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Muscovy duck

The Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) is a duck native to the Americas, from the Rio Grande Valley of Texas and Mexico south to Argentina and Uruguay. Feral Muscovy ducks are found in New Zealand, Australia, and in Central and Eastern Europe. Small wild and feral breeding populations have also established themselves in the United States, particularly in Florida, Louisiana, Massachusetts, the Big Island of Hawaii, as well as in many other parts of North America, including southern Canada.

It is a large duck, with the males about 76 cm long, and weighing up to 7 kg. Females are noticeably smaller, and only grow to 3 kg, roughly half the males' size. The bird is predominantly black and white, with the back feathers being iridescent and glossy in males, while the females are more drab. The amount of white on the neck and head is variable, as well as the bill, which can be yellow, pink, black, or any mixture of these colors. It may have white patches or bars on the wings, which become more noticeable during flight. Both sexes have pink or red wattles around the bill, those of the male being larger and more brightly colored.

Although the Muscovy duck is a tropical bird, it adapts well to cooler climates, thriving in weather as cold as −12 C and able to survive even colder conditions. In general, Barbary duck is the term used for C. moschata in a culinary context.

The domestic subspecies, Cairina moschata domestica, is commonly known in Spanish as the pato criollo. They have been bred since pre-Columbian times by Native Americans and are heavier and less able to fly long distances than the wild subspecies. Their plumage color is also more variable. Other names for the domestic breed in Spanish are pato casero ("household duck") and pato mudo ("mute duck").

Description

All Muscovy ducks have long claws on their feet and a wide, flat tail. In the domestic drake (male), length is about 86 cm and weight is 4.6 - 6.8 kg, while the domestic hen (female) is much smaller, at 64 cm in length and 2.7 - 3.6 kg in weight. Large domesticated males often weigh up to 7 kg, and large domesticated females up to 4 kg.

The true wild Muscovy duck, from which all domestic Muscovies originated, is blackish, with large white wing patches. Length can range from 66 to 84 cm, wingspan from 137 to 152 cm and weight from 1.1 to 4.1 kg. On the head, the wild male has a short crest on the nape. The bill is black with a speckling of pale pink. A blackish or dark red knob can be seen at the bill base, which is similar in colour to the bare skin of the face. The eyes are yellowish-brown. The legs and webbed feet are blackish. The wild female is similar in plumage, but much smaller, with a feathered face and lacking the prominent knob. The juvenile is duller overall, with little or no white on the upperwing.

Domesticated birds may look similar; most are dark brown or black mixed with white, particularly on the head. Other colors, such as lavender or all-white, are also seen. Both sexes have a nude black-and-red or all-red face; the drake also has pronounced caruncles at the base of the bill and a low erectile crest of feathers. C. moschata ducklings are mostly yellow with buff-brown markings on the tail and wings. For a while after hatching, juveniles lack the distinctive wattles associated with adult individuals, and resemble the offspring of various other ducks, such as mallards. Some domesticated ducklings have a dark head and blue eyes, others a light brown crown and dark markings on their nape. They are agile and speedy precocial birds.

The drake has a low breathy call, and the hen a quiet trilling coo.

The karyotype of the Muscovy duck is 2n=80, consisting of three pairs of macrochromosomes, 36 pairs of microchromosomes, and a pair of sex chromosomes. The two largest macrochromosome pairs are submetacentric, while all other chromosomes are acrocentric or probably telocentric for the smallest microchromosomes. The submetacentric chromosomes and the Z (female) chromosome show rather little constitutive heterochromatin (C bands), while the W chromosomes are at least two-thirds heterochromatin. Male Muscovy ducks have helical penises that become erect to 19 cm in 0.346 s. Females have vaginas that coil in the opposite direction that appear to have evolved to limit forced copulation by males.

Common name “Muscovy”
"Muscovy" is an old name for the region of Russia surrounding Moscow, but these ducks are neither native there nor were introduced there before they became known in Western Europe. It is not quite clear how the term came about; it very likely originated between 1550 and 1600, but did not become widespread until somewhat later.

In one suggestion, it has been claimed that the Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands traded these ducks to Europe occasionally after 1550; this chartered company became eventually known as the "Muscovy Company" or "Muscovite Company" so the ducks might thus have come to be called "Muscovite ducks" or "Muscovy ducks" in keeping with the common practice of attaching the importer's name to the products they sold. But while the Muscovite Company initiated vigorous trade with Russia, they hardly, if at all, traded produce from the Americas; thus, they are unlikely to have traded C. moschata to a significant extent.

Alternatively—just as in the "turkey" (which is also from North America, not Turkey) and the "guineafowl" (which are not limited to Guinea)—"Muscovy" might be simply a generic term for an exotic place, in reference to the singular appearance of these birds. This is evidenced by other names suggesting the species came from lands where it is not actually native, but from where much "outlandish" produce was imported at that time (see below).

Yet another view—not incompatible with either of those discussed above—connects the species with the Muisca, a Native American nation in today's Colombia. The duck is native to these lands also, and it is likely that it was kept by the Muisca as a domestic animal to some extent. It is conceivable that a term like "Muisca duck", hard to comprehend for the average European of those times, would be corrupted into something more familiar. Likewise, the Miskito Indians of the Miskito Coast in Nicaragua and Honduras heavily relied on it as a domestic species, and the ducks as well may have been named after this region.

Species name “moschata”
Linnaeus’ description of Anas moschata only consists of a curt but entirely unequivocal [Anas] facie nuda papillosa ("A duck with a naked and carunculated face"), and his primary reference is his earlier work Fauna Svecica. But Linnaeus refers also to older sources, wherein much information on the origin of the common name is found.

Conrad Gessner is given by Linnaeus as a source, but the Historia animalium mentions the Muscovy duck only in passing. Ulisse Aldrovandi discusses the species in detail, referring to the wild birds and its domestic breeds variously as anas cairina, anas indica or anas libyca – "duck from Cairo", "Indian duck" (in reference to the West Indies) or "Libyan duck". But his anas indica (based, like Gessner's brief discussion, ultimately on the reports of Christopher Columbus's travels) also seems to have included another species, perhaps a whistling-duck (Dendrocygna). Already however the species is tied to some more or less nondescript "exotic" locality – "Libya" could still refer to any place in Northern Africa at that time – where it did not natively occur. Francis Willughby discusses "The Muscovy duck" as anas moschata and expresses his belief that Aldrovandi's and Gessner's anas cairina, anas indica and anas libyca (which he calls "The Guiny duck", adding another mistaken place of origin to the list) refer to the very same species. Finally, John Ray attempts to clear up the confusion by providing an alternative explanation for the name's etymology: "In English, it is called The Muscovy-Duck, though this is not transferred from Muscovia [the Neo-Latin name of Muscovy], but from the rather strong musk odour it exudes."

Linnaeus came to witness the birds' "gamey" aroma first-hand, as he attests in the Fauna Svecica and again in the travelogue of this 1746 Västergötland excursion. Similarly, the Russian name of this species, muskusnaya utka (Мускусная утка), means "musk duck" – without any reference to Moscow – as do the Bokmål and Danish moskusand, Dutch muskuseend, Finnish myskisorsa, French canard musqué, German Moschusente, Italian anatra muschiata, Spanish pato almizclado and Swedish myskand. In English, however, musk duck refers to the Australian species Biziura lobata.

Genus name "Cairina"
The currently assigned genus name Cairina, meanwhile, traces its origin to Aldrovandi and the mistaken belief that the birds came from Egypt: translated, the current scientific name of the Muscovy duck means "the musky one from Cairo".

Other names
In some regions the name "Barbary duck" is used for domestic and "Muscovy duck" for wild birds; in other places, "Barbary duck" refers specifically to the dressed carcass, while "Muscovy duck" applies to living C. moschata, regardless of whether they are wild or domestic. In general, "Barbary duck" is the usual term for C. moschata in a culinary context.

Taxonomy and systematics
The species was first scientifically described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 edition of Systema Naturae as Anas moschata, literally meaning "musk duck". It was later transferred to the genus Cairina, making its current binomial name Cairina moschata.

The Muscovy duck was formerly placed into the paraphyletic "perching duck" assemblage, but subsequently moved to the dabbling duck subfamily (Anatinae). Analysis of the mtDNA sequences of the cytochrome b and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 genes, however, indicates that it might be closer to the genus Aix and better placed in the shelduck subfamily Tadorninae. In addition, the other species of Cairina, the rare white-winged duck (C. scutulata), seems to belong to a distinct genus (Asarcornis).

Ecology
This non-migratory species normally inhabits forested swamps, lakes, streams and nearby grassland and farm crops, and often roosts in trees at night. The Muscovy duck's diet consists of plant material (such as the roots, stems, leaves, and seeds of aquatic plants and grasses, as well as terrestrial plants, including agricultural crops) obtained by grazing or dabbling in shallow water, and small fish, amphibians, reptiles, crustaceans, spiders, insects, millipedes, and worms. This is an aggressive duck; males often fight over food, territory or mates. The females fight with each other less often. Some adults will peck at the ducklings if they are eating at the same food source.

The Muscovy duck has benefited from nest boxes in Mexico, but is somewhat uncommon in much of the eastern part of its range due to excessive hunting. It is not considered a globally threatened species by the IUCN, however, as it is widely distributed.

Reproduction
This species, like the mallard, does not form stable pairs. They will mate on land or in water. Domestic Muscovy ducks can breed up to three times each year.

The hen lays a clutch of 8–16 white eggs, usually in a tree hole or hollow, which are incubated for 35 days. The sitting hen will leave the nest once a day from 20 minutes to one and a half hours, and will then defecate, drink water, eat and sometimes bathe. Once the eggs begin to hatch, it may take 24 hours for all the chicks to break through their shells. When feral chicks are born, they usually stay with their mother for about 10–12 weeks. Their bodies cannot produce all the heat they need, especially in temperate regions, so they will stay close to the mother, especially at night.

Often, the drake will stay in close contact with the brood for several weeks. The male will walk with the young during their normal travels in search for food, providing protection. Anecdotal evidence from East Anglia, U.K. suggests that, in response to different environmental conditions, other adults assist in protecting chicks and providing warmth at night. It has been suggested that this is in response to local efforts to cull the eggs, which has led to an atypical distribution of males and females, as well as young and mature birds.

For the first few weeks of their lives, Muscovy chicks feed on grains, corn, grass, insects, and almost anything that moves. Their mother instructs them at an early age how to feed.

Feral bird
Feral Muscovy ducks can breed near urban and suburban lakes and on farms, nesting in tree cavities or on the ground, under shrubs in yards, on apartment balconies, or under roof overhangs. Some feral populations, such as that in southern Florida, have a reputation of becoming pests on occasion. At night they often sleep at water, if there is a water source available, to flee quickly from predators if awakened. Small populations of Muscovy ducks can also be found in Ely, Cambridgeshire, Calstock, Cornwall, and Lincoln, Lincolnshire, U.K. Muscovy ducks have also been spotted in the Walsall Arboretum. There has been a small population in the Pavilion Gardens public park in Buxton, Derbyshire for many years.

In the U.S., Muscovy ducks are considered a non-native species. An owner may raise them for food production only (not for hunting). Similarly, if the ducks have no owner, 50CFR Part 21 (Migratory Bird Permits) allows the removal or destruction of the ducks, their eggs and their nests anywhere in the United States outside of Hidalgo, Starr and Zapata Counties in Texas, where they are considered indigenous. The population in southern Florida is considered, with numbers in the several thousands, to be established enough to be considered "countable" for bird watchers.

Legal methods to restrict breeding include not feeding these ducks, deterring them with noise or chasing them away.

Although legislation passed in the U.S. prohibiting trade of Muscovy ducks, Fish and Wildlife Services intend to revise the regulations. They are not currently implementing them, though release of Muscovy ducks to the wild outside their natural range is prohibited.

Domestication
Muscovy ducks had been domesticated by various Native American cultures in the Americas when Columbus arrived in the Bahamas. A few were brought onto Columbus' ship the Santa Maria, they then sailed back to Europe by the 16th century.

The Muscovy duck has been domesticated for centuries, and is widely traded as "Barbary duck". Muscovy breeds are popular because they have stronger-tasting meat—sometimes compared to roast beef—than the usual domestic ducks, which are descendants of the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). The meat is lean when compared to the fatty meat of mallard-derived ducks, its leanness and tenderness being often compared to veal. Muscovy ducks are also less noisy, and sometimes marketed as a "quackless" duck; even though they are not completely silent, they do not actually quack (except in cases of extreme stress). Many backyard duck owners report that Muscovy ducks have more personality than mallard-derived ducks, often comparing them to dogs for their tameness and willingness to approach owners for food or stroking. The carcass of a Muscovy duck is also much heavier than most other domestic ducks, which makes it ideal for the dinner table.

Domesticated Muscovy ducks, like those pictured, often have plumage features differing from other wild birds. White breeds are preferred for meat production, as darker ones can have much melanin in the skin, which some people find unappealing.

The Muscovy duck can be crossed with mallards in captivity to produce hybrids known as mulards ("mule ducks") because they are sterile. Muscovy drakes are commercially crossed with mallard-derived hens either naturally or by artificial insemination. The 40–60% of eggs that are fertile result in birds raised only for their meat or for production of foie gras: they grow fast like mallard-derived breeds, but to a large size like Muscovy ducks. Conversely, though crossing mallard-derived drakes with Muscovy hens is possible, the offspring are neither desirable for meat nor for egg production.

In addition, Muscovy ducks are reportedly crossbred in Israel with mallards to produce kosher duck products. The kashrut status of the Muscovy duck has been a matter of rabbinic discussion for over 150 years.

A study examining birds in northwestern Colombia for blood parasites found the Muscovy duck to be more frequently infected with Haemoproteus and malaria (Plasmodium) parasites than chickens, domestic pigeons, domestic turkeys and, in fact, almost all wild bird species also studied. It was noted that in other parts of the world, chickens were more susceptible to such infections than in the study area, but it may well be that Muscovy ducks are generally more often infected with such parasites (which might not cause pronounced disease, though, and are harmless to humans).

title: Muscovy duck


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Talk:Tay Bridge

Comments by Finlay McWalter
I made Dduck's photo right aligned, which I think looks better. Given that image's aspect ratio is so great, it might squeeze the text on a small screen, however, so I wouldn't be heartbroken if someone felt it needful to revert it. -- Finlay McWalter 16:41, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

I restructured the second sentence to read "It crosses the river west (upstream) of the Tay Road Bridge.". How far apart are the two? It would read better if it said "It crosses the river a quarter mile west (upstream) of the Tay Road Bridge." (or whatever the actual distance is). What is that distance? -- Finlay McWalter 16:52, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Is the new rail bridge built over largely the same course as the fallen one? (If my memory serves, it is). If so, this fact deserves mention in the article. -- Finlay McWalter 16:52, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

From which direction does the photo show the bridge? I'm guessing the photo looks North, in which case I'd say the caption should read Old Tay Rail Bridge (view Northward) or something. -- Finlay McWalter 16:52, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Hi Finlay. I tried the picture in various places and I couldn't find anything I liked. Where it is new is fine. I found a website with some information about the placement of the second bridge, see below. From the diagram the old and the new bridges were built adjacent to one another. Regarding the photo, I always assumed it was looking from Dundee, but I think you're correct. That's the Law Hill in the background. Regards Iain. Dduck 17:58, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks, that's an excellent page. I added the link to the article. -- Finlay McWalter 18:59, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

I have added new information about the disaster from our recent work on the engineering aspects of the accident, especially the critical nature of the cast iron lugs User Peterlewis, 20 Jan 2006

Were Marx & Engels booked on the disaster train ?
A weblog in February 2003 contains the following:
 * "Also, a little extra bittie for you; did you know that Marx and Engels were scheduled to be on the train that went down with the Tay Bridge in 1879 but had decided to stay another night in Edinburgh with a friend. I can’t remember who told me this, so if it was you I’m sorry for nicking you’re trivia without credit."

Can anyone find an adequately sourced citation for this? DFH 13:11, 28 June 2006 (UTC)
 * states, "An academic urban myth in Dundee is that Karl Marx Founder of modern communism; wrote the Communist Manifesto with Engels in 1848; wrote Das Kapital in 1867 (1818-1883) would have been a passenger on the train had illness not prevented him from traveling on that date." So is it just an urban myth or was there some factual basis? DFH 13:18, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

Charles McKean
Please explain the reasons why user:P.r.lewis removed my edits relating to Charles McKean's forthcoming book, and the Sunday Times review thereof. New information should not be summarily deleted like this. One should first discuss this in the talk page. I have therefore reverted the main page to my last edit. DFH 18:33, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

 * How can a reader access a reference to a work which is not yet published? This violates the basic idea of any encyclopedia. Press articles are rarely referenced, for otherwise Wikipedia would be overwhelmed! I should also add that the new evidence quoted in the added text is not new and was revealed first by John Thomas. He discussed the evdence of a faulty girder in one of his final chapters. If you do add new text, you should ensure that it is correct. I think you should delete your addition and wait until the book is published and available to users of Wikipedia. user:P.r.lewis
 * There's nothing to stop users pre-ordering a book whose publication date has been announced. Perhaps the best compromise would be for you to cut'n'paste both of my edits to here in the talk page, then move them back again after publication. DFH 18:12, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

Wkipedia should not be used as advertising. In any case you have not answered my point about the supposedly new revelations. They were first exposed by John Thomas, and have been discussed further in several places. McKean is apparently addng nothing new to the debate of the causes of the TBD, but I will reserve judgment until I see the book. Entries must be verifiable according to the rule book. user:P.r.lewis
 * I have no connection with CMcK, so this is hardly advertising. I was merely reporting something that had been mentioned in a review of the book. It was the reviewer in the Sunday Times that called them new information.  (Revelations is too strong a word).  And Wikipedia does report news items!  DFH 21:19, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

How many journalists can you trust? They produce copy under pressure and at speed, rarely checking the truth of their assertions. The first report of the Tay bridge disaster said 500 lives had been lost, for example. An encyclopedia should aim rather higher I think. user:P.r.lewis

 * Indeed so, but let's not confuse the verified existence of a book review with verifying the statements set forth in the book. (In Wikipedia, where there are different views, we are still guided to report the controversy.) Moreover, it's far less likely for a book reviewer to misreport the contents of a book with the text in front of her, than it is for a journalist to misreport an event for which she was not an eye-witness.  DFH 19:23, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

More than a century after the Tay Bridge disaster, a new book (Battle for the North: by Charles McKean, professor of Scottish architectural history at Dundee University) claims to show that the inquiry into the tragedy was a whitewash, based on previously unpublished papers.

 * Back to the requirement of "must be verifiable", the sentences in the book review that caught my eye were, "Charles McKean, professor of Scottish architectural history at Dundee University, discovered four witness statements in the unpublished papers of Thomas Thorton, the Dundee-based lawyer of the North British Railway company, which show that the damaged girder caused trains to jump or bounce on the track for months before the disaster. The vital testimony was suppressed by the train company’s lawyer and never presented to the inquiry." (Emphasis mine).  Just so I can understand your POV better, are you saying that John Thomas already knew about these papers? DFH 19:23, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

Most certainly. You will fnd the reference in Chapter 12 of Thomas's book under the heading "Kink in the rails". The statements came from two painters on the bridge the summer before the accident (David Dale and John Nelson). They were made to Thorton in his offices but never reached the tribunal. They are significant but it does not follow that the Inquiry was a "whitewash" at all. In fact, the Inquiry saw much evidence of the poor work on the bridge which modern writers have tended to ignore. The vital evidence is the set of Inquiry photographs held by Dundee City Library. McKean is only repeating what is already known. You can verify my assertons by reading John Thomas's excellent book. The chair of the Inquiry, Henry Rothery, attributed the disaster to the high speed of northbound trains putting the towers under immense strain. The kink in the rails probably induced lateral vibrations which were transmitted to the towers, leading to fatigue and loosening of the joints. Such lateral movements were fully discussed by the Inquiry, and have recently been confirmed by Martin and Macleod, as well as by myself. The recent (2004) fall of the Kinzua viaduct in western Pennsylvania fell from a not dissimilar cause, and the forensic team estimated that the structure oscillated laterally about 4 times before before the corroded base bolts fatigued to criticality. I will be discussing this case in my own forthcoming book (Disaster on the Dee), which will not be mentioned on Wikipedia until actually published, and available to readers. John Rapley is also publishing a new book on Sir Thomas Bouch, also due in August, but again will not be discussed until published.
 * Thanks for clarification/explanations. DFH 18:48, 5 July 2006 (UTC)

 * McKean, Charles, Battle for the North: The Tay and Forth Bridges and the 19th Century Railway Wars, Granta Books, (August 7, 2006), ISBN 1862078521. DFH 19:33, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

Gales or a tornado(s)/waterspout(s)?
A recent change to List of European tornadoes and tornado outbreaks links here. The source for the final cause of failure there as waterspout(s) is here, though earlier as well as concurrent winter gales are mentioned. Is more information available on exactly what happened? Evolauxia 03:50, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I tried to verify this (as, although TORRO does have an academic background, they don't provide a source) as it was added to the article today. I couldn't, and reverted it. --Old Moonraker 10:43, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Little real Evidence
The assertion that a tornado/waters pout brought the brdge down is hghly speculative. It is based on just one "witness" who made the allegation. Many people were watching the bridge that night, and none reported such a phenomena.--P.r.lewis 08:56, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

References in popular culture
In the 1948 film "Enchantment," the Tay Bridge disaster is the event that starts the plot moving. The parents of the character, Lark, are among those killed; Lark remained in the care of old Mr. Dane, friend of her parents. Is this too trivial to be included in the article? LightSpeed 18:52, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

It seems to me that this is a good nput to the article. Please add your info! Peterlewis 19:38, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

GA Re-Review and In-line citations
Members of the WikiProject Good articles are in the process of doing a re-review of current Good Article listings to ensure compliance with the standards of the Good Article Criteria. (Discussion of the changes and re-review can be found here). A significant change to the GA criteria is the mandatory use of some sort of in-line citation (In accordance to WP:CITE) to be used in order for an article to pass the verification and reference criteria. Currently this article does not include in-line citations. It is recommended that the article's editors take a look at the inclusion of in-line citations as well as how the article stacks up against the rest of the Good Article criteria. GA reviewers will give you at least a week's time from the date of this notice to work on the in-line citations before doing a full re-review and deciding if the article still merits being considered a Good Article or would need to be de-listed. If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to contact us on the Good Article project talk page or you may contact me personally. On behalf of the Good Articles Project, I want to thank you for all the time and effort that you have put into working on this article and improving the overall quality of the Wikipedia project. LuciferMorgan 00:38, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Images
I have tried fiddling but forgot to save. Anyway, it is hard yo put in all the images in the correct spaces without creating large gaps. Is there any way to sort this out? Simply south 17:54, 16 August 2007 (UTC)
 * The recent addition of the location map was the "last straw". Replaced most of them (all good images) with a link to Commons. --Old Moonraker (talk) 07:30, 18 July 2009 (UTC)
 * If you prefer, I could undo the location map, or shrink it a bit. - Denimadept (talk) 07:38, 18 July 2009 (UTC)
 * My solution was a bit drastic: perhaps shrink the map and bring one or two back. --Old Moonraker (talk) 09:16, 18 July 2009 (UTC)

The image captions "from the north" and "from the south" are reversed for several of the images.NajaB (talk) 12:19, 27 July 2008 (UTC)

"Tay Bridge" the codename for the plans for the Queen Mother's funeral?
As far as I know, the only source for this is the film "The Queen". Unless someone can come up with a better source, it should be removed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.251.192.96 (talk) 15:36, August 27, 2007 (UTC)
 * To my surprise, I found a source in an LA Times article which predates the movie by 4 years. Radioflux (talk) 17:23, 27 March 2009 (UTC)

Yet another theory
I would suggest that the article by Laws in the Railway Magazine (P160 Mar 1965) is well worth a read for those interested in the Tay Bridge disaster. He is not disputing that the bridge was poorly maintained and constructed, but that Bouch was the victim of bad luck in the circumstances of the accident. Law`s estimates of wind loadings etc seem to make sense and so do his theories on factors not taken into account by the original enquiry, such as the seating distribution of the passengers on the second class coach. If it could have been proved that the train had been derailed by the wind (and was possibly speeding as well), had Bouch been required to design a bridge to withstand a train derailment ? --JustinSmith (talk) 07:47, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

 * The best source of information is the original Inquiry wheer Bouch's theory was rejected totally. The loco superintendent Dugald Drummond examined the train and the impact marks made on the raisl by the wheels and stated that the loco and carriages had all landed upright. That seems to me to exclude the wind blowing any over. The theory cannot account for the collapse of the whole centre section, as the Inquiry soon relaised. It was just an excuse for Bouch's incompetence in design, supervision and maintenance. Peterlewis (talk) 08:14, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

Have you read the article in the Railway Magazine ? I would possibly dispute that the best source of information is the original enquiry, new information comes to light all the time. I would be interested to know your opinion on the RWM article, it seemed to make sense to me. As for why did so much of the bridge come down (if it were "just" the train being blown off the rails) surely a derailed train, with its forward momentum would tend to bring down quite a bit of the structure. Furthermore, as one section fell, surely it would tend to "pull" on the neighbouring sections, and this is particularly the case if one accepts that the bridge was not as strong as it could have been. Surely the design brief for the structure cannot have been for it to withstand the impact of a derailed train. Particulary as it is accepted that many of the trains using the bridge were exceeding the speed limit anyway. Incidentally I feel the tenor of the ammendment (to my original addition) is overly tendentious. I feel that the modification I made to it was more even handed, but I don`t really want to get into a revert / revert situation. --JustinSmith (talk) 13:03, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't need to read an article which neglects basic facts: what new information has he produced? At least John Thomas revealed some interesting new testimony from the archives in Scotland. Even Bouch didn't say that the very heavy (120 ton) loco left the tracks, so you are left with light carriages. Dugald Drummond clearly stated that no vehicles left the track at any time so if you want to dispute a railway engineer who was there at the time, I think you should be careful in producing strong supporting evidence for your case. I doubt if a train crossing a bridge in a storm would go at high speed, so produce the evidence. Otherwise your additions are not worthy of WP. Peterlewis (talk) 15:49, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

I`m surprised you should say that Peter if you haven`t read the article. If you have read it I`d be interested to know your view on it. If you haven`t (and are having trouble tracking it down) I may be able to fax it to you, I`ve never got round to buying a scanner ! I don`t pretend to be an expert in civiengineering (aerials and RF transmission is my speciality (see my website) but I am fairly mechanically minded and I feel that Laws article makes quite a lot of sense. You can contact me through the website or on the phone number given on the website. --JustinSmith (talk) 08:56, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Why surpised? I haven't seen it referenced in any of the books on the Tay bridge, but the most recent work debunks the train collision theory. The photos taken at the time show relatively little damage to the high girders, all the damage being concentrated in the cast iron, wheer failure started and progressed. But by all means fax me a copy to 01908653858. I'll read with interest. Peterlewis (talk) 12:58, 11 July 2008 (UTC)

Did you get the Fax (of the Law`s article) I sent you Peter ? If there was a problem I can resend it. JustinSmith (talk) 10:38, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, I have the article and will respond shortly. I have been away at an engineeriong failures conference in Spain, and am now cathcing up with messages. Peterlewis (talk) 11:38, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

Pardon me for being a bit slow, please, but are you the Peter Lewis who is the author of a number of the books we've used as sources? - Denimadept (talk) 13:06, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes i ahve written a number of books on railway disasters. Peterlewis (talk) 20:08, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

I have read Law's article in detail and have to say that I am not impressed. In the third paragraph he says that the bridge was built "..as good as the state of the art and the materials permitted". This is untrue. No other viaducts were built like this at all, especially Deepdale and Belah as well as Eiffel's viaducts in France. One fatal flaw was to cast lugs which were integral with the columns, and thus very brittle. In all other bridges of this type, the lugs were well separated, so that if they fractured, they did not endanger the rest of the structure. The bolt holes were mainly tapered so all the tension from the tie bars rested on a sharp edge rather than being spread over the entire hole. The result was that the lugs were a third of their expected strength. All the Tay bridge towers were nearly vertical, unlike Belah and all the other columnar bridges, which had broad bases and a narrow top. And the high girder towers were not tied together by a single girder at the top under the track, making them yet weaker tha might be expected. The original photos can be enlarged to show all these serious defects. The derailment theory is quite misguided and unsupported by the direct evidence of the day. Dugald Drummond, for example, said that all the vehicles were on the track when it hit the estuary, since he traced the impact marks made by the wheels on the track. So why bother to speculate about collisions? Peterlewis (talk) 20:49, 24 October 2008 (UTC)

I remain to be convinced whether Drummond could be certain that the train was still in contact with the rails when it hit the water, but what does need explaining is the fact that, using the wind peasure readings given, the train could indeed have been blown off before the bridge would have been blown down. Do you disagree with these figures ? If not, then how could the theory have been "completly discredited". Would the fact that the bridge could not have withstood a derailment been the fault of the designer, was there a requirement for this in the original tender ? --JustinSmith (talk) 12:45, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

Unfortunately Drummond is not around, but his testimony is very clear. No wind pressures/speeds were available at the time of the disaster, so all is speculation, apart from the testimony of Benjamin Baker and Captain Scott. The Inquiry rejected the derailment theory for many reasons, including the implication that half a mile of bridge could be annihilated by a small collision from the last two carriages. The track was also fitted with a guard rail to prevent toppling of carriages. Peterlewis (talk) 14:05, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

Has anyone's opinion on the likelihood of the train being blown off the rails changed in the light of the recent weather ! By the way, I thought guard rails are to prevent derailment, I don`t see how they`d have any effect on a train being blown over.--JustinSmith (talk) 17:08, 14 March 2014 (UTC)

Split proposal
I would like to propose that the "Tay Bridge Disaster" section be split off into its own article. The section can certainly stand alone, if we take the existing UK rail accident articles as precedent, and I think there would be enough content about the bridge itself remaining to justifiy the continued existence of this article. The split would also alleviate the formatting problems by reducing the number of images in the article. I've proposed Tay Bridge disaster as a title for the new article; this is currently a redirect to the section.
 * Support as nominator. Tevildo (talk) 21:34, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I support the proposal since the disaster is important and distinctive enough for a separate article. Peterlewis (talk) 05:13, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Does that mean the first bridge gets its own article? I'm a bit hesitant about this proposal. - Denimadept (talk) 05:50, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
 * In more detail, my proposal is to keep the existing "The first Tay Bridge" and "The second bridge" sections as they are, and replace the "Tay Bridge Disaster" section with a short sentence along the lines of "During a storm on 28 December 1879, the central section of the bridge collapsed; a train that was crossing the bridge fell into the river, with the loss of 75 lives." If the "first bridge" and "second bridge" sections were expanded, it would be possible to split them off as separate articles, but this isn't necessary at the moment. Tevildo (talk) 10:43, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Okay. The reason I asked was that it seems to me that the first bridge could be considered a disaster from beginning to end. - Denimadept (talk) 17:50, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
 * * smiles * Perhaps true - but if it had blown down after the train had crossed, it would be the "Tay Bridge mild inconvenience" (and _not_ remembered for a very long time). More seriously, if the split does go ahead, we'll probably want to put something in the new article about the bridge's construction, but I don't think we'll need to duplicate a significant amount of the content. Tevildo (talk) 20:51, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Support—it's getting very crowded with images now (as the guilty editor who crammed in the latest one) --Old Moonraker (talk) 18:17, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

OK. As there's been no serious objection for the statutory 14 days, I've performed the split. I've removed references from the main bridge article that only refer to the disaster; if, however, some of them should be kept, I'm sure they can be moved back in. (Ideally with an in-line citation to show what part of the main article is derived from them). I've also moved the images in the main bridge article around a little; they can be moved back so they're all down the right-hand side of the page, though, if that's _really_ what people want to see. Tevildo (talk) 12:16, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

Followup - The article got downgraded from GA to Start. The main thing which makes this bridge notable is the failure of the first bridge. I suggest putting the material back in place. - Denimadept (talk) 07:40, 18 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Rescinding my original "support": the pictures issue was resolved with a wholesale removal to Commons. --Old Moonraker (talk) 09:49, 18 July 2009 (UTC)

Opposition to the first bridge
You can find some interesting material at Patrick Matthew. Macdonald-ross (talk) 21:26, 23 March 2012 (UTC)

Famous not infamous
A previous editor changed the non-controversial remark that the failure of the first bridge was the most famous such disaster in the UK to the significantly different remark that it was the most infamous. My reversion of this has been promptly reverted by another editor with the comment that 'disasters are infamous'. Unless the word has changed since I went to school, they aren't (or aren't necessarily so). Events which are noteworthy (for good or for ill) are famous; for something to be infamous there must be infamy involved: it must be - to quote Chambers - "having a reputation of the worst kind; publicly branded with guilt; notoriously vile; disgraceful". So a human action can be infamous, and a disaster could be caused by an infamous act but not all disasters are infamous (many occur through coincidence of a number of minor faults or lapses), and it would be distinctly POV-y for Wikipedia to label any disaster as infamous; particularly the Tay Bridge disaster where the court of inquiry was (famously?)unable to agree on the extent to which Bouch should be 'publicly branded with guilt' Rjccumbria (talk) 02:39, 7 March 2013 (UTC)

Wind factor
'... When again visiting the spot I should wish, if possible, to have an opportunity of observing the effects of high wind when a train of carriages is running over the bridge ...'.
 * Was this request denied to the inspector? Valetude (talk) 16:29, 23 December 2014 (UTC)
 * I don't think so. It's more likely that his schedule didn't take him to that part of Scotland very often, and on those visits that he did make, the wind was not particularly high. -- Red rose64 (talk) 20:34, 23 December 2014 (UTC)

Train ferry
Could we have a few details about the train-ferry that was used before the first bridge was built -  when it started, where were the terminals, was it popular, and where was the next alternative rail bridge upstream? Valetude (talk) 16:32, 23 December 2014 (UTC)
 * The ferry (which might not have been a train ferry, i.e. one to carry railway vehicles) was between Tayport and Broughty Ferry. The next rail bridge upstream was at Perth - where it still is. -- Red rose64 (talk) 20:38, 23 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Vol 1 (pp 204-211) of the David & Charles NBR company history (given as reference in main article) gives some details of the NBR ferry services across Tay and Forth (but as with much of Thomas, if you look closely, not as much as you first thought).  Passengers crossed by passenger steamers, but their train does not appear to have crossed with them. Goods wagons could cross by wagon ferries invented -or perfected according to who you believe- by Bouch. The first such ferry (Leviathan) was built 1849 for the Forth crossing; the first wagon ferry noted by Thomas to have been used on the Tay is Carrier (built 1858) The ferries on the Forth are described by Thomas, who also reproduces a contemporary print of a wagon ferry : I think similar material can be found on the web, but am not immediately aware of anything similar for the Tay service. The Caledonian advertised its Edinburgh-Dundee service (routed via Perth) with NO FERRIES in block caps; its share of Edinburgh -Dundee traffic fell to 15% on the opening of the first Tay Bridge, and rose to about 50% when the Bridge failed (Thomas (vol 2, p19)); it seems fair to conclude that the ferries route was not particularly popular with passengers, but it is difficult to tell whether it was the ferries themselves that were unpopular or the multiple changes.   For the wagon ferries, Thomas says little, but contemporary Dundee newspapers alleged a large backlog of wagons waiting to cross because the NBR would not put enough money into the service.  Consequently coal was cheap in Fife, but expensive in Dundee.  Furthermore, Fife collieries who tried to send their coal to Dundee via Perth found that it was uncompetitive with coal from collieries in the Caledonian's heartland, because these got more favorable rates from the Caledonian.  (Hence it may be misleading to read the history of the Tay Bridge backwards from the subsequent 'Race to the North' : both Dundee and Fife wanted the Tay Bridge, irrespective of any grandiose schemes of the NBR to compete with the Caley for passenger traffic to Aberdeen) Rjccumbria (talk) 20:11, 30 December 2014 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 07:42, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

This article needs to be moved to Tay Bridge
The name of this bridge is the Tay Bridge, and the article should reflect that. Tony May (talk) 15:13, 3 April 2019 (UTC)

Requested move 15 April 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Moved. (non-admin closure) – Ammarpad (talk) 18:32, 22 April 2019 (UTC)

– THis isthe official name Tony May (talk) 16:02, 15 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Tay Rail Bridge → Tay Bridge
 * Tay Bridge → Tay Bridge (disambiguation)
 * Yeah, support. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 21:20, 15 April 2019 (UTC)
 * 'Support, adding a hatnote. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 20:00, 21 April 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Correct length
There are two references to the length in the first paragraph and then Within the summary one says 4,000m the other one says 3,000m Tapalmer99 (talk) 23:19, 4 August 2019 (UTC)
 * I can't find either figure. Which sentences are they given in? -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 13:24, 5 August 2019 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Tay Bridge


text:
List of NBC television affiliates (by U.S. state)

The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) is an American broadcast television network owned by the NBCUniversal Filmed and Entertainment division of NBCUniversal, which originated as a radio network in November 1926 and expanded into television in April 1939. The network currently has 12 owned-and-operated stations, and current affiliation agreements with 223 other television stations.

This article is a listing of current NBC affiliates in the United States and U.S. possessions (including subchannel affiliates, satellite stations and select low-power translators), arranged alphabetically by state, and based on the station's city of license and followed in parentheses by the Designated Market Area if it differs from the city of license. There are links to and articles on each of the stations, describing their histories, local programming and technical information, such as broadcast frequencies.

The station's advertised channel number follows the call letters. In most cases, this is their virtual channel (PSIP) number.

Stations listed in boldface are owned and operated by NBC through its subsidiary NBCUniversal Owned Television Stations (excluding owned-and-operated stations of Telemundo, unless the station simulcasts a co-owned NBC O&O station via a digital subchannel).

Alabama

 * Birmingham – WVTM-TV 13
 * Dothan – WRGX-LD 23.1 / WTVY-DT4 4.4
 * Huntsville – WAFF 48
 * Mobile – WPMI-TV 15
 * Montgomery – WSFA 12

Alaska
Some NBC programming is broadcast on the Alaska Rural Communications Service (ARCS).
 * Anchorage – KTUU-TV 2.1
 * Fairbanks – KTVF 11.1
 * Juneau – KATH-LD 2.1
 * Sitka – KSCT-LP 2.1 (satellite of KATH-LD)
 * Ketchikan – KUBD 2.1 (satellite of KATH-LD)

Arizona

 * Flagstaff – KNAZ-TV 2 (satellite of KPNX)
 * Mesa (Phoenix) – KPNX 12
 * Tucson – KVOA 4
 * Yuma – KYMA-DT 11.1

Arkansas

 * El Dorado (Monroe, LA) – KTVE 10
 * Fort Smith – KFTA-DT2 24.2 (simulcast of KNWA-TV)
 * Jonesboro – KAIT-DT2 8.2
 * Little Rock – KARK-TV 4
 * Rogers (Fayetteville) – KNWA-TV 51

California

 * Bakersfield – KGET-TV 17
 * Chico – KNVN 24
 * Eureka – KIEM-TV 3
 * Fresno – KSEE 24
 * Los Angeles – KNBC 4
 * Palm Springs – KMIR-TV 36
 * Sacramento – KCRA-TV 3
 * Salinas (Monterey) – KSBW 8
 * San Diego – KNSD 39
 * San Jose (San Francisco) – KNTV 11
 * San Luis Obispo (Santa Barbara) – KSBY 6

Colorado

 * Denver – KUSA 9
 * Grand Junction – KKCO 11
 * Pueblo (Colorado Springs) – KOAA-TV 5

Connecticut

 * New Britain (Hartford) – WVIT 30

Delaware

 * None; served by WCAU Philadelphia and WRDE-LD Salisbury, Maryland

District of Columbia

 * Washington, D.C. – WRC-TV 4

Florida

 * Daytona Beach (Orlando) – WESH 2 (ATSC 3.0 TV Station) / WKCF (ATSC 1.0 Simulcast)
 * Fort Myers – WBBH-TV 20
 * Gainesville – WNBW-DT 9
 * Jacksonville – WTLV 12
 * Miami – WTVJ 6 (ATSC 3.0 TV Station) / WSCV (ATSC 1.0 Simulcast)
 * Panama City – WJHG-TV 7
 * Tallahassee – WTWC-TV 40
 * Tampa – WFLA-TV 8
 * West Palm Beach – WPTV-TV 5

Georgia

 * Albany – WALB 10
 * Atlanta – WXIA-TV 11
 * Augusta – WAGT-CD 26 and WRDW-TV 12.2
 * Columbus – WLTZ 38
 * Macon – WMGT-TV 41
 * Savannah – WSAV-TV 3

Hawaii

 * Hilo – KSIX-TV 13 (satellite of KHNL)
 * Honolulu – KHNL 13
 * Wailuku – KOGG 13 (satellite of KHNL)

Idaho

 * Boise – KTVB 7
 * Pocatello (Idaho Falls) – KPVI-DT 6
 * Twin Falls – KTFT-LD 7 (satellite of KTVB)

Illinois

 * Chicago – WMAQ-TV 5
 * Decatur (Springfield) – WAND 17
 * Peoria – WEEK-TV 25
 * Quincy – WGEM-TV 10
 * Rockford – WREX 13

Indiana

 * Evansville – WFIE 14
 * Fort Wayne – WPTA-DT2 21.2
 * Indianapolis – WTHR 13
 * Lafayette - WPBI-LD2 16.2
 * South Bend – WNDU-TV 16
 * Terre Haute – WTWO 2

Iowa

 * Davenport – KWQC-TV 6
 * Des Moines – WHO-DT 13
 * Ottumwa – KYOU-DT2 15.2
 * Sioux City – KTIV 4
 * Waterloo (Cedar Rapids) – KWWL 7

Kansas

 * Garden City (Dodge City) – KSNG 11 (satellite of KSNW)
 * Great Bend – KSNC 2 (satellite of KSNW)
 * Salina – KSNL-LD 23 (satellite of KSNW)
 * Topeka – KSNT 27
 * Wichita – KSNW 3

Kentucky

 * Bowling Green – WNKY 40
 * Lexington – WLEX-TV 18
 * Louisville – WAVE 3
 * Paducah (Cape Girardeau, MO) – WPSD-TV 6

Louisiana

 * Alexandria – KALB-TV 5
 * Baton Rouge – WVLA-TV 33
 * Lake Charles – KPLC 7
 * Lafayette - KLAF-LD 14 / KADN-DT2 15.2
 * New Orleans – WDSU 6
 * Shreveport – KTAL 6

Maine

 * Bangor – WLBZ 2 (satellite of WCSH)
 * Fort Kent (Presque Isle) – WWPI-LD 16
 * Portland – WCSH 6

Maryland

 * Baltimore – WBAL-TV 11
 * Salisbury - WRDE-LD 26

Massachusetts

 * Springfield – WWLP 22 / WFXQ-CD 22 (repeater of WWLP)

Michigan

 * Alpena – WBKB-DT2 11.2
 * Cheboygan – WTOM-TV 4 (satellite of WPBN-TV)
 * Detroit – WDIV-TV 4
 * Grand Rapids – WOOD-TV 8
 * Marquette – WLUC-TV 6
 * Onondaga (Lansing) – WILX-TV 10
 * Saginaw (Flint) – WEYI-TV 25
 * Traverse City – WPBN-TV 7

Minnesota

 * Chisholm – KRII 11 (semi-satellite of KBJR-TV, Superior, WI)
 * Duluth – KBJR-TV 6 (Licensed to Superior, WI)
 * Minneapolis – KARE 11
 * Rochester – KTTC 10
 * Mankato - KMNF-LD 7

Mississippi

 * Grenada (Greenville) – WNBD-LD 33
 * Gulfport (Biloxi) – WXXV-DT2 25.2
 * Jackson – WLBT 3
 * Laurel (Hattiesburg) – WDAM-TV 7
 * Meridian – WGBC-DT2 30.2
 * Tupelo – WTVA 9

Missouri

 * Columbia – KOMU-TV 8
 * Joplin – KSNF 16
 * Kansas City – KSHB-TV 41
 * St. Joseph – KNPG-LD 21
 * St. Louis – KSDK 5
 * Springfield – KYTV 3

Montana

 * Billings – KULR-TV 8
 * Glendive – KXGN-DT2 5.2
 * Great Falls – KTGF-LD 50 (satellite of KTVH-DT)
 * Helena – KTVH-DT 12
 * Miles City – KYUS-TV 3 (satellite of KULR-TV)
 * NBC Montana
 * Bozeman – KDBZ-CD 29 (satellite of KECI-TV)
 * Butte – KTVM-TV 6 (satellite of KECI-TV)
 * Kalispell – KCFW-TV 9 (satellite of KECI-TV)
 * Missoula – KECI-TV 13

Nebraska

 * McCook – KSNK 8 (satellite of KSNW, Wichita, KS)
 * North Platte – KNOP-TV 2
 * Omaha – WOWT 6
 * Scottsbluff - KNEP 2
 * Superior (Grand Island/Lincoln) – KSNB-TV 4

Nevada

 * Las Vegas – KSNV 3
 * Reno – KRNV-DT 4

New Hampshire

 * Nashua (Boston, MA) – WBTS-CD 15

New Jersey

 * None; served by WNBC New York and WCAU Philadelphia

New Mexico

 * Albuquerque – KOB 4
 * Farmington – KOBF 12 (satellite of KOB)
 * Roswell – KOBR 8 (satellite of KOB)

New York

 * Albany – WNYT 13
 * Binghamton – WBGH-CD 20 / WIVT-DT2 34.2 (repeater of WBGH-CD)
 * Buffalo – WGRZ 2
 * Elmira – WETM-TV 18
 * New York City – WNBC 4
 * Plattsburgh (Burlington, Vermont) – WPTZ 5
 * Rochester – WHEC-TV 10
 * Syracuse – WSTM-TV 3
 * Utica – WKTV 2
 * Watertown - WVNC-LD 45

North Carolina

 * Charlotte – WCNC-TV 36
 * Raleigh – WRAL-TV 5
 * Washington (Greenville) – WITN-TV 7
 * Wilmington – WECT 6
 * Winston-Salem (Greensboro) – WXII-TV 12

North Dakota

 * Bismarck – KFYR-TV 5
 * Dickinson – KQCD-TV 7
 * Fargo – KVLY-TV 11
 * Minot – KMOT 10
 * Williston – KUMV-TV 8

Ohio

 * Cincinnati – WLWT 5
 * Cleveland – WKYC 3
 * Columbus – WCMH-TV 4
 * Dayton – WDTN 2
 * Lima – WLIO 8
 * Steubenville (Wheeling, West Virginia) – WTOV-TV 9
 * Toledo – WNWO-TV 24
 * Youngstown – WFMJ-TV 21
 * Zanesville – WHIZ-TV 18

Oklahoma

 * Ada (Sherman, Texas) – KTEN 10
 * Oklahoma City – KFOR-TV 4
 * Tulsa – KJRH-TV 2

Oregon

 * Bend – KTVZ 21
 * Coos Bay – KMCB 23 (repeater of KMTR)
 * Eugene – KMTR 16
 * Klamath Falls – KOTI 2
 * Medford – KOBI 5
 * Portland – KGW 8
 * Roseburg – KTCW 46 (repeater of KMTR)

Pennsylvania

 * Erie – WICU-TV 12
 * Johnstown – WJAC-TV 6
 * Lancaster (Harrisburg) – WGAL 8
 * Philadelphia – WCAU 10
 * Pittsburgh – WPXI 11
 * Wilkes-Barre – WBRE-TV 28

Rhode Island

 * Providence – WJAR 10

South Carolina

 * Charleston – WCBD-TV 2
 * Columbia – WIS 10
 * Greenville – WYFF 4
 * Myrtle Beach – WMBF-TV 32

South Dakota

 * Mitchell – KDLV-TV 5 (satellite of KDLT)
 * Rapid City – KNBN 21
 * Sioux Falls – KDLT-TV 46

Tennessee

 * Chattanooga – WRCB 3
 * Jackson – WNBJ-LD 39
 * Knoxville – WBIR-TV 10
 * Memphis – WMC-TV 5
 * Nashville – WSMV-TV 4

Texas

 * Abilene – KRBC-TV 9
 * Amarillo – KAMR-TV 4
 * Austin – KXAN-TV 36
 * Beaumont – KBMT-DT2 12.2
 * Brownsville (Rio Grande Valley) – KVEO-TV 23
 * Bryan – KAGS-LD 23 (semi-repeater of KCEN-TV)
 * Corpus Christi – KRIS-TV 6
 * El Paso – KTSM-TV 9
 * Fort Worth (Dallas) – KXAS-TV 5
 * Houston – KPRC-TV 2
 * Jacksonville (Tyler) – KETK-TV 56
 * Laredo – KGNS-TV 8
 * Lubbock – KCBD 11
 * Odessa (Midland) – KWES-TV 9
 * San Angelo – KSAN-TV 3
 * San Antonio – WOAI-TV 4
 * Temple (Waco and Killeen) – KCEN-TV 6
 * Texarkana (Shreveport, LA) – KTAL-TV 6
 * Victoria – KMOL-LD 17 / KAVU-DT2 25.2
 * Wichita Falls – KFDX-TV 3

Utah

 * Salt Lake City – KSL-TV 5

Vermont

 * None; served by WPTZ Plattsburgh, New York, WBTS-CD Boston, Massachusetts, and WNYT Albany, New York

Virginia

 * Bristol (Tri-Cities, Tennessee-Virginia) – WCYB-TV 5
 * Charlottesville – WVIR-TV 29 / WVIR-CD 29
 * Harrisonburg – WSVW-LD/W22EX-D 30/22 / WHSV-TV 3.2
 * Portsmouth (Norfolk) – WAVY-TV 10
 * Richmond – WWBT 12 / WRID-LD 36
 * Roanoke – WSLS-TV 10

Washington

 * Richland – KNDU 25 (satellite of KNDO)
 * Seattle – KING-TV 5
 * Spokane – KHQ-TV 6
 * Yakima – KNDO 23

West Virginia

 * Bluefield – WVVA 6
 * Clarksburg – WBOY-TV 12
 * Huntington (Charleston) – WSAZ-TV 3 (ATSC 3.0 TV Station) / WQCW (ATSC 1.0 Simulcast)
 * Parkersburg – WTAP-TV 15

Wisconsin

 * Eau Claire (La Crosse) – WEAU 13
 * Green Bay – WGBA-TV 26
 * Madison – WMTV 15
 * Milwaukee – WTMJ-TV 4
 * Rhinelander (Wausau) – WJFW-TV 12
 * Superior (Duluth, Minnesota) – KBJR-TV 6

Wyoming

 * Casper – KCWY-DT 13
 * Cheyenne – KGWN-DT2 5.2 (satellite of KNEP)

American Samoa

 * Pago Pago - KVZK 5

Guam

 * Hagåtña – KUAM-TV 8

Puerto Rico

 * San Juan – WKAQ-TV 2.3 (satellite of WNBC)

U.S. Virgin Islands

 * Charlotte Amalie – WVGN-LD 19

Aruba

 * Oranjestad – PJA-TV 15


text:
Juan Laurentino Ortiz

Juan Laurentino Ortiz (June 11, 1896 - September 2, 1978) was an Argentine poet, born in the town of Puerto Ruiz, Entre Ríos Province. He died in Paraná, capital of the same province, at the age of 82.

He spent his childhood in the wilds of Montiel, a landscape that forever marked his poetry.

He studied philosophy and lived a short time in Buenos Aires, but soon returned to his province. Although he joined some political movements, he lived mostly isolated from the cultural climate of Argentina's capital and only traveled abroad once at the invitation of the communist government of China.

His extensive work identified the mind with the landscape that surrounded him throughout his life in a "splendid monotony". The image of his tall and thin figure in concentrated observation of the river scenery transcended his work and became a literary legend. 'Juanele', as he began to be called in the literary circles of the Argentinian capital, published his poems of long verses in lowercase typography, taking painstaking care of every aspect of the manuscript. As a result, these characteristics tended to be respected by his publishers in the published version of his poems.

The symbolism of French and Oriental poetry influenced his work, which was characterized by delicacy and a contemplative disposition which often referred to rivers, trees, floods, and the changes of the seasons without skirting the social history of his home province. At the same time, his poems exhibit a special sensitivity to the "drama of poverty" and, in particular, the suffering of innocent children. One of his well-known poems, "The Gualeguay", is a narrative of both the landscape and historical and economic events that occurred on the banks of one of the rivers in the province.

Works

 * "El agua y la noche" (1924–1932)
 * "El alba sube..."(1933–1936)
 * "El ángel inclinado" (1938)
 * "La rama hacia el este" (1940)
 * "El álamo y el viento" (1947)
 * "El aire conmovido" (1949)
 * "La mano infinita" (1951)
 * "La brisa profunda" (1954)
 * "El alma y las colinas" (1956)
 * "De las raíces y del cielo" (1958)
 * "En el aura del sauce" (Complete works 1970-1971, including "El junco y la corriente", "El Gualeguay" and "La orilla que se abisma", which were previously unpublished)

title: Juan Laurentino Ortiz


text:
User talk:Tualha

Hello Tualha, welcome to Wikipedia. Thanks for spotting the problems on the User preferences help page. I would recommend you be bold and fix it! The page on Image use policy has some instructions on uploading new images, which you could do to replace the current screen shots and the how to edit page might help if you haven't already come across it. The Naming conventions and Manual of Style are useful too.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Angela 16:45, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Anne Heche
Well, no, I have no permission. The idea is that if someone privately creates those screencaps and posts them on some fan page whose/what copyright is being violated when we use them? Also, there's the concept of "fair use": We're not selling Heche's picture or offering it for sale, are we? But of course if you are a lawyer and/or you know that using that image will cause trouble, please remove it. --KF 02:45, 13 Nov 2003 (UTC) (Editorial note: There can still be a violation of copyright regardless of whether or not money is being made).

Re your addition on Pages needing attention, Cleanup may be also useful for you to add this to as well :) Dysprosia 05:33, 13 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Nice work on Tchaikovsky International Competition. RickK 06:16, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)

In response to your query about United States v. Eichman:

What are you talking about? I saw vandalism about something that I could find a source to write with, wrote a rather decent article, and by the time I posted it, someone else had deleted the vandalism... ugen64 02:13, Dec 8, 2003 (UTC)

Closetspace
Thanks for the link! Scarily enough, I was just discovered this place and POOF, a link shows up here. Thanks again!

--Jenn

Just a note, the site has since moved. :) http://www.dolari.org/cs Jenn Dolari 04:11, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC)

WWW
Thanks for the tip, if I have time, I'll also look here. Bmills 14:13, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Tualha

thanks for your suggestion. There seems to be a consensus. I've checked out the wiki howto pages and this does seem to be the right place for the log homework page. However, the infrastructure doesn't yet exist...so I guess it's up to me to create it!

best wishes

Robinh 22:35, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)

hi Tualha, yes you're right of course,and it's V. good advice to heed, two wrongs never made a right, as one was  taught as children; but occasionally one's passions get the better of us, often later to regret. In the grand scale of things it is of course little consequence what pages stay or go, i could as easily begin a web-site dedicated to Sir T.B as contribute to the wiki; it's just  becomes frustrating when all when wants to do is to share knowledge but then to be confronted by opposition; but that is what sometimes makes it more fun. Thanks a bunch: with the world and its many probs. who cares about matters of little consequence; shall endeavour to transcend it all!Norwikian 08:47, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

as of 2003
Tnx for repairing my dreadful spelling on Innocence Project; i'm not sure whether to be relieved or distressed that i repeated the same slip 3 times. [wink] I restored the "as of 2003" link; its purpose is not widely understood, but it is discussed at length at Wikipedia talk:As of, which is can also be found by looking at the talk page of the Redirect page (instead of just the page redirected to) of any of the "As of ..." links. A little confusing, sorry about that. --Jerzy 06:22, 2003 Dec 17 (UTC)

Sorry again: better yet, As of; i'm trying to figure out why i didn't lead myself more naturally to that; maybe it was my own fault. --Jerzy

Tualha, thanks for adding the VFD headers to Clifton Suspension Bridge seen from Hotwells and Clifton Suspension Bridge seen from the Clifton Side. I know better than to not put the notices on them, but my brain doesn't always work as well as I'd like. :} -Anthropos 04:24, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)

...and thanks for pointing it out to me. My $0.02 (or the equivalent in pounds sterling) has been duly deposited on VFD. --rbrwr

" No one would market or stock such a thing.". I'm sure you're right (I do hope so) but this is fairly close (don't worry, non-gross link). -- Finlay McWalter 15:53, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Classical music competitions
Last year you put List of classical music competitions under Pages Needing Attention. I added a couple of competitions off the top of my head. I have some material on this subject at home that I could add. I do need to know scope, though. Is this page to be limited to international and national competitions, or can state and local competitions also be included? 207.74.196.20 19:34, 10 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Takedown letter time for WordIQ.com - please help
See my comment at the end of Sites that use Wikipedia for content. --mav 05:17, 18 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Rocky Horror Picture Show
You can easily find out which theatres are playing RHPS by heading to one of many movie showtimes sites, and, before giving your location, search for The Rocky Horror Picture Show. Then give it only your most general location (CA, for instance), to increase the SNR.

And on a side note, are you going to Lunacon this year? I'll be there.

Xoder 14:29, Mar 12, 2004 (UTC)
 * Sorry to hear there is no Lunacon in your future. If you want a good 'Con on the cheap, check with local colleges.     — Xoder | Talk 14:41, Mar 16, 2004 (UTC)

Tualha, I'm pretty sure you'll live. Stargoat 14:45, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Edit attribution
Hi Tualha. I'm afraid I can't really reattribute your edits without confirmation that they're really from you (there are various legal issues involved apart from anything else). Sorry  — Kate Turner | Talk 06:32, 2004 Sep 5 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

IPSC
My recollection is that there was an original IPSC entry with content on the International Practical Shooting Confederation. After your disambig changes, I can't seem to find it. Am I misremembering?

Thanks,

Database 23:38, Dec 31, 2004 (UTC)

 * Nevermind ... it looks like it was deleted for copyright violation on the 25th. Thanks.

Database 00:11, Jan 1, 2005 (UTC)

America the Beautiful
The reason for the "hymnal" stuff was in response to an earlier writer who took out the reference to it being a hymn, just because he didn't think it was true and obviously hadn't bothered to research it. It does, in fact, appear in hymnals. If someone else re-inserts the part about it being a hymn, be prepared to go through this cycle again. Wahkeenah 1 July 2005 13:42 (UTC)

Everything I know in detail about the song was in the Lynn Sherr book... which repeatedly cites efforts by various folks to make it the national hymn, or whatever... reinforced with the standard presence of the song in Christian hymnals. I'm guessing you wouldn't find it in a Muslim hymnal, if there is such a thing, although one never knows. The song has an obvious religious undercurrent to it. I would argue that it qualifies as a hymn. I agree, though, with being uncomfortable calling it a Christian Hymn as such, even though it appears in Christian hymnals, simply because Jesus' name is nowhere to be seen in it. However, it comes from a time when America was thoroughly Christian (if anything) and references to God implicitly assumed the Christian God. All in all, it's not a big enough deal to make a big deal about. :) Wahkeenah 2 July 2005 21:03 (UTC)

VfD vote
Most people tend to pick a side and stick to it. It's just human nature that it's hard to change your position in response to something as "minor" as a rational argument. Considering how hard it is for me to do it, I admire you for accomplishing it. Actually, your example of Rosa Parks was a good one, and I should've thought of it myself. JamesMLane 7 July 2005 22:02 (UTC)

Blocking of 62.215.3.61
Hi there! To answer your question, it is usual to put a message on the talk page of a registered user who has been blocked. Unregistered users, however, have no permanent talk page as the exact IP number changes every time they long on. David Cannon 10:54, 3 August 2005 (UTC)

Second tagline poll - please follow this link
(This is already announced on Pump and Rfc but I'm adding it here because you contributed to the tagline talk page discussion.) Thanks! -- Sitearm | Talk 05:18, 2005 August 16 (UTC)

Change for Wikipedians from Florida
The list Wikipedians/Florida has been replaced by Category:Wikipedians in Florida. Your name has been removed from the list. If you would like to remain listed as a Wikipedian from Florida, please add to your User page. thanks!

 Dalbury ( Talk) 16:42, 29 December 2005 (UTC), a member of WikiProject Florida, a new project to improve articles about the state -- please join us and help!

I do some of the time but when it is minor I don't bother- just mark it as minor. However because of my cologne blue setting on wikipedia I tend to forget about the recent changes page and that the world is watching!! ♦ Sir Blofeld ♦ "Expecting you" Contribs 21:11, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

non-english welcome template
Hi,

I've added a translation into dutch on the talk page.

Mauritsmaartendejong 16:18, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

About dutch teenagers: don't confuse the existential quantifier with the universal quantifier. Anyway, if the message is meant for teenagers, we should probably change the formal pronouns I used for the informal ones; the teenagers might be offended ;-)

Cheers, Mauritsmaartendejong 20:29, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

I've done a Japanese version of the template: welcomeen-ja -- Meyer (talk) 08:21, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

Actually
I've been doing it this way for years and you're the first to complain :) I'll take a look. But anyway, what is the "view AFD" link for? I've never quite understood that - it seems to me that if you're looking at today's AFD page, you are already viewing the AFDs. >Radi a n t <  14:54, 16 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Yeah, but you also get the section edit links, which already allow you to edit that page, and then either you do that in a new tab, or use the 'back' button of your browser to hop to the log ;) >Radi a n t <  15:08, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sega Blazengi
Hee hee. Bearian 21:34, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

Pran Nath
I proded him or her when I wasn't signed in. I don't do google searches when I prod someone because my attitude is that if all the original author can do (or any subsequent editors) ends up with Pran Nath is a professor at XYZ University, than the article indicates nn to me. If the person is notable, I feel that the author should indicate it in the article even if it is just 3 sentences, which really takes no time, and saying the barest of facts - since it can always be fleshed out later. Simply stating Prof. Jones is the chief of his dept. at XYZ Ivy League College and a Nobel Prize winner in the field of .... is enough to indicate notability, really takes only seconds more to write, and would only lead me to add a stub tag if one wasn't already there. Bottom line, I go by what is written in the article. But, if the article is improved to the point where I feel notability is established, as happened here, then I have no problem. In fact, that is what I hope happens - that I spur the original author or other editors to improve the article. Postcard Cathy 11:20, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

Re:template:Oasis Hong Kong
Hi, I am Holmes.Sherlock! Holmes.sherlock 15:57, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

Please return to WikProject Media franchises
Dear Tualha...You are invited to come back to discuss WikiProject Media franchises. Since you participated in one or more discussions of the project, possibly when it was known as WikiProject Fictional series, I hope to see you return to it. The project needs your participation. Currently there is no activity on the project's talk page about the reorganization which is discouraging. I had great expectations for this project as it touches so many topics but am becoming discouraged. I hope to see you return. LA (If you reply here, please leave me a message on my talk page.) @ 19:42, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

Wikipedia's tagline
Hi. I noticed that you participated in a 2005/2006 discussion and straw poll on whether or not the tagline at the top of all Wikipedia articles should be changed from "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" to "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit". I don't know if you're still interested in this issue or not, but this exact change has been proposed once again, this time at the Village pump, and there is currently an RFC (Request for Comment) on the subject where it is being discussed. All Hallow's Wraith (talk) 18:07, 13 May 2010 (UTC)

Categories for discussion nomination of Category:Poor English welcome messages
Category:Poor English welcome messages, which you created, has been nominated for deletion, merging, or renaming. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the Categories for discussion page. Thank you. עוד מישהו Od Mishehu 16:54, 16 September 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:54, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Nomination of Crank (person) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Crank (person) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Crank (person) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. Sojourner in the earth (talk) 18:08, 10 October 2022 (UTC)

Nomination of Maya Kaathryn Bohnhoff for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Maya Kaathryn Bohnhoff is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Maya Kaathryn Bohnhoff until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. Jdcooper (talk) 23:56, 23 July 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tualha


text: User talk:193.195.0.102

title: User talk:193.195.0.102


text:
Israel Gelfand

Israel Moiseevich Gelfand, also written Israïl Moyseyovich Gel'fand, or Izrail M. Gelfand (ישראל געלפֿאַנד, Изра́иль Моисе́евич Гельфа́нд, Ізраїль Мойсейович Гельфанд; 2 September 1913 – 5 October 2009) was a prominent Soviet-American mathematician. He made significant contributions to many branches of mathematics, including group theory, representation theory and functional analysis. The recipient of many awards, including the Order of Lenin and the first Wolf Prize, he was a Foreign Fellow of the Royal Society and professor at Moscow State University and, after immigrating to the United States shortly before his 76th birthday, at Rutgers University. Gelfand is also a 1994 MacArthur Fellow.

His legacy continues through his students, who include Endre Szemerédi, Alexandre Kirillov, Edward Frenkel, Joseph Bernstein, David Kazhdan, as well as his own son, Sergei Gelfand.

Early years
A native of Kherson Governorate, Russian Empire (now, Odesa Oblast, Ukraine), Gelfand was born into a Jewish family in the small southern Ukrainian town of Okny. According to his own account, Gelfand was expelled from high school under the Soviets because his father had been a mill owner. Bypassing both high school and college, he proceeded to postgraduate study at the age of 19 at Moscow State University, where his advisor was the preeminent mathematician Andrei Kolmogorov. He received his PhD in 1935.

Gelfand immigrated to the United States in 1989.

Work
Gelfand is known for many developments including:

 * the book Calculus of Variations (1963), which he co-authored with Sergei Fomin;
 * Gelfand's formula, which expresses the spectral radius as a limit of matrix norms.
 * the Gelfand representation in Banach algebra theory;
 * the Gelfand–Mazur theorem in Banach algebra theory;
 * the Gelfand–Naimark theorem;
 * the Gelfand–Naimark–Segal construction;
 * Gelfand–Shilov spaces;
 * the Gelfand–Pettis integral;
 * the representation theory of the complex classical Lie groups;
 * contributions to the theory of Verma modules in the representation theory of semisimple Lie algebras (with I. N. Bernstein and S. I. Gelfand);
 * contributions to distribution theory and measures on infinite-dimensional spaces;
 * the first observation of the connection of automorphic forms with representations (with Sergei Fomin);
 * conjectures about the Atiyah–Singer index theorem;
 * ordinary differential equations (Gelfand–Levitan theory);
 * work on calculus of variations and soliton theory (Gelfand–Dikii equations);
 * contributions to the philosophy of cusp forms;
 * Gelfand–Fuchs cohomology of Lie algebras;
 * Gelfand–Kirillov dimension;
 * integral geometry;
 * combinatorial definition of the Pontryagin class;
 * Coxeter functors;
 * general hypergeometric functions;
 * Gelfand–Tsetlin patterns;
 * Gelfand–Lokutsievski method;
 * and many other results, particularly in the representation theory of classical groups.

Gelfand ran a seminar at Moscow State University from 1943 until May 1989 (when it continued at Rutgers University), which covered a wide range of topics and was an important school for many mathematicians.

Influence outside mathematics
The Gelfand–Tsetlin (also spelled Zetlin) basis is a widely used tool in theoretical physics and the result of Gelfand's work on the representation theory of the unitary group and Lie groups in general.

Gelfand also published works on biology and medicine. For a long time he took an interest in cell biology and organized a research seminar on the subject.

He worked extensively in mathematics education, particularly with correspondence education. In 1994, he was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship for this work.

Personal life
Gelfand was married to Zorya Shapiro, and their two sons, Sergei and Vladimir both live in the United States. The third son, Aleksandr, died of leukemia. Following the divorce from his first wife, Gelfand married his second wife, Tatiana; together they had a daughter, Tatiana. The family also includes four grandchildren and three great-grandchildren. Memories about I. Gelfand are collected at a dedicated website handled by his family.

Gelfand was an advocate of animal rights. He became a vegetarian in 1994 and vegan in 2000.

Honors and awards
Gelfand held several honorary degrees and was awarded the Order of Lenin three times for his research. In 1977 he was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society. He won the Wolf Prize in 1978, Kyoto Prize in 1989 and MacArthur Foundation Fellowship in 1994. He held the presidency of the Moscow Mathematical Society between 1968 and 1970, and was elected a foreign member of the U.S. National Academy of Science, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Royal Irish Academy, the American Mathematical Society and the London Mathematical Society.

In an October 2003 article in The New York Times, written on the occasion of his 90th birthday, Gelfand is described as a scholar who is considered "among the greatest mathematicians of the 20th century", having exerted a tremendous influence on the field both through his own works and those of his students.

Death
Gelfand died at the Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital near his home in Highland Park, New Jersey. He was less than five weeks past his 96th birthday. His death was first reported on the blog of his former collaborator Andrei Zelevinsky and confirmed a few hours later by an obituary in the Russian online newspaper Polit.ru.

Publications

 * Generalized Functions Volumes, 1-6, American Math Society, (2015)
 * Generalized Functions Volumes, 1-6, American Math Society, (2015)
 * Generalized Functions Volumes, 1-6, American Math Society, (2015)
 * Generalized Functions Volumes, 1-6, American Math Society, (2015)
 * Generalized Functions Volumes, 1-6, American Math Society, (2015)
 * Generalized Functions Volumes, 1-6, American Math Society, (2015)
 * Generalized Functions Volumes, 1-6, American Math Society, (2015)
 * Generalized Functions Volumes, 1-6, American Math Society, (2015)
 * Generalized Functions Volumes, 1-6, American Math Society, (2015)
 * Generalized Functions Volumes, 1-6, American Math Society, (2015)
 * Generalized Functions Volumes, 1-6, American Math Society, (2015)
 * Generalized Functions Volumes, 1-6, American Math Society, (2015)
 * Generalized Functions Volumes, 1-6, American Math Society, (2015)
 * Generalized Functions Volumes, 1-6, American Math Society, (2015)
 * Generalized Functions Volumes, 1-6, American Math Society, (2015)
 * Generalized Functions Volumes, 1-6, American Math Society, (2015)
 * Generalized Functions Volumes, 1-6, American Math Society, (2015)
 * Generalized Functions Volumes, 1-6, American Math Society, (2015)

title: Israel Gelfand