text:
Talk:Death camp

Lir, do you want some help fixing the redirects? I think you want the extermination camp to bring up the death camp article, right? --Uncle Ed 16:23, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)

right Lirath Q. Pynnor

 * You've made a good start. We can work together, if you need help revising other articles which reference the newly placed death camp article.

 * BTW, I've personally heard "Concentration Camps" used as euphemism for death camp, especially in regards to the Nazi death camps like Auschwithz -- you know, the place where they used Zyklon B to murder Jews. --Uncle Ed 16:27, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)

A concentration camp refers to any general camp used to concentrate individuals; whereas, in a death camp they are not only concentrated, but killed. Lirath Q. Pynnor

from Wikipedia:protected page
Extermination camp unprotected by ? ; Death camp unprotected by Infrogmation 20:57, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC) Note: these are duplicate articles due to the Wik/Lir edit war, and need to be merged.

 * death camp edit war between wik and lir. Please see talk:extermination camp theresa knott 17:40, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * extermination camp - protected at Lir's request, "move war" with Wik.
 * This was not protected at my request, this was protected against my request. I requested that a different version be protected, one that is aligned with the wiki naming conventions on most common usage. Lirath Q. Pynnor
 * Lir the purpose of protecting a page is to stop the edit war, not to let you 'win' it. Put you arguments for why the page should be moved onto the talk page.That way you get your say, we have a chance to talk about it, and wikipedia benefits. theresa knott 17:09, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * While Ed's purpose may have been to end the edit war; my purpose for protection was (naturally) to have it protected in favour of my edit. [LOL! --Uncle Ed] Ed's comment that it was "protected at my request" is misleading; since, if anything, it is protected at Wik's request. Lirath Q. Pynnor
 * That is not the purpose of protecting pages; it is to stop vandalism (which neither version was) or to stop edit wars (which both you and Wik were actively participating in). The edit war is a bigger problem than the question of which title is more appropriate for the article, please try to understand that. -- Infrogmation 17:37, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Death camp is used, on google, with a frequency of 6:1 over extermination camp. My edit is in compliance with the naming convention on most common usage. Wik's edit comment that "death camp" is a colloqualism shows that he is not familiar with the general structure of the Wiki; since, User:Jimbo Wales has been clear that colloquialisms, if most common, are to serve as article names. Lirath Q. Pynnor

from talk:Extermination camp
(originally)

protected at Lir's request, "move war" with Wik. Hey, I thought we were going to discuss this first? --Uncle Ed 16:50, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)

This was not protected at my request, it was protected against my request. I was trying to move this page, it has been protected here. Lirath Q. Pynnor

Lir, Wik, KNOCK IT OFF, YOU TWO! This type of behavior is a credit to neither of you. Please find something usefull to do away from each other. -- Infrogmation 16:58, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Death camp is used, on google, with a frequency of 6:1 over extermination camp. My edit is in compliance with the naming convention on most common usage. Wik's edit comment that "death camp" is a colloqualism shows that he is not familiar with the general structure of the Wiki; since, User:Jimbo Wales has been clear that colloquialisms, if most common, are to serve as article names. Lirath Q. Pynnor

 * Where has he been clear? theresa knott 17:18, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * He has been clear to me in private correspondence. You are free to contact him and verify this. The naming convention is here: Naming_conventions_(common_names) Lirath Q. Pynnor

Ok I'm pretty convinced. I've done a quick check on google - nazi "death camp"- gets 20,000 - nazi "extermination camp" - gets 4,500. I've bookmarked this page.I'll unprotect the page and move it on Monday unless there are objections.theresa knott 17:37, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * By the same logic we might move "United Kingdom" to "Britain". Quick check on Google - blair "britain" gets 1,150,000 - blair "united kingdom" gets 209,000. --Wik 18:27, Nov 21, 2003 (UTC)
 * Nope, the naming convention clearly states that in such cases where UK and Britain refer to substantially different concepts; that other policies apply. That is not the case, on this page. Lirath Q. Pynnor
 * Specifically, our policy on precision - see naming conventions (precision). Martin 22:42, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * It is exactly the case. Death camp is as imprecise as it gets, it does not refer specifically to those Nazi camps, which are called extermination camps (Vernichtungslager). --Wik 23:09, Nov 21, 2003 (UTC)

 * Well, our policy on precision does suggest precision where necessary to disambiguate from some other meaning. Perhaps, Wik, you could list some death camps that were not extermination camps? Martin 23:20, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * It can be used for anything, see for example . It is a term that belongs in a dictionary at best, for any camp where people are killed. --Wik 23:28, Nov 21, 2003 (UTC)

I don't like either name: they both give me the creeps. But what I dislike even more is a "fight to the death" over camps where innocent people were slaughtered like sheep. So let's leave it alone for a couple days... --Uncle Ed 18:35, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Are you guys really arguing over whether Death camp should redirect to Extermination camp or vica versa? DJ Clayworth 21:04, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Absolutely. Lirath Q. Pynnor
 * Why?? DJ Clayworth 21:35, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * We have a wikipedia naming convention which states that, when naming an article, in any situation where one name is significantly more common than another, we should use the most common name. Lirath Q. Pynnor
 * Doesn't seem to make much difference to me. DJ Clayworth 22:15, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)

I'm no longer one of "you guys" - I can't even think about this without getting a lump in my stomach, etc. I hereby withdraw from the discussion. --Uncle Ed

Lir's introduction

 * Death camps (also known as extermination camps or death factories; de: Vernichtungslager) were a kind of concentration camp used up by Nazi Germany, during World War II, for the killing of Jews (and other groups) which were considered undesirable by the ruling government. This was part of the Holocaust; the systematic murder of all Jews was termed the "final solution" (Endlösung) in Germany.

The above was written by Lir when he moved the article. It is a slight rewriting of the introduction. Preserving here as Lir is unable to access deleted pages. Martin 22:55, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Further discussion
I protected the page, because it got moved again somehow - not naming any names, and I'm signing off for the weekend. Let me know if I'm still a sysop on Monday :-( --Uncle Ed 22:46, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * I deleted and moved primarily to fix the page history, which Lir's prior move lost. I see Wik has already moved the page back to extermination camp. I don't intend to engage in a move war, so I will merely note that Wik is so far alone in preferring that title. Martin 22:47, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Except for the person who created the article almost two years ago and all who edited it since without thinking it's in the wrong place. --Wik 23:09, Nov 21, 2003 (UTC)

 * No, there's no indication they even considered the issue, particularly - in all likelihood the creator picked the one that came into his head first, and everyone else followed that lead. Even typos can survive two years. Martin 23:15, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Re death-extermination-concentration, my two cents is that "extermination" describes the reason for a camp but death describes a consequence. Concentration camps in the US during World War 11 were exactly that, concentration camps (Manzanar etc). Their purpose was to incarcerate Japanese Americans (and others), not to exterminate them. Some people died in them, so they were death camps, unintentionally. They were not extermination camps. That's ok, I've got a thick hide. Moriori 23:56, Nov 21, 2003

I've created a stub at death camp to provide disambigiation. It needs work but I hope it is a reasonable solution. theresa knott 09:46, 24 Nov 2003 (UTC)

execution facilities
From stubby article:

 * Other places described as death camps include prison facilities that have execution chambers, for example Guantanamo Bay.

This text needs repair, because it implies that the US is planning to (or is likely to) execute the prisoners it's holding at Guantanomo Bay.

Also, I thought nearly every prison has execution chambers. This "description" blurs the distinction between regular prisons and the special kind of concentration camp specifically meant for killing large numbers of people. --Uncle Ed 14:56, 24 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * The US is planning to execute some of the G-Bay prisoners, if they are found guilty by a military tribunal and sentenced to death. I'm pretty sure that most prisons don't have execution chambers, except in countries that haven't outlawed the death penalty. Martin

Lir is Clear
Lir, please stop with the cut-and-paste edit war - it's not helping matters. Wik's provided some arguments against your choice of article title - please respond to them before reverting. Martin 20:12, 24 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * I have not seen Wik make any argument, perhaps you could explain his argument for me.
 * I have referred you to the wiki convention on naming regarding objects which have a comman name (death camp) which is more common than the technical name (vernichtungslager); why don't you respond to my argument, instead of telling me to respond to Wiks?
 * All I have seen Wik do is state that some people refer to various American concentration camps, as death camps. That is not an argument, its a statement. Yes, death camp is the common word which people use to deride camps that they wish to compare with the death camps. Death camp is used on google with a frequency of 6:1.
 * Lirath Q. Pynnor

I've reverted to martin's last edit. Wik and lir,please Discuss this page here and stop the edit war on the article itself! theresa knott 22:04, 24 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Wik won't discuss. The naming convention is clear. Lirath Q. Pynnor

That's not true because he has discussed it here on this very page. theresa knott 22:09, 24 Nov 2003 (UTC)

What did he say, I didn't see him discuss anything. I saw him make a few brief comments which had no bearing on the fact that the naming convention clearly states that we are to use the most common name, that name being "death camp". In any case, any comments he made were intended for another user, not for me. Lirath Q. Pynnor

Here is what Wik said above,

 * [death camp] is exactly the case [as naming conventions (precision).] Death camp is as imprecise as it gets, it does not refer specifically to those Nazi camps, which are called extermination camps (Vernichtungslager). [... The term death camp] can be used for anything, see for example . It is a term that belongs in a dictionary at best, for any camp where people are killed. --Wik

I think those comments deserve some sort of constructive response. Martin 18:31, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * I have responded to that statement. The article is clearly comparing something which is not a death camp (ie, it speculates that they will turn it into a death camp) with the Nazi death camps. This article makes it clear that death camp is the common usage. As you know, the literal translation does not qualify according to the naming conventions on common usage and foreign languages. Furthermore, while I agree that "extermination" is commonly used in this case, Vernichtung does translate to a number of other words. Lirath Q. Pynnor

The speculation appears to be that Guantanemo Bay will become a "death camp", not that it will become an "extermination camp". See Google results previously quoted:

 * google:"Guantanamo Bay" "death camp" - 982 hits
 * google:"Guantanamo Bay" "extermination camp" - 13 hits
 * google:"Guantanamo Bay" "concentration camp" - 1230 hits

This is because while the prisoners at Guantanemo Bay may be killed in the future, they are not going to be killed as part of a campaign of extermination. This provided evidence that the term death camp has a wider meaning than extermination camp. Martin 18:52, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * There is no difference between an extermination camp and a death camp. There is no "wider meaning". A death camp, or an extermination camp, is a facility in which genocide is intended. Those who refer to Guantanamo Bay as a "death camp", are not implying that it isn't an extermination camp...they are just using the far more common term. Lirath Q. Pynnor

"death camp" is only six times more common than "extermination camp", but when referring to Guantanemo Bay this ration becomes 60 times. Those who are referring to Guantanemo Bay as a potential "death camp" are not making accusations of genocide, just killing - use google, read the articles, and see for yourself. Also, note the dictionary definition - "likely to die" can happen (and does happen) where genocide is not the purpose of the faciity. Martin 23:55, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * There are plenty of people who think that the US is waging a genocide against Islamic people, those are the same people who think Guantanamao is a death camp. Lirath Q. Pynnor

There are indeed some people who think that the US is committing genocide. Some people calling Guantanemo Bay a future "death camp" are among them. Others call Guantanemo Bay a future "death camp", and do not think thae US is committing, or planning to commit, genocide. Hence, ambiguous. Martin 18:38, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Some people think Guantanamo is a death camp, others don't. We both know Guantanamo is not a "death camp"; but for the sake of argument we can pretend that its "ambiguous" whether or not Guantanamo is a death camp. However, what does that have to do with this article? Whether or not we should list Guantanamo as a death camp, does not change the fact that we should use the term "death camp" according to the naming convention on common usage. Lirath Q. Pynnor

Lir, that's not my argument at all. I am not saying that it is "ambiguous" whether Guantanemo is a death camp. Guantanemo is not currently a death camp. However, there are reports of plans to build a capital punishment facility there, and to bring prisoners to trial and then execute them. If these plans occur in practice, then a significant group of people will consider Guantanemo to be an example of a place that is a "death camp", but not an "extermination camp".

In order to show that "death camp" does not have the same meaning as "extermination camp", it suffices to show examples of camps which are described as the one, but not the other. There are various examples here:

 * Guantanemo Bay, if plans to extend it with a capital punishment facility are carried out.
 * Certain refugee camps, such as the one at Jalozai in Palestine.
 * All of the Nazi camps that are listed under concentration camp, but not under extermination camp.
 * The concentration camps of the Boer war are called death camps, but were not extermination camps
 * The gulags were slave labour camps, and often called death camps, but they were not extermination camps.

Martin 19:07, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC)

And my point is that those same people would consider Guantanamo to be an extermination camp, if they had ever heard of the word. Death camp is the common word, they are using "death camp" as a deragatory term to compare the United States to Nazi Germany. I have provided you with, from the same source you used to argue against me, which shows that they are using "death camp" in reference to the Third Reich. In addition, refugee camps are sometimes called "death camps" with the notion that the oppressive government's are using them to concentrate people, and then starve them to death; a reference to Nazi Germany. The Boer Camps, if I remember correctly, were partially the inspiration for Hitler's Holocaust; along with the US Death Camps which contained Native Americans. Lirath Q. Pynnor

 * I don't argue that the terms "death camp" and "extermination camp" and "concentration camp" aren't linked, or that they don't all carry resonances of Nazi Germany. I merely argue that the term "death camp" is ambiguous. Martin

 * Furthermore, this link: which you use to allege that the Boers were in "death camps" -- this article refers to them as concentration camps...never ever does it say "death camp". The description "death camp" was added by a commenter, commenting on the article. "Gee, those Boer camps sure sound like Nazi Death camps!"  Lirath Q. Pynnor

 * It's all one article, published in a newspaper. Paul Harris would have written it, and a sub-editor will have sub-edited it. Martin 19:30, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Edit War
I'm protecting this page. Wik, please stop reverting.

From now on, everyone propose your changes in "talk", and when a consensus is reached -- or even a fairly good idea emerges -- a sysop will make the change. --Uncle Ed 22:43, 24 Nov 2003 (UTC)

No one said anything since yesterday, except to repeat the fact that they disagree with the status quo. What I'm looking for is the reason they disagree (or agree).

Please summarize your arguments below, or both pages stay protected (which is extra work for sysops). Note that I don't care in the slightest whether the article ends up at death or extermination. --Uncle Ed 16:48, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Article Naming Suggestions
Don't "vote", of course. Just explain your reasoning, and do so in the proper space.

Death camp

 * arguments for:
 * More commonly used in total: 6x google hits, incoming links, etc. This is important because of naming conventions (common usage)
 * A Yahoo! search for "death camp" Nazi gets 5 times more websites than a search for "extermination camp" Nazi; without the Nazi qualifier, there are 6 times more death camp websites.
 * Arguably precise, as this is the most commonly used term to describe such facilities. Any other term would be unduly confusing (as such terms are not as common, and thus not easily recognizable) and, thus, imprecise. The naming convention is clear that common names should be used where they are not ambiguous.
 * Proposals to execute people at Guantanamo Bay have been considered plans to turn it into a "death camp"; this reference to the Nazi death camps, shows the common usage of the term.
 * (search google, judge for yourself if these articles are making reference to the Nazi death camps)
 * Note dictionary.com definition: A concentration camp in which those held captive are likely to die or be killed - likely to die describes exactly the sort of fate which awaits those in a death camp.
 * Response: It is also the fate of those in concentration camps which are not extermination camps.
 * arguments against:
 * Not a literal translation of the german name.
 * Ambiguous: See this version. In particular:
 * Some refugee camps have been called "death camps"
 * Slave labour camps have been called "death camps"
 * Proposals to execute people at Guantanemo Bay have been considered plans to turn it into a "death camp"
 * Buchenwald is often considered a death camp, however it was not an extermination camp, but rather a concentration camp.
 * Note dictionary.com definition: A concentration camp in which those held captive are likely to die or be killed - "be killed" is extermination camps and capital punishment, "likely to die" is concentration camps, slave labour camps, and refugee camps.

Extermination camp

 * arguments for:
 * Unambiguous. This is important because of disambiguation
 * Arguably precise. This is important because of naming conventions (precision)
 * A literal translation of the the german name.
 * arguments against:
 * Less commonly used than death camp
 * A Yahoo! search for "death camp" Nazi gets 5 times more websites than a search for "extermination camp" Nazi; without the Nazi qualifier, there are 6 times more death camp websites.
 * Arguably imprecise. This indicates a degree of precision which does not exist. There is no difference between a "death camp" and an "extermination camp" -- they are two words for the same thing.
 * Note dictionary.com definition: "extermination camp" not found; as it is less common

Further discussion
I cannot believe you guys are still arguing about this. Nobody else cares. Pick one and get on with it! DJ Clayworth 18:53, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * I don't care, I doubt that ed or martin particulaly care either, but I do care about unprotecting the page. If we don't come to some sort of consensus wik and lir will almost certaily go back to their revert war. If we can come up with some sort of community decision it just migh encourage them to stop.theresa knott 19:46, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)

If you don't care, why don't you just accept the naming convention? Lirath Q. Pynnor
 * Which naming convention, naming conventions (precision) or naming conventions (common usage)?I'm happy to accept either version of the page. I want a solid consensus, behind one version so that the page can be unprotected. That way if anyone reverts we can deal with it. theresa knott 23:14, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)

"death camp" is aligned with both conventions. This is both the most precise and the most common name. There is no meaning of "death camp" which does either apply directly to the Nazi death camps, or applies to some concentration camp which is being compared to the Nazi death camps. "Extermination camp" is in no way "more precise". Lirath Q. Pynnor

 * contains no comparisons to Nazi extermination camps. Ditto . Note that neither of these publications are accusing the US of genocide. Now, some people using the term are making Nazi comparisons. And some are not. This is because the term is ambiguous. Martin 00:00, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Yes, they are. The term "death camp" is implicitly associated with the Nazi death camps; any attempt to call something a "death camp" is to imply that said camp is akin to a Nazi death camp; those articles are not saying, "Guantanamo, unlike the Nazi extermination camps, is a death camp." Lirath Q. Pynnor

As you can see, the same website which refers to Guantanamo as a death camp, also argues that the US is equivalent to Nazi Germany. "you become fed up with the brutalities of the modern-day Gestapo committing legalized genocide" Lirath Q. Pynnor

 * That link is to a different article, written by a different person. Martin 19:16, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * That link is from the same website, they are related and similar in viewpoint. Lirath Q. Pynnor

Which of these are death camps?
OK, let's try a different tack. Quick quiz for you Lir: which of the following do you consider to be death camps? Taken from Auschwitz concentration camp.

 * Auschwitz I
 * Auschwitz II
 * Auschwitz III

Is your position that all these were death camps? Or is your position that only Auschwitz II was a death camp? Or something else? Martin 19:23, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Auschwitz II was a death camp (at which people were killed), Auschwitz I was a concentration camp (at which people were killed), Auschwitz III was a slave labour camp (at which people were killed). Commonly, one might describe all three as death camps -- however, in technical purpose, only II was. All three were concentration camps. Lirath Q. Pynnor

So, Lir, let me see if I have your position correctly:
 * In common usage, some people would refer to Auschwitz I, II, and III as "death camps".
 * In technical usage, only Auschwitz II was a death camp.

Is that your position? Martin 19:32, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Yes, in common usage; some people refer to all concentration camps as death camps (some actually abuse the term to the point of referring to all prisons as death camps); that is why this page should mention concentration camps. Technically, a death camp is a concentration camp specifically used to kill large numbers of people; such concentration camps are commonly known as "death camps"; the term "extermination camps" is sometimes used, but is not common. Lirath Q. Pynnor

OK, now I think we're getting somewhere - I fear we've been largely talking at cross purposes elsewhere on this page. :-( Let's see where we can go from here, shall we? :-) Now, I am happy to acknowledge that "death camp" is a more common term than "extermination camp", by a factor of around 6:1. So that is not in dispute. So I think my next question would be, of Auschwitz I, II, and III, which do you consider to be an "extermation camp"? Just Auschwitz II? Or all three? Martin

 * I do not consider any to be extermination camps; that word is not an active part of my vocabulary. I would agree that Auschwitz II was a Vernichtungslager; which does translate to "extermination camp"; however, I see no reason to have a seperate article solely on the Vernichtungslagern; unless we begin to accumulate detailed information on the Holocaust and the technical details of the genocide. The term "death camp" seems to apply quite well, it is commonly used to refer to the Vernichtungslagern; and every other usage of "death camp" can be easily directed off to a more appropriate page (such as concentration camp); since, the actual Nazi death camps really do seem to have been quite unique. It still seems to me, that the term "death camp" was coined in reference to the Vernichtungslagern; thus, any other usage is a reference back to World War II; certainly, the vast-majority of Google hits refer to the Nazis.

 * I would probably agree that death camp has a limited usage beyond that of the Vernichtungslagern; whereas, "extermination camp" applies only to the Vernichtungslagern; however, the fact that the term "death camp" is occasionally used to refer to "quasi-death camps" is hardly reason to not use the very common term, Lirath Q. Pynnor

So, given these comments, and the current naming conventions and disambiguation guidelines, read as a whole, we could either have:

 * 1) A disambiguation page at death camp, and an article at extermination camp
 * 2) An article at death camp, a redirect there from extermination camp, and a disambiguation header on death camp pointing to death camp (disambiguation)

Would this seem a fair assessment to you? Martin

 * We should have an article at death camp, a redirect from extermination camp; and a brief paragraph explaining that death camp is sometimes used to describe various prisons and concentration camps as a means of deriding them; this has been applied, by so groups, to any prison which practices capital punishment. We do not need a full disambiguation page, there isnt that much to disambiguate. Lirath Q. Pynnor

Let me rephrase what I wrote then: the two options are:

 * 1) A disambiguation page at death camp, and an article at extermination camp
 * 2) An article at death camp, a redirect there from extermination camp, and a disambiguation header on death camp that points to concentration camp

Is that a fair assesment? Martin 18:14, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Death camp doesn't need a disambiguation header; it can merely state that a death camp is a type of concentration camp, and the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably. Lirath Q. Pynnor

 * That is a disambiguation header isn't it ? theresa knott

 * Hmm: you agree that "death camp" has a limited usage beyond that of the Vernichtungslagern (as you state above). My reading of disambiguation is that we should have a formal disambiguation header in such a case. What makes you prefer a non-formal disambiguation header - IE, merely a link to concentration camp within the body of the article? Martin 19:24, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * The use of a formal header is not particularly necessary, since the first sentence, or two, can easily explain that the terms are related; but not identical. Lirath Q. Pynnor

 * My concern is that that could cause people to be vague about what the article is about, whereas we want to be clear that this article is about Vernichtungslagern, rather than normal concentration camps or slave labour camps, etc. That's why I feel that (at minimum) an explicit header would be appropriate. Martin 21:31, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * A death camp (extermination camp or death factory) is a concentration camp which has been deliberately set up in order to kill those imprisoned there; such camps are not intended as punishment for criminal actions, rather, they are intended to facilitate genocide. The most famous death camps are the Nazi Vernichtungslagern, used during World War II. The term is sometimes used to describe concentration camps which opponents wish to deride, such as the Guantanamo Bay military prison. The term has also been applied to refugee camps, which have suffered a relatively high mortality rate.
 * Isnt 't that clear? Lirath Q. Pynnor

That's an option, but I think it would be better as:

 * This article is about concentration camps created to commit genocide, not about concentration camps in general.

 * A death camp (extermination camp or death factory) is a concentration camp which has been deliberately set up in order to commit genocide. The most famous death camps are the Nazi Vernichtungslagern, used during World War II. (para ends here)

To my mind, this has the advantage firstly of brevity, and secondly of focusing on the thing, not the word used for the thing (the latter being more suited to wiktionary). So, while I don't think your approach is wrong, I think an explicit disambiguation header would be a better solution. Martin 23:55, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)

How about simply:
 * One might be looking for the article about concentration camps.
 * Lirath Q. Pynnor

Sounds prissy. I like martin's version above. theresa knott 15:47, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Well, I think if you are going to have a special disambiguation sentence; which repeats what is already in the first paragraph -- then you should at least condense it down to one line. Lirath Q. Pynnor

Well, that's rather my point - I don't want a disambiguation sentence that repeats stuff in the first paragraph, but one that replaces stuff in the first paragraph. So the first para can be a strong, solid statement about what the article is about - a much better way of starting the article, in my opinion. Martin 18:39, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Wik comments
(from protected page) This is blatantly pointless duplication of material that's already on extermination camp. --Wik 02:29, Jan 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * How nice of you to join the discussion Wik, even if initially in the wrong place. Clearly there is duplication, but there are two ways to resolve this - by editing death camp to be a disambiguation page, or by editing extermination camp to be a redirect. Given the disambiguation header to solve any problems of precision, and the preference for titles that reflect common usage, I wonder which you think would be better? Martin 18:30, 6 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * I made my point clear before. The information about those Nazi camps belongs on extermination camp. Death camp is not a synonym but a wider term, so it should have one paragraph which links to extermination camp but also explains how the term is used for other camps (as in my last edit). --Wik 18:38, Jan 6, 2004 (UTC)

 * Since Wikipedia is not a dictionary, it seems to me that if we place the article on the Nazi death camps at extermination camp, then death camp should be a disambiguation page rather than an article explaining word usage. What do you think? Martin 13:50, 11 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * What should it disambiguate between? If you don't want to explain the word usage, then make it simply a redirect to extermination camp. --Wik 21:49, Jan 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * I was thinking of disambiguating between extermination camp and concentration camp. Martin 19:24, 12 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * OK with me, although I don't think the explanation of the usage does any harm. No need to be dogmatic about "Wikipedia is not a dictionary". --Wik 01:42, Jan 13, 2004 (UTC)

 * Understood and agreed.

 * I wanted to check two other things - as I understand it, your primary motivation is that extermination camp is more precise, less ambiguous, than death camp - is that correct? The other question is, in the specific context of camps used to commit genocide, do you feel that the term "death camp" or "extermination camp" is more commonly used, or are they about the same? Martin 19:01, 13 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * 1) Yes. 2) Death camp as the broader term is more commonly used. --Wik 19:26, Jan 13, 2004 (UTC)

 * So really, it seems that you and Lir (and me) all agree on the basic facts of the case - the question is whether, in this case, "common usage" or "precision" is more important. This is quite tricky, because it's a matter of judgement, and there are other articles which illustrate both approaches. So I'm not sure what the best thing to do is. Any suggestions? Martin 22:07, 13 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * No, I think you're missing the point. Most common usage only applies when we have to decide between synonyms for the same thing. That's not what we have here. Otherwise we might as well use simply camp, which is even more commonly used than death camp, but is an even broader term. Every extermination camp is a death camp, and a camp; but not every camp, and not every death camp, is an extermination camp. If we want to have an article specifically about those Nazi camps (without lumping other "death camps" in there), it has to be at the specific term for those camps. Death camp would not just be imprecise, but incorrect. An article with that title would have to cover all death camps. But the Nazi ones are significant enough to have their own article, and this has to be at extermination camp. --Wik 23:03, Jan 13, 2004 (UTC)

 * Perhaps I am. Let me give an analogy, and perhaps you can explain where it breaks down?

 * Consider Durham. This is less precise than Durham, England. However, it is much more common usage: people don't say "Durham, England" very much. In this case, we put the article at Durham with a disambiguation header (see Durham (disambiguation).

 * Perhaps a better example is fork. Now, this is a very broad term, because a fork could be a table fork, or a pitchfork - just as a death camp could be an extermination camp or a concentration camp. It's not incorrect to have the article at fork talking solely about table forks, because we have a disambiguation header.

 * Can you see where I'm going here? In these two cases, people have decided to choose the common term as the site for the article, even though there are places called Durham other than Durham, Engand, and there are forks other than table forks. Now, this isn't some sort of conclusive proof at all: in other cases, people have taken your approach instead, but my feeling at the moment is that there is a choice.

 * There is one difference I've just thought of, though: when I say "Durham", I'm generally not talking about Durhams in general: I either mean this Durham, or that Durham. By contrast, when I say "death camp", I might mean "concentration camp", I might mean "extermination camp", or I might mean "death camps in general". Is this the sort of thing you were thinking of? Martin 23:38, 13 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * The proper name of the city is Durham, and of the implement is fork. The addition of "England" or "table" is just for disambiguation purposes. But "extermination camp" is not a disambiguation term. It is the proper name for what it describes. If this proper name didn't exist, then we would need a disambiguation title like "death camp (Nazi holocaust)". "Extermination camp" is to "death camp" not what "table fork" is to "fork", but more like what "fork" is to "cutlery". --Wik 12:41, Jan 14, 2004 (UTC)

 * Just to state what's obvious from the timestamps, I don't have an easy answer to that. In general, we don't prioritise "proper names" (cf Occam's Razor, not Ockham's Razor), but maybe in this kind of a disambiguation case, that's the appropriate response. Interesting. Martin 12:52, 1 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Of course Yahoo comes up with: "Nazi death camp"} (17,600) vs. [http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=%22Nazi+extermination+camp%22&ei=UTF-8&fr=fp-tab-web-t&n=20&fl=0&x=wrt "Nazi extermination camp" (963). Lirath Q. Pynnor

 * Have you tried doing google searches for "death camp Belzec" and "extermination camp Belzec"? The numbers for each are near-identical. Martin 17:29, 7 Feb 2004 (UTC)

How about you all stop searching google and read some books? =]

FWIW, I think death camp should be a general article on death camps, and extermination camp should be the article on the Nazi camps, as that's the name typically used for them in history books. --Delirium 11:45, Feb 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * The terms are synonomous. IMO, one should be a redirect to the other, where all the relavant information should be. →Raul654 11:46, Feb 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, some of the parts aren't, like the derogatory use to refer to non-extermination camps, or refugee camps where there are a lot of deaths, or some WW2 POW camps in Asia. "Extermination camps" I think only really applies to the Nazi camps, which were very systematized in a way most death camps aren't. --Delirium 11:49, Feb 11, 2004 (UTC)

monkey's page
there are monkeys every where!! so beware!! why are jewish pple so nice to others when others are so mean to jewish pple? i don't get it? if i was bein made fun of or had comments thrown at me saying hitler was right to do what he did i would be very very mad!? and i'm 1/4 german? i think judism is nuthin but a religion like christianity, or budhism, or cathlicism? all it is, is differences in beliefes? but out countrys or should i say our "world" has had issues with religions for thousends of years. all religion is is a personal beliefe no one should be punished for that.

title: Talk:Death camp


text:
Talk:John Mercer Johnson

Untitled
Johnson was born in 1818 in Liverpool (England). Brought to New Brunswick by his father, he becomes lawyer, then appointed in 1850. He is successively Solicitor General, Minister for the Stations, chair Room and Attorney General. He is delegated to the conference of Quebec in 1864 and that of London in 1866. After the confederation in 1867, Johnson is elected with the new House of Commons of the federal Parliament. Supported in Liverpool, England, John Mercer Johnson emigrated in Canada with his/her father while always a child. Johnson received its first education of childhood at the school of grammar of the county of Northumberland before studying the law. In 1840 it was called with the bar of New Brunswick and began a career as a lawyer. Johnson wrote the policy in 1850 after being elected in the provincial assembly to represent her county at the house of Northumberland. Only four years after having written the unit, Johnson found a place in the box as lawyer -- General. Later in its political life it would serve the positions of the General agent-General, postmaster, and the speaker of the Parliament. With the conference of Charlottetown and the two following conferences discussing the confederation, Johnson asserted fact vigorously that the provincial governments should not hold any power above the course the county or zone.

Relative of John Mercer Johnson
I am John Mercer Johnson's great, great,great,great grandchild. I live in No. Hampton, N.H.. Is there any info youcan provide where I can further research my ancestry thu JM Johnson?

thxs Don Bennett dbinc@comcast.net

Wow, I do have some information on him, but he was a father of confederation. Why are you living in New Hampshire?Milesgilbert (talk) 02:56, 31 January 2012 (UTC)

Sorry it's taken so long to get back with you. I am living in NH because John Mercer Johnsons' son William Cross Johnson moved to Massachusettes with his son Fred. Fred is my grandfather. I now live in NH which is just 50 miles north of Massachusettes where I grew up. Do you have any information you can share on how I can get hold of living relatives in New Brunswick? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:188:C401:DEB1:BCA0:2883:4D62:98D2 (talk) 17:37, 30 March 2016 (UTC)

Cleanup
Hi! I also proposed a DYK for Canada Day ("Canadian Idiot"). I think this one should get priority, though my nomination is actually about an American topic so I don't see why they couldn't both run on the same day. I did a little MOS cleanup on this article and have a few copyedit notes: Let me know if you have any questions, and thanks for improving this article for a Canada Day DYK! – Reidgreg (talk) 12:10, 24 May 2021 (UTC)
 * In the lead, from Province of New Brunswick, Canada and a Father of Confederation. I'm not sure that's technically correct as pre-Confederation Canada only referred to Ontario and Quebec, and the Province of New Brunswick was not yet a part of Canada. Could it be rephrased as something like "From the Province of New Brunswick and a Father of Canadian Confederation" or "from the Province of New Brunswick (in what is now Canada) and a Father of Confederation"?
 * Canada existed for one year of Johnson's life (Confederation is 1857, he died 1858) so this sentence is technically correct, but not for the majority of his life. I included Canada because most people don't know where New Brunswick is. Maybe we can put the word "Canada" somewhere else in the lede sentence? one suggestion might be "from the Province of New Brunswick, and a Father of Canadian Confederation?
 * MOS:JRSR suggests to explain in words if the person is not referred to in reliable sources as Jr. e.g.: "the younger Jackson was elected mayor".
 * Changed
 * While in London he entertained the other members and the public with a poetry presentation and ice skating performance. I've got to ask, was this a single performance in which he read poetry while ice skating, or two separate performances? If the latter case, perhaps "and an ice skating performance".
 * The source says it was more than one performance, so I pluralized both. The quote is, "While there he dazzled the public and the members with his poetry presentations and his dazzling ice skating performances." (Copp)
 * for their work in representing Miramichi. This is the first mention of Miramichi in the article. It could use some explanatory context or a link to an article on its subject.
 * Added "one of the cities in Johnson's Northumberland County constituency."
 * On October 9, 1845, he married Henrietta Shirreff and had twelve children. I think this literally means that they had all twelve children on that day. Suggest: "Shirreff with whom he had twelve children." or "Shireff; they had twelve children."  Or perhaps better to break the sentence.  "They had twelve children, six of whom survived into adulthood."
 * Added a semi-colon
 * Hi, thanks for your comments and doing a copyedit of the article. Since 8 hooks run per day at DYK (and sometimes 16) I think we can have both of our hooks run on Canada Day. I responded to your concerns above. I hope to hear your responses soon. Z1720 (talk) 16:41, 24 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Looks great! I tidied with two tiny changes.  My DYK has been approved and I left a note for the promoter to give priority to this DYK in case only one can run on July 1.  I will try to keep an eye on them until then. – Reidgreg (talk) 17:38, 24 May 2021 (UTC)
 * another option might be to create a Canada Day hook set: to have 8 or 16 hooks that could run on the main page that day concerning Canada. If we get consensus for this on WT:DYK we could see if others at WP:CANADA want to join in. Z1720 (talk) 18:41, 24 May 2021 (UTC)
 * That might be acceptable if there's variety – you've got a biography and mine is a song. Someone else has a nomination that mentions the Trans Canada Trail.  Gee, now I want to look for stubs to expand.  (BTW: A couple years ago I ran this lead hook.) – Reidgreg (talk) 19:25, 24 May 2021 (UTC)
 * I love your lead hook from 2019! I posted a note on Wikipedia talk:Canadian Wikipedians' notice board to see if there was interest in a Canada Day DYK hook set. Z1720 (talk) 19:39, 24 May 2021 (UTC)

We've got a couple other Canada Day DYKs. (Ignore the copy edit stuff at the top half of this section). Alongside your nomination of Template:Did you know nominations/Flag of Nova Scotia, we already have approved Template:Did you know nominations/John Mercer Johnson (Father of Confederation) and Template:Did you know nominations/Canadian Idiot ("Weird Al" Yankovic song). The former has a picture. – Reidgreg (talk) 22:05, 29 May 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:John Mercer Johnson


text:
Alloa

Alloa (Received Pronunciation ; Scottish pronunciation /ˈaloʊa/; Alamhagh, possibly meaning "rock plain" ) is a town in Clackmannanshire in the Central Lowlands of Scotland. It is on the north bank of the Forth at the spot where some say it ceases to be the River Forth and becomes the Firth of Forth. Alloa is south of the Ochil Hills on the western Fife peninsula, 6.0 mi east of Stirling and 13.0 mi west of Dunfermline; by water Alloa is 25 mi from Granton.

The town, formerly a burgh of barony, is the administrative centre of Clackmannanshire Council. Historically, the economy relied heavily on trade between Glasgow and mainland Europe through its port. This became increasingly uncompetitive and the port stopped operating in 1970. The local economy is now centred on retail and leisure since the closure of major industries; only one brewer and one glassmaker survive today. Parochially, Alloa was linked with Tullibody. The towns are now distinct, albeit with Lornshill in the middle, and Alloa is about twice the size of its north-western neighbour. The population of Alloa was estimated to be approximately 20,730 residents in 2016.

History
Alloa grew up under the protection of Alloa Tower which may have been built before 1300 AD. The name of the town has had different spelling at different periods. In the charter granted by King Robert the Bruce in the year 1315, to Thomas de Erskyne, it is called Alway; in some subsequent ones, Aulway, Auleway; and more recently Alloway. Dr Jamieson stated that the most probable etymology of the name was from Aull Waeg – the way to the sea.

14th century
Sir Robert Erskine was granted the lands of Alloa and its environs in 1368 for services to King David II and he and his descendants were good stewards, developing the estates and innovating.

17th century
One of the earliest maps of the area was made by surveyor and cartographer John Adair in 1681. See Alloa witches

18th century
John Erskine, the 6th Earl of Mar oversaw many far-reaching developments including substantial harbour improvements, a customs house, a "New Town" area of housing, and commissioning the building of the Gartmorn Dam, which was designed by George Sorocold. Erskine owned many of the coal mines, and Robert Bald, a local mining engineer, was contracted to provide water power from the Gartmorn Dam to operate the mines and other industries. Good water supplies and the availability of barley from the carselands encouraged George Younger to set up a brewery in the 1760s and he was soon followed by others. Alloa became one of Scotland's premier brewing centres.

The 6th Earl of Mar was forced to flee the country and forfeit his lands after disastrously backing the Jacobite cause in 1715. However, his brother was allowed to purchase the forfeited lands and future generations continued the tradition of creative industry by launching a glass-works in 1750 and laying one of Scotland's earliest railways (a waggonway) from the Sauchie mines to down to the harbour in around 1766.

Before 1775, the colliers were attached to the properties in which they were born and were virtual serfs or slaves, supported by the master. After the Colliers and Salters (Scotland) Act 1775 abolished the system, the colliers could move between collieries at will, and they were supported in their needs by the Alloa Colliers' Fund or Friendly Society which was founded in 1775.

Traces of the waggonway and the Gartmorn Dam can still be seen today, and although the dam is no longer used for energy production or water supply, it is well used for fishing and leisure purposes. The Clackmannanshire Library was founded at Alloa in 1797 and it contained upwards of 1500 volumes. As the 18th century closed a whisky distillery was established at Carsebridge by John Bald.

In the 18th century the staple business of the port was coal with about 50,000 tons a year exported.

19th century
In 1813 the first steamboat started to operate out of Alloa harbour. Rival companies later united into the "Stirling, Alloa and Kincardine Steamboat Company". In 1822 water was brought into the town and in 1828 a gas works was built. While building a road to Alloa Academy in 1828, an ancient burial site was found at Mars Hill, with several finds including two gold armlets. Alloa Academy was built in 1824, being paid for by subscription. The Alloa Swing Bridge was opened to the public on 1 October 1885.

The population was 5,434 in the 1841 census.

20th century
After the improvements were made to the harbour during the 18th century, Alloa thrived as a river port through which the products of Glasgow manufacture were exported to continental Europe. At that time, and until the 1950s, the main industry to the north and east of the town was coal mining.

Wool
Wool was also locally plentiful and in the early part of the 19th century, John Paton set up a small yarn-spinning business in the town, later establishing Kilncraigs Mill. Much of the Kilncraigs complex has been demolished but a four-storey Edwardian Baroque block of 1903–1904 survives, with an extension of 1936. The buildings were converted to Council offices by LDN architects in 2003/2004. Patons merged with J. & J. Baldwin of Halifax in 1924 to become Paton & Baldwins Ltd.

Weaving and glass making
The town itself continued to be known for its weaving and glassmaking industries well into the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Brewing
Alloa was long associated with the brewing industry, with at least nine major breweries producing ales at its height. However industrial decline during the mid to late 20th century has led to the economy relying more on retail and leisure. The first brewing firms in the town were Younger in 1762 and Meiklejohn in 1784. Alloa ale was sent to London and George Younger had an extensive export trade to the West Indies, Egypt and the Far East. Alloa was also home to Alloa Brewery Co, developing Graham's Golden Lager in 1927 which was renamed Skol in the 1950s. Closures and mergers during the mid-20th century reduced the number of breweries to two and by 1999 after the closure of MacLay's Thistle Brewery, only one remained, the Forth Brewery which became Williams Bros. in 2003.

Malt distilling
In addition to the brewing of beer, Alloa is the site of the former Carsebridge Distillery. According to Alfred Barnard, the Victorian historian of British distilling and brewing, the distillery was founded as a malt distillery by John Bald in 1799. In the 1840s it was converted into a grain distillery and by the time of Barnard's visit in the mid 1880s the distillery covered 10 acres, employed 150 people, and had an annual output of 1.4 to 1.7 million gallons of pure grain whisky. The distillery's owner John Bald and Co was one of five companies that combined to form the Distillers Company Limited in 1877. In 1902, a fire devastated the distillery, after World War I it was refitted and started producing yeast. This yeast production lasted until 1938. In 1956 the distillery was modernised, it expanded in 1966 and in the 1970s a new still house, cooperage and animal feedstuffs plant added. By 1980 the Carsebridge Distillery was the largest grain distillery in Scotland, however it closed in 1983 and was demolished in 1992. One of the distillery's Coffey stills is now in use at the Cameronbridge distillery.

Barrel cooperage
After whisky ceased to be produced at Carsebridge, the cooperage remained as one of two owned by Diageo in Scotland. In 2008, 30 people worked there assembling or repairing up to 400 bourbon casks, imported from the US, each day. However, in 2009 the company announced that it intended to close the Carsebridge Cooperage and move the work to nearby Cambus. The new Cambus cooperage was opened in December 2011 by the Earl of Wessex.

Military history
Alloa is linked to the historic Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders housed at Stirling Castle. Many of the soldiers in the Second World War fought under Montgomery at the Battle of El Alamein and Wadi Akrit where their commanding officer Lorne Campbell won a V.C. They were part of the 7th Argylls under the 51st Highland Division.

Police
As of 2014, the temporary national headquarters of Police Scotland is located in Alloa.

Landmarks
Alloa's most famous landmark is the 15th century Alloa Tower (National Trust for Scotland), the surviving part of the ancestral medieval residence of the Erskine family, the Earls of Mar. Despite extensive internal and external alterations, the Tower retains its original medieval wooden roof and battlements, as well as some internal features. It is one of the largest and earliest of Scottish tower houses.

The town formerly contained a large number of 17th and 18th century buildings, but many were cleared with the expansion of milling operations and later with slum clearance in the 20th century. However, Alloa does retain some historic architecture in the form of Alloa Tower, Tobias Bauchop's House at 25 Kirkgate (1695), as well as later buildings such as Inglewood House (c. 1900), Gean House (1912) and Greenfield House (1892).

Alloa Town Hall and Library was designed by the architect Alfred Waterhouse and built in 1886-9 at a cost of £18,008.

The Speirs Centre was built as Alloa's swimming pool in 1895 and was designed by Sir John Burnet of Glasgow. The Sheriff Court is by Brown and Wardrop of 1862–5.

Alloa War Memorial (designed 1920 erected 1925) is by Sir Robert Lorimer with sculpture by Pilkington Jackson. The monument to the South African War is also by Lorimer (1904).

Shopping
Alloa is served by many food retailers including Iceland Frozen Foods, Tesco, Aldi, Lidl, Morrisons, Asda, Co-op Food and Farmfoods. The Asda supermarket, opened in September 2006, is adjacent to the site of the new railway station and was built on the land where the Alloa brewery once stood.

Transport
After the closure of the Stirling-Alloa-Dunfermline line in 1968 and the Devon Valley Railway in 1973, the town had no passenger railway services for 40 years until 2008. The Stirling-Alloa-Kincardine rail link project was completed in May 2008. The laying of new track had commenced in September 2006 after much preparatory work, including new drainage works and the grouting of a large number of shallow mine workings. The project also involved the construction of a new bypass road, and a bridge which replaced a level crossing in the town. Alloa railway station reopened in May 2008, a short distance east of its former site, just beyond the location of the former junction to the Devon Valley line that served Tillicoultry and Dollar, and also carried through trains to Kinross and Perth.

ScotRail now operates a half-hourly service from Alloa railway station to Glasgow Queen Street via Stirling, Larbert and Croy between 0641 and 2315 Monday to Saturday and between 1041 and 2141 on Sundays. Passengers can travel to Inverness, Edinburgh Waverley and Aberdeen with a change at Stirling, however for journeys to or from Edinburgh passengers with heavy luggage may find it more convenient to change at Larbert, where Edinburgh and Glasgow services use the same platform.

The new railway opened for traincrew route learning in early April 2008, followed by the opening to the public on Monday 19 May 2008. This had been preceded by an official opening on 15 May 2008, where LNER Gresley K4 61994 The Great Marquess hauled four specials to Stirling. The return workings were hauled by Deltic 55022 Royal Scots Grey. Transport Minister Stewart Stevenson officially reopened the line.

Education
Besides the two high schools of Lornshill Academy and Alloa Academy, the town also has four primary schools: Sunnyside, Redwell, Park, and St Mungos. In addition to these, the New Struan School is an independently run day and residential school catering for children of both primary and high school ages with autistic spectrum disorders. There is also a OneSchool Global UK that is affiliated to the Plymouth Brethren Christian Church.

Religious sites
Alloa is currently served by two churches in the Church of Scotland, namely Alloa Ludgate Church (formed by the union of Alloa North Parish Church and Alloa West Parish Church in 2009 in the building of the former West Church) and St. Mungo's Parish Church. In 1978 the Very Rev Dr Peter Brodie (then minister at St Mungo's) was elected Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. Four other former St. Mungo's ministers have held this position. Its current minister, the Rev. Sang Y Cha, is the first Korean to be ordained to The Church of Scotland. Alloa is part of the Church of Scotland's Presbytery of Stirling.

The United Free Church of Scotland has a presence in Alloa through the congregation at Moncrieff United Free Church in Drysdale Street. The congregation is served by the Rev. Jason Lingiah and is part of the Presbytery of East.

On Greenside Street, in the old Greenside mission hall (a mission of Moncrieff United Free Church), is Alloa Elim Pentecostal Church.

There are churches of other denominations in the town, including a Baptist church, and St John's Episcopal Church. There are also congregations of Latter-day Saints and Jehovah's Witnesses in Alloa.

The Catholic church, also named St Mungo's, is located in Mar Street. The church is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Dunkeld.

There is a Musalla on Whins Road in Alloa. Muslims who are unable to attend a mosque can use this space as a place of prayer, worship and education. In 2003 it became open to the public.

Sport
Alloa is home to one professional football club: Alloa Athletic Football Club. The club was formed in 1880 under the name of Alloa but changed to its present-day name of Alloa Athletic in 1881. The team currently play in the Scottish Championship, formerly the Scottish Football League First Division, after being promoted as winners of a play-off with Dunfermline Athletic, the season after being crowned champions of the Scottish Football League Third Division at the end of the 2011–12 season. Their home games are played at Recreation Park in Alloa.

Media
Alloa's oldest newspaper, the Alloa Advertiser, was founded in 1841 as a monthly but in 1855 it became a weekly. Similarly, in 1845, the monthly Clackmannanshire Advertiser became the Alloa Journal. More recently the Wee County News was launched in 1995 but went into liquidation in 2011. Some footage of a woollen mill and glassworks exists on film. River Forth (1956) B&W silent 15 mins.

Notable people from Alloa

 * David Allan, 18th century painter and illustrator
 * Robert Bald FRS, mining engineer
 * Thomas Bowie, cricketer
 * George Brown, Canadian politician and founder of The Globe and Mail newspaper
 * John Crawford Buchan, recipient of the Victoria Cross
 * John Ferguson (chemist)
 * Robert Fyfe, actor
 * James Sligo Jameson, explorer
 * Archibald MacLaren, gymnast and educator
 * Andrew Norman Meldrum, scientist
 * John Melvin (Scottish architect)
 * Lord Charles Forte, hotelier and caterer
 * Duncan Scott (swimmer), grew up in Alloa
 * Douglas Robert Brown cricketer, schooled and spent his youth in Alloa
 * John Jameson, distiller, founder of Jameson Irish Whiskey and great grandfather of Guglielmo Marconi
 * James Smith architect in west Scotland
 * David Wilson, British Colonial administrator, 26th Governor of Hong Kong and retired politician

References and sources

 * References

 * Sources
 * "Alloa and its Environs: A descriptive and Historical Sketch", Alloa Advertiser, 1861

title: Alloa


text:
Wilhelm Schickard

Wilhelm Schickard (22 April 1592 – 24 October 1635) was a German professor of Hebrew and astronomy who became famous in the second part of the 20th century after Franz Hammer, a biographer (along with Max Caspar) of Johannes Kepler, claimed that the drawings of a calculating clock, predating the public release of Pascal's calculator by twenty years, had been discovered in two unknown letters written by Schickard to Johannes Kepler in 1623 and 1624.

Hammer asserted that because these letters had been lost for three hundred years, Blaise Pascal had been called and celebrated as the inventor of the mechanical calculator in error during all this time.

After careful examination it was found that Schickard's drawings had been published at least once per century starting from 1718, that his machine was not complete and required additional wheels and springs and that it was designed around a single tooth carry mechanism that didn't work properly when used in calculating clocks.

Schickard's machine was the first of several designs of direct entry calculating machines in the 17th century (including the designs of Blaise Pascal, Tito Burattini, Samuel Morland and René Grillet). The Schickard machine was particularly notable for its integration of an ingenious system of rotated Napier's rods for multiplication with a first known design for an adding machine, operated by rotating knobs for input, and with a register of rotated numbers showing in windows for output. Taton has argued that Schickard's work had no impact on the development of mechanical calculators. However, whilst there can be debate about what constitutes a "mechanical calculator" later devices, such as Moreland's multiplying and adding instruments when used together, Caspar Schott's Cistula, René Grillet's machine arithmétique, and Claude Perrault's rhabdologique at the end of the century, and later, the Bamberger Omega developed in the early 20th century, certainly followed the same path pioneered by Schickard with his ground breaking combination of a form of Napier's rods and adding machine designed to assist multiplication.

Schickard has been called "the father of the computer age".

Life
Schickard was born in Herrenberg and educated at the University of Tübingen, receiving his first degree, B.A. in 1609 and M.A. in 1611. He studied theology and oriental languages at Tübingen until 1613. In 1613 he became a Lutheran minister continuing his work with the church until 1619 when he was appointed professor of Hebrew at the University of Tübingen.

Schickard was a universal scientist and taught biblical languages such as Aramaic as well as Hebrew at Tübingen. In 1631 he was appointed professor of astronomy at the University of Tübingen. His research was broad and included astronomy, mathematics and surveying. He invented many machines such as one for calculating astronomical dates and one for Hebrew grammar. He made significant advances in mapmaking, producing maps that were far more accurate than previously available.

He was, among his other skills, a renowned wood and copperplate engraver.

Wilhelm Schickard died of the bubonic plague in Tübingen, on 23 or 24 October 1635. In 1651, Giovanni Riccioli named the lunar crater Schickard after him.

Political theory
In 1625 Schickard, a Christian Hebraist, published an influential treatise, Mishpat ha-melek, Jus regium Hebraeorum (Title in both Hebrew and Latin: The King's Law) in which he uses the Talmud and rabbinical literature to analyze ancient Hebrew political theory. Schickard argues that the Bible supports monarchy.

History
In 1623 and 1624, in two letters that he sent to Kepler, reported his design and construction of what he referred to as an “arithmeticum organum” (“arithmetical instrument”) that he has invented, but which would later be described as a Rechenuhr (calculating clock). The machine was designed to assist in all the four basic functions of arithmetic (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division). Amongst its uses, Schickard suggested it would help in the laborious task of calculating astronomical tables. The machine could add and subtract six-digit numbers, and indicated an overflow of this capacity by ringing a bell. The adding machine in the base was primarily provided to assist in the difficult task of adding or multiplying two multi-digit numbers. To this end an ingenious arrangement of rotatable Napier's bones were mounted on it. It even had an additional "memory register" to record intermediate calculations. Whilst Schickard noted that the adding machine was working his letters mention that he had asked a professional, a clockmaker named Johann Pfister to build a finished machine. Regrettably it was destroyed in a fire either whilst still incomplete, or in any case before delivery. Schickard abandoned his project soon after. He and his entire family were wiped out in 1635 by bubonic plague during the Thirty Years' War.

Schickard's machine used clock wheels which were made stronger and were therefore heavier, to prevent them from being damaged by the force of an operator input. Each digit used a display wheel, an input wheel and an intermediate wheel. During a carry transfer all these wheels meshed with the wheels of the digit receiving the carry.

The Institute for Computer Science at the University of Tübingen is called the Wilhelm-Schickard-Institut für Informatik in his honor.

Priority of invention
There has been a long-standing question about who should be given priority of invention of the mechanical calculator. Schickard's mechanism was chronologically earlier but was never able to be used and appears to have had serious design flaws. Pascal's design was slightly later but functioned superbly.

In 1718 an early biographer of Kepler, Michael Gottlieb Hansch, had published letters from Schickard that described the calculating machine, and his priority was also mentioned in an 1899 publication, the Stuttgarter Zeitschrift für Vermessungswesen. In 1957, Franz Hammer, one of Kepler's biographers, announced that Schickard's drawings of this previously unknown calculating clock predated Pascal's work by twenty years.

Bruno von Freytag-Löringhoff built a replica of Schickard's machine in 1960, but had to improve on the design of the carry mechanism: "This simple-looking device actually presents a host of problems to anyone attempting to construct an adding machine based on this principle. The major problem is caused by the fact that the single tooth must enter into the teeth of the intermediate wheel, rotate it 36 degrees (one tenth of a revolution), and exit from the teeth, all while only rotating 36 degrees itself. The most elementary solution to this problem consists of the intermediate wheel being, in effect, two different gears, one with long and one with short teeth together with a spring-loaded detente (much like the pointer used on the big wheel of the gambling game generally known as Crown and Anchor) which would allow the gears to stop only in specific locations. It is not known if Schickard used this mechanism, but it certainly works well on the reproductions constructed by von Freytag Loringhoff."

- Michael R. Williams

Pascal's invention was almost certainly independent, as "it is almost certain that Pascal would not have known of Schickard's machine." Pascal realized that a single-tooth gear would only be adequate for a carry that only needs to propagate a few places. For more digits, the force required to propagate extended carries would damage such gears.

The two machines were essentially different in that Pascal's machine was designed primarily for addition and (with the use of complementary numbers) for subtraction. The adding machine in Schickard's design may have jammed in the unusual case of a carry being required across too many dials, but it could smoothly subtract by reversing the motion of the input dials, in a way that was not possible in the Pascaline. (Experiments with replicas show that in the event of a jam when a carry is attempted across more than, say, three dials, it is obvious to the operator who may intervene to assist the machine to perform the additional carries. This is not as efficient as with the Pascaline, but it is not a fatal deficiency.) The Schickard adding machine also has provision for an audible warning when an output was too large for the available dials. This was not provided for in the Pascaline.

Pascal tried to create a smoothly functioning adding machine for use by his father initially, and later for commercialisation, while the adding machine in Schickard's design appears to have been introduced to assist in multiplication (through the calculation of partial products using Napier's rods, a process that can also be used to assist division).

title: Wilhelm Schickard


text:
Angus Ogilvy

Sir Angus James Bruce Ogilvy (14 September 1928 – 26 December 2004) was a British businessman. He is best known as the husband of Princess Alexandra of Kent, a first cousin of Queen Elizabeth II. Ogilvy is also remembered for his role in a business scandal, known as the Lonrho affair, involving the breaking of sanctions against Rhodesia during the 1970s. In later years, he was involved in charity work.

Early life and family
He was born in London as the second son of the 12th Earl of Airlie and Lady Alexandra Coke, daughter of the 3rd Earl of Leicester. Many of his relatives had close links with the British royal family.

His grandmother, Mabell Ogilvy, Countess of Airlie, was a close friend and lady-in-waiting to Queen Mary. His father was a lord-in-waiting to George V and Lord Chamberlain to Queen Elizabeth (later the Queen Mother). He was a second cousin of Diana Mitford, a second cousin of Lavinia Fitzalan-Howard, Duchess of Norfolk, and a second cousin once removed of Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury.

Education and career
Ogilvy was educated at Heatherdown School, near Ascot in Berkshire, and later at Eton College (also in Berkshire). Between 1946 and 1948, while on National service, he was commissioned as an officer in the Scots Guards. In 1947, he attended Trinity College, Oxford, graduating in 1950 with a BA in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics (PPE).

After university, Ogilvy worked at the Drayton company and later worked with the tycoon Tiny Rowland at Drayton's subsidiary, London and Rhodesia Mining and Land Company (Lonrho). The then-Prime Minister, Sir Edward Heath, criticised the company and described it in the House of Commons as "an unpleasant and unacceptable face of capitalism" on a 1973 court case over the company's management style. Ogilvy's business career ended in 1976, after he was criticised in a Department of Trade report into the company's activities.

Marriage
On 24 April 1963, Ogilvy married Princess Alexandra of Kent, a granddaughter of King George V and Queen Mary and a cousin of Queen Elizabeth II, at Westminster Abbey in London. The wedding ceremony was attended by all the members of the royal family and was broadcast worldwide on television, watched by an estimated 200 million people.

The Queen had offered Ogilvy an earldom on his wedding, which he declined. He also rejected a grace-and-favour apartment at one of the royal palaces. Instead, he leased Thatched House Lodge in Richmond, London from the Crown Estate for him and Princess Alexandra to live in, and where she still lives today. However, she retained a grace-and-favour apartment at St James's Palace.

The couple had two children, James (born in 1964) and Marina (born in 1966).

Issue
Marina's first pregnancy, which was announced in late 1989, caused a controversy as the couple were not married. This resulted in a feud with her parents who suggested she either marry her companion or have an abortion. In an interview with a tabloid at the time, Marina had claimed that her parents had cut off her trust fund and monthly allowance due to their disapproval of her conduct.

Later years
After his business career was blighted, Ogilvy was involved with charity work. He served as president of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund and as chairman of Youth Clubs UK, the biggest non-uniformed youth organisation in Britain. He was patron of Arthritis Care, vice-patron of the National Children's Homes, chairman of the advisory council of The Prince's Trust, a trustee of the Leeds Castle Foundation, as well as being a member of the governing council of Business in the Community and of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. He was also a member of the Royal Company of Archers, the Sovereign's Bodyguard in Scotland, in which his father had served as one of its four lieutenants.

He suffered from throat cancer in later years, and his last public appearance with his wife was when he accompanied her to Thailand for an official tour.

Ogilvy died in Kingston upon Thames, London, on 26 December 2004 after spending three months in hospital with cancer-related illnesses, including acute pneumonia. His funeral took place at St. George's Chapel, Windsor in Windsor Castle on 5 January 2005. He was buried in the Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore, at Windsor.

Legacy
Ogilvy and his wife attended a special service at St Anne's Church, Kew, on Sunday 10 May 1964, to mark the church's 250th anniversary. A pew cushion in the church is embroidered with their names and coats of arms.

Honours and arms

 * KCVO: Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order, 31 December 1988
 * PC: Privy Counsellor, 31 December 1996

title: Angus Ogilvy


text:
Alva

Alva may refer to:

People

 * Alva (given name)
 * Alva (surname)
 * Alva Noto, German musician Carsten Nicolai (born 1965)

Portugal

 * Alva, a civil parish in Castro Daire Municipality
 * Alva River, a tributary of the Mondego

United States

 * Alva, Florida, a census-designated place
 * Alva Bridge, a bridge over the Caloosahatchee River
 * Alva, Kentucky, an unincorporated community
 * Blaine, Maine, a town, named Alva before its incorporation
 * Alva, Mississippi, an unincorporated community
 * Alva, Oklahoma, a city
 * Alva, Wyoming, an unincorporated community

Elsewhere

 * Alva, Hansot, a village in Gujarat, India
 * Alva, Clackmannanshire, Scotland, a small town
 * Alva, Gotland, a settlement in Sweden
 * 2353 Alva, an asteroid
 * Alva, Eldivan, Turkey

Food and drink

 * Alva (grape), an alternative name for the Portuguese wine grape Roupeiro
 * Alva, an alternative name for the German wine grape Elbling
 * Halva or alva, a sweet made of flour

Other uses

 * Alupa dynasty, Alva is the alternate name of the Alupas, an ancient ruling dynasty from India
 * Alva (automobile), French car manufactured from 1913 to 1923
 * Alva Skates, a skateboard company founded by Tony Alva
 * Alva Academy, Clackmannanshire, Scotland, a comprehensive school
 * Alva Consolidated Schools, Alva, Florida, on the National Register of Historic Places
 * Gunnery Sergeant Alva Bricker, a fictional character on the American sitcom Major Dad

title: Alva


text:
Auchterarder

Auchterarder (Uachdar Àrdair, meaning Upper Highland) is a town north of the Ochil Hills in Perth and Kinross, Scotland, and home to the Gleneagles Hotel. The 1+1/2 mi High Street of Auchterarder gave the town its popular name of "The Lang Toun" or Long Town.

The modern town is a shopping destination with a variety of independent shops and cafes.

History
The name "Auchterarder" derives from the Scottish Gaelic roots uachdar, àrd, and dobhar; it means ‘upland of high water.’

Auchterarder Castle stood to the north of the town in the area now known as Castleton. It is said to have been a hunting seat for King Malcolm Canmore in the 11th century and was visited by King Edward I in 1296. It was made ruinous in the 18th century and only fragments remained at the end of the 19th century.

In the Middle Ages, Auchterarder was known in Europe as 'the town of 100 drawbridges', a colourful description of the narrow bridges leading from the road level across wide gutters to the doorsteps of houses. The name appears in a charter of 1227 in a grant of land transaction to the Convent of Inchaffray. The Jacobite Earl of Mar's army torched the town on 25 January 1716.

In 1834, a controversy over the selection of a parish minister, following the recent passing of the Veto Act, allowed the parishioners of Auchterarder to reject the chosen minister, Rev. Robert Young. Whilst this might have ended with the selection of an alternative, Young took the issue to the High Court. The court's decision concluded a link between state and church, directly contradicting the church's own view, and causing the first in a chain of events which would ultimately lead to the 1843 schism in the Church of Scotland. The remains of this church – the tower – have recently been renovated, and there is a plaque explaining what the church used to look like. As a result of the troubles of 1834, Auchterarder became one of the first towns in Scotland to build its own independent Free Church, indeed appearing to pre-empt the Disruption by commissioning the architect David Cousin to design their church in advance, such that it was completed in 1843 as soon as the Free Church formally came into existence.

Aytoun Hall, which is the main community events venue in the town, was completed in 1872.

The Burgh (Police) Scotland Act of 1892 bestowed Burgh status upon the town and a provost, two bailies, an honorary treasurer, Dean of Guild and six councillors were appointed to manage its affairs.

In 1983 the A9 was diverted to the south, bypassing Auchterarder and Aberuthven, to improve the connection between Stirling and Perth.

The 31st G8 summit was held in the town in July 2005 at the five-star Gleneagles hotel.

In 2008, Caledonian Crescent and Queens Crescent in Auchterarder had the most expensive house prices in Scotland.

Transport
Gleneagles railway station, which is located around 2 mi to the south-west of Auchterarder, has been the main railway station for the town since 1886.

Auchterarder contains a charger operated by Perth and Kinross Council located in Crown Inn Wynd for electric vehicle charging.

The town boasts a Community Bus Service which is low cost to normal users and free to young people and the elderly. The service links the three main residential areas of Auchterarder, namely the South, Townhead and the High Street as well as the two new developments near Hunter Street. The service connects to the local health centre and hospital.

Climate
Auchterarder has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb). The nearest weather station to Auchterarder is located at Strathallan, around 2+1/4 mi northwest.

Notable people

 * Andrew Fairlie (1963–2019), two-Michelin-starred chef, worked at Gleneagles
 * Eve Graham (born 1943), singer with The New Seekers, was born in Auchterarder
 * Sandy Gunn (1919–1944), Spitfire photo reconnaissance pilot shot down and taken prisoner in Norway during the Second World War, and executed after the "Great Escape"
 * Rev Robert Haldane (1764–1842), religious writer and theologian, preached here 1797 to 1806
 * Stephen Hendry (born 1969), seven-time world snooker champion, lived in Auchterarder
 * James Kennaway (1928–1968), novelist and screen-writer, was born in Auchterarder
 * Rev Dr G. A. Frank Knight DD FRSE (1869–1937), minister of the Free Church 1892–1900
 * Rev Robert Nisbet DD FRSE (1814–1874), religious author, went to Auchterarder School
 * Prof John Monteath Robertson FRSE (1900–1989), crystallographer

title: Auchterarder


text:
Al Kaline

Albert William Kaline (December 19, 1934 – April 6, 2020), nicknamed "Mr. Tiger", was an American professional baseball right fielder who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Detroit Tigers. For most of his career, Kaline played in the outfield, mainly as a right fielder where he won ten Gold Glove Awards and was known for his strong throwing arm. He was selected to 18 All-Star Games, including selections each year between 1955 and 1967. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1980, his first time on the ballot.

Near the end of his career, Kaline also played as first baseman and, in his last season, was the Tigers' designated hitter. He retired soon after reaching the 3,000 hit milestone late in the 1974 season. Immediately after retiring from playing, he became the Tigers' TV color commentator, a position he held from 1975 until 2002. Kaline worked for the Tigers as a front office assistant from 2003 until his death in 2020.

Early life
Kaline was born and raised in Baltimore, Maryland, the son of Naomi (Morgan) and Nicholas Kaline. His family was poor. Several of his relatives played semi-professional baseball, but no one in the family had graduated from high school. When he was eight years old, Kaline developed osteomyelitis and had two inches of bone removed from his left foot. The surgery left him with scarring and permanent deformity, but he was an outstanding pitcher in youth baseball. Kaline had learned to throw a fastball, changeup and curveball by the age of nine.

Kaline attended Baltimore's Southern High School, where he starred in basketball and also played football until he sustained a cheek injury. When he tried out for the baseball team, there was no room on the pitching staff so Kaline moved to the outfield. He earned all-state honors in baseball all four years. Kaline said that he was a poor student but that he was well-liked by his teachers. He said that his teachers passed him, believing he would become a baseball player.

Early years

At the time of Kaline's signing, the bonus rule implemented by Major League Baseball was still in effect. The rule stipulated that when a major league team signed a player to a contract with a signing bonus in excess of $4,000 ($0 today), the team was required to keep that player on their 25-man active roster for two full seasons. If the team failed to comply with the rule, they would lose the rights to that player's contract, and the player would then be exposed to the waiver wire.

As Kaline had received a bonus of $15,000 ($0 today), he bypassed the minor leagues and joined the Tigers directly from high school. Ed Katalinas, the Detroit scout who had tracked him through high school, said: "To me he was the prospect that a scout creates in his mind and then prays that someone will come along to fit the pattern."

He made his major league debut on June 25, 1953 in Philadelphia as a late-inning replacement for outfielder Jim Delsing. Kaline wore number 25 during his rookie campaign, but asked teammate Pat Mullin for his No. 6 when he retired after the 1953 season ended. Kaline wore the number for the rest of his major league playing career.

In 1955, at age 20, Kaline ended the season with a .340 batting average, becoming the youngest player ever to win the American League (AL) batting title. No 20-year-old major league player had won a batting title since Ty Cobb in 1907. During the 1955 season, Kaline became the 13th man in major league history to hit two home runs in the same inning, became the youngest to hit three home runs in one game, and finished the year with 200 hits, 27 home runs and 102 runs batted in (RBIs). His 200 hits led the major leagues, and he also led the American League with 321 total bases. Kaline finished second to Yogi Berra in the American League's 1955 Most Valuable Player Award voting. He was selected to the Major League Baseball All-Star Game, the first in a string of consecutive All-Star selections that lasted through 1967.

Kaline followed in 1956 with a .314 batting average, 27 home runs and a career-high 128 RBIs, finishing third in the AL MVP voting. He led the league in outfield assists with 18 in 1956 and again in 1958 with 23. In 1957, he won the first of what would be ten Gold Glove Awards over the next eleven seasons. Kaline was out for several games in 1958 after he was hit by a pitch. He missed several games in 1959 after he was hit by a thrown ball and sustained a fracture in his cheekbone. Kaline had been knocked out from the blow and initial speculation was that he could miss six weeks of the season. Kaline ended up missing only 18 games, and finished the 1959 season with a .327 batting average and 27 home runs. He also led the AL in slugging percentage (.530) and OPS (.940). By the time of his 26th birthday, Kaline had accumulated 1,200 hits, the third highest total by a 25-year-old player in MLB history, behind only Ty Cobb (1,433) and Mel Ott (1,249).

Middle career
Following the departure of Harvey Kuenn, Kaline played the entire 1960 season in center field, the only time of his career he would do so. In 1961, the Tigers acquired Bill Bruton from the Milwaukee Braves to play center field, allowing Kaline to move back to right field.

In 1961, Kaline led the majors with 41 doubles and hit .324 to finish second in the AL batting race (behind teammate Norm Cash). The Tigers won 101 games, to date the third-highest win total in team history, but still finished eight games behind a New York Yankees team that was led by the home run heroics of Roger Maris (61) and Mickey Mantle (54). Kaline began the 1962 season hitting .345 with 13 home runs and 38 RBIs in 35 games. On May 26 of that season, he sustained a broken collarbone while making a game-ending catch on a ball hit by New York's Elston Howard. He missed 57 games due to the injury and Detroit was unable to seriously compete for a pennant due to his absence. When healthy, Kaline was great in 1962, hitting a career-high 29 home runs and driving in 94 runs in only 100 games.

By late March 1963, Kaline said that he felt good and he was hitting .373 in 53 spring training at-bats. In the 1963 regular season, Kaline hit .312 with 27 home runs and 101 RBIs, finishing second to Elston Howard in the American League's Most Valuable Player Award voting. Kaline experienced pain in his left foot, the one that had been affected by osteomyelitis as a child, throughout the 1964 season. His batting average dropped to .293 that season. Kaline tried to ignore the pain, but he saw physicians who thought he was suffering from gout and administered injections.

Still in pain the following season, Kaline saw an orthopedic surgeon who prescribed corrective shoes. "I feel so much better than I did before, that it's ridiculous", Kaline said by June 1965. Sportswriter Milton Gross described Kaline's deformed foot, saying, "The pinky and middle finger don't touch the ground. The fourth toe is stretched. The second and third are shortened. The first and third toes overlap the second and the fourth is beginning to overlap the big toe, which has begun to bend to the left. It is hard to believe, but for all of his career with the Tigers while he has been called the perfect player, Kaline has bordered on being a cripple."

In 1966, Kaline tied his career high with 29 home runs. In the summer of 1967, the normally calm Kaline broke a bone in his hand when he struck a baseball bat against a bat rack. Kaline missed a month of play. When he returned, the Tigers were in a four-team pennant race, but the team finished the season one game behind the first place Boston Red Sox.

Kaline missed two months of the 1968 season with a broken arm, but he returned to the lineup when Tiger manager Mayo Smith benched shortstop Ray Oyler and sent center fielder Mickey Stanley to play shortstop to make room for Kaline in the outfield. ESPN later called Smith's move one of the ten greatest coaching decisions of the century. In the 1968 World Series, the St. Louis Cardinals won three of the first four games of the series and were leading Game 5 by a score of 3–2 in the seventh inning, when Kaline hit a bases loaded single to drive in two runs. The Tigers won that game, and then won Game 6 in a blowout. Kaline had two hits, two runs scored and three RBI in the Tigers' 10-run third inning of Game 6. Detroit went on to win Game 7 for their first world championship since 1945. In his only World Series appearance, Kaline hit .379 with two home runs and eight RBIs in seven games. For their victory, Kaline and his teammates each received bonus checks of $10,000 (at a time when Kaline's salary was "about $70,000").

The 1969 Tigers could not repeat the magic of their World Series triumph, as they won 90 games but still finished 19 games behind the Baltimore Orioles in the newly-formed American League East division. Kaline hit .272 with 21 home runs in 131 games. It was the last season of his career that he reached 20 homers.

Final seasons
In 1970, Kaline sustained a freak, near-fatal injury in an outfield collision. In a game at Milwaukee's County Stadium on May 30, against the Milwaukee Brewers, Kaline collided with center fielder Jim Northrup as they both pursued a fly ball. Kaline fell to the warning track and immediately began to choke; on impact, his jaw had gotten locked and his tongue obstructed his breathing. Alertly, left fielder Willie Horton rushed over and pried opened Kaline's mouth, clearing his airway and likely saving his life. Kaline was carried out on a stretcher and spent the night in hospital as a precaution. Later on, he said that he could not remember the incident.

After hitting .294 in 1971, Kaline became the first Tiger to sign a $100,000 ($0 in today's dollars) contract. He had turned down a pay raise from $95,000 to $100,000 the previous year, saying he did not feel like he deserved it after hitting .278 with 16 home runs in 1970. Detroit contended all season for the 1972 pennant, trailing the Red Sox by a half-game before a series against them to end the regular season. Kaline batted eight times in two games, registering five hits and three runs scored. Detroit won those first two games and clinched the AL East pennant. Kaline batted .313 in 106 games in 1972, topping .300 for the first time since 1967. The Tigers lost the 1972 American League Championship Series to the Oakland Athletics that year after Reggie Jackson stole home in the decisive fifth game of the series. In March 1973, Kaline won the Roberto Clemente Award in recognition of the honor he brought to baseball on and off the field.

On September 24, 1974, Kaline became the 12th player in MLB history to reach the 3,000 hit milestone, when he hit a double off the Orioles' Dave McNally. After reaching the milestone, Kaline announced that he would retire at season's end. "I'm glad it's over. I really am. I don't think I'll miss it. I may miss spring training", Kaline said after his last game on October 3, 1974.

Kaline finished his career with 3,007 hits (then 11th on the all-time list, currently 32nd), 498 doubles, 75 triples, 399 home runs (still a Tigers record as of 2024 and currently 58th on the all-time list), 1,622 runs scored, 1,277 bases on balls, and 1,582 RBIs (currently 44th on the all-time list). He batted over .300 nine times in his career to finish with a lifetime batting average of .297 and hit 25 or more home runs seven times in his career. Kaline also holds Tiger career records for games played (2,834), walks (1,277), and sacrifice flies (104). He had more walks than strikeouts (1,020). Kaline was a good pinch hitter in his career, batting .311 (37-for-119) in that capacity with two home runs and 23 RBI. His highest season strikeout total came in his final season, with 75. Prior to that, Kaline never struck out more than 66 times in a season. Among position players, Kaline ranks 29th all-time (15th among outfielders) in Wins Against Replacement (WAR) with a career mark of 92.8.

Defensively, Kaline finished his career with an overall .987 fielding percentage. In his first full season (1954), he recorded 16 outfield assists, including three in one game (July 7 against the Chicago White Sox). He recorded 84 outfield assists between 1954 and 1958, posting a career-high 23 in 1958. After that season, baserunners rarely tested his arm, and his assist numbers dropped.

Honors
Kaline was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1980, becoming the tenth player in history to be inducted in his first year of eligibility. He was named on 340 of the 385 ballots (88.3%) cast by sportswriters. Kaline and Duke Snider were the only candidates elected by the sportswriters in 1980. Kaline later said, "I really never thought I would choose an individual thing that happened just to me over a team thing like the World Series. But I would have to say this is the biggest thing that has ever happened to me."

Kaline was honored by the Tigers as the first of their players to have his uniform number (6) retired. Versatile and well-rounded, he won ten Gold Glove Awards (1957–59 and 1961–67) for excellence in the field and appeared in the All-Star game 15 times (1955–67, 1971, 1974).

In 1999, Kaline was ranked number 76 on The Sporting News list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and was nominated as a finalist for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. In 2020, The Athletic ranked Kaline at number 51 on its "Baseball 100" list, complied by sportswriter Joe Posnanski.

In 2022, as part of their SN Rushmore project, The Sporting News named Kaline on their "Detroit Mount Rushmore of Sports", along with Detroit Red Wings hockey player Gordie Howe, Detroit Lions football player Barry Sanders, and Detroit Pistons basketball player Isiah Thomas.

Cherry Street, which ran behind the left-field stands at Tiger Stadium, was renamed Kaline Drive in his honor in 1970. On September 27, 1999, when Detroit played its last game at Tiger Stadium against the Kansas City Royals, Kaline was invited to appear in uniform and present the last lineup card to the umpires. He did so along with George Brett, former Kansas City Royals' great and fellow Hall of Famer.

Kaline was regarded as a well-rounded player by his contemporaries. Baltimore Orioles third baseman Brooks Robinson said of him, "There have been a lot of great defensive players. The fella who could do everything is Al Kaline. He was just the epitome of what a great outfielder is all about – great speed, catches the ball and throws the ball well." Manager Billy Martin once said, "I have always referred to Al Kaline as 'Mister Perfection'. He does it all — hitting, fielding, running, throwing — and he does it with that extra touch of brilliancy that marks him as a super ballplayer... Al fits in anywhere, at any position in the lineup and any spot in the batting order."

The 1993 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was dedicated to Kaline on the occasion of the 35th anniversary of his hometown's only other Midsummer Classic. Kaline, along with Leon Day and former Baltimore Orioles star Brooks Robinson, threw out the ceremonial first pitch to end the pregame ceremonies. Kaline's ceremonial first pitch was caught by future Detroit Tiger Ivan Rodriguez, who was starting his All-Star debut.

Post-playing career

After his playing career, Kaline lived in the Detroit area, also maintaining a house in Florida, and he remained active within the Tigers organization, serving first as a color commentator on the team's television broadcasts (1975–2002) mostly with play by play announcer and former Tiger and fellow Hall of Famer George Kell, and then later as a consultant to the team. Starting in 2003, Kaline served as a special assistant to Tigers President/CEO/General Manager Dave Dombrowski, and his duties included coaching/mentoring outfielders during spring training. Former Tigers teammate Willie Horton also holds this position, and the two threw out the first pitch of the 2006 World Series at Comerica Park. Kaline continued in his assistant role until his death in 2020. His 67 years with one team was one of the longest tenures in MLB history.

Because of his lengthy career and longtime association with the Tigers organization, Kaline's nickname was "Mr. Tiger." Kaline's grandson Colin Kaline was selected by the Tigers in the 25th round of the 2007 MLB draft. He did not sign, choosing to play baseball at Florida Southern College. The team drafted him again in the 2011 MLB draft, this time in the 26th round. He played in the low minor leagues with the Detroit organization in 2011–12.

Personal life
Kaline married his high school sweetheart, Madge Louise Hamilton, in 1954. He had two sons, Mark Albert Kaline (b. August 21, 1957) and Michael Keith Kaline (b. 1962). Michael played college baseball at Miami University and was the grandfather of Colin Kaline, who had a short Minor League career and was a college coach.

Kaline died in his home in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, on April 6, 2020; the cause of death was not reported.

title: Al Kaline


text:
Armadale

Armadale may refer to:

Australia

 * Armadale, Victoria, a suburb of Melbourne
 * Armadale, Western Australia, a suburb of Perth
 * City of Armadale, a local government area
 * Electoral district of Armadale, a Legislative Assembly electorate

Rail in Australia

 * Armadale line, Western Australia
 * Armadale railway station, Perth, Western Australia
 * Armadale railway station, Melbourne, Victoria

Canada

 * Armadale, Ontario, a historic community

School in Canada

 * Armadale Public School, an elementary school

Scotland

 * Armadale, Skye, Highland
 * Armadale, Sutherland, Highland
 * Armadale, West Lothian
 * Armadale Stadium

Other usage

 * Armadale (automobile), an obsolete British automobile
 * Armadale (novel), a book by Wilkie Collins
 * Armadale F.C., an association football club based in Armadale, West Lothian
 * Armadale SC, an association football club based in Armadale, Western Australia

title: Armadale