text:
Talk:John Lewis Partnership

Legal structure
Does anyone know any more about the legal structure of John Lewis? Is it actually a co-operative? Secretlondon 12:44, Dec 3, 2003 (UTC)
 * Its a PLC so it issues shares. Secretlondon 12:46, Dec 3, 2003 (UTC). But it claims to be run by its employees - and gives a 'dividend' to them. Bah - its not a straight-forward co-operative (it would be an Industrial and Provident society under British Law - not a PLC). It's hybrid - and I'm confused. ;) Secretlondon 12:51, Dec 3, 2003 (UTC)
 * John Lewis Partnership PLC is a public unquoted company that wholly own John Lewis PLC and a bunch of about 25 limited companies such as Waitrose Limited, John Lewis Car Finance Ltd etc. As at 31/01/2003 they had shareholder funds of about £1.4bn or about £25,000 per employee. Distribution of shares is (probably) proportional to annual pay . Total dividend payout appears to be £200,000 or £4 per employee for year to 31/01/2003.... these seems too low... I clearly don't know how to read financial statements!
 * As for the power, as opposed to corporate, structure... see the external link in the article Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 14:07, 3 Dec 2003 (UTC)

The reason for the £200,000 pound dividend payment is because in the early post war era the company was very short of funds and had to issue shares to raise some capital. Instead of issuing ordinary shares (where you own part of the company) they issued preference shares instead. These give you a right to a fixed dividend but don't give you any voting or other rights in the company.

Corperate structure is roughly as follows, John Lewis Partnership is a PLC, but all the shares(with the exeption of the afforementioned preferance shares) are owned by the a Trust set up by the Founder for the benefit of the employees. The profits are distributed in cash (well bank transfer) anually around the end of March, as a percentage of salary. The percentage varies each year the highest recently was around 22%, the lowest about 8%. The issue of the preferance shares should be largely ignored, they are entirely insignificant in the structure of the company.

Senior people in a coop where I was a member Poptel comented that JL is realy a Co-op but doesn't use the term.

And Poptel the company was owned by the coop via a complex trust

Question: Does that complex trust truly contain clauses related to the death of kings? I refer you to this interesting quote from http://www.newstatesman.com/199911150025:
 * If the demutualisers take the long view, they could decide to wait till the present trust expires, which it does 21 years after the death of the last surviving descendant of King Edward VII who was alive in 1929 - namely, the Queen and the Earl of Harewood. For customers of the 25 department stores and 118 Waitrose food shops, the worry must be whether the homage to Spedan Lewis will not, eventually, cause the same kinds of fatal delay in innovation that did for the Co-op as a serious movement. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.118.251.61 (talk) 11:08, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

I suspect that JL is not a true cooperative! If it was, JL would emphasise that each employee had equal voting share. As far as I can see they only say things like "everybody has a say". Therefore I guess that power is very unequally distributed amongst employees. Of course I hope that I am wrong and that one of you tells me so. —Preceding comment added by --Turifo (talk) 20:43, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

John Lewis Partnership plc is legally established an unlisted public limited company. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.197.136.142 (talk) 18:24, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

JLP is not a partnership in the legal company sense, it is not a workers co-operative, it is not owned by its employees, it is not a private company, and it is not a mutual. All of which was contained in the article, and has now been removed. None of which are accurate. JLP may call its employees partners, but that is just a title. JLP may give employees seats on the board, or on committees, but they are simply appointments to roles, and nothing else, it is not employee owned decision making, mutual members expressing their voting. JLP has a separate legal personality, a partnership under the law of England and Wales does not, and cannot, only an LLP or a Company can have a legal personality. JLP is a company. A Public Company. An unlisted public company, it is not a private company as the article tried to claim. Paying employees a share of profits through a trust is a form of a bonus scheme, and is not employee ownership, mutualisation, of a workers co-op. This article needs to be accurate, simply calling something a partnership does not in the legal sense make something a partnership. Sport and politics (talk) 18:16, 19 July 2017 (UTC)

Confusing text for Southampton
I've removed the following annotation from the Southampton entry:

 * (under the Tyrrell & Green name until the move to West Quay in 1998, then opened in 2000)

because it doesn't make meaningful sense. Are we saying the store traded as Tyrell & Green both before 1998 and after 2000, but traded as John Lewis in the short interim. Or did it move to West Quay in 1998, but for some strange reason didn't reopen for two years after the move. Or what?. If you know enough to rewrite this annotation in english, please feel free to do so and reinstate. -- Chris j wood 15:50, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

I do not believe it traded as Tyrell & Green post-2000 and JohnLewis.com lists it as JL Southhampton --Davidprior 07:57, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

Question on logo usage
Two quite different (in colour and font) John Lewis logos (Image:JLlogo.PNG and Image:JLPlogo.PNG} have been added to this article. Neither image page has a description. Does the John Lewis Partnership still use both, or is one historic?. If both are in use, what decides which is used where?. -- Chris j wood 13:52, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * JLlogo is the logo of the shop. The font matches that shown in the shop sign in the photo (which was taken very recently).  JLPlogo is the logo of the partnership (the company that ownes the John Lewis stores, among other things).  This is the logo used on their webpage (http://www.johnlewispartnership.co.uk/).  Note that when that webpage refers to the store specifically, they use JLlogo.  So both are current, and I think both are sensible things to have in the article. -- Finlay McWalter |  Talk 14:00, August 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * I thought that might be the case from the placement in the article, but didn't want to jump to conclusions. I've updated the captions and image descriptions to reflect this. I agree both are sensible to have, but I'm just wondering if it may be better to have two articles. One on the John Lewis department store chain, and one on the John Lewis Partnership as owners of that chain, Waitrose, etc. -- Chris j wood 14:39, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * That makes sense, but I don't know how much there is to write about the partnership, though. -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 14:44, August 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * The changeover of names was virtually instant, the partnership's presence in Southampton prior to it's move into the West Quay shopping centre was in a building that dates back to before World War Two. It was certainly called "Tyrell & Green" until it's closure, which, as I say was the day before the opening of the new location down the road. The building is still empty to this day, unfortunate for a building closed down in the last millenia -- D Hockey | Talk 03:02, November 30, 2006 (UTC)

Typo in Revenue?
A revenue of about £5 million in 2005? Shurely Shome Mishtake. That works out at around £70 annual revenue per employee. --Gantlord 18:51, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

Former location - Warrington
I have removed the last entry by user 212.219.95.3 as it is incorrect. I think it might be a minor violation. -- AndrewSE19 10:18, 22 September 2006

All the revenue figures are wrong/misleading
The numbers shown are gross sales (including VAT), not revenue. Gross sales figures are widely used in the retail industry, but they are not comparable to figures for non-retail businesses and it is misleading to give them as the only figure here. I don't have time to correct this just now. Cotterstock (talk) 20:52, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

Update
Greenbee has changed to John Lewis insurance. Some parts of Greenbee still exist, some are being phased out, or removed with plans to bring back at a later date. Greenbee no longer exists. This is why I added the Update tag. I will do it myself, given some time, but I am currently working on the John Lewis (department store) page. DrMotley (talk) 18:57, 6 October 2010 (UTC)

Partnership Democracy
As a former long-serving employee of John Lewis, and indeed a Partner who served on a number of their internal democratic bodies, I can assure you first-hand that said democratic bodies are entirely powerless talking-shops (at least at the lower echelons). They have no power whatsoever to influence John Lewis policy, or the direction of the business. Only topics pre-approved by management are up for discussion, and the only resolutions passed are those that can be implemented with a minimum of fuss or expense (for example, regarding the sort of sandwich fillings that are available in the canteen). The sole purpose of these "democratic" bodies is to give the illusion to "rank and file" employees, and external observers that the John Lewis Partnership is in some way a caring, progressive and inclusive organisation, whereas in fact they treat their employees with a good deal more contempt than most. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.5.68.95 (talk) 03:11, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

Other Businesses?
A bond prospectus from 2010 lists a number of other businesses belonging to the group. Source is on page 28 here http://www.johnlewispartnership.co.uk/content/dam/cws/pdfs/financials/John_Lewis_plc_Prospectus.pdf — Preceding unsigned comment added by 46.208.81.209 (talk • contribs) 10:48, 5 January 2012 (UTC)

OR tag
There are several sections that go without citations and appear to involve some kind of unsourced declarations/synthesis, e.g., these two: "The credit card follows on from, and supersedes, the John Lewis (and Waitrose) account cards which have been around for 40 years. These cards are no longer available, and holders of these are being encouraged to replace them with the Partnership card. They can, however, still be used, and some cards from the mid-1970s are still in use." "The John Lewis Partnership currently operates one manufacturing business, Herbert Parkinson, in Darwen, Lancashire. This company, established as a weaver of jacquard fabrics in 1934, was acquired by the partnership in 1953. Herbert Parkinson currently produce John Lewis own brand fabrics and curtains as well as filled furnishing products such as cushions and pillows." In general, there's a lot of stuff that at least appears to come from first-hand knowledge and not from independent, reliable sources. And if it can't be backed up by RS, it shouldn't be in the encyclopedia. czar  ·   ·  16:41, 26 October 2012 (UTC)

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Never Knowingly Undersold is not the JLP slogan
Being somewhat dubious about this articles claim of the Never Knowingly Undersold (NKU) slogan being that of the John Lewis Partnership, and the total lack of any citations (1st- or 3rd-party), I've delved further. According to this search on the johnlewispartnership.co.uk website, the NKU slogan is only used by John Lewis stores, and not by either Waitrose nor the JLP. I shall therefore remove the slogan from this article - except for when it refers specifically to the JL stores. 143.159.18.79 (talk) 18:30, 2 June 2016 (UTC)

Move discussion
Talk:John Lewis (Georgia politician) In ictu oculi (talk)

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Financial performance
https://www.johnlewispartnership.co.uk/financials/financial-reports/annual-reports.html

near the end of these records in the past 5 years of Financial performance, it seems figures are different on this document to what wiki is showing

for example, the document has:

seems prior to 2014 people were using a different figure. for the time being, I've halted my edit as a priority now would be to make sure all the figures are consistent

Same applies to Profit retained, document states "Profit for the year" was £101.0 million in 2013 while wiki "Profit retained" is £198.8 million — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.97.194.212 (talk) 01:06, 29 December 2018 (UTC)

"Privately-held public limited company"
Hi,

I was going to edit this myself, but I chose to ask here in case I have misunderstood.

How can the company be a privately held public company? It's a public limited company, so how can it be privately-held? Doesn't that defeat the whole purpose of being a public limited company? Strugglehouse (talk) 14:20, 2 July 2023 (UTC)

 * According to Companies House, it is a public limited company so that is how it should be described. Dormskirk (talk) 14:59, 2 July 2023 (UTC)
 * @Dormskirk Yes, I believe this too. I think "privately-held" should be removed. Strugglehouse (talk) 15:03, 2 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Lewis Partnership


text:
Waitrose

Waitrose Limited, trading as Waitrose & Partners, is a brand of British supermarkets, founded in 1904 as Waite, Rose & Taylor, later shortened to Waitrose. It was acquired in 1937 by employee-owned retailer John Lewis Partnership, which still sells groceries under the brand. Its head offices are located in Bracknell, Berkshire.

As at April 2023, Waitrose & Partners has 329 shops across Great Britain and the Channel Islands, including 65 "little Waitrose" convenience shops. They also export products to 52 countries and have locations in the Middle East.

The chain has been described by The Daily Telegraph and The Guardian as having an "upmarket" reputation, although former managing director Mark Price suggested prices are competitive to Tesco, a mid-market chain. The company has a royal warrant to supply groceries, wine, and spirits to King Charles III.

History
Founded in 1904 by Wallace Waite, Arthur Rose and David Taylor, Waitrose & Partners began as a small grocery, Waite, Rose & Taylor, in Acton, West London. In 1908, two years after David Taylor had left the business, the name "Waitrose", from the remaining founders' names, was adopted. In 1937, the company, consisting of ten shops and 160 employees, was taken over by the John Lewis Partnership. In 1944, the partnership purchased the South Essex grocery business Schofield and Martin, which had 12 shops in its chain.

In 1955, the chain opened its first Waitrose supermarket in Streatham, London, and continued to expand throughout London and the South East of England during the 1960s. In the 1970s, Waitrose opened branches in Hampshire, Bedfordshire, Essex and Cambridgeshire. On 16 June 2016 the shop's most southerly branch opened in Truro, Cornwall.

In the early 21st century, Waitrose continued its expansion, which included purchasing shops from Somerfield, Morrisons and Woolworths.

In 2009 the firm signed a deal with Alliance Boots which allowed Boots to operate branded pharmacies in Waitrose shops and Boots shops to sell Waitrose food products. The partnership between the companies ended in 2012 having been deemed unsuccessful, which led to Boots replacing Waitrose products with items from Irish retailer Musgrave's SuperValu chain.

Profitability issues at the end of the decade resulted in John Lewis announcing the closure of five Waitrose shops in 2018 and the sale of a further five Waitrose shops to other retailers in 2019.

Brand and marketing
Waitrose sponsored Reading Football Club from 2008 to 2015, and the England cricket team for three years from 2013 to 2016.

In March 2010, Waitrose released a series of adverts, in print, online, and on national television, featuring celebrity chefs Delia Smith and Heston Blumenthal.

Waitrose Duchy Organic
In 1983 Waitrose became the first major supermarket chain to sell organic food, and by 2008 it had an 18% share of the organic food market. In September 2009, Duchy Originals, the struggling organic food business started by King Charles III was rescued by Waitrose, which agreed to an exclusive deal to stock the range, and to pay a small fee to his charity. In return, Prince Charles visited Waitrose shops and dined with senior Waitrose executives and their spouses. In August 2010, the Duchy range was relaunched with many new lines under the Duchy Originals from Waitrose (later Waitrose Duchy Organic) brand.

Product ranges

 * Essential Waitrose: Aware that Waitrose risked being seen as a food retailer for special occasions rather than everyday shopping, the chain launched its value range of products as "essential Waitrose" in March 2009. The marketing used the tagline: "Quality you'd expect at prices you wouldn't". 1,400 products were branded with this name using simple white-based packaging. Some people poked fun at the range for selling products that are not essential, such as ratatouille Provençal and limoncello desserts. Nevertheless, the range was highly successful. By 2016 it had over 2,000 items and £1.1 billion annual sales, making it one of only five food and drink brands in Britain worth over £1 billion.
 * No 1 Waitrose is a range of around 650 premium lines with grey packaging.
 * Cooks Ingredients are spices, herbs and related products with colourful packaging.
 * Heston for Waitrose is a range of prepared foods such as pies and cakes developed by celebrity chef Heston Blumenthal.

myWaitrose loyalty card
In late 2011 the supermarket introduced its first loyalty card scheme, myWaitrose. It differed from supermarket loyalty schemes like Tesco Clubcard and Nectar, giving cardholders access to exclusive competitions and offers instead of allowing them to collect points.

It later began to give cardholders 10% off selected products, as well as free tea or coffee in store and money off their shopping for purchasing selected newspapers. Former Managing director Mark Price has said that this offer has made Waitrose the second largest provider of coffee in the UK, calling it a "phenomenal" response that showed other schemes offering the different system of loyalty points to be meaningless. He told The Daily Telegraph: "Giving free coffee or free newspapers is disruptive to the market, but I think that is what customers want, I don't think they want a point. I mean, what is a point? I think it's meaningless. It doesn't have the richness, it doesn't have the affinity you can gauge if you engage with your customers in a different way. It is about what do consumers value today, not what did they value historically. So green shield stamps, or points, were a response to what happened post-war...I just don't think that is where the world is now."

The Daily Telegraph also later reported that Waitrose has faced "complaints from disgruntled middle-class shoppers who claim its free coffee offer is attracting the wrong kind of customer".

Price matching
In 2010, Waitrose began a price guarantee, matching prices of 1,000 items with Tesco. In 2012, it extended this campaign to 7,000 items.

Waitrose Kitchen magazine
In February 2015, Waitrose Kitchen magazine included an advertising pamphlet, "Taste of Israel", submitted by the Israeli government, in which traditional Arabic foods were referred to as Israeli. The advert prompted a social media backlash against Waitrose.

Corporate practices
Waitrose and its related brands are owned by the John Lewis Partnership (JLP), which is itself owned by its employees, referred to within the organization as "partners." Employee shares are held in trust by the Partnership—their shares cannot be sold by the individual partners. The partners' economic rewards are achieved through the payment of bonuses, based on the JLP's annual profits. As such, they receive certain benefits, most notably the Partnership bonus, usually around 10–20% of a Partner's yearly salary in a lump sum paid in March (the highest bonus percentage in recent years has been 20%). However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Partnership bonus was suspended in both the 2020 and 2021 financial years, angering many Partners as they felt their hard work was not recognised.

Waitrose donates a portion of its profits to a group of charities on a proportional basis, whilst individual Waitrose branches manage their own charitable donations and local decisions are made on which charities are to be supported. This is a system called "Community Matters", where customers are invited to choose to whom they want money to be donated.

The supermarket launched the Waitrose Foundation in 2005, providing funds for education, worker facilities, and health services among other things for fruit growers in South Africa. This was expanded to Ghana and Kenya in 2009.

Shops
Traditionally, Waitrose branches were largely concentrated in the south-east of England and Greater London; even as recently as 2003, its northernmost English branch was in Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire. However, the company's expansion northwards and into Scotland since the mid-2000s has changed this significantly: the most northerly Waitrose shop is now located in Stirling, which opened in January 2013. Waitrose opened its 300th shop in Helensburgh on the River Clyde on 23 October 2013.

Waitrose shops vary considerably in size. For example, the smallest branch, little Waitrose at King's Cross station, London, occupies only 2500 sqft of retail space.

Some Waitrose shops incorporate an in-house restaurant selling hot and cold food sourced in the main from the shop. The myWaitrose card, which customers can obtain online, offers free hot drinks from the store's self-service machines with a purchase of goods; this was withdrawn due to the COVID-19 pandemic but as of February 2023 the coffee offer has returned.

Internationally, Waitrose holds a licensing agreement with Spinneys of Dubai, United Arab Emirates, which operate two purpose-built branches, of which the first opened in the Dubai Mall in October 2008. In the United Arab Emirates, it is an official grocery supplier to the royal family, the House of Maktoum.

Convenience shops and little Waitrose
Announcing its foray into the convenience sector in July 2008, Waitrose opened its first convenience shop in Nottingham in December of that year. In September 2009, it was announced that a large scale rollout of the concept was planned, opening up to 300 shops in 5 to 10 years. The new arm will operate in a two-tier environment, with the majority of sites expected to trade from 2,500 to 3,000 sqft and some trading from a larger 5,000 to 7,000 sqft floor plate. A trial of a 'little Waitrose' fascia on smaller floor plate shops may yet lead to brand differentiation of some or all of the convenience estate.

Shell operates a series of Little Waitrose stores at selected petrol stations in the UK.

Welcome Break
In May 2009, Waitrose started a franchise deal with the motorway service station operator Welcome Break.

Closed / sold stores
Waitrose closed four convenience shops and one supermarket in the UK in 2018. This was followed by the announcement of twelve further store closures in 2019. In September 2020, a further four stores, Caldicot, Ipswich, Shrewsbury and Wolverhampton, were announced as closing, the latter having been sold to Tesco.

2014

 * Dartford, Kent

2015

 * Littlehampton, West Sussex. Re-located to Rustington

2016

 * Leeds City Centre, West Yorkshire
 * Tottenham Court Road, London

2017

 * Cardiff Queen Street
 * Hertford, Hertfordshire
 * Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire
 * Leek, Staffordshire. Re-opened as Lidl
 * Palmers Green, London. Re-located to Winchmore Hill
 * Staines-upon-Thames, Surrey. Re-opened as M&S Foodhall

2018

 * Spinningfields, Manchester. Reopened as a Co-op
 * Manchester Piccadilly station. Reopened as a Co-op
 * Colmore Row, Birmingham. Re-opened as Co-op 2019.
 * Portman Square, London
 * Camden Town, London

Spring 2019

 * Torquay. Re-opened as Lidl June 2020.
 * Teignmouth. Re-opened as Lidl January 2020.
 * Blaby, Leicestershire
 * Barry, Vale of Glamorgan
 * Ashbourne, Derbyshire

Autumn 2019

 * Bromley
 * Oadby
 * Wollaton. Re-opened as Lidl
 * Sandhurst. Re-opened as Aldi
 * Marlow, Buckinghamshire. Re-opened as Lidl.
 * Stevenage
 * Waterside building (British Airways headquarters)

Spring 2020

 * Four Oaks
 * Helensburgh. Now a Morrisons
 * Waterlooville

Autumn 2020

 * Wolverhampton. Reopened as Tesco June 2021
 * Shrewsbury. Now a Greggs
 * Caldicot, Monmouthshire
 * Ipswich, Corn Exchange

2022

 * Croydon, London
 * Newcastle, Tyne & Wear

Ocado
In April 2000, the online food retailer Ocado was launched, with the Ocado service being only available in certain areas of Britain. John Lewis Partnership came on board as a principal supplier and part owner in October 2000, although the relationship between the two began formally in January 2002. In August 2020, Waitrose announced they would cease operations with Ocado, which ended on 1 September 2020. Ocado partnered with Waitrose's rival store Marks & Spencer. Arrangements were amended in 2010 to a ten-year agreement to supply products to Ocado. In February 2011, John Lewis Pension trust divested itself of its Ocado shares.

Waitrose.com
Waitrose operates its own delivery service, Waitrose.com (previously WaitroseDeliver), which originally was only available in certain shops, delivering goods ordered through the internet and serviced from the local branch. Not to be confused with Ocado, which is an unrelated business, which formerly had a licence to distribute Waitrose items until 1 September 2020, when Waitrose ended its relationship with Ocado, to instead operate deliveries solely by itself from centralised fulfilment centres. As well as ordinary online groceries shopping, Waitrose.com also hosts the online ordering system for Waitrose's special order food and cakes service "Waitrose Entertaining". Waitrose became the first supermarket to abolish all delivery charges as of May 2009.

In October 2011, Waitrose opened a "Dotcom Fulfilment Centre" in Acton, West London, less than two miles from its original shop. The shop employs over 200 Partners and provides Waitrose internet food deliveries for most of west and central London from a dedicated site. The shop, whilst not open to the public, is laid out in a similar manner to a regular shop and even offers service counter lines, much like a normal Waitrose supermarket.

In March 2020, Waitrose announced that it was to add its Waitrose.com online delivery service to 24 more of its stores across the UK in preparation for its split with Ocado in September 2020.

Awards and acclaims
Waitrose has received a number of awards. Its wines have been given awards by Decanter magazine and the International Wine and Spirit Competition. The supermarket chain has also received awards for its retail service, including awards from Which? magazine. Compassion in World Farming and the RSPCA have given Waitrose awards for animal welfare.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Waitrose


text:
George Jessel (jurist)

Sir George Jessel, (13 February 1824 – 21 March 1883) was a British barrister, politician, and judge. He was one of the most influential commercial law and equity judges of his time, and served as the Master of the Rolls. He was the first Jew to be a regular member of the Privy Council and to hold high judicial office.

Early life and education
Born in Savile Row, London, Jessel was the son of Zadok Aaron Jessel, a Jewish merchant, and his wife Mary, née Harris. He was educated at Mr Neumegen's School for Jews at Kew, and being prevented by religious disabilities from proceeding to the University of Oxford or Cambridge, went to University College London, matriculating in 1840. He entered Lincoln's Inn as a student in 1842, and a year later took his BA at the University of London, becoming MA and gold medallist in mathematics and natural philosophy in 1844. In 1846 he was elected a fellow of University College, London.

He entered Lincoln's Inn in 1842 as a student and was called to the bar in 1847, taking chambers in Stone Buildings. He read in the chambers of the conveyancer Peter Bellinger Brodie, and was the pupil of Edward John Lloyd and of Barnes Peacock.

Legal and political career
Jessel's earnings during his first three years at the bar were 52, 346, and 795 guineas, from which it will be seen that his rise to a tolerably large practice was rapid. His work, however, was mainly conveyancing, and for long his income remained almost stationary. By degrees, however, he got more work, and was appointed Queen's Counsel in 1865, becoming a bencher of his Inn in the same year and practising in the Court of Chancery. Jessel entered Parliament as Liberal Party member for Dover in 1868, and although neither his intellect nor his oratory was of a class likely to commend itself to his fellow-members, he attracted William Ewart Gladstone's attention by two learned speeches on the Bankruptcy Bill which was before the house in 1869, with the result that, in 1871, he was appointed Solicitor General. In 1872, he was knighted.

His business, in addition to that on behalf of the Crown, became very large, and his income for three years before he was raised to the bench amounted to nearly £25,000 per annum.

Master of the Rolls
In 1873, Jessel succeeded Lord Romilly as Master of the Rolls, the Attorney-General (J. D. Coleridge) having refused the office. On accepting from office, he resigned from Parliament, and was sworn of the Privy Council.

From 1873 to 1881, Jessel sat as a judge of first instance in the rolls court, being also a member of the Court of Appeal and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.

In November 1874, the first Judicature Act came into effect, and in 1881 the Judicature Act of that year made the Master of the Rolls the ordinary president of the first Court of Appeal, relieving him of his duties as a judge of first instance. In the Court of Appeal Jessel presided almost to the day of his death.

On 22 February 1878, Jessel survived an assassination attempt by Henry John Dodwell, a disturbed clergyman. For some time before 1883 he suffered from diabetes with chronic disorder of the heart and liver, but struggled against it; on 16 March 1883 he sat in court for the last time, and five days later he died, aged 59, at his residence in London, the immediate cause of death being cardiac syncope. The following day, the Court of Appeal adjourned in his honour.

Legacy
As a judge of first instance Jessel was a revelation to those accustomed to the proverbial slowness of the chancery courts and of the Master of the Rolls who preceded him. He disposed of the business before him with rapidity combined with correctness of judgment, and he not only had no arrears himself, but was frequently able to help other judges to clear their lists. His knowledge of law and equity was wide and accurate, and his memory for cases and command of the principles laid down in them extraordinary. In the rolls court he never reserved a judgment, not even in the Epping Forest case (Commissioners of Sewers v Glasse, L.R. 19 Eq.; The Times, 11 November 1874), in which the evidence and arguments lasted twenty-two days (150 witnesses being examined in court, while the documents went back to the days of King John), and in the Court of Appeal he did so only twice, and then in deference to the wishes of his colleagues.

The second of these two occasions was the case of Robarts v The Corporation of London (49 Law Times 455; The Times, 10 March 1883), and those who may read Jessel's judgment should remember that, reviewing as it does the law and custom on the subject, and the records of the city with regard to the appointment of a remembrancer from the 16th century, together with the facts of the case before the court, it occupied nearly an hour to deliver, but was nevertheless delivered without notes this, too, on 9 March 1883, when the judge who uttered it was within a fortnight of his death. Never during the 19th century was the business of any court performed so rapidly, punctually, and satisfactorily as it was when Jessel presided.

He was Master of the Rolls at a momentous period of legal history. The Judicature Acts, completing the fusion of law and equity, were passed while he was judge of first instance, and were still new to the courts when he died. His knowledge and power of assimilating knowledge of all subjects, his mastery of every branch of law with which he had to concern himself, as well as of equity, together with his willingness to give effect to the new system, caused it to be said when he died that the success of the Judicature Acts would have been impossible without him.

Jessel sat on the royal commission for the amendment of the Medical Acts, taking an active part in the preparation of its report. He actively interested himself in the management of London University, of which he was a fellow from 1861, and of which he was elected vice-chancellor in 1880. He was one of the commissioners of patents, and trustee of the British Museum. He was also chairman of the committee of judges which drafted the new rules rendered necessary by the Judicature Acts. He was treasurer of Lincoln's Inn in 1883, and vice-president of the council of legal education. He was also a fellow of the Royal Society.

Jessel's career marks an epoch on the bench, owing to the active part taken by him in rendering the Judicature Acts effective, and also because he was the last judge capable of sitting in the House of Commons, a privilege of which he did not avail himself. He was the first Jew who, as solicitor-general, took a share in the executive government of his country, the first Jew who was sworn a regular member of the privy council, and the first Jew who took a seat on the judicial bench of Great Britain.

Family
Jessel married in 1856 Amelia Moses, daughter of Joseph Moses, who survived him together with three daughters and two sons, the elder of whom, Charles, was made a baronet shortly after the death of his distinguished father and in recognition of his services (see Jessel Baronets). Jessel's younger son Herbert Jessel was elevated to the peerage as Baron Jessel in 1924.

A great-nephew of Jessel, Richard Frederick Jessel, was a naval hero of the Second World War. Richard's son, Toby Jessel, was Conservative MP for Twickenham from 1970 until 1997. Richard's daughter, Camilla Jessel, was the second wife of the Polish composer Andrzej Panufnik.

He was the second cousin once removed of the American vaudeville star and comedian George Jessel, who was named after him.

Cases

 * Printing and Numerical Registering Co v Sampson (1875) 19 Eq 462, 465, freedom of contract and patents
 * Singer Manufacturing Co v Wilson (1876) LR 2 CD 447
 * Lysaght v Edwards (1876) 2 Ch D 499, right to a lien over an asset until purchase money is paid up
 * Commissioners of Sewers v Gellatly (1876) 3 Ch D 615, lawsuits with representatives of unincorporated associations on behalf of others allowed to prevent a failure of justice
 * Pender v Lushington (1877) 6 Ch D 70, vote as a property right
 * Griffith v Paget (1877) 5 Ch D 894, a scheme of arrangement in insolvency
 * In re David Lloyd & Co (1877) 6 ChD 339, when a winding up order takes effect assets become those of creditors
 * Re Hall and Barker (1878) 9 Ch D 538, 545 '...If a shoemaker agrees to make a pair of shoes, he cannot offer you one shoe, and ask you to pay one half of the price.'
 * Re Rica Gold Washing Co (1879) 11 Ch D 36, fraud in winding up
 * In re Hallett's Estate (1880) 13 Ch D 696, 710
 * Redgrave v Hurd (1881) 20 Ch D 1, misrepresentation is still actionable when the misrepresentee has the chance to double check and fails to do so
 * Couldery v Bartram (1881) 19 Ch D 394, 399, attacking the doctrine of part payments of debt being unable to extinguish the whole
 * Wheeler v Le Marchant (1881) 17 Ch D 681, communications of a priest as privileged communications
 * Turner v Hancock (1882) 20 ChD 303, 305, concerning trustees' remuneration
 * Ex Parte Hall (1882) 19 Ch D 580, 584
 * Tempest v Lord Camoys (1882) LR 21 ChD 571, relating to a trustees' duty to be active
 * In re Taylor's Estate (1882) 22 Ch D 495, 503, mistakes
 * Speight v Gaunt (1882) 22 Ch D 727, 739, Sir George Jessel MR, 'It seems to me that on general principles a trustee ought to conduct the business of the trust in the same manner that an ordinary prudent man of business would conduct his own, and that beyond that there is no liability or obligation on the trustee.'
 * Imperial Hydropathic Hotel Co v Hampson (1883) LR 23 Ch D 1 - a UK company law, concerning the interpretation of a company's articles of association in the matter of removal of directors.

title: George Jessel (jurist)


text:
User talk:Mervyn

For earlier posts, see User:Mervyn/Archive01 and User:Mervyn/Archive02.

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Type 42 destroyer

The Type 42 or Sheffield class, was a class of fourteen guided-missile destroyers that served in the Royal Navy. A further two ships of this class were built for and served with the Argentine Navy.

The first ship of the class was ordered in 1968 and launched in 1971. Two of the class (Sheffield and Coventry) were lost to enemy action during the Falklands War of 1982. The Royal Navy used this class of destroyer for 38 years between 1975 and 2013.

No ships of this class remain active in the Royal Navy and both have also been retired from the Argentine Navy. The Royal Navy has replaced them with Type 45 destroyers.

History
The class was designed in the late 1960s to provide fleet area air defence. In total fourteen vessels were constructed in three batches. In addition to the Royal Navy ships, two more ships were built to the same specifications as the Batch 1 vessels for the Argentine Navy. Hércules was built in the UK and Santísima Trinidad in the AFNE Rio Santiago shipyard in Buenos Aires.

HMS Sheffield (D80) and HMS Coventry (D118) were lost in the Falklands War to enemy action. This was the first conflict where surface warships of the same design have been on opposite sides since World War II, when four Flower-class corvettes built for France in 1939 were taken over by the Kriegsmarine in 1940. The final ship of the class (Edinburgh) decommissioned on 6 June 2013. One Argentine Navy ship (ARA Hércules) remains in service, the other vessel (ARA Santísima Trinidad) sank whilst alongside in Puerto Belgrano Naval Base in early 2013.

When the Type 82 air-defence destroyers were cancelled along with the proposed CVA-01 carrier by the Labour Government of 1966, the Type 42 was proposed as a lighter and cheaper design with similar capabilities to the Type 82. The class is fitted with the GWS30 Sea Dart surface-to-air missile first deployed on the sole Type 82 destroyer, HMS Bristol (D23). The Type 42s were also given a flight deck and hangar to operate an anti-submarine warfare helicopter, greatly increasing their utility compared to the Type 82, which was fitted with a flight deck but no organic aviation facilities.

The design was budgeted with a ceiling of £19 million per hull but soon ran over budget. The original proposed design (£21 million) was similar to the lengthened 'Batch 3' Type 42s. To cut costs, the first two batches had 47 feet removed from the bow sections forward of the bridge, and the beam-to-length ratio was proportionally reduced. These early, batch 1 Type 42s performed poorly during the contractor's sea trials, particularly in heavy seas, and the hull was examined for other problems. Batch 2 vessels (Exeter onwards) embodied better sensor fits and slight layout modifications. The ninth hull, Manchester, was lengthened in build, as part of a design review. This proved a better hull form at sea and later hulls were built to this specification. Strengthening girders were later designed into the weather deck structure in the batch 1 and 2 ships, and the batch 3 ships received an external 'strake' to counter longitudinal cracking.

Design
The first batch had the 965 or 966 surveillance radar, which had a "slow data-rate". The Type 992Q radar used to designate targets for the gun and missiles lacked Moving Target Indiction (MTI). Though "British radar manufacturers [had] offered to retrofit MTI to these radars... nothing was done." Without MTI, the Type 992Q had difficulty in tracking aircraft when land was behind the aircraft or when there was snow or rain showers. The Type 42 also had "insufficient space for an efficient operations room".

The Type 42 was also equipped with a 4.5 inch Mark 8 naval gun and earlier vessels had six Ships Torpedo Weapon System (STWS) torpedo launchers. Two Phalanx Mk 15 close-in weapon systems (CIWS) were fitted to British Type 42s after the loss of Sheffield to an Exocet missile in 1982.

There have been three batches of ships, batch 1 and 2 displacing 4,820 tonnes and batch 3 (sometimes referred to as the Manchester class) displacing 5,200 tonnes. The batch 3 ships were heavily upgraded, though the proposed Sea Wolf systems upgrades were never fitted. Because of their more general warfare role, both Argentine ships were fitted with the MM38 Exocet, and not with a CIWS.

The electronics suite included one Type 1022 D band long-range radar with Outfit LFB track extractor or one Type 965P long-range air surveillance radar, one Type 996 E band/F band 3D radar for target indication with Outfit LFA track extractor or type 992Q surface search, two Type 909 I/J-band fire-control radars and an Outfit LFD radar track combiner.

All ships were propelled by Rolls-Royce TM3B Olympus and Rolls-Royce RM1C Tyne marinised gas turbines, arranged in a COGOG (combined gas or gas) arrangement, driving through synchronous self-shifting clutches into a double-reduction, dual tandem, articulated, locked-train gear system and out through two five-bladed controllable pitch propellers. All have four Paxman Ventura 16YJCAZ diesel generators, each generating 1 megawatt of three-phase electric power (440 V 60 Hz).

The first of class, Sheffield, was initially fitted with exhaust deflectors on her funnel tops to guide the high-temperature exhaust efflux sidewards and minimise damage to overhead aerials. As this provided a prominent target for then-new infrared homing missiles, only Sheffield and both the Argentinian Hércules and Santísima Trinidad had these. All subsequent engine uptakes were fitted with 'cheese graters' that mixed machinery space vent air with the engine exhaust to reduce infrared signatures.

Availability and use of the Type 42
This class was originally conceived to be a stopper for long-range strategic bombers from the former Soviet Long Range Aviation/A-VMF and as area defence for carrier battle groups. Seven of the class took part in the Falklands War (Operation Corporate) and the immediate aftermath. The Type 42 provided a capable long-range defence against Argentine air force assets, scoring three confirmed kills. However, Sheffield was hit and disabled by a long-range first-generation air-to-surface missile (Exocet) and sank six days later, Coventry was sunk by conventional iron bombs, and Glasgow was disabled by a single bomb that passed straight through her aft engine room without exploding; an extensive rethink was conducted and future iterations were adopted. Later uses included The Gulf War, when Gloucester shot down a land-based surface-to-surface missile. Type 42s were called upon to carry out fleet contingency ship duties such as West Indies counter drugs operations and Falkland Islands patrol, NATO Mediterranean and Atlantic task group operations, and Persian Gulf patrols. The deployment of Type 23s in lieu of Type 42s to high-intensity mission areas became more prevalent as serviceability and reliability issues dogged Type 42s availability, as did obsolescence of their combat and machinery system equipment.

Construction programme
In May 1982, the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State (Jerry Wiggin) stated that the current replacement cost of a Type 42 destroyer of the Sheffield class was "about £120 million." In July 1984, the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State (John Lee) stated: "the average cost of the three Type 42 destroyers currently under construction is £117 million at 1983–84 price levels."

Including refits and upgrades
In May 2000, the Minister of State for the Armed Forces (John Spellar) stated: "The running costs of each of the Royal Navy's Type 42 destroyers for each of the past five years are contained in the following table. This includes repair and maintenance, manpower, fuel, and other costs such as port and harbour dues. Year-on-year variations are largely attributable to refit periods."

Availability
In February 1998, the Minister of State for Defence, Dr Reid said: "Type 42 destroyers achieved approximately 84 to 86 per cent average availability for operational service in each of the last five years. This discounts time spent in planned maintenance."

Fate of ships
The surviving Argentine Type 42, Hércules, was based at Puerto Belgrano Naval Base, Argentina, and converted into an amphibious command ship through the addition of a new aft superstructure and hangar. She was originally fitted with four single Exocet missile launchers, two on either side of the funnel facing forward but these were removed during refit. As of 2020, Hércules was reported to be non-operational. The other Argentine vessel, Santísima Trinidad, capsized and sank alongside her berth at Puerto Belgrano on 22 January 2013, reportedly as a result of poor maintenance and negligence leading to a burst seawater main and catastrophic flooding. She was formally taken out of service in 2024.

Prior to her demise, Santísima Trinidad was extensively cannibalised for spare parts for her more active sister ship. In December 2015, she was refloated and placed in drydock to evaluate the cost of restoration as a museum ship. Finally, due to the very high cost required, it was decided to scrap her in 2016.

Replacement
The UK ships are all now decommissioned. By 2007 none of the batch 1 vessels remained in commission. Initially, the UK sought to procure replacements first in collaboration with seven other NATO nations under the NFR-90 project and then with France and Italy through the Horizon CNGF programme. However, both these collaborative ventures failed and the UK decided to go it alone with a national project.

The UK Type 42s are succeeded by six Type 45 destroyers. HMS Daring (D32), HMS Dauntless (D33), HMS Diamond (D34), HMS Dragon (D35), HMS Defender (D36) and HMS Duncan (D37) are all in commission. The Type 42 class suffered from cramped accommodation, a problem for crew safety and comfort, and also when finding space for upgrades. The Type 45s are considerably larger, displacing 7,500 tonnes, compared to the Type 42 displacement of 3,600 tonnes.

title: Type 42 destroyer


text:
Microscope slide

A microscope slide is a thin flat piece of glass, typically 75 by 26 mm (3 by 1 inches) and about 1 mm thick, used to hold objects for examination under a microscope. Typically the object is mounted (secured) on the slide, and then both are inserted together in the microscope for viewing. This arrangement allows several slide-mounted objects to be quickly inserted and removed from the microscope, labeled, transported, and stored in appropriate slide cases or folders etc.

Microscope slides are often used together with a cover slip or cover glass, a smaller and thinner sheet of glass that is placed over the specimen. Slides are held in place on the microscope's stage by slide clips, slide clamps or a cross-table which is used to achieve precise, remote movement of the slide upon the microscope's stage (such as in an automated/computer operated system, or where touching the slide with fingers is inappropriate either due to the risk of contamination or lack of precision).

History
The origin of the concept was pieces of ivory or bone, containing specimens held between disks of transparent mica, that would slide into the gap between the stage and the objective. These "sliders" were popular in Victorian England until the Royal Microscopical Society introduced the standardized glass microscope slide.

Dimensions and types
A standard microscope slide measures about 75 mm by 25 mm (3″ by 1″) and is about 1 mm thick. A range of other sizes are available for various special purposes, such as 75 x 50 mm for geological use, 46 x 27 mm for petrographic studies, and 48 x 28 mm for thin sections. Slides are usually made of common glass and their edges are often finely ground or polished.

Microscope slides are usually made of optical quality glass, such as soda lime glass or borosilicate glass, but specialty plastics are also used. Fused quartz slides are often used when ultraviolet transparency is important, e.g. in fluorescence microscopy.

While plain slides are the most common, there are several specialized types. A concavity slide or cavity slide has one or more shallow depressions ("wells"), designed to hold slightly thicker objects, and certain samples such as liquids and tissue cultures. Slides may have rounded corners for increased safety or robustness, or a cut-off corner for use with a slide clamp or cross-table, where the slide is secured by a spring-loaded curved arm contacting one corner, forcing the opposing corner of the slide against a right angled arm which does not move. If this system were used with a slide which did not incorporate these cut-off corners, the corners would chip and the slide could shatter.

A graticule slide is marked with a grid of lines (for example, a 1 mm grid) that allows the size of objects seen under magnification to be easily estimated and provides reference areas for counting minute objects. Sometimes one square of the grid will itself be subdivided into a finer grid. Slides for specialized applications, such as hemocytometers for cell counting, may have various reservoirs, channels and barriers etched or ground on their upper surface. Various permanent markings or masks may be printed, sand-blasted, or deposited on the surface by the manufacturer, usually with inert materials such as PTFE.

Some slides have a frosted or enamel-coated area at one end, for labeling with a pencil or pen. Slides may have special coatings applied by the manufacturer, e.g. for chemical inertness or enhanced cell adhesion. The coating may have a permanent electric charge to hold thin or powdery samples. Common coatings include poly-L-lysine, silanes, epoxy resins, or even gold.

Mounting

The mounting of specimens on microscope slides is often critical for successful viewing. The problem has been given much attention in the last two centuries and is a well-developed area with many specialized and sometimes quite sophisticated techniques. Specimens are often held into place using the smaller glass cover slips.

The main function of the cover slip is to keep solid specimens pressed flat, and liquid samples shaped into a flat layer of even thickness. This is necessary because high-resolution microscopes have a very narrow region within which they focus.

The cover glass often has several other functions. It holds the specimen in place (either by the weight of the cover slip or, in the case of a wet mount, by surface tension) and protects the specimen from dust and accidental contact. It protects the microscope's objective lens from contacting the specimen and vice versa; in oil immersion microscopy or water immersion microscopy the cover slip prevents contact between the immersion liquid and the specimen. The cover slip can be glued to the slide so as to seal off the specimen, retarding dehydration and oxidation of the specimen and also preventing contamination. A number of sealants are in use, including commercial sealants, laboratory preparations, or even regular clear nail polish, depending on the sample. A solvent-free sealant that can be used for live cell samples is "valap", a mixture of vaseline, lanolin and paraffin in equal parts. Microbial and cell cultures can be grown directly on the cover slip before it is placed on the slide, and specimens may be permanently mounted on the slip instead of on the slide.

Cover slips are available in a range of sizes and thicknesses. Using the wrong thickness can result in spherical aberration and a reduction in resolution and image intensity. Specialty objectives may be used to image specimens without coverslips, or may have correction collars that permit a user to accommodate for alternative coverslip thickness.

Dry mount
In a dry mount, the simplest kind of mounting, the object is merely placed on the slide. A cover slip may be placed on top to protect the specimen and the microscope's objective and to keep the specimen still and pressed flat. This mounting can be successfully used for viewing specimens like pollen, feathers, hairs, etc. It is also used to examine particles caught in transparent membrane filters (e.g., in analysis of airborne dust).

Wet mount or temporary mount
In a wet mount, the specimen is placed in a drop of iodine or other liquid held between the slide and the cover slip by surface tension. This method is commonly used, for example, to view microscopic organisms that grow in pond water or other liquid media, especially lakes.

Prepared mount or permanent mount
For pathological and biological research, the specimen usually undergoes a complex histological preparation that involves fixing it to prevent decay, removing any water contained in it, replacing the water with paraffin, cutting it into very thin sections using a microtome, placing the sections on a microscope slide, staining the tissue using various stains to reveal specific tissue components, clearing the tissue to render it transparent and covering it with a coverslip and mounting medium.

Strewn mount
Strewn mounting describes the production of palynological microscope slides by suspending a concentrated sample in distilled water, placing the samples on a slide, and allowing the water to evaporate.

Mounting media
The mounting medium is the solution in which the specimen is embedded, generally under a cover glass. Simple liquids like water or glycerol can be considered mounting media, though the term generally refers to compounds that harden into a permanent mount. Popular mounting media include Permount, and Hoyer's mounting medium and an alternative glycerine jelly  Properties of a good mounting medium include having a refractive index close to that of glass (1.518), non-reactivity with the specimen, stability over time without crystallizing, darkening, or changing refractive index, solubility in the medium the specimen was prepared in (either aqueous or non-polar, such as xylene or toluene), and not causing the specimen stain to fade or leach.

Aqueous
Popularly used in immunofluorescent cytochemistry where the fluorescence cannot be archived. The temporary storage must be done in a dark moist chamber. Common examples are:
 * 1) Glycerol-PBS (9:1) with antiquench, e.g. any of the following
 * 2) p-phenylenediamine
 * 3) propyl gallate
 * 1,4-Diazabicyclo (2,2,2)-octane (DABCO) (very popular)
 * 1) Ascorbic acid
 * 2) Mowiol or Gelvatol
 * 3) Gelatin
 * 4) Mount
 * 5) Vectashield
 * 6) Prolong Gold
 * 7) CyGEL / CyGEL Sustain (to immobilize living, unfixed cells and organisms)

Non-aqueous
Used when a permanent mount is required
 * 1) Permount (toluene and a polymer of a-pinene, b-pinene, dipentene, b-phellandrene)
 * 2) Canada balsam
 * 3) DPX (Distrene 80 – a commercial polystyrene, a plasticizer e.g. dibutyl phthalate and xylene)
 * 4) DPX new (with xylene but free of carcinogenic dibutyl phthalate)
 * 5) Entellan (with toluene)
 * 6) Entellan new
 * 7) Hempstead Halide Hoyer's Medium (a proprietary formulation of the traditional Hoyer's medium containing 60% Chloral, but free of known carcinogens)
 * 8) Neo-Mount (compatible with aliphatic neo-clear but not compatible with aromatic solvents like xylene)

Contrasting with other types/meanings of "mounting"
In contrast to mounting necessary for glass coverslips, somewhat similar mounting can be done for bulkier specimen preservation in glass containers in museums. However an entirely different type of mounting is done for sample preparation, which can be for biological or nonbiological materials and is further subdivided into "hot"(compressive) and "cold" (castable) type mounting processes. Though named "mounting", it is more akin to embedding in histology and should not be confused with the mounting described above. The term mounting in other fields has numerous other meanings.

title: Microscope slide


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User:Jeroen

nl:Gebruiker:Jeroen

title: User:Jeroen


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Wikipedia talk:List of academic studies about Wikipedia

Definition of academic studies
Well as this section is growing we have to define what academic studies is. I am trying to collect all articles that are listed by bibliographic databases because this is where scientists should search for literature. Keep in mind that scientific does not mean a higher quality but you should expect a specific level - scientifc communities have their own rules like our NPOV. -- Nichtich

IBM and Georgia Tech studies
Hi all. I wanted to bring it to your attention that you are missing some critical work done by Fernanda Viegas (IBM) and Forte and Bruckman (Georgia Tech). Here are the relevant citations. If anyone can put these in that would be great. Unfortunately I don't have time for it right now.

Visualizing Activity on Wikipedia with Chromograms. Martin Wattenberg, Fernanda B. Viégas, and Kate Hollenbach. Interact 2007.

The Hidden Order of Wikipedia. Fernanda B. Viégas, Martin Wattenberg, and Matthew M. McKeon. HCII, 2007.

Talk Before You Type: Coordination in Wikipedia Fernanda B. Viégas, Martin Wattenberg, Jesse Kriss, Frank van Ham. HICSS-40, 2007.

The Visual Side of Wikipedia Fernanda B. Viégas. HICSS-40, 2007.

Studying Cooperation and Conflict between Authors with history flow Visualizations Fernanda B. Viégas, Martin Wattenberg, and Kushal Dave. CHI 2004.

(the IBM papers, some of which I might be missing, are collected at: http://www.research.ibm.com/visual/publications.html )

Georgia Tech papers:

Forte, Andrea and Amy Bruckman. (2008). Scaling consensus: increasing decentralization in Wikipedia governance. To appear in the Proceedings of Hawaiian International Conference of Systems Sciences (HICSS).

Forte, Andrea and Amy Bruckman. (2007). Constructing text: wiki as a toolkit for (collaborative?) learning. To appear in the Proceedings of OOPSLA/ACM International Symposium on Wikis (WikiSym).

Forte, Andrea and Amy Bruckman. (2005). Why do people write for Wikipedia? Incentives to contribute to open-content publishing. GROUP 05 workshop: Sustaining community: The role and design of incentive mechanisms in online systems. Sanibel Island, FL.

(more papers by Andrea can be found on her homepage: http://www.cc.gatech.edu/~aforte/pubs.html )

Bestchai (talk) 23:02, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

Spam abuse?
There seems to be some abuse being going on connected to the article by Cathy Ma. In fact, the web address of the paper returns an ad for holidays (a localized one, as it seems, for it is in German, my mother tongue). Has anybody had a similar experience? Or can anybody provide another link? - The paper is real and the link used to be correct, you can access it through the Google Archive... --129.194.8.73 11:07, 11 January 2006 (UTC)
 * You are right that the link is broken, my guess would be that the previous owner failed to renew the registration. If you can change the link for the working one from that archive, it would be great.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 17:25, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Info request
I don't know where I can add this article [http://chnm.gmu.edu/resources/essays/d/42 Can History be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past]. It is writed by ... for The Center for History and New Media etc... Can you put this article? Thanks --199.26.15.150 19:53, 28 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Thx, I have added the info. I have been waiting for the article since I learned about it last year... nice :) --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 17:04, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia in amateur studies
I have compiled a list of studies published in Wikipedia space, as well as useful tools published here: see Researching Wikipedia.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 18:46, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

Possible articles from Reagle
I don't want to add my own, but if people find them worthwhile published stuff is in: http://reagle.org/joseph/2003/cv.html Also, WP related blogging: http://reagle.org/joseph/blog/culture/wikipedia/ -Reagle 14:36, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

New studies

 * I study of mine, Scientific Citations in Wikipedia, has just been published in First Monday . I was hoping that someone might find the study worthwhile to add to the list? — fnielsen 10:41, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Congratulations and don't hesitate to add it yourself!--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 16:40, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

Master thesis
Do we need a new section on thesis (masters, bachelors, phd...)? Here's a recent one: "Wikipedia as Collective Action". --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 16:40, 24 August 2007 (UTC)--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 16:40, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

University Business article
Not sure if this should go on this page, but it's kind of related. University Business Article on Web 2.0 GumbyProf: "I'm about ideas, but I'm not always about good ideas." 00:46, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

Article in Australian Quarterly
I have had an article published in Australian Quarterly that was derived from a conference paper I gave at the end of 2006. The article currently appears here but will only be available there until the next issue, as AQ is not an electronic journal. Perhaps someone could take a look at the article and see if it's worthwhile including? AQ is not peer-reviewed. It is more an intellectual journalistic/essay/opinion type of magazine. --Mat Hardy (Affentitten) (talk) 00:06, 9 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Too late. The article is no longer available at that link because the next edition has replaced it. --Mat Hardy (Affentitten) (talk) 22:56, 17 February 2008 (UTC)
 * The link may be available in Internet Archive. Feel free to add it to the non-peer-reviewed section.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 22:21, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

Keywords
I suppose that wikipedia is the default keyword for all articles listed here. --AKA MBG (talk) 18:04, 16 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Good point, however when possible I try to use the original keywords as listed by the publisher, and they don't always use Wikipedia as a keyword. It may indicate if the article is centered on Wikipedia or not, perhaps, or the acceptance of Wikipedia as a keyword by an academic community.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 22:20, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

Page and Table size
What do you think about splitting the first huge table into years (one table for one year)? Or may be even to create subpages for each year. --AKA MBG (talk) 11:34, 1 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Splitting means the sort will be less useful, and I think the sortable tables are useful.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 07:19, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

 * OK, I missed that the table columns could be sorted. All columns work (i.e. they really could be sorted), except the last column: keywords. Is it only my computer problem? --AKA MBG (talk) 14:56, 2 March 2008 (UTC)
 * They probably need to be standarized, also since articles often have many sources, the current 'sort by first alphabetical keyword' is not an optimal solution (but I am not sure how to improve it).--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 18:59, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

Article on wikis
Public Interest Research, Collaboration, and the Promise of Wikis Here is an article about wikis. I don't know if you have decided to list those. If not, could you point me to the right place to list it? Thanks! Awadewit (talk) 17:06, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

Evaluating Wiki as a tool to promote quality academic writing skills
Evaluating Wiki as a tool to promote quality academic writing skills by Steve Wheeler, Dawn Wheeler, Faculty of Education, University of Plymouth, UK. From the 10th International Conference on Interactive Computer aided Learning. May be of interest. DuncanHill (talk) 19:45, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

Papers should be available online
I am not sure that it is good idea to put information to this page for articles that are not available online. I want delete references to papers of "Fogarolli Angela and Ronchetti Marco". What do you think? --AKA MBG (talk) 10:23, 20 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Absolutely not. Just because an article isn't available online doesn't mean it isn't a legitimate published article using Wikipedia, and it's good to try and keep a complete list of them in one place. Dcoetzee 03:08, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

Inclusion criteria
At the top of this page it says this list is for articles that "focus on Wikipedia as their subject." To me, this seems too strict; there are many papers that make more than a passing reference to Wikipedia, for example using it as a test corpus in information retrieval or compression, or adapting some mechanism of Wikipedia as inspiration. It seems clear that these works are worth noting here, although Wikipedia is not their subject per se, as long as it figures prominently. Dcoetzee 03:08, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

How much time is the average edit?
Does anyone know if any academic has calculated the average edit time for each edit? Inclusionist (talk) 06:15, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

 * It depends on what you mean for 'average edit time'. The average interval between edits is easy to get at — open the history of an article, take two dates from the history, and divide by the number of edits during that period.
 * I suspect, however, that you're actually looking for the average time that an editor works on each edit. That is much more difficult to get at, and as far as I know no one has that information.  You would need to have a way to record the time that the editor started editing; only the time that they finish and save their changes is recorded in the article histories.
 * One way might be to modify the Mediawiki software on the server to track when it served each edit screen (and then log the time until the article was next saved). This method is vulnerable to errors caused by editors who multitask.  (While I was composing this comment, I went out to the kitchen and made a cup of coffee.  I also often edit during commercial breaks on television, or between tasks at work.)  Another approach would be to find a number of volunteers who would install logging software on their computers; this approach would be costly and subject to a selection bias. TenOfAllTrades(talk) 20:50, 21 December 2008 (UTC)
 * thank you ten. I appreciate it. travb (talk) 21:54, 27 December 2008 (UTC)

Philosophers analyze Wikipedia
Wikipedia Signpost/2009-02-23/Philosophers analyze Wikipedia This is the first - as far as I know - issue of an academic journal dedicated to Wikipedia (correct me if I am wrong, but Wikimania has never released its proceedings in a peer-reviewed fashion, right?).--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 22:56, 24 February 2009 (UTC)
 * As far as I know, yes. First Monday has had an issue or two with multiple Wikipedia papers, if I remember correctly, but not exclusive.--ragesoss (talk) 05:07, 4 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Based on my analysis of studies up to May 2008, FM leads when it comes to Wikipedia-related publications (it had ~10, which is about twice as much as any other journal). --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 19:48, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

Reviewing books for the Wikipedia Signpost
The Signpost is seeking more reviewers for a range of upcoming and recent books related to Wikipedia. Sign up at the review desk.--ragesoss (talk) 05:07, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

Completeness of table
I just stumbled across the Intelligence in Wikipedia Project, which has a whole bunch of papers which don't seem to be in the table. (I added one, but I'm slow with tables!) Does anyone know when a systematic effort to update the table was last made?Dsp13 (talk) 18:44, 29 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes. I did it in May, 2008 :) Since then we are back on sporradinc updates when people feel like it :( I thought about updating it recently, but I was dazzled by Google Scholar 18,000 hits for Wikipedia in 2008 - and I do have other things to do, both on and off Wikipedia. I'd guesstimate that the table is 90%+ complete for up to May 2008 and maybe 30-50% complete since then. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 19:47, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

Carnegie-Mellon study
A new user, User:CMUResearcher, claims to be conducting a study for Carnegie-Mellon, but the study appears to be very unprofessional, and may be an attempt to fish for people's e-mail addresses. See User talk:CMUResearcher for details. — Sebastian 01:20, 6 August 2009 (UTC)

 * ♦ Unless User:CMUResearcher's stated affiliations are false, it's legit and is not fishing for e-mail addresses. I know personally the three people cited as team members (Kraut, Burke, Kittur), though not CMUResearcher himself, and they are world-class scientists in HCI. --R27182818 (talk) 14:45, 6 August 2009 (UTC)

 * You are putting your belief before observation. Your belief that the person who posted this is the researcher you know may very well be true, but it does not logically follow from what we can observe. What we can observe is that someone claims to be a CMU researcher, and acts in a way that is decidedly not the way world class scientists do research. The scientists I have had the pleasure to work with may not be considered "world class" in your eyes, but I have never seen them do anything as amateurish as what I'm seeing here. (At least not publicly.) See User talk:CMUResearcher for a detailed discussion of this case. — Sebastian 18:27, 6 August 2009 (UTC)

Suggested removal of non-English entries

 * Delete. I suggest that all non peer reviewed entries that refer to works that are not in English be removed. Additionally, I suggest that all non peer reviewed entries that do not study the En WP be removed. (It's okay if a work studies a combination of En WP as well as one or more non-En WPs.) This is the En WP after all, and I see no reason for the inclusion of non-En entries. These can very well be placed in the respective language WP instead. Accordingly, the article's criteria must be updated accordingly to allow only those works that are in En. Entries that are peer reviewed but non-En would eventually also need to be removed. If there are no reasoned objections by non-biased users, I'll update the criteria and begin the culling. --IO Device (talk) 14:12, 6 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Delete. I support removing the works that are not in English.
 * But I am not sure that articles about Wiktionary or Commons are not relevant to this page. -- Andrew Krizhanovsky (talk) 12:22, 7 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Keep. I would rather leave publications in other languages, as well as publications which refer to non-EN wikipedia. As an English-language speaking researcher, I want references to all relevant publications, regardless of the language they're written in. Jodi.a.schneider (talk) 19:16, 7 January 2010 (UTC)
 * If I may ask, how are the non-En publications useful, given that they can't be properly understood by someone not speaking the language? --IO Device (talk) 09:05, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
 * They're a pointer first off to people and research groups. Second, it's easy to get a rough translation of the title. If it's important enough, or closely related, a translation (machine or human) of the whole contents might be warranted. Jodi.a.schneider (talk) 19:02, 12 February 2010 (UTC)

Resize table?
The table is enormously wide. Would someone care to trim it down a bit?71.224.206.164 (talk) 19:10, 14 January 2010 (UTC)

Question about how contributors "consistently and successfully violate policy without sanction"
See: Unequality shown in the enforcement of 3rr which discusses an academic study, which states some editors "consistently and successfully violate policy without sanction" and how this could be further proved or disproved.

Permalink:

Okip  12:57, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

Wikipedia and medicine
I have started a list of academic studies of Wikipedia's coverage of medicine / health care here Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 07:28, 25 July 2010 (UTC)

PhD and book to add from Reagle
Please add I don't want to risk messing up this page, but someone should add this book, based on this PhD. —Justin (koavf)❤T☮C☺M☯ 21:05, 24 October 2010 (UTC)

Cleaning up the (supposedly) peer reviewed section
I looked through the entries in the peer review journals section, up to and including 2007. I removed a number of entries that were clearly not peer reviewed; in my latter edits I tried to clearly identify the reasons for the removal in edit summaries. I don't think I currently have the time and will to add them to the magazines (different format, sigh, so simple copy and paste won't work). And I think I missed a few, particularly from the early years, so I invite others to review those years again. Based on my reading, I estimate that the peer reviewed journal section is still inflated by about 10% due to some people either not realizing what is the difference between a peer reviewed paper and an editorial/magazine entry, or not caring to read the page instructions... --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| talk to me 18:26, 24 October 2011 (UTC)

A problem with File:Academic Wikipedia 05 2011.jpg
The leveling of conference papers suggest for me serious issues with the missing data on this graph. Also, conference papers should be more numerous than journals. As I noted above, the data might have been messed up by inclusion of conference papers in the journal section. Comparing this to File:Academic wikipedia 05-08.JPG is eyebrow raising, at the very least. I think the graph needs a revision, preferably after we clean up the primary list. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| talk to me 23:02, 8 November 2011 (UTC)

 * List of publications in WikiPapers contains a bars graph with _all_ the publications (conference papers + journals articles + others). I will try to generate one for conference papers alone. emijrp (talk) 14:29, 29 April 2012 (UTC)

Literaturliste Wikipedistik
historian's bibliography, helpful? http://wiki.hist.net/Literaturliste_Wikipedistik -- Cherubino (talk) 21:48, 7 February 2012 (UTC)

A one meg wiki page? Are you people nuts?
Seriously, time to trim this. Josh Parris 11:59, 18 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Heh, agreed. It's done now, it took some time for someone to pick it up because data migration is boring but today I copied all the data to wikipapers: http://wikipapers.referata.com/wiki/List_of_publications (it almost doubled in size).
 * All the data and information was preserved, it's not complete nor perfectly clean but it's the same we had here. As you notice, there's quite a gap with publications after 2011, because this page has mostly been abandoned after that. I'm currently working on importing the other major collections made by wikimedians, in particular m:Research:Newsletter and perhaps User:Moudy83/conference_papers, then we'll need to add what we lacked... --Nemo 22:36, 20 September 2014 (UTC)

book chapters here vs. WP:Wikipedia in books
This page links to WP:Wikipedia in books for academic "books and book chapters" on Wikipedia. That page in turn leads with "This page lists books which have discussed the Wikipedia concept," a ridiculously wide net that includes everything from books about WP (which is better covered at Bibliography of Wikipedia the curiously namespaced Bibliography of Wikipedia) to fiction that features WP and non-fiction with a paragraph or two on the subject.

In other words, it's pretty uneven. I mention that here not because I want to discuss that page here but because it seems there should be an exception to the policy of this page that chapters do not belong: edited collections. When the book chapters stand on their own, are peer-reviewed, and could just as easily be journal articles it seems a little silly to list them next to "Wikipedia is on page 456 of this scifi book." --Rhododendrites (talk) 18:19, 30 August 2013 (UTC)

Found a new paper about Wikipedia
I have no idea what to do with this, but I believe it should be seen by Wikipedians:

Thanks Roger (Dodger67) (talk) 19:27, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Is nobody interested? Roger (Dodger67) (talk) 06:31, 23 September 2017 (UTC)

 * If you want to help bring it to the attention of Wikipedians, you would be welcome to write a review or summary of the paper for the Signpost's "Recent research" section, which doubles as the Wikimedia Research Newsletter and reaches a large autidences of community members and academic researchers alike. Let me know in case you are interested! Regards, Tbayer (WMF) (talk) 07:19, 23 September 2017 (UTC)

There's this one, too:  It is in a peer reviewed journal, though not exactly neutral... EdChem (talk) 11:32, 6 February 2019 (UTC)

What source should I cite for the "wiki principle"?
Hi! I am currently writing an academic paper and the introduction includes a statement saying that Wikipedia is based on the "wiki principle" of "swarm intelligence and organic collaboration". What source should I cite for this statement? I imagine that there is a publication that is commonly cited here. Thanks, --Gnom (talk) 09:05, 16 October 2017 (UTC)

How to add a new publication to the table for 2018?
I came across this publication which I would like to add to the table for 2018 but don't know how to: Motivating Contributions to Public Information Goods: A Field Experiment on Wikipedia. I guess I would first have to create a WikiData entry for it? Could anyone help? Never used WikiData before and am hesitant to learn it. ;-) EMsmile (talk) 23:32, 16 May 2021 (UTC)
 * It could be possible to make a wikidata item for it if there are other bits of metadata that aren't included on the pdf. Could I confirm what it exactly is (e.g. /  / )? Publication date, publisher, part of a series, any identifiers (e.g. volume/issue/article numbers)? T.Shafee(Evo & Evo)talk 01:17, 17 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Good point. I think I have to e-mail the authors. It's annoying when the pdf file of a paper doesn't give sufficient detail. Would be better if it had a DOI for example. EMsmile (talk) 01:25, 17 May 2021 (UTC)
 * I got in touch with the authors and they told me (in May) that it should be cited as follows: "Yan Chen, Rosta Farzan, Robert Kraut, Iman YeckehZaare and Ark Fangzhou Zhang (2021). Motivating Experts to Contribute to Digital Public Goods: A Personalized Field Experiment on Wikipedia. Under review at Management Science." I guess it's better to wait until the paper has been accepted at Management Science so I'll make a mental note to follow up on it later. It actually is a really interesting piece of research on how to motivate content experts to get involved with Wikipedia editing or article reviews. EMsmile (talk) 00:04, 19 August 2021 (UTC)

Review article, count of studies?
I recall reading an article that counted more than 3000 papers on Wikipedia. I would like to find a source like that.

Can anyone recommend a review article which tried to be comprehensive in identifying all papers about Wikipedia, or which has a count? Thanks.  Bluerasberry  (talk)  00:09, 8 February 2022 (UTC)

List grouped by main subject
Could anyone familiar with the Listeria bot help me create a list grouped by main subject (which is already identified for each article), please. For example, I'd like to list all publications about "gender bias on Wikipedia". Thanks! fgnievinski (talk) 06:07, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

 * There is a property Q17002416: gender bias on Wikipedia you can use. Here's a sample query: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%3AVexations%2Flists%2FGender_bias_on_Wikipedia Vexations (talk) 12:11, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

Article dump
1. Make sure everything from here gets added.

2. Here is a dump of other articles I found, not checked if they are on either of the existing lists already.

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020arXiv200508505H/abstract

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020arXiv200606446G/abstract

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...865782H/abstract

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020arXiv200608899K/abstract

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PLoSO..1271774T/abstract

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...730091Y/abstract

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...738869Y/abstract

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatSR..1121505R/abstract

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLSCB..10E3892G/abstract

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLSCB..11E4239H/abstract

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020arXiv200508505H/abstract

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NRvHM..23...29L/abstract BhamBoi (talk) 04:23, 14 January 2023 (UTC)