text:
Talk:Palm (PDA)

Initial message
This article's current state is pitiful. I think I will turn this into a project of mine. Greenmountainboy 03:01, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

"PalmPilot," not "Palm Pilot"
Someone set up a redirect from PalmPilot to Palm Pilot, but really it should be the other way around. I don't think the name "Pilot" was ever used by the company while it was known as Palm; therefore "Palm Pilot" would be incorrect. "PalmPilot," however, was a registered trademark (now abandoned), according to the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office database. —LarryGilbert 21:03, 2004 Sep 10 (UTC)
 * Support. If this is wrong then it should be corrected – AxSkov ( T ) 07:46, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose as inaccurate. The earliest Pilots (first two models) were indeed "Pilots" that were sold by USRobotics's Palm Computing division. PalmPilot was a name that came a little bit later (with the next two models). Then the name changed again and dropped Pilot completely. And, honestly, the way they've changed names left and right this article really should just be at Palm (PDA) or something like that, because the majority of the information at Palm Pilot is for things that happened long after the Pilot name was abandoned. For an image of an original Pilot showing that it's name was indeed Pilot and not PalmPilot, see below. DreamGuy 14:03, July 14, 2005 (UTC)
 * Move to Palm (PDA) instead. At first I was thinking that we would move it and put the info for the other models somewhere else, but on second thought, the article's a bit short already. Jobarts-Talk 01:33, July 18, 2005 (UTC)

This article has been renamed as the result of a move request.. Palm (PDA) seems to be the best name, supported by two people above as well as myself. Please update the page to reflect the change. violet/riga (t) 14:06, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

GO Corporation, not Go Corporation
The link to GO Corporation should have GO capitalized. (I would fix this if the article were not locked.) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.141.112.200 (talk) 18:15, 27 September 2007 (UTC)

PDAs?
The article currently has very little about the actual PDAs... Dan100 (Talk) 23:01, 14 September 2005 (UTC)
 * In the light of the above and the borked move, I'm moving the article back to Palm Pilot. If you want to move it again - update the article to reflect your new title. Dan100 (Talk) 23:02, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

Back to PDA!

 * I have bounced this page back to the "Palm (PDA)" title. Why?  It certainly seems that the page is now a general page about PDAs produced by Palm.  If a separate page is needed for the Palm Pilot then fair enough, but this page certainly seems more general than that.  Brusselsshrek 20:21, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

The topic PDA shouldnt just focus on Palms. For example, the xda neo is a PDA, yet manufactured by HTC.

Needs proper lead section
There's no definition at the top defining a "Palm (PDA)", as opposed to specific models of Palm Pilot or whatever; it contributes to the unfocused feel of the article. I know very little about it, but the article would definitely benefit from a good Lead section. — Catherine\talk 18:26, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Good idea. Done.  Sure someone will improve on my first attempt soon enough, great. Brusselsshrek 21:43, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

What about the individual palms?
How do we go to just the individual pages instead of redirecting them torward Palm?

List of Palm Pilot Files
Does anybody know of a list of files found on a Palm Pilot? I recently had to backup and partially restore my Palm and found that there were a lot of files of which I couldn't remotely guess what they were for. That of course not only goes for the .prc files but also for the .pdb files they create / use. I think such a list would be very suited for a wiki.

Examples:

 * Labels.pdb
 * lbPG-Accounts.pdb
 * MEDATA-SBN1.pdb and MEDATA-SBN2.pdb

What are these files and which program uses them?

Labels.pdb i believe is from www.cs.man.ac.uk/~hancockd/CityZen/installing.html Cityzen that is (i use the program on my IIIxe), by the way there are search engines, try google or yahoo or clusty.com on for size.. :) - http://clusty.com/search?query=Labels.pdb&tb=opensearch&

lbPG-Accounts.pdb - one referring to this page & one to antoher with a diff. language which might be what your looking for. - http://clusty.com/search?input-form=clusty-simple&v%3Asources=webplus&query=lbPG-Accounts.pdb

MEDATA-SBN1.pdb and MEDATA-SBN2.pdb - same as ibpg - http://clusty.com/search?input-form=clusty-simple&v%3Asources=webplus&query=MEDATA-SBN1.pdb+and+MEDATA-SBN2.pdb

No mention of Centro?
I read about Centro in the Wall St Journal today, and there seems to be some buzz about it around the web. I don't see anything in Wikipedia, but I don't know enough to write anything myself. Surely someone here has some info to share ... Guanxi 00:49, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

I thought it was awkward that it was missing so I added it! --Colin Zhang (talk) 11:06, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

Please add to PDAs catagory
I noticed this article is missing from the PDAs category. Can someone please add the PDAs category Category:Personal digital assistants to it. I would do it myself, but this article is locked, so I cannot. Thanks. -- Kpr00 09:51, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

Lack of Year information
There is no information on when previous models were released. --Kintaro (talk) 13:27, 13 December 2007 (UTC)

Gone ahead and added stuff
I have gone ahead and added a little bit about the Centro and Treo 500v smartphones. I have also added a bit about the rumours of a new Treo. The intro to the page only mentioned the use of Palm OS so I also mentioned the Windows Mobile platform.

--Colin Zhang (talk) 11:02, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

Gone ahead and add new discontinued models
I have added TX, TE2 and Z-22 as models no longer made, Alan Grassia has recorded that Palm no longer makes these models since March 2009: http://www.smartphonefanatics.com/2009/02/palm-halts-production-of-handhelds.html Philpalm (talk) 09:41, 1 August 2009 (UTC)philpalmPhilpalm (talk) 09:41, 1 August 2009 (UTC)

CPU

 * This is a class of RISC microprocessors that is widely used in mobile devices and embedded systems, and its design was influenced strongly by a popular 1970s/1980s CPU, the MOS Technology 6502.

Strongly? CPU's with 32 regs and mostly 1-t operations was influenced by CPU with 3 regs (relies to direct memory access instead of registers) and multi-t operations? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.80.172.26 (talk) 00:25, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, it is true, a quick Googling will show you, indeed the Wikipedia article on ARM discusses it. Back in the day when ARM was new this was well recognised. Clean design is one aspect. Endianness too from what I can remember. Register differences is not a good indicator, a counter indicator is the design of SWEET16, also the zero page of 6502 can be regarded as 256 registers. Also the designers of ARM worked on 6502 on the BBC micro machine. --19:25, 15 February 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.164.183.79 (talk)

Chronology and more information
How about fleshing out the table a bit and add launch date, memory size, initial and updated OS versions etc? As it is now it is hard to follow the progress, the data being scattered throughout the place. Using the existing table format makes for clear presentation. --19:28, 15 February 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.164.183.79 (talk)

Pics
I just added a pic of a palm IIIx on its page: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PalmIIIxPDA.jpg Maybe add it to the timeline? P.S i have the OS 4.1 upgrade CD (in box) - I can put up a pic? james.bennet1@ntlworld.com (talk) 11:20, 12 December 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Palm (PDA)


text:
Sherwood Anderson

Sherwood Anderson (September 13, 1876 – March 8, 1941) was an American novelist and short story writer, known for subjective and self-revealing works. Self-educated, he rose to become a successful copywriter and business owner in Cleveland and Elyria, Ohio. In 1912, Anderson had a nervous breakdown that led him to abandon his business and family to become a writer.

At the time, he moved to Chicago and was eventually married three additional times. His most enduring work is the short-story sequence Winesburg, Ohio, which launched his career. Throughout the 1920s, Anderson published several short story collections, novels, memoirs, books of essays, and a book of poetry. Though his books sold reasonably well, Dark Laughter (1925), a novel inspired by Anderson's time in New Orleans during the 1920s, was his only bestseller.

Early life
Sherwood Berton Anderson was born on September 13, 1876, at 142 S. Lafayette Street in Camden, Ohio, a farming town with a population of around 650 (according to the 1870 census). He was the third of seven children born to Emma Jane (née Smith) and former Union soldier and harness-maker Irwin McLain Anderson. Considered reasonably well-off financially, Anderson's father was seen as an up-and-comer by his Camden contemporaries, but the family left town just before Sherwood's first birthday. Reasons for the departure are uncertain; most biographers note rumors of debts incurred by either Irwin or his brother Benjamin. The Andersons headed north to Caledonia by way of a brief stay in a village of a few hundred called Independence (now Butler). Four or five years were spent in Caledonia, years that formed Anderson's earliest memories. This period later inspired his semi-autobiographical novel Tar: A Midwest Childhood (1926). In Caledonia Anderson's father began drinking excessively, which led to financial difficulties, eventually causing the family to leave the town.

With each move, Irwin Anderson's prospects dimmed; while in Camden he was the proprietor of a successful shop and could employ an assistant, but by the time the Andersons finally settled down in Clyde, Ohio, in 1884, Irwin could get work only as a hired man to harness manufacturers. That job was short-lived, and for the rest of Sherwood Anderson's childhood, his father barely supported the family as an occasional sign-painter and paperhanger, while his mother took in washing to make ends meet. Partly as a result of these misfortunes, young Sherwood became adept at finding various odd jobs to help his family, earning the nickname "Jobby".

Though he was a decent student, Anderson's attendance at school declined as he began picking up work, and he finally left school for good at age 14 after about nine months of high school. From the time he began to cut school to the time he left town, Anderson worked as a "newsboy, errand boy, waterboy, cow-driver, stable groom, and perhaps printer's devil, not to mention assistant to Irwin Anderson, Sign Painter", in addition to assembling bicycles for the Elmore Manufacturing Company. Even in his teens, Anderson's talent for selling was evident, a talent he would later draw on in a successful career in advertising. As a newsboy he was said to have convinced a tired farmer in a saloon to buy two copies of the same evening paper. With the exception of work, Anderson's childhood resembled that of other boys his age.

In addition to participating in local events and spending time with his friends, Anderson was a voracious reader. Though there were only a few books in the Anderson home, the youth read widely by borrowing from the school library (there was not a public library in Clyde until 1903), and the personal libraries of a school superintendent and of John Tichenor, a local artist, who responded to Anderson's interest.

By Anderson's 18th year in 1895, his family was on shaky ground. His father had started to disappear for weeks. Two years earlier, in 1893, Karl, Sherwood's elder brother, had left Clyde for Chicago. On May 10, 1895, his mother succumbed to tuberculosis. Sherwood, now essentially on his own, boarded at the Harvey & Yetter's livery stable where he worked as a groom—an experience that would translate into several of his best-known stories. (Irwin Anderson died in 1919 after having been estranged from his son for two decades.) Two months before his mother's death, in March 1895, Anderson had signed up with the Ohio National Guard for a five-year hitch, while he was going steady with Bertha Baynes, an attractive girl and possibly the inspiration for Helen White in Winesburg, Ohio, and he was working a secure job at the bicycle factory. But his mother's death precipitated his leaving Clyde. He settled in Chicago around late 1896 or the spring or summer of 1897, having worked a few small-town factory jobs along the way.

Chicago and war
Anderson moved to a boardinghouse in Chicago owned by a former mayor of Clyde. His brother Karl lived in the city and was studying at the Art Institute. Anderson moved in with him and quickly found a job at a cold-storage plant. In late 1897, Karl moved away, and Anderson relocated to a two-room flat with his sister and two younger brothers newly come from Clyde. Money was tight—Anderson earned "two dollars for a day of ten hours"— but with occasional support from Karl, they got by. Following the example of his Clyde confederate and lifelong friend Cliff Paden (later to become known as John Emerson) and Karl, Anderson took up the idea of furthering his education by enrolling in night school at the Lewis Institute. He attended several classes regularly including "New Business Arithmetic" earning marks that placed him second in the class. It was also there that Anderson heard lectures on Robert Browning and was possibly first introduced to the poetry of Walt Whitman. Soon, however, Anderson's first stint in Chicago would come to an end as the United States prepared to enter the Spanish–American War.

Although he had limited resources while in Chicago, Anderson bought a new suit and returned to Clyde to join the military. Once home, the company he joined mustered into the army at Camp Bushnell, Ohio on May 12, 1898. Several months of training followed at various southern encampments until early in 1899, when his company was sent to Cuba. Fighting had ceased four months prior to their arrival. On April 21, 1899, they left Cuba having seen no combat. According to Irving Howe, "Sherwood was popular among his army comrades, who remembered him as a fellow given to prolonged reading, mostly in dime westerns and historical romances, and talented at finding a girl when he wanted one. For the first of these traits he was frequently teased, but the second brought him the respect it usually does in armies."

After the war, Anderson resided briefly in Clyde performing agricultural work before deciding to return to school. In September 1899 Anderson joined his siblings Karl and Stella in Springfield, Ohio where, at the age of twenty-three he enrolled for his senior year of preparatory school at the Wittenberg Academy, a preparatory school located on the campus of the Wittenberg University. In his time there he performed well, earning good marks and participating in several extracurricular activities. In the spring of 1900 Anderson graduated from the academy, offering a discourse on Zionism as one of the eight students chosen to give a commencement speech.

Business, marriage and family
During his time in Springfield, Anderson stayed and worked as a "chore boy" in a boardinghouse called The Oaks among a group of businessmen, educators, and other creatives types many of whom became friendly with the young Anderson. In particular, a high school teacher named Trillena White and a businessman Harry Simmons played a role in the author's life. The former who was ten years Anderson's senior would walk—raising eyebrows among the other boarders—with the young man in the evenings. More importantly, according to Anderson, she "first introduced me to fine literature" and would later serve as inspiration for a number of his characters including the teacher Kate Swift in Winesburg, Ohio. The latter, who worked as the advertising manager for Mast, Crowell, and Kirkpatrick (later Crowell-Collier Publishing Company, publishers of the Woman's Home Companion) and occasionally took meals at The Oaks, was so impressed by Anderson's commencement speech that he offered him a job on the spot as an advertising solicitor at his company's Chicago office. Thus, in the summer of 1900, Anderson returned to Chicago where most of his siblings were now living, intent on achieving success in his new white-collar occupation.

Though he performed well, problems with his boss and a dislike for the office routine and for the style of correspondence, which caused the ultimate rift, caused Anderson to leave Crowell in mid-1901 for a position set up for him by Marco Marrow, another friend from The Oaks, at the Frank B. White Advertising Company (later the Long-Critchfield Agency). There the author stayed until 1906, selling ads and writing advertising copy for manufacturers of farming implements and articles for the trade journal, Agricultural Advertising. In this latter magazine Anderson published his first professional work, a February 1902 piece called "The Farmer Wears Clothes." What followed were approximately 29 articles and essays for his company's magazine, and two for a small literary magazine published by the Bobbs-Merrill Company called The Reader. According to scholar Welford Dunaway Taylor, the two monthly columns ("Rot and Reason" and "Business Types") Anderson wrote for Agricultural Advertising exemplified the "character writing" (or character sketches) that would later become a notable part of the author's approach in Winesburg, Ohio and other works. Part of Anderson's job in those early years of his career was making trips to solicit potential clients. On one of these trips around May 1903 he stopped in the home of a friend from Clyde, Jane "Jennie" Bemis, then living in Toledo, Ohio. It was there that he met Cornelia Pratt Lane (1877–1967), the daughter of wealthy Ohio businessman Robert Lane. The two were married a year later, on the 16th of May, in Lucas, Ohio. They would go on to have three children—Robert Lane (1907–1951), John Sherwood (1908–1995), and Marion (aka Mimi, 1911–1996). After a short honeymoon, the couple moved into an apartment on the south side of Chicago. For two additional years, Anderson worked for Long-Critchfield until an opportunity came along from one of the accounts he managed and so on Labor Day 1906, Sherwood Anderson left Chicago for Cleveland to become president of United Factories Company, a mail-order firm selling various items from surrounding firms.

While his new job, which amounted to the position of sales manager, could be stressful the happy home life Cornelia had fostered in Chicago continued in Cleveland; "his wife and he entertained frequently. They went to church on Sundays, with Anderson decked out in morning clothes and top hat. On occasional Sunday afternoons Cornelia taught him French. She also helped with his advertising work." His home life could not sustain him when one of the manufacturers United Factories marketed produced a large batch of defective incubators. Soon, letters addressed to Anderson (who personally guaranteed all products sold) began to arrive from customers both desperate and angry. The strain from months of answering hundreds of these letters while continuing his demanding schedule at work and home led to a nervous breakdown in the summer of 1907 and eventually his departure from the company.

His failure in Cleveland did not delay him for long, however, because in September 1907, the Andersons moved to Elyria, Ohio, a town of approximately ten thousand residents, where he rented a warehouse within sight of the railroad and began a mail-order business selling (at a markup of 500%) a preservative paint called "Roof-Fix". The first years in Elyria went very well for Anderson and his family; two more children were added for a total of three in addition to a busy social life for their parents. So well, in fact, did the Anderson Manufacturing Co. do that Anderson was able to purchase and absorb several similar businesses and expand his firm's product-lines under the name Anderson Paint Company. Carrying on that momentum, in late 1911 Anderson secured the financial backing to merge his companies into the American Merchants Company, a profit-sharing/investment firm operating in part on a scheme he developed around that time called "Commercial Democracy".

Nervous breakdown
It was then, at what seemed the pinnacle of his business achievements, when the stresses of Anderson's professional life collided with his social responsibilities and his writing, that Anderson suffered the breakdown that has remained paramount in the "myth" or "legend" of his life.

On Thursday, November 28, 1912, Anderson came to his office in a slightly nervous state. According to his secretary, he opened some mail, and in the course of dictating a business letter became distracted. After writing a note to his wife, he murmured something along the lines of, "I feel as though my feet were wet, and they keep getting wetter." He then left the office. Four days later, on Sunday, December 1, a disoriented Anderson entered a drug store on East 152nd Street in Cleveland and asked the pharmacist to help figure out his identity. Unable to make out what the incoherent Anderson was saying, the pharmacist discovered a phone book on his person and called the number of Edwin Baxter, a member of the Elyria Chamber of Commerce. Baxter came, recognized Anderson, and promptly had him checked into the Huron Road Hospital in downtown Cleveland, where Anderson's wife, whom he would hardly recognize, went to meet him.

But even before returning home, Anderson began his lifelong practice of reinterpreting the story of his breakdown. Despite news reports in the Elyria Evening Telegram and the Cleveland Press following his admittance into the hospital that ascribed the cause of the breakdown to "overwork" and that mentioned Anderson's inability to remember what happened, on December 6 the story changed. All of a sudden, the breakdown became voluntary. The Evening Telegram reported (possibly spuriously) that "As soon as he recovers from the trance into which he placed himself, Sherwood Anderson ... will write a book of the sensations he experienced while he wandered over the country as a nomad." This same sense of personal agency is alluded to thirty years later in Sherwood Anderson's Memoirs (1942) where the author wrote of his thought process before walking out: "I wanted to leave, get away from business. ... Again I resorted to slickness, to craftiness...The thought occurred to me that if men thought me a little insane they would forgive me if I lit out...." This idea, however, that Anderson made a conscious decision on November 28 to make a clean break from family and business is unlikely. In the first place, contrary to what Anderson later claimed, his writing was no secret. It was known to his wife, secretary, and some business associates that for several years Anderson had been working on personal writing projects both at night and occasionally in his office at the factory. Secondly, although some of the notes he wrote were to himself during his journey, notes he mailed to his wife on Saturday, addressing the envelope "Cornelia L. Anderson, Pres., American Striving Co.", show that he had some semblance of memory. The general confusion and frequent incoherence the notes exhibit is unlikely to be deliberate. While diagnoses for the four days of Anderson's wanderings have ranged from "amnesia" to "lost identity" to "nervous breakdown", his condition is generally characterized today as a "fugue state." Anderson himself described the episode as "escaping from his materialistic existence," and was admired for his action by many young male writers who chose to be inspired by him. Herbert Gold wrote, "He fled in order to find himself, then prayed to flee that disease of self, to become 'beautiful and clear.'" After having moved back to Chicago, Anderson formally divorced Cornelia.

Novelist
Anderson's first novel, Windy McPherson's Son, was published in 1916 as part of a three-book deal with John Lane. This book, along with his second novel, Marching Men (1917), are usually considered his "apprentice novels" because they came before Anderson found fame with Winesburg, Ohio (1919) and are generally considered inferior in quality to works that followed.

Anderson's most notable work is his collection of interrelated short stories, Winesburg, Ohio (1919). In his memoir, he wrote that "Hands", the opening story, was the first "real" story he ever wrote. "'Instead of emphasizing plot and action, Anderson used a simple, precise, unsentimental style to reveal the frustration, loneliness, and longing in the lives of his characters. These characters are stunted by the narrowness of Midwestern small-town life and by their own limitations.'"In addition, Anderson was one of the first American novelists to introduce new insights from psychology, including Freudian analysis.

Although his short stories were very successful, Anderson wanted to write novels, which he felt allowed a larger scale. In 1920, he published Poor White, which was rather successful. In 1923, Anderson published Many Marriages; in it he explored the new sexual freedom, a theme which he continued in Dark Laughter and later writing. Dark Laughter had its detractors, but the reviews were, on the whole, positive. F. Scott Fitzgerald considered Many Marriages to be Anderson's finest novel.

Beginning in 1924, Sherwood and Elizabeth Prall Anderson moved to New Orleans, where they lived in the historic Pontalba Apartments (540-B St. Peter Street) adjoining Jackson Square in the heart of the French Quarter. For a time, they entertained William Faulkner, Carl Sandburg, Edmund Wilson and other writers, for whom Anderson was a major influence. Critics trying to define Anderson's significance have said he was more influential through this younger generation than through his own works.

Anderson referred to meeting Faulkner in his ambiguous and moving short story, "A Meeting South." His novel Dark Laughter (1925) drew from his New Orleans experiences and continued to explore the new sexual freedom of the 1920s. Although the book was satirized by Ernest Hemingway in his novella The Torrents of Spring, it was a bestseller at the time, the only book of Anderson's to reach that status during his lifetime.

Four marriages
Anderson and Cornelia Lane married in 1904, had his only 3 children, and divorced in 1916. Anderson quickly married the sculptor Tennessee Claflin Mitchell (1874–1929), obtaining a divorce from her in Reno, Nevada in 1924.

In 1924, Anderson married Elizabeth Norma Prall (1884–1976), a friend of Faulkner's whom he had met in New York before his divorce from Mitchell. After several years that marriage also failed, and they divorced in 1932.

In 1928 Anderson became involved with Eleanor Gladys Copenhaver (1896–1985), whom he married in 1933. They traveled and often studied together, and were both active in the trade union movement. Anderson also became close to Copenhaver's mother, Laura.

Later work
Anderson frequently contributed articles to newspapers. In 1935, he was commissioned to go to Franklin County, Virginia to cover a major federal trial of bootleggers and gangsters, in what was called "The Great Moonshine Conspiracy". More than 30 men had been indicted for trial. In his article, he said Franklin was the "wettest county in the world," a phrase used as a title for a 21st-century novel by Matt Bondurant. In the 1930s, Anderson published Death in the Woods (short stories), Puzzled America (essays), and Kit Brandon: A Portrait (novel). In 1932, Anderson dedicated his novel Beyond Desire to Copenhaver. Although by this time he was considered to be less influential overall in American literature, some of what have become his most quoted passages were published in these later works. The books were otherwise considered inferior to his earlier ones.

Beyond Desire built on his interest in the trade union movement and was set during the 1929 Loray Mill Strike in Gastonia, North Carolina. Hemingway referred to it satirically in his novel, To Have and Have Not (1937), where he included as a minor character an author working on a novel of Gastonia.

In his later years, Anderson and Copenhaver lived on his Ripshin Farm in Troutdale, Virginia, which he purchased in 1927 for use during summers. While living there, he contributed to a country newspaper, columns that were collected and published posthumously.

Just weeks before his death, Anderson started on a radio script for The Free Company, a group of which Anderson was a founding member in early 1941. The Free Company consisted of "a group of prominent writers and Hollywood and stage stars which is presenting a series of thirteen radio plays dealing with Civil Liberties over the Columbia Broadcasting System". Anderson drafted the story titled "Above Suspicion", but died before finishing the radio play. Members of the company completed the script, and produced it May 4, 1941, in tribute to his memory.

Death

Anderson died on March 8, 1941, at the age of 64, taken ill during a cruise to South America. He had been feeling abdominal discomfort for a few days, which was later diagnosed as peritonitis. Anderson and his wife debarked from the cruise liner Santa Lucia and went to the hospital in Colón, Panama, where he died on March 8. An autopsy revealed that a swallowed toothpick had done internal damage resulting in peritonitis. Anderson's body was returned to the United States, where he was buried at Round Hill Cemetery in Marion, Virginia. His epitaph reads, "Life, Not Death, Is the Great Adventure".

Legacy and honors

 * In 1971, Anderson's final home in Troutdale, Virginia, known as Ripshin Farm, was designated as a National Historic Landmark.
 * In 2012, Anderson was inducted into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame.
 * In 1988 the Sherwood Anderson Foundation was created by the author's children and grandchildren. It gives grants to emerging writers. The most notable of these is the annual Sherwood Anderson Foundation Writers Award. As of 2009, the Foundation's co-presidents were Anderson's grandsons David M. Spear and Michael Spear, and Anderson's granddaughter, Karlyn Spear Shankland was Secretary. Also, some great-grandchildren of Anderson served terms in S.A.F. as officers and boardmembers: Tippe Miller, Paul Shankland, Susie Spear, Anna McKean, Margo Ross Sears, Abe Spear.

Novels

 * Windy McPherson's Son (1916)
 * Marching Men (1917)
 * Poor White (1920)
 * Many Marriages (1923)
 * Dark Laughter (1925)
 * Tar: A Midwest Childhood (1926, semi-autobiographical novel)
 * Beyond Desire (1932)
 * Kit Brandon: A Portrait (1936)

Short story collections

 * Winesburg, Ohio (1919)
 * The Triumph of the Egg: A Book of Impressions From American Life in Tales and Poems (1921)
 * Horses and Men (1923)
 * Death in the Woods and Other Stories (1933)

Poetry

 * Mid-American Chants (1918)
 * A New Testament (1927)

Drama

 * Plays, Winesburg and Others (1937)

Nonfiction

 * A Story Teller's Story (1922, memoir)
 * The Modern Writer (1925, essays)
 * Sherwood Anderson's Notebook (1926, memoir)
 * Alice and The Lost Novel (1929)
 * Hello Towns! (1929, collected newspaper articles)
 * Nearer the Grass Roots (1929, essays)
 * The American County Fair (1930, essays)
 * Perhaps Women (1931, essays)
 * No Swank (1934, essays)
 * Puzzled America (1935, essays)
 * A Writer's Conception of Realism (1939, essays)
 * Home Town (1940, photographs and commentary)

Published posthumously

 * Sherwood Anderson's Memoirs (1942)
 * The Sherwood Anderson Reader, edited by Paul Rosenfeld (1947)
 * The Portable Sherwood Anderson, edited by Horace Gregory (1949)
 * Letters of Sherwood Anderson, edited by Howard Mumford Jones and Walter B. Rideout (1953)
 * Sherwood Anderson: Short Stories, edited by Maxwell Geismar (1962)
 * Return to Winesburg: Selections from Four Years of Writing for a Country Newspaper, edited by Ray Lewis White (1967)
 * The Buck Fever Papers, edited by Welford Dunaway Taylor (1971, collected newspaper articles)
 * Sherwood Anderson and Gertrude Stein: Correspondence and Personal Essays, edited by Ray Lewis White (1972)
 * The "Writer's Book," edited by Martha Mulroy Curry (1975, unpublished works)
 * France and Sherwood Anderson: Paris Notebook, 1921, edited by Michael Fanning (1976)
 * Sherwood Anderson: The Writer at His Craft, edited by Jack Salzman, David D. Anderson, and Kichinosuke Ohashi (1979)
 * A Teller's Tales, selected and introduced by Frank Gado (1983)
 * Sherwood Anderson: Selected Letters: 1916–1933, edited by Charles E. Modlin (1984)
 * Letters to Bab: Sherwood Anderson to Marietta D. Finely, 1916–1933, edited by William A. Sutton (1985)
 * The Sherwood Anderson Diaries, 1936–1941, edited by Hilbert H. Campbell (1987)
 * Sherwood Anderson: Early Writings, edited by Ray Lewis White (1989)
 * Sherwood Anderson's Love Letters to Eleanor Copenhaver Anderson, edited by Charles E. Modlin (1989)
 * Sherwood Anderson's Secret Love Letters, edited by Ray Lewis White (1991)
 * Certain Things Last: The Selected Stories of Sherwood Anderson, edited by Charles E. Modlin (1992)
 * Southern Odyssey: Selected Writings by Sherwood Anderson, edited by Welford Dunaway Taylor and Charles E. Modlin (1997)
 * The Egg and Other Stories, edited with an introduction by Charles E. Modlin (1998)
 * Collected Stories, edited by Charles Baxter (2012)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sherwood Anderson


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Atlas Shrugged

From VfD, December 5

 * Synopsis of Atlas Shrugged, Chapters 1-5, Synopsis of Atlas Shrugged, Chapters 6-10, Synopsis of Atlas Shrugged, Section2, Synopsis of Atlas Shrugged, Section 2A, Synopsis of Atlas Shrugged, Section 3, Synopsis of Atlas Shrugged, Section 3A, Structure of Atlas Shrugged - Wikipedia is not the place for such indepth analysis. These articles should be deleted from here and posted at wikibooks. Kingturtle 04:55, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Transwiki? -- Cyan 05:04, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * delete or move DJ Clayworth 18:10, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Move to Wikisource or Wikibooks. -- YACHT 09:09, Dec 11, 2003 (UTC)
 * delete - Mark Ryan 12:23, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Delete. If I'm not mistaken, there are about 1000 articles dealing with every single character and plot point in every Ayn Rand book, nearly none of which deserve an encyclopedia entry.  Tempshill 19:06, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * I think efforts were made to move them into pages such as Minor Characters in Atlas Shrugged, which are incredibly long and contain such character as waiter: "The Waiter serves drinks to the Looters in section 131. " Maximus Rex 06:47, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Delete, but before deleting move the content to some other place such as wikibooks, or transwiki, or even meta since someone certainly spent a lot of time writing it. Maximus Rex 06:47, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * I agree, please move somewhere before deleting. This could be a good starting point for the first Wikibook equivalent of Cliffs Notes. --Delirium 00:39, Dec 9, 2003 (UTC)
 * Good book. Save content (under the primary author's user pages would be fine) and delete.  Daniel Quinlan 04:29, Dec 10, 2003 (UTC)
 * Delete - Do NOT move to Wikisource- this is not source text. I don't know much about Wikibooks, but I don't believe book synopses are appropriate there. The user namespace is not for storing such things so do not move there either. Just delete. Angela. 05:45, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * I couldn't care less about the book personally, but it seems a shame to delete so much work. The consensus seems to be that it doesn't belong in the main namespace, but can't it go somewhere?
 * There's no currently appropriate wikibook, but I could see this as useful for a future one. Any analysis of the book, or of Ayn Rand's works in general, could use a decent synopsis to work from. --Delirium 09:05, Dec 10, 2003 (UTC)
 * Keep. I really don't see "being too in-depth" as being a solid reason for deletion. The amount of text is relatively tiny compared with the overall size of Wikipedia, so its not a technical issue. So the only issue at hand is a credibility issue - YMMV but I do not think we should delete valid content simply because we suffer a tiny dent in credibility because our coverage depth is not uniform across topic areas. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 11:34, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * NB the above comment doesn't mean refactoring into fewer articles wouldn't be welcome if someone wants to do it. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 11:34, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * In an e-mail with Zanimum, I learned about Wikibooks, the textbook project. While there's currently just books being prepared on selected standards, so far Shakespeare, Sherlock, and The Once and Future King, the articles on Atlas Shrugged could be turned into a classroom text.
 * Keep. Deleting this stuff seems like a terrible waste. Can't you find somewhere on wikibooks for it? JackLynch 05:07, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Look at this Wiki is not paper JackLynch 08:17, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Delete. Move to wikibooks, and place a link to it from the main article.
 * These are all relevant to Atlas Shrugged, so even if it is decided that the information is badly organised or whatever, the pages should be redirected to that article. This enables people to make use of the material later on by looking in the histories. There is no reason to delete the information altogether. -- Oliver P. 18:12, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * As per Oliver's suggestion, I have redirected the Synopses to Atlas Shrugged. If someone wants to copy them to Wikibooks, please do. Angela. 01:50, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Angela, The votes were overwhelmingly in favor of deleting, and only one person out of 18 suggested turning them into redirects. Redirects are useful tools when they involve words or phrases that users might enter as searches. What users is going to sit down and search for Synopsis of Atlas Shrugged, Chapters 1-5?

These should be deleted, and NOT turned into redirects. Sincerely, Kingturtle 01:57, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * A lot of people suggested moving elsewhere though, rather than discarding the information completely. I don't think I actually commented on this one, but that was my opinion too. So in this case, the purpose of the redirect is to preserve the edit history. Onebyone 02:30, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Only three people voted to delete this outright. The rest said to move it, but out of the eleven people that suggested it be moved, not a single one of them actually bothered to do so. I don't feel it should be moved, so I was obviously not going to do that. As a temporary measure, I followed Oliver's suggestion that it be redirected and suggested on the talk page that if someone wants to do that then they should. Once it is moved, it can be deleted instantly as per guideline 8 on the criteria for speedy deletion on the deletion policy page, but until then, it can't just sit on VfD forever on the off chance that someone is actually going to move it. Angela. 02:45, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

summary of the votes
 * Move: Kingturtle, Cyan, Yacht, Maximus Rex, Delirium, Daniel Quinlan, Anon, Anon2
 * Delete or move: DJ Clayworth
 * Delete, move and redirect: Oliver P
 * Delete: Mark Ryan, Tempshill, Angela.
 * Keep: Pete/Pcb21
 * Keep or move: JackLynch

 * I have copied the articles in question into wikibooks, see http://wikibooks.org/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged . Maybe it can take root there. I fully understand the desire to find a home for all the hard work put into said articles. However, I don't think improper redirects should be a repository for such things. I think it is better to hold such info in a sub page of some sort. In any case, the info has been duplicated in Wikibook...and maybe it can develop a life there.

 * P.S. in the vote results listed above, I am incorrectly listed under "Move." In my nomination, I specifically said "These articles should be deleted from here." Kingturtle 03:00, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * I counted you as a "move" because you said These articles should be deleted from here and posted at wikibooks. Kingturtle 04:55, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC), which is not an outright delete. It implies that you wouldn't want it deleted unless it was moved. Anyway, I've deleted the redirects now. Angela. 03:04, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)


text:
Sportsmanship

Sportsmanship is an aspiration or ethos that a sport or activity will be enjoyed for its own sake, and with proper consideration for fairness, ethics, respect, and a sense of fellowship with one's competitors. A "sore loser" refers to one who does not take defeat well, whereas a "good sport" means being a "good winner" as well as being a "good loser".

Analysis
Sportsmanship can be conceptualized as an enduring and relatively stable characteristic or disposition such that individuals differ in the way they are generally expected to behave in sports situations. Sportsmanship mainly refers to virtues such as fairness, self-control, courage, and persistence, and has been associated with interpersonal concepts of treating others and being treated fairly, maintaining self-control if dealing with others, and respect for both authority and opponents. Sportsmanship is also looked at as being the way one reacts to a sport/game/player.

Four elements of sportsmanship are good form, the will to win, equity, and fairness. All four elements are critical and a balance must be found among all four for true sportsmanship to be illustrated. These elements may also cause conflict, as a person may desire to win more than to play in equity and fairness and thus resulting in a clash within the aspects of sportsmanship. This will cause problems as the person believes they are being a good sport, but they are imbalanced. When athletes become too self-centred, the idea of sportsmanship is dismissed.

Today's sporting culture, in particular elite sport, places great importance on the idea of competition and winning and sportsmanship may take a back seat as a result. In most, if not all sports, players at the elite level set the standards on sportsmanship and whether they like it or not, they are seen as leaders and role models in society.

Since every sport is rule-driven, the most common offence of bad sportsmanship is the act of cheating or breaking the rules to gain an unfair advantage; this is called unsportsmanlike conduct. A competitor who exhibits poor sportsmanship after losing a game or contest is often called a "sore loser", while a competitor who exhibits poor sportsmanship after winning is typically called a "bad winner". Sore loser behavior includes blaming others for the loss, not accepting responsibility for personal actions that contributed to the defeat, reacting to the loss in an immature or improper fashion, making excuses for the defeat, and citing unfavorable conditions or other petty issues as reasons for the defeat. A bad winner acts in a shallow fashion after his or her victory, such as by gloating about his or her win, rubbing the win in the face(s) of the opponent(s), and lowering the opponent(s)'s self-esteem by constantly reminding the opponent(s) of their poor performance in comparison (even if the opponent(s) competed well). Not showing respect to the other team is considered as being a bad sportsman and could lead to demoralising effects; as Leslie Howe describes: "If a pitcher in baseball decides to pitch not to his maximum ability suggest that the batter is not at an adequate level, [it] could lead to the batter to have low self-confidence or worth."

Six categories relating to sportsmanship are the elements of sports, the elements of sportsmanship, clarifications, conflicts, balance, and irreducibility. All six of these characterize a person with good sportsmanship. Even though there is some affinity between some of the categories, they are distinct elements.

"In essence, play has for its directed and immediate end joy, pleasure, and delights and which is dominated by a spirit of moderation and generosity. Athletics, on the other hand, is essentially a competitive activity, which has for its end victory in the contest and which is characterized of dedication, sacrifice and intensity." Hence, the virtues of a player are radically different from the virtues of an athlete. Rudd and Stoll provide an example from 1995, when a U.S. high school athletic league banned the post-game handshake that was a part of sports such as football and basketball. The handshaking was banned because of fights that were ensuing after the handshake. Most players are influenced by the leaders around them such as coaches and older players, "if there are coaches and administrators who don't understand sportsmanship, then what about the players?"

Examples

There are various ways that sportsmanship is practiced in different sports. Being a good sport often includes treating others as you would also like to be treated, cheering for good plays (even if they are made by the opposition), accepting responsibility for your mistakes, and keeping your perspective. An example of treating others how you would like to be treated would include being respectful and polite to other team members and the opposition because in return you would also like to be treated the same way.

Some popular examples of good sportsmanship include shaking hands, helping an opponent who may have fallen over, encouraging everyone, cheering, clapping or giving high-fives, and being respectful to everyone including teammates, the opposition, parents, and officials. Most importantly it is often encouraged and said regarding sportsmanship that "It's not whether you win or lose, it's how you play the game."

Sportsmanship can be manifested in different ways depending on the game itself or the culture of the group. For example, in the sport of cricket, a player will sometimes acknowledge that he is out by walking off the field, even though the umpires (game officials) had thought that he was not out. In another example, a tennis player who sees a ball go in but is called out by the linesperson could concede the point or suggest the opponent make a challenge, as was the case with professional tennis player Jack Sock on at least two occasions.

Contributing factors
Sportsmanship can be affected by contributing factors such as the players' values and attitudes towards the sport and also on professional role models. Role models in sport are expected to act in a moral and respectful way. When elite sporting role models do not encourage sportsmanship this can encourage other people to act in similar ways to the athletes that they look up to and idolize. For example, if an individual looked up to an athlete who was drinking excessively, they may see this as acceptable behavior. The direct correlation between sportsmanship and leadership is also considered to be another contributing factor. Having a positive environment in your sporting team will therefore create good sportsmanship from the individuals. Having a positive leadership by the captains, coaches, and supporters would then encourage a positive sporting environment.

title: Sportsmanship


text:
Hypospray

A hypospray is a medical device in the science fiction television series Star Trek. It is similar to a jet injector, a real medical device, with the main difference being that the fictional medical device doesn't penetrate the skin.

The concept of the hypospray was developed when producers of the original Star Trek series discovered that NBC's broadcast standards and practices prohibited the use of hypodermic syringes to inject medications; the needleless hypospray sidestepped this issue. The prop used in the original series appeared to be a modified fuel injector for a large automotive diesel engine, similar to the engines from which jet injectors were derived.

In the Star Trek universe
In the Star Trek universe, the hypospray was developed by the mid-22nd century, since it is featured in Star Trek: Enterprise. Many characters use it, including Dr. Crusher in Star Trek: The Next Generation, and The Doctor in Star Trek: Voyager and Dr. McCoy in Star Trek: The Original Series.

The device applies medication by spraying it onto the skin, and can be used directly or through clothing. The real-life jet injector is usually applied at the top of the arm, but the fictional hypospray is sometimes applied at the neck. It administers medication subcutaneously and intramuscularly.

The hypospray is extremely versatile, as the medicine vials can be quickly swapped out from the bottom of the hypospray. As the hypospray is bloodless, it is not contaminated by use. This allows it to be used on many patients until the hypospray is depleted.

Journal articles

 * Comparison of two steroid preparations used to treat tennis elbow, using the hypospray (1975)
 * The use of the hypospray in the treatment of minor orthopaedic conditions (1969)
 * Use of the hypospray jet injector for intra-articular injection (1967)

title: Hypospray


text:
Talk:Muscle fiber

Attempted rough clean-up of content and structure of the page, but realized it should be redirected to skeletal muscle instead. Redirect proposed. Smr1 (talk) 18:41, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

Attempting Wikification of this page, however requiring some clarification of content, to avoid misinformation-

1. Is the table near the foot of the article (following comment "...divided, as follows...") specifically referring to heart muscle tissue, or some form of reposting of previous content?

2. Is the subtitle "Type I" near the bottom of the page referring to the same "Type I" as discussed previously in the article in the section where the text reads "So we expand further:  Type I,  Red fibers,"

Please note, no offense is intended to those who posted the material originally. Cjw89 (talk) 20:10, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

Shouldn't the Type III fibres section be heavily elaborated on heavily? Mandom Rix 08:09, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

How diverse is the term "muscle fiber"? Does it only describe the single cell of a vertebrate skeletal muscle? Is is general to all skeletal muscles (including those of insects and other invertebrates)? Or is it general to all muscle, including smooth muscle? My inclination is that it only describes vertebrate skeletal muscle, but am not sure. --Mperkins 03:12, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * As far as I know, the term is very general and would apply to insects and other invertebrates. Googling for "insect muscle fiber" would seem to confirm this. Cheers, David Iberri | Talk 20:06, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

Huh?!? Why are the cardiac and smooth muscle cells even mentioned in this article? -- Boris 13:20, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

do muscle cells do mitosis? -- Isabelle
 * I need to be a bit picky about your question here. Mitosis is the process by which the nucleus of a cell divides, and then the whole cell divides by cytokinesis. A muscle fiber (myocite) is a single muscle cell with many nuclie. So yes, the nuclie have to undergo mitosis, but not necessarily cytokinesis. Raul654 23:33, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

I cleaned up the part that mentioned (what I think is) a subdivision before the main division, but if this is wrong, please correct. Type I and II are a subgroup of skeletal muscles, which are a subgroup of all muscle (fibres), right? Also, does anyone know if skeletal of Type IIb fibres, a type (by myosin heavy chain) not present in humans. It could certainly be mentioned in the article that Type IId/x used to be called Type IIb, but that the terminology has been superseded. However, I don't want to make such a major change without consensus, so I'm asking for opinions. My request for change makes an assumption that this article is aimed at human muslce fibres over any other species.

There seems to be a lot of contradiction between the mitochondria levels. One part states the high concnetration in type I then the other the high concnetration in type II someone want to double check that?--Mrmisanthrope 06:13, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

For reference, see Pette, D., Peuker, H., & Staron, R. (1999). The impact of biochemical methods for single muscle fibre analysis. Acta Physiologica Scandinavia, 166, 261-267.

Tidied up the article a bit. Hope it's alright. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.101.244.65 (talk) 15:32, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Muscle fiber


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User talk:68.193.167.214

Thanks for adding the article on the M&E, and noting the Conrail reporting mark change. One minor thing - & is never used in the article names for railroads, so I moved it to Morristown and Erie Railway. I'll also be adding some historical info at some point. --SPUI 05:03, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Flushing Line
What are you doing with Flushing Line? Please reply on my talk page (User talk:SPUI). --SPUI 01:37, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

A few things on Rolling stock of the New York City Subway
Where are you getting your years? I've used the ones on nycsubway.org - are these incorrect?

"R40M" is not an official designation.

You switched the links for R32 and R32A.

I have reverted the changes you made (except the change of 342 to 352 - I didn't think to check the old numbers). That doesn't mean yours are wrong. --SPUI (talk) 21:29, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Articles for deletion nomination of Eagle Electric
I have nominated Eagle Electric, an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Eagle Electric. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. Joe Chill (talk) 16:20, 19 December 2009 (UTC)

Nomination of Marina Oswald Porter for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Marina Oswald Porter is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Marina Oswald Porter until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. UserABCXYZ (talk) 18:18, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

 * Hi, just letting you know that this nomination has been closed as speedy keep (meaning the article has not been deleted) as the editor who nominated it declared that the nomination was a mistake, so there are no problems with the article. You can see the discussion here. Redtree21 (talk) 12:38, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:68.193.167.214


text:
Regulation of sport

The regulation of sport is usually done by a sport governing body for each sport, resulting in a core of relatively invariant, agreed rules. People responsible for leisure activities often seek recognition and respectability as sports by joining sports federations such as the International Olympic Committee, or by forming their own regulatory body. In this way sports evolve from leisure activity to more formal sports: relatively recent newcomers are BMX cycling, snowboarding, wrestling, etc. Some of these activities have been popular but uncodified pursuits for different lengths of time. Indeed, the formal regulation of sport is a relatively modern and increasing development. This method promotes a sport globally, in a very successful way. It also promotes the universality of each sport, by ensuring that the same gameplay rules are being practiced worldwide, using a standardized/homogenous international gameplay rule system (sanctioned by the respective international sports governing bodies) that is applied uniformly on all member associations and recognized leagues. Examples are FIFA in association football and FIBA in basketball, which have regulated international gameplay rules that are even practiced within US sports leagues today, despite not practicing them historically (which therefore meant that many US sports leagues weren't recognized by international governing bodies in the past, until they began to adopt international rules). In the sport of basketball, the defender/defense cannot call foul.

Formula One motor racing is an example of strict and changing regulation, where the regulating body appears to control rather than to simply define the sport. There have been major changes in the rules of F1 recently, almost on an annual basis, and more are planned. Sometimes this is done for safety reasons, sometimes to make the racing more interesting as a spectator sport, and sometimes to promote competition through involvement of smaller teams. Some changes make overtaking more probable for example or reduce the probability of an overwhelming technical advantage by any one team. Although heavily regulated, most people agree that the sport has thereby greatly benefitted, not least through dramatic leaps in safety.

The degree of organisation can vary from national or worldwide competitions for the sport, or it can occur in a  purely ad hoc, spontaneous way. A sport may be played individually (e.g. time trialling in cycling) or in a team, or just for recreation and well being (e.g. swimming).

Some challenging situations have had to be dealt with when there is an overlap of the regulation of the sport  with other forms of regulation, e.g. safety (There have been serious losses of life in football audiences, through stand collapses or poor crowd management), or simple laws of the land (Some inadvertent or otherwise physical interchanges occur between participants: when is it acceptable for the sport regulating authority alone to investigate and if necessary punish these? Can there be economic or public relations pressures affecting these issues?)

The broadcasting of sports events is also highly regulated, with contracts limiting who can show footage.

title: Regulation of sport


text:
Talk:Computably enumerable set

Tuple
What the hell is a tuple??
 * An ordered pair. Dysprosia 03:23, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

No: All ordered pairs are tuples, but many tuples are not ordered pairs; some are ordered triples, etc. Michael Hardy 21:10, 12 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Ehm.. Tuple --NavarroJ 12:59, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

Is this correct?
"There is an algorithm that, when given an input — typically an integer or a tuple of integers or a sequence of characters — eventually halts if it is a member of S and otherwise runs forever." I've changed this sentence because all recursive sets are also recursively enumerable. Algorithms for RE sets are simply not guaranteed to halt if the input is not a member of the set. Also notice that the above sentence contradicts one of the examples.

 * Both versions are correct. But perhaps your version is clearer. If I have an algorithm A for a recursive set S which terminates if an element e is not in S I can create a new algorithm A' which is the same as A but instead of terminating if e is not in S it goes into an infinite loop. Using this construction I can covert all terminating algorithms into non-terminating ones.

 * P.S.If you post messages on talk pages please sign your message with ~ .MathMartin 19:19, 5 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually, Matiyasevich's Theorem says the converse: Every recursively enumerable set is Diophantine.   Jim

"if" versus "if and only if"

 * I can not agree with the wording "... eventually halts if and only if the input is an element of S ...". If it was so, recursive set could not be recursively enumerable, as the algurithm stops for input not being from S. I have changed the wording to "... eventually halts if the input is an element of S ...". This will allow recursive sets being also recursively enumerable. Zde 15:09, 3 January 2006 (UTC).
 * Unfortunately your definition allows any set whatsoever to be recursively enumerable. (Think about it.)
 * Given a recursive set, it's true that there's an algorithm that always halts and says whether the input is or is not in the set. But there's another algorithm that halts if and only if the input is in the set. For example, take your first algorithm, and rewrite it so that whenever it would have halted saying the element is not in the set, it instead goes into an infinite loop. (This is actually how you prove that recursive sets are recursively enumerable, or one way to prove it anyway.)
 * Accordingly, I'm reverting your edit (don't take it personally; it's a simple matter of correctness). --Trovatore 18:40, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

Circularity of Definitions
Isn't this definition of a computable function:

A partial function $$f:\subseteq \mathbb{N} \to \mathbb{N}$$ is called computable if the graph of $$f$$ is a recursively enumerable set.

circular with the definition of a recursively enumerable set:

A countable set S is called recursively enumerable if there exists a partial computable function $$f : \mathbb{N} \to S$$ such that $$S$$ is the range of $$f$$? --Michael Stone 00:25, 11 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Good catch. The definitions in computable function should be reworked, and probably computable function and recursive function should be merged. --Trovatore 00:41, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

Invalid definition of r.e. set
This is the invalid definition of recursively enumerable set from the article
 * There is an algorithm that, when given an input — typically an integer or a tuple of integers or a sequence of characters — eventually halts if and only if the input is an element of S.

The problem is that there is no formal definition of algorithm (unless you choose the nonstandard definition that identifies algorithms with Turing machines, or something else equally nonstandard). The definitions of recursively enumerable set that apear in current texts all make reference to one of the several equivalent formally defined models of computation. It is only via Church's thesis that they identify the sets that are recursively enumerable with the sets that are enumerable by some “algorithm.” This confusion about Church's thesis is pervasive in many of the articles about computability.

Several of the comments for the suggested merge of Recursive function and Computable function suffer from the same confusion. There can be no formal definition of computable function which does not make reference to some model of computation.

CMummert 20:25, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

To add to the the above, the first paragraph in the "Remarks" section seems to contradict the opening definition of recursively enumerable sets.

kapil (talk) 06:53, 23 March 2010 (UTC)
 * How ya figure? --Trovatore (talk) 07:42, 23 March 2010 (UTC)

Equivalent definitions?
I can't see how both definitions can be considered "equivalent". I can see how, having an algorithm that enumerates the set, I can have another algorithm that, given an input number, eventually halts iff the element is in the set. But I can't see how, having such an algorithm, I could possibly enumerate the elements of the set. -- Anonymous, 13:20, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The definitions aren't considered equivalent -- they are provably equivalent. If you have an algorithm A that halts on exactly those numbers that are in a set S, you can enumerate S based on how many steps it takes A to halt, as follows.  Run A for one time step on input 0.  Then run A for two time steps on input 0 and for two time steps on input 1.  Then run A for three time steps on each of the inputs 0, 1, and 2.  Whenever you run A long enough on a particular input that A halts, enumerate that input into S.  If you continue methodically in the pattern just listed, you run A arbitrarily long on every input, and thus your enumeration will include every number for which A halts.  CMummert 13:53, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

Does S have to be a set of natural numbers?
Why not just say that a set S (of natural numbers, teacups, or whatever) is r.e. if ? Why (as is done in the article) restrict S to a set of nat. num's and attempt to accommodate other sets via goedel numbering? Infinite sets of natural numbers don't necessarily have godel numbers. Consider the set C of those that do. Now consider one that doesn't--of course, it's not possible to actually specify one--and call it s. C U {s} is r.e., but not (not entirely) due to goedel numbering. In any case, it seems to me that the best method would be to present the general definition (where the nature of the elements of S is left unspecified) and then later, if necessary, restrict attention to r.e. sets of natural numbers. ...or more simply: C U {teacup} is r.e., but goedel numbering won't tell which is the x s.t. $$f(x) = teacup$$ —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Futonchild (talk • contribs) 06:25, 28 February 2007 (UTC).

 * The problem is that there is no definition of an r.e. set of teacups, because no computer has ever been seen to output a teacup. CMummert · talk 13:14, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

 * No computer has ever been seen to output a natural number, either. But the set of natural numbers is r.e. all the same.  --Futonchild 17:04, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

 * What exactly do you believe is the formal definition of "the set A is recursively enumerable"? CMummert · talk 18:43, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

 * You are right. The range of a recursive function has to be a set of natural numbers, so an r.e. set has to be a set of nat num's too.  This makes me think though that maybe the comment about goedel numberings should be edited to reflect the fact that a goedel numbering function, while clearly intuitively effectively computable, cannot be, strictly speaking, recursive--?  Also, does this mean that the Church-Turing thesis must also be restricted to functions from (n-tuples of) nat. num's to nat. num's--since clearly there are effectively computable functions (e.g. goedel numberings) that are not recursive?  --Futonchild 21:52, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, it is true that the things called Godel numberings in computability theory, like the Godel numbering of the sentences of a formal language, cannot literally be "computable functions" unless their domain and range are included in the set of legal inputs/outputs of whatever model of computation we use. I used the word "corresponds" in this article precisely for that reason. Unfortunately the WP article on Godel numberings is currently in very bad shape.  Feel free to edit either article if you would like to improve them.
 * And yes, the Church-Turing thesis is limited to functions whose domain and range are included in the set of possible inputs/outputs of the model of computation. For example, the successor operation on ordinals, although in some sense effective, can't be computable because there is no model of computation that can represent all the ordinals as inputs. CMummert · talk 23:14, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

Dumb Questions
QUOTING from the article:

"A set S of natural numbers is called recursively enumerable if there is a partial recursive (i.e. computable) function whose domain (co-range) is exactly S, meaning that the function is defined if and only if its input is a member of S."

I'm starting pretty far back in trying to comprehend this. May I please have answers to these questions:

 * Is "partial recursive function" synonymous with "computable function"? (Partial recursive and computable are not defined or linked. Are they regarded as obvious in meaning?)

 * I know the terms domain and range. But why "co-range"? Is there any good reason to introduce this alternate and confusing term here?

 * The test of whether the set S is recursively enumerable relates to the "domain" of functions. Does the "range" of functions have any relevance to the matter?

 * After pondering my way through the introduction to the article, I was pleased to see that there is a section of "Examples". I eagerly went to it, and was deeply disappointed to see that it contains no (IMO) real examples of functions; only what I would call examples of types of functions. Are there any simple examples of what this article is about?

 * Is the set of all integers that are multiples of 7 recursively enumerable?. If so, what function satisfies the test?

Thanks very much. Wanderer57 (talk) 14:13, 8 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, "partial recursive function" is the same as "partial computable function". Logically it should really be "recursive partial function" but this is the traditional name. They should be defined or linked.
 * I think "co-range" is kind of silly.
 * An r.e. set may be defined either as the domain or as the range of a partial recursive function. The two definitions are equivalent, but one may sometimes be more ocnvenient than the other.
 * Sure, there are tons of simple examples. Whether it's useful to list them is something that might want some thought....
 * Yes, the multiples of 7 form an r.e. set. Write a program that tests the input to see if it's a multiple of 7, and if so outputs 0; otherwise, it goes into an infinite loop. The partial recursive function defined by that program witnesses that the set is r.e. --Trovatore (talk) 18:45, 8 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Thank you very much. That helps a bit.  Encouraged by that, I'm going to ask another question.
 * Suppose I now have my program that tests the input to see if it is a multiple of 7. If it is, the output is 0. If it is not, the output is 41. BUT the domain of this function is all positive integers, not all integers that are multiples of 7.   ???

 * I didn't mean to suggest including tons of examples but I think a few examples would help a lot. Thanks.  Wanderer57 (talk) 19:10, 8 August 2008 (UTC)

 * The answer to your question is "yes" (well, except I'd quibble on "positive", since we seem to be allowing 0), and your program witnesses that the set of all natural numbers is r.e. --Trovatore (talk) 19:14, 8 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks. Can you suggest a program that witnesses that the set of natural numbers that are multiples of 7 are r.e., because the domain of the function is that set? Wanderer57 (talk) 19:28, 8 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Trovatore's original function witnesses that. If the input is a multiple of 7, the program halts. Otherwise, it does not halt. So the domain (set of values for which it halts) is exactly the set of multiples of 7. This is a partial function.

 * The term "co-range" is not used in recursion theory; it's a category-theory term. I think it was added here in an attempt to clarify for category theorists which meaning of "domain" is intended. See domain (mathematics) — Carl (CBM · talk) 19:46, 8 August 2008 (UTC)

(unindent) The word "domain" is ambiguous. According to Binary relation, "A binary relation R is usually defined as an ordered triple (X, Y, G) where X and Y are arbitrary sets (or classes), and G is a subset of the Cartesian product X × Y. The sets X and Y are called the domain and codomain, respectively, of the relation, and G is called its graph.". Sometimes it is used to mean the set of things which might be considered as inputs to the function — in our case, the domain in that sense of a partial recursive function is always the natural numbers. Other times, domain (second sense) is used to mean the set of things within the domain (first sense) which when input to the function yields a value. This is what I was calling the "co-range" (for want of a better word) because the "range" of a function is the set of values which it outputs while the "co-domain" is the set of things within which the range (image of the domain) is located, that is, in our case, the natural numbers (again). JRSpriggs (talk) 06:00, 9 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Sure, domain is ambiguous in general, but it's not ambiguous in recursion theory or descriptive set theory. In those fields it has a standard meaning. On the other hand co-range I have never heard of — Carl says it's a category-theory term, which is possible, but in my limited experience with category theory I've never come across it. We aren't supposed to make up language here. --Trovatore (talk) 07:22, 9 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks to all of you for your help in uderstanding this. As I said, I'm starting pretty far back.

 * As a general comment, I think complex terminology is a huge barrier to comprehension of this subject area. Both the article itself and some of the above discussion illustrate that.

 * For example, in the first sentence of the article, even before an r.e. set is defined, the reader is given an alternate name for the subject (i.e., computability theory, traditionally called recursion theory) and four alternatives for the term r.e. (i.e., computably enumerable, semidecidable, provable and Turing-recognizable). IMO this is packing too much information into one sentence.

 * Thanks, Wanderer57 (talk) 18:53, 9 August 2008 (UTC)

 * It is hard to avoid doing that. We need to identify the subject of the article quickly by whatever name a reader might know it. Once you realize that these are synonyms, you can ignore the ones you do not recognize on your first reading of the article. JRSpriggs (talk) 06:41, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I wonder if an initial statement in italics might be better, by taking the synonyms out of the defining sentence. E.g.,
 * (Computably enumerable, semidecidable, provable and Turing-recognizable are synonyms for recursively enumerable.)

 * Another question -- suppose a lookup table is created by picking a million numbers from a random number table, and an algorithm is created that halts only when given an input that is in the lookup table. Would that algorithm determine an r.e. set? Wanderer57 (talk) 15:45, 10 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes. Every finite (or co-finite) set of natural numbers is recursively enumerable. Indeed, they are recursive. JRSpriggs (talk) 16:13, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

"Algorithm"
Article says:
 * There is an algorithm that enumerates the members of S. That means that its output is simply a list of the members of S: s1, s2, s3, ... . If necessary, this algorithm may run forever.

I have requested discussion at
 * Talk:Algorithm characterizations

of whether this is a legitimate use of the word "algorithm", which I thought had to produce at most finite output. 66.127.52.47 (talk) 21:20, 20 March 2010 (UTC)

Universal recursively enumerable set
Strangely, I do not see here a universal recursively enumerable set. Boris Tsirelson (talk) 17:52, 17 February 2018 (UTC)

 * It is not defined here (and I have forgotten the definition), but I believe that these two examples listed in the section on examples would qualify:
 * Given a Gödel numbering $$\phi$$ of the computable functions, the set $$\{\langle i,x \rangle \mid \phi_i(x) \downarrow \}$$ (where $$\langle i,x \rangle$$ is the Cantor pairing function and $$\phi_i(x)\downarrow$$ indicates $$\phi_i(x)$$ is defined) is recursively enumerable (cf. picture for a fixed x). This set encodes the halting problem as it describes the input parameters for which each Turing machine halts.
 * Given a Gödel numbering $$\phi$$ of the computable functions, the set $$\lbrace \left \langle x, y, z \right \rangle \mid \phi_x(y)=z \rbrace$$ is recursively enumerable. This set encodes the problem of deciding a function value.
 * JRSpriggs (talk) 12:39, 18 February 2018 (UTC)

Should move to computably enumerable set
I have tagged computably enumerable set as G6 -- this page should be moved there per WP:NOUN. I think this is pretty cut and dried; I hope we don't need an RM. --Trovatore (talk) 05:53, 29 July 2022 (UTC)

2021 renaming
Detailed here: Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Mathematics/Archive/2021/Jun. --Dan Polansky (talk) 14:55, 10 October 2023 (UTC)

Origin of enumerable = partial?
Instinctively, I would expect ’enumerable’ to mean that I can make an enumeration, in which case ‘computably enumerable’ ought to mean that there is some algorithm which computes the next item in the sequence for me. Instead it seems to mean the opposite: adding this attribute to a term weakens it so that I can never be sure what is the next item in a sequence, unless it is just the numerical successor! ‘Partial’ I can see why it should be like that, but for ‘enumerable’ it comes across as a mystery. What is the historical background for this choice of terminology? (That would be a useful addition to the article.) 130.243.94.123 (talk) 16:45, 25 January 2024 (UTC)

Okay, found the explanation — in the alternative definition "The set S is the range of a total computable function, or empty.", which in at least is taken as the primary definition. The proof that this implies "is the domain of a partial recursive function" is straightforward, but the converse is very difficult. 130.243.94.123 (talk) 17:33, 25 January 2024 (UTC)
 * This isn't the place to discuss it, but actually the proof of the converse is not conceptually difficult. There might be a few details to get past, but the idea is straightforward.  If you want to know more, please ask a question on WP:RD/Math. --Trovatore (talk) 19:17, 25 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Computably enumerable set