 seats, giving the alliance a total of 15 seats out of 80 in the state.

2024 Lok Sabha Elections: Historic Setback
In 19 July, 2023, the BSP had announced that it would neither side with the INDIA nor the NDA and would go alone in the 2024 Indian General Election. But it had its worst performance in a Lok Sabha election. It lost all ten of its seats in Uttar Pradesh that it had gained in the previous election and didn't gain any seats elsewhere. Its national vote share fell to 2.07%, less than half of what it was in 2014 when it also won 0 seats.

title: Bahujan Samaj Party


text:
Jalal Mansur Nuriddin

Jalaluddin Mansur Nuriddin (July 24, 1944 – June 4, 2018) was an American poet and musician. He was one of the founding members of The Last Poets, a group of poets and musicians that evolved in the 1960s out of the Harlem Writers Workshop in New York City.

He was born Lawrence Padilla in Fort Greene in Brooklyn, New York, USA. Earlier in his career he used the names Lightnin' Rod and Alafia Pudim. He is sometimes called "The Grandfather of Rap".

A devout Muslim, poet, acupuncturist, and martial art exponent (a practitioner of a form of Bak Mei), Nuriddin's talent and genius with words and rhythm are renowned and he produced some epic poems such as "Be-Yon-Der", an 18-minute piece on The Last Poets 1977 album Delights of the Garden, which was originally released on Douglas Records, and later on Celluloid Records.

Early life
Jalal Mansur Nuriddin grew up in Fort Greene, a neighborhood of project buildings near the Brooklyn Navy Yard. Running with a local gang, the Fort Greene Chaplains, they fought a street rivalry with the Bed-Stuy Bishops, from further up on Myrtle Avenue, which ran through both neighborhoods. He was incarcerated during this period.

He was given early release on condition that he join the US Army, where he trained as a paratrooper but was imprisoned again within the Army for refusing to salute the American flag. He did, however, receive an honourable discharge and went to work for a bank on Wall Street. It was his experience there that spawned his poem "E-Pluribus Unum", from 1973's Chastisement. Nuriddin converted to Islam while in jail and in 2003 went on a pilgrimage to Mecca. While in jail he learned to spiel, an early form of rap, which he called "spoagraphics" or "spoken pictures". It was also known as toasting, which was a form of rhythmic spoken poetry accompanied by ad hoc percussion by prison inmates, such as the famous Signified Monkey toast popularised by comedian Dolemite (not to be confused with the "toast" of Jamaican DJs, which is more reggae than rap).

The Last Poets
Nuriddin joined the first version of The Last Poets, with members Gylan Kain, David Nelson, and Felipe Luciano, but left before the trio recorded and released their only album, Right On, in 1967, the soundtrack to a documentary movie of the same name. As he informed them of the intention to form his own group called The Last Poets, the Right On album was released under the name The Original Last Poets.

Together with Umar Bin Hassan and the late Nilja, their percussionist, he released in 1969 the self-titled first album The Last Poets, followed in 1970 by This Is Madness. In 1971, that follow-up album landed the group on President Richard Nixon's Cointelpro radicals list targeted for surveillance by the FBI. At the time, his name was still credited as Alafia Pudim, but he later changed it to the Islamic name (Jalaluddin – The Glory of the Faith, Mansur – Victorious, Nuriddin – The Light of the Faith) by which he is known today. Nuriddin's fellow poet and friend the late Suleiman El-Hadi replaced Nilja on the third album, Chastisement, and also recorded 1974's At Last (the only recording to include Nuriddin, Bin Hassan, and El-Hadi together). Altogether, there were six albums released by the Nuriddin / El-Hadi "mach two" edition of the Poets, culminating with 1993's Scatterap/Home. Later members included Kenyatte Abdur-Rahman, composer and vibraphonist (who died in November 2015) on the album Scatterap/Home, and Abu Mustafa (also deceased).

"Lightnin' Rod" was the pseudonym of Nuriddin when he released his seminal 1973 Hustlers Convention LP, featuring tracks including "Sport" and "Spoon" and "Coppin' Some Fronts for the Set". The album was released on United Artists and featured Tina Turner and The Ikettes, Bernard Purdie, Billy Preston, Cornell Dupree, and Kool and the Gang. Most of the lyrics deal with the way of life in ghettos, i.e. hustling, drugs, gambling and money with the outcome being a shoot out with the cops followed by jail where the hustlers learn "The whole truth". A sequel, The Hustlers Detention is purportedly in the pipeline with the final part being "The Hustlers Ascension". Hustlers convention has been sampled by many hip-hop artists, producer Ron Saint Germain had declared it to be "one of the most stolen and sampled albums ever made".

In April 2008, Nuriddin reunited and reconciled with fellow Last Poets Umar Bin Hassan and Abiodun Oyewole, along with David Nelson and Felipe Luciano, all of whom appear in Made in Amerikkka, a documentary by French film-maker Claude Santiago. Bin Hassan recalled in a Billboard article how the fiery and passionate Last Poets in the 1970s said things they should not have said: "we were all young men, 19, 20 years old. What do we know, really, about the world, about ourselves, America, race relations?"

Nuriddin made an album for Adrian Sherwood. and the single "Mankind, Pt. 2", produced by Skip McDonald and released on Sherwood's label On-U Sound, can be heard over the closing credits of the film 187.

Nuriddin and the Last Poets also had a cameo appearance in John Singleton's 1993 film Poetic Justice, starring Janet Jackson and Tupac Shakur.

2004–2018
In 2004, Nuriddin wrote the foreword to Malik Al Nasir's poetry collection Ordinary Guy, published under Malik's pre-Islamic name Mark T. Watson in the UK by Fore-Word Press. Nuriddin was also featured in the documentary Word Up – From Ghetto to Mecca, along with poets Gil Scott Heron, Mark T. Watson a.k.a. Malik Al Nasir, Rod Youngs (Gil Scott-Heron's Amnesia Express) and dub poet Benjamin Zephaniah, where he discussed the significance of the spoken word as an extension of the African oral tradition, as well as the origins of rap and the work of his student and friend Malik Al Nasir. In the film Nuriddin recites from Al Nasir's book Ordinary Guy the poem he wrote as a foreword to it, called "Malik's Mode". Nuriddin also later recorded "Malik's Mode" with Al Nasir's band "Malik & the O.G's" for the album Rhythms of the Diaspora Vol's 1 & 2 at Mercredi 9 Studios in Paris, while filming the Word Up documentary. The album Rhythms of the Diaspora Vol's 1 & 2 was released on August 1, 2015, on Mentis Records in the UK.

Nuriddin returned to the UK in 2014 to perform live the seminal solo album Hustlers Convention, credited as being the first ever rap album live at the Jazz Café in Camden Town, London. The event was produced by Fore-Word Press for Riverhorse Communications, who filmed it as part of a documentary on the forgotten roots of rap called Hustlers Convention. The executive producer is Public Enemy's front man Chuck D. The film Hustlers Convention, directed by Mike Todd, premiered at Docfest in Sheffield, UK, in 2015, with its London premiere at the Institute of Contemporary Arts, on June 14, 2015. The Hustlers Convention Live featured The Jazz Warriors International Collective, Malik & the O.G's and poet Lemn Sissay. The UK DVD release of the historical Hustlers Convention was in 2015. After the film premiered in the UK at Docfest 2015 it went on general release through Kaleidoscope and premiered in New York at TriBeca Film Festival 2015 for its USA cinema release. Nuriddin screened the film also in Canada in 2016 as part of a tour with UK poet Malik Al Nasir called "The Revolution Will Be Live", comprising seminars, poetry performances, school visits, workshops and joint screenings of Al Nasir's film also featuring Nuriddin, called Word-Up.

Jalal died after a long battle with cancer on June 4, 2018.

Selected discography

 * On The One
 * The Fruits of Rap
 * Science Friction
 * Mean Machine (1984) 12"

The Last Poets

 * Long Enough 12" (The Last Poets)

Lightnin' Rod

 * Hustlers Convention (1973, United Artists Douglas Records Cat No: UA-LA156-F, featuring King Curtis, Cornell Dupree, Eric Gale, Gene Dinwiddie, Buzz Feiten, Kool & the Gang, Billy Preston engineers Tony Bongiovi and Ron Saint Germain)
 * Doriella Du Fontaine (session recorded by Alan Douglas in November 1969, with Jimi Hendrix and Buddy Miles).

Guest appearances

 * Material: The Third Power; E Pluribus Unum and Power Of Soul (Black Chant).
 * Working Week: Working Nights / 12"; Stella Marina.
 * Apollo 440: Dude Descending A Staircase; Hustler Groove and The Children of the Future.
 * Cosmo Vitelli: Video; Science Affliction.
 * Silent Poets: Words and Silence; Inquizative, Derivative, and The Children of the Future.
 * Faya Dub: Sings and Plays; Reggae Monk.
 * Seven Dub: Rock It Tonight; Land of the Lost and Naturally.
 * Michel Benita: Drastic; Sky Screen.
 * Aktivist: Stereotape; Nouvelle Experience.
 * Various Artists: Acid Jazz And Other Illicit Grooves (spoken word — Introduction only)
 * Various Artists: 12" / 30 Ans Apres Martin Luther King.
 * Various Artists: Tempo Jazz Edition Volume 1 – Talking Loud; Mean Machine '90.
 * Malik & the O.G's: Rhythms of the Diaspora Vol's 1 & 2 Featuring Gil Scott-Heron & The Last Poets (spoken word – Jazzoetry); "Malik's Mode", Mentis Records 2015.
 * Stephen McCraven: Killing Us Hardly; "We Can't Stand It", 2018

Filmography

 * Poetic Justice, directed by John Singleton. With Janet Jackson and Tupac Shakur.
 * Art Blakey, directed by Dick Fontaine, featuring Art Blakey, Wayne Shorter, Branford Marsalis, Courtney Pine and Steve Williamson.

title: Jalal Mansur Nuriddin


text:
High Gear (Howe II album)

High Gear is the first studio album by the American hard rock band Howe II, released in 1989 through Shrapnel Records. Howe II was a short-lived group fronted by guitarist Greg Howe and his brother Albert Howe on vocals.

Critical reception
Andy Hinds at AllMusic reviewed the album positively, saying that "The songs on High Gear are good, the riffs are killer, and the execution is flawless." He praised Greg Howe's guitar playing as "more effective than ever; focused like a laser, his brilliant solos drive home the point of the songs rather than being the point of the songs" and likened Albert Howe's vocals to David Lee Roth. More praise went to the band overall: "The entire band plays with an articulate, inspired precision and energy that is truly awesome." Journalist Martin Popoff described the album as "a rhythmic good time metal party" and the production as "a bit blocky, but vital like Van Halen".

Personnel

 * Howe II
 * Albert Howe – lead vocals
 * Greg Howe – guitar, background vocals, mixing, co-producer
 * Vern Parsons – bass, background vocals
 * Joe Nevolo – drums, background vocals

 * Guest musicians
 * Mike Varney – guitar solo (track 9), producer
 * Jason Becker – guitar solo (track 9)

 * Production

Recorded at Prairie Sun Recording Studios, Cotati, California

 * Steve Fontano – producer, engineer, mixing
 * Joe Marquez – assistant engineer
 * George Horn – mastering at Fantasy Studios, Berkeley, California
 * Kerry Doyle – cover art guitar customization

title: High Gear (Howe II album)


text:
Principal value

In mathematics, specifically complex analysis, the principal values of a multivalued function are the values along one chosen branch of that function, so that it is single-valued. A simple case arises in taking the square root of a positive real number. For example, 4 has two square roots: 2 and −2; of these the positive root, 2, is considered the principal root and is denoted as $$\sqrt{4}.$$

Motivation
Consider the complex logarithm function $log z$. It is defined as the complex number $w$ such that
 * $$e^w = z.$$

Now, for example, say we wish to find $log i$. This means we want to solve
 * $$e^w = i$$

for $$w$$. The value $$i\pi/2$$ is a solution.

However, there are other solutions, which is evidenced by considering the position of $i$ in the complex plane and in particular its argument $$\arg i$$. We can rotate counterclockwise $$\pi/2$$ radians from 1 to reach $i$ initially, but if we rotate further another $$2\pi$$ we reach $i$ again. So, we can conclude that $$i(\pi/2 + 2\pi)$$ is also a solution for $log i$. It becomes clear that we can add any multiple of $$2\pi$$ to our initial solution to obtain all values for $log i$.

But this has a consequence that may be surprising in comparison of real valued functions: $log i$ does not have one definite value. For $log z$, we have
 * $$\log{z} = \ln{|z|} + i\left(\mathrm{arg}\ z \right)

= \ln{|z|} + i\left(\mathrm{Arg}\ z+2\pi k\right)$$ for an integer $k$, where $Arg z$ is the (principal) argument of $z$ defined to lie in the interval $$(-\pi,\ \pi]$$. Each value of $k$ determines what is known as a branch (or sheet), a single-valued component of the multiple-valued log function. When the focus is on a single branch, sometimes a branch cut is used; in this case removing the non-positive real numbers from the domain of the function and eliminating $$\pi$$ as a possible value for $Arg z$. With this branch cut, the single-branch function is continuous and analytic everywhere in its domain.

The branch corresponding to $k = 0$ is known as the principal branch, and along this branch, the values the function takes are known as the principal values.

General case
In general, if $f(z)$ is multiple-valued, the principal branch of $f$ is denoted
 * $$\mathrm{pv}\,f(z)$$

such that for $z$ in the domain of $f$, $pv f(z)$ is single-valued.

Principal values of standard functions
Complex valued elementary functions can be multiple-valued over some domains. The principal value of some of these functions can be obtained by decomposing the function into simpler ones whereby the principal value of the simple functions are straightforward to obtain.

Logarithm function
We have examined the logarithm function above, i.e.,
 * $$\log{z} = \ln{|z|} + i\left(\mathrm{arg}\ z\right).$$

Now, $arg z$ is intrinsically multivalued. One often defines the argument of some complex number to be between $$-\pi$$ (exclusive) and $$\pi$$ (inclusive), so we take this to be the principal value of the argument, and we write the argument function on this branch $Arg z$ (with the leading capital A). Using $Arg z$ instead of $arg z$, we obtain the principal value of the logarithm, and we write
 * $$\mathrm{pv}\log{z} = \mathrm{Log}\,z = \ln{|z|} + i\left(\mathrm{Arg}\,z\right).$$

Square root
For a complex number $$z = r e^{i \phi}\,$$ the principal value of the square root is:

 * $$\mathrm{pv}\sqrt{z} = \exp\left(\frac{\mathrm{pv}\log z}{2}\right) = \sqrt{r}\, e^{i \phi / 2}$$

with argument $$-\pi < \phi \le \pi.$$ Sometimes a branch cut is introduced so that negative real numbers are not in the domain of the square root function and eliminating the possibility that $$\phi = \pi.$$

Inverse trigonometric and inverse hyperbolic functions
Inverse trigonometric functions ($arcsin$, $arccos$, $arctan$, etc.) and inverse hyperbolic functions ($arsinh$, $arcosh$, $artanh$, etc.) can be defined in terms of logarithms and their principal values can be defined in terms of the principal values of the logarithm.

Complex argument

The principal value of complex number argument measured in radians can be defined as:
 * values in the range $$[0, 2\pi)$$
 * values in the range $$(-\pi, \pi]$$

For example, many computing systems include an $atan2(y, x)$ function. The value of $atan2(imaginary_part(z), real_part(z))$ will be in the interval $$(-\pi, \pi].$$ In comparison, $atan y/x$ is typically in $$(\tfrac{-\pi}{2}, \tfrac{\pi}{2}].$$

title: Principal value


text:
Blockbuster (entertainment)

A blockbuster is a work of entertainment—typically used to describe a feature film produced by a major film studio, but also other media—that is highly popular and financially successful. The term has also come to refer to any large-budget production intended for "blockbuster" status, aimed at mass markets with associated merchandising, sometimes on a scale that meant the financial fortunes of a film studio or a distributor could depend on it.

Etymology
The term began to appear in the American press in the early 1940s, referring to the blockbuster bombs, aerial munitions capable of destroying a whole block of buildings. Its first known use in reference to films was in May 1943, when advertisements in Variety and Motion Picture Herald described the RKO film, Bombardier, as "The block-buster of all action-thrill-service shows!" Another trade advertisement in 1944 boasted that the war documentary, With the Marines at Tarawa, "hits the heart like a two ton blockbuster."

Several theories have been put forward for the origin of the term in a film context. One explanation pertains to the practice of "block booking" whereby a studio would sell a package of films to theaters, rather than permitting them to select which films they wanted to exhibit. However, this practice was outlawed in 1948 before the term became common parlance; while pre-1948 high-grossing big-budget spectacles may be retroactively labelled "blockbusters," this is not how they were known at the time. Another explanation is that trade publications would often advertise the popularity of a film by including illustrations showing long queues often extending around the block, but in reality the term was never used in this way. The term was actually first coined by publicists who drew on readers' familiarity with the blockbuster bombs, drawing an analogy with the bomb's huge impact. The trade press subsequently appropriated the term as short-hand for a film's commercial potential. Throughout 1943 and 1944 the term was applied to films such as Bataan, No Time for Love and Brazil.

Golden Age era
The term fell out of usage in the aftermath of World War II but was revived in 1948 by Variety in an article about big budget films. By the early 1950s the term had become standardised within the film industry and the trade press to denote a film that was large in spectacle, scale and cost, that would go on to achieve a high gross. In December 1950 the Daily Mirror predicted that Samson and Delilah would be "a box office block buster", and in November 1951 Variety described Quo Vadis as "a b.o. blockbuster [...] right up there with Birth of a Nation and Gone With the Wind for boxoffice performance [...] a super-spectacle in all its meaning".

According to Stephen Prince, Akira Kurosawa's 1954 film Seven Samurai had a "racing, powerful narrative engine, breathtaking pacing, and sense-assaulting visual style" (what he calls a "kinesthetic cinema" approach to "action filmmaking and exciting visual design") that was "the clearest precursor" and became "the model for" the "visceral" Hollywood blockbuster "brand of moviemaking" that emerged in the 1970s. According to Prince, Kurosawa became "a mentor figure" to a generation of emerging American filmmakers who went on to develop the Hollywood blockbuster format in the 1970s, such as Steven Spielberg, George Lucas, Martin Scorsese and Francis Ford Coppola.

1970s
In 1975, the usage of "blockbuster" for films coalesced around Steven Spielberg's Jaws. It was perceived as a new cultural phenomenon: fast-paced, exciting entertainment, inspiring interest and conversation beyond the theatre (which would later be called "buzz"), and repeated viewings. The film is regarded as the first film of the "blockbuster era", and founded the blockbuster film genre. Two years later, Star Wars expanded on the success of Jaws, setting box office records and enjoying a theatrical run that lasted more than a year. After the success of Jaws and Star Wars, many Hollywood producers attempted to create similar "event" films with wide commercial appeal, and film companies began green-lighting increasingly large-budget films, and relying extensively on massive advertising blitzes leading up to their theatrical release. These two films were the prototypes for the "summer blockbuster" trend, in which major film studios and distributors planned their annual marketing strategy around a big release by July 4.

1980s–1990s
The next fifteen years saw a number of high-quality blockbusters released including the likes of Alien (1979) and its sequel, Aliens (1986), the first three Indiana Jones films (1981, 1984 and 1989), E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982), Ghostbusters (1984), Beverly Hills Cop (1984), the Back to the Future trilogy (1985, 1989 and 1990), the Steven Spielberg-produced An American Tail (1986), Top Gun (1986), Die Hard (1988), Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), Batman (1989) and its sequel Batman Returns (1992), The Little Mermaid (1989), The Hunt for Red October (1990), The Lion King (1994) and Toy Story (1995).

21st century
Some examples of summer blockbusters from the 2000s include Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003), The Da Vinci Code (2006), Transformers (2007) and Iron Man (2008) —all of which founded successful franchises—and originals like The Day After Tomorrow (2004) and Pixar's Finding Nemo (2003), Wall-E (2008) and Up (2009). The superhero genre saw renewed interest with X-Men (2000), Spider-Man (2002), Batman Begins (2005) and its sequel The Dark Knight (2008) all proving to be very popular.

Blockbusters in the 2010s include Inception (2010), Despicable Me (2010), Ted (2012), The Conjuring (2013), Frozen (2013), Edge of Tomorrow (2014) and Wonder Woman (2017). Snowpiercer (2014) proved to be the rare example of an international blockbuster that did not perform well in the North American market. Several established franchises continued to spawn successful entries with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011), X-Men: Days of Future Past (2014), Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Mission: Impossible – Fallout (2018) and Pixar's Toy Story 3 (2010) and Incredibles 2 (2018) among the highlights. Several older franchises were successfully resurrected by Mad Max: Fury Road (2015), Jurassic World (2015), Man of Steel (2013), Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (2014) and its sequel War for the Planet of the Apes (2017). The most successful franchise of the decade was arguably Disney's Marvel Cinematic Universe, particularly The Avengers series.

Blockbusters in the 2020s include Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse, The Super Mario Bros. Movie and Greta Gerwig's adaptation of Barbie (each from 2023).

Criticism
Eventually, the focus on creating blockbusters grew so intense that a backlash occurred, with some critics and film-makers decrying the prevalence of a "blockbuster mentality", lamenting the death of the author-driven, "more artistic" small-scale films of the New Hollywood era. This view is taken, for example, by film journalist Peter Biskind, who wrote that all studios wanted was another Jaws, and as production costs rose, they were less willing to take risks, and therefore based blockbusters on the "lowest common denominators" of the mass market. In his 2006 book The Long Tail, Chris Anderson talks about blockbuster films, stating that a society that is hit-driven, and makes way and room for only those films that are expected to be a hit, is in fact a limited society. In 1998, writer David Foster Wallace posited that films are subject to an inverse cost and quality law.

title: Blockbuster (entertainment)


text:
MediaWiki talk:Newarticletext

Detect IP
means:

Do if is neither giving an error message nor something equal (according to #ifeq) to  itself. See also, and MediaWiki talk:Newarticletext/Archive 2 below.

Talk page of a file hosted at Commons
If you click the Talk tab at File:Example en.svg then you get File talk:Example en.svg instead of commons:File talk:Example en.svg. I suggest adding the below code to guide the user to the Commons talk page. On File talk:Example en.svg it will produce:

This is the Wikipedia talk page of a file hosted at Wikimedia Commons. A talk page should rarely be created here where Commons users will not see it. Consider instead the Commons talk page of the file.

The code uses that #ifexist can use File versus Media to see that no local file page exists but Commons has a file. This is documented at mw:Help:Extension:ParserFunctions. It cannot be tested whether the Commons talk page exists. PrimeHunter (talk) 02:39, 22 August 2021 (UTC)

 * I'm all for centralizing discussion; the fact that we even allow File talk to be hosted here at all for non-local files is a little boggling (but makes sense given the history). For your notice, I'd suggest placing all the text inside the box (just keep only the currently bolded stuff bolded). {{u| Sdkb  }}  talk 02:45, 22 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Hey, thanks a lot! Would suggest a change to the wording:

 * "This is the English Wikipedia talk page of a file hosted on Wikimedia Commons. Please keep discussion on the Wikimedia Commons talk page unless discussion is specific to the English Wikipedia." Egroeg5 (talk) 03:02, 22 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I also considered inside the box but Did you mean box doesn't allow additional text. We could just add it as an option so let's include that in the suggestion. PrimeHunter (talk) 03:06, 22 August 2021 (UTC)
 * What if we were to create a new box? Please see: Template:File Talk Page on Commons. Egroeg5 (talk) 03:26, 22 August 2021 (UTC)
 * A new box sounds good to me. Or a new parameter would also be fine. {{u| Sdkb  }}  talk 03:49, 22 August 2021 (UTC)

Would this code work?

Egroeg5 (talk) 03:41, 22 August 2021 (UTC)

 * If it looks good to you, I'd go ahead and request implementation with Protected edit request. {{u| Sdkb  }}  talk 17:25, 25 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Just as a heads-up, I moved the "Did you mean" notices on this message and on Template:No article text to a new template, to ensure the notices are kept consistent between the messages; if the above edit request is made, therefore, the edit should happen on the new template, not on this page. 「 ディノ 奴 千？！ 」☎ Dinoguy1000 00:25, 13 September 2021 (UTC)

Teahouse question related to this notice
You are invited to join the discussion at Wikipedia:Teahouse § Is it okay to create a sandbox page without first creating a user page?. {{u| Sdkb  }}  talk 21:22, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

Uncreated template search
When creating a template ([https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Foobar123456&action=edit&redlink=1 example), the notice currently says To avoid redundancy, please browse the existing templates before creating this page. The wikilink goes to WP:Template messages, which I highly doubt is actively maintained, and there's no button to just do a search (like there is for articles). Could we remedy this? {{u| Sdkb  }}  talk 22:44, 20 November 2021 (UTC)

 * As I don't see this being particularly controversial and this page isn't likely heavily watched, I'll go ahead and create an edit request below. {{u| Sdkb  }}  talk 22:57, 20 November 2021 (UTC)

Protected edit request on 20 November 2021
Could we adopt these changes, which fix or improve searching for categories, portals, and templates? Thanks, {{u| Sdkb  }}  talk 22:58, 20 November 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅ — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 12:37, 24 November 2021 (UTC)
 * when you search for a template the template namespace is not included by default, so I don't think this search would work well. Can you adapt the link so the template namespace is included? — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 12:39, 24 November 2021 (UTC)
 * @MSGJ, my understanding is that there's two different ways to specify a namespace in a search. The first is to use the namespace tags, which show up in the URL as e.g., and the second is to just use the prefix, e.g. to search for "Template:Foobar" rather than "Foobar". I used the latter method, since that's what was already used in this template for the project namespace, and it seems to be working, even though it doesn't show up in the "Search in:" tags. I don't know off the top of my head how to switch to using those tags with Special:Search, so while that might be a better way to code it, I'll leave that for someone else knowledgeable/inclined. Cheers, {{u|  Sdkb  }}  talk 20:59, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

Protected edit request on 9 September 2023
The edit notice when someone is adding a local description for a file hosted on Wikimedia Commons should look like this:

It currently looks like this for reference (if you can't find it):

"Image" is outdated since files can be non-image media such as Ogg and MIDI. Instances of "image" should be replaced with "file".  Eye snore  18:51, 9 September 2023 (UTC)
 * ❌ please make the exact changes you are proposing to the sandbox here: MediaWiki talk:Newarticletext/sandbox, then reactivate the edit request when done. —  xaosflux  Talk 19:05, 9 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I performed the edit in the sandbox (diff) which you can copy to the interface message.  Eye snore  19:08, 9 September 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ * Pppery * it has begun... 01:30, 10 September 2023 (UTC)

title: MediaWiki talk:Newarticletext