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Oboi

Oboi (Manchu:, Mölendorff: Oboi; ) (c. 1610 –1669) was a prominent Manchu military commander and courtier who served in various military and administrative posts under three successive emperors of the early Qing dynasty. Born to the Guwalgiya clan, Oboi was one of four regents nominated by the Shunzhi Emperor to oversee the government during the minority of the Kangxi Emperor. Oboi reversed the benevolent policies of the Shunzhi Emperor, and vigorously pushed for clear reassertion of Manchu power over the Han Chinese. Eventually deposed and imprisoned by the new emperor for having amassed too much power, he was posthumously rehabilitated.

Early life and military career
Oboi was born to the Manchu Gūwalgiya clan, which had been distinguishing itself militarily since Oboi's grandfather Solgo submitted to Nurhaci (1559–1626) in 1588. Under the Manchu Banner organization created by Nurhaci, Oboi's branch of the family was registered under the Bordered Yellow Banner which came under the command of Nurhaci's son Hong Taiji (1592–1643). Oboi's father Uici (衛齊) (d. 1634) was a senior military officer who was once garrison commander of the Manchu capital city Mukden while his paternal uncle Fiongdon was one of Nurhaci's most trusted generals.

Oboi's childhood and early years are relatively obscure. Being his father's third son, he was not destined to inherit the family's hereditary position in the Banner hierarchy. Oboi was first mentioned in official Qing history in the Veritable Records of Qing Taizong [Hong Taiji] (清太宗實錄) in 1632, documenting his triumphant return from a minor raid into Ming territories in which he was allowed to keep his spoils as reward.

Oboi officially started his military career in 1634 during the reign of Hong Taiji as a junior officer in the Banner's cavalry guard unit in which capacity he distinguished himself many times in battle against Ming forces and was renowned for his personal bravery. For this, he was granted a hereditary commission as captain of a company (niru i janggin). In 1633 and 1634 he took part in campaigns against the Chahar Mongols, whose leader Ligdan Khan submitted to the Manchus in 1635.

In 1637 during the Manchu's second campaign against Korea, Oboi volunteered and succeeded in capturing the small but strategically important Ka Island (then known as "Pidao" in Chinese) south of the Yalu River, from which the Ming army had led operations against the Liaodong peninsula, the main focus of armed conflict between the Manchus and the Ming. After a difficult amphibious landing followed by desperate hand-to-hand combat the defending Ming garrison was annihilated. For this achievement he was promoted to the rank of a hereditary colonel third-class and bestowed the rare honorific title of "Baturu" (巴圖魯), which means "(brave) warrior" in Manchu. In 1641, Oboi again distinguished himself in battle scoring five victories in as many encounters in the consecutive sieges of Jinzhou and Songshan, two of the last Ming strongholds in Liaodong. He was promoted to full colonel and given command of the Bayarai guards of the Bordered Yellow Banner.

After the death of Hong Taiji in 1643, Oboi supported the late ruler's eldest son Hooge over Dorgon during the ensuing succession crisis. Despite Hooge's faction losing out to Dorgon's proposed compromised candidate, Hong Taiji's youngest son Fulin, Oboi continued to participate in military campaigns through the Qing dynasty's successful invasion of China in 1644. His rise in the Bordered Yellow Banner hierarchy continued apace with the Qing conquest of the Ming. In 1645 he was promoted to the rank of general. From 1644 to 1648 Oboi was part of the armies that fought bandit and self declared emperor Li Zicheng (nemesis of the last Ming emperor), bandit king Zhang Xianzhong, and the remnants of Zhang's armies after Zhang was killed in 1647. Draft History of Qing claims that in early 1647 during the campaign to pacify Sichuan, Oboi was responsible for slaying Zhang in battle. However other Qing records show an entirely different account, one where one of Zhang's commanders, Liu Jinzhong defected to the Qing after fearing being the next victim of Zhang's ongoing purge and execution of his own commanders and soldiers, leading the Qing soldiers and Haoge directly to Zhang Xianzhong's camp where Zhang was alerted to their presence and decided to confront them with only 8 to 10 men. Zhang was shot and killed by an anonymous archer from the Qing army after Liu identified Zhang to the Qing troops. Oboi is nowhere mentioned in this other account as being responsible for Zhang Xianzhong's death nor was Zhang beheaded in this account.

In 1648, when Hooge was imprisoned and convicted by Dorgon, Oboi was sentenced to death, but his sentence was commuted to loss of rank. Despite his demotion, in 1648 and 1649 he took part in a campaign to extirpate Ming turncoat Jiang Xiang (姜瓖; d. 1649)––who had now turned against the Qing––from his base in Datong (Shaanxi, north China).

Persecution and rehabilitation
As a member of the Bordered Yellow Banner, Oboi's loyalty to his Banner master was crucial to his rapid advancement during the years when Hong Taiji commanded the Banner. However, after Hong Taiji's death, Oboi's loyalty to his new Banner master Hooge became a political liability. When Dorgon who commanded the White and Bordered White Banners became regent to the young Shunzhi Emperor, he sought to weaken the influence of the other Banners at court by purging the ranks of their senior commanders. Just as Hooge was arrested and eventually died in prison, in 1648 Oboi was stripped of his rank and titles under a charge of claiming false victories in battle. Later he was found guilty of a more serious crime of conspiracy to elect Hooge as emperor during the succession dispute after Hong Taiji's death. This later charge carried with it the death penalty, however the sentence was commuted while he continued to command troops against Ming loyalists. The charges against Oboi were most likely politically motivated and were rehabilitated in 1651 after Dorgon's death. Oboi for his unswerving loyalty to his Banner and services to the Qing government was appointed a cabinet minister by Shunzhi Emperor, who also bestowed on him the title of Marquis of the First Rank.

The extent of the Shunzhi Emperor's trust in Oboi's loyalty can be gauged by the honours the emperor showered on him. In 1652 after Shunzhi successfully purged the court of the more powerful elements in Dorgon's faction, Oboi was elevated to a hereditary Duke of the Second Rank and more importantly appointed the commander of the imperial bodyguard (領侍衛內大臣), a job which doubled as the de facto police chief in the capital. In this capacity Oboi acted as Shunzhi's much feared enforcer against Dorgon's old cohorts and helped to consolidate power to the throne and the Emperor's own "Upper Three Banners". During the period of Shunzhi's personal rule, Oboi was responsible for the arrest and execution of a number of noblemen found guilty of one crime or another. Although there is no doubt that these executions were carried out with the approval of Shunzhi, it is not surprising that after the emperor's death, Oboi, given his ruthless character and position in court, when left uncontrolled by a higher authority would eventually come to dominate court politics creating a deep state centered on himself.

Regency
The Shunzhi Emperor died from smallpox on February 5, 1661, at the age of 24. On his deathbed he appointed four "Executive Ministers" (輔政大臣) commonly referred to as regents to "assist" his eight-year-old son Xuanye to govern the country until the young emperor reached the age of maturity at 16. The four ministers in their order of seniority were Sonin of the Yellow Banner, who apart from being chief minister of the Imperial Household Department (內務府大臣) was also nominated by Empress Dowager Zhaosheng to head the regency. The second minister on the list was Suksaha of the White Banner. Originally a trusted deputy of Dorgon, Suksaha was politically astute enough to switch sides immediately after the former regent's death when the court was still dominated by Dorgon's associates. By the time of the Shunzhi Emperor's death he was one of the emperor's most trusted courtiers. Then came Ebilun and Oboi, both members of the Bordered Yellow Banner. The Shunzhi Emperor's succession plan set a precedent for the Qing dynasty of nominating courtiers who owed their loyalty to the crown to "assist" a young emperor during the years of minority in running the state. This reflected the lesson learned from Dorgon's regency, when the regent grew almost too powerful for the emperor to control. Unfortunately, this system of appointing ministers to oversee the government during an emperor's minority proved not to be a very stable political device after all.

Three of the four ministers, Sonin, Ebilun and Oboi were members of the "Two Yellow Banners" (i.e. Yellow Banner and Bordered Yellow Banner) previously under the command of the Shunzhi Emperor's elder brother Hooge. Because of the personal and political rivalries between Hooge and Dorgon, all three men were persecuted at one time or another during Dorgon's regency for their Banner affiliation. However their loyalty thus proven was also key to their rapid advancement after Dorgon's death. It was a major factor in Shunzhi's choice of personnel to oversee his son's regency. However Shunzhi's arrangement heightened the already sensitive relationship between the three members of the Yellow Banners and Suksaha who belonged to the White Banner. Suksaha was a much despised figure at this point not only because he was a member of the White Banner in an imperial court dominated by the two Yellow Banners, but also because he gained the Shunzhi Emperor's trust by denouncing his former master Dorgon, an action seen by his colleagues including members of the White Banner as disloyal.

In the first years of the regency, the tension between the Yellow Banners faction and Suksaha was kept in check by the even handed Sonin and thus the four ministers maintained a relatively peaceful and efficient working relationship. But the dynamics of the regency began to change as Sonin's health deteriorated due to old age. As Sonin gradually took more time off, Oboi monopolized decision making by dominating the indecisive Ebilun and worked to sideline Suksaha during policy discussions especially on issues concerning welfare of the Manchu Eight Banners. By 1667 when Sonin realized he did not have long to live, he tried a last-ditch effort to restore balance to the regency and neutralize Oboi's rapidly expanding power clique by petitioning the then 14-year-old Kangxi Emperor to assume personal rule ahead of schedule. Thus Kangxi formerly took over the reins of power in an ascension ceremony on August 25, 1667, a month after Sonin's death. This was followed by an official decree technically downgrading the three remaining ministers to the status of "advisers" (佐政大臣) while still remaining at their posts. However even with the formal authority of office, the young Kangxi Emperor found it difficult to curb the growing power of Oboi.

Conflict with the Kangxi Emperor
Oboi forced the young Kangxi Emperor to execute Suksaha and his family. He controlled Ebilun completely and then finally established a system of near absolute rule under himself.

The Kangxi Emperor took power earlier than expected at the age of 15 in 1669. The emperor suddenly had Oboi arrested on 30 charges. Oboi was sentenced to death but it was reduced to imprisonment in consideration of his achievements. Some sources say that he displayed the many wounds on his body that had been received in the defense of Kangxi's great-grandfather Nurhaci, this act had apparently moved the Kangxi Emperor to pardon Oboi.

Oboi was posthumously rehabilitated. The Kangxi Emperor issued a pardon in 1713, while his successor, the Yongzheng Emperor, granted Oboi the rank of a First Class Duke and the posthumous title Chaowu (超武 "exceedingly martial") but Yongzheng's successor, the Qianlong Emperor, gave Oboi the lower title of First Class Baron after reviewing his merits and demerits.

In popular culture
Oboi appears as an antagonist in the early part of the wuxia novel The Deer and the Cauldron by Jin Yong. In the novel, he is depicted as a cruel, power-hungry regent plotting to usurp the throne from the Kangxi Emperor. With help from the protagonist Wei Xiaobao, the emperor manages to remove Oboi from power and imprison him. Oboi is eventually killed in prison by Wei Xiaobao.

In the 2017 Chinese TV series Legend of Dragon Pearl Oboi is portrayed by Xiao Rongsheng. Oboi is shown to be an oppressive roadblock for the Kangxi Emperor in his mission regain his full political power and reaffirm his sovereignty.

title: Oboi


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Leela (Futurama)

Turanga Leela is a fictional character from the animated television series Futurama. Leela is spaceship captain, pilot, and head of all aviation services on board the Planet Express Ship. Throughout the series, she has an on-again, off-again relationship with and got engaged to Philip J. Fry, the central character in the series. The character, voiced by Katey Sagal, is named after the Turangalîla-Symphonie by Olivier Messiaen. She is one of the few characters in the cast to routinely display competence and the ability to command, and routinely saves the rest of the cast from disaster. However, she suffers extreme self-doubt because she has only one eye and grew up as a bullied orphan. She first believes herself an alien, but later finds out she is the least-mutated sewer mutant in the history of 31st-century Earth. Her family (particularly her parents' accent and "outcast" status) parodies aspects of pollution and undesirability associated with industrial New Jersey when compared with New York City.

Fictional character biography
Turanga Leela was born to Morris and Munda, two mutants who live in the sewer deep under New New York City. The mutant doctor who delivered Leela remarked that she was "the least mutated mutant ever born". When Leela was still an infant, her parents gave her up to the Cookieville Minimum Security Orphanarium with a note written in mysterious symbols to suggest that Leela was an alien, so that she would have a better life than a typical mutant.

For the first three seasons of the series, Leela hopes to meet another member of her race of one-eyed aliens. In the episode "A Bicyclops Built for Two", Leela meets Alcazar, a cyclops who convinces her that he and she are the last two members of their extinct race, only to discover that he is a shapeshifting impostor who just wanted to marry her so she would be his maid. Leela's parents' plan for concealing her origins works well until an industrial accident caused by environmentally irresponsible Bender brings Leela and her friends into the New New York City's sewer system where for the first time Leela meets her parents and discovers that she is not a cyclopean alien, but is actually a sewer mutant.

In the episode "The Problem with Popplers", Leela's family name, Turanga, was used for the first time. The episode "Less Than Hero" establishes that among Leela and her parents, their family name is placed before the given name.

Character development

Leela's orphan upbringing and mysterious origins are helpful to fuel the development of her character over the course of the series.

Despite her strong-willed nature, she often feels self-conscious about her distinctive appearance, and at one point elects to have surgery to give her the appearance of having two normal-sized eyes, though she later has this reversed. Leela's single eye hampers her depth perception and is sometimes exploited for comic effect, for instance, in the episode "The Problem with Popplers" it is suggested that she actually is crashing into billboards every time in the opening credits, though it typically does not interfere with her ability to pilot the Planet Express Ship (beyond crashing into the odd billboard) or her mastery of martial arts.

Originally a career placement officer for new defrostees at a cryogenics lab in the year 2999, Leela quit her job after meeting Philip J. Fry, a defrostee from 1999, and Bender, a high-tech, job-deserting, girder bending robot. Together they are employed as the crew for Planet Express, an intergalactic delivery business run by Fry's distant relative, Professor Hubert J. Farnsworth. Leela serves as captain of the Planet Express Ship, proving herself to be a skilled officer and often rescuing her less-talented coworkers from peril.

Leela is an avid environmentalist. In "Love's Labour Lost in Space", Leela and crew are sent to Vergon 6, a planet that is about to collapse because of mining. Her mission is to save the animal inhabitants of the planet. The mission winds up unsuccessful because of a small animal Leela finds because he ate the rest of the rescued animals. This animal, who she names Nibbler, becomes her pet for the remainder of the series. Her environmentalist beliefs resurface again in Into the Wild Green Yonder. Despite her love of animals and nature, she embarks on an Ahab-like quest to kill a space whale in the episode "Möbius Dick".

Abilities
Leela is a skilled martial artist and adept acrobat, weapons expert and survivalist. In the episode "Raging Bender", a flashback revealed that she had earned a red belt in Kung Fu as a teenager, but despite her besting all the other students, she quit due to her sexist instructor, whom she beat up years later. She is very athletic and in great physical condition, with most males (of any species) unable to match her in physical combat.

Relationships

 * Philip J. Fry: Leela's and Fry's relationship is a major plot line that runs throughout the series. Fry frequently asks for dates, though she repeatedly turns him down despite her usual romantic mishaps. There are various moments when she does fall for him even briefly, especially whenever he would risk his life for her. She sees him as a true friend and does not want anything more of him, but it constantly appears as if she is hiding (and denying herself) deeper feelings for him, saying "I love his boyish charm, but I hate his childishness". At the end of the film Futurama: Into the Wild Green Yonder, Leela openly admits to loving Fry, and shows greater attraction to him from the episode "Rebirth" onward, though their relationship varies. In "The Prisoner of Benda", the two share a romantic interlude, though their personalities have been switched to different bodies. In the episode "Fry Am the Egg Man", while being hit on by Angus McZongo, she says that she and Fry are strictly platonic. In "Overclockwise", Leela expresses concerns over their "on-again-off-again" relationship, but by the end of that episode, Bender reveals Fry and Leela's future to them, and while the viewer is not told its details, Leela and Fry are clearly pleased with them. The relationship continues through the seventh season, culminating in Fry proposing to Leela. Before she can accept, however, an accident with the Professor's new invention results in the universe being frozen in time, except for her and Fry. They get married anyway and have a happy life together as the only unfrozen beings in existence. Years later, the Professor appears through an interdimensional wormhole and offers them the chance to go back in time to before the universe froze. Fry asks Leela if she wants to "go around again" with him, a proposal she happily accepts. The eighth season, picking up ten years after time was frozen, shows a young-again Fry and Leela continuing their relationship, and they eventually move in together in the episode "Related to Items You've Viewed".

 * Lars Fillmore:After a freak accident involving Hermes' decapitated body, Leela meets Lars at the Head Museum where Hermes' head is being kept alive. Lars later delivers Hermes' new head jar and asks Leela out for dinner and the two begin dating. During the same time Leela and Lars begin dating, the world is taken over by an alien species that overtook robots by scamming people into giving them personal information. The scammers find the secret to time travel tattooed on Fry's butt. After the scammers have stolen all-important artifacts from throughout history, they seek to destroy Fry's body so no one else can time travel. Fry escapes back to the 21st century with Bender on his tail. Bender believes he murdered Fry and heads back to the future. Fry shows up and tells his story of how he got back to the future. The Professor reveals a formula that he then explains to be why anybody that is duplicated due to time travel is doomed. Lars proposes to Leela in Futurama: Bender's Big Score. Lars saves the crew from a bomb dropped by Robot Santa and Fry becomes even more upset and jealous. Lars and Leela were to marry on Sunday, December 27, 3007 at 4 o'clock. During the ceremony Lars leaves Leela at the altar because Hermes' body was again destroyed because of the time paradox duplicate rule, and he did not want their wedding to be riddled with sadness. Fry sees Leela's sadness and devises a plan to try to get Leela and Lars back together. During this encounter, it is revealed that Lars is actually Fry's time paradox body duplicate whose hair and voice was altered by when Bender tried to kill him and grew more mature over the years. He later dies due to being a time paradox body duplicate, but Leela's relationship with him helps make her closer to the original Fry.

 * Zapp Brannigan:During a visit aboard The Nimbus, Leela has pity sex with the pompous, idiotic captain Zapp Brannigan in the episode where he is first introduced, "Love's Labours Lost in Space"; according to Groening, the episode marked a turning point in the series, as it showed that the writers could degrade the main heroine without alienating viewers from the show. Throughout the series, Brannigan constantly tries to entice her into dates and romantic encounters, much to her disgust, Leela denouncing him as an incompetent lover and general idiot. The next encounter Leela has with Zapp is in "A Flight to Remember", during a cruise on the Titanic. Leela, worried Zapp might try to court her, tells Zapp she is dating Fry. Zapp suspects she is lying and invites her and Fry to dine at the captain's table with him. Zapp does his best to catch them in the lie but due to changing the ship's course earlier in the episode, which eventually leads the ship into a black hole, is called away from the table. Leela is able to make it off the ship with the rest of the crew in an escape pod and avoid an unwanted sexual encounter with Zapp. In "In-A-Gadda-Da-Leela", while on a mission with him they crash-land and he tricks her into thinking they are what's left of humanity and should be the new Adam and Eve, which she agrees to. When she discovers the ruse, she reluctantly has sex with him to save the Earth from a planet-destroying satellite.

 * Nibbler (Non-Romantic):Leela and the rest of the Planet Express Ship's crew are sent on a mission to a planet called Vergon 6 in "Love's Labour Lost in Space". On their way to the planet, The Planet Express Ship is intercepted by The Nimbus, captained by Zapp Brannigan. Leela decides to ask Zapp for help in saving the animals from the doomed planet of Vergon 6. Zapp denies her request and imprisons the crew based on their intention of breaking Brannigan's law. According to Brannigan's law, no one is allowed to interfere with undeveloped planets. A committed environmentalist and lover of animals, Leela defies Brannigan's orders in order to save the animals of Vergon 6. During the final moments of the planet's existence Leela finds Nibbler, a lone animal of the planet, and adopts him as a pet. Later in the series Nibbler reveals himself to be a member of an ancient race of wise, sophisticated beings known as the Nibblonians. In the episode I Second That Emotion, Bender becomes frustrated with the attention that Nibbler is getting. Seeking to get rid of Nibbler and claim the attention for himself, Bender flushes Nibbler down the toilet. When Bender shows no remorse for his actions Leela becomes frustrated with his inability to see her pain. She has The Professor install a microchip onto Bender to force him to mirror her emotions. Due to Leela's sadness from losing Nibbler, Bender goes into the sewers to find him. Leela goes after Bender and Nibbler but runs into trouble when a sewer monster urban legend shows to be true. In order to save herself and Nibbler, Leela learns to be a little more selfish.

 * Adlai Atkins (voiced by Tom Kenny): The only other success to come from Leela's orphanage, Adlai was a remarkably average man who had become a cosmetic surgeon. He grafts a second eye onto Leela's face - which gives her a normal appearance, although she still cannot actually see through the other eye - and the two began dating, but when Adlai commented that an orphan with a third ear on her forehead could be given an operation to be 'acceptable', Leela realizes that she had been better off as she was and makes Adlai undo the surgery.

 * Al Alcazar: Initially the first other cyclops Leela met, Alcazar claimed that their planet had been destroyed in a war and the two of them were the only survivors, prompting Leela to accept his proposal of marriage despite his boorish nature and mistreatment of her. However, Fry discovers that Alcazar was actually a shape-shifting grasshopper-like alien who sought to marry 'five alien weirdos' to clean his five castles, and the wedding was swiftly called off. Alcazar is a parody of Al Bundy, the main character of Married... with Children, the sitcom on which Katey Sagal costarred.

 * Chaz (voiced by Bob Odenkirk): The mayor's aide. There is only one thing that he cannot do, "fail the mayor". He dated Leela and she seemed to be in love with him because of his stature, but Leela dumped him when he wouldn't let orphans skate with them because he was too important.

 * Sean / Leela's uneducated ex-boyfriend: The two were in a relationship prior to Fry's arrival to the future, but they broke up. Leela claims that the breakup was mutual, but Sean claims that she was crazy. Sean's first appearance in the show is in "Fry and Leela's Big Fling", where he demonstrates his musical talent before being challenged to a fight by Fry. At the end of the episode, it is revealed that Sean is now married to Darlene whom he met in the 99-cent store.

Conception
Though the series described Turanga Leela as a one-eyed alien in its first episodes, Futurama creator Matt Groening and executive producer David X. Cohen had in mind that she would turn out to be the child of sewer-dwelling mutants before the series was pitched to executives. The mutants later revealed to be Leela's parents appear as background characters in the season 2 episode "I Second That Emotion", providing an early hint at her origin. Later in the series it is revealed that her parents had given her up to an orphanage (styled an 'orphanarium') in order to give her a chance at living a normal life on the surface, passing her off as an alien due to her relative lack of distinguishing mutant features. According to Groening, the cyclopean but otherwise comely Leela subverts the science-fiction cliché of glamorously perfect female heroines.

An early file Groening compiled on Leela lists some of her intended qualities: "strong-willed, opinionated, gentle (when not fighting), gives orders, unlucky in love, loves weapons, loves animals". Katey Sagal describes her as a "tough, strong career girl who just can't get it together in the rest of her life...she's vulnerable and hard at the same time".

Name
Her family name plays on Turangalîla, the Sanskrit title of the 1948 Turangalîla-Symphonie by French composer Olivier Messiaen. The Turangalîla-Symphonie has four cyclical themes; its title can be roughly translated as "love song". Her given name, Leela (/ˈli.laː/), is the word for lilac in many Indo-European languages (such as French, German, Italian, Dutch and Swedish). Groening also stated in the show's DVD commentary that Leela's name is also a tribute to the Doctor Who companion of the same name who served alongside the Fourth Doctor, who makes cameo appearances in episode 103 ("Möbius Dick") and episode 111 ("All the Presidents' Heads").

Design
Besides her oversized single eye, Leela's other distinctive features include her purple hair tied in a ponytail by a black hair tie and relatively small nose. The ponytail was included so that Leela, like the other main characters in Futurama and Groening's other cartoon The Simpsons, would be recognizable in silhouette. During the many stages of character design, Groening decided to give Leela a large nose just for fun, but the animators resisted the idea, believing that it was unnatural. The animators ended up drawing Leela with a small nose based on Groening's original drawing of Leela, which he references as his "idea of a sexy babe". Animator Gregg Vanzo notes that the artists also had initial difficulties drawing facial expressions and moods for Leela because of her single eye. Leela's usual clothing consists of a low-cut white tank top, leggings and boots. Groening intended Leela to be portrayed as attractive and sexy, but had to instruct the animators to de-emphasize exaggerated aspects of their original design that were too "racy". However, Leela is still considered attractive and sexy, even beautiful by several such as Fry and Zapp Brannigan.

Leela wears an electronic device on her wrist, referred to in one episode as a "wristlojackimator;" it is capable of a variety of tasks, similar to The Doctor's sonic screwdriver or the tricorders of Star Trek.

Casting
Katey Sagal provides the voice of Leela. Sagal immediately wanted the role when she was asked to audition for Groening. She is one of the few primarily live-action actors in the Futurama cast. In an interview, Sagal said: "This is acting, but a different type of acting. You're not using your whole tool here—your body and physicality—but it's challenging that way. The animation work is really unusual. I don't have the same experience doing it as the people I work with." Sagal notes that she found out years after accepting the part that someone else (comedian Nicole Sullivan ) had previously been cast as Leela but the creators had decided to replace her. She also notes that she does not change Leela's voice much from her own natural voice but she does try to make it a little higher-pitched.

title: Leela (Futurama)


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Baluchi

Baluchi may refer to:

Afghanistan

 * Baluchi, Balkh, Afghanistan
 * Balūchī, Helmand, Afghanistan
 * Balūchī, Herat, Afghanistan
 * Balūchī, Orūzgān, Afghanistan
 * Balūchī, Sar-e Pol, Afghanistan

Iran

 * Baluchi, Fars
 * Baluchi, Chabahar, Sistan and Baluchestan Province
 * Baluchi-ye Bala, Sistan and Baluchestan Province
 * Baluchi-ye Pain, Sistan and Baluchestan Province

Other uses

 * Reza Baluchi (born 1972), an Iranian American athlete and activist, inventor of the hydro pod
 * Baluchi horse

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Talk:Freestyle rap

This could be condensed into rap. Morganmichaels 05:23, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC) This article should be included with "flyting".
 * Yes, this could be, but not all the subcategories of rap listed. And who is to decide which subcategories need their own article. This article could use with some history, and maybe a list of famous freestylers, and then it would be easily too detailed to be subsumed in the main article on rap music. -- Cimon Avaro on a pogostick 06:33, Nov 26, 2003 (UTC)
 * I think this should be moved to freestyling, because the current title makes it sound like its a subgenre of rap music. It isn't so much a subgenre, though, because it can be old school rap, gangsta rap, alternative rap, as long as it is improvised.  Freestyle rapping might be better... Tuf-Kat 07:46, Nov 27, 2003 (UTC)

Given that a search for "freestyling" in wikipedia leads to this page this is more a discussion about changing the title of the page and in that sense i would agree that it should be called 'freestyling'. i think this is much more in tune with the way this art form is referred to by rappers and other people interested in hip hop music. i think this also deals with Tim Ivorson's concerns below, and i also agree with him, freestyling is more a kind of performance and not so much a static thing (ie a freestyle rap) RedwoodwordRedwoodword

I've been making hip hop music and battling for around 10 years, I've represented my region and my country in battle tournaments, and in my opinion 'freestyle rap' is not synonymous with 'battle rap'. Back in the day the main component of freestyle battles was freestyling and premeditated lines would every now and then be slipped in. Now days we have written accapella battles which are still quite obviously rap battles but are not 'freestyle' as in off the top of the head. When I was coming up battling also extended to audio tracks in the form of dis tracks which were common place. In short I don't think it's appropriate to insinuate 'freestyle rap' as it is defined here as being synonymous with 'battle rap' etc. and I think most of those established artists would agree. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Norepinepherinergic (talk • contribs) 08:05, 23 April 2012 (UTC)

Battles
The section on battles mentions that using pre-composed or written in advance lyrics is considered dishonorable, but practically everybody I talk to agrees that public disses for 'writing' are mostly just pro forma, since many or most freestylers come into battles armed with precanned verses. I can't find a source online to cite this, does anyone have one? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.114.19.5 (talk) 03:34, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

Is this where I can post an edit suggestion? I have a suggestion to add a mention about "online battling", it's grossly mising in this entry in my opinion...

Hip-hop battling is as old as hip-hop itself and should definitely be mentioned as an important foundation of hip-hop. However, the wikipedia section under "freestyle rap" and "battles" reads:

"As hip-hop evolved in the early 80s MCs gained their fame through live battles with other MCs. Freestyle battles can take place anywhere: street corners, on stage at a concert, or in school."

and is incomplete because it leaves out "online battling". With the growth of Web 2.0 and social media, hip hop battling has significantly moved online. I feel it's important to mention this to the readers, otherwise the entry appears grossly outdated. Furthermore, I feel it's valuable to put this in context by giving them a strong example of where and how online battling is taking place. Goldmic.com has pioneered online battling in 2001 with it's Patented online battling system and it is the #1 online hip hop battling website. Since 2001, there have been over 200,000 battles and 1.5 million votes from members from 20+ countries. This information is relevant and valuable to the readers of this wiki entry. I hope you guys consider and agree? —Preceding unsigned comment added by DJ-City (talk • contribs) 01:48, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

 * As one of the editors who kept reverting the references to the website as spam, I figure I should chime in. I have no opinion on whether online battling should be added to the article or not, but the insistence of adding that site as an example troubles me. I've seen that website added to several different rap related articles, and it looked a lot like advertising. So, while I have no objections to adding the online battling section, is it really that important to give an example? Why couldn't we just leave the website out? I should also note that I did some digging and, once upon a time, we did have a mention of online batting, which was removed without any explanation . Should we add this back to the article? Apparition11 Complaints/ Mistakes 06:59, 11 January 2009 (UTC)

Guys, leaving "online battling" out of the discussion is grossly outdated. The fact is, today, more hip hop battles take place online than in the streets or any other medium. There are hundreds if not thousands of small battle forums online. There is also Goldmic.com, a hip hop battling website that has hosted over 200,000 hip hop battles with over 2 million votes cast. I have been on that site since 2001 and just want readers of this section to get the most relevant and comprehensive information about what is going on with "online battling" today. If you guys have another hip hop battling site you feel is worth mentioning, please speak up. I mention Goldmic because it's the oldest, largest and most respected hip hop battling website around. You guys can check for yourselves if you don't believe me. We are doing the readers of this wikipedia hip hop battling section a disservice if we omit this information. Can we vote on whether we should add this information? —Preceding unsigned comment added by DJ-City (talk • contribs) 21:52, 13 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is not a democracy, so a vote wouldn't accomplish anything. We go by consensus instead. The link doesn't look appropriate to me. Including more inappropriate links wouldn't help; quite the opposite, it would just attract WP:SPAM. I haven't seen anyone object to an online battling section, it's the example that you are so insistent to include. Leave it out and I won't have a problem with it. It seems that you do not want to even consider the section without including that website, but if you would, you would be met with a lot less resistance (I'll note that I wasn't the only one who previously reverted it as spam). Apparition11 Complaints/ Mistakes 22:48, 13 March 2009 (UTC)

Ok, point taken. We could just mention online battling and it would be an improvement, but it would still be incomplete in the sense that the reader is left without an easy way to verify the information. The vast majority of readers will wonder "where is online battling taking place online?" and "Is this true? As we all know, the world wide web is extremely vast, so readers will not be able to verify our claim easily. Wouldn't it be an improvement if we substantiate it with at least one example? Goldmic has pioneered online battling and is the largest online hip hop battling destination - it is the best example of online hip-hop battling. Any of us can verify this information or suggest a better alternative example. I read Wikepedia's Spam guidelines and including a mention of a relevant example is in line with the Spam guidelines. Mentioning Goldmic follows the guidelines because it is highly relevant (they pioneered online hip-hop battling), we are not linking it to the site and it is neutral with no adveritising pitch since we are just stating a fact. I copied and pasted some WK:Spam guidelines which support this view:

"When an article on an otherwise encyclopedic topic has the tone of an advertisement, the article can often be salvaged by rewriting it in a neutral point of view. Elements of articles about products or services with brand names can also be combined under a common topic or category to facilitate unbiased and collaborative information by including information about the competition and about different alternatives."

"Such examples should also be highly relevant to the article topic."

"If your product is truly relevant to an article, others will agree—try the talk page. We usually recommend that editors be bold in adding directly to articles. But if the above advice makes you concerned that others will regard your contribution as spam, you can find out without taking that risk: Describe your work on the article's talk page, asking other editors if it is relevant." —Preceding unsigned comment added by DJ-City (talk • contribs) 04:12, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes, the readers should be able to verify the information per WP:V, but this should be done through reliable sources, not by giving examples. I'll point out another part of the spam guideline, here, it says that you should be careful when giving examples. In an article purely about online battling, then examples might be more appropriate, but since this is about freestyle rap in general, I don't see as to how it is particularly relevant to this article. Apparition11 Complaints/ Mistakes 04:28, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
 * (edit) I should also note that Wikipedia is not a directory. If readers want to know where to find these sites, they can use Google. Apparition11 Complaints/ Mistakes 04:33, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

Sections
this article should probably be divided into sections, something like; History, Methodology, Great Freestylers, Established Competitions, etc. ReverendG 18:11, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

Freestyle rap is not a rap==

The recent addition of a into the lead senetence (like so, "Freestyle rap is, strictly speaking, a rap...") makes it sound like a single performance, rather than a kind of performance. Tim Ivorson 21:16, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

here are some freestyle rappers:

ace, sick, reign man, gza [of wun tang clan], rza [of wu tang clan], freeway,Murder Mook [highly regarded as the best at this present time], Jin [Winner of BET's freestyle friday and the 2005 power summit], Cassidy, Serious jones, Jae millz, party arty, Loaded lux, Eddie morris, Reed dollarz [another higly regarded and known for a flawless delivery], trigga, Swann, Rhymefest [winner of scribble jam 2004], Eyedea, Shellz, T rex, Young neles, Un kasa [of diplomats], Hell rell [of diplomats], 40 cal [of diplomats], Proffesor green, Iron soleman, Nems, Red dott, Posta boy [Winner of freestyle friday] Whyte out [winner of freestyle friday] Orbit etc etc. It also must be noted that alot of the most popular artist today came up in the rap game through being known for freestyling like Nas and Eminem.

You should have written that better... and how could you forget KRS-One and even Common? --Taurus8 sam 06:37, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

Many of the rappers listed here use pre-written rhymes in battle; Loaded Lux, Cassidy, Serious Jones, Jae Millz, and T Rex have used pre-written rhymes.--Vivify (talk) 09:35, 18 November 2008 (UTC)

Canibus and Freestyling
Deleted the part about canibus and freestyling

1.Canibus method of freestyling was known even before he became famous in 1998 , he admittied it when asked in an interview, his former partner even praised him for his ability ("In rhyming battles, Canibus was extremely aggressive. He memorized like 40 rhymes," Webb reminisces )and was praised for it some years latter by ras kass.He was never critised for it, nor did he ever tried to deney it he would even put word for word verses that he had freestyled( as in his defenition) into his album (see buckingham palace) if he was trying to hide this he was doing a very bad job of it, infact freesyling prewriten verses is realitivily common something that rappers such as DMX, eminem and chino xl have been known to do.

2.There is no credibility to the now newly formed on wikipeida rumor that canibus was called Milli Vanilli, search for it yourself.

3.Canibus's carrer did not end in 2003, after his second album failed to sell up to expetations he went independent and released 3 albums for 2001-2003 of those that speak of canibus's carrer ending the date usually given is either 1998 OR 2001 1998 is argued as a backlash from a well publisized battle with hip hop pioner llcoolj. 2001 because of the release of his controversial album entitled "c true hollywood stories" see http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00005QXG9/sr=8-1/qid=1146250128/ref=sr_1_1/002-8625500-0020840?%5Fencoding=UTF8 and http://www.rapreviews.com/archive/2002_01F_stories.html In fact in 2003 the album he released outsold the ones he released made in 2001 and 2002 it even had the rare honour(for an indepenant artist) of debuting at no 7 of the independat billboard charts http://www.babygrande.com/news.jsp?id=25 Canibus did not join the army for political reasons and he has never voiced support for the war, even going as far as to hint in one of his mixtape songs that he supported John Kerry "Watching John Kerry spit over some Michal more beats". In 2004 he was sought out by wyclef john of fuggue fame to join his record label( so much for a dead carrer)he refused and was able to release 3 different albums on 3 different labels in the span of one year in 2005(Mind control on gladiatior records, Cloak and dagger on head trama records and mic club master on micclub).At present he is not the vice ceo of head trama records.

Merging Freestyle Battle
I suggested merging freestyle battle into this article. The two seem to be closely intertwined, and both articles are short. Objections? PaulKishimoto 05:59, 22 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I say its a good idea. Rever

Ok Its cool with me Home Boy User: Bloveprince e ndG 06:11, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Voice and style
"...non-scripted, non-rehearsed, uncut, and the rawest form of hip-hop."

"...rap uncensored from what is inside."

Phrases like these make for inappropriate voice - In places, the article reads like an attempt at a hip hop manifesto, or perhaps a soliloquy from 8 Mile. 24.84.202.57 00:36, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

I agree with the comment above there needs to be a bit more rigor to the writing if it is going to reach wikipedia's standards. there also seems to be some confusion about what freestyling is as is evidence by comments like "freestyling prewritten verses is fairly common".

for this reason i'm suggesting that the article begins with the two main definitions of freestyling that i am aware of. i.e. freestyling as a free association written rap (no particular theme, the documentary freestyle the art of rhyme could be cited as a source in this case) and freestyling more or less as it is defined in the opening paragraph of the article although with some adjustments to style and voice. these changes might be something like what i've written in the following paragraph.

Freestyle rap refers to an improvisational form of rapping, performed with few or no previously composed lyrics. In this sense freestyle rap is defined in opposition to raps that are written and memorized. Freestyle rapping involves producing a continuous flow of words, often guided by both rhythmic and rhyme based structures that are generally performed in time with a musical accompaniment. In order to keep the flow of words going rappers will often make references to places and objects in their immediate surroundings. The imperative of 'keeping the flow' means that the thinking process that goes on while the rapper is freestyling may also enter into the content of the freestyle rap.

feedback appreciated Redwoodword 01:42, 13 April 2007 (UTC) Redwoodword

I think that's definitely an improvement over the current first paragraph. I would agree that it should be put in the place of the current one,  but I hesitate to do it myself. Anyone object? Rssaddict (talk) 00:24, 25 June 2008 (UTC) ppl like men —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.80.212.214 (talk) 20:44, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

The Dozens
Freestyle rap battling has strong ties to the tradition of the dozens. Perhaps someone who knows more than I can produce a sentence or two? 67.188.31.236 (talk)

Grindtime/ Jumpoff TV
Just thought the new school of battling should be mentioned in this article.

http://grindtimenow.com/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.235.165.63 (talk) 00:45, 2 December 2009 (UTC)

Yeah, I don't see why King Of The Dot is included but not Grindtime and URL, two battle leagues that made it popular in the last few years. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.114.121.126 (talk) 10:10, 1 July 2012 (UTC)

Yeah I agree, someone should add that and http://Dontflop.com/ 92.19.46.54 (talk) 18:58, 25 May 2011 (UTC)

Battle rap
The same "battle rap" content at the bottom of this "freestyle rap" article is at battle rap, so unless anyone objects, I'll remove it from here and just keep it where it belongs (in the battle rap article). Both articles now have sufficient separate content to warrant being individual articles, which can be built on. Also there is not a clear enough link between the two topics to have them under the "freestyle" heading - battle raps can be freestyled, but it is not necessary (as is mentioned in the references), and freestyles, whether they are written or improvised, do not have to be rapped in a battle context (again, as the references show). Crateescape101 (talk) 01:31, 19 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Well said and well-done. --Junius49 (talk) 16:26, 21 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks! Crateescape101 (talk) 21:10, 21 January 2010 (UTC)

Requesting Sources
The last few edits with User:Topbookclub have been conflicting, since the user is adding information that has not been verified. The user mentions the following statement without any reliable sources that support his claim: However, most modern battles are prewritten weeks before the actual battle to give the paying audience in large forums a better show. Prewritten battles were previously frowned upon, and were cause enough to dismiss a participant from a battle. I would not contest against the user if the user is able to provide some form of source that actually supports his claims. However, mentioning that he is an "expert" of the topic would fall under original research, which Wikipedia does attempt to avoid. the sentence the user removes is supported by a reliable source, which can be verified through Google Books. It is a published source. Again, just the statement that "I am an expert" does not make it an acceptable reason to make a statement. If the user, or anyone else, is able to provide a reliable source making that support the quoted statement, I will not contest against the edit. -- Esa nchez (Talk 2 me or Sign here) 05:55, 29 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Could you please provide a proof that you are not a troll? The subject of hip hop or battle rap is clearly not something that you are familiar with, and this article is not one that you should be editing until you have at least watched a few battles. The equivlent of your actions would be to delete a paragraph written by Hulk Hogan himself stating that pro wrestling is staged. Just as most people know that wrestling is staged, the FACT that most battles today are prewritten is common knowledge in the world of hip hop and battle rap. - User:Topbookclub 2:14 EST —Preceding undated comment added 06:14, 29 July 2013 (UTC)

Wikipedia isn't about "common knowledge" it's about verifiable knowledge. Without a source a statement like "most modern battles are prewritten weeks before the actual battle" is at best "original research" but is actually highly problematic because there is no qualification. Battles happen all over the world and what might be true in one area may not be true in another. Given that this is an article on freestyling defined as an improvised form of rap it should focus on freestyle battles, not prewritten battles as they are not relevant to the page. A reference of this length to prewritten battles certainly has no place in the first paragraph of the page which should be dedicated to a clear and concise definition of freestyling not a discussion of prewritten battles.

title: Talk:Freestyle rap


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User talk:Naonaonao

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

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Dairy Queen

Dairy Queen (DQ) is an American multinational fast food chain founded in 1940 and currently headquartered in Bloomington, Minnesota. The first Dairy Queen was owned and operated by Sherb Noble and first opened on June 22, 1940, in Joliet, Illinois. It serves a variety of hot and fried food, as well as original frozen dairy products that vary from location to location.

History
The soft-serve formula was first developed in 1938 by John Fremont "J.F." McCullough and his son Alex. They convinced friend and loyal customer Sherb Noble to offer the product in his ice cream store in Kankakee, Illinois. On the first day of sales, Noble sold more than 1,600 servings of the new dessert within two hours. Noble and the McCulloughs went on to open the first Dairy Queen store in 1940 in Joliet, Illinois. It closed in the 1950s, but the 501 N Chicago Street building is a city-designated landmark.

Since 1940, the chain has used a franchise system to expand its operations globally. The first ten stores in 1941 grew to 100 by 1947, 1,446 in 1950, and 2,600 in 1955. The first store in Canada opened in Estevan, Saskatchewan, in 1953.

The company became International Dairy Queen, Inc. (IDQ) in 1962. IDQ is the parent company of American Dairy Queen Corporation (often abbreviated "Am. D.Q. Corp." in the chain's legal disclaimers), Dairy Queen Canada Inc., and other entities that franchise the Dairy Queen concept.

In 1987, IDQ bought the Orange Julius chain. IDQ was acquired by Berkshire Hathaway in 1998. In the 1990s, investors bought Dairy Queen stores that were individually owned, intending to increase profitability through economies of scale. Vasari, LLC became the second-largest Dairy Queen operator in the country and operated 70 Dairy Queens across Texas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico. When stores were not profitable, the firm closed them. On October 30, 2017, Vasari LLC filed for bankruptcy and announced it was closing 29 DQ stores, including ten in the Texas Panhandle.

In the US, the state with the most Dairy Queen restaurants is Texas. Using the 2010 census, the state with the most Dairy Queen restaurants per person is Minnesota. At the end of fiscal year 2014, Dairy Queen reported over 6,400 stores in more than 25 countries; about 4,500 of them (approximately 70%) were in the United States.

Dairy Queens were a fixture of social life in small Midwestern and Southern United States towns during the 1950s and 1960s. They have often been reflected in stories and memoirs of small-town America, as in Walter Benjamin at the Dairy Queen: Reflections at Sixty and Beyond by Larry McMurtry, Dairy Queen Days by Robert Inman, Chevrolet Summers, Dairy Queen Nights by Bob Greene, and The Outsiders by S. E. Hinton including the film adaptation by Francis Ford Coppola.

Stores
The company's stores are operated under several brands, all bearing the Dairy Queen logo and carrying the company's signature soft-serve ice cream. "Brazier" locations, with expanded food menus and second floors for storage, are recognizable by their red mansard roofs.

By the end of 2014, Dairy Queen had more than 6,400 stores in 27 countries, including more than 1,400 outside the United States and Canada.

The largest Dairy Queen in the US is in Bloomington, Illinois. The largest in the world is in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,

Standard stores
While some stores serve a very abbreviated menu primarily featuring DQ frozen treats and may be open only during spring, summer, and fall, most DQ restaurants also serve hot food and are open all year.

So-called "Limited Brazier" locations may additionally offer hot dogs, barbecue beef (or pork) sandwiches, and in some cases french fries and chicken, but not hamburgers. Dairy Queen Full Brazier restaurants serve a typical fast-food menu featuring burgers, french fries, grilled and crispy chicken, frozen treats, and hot dogs.

In some locations built in the 1990s, the "Hot Eats, Cool Treats" slogan can be seen printed on windows or near the roof of the building. One such example was a former Dairy Queen Brazier location in Woodinville, Washington, where the slogan was printed near the tops of the windows. This location was converted into a Grill & Chill store around late 2016–2017.

Franchise background
The liquid capital required to invest in a Dairy Queen franchise is $400,000, and a minimum net worth is $750,000. The initial franchise fee is $45,000, while the total investment amount required ranges from $1.1 million to $1.8 million. There are 5,700 operating Dairy Queen units. In addition to the upfront investment costs, the royalty fee for Dairy Queen franchisees is 4%, and the advertisement royalty fee is 5-6%. The franchise term of agreement lasts for 20 years, and the contract is renewable.

Dairy Queen does not offer in-house financing options; they only provide third-party financing. This third-party financing covers the franchise fee, startup costs, equipment, inventory, accounts receivable, and payroll.

DQ / Orange Julius
They were also known as the "Treat Center" concept, an enhanced version of the original stores also serves drinks and foods from the Orange Julius menu. This was the company's preferred concept for new, small-scale locations, primarily in shopping malls food courts. Some early Treat Centers also included Karmelkorn.

Dairy Queen Brazier
The name "Brazier" originated in 1957 when one of the company's franchisees, Jim Cruikshank, set out to develop the standardized food system. When he witnessed flames rising from an open charcoal grill (a brazier) in a New York eatery, he knew he had found the Brazier concept.

The "Brazier" name has been slowly phased out of signage and advertising since 1993, although it has not been removed from all existing signage, especially in smaller towns and rural locations. Since the early 2000s, new or renovated locations which are similar to Brazier restaurants in terms of size and menu selection, but have been updated with the current logo or exterior, usually carry the name "DQ Restaurant," although the website's store locator still lists the stores that do not carry the "Grill & Chill" name as "Dairy Queen Brazier" and the smaller stores "Dairy Queen Ltd Brazier" and "Dairy Queen Store."

The company website still considers its burger and hot dog lines as "Brazier Foods," according to the history section and some FAQ listed topics on the website.

DQ Grill & Chill
DQ Grill & Chill locations feature hot food, treats, table delivery, and self-serve soft drinks. It is the new concept for new and renovated full-service restaurants. Stores are larger than older-style locations and feature a completely new store design. They usually offer an expanded menu, including breakfast, GrillBurgers, grilled sandwiches, and limited table service (customers still place orders at the counter). They also contain self-serve soft drink fountains allowing free refills. Some of the older stores have upgraded to the new format. However, older stores still have not upgraded to the new format. In December 2001, Chattanooga, Tennessee, was the site of the first two Dairy Queen Grill and Chill restaurants in the United States. The nation's largest DQ Grill & Chill is located in Bloomington, Illinois. In 2023, a Grill & Chill location in Phoenix, Arizona had a large red spoon statue stolen from the front of the restaurant. The spoon was discovered three days later and returned. The spoon had been dumped on a baseball field next to a Phoenix middle school.

Texas Country Foods
All Texas locations, including those that otherwise resemble the Brazier or DQ Grill & Chill formats, use a separate hot food menu branded as Texas Country Foods. Among other differences, "Hungr-Buster" burgers are available instead of the Brazier and GrillBurger offerings. Other food offerings not found outside Texas include the "Dude" chicken-fried steak sandwich, steak finger country baskets, T-Brand tacos, and a one-half pound double meat hamburger, the "BeltBuster."

Texas is home to the largest number of Dairy Queens in the U.S. All Texas Dairy Queen restaurants are owned and operated by franchisees. The Texas Dairy Queen Operators' Council (TDQOC) runs a separate marketing website from the national website. Bob Phillips, host of the popular Texas syndicated television series Texas Country Reporter, was for many years the DQ spokesman in Texas, as the restaurant was a co-sponsor of the program at the time.

Products
The company's products expanded to include malts and milkshakes in 1950, banana splits in 1951, Dilly Bars in 1955 (introduced to the franchise by Robert Litherland, the co-owner of a store in Moorhead, Minnesota), a range of hamburgers and other cooked foods under the Brazier banner in 1958, Mr. Misty slush treats in 1961 (later renamed Misty Slush, then again to Arctic Rush; as of 2017, DQ again calls them Misty Slush, as seen on dairyqueen.com), and Jets, Curly Tops, Freezes in 1964. In 1962, the Buster Bar, consisting of vanilla soft serve in the shape of a small cup with a layer of and covered with peanuts and chocolate, was invented by David Skjerven in Grafton, North Dakota. In 1971, the Peanut Buster Parfait, consisting of peanuts, hot fudge, and vanilla soft serve, was introduced by Forrest 'Frosty' Chapman in his St. Peter, Minnesota Franchise. In 1990, the Breeze, a dessert like a Blizzard but was made with non-fat, cholesterol-free yogurt, was launched. This was pulled from stores in 2000. In 1995, the Chicken Strip Basket was introduced, consisting of chicken strips, Texas toast (only in the US), fries, and cream gravy (gravy in Canada). Other items include sundaes and the blended coffee drink, the MooLatte. Another sundae made by Dairy Queen is the peanut buster parfait, thoroughly enjoyed and invented by Patsy Franks in 1969.

In Northwest Washington State, Dairy Queen chicken strip trays include chicken strips, a sauce, and french fries. Small bread slices coated in butter come with the dish/box. Chocolate shakes come in cups with an open top, and they are topped with whipped cream.

Blizzard
A popular Dairy Queen item is the Blizzard, which is soft-serve mechanically blended with mix-in ingredients such as sundae toppings and/or pieces of cookies, brownies, or candy. It has been a staple on the menu since its introduction in 1985, a year in which Dairy Queen sold more than 100 million Blizzards. Popular flavors include Oreo cookies, mint Oreo, chocolate chip cookie dough, M&M's, Reese's Peanut Butter Cups, Heath Bar (Skor in Canada), and Butterfinger (Crispy Crunch in Canada). In Canada a Smarties Blizzard is also available; it was temporarily discontinued in 2015 but re-added to the menu in 2018. Seasonal flavors are also available such as October's pumpkin pie and June's cotton candy. It has been argued that Dairy Queen drew its inspiration from the concrete served by the St. Louis-based Ted Drewes. On July 26, 2010, Dairy Queen introduced a new "mini" size Blizzard, served in 6 oz. cups. During the 25th anniversary of the Blizzard, two special flavors were released: Strawberry Golden Oreo Blizzard and Buster Bar Blizzard. Salted Caramel Truffle was released in 2015 during the Blizzard's 30th anniversary and Dairy Queen's 75th anniversary, but it has since been removed from the menu. Dairy Queen has featured over 170 different Blizzard flavors since its introduction in 1985.

Blizzards derive their name from being so thoroughly cold and thick that the cup can be held upside down after serving without any of the contents falling out. Employees will frequently demonstrate this to customers. There is a company policy that one Blizzard per order will be flipped upside-down by the employee. If this does not occur, the customer may request a coupon for a free Blizzard to use on their next visit, though this is at the franchise owner's discretion.

Dairy Queen had served conventional "thick" milkshakes called "Blizzards" in the 1960s. This time period also introduced the contemporary custom of flipping the shake upside down when served to the customer. Selling for the premium price of 50 cents in 1962, the original "Blizzards" invented by Samuel Temperato were available in traditional flavors such as vanilla, chocolate, and strawberry, with added malt on request.

In addition, Dairy Queen offers a Blizzard Cake in flavors such as Oreo and Reese's. Much like the restaurant's conventional ice cream cake, this variation is aimed toward celebrations and birthdays.

Frozen yogurt
In 1990, Dairy Queen began offering frozen yogurt as a lower-calorie alternative to its soft serve ice cream. The product was named Breeze. According to a company representative, Dairy Queen's regular soft serve has 35 calories per ounce, whereas the frozen yogurt was 25 calories per ounce. However, in 2001, the company phased out the frozen yogurt option in all its stores, citing a lack of demand.

In 2011, International Dairy Queen Inc. filed a request for a preliminary injunction to stop Yogubliz Inc, a small California-based frozen yogurt chain, from selling "Blizzberry" and "Blizz Frozen Yogurt," alleging that the names could confuse consumers due to their similarity to Dairy Queen's Blizzard. U.S. District Judge R. Gary Klausner denied Dairy Queen's request.

Cage-free egg commitment
In May 2016, Dairy Queen committed to requiring suppliers in the United States and Canada to purchase eggs only from approved cage-free egg suppliers by 2025. In the U.S., 67 percent of shell eggs, liquid eggs, and proprietary DQ ingredients that contain eggs have either converted to cage-free or were reformulated to remove eggs as an ingredient since Dairy Queen made their commitment. In Canada, 39 percent of shell eggs, liquid eggs, and proprietary DQ ingredients that contain eggs have either converted to cage-free or were reformulated to remove eggs as an ingredient since Dairy Queen made their commitment.

Some consider cage-free egg production to be a more humane method of production than conventional methods representing the majority of current production in the United States and Canada. There is no mention of Dairy Queen's cage-free commitment in their restaurants outside of the US and Canada.

Advertising
"Little Miss Dairy Queen" began appearing in Pennsylvania signage in 1961. She had a Dutch bonnet, resembling the ellipse logo, with a pinafore apron over her dress and wooden shoes.

Dennis the Menace appeared in Dairy Queen marketing from 1971 until December 2002, when he was dropped because Dairy Queen felt children could no longer relate to him. From 2006 to July 2011, the advertising focused on a large mouth with its tongue licking its large lips, which morphs into the Dairy Queen logo. The mouth was dropped in 2011 after Grey New York produced outlandish spots featuring a dapper man, played by John Behlmann, sporting a mustache, performing crazy feats for Dairy Queen replacing it. After announcing tasty menu offers, he would do something outrageous, like blow bubbles with kittens in them, water ski while boxing, or break a piñata, out of which tumbles Olympic gymnastics great Mary Lou Retton. Later, the same firm made additional commercials based around odd situation titles with the DQ logo placed somewhere in them, like "Gary DQlones Himself," "Now That's A Lunchtime DQuandary!," "After The DQonquest," and "Well, This Is A Bit DQrazy!" All were narrated by a man with an English accent.

In Texas, at the end of advertisements, there is frequently a Texas flag waving, and the new DQ logo and slogan below saying, "Eat Like A Texan." Previous slogans include "That's what I like about Texas," "For Hot Eats & Cool Treats, Think DQ," "Nobody beats DQ Treats & Eats," "DQ is Value Country," and "This is DQ Country." These advertisements featured Texas Country Reporter host Bob Phillips as a spokesperson since his program was mainly sponsored by Dairy Queen. Early 1990s Dairy Queen Texas advertisements included a group of animal mascot characters called the Fun Bunch Munch, which included Kangachew the kangaroo, Hungrizzly the bear, and Chompanzee the chimpanzee, to advertise children's meals.

In 2015, Dairy Queen and model railroad company of Milwaukee, Wm. K. Walthers came out with a Walthers Cornerstone HO 1:87 Scale models of a restaurant – one from the 1950s with the original logo and one from 2007 with the current logo. The models are both officially licensed replicas.

Slogans
From 1979 until 1981, the restaurant chain used the slogan "It's a real treat!" For many years, the franchise's slogan was "We treat you right." From the early-to-mid 1990s, the slogans "Hot Eats, Cool Treats" and "Think DQ" were used and preceded the aforementioned line in the Dairy Queen jingle. Later on, it was changed to "Meet Me at DQ" and "DQ: Something Different." Another slogan, introduced in early 2011, was "So Good It's RiDQulous," with Dairy Queen's current logo infused in the word "ridiculous." In the mid-to-late 2010s, their slogan was "Fan Food, Not Fast Food." As of April 2019, Dairy Queen uses the slogan "Happy Tastes Good." The slogan This is Fan Food not Fast Food was still used on the cups, wrappers, and paper baskets for a while. In Texas, the slogan "That's What I Like about Texas" is used.

Logos
The original Dairy Queen logo was simply a stylized text sign with a soft-serve cone at one end. In the late 1950s, the widely recognized red ellipse design was adopted. The initial shape was asymmetrical, with one of the side points having a greater extension than the other, especially when matched with the Brazier sign—a similarly sized yellow ovoid, tucked diagonally below its companion. By the 1970s, both sides were more closely matched, becoming symmetrical with the 2007 update (see online images for comparison). Some of the new 1950s signs continued to display a soft-serve cone jutting from the right side.

A yellow trapezoid Brazier sign, placed below the red Dairy Queen logo, was developed in the late 1960s. It matched the roofline of the new store design of the era.

The 1990s saw a new style of design, boxier with red strips containing the "Hot Eats, Cool Treats" slogan of the era near the roofline (some stores have removed this); straddling the center of the facade was a large blue sign that was a modernized take on the soft-serve cone design of the early 1950s, with white and red pinstripes trailing out from beneath the full Dairy Queen name, underneath the cone; the cone itself was now facing the building, to accommodate the physical ellipse logo; the sign continued further down the wall, with an angle and a "Brazier" logo strip. Additional cone signs were used to mark the entrance and exit of the store for drivers. This design was largely used on new stores but was sometimes used for remodeling older locations.

Although it had been used interchangeably with the Dairy Queen name for many decades, "DQ" became the company's official name in 2001. The font remained the same as in the original signage introduced 60 years prior. Throughout this period, the company placed the registered mark symbol immediately to the right, on the bottom side of the logo. When the company modernized its signage and logos in early 2007, it modified the font and italicized the letters, as well as adding arced lines, an orange one to represent its hot foods above and a blue one below to represent its ice cream products. In the new design, the registered mark symbol was moved to be adjacent to the letter "Q." The first overhaul of its logo in almost 70 years, the company claimed that the new logo would show brand growth and reflect the "fun and enjoyment" associated with its products. Advertising industry observers have noted that the new logo was an unneeded update of a known and trusted industry brand and that its new features were distracting.

The original signage is still in use in older locations or in locations that use a "retro" motif in the property's design.

Global operations
Countries currently with Dairy Queen operations:
 * Bahamas
 * Bahrain
 * Brunei
 * Cambodia
 * Canada
 * China
 * Guyana
 * Indonesia
 * Kuwait
 * Laos
 * Maldives
 * Mexico
 * Panama
 * Philippines
 * Qatar
 * Thailand
 * Trinidad and Tobago
 * United States
 * Vietnam

Countries and regions formerly with Dairy Queen operations:

 * Australia
 * Austria
 * Cayman Islands
 * Costa Rica
 * Cyprus
 * Dominican Republic
 * Egypt
 * Gabon
 * Guam
 * Guatemala
 * Hungary
 * Iceland
 * Italy
 * Jamaica
 * Japan
 * Macau
 * Malaysia
 * Morocco
 * Oman
 * Poland
 * Puerto Rico
 * Saudi Arabia
 * Singapore
 * South Korea
 * Slovenia
 * Taiwan
 * Turkey
 * United Arab Emirates
 * United Kingdom (see Cayman Islands)

title: Dairy Queen


text:
Talk:Gettysburg Address

More on Lincoln's sources
As a newbie image uploader, I've been struggling a bit. I hope I can get up the full set of Rev. Parker sermon pages that Herndon gave to Lincoln, from 4 July 1858.

Lincoln's source in Rev. Parker's sermon
Wikipedia main pages are not the place for the following, but I think it appropriate here to note that the very close phrasing in Rev. Parker's second formulation - "the institutions of America - Direct government, - over all the people, by all the people, for all the people" - to Lincoln's Gettysburg phrasing "government of the people, by the people, for the people", indicates that Rev. Parker's second phrasing was in fact the direct inspiration for Lincoln's words. Lincoln merely cut "all" and changed "over" to "of," but otherwise left the order intact.

Herndon in his report snagged on Rev. Parker's first phrasing - which has a different order, "over all the people, for all the people, by all the people" - and thus Herndon missed Rev. Parker's second, later phrasing of the same point; and this difference has opened the scholarly field for other options than Rev. Parker's sermon, as being Lincoln's direct inspiration.

I note that Rev. Parker died on May 10, 1860, in Italy (where he had gone for his health) and thus was not alive in late 1863 to claim credit for being the inspiration for Lincoln's phrasing. Since 1845, he had been pastor of the 28th Congregational Society of Boston, meeting at the Boston Music Hall, which was the site of the July 4, 1858 sermon.

Platform Location
The pandemic, combined with my advanced age, has kept me away from Cemetery Hill for 16 months, but recently, I detected that the NPS had replaced a critical Address-related marker. Today, I visited, surveyed, and photographed all of the Address-related signage in and near the National Cemetery.

The NPS's first attempt to point attention into Evergreen Cemetery was highly flawed, and I (virtually) mocked the flaw within the Wikipedia article. "To your left" was the flaw, but the new marker in the same location corrects the flaw and contains a vital bit of information - the platform location was never marked from the start.

This omission by the carpenters and/or millwrights who erected and removed the platform and by the administrators of Evergreen Cemetery necessitates (I.M.O.) a long-winded section for 'Platform Location.' Furthermore today, it necessitates a significant revision of this section.

Even though I inserted this section in the first place, I have never been completely satisfied with it and have placed my faith in editors to improve it. Over the next few weeks, I will take another shot, but please work with me. You are welcome to contact me at donaldecoho@comcast.net

There are a few things that an editor cannot add to the article, but I will mention them here. I am acquainted with both William Frassanito and Brian Kennell.

"Frazz" is frequently available in the Reliance Mine Saloon, and I have shared brews with and quizzed Frazz. He knows, I have attempted to reproduce his photographic analysis using 3D/GPS surveying techniques, typical of my engineering background. One angle, I have confirmed; the second angle (from the Gatehouse outward) is almost impossible for me to reproduce. Also, Frazz has advised revisions to the section, which I have respected.

Kennell tells me, but has not published, his complete dismissal of the Harrison site at the Brown family mausoleum. He intimates, the location of the Brown vault was known as the 'Rocky Center' in 1863.

In other words, it was a stack of granite boulders and could not possibly host the platform. One of my images (Gaddress location summary.jpg) confirms his oral history (by independent confirmation, rather than by conspiracy or collusion).

Maybe, there's one more thing I should mention. One image (Gaddress frassanito.jpg) was taken with my feet firmly planted on my own grave. You see, I am obsessive about Abraham Lincoln.

Photos of Lincoln at Gettysburg
Hello,

At the beginning of the article, the caption for the photo of Pres. Lincoln at Gettysburg states the following: "One of the two confirmed photos of Lincoln".

However, later in the article, under the "Photographs" section, it states: "The only known and confirmed photograph of Lincoln at Gettysburg".

The discrepancy seems to be due to the 2013 photo that was discovered, and allegedly showed Lincoln (see link below). At the time, many historians stated that they believed it was indeed Lincoln who was identified in that photo, although the consensus (at least in 2013) among historians was not unanimous (not sure about today).

https://www.foxnews.com/science/ultrarare-photo-of-abraham-lincoln-discovered

I think we should look at resolving this discrepancy (either go with two confirmed photos, or discuss that there is still only one confirmed photo, and one that is believed by many historians to be a second photo of Lincoln at Gettysburg).

Thank you! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jhansen23 (talk • contribs) 04:10, 31 May 2022 (UTC)

Typo
Please correct typo in photo caption (bodyguard is misspelled) 2601:192:100:297B:8870:B67:9AE2:46C7 (talk) 14:48, 29 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gettysburg Address


text:
User talk:Inter0

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

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If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Tip: you can sign your name with ~

Please, try not to write comments on articles. They are only for encyclopedic information. Try the Sandbox for tests.

Dori 05:46, Nov 26, 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Inter0


text:
Great-circle distance

The great-circle distance, orthodromic distance, or spherical distance is the distance between two points on a sphere, measured along the great-circle arc between them. This arc is the shortest path between the two points on the surface of the sphere. (By comparison, the shortest path passing through the sphere's interior is the chord between the points.)

On a curved surface, the concept of straight lines is replaced by a more general concept of geodesics, curves which are locally straight with respect to the surface. Geodesics on the sphere are great circles, circles whose center coincides with the center of the sphere.

Any two distinct points on a sphere that are not antipodal (diametrically opposite) both lie on a unique great circle, which the points separate into two arcs; the length of the shorter arc is the great-circle distance between the points. This arc length is proportional to the central angle between the points, which if measured in radians can be scaled up by the sphere's radius to obtain the arc length. Two antipodal points both lie on infinitely many great circles, each of which they divide into two arcs of length $π$ times the radius.

The determination of the great-circle distance is part of the more general problem of great-circle navigation, which also computes the azimuths at the end points and intermediate way-points. Because the Earth is nearly spherical, great-circle distance formulas applied to longitude and geodetic latitude of points on Earth are accurate to within about 0.5%.

Formulae

Let $$\lambda_1, \phi_1$$ and $$\lambda_2, \phi_2$$ be the geographical longitude and latitude of two points 1 and 2, and $$\Delta\lambda, \Delta\phi$$ be their absolute differences; then $$\Delta\sigma$$, the central angle between them, is given by the spherical law of cosines if one of the poles is used as an auxiliary third point on the sphere:

 * $$\Delta\sigma = \arccos\bigl(\sin\phi_1\sin\phi_2 + \cos\phi_1\cos\phi_2\cos\Delta\lambda\bigr).$$

The problem is normally expressed in terms of finding the central angle $$\Delta\sigma$$. Given this angle in radians, the actual arc length d on a sphere of radius r can be trivially computed as
 * $$d = r \, \Delta\sigma.$$

Relation between central angle and chord length
The central angle $$\Delta\sigma$$ is related with the chord length of unit sphere $$\Delta\sigma_\text{c}\,\!$$:
 * $$\begin{align}

\Delta\sigma &= 2\arcsin \frac{\Delta\sigma_\text{c}}{2} ,\\ \Delta\sigma_\text{c} &= 2\sin \frac{\Delta\sigma}{2}. \end{align}$$

For short-distance approximation ($$|\Delta\sigma_\text{c}| \ll 1$$),
 * $$\Delta\sigma = \Delta\sigma_\text{c} \left(1 + \frac{1}{24} \left(\Delta\sigma_\text{c}\right)^2 + \cdots \right).$$

Computational formulae
On computer systems with low floating point precision, the spherical law of cosines formula can have large rounding errors if the distance is small (if the two points are a kilometer apart on the surface of the Earth, the cosine of the central angle is near 0.99999999). For modern 64-bit floating-point numbers, the spherical law of cosines formula, given above, does not have serious rounding errors for distances larger than a few meters on the surface of the Earth. The haversine formula is numerically better-conditioned for small distances by using the chord-length relation:

 * $$\begin{align}

\Delta\sigma &= \operatorname{archav}\left( \operatorname{hav}\left(\Delta\phi\right) + \left(1 - \operatorname{hav}(\Delta\phi) - \operatorname{hav}(\phi_1 + \phi_2)\right) \operatorname{hav}\left(\Delta\lambda\right)\right). \end{align}$$

Historically, the use of this formula was simplified by the availability of tables for the haversine function: $$\operatorname{hav} \theta = \sin^2 \frac{\theta}{2}$$ and $$\operatorname{archav} x = 2 \arcsin \sqrt{x}$$.

The following shows the equivalent formula expressing the chord length explicitly:
 * $$\begin{align}\Delta\sigma_\text{c}&=2\sqrt{\sin^2\left(\frac{\Delta\phi}{2}\right)+\cos{\phi_1}\cdot\cos{\phi_2}\cdot\sin^2\left(\frac{\Delta\lambda}{2}\right)} \, \\

&=2\sqrt{\left(\sin \frac{\Delta \lambda}{2} \cos\phi_\textrm{m} \right)^2 + \left(\cos \frac{\Delta \lambda}{2} \sin \frac{\Delta \phi}{2} \right)^2} \ , \end{align}$$ where $$\phi_\text{m}=\tfrac12(\phi_1+\phi_2)$$.

Although this formula is accurate for most distances on a sphere, it too suffers from rounding errors for the special (and somewhat unusual) case of antipodal points. A formula that is accurate for all distances is the following special case of the Vincenty formula for an ellipsoid with equal major and minor axes:

 * $$\begin{align}

\Delta\sigma = {\operatorname{atan2}} \Bigl( &\sqrt{\left( \cos\phi_2\sin\Delta\lambda\right)^2 +     \left(\cos\phi_1\sin\phi_2 - \sin\phi_1\cos\phi_2\cos\Delta\lambda \right)^2}, \\   &\quad {\sin\phi_1\sin\phi_2 + \cos\phi_1\cos\phi_2\cos\Delta\lambda} \Bigr), \end{align}$$

where $\operatorname{atan2}(y, x)$ is the two-argument arctangent. Using atan2 ensures that the correct quadrant is chosen.

Vector version
Another representation of similar formulas, but using normal vectors instead of latitude and longitude to describe the positions, is found by means of 3D vector algebra, using the dot product, cross product, or a combination:

 * $$\begin{align}

\Delta\sigma &= \arccos \left(\mathbf n_1 \cdot \mathbf n_2\right) \\ &= \arcsin \left| \mathbf n_1 \times \mathbf n_2 \right| \\ &= \arctan \frac{\left| \mathbf n_1 \times \mathbf n_2 \right|}{\mathbf n_1 \cdot \mathbf n_2} \\ \end{align}$$

where $$\mathbf n_1$$ and $$\mathbf n_2$$ are the normals to the sphere at the two positions 1 and 2. Similarly to the equations above based on latitude and longitude, the expression based on arctan is the only one that is well-conditioned for all angles. The expression based on arctan requires the magnitude of the cross product over the dot product.

From chord length
A line through three-dimensional space between points of interest on a spherical Earth is the chord of the great circle between the points. The central angle between the two points can be determined from the chord length. The great circle distance is proportional to the central angle.

The great circle chord length, $$\Delta\sigma_\text{c}\,\!$$, may be calculated as follows for the corresponding unit sphere, by means of Cartesian subtraction:
 * $$\begin{align}

\Delta{X} &= \cos\phi_2\cos\lambda_2 - \cos\phi_1\cos\lambda_1;\\ \Delta{Y} &= \cos\phi_2\sin\lambda_2 - \cos\phi_1\sin\lambda_1;\\ \Delta{Z} &= \sin\phi_2 - \sin\phi_1;\\ \Delta\sigma_\text{c} &= \sqrt{(\Delta{X})^2 + (\Delta{Y})^2 + (\Delta{Z})^2}. \end{align}$$

Substituting $$\lambda_1 = -\tfrac12\Delta \lambda $$ and $$\lambda_2 = \tfrac12 \Delta \lambda$$ this formula can be algebraically manipulated to the form shown above in.

Radius for spherical Earth

The shape of the Earth closely resembles a flattened sphere (a spheroid) with equatorial radius $$a$$ of 6378.137 km; distance $$b$$ from the center of the spheroid to each pole is 6356.7523142 km. When calculating the length of a short north-south line at the equator, the circle that best approximates that line has a radius of $\frac{b^2}{a}$ (which equals the meridian's semi-latus rectum), or 6335.439 km, while the spheroid at the poles is best approximated by a sphere of radius $\frac{a^2}{b}$, or 6399.594 km, a 1% difference. So long as a spherical Earth is assumed, any single formula for distance on the Earth is only guaranteed correct within 0.5% (though better accuracy is possible if the formula is only intended to apply to a limited area). Using the mean Earth radius, $R_1 = \frac{1}{3}(2a + b) \approx 6371.009\text{ km}$ (for the WGS84 ellipsoid) means that in the limit of small flattening, the mean square relative error in the estimates for distance is minimized.

For distances smaller than 500 kilometers and outside of the poles, an Euclidean approximation of an ellipsoidal Earth (FCC's formula) is both simpler and more accurate (to 0.1%).

title: Great-circle distance


text:
Kelowna Falcons

The Kelowna Falcons are a collegiate summer baseball team located in Kelowna, British Columbia. The Falcons are members of the West Coast League and play their home games at Elks Stadium.

History
The franchise traces its roots back to the Kelowna Grizzlies, who were founded in 1993. The Grizzlies were members of the Pacific International League. During their tenure the Grizzlies won the 1995 league championship. Following the 1998 the club suspended operations. The franchise was sold in 2000 and rebranded as the Falcons. Kelowna continued this membership with the Pacific International League playing from 2000 through 2004. In 2005 the Falcons along with Bellingham, Bend, Spokane, and Wenatchee left the league to form the West Coast Collegiate Baseball League (WCCBL).

2010
The Falcons finished second in the East Division with a 22-26 record. Pitcher Dayne Quist lead the league with an ERA of 1.40 and finished with 50 strikeouts and six wins on the mound. Ben Edlestein finished with a batting average of .347. 16,027 fans attended games for an average of 668 per game.

The Falcons were swept in the Division Series by the AppleSox 0-2. 1,132 total fans attended Kelowna's only home game in the playoffs.

2022 season
The Falcons failed to make it to the postseason for the second straight season finishing 7th in the north division with a record of 20-33 and 13 games behind the division winning Bellingham Bells. The Falcons saw 22,722 total fans for an average of 947 per game. Jasper Nelson (Sacramento State) and Nick Woodcock (Yavapai College) received honorable mentions in the All-WCL team after the season.

2023 season
On July 17, Koen Van't Klooster was named pitcher of the week.

The Falcons are currently 4th in the north division with a 9-7 record and 2.5 games behind the division leading Bells. 6,844 total fans have attended for an average of 978 per game.

2024
On July 9th, Trey Duffield and Gavyn Jones were selected to represent the Falcons in the All Star Game.

Alumni in Major League Baseball

 * David Riske
 * Aaron Harang
 * Jason Bay
 * Nyjer Morgan
 * Chris Davis
 * Jess Todd
 * James Paxton
 * Tyler Wagner
 * Phil Maton
 * Connor Joe

title: Kelowna Falcons


text:
User talk:JeremyCole

Tip: you can sign your name with ~

Dori 06:01, Nov 26, 2003 (UTC)

Welcome to Wikipedia. It seems you've been having some problems with TeX markup; you may want to check out TeX_markup for some tips. It's a great tool once you get the hang of it. Good work on your first contributions and I hope you write more. silsor 06:16, Nov 26, 2003 (UTC)

Portage County, Townships project
Salve! I noticed you've done some work on Portage County, Ohio and related articles. Thought you might be interested to know about WikiProject Ohio townships, which was founded by PedanticallySpeaking to develop articles for all of Ohio's townships. As a graduate of Windham High School in Windham, Ohio, I started on articles for Portage County's 18 townships, but there's still a lot that needs to be done on them. Would you be interested in helping us with Portage, or any of the other counties in the project? -SwissCelt 11:36, 22 May 2005 (UTC)

Nomination of Geographic coordinate conversion for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Geographic coordinate conversion is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Geographic coordinate conversion until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Guy (Help!) 15:22, 3 March 2014 (UTC)

title: User talk:JeremyCole