text:
User talk:BrandonCollins

Hello Brandon, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Angela 02:05, 10 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Hello. Making corrections is not all I'm doing, but I did some stylistic editing of some of your Legend of Zelda pages, making them conform to conventional Wikipedia style. Generally one highlights the title word or title phrase at its first appearance, like this. It's also a good idea to set context very quickly, e.g., by saying "In the Legend of Zelda ...", etc., right at the beginning, so that the reader knows right away that Princess Zelda was not a medieval historical figure or the like. Michael Hardy 02:10, 10 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Articles for deletion nomination of Hill Valley (Back to the Future)
I have nominated Hill Valley (Back to the Future), an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Hill Valley (Back to the Future)&. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. Sottolacqua (talk) 12:09, 21 July 2010 (UTC)

Vector Industries listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Vector Industries. Since you had some involvement with the Vector Industries redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. ZXCVBNM (TALK) 03:21, 6 July 2019 (UTC)

Nomination of Hill Valley (Back to the Future) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Hill Valley (Back to the Future) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Hill Valley (Back to the Future)& until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Jontesta (talk) 19:27, 8 November 2020 (UTC)

"Miami Gators" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Miami Gators and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 January 3 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. dashiellx (talk) 13:40, 3 January 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:BrandonCollins


text:
Talk:Spider silk

Inaccurate text
At the bottom of the page there is a link to Hagfish. Why? I don't see any reason to link to Hagfish from this page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.171.214.96 (talk) 02:58, 19 July 2008 (UTC)

Inaccurate text
Removed the following block of text since I think it's inaccurate:

 * By comparison of size and density, spider silk is 5 times much stronger than steel and possesses an elastic property, thus giving it a very high energy-to-break ratio. In fact, the biopolymer structure of the silk is so strong, it is true to imagine the likes of a strand the size of a pencil being able to easily stop and hold a fast Boieng747 commercial jet in flight! To date, spider silk is the strongest known material to man and synthetic materials cannot hope to even come close. The protein- and biopolymer-based material differs across the over 35,000 species of spiders, and is easily recyclable.

Mark Foskey

"The proteins in the silk are complex molecules of amino acid. " Correct me if I'm wrong, but isn't all proteins complex molecules of amino acid? Bong 11:47, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I have a few questions about the subject:
 * How thick is spider silk and what is the volume of a spider web of, for example, about 20 cm in diameter? What I'm getting at is: what if a spider is starving, how much of its body mass can go into making a web?
 * If the builing of a web is destroyed, is that a huge loss of body mass for most spiders or are their metabolism set up to build a few in a row without ingesting food. (I'm sure it depends on species, but does someone have an idea?)
 * I think that spiders that have had their webs seriously disturbed are likely to move. So the likelihood that a spider loses two webs in a row (carried off on the antlers of a deer, perhaps) is not very high. On top of that, spiders will eat their own silk. If you ever see a spider dropping down from the ceiling on a length of silk, bring your hand or your wallet or something up underneath it so that it gets encouraged to go back up to where it came from. You will then see that as it moves up its two front feet alternately deliver a length of silk to their mouth and the silk disappears without any observable pause. Who knows how much pollen and other edible stuff they consume in the same operation.P0M (talk) 01:56, 16 June 2012 (UTC)

 * How long does a piece of spider last last in good conditions? How long do spiders use them for? I'm sure it depends on what it is meant for, but is it possible to have more information about each use? Can a spider in a good location keep the same web for months or are all varieties of silk meant to degrade after a relatively short time?
 * As far as I know, the stuff is pretty nearly indestructible in open air. A web that is not pulled down will gradually accumulate dirt and it will end up a pretty disgusting mess, but the silk is still inside all the grime. The silk that was used for cross-hairs in telescopic rifle sights is still doing fine, as far as I have ever heard, decades after the last manufacturer shifted to something other than black widow silk to make his gun sights. I have a black widow spider web as a result of caputuring one to photograph. I think I caught that spider seven or eight years ago. The spider has died, but the web remains. Over the years it has attracted a little dust, even though the container only has small air holes, so it is a little easier to see than when it was fresh and nearly invisible. But it appears to be in perfect condition otherwise.P0M (talk) 01:56, 16 June 2012 (UTC)

I also second the question on the spider web discussion page.

Eje211 16:56, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * With regard to the "how much mass does a spider use up when creating a web" question, this is what I calculated:
 * According to this page, the density of spider silk is 1.3 g/cm3, and according to this page, the diameter of spider silk is 0.15 microns, and in this research they used a silk fiber with diameter of 2 microns. Let's be generous and use the 2 microns estimate. A typical web is roughly circular, is 10 cm across, and includes maybe 5 lines that run along a diamter, and maybe 20 that act as rings. Let's estimate then that the total length of silk is about (5*10 + 10*(3.14*10))cm = 364 cm. The volume of this is then (3.64 m)*( 3.14 * (1*10-6m)2 ) = 1*10-11m3 ! That's not a whole lot of volume, when you consider that a spider has a volume of, say, 1cm*1cm*1cm = 1*10-6m3. It doesn't seem that the mass used up in creating a web is very much compared to the mass of the spider itself. The amount of bio-energy used up to make all that protein and spin it out and weave it is possibly more significant.

I removed the 'citation needed' from the first paragraph, based on the above, another page I found, and math: Even using the biggest number I have seen, 7 μm, as a thread diameter: Weight of a strand long enough to encircle the earth = Thread density * Thread cross-sectional area * Earth circumference = δt * At * RE = 1.3 g/cm3 * ( π * (3.5 μm)^2 ) * 6378.137 km (equatorial) = 1.3 g/cm3 * 3.84 × 10-11 m2 * 6378.137 km = 1.3 g/cm3 * 245.45927 cm3 = 319 g

But, since we only started with one significant digit, the best answer is "about 300 g". Certainly less than 400 g though. --208.99.195.54 18:14, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Looks good to me. Just something to add: Spider silk is both a liability in that it takes protein to make it and that it is a clue to predators that hunt spiders. Accordingly, SOME spiders (NOT all!) spin a new web each night and eat it in the morning partly for security and partly for recycling. If I remember at the right time and no one beats me to it, I'll add text to that effect. JonRichfield (talk) 07:47, 22 July 2011 (UTC)

 * The circumference of the Earth is 40075.017 km (equatorial), so the result is wrong by a factor of 40075.017 km / 6378.137 km = 2$\pi$. Thus the correct weight is about 2 kg. Christopher Jakob (talk) 17:35, 18 September 2022 (UTC)

More Inaccurate Text
I didn't remove any text, but there is a statement that Nexia has given up research on producing artifical spider silk, and this is not true. Nexia, in collaboration with the University of Wyomming, is producing mass quantities of goat milk that is already enriched with the spider proteins (ADF 3 and ADF 4).

You may have read an old souce... the goats owned by Nexia did indeed produce the silk dope that they were hoping for; however, they found it impossible to spin the liquid into actual threads of silk. The silk dope requires the spinnerettes to properly weave and fold the silk so that it has the correct properties. Nexia, without enough funding, simply could not work it. The project was dropped, and the goats were killed. PETA (people for the ethical treatment of animals) was upset by the incident, claiming that the slaughter of innocent goats who HAD DONE WHAT THEY WERE EXPECTED TO DO, was inhumane, especially seeing as how genetically altered goats are illegal to sell as a food product, so their death was a waste of life with no benefit to humanity. Of course, to defend Nexia, I must agree that taking care of goats for several years after the funding had been cut and simply waiting for them to die would be an economical hardship on such a business. Nexia is not very good at resource management. -Tillie

A company called Kraig Biocraft Laboratories has brought the research from the University of Wyoming along with research from the University of Notre Dame in a collaberative effort to create a silkworm that is genetically altered to produce spider silk. In a recent press conference at the University of Notre Dame the effort on behalf of the Universities and Kraig Labs prooved to be a success. No goats were harmed in the typing of this footnote. -MFG. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.130.164.53 (talk) 06:49, 12 October 2010 (UTC)

I do have a problem, however, with the following: "Spider silk, normally that of the golden orb spider, is occasionally harvested and spun into usable textiles. Due to the difficulty of the process, the resulting fabric is invariably extremely expensive, and is generally utilized in fine couture." I have never heard of "fine couture" but I think "haute couture" may be what is meant. However, seeing as there are very few haute couture houses and spider silk is not massed produced, you would think there would be something, somewhere in the world to agree with this text. I cannot find anything, and I believe this information is incorrect and should, perhaps, be removed. I would do it myself, but perhaps instead someone could find a source? -tillie —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.8.32.139 (talk) 10:04, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Do all spiders make such hard silk?
I occasionally have spiders (small ones) in my house, but I can ruin their webs with a simple wave of my hand (though I try not to, since they eat insects). Do only some species of spiders make strong silk, or are those webs only weak because they are so thin (I can sometimes not even see them under certain lighting conditions, surely an advantageous trait for trapping insects) and they would be tough indeed if woven into a thicker thread or fabric?

The thickness and strength of spider silk varies between spider species. It also depends on the type of silk being produced, dragline silk is strong and rigid, while eggsac silk has a much lower strength, allowing the young to emerge.

Typically Argiope and Nephila (St andrews cross and Banana spider respectivly) dragline silks are studied for structural applications. These are both large tropical spiders, the larger size makes them easier to work with, and they produce strong webs to catch larger prey. In contrast lycosa (wolf spiders)dont create an orb style web, and are largely a hunting spider, So they produce less types of silk, none with the dragline qualities of an Argiope or Nephila

Thickness and density of silk strand
How thick is a strand of silk, and what density does the material have? IMHO, this is more interesting than the factoid about the weight of a strand around the earth, which answers none of the questions. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 83.181.2.44 (talk) 07:30, 5 December 2006 (UTC). there is no way to find the answer —Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.163.146.9 (talk) 13:18, 2 September 2008 (UTC)

What about cutting it
I'm told it is very tough, but you can cut it easily, it is only tough holding back something that hits it. The snare (talk) 00:39, 19 June 2011 (UTC)

Pencil?
A strand of spider silk with the thickness of that of a pencil (roughly) is so strong that it is believed to be able to stop a Boeing 747 aircraft in flight.

Can anyone give some references here? How much force is needed to stop a 747 in flight? What type of 747(the weight of the 747 differ by type: Boeing 747)? Stopping it meaning be able to just stop it, or actually hanging it up and supporting its weight? It is very strange to see a sentence like this since the force required varies with different stopping time(i.e. deceleration) and is not a good example. Normally wouldn't it be a sentence like a strand of silk with the thickness of X can support a weight of Y? MythSearchertalk 08:09, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

I assumed that the phrase meant that the strength of a given sample of x diameter was greater than the thrust of the Boeing 747. Pretty famous example, but possibly over simplified.

As a second thought, I think that if you knew the initial velocity (flight velocity) and the mass, you could say that the spider web would be capable of absorbing that much energy, which could be computed using force * distance. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.164.190.107 (talk) 05:17, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

 * That objection is correct. The original statement is too vague by far. For one thing, it is meaningless if one does not include the length of the pencil. If it is say, half as long as a filament that can just stop the jet, it would need to be at last twice the diameter, if my slide rule is working correctly. JonRichfield (talk) 07:47, 22 July 2011 (UTC)

Unclear meaning
"Argiope argentata has five different types of silk, each for a different purpose:[2][3]

dragline silk: Used for the web's outer rim and spokes, as well as for the lifeline. As strong as steel, but much tougher. "

What is the difference between strength and toughness? Am I missing a subtle distinction?DBSouthwell 09:44, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

In case anyone is still wondering, strength is a measure of how much stress at failure point, toughness of how much work to get there —Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.215.220.132 (talk) 21:55, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

"Methods have been developed to silk a spider forcibly"
sorry but that sounds like someone from peta wanted to get their 2 cents in.86.42.191.36 (talk) 18:55, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

A new article that may be of some use, if someone would like to include it somewhere.
Saw this on the slashdot firehose, http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/09/spider-silk/ It covers the only large piece of cloth made from spider silk in existence today. Xx3nvyxx (talk) 21:59, 23 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks a lot, I included a mention of it. --Cyclopia (talk) 00:45, 24 September 2009 (UTC)

Peter Parker, the Amazing Bulletproof Man
I recall hearing somewhere there were efforts to use silk for ballistic vests in the '90s. Anybody know who, & when? TREKphiler  any time you're ready, Uhura  01:32, 27 November 2009 (UTC)

Biosynthesis
I found this group of articles which could help expand the biosynthesis process if any arachnid neurobiologists are interested. http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=related:v5wQZioKkXUJ:scholar.google.com/&um=1&ie=UTF-8&ei=dXr5TJH-FZKosAOi6-CfAg&sa=X&oi=science_links&ct=sl-related&resnum=3&ved=0CB4QzwIwAg Aditya.m4 (talk) 23:18, 3 December 2010 (UTC)

Additions for this article
Here are some additions that could be incorporated in to this article. Others are welcome to add this if I don't get back to it. -  Hydroxonium  ( H3O+ ) 14:11, 1 February 2011 (UTC)
 * 1) Bullet-proof vests made with spider silk - Related article: Scientists Weave Spider Silk Into New Bulletproof Vests and a related google search
 * 2) An 11-foot long tapestry made entirely of spider silk - Related article: Gossamer Silk, From Spiders Spun and a related google search

Additions
Hello Wikipedians!

Though in most cases the 'multiple editors & edits to a page' model produces excellent results, it can sometimes result in a patchy article that both includes spurious information while omitting key points of the topic.

I and some other editors have been working on some upgrades to this page which should bring the article into line with properly referenced current research, while also hopefully making it more cohesive, clearer and readable. We'll be uploading over the next few weeks.

We admit to being rather inexperienced in making edits, so constructive criticism is welcomed. Vincentsarego (talk) 12:41, 15 June 2011 (UTC)

File:IMAG0163-1.jpg Nominated for speedy Deletion

 * FWIW, though it is not clear why the source of the picture is unhappy that it should be available to WP & WM, that does not matter; it is his right, after all. I say: "Delete forthwith."

 * The picture, though a nice one, is not essential to the article and I am sure that we can find a replacement suitable in context. I'll keep a lookout for something. JonRichfield (talk) 07:06, 22 July 2011 (UTC)

 * OK, just been out surfing. I found this site:
 * |Images of Golden spider silk
 * It seems to work as a link, and is IMO superior for our purposes. Why not ask AMNH whether they have any objection to our using it as is, or at least, if they do object, then whether we could simply link to the site till further notice?
 * Just asking!
 * JonRichfield (talk) 07:33, 22 July 2011 (UTC)

Beetle flax
Have re-added the beetle flax to the Biosynthesis section. Jon is usually correct in his suspicions, though in this case it was merely being unable to locate the reference at time of writing. For a reference to this unlikely fiber please see paragraph "Composition of a thread" p541 of Vollrath, F. Knight, D.P. (2001). "Liquid crystalline spinning of spider silk". Nature 410 (6828): 541–548. Bibcode 2001Natur.410..541V. doi:10.1038/35069000. . The article is much improved, but is not yet finished. More significant edits will be forthcoming in the coming weeks if all goes to plan. Regards, Vincentsarego (talk) 16:01, 8 August 2011 (UTC)

Inaccurate text
The side chain of glycine is a single hydrogen, and is therefore smaller than the side chain of alanine which is a methyl group. The article claims the opposite. Thus the description of the molecular structure is partially incorrect. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.117.40.12 (talk) 04:03, 23 August 2011 (UTC)

No information on breakdown
What dissolves it? There is no mention of this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.47.132.26 (talk) 17:16, 2 September 2011 (UTC)
 * I don't think anything can "dissolve" it in the way that water dissolves salt, which can later recrystallize as salt after the water begins to evaporate. Since the web material is a protein, probably any class of agents that can disassemble other proteins (some human stomach acid for instance) will probably disassemble spider silk. Also, enzymes that work on proteins may be suitable for spider silk. Judging by the amount of effort that has gone into synthesis, getting silk to break down must not be nearly as difficult as getting its ingredients to assemble into the desired proteins. Spiders can digest their own silk. P0M (talk) 02:09, 16 June 2012 (UTC)

GM Silkworm work has been published
The research on genetically-modified silkworms by the University of Wyoming (Laramie, WY), Zhejiang University (Hangzhou, PRC) and Notre Dame University, has been published. Reference: Florence Teuléa, Yun-Gen Miaob, Bong-Hee Sohnc, Young-Soo Kimc, J. Joe Hulla, Malcolm J. Fraser, Jr., Randolph V. Lewisa and Donald L. Jarvis, "Silkworms transformed with chimeric silkworm/spider silk genes spin composite silk fibers with improved mechanical properties," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., vol. 109, no. 3 (January 17, 2012), pp. 923-928 (http://www.pnas.org/content/109/3/923.abstract). — Preceding unsigned comment added by DMGualtieri (talk • contribs) 11:45, 7 March 2012 (UTC)

 * In effect - silkworms have been successfully genetically modified to produce spider silk. This is desirable as it is far easier to 'farm' the silkworms than spiders. (Genes controlling the formation of the spinneret were transferred to the silkworm.) This really should be mentioned in the article --71.38.170.27 (talk) 05:15, 12 November 2012 (UTC)

manufacturing equivalents
As a compromise, wny not say "attempts at synthesizing..."? "Manufacturing silk" is a little unclear because "manufacturing silk" can be short for "manufacturing silk fabric," which is what I actually thought for the first second or so of clicking on the diff.P0M (talk) 01:33, 16 June 2012 (UTC)
 * My original simplification of the section title included the word synthetic, but then I noticed some of the methods relied on natural processes, which isn't really synthetic. ( Hohum  @ ) 01:47, 16 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Isn't there such a thing as "bio-synthesis"? I think that even if spider silk would squirt out of the teat of a goat it would still be regarded as "synthetic." Don't we say that certain animals are capable of synthesizing certain essential amino acids that humans have to harvest from other animals? To syn-thesize just means joining some parts together to get something more complex, I think.
 * If we could analyze something to get spider silk, that would be like putting crude oil into a cat-cracker, no?
 * "Manufacturing" literally means to make by use of human hands, so anything that happens in a chem lab that is called "manufacturing" is probably using an extended sense of that word. (It's a little like calling a computer a "machine.")
 * If the section's text explains how these spider silks are produced by highjacking the processes goats use to make milk, or whatever, I don't think "synthesizing silk" in the section heading will mislead anybody.P0M (talk) 02:27, 16 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I have a concern that "manufacturing" doesn't address the fact it's a synthetic product (since it might refer to use of natural product), & "synthetic" doesn't deal with manufacturing process.  TREKphiler   any time you're ready, Uhura  20:25, 16 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I took your suggestion and used "producing synthetic" in the section head. One of the original edit comments suggested doing so.P0M (talk) 19:53, 19 June 2012 (UTC)

Cloth
The Madagascar cape is magnificent, but surely not the only piece of spider web cloth around. How about the picture on spider silk in Chester Cathedral? http://www.slowtrav.com/uk/notes/chester_travel_guide.htm (possibly not the best reference, but the thing does exist - I've seen it). This ref refers to the Chester picture being 'one of only two left in the world' - what's the other one? Peridon (talk) 13:49, 14 July 2012 (UTC)

Ballooning vs. Kiting

 * ~Eric F 74.60.29.141 (talk) 17:08, 2 November 2012 (UTC)

Gossamer
Isn't "gossamer" a unique type of silk (lighter weight per length), or is it simply synonymous with "spider silk"? 'Gossamer' is not listed as a 'type' in either table.

Example:

"Many small spiders use gossamer or especially fine silk to lift themselves off a surface or use the silk as an anchor in mid air. The very fine silk used for ballooning has been called “gossamer” since 1325 and was not originally known to be produced by spiders; by extension, the same word is used metaphorically for any exceedingly fine thread or fabric. Biologists also apply the term “balloon silk” to the threads that mechanically lift and drag systems."

See also: How Spiders Create Silk Threads: Lowering pH Regulates Spider’s Silk Production, Researchers Find ~E again 74.60.29.141 (talk) 19:33, 26 October 2012 (UTC)

 * I think there would have to be some feature of spider anatomy that could account for yet another kind of silk before anyone would assume that gossamer is not just an ordinary silk used for another purpose. As far as I know there is no research support for this idea.P0M (talk) 23:29, 12 November 2012 (UTC)

 * I've found a website (http://gizmodo.com/5650464/how-spiders-took-over-the-sky) that gives an excerpt from Spider Silk: Evolution and 400 Million Years of Spinning, Waiting, Snagging, and Mating by Leslie Brunetta and Catherine L. Craig. It says the spiders use "major ampullate silk," i.e., dragline silk, for ballooning.P0M (talk) 02:27, 13 November 2012 (UTC)

Capitalised Spider
At 12:12, 15 March 2013 Kilroy117 turned each mention of the word 'spider' into 'Badger'. Moments later, at 12:27, 15 March 2013 134.126.224.77 turned each 'Badger' into 'Spider'. The capitalization is unnecessary. Please could this be fixed? Thanks Vincentsarego (talk) 12:53, 9 April 2013 (UTC)

This article is more Wikipedia-like than the Silk article!
The Silk article seems almost exclusively dedicated to silkworm silk and making cloth from it. Meanwhile, this article has lots of other information you'd expect to see in an article about silk. The Silk article should be renamed Silkworm_silk, and the 2nd half of this article should be split off to create a new Silk article, for starters. Scott McNay (talk) 03:12, 12 April 2015 (UTC)

Adding graphene to spider silk
Here is a reference. I'm not sure where to put this fact. Please enter info from here if you think there's anything useful. Thanks, -- Bananasoldier  (talk) 23:29, 7 May 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Spider silk. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20130901080657/http://www.nexiabiotech.com:80/en/00_home/index.php to http://www.nexiabiotech.com/en/00_home/index.php

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 02:58, 29 August 2015 (UTC)

Types of silk
The spider's genetical designing allow it to make various types of silks, some of the types are produced only in rare situations ,some rare types of silk are found of exhibiting exclusive features Karthik unk (talk) 12:24, 14 January 2017 (UTC)

 * there's some material already in the article at Spider silk. Are you suggesting there should be more? Peter coxhead (talk) 15:42, 14 January 2017 (UTC)

ENGVAR
Looking back to one of the early big expansions in 2011 here, the ENGVAR was clearly en-UK ("fibre", "optimised", etc.). So I will mark this article accordingly, and standardize the currently variable spellings. Peter coxhead (talk) 21:09, 21 August 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Spider silk. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111126042510/http://www.snerdey.com/sky/index.html to http://www.snerdey.com/sky/index.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:50, 13 January 2018 (UTC)

Spiber Inc
Perhaps Spiber Inc can be mentioned ? I added it in a previous edit but it was refused (due to too few sources); here's the text with more references added:
 * The company Spiber, Inc began producing the Moon Parka in 2015

I mainly added this entry because it seems a big company working on spider silk and it has an innovative way of making it see bloomberg post.

Genetics4good

Twisting
Unlimited twisting: Mention that some kinds of spider silk perhaps have a ball chain molecular structure, allowing swiveling, e.g., of a fallen leaf attached to them, spinning forever in one direction in the wind. See also. Jidanni (talk) 00:31, 29 March 2020 (UTC)

Mechanical Properties
"Extensibility" is an awkward term. Mechanical properties and generally listed as "Ultimate or Tensile Strength" for the maximum stress, "Yield Strength or Point" where permanent deformation or a percent offset is noticed in Stress/Strain curve, and "Elongation %" which is the lengthening of a test specimen under strain until a break or failure occurs. Elongation should be added to the graphs in place of Extensibility/Extension.

Example from Text:

"Extensibility" Silks are also extremely ductile, with some able to stretch up to five times their relaxed length without breaking.

"Elongation" Silks are also extremely ductile, with some able to reach an elongation of 500% of their relaxed length without breaking.

"Ductility is a measure of a material's ability to undergo significant plastic deformation before rupture or breaking, which may be expressed as percent elongation or percent area reduction from a tensile test. According to Shigley's Mechanical Engineering Design (10th Ed.) [1] significant denotes about 5.0 percent elongation (Section 5.3, p. 233). See also Eq. 2–12, p. 50 for definitions of percent elongation and percent area reduction. Ductility is often characterized by a material's ability to be stretched into a wire.

From examination of data in Tables A20, A21, A22, A23, and A24 in Shigley's Mechanical Engineering Design, 10th Edition,[1] for both ductile and brittle materials, it is possible to postulate a broader quantifiable definition of ductility that does not rely on percent elongation alone. In general, a ductile material must have a measurable yield strength, at which unrecoverable plastic deformation begins (see Yield (engineering)), and also must satisfy one of the following conditions: either have an elongation to failure of at least 5%, or area reduction to rupture at least 20%, or true strain to rupture at least 10%."

Msjayhawk (talk) 01:42, 23 April 2020 (UTC)

Why are there 2 seperate tables?
Why are there 2 seperate tables that detail each type of silk and its uses ? (3, if you count the first one that details the specific purposes, but i can see why that one is seperate from the other 2)

I feel like it'd make more sense to combine the 2 into 1. Sometimes the information from 1 table is repeated in the other, just using different words, or maybe along with another tiny fact. I feel like the 2 should be combined. It makes the article way easier to read, imo.

John the man the plan on the train track (talk) 18:41, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Spider silk


text:
Giant order

In classical architecture, a giant order, also known as colossal order, is an order whose columns or pilasters span two (or more) storeys. At the same time, smaller orders may feature in arcades or window and door framings within the storeys that are embraced by the giant order.

The giant order as such was unknown to antiquity, although most ancient buildings using formal orders lacked upper storeys. To an extent buildings with giant orders resemble a Roman temple adapted for post-classical use, as many were (the survivors have now usually been stripped of later filling-in).

In Renaissance and Beaux-Arts architecture
One of the earliest uses of this feature in the Renaissance was at the Basilica of Sant'Andrea, Mantua, designed by Leon Battista Alberti and begun in 1472; this adapted the Roman triumphal arch to a church facade. From designs by Raphael for his own palazzo in Rome on an island block it seems that all facades were to have a giant order of pilasters rising at least two stories to the full height of the piano nobile, "a grandiloquent feature unprecedented in private palace design". He appears to have made these in the two years before his death in 1520, which left the building unstarted. It was further developed by Michelangelo at the Palaces on the Capitoline Hill in Rome (1564–1568), where he combined giant pilasters of Corinthian order with small Ionic columns that framed the windows of the upper story and flanked the loggia openings below.

The giant order became a major feature of later 16th century Mannerist architecture, and Baroque architecture. Its use by Andrea Palladio justified its use in the seventeenth century in the movement known as neo-Palladian architecture.

It continued to be used in Beaux-Arts architecture of 1880–1920 as, for example, in New York City's James A. Farley Building, which claims the largest giant order Corinthian colonnade in the world.

title: Giant order


text:
User talk:Etaoin

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Angela 02:13, 10 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Bombe
Great start at Bombe! Did you know there was a WikiMoney bounty available for writing this article? See WikiMoney New Articles. There's also a photo of a replica Bombe, at Alan Turing, I think. — Matt 09:25, 28 Apr 2004 (UTC)

A PHILOLOGIST ON ESPERANTO
hey! the link is not dead!

see: http://donh.best.vwh.net/Languages/tolkien1.html

Inco
Inco is not a CSD - non-encyclopedic-ness is not a CSD reason - it's VfD. I removed the tag, but you can VfD it if you want. Cheers, Whosyourjudas (talk) 04:36, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Calcutta -> Kolkata name change
Hi there. I noticed you voted in the Naming policy poll to keep the Wikipedia policy of naming an article with the most familiar English name. You may not be aware that another attempt has begun to rename the Calcutta article to Kolkata, which is blatantly not the most common name of the city, whether it's official or not. If you want to vote on the issue you can do so at Talk:Calcutta. Cheers. -- Necrothesp 13:43, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Cross namespace links
Please do not make changes like these again. Those links were deliberately external links because cross-namespace linking from within articles is not allowed. The reason is because this breaks mirror sites, which do keep mirrored copies of articles and templates, but not project namespace stuff. -- Cyde Weys 22:43, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

Proposed Georgia Move
As a past participant in the discussion on how to handle the Georgia pages, I thought you might be interested to know that there's a new attempt to reach consensus on the matter being addressed at Talk:Georgia (country). Please come by and share your thoughts to help form a consensus. --Vengeful Cynic 03:48, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

Nomination of Dial-A-Song for deletion
The article Dial-A-Song is being discussed concerning whether it is suitable for inclusion as an article according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Dial-A-Song until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on good quality evidence, and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article.  elektrik SHOOS  04:29, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Etaoin


text:
Talk:Aphraates

I cannot find the word expositlosis in the Oxford English Dictionary, and it is found on only one page that Google can find. Could it be explained? Thanks. Michael Hardy 02:14, 10 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Expositlosis should be expositions, which might be an error due to scanning or OCR. I've corrected it, see also here. --Mondain 15:11, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Without checking first, I started an article at Aphrahat. However, this article is basically just pulled from the 1911 Britannia. I propose to take anything that is of any use in this article (scholarship regarding Aphrahat has come a long way since) and merge it into the article I'm writing. Once that's done, I'll turn this into a redirect. The name Aphrahat is used in modern scholarship; Aphraates is very old fashioned. --Gareth Hughes 19:18, 9 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aphraates


text:
Talk:Canis Major Overdensity

Comments
Very on the ball! User:Wetman

I got some information for the table at --BrendanRyan 14:41, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

Dwarf galaxy?
The opening mentions that it's a Dwarf galaxy, but that article says a dwarf galaxy consists of around 10 million stars (compared to the Milky Way which has 200-400 million), whereas this article states Canis Major may contain 1 billion (10 million × 100) stars, which is considerably larger than the Milky Way itself, let alone a "dwarf" galaxy. — Vystrix Nexoth 08:13, Nov 22, 2004 (UTC)
 * The problem is that the Dwarf galaxy page needs some serious cleanup and contains factual errors. The Milky Way has 200-400 billion stars, not million, and there are globular clusters that contain more than 10 million stars; I'm not sure, but I imagine a dwarf galaxy could range up to 10 billion stars. Neurophyre 18:19, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Request for Additional Information
Some additional information on this galaxy - especially on the Monoceros Ring, briefly referred to in this article - would be greatly appreciated. Thank you. Brasswatchman July 31, 2005. 11:23 AM EST. Canis Major Dwarf galaxy is a very small galaxy on the verge of becoming part of the milky way itself. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.128.210.33 (talk) 00:58, 5 November 2012 (UTC)

Where's that line?
The table has the line Constellation 	 and I can't see it when editing the article.--BrendanRyan 08:36, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

New Dwarf Galaxy mergeing with Milky Way
Does the January 2006 discovery of the drawrf galaxy merging with ours count as a closer galaxy? See Milky Way article. WilliamKF 20:24, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

 * This refers to the Virgo Stellar Stream

overdensity is a warping of the disc and not a dwarf galaxy?

 * Deriving The Shape Of The Galactic Stellar Disc (SkyNightly) Mar 17, 2006

Images?

 * http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap031117.html
 * http://astro.u-strasbg.fr/images_ri/canm-e.html
 * http://astro.u-strasbg.fr/images_ri/image1sun_big_nocap.jpg

Dubious
A major recent paper on the outer galaxy and especially on the Canis Major region rejects the idea that there is a dwarf galaxy in this direction. Instead the "overdensity" of stars in this region is caused by the extension of the Orion Spur in this direction. See:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApJ...672..930V

I suggest that this article be deleted.

Kevin Jardine

Galaxy Map

http://galaxymap.org

80.61.70.22 (talk) 16:41, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Specific rejection of there being a dwarf galaxy, is not given in the text of the abstract linked to... so will need someone else who has access to the full article to comment further (but generally notable secondary sources trump single primary sources - wikipedia being about knowledge, which may be flawed, rather than scientific truth - ie not WP:SPOV). Are there any other refs for this view being more widely accepted ? David Ruben Talk 17:33, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

Quite frankly a great deal is claimed of the CMa Dwarf in this article, with no citations given, including supposed associated Galactic Globular Clusters. Just about the only place a citation is stated as being needed is when someone points out there have been several papers saying it is an overdensity of stars, and even if not such, that the papers saying it is a dwarf galaxy do not sufficiently show it to be so.

That's a bit rife in wikipedia for astronomy though, it occurs in the exoplanet sections too. Any "gee-whizz" claim gets plenty of airing, any nay sayers get deleted or requested for hard citations, and then like here, the conjectural positive stuff is apologised for and the evidence of negative stuff pedantically dismissed with nitpicking.

Science is about testing. The onus is upon the claims to be substantiated, reasonable doubt is still reasonable doubt, but in the earlier comments here it seems there are different rules for the nay saying evidence compared to the yay saying evidence.

Here's a citation, btw. http://arxiv.org/abs/0803.1509 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.166.130.187 (talk) 16:46, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

Still dubious
A quick search of the recent scientific literature on the Canis Major "overdensity" shows at least 8 scientific papers concluding that this phenomenon is not a dwarf galaxy or at least is more consistent with other explanations. I'm sure that a more thorough search would find more. I suggest that this article should either be deleted or at very least needs to be thoroughly rewritten to explain that a dwarf galaxy is simply one of several possible explanations for the overdensity.

See:

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AJ....137.4412M

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MNRAS.390L..54P

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ASPC..393..251L

http://arxiv.org/abs/0801.2084

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007A%26A...472L..47L

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MNRAS.368L..77M

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006A%26A...451..515M

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApJ...672..930V

Kevin Jardine

Galaxy Map

http://galaxymap.org

86.93.21.227 (talk) 14:24, 23 February 2010 (UTC)

Not a galaxy
I think at this point there is enough volume of scientific studies questioning the galaxy status of Canis Major to at least warrant its own section. Maybe: Galaxy status or Galaxy vs overdensity debate or something along that line. Thoughts? Gaba p (talk) 22:46, 15 April 2012 (UTC)
 * If nobody opposes this, I'll add said section in a couple of days. Gaba p (talk) 13:04, 18 April 2012 (UTC)

Hypothetical?
The lead says that it is a hypothetical galaxy and yet it has also been discovered. Last I checked you can't be a theory and a fact at the same time. If the galaxy exists shouldn't "hypothetical" be removed? Or is it only a hypothetical dwarf galaxy, meaning it's status is unknown? If so would it not read better as "is a dense region of stars, potentially a dwarf galaxy..." or something like that? Coinmanj (talk) 04:49, 5 October 2012 (UTC)

 * I re-wrote the Discovery section a bit. Is it clearer now? Gaba p (talk) 10:46, 5 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Much, thanks. Coinmanj (talk) 22:38, 5 October 2012 (UTC)

 * You're welcome. Gaba p (talk) 00:14, 6 October 2012 (UTC)

Yes you can be a theory and a fact at the same time. Theory describes facts. It does not serve as a placeholder until fact is established. Unnilnonium (talk) 14:30, 7 February 2020 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved. Although the category name was not directly included in this RM, I will change it also as bold editorial choice. If there is further disagreement over that choice, a new RM is welcome. Xoloz (talk) 17:26, 16 March 2014 (UTC)

Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy → Canis Major Overdensity – Whatever this is it is definitely an overdensity and this is the name it is discussed under in many sources. It is also called the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy by those who contend it is a galaxy. I suggest it is safer to frame the article as about the overdensity and then discuss the arguments which support and oppose its status as a possible galaxy, as I think the name currently is misleading Cas Liber (talk · contribs) 21:11, 21 February 2014 (UTC)

 * this paper gives a good sumary of the investigations supporting or not supporting the nature of the galaxy. Also see this, though am not sure of the consensus. Anyway, I am not strongly in favour either way but thought the move probably a good thing. Cas Liber (talk · contribs) 21:16, 21 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Support GScholar yields 139 hits for "CANIS MAJOR dwarf galaxy" and 121 hits for "CANIS MAJOR overdensity"; neither seems dominant. A move to the more conservative overdensity seems reasonable, but a redirect from Canis Major dwarf galaxy seems warranted, too, as a plausible search term. --Mark viking (talk) 21:28, 21 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Agree absolutely with a redirect and meant to note that above. It is clearly popular and folks wish that it were proven (which it doesn't appear to be and may never be). Cas Liber (talk · contribs) 08:02, 22 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Comment a rename would not work with some of the sub articles, considering Monoceros Ring, etc that presume this is a galaxy. It'd have to be some sort of significant organization to create a stellar stream, such as a globular if it's not a galaxy... The categorization would be ponderous as well, as things not in the Overdensity would not be categorized under it, while things stripped from the Dwarf Galaxy can be categorized under it. If it isn't a Dwarf, then these things supposedly stripped from it cannot be categorized under Overdensity, as a globular wouldn't have had a globlular or open cluster stripped from it. Clearly if the article is renamed, the category cannot be renamed, the organization of the category, excepting the stellar stream, requires this thing to be a galaxy. -- 70.50.151.11 (talk) 09:18, 23 February 2014 (UTC)
 * To have to fiddle around and adjust a set of connected articles and categories is not uncommon in situations like these - not simple but not hugely onerous either. Cas Liber (talk · contribs) 18:27, 23 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Would we leave Category:Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy as the name of the category? I don't think it'd work as Category:Canis Major Overdensity -- 70.50.151.11 (talk) 04:25, 24 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Support. Although theorized to be dwarf galaxy, this is not certain yet, and we should remain conservative on the issue, to avoid misinforming readers. StringTheory11 (t • c) 18:16, 23 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Support. Agree that titles should be conservative, avoid possibly misleading readers.  --SmokeyJoe (talk) 23:23, 12 March 2014 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

PGC 5065047
I can't find "PGC 5065047" listed in any astronomical catalogs, including PGC/LEDA. What is the citation for this PGC number? Nicole Sharp (talk) 06:06, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Canis Major Overdensity


text:
Tongs

Tongs are a type of tool used to grip and lift objects instead of holding them directly with hands. There are many forms of tongs adapted to their specific use. Design variations include resting points so that the working end of the tongs does not come into contact with a bench surface.

History
The first pair of tongs belongs to the Egyptians. Tongs likely started as basic wooden tongs and then over time progressed to bronze bars as early as 3000BCE. Over time they progressed to what are now known as modern-day tongs.

An Egyptian wall painting from 1450 BCE shows a crucible supported between two metal bars. The same painting shows someone holding a small object over a fire with a tong-like instrument. Bronze loops capable of handling heavy crucibles also happened to appear at this time.
 * 1) Tongs that have long arms terminating in small flat circular ends of tongs and are pivoted at a joint close to the handle used to handle delicate objects. Common fire-tongs, used for picking up pieces of coal and placing them on a fire without burning fingers or getting them dirty are of this type. Tongs for grilling, and tongs for serving salad or spaghetti are kitchen utensils of the same type. They provide a way to move, rotate and turn the food with delicate precision, or fetch a full serving in one grab.
 * 2) Tongs consist a single band of bent metal, as in sugar tongs, most asparagus tongs (which are no longer common) and the like. Sugar tongs are usually silver, with claw-shaped or spoon-shaped ends for serving lump sugar. Asparagus tongs are usually similar but larger, with a band near the head that limits how far the tongs can expand. Asparagus tongs for serving were introduced in 18th-century England, with smaller versions for eating asparagus appearing in the 19th century.
 * 3) Tongs in which the pivot or joint is placed close to the gripping ends are used to handle hard and heavy objects. Driller's round tongs, blacksmith's tongs or crucible tongs are of this type.

A myth contained in the classical Jewish text Pirkei Avot states that the first pair of tongs was created by God right before God rested on the Seventh Day. The reasoning is that a blacksmith must use a pair of tongs in order to fashion a new pair of tongs. Accordingly, God must have provided humankind with the first pair of tongs.

title: Tongs


text:
Alpha Kappa Psi

Alpha Kappa Psi (ΑΚΨ, often stylized as AKPsi) is the oldest and largest business fraternity to current date. Also known as "AKPsi", the fraternity was founded on October 5, 1904, at New York University and was incorporated on May 20, 1905. It is currently headquartered in Noblesville, Indiana.

History
During the winter months of the 1903–1904 academic year at New York University, the idea of starting a business fraternity was first brought up. One of the founding members later suggested that it was Frederic R. Leach who first developed the idea for formation of a fraternity. Leach and Jefferson, along with Nathan Lane Jr. and George L. Bergen, came to be known as the "Brooklyn Four". These men grew to be close friends while attending night classes, and they walked home together each night over the Brooklyn Bridge, hence their nickname. As the spirit of brotherhood grew stronger in the hearts and in the minds of the men from Brooklyn, they decided to suggest to the other members of their class that something be done to perpetuate it. They received hearty support from the men approached regarding their idea, and by the end of April 1904, things were beginning to take definite shape. Before the academic term came to a close, a date was set for a meeting to take place at the Hotel Saint Denis in which a plan for the organization would be outlined.

On June 9, 1904, The Brooklyn Four were joined at the Hotel St. Denis by Robert S. Douglas, Irving L. Camp, Daniel V. Duff, Morris S. Rachmil and Herbert M. Wright. William O. Tremaine was to be invited, but he was not in attendance at the meeting, as he later said that the invitation had never reached him. The nine men in attendance were all strongly in favor of forming a fraternity, and many points worthy of being incorporated into a constitution were suggested. The Brooklyn Four were appointed to draft a constitution and present it the next time all of the men met. On July 16, 1904, a group of them traveled by steamer to Sea Cliff, Long Island and, at this meeting, the draft of the constitution was presented. The social aspect of the fraternity was emphasized early on, as Jefferson later recounted, "The greater part of the day, however, was spent in having summer fun, and although the party did no real work on the constitution, yet the friendships were strengthened."

After university resumed in the fall, a meeting was held on October 5, 1904, in the assembly room at 32 Waverly Place. All ten men, including Tremaine, were present at the October 5 meeting, and the decision was made to officially organize the fraternity along the lines of the constitution that had been presented by the Brooklyn Four. On written ballots, Robert Douglas was elected president, Howard Jefferson was elected secretary and Nathan Lane Jr. was elected treasurer.

In spring 1905, a formal application was made to the State of New York for a charter of incorporation for Alpha Kappa Psi. The application was approved and the charter of incorporation of the Alpha chapter was officially issued in the name of Alpha Kappa Psi on May 20, 1905.

International expansion into Canada
Alpha Kappa Psi became an international fraternity on Saturday, April 18, 1931, when the Beta Kappa chapter was installed at the University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario. The ceremony was held at the Hotel London, and it was conducted by Grand President O. Arthur Kirkman, Grand Secretary-Treasurer J.D. Sparks, District Councilor J.R. Gabell and members of Phi chapter of the University of Michigan, Beta Theta chapter of Detroit College, and Beta Iota chapter of Buffalo.

Restrictive membership clause
Membership in Alpha Kappa Psi was originally restricted to men who were "of the Christian faith and Caucasian race". By 1950, the restrictive clause in the fraternity's constitution was beginning to stir controversy on some college campuses. At the 1950 Alpha Kappa Psi Convention in Minnesota, delegates voted 66–44 in favor of dropping the restrictive membership clause from the national constitution.

Women in ΑΚΨ
In June 1972, Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 was passed and it brought the beginning of the most significant change in the history of Alpha Kappa Psi. Title IX prohibited sex discrimination in federally assisted educational programs and amended parts of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. While social fraternities and sororities were exempt from the provisions of Title IX, professional fraternities were included. Around this time, the brothers of the Delta Chi chapter at Clarkson University introduced legislation to amend Alpha Kappa Psi's Constitution to include women as brothers. While this move did gain the support of a few other chapters, the proposed amendments were easily defeated. In fall 1973, the Delta Chi chapter admitted four women into their chapter and soon granted females full rights and privileges, including participation in ritual. Delta Chi went on to elect a female president and attempted to send her to the 1974 national convention as their voting delegate. As a result, Alpha Kappa Psi revoked the charter of the Delta Chi chapter. The chapter proceeded by changing its name to Delta Chi Delta aiming to be completely independent from its former counterpart. During the same year, the Alpha Kappa chapter at the University of Idaho also admitted women to membership. As a result, Alpha Kappa Psi also moved forward with disciplinary action against the Alpha Kappa chapter. Upon having their charter revoked, the former Alpha Kappa chapter continued as an independent organization known as Pi Beta Sigma, and the organization's advisor remarked, "My sentiments are that if we are being excommunicated from the national because we failed to discriminate against women, then it's a pleasure to get kicked out of that organization."

In December 1973, a complaint was filed with the Office of Civil Rights of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare against thirteen colleges and universities which recognized professional business fraternity chapters. In March 1973, representatives of several organizations formed to push for legislation that would exempt the groups from Title IX as it applied to professional fraternities. Out of these meetings, the Fraternal Alliance for Inalienable Rights (FAIR) was formed, which included Alpha Kappa Psi. FAIR was an inter-fraternity organization designed to seek legislative relief from Title IX. In October 1975, Alpha Kappa Psi initiated a fund drive to combat Title IX. A write-in campaign was also started as an attempt to sway legislators. At the national convention, the Committee on Female Membership moved that the fraternity should bar women, advocating a continuance of the struggle to secure legislation. Such legislation was eventually introduced in 1976, when Senator James McClure sponsored an amendment to S. 2657 of the Education Amendments of 1976 that would have limited the meaning of "education program or activity" to "the curriculum or graduation requirements of the institutions". Senator Birch Bayh led an opposition that defeated the amendment. The 1975 convention voted the board of directors the authority to change Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution by deletion of the words "must be men and", if no legislative recourse could be achieved. When it became apparent that legislation would not be approved, the board of directors voted, on August 7, 1976, to admit women into the fraternity.

International expansion into the United Kingdom and Hong Kong
In March 2000, the board of directors of AKPsi approved expansion of the fraternity into the United Kingdom. As a result, in 2001, new chapters were installed at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), University of Manchester and Manchester Metropolitan University. The installations were led by national president M.C. Moore, chairman of the board David P. Wendroff, foundation vice president R.K. Lee, CEO Gary L. Epperson and five other brothers. This expansion prompted the creation of the 14th region of the fraternity. In 2004, UMIST merged with University of Manchester and, at around the same time, the chapter at Manchester Metropolitan closed, leaving only one university chapter remaining in the UK. As a result, the United Kingdom Region was dissolved and the remaining chapter was moved under the authority of the Mideast Region.

Even though an expansion to London seemed like just a matter of time, as it is the business capital of the world, it finally happened after 16 years from the date of approval of the Manchester chapter. Thus, on 25 November 2016, the Queen Mary Colony was established at Queen Mary University of London. In March 2017, the board of directors approved a new chapter installation, and on March 25, 2017, Queen Mary Colony became Chi Eta (XH) chapter, creating, therefore, the first chapter in London, while being the second in the United Kingdom. The installations were led by president Alexander Sultan, executive VP Mike Dickerson, chief operating officer Brian Parker, regional director Jason Weinstein and many volunteers and alumni brothers. 36 founding colonists became brothers, starting a new AKPsi chapter, namely XH.

In March 2013, a colony of Alpha Kappa Psi was established at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. On May 18, 2013, it was chartered as the Chi Phi chapter of Alpha Kappa Psi. The then-foundation chairman David Wendroff was chief installing officer, assisted by convention chair Wendy Wendroff and local AKPsi alumni.

Volunteer structure
Alpha Kappa Psi is managed by a cadre of fraternity volunteers, all of whom are unpaid and provide their time, talent and treasure for the fraternity.

Board of directors
The board of directors is the supreme legislative, judicial and oversight body of the fraternity outside of meetings of the chapter congress (held every two years at the convention). The board was originally known as the grand council, and it was made up of the president, vice presidents and regional directors. In 1959, the term "board of directors" replaced "grand council." In 1995, the present-day structure of the board was formed and the president, vice presidents, and regional director positions were moved out of the board and over to the national management team. The board of directors is now made up of nine alumni, elected for three-year terms, staggering three elected each year. BOD officers are the board chair, vice chair, the secretary, and the treasurer. The chair of the board position is now the highest-ranking officer position of Alpha Kappa Psi, equivalent to the former national president position prior to 1995 and grand president position prior to 1959. As of August 2023, the chair of the board is Michael G. Dickerson.

Management Team
The Management Team is made up of the elected and appointed executive-level operational leadership of the fraternity. This body was known as the grand council until 1959, when it became known as the board of directors. In 1995, a separate board of directors was formed, so the president, vice presidents and regional directors then became known as the national management team. In 2005 "National" was dropped from the title to reflect the fraternity's international scope, even though the fraternity has actually been international since 1931. Members of the Management Team as of April 1, 2024 include the fraternity president, executive vice president, and four regional directors of volunteer development. The head of the management team is the fraternity president.

 * Fraternity President. A fraternity officer, the president is the presiding officer at all meetings of the chapter congress and the management team and has general supervision, direction and control of the business and affairs of the fraternity subject to the direction of the board of directors. The current fraternity president is Corey Reddy.
 * Fraternity Executive Vice President. A fraternity officer, the executive vice president (EVP) assists the president and has such other duties as the president may direct. In the absence of the president, the EVP shall serve as president of the fraternity until such time the president can resume his or her duties or until the term of the president's office has expired if the president is permanently unable to resume his or her duties. The EVP constitutionally serves as the director of the alumni chapter region of Alpha Kappa Psi. The current fraternity EVP is De'Sean Keys.
 * Regional Director of Volunteer Development (4). Appointed jointly by the fraternity president and the CEO, with approval by the board of directors. Regional Directors of Volunteer Development focus on the Volunteer Development Process in recruiting, onboarding, and delivering training materials to chapter advisors.

Other volunteer roles

 * Program Manager of Chapter Achievement (12). The PM-CAs focus on coaching and mentoring chapter advisors who work with student officers utilizing the Chapter Achievement Pathway process and chapter operations resources. Chapters are organized into twelve districts, with an approximately equal number of chapters working with one of the PM-CAs.
 * Chapter Advisor. Responsible for the proper conduct of the college chapter in all local, regional and fraternity matters, and is accountable to the regional director. In that advisory and representative capacity, it is the chapter advisor's duty to report to the regional director any violations of the laws or policies of the fraternity within the college chapter. The chapter advisor is the front-line and most important position in AKPsi, as it has been proved that chapters with a long-term and involved advisor succeed more.

Foundation Board of Trustees Executive Committee
The foundation board of trustees executive committee (FBOTEC) manages the Alpha Kappa Psi Foundation. The Alpha Kappa Psi Foundation was established in 1951 as a public, charitable and educational foundation. Its mission is "Providing resources for enhancing the educational experience of future business leaders". Currently, the foundation distributes more than 30 grants and scholarships to undergraduate and graduate students. It also supports educational programs that develop leadership and professional development skills. The foundation also publishes The Diary of Alpha Kappa Psi. The current chair of the foundation board is Tim Daniels.

Professional staff
In 1923, Alpha Kappa Psi became the first professional fraternity to have a headquarters facility and, since then, has moved from location to location as the fraternity grew. Today, AKPsi occupies a building near Indianapolis that is the headquarters for both the Alpha Kappa Psi Fraternity and Alpha Kappa Psi Foundation. The two corporations were operating from the Heritage Center from April 2005 until 2021, when they moved to the new Howell + Wendroff Professional Center, which was dedicated in March 2022. The members of the professional staff of Alpha Kappa Psi are the fraternity's only full-time paid employees. Working collaboratively with the members of the fraternity management team, the fraternity office staff are a source of input, advice and feedback to the board of directors, and implements programs in the areas of education, marketing, membership growth and general fraternal development for students, alumni and volunteers. C. Steven Hartman was appointed Chief Executive Officer in 2013.

Principled Business Leadership Institute
The Principled Business Leadership Institute (PBLI) is an annual weekend program held each February in five cities across the United States. PBLI offers several curriculum tracks, facilitated by a mix of Alpha Kappa Psi alumni and successful business leaders, focusing on the values of principles business leadership. In addition to the educational leadership development tracks, the fraternity's Case Competition also takes place during PBLI. PBLI began in 2009 as a retooled and updated version of the fraternity's similar Success Institute, which was originally introduced in 1996.

Case Competition
Alpha Kappa Psi began holding the annual Case Competition at the 2008 Success Institutes. Case Competition is sponsored by the Alpha Kappa Psi Foundation and it awards $1,500, $750 and $500 scholarships to the top three teams in each of the five cities where the annual competition takes place. Case Competition is designed to introduce students to the realities of decision making and give them first-hand experience in analyzing business situations to prepare them for future managerial decision making.

College of Leadership
The College of Leadership is held every two years in conjunction with the fraternity's convention. The College of Leadership is a two-day series of sessions focusing on personal development, professional development and chapter leadership. Facilitators include fraternity staff and volunteer leaders, successful alumni members and special guests from the business community.

The Academy
The Academy is an all-expense-paid leadership conference sponsored by the Alpha Kappa Psi Foundation. The Academy is held each summer at the Waycross Conference and Retreat Center in Morgantown, Indiana, and attendance is limited to 20 exceptional student leaders who demonstrate qualities of future business leaders. The Academy was first held in 2001.

Statistics
The following numbers include all collegiate initiates, new expansion initiates as well as all faculty and honorary initiates:
 * Initiates in 2005-06: 5,697
 * Initiates in 2006-07: 6,001
 * Initiates in 2007-08: 5,988
 * Initiates in 2008-09: 5,863
 * Initiates in 2009-10: 6,365
 * Initiates in 2010-11: 6,552
 * Initiates in 2011-12: 6,905
 * Initiates in 2012-13: 6,482
 * Initiates since 1904: more than 252,853
 * Number of current student members: 12,948
 * 2005 Convention attendance (Las Vegas): 805
 * 2007 Success Institute attendance: 2,351
 * 2007 Convention registrations (Washington, D.C.): 825
 * 2008 Success Institute attendance: 3,077

Objects

 * 1) To further the individual welfare of its members;
 * 2) To foster scientific research in the fields of commerce, accounts and finance;
 * 3) To educate the public to appreciate and demand higher ideals therein; and
 * 4) To promote and advance in institutions of college rank courses leading to degrees in business administration.

The Diary of Alpha Kappa Psi
The official magazine of the fraternity first appeared on January 1, 1908, as The Alpha Diary. Howard M. Jefferson chaired the editorial committee that published the original four page monthly pamphlet of the Alpha chapter. The name was changed in 1913 to The Diary of Alpha Kappa Psi Fraternity to reflect its new fraternity-wide scope. The format remained the same, although increasing in number of pages, until it became a full-fledged magazine, 6 x 9 in in size, in 1917. The title was also changed that year to The Alpha Kappa Psi Diary. John D. Sparks was appointed editor in 1928 and the page size of The Diary was increased to 8½ x 11 in with two and three column pages and a different two-color cover for each issue. In 1929, under Sparks, the magazine also adopted its current name, The Diary of Alpha Kappa Psi.

The Diary is currently published three times a year in October, February and June, by the Alpha Kappa Psi Foundation. It has information on fraternity and foundation news, as well as educational articles focusing on professional development. In recent years, the magazine has earned several College Fraternity Editors Association (CFEA) awards.
 * 3rd place Web Site (2008)
 * 2nd place Logo Design (2008)
 * 3rd place Total Communications (2008)
 * 3rd place Fred F. Yoder Award for Overall Excellence (2008)
 * 2nd place Content and Design award for Annual Report (2006)
 * 3rd place Design Award for Two-Page or Less Layout (2006)
 * 1st place Design Award for Two-Page or Less Layout (2005)
 * 3rd place Design Award for Cover Design (2005)
 * 3rd place Fred F. Yoder Award for Overall Excellence (2005)
 * 2nd place Fred F. Yoder Award for Overall Excellence (2004)
 * 2nd place Banta Total Communications Award (2004)
 * 2nd place Design Award for Critic's Choice Cover (2004)
 * 2nd place Design Award for Logo Design (2004)
 * 3rd place Design Award for Two-Page or Less Layout (2004)

The Handbook of Alpha Kappa Psi
The Handbook of Alpha Kappa Psi is a comprehensive information source and guide for members and officers of the fraternity. The publication includes topics such as a detailed history of AKPsi, a directory of notable alumni, organizational structure, awards, emblems, alumni information, chapter administration, finances, public relations, ritual and a great deal of other useful information. The origin of the handbook is traced to 1926 when Ralph L. Power of Nu chapter, issued a publication titled Handbook of Alpha Kappa Psi, a Manual for Nu Chapter. The handbook was first published fraternity-wide in 1934, and it has been followed by several more comprehensive and revised editions. The seventh edition was published in 1997, edited by Theodore G. Ehrsam. Ehrsam was working on the eighth edition before he died in July 2004. The eighth edition was to be published in fall 2004 as part of the fraternity's centennial celebration.

Anthem
Tune: Auld Lang Syne

"Should old acquaintance be forgot, And Alpha Kappa Psi? Shall we pass slowly out of view Without regret or sigh?

For Alpha Kappa Psi, my friend, For Alpha Kappa Psi, We'll bless the days that we have spent in Alpha Kappa Psi.

We'll work with might and main to win Our meed of daily praise, But ne'er shall we in after years Forget fraternal days.

For Alpha Kappa Psi, my friend, For Alpha Kappa Psi, We'll bless the days that we have spent in Alpha Kappa Psi."

Chapters
Alpha Kappa Psi has charated 354 chapters since its founding. It has 229 active chapters and five colonies.

Notable members
Members of Alpha Kappa Psi have held almost every major political position in the United States, including the presidency and vice-presidency. Many members have gained notable positions on boards of directors and executive management teams of some of the world's most well known companies. Notable alumni include Ronald Reagan (former U.S. President), Richard Nixon (former U.S. President), Joyce C. Hall (founder, Hallmark Cards), Samuel F. Hinkle, president (The Hershey Company), Harrison Jones (chairman, The Coca-Cola Company).

title: Alpha Kappa Psi


text:
Pivot

Pivot may refer to:
 * Pivot, the point of rotation in a lever system
 * More generally, the center point of any rotational system
 * Pivot joint, a kind of joint between bones in the body
 * Pivot turn, a dance move

Companies

 * Incitec Pivot, an Australian chemicals and explosives manufacturer
 * Pivot Legal Society, a legal advocacy organization based in Vancouver, British Columbia
 * Pivot Wireless, a cell phone service, created by a joint venture between Sprint and multiple cable companies

Computing

 * Apache Pivot, an open-source platform for building applications in Java
 * Microsoft Live Labs Pivot, a data search application
 * Morrow Pivot and Morrow Pivot II, early laptop computers
 * Pivot, an element of the quicksort algorithm
 * Pivot display, a display which can change orientation
 * Pivot Stickfigure Animator, stick-figure animation software
 * Pivot table, a data summarization tool in spreadsheets
 * Pivotal Games, a former UK video game developer
 * Pivoting, a computer security exploit used by hackers to use a compromised computer for attacks

Linguistics

 * Syntactic pivot, the argument of the verb around which the sentence revolves
 * Pivot language, an artificial or natural language used as an intermediary language for translation

Mathematics

 * Pivot element, a non-zero element of a matrix selected by an algorithm
 * Pivotal quantity, in statistics

Music

 * Pivot (U.S. band), an American rock band
 * Pivot, the former name of the experimental rock band PVT
 * Pivot (album), by Amoeba
 * Pivot chord, a chord that is diatonic to more than one key or, in other words, is common to two keys

Places

 * Mount Pivot, a mountain in the western part of the Shackleton Range
 * Pivot Area or Heartland, the theme of The Geographical Pivot of History
 * Pivot Peak, the highest point in Wilkniss Mountains, Victoria Land

Sports

 * Pivot, a player position in futsal
 * Pivot, a player position in roller derby
 * Pivot, a player position in team handball
 * Pivot, another term for five-eighth, one of the rugby league positions
 * Pivot, another term for fly-half, one of the rugby union positions
 * Pivot or center (basketball), a player position in basketball
 * Pivot turn (skiing), a technique of turning in place in skiing
 * In baseball, the action of a second baseman on an infield double play in making the turn from catching to throwing

Other uses

 * Pivot, a lean startup method for developing businesses and products by changing direction
 * Pivot point (stock market), a price point in the financial, commodity, and securities markets
 * Pivot (card game), a casual card game released by Wizards of the Coast in 1998
 * Kakekotoba, or pivot word, a technique in Japanese poetry
 * Bernard Pivot (1935–2024), French journalist
 * "The Geographical Pivot of History" by H.J. Mackinder
 * Pivot (TV network), a defunct American digital cable and satellite television network
 * USS Pivot

title: Pivot


text:
Citizen X

Citizen X is a 1995 American television film which covers the efforts of detectives in the Soviet Union to capture an unknown serial killer of women and children in the 1980s, and the bureaucratic obstacles they encounter. The film is based upon the true story of Soviet serial killer Andrei Chikatilo, who was convicted in 1992 of the murder of 52 women and children committed between 1978 and 1990. It stars Stephen Rea, Donald Sutherland, and Max Von Sydow. The film is based on Robert Cullen's non-fiction book The Killer Department, published in 1993.

Plot
A body is discovered on a collective farm during harvesting in 1982. A subsequent search of adjacent woods, authorized by the new forensic specialist, Viktor Burakov, turns up seven more bodies in varying stages of decomposition. The film tells the story of the subsequent eight-year hunt by Burakov for the serial killer responsible for the mutilation and murder of 53 people, 52 of them below the age of 35. Burakov is promoted to detective and eventually aided, covertly at first, by Col. Mikhail Fetisov, his commanding officer and the shrewd head of the provincial committee for crime and much later, by Alexandr Bukhanovsky, a psychiatrist with a particular interest in what he calls "abnormal psychology".

As well as taking on the form of a crime thriller, the movie depicts Soviet propaganda and bureaucracy that contributed to the failure of law enforcement agencies to capture the killer, Andrei Chikatilo, for almost a decade. Chikatilo's crimes were not reported publicly for years. Local politicians were fearful such revelations would have a negative impact on the USSR's image, since serial killers were associated with "decadent, Western" moral corruption.

Chikatilo first came under scrutiny early in the search when he was spotted at a station and found holding a satchel bag containing a knife. He was promptly arrested. Unfortunately, he was shielded from investigation and released due to his membership in the Communist Party. Soviet crime labs erroneously reported that his blood type did not match that found at the murders. All this changed under the political reforms of glasnost and Perestroika and the search for the killer began to make progress.

With the passage of time and easing of political restrictions, Burakov devises a plan to blanket almost all the railroad stations, where the serial killer preys upon the young and unsuspecting, with conspicuous uniformed men to discourage the killer. Three small stations are left unattended, except for undercover agents. Chikatilo is eventually discovered and identified through the diligence of a local, plain-clothes soldier.

Arrested, Andrei Chikatilo is interrogated for seven consecutive days by Gorbunov, a Soviet hardliner who insists that he be the one to extract a confession. Chikatilo will not yield and under pressure from Fetisov and Burakov, Gorbunov agrees to another approach. Psychiatrist Bukhanovsky is introduced into the interview room. He recites from his lengthy analysis and speculation, made three years earlier, of the personality and tendencies of this sexually frustrated killer, whom he had entitled "Citizen X". Bukhanovsky eventually strikes a nerve and a weeping Chikatilo finally admits his guilt and answers specific questions about the details of some murders. Afterwards, Chikatilo leads law enforcement officials to the crime scenes and three undetected graves.

Held in a metal cage during his trial, a wild-eyed Chikatilo is convicted and sentenced to death. The film concludes with Chikatilo being led to a nameless prison chamber and shows him staring in shock at a central drain in the room's floor as a uniformed soldier delivers a pistol shot to the back of the killer's head.

Cast

 * Stephen Rea as Lieutenant (later Colonel) Viktor Burakov
 * Donald Sutherland as Colonel (later General) Mikhail Fetisov
 * Jeffrey DeMunn as Andrei Chikatilo
 * Max von Sydow as Dr. Alexandr Bukhanovsky
 * Joss Ackland as Bondarchuk
 * John Wood as Gorbunov
 * Ion Caramitru as Tatevsky
 * Imelda Staunton as Ms. Burakova

Locations
The film was shot in Hungary. The station where Chikatilo picks his victims is the Hatvan railway station, northeast of Budapest. The smaller, arched train shelter scene was shot in Nagymaros, Gödöllő, and Szokolya. Several other scenes were shot in the Gödöllő Railway Station.

Director
The film was directed by Chris Gerolmo, who wrote the screenplay (adapted from Robert Cullen's 1993 non-fiction book The Killer Department) in addition to playing a minor role in the film as a militiaman.

Soundtrack
The score for Citizen X was composed and conducted by Randy Edelman. It has been released on CD in the US by Varèse Sarabande.

Critical reception
Citizen X was met with positive reviews from critics and audiences. It earned an 86% score on the movie review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes. Scott Weinberg of eFilmCritic.com described it as "Fascinating and absorbing. One of HBO's finest made-for-cable flicks."

Home media
Citizen X has been released on DVD in the US (HBO, region 1 NTSC), Germany (Cargo Records, region 2 PAL), Denmark (Scanbox, region 2 PAL) and the Netherlands (Paradiso Home Entertainment, region 2 PAL). The film received theatrical release in some territories and was exhibited in the widescreen 1.85:1 aspect ratio. Only the German DVD has a widescreen transfer; all others reflect the 1990s 1.33:1 TV aspect ratio, as originally broadcast.

title: Citizen X


text:
Talk:Rome-Berlin-Tokyo axis

I moved the "axis" powers article here, because this is the full name of the axis. Also, I took information from the existing European Theatre of World War II article to alleviate it. WhisperToMe 02:43, 10 Nov 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rome-Berlin-Tokyo axis