text:
Talk:Antediluvian

SAT words
The concept of "SAT words" came up elsewhere, recently. This probably deserves an article in itself, but since it's been thirty years since I've had to worry about such things, I don't know them. Is there a List of SAT words or some such thing? -- Smerdis of Tlön 03:56, 20 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Antediluvian population?
"The Earth contained many more people than the Earth contains today? Whiston calculated that as many as 500 million humans may have been born in the antediluvian period"

The current world population is over 6 billion people (6 thousand million), or more than 12 X 500 million.

Am I missing something here?

 * Whiston published in 1696, at which time the world's population was probably less than 500 million. --Saforrest 21:01, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

Rewording
It seems rather off to me to describe Whiston and Morris as equivalent without any qualifications. Clearly both believed in the existence of the Flood, but equating the two would be like equating Ptolemy with a modern proponent of geocentrism. The fact that Morris explicitly chose to renounce the scientific consensus of his day is significant difference. --Saforrest 21:01, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

Science?
Should this article not say somethig like '.. but science has found no evidence of 900 year old humans during this period'? I know the phrase 'creationists believe...' explains a lot but I still think the article comes across as lacking that bit of reason. -- Andrewmabbott 22:17, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, firstly, one could argue that the statement "science has found no..." is a weasal word. What do you mean by "science"... some sort of anthropromorphised entity that is the embodyment of science?  Plus your statement is rather rhetorical.  Of course there have been no discoveries of human remains that could be judged to be 900 years old at any period of known archaeological record.  Most educated people know this.  Its rather like you arguing that we should insert a statement in the Harry Potter entries that "science has found no evidence that saying 'avada kadavra' can kill someone."  As for reason, this article is reporting, quite objectively, an entry on human religious faith.  By reason, I assume you want to keep people from actually believing it.  I think *that* should be left up to the individual reader as to whether revealed religions are valid or not.  In this case, reporting the facts and what 'antediluvian' means, Wiki has done its job. Yanqui9 03:32, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

You can't even spell 'weasel.' No, the word science is NOT a 'weasel word'. It means knowledge gained through testing of hypotheses. Try reading a little about 'science' before bashing it. You just might find something there.

Also, you are wrong to think that many people in the USA don't believe such claims.Ryoung122 05:09, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

To question if something is or is not science is a valid concern, however moving an article under the sub category of mythology is a statement that caries bias by association. The discussion is circumvented, and the thought that the notion is unscientific (mythology) is implied to such a degree that it can be argued that extreme intellectually dishonesty has been used to avoid the discussion.

Also, the argument that the lack of physical evidence that 900 year old humans existed prior to a global flood that would have wiped out such evidence is likewise a deceptive argument. There is no physical evidence for the missing link, however it is widely accepted that the current theories of the rise of man (which include evolution from ape to human), are based upon science. Simply put, you can’t have it both ways. --Lounsbury (talk) 19:58, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

Categorizing extant religion as mythology is disingenuous. Many religions of the world incorporate either the Noachian flood or a parallel story. Also, contrary to popular misconceptions, there is substantial evidence for extensive and widespread floods (although I wouldn't go as far as to say global) to include the deluges of what are today the English Channel and the Bering Sea. Strata-penetrating artifacts have never been better explained, in my opinion, than by the idea of quickly changing hyper-turbidity laying down differentiable sedimentary layers over very short periods of time. In my lifetime we observed such rapidly forming layers (including strata crossing trees) with the lahars and the floods at Mount St. Helens in 1980. It is unscientific to either reject or embrace past events for which substantial and corroborative evidence is lacking; however, the global prevalence of flood stories indicates that one or more extensive floods has substantially shaped human consciousness. What if a Noachian flood actually happened (more-or-less as it's described) due to a large, deep, oceanic asteroid impact? I mean consider the first the tsunami in 2004, and then transpose the event at Tanguska into an oceanic setting to yield a global deluge killing entire societies yet leaving little physical evidence. More importantly, it's unlikely that anyone can either prove or disprove such a hypothesis! A combination of sedimentation and erosion would have long since erased observable artifacts at the point-of-impact. In fact, such an impact could have happen just 1000 years ago and we'd have only local and anecdotal evidence at best. The danger is in treating beliefs (whether they are faiths or weakly supported hypotheses) as fundamental science--it misinforms and undermines future inquiry. The Wikipedia entry for Theory quotes Karl Popper who held that "A theory which is not refutable by any conceivable event is non-scientific. Irrefutability is not a virtue of a theory (as people often think) but a vice." Human nature as expressed in both Science (capitalized to indicate an academically entrenched and politicized belief system) and Religion (capitalized for the same reasons) longs for explanations to the great mysteries in our universe. We tend to latch on to things superstitiously when reason fails us. Clearly our psyches are far better adapted to unconscious overgeneralization (i.e. "simplification") and autonomously managing fear and pleasure, than for intentional, dispassionate analysis. If it were otherwise, mental illnesses would be cured by simply choosing. It is this need to explain that which is not scientifically explainable that has caused many unsupported notions (like a flat world, ontogeny recapitulating phyolgeny, a hypothetical electromagnetic ether filling the univesrse, bleeding and all sorts of harmful medical treatments, astrology and phrenology) to be included into the body of science. In fact, a very sound argument can be made that the pervasive inclusion of poorly supported evolution within all fields of science is merely academia's reaction to a long-standing battle with religious believers to include their own unscientific notions within the body of science. Science MUST first proceed from and explain facts, then it MUST seek out exceptions and counterexamples. Before we throw away historically interesting conceptions in favor of silly 21st century lables, we must have SOUND reasons! The greatest mockery of real science is that most scientists can't grasp the idea that Ockham's razor cuts both ways; sometimes the simplest explanations (and, in fact all existing explanations for given things) are WRONG! No matter how much we WANT a Higgs boson, a biofuel that can solve all our problems (without creating any new ones), immortality, a unified theory of everything, to defy any natural limits on computing, an HIV vaccine, a room-temperature superconductor, the ability to synthesize any molecule we can conceive, proof of the existence/nothingness of all things spiritual, a universal, permanent, self-sutatining energy solution (fusion, photovotaic, etc.), a generalizable answer to NP-complete problems, a solution to human suffering in Africa, a perfect theory of botany explaining growth, stress tolerance and immune function, a concise definition of a species, or even a quantum birthday cake that can be simultaneously both totally consumed and visually appreciated, the bottom line is this..."You can't always get what you want" -M. Jagger, 1969. In case this wasn't clear, I'm against removing antediluvian at this time.Saseigel (talk) 11:03, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

 * The term has relevant in science history as well as in religion. This article should remain, and statements should be sourced properly. Petter Bøckman (talk) 11:44, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

Date
This may indicate my ignorance about the period, but there is no indication as to which years this period occupied.. is there no estimation anywhere at all? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 131.227.231.39 (talk) 00:13, 26 February 2007 (UTC).

 * Well, one of the few guys from the Judeo-Christian background who tried to put dates on things, Bishop Ussher, placed creation at 4004 BCE and the flood at 2348 BCE. A period of 1648 years.  As we now know from fossil record, astronomical studies, and carbon dating, the world has been around alot longer than that, the dates are mearly a curiosity.  Albeight Ussher's date was taken very seriously by fundamentalists for many years and maybe still is in some quarters. Yanqui9 03:43, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

'merely' 'albeit'

I thought it was between 4,004 B.C and 3,000 B.C.

James Ussher calculated the flood at 2348 B.C by the following method: take the date of the fall of Jerusalem (588 B.C.) add the reins of the kings of Judah, add 480 and 430 (1 Kings 6:1 and Exodus 20:19) add Abraham's age when he entered Canaan (Gen. 16:3, 16, and 12:4) add the genealogy of Genesis 11, and viola! 2348 B.C.--68.50.57.15 (talk) 17:37, 10 November 2009 (UTC)

I'm not sure if you learned individuals are aware, but in certain religious areas of thought, according to your definition of Ante-diluvian, there are two such occurrences. You have the one this article describes, and a previous occurrence [see Genesis 1:1-3,9 - notice the condition of the earth as being described as covered by water and the need for their gathering into once place]. In fact, most people (granted they are few) of the aforementioned area of thought consider this time prior to Gen 1:2 to be the Ante-diluvian period and the period from Gen 1:3 to the flood of Noah to be pre-flood. I am not sure if the body of scholarly thought addresses both of these or not and I am anxious to hear your thoughts.

Also, the statement that "the dates are merely a curiosity" because "the world has been around alot (sic) longer than that" are clarified by the 'first' Ante-diluvian occurrence. Meaning, the dates are not merely a curiosity as it appears that the Bible may indeed agree that the world is much older than many have assumed the Bible espouses.

I visited this page as I hoped that there would be more here on this topic. Is this generally all that the world wiki body has for this subject or is more time needed for input of the information?

Thank you.

12.73.111.103 (talk) 05:59, 15 December 2009 (UTC) John

Double heading
Why are there two different headings which read "The antediluvian period"?194.81.255.254 (talk) 21:15, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

prediluvian
would somebody but this older word here too, like this Antediluvian - Prediluvian. There wold be huge information lost if these words doesent find / meet each other at future prediluvian is more common in old books. They mean end of iceage, before that climate was different, more warmer, no clothes needed and food was plenty etc, modern homo sapiens was shaping it living here and concurring world from middle east and africa and floods came from icebergs. so called new world was born after ice bergs were melted, if u look that from the eyes of stone-age -neolithic human. It is almost certain that stories are much more older than written language. writing has been modeled it-those around world more or less.

Antediluvian NOT Period Between Creation & Noah
We beg to differ with Wikipedia...the Antediluvian period referred to in the Bible (ex: II Peter 3:5 and others)indicates the period before the time of Genesis 1:1 and the creation of modern man. Commonly referred to as "Lucifer's Flood," the world before the creation of modern man was destroyed by flooding so devastation as to have decimated all creation from that ancient world. Thus, today we find sedimentary rock formations and fossil records which are not entirely explainable by any other reason or rationale. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gigi ga (talk • contribs) 12:22, 26 June 2014 (UTC)

only a small area was flooded
hey folks, it's not new news, that biblical flood was around the black sea and really horrible for those who lived there, btw the black sea was more or less in the middle of all bible stories, the flood never reached the atlantic-, pacific- or even indian ocean. it was a "in-land-flood". and it also never harmed atlantis because atlantis was more of a boat then an isle, it was NOT fixed to the ground. --78.43.41.8 (talk) 12:09, 19 May 2015 (UTC)

Cleanup of Biblical Flood wording
The section entitled "The Biblical Flood" begins with the sentence "In religious texts such as the Christian Bible and the Hebrew Torah, the Antediluvian period begins with the Creation according to Genesis and ends with the destruction of all life on the earth except those saved with Noah in the ark." While some scholars argue that this account is derived from other similar creation/flood accounts, none of these other stories "begins with the Creation according to Genesis and ends with the destruction of all life on the earth except those saved with Noah in the ark" and none of them would logically fall under a section heading of "The Biblical Flood". So the wording "In religious texts such as" seems both inaccurate and incompatible with the section header and my suggestion is that we delete them. --Bermicourt (talk) 17:28, 1 May 2016 (UTC)
 * I made a change that I think addresses your concern. Note that this section of the article is, specifically, about the Genesis/Bible accounts. Thanks, Isambard Kingdom (talk) 18:36, 1 May 2016 (UTC)
 * And I apologize for reverting your previous edit, which was, I now recognize, perfectly acceptable. Isambard Kingdom (talk) 18:38, 1 May 2016 (UTC)
 * No worries! --Bermicourt (talk) 19:11, 1 May 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Antediluvian


text:
Talk:United Airlines

Accidents and incidents
I noticed that the Accidents and incidents section is formatted into a table. Most pages for airlines usually have it in the format of a few paragraphs, or a table with specific information for each incident. Should the section in this article be changed? Sethcampbell7293 (talk) 16:33, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Changed it the other day along with a few other pages. I'm changing the way the Accidents and incidents for every airline is represented. The new way is cleaner and more organized. It also redirects to a separate category list for more in depth detail on the incidents. Funforme3 (talk) 01:02, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

Destinations table
What happened to the list of destinations table it's been deleted? CHCBOY (talk) 14:37, 28 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Please bring back the UA destinations list. There is no other website that provided such a comprehensive and complete listing of United’s destinations, not even United.com! 2601:640:8300:1900:20A0:C63C:897D:6F71 (talk) 01:51, 6 March 2024 (UTC)
 * This was discussed at Articles for deletion/List of United Airlines destinations, the result of the discussion was to delete the page. If you disagree, you may request a deletion review. -- RickyCourtney (talk) 03:28, 6 March 2024 (UTC)
 * It was not obvious that the article was about to be deleted as there was no mention of it on the actual page header. Most people don't know where AFD are located on Wikipedia. So it ended up being deleted quietly overnight for most people. CHCBOY (talk) 21:47, 10 March 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 2 March 2024
In the See also section, please add:

*

which renders:
 * 136.54.106.120 (talk) 20:12, 2 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: I don't think this makes for an useful external link. First, this isn't actually an external link, second, this link is already in the "Legal and public relations" section of the "United Airlines Holdings" Navbox, which is a better location for links to articles within Wikipedia. --TheImaCow (talk) 12:56, 3 March 2024 (UTC)

United 2477 and United 35
Recently, there were two instances of United Airlines aircraft being involved in minor accidents (UAL 35) and (UAL 2477). Do we include them in the table?

Also why is the accidents section formatted in a table; normally the accidents section is formatted into paragraphs, yes? LucsLee (talk) 19:09, 8 March 2024 (UTC)

 * No. These two incidents do not meet the minimum threshold of notability set forth at WP:AIRCRASH. As to why it's a table, I don't know. I know tables aren't preferred, but I'm not sure it's any better or worse than the prose format. RickyCourtney (talk) 20:45, 8 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Roger that, thanks. LucsLee (talk) 11:56, 9 March 2024 (UTC)
 * @RickyCourtney ahhh ok I was curious as to why my edit was removed as it was technically notable incident that will probably result in a rebuild of the aircraft. After reading the qualifications of WP:AIRCRASH you're right. I wonder if there would be a better category use like aircraft incidents or accidents? Maybe both on the page?
 * I could also remake the table into a set of collapsible lists based on the table, would that be a good idea? Funforme3 (talk) 19:25, 12 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I think the collapsible lists idea is great. The current one is not very easy to read nor is it all that accessible. LucsLee (talk) 21:24, 12 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm fine with changing up the format, but if the incidents don't meet the minimum threshold of notability set forth at WP:AIRCRASH, there's not a compelling reason to include them anywhere on Wikipedia. There are several "incidents" every week that get varying degrees of coverage. The point of the WP:AIRCRASH standard is to not get airline, aircraft and airport pages clogged up with these less important incidents. -- RickyCourtney (talk) 21:32, 12 March 2024 (UTC)
 * OK I reformatted the section to better present the data. Maybe this method would be a better standard to use for other similar pages. Funforme3 (talk) 19:11, 13 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm not a huge fan of this change. While I agree that these lists are better than the table, they don't add much detail.
 * Personally, I beleve that the gold standard format is a list with the date, the flight number (wikilinked to the incident page) and a brief one sentance description of the incident. Examples: SkyWest Airlines and Alaska Airlines. If it gets too long, they can be spun off into a standalone page like List of American Airlines accidents and incidents.
 * As I see it, the problem with the changes is that it left a lot of incidents with no explination whatsoever. For example, in 2020, we now list N816UA and N26123 with no links or explinations as to why those are listed.
 * I'd really like to see us focus on the list format instead. -- RickyCourtney (talk) 23:00, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Exactly why they are placed into a collapsible list with the flight numbers or aircraft registration. If there is an accident with its own page you can hyperlink to it and not fill a page so long with descriptions of each incident that it ends up becoming a big eye sore of garbage. The forward redirect in the top of the collapsed list is there with the text to tell readers for more detail of each incident and a more complete list to view the category list of accidents and incidents. Due to the way this has been I have been making and updating these lists including making new list pages for categories containing all the extra detail of each incident. This leaves it so any page linked via category of a new incident or page it is automatically added. Soo you might have undone the work I did on one page but it has a use and purpose. Many were asking for changes like this on a few pages and I obliged and received some thanks for the update. Funforme3 (talk) 23:15, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Again, the problem is that we are left with entires that just contain the aircraft's registration number and no further details for the reader. A single sentance is not an eyesore or garbage, it's a summary. -- RickyCourtney (talk) 23:22, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:United Airlines


text:
Ornate chorus frog

The ornate chorus frog (Pseudacris ornata) is a species of chorus frog endemic to the Southeastern United States. Their distribution ranges from North Carolina, east to the very eastern part of Louisiana, and south to northern parts of Florida.

Description
It is 25 - 38 mm in head-body length, with the record size being 4 cm. Its color varies depending on locale: normally having a reddish-brown or gray color, but a rare dominant allele can turn their background color bright green. It typically has a defined but broken stripe or spots leading from the nose down the side. The frog's upper lip is marked with a clear light colored line and many individuals have a faded triangle marking on the very top of the head. It has a pure white belly, and usually has yellow spots located in front of the hind legs.

Habitat
Most commonly found in the Southern coastal plain. The ornate chorus frog is typically found in xeric habitats, including pine stands, sandhills, and pine savannahs. Woodland ponds, flooded fields, and roadside ditches can serve as breeding habitat, although ponds found within sandhills, and pine forests or plantations observe the most breeding. A site with an open canopy and herbaceous vegetation is also common for breeding. These frogs require seasonally flooded wetlands without fish for a three to four month period for tadpoles to develop completely.

Behavior
These chorus frogs are nocturnal and are rarely seen, except during mating season. They become more active as the temperature begins to decrease and begin migrating toward water for the mating season. Most observations of this frog are on winter nights during or after rain. Because of this, little is known about the adult ornate chorus frog. They spend the remainder of the spring and summer waiting out the warm temperatures in burrows, under logs, or buried under sandy soil.

They are a fossorial species that uses their forelimbs in order to burrow into the substrate. This is a unique behavior because most burrowing frogs will dig backwards with their hind limbs. One study suggests that this method of forward burrowing may have evolved to facilitate subterranean feeding. They prefer to burrow in easily penetrated sandy soils and will occasionally communicate underground through vocalizations.

Predator and prey relationships
Ornate chorus frogs are insectivores, eating small insects and larvae, as well as worms and other small invertebrates. These frogs are prey mainly to snakes, but also birds and sometimes raccoons. Because the ornate chorus frog is most active during the winter months, they are able to avoid many snake predators due to them already beginning their hibernation. The eggs and tadpoles can be preyed upon by fish, which is why these frogs prefer ephemeral ponds and wetlands to breed and lay their eggs Their dark markings and tendency for body coloring to vary depending on their habitat allows them a layer of camouflage as a defense tactic. However, even with this defense mechanism it has been observed that these frogs rarely live for longer than one to two breeding cycles because of predation. Adult mortality may also be due to intraspecies fighting.

Reproduction
Ornate chorus frogs reach sexual maturity around 1 year and reproduce through external fertilization. The female releases eggs at the same time that the male releases sperm and to ensure that the eggs are fertilized, they will sit in an axillary amplexus position. They mate from November to March. Eggs are laid in clusters ranging from 10 to 100 eggs attached to submerged vegetation. The eggs are abandoned after and neither parent provides any type of parental care to the eggs or hatched tadpoles. The eggs hatch between 1 and 2 weeks but hatch time is temperature dependent; colder temperatures indicate a longer period before hatching. After hatching, tadpoles have two yellow stripes on the sides of a dark back, as well as a high tail fin. Some may have a bicolored tail. It can take between two and four months for tadpoles to fully develop into frogs, with temperature playing a role in development time and frequency of color morphs.

Taxonomy
The ornate chorus frog (Pseudacris ornata) was named and classified by American herpetologist John Edwards Holbrook in 1836.

Etymology
The name of the genus, Pseudacris, comes from the Greek pseudes (false) and akris (locust), probably a reference to the repeated rasping trill of most chorus frogs, which is similar to that of the insect. The specific name, ornata, is the feminine form of the Latin adjective, ornatus (decorated).

title: Ornate chorus frog


text:
Rogers Communications

Rogers Communications Inc. is a Canadian communications and media company operating primarily in the fields of wireless communications, cable television, telephony and Internet, with significant additional telecommunications and mass media assets. Rogers has its headquarters in Toronto, Ontario.

The company traces its origins to 1914, when Edward S. Rogers Sr. founded Rogers Vacuum Tube Company to sell battery-less radios, although this present enterprise dates to 1960, when Ted Rogers and a partner acquired the CHFI-FM radio station; they then became part-owners of a group that established the CFTO television station.

The chief competitor to Rogers is Bell Canada, which has a similarly extensive portfolio of radio and television media assets, as well as wireless, television distribution, and telephone services, particularly in Eastern and Central Canada. The two companies are often seen as having a duopoly on communications services in their regions, and both companies own a stake of Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment. Rogers also competes nationally with Telus for wireless services.

Rogers Communications' acquisition of Shaw Communications in Western Canada was approved in 2023.

History
In 1925, Ted Rogers invented the world's first alternating current (AC) heater filament cathode for a radio tube, which then enabled radios to be powered by ordinary transformer-coupled household electric current. This was a breakthrough in the technology and became a key factor in popularizing radio reception. He also established the CFRB radio station in Toronto (later acquired by outside interests). In 1931, he was awarded an experimental television licence in Canada. On May 6, 1939, he was working on radar when he died suddenly due to complications of a hemorrhage, at the age of 38. He left a widow, Velma, and a five-year-old son, Edward (known as Ted). While his business interests were subsequently sold, his son later became determined to carry on his father's legacy.

In 1960, Ted Rogers and broadcaster Joel Aldred raised money to found Aldred-Rogers Broadcasting in order to purchase CHFI, an FM radio station in Toronto. Aldred-Rogers Broadcasting also became a part-owner of Baton Aldred Rogers Broadcasting (BARB), which established CFTO-TV, Toronto's first private television station. In 1962, Rogers established CHFI (AM), an AM radio station that later became CFTR. In 1967, Rogers established Rogers Cable TV in partnership with BARB. In 1971, new CRTC regulations forced BARB to sell its 50% stake in Rogers Cable TV.

In 1979, Rogers acquired Canadian Cablesystems, and became listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange as a result. In 1980, Rogers acquired Premier Cablevision and became the largest cable company in Canada. In 1986, Rogers Cable was renamed Rogers Communications; it established operational control over Cantel, a wireless telephone company in which Rogers had a stake.

21st century
Rogers Communications Inc. unveiled its new logo on January 17, 2000, marking the departure of its original logo.

In 2000, Rogers acquired Cable Atlantic from Newfoundland businessman (and future premier) Danny Williams.

In July 2001, Rogers Media acquired CTV Sportsnet, which was renamed as Rogers Sportsnet that November. The FAN 590 sports radio station joined Rogers Media in August 2001, along with 14 Northern Ontario radio stations.

In fall 2004, several strategic transactions were executed that significantly increased Rogers exposure to the potential of the Canadian wireless market. Rogers acquired the 34% of Rogers Wireless owned by AT&T Wireless Services Inc. for $1.77 billion.

On December 2, 2008, Ted Rogers died of heart failure.

In 2012, Rogers Cable filed a complaint in an Ontario court against penalties levied under a 'Truth in Advertising' law, claiming that the amount of the penalties, and the requirements imposed by the law, were in violation of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

The company also had to recognize the rising market trend of customers canceling or foregoing cable television service subscriptions in favour of cheaper priced alternate content delivery means, such as streaming media services like Netflix, a demographic called "cord cutters" and "cord nevers". In response, Rogers acquired content with a speculated cost of $100 million to begin their own competing online streaming service, Shomi, much like the American Hulu Plus, which launched November 4, 2014. Shomi subsequently shut down after only 2 years of operation, on November 30, 2016.

In the summer of 2014, Rogers reported a 24% drop in profit compared to the previous year's second quarter.

Acquisition of Shaw, family dispute
On March 15, 2021, Rogers announced its intent to acquire Shaw Communications for $26 billion, subject to regulatory and shareholder approval. This proposed acquisition was criticized by public lobby groups like Open Media, as a move that would reduce national competition in Canadian wireless communication by removing one of the four major competitors from the market.

On September 29, chief financial officer Tony Staffieri left the company. On October 8, The Globe and Mail reported that this came about following Edward Rogers' attempt to have Staffieri replace Joe Natale, a former Telus executive and the company's third CEO since Ted Rogers' death in 2008. This attempt was opposed by Edward's mother and sisters. Edward Rogers was then removed as chairman of the board, while remaining a board member, on October 21. However, a proposal to remove Edward as chair of the Rogers Control Trust, which holds the majority voting interest in Rogers Communications on behalf of the family, did not receive sufficient support from other members of the trust's advisory committee.

The following day, Edward Rogers, in his capacity as chair of the Control Trust, announced he was unilaterally enacting a written shareholder resolution replacing five of the board's independent directors, and two days later convened a meeting at which the "reconstituted" board re-appointed him as chair of the board of Rogers Communications. The legality of the resolution has been disputed by the board members that were purportedly replaced, and by other members of the Rogers family.

The CRTC approved the merger on March 24, 2022.

In May 2022, the Canadian Competition Bureau requested an order from the Competition Tribunal blocking Rogers's takeover of Shaw Communications arguing that the deal would substantially lessen competition by eliminating Rogers’ closest competitor in the wireless sector. It also requested an injunction to stop the cable companies from closing the deal until the application can be heard.

After two years since it was first announced, Rogers' acquisition of Shaw Communications received the last regulatory approval from the Industry Minister, Francois-Philippe Champagne. To appease concerns over a lack of competition arising, Shaw will be required to sell off its Freedom Mobile wireless business to Quebecor Inc.'s Videotron for $2.85 billion. In addition, Rogers and Videotron agreed to a number of conditions requiring the addition of 3,000 jobs in Western Canada, Videotron must also offer plans 20% lower than the competition and commit to spending $150 million in the next two years to upgrade the Freedom Mobile network. Rogers and Videotron would be liable to pay upwards of $1 billion and $200 million in penalties, respectively, if the commitments were not fulfilled.

2021 and 2022 outages
On April 19, 2021, "wireless calls, SMS and data services were down across Canada for almost an entire day because of an issue with a software update". Rogers hardly reimbursed consumers for the inconvenience.

On July 8, 2022, millions of customers reported issues with Rogers mobile and Internet services, including some Canada government services, such as Service Canada, Canada Revenue Agency and passport offices, as well as Canadian interbank, money transfer network Interac, ATMs and 9-1-1 services. Rogers apologized for the mass outage and said it was trying to restore services. Rogers President and CEO Tony Staffieri issued an apology via Twitter about 17 hours after the start of the incident, acknowledging the issue to the public after a day of system outage. Staffieri acknowledged that the outage stems from a failed maintenance update. Rogers has offered credit as compensation for the outage.

A report by Cloudflare suggested that the outage was due to internal, rather than external, causes. It identified spikes in BGP updates, as well as withdrawals of IP prefixes, noting that Rogers was not advertising its presence, causing other networks to not find the Rogers network. Cause of the outage or expected downtime was initially not revealed. The outage was later said to be caused by a maintenance upgrade that caused routers to malfunction, similar to the outage which occurred a year prior.

On July 11, 2022, Canada federal government opened an investigation about the most recent outage and demanded telecoms companies to make communication protocols to keep customers better informed about possible disruptions. On the same day, Industry minister François-Philippe Champagne met the CEOs of Rogers, BCE Inc, Telus Corp, Shaw Communications Inc., Quebecor Inc.’s Videotron Ltd., SaskTel and Bragg Communications Inc.’s Eastlink. During that meeting, the Industry minister asked companies to implement an agreement in 60 days in which the companies will be able to help each other during an outage in one of their networks.

As a result of the mentioned investigation, as well as scrutiny and criticism over the glitch and the company itself, some traders said the chances of a merger deal between Rogers and Shaw Communications dropped to nearly 62% on July 11, 2022 from 88% in the week earlier.

Rogers CEO, Tony Staffieri, blamed the outage on the maintenance update, and offered a five day service credit to the customers as a sign of apology.

Corporate governance
Rogers Communications is traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange and on the New York Stock Exchange under ticker "RCI".

Following the death of Ted Rogers in 2008, control of Rogers Communications passed to the Rogers Control Trust, a trust for which a subsidiary of Scotiabank serves as trustee. Ted's son Edward Rogers and daughter Melinda Rogers serve, respectively, as chairman and vice-chair of the trust.

The current members of the board of directors of Rogers Communications are:

 * Edward Rogers (Chair of the Board)
 * Melinda Rogers-Hixon (Deputy Chair of the Board)
 * Tony Staffieri (President & CEO)
 * Philip Lind,
 * Martha Rogers

 * Robert Gemmell
 * Jake Custance Kerr,
 * Alan Horn,
 * Dr. Mohamed Lachemi

 * Jack Cockwell,
 * Michael Cooper
 * Ivan Fecan
 * Jan Innes
 * David Robinson

A previous composition of the board was disputed by Edward Rogers, who, in his capacity as chair of the Rogers Control Trust, announced on October 22 that Brooks, Clappison, Jacob, MacDonald, and Peterson had been replaced on the board by Michael Cooper, Jack Cockwell, Ivan Fecan, Jan Innes, and John Kerr. On October 24, this re-constituted board re-appointed Edward Rogers as chair of the board. Despite the Supreme Court of British Columbia's legal affirmation of the changes, they had been described as "invalid" by the three other Rogers family members on the company's board, as well as the replaced individuals.

In November 2021, Tony Staffieri succeeded Joe Natale and was appointed the new interim president and CEO. In January 2022, Staffieri was appointed to the position permanently.

The senior corporate officers of Rogers Communications currently are:

 * Tony Staffieri (President & CEO)
 * Glenn Brandt (Chief Financial Officer)
 * Ron McKenzie (Chief Technology and Information Officer)
 * Bret Leech (Chief Human Resources Officer)
 * Marisa Wyse (Chief Legal and Regulatory Officer and Corporate Secretary)
 * Navdeep Bains (Chief Corporate Affairs Officer)

 * Mahes Wickramasinghe (Chief Commercial Officer)
 * Robert Depatie (President and Chief Operating Officer, Residential & Business)
 * Colette Watson (President, Sports and Media)
 * Phil Hartling (President, Wireless)
 * Zoran Stakic (Chief Transformation Officer)
 * Terrie Tweddle (Chief Brand and Communications Officer)

Assets and divisions
Assets and divisions of Rogers Communications include:

 * Telecommunications: Rogers Wireless, Fido Wireless, Rogers Home Phone, Shaw Cablesystems, Shaw Telecom
 * Distribution: Rogers Cable, Shaw Broadcast Services, Shaw Direct, Rogers on Demand, Today's Shopping Choice
 * Broadcasting (through Rogers Sports & Media): Radio Stations, Television Stations, Hockey Night in Canada television network, Discretionary (Specialty) TV Services
 * Internet: Rogers Internet, Rogers Home Monitoring
 * Other: Rogers Centre, Toronto Blue Jays, Rogers Bank

Rogers Sports & Media

In addition to its ownership of Sportsnet, acquired from CTV, Sportsnet One and Sportsnet World, Rogers Sports & Media operates the Toronto Blue Jays baseball team through Rogers Blue Jays Baseball Partnership and the Rogers Centre (previously known as SkyDome). Through Sportsnet, Rogers Sports & Media also holds a 50% ownership in Dome Productions, a mobile production and distribution joint venture that is a leader in high-definition television production and broadcasting in Canada. Rogers also owns the naming rights to Rogers Arena, home of the Vancouver Canucks, as well as Rogers Place, the home of the Edmonton Oilers.

A joint venture between Rogers Communications and Bell Canada owns 75% of Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment, owners of the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League, Toronto Raptors of the National Basketball Association, Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League, and Toronto FC of Major League Soccer, as well as their minor league farm teams, the Toronto Marlies of the American Hockey League (AHL), Raptors 905 of the NBA G League and Toronto FC II of the USL League One, respectively.

On June 28, 2007, Rogers offered to sell the two religious-licensed OMNI stations in Winnipeg and Vancouver as part of the Citytv deal, although the company stated that it intended to retain the multilingual-licensed OMNI stations. In September 2007, Rogers applied to the CRTC to acquire 20 per cent of CablePulse 24, a local news channel in Toronto.

On August 25, 2012, Rogers Media agreed to acquire Score Media which includes The Score Television Network for $167 million, including a 10% stake of its digital business. The deal was completed on Oct. 19, 2012.

In 2012, Rogers purchased CJNT-DT Montreal and on February 3, 2013, it was rebranded as City Montreal.

National Hockey League
On November 26, 2013, Rogers Communications Inc, unveiled the details of a 12-year, C$5.2 billion partnership with the National Hockey League which began in the 2014–15 season. This gave Rogers the controlling stake for national broadcast and digital rights of the NHL and ultimately gave them the ability to stream all NHL feeds on all of their current platforms replacing both Bell Media and CBC Sports as the national broadcast and cable television rightsholders respectively. The effects of this deal shifted the balance of power in the country's broadcast industry as it drove up demand for Rogers Cable TV subscriptions. This transaction marked the first time a first-class North American-wide sports league has allowed all its national right to one company on a long-term basis. As part of the deal, Rogers also took over Canadian distribution of the NHL Centre Ice and GameCentre Live services. National English-language coverage of the NHL is carried primarily by Rogers' Sportsnet group of specialty channels; Sportsnet holds an exclusive window for games played on Wednesday nights. Hockey Night in Canada was maintained and expanded under the deal, airing up to seven games nationally on Saturday nights throughout the regular season across CBC Television, the Sportsnet networks, Rogers-owned television network Citytv, and FX Canada. While CBC maintains Rogers-produced NHL coverage during the regular season and playoffs through a time-brokerage agreement with the company, Rogers assumes editorial control and the ownership of any advertising revenue from the telecasts. Citytv (and later Sportsnet) also airs a Sunday night game of the week, Rogers Hometown Hockey, which features a pre-game show originating from various Canadian communities. Sportsnet's networks also air occasional games involving all-U.S. matchups. Under a sub-licensing agreement with Rogers, Quebecor Media holds national French-language rights to the NHL, with all coverage airing on its specialty channel TVA Sports. TVA Sports' flagship broadcasts on Saturday nights focus primarily on the Montreal Canadiens.

Rogers sought to increase the prominence of NHL content on digital platforms by re-launching the NHL's digital out-of-market sports package GameCentre Live as Rogers NHL GameCentre Live, adding the ability to stream all of Rogers' national NHL telecasts, along with in-market streaming of regional games for teams whose regional rights are held by Sportsnet. GamePlus—an additional mode featuring alternate camera angles intended for a second screen experience, such as angles focusing on certain players, net and referee cameras, and a Skycam in selected venues, was also added exclusively for GameCentre Live subscribers who are subscribed to Rogers' cable, internet, or wireless services.

In the lead-up to the 2014–15 season, Rogers began to promote its networks as the new home of the NHL through a multi-platform advertising campaign; the campaign featured advertising and cross-promotions across Rogers' properties, such as The Shopping Channel, which began to feature presentations of NHL merchandise, and its parenting magazine Today's Parent, which began to feature hockey-themed stories in its issues. On May 28, 2014, Rogers announced a six-year sponsorship deal with Scotiabank, which saw the bank become the title sponsor for Wednesday Night Hockey and Hockey Day in Canada, and become a sponsor for other segments and initiatives throughout Rogers' NHL coverage.

On October 6, 2014, Rogers and NHL began their media sales venture in which Rogers will lead all Canadian national NHL media sales across its owned and operated broadcast and digital platforms as well as ad sales for League-owned digital assets in Canada.

Rogers Bank
Rogers Bank (Banque Rogers) is a Canadian financial services company wholly owned by Rogers Communications. Rogers applied to the Minister of Finance under the Bank Act for permission to establish a Schedule I bank (a domestic bank that may accept deposits) in summer 2011. At launch, Rogers Bank offered a Rogers-branded credit card targeted at existing customers. A companion card branded for Rogers subsidiary Fido was introduced in 2016. The bank offers three categories of credit card to Canadians: Fido Mastercard, Rogers Platinum Mastercard, and Rogers World Elite Mastercard.

Publishing
Prior to 2019, Rogers Publishing Limited published more than 70 consumer magazines and trade and professional publications, digital properties and directories in Canada, including Maclean's, Canada's weekly newsmagazine; its French-language equivalent, L'actualité; Sportsnet Magazine; Chatelaine; Flare; and a variety of other magazines and their companion websites. The publishing arm was once part of the Maclean-Hunter Publishing empire. Rogers did not have printing facilities and contracted out services in 2008 to Montreal-based TC Transcontinental to print magazines from their plants across Canada.

In March 2019, Rogers sold their magazine brands, including Maclean's, Chatelaine and ''HELLO! Canada'', to St. Joseph Communications for an undisclosed sum.

OutRank by Rogers
In 2011, a partnership was formed between Rogers Communications and Yodle, Inc to provide a suite of digital marketing services to Canadian small, medium, and enterprise size business. These are marketed under the name OutRank by Rogers and operate as a business unit within the company. Services include search engine optimization, mobile marketing, social media marketing, pay per click, and analytics. The opening was announced in January 2012 with the launch of their first client, Ontario-based CLS Roofing. OutRank by Rogers is a Google Premier SMB Partner and promotes responsive web design. The company is a donor to the Ronald Mcdonald House of Toronto.

Zoocasa
In 2008, Rogers Communications launched Zoocasa, an online real estate listing service. The company later became a licensed real estate brokerage and in May 2013, the website relaunched to allow homebuyers to find properties and agents. The service also provided rebates on real estate commissions to buyers and sellers. Zoocasa was shut down on June 22, 2015. The website's domain and technology were purchased for $350,000 and the website relaunched on July 2, 2015, under new ownership.

Texture
Texture (previously known as Next Issue) was a digital magazine app introduced to the Canadian market by Rogers in 2013. The service had a monthly subscription fee that gave readers access to over 200 magazines in English and French.

Texture was purchased by Apple in 2018; in 2019, it was discontinued and integrated into Apple News+.

title: Rogers Communications


text:
User talk:Kielsky

Please quit inserting advertising into your articles. You can be banned for this practice. RickK 04:09, 20 Nov 2003 (UTC)

See RickK's talk page. silsor 16:55, Nov 20, 2003 (UTC)

Hi Kielsky, I can see you've had a bit of a bumpy introduction to Wikipedia. It can take some time learn the conventions and become acclimatized to the culture. Unfortunately, your recent contributions Ab initio, A mensa et thoro, and A vinculo matrimonii have fallen afoul of one of the policies about what kind of content is desired in Wikipedia: specifically, Wikipedia is not a dictionary. I'm going to have to do something about them: nominate them for deletion and/or move them to Wiktionary. Please do continue to contribute! Cheers, Cyan 22:37, 20 Nov 2003 (UTC)

I posted the articles on Votes for deletion, where it was suggested that they be merged into an article about Legal terms. Cheers, Cyan 23:59, 20 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Hiya. Should I take it from your continuing edits to credit repair that you no longer have any objection to that article not containing a copyright statement linking to your site? Martin 19:11, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Martin, I am willing to cede to the compromise of having a credit/link on the talk: page. Kielsky 23:21, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Splendid. Thanks, Kielsky. :) Martin 23:36, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Thank you, sorry if I was mean. silsor 23:41, Nov 25, 2003 (UTC)

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February 2012
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Nomination of Hoplophobia for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Hoplophobia is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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Nomination of Hoplophobia for deletion
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Nomination of Hoplophobia for deletion
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Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. — Rhododendrites  talk \\ 02:06, 21 January 2020 (UTC)

March 2022
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. We appreciate your contributions; however, it appears you may have written a Wikipedia article, or a draft for a Wikipedia article, about yourself. Creating an autobiography is strongly discouraged – please see our guideline on writing autobiographies. If you create such an article, it may be deleted. If what you have done in life is genuinely notable and can be verified according to our policy for articles about living people, someone else will probably create an article about you sooner or later (see Wikipedians with articles). If you wish to add to or change an existing article about yourself, you are welcome to propose the changes by visiting the article's talk page. Please understand that this is an encyclopedia and not a personal web space or social networking site. If your article has already been deleted, please see: Why was the page I created deleted?, and if you feel the deletion was an error, please discuss this with the deleting administrator. Thank you. Liz Read! Talk! 22:15, 22 March 2022 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikipedia: check out the Teahouse!

 * Thank you 98.172.89.162 (talk) 23:18, 22 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Thank you -- Michael Kielsky :-) 23:18, 22 March 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kielsky


text:
Vidéotron

Vidéotron is a Canadian integrated telecommunications company active in cable television, interactive multimedia development, video on demand, cable telephony, wireless communication and Internet access services. Owned by Quebecor, it primarily serves Quebec and Ottawa, as well as the Francophone communities of New Brunswick and some parts of Eastern Ontario. Its principal competitors are Bell Canada and Telus Communications.

Vidéotron is the fifth-largest wireless carrier in Canada, with nearly 1,700,000 mobile subscribers as of Q2 2022.

History
Vidéotron was established in 1964, under the name "Télécâble Vidéotron Ltée" as northern Montreal's first cable television network. It started with 66 subscribers. André Chagnon served as the company's founding president.

From 1966 to 1969, Vidéotron expanded by acquiring several cable networks in many regions of the province of Quebec.

In 1969, the company offered the first pay-per-view service under the name Sélecto-TV.

In 1974, a bi-directional network was created in Saint-Jérôme, one of the first in the world at the time.

By 1980, Vidéotron acquired Câblevision Nationale to become the largest teledistributor in Quebec. Vidéotron acquired Télé-Métropole in 1986, the largest private French-language television company in North America.

In 1989 the company opened the first video rental stores: Le SuperClub Vidéotron. Its first fiber optic network was created between the cities of Quebec and Montreal.

On January 24, 1990, Vidéotron launched terminals in Quebec, the first interactive television (ITV) system in North America.

From 1995, the company entered the Internet era and acquired its own Internet portal, InfiniT.com.

In 1997, CF Cable TV, which operated primarily on the western end of the Island of Montreal, southern Laval and Northern Ontario, was acquired by Vidéotron, further expanding its base. The Northern Ontario division was later sold to Regional Cablesystems.

On March 29, 1999, the company launched digital television in Montreal.

By the start of the 21st century, Rogers Communications struck an accord with the Chagnon family to purchase Vidéotron. However, citing cultural sovereignty concerns, the second-largest shareholder invoked its right to veto the purchase. Quebecor acquired Vidéotron instead, after months of legal proceedings. On May 23, 2001, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) approved the transfer of broadcasting licences from Vidéotron to Quebecor.

Video-on-demand and high-definition television became available in 2003.

Vidéotron launched their wireless service in August 2006 and, two years later the company announced the launch of two new internet access services: Ultimate Speed Internet 30 and Ultimate Speed Internet 50 which deliver speeds of 30 Mbit/s and 50 Mbit/s respectively.

In the spring of 2010, Vidéotron launched IllicoWeb, an online television and video-on-demand service. In September, it launched a 3G+ wireless service, with plans to offer a quadruple play service with its existing cable services.

On December 30, 2017, assets from Vidéotron G.P. were transferred to Vidéotron Ltée, as the company underwent a corporate reorganization.

In September 2018, Vidéotron began beta testing for Fizz, a discount flanker brand on its network.

On August 27, 2019, Vidéotron launched Helix, a new Internet and IPTV service based on Comcast's X1 platform.

Services
Vidéotron serves 1,830,400 cable television customers, including over 1,517,600 digital cable subscribers. Vidéotron also has more than 1,408,200 high-speed cable Internet subscribers, the most in Quebec. As of September 2013, the company had activated 478,000 mobile phones, and was providing cable telephone service to nearly 1,281,200 customers. Vidéotron's cable services are available in the greater areas of Montreal, Quebec City, Gatineau, Sherbrooke, Trois-Rivières and Saguenay. Vidéotron also serves areas in eastern Ontario, such as Rockland and the surrounding municipality of Clarence-Rockland, as well as parts of New Brunswick near the Quebec border. Vidéotron's cable community channels are branded as MAtv.

Vidéotron cable services were once also available in the United Kingdom, but were acquired and merged into Cable & Wireless plc along with Bell Cablemedia and NYNEX Corporation in 1997. The company also used to operate in Africa and the United States. One of its previous subsidiaries – Videotron Telecom (not to be confused with Videotron Mobile) – was financed by the Carlyle Group.

Vidéotron has provided telecommunication services to business and governments since the integration of Vidéotron Télécom into Vidéotron Ltée. The services include dark fiber, SONET, ATM, and Ethernet links as well as video circuits used by various Quebec television networks.

Television
Vidéotron operates various type of television services. They include Illico TV, a digital cable television provider, Club Illico, an over-the-top subscription video-on-demand service and Helix TV, an Internet Protocol television provider. The latter service requires Helix Internet. The core Illico and Helix TV package is Basic (La Base), which includes 23 basic channels and is comparable to competitors' Starter packages. Basic includes MAtv, a brand of community channels that is exclusive to Vidéotron. Other current packages (Light/Le Léger, Discovery/La Découverte, Sports Discovery/La Découverte Sports, Discovery Plus/La Découverte Plus, Show Time/Fan De Films, Sports Fan/Fan De Sports, All-In/La Totale and Absolute/Plein La Vue) include all channels from Basic, plus 5 to 32 à la carte TV channels.

Club Illico has produced various original comedy and drama series, including Escouade 99, Portrait-Robot, The Night Logan Woke Up (La nuit où Laurier Gaudreault s'est réveillé) and Mégantic.

Cable telephone service
On July 29, 2004, Vidéotron announced plans to launch a telephone service using VoIP technology by the first half of 2005. Vidéotron launched its cable phone service in late 2004 to compete with Bell Canada and Telus. Deployment of this service started on Montreal's South Shore. By press release on January 24, 2005, Vidéotron announced that 300,000 customers on Montreal's South Shore had access to this service and that deployment would continue all over Quebec throughout 2005. Vidéotron also announced that about 2,500 customers had already subscribed to this service, following a trial conducted in the fall of 2004.

Vidéotron was also the first cable provider in Canada to launch a cable phone service.

Mobile network
In July 2008, Videotron ltée and Quebecor acquired spectrum licences for advanced wireless services from an Industry Canada auction at a total cost of $554,559,000. The licences cover Quebec for an average of 40 MHz spectrum, Toronto with 10 MHz and south-east Ontario. The network was launched on September 9, 2010. Infrastructure work for a pre-4G HSPA+ wireless network was done over the span of three years, Videotron now having its own cellular communications resources.

Vidéotron was the only provider in Canada that sold the short-lived Garmin Nuvifone A50 smartphone.

In 2013, Rogers and Vidéotron struck a 20-year deal, enabling Vidéotron to share its network with Rogers Wireless. This network sharing agreement enabled Vidéotron to deploy LTE on its network in Quebec in 2014, in partnership with Rogers. The agreement also enabled Vidéotron customers to use the Rogers Wireless network as a Vidéotron partner network in order to allow texts to be sent or received, calls to be made and for data to be used across Canada. In 2016, Vidéotron revamped its plans, allowing customers to make unlimited calls, send and receive texts and use data in the United States as well, due to partnerships with US carriers.

Vidéotron began beta testing in 2018 for a new mid-range mobile flanker brand, Fizz Mobile, in Quebec and in Ottawa.

Technical support
The major centers are located in Montreal, Longueuil, Quebec City, Gatineau, Joliette, Saguenay and St-Hubert. Vidéotron also has outsourced customer service centers that include Utopia, Gexel Telecom and Atelka. In 2007, Videotron formed a partnership with Xceed Contact Center to outsource some of the call centers to Egypt.

High-Speed Extreme Internet
On August 14, 2007, Videotron announced starting October 1 they would impose a 100-gigabyte-per-month download/upload limit with a penalty of $1.50 per extra gigabyte to their previously unrestricted High-Speed Extreme Internet service, even to existing subscribers. This decision created outrage among its Internet users, and led to a class action suit against Videotron by consumer advocacy group Union des Consommateurs. In September 2013, the court authorized the suit to proceed. Ultimately the Quebec Superior Court rendered a $1.2 million judgment in favour of the plaintiffs.

title: Vidéotron


text:
Rogers Plus

Rogers Plus was a brand name for the retail operations of Rogers Communications. It was formerly two separate brands, namely the Rogers Wireless chain of telecommunications stores previously operated by InterTAN under licence from Rogers, and the Rogers Video chain of video rental stores. In early 2007, Rogers retired the Rogers Video and Rogers Wireless brand names from its stores and re-branded them as Rogers Plus.

At its peak, there were over 300 Rogers Plus stores. Rogers Plus stores also provided sales and service for cable television, Internet, home phone service and wireless phone service in markets where they offered these services.

1980s to 1990s: inception, acquisitions and expansion
Rogers Video was established in 1988. The company's operations grew considerably in the 1990s through take-overs of smaller, local chains. For example, in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, Rogers took over eight stores from TVS Video Superstore and Family Video (not to be confused with the Saskatoon-based Family Video chain that became VHQ) chains. These acquisitions allowed Rogers Video to gain the title of the fifth largest video rental shop chain in North America until its demise. In the country's National Capital Region, which mainly consists of Ottawa, the rental chain agreed to provide services in both English and French. Rogers Video also received multiple "Canadian Retailer of the Year" awards in that decade and the next to come.

2000s: DVD-by-mail service and rebranding
In 2004, Rogers Video began a partnership with Zip.ca to provide a DVD-by-mail service called Rogers Video Direct. This allowed users to rent online and have DVDs delivered by mail. In December 2011, Rogers Video Direct closed and customers were redirected to the Zip.ca website. The company changed the name of their chain to Rogers Plus in 2007.

2010s: rental business discontinued, another rebranding

Rival home video retailer Blockbuster Video Canada shut down all of its Canadian video rental stores in 2011. Following this, Rogers Plus also announced plans to shut down its video rental operations. Rogers ceased rentals on April 16, 2012 and sold all of its previously viewed rental inventory at "buy one, get one free" prices to customers. The majority of the Rogers Plus stores would remain open and continue to offer cable TV, Internet, and wireless products and services, although most of these downsized and/or relocated to smaller spaces in the same mall/plaza, as the now-redundant space for rental operations took up over half of typical Rogers Plus store footprint. In May 2012, the company announced in stores and on their website that they would cease renting movies and games, encouraging customers to choose Rogers Anyplace TV or Rogers On Demand instead. In October 2012, the Rogers Plus brand name was phased out and remaining stores were simply branded as Rogers stores, similar to how Bell Canada, Telus Communications, and Shaw Communications stores are branded.

Awards
Rogers won multiple "Canadian Retailer of the Year" awards. Five were awarded by Premiere in 1992 and from 1994 to 1997 inclusive. Four more were awarded by Entertainment Merchants Association in 1993, 1995 and 1997.

title: Rogers Plus


text:
Fly spray

Fly spray is a chemical insecticide that comes in an aerosol can that is sprayed into the air to kill flies. Fly sprays will kill various insects such as house flies and wasps.

Principles
Fly spray contains chemicals (including many organophosphate compounds) that bind to and permanently block the action of an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase. Acetyl choline (ACh) is the nerve transmitter substance released by motor neurones (at a site called the neuromuscular junction) to stimulate muscle contraction. The muscles relax (stop contracting) when the ACh is removed from the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) by the action of acetylcholinesterase. By inhibiting the cholinesterase the insect can no longer break down ACh in the NMJ and so its muscles lock up in a state of tetany (continuous contraction) making flying and respiration impossible, and the insect then dies of asphyxiation.

The Fly spray is shown to be effective against black flies. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency released a study detailing the effectiveness of black fly spray.

Safety
Like many insecticides, fly spray can be toxic to a host of other organisms including birds, fish, beneficial insects, and non-target plants.

In the United States, fly sprays often contain the powerful insect toxin dichlorvos which is often targeted by environmental groups as a carcinogenic compound. While the small quantities found in fly spray may be negligible, the insect toxin can contaminate soil, water, turf, and other vegetation if disposed improperly.

title: Fly spray


text:
Roach

Roach or The Roach may refer to:

Animals

 * Cockroach, various insect species of the order Blattodea
 * Common roach (Rutilus rutilus), a fresh and brackish water fish of the family Cyprinidae
 * Rutilus or roaches, a genus of fishes
 * California roach (Hesperoleucus symmetricus), a cyprinid fish native to western North America

Places

 * Roach, Missouri, an unincorporated community
 * Roach, Nevada, a ghost town
 * Roach, West Virginia, an unincorporated community
 * Roach River (Maine), a river in Piscataquis County
 * Roach River (Virginia), a tributary of the North Fork Rivanna River
 * River Roach, Essex, England
 * Roach, former name of the Rural Municipality of Leroy No. 339, Saskatchewan, Canada

People

 * Roach (surname), a list of people who bear the last name Roach
 * Roach (rapper) (born 1988), American rapper and hip-hop artist
 * Roach, fictional character in the animated series Supernoobs
 * Gary "Roach" Sanderson, a playable character in Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2
 * Roach Stewart (1881–1948), college football player and attorney
 * Roach, a fictional character from the 1991 crime-action film, Point Break
 * Law Roach

Other

 * A Zerg unit in StarCraft 2
 * Roach (headdress), traditional Native American headdress usually of porcupine hair
 * Roach (sail), an arc of extra material on the leech of a sail
 * Roach (smoking), the butt of a marijuana cigarette
 * Roaching, a way of styling the mane of a horse
 * Roach back, a type of conformation of the back of a horse
 * Roach Stone, a type of Portland stone with many shell fragments within the stone
 * Roach v Electoral Commissioner, a landmark 2007 High Court of Australia case
 * "The Roach (The Chronic Outro)", track on Dr Dre's 1992 album The Chronic
 * "The Roach" or "The Giant Cockroach", 1923 Russian children's poem by Korney Chukovsky

title: Roach


text:
Music of Estonia

The recorded history of music in Estonia dates back as far as the 12th century.

History
The earliest mentioning of Estonian singing and dancing dates back to Saxo Grammaticus' Gesta Danorum (c. 1179). Saxo speaks of Estonian warriors who sang at night while waiting for an epic battle.

The Estonian folk music tradition is broadly divided into 2 periods. The older folksongs are also referred to as runic songs, traditional songs in the poetic metre regivärss that are shared by all Finnic peoples. Runic singing was widespread among Estonians until the 18th century, when it started to be replaced by rhythmic folksongs. Professional Estonian musicians emerged in the late 19th century at the time of Estonian national awakening. The best known active Estonian composers is Arvo Pärt.

Folk music
Estonian epic poetry (Estonian: regilaul) has been extensively recorded and studied, especially those sung by women. They can come in many forms, including work songs, ballads and sung legends. Much of the early scholarly study of epic poetry was done in the 1860s by Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald, who used regilaul themes to compose the Estonian national epic, Kalevipoeg. By the 20th century, though, regilaul singing had largely disappeared from Estonia, with vibrant traditions existing only in Setumaa and Kihnu.

Traditional wind instruments derived from those used by shepherds, such as the karjapasun and vilepill, were once widespread, but are now more rarely played. Other instruments, including the fiddle, zither, concertina and accordion are used to play polka or other dance music. The kannel is a native instrument that is probably even more popular among the Estonian diaspora in North America than in its homeland, where well-known kannel musicians include Igor Tõnurist and Tuule Kann.

A notable example of an Estonian folk song is called "The herring lived on dry land", or simply "The herring song". According to its lyrics, in the ancient times the herring used to have legs and live on dry land. It used to destroy vermin, like rats and it was kept like a cat. One time a two masted sailing ship was transporting a large load of salt. Back then salt was expensive. Some unit of it called saam cost 100 of something in gold. There was a herring aboard the ship. The specific herring liked to eat salt, so it started to tunnel its way around the salt sacks. Eventually it accidentally chewed its way through the ships wooden hull, causing it to sink. This angered Neptune (the god of sea), who said to the herring: "Hey herring, because you chewed a hole into the ship and sunk the new ship, you will now have to live in seawater as punishment." The salt from the ship was released into the sea, resulting in the seas now having a salt composition.

National awakening
After the Estonian national awakening the first professional Estonian musicians emerged. The most significant were Rudolf Tobias (1873–1918) and Artur Kapp (1878–1952). Other composers followed, such as Mart Saar (1882–1963), Artur Lemba (1885–1963), Heino Eller (1887–1970) and Cyrillus Kreek (1889–1962).

20th century
In the 1960s, the Soviet communist authorities began encouraging forms of ethnic folk art from various parts of the former USSR and Eastern Bloc. Local ethnographic bands were formed after Leiko, a choir from Värska, came together in 1964, while a less regionally distinct form of Estonian folk music was soon promoted, Estonian ring dance beginning with the formation of Leigarid in 1969. The 1950s and 60s also saw the publication of Herbert Tampere's Eesti rahvalaule viisidega ("Estonian folk songs with melodies"), a collection of folk songs. The first LP of traditional music, Eesti rahvalaule ja pillilugusid ("Estonian folk songs and instrumental pieces") was released in 1967. In the 1980s, a series of musical festivals took place that helped stimulate the increasing popular demands for freedom of expression (these included the 1985 conference of CIOFF, the 1986 Viru säru and 1989's Baltica), leading to the nonviolent Singing Revolution of 1989, and Estonia's bloodless regaining of independence in 1991.

In the 1950s, Estonian baritone Georg Ots rose to worldwide prominence as an opera singer.

Estonia also produced a number of classical composers of high repute during the twentieth century, including: Miina Härma (1864–1941), Rudolf Tobias (1873–1918), Heino Eller (1887–1970), Artur Kapp (1878–1952), Artur Lemba (1885–1963), Mart Saar (1882–1963), Lepo Sumera (1950–2000), Eduard Tubin (1905–1982), Veljo Tormis (1930–2017) and the living composers mentioned below.

Today
There are several yearly music festivals of Estonia.

These celebrations of traditional life have inspired multiple later composers who modernized traditional music, including Olev Muska and Coralie Joyce, Kirile Loo, Veljo Tormis and the Estonian-Australian choir Kiri-uu. Other modern Estonian musicians include the influential composers René Eespere (1953–), Ester Mägi (1922– 2021), Arvo Pärt (1935–), Jaan Rääts (1932–2020), Urmas Sisask (1960–2022), and Erkki-Sven Tüür (1959–). Conductor Neeme Järvi has had a long and distinguished international career. His sons Paavo Järvi and Kristjan Järvi are both also conductors, and his daughter Maarika Järvi is a flutist.

The indie folk rock band Ewert and The Two Dragons are among the best known Estonian bands, having had success in Europe and signing with Warner Bros. Records and winning the European Border Breakers Award in 2012. The girl band Vanilla Ninja were also one of the best-known Estonian bands before their hiatus. In addition, artists such as Hortus Musicus, Kerli, Vaiko Eplik & Eliit, Iiris, NOËP, Miljardid and Trad.Attack! have gained popularity outside Estonia.

Metsatöll is a folk-metal band combining runo-song and traditional folk instruments with metal. Another Estonian folk metal group was Raud-ants.

Contemporary artists include Jüri Pootsmann, Tanel Padar and Ott Lepland. Today, many music festivals are held, such as Eesti Laul.

title: Music of Estonia


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Music of Latvia

Traditional Latvian music is often set to traditional poetry called dainas, featuring pre-Christian themes and legends, drone vocal styles, and Baltic psaltery.

Dainas
Traditional Latvian folklore, especially the dance of the folk songs, date back well over a thousand years. More than 1.2 million texts and 30,000 melodies of folk songs have been identified.

Dainas are very short, which usually consist only one or two stanzas, are unrhymed, and are in a four-footed trochaic metre. Lyrically, dainas concern themselves with native mythology, but in contrast to most similar forms, do not have any legendary heroes. Stories often revolve around pre-Christian deities like the sun goddess Saule, the moon god Mēness and, most notably, the life of people, especially its three most important events – birth, wedding, and death (including burial). The first collection of dainas was published between 1894 and 1915 as Latvju Dainas by Krišjānis Barons. Latvju tautas mūzikas materiāli, translated in English as the Materials of Latvian Folk Music, is the anthology and commentary of Latvian folk. It analysed 5999 items of Latvian ethnography published in 6 editions from 1894 to 1926 by the Latvian musicologist and composer Andrejs Jurjāns (1856–1922).

Latvju tautas mūzikas materiāli Sestā grāmata (the sixth book) was published posthumously in Riga, 1926. On page 1 latvju komponistu biedrības izdevums is inscribed, translated as the Latvian Society of Composers edition.

Instrumentation
Accompaniment to the village songs is played on various traditional instruments, the most significant of which is the kokles, a type of box zither related to the Lithuanian kanklės and other Baltic psalteries. In the 1970s, artists like Jānis Poriķis and Valdis Muktupāvels led a revival in kokles music, which had only survived in the Courland and Lettgallia regions. The Latvian-exile community abroad, especially in the United States, has also kept kokles traditions alive. In the last hundred years, a new kind of kokles was developed, with many more strings, halftones levelers and other improvements that expand the capacities of the instrument to play not only modal music but, in another point of view, displeased more traditional musicians. This modernized version of the instrument is called "concert kokles". However, currently is the only remaining master concert kokles maker, although recently he has taken in two apprentices.

Classical music
Choir traditions are very strong in Latvia. Alongside many professional choirs, there are tens of thousands of Latvians who are part of different amateur choirs. Once every five years the Latvian National Song and Dance Festival takes place with around 20,000 singers taking part in it.

The 2014 World Choir Games took place in Riga.

This year (2019) Latvia hosts the inaugural Riga Jurmala Music Festival, a new festival in which world-famous orchestras and conductors perform across four weekends during the summer. The festival takes place at the Latvian National Opera, the Great Guild, and the Great and Small Halls of the Dzintari Concert Hall. This year features the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra, the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, the London Symphony Orchestra and the Russian National Orchestra.

Internationally famous Latvian musicians include conductors Arvīds Jansons and his son Mariss Jansons, Andris Nelsons, violinist Gidon Kremer, cellist Mischa Maisky, and soprano Kristīne Opolais.

Popular music
During the Soviet era, rock music became extremely popular, because it, as well as folk songs, offered a chance to rebel against the local authorities. Imants Kalniņš was the most important composer of the time, and his songs were extremely popular. He also wrote music for the movie "Four White Shirts", which spoke about the need for freedom and was therefore banned. One of the most important social gatherings of the time was the annual Imantdiena ('The Day of Imants (Kalniņš)'), forbidden on grounds of interfering with hay-gathering. The tradition continued informally at the composer's house.

The songs of Imants Kalniņš were best known as performed by the group which only played songs by this composer. Most of the members of the group moved on to form another group, Pērkons ('Thunder') later. Pērkons was a symbol of rebellion. They played fascinating rock and roll bordering on hard rock music, composed by the band's frontman, using poems mostly written by. Many of those were strongly disapproved by the Soviet authorities, as they implied the ridiculousness of the system. The most famous concert by Pērkons resulted in the destruction of a train compartment by the young people who had attended the concert. This, as well as other events, is portrayed in the movie "Is It Easy to Be Young?" by Juris Podnieks. Acts such as Pērkons certainly played an important role in the lives of the youth of the time and were a serious challenge to the Soviet system.

Nowadays, the pop music sphere is dominated by pop music (e.g., Prāta vētra ) and alternative rock.

title: Music of Latvia