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Near-field communication

Near-field communication (NFC) is a set of communication protocols that enables communication between two electronic devices over a distance of 4 cm or less. NFC offers a low-speed connection through a simple setup that can be used for the bootstrapping of capable wireless connections. Like other proximity card technologies, NFC is based on inductive coupling between two electromagnetic coils present on a NFC-enabled device such as a smartphone. NFC communicating in one or both directions uses a frequency of 13.56 MHz in the globally available unlicensed radio frequency ISM band, compliant with the ISO/IEC 18000-3 air interface standard at data rates ranging from 106 to 848 kbit/s.

The NFC Forum has helped define and promote the technology, setting standards for certifying device compliance. Secure communications are available by applying encryption algorithms as is done for credit cards and if they fit the criteria for being considered a personal area network.

NFC standards
NFC standards cover communications protocols and data exchange formats and are based on existing radio-frequency identification (RFID) standards including ISO/IEC 14443 and FeliCa. The standards include ISO/IEC 18092 and those defined by the NFC Forum. In addition to the NFC Forum, the GSMA group defined a platform for the deployment of GSMA NFC Standards within mobile handsets. GSMA's efforts include Trusted Services Manager, Single Wire Protocol, testing/certification and secure element. NFC-enabled portable devices can be provided with application software, for example to read electronic tags or make payments when connected to an NFC-compliant system. These are standardized to NFC protocols, replacing proprietary technologies used by earlier systems.

A patent licensing program for NFC is under deployment by France Brevets, a patent fund created in 2011. This program was under development by Via Licensing Corporation, an independent subsidiary of Dolby Laboratories, and was terminated in May 2012. A platform-independent free and open source NFC library, libnfc, is available under the GNU Lesser General Public License.

Present and anticipated applications include contactless transactions, data exchange and simplified setup of more complex communications such as Wi-Fi. In addition, when one of the connected devices has Internet connectivity, the other can exchange data with online services.

NFC wireless charging (WLC)
Near-field communication (NFC) technology not only supports data transmission but also enables wireless charging, providing a dual-functionality that is particularly beneficial for small, portable devices. The NFC Forum has developed a specific wireless charging specification, known as NFC Wireless Charging (WLC), which allows devices to charge with up to 1W of power over distances of up to 2 cm. This capability is especially suitable for smaller devices like earbuds, wearables, and other compact Internet of Things (IoT) appliances.

Compared to the more widely known Qi wireless charging standard by the Wireless Power Consortium, which offers up to 15W of power over distances up to 4 cm, NFC WLC provides a lower power output but benefits from a significantly smaller antenna size. This makes NFC WLC an ideal solution for devices where space is at a premium and high power charging is less critical.

The NFC Forum also facilitates a certification program, labeled as Test Release 13.1 (TR13.1), ensuring that products adhere to the WLC 2.0 specification. This certification aims to establish trust and consistency across NFC implementations, minimizing risks for manufacturers and providing assurance to consumers about the reliability and functionality of their NFC-enabled wireless charging devices.

History
NFC is rooted in radio-frequency identification technology (known as RFID) which allows compatible hardware to both supply power to and communicate with an otherwise unpowered and passive electronic tag using radio waves. This is used for identification, authentication and tracking. Similar ideas in advertising and industrial applications were not generally successful commercially, outpaced by technologies such as QR codes, barcodes and UHF RFID tags.
 * May 17, 1983: The first patent to be associated with the abbreviation "RFID" was granted to Charles Walton.
 * 1997: Early form patented and first used in Star Wars character toys for Hasbro. The patent was originally held by Andrew White and Marc Borrett at Innovision Research and Technology. The device allowed data communication between two units in close proximity.
 * March 25, 2002: Philips and Sony agreed to establish a technology specification and created a technical outline. Philips Semiconductors applied for the six fundamental patents of NFC, invented by the Austrian and French engineers Franz Amtmann and Philippe Maugars who received the European Inventor Award in 2015.
 * December 8, 2003: NFC was approved as an ISO/IEC standard and later as an ECMA standard.
 * 2004: Nokia, Philips and Sony established the NFC Forum
 * 2004: Nokia launched NFC shell add-on for Nokia 5140 and later Nokia 3220 models, to be shipped in 2005.
 * 2005: Mobile phone experimentations in transports, with payment in May in Hanau (Nokia) and as well validation aboard in October in Nice with Orange and payment in shops in October in Caen (Samsung) with first reception of "Fly Tag" informations
 * 2006: Initial specifications for NFC Tags
 * 2006: Specification for "SmartPoster" records
 * 2007: Innovision's NFC tags used in the first consumer trial in the UK, in the Nokia 6131 handset.
 * 2008: AirTag launched what it called the first NFC SDK.
 * 2009: In January, NFC Forum released Peer-to-Peer standards to transfer contacts, URLs, initiate Bluetooth, etc.
 * 2009: NFC first used in transports by China Unicom and Yucheng Transportation Card in the tramways and bus of Chongqing on 19 January 2009, then implemented for the first time in a metro network, by China Unicom in Beijing on 31 December 2010.
 * 2010: Innovision released a suite of designs and patents for low cost, mass-market mobile phones and other devices.
 * 2010: Nokia C7: First NFC-capable smartphone released. NFC feature was enabled by software update in early 2011.
 * 2010: Samsung Nexus S: First Android NFC phone shown
 * May 21, 2010: Nice, France, launches, with "Cityzi", the "Nice City of contactless mobile" project, the first in Europe to provide inhabitants with NFC bank cards and mobile phones (like Samsung Player One S5230), and a "bouquet of services" covering transportation (tramways and bus), tourism and student's services
 * 2011: Google I/O "How to NFC" demonstrates NFC to initiate a game and to share a contact, URL, app or video.
 * 2011: NFC support becomes part of the Symbian mobile operating system with the release of Symbian Anna version.
 * 2011: Research In Motion devices are the first ones certified by MasterCard Worldwide for their PayPass service
 * 2012: UK restaurant chain EAT. and Everything Everywhere (Orange Mobile Network Operator), partner on the UK's first nationwide NFC-enabled smartposter campaign. A dedicated mobile phone app is triggered when the NFC-enabled mobile phone comes into contact with the smartposter.
 * 2012: Sony introduced NFC "Smart Tags" to change modes and profiles on a Sony smartphone at close range, included with the Sony Xperia P Smartphone released the same year.
 * 2013: Samsung and VISA announce their partnership to develop mobile payments.
 * 2013: IBM scientists, in an effort to curb fraud and security breaches, develop an NFC-based mobile authentication security technology. This technology works on similar principles to dual-factor authentication security.
 * October 2014: Dinube becomes the first non-card payment network to introduce NFC contactless payments natively on a mobile device, i.e. no need for an external case attached or NFC 'sticker' nor for a card. Based on Host card emulation with its own application identifier (AID), contactless payment was available on Android KitKat upwards and commercial release commenced in June 2015.
 * 2014: AT&T, Verizon and T-Mobile released Softcard (formerly ISIS mobile wallet). It runs on NFC-enabled Android phones and iPhone 4 and iPhone 5 when an external NFC case is attached. The technology was purchased by Google and the service ended on March 31, 2015.
 * September 2015: Google's Android Pay function was launched, a direct rival to Apple Pay, and its roll-out across the US commenced.
 * November 2015: Swatch and Visa Inc. announced a partnership to enable NFC financial transactions using the "Swatch Bellamy" wristwatch. The system is currently online in Asia, through a partnership with China UnionPay and Bank of Communications. The partnership will bring the technology to the US, Brazil, and Switzerland.

Ultra-wideband (UWB) another radio technology has been hailed as a future possible alternatives to NFC technology due to further distances of data transmission, as well as Bluetooth and wireless technology.

Design
NFC is a set of short-range wireless technologies, typically requiring a separation of 10 cm or less. NFC operates at 13.56 MHz on ISO/IEC 18000-3 air interface and at rates ranging from 106 kbit/s to 424 kbit/s. NFC always involves an initiator and a target; the initiator actively generates an RF field that can power a passive target. This enables NFC targets to take very simple form factors such as unpowered tags, stickers, key fobs, or cards. NFC peer-to-peer communication is possible, provided both devices are powered.

NFC tags contain data and are typically read-only, but may be writable. They can be custom-encoded by their manufacturers or use NFC Forum specifications. The tags can securely store personal data such as debit and credit card information, loyalty program data, PINs and networking contacts, among other information. The NFC Forum defines five types of tags that provide different communication speeds and capabilities in terms of configurability, memory, security, data retention and write endurance.

As with proximity card technology, NFC uses inductive coupling between two nearby loop antennas effectively forming an air-core transformer. Because the distances involved are tiny compared to the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation (radio waves) of that frequency (about 22 metres), the interaction is described as near field. An alternating magnetic field is the main coupling factor and almost no power is radiated in the form of radio waves (which are electromagnetic waves, also involving an oscillating electric field); that minimises interference between such devices and any radio communications at the same frequency or with other NFC devices much beyond its intended range. NFC operates within the globally available and unlicensed radio frequency ISM band of 13.56 MHz. Most of the RF energy is concentrated in the ±7 kHz bandwidth allocated for that band, but the emission's spectral width can be as wide as 1.8 MHz in order to support high data rates.

Working distance with compact standard antennas and realistic power levels could be up to about 20 cm (but practically speaking, working distances never exceed 10 cm). Note that because the pickup antenna may be quenched in an eddy current by nearby metallic surfaces, the tags may require a minimum separation from such surfaces.

The ISO/IEC 18092 standard supports data rates of 106, 212 or 424 kbit/s.

The communication takes place between an active "initiator" device and a target device which may either be:

 * Passive: The initiator device provides a carrier field and the target device, acting as a transponder, communicates by modulating the incident field. In this mode, the target device may draw its operating power from the initiator-provided magnetic field.
 * Active: Both initiator and target device communicate by alternately generating their own fields. A device stops transmitting in order to receive data from the other. This mode requires that both devices include power supplies.

NFC employs two different codings to transfer data. If an active device transfers data at 106 kbit/s, a modified Miller coding with 100 percent modulation is used. In all other cases Manchester coding is used with a modulation ratio of 10 percent.

Every active NFC device can work in one or more of three modes:

 * NFC card emulation: Enables NFC-enabled devices such as smartphones to act like smart cards, allowing users to perform transactions such as payment or ticketing. See Host card emulation
 * NFC reader/writer: Enables NFC-enabled devices to read information stored on inexpensive NFC tags embedded in labels or smart posters.
 * NFC peer-to-peer:Enables two NFC-enabled devices to communicate with each other to exchange information in an ad hoc fashion.

NFC tags are passive data stores which can be read, and under some circumstances written to, by an NFC device. They typically contain data ( between 96 and 8,192 bytes) and are read-only in normal use, but may be rewritable. Applications include secure personal data storage (e.g. debit or credit card information, loyalty program data, personal identification numbers (PINs), contacts). NFC tags can be custom-encoded by their manufacturers or use the industry specifications.

Security
Although the range of NFC is limited to a few centimeters, standard plain NFC is not protected against eavesdropping and can be vulnerable to data modifications. Applications may use higher-layer cryptographic protocols to establish a secure channel.

The RF signal for the wireless data transfer can be picked up with antennas. The distance from which an attacker is able to eavesdrop the RF signal depends on multiple parameters, but is typically less than 10 meters. Also, eavesdropping is highly affected by the communication mode. A passive device that doesn't generate its own RF field is much harder to eavesdrop on than an active device. An attacker can typically eavesdrop within 10 m of an active device and 1 m for passive devices.

Because NFC devices usually include ISO/IEC 14443 protocols, relay attacks are feasible. For this attack the adversary forwards the request of the reader to the victim and relays its answer to the reader in real time, pretending to be the owner of the victim's smart card. This is similar to a man-in-the-middle attack. One libnfc code example demonstrates a relay attack using two stock commercial NFC devices. This attack can be implemented using only two NFC-enabled mobile phones.

Standards
NFC standards cover communications protocols and data exchange formats, and are based on existing RFID standards including ISO/IEC 14443 and FeliCa. The standards include ISO/IEC 18092 and those defined by the NFC Forum.

ISO/IEC
NFC is standardized in ECMA-340 and ISO/IEC 18092. These standards specify the modulation schemes, coding, transfer speeds and frame format of the RF interface of NFC devices, as well as initialization schemes and conditions required for data collision-control during initialization for both passive and active NFC modes. They also define the transport protocol, including protocol activation and data-exchange methods. The air interface for NFC is standardized in:

 * ISO/IEC 18092 / ECMA-340—Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol-1 (NFCIP-1)
 * ISO/IEC 21481 / ECMA-352—Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol-2 (NFCIP-2)

NFC incorporates a variety of existing standards including ISO/IEC 14443 Type A and Type B, and FeliCa (also simply named F or NFC-F). NFC-enabled phones work at a basic level with existing readers. In "card emulation mode" an NFC device should transmit, at a minimum, a unique ID number to a reader. In addition, NFC Forum defined a common data format called NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) that can store and transport items ranging from any MIME-typed object to ultra-short RTD-documents, such as URLs. The NFC Forum added the Simple NDEF Exchange Protocol (SNEP) to the spec that allows sending and receiving messages between two NFC devices.

GSMA
The GSM Association (GSMA) is a trade association representing nearly 800 mobile telephony operators and more than 200 product and service companies across 219 countries. Many of its members have led NFC trials and are preparing services for commercial launch.

GSM is involved with several initiatives:

 * Standards: GSMA is developing certification and testing standards to ensure global interoperability of NFC services.
 * Pay-Buy-Mobile initiative: Seeks to define a common global approach to using NFC technology to link mobile devices with payment and contactless systems.
 * On November 17, 2010, after two years of discussions, AT&T, Verizon and T-Mobile launched a joint venture to develop a platform through which point of sale payments could be made using NFC in cell phones. Initially known as Isis Mobile Wallet and later as Softcard, the venture was designed to usher in broad deployment of NFC technology, allowing their customers' NFC-enabled cell phones to function similarly to credit cards throughout the US. Following an agreement with—and IP purchase by—Google, the Softcard payment system was shuttered in March, 2015, with an endorsement for its earlier rival, Google Wallet.

StoLPaN
StoLPaN (Store Logistics and Payment with NFC) is a pan-European consortium supported by the European Commission's Information Society Technologies program. StoLPaN will examine the potential for NFC local wireless mobile communication.

NFC Forum
NFC Forum is a non-profit industry association formed on March 18, 2004, by NXP Semiconductors, Sony and Nokia to advance the use of NFC wireless interaction in consumer electronics, mobile devices and PCs. Its specifications include the five distinct tag types that provide different communication speeds and capabilities covering flexibility, memory, security, data retention and write endurance. NFC Forum promotes implementation and standardization of NFC technology to ensure interoperability between devices and services. As of January 2020, the NFC Forum had over 120 member companies.

NFC Forum promotes NFC and certifies device compliance and whether it fits in a personal area network.

Other standardization bodies
GSMA defined a platform for the deployment of GSMA NFC Standards within mobile handsets. GSMA's efforts include, Single Wire Protocol, testing and certification and secure element. The GSMA standards surrounding the deployment of NFC protocols (governed by NFC Forum) on mobile handsets are neither exclusive nor universally accepted. For example, Google's deployment of Host Card Emulation on Android KitKat provides for software control of a universal radio. In this HCE Deployment the NFC protocol is leveraged without the GSMA standards.

Other standardization bodies involved in NFC include:

 * ETSI / SCP (Smart Card Platform) to specify the interface between the SIM card and the NFC chipset.
 * EMVCo for the impacts on the EMV payment applications

Applications

NFC allows one- and two-way communication between endpoints, suitable for many applications.

NFC devices can act as electronic identity documents and keycards. They are used in contactless payment systems and allow mobile payment replacing or supplementing systems such as credit cards and electronic ticket smart cards. These are sometimes called NFC/CTLS or CTLS NFC, with contactless abbreviated as CTLS. NFC can be used to share small files such as contacts and for bootstrapping fast connections to share larger media such as photos, videos, and other files.

Commerce
NFC devices can be used in contactless payment systems, similar to those used in credit cards and electronic ticket smart cards, and allow mobile payment to replace/supplement these systems.

In Android 4.4, Google introduced platform support for secure NFC-based transactions through Host Card Emulation (HCE), for payments, loyalty programs, card access, transit passes and other custom services. HCE allows any Android 4.4 app to emulate an NFC smart card, letting users initiate transactions with their device. Apps can use a new Reader Mode to act as readers for HCE cards and other NFC-based transactions.

On September 9, 2014, Apple announced support for NFC-powered transactions as part of Apple Pay. With the introduction of iOS 11, Apple devices allow third-party developers to read data from NFC tags.

As of 2022, there are five major NFC apps available in the UK: Apple Pay, Google Pay, Samsung Pay, Barclays Contactless Mobile and Fitbit Pay. The UK Finance's UK Payment Markets Summary 2021 looked at Apple Pay, Google Pay and Samsung Pay and found 17.3 million UK adults had registered for mobile payment (up 75% from the year before) and of those, 84% had made a mobile payment.

Bootstrapping other connections
NFC offers a low-speed connection with simple setup that can be used to bootstrap more capable wireless connections. For example, Android Beam software uses NFC to enable pairing and establish a Bluetooth connection when doing a file transfer and then disabling Bluetooth on both devices upon completion. Nokia, Samsung, BlackBerry and Sony have used NFC technology to pair Bluetooth headsets, media players and speakers with one tap. The same principle can be applied to the configuration of Wi-Fi networks. Samsung Galaxy devices have a feature named S-Beam—an extension of Android Beam that uses NFC (to share MAC address and IP addresses) and then uses Wi-Fi Direct to share files and documents. The advantage of using Wi-Fi Direct over Bluetooth is that it permits much faster data transfers, running up to 300 Mbit/s.

Social networking
NFC can be used for social networking, for sharing contacts, text messages and forums, links to photos, videos or files and entering multiplayer mobile games.

Identity and access tokens
NFC-enabled devices can act as electronic identity documents found in passports and ID cards, and keycards for the use in fare cards, transit passes, login cards, car keys and access badges. NFC's short range and encryption support make it more suitable than less private RFID systems.

Smartphone automation and NFC tags
NFC-equipped smartphones can be paired with NFC Tags or stickers that can be programmed by NFC apps. These programs can allow a change of phone settings, texting, app launching, or command execution.

Such apps do not rely on a company or manufacturer, but can be utilized immediately with an NFC-equipped smartphone and an NFC tag.

The NFC Forum published the Signature Record Type Definition (RTD) 2.0 in 2015 to add integrity and authenticity for NFC Tags. This specification allows an NFC device to verify tag data and identify the tag author.

Gaming
NFC has been used in video games starting with Skylanders: Spyro's Adventure. These are customizable figurines which contain personal data with each figure, so no two figures are exactly alike. Nintendo's Wii U GamePad was the first console system to include NFC technology out of the box. It was later included in the Nintendo 3DS range (being built into the New Nintendo 3DS/XL and in a separately sold reader which uses Infrared to communicate to older 3DS family consoles) and the Nintendo Switch range (being built within the right Joy-Con controller and directly in the Nintendo Switch Lite). The amiibo range of accessories utilize NFC technology to unlock features.

Sports
Adidas Telstar 18 is a soccer ball that contains an NFC chip within. The chip enables users to interact with the ball using a smartphone.

Bluetooth comparison
NFC and Bluetooth are both relatively short-range communication technologies available on mobile phones. NFC operates at slower speeds than Bluetooth and has a much shorter range, but consumes far less power and doesn't require pairing.

NFC sets up more quickly than standard Bluetooth, but has a lower transfer rate than Bluetooth low energy. With NFC, instead of performing manual configurations to identify devices, the connection between two NFC devices is automatically established in less than .1 second. The maximum data transfer rate of NFC (424 kbit/s) is slower than that of Bluetooth V2.1 (2.1 Mbit/s).

NFC's maximum working distance of less than 20 cm reduces the likelihood of unwanted interception, making it particularly suitable for crowded areas that complicate correlating a signal with its transmitting physical device (and by extension, its user).

NFC is compatible with existing passive RFID (13.56 MHz ISO/IEC 18000-3) infrastructures. It requires comparatively low power, similar to the Bluetooth V4.0 low-energy protocol. However, when NFC works with an unpowered device (e.g. on a phone that may be turned off, a contactless smart credit card, a smart poster), the NFC power consumption is greater than that of Bluetooth V4.0 Low Energy, since illuminating the passive tag needs extra power.

Devices
In 2011, handset vendors released more than 40 NFC-enabled handsets with the Android mobile operating system. BlackBerry devices support NFC using BlackBerry Tag on devices running BlackBerry OS 7.0 and greater.

MasterCard added further NFC support for PayPass for the Android and BlackBerry platforms, enabling PayPass users to make payments using their Android or BlackBerry smartphones. A partnership between Samsung and Visa added a 'payWave' application on the Galaxy S4 smartphone.

In 2012, Microsoft added native NFC functionality in their mobile OS with Windows Phone 8, as well as the Windows 8 operating system. Microsoft provides the "Wallet hub" in Windows Phone 8 for NFC payment, and can integrate multiple NFC payment services within a single application.

In 2014, iPhone 6 was released from Apple to support NFC. and since September 2019 in iOS 13 Apple now allows NFC tags to be read out as well as labeled using an NFC app.

Deployments
As of April 2011 hundreds of NFC trials had been conducted. Some firms moved to full-scale service deployments, spanning one or more countries. Multi-country deployments include Orange's rollout of NFC technology to banks, retailers, transport, and service providers in multiple European countries, and Airtel Africa and Oberthur Technologies deploying to 15 countries throughout Africa.

 * China Telecom (China's 3rd largest mobile operator) made its NFC rollout in November 2013. The company signed up multiple banks to make their payment apps available on its SIM Cards. China telecom stated that the wallet would support coupons, membership cards, fuel cards and boarding passes. The company planned to achieve targets of rolling out 40 NFC phone models and 30 Mn NFC SIMs by 2014.
 * Softcard (formerly Isis Mobile Wallet), a joint venture from Verizon Wireless, AT&T and T-Mobile, focuses on in-store payments making use of NFC technology. After doing pilots in some regions, they launched across the US.
 * Vodafone launched the NFC-based Vodafone SmartPass mobile payment service in Spain in partnership with Visa. It enables consumers with an NFC-enabled SIM card in a mobile device to make contactless payments via their SmartPass credit balance at any POS.
 * OTI, an Israeli company that designs and develops contactless microprocessor-based smart card technology, contracted to supply NFC-readers to one of its channel partners in the US. The partner was required to buy $10MM worth of OTI NFC readers over 3 years.
 * Rogers Communications launched virtual wallet Suretap to enable users to make payments with their phone in Canada in April 2014. Suretap users can load up gift cards and prepaid MasterCards from national retailers.
 * Sri Lanka's first workforce smart card uses NFC.
 * As of December 13, 2013 Tim Hortons TimmyME BlackBerry 10 Application allowed users to link their prepaid Tim Card to the app, allowing payment by tapping the NFC-enabled device to a standard contactless terminal.
 * Google Wallet allows consumers to store credit card and store loyalty card information in a virtual wallet and then use an NFC-enabled device at terminals that also accept MasterCard PayPass transactions.
 * Germany, Austria, Finland, New Zealand, Italy, Iran, Turkey and Greece trialed NFC ticketing systems for public transport. The Lithuanian capital of Vilnius fully replaced paper tickets for public transportation with ISO/IEC 14443 Type A cards on July 1, 2013.
 * NFC sticker-based payments in Australia's Bankmecu and card issuer Cuscal completed an NFC payment sticker trial, enabling consumers to make contactless payments at Visa payWave terminals using a smart sticker stuck to their phone.
 * India was implementing NFC-based transactions in box offices for ticketing purposes.
 * A partnership of Google and Equity Bank in Kenya introduced NFC payment systems for public transport in the Capital city Nairobi under the branding BebaPay.
 * January 2019 saw the start of trial using NFC-enabled Android mobile phones to pay public transport fares in Victoria, Australia.

title: Near-field communication


text:
Talk:Frigg and Freyja common origin hypothesis

Text removal
Text removed: Possibly another name for the Saxon goddess Freya, but I'm not in a position to confirm this. Frige, Freya and Freo are all given as the origin of the word Friday in this encyclopedia, so be careful what you trust!

 * Yeah - sorry I put that in the article, but I was correcting some broken links and I thought it would highlight a bit of confusion/contradiction I found in some related articles :) HappyDog 04:46, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Love
Just a fly-by to ask about clarifying the difference intended between "real love" and "erotic love" in the article. I won't be participating in any debate, but just thought it worth while bringing the topic up. As an old married woman, it seems very unclear to me!

Thanks K 89.248.128.66 21:15, 23 June 2007 (UTC)
 * This wasn't exactly in line with WP:NPOV and has since been removed. bloodofox: 17:14, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

Just a side note, Frigg = "real love" and Freya = "erotic love" is just lame. Frigg is connected with "real love"? Where? Which mythological writing suggests that? As I know, Frigg had sexual relationships with her husband's brothers. Real love? Frigg had sex with a slave to steal her husband's gold. Real love? Freya on the other hand is famous for her golden tears for her husband. Erotic love? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 123.19.44.15 (talk) 16:56, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

Trying to fix this
A very difficult case, because of the etymological uncertainties regarding Verschärfung. At present it appears to me that there was a single goddess, Frijjo, who came to be conflated with a female hyopstasis of Freyr to become a Freyja separate from Frigg in Norse mythology specifically. These are ultimately epithets, one is "Lady", in principle applicable to any goddess, and one is "Love" (as it were personified). The problem is that the two words share the same etymology in Germanic. --dab (𒁳) 12:57, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

 * ok, I think I've figured it out, by building up this article and the Fraujaz article alongside it. Some things still need clarification or cross-checking, but I think it is basically right now. --dab (𒁳) 13:57, 30 October 2008 (UTC)

Neutrality: Frigg and Freyja, originating from a single goddess?
Note that Stephan Grundy surveys arguments against the notion of Freyja and Frigg originating from a common goddess in Grundy, Stephan (1998). "Freyja and Frigg" in Billington, Sandra. Green, Miranda (1998). The Concept of the Goddess. Routledge. ISBN 0415197899.

In fact, Grundy (1998:57) states:
 * The problem of whether Frigg or Freyja may have been a single goddess originally is a difficult one, made more so by the scantiness of pre-Viking Age references to Germanic goddesses, and the diverse quality of the sources. The best that can be done is to survey the arguments for and against their identity, and to see how well each can be supported.

This article does not reflect these arguments but outright takes it for granted that the two goddesses originate from the same figure. There's a lot of theory here presented as fact. This isn't neutral. A better name for this article would probably be something like "Frigg and Freyja origin hypothesis", which would trot out the arguments about whether or not the two deities stem from a single figure. bloodofox: (talk) 06:02, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

 * The article looks pretty well cited in most places. How would you like it to be arranged and what material do you feel belongs in this article?  Fixentries (talk) 22:05, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Do a Google books search above and take a look at the work I mention above. This article is misleading; this is just one side of the coin stated as fact. bloodofox: (talk) 01:54, 9 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Ok. I notice another overall problem of the article seeming noisy and confusing.  Perhaps we can look at cleaning this up some and address the problem you point out.  I'll take a look at some sources tonight or tomorrow and if you would like to offer any specific phrasings please do.  What I'm thinking is rewording the introduction to explain this controversy, then having a section (probably the first section) to explain the different arguments for and against them being the same goddess, or the same in origin.  Fixentries (talk) 02:35, 9 October 2009 (UTC)

 * I've made some major changes to the article. I've made the disagreement about the commonality with Freyja clear in the introduction, added some new material about the mythological references to Frigg, and tried to clean up the linguistic arguments.  I'm pretty happy with this and it seems like a major improvement, but there may be more material to add.  I used a print book I have on hand for the citations, there may be more from the book you referenced that is important to the article.  Does this look good to you so far?  Fixentries (talk) 14:47, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Ok, on further inspection I've made some more changes to this article. I think you're right that this article would be better named Frigg and Freyja origin hypothesis or something.  I've tried to make it clear what the topic of the article is and that it is in dispute.  I'm not sure how I got linked to this article (I think it was from Friday) but we should be sure that any links to it are appropriate.  Fixentries (talk) 15:04, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

 * (Following pasted from user's talk page)

Sorry - didn't mean to "revert your reversion" like that - you jumped in so quick I thought I had inadvently not registered my edit.

I HAVE read the talk page - and the article, which was extensively modified to make it more neutral during the dispute, which has been "dead" now for over two years.

Plese don't reinsert the tags unless you have issues with the article as it exists (as opposed to the 2009 version), and are prepared to argue the case for further changes. --Soundofmusicals (talk) 03:04, 25 January 2012 (UTC)
 * You clearly haven't read the talk page. Not only is the article title /itself/ still nonsense (it should simply be something like "Freyja-Frigg hypothesis"), but the text of the article is still jumbled, non-neutral confusion. The tags must remain until the rewrite comes. I make it quite explicit what the numerous problems are on the talk page; read it. :bloodofox: (talk) 03:06, 25 January 2012 (UTC)

 * I HAVE read it actually - an apology for calling me a liar so directly might settle the dust before we go into this. I VERY much doubt that your re-reading of the talk page, and the article itself (which I will assume) was followed by much thought or consideration. Tags generally are a bad thing unless they lead to improvement of articles tagged - they put users off, for one thing. These tags have both been there for a good while now - the discussion has been dead all this time - and the article is plainly not the same article which caused the dispute in the first place. Do you want to move and/or rewrite the article yourself? Or would you outline changes that would improve it from your point of view.

 * My direct interest in Germanic mythology is minimal - to be honest - I came to this from Friday, where its relevance is to explaining why Frigg and Freya both seem to be involved in the name for Friday in different northern languages. I would obviously prefer that we can resolve this dispute (assuming you would persist in the idea that it was not solved in 2009) rather than reinsert these tags onlto an article that does not really seem (to me) to deserve them.

 * As a starting point - do you think the basic point of the article, which is that at least in some national mythologies Frigg and Frija seem to be confused, is valid one? I tend to take your point about the article's title - how far would that go to making you happy about this one. And finally - hadn't we better move this one to the talk page of the article? I started here because I thought you might have thought me rude for reverting you so quickly - as I explained, this was inadvertent. --Soundofmusicals (talk) 03:27, 25 January 2012 (UTC)

Asterisks
The hypothetical words seemed to be indicated with an asterisk preceding them, which I am assuming is a standard practice in linguistics. However it was very noisy in the article and made it difficult to read, so in restructuring the article I removed them and tried to make sure each statement was properly phrased as hypothetical - they had been stated as fact with only the asterisk to indicate conjectural nature. Is this the right way to handle it or have I misunderstood/corrupted something? Fixentries (talk) 17:42, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

Looking at other articles I think these asterisks need to be left in. I will replace them. I wonder if there is a template that explains this to the reader. If not I'll try to make one. Fixentries (talk) 19:41, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

Ok I didn't see any template or other treatment about the asterisks meaning unattested words, so I'll assume for now that this is generally obvious to people reading linguistics articles (although it seems like it may not be). Here are is a diff of all the changes I have made so far. I apologize for the number of edits, I kept realizing problems, things I had misunderstood, etc. This was a confusing article to work with because it was phrased as if it was all a known fact. Please make sure I didn't make any mistakes as this reflects a lot of significant changes. Fixentries (talk) 20:14, 10 October 2009 (UTC) And now  for a total addition of 3133 characters. Fixentries (talk) 20:37, 10 October 2009 (UTC) Currently at, sorry for number of edits. Fixentries (talk) 22:20, 10 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Thank you for attempting to put some order into this train wreck, but unfortunately I don't think the issue can be solved until it's rewritten and moved to Frigg and Freyja origin hypothesis. bloodofox: (talk) 16:22, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Sounds good to me. What should be in this article if anything?  I'm not clear why the "reconstructed" words even have their own articles.  Fixentries (talk) 20:02, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Maybe just move this article to the right name and leave a redirect at the word-that-doesn't-exist? The related articles seem to have the same sort of problem.  Fixentries (talk) 20:10, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Yeah I think all the articles with these hypothetical words should be renamed. Fraujaz = Freyja and Freyr etymology hypothesis, Wōdanaz = Odin etymology hypothesis.  I like Frigg and Freyja origin hypothesis for this article.  All the articles have the same phrasing problems, maybe citation problems.  Are there any more like this? Fixentries (talk) 20:26, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

 * This article should be a redirect to Freyja and Frigg origin hypothesis for sure; there's more than just etymology at work when attempting to figure out the ultimate origin of both of these goddesses and numerous points to cover. The Freyja and Frigg origin hypothesis article must cover all of these elements, including etymology. As for the other articles you mention, they're also badly in need of work and have numerous issues, but their situation is different from what we're looking at here. I'm currently focused elsewhere, so I can't do a rewrite here at the moment, but I plan to in the future. I don't feel comfortable with this redirecting this article in the mean time; the new article would need substance justifying the move in the body. bloodofox: (talk) 03:00, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Ok, I'll leave it for you to handle. I don't really have any expertise in this, or other sources/material than what I added.  Thanks for pointing out the problem.  Fixentries (talk) 03:16, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Once again, thank you for your efforts. bloodofox: (talk) 03:22, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

If you had bothered to read the article, you would realize that it is not about a common origin of ON Frigg and ON Freyja, but about the undisputed fact that ON Frigg and German Freja / English Frija have the same origin. Moving back. If you want to discuss "common origin hypotheses" of Frijō (Frigg) and Frawjō (Freyja), be my guest, but leave this article alone. --dab (𒁳) 08:24, 18 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Uhh, did you bother to read this mess? From your introduction:

 * The two Old Norse goddesses Freyja and Frigg appear to be reflected by only a single goddess in West Germanic and likely derive from a single Common Germanic goddess, one of whose epithets was *frijjō "beloved" and *frawjō "lady". Frejya "Lady" is thus considered a hypostasis of the chief "Frigg-Frija" goddess, together with other hypostases like Fulla and Nanna derived from skaldic epithets, similar to [[Odhvalent to the Latin dies veneris which is named for the goddess Venus.

 * My bold. It is absolutely not undisputed that Frigg and Freyja originate from a single goddess, as I point out above with a study from a modern scholar. The same goes for the hypostasis business. bloodofox: (talk) 02:46, 19 December 2009 (UTC)

What "study from a modern scholar"? Lindow (2001), p. 129? Thanks for that reference, I have just looked at it, and it says exactly what I am saying. Lindow adds that the common identification of Freyja and Frigg "cannot be proven", but he does not cite any scholar disputing the assumption. The unilateral move of this article from a discussion of a West Germanic goddess to a comparison of two Norse goddesses was very close to vandalism. Where "very close" is put here for politneness. The purpose of this article is not the discussion of Norse mythology. Norse mythology is relevant here only to the extent it can illuminate the history and character of a barely-attested West Germanic goddess. --dab (𒁳) 18:41, 31 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Oh please. I will again draw your attention to the reference that I am obviously quoting above (that handles exactly this issue):
 * Grundy, Stephan (1998). "Freyja and Frigg" in Billington, Sandra. Green, Miranda (1998). The Concept of the Goddess. Routledge.
 * Enough clowning around. You know what you're doing. Perhaps consider getting a blog instead. bloodofox: (talk) 02:48, 1 April 2010 (UTC)

well, I have no interest in clowning around with you. You are the one wikistalking me and pulling down my stuff on a whim. Even your Grundy reference clearly takes the Frigg-Freyja identity as the default position, adding caveats to the effect that the question is "difficult". So it is. If you like propose a rephrasing that makes the point that the question is difficult, but stop vandalizing the entire article over this marginal issue. --dab (𒁳) 10:33, 1 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Wikistalking you? Are you kidding? And here comes the baseless "vandalism" nonsense. Instead of attempting to use Wikipedia as your personal printing press, you may consider making the slightest attempt at following Wikipedia guidelines in your edits. As an added bonus, you won't have to deal with me (and I won't have to deal with you!).

 * Back to the numerous problems with this sad article. The main problem is that it's, well, a poorly-researched hack job, full of conjecture presented as fact. It has numerous fallacies. I'll give some examples:
 * 1. From your version of the article:

 * "The two Old Norse goddesses Freyja and Frigg appear to be reflected by only a single goddess in West Germanic and, often taken to derive from a single Common Germanic goddess, one of whose epithets was *frijjō "beloved" and *frawjō "lady". Freyja "Lady" is thus considered a hypostasis of the chief "Frigg-Frija" goddess, together with other hypostases like Fulla and Nanna derived from skaldic epithets, similar to Odhr besides many other aspects in skaldic tradition deriving from Odin."

 * Numerous issues in this paragraph alone. Look, I brought Fulla up to GA status, and brought Nanna (Norse deity) up to the same standards (yet cannot go any further due to lacking an English translation of Chronicon Lethrense), and it is immediately obvious that stating that they are hypostases is theory—and by no means a dominant one—yet here presented as fact.
 * Now, I see you've adjusted the paragraph a little bit after finally looking at Lindow and Grundy, where it became evident to you that your usage of "likely" and "appears" is completely inappropriate, but it's not good enough. As Grundy says, both sides need to be acknowledged and explored. This is why 's version is currently superior to your own, and why I keep reverting to it.
 * 2. You write: "Fulla is named as Frija's sister in the Merseburg charms. in Norse mythology Fulla is one of a train of sixteen goddesses each performing a task representing an aspect of Frigg's, among them also Freyja (Gefjun)." Not only is this inaccurate (read the Gylfaginning chapter in question—most of these 16 goddesses are presented as having no specific relation at all to Frigg), but now we're assuming that Gefjon is a hypostasis of Freyja? This is hardly a given, and is yet another theory presented as fact. I suggest you take a hard look at Gefjon.
 * 3. Later we are treated to more hypostasis fun, where you quote "Jordh, Frigg, Freyja, Nerthus, Fulla, Nanna, and others are essentially the same, personifying life, producing nature." (which I had to add an attribution to, actually). I recommend that you take all of this hypostasis stuff and lump it into a section and clearly mark it as theory.
 * 4. Then there's the incoherent etymology section, where you have inserted stuff like "Grimm: Langobardic Frea accords with the OHG. Frîa, not only identical with Frigg, but the original form of the name; it has less to do with Freyja and the AS. masc. freá." and "Grimm: We gather from all this, that the forms and even the meanings of the two names border closely on one [...]". Uh? Ever considered making a sand box page instead of just slapping this stuff into the mainspace? Passages like these do not help anyone and are basically unreadable.
 * Yes, this article does need a total rewrite and does have severe neutrality issues. As it stands, the Fixenentries's version does a much better job at keeping the articles apart, but it also needs a total rewrite. Grundy's article is a solid place to start a rewrite from. bloodofox: (talk) 14:51, 1 April 2010 (UTC)

perhaps if you would pause in attacking me out of pure spite or principle, you would see that I am perfectly willing to incorporate valid points, in best wikipedia fashion. What I will not stand for are your angry blanket reverts. It sometimes take a while to transpire what exactly you are ranting against, as you seem to be guided by some kind of pre-conceived ideology while I am as always just trying to present mainstream opinion. You would certainly be in a position to improve the article if you for once decided not to opt for hard-ball revert warring instead. You need to understand that Wikipedia is a collaborative effort, even for editors who cannot stand one another like we do. You have never seen me blanket-reverting your contributions, unless your "contribution" was a blanket-revert to begin with.

In this case, you are more than welcome to add material to the effect that Stephan Grundy (1998) presents a challenge to the mainstream view. Instead of doing this, improving the article, your approach is to tear down the entire account of the mainstream view as "biased" on grounds that somebody challenged it.

Now with limitless patience and wikiquette, I invite you once again to contribute rather than blank, and to collaborate rather than OWN. --dab (𒁳) 13:57, 15 September 2010 (UTC)

 * All that quacking to avoid basic Wikipedia policies (see above, again). Every one of my points ignored as the party knows he is guilty. Note that my list of issues above was written back in April and we're now half way through September, and, after multiple reverts, Dbachmann is only now responding, talking about collaborating and complaining about that "it sometimes take a while to transpire what exactly you are ranting against". I thought I put a nice little bow on it for you last spring. Well, typical Dbachmann in action, folks! bloodofox: (talk) 22:41, 15 September 2010 (UTC)

Old English or Anglo-Saxon?
Hi just want to bring this up. Most the original linguistics discussion in this article used AS or Anglo-Saxon, as I remember. Just want to ask which is most commonly used in linguistics. I guess English is closer to the self-description and "Anglo-Saxon" comes from other languages. We can't very well use ænglisc in the article, maybe English is better than Anglo-Saxon though. Whatever is used I think all the related articles should be made to agree in case anyone is confused about them referring to the same language. Fixentries (talk) 00:12, 15 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I think that Old English is preferable to Anglo-Saxon for our purposes. bloodofox: (talk) 01:40, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

Albanian Prende
Any connection with the Albanian goddess of love, Prende? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prende

Note that she was associated with Friday, although this may have simply been how she was identified at the time, and may not reflect a deep connection. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.101.133.202 (talk) 12:23, 1 August 2010 (UTC)

Welcomed name change
This is a much better title and the edits to the text are very much in the right direction. I would like to look at how many scholars feel strongly in favor of a connection, strongly against it, or find it an obscure or intractable question. We also want to avoid SYNTH/OR without being to aggressive about removing material. A total rewrite may be in order but continuing to refine this article could work as well.

I think we need to include one of the existing maps showing Frigg vs.Freyja worship which are quite interesting. I am willing to dedicate some time to this article but in a more incremental manner rather than complete rewrite - although after we look at he sources and discuss what changes need to be made I would be willing to do an encyclopedia grade rewrite with maps, tables etc. because I think this is an example of an important but orphaned articlle. It has been languishing long enough. Obotlig (talk) 08:10, 26 January 2012 (UTC)

 * I think it is basically already a very interesting little article that has already been "languishing" far too long! A great shame that the original dispute got complicated by personal antipathies and then everyone seems to have dropped it. On the other hand this is really not my field - I just got interested through the Friday article (not really my field either!!!), and I don't feel qualified to go any further in eliminating "bias" than I have already. Would be very happy indeed to take this article off my watchlist if you want to go on bringing it up to standard. I still think those tags are pretty daft. --Soundofmusicals (talk) 14:47, 26 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Absent any other apparent interest I am going to start working on some changes first at User:Obotlig/Frigg_and_Freyja_origin_hypothesis then migrate them to here. First will be organizational and graphic changes. I would really like to remove the templates at the top since nothing has happened on this article in so long and the introduction reflects that the content is contentious, but I will leave them there for the time being. I don't know that I will have the time to bring this up to full quality but hopefully I can make a dent in the problems. Obotlig (talk) 04:24, 31 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Sorry guys, I've been busy with outside work lately. The Grundy article cited here and on the Freyja article and the Näsström article cited in the latter are good places to start for rewrites, and comparative material can be found in a few articles in back issues of The Journal of Indo-European Studies that I ran into a few days ago as well. Before diving into this I'd like to get a rewrite done for our current, abysmal Frigg article. It would make approaching this much easier, but that's unfortunately a ways off. Obotlig, if you want to prepare a rewrite, I can help along the way. I think you'll have a much easier time with it if you just start entirely from scratch rather than attempt to "improve" this mess, however. :bloodofox: (talk) 16:27, 31 January 2012 (UTC)

Frigg is in pretty bad shape and I had noticed the better paragraphs in Freyja. Here is what I am envisioning for content for this article:

 * Lead more or less like current article or from Freyja with brief discussion of etymological theories.
 * Introduction to topic (photos of artefacts)
 * Subsection on Freyja as clearly ocumented
 * Subsection on Frigg as clearly documented
 * Subsection with cited similarities and differences between them, and any other relevant myths
 * Section on etymology (map of place names and worship sites)
 * Subsection with discussion and charts comparing names of Friday ancient and modern in different languages
 * Subsection with discussion and charts of hypothetical etymologies for each name
 * Subsection on place names and sources claiming one attribution or another, or unknown attribution

So if that sounds good I may blank my sandbox article and start filling it in along those lines and anyone is welcome to contribute there. Obotlig (talk) 05:44, 1 February 2012 (UTC)

I went ahead and did a major cleanup barring time for a more thorough rewrite. This is consistent with the version in my sandbox User:Obotlig/Frigg_and_Freyja_origin_hypothesis. I would like some better sources or more careful inspection of the material but the article was so dirty and had been left that way for so long I felt the need to just attack it with the old battle-axe for now. Hope everyone agrees with the changes. I also removed the POV tag but left the cleanup tag. POV issues seem resolved by removal of the stranger etymological material but cleanup or rewrite still in question. Hope this works for now. The references still need more work and migration to cite templates but at least they are in consistent format and most of the mess seems tidied up. Addition of map seems relevant - it looks nice anyway. Would like to add place names if we can get the citations on those. Obotlig (talk) 06:27, 21 February 2012 (UTC)

For crying out loud, this article was supposed to be about the goddess Frijjō, NOT about Freyja. It is difficult enough to deal with both historical and contemporary confusion without making the article explicitly about such confusion. You want to discuss the origins of Freyja, feel free to edit Freyja.

It isn't very good manners to rewrite an article so that it is about something completely different, and then rename it so that the title fits the rewritten content. You may as well leave the original article alone and write your own article under your own title. Frankly, I find the question of Freyja as a possible hypostasis of Frigg-Frijjo a question of limited interest. You want to discuss it, either in a section or in a standalone article, that's certainly fine. But pray do not force this marginal discussion on this article by forced renames and rewrites. It is perfectly undisputed that there was a continental goddess Frijjo corresponding to the Viking Age Frigg. This is the article about this goddess. If you have material pertinent to Freyja, you are kindly invited to consider the Freyja article, or possibly the Fraujaz article if the material is etymological. --dab (𒁳) 15:06, 23 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Bullshit, Dab. You initially wrote a terrible article on (and I mean this by both Wikipedia standards and introductory course standards in any remotely academic setting) the relation between Frigg and Freyja here, which you attempted to argue—by way of this poorly sourced, pet-theory pushing, pile of WP:OR and WP:SYNTH article—was by way of a single goddess. The article you're pushing claims the same thing; when was the last time you read it? This article was and remains about the Frigg-Freyja Hypostasis, and moving against consensus does nothing but put further egg on your face. Seriously, I'm consistently surprised by how ill informed you are on both primary and secondary sources handling Germanic mythology, and what will and will not fly on Wikipedia over all this time. Perhaps you should consider if this is really a useful way to spend your time. But before that, take this as a suggestion that you show the slightest bit of respect to your fellow editors and keep the page at the consensus-approved title of Frigg and Freyja origin hypothesis and argue your case like any other editor here on the talk page, or this will become a considerably bigger issue than it currently is. :bloodofox: (talk) 16:37, 23 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Agreed, that original article was rubbish and took quite some untangling to even make it readable. It was all in broken English, badly cited, didn't make sense, and pushed this common origin theory. If "Frijjō" is the original name of Frigg or some alternate name for her it belongs in the Frigg article under etymology as you suggest. The semi-cleaned up version sat here for years and dab wants to come back and kick up dust about it now? This article should exist and is of some interest. If you want a separate Frijjō article and see anyplace to link it from I guess you can make one - if it doesn't look like the pile of rubbish User:Fixentries halfway cleaned up. I'm not sure where it would be linked from but this is the right article, name and content, for where this is linked from. I wouldn't want someone looking for information on the background or possible etymologies of either goddess or the day of the week and finding that Frijjō article in gobblygook English (makes me understand how annoyed people get when I write articles on the German wikipedia without being careful about grammar). An exhaustive discussion of 150-year-old etymologies for Frigg to try to place her in Germany is, ehem, of rather less interest than this article. Did the article even present any attestation at all whatsoever for this "Frijjō"? Seems like a footnote for the Frigg article.

 * dab, if you want to try that Frijjō article noch ein mal, this time in English and with some polish befitting the standards of wikipedia, by all means, it sounds like a great pet project. Why not just insert a concise version of it in Frigg? I'm just concerned about where it was linked from. The consensus seems to be that this article has evolved into something separate and better. I don't see it worth fighting over the Frijjō namespace but Friday etc. sure shouldn't link to it if you do remake such an article, dab. Really, 2 years later? This article should exist and continue to be improved in this direction. Obotlig (talk) 04:47, 24 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Agreed, this is exactly how I'm seeing this. Note Dab's comment about the article here, where he says this article would be just dandy were it not"efforts to clarify this point were not constantly torn down by people for some inscrutable reason of ideology or personal belief." What to say? :bloodofox: (talk) 05:33, 24 February 2012 (UTC)

Obotlig, you should know that bloodofox has a history of stalking me and generally making life as difficult for me as possible whenever there is any point of content he dislikes. The "rubbish" revision of the article you have seen was the result of these efforts. I am perfectly capable of writing decent articles as long as I am not subjected to malevolent attacks while doing it. If you want to write a "Frigg and Freyja origin hypothesis" article, be my guest. The point is that nobody ever wanted to write such an article, it was just the outcome of the reductio ad absurdum of the "Frijjo" article on the part of bloodofox.

So, I appreciate that you are talking down to me as if I was a novice contributor writing in broken English, because this is the impression bloodofox has apparently successfully created to the casual observer.

What I actually planned to do was writing an article about the West Germanic goddess Frija. I have no idea why anyone would hate this goddess so much as to resort to disruption techniques in order to make the compilation of her article impossible. The point is that there was such a goddess, but that such evidence as we have is very limited. Any discussion of this evidence will be highly technical, and will need to go into the historical conflation of the unrelated names Frija and Freyja. No, this is not a "footnote to Frigg", it is a serious philological topic dedicated to the reconstruction of pre-Christian continental traditions.

The title "Frigg and Freyja origin hypothesis" fails WP:NAME in basically every respect. I'll leave you to do something constructive under this heading if you want, but I must request that I am left in peace to compile an encylcopedic discussion on the topic of the West Germanic goddess, and I must also request that the disruptive methods of user bloodofox are a matter for administrative intervention, as they are clearly past any kind of bona fide discussion among well-meaning editors. --dab (𒁳) 12:36, 24 February 2012 (UTC)

 * To be honest I see both of you as somewhat contentious editors and I hope the personality conflict can be resolved so it doesn't adversely affect these articles. As to the name I agree it is a bit awkward. I don't think it fails WP:NAME completely, because this is a topic discussed by reliable sources. However they do not have a clear label for the topic. This is the title that had come up before. Perhaps Frigg and Freyja common origin hypothesis - the use of "and" is unavoidable in this. Frigg and Freyja hypostasis would be a better title, but how many people know what the word means?

 * I am happy to see an article for Frija as far as there are reliable sources. I see Frijjō is back which I am fine with but it should not be phrased as a historical or linguistic fact. There are still sections (such as on the day of the week) which mention the ON names as if they are not distinct references, or what the names have been considered to mean. I don't hate "Frija" and I cannot speak to bloodofox's intentions, but there are some serious questions about how you want to phrase the article to read as if the conjecture is factual. If we had some significant historical evidence about the goddess or her origins in ancient times I would personally be ecstatic but the evidence does not seem to exist at all. We have some bracteates. Their interpretation is entirely conjectural. Look at the actual Mereseburg manuscript - actual manuscript unretouched and closeup of "frija" section - the alleged mention of "frija" is almost obliterated and looks like rrua. To be generous maybe frua. Maybe it said frija, doesn't look like it though. Whose authority are we taking that this does not read "frua" or "rrua"? Who retouched the copy of the manuscript we have on wikipedia which still shows "rrua"? In fact if you look at either version of the manuscript we do not have an accurate transcription of it on wikipedia. How reliable are 100 year old linguists and anthropologists? We know Frigg existed and that the Anglo-Saxons revered her. Where is Frija coming from? [I am copying this paragraph in some form to the Frijjo talk page and to the Merseburg Incantations page] Obotlig (talk) 04:01, 25 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Dab, it would do you good to have a little dignity and admit your errors and move on. The article revision you've repeatedly reverted to is there for the world to see; it wasn't the result of "efforts to clarify this point [...] constantly torn down by people for some inscrutable reason of ideology or personal belief" or because people "hate this goddess so much", nor are you being "wikistalked"—that's a new, rather desperate one; you are aware that I have long been the most active and prolific editor on historical Germanic subjects on Wikipedia and numerous Indo-European, Neolithic, and "Old Europe" topics make up my watch list—but rather simply due to evident ignorance on your part on the subject matter. No, no one forced your hand, and a anyone can see the steaming pile of barely coherent WP:SYNTH and WP:OR you attempted to serve up in the history page of this very article.

 * As for Frijjō, it should and eventually will flatly be redirected to Frigg; it is, after all, just the Proto-Germanic ancestor of Old Norse Frigg and Old English Frige. All discussion on the matter of *Frijjō not about the Freyja-Frigg hypothesis can be handled at the Frigg article, with a link for more information about the Frigg-Freyja to this article. A few paragraphs in the etymology section on the Frigg article and on this article will cover it. Whether you want to collaborate and court that eventual result now or later is up to you; given your handiwork here, I suggest you spend some time in a user page sandbox with another editor. As with so many other once-horrendous articles in these circles, the rewrite of Frigg to WP:GA standards is imminent.

 * Finally, the current title—"Frigg and Freyja origin hypothesis"—is perfectly acceptable per WP:NAME ("The title may simply be the name (or a name) of the subject of the article, or it may be a description of the topic", etc). Care to name where you got the idea of otherwise?

 * Obotlig, Frigg and Freyja common origin hypothesis also sounds good to me. While this is a topic that comes up in Germanic philology, there's no common term for it as far as I know. :bloodofox: (talk) 05:40, 25 February 2012 (UTC)

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text: User talk:63.199.33.66

title: User talk:63.199.33.66


text:
Freeland

Freeland may refer to:

Canada

 * Freeland, Prince Edward Island

United Kingdom

 * Freeland, Oxfordshire

United States

 * Freeland, Maryland
 * Freeland, Michigan
 * Freeland, Ohio
 * Freeland, Pennsylvania
 * Freeland, Washington

Other uses

 * Freeland (surname)
 * Freeland, the English title of the Utopian 1890 novel Freiland by Theodor Hertzka
 * Freeland, a 2020 film directed by Mario Furloni and Kate McLean
 * Freeland, the attributed artist name of Adam Freeland, an English musician and producer
 * Freeland, a city where the 2018 CW series Black Lightning takes place
 * Virtual State of Freeland, a virtual state in the Russian animated web series Mr. Freeman
 * Freeland Foundation, an international NGO concerned with environmental conservation and human rights

title: Freeland


text:
Talk:Pod/Archive 1

IPod
I am changing this page to redirect to IPod, where we already have an article about the Mac device. If you would like to incorporate your material into that article, you can recover it by clicking on the "Page History" link at the top of the page while the new Pod page is displayed.

seglea 19:55, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Pod, Germany
I am removing the reference to nonexisting page Pod, Germany, a district in northern Germany, near the town of Wismar. To my knowledge there is no such district. It is most likely a misspelling of the (handwritten?) island Poel (which is near Wismar). --Dr. Hok 14:42, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

And about this meaning?
pod (AIRCRAFT PART)  Show phonetics noun [C] a long narrow container which is fixed to an aircraft for carrying engines, weapons, extra fuel, etc: an escape/storage/accommodation pod a space pod (from the Cambridge Dictionary)

also used for toys, models, etc 70.48.222.31 22:15, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pod/Archive 1


text:
User:Cyan/kidnapped/Tobin Tax

The Tobin Tax is an advocated measure to reduce the tendency of financial capital to flow instantly out of areas suffering adversity and into safe haven investments abroad at exactly the moment funds are required where they are. It would place a small tax on the currency future markets, well under 1%, which would effectively eliminate all potential for large scale arbitrage in these markets. It is this potential which has, since the 1980s, required all banks of global reach to maintain huge computer and software and talent bases strictly and only for the purposes of performing huge capital flows to exploit tiny margins of potential arbitrage.

Such pointless technological escalation has prompted some to criticize this system as so-called casino capitalism - gambling disguised as investment. There are, tellingly, no advocates of the existing system, it simply evolved as a response to a lack of international law on capital flow. There are no known economic arguments in favour of retaining a system where capital flows so quickly that it literally must move in anticipation of facts about events - and many arguments against this kind of reactive finance. Behavioural finance in particular suggests that early movements of capital may prompt later ones by mere market momentum, ignoring all fundamentals.

Some countries, notably Canada, have passed laws advocating the Tax only as simultaneous policy, i.e. not to come into effect until all countries that have jurisdiction agree.

Elements of the anti-globalization movement often demand implementation of the Tobin Tax. It was named for its creator, the economist James Tobin.

title: User:Cyan/kidnapped/Tobin Tax


text:
Gordon (surname)

Gordon is a surname with multiple origins, especially Scottish. The masculine given name Gordon is derived from the surname.

Origin of the surname
The Scottish surname Gordon may be derived from several locations. One possibility is from Gordon, in Berwickshire. Another possibility is from a similarly named place in Normandy. The English surname Gordon is derived from the placename of Gourdon, in Saône-et-Loire, France. This location is derived from the Gallo-Roman personal name Gordus. In Ireland, the surname Gordon is of several origins. One origin of the surname is from the Scottish surname, which spread into Ireland in the 17th century during the plantation era; in the Irish language this name is spelt de Górdún. Also, the surname Gordon is an Anglicised form of the Irish language Mag Mhuirneacháin, which is a patronymic form of the personal name Muirneachán. This personal name is derived from the Irish language word muirneach, meaning "beloved". Another origin of the Irish name Gordon is as an Anglicised form of the Irish language surname Mórbhoirneach.

Gordon (גורדון Гордон) is also a Jewish surname, likely derived from the city of Grodno, in Belarus —thus, of an origin completely unrelated to the British surname though spelled the same in English.

The Spanish, and Galician surname Gordón is derived from places like-named in the Spanish and Galician languages. The Basque language Gordon is also derived from a like-named placename. Another origin for the Spanish surname is from the nickname Gordo, which is derived from the Spanish language word gordo, meaning "fat".

Gordon is also a British Romany surname with origins on the Scottish-English Border; during the 17th and 18th century fearing persecution many Gypsy folk in the North of England and the South of Scotland chose to change their surnames to blend into the local societies they were living within. These Gordons are completely unrelated to other ancestral sources of the name.

List of people

 * A. D. Gordon (1856–1922), Russian Zionist
 * Aaron Gordon (born 1995), American basketball player
 * Adam Gordon (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Adi Gordon (born 1966), Israeli basketball player
 * Adoniram Judson Gordon (1836–1895), pastor in Boston, Massachusetts, and founder of Gordon College
 * Agnes Gordon (1906–1967), American bridge player
 * Al Gordon (born 1953), comic book creator
 * Alan Gordon (1917–2011), Australian politician known as Lin Gordon
 * Alan Gordon (actor), British actor
 * Alan Gordon (author) (born 1959), American author
 * Alan Gordon (historian) (born 1968), Canadian historian
 * Alan Gordon (Scottish footballer) (1944–2010), Scottish footballer
 * Alan Gordon (soccer), (born 1981), American soccer player
 * Alan Lee Gordon (1944–2008), American songwriter
 * Alastair Gordon (born 1976), Australian rower, 2000 Sydney Olympics silver medalist
 * Albert L. Gordon (1915–2009), American gay rights legal activist
 * Alexander Gordon (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Aleksandr Gordon (1931–2020), Russian-Soviet director, screenwriter and actor
 * Amelia Elizabeth Roe Gordon (1852–1932), British-born Canadian social reformer
 * Anita Gordon (1929–2015), American singer
 * Ann Gordon (born 1956), First Lady of North Carolina
 * Ann D. Gordon, research professor in the department of history at Rutgers University
 * Anna Gordon (1747–1810), ballad collector
 * Anna Adams Gordon (1853–1931), American social reformer, songwriter, president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union
 * Anne Gordon (born 1941), Australian cricketer
 * Ann Lee (singer) (born 1967), singer and songwriter
 * Anthony Gordon (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Archibald Ronald McDonald Gordon (1927–2015), Bishop of Portsmouth
 * Audrey Gordon, Canadian politician
 * Bart Gordon (born 1949), American congressman
 * Ben Gordon (born 1983), British-born American basketball player
 * B. Frank Gordon (1826–1866), Confederate States Army colonel, acting brigadier general
 * Bernard Gordon (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Bert I. Gordon (1922–2023), American film director and screenwriter
 * Bob Gordon (Canadian intelligence), former Canadian Security Intelligence Service agent
 * Bob Gordon (saxophonist) (1928–1955), American jazz saxophonist
 * Bobby Gordon (1923–2001), Scottish footballer
 * Bobby Gordon (American football) (1935–1990), American football player
 * Boyd Gordon (born 1983), Canadian ice hockey player
 * Brian Gordon (baseball) (born 1978), American professional baseball pitcher
 * Brian Gordon, cartoonist, creator of web comics Fowl Language and Chuck & Beans
 * Bridgette Gordon (born 1967), American basketball player
 * Bruce Gordon (disambiguation), multiple people
 * C. Henry Gordon (1883–1940), American actor
 * Cecil Gordon (1941–2012), American NASCAR driver
 * Charles George Gordon (1833–1885), British general known as "Chinese Gordon" and "Gordon of Khartoum"
 * Charles Gordon (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Christopher Gordon (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Clarence Gordon (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Clemente Gordon (born 1967), American football player
 * Colin Gordon (1911–1972), British actor
 * Colin Gordon (athlete) (1907–1980), high jumper from British Guiana
 * Colton Gordon (born 1998), American baseball pitcher
 * Cyrus H. Gordon (1908–2001), American linguist-semitologist
 * Daniel Gordon (disambiguation), multiple people
 * David Gordon (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Dexter Gordon (1923–1990), American jazz tenor saxophonist and actor
 * Dmitry Gordon, Ukrainian journalist and TV presenter
 * Donald Gordon (cricketer) (born 1990), English cricketer
 * Douglas Gordon (born 1966), Scottish artist
 * Douglas C. Gordon (1956–1998), whitewater kayaker
 * Douglas Peel Gordon (1892–1948), South Australian politician
 * Drew Gordon (1990–2024), American basketball player
 * Duke Gordon (1739–1800), 18th-century Scottish librarian
 * Ed Gordon (athlete) (1908–1971), American long jumper
 * Ed Gordon (journalist) (born 1960), American television journalist
 * Edward Gordon (politician) (1885–1964), New Zealand politician
 * Edythe Mae Gordon (c. 1897 – 1980), American short story writer and poet
 * Rabbi Eliezer Gordon (1841–1910), Lithuanian Rosh Yeshiva
 * Elizabeth Putnam Gordon (1851-1933), American temperance advocate, author
 * Elye Gordon (1907–1989), Soviet Yiddish writer
 * Emy Gordon (1841−1909), German writer, translator and Catholic activist
 * Eric Gordon (born 1988), American basketball player
 * Eric Valentine Gordon (1896–1938), Canadian philologist
 * Esmé Gordon (1910–1993), Scottish architect
 * F. C. Gordon (1856–1924), Canadian illustrator
 * Ferenc Gordon (1893–1971), Hungarian economist and politician
 * Francis Gordon (1808–1857), English amateur cricketer
 * Frank Gordon Jr. (1929–2020), American lawyer and judge
 * Fritzi Gordon, Austrian-British bridge player
 * Gary Gordon (1960–1993), American soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
 * Gavin Gordon (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Geoffrey Gordon (composer) (born 1968), American composer
 * George Gordon (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Gordon Gordon (1906–2002), half of a team of American crime fiction writers: The Gordons (writers)
 * Hannah Gordon (born 1941), Scottish actress
 * Harry Gordon (entertainer) (1893–1957), Scottish entertainer, comedian and impressionist
 * Harry Gordon (footballer) (1931–2014), Scottish footballer
 * Harry L. Gordon (1860–1921), American politician in Ohio
 * Heather Gordon (born 1967), American contemporary visual artist
 * Henry Gordon (preacher) (1816–1898), American
 * C. Henry Gordon (1883–1940), American actor
 * Henry Charles Gordon (1925–1996), American astronaut
 * Henry Gordon (magician) (1920–2009), Canadian magician and writer
 * Herbert Gordon (1898−1965), English cricketer
 * Herbert Gordon (footballer) (1952–2013), Jamaican footballer
 * Hilda May Gordon (1874–1972), British painter
 * Honi Gordon, vocalist
 * Ian Gordon (footballer) (born 1933), former Australian rules footballer
 * Ian Gordon (general) (born 1952), Deputy Chief of Army and Commander of UNTSO
 * Ian Gordon (historian) (born 1964), professor of US history at the National University of Singapore
 * Ian Gordon (ice hockey) (born 1975), German hockey player
 * Ida Gordon, English philologist, wife of E. V. Gordon
 * Isabella Gordon (1901–1988), British biological scientist
 * James Gordon (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Janet Hill Gordon (1915–1990), New York politician
 * Jay Gordon (born 1967), musician
 * Jeff Gordon (born 1971), American NASCAR driver
 * Jeffrey D. Gordon, Pentagon spokesman
 * Jimmie Gordon, American blues pianist, singer, and songwriter
 * Joe Gordon (1915–1978), American baseball player and manager
 * Joel Gordon, Canadian actor and filmmaker
 * Joel Gordon (American football), American football coach and former player
 * John Gordon (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Josephine Gordon (born 1993), British jockey
 * Joyce Gordon (1929–2020), American actress and union representative
 * Judah Leib Gordon (1830–1892), Hebrew poet
 * Judy Gordon (1948–2020), Canadian politician
 * Julia Gordon, Canadian mathematician
 * Juliette Gordon Low (1860–1927), founder of the Girl Scouts of the USA
 * Karl Gordon, British DJ and producer
 * Ken Gordon (born in 1930), Trinidadian businessman and former politician
 * Ken Gordon (Colorado politician), Colorado congressman
 * Kim Gordon, American musician, member of Sonic Youth
 * Kyler Gordon (born 1999), American football player
 * L. C. Gordon (born 1937), American basketball player and coach
 * Larry Gordon (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Lawrence Gordon (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Lee Gordon (1902–1946), American musician
 * Lee Gordon (promoter) (1923–1963), American businessman and rock and roll promoter
 * Lennox Gordon (born 1978), American football player
 * Leo Gordon (1922–2000), American film and television character actor
 * Leon Gordon (1889–1943), Russian-born poet
 * Leonard A. Gordon is a historian of South Asia, especially of Bengal
 * Lewis Gordon (born 1962), American philosopher
 * Lewis Gordon, 3rd Marquess of Huntly (c. 1626 – 1653)
 * Lewis Gordon (civil engineer) (1815–1876)
 * Lewis Gordon (Jacobite) (1724–1754)
 * Lincoln Gordon (1913–2009), president of Johns Hopkins University, and U.S. Ambassador to Brazil
 * Lindsay Gordon (1892–1940), Canadian air marshal
 * Lucy Gordon (disambiguation), multiple people
 * M. G. Gordon (1915–1969), American businessman, inventor and social theorist
 * Manya Gordon (1882–1945), American historian
 * Margaret Gordon (illustrator) (1939–1989), British artist
 * Marina Gordon (1917–2013), American singer
 * Marjory Gordon (1931–2015), American nurse
 * Marjorie Gordon Smart (1911–1982) British, Canadian and Australian diplomat and a founding college principal in Australia.
 * Marc Gordon (1935–2010), American record producer and music executive
 * Mark Gordon (producer) (born 1956), American film and television producer
 * Mark Gordon (Wyoming politician) (born 1957), American politician
 * Mary Gordon (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Maxine Gordon, British actress
 * Melvin Gordon (born 1993), American football player
 * Merritt J. Gordon (1859–1925), associate justice of the Washington Supreme Court
 * Michael Gordon (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Mikalah Gordon, (born 1988), American Idol 4 contestant
 * Mildred Gordon (1912–1979), half of a team of American crime fiction writers: The Gordons (writers)
 * Mildred Gordon (politician) (1923–2016), British politician
 * Nancy Gordon, American economist and statistician
 * Nathan Gordon (footballer) (born 1990), Australian rules footballer
 * Nathan Green Gordon (1916–2008), American lawyer, politician, and naval aviator
 * Nathan H. Gordon (1872–1938), motion picture executive
 * Nathaniel Gordon (1826–1862), American slave trader
 * Nick Gordon (born 1995), American baseball player
 * Noah Gordon (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Norman Gordon (1911–2014), South African cricketer
 * Oliver Gordon (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Paige Gordon (born 1973), Canadian diver
 * Pamela Gordon (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Patrick Gordon (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Paul-Gordon Chandler (born 1964), musician, composer and producer
 * Peter Gordon (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Phil Gordon (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Philip Gordon (born 1962), American diplomat
 * Powhatan Gordon (1802–1879), American politician
 * Richard Gordon (disambiguation), multiple people
 * R. H. Gordon (1844–1917), American politician
 * Ricky Ian Gordon (born 1956), US composer
 * Robby Gordon (born 1969), NASCAR driver
 * Robert Gordon (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Roderick Gordon (born 1960), children's book author
 * Rodney Gordon (1933–2008), British architect
 * Ron Gordon, American entrepreneur and former president of Atari.
 * Rosco Gordon (1928–2002), American blues singer and pianist
 * Rupert Montgomery Gordon (1898–1961), British parasitologist
 * Ruth Gordon (1896–1985), actress
 * Samuel Y. Gordon (1861–1940), Minnesota legislator and the Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota
 * Sandy Grant Gordon (1933–2020), Scottish distiller
 * Shahar Gordon (born 1980), Israeli basketball player
 * Shaul Gordon (born 1994), Canadian-Israeli Olympic sabre fencer
 * Sheila Gordon (1927–2013), American writer
 * Sid Gordon (1917–1975), American major league baseball All Star player
 * Sidney Gordon (businessman) (1917–2007), Scottish businessman
 * Stuart Gordon (1947–2020), American director
 * Stuart Gordon (musician), musician with The Korgis
 * Stephen J. Gordon (born 1986), English chess grandmaster
 * Steve Gordon (cricketer) (born 1967), Cayman Islands cricketer
 * Steve Gordon (director) (1938–1982), American film and television director
 * Steve Gordon (rugby league) (born 1986), rugby league footballer
 * Steven E. Gordon (born 1960), director, character designer and animator
 * Stomp Gordon (1926–1958), American jump blues pianist and singer
 * Sue Gordon (born 1943), magistrate
 * Susan Gordon (1949–2011), child actress
 * Thomas Gordon (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Tom Gordon (born 1967), American baseball player
 * Trevor Gordon (1948–2013), British Australian singer, songwriter and musician
 * Veronica Lucy Gordon, a South Sudanese journalist
 * Walter Gordon (1942–2012), African-American filmmaker known as Jamaa Fanaka
 * Walter Gordon (physicist) (1893–1939), physicist active in the 1920s
 * Walter Gordon (soldier, born 1920) (1920–1997), American World War II veteran
 * Walter A. Gordon (1894–1976), African-American political figure and American football player for the University of California
 * Walter Henry Gordon (1863–1924), United States Army General
 * Walter L. Gordon (1906–1987), Canadian politician and cabinet minister
 * Wayne Gordon (disambiguation), multiple people
 * William Gordon (disambiguation), multiple people
 * Willy Gordon (1918–2003), Swedish sculptor
 * Yekutiel Gordon, disciple of Rabbi Moshe Chaim Luzzatto
 * Zachary Gordon (born 1998), American child actor

List of people with a related name

 * Sir Alexander Cumming-Gordon, 1st Baronet (1749–1806), Scottish politician
 * Catherine Rose Gordon-Cumming (born 1952), Katie Fforde, British romance novelist
 * Constance Gordon-Cumming (1837–1924), Scottish travel writer and painter
 * Roualeyn George Gordon-Cumming (1820–1866), Scottish traveller and sportsman, known as the "lion hunter"
 * Sir William Gordon-Cumming, 2nd Baronet (1787–1854), Scottish Member of Parliament for Elgin Burghs 1831–1832
 * Sir William Gordon-Cumming, 4th Baronet (1848–1930), Scottish soldier and adventurer, central figure in the Royal Baccarat Scandal
 * Sir Alexander Gordon-Lennox (Royal Navy officer) (1911–1987), admiral of the Royal Navy
 * Lord Alexander Gordon-Lennox (1825–1892), British Conservative politician
 * Major Lord Bernard Charles Gordon-Lennox (1878–1914), British soldier
 * Major-General Bernard Charles Gordon-Lennox (1932–2017), commandant of the British Sector in Berlin
 * Lord George Charles Gordon-Lennox (1829–1877), British Conservative politician
 * Lieutenant-General Sir George Charles Gordon-Lennox (1908–1988), British soldier
 * Hilda Madeline Gordon-Lennox, Duchess of Richmond (1872–1971), first chairman of the National Gardens Scheme
 * Ivy Gordon-Lennox (1887–1982), Ivy Cavendish-Bentinck, Duchess of Portland, GBE
 * Lord Nicholas Gordon-Lennox (1931–2004), British diplomat
 * Lord Walter Charles Gordon-Lennox (1865–1922), British Conservative Party politician
 * Joseph Gordon-Levitt (born 1981), American actor

List of nobility

 * Duke of Gordon, created once in the Peerage of Scotland, and again in the Peerage of the United Kingdom

Dukes of Aubigny
 * Charles Gordon-Lennox, 5th Duke of Richmond, 5th Duke of Lennox, Duke of Aubigny (1791–1860)
 * Charles Henry Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond, 6th Duke of Lennox, Duke of Aubigny, 1st Duke of Gordon (1818–1903)
 * Charles Henry Gordon-Lennox, 7th Duke of Richmond, 7th Duke of Lennox, Duke of Aubigny, 2nd Duke of Gordon (1845–1928)
 * Charles Henry Gordon-Lennox, 8th Duke of Richmond, 8th Duke of Lennox, Duke of Aubigny, 3rd Duke of Gordon (1870–1935)
 * Frederick Charles Gordon-Lennox, 9th Duke of Richmond, 9th Duke of Lennox, Duke of Aubigny, 4th Duke of Gordon (1904–1989)
 * Charles Henry Gordon-Lennox, 10th Duke of Richmond, 10th Duke of Lennox, Duke of Aubigny, 5th Duke of Gordon (1929–2017)

Earls and Marquesses of Huntly
 * Alexander Gordon, 1st Earl of Huntly
 * George Gordon, 2nd Earl of Huntly
 * Alexander Gordon, 3rd Earl of Huntly
 * George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly (1514–1562)
 * George Gordon, 5th Earl of Huntly
 * George Gordon, 1st Marquess and 6th Earl of Huntly (1562–1636)
 * George Gordon, 2nd Marquess of Huntly (1592–1649)
 * Lewis Gordon, 3rd Marquess of Huntly (c. 1626 – 1653)
 * George Gordon, 4th Marquess of Huntly (1649–1716) (1st Duke of Gordon)
 * George Gordon, 9th Marquess of Huntly (1761–1853)
 * Charles Gordon, 10th Marquess of Huntly (1792–1863)
 * Charles Gordon, 11th Marquess of Huntly (1847–1937)
 * Douglas Gordon, 12th Marquess of Huntly (1908–1987)
 * Granville Charles Gomer Gordon, 13th Marquess of Huntly (born 1944)

Earls and Marquesses of Aberdeen
 * George Gordon, 1st Earl of Aberdeen (1637–1720)
 * William Gordon, 2nd Earl of Aberdeen (1679–1745)
 * George Gordon, 3rd Earl of Aberdeen (1722–1801)
 * George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen (1784–1860)
 * George Hamilton-Gordon, 5th Earl of Aberdeen (1816–1864)
 * George Hamilton-Gordon, 6th Earl of Aberdeen (1841–1870)
 * John Campbell Hamilton-Gordon, 7th Earl of Aberdeen (1847–1934), 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair (1847–1934)
 * George Gordon, 2nd Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair (1879–1965)
 * Dudley Gladstone Gordon, 3rd Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair (1883–1972)
 * David George Ian Alexander Gordon, 4th Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair (1908–1974)
 * Archibald Victor Dudley Gordon, 5th Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair (1913–1984)
 * Alastair Ninian John Gordon, 6th Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair (1920–2002)
 * Alexander George Gordon, 7th Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair (1955–2020)

Earls of Aboyne
 * Charles Gordon, 1st Earl of Aboyne (died 1681)
 * Charles Gordon, 2nd Earl of Aboyne (died 1702)
 * John Gordon, 3rd Earl of Aboyne (died 1732)
 * Charles Gordon, 4th Earl of Aboyne (1728–1795)
 * George Gordon, 5th Earl of Aboyne (1761–1853) (succeeded as 9th Marquess of Huntly in 1836)

Viscounts of Kenmure
 * John Gordon, 1st Viscount of Kenmure (1599–1634)
 * John Gordon, 2nd Viscount of Kenmure (died 1639)
 * John Gordon, 3rd Viscount of Kenmure (died 1643)
 * Robert Gordon, 4th Viscount of Kenmure (died 1663)
 * Alexander Gordon, 5th Viscount of Kenmure (died 1698)
 * William Gordon, 6th Viscount of Kenmure (died 1715) (attainted 1715)

Descent of titles during attainder:

 * Robert Gordon, 7th Viscount of Kenmure (1714–1741)
 * John Gordon, 8th Viscount of Kenmure (1713–1769)
 * William Gordon, 9th Viscount of Kenmure (c. 1748 – 1772)
 * John Gordon, 10th Viscount of Kenmure (1750–1840) (restored 1824)
 * Adam Gordon, 11th Viscount of Kenmure (died 1847)

Viscount of Melgum
 * John Gordon, 1st Viscount of Melgum (died 1630)

Viscount Gordon

Spanish Gordons
 * Mauricio González-Gordon y Diez (1923–2013), Spanish sherry maker and conservationist, descendant of Scottish Gordons

Fictional characters

 * Adrian Gordon, protagonist of the horror adventure games The Black Mirror 2 and 3
 * Allan Gordon, protagonist of The Surpassing Adventures of Allan Gordon by James Hogg
 * Artemus Gordon, United States Secret Service agent in "The Wild Wild West" TV series
 * Audrey Gordon, is a host of Australian satirical television cooking show Audrey's Kitchen
 * James "Jim" Gordon, commissioner of Gotham City in Batman
 * Barbara Gordon, first Batgirl, now the information broker known as Oracle
 * Dr. Bruce Gordon, the original alter-ego of Eclipso
 * David "Gordo" Gordon in Lizzie McGuire
 * Flash Gordon, lead character of the Alex Raymond comic strip of the same name, and the movie, television, and comic books based on the comic strip
 * Sir Frank Gordon character in the 1980s British sitcom Yes Minister
 * Lawrence Gordon, fictional character in the first of the Saw franchise
 * Maggie Gordon, character in The Last Starfighter
 * Melinda Gordon, the title character of Ghost Whisperer
 * Meredith Gordon, biological mother of Claire Bennet, and Flint Gordon, Meredith's brother, from Heroes
 * Patrick Gordon, fictional character on the second season of the television series Downton Abbey
 * Samuel Gordon, protagonist of the award-winning 2001 adventure game The Black Mirror
 * Tony Gordon, fictional character on the television series Coronation Street

title: Gordon (surname)


text:
McGuffey Readers

The Eclectic Readers (commonly, but informally known as the McGuffey Readers) were a series of graded primers for grade levels 1–6. They were widely used as textbooks in American schools from the mid-19th century to the early 20th century, and are still used today in some private schools and homeschooling.

The editors of the Readers were brothers William Holmes McGuffey and Alexander Hamilton McGuffey. William created the first four readers and Alexander McGuffey created the fifth and sixth reader. About 120 million copies of McGuffey's Readers were sold between 1836 and 1960, placing its sales in a category with the Bible and Webster's Dictionary. Since 1961, they have continued to sell at a rate of some 30,000 copies a year. Only the Ray's Arithmetic series (1834–1913) matched it in popularity, written by a colleague of McGuffey's and begun in 1834.

Publication
William Holmes McGuffey established a reputation as a lecturer on moral and biblical subjects while he was teaching at Miami University. In 1835, the small Cincinnati publishing firm of Truman and Smith asked him to create a series of four graded readers for primary level students. He had been recommended for the job by longtime friend Harriet Beecher Stowe. He completed the first two readers within a year of signing his contract, receiving a fee of $1,000 ($0 in dollars). He compiled the first four readers (1836–1837 edition), while the fifth and sixth were created by his brother Alexander Hamilton McGuffey during the 1840s. The series consisted of stories, poems, essays, and speeches. The advanced Readers contained excerpts from the works of well-regarded English and American writers and politicians such as Lord Byron, John Milton, and Daniel Webster. Most schools of the 19th century used only the first two in the series of McGuffey's four readers. The first Reader taught reading by using the phonics method, the identification of letters and their arrangement into words, and aided with slate work. The second Reader was used once students could read. It helped them to understand the meaning of sentences, while providing vivid stories which children could remember. The third Reader taught the definitions of words and was written at a level equivalent to the modern 5th or 6th grade. The fourth Reader was written for the highest levels of ability on the grammar school level.

McGuffey's Readers were among the first textbooks in the United States designed to be increasingly challenging with each volume. They used word repetition in the text as a learning tool, developing reading skills by challenging students using the books. Sounding-out, enunciation, and accents were emphasized. Colonial-era texts had offered dull lists of 20 to 100 new words per page for memorization. In contrast, McGuffey used new vocabulary words in the context of real literature, gradually introducing new words and carefully repeating the old.

McGuffey believed that teachers, as well as their students, should study the lessons and suggested that they read aloud to their classes. He also listed questions after each story, for he believed that asking questions was critical for a teacher to give instruction. The Readers emphasized spelling, vocabulary, and formal public speaking, which was a more common requirement in 19th-century America than today.

McGuffey is remembered as a conservative theological teacher. He interpreted the goals of public schooling in terms of moral and spiritual education, and attempted to give schools a curriculum that would instill Presbyterian Calvinist beliefs and manners in their students. These goals were considered suitable for the relatively homogeneous America of the early- to mid-19th century, though they were less so for the increasingly pluralistic society that developed in the late 19th century and early 20th century.

The content of the readers changed drastically between McGuffey's 1836–1837 edition and the 1879 edition. The revised Readers were compiled to meet the needs of national unity and the dream of an American melting pot for the world's oppressed masses. The Calvinist values of salvation, righteousness, and piety were excluded from the later versions, though they had been prominent in the early Readers. The content of the books was secularized and replaced by middle-class civil religion, morality, and values. McGuffey's name was featured on these revised editions, yet he neither contributed to them nor approved their content.

Other types of schoolbooks gradually replaced McGuffey's in the academic marketplace. The desire for distinct grade levels and less overtly religious content, and the greater profitability of consumable workbooks all helped to bring about their decline. McGuffey's Readers never entirely disappeared, however. Reprinted versions of his Readers are still in print, and may be purchased in bookstores across the country. Today, McGuffey's Readers are popular among homeschoolers and in some Protestant religious schools.

Influence
Pulitzer Prize-winning writer Ron Powers notes that the Readers affected the first mass-educated and mass-literate generation in the modern world. The books made Shakespeare's plays widely known in America. Author Hamlin Garland said "I got my first taste of Shakespeare from the selected scenes which I read in these books." Students were encouraged to memorize, and read aloud, classic orations such as Antony's Oration over Dead Caesar's Body and Henry V. to His Troops. Shakespeare's tragedies were represented by ''The Hamlet Soliloquy. '' The McGuffey canon contributed to an American belief in Shakespeare's authority as second only to the Bible. Industrialist Henry Ford cited McGuffey's Readers as one of his most important childhood influences. Otherwise Ford was poorly educated and read little. He was an avid fan of McGuffey's Readers first editions. Ford republished all six Readers from the 1867 edition and donated complete sets of them to schools across the United States. In 1934, Ford had the log cabin where McGuffey was born moved to Greenfield Village, Ford's museum of Americana at Dearborn, Michigan. In 1936, Ford sponsored a collection of excerpts from McGuffey Readers.

American composer Burrill Phillips composed a work entitled Selections from McGuffey's Reader, for orchestra, based on poems by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. It was completed in 1933.

In the late 20th century many evangelical homeschooling parents used the McGuffey Readers to recapture 19th century conservative values for their children.

title: McGuffey Readers