text:
Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong

The Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (DAB) is a pro-Beijing conservative political party registered since 1992 in Hong Kong. Chaired by Gary Chan and holding 13 Legislative Council seats, it is currently the largest party in the legislature and in terms of membership, far ahead of other parties. It has been a key supporting force to the SAR administration and the central government's policies on Hong Kong.

The party was established in 1992 as the "Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong" by a group of traditional Beijing loyalists who pledged allegiance to the Chinese Communist Party. As the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong was approaching, the party actively participated in elections in the last years of the colonial rule and became one of the major party and the ally to the government in the early post-handover era.

The DAB took a major blow in the 2003 District Council election due to the unpopular Tung Chee-hwa administration and the proposed legislation of the Article 23 of the Basic Law. However, the party still managed to recover its loss in the following decades, further expanded its electoral base and membership and absorbed the pro-business Hong Kong Progressive Alliance in 2005, becoming the a dominant force in Hong Kong politics.

The party received electoral successes in the 2007 and 2011 District Council elections, winning 136 local elected offices at its peak, and won 13 seats in the 2012 Legislative Council election thanks to its effective electoral strategy. In the 2019 District Council elections, however, the party received a significant loss of four-fifth of its seats the midst of the widespread anti-government protests.

Founding and the reunification (1992–1998)
The Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong was founded as part of a wave of political party formations as Hong Kong approached its handover to China and amid electoral reform initiated by Governor Chris Patten. The 1991 Legislative Council election, which saw the defeat of all pro-Beijing candidates, was a catalyst to the forming of the DAB. In January 1992, director of the Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office Lu Ping publicly encouraged the organisation of pro-Beijing political parties for the 1995 elections. Politicians from the Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions (FTU) and other pro-Beijing organisations including the Hong Kong Federation of Education Workers (FEW) formed the DAB on 10 July 1992, with Tsang Yok-sing as the party's first chairperson. The DAB was the first major pro-Beijing party as a part of the "United Front" on the eve of the handover of Hong Kong.

Compared with other pro-Beijing parties in Hong Kong, the DAB was more grassroots-oriented. The 56 founding members of the DAB held political views that were sympathetic towards China and emphasised friendly Sino-Hong Kong relations. At the time of founding, many of them held political positions associated with the Chinese government or pro-Beijing groups in Hong Kong. Chairman Tsang Yok-sing was a delegate to Guangdong Province People's Political Consultative Conference, vice-chairman Tam Yiu-chung and Chan Yuen-han were executive members of the pro-Beijing trade union FTU, and secretary Cheng Kai-nam was appointed by the Chinese government as the Hong Kong Affairs Advisor. Political scientist Sonny Lo Shiu-hing notes that early DAB members are also "pro-Hong Kong" in the sense that they advocate for the interests of Hong Kong and lobby Chinese officials.

The DAB became the direct rival to the major pro-democracy party United Democrats of Hong Kong and its successor Democratic Party, which was formed in 1994. The DAB first fielded a candidate in the 1993 Regional Council by-election and lost. In the following year, the DAB participated in the 1994 District Board elections, where 37 of its 83 candidates were elected. In 1995, it participated in the municipal elections, winning eight directly elected and two indirectly elected seats. Major leaders of the DAB participated in the 1995 Legislative Council election. It was regarded as test cases of the popularity of the new party. Three of the four party leaders were defeated by pro-democracy candidates in the election, including party chairman Tsang Yok-sing who lost to Liu Sing-lee of the Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood (ADPL) in the Kowloon Central constituency.

The DAB took part in the preparation for establishing the Special Administrative Region on the eve of the handover of Hong Kong. In January 1996, Tsang Yok-sing, Tam Yiu-chung, Ng Hong-mun and Lee Cho-jat were appointed to the Preparatory Committee. It had 46 members elected to the Beijing-controlled Selection Committee in November 1996. In the following month, the Selection Committee elected 10 DAB members to the Provisional Legislative Council (PLC). The DAB and the Hong Kong Progressive Alliance (HKPA), another pro-Beijing party, allied with each other in the crucial Provisional Legislative Council debate on the substantial arrangements for the 1998 LegCo elections. This move was tacitly endorsed by the Heung Yee Kuk, and heralded as the unofficial merger of the parties. The Provisional Legislative Council, which was controlled by the pro-Beijing camp, vetoed the democratic reform introduced by the last British governor Chris Patten and replaced the first-past-the-post with the proportional representation method in the Legislative Council elections, so that the weaker DAB would be able to exploit the benefit of the proportional representation by taking a seat in every geographical constituency without having a majority of the votes. After the SAR was established, Tam Yiu-chung and was also appointed to the Executive Council by Chief Executive Tung Chee-hwa as the representative of the party.

Early Tung Chee-hwa administration and Article 23 setback (1998–2003)
The DAB's electoral campaigns have been largely assisted by Beijing and its united front organs. The Liaison Office would mobilise various social groups and organisations to campaign for and to vote for the party, including employees of PRC state-owned companies and grassroots organisations such as the New Territories Association of Societies (NTAS) and the Kowloon Federation of Associations (KFA). The DAB's sister organisation FTU also mobilised its workers to campaign for the DAB members. The FTU also sent a recommendation letter to its four hundred thousand members to seek support for DAB candidates.

In the 1998 LegCo election, the DAB took five directly elected seats with a quarter of the popular vote, compared to only two seats with 15% of the votes in the 1995 elections. According to Karl Ho, the change from a candidate-based system to an electoral list proportional representation system benefitted the DAB.

In December 1998, the party's 5th Central Committee decided to increase a Vice-Chairmanship, Ip Kwok-him and Cheng Kai-nam were subsequently elected as vice-chairmen. In the first District Council elections in November 1999, the party filled in 176 candidates, 83 of which were elected, more than double compared to the 1994 elections.

In the second SAR LegCo elections in September 2000, despite the conflict of interests scandal of Cheng Kai-nam, the DAB became a clear winner, capturing 11 seats in total, 7 in geographical constituency direct elections, 3 in functional constituencies and 1 Election Committee constituency. Although Cheng Kai-nam was elected, he soon resigned his party posts and LegCo seat under public pressure. After DAB candidate Christopher Chung Shu-kun losing to pro-democracy Independent Audrey Eu in the 10 December Hong Kong Island by-election, the DAB commanded 10 LegCo seats by the end of 2000.

In July 2002 the beginning of the second term of Tung Chee-hwa's administration, Chairman Tsang Yok-sing was appointed to the Executive Council under the Principal Officials Accountability System (POAS), succeeding Tam Yiu-chung. However the governing coalition between Tung Chee-hwa the DAB and the pro-business Liberal Party suffered from growing disunity as the popularity of Tung administration dropped. Although it continued provide stable support to the government as Beijing's demand, it paid a hefty political price in the sense of increasing middle-class disaffection with the party and growing rank-and file complaint. The DAB was increasingly frustrated by unequal political exchange with the government and the skimpy political rewards meted out by Tung. Tsang Yok-sing even openly aired his displeasure and advocated power sharing with the government.

In the wake of the controversies over the legislation of Article 23 of the Basic Law, which outlaws treason, sedition, subversion and secession against the central government, the image of DAB was severely undermined by its unconditional support and defence of the legislation. The November 2003 District Councils elections saw the worst electoral performance in party's history, only 62 of the 206 candidates were elected. The party vice-chairman and LegCo member Ip Kwok-him was defeated in his own power base and long-time headquarter Kwun Lung by the pro-democracy The Frontier member and LegCo member Cyd Ho Sau-lan by a narrow margin of 64 votes. The election results led to the resignation of chairman Tsang Yok-sing. Tsang claimed that the electoral setback was due to the DAB's "Tung loyalist" public image. In December the party's Standing Committee elected Ma Lik as Tsang's successor.

Late 2000s expansion and electoral victories (2004–2012)
The 2004 LegCo electoral campaign unfolded amid an economic rebound partly engineered by Beijing's up-lifting measures. The PRC athletes' impressive gains in the August 2004 Athens Olympics and the 50 Chinese Gold Medalists' visit to Hong Kong right before the polling induced among the voters a strong nationalistic pride that was beneficial to DAB candidates. The DAB also managed to exploit the proportional representation to equalise votes for two of the candidates the party endorsed standing in the same constituency. Although support of Chan Yuen-han (FTU) was far higher than Chan Kam-lam (DAB) in Kowloon East, according to earlier polls, the two organisations managed to have both elected. At Hong Kong Island constituency, the ticket of Ma Lik and Choy So-yuk ultimately benefitted from a democratic camp mix-up that led to the resignation of the Democratic Party Chairman, Yeung Sum. The DAB become the largest political party in the Legislative Council to be represented with 12 seats (if including the two members ran under the FTU banner), with the pro-business Liberal Party coming second with 10 seats and the Democratic Party coming third with 9 seats.

On 16 February 2005, the DAB merged with the Hong Kong Progressive Alliance, and was renamed as the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong. The two parties were merged with new committees and leadership in May, Ma Lik was re-elected as chairman and Ip Kwok-him, Tam Yiu-chung, Maria Tam and Lau Kong-wah as vice-chairmen. Since the merge with the Progressive Alliance, the DAB has gradually leaned to a more pro-middle-class position. In April 2007 leadership election, solicitor Gregory So succeeded Maria Tam as the vice-chairman of the party. The four new Standing Committee members were all professionals; besides Gregory So, Cheung Kwok-kwan, the Chairman of the Young DAB was a solicitor, Starry Lee Wai-king was an accountant, Ben Chan Han-pan was an engineer. Meanwhile, the pro-labour and pro-grassroots FTU faction began to run in elections in their own banner. On 8 August 2007, Chairman Ma Lik died of cancer in Guangzhou. Tam Yiu-chung was elected as the new chairman by the Standing Committee on 28 August.

The District Council Elections in 2007 saw the great bounce back of the DAB by winning 115 seats, more than a quarter of the seats in the district level, far ahead of other political parties. Gregory So resigned as the vice-chairman and was succeeded by Ann Chiang when he was appointed as the Under Secretary for Commerce and Economic Development by Chief Executive Donald Tsang in May 2008, among other DAB members appointed to the government. Gregory So was later revealed by the media as having Canadian citizenship, which he had to renounce as a result. The scandal became an electoral issue in the following 2008 LegCo Election that the pan-democracy camp used to attack the DAB candidates. Nevertheless, the DAB remained as the largest party in the Legislative Council in the election, winning 13 seats in total (if including the FTU candidates who had DAB membership). Chan Yuen-han and Wong Kwok-hing were founding members of the DAB and used to run for the DAB, they began to run under the FTU banner with more pro-labour position. In October, Tsang Yok-sing, the founding Chairman of the DAB, was elected as the President of the Legislative Council, becoming the first LegCo President with party membership. His seat at the Executive Council was succeeded by vice-chairman Lau Kong-wah.

In the 2011 District Council Elections, the DAB recorded a greatest victory in party's history, accumulating 136 seats, about one-third of the total, more than all pro-democratic parties combined.

Leung Chun-ying era (2012–2017)
The DAB supported Leung Chun-ying in the 2012 Chief Executive election. In the Legislative Council elections in September, with the party's first use of the electoral tactics of splitting candidate lists, the DAB won three seats in the New Territories West for the first time and two seats Hong Kong Island since 2004. It continued as the largest political force supporting the SAR administration today.

The DAB stood firmly with the government in the constitutional reform debate in 2014–15, and subsequently the massive Occupy protests against the 2014 NPCSC decision. On 17 April 2015, Starry Lee Wai-king became the first woman to chair the party, succeeding the outgoing Tam Yiu-chung. In the 2015 District Council election, the first election under Starry Lee's chairmanship, the DAB retained its largest party status by winning 119 seats (including two who also ran under FTU banner), although incumbent legislators Christopher Chung and Elizabeth Quat were ousted by newcomers.

After the 2014 Occupy protests, there was an emerging pro-independence movement in which the DAB strongly opposed. In the 2016 New Territories East by-election, DAB member Holden Chow ran against the Civic Party's Alvin Yeung and pro-independence Hong Kong Indigenous' Edward Leung. Chow received about 35 per cent and about 10,000 votes short of the Civic Party candidate.

With four veteran incumbents, LegCo president Tsang Yok-sing, Tam Yiu-chung, Chan Kam-lam and Ip Kwok-him, retiring, the DAB set a more conservative electoral strategy in the 2016 Legislative Council election, fielding only nine candidate lists in the geographical constituencies and District Council (Second) functional constituency, two fewer than the last election. The DAB got all their nine candidate lists elected as a result with three traditional functional constituencies with a drop of their vote share from 20.22 to 16.68 per cent vote share. Chan Hak-kan succeeded Ip as the new caucus convenor.

In the 2017 Chief Executive election, the DAB which commanded over 100 seats in the Election Committee, endorsed and nominated former Chief Secretary for Administration Carrie Lam, which help her to defeat former Financial Secretary John Tsang with 777 votes. In return, the Carrie Lam administration appointed Cheung Kwok-kwan to be a new member in the Executive Council.

Carrie Lam era (2017–2022)
In the March 2018 Legislative Council by-election triggered by the disqualification of Youngspiration's Yau Wai-ching over the oath-taking controversy, the DAB supported its member Vincent Cheng and the former FTU legislator Tang Ka-piu who joined the DAB before the election to run in Kowloon West and New Territories East respectively. Despite Tang's loss, Cheng made a surprising upset by narrowly defeating independent democrat Yiu Chung-yim, making it the first time the pro-Beijing camp received greater vote share than the pro-democrats in a geographical constituency since 2000 and the first time a pro-Beijing candidate won in a geographical constituency by-election since 1992.

In October 2020, Apple Daily reported that Carrie Lam had blamed the DAB for failing to raise political support for her administration, saying the DAB had failed for years in providing the government with "talent." Lam was also reported to be unhappy with two government ministers from the DAB, and fired one but kept the other to avoid embarrassing the DAB.

In November 2020, following the expulsion of 4 pro-democracy lawmakers from the Legislative Council, the DAB expressed support for the decision and accused the pro-democracy lawmakers of harming the country's interest.

In February 2021, following calls from Xia Baolong that only "patriots" should be part of the government, the DAB supported his position and said that it should be done, as it claimed pro-democracy figures had done things "[I]ncluding advocating Hong Kong independence to poison young people, supporting black violence to damage the rule of law, colluding with foreign forces to interfere in Hong Kong's affairs and even attempting to steal the power to govern by running in an election to paralyse the government."

John Lee era (2022–present)
In August 2022, after Nancy Pelosi visited Taiwan, the DAB said it fully supported the mainland Chinese government and military in response to the visit.

Ideology
The DAB is known as a Beijing loyalist party of "loving China and loving Hong Kong". It stresses the "one country" part of the "One country, two systems" principle. As for issues on democratic reform, it takes a position to support slower pace in relative to what the Democratic Party supports, DAB claims by doing so stability and prosperity will be achieved. Former party chairman Tam Yiu-chung claims the DAB to be "rational and pragmatic".

The party's main claim is that it is natural for ethnic Chinese in Hong Kong to be "patriotic" and support the government of the People's Republic of China. The party supports nearly every policy of the HKSAR Government.

 * Furthering co-operation between Hong Kong and the mainland, promoting mutual trust, and creating opportunities economically.
 * "Constructive monitor" of the HKSAR government, scrutinising various government policies and decisions, providing "constructive policy alternatives" whilst securing the progress, prosperity, social stability and harmony for Hong Kong.
 * To break down social barriers based on the common interest of Hong Kong; to strengthen communications with Hong Kong residents to better reflect their opinion; to be more accountable to the public.
 * To nurture political talent by committing the necessary funding, organising training, providing opportunities for those who want to take part in politics.

The DAB's support of social welfare improvements, including greater spending on education, housing, and employee retraining, has given it strong grassroots support.

The DAB was historically a left-wing party, but it is currently considered a big tent or centre-right party. It had leaned to a more pro-middle-class position and professional-oriented since its merger with the Hong Kong Progressive Alliance (HKPA) in 2005.

The party also takes a social conservative stance, espousing 'traditional family values' and opposing same-sex marriage despite it not being in the party's official platform. The DAB collaborated with evangelical Christian organisations in 2006 in drafting a submission on "harmonious families". These organisations include the Hong Kong branches of the Full Gospel Business Men's Fellowship International and the Christian Broadcasting Network.

Internal factions
As the largest political party of Hong Kong, the party can be divided into several main factions:
 * Business sector, with business and professionals background and also former members of the Hong Kong Progressive Alliance.
 * Rural leaders representing the interests of Indigenous inhabitants of the New Territories.
 * Members with Hong Kong Federation of Education Workers background.
 * Unionists, i.e. members belonging or came from the Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions.

Comments of Tiananmen massacre
On 15 May 2007, then-party chairman Ma Lik provoked widespread condemnation within the local community when he claimed that "there was not a massacre" during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, as there was "no intentional and indiscriminate shooting". He said the popular belief of foreigners' "rash claims" that a massacre took place showed Hong Kong's lack of maturity. He said that Hong Kong showed, through this lack of patriotism and national identity, that it would thus "not be ready for democracy until 2022".

Vice-chairman Tam Yiu-chung defended Ma, but questioned the timing: "people will understand it gradually". However, Vice-chairman Lau Kong-wah, immediately offered to apologise, and distanced the party from Ma, saying that Ma had expressed "a personal opinion". The DAB Central committee declined any further action against Ma following their meeting, and there was no official apology.

Allegations of irregularities
The DAB has been accused by pro-democracy media and politicians of providing benefits to certain people, including seafood meals and local trips to outlying islands at prices significantly lower than market rates to win their support. Other allegations include arranging free transport to mobilise people for their causes.

During the 2015 District Council elections, the South China Morning Post reported that elderly residents of care homes were being bussed to polling stations by DAB-arranged transport. A DAB candidate, Daniel Lam Tak-shing, was alleged to have instructed them on who to vote for outside of a polling station, raising questions on whether those votes were cast of their own will. He was also accused of giving out free gifts to these residents. However, none of these practices are strictly illegal in Hong Kong.

Young DAB
The youth wing is the Young Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (Young DAB). In August 2022, it released results of a survey, showing that 30% of those polled in Hong Kong did not identify as being Chinese. The Young DAB said that the government should enhance national identity, and vice-chairman Nicholas Muk Ka-chun said that "If you've looked at the Education Bureau's website [...] you would have noticed that the word 'patriot' does not exist".

Vice-Chairpersons

 * Tam Yiu-chung, 1992–1997, 2002–2007
 * Cheng Kai-nam, 1997–2000
 * Ip Kwok-him, 1998–2009
 * Lo Chi-keung, 2000–2005
 * Maria Tam Wai-chu, 2005–2007
 * Lau Kong-wah, 2005–2012
 * Gregory So Kam-leung, 2007–2008
 * Ann Chiang Lai-wan, 2008–2015
 * Carson Wen, 2009–2011
 * Horace Cheung Kwok-kwan, 2011–2022
 * Starry Lee Wai-king, 2011–2015
 * Thomas Pang Cheung-wai, 2013–2019
 * Brave Chan Yung, 2013–present
 * Gary Chan Hak-kan, 2015–2023
 * Holden Chow Ho-ding, 2015–present
 * Chan Hok-fung, 2019–2021
 * Thomas Pang Cheung-wai, 2021–2023
 * Ben Chan Han-pan, 2023–present
 * Elizabeth Quat, 2023–present

Secretaries general

 * Cheng Kai-nam, 1992–1997
 * Ma Lik, 1997–2003
 * Kan Chi-ho, 2003–2009
 * Thomas Pang Cheung-wai, 2009–2013
 * Chan Hok-fung, 2013–2019
 * Albert Wong Shun-yee, 2019–2021
 * Chan Hok-fung, 2021–present

Treasurers

 * Wong Kine-yuen, 1992–2017
 * Chong Wai-ming, 2017–present

Deputy secretaries general

 * Tso Wong Man-yin, 2005–2009
 * Albert Wong Shun-yee, 2009–2011
 * Chan Hok-fung, 2011–2013
 * Chris Ip Ngo-tung, 2013–present
 * Kin Hung Kam-in, 2017–present
 * Vincent Cheng Wing-shun, 2017–present
 * Joe Lai Wing-ho, 2017–present
 * Frankie Ngan Man-yu, 2019–present

Senate chairmen

 * Jose Sun-Say Yu, 2005–2015
 * Lo Man-tuen, 2015–present

Executive Council

 * Ip Kwok-him
 * Cheung Kwok-kwan

District Councils
The DAB has won 109 seats in all 18 District Councils (2024–2027):

National People's Congress

 * Chan Yung
 * Choy So-yuk
 * Ip Kwok-him
 * Tam Yiu-chung (NPCSC member)
 * Wong Ting-chung

Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference

 * Chau On Ta-yuen
 * Rock Chen Chung-nin
 * Chong Shaw-swee
 * Chung Shui-ming
 * Ip Shun-hing
 * Starry Lee Wai-king
 * Leung Che-cheung
 * Lo Siu-kit
 * Nancy Wong
 * Michael Ngai Ming-tak
 * Thomas Pang Cheung-wai
 * Irons Sze
 * Ricky Tsang Chi-ming
 * Wong Ming-yeung
 * Yu Kwok-chun
 * Zhou Chun-ling


text:
List of varieties of Chinese

The following is a list of Sinitic languages and their dialects. For a traditional dialectological overview, see also varieties of Chinese.

Classification
"Chinese" is a blanket term covering many different varieties spoken across China. Mandarin Chinese is the most popular dialect, and is used as a lingua franca across China.

Linguists classify these varieties as the Sinitic branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Within this broad classification, there are between seven and fourteen dialect groups, depending on the classification.

The conventionally accepted set of seven dialect groups first appeared in the second edition of the dialectology handbook edited by Yuan Jiahua (1961). In order of decreasing number of speakers, they are:

 * 1) Guan (including Beijing and Nanjing variants)
 * 2) Wu (including the Shanghainese and Suzhounese variants)
 * 3) Yue (including the Cantonese and Taishanese variants)
 * 4) Min (including the Hokkien and Fuzhounese variants)
 * 5) Hakka (Kejia)
 * 6) Xiang (Hunanese)
 * 7) Gan (Jiangxinese)

The revised classification of Li Rong, used in the Language Atlas of China (1987) added three further groups split from these:

 * 1) Mandarin → Jin
 * 2) Wu → Huizhou
 * 3) Yue → Pinghua
 * 4) Min
 * 5) Hakka (Kejia)
 * 6) Xiang
 * 7) Gan

Summary
The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:

List of languages and dialects
In addition to the varieties listed below, it is customary to speak informally of dialects of each province (such as Sichuan dialect and Hainan dialect). These designations do not generally correspond to classifications used by linguists, but each nevertheless has characteristics of its own.

Gan

 * 赣语/贛語

Mandarin

 * 官话/官話

The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:

Hui

 * 徽语/徽語

Sometimes subcategory of Wu.

Jin

 * 晋语/晉語

Sometimes a subcategory of Mandarin.

Hakka

 * 客家话/客家話

Min

 * 闽语/閩語

Wu

 * 吴语/吳語

Xiang

 * 湘语/湘語

Yue
[[File:Ping and Yue dialect map.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|
 * 粤语/粵語

]]

Pinghua

 * 平话/平話

Ba-Shu

 * 巴蜀语/巴蜀語

Other
The non-Min dialects of Hainan were once considered Yue, but are now left unclassified:

Mixed languages
In addition to the varieties within the Sinitic branch of Sino-Tibetan, a number of mixed languages also exist that comprise elements of one or more Chinese varieties with other languages.

List in the Atlas
The extensive 1987 Language Atlas of China groups Chinese local varieties into the following units:
 * Supergroup (大区 dàqū), of which there are but two: Mandarin and Min
 * Group (区 qū), corresponding to the varieties of Chinese of the ISO standard
 * Subgroup (片 piàn), which may be mutually unintelligible with other subgroups
 * Cluster (小片 xiǎopiàn), which may be mutually unintelligible with other clusters
 * Local dialect (点 diǎn), which are the dialects sampled by the Atlas

In the list below, local dialects are not listed. Groups are in bold, subgroups are numbered, and clusters are bulleted.

 * Northeastern Mandarin
 * 1) Jishen
 * 2) * Jiaoning
 * 3) * Tongxi
 * 4) * Yanji
 * 5) Hafu
 * 6) * Zhaofu
 * 7) * Changjin
 * 8) Heisong
 * 9) * Nenke
 * 10) * Jiafu
 * 11) * Zhanhua
 * Jilu Mandarin
 * 1) Baotang
 * 2) * Laifu
 * 3) * Dingba
 * 4) * Tianjin
 * 5) * Jizun
 * 6) * Luanchang
 * 7) * Fulong
 * 8) Shiji
 * 9) * Zhaoshen
 * 10) * Xingheng
 * 11) * Liaotai
 * 12) Canghui
 * 13) * Huangle
 * 14) * Yangshou
 * 15) * Juzhao
 * 16) * Zhanghuan

 * Beijing Mandarin
 * 1) Jingshi
 * 2) Huaicheng
 * 3) Chaofeng
 * 4) Shike
 * Jiaoliao Mandarin
 * 1) Qingzhou
 * 2) Denglian
 * 3) Gaihuan
 * Central Plains Mandarin
 * 1) Zhengcao
 * 2) Cailu
 * 3) Luoxu
 * 4) Xinbeng
 * 5) Fenhe
 * 6) * Pingyang
 * 7) * Jiangzhou
 * 8) * Xiezhou
 * 9) Guanzhong
 * 10) Qinlong
 * 11) Longzhong
 * 12) Nanjiang
 * Lanyin Mandarin
 * 1) Jincheng
 * 2) Yinwu
 * 3) Hexi
 * 4) Tami

 * Southwestern Mandarin
 * 1) Chengyu
 * 2) Dianxi
 * 3) *Yaoli
 * 4) *Baolu
 * 5) Qianbei
 * 6) Kungui
 * 7) Guanchi
 * 8) *Minjiang
 * 9) *Renfu
 * 10) *Yamian
 * 11) *Lichuan
 * 12) Ebei
 * 13) Wutian
 * 14) Cenjiang
 * 15) Qiannan
 * 16) Xiangnan
 * 17) Guiliu
 * 18) Changhe
 * Jianghuai Mandarin
 * 1) Hongchao
 * 2) Tairu
 * 3) Huangxiao
 * (unclassified Mandarin)
 * 1) Hubeihua
 * 2) Henanhua
 * 3) Nanping dialect
 * 4) Yangyu dialect
 * 5) Junhua
 * 6) Longmen dialect

 * Jin
 * 1) Bingzhou
 * 2) Lüliang
 * 3) *Fenzhou
 * 4) *Xingxi
 * 5) Shangdang
 * 6) Wutai
 * 7) Dabao
 * 8) Zhanghu
 * 9) Hanxin
 * 10) *Cizhang
 * 11) *Huoji
 * 12) Zhiyan
 * Wu
 * 1) Taihu
 * 2) *Piling
 * 3) *Suhujia
 * 4) *Tiaoxi
 * 5) *Hangzhou
 * 6) *Linshao
 * 7) *Yongjiang
 * 8) Taizhou
 * 9) Oujiang
 * 10) Wuzhou
 * 11) Chuqu
 * 12) *Chuzhou
 * 13) *Longqu
 * 14) Xuanzhou
 * 15) *Tongjin
 * 16) *Taigao
 * 17) *Shiling

 * Hui
 * 1) Jishe
 * 2) Xiuyi
 * 3) Qide
 * 4) Yanzhou
 * 5) Jingzhan
 * Gan
 * 1) Changjing
 * 2) Yiliu
 * 3) Jicha
 * 4) Fuguang
 * 5) Yingyi
 * 6) Datong
 * 7) Leizi
 * 8) Dongsui
 * 9) Huaiyue
 * Xiang
 * 1) Changyi
 * 2) Loushao
 * 3) Jixu
 * Yue
 * 1) Guangfu
 * 2) Yongxun
 * 3) Gaoyang
 * 4) Siyi
 * 5) Goulou
 * 6) Wuhua
 * 7) Qinlian
 * Pinghua
 * 1) Guibei
 * 2) Guinan

 * Hakka
 * 1) Yuetai
 * 2) * Jiaying
 * 3) * Xinghua
 * 4) * Xinhui
 * 5) * Shaonan
 * 6) Yuezhong
 * 7) Huizhou
 * 8) Yuebei
 * 9) Tingzhou
 * 10) Ninglong
 * 11) Yugui
 * 12) Tonggu
 * Southern Min
 * 1) Zaytonese (Quanzhang / Hokkien / Taiwanese / Minnan)
 * 2) Hinghua (Puxian / Putianese)
 * 3) Beitou (Quanpu / Zuanpo)
 * 4) Liong-na (Longyan)
 * 5) Datian (Duacan / Qianluhua)
 * 6) Taoyuan
 * 7) Teochew (Chaoshan / Chaozhou)
 * 8) Sanxiang (Zhongshan Minnan)
 * 9) Luichow (Leizhou)
 * 10) Hainanese (Qiongwen)
 * Eastern Min
 * 1) Fuqing (S. Houguan)
 * 2) Foochow (C. Houguan)
 * 3) Kutien (Gutian / N. Houguan)
 * 4) Songkou (Yangzhong / W. Houguan / S. Minqing / W. Yongtai)
 * 5) Ningde (S. Funing)
 * 6) Fu'an (C. Funing)
 * 7) Xiapu (E. Funing)
 * 8) Fuding (N. Funing)
 * 9) Taishun (Manjiang)
 * 10) Cangnan (Manhua)
 * 11) Longtu (Longdu)
 * 12) Nanlang
 * Western Min
 * 1) Jianzhou (Jianou / Nanping / Minbei)
 * 2) Shaojiang
 * 3) Yongan (Minzhong)
 * 4) Xinqiao (Chitian / Houluhua / Wenjiang)
 * Central Min
 * 1) Youxi (Chengguan)
 * 2) Xibin
 * 3) Zhongxian (Jihua)

 * Unclassified topolects
 * She (the Chinese variety now spoken by the She people)
 * Danzhou dialect
 * Xianghua
 * Shaoguan Tuhua
 * Southern Hunan Tuhua

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of varieties of Chinese


text:
Talk:Transcendental (album)

I see it quite problematic to lump such difficult concept as 'transcendental' (in philosophical sense) together with religion, death and humour. It easily causes confusion instead of enlightenment. There is nothing "super-natural" to 'transcendental'.

Secondly, in relation to 'transcendental' it would be clarifying to make a distinction between 'transcendental' and 'transcendent' (in the original German, provided I remember properly: 'transzendental' vs. 'transzendent'): the former referring in general to the conditions and possibilities of experiential (or observational) knowledge, the latter referring to to that which exceeds the former. ('Transzendent' basically meaning or referring to the real thing, say, the physical thing that is "the cause" of the observation of it, the 'Ding an sich').

Thirdly, It would be useful for a reader to gain some information concerning those who have most powerfully affected our understanding of 'transcendental', namely Immanuel Kant and Edmund Husserl. Especially it would be very important to inform the reader about the fundamental difference between Kant and Husserl on 'transcendental': for Husserl the 'transcendental' is something that has been gained also experientally throughout one's life-process, i.e.  'transcendental' isn't innate. Husserl's concept 'life-world' ('Lebenswelt') refers to that so that from actual everyday-life we abstract certain understanding and "patterns" (sorry, I can't invent better word) pertaining to our ordinary life. These function as transcendental categories/concepts that condition our experience, therefore also our knowledge concerning the real world outside our consciousnesses.

Fourthly, 'transcendental' does not mean 'metaphysical'. Instead, in a sense transcendental philosophy is contrary to metaphysical speculation. They do not belong together.

 * Methinks you could perhaps edit the page with clear definitions of the word(s) relating to transzendenzisch matters and replace the current text. Wouldn't that be good? Nixdorf 23:37, 24 Nov 2003 (UTC)

I agree that this definition needs some added up date. The definition is one that Emanuel Kant presented, but discounts all the other various ideas and definitions. Theologically I have a very strong disagreement that the mere definition of Transcendental = unknowable.

Album comparisons --addition of Lacuna Coil??
Not sure where this one came from. I haven't seen LC likened to To-Mera anywhere but just because a metal band has female vocals does that mean they sound like Lacuna Coil? Or Nightwish or Evanescence? If you listen to this album you will see it sounds nothing like LC! The band's influences are from the metal not the Gothic scene. I can only guess that whoever added the LC link hasn't heard the album yet [unsurprising since the promos aren't even being sent out till next week].

Article and Redirect Moved
I renamed (moved) this article from "Transcendental" to Transcendental (album), which is more in keeping with Wiki naming practices. This also corrects the complete replacement of the orginal redirect in this edit. — Loadmaster 22:52, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Transcendental tomera.jpg
Image:Transcendental tomera.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 02:14, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Transcendental (album)


text:
Schistosoma

Schistosoma is a genus of trematodes, commonly known as blood flukes. They are parasitic flatworms responsible for a highly significant group of infections in humans termed schistosomiasis, which is considered by the World Health Organization as the second-most socioeconomically devastating parasitic disease (after malaria), with hundreds of millions infected worldwide.

Adult flatworms parasitize blood capillaries of either the mesenteries or plexus of the bladder, depending on the infecting species. They are unique among trematodes and any other flatworms in that they are dioecious with distinct sexual dimorphism between male and female. Thousands of eggs are released and reach either the bladder or the intestine (according to the infecting species), and these are then excreted in urine or feces to fresh water. Larvae must then pass through an intermediate snail host, before the next larval stage of the parasite emerges that can infect a new mammalian host by directly penetrating the skin.

Evolution
The origins of this genus remain unclear. For many years it was believed that this genus had an African origin, but DNA sequencing suggests that the species (S. edwardiense and S. hippopotami) that infect the hippo (Hippopotamus amphibius) could be basal. Since hippos were present in both Africa and Asia during the Cenozoic era, the genus might have originated as parasites of hippos. The original hosts for the South East Asian species were probably rodents.

Based on the phylogenetics of the host snails it seems likely that the genus evolved in Gondwana between and.

The sister group to Schistosoma is a genus of elephant-infecting schistosomes — Bivitellobilharzia.

The cattle, sheep, goat and cashmere goat parasite Orientobilharzia turkestanicum appears to be related to the African schistosomes. This latter species has since been transferred to the genus Schistosoma.

Within the haematobium group S. bovis and S. curassoni appear to be closely related as do S. leiperi and S. mattheei.

S. mansoni appears to have evolved in East Africa 0.43–0.30 million years ago.

S. mansoni and S. rodhaini appear to have shared a common ancestor between 107.5 and 147.6 thousand years ago. This period overlaps with the earliest archaeological evidence for fishing in Africa. It appears that S. mansoni originated in East Africa and experienced a decline in effective population size 20-90 thousand years ago before dispersing across the continent during the Holocene. This species was later transmitted to the Americas by the slave trade.

S. incognitum and S. nasale are more closely related to the African species rather than the japonicum group.

S. sinensium appears to have radiated during the Pliocene.

S. mekongi appears to have invaded South East Asia in the mid-Pleistocene.

Estimated speciation dates for the japonicum group: ~3.8 million years ago for S. japonicum/South East Asian schistosoma and ~2.5 million years ago for S. malayensis/S. mekongi.

Schistosoma turkestanicum is found infecting red deer in Hungary. These strains appear to have diverged from those found in China and Iran. The date of divergence appears to be 270,000 years before present.

Taxonomy
The genus Schistosoma as currently defined is paraphyletic, so revisions are likely. Over twenty species are recognised within this genus.

The genus has been divided into four groups: indicum, japonicum, haematobium and mansoni. The affinities of the remaining species are still being clarified.

Thirteen species are found in Africa. Twelve of these are divided into two groups—those with a lateral spine on the egg (mansoni group) and those with a terminal spine (haematobium group).

Mansoni group
The four mansoni group species are: S. edwardiense, S. hippotami, S. mansoni and S. rodhaini.

Haematobium group
The nine haematobium group species are: S. bovis, S. curassoni, S. guineensis, S. haematobium, S. intercalatum, S. kisumuensis, S. leiperi, S. margrebowiei and S. mattheei.

S. leiperi and S. matthei appear to be related. S. margrebowiei is basal in this group. S. guineensis is the sister species to the S. bovis and S. curassoni grouping. S. intercalatum may actually be a species complex of at least two species.

Indicum group
The indicum group has three species: S. indicum, S. nasale and S. spindale. This group appears to have evolved during the Pleistocene. All use pulmonate snails as hosts. S. spindale is widely distributed in Asia, but is also found in Africa. They occur in Asia and India.

S. indicum is found in India and Thailand.

The indicum group appears to be the sister clade to the African species.

Japonicum group
The japonicum group has five species: S. japonicum, S. malayensis and S. mekongi, S. ovuncatum and S. sinensium and these species are found in China and Southeast Asia.

S. ovuncatum forms a clade with S. sinensium and is found in northern Thailand. The definitive host is unknown and the intermediate host is the snail Tricula bollingi. This species is known to use snails of the family Pomatiopsidae as hosts.

S. incognitum appears to be basal in this genus. It may be more closely related to the African-Indian species than to the Southeast Asian group. This species uses pulmonate snails as hosts. Examination of the mitochondria suggests that Schistosoma incognitum may be a species complex.

New species
As of 2012, four additional species have been transferred to this genus., previously classified as species in the genus Orientobilharzia. Orientobilharzia differs from Schistosoma morphologically only on the basis of the number of testes. A review of the morphological and molecular data has shown that the differences between these genera are too small to justify their separation. The four species are

 * Schistosoma bomfordi
 * Schistosoma datta
 * Schistosoma harinasutai
 * Schistosoma turkestanicum

Hybrids
The hybrid S. haematobium-S.guineenis was observed in Cameroon in 1996. S. haematobium could establish itself only after deforestation of the tropical rainforest in Loum next to the endemic S. guineensis; hybridization led to competitive exclusion of S. guineensis. In 2003, a ''S. mansoni-S. rodhaini'' hybrid was found in snails in western Kenya, As of 2009, it had not been found in humans.

In 2009, ''S. haematobium–S. bovis'' hybrids were described in northern Senegalese children. The Senegal River Basin had changed very much since the 1980s after the Diama Dam in Senegal and the Manantali Dam in Mali had been built. The Diama dam prevented ocean water to enter and allowed new forms of agriculture. Human migration, increasing number of livestock and sites where human and cattle both contaminate the water facilitated mixing between the different schistosomes in N'Der, for example. The same hybrid was identified during the 2015 investigation of a schistosomiasis outbreak on Corsica, traced to the Cavu river.

In 2019, a ''S. haematobium–S. mansoni'' hybrid was described in a 14-year-old patient with hematuria from Côte d'Ivoire.

Cladogram
A cladogram based on 18S ribosomal RNA, 28S ribosomal RNA, and partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) genes shows phylogenic relations of species in the genus Schistosoma:

Geographical distribution
Geographical areas associated with schistosomiasis by the World Health Organization as of January 2017 include in alphabetical order: Africa, Brazil, Cambodia, the Caribbean, China, Corsica, Indonesia, Laos, the Middle East, the Philippines, Suriname, and Venezuela. There had been no cases in Europe since 1965, until an outbreak occurred on Corsica.

Schistosomiasis
The parasitic flatworms of Schistosoma cause a group of chronic infections called schistosomiasis known also as bilharziasis. An anti-schistosome drug is a schistosomicide.

Species infecting humans
Parasitism of humans by Schistosoma appears to have evolved at least three occasions in both Asia and Africa.

 * S. guineensis, a recently described species, is found in West Africa. Known snail intermediate hosts include Bulinus forskalii.
 * S. haematobium, commonly referred to as the bladder fluke, originally found in Africa, the Near East, and the Mediterranean basin, was introduced into India during World War II. Freshwater snails of the genus Bulinus are an important intermediate host for this parasite. Among final hosts humans are most important. Other final hosts are rarely baboons and monkeys.
 * S. intercalatum. The usual final hosts are humans. Other animals can be infected experimentally.
 * S. japonicum, whose common name is simply blood fluke, is widespread in East Asia and the southwestern Pacific region. Freshwater snails of the genus Oncomelania are an important intermediate host for S. japonicum. Final hosts are humans and other mammals including cats, dogs, goats, horses, pigs, rats and water buffalo.
 * S. malayensis This species appears to be a rare infection in humans and is considered to be a zoonosis . The natural vertebrate host is Müller's giant Sunda rat (Sundamys muelleri). The snail hosts are Robertsiella species (R. gismanni, R. kaporensis and R. silvicola (see Attwood et al. 2005 Journal of Molluscan Studies Volume 71, Issue 4 pp. 379–391).
 * S. mansoni, found in Africa, Brazil, Venezuela, Suriname, the lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic. It is also known as Manson's blood fluke or swamp fever. Freshwater snails of the genus Biomphalaria are an important intermediate host for this trematode. Among final hosts humans are most important. Other final hosts are baboons, rodents and raccoons.
 * S. mekongi is related to S. japonicum and affects both the superior and inferior mesenteric veins. S. mekongi differs in that it has smaller eggs, a different intermediate host (Neotricula aperta) and longer prepatent period in the mammalian host. Final hosts are humans and dogs. The snail Tricula aperta can also be experimentally infected with this species.

Species infecting other animals
Schistosoma indicum, Schistosoma nasale, Schistosoma spindale, Schistosoma leiperi are all parasites of ruminants.

Schistosoma edwardiense and Schistosoma hippopotami are parasites of the hippo.

Schistosoma ovuncatum and Schistosoma sinensium are parasites of rodents.

Morphology
Adult schistosomes share all the fundamental features of the digenea. They have a basic bilateral symmetry, oral and ventral suckers, a body covering of a syncytial tegument, a blind-ending digestive system consisting of mouth, esophagus and bifurcated caeca; the area between the tegument and alimentary canal filled with a loose network of mesoderm cells, and an excretory or osmoregulatory system based on flame cells. Adult worms tend to be 10 – long and use globins from their hosts' hemoglobin for their own circulatory system.

Reproduction
Unlike other trematodes and basically all other flatworms, the schistosomes are dioecious, i.e., the sexes are separate. The two sexes display a strong degree of sexual dimorphism, and the male is considerably larger than the female. The male surrounds the female and encloses her within his gynacophoric canal for the entire adult lives of the worms. As the male feeds on the host's blood, he passes some of it to the female. The male also passes on chemicals which complete the female's development, whereupon they will reproduce sexually. Although rare, sometimes mated schistosomes will "divorce", wherein the female will leave the male for another male. The exact reason is not understood, although it is thought that females will leave their partners to mate with more genetically distant males. Such a biological mechanism would serve to decrease inbreeding, and may be a factor behind the unusually high genetic diversity of schistosomes.

Genome
The genomes of Schistosoma haematobium, S. japonicum and S. mansoni have been reported.

History
The eggs of these parasites were first seen by Theodor Maximilian Bilharz, a German pathologist working in Egypt in 1851 who found the eggs of Schistosoma haematobium during the course of a post mortem. He wrote two letters to his former teacher von Siebold in May and August 1851 describing his findings. Von Siebold published a paper in 1852 summarizing Bilharz's findings and naming the worms Distoma haematobium. Bilharz wrote a paper in 1856 describing the worms more fully. Their unusual morphology meant that they could not be comfortably included in Distoma. So in 1856 Meckel von Helmsback (de) created the genus Bilharzia for them. In 1858 David Friedrich Weinland proposed the name Schistosoma (Greek: "split body") because the worms were not hermaphroditic but had separate sexes. Despite Bilharzia having precedence, the genus name Schistosoma was officially adopted by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. The term Bilharzia to describe infection with these parasites is still in use in medical circles.

Bilharz also described Schistosoma mansoni, but this species was redescribed by Louis Westenra Sambon in 1907 at the London School of Tropical Medicine who named it after his teacher Patrick Manson.

In 1898, all then known species were placed in a subfamily by Stiles and Hassel. This was elevated to family status by Looss in 1899. Poche in 1907 corrected a grammatical error in the family name. The life cycle of Schistosoma mansoni was determined by the Brazilian parasitologist Pirajá da Silva (1873-1961) in 1908.

In 2009, the genomes of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum were decoded opening the way for new targeted treatments. In particular, the study discovered that the genome of S. mansoni contained 11,809 genes, including many that produce enzymes for breaking down proteins, enabling the parasite to bore through tissue. Also, S. mansoni does not have an enzyme to make certain fats, so it must rely on its host to produce these.

Treatment
Praziquantel

title: Schistosoma


text:
Shenyang J-5

The Shenyang J-5 (Chinese: 歼-5) (NATO reporting name Fresco ) is a Chinese-built single-seat jet interceptor and fighter aircraft derived from the Soviet Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17. The J-5 was exported as the F-5 and was originally designated Dongfeng-101 (East Wind-101) and also Type 56 before being designated J-5 in 1964.

The MiG-17 was license-built in China and Poland into the 1960s. The People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) obtained a number of Soviet-built MiG-17 Fresco-A day fighters, designated J-4 in the early 1950s. To introduce modern production methods to Chinese industry the PLAAF obtained plans for the MiG-17F Fresco-C day fighter in 1955, along with two completed pattern aircraft, 15 knockdown kits, and parts for ten aircraft. The first Chinese-built MiG-17F, (serialed Zhong 0101), produced by the Shenyang factory, performed its initial flight on 19 July 1956 with test pilot Wu Keming at the controls.

Plans were obtained in 1961 for the MiG-17PF interceptor and production began, as the J-5A (F-5A), shortly afterwards. At this time the Sino-Soviet split occurred, causing much disruption to industrial and technical projects, so the first J-5A did not fly until 1964, when the type was already obsolete. A total of 767 J-5s and J-5As had been built when production ended in 1969.

The Chinese also built a two-seat trainer version of the MiG-17, designated the Chengdu JJ-5 (Jianjiji Jiaolianji - Fighter Trainer - FT-5), from 1968, by combining the two-seat cockpit of the MiG-15UTI, the VK-1A engine of the J-5, and the fuselage of the J-5A. All internal armament was deleted and a single Nudelman-Richter NR-23 23 mm cannon was carried in a ventral pack. Production of the JJ-5 reached 1,061 when it ceased in 1986, with the type exported to a number of countries.

Operational history
The J-5 and JJ-5 saw widespread use by the PLAAF until supplanted by more capable aircraft the Shenyang J-6 and later Chengdu J-7.

Variants

 * Type 56 - pre-service designation for the J-5.
 * Dongfeng-101 - original service name for the J-5.
 * Shenyang J-5 - (Jianjiji-5 - fighter) Chinese production aircraft re-designated in 1964. 767 built, all single-seat variants.
 * Shenyang J-5A - licence production of the radar-equipped Mig-17PF. The total production figure for this variant was over 300. J-5As were still in service with the PLAAF when J-6A & J-6B were phased out.
 * Chengdu JJ-5 - (Jianjiji Jiaolianji - fighter trainer) A twin-seat trainer version of the J-5 designed and developed by Chengdu Aircraft Corporation. Combined the J-5 airframe, J-5A airbrakes and the tandem twin-seat cockpit section of the JJ-2 (MiG-15UTI). Export versions designated FT-5.
 * Shenyang J-5 torpedo bomber - A single aircraft modified to carry a single torpedo under the fuselage centreline. The central cannon was removed, as was some fuel storage capacity. Trials showed performance degradation was too great and further work was abandoned.

Current operators

 * 🇰🇵 North Korea
 * North Korean Air Force — 106 Shenyang F-5s and 135 Shenyang FT-5s are in service. However, reports of dire levels of serviceability suggest an airworthiness rate of less than 50%.

Former operators

 * 🇦🇱 Albania
 * Albanian Air Force — Shenyang J-5 jets were among the first Chinese military aid to Albania. However, their deployment against the Yugoslav air incursions was relatively unsuccessful due to their subsonic speed, and the aircraft were soon reassigned once Shenyang J-6s became available. Remaining J-5s are retired and in storage.

 * 🇧🇩 Bangladesh
 * Bangladeshi Air Force — All retired in 1980.

 * 🇰🇭 Cambodia
 * Khmer Air Force — Ten Shenyang J-5 jets were delivered to the then Royal Khmer Aviation (AVRK) in 1965 as military aid. Only six were operational by 1970, only to be lost in January 1971 when the Cambodian Air Force was almost entirely destroyed on the ground by a North Vietnamese Army sapper attack.

 * 🇨🇳 China
 * People's Liberation Army Air Force
 * People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force

 * 🇵🇰 Pakistan
 * Pakistan Air Force — Retired 5 January 2012. The PAF's No. 1 Fighter Conversion Unit (FCU) operated more than 25 FT-5 trainers from 1975 to 2012, replaced in service by Pakistani-built K-8P Karakorums.

 * 🇱🇰 Sri Lanka
 * Sri Lankan Air Force — J-5s were used as jet familiarisation trainers for Sri Lankan Air Force pilots.

 * 🇸🇩 Sudan
 * Sudanese Air Force — 16 F-5s and FT-5s were delivered in 1969. Another FT-5 was received around 1983. Lastly, two FT-5s might have been ordered in 2001. Sudanese Air Force F-5s might have been used for ground attack missions against members of the Ansar movement in 1970.

 * 🇹🇿 Tanzania
 * Tanzanian Air Force — Up to 22 FT-5 trainers delivered, starting in 1973.

 * Vietnam
 * Vietnamese Air Force — The Vietnamese Air Force used J-5s alongside the Soviet-supplied MiG-17s for interception missions until the 1990s when they were retired, along with the remaining MiG-19s, being replaced with newer MiG-21s and Su-27s.

 * 🇿🇲 Zambia
 * Zambia Air Force - 12 F-5s and FT-5s delivered, probably between 1976 and 1978.

 * 🇿🇼 Zimbabwe
 * Air Force of Zimbabwe — Two FT-5s leased by China as trainers for Chengdu F-7s around 1986. They were later replaced by two twin-seat FT-7BZs, and returned to China by the mid-1990s.

title: Shenyang J-5


text:
Korinna

Korinna is a serif typeface, first released by the H. Berthold AG type foundry in 1904. A revival of the typeface was designed in 1974 by Ed Benguiat and Vic Caruso for the International Typeface Corporation (ITC). Their version follows the formulary ITC approach of increased x-height, and multiple weights from light to ultra. The face is named for the ancient Greek poet.

Notable uses
Korinna is known for its usage in television. It is perhaps best known as the display font for clues on the 1984 version of Jeopardy!. It was also used on ABC's Good Morning America from 1986 to 1988, as the chapter placard typeface for the television series Frasier, Hank Parker's Outdoor Magazine, TNN's New Country, and Mork and Mindy, The Joy of Painting public television series from 1986 to 1989, and for home videos such as Paramount Home Video's warning screen from 1989 to 1995. Japanese video game developer and publisher Capcom has always used the Korinna typeface, for both its former and current logos. The Walt Disney Company used the font when re-releasing its animated features to theatres and VHS by labelling them as Walt Disney's Classic on the movie posters and VHS covers, the word classic in Korinna typeface. The font was used for title and heading text on some Advanced Dungeons and Dragons books and is used for the current GURPS logo. It was also used to render the subtitle text in the music video to Devo's "Whip It". It features prominently as cover typeface of every The Most Famous Hotels in the World Book since 1986. It is also used as the primary textual font in many newspapers both local and nationwide.

title: Korinna


text:
Talk:Egypt in the Middle Ages

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Lamphereha.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 20:33, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): MatthewGonz.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 20:18, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
187 kB!! break it up into a series, like History of Germany. Jiang 13:08, 24 Nov 2003 (UTC)

It doesn't need breaking up, just editing down to about half its current length. There must be someone here familiar with Arab/Ottoman history who can do that. Adam 13:18, 24 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Even half is above 32kB. Why lose information? --Jiang

I will leave whoever edits it to decide. Adam

 * I thought I might take a stab at editing this, although perhaps I'm not the best person. I only really know about this period from the outside (from the perspective of the Byzantine Empire, the Crusades, and then Britain). Basically I've just removed a lot of apparently useless junk, but it's possible that what I think is useless may be pretty important... Adam Bishop 01:30, 30 Nov 2003 (UTC)

I can do some work on the later Ottoman period. First I'm going to split the article into History of early Arab Egypt and History of Ottoman Egypt. The current union of the two causes more problems than it is worth. - SimonP 02:14, Nov 30, 2003 (UTC)

 * Should there be a History of later Arab Egypt then, as well? Adam Bishop 06:25, 30 Nov 2003 (UTC)

"Later Arab Egypt" is Modern Egypt Adam 07:03, 30 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Oh yeah :) Adam Bishop 07:52, 30 Nov 2003 (UTC)

I think this text is much improved, but it still reads as though it was written in 1911 (which it was). There are far too many obscure caliphs and viziers and battles, and no social history at all. It is also full of antique nomenclature (ie Franks for Crusaders). Who on earth were the Carmathians? People from Carmathia? Actually they were an Islamic sect called the Qarmati, but the reader will never know this. This text needs rewriting to modern historiographic standards, not just a light edit. Adam 09:54, 30 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * I'm also having trouble figuring out which names to use, in cases where I am unfamiliar with the person...apparently Abu Bakr was not the right name to use for the guy who succeeded Saladin. This is besides the problem of figuring out what letters were there originally, as they have usually been mangled by scanning. Adam Bishop 21:15, 30 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * It would be nice if someone could regularize the spelling, e.g. Nureddin here vs. Nur ad-Din, and Shirguh vs. Shirkuh. Maybe more; that's just the one's I've been reading about. Right now those two have redirects to the existing articles, but it would be nice to be consistent in the text as well. (Of course, if there are good reasons for alternative spellings, they should be mentioned in the articles about the persons.) BTW, I have no illusions of knowing which forms are correct; just calling attention to a perceived problem. — B.Bryant 07:07, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * It might be best to get a modern encyclopaedia and write a new article from scratch, but that would be a lot of work. Adam 00:32, 1 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Alright, I'm done with this...I hope I haven't mangled it too badly, I discovered I didn't know as much as I thought I did :) Adam Bishop 21:41, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)

name change?
Since it now incompasses all the Arab Dominion, should it not change to History of Arab Egypt?.--Dryzen 18:49, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

 * What do you mean? Adam Bishop 22:25, 12 September 2006 (UTC)
 * The article seems to speak of all the Arabs dynasties, yet the article name indicateds that it will only speak about Early Arab domination. If this is only the Early perdiode where is the Late?--Dryzen 15:29, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh, I actually had this same conversation above, two years ago. As Adam Carr said, "Later Arab Egypt" is Modern Egypt. This article goes up to the Ottoman period. Adam Bishop 20:38, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

Why is the name of the article Arab Egypt when most of the ruling dynasties were a mix of Turkish (Tulunid), Persian-Ethiopian (Ikshidid), Tunisians (Fatimid), Kurdish-Turkish (Ayyubid), Kipchak-Turkish (Bahri Mamluks) and Circassians (Burji Mamluks)? A more proper name for the period would be Medieval Egypt. The article also states that Egypt had been nominally under Abbasid rule, whereas Fatimid Caliphate period was definitely independent and the influence of the Caliph in Bagdad was not that significant during the rule of other dynasties either. Cruist22 (talk) 18:19, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

Suggested Edit (Sep 23rd, 2017)
First, there is no real brief overview to this article. I would suggest maybe adding a overview describing what you are going to talk about, listing the different time periods with a brief description of each instead of jumping right in to it. Second there is a few links that need to be updated as the pages they are linked to no longer exist. A few I noticed were Bakbak, Hasan al-Asam, and Karaksh. Next, I think more information needs to be added to the Mamluk Egypt section. I think a brief description of Mamluk Egypt overall should be added before jumping in and talking about its empires. In addition, I think some sections are to broadly covered, well other sections are not covered enough. I feel like the Fatimid period is to broadly covered, well the Abbasid period could have some more information added to it. MatthewGonz (talk) 23:22, 24 September 2017 (UTC)

Middle Ages
An interestingly eurocentric term, similar to Late Antiquity (a direct translation of the term Spätantike, coined by Alois Riegel) Pamour (talk) 22:38, 13 July 2018 (UTC).

 * 1) this is the English Wikipedia, and 2) thus have historians coined it in the West - learn to love it 50.111.216.187 (talk) 21:00, 29 November 2022 (UTC)

In Need of Serious Rewriting
The article as a whole needs serious revision to bring its language up to academic standards. Mpaniello (talk) 04:44, 11 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Egypt in the Middle Ages


text:
List of assets owned by Bell Media

This is a list of assets currently owned by Bell Media, a subsidiary of BCE Inc.

Note that this list does not include BCE's 28% interest in Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment, which itself owns a majority interest in the digital specialty channels Leafs Nation Network, NBA TV Canada, and GolTV Canada. This interest is held by BCE through a different subsidiary, not through Bell Media.

This list also does not enumerate the various telecommunications or retail assets owned by BCE. For further information on those properties, refer to the article on Bell Canada.

CTV Inc.
CTV Inc. is the wholly-owned television broadcasting division of Bell Media. Bell Media owns 30 local television stations led by CTV Television Network; 29 specialty channels, including TSN and RDS; and four pay TV services, including Crave (formerly The Movie Network) and Super Écran.

CTV Inc. owns and operates the following stations, specialty channels, and pay-per-view & video-on-demand services.

Conventional television
Stations are arranged alphabetically by city of licence. Dates when the respective station was purchased by Bell Media or a corporate antecedent (CHUM, Baton, CTVglobemedia) are recognized; this does not include instances of when a station was sold from one antecedent to another, ex., CHRO-TV being sold from Baton to CHUM in 1997.

 * A lavender blue background indicates the flagship station of the respective network or television system.
 * A blue background indicates a television station transmitting in analogue.
 * (**) – Indicates station was built and signed on by Bell Media or a corporate antecedent (CHUM, Baton, CTVglobemedia).

CTV

 * CTV Atlantic

CTV 2

 * CTV 2 Alberta
 * CTV 2 Atlantic

CTV Entertainment

 * CTV Comedy Channel
 * CTV Drama Channel
 * CTV Life Channel
 * CTV Movies
 * CTV Sci-Fi Channel
 * CTV Snackable
 * CTV Throwback

CTV News

 * BNN Bloomberg (licensed by Bloomberg L.P.)
 * CTV News Channel
 * CP24

CTV Specialty
CTV Specialty Television Inc. is jointly owned by Bell Media and ESPN Inc., with 70% and 30% voting interests respectively, and approximately 70% and 30% equity interests respectively. ESPN itself is 80% owned by The Walt Disney Company and 20% owned by Hearst Corporation.

 * Discovery (joint venture with Warner Bros. Discovery)
 * Animal Planet (joint venture with Warner Bros. Discovery and BBC Studios)
 * Discovery Science (joint venture with Warner Bros. Discovery)
 * Discovery Velocity (joint venture with Warner Bros. Discovery)
 * Investigation Discovery
 * Réseau des sports (RDS)
 * RDS2
 * RDS Info
 * The Sports Network (TSN)
 * TSN1
 * TSN2
 * TSN3
 * TSN4
 * TSN5

Premium and PPV

 * Cinépop
 * Crave
 * Crave 1
 * Crave 2
 * Crave 3
 * HBO
 * Starz
 * Starz 1
 * Starz 2
 * Super Écran
 * Vu!
 * Red Carpet Vu!
 * Venus

Other English-language

 * E! (licensed by NBCUniversal)
 * MTV (licensed by Paramount Global)
 * Much

Other French-language

 * Canal D
 * Canal Vie
 * Investigation
 * Z

Other assets

 * Dome Productions (owned by Bell Media and Rogers Media Inc.) — a multi-platform production company that operates a fleet of 18 television production mobiles, one production/uplink truck, and three KU uplink tractors. For over 30 years, Dome’s head office was located in the Rogers Centre in Toronto. The company has since moved to 130 Merton Street in 2023.
 * Exploration Production Inc. and Exploration Distribution Inc. (56.06% owned by Bell Media) — were Discovery Channel Canada's in-house production and distribution companies. In February 2021, EPI and EDI were folded into Bell Media Studios.
 * Movie Entertainment — was Crave's monthly in-house magazine before its publication ended in April 2021.

Bell Media Radio
Bell Media Radio (branded as iHeartRadio Canada) is the wholly-owned radio broadcasting division of Bell Media. Through iHeartRadio Canada, Bell Media also owns iHeartRadio Canada Sales and operates a localized version of the iHeartRadio online radio platform owned by iHeartMedia.

Bell Media owns the following radio network brands:

 * BNN Bloomberg Radio
 * Boom FM
 * Bounce
 * Énergie
 * Funny
 * Move Radio
 * Pure Country
 * Rouge FM
 * TSN Radio
 * Virgin Radio

Current stations

 * An orange background indicates a French language format.
 * (**) – Indicates station was built and signed on by Bell Media or a corporate antecedent (CHUM, Baton, CTVglobemedia).

Other assets

 * Agincourt Productions Inc. — Bell Media's in-house production company
 * Astral Out-of-Home — an out-of-home advertising company, a division of Bell Media, located in the markets of British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario, Québec, and Nova Scotia.
 * Autohound (unknown equity interest)
 * Bell Media Original Production — division used to produce original programming for Bell Media-owned networks
 * Crave — TV Everywhere video-streaming service
 * CTV Music — music publishing
 * Environics Analytics
 * Noovo Moi
 * Megawheels Technologies Inc. (4%)
 * Pinewood Toronto Studios — a domestic and international film and television studio. Recent productions at the studio include It: Chapter Two, The Christmas Chronicles, A Simple Favor, Molly’s Game, The Expanse, and Star Trek: Discovery.
 * Much Digital Studios — a multi-channel network
 * Bell Media also operates more than 200 websites
 * Bell Media produces live theatrical shows via its partnership with Iconic Entertainment Studios

Environics Analytics
Environics Analytics is a Canadian marketing and analytical services company, established in 2003, by founder and current President Jan Kestle, owned by Bell Media. The company is based in Toronto, Ontario. Environics Analytics Group Ltd. is owned by Bell Media, separate from Environics Research Group.

All staff report to Nauby Jacob, SVP of Products and Services at Bell Media.

Environics Analytics experts, studies and data are often cited in Canadian news media.

Founder Jan Kestle is one of Canada's leading experts on the use of privacy-friendly data.

Environics Analytics was one of a group of companies to object to the removal of the Canada 2011 Census long form.

Dormant or shuttered businesses
The following companies are divisions of Bell Media that are no longer active or been absorbed into another part of the company
 * Craig Media (1948–2004)
 * CHUM Limited (1945–2007)
 * CKX-TV (1955–2009)
 * CKNX-TV (1955–2009)
 * Astral Media (1961–2013)
 * WTSN (2001–2003)
 * Telegram Corporation (1960–1971)
 * Access Media Group (1994–2008)
 * Mid-Canada Communications (1980–1990)
 * Baton Broadcast System (1994–1998)
 * CTVglobemedia (2001–2011)
 * Baton Broadcasting (1971–1998)
 * NHL Network Canada — 21.42% and managing partner
 * BravoFACT
 * MuchFACT

title: List of assets owned by Bell Media


text:
Nanchang Q-5

The Nanchang Q-5 (NATO reporting name: Fantan), also known as the A-5 in its export versions, is a 1960s-design Chinese-built single-seat, twin jet engine ground-attack aircraft based on the Shenyang J-6. The aircraft is primarily used for close air support.

Design and development
The PRC was an enthusiastic user of the MiG-19, which it manufactured locally as the Shenyang J-6 from 1958. In August 1958, the People's Liberation Army requested development of a jet attack aircraft for the air support role.

Lu Xiaopeng was appointed chief designer of this project. Lu also designed the J-12 fighter jet. Although based on the MiG-19, the new design, designated Qiangjiji-5 (fifth attack aircraft design), had a longer fuselage, area ruled to reduce transonic drag and accommodate a 4 m (13-ft) long internal weapons bay. The air intakes were moved to the fuselage sides to make space in the nose for a planned target radar (which was never actually fitted). New wings with greater area and reduced sweep were incorporated. The Q-5 shares the J-6's Liming Wopen WP-6 A (Tumansky RD-9) turbojet engines. The redesign cost some high-altitude speed, but the Q-5 is as fast as the MiG-19/J-6 at low level, thanks largely to the area-ruled fuselage. Fixed armament of the Q-5 was reduced to two Type 23-1 23 mm cannon with 100 rounds per gun, mounted in the wing roots. Two pylons under each wing and two pairs of tandem pylons under the engines were provided in addition to the weapons bay. A total of 1,000 kg (2,205 lb) of ordnance could be carried internally, with an additional 1,000 kg externally. On many aircraft the weapons bay is now used primarily for an auxiliary fuel tank.

Production drawings were completed in 1960 allowing construction of prototypes to begin, but the political climate in China resulted in the project being canceled in 1961. A small team kept the program alive until work restarted in earnest at Nanchang. The first flight finally occurred on 4 July 1965. Series production began in 1969, with squadron delivery starting in 1970.

About 1,000 aircraft were produced, 600 of them being the updated Q-5A. A small number, perhaps a few dozen, Q-5As were modified to carry nuclear weapons; these are believed to retain their internal weapons bay. A long-range Q-5I, introduced in 1983, added a fuel tank instead of the internal weapons bay, compensating for that with the provision of two additional underwing pylons. Some of these aircraft serve with the PLA Navy, and have apparently been equipped with radar to guide anti-ship missiles. Subsequent minor upgrades include the Q-5IA, with a new gun/bomb sighting system and avionics, and the Q-5II, with radar warning receiver (RWR).

In the 1980s, the aircraft was exported to nations such as Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and is often known as the A-5 in those nations.

Plans for an upgraded Q-5/A-5 with Western equipment and new navigation and attack (nav/attack) systems were largely aborted following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, but the aircraft continued in service until its retirement in 2017. It is a capable light attack aircraft, although its limited navigation and weapons-delivery systems are inferior to more modern aircraft.

In more recent years, the PLAAF has begun to field newer models of the Q-5, that incorporate some of the technology developed during the canceled Q-5M and Q-5K projects. The Q-5 introduces a nose-mounted laser rangefinder, and a laser designator is also likely to be fitted since the aircraft is said to be able to deliver laser-guided bombs. The Q-5A variant is believed to be capable of delivering nuclear munitions. The Q-5D is an upgrade with new avionics, including a HUD and a new navigation system. The Q-5E and Q-5F models are reportedly being worked on, though little is known about them at this time.

Operational history
The Sudanese Air Force employed its A-5 attack jets during the War in Darfur.

In March 2015, some Myanmar Air Force A-5C jets flying sorties against the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army, accidentally dropped bombs on a Chinese village in Gengma County, Yunnan inside the Chinese border, killing 4 villagers, with the PLA responding by deploying HQ-12 surface-to-air missiles and fighter jets.

On 20 April 2017 two Q-5s were seen in Bohai Bay practicing air strikes against ground targets in the wake of increased tensions on the Korean peninsula.

Domestic variants

 * Q-5: Original production version with a total of 6 pylons, two under each wing and two under the fuselage, and was superseded by the Q-5A.
 * Q-5Jia: Q-5 modified to carry nuclear bombs, only a very limited number were built. 317Jia radar was tested as improvement program. One of such aircraft is currently on display at the aviation museum in Beijing.
 * Q-5Yi: Torpedo attacker for navy, only few manufactured. YJ-8 anti-ship missile was also being considered, but the program was cancelled due to budget problem even though the missile was well developed, and afterwards missile test launches were conducted from Type 24 missile boat. In eighties, YJ-81 was once mounted for test, but this proposition was soon rejected when it was decided to let JH-7 take the role.
 * Q-5I (Q-5A): Q-5 with the internal weapon bay replaced by internal fuel tank, increasing fuel capacity over 70%. Like all previous Q-5 variants, navigation was still a bottle neck with the result being that aircraft must fly longer times in more complex search patterns in long range strikes. However, this problem is somewhat reduced by the increased fuel capacity. An indigenous Type 79Y4 laser rangefinder developed by No. 613 Institute was fitted.
 * Q-5IA (Q-5B): Improved Q-5I, radar warning receiver and flare dispensers added, the original weapon aiming sight of the Q-5 was developed by No. 5311 Factory, and named as SH-1, short for She – Hong (Shoot-Bomb-1 / 射轰-1), which only had limited capability because attacks could only be carried out at a fixed angle. No. 5311 Factory developed an improved version SH-1I (射轰-1甲) to allow the attack to be carried out at different angles. Extra outer pylon under each wing added for PL-2/PL-5 air-to-air missiles, bombs or rocket launchers.
 * Q-5II (Q-5C): Q-5I with omnidirectional radar warning receivers. Later, Type 205 pulse doppler navigation radar was installed on several planes to solve the navigation problem.
 * Q-5III: Foreign trade variant, export name A-5III/A-5C, Project Long6(Dragon Six). Total 10 pylons, with 1 extra pylon under each wing for R-550/AIM-9 air-to-air missiles. See also Export variants.
 * Q-5 with indigenous nav/attack system: Project CC, Q-5I with indigenous Type 205 doppler navigation system, Q5HK-15 laser rangefinder and SH-1IIA sight. One year later, head-up display and air data computer were incorporated into system. The whole system finally got approved in 1992, and relevant technology was applied to Q-5D several years later.
 * Q-5IV (Q-5M, Q-5D(old)): Project CI. Joint Chinese-Italian project to upgrade the Q-5II with Italian avionics from the AMX International AMX attack fighter. Avionics would include a ranging radar, head-up display, inertial navigation system, air data computer and dual central computers all integrated via dual-redundant MIL-STD-1553B databus. Completion and first deliveries were to take place in late 1988 and early 1989 respectively. 28.8% change in comparison to the closest earlier version. Two central computers like that of Q-5M and new RW-30 radar warning receivers were added. ALR-1 laser rangefinder and QHK-10 Head-Up Display developed by No. 613 Institute were added. Although the project was influenced after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, it was approved to continue by China and Italy in 1992, new upgrade items such as IFIR and ELINT, etc., were put into program. Due to the loss of time, it failed to enter production. See also Export variants.
 * Q-5D(C): Composite material demonstrator for Q-5D(old).
 * Q-5IIGai (Q-5K, Q-5E(old)): Project CF, joint Chinese-French project to upgrade Q-5II with French avionics, such as VE110 head-Up Display, ULIS91 inertial navigation system, TMV630 laser rangefinder and other electro-optics. Like the Q-5M/A-5M, the project was cancelled after the Tiananmen Square protest of 1989. So some indigenous equipment such as doppler radar, jammer etc., were used to achieve further progress. It was terminated in 1993.
 * Q-5D: Interim attack aircraft introduced during the 1996 Taiwan Strait Crisis, the separate doppler navigation system and GPS of the Q-5C was replaced by the DG-1 integrated doppler navigation/GPS system. Other systems included the ALR-1 Laser rangefinder/Marked Target seeker and QHK-10 Head-Up Display. A new weapon aiming sight, the SH-1II (射轰-1乙), replaced the older SH-1I (射轰-1甲), and No. 5311 Factory managed to successfully integrate this sight with the new laser rangefinder and Type 205 navigation radar.
 * Q-5E: New pylon with ability to mount laser-guided bombs such as LS-500J LGB, fire control system also improved. Laser pod is absent from the plane due to weight issue.
 * Q-5F: Laser designator pod carrier, special large belly right pylon mounted for laser targeting pod, which is always false recognized as semi-buried electro-optical targeting pod.
 * Q-5G: Q-5E with belly conformal fuel tank to solve the range problem.
 * JQ-5J: Tandem two seater of Q-5. The manufacturer claimed that it can be used as forward air control like the OA-10A, and providing targeting information via data links. The rear seat is 286 millimetres higher than the front seat, enables the back-seat pilot to have a 5 degree field of vision, and the canopy opens to the right. When used as a trainer, the rear cockpit control can override that of the front cockpit.
 * Q-5L – Upgraded Q-5C, with LLLTV/FLIR vision systems for a day/night capability. Infrared imaging and television cameras were mounted on nose orb. Other improvements include Head Up Display, GPS Rx, INS, TACAN, and chaff/flare dispensers. Weapons capability include the Chinese LS-500J laser-guided glide bombs with a 12 km range. Optional belly conformal fuel tank.
 * Q-5N – Upgraded Q-5D with same upgrade program as Q-5L, main difference is navigation system of Q-5D.
 * Q-5N – Upgraded Q-5D with same upgrade program as Q-5L, main difference is navigation system of Q-5D.

Export variants

 * A-5: Export designation for version of the Q-5 to North Korea in 1970s that appeared in Chinese media. The designation contains more than one variant since the Chinese military aid to North Korea is protracted, but it's not clear whether this export version is derived from Q-5, Q-5A, Q-5I or Q-5IA.
 * A-5IIA: Modified version of Q-5II, sold to Sudan.
 * A-5IIIK: Export version of Q-5III sold to Myanmar.
 * A-5III/A-5C: Export version with western equipment upon customers' requests, such as flight instrumentation made by Rockwell Collins, and western ejection seat made by Martin-Baker. Added the capability to fire western weaponry such as the French SNEB, Matra Durandal ,R550 Magic or US AIM-9 Sidewinders. Exported to Pakistan.
 * A-5IV/A-5M: Export version of Q-5M with more western equipment such as flight instrumentation made by Rockwell Collins, and western ejection seat made by Martin-Baker. Added the capability to fire western missiles such as the R550 Magic or AIM-9 Sidewinder. Myanmar ordered, but chose A-5IIIK instead after program extension. Evaluated by the Pakistan Air Force in 1990.

Current operators
' '
 * Myanmar Air Force received 36 aircraft between 1994 and 2000. 21 remain in service as of December 2019.
 * Sudanese Air Force – 20 A-5s remain in service as of December 2019.

Former operators
 🇧🇩 Bangladesh 🇰🇵 🇵🇰
 * People's Liberation Army Air Force - 300 Q-5 retired in 2010.
 * People's Liberation Army Navy - 49 Q-5 retired in 2010.
 * Bangladesh Air Force - Received in 1986. Retired.
 * Korean People's Air Force received 40 airplanes in 1982. However, they have never been seen in service nor captured on satellite imagery, and according to statistics from GlobalSecurity.org, they were withdrawn between 1990 and 1995.
 * Pakistan Air Force
 * No. 7 Squadron Bandits operated A-5C from 1983 until circa 1991.
 * No. 26 Squadron Black Spiders operated A-5C from 1984 until February 2010.
 * No. 16 Squadron Black Panthers operated A-5C from 1983 until April 2011.

title: Nanchang Q-5