text:
Battle of Cotton Plant

The Battle of Cotton Plant also known as Action at Hill's Plantation or Action at Cache River or Action at Round Hill (July 7, 1862) was fought during the American Civil War in Woodruff County, Arkansas. Frustrated in its attempt to march to Little Rock by a lack of supplies, the Union Army of the Southwest under the command of Samuel Ryan Curtis moved south down the White River. Curtis's army encountered a Confederate force led by Albert Rust on the east bank of the Cache River near Cotton Plant. Rust was only able to bring two Texas cavalry regiments into action. These horsemen attacked the Federal advance guard under Charles Edward Hovey, but after a spirited fight, Union reinforcements arrived and drove off the Texans. Rust's force made a disorderly retreat and Curtis's army was able to march south to Clarendon before veering east to occupy Helena on the Mississippi River.

Strategic situation
A few weeks after the Union victory at the Battle of Pea Ridge on March 7–8, 1862, Union General Curtis received reports that General Earl Van Dorn's Confederate army was moving east. On April 5, Curtis's department commander General Henry Halleck authorized a move eastward to block a possible offensive by Van Dorn. Accordingly, the Army of the Southwest marched east through the Missouri towns of Cassville, Forsyth, and West Plains. In fact, on March 23, General Albert Sidney Johnston ordered Van Dorn's troops to move to Corinth, Mississippi where a large Confederate army was assembling. In his zeal to execute the new instructions, Van Dorn denuded Arkansas of soldiers, weapons, ammunition, and other military supplies. Ironically, Van Dorn's troops arrived too late to fight in the Battle of Shiloh on April 6–7, a Confederate defeat.

Advance on Little Rock fails
After Shiloh, Halleck instructed Curtis to move into northeast Arkansas and rendezvous with another Federal force under General Frederick Steele. Curtis's army marched south from White Plains, crossing the state line on April 29 and reaching Batesville, Arkansas on May 2. Steele's soldiers arrived in nearby Jacksonport on May 4. However, Halleck directed Curtis to move half of his infantry to Cape Girardeau, Missouri where they would be transferred east of the Mississippi River. Dutifully, Curtis gathered seven Illinois, two Missouri, and one Indiana regiments, placed them under Generals Jefferson C. Davis and Alexander Asboth and sent them to Halleck. Curtis reorganized his remaining soldiers into three divisions: the Indiana regiments in the 1st under Steele, the Illinois and Iowa regiments in the 2nd under General Eugene Asa Carr, and the Missouri regiments in the 3rd under General Peter J. Osterhaus. Halleck then ordered Curtis to occupy Little Rock, about 100 mi south. Curtis's May strength returns listed 6,000 infantry, 3,000 cavalry, and 1,000 artillerymen.

The Federal occupation of Batesville prompted Arkansas Governor Henry Massey Rector to call out the militia and move the state archives from Little Rock. Confederate General John Selden Roane complained that he was left to fight with "No troops - no arms - no powder" and vowed to detain all Texas units in transit through the state. P. G. T. Beauregard responded to Roane's request for a new leader by naming General Thomas C. Hindman to take charge of the Trans-Mississippi Department. Hindman's methods were high-handed, but he quickly managed to amass a field army of 4,000 Texas cavalry, 1,500 Arkansas infantry, and a battery of light artillery. Osterhaus's 3rd Division crossed the White River on May 7 and four days later it reached the Little Red River near Searcy. In the Battle of Whitney's Lane on May 19, 1862, Texas cavalrymen attacked a Federal foraging party of the 17th Missouri Volunteer Infantry and inflicted a loss of 15 killed, 32 wounded, and two missing. The next day, Carr's 2nd Division arrived on the Little Red River, ready to continue the advance. That day a message reached Curtis from the army's quartermaster that stated the army could no longer be supplied over the 300 mi distance to the railhead at Rolla, Missouri. Curtis abandoned the drive on Little Rock.

Down the White River
On May 27, Curtis ordered the cavalry of Osterhaus and Carr to raid Confederate-held territory south of the Little Red River. Under cover of this operation, Union foraging parties collected more supplies. However, on June 4 the Federals fell back to Batesville. Curtis warned Halleck that the logistical situation was so dire that he might have to retreat to Missouri. The Siege of Corinth successfully ended on May 30, so Halleck responded by sending a expedition under Graham N. Fitch of the army and James Shirk of the navy up the White River. Aside from several regiments of infantry, the transports carried 100,000 bushels of grain and 2,500 bales of hay for Curtis's army. In the Battle of Saint Charles on June 17, the expedition suffered a setback when a Confederate round shot pierced the steam drum of the USS Mound City killing half its crew and injuring most of the survivors. Nevertheless, the expedition pushed upriver and reached Clarendon where it was halted by low water. When Curtis found that the expedition had stalled he decided to move down the White River toward Clarendon. In order to make this move, the Union commander had to cut his supply line to Rolla and order his soldiers live off the countryside. The Army of the Southwest left Batesville at the end of June. As Curtis's army moved, they foraged, pillaged, and destroyed property to the amount of $1.5 million. Abetted by the soldiers, African-American slaves fled from their plantations and over 3,000 joined the army on its march while others headed for Missouri.

On 24 June 1862, Hindman received information that Curtis's army was moving south down the east bank of the White River. He sent the Colonel Sweet's 15th Texas Cavalry Regiment on a raid across the White River above Batesville. Hindman claimed that 200 Union soldiers were taken prisoner and some supply wagons were captured before Colonel Cadwallader C. Washburn's Federal cavalry brigade drove off the Texans. Hindman ordered General Rust to cross to the east bank of the White at Des Arc and move upstream to a blocking position behind the Cache River. Concentrating at Cotton Plant, Rust's force was increased to a strength of 5,000 troops. Rust was ordered to block the roads, burn bridges, and destroy all food supplies, but this instruction was not carried out. Hindman himself remained at DeVall's Bluff with about 2,000 soldiers to oppose the Union river expedition. He also armed the steamer Tom Sugg with an 8-inch Columbiad to guard the White River. Hindman intended to leave 500 men to hold Devall's Bluff and march with the rest to reinforce Rust, but by then it was too late. Curtis advanced over the Cache.

Opposing forces
The Battle of Cotton Plant saw a 10,000-strong Union Army commanded by Samuel Ryan Curtis encounter a 5,000-man Confederate force led by Albert Rust. A Union advance guard commanded by Charles Edward Hovey did most of the fighting, repelling an attack by two Texas cavalry regiments led by William Henry Parsons. Union reinforcements under William P. Benton arrived and pressed the Texas cavalry and Arkansas infantry into a disorderly retreat. Curtis's army subsequently occupied Helena. At the Battle of L'Anguille Ferry near Marianna on August 3, 1862 the Texas cavalry overran a Union wagon convoy.

Union
The following Union Army units and commanders served in the campaign.

Abbreviations used

 * MG = Major General
 * BG = Brigadier General
 * Col = Colonel
 * Hovey = Col Charles E. Hovey's brigade

Army of the Southwest
MG Samuel Ryan Curtis

Battle
On July 7, 1862, the Army of the Southwest reached James Ferry on the Cache River, found that the water was low enough to ford, and began to cross. Colonel Charles Edward Hovey who led a brigade in Steele's 1st Division sent Colonel Charles Harris of the 11th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment with 400 soldiers to scout ahead. Harris's advance force included four companies of the 11th Wisconsin, four companies of the 33rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, and a detachment of the 1st Indiana Cavalry Regiment including one cannon. Harris led his force south to a road intersection at Parley Hill's Plantation which was about 3 mi northwest of Cotton Plant. Harris directed his troops down the Clarendon road which led toward Cotton Plant. However, Hovey learned that a Federal soldier was captured, recalled Harris, and ordered him to take the Des Arc road that led to the southwest.

Rust's force consisted of five regiments of Texas cavalry, three regiments of Arkansas infantry, and one battery of artillery. Rust ordered Colonel William H. Parsons with 1,000 troopers of Parson's own 12th Texas Cavalry Regiment and Colonel William Fitzhugh's 16th Texas Cavalry Regiments to hold the river crossing at James Ferry. The day before, the 12th Texas was prepared to advance. But Parsons decided to wait for the 16th Texas which was slow, so the 12th Texas camped about 6 mi south of the crossing. About 9:00 am, Parsons learned that Union soldiers were crossing the Cache at James Ferry. He turned northeast to follow the Des Arc road and sent 20 horsemen ahead in skirmish formation across a cypress swamp.

Hovey held one Wisconsin company at the intersection and sent Harris forward with the rest. Harris's three Wisconsin companies passed the Hill house, a cornfield, and then entered a forest in skirmish formation. One Illinois company and the cannon backed-up the skirmishers. The other three Illinois companies were farther back. As the Wisconsin skirmishers groped through the underbrush they spotted Parsons's horsemen. The first firing started at 40 yd range between the 20 Texas skirmishers and some Union cavalrymen. At least three Texans were hit right away. Harris pressed forward but his skirmishers were hit by a blast of fire when they bumped into the main body of the 12th Texas. Harris was wounded but kept directing his men. The Texas cavalry charged on horseback, driving back the Wisconsin troops. Edward M. Pike won the Medal of Honor for actions that saved the Union cannon from capture. Hovey ordered the three Wisconsin companies, the supporting Illinois company, and the gun to retreat toward the intersection. Hovey sent the remaining three Illinois companies to take cover in the cornfield. As Parsons's horsemen burst from the trees in pursuit of the Wisconsin soldiers, the Federals in the cornfield met them with a shattering volley followed by heavy fire. After many saddles were emptied, the Texas cavalry retreated into the forest. Hovey held his ground and waited for the next Confederate move. Parsons's horsemen pulled back behind the cypress swamp.

In an attempt to separate Hovey's force from Curtis's main body, Rust accompanied Colonel James R. Taylor's 17th Texas Cavalry Regiment in a wide sweep to the northeast. The horsemen circled through Cotton Plant and neared the road intersection. But as they approached, the Confederates heard the tap of a drum and a large number of Union soldiers rose to their feet. The Texas regiment withdrew. These Union troops were the four Wisconsin companies, the Illinois company, and the one gun which had rallied. Not long afterward, 200 Union reinforcements from the 1st Indiana Cavalry arrived plus two additional 3-inch Ordnance rifles. After an artillery barrage, Hovey organized another attack and after about 20 minutes of fighting, the Confederates fell back. Later, General William P. Benton's brigade from the 1st Division reached the battlefield and continued the pursuit. The Confederate retreat toward Des Arc became a rout. That evening, the Confederates got across the lower crossing of the Cache River and destroyed their boats, preventing further pursuit.

Results
The Federals admitted losing six killed and 57 wounded during the action. They claimed to have killed 138 Confederates and 66 horses. One estimate gave Confederate losses as 250. Another source estimated a Confederate loss of 30 killed and 50–60 wounded. One Texan reported that the 12th Texas lost 14 killed, 20 seriously wounded, 16 slightly wounded, and two missing. He guessed that the 16th Texas lost about the same.

Curtis proceeded to Clarendon which his troops reached on July 9, only to find that the flotilla had departed the previous day. Fitch and Shirk were not able to make contact with Curtis's army and would wait no longer. Curtis ordered cannons fired and sent couriers racing downstream, but the fleet disappeared downriver. Curtis had maintained a faint hope that he might renew his advance on Little Rock by basing on the White River. Now the Federal commander realized that resupplying his troops was the highest priority. Therefore, he turned his marching columns toward Helena which was about 45 mi to the east. The Army of the Southwest occupied Helena without opposition on July 12 after a very difficult march in intense heat and clouds of dust. Union troops hailed passing transports in the Mississippi River and the army was soon resupplied. Curtis set up his headquarters in Hindman's mansion. In mid-summer 1862, Federal military operations in the Western theater ground to a halt. For several months, Curtis's troops remained unemployed while greedy cotton traders swarmed in Helena. The regiments from the Army of the Southwest were eventually absorbed into the Army of the Tennessee. Union forces held Helena for the duration of the war. On July 4, 1863, the Helena garrison repulsed an assault by Confederate forces in the Battle of Helena.

title: Battle of Cotton Plant


text:
List of universities and colleges in South Korea

This is a list of institutions of higher education in South Korea.

A

 * Agricultural Cooperative College – Goyang, Gyeonggi
 * Ajou Motor College – Boryeong, South Chungcheong
 * Ajou University – Suwon, Gyeonggi
 * Andong National University – Andong, North Gyeongsang
 * Andong Science College – Andong, North Gyeongsang
 * Ansan University – Ansan, Gyeonggi
 * Ansung Polytechnic College – Anseong, Gyeonggi
 * Anyang University – Anyang, Gyeonggi
 * Asan Information and Technology Polytechnic College – Asan, South Chungcheong
 * Asia LIFE University – Daejeon
 * Asia United Theological University – Seoul and Yangpyeong County

B
See also under P

 * Baekseok Arts University – Seoul
 * Baekseok Culture University – Cheonan,
 * Baekseok University - Cheonan, South Chungcheong
 * Baewha Women's University – Seoul
 * Berea University of Graduate Studies – Seoul
 * Bucheon University – Bucheon, Gyeonggi
 * Busan Arts College – Busan
 * Busan College of Information Technology – Busan
 * Busan Institute of Science and Technology – Busan
 * Busan Jangsin University – see Busan Presbyterian University
 * Busan Kyungsang College – Busan
 * Busan National University of Education – Busan
 * Busan Polytechnic College – Busan
 * Busan Presbyterian University – Gimhae, South Gyeongsang
 * Byuksung College – Gimje, North Jeolla

C
See also under J

 * Calvin University – Yongin, Gyeonggi
 * Capital Baptist Theological Seminary – Anseong, Gyeonggi
 * Catholic Sangji College – Andong, North Gyeongsang
 * Catholic University of Daegu – Gyeongsan, North Gyeongsang
 * Catholic University of Korea – Seoul and Bucheon City, Gyeonggi
 * Catholic University of Pusan – Busan
 * Catholic Kwandong University - Gangneung, Gangwon-do
 * Cha University - Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
 * Changshin University – Masan, South Gyeongsang
 * Changwon National University – Changwon, South Gyeongsang
 * Changwon Polytechnic College – Changwon, South Gyeongsang
 * Cheju Halla University – Jeju City, Jeju
 * Cheju National University of Education – see Jeju National University of Education
 * Cheju Tourism College – Bukjeju County, Jeju
 * Cheonan College of Foreign Studies – see Baekseok College
 * Chonbuk National University – Jeonju, North Jeolla
 * Cheonan National Technical College – Cheonan, South Chungcheong
 * Cheonan University – Cheonan, South Chungcheong
 * Cheonan Yonam College – Cheonan, South Chungcheong
 * Cheongju National University of Education – Cheongju, North Chungcheong
 * Cheongju Polytechnic College – Cheongju, North Chungcheong
 * Cheongju University – Cheongju, North Chungcheong
 * Cheongshim Graduate School of Theology – Gapyeong-gun, Gyeonggi-do
 * Chinju National University of Education – Jinju, South Gyeongsang
 * Chodang University – Muan County, South Jeolla
 * Chonbuk National University – see Jeonbuk National University
 * Chongin College – see Jeonbuk Science College
 * Chongju National College of Science and Technology – Cheongju and Jeungpyeong County, North Chungcheong
 * Chongju University – see Cheongju University
 * Chongshin University – Seoul
 * Chonnam National University – Gwangju
 * Choonhae College – Ulsan
 * Chosun University – Gwangju
 * Christian College of Nursing – Gwangju
 * Chugye University for the Arts – Seoul
 * Chuncheon Polytechnic College – Chuncheon, Gangwon
 * Chuncheon National University of Education – Chuncheon, Gangwon
 * Chung Cheong University – Cheongju, North Chungcheong
 * Chung-Ang University – Seoul and Anseong City, Gyeonggi
 * Chungbuk National University – Cheongju, North Chungcheong
 * Chungbuk Provincial College – Okcheon County, North Chungcheong
 * Chungju National University – Chungju, North Chungcheong
 * Chungkang College of Cultural Industries – Icheon, Gyeonggi
 * Chungnam Provincial College – South Chungcheong
 * Chungnam National University – Daejeon
 * Chungwoon University – Hongseong County, South Chungcheong
 * Chunnam Techno University – Gokseong County, South Jeolla

D
See also under T

 * Daebul University – Yeongam County, South Jeolla
 * Daecheon College – see Ajou Motor College
 * Daedong College – Busan
 * Daeduk College – Daejeon
 * Daegu Arts University – Chilgok County, North Gyeongsang
 * Daegu Cyber University – Gyeongsan, North Gyeongsang
 * Daegu Haany University – Gyeongsan, North Gyeongsang and Daegu
 * Daegu Health College – Daegu
 * Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology – Daegu
 * Daegu Mirae College – Gyeongsan, North Gyeongsang
 * Daegu National University of Education – Daegu
 * Daegu Polytechnic College – Daegu
 * Daegu Technical University – Daegu
 * Daegu University – Gyeongsan, North Gyeongsang
 * Daegu University of Foreign Studies – Gyeongsan, North Gyeongsang
 * Daehan Graduate School of Theology – Anyang, Gyeonggi
 * Daejin University – Pocheon, Gyeonggi
 * Daejeon Health Sciences College – Daejeon
 * Daejeon Polytechnic College – Daejeon
 * Daejeon University – Daejeon Shini Kunku
 * Daelim College – Anyang, Gyeonggi
 * Daewon Science College – Jecheon, North Chungcheong
 * Dankook University – Seoul and Cheonan City, South Chungcheong
 * Dong-A College – Yeongam County, South Jeolla
 * Dong-A University – Busan
 * Dong-Ah Broadcasting College – Anseong, Gyeonggi
 * Donga College of Health
 * Dongduk Women's University – Seoul
 * Dong-eui University – Busan
 * Dongguk University – Seoul and Gyeongju City, North Gyeongsang
 * Dongju College – Busan
 * Dongkang College – Gwangju
 * Dongnam Health College – Suwon, Gyeonggi
 * Dong-Pusan College – Busan
 * Dongseo University – Busan
 * Dong Seoul College – Seongnam, Gyeonggi
 * Dongshin University – Naju, South Jeolla
 * Dong-U College – Sokcho, Gangwon
 * Dongyang Mirae University – Seoul
 * Dongwon Institute of Science and Technology
 * Doowon Technical College – Anseong, Gyeonggi
 * Duksung Women's University – Seoul

E

 * Ewha Womans University – Seoul
 * Eulji University – Daejeon

F

 * Far East University – Eumseong County, North Chungcheong

G
See also under K

 * Gachon Medical School – Incheon
 * Gachongil College – Incheon
 * Gachon University – Seongnam, Gyeonggi
 * Gangdong College – Eumseong, North Chungcheong
 * Gangneung-Wonju National University – Gangneung, Gangwon
 * Gangneung Yeongdong College – Gangneung, Gangwon
 * Gangwon Provincial College – Gangneung, Gangwon
 * Geochang Polytechnic College – Geochang, South Gyeongsang
 * George Mason University – Songdo, Incheon
 * Geumgang University – Nonsan
 * Ghent University – Songdo, Incheon
 * Gimcheon Science College – see Kimcheon Science College
 * Gochang Polytechnic College – Gochang County, North Jeolla
 * Gongju National University of Education – Gongju, South Chungcheong
 * Graduate School of Interpretation and Translation (GSIT) – see Hankuk University of Foreign Studies
 * Graduate School of Korean Studies – Seongnam, Gyeonggi
 * Gukje Digital University – Suwon, Gyeonggi
 * Gumi University – Gumi, North Gyeongsang
 * Gumi Polytechnic College – Gumi, North Gyeongsang
 * Gwangju Catholic University – Gwangju
 * Gwangju Health University – Gwangju
 * Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) – Gwangju
 * Gwangju National University of Education – Gwangju
 * Gwangju Polytechnic College – Gwangju
 * Gwangju University – Gwangju
 * Gyeongbuk Provincial College - North Gyeongsang
 * Gyeongin National University of Education – Incheon
 * Gyeongju University – Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang
 * Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology – Jinju
 * Gyeongnam Provincial Geochang College - South Gyeongsang
 * Gyeongnam Provincial Namhae College - South Gyeongsang
 * Gyeongsang National University – Jinju, South Gyeongsang
 * Gimcheon University – Gimcheon, North Gyeongsang
 * Gumi University – Gumi, North Gyeongsang

H

 * Halla University – Wonju, Gangwon
 * Hallym College of Information and Industry – Chuncheon, Gangwon
 * Hallym University – Chuncheon, Gangwon
 * Hanbat National University – Daejeon
 * Handong Global University – Pohang, North Gyeongsang
 * Hanil University – Wanju County, North Jeolla and Jeonju, North Jeolla
 * Hankuk Aviation University – Goyang, Gyeonggi
 * Hankuk University of Foreign Studies – Seoul & Gyeonggi
 * Hankyong National University – Anseong, Gyeonggi
 * Hanlyo University – Gwangyang, South Jeolla
 * Hanmin University – Yeonsan
 * Hannam University – Daejon
 * Hansei University – Gunpo, Gyeonggi
 * Hanseo University – Seosan, South Chungcheong
 * Hanshin University – Osan, Gyeonggi
 * Hansung Technical College(서울예술직업전문학교) – Seoul
 * Hansung University – Seoul
 * Hanyang University – Seoul
 * Hanyang Cyber University
 * Hanyang Women's University – Seoul
 * Hanyeong College – Yeosu, South Jeolla
 * Hanyoung Theological University – Seoul
 * Hanzhung University – Donghae, Ganwon
 * Hapdong Theological Seminary – Suwon, Gyeonggi
 * Honam Theological University and Seminary – Gwangju
 * Honam University – Gwangju
 * Hongik University – Seoul
 * Hongseong Polytechnic College – Hongseong County, South Chungcheong
 * Hoseo University – Asan, South Chungcheong
 * Howon University – Gunsan, North Jeolla
 * Hyechon College – Daejeon
 * Hyejeon College – Hongseong County, South Chungcheong
 * Hyupsung University – Hwaseong, Gyeonggi

I

 * Information and Communications University – Daejeon
 * Iksan National College – Iksan, North Jeolla
 * Incheon Catholic University – Incheon
 * Incheon National University – Incheon
 * Incheon Polytechnic College – Incheon
 * Incheon National University of Education – see Gyeongin National University of Education
 * Induk University – Seoul
 * Inha Technical College – Incheon
 * Inha University – Incheon
 * Inje University – Gimhae, South Gyeongsang
 * International Graduate School of English – Seoul
 * International University of Korea

J
See also under C

 * Jangan University – Hwaseong, Gyeonggi
 * JEI University – Incheon
 * Jecheon Polytechnic College – Jecheon, North Chungcheong
 * Jeju College of Technology – Jeju City, Jeju (unification with Tamna University, now Jeju International University)
 * Jeju International University – Jeju City, Jeju
 * Jeju National University – Jeju City, Jeju
 * Jeonbuk Polytechnic College – Gimje, North Jeolla
 * Jeonju Kijeon Women's College – Jeonju, North Jeolla
 * Jeonju National University of Education – Jeonju, North Jeolla
 * Jeonju Technical College – Jeonju, North Jeolla
 * Jeonju University – Jeonju, North Jeolla
 * Jeonnam Provincial College – Damyang County and Jangheung County, South Jeolla
 * Jinju College – Jinju, South Gyeongsang
 * Jinju Health College – Jinju, South Gyeongsang
 * Jinju National University – Jinju, South Gyeongsang
 * Jisan College – see Catholic University of Pusan
 * Joong-ang Sangha University – Gimpo, Gyeonggi
 * Joongbu University – Geumsan County, South Chungcheong and Goyang
 * Jungseok Institute of Technology – Seoul
 * Juseong College – Cheongwon County, North Chungcheong

K
See also under G
 * KAIST – Daejeon, abbreviated term of Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
 * Kangnam University – Yongin, Gyeonggi
 * Kangwon National University – Chuncheon and Samcheok, Gangwon
 * Kangwon Tourism College – Taebaek, Gangwon
 * Kaya University – Goryeong, North Gyeongsang and Gimhae, South Gyeongsang
 * Kaywon School of Art and Design (계원예술대학교)– Uiwang, Gyeonggi
 * KDI School of Public Policy and Management – Seoul
 * Keimyung College – Daegu
 * Keimyung University – Daegu
 * Keukdong College – Eumseong County, North Chungcheong
 * Kimcheon Science College – Gimcheon, North Gyeongsang
 * Kimpo College – Gimpo, Gyeonggi
 * Kkottongnae Hyundo University of Social Welfare – Cheongwon County, North Chungcheong
 * Koguryeo College
 * Koje College – Geoje, South Gyeonsang
 * Kongju Communication Arts College(공주영상정보대학) – Gongju, South Chungcheong
 * Kongju National University – Gongju, South Chungcheong
 * Konkuk University – Seoul and Chungju City, North Chungcheong
 * Konyang University – Nonsan, South Chungcheong and Daejeon
 * Kookmin University – Seoul
 * Korea Aerospace University – Goyang, Gyeonggi
 * Korea Air Force Academy – Cheongwon County, North Chungcheong
 * Korea Baptist Theological University – Daejeon
 * Korea Christian University(그리스도대학교) – Seoul
 * Korea Cyber University – Seoul
 * Korea Digital University – Seoul
 * Korea Maritime University – Busan
 * Korea Military Academy – Seoul
 * Korea National College of Rehabilitation and Welfare – Pyeongtaek, Gyeonggi
 * Korea National Defense University – Seoul
 * Korea National Open University – Seoul
 * Korea National Police University – Yongin, Gyeonggi
 * Korea National University of Arts – Seoul
 * Korea National University of Education – Cheongwon County, North Chungcheong
 * Korea National University of Transportation - Chungju City, North Chungcheong
 * Korea National Railroad College – Uiwang, Gyeonggi
 * Korea National Sport University – Seoul
 * Korea Nazarene University – Cheonan, South Chungcheong
 * Korea Polytechnics
 * Korea Polytechnic I – Seoul and Seongnam, Gyeonggi
 * Korea Polytechnic II – Anseong, Incheon, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi
 * Korea Polytechnic III – Chuncheon, Wonju and Gangneung
 * Korea Polytechnic IV – Daejeon, Cheongju, Chungju, Asan and Hongseong
 * Korea Polytechnic V – Gwangju, Gimje, Mokpo, Iksan and Suncheon
 * Korea Polytechnic VI – Daegu, Gumi, Pohang and Yeongju
 * Korea Polytechnic VII – Busan, Ulsan, Changwon and Jinju
 * Korea Aviation Polytechnic – Sacheon, South Gyeongsang
 * Korea Bio Polytechnic – Nonsan, South Chungcheong
 * Korea Textile and Fashion Polytechnic – Daegu
 * Korea Women's Polytechnic – Gyeonggi
 * Korea Polytechnic University
 * Korea Tourism College – Icheon, Gyeonggi
 * Korea University – Seoul
 * Korea University of Science and Technology – Seoul, Suwon, Changwon, Ansan, Seongnam, and Daejeon
 * Korea University of Technology and Education – Cheonan, South Chungcheong
 * Korean National University of Cultural Heritage – Buyeo County, South Chungcheong
 * Korean Bible University – Seoul
 * Kosin University – Busan
 * Kukje Theological University and Seminary – Seoul
 * Kumoh National Institute of Technology – Gumi, North Gyeongsang
 * Kunjang College – Gunsan, North Jeolla
 * Kunsan College of Nursing – Gunsan, North Jeolla
 * Kunsan National University – Gunsan, North Jeolla
 * Kwandong University – Gangneung, Gangwon
 * Kwangju Institute of Science and Technology – Gwangju
 * Kwangju Polytechnic College – Gwangju
 * Kwangju Women's University – Gwangju
 * Kwangshin University – Gwangju
 * Kwangwoon University – Seoul
 * Kwangyang Health College – Gwangyang, South Jeolla
 * Kyeyak Graduate School of Theology – Gwangju, Gyeonggi
 * Kyongbuk College of Science – Chilgok County, North Gyeongsang
 * Kyonggi Institute of Technology – Siheung, Gyeonggi
 * Kyonggi University – Seoul and Suwon City, Gyeonggi
 * Kyongju University – see Gyeongju University
 * Kyungbok University – Pocheon, Gyeonggi
 * Kyungbuk College – Yeongju, North Gyeongsang
 * Kyungbuk Foreign Language Techno College – Gyeongsan, North Gyeongsang
 * Kyungdong College of Techno-Information – Gyeongsan, North Gyeongsang
 * Kyungdong University – Goseong, Gangwon
 * Kyunghee University – Seoul
 * Kyung Hee Cyber University – Seoul
 * Kyungil University – Gyeongsan City, North Gyeongsang
 * Kyungin Women's College – Incheon
 * Kyungmin College – Uijeongbu, Gyeonggi
 * Kyungmoon College – Pyeongtaek, Gyeonggi
 * Kyungnam College of Information and Technology – Busan
 * Kyungnam University – Changwon, South Gyeongsang
 * Kyungpook National University – Daegu
 * Kyungsung University – Busan
 * Kyungwon College – Seongnam, Gyeonggi
 * Kyungwoon University – Gumi, North Gyeongsang

L

 * Luther University – Yongin, Gyeonggi

M

 * Masan University – Masan, South Gyeongsang
 * Methodist Theological University(감리교신학대학교) – Seoul
 * Miryang National University – Miryang, South Gyeongsang
 * Mokpo Catholic University – Mokpo, South Jeolla
 * Mokpo National Maritime University – Mokpo, South Jeolla
 * Mokpo National University – Mokpo, South Jeolla
 * Mokpo Polytechnic College – Mokpo, South Jeolla
 * Mokpo Science University – Mokpo, South Jeolla
 * Mokwon University – Daejeon
 * Mun Kyung College – Mungyeong, North Gyeongsang
 * Myongji University – Seoul
 * Myungshin University – Suncheon, South Jeolla

N

 * Naju College – Naju, South Jeolla
 * Nambu University – Gwangju
 * Namseoul University – Cheonan, South Chungcheong
 * National Medical Center College of Nursing(국립의료원 간호대학) – Seoul

O

 * Open Cyber University – Seoul
 * Osan University – Osan, Gyeonggi

P
See also under B

 * Paekche Institute of the Arts – Wanju County, North Jeolla
 * Pai Chai University – Daejeon
 * Pohang College – Pohang, North Gyeongsang
 * Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) – Pohang, North Gyeongsang
 * Presbyterian College and Theological Seminary(장로회신학대학교) – Seoul
 * Pukyong National University – Busan
 * Pusan Arts College – Busan
 * Pusan National University – Busan
 * Pusan University of Foreign Studies – Busan
 * Pusan Women's College – Busan
 * Pyeongtaek University – Pyeongtaek, Gyeonggi

R

 * Red Cross College of Nursing(적십자간호대학) – Seoul

S

 * Saekyung College – Yeongwol County, Gangwon
 * Sahmyook University – Seoul
 * Samcheok National University – Samcheok, Gangwon (unification with Kangwon National University, now KNU Samcheok Campus)
 * Sangji University – Wonju, Gangwon
 * Sangju National University – Sangju, North Gyeongsang
 * Sangmyung University – Seoul and Cheonan City, South Chungcheong
 * Sejong University – Seoul
 * Semin Digital University – Daegu
 * Semyung University – Jecheon, North Chungcheong
 * Seoil University – Seoul
 * Seojeong University - Yangju, Gyeonggi
 * Seoyeong University – Gwangju
 * Seokyeong University – Seoul
 * Seongnam Polytechnic College – Seongnam, Gyeonggi
 * Seoul Bible Graduate School of Theology – Seoul
 * Seoul Christian University – Seoul
 * Seoul Cyber University – Seoul
 * Seoul Digital University – Seoul
 * Seoul Health College – Seongnam, Gyeonggi
 * Seoul Institute of the Arts – Ansan, Gyeonggi
 * Seoul IT Polytechnic College – Seoul
 * Seoul Jangsin University – Seoul and Gwangju City, Gyeonggi
 * Seoul-Jeongsu Polytechnic College – Seoul
 * Seoul National University – Seoul
 * Seoul National University of Education – Seoul
 * Seoul National University of Science and Technology – Seoul
 * Seoul Sports Graduate University – Seoul
 * Seoul Theological University – Bucheon, Gyeonggi
 * Seoul Women's College of Nursing – Seoul
 * Seoul Women's University – Seoul
 * Seowon University – Cheongju, North Chungcheong
 * Shin Ansan University – Ansan, Gyeonggi
 * Shingu College – Seongnam, Gyeonggi
 * Shinheung College – Uijeongbu, Gyeonggi
 * Shinsung University – Dangjin County, South Chungcheong
 * Silla University – Busan
 * Sogang University – Seoul
 * Sohae College – Gunsan, North Jeolla
 * Songho College – Hoengseong County, Gangwon
 * Songwon University – Gwangju
 * Sookmyung Women's University – Seoul
 * Soonchunhyang University – Asan, South Chungcheong
 * Soong Eui Women's College – Seoul
 * Soongsil University – Seoul
 * Sorabol College – Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang
 * State University of New York Korea – Yeonsu, Incheon
 * Suncheon Cheongam College – Suncheon, South Jeolla
 * Suncheon First College – Suncheon, South Jeolla
 * Sunchon National University – Suncheon, South Jeolla
 * Sung-duk College – Yeongcheon, North Gyeongsang
 * Sungsan Hyodo Graduate School – Incheon
 * Sunghwa College – Gangjin County, South Jeolla
 * Sungkonghoe University – Seoul
 * Sungkyul University – Anyang, Gyeonggi
 * Sungkyunkwan University – Seoul and Suwon City, Gyeonggi
 * Sungmin University – Cheonan and Seoul
 * Sungshin Women's University – Seoul
 * Sunlin University – Pohang, North Gyeongsang
 * Sunmoon University – Asan and Cheonan, South Chungcheong
 * Suwon Catholic University – Hwaseong, Gyeonggi
 * Suwon Science College – Hwaseong, Gyeonggi
 * Suwon Women's College – Suwon

T
See also under D

 * Taegu Science College – Daegu
 * Taekyeung University – Gyeongsan, North Gyeongsang
 * Taeshin Christian University(대신대학교) – Gyeongsan, North Gyeongsang
 * Tamna University – Seogwipo, Jeju (unification with Jeju College of Technology, now Jeju International University)
 * Tongmyong University – Busan
 * Tongwon University – Gwangju, Gyeonggi
 * Torch Trinity Graduate University – Seoul
 * Transnational Law and Business University – Goyang, Gyeonggi

U

 * Uiduk University – Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang
 * Ulsan College – Ulsan
 * Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology – Ulsan
 * University of Incheon – Incheon
 * University of Seoul – Seoul
 * University of Science & Technology - Daejeon and Seoul
 * University of Suwon – Suwon
 * University of Ulsan – Ulsan
 * University of Utah Asia Campus – Songdo, Incheon

W

 * Westminster Graduate School of Theology(웨스트민스터신학대학원대학교) – Seoul
 * Won Buddhism Graduate School(원불교대학원대학교) – Iksan, North Jeolla
 * Wonju National College – Wonju, Gangwon
 * Wonkwang Health Science College(원광보건대학교) – Iksan, North Jeolla
 * Wonkwang University – Iksan, North Jeolla
 * Woongji Accounting & Tax College(웅지세무대학교) – Paju, Gyeonggi
 * Woosong Information College(우송정보대학) – Daejeon
 * Woosong Technical College – Daejeon
 * Woosong University – Daejeon
 * Woosuk University – Wanju County, North Jeolla

Y

 * Yaeil Theological Seminary – Seoul
 * Yangsan College – Yangsan, South Gyeongsang
 * Yeojoo Institute of Technology – Yeoju County, Gyeonggi
 * Yeungjin College – Daegu
 * Yeungnam College of Science and Technology – Daegu
 * Yeungnam University – Gyeongsan, North Gyeongsang
 * Yeonsung University – Anyang, Gyeonggi
 * Yewon Arts University – Imsil County, North Jeolla
 * Yonam Institute of Digital Technology – Jinju, South Gyeongsang
 * Yong-in Songdam College – Yongin, Gyeonggi
 * Yong-In University – Yongin, Gyeonggi
 * Yonsei University – Seoul and Wonju City, Gangwon
 * Yosu National University – Yeosu, South Jeolla
 * Youngdong University – Yeongdong County, North Chungcheong
 * Youngnam Theological College and Seminary – Gyeongsan, North Gyeongsang
 * Youngsan University – Yangsan, South Gyeongsang
 * Youngsan Won Buddhist University – Yeonggwang County, South Jeolla
 * Yuhan College – Bucheon, Gyeonggi

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Elisabeth Schwarzkopf

Dame Olga Maria Elisabeth Friederike Schwarzkopf, (9 December 1915 – 3 August 2006) was a German-born Austro-British lyric soprano. She was among the foremost singers of lieder, and is renowned for her performances of Viennese operetta, as well as the operas of Mozart, Wagner and Richard Strauss. After retiring from the stage, she was a voice teacher internationally. She is considered one of the greatest sopranos of the 20th century.

Early life
Schwarzkopf was born on 9 December 1915 in Jarotschin in the Province of Posen in Prussia, Germany (now Poland) to Friedrich Schwarzkopf and his wife, Elisabeth (Fröhlich). Schwarzkopf performed in her first opera in 1928, as Eurydice in a school production of Gluck's Orfeo ed Euridice in Magdeburg, Germany. In 1934, Schwarzkopf began her musical studies at the Berlin Hochschule für Musik, where her singing tutor, Lula Mysz-Gmeiner, attempted to train her to be a mezzo-soprano. Schwarzkopf later trained under Maria Ivogün, and in 1938 joined the Deutsche Oper.

Early career
In 1933, shortly after the Nazis came to power, Elisabeth Schwarzkopf's father, a local school headmaster, was dismissed from his position by the new ruling authorities for having refused to allow a Nazi party meeting at his school. He was also banned from taking any new teaching post. Until Friedrich Schwarzkopf's dismissal, the probability was that the 17-year-old Elisabeth would have studied medicine after passing her Abitur; but now, as the daughter of a banned school teacher, she was not allowed to enter university and she commenced music studies at the Berlin Hochschule für Musik. Schwarzkopf made her professional debut at the Deutsche Oper Berlin (then called Deutsches Opernhaus) on 15 April 1938, as the Second Flower Maiden (First Group) in act 2 of Richard Wagner's Parsifal. In 1940 Schwarzkopf was awarded a full contract with the Deutsches Opernhaus, a condition of which was that she had to join the Nazi party.

Since the theme was brought up in the dissertation of the Austrian historian Oliver Rathkolb in 1982, the question of Schwarzkopf's relationship with the Nazi Party has been discussed repeatedly in the media and in literature. There was criticism that Schwarzkopf, not only in the years immediately after the war but also in confrontation with revelations made in the 1980s and 1990s made contradictory statements, including in regard to her membership in the NSDAP (Member No. 7,548,960). At first, she denied this and then with varying explanations defended it. In one version, for example, she claimed that she joined the party only at the insistence of her father who, himself, had earlier lost his position as school principal after forbidding a Nazi program in the school.

Further publications discussed her musical performances during the war before Nazi party conferences and for units of the Waffen-SS. Her defenders argue in favor of her claim that she always strictly separated art from politics and that she was a non-political person.

In 1942, she was invited to sing with the Vienna State Opera, where her roles included Konstanze in Mozart's Die Entführung aus dem Serail, Musetta and later Mimì in Puccini's La bohème and Violetta in Verdi's La traviata.

Schwarzkopf sang four brief cameo roles in films produced by Reich Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels, but she was a voice, not a film star.

Post-war career
In 1947, Schwarzkopf was granted Austrian citizenship to enable her to sing abroad with the Vienna State Opera. In 1947 and 1948, Schwarzkopf appeared on tour with the Vienna State Opera at London's Royal Opera House, Covent Garden on 16 September 1947 as Donna Elvira in Mozart's Don Giovanni and at La Scala on 28 December 1948, as the Countess in Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro, which became one of her signature roles.

Schwarzkopf later made her official debut at the Royal Opera House on 16 January 1948, as Pamina in Mozart's The Magic Flute, in performances sung in English, and at La Scala on 29 June 1950 singing Beethoven's Missa solemnis. Schwarzkopf's association with the Milanese house in the early 1950s gave her the opportunity to sing certain roles on stage for the only time in her career: Mélisande in Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande, Iole in Handel's Hercules, Marguerite in Gounod's Faust, Elsa in Wagner's Lohengrin, as well as her first Marschallin in Richard Strauss's Der Rosenkavalier and her first Fiordiligi in Mozart's Così fan tutte at the Piccola Scala. On 11 September 1951, she appeared as Anne Trulove in the world premiere of Stravinsky's The Rake's Progress. Schwarzkopf made her American concert debut with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra on 28 and 29 October 1954, in Strauss's Four Last Songs and the closing scene from Capriccio with Fritz Reiner conducting; her Carnegie Hall debut was a lied recital on 25 November 1956; her American opera debut was with the San Francisco Opera on 20 September 1955 as the Marschallin, and her debut at the Metropolitan Opera on 13 October 1964, also as the Marschallin.

In March 1946, Schwarzkopf was invited to audition for Walter Legge, an influential British classical record producer and a founder of the Philharmonia Orchestra. Legge asked her to sing Hugo Wolf's lied Wer rief dich denn? and, impressed, signed her to an exclusive contract with EMI. They began a close partnership and Legge subsequently became Schwarzkopf's manager and companion. They were married on 19 October 1953 in Epsom, Surrey; Schwarzkopf thus acquired British citizenship by marriage. Schwarzkopf would divide her time between lieder recitals and opera performances for the rest of her career. When invited in 1958 to select her eight favourite records on the BBC's Desert Island Discs, Schwarzkopf chose seven of her own recordings, and an eighth of Karajan conducting the Rosenkavalier prelude, as they evoked fond memories of the people she had worked with.

In the 1960s, Schwarzkopf concentrated nearly exclusively on five operatic roles: Donna Elvira in Don Giovanni, Countess Almaviva in The Marriage of Figaro, Fiordiligi in Così fan tutte, Countess Madeleine in Strauss's Capriccio, and the Marschallin. She was also well received as Alice Ford in Verdi's Falstaff. However, on the EMI label she made several "champagne operetta" recordings like Franz Lehár's The Merry Widow and Johann Strauss II's The Gypsy Baron.

Schwarzkopf's last operatic performance was as the Marschallin on 31 December 1971, in the theatre of La Monnaie in Brussels. For the next several years, she devoted herself exclusively to lieder recitals. On 17 March 1979, Walter Legge suffered a severe heart attack. He disregarded doctor's orders to rest and attended Schwarzkopf's final recital two days later in Zurich. Three days later, he died.

Retirement and death
After retiring (almost immediately after her husband's death), Schwarzkopf taught and gave master classes around the world, notably at the Juilliard School in New York City. After living in Switzerland for many years, she took up residence in Austria. She was made a doctor of music by the University of Cambridge in 1976, and became a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in 1992.

Schwarzkopf died in her sleep during the night of 2–3 August 2006 at her home in Schruns, Vorarlberg, Austria, aged 90. Her ashes, and those of Walter Legge, were buried next to her parents in Zumikon near Zürich, where she had lived from 1982 to 2003.

Legacy
Her discography is considerable both in quality and in quantity and is distinguished for her Mozart and Richard Strauss operatic portrayals, her two commercial recordings of Strauss's Four Last Songs and her recordings of lieder, especially those of Wolf.

Schwarzkopf is generally considered to have been the greatest German lyric soprano of the twentieth century and one of the finest Mozart singers of all time with an "indescribably beautiful" voice.

Schwarzkopf's entry in The Grove Book of Opera Singers concludes: "Although she dismissed her [Nazi Party] membership as a professional necessity, her reputation has remained tarnished by what seems to have been an active party membership." But research by Charles Scribner III, published in 2024, comprehensively exonerated her of blameworthy conduct during the era of Nazi hegemony, revealing that in fact she was the daughter of an anti-Nazi dissident living in constant fear of the authorities.

Awards

 * 1950: Lilli Lehmann Medal, Mozarteum International Foundation, Salzburg
 * 1959: 1. "Orfeo d'Oro", Mantua (?)
 * 1969: Orphée d'or recording award from the Académie du disque lyrique in Paris
 * 1961: Edison Award, Amsterdam
 * 1961: Awarded the title Deutsche Kammersängerin
 * 1964: Honorary member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music
 * 1967: Stockholm television award for best European soprano Stockholmer
 * 1971: Hugo-Wolf Medal
 * 1974: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
 * 1982: Mozart Medal of the city of Frankfurt am Main
 * 1983: Honorary member of the Vienna State Opera and title of Kammersängerin
 * 1986: Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
 * 1991: UNESCO Mozart Medal
 * 1992: Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire for services to music
 * 2002:
 * 2012: Voted into Gramophone Hall of Fame

Quotations

 * (After being asked about Peter Sellars) "There are names I do not want mentioned in my home. Do not say that name in my presence. I have seen what he has done, and it is criminal. As my husband used to say, so far no one has dared go into the Louvre Museum to spray graffiti on the Mona Lisa, but some opera directors are spraying graffiti over masterpieces." – Newsweek interview, 15 October 1990
 * "Many composers today don't know what the human throat is. At Bloomington, Indiana, I was invited to listen to music written in quarter tones for four harps and voices. I had to go out to be sick." – Newsweek interview, 15 October 1990
 * (Asked in 1995 if she would sing in the cultural climate of the 1990s if she were much younger) "It's a kind of prostitution now. There is nobody I envy. There's a disintegration of integrity in our profession."

Recordings

 * Recital at Carnegie Hall (1956), EMI in "Great Performances of the Century", 1989

Bach Brahms Humperdinck Lehár Mozart Puccini Johann Strauss II Richard Strauss
 * St Matthew Passion (Klemperer), Philharmonia Orchestra (Warner Classics 1961)
 * A German Requiem (Klemperer), Philharmonia Orchestra (Warner Classics 1961)
 * Hänsel und Gretel (Karajan) (1953) Naxos 8.110897-98
 * Das Land des Lächelns (Ackermann) (1953) and excerpts from Lehár Operettas Naxos 8.111016-17
 * Die lustige Witwe (Kunz, Gedda) (1953) Naxos 8.111007
 * Don Giovanni (Carlo Maria Giulini, Philharmonia Orchestra) (Warner Classics 1959) with Joan Sutherland as Donna Anna.
 * Le nozze di Figaro (Carlo Maria Giulini, Philharmonia Orchestra) (Warner Classics 1959)
 * Così fan tutte (Otto, Karajan) (1954) Naxos 8.111232-34
 * Die Zauberflöte (Otto Klemperer) (1960) (EMI 5673852). She plays the First Lady.
 * Die Entführung aus dem Serail (Rudolf Moralt) (1949) (Gala GL100.501)
 * Turandot as Liù (Tullio Serafin, La Scala Orchestra; 1957 EMI Classics) Callas as Turandot
 * Die Fledermaus (Gedda, Karajan) (1955) Naxos 8.111036-37
 * Der Zigeunerbaron (Gedda, Prey, Kunz) (1954 Otto Ackermann, Philharmonia Orchestra & Chorus) EMI Classics 67535 ADD monaural 2CDs: 56:00, 44:11
 * Der Rosenkavalier (Herbert von Karajan) (1956) (EMI 77357) The Marschallin was considered her signature-role.
 * Four Last Songs / Arabella (highlights) (Ackermann, Matacic) (1953, 1954) Naxos 8.111145
 * Four Last Songs (Szell; 1965; Warner Classics "Great Recordings of the Century"; Cat: 0724356696020)
 * Ariadne auf Naxos (Streich, Karajan) (1954) Naxos 8.111033-34
 * Capriccio (Christa Ludwig, Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, Nicolai Gedda, Wolfgang Sawallisch) (1957) Warner Classics CDS 7 49014-8

Verdi Richard Wagner
 * Messa da Requiem (Di Stefano, De Sabata) (1954) Naxos 8.111049-50
 * Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg (Karajan) (1951) Naxos 8.110872-75

Video
She can be seen in two videotaped performances as the Marschallin:
 * Schwarzkopf Seefried Fischer-Dieskau, a black-and-white DVD of these three singers. Schwarzkopf performs the Act I Finale from Der Rosenkavalier, from a performance filmed in London, 1961. Published by Warner Classics, Catalog number DVB 4904429.
 * Der Rosenkavalier: the Film, a color videotape/DVD of a full length performance conducted by Herbert von Karajan with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra from the 1961 Salzburg Festival, featuring Sena Jurinac, Anneliese Rothenberger, Otto Edelmann and Erich Kunz; film directed by Paul Czinner. Published by KULTUR. ASIN: B0043988GM.

title: Elisabeth Schwarzkopf


text:
Orland

Orland or Ørland is the name, or part of the name, of a number of places and people:

Canada

 * Orland, Saskatchewan

Norway

 * Ørland, a municipality

United States

 * Orland, California
 * Orland, Georgia
 * Orland, Indiana
 * Orland, Maine
 * Orland, Ohio
 * Orland, South Dakota
 * Orland Hills, Illinois
 * Orland Park, Illinois

People

 * Yehu Orland (born 1981), Israeli basketball player and coach

title: Orland