text:
Lock Up (American band)

Lock Up was a rock band that featured Tom Morello on guitar before Rage Against the Machine was formed.

The band was founded by the original guitar player Mike Livingston (formerly of The Mau-Mau's) and Kevin Wood on bass. They had previously played together in the band Ella and the Blacks, which also included Brian Grillo and Brendan Mullen (founder of The Masque, the first L.A. punk rock club). Grillo became Lock Up's lead singer. Grillo had worked several years before with Martin Atkins in the latter's Brian Brain project, and then was known in Los Angeles for fronting Brian Grillo's Wild Coyote Review.

The original drummer was Michael Lee, (later drummer with Sylvia Juncosa and with The Homebillies), who quit and was replaced briefly by D. H. Peligro, formerly of the Dead Kennedys and later in Red Hot Chili Peppers. After Peligro left, he was replaced by Vince Ostertag.

In early 1987, Lock Up signed a production deal with Third Story Music, which was the company associated with Herb Cohen, by Evan Cohen, who later ran Manifesto Records. Cohen brought the band to the attention of Anna Statman, who was an A & R person at Slash Records. In 1988, Statman moved to a new job at Geffen Records, and Lock Up was her first signing at Geffen, in mid-1988.

Livingston left Lock Up in late 1987. In early 1988, Livingston was replaced by Morello.Chris Beebe on bass completed the lineup that released Lock Up's sole album on Geffen Records, Something Bitchin' This Way Comes, which came out in 1989. The title of the album was based on Ray Bradbury's 1962 novel Something Wicked This Way Comes. Vince Ostertag was subsequently replaced by Jon Knox who played drums until the group disbanded.

Following the Lock Up break up, Jon encouraged bassist Tim Commerford and Zack de la Rocha to jam with Tom Morello and drummer Brad Wilk who unsuccessfully auditioned for Lock Up. This line-up went on to form Rage Against the Machine.

Most of Morello's guitar with Lock Up is unlike his work with Rage Against the Machine and Audioslave. His solos, in contrast to Livingston's rootsy blues oriented style mainly consist of arpeggios, tapping and overall fast fretwork. Evidence of his experimenting with the toggle switch can be heard in a few tracks ("Can't Stop the Bleeding", "Nothing New" and "Punch Drunk").

The songs "Punch Drunk" and "Half Man Half Beast" were featured in the 1991 comedy film Ski School.

In 1997, Manifesto Records licensed the Lock Up album from Geffen, and released it on compact disc. After the release, Manifesto, Morello, and Morello's label, Sony, got into a legal dispute over whether Manifesto could place a sticker on the compact disc that read "Featuring Tom Morello from Rage Against the Machine."

Band members

 * Brian Grillo – lead vocals (1986–1990)
 * Tom Morello – guitar (1988–1990)
 * Mike Livingston – guitar (1986-1987)
 * Kevin Wood – bass (1986-1987)
 * Michael Lee – drums (1986-1987)
 * D. H. Peligro – drums (1987)
 * Vince Ostertag – drums (1988–1990)
 * Chris Beebe – bass (1988–1990)
 * Jon Knox – drums (1990)

Discography

 * Something Bitchin' This Way Comes (1989)

title: Lock Up (American band)


text:
Chicago Urban League

The Chicago Urban League, established in 1916 in Chicago, Illinois, is an affiliate of the National Urban League that develops programs and partnerships and engages in advocacy to address the need for employment, entrepreneurship, affordable housing and quality education. As a consequence of the Northern Migration the League was established by an interracial group of community leaders as a resettlement organization assisting African-American migrants arriving in Chicago.

History
Barbara A. Lumpkin was appointed Interim President and CEO of the Chicago Urban League in June 2018.

In the second quarter of 2021, the League received a $100,000 USD grant from Pfizer for a "Vaccine Safety and Effectiveness Campaign".

Reports
Still Separate ..., published in 2005, found that Chicago had the fifth most racially segregated residential metropolitan area in the United States.

 * The Vicious Circle: Race, Prison, Jobs and Community in Chicago, Illinois and the Nation (Chicago Urban League, 2002)
 * Still Separate, Unequal, Race: Place and Policy in Chicago (Chicago Urban League, 2005)

Supporters

 * Earl W. Renfroe
 * Mary Morello
 * Parents for Rock and Rap
 * Joanna Snowden Porter

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Chicago Urban League


text:
Hugh M. Hefner First Amendment Award

The Hugh M. Hefner First Amendment Award is an award created in honor of Playboy founder Hugh Hefner. The Hugh M. Hefner First Amendment Awards were established by Christie Hefner in 1979 to honor individuals who have made significant contributions in the vital effort to protect and enhance First Amendment rights for Americans. Since the inception of the awards, more than 100 individuals including high school students, lawyers, librarians, journalists and educators have been honored.

Nominees have traditionally come from the areas of journalism, arts and entertainment, education, publishing, law, and government, and winners are selected by a panel of distinguished judges.

1980

 * Nat Hentoff – Book Publishing
 * Erwin Knoll and Howard Morland – Journalism
 * Saul Landau and Jack Willis – Journalism
 * David Goldberger – Law
 * Louis Clark – Government
 * Carey McWilliams – Lifetime Achievement

The judges were Tom Bradley, Mayor of Los Angeles; Jules Feiffer, playwright and social cartoonist; Fay Kanin, president, The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences; Victor Navasky, editor, The Nation; and Tom Wicker, columnist and associate editor, The New York Times.

1981

 * Frank Rowe – Book Publishing
 * Todd Crowder, Charles Reineke and William Hoffmann Jr. – Journalism
 * Edward Asner, Allan Burns, Seth Freeman, and Gene Reynolds – Arts and Entertainment
 * William Schannen III – Law
 * Morton Halperin – Government
 * Kathy Russell – Education
 * Stanley Fleishman – Lifetime Achievement

The judges were Edward Brooke, US Senator, Massachusetts; Nat Hentoff, author and columnist, The Village Voice; Fay Kanin, president, The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences; Judith Krug, director, The American Library Association; and Charles Nesson, Dean, Harvard Law School.

1982

 * Franklyn S. Haiman – Book Publishing
 * Gene D. Lanier – Education
 * Billie Pirner Garde – Government
 * Frank Snepp – Individual Conscience
 * Steven Pico – Law
 * Robert Berger, Herbert Brodkin, Ernest Kinoy and Herbert Wise – Arts and Entertainment
 * Melody Sands – Journalism
 * Frank J. Donner – Lifetime Achievement

The judges were Yvonne Braithwaite Burke, partner, Kutak, Rode & Huie; Hamilton Fish III, Publisher, The Nation; Florence McMullin, Chair, The Washington Library Association Intellectual Freedom Committee; and Aryeh Neier, Professor of Law, New York University.

1983

 * Tom Gish and Pat Gish – Outstanding Community Leadership
 * Mark Lynch – Outstanding National Leadership
 * Osmond K. Fraenkel – Lifetime Achievement

The judges were Harriet Pilpel, attorney, Weil, Gotshal & Manges; Studs Terkel, author and nationally syndicated radio show host; and William Worthy, international journalist and civil liberties activist.

1984

 * Helen Troy and Forest Troy – Outstanding Community Leadership
 * Agnus Mackenzie – Outstanding National Leadership
 * Frank Wilkinson – Lifetime Achievement

The judges were Martin Agronsky, Agronsky and Company; Alan Dershowitz, professor, Harvard Law School; and Liza Pike, Program Director, Center for Investigative Reporting.

1985

 * Clifford McKenzie – Government
 * Jack C. Landau – Education
 * Ronnie Dugger – Journalism

The judges were Burton Joseph, attorney, Barsy, Joseph & Lichtenstein; Harriet Pilpel, attorney, Weil, Gotshal & Manges; and Melody Sands, former owner of The Athens News.

1986-1987

 * Barry Lynn – Government
 * Glenna Nowell – Education
 * Walter Karp – Book Publishing
 * Charles Levendosky – Journalism
 * William A. Bradford, Jr., Ricki Seidman, and Mary Weidler – Law

The judges were Julius L. Chambers, president, NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund; Maxwell Lillienstein, General Counsel, American Booksellers Association; and Anthony Podesta, founding president, People for the American Way.

1988

 * Jamie Kalven – Book Publishing
 * Herbert Foerstel – Education
 * Rex Armstrong – Law
 * Eric Robert Glitzenstein – Government
 * David Arnett – Journalism
 * Roy Woodruff – Individual Conscience

The judges were Charlayne Hunter-Gault, New York correspondent, The MacNeil / Lehrer NewsHour; Anthony Lewis, syndicated columnist, The New York Times; Steven Pico, First Amendment lecturer and advocate; and Tom Wicker, political columnist, The New York Times.

1989

 * Eve Pell – Journalism
 * James A. Haught – Journalism
 * Thomas Michael Devine – Government
 * Joann Bell – Law
 * John Henry Faulk – Individual Conscience
 * Louis Ingelhart – Education
 * Anthony Lewis – Lifetime Achievement

The judges were Judith Krug, director, the American Library Association for Intellectual Freedom; Jack K. Landau, attorney an columnist, Newhouse Newspapers; Clarence Page, Pulitzer Prize-winning columnist, Chicago Tribune; and Harriet Pilpel, attorney, Weil, Gotshal & Manges.

1990

 * Paul Conrad – Journalism
 * Marilyn Athmann – Education
 * Danny Goldberg – Arts and Entertainment
 * Hans A. Linde – Law
 * Dennis Barrie – Individual Conscience
 * Studs Terkel – Lifetime Achievement

The judges were Herbert N. Foerstel, Head of Branch Libraries, University of Maryland; Robert Scheer, national correspondent, Los Angeles Times; and Maxine Waters, US Representative, California.

1991

 * Allan Adler – Book Publishing
 * Inez Austin – Individual Conscience
 * Traci Bauer – Law
 * James Dana – Education
 * Bella Lewitzky – Arts and Entertainment
 * Debbie Nathan – Journalism
 * Sydney Schanberg – Government

The judges were Arthur Kropp, president, People for the American Way; Barry Lynn, Co-host, Battleline news radio talk show; Eve Pell, investigative journalist, Freedom of Information Project; and Tom Wicker, political columnist, The New York Times.

1992

 * Jules Feiffer – Individual Conscience
 * Bruce Rogow – Law
 * Natalie Robins – Book Publishing
 * Carl Jensen – Education
 * Dannie Martin – Journalism
 * Peter Sussman – Journalism

The judges were Dennis Barrie, executive director, Contemporary Arts Center of Cincinnati; Norman Dorsen, Stokes Professor of Law, New York University Law School; Mark Goodman, executive director, Student Press Law Center; Barbara Kopple, documentary filmmaker; and Reginald Stuart, Assistant News Editor, Knight-Ridder Newspapers.

1993-1994

 * Anthony Griffin – Law
 * Robert Landauer – Print Journalism
 * Jeff Cohen and Norman Solomon – Book Publishing
 * Carole Marlowe – Education
 * Jim Warren – Government
 * Jean Otto – Lifetime Achievement

The judges were Rex Armstrong, Attorney and Volunteer Counsel, ACLU of Oregon; Jessica Mitford, author and social activist; and Carl Jensen, Founder, Project Censored.

1995-1996

 * Jeffrey DeBonis – Government
 * Joycelyn Chadwick-Joshua – Education
 * Seth Rosenfeld – Print Journalism
 * Mary Morello – Arts and Entertainment
 * Tom Hull – Law
 * Morton Mintz – Lifetime Achievement

The judges were Chris Finan, executive director, The Media Coalition; Marjorie Heins, Director an Staff Counsel, ACLU Arts Censorship Project; and Sydney Schanberg, journalist.

1997

 * Dr. Frederic Whitehurst – Government
 * Kelli Peterson – Individual Conscience
 * Katharine Swan – Journalism
 * Cecile Richards – Education
 * American Civil Liberties Union – Law
 * American Library Association – Law

The judges were Anthony Griffin, attorney; Bobby Handman, president, People for the American Way; and Burton Joseph, attorney, Barsy, Joseph & Lichtenstein.

1998

 * Lee Brawner – Education
 * Tisha Byars – Individual Conscience
 * Goodloe Sutton and Jean Sutton – Journalism

The judges were Nadine Strossen, president, ACLU; Peter S. Prichard, president, Freedom Forum; and Ann K. Symons, president, American Library Association.

1999

 * Michael Moore – Arts and Entertainment
 * Eugenie C. Scott – Education
 * Nicholas Becker – Individual Conscience
 * Jeri McGiverin & Elaine Williamson – Law
 * Donald Parker – Lifetime Achievement
 * Bruce Sanford – Book Publishing

The judges were Mark Goodman, executive director, Student Press Law Center; Molly Ivins, author and columnist, Creators Syndicate; Barbara Kopple, filmmaker; and Clarence Page, columnist, Chicago Tribune.

2000-2001

 * Michael Kent Curtis – Book Publishing
 * Mary Dana – Education
 * Nancy Zennie – Education
 * William M. Lawbaugh – Print Journalism
 * James Wheaton – Law
 * John Seigenthaler - Lifetime Achievement
 * Penn & Teller – Arts and Entertainment

The judges were Floyd Abrams, partner, Cahill Gordon & Reindel; Lucy Dalglish; executive director, Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press; Robert M. O'Neil, director, Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression; and Nadine Strossen, president, ACLU.

2002-2003

 * Trina Magi and Linda Ramsdell – Education
 * Ronald K. L. Collins and David Michael Skover – Book Publishing
 * David Cole – Book Publishing
 * Nate Blakeslee – Law
 * Steven Aftergood – Government
 * Talia Buford – Print Journalism
 * Bill Maher – Arts and Entertainment
 * Molly Ivins – Lifetime Achievement

The judges were Margaret Carlson, CNN's The Capital Gang and Time Magazine columnist; Ann Richards, former governor of Texas; and John Seigenthaler, Founder, First Amendment Center.

2006

 * Paisley Dodds – Print Journalism
 * Patricia Princehouse – Education
 * Geoffrey R. Stone – Book Publishing
 * Jack Spadaro – Government
 * Shelby Knox, Marion Lipschutz, and Rose Rosenblatt – Arts and Entertainment
 * Rhett Jackson – Lifetime Achievement

The judges were Katrina vanden Heuvel, editor and publisher, The Nation; Anthony D. Romero, executive director, American Civil Liberties Union; and Eugenie Scott, executive director, National Center for Science Education.

2008

 * Greg Lukianoff – Freedom of Expression
 * Heather Gillman – Law
 * Mark Klein – Government

The judges were Nadine Strossen, president, American Civil Liberties Union and professor of law, New York Law School; Geoffrey Stone, Edward H. Levi Distinguished Service Professor at University of Chicago Law School; and David Rubin, professor and former dean, S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications, Syracuse University.

2012

 * Rebecca MacKinnon – Book Publishing
 * Pablo Alvarado – Law
 * Thomas Drake – Government
 * Jesselyn Radack – Government
 * Zack Kopplin – Education
 * Stanley K. Sheinbaum – Lifetime Achievement

The judges were Hector Villagra; Patricia Schroeder; Robert Scheer; and Norman Lear.

2013

 * Morris Davis – Government
 * Jessica Ahlquist – Education
 * Norman Lear – Lifetime Achievement
 * Marjorie Heins for her book Priests of Our Democracy: The Supreme Court, Academic Freedom, and the Anti-Communist Purge.

The judges were Henry Weinstein from the University of California, Ramona Ripston and Dr. Charles C. Haynes, Director of the Religious Freedom Education Project.

2014

 * Muneer Awad – Government
 * Glenn Greenwald – Journalism
 * Norman Dorsen – Lifetime Achievement
 * Thomas Healy – Book Publishing
 * Michael Hiestand and Mary Beth Tinker – For organizing the Tinker Tour
 * Chris Finan – Law

The judges were Margaret Carlson, Laura W. Murphy Director if the ACLU's Washington Legislative Office, and Joan E. Bertin Executive Director of National Coalition Against Censorship.

2015

 * Steve Listopad – Education
 * Malkia Cyril – Government
 * Zephyr Teachout – Book Publishing
 * James Risen – Print Journalism
 * Victor Navasky – Lifetime Achievement

2017

 * Burt Neuborne – Lifetime Achievement
 * Hasan Elahi – Arts & Entertainment
 * Timothy Garton Ash – Book Publishing
 * Jenni Monet – Print Journalism

The judges were Erwin Chemerinsky, Dean and Professor of Law, University of California Berkeley School of Law; Lara Bergthold, Principal Partner at RALLY; and Davan Maharaj, editor-in-chief and Publisher of the Los Angeles Times Media Group.

2018

 * Joan E. Bertin – Lifetime Achievement
 * Simon Tam – Arts & Entertainment
 * Laura Kipnis – Book Publishing
 * Allison Stanger – Education
 * Jamie Kalevn – Journalism

The judges were Michael A. Bamberger, Author and Senior Counsel at Dentons; Shelby Coffey III, Journalist; and Zephyr Teachout, Political Activist and Professor at Fordham University School of Law.

2019

 * Floyd Abrams – Lifetime Achievement
 * Christian Bales – Education
 * Theodore J. Boutrous – Law
 * Grace Marion – Journalism
 * George Luber – Government
 * Greg Lukianoff, Jonathan Haidt – Book Publishing

The judges were Karen Tumulty, Columnist and Correspondent; Neal Katyal Professor of Law and former Acting Solicitor General of the United States; and Michael B. Keegan, president of People for the American Way and People for the American Way Foundation.

2020

 * Ira Glasser – Lifetime Achievement
 * Michael Frazier – Education
 * David E. McCraw – Law
 * Omar Jimenez – Journalism
 * Andrea L. Dennis and Erik Nielson – Book Publishing
 * Christina Clusiau and Shaul Schwarz – Arts & Entertainment

The judges were Ted Boutros, partner at Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP, and global co-chair of the firm's Litigation Group; and Kyle Pope, editor-in-chief and publisher of the Columbia Journalism Review.

2022

 * Michael Bamberger – Lifetime Achievement
 * Dawn Wooten – Government
 * Joslyn Diffenbaugh – Education
 * Amy Sohn – Book Publishing
 * Manuel Duran – Journalism

The judges were Allison Stanger, Russell Leng ’60 Professor of International Politics and Economics at Middlebury College; Julia B. Chan, editor-in-chief of The 19th, an independent, nonprofit newsroom; and Will Creeley, Legal Director of the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (FIRE).

title: Hugh M. Hefner First Amendment Award


text:
Solvation shell

A solvation shell or solvation sheath is the solvent interface of any chemical compound or biomolecule that constitutes the solute in a solution. When the solvent is water it is called a hydration shell or hydration sphere. The number of solvent molecules surrounding each unit of solute is called the hydration number of the solute.

A classic example is when water molecules arrange around a metal ion. If the metal ion is a cation, the electronegative oxygen atom of the water molecule would be attracted electrostatically to the positive charge on the metal ion. The result is a solvation shell of water molecules that surround the ion. This shell can be several molecules thick, dependent upon the charge of the ion, its distribution and spatial dimensions.

A number of molecules of solvent are involved in the solvation shell around anions and cations from a dissolved salt in a solvent. Metal ions in aqueous solutions form metal aquo complexes. This number can be determined by various methods like compressibility and NMR measurements among others.

Relation to activity coefficient of an electrolyte and its solvation shell number
The solvation shell number of a dissolved electrolyte can be linked to the statistical component of the activity coefficient of the electrolyte and to the ratio between the apparent molar volume of a dissolved electrolyte in a concentrated solution and the molar volume of the solvent (water):

$$\ln \gamma_s = \frac{h- \nu}{\nu} \ln \left(1 + \frac{br}{55.5} \right) - \frac{h}{\nu} \ln \left(1 - \frac{br}{55.5} \right) + \frac{br(r + h -\nu)}{55.5 \left(1 + \frac{br}{55.5} \right)}$$

Hydration shells of proteins
The hydration shell (also sometimes called hydration layer) that forms around proteins is of particular importance in biochemistry. This interaction of the protein surface with the surrounding water is often referred to as protein hydration and is fundamental to the activity of the protein. The hydration layer around a protein has been found to have dynamics distinct from the bulk water to a distance of 1 nm. The duration of contact of a specific water molecule with the protein surface may be in the subnanosecond range while molecular dynamics simulations suggest the time water spends in the hydration shell before mixing with the outside bulk water could be in the femtosecond to picosecond range, and that near features conventionally regarded as attractive to water, such as hydrogen bond donors, the water molecules are actually relatively weakly bound and are easily displaced. Solvation shell water molecules can also influence the molecular design of protein binders or inhibitors.

With other solvents and solutes, varying steric and kinetic factors can also affect the solvation shell.

title: Solvation shell


text:
User:Xanthine

Some contributions...

 * Quantum solvent - Original Author, further clarifications
 * Allotropy - Factual corrections (chemical data)
 * Poi (juggling) - Major revisions
 * Barbican, Plymouth - Original Author
 * Plymouth Gin Distillery - Original Author
 * Viral eukaryogenesis - Summary Paragraph
 * Meteor hammer - Complete research & re-write
 * Mimivirus - Illustration
 * Pluto in popular culture - Illustration
 * Island of stability - Illustration

title: User:Xanthine


text:
51 (number)

51 (fifty-one) is the natural number following 50 and preceding 52.

In mathematics
Fifty-one is
 * a pentagonal number as well as a centered pentagonal number and an 18-gonal number
 * the 6th Motzkin number, telling the number of ways to draw non-intersecting chords between any six points on a circle's boundary, no matter where the points may be located on the boundary.
 * a Perrin number, coming after 22, 29, 39 in the sequence (and the sum of the first two)
 * a Størmer number, since the greatest prime factor of 512 + 1 = 2602 is 1301, which is substantially more than 51 twice.
 * There are 51 different cyclic Gilbreath permutations on 10 elements, and therefore there are 51 different real periodic points of order 10 on the Mandelbrot set.
 * Since 51 is the product of the distinct Fermat primes 3 and 17, a regular polygon with 51 sides is constructible with compass and straightedge, the angle $\pi⁄51$ is constructible, and the number cos $\pi⁄51$ is expressible in terms of square roots.

In other fields
51 is:
 * The atomic number of antimony
 * The code for international direct dial phone calls to Peru
 * The last possible television channel number in the UHF bandplan for American terrestrial television from December 31, 2011, when channels 52–69 were withdrawn, to July 3, 2020, when channels 38–51 were removed from the bandplan.
 * The number of the laps of the Azerbaijan Grand Prix.
 * In the 2006 film Cars, 51 was Doc Hudson's number.
 * The Area 51.
 * The fire station number in the television series Emergency!.
 * The number of essays Alexander Hamilton wrote as part of The Federalist Papers defending the US constitution

title: 51 (number)


text:
Rational mechanics

Rational mechanics may refer to:
 *  mécanique rationelle, a historical (19th century) term for classical mechanics
 * a school of thought within physics advocated by Clifford Truesdell in the 1960s

title: Rational mechanics


text:
52 (number)

52 (fifty-two) is the natural number following 51 and preceding 53.

In mathematics
Fifty-two is
 * a composite number; a square-prime, of the form (p2, q) where q is a higher prime. It is the sixth of this form and the fifth of the form (22.q).
 * the 5th Bell number, the number of ways to partition a set of 5 objects.
 * a decagonal number.
 * with an aliquot sum of 46; within an aliquot sequence of seven composite numbers (52,46,26,16,15, 9,4,3,1,0) to the prime in the 3-aliquot tree. This sequence does not extend above 52 because it is,
 * an untouchable number, since it is never the sum of proper divisors of any number, and it is a noncototient since it is not equal to x − φ(x) for any x.
 * a vertically symmetrical number.

In science

 * The atomic number of tellurium

Astronomy

 * Messier object M52, a magnitude 8.0 open cluster in the constellation Cassiopeia, also known as NGC 7654.
 * The New General Catalogue object NGC 52, a spiral galaxy in the constellation Pegasus.

In other fields
Fifty-two is:
 * The approximate number of weeks in a year. 52 weeks is 364 days, while the tropical year is 365.24 days long. According to ISO 8601, most years have 52 weeks while some have 53.
 * A significant number in the Maya calendar
 * On the modern piano, the number of white keys (notes in the C major scale)
 * The number of cards in a standard deck of playing cards, not counting Jokers or advertisement cards
 * The name of a practical joke card game 52 Pickup
 * 52 Pick-Up is a film starring Roy Scheider and Ann Margaret
 * The code for international direct dial phone calls to Mexico
 * A weekly comic series from DC Comics entitled 52 has 52 issues, with a plot spanning one full year.
 * The New 52 is a 2011 revamp and relaunch by DC Comics of its entire line of ongoing monthly superhero books.
 * The number of letters in the English alphabet, if majuscules are distinguished from minuscules
 * The number of the French department Haute-Marne
 * 52nd Street (disambiguation)
 * 52 Hand Blocks, a variant of the martial art jailhouse rock.
 * 52 is the car number of retired NASCAR driver Jimmy Means
 * 52 American hostages were held in the Iran hostage crisis
 * The number of the laps of the British Grand Prix since 2010.

Historical years
52 BC, AD 52, 1052, 1952 etc.

title: 52 (number)


text:
Niagara Movement

The Niagara Movement (NM) was a civil rights organization founded in 1905 by a group of activists—many of whom were among the vanguard of African-American lawyers in the United States—led by W. E. B. Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter. The Niagara Movement was organized to oppose racial segregation and disenfranchisement. Its members felt "unmanly" the policy of accommodation and conciliation, without voting rights, promoted by Booker T. Washington. It was named for the "mighty current" of change the group wanted to effect and took Niagara Falls as its symbol. The group did not meet in Niagara Falls, New York, but planned its first conference for nearby Buffalo (at the last minute, to avoid disruptions, moved across the Niagara River to Fort Erie, Ontario, Canada). The Niagara Movement was the immediate predecessor of the NAACP.

Background
During the Reconstruction Era that followed the American Civil War, African Americans had an unprecedented level of civil freedom and civic participation. In the South, for the first time the former slaves could vote, hold public office, and contract for their labor. With the end of Reconstruction in the 1870s, their freedoms began to narrow. From 1890 to 1908, all the Southern states ratified new constitutions or laws that disenfranchised most blacks and significantly restricted their political and civil rights. After Democrats regained control of state legislatures they passed laws imposing legal racial segregation in public facilities. These policies were entrenched after the United States Supreme Court in 1896 ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that laws requiring "separate but equal" facilities were constitutional. The separate facilities for African Americans were often shabby, or they did not exist at all.

The most prominent African-American spokesman during the 1890s was Booker T. Washington, leader of Alabama's Tuskegee Institute. In an 1895 speech in Atlanta, Georgia, Washington discussed what became known as the Atlanta Compromise. He believed that Southern African-Americans should not agitate for political rights (such as exercising the right to vote or having equal treatment under the law) as long as they were provided economic opportunities and basic rights of due process. He believed they needed to focus on education and work, to raise their race. Washington politically dominated the National Afro-American Council, the first nationwide African-American civil rights organization.

By the turn of the 20th century, other activists within the African-American community began demanding a challenge to racist government policies and higher goals for their people than those advocated by Washington. They believed that Washington was "accommodationist". Opponents included Northerner W. E. B. Du Bois, then a professor at Atlanta University, and William Monroe Trotter, a Boston activist who in 1901 founded the Boston Guardian newspaper as a platform for radical activism. In 1902 and 1903 groups of activists sought to gain a larger voice in the debate at the conventions of the National Afro-American Council, but they were marginalized because the conventions were dominated by Washington supporters (also known as Bookerites). Trotter in July 1903 orchestrated a confrontation with Washington in Boston, a stronghold of activism, that resulted in a minor melee and the arrest of Trotter and others; the event garnered national headlines.

In January 1904, Washington, with funding assistance from white philanthropist Andrew Carnegie, organized a meeting in New York to unite African American and civil rights spokesmen. Trotter was not invited, but Du Bois and a few other activists were. Du Bois was sympathetic to the activist cause and suspicious of Washington's motives; he noted that the number of activists invited was small relative to the number of Bookerites. The meeting laid the foundation for a committee to include both Washington and Du Bois, but it quickly fractured. Du Bois resigned in July 1905. By this time, both Du Bois and Trotter recognized the need for a well-organized anti-Washington activist group.

Founding
Along with Du Bois and Trotter, Fredrick McGhee of St. Paul, Minnesota, and Charles Edwin Bentley of Chicago also recognized the need for a national activist group. The foursome organized a conference to be held July 11–13, 1905, in Buffalo, New York. 59 carefully selected anti-Bookerites were invited to attend; 29 showed up, including prominent community leaders and a notable number of lawyers. At the last minute, to avoid disruption, the meeting was moved to the Erie Beach Hotel in Fort Erie, Ontario, Canada, across the Niagara River from Buffalo.

The organization founded at this meeting chose Du Bois as its general secretary and Cincinnati lawyer George H. Jackson as treasurer. It set up committees to oversee progress on the organization's goals. State chapters would advance local agendas and disseminate information about the organization and its goals. Its name was chosen to reflect the site of its first meeting and to be representative of a "mighty current" of change its leaders sought to bring about. Seventeen founders were each appointed as state secretary to individually represent 17 of the states of the union:
 * Massachusetts – CG Morgan
 * Georgia – John Hope
 * Arkansas – FB Coffin
 * Illinois – CE Bentley
 * Kansas – B. S. Smith
 * D.C. – L. M. Henshaw
 * New York – G. F. Miller
 * Virginia – James Robert Lincoln Diggs
 * Colorado – C. A. Franklin
 * Pennsylvania – G. W. Mitchell
 * Rhode Island – Byron Gunner
 * New Jersey – T. A. Spraggins
 * Maryland – G.R. Waller
 * Iowa – G. H. Woodson
 * Tennessee – Richard Hill
 * Minnesota – F. L. McGhee
 * West Virginia – J. R. Clifford

Founders
The 29 founders who traveled to the inaugural meeting of the Niagara Movement came from 14 states, and became known as "The Original Twenty-nine":
 * 1) James Robert Lincoln Diggs – College president; pastor; ninth African American to receive a doctorate in the United States
 * 2) Dr. Henry Lewis "H. L." Bailey (January 17, 1866 – July 16, 1933) – Teacher and medical doctor.
 * 3) William Justin "W. Justin" Carter, Sr. (May 28, 1866 – March 23, 1947) – Pennsylvania lawyer; civil right activist; scholar; early NAACP member
 * 4) William Henry "W. H." Scott (June 15, 1848 – June 27, 1910) – Born to slavery, soldier, teacher, bookseller, Baptist pastor, activist, founder of Massachusetts Racial Protective League and the National Independent Political League
 * 5) Isaac F. "I.F." Bradley, Sr. (1862 – 1938) – Assistant county attorney, Wyandotte County; justice of the peace; judge; publisher and editor of The Wyandotte Echo (1930 – 1938); father of Isaac F. Bradley, Jr., who was assistant attorney general for Kansas (1937-39)
 * 6) Alonzo F. Herndon – Born to slavery; entrepreneur; one of the first African-American millionaires in the United States
 * 7) William Henry "W. H." Richards (January 15, 1856 – 1941) – Lawyer and law professor; secured funding from Congress, with William Henry Harrison Hart, for first law school building at Howard University; activist; alderman; mayor; William H. Richards: A remarkable life of a remarkable man, was a biography by Julia B. Nelson, published about 1900
 * 8) Brown Sylvester "B. S." Smith – Kansas City lawyer and City Councillor, activist. Born to parents who were born into slavery; orphaned young.
 * 9) Frederick L. McGhee[[Image:W.E. Burghardt DuBois.JPG|thumb|right|upright|[[W. E. B. Du Bois]], 1903 portrait]]
 * 10) William Monroe Trotter
 * 11) Garnett Russell "G.R." Waller (February 17, 1857 – March 7, 1941) – Shoemaker; pastor
 * 12) Harvey A. Thompson — H. A. Thompson (July 24, 1863 – ), Columbus, Ohio native; Fisk University, Le Moyne College and Meharry Medical College alumni; Ninth United States Cavalry (1883 – 1888); adjutant and first lieutenant of the Eighth Illinois (1894); Chicago political and business figure; clerkship at the central police station; married Frances Gowins
 * 13) William Henry Harrison Hart — Born to a white slave trader; jailed activist; secured funding from Congress, with W. H. Richards, for first law school building at Howard University; law professor; worked for United States Treasury, United States Department of Agriculture; assistant librarian of Congress; first black lawyer appointed as special U.S. District Attorney for the District of Columbia
 * 14) Lafayette M. Hershaw
 * 15) W. E. B. Du Bois – Co-founder of the NAACP
 * 16) Charles E. Bentley
 * 17) Clement G. Morgan
 * 18) Freeman H. M. Murray
 * 19) J. Max BarberHC Smith.png, Men of Mark sketch.]]
 * 20) George Frazier Miller (November 28, 1864 – May 9, 1943) — rector of St. Augustine's Episcopal Church, Brooklyn; socialist; civil rights activist
 * 21) George Henry "G. H." Woodson (December 15, 1865 – July 7, 1933) — Criminal trial attorney, born to newly emancipated slaves; founder and president of both the Iowa Negro Bar Association in 1901 and — subsequent to being denied membership in the American Bar Association (along with Gertrude Rush, S. Joe Brown, James B. Morris, and Charles P. Howard, Sr.) — the National Negro Bar Association, in 1925, which became the National Bar Association (NBA), of which he also served as president emeritus; President Coolidge appointed Woodson chairman of the first all-Negro commission ever sent overseas, with a mandate to investigate the economic conditions of the Virgin Islands (illustrated report available from the U. S. department of labor archives)
 * 22) James S. Madden — Bookkeeper; activist; desegregationist; worked to establish the Chicago branch of the Niagara Movement with Charles E. Bentley; Provident Hospital trustee; assisted in the founding of the Equal Opportunity League
 * 23) Henry C. Smith – Musician, composer; civil rights activist; Ohio deputy oil inspector; co-founder and editor of The Cleveland Gazette
 * 24) Emery T. "E.T." Morris (1849 - 1924) — Massachusetts deputy sealer of weights and measures; druggist; rail porter; stationary steam engineer; lay teacher who created extensive antislavery libraries in New England; founder of the Boston branch of the Movement
 * 25) Richard Hill (October 12, 1864 – ) – Native of Nashville, Tennessee; teacher and city schools supervisor; insurance and real estate entrepreneur; served as NM Secretary for Tennessee; father of civil rights activist and lawyer Richard Hill, Jr.
 * 26) Robert H. Bonner – Beverly, Massachusetts artist; Yale University alumni; Colored Yale Quartette singer; lawyer; long associated the Trotter family
 * 27) Byron Gunner (July 4, 1857 – February 9, 1922) – Congregational minister; president of the National Equal Rights League; later a strong ally of William Monroe Trotter; Rhode Island Niagara Movement secretary; father of playwright Mary Frances Gunner
 * 28) Edwin Bush "E.B." Jourdain — Boston lawyer; hosted "the New Bedford Annex for Boston Radicals"; father of journalist, activist and first black alderman of Evanston, Illinois Edwin B. Jourdain, Jr.
 * 29) George W. Mitchell – Washington, DC attorney; Howard University Latin and Greek professor; Pennsylvania NM secretary; father of lawyer and real estate investor George Henry Mitchell

Inaugural meeting location
The First Niagara Conference was originally scheduled for Buffalo, New York, but because of threatened disruptions from partisans of the politically powerful Booker T. Washington fled at the last minute to the Erie Beach Hotel in Fort Erie, Ontario, Canada. Du Bois described the meeting as "secret". One Bookerite, Clifford Plummer, traveled to Buffalo to check up on the proceedings, looked around, and "happily" reported back that there was no conference.

To disguise this, it was said that they were refused accommodation in Buffalo. However, no evidence supports this. According to contemporary reports, Buffalo hotels complied with a statewide anti-discrimination law passed in 1895, and in a recent article it is called an "unlikely...legend".

Declaration of Principles
The attendees of the inaugural meeting drafted a "Declaration of Principles," primarily the work of Du Bois and Trotter. The group's philosophy contrasted with the conciliatory approach by Booker T. Washington, who proposed patience over militancy. The declaration defined the group's philosophy and demands: politically, socially and economically. It described the progress made by "Negro-Americans", "'particularly the increase of intelligence, the buy-in of property, the checking of crime, the uplift in home life, the advance in literature and art, and the demonstration of constructive and executive ability in the conduct of great religious, economic and educational institutions.'"

It called for blacks to be granted manhood suffrage, for equal treatment for all American citizens alike. Very specifically, it demanded equal economic opportunities, in the rural districts of the South, where many blacks were trapped by sharecropping in a kind of indentured servitude to whites. This resulted in "virtual slavery". The Niagara Movement wanted all African Americans in the South to have the ability to "earn a decent living".

On the subject of education, the authors declared that not only should it be free, but it should also be made compulsory. Higher education, they declared, should be governed independently of class or race, and they demanded action to be taken to improve "high school facilities." This they emphasized: "either the United States will destroy ignorance, or ignorance will destroy the United States." They demanded for judges to be selected independently of their race, and for convicted criminals, white or black, to be given equal punishments for their respective crimes.

In his address to the nation, W. E. B. Du Bois stated, "We are not more lawless than the white race; we [are] more often arrested, convicted and mobbed. We want justice, even for criminals and outlaws." He called for the abolition of the convict lease system. Established after the Civil War before southern states built prisons, convicts were leased out to work as cheap laborers for "railway contractors, mining companies and those who farm large plantations." Southern states had passed laws targeting blacks and leasing them out to pay off fines or fees they could not manage. The system continued, earning money for local jurisdictions and the state from leasing out prisoners. There was little oversight, and many prisoners were abused and worked to death. Urging a return to the faith of "our fathers," the declaration appealed for every person to be considered equal and free.

The declaration also targeted the treatment blacks received from labor unions, often oppressed and not fully protected by their employers nor granted permanent employment. It validated the already announced affirmation that such protest against outright injustice would not cease until such discrimination did. Secondly, Du Bois and Trotter stated the irrationality of discriminating based on one's "physical peculiarities", whether it be place of birth or color of skin. Perhaps one's ignorance, or immorality, poverty or diseases are legitimate excuses, but not the matters over which individuals have no control. Near its end, the document condemns the Jim Crow laws, the rejection of blacks for enlistment in the Navy and by the military academies, the non-enforcement of the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments protecting the rights of blacks, and the "unchristian" behaviors of churches that segregate and show prejudice to their black brothers. The Declaration thanked those who "stand for equality" and the advancement of this cause.

Opposition
Booker T. Washington and his supporters tried to discourage growth of this rival movement. Washington, Thomas Fortune, and Charles Anderson met after learning of the Movement's formation, and agreed to suppress news of it in the black press. They acquired supporters in Archibald Grimké and Kelly Miller, two moderates who had been friendly with Trotter, but had not been invited by Du Bois to the convention (Grimké was hired by Fortune's New York Age). The Age editorialized that the Movement was little more than an attempt to tear down the house that Washington had labored to set up. A Boston supporter of Washington convinced the printer of Trotter's Guardian to withdraw his services, but Trotter managed to continue printing anyway. Prominent white activists, including Francis Jackson Garrison and Oswald Garrison Villard (family of abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison, a hero of Trotter), refused to attend Trotter-organized commemorations of their father's birth centennial. They chose a celebration organized by Bookerites.

Despite Washington's attempts at suppression, Du Bois reported at the end of 1905 that a number of black publications had published accounts of the Movement's activities, and it received further publicity as a consequence of Bookerite press attacks against it. Washington also attacked the Constitution League, a multi-racial civil rights group that was also opposed to his accommodationist policies. The Niagara Movement made common cause with this organization.

Meetings

 * Scheduled for Buffalo, New York but because of threatened disruptions from partisans of the politically powerful Booker T. Washington at the last minute to rescheduled for the Erie Beach Hotel in [[Fort Erie in Ontario, Canada
 * Harpers Ferry, West Virginia (1906)
 * Boston, Massachusetts (1907)
 * Oberlin, Ohio (1908)
 * Sea Isle City, New Jersey (1909)

After the initial meeting, delegates returned to their home territories to establish local chapters. By mid-September 1905, they had established chapters in 21 states, and the organization had 170 members by year's end. Du Bois founded a magazine, The Moon, in an attempt to establish an official mouthpiece for the organization. Due to lack of funding, it failed after a few months of publication. A second publication, The Horizon, was started in 1907 and survived until 1910.

The movement's second meeting, the first to be held on U.S. soil and arguably the movement's high point, took place at Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, the site of abolitionist John Brown's 1859 raid. The three-day gathering, from August 15 to 18, 1906, took place at the campus of Storer College (now part of Harpers Ferry National Historical Park). The Hill Top House Hotel hosted many of the guests. Convention attendees discussed how to secure civil rights for African Americans, and the meeting was later described by Du Bois as "one of the greatest meetings that American Negroes ever held." Attendees walked from Storer College to the nearby Murphy Family farm, relocation site of the historic fort where John Brown's quest to end slavery reached its bloody climax. Once there, they removed their shoes and socks to honor the hallowed ground and participated in a ceremony of remembrance.

Several of the organization's chapters made substantive contributions to the advance of civil rights in 1906. The Massachusetts chapter successfully lobbied against state legislation for the segregation of railroad cars, but was unable to stop the state from helping to fund the Jamestown Exposition, a commemoration of the founding of racially motivated Jamestown, Virginia, in which Virginia sought to limit black admission. The Illinois chapter convinced Chicago theater critics to ignore a production of The Clansman.

During the early months of 1906 friction began to develop between Du Bois and Trotter over the admission of women to the organization. Du Bois supported the idea, and Trotter opposed it, but eventually relented, and the matter was smoothed over during the 1906 meeting. Their division became more significant when Trotter split with longtime supporter and Movement member Clement Morgan over Massachusetts politics and control of the local Movement chapter, with Du Bois siding with the latter. When the Movement met in Boston in 1907 Du Bois not only admitted Grimké and Miller to the organization, he reappointed Morgan to a leading position in the organization. Further attempts to heal the rift failed, and Trotter then resigned from the Movement.

In 1906 there were several proposals floated in the black press that the Movement be merged with other organizations. None of these proposals got off the ground, with the only substance being a meeting between the Movement's Washington, DC chapter and members of the Bookerite National Afro-American Council.

The Movement, in conjunction with the Constitution League (which took Du Bois on as a director), began organizing legal challenges to segregationist laws in early 1907. For an organization with a limited budget, this was an expensive proposition: the single case they mounted challenging Virginia's railroad segregation law put the organization into debt.

Du Bois had sought to return to Harpers Ferry for the 1907 annual meeting, but Storer College refused to grant them permission, claiming the group's presence in 1906 had been followed by financial and political pressure from its supporters to distance itself from them. The 1907 meeting was held in Boston, with conflicting attendance reports. Du Bois claimed 800 attendees, while the Bookerite Washington Bee claimed only about 100 in attendance. The convention published an "Address to the World" in which it called on African-Americans not to vote for Republican Party candidates in the 1908 presidential election, citing President Theodore Roosevelt's support for Jim Crow laws.

End of the Movement
William Monroe Trotter's departure after the 1907 meeting had a serious negative impact on the organization, as did disagreements about which party to support in the 1908 election. Du Bois, with some reluctance, endorsed Democratic Party candidate William Jennings Bryan, but many African-Americans could not bring themselves to break from the Republicans, and William Howard Taft won the election, receiving significant African-American support. The 1908 annual meeting, held in Oberlin, Ohio, was a much smaller affair, and exposed disunity and apathy within the group at both local and national levels. Du Bois invited Mary White Ovington, a settlement worker and socialist he had met in 1904, to address the organization. She was the only white woman to be so honored. By 1908, Washington and his supporters successfully made serious inroads with the press (both white and black), and the Oberlin meeting received almost no coverage. Believing the Movement to be "practically dead", Washington also prepared an obituary of the organization for the New York Age to publish.

In 1909, chapter activities continued to dwindle, membership dropped, and the 1910 annual meeting (held at Sea Isle City, New Jersey) was a small affair that again received no significant press. It was the organization's last meeting.

Legacy
In the wake of the Springfield Race Riot of 1908, a major race riot in Springfield, Illinois, a number of prominent white civil rights activists called for a major conference on race relations. Held in New York City in early 1909, the conference laid the foundation for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), which was formally established in 1910. In 1911, Du Bois (who was appointed the NAACP's director of publications) recommended that the remaining membership of the Niagara Movement support the NAACP's activities. William Monroe Trotter attended the 1909 conference, but did not join the NAACP; he instead led other small activist civil rights organizations and continued to publish the Guardian until his death in 1934.

The Niagara Movement did not appear to be very popular with the majority of the African-American population, especially in the South. Booker T. Washington, at the height of the Movement's activities in 1905 and 1906, spoke to large and approving crowds across much of the country. The 1906 Atlanta Race Riot hurt Washington's popularity, giving the Niagarans fuel for their attacks on him. However, given that Washington and the Niagarans agreed on strategy (opposition to Jim Crow laws and support of equal protection and civil rights) but disagreed on tactics, a reconciliation between the factions began after Washington died in 1915. The NAACP went on to become the leading civil rights organization for African Americans in the 20th century.

title: Niagara Movement


text:
53 (number)

53 (fifty-three) is the natural number following 52 and preceding 54. It is the 16th prime number.

In mathematics
Fifty-three is the 16th prime number. It is the second balanced prime, and fifth isolated prime.

53 is a sexy prime with 47 and 59. It is the eighth Sophie Germain prime, and the ninth Eisenstein prime.

The sum of the first 53 primes is 5830, which is divisible by 53, a property shared by only a few other numbers.

53 cannot be expressed as the sum of any integer and its decimal digits, making 53 the ninth self number in decimal.

53 is the smallest prime number that does not divide the order of any sporadic group, inclusive of the six pariahs; it is also the first prime number that is not a member of Bhargava's prime-universality criterion theorem (followed by the next prime number 59), an integer-matrix quadratic form that represents all prime numbers when it represents the sequence of seventeen integers {2, ..., 47, 67, 73}.

In science

 * The atomic number of iodine

Astronomy

 * Messier object M53, a magnitude 8.5 globular cluster in the constellation Coma Berenices
 * The New General Catalogue object NGC 53, a magnitude 12.6 barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Tucana

In other fields
Fifty-three is:

 * The racing number of Herbie, a fictional Volkswagen Beetle with a mind of his own, first appearing in the 1968 film The Love Bug
 * The code for international direct dial phone calls to Cuba
 * 53 Days is a northeastern US rock band
 * 53 Days a novel by Georges Perec
 * In How the Grinch Stole Christmas!, and its animated TV special adaptation, the Grinch says he has put up with the Whos' Christmas cheer for 53 years.
 * Fictional 53rd Precinct in the Bronx was found in the TV comedy "Car 54, Where Are You?"
 * "53rd & 3rd" a song by the Ramones
 * The number of Hail Mary beads on a standard, five decade Catholic Rosary (the Dominican Rosary).
 * The number of bytes in an Asynchronous Transfer Mode packet.
 * UDP and TCP port number for the Domain Name System protocol.
 * 53-TET (53 tone, equal temperament) is a musical temperament that has a fifth that is closer to pure than our current system.
 * 53 More Things To Do In Zero Gravity is a fictional book mentioned in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

Sports

 * The maximum number of players on a National Football League roster
 * Most points by a rookie in an NBA playoff game, by Philadelphia's Wilt Chamberlain, 1960
 * Most field goals (three-game series, NBA playoffs), by Michael Jordan, 1992

title: 53 (number)


text:
SBUKS

UKS Hærens Samband (short form SBUKS) is a military station located on Jørstadmoen outside Lillehammer in central-eastern Norway. Their main task is to provide intelligence, personnel and signalling equipment to all units in the Norwegian Defence Force. SBUKS was called Sambandsregimentet until 2000 and have been situated on Jørstadmoen since 1947.

title: SBUKS


text:
Crispin Glover

Crispin Hellion Glover (born April 20, 1964) is an American actor, filmmaker and artist. He is known for portraying eccentric character roles on screen. His breakout role was as George McFly in Back to the Future (1985), which he followed by playing Layne, one of the leading roles in River's Edge (1986). Through the 1990s, Glover garnered attention for portraying smaller but notable roles, including Cousin Del in Wild at Heart (1990), Andy Warhol in The Doors (1991), Bobby McBurney in What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993) and the Train Fireman in Dead Man (1995).

Starting with his role as the Thin Man in Charlie's Angels (2000), he began to star in more mainstream films. The roles in these films include reprising his Thin Man role in Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle (2003), portraying the titular character in Willard (2003), Grendel in Beowulf (2007), The Knave of Hearts in Alice in Wonderland (2010) and Phil in Hot Tub Time Machine (2010). From 2017 to 2021 he starred as Mr. World in the Starz television series American Gods.

In the late 1980s, Glover started his company, Volcanic Eruptions, which publishes his books such as Rat Catching (1988) and also serves as the production company for the films he has directed, What Is It? (2005) and It Is Fine! Everything Is Fine. (2007). These films have never received a traditional theatrical release; instead, Glover tours with the films, holding screenings in theatres around the world.

Early life
Glover was born in New York City. He moved to Los Angeles with his family at the age of five. He is the son of actor Bruce Glover and actress and dancer Marion Elizabeth Lillian "Betty" Krachey, who retired upon his birth. He was named after the Saint Crispin's Day speech from William Shakespeare's play Henry V, which his parents enjoyed. "Hellion", his real middle name, had earlier been used as a false middle name by his father, who did not like his own real Germanic middle name, Herbert.

Glover's father is of English, Czech, and Swedish descent, while his mother has Czech (area surrounding Milevsko) and German ancestry. As a child, Glover attended the Mirman School from first through ninth grades. He then attended both Venice High for 10th and 11th grades, and Beverly Hills High School for 12th grade; he graduated in 1982.

Acting
Glover began acting professionally at the age of 13, his first role being Friedrich von Trapp in a theatre production of The Sound of Music at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion with Florence Henderson. He appeared in several sitcoms as a teenager, including Happy Days and Family Ties. He appeared in a main role alongside Nicolas Cage in a television pilot titled The Best Of Times (1981) which aired on ABC, but was never picked up by the network. His first film role was in My Tutor (1983), which he subsequently followed with roles in Teachers and Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter (both 1984). He then worked with director Trent Harris on the third chapter of the Beaver Trilogy, entitled The Orkly Kid (1985).

His breakout role was as George McFly in Robert Zemeckis's Back to the Future (1985), an international box office success. His character was the father of Marty McFly, despite being three years younger than Michael J. Fox in real life. During filming, Glover vocalized his objections to the film's ending, believing it to be too capitalistic and materialistic in intent. Zemeckis ignored his complaints. Due to these initial disagreements and a salary dispute, Glover did not return for either of the Back to the Future sequels and his role was taken over by Jeffrey Weissman.

After the success of Back to the Future, Glover sought to star in films that "questioned" the status quo and contained themes that aligned with his own interests. This pursuit led him to star as Layne in River's Edge (1986). Struggling to find any other films that reflected his own interests, Glover sought to work with film directors he admired. These include David Lynch on Wild at Heart (1990) and Hotel Room (1993), John Boorman on Where the Heart Is (1990), Dennis Hopper on Chasers (1994), and Miloš Forman on The People vs. Larry Flynt (1996). He also became the first actor to portray Andy Warhol in a widely released film, Oliver Stone's The Doors (1991).

Beginning in the 2000s, Glover chose the funding of his own films as a filmmaker to be the primary factor in deciding what films he would act in. After this decision, Glover would feature more prominently in more mainstream films, starting with Charlie's Angels (2000), playing the role of The Thin Man, a role he would reprise in the 2003 sequel. The character had initially been written as a speaking role, but Glover, noting that the lines as written were exposition, convinced the producers to eliminate the lines to create a precise image for the character. He would go on to portray the titular character in Willard (2003), his first time portraying the protagonist in a studio-funded film. Glover appeared in Beowulf (2007), as the creature Grendel, playing the part through performance capture technology. The film was his first collaboration with director Robert Zemeckis since the original Back to the Future. In 2010, Glover played Ilosovic Stayne/the Knave of Hearts in Tim Burton's Alice in Wonderland and the one-armed bellhop Phil in Hot Tub Time Machine.

Glover portrayed his first series regular role on television as Mr. World in American Gods (2017–2021), while continuing to still act in films like We Have Always Lived in the Castle (2018) and Roger Avery's Lucky Day (2019). He reunited with River's Edge director Tim Hunter on the Bret Easton Ellis-scripted slasher film Smiley Face Killers (2020), as the main antagonist. In 2022, he appeared in the Netflix horror anthology series Guillermo del Toro's Cabinet of Curiosities in the episode Pickman's Model (based on the H. P. Lovecraft work of the same name), as the title character.

Filmmaking
Glover made his directorial debut with 2005's What Is It?, a surreal film featuring a cast of actors with Down syndrome. He considers it to be part of a trilogy he has dubbed the "It?" trilogy. It premiered at the 2005 Sundance Film Festival. With a budget of only $150,000, it took almost a decade to complete, and was originally intended to be a short film. Most of the primary footage was shot in 12 days, stretched over a two-and-a-half-year period.

Glover's second film and second part of the "It?" trilogy, It Is Fine! Everything Is Fine., was written by Utah writer and actor Steven C. Stewart. Stewart was born with severe cerebral palsy and had been confined to a nursing home for about 10 years. The film is a fantastical psychosexual retelling of life from Stewart's point of view. Production was mostly funded by Glover's salary earned from Charlie's Angels and other films. It premiered at the 2007 Sundance Film Festival.

Aside from select film festivals, Glover has not screened either film outside the confines of his live performances, which have taken place at theatres and venues around the world. The films have received accolades from associations such as the Ann Arbor Film Festival and Sitges Film Festival. In 2013, Glover was recognized for his directorial work when the Museum of Arts and Design in New York City staged the series It Is Crispin Hellion Glover. The program consisted of screenings of all of his directorial work, live performances, and speaking engagements.

Glover has completed shooting his third feature film as a director, which he developed as a vehicle for his father Bruce Glover and himself to act together. He shot the film on his property in the Czech Republic. This film is not part three of the It? trilogy.

He lists Luis Buñuel, Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Stanley Kubrick and Werner Herzog as influences on his filmmaking. Glover was a co-interlocutor with Norm Hill and Werner Herzog for the special feature commentary for the DVD of Herzog's Even Dwarfs Started Small and Fata Morgana, in which he spoke of their influence on What Is It?.

Books
Glover, himself, reports to have published between 15 and 20 books. Oak-Mot, Rat Catching and other titles he has created are featured prominently during his live show presentation entitled Big Slide Show, where he reads aloud and performs sections of the books while visual art from the books are projected behind him.

He constructs the books by reusing old novels and other publications that have fallen into the public domain due to their age (for example, Rat Catching was constructed from an 1896 book Studies in the Art of Rat Catching, and Oak-Mot was constructed from an 1868 novel of the same title). He rearranges text, blacks out certain standing passages, and adds his own prose (and sometimes images) into the margins and elsewhere, thus creating an entirely new story. Six of his books have been published to be bought publicly so far, through his publishing company, Volcanic Eruptions. Other known titles include The Backward Swing and A New World.

* The publishing years listed above may not represent first-edition publication dates, but subsequent available editions.
 * Billow and the Rock (1983)
 * Rat Catching (1988)
 * Oak-Mot (1989)
 * Concrete Inspection (1990)
 * What it is, and How it is Done (1992)
 * Round My House (2016)

He also wrote a short essay for Adam Parfrey's book Apocalypse Culture II in 2000. Sharing a title with his directional debut, "What Is It?", the essay is an overtly provocative questioning of the cooperate restraints on American contemporary media and society.

Music
In 1989, during a hiatus from films, Glover released an album titled The Big Problem Does Not Equal the Solution, The Solution Equals Let It Be through Restless Records, produced by Barnes & Barnes. The album features original songs such as "Clowny Clown Clown", odd versions of Lee Hazlewood's "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'", and Charles Manson's "I'll Never Say Never to Always" (sung in falsetto), and readings from his art books Rat Catching and Oak Mot. Sample pages from these books are featured in the album's liner notes. He also directed a music video for "Clowny Clown Clown".

Glover recorded a version of the Michael Jackson song "Ben" to coincide with the release of his 2003 film Willard; the song had been written for the sequel to the original 1971 version of the film. In the music video for the song directed by Glover, he sings to a rat named Ben in front of a crowd of aroused women.

Several songs using Glover's name as the title have been recorded by various artists, including shoegaze/gothic rock band Scarling., Chicago outsider musician Wesley Willis, and a New Jersey-based band called Children in Adult Jails.

Personal life
Glover has residences in Los Angeles, New York City, and the Czech Republic. His residence Zámek Konárovice, 45 minutes east of Prague by train, is a 17th-century 20 acre chateau that is recognized as historically significant by the Czech government. The property requires constant upkeep and restoration; according to Glover, "[The property] is a lifetime project that will be in continuous flux and repair for hundreds of years from now, as it has been the hundreds of years before I 'owned' it."

Glover is single, and has no children, citing his busy career as one of the reasons for which he feels unfit to be a father, as he feels that a father should be there for his children. From 2001 to 2003, Glover dated Alexa Lauren, a Penthouse magazine 'Pet of the Month' for September 1999.

Late Night appearance
Glover appeared on Late Night with David Letterman on July 28, 1987, to promote River's Edge. To the surprise of Letterman and the audience, Glover appeared wearing platform shoes and a wig. During the interview, Glover behaved erratically and nearly kicked Letterman in the face, causing Letterman to walk off the set, to get the "Top-10 List" ready. Four years later, the film Rubin & Ed premiered, in which Glover had a starring role as titular character Rubin Farr. After the release of Rubin & Ed, some speculated that Glover was acting in-character as Rubin Farr during his appearance on Late Night. Glover has refused to go into detail about the reasons for his behavior on the show, other than to mention that he was flattered that fans are still speculating on the performance decades later. The character Rubin Farr also appears in Glover's music entitled "Clowny Clown Clown" and in the song's videoclip.

Back to the Future Part II lawsuit
In Back to the Future Part II, Zemeckis reused brief footage of Glover that had been filmed for the first film. Glover was billed as "George McFly in footage from Back to the Future" in the closing credits. The older footage was combined with new footage of actor Jeffrey Weissman wearing a false chin, nose and cheekbones, and various obfuscating methods – in the background, wearing sunglasses, rear shot, upside down – to play George McFly. Because these methods suggested that Glover himself had performed for the film, he successfully sued the producers on the grounds that they had used his likeness without permission, as well as not having paid him for the reuse of the footage from the original film. The case was resolved outside of court and Glover was awarded a reported $760,000. As a result of the lawsuit, clauses in the Screen Actors Guild collective bargaining agreements now state that producers and actors are not allowed to use such methods to reproduce the likeness of other actors, effectively putting to an end the decades-long use of the Fake Shemp technique among living actors. Despite not setting a legal precedent, the lawsuit is often evoked in cases for actors involving the misuse of their likeness through digital recreation and other technological methods to replicate their appearance without their permission.

title: Crispin Glover


text:
Spanish Colonial Revival architecture

The Spanish Colonial Revival style (Arquitectura neocolonial española) is an architectural stylistic movement arising in the early 20th century based on the Spanish colonial architecture of the Spanish colonization of the Americas.

In the United States, the Panama-California Exposition of 1915 in San Diego, highlighting the work of architect Bertram Goodhue, is credited with giving the style national exposure. Embraced principally in California and Florida, the Spanish Colonial Revival movement enjoyed its greatest popularity between 1915 and 1931.

In Mexico, the Spanish Colonial Revival in architecture was tied to the nationalist movement in arts encouraged by the post–Mexican Revolution government. The Mexican style was primarily influenced by the Baroque architecture of central New Spain, in contrast to the U.S. style which was primarily influenced by the northern missions of New Spain. Subsequently, the U.S. interpretation saw popularity in Mexico and was locally termed colonial californiano.

Tract home design in Southern California and Florida largely descends from the early movement. The iconic terracotta shingles and stucco walls have been standard design of new construction in these regions from the 1970s to present.

Mediterranean Revival
The antecedents of the Spanish Colonial Revival Style in the United States can be traced to the Mediterranean Revival architectural style. For St. Augustine, Florida (a former Spanish colony), three northeastern architects, New Yorkers John Carrère and Thomas Hastings of Carrère and Hastings and Bostonian Franklin W. Smith, designed grand, elaborately detailed hotels in the Mediterranean Revival and Spanish Revival styles in the 1880s. With the advent of the Ponce de Leon Hotel (Carrère and Hastings, 1882), the Alcazar Hotel (Carrère and Hastings, 1887) and the Casa Monica Hotel (later Hotel Cordova) (Franklin W. Smith, 1888) thousands of winter visitors to 'the Sunshine State' began to experience the charm and romance of Spanish influenced architecture. These three hotels were influenced not only by the centuries-old buildings remaining from the Spanish rule in St. Augustine but also by The Old City House, constructed in 1873 and still standing, an excellent example of early Spanish Colonial Revival architecture.

Mission Revival
The possibilities of the Spanish Colonial Revival Style were brought to the attention of architects attending late 19th and early 20th centuries international expositions. For example, California's Mission Revival style Pavilion in white stucco at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago, and the Mission Inn, along with the Electric Tower of the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo in 1900 introduced the potential of Spanish Colonial Revival. They also integrated porticoes, pediments and colonnades influenced by Beaux Arts classicism as well.

Florida
By the early years of the 1910s, architects in Florida had begun to work in a Spanish Colonial Revival style. Frederick H. Trimble's Farmer's Bank in Vero Beach, completed in 1914, is a fully mature early example of the style. The city of St. Cloud, Florida, espoused the style both for homes and commercial structures and has a fine collection of subtle stucco buildings reminiscent of colonial Mexico. Many of these were designed by architectural partners Ida Annah Ryan and Isabel Roberts. Another significant example of the emerging popularity of Spanish Colonial Revival can be seen in the architecture of south Florida's Coral Gables, a planned city established in the 1920s that prominently incorporates the style.

California

The major location of design and construction in the Spanish Colonial Revival style was California, especially in the coastal cities. In 1915 the San Diego Panama-California Exposition, with architects Bertram Goodhue and Carleton Winslow Sr., popularized the style in the state and nation. It is best exemplified in the California Quadrangle, built as the grand entrance to that Exposition. In the early 1920s, architect Lilian Jeannette Rice designed the style in the development of the town of Rancho Santa Fe in San Diego County.

The city of Santa Barbara adopted the style to give it a unified Spanish character after widespread destruction in the 1925 Santa Barbara earthquake. The County Courthouse designed by William Mooser III and the Arlington Theatre designed by Edwards and Plunkett are prime examples. George Washington Smith designed many residences in Santa Barbara including Casa del Herrero and Jackling House, along with businesses Lobero Theatre and the Santa Barbara News-Press.

Real estate developer Ole Hanson favored the Spanish Colonial Revival style in his founding and development of San Clemente, California in 1928. The Pasadena City Hall by John Bakewell, Jr. and Arthur Brown, Jr., the Sonoma City Hall, and the Beverly Hills City Hall by Harry G. Koerner and William J. Gage are other notable civic examples in California. Between 1922 and 1931, architect Robert H. Spurgeon constructed 32 Spanish colonial revival houses in Riverside and many of them have been preserved.

Mexico

The Spanish Colonial Revival of Mexico has a distinct origin from the style developed in the United States. Following the Mexican Revolution, there was a wave of nationalism that emphasized national culture, including in architecture. The neocolonial style arose as a response to European eclecticism (favored during the Porfiriato). The 1915 book La patria y la arquitectura nacional by architect Federico E. Mariscal (es) was influential in advocating viceregal architecture as integral to national identity. During the government of President Venustiano Carranza (serving 1917 to 1920), tax exemptions were offered to those that built houses in a colonial style. In the early 1920s there was a surge of houses built with Plateresque elements; such as grotesques, pinnacles and mixtilinear arches (es).

Secretary of Education José Vasconcelos (who shaped the cultural philosophy of the post-Revolution government) was an active promoter of neocolonial architecture. Traditional materials such as tezontle, cantera and Talavera tiles were incorporated into neocolonial buildings.

The colonial-era National Palace was significantly altered between 1926 and 1929: the addition of a third floor and changes to the facade. The modifications were done in a manner corresponding to the original style. Similarly, the colonial Mexico City government building was remodeled in the 1920s and a neocolonial companion building was built in the 1940s.

Colonial californiano
The style, as developed in the United States, came full circle to its geographic point of inspiration as in the late 1930s, single-family houses were built in Mexico City's then-new upscale neighborhoods in what is known in Mexico as colonial californiano (Californian Colonial). That is, a Mexican reinterpretation of the California interpretation of Spanish Colonial Revival. Many houses of this style can still be seen in the Colonia Nápoles, Condesa, Polanco and Lomas de Chapultepec areas of Mexico City. The Pasaje Polanco shopping court is an example of the style's application in commercial architecture.

Australia
Influential Australian architects such as Emil Sodersten and Professor Leslie Wilkinson brought back styles from Italy and Spain in the early 20th century convinced that Mediterranean styles would be well-suited for the Australian climate and lifestyle. Mediterranean style became popular in places like Sydney suburbs Manly and Bondi in the 1920s and 1930s. One variant, known as Spanish Mission or Hollywood Spanish, became popular as Australians saw films of and read in magazines about the glamorous mansions in that style that Hollywood movie stars had. Spanish mission houses began to appear in the wealthier suburbs, the most famous being Boomerang, at Elizabeth Bay. The Plaza Theatre in Sydney is a celebrated cinema in the style.

China
In the 1930s, numerous houses in Spanish Revival style were built in Shanghai, particularly in the former French Concession. Although Shanghai was not culturally linked to the Spanish-speaking world, these buildings were probably inspired by Hollywood movies, which were highly influential in the city at the time. Local architectural magazines of the period like The Chinese Architect and The Builder regularly printed detailed examples of the style for local builders to copy and implement.

Spanish East Indies
After being conquered and ruled for the Spanish crown, and for the most part being administered as a territory under the jurisdiction of the kingdom of New Spain (Mexico), the Philippines and Mariana islands received Iberian and Latin-American influences in its architecture. By the time the United States occupied the Philippines, the Mission-style and Spanish Colonial Revival architecture also arrived, with inspirations from California. American architects further developed this style in the Philippines, modernizing the buildings with American amenities.

The best example of the Spanish Colonial Revival architecture and California mission style is the famed Manila Hotel designed by William E. Parsons and built in 1909. Other examples exist throughout the country such as Gota de Leche, Paco Market, and thousands more, especially in the churches and cathedrals throughout the country.

Design elements

Spanish Colonial Revival architecture shares some elements with the earlier Mission Revival style derived from the architecture of the California missions, and Pueblo Revival style from the traditional Puebloan peoples in New Mexico. Both precedents were popularized in the Western United States by Fred Harvey and his Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Depots and Hotels. The Spanish Colonial Revival style is also influenced by the American Craftsman style and Arts and Crafts Movement.

Spanish Colonial Revival architecture is characterized by a combination of detail from several eras of Spanish Baroque, Spanish Colonial, Moorish Revival and Mexican Churrigueresque architecture. The style is marked by the prodigious use of smooth plaster (stucco) wall and chimney finishes, low-pitched clay tile, shed, or flat roofs, and terracotta or cast concrete ornaments. Other characteristics typically include small porches or balconies, Roman or semi-circular arcades and fenestration, wood casement or tall, double–hung windows, canvas awnings, and decorative iron trim.

Structural form:

 * Rectangular, courtyard, or L-plan.
 * Horizontal massing.
 * Predominantly one-story.
 * Interior or exterior courtyards.
 * Asymmetrical shape with cross-gables and side wings.

Notable architects
One of the most accomplished architects of the style was George Washington Smith who practiced during the 1920s in Santa Barbara, California. His own residences El Hogar (1916, a.k.a. Casa Dracaena) and Casa del Greco (1920) brought him commissions from local society in Montecito and Santa Barbara. An example landmark house he designed is the Steedman estate Casa del Herrero in Montecito, now a registered National Historic Landmark and restored historic house—landscape museum. Other examples are the Jackling House and Lobero Theatre also in California.

In California
Bertram Goodhue and Carleton Winslow initiated the style as the dominant historical regional style in California; they also influenced Hawaiian architecture in the 1920s. Notable in Californian architecture were the following architects: Currently:
 * John Byers, AIA
 * Birge Clark, FAIA
 * Edwards and Plunkett
 * Elmer Grey, AIA
 * Sumner P. Hunt, AIA
 * Reginald Johnson, FAIA
 * William Templeton Johnson, FAIA
 * Julia Morgan, AIA (AIA Gold Medalist)
 * Wallace Neff, FAIA
 * Lionel Pries
 * Richard Requa
 * Lilian Jeannette Rice, AIA
 * Lutah Maria Riggs, FAIA
 * Clarence J. Smale
 * George Washington Smith
 * Robert H. Spurgeon Jr.
 * Paul Revere Williams, FAIA (AIA Gold Medalist)
 * Kevin A. Clark
 * Marc Appleton, AIA
 * Michael Burch, FAIA
 * Thomas Bollay, AIA

In Florida
In Florida notable architects include:
 * John Elliot
 * Maurice Fatio, AIA
 * Harry Griffin, AIA
 * Richard Kiehnel, AIA of Kiehnel and Elliott
 * Addison Mizner
 * Wallace Neff, FAIA
 * Albert Pierce
 * James Gamble Rogers II, FAIA
 * Robert Weed, FAIA
 * Marion Wyeth, FAIA

In Hawaii

 * Louis Davis
 * G. Robert Miller, AIA
 * Bertram Goodhue FAIA's junior partner, Hardie Phillip, FAIA

List of example structures

 * California Quadrangle and El Prado, Balboa Park, San Diego, California: by Bertram Goodhue, for the Panama–California Exposition (1915-15).
 * Casa del Herrero, Montecito, California, architects George Washington Smith and Lutah Maria Riggs, 1926.
 * The Main Quad and many buildings in the campus of Stanford University, designed by Frederick Law Olmsted, 1886–1891.
 * "Casa Dracaena" (a.k.a. El Hogar or Heberton House), George Washington Smith residence #1, 1916.
 * Glendale Southern Pacific Railroad Depot, by Maurice Couchot & Kenneth MacDonald, Jr. in Glendale, California, opened 1923.
 * Santa Barbara County Courthouse, by William Mooser III, in Santa Barbara, California, completed 1929.
 * George Fearn House in Mobile, Alabama, completed 1904.
 * Farmer's Bank in Vero Beach, Florida, completed in 1914.
 * Adamson House, "Taj Mahal of Tile" by Stiles O. Clements, in Malibu, California, completed 1930.
 * Alice Lynch Residence in Los Angeles, California, completed in 1922
 * Marine Corps Recruit Depot, San Diego, California, 1917–1930
 * Naval Training Center, San Diego, California, completed 1923 (Buildings 1–26, and Officer's Quarters "A"-"D"). Other phases completed 1936 (Barracks 27–30, Camp Lawrence), and 1942 (Camp Luce).
 * Quapaw Baths building in Bathhouse Row, Hot Springs, Arkansas, completed in 1922.
 * Coral Gables Congregational Church in Coral Gables, Florida, was designed by the architect Richard Kiehnel of Kiehnel and Elliott in 1923
 * "Casa de las Campañas" in Hancock Park district, Los Angeles, California, completed in 1928.
 * C.E. Toberman Estate, by Russell & Alspagh, in Hollywood, California, completed 1924.
 * Frank H. Upham House in Altadena, California, completed 1928.
 * Azalea Court Apartments in Mobile, Alabama, completed in 1928.
 * "La Casa Nueva", Workman and Temple Family Estate, in City of Industry, California, completed 1927.
 * Castillo Serrallés in Ponce, Puerto Rico, completed in the 1930s.
 * William S. Hart "La Loma de los Vientos" Ranch, arch. Arthur R. Kelly, Newhall, California, completed in the early 1920s.
 * Gaylord Suites in San Francisco, California, completed in 1928.
 * Randolph Air Force Base (various structures) near San Antonio, Texas, designed in 1929.
 * Hollywood, Homewood, Alabama, a 1926 residential development in Homewood, Alabama.
 * El Capitan Theatre, Hollywood, built in 1928.
 * "Death Valley Ranch", "Scotty's Castle", a landmark in Death Valley National Park, which was begun in 1922 and had construction on the original design continue sporadically as late as 1943.
 * Scripps College, by Gordon Kaufmann and Sumner Hunt, in Claremont, California, women's college and campus established in 1926 by Ellen Browning Scripps.
 * Annie Russell Theatre, located on the premises of Rollins College in Winter Park, Florida was named after the English-born actress Annie Russell and was designed by Richard Kiehnel of Kiehnel and Elliott, constructed in 1931.
 * Hamilton Air Force Base, in San Francisco Bay Area near Novato, California, completed in 1934.
 * Pima County Courthouse in Tucson, Arizona, designed by Roy Place.
 * Benedictine Monastery in Tucson, Arizona, also designed by Roy Place. http://www.tucsonmonastery.com/
 * Louis P. and Clara K. Best Residence and Auto House, Clausen & Clausen, Davenport, Iowa, constructed in 1909.
 * Pasadena City Hall, by Bakewell and Brown, in Pasadena, California, completed 1927.
 * Hortonville Community Hall, by Robert Messmer, in Hortonville, Wisconsin, built in 1912.
 * Thomas Jefferson Hotel in Birmingham, Alabama, opened in 1929.
 * Adler Hotel in Sharon Springs, New York, built in 1928.
 * El Reno Municipal Swimming Pool Bath House in El Reno, Oklahoma, completed in 1935.
 * Plaza del Lago in Wilmette, Illinois, completed in 1928 by Henry Gage
 * Camarillo State Hospital in Camarillo, California, first phase completed in 1936 by State Architect Howard Spencer Hazen, built to completion in 1957. With the hospital's closure in 1997, the site has been redeveloped into California State University Channel Islands (opened in 2002), with all the new college buildings retaining the Spanish Colonial Revival architecture and Mission Revival architecture, except the John Spoor Broome Library--the only modern-style building on campus.
 * Antiga Estação Transmissora da Rádio Farroupilha (former Farroupilha Radio Broadcast Station), an example from Porto Alegre, city in far southern Brazil, opened in 1952, closed in 1986.

title: Spanish Colonial Revival architecture


text:
54 (number)

54 (fifty-four) is the natural number following 53 and preceding 55.

In mathematics

 * 54 is an abundant number and a semiperfect number, like all other multiples of 6.
 * It is twice the third power of three, 3$3$ + 3$3$ = 54, and hence is a Leyland number.
 * 54 is the smallest number that can be written as the sum of three positive squares in more than two different ways: 7$2$ + 2$2$ + 1$2$ = 6$2$ + 3$2$ + 3$2$ = 5$2$ + 5$2$ + 2$2$ = 54.
 * It is a 19-gonal number,
 * In base 10, 54 is a Harshad number.
 * The Holt graph has 54 edges.
 * The sine of an angle of 54 degrees is half the golden ratio.
 * The number of primes ≤ 28.
 * A Lehmer-Comtet number.
 * 54 is the only non-trivial Neon Number in Power 9: 549 = 3,904,305,912,313,344; 3 + 9 + 0 + 4 + 3 + 0 + 5 + 9 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 1 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 4 = 54

In science

 * The atomic number of xenon is 54.

Astronomy

 * Messier object M54, a magnitude 8.5 globular cluster in the constellation Sagittarius
 * The New General Catalogue object NGC 54, a spiral galaxy in the constellation Cetus
 * The number of years in three Saros cycles of eclipses of the sun and moon is known as a Triple Saros or exeligmos (Greek: "turn of the wheel").

In sports

 * Fewest points in an NBA playoff game: Chicago (96), Utah (54), June 7, 1998
 * The New York Rangers won the Stanley Cup in 1994, 54 years after their previous Cup win. It is the longest drought in the trophy's history.
 * For years car number 54 was driven by NASCAR's Lennie Pond. More recently, it is known as the Nationwide Series car number for Kyle Busch.
 * A score of 54 on a par 72 course in golf is colloquially referred to as a perfect round. This score has never been achieved in competition.
 * The number used when a player is defeated 3 games in a row in racquetball.

In other fields
54 is also:
 * +54 The code for international direct dial phone calls to Argentina
 * A broadcast television channel number
 * 54, a 1998 film about Studio 54 starring Ryan Phillippe, Mike Myers, and Salma Hayek
 * 54, a novel by the Wu Ming collective of authors
 * In the title of a 1960s television show Car 54, Where Are You?
 * The number of the French department Meurthe-et-Moselle
 * New York's Warwick New York Hotel is on West 54th Street
 * The number of cards in a deck of playing cards, if two jokers are included
 * The number of countries in Africa
 * Year identifier used on motor vehicles registered in the UK between 1 September 2004 and 28 February 2005
 * Six by nine, the incorrect Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything

title: 54 (number)


text:
Mount Kitchener

Mount Kitchener is a mountain located within the Columbia Icefield of Jasper National Park, which is part of the Canadian Rockies. The mountain can be seen from the Icefields Parkway (highway 93) near Sunwapta Pass.

Mt. Kitchener was originally named Mount Douglas by J. Norman Collie after David Douglas. In 1916, the mountain was renamed Mount Kitchener, its present-day name, after Lord Kitchener, who had just been killed in World War I.

Climbing

 * Routes
 * SouthWest Slopes (Normal Route) I
 * Grand Central Couloir V 5.9
 * Ramp Route V 5.8

 * Notable ascents
 * 1975 Grand Central Couloir (V 5.9 WI5 1050m) by Jeff Lowe and Michael Weis (August 1975)

Mount K2
Mount K2, elevation 3,090m, was named in 1938 by Rex Gibson (former Alpine Club of Canada president), apparently to signify this as a secondary peak of Mount Kitchener.

Climate
Based on the Köppen climate classification, Mount Kitchener is located in a subarctic climate zone with cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Temperatures can drop below -20 C with wind chill factors below -30 C.

title: Mount Kitchener


text:
Francis Cooke

Francis Cooke (c.1583 – April 7, 1663) was a Leiden Separatist, who went to America in 1620 on the Pilgrim ship Mayflower, which arrived at Plymouth, Massachusetts. He was a founding member of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and a signer of the Mayflower Compact.

Early life
Cooke's ancestry is unknown, and there are no definite records regarding his birth. In Plymouth Colony in 1643, Cooke's name appears on the list of those "Able to Bear Arms". This suggests that he was under the age of sixty to be on such a list, and would probably have been born no earlier than 1583.

Cooke's first appearance in the historical record occurs on April 25, 1603, in Leiden, Holland, where he is named a witness at Raphael Roelandt's betrothal. Cooke lived in Leiden for about six years before the 1609 arrival of the congregation of English Separatists led by Pastor John Robinson. Cooke was betrothed to Hester Mahieu at the French Walloon Church in Leyden, the Vrouwekerk ("Church of Our Lady"). She had joined the church one month prior. Her family were Protestant (Walloon) refugees who left Lille in the Spanish Netherlands to escape religious conflict and persecution, and who then left for England. According to historian Charles Edward Banks, Leiden records show Francis Cooke's betrothal to be June 9, 1603. In the Leiden church Betrothal Book, Cooke is recorded as "Franchois Couck" and his bride, Hester Mahieu, with the witnesses to the marriage being two Walloons. They are identified as "..from England..." (Francis) and "...from Canterbury..." (Hester). Cooke and his wife departed Leiden in August 1606 to go to Norwich, England. The Leiden congregation had some Separatist members who had fled from Norwich. The Cooke's did not remain in Norwich long, because their son, John, was baptized at the Walloon Church in Leiden between January and March 1607, and then the couple, identified as "Franchoys Cooke et Esther sa femme" in the Leiden records, received communion on January 1, 1608.

In February 1609, members of Robinson's church came to Leiden. The Cookes did not immediately become members, but did join the Leiden congregation sometime after daughter Elizabeth was baptized on December 26, 1611. When the congregation decided to go to America in 1620, Cooke and his thirteen year–old son John committed to the voyage, but his wife, Hester, and the younger children remained in Leiden, waiting until the colony was better established.

The Mayflower Voyage

The Mayflower departed Plymouth, England, on, 1620. The small, 100-foot ship held 102 passengers and a crew of about 30-40 in extremely cramped quarters. By the second month at sea, the ship was being buffeted by strong westerly gales that caused the ship's timbers to be badly shaken. The caulking failed to keep out seawater, and the passengers—even in their berths—lay wet and ill. This, combined with a lack of proper rations and unsanitary conditions, contributed to the death of a crew member and a passenger.

They spotted Cape Cod Hook (now Provincetown Harbor), on after about nine weeks at sea. The vessel struggled for two days against strong winter seas while they tried to head south to their planned destination of the Virginia Colony. They were forced to abandon the effort, however, and return to the harbor at Cape Cod Hook. There they anchored on. The Mayflower Compact was signed later that day. Almost half the passengers perished in the cold, harsh, unfamiliar New England winter that followed—in the space of just a few months.

In Plymouth Colony
After the Pilgrims' arrival at Cape Cod, Cooke was one of those who signed the Mayflower Compact on November 11, 1620. William Bradford noted Cooke's presence in his journal: "...Francis Cooke and his son John ... but his wife and children came afterwards."

The plot of land for Cooke's house in New Plymouth was assigned to them late in 1620. It was located between the plots of Isaac Allerton and Edward Winslow. In the Division of Land in 1623, Cooke received two acres, one for himself and one acre for his son John. He also received four "Akers" for his wife and children who "...came ouer in the shipe called the Anne" in 1623.

In his book, Of Plymouth Plantation, 1620-1647, Bradford writes: "Francis Cooke is still living, a very old man, and hath seen his children's children have children. After his wife came over with other of his children; he hath three still living by her, all married and have five children, so their increase is eight. And his son John which came over with him is married and hath four children living."

There was an agreement signed in 1626 in which fifty-eight planters, including Cooke and many other "first comers", later known as "Purchasers", bought from the Merchant Adventurers from London all their colony stock, shares, and land. Later these Purchasers assigned all shares and debts in the company to eight Plymouth notables, and four former Merchant Adventurers, then to be known as "Undertakers". This was to be an investment organization with profits going largely to the colony.

In the 1627 Division of Cattle at Plymouth, Cooke and Hester are mentioned: "The first lot fell to Francis Cooke & his Companie Joyned to his wife Hester Cooke." [sic] Also named in the 1627 records were their children John, Jacob, Jane, Hester, and Mary as well as two men—Cooke's nephew Phillip Delanoy (Delano) and Experience Mitchell, who married Cooke's daughter, Jane, soon after.

On January 3, 1627/8, Cooke was one of six men named to lay out the boundaries for the twenty-acre land grants that would be made to everyone who came as a planter, under the employ of the joint-stock company. In early 1633, Cooke was assigned by the court to help resolve a dispute of a financial nature between Peter Browne and Dr. Samuel Fuller. These men are believed the men of the same names who were companions of Cooke on the Mayflower voyage, both dying later in 1633. During the 1630s and 1640s, Cooke held several public sector positions but was never in government or politics. In 1634, he was one of several Plymouth men tasked with laying out the highways. In 1637 he was appointed, along with others, to lay highways about the towns of Plymouth, Duxbury, and Eel River. Cooke and the others performed the task and two months later reported back to the Plymouth Court.

On October 1, 1636, John Harmon, son of Edmund Harmon, tailor, of London, became an apprentice to Cooke for seven years.

Cooke was awarded damages by the court on March 7, 1636/7 in a civil case involving the abuse of his cattle against Mr. John Browne the younger, who had previously been an assistant and magistrate. Others also charged, all being in the service of John Browne the elder and Thomas Willet, were Thomas Lettice, James Walker, and Thomas Teley. On June 7, 1637, due to Browne's failure to the damages, the court reaffirmed the verdict and ordered John Browne to pay.

In May 1640, Cooke and his son John were among those tasked to compute the number of acres of Edward Doty's meadows and make a report to the next court.

In October 1640, Cooke was appointed to compute the land boundaries between Thomas Prence and Clement Briggs at Jones River.

In 1640/41 he was one of twelve men tasked by the court to designate additional highways, and make a formal survey and mark the boundaries of plots of land in the town of Plain Dealing. The next year he was one of four Plymouth surveyors and was tasked to survey the highway for Jones River. In 1645 he was again highway surveyor for Plymouth. In June 1650, when he was almost seventy, he was still doing survey work, as when he and twelve others reported to the court that they had marked a new way from Jones River to the Massachusetts Path through John Rogers property. And even in August 1659, in his late 70s, he was again called upon by the Plymouth Court to resolve a land boundary dispute between Thomas Pope and William Shurtliff.

Although he was specially qualified to survey new highways, he did do other public service work, being on several petty and grand juries. He also served on civil case juries in late 1639, March 1640, mid-and-late 1642, and March 1643 court sessions. Most of the civil cases involved trespass, debts, or slander. He was also on grand juries in 1638, 1640, 1642, and 1643, which involved crimes of a misdemeanor or felony nature.

In 1643, Able to Bear Arms (ATBA) List, Cooke and his sons Jacob and John ("John Cooke, Jnr, his boy") are listed with those from Plymouth.

In 1651, Bradford recorded his impression of Cooke and his family in his later years: "Francis Cooke is still living, a very old man, and hath seen his children's children have children; after his wife came over, (with other of his children,) he hath 3 still living by her, all married, and have 5 children; so their increase is 8. And his son John, which came over with him, is married, and hath 4 children living."

On June 3, 1662, the General Court approved a list of thirty-three names "as being the firstborn children of this government," to receive two tracts of land purchased from the Indians by the colony. The list was wider in scope than just being for "firstborn" settlers, as it named several of the original Mayflower passengers, including Cooke, but was presumably for their children.

Family
Cooke married Hester Mahieu in Leiden, Holland, on July 20, 1603, or shortly thereafter. They had seven children. The birth order of the Cooke children is uncertain.
 * John was baptized in Leiden, Holland between January and March 1607 and died in Dartmouth on November 23, 1695. He married Sarah Warren on March 28, 1634, in Plymouth and had five children. She died after July 15, 1696.
 * a child was buried in Leiden on May 20, 1608.
 * Jane was born about 1609 in Leiden. She married Experience Mitchell in Plymouth after May 22, 1627. Her date of death is unknown, as is the date of his second marriage. But his first three children are generally considered to be hers.
 * Elizabeth was baptized in Leiden on December 26, 1611, and later married Daniel Wilcox (date unknown)
 * Jacob was born about 1618 and died in Plymouth in December 1675. He was buried at Tyler Point Cemetery, Barrington, R.I.
 * He married 1. Damaris Hopkins shortly after June 10, 1646, in Plymouth and had seven children. Her father was Mayflower passenger Stephen Hopkins. 2. Elizabeth (Lettice) Shurtleff on November 18, 1669, in Plymouth and had two children.

 * Hester was born about 1620 in Leiden and died between 1669 and 1691. She married Richard Wright in Plymouth in 1644 and had six children. She was buried at Burial Hill in Plymouth, Mass.
 * Mary was born in Plymouth about 1625 and died in Middleborough on March 21, 1714. She married John Tomson on December 26, 1645, in Plymouth. Both Mary and John were buried at Nemasket Hill Cemetery, Middleborough, Massachusetts.

Will, death and burial of Francis Cooke
Francis Cooke died in Plymouth on April 7, 1663, and was buried on Burial Hill in Plymouth. An inventory of his estate was taken on May 1, 1663. From his estate inventory, it appears that he was involved with sheep and wool as he had sixteen sheep and five lambs, a "woolen wheele & scales," three pairs of sheep shears, and twenty pounds of wool.

title: Francis Cooke