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Openbox

Openbox is a free, stacking window manager for the X Window System, licensed under the GNU General Public License. Originally derived from Blackbox 0.65.0 (a C++ project), Openbox has been completely re-written in the C programming language and since version 3.0 is no longer based upon any code from Blackbox. Since at least 2010, it has been considered feature complete, bug free and a completed project. Occasional maintenance is done to keep it working, but only if needed.

Openbox is designed to be small, fast, and fully compliant with the Inter-Client Communication Conventions Manual (ICCCM) and Extended Window Manager Hints (EWMH). It supports many features such as menus by which the user can control applications or which display various dynamic information.

Openbox is the standard window manager in LXDE, and often set as the default for LXQt. It is used in Linux distributions such as BunsenLabs, ArchBang, Lubuntu, Trisquel and Manjaro.

The creator and primary author of Openbox is Dana Jansens of Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Using Openbox
Openbox provides a right-click (or any other key-binding) "root menu" on the desktop, and allows users to configure the way windows are managed. When a window is minimized, it becomes invisible. To bring windows up again, most use Alt or the Desktop menu, accessible by right-clicking. Or, sometimes, by middle-button-clicking. Extending Openbox with other small programs that add icons, taskbars, launchers, eyecandy and others is common.

Configuration
There are only two configuration files, both located in ~/.config/openbox. They are named menu.xml and rc.xml. These can either be edited manually or with the graphical configuration tools ObConf and obmenu.

All mouse and key-bindings can be configured. For example, a user can set:
 * a window to go to desktop 3 when the close button is clicked with the middle mouse button
 * when scrolling on an icon to move to the next/previous desktop
 * raise or not raise when clicking/moving a window

Pipe menus
Openbox has a dynamic menu system that uses "pipe menus". A menu item in a piped menu system can accept the standard output of a shell script (or other executable) in order to generate a sub-menu. Because the script runs every time the pointer activates it, and because the script can assess environmental conditions, piped menus enable conditional branching to be built into the menu system. A static menu system as used on most window managers gets its layout once, when the window manager is restarted, and will not have the ability to modify the menu layout depending on environmental factors.

title: Openbox


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Paul Sauvé

Joseph-Mignault-Paul Sauvé (March 24, 1907 – January 2, 1960) was a Canadian lawyer, World War II veteran, and politician. He was the 17th premier of Quebec in 1959 and 1960.

Life
Paul Sauvé was born in Saint-Benoit, Quebec, Canada to journalist and parliamentarian Arthur Sauvé and Marie-Louise Lachaîne. By 1923, his family moved to Saint-Eustache and he began his studies at the Séminaire de Ste-Thérèse and transferred to the Collège Sainte-Marie de Montréal where he graduated in 1927. Sauvé would go on to study law at the Université de Montréal, being called to the bar on July 8, 1930. In 1936, he married Luce Pelland, with whom he had three children: Luce-Paule (1937), Pierre (1938) and Ginette (1944).

Political career
Arthur Sauvé, his father, had been leader of the Conservative Party during the Premiership of Liberal Louis-Alexandre Taschereau. He transferred to federal politics in 1930 and became Postmaster General in the R. B. Bennett government. Paul Sauvé then ran as a Conservative for his father's former riding of the comté des Deux-Montagnes in the Quebec legislature in 1930, to become to the youngest elected member at the age of 23. He would be defeated in the 1935 election but re-elected in 1936 as a member of the newly formed Union Nationale, formed from a merger of his Conservatives with the bulk of the Action libérale nationale. He was then elected as Speaker to become, at the age of 29, the youngest person elected to that position.

When Canada entered the Second World War in 1939, Paul Sauvé reported to Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal, the regiment to which he belonged as a reserve officer, and served overseas in the Canadian military for the duration of the Second World War, taking part in the Battle of Normandy and in the South Beveland Campaign. In 1945, he returned from Europe and resumed his official duties with the Quebec legislature. In 1946, he became Quebec's first Minister of Social Welfare and Youth.

Sauvé is viewed as having upheld his convictions and had not succumbed to fear of demotion by "The Chief" (Duplessis). Some say that he stood alone in a cabinet of "yes men".

Sauvé succeeded Maurice Duplessis as leader of the Union Nationale and Premier of Quebec following Duplessis's death on September 7, 1959; he continued to serve as his own Social Welfare and Youth Minister.

By the time he became Premier, Sauvé was well aware that he had, at most, two years before the next election. Realizing the need to modernize one of the most conservative provincial governments in Canada, he announced radical changes in the ways Quebec would be run. His resolve was conveyed in the motto he adopted: "Désormais" (from now on). During those "100 Days Of Change," Sauvé undertook a wide-ranging review of issues facing the Quebec government, including many that had been ignored during the Duplessis era. For this reason, he was regarded by many as the actual 'founder' of the Quiet Revolution.

As educational reform was seen as a means to social change and national development, Sauvé begun negotiations to recover the money Ottawa set aside for higher education, while government grants would increase towards educational institutions, no longer distributed at the government's discretion.

Regarding Canadian federalism, the Sauvé provincial government considered that federal grants to universities encroached an area reserved exclusively for the provinces under the British North America Act, 1867 (since renamed the Constitution Act, 1867). Demands were also made in respect that the provincial university education tax be deductible.

The Sauvé government also wanted to undertake an in depth study of the federal legislation regarding the federal hospital insurance system and the means for adapting it for Québec.

However, Sauvé's tenure would be short-lived, as he himself would shortly die in office on January 2, 1960, in Saint-Eustache of a heart attack. His 117-day tenure as premier is the shortest non-interim stint in the province's history. His death left the Union Nationale government in disarray. Less than a year later, the Union Nationale was defeated under his successor, Antonio Barrette.

Legacy
Paul Sauvé Arena in Montreal was named after him, and was used by the Parti Québécois for their election night rally in 1976 where they celebrated victory in the provincial election.

Elementary school Ecole Sauve in the city of Deux-Montagnes was named after him.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Paul Sauvé


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Tanzimat

The  (تنظيمات, see nizam) was a period of reform in the Ottoman Empire that began with the Gülhane Hatt-ı Şerif in 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876. The Tanzimat era began with the purpose not of radical transformation, but of modernization, desiring to consolidate the social and political foundations of the Ottoman Empire. It was characterised by various attempts to modernise the Ottoman Empire and to secure its territorial integrity against internal nationalist movements and external aggressive powers. The reforms encouraged Ottomanism among the diverse ethnic groups of the Empire and attempted to stem the rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire.

Historian Hans-Lukas Kieser has argued that the reforms led to "the rhetorical promotion of equality of non-Muslims with Muslims on paper vs. the primacy of Muslims in practice"; other historians have argued that the decreased ability of non-Muslims to assert their legal rights during this period led to the land seizure and emigration. Part of the reform policy was an economic policy based on the Treaty of Balta Liman of 1838. Many changes were made to improve civil liberties, but many Muslims saw them as a foreign influence on the world of Islam. That perception complicated reformist efforts made by the state. During the Tanzimat period, the government's series of constitutional reforms led to a fairly modern conscripted army, banking system reforms, the replacement of religious law with secular law and guilds with modern factories. The Ottoman Ministry of Post was established in Istanbul on 23 October 1840.

Origins
The reforms emerged from the minds of reformist sultans like Mahmud II ((r. 1808 – 1839)), his son Abdulmejid I ((r. 1839 – 1861)) and prominent, often European-educated bureaucrats, who recognised that the old religious and military institutions no longer met the needs of the empire. Most of the symbolic changes, such as uniforms, were aimed at changing the mindset of imperial administrators. Many of the officials affiliated with the government were encouraged to wear a more western style of dress. Many of the reforms were attempts to adopt successful European practices. The reforms were heavily influenced by the Napoleonic Code and French law under the Second French Empire as a direct result of the increasing number of Ottoman students being educated in France. Changes included the elimination of the devshirme system of conscription in favour of universal conscription; educational, institutional and legal reforms; and systematic attempts at eliminating political corruption.

Also, a policy called Ottomanism was meant to unite all the different peoples living in Ottoman territories, "Muslim and non-Muslim, Turkish and Greek, Armenian and Jewish, Kurd and Arab". The policy officially began with the Edict of Gülhane of 1839, declaring equality before the law for both Muslim and non-Muslim Ottomans.

Motives
The ambitious project was launched to combat the slow decline of the empire that had seen its borders shrink and its strength wane in comparison to the European powers. There were both internal and external reasons for the reforms.

The primary purpose of the Tanzimat was to reform the military by modernizing and taking inspiration from European armies. The traditional Ottoman army, the Janissaries, had fallen from grace in terms of military prestige and a European-inspired reconstruction was a necessary change to be made. The Ottoman Empire consisted of a multitude of different cultures and the secondary priorities of the Tanzimat reforms were aimed at balancing the social structure that previously favoured Muslim subjects. Another vital section of these reforms was the abolition of İltizam, or land-tenure agreements.

Internally, the Ottoman Empire hoped that abolishing the millet system would create a more centralized government, as well as increased legitimacy of the Ottoman rule, thus gaining direct control of its citizens. Another major hope was that being more open to various demographics would attract more people into the empire. There was fear of internal strife between Muslims and non-Muslims, and allowing more religious freedom to all was supposed to diminish this threat. Giving more rights to the Christians within the empire was considered likely to reduce the danger of outside intervention on their behalf.

Although the motives for the implementation of Tanzimât were bureaucratic, it was impulsed by liberal ministers and intellectuals like Dimitrios Zambakos Pasha, Kabuli Mehmed Pasha, the secret society of the Young Ottomans, and liberal minded like Midhat Pasha who is also often considered one of the founders of the Ottoman Parliament. Thanks to the emerging internal, financial and diplomatic crises of 1875–1876, Midhat Pasha introduced the constitution of 1876, ending the Tanzimat.

Reforms
The Tanzimât reforms began under Sultan Mahmud II. On November 3, 1839, Sultan Abdulmejid I issued a hatt-i sharif or imperial edict called the Edict of Gülhane or Tanzimât (تنظيمات) Fermânı. This was followed by several statutes enacting its policies.

In the edict the Sultan stated that he wished "to bring the benefits of a good administration to the provinces of the Ottoman Empire through new institutions". Among the reforms were:

 * guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property (1839, see Edict of Gülhane below for details);
 * the introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes (1840);
 * the opening of the first post offices of the empire (1840);
 * the reorganization of the finance system (1840);
 * the reorganization of the Civil and Criminal Code (1840);
 * the establishment of the Meclis-i Maarif-i Umumiye (1841), which was the prototype of the First Ottoman Parliament (1876);
 * the reorganization of the army and a regular method of recruiting, levying the army, and fixing the duration of military service (1843–44);
 * the redesign of Ottoman national anthem and Ottoman national flag (1844);
 * the first nationwide Ottoman census in 1844 (only male citizens were counted);
 * the first national identity cards (officially named the Mecidiye identity papers, or informally kafa kağıdı (head paper) documents, 1844);
 * the institution of a Council of Public Instruction (1845) and the Ministry of Education (Mekatib-i Umumiye Nezareti, 1847, which later became the Maarif Nezareti, 1857);
 * the establishment of the first modern universities (darülfünun, 1848), academies (1848) and teacher schools (darülmuallimin, 1848);
 * the establishment of the Ministry of Healthcare (Tıbbiye Nezareti, 1850);
 * the Commerce and Trade Code (1850);
 * the establishment of the Academy of Sciences (Encümen-i Daniş, 1851);
 * the establishment of the Şirket-i Hayriye which operated the first steam-powered commuter ferries (1851);
 * the establishment of the modern Municipality of Constantinople (Şehremaneti, 1854) and the City Planning Council (İntizam-ı Şehir Komisyonu, 1855);
 * the Hatt-ı Hümayun of 1856 (called Islahat, meaning improvement) promising full legal equality for citizens of all religions (1856);
 * various provisions for the better administration of the public service and advancement of commerce;
 * the establishment of the first telegraph networks (1847–1855) and railway networks (1856);
 * the replacement of guilds with factories;
 * the establishment of the Ottoman Bank (originally established as the Bank-ı Osmanî in 1856, and later reorganized as the Bank-ı Osmanî-i Şahane in 1863) and the Ottoman Stock Exchange (Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası, established in 1866);
 * Law Code;
 * the Land Code (Arazi Kanunnamesi) (1858);
 * the permission for private sector publishers and printing firms with the Serbesti-i Kürşad Nizamnamesi (1857);
 * the decriminalization of homosexuality (1858);
 * the establishment of the School of Civil Service, an institution of higher learning for civilians under the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and the School of Economical and Political Sciences (Mekteb-i Mülkiye-i Şahane, 1859)
 * the Press and Journalism Regulation Code (Matbuat Nizamnamesi, 1864), among others;
 * the establishment of the Imperial Ottoman Lycée at Galatasaray, another institution of higher learning for civilians (1868);
 * the Nationality Law of 1869 creating a common Ottoman citizenship irrespective of religious divisions (1869).

Edict of Gülhane of 1839

The Hatt-ı Şerif, lit. Noble Decree or Imperial Rescript of Gülhane, was the first major reform in the Tanzimat reforms under the government of sultan Abdulmejid and a crucial event in the movement towards secularization. The decree, named after the rosehouse (gülhane) on the grounds of the Topkapi Palace, abolished tax farming. It also created a bureaucratic system of taxation with salaried tax collectors. This reflects the centralizing effects of the Tanzimat reforms. Additionally, the Edict of Gülhane imposed forced military conscription within the administrative districts based on their population size. However, the most significant clause of the Gülhane decree was the one enforcing the rule of law for all subjects, including non-Muslims, by guaranteeing the right to life and property for all. This put an end to the kul system, which allowed the ruler's servants to be executed or have their property confiscated at his desire. These reforms sought to establish legal and social equality for all Ottoman citizens. The reforms eliminated the millet system in the Ottoman Empire. The millet system created religiously based communities that operated autonomously, so people were organized into societies, some of them often receiving privileges. This clause terminated the privileges of these communities and constructed a society where all followed the same law.

The new reforms called for an almost complete reconstruction of public life in the Ottoman Empire. Under the reconstruction, a system of state schools was established to produce government clerics. Ottomans were encouraged to enroll. Each province was organized so that each governor would have an advisory council and specified duties in order to better serve the territory. The new reforms also called for a modern financial system with a central bank, treasury bonds and a decimal currency. Finally, the reforms implemented the expansion of roads, canals and rail lines for better communication and transportation.

Reactions
The reaction to the edict was not entirely positive. Christians in the Balkans refused to support the reforms because they wanted an autonomy that became more difficult to achieve under centralized power. In fact, its adoption spurred some provinces to seek independence by rebelling. It took strong British backing in maintaining Ottoman territory to ensure that the reforms were instated.

Edict of 1856 and religious freedom
The Reform Edict of 1856 was intended to carry out the promises of the Tanzimat. The Edict is very specific about the status of non-Muslims, making it possible "to see it as the outcome of a period of religious restlessness that followed the Edict of 1839". Officially, part of the Tanzimat's goal was to make the state intolerant to forced conversion to Islam, also making the execution of apostates from Islam illegal. Despite the official position of the state in the midst of the Tanzimat reforms, this tolerance of non-Muslims seems to have been seriously curtailed, at least until the Reform Edict of 1856. The Ottoman Empire had tried many different ways to reach out to non-Muslims. First it tried to reach out to them by giving all non-Muslims an option to apply for Dhimmi status. Having Dhimmi status gave non-Muslims the ability to live in the Ottoman Empire and own property, but this ability was not without special taxes (jizya).

For the "Ottoman ruling elite, 'freedom of religion' meant 'freedom to defend their religion.

Effects

Although the Edict of Gülhane and the Tanzimat provided strong guidelines for society, they were not a constitution and did not replace the authority of the sultan.

Still, the Tanzimat reforms had far-reaching effects overall. Those educated in the schools established during the Tanzimat period included major personalities of the nation states that would develop from the Ottoman Empire, such as Mustafa Kemal Pasha and other leaders and thinkers of the Republic of Turkey and many other personalities from the Balkans, the Middle East and North Africa. The system was ultimately undone by negotiations with the Great Powers following the Crimean War. As part of the Charter of 1856, European powers demanded a much stronger sovereignty for ethnic communities within the empire, differing from the Ottomans, who envisioned equality meaning identical treatment under the law for all citizens. That served to strengthen the Christian middle class, increasing their economic and political power.

The reforms peaked in 1876 with the implementation of an Ottoman constitution checking the autocratic powers of the Sultan. The details of this period are covered under the First Constitutional Era. Although the new Sultan Abdul Hamid II signed the first constitution, he quickly turned against it.

Some scholars argue that from the Muslim population's traditional Islamic view, the Tanzimat's fundamental change regarding the non-Muslims, from a status of a subjugated population (dhimmi) to that of equal subjects, was in part responsible for the Hamidian massacres and subsequent Armenian genocide. In their view, these were inevitable backlashes from the Muslim community to the legal changes, as the Tanzimat's values were imposed from above and did not reflect those of society.

Effects in different provinces
In Lebanon, the Tanzimat reforms were intended to return to the tradition of equality for all subjects before the law. However, the Sublime Porte assumed that the underlying hierarchical social order would remain unchanged. Instead, the upheavals of reform would allow for different understandings of the goals of the Tanzimat. The elites in Mount Lebanon, in fact, interpreted the Tanzimat far differently from one another, leading to ethno-religious uprisings among newly emancipated Maronites. As a result, "European and Ottoman officials engaged in a contest to win the loyalty of the local inhabitants — the French by claiming to protect the Maronites; the British, the Druze; and the Ottomans by proclaiming the sultan's benevolence toward all his religiously equal subjects."

In Palestine, land reforms, especially the change in land ownership structure via the Ottoman Land Law of 1858, allowed Russian Jews to buy land, thus enabling them to immigrate there under the first Aliya. In order to boost its tax base, the Ottoman state required Arabs in Palestine, as elsewhere, to register their lands for the first time. As a rule the fellahin didn't trust the ailing regime, fearing that registration would only lead to higher taxation and conscription. Prevailing illiteracy among the fellahin meant in the end that many local mukhtars were able to collectively register village lands under their own name. Thus, they were able to later claim ownership and to sell the local peasants' lands out from under their feet to the new Jewish immigrants, as they themselves relocated permanently to Syria or Turkey. Alternately, rich Christian or Muslim families, the class of the 'Effendis', were able to accumulate large amounts of land which they exploited by themselves or sold on.

In Armenia, the Armenian National Constitution (Ottoman Turkish: "Nizâmnâme−i Millet−i Ermeniyân") of 1863 was approved by the Ottoman government. The "Code of Regulations" consisted of 150 articles drafted by the Armenian intelligentsia and defined the powers of the Armenian Patriarch under the Ottoman millet system and the newly formed "Armenian National Assembly".

Political consequences
Despite progressive intentions, the policy of reform in the form of Tanzimat ultimately failed. The historical circumstances of the reforms, the reasons for this failure and the consequences of the reforms are of interest for historical analysis and are considered by historians all over the world. Zeynep Çelik wrote: "In summary, from 1838 to 1908 the Ottoman Empire staged its final but doomed struggle for survival."

title: Tanzimat


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VMA

VMA may refer to:

Academies

 * Visayan Maritime Academy, a private maritime college in the Philippines
 * Vojnomedicinska akademija, the transliterated Serbian name for the Military Medical Academy (Serbia)

Awards

 * MTV Video Music Awards
 * Vicky Metcalf Award, an award presented to writers of children's works in Canada

Science

 * Vanillylmandelic acid, a metabolite in urine which may be measured to diagnose medical disorders
 * Vitreomacular adhesion, a disease of the human eye where vitreous gel remains partially attached to the retina

Other uses

 * Marine Attack Squadron, a type of aircraft squadron of the United States Marine Corps
 * Virgin Mobile Australia, a cellphone provider in Australia

title: VMA


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Fatalism

Fatalism is a family of related philosophical doctrines that stress the subjugation of all events or actions to fate or destiny, and is commonly associated with the consequent attitude of resignation in the face of future events which are thought to be inevitable.

Definition
The term "fatalism" can refer to any of the following ideas:
 * Any view according to which human beings are powerless to do anything other than what they actually do. Included in this is the belief that humans have no power to influence the future or indeed the outcome of their own actions.
 * The belief that events are decided by fate and are outside human control.
 * One such view is theological fatalism, according to which free will is incompatible with the existence of an omniscient God who has foreknowledge of all future events. This is very similar to theological determinism.
 * A second such view is logical fatalism, according to which propositions about the future which we take to currently be either true or false can only be true or false if future events are already determined.
 * A third such view is causal determinism. Causal determinism (often simply called "determinism") is now usually treated as distinct from fatalism, on the grounds that it requires only the determination of each successive state in a system by that system's prior state, rather than the final state of a system being predetermined.
 * The view that the appropriate reaction to the inevitability of some future event is acceptance or resignation, rather than resistance. This view is closer to everyday use of the word "fatalism", and is similar to defeatism.

Religion
The idea that the entire universe is a deterministic system has been articulated in both Eastern and non-Eastern religions, philosophy, and literature.

The ancient Arabs that inhabited the Arabian Peninsula before the advent of Islam used to profess a widespread belief in fatalism (ḳadar) alongside a fearful consideration for the sky and the stars as divine beings, which they held to be ultimately responsible for every phenomena that occurs on Earth and for the destiny of humankind. Accordingly, they shaped their entire lives in accordance with their interpretations of astral configurations and phenomena.

In the I Ching and philosophical Taoism, the ebb and flow of favorable and unfavorable conditions suggests the path of least resistance is effortless (see: Wu wei). In the philosophical schools of the Indian Subcontinent, the concept of karma deals with similar philosophical issues to the Western concept of determinism. Karma is understood as a spiritual mechanism which causes the eternal cycle of birth, death, and rebirth (saṃsāra). Karma, either positive or negative, accumulates according to an individual's actions throughout their life, and at their death determines the nature of their next life in the cycle of Saṃsāra. Most major religions originating in India hold this belief to some degree, most notably Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism, and Buddhism.

The views on the interaction of karma and free will are numerous, and diverge from each other greatly. For example, in Sikhism, god's grace, gained through worship, can erase one's karmic debts, a belief which reconciles the principle of karma with a monotheistic god one must freely choose to worship. Jainists believe in a sort of compatibilism, in which the cycle of Saṃsara is a completely mechanistic process, occurring without any divine intervention. The Jains hold an atomic view of reality, in which particles of karma form the fundamental microscopic building material of the universe.

Ājīvika
In ancient India, the Ājīvika school of philosophy founded by Makkhali Gosāla (around 500 BCE), otherwise referred to as "Ājīvikism" in Western scholarship, upheld the Niyati ("Fate") doctrine of absolute fatalism or determinism, which negates the existence of free will and karma, and is therefore considered one of the nāstika or "heterodox" schools of Indian philosophy. The oldest descriptions of the Ājīvika fatalists and their founder Gosāla can be found both in the Buddhist and Jaina scriptures of ancient India. The predetermined fate of living beings and the impossibility to achieve liberation (moksha) from the eternal cycle of birth, death, and rebirth was the major distinctive philosophical and metaphysical doctrine of this heterodox school of Indian philosophy,  annoverated among the other Śramaṇa movements that emerged in India during the Second urbanization (600–200 BCE).

Buddhism
Buddhist philosophy contains several concepts which some scholars describe as deterministic to various levels. However, the direct analysis of Buddhist metaphysics through the lens of determinism is difficult, due to the differences between European and Buddhist traditions of thought.

One concept which is argued to support a hard determinism is the idea of dependent origination, which claims that all phenomena (dharma) are necessarily caused by some other phenomenon, which it can be said to be dependent on, like links in a massive chain. In traditional Buddhist philosophy, this concept is used to explain the functioning of the cycle of saṃsāra; all actions exert a karmic force, which will manifest results in future lives. In other words, righteous or unrighteous actions in one life will necessarily cause good or bad responses in another.

Another Buddhist concept which many scholars perceive to be deterministic is the idea of non-self, or anatta. In Buddhism, attaining enlightenment involves one realizing that in humans there is no fundamental core of being which can be called the "soul", and that humans are instead made of several constantly changing factors which bind them to the cycle of Saṃsāra.

Some scholars argue that the concept of non-self necessarily disproves the ideas of free will and moral culpability. If there is no autonomous self, in this view, and all events are necessarily and unchangeably caused by others, then no type of autonomy can be said to exist, moral or otherwise. However, other scholars disagree, claiming that the Buddhist conception of the universe allows for a form of compatibilism. Buddhism perceives reality occurring on two different levels, the ultimate reality which can only be truly understood by the enlightened, and the illusory and false material reality. Therefore, Buddhism perceives free will as a notion belonging to material reality, while concepts like non-self and dependent origination belong to the ultimate reality; the transition between the two can be truly understood, Buddhists claim, by one who has attained enlightenment.

Determinism and predeterminism
While the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, fatalism, determinism, and predeterminism are distinct, as each emphasizes a different aspect of the futility of human will or the foreordination of destiny. However, all these doctrines share common ground.

Determinists generally agree that human actions affect the future but that human action is itself determined by a causal chain of prior events. Their view does not accentuate a "submission" to fate or destiny, whereas fatalists stress an acceptance of future events as inevitable. Determinists believe the future is fixed specifically due to causality; fatalists and predeterminists believe that some or all aspects of the future are inescapable but, for fatalists, not necessarily due to causality.

Fatalism is a looser term than determinism. The presence of historical "indeterminisms" or chances, i.e. events that could not be predicted by sole knowledge of other events, is an idea still compatible with fatalism. Necessity (such as a law of nature) will happen just as inevitably as a chance—both can be imagined as sovereign. This idea has roots in Aristotle's work, "De interpretatione".

Theological fatalism is the thesis that infallible foreknowledge of a human act makes the act necessary and hence unfree. If there is a being who knows the entire future infallibly, then no human act is free. The early Islamic philosopher, Al Farabi, makes the case that if God does in fact know all human actions and choices, then Aristotle's original solution to this dilemma stands.

Idle argument
One famous ancient argument regarding fatalism was the so-called Idle Argument. It argues that if something is fated, then it would be pointless or futile to make any effort to bring it about. The Idle Argument was described by Origen and Cicero and it went like this:

 * If it is fated for you to recover from this illness, then you will recover whether you call a doctor or not.
 * Likewise, if you are fated not to recover, you will not do so whether you call a doctor or not.
 * But either it is fated that you will recover from this illness, or it is fated that you will not recover.
 * Therefore, it is futile to consult a doctor.

The Idle Argument was anticipated by Aristotle in his De Interpretatione chapter 9. The Stoics considered it to be a sophism and the Stoic Chrysippus attempted to refute it by pointing out that consulting the doctor would be as much fated as recovering. He seems to have introduced the idea that in cases like that at issue two events can be co-fated, so that one cannot occur without the other.

Logical fatalism and the argument from bivalence
The main argument for logical fatalism goes back to antiquity. This is an argument that depends not on causation or physical circumstances but rather is based on presumed logical truths. There are numerous versions of this argument, including those by Aristotle and Richard Taylor. These arguments have been objected to and elaborated on with some effect.

The key idea of logical fatalism is that there is a body of true propositions (statements) about what is going to happen, and these are true regardless of when they are made. So, for example, if it is true today that tomorrow there will be a sea battle, then there cannot fail to be a sea battle tomorrow, since otherwise it would not be true today that such a battle will take place tomorrow.

The argument relies on applying principle of bivalence to future contingents, regarding that a statement about the future is either true or false. However, this does not apply if the future is considered to be undetermined meaning that the truth value of a statement can only be determined once the event occurs.

Semantic equivocation
One criticism comes from the novelist David Foster Wallace, who in a 1985 paper "Richard Taylor's Fatalism and the Semantics of Physical Modality" suggests that Taylor reached his conclusion of fatalism only because his argument involved two different and inconsistent notions of impossibility. Wallace did not reject fatalism per se, as he wrote in his closing passage, "if Taylor and the fatalists want to force upon us a metaphysical conclusion, they must do metaphysics, not semantics. And this seems entirely appropriate." Willem deVries and Jay Garfield, both of whom were advisers on Wallace's thesis, expressed regret that Wallace never published his argument. In 2010, the thesis was, however, published posthumously as Time, Fate, and Language: An Essay on Free Will.

title: Fatalism


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Adélard Godbout

Joseph-Adélard Godbout (September 24, 1892 – September 18, 1956) was a Canadian agronomist and politician. He served as the 15th premier of Quebec briefly in 1936, and again from 1939 to 1944. He served as leader of the Parti Libéral du Québec (PLQ).

Youth and early career
Adélard Godbout was born in Saint-Éloi. He was the son of Eugène Godbout, agriculturalist and Liberal Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) from 1921 to 1923, and Marie-Louise Duret. He studied at the Séminaire de Rimouski, the agricultural school of Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière and the Massachusetts Agricultural College, in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. He then became teacher at the Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière agricultural school from 1918 to 1930. He was an agronomist for the Ministry of Agriculture from 1922 to 1925.

Member of the legislature
Godbout became a Member of the legislature for the district of L'Islet in the Chaudière-Appalaches area, after he won a by-election without opposition on May 13, 1929. He was re-elected in the 1931 and 1935 elections.

Cabinet Minister
Godbout was appointed to the Cabinet by Premier Alexandre Taschereau and served as Minister of Agriculture from November 27, 1930, to June 27, 1936.

First Premiership
Shortly after the 1935 election, Conservative Leader Maurice Duplessis, a rising star in Québec politics, forced Taschereau to call the Standing Committee on Public Accounts, which brought to light the existence of widespread corruption in the provincial government. The revelations made by the committee were embarrassing for several Liberal insiders. On June 11, 1936, less than a year after being put back in office, Taschereau resigned. He recommended to Lieutenant Governor Ésioff-Léon Patenaude the names of Édouard Lacroix and Adélard Godbout for his successor as Premier. Following constitutional conventions, the lieutenant governor offered the opportunity to form a government to Lacroix, who declined. He then made the offer to Godbout, who accepted. With the blessing of federal Cabinet Members, he took over Taschereau's job as Liberal Leader and Premier of Québec. Godbout formed his first government and an election was called for August 1936.

Godbout had remained untouched by the scandals. But despite Godbout's talks of "a new order" in an effort to distance himself from the Taschereau era, his first government lasted only two months, as his party suffered a humiliating defeat in the 1936 election. Led by Duplessis, the recently created Union nationale was put in office. The Liberals were reduced to 14 seats. Godbout lost re-election in his own district of L'Islet. He remained Liberal Leader after being reconfirmed at the 1938 party leadership convention, but T.-D. Bouchard led the parliamentary wing of the party until the 1939 election.

Second Premiership
World War II created the opportunity that Godbout needed to make a political comeback. An early provincial general election was called in 1939 and federal Cabinet member Ernest Lapointe, the Quebec lieutenant of Prime Minister Mackenzie King, took the stump for Godbout. He guaranteed that no one would face conscription if voters supported the Liberals. Lapointe would die of cancer in 1941.

Through the campaign, Godbout relentlessly repeated the formal promise : "The government will never declare military conscription. I undertake, on my honour, weighing each of my words, to leave my party and even to fight against it, if even one French Canadian, before the end of the hostilities in Europe, is mobilized against his will under a Liberal government." Their promise would soon haunt Liberal politicians.

In the meantime though, Godbout made a spectacular comeback. He and 69 of his candidates were sent to the legislature. Godbout formed his second government, where he would serve as Premier and as minister of Agriculture.

Under Godbout's premiership, the provincial government implemented a number of significant progressive legislations, laying the groundwork for the Quiet Revolution that would be implemented by the government of Premier Jean Lesage a couple of decades later. In fact, the Liberal administration delivered many of the proposals made by Paul Gouin's Action libérale nationale in 1935.

While Premier of Québec, Godbout published an article entitled "Canada: Unity in Diversity" (1943) in the Council on Foreign Relations journal. He asked, "How does the dual relationship of the French Canadians make them an element of strength and order, and therefore of unity, in our joint civilization, which necessarily includes not only Canada and the British Commonwealth of Nations, but also the United States, the Latin republics of America and liberated France?"

Accomplishments
These measures include:
 * 1) the enactment of the right to vote for women in 1940, despite resistance from Duplessis and the Catholic Church;
 * 2) the establishment of a Civil Service Commission in 1943;
 * 3) the passage of an act that enforced compulsory school attendance until the age of 14 and the introduction of free education in primary schools in 1943;
 * 4) the adoption of a Labour Code that established principles governing union certification and the negotiation of collective agreements in 1944;
 * 5) the nationalization of the Montreal Light, Heat & Power Company, a private corporation who had a monopoly on gas and electric light in the Montreal area, which led to the creation of Hydro-Québec in 1944.
 * 6) encouragement of French culture and language

Relations with the Dominion government
Because he served during wartime and dealt with Dominion (federal) politicians who believed in a strong Dominion government, Godbout was forced to abandon a number of traditional provincial jurisdictions. The most notable prerogatives that he surrendered to the Government of Canada include:
 * 1) the opportunity to create and oversight a provincial unemployment insurance system (a nationwide program was put into action in 1940);
 * 2) the power to tax the income of individuals and corporations, in exchange for a much more modest financial compensation from the federal government. (Almost simultaneously, the federal government of Australia usurped state governments' tax powers.)

In a 1942 plebiscite, Canadian voters were asked to release the federal government from its commitment made to the Québec voters not to declare military conscription. While the majority of predominantly French-speaking Québec refused to support such a release, English-speakers throughout Canada mostly did support it. Even though not that many people were forced to serve until the end of the war, the decision made by Mackenzie King to allow conscription (when both he and Godbout had specifically ruled out conscription earlier) was very unpopular in Québec. Duplessis, whose criticism of the federal encroachments upon the constitutional autonomy of the provinces capitalized on the Québec population's general mistrust of the federal government, had a field day.

Opposition Leader
In the 1944 provincial election, Godbout's Liberals and Duplessis' Union Nationale received similar shares of the popular vote, the Liberals getting slightly more votes but the UN enjoying a level of support in the province's rural areas that was strong enough to win a majority of seats to the legislature and thus form the government. During the 1944 election, Duplessis claimed in a very anti-Semitic speech that Godbout had together with the Dominion government agreed to take in 100,000 Jewish refugees and settle them in Quebec after the war in exchange for which the "International Zionist Brotherhood" was funding his reelection campaign. Duplessis claimed that he would never take money from the Jews, and if were elected Premier again, he would stop this alleged plan to settle 100,000 Jewish refugees in Quebec. Through this story was entirely false, it was widely believed, sparking such a surge of antisemitism to allow the Union Nationale to win.

Godbout served as Leader of the Opposition until the 1948 election. Benefiting from post-war prosperity, the Union Nationale won an overwhelming majority. The Liberals won only eight seats, six of whom were located on the Montreal Island. Once again, Godbout narrowly lost re-election in his home district of L'Islet. In 1950, he relinquished the leadership of the Liberal Party.

Senator
In 1949, Godbout was appointed to the Senate of Canada on the recommendation of Canadian Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent. He remained a senator until his death in 1956. His wife died in 1969 aged 79.

Legacy
Observers are divided about the significance of Godbout's legacy. Lacking the oratory skills of Duplessis, his main political competitor, Godbout is sometimes judged very severely.

Federalists stress the importance progressive precedents that were set under Godbout's premiership.

Autonomists on the other hand criticize him for taking a weak stance in the matters of the province's autonomy.

More nuanced analysis claim that, being in power during World War II, he served in a difficult time, despite the shortcomings of his relations with the federal government.

In his 2000 film entitled Traître ou Patriote, filmmaker Jacques Godbout, Adélard's nephew, lamented what he perceived as a lack of public knowledge about his uncle's work and premiership.

On September 27, 2007, in a ceremony attended by Premier Jean Charest, a former electrical power station in Montréal, at the corner of Wellington and Queen streets, known as Poste Central-1 was named in honour of Godbout. A bust of Godbout by sculptor Joseph-Émile Brunet (1893–1977) has been installed at the site.

For his contribution to the field of agriculture and the advancement or rural Quebec in general, Mr. Godbout was posthumously inducted to Canadian Agricultural Hall of Fame in 1962 and to the Agricultural Hall of Fame of Quebec in 1992.

Elections as party leader
He lost the 1936 election, won the 1939 election, lost the 1944 election and lost the 1948 election.

title: Adélard Godbout


text:
V-tail

The V-tail or vee-tail (sometimes called a butterfly tail or Rudlicki's V-tail ) of an aircraft is an unconventional arrangement of the tail control surfaces that replaces the traditional vertical and horizontal surfaces with two surfaces set in a V-shaped configuration. It is not widely used in aircraft design. The aft edge of each twin surface is a hinged control surface called a ruddervator, which combines the functions of both a rudder and elevator.

History
The V-tail was invented in 1930 by Polish engineer Jerzy Rudlicki and was tested for the first time on an Hanriot HD.28 trainer, modified by Polish aerospace manufacturer Plage and Laśkiewicz in the summer of 1931.

Variants
The X-shaped tail surfaces of the experimental Lockheed XFV were essentially a V tail that extended both above and below the fuselage.

Conventional
The most popular conventionally V-tailed aircraft that has been mass-produced is the Beechcraft Bonanza Model 35, often known as the V-tail Bonanza or simply V-Tail. Other examples include the Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk stealth attack aircraft and the Fouga CM.170 Magister trainer. The Cirrus Vision SF50 jet is a recent example of a civilian aircraft adopting the V-tail. Some gliders, like the Lehtovaara PIK-16 Vasama, were designed with a V-tail, but the production Vasamas had a cruciform tail.

Inverted
The Blohm & Voss P 213 Miniaturjäger was one of the first aircraft to have an inverted V-tail. Unmanned aerial vehicles such as the LSI Amber, General Atomics Gnat and General Atomics MQ-1 Predator would later feature this type of tail. The Ultraflight Lazair ultralights, of which over 2,000 were produced, featured an inverted V-tail, which also carried the rear landing gear.

Advantages
Ideally, with fewer surfaces than a conventional three-aerofoil tail or a T-tail, the V-tail is lighter and has less wetted surface area, so thus produces less induced and parasitic drag. However, NACA studies indicated that the V-tail surfaces must be larger than simple projection into the vertical and horizontal planes would suggest, such that total wetted area is roughly constant; reduction of intersection surfaces from three to two does, however, produce a net reduction in drag through elimination of some interference drag.

Light jet aircraft such as the Cirrus Vision SF50, the Eclipse 400, the Sonex SubSonex or the Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk unmanned aerial drone often have the power plant placed outside the aircraft. In such cases V-tails are used to avoid placing the vertical stabilizer in the exhaust of the engine, which would disrupt the flow of the exhaust, reducing thrust and increasing wear on the stabilizer, possibly leading to damage over time.

In military aircraft, V-tails reduce the number of right angles on an aircraft, improving its stealth characteristics.

Disadvantages
In the mid-1980s, the Federal Aviation Administration re-assessed the Beechcraft Bonanza due to safety concerns. While the Bonanza met the initial certification requirements, it had a history of fatal mid-air breakups during extreme stress, at a rate exceeding the accepted norm. The type was deemed airworthy and restrictions removed after Beechcraft issued a structural modification as an Airworthiness Directive.

V-tailed aircraft require longer rear fuselages than aircraft with conventional empennages to prevent yawing. This tendency, called "snaking", was apparent on taking off and landing on the Fouga CM.170 Magister, which has a relatively short fuselage.

Ruddervators
Ruddervators are the control surfaces on an airplane with a V-tail configuration. They are located at the trailing edge of each of the two airfoils making up the tail of the plane. The first use of ruddervators may have been on the Coandă-1910's X-tail, although there is no proof that the aircraft ever flew. The later Coandă-1911 flew with ruddervators on its X-tail. Later Polish engineer Jerzy Rudlicki designed the first practical ruddervators in 1930, tested on a modified Hanriot HD.28 trainer in 1931.

The name is a portmanteau of "rudder" and "elevator." In a conventional aircraft tail configuration, the rudder provides yaw (horizontal) control and the elevator provides pitch (vertical) control.

Ruddervators provide the same control effect as conventional control surfaces, but through a more complex control system that actuates the control surfaces in unison. Yaw moving the nose to the left is produced on an upright V tail by moving the pedals left which deflects the left-hand ruddervator down and left and the right-hand ruddervator up and left. The opposite produces yaw to the right. Pitch nose up is produced by moving the control column or stick back which deflects the left-hand ruddervator up and right and the right-hand ruddervator up and left. Pitch nose down is produced by moving the control column or stick forward which induces the opposite ruddervator movements.

title: V-tail


text:
Talk:Vauxhall Motors

Question about nationality
why does the article says this is an English company, should it not say an American (although perhaps now French?) company's factory in England. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.141.79.239 (talk) 15:48, 6 March 2017 (UTC)
 * The subject of this article is General Motors UK Limited, an English registered company that trades as Vauxhall Motors. The company may be owned by a US or French company, but that doesn't change it's own nationality. -- de Facto (talk). 21:18, 6 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Intro, second sentence: "It is a subsidiary of the German company Opel Automobile GmbH". The next sentence, first of second para, is "In March 2017 GM agreed to sell its interests". Nothing was said about GM before that, you sort of have to think through Opel to GM. Or go down farther. I am US, though, not UK. Sammy D III (talk) 18:07, 7 February 2018 (UTC)
 * No, just because a parent company is from a different country, it does not make the brand in question that nationality. 2A00:23C5:2F2F:9401:B486:36C7:C933:2928 (talk) 20:47, 7 June 2022 (UTC)

Yeah you could have it like that Ziyaad boi (talk) 19:42, 25 December 2019 (UTC)

History
I propose it would be worth having a separate section for the history of the company/brand, given the number of different owners of Vauxhall over the years. This would be separate from the existing "History" section which is about the actual vehicles produced. 95.150.59.185 (talk) 11:34, 11 May 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 06:37, 10 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Vauxhall 2019.svg

title: Talk:Vauxhall Motors


text:
NTT Docomo

NTT Docomo, Inc. (株式会社NTTドコモ), also known as Docomo (ドコモ), is a Japanese mobile phone operator owned by the Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT). The name is officially an abbreviation of the phrase, "do communications over the mobile network", and is also from a compound word dokomo, meaning "everywhere" in Japanese. The company is headquartered in Sanno Park Tower, Nagatachō, Chiyoda, Tokyo. Docomo provides phone, video phone (FOMA and some PHS), i-mode (internet), and mail (i-mode mail, Short Mail, and SMS) services. It is the largest wireless carrier in Japan, with 82.632 million subscribers.

Docomo was spun off from NTT in August 1991 to take over the mobile cellular operations. NTT held a majority stake in the company until Docomo's re-privatization in 2020.

It provides 2G (mova) PDC cellular services, 3G (FOMA) W-CDMA, 4G LTE and 5G NR services. Its businesses also included PHS (Paldio), paging, and satellite. Docomo ceased offering a PHS service on January 7, 2008. In late 2020, Docomo was bought back by NTT for about $40 billion.

Customers
NTT Docomo is a subsidiary of Japan's incumbent telephone operator, NTT. The majority of NTT Docomo's shares are owned by NTT (which is 33.71% government-owned). While some NTT shares are publicly traded, control of the company by Japanese interests (government and civilian) is guaranteed by the number of shares available to buyers. It provides wireless voice and data communications to subscribers in Japan. NTT Docomo is the creator of W-CDMA technology as well as mobile i-mode service.

NTT Docomo had over 53 million customers (as of March 2008), which is more than half of Japan's cellular market. The company provides a wide variety of mobile multimedia services. These include i-mode which provides e-mail and internet access to over 50 million subscribers, FOMA, which was launched in 2001 as the world's first 3G mobile service based on W-CDMA, Xi, a 4G LTE mobile service which was launched on December 24, 2010, Premium 4G, a LTE Advanced service which was launched on March 27, 2015, and DoCoMo 5G, a 5G NR service which launched on March 25, 2020.

In addition to wholly owned subsidiaries in Europe and North America, the company is expanding its global reach through strategic alliances with mobile and multimedia service providers in Asia-Pacific and Europe. NTT Docomo is listed on the Tokyo (9437), London (NDCM), and New York (DCM) stock exchanges.

On April 19, 2008, it was announced that Ryuji Yamada, the co-president of NTT Docomo, would be promoted to president of NTT Docomo in June 2008. Masao Nakamura would stay in NTT Docomo as a director and also the senior adviser. Since the introduction in October 2006 of the service that allows a user to take their original phone number to a new provider, NTT Docomo has lost many users to KDDI and SoftBank. This promotion was made in order to get more users for NTT Docomo. The company was the last major global mobile carrier to offer Apple's iPhone, which it finally did with the release of the iPhone 5s and 5c. This has been cited as one of the reasons for the steady stream of its customers switching to competing networks.

In June 2011, the company announced that they were teaming up with McAfee to provide McAfee VirusScan Mobile for its Android mobile users. In July 2012, NTT Docomo acquired Italy's Buongiorno in a deal worth 209 million euros.

Research and development
In October 2007, Docomo and Mitsubishi Electric showcased a prototype mobile phone at the CEATEC trade show. The phone checked health by tracking body movement and measuring calories, and included a breathalyzer. On January 24, 2008, NTT Docomo announced a partnership with Google, which allowed all models after the FOMA904i models to view YouTube videos. In 2008, NTT Docomo became a founding member of the Symbian Foundation.

In May 2017, Docomo launched 5G trial networks at Aomi, Odaiba (Tokyo Waterfront City) and the area around Tokyo Skytree. It commercially launched its 5G network on March 25, 2020, making it the first Japanese operator to do so, and making Japan among the first country in the world to launch 5G.

In August 2021, Docomo and Airbus demonstrated a solar-powered Zephyr High Altitude Platform Station (HAPS) for use with 5G and 6G technology. The trial took place in the United States over 18 days, and involved flying in the stratosphere and transmitting data at various speeds up to a distance of 140 km. If successful, then Docomo and Airbus would be able to provide communication services to remote islands, mountainous areas, and to remote sea lanes.

Earthquake warning system
From 2008, Docomo began offering a service called the "Area Mail Disaster Information Service" which broadcasts Earthquake Early Warning messages produced by the Japan Meteorological Agency to its subscribers with compatible handsets. This service is provided free of charge and messages are limited to those areas affected by each particular alert. These alerts have a unique ring tone so they can be easily distinguished from incoming calls or messages.

Civil protection system
From 2014, under Civil Protection Law of Japan, Docomo began offering a service called the "Area Mail Disaster and Evacuation Information Service" which broadcasts J-Alert messages (including Earthquake Early Warning) produced by the Japan Fire and Disaster Management Agency to its subscribers with compatible handsets (e.g. Sony XPERIA, iPhone 5s, Samsung Galaxy).

The message is broadcast when threats are imminent (e.g. North Korea's ballistic missile launching, terrorist attack to nuclear power plant, volcanic eruptions, or an approaching tsunami.)

Mascot
The company's mascot is Docomodake, a mushroom, which is quite a celebrity in Japan. He is even the hero of a Nintendo DS puzzle and platforming video game, Boing! Docomodake DS on 2007 and 2009; on 2016 or 2015, Nintendo put a Docomodake Mii in the app they called Miitomo, which was also released in North America, Japan and Europe. He also has a wide variety of merchandising such as cell phone straps, keychains, and plush dolls. As one type of advertising method, there are many types of Docomodakes such as mother and father, which symbolizes the plans that NTT Docomo offers.

Emoji
Shigetaka Kurita, who was part of the team working on NTT DoCoMo's i-mode mobile Internet platform, that has been credited as the first creator of emoji. This has since been corrected. In fact, SoftBank released their emoji set on the DP-211SW mobile phone in 1997.

Copyright ownership of an emoji typically belongs to the company or organization that created it. For example, the copyright for Apple's emoji designs belongs to Apple Inc. Similarly, the copyright for emoji used on platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp belong to the respective companies.

It's worth noting that emoji are standardized through the Unicode Consortium, which sets standards for how emoji should look and what they should represent. However, individual companies and platforms can still design their own variations of emoji within those standards.

Investments outside Japan
NTT Docomo has a wide range of foreign investments. However, NTT Docomo was not successful in investing in foreign carriers. Docomo had invested very large multibillion-dollar amounts in KPN, KT Freetel, AT&T Wireless, and had to write-off sell all these investments in foreign carriers. As a result, Docomo booked a total of about US$10 billion in losses, while during the same time Docomo's Japan operations were profitable.

In December 2007, NTT Docomo and KT Freetel jointly invested US$200 million for a total of 33% stake in U Mobile Malaysia.

In June 2008 NTT Docomo joined the non-profit Symbian Foundation led by Nokia to co-develop a new Symbian smartphone operating system based on the S60 platform, which resulted in Symbian^2 for the Japanese market.

In December 2006 they acquired Guamcell, the largest phone company in Guam, and changed its name to DOCOMO PACIFIC.

Docomo is working on implementing its FeliCa-based payment system, called iD, overseas. It has already launched the system in Guam, as well as Shanghai and Beijing, China (however, as of November 2010, it has withdrawn iD terminals from all merchants in China).

Docomo Capital
Working closely with NTT Docomo's business and R&D divisions, Docomo Capital is in charge of NTT Docomo's venture investments in mobile related start-up companies, mainly in the United States and has committed $100M in capital. It has invested in Cooliris, Couchbase, Evernote, Fab.com, HighlightCam, Swype, TuneWiki, Sigfox and Wiliot.

Docomo Digital
Docomo Digital is the international payments business of NTT DOCOMO. DOCOMO Digital partners with carriers, merchants, OTT services, app stores and payment providers in both developed and emerging markets to facilitate direct carrier billing and other payments such as e-wallets. Sold to Bango plc August 2022.

Hikari TV
Hikari TV (ひかりTV) is a Japanese IPTV service. It was established on March 31, 2008, and was originally owned and operated by the internet service provider NTT Plala. It launched Hikari TV Game, the first cloud gaming service for televisions in Japan, in 2013.

On July 1, 2022, NTT Docomo absorbed and merged the operating company NTT Plala, and on the same day, this service was also incorporated into NTT DoCoMo's service. Along with this, the rate plan for new subscribers was changed after the same day.

Aside from offering access to various television channels, Hikari TV also produces its own content, primarily broadcast on the Hikari TV Channel.

Problems with installation and construction of base stations
Both of these base stations were removed or relocated after the problem was discovered.
 * In June 2005, the construction of a base station in Ikeda, Osaka, began without the required paperwork and destroyed the Furue Tomb.
 * In June 2006, it was discovered that a base station installed in Arashiyama, Kyoto in 1999 had not been notified in advance under the Cultural Heritage Protection Law.
 * In June 2008, it was discovered that a base station in the Hirao district of Nagashima-cho, Izumi County, Kagoshima Prefecture, had been installed without a permit in Unzen Amakusa National Park in 2006.

title: NTT Docomo


text:
Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary

Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary is a National Audubon Society sanctuary located in southwest Florida, north of Naples, Florida and east of Bonita Springs, in the United States. The sanctuary was established to protect one of the largest remaining stands of bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) and pond cypress (T. ascendens) in North America from extensive logging that was ongoing throughout the 1940s and 1950s.

History
The Corkscrew Cypress Rookery Association was formed in 1954 to protect the area. The National Audubon Society accepted responsibility for management and started constructing the first boardwalk through the swamp in 1955. In all, nearly 45 km2 of wetland was purchased or donated, most of it from or by the owners, Lee Tidewater Cypress Center Co. and Collier Enterprises. Some of the funding that went to preserving the wetland was donated by Theodore Miller Edison, youngest son of the inventor Thomas Edison.

In 2018, researchers at the Sanctuary determined that beginning around the year 2000, the amount of groundwater in the park began to diminish. Records have been kept of water levels beginning in 1957, and analysis determined that previous changes in the landscape – such as the building of Immokalee Road, the use of canals to drain land for real estate development, the increase in agriculture in the area, the installation of electrical and telephone lines, or the paving over of neighboring wetlands – had not altered the water levels, which are measured at Lettuce Lake, the park's deepest standing water. But since 2000 or 2001, despite the same amount of annual rainfall during the wet season, during the dry season the water now drains away quickly instead of slowly receding as it had done in the past. The cause of the change is unknown – there was no major topographical change at the time – but the cause and the effects of the drier dry season for the Sanctuary and surrounding Collier County are under investigation.

Park offerings and amenities
A boardwalk of a little over 3 km length provides walking access through pine flatwoods, wet prairie, stands of pond cypress and bald cypress, and marsh ecosystems within the sanctuary. In 2017, some parts of the boardwalk were damaged by bald cypress trees knocked over by Hurricane Irma. Most of the damage was repaired, but several small sections have been permanently closed.

The sanctuary is a gateway site for the Great Florida Birding Trail. It is an important breeding area for the endangered wood stork and other wetland birds. It also has wintering passerines, including the painted bunting. Numerous wading bird species can be found in the wetlands of the sanctuary, including the yellow-crowned night heron, black-crowned night heron, tricolored heron, great egret, and snowy egret. Specialist birds include limpkin, barred owl and, in summer, swallow-tailed kite.

American alligators and cottonmouth snakes are also inhabitants of the sanctuary.

The sanctuary visitor center is a Living Machine demonstration site.

title: Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary


text:
Talk:Kiai

Kanji quandary
For some reason I can't get the kanji (characters) for "kiai" to appear properly. Maybe it's just me. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ericspenguin (talk • contribs) 03:58, 21 November 2003 (UTC)

Text from "Votes for deletion"
Begin moved text End moved text
 * KiAi - this is a dictionary definition. Kingturtle 04:29, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * - Move to Wiktionary - Marshman 04:43, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * mv to appropriate martial arts article; Copy to Wiktionary; then delete JDR
 * With some fleshing out, this could make a good article. Do most martial artists in fact say kiai?  Why that particular yell?  How does yelling help them "focus?"  Some references to kiai in motion pictures, cartoons? (Why the odd capitalization in the title? Is this an old CamelCase article?)  -- Smerdis of Tlön 19:47, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * If the content is moved to another article, keep as redirect to that article to preserve the history. -- Oliver P. 00:39, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * My instructor always used "Kai" in writing... is there one correct transliteration?  -- Pakaran 01:38, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC)

I didn't delete the article because one person suggested merging (which doesn't require deletion), and another suggested that it could become an article. This can be resolved in the usual wiki way... -- Oliver P. 08:19, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Kiai sounds
This probably should go into the article text in some manner, but chuffed if I know how. Someone in the comments for deletion asked if the word used was the actual sound. The short answer is "sometimes." The way I was trained, a kiai could be any sound which helped magnify your power. ^_^ Not sure how to describe the sounds, but it was everywhere from a gutteral grunt to a stylized "ee-sah" by one of my instructors, to the cat-yowlish sound that Bruce Lee used to make. The primary points of a good kiai is that it expells air rapidly (helps prevent getting winded when struck), startles the enemy, and focusses your efforts. Ideally, it also should not strain your voice in any manner and it should be comfortable to utter. Note that some schools require a particular sound. Also note that it's also possible to acquire all of the effects except startling the enemy by simply expelling the air, resulting in the "silent kiai," much more handy when playing golf with friends. Distinct sounds I've run into (probably badly described): Fuzzy —Preceding undated comment added 21:28, 17 December 2004 (UTC)
 * Kee-ya
 * Hi-yah (just like the sterotypical movie chop sound)
 * Ee-sah
 * Yah
 * Hee
 * Die (I used this one for a while. ^_^ It worked in all the technical manners and boy did it startle people...)
 * Yosh (I actually think this comes from a Japanese utterance when one is excited)

 * grumble* Ok, I tried to add this and a bunch of other stuff, but after writing 4 solid paragraphs, FireFox crashed and, silly me, I wasn't editting the text in another window. To be updated later when I'm less grumbly. Fuzzy 07:39, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

also 'ay' and 'toh' from some sword schools Focomoso 20:40, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

 * As far as I know, traditional Japanese kiai are as follows (using Hepburn-style romanization, e.g. "e" = "ey")
 * E
 * Ei
 * Ie
 * Ya
 * To
 * These are typically "capped" with a mostly devoiced "p" sound ("pu", but again without much of the vowel - like desu) to avoid draining one's entire breath reserve.
 * I've never heard of "HIIII-YA!" or "KIAI!" as an actual kiai.
 * Anyway, I don't think it's a good idea to try to list all the kiai sounds that are commonly made in the article. Perhaps one or two as examples.  --GenkiNeko 00:04, 23 November 2006 (UTC)
 * (Note: He have never heard of "HIII-YA!" or "KIAI!" as an actual kiai sound. However, there is a brazilian kung-fu style, called Tao T'ien Ti - The Way of Infinite -, that uses these sounds as a powerful kiaijutsu. His Gran-Master, Jorge Callado, shown an amazing jutsu where his cry can paralyze a human target for a second) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.29.65.6 (talk • contribs)
 * Some other kiai I hear all the time in Japanese animation and games take the form ?eyā, ?orya, ?ōryā, and so forth, where ‘?’ is one of a number of appropriate sounds. I can’t attest to these by actual practitioners, but they are recognizable to the Japanese public, I’d think. -BRPXQZME (talk) 20:54, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

"Deadly Kiai"
Is there any basis for this outside of legend and fiction? I've heard people say it's possible (usually stating it as being able to "stun" small animals. I feel like we ought to mention it as a legendary aspect, a goal, unless there's proof somewhere that someone has actually done it. *wry grin* Maybe it's time to write back in those four paragraphs I lost over a year ago... -Fuzzy 03:06, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Killing with sound..
I have removed the following paragraph because it seems not based on any scientific facts, and sounds very implausible. A loud cry directly to the ear might permanently damage hearing, but "seriously damage one's organs"? Considering that even the whole hydrophonic shock stuff by supersonic ammo was found to be exaggerated, I simply can't leave this unchanged. tiktak 2005-11-03

"There are also martial artists who can use kiai as a weapon. The sound waves of your voice go straight through someone's body. Since the human body is almost completely made out of water and since sound waves easily go through water(like electricity goes through water)you can seriously damage one's organs with this technique." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.61.2.182 (talk) 01:40, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

Not a Stub
I don't think this article is a stub. Should the tag be removed? - Jimmy C. 15:29, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

Original research doesn't belong in articles, so I thought I'd put it here.
I just got back from an aikido class on kiai taught by my father, who is 4th dan. He told us a story about training in Japan in 1993 during an international, four-week seminar. At one point, the sensei did a demonstration where he called up each of his own students and had them attack him. Each time, the students were struck down without being touched, solely through the sensei's use of kiai. My father told us then, "so I, like a typical Westerner, thought, 'ok, this is probably at least a little bit bullshit. They're his students, they must just know right when to fall." At the end of that class of the seminar, one student asked a question about kiai. The sensei said that kiai would be covered much more in-depth in a later class. However, he thought it would be best for each of the students to experience kiai, first. So one at a time, they yeach went up and attacked the sensei. My dad personally attacked the sensei, and was promptly knocked flat on his back by the power of the yell.

Here I would like to point out that kiai is 'not' a physical attack, in the sense of having sound waves causing damage. I'm inclined to think that the above quoted text that was removed was vandalism. Kiai by itself, not used with a technique or attack, but just by itself, is purely a psychological attack. It is a very primal thing, affecting something in your opponents hindbrain.

Unfortunately, kiai is used rather little in the style of aikido I study, as it is very difficult to get right (anything else is just yelling). As a result, I know little about it, and will probably continute to know very little for a great many years. Sadly, anything I learn in class can't go into the article because it also counts as original research =\ The Taped Crusader 16:19, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

Just thought that I'd provide some more support for this idea. I currently study Kokikai Aikido under Bannister Sensei (Godan) and while Kiai is not a required part of the technique, I have personally been thrown by Bannister without being touched and have been knocked on my ass at least once by his kiai. This shouldn't imply that I'm special. He does it to all of his students. While I guess that this might qualify as "original research" it is sufficiently easy to witness (spend enough time in enough dojos) that perhaps it can be "verified common knowledge" (as I like to think of it. GulDan 02:48, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

 * you may be interested in this video. 192.223.226.6 17:45, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
 * LOL --81.98.245.212 (talk) 23:48, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

Just because your dad is a yondan doesn't mean he can't be indoctrinated into an aikido cult. In fact, it's more likely that he is. A kiai is indeed "just yelling," intended to disrupt the enemy (before), focus your power (during), or express victory (after). It has no magical powers. This is part of why I quit aikido -- the mystical nonsense that gets passed around to gullible students so they'll spend the next decade of their lives staring at their navels -- pardon me, their tanden. I assure you, if some guy yells at me, whether Japanese aikido expert or American football coach, he will at best startle me, or any other non-indoctrinated person. Rick Wiedeman (talk) 19:22, 20 September 2012 (UTC)

The art of shouting
Can we please come up with a translation of 'kiaijutsu' that doesn't sound quite so silly? -Toptomcat 19:17, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

I agree this definition is silly, and I would like to re-organise the whole article. Kiaijustsu shoud be the art of using kiai which is tautological, but can be forgiven if kiai is properly defined. I'll attend to this when I get round to a substantial edit of the article. Womble bee 12:31, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

I think the article is on the verge of becoming a B class - the re-write made all the difference. A picture of some sort or a kanji graphic. I changed the links embedded in the text to the proper format (ie references) and did a bit of clean-up but I think one more round of copyedit is necessary (or not).Peter Rehse 06:29, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Thanks Peter for properly referencing the article. I'll note how this is done for future articles. Womble bee 09:25, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

I have added a picture to the kiai/aiki section - borrowed from the Aikido article, but I can't find anything suitable for the opening section. Womble bee 12:27, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Kiai and Aiki
I don't think that an article about kiai can be complete without reference to aiki. I'm going to organise my thoughts here and solicit feedback before adding to the article.

Frederick John Lovret notes, "One should note that ai, the conjunctive stem of the verb au, does not mean "to join" in this case: when used in the second position of a compound word, ai becomes an emphatic marker. Kiai, therefore, should be translated as "spirit!", not "spirit-joined"." [My poor knowledge of the Japanese language does not allow me to judge whether this is correct.] However, care must be taken about the absolute meanings of words when discussing concepts derived from other cultures and expressed in different languages. This is particularly true when the words we use today have been derived from symbols, in this case Chinese and Japanese kanji, which represent ideas rather than literal translations of the components. Historical use of a term can influence meanings and be passed down by those wishing to illustrate ideas with the best word or phrase available to them. In this way, there may be a divergence of the meaning between arts or schools within the same art.

Kiai and aiki use the same kanji and can be thought of as the inner and the outer aspect of the same principle. Some martial arts schools use the term intechangeably, however it may be useful to draw the following distinction.

A) Kiai - relates to the manifestation, emission or projection of ones own energy (internal strength)

B) Aiki - relates to the merging of one's energy with the energy emitted from an external source (blending)

Support for A) In a ki-society article  Matthias Rezac refers to 'keeping one point' (awarness/using the tan tien) as kiai. Which is in accordance with A above.

Prof. Kufferath is reported to have said "one should practice it from the "Hara" or lower region. Using the throat only is of no use at all. Kiai is an outpouring of a person's positive energy (Ki)." From http://www.kodenkan.com/success.html

http://www.kodenkan.com/sktrib.html there is a reference to Kiai as 'internal strength'.

The physical manifestation of energy is most easily observed in martial arts. Most people are familiar with kiai as the loud shout emitted by various martial artists. This sound can be used to focus the mind and breath in a technique, i.e. physical kiai. There are multiple factors which influence effective kiai, for example you should have good postural alignment to transmit ki effectively.

Kiai can be silent, it is the coordination of breathing with the physical activity which is important. This may be more accurately referred to as kokyu power. Kokyu and kiai are sometimes used interchangeably. The term kokyu is most often translated as breath power in English. Kokyu power, is essentially the same as Chinese jin. "Breath" and "timing" certainly come into the usage of kokyu power, but it is the abilty to co-rdinate breathing with the execution of a jin movement which is important. A relaxed and powerful exhalation can add power to movement. A sound is just an audiable indication of good kiai (aligned body structure, focused intent, and good breathing). It's not the sound that is important.

For additional reading about the Kiai, see the following books: The Fighting Spirit of Japan by E.J. Harrison (http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0879511540/8120-0545802-347636) and Living the Martial Way (http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0942637763/thedanzanryujuju)by Forrest Morgan.

Suppport for B) If we accept the useage above then in an aikido technique, there is an interplay of aiki and kiai. The reciever of the attack uses kiai to postion themselves (posture) relative to the attacker, uses aiki in the intial meeting of the force, and to guide the attaker through the technique, and uses their kiai in the final execution of the techniqe. Note that the 'positioning' here may be a subtle realignment of the body and is not necessarily a full tai sabaki move.

Aiki is harmony with an attacker's energy -- kiai is the flip side of that: harmony with our own, internal energy. Thus, kiai consists of all parts of the body being unified and directed to one intent. "Aiki", ultimately has to do with a very good ability to manipulate kokyu upon contact... you blend your ki with the attacker’s ki instantaneously

As an aside, I'd like to see a wiki page for Aiki - maybe I'll start one if I'm feeling brave one day.

Perspectives from different arts

 * For a kendo perspective on kiai see http://www.kendo-world.com/articles/events/central_americas_first/index.php
 * For a Danzan Ryu perspective see http://www.danzan.com/HTML/BOARDS/kiai.html
 * For a Karate perspective see http://www.jkasv.com/articles/articlesmain_files/archive-37.html

I look forward to comments on the above... Womble bee 14:45, 7 November 2006 (UTC) (last updated Womble bee 12:31, 13 November 2006 (UTC)))

 * One more look at the Kiai, this time Kiai "master" vs MMA. Fighting by projecting inner energy, right. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gEDaCIDvj6I --Pitdog 00:24, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

The article was an itch I had to scratch, so I have significantly updated it today. Womble bee 15:51, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

11/22/2006 Assessment
Although I'm a bit shy about doing so, I decided to assess this article. I think it's definitely now in the "B" orbit. It still needs much work, and has some clear gaps, but it's no longer merely "start" class. I will try to provide a few more comments later (I have to run at the moment), and hopefully contribute some myself. Good job, whoever rewrote it! Definitely better! --GenkiNeko 00:07, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

Image
I've reinstated the image, as the article definitely needs one. However I added some text to explain why it is there. If anyone has a better image then feel free to change it 129.234.4.76 —Preceding undated comment added 10:50, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

The image is of two judoka practicing judo (that is what judoka do after all :) ) anyway in judo there are no kias so i don't think it is an appropriate picture. This is due to judo being the "gentle way", technique and redirection of motion/power are used not extreme strength therefore a kia is not only unnecessary but a sign of improper execution of a throw  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.43.209.140 (talk) 14:33, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Currently there is an aikido image and a judo image, which seems inappropriate since neither of those arts typically involve any sort of kiai shouts. The aikido image is especially inappropriate because, even if there was ever going to be a sudden moment of extending maximum spirit in aikido practice (think the entry of shomenuchi ikkyo omote or else of a direct kokyunage), that moment would have been and passed completely in a much earlier stage of the technique than that which is depicted in the image here (the current image doesn't even represent aiki either, it's taken too late and the training partners have disengaged already).

 * So it would be much better to just take any picture from the taekwondo page (or some other striking and shouting art such as karate) or the kendo page. There are probably even images available of whole dojo's practicing synchronised punches with kiai yells. Cesiumfrog (talk) 04:27, 19 December 2010 (UTC)

Master Ryukerin
Can anyone knowledgeable in Kiai verify if Master Ryukerin is really a Kiai expert? If this question in not appropriate here please delete at will. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OpUgFNO13Rs&mode=related&search= 75.34.84.166 02:46, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Ryukerin is a name that came out from nowhere. The name of the master is Yanagiryuken http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tib2Urowsdc&feature=related —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.198.165.132 (talk) 00:16, 10 April 2011 (UTC)

 * I can verify that he is delusional, and is followed by people who support his delusion. :) Rick Wiedeman (talk) 19:25, 20 September 2012 (UTC)

 * The related article to that guy (Yanagi Ryuken) seems to be Touchless knockout :) — Ralesk (talk) 22:40, 8 May 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kiai


text:
Louis-Alexandre Taschereau

Louis-Alexandre Taschereau (March 5, 1867 – July 6, 1952) was the 14th premier of Quebec from 1920 to 1936. A member of the Parti libéral du Québec, Taschereau's near 16-year tenure remains the longest uninterrupted term of office among Quebec premiers.

Early life
Taschereau was born in Quebec City, Quebec, the son of Jean-Thomas Taschereau, lawyer and judge at the Supreme Court, and Marie-Louise-Joséphine Caron.

He received a law degree from Université Laval and was admitted to the Barreau du Quebec on July 9, 1889. After entering political life, he served as chief lieutenant in the Liberal government of Sir Lomer Gouin. He practised his profession in the law firm of Charles Fitzpatrick and Simon-Napoléon Parent. He was also journalist at the Action Libérale and president and vice-president of the Banque d'Economie de Québec.

A member of the Legislative Assembly from 1900 onwards, he served as Premier Lomer Gouin's Minister of Public Works from 1907 to 1919.

Premier of Quebec
Elected Premier in 1920, at a time when the North American economy began experiencing difficulties that ultimately led to the Great Depression, he opposed U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal social democratic policies, saying he could not tell if it was fascism or communism. Instead, he vigorously encouraged the development by private enterprise of the massive forests and the mineral resources of what had been the Ungava Region and Nunavik that the Parliament of Canada had added to the Province of Quebec.

A pioneer in advocating the exploitation of the huge hydraulic potential the waterways of the new Quebec, Taschereau understood the limited capital available in a sparsely populated Canada, and actively tried to bring in American investment to develop Quebec's industrial potential and try to stop mass emigration south of the border.

His policies challenged the traditional agrarian society that the dominance and influence of the Roman Catholic Church had been able to maintain in Quebec longer than elsewhere in North America. The Liberals of Taschereau were primarily opposed by ultramontane nationalists such as Henri Bourassa, editor of Le Devoir, and Roman Catholic priest Lionel Groulx, editor of L'action canadienne-française.

Taschereau introduced a measure in 1930 to create a Jewish board that would have provided for Jewish participation on the highest decision-making educational body in Quebec, the Quebec Council of Public Instruction. Some newspapers saw the move by Taschereau to revamp the confessional school system as an example of an undermining of Christianity. As a result of the opposition, the Jewish leadership did not push the issue when Taschereau was forced to repeal the Act and submit a compromise which he had the leaders of the Roman Catholic Church examine and approve beforehand. In the resulting bill, Jews were sent back into the Protestant system, and the Jewish board had no power beyond the right to negotiate a deal with the Protestant School board.

Another policy of Taschereau involved the alcohol trade. The Alcohol Beverages Act established the Quebec Liquor Commission (predecessor to the modern Société des alcools du Québec), which provided the government of Quebec with a monopoly on the sale of liquor and wine during the era of Prohibition in the United States.

Taschereau created the Beaux-Arts schools in Quebec City and Montreal and subsidized scientific and literary works. He was awarded France's Legion of Honour, the Order of Leopold (Belgium), and made a Commander of the Order of the Crown of Belgium.

In the later years of his premiership, discontent inside the Liberal Party became evident. The more "radical" left wing of the party left the Liberals and formed a new party, the Action libérale nationale. Paul Gouin, the son of Lomer Gouin and grandson of Honoré Mercier, joined this new party. Later, the Action Libérale Nationale merged with the Conservative Party of Quebec to form the Union Nationale party under the leadership of Maurice Duplessis, who had become famous by exposing the Taschereau cabinet's misdeeds before the Accounts Committee of the Legislative Assembly.

After his brother Antoine admitted to the Accounts Committee that he had deposited the interest on funds belonging to the Legislative Assembly into his personal bank account, Premier Taschereau resigned in favour of fellow Liberal Adélard Godbout, who was sworn in as premier in June 1936. Two months later Godbout lost the election to the Union Nationale, and 40 years of Liberal rule came to an end.

The premier served on the boards of a number of major companies, including: Barclays Bank (Canada) Ltd., Caisse d'économie, Molson Bank, Canadian Investments Funds, Bank of Montreal, Royal Trust Company, Sun Life Assurance, North American Life Assurance Company, Metropolitan Life Assurance Co., Liverpool & London & Globe Insurance Co., Pioneer Insurance Co., Globe Indemnity Co. and the Manitoba Liverpool Insurance Co.

Taschereau won the 1923 election, 1927 election, 1931 election and 1935 election and resigned in 1936.

Death
On his passing in Quebec City in 1952, Taschereau was interred in the Cimetière Notre-Dame-de-Belmont in Sainte-Foy, Quebec.

title: Louis-Alexandre Taschereau