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Strategic Rocket Forces

The Strategic Rocket Forces of the Russian Federation or the Strategic Missile Forces of the Russian Federation (RVSN RF; Ракетные войска стратегического назначения Российской Федерации (РВСН РФ)) is a separate-troops branch of the Russian Armed Forces that controls Russia's land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). It was formerly part of the Soviet Armed Forces from 1959 to 1991.

The Strategic Rocket Forces was created on 17 December 1959 as part of the Soviet Armed Forces as the main force for operating all Soviet nuclear ground-based intercontinental, intermediate-range ballistic missile, and medium-range ballistic missile with ranges over 1,000 kilometers. After the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, assets of the Strategic Rocket Forces were in the territories of several new states in addition to Russia, with armed nuclear missile silos in Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine. The three of them transferred their missiles to Russia for dismantling and they all joined the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

Complementary strategic forces within Russia include the Russian Aerospace Forces' Long Range Aviation and the Russian Navy's ballistic missile submarines. Together the three bodies form Russia's nuclear triad.

History
The first Soviet rocket study unit was established in June 1946, by redesignating the 92nd Guards Mortar Regiment at Bad Berka in East Germany as the 22nd Brigade for Special Use of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command. On October 18, 1947, the brigade conducted the first launch of the remanufactured former German A-4 ballistic missile, or R-1, from the Kapustin Yar Range. In the early 1950s the 77th and 90th Brigades were formed to operate the R-1 (SS-1a 'Scunner'). The 54th and 56th Brigades were formed to conduct test launches of the R-2 (SS-2 'Sibling') at Kapustin Yar on June 1, 1952.

The 5th Scientific Research Proving Ground was established in 1955 in Kzyl-Orda Oblast at the town of Zarya later Leninsk, and finally in 1995 Baikonur. Also established that year was the 43rd Independent Scientific Experimental Station (Klyuchi, Kamchatka Krai) as an outstation of the Baikonur test site. Two years later "Object Angara" was formed at Plesetsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast, which after another name change in 1959 eventually became the 53rd Scientific Research Proving Ground in 1963.

From 1959 the Soviets introduced a number of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) into service, including the R-12 (SS-4 'Sandal'), the R-7 (SS-6 'Sapwood'), the R-16 (SS-7 'Saddler'), the R-9 (SS-8 'Sasin'), the R-26 (given the NATO reporting name SS-8 'Sasin' due to incorrect identification as the R-9), the R-36 (SS-9 'Scarp'), and the RT-21 (SS-16 'Sinner'), which was possibly never made fully operational.

By 1990 all early types of missiles had been retired from service. In 1990, the Strategic Missile Forces were officially established as a service branch of the Armed Forces under the direct control of the Defense Ministry. The date of its formal foundation, December 17, is celebrated as Strategic Missile Forces Day.

Two rocket armies were formed in 1960. The 43rd Rocket Army and the 50th Rocket Army were formed from the previous 43rd and 50th Air Armies of the Long Range Aviation.

During a test of the R-16 ICBM on October 24, 1960, the test missile exploded on the pad, killing the first commander of the SRF, Chief Marshal of Artillery Mitrofan Ivanovich Nedelin. This disaster, the details of which were concealed for decades, became known as the Nedelin catastrophe. He was succeeded by Marshal of the Soviet Union Kirill Moskalenko who was in turn quickly succeeded by Marshal Sergey Biryuzov. Under Marshal Вiryuzov the SRF deployed missiles to Cuba in 1962 as part of Operation Anadyr. 36 R-12 intermediate range ballistic missiles were sent to Cuba, initiating the Cuban Missile Crisis. The 43rd Guards Missile Division of 43rd Rocket Army manned the missiles while in Cuba.

Marshal Nikolai Krylov took over in March 1963 and served until February 1972. During this time French President Charles de Gaulle visited the Strategic Missile Forces in 1966. Together with NI Krylov, he visited a missile division in Novosibirsk, and then at the invitation of Leonid Brezhnev participated in a demonstration missile launch at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in the Kazakh SSR. Chief Marshal of Artillery Vladimir Fedorovich Tolubko commanded the SRF from April 12, 1972, to July 10, 1985. Tolubko emphasised raising the physical fitness standards within the SRF and in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the Strategic Rocket Forces began to field the new UR-100 (SS-11 'Sego') and UR-100N (SS-19 'Stilleto') ICBMs beginning with the 43rd Rocket Army in the Ukrainian SSR, providing them with longer range and more accurate missiles. He was succeeded by General of the Army Yury Pavlovich Maksimov, who was in command from July 10, 1985, to August 19, 1992.

According to a 1980 TIME Magazine article citing analysts from RAND Corporation, Soviet non-Slavs were generally barred from joining the Strategic Missile Forces because of suspicions about the loyalty of ethnic minorities to the state. Those who served in the Strategic Rocket Forces had better quality of living, food and also higher salaries than the ones paid to those serving in the Soviet Army. The majority of new recruits has, since its inception, consisted of mainly college and university graduates.

In 1989 the Strategic Missile Forces had over 1,400 ICBMs, 300 launch control centers, and twenty-eight missile bases. The SMT operated RSD-10 (SS-20 'Saber') intermediate-range ballistic missiles (IRBMs) and R-12 (SS-4 'Sandal') medium-range ballistic missiles (MRBMs). Two-thirds of the road-mobile Soviet RSD-10 force was based in the western Soviet Union and was aimed at Western Europe.

One-third of the force was located east of the Ural Mountains and was targeted primarily against China. Older R-12 missiles were deployed at fixed sites in the western Soviet Union. The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, signed in December 1987, called for the elimination of all 553 Soviet RSD-10 and R-12 missiles within three years. As of mid-1989, over 50% of RSD-10 and R-12 missiles had been eliminated.

By 1990 the Soviet Union had seven types of operational ICBMs. About 50% were heavy R-36M (SS-18 'Satan') and UR-100N (SS-19 'Stiletto') ICBMs, which carried 80% of the country's land-based ICBM warheads. By this time it was producing new mobile, and hence survivable ICBMs, the RT-23 (SS-24 'Scalpel') and RT-2PM (SS-25 'Sickle').

In 1990, with the R-12 apparently fully retired, the IISS reported that there were 350 UR-100s (SS-11 'Sego,' Mod 2/3), 60 RT-2s (SS-13 'Savage') still in service in one missile field, 75 UR-100MRs (SS-17 'Spanker,' Mod 3, with 4 MIRV), 308 R-36Ms (mostly Mod 4 with 10 MIRV), 320 UR-100Ns (mostly Mod 3 with 6 MIRV), some 60 RT-23s (silo and rail-mobile), and some 225 RT-2PMs (mobile).

Composition of the Strategic Missile Forces 1960–1991

RSVN training establishments included:
 * the Peter the Great Military Academy of the Strategic Missile Forces in Moscow;
 * the Military Engineering Red Banner Institute imeni A.F. Mozhayskiy (VIKI) in Leningrad;
 * the Kharkov Higher Military Command Engineering School Missile Forces imeni Marshal of the Soviet Union N.I. Krylov
 * the Krasnodar Higher Military Command Engineering School Missile Forces (KVVKIU) (1982-1998)
 * the Perm Higher Military Command Engineering Red Banner School Missile Forces (ru:Пермский военный институт ракетных войск)
 * the Riga Higher Military Political Red Banner School imeni Marshal of the Soviet Union S.S. Biryuzov (under the SRF from 1959-1993)
 * the Rostov Higher Military Command Engineering School Missile Forces (RVVKIU) (1959 onwards)
 * the Saratov Higher Military Command Engineering Red Banner order of the Red Star School Missile Forces imeni Major-General A.I. Lizyukov (SVVKIU) (1959-2003)
 * the Serpukhov Higher Military Command Engineering School Missile Forces imeni Leninskiy Komsomol (SVVKU)

Post Soviet Union
Like most of the Russian Armed Forces, the Strategic Missile Forces had limited access to resources for new equipment in the Yeltsin era. However, the Russian government made a priority of ensuring that the Missile Forces received new missiles to phase out older, less-reliable systems, and to incorporate newer capabilities in the face of international threats to the viability of the nuclear deterrent effect provided by their missiles. In particular the development of missile defense systems in the United States.

In 1995, the "Strategic Missile Forces Day" and "Military Space Forces Day" were created. On July 16, 1997, President Boris Yeltsin signed a decree incorporating the Russian Space Forces and the Space Missile Defence Forces (Russian: Ракетно-космической обороны) into the SMT. In doing so, 'nearly 60' military units and establishments were dissolved. However, four years later, on June 1, 2001, the Russian Space Forces were reformed as a separate branch of service from the SMT.

Minister of Defence Marshal of the Russian Federation Igor Sergeev, a former commander of the SMT from August 19, 1992 – May 22, 1997, played a major role in assuring funding for his former service. He was succeeded by General of the Army Vladimir Yakovlev, who commanded the SMT from June 1997 until April 27, 2001. Yakovlev was succeeded by Colonel General Nikolay Solovtsov.

Solovtsov was dismissed in July–August 2009. Speculation over why Solovtsov was dismissed included opposition to further cuts in deployed nuclear ballistic missile warheads below the April 2009 figure of 1,500, the fact that he had reached the retirement age of 60, despite that he had recently been extended another year's service, or the failure of the Navy's Bulava missile).

After only a year, Lieutenant General Andrey Shvaichenko, appointed on August 3, 2009, by President Dmitry Medvedev, was replaced. The current commander of the Strategic Missile Forces, Colonel General Sergei Karakayev, was appointed to the post by a presidential decree of June 22, 2010.

The RVSN headquarters has a special sledgehammer that can be used to gain access to the launch codes if the commander feels the need to use it or if ordered directly, but does not have normal access to the safe. In 2020, the Strategic Missile Forces completed switching to digital information transmission technology.

Composition since 2010s

The main RVSN command post is at Kuntsevo in the suburbs of Moscow. The alternate command post is at Kosvinsky Mountain in the Urals.

Female cadets have started to join the Peter the Great Strategic Missile Forces Academy. In the past, only men were allowed to serve in the Missile Forces. RVSN institutes also exist at Serpukhov and Rostov-on-Don. An ICBM test impact range is located in the Far East, the Kura Test Range. This has been under Aerospace Defence Forces' command since 2010.

The Strategic Missile Forces operate four distinct missile systems. The oldest system is the silo-based R-36M2 / SS-18 Satan. It carries ten warheads. The last missile will be in service until 2020.

The second system is the silo-based UR-100NUTTH / SS-19 Stiletto. The last Stiletto missiles in service with six warheads each will be removed by 2019. The third system, the single warhead mobile RT-2PM Topol / SS-25 Sickle was decommissioned by 2023.

A new missile entering service is the RT-2UTTH Topol-M / SS-27 Sickle B with single warhead, of which 60 are silo-based and 18 are mobile. Some new missiles will be added in the future. The first upgraded Topol-M called RS-24 Yars, carrying three warheads, was commissioned in 2010. In July 2011 the first mobile regiment with nine missiles was completed. From 2012 to 2017, about 80 ICBMs were placed in active duty. The RF Defense Minister said in December 2022 that 91.3% of the country's nuclear forces was modern. 3 missile regiments rearmed in 2023.

Units
The composition of missiles and warheads of the Strategic Missile Forces previously had to be revealed as part of the START I treaty data exchange. The most recently reported (January 2020) order of battle of the forces was as follows:

 * 27th Guards Rocket Army (Military Unit No. 43176) (HQ: Vladimir)
 * 98th Mixed Aviation Squadron
 * 7th Guards Rocket Division (Military Unit No. 14245) at Vypolzovo with 18+ mobile RS-24 Yars
 * 14th Rocket Division (Military Unit No. 34096) at Yoshkar-Ola with 27 mobile RS-24 Yars
 * 28th Guards Rocket Division (Military Unit No. 54055) at Kozelsk with 19 (December 2023)  silo-based RS-24
 * 54th Guards Rocket Division (Military Unit No. 34048) at Teykovo with 18 mobile RT-2UTTH Topol-M and 18 (December 2011) mobile RS-24
 * 60th Rocket Division (Military Unit No. 89553) at Tatischevo with 30 silo-based UR-100NUTTH and 60 silo-based RT-2UTTH Topol-M
 * 31st Rocket Army (HQ: Orenburg)
 * 102nd Mixed Aviation Squadron
 * 8th Rocket Division at Pervomaysky, Kirov Oblast
 * 13th Red Banner Rocket Division at Dombarovskiy with 18 silo-based R-36M2 and 11 (December 2023) UR-100NUTTH with Avangard (hypersonic glide vehicle)s (Project 4202).    The R-36s will be replaced with the new RS-28 Sarmat when operational.
 * 42nd Rocket Division at Nizhniy Tagil with 27 mobile RS-24 Yars
 * 33rd Guards Rocket Army (HQ: Omsk)
 * 105th Mixed Aviation Squadron
 * 29th Guards Rocket Division at Irkutsk with 27 mobile RS-24 Yars
 * 35th Rocket Division at Barnaul with mobile RT-2PM Topol and RS-24 Yars
 * 39th Guards Rocket Division at Novosibirsk with 27 mobile RS-24 Yars
 * 62nd Rocket Division at Uzhur with 28 silo-based R-36M2, which will also be replaced with the new RS-28 Sarmat when operational.

Numbers of missiles and warheads
The Strategic Missile Forces have:

 * 34 silo-based R-36M2 (SS-18) with up to 10 warheads, to be retired.
 * 45 mobile RT-2PM "Topol" (SS-25) with 1 warhead, now retired
 * 60 silo-based RT-2UTTH "Topol M" (SS-27) with 1 warhead
 * 18 mobile RT-2UTTH "Topol M" (SS-27) with 1 warhead
 * 24 silo-based RS-24 "Yars" (SS-29) with up to 4 warheads
 * 180 mobile RS-24 "Yars" (SS-29) with up to 4 warheads

Kristensen and Korda (2020) list the UR-100N (SS-19), as retired from deployment, while noting that UR-100NUTTH being deployed with the Avangard.

Medium-range ballistic missiles

 * R-12 Dvina, SS-4 Sandel – In service from 1959 to 1993.

Intermediate-range ballistic missiles

 * R-14 Chusovaya, SS-5 Skean – In service from 1962 to 1984.
 * RSD-10 Pioneer, SS-20 Sabre, SS-23 Sabre 2 – In service from 1976 to 1988.

Intercontinental-range ballistic missiles

 * MR-UR-100 Sotka, SS-17 Spanker – In service from 1975 to 1995.
 * R-7 Semyorka, SS-6 Sapwood – In service from 1959 to 1968.
 * R-9 Desna, SS-8 Sasin – In service from 1964 to 1976.
 * R-16, SS-7 Saddler – In service from 1961 to 1976.
 * RT-2, SS-13 Savage – In service from 1968 to 1976.
 * RT-20P, SS-15 Scrooge – In service from 1961 to 1962.
 * RT-21 Temp 2S, SS-16 Sinner – In service from 1976 to 1986.
 * RT-23 Molodets, SS-24 Scalpel – In service from 1987 to 2005.
 * UR-100, SS-11 Sego – In service from 1967 to 1974.
 * UR-200, SS-10 Scrag – In service from 1963 to 1964.

Ranks and rank insignia

 * Officer ranks

 * Other ranks

Future
According to the Federation of American Scientists, for the foreseeable future, all new Russian ICBM deployments will be of MIRVed versions of the SS-27 "Topol-M". A "new ICBM" and a "heavy ICBM" are also being developed. By the early 2020s, according to announcements by Russian military officials, all SS-18 and SS-25 ICBMs will be retired from service following the retirements of the SS-19 systems.

This development would leave a Russian ICBM force structure based on five modifications of the solid-fuel SS-27 (silo- and mobile-based SS-27 Mod 1 (Topol-M); silo- and mobile-based SS-27 Mod 2 (RS-24 Yars); and the RS-26 Rubezh) and the liquid-fuel RS-28 Sarmat with a large payload – either MIRV or some advanced payload to evade missile defense systems. Although the future force will be smaller, a greater portion of it will be MIRVed – up from approximately 36 percent in 2014 to roughly 70 percent by 2024.

title: Strategic Rocket Forces


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Clockwise (disambiguation)

Clockwise is a motion that proceeds in the same direction as a clock's hands. It may also refer to:

 * Clockwise, a puzzle game for the Amiga CD32 games console
 * Clockwise (band), a Swedish music project
 * Clockwise (film) (1986), starring John Cleese

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Clockwise (disambiguation)


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USS Tunny (SS-282)

USS Tunny (SS/SSG/APSS/LPSS-282) was a Gato-class submarine which saw service in World War II and in the Vietnam War. Tunny received nine battle stars and two Presidential Unit Citations for her World War II service and five battle stars for her operations during the Vietnam War. Tunny was the first ship of the United States Navy to be named for the tunny, any of several oceanic fishes resembling the mackerel

Construction
Tunny's keel was laid down on 10 November 1941 at Vallejo, California, by the Mare Island Navy Yard. She was launched on 30 June 1942, sponsored by Mrs. Frederick G. Crisp, wife of Rear Admiral Frederick G. Crisp, manager of the Mare Island Navy Yard, and commissioned on 1 September 1942.

September 1942–January 1943
After commissioning, Tunny conducted shakedown training from California ports. On 29 November 1942, at a position in the Pacific Ocean off California which the armed tanker SS Huguenot reported as 34.81667°N, -121.36667°W but actually was in the vicinity of 33.83333°N, -120°W, Huguenot mistook Tunny for a Japanese submarine and opened gunfire on her. Tunny was under escort by the submarine chaser USS SC-631, which was about 5,000 yd from Tunny on her starboard quarter at the time. Tunny pulled away from at high speed to a range of 14,000 yd and avoided damage and casualties.

After completing shakedown, Tunny arrived in the Hawaiian Islands on 12 December 1942. She then engaged in an additional week of training, followed by two weeks repairs.

First war patrol (12 January – 20 February 1943)
she got underway from Submarine Base, Pearl Harbor, on 12 January 1943 for her first war patrol. For nearly a week, rough seas hampered the progress of the submarine. Then, as she approached the Ryukyu Islands, sea traffic increased. Sightings of sampans became frequent, and Tunny often dove to avoid detection by suspicious-looking trawlers.

At 05:30 on 26 January, Tunny sighted masts and a stack over the horizon indicating a possible target. During the day, she lessened the distance between herself and her quarry; and, near dusk, she closed a 400-ton trawler. Finding the prey not worth a torpedo, the submarine surfaced and opened fire with her deck gun. Soon, darkness forced her to discontinue the attack, and she continued on her way.

On 29 January, she began patrolling off Formosa. An hour and a half before midnight on 31 January, her periscope at last disclosed a worthwhile target, a freighter approaching Takao Ko. Tunny fired two "fish" from her bow tubes, but the freighter made a radical change of course which enabled her to evade the torpedoes. When her target counterattacked and dropped two depth charges, Tunny broke off the attack and submerged.

On 1 February, Tunny set her course for the China coast, running on the surface. As darkness fell on 2 February, she was only hours from Hong Kong, expecting to make landfall on Tamkan Island by daybreak. At 2130, she made radar contact; and, through the night, drew closer to her as yet unseen quarry.

A light rain was falling and visibility was poor when, half an hour before morning twilight, Tunny began a radar approach. Rapidly shoaling water less than 20 fathoms (37 m) deep and land masses on two sides of the submarine limited her maneuverability. At 2200 yd, the extreme phosphorescence of the water illuminated her wake and betrayed her presence to the enemy ship, which began signaling the unidentified intruder with a blinker light. Despite her detection, Tunny continued the approach until she was only 1000 yd from the target and then launched three torpedoes. The Japanese ship, now discernible as a loaded tanker, began to maneuver radically and opened fire on the submarine. Undeterred, Tunny submerged and continued the attack, firing a second volley from her stern tubes. One of these torpedoes hit the side of the tanker with a thud, but without explosion, and a small column of water erupted just forward of the tanker's bridge. Duds and prematures were a problem for American submarines early in 1943, and verification that this torpedo had indeed hit the tanker, but failed to detonate, was forthcoming when members of the tanker's crew dashed to the spot in question and began examining the impact area with flashlights. Despite continuous fire from the ship and the proximity of land, Tunny managed to stay within firing range of her target by traveling at full speed. After the tanker successfully evaded Tunny's third salvo, the submarine fired a last torpedo from 1600 yd as the intended victim reached the passage into Hong Kong. Following this disappointing conclusion to her attack, Tunny dove in anticipation of search planes which appeared within two hours and continued their surveillance throughout the day.

After dark on 3 February, while patrolling Lema Channel, Tunny made radar contact with a sizable target. On this very dark night, visual identification was impossible; but, at 2005, the submarine approached to 900 yd and made a three-torpedo attack. The sound of the target's screws ceased immediately, and Tunny claimed to have sunk this unidentified ship which had been seen only on radar. When the submarine surfaced at daybreak the following day, the submariners discovered an unexpected visitor on deck—a six-foot black and yellow striped snake.

On 4 February, Tunny set her course for Swatow, keeping to the shoreline in hopes of intercepting shipping. En route, she passed a large hospital ship well marked and brilliantly lighted. On 6 February and 7 February, Tunny patrolled off Swatow. Numerous junks plying the Formosa and Swatow banks at all hours added to the hazards imposed by shallow water, and an inoperable fathometer (depthmeter) made it impossible for Tunny to approach the shore closer than six miles (10 km).

Early on the morning of 8 February, she went deep to avoid a plane revealed by radar. When she surfaced, she discovered a freighter 10000 yd off her beam. She shadowed the target during the day and, after sunset, made her approach and launched two torpedoes from a distance of 830 yd. Due to bad runs, neither of these took effect, but they did alert the freighter, which opened fire on Tunny. The submarine fired two shots from her bow tubes, but one torpedo missed, and the other circled around to the right. Tunny then drew ahead for a surface approach and fired three more torpedoes. Two of these found the mark; but one put on an amazing show, veering sharply first to the left and then to the right, before hitting the target. The Kusayama Maru, a heavily laden, 5000-ton cargo ship, sank by the stern in 20 minutes; Tunny had scored her first confirmed kill. As she proceeded on towards Takao harbor, a searchlight suddenly pierced the dark not far ahead, and Tunny dove to avoid detection.

The next day, Tunny sighted a large transport. Undetected by two nearby patrol vessels and a plane, she made her approach and scored two hits on the transport with her remaining torpedoes. However, the ship did not sink and later left the area.

On 11 February, Tunny set her course for Midway Island. En route, she used a combination of 20 millimeter and five-inch (127 mm) gunfire to sink a 100-ton fishing trawler. On 20 February, she made contact with the harbor escort and proceeded to moor at Midway Island, completing her first aggressive and successful patrol. She later continued on to Hawaii, arriving at Pearl Harbor on 24 February 1943.

Second war patrol (24 March – 23 April 1943)
After refitting by tender USS Sperry (AS-12) and three days of training, Tunny departed the Hawaiian Islands on 18 March, paused at Midway Island for replacement of her periscope, and got underway for Wake Island on 24 March. Later, Commander, Submarine Force, Pacific Fleet, would describe Tunny's second war patrol as belonging "in that exceptional category of one of the outstandingly aggressive patrols of the war."

On 27 March 1943, Tunny arrived off Wake Island and operated within a 200 nmi circle all day, flooding down the decks awash when within 30 nmi of the island. Before dawn the next morning, she closed to within ten miles (16 km) of the Japanese-held island and watched as its awakening occupants turned on their lights. A motor torpedo boat and two patrol boats passed by less than 600 yd from the submarine without detecting her presence. Trailing these vessels, Tunny came upon a cargo ship, Suwa Maru, and all hands scrambled to battle stations. Shortly after sunrise, the submarine launched her attack, firing two torpedoes from a range of 700 yd. The first found its mark and blew the stern off the enemy ship, but the buoyancy of the lightly loaded vessel kept it afloat. Tunny was maneuvering at periscope depth to avoid depth charges dropped across her bow at a range of 300 yd when the first of several aerial bombs fell close aboard. The submarine dove to 280 ft. When she attempted to surface an hour later, Tunny was again driven down by an aerial adversary. Later in the morning, traveling submerged at 150 ft, she set her course for her assigned patrol area.

On 31 March, she entered the patrol area in the Caroline Islands, and, on 1 April 1943, she conducted submerged patrols off North Pass Island, Truk, and later in the day on the Japanese naval base's western approaches. Failing to find any action in these areas, she surfaced late in the afternoon on 2 April and set her course for the channel between Puluwat Island and Pulap Island. Later that day, as she patrolled off Alet Island, Tunny made radar contact with a ship dead ahead. Heading in for a flank attack, she sighted a Momo-class destroyer 1000 yd astern of her chosen target. Tunny launched three torpedoes from 960 yd and noted a hit in the forward hold of the Japanese cargo ship before diving to 300 ft to avoid the attention of the destroyer. Minutes later, a series of nine depth charges tumbled down in search of the submarine, but exploded at too shallow a depth to achieve their purpose. Some 15 minutes later, as Tunny started up to take a look, she was jolted by a deep-set depth charge which caught her at 260 ft, but caused only minor damage—a small price to pay for the sinking of Toyo Maru Number 2. Before midnight, the destroyer gave up the search, and the submarine surfaced and set her course for the Namonuito group to the north.

Late on 4 April, Tunny headed west to intercept traffic reported north of McLaughlin Bank. On 7 April, while patrolling in that area, the submarine took advantage of a rain squall to approach within 1000 yd of a radar-tracked target. She then launched two torpedoes at the Kosei Maru, an 8000-ton passenger-cargo ship, scoring a hit amidships and one aft, and dove immediately to escape the inevitable wrath of the escorting Akatsuki-class destroyer which had been patrolling just ahead of the now-stricken transport. The ensuing depth charge counterattack continued until the destroyer lost contact with the submarine in a heavy rain squall. Having added a third cargo ship to her list of kills, Tunny retired from the scene of the attack.

On 8 April, the submarine surfaced in a downpour to continue patrols north of West Fayu Island. Later that day, she set her course to intercept a convoy reported to be southwest of Truk. At 22:28 on 9 April, she made radar contact with a formation less than three miles (5 km) distant and went to four engines to maneuver into position for an attack. In a few minutes, the formation changed course, putting Tunny in position to slow down to two-thirds speed and head in, flooded down to decks awash to avoid detection. As the convoy became visible, Tunny's commanding officer, Commander James A. Scott, could hardly believe his luck. On the starboard bow was a large aircraft carrier, to port two auxiliary carriers, and on each bow of the formation, a destroyer. Given this perfect setup, Tunny maneuvered to swing the bow on twin targets, but her plans were disrupted when three small boats similar to motor torpedo boats appeared only 300 yd off her port bow. Tunny quickly dove to 40 ft, turned right, ninety degrees, and launched four torpedoes from her stern tubes at one of the auxiliary carriers from a distance of 880 yd. As she turned her attention to other targets, four torpedo explosions sounded through the night.

Signaling from her new target gave executive officer Lieutenant Commander Roger Keithly at the conn a final check on the target's bearing, and Tunny released a salvo of six torpedoes from her bow tubes at the large carrier. Her surprise attack completed, Tunny immediately dove amidst the cacophony of depth charges and churning screws. The depth charges rocked the submarine but did no damage; and the crackling and grinding noises heard throughout the ship, as well as on sonar, led those on board the submarine to believe that their "fish" had found their mark. In all this noise and confusion, Tunny unobtrusively slipped away to the north. Later, examination of Japanese records showed that this attack was ruined by prematures and duds, and that damage to the enemy had been minor. However, the skill and daring with which the raid was conducted remained an example of excellence and prompted the Commander, Submarine Force, Pacific Fleet, to commend Tunny's commander for his actions on this patrol as "an illustrious example of professional competence and military aggressiveness."

An hour and a half after midnight on 10 April, the submarine surfaced and set her course to return to her patrol area. While approaching North Pass about 25 nmi from Truk on 11 April, Tunny dove when a searchlight suddenly broke the night, 500 yd ahead on the starboard bow. No depth charges followed, and the source of the light—not sizable enough to be detected on radar—was presumed to be a small boat.

Early on the afternoon of 11 April, a contact, at first thought to be a patrol boat, turned out to be a Japanese submarine. The designation symbol of the enemy submarine was emblazoned on her sail, spelling out I-9 in large white characters. Boldly taking the offensive, Tunny fired her three remaining forward "fish" at the submarine, only to see the vessel turn away and parallel the course of the torpedoes. Tunny then began her own evasive procedures, going deep and away from the Japanese submersible—and none too soon. Minutes later, she tracked two torpedoes which passed harmlessly astern. An enemy plane added bombs to Tunny's immediate concerns, but she rigged for silent running and weathered the attack by remaining submerged until after nightfall.

That same evening, as Tunny lay on the surface in the bright moonlight charging her batteries, she made radar contact with a ship moving at 18 kn. Within minutes, the contact materialized into an enemy destroyer steaming on the starboard bow. Tunny dove to 44 ft and began to swing for a stern shot when the belligerent destroyer increased speed to a thundering 30 kn and headed in from a distance of less than 1400 yd. As the submarine dove for 400 ft, the explosions of nine depth charges fairly close by pursued her. Silent running and a quick reversal of course eventually shook off the menacing destroyer, and Tunny returned to the surface after the moon set, noting only minor damage from the attack.

In the days that followed, Tunny patrolled off East Fayu Island and north of Mogami Bank before setting her course for Saipan on 15 April. Her surveillance of Magicienne Harbor disclosed that it was not in use. Seeking targets, the submarine passed through Saipan Channel and later discovered two cargo ships in Garapan Harbor. Prevented from attacking by the presence of intervening reefs, Tunny departed the area and moored in the lagoon at Midway Island on 23 April for a welcome rest. So aggressive had been her handling on this eventful patrol that not one of her firing ranges exceeded 1000 yd. She was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for this outstanding patrol.

Third war patrol (27 April – 14 July 1943)
After refitting at Midway Island, Tunny continued on to Hawaii for additional repairs. She departed Pearl Harbor on 25 May 1943 and, after fueling at Johnston Island, got underway on 27 April for Eniwetok. Her first contact with the enemy on this third war patrol came early in the afternoon on 31 May when she dove to avoid a radar contact whose speed identified it as a plane. As Tunny passed 300 ft, a bomb exploded over her after torpedo room, breaking lights and thermometers, flooding the after torpedo tubes, and causing miscellaneous other damage. An unsatisfactory makeshift repair of the broken bridge speaker prompted a note in the war patrol report that "the only dependable communication system was the open hatch and a powerful set of lungs." Other repairs were completed before nightfall, and Tunny continued on her way. She patrolled off Eniwetok for two days; then moved on to her assigned area, arriving at Truk on 6 June.

As this patrol progressed, Tunny discovered that antisubmarine action by the Japanese at Truk had shifted to aerial detection. On 7 June, her first day of patrol, she was harassed by a single float biplane and an ineffectual Japanese destroyer. Tunny found the enemy biplanes a great nuisance, since her radar detected them late or not at all. Soon she came to regard the aircraft as an arch-enemy which thwarted attacks on convoys by hovering overhead and guiding possible targets around the submarine, out of firing range.

On 14 June, as Tunny cruised on the surface following a submerged patrol east of Murilo Island in the Hall group, one of her lookouts sighted a convoy bearing 090 degrees. Made up of two small freighters and a large transport and accompanied by two destroyers, the convoy was a tempting target. As Tunny made her approach, an unobserved escort vessel suddenly challenged her with a searchlight and several rounds of four-inch (102 mm) fire which fell astern. The submarine dove to 300 ft but continued her approach. She then surfaced and launched four torpedoes at the transport from a range of 3400 yd. Three explosions and a tremendous cloud of smoke and water over the target indicated that Tunny had damaged the enemy vessel. The submarine dove to avoid the escorts, but no depth charging ensued. Shortly after midnight, as she ran on the surface attempting to intercept the convoy, an undetected vessel fired shots which splashed astern. Tunny dove again.

As June wore on, Tunny continued patrols as far as Saipan without success. On 26 June, she conducted routine and photographic reconnaissance of Saipan Harbor and Tinian Channel and, later that day, surfaced to patrol the Truk-Empire shipping lanes east of Rota Island. Patrolling off Harnum Point and Rota harbor on 28 June, Tunny sighted a converted gunboat zigzagging madly, went to battle stations, and dispatched the enemy vessel with a salvo of three torpedoes from 1500 yd. Sighting an armed trawler bearing down on her, the submarine dove. Those on board felt the concussion of three sharp explosions close aboard, perhaps from aerial bombs, as Tunny went deep and rigged for silent running, maneuvering to avoid the trawler. Seconds later, two heavy explosions marked the death throes of Tunny's most recent victim. Tunny was chased down again by the trawler when she attempted to surface an hour later. Returning to periscope depth some three hours after the attack, her commanding officer at the periscope was relieved to find no sign of the trawler, but his relief quickly turned to alarm when the periscope revealed a close-up of the bomb bay of a Mitsubishi Type 97 at 300 ft, directly overhead. This time Tunny waited four hours before surfacing again 13 nmi from Guam.

She patrolled off Guam until 4 July when she received orders to leave the area. Early the next day, she set her course for Johnston Island. Japanese aircraft continued to badger the submarine for two days as she proceeded toward Hawaii. After taking on fuel and provisions at Johnston Island on 11 July, she completed her third patrol at Pearl Harbor on 14 July.

Fourth war patrol (10 August – 8 September 1943)
After refitting and three days of training, Tunny departed Hawaii on 5 August for Midway Island. She arrived at Midway Island on 9 August and was again underway on 10 August. On 18 August, she sighted Pagan Island and Alamagan Island; and, on 22 August, she entered her assigned area in the Palau Islands and began patrols. Early in the morning of 24 August, she sighted a six-ship convoy as it emerged from Toagel Mlungui Pass. Tunny trailed the convoy until she could obtain a good firing position and, at moonrise on 25 August, she submerged to 40 ft and began her approach. At 01:40, she launched three torpedoes and then another two in rapid succession. She then ducked her periscope and dove to avoid being rammed by the first target. The convoy passed overhead as Tunny dove deep in expectation of depth charges. She heard her torpedoes explode at the end of their run, but the absence of depth charges was both welcome and unexpected. Near dawn, Tunny made another attack, launching six torpedoes at ships of the convoy without success. Meanwhile, a destroyer escort had joined the convoy. Alerted to Tunny's presence, she now bore down on the submarine. Tunny dove, and, for the next two hours, the enemy ship remained overhead pinging and tracking. The destroyer escort dropped two patterns of six depth charges close by the submarine but finally gave up the search. At noon, Tunny came to periscope depth and, finding no sign of the convoy, set her course for Toagel Mlungui, securing from battle stations after an exhausting 15 hours.

At mid-morning on 26 August, she spotted two vessels escorted by submarine chaser CH-4 approaching Toagel Mlungui Pass and launched a five-torpedo attack. As Tunny dove, the screws of the first ship were heard to stop; and, shortly thereafter, two depth charges exploded overhead. Two minutes later, another pattern of depth charges exploded all around the submarine. A small fire broke out in the maneuvering room, causing main power to be lost momentarily. In order to check the fire, the main motors were stopped for one minute; then started again. Although the fire was small, dense smoke from burning insulating varnish made it difficult at first to assess the damage. Meanwhile, Tunny's bow planes jammed and the submarine climbed to 200 ft, then went into a steep glide which took her down to 380 ft before control was regained. Within five minutes, coolly efficient damage control parties had restored operating conditions to nearly normal, and the submarine began her retirement to the southwest. Once again the sound of screws caused tense moments for those on board Tunny, but this time no depth charges fell.

Early that evening, Tunny surfaced and headed away from the heavily traveled lanes she had been patrolling in order to assess her damages and effect repairs. Inspection disclosed considerable damage to the bow, ripped-up plating aft of the torpedo room, and sheared-off rivets and bolts. The torpedo room pressure hull was badly dished in between frames; and this damage in turn immobilized the bow plane tilting gears. The explosions had jammed the gyro spindles in the stern torpedo tubes, impaired the usefulness of sound and radar gear, and caused other damage visible throughout the ship. Sailors inspecting topside found fragments of the destructive depth charges scattered over the deck.

For two days, her crew labored to restore her to order and make the necessary repairs. Having done everything within his means to restore Tunny to normal operating condition, her commanding officer found her still short of combat readiness. Her bow planes, despite all efforts, were still inoperative; her bow buoyancy tank unusable; and various other problems, which could not be remedied at sea, remained. Thus, on 29 August 1943, she departed her patrol area leaving these hunting grounds to other submarines in better condition. The war-scarred submarine moored at Pearl Harbor on 8 September.

Fifth war patrol (27 February – 11 April 1944)
After a preliminary assessment of battle damage, Tunny departed Pearl Harbor on 11 September 1943. She arrived at Hunters Point, San Francisco, California on 17 September for overhaul and repairs and remained there until 2 February 1944. Then, repairs and tests completed, she departed the West Coast. Tunny returned to Hawaii a week later, underwent voyage repairs and training, and departed Pearl Harbor for her fifth war patrol on 27 February.

Tunny stopped at Midway Atoll in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands on 2 March, got underway the next day for the Palau Islands, and entered her patrol area on 15 March. On 20 March, a persistent observation plane kept Tunny down for three hours off the entrance to Toagel Mlungui and dropped eight light bombs without damaging the submarine. In the following days, the submarine patrolled the northern and western approaches to the islands.

On 22 March, Tunny's radar picked up what proved to be a large convoy. Day was breaking, and Tunny was maneuvering for a position ahead when an escorting destroyer appeared on the radar at 14000 yd. The enemy soon sighted the submarine and challenged her with a blinker. Tunny took advantage of a nearby rain squall for concealment and continued to close the convoy, keeping a watchful eye on the destroyer. Despite bad visibility and the pinging of the escort, Tunny continued her approach and soon found herself in the midst of a group of tankers and cargo ships. Choosing two heavily loaded cargo ships for her targets, she launched a six-torpedo attack and heard or observed hits on both. Immediately, attention on board Tunny was diverted when a small tanker nearly collided with the submarine. Tunny now obtained a setup on a destroyer moving at high speed across her stern, fired four Mark 18 torpedoes, then dove quickly even as depth charges from a nearby trawler exploded on the port quarter. During the next four hours, the Japanese ships dropped 87 depth charges in an effort to finish off the submarine but without effect. Late in the day, Tunny surfaced and began a futile search for stragglers and cripples from the morning's attack. She found only debris and an oil slick.

At 21:19 on 23 March, while patrolling off Angaur Island, Tunny picked up a radar contact which she identified by sight as a large I-class submarine. For nearly an hour and a half, Tunny and the enemy submarine maneuvered for position, each attempting to prevent the other from obtaining a shot. Then, at 2324, Tunny launched four torpedoes from a range of 1900 yd, swung hard to starboard to prevent a collision, and dove to avoid a possible return attack. Before the hatch was closed, two hits were heard and felt and a flash was seen inside Tunny's conning tower. For one terrible moment, observers on board Tunny feared that their own submarine had been hit. As Tunny dove to 150 ft and began circling the area, the screws of the enemy submarine stopped, and a crackling racket began and continued for an hour. When the noise ceased, Tunny surfaced and cleared the area, but JSUB I-42 had met her end.

Tunny returned to waters off Toagel Mlungui and resumed patrols. On the morning of 29 March, she observed a large number of small vessels leaving Malakal Harbor, none worth an attack. Apparently, the enemy had somehow received word of the Fifth Fleet's impending bombing attack on Japanese installations in the Caroline Islands and made a desperate attempt to clear the area. Late in the afternoon, a larger formation appeared: the 63,000-ton battleship Musashi, the light cruiser JAPANESE CRUISER Ōyodo, and three destroyers, also fleeing the expected aerial bombardment. After a daring approach, Tunny fired six torpedoes at the battleship from her bow tubes. The torpedoes passed directly under an alert destroyer of the screen which immediately hoisted flags to warn the battleship, swung parallel to the torpedo tracks, and made a run on the submarine. Tunny went deep and ran for the southwest while the destroyer dropped 38 depth charges in a short, but concentrated counterattack. One torpedo had found its mark on the battleship's bow, which caused flooding of the hydrophone compartment and 18 casualties. Toward sunset, the submarine lost contact with the formation. Later that night, she encountered what she thought to be the same force and was held down for two hours by one of the escorting ships. Hits by two of Tunny's torpedoes had damaged but failed to slow the powerful battleship. However, Musashi was still forced to return to port for repairs and upgrades, which kept her out of action for most of April.

At 02:00 on 30 March 1944, Tunny arrived on station to begin lifeguard duties for the Fifth Fleet's air attack on the Palau Islands. At 07:00, a series of explosions followed by the appearance of heavy smoke from the vicinity of the harbor indicated that American planes were finding their mark. During the morning, more than 100 planes passed over the submarine on their return from the strike. Then, as Tunny circled on station shortly after 12:00, two TBF Avenger torpedo bombers of U.S. Navy Torpedo Squadron 5 (VT-5) from the aircraft carrier USS Yorktown (CV-10) mistook her for a Japanese destroyer. and approached. One sheared off for a strafing attack which it did not complete; the other went into a steep glide and released a 2,000 lb bomb. from an altitude of 300 ft. Incredulous watchers on the submarine saw the bomb cross over the deck gun on the bow, pass the bridge at what appeared to be no more than arm's length, and strike the water with a tremendous impact, only 10 yd to starboard of the forward engine room. The entire ship lifted with a snap as if it had collided with an underwater object, and an explosion followed some seconds later, throwing personnel and gear in all directions in the maneuvering and after torpedo rooms. Damage to the main control cubicle and to Tunny's remaining torpedoes resulted. Tunny completed repairs during the night, and the next morning manned her lifeguard station as before, only a little more wary of "friendly" aircraft.

Tunny departed the Palau Islands on 2 April, stopped at Milne Bay on 7 April, and arrived in Australia on 11 April. She received the Presidential Unit Citation for this patrol.

Sixth war patrol (29 April – 29 June 1944)
Following refit, the submarine departed Brisbane on 29 April and set her course for New Guinea. She underwent voyage repairs at Milne Bay, then proceeded via Langemak Bay to her patrol area in the Mariana Islands. She arrived in the patrol area on 11 May and, in the days that followed, encountered many enemy planes as she patrolled off Saipan and Guam.

On 17 May, she received a report from submarine USS Sand Lance (SS-381) of a convoy in the area and set out to intercept it. Late in the afternoon, she sighted the smoke of her quarry; and, just after sunset, the masts came into view. The convoy consisted of three cargo ships escorted by a like number of destroyers. Racing against fading twilight, Tunny made her approach; launched a spread of three torpedoes at the second ship of the column; then rapidly fired three more at the last cargo ship. Before the converging escorts forced her down, Tunny observed that a hit had left the last ship of the column down by the stern, emitting clouds of dense black smoke. Although the escorting vessels dropped 81 depth charges, none fell close, and Tunny withdrew to the southeast, having scored her sixth kill of the war, a 4900-ton cargo ship, the Nichiwa Maru. Shortly after midnight, Tunny surfaced and saw an ill-fated cargo ship, the victim of Sand Lance, ablaze from stem to stern. Frequent minor explosions punctuated the night as the ship went down in the darkness.

As Tunny continued patrols in the Mariana Islands, she sighted numerous aircraft and noted explosions and burning ships—apparently the work of sister ship USS Silversides (SS-236). At this time, however, planes attached to enemy convoys seemed effective in detecting Tunny and routing convoys around her, out of range of her torpedoes.

On 8 June, she rendezvoused with submarines USS Pilotfish (SS-386) and USS Pintado (SS-387) to form a coordinated attack group, the "Blair Blasters." The three submarines formed a scouting line for a patrol across the western Pacific to the South China Sea. Tunny passed through Balintang Channel on 14 June and sighted Luzon the next morning. While returning through Balintang Channel on 16 June, she made a surface approach on a small sampan and sank it with gunfire. She conducted patrols in the Philippine Sea until 22 June when she parted company with the attack group. On 29 June, she fueled at Midway Island; then proceeded to Oahu, having traveled over 14,500 nmi on her sixth war patrol.

Seventh war patrol (4 August – 17 September 1944)
After refitting, she departed Pearl Harbor on 4 August 1944 as a member of a coordinated attack group or "wolfpack" called "Ed's Eradicators". With wolfpack members USS Barb (SS-220) and USS Queenfish (SS-393), she set her course, via Midway Island, for the South China Sea. She arrived in her patrol area on 25 August. Her first action came hours after midnight on 31 August when the wolfpack attacked a convoy. Queenfish was the first to score a hit, and Tunny witnessed the explosion of a tanker, the victim of her sister submarine. As Tunny maneuvered in the bright moonlight, she was suddenly startled by gunfire, which seemed to those on board to come from all directions. She dove and avoided damage from the depth charges which soon followed. Later on the same day, a hit by Barb alerted the convoy's air escort to Tunny's presence; and she was forced down again without opportunity to launch her torpedoes. Time after time, the submarine surfaced only to be forced down by escorting planes as the attack on the convoy continued into the evening.

A second disappointing day came on the heels of the first. Tunny patrolled submerged for most of 1 September in order to avoid enemy aircraft. Late in the afternoon, she was advancing westward on a scouting line formed by the wolf pack, when she sighted a plane dead ahead and about six miles (10 km) distant. She immediately began to dive, but 90 seconds later, as she passed 110 ft, two bombs hit close aboard aft, sending the ship upward at an eight degree angle and causing extensive damage. As the third and fourth bomb exploded, Tunny was already heading for 300 ft to assess her damages.

Inspection disclosed that the bombs had dished in the hull plating in the vicinity of the after torpedo room and the maneuvering room, causing a leak in a vent riser. Less than ten minutes after the Japanese plane had been sighted, the commanding officer decided to discontinue the patrol. Throughout the ship, sheared off valves and bolts, damaged meters, clocks, and gauges attested to the force of the bomb's explosion. In addition, all three radio antennas were down, a leak in her pressure hull had been aggravated, and Tunny's rudder action indicated possible damage. She set her course for Balintang Channel and surfaced late in the day on 2 September. Tunny continued to sight Japanese airplanes as she made her way to Hawaii. She completed this patrol on 17 September at Pearl Harbor.

Eighth war patrol (3 February – 14 April 1945)
Tunny departed Oahu for California on 20 September and on 26 September she arrived at Hunter's Point for battle damage repairs and an overhaul. She returned to Hawaii in January 1945 and, after a training period departed Pearl Harbor on 3 February for her eighth war patrol.

On 14 February, she entered Tanapag Harbor and moored to submarine tender USS Fulton (AS-11) for repairs to her main engine. Later in the month, she conducted sonar tests out of that port. On 5 March, she departed Saipan and, in the days that followed, was slowed by heavy seas as she proceeded to her patrol area in the Ryukyu Islands.

On 13 March and 14 March, she conducted a special reconnaissance mission off the Nansei Shoto in preparation for landings planned for Okinawa on 1 April. On 14 March, Tunny plotted over 230 mines which she detected on sonar as she traveled through the hazardous waters at 150 ft. On 15 March, all hands breathed a sigh of relief as Tunny got underway for her patrol area, her special mission safely and successfully completed.

Her pursuit of a distant convoy ended in disappointment on 18 March, when a change of course allowed the cargo ships and their escort to slip away from Tunny around sunset. For two days, the submarine patrolled off Amami Ōshima; then, on 23 March, she took up a lifeguard station. Days later, as Tunny searched for a downed flier, a twin-float enemy plane took her by surprise and dropped two bombs. One fell quite close but caused only minor damage to the submarine. As the month drew to its close, Tunny rescued two fliers from aircraft carrier USS Intrepid (CV-11) and one from USS Bennington (CV-20) as those ships took part in the assault on Okinawa.

On 1 April, Tunny completed her lifeguard duties and set her course for Midway Island. En route, she sank a 200-ton lugger with her deck gun. After stopping at Midway Island, she arrived at Oahu on 14 April.

Ninth (last) war patrol (14 May – 6 July 1945)
Following refitting and a week of sonar and approach training, Tunny departed Pearl Harbor on 14 May for her ninth war patrol. She stopped at Guam for repairs and additional sonar exercises, then got underway on 28 May. Together with submarines USS Skate (SS-305) and USS Bonefish (SS-223), Tunny formed the second group of "Hydeman's Hellcats" known as "Pierce's Polecats." On 2 June, Tunny passed through the Nansei Shoto and, as she approached Kyūshū two days later, encountered increasing small boat traffic. On 5 June, Tunny passed through Korea Strait, repeating the hair-raising task of mine detection by sonar, this time in Nishi Suido. She plotted over 80 mines; then continued on to conduct patrols on the western shore of Honshū.

Operating in the supposedly inviolable waters of the Sea of Japan, the wolf pack attacked shipping and made exploratory attempts to enter Japanese harbors. Late on 9 June, Tunny attacked a cargo vessel. One torpedo hit the enemy vessel with a thud but failed to explode, and Tunny discontinued the attack. In the harbor entering phase of the patrol, Tunny closed the breakwater of Etomo Ko to 8,000 yards (7.3 km) shortly before midnight on 12 June. Town and waterfront lights provided illumination, but no suitable target could be found, and the submarine cleared the harbor before midnight. A few minutes later, Tunny approached within 5000 yd of the harbor mouth at Uppuri Wan but discreetly withdrew when searchlights located and then brilliantly illuminated the intruder.

On 16 June, Tunny sighted numerous rafts filled with the Japanese survivors of a successful action by Bonefish and later took prisoner a Japanese chief petty officer who had escaped from the sinking ship. On the following day, as Tunny and Bonefish closed a radar-located target, Tunny suddenly found herself the object of gunfire, with the closest shot falling only 200 yd off her port beam. She quickly changed course and eluded both the gunfire and the depth charges which followed. On 19 June, shallow coastal water foiled Tunny's attack on a 4,000-ton cargo ship.

Tunny rendezvoused with Skate on 23 June to depart the Sea of Japan. She remained off Hokkaidō for two days on the chance that she might be able to aid Bonefish, missing since her request to make a daylight submerged patrol of Toyama Wan some days earlier. On 27 June, Tunny discontinued her vigil; proceeded via the Kuril Islands and Midway Island; and arrived at Pearl Harbor on 6 July.

The submarine then made her way back to the west coast. Tunny was decommissioned on 13 December 1945 and placed in the Mare Island Group, 19th Fleet.

Post-war missile testing and deterrent patrols

The war in Korea placed new demands on the resources of the Navy and led to Tunny's being placed in commission, in reserve, on 28 February 1952. She saw no service at this time, however, and was decommissioned in April 1952. On 6 March 1953, she was placed in commission for the third time. Converted to carry guided missiles under project SCB 28, she was reclassified as SSG-282 and was armed with the Regulus I nuclear cruise missile for nearly 12 years. In this role, Tunny was equipped with a hangar housing two missiles and a launcher on the after deck. One of the limitations of Regulus was that the firing submarine had to surface, the missile then being rolled out onto the launcher and fired. Regulus I also required guidance from submarines or other platforms after firing. In 1955, a second World War II submarine, USS Barbero (SS-317), was also converted to fire Regulus I.

For the first four of those years she operated out of Port Hueneme, contributing to the development of the Regulus missile system. Except for a short period of type training, Tunny engaged entirely in the launching and guidance of Regulus missiles for purposes of missile evaluation in the development of the system. In 1957, she shifted her base of operations to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, bringing Regulus to initial operational capability, where she conducted the first submarine deterrent patrols and fired exercise missiles.

Vietnam operations
In May 1965, the Regulus missile system was phased out, having been superseded by the Polaris missile, and Tunny was redesignated with hull classification symbol SS-282. She remained in the Hawaiian operating area until the end of the year, conducting training exercises and providing various other services. In 1966, she was converted to a troop-carrying submarine and redesignated with hull classification symbol APSS-282, being re-equipped with a deck shelter for small amphibious vehicles and other equipment. In February 1967, Tunny began missions in unconventional warfare, operating off the coast of Vietnam. She conducted reconnaissance in preparation for amphibious assault operations and gathered navigational and oceanographic information. Ideally suited for transporting small teams for specialized operations as well as for gathering information, she participated in Operation Deckhouse VI.

On 1 January 1968, the veteran submarine was reclassified LPSS-282. She was decommissioned on 28 June 1969, and, on 30 June 1969, her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register. She was sunk as a target on 19 June 1970.

Awards
In April 1997, officers and men of Tunny and the other four US Navy submarines that conducted strategic deterrent patrols in the Western Pacific between 1959 and 1964 were awarded the right to wear the Navy's SSBN Deterrent Patrol insignia.

title: USS Tunny (SS-282)


text:
USS Tunny (SSN-682)

USS Tunny (SSN-682), a Sturgeon-class attack submarine, was the second submarine of the United States Navy to be named for the tunny, any of several oceanic fishes resembling the tuna.

Construction and commissioning
The contract forTunny's construction was awarded on 25 June 1968 and her keel was laid down on 22 May 1970 at Pascagoula, Mississippi, by the Ingalls Shipbuilding Division of Litton Industries. She was launched on 10 June 1972, sponsored by Mrs. Lola Aiken, and commissioned on 26 January 1974 at her home port, Charleston, South Carolina.

1974
Tunny remained at Charleston until March 1974, when she moved to Groton, Connecticut, for two weeks of in-port training at the submarine base. Between March and June 1974, she conducted shakedown training in the West Indies and along the United States East Coast. From June to August 1974, she conducted operations out of Charleston before heading north to the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard at Kittery, Maine, where she began post-shakedown overhaul on 12 August 1974. She completed repairs on 5 October 1974 and headed back to Charleston, where she resumed normal training operations.

1975
In February 1975, Tunny began preparations for her first deployment to the Mediterranean Sea. She stood out of Charleston on 6 March 1975 and headed across the Atlantic Ocean. She came under operational control of the United States Sixth Fleet on 16 March 1975. During the first part of her tour in the Mediterranean, she operated with Task Force 60, conducting antisubmarine warfare exercises with the other ships of the task force. Following refit and upkeep alongside a submarine tender in June and early July 1975 at Santo Stefano, Sardinia, Italy, Tunny rejoined the Sixth Fleet as a unit of Task Force 69 and resumed antisubmarine warfare training. After participating in a major Sixth Fleet exercise late in July and early in August 1975, she departed the Mediterranean for home. She changed operational control from the Sixth Fleet to the United States Atlantic Fleet Submarine Force on 17 August 1975 and arrived in Charleston, concluding her deployment, on 29 August 1975. After a routine post-deployment standdown in September and repairs and alterations Charleston Naval Shipyard at Charleston in October and November, she resumed operations—mostly attack submarine training—out of Charleston on 20 November 1975.

1976
Attack submarine training along the South Carolina and Florida coasts occupied her time during January 1976. February 1976 brought inspections and examinations and, in March 1976, she participated in two special operations designed to help develop and evaluate submarine tactics. In May 1976, Tunny began preparations for her second tour of duty with the Sixth Fleet but did not embark upon that assignment for over two months. In the meantime, she conducted an exercise in naval mine warfare in June 1976. Finally, on 26 July 1976, she departed Charleston on her way to the Mediterranean. Following a visit to Lisbon, Portugal, she joined the Sixth Fleet on 11 August 1976. After a month of antisubmarine warfare training, highlighted by Exercise "National Week XXI", she put into Santo Stefano for a month of upkeep alongside submarine tender USS Howard W. Gilmore (AS-16). In October 1976, she returned to sea for antisubmarine warfare training operations punctuated periodically with a visit to Naples, Italy, or upkeep at Santo Stefano. That routine continued until 11 December 1976, when she departed Santo Stefano to return to the United States. Arriving in Charleston on 22 December 1976, she commenced a combination of Christmas holiday leave and upkeep and a routine post-deployment standdown.

1977
January 1977 found Tunny undergoing an extensive upkeep following her Mediterranean deployment. She then resumed operations off the U.S. East Coast which extended through the spring and summer months. In mid-September 1977, she commenced a two-month period of repairs and alterations at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard in Portsmouth, Virginia, which was concluded in late November, followed by a short sea trial period. Following refresher training at the Submarine School at Naval Submarine Base New London at New London, Connecticut, Tunny returned to Charleston.

1978
Tunny spent January and part of February 1978 preparing for a North Atlantic Ocean deployment which commenced in late February and concluded in late April. Tunny made stops in Dunoon, Scotland and Portland, England.

In July 1978, Tunny's home port was changed to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. She transited the Panama Canal and briefly crossed the equator on her voyage to Pearl Harbor, where she arrived on 19 August 1978. Tunny was assigned to Submarine Squadron 1, and devoted the remainder of 1978 to operations in the Hawaiian Islands in preparation for a 1979 deployment to the Western Pacific.

1979–1997
Tunny departed for Western Pacific at the beginning of 1979. She visited various ports during the deployment, including Amphoe Sattahip in Thailand, and Orote Point in Guam. She also entered the Indian Ocean, where she visited the U.S. naval base at Diego Garcia in the British Indian Ocean Territory. She was a guest of the Royal Australian Navy when she visited HMAS Stirling, the administrative center of the Royal Australian Navy's main naval base on the west coast of Australia, located on Garden Island just off the coast of Western Australia near the city of Perth, and Tunny's crew participated in the ANZAC Day Parade in April 1979. Tunny completed her six-month deployment to the Western Pacific when she returned to Pearl Harbor in June 1979.

Decommissioning and disposal
Tunny was deactivated while still in commission on 1 October 1997, and was both decommissioned and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 13 March 1998. Her scrapping via the U.S. Navy's Nuclear-Powered Ship and Submarine Recycling Program began on 1 October 1997 and was completed on 27 October 1998.

title: USS Tunny (SSN-682)


text:
USS Tunny

Two submarines of the United States Navy have been named USS Tunny, for the tunny, any of several oceanic fishes resembling the mackerel.
 * USS Tunny (SS-282), a Gato-class submarine, served in World War II, as a Regulus missile boat, and during the Vietnam War.
 * USS Tunny (SSN-682), a Sturgeon-class submarine, served during the last years of the Cold War.

title: USS Tunny


text:
Santiago Carrillo

Santiago José Carrillo Solares (18 January 1915 – 18 September 2012) was a Spanish politician who served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) from 1960 to 1982.

During the Civil War, he was placed at the head of a Republican militia and was in charge of maintaining public order in Madrid. Some hold him responsible for the massacres of Franco's prisoners that took place at the end of 1936.

He was exiled during the dictatorship of Francisco Franco, becoming a leader of the democratic opposition to the regime. His role as leader of the PCE would later make him a key figure in the transition to democracy. He later embraced Eurocommunism and democratic socialism, and was a member of the Congress of Deputies from 1977 to 1986.

Childhood and early youth
Born in Gijón, Asturias province, into the House of Carrillo, Santiago Carrillo was the son of Socialist leader Wenceslao Carrillo and María Rosalía Solares Martínez. When he was six years old, his family moved to Madrid. After attending school, he began to work in El Socialista, the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) newspaper at the age of 13. At the same time, he joined the Socialist Union, the Workers' General Union and the Socialist Youth.

Second Republic and Civil War
In 1932, Carrillo joined the Executive Commission of the Socialist Youth and became editor of its newspaper, Renovación. Carrillo belonged to the left wing of the organisation. In 1933, as the Socialist Youth was becoming more radical, Carrillo was elected as General Secretary. From October 1934 to February 1936 he was jailed, due to his participation in the failed 1934 leftist coup (Carrillo was a member of the National Revolutionary Committee). After his release, in March 1936, Carrillo and the executive of the Socialist Youth travelled to Moscow to meet the leaders of the Young Communist International and prepare the unification of Socialist and Communist youth leagues. He was accompanied on the visit to Moscow by Leandro Carro and Juan Astigarrabía. The result was the creation of the Unified Socialist Youth (Juventudes Socialistas Unificadas).

After the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, Carrillo joined the Communist Party and did so on the day the government left Madrid in November. During the war, he was intensely pro-Soviet. On 7 November 1936 Carrillo was elected Councillor for Public Order in the Defence Council of Madrid, which was given supreme power in besieged Madrid, after the government left the city.

During his term, several thousand military and civilian prisoners were killed by republican groups in the Paracuellos massacres at Paracuellos del Jarama and Torrejón de Ardoz (the biggest mass killings by the Republican side during the Civil War). The dead were buried in common graves. Carrillo denied any knowledge of the massacres in his memoirs but some historians like César Vidal and Pío Moa maintain that Carrillo was involved. In an interview with the historian Ian Gibson, Carrillo set out his version of events concerning the massacre. In the preface of the second edition of his book, Ian Gibson maintains that Cesar Vidal twisted and misrepresented his sources in order to indict Carrillo.

In March 1939 Madrid surrendered after Casado's coup against the Negrín administration and its close ally, the Communist Party, which sought to continue the resistance until the expected outbreak of the World War. Carrillo's father, Wenceslao, a member of the PSOE, was among those who led the coup and was a member of Casado's Junta. Some weeks before, Carrillo's mother had died. Carrillo then wrote an open letter to his father describing the coup as counter-revolutionary and as a betrayal, reproaching him for his anti-communism, and renouncing any further communication with him. In his memoirs, Carrillo states that the letter was written on 7 March. However, journalist and historian Carlos Fernández published the letter in 1983, as it had been published in Correspondance International; it was dated 15 May.

After the military collapse of the Republican Government, Carrillo fled to Paris and worked to reorganise the party. Carrillo spent 38 years in exile, most of the time in France, but also in the USSR and other countries.

Exile
In 1944 Carrillo led the retreat of the communist guerrillas from the Aran Valley.

According to the historian and politician Ricardo de la Cierva, in 1945 Carrillo ordered the execution of fellow communist party member Gabriel León Trilla In 2005 Carrillo said "yo he tenido que eliminar a alguna persona" (I have had to eliminate someone).

In August 1948, Carrillo met Soviet leader Joseph Stalin.

Carrillo became the General Secretary of the PCE in 1960, replacing Dolores Ibárruri (La Pasionaria), who was given the honorary post of Party Chairman. Carrillo's policies were aimed at strengthening the party's position among the working class and intellectual groups, and survived opposition from Marxist–Leninist, Stalinist and social democratic factions. In 1968, when the Soviets and Warsaw Pact countries invaded Czechoslovakia, Carrillo distanced the party from Moscow.

He fought for the total independence of the party from the Soviet Union and for a peaceful return to democracy in Spain.

Spanish transition and Eurocommunism
Carrillo returned secretly to Spain in 1976 after the death of long-time Spanish caudillo Francisco Franco. He disguised his bald head with a wig provided by Eugenio Arias, Picasso's barber. He was entered from France in the Mercedes of millionaire communist sympathizer. Arrested by the police, he was released within days. Together with communist party leaders Georges Marchais of France and Enrico Berlinguer of Italy, he launched the Eurocommunist movement in a meeting held in Madrid on March 2, 1977.

In the first democratic elections in 1977, shortly after the legalization of the PCE (9 April 1977) by the government of Adolfo Suárez, Carrillo was elected to the Spanish Congress of Deputies (Congreso de los Diputados), the lower house of the Spanish Parliament, the Cortes Generales to represent the Madrid district. Throughout the transition period, Carrillo's authority and leadership were decisive in securing peaceful evolution towards a democratic system, a constructive approach based on dialogue with opponents, and a healing of the wounds from the Civil War (the "Reconciliation" policy). It is widely acknowledged that this policy played a key role in making possible a peaceful transition to democracy.

Carrillo was re-elected in 1979, but the failed right-wing coup d'état attempt on 23 February 1981 reduced support for the PCE, as Spanish society was still recovering from the trauma of the Civil War and subsequent repression and dictatorship. This was despite Carrillo's celebrated and highly public defiance of the coup plotters in the chamber of deputies - he was one of the few members who refused to obey their instructions and did not duck when they shot into the air - and his equally famous claim to be a royalist after the King faced down the plotters.

Fear of another military uprising increased support for moderate left-wing forces in the 1982 elections, in which Carrillo held his parliamentary seat. He was forced to leave his post as party leader on 6 November 1982, owing to the party's poor electoral performance. The new General Secretary, the much younger Gerardo Iglesias, a member of the "renovators" wing, had been at odds with him from the beginning of his tenure.

Leaving the Spanish Communist Party
On 15 April 1985, Carrillo and his followers were expelled from the PCE, and in 1986 they formed their own political group, the Workers Party of Spain-Communist Unity (PTE-UC). This tiny party was unable to attract enough voters, so on 27 October 1991, Carrillo announced that it would be disbanded. Subsequently, the PTE-UC merged into the ruling PSOE, but Carrillo declined PSOE membership considering his many years as a communist member.

Retirement and death
On 20 October 2005, Carrillo was granted an honorary doctorate by the Autonomous University of Madrid. The action of the university was strongly criticized by right-wing commentators. Carrillo had retired from public life at the time of his death at his home in Madrid at the age of 97 on 18 September 2012. He was cremated in Madrid on 20 September.

List of works

 * "¿Adónde va el Partido Socialista? (Prieto contra los socialistas del interior)" (1959)
 * "Después de Franco, ¿qué?" (1965)
 * "Problems of Socialism Today" (1970)
 * "Demain l’Espagne" (1974); English edition: Dialogue on Spain, Lawrence & Wishart, 1976
 * "Eurocomunismo y Estado" Editorial Critica (1977) ISBN 84-7423-015-2; English edition: Eurocommunism and the State, Lawrence and Wishart, 1977, ISBN 0-85315-408-2
 * "El año de la Constitución" (1978)
 * "Memoria de la transición: la vida política española y el PCE" (1983)
 * "Problemas de la transición: las condiciones de la revolución socialista" (1985)
 * "El año de la peluca" (1987)
 * "Problemas del Partido: el centralismo democrático" (1988)
 * "Memorias" (1993)
 * "La gran transición: ¿cómo reconstruir la izquierda?" (1995)
 * "Un joven del 36" (1996)
 * "Juez y parte: 15 retratos españoles" (1998)
 * "La Segunda República: recuerdos y reflexiones" (1999)
 * "¿Ha muerto el comunismo?: ayer y hoy de un movimiento clave para entender la convulsa historia del siglo XX" (2000)
 * "La memoria en retazos: recuerdos de nuestra historia más reciente" (2004)
 * "¿Se vive mejor en la república?" (2005)
 * "Dolores Ibárruri: Pasionaria, una fuerza de la naturaleza" (2008)
 * "La crispación en España. De la Guerra Civil a nuestros días" (2008)
 * "Los viejos camaradas" (2010)
 * "La difícil reconciliación de los españoles" (2011)
 * "Nadando a contracorriente" (2012)
 * "La lucha continúa" (2012)

title: Santiago Carrillo


text:
Talk:Ecclesiastes

Untitled
Can I add some information to this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Apokryphos (talk • contribs) 00:29, 2003 December 17 (UTC)

I've added information to this. ~apokryphos aka Francis G. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.178.210.244 (talk) 22:05, 2003 December 17 (UTC)

Kohelet
Is there a need for Kohelet redirected to Ecclesiastes ? Gangleri 06:03, 2004 Sep 27 (UTC)
 * Probably. It's the standard spelling in German and at least an uncommon alternative in English. I'm just going to do it. Mpolo 07:02, Sep 27, 2004 (UTC)

Troublesome document
Ecclesiastes has been a very confusing and troublesome book in the bible. I'll look into some better info and see what I dig up. I do recall the Catholic church having problems with it and the asumption that Solomon was the author. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Chaseh1030 (talk • contribs) 07:18, 2006 July 30 (UTC)

What About Canon?
I'm surprised not a single soul has pointed this out so far, but this needs to be pointed out. 1 Kings 3:11-12 (KJV, my personal go-to) (11) And God said unto [Solomon], Because thou hast asked this thing, and hast not asked for thyself long life; neither hast asked riches for thyself, nor hast asked the life of thine enemies; but hast asked for thyself understanding to discern judgment; (12) Behold, I have done according to thy words: lo, I have given thee a wise and an understanding heart; so that there was none like thee before thee, neither after thee shall any arise like unto thee. It's spelled out very clearly what kind of position Solomon is in. And said position just so happens to be the exact position of the Preacher as he describes himself in Ecclesiastes (see verse 1:16). Even identifies as the son of David. Which raises the question: what scholarly body rejects canon? And on what grounds? It seems clear to me that neither of these questions have been addressed, because I've seen no reference to this verse anywhere on this wiki page. In other words, no judgment was made that had taken into account an absolutely crucial piece of information. The current line of reasoning posted on the page, about the earliest manuscripts discovered using words from such-and-such society/language, seems to base itself upon an assumption. Specifically, that the manuscripts available to us are in the original language, and not a translation. It's quite possible that the copies we possess had gone through a few rounds of translation from the original. Adapted by different societies, different generations, which both change over time, just as English is a changing language even today. Just my two cents. I have a few more things to point out, because Ecclesiastes is a beautiful book. Eccl. 1:6 - "The wind goeth toward the south, and turneth about unto the north; it whirleth about continually, and the wind returneth again according to his circuits." - The Coriolis effect, more than two millennia before its discovery by modern society in 1835. Eccl. 1:7 - "All the rivers run into the sea; yet the sea is not full; unto the place from whence the rivers come, thither they return again." - The water cycle, though I'm hardly the first to point this one out. Eccl. 1:15 - "That which is crooked cannot be made straight: and that which is wanting cannot be numbered." - Describes the nature of brittle solids, but more importantly the concept of zero! Eccl. 3:14-15 - "I know that, whatsoever God doeth, it shall be for ever: nothing can be put to it, nor any thing taken from it: and God doeth it, that men should fear before him. (15) That which hath been is now; and that which is to be hath already been; and God requireth that which is past." - Continuity in the universe we live in;  not only in terms of the past/present/future, but what can be done with the elements of said universe. *cough cough* Laws of conservation *cough cough* Ecc. 11:1 - "Cast thy bread upon the waters: for thou shalt find it after many days." - Ah, the cycle of life. Biological fuel sources (e.g. the calories in bread) supply nutrients to the organisms around them as they decompose, thus becoming part of another visible form of life. Eccl. 11:3 - "If the clouds be full of rain, they empty themselves upon the earth: and if the tree fall toward the south, or toward the north, in the place where the tree falleth, there it shall be." - Gravity! Eccl. 11:7 - "Truly the light is sweet, and a pleasant thing it is for the eyes to behold the sun:" - hey kids remember to get your daily dose of serotonin. This ^ action, of looking at the sun for even a couple of seconds, directly corresponds to a serotonin release. ...that's all I have for now. Though even then I'm just scratching the surface. Within this book is advice, knowledge, (& wisdom lol) that can sustainably replace most if not all forms of therapy. I speak from a depth of experience in the matter: learning the central role of the heart in the human experience, and how to keep it in good condition, has changed my life permanently for the better. See for yourself. Mourn, vent, and free your spirit. It's like unclogging water pipes, but instead you're working with life itself (and thus the ability to feel happy in any and every way). Forgetmenaut (talk) 15:15, 31 March 2021 (UTC)

 * Great comments, I suggest that you edit this article with your canon comment. It is needed. Allos Genos (talk) 19:46, 25 April 2021 (UTC)

 * WP:CHOPSY and WP:NOBIGOTS. Tgeorgescu (talk) 22:21, 25 April 2021 (UTC)

 * Tgeorgescu, are you suggesting that someone who believes Ecclesiastes is canon should not edit this page? Please elaborate Allos Genos (talk) 02:40, 26 April 2021 (UTC)

 * What do you mean? Of course it is part of the canon of the Hebrew Bible and Old Testament. Nobody denied that.
 * Also, on the points made above: we cannot accept original research. Tgeorgescu (talk) 09:48, 26 April 2021 (UTC)

 * Who is: "WE" in your statement "WE cannot accept?" And why are you directing me to WP:NOBIGOTS - when I referred to Forgetmenaut's canon comment?  I would recommend that you do not direct readers to your own page that you created, please stick to directing readers to Wikipedia policy pages (and not your own original content).

 * I agree that this is a beautiful book, but what exactly is Forgetmenaut suggesting? What edits? Achar Sva (talk) 01:12, 28 May 2022 (UTC)

Yup, they did not know Netwon's works, but they knew that gravity exists. As far back into the past as you wish, Homo sapiens sapiens still knew that gravity exists.

Also, looking directly at the Sun is not even remotely advisable. tgeorgescu (talk) 07:32, 5 December 2022 (UTC)

hevel - does it also mean breath and impermanence?
I remember hearing a derasha where the Rabbi, discussed vapor as meaning breath, and that rather than just insubstantial, it also meant impermanence. Is this backed up? Wakelamp d[@-@]b (talk) 22:00, 17 November 2021 (UTC)

 * Yes. This can be traced back to the original Hevel, who was Abel, brother of Cain, whose life was cut short (seemingly without purpose). A theory is this word hevel came from Hevel (Abel) due to his untimely death. Allos Genos (talk) 00:18, 27 May 2022 (UTC)

 * As Joel Baden says on YouTube, we no longer know what hevel means, but in the context it has something to do with wetness., Yale Bible Study.
 * Maybe I have conflated between ve·'ed and hevel, anyway, you get the idea: these are words which don't appear many times in the Hebrew Bible, so we cannot be very sure of what they mean. tgeorgescu (talk) 21:12, 27 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes, hebel has a long tradition of having something to do with breath or air, and it's considered almost onomatopoetic, which has always struck me as sort of self-evident when you hear the Hebrew. I am mindful that this is WP:OR, of course, and just wanted to chip in a thought here.  Cheers, all, and Happy Friday. Dumuzid (talk) 22:31, 27 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Dumuzid Very interesting observation on the sound of the word (onomatopoetic). I have not heard that before, but it makes sense.  Have a good weekend.  Allos Genos (talk) 21:24, 28 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes, you have confused the two... ve·'ed is used twice in the Hebrew Bible (also used in Job), and it is difficult to know exactly what it means but we know it is something "wet" due to the context of the passage in Genesis which refers to ve·'ed watering the land. The word hevel, however, is used over 70 times in the Hebrew Bible, so I would not compare its frequency with ve·'ed. Allos Genos (talk) 21:20, 28 May 2022 (UTC)
 * To help: The word is  'ed, not ve·'ed, the ve being a prefix meaning "and" which is attached in Genesis. Both examples must by context refer to a water-source, and Assyrian 'edu contributes a number of further examples. This meaning has been consensus/known since antiquity.
 * Hevel also can be established to mean both literal "air" and figurative "nothingness" by use of parallels like Is. 57:13 ". . . lifted by the wind, taken by the hevel . . ." (maybe also Jer. 14:22) and Prov. 31:30 "Falseness of the allure, hevel of the beauty . . ." (and many other examples and contexts). Also a Qumran reference to "winds of hevel"; Amoraic idiom for "to heat liquid" is "to increase hevel" (steam) and for "to be healthy" is to "to give off hevel in the bath" (sweat). In Aramaic (Talmudic and Syriac) you have "to release hevel" (breathe) and many more examples for both "air" and "nothingness".
 * In terms of other proposals: Connection to Abel and onomatopoeia IMO very unlikely but who knows. "Vanity" is correct in the original sense of "nothingness" but should not be taken in the modern sense of "excessive pride". Impermanence: seems like a good read of the sense of Ecclesiastes ch. 1. GordonGlottal (talk) 01:30, 29 May 2022 (UTC)

Great insight GordonGlottal. LXX translates as mataiotes. Rom 8:20 mataiotes is translated as futility or frailty (AMP). Ps 144:4 man (adam) is like hevel (abel). Fleeting, vapor, futile, vain, shadow, breath, all used to describe this word. My choice? "Purposelessness." Way too many letters for translations, and not ever used in discussions, but of all the English single word options, I think it fits the context of mataiotes / hevel in Ecc best. Allos Genos (talk) 20:07, 29 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Years ago, as an undergrad assignment, I translated all of Qoheleth. My choice for verse 1:2?  "Ephemerality of ephemeralities, all is ephemeral!"  I stand by it in terms of meaning, but certainly think I could have done better for euphony.  Cheers. Dumuzid (talk) 20:29, 29 May 2022 (UTC)
 * I know that's one traditional Rabbinic read of Ps. 144:4 but I don't find it convincing. It makes perfect sense literally, as
 * Lord! What is Man that you attend him/
 * Humanity, that you think of him?
 * Man is like air/
 * His life passes like shadow.
 * You can find exactly the same meaning, using the word neshama instead of hevel, in Is. 2:22,
 * Desist ye from Man/
 * Who has breath in his nose.
 * What is he that you think of him?
 * Or with ruah in Ps. 103:15,
 * Man's lifetime is that of grass/
 * His floruit that of wildflowers.
 * When wind passes it is gone/
 * Its place shall know it no more.
 * Comparing Man to air/breath/wind is a recurring stylistic element in self-deprecatory Biblical-poetic invocations of God, so it's a big stretch to claim a homiletical connection to Genesis.
 * GordonGlottal (talk) 21:15, 29 May 2022 (UTC)
 * GordonGlottal, while I don't disagree, I think the "man is like grass" simile of Psalm 103 is something else. ruach is here clearly not referring to the people themselves--compare Deutero-Isaiah, verse 40:6 et seq (All flesh is grass...).  Cheers. Dumuzid (talk) 01:10, 30 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Well we're way off topic :) I think you can read it both ways. In Is. 40 it's quite clear, here much vaguer. Cf. Job 7:9-10:
 * A cloud fades away/
 * So too the moribund will not return.
 * He will not come home/
 * His place shall know him no more.
 * Psalm 37 is similarly vague:
 * For they will soon be mowed like grass/
 * Like lush greenery wither away . ..
 * I saw a powerful villain/
 * A well rooted and healthy tree.
 * And he (=He?) passed, and (he?) was gone/
 * And I sought him, but he wasn't there.
 * GordonGlottal (talk) 22:27, 30 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Feel free to simply ignore me, as you're right, we're pretty far afield; but I don't understand why you reference Psalm 37:36? It's a funny little verse in the Hebrew, but I don't see an air/wind reference there?  Thanks for humoring my old fascinations for so long. Dumuzid (talk) 22:45, 30 May 2022 (UTC)
 * The language is extremely similar: Man is compared to plants and then something "passed and was gone." If there was an explicit object, like "God passed and the villain was gone" or "The villain passed and was gone" it could provide evidence for Ps. 103. But it doesn't really add information because it's just as vague. GordonGlottal (talk) 23:18, 30 May 2022 (UTC)

Ephemerality is an excellent choice, I have never considered the similarity before. Just as a side note, "ephemeros" is used in James 2:15 which may have been an origin of our current use? Allos Genos (talk) 20:54, 29 May 2022 (UTC)

The use of mataiotes in the NT had nothing to do with wind. It is the futile element that is also found in Ecc. Wind has no context here for hevel (abel)/ mataiotes. No translation uses vapor or wind that I am aware of for Ecc 1:2 For Ps 144:4, I would think most agree with you on this passage, but IMO a play on words is used here (at the very least) that is not understood in our language. The words are still adam is like abel regardless of meaning. No translators translate the original abel (hevel) anywhere in scripture as abel except for Abel son of Adam. But Hebrew readers would have seen this correlation when reading. Allos Genos (talk) 00:55, 30 May 2022 (UTC)

"Christian" Old Testament?
The article states that Ecclesiastes is part of the Wisdom literature of the Christian Old Testament. Isn't that a contradiction? The "old" testament is the Torah and existed prior to Christianity. The word christian should be removed. 2A02:8070:2482:2CC0:CC6E:FEF:F6F:FBE1 (talk) 14:11, 17 May 2023 (UTC)
 * As opposed to the Jewish Tanakh, where it is in a different section. StAnselm (talk) 15:11, 17 May 2023 (UTC)
 * This is not a contradiction. The article is correct stating Ecclesiastes is part of the Christian Old Testament, which was the previous covenant before Christ. The article also states that the book is part of the Ketuvim, which is also correct.  Allos Genos (talk) 00:33, 9 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ecclesiastes


text:
Little Roger and the Goosebumps

Little Roger and the Goosebumps is a pop/rock band from San Francisco active during the 1970s and early 1980s and resurrected in 2006. It has been led throughout its history by Roger Clark and Dick Bright, with various sidemen.

The band is best known for its single "Gilligan's Island (Stairway)" a song combining the lyrics to the theme song of the television show Gilligan's Island with the music of "Stairway to Heaven" by Led Zeppelin. The band wrote the song in 1977 as "material to pad the last set of the grueling 5 nights a week/4 sets a night routine," recorded it in March 1978, and released it as a single in May 1978 on their own Splash Records label. Led Zeppelin's management threatened a copyright infringement lawsuit against the label, its attorneys demanding that all copies be destroyed, and the band withdrew the song, seeing their legal resources as inadequate. The song was reissued in 2000 on the CD Laguna Tunes with the song title renamed "Stairway to Gilligan's Island."

During a 2004 interview on National Public Radio, Robert Plant referred to the tune as his favorite cover of "Stairway to Heaven."

The famous conman "Clark Rockefeller" and his young daughter Snooks used to sing the Stairway/Gilligan's mix.

The band recorded their next single, "Kennedy Girl" (based on Neil Young's "Cinnamon Girl"), in 1980, then waited over a quarter-century before producing their debut album They Hate Us Cuz We're Beautiful, featuring new recordings of 14 songs drawn from three decades of original material.

Their single "Fudd on the Hill," essentially a performance of "Fool on the Hill" by Looney Tunes character Elmer Fudd, was included on the novelty compilation album The Rhino Brothers Present the World's Worst Records, Volume 2.

title: Little Roger and the Goosebumps