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Lai Man-Wai

Lai Man-wai (September 25, 1893 – October 26, 1953), also romanised as Lay Min-wei or M.W. Ray, considered the "Father of Hong Kong Cinema", was the director of the first Hong Kong film Zhuangzi Tests His Wife in 1913. In the film, Lai played the role of the wife, partly due to the reluctance of women to participate in show business at the time.

Born in Yokohama, Japan, of Xinhui, Guangdong origin and raised in Hong Kong, he joined Sun Yat-sen's Kuomintang party in 1911 and helped make anti-warlord movies.

Biography

Lai was born in 1893 in Yokohama, Japan to Chinese parents. He grew up in Hong Kong. Liu's earliest exposure to cinema was watching a newsreel from the Russo-Japanese War.

In 1913, Lai founded a drama troupe in Hong Kong. He collaborated with Ukrainian-American filmmaker Benjamin Brodsky in the production of two short fiction films.

Lai was a member of Sun Yat-sen's Revolutionary Alliance.

In 1921, Lai founded a film exhibition company. In 1922, he founded the production company Minxin. Because Lai believed that cinema in China should serve the country's revolution and modernization, Minxin's early productions focused on documentaries dealing with educational, current affairs, and cultural topics. In 1925, Lai relocated Minxin from Hong Kong to Shanghai.

Sun Yat-sen and the Kuomintang became a major focus of Minxin's films. Lai recorded Sun's public announcement of the Northern Expedition, and documented Chiang Kai-shek's consolidation of power after Sun's death, including filming the progress of the Northern Expedition. Initially, Minxin released film from this period as news reels. Later, Lai compiled footage into an eighty-minute film which the KMT branch in Shanghai approved as the only long format film for party propaganda, making the film one of the earliest party films in China.

Prior to Chiang's anti-communist purge, Lai maintained strong political relationships with both anti-communists and communists. He continued working across the political spectrum thereafter.

In 1930, he co-founded one of the "Big Three" studios of the 1930s, Lianhua Film Company, with Lo Ming-yau. Lianhua, together with other leading Shanghai studios, was destroyed when the Empire of Japan attacked Shanghai in 1937. Lai returned to Hong Kong in 1938 and retired.

He was married to Lim Cho-cho, a Vancouver-born actress. His daughter Lai Suen and granddaughter Gigi Lai are both actresses.

Memory
His story was documented in Lai Man-wai: Father of Hong Kong Cinema by Choi Kai-kwong in 2001.

Lai Man-wai is portrayed in Stanley Kwan's 1991 biopic of actress Ruan Lingyu, Center Stage by Hong Kong actor, Waise Lee.

Partial filmography

 * Zhuangzi Tests His Wife (1913)
 * Romance of the Western Chamber (1927) directed with Hou Yao
 * The Battle of Shanghai (1937)
 * A Page of History (1941). Documentary. Lai Man-wai followed Sun Yat-sen during the 1920s.

title: Lai Man-Wai


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Genome-scale approaches to resolving incongruence in molecular phylogenies Antonis Rokas, Barry L. Williams, Nicole King, Sean B. Carroll Nature 425, 798 - 804 (23 Oct 2003)

Lateral gene transfer-the passing of genetic material across species lines- has been common in the history of life. Both Eukaryotes and Archaea have genes besides those involved in cellular respiration and photosynthesis that came from the Bacteria lineage.

C.R. Woese, "On the evolution of cells," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99:8742-7, June 25, 2002.

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MRCA
Thanks for helping to clear up the confusion re the MRCA article. I'm considering tweaking several paragraphs there. Could I run a first draft by you for comment to avoid reverts? If yes, where would you prefer to receive it? AnonUser 17:40, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Since you don't seem to have a user page, my talk page would be OK. That is: User talk:Peak. (Notice the link at the top of the current page.) Peak 03:22, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

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Talk:JC Chasez

Vocal Ability
I took out this section. It is full of opinion, even though it has a source it is simply a person's view. If Justin Timberlake thinks JC is a good singer, so what? That isn't a fact. It also said "So and so, thinks he has a vocal range of four octives." Maybe she said that, so what? It is just her opinion and he certainly does not have FOUR OCTIVES. That is an incredible range outside of most opera singers. Maybe he does have it but unless he's tested properly that claim is just an opinion. Then it has another opinion by a guy named BT who says JC is the best. Who cares? It isn't a fact, it's just opinion. Wikipeida is a fact wiki not a fan page of opinions 63.26.122.130 (talk) 01:52, 21 December 2008 (UTC)Alma

Going along with the Wikipedia policy of using most common name, shouldn't this be at J.C. Chasez? RickK 05:15, 18 Nov 2003 (UTC)

I wish to flag up the tone/style in which some of this piece has been written. It seems to jump between "encyclopaedia" formal to "informal pub talk" at different intervals, making for some inconsistent reading. I particularly dislike the ending which has descended into a 10 year old playground conversation. - Pau Farquharson 21st November

Birthplace
Was he not born in Bowie, Maryland ?

Derek R Bullamore 18:25, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

 * He was born in Washington, D.C., but then grew up in various places in Maryland.Frosted Tips with Lance Bass with JC Chasez Abigail9219 (talk) 20:17, 3 October 2023 (UTC)

Move

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Votes
Support --Serge 16:39, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Discussion
"J.C. Chasez" is what is used by imdb.com. Also, the claim that "J.C. Chasez" is the more common name passes the google test:

Results 1 - 10 of about 593,000 for "J.C. Chasez" Results 1 - 10 of about 511 for "Joshua Chasez". Results 1 - 10 of about 829 for "Joshua Scott Chasez" --Serge 16:39, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

move. — Mets 501 (talk) 03:37, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

New Requested move Oct 2006
J.C. Chasez → JC Chasez – That's the way they're spelled on his albums, singles and official website

Survey
Add "* Support" or "* Oppose" followed by an optional one-sentence explanation, then sign your opinion with ~
 * Support (nominator) — I'm for "JC Chases", without dots, I mean that's the way they're spelled on his albums, singles and official website. So why should wikipedia be different by putting dots and spaces between the first 2 letters? -- Luigi-ish 21:04, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Support — seems to make sense. SteveRwanda 17:01, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

Discussion
Add any additional comments
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Fair use rationale for Image:ChasezSchizophrenic.jpg
Image:ChasezSchizophrenic.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 05:02, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

Perez Hilton has specualated that Chasez is gay and was spotted with a man overseas. Thoughts?

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 15:37, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

User disruption regarding sourced information
I have noticed that Jcfanatic constantly continues to delete sourced information regarding Chasez's adoption. Chasez himself has said that he was adopted at age 5, and the article in which he does so is referenced here. However, this user continues to remove both the information and the reference. I have tried to discuss the issue with the user over their Talk page, but have not received any response in quite a while. Should this be taken to WP:COIN? --MgCupcake (talk) 01:23, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

Could an auto-confirmed Wikipedia user please add this to the article?
https://www.zimbio.com/photos/JC+Chasez/28th+Annual+Elton+John+AIDS+Foundation+Academy/QjkYAZohigS — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:8807:A700:A7E:19AE:75F3:6FE7:61DD (talk) 18:33, 9 August 2020 (UTC)

Birthname
Alright, so in the infobox, his birthname is currently listed as "Joshua Scott Chasez." Then, in the beginning of the first paragraph of the "Early life and education" section, in the very first line, it says he was adopted at the age of five by Roy and Karen Chasez. Anybody else see something wrong with that (or more specifically, find it highly unlikely that his birth mother/father's last name was also "Chasez")??

He's never met his father, and I don't believe his biological mother's last name was made public. I think it best to keep his birth name as "Joshua Scott Chasez" versus switching it to "Joshua Scott" without a known last name. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 107.205.20.189 (talk) 20:47, 10 December 2013 (UTC)

??? So, we should leave his birthname as something that is inaccurate!?

Semi-protected edit request on 3 October 2023
JC Chasez’s birth place is actually Washington, D.C. and not Bowie, MD. He stated this fact publicly in January 2023 on the first episode of the podcast “Frosted Tips with Lance Bass.” The episode is titled “JC Chasez (*NSYNC)” Abigail9219 (talk) 20:24, 3 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: Do you have a timestamp from the podcast for the statement? Feel free to submit a new edit request if you do! HouseBlastertalk 22:44, 3 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:JC Chasez


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Step-Saver Data Systems, Inc. v. Wyse Technology

Step-Saver Data Systems, Inc. v. Wyse Technology was a case in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit primarily concerned with the enforceability of box-top licenses and end user license agreements (EULA) and their place in U.S. contract law. During the relevant period, Step-Saver Data Systems was a value-added reseller, combining hardware and software from different vendors to offer a fully functioning computer system to various end users. Step-Saver's products included software produced by Software Link, Inc (TSL), computer terminals produced by Wyse Technology, and main computers produced by IBM. The fundamental question raised in this case was whether the shrinkwrap licenses accompanying TSL's software were legally binding, given that different terms were negotiated over the phone with Step-Saver prior to receiving physical copies of the software. The case was first heard in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, where the court ruled that the shrinkwrap licenses were legally binding. However, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit subsequently reversed this decision, ruling that the shrinkwrap licenses were not legally binding.

Facts
During the relevant period, Step-Saver Data Systems, Inc. was a value-added reseller marketing 'single-user' computer systems (known at the time as micro-computers). These 'single-user' computer systems consolidated software from multiple vendors into a single package tailored to the needs of various end-users.

In an effort to expand their market opportunities, Step-Saver sought to move to multi-user computer systems. To facilitate this transition, Step-Saver purchased a multi-user operating system from The Software Link (TSL) known as "Multi-Link Advanced". They also purchased computer terminals from Wyse Technology that claimed to be compatible with the Multi-Link Advanced operating system. Combining these two components with computers provided by IBM, Step Saver began selling their new multi-user solution. However, soon after Step-Saver began selling this product, complaints were received by customers claiming that the system was not functioning properly. Step-Saver notified both TSL and Wyse of the complaints, but after a large amount of effort the customers' problems remained largely unresolved.

As a result, 12 of Step-Saver's customers filed lawsuits against them. As producers of key components of Step-Saver's overall product, Step-Saver contended that TSL and Wyse were liable in these suits, arguing that the same implied warranties Step-Saver made to its consumers were also made to Step-Saver by TSL and Wyse. However, TSL argued that the box-top license on the software delivered to Step-Saver was the only valid agreement made between the two companies. Step-Saver challenged this argument, indicating that the box-top license should be non-binding since Step-Saver never explicitly agreed to its terms.

Court opinions
Step-Saver initiated this case in an effort to hold Wyse and TSL liable in their customer lawsuits. Step-Saver argued, that any liability that it had to its customers should be shared by both Wyse and TSL since they were the original providers of the allegedly defective software and hardware. Step-Saver also argued that an implied contract existed between Step-Saver and these merchants at the time of purchase. They claimed that such an implied contract required the merchants to become co-defendants in the customer lawsuits.

TSL subsequently argued that the implied contract was not enforceable, but rather, that the Limited Use License Agreement (LULA) written on the software package was. Step-Saver sought a declaratory judgement on the matter and complained that it incurred more than $75,000 in direct damages as a result of the customer lawsuits resulting from the incompatibilities experienced between the terminals bought from Wyse and the software purchased from TSL. Five court cases and three years later the case was finally decided on the July 29th, 1991. All district cases were heard by the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, and all appeals were heard in the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. A history and summary of each case is provided in the subsequent sections.

District case: Motion for Declaratory Judgment (1989)
The plaintiff, Step-Saver, sought contribution and compensation from the defendants, seeking declaratory judgment. In turn, the defendants, Wyse and TSL, moved for summary judgment.

The defendants' motion for summary judgment was subsequently granted, and Step-Saver's motion for a declaratory judgment was denied on the grounds of misuse of the Declaratory Judgment Act. Specifically it failed because of, and a lack of evidence demonstrating that the defendant was liable. The court held that Step-Saver's motion for a declaratory judgment was 'unripe', on the grounds that cases involving customer suits had not yet been decided. The errors in the Step-Saver system that initiated the suits had not been identified and thus could not be designated to be the fault of the hardware or software, in which case TSL and Wyse could be liable.

First appeal to Third Circuit (1990)
Step-Saver called for a review of the district case, specifically a review of the court's decision to dismiss Step-Saver's complaint for a declaratory judgment. In order to reestablish that Step-Saver's motion could not be affirmed, the court cited Aetna Life Co. v. Haworth, which supported the dismissal of motions for declaratory judgment if the motioning party provided insufficient concrete evidence. In addition, the court indicated that "making a law without finding the necessary facts constitutes advisory opinion writing, and that is constitutionally forbidden"

In this appeal, the court also considered a direct damages claim brought forth by Step-Saver. The claim was defined as independent of declaratory judgment and it was found that the consequential damages could be recovered.

The court affirmed in part and reversed in part. The declaratory judgment motion made by Step-Saver was still considered to be unripe. However, the portion of the claim associated with direct damages was reversed, now in favor of Step-saver. The case was then remanded for further proceedings.

District case: Motion for Retrial (1990)
Dissatisfied with the verdict of previous proceedings, the plaintiff motioned for a retrial. The defendants had been granted summary judgment on many of the issues presented by Step-Saver. In consideration of a retrial, the court examined the previous court's holdings. The district court found the previous court's holding to be true. Under contract law, ill-defined contracts are treated under, the previous court decision found that this would render the Step-Saver/TSL implied license as moot and instead the box-top license would be upheld. The court agreed that in the previous proceedings "LULA effectively disclaimed alleged express warranties".

The court found that Step-Saver's allegations of error were unfounded and denied the motion for a new trial.

District case: dismissal of vendor suit (1990)
Wyse technology and TSL sought to dismiss plaintiff's initial suit seeking compensation or indemnification for damages done to Step-Saver's business due to customer lawsuits.

The court granted this motion on the basis that the first district case associated with Step Saver v. Wyse, was no longer relevant in light of Step-Saver's motion for a second appeal to the 3rd Circuit.

Second appeal to Third Circuit (1991)
The court reversed holdings of the district court on the grounds that the box-top license is a non-enforceable contract, since Step-Saver did not explicitly agree to its terms. In addition the box-top license itself violated the original contract terms between Step and TSL which had given Step-Saver the right to freely distribute copies of TSL Multi-Link Advanced. The court remanded for further consideration of the Step-Saver initial contract consisting of implied warranty. The court affirmed in all other respects.

Importance of verdict
The enforceability of shrink wrap contracts has been an issue of controversy as demonstrated in a few notable cases, Vernor v. Autodesk and ProCD, Inc. v. Zeidenberg both of which cited the Step-Saver case.

The questions raised about constitutional and statutory preemptions from this case however has been re-argued in other cases such as Softman v. Adobe and Novell, Inc. v. CPU Distrib., Inc. in which the preempted federal statutes have been enforced over the EULA terms, thus invalidating that part of the EULA.


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Talk:Step-Saver Data Systems, Inc. v. Wyse Technology

Untitled
"Systets" or "Systems"? RickK 05:19, 18 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Systems- Sorry about that.

Wikipedia Ambassador Program assignment
This article is the subject of an educational assignment at University of California, Berkeley supported by WikiProject Intellectual Property law 2011 Berkeley and the Wikipedia Ambassador Program during the 2011 Q3 term. Further details are available on the course page.

Above message substituted from on 14:41, 7 January 2023 (UTC)


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Postage stamps and postal history of Italy

This is an introduction to the postal and philatelic history of Italy.

As Italy was not unified until 1861, its early postal history is tied to the various kingdoms and smaller realms that ruled in the peninsula.

Napoleonic Italy (1805–1814)
During the Napoleonic Wars, the geopolitical instability of the region led to a wide variety in postal systems. In the Kingdom of Italy, the short-lived Italian Republic, and other dependent regions, Napoleon appointed postal administrators loyal to him.

After the Treaty of Paris in 1814, the independent Italian kingdoms regained control of their postal systems.

1814–1860
The Cavallini ("little horses") of Sardinia was an early private mail service, notable for the introduction of prepaid stamped lettersheets in 1819.

The first postage stamps in Italy were also issued by the Sardinian kingdom. In 1850, Count Camillo Cavour drafted a report to the Chamber of Deputies of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia proposing postal reform along the lines of that which had been adopted in several European states, and providing for the introduction of postage stamps, for which a new word - francobollo - was coined. The reform became law in November, and went into effect 1 January 1851.

After some casting around for expertise in the newfangled art of stamp printing, the government settled on the house of Francesco Matraire in Turin. Postage stamps of the Sardinian kingdom with the embossed profile of Victor Emmanuel II without indicating the name of the state were printed by Matraire and issued on January 1, 1851.

Following Sardinia, other Italian states also issued stamps. These include Tuscany (April 1851), the Papal States (January 1852), Modena (June 1852), Parma (June 1852), Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Naples - January 1858; Sicily - January 1859), Romagna (September 1859). In the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom under the Austrian Empire, stamps were also issued with denominations in the local currency.

The Kingdom of Italy
Following the unification of Italy during 1860 and 1861, stamps in use in each of the territories that joined Italy were withdrawn from circulation and replaced with the stamps of the Sardinian kingdom. The transition took place in Modena, Parma and Romagna on February 1, 1860, in Naples on September 15, 1862 (although local authorities had previously printed stamps depicting the coat of arms of Savoy), and in the Papal States - only in 1870. Matraire's stamps were reprinted several times, and those printed after 17 March 1861 are usually considered the first stamps of the Kingdom of Italy.

Perforated stamps of the fourth standard edition of the Sardinian kingdom with an embossed profile of Victor Emmanuel II were issued in 1862. Starting on 1 January 1863, uniform postal rates went into effect.

In 1862 Count Ambjörn Sparre won the stamp contract, but his designs were not liked, and he seemed unable to produce the stamps. In danger of running out of stamps altogether, at the end of 1862 the Italian government once again turned to Matraire, who quickly produced a stamp with a nominal value of 15 centesimo by lithography, depicting the profile of King Victor Emanuel II and the inscription "Postale italiano".

The contract with Count Sparre was annulled in March 1863, and a new contract was given to the British printing house De La Rue. A series of eight stamps with the inscription “Poste italiane” in denominations from 1 centesimo to 2 lira was issued on December 1, 1863.

Italy joined the Universal Postal Union on 1 July 1875. Until 1877, Italian stamps were used in San Marino.

Humbert I
Humbert succeeded his father in 1878, which necessitated a new issue of stamps. First appearing on 15 August 1879, they were the first stamps of the kingdom to be entirely designed, engraved, and printed by Italians. Since considerable stocks of Victor Emmanuel stamps were left over and finances were poor, the old stamps continued in use for some years, and some values of Humbert's stamps were little-used during his reign.

The new series incorporated rates and colors mandated by the Universal Postal Union.

Victor Emmanuel III
The first stamps with a portrait of Victor Emanuel III appeared in July 1901. The first series of commemorative stamps was issued in April 1910 to mark the 50th anniversary of the Expedition of the Thousand. The world's first airmail stamps were issued in 1917 when Poste italiane overprinted their existing special delivery stamps.

The Imperial Series
Until 1929, all definitive stamps were issued with the portrait of the king or the coat of arms. In April 1929, the so-called "Imperial Series" ("Serie Imperiale") was released, the first definitive series of Benito Mussolini's fascist government. The stamp designs featured images of the Capitoline she-wolf with Romulus and Remus, Julius Caesar, Octavian Augustus and Italia, and contained the fasces, symbol of the fascist regime.

Italian Social Republic
In 1943, the Germans set up the Italian Social Republic (RSI) in northern Italy, a Nazi puppet state with Mussolini installed as leader after he was rescued by German paratroopers.

Italian Republic
Italy became a republic after a referendum held on 2 June 1946.

Fiume stamp controversy
In 2007, the issue of an Italian stamp featuring the Croatian city of Rijeka caused a controversy. The stamp referred to the city in its usual Italian name of Fiume, claiming it was former Italian territory. This is seen as offensive in Croatia.

Aegean Islands issues
The Italian Islands of the Aegean were the Italian possession in the Dodecanese from 1912 to 1945. Italian stamps overprinted "Egeo" and "Isole Italiane dell' Egeo" were issued for the Islands. Stamps were also issued for the individual islands: Calchi (Karki), Calino (Calimno), Kasos (Caso), Cos (Coo), Leros (Lero), Leipsoi (Lisso), Nisyros (Nisiro), Patmos (Patmo), Tilos (Piscopi), Rhodes (Rodi), Karpathos (Scarpanto), Symi (Simi), and Astypalaia (Stampalia).

Venezia Giulia issues
Italy annexed Venezia Giulia - including the Istrian peninsula and the cities of Trieste and Gorizia with the Treaty of Rapallo (1920). With the Treaty of Rome (1924) the city of Fiume was also annexed.

After the war, from 1945 to 1947, Venezia Giulia was occupied by Allied Anglo-American troops (Zone “A” - the territory with the city of Trieste) and troops of the Yugoslav People's Army (Zone “B” - Istria and the Slovene Littoral). The zones of occupation were demarcated along the so-called Morgan Line. In Zone A, Italian stamps were overprinted "A.M.G./V.G." (Allied Military Government/Venezia Giulia) in September 1945. In 1947, following the Paris Peace Treaties, Italy ceded most of these lands to Yugoslavia.

Free Territory of Trieste
The peace treaty established Trieste and the surrounding area as the Free Territory of Trieste, also divided into zones A and B, under Allied military administration and Yugoslav military administration, respectively. In Zone A, Italian stamps overprinted "A.M.G./F.T.T." were issued between 1947 and 1954. The Free Territory was divided between Italy and Yugoslavia in 1954, with Zone A joining Italy.

Campione d'Italia issues
Campione d'Italia is a small Italian exclave surrounded by Switzerland near Lake Lugano. The municipal council issued its own stamps in May 1944. The stamps were inscribed "RR Poste italiane / Comune de Campione" and denominated in the Swiss currency. Campione stamps were withdrawn in 1952. Since then, mail may be sent using either Swiss stamps or Italian stamps.

Italian post offices abroad

The first stamps for the Italian post offices abroad were issued on January 1, 1874, overprinting “Estero” (“Abroad”) on Italian stamps.

 * Italian post offices in Benghazi 1901–1912
 * Italian post offices in Tripoli 1909–1912
 * Italian post offices in Beijing 1917–1922
 * Italian post offices in Tianjin 1917–1922
 * Italian post offices in Crete
 * Italian post offices in Egypt
 * Italian post offices in the Ottoman Empire 1873–1923

References and sources

 * References

 * Sources
 * Dehn, Roy A. Italian Stamps: a Handbook for Collectors. London: Heinemann, 1973.
 * Stanley Gibbons Ltd: various catalogues.
 * Encyclopaedia of Postal Authorities
 * Rossiter, Stuart & John Flower. The Stamp Atlas. London: Macdonald, 1986. ISBN 0-356-10862-7


text:
User talk:Iwannabeaworld

Hello "Iwannabeaworld" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages.
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * Ask questions on Village pump.
 * Happy wiki'ing, -- Infrogmation 05:28, 18 Nov 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Iwannabeaworld


text:
User:Nertzy

I am Grant Hutchins.

I was born in Enid, Oklahoma, and grew up in Edmond, Oklahoma. I have lived in Brooklyn, New York, and currently live in Austin, Texas.

In 2006, I graduated from Olin College's first graduating class. I went to school with Skuld2006, l33tMinion, TerronK and Dan83.

I used to work at:
 * Spiceworks
 * Pivotal Software

Now, I work at Stronghold Investment Management in Austin, Texas.

title: User:Nertzy


text:
Scottish Television

Scottish Television (now, legally, known as STV Central Limited) is the ITV network franchisee for Central Scotland. The channel — the largest of the three ITV franchises in Scotland — has been in operation since 31 August 1957 and is the second-oldest franchise holder in the UK that is still active (the oldest being Granada Television).

STV Central broadcasts from studios at Pacific Quay in Glasgow and is owned and operated by STV Group (formerly SMG plc), which also owns the Northern Scotland franchise, Grampian Television (now STV North), based in Aberdeen. It produces news for the west and east halves of its transmission region (STV News at Six) along with current affairs and feature programming for Northern and Central Scotland.

Along with STV North and ITV Border, STV Central is a commercial rival to the publicly funded national broadcaster, BBC Scotland.

History
Scottish Television was founded by Canadian newspaper magnate Roy Thomson (later Lord Thomson). To base the station, he bought the Theatre Royal, Glasgow from Howard & Wyndham Ltd, who became minor partners in the new venture. Thomson invited Canadian television producer Rai Purdy to become the station's first head of programming. In the months leading up to opening night, Purdy pledged that the new channel would provide "first class entertainment" and "as much cultural programming as possible" as well as allowing "Scottish talent every opportunity to develop and be seen on STV".

Pre-Launch
On 24 May 1955, a letter from the Independent Television Authority advised him that on the following Wednesday a press conference would be held in the North British Hotel, Edinburgh (which was to announce that he had been awarded the contract to set up a Scottish television company). The press release handed out at the conference stated that the transmitting station and aerials, which Thomson would have to rent from the ITA, would be ready for service in August 1957. Roy Thomson signed the contract with the ITA on 19 June 1957. The launch of a second television channel required alterations to people's television sets and/or aerials. Older sets had to be converted with an additional tuning device, and even for newer sets which had this tuner already built-in, an additional aerial was required. With nearly half a million sets and aerials in Scotland, it was going to be a huge undertaking. When independent television began in England, everybody wanted their sets converted at the same time and radio dealers could not cope with the last-minute rush. The problem was exacerbated by a shortage of radio and television mechanics. In order to avoid similar chaos in Scotland, STV (in association with the television trade) arranged a series of 21 exhibitions in the principal towns and burghs in the reception area months ahead of launch.

The Exhibitions ran from Tuesday until Friday and were open from 14:30–21:30. The admission charge was 1/- for adults, 6d for children and old age pensioners. Every visitor to the Exhibition received a free copy of a 24-page Television Guide, which gave them a colourful picture of the programmes they would see on Scottish ITV. Every set in the Exhibition showed either BBC output or the new commercial programme. The latter was relayed through closed circuit from telecine equipment housed in a specially-constructed Morris Commercial vehicle, specially constructed for the exhibitions and carrying equipment valued at over £10,000. In an adjoining hall, a cinema show was staged. This showed samples of the programmes STV would be presenting, including American attractions such as I Love Lucy, Brave Eagle, and Douglas Fairbanks Presents, as well as home-grown shows Sunday Night at the Palladium and The 64,000 Question, and advertising films. Also featured was a film of local interest, taken by STV's outside broadcasting (OB) unit a few days prior to the show, showing crowd scenes and various local activities. This offered the enticing prospect of exhibition visitors seeing themselves on television and thus finding out they were already "television stars"! The Pye OB unit, which cost £37,000 and was housed in a specially constructed vehicle, was on show outside the hall. A TV camera which was on display at the STV stand proved to be a big attraction. People standing around near the camera found that their images were being projected on screens at the other end of the hall.

Thomson said that, in initial stages, he expected to produce about ten hours a week of Scottish programmes. This was at a time when, under the terms of the Television Act, they were limited to a programme schedule of 50 hours a week. "It will certainly make the Scottish station very Scottish indeed in its programme content," he said. However, when Purdy announced final programme plans at a press conference in Glasgow on May 8, he said that 85 per cent of the programmes would be similar to those shown in England, implying that only 15 per cent would be from Scotland — slightly less than the 20 per cent promised earlier in the year. They planned a talent show, Fanfare; a quiz programme; a play presented once a month or each alternate month, chosen from either the Citizen's, Glasgow, the Gateway, Edinburgh, or the theatres in Perth or Dundee. There would also be a series, The Tamsons, about a Scottish family — but the problem was going to be finding someone who could write this, as not many Scots were experienced in writing for television. Scotsplay was also planned as a children's programme, while In Heaven and Earth was described by Purdy as "our big cultural effort", which would "contain a bit of anything and everything culturally interesting, provocative, or entertaining"; it would run for half an hour. British news would be featured twice a day, followed by Scottish news. In July, it was announced that the Scottish actor James Robertson Justice, a Rank Organization film star, would introduce STV's opening programme, This is Scotland.

1950s
Scottish Television began broadcasting at 5:30 pm on Saturday 31 August 1957 with This is Scotland, an hour-long variety special broadcast live from the Theatre Royal studios – STV was the seventh ITV franchise to launch, and the first outside the three largest regions (London, the Midlands and Northern England), as well as the first to broadcast seven days a week. Scottish Television’s first sport-related programme was "Fanfare", which debuted on September 2, 1957 where, compered by Archie McCulloch, supporters of rival football club competed against one another each Monday.

1960s
The company soon gained a reputation for musical entertainment, variety, documentary films presented by Dr John Grierson, and Scottish sports coverage. It also sponsored Scottish Opera and televised live opera and ballet, networking more opera than similar television companies. Much of the station's early output was provided by ATV, under a ten-year deal worth £1 million per year. By 1965, ATV's senior producer Francis Essex had become Scottish's programming controller.

However, the station had also gained a reputation for low budget, entertainment-driven programming. It was jokingly said that STV only owned two pieces of equipment; one telecine to show western films and another to show the commercials. Lord Thomson was also criticised, for using much of the profits generated by Scottish Television to further gain his interests in the newspaper industry, rather than reinvesting into the station.

In 1965, the chairman of the Independent Television Authority Charles Hill paid a visit to STV's Glasgow studios during which he observed an edition of the popular daytime entertainment show The One O'Clock Gang. He was so appalled by it that he personally axed the programme with the words My God, how long have you been getting away with this?.

From the launch of the station, television for schools was pioneered in association with Glasgow Corporation, and post graduate television services initiated, including surgery, in conjunction with universities. Programmes were devised for the emerging countries in the British Commonwealth, and the Thomson Foundation was created to educate and train television producers, journalists and engineers, this operated from Kirkhill House – a bespoke studio complex near Newton Mearns. Programmes from TFTC (Thomson Foundation Television College) were never seen by STV's viewers, but much of STV's redundant equipment found a new home at the studios, including STV's first outside broadcast unit.

Although the early days of the ITV network were a financial gamble, the STV service soon became profitable, resulting in Thomson's claim that "running a commercial television station is like having a licence to print money". In 1966, the company was listed on the London Stock Exchange for the first time.

Scottish Television retained its franchise at the first time of asking in 1967, despite strong competition from a consortium led by the future BBC Director General Alasdair Milne and strong indications that the company would lose its franchise. In the event, Lord Thomson was forced by the ITA to reduce his stake in the station from 80% to 25%, effectively ending the company's standing as a subsidiary of the Thomson Group.

The start of colour broadcasting at the end of the decade was marked by the opening of new secondary studios at the Gateway Theatre in Edinburgh in October 1969. The following month, on 3 November, the Theatre Royal headquarters were badly damaged by a major fire started by an electrical fault, in which a firefighter, Archie McLay, died after falling through a trapdoor.

1970s
Like many franchises within the ITV network, Scottish struggled through the late 1960s and early 1970s with the recession, increased transmitter rental fees, taxation on income (rather than profits), a decline in advertising revenue, and the costs of converting equipment for the launch of colour television. In 1970, the company made a loss of £39,000; a warning was given that regionalism would be abandoned, and a forced merger with Grampian Television would happen, unless the chancellor reduced the levy applied on advertising revenue.

By late 1971, STV's fortunes recovered after a change in taxation rules reducing the company's payments from £466,000 to £234,000, and a general increase in advertising saw profits rise to £475,000 within the first six months of 1971. A large proportion of the profits were spent on expanding the company's programming output. This was in part to address criticism of the station's output, and included improved sports coverage, new dramas by Scottish writers, and enhanced local entertainment.

With the increase in output, STV had expectations of becoming one of the major players in producing programming for the planned fourth UK television service (then referred to as "ITV2" and which later became Channel 4). Managing Director William Brown remarked at the time: "One of the major factors in deciding to extend our activities, is the prospect of becoming nationally involved in the production of networked programmes for ITV2 if and when it begins".

In addition, STV were also seeking to consolidate their position to increase its partnership with foreign television stations. The company was associated with a public Israeli television company, who used STV's post-production facilities for dubbing foreign language programmes. STV were hoping to be invited to act as an advisor for commercial television in Israel.

The company started work on building its new purpose-built complex at Cowcaddens, in early 1972. Original plans were to move to the Millerston area of Glasgow, costing £2 million, but negotiations fell through in mid-1960. The Cowcaddens site was planned to be built in the late 1960s, but was put on hold because of STV's financial position. The company left the Glasgow base at the Theatre Royal in December 1974.

In 1975, a short-term strike hit the ITV network in the spring, due to a dispute over the payments agreed before the government-imposed pay freeze came into force. A 19% pay rise had been agreed between the ACTT (Association of Cinematograph Television and Allied Technicians) union, and with the ITV companies in July 1974. The union alleged that £231 of this deal was still owed to its members, and should not have been affected by the pay freeze. The strike took place from 6.00 am on 23 May (except for London Weekend Television, Tyne Tees Television, and Westward Television, where ACTT members ignored the strike). At 6.00am on 26 May, when striking workers came back to work, they were locked out by management. Normal service resumed on 30 May for all ITV stations, except for Scottish Television, whose staff refused to return to work after the lockout finished on 29 May. Staff eventually returned on Monday 9 June In 1978, company profits had risen by 21.8% in the first six months of the year, allowing for an increase in local programming.

1980s
During the 1970s and 1980s, Scottish Television produced a wide range of religious programming including weekly church services, half-hour religious programmes on a Sunday, religious contributions to the new Channel 4, the ever-popular epilogue Late Call, and occasional documentaries, produced by Executive Producer Rev. Dr Nelson Gray, a Minister of the Congregational Church, and Rev. Eric Hudson, a Minister of the Church of Scotland but as the public service broadcasting requirement receded during the 1990s, the amount of religious programmes were gradually phased out.

In October 1981, Scottish Television became the first ITV station to operate a regional Oracle teletext service, containing over 60 pages of local news, sport and information.

As was industry-practice at the time, STV programming would either be totally studio-based, include film inserts where required (the local news programme Scotland Today and Take the High Road being early examples of this), or other programming such as documentaries and dramas, shot entirely on film. The company employed up to six film crews who could be assigned to providing daily local news coverage, football matches, or feature programming such as Redgauntlet or Weirs Way. Since the company originally went on air, images not provided electronically 'live' within the studio centre were provided via telecine machines, allowing the station to run local advertisements to fill the ad breaks within and on either side of local and networked programming. Local advertisements – where a single image was shown on screen whilst the continuity announcer read the promotional message 'live' – was sourced from a standard 35 mm slide.

Filmed inserts into regional news added a significant delay to the airing of programmes. STV, having no film processing capability of its own at Cowcaddens, sub-contracted this to a specialist company – Humphries Film Laboratories. Exposed film would be rushed to an industrial unit in North Glasgow to be processed and returned to Cowcaddens for the 16 mm film to be edited and prepared for transmission. This process often caused much annoyance to reporters and crews alike, as to ensure inclusion of a breaking news story for Scotland Today, film had to reach the labs no later than 4.30 pm. By the early to mid-1980s, STV had followed the rest of the ITV network in dispensing with film and embracing electronic news gathering, with Sony's Betacam being the chosen system.

Gus Macdonald became the station's Director of Programmes during the summer of 1986. One of his first decisions was to revamp the station's regional news and features output, following criticism from an Independent Broadcasting Authority committee. Scottish's flagship evening programme Scotland Today had previously been revamped from a regional news programme into a topical magazine show supplemented by short bulletins. David Scott was brought in from BBC Scotland as the station's head of news and reverted Scotland Today back to a hard news format while long-running series including What's Your Problem? and Ways & Means were axed. Replacement programmes included the topical lunchtime show Live at One Thirty and social action series Scottish Action.

Throughout the 1980s, the company began gaining greater access to the national network, primarily through the soap opera Take the High Road and the long-running detective series Taggart, as well as programming for Channel 4. Towards the end of the decade, game shows Wheel of Fortune and Fun House began decade-long runs on the ITV network. During the late 1980s, the company, known as MAC III Productions, bought out the rights to game shows for the UK and foreign markets, including The Krypton Factor.

1990s
In 1990, Sir William Brown retired as managing director after 24 years of service, marking the longest serving chief executive in ITV history. He subsequently became chairman of Scottish Television plc from 1991 until 1996 Gus Macdonald was promoted as Managing Director and started overhauling the workforce by cutting it from 800 to 330 – Macdonald claimed the company was employing many more people though most were now freelancers.

In early 1992, J. Nigel Pickard became controller of entertainment and drama features. When he transferred from the outgoing ITV company TVS, some of the station's children's programmes continued production under Scottish Television including Art Attack and How 2. Pickard was based at an office in Maidstone (where many of Scottish's new acquisitions were produced) until 1995, but he left the company in 1993. Scottish would continue as a major provider of children's programming throughout the 1990s, including a number of co-productions with other broadcasters and production companies.

After retaining its franchise in 1991 unopposed with a bid of just £2,000 a year (just over £5 a day), plus 2% of their annual advertising revenue, STV's production arm was placed into a separate company, Scottish Television Enterprises. The company invested shares in various ITV companies and media firms, including a 25% stake in GMTV as part of a consortium for the ITV breakfast franchise (STV's stake was sold off to ITV plc in 2004 for £31 million), ITN and UTV, which helped push profits up to £10m. The company itself acquired new investors when in 1994 the Mirror Group brought 20% stake in company, In September 1995, STV acquired a 20% stake in HTV worth £36 million, as part of a deal with Flextech, which held a 20% stake while the Mirror Group stake was diluted to 16%. The deal also involved Mirror Group CEO David Montgomery and two Flextech executives joining the Scottish Television board, while Flextech committed to licensing more than 125 hours of drama and documentaries from STV. Within a month of the deal, the Mirror Group increased its stake to 19.93%.

In 1996, the HTV shares were sold off to the Wales and West contractor's future owners United News and Media. For a short time, STV became a buyout target for Yorkshire Television. STV acquired Caledonian Publishing - then-publishers of The Herald and the Glasgow Evening Times - in July 1996. The following June, Scottish Media Group plc acquired Grampian Television, the ITV contractor for Northern Scotland, for £105 million. Shortly afterwards, the company became SMG.

In April 1998, Scottish formed a new partnership with Canadian entertainment company Nelvana and American TV network CBS to produce six new animated series, with Scottish having a significant creative input in the production of all their shows. Scottish Television Enterprises general manager Darrel James, who oversaw the deal, said: "[It] came together in a surprisingly short time. We have worked very successfully with Nelvana on the Rupert series in the past. So when they came and asked us if we wanted to get involved, we said 'yes' almost immediately. It is not often that you get the opportunity to work on such a high volume of co-produced material at one time." The new shows produced were Franklin, Anatole, The Dumb Bunnies, Flying Rhino Junior High, Mythic Warriors: Guardians of the Legend and Birdz. In November, Scottish doubled the funding for children's programming.

Speculation followed in the summer of 1998 that STV's 20% stake in GMTV would be sold off to help raise cash for new acquisitions in England, since the company continued to have no debt and could easily afford new purchases. At the end of the year, Gus Macdonald left the company to become a Scottish Trade Minister. In 1999, Mirror Group sold its stake to Granada

2000s
On 2 March 2006, it was announced by SMG plc (now 'STV Group plc') that Scottish Television would revert to the brand name of 'STV', used from the start of colour broadcasting in 1969 until 30 August 1985, and which the station was still informally known as. At the same time, Grampian Television would also become known as STV North. The new-look branding was launched on 30 May 2006.

In January 2007, the station launched separate news services for the East and West of the STV Central region, initially as a five-minute opt out within the 6:00pm edition of Scotland Today on weeknights.

Studios
From the station's launch in 1957 until 1974, Scottish Television used the Theatre Royal, Glasgow on Hope Street as their main studio base and headquarters. Secondary studios at the Gateway Theatre on Leith Walk in Edinburgh were built in 1969 to accommodate more productions. The new facilities at Edinburgh grew in importance following the fatal Theatre Royal fire in November 1969, which gutted Studio A and several production suites. Scottish's main base moved in 1974 to custom built facilities on Renfield Street in Cowcaddens on land opposite the Theatre Royal site. Construction began on the new base in 1972 - it was officially opened on 12 December 1974 by Princess Alexandra, and expanded to accommodate further production in 1978. Following the completion of the new studio complex, the Theatre Royal was sold to Scottish Opera to become the first national opera house in Scotland, and the home of Scottish Opera and Scottish Ballet.

Cowcaddens became Scottish's main studio base where the majority of their productions were based. However, with the growing use of independent production companies as a source of programming, the need for increased studio space was alleviated. New Scottish programming, such as Art Attack and How 2 from TVS was being made at the Maidstone Studios, where these programmes were formally based. As a cost-saving measure, the Gateway Theatre studios in Edinburgh, which for a time became the permanent studio home for Take the High Road, were closed in 1994.

In 2006, the newly rebranded STV moved from their Cowcaddens base to a new, smaller building at Pacific Quay alongside the headquarters of BBC Scotland. As a result of the move, the entire Cowcaddens site, with the exception of an extension containing The Herald and Glasgow Evening Times newspapers, was demolished and redeveloped in 2007. STV's Edinburgh operations are now based at small studios in Fountainbridge.

Presentation

Scottish Television's first on-air symbol featured the Lion Rampant of Scotland. Initially a static caption, an animated ident was introduced by 1965 in which the lion would spin inside a box, though this later modified as a simple zoom in following, according to some reports, a complaint from The Lord Lyon King of Arms, the man in charge of protecting Scotland's heraldry. The station's first theme was a specially composed piece by Geraldo entitled Scotlandia, which began each day's broadcasting – the theme continued to be heard until August 1985.

After the start of colour broadcasting, the lion rampant symbol was replaced within a year by a stylised 'STV' logo. The solid STV lettering would be met by an outline of the lettering and the background would turn blue once both had met, accompanied by a trumpeted fanfare. Throughout the 1970s and up until 1985, this stylised STV was used as either a static caption, or form up from a patterned design that was supposed to represent tartan. Accompanying the look was a clock against a blue background with the white STV logo forming a pattern across the screen.

On 31 August 1985, the station revived the 'Scottish Television' branding and introduced a computer generated thistle ident designed by Peter Goodfellow. Occasional special idents were also produced including a modified logo to mark the station's 30th anniversary in 1987, while the main ident was largely replaced in January 1988 in favour of a new set of seasonal and themed idents, but the 1985 clock was kept in use. The thistle logo was modified on 2 January 1989 to create a 2D identity which would remain in use until 27 February 2000, under various guises. Glasgow-based animation company Liquid Image, working with the Scottish Television in-house design department, created the station's presentation packages in the 90s, first appearing on 1 January 1993 and 6 October 1996 respectively. Scottish did use the first national ITV ident from 1 September 1989 but used it in conjunction with its own branding but this was dropped by early 1990.

Scottish maintained in-vision continuity throughout its first thirty years on air. In later years, the station relied less on in-vision links compared to other ITV stations, although duty announcers also presented short regional news bulletins produced by the Scotland Today newsroom. In-vision continuity was confined to overnight junctions in February 1988 following the launch of 24-hour broadcasting and the start of the Scottish Through the Night service. The practice was abandoned in October 1991, when the overnight strand was relaunched as Scottish Night Time.

Scottish refused to adopt the 1999 ITV generic look and instead, alongside Grampian Television, launched a new on-screen logo on 28 February 2000, featuring a blue square with the words 'Scottish TV' – a new set of 15 ident sequences featuring Scottish people and places was produced as part of the revamp. The presentation package remained in use until 6 January 2003, when Scottish and Grampian adopted the celebrity idents package, albeit with their own logos attached and also featuring Scottish and Grampian presenters.

The celebrity look remained until 2006, when the Scottish and Grampian names were traded in for one unified look: STV. The first ident package featured an elongated blue 'S', with scenes of Scottish people in various locations passing around the 'S' from person to person in differing scenes, until one person places the S in the centre of the screen. An updated look was introduced on 23 March 2009, consisting of a picture postcard scene which would flip over to the right to reveal another theme. This flipping increases in pace and as the camera pulls back before the STV logo forms against a gradient blue background.

On 2 June 2014, STV's logo was unified, along with Grampian's. The white "tv" is now situated on a gradient blue triangle, and three light blue curves now appear on the 3 sides. The "S"' colours was changed to gradient light blue.

Programmes
A list of programmes made by Scottish Television. All programmes now come under the banner of STV Studios.

News
• Dateline (1960s–1973)

• Here and Now

• Scotland Now

• Scotland Today (1972–2009)

• Scotland This Week

• STV News Review (signed news review, 2006–2013)

• STV News at Six (2009–present)

Current affairs
• As I Please (1984)

• Box 2000

• Platform (1996–2004)

• Politics Now (2004–2011)

• From the Top (1976–1979)

• The Lion's Share (1974–1975)

• Reid About...USSR/Poland/Scotland (1988–1990)

• Question in Sport (1990s)

• Scottish Assembly (1986–1989)

• (Scottish) Report (1970–1988)

• Scotland Friday (1970s–1975)

• Scotland Today Reports (1972–1977)

• Scotland Today Special (1987–2005)

• The Scottish 500

• Scottish Frontiers on Medicine (1988–1992)

• Scottish Questions (1986–1996)

• (Scottish) Reporters (1993–2000)

• Seven Days (1998–2004)

• Sunday Live (2006)

• Ways and Means (1975–1986)

• The Week in Politics (2000–2004)

Sport
• Champions League Live (1992–2015)

• Extra Time (1988–2000)

• Football First (1999–2002)

• Scotsport (1957–2008)

• Touchdown Scotland (1997–2000)

Features and documentaries
• 7.30 for 8

• A Ship from the Clyde (1960s)

• Action Line (1979–1987)

• Acropolis Now (1986–1987)

• All Kinds of A Country (1983–1986)

• Around 17 (1994)

• Artery (1998–2003)

• Bill Tennent Travels High Road (1970s)

• The Bowler and the Bunnet (1967)

• Britain: The Nazi Safe House (1987)

• Club Reps (2001–2004)

• Celtic America

• Crime Desk (1975–1988)

• Contract 736 (1967)

• Dirt Detective (1993)

• Down to Earth (1980–1982)

• Feeling better? (1986)

• Fit to Last (1976)

• From the Top (1979)

• Education for Tomorrow (1980s)

• The Edge of Land (1995–1996)

• Encore for The Arts (1979–1984)

• Enterprise 64 (1964)

• Get It On

• Green Pages (1992)

• Home for the Holidays

• Homelands

• The Home Show (1994–2004)

• House Call (1973–1976)

• Home and School (1979)

• Homework (1984)

• Hooked on Scottish (1996–2000)

• Kay's Originals (1989)

• Kirsty (1993–1996)

• Live At One Thirty (1986–1987)

• Meet Paul Coia (1981)

• The Maverick Millionaire (1986)

• Moneywise (1976–1982)

• Moviejuice (2000–present)

• The Munro Show (1990–1992)

• Natural Born Winners?

• NB (1989–1997)

• The Nightshift (2010–2015)

• Off The Page (1989–1992)

• Once Upon Upon A Song (1987)

• One in a Hundred (1981)

• Out and About (1987)

• Paramedics (1993)

• Painting In Scotland (1972)

• The Point

• Positively Unemployed (1984–1985)

• Rescue (1990)

• Room at the Top/Summer at the Top (2000–2001)

• Safe as Houses (2007)

• Sea Kingdoms (2003)

• Scotching the Myth (1990)

• Scotland's Story (1984)

• Scottish Action (1987–2002)

• Scottish Books (1988–1995)

• Scottish Eye (1988–1992)

• Scottish Minute

• Scottish Men (1995–1998)

• Scottish Passport (1993–2004; 2012–present)

• Scottish Women (1989–1998)

• Secret Scotland

• Songs of Scotland (1973–1980s)

• Square Meals (1994–1998)

• Studio (1983–1986)

• Studio A Startime (1970's)

• Summer Discovery (1999)

• The Talent

• Talking Scotland (2005–2007)

• The Real Mackay (for stv.tv, 2007–2011)

• The Strange Show (1995)

• This Scotland

• This Wonderful World (1957–1960s)

• Time Out with Tennent (1965)

• Trial by Night (1993–2000)

• Trout 'n' About

• Votes for Women (1988)

• Weir's Way (1976–1987)

• Wilkies in Winter (1979)

• What's Your Problem? (1976–1986)

• Watch This Space (1976–1977)

• Wheel Nuts (1997–2002)

• World Worth Keeping (1975–1984)

• Yorkhill

Entertainment
• A Game of Two Halves (1995–1997)

• All Kinds Of Country (1983–1985)

• Alastair: One Man and His Band (1981)

• The Adventures of Francie and Josie (1962–1965)

• The Alexander Brothers Show (1960s–1976)

• Alec Finlay Show (1959)

• The Allan Stewart Show (1982)

• The Allan Stewart Tapes (1979)

• Aly Bain and Friends (1987–1990)

• The Andy Stewart Show (1970s)

• Battle of the Comics (1976–1977)

• Boiling Point

• Boxed Set (1998–2001)

• Burn Your Bills (2005)

• The Business Game (1992–1997)

• The Better Sex (1978)

• Chart Bite (1994–1996)

• Club Cupid (co-produced with STV North, 2006)

• Connolly (1970s)

• Dance Party Roof (1957-1960s)

• Devine Country

• Did You See Una? (1967–1968)

• Do You Come Here Often? (1979)

• Funny You Should Say That (1984–1986)

• Funny Farm/Comedy Rules (1990–1994)

• The Golf Club (1997)

• Elaine: The Singer of the Song (1976–1979)

• Hear Here/The Sound Of (1979–1984)

• Hello, Good Evening and Welcome (1976-1979)

• Highland Showboat (1976)

• In Concert (1977–1986)

• Its Andy Cameron (1984)

• Jazz Concert

• Jazz at the Gateway

• The Jazz Series (1978-1981)

• Jazz Club

• Jigtime (1957–1959)

• The Ken Fine Show (1995–1998)

• Kenneth Mckellar at Home (1970s)

• The Larry Marshall Show (1960s)

• Larry Looks Lightly (1975–1976)

• Late Edition (1995–1996)

• Live at the Fringe

• The Music People (1967)

• Night Flyte (1989–1992)

• Nippy Sweeties (1986)

• Now You See It (1981–1986)

• The One O'Clock Gang (1958 – 31 December 1964)

• Over to Una (early 1960s – 1969)

• Passport Quiz (1998–2002)

• Postcode Challenge (2007–2011)

• Rikki (1966)

• The Rikki Fulton Hour (1965)

• Round Up (1960s)

• Scotch Corner (1972–1976)

• The Scottish Home Service/Viv on Sunday (early 1990s)

• Shindig (1986–1988) Hosted By Sydney Devine

• Split Second (1988)

• Star Parade (1980–1985)

• The Stanley Baxter Scots Picture Show (1st Jan 1974)

• Steve Jones Illustrated/It's Friday and I'm Steve Jones (1978–1979)

• The Steve Jones Programme (1980)

• Studio Downbeat (1960s)

• Studio One (co-produced with Border TV, 1985)

• The Sydney Devine Show (1970s)

• Talking Scots (1979–1983)

• The Terry Neason Show (1987)

• Thingummyjig (1976–1983)

• This is Scotland (First programme broadcast on STV, 31 August 1957)

• Wheel of Fortune (1988–2001)

• Victor and Barry... (1987–1989)

• The VJ's (1996)

• Whigmaleerie (1962)

• Win, Lose or Draw (1990–1998)

• Would You Believe It (late 1970s)

• STV Andy Stewart Show.jpg

• STV Larry Marshall Show (1st).jpg

Drama
• "2%" (1982)

• A Sense of Freedom

• The Advocates (1991–1992)

• Albert and the Lion (1989)

• Blue Christmas 1994

• Bookie (1983)

• Bookie (1988)

• The Campbells (1986–1990)

• Charles Endell Esquire (1979)

• City Sugar (1978)

• Comfort and Joy (1984)

• Cracked (2008)

• Doctor Finlay (1993–1996)

• The Flight of the Heron (1960s)

• Hess (1988)

• High Living (1968–1971)

• High Times (2004, 2008)

• The House on the Hill (1981)

• Garnock Way (1976–1979)

• Markheim (1974)

• McCallum (1995–1998)

• Missing (2006)

• New Found Land (co-produced with Grampian Television)

• New Found Films (co-produced with Grampian Television)

• Northern Lights (1982)

• Out in The Open (1984)

• Preview (1980-1994)

• The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1978)

• The Old Music Master (1982)

• The Queen of Scots (1967)

• Red Gauntlet (1960s)

• Rebus (2000–2007)

• Scenes Like These (1976)

• Seesaw (1998)

• Short Story (1972-3)

• Skin Deep (1982)

• The Spaver Connection (1984)

• The Stalker's Apprentice (1998)

• The Steamie (1988)

• Taggart (1983–2010)

• Take the High Road (1980–2003)

• Winners and Losers (1989)

• STV High Living.jpg

Children's/Animation
• Art Attack (1993–2007; earlier series produced by TVS)

• Animal Fanatics

• Animates (1999)

• Anatole (co-produced with Nelvana and CBS)

• Birdz (co-produced with Nelvana and CBS)

• Butterfingers

• Captain Zed and the Zee Zone (co-produced with DIC Animation City, 1991)

• The Caribou Kitchen (co-produced with Ealing Animation / Maddocks Cartoon Productions / World Productions, 1995-1998)

• Curly and Coconut (1976)

• The Disney Club (co-produced with Buena Vista Productions, 1989–1998)

• Dramarama

• The Dinah Saur Show (1978)

• Dumb Bunnies (co-produced with Nelvana and CBS)

• Fun House (1989–1999)

• Get Wet (1997–1998)

• Glen Michael's Cartoon Cavalcade (1966–1992)

• Finders Keepers (1993–1996; earlier series produced by TVS)

• Flying Rhino Junior High (co-produced with Nelvana and CBS)

• Harry and the Wrinklies (1999–2002)

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• I Don't Believe It (1998)

• It's Not Just Saturday ( 1996)

• Ice Cream Machine (for Channel 5, 2004)

• The Hot Rod Dogs and Cool Car Cats

• Hurricanes (1993–1997) (co-produced with DIC Productions L.P.)

• Inside Out (2000)

• Letter Go Round (2000–2002)

• The Magic House (1993–1995)

• The Magic Pencil

• Mythic Warriors: Guardians of the Legend (co-produced with Nelvana and CBS)

• Minty's Double (1998)

• Meeow!

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• Our house (1997)

• Prove It! (co-produced with GeronimoTV, 2005–2007)

• Red Amber Green (1996–1999)

• Rex the Dog (1976)

• Rupert (Co-produced with Nelvana, 1992–1997)

• Roundup

• Seumus (1985-1986)

• Skoosh (1994–1998)

• Shadow of the Stone (1987)

• Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century (co-produced with DIC Productions L.P. and Les Studios Tex, 1999-2001)

• Snug and Cozi (1996–1997)

• Squeak! (2003-2004)

• Stookie (1986)

• T.I.G.S (1995)

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• The Blobs (co-produced with S4C)

• The Magic House (1994-1996)

• Twister (2001)

• Uncle Dad

• Upstairs Downstairs Bears (co-produced with CINAR; 1998–1999)

• Walter Melon (co-produced with Saban Entertainment and Saban International Paris; 1998–1999)

• What's Up Doc (1993–1995; earlier series produced by TVS)

• Wolf It (1993–1996)

• wknd@stv (2009)

• Wemyss Bay 902101

• STV Cartoon Cavalcade2.jpg

Religion
• Morning Worship (contribution to the ITV network)

• By The Way (1980-1985)

• Chapter and Verse (1975–1985)

• Eikon (1993–2003)

• Eye to Eye

• God's Rep (1990)

• Late Call

• Highway (contributions to the ITV network)

• No Easy Answer (1978–1986)

• Seek the Truth

• Sunday Service

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• The Divine Truth (1979)

• That's the Spirit (1978–1985)

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• About Gaelic (1979–1986)

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• De Tha Seo? (1990–1994)

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• Reoiteag Air Rothan (2004)

• Speaking our Language (Learners)

• Seachd Laithean (Current affairs, 1979–1982)

• Sin Agad E! (Magazine programme)

• Blas Na Gaedhlig/Sounds Gaelic (1980-1986)

• Seall (1991-1999)

• Sploaid (Children's)

• The Sabhal Mor Ostaig Lecture

• Trang Trang (Children's) (1984–1992)

• Tiglinn Na Cagatile (1991)

title: Scottish Television


text:
Sherlock

Sherlock may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Sherlock Holmes, a fictional detective created by Arthur Conan Doyle
 * Sherlock (TV series), a BBC TV series that started in 2010
 * Sherlock Hemlock, a Muppet from the TV show Sesame Street
 * Sherlock (video game), a 1984 text adventure by Melbourne House
 * Sherlock: Untold Stories, a Japanese TV series aired in 2019
 * Sherlock (EP), by Shinee

People

 * Allie Sherlock (born 2005), Irish singer
 * Charles Sherlock (born 1945), Australian theologian
 * Cornelius Sherlock (d.1888), English architect
 * Frank Sherlock (born 1969), poet
 * Glenn Sherlock (born 1960), American baseball player and coach
 * Jack Sherlock (1908–1958), English footballer
 * John Michael Sherlock (1926-2019), Canadian Roman Catholic bishop
 * James Sherlock (born 1983), pianist
 * John Sherlock (c. 1705–1794), Irish-born general in Spain
 * Kurt Sherlock (born 1963), rugby player
 * Paul Sherlock (born 1973), English footballer
 * Peta Sherlock (born 1946), Australian Anglican priest and theologian
 * Peter Sherlock (born 1972), Australian academic and Vice-Chancellor
 * Richard Sherlock (born 1983), cricketer
 * Thomas Sherlock (1678–1761), English bishop and son of William
 * William Sherlock (1641–1707), English church leader
 * William Sherlock (cricketer) (1881–1937)

Australia

 * Sherlock, South Australia, near Tailem Bend
 * Sherlock, Western Australia, between Roebourne and Port Hedland:
 * Sherlock River (Western Australia)
 * Sherlock Station, a pastoral lease

United States

 * Sherlock, Texas, an unincorporated community
 * Sherlock Township, Finney County, Kansas

Other uses

 * Sherlock (software), used by Apple Macintosh, also describing the phenomenon of third-party software being rendered irrelevant by Apple
 * Sherlock (crater), a crater on Earth's Moon in Taurus-Littrow valley

title: Sherlock


text:
User talk:Nertzy

User talk:Nertzy/archived

Hello everyone. Check out the archive above for old conversations. Thanks for your comments!--Nertzy 06:52, Oct 31, 2004 (UTC)

I am also from Olin, Class of 2009 --Matthew Roy Nov 30, 2005

Note
Hi, Regarding your comment here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Bitter_Sweet_Symphony, you can find Moby's remix of Bitter Sweet Symphony at this URL, http://www.mp3-center.org/download_mp3/Verve%20/Bitter%20Sweet%20Symphony%20%20Moby%20Remix%20%20/6992362

Although not a good place for a citation, it is most certainly proof of a remix of the song by Moby 210.54.106.91 (talk) 10:11, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

JAM Software (German software company) moved to draftspace
An article you recently created, JAM Software (German software company), is not suitable as written to remain published. It needs more citations from reliable, independent sources. (?) Information that can't be referenced should be removed (verifiability is of central importance on Wikipedia). I've moved your draft to draftspace (with a prefix of " " before the article title) where you can incubate the article with minimal disruption. When you feel the article meets Wikipedia's general notability guideline and thus is ready for mainspace, please click on the "Submit your draft for review!" button at the top of the page. TheWikiholic (talk) 18:38, 18 June 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nertzy


text:
Ernst Udet

Ernst Udet (26 April 1896 – 17 November 1941) was a German pilot during World War I and a Luftwaffe Colonel-General (Generaloberst) during World War II.

Udet joined the Imperial German Air Service in April 1915 at the age of 19, and eventually became a notable flying ace of World War I, scoring 62 confirmed victories. The highest scoring German fighter pilot to survive that war, and the second-highest scoring after Manfred von Richthofen, his commander in the Flying Circus, Udet rose to become a squadron commander under Richthofen, and later under Hermann Göring. Udet spent the 1920s and early 1930s as a stunt pilot, international barnstormer, light-aircraft manufacturer, and playboy.

On 1 May 1933 Udet joined the Nazi Party. He became involved in the early development of the Luftwaffe (officially founded on 15 May 1933), where he was appointed director of research and development. Influential in the adoption of dive-bombing techniques as well as of the Stuka dive bomber, by 1939 Udet had risen to the post of Chief of Procurement and Supply for the Luftwaffe. The stress of the position and his distaste for administrative duties led to Udet developing alcoholism.

The launch of Operation Barbarossa on 22 June 1941, combined with issues with the Luftwaffe's needs for equipment outstripping Germany's production capacity and increasingly poor relations with the Nazi Party, caused Udet to choose suicide on 17 November 1941 by shooting himself in the head.

Early life
Ernst Udet was born on 26 April 1896, in Frankfurt am Main, German Empire. Udet grew up in Munich, and was known from his early childhood for his sunny temperament and fascination with aviation. In his youth he spent considerable time at a nearby airplane factory and an army airship detachment. In 1909, he helped found the Munich Aero-Club. After crashing a glider he and a friend constructed, he finally flew in 1913 with a test pilot in the nearby Otto Works owned by Gustav Otto, which he often visited.

World War I
Shortly after the beginning of World War I, Udet attempted to enlist in the Imperial German Army on 2 August 1914, but at only 160 cm tall he did not then qualify for enlistment. Later that month, when the Allgemeiner Deutscher Automobil-Club appealed for volunteers with motorcycles, Udet applied and was accepted. Udet's father had given him a motorcycle when he had passed his first year examination, and along with four friends, Udet was posted to the 26. Württembergischen Reserve Division as a "messenger rider." After injuring his shoulder when his motorcycle hit a crater from an artillery shell explosion, he was sent to a military hospital, and his motorcycle was sent for repairs. When Udet tried to track down the 26th Division, he was unable to find it and decided to serve in the vehicle depot in Namur. During this time, he met officers from the Chauny flying sector, who advised him to transfer as an aerial observer. Before he received his orders, the army dispensed with the volunteer motorcyclists, and Udet was sent back to the recruiting officials.

Udet tried to return to the fighting, but he was unable to get into either the pilot or aircraft mechanic training the army offered. However, he learned that if he were a trained pilot, he would be immediately accepted into army aviation. Through a family friend, Gustav Otto, owner of the aircraft factory he had hung out around in his youth, Udet received private flight training. This cost him 2,000 Deutsche Marks (about $400 in 1915 U.S. dollars) and new bathroom equipment from his father's firm. Udet received his civilian pilot's license at the end of April 1915 and was immediately accepted by the Imperial German Air Service.

Artillery ranging
Udet at first flew in Feld Flieger-Abteilung 206 (FFA 206)—an observation unit—as an Unteroffizier (non-commissioned) pilot with observer Leutnant Bruno Justinius. He and his observer won the Iron Cross (2nd class for Udet and 1st class for his lieutenant) for nursing their damaged Aviatik B.I two-seater back to German lines after a shackle on a wing-cable snapped. Justinius had climbed out to hold the wing and balance it, rather than land behind the enemy lines and be captured. After this structural failure, and a similar incident in which Leutnant Winter and Vizefeldwebel Preiss lost their lives, the Aviatik B was retired from active service.

Later, Udet was court-martialed for losing an aircraft in an incident the flying corps considered a result of bad judgement. Overloaded with fuel and bombs, the aircraft stalled after a sharp bank and plunged to the ground. Miraculously, both Udet and Justinius survived with only minor injuries. Udet was placed under arrest in the guardhouse for seven days. On his way out of the guardhouse, he was asked to fly Leutnant Hartmann to observe a bombing raid on Belfort. A bomb thrown by hand by the leutnant became stuck in the landing gear, but Udet performed aerobatics and managed to shake it loose. As soon as the Air Staff Officer heard about Udet's performance during the incident, he ordered Udet transferred to the fighter command.

Fighter pilot
Udet was assigned a new Fokker to fly to his new fighter unit—FFA 68—at Habsheim. Mechanically defective, the plane crashed into a hangar when he took off, so he was then given an older Fokker to fly. In this aircraft, he experienced his first aerial combat, which almost ended in disaster. While lining up on a French Caudron, Udet found he could not bring himself to fire on another person and was subsequently fired on by the Frenchman. A bullet grazed his cheek and smashed his flying goggles. Udet survived the encounter, but from then on learned to attack aggressively and began scoring victories, downing his first French opponent on 18 March 1916. On that occasion, he had scrambled to attack two French aircraft, but instead found himself facing a formation of 23 enemy aircraft. He dived from above and behind, giving his Fokker E.III full throttle, and opened fire on a Farman F.40 from close range. Udet pulled away, leaving the flaming bomber trailing smoke, only to see the observer fall from the rear seat of the stricken craft. He later described the incident: "The fuselage of the Farman dives down past me like a giant torch... A man, his arms and legs spread out like a frog's, falls past--the observer. At the moment, I don't think of them as human beings. I feel only one thing--victory, triumph, victory." The victory won Udet the Iron Cross First Class.

That year, FFA 68 was renamed Kampfeinsitzer Kommando Habsheim before becoming Jagdstaffel 15 on 28 September 1916. Udet claimed five more victories, before transferring to Jasta 37 in June 1917. In the first of his victories on 12 October 1916, Udet forced a French Breguet to land safely in German territory, then landed nearby to prevent its destruction by its crew. The bullet-punctured tires on Udet's Fokker flipped the plane forward onto its top wings and fuselage. Udet and the French pilot eventually shook hands next to the Frenchman's aircraft. In January 1917, Udet was commissioned as a Leutnant der Reserve (lieutenant of reserves). The same month, Jasta 15 re-equipped with the Albatros D.III, a new fighter with twin synchronized Maschinengewehr 08 machine guns. On 15 August 1917 he shot down his 8th victory-a Sopwith Strutter 1/2 of 43d Squadron RFC.

During his service with Jasta 15, Udet later wrote he had encountered Georges Guynemer, a notable French ace, in single combat at 5000 m. Guynemer, who preferred to hunt enemy planes alone, by this time was the leading French ace with more than 30 victories. Udet saw Guynemer and they circled each other, looking for an opening and testing each other's turning abilities. They were close enough for Udet to read the "Vieux" of "Vieux Charles" written on Guynemer's Spad S.VII. The opponents tried every aerobatic trick they knew and Guynemer fired a burst through Udet's upper wing, however maneuvered for advantage. Once Udet had Guynemer in his sights, his machine guns jammed and while pretending to dogfight he pounded on them with his fists, desperate to unjam them. Guynemer realized his predicament and instead of taking advantage of it, simply waved a farewell and flew away. Udet wrote of the fight, "For seconds, I forgot that the man across from me was Guynemer, my enemy. It seems as though I were sparring with an older comrade over our own airfield." Udet felt that Guynemer had spared him because he wanted a fair fight, while others have suggested that Guynemer had a gun jam himself, feared that Udet would ram him in desperation, or the French ace was so impressed with Udet's skills that he hoped they might meet again on equal terms.

Eventually, every pilot in Jasta 15 was killed except Udet and his commander, Heinrich Gontermann, who said to Udet: "The bullets fall from the hand of God ... Sooner or later they will hit us." Udet applied for a transfer to Jasta 37, and Gontermann was killed three months later when the upper wing of his new Fokker Dr. 1 tore off as he was flying it for the first time. Gontermann lingered for twenty four hours without awakening and Udet later remarked, "It was a good death." By late November, Udet was a triple ace and Jastaführer, modelling his attacks after those of Guynemer, coming in high out of the sun to pick off the rear aircraft in a squadron before the others knew what was happening. Having witnessed one of these attacks, his commander in Jasta 37 Kurt Grasshoff, on being transferred, selected Udet for command over more senior men. Udet's ascension to command on 7 November 1917, was followed six days later by award of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern. Despite his seemingly frivolous nature, drinking late into the night, and womanizing lifestyle, Udet proved an excellent squadron commander. He spent many hours coaching new fighter pilots, with an emphasis on marksmanship as being essential for success.

The Flying Circus
Udet's success attracted attention for his skill, earning him an invitation to join the "Flying Circus", Jagdgeschwader 1 (JG 1), an elite unit of German fighter aces under the command of Manfred von Richthofen, popularly known as the Red Baron. Richthofen drove up to Udet one day as he was trying to pitch a tent in Flanders in the rain, pointing out that Udet had 20 kills, Richthofen said, "Then you would actually seem ripe for us. Would you like to?", which Udet accepted. After watching him shoot down an artillery spotter by frontal attack, Richthofen gave Udet command of Jasta 11, von Richthofen's former squadron command. The group commanded by Richthofen also contained Jastas 4, 6 and 10. Udet's enthusiasm for Richthofen was unbounded, who demanded total loyalty and dedication from his pilots, immediately cashiering anyone who fell out of line. At the same time, Richthofen treated them with every consideration and when it came time to requisition supplies he traded favors for autographed photos of himself that read: "Dedicated to my esteemed fighting companion." Udet remarked that because of the signed photographs, " ... sausage and ham never ran out." One night, the squadron invited a captured English flyer for dinner, treating him as a guest. When he excused himself for the bathroom, the Germans secretly watched to see if he would try to escape. On his return the Englishman said, "I would never forgive myself for disappointing such hosts"; the English flyer did escape later from another unit.

Richthofen was killed in April 1918 in France, where Udet was not at the front as he had been sent on leave due to a painful ear infection which he avoided having treated as long as he could. Udet said about Richthofen: "He was the least complicated man I ever knew. Entirely Prussian and the greatest of soldiers." before returning to JG 1 against the doctor's advice and remained there to the end of the war, commanding Jasta 4. While at home, Udet had reacquainted himself with his childhood sweetheart, Eleanor "Lo" Zink. Notified that he had received the Pour le Mérite, he had one made up in advance so that he could impress her, and painted her name on the side of his Albatros fighters and Fokker D VII. Also on the tail of his Fokker D VII was the message "Du doch nicht" - "Definitely not you." Udet scored 20 victories in August 1918 alone, mainly against British aircraft and became a national hero with 62 confirmed victories to his credit.

On 29 June 1918, Udet was one of the early fliers to be saved by parachuting from a disabled aircraft, when he jumped after a clash with a French Breguet. His harness caught on the rudder and he had to break off the rudder tip to escape. His parachute did not open until he was 75 m (250 ft) from the ground, causing him to sprain his ankle on landing. On 28 September 1918, Udet was wounded in the thigh, from which he was still recovering on Armistice Day, 11 November 1918, when the war ended in Germany's defeat.

Inter-war period
After the war, on his way home from the military hospital, Udet had to defend himself against a Communist who wished to rip the medals off his chest. Udet and Robert Greim performed mock dogfights at weekends for the POW Relief Organization, using surplus aircraft in Bavaria. He was invited to start the first International Air Service between Germany and Austria, but after the first flight the Entente Commission confiscated his aircraft. Udet married Eleanor "Lo" Zink on 25 February 1920, however the marriage lasted less than three years and they were divorced on 16 February 1923. The marriage is believed to have ended due to Udet having had many affairs. His talents were numerous: among these were juggling, drawing cartoons, and party entertainment. During the inter-war period, Udet was known primarily for his work as a stunt pilot and for playboy-like behavior. He flew for movies and for airshows (e.g. picking a cloth from the ground with his wingtip, flying under low bridges and completing loops only several meters from the ground). One stunt only Udet performed was successive loops with the last complete after turning off the engine mid air and landing the aircraft in a sideways glide. He appeared with Leni Riefenstahl in three films: The White Hell of Pitz Palu (1929), Stürme über dem Mont Blanc (1930), and S.O.S. Eisberg (1933). Udet's stunt pilot work in films took him to California. In the October 1933 issue of New Movie Magazine, there is a photo of Carl Laemmle, Jr.'s party for Udet in Hollywood. Laemmle was head of Universal Studios which made SOS Eisberg, a US-German co-production. Udet was invited to attend the National Air Races at Cleveland, Ohio. In 1935 he played himself in Miracle of Flight (1935; 79 mins.) directed by Heinz Paul. His co-star Jürgen Ohlsen, who had previously starred in the extremely popular film Hitlerjunge Quex: Ein Film vom Opfergeist der deutschen Jugend, played a youth who lost his pilot father in World War I and was befriended and encouraged by Udet, his idol. In the Berlin 1936 Summer Olympics Udet entered the arts competition literature category with his autobiography, Mein Fliegerleben (My Flying Life) (published 1935).

These efforts were good publicity for Udet. An American, William Pohl of Milwaukee, telephoned him with an offer to back an aircraft manufacturing company. Udet Flugzeugbau was born in a shed in Milbertshofen. Its intent was to build small aircraft that the general public could fly. It soon ran into trouble with the Entente Commission and transferred its operations to a beehive and chicken coop factory.

The first aeroplane that Udet's company produced was the U2. Udet took the second model, the U4, to the Wilbur Cup race in Buenos Aires at the expense of Aero Club Aleman. It was outclassed, and the club wanted him to do cigarette commercials to reimburse them for the expense, but he refused. He was rescued by the Chief of the Argentinian Railways, a man of Swedish descent named Tornquist, who settled the debt.

In 1924, Udet left Udet Flugzeugbau when they decided to build a four-engine aircraft, the U11 Kondor which was larger and not for the general population. He and another friend from the war, Angermund, started an exhibition flying enterprise in Germany, which was also successful, but Udet remarked, "In time this too begins to get tiresome. ... We stand in the present, fighting for a living. It isn't always easy. ... But the thoughts wander back to the times when it was worthwhile to fight for your life."

Udet and another wartime comrade—Suchocky—became pilots to an African filming expedition. The cameraman was another veteran, Schneeberger, whom Udet called "Flea," and the guide was Siedentopf, a former East African estate owner. Udet described one incident in Africa in which lions jumped up to claw at the low-flying aircraft, one of them removing a strip of Suchocky's wing surface. Udet engaged in hunting while in Africa.

Building the Luftwaffe

Though not interested in politics, Udet joined the Nazi party in 1933 when Hermann Göring promised to buy him two new U.S.-built Curtiss Hawk II biplanes (export designation of the F11C-2 Goshawk Helldiver). The planes were used for evaluation purposes and thus indirectly influenced the German idea of dive bombing aeroplanes, such as the Junkers Ju 87 (Stuka) dive bombers. They were also used for aerobatic shows held during the 1936 Summer Olympics. Udet piloted one of them, which survived the war and is now on display in the Polish Aviation Museum.

After the trials of the Ju 87, a confidential directive issued on 9 June 1936 by Wolfram von Richthofen called for the cessation of all further Ju 87 development, although the Ju 87 had been awarded top marks and was about to be accepted. However, Udet immediately rejected von Richthofen's instructions and Ju 87 development continued. Udet became a major proponent of the dive bomber, taking credit for having introduced it to the Luftwaffe. On 9 June 1936 he had, through his political connections, been named Chief of the Technical Office, T-Amt, (the development wing of the Reich Ministry of Aviation). Udet had no real interest in this job nor a particular aptitude for it, especially the bureaucracy of it, and the pressure led to him developing an addiction to alcohol, drinking large amounts of brandy and cognac.

In January 1939, Udet visited Italian North Africa (Africa Settentrionale Italiana, or ASI), accompanying Maresciallo dell'Aria (Marshal of the Air Force) Italo Balbo on a flight, because at the time there were distinct signs of German military and diplomatic co-operation with the Italians. On 1 February 1939 Udet became Luftwaffe Generalluftzeugmeister (Chief of Procurement and Supply), responsible for all aircraft production, armament and supply. This was a massive organization supervising over 26 departments and, again, requiring organizational qualities for which Udet was not best equipped.

When World War II began, his internal conflicts grew more intense as aircraft production requirements were much more than the German industry could supply, given limited access to raw materials such as aluminium. Göring responded to this problem by simply lying about it to Adolf Hitler, and after the Luftwaffe's defeat in the Battle of Britain, Göring tried to deflect Hitler's ire by blaming Udet. On 22 June 1941, the launch of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, drove Udet further into despair. In April and May 1941, Udet had led a German delegation inspecting the Soviet aviation industry in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. Udet informed Göring that the Soviet air force and aviation industry were very strong and technically advanced. Göring decided not to report this to Hitler, hoping that a surprise attack would quickly destroy the Soviet Union. Udet realized that the upcoming war on the Soviet Union might destroy Germany. He tried to explain this to Hitler but, torn between truth and loyalty, suffered a psychological breakdown. Göring kept Udet under control by giving him drugs at drinking parties and hunting trips. Udet's drinking and psychological condition became a problem, and Göring used Udet's dependency to manipulate him.

Death
By August 1941, the pressures from the Soviet campaign were exacerbating the conflicts between Udet and State Secretary Erhard Milch. In order to attain a mandated quadrupling of production, Milch was pressing Udet for a major reorganisation of his department. Udet resisted, but by September, Göring sided with Milch and several members of Udet's staff were removed, as Milch began to assert increasing control over procurement and supply. Udet was losing his freedom of action and was clearly being eclipsed.

On 17 November 1941, Udet shot himself in the head while he was on the phone with his girlfriend, Inge Bleyle. Udet's suicide was concealed from the public, and at his funeral, he was lauded as a hero who had died in flight while he was testing a new weapon. On their way to attend Udet's funeral, the World War II fighter ace Werner Mölders died in a plane crash in Breslau, and the high Luftwaffe executive General der Flieger Helmuth Wilberg died in another plane crash near Dresden. Udet was buried next to Manfred von Richthofen in the Invalidenfriedhof Cemetery in Berlin. Mölders was buried next to Udet.

According to Udet's biography, The Fall of an Eagle, he wrote a suicide note in red pencil that included: "Ingelein, why have you left me?" and "Iron One, you are responsible for my death". "Ingelein" referred to his girlfriend, Inge Bleyle, and "Iron One" to Hermann Göring. The book The Luftwaffe War Diaries similarly states that Udet wrote "Reichsmarschall, why have you deserted me?" in red on the headboard of his bed. Evidence indicates that Udet's unhappy relationship with Göring, Erhard Milch and the Nazi Party in general was the cause of a mental breakdown.

Portrayals

 * Carl Zuckmayer's 1946 play Des Teufels General ("The Devil's General") was a fictional treatment of Udet's final days.
 * Des Teufels General was a 1955 film version of the Zuckmeyer play, with Curd Jürgens in the title role.
 * In the East German TV miniseries Ohne Kampf kein Sieg (1966) Udet is portrayed by Alfred Müller.
 * In the film Von Richthofen and Brown (1971), Udet was portrayed by Robert La Tourneaux
 * The character of "Ernst Kessler" in the 1975 film The Great Waldo Pepper is clearly based upon Ernst Udet. Kessler was portrayed by actor Bo Brundin. It also contains dogfighting scenes between a Fokker Dr.I and a Sopwith Camel.
 * Udet is featured in the Knights of the Sky video game as an enemy German pilot.
 * In the movie The Red Baron (2008), Udet is portrayed by Jiří Laštovka.
 * Christian Berkel plays Udet in the television film Elly Beinhorn: Solo Flight (2014).

title: Ernst Udet