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Music of Lithuania

Music of Lithuania refers to all forms of music associated with Lithuania, which has a long history of the folk, popular and classical musical development. Music was an important part of polytheistic, pre-Christian Lithuania – rituals were accompanied by music instruments and singing, deeds of the heroes and those who didn't return from the war were celebrated in songs.

History
Music was very important part of ancient Lithuanian polytheistic belief. It is known that, at the start of the 2nd millennium, Baltic tribes had special funeral traditions in which the deeds of the dead were narrated using recitation, and ritual songs about war campaigns, heroes and rulers also existed.

First professional music was introduced to Lithuania with travelling monks in the 11th century. After the christianization of Lithuania in 1387, religious music started to spread, Gregorian chant was introduced. Travelling musicians arranged concerts in the manors and castles of the Lithuanian nobleman, local cappellas were founded.

It is known, that Anna, Grand Duchess of Lithuania, wife of Vytautas the Great which had diplomatic relationships with the Teutonic Knights, who sent her expensive gifts, including clavichord and portative organ in 1408. Daughter of Grand Duke of Lithuania Gediminas, Aldona, when married to Casimir III of Poland, 1325 took her palace orchestra to Cracow. It had musicians which played lute, zither and lyre.

The first opera (Dramma per musica) in Lithuania was staged in the Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania in 1636. Marco Scacchi and Virgilio Puccitelli were the opera's impresarios. The appearance of the opera in Lithuania is quite early, especially considering the fact that Italian opera phenomena was formed at about 1600 and first opera staged in Paris was just before 1650.

In the 17th century in Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania, three Italian operas were staged – all by palace composer Marco Scacchi, to librettos by Virgilio Puccitelli - Il ratto d’Elena (The Elena Kidnapping) (1636), L'Andromeda (Andromeda) (1644), Circe Delusa (Disillusioned Circe) (1648). The scenography and stage machinery was made by Italian architects and engineers Agostino Locci, Bartolomeo Bolzoni and Giovanni Battista Gisleni. The cultural life of the Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania was especially intense during the reign of Sigismund II Augustus. The Vilnius residence was a place to host many chamber concerts, music and dance festivities and carnivals, and music has become an integral part of the public life of the Palace. Musicians from other countries, especially from Italy, were invited to Vilnius. Among the most notable was Hungarian composer and lutenist Bálint Bakfark, who came to Vilnius from Rome, Italian composer Diomedes Cato. Composer and lutenist Michelagnolo Galilei, brother of Galileo Galilei was playing in the court of Radvila in Vilnius in the 17th century. Approximately 100 musicians worked in Vilnius at the court of Mikalojus Radvila Juodasis, the Protestant Grand Chancellor of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Palatine of Vilnius (1515–1565).

First printed Lithuanian book Catechismusa Prasty Szadei (The Simple Words of Catechism) in 1547 contained 11 religious hymns in Lithuanian with sheet music. Lithuanian jesuit Žygimantas Liauksminas (Sigismundus Lauxminus) published the first music handbook in Lithuania - Ars et praxis musica in 1667. It was a first book of the trilogy, devoted to Gregorian chant - other books include Graduale pro exercitatione studentium and Antifonale ad psalmos, iuxta ritum S. Romanae Ecclesiae, decantandos, necessarium. The books were published at the University of Vilnius - S.R.M. Academicis Societatis Jesu.

Recent findings - The Sapieha Album (Sapiegos albumas) and the Diary of the Kražiai Organist (Kražių vargoninko dienoraštis) demonstrated that the big part of the Lithuanian church music of the 17th century was directly influenced by the most prominent composers of Italy of that time - Girolamo Frescobaldi; Italian organ tablature notation prevailed, basso continuo was studied.

Lithuania and its turbulent history was a subject of operas long before the appearance of the national opera in Lithuania. Everardo II, re di Lituania (Everardo II, King of Lithuania), music by João de Sousa Carvalho, libretto by Gaetano Martinelli was written in 1782 to celebrate the birth of Pedro III, King of Portugal. I Lituani (The Lithuanians) - is an opera consisting by Amilcare Ponchielli to an Italian libretto by Antonio Ghislanzoni, based on the historical poem Konrad Wallenrod written by Adam Mickiewicz. It premiered at La Scala in Milan on 7 March 1874.

One of the first professional Lithuanian musicians was Juozas Kalvaitis (1842-1900). He composed a four-voiced Mass in the Lithuanian language in Tilžė. In 1877, an oratorio The Creation by Joseph Haydn was translated to Lithuanian and performed in Vilnius. The first national opera Birutė by composer Mikas Petrauskas (1873-1937), libretto - Gabrielius Landsbergis-Žemkalnis (1852-1916) was staged in 1906.

Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis (1875-1911) is considered the greatest Lithuanian composer of his generation, and probably of all time.

Folk music

Lithuanian folk music belongs to Baltic music branch which is connected with neolithic corded ware culture. In Lithuanian territory meets two musical cultures: stringed (kanklių) and wind instrument cultures. These instrumental cultures probably formed vocal traditions. Lithuanian folk music is archaic, mostly used for ritual purposes, containing elements of paganism faith.

Vocal music
There are three ancient styles of singing in Lithuania connected with ethnographical regions: monophony, multi-voiced homophony, heterophony and polyphony. Monophony mostly occurs in southern (Dzūkija), southwest (Suvalkija) and eastern (Aukštaitija) parts of Lithuania. Multi-voiced homophony, widespread in entire Lithuania, is the most archaic in Samogitia. Traditional vocal music is held in high esteem on a world scale: Lithuanian song fests and sutartinės multipart songs are on the UNESCO's representative list of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.

Sutartinės (multipart songs)
Sutartinės (from the word sutarti—to be in concordance, in agreement, singular sutartinė) are highly unique examples of folk music. They are an ancient form of two and three voiced polyphony, based on the oldest principles of multivoiced vocal music: heterophony, parallelism, canon and free imitation. Most of the sutartinės' repertoire was recorded in the 19th and 20th centuries, but sources from the 16th century on show that they were significant along with monophonic songs. At present the sutartinės have almost become extinct as a genre among the population, but they are fostered by many Lithuanian folklore ensembles.

The topics and functions of sutartinės encompass all major Lithuanian folk song genres. Melodies of sutartinės are not complex, containing two to five pitches. The melodies are symmetrical, consisting of two equal-length parts; rhythms are typically syncopated, and the distinctly articulated refrains give them a driving quality.

Sutartinės can be classed into three groups according to performance practices and function:
 * Dvejinės (“twosomes”) are sung by two singers or two groups of singers.
 * Trejinės (“threesomes”) are performed by three singers in strict canon.
 * Keturinės (“foursomes") are sung by two pairs of singers.

Sutartinės are a localized phenomenon, found in the northeastern part of Lithuania. They were sung by women, but men performed instrumental versions on the kanklės (psaltery), on horns, and on the skudučiai (pan-pipes). The rich and thematically varied poetry of the sutartinės attests to their importance in the social fabric. Sutartinės were sung at festivals, gatherings, weddings, and while performing various chores. The poetic language while not being complex is very visual, expressive and sonorous. The rhythms are clear and accented. Dance sutartinės are humorous and spirited, despite the fact that the movements of the dance are quite reserved and slow. One of the most important characteristics of the sutartinės is the wide variety of vocables used in the refrains (sodauto, lylio, ratilio, tonarilio, dauno, kadujo, čiūto, etc.).

Wedding songs
Different vocal and instrumental forms developed, such as lyrical, satirical, drinking and banqueting songs, musical dialogues, wedding laments, games, dances and marches.

War-historical time songs
Chronicles and historical documents of the 13th through 16th centuries contain the first sources about songs relating the heroics of those fallen in battle against the Teutonic Knights. Later songs mention the Swedes, there are frequent references to Riga and Battle of Kircholm; songs collected in the early 19th century mention battles with the Tatars. Songs from uprisings and revolutions, as well as sonf of Lithuanian anti-Soviet guerrilla resistance in 1945-1952 and songs of the deportees are also classified as wartime historical songs.

Calendar cycle and ritual songs
They were sung at prescribed times of the year while performing the appropriate rituals. There are songs of Shrovetide and Lent, Easter swinging songs, and Easter songs called lalavimai. The Advent songs reflect the mood of staidness and reflection. Christmas songs contain vocables such as kalėda, lėliu kalėda; oi kalėda kalėdzieka, while Advent songs contain vocables such as leliumoj, aleliuma, aleliuma rūta, aleliuma loda and others. There are several typical melodic characteristics associated with Christmas ritual songs, such as a narrow range, three-measure phrases, dance rhythms, a controlled slow tempo, and a tonal structure based on phrygian, mixolydian or aeolian tetrachords. Polyphonic St. John's Feast songs are commonly called kupolinės, which include refrains and vocables such as kupolėle kupolio, kupolio kupolėlio, or kupole rože.

Work songs
Work songs vary greatly in function and age. There are some very old examples, which have retained their direct relation with the rhythm and process of the work to be done. Later work songs sing more of a person's feelings, experiences and aspirations. The older work songs more accurately relate the various stages of the work to be done. They are categorized according to their purpose on the farm, in the home, and so on.

 * Herding songs. Shepherd songs are sung by children, while nightherding songs are sung by adults. The shepherding songs reflect the actual tending of animals, the social situation of children, as well as references to ancient beliefs. The raliavimai or warbles are also recitative type melodies, distinguished by the vocable ralio, which is meant to calm the animals. The raliavimai have no set poetic or musical form being free recitatives, unified by the refrains. Some warbles end in a prolonged ululation, based on a major or minor third.
 * Haymaking songs. Refrains are common in haymaking songs. The most common vocable used is valio, hence — valiavimas, the term for the singing of haymaking songs. The vocable is sung slowly and broadly, evoking the spacious fields and the mood of the haymaking season. The melodies of earlier origin are similar to other early work songs while more modern haymaking songs have a wider modal range and are structurally more complex. Most are in major and are homophonic.
 * Rye harvesting songs. The harvesting of rye is the central stage in the agricultural cycle. The mood is doleful and sad, love and marriage are the prevailing topics in them. Family relationships between parents and children are often discussed, with special emphasis on the hard lot of the daughter-in law in a patriarchal family. Rye harvesting songs have rhythmic and tonal structures in common, which attests to their antiquity. Their unique melodic style is determined by close connection to ritual and the function of the work. The modal-tonal structure of some of these songs revolves around a minor third, while others are built on a major tetrachord.
 * Oat harvesting, flax and buckwheat pulling and hemp gathering songs. Oat harvesting songs sing of the lad and the maid, of love and marriage as well as the work process: sowing, harrowing, cultivating, reaping, binding, stacking, transporting, threshing, milling, and even eating. In addition to the monophonic oat harvesting songs of Dzūkija, there are quite a few sutartinės from northern Aukštaitija, which are directly related to the job of growing oats.
 * Milling songs. The genre can be identified by characteristic refrains and vocables, such as zizui malui, or malu malu. They suggest the hum of the millstones as well as the rhythm of the milling. Milling was done by women, and the lyrics are about women's life and family relationships, as well as the work itself. Milling songs are slow tempo, composed, the melodic rhythm varies little.
 * Spinning and weaving songs. In spinning songs the main topic is the spinning itself, the spinner, and the spinning wheel while weaving songs mention the weaving process, the weaver, the loom, the delicate linens. Some spinning songs are cheerful and humorous, while others resemble the milling songs which bemoan the woman's hard lot and longing for their homes and parents. The texts describe the work process, while the refrains mimic the whirring of the spinning wheel. There are also highly unique spinning sutartinės, typified by clear and strict rhythms.
 * Laundering songs. Sometimes the refrain imitates the sounds of the beetle and mangle — the laundering tools. The songs often hyperbolyze images of the mother-in-law's outlandish demands, such as using the sea instead of a beetle, and the sky in place of a mangle, and the treetops for drying.
 * Fishing and hunting songs. Fishing songs are about the sea, the bay, the fisherman, his boat, the net, and they often mention seaside place names, such as Klaipėda or Rusnė. The emotions of young people in love are often portrayed in ways that are unique only to fishing songs. The monophonic melodies are typical of singing traditions of the seaside regions of Lithuania. Hunting motifs are very clearly expressed in hunting songs.
 * Berry picking and mushroom gathering songs. These are singular songs. Berry picking songs describe young girls picking berries, meeting boys and their conversations. Mushroom gathering songs can be humorous, making light of the process of gathering and cooking the mushrooms, describing the "war" of the mushrooms or their "weddings."

Instrumental music
The rateliai (round dances) have long been a very important part of Lithuanian folk culture, traditionally performed without instrumental accompaniment. Since the 19th century, however, fiddle, basetle, lamzdeliai and kanklės came to accompany the dances, while modern groups also incorporate bandoneon, accordion, concertina, mandolin, clarinet, cornet, guitar and harmonica. During the Soviet occupation, dance ensembles used box kanklės and a modified clarinet called the birbynės; although the ensembles were ostensibly folk-based, they were modernized and sanitized and used harmonized and denatured forms of traditional styles.

The most important Lithuanian popular folk music ensembles included Skriaudžių kanklės, formed in 1906, and Lietuva. Such ensembles were based on traditional music, but were modernized to be palatable to the masses; the early 20th century also saw the spread of traditional musical plays like The Kupiškėnai Wedding.

Some of the most prominent modern village ensembles: Marcinkonys (Varėna dst.), Žiūrai (Varėna dst.), Kalviai-Lieponys (Trakai dst.), Luokė (Telšiai dst.), Linkava (Linkuva, Pakruojis dst.), Šeduviai (Šeduva, Radviliškis dst.), Užušiliai (Biržai dst.), Lazdiniai-Adutiškis (Švenčionys dst.). Some of the most prominent town folklore groups: Ratilio, Ūla, Jievaras, Poringė (Vilnius), Kupolė (Kaunas), Verpeta (Kaišiadorys), Mėguva (Palanga), Insula (Telšiai), Gastauta (Rokiškis), Kupkiemis (Kupiškis), Levindra (Utena), Sūduviai (Vilkaviškis). Children folk groups: Čiučiuruks (Telšiai), Kukutis (Molėtai), Čirulis (Rokiškis), Antazavė (Zarasai dst.).

Classical music

Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis (September 22 1875 in Varėna—April 10 1911 in Pustelnik near Warsaw) was a Lithuanian painter and composer. During his short life he created about 200 pieces of music. His works have had profound influence on modern Lithuanian culture.

Čiurlionis studied piano and composition at the Warsaw Conservatory (1894–1899). Later he attended composition lectures at the Leipzig Conservatory (1901–1902). His symphonic poems In the Forest (Miške) and The Sea (Jūra) were performed only posthumously.

The Čiurlionis String Quartet performs in Lithuania and abroad. Every several years junior performers from Lithuania and neighbouring countries take part in The Čiurlionis Competition.

Modern classical composers emerged in seventies - Bronius Kutavičius, Feliksas Bajoras, Osvaldas Balakauskas, Onutė Narbutaitė, Vidmantas Bartulis and others. Most of those composers explored archaic Lithuanian music and its harmonic combination with modern minimalism and neoromanticism.

Osvaldas Balakauskas (born 1937, Miliūnai) Graduated from the Vilnius Pedagogical Institute in 1961, attended Boris Lyatoshinsky's composition class at Kiev Conservatory in 1969. From 1992 to 1994 Balakauskas was ambassador of Lithuania and in 1996 he was awarded with the Lithuanian National Award, the highest artistic and cultural distinction in Lithuania. He is currently head of the Composition Department of the Lithuanian Academy of Music and Theatre. His output consists of symphonies, concertos, chamber and instrumental music.

Conductor and music director of City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, Mirga Gražinytė-Tyla is known for her flamboyance and steely poise. She is also in top 5 of woman conductors.

The New Ideas Chamber Orchestra NICO and Synaesthesis playing new academic music.

In 1996 Music Information Centre Lithuania (MICL) was founded. It collects, promotes and shares information on Lithuanian musical culture.

• Bronius Kutavičius

• Juozas Gruodis

• Vidmantas Bartulis

• Vytautas Barkauskas

• Jeronimas Kačinskas

• Giedrius Kuprevičius

• Vytautas Bacevičius

• Šarūnas Nakas

• lt:Justė Janulytė

• Ričardas Kabelis

• Rytis Mažulis

• Faustas Latėnas

• Onutė Narbutaitė

Opera

Although the first opera in Lithuania was staged just 30 years later after it appeared in Italy, the musical and cultural development was constantly interrupted with historical turmoils. The Russian invasion in 1655 was especially grueling - many manors were destroyed, Vilnius was looted and demolished. The war with Sweden was started as well. The period was called Tvanas (The Deluge). Eventually it led to a partition of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

In 1785 in Vilnius was the first city theatre created, which hosted operas as well. Musical life continued in the saloons of the aristocrats and nobleman. The house of singer Kristina Gerhardi-Frank and physician Joseph Frank was especially well known in Vilnius.

Development of national Lithuanian opera is related with national revival in the 20th century. Themes of the operas were taken from the national history or mythology. Lithuanian language was considered as language of singing. First Lithuanian national opera Birutė by composer Mikas Petrauskas was staged in 1906 in Vilnius City Concert Hall. After regaining the Independence of Lithuania in 1918 opera Gražina (1933) by composer Jurgis Karnavičius (1884 - 1941) was the first staged in a new Kaunas State Musical Theatre. It was followed in 1937 by the next opera of J.Karnavičius Radvila Perkūnas.

In Boston in 1924 Lithuanian emigrants music lovers staged opera by M.Petrauskas Eglė žalčių karalienė (Eglė the Queen of Serpents). Vytautas Klova (1926 - 2006) created mostly national operas - (Pilėnai 1955, Vaiva 1957, Duktė (The Daughter) 1960, Du kalavijai (Two Swords) 1965, Amerikietiškoji tragedija (An American Tragedy), 1968, Ave vita, 1974). Operas based on historical thematic were created by Julius Juzeliūnas (1916 - 2001) (Sukilėliai (The Rebels) 1957, banned by soviet censorship, staged only in 1977), B. Dvarionas (Dalia, 1958).

Bronius Kutavičius wrote operas Kaulo senis ant geležinio kalno (The Old Man of Bone on the Iron Hill, 1976), Strazdas – žalias paukštis (Thrush, the Green Bird, 1981), Lokys (The Bear, 2000), Ignes et fides (Fire and Faith, 2003), combining opera, ballet and oratorio.

Most notable Lithuanian opera singers: Kipras Petrauskas (1885 - 1968), Virgilijus Noreika (1935 - 2018), Vaclovas Daunoras (b. 1937), Irena Milkevičiūtė (b. 1947), Violeta Urmana (b. 1961). Other singers performing on international scenes are: Aušrinė Stundytė, Asmik Grigorian, Vaidas Vyšniauskas (Kristian Benedikt), Edgaras Montvidas, Justina Gringytė, Indre Viskontas. Liudas Truikys (1904 - 1987) was a renowned scenic designer. Prominent theatre director Eimuntas Nekrošius has staged several operas in Lithuania (Otello) and Italy (Macbeth). Fashion designer Juozas Statkevičius (b. 1968) created costumes for numerous operas.

The diversity of the modern national opera is represented by: Lokys (The Bear, 2000), Geros dienos (Have a Godd Day!, 2011), Cornet (2014), Post Futurum (2018), Prūsai (The Prussians, 2018). Modern opera Sun & Sea (Marina) (2019) was presented at Venice Biennale, Lithuanian pavilion and was awarded The Golden Lion for best national participation.

Currently operas are staged in Lithuanian National Opera and Ballet Theatre, Vilnius City Opera, Kaunas State Musical Theatre, Klaipėda State Musical Theatre and by company Operomanija and by Lithuanian Opera Company of Chicago. Opera is a highly popular genre in Lithuania, collecting full halls. The annual NOA (New Opera Action) - contemporary alternative opera and multidisciplinary art festival is being organized in Vilnius.

Musicals
In 1971, despite being behind the Iron Curtain in Soviet occupied Lithuania Kęstutis Antanėlis has staged a rock opera Jesus Christ Superstar - just one year after its album release. In 1973 composer Viačeslavas Ganelinas and a poet Sigitas Geda created a film musical Velnio nuotaka (Devil's bride). It is considered the first Lithuanian musical. In 1974 a musical Ugnies medžioklė su varovais (Fire Hunt and Beaters) (composer - Giedrius Kuprevičius, libretto - Saulius Šaltenis, Liudas Jacinevičius) was staged.

Choral music
In Lithuania choral music is very important. Only in Vilnius city there are three choirs laureates at the European Grand Prix for Choral Singing. Vytautas Miškinis (born 1954) is a composer and choir director who is very popular in Lithuania and abroad. He has written over 400 secular and about 150 religious works.

Rock music
The Communist government of the Lithuanian SSR criticized rock music, which was considered a decadent and corrupting cultural invasion from the West. The first local rock bands started to emerge around 1965 and included Kertukai, Aitvarai and Nuogi ant slenksčio (Naked On A Threshold) in Kaunas, and Kęstutis Antanėlis, Vienuoliai (The Monks), and Gėlių Vaikai (Flower Childs) in Vilnius, among others.

Radio Luxembourg was the most important source of information about the music on other side of the Iron Curtain. It was very common for Lithuanian hippies or band players to listen to this radio. Radio Luxemburg bears strong associations in Lithuania with the Romas Kalanta generation (Kalantos karta). Another means was to smuggle LPs of popular Western bands into Lithuania and copy them onto magnetic tape. The records then spread further by making recordings to the friends, classmates.

Unable to express their opinions directly, the Lithuanian artists began organizing patriotic Roko Maršai and were using metaphors in their songs' lyrics, which were easily identified for their true meanings by the locals. Postmodernist rock band Antis and its vocalist Algirdas Kaušpėdas were one of the most active performers who mocked the Soviet regime by using metaphors. For example, in the song Zombiai (Zombies), the band indirectly sang about the Red Army soldiers who occupied the state and its military base in Ukmergė. Vytautas Kernagis' song Kolorado vabalai (Colorado beetles) was also a favorite due to its lyrics in which true meaning of the Colorado beetles was intended to be the Soviets decorated with the Ribbons of Saint George.

In the early independence years, rock band Foje was particularly popular and gathered tens of thousands of spectators to the concerts. After disbanding in 1997, Foje vocalist Andrius Mamontovas remained one of the most prominent Lithuanian performers and an active participant in various charity events. Marijonas Mikutavičius is famous for creating unofficial Lithuania sport anthem Trys milijonai (Three million) and official anthem of the EuroBasket 2011 Nebetyli sirgaliai (English version was named Celebrate Basketball).

In the 1980s, rock bands Foje, Antis, and Bix made a big impact in Lithuania. Short-lived alternative rock group Šiaurės kryptis (The Northern Direction, 1986 - 1995) issued only one album Netiekto, but still considered one of the best groups of that time.

In 1987, 1988 and 1989 Lithuania saw several big rock festivals, such as Roko Maršas (Rock March). Roko Maršas was connected to the ideology of Sąjūdis and independence movement of Lithuania.

• Žalvarinis

• Antis

• Garbanotas Bosistas

• Bix

• Skylė

• Atalyja

• Ba.

• Hiperbolė

Punk rock
1986–1987 marked the appearance of the punk scene in Lithuania. Bands like Už Tėvynę (For the Fatherland), Genocidas Raudonajam Interventui (A Genocide for The Red Intervents), SKAT, and Erkė maiše were leaning towards the classic punk rock of the 1970s, while others like 33% kiaulių pakeliui į Vatikaną and Turboreanimacija were more inclined towards hardcore punk (HC) stylistics. Turboreanimacija can be regarded as the most influential hardcore punk band of Lithuania, which in its time was well received by fanzines such as Maximumrocknroll in the United States. Their first up-tempo albums reminded listeners of early records from Scottish hardcore punk legends The Exploited, while later Turboreanimacija embarked on the power-punk road. Turboreanimacija disbanded in 1997 after granting a cult status among the Lithuanian underground. Post-punk group Kardiofonas (1986-1989) was highly popular with its hit Kalėdinė eglutė (Christmas tree).

More recent acts of this genre are ska-punk band Dr.Green (who are famous for their numerous DIY activities and intensive touring through the punk scenes of Europe), street-punkers Toro Bravo and hardcorists Bora and Mountainside.

Pop music
Origins of Lithuanian pop music are in music of the cafes and restaurants of temporary capital of Lithuania - Kaunas in the 1930s. It was called estradinė muzika (estrade-music), lengvoji muzika (light music) and the phenomena sometimes named as mažoji scena (the little stage). Pop music bands Kopų balsai (Sounds of the dunes) (in the beginning influenced by Juozas Tiškus orchestra), created in 1957 and band Nerija, which started activity in 1970 became very popular in Lithuania.

From the 2000s on, one of the most popular band in Lithuania is SKAMP. Although some pop groups sing in English, pop music in Lithuanian language is very popular.

• Vytautas Kernagis

• Sel

• GJan

• Happyendless

• Marijonas Mikutavičius

• Žas

• Monika Linkytė

• Donny Montell

• LT United

• The Roop

• Ten Walls

• Jurga Šeduikytė

• Leon Somov & Jazzu

• Radži

Heavy metal
• Katedra

• Obtest

• lt:Dissimulation

• lt:Thundertale

Hip hop
• G&G Sindikatas • Yabujin

Electronic
The group Saulės laikrodis created in 1976, and Argo - in 1979 are considered the pioneers of electronic music in Lithuania. Sound director of Argo, Orūnas Urbonas constructed sound synthesizers (quasi-moog) for the group needs.

Jazz music
Jazz was quite often mentioned in the press of Lithuania before the WWII. Back in Lithuania's first period of independence (1918-1940), the country was part of swinging Europe. Nearly every Lithuanian town had its own jazz band, and traditional jazz repertoire was performed by prestigious orchestras under the leadership of Mykolas Hofmekleris (violinist),  Abraomas Stupelis (violinist), Danielius Pomerancas (violinist). Jazz was played in the modern cafés and restaurants of interbellum Kaunas - Konradas, Monika, Aldona, Versalis, Metropolis. In 1935 in the cinema Metropolitain, first concert of jazz orchestra took place. The jazz orchestra was assembled from leading musicians of Kaunas, most likely the basis was a band which played in the Konradas café in the Laisvės Alley. In 1940 in Kaunas Radio (Kauno radiofonas) was the first official jazz orchestra launched and led by Abraomas Stupelis. He is considered the pioneer of the Lithuanian big band. Mykolas Hofmekleris in 1932 was decorated with the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas for his activity in the field of music.

Soviet occupation destroyed much of the vibrant cultural life, cafes were closed, jazz was considered as an ideologically and politically charged music of the West. Jazz scene was active even during the years of Soviet occupation. First sign of revival was an orchestra of Kaunas Polytechnic Institute led by Juozas Tiškus. Juozas Tiškus formed a professional swing orchestra of 28 members. Juozas Tiškus is also considered one of the instigators of popular Lithuanian music. The real breakthrough would occur in 1970–71 with the coming together of the Ganelin/Tarasov/Chekasin trio, the alleged instigators of the Vilnius Jazz School. The trio, known also as Ganelin Trio or GTCh combined free jazz with elements of Lithuanian folk and classic music. Café Neringa in Vilnius and café Tulpė (former Konradas) in Kaunas became places for jazz lovers and players.

Almost anything can be found on the jazz scene in Lithuania today, from Dixieland and a cappella groups, to all kinds of jazz fusion, nu-jazz and jazzcore.

There are quite a few international jazz festivals in Lithuania: • Vilnius Jazz Festival

• Vilnius Mama Jazz

• Birštonas Jazz

• Kaunas Jazz

• Klaipėda Castle Jazz Festival

• Nida Jazz

Jazz bands and performers:

• Petras Vyšniauskas

• lt:Saulės kliošas

• lt:Liudas Mockūnas

• Lithuanian Radio and Television Big Band

Music festivals and events
1924 saw the first Dainų šventė (The Lithuanian Song Festival), song festivals which were state-supported and helped to keep folk traditions alive; these were held every five years (every four since 1990). Similar festivals take place in Estonia and Latvia since the 1870s. The 1960s saw people rebelling against Soviet-controlled traditions, and led a roots revival that soon led to celebrations of Lithuanian identity in festivals and celebrations.

Lithuania is home to many folk music festivals. The Dainų šventė song festival is perhaps the most famous; it was first held in 1924, and has continued every five years since. Other major folk festivals include the Skamba skamba kankliai and the Atataria trimitai, both held annually; of historical importance is the Ant marių krantelio, which was held in the 1980s and was the first major festival of its kind. The Baltica International Folklore Festival is held in one of the Baltic states every year.

The GAIDA Festival, organised in Vilnius since 1991 is the largest and the most prominent festival of modern music in Lithuania and in all Baltic countries.

title: Music of Lithuania


text:
Oxyanion

An oxyanion, or oxoanion, is an ion with the generic formula (where A represents a chemical element and O represents an oxygen atom). Oxyanions are formed by a large majority of the chemical elements. The formulae of simple oxyanions are determined by the octet rule. The corresponding oxyacid of an oxyanion is the compound. The structures of condensed oxyanions can be rationalized in terms of AOn polyhedral units with sharing of corners or edges between polyhedra. The oxyanions (specifically, phosphate and polyphosphate esters) adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are important in biology.

Monomeric oxyanions
The formula of monomeric oxyanions,, is dictated by the oxidation state of the element A and its position in the periodic table. Elements of the first row are limited to a maximum coordination number of 4. However, none of the first row elements has a monomeric oxyanion with that coordination number. Instead, carbonate and nitrate  have a trigonal planar structure with π bonding between the central atom and the oxygen atoms. This π bonding is favoured by the similarity in size of the central atom and oxygen.

The oxyanions of second-row elements in the group oxidation state are tetrahedral. Tetrahedral SiO4 units are found in olivine minerals, (Mg,Fe)2SiO4, but the anion does not have a separate existence as the oxygen atoms are surrounded tetrahedrally by cations in the solid state. Phosphate, sulfate , and perchlorate ions can be found as such in various salts. Many oxyanions of elements in lower oxidation state obey the octet rule and this can be used to rationalize the formulae adopted. For example, chlorine(V) has two valence electrons so it can accommodate three electron pairs from bonds with oxide ions. The charge on the ion is +5 − 3 × 2 = −1, and so the formula is. The structure of the ion is predicted by VSEPR theory to be pyramidal, with three bonding electron pairs and one lone pair. In a similar way, The oxyanion of chlorine(III) has the formula, and is bent with two lone pairs and two bonding pairs.

In the third and subsequent rows of the periodic table, 6-coordination is possible, but isolated octahedral oxyanions are not known because they would carry too high an electrical charge. Thus molybdenum(VI) does not form, but forms the tetrahedral molybdate anion,. MoO6 units are found in condensed molybdates. Fully protonated oxyanions with an octahedral structure are found in such species as and. In addition, orthoperiodate can be only partially deprotonated, with
 * having pKa=11.60.

Naming
The naming of monomeric oxyanions follows the following rules.

Here the halogen group (group 7A, 17) is referred to as group VII and the noble gases group (group 8A) is referred to as group VIII.

 * If central atom is not in Group VII or VIII
 * If central atom is in Group VII or VIII

Condensation reactions
In aqueous solution, oxyanions with high charge can undergo condensation reactions, such as in the formation of the dichromate ion, Cr2O7(2-):

The driving force for this reaction is the reduction of electrical charge density on the anion and the elimination of the hydronium (H+) ion. The amount of order in the solution is decreased, releasing a certain amount of entropy which makes the Gibbs free energy more negative and favors the forward reaction. It is an example of an acid–base reaction with the monomeric oxyanion acting as a base and the condensed oxyanion acting as its conjugate acid. The reverse reaction is a hydrolysis reaction, as a water molecule, acting as a base, is split. Further condensation may occur, particularly with anions of higher charge, as occurs with adenosine phosphates. The conversion of ATP to ADP is a hydrolysis reaction and is an important source of energy in biological systems.

The formation of most silicate minerals can be viewed as the result of a de-condensation reaction in which silica reacts with a basic oxide, an acid–base reaction in the Lux–Flood sense.

Structures and formulae of polyoxyanions
A polyoxyanion is a polymeric oxyanion in which multiple oxyanion monomers, usually regarded as MO_{n} polyhedra, are joined by sharing corners or edges. When two corners of a polyhedron are shared the resulting structure may be a chain or a ring. Short chains occur, for example, in polyphosphates. Inosilicates, such as pyroxenes, have a long chain of SiO4 tetrahedra each sharing two corners. The same structure occurs in so-called meta-vanadates, such as ammonium metavanadate, NH4VO3.

The formula of the oxyanion SiO3(2-) is obtained as follows: each nominal silicon ion (Si(4+)) is attached to two nominal oxide ions (O(2-)) and has a half share in two others. Thus the stoichiometry and charge are given by:

 * $$\text{Charge: } +4 + (2 \times -2) + (2 \times (\tfrac{1}{2} \times -2)) = -2$$
 * $$\text{Charge: } +4 + (2 \times -2) + (2 \times (\tfrac{1}{2} \times -2)) = -2$$

A ring can be viewed as a chain in which the two ends have been joined. Cyclic triphosphate, P3O9(3-) is an example.

When three corners are shared the structure extends into two dimensions. In amphiboles, (of which asbestos is an example) two chains are linked together by sharing of a third corner on alternate places along the chain. This results in an ideal formula Si4O11(6-) and a linear chain structure which explains the fibrous nature of these minerals. Sharing of all three corners can result in a sheet structure, as in mica, Si2O5(2-), in which each silicon has one oxygen to itself and a half-share in three others. Crystalline mica can be cleaved into very thin sheets.

The sharing of all four corners of the tetrahedra results in a 3-dimensional structure, such as in quartz. Aluminosilicates are minerals in which some silicon is replaced by aluminium. However, the oxidation state of aluminium is one less than that of silicon, so the replacement must be accompanied by the addition of another cation. The number of possible combinations of such a structure is very large, which is, in part, the reason why there are so many aluminosilicates.

Octahedral MO6 units are common in oxyanions of the larger transition metals. Some compounds, such as salts of the chain-polymeric ion, Mo2O7(2-) even contain both tetrahedral and octahedral units. Edge-sharing is common in ions containing octahedral building blocks and the octahedra are usually distorted to reduce the strain at the bridging oxygen atoms. This results in 3-dimensional structures called polyoxometalates. Typical examples occur in the Keggin structure of the phosphomolybdate ion. Edge sharing is an effective means of reducing electrical charge density, as can be seen with the hypothetical condensation reaction involving two octahedra:

Here, the average charge on each M atom is reduced by 2. The efficacy of edge-sharing is demonstrated by the following reaction, which occurs when an alkaline aqueous solution of molybdate is acidified.

The tetrahedral molybdate ion is converted into a cluster of 7 edge-linked octahedra giving an average charge on each molybdenum of $6/7$. The heptamolybdate cluster is so stable that clusters with between 2 and 6 molybdate units have not been detected even though they must be formed as intermediates.

Heuristic for acidity
The pKa of the related acids can be guessed from the number of double bonds to oxygen. Thus perchloric acid is a very strong acid while hypochlorous acid is very weak. A simple rule usually works to within about 1 pH unit.

Acid–base properties
Most oxyanions are weak bases and can be protonated to give acids or acid salts. For example, the phosphate ion can be successively protonated to form phosphoric acid.

The extent of protonation in aqueous solution will depend on the acid dissociation constants and pH. For example, AMP (adenosine monophosphate) has a pKa value of 6.21, so at pH 7 it will be about 10% protonated. Charge neutralization is an important factor in these protonation reactions. By contrast, the univalent anions perchlorate and permanganate ions are very difficult to protonate and so the corresponding acids are strong acids.

Although acids such as phosphoric acid are written as H3PO4, the protons are attached to oxygen atoms forming hydroxyl groups, so the formula can also be written as OP(OH)3 to better reflect the structure. Sulfuric acid may be written as O2S(OH)2; this is the molecule observed in the gas phase.

The phosphite ion, PO3(3-), is a strong base, and so always carries at least one proton. In this case the proton is attached directly to the phosphorus atom with the structure HPO3(2-). In forming this ion, the phosphite ion is behaving as a Lewis base and donating a pair of electrons to the Lewis acid, H+.

As mentioned above, a condensation reaction is also an acid–base reaction. In many systems, both protonation and condensation reactions can occur. The case of the chromate ion provides a relatively simple example. In the predominance diagram for chromate, shown at the right, pCr stands for the negative logarithm of the chromium concentration and pH stands for the negative logarithm of H+ ion concentration. There are two independent equilibria. Equilibrium constants are defined as follows.

 * $$K_1=\frac{[\mathrm{HCrO_4^-}]}{[\mathrm{CrO_4^{2-}}][\mathrm{H^+}]}$$
 * $$\log K_1 = 5.89$$
 * $$K_2=\frac{[\mathrm{Cr_2O_7^{2-}}]}{[\mathrm{HCrO_4^-}]^2}$$
 * $$\log K_2 = 2.05$$
 * }
 * $$K_2=\frac{[\mathrm{Cr_2O_7^{2-}}]}{[\mathrm{HCrO_4^-}]^2}$$
 * $$\log K_2 = 2.05$$
 * }

The predominance diagram is interpreted as follows.
 * The chromate ion, CrO4(2-), is the predominant species at high pH. As pH rises the chromate ion becomes ever more predominant, until it is the only species in solutions with pH > 6.75.
 * At pH < pK1 the hydrogen chromate ion, HCrO4- is predominant in dilute solution.
 * The dichromate ion, Cr2O7(2-), is predominant in more concentrated solutions, except at high pH.

The species H2CrO4 and HCr2O7- are not shown as they are formed only at very low pH.

Predominance diagrams can become very complicated when many polymeric species can be formed, such as in vanadates, molybdates, and tungstates. Another complication is that many of the higher polymers are formed extremely slowly, such that equilibrium may not be attained even in months, leading to possible errors in the equilibrium constants and the predominance diagram.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Oxyanion


text:
St John's Gate, Clerkenwell

St John's Gate, in Clerkenwell, Middlesex, now within central London, is one of the few tangible remains from Clerkenwell's monastic past. It was built in 1504 by Prior Thomas Docwra as the south entrance to the inner precinct of Clerkenwell Priory, the English headquarters of the Knights of the Order of St John (known as the Knights Hospitaller).

The substructure is of brick, while the north and south façades are of stone. After centuries of decay and much rebuilding, very little of the stone facing is original. Heavily restored in the 19th century, the Gate today is in large part a Victorian recreation, the handiwork of a succession of architects—William Pettit Griffith, R. Norman Shaw, and J. Oldrid Scott.

History
The Priory was established in the 1140s in Clerkenwell as the English headquarters of the Order. The Order was dissolved by King Henry VIII as part of the Dissolution of the Monasteries when its lands and wealth were seized by the Crown. The Order was re-established for a brief period by that king's Roman Catholic daughter, Queen Mary, who granted it a Royal Charter. However, when her Protestant half-sister Queen Elizabeth I succeeded her, the Order in England was dissolved once again. The Order was re-established in England during the Victorian era.

Uses
The building has many historical associations, most notably as the original printing-house for Edward Cave's pioneering monthly, The Gentleman's Magazine, and sometime workplace of Samuel Johnson. From 1701 to 1709 it was the childhood home of the painter William Hogarth, whose father Richard Hogarth in 1703 opened a coffee house there, known as "Hogarth's Coffee House", which offered Latin lessons together with coffee. For many years the building was used as a tavern. In 1831 John Frost established a medical hospital (St John's Hospital) in the building, the original mediaeval usage of that word signifying a guest-house.

The Gate was acquired in the 1870s by the revived Order of St John and was gradually converted to serve as headquarters of both the Order and its subsidiary, the St John Ambulance Brigade. It now also houses the Museum of the Order of St John. Much of its Tudor-style interior, including the Council Chamber over the arch, is attributed to Scott's Victorian restoration in the 1880s and 1890s.

St John's Gate was voted an iconic landmark to represent Islington for the London Olympics 2012.

Stone plaque
A modern stone plaque is affixed to the building inscribed as follows:

"St John's Gate. This building was the main entrance to the Grand Priory of the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem. The original gatehouse was erected about the year 1148 & was burnt down by Wat Tyler in 1381. It was restored by Prior John Redington & was finally rebuilt in its present form by Prior Thomas Docwra in 1504. The Grand Priory buildings were appropriated by the crown in 1559. The order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem resumed possession of this gatehouse in 1873."

title: St John's Gate, Clerkenwell


text:
Adriano Celentano

Adriano Celentano (born 6 January 1938) is an Italian singer-songwriter, actor, and filmmaker. He is dubbed Il Molleggiato ('the springy one') because of his energetic dancing.

Celentano's many albums frequently enjoyed both commercial and critical success. With around 150 million records sold worldwide, he is the second best-selling Italian musical artist. Often credited as the author of both the music and lyrics of his songs, according to his wife Claudia Mori, some were written in collaboration with others. Due to his prolific career, both in Italy and abroad, he is considered one of the pillars of Italian music.

Celentano is recognized for being particularly perceptive of changes in the music business and is credited for having introduced rock and roll to Italy. As an actor, Celentano has appeared in 39 films, mostly comedies.

Early life
Celentano was born on 6 January 1938 in Milan, Italy, at 14 Via Cristoforo Gluck, a street close to the Central Station and this address later became the subject of the famous song "Il ragazzo della via Gluck" ('The boy from Gluck Street'). His parents, Leontino Celentano and Giuditta Giuvia, were from Foggia, in Apulia, and had moved north for work. His career as a singer started in 1959. Before his debut as an artist, he was working as a watchmaker.

Career
Heavily influenced by Elvis Presley and the 1950s rock 'n' roll scene as well as by American actor Jerry Lewis, Celentano started playing in a rock and roll band with Giorgio Gaber and Enzo Jannacci. Along with Gaber and Jannacci, he was discovered by Jolly Records A&R Executive Ezio Leoni, who signed him to his first recording contract and co-authored with Celentano some of his greatest early hits, including "24.000 baci", "Il tuo bacio è come un rock", and "Si è spento il Sole". He first appeared on screen in Ragazzi del Juke-Box, a 1959 Italian musical film directed by Lucio Fulci with music by Ezio Leoni. In 1960, Federico Fellini cast him as a rock and roll singer in his film La dolce vita (1960).

In 1962, Celentano founded the Italian record label Clan Celentano (which is still active) with many performers such as Don Backy, Ola & the Janglers, Ricky Gianco, Katty Line, Gino Santercole, Fred Bongusto and his wife Claudia Mori.

As a film director, Celentano frequently cast Ornella Muti, Eleonora Giorgi and his wife Claudia Mori. He and Mori have three children, Rosita, Giacomo and Rosalinda Celentano. Rosalinda is most notable to worldwide audiences for playing Satan in Mel Gibson's The Passion of the Christ. Celentano has also hosted several Italian television shows.

Celentano has retained his popularity in Italy for over 50 years, selling millions of records and appearing in numerous TV shows and movies. As part of his TV and movie work, he created a comic genre, with a characteristic walk and facial expressions. For the most part, his films were commercially successful; indeed, in the 1970s and part of the 1980s, his low-budget movies were top of Italian box office rankings. As an actor, critics point to Serafino (1968), directed by Pietro Germi, as his best performance.

He has released 40 albums, consisting of 29 studio albums, three live albums, and eight compilations. His most popular song is "La coppia più bella del mondo", which sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc; "Azzurro" (1968), written by Paolo Conte; "Svalutation" (1976), and "Prisencolinensinainciusol" (1972), which was written to mimic the way English sounds to non-English speakers despite being almost entirely nonsense.

Celentano was referenced in the 1979 Ian Dury and the Blockheads song and single, "Reasons to Be Cheerful, Part 3", as one of the aforementioned "reasons to be cheerful", and in Fellini's 1986 film Ginger and Fred.

After 18 years without live performances, Celentano's 2012 live concert was broadcast on Mediaset channel Canale 5, attracting over 9 million viewers.

Personal life
Celentano has been a vegetarian since 2005 and has defended animal rights. A football fan, Celentano is a well-known Inter Milan supporter. Although influenced by American culture, Celentano cannot speak English; he told la Repubblica that for years he wanted to learn the language but could not commit, and not knowing English is a "real pain".

Albums

 * Studio albums

 * 1960: Adriano Celentano with Giulio Libano and his Orchestra – Jolly LPJ 5008
 * 1960: Furore – Jolly LPJ 5017
 * 1962: Peppermint Twist – Jolly LPJ 5021
 * 1963: A New Orleans – Jolly LPJ 5025
 * 1965: Non mi dir – Clan, ACC 40002
 * 1966: La festa – Clan, ACC 40006
 * 1966: Il ragazzo della via Gluck – Clan, ACC 40007
 * 1968: Azzurro/Una carezza in un pugno – Clan, ACC 40011
 * 1968: Adriano rock – Clan, BF 501
 * 1969: Le robe che ha detto Adriano – Clan, BF 502
 * 1969: Pioggia di successi
 * 1970: Il forestiero – Clan, BFM 700
 * 1971: Er più – Storia d'amore e di coltello – Clan, BFM 602
 * 1972: I mali del secolo – Clan, BFM 701
 * 1973: La storia di uno... Adriano Celentano
 * 1973: Nostalrock – Clan, CLN 65764
 * 1975: Yuppi du – Clan, CLN 69120
 * 1976: Svalutation – Clan, CLN 86013
 * 1977: Disco dance – Clan, CLN 86026
 * 1977: Tecadisk – Clan, CLN 86033
 * 1978: Ti avrò – Clan, CLN 20053
 * 1978: Geppo il folle – Clan, CLN 20099
 * 1979: Il concerto di Adriano – Clan, CLN 22203
 * 1979: Soli – Clan, CLN 20150
 * 1980: Un po' artista un po' no – Clan, CLN 20201
 * 1980: Tu non-mi lascerai
 * 1981: Deus – Clan, CLN 20257
 * 1982: Uh... uh... – Clan, CLN 20324
 * 1982: Storia d'amore
 * 1983: Atmosfera – Clan, CLN 20380
 * 1984: I miei americani – Clan, CLN 20445
 * 1985: Joan Lui – Clan, CLN 20485
 * 1986: I miei americani 2 – Clan, CLN 20545
 * 1987: La pubblica ottusità – Clan, CLN 20699
 * 1991: Il re degli ignoranti – Clan, 9031 74439-1
 * 1994: Quel punto – Clan, 4509 97319-1
 * 1996: Arrivano gli uomini – Clan, CLCD 74321 381192
 * 1998: Mina Celentano – Clan/PDU, 90011 (by Mina and Adriano Celentano)
 * 1999: Io non-so parlar d'amore – Clan, CLN 13641
 * 2000: Esco di rado e parlo ancora meno – Clan, CLN 20482
 * 2002: Per sempre – Clan, CLN 20511
 * 2004: C'è sempre un motivo – Clan, CLN 20551
 * 2005: C'è sempre un motivo + L'Indiano – Clan, CLN 20551
 * 2007: Dormi amore, la situazione non è buona – Clan, CLN 2058
 * 2011: Facciamo finta che sia vero – Clan, CLN 2098
 * 2016: Le Migliori – Clan, CLN ?
 * 2019: Adrian – Clan, CLN ?

 * Collection albums

 * 1969: Pioggia di successi – Clan, BF LP 506
 * 1970: Adriano hits – Clan, BF LP 600 nostal rock
 * 1973: La storia di uno...Adriano Celentano – Clan, CLN 68215
 * 1975: Il meglio di Adriano Celentano – Clan, CLN 69133
 * 1978: Celentanando – Clan, 1978 CGD / CLAN
 * 1979: Antologia ('57–'80) – Clan, CLN 22504
 * 1980: Il tempo se ne va compilation musica
 * 1982: Il cinema di Adriano – Clan, CLN 25037
 * 1983: Le volte che Adriano è stato primo – CLN 20391
 * 1988: Antologia '57–'87 (6 discs) – Clan, CLN 77002
 * 1992: Superbest – Clan, 4509 91216-1
 * 1995: Alla corte del ReMix – Clan, CLCD 74321 331042
 * 1997: Le origini di Adriano Celentano vol. 1 – RTI Music, 11611
 * 1997: Und immer Azzurro – Seine 20 größten Erfolge 1962–1997 – Clan, CD 74314905623
 * 1999: Le origini di Adriano Celentano vol. 2 – Clan, 496155
 * 2000: Questa è la storia di uno di noi (cofanetto)
 * 2001: Il cuore, la voce – Clan, CLN 20501
 * 2003: Le volte che Celentano è stato 1 – Clan, CLN 20521
 * 2003: TRE
 * 2005: Una stella in mezzo al ciel
 * 2006: Le più belle canzoni di Adriano Celentano
 * 2006: Unicamente Celentano – Clan, CLN 20571
 * 2008: L'animale – Clan
 * 2010: Il ribelle rock! – Sony Music
 * 2010: Il meglio di Adriano Celentano – NAR International
 * 2010: Antologia Italian Style – Venus Distribuzione
 * 2021: MinaCelentano – The Complete Recordings

Singles

 * 45 rpms

 * 1958: "Rip It Up/Jailhouse Rock" – Music 2223
 * 1958: "Blueberry Hill/Tutti frutti" – Music 2224
 * 1958: "Man Smart/I Love You Baby" – Music 2232
 * 1958: "Tell Me That You Love Me/The Stroll" – Music 2233
 * 1958: "Happy Days Are Here Again/Buona sera signorina" – Jolly J 20032
 * 1958: "Hoola Hop Rock/La febbre dell'hoola hop" – Jolly J 20045
 * 1959: "Ciao ti dirò/Un'ora con te" – Jolly J 20057
 * 1959: "Il ribelle/Nessuno crederà" – Jolly J 20063
 * 1959: "Il tuo bacio è come un rock/I ragazzi del juke-box" – Jolly J 20064
 * 1959: "Teddy Girl/Desidero te" – Jolly J 20068
 * 1959: "Pronto pronto/Idaho" – Jolly J 20069
 * 1960: "Nikita Rock/Blue Jeans Rock" – Jolly J 20079
 * 1960: "Rock matto/Impazzivo per te" – Jolly J 20080
 * 1960: "Impazzivo per te/Crazy Rock" – Jolly J 20080
 * 1960: "Personality/Il mondo gira" – Jolly J 20089
 * 1960: "Così no/La gatta che scotta" – Jolly J 20090
 * 1960: "Piccola/Ritorna lo shimmy" – Jolly J 20092
 * 1960: "Pitagora/A cosa serve soffrire" – Jolly J 20106
 * 1960: "Giarrettiera rossa/Che dritta!" – Jolly J 20107
 * 1960: "Furore/Movimento di rock" – Jolly J 20124
 * 1961: "24 mila baci/Aulì-ulè" – Jolly J 20127
 * 1961: "Non esiste l'amor/Basta" – Jolly J 20137
 * 1961: "Gilly/Coccolona" – Jolly J 20144
 * 1961: "Nata per me/Non essere timida" – Jolly J 20150
 * 1962: "Forse forse/Peppermint Twist" – Jolly J 20153
 * 1962: "Ciao amore/Veleno" – Caramba Jolly C 11000
 * 1962: "Si è spento il sole/La mezza luna" – Jolly J 20178
 * 1962: "Stai lontana da me/Sei rimasta sola/Amami e baciami" – Clan, ACC 24001
 * 1962: "24 mila baci/Il tuo bacio è come un rock" – Jolly J 20185
 * 1962: "Pregherò (prima parte)/Pasticcio in Paradiso" – Clan, ACC 24005
 * 1963: "A New Orleans/Un sole caldo caldo caldo" – Jolly J 20197
 * 1963: "Il tangaccio/Grazie, prego, scusi" – Clan, ACC 24009
 * 1963: "Serafino campanaro/Ehi stella" – Jolly J 20220
 * 1963: "Sabato triste/Le notti lunghe" – Clan, ACC 24012
 * 1964: "Una notte vicino al mare/Hello Mary Lou" – Jolly J 20228
 * 1964: "Non mi dir/Non piangerò" – Clan, ACC 24015
 * 1964: "Il problema più importante/È inutile davvero" – Clan, ACC 24016
 * 1964: "L'angelo custode/Bambini miei" – Clan, ACC 24019
 * 1965: "Ciao ragazzi/Chi ce l'ha con me" – Clan, ACC 24022
 * 1965: "Sono un simpatico/E voi ballate/Due tipi come noi" – Clan, ACC 24024
 * 1965: "La festa/Ringo" – Clan, ACC 24027
 * 1966: "Il ragazzo della via Gluck"/"Chi era lui" – Clan, ACC 24032
 * 1966: "Mondo in mi 7a/Una festa sui prati" – Clan, ACC 24040
 * 1967: "La coppia più bella del mondo/Torno sui miei passi" – Clan, ACC 24051
 * 1967: "Tre passi avanti/Eravamo in 100.000" – Clan, ACC 24058
 * 1967: "30 donne nel west/Più forte che puoi" – Clan, ACC 24063
 * 1968: "Canzone/Un bimbo sul leone" – Clan, ACC 24073
 * 1968: "Azzurro/Una carezza in un pugno" – Clan, ACC 24080
 * 1968: "L'attore/La tana del re" – Clan, BF 69001
 * 1969: "La storia di Serafino/La pelle" – Clan, BF 69013
 * 1969: "Storia d'amore/Straordinariamente" – Clan, BF 69014
 * 1969: "Lirica d'inverno/L'uomo nasce nudo" – Clan, BF 69030
 * 1970: "Chi non lavora non fa l'amore/Due nemici innamorati" – Clan, BF 69040
 * 1970: "Chi non lavora non fa l'amore /EA" – Clan, BF 69041
 * 1970: "Viola/Se sapevo non-crescevo" – Clan, BF 69051
 * 1971: "Sotto le lenzuola/Il forestiero" – Clan, BF 70000
 * 1971: "Una storia come questa/Brutta" – Clan, BF 70010
 * 1971: "Er più/Una storia d'amore e di coltello" – Clan, BF 70015
 * 1972: "Un albero di trenta piani/Forse eri meglio di lei" – Clan, BF 70018
 * 1972: "La ballata di Pinocchio/I Will Drink the Wine" – Clan, BF 70022
 * 1972: "Prisencolinensinainciusol"/"Disc Jockey" – Clan, BF 70026
 * 1973: "L'unica chance/Quel signore del piano di sopra" – Clan, CLN 1319
 * 1973: "Only You/We're Gonna Move" – Clan, CLN 1887
 * 1974: "Bellissima/Stringimi a te" – Clan, CLN 2443
 * 1975: "Yuppi du/La ballata" – Clan, CLN 3208
 * 1975: "Un'altra volta chiudi la porta/Do dap" – Clan, CLN 3633
 * 1976: "Svalutation/La barca" – Clan, CLN 4375
 * 1977: "A Woman in Love/Rock Around the Clock/Don't Play That Song (You Lied)" – Clan, CLN 5048
 * 1977: "When Love/Somebody Save Me" – Clan, CLN 5403
 * 1978: "Ti avrò/La moglie, l'amante, l'amica" – Clan, CLN 10089
 * 1979: "Che cosa ti farei/Geppo" – Clan, CLN 10120
 * 1979: "Soli/Io e te" – Clan, CLN 10174
 * 1980: "Qua la mano/Gocce d'acqua" – Clan, CLN 10251
 * 1980: "Il tempo se ne va/Non se ne parla nemmeno" – Clan, CLN 10252
 * 1980: "Innamorata, incavolata a vita/Se non è amore" – Clan, CLN 10305
 * 1981: "L'artigiano (1ª parte)/L'artigiano (2ª parte)" – Clan, CLN 10326
 * 1982: "Crazy Movie/Roma che fa...te innamora" – Clan, CLN 10371
 * 1982: "Uel mae sae/We're Gonna Move" – Clan, CLN 10393
 * 1982: "Uh...uh.../Jungla di città" – Clan, CLN 10442
 * 1984: "Susanna/Il cantante folle" – Clan, CLN 23001
 * 1987: "Mi attrai/La luce del sole" – Clan, CLN 10786

 * More singles

 * 1995: "Voglio prendere il sole"
 * 1995: "Prisencolinensinainciusol (Remixes – maxi single)
 * 1996: "Cosi come sei"
 * 1996: "Arrivano gli uomini"
 * 1996: "Solo da un quarto d'ora"
 * 1998: "Acqua e sale"
 * 1998: "Brivido felino"
 * 1998: "Che taggia dì"
 * 1999: "Gelosia"
 * 1999: "L'emozione non-ha voce"
 * 1999: "L'uomo di cartone"
 * 1999: "Una rosa pericolosa"
 * 1999: "Qual è la direzione"
 * 1999: "Mi domando"
 * 1999: "L'arcobaleno"
 * 2000: "Senz'amore"
 * 2000: "Le pesche d'inverno"
 * 2000: "Per averti"
 * 2001: "Apri il cuore"
 * 2001: "Ti prenderò"
 * 2001: "Quello che non-ti ho detto mai"
 * 2001: "Tir"
 * 2001: "Le stesse cose"
 * 2002: "Confessa"
 * 2003: "Per sempre"
 * 2003: "Più di un sogno"
 * 2003: "Mi fa male"
 * 2004: "C'è sempre un motivo"
 * 2004: "Marì Marì"
 * 2005: "Ancora vivo"
 * 2005: "Valeva la pena"
 * 2005: "L'indiano"
 * 2006: "Oh Diana"
 * 2007: "Hai bucato la mia vita"
 * 2007: "La situazione non è buona"
 * 2008: "Dormi amore"
 * 2008: "Fiori"
 * 2008: "Aria...non-sei più tu"
 * 2008: "Sognando Chernobyl"
 * 2008: "La cura"
 * 2011: "Non ti accorgevi di me"
 * 2011: "Non so più cosa fare"
 * 2011: "Ti penso e cambia il mondo"
 * 2012: "Anna parte"
 * 2012: "La cumbia di chi cambia"
 * 2013: "Ti fai del male"
 * 2013: "Io non-ricordo (da quel giorno tu)"
 * 2013: "Mai nella vita"
 * 2023: "Toscana Fanboys" (Peter Fox feat. Adriano Celentano)

title: Adriano Celentano


text:
United Food and Commercial Workers

The United Food and Commercial Workers International Union (UFCW) is a labor union representing approximately 1.3 million workers in the United States and Canada in industries including retail; meatpacking, food processing and manufacturing; hospitality; agriculture; cannabis; chemical trades; security; textile, and health care. UFCW is affiliated with the Canadian Labour Congress (CLC) and the AFL–CIO; it disaffiliated from the AFL–CIO in 2005 but reaffiliated in 2013. UFCW is also affiliated to UNI Global Union and the IUF.

History
The UFCW was created through the merger of the Amalgamated Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen of North America (AMC) union and Retail Clerks International Union (RCIU), following the new union's founding convention in June 1979. William H. Wynn, president of the RCIU and one of the designers of the merger, became president of UFCW at the time of its founding. The merger created the largest union affiliated with the AFL–CIO. The UFCW continued to expand both by organizing and merging with several smaller unions between 1980 and 1998. In 1980, the Barbers, Beauticians and Allied Industries International Association merged with UFCW, followed a year later by the United Retail Workers Union (now Local 881).

The UFCW held its first regular international convention in Montreal, Quebec, in 1983. The Insurance Workers' International Union also that year voted to have their 15,000 members join the UFCW.

In 1986 the Canadian Brewery Workers Union merged with the UFCW. However, it was also during this time period that the UFCW leadership did not support the Austin, Minnesota meatpackers local (P-9) in its contract dispute with the Hormel Foods Corporation, the 1985–86 Hormel strike. The UFCW ultimately struck a deal with Hormel management, seized control of Local P-9, and removed the local union leaders, actions that dealt a blow to the credibility of the UFCW in the eyes of others in the larger labor movement. This dispute was the subject of the award-winning documentary, American Dream.

In 1991 the 5,000 members of the Independent Food Handlers and Warehouse Employees Union in Rhode Island and Massachusetts merged with the UFCW to form Local 791. Bringing about the largest addition to the UFCW since its creation in 1979, on October 1, 1993, the Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union, and their 100,000 members, merged with the UFCW, becoming the RWDSU District Council of the UFCW.

In 1994 Douglas H. Dority was appointed the second international president by the International Executive Board following the retirement of William Wynn. Dority was subsequently elected to remain International President at the UFCW's fourth regular International Convention in 1998, and again at the fifth regular convention in 2003. In 1994 the 15,000-member strong United Garment Workers of America also merged with the UFCW. A year later, the 15,000-member Textile Workers and the 15,000-member Distillery, Wine and Allied Workers' International Union unions merged with the UFCW, forming respectively the UFCW Textile and Garment Council and the UFCW’s Distillery, Wine and Allied Workers Division.

In 1996 the 40,000 members of the International Chemical Workers' Union merged with the UFCW to form the International Chemical Workers Union Council of the UFCW. A year later, the Canadian Union of Restaurant and Related Employees merged with the UFCW. And the following year, both the United Representatives Guild, Inc. and the Production Service and Sales District Council merged with the UFCW.

In 2003, 80,000 members of the UFCW across the country went on strike to protect their wages and benefit packages.

In 2004 following the retirement of Dority, Joseph T. Hansen was appointed by unanimous vote of the UFCW International Executive Board to be the third international president of the UFCW. He was elected for two consecutive terms as international president by delegates to the UFCW's Regular International Conventions in 2008 and 2013.

In 2005 Hansen announced the UFCW was leaving the AFL–CIO, and joined six other unions – the Teamsters, SEIU, UNITE-HERE, Laborers, United Farm Workers and Carpenters – in creating a new labor federation, the Change to Win Federation. On August 8, 2013, the UFCW announced it was changing its affiliation back to AFL–CIO.

On December 15, 2014, Anthony "Marc" Perrone was appointed the fourth international president of the UFCW by the International Executive Board, following the retirement of Hansen.

Canadian agriculture
The UFCW has attempted to organize agricultural workers in Ontario, Canada, since 1995, when the provincial government passed legislation prohibiting those workers from joining unions. In 2001 the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in favour of UFCW Canada in the case of Dunmore v. Ontario. In the ruling, the Court held that the Ontario government violated the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms by denying agricultural workers unionization rights under Ontario labor law as it had infringed on those workers' freedom of association.

In 2004, UFCW Canada and the National Union of Public and General Employees (NUPGE) signed a formal organizing protocol recognizing the UFCW as the union with primary jurisdiction for organizing agricultural workers in Canada and agreeing to cooperate on joint organizing and advocacy campaigns.

Medical Cannabis and Hemp Division
The cannabis industry was originally targeted for union organizing by UFCW Local 5 special operations director Dan Rush in 2010. After some initial success, Rush has since been serving federal prison time for cheating the union for personal gain by taking bribes from employers, and both the local and international unions have disowned him.

In 2010, Rush brokered a deal in which some California medical-marijuana business owners voted to become UFCW Local 5 members, in return for union endorsement of marijuana law reform. Recognized shops in Oakland included Richard Lee's Oaksterdam University, Oaksterdam Gift Shop, Blue Sky Coffee Shop/Dispensary, and the Bulldog Coffee Shop; and AMCD Dispensaries Inc, and the Patient ID Center. Soon after, the workers at Medi-Cone Farms of California joined the union. Between May 2010 and June 2011, more California business owners signed a neutrality agreement with UFCW, including Humboldt Bay Wellness Center and 707 Cannabis College in the Emerald Triangle of the California north coast. The international union realized that the industry consisted of the union's core industries, retail pharmacy and healthcare, agriculture, food processing and textiles-with hemp.

Few of these Top-Down Recognitions or Neutrality Agreements resulted in competitive contracts for cannabis workers in California. Only a handful of dispensaries in California have dues-paying members.

On 17 September 2015, the office of the United States Attorney for the Northern District of California announced that a federal grand jury had indicted Rush on a variety of counts on the basis of his cannabis-related union activities. He pled guilty in 2017 and served 37 months in federal prison.

In 2024, UFCW cannabis delivery drivers threatened to strike against Eaze, a California cannabis delivery company. The union reached a tentative agreement with Eaze, which included higher pay, better rules for vehicle reimbursement, and working conditions.

2003 California grocery strike
On October 11, 2003, the UFCW declared a strike on Vons (owned by Safeway Inc.), in Southern California, because of company-proposed changes to the new labor contract. These changes included cuts in health care and pension benefits, and the creation of a two-tier system in which new workers would be paid on a different schedule than existing workers. These changes were proposed due to competition from non-union retailers like Walmart. The day following the strike, Albertsons and Ralphs, owned by Kroger, locked out their Southern California employees.

The strike ended on February 26, 2004, when the UFCW and affected companies reached an agreement on a new contract. Union employees voted to end the strike, and many employees cited financial difficulties as a reason for ratifying the agreement. The new labor contract included concessions granted by the chains relating to current employee benefits and wages, and concessions granted by the union relating to creating two tiers of employees and cutting benefits overall.

Smithfield Foods
During the 1990s and 2000s, the UFCW was embroiled in a dispute with non-unionized meat processing company Smithfield Foods. The UFCW had repeatedly attempted to organize the company's Bladen County, North Carolina meat-packing plant, but Smithfield Foods resisted this organizing. In 2007, Smithfield filed a federal lawsuit against the UFCW citing the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO), claiming that the union orchestrated a public smear campaign to hurt Smithfield's business as a method of extorting the company. In the media, a Smithfield official cited the lawsuit as necessary by claiming that the company was "under attack," while union officials responded by calling the lawsuit an "attack on democracy and free speech." In October 2008, the UFCW and Smithfield reached an agreement, under which the union agreed to suspend its boycott campaign in return for the company dropping its RICO lawsuit and allowing another election. On December 10 and 11, workers at the plant voted 2,041 to 1,879 in favor of joining the UFCW, bringing the 15-year fight to an end.

Walmart

Walmart, a non-unionized company, has repeatedly been accused by the UFCW of treating its workers poorly and driving down employment standards. The UFCW has repeatedly attempted to organize the chain, but these attempts have been unsuccessful in the United States.

In Canada, the UFCW managed to win union recognition at two Walmart stores in Quebec and one in Saskatchewan. Walmart closed the Jonquière store and workers in Saint-Hyacinthe voted to decertify UFCW in 2011. The union has also applied for recognition at a dozen other Walmarts and had won a contract with a Walmart store in Gatineau, Quebec, Canada. After a couple years of unsuccessful negotiations between the union and Walmart the workers at the store decided to leave the union. The last remaining unionized Walmart in North America was located in Weyburn, Saskatchewan. Walmart successfully repelled an attempted UFCW unionization campaign there in August 2013 when the Supreme Court of Canada dismissed the union's attempt to compel Walmart to reach a collective agreement with it; workers at the Weyburn store then voted 51 to 5 to decertify the union.

In April 2005, as part of a volley of accusatory websites created by Walmart and the UFCW, the union created Wake Up Walmart, a US-based website and campaign with the stated goal of reforming Walmart's business practices.

Bashas'
In 2007, Bashas' filed a lawsuit against UFCW with the Supreme Court of Arizona. The lawsuit accused the UFCW and the union's operatives - including its "false-front" organization, "Hungry for Respect" - of defamation and intentionally interfering with the grocer's operations to extort an agreement for union representation. The company also named Radio Campesina (a project of the United Farm Workers Union founded by Cesar Chavez), Councilman Michael Nowakosky, and Reverend Trina Zelle as defendants.

Jim Beam
In October 2016, about 250 workers for Beam Suntory (the producer of the whiskey bourbon brand Jim Beam) went on strike over long working hours and the hiring of temporary workers in lieu of permanent full-time workers at two distillery facilities in Kentucky. The strike ended after about a week with a new labor contract that included a cap on the number of temporary workers and a commitment from the company to hire more full-time employees.

Stop & Shop
The 2019 Stop & Shop strike began on April 11, 2019, when approximately 31,000 workers, represented by the UFCW, walked off the job and began picketing Stop & Shop locations in the states of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. The strike was in response to the company not agreeing, after extensive negotiations, to a contract which did not reduce employee pay and benefits. The strike ended eleven days later on April 21. The tentative agreement preserved health and pension benefits and raised employee pay.

Heaven Hill
In September 2021, about 420 members of UFCW Local 23D went on strike at the Heaven Hill bourbon distillery in Bardstown, Kentucky.

Political activities
In the United States, the UFCW's political action committee spent $13,440,000 in the 2022 election cycle, 100 percent of which went to Democratic candidates.

International leadership
The International Presidents of the United Food and Commercial Workers are:
 * William H. Wynn, 1979–1994
 * Douglas H. Dority, 1994–2004
 * Joseph T. Hansen, 2004–2014
 * Marc Perrone, 2014–present

In leading the union, the International President is supported by the International Executive Committee, which, in addition to the president, includes the International Secretary-Treasurer, and the union's three International Executive Vice-Presidents, one of whom historically includes the Canadian Director.

The International Secretary-Treasurers of the United Food and Commercial Workers are:
 * Samuel J. Talarico, 1979–1982
 * Anthony J. Lutty, 1981–1986
 * Gerald Robert “Jerry” Menapace, 1986–1995
 * Joseph C. Talarico, 1995–1997
 * Joseph T. Hansen, 1997–2004
 * Marc Perrone, 2004–2014
 * Patrick J. O'Neill, 2014–2016
 * Esther Lopez, 2016–2019
 * Shaun Barclay, 2019–2023
 * Milton Jones, 2023–present

The International Executive Committee is a subcommittee of the International Executive Board, which is the union's highest decision making authority between regular conventions. The International Executive Board consists of the members of the International Executive Committee plus 50 International Vice Presidents, all of whom are elected by regular UFCW international conventions.

Canadian Director
The UFCW Canadian Director (also known as the National Director and, more recently, the UFCW Canada National President) is the union's ranking official based in Canada.

The UFCW Canada National President is elected by Canadian delegates to UFCW regular conventions.

As part of his or her duties, the UFCW Canada National President serves as the union's chief spokesperson in Canada, presides over the UFCW Canada national council, and represents the union on the CLC Canadian council.

The UFCW Canada National President also leads the efforts of the UFCW Canada national office, which involve field staff in every Canadian province, as well as dedicated resources and staff for communications, training and education, political and legislative affairs, and special projects.

As per the UFCW Constitution, the UFCW Canada National President is the union's International Vice President number one for Canada. And in recent years, the UFCW Canada National President has also served on the UFCW International Executive Committee as one of the union's three International Executive Vice Presidents, whom are elected at-large by delegates to regular conventions.

The Canadian Directors of the United Food and Commercial Workers are:

 * Clifford R. Evans, 1988–1992
 * Thomas Kukovica, 1992–1999
 * Michael J. Fraser, 1999–2006
 * Wayne E. Hanley, 2006–2013
 * Paul R. Meinema, 2013–2024
 * Shawn Haggerty, 2024–present

Prior to 1988, the UFCW's efforts in Canada were co-directed by the director of region 18 and the director of region 19.

Region 18 included the former members of the Amalgamated Meat Cutters, and its directors were Romeo Mathieu (1979–1983), Frank Benn (1983–1986), and Willard "Bill" Hanley (1986–1988).

Region 19 included the former members of the Retail Clerks Union, and its director was Clifford R. Evans (1979–1988).

Landrum–Griffin Act violations
The Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 (also "LMRDA" or the "Landrum-Griffin Act"), is a United States labor law that regulates labor unions' internal affairs and their officials' relationships with employers.

On October 22, 2013, the Office of Labor-Management Standards (OLMS) of the United States Department of Labor accepted a voluntary compliance agreement with United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW) Local 5 (located in San Jose, Calif.), concerning the challenged election of officers conducted on September 4, 2012, as well as the March 22, 2013 re-run election ordered by the International union. The union agreed to conduct a new election, including new nominations, for the offices of president, secretary-treasurer, recorder, and vice-presidents 1 through 31 under OLMS supervision. The investigation of the challenged election disclosed that union resources were used when the UFCW International President sent a campaign letter to various UFCW officers soliciting contributions and his executive assistant obtained the recipients’ addresses while on union time. The agreement follows an investigation by the OLMS San Francisco-Seattle District Office.

A UFCW member in Southern California filed a complaint in 2013 with the OLMS against former UFCW 1036 Trustees for illegally transferring $100,000.00 from the local union (1036) to UFCW International in a violation of Section 303 of the LMRDA.

A statement reported: "The investigation disclosed that on February 26, 2009, the trustee (Shaun Barclay) appointed by the International (UFCW) to manage the affairs of the local (1036) transferred $100,000 of the local's monies to the International...The (UFCW) International... agreed that the transfer was unlawful and should not have occurred". Funds were returned to the appropriate local unions, following the investigation by the Department of Labor, Office of Labor-Management Standards.

title: United Food and Commercial Workers


text:
List of Italian comedians

This is a list of Italian comedians sorted by last name:

 * Diego Abatantuono
 * Antonio Albanese
 * Aldo, Giovanni & Giacomo
 * Maria Beatrice Alonzi
 * Lello Arena
 * Giorgio Ariani
 * Dario Bandiera
 * Lino Banfi
 * Roberto Benigni
 * Enrico Beruschi
 * Riccardo Billi
 * Claudio Bisio
 * Massimo Boldi
 * Bombolo
 * Franco Bracardi
 * Giorgio Bracardi
 * Gino Bramieri
 * Enrico Brignano
 * Fred Buscaglione
 * Lando Buzzanca
 * Jerry Calà
 * Carlo Campanini
 * Enzo Cannavale
 * Maccio Capatonda
 * Pino Caruso
 * Massimo Ceccherini
 * Adriano Celentano
 * Athina Cenci
 * Walter Chiari
 * Cochi e Renato
 * Paola Cortellesi
 * Giobbe Covatta
 * Maurizio Crozza
 * Geppi Cucciari
 * Gianfranco D'Angelo
 * Carlo Dapporto
 * Mauro Di Francesco
 * Aldo Fabrizi
 * Gioele Dix
 * Giorgio Faletti
 * Fanfulla
 * Antonello Fassari
 * Ficarra e Picone
 * Rosario Fiorello
 * Dario Fo
 * Franco Franchi
 * Pippo Franco
 * Nino Frassica
 * Margherita Fumero
 * Gigi e Andrea
 * Aldo Giuffrè
 * Ezio Greggio
 * Beppe Grillo
 * Gene Gnocchi
 * I Gufi
 * Leo Gullotta
 * Caterina Guzzanti
 * Corrado Guzzanti
 * Sabina Guzzanti
 * Paolo Hendel
 * Enzo Iacchetti
 * Sabrina Impacciatore
 * Ciccio Ingrassia
 * Enzo Jannacci
 * Katia & Valeria
 * Cinzia Leone
 * Lillo & Greg
 * Luciana Littizzetto
 * Andy Luotto
 * Daniele Luttazzi
 * Erminio Macario
 * Nino Manfredi
 * Teresa Mannino
 * Simona Marchini
 * Neri Marcorè
 * Maurizio Mattioli
 * Anna Mazzamauro
 * Maurizio Micheli
 * Paola Minaccioni
 * Sandra Mondaini
 * Enrico Montesano
 * Francesco Mulé
 * Tuccio Musumeci
 * Alighiero Noschese
 * Giorgio Panariello
 * Paolo Panelli
 * Francesco Paolantoni
 * Ettore Petrolini
 * Raffaele Pisu
 * Renato Pozzetto
 * Gigi Proietti
 * Virginia Raffaele
 * Renato Rascel
 * Ric e Gian
 * David Riondino
 * Mario Riva
 * Enzo Robutti
 * Paolo Rossi
 * Francesco Salvi
 * Pippo Santonastaso
 * Alessandro Siani
 * Alberto Sordi
 * Nino Taranto
 * Teo Teocoli
 * Nino Terzo
 * Ugo Tognazzi
 * Totò
 * Trettré
 * Massimo Troisi
 * Fatima Trotta
 * Bice Valori
 * Carlo Verdone
 * Raimondo Vianello
 * Paolo Villaggio
 * Checco Zalone

title: List of Italian comedians


text:
Talk:Joe Hill (activist)

Per Above, Joe Hill (Organizer) Prominence
I apologize if I'm doing this incorrectly, but the above topic suggests that any further discussion should be added as a separate post on the talk page. In terms of cultural relevance the following is an important footnote for the prominence of the Organizer Joe Hill.

here is a selection of songs titled "Joe Hill" about the aforementioned Organizer:

Joe Hill - We Have Fed You All For a Thousand Years - Utah Phillips

Joe Hill - If I Had a Hammer: Songs of Hope and Struggle - Peet Seeger

Joe Hill - The Collector's Paul Robeson - Paul Robeson

Joe Hill - The Internationale - Billy Bragg

Joe Hill - Carry it On - Joan Baez

Joe Hill - The Collection - Luke Kelly

I Dreamed I Saw Joe Hill Last Night - Union Town - Tom Morello: The Nightwatchman

Joe Hill - Four Friends Live - The High Kings

Joe Hill - Revolution - The Dubliners

This is only a small selection of the songs bearing the name of the Organizer Joe Hill, and it seems that in terms of cultural relevance having a sizable number of culturally significant musicians having a rendition of "I Dreamt I Saw Joe Hill Last Night" signifies that the Organizer has a significant historical importance.

There is also an editorial perspective that could be viewed as significant. The labor movement in the United States is often a footnote in US history education. Raising an author over an important figure of that movement plays into the political, and cultural forces trying to suppress knowledge about the history of the labor movement in the United States. Spicygarbage (talk) 08:05, 5 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia's "editorial perspective" is a neutral point of view, so it isn't our place to promote anyone over anyone else. There are a bunch of people and other subjects named "Joe Hill"... standard Wikipedia procedure in that case is to disambiguate them all somehow with different article titles, and put a list of them at "Joe Hill". The only exceptions to this are when one subject "is highly likely—much more likely than any other single topic, and more likely than all the other topics combined—to be the topic sought when a reader searches for that term."(WP:PT1) That isn't the case here... in fact, Joe Hill (writer) gets substantially more traffic.|Joe_Hill_(activist) — Preceding unsigned comment added by JasonAQuest (talk • contribs) 12:47, 5 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Joe Hill (activist)


text:
Swiss Chalet

Swiss Chalet is a Canadian chain of casual dining restaurants founded in 1954 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Swiss Chalet has locations in most Canadian provinces, but about 80% are in Ontario and there are currently none in Quebec or British Columbia. Swiss Chalet is among the holdings of Recipe Unlimited, which also owns the fast food chain Harvey's. Swiss Chalet and Harvey's franchises share many locations.

Swiss Chalet franchises include a variety of points of sale. The company's locations generally have an architectural alpine theme, a dining room, a take-out counter, and delivery. Some feature drive-thru windows while other locations in certain urban areas are only take-out counters and are more akin to fast food restaurants. The brand also has an online food ordering system. Recipe Unlimited retails signature Swiss Chalet sauce, gravy, and marinades (as powdered mixes) in Canadian supermarkets.

History
The first Swiss Chalet restaurant, at 234 Bloor Street West in Toronto, operated for 52 years. It was founded by Rick Mauran, son of Maurice Mauran the founder of the still-extant Chalet BBQ of Montreal. The building featured exposed-beam ceilings in the Swiss chalet style. This store closed in 2006 and was demolished in 2009 as part of a condominium development.

In the early 2000s, Cara Operations closed all of its Quebec and US-based restaurants.

The company returned to Saskatchewan with a location in south Regina, although this location no longer shows on its website. In 2008, Air Canada added Swiss Chalet food products to its buy-on-board menu.

In 2010, two of the three remaining Swiss Chalet restaurants in the United States closed. They were located in the suburbs of Buffalo, New York. On June 1, 2011, the only company restaurant operating in Puerto Rico closed.

The company began a partnership with the Scene+ loyalty program in February 2015.

On March 31, 2016, the company's parent, Cara Operations, announced that it would acquire St-Hubert, a Quebec-based chain of rotisserie chicken restaurants, in the summer of 2016 for CAD$537 million.

Fare

Restaurant fare is based upon its signature item, rotisserie chicken. The Quarter Chicken Dinner, the restaurant's signature dish, includes a roasted chicken leg or breast with "Chalet Sauce", a bread roll and a side dish. Swiss Chalet's most popular side dish is Chalet fries. Chalet fries were changed in 2015 and again in 2020, to mixed reviews.

title: Swiss Chalet


text:
User:P0lyglut

(i donated $2 to wikipedia when the wiikifoundation requested it around 2003-12 when the server had crises. I wish there is some general thank you notice in prominent places, and breakdown of the funds.)

My name is Xah Lee. (李杀) Got stuck with the p0lyglut/polyglut appellation. (note: not polyglot nor polymath)

I dabble in mathematics and literary things, among which is computer, philosophy, art, or on the whole called humanity disciplines, including proper ways to write English, and linguistics, logic.

My emphasis in life is teaching, and from your vantage point learning.

Feel free to learn more about me, at my personal website: http://xahlee.org/

By the way, my website xahlee.org as of 2010-02 has 5062 unique links to wikipedia articles. It is probably the largest website with the greatest number of links to wikipedia.

I'm the pround starter of the caryatid page among pages, and proud contributor of sundry other pages and arguments. Since about 2004, i spend about 2 to 5 hours reading wikipedia, everyday. (i read encyclopedias with greed since about 1992)

And, i'm proud of my website being the destination of 10 or 20 articles from wikipedia. For example, conic sections page.

Thank you all, wikipedians, and the ones who started the wikipedia engine, and wikipedia founder. (i'm a mild supporter of Open Source.)

You may Talk to me. Thank you.

- Related Essays:

• The Engine of Wikipedia

• Encyclopedia, My experiences

• Links To Wikipedia from XahLee.org

title: User:P0lyglut


text:
Sri Sri (writer)

Srirangam Srinivasa Rao (30 April 1910 – 15 June 1983), popularly known as Sri Sri, was an Indian poet and lyricist who is known for his works in Telugu literature and films. Noted for his anthology Maha Prasthanam, Sri Sri is a recipient of a National Film Award, a Nandi Award and a Sahitya Akademi Award.

He was a member of Pen India, Sahitya Academy, vice-president of the South Indian Film Writers Association, Madras and president of the Revolutionary Writers Association of Andhra.

Life
Srirangam Srinivasa Rao, popularly known as Sri Sri, was born into a Telugu speaking family on 30 April 1910 in Visakhapatnam of present-day Andhra Pradesh. His parents were Pudipeddi Venkatramaniah and Atappakonda but was later adopted by Srirangam Suryanarayana. Sri Sri was schooled at Vishakhapatnam and graduated in BA hons at Madras christian college in 1931. He started as a demonstrator at SVS College, Vizag in 1935 and joined as sub-editor at the daily, Andhra Prabha in 1938. He later worked at Delhi Akashavani, The State of Hyderabad, and the daily Andhra Vani, in various positions. He later married Sarojini, with whom he had a son and three daughters, whose names were Mala Srinivasarao, Venkat Srinivasarao, Manjula Srinivasarao, Mangala Srinivasarao.

Literary career
Srirangam Srinivasa Rao was the first true modern Telugu poet to write about contemporary issues that affected the day-to-day life of a common man in a style and metre which were not used in classical Telugu poetry. He moved poetry forward from traditional mythological themes to reflect more contemporary issues. The essence of his personality was captured by Gudipati Venkatachalam when he compared him with the great romantic Telugu poet Devulapalli Krishnasastri: “While Krishna Sastry made his anguish known to the whole world, Sri Sri spoke in his voice about the anguish of the whole world. Krishna Sastry's pain was the pain of the world, while the world's pain became Sri Sri's pain.” His book Maha Prasthanam (The Great Journey), an anthology of poems, is one of his major works. In one of the poems, "Jagannathuni Ratha Chakralu", Sri Sri addressed those who were suffering due to social injustices and said, "Don't cry, don't cry. The wheels of the chariot of Jagannath are coming; they are coming! The apocalyptic chant of the chariot wheels! Come, realize your dreams Rule your new world!" "Other major works include Siprali and Khadga Srushti ("Creation of the Sword").

Telugu cinema
He entered into Telugu cinema with Ahuti (1950), a Telugu-dubbed version of Junnarkar's Neera aur Nanda (1946). Some of the songs, such as "Hamsavale O Padava", "Oogisaladenayya", "Premaye jannana marana leela", scored by Saluri Rajeswara Rao, were major hits. Sri Sri was a screenwriter for several Telugu films. He was one of the best film songwriters in India, he has penned lyrics for over 1000 soundtracks in Telugu. He was a great asset to the Telugu film industry.

Literary style
He is a major radical poet (e.g. Prabhava) and novelist (e.g. Veerasimha Vijayasimhulu). He introduced free verse into his socially concerned poetry through Maha Prasthanam. He wrote visionary poems in a style and metre not used before in Telugu classical poetry.

According to Viplava Rachayitala Sangham leader G. Kalyan Rao, Sri Sri was a scientist, a thinker and a philosopher. Maoist ideologue and writer Varavara Rao opined that Sri Sri not only wrote poetry but also practiced what he said.

Work for human rights
Sri Sri was the first President of Andhra Pradesh Civil Liberties Committee that was formed in 1974.

National honours

 * Sahithya Academy Award – 1972
 * Soviet Land Nehru Award

Film awards

 * National Film Award for Best Lyrics – Alluri Seetarama Raju for "Telugu Veera Levara" – 1974
 * Nandi Award for Best Lyricist – Neti Bharatam – "Ardha Raatri Swatantram Andhakara Bandhuram" – 1983

Other honours

 * Raja-Lakshmi Award in 1979 by Sri Raja-Lakshmi Foundation in Chennai

title: Sri Sri (writer)


text:
User:Pingveno

Subpages

 * /userboxes/UofPStudent: user box for University of Puget Sound
 * /Edit Checking Cheat sheet: cheat sheet for policy when hunting for vandalism and such

title: User:Pingveno


text:
Talk:Becan

I changed back 250 to 250 after it was changed to 250 BC, as the Mesoamerican early classic was AD. It's not the same as the Classical era of Europe. I (or someone, but as I seem to be the main one editing Mesoamerican articles, probably me) should write up something about the standard timeline terms used for Mesoamerican history & archeology. -- Infrogmation 04:53, 20 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * I created the first version of such an article at Mesoamerican chronology. -- Infrogmation

The moat at Becan and the photo 'within the moat' and the diagram showing a moat are not correct.
Source: Visit to the site and INAH information: While there are seven causeways over the trench that give access to the city, the idea they were once filled it with water (still reported by Mayanists) to provide a moat has to give way to the geographical structure of the region. Becán sits on porous limestone rock well above the water table, and the trench shows no signs of being sealed or connected to any canal. The Maya probably planted thorn bushes at the bottom to dissuade intruders.

The photo captioned 'within the moat' is misleading. It looks to me to be the passageway that leads from the main plaza towards one of the causeways. ññññ richard crosfield.

 * Very good point. The notion of a water-filled moat is obviously a product of rooting a conceptualization in medeival european castles, and without a linkage to a canal or river (which, as far as I remember, did not exist), the moat would never receive enough water to fill it and could never hope to retain it if it did.  I've only been to Becan once (5 years ago) and don't recollect the moat itself, so I can't comment on the photo being misleading. -- Oaxaca dan 16:43, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

I changed the caption on the photograph - it was of a walkway - not the "moat". As is now widely considered to be a ditch, rather than a moat I changed the language in the article to reflect this. --Neatguy (talk) 15:21, 9 November 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Becan