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Fingerboard

The fingerboard (also known as a fretboard on fretted instruments) is an important component of most stringed instruments. It is a thin, long strip of material, usually wood, that is laminated to the front of the neck of an instrument. The strings run over the fingerboard, between the nut and bridge. To play the instrument, a musician presses strings down to the fingerboard to change the vibrating length, changing the pitch. This is called stopping the strings. Depending on the instrument and the style of music, the musician may pluck, strum or bow one or more strings with the hand that is not fretting the notes. On some instruments, notes can be sounded by the fretting hand alone, such as with hammer ons, an electric guitar technique.

The word "fingerboard" in other languages sometimes occurs in musical directions. In particular, the direction sul tasto (Ital., also sulla tastiera, Fr. sur la touche, G. am Griffbrett) for bowed string instruments to play with the bow above the fingerboard. This reduces the prominence of upper harmonics, giving a more ethereal tone.

Frets

A fingerboard may be fretted, having raised strips of hard material perpendicular to the strings, which the player presses the strings against to stop the strings. On modern guitars, frets are typically made of metal. Frets let the player stop the string consistently in the same place, which enables the musician to play notes with the correct intonation. As well, frets do not dampen string vibrations as much as fingers alone on an unfretted fingerboard. Frets may be fixed, as on a guitar or mandolin, or movable, as on a lute. Fingerboards may also be unfretted, as they usually are on bowed instruments, where damping by the finger is of little consequence because of the sustained stimulation of the strings by the bow. Unfretted fingerboards allow a musician more control over subtle changes in pitch than fretted boards, but are generally considered harder to master. Fingerboards may also be, though uncommon, a hybrid of these two. Such a construction is seen on the sitar, where arched frets attach at the edges of a smooth fingerboard; unfrettable strings run inside the frets, while frettable ones run outside. The fret arches are sufficiently high that the exterior strings can be fretted without the finger making contact with the interior strings.

Frets may be marked by inlays to make navigating the fingerboard easier. On six-string guitars and bass guitars, markers are typically single smallish dots on the fingerboard and on its side that indicate the 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th frets—and the octaves of those positions higher up the neck. A double dot or some other variation marks the 12th fret and 24th frets. Variations on the standard dot shape can make a guitar more distinctive. Position markers are sometimes made luminescent (through using paint, or illuminated with light emitting diodes) to make them more visible on stage. Position markers are also sometimes repeated on the edge of the fingerboard for easy viewing.

Over time, strings wear frets down, which can cause buzzing and deaden the sound. Fixing this occasionally requires replacing the frets—but more often they just need "dressing". In fret dressing, a luthier levels and polishes the frets, and crowns (carefully rounds and shapes) the ends and edges. Stainless steel guitar frets may never need dressing, because of the density of the material. Not having frets carefully and properly aligned with the fingerboard can cause severe intonation issues and constant detuning. The ultimate way of determining the source of a buzz and detuning problem is to measure the levelness of the frets. A straightedge positioned on the neck in the "lie" of one of the strings should show nearly level frets. (There should be a slight relief to compensate for the elliptical shape of the vibrating strings.)

Materials
On bowed string instruments, (such as violin, viola, cello, and double bass), the fingerboard is usually made of ebony, rosewood or other hardwood. On some guitars, a maple neck and fingerboard are made from one piece of wood. A few modern luthiers have used lightweight, non-wood materials such as carbon-fiber in their fingerboards. Various impregnated wood materials are being used for fingerboards in fretted instruments.

Parameters

Typically, the fingerboard is a long plank with a rectangular profile. On a guitar, mandolin, ukulele, or similar plucked instrument, the fingerboard appears flat and wide but may be slightly curved to form a cylindrical or conical surface of relatively large radius compared to the fingerboard width. The radius quoted in the specification of a string instrument is the radius of curvature of the fingerboard at the head nut.

Most bowed string instruments use a visibly curved fingerboard, nut and bridge to provide bow clearance for each individual string.

The length, width, thickness and density of a fingerboard can affect timbre. Most fingerboards can be fully described by these parameters:

 * w1 — width at nut (close to the headstock)
 * w2 — width at half of scale length (if fretted, usually the 12th fret)
 * h1 — profile height (thickness) at the nut
 * h2 — profile height (thickness) at half of scale length
 * r — radius (may be non-constant)

Radius
Depending on values of radius r and their transition over the length of the fingerboard, all fingerboards usually fit into one of the following four categories:

Notes:
 * $$l$$ is a scale.
 * $$x$$ designates a place on fingerboard, changes from 0 (at nut) to $$l$$ (at bridge).
 * $$r(x)$$ describes radius depending on place on fingerboard.
 * $$f(x)$$ is a non-linear function.

Classical guitars, some 12-string guitars, banjos, dobros, pedal steel, and a few steel-stringed acoustic guitars have flat fingerboards. Almost all other guitars have at least some curvature. However, some recent five and six string electric basses have flat fingerboards.

For guitars, some players feel that smaller radii (7.25–10") are more comfortable for chord and rhythm playing, while larger radii (12"-16" and up to flat) are better for fast soloing. Conical and compound radius fingerboards try to merge both these features. The nut end of the fingerboard has a smaller radius to ease in forming chords. The bridge end of the fingerboard has a larger radius to make soloing more comfortable and prevent "noting out" ("fretting out"), in which a string comes in contact with a higher fret during bends.

A Brief History Of Discovering The Conical Fingerboard in 1978 by luthier Denny Rauen can be found in American Lutherie #8/Winter 1986 and String Instrument Craftsman May/June 1988 under the title "Multi-Radius Fingerboards". This special radiusing is a standard on many of Denny's custom-built guitars and refret work beginning in 1978. Denny Rauen's articles on the "Multi Radius Fingerboard" are the first published documents on using a conical fingerboard to improve string bending while retaining comfortable chording.

Bowed string instruments usually have curved fingerboards, to allow the player to bow single strings. Those of the modern violin family and the double bass are strongly curved, however those of some archaic bowed instruments are flat.

Examples
Examples of some instruments' fingerboard radius parameters:

Scalloping

A fretted fingerboard can be scalloped by "scooping out" the wood between each of the frets to create a shallow "U" shape. The result is a playing surface wherein the players' fingers come into contact with the strings only, and do not touch the fingerboard.

The process of "scalloping" a fingerboard well, if done by hand, is tedious work, usually done by careful filing of wood between the frets, and requires a large investment of time. Consequently, it is relatively expensive to have done. Generally, luthiers scallop fingerboards with a special milling machine that has 22 or 24 (according to neck dimensions and number of frets) wood cutting tools. This equipment saves time and adds precision to the process of scalloping the wood in the neck's radius the same in all fret spaces.

Scalloped fingerboards are most commonly used by shred guitarists, most notably Ritchie Blackmore and Yngwie Malmsteen, who have signature models developed with Fender that include scalloped fingerboards. Ibanez JEM series guitars, designed and played by Steve Vai, come standard with the last 4 frets scalloped. In 2008 Ibanez made available their E-Gen model, a Herman Li signature, which includes four scalloped frets (21st to 24th). Karl Sanders of the death metal band Nile also uses several guitars with scalloped fingerboards, including several Deans, and KxK Guitars.

In the 1970s, English guitarist John McLaughlin played with Shakti, along with Indian violinist L. Shankar, using an acoustic guitar with a fully scalloped fretboard. He also used an electric guitar with a scalloped fretboard in studio and live performances from 1978 to 1979. McLaughlin explained that this feature increased the ease and range of string bends by eliminating friction between the finger and fretboard. The scalloped fretboard also facilitates the rapid, microtonal variation that is important in Indian music, as exemplified by classical Indian Sitar music. Without scallops, the guitarist must play microtones by sliding the string sideways on the fret.

Experimental luthier Yuri Landman made an electric guitar for John Schmersal of Enon called the Twister with a partial scalloped neck for only the thin strings (similar to small playground slides).

Some examples of lutes with scalloped fretboards include the South Indian veena and Vietnamized guitar (called đàn ghi-ta, lục huyền cầm, or ghi-ta phím lõm). The Japanese multi-instrumentalist and experimental musical instrument builder Yuichi Onoue has also made a deeply scalloped electric guitar for Vietnamese microtonal playing techniques.

Some types of scalloping are:

 * Partial Scalloping, with some of the high frets scalloped for fast soloing. Popular examples include half scalloping (12th to the last fret, used by Kiko Loureiro of Megadeth, among others) or upper fret scalloping (19–24, 17–22, etc.), used by such guitarists as Steve Vai. When done by hand, sometimes fretboards can be scalloped half below the D or G strings, as in the case for Turkish luthier Kenan Turgut.
 * Full Scalloping, i.e., all frets from the first to the last are scalloped
 * Extreme Scalloping scalloping has lateral intrusions in addition to the standard vertical hollows. The additional versatility in note control comes at the cost of substantially reduced rigidity of the neck.

Note that filing away wood to scallop a fingerboard also affects inlays—so intricately inlaid fingerboards are not usually good candidates for scalloping. Simple dot or block inlays survive the procedure moderately well.

Advantages and disadvantages
The "scooped out" nature of scalloped fingerboards creates a number of changes in the way the guitar plays. Most obvious is that the fingertip only contacts the string, not the fingerboard itself, creating less friction for bends and vibratos, which results in more overall control while playing. It also results in more weight-relief and less "neck-dive".

However, one of the main disadvantages is that many players, especially new players, may find a scalloped fingerboard too different, and difficult to play easily, especially if the strings are of a lighter gauge or the player tends to press too hard. It takes practice to play in tune on a scalloped fingerboard. The player must first become accustomed to not actually touching the fingerboard. Playing a scalloped fingerboard requires a careful application of pressure: Too much pressure raises the pitch of the fretted note to a sharp note, as during a bend, and too little pressure causes fret buzz. As a result, most guitar players use a traditional fingerboard on their instruments.

Scoop of fretless bowed-string fingerboards
Fretless bowed-string fingerboards are usually scooped lengthwise in a smooth curve, so that if a straight edge is held next to the board parallel to a string, some daylight shows between them, towards the centre of the board. Usually the scoop is slightly greater on the bass side, less on the treble side of the fingerboard. Different string materials or different styles of playing may call for differing amounts of scoop. Nylon or gut strings require the most, and solid steel-core strings the least. A typical full-size (4/4) violin with synthetic-core G, D, and A strings shows 0.75 mm of scoop under the G string, and between 0.5 mm and zero scoop under the E, which is usually a solid steel core on modern instruments.

Dip of guitar fretboards
On guitars, specifically steel-string and electric guitars, the relief (or "dip") is adjustable by altering the tension on the steel truss rod inside the neck. Relaxing the truss rod allows the pull of the strings to increase the dip, and vice versa. Classical guitars do not need truss rods due to the lower tension of nylon strings but should still exhibit some degree of dip.

title: Fingerboard


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Harbour porpoise

The harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) is one of eight extant species of porpoise. It is one of the smallest species of cetacean. As its name implies, it stays close to coastal areas or river estuaries, and as such, is the most familiar porpoise to whale watchers. This porpoise often ventures up rivers, and has been seen hundreds of kilometres from the sea. The harbour porpoise may be polytypic, with geographically distinct populations representing distinct races: P. p. phocoena in the North Atlantic and West Africa, P. p. relicta in the Black Sea and Sea of Azov, an unnamed population in the northwestern Pacific and P. p. vomerina in the northeastern Pacific.

Taxonomy
The English word porpoise comes from the French pourpois (Old French porpais, 12th century), which is from Medieval Latin porcopiscus, which is a compound of porcus (pig) and piscus (fish). The old word is probably a loan-translation of a Germanic word, compare Danish marsvin and Middle Dutch mereswijn (sea swine). Classical Latin had a similar name, porculus marinus. The species' taxonomic name, Phocoena phocoena, is the Latinized form of the Greek φώκαινα, phōkaina, "big seal", as described by Aristotle; this from φώκη, phōkē, "seal".

The species is sometimes known as the common porpoise in texts originating in the United Kingdom. In parts of Atlantic Canada it is known colloquially as the puffing pig, and in Norway ‘nise’, derived from an Old Norse word for sneeze; both of which refer to the sound made when porpoises surface to breathe.

Description
The harbour porpoise is a little smaller than the other porpoises, at about 67 – long at birth, weighing 6.4–10 kg. Adults of both sexes grow to 1.4 to 1.9 m. The females are heavier, with a maximum weight of around 76 kg compared with the males' 61 kg. The body is robust, and the animal is at its maximum girth just in front of its triangular dorsal fin. The beak is poorly demarcated. The flippers, dorsal fin, tail fin and back are a dark grey. The sides are a slightly speckled, lighter grey. The underside is much whiter, though there are usually grey stripes running along the throat from the underside of the body.

Many anomalously white coloured individuals have been confirmed, mostly in the North Atlantic, but also notably around Turkish and British coasts, and in the Wadden Sea, Bay of Fundy and around the coast of Cornwall.

Although conjoined twins are rarely seen in wild mammals, the first known case of a two-headed harbour porpoise was documented in May 2017 when Dutch fishermen in the North Sea caught them by chance. A study published by the online journal of the Natural History Museum Rotterdam points out that conjoined twins in whales and dolphins are extremely rare.

The vocalizations of the harbour porpoise is made up of short clicks from 0.5 to 5 milliseconds in bursts up to two seconds long. Each click has a frequency between 1000 and 2200 hertz. Aside from communication, the clicks are used for echolocation.

Distribution
The harbour porpoise species is widespread in cooler coastal waters of the North Atlantic, North Pacific and the Black Sea. In the Atlantic, harbour porpoises may be present in a curved band of water running from the coast of West Africa to the coasts of Portugal, Spain, France, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Scandinavia, Iceland, Greenland, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and the eastern seaboard of the United States. The population in the Baltic Sea is limited in winter due to sea freezing, and is most common in the southwest parts of the sea. There is another band in the Pacific Ocean running from the Sea of Japan, Vladivostok, the Bering Strait, Alaska, British Columbia, and California.

The populations in these regions are not continuous and are classified as separate subspecies with P. p. phocoena in the North Atlantic and West Africa, P. p. relicta in the Black Sea and Sea of Azov, an unnamed population in the northwest Pacific and P. p. vomerina in the northeast Pacific.

Concerning the North Atlantic, an international workshop co-organised by the North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission and the Norwegian Institute of Marine Research reviewed the status of the species in 2018. It concluded that the harbour porpoise population structure is more complex than previously thought, with at least three genetically distinct subspecies in the North Atlantic. Given the structure of the harbour porpoise population, the workshop delineated 18 assessment areas for the North Atlantic.

Population status
The harbour porpoise has a global population of at least 700,000. In 2016, a comprehensive survey of the Atlantic region in Europe, from Gibraltar to Vestfjorden in Norway, found that the population was about 467,000 harbour porpoises, making it the most abundant cetacean in the region, together with the common dolphin. Based on surveys in 1994, 2005 and 2016, the harbour porpoise population in this region is stable. The highest densities are in the southwestern North Sea and oceans of mainland Denmark; the latter region alone is home to about 107,000-300,000 harbour porpoises. The entire North Sea population is about 335,000. In the Western Atlantic it is estimated that there are about 33,000 harbour porpoises along the mid-southwestern coast of Greenland (where increasing temperatures have aided them), 75,000 between the Gulf of Maine and Gulf of St. Lawrence, and 27,000 in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The Pacific population off mainland United States is about 73,000 and off Alaska 89,000. After sharp declines in the 20th century, populations have rebounded in the inland waters of Washington state. In contrast, some subpopulations are seriously threatened. For example, there are less than 12,000 in the Black Sea, and only about 500 remaining in the Baltic Sea proper, representing a sharp decrease since the mid-1900s.

Ecology
Harbour porpoises prefer temperate and subarctic waters. They inhabit fjords, bays, estuaries and harbours, hence their name. They feed mostly on small pelagic schooling fish, particularly herring, pollack, hake, sardine, cod, capelin, and sprat. They will, however, eat squid and crustaceans in certain places. This species tends to feed close to the sea bottom, at least for waters less than 200 m deep. However, when hunting sprat, porpoise may stay closer to the surface. When in deeper waters, porpoises may forage for mid-water fish, such as pearlsides. A study published in 2016 showed that porpoises off the coast of Denmark were hunting 200 fish per hour during the day and up to 550 per hour at night, catching 90% of the fish they targeted. Almost all the fish they ate were very small, between 3 and(-) long.

Harbour porpoises tend to be solitary foragers, but they do sometimes hunt in packs and herd fish together. Young porpoises need to consume about 7% to 8% of their body weight each day to survive, which is approximately 15 pounds or 7 kilograms of fish. Significant predators of harbour porpoises include white sharks and killer whales (orcas). Researchers at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland have also discovered that the local bottlenose dolphins attack and kill harbour porpoises without eating them due to competition for a decreasing food supply. An alternative explanation is that the adult dolphins exhibit infanticidal behaviour and mistake the porpoises for juvenile dolphins which they are believed to kill. Grey seals are also known to attack harbour porpoises by biting off chunks of fat as a high energy source.

Behaviour, reproduction and life-span
Some studies suggest porpoises are relatively sedentary and usually do not leave a certain area for long. Nevertheless, they have been recorded to move from onshore to offshore waters along coast. Dives of 220 m by harbour porpoises have been recorded. Dives can last five minutes but typically last one minute.

The social life of harbour porpoises is not well understood. They are generally seen as a solitary species. Most of the time, porpoises are either alone or in groups of no more than five animals. Porpoises mate promiscuously. Males produce large amounts of sperm, perhaps for sperm competition. Females become sexually mature by their third or fourth year and can calve each year for several consecutive years, being pregnant and lactating at the same time. The gestation of the porpoise is typically 10–11 months. Most births occur in late spring and summer. Calves are weaned after 8–12 months. Their average life-span in the wild is 8–13 years, although exceptionally individuals have reached up to 20, and in captivity up to 28 years. In a study of 239 dead harbour porpoises in the Gulf of Maine–Bay of Fundy, the vast majority were less than 12 years old and the oldest was 17.

Hunting
Harbour porpoises were traditionally hunted for food, as well as for their blubber, which was used for lighting fuel. Among others, hunting occurred in the Black Sea, off Normandy, in the Bay of Biscay, off Flanders, in the Little Belt strait, off Iceland, western Norway, in Puget Sound, Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Saint Lawrence. The drive hunt in the Little Belt strait is the best documented example. Thousands of porpoises were caught there until the end of the 19th century (it was banned in 1899), and again in smaller scale during the shortages that occurred in World War I and World War II. A similar, short-lived re-emergence of hunting during the world wars happened in Poland and the Baltic countries. Currently, the species is only hunted as part of the traditional Inuit hunt in the Arctic, notably in Greenland. In prehistoric times, harbour porpoises were also hunted in many areas, for example by the Alby People of the east coast of Öland, Sweden.

Interactions with fisheries

The main threat to porpoises is static fishing techniques such as gill and tangle nets. Bycatch in bottom-set gill nets is considered the main anthropogenic mortality factor for harbour porpoises worldwide. Several thousand die each year in incidental bycatch, which has been reported from the Black Sea, the Baltic Sea, the North Sea, off California, and along the east coast of the United States and Canada. Bottom-set gill nets are anchored to the sea floor and are up to 12+1/2 nmi in length. It is unknown why porpoises become entangled in gill nets, since several studies indicate they are able to detect these nets using their echolocation. Porpoise-scaring devices, so-called pingers, have been developed to keep porpoises out of nets and numerous studies have demonstrated they are very effective at reducing entanglement. However, concern has been raised over the noise pollution created by the pingers and whether their efficiency will diminish over time due to porpoises habituating to the sounds.

Mortality resulting from trawling bycatch seems to be less of an issue, probably because porpoises are not inclined to feed inside trawls, as dolphins are known to do.

Overfishing
Overfishing may reduce preferred prey availability for porpoises. Overfishing resulting in the collapse of herring in the North Sea caused porpoises to hunt for other prey species. Reduction of prey may result from climate change, overfishing, or both.

Noise pollution
Noise from ship traffic and oil platforms is thought to affect the distribution of toothed whales, like the harbour porpoise, that use echolocation for communication and prey detection. Noise from shipping traffic, particularly busy sea lanes, appears to instigate evasive behavior, with predominantly lateral movements during the day and deeper dives during the night. The construction of thousands of offshore wind turbines, planned in different areas of North Sea, is known to cause displacement of porpoises from the construction site, particularly if steel monopile foundations are installed by percussive piling, where reactions can occur at distances of more than 20 km. Noise levels from operating wind turbines are low and unlikely to affect porpoises, even at close range.

Pollution
Marine top predators like porpoises and seals accumulate pollutants such as heavy metals, PCBs and pesticides in their fat tissue. Porpoises have a coastal distribution that potentially brings them close to sources of pollution. Porpoises may not experience any toxic effects until they draw on their fat reserves, such as in periods of food shortage, migration or reproduction.

Climate change
An increase in the temperature of the sea water is likely to affect the distribution of porpoises and their prey, but has not been shown to occur. Reduced stocks of sand eel along the east coast of Scotland, a pattern linked to climate change, appears to be the main reason for the increase in malnutrition in porpoises in the area.

Conservation status
Overall, the harbour porpoise is not considered threatened and the total population is in the hundreds of thousands.

The harbour porpoise populations of the North Sea, Baltic Sea, western North Atlantic, Black Sea and North West Africa are protected under Appendix II of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). In 2013, the two Baltic Sea subpopulations were listed as vulnerable and critically endangered respectively by HELCOM. Although the species overall is considered to be of Least Concern by the IUCN, they consider the Baltic Sea and Western African populations critically endangered, and the subspecies P. p. relicta of the Black Sea endangered.

In addition, the harbour porpoise is covered by the Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic, North East Atlantic, Irish and North Seas (ASCOBANS), the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans in the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area (ACCOBAMS) and the Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Conservation of the Manatee and Small Cetaceans of Western Africa and Macaronesia (Western African Aquatic Mammals MoU).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Harbour porpoise


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Shenyang J-6

The Shenyang J-6 (Chinese: 歼-6; designated F-6 for export versions; NATO reporting name: Farmer) is the Chinese-built version of the Soviet MiG-19 'Farmer' fighter aircraft, the world's first mass-produced supersonic aircraft.

Design and development

Although the MiG-19 had a comparatively short life in Soviet service, the Chinese came to value its agility, turning performance, and powerful cannon armament, and produced it for their own use between 1958 and 1981. While the basic Soviet-built MiG-19 has been retired from all nations, the Shenyang J-6 still flies for nine of its original 15 operators, however, in a very limited capacity. The J-6 airframe contributed to the Chinese ground attack version, the Q-5, which still flies for numerous nations.

The J-6 was considered "disposable" and was intended to be operated for only 100 flight hours (or approximately 100 sorties) before being overhauled. The Pakistan Air Force was often able to extend this to 130 hours with diligent maintenance.

A number of J-6 based at Lianchen and Yantan-li bases appeared to have been converted into unmanned aircraft. Work on unmanned J-6 was first reported in 2013.

Description
The J-6 has a maximum speed at altitude of 1,540 km/h (960 mph), Mach 1.45. Service ceiling is 17,900 m (58,700 ft). Combat radius with two drop tanks is about 640 km (400 mi). The aircraft is powered by two Liming Wopen-6A (Tumansky R-9) turbojet engines. In addition to the internal cannon armament, most have provision for four wing pylons for up to 250 kg (550 lb) each, with a maximum ordnance load of 500 kg (1,100 lb). Typical stores include unguided bombs, 55 mm rocket pods, or PL-2/PL-5 (Chinese versions of Soviet K-13) air-to-air missiles.

Albania
Albanian Air Force J-6s replaced the J-5s on the border to intercept Yugoslav incursions into Albanian airspace. However, the J-6 was ineffective against the faster Yugoslav MiG-21 'Fishbed'. Once the F-7A became available, the J-6 was redeployed to protect Tirana. As of 2005 all Albanian fighters were grounded due to a lack of spare parts.

Pakistan

Between 1965–1980, the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) received 260 F-6 fighters which went on to serve with 10 PAF squadrons at various times. During their service, Pakistani F-6s also underwent 140 modifications at the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex to improve its capabilities in the interceptor and close air support roles. These modifications included installation of Martin-Baker ejection seats, gun cameras, western avionics, AIM-9B/J/P missiles, French 68mm SNEB rockets, underbelly gondola-style fuel tanks and a special ground power unit, to quickly start the engines and shorten scramble time.

1971 Indo-Pakistani War

When the 1971 War broke out, the PAF had operationalized three F-6 squadrons which were the No. 11, No. 23 & No. 25 Squadrons. The F-6s of these squadrons collectively flew 945 sorties out of which 834 were combat ones.

Air to Air Combat
Throughout the war, the F-6 flew 650 Air Defence sorties in which they shot down approximately 8 Indian warplanes while damaging 2 more.

On 4 December 1971, Flight Lieutenant Javaid Latif of the No. 23 Squadron shot down an Su-7 over Risalewala Airfield while Flying Officer Qazi Javed of the No. 25 Squadron shot down a Hawker Hunter over Mianwali Airfield.

On 5 December 1971, Wing Commander Saad Hatmi (the Officer Commanding of the No. 25 Squadron) and his wingman Flight Lt. Shahid Raza shot down 2 Indian Hunters near Sakesar.

On 7 December 1971, Flight Lt. Atiq Sufi of the No. 11 Squadron shot down an Su-7 near Samba.

On 8 December 1971, Wing Commander Hashmi shot down a Su-7 which was attacking the Risalewala Airfield.

On 14 December 1971, Flight Lieutenant Amir Sharif of No. 11 Squadron claimed to have shot down a superior IAF MiG-21 over Shakargarh.

Ground Attack
Moreover, the F-6 flew 184 Ground Attack sorties where their 3 x 30 mm guns and 57 mm S-5 rockets were particularly effective against Indian armour, military vehicles, bunkers, and troop concentrations. Their Close Air Support missions at Shakargarh were the most successful.

At the end of the war, the PAF had lost two F-6s to ground fire while losing one F-6 to an Indian Su-7. An F-6 was also lost to friendly fire.

Some notable Pakistani F-6 pilots are Mushaf Ali Mir who later became the PAF's Chief, Wajid Ali Khan who was taken as a POW after being shot down by Indian AAA, he later became a Member of the Parliament in Canada and Syed Manzoor ul Hassan Hashmi. The single-seat F-6 was retired from the Pakistan Air Force in 2002 and replaced with the Chengdu F-7P/PG aircraft.

Vietnam War
The supersonic speed advantage provided by the MiG-21's more modern turbojet engine was found to be not as useful in combat as originally thought, because aerial dogfights at the time were conducted almost entirely at subsonic speeds. The J-6 (and hence the MiG-19 too) was found to be more manoeuvrable than the MiG-21 and, although slower, its acceleration during dogfights was considered adequate. The North Vietnamese Air Force fielded at least one unit of J-6s during the war, the 925th Fighter Regiment, beginning in 1969.

Somalia
Somalia ordered at least eleven F-6Cs and two FT-6s in 1979. Deliveries started in 1980. They were used during border skirmishes with Ethiopia in 1981, and they also saw combat during the Somali Rebellion, in the second half of the 1980s and until 1991.

Sudan
Twelve F-6 fighters and two FT-6 trainers were reportedly delivered to the Sudanese Air Force, starting in 1973. Moreover, twelve F-6Cs were delivered between 1981 and 1983. Another batch of twelve F-6Cs might have been acquired in 1990, as well as two FT-6s in 2001. Sudanese F-6s participated in the Second Sudanese Civil War, from the 1980s to the early 1990s. One F-6 was claimed shot down by the rebels in 1988, and two more in the autumn of 1991.

Uganda-Tanzania War
The Tanzania Air Force Command received its first batch of twelve F-6s starting in June 1973. An additional twelve F-6Cs and up to four FT-6s were also delivered in 1982. Tanzanian F-6s participated in the 1978–1979 Uganda-Tanzania War. However, they aren't known to have been involved in any air-to-air combats.

Zambia
Twelve F-6s were delivered to the Zambian Air Force, probably between 1976 and 1978. On 8 June 1980, Zambian F-6s intercepted and shot down an Angolan Yakovlev Yak-40, under unknown circumstances.

Kampuchea-Vietnam War
In the era of Khmer Rouge control of Cambodia (1975–1979), Chinese-supplied Khmer J-6s participated in Kampuchea-Vietnamese border clashes for ground attacks. During the Vietnamese invasion in 1978, the Cambodian aircraft were reluctant to take-off to intercept the Vietnamese ones, thus the Vietnamese captured a number of J-6s and put them on public display.

Iran–Iraq War
During the 1980–88 Iran–Iraq War, both sides deployed J-6 fighter jets. Documents from the US Defense Intelligence Agency released under the Freedom of Information Act (United States) on Chinese arms sales to Iran reveal that between 1980 and 1987 China delivered 100 J-6 fighter jets to Iran. Iraq's J-6 fighters were transferred from the Egyptian Air Force. Most missions J-6s performed during the Iran-Iraq War were air-to-ground attack.

Mass production type

 * Shenyang J-6 – (a.k.a. Type 59, Dongfeng-102, Product 47 and F-6) Despite having no suffix to the designation, the J-6 appeared after the initial production of the J-6A had begun. The J-6 was equivalent, but not identical, to the MiG-19S.
 * Shenyang J-6A – Production of the J-6 restarted after new assembly jigs, and other assistance, acquired from the USSR. Similar to MiG-19PF, an all-weather radar-equipped interceptor with two NR-30 30mm cannon. Exported as the F-6A.
 * J-6B – (a.k.a. Type 59B, Dongfeng-105 and Jianjiji-6 Yi) Similar to MiG-19PM "Farmer-D", interceptor with two PL-1 (Chinese version of Soviet K-5 (AA-1 'Alkali') beam-riding air-to-air missiles; it is unclear if the J-6B retains its cannon. Only 19 J-6Bs were built by Nanchang Aircraft Mfg. Co. before the programme was terminated.
 * J-6C – (a.k.a. Jianjiji-6 Bing, Product 55 and F-6C) Day fighter version with three 30mm cannons and braking parachute at the base of the rudder. This cannon's codename is Type 30-1.
 * Shenyang J-6D – Advanced version of the J-6A with radome on the splitter plate (rather than the shock cone centerbody) for a Chinese-made radar. May also have been designated J-6 Xin. Another name is "J-6III". The name D-type was coined as a piggyback.
 * Shenyang/Tianjin JJ-6 – (Jianjiji Jiaolianji – fighter trainer, a.k.a. Product 48 and FT-6) Chinese designed two-seat trainer, stretched 84 cm (33.1 in) to accommodate second seat, armed with one 30 mm cannon.
 * Shenyang JZ-6 – (Jianjiji Zhenchaji – reconnaissance fighter) Dedicated reconnaissance version with fuselage camera pack replacing cannon. As of April 2006, it was reported that the PLAAF 3rd Reconnaissance Regiment, 26 Air Division based in Nanjing MR, is the last regiment to actively fly the JZ-6 refusing to convert to JZ-8F. Exported as the Shenyang FR-6.
 * Guizhou J-6A – J-6A aircraft upgraded to carry two PL-2 (Pi Li – Thunderbolt) infrared-homing air-to-air missiles. The first flight was on 21 December 1975.
 * J-6W - unmanned variant, first reported in 2013.

Prototype machine (including unfinished)

 * Shenyang J-6A – (a.k.a. Type 59A, Dongfeng-103, Jianjiji-6 Jia) – Early production from 1958 to 1960 was sub-standard and not accepted by the PLAAF. Production was halted, the jigs scrapped, and production restarted with assistance from the USSR. The J-6A was equivalent to the MiG-19P. The maiden flight was made by Wang Shuhuai on 17 December 1958. Only around 100 aircraft from this version were produced. It was reported that the J-6A never actually passed the PLAAF's tests. The planes were of little operational value and suffered from quality issues, flight characteristics were much lower than those of the J-6.
 * Shenyang J-6I – Single-seat day-fighter prototype with fixed shock cone on the intake splitter plate.
 * Shenyang J-6II – Single-seat tactical fighter prototype with adjustable shock cone on a raked back intake splitter plate.
 * Shenyang/Tianjin JJ-6 Testbed – Ejection seat testbed that succeeded H-5 ejection seat testbed.
 * Xian BW-1 – Fly-by-wire flying controls test-bed for the Xian JH-7 flying control system.

Current

 * Bangladesh Air Force − 9 FT-6 trainers as of December 2023
 * Myanmar Air Force – 1 F-6 fighter as of December 2023
 * North Korea Air Force – 97 F-6s fighters as of December 2023
 * Pakistan Air Force − 9 FT-6 trainers as of December 2023
 * Sudanese Air Force – 8 F-6 fighters as of December 2023
 * Tanzanian Air Force – 3 F-6 fighters and 1 FT-6 trainer as of December 2023
 * Zambian Air Force – 8 F-6 fighters and 2 FT-6 trainers as of December 2023
 * Pakistan Air Force − 9 FT-6 trainers as of December 2023
 * Sudanese Air Force – 8 F-6 fighters as of December 2023
 * Tanzanian Air Force – 3 F-6 fighters and 1 FT-6 trainer as of December 2023
 * Zambian Air Force – 8 F-6 fighters and 2 FT-6 trainers as of December 2023
 * Tanzanian Air Force – 3 F-6 fighters and 1 FT-6 trainer as of December 2023
 * Zambian Air Force – 8 F-6 fighters and 2 FT-6 trainers as of December 2023
 * Zambian Air Force – 8 F-6 fighters and 2 FT-6 trainers as of December 2023

Former

 * Albanian Air Force – 71 F-6 and FT-6 delivered between 1965 and 1971 partly in exchange for MiG-19PMs, retired in 2005. As of 2019, some remain in storage
 * People's Liberation Army Air Force – Operated 35 JJ-6 ca. December 2019
 * People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force – Operated 14 JJ-6 ca. December 2019
 * Democratic Kampuchea
 * Air Force of the Revolutionary Army of Kampuchea − 6 donated by China in 1978 in response to the Cambodian–Vietnamese War
 * Egyptian Air Force – 40 delivered by China in exchange for MiG-23s in 1979. Between 1982 and 1983, a further 50 were delivered. This second batch was assembled in Egypt. 44 F-6 and FT-6 were in service in 2011
 * Iranian Air Force − At least 16 were delivered between 1982 and 1984. According to SIPRI, the total number of aircraft delivered could be 22 or 25
 * 🇮🇶 Iraq
 * Iraqi Air Force − 40 delivered between 1982 and 1983 through Egypt and Jordan. Operated an unknown number of aircraft prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq
 * Somali Air Corps – At least 30 delivered between 1980 and 1981. According to SIPRI, the total number of aircraft delivered could be up to 50. Somali F-6s were dumped and destroyed in the years following the disintegration of the SAC in 1991
 * Vietnam People's Air Force – 30 delivered between 1970 and 1972
 * 🇮🇶 Iraq
 * Iraqi Air Force − 40 delivered between 1982 and 1983 through Egypt and Jordan. Operated an unknown number of aircraft prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq
 * Somali Air Corps – At least 30 delivered between 1980 and 1981. According to SIPRI, the total number of aircraft delivered could be up to 50. Somali F-6s were dumped and destroyed in the years following the disintegration of the SAC in 1991
 * Vietnam People's Air Force – 30 delivered between 1970 and 1972
 * Vietnam People's Air Force – 30 delivered between 1970 and 1972
 * Vietnam People's Air Force – 30 delivered between 1970 and 1972

title: Shenyang J-6


text:
Pad

Pad or pads may refer to:

Wearables

 * Pads, protective equipment used in baseball, cricket, and hockey
 * Elbow pad
 * Knee pad
 * Shoulder pads (sport)
 * Menstrual pad, used to absorb menstrual or other vaginal blood
 * Incontinence pad, worn to absorb involuntarily expelled bodily fluids
 * Shoulder pads (fashion), fabric-covered padding in clothing
 * Cycling pad, found in cycling shorts, pants and tights

Input devices

 * Gamepad, joypad, or controller, an input device used in gaming
 * Graphics pad, a computer input device
 * Keypad, buttons arranged in a block
 * Touchpad or trackpad, a pointing device featuring a tactile sensor
 * Trigger pad, an electronic sensor on a drum

Other hardware

 * Contact pad, the designated surface area for an electrical contact
 * A resistive pad used in an attenuator
 * An electronic notebook
 * A tablet computer
 * GRiDPad, known as first commercial tablet computer
 * iPad, a tablet computer made by Apple
 * ThinkPad, a laptop brand first designed and produced by IBM, but now owned by Lenovo
 * WatchPad, discontinued IBM smartwatch line
 * WorkPad, discontinued line of PDA, branded by IBM

Other uses in computing and electronics

 * One-time pad, a method of cryptography

Transportation

 * Brake pad, part of a drum brake
 * Launch pad, an area where spacecraft start flight
 * Helicopter landing pad
 * Roll way or running pad, placed along the rails of metro or tram tracks

Music

 * Pad, some holes of woodwind instruments (clarinets, saxophones...) are closed by air-tight pads.
 * Soft, mellow timbres generated by synthesisers are often called pads, and are generally used as backing sounds.

Other uses

 * Part of a mammal's paw
 * Pad, Roane County, West Virginia
 * A paper notebook
 * San Diego Padres, a Major League Baseball team nicknamed the "Pads"

title: Pad


text:
User:HugeShen

Friends on Wikipedia: Gaurav

title: User:HugeShen


text:
Hankel matrix

In linear algebra, a Hankel matrix (or catalecticant matrix), named after Hermann Hankel, is a square matrix in which each ascending skew-diagonal from left to right is constant. For example,

$$\qquad\begin{bmatrix} a & b & c & d & e \\ b & c & d & e & f \\ c & d & e & f & g \\ d & e & f & g & h \\ e & f & g & h & i \\ \end{bmatrix}.$$

More generally, a Hankel matrix is any $$n \times n$$ matrix $$A$$ of the form

$$A = \begin{bmatrix} a_0 & a_1 & a_2 & \ldots & a_{n-1} \\ a_1 & a_2 & &  &\vdots \\ a_2 & &  & & a_{2n-4} \\ \vdots & & & a_{2n-4} & a_{2n-3} \\ a_{n-1} & \ldots & a_{2n-4} & a_{2n-3} & a_{2n-2} \end{bmatrix}.$$

In terms of the components, if the $$i,j$$ element of $$A$$ is denoted with $$A_{ij}$$, and assuming $$i \le j$$, then we have $$A_{i,j} = A_{i+k,j-k}$$ for all $$k = 0,...,j-i.$$

Properties

 * Any Hankel matrix is symmetric.
 * Let $$J_n$$ be the $$n \times n$$ exchange matrix. If $$H$$ is an $$m \times n$$ Hankel matrix, then $$H = T J_n$$ where $$T$$ is an $$m \times n$$ Toeplitz matrix.
 * If $$T$$ is real symmetric, then $$H = T J_n$$ will have the same eigenvalues as $$T$$ up to sign.
 * The Hilbert matrix is an example of a Hankel matrix.
 * The determinant of a Hankel matrix is called a catalecticant.

Hankel operator
Given a formal Laurent series $$ f(z) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^N a_n z^n, $$ the corresponding Hankel operator is defined as $$ H_f : \mathbf C[z] \to \mathbf z^{-1} \mathbf Cz^{-1}. $$ This takes a polynomial $$g \in \mathbf C[z]$$ and sends it to the product $$fg$$, but discards all powers of $$z$$ with a non-negative exponent, so as to give an element in $$z^{-1} \mathbf Cz^{-1}$$, the formal power series with strictly negative exponents. The map $$H_f$$ is in a natural way $$\mathbf C[z]$$-linear, and its matrix with respect to the elements $$1, z, z^2, \dots \in \mathbf C[z]$$ and $$z^{-1}, z^{-2}, \dots \in z^{-1}\mathbf Cz^{-1}$$ is the Hankel matrix $$\begin{bmatrix} a_1 & a_2 & \ldots \\ a_2 & a_3 & \ldots \\ a_3 & a_4 & \ldots \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots \end{bmatrix}.$$ Any Hankel matrix arises in this way. A theorem due to Kronecker says that the rank of this matrix is finite precisely if $$f$$ is a rational function, that is, a fraction of two polynomials $$ f(z) = \frac{p(z)}{q(z)}. $$

Approximations
We are often interested in approximations of the Hankel operators, possibly by low-order operators. In order to approximate the output of the operator, we can use the spectral norm (operator 2-norm) to measure the error of our approximation. This suggests singular value decomposition as a possible technique to approximate the action of the operator.

Note that the matrix $$A$$ does not have to be finite. If it is infinite, traditional methods of computing individual singular vectors will not work directly. We also require that the approximation is a Hankel matrix, which can be shown with AAK theory.

Hankel matrix transform
The Hankel matrix transform, or simply Hankel transform, of a sequence $$b_k$$ is the sequence of the determinants of the Hankel matrices formed from $$b_k$$. Given an integer $$n > 0$$, define the corresponding $$(n \times n)$$-dimensional Hankel matrix $$B_n$$ as having the matrix elements $$[B_n]_{i,j} = b_{i+j}.$$ Then the sequence $$h_n$$ given by $$ h_n = \det B_n $$ is the Hankel transform of the sequence $$b_k.$$ The Hankel transform is invariant under the binomial transform of a sequence. That is, if one writes $$ c_n = \sum_{k=0}^n {n \choose k} b_k $$ as the binomial transform of the sequence $$b_n$$, then one has $$\det B_n = \det C_n.$$

Applications of Hankel matrices
Hankel matrices are formed when, given a sequence of output data, a realization of an underlying state-space or hidden Markov model is desired. The singular value decomposition of the Hankel matrix provides a means of computing the A, B, and C matrices which define the state-space realization. The Hankel matrix formed from the signal has been found useful for decomposition of non-stationary signals and time-frequency representation.

Method of moments for polynomial distributions
The method of moments applied to polynomial distributions results in a Hankel matrix that needs to be inverted in order to obtain the weight parameters of the polynomial distribution approximation.

title: Hankel matrix


text:
Chicken Dance

The "Chicken Dance", also known and recorded as Der Ententanz, Tchip Tchip, Vogerltanz, the Bird Song, the Chicken Song, the Birdie Song, the Bird Dance, Danse des Canards, the Duck Dance, El Baile de los Pajaritos, O Baile dos Passarinhos, Il Ballo del Qua Qua, Check Out the Chicken, or Dance Little Bird, is an oom-pah song; its associated fad dance has become familiar throughout the Western world. The song was composed by accordion player Werner Thomas from Davos, Switzerland, in the 1950s.

The Chicken Dance is a well-known drinking and dancing song at American Oktoberfest events. It is also a popular dance at weddings, particularly in whose culture includes polka music. Over 140 versions have been recorded worldwide, including some that were released by Walt Disney Records, together making an estimated 40,000,000 records or more pressed.

Composer credits and publishing rights
The original name of the song was "Der Ententanz" (The Duck Dance), composed by the Swiss accordionist Werner Thomas in 1957. He played it in restaurants and hotels from the 1950s through the 1960s.

During one of Thomas' performances, the Belgian music producer Louis van Rymenant heard the song. Van Rymenant had some lyrics created and in 1970 released it to the public through his publishing company Intervox Music (later co-publishing with his other company Eurovox Music) without much success. It first became a world-wide hit from 1980 through 1982, and was recorded in many countries.

On some recorded releases of the music Werner Thomas is listed as the sole composer, while on others other composers are listed, e.g., as "Thomas/Rendall/Hoes." The name Rendall refers to Van Rymenant, who was listed as co-author under the pen name of Terry Rendall. The name Hoes refers to the Dutch singer/producer Johnny Hoes, who re-arranged the song for the Electronicas recording (which was released on Hoes' own record label, Telstar Records).

Eurovox Music now manages the publishing rights worldwide, except for the US (September Music), UK (Valentine Music) and the Netherlands (Benelux Music), sub-publishers.

Description of the dance

The origin of the dance moves set to the music is not known.

The piece is often notated in cut time and the key of C major. It begins with repeated dominant chords before moving into the main theme. The secondary theme features a contrasting rhythm. The two themes alternate. In some versions tempo shifts are introduced to confuse and amuse the dancers, and the final repetition of the main theme is often played as one continuous accelerando.

The dance step has five discrete moves. The first four moves are done in place and are repeated throughout each verse:
 * 1) The dancer lifts both hands into the air and opens and closes them as if operating a hand puppet (simulating a chicken's vocalizations) four times, once on each beat;
 * 2) The dancer tucks their hands into their armpits and flaps them like a chicken four times, once on each beat;
 * 3) The dancer wiggles their shoulders and/or hips (tail feathers) while descending downward for two beats;
 * 4) The dancer claps four times.

The fifth move persists throughout the refrain and involves the dancer and a partner.

 * 1) The pair may lock arms, facing opposite directions, and spin. They may switch arms and directions (and sometimes partners) halfway through the refrain.
 * 2) The pair may "swing out," by holding hands, leaning back, and rotating in place, first clockwise and then counterclockwise.
 * 3) If performed in a circle dance or square dance formation, the entire group of participants may simply rotate the circle in one direction, then shift direction halfway through the refrain, or they may perform an allemande at the command of a caller.

The performance of one or more dancers in bird costumes leading a crowd in the dance is quite common. A 1981 video recording of the Tweets performing the song before a live television audience in the UK shows all of the "musicians" in large, mascot-style bird costumes, miming to the recording, while a group of British teens perform the dance in a line behind them. Since then, many state fairs, Oktoberfests, German culture festivals, and even weddings feature at least one dancer in a bird costume. The live performances by Bob Kames throughout the upper Midwest during the 1980s and 1990s almost always featured bird-costumed dance leaders.

Notable recordings and title changes

 * In 1981, Henry Hadaway produced a version of the song, which was released in the United Kingdom as an instrumental novelty tune "The Birdie Song" by The Tweets. It peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart in October 1981, making it the most popular version. A 1981 video shows bird-costumed dancers miming as instrumentalists while the recording plays and young people dance on stage. This may be the earliest recording of the dance and hand-clapping. In 2000, this version was voted "the most annoying song of all time" in a poll commissioned for the website dotmusic.
 * In 1981, the Spanish accordionist María Jesus Grados Ventura, better known as María Jesús y su Acordeón, released the song as "El Baile de los Pajaritos." This version included Spanish lyrics in both the verses and refrain.
 * In 1981, the song was recorded and released in Finland by Frederik under the name "Tralalala"
 * In 1981 the Italian musicians Al Bano and Romina Power recorded it as "Il ballo del Qua Qua."
 * In 1981 a French recording by René Simard and Nathalie Simard was released under the title "La Danse des Canards."
 * In 1982, the music producer for the Milwaukee-based organist and polka composer Bob Kames first heard "Dance Little Bird" at a German music fair. The producer sent Kames a copy, and Kames recorded his own version on the Hammond organ, as "Dance Little Bird" or "The Chicken Dance" and released it that same year.  The Kames recording hit solid gold when it was released in 1983 in Poland, selling 300,000 copies.  Kames received 2 of the 35 cents from each sale.  Since he could not take the money out of the country, he donated all of it to for a relief fund.  The success of the song stunned Kames.  He commented in a 1995 interview, "This stupid little thing, it's infectious.  It has only two chords, it doesn't even change for the bridge.  It implants the melody in people's minds—it just sticks in there.  That's gotta be the secret...It just keeps on going.  People come up to me at jobs and tell me how happy it makes them.  You get a song like this once in a lifetime." Kames became known as "The Chicken Dance King" and performed the song live at hundreds of festivals with fellow musicians like Lawrence Welk and Frank Yankovic, as well as his own children, Bob Jr. and Barbara Kames.
 * In 1982, the polka-themed cover band "The Emeralds", from Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, released their version on K-Tel records. The album that included it, "Bird Dance," was advertised heavily on television, and the ad featured a bird-costumed dancer among a group performing the dance. The album went double-platinum in Canada, and gold in Australia. The song also contributed to the success of multiple gold albums for the Emeralds in 1983 and 1984.
 * In 1990 an electronic remix was released by the Belgian band Brussels Sound Revolution as "La Danse Des Canards / De Vogeltjesdans".
 * In 1990, the Dutch band Grandmaster Chicken and DJ Duck released the song as "Check Out the Chicken", which peaked at number 16 in Australia.

Notable live performances

 * In 1981, the song and its dance were performed during the Tulsa, Oklahoma Oktoberfest. A local television station provided a chicken costume for the use of a dancer at the festival, in keeping with the costumed performances by The Tweets in England, and this costume is said to have been what gave the "Chicken Dance" its American name.
 * On 13 November 2009, CIHT-FM played the Chicken Dance continuously until 389 tickets for the CHEO Dream of a Lifetime were purchased at CA$100 each, to support the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario. This played for over 3 hours.
 * On 23 April 2010, in a fund raiser for Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, an attempt at the world's largest chicken dance record was held at Byron Center, Michigan at Jake's restaurant, the site of a giant plastic chicken sculpture.
 * During the 2015–16 season, NHL club Philadelphia Flyers had the chicken dance played over the PA system at the Wells Fargo Center every time the Flyers scored four goals in that game. The Flyers had a partnership with Chick-Fil-A where customers could get free breakfast sandwiches from Chick-Fil-A the day after every game where the Flyers scored four goals or more.

Dance Like a Chicken Day
May 14th is recognized as "Dance Like a Chicken Day." This is celebrated as a day to do the dance.

title: Chicken Dance


text:
Chengdu J-7

The Chengdu J-7 (Chinese: 歼-7; third generation export version F-7; NATO reporting name: Fishcan ) is a People's Republic of China fighter aircraft. It is a license-built version of the Soviet Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21, and thus shares many similarities with that aircraft. The aircraft is armed with short-range, infrared homing air-to-air missiles and is mainly designed for short range air-to-air combat. The aircraft is also used for close air support.

On 30 March 1962, the Soviet Union and China signed a technology transference arrangement pertaining to the MiG-21. Allegedly, while various kits, components, completed aircraft and associated documents were delivered to the Shenyang Aircraft Factory, the design documentation was incomplete, and Chinese designers made efforts to reverse engineer the aircraft. While the two aircraft are greatly similar, areas of difference include the hydraulic systems and internal fuel arrangements. During March 1964, domestic production of the J-7 reportedly commenced at the Shenyang Aircraft Factory, but due to various factors including the Cultural Revolution, mass production was only truly achieved during the 1980s. Numerous models of the J-7 were developed, featuring improvements in areas such as the armament, avionics, and wing design.

The aircraft is principally operated by the People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF), but numerous international operators have bought their own J-7s. Outside of China, the largest operator of the J-7 is the Pakistan Air Force. Later generation Chinese aircraft, such as the Shenyang J-8 interceptor, were developed with the lessons learned from the J-7 programme. Several nations, including Zimbabwe, Tanzania, and Sri Lanka, deployed the type in offensive roles.

In 2013, production of the J-7 was terminated after the delivery of 16 F-7BGI to the Bangladesh Air Force. Newer fighter aircraft, such as the JF-17 Thunder multirole fighter, have succeeded it in the export market. To date, large numbers of J-7s remain in service with multiple export customers, with PLAAF retiring the fleet in 2023.

Background
In the 1950s and early 1960s, the Soviet Union shared a large proportion of its conventional weapons technology with its neighbor, the People's Republic of China. One such example is the MiG-19, which was locally produced by China as the Shenyang J-6 from as early as 1958. During the same decade, the even more capable MiG-21 had been developed by the Soviets; this fighter, being inexpensive but fast, suited the strategy of forming large groups of 'people's fighters' to overcome the technological advantages of Western aircraft. However, the Sino-Soviet split abruptly ended initial cooperation efforts; between 28 July and 1 September 1960, the Soviet Union withdrew its advisers from China, resulting in the J-7 project coming to a halt in China.

During February 1962, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev unexpectedly wrote to Mao Zedong to inform him that the Soviet Union was willing to transfer MiG-21 technology to China, and he asked the Chinese to promptly send their representatives to the Soviet Union to discuss arrangements. The Chinese viewed this offer as a Soviet gesture to make peace, while suspicious, they were nonetheless eager to take up the Soviet offer of an aircraft deal. A delegation headed by General Liu Yalou, the commander-in-chief of the People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) and himself a Soviet military academy graduate, was dispatched to Moscow immediately; the Chinese delegation was given three days to visit the MiG-21's production facility, which was previously off-limits to foreigners. The visit's authorization was personally given by Nikita Khrushchev, and on 30 March 1962, the technology transfer deal was signed.

Establishing production
However, given the state of political relations between the two countries, the Chinese were not optimistic about gaining the technology, and allegedly made preparations to reverse engineer the aircraft. Russian sources state that several complete MiG-21s were sent to China, flown by Soviet pilots, while MiG-21Fs in kit form was also sent along with parts and technical documents. As the Chinese had expected, following the delivery of kits, parts and documents to Shenyang Aircraft Factory five months after the deal was signed, it was discovered that some technical documents provided by the Soviets were incomplete and that several parts could not be used.

China set about to engineer the aircraft for local production; in doing so, they successfully solved 249 major issues and reproduced eight major technical documents that were not provided by the Soviet Union. One of the major flaws was with the hydraulic systems, which grounded up to 70% of some squadron's aircraft until upgrades were made. Another major modification was to the fuel storage, increasing the aircraft's stability. The MiG-21 carries most of its fuel in the forward fuselage, causing the center of gravity to shift and become unstable after about 45 minutes of operation. The J-7 has redesigned fuel tanks and significantly larger drop tanks in order to maintain a more stable center of gravity, and therefore better Longitudinal static stability. The cockpit was also revised to replace the Soviet ejection seat, which was deemed to be unacceptable. The forward opening canopy was replaced by a standard rear-hinged canopy, which was jettisoned prior to ejection. The re-engineering effort was largely successful, as the Chinese-built J-7 showed only minor differences in design and performance from the original MiG-21.

During March 1964, domestic production of the J-7 reportedly commenced at the Shenyang Aircraft Factory. However, mass production efforts were severely hindered by an unexpected social and economic problem—the Cultural Revolution—that resulted in poor initial quality and slow progress. Achieving full domestic production had involved not only the local assembly of the aircraft itself, but the production of its various components and systems, including its turbojet powerplant. As a consequence, full-scale production of the J-7 was only truly achieved during the 1980s, by which time the original aircraft design was showing its age. By the 1980s, quantity production of the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon fighter was well underway in the United States; this relatively-affordable single-engined western fighter was considerably more agile than the J-7, even with the former carrying a greater payload.

Further development
In 1987, the J-7E was released, having a greatly improved wing, among other improvements. It was roughly 45% more maneuverable, and its takeoff and landing performance was greatly increased. It was also equipped with a helmet mounted sight, as well as being the first MiG-21 variant to be equipped with HOTAS and a multipurpose display. Many of the electronic components were British in origin, such as the gun sight and the multi purpose display. The aircraft is capable of using PL-8/Python 3 missiles with both the helmet mounted sight or the radar fire control, but the two are not connected. The pilot may use only one system at a time.

In the mid 1980s, Pakistan requested an aircraft with greater radar capabilities. Both the standard radar and the British Marconi radar were plagued by ground clutter, but China did not have any experience with air to ground radar at the time. In 1984, Pakistan provided assistance by having their American-trained F-16 pilots provide training on proper ground attack radar operation, which enabled the Chinese to develop the J-7M. In the late 1980s, the J-7MP and J-7PG introduced significant upgrades to the radar system by converting to an Italian FIAR Grifo-7 radar, more than tripled the effective range of the radar, as well as greatly increased the maximum angle for target detection.

The J-7 only reached its Soviet-designed capabilities in the mid 1980s. Being relatively affordable, it was widely exported as the F-7, often with Western systems incorporated, such as to Pakistan. There are over 20 different export variants of the J-7, some of which are equipped to use European weaponry, such as French R.550 Magic missiles. The Discovery Channel's Wings Over The Red Star series claims that the Chinese intercepted several Soviet MiG-21s en route to North Vietnam (during the Vietnam War), but these aircraft did not perform in a manner consistent with their original specifications, suggesting that the Chinese actually intercepted down-rated aircraft that were intended for export, rather than fully capable production aircraft. For this reason, the Chinese had to re-engineer the intercepted MiG-21 airframes in order to achieve their original capabilities. China later developed the Shenyang J-8 based both on the expertise gained by the program, and by utilizing the incomplete technical information acquired from the Soviet Ye-152 developmental jet.

During May 2013, production of the J-7 was permanently terminated, bringing to a close a period of manufacturing stretching almost 50 years.

At the China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition in 2018, a display showing the J-7 as an unmanned platform was shown.

Africa
During August 2005, Namibia ordered 12 F-7NMs for its air force; Chinese sources reported the delivery in November 2006. The model procured is believed to be a variation of the F-7PG acquired by Pakistan with Grifo MG radar.
 * Namibia

 * Nigeria

In early 2008, Nigeria procured 12 F-7NI fighters and three FT-7NI trainers to replace its existing inventory of MiG-21 fighters. On September 20, 2018, two Nigerian F-7Ni aircraft crashed into Katamkpehir, Abuja, killing one pilot after a mid-air collision during a rehearsal of an aerial display for the 58th anniversary of Nigeria's independence.

During the lengthy Second Sudanese Civil War, Sudan procured a number of F-7s. In November 1993, it was reported that Iran had allegedly financed Sudan's purchase of around 20 Chinese ground-attack aircraft, having pledged $17 million in financial aid to the Sudanese government and arranged for $300 million in Chinese arms to be delivered to the Sudanese Army.
 * Sudan

The Tanzanian Air Force deployed its F-7As during the Uganda–Tanzania War against Uganda and Libya, fought between 1978 and 1979. Forming a major component of Tanzania's combat aircraft, the type facilitated the defeat of the nominally stronger Uganda Army Air Force during the air campaign.
 * Tanzania

Due to their very limited operational capabilities in the absence of ground support from radars, Zimbabwean F-7s were never used in combat operations during the Second Congo War. Their only deployment in the DR Congo took place in January 2001, when four aircraft were to participate in the burial ceremony for the assassinated president, Laurent-Désiré Kabila. During the journey from Zimbabwe to Kinshasa, one of them crashed, with its pilot ejecting safely. Moreover, on the return trip, two aircraft were damaged on landing, although both were repaired and returned to service.
 * Zimbabwe

Europe
The deployment of F-7As near the country's northern border successfully checked Yugoslav incursions into Albanian airspace.
 * Albania

East and Southeast Asia
Throughout the mid-1990s, the PLAAF began to replace its J-7B inventory with the substantially redesigned and improved J-7E variant. The wings of the J-7E have a new "double delta" design offering improved aerodynamics and increased fuel capacity, and the J-7E also features a more powerful engine and improved avionics. The newest version of the J-7, the J-7G, entered service with the PLAAF in 2003.
 * China

The principal role of the J-7 in Chinese service is to provide local air defense and tactical air superiority. Large numbers are to be employed to deter enemy air operations.

In June 2021, four J-7s participated in a combat drill conducted near Taiwan's air defense identification zone.

The decommissioning of the J-7 began in 2018, with the whole fleet set to retire in 2023. According to the US Air Force China Aerospace Studies Institute, the retirement of J-7 marked the PLAAF's transition to a fleet composed of only fourth-generation and fifth-generation aircraft. According to the Chinese media, PLAAF also considered turning J-7 into drones for training tools and aerial decoys.

 * Myanmar

During the 1990s, Myanmar reportedly established four squadrons of F-7s, which have been primarily used for air defense duties. Technical difficulties have reportedly plagued the fleet early on, and their ground-attack performance was not deemed sufficient. Since then, Myanmar has improved the F-7 fleet's capabilities via a modernisation programme. A series of upgrades were allegedly performed by a combination of Chinese and Israeli enterprises; although confirmed details on the arrangements have remained sparse, changes reportedly include the adoption of various Israeli-built missiles.

Middle East
During the 1980s, Iran procured a number of F-7s, despite Chinese officials issuing denials of directly supplying military equipment to the country at that time. Despite its use as a frontline fighter, the type has not been involved in any known combat actions. By the 21st century, it was largely relegated to use as a trainer aircraft. The F-7 has also been used as a flying test bed for various indigenous technologies. In the recent years, maintaining the fleet's operational status has reportedly become difficult. This is caused by the limited availability of spare parts, despite efforts by domestic industries to fill in, but also by the age of the airframes, which have accumulated excessive numbers of flight hours.
 * Iran

Iranian F-7s have featured in several movies, often portraying Iraqi MiG-21s during the Iran–Iraq War. One tells the story of an Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force strike on the Iraqi nuclear reactor at Osirak on 30 September 1980. Another one, "Attack on H3", tells the story of the 810 km-deep raid against Iraqi Air Force airfields on 4 April 1981, and other movies depicting the air combat in 1981 that resulted in the downing of around 70 Iraqi aircraft.

Iraqi F-7Bs were never used in combat, but only as advanced trainers.
 * Iraq

South Asia

 * Bangladesh

The Bangladeshi Air Force currently operates FT-7MB Airguards, and F-7BG and F-7BGI interceptors. The 16 F-7BGIs of the Bangladesh Air Force entered service in 2013. The F-7BGI is one of the most advanced variants, and the last production model of the F-7/J-7 family.

During the 1980s, Pakistan launched Project Sabre II in an effort to increase the effectiveness of its F-7 fleet by redesigning and upgrading the airframe. The program produced to a design study which was drawn up by engineers from Northrop Grumman, China and Pakistan, but by 1989, the project was abandoned largely as a consequence of economic sanctions that the U.S. imposed on Pakistan. That same year, Grumman and China initiated a new design study in another attempt to redesign the F-7 but that effort was also abandoned when the U.S. placed sanctions on China in response to the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests. In 1991, a third initiative involving the F-7 was launched; originally known as the Fighter China project, it led to the creation of the JF-17 Thunder multirole fighter. The aircraft satisfied a requirement issued by the Pakistani Air Force for an affordable and modern combat aircraft, and the country is in the process of replacing its entire F-7 fleet with JF-17s.
 * Pakistan

 * Sri Lanka

In 1991, the Sri Lanka Air Force (SLAF) was looking for a jet attack aircraft to provide fast close air support to its army. With western countries refusing to sell attack aircraft, the Government of Sri Lanka approached China for the purchase of several Nanchang Q-5s, which had the range and payload capacity needed by the SLAF, and was already used by Pakistan and Bangladesh. Due to pressure from the west, China agreed to sell a small number of F-7BS fighters which allowed the SLAF to restore its capabilities that were lost a decade back. Due to the type's comparative lack of endurance and payload, the SLAF has periodically used its F-7s for pilot training purposes. Early in 2008, the air force received six more advanced F-7Gs, to use primarily as interceptors. All of the F-7Gs, F-7BS' and FT-7s are flown by the No 5 Jet Squadron.

The SLAF has repeatedly deployed its F-7BS to conduct ground-attack missions against the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). Sri Lankan officials reported that on 9 September 2008, three F-7s were scrambled after two rebel-flown Zlín-143s were detected by a ground radar. Two F-7s were sent to bomb two rebel airstrips in the Mullaitivu and Kilinochchi areas, while the third reportedly intercepted one Zlín-143. According to the Sri Lankan government, the rebel-flown aircraft was shot down by the chasing F-7G using an air-to-air missile, as it was returning to Mullaitivu after a bombing run against Vavuniya Airport.

Current

 * Bangladesh Air Force: 20 aircraft delivered between 1989 and 1990, with an additional 20 aircraft delivered between 1999 and 2006. 16 F-7BGI delivered between 2012 and 2013. 36 F-7 fighters and 11 FT-7 trainers listed as active in 2023
 * People's Liberation Army Air Force: 290 × J-7 plus 40× J-7 trainers remained in service . 387 F-7s and 35 JJ-7s active as of 2023.
 * People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force: 30× J-7D/E remained in service . 30 J-7s remain in service as of 2023.
 * Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force: 17 F-7s and 1 FT-7 in service as of 2023.
 * Myanmar Air Force: 62 aircraft were received between 1990 and 1999. 36 × F-7M and 6 × FT-7 trainers remained in service.
 * Namibian Air Force: 6 × F-7NM and 2 × FT-7NM in active service. A total of 12 F/FT-7NM aircraft were delivered between 2006 and 2008.
 * Nigerian Air Force: 12 × F-7 and 2 × FT-7.
 * North Korean Air Force:, 180 × F-7 remained in service. However, reports of dire levels of serviceability suggest an airworthiness rate of less than 50%.
 * Pakistan Air Force:, 48 × F7-PG (out of the original 60) plus 6 × FT-7 remained in service. Last few F7P retired from CCS Dashings squadron in 2021. 53 F-7PG still in service.
 * No. 19 Squadron Sherdils – Operated F-7P/FT-7P from 1990 until April 2014. Replaced by F-16A/B Block 15 ADF.
 * CCS Dashings – Operated F-7P from 1992 until 2021. Replaced by JF-17 Block 1.
 * Sri Lankan Air Force:, 5 × F-7GS/BS and 1 × FT-7 trainer remained in service.
 * Sudanese Air Force: 20 F-7 fighters in service as of October 2023.
 * Tanzanian Air Force: Originally having had 11 × F-7 in service, Tanzania replaced them with 12 new J-7's (single-seat) under the designation J-7G and 2 dual-seat aircraft designated F-7TN in 2011. Originally ordered in 2009, the deliveries were completed and the aircraft are now fully operational at the air bases in Dar es Salaam and Mwanza. The new aircraft are equipped with a KLJ-6E Falcon radar, thought to be developed from the Selex Galileo Grifo 7 radar. The J-7G's primary weapon is the Chinese PL-7A short-range infrared air-to-air missile.
 * Air Force of Zimbabwe: 12 x F-7II/IIN and 2 x FT-7BZ delivered., 7 × F-7 remained in service.
 * Pakistan Air Force:, 48 × F7-PG (out of the original 60) plus 6 × FT-7 remained in service. Last few F7P retired from CCS Dashings squadron in 2021. 53 F-7PG still in service.
 * No. 19 Squadron Sherdils – Operated F-7P/FT-7P from 1990 until April 2014. Replaced by F-16A/B Block 15 ADF.
 * CCS Dashings – Operated F-7P from 1992 until 2021. Replaced by JF-17 Block 1.
 * Sri Lankan Air Force:, 5 × F-7GS/BS and 1 × FT-7 trainer remained in service.
 * Sudanese Air Force: 20 F-7 fighters in service as of October 2023.
 * Tanzanian Air Force: Originally having had 11 × F-7 in service, Tanzania replaced them with 12 new J-7's (single-seat) under the designation J-7G and 2 dual-seat aircraft designated F-7TN in 2011. Originally ordered in 2009, the deliveries were completed and the aircraft are now fully operational at the air bases in Dar es Salaam and Mwanza. The new aircraft are equipped with a KLJ-6E Falcon radar, thought to be developed from the Selex Galileo Grifo 7 radar. The J-7G's primary weapon is the Chinese PL-7A short-range infrared air-to-air missile.
 * Air Force of Zimbabwe: 12 x F-7II/IIN and 2 x FT-7BZ delivered., 7 × F-7 remained in service.
 * Sudanese Air Force: 20 F-7 fighters in service as of October 2023.
 * Tanzanian Air Force: Originally having had 11 × F-7 in service, Tanzania replaced them with 12 new J-7's (single-seat) under the designation J-7G and 2 dual-seat aircraft designated F-7TN in 2011. Originally ordered in 2009, the deliveries were completed and the aircraft are now fully operational at the air bases in Dar es Salaam and Mwanza. The new aircraft are equipped with a KLJ-6E Falcon radar, thought to be developed from the Selex Galileo Grifo 7 radar. The J-7G's primary weapon is the Chinese PL-7A short-range infrared air-to-air missile.
 * Air Force of Zimbabwe: 12 x F-7II/IIN and 2 x FT-7BZ delivered., 7 × F-7 remained in service.
 * Air Force of Zimbabwe: 12 x F-7II/IIN and 2 x FT-7BZ delivered., 7 × F-7 remained in service.
 * Air Force of Zimbabwe: 12 x F-7II/IIN and 2 x FT-7BZ delivered., 7 × F-7 remained in service.

Former

 * Albanian Air Force: Total 12 F-7A in service from 1969 through 2004, now retired.
 * Egyptian Air Force
 * 🇮🇶 Iraq
 * Iraqi Air Force: 100 × F-7B, retired after the 2003 invasion of Iraq
 * United States of America
 * United States Air Force (Foreign Technology Evaluation: MiG-21F-13)
 * United States of America
 * United States Air Force (Foreign Technology Evaluation: MiG-21F-13)

Accidents and incidents

 * On April 8, 2008, Squadron Leader Morshed Hasan died when F-7 of Bangladesh Air Force (BAF) crashed in Ghatail upazila of Tangail.The pilot ejected from the aircraft but was critically injured when its parachute malfunctioned. He died at Combined Military Hospital (CMH) in Dhaka after he had been rescued from the scene.
 * On May 6, 2010, a Chinese PLAAF J-7 crashed due to engine failure near Jinan, China.
 * On April 13, 2011, a Chinese PLAAF J-7 crashed near Liu Jiang County and Xin Cheng County, Liu Zhou City during a training flight.
 * On December 4, 2012, a Chinese PLAAF J-7 crashed into a residential building in Shantou, Guangdong province. 4 civilians were injured as a result of the crash.
 * On June 29, 2015, Flight Lieutenant Tahmid went missing when F-7MB of Bangladesh Air Force (BAF) crashed into Bay of Bengal. The Aircraft took off around 10:27am from the Johurul Haque air base, lost contact with the control room around 11:10am which later crashed in the Bay of Bengal in Patenga around 11:30am.
 * On 24 November 2015, flying officer Marium Mukhtiar – the first female fighter pilot in the Pakistan Air Force (PAF), died when a twin-seat FT-7PG crashed at PAF Base M.M. Alam near Kundian in Punjab province on a training mission. Both pilots ejected, but she succumbed to injuries received on landing. She was occupying the rear seat for Instrument Flight Rules training.
 * On November 23, 2018, Wing Commander Arif Ahmed Dipu died when F-7BG of Bangladesh Air Force (BAF) crashed in Tangail's Madhupur upazila on a training mission. The fuel tanker of the aircraft reportedly caught fire once it used weaponry in the sky, leading the pilot to eject in low altitude.
 * On 7 January 2020, Pakistan Air Force (PAF) FT-7 crashed while on a routine operational training mission near Mianwali. Both pilots lost their lives in the crash.
 * On 24 May 2022, 2 Iranian pilots were killed when their FT-7 crashed near Anarak, 200 km (124 miles) east of the city of Isfahan.
 * On 9 June 2022, a PLAAF J-7 crashed in a residential area in Hubei, China, destroying several houses and killing at least one person on the ground. The pilot ejected with minor injuries.

title: Chengdu J-7


text:
List of assets owned by News Corp

This is a list of assets owned by the mass media company News Corp.

News Corp Australia

 * Foxtel (65%)
 * Fox Sports Australia
 * Fox Sports News
 * Fox Cricket
 * Fox Footy
 * Fox League
 * Foxtel Networks
 * Fox8
 * Arena
 * Classics
 * Crime
 * Real Life
 * Foxtel One
 * Showcase
 * Comedy
 * Sleuth
 * Docos
 * BoxSets
 * Lifestyle
 * Lifestyle Food
 * Lifestyle Home
 * A&E
 * History
 * Crime & Investigation
 * Main Event (66.6%; joint venture with Optus Television)
 * Foxtel Movies
 * UltraHD
 * Premiere
 * Family
 * Kids
 * Action
 * Comedy
 * Thriller
 * Romance
 * Drama
 * Hits
 * Greats
 * Hubbl
 * Kayo Sports
 * Binge
 * Flash
 * Australian News Channel
 * Sky News Australia
 * Sky News New Zealand
 * Sky News Regional
 * Sky News Weather
 * Sky News Extra
 * Australia Channel (News Streaming channel)

News UK

 * News Broadcasting
 * TalkTV
 * Talkradio
 * Talksport
 * Talksport 2
 * Times Radio
 * Virgin Radio
 * Virgin Radio Anthems
 * Virgin Radio Chilled
 * Virgin Radio Groove
 * FM104
 * Q102
 * 96FM
 * c103
 * Live 95FM
 * LMFM
 * U105

Advertising, branding, Internet and tech

 * news.com.au
 * Punters.com.au – Australian horse racing and bookmaker affiliate
 * SuperCoach
 * tips.com.au
 * hipages
 * racenet.com.au
 * odds.com.au
 * Mogo
 * onebigswitch.com.au
 * Knewz, a news aggregator
 * realestate.com.au
 * Business Spectator
 * eurekareport.com.au
 * Australia's Best Recipes – bestrecipes.com.au
 * delicious.com.au including extensions delicious. Travel, delicious. Eat Out, the American Express delicious. Month Out, Studio delicious., delicious. Drinks and delicious. Produce Awards
 * Kidspot.com.au
 * homelife.com.au
 * myfun.com
 * Storyful
 * SUDDENLY - Content Agency
 * Medium Rare Content Agency
 * HT&E (Here, There & Everywhere)
 * News Xtend

News Corp Australia

 * body+soul
 * Business Daily
 * delicious
 * Escape
 * Foxtel
 * GQ Australia
 * Hit
 * Kidspot
 * Mansion Australia
 * Motoring
 * Sportsman
 * Super Food Ideas
 * taste.com.au
 * The Deal
 * The Weekend Australian Magazine
 * Vogue Australia
 * Vogue Living
 * Whimn
 * Wish

News UK

 * The Sun
 * The Times
 * The Sunday Times
 * Press Association (part owned, News UK is one of 26 shareholders)
 * The Times Literary Supplement (TLS)

National

 * The Australian including weekly insert magazine The Deal and monthly insert magazine (wish)
 * The Weekend Australian
 * Australian Associated Press (formerly)
 * news.com.au

New South Wales

 * The Daily Telegraph
 * The Sunday Telegraph including insert magazine sundaymagazine

Victoria, Australia|Victoria

 * Herald Sun
 * Sunday Herald Sun including insert magazine sundaymagazine

Queensland

 * The Courier-Mail including weekly insert magazine QWeekend
 * The Sunday Mail
 * Brisbane News

South Australia

 * The Advertiser including the monthly insert The Adelaide magazine
 * Sunday Mail

Tasmania

 * The Mercury
 * The Sunday Tasmanian

Northern Territory

 * Northern Territory News
 * Sunday Territorian

Sydney

 * Cumberland/Courier (NSW) newspapers
 * Blacktown Advocate
 * Canterbury-Bankstown Express
 * Central
 * Central Coast Express Advocate
 * Fairfield Advance
 * Hills Shire Times
 * Hornsby and Upper North Shore Advocate
 * Inner West Courier
 * Liverpool Leader
 * Macarthur Chronicle
 * Mt Druitt-St Marys Standard
 * NINETOFIVE
 * North Shore Times
 * Northern District Times
 * NORTHSIDE
 * Parramatta Advertiser
 * Penrith Press
 * Rouse Hill Times
 * Southern Courier
 * The Manly Daily
 * The Mosman Daily
 * Village Voice Balmain
 * Wentworth Courier

Melbourne

 * Leader (Vic) newspapers
 * Bayside Leader
 * Berwick/Pakenham Cardinia Leader
 * Brimbank Leader
 * Caulfield Glen Eira/Port Philip Leader
 * Cranbourne Leader
 * Dandenong/Springvale Dandenong Leader
 * Diamond Valley Leader
 * Frankston Standard/Hastings Leader
 * Free Press Leader
 * Heidelberg Leader
 * Hobsons Bay Leader
 * Hume Leader
 * Knox Leader
 * Lilydale & Yarra Valley Leader
 * Manningham Leader
 * Maribyrnong Leader
 * Maroondah Leader
 * Melbourne Leader
 * Melton/Moorabool Leader
 * Moonee Valley Leader
 * Moorabbin Kingston/Moorabbin Glen Eira Leader
 * Mordialloc Chelsea Leader
 * Moreland Leader
 * Mornington Peninsula Leader
 * Northcote Leader
 * Preston Leader
 * Progress Leader
 * Stonnington Leader
 * Sunbury/Macedon Ranges Leader
 * Waverley/Oakleigh Monash Leader
 * Whitehorse Leader
 * Whittlesea Leader
 * Wyndham Leader

Brisbane

 * Quest (QLD) newspapers
 * Albert & Logan News (Fri)
 * Albert & Logan News (Wed)
 * Caboolture Shire Herald
 * Caloundra Journal
 * City News
 * City North News
 * City South News
 * Ipswich News
 * Logan West Leader
 * Maroochy Journal
 * North-West News
 * Northern Times
 * Northside Chronicle
 * Pine Rivers Press/North Lakes Times
 * Redcliffe and Bayside Herald
 * South-East Advertiser
 * South-West News/Springfield News
 * Southern Star
 * The Noosa Journal
 * weekender
 * Westside News
 * Wynnum Herald
 * Weekender Essential Sunshine Coast

Adelaide

 * Messenger (SA) newspapers
 * Adelaide Matters
 * City Messenger
 * City North Messenger
 * East Torrens Messenger
 * Eastern Courier Messenger
 * Guardian Messenger
 * Hills & Valley Messenger
 * Leader Messenger
 * News Review Messenger
 * Portside Messenger
 * Southern Times Messenger
 * Weekly Times Messenger

Perth

 * Community (WA) newspapers (50.1%) (Formerly)
 * Advocate
 * Canning Times
 * Comment News
 * Eastern Reporter
 * Fremantle-Cockburn Gazette
 * Guardian Express
 * Hills-Avon Valley Gazette
 * Joondalup-Wanneroo Times
 * Mandurah Coastal / Pinjarra Murray Times
 * Melville Times
 * Midland-Kalamunda Reporter
 * North Coast Times
 * Southern Gazette
 * Stirling Times
 * Weekend-Kwinana Courier
 * Weekender
 * Western Suburbs Weekly

Darwin, Northern Territory

 * Sun (NT) newspapers
 * Darwin Sun
 * Litchfield Sun
 * Palmerston Sun

New South Wales

 * Tweed Sun
 * Tweed Daily News

Victoria

 * Echo
 * Geelong Advertiser
 * GeelongNEWS
 * The Weekly Times

Queensland

 * Bowen Independent
 * Burdekin Advocate
 * Cairns Sun
 * Gold Coast Bulletin
 * Gold Coast Sun
 * Herbert River Express
 * Home Hill Observer
 * Innisfail Advocate
 * Northern Miner
 * Port Douglas & Mossman Gazette
 * Tablelander – Atherton
 * Tablelands Advertiser
 * The Cairns Post
 * The Noosa News
 * The Sunshine Coast Daily
 * Townsville Bulletin
 * Toowoomba Chronicle
 * Townsville Sun
 * weekender
 * Daily Mercury (Mackay)

Tasmania

 * Derwent Valley Gazette
 * Tasmanian Country

Northern Territory

 * Centralian Advocate

Papua New Guinea

 * Papua New Guinea Post-Courier (63%)

United States

 * New York Post
 * Dow Jones & Company
 * Consumer Media Group
 * The Wall Street Journal – US financial newspaper
 * Barron's – weekly financial markets magazine
 * MarketWatch – financial news and information website
 * Financial News – UK weekly financial newspaper
 * Investor's Business Daily – US investment newspaper
 * Mansion Global – global luxury property website turned magazine
 * Private Equity News – European business magazine
 * Enterprise Media Group
 * Dow Jones Newswires – global, real-time news and information provider.
 * Factiva – provides business news and information together with content delivery tools and services.
 * Dow Jones Indexes – stock market indexes and indicators, including the Dow Jones Industrial Average. (10% ownership)
 * Dow Jones Financial Information Services – produces databases, electronic media, newsletters, conferences, directories, and other information services on specialised markets and industry sectors.
 * Betten Financial News – Dutch language financial and economic news service.
 * Dow Jones Insight
 * Dow Jones Companies & Executives
 * Dow Jones Anti-Corruption
 * Dow Jones Watchlist
 * Dow Jones Private Equity Analyst
 * Dow Jones VentureSource
 * Strategic Alliances
 * STOXX (33%) – joint venture with Deutsche Boerse and SWG Group for the development and distribution of Dow Jones STOXX indices.

Books

 * HarperCollins
 * 4th Estate
 * Collins
 * Ecco Press
 * Harlequin Enterprises
 * Harper Perennial
 * Harper Voyager
 * HMH Books & Media
 * Kappa Books
 * Modern Publishing
 * Unisystems Inc.
 * Zondervan Publishing (Christian publishing company taken over by HarperCollins in 1988)
 * Thomas Nelson (Christian publishing company taken over by HarperCollins in 2011)
 * Inspirio – religious gift production
 * 3000 Pictures (joint venture with Sony Pictures) – film and television production company

Others

 * Brisbane Broncos
 * Move (80%)
 * realtor.com
 * REA Group (60%)

Sold

 * TV Guide
 * TV Guide Magazine
 * Dow Jones Local Media Group
 * Star
 * San Antonio Express-News
 * Armada Holdings
 * South China Morning Post
 * Seventeen
 * Amplify Education
 * Ansett Australia
 * Daily Racing Form
 * The Weekly Standard
 * Boston Herald
 * Myspace
 * Vedomosti (33%) – Russia's leading financial newspaper (joint venture with Financial Times and Independent Media). (Stake sold in 2015)
 * Los Angeles Dodgers
 * Remodelista (2016-2019)
 * Gardenista (2016-2019)
 * Nickelodeon (Australia and New Zealand) (35%) (joint venture with Paramount Global) (Sold stake in 2023)
 * Nick Jr.
 * NickMusic

Defunct

 * Authonomy via HarperCollins (closed in 2015)
 * The Daily (2011-2012)
 * News of the World (1843-2011) (closed)
 * Today (1986-1995)
 * The London Paper (2006-2009)
 * Consolidated Media Holdings (2007-2012)
 * Publishing and Broadcasting Limited (1994-2007)
 * Sky News Business/Your Money (2008-2019)
 * Sci-Fi (2019-2024)
 * Far Eastern Economic Review
 * Fox Funny (2019-2023)
 * Big League (1920-2020)
 * Wall Street Journal Europe
 * The Wall Street Journal Asia
 * Wall Street Journal Radio Network
 * Far Eastern Economic Review
 * SmartMoney
 * Heat Street

title: List of assets owned by News Corp