text:
Nossa Senhora de Fátima, Macau

Nossa Senhora de Fátima is the northernmost and largest civil parish in the Macau Peninsula of Macau. It has an area of 3.2 km2 and a population of 126,000, which constitutes about 40.3% of the peninsula's land mass and one-third of the population.

This parish was one of five in the former Municipality of Macau, one of Macau's two municipalities that were abolished on 31 December 2001 by Law No. 17/2001, following the 1999 transfer of sovereignty over Macau from Portugal to China. While their administrative functions have since been removed, these parishes are still retained nominally.

It is northeast of the parishes of Santo António and São Lázaro. It borders the Chinese city of Zhuhai to the north.

Description
The parish consists mostly of land reclaimed from the sea. Natural land comprises only a quarter of its current size. It was developed from farmlands in the 1960s and 1970s, to become an industrial area. Forty-one percent of Macau's factories are located in the parish.

Places and attractions
The following places and attractions are in the parish
 * Ilha Verde (青洲, "Green Island")
 * Toi San (台山 "Table Hill")
 * Hipódromo ("Hippodrome", 馬場 "Horse Farm")
 * Areia Preta ("Black Sand", 黑沙環 "Black-sand Ring")
 * Mong Ha (望廈 "View Amoy"), the Treaty of Wanghia was signed here
 * Bairro "Fai Chi Kei" (筷子基 "Chopsticks Base")
 * Iao Hon (祐漢 "Blessing the Han")

Infrastructure

 * Macau Power Station

Healthcare
The Macau government operates the Centro de Saúde Areia Preta (黑沙環衛生中心) in Areia Preta (Hac Sa Wan).

Tourist attractions

 * Canidrome
 * Communications Museum
 * Garden of Montanha Russa
 * Kun Iam Temple
 * Lin Zexu Memorial Museum of Macau
 * Macau Design Centre
 * Macau Mosque and Cemetery
 * Mong-Há Fort
 * Portas do Cerco
 * Sun Yat Sen Park

Primary and secondary schools

 * Public schools:
 * Zheng Guanying Official School - Preschool through secondary
 * Escola Luso-Chinesa Técnico-Profissional (中葡職業技術學校) - Secondary school
 * Escola Primária Luso-Chinesa do Bairro Norte (北區中葡小學)
 * It opened on 1 November 1990.
 * Jardim de Infância Luso-Chinês "Girassol" (樂富中葡幼稚園)
 * It occupies a 260 student-capacity, 1042 sqm area on two floors of the Edifício U Wa (裕華大廈). It opened in the Edifício “Lok Fu San Chun” on 27 March 1989 and moved to its current location in September 1997.

 * Tuition-free private schools:
 * Colégio Dom Bosco (Yuet Wah) (鮑思高粵華小學) - Preschool and primary school
 * The current school building opened in 1963, and Yuet Wah College merged into it in 2000. The school has English and Chinese sections; its Portuguese section closed in 1999.
 * Macau Baptist College (MBC; Escola Cham Son de Macau; 澳門浸信中學) - Preschool through secondary school
 * Previously its secondary campus was located in a different area of Nossa Senhora de Fátima, respectively
 * Escola Chong Tak de Macau (澳門中德學校) - Preschool and primary school
 * Escola Fukien (澳門福建學校) - Preschool and primary school
 * Hou Kong Middle School Macau (Escola Hou Kong; 濠江中學) main campus, which houses secondary school
 * Escola Hói Fai (海暉學校) - Preschool and primary school
 * Escola Ilha Verde da Associação Comercial de Macau (歡迎光臨青洲小學) - Preschool and primary school
 * Keang Peng School (Escola Keang Peng) - Preschool through secondary school
 * Kwong Tai (Guang Da) Middle School, main campus. - Preschool to secondary school
 * Escola Lin Fong Pou Chai (蓮峰普濟學校) - Preschool and primary school
 * Escola Madalena de Canossa (瑪大肋納嘉諾撒學校) - Preschool and primary school
 * Our Lady of Fatima Girls' School (Escola Nossa Senhora de Fátima; 化地瑪聖母女子學校) - Preschool through secondary school
 * Escola São Paulo (澳門聖保祿學校) - Preschool through secondary school
 * Escola Secundária Técnico-Profissional da Associação Geral dos Operários de Macau (澳門工聯職業技術中學) - Has both junior high (Ensino secundário-geral/初中教育) and senior high (Ensino secundário-complementar/高中教育) levels
 * Escola Tak Meng (德明學校) - Preschool and primary school - Located on the first floor of the Edifício Lok Fu San Chun (樂富新村)
 * Fu Luen School (Escola da Associação Geral das Mulheres de Macau; 澳門婦聯學校) - Preschool and primary school
 * Escola da Associação para Filhos e Irmãos dos Agricultores or Escola Choi Nong Chi Tai (菜農子弟學校 "Choi Nong Chi Tai Hoc Hau") - Preschool through secondary school
 * Escola de Santa Teresa do Menino Jesus (聖德蘭學校) - Preschool and primary school
 * Escola dos Moradores de Macau (澳門坊眾學校) - Preschool through senior high
 * Jardim Infantil da Cáritas (明愛幼稚園) - Preschool - Located in Edf. Kam Hoi San Garden (金海山花園)
 * Sheng Kung Hui Choi Kou School Macau (Sheng Kung Hui Escola Choi Kou (Macau); 聖公會(澳門)蔡高中學) primary school and day secondary school campus

 * Non-free private schools:
 * Colégio Diocesano de São José 5 - Preschool through secondary school
 * Xin Hua Evening Secondary School (Escola Secundária Nocturna Xin Hua/新華夜中學)
 * Escola Seong Fan (商訓夜中學), an evening secondary school

Colleges and universities
University of Saint Joseph has its main campus in Ilha Verde, Nossa Senhora de Fátima. It moved into this campus in September 2017.

Public libraries
Macao Public Library operates five branches in the parish:
 * Ilha Verde Library (Biblioteca da Ilha Verde; 青洲圖書館)
 * The library, which opened in 1995, occupies 482 sqm of space on the fourth floor of the Edf. May Fair Garden (美居廣場).
 * Mong Há Library (Biblioteca de Mong Há; 望廈圖書館)
 * It occupies 360 sqm of space on the third floor of the Edifício Mong Sin (望善樓) in the Habitação Social de Mong Há (望廈社屋). It first occupied a three storey building in the Bairro Social de Mong-Há (望廈新邨) upon opening in 1988; this location closed in April 2011 and it reopened in its current location in December 2011.
 * Wong Ieng Kuan Library in Areia Preta Urban Park (Biblioteca de Wong Ieng Kuan no Jardim da Areia Preta; 黑沙環公園黃營均圖書館)
 * One of several parks funded by Chinese Peruvian Wong Ieng Kuan (黃營均), it has an area with 200 sqm of space. Its opening occurred in 2004.
 * Wong Ieng Kuan Children's Library in Areia Preta Urban Park (Biblioteca Infantil Wong Ieng Kuan no Jardim da Areia Preta; 黑沙環公園黃營均兒童圖書館)
 * The library occupies a space of 210 sqm and is directly across from the main library in the same park. It uses a theme from the Mainland Chinese television programme Pleasant Goat and Big Big Wolf. It first opened on 2 July 2011. The library, prior to receiving its current theme on 1 December 2012, originally had an Alice in Wonderland theme.
 * Wong Ieng Kuan Library in Dr. Sun Yat-Sen Municipal Park (Biblioteca de Wong Ieng Kuan no Parque Dr. Sun Yat Sen; 紀念孫中山公園黃營均圖書館)
 * It occupies 459 sqm of space in a former restaurant in the Dr. Sun Yat-Sen Municipal Park. One of several created with funding by Dr. Wong Ieng Kuan, it opened in a separate building in the park in 1996 and moved to its current building on 24 January 2014.

Christianity

 * Our Lady of Fátima Church (1967)

title: Nossa Senhora de Fátima, Macau


text:
Santo António, Macau

Santo António is a civil parish (freguesia) in the western portion of the Macau Peninsula of Macau. It has the highest population density in Macau (98,776 persons per km²).

This parish was one of five in the former Municipality of Macau, one of Macau's two municipalities that were abolished on 31 December 2001 by Law No. 17/2001, following the 1999 transfer of sovereignty over Macau from Portugal to China. While their administrative functions have since been removed, these parishes are still retained nominally.

It is north of the parish of Sé, south of Nossa Senhora de Fátima parish, west of São Lázaro parish, and east of the Inner Harbor (Porto Interior).

Description
The entire area is reclaimed from the sea.

Population statistics as of 2006:
 * Area: 1.1. km² (16.4% of the peninsula)
 * Population: 109,000 (31.7% of the peninsular population)

It includes:
 * Sha Gong (沙崗)
 * San Kio (新橋)
 * Patane (沙梨頭)

Hotels

 * Sofitel Macau At Ponte 16

Healthcare
The parish houses a private hospital, Kiang Wu Hospital.

The Macau government operates the Centro de Saúde Macau Norte (筷子基衛生中心 meaning "Fai Chi Kei Health Center") in Santo António, near Bairro Fai Chi Kei.

Primary and secondary schools
All primary and secondary schools in Santo António are private.
 * In the tuition-free school network:
 * Colégio Mateus Ricci: One secondary campus and one primary/kindergarten campus
 * Kwong Tai Middle School branch campus
 * Sacred Heart Canossian College (Macau) (Colégio do Sagrado Coração de Jesus; 嘉諾撒聖心中學) - Preschool through secondary school
 * Sacred Heart Canossian College English section - Primary and secondary school
 * Hou Kong Middle School Macau (Escola Hou Kong; 濠江中學) kindergarten and primary school campuses
 * Escola Shá Lei Tau Cham Son (沙梨頭浸信學校) - Preschool and primary school
 * Saint John de Brito School (Escola São João de Brito; 庇道學校) - Primary and secondary school
 * Tong Nam School (Escola Tong Nam; 東南學校) - Preschool through senior high school
 * Escola da Sagrada Família (聖家學校) - Preschool and primary school
 * The Workers' Children High School (Escola para Filhos e Irmãos dos Operários; 勞工子弟學校) - Santo António - Operated by the Union for Development (Associação Geral dos Operarios de Macau)

 * Not in the tuition-free network:
 * Chan Sui Ki Perpetual Help College (Branch) (Colégio Perpétuo Socorro Chan Sui Ki(Sucursal); 母佑會陳瑞祺永援中學(分校)) - Preschool and primary school

Former schools:
 * Tuition-free network:
 * Escola do Santíssimo Rosário - Preschool through junior high school

Public libraries
Macao Public Library operates three two branches in the parish:
 * Patane Library (Biblioteca do Patane; 沙梨頭圖書館)
 * It occupies seven buildings first built in the 1930s and renovated by the Macau Cultural Affairs Bureau. The library itself opened on 9 December 2016.
 * Red Market Library (Biblioteca do Mercado Vermelho; 紅街市圖書館)
 * It occupies 260 sqm of a former post office, and first opened on 24 July 2012.
 * Wong Ieng Kuan Library in Luis de Camões Garden (Biblioteca de Wong Ieng Kuan no Jardim Luis de Camões; 白鴿巢公園黃營均圖書館)
 * It is in a 675 sqm, two story facility that first opened in 1999. It is one of several libraries built with funding by Wong Ieng Kuan, a Chinese Peruvian.

Tourist attractions

 * Camões Grotto
 * Casa Garden
 * Fire Services Museum
 * Mount Fortress
 * Macau Protestant Chapel
 * Museum of Macau
 * Museum of Sacred Art and Crypt
 * Na Tcha Temple
 * Old Protestant Cemetery
 * Ruins of St. Paul's

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Santo António, Macau


text:
São Lázaro

São Lázaro is the smallest civil parish (freguesia) of Macau, located in the central-east region of the Macau Peninsula. It is surrounded by the parishes of Nossa Senhora de Fátima, Santo António, and Sé.

This parish was one of five in the former Municipality of Macau, one of Macau's two municipalities that were abolished on 31 December 2001 by Law No. 17/2001.(Colina da Guia, 松山 or 東望洋山). 3% of factories in Macau are located in the district.

Education
Tertiary education:
 * United Nations University Institute on Computing and Society

Primary and secondary schools
Public schools:
 * Macao Conservatory - Headquarters and school of Music
 * The school of music is designated as a public secondary school programme.
 * Escola Secundária Luso-Chinesa de Luís Gonzaga Gomes
 * Escola Primária Oficial Luso-Chinesa "Sir Robert Ho Tung" (何東中葡小學) - Preschool, primary school, and special education
 * Escola Primária Luso-Chinesa da Flora (二龍喉中葡小學)

Private tuition-free schools:
 * Chan Sui Ki Perpetual Help College - Primary and secondary school
 * Yuet Wah College - Preschool through secondary school
 * Escola Kai Chi (啟智學校) - Special education

Private non-free schools:
 * Pui Ching Middle School - Preschool through secondary school
 * Jardim de Infância "D. José da Costa Nunes" (魯彌士主教幼稚園) - Preschool

Public library
The parish is home to Macao Central Library, the main library of the Macao Public Library system.

Healthcare
The Macau government operates the Centro de Saúde Macau Oriental (塔石衛生中心) in Tap Seac.

Tourist attractions

 * Archives of Macao
 * Guia Fortress
 * Lou Lim Ieoc Garden
 * Macau Tea Culture House
 * St. Lazarus' Church
 * Sun Yat Sen Memorial House
 * Tai Fung Tong Art House
 * Tap Seac Multi-sports Pavilion
 * Tap Seac Square
 * Vasco da Gama Garden
 * Victory Garden
 * Guia Municipal Park
 * Guia Cable Car
 * Jardim da Flora
 * Guia Tunnel
 * Estrada de Cacilhas
 * Avenida do Conselheiro Ferreira de Almeida

title: São Lázaro


text:
User talk:Hang gp28

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Please use the Sandbox for testing, not the Wikipedia page. Thanks.

Here are some useful links in case you're interested in contributing to the project:

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

Angela 08:04, 10 Nov 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hang gp28


text:
Peter Parker (disambiguation)

Peter Parker is the secret identity of the character Spider-Man.

Peter Parker may also refer to:

Fictional characters

 * Other versions of the main Spider-Man character; see Alternative versions of Spider-Man
 * Peter Parker (Sam Raimi film series), a character portrayed by Tobey Maguire in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man series
 * Peter Parker (The Amazing Spider-Man film series), a character portrayed by Andrew Garfield in The Amazing Spider-Man film series
 * Peter Parker (Marvel Cinematic Universe), a character portrayed by Tom Holland in the Marvel Cinematic Universe
 * Peter Parker (Insomniac Games character), a character in the Marvel's Spider-Man games by Insomniac Games
 * Peter Parker, the grandson of Peter's Pocket Grandpa, a character in The Dandy

People

 * Sir Peter Parker, 1st Baronet (1721–1811), British Admiral and Member of Parliament, friend and patron of Admiral Nelson
 * Sir Peter Parker, 2nd Baronet (1785–1814), English naval officer
 * Peter Parker (physician) (1804–1888), first Protestant medical missionary to China
 * Peter Parker (British businessman) (1924–2002), chairman of the British Railways Board, 1976–1983
 * Peter Parker (author) (born 1954), British biographer and journalist
 * Peter Parker (umpire) (born 1959), Australian cricket umpire
 * Pete Parker (1895–1991), Canadian radio announcer

Other uses

 * Peter Parker: Spider-Man, multiple comic book series
 * Peter Parker House

title: Peter Parker (disambiguation)


text:
CBD

CBD commonly refers to:
 * Cannabidiol, a drug
 * Central business district, of a city

CBD may also refer to:

Ecology

 * Center for Biological Diversity, United States
 * Coffee berry disease, a plant fungal infection
 * Convention on Biological Diversity, a treaty

Medicine

 * Chronic Beryllium Disease or Berylliosis, a disease of the lungs
 * Common bile duct, in hepatology
 * Compulsive buying disorder, in psychology
 * Corticobasal degeneration, of the brain

Locations

 * Seoul CBD, an original city center of Seoul, South Korea
 * Vilnius CBD, Central Business District of Vilnius, Lithuania

Businesses

 * CBD Media, a phone directory publisher in Ohio, US
 * Christianbook, formerly Christian Book Distributors, Massachusetts, US
 * GPA (company), a Brazilian retailer (NYSE: CBD)

Military

 * Car Nicobar Air Force Base, Nicobar islands, India (IATA:CBD)
 * Construction Battalion Detachment, of the US Navy
 * Chesapeake Bay Detachment, a US Naval Research Laboratory site

Other uses

 * CBD-FM, a Canadian public radio station
 * Chemical bath deposition, used to deposit thin film onto surfaces
 * Components-based development, in software engineering

title: CBD


text:
Sé, Macau

Sé is a southeast civil parish in the Macau Peninsula of Macau. It is the second largest peninsular district in Macau after the civil parish of Nossa Senhora de Fátima. The parish area is named for the Igreja da Sé.

This parish was one of five in the former Municipality of Macau, one of Macau's two municipalities that were abolished on 31 December 2001 by Law No. 17/2001, following the 1999 transfer of sovereignty over Macau from Portugal to China. While their administrative functions have since been removed, these parishes are still retained nominally.

Its western part is the historic financial center of Macau. Praia Grande Central Business District (南灣中心商業區) is in the south-central part of the district. All banks (over 20) in Macau have offices here.

There are numerous quality restaurants, 4-star and 5-star hotels in this district. High-rise buildings exist on the eastern ZAPE and NAPE zone, which was reclaimed from the sea, with a ferry terminal located on the eastern edge of the parish.

Institutions
Macau government:
 * Legislative Assembly of Macau
 * Macau General Post Office
 * Various government agencies in China Plaza, including the Identification Services Bureau
 * Statistics and Census Service
 * Education and Youth Development Bureau head office
 * Civil Aviation Authority head office: 18th floor of the Cheng Feng Commercial Center (誠豐商業中心, Centro Comercial Cheng Feng)

PRC Central Government:
 * Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in the Macau SAR
 * Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China in the Macao Special Administrative Region

Diplomatic missions:

 * Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Macau
 * Philippine Consulate General in Macau SAR
 * Consulate General of Portugal in Macau and Hong Kong
 * Consulate General of Angola Macau SAR
 * Consulate General of Mozambique in Macau SAR

Economy
Within the parish is the Edifício CNAC, the head office of Air Macau. Previously the Air Macau head office was in the Edifício Tai Wah (大華大廈) in Sé.

Media
O Clarim has its head office in Edf. Ngan Fai (銀輝大廈) in Sé. Ponto Final has its head office at Travessa do Bispo, nº1.

Healthcare
Macau's public hospital, Conde S. Januário Hospital, is in Sé. The Macau government also operates the Centro de Saúde Porto Interior (海傍區衛生中心) in Hoi Pong Koi.

Education
Macao Polytechnic University in Sé provides tertiary education. Prior to 1998 the school's central building was used as the Liceu de Macau, a public Portuguese-curriculum secondary school.

Primary and secondary schools
The sole public school currently in operation in Sé is the Macao Conservatory School of Dance, as it is categorized by the Education and Youth Affairs Bureau as a public secondary school program. It is located on the 3rd and 4th floor of the Edifício Centro Hotline (獲多利中心). The conservatory's theater school is also in Sé, within the Edificio Jardim San On (新安花園).

 * Tuition-free private primary and secondary schools:
 * Colégio de Santa Rosa de Lima (聖羅撒女子中學) Chinese section - Preschool through secondary school
 * Colégio de Santa Rosa de Lima English section (聖羅撒英文中學) - Primary and secondary school
 * Concordia School for Special Education (Escola Concórdia para Ensino Especial; 協同特殊教育學校) - Preschool through secondary school and special education, located on the ground floor to third floor of Edificio Chu Kuan (珠光大廈)
 * Kao Yip Middle School - Preschool through secondary school
 * Lingnan Middle School (Escola Ling Nam; 澳門嶺南中學) - Preschool through secondary school
 * Macau Pooi To Middle School (Escola Pui Tou de Macau; 澳門培道中學) - Main campus, preschool through secondary school
 * Escola Tong Sin Tong (同善堂中學) - Preschool through secondary
 * Sheng Kung Hui Choi Kou School Macau (Sheng Kung Hui Escola Choi Kou (Macau); 聖公會(澳門)蔡高中學) Preschool and night secondary school campus

Previously the nursery/primary campus of Macau Baptist College (MBC; Escola Cham Son de Macau; 澳門浸信中學) was located in Sé.

 * Private non-free preschools and primary and secondary schools:
 * Colégio Diocesano de São José (聖若瑟教區中學)
 * Millennium Secondary School (Escola Secundária Millennium; 創新中學) - Senior high school
 * Macau Portuguese School - Primary and secondary school
 * St. Anthony's Kindergarten and Nursery (Centro de Educação Infantil Santo António; 聖安東尼幼稚園)

Colleges and universities
The original campus (NAPE1) of the University of Saint Joseph is in Sé. The main campus of the Macau Polytechnic University is also located in Sé.

Public library
The parish is home the Macao Public Library system's Library in Ho Yin Garden (Biblioteca do Jardim Comendador Ho Yin, 何賢公園圖書館). The library, a 368 sqm two story facility, first opened in 1993. It reopened on 10 February 2009 after it had been temporarily closed in 2005 for NAPE renovations.

Casino and hotels

 * Casa Real Casino
 * Casino Lisboa
 * Grand Lisboa
 * L'Arc Macau
 * Mandarin Oriental, Macau
 * MGM Macau
 * Wynn Macau

Tourist attractions

 * Comendador Ho Yin Garden
 * Dr. Carlos d'Assumpção Park
 * Garden of the Arts
 * Grand Prix Museum
 * Handover Gifts Museum of Macao
 * Heritage Exhibition of a Traditional Pawnshop Business
 * Kuan Tai Temple
 * Lotus Square
 * Macao Cultural Centre
 * Macau Fisherman's Wharf
 * Macau Forum
 * Macau Military Club
 * Macau Museum of Art
 * Macau Science Center
 * Macau Tower
 * Macau Wine Museum
 * Nam Van Lake
 * Sai Van Lake
 * Sands Macao
 * Santa Casa da Misericórdia
 * Sé Church
 * Senado Square
 * St. Dominic's Church

Transport

 * Ferries to Hong Kong and mainland China leave from the Outer Harbour Ferry Terminal.
 * There is an extensive and frequent bus network in the district, with key stops at Praça de Ferreira do Amaral, Rua do Campo, and Praceta 24 de Junho.

title: Sé, Macau


text:
Talk:M.A.

Why does this redirect to MA? "M.A." should be a redirect to Master's degree: it's not ambiguous and doesn't need disambiguation. -- Someone else 08:10, 10 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Even if there usually is a difference, or at least a nuance or a typo between:
 * ma
 * MA
 * Ma
 * M.A.
 * M. A.
 * M. A
 * mA
 * MA.
 * mA.
 * it's not necessarily supported by the software nor are many aware of the different usages. Thus I prefer to redirect them to a disambiguation page and note the spelling variatons there (see e.g. MB ). In a few cases, it may be more appropriate:
 * to place the article there (e.g. SI with the article on the Système International, pH), or
 * to redirect the abbreviation to an article (e.g. TB redirecting to Tuberculosis),
 * and place a link to the disambiguation page there.
 * (Note: this is just about 2-letter combinations).

 * In the meantime, I have changed my mind on MA and M.A. and would rather have them redirect to Master's degree. Similar solutions should be found for B.A., M.D., and possibly a few others. -- User:Docu

 * (Note TB no longer redirects to Tuberculosis now) -- User:Docu

title: Talk:M.A.


text:
São Lourenço, Macau

São Lourenço is a civil parish (freguesia) of Macau. It is located in the southwestern of Macau Peninsula and named after Lawrence of Rome.

This parish was one of five in the former Municipality of Macau, one of Macau's two municipalities that were abolished on 31 December 2001 by Law No. 17/2001, following the 1999 transfer of sovereignty over Macau from Portugal to China. While their administrative functions have since been removed, these parishes are still retained nominally.

It was surrounded by water on all sides except north and Southeast. It neighbours Freguesia da Sé. Penha Hill and Barra Hill are to the south. The Portuguese governor building and current administrative buildings are located here. The hillsides contain a residential area of luxurious villas.
 * Area: 0.9 km² (13.4% of the peninsula)
 * Population: 45,600
 * Population density: 50,904 persons per km²

Government

 * Macau Government Headquarters
 * Macau Government House
 * Government Printing Bureau headquarters

Tourist attractions

 * A-Ma Temple
 * Dom Pedro V Theatre
 * Leal Senado Building
 * Mandarin's House
 * Maritime Museum
 * Moorish Barracks
 * Our Lady of Penha Chapel
 * Penha Hill
 * Sir Robert Ho Tung Library
 * St. Joseph's Seminary and Church
 * St. Lawrence's Church

Transportation

 * Inner Harbour Ferry Terminal

Healthcare
The Macau government operates the Centro de Saúde de S. Lourenço (風順堂衛生中心) in Fong Son Tong.

Education
All schools in this parish are private and subsidized by the Macau government.
 * Escola Estrela do Mar - Preschool through secondary school
 * Escola Há Ván Châm Vui (下環浸會學校) - Preschool and primary school
 * Escola Santa Maria Mazzarello (聖瑪沙利羅學校) - Preschool and primary school
 * Instituto Salesiano da Imaculada Conceição, primary through secondary school

Saint Joseph Seminary of the University of Saint Joseph is in São Lourenço.

Macao Public Library operates two branches in the parish: the Sir Robert Ho Tung Library and the S. Lourenço Library (Biblioteca de S. Lourenço; 下環圖書館). The latter occupies 1245 sqm of space on the third floor of the Municipal Market Complex of St. Lourenço (下環街市). The S. Lourenço branch opened in December 2009 and was a part of the renovation of the market.

title: São Lourenço, Macau


text:
Terry Carr

Terry Gene Carr (February 19, 1937 – April 7, 1987 ) was an American science fiction fan, author, editor, and writing instructor.

Background and discovery of fandom
Carr was born in Grants Pass, Oregon. He attended the City College of San Francisco and the University of California, Berkeley from 1954 to 1959.

Carr discovered science fiction fandom in 1949, where he became an enthusiastic publisher of fanzines, which later helped open his way into the commercial publishing world. (He was one of the two fans responsible for the hoax fan 'Carl Brandon' after whom the Carl Brandon Society takes its name.) Despite a long career as a science fiction professional, he continued to participate as a fan until his death. He was nominated five times for Hugos for Best Fanzine (1959–1961, 1967–1968), winning in 1959, was nominated three times for Best Fan Writer (1971–1973), winning in 1973, and was Fan Guest of Honor at ConFederation in 1986.

Professional work
Though he published some fiction in the early 1960s, Carr concentrated on editing. He first worked at Ace Books, establishing the Ace Science Fiction Specials series which published, among other novels, Behold the Man and The Warlord of the Air by Michael Moorcock, The Left Hand of Darkness by Ursula K. Le Guin and Rite of Passage by Alexei Panshin.

After conflicts with Ace head Donald A. Wollheim, he worked as a freelancer. He edited an original story anthology series called Universe, and a popular series of The Best Science Fiction of the Year anthologies that ran from 1972 until his death in 1987. He also edited numerous one-off anthologies over the same time span. He was nominated for the Hugo for Best Editor thirteen times (1973–1975, 1977–1979, 1981–1987), winning twice (1985 and 1987). His win in 1985 was the first time a freelance editor had won.

Terry Carr commissioned a first novel from William Gibson for the second series of Ace Science Fiction Specials, shortly after the Denver WorldCon, 1981. The purpose of the series was to give attention to first-time novelists. Gibson's fellow Ace Specials first-timers were Kim Stanley Robinson, Michael Swanwick, Lucius Shepard, Carter Scholz, and Howard Waldrop. William Gibson mentions Carr in the introduction to the 20th Anniversary Edition of the book: "Having been talked into signing a contract (by the late Terry Carr, without whom there would certainly be no Neuromancer) . . ."

Carr taught at the Clarion Workshop at Michigan State University in 1978, where his students included Richard Kadrey and Pat Murphy.

Personal life
Carr married a fellow science fiction fan, Miriam Dyches, in 1959. They were divorced in 1961. Later that year, Carr married Carol Stuart. He remained married to her until his death. Under her married name of Carol Carr, his widow has also sold science fiction: "You Think You've Got Troubles" (1969), "Inside" (1970), "Some Are Born Cats" (1973, with Terry Carr), "Wally a Deux" (1973), and "Tooth Fairy" (1984).

Death
On April 7, 1987, Carr died of congestive heart failure. A memorial gathering of the science fiction community was held in Tilden Park in Berkeley, California, on May 30. An original anthology of science fiction, Terry's Universe, was published the following year; all proceeds went to his widow. His papers and his large collection of fanzines (71 linear feet and almost 2000 titles) have become part of the Eaton collection of Science Fiction at the University of California, Riverside.

Novels

 * Warlord of Kor (1963)
 * Invasion From 2500 (1964, with Ted White using the joint pseudonym Norman Edwards)
 * Cirque (1977)

Collections

 * The Incompleat Terry Carr (1972, 1988)
 * The Light at the End of the Universe (1976)
 * Fandom Harvest (1986)

World's Best Science Fiction

 * World's Best Science Fiction: 1965 (1965 with Donald A. Wollheim)
 * World's Best Science Fiction: 1966 (1966 with Donald A. Wollheim)
 * World's Best Science Fiction: 1967 (1967 with Donald A. Wollheim)
 * World's Best Science Fiction: 1968 (1968 with Donald A. Wollheim)
 * World's Best Science Fiction: 1969 (1969 with Donald A. Wollheim)
 * World's Best Science Fiction: 1970 (1970 with Donald A. Wollheim)
 * World's Best Science Fiction: 1971 (1971 with Donald A. Wollheim)

The Best Science Fiction of the Year

 * The Best Science Fiction of the Year (1972)
 * The Best Science Fiction of the Year #2 (1973)
 * The Best Science Fiction of the Year #3 (1974)
 * The Best Science Fiction of the Year #4 (1975)
 * The Best Science Fiction of the Year #5 (1976)
 * The Best Science Fiction of the Year #6 (1977)
 * The Best Science Fiction of the Year #7 (1978)
 * The Best Science Fiction of the Year #8 (1979)
 * The Best Science Fiction of the Year #9 (1980)
 * The Best Science Fiction of the Year #10 (1981)
 * The Best Science Fiction of the Year #11 (1982)
 * The Best Science Fiction of the Year #12 (1983)
 * The Best Science Fiction of the Year #13 (1984)
 * Terry Carr's Best Science Fiction of the Year (1985)
 * Terry Carr's Best Science Fiction of the Year #15 (1986)
 * Terry Carr's Best Science Fiction and Fantasy of the Year #16 (1987)

Universe

 * Universe 1 (1971)
 * Universe 2 (1972)
 * Universe 3 (1973)
 * Universe 4 (1974)
 * Universe 5 (1975)
 * Universe 6 (1976)
 * Universe 7 (1977)
 * Universe 8 (1978)
 * Universe 9 (1979)
 * Universe 10 (1980)
 * Universe 11 (1981)
 * Universe 12 (1982)
 * Universe 13 (1983)
 * Universe 14 (1984)
 * Universe 15 (1985)
 * Universe 16 (1986)
 * Universe 17 (1987)

Other anthologies

 * New Worlds of Fantasy (1967)
 * New Worlds of Fantasy #2 (1970)
 * New Worlds of Fantasy #3 (1971)
 * Year's Finest Fantasy (1978)
 * Year's Finest Fantasy 2 (July 1979)
 * Fantasy Annual III (May 1981)
 * Fantasy Annual IV (November 1981)
 * Fantasy Annual V (November 1982)
 * Science Fiction for People Who Hate Science Fiction (1966)
 * The Others (1969)
 * On Our Way to the Future (1970)
 * This Side of Infinity (1972)
 * Into the Unknown (1973)
 * An Exaltation of Stars (1973)
 * Fellowship of the Stars (1974)
 * Worlds Near and Far (1974)
 * Creatures from Beyond (1975)
 * Planets of Wonder (1976)
 * The Ides of Tomorrow (1976)
 * The Infinite Arena (1977)
 * To Follow a Star: Nine Science Fiction Stories About Christmas (1977)
 * Classic Science Fiction: The First Golden Age (1978)
 * Beyond Reality (1979)
 * Dream's Edge (1980)
 * A Treasury of Modern Fantasy (1981) with Martin H. Greenberg
 * 100 Great Fantasy Short Short Stories (1984) with Isaac Asimov and Martin H. Greenberg

title: Terry Carr


text:
Garden Island (Western Australia)

Garden Island (Noongar: Meandup or Meeandip) is a narrow island about 10 km long and 1.5 km wide, lying about 5 km off the Western Australian coast, to which it is linked by an artificial causeway and bridge.

Like Rottnest Island and Carnac Island, it is a limestone outcrop covered by a thin layer of sand accumulated during an era of lowered sea levels. The Noongar peoples tell of walking to these islands in their Dreamtime.

At the end of the last glacial period, the sea level rose, cutting the island off from the mainland. For the last seven thousand years, the island has existed in relative isolation.

The Royal Australian Navy's largest fleet base, Fleet Base West, also called HMAS Stirling, is on the shores of Careening Bay, on the southeastern section of Garden Island, facing Cockburn Sound. $720$ people lived on the Garden Island base.

The entirety of Garden Island is included on the Commonwealth Heritage List for its natural values. Garden Island is home to a tammar wallaby population.

History
The island was marked but not named on Dutch maps in 1658, even though there were three Dutch ships in the area that year: the Waekende Boey under Captain S. Volckertszoon, the Elburg under Captain J. Peereboom and the Emeloort under Captain A. Joncke. However, it was outlined on the charts of the Southland, which were published after Willem de Vlamingh visited the region in 1697.

Jacques Felix Emmanuel, Baron Hamelin was the Captain of the Naturaliste, one of three French ships that visited in 1801 to 1803. He named the island "Ile Buache" after Jean Nicolas Buache, a marine cartographer in Paris. The island was renamed "Garden Island" in 1827 by Captain James Stirling, who "prepared a garden and released a cow, two ewes and three goats in an area of good pasture with good water supply." It has been widely believed that Stirling chose the name "Garden Island" because he planted a garden there, but Statham-Drew (2003) notes that he used the name well before anything was planted there. She argues that it was so named because the shelter that it provides to Cockburn Sound was reminiscent of the way that the Isle of Wight, then known locally as the "Garden Isle", shelters the waters off Portsmouth.

Stirling returned to the area in 1829, claiming Garden Island as part of his grant of 100000 acre, plus any livestock remaining from the previous visit. The first settlement of $450$ people was named Sulphur Town. Sulphur Bay and Careening Bay were important anchorage and cargo disembarkation points for ships until 1897 when Fremantle's inner harbour was completed.

In 1907 Peet & Co (now Peet Limited) subdivided eight-three blocks at Careening Bay. After World War I it became a holiday resort with wooden cottages erected at the bay. During World War II, gun batteries were located on Garden Island. These were part of an integrated coastal defence system for Fremantle Harbour facilities.

The Challenger Battery was the first gun battery constructed on Garden Island in 1942. Two US-supplied mobile Canon de 155 mm guns on Panama mount were installed to protect Garden Island, Cockburn Sound and the Challenger Passage. The battery was installed in early 1943 and operational by April. In the meantime, more permanent batteries were constructed on the island, which were completed in October 1943. The battery was withdrawn again in December 1944.

The biggest battery on Garden Island was the Scriven Battery, fitted with two breech-loading 9.2-inch MkX guns, similar to the Oliver Hill Battery on Rottnest Island. In 1943 building began on a complex of tunnels and rooms, included shell stores, magazines, pump chamber and powerhouse, plotting room and command post, and battery observation posts. However, the threat of attack receded as the battery was completed. Resources were allocated elsewhere, and the battery and its guns were placed in reserve. The battery was decommissioned in 1963 and the guns scrapped.

During World War II, Careening Bay Camp became a major training base for the secretive Services Reconnaissance Department (SRD), also commonly referred to as "Z Special Unit". The base was officially known as the Special Boat Section and was used to train operatives in the advanced use of folboat folding kayaks as well as top secret British midget submarines such as the "Motorised Submersible Canoe" ("Sleeping Beauty"), "Welman" and "Welfreighter" submarines. SRD Parties staging out of Careening Bay Camp were sent on clandestine missions into Japanese-occupied territory.

Following the war, Garden Island became a holiday resort again and the home of the RAN Reserve Fleet.

Naval Base

In 1966, a feasibility study began into establishment of a naval support facility on the island, which was endorsed by the Federal Government in 1969. Construction of the 4.3 km Garden Island causeway began in 1971 and was completed in 1973. The facility was completed in 1978, and HMAS Stirling was formally commissioned as a unit of the Royal Australian Navy in the same year. Stirling, also referred to as Fleet Base West, was developed further under the Two-Ocean Policy to become the main naval base on the west coast of Australia.

, Stirling is home to five frigates and all submarines of the Australian Submarine Service, which is headquartered at the base. A Clearance Diving Team is also based at Stirling.

Since completion of the facility, public access to the island has been restricted to daylight hours. However, public access is not granted to the public in general via the causeway unless entry is sponsored by the military. Access by sea is restricted to private boats using moorings, also under daylight curfew conditions. The Navy has undertaken various successful programmes for the removal of introduced animals; all native animals on the island are protected.

title: Garden Island (Western Australia)


text:
Roseate tern

The roseate tern (Sterna dougallii) is a species of tern in the family Laridae. The genus name Sterna is derived from Old English "stearn", "tern", and the specific dougallii refers to Scottish physician and collector Dr Peter McDougall (1777–1814). "Roseate" refers to the bird's pink breast in breeding plumage.

Taxonomy
English naturalist George Montagu described the roseate tern in 1813. Genetically, it is most closely related to the white-fronted tern (S. striata), with their common ancestor a sister lineage to the black-naped tern (S. sumatrana).

This species has a number of geographical subspecies, differing mainly in bill colour and minor plumage details.

S. d. dougallii  breeds on the Atlantic coasts of Europe and North America, and winters south to the Caribbean and west Africa. Both the European and North American populations have been in long-term decline, though active conservation measures have reversed the decline in the last few years at some colonies, most notably at Rockabill Island off the coast of Dublin, Ireland, which now holds most of the European population (about 1200 pairs). The tropical forms S. d. korustes and S. d. bangsi are resident breeders from east Africa across the Indian Ocean to Japan. They have more red on the bill. The long-billed and short-winged S. d. gracilis breeds in Australia and New Caledonia. The north-western Indian Ocean holds populations of S. d. arideensis. Some authors suggest that only three subspecies arideensis, gracilis and nominate dougallii should be retained.

Description
This is a small-medium tern, 33 - 36 cm long with a 67 - 76 cm wingspan, which can be confused with the common tern, Arctic tern, and the larger, but similarly plumaged, Sandwich tern. The thin sharp bill is black, with a red base which develops through the breeding season, and is more extensive (to fully red) in the tropical and southern hemisphere subspecies. It is shorter-winged and has faster wing beats than common or Arctic tern. The upper wings are pale grey and its under parts white, and this tern looks very pale in flight, like a small Sandwich tern, although the outermost primary flight feathers darken during the summer. The adults have very long, flexible tail streamers and orange-red legs. In summer, the underparts of adults take on the pinkish tinge which gives this bird its name.

In winter, the forehead becomes white and the bill black. Juvenile roseate terns have a scaly appearance like juvenile Sandwich Terns, but a fuller black cap than that species.

Food and feeding
As with other Sterna terns, roseate tern feeds by plunge-diving for fish, almost invariably from the sea; it is much more marine than allied terns, only rarely visiting freshwater lagoons on the coast to bathe and not fishing in fresh water. It usually dives directly, and not from the "stepped-hover" favoured by Arctic tern. The offering of fish by the male to the female is part of the courtship display.

Unusual for a tern, the roseate tern shows some kleptoparasitic behaviour, stealing fish from other seabirds, at British colonies most often from puffins. This habit greatly increases their food-collecting ability during bad weather when fish swim deeper, out of reach of plunge-diving terns, but still within reach of the deeper-diving Puffins.

Breeding
This species breeds in colonies on coasts and islands, at times with other seabirds. In Australian colonies, it has been recorded nesting alongside the black-naped tern (S. sumatrana), lesser crested tern (Thalasseus bengalensis), greater crested tern (T. bergii), fairy tern (Sternula nereis), bridled tern (Onychoprion anaethetus) and silver gull (Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae). It nests in a ground scrape, often in a hollow or under dense vegetation, and lays one or two (rarely three) eggs. It is less defensive of its nest and young than other white terns, often relying on Arctic and common terns in the surrounding colony to defend them. In smaller colonies, they may rarely mate with these other tern species.

The white-bellied sea-eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster) and silver gull are known to prey on eggs and chicks, while the turnstone (Arenaria interpres), black rat (Rattus rattus) and King's skink (Egernia kingii) are suspected predators.

Vocalisations
The call of the roseate tern is a very characteristic chuwit, similar to that of the spotted redshank, quite distinct from other terns.

Conservation status

In the late 19th century, these birds were hunted for their plumes which were used to decorate hats. More recently, their numbers have decreased in some regions due to increased competition and predation by large gulls, whose numbers have increased in recent times. This species, as of 2019, is one of the UK's rarest breeding seabird.

The largest European colony, accounting for more than 75% of the European population, is in Ireland, at Rockabill Island, County Dublin. In 2013, 1213 pairs nested at Rockabill. The colony at Lady's Island Lake, County Wexford, is also of crucial importance, with 155 pairs nesting there in 2013.

With their favouring partly hidden nest sites, the provision of nestboxes has proven a dramatic conservation success, with the birds taking to them very readily. This results in greatly increased breeding productivity with the protection given to the young from predatory birds like herring gulls. At the UK's most important colony, on Coquet Island, Northumberland, the population rose from 25 pairs 1997 to 154 pairs in 2022 after nestboxes were provided. Similar measures have been undertaken at the Anglesey tern colonies along with clearance of vegetation, in particular Tree Mallow. In 2018, for the first time in more than a decade, a pair fledged two chicks on the Skerries, off Anglesey after a RSPB project over previous years involving wardening, newly designed nest boxes being placed strategically around the islands along with lures playing roseate tern calls and hand-made decoys.

In the UK the roseate tern has been designated for protection under the official government's national Biodiversity Action Plan. One of the main reasons given in the UK plan for threat to the species is global warming, creating an alteration of vertical profile distribution for its food source fishes. The roseate tern is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.

The Canadian Wildlife Service lists the roseate tern as Threatened. The U.S. Department of Interior lists the northeastern population as Endangered and the Caribbean population as Threatened.

title: Roseate tern


text:
Order of New Zealand

The Order of New Zealand is the highest honour in the New Zealand royal honours system, created "to recognise outstanding service to the Crown and people of New Zealand in a civil or military capacity". It was instituted by royal warrant on 6 February 1987. The order is modelled on the British Order of Merit and the Order of the Companions of Honour.

Composition
The order comprises the Sovereign and ordinary, additional and honorary members. The ordinary membership is limited to 20 living members, and at any time there may be fewer than 20. Additional members may be appointed to commemorate important royal, state or national occasions, and such appointments were made in 1990 for the 150th anniversary of the Treaty of Waitangi, in 2002 for the Queen's Golden Jubilee, in 2007 for the 20th anniversary of the institution of the Order, in 2012 for the Queen's Diamond Jubilee, in 2022 for the Queen's Platinum Jubilee, and in 2023 to mark the coronation of King Charles III. Additional members have the same status as ordinary members. Honorary membership is for citizens of nations of which the Sovereign is not head of state. Members are entitled to the post-nominal letters "ONZ".

Appointments to the order are made by royal warrant under the monarch's sign manual on the prime minister's advice. The order is administered by a Secretary and Registrar (the Clerk of the Executive Council).

Richie McCaw represented the Order at the coronation of Charles III and Camilla in 2023, and took part in the procession of the King and Queen at the beginning of the ceremony.

Insignia
The insignia is made up of an oval medallion of the coat of arms of New Zealand in gold and coloured enamel, worn on a white and ochre ribbon around the neck for men or a bow for women on their left shoulder.

Current members

 * Sovereign: The King of New Zealand

 * Officers:
 * Secretary and Registrar: Rachel Hayward

title: Order of New Zealand


text:
Garden Island

Garden Island may refer to:

Australia

 * Garden Island, New South Wales, location of major naval and dockyard facilities on Sydney Harbour
 * Garden Island Naval Chapel
 * Garden Island (Huon River), an island in south-eastern Tasmania
 * Garden Island (Tamar River), an island in northern Tasmania
 * Garden Island (Western Australia), near Perth, location of HMAS Stirling naval base
 * Garden Island (South Australia), an island in South Australia
 * Garden Island, South Australia, a locality associated with the island of the same name
 * Garden Island, a historical name for Smooth Island (Tasmania)
 * Grindal Island, South Australia, also known as Garden Island

Canada

 * Garden Island (Lake Huron), an island of Ontario
 * Garden Island (Lake Nipissing), an island of Ontario
 * Garden Island (Ontario), Lake Ontario

United States

 * Garden Island (Michigan)
 * Garden Island State Recreation Area, Minnesota
 * A nickname for the Hawaiian island of Kauai
 * The Garden Island, the daily newspaper serving the island of Kauai

title: Garden Island


text:
Walks plus hits per inning pitched

In baseball statistics, walks plus hits per inning pitched (WHIP) is a sabermetric measurement of the number of baserunners a pitcher has allowed per inning pitched. WHIP is calculated by adding the number of walks and hits allowed and dividing this sum by the number of innings pitched.

WHIP reflects a pitcher's propensity for allowing batters to reach base, therefore a lower WHIP indicates better performance.

While earned run average (ERA) measures the runs a pitcher gives up, WHIP more directly measures a pitcher's effectiveness against batters. Like ERA, WHIP accounts for pitcher performance regardless of errors and unearned runs.

History
The stat was invented in 1979 by writer Daniel Okrent, who called the metric "innings pitched ratio" at the time. Okrent excluded hit batsmen from the numerator of baserunners allowed since Sunday newspapers did not include hit batsmen in their agate box scores.

WHIP is one of the few sabermetric statistics to enter mainstream baseball usage. In addition to its use in live games, the WHIP is one of the most commonly used statistics in fantasy baseball, and is standard in fantasy leagues that employ 4×4, 5×5, and 6×6 formats.

Leaders
WHIP near 1.00 or lower over the course of a season will often rank among the league leaders in Major League Baseball (MLB).

The lowest single-season WHIP in MLB history through 2018 is 0.7373 from Pedro Martínez pitching for the Boston Red Sox in 2000, which broke the previous record of 0.7692 of Guy Hecker of the Louisville Eclipse in 1882. Walter Johnson, with a 0.7803 WHIP in 1913, has the third-lowest single-season WHIP.

Cleveland Guardians (then called the Bronchos and Naps during his career) right-handed pitcher Addie Joss held the MLB record for the lowest career WHIP as of 2018, with a 0.9678 WHIP in 2,327 innings. Chicago White Sox spitballer Ed Walsh was second, with a 0.9996 WHIP in 2,964 innings, the lowest career WHIP for a qualified pitcher with 10 or more seasons pitched. Reliever Mariano Rivera ranked third among qualified pitchers with a career WHIP of 1.0003 in 1,283$2/3$ innings. Los Angeles Dodgers left-handed pitcher Clayton Kershaw was fourth with a WHIP of 1.0046.

title: Walks plus hits per inning pitched


text:
Duke of Grafton

Duke of Grafton is a title in the Peerage of England. It was created in 1675 by Charles II of England for Henry FitzRoy, his second illegitimate son by the Duchess of Cleveland. The most notable duke of Grafton was Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, who served as Prime Minister from 1768–1770.

The Duke of Grafton holds three subsidiary titles, all created in 1675 in the peerage of England: Earl of Euston, Viscount Ipswich, and Baron Sudbury. Between 1723 and 1936 the dukes, being descended from the 1st Duke's wife Isabella FitzRoy, 2nd Countess of Arlington, also held the titles Earl of Arlington, Viscount Thetford and Baron Arlington. Those titles fell into abeyance between the 9th Duke's sisters, with the abeyance of the barony of Arlington being ended in 1999.

The Dukes "created" and owned the London district of Fitzrovia, so named for their family name.

The title of the dukedom refers to the Honour of Grafton in the southeast of Northamptonshire, the titular village now being called Grafton Regis.

The family seat is Euston Hall in Suffolk, an 11,000-acre estate straddling the Norfolk-Suffolk border. The main burial places of the senior branch of the family are in and beside the parish church of Saint Genevieve at Euston, Suffolk.

The Duke of Grafton is fourth in the order of precedence after the dukes of Norfolk, Somerset, and Richmond.

Dukes of Grafton (1675)

 * Other titles (all): Earl of Euston, Viscount Ipswich and Baron Sudbury (1675)

 * Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton (1663–1690), second illegitimate son of Charles II and the Duchess of Cleveland;
 * Other titles (2nd–9th Dukes): Earl of Arlington, Viscount Thetford and Baron Arlington (1672)

 * Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Grafton (1683–1757), only son of the 1st Duke
 * Charles FitzRoy, Earl of Euston (1714–1715), eldest son of the 2nd Duke, died young
 * George FitzRoy, Earl of Euston (1715–1747), second son of the 2nd Duke, predeceased his father without issue
 * Augustus Henry FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton (1735–1811), eldest son of Lord Augustus FitzRoy, third son of the 2nd Duke; Prime Minister, 1768–70
 * George Henry FitzRoy, 4th Duke of Grafton (1760–1844), eldest son of the 3rd Duke
 * Henry FitzRoy, 5th Duke of Grafton (1790–1863), eldest son of the 4th Duke
 * William Henry FitzRoy, 6th Duke of Grafton (1819–1882), eldest son of the 5th Duke, died without issue
 * Augustus Charles Lennox FitzRoy, 7th Duke of Grafton (1821–1918), second son of the 5th Duke
 * Henry James FitzRoy, Earl of Euston (1848–1912), eldest son of the 7th Duke, predeceased his father without issue
 * Alfred William Maitland Fitzroy, 8th Duke of Grafton (1850–1930), second son of the 7th Duke
 * William Henry Alfred Fitzroy, Viscount Ipswich (1884–1918), only son of the 8th Duke, predeceased both his father and grandfather
 * John Charles William FitzRoy, 9th Duke of Grafton (1914–1936), only son of William FitzRoy, Viscount Ipswich, died unmarried
 * Charles Alfred Euston FitzRoy, 10th Duke of Grafton (1892–1970), eldest son of the Rev. Lord Charles Edward FitzRoy, third and youngest son of the 7th Duke
 * Hugh Denis Charles FitzRoy, 11th Duke of Grafton (1919–2011), eldest son of the 10th Duke
 * James Oliver Charles FitzRoy, Earl of Euston (1947–2009), eldest son of the 11th Duke, predeceased his father in 2009
 * Henry Oliver Charles FitzRoy, 12th Duke of Grafton (b. 1978), only son of Lord Euston

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, Alfred James Charles FitzRoy, Earl of Euston (b. 2012).

title: Duke of Grafton


text:
Talk:List of islands of the United States

Untitled
This list is not complete. Therefore it is selective. What is the criterion for inclusion? Wetman
 * Somebody who felt like contributing to the article remembered its existence, I'd assume and hope. Tuf-Kat 09:12, Nov 10, 2003 (UTC)

OmNomNom island sounds like a joke. 192.114.91.228 (talk) 08:44, 9 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Removed 3 joke names (one of them matches a business). There is probably a lot more garbage on this page that hasn't been caught yet.  Thundermaker (talk) 04:20, 9 May 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Redlinks
Lots of redlinks removed, IAW WP:WTAF. (more to follow) – S. Rich (talk) 04:08, 4 December 2019 (UTC)


text:
Duke of Northumberland

Duke of Northumberland is a noble title that has been created three times in English and British history, twice in the Peerage of England and once in the Peerage of Great Britain. The current holder of this title is Ralph Percy, 12th Duke of Northumberland.

1551 creation
The title was first created in the Peerage of England in 1551 for John Dudley, 1st Earl of Warwick. He had already been created Viscount Lisle in 1543 and Earl of Warwick in 1547, also in the Peerage of England. In 1553, Dudley advanced the claim of his daughter-in-law, Lady Jane Grey, to the English throne, but when she was deposed by Queen Mary I, Dudley was convicted of high treason and executed. An illegitimate son of one of his younger sons, Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, Sir Robert Dudley, claimed the dukedom when in exile in Italy. On 9 March 1620 the Emperor Ferdinand II officially recognised the title, an act which infuriated James I of England.

1683 creation
George FitzRoy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, an illegitimate son of king Charles II, was created Duke of Northumberland in the Peerage of England in 1683. He had already been created Baron of Pontefract, Viscount Falmouth and Earl of Northumberland in 1674, also in the Peerage of England. However, all the titles became extinct on his death in 1716 as he left no heirs.

Jacobite creation
In 1716 Philip Wharton, 1st Duke of Wharton, was created Duke of Northumberland, Marquess of Woburn, Earl of Malmesbury and Viscount Winchendon in the Jacobite Peerage, by the Old Pretender. The title had no legal validity in the Kingdom of Great Britain.

1766 creation
The title was created for the third time in 1766 for Hugh Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland (formerly Sir Hugh Smithson, 4th Baronet), who had assumed by Act of Parliament in 1750 for himself and his descendants the surname Percy, due to his having married in 1740 the daughter of Algernon Seymour, 7th Duke of Somerset (1684–1750), whose mother Lady Elizabeth Percy (1667–1722) was the last of the senior blood line of the ancient House of Percy, being the only surviving child of Josceline Percy, 11th Earl of Northumberland (1644–1670). In 1749 King George II created Algernon (who had inherited the Dukedom of Somerset in 1748) Earl of Northumberland and Baron Warkworth, of Warkworth Castle in the County of Northumberland, with special remainder to his son-in-law Sir Hugh Smithson, 4th Baronet.

The above steps formed a deliberate move to allow ancient names and titles of the Percys to be revived in the male-heir exhausted senior branch of the Dukedom of Somerset, which at that time was about to see its largest removal – to another noble but very cadet branch (a fourth cousin) on Algernon's death. Algernon was also created Earl of Egremont at the same time, with a different remainder.

In 1784 the 1st Duke was also granted the substantive title Lord Lovaine, Baron of Alnwick in the County of Northumberland, in the Peerage of Great Britain, with remainder to his second son Lord Algernon Percy, who succeeded and who was created Earl of Beverley in 1790, and thus it too became a courtesy title.

The 1st Duke was succeeded in the dukedom and associated titles by his eldest son, Hugh, the 2nd Duke, a lieutenant-general in the British Army. The 2nd Duke was in his turn succeeded by his eldest son, Hugh, the 3rd Duke, who in 1812, five years before he succeeded in the dukedom, had been summoned to the House of Lords through a writ of acceleration in his father's junior title of Baron Percy. The 3rd Duke later held office as Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland from 1829 to 1830. He was childless and was succeeded by his younger brother, Algernon, 1st Baron Prudhoe, the 4th Duke, who in 1814 had been created Baron Prudhoe, of Prudhoe Castle in the County of Northumberland, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The 4th Duke was an admiral in the Royal Navy and notably served as First Lord of the Admiralty in 1852. He was also childless and on his death in 1865 the barony of Prudhoe became extinct while the barony of Percy (which could be passed on through the female line) was inherited by his great-nephew, John Stewart-Murray, 7th Duke of Atholl. The Admiral was succeeded in the dukedom and remaining titles by his first cousin, George, the 2nd Earl of Beverley, eldest son of the second son of the 1st Duke. The barony of Lovaine and earldom of Beverley have since been merged in the dukedom as courtesy titles.

The 5th Duke was succeeded by his eldest son, Algernon, the 6th Duke, who notably served as Lord Privy Seal between 1879 and 1880 under Lord Beaconsfield. The 6th Duke's eldest son, Henry, the 7th Duke, was summoned to the House of lords through a writ of acceleration in his father's junior title of Lord Lovaine in 1887. The 7th Duke's eldest son, Henry Percy, Earl Percy, predeceased him. He was succeeded by his fourth but eldest surviving son, Alan, the 8th Duke, whose eldest son, Henry, the 9th Duke, was killed during the retreat to Dunkirk during the Second World War. Henry was succeeded by his younger brother, Hugh, the 10th Duke. In 1957, on the death of his fourth cousin once removed, James Stewart-Murray, 9th Duke of Atholl, Hugh succeeded as 9th Baron Percy, the title thus re-merging with the Dukedom. As of 2012 the titles are held by his second son, Ralph, the 12th Duke, who succeeded on the death of his elder brother in 1995.

Northumberland Estates manages 100000 acres: directly managing 4000 acres of forestry and 20000 acres of farmland, with approximately 100 tenant farmers managing the remaining bulk of the land.

Other members of the Percy family
Several other members of the Percy family have also gained distinction. Charlotte Percy, Duchess of Northumberland, wife of the third Duke, was governess of the future Queen Victoria. Lord Josceline Percy, second son of the fifth Duke, was a politician. Lord Henry Percy, third son of the fifth Duke, was a soldier. Lord Algernon Percy, second son of the sixth Duke, was a politician. Lord Eustace Percy, seventh son of the seventh Duke, was a politician who was raised to the peerage as Baron Percy of Newcastle in 1953. Jane Percy, Duchess of Northumberland, wife of the twelfth Duke, is Lord-Lieutenant of Northumberland since 2009. See also Earl of Beverley for younger sons of the first Earl of Beverley.

Family residences
The seat of the Dukes of Northumberland is Alnwick Castle, which is located in Alnwick, Northumberland. The family's London residence is Syon House in Brentford, which replaced, as their London residence, the demolished Northumberland House in the Strand. Warkworth and Prudhoe castles were the residences of the Earls of Northumberland in the Middle Ages, and ownership was retained by the later Dukes. Both are now in the custody of English Heritage. Albury Park is a former residence which has been converted into apartments, while the surrounding estate is still directly owned by the Duke. The traditional burial place of the Dukes is the Northumberland Vault in Westminster Abbey in London, the Percys thus being the last family to maintain such a privilege. Their family vault is however nearly full, and a new private graveyard has been created in Hulne Park near Alnwick.

Dukes of Northumberland; Third creation (1766)
The heir apparent is the present holder's elder son George Percy, Earl Percy (b. 1984)

Family tree and succession

 * Coronet of a British Duke.svg Hugh Percy, 1st Duke of Northumberland (c. 1714–1786)
 * Coronet of a British Earl.svg Algernon Percy, 1st Earl of Beverley (1750–1830)
 * Coronet of a British Duke.svg George Percy, 5th Duke of Northumberland (1778–1867)
 * Coronet of a British Duke.svg Algernon Percy, 6th Duke of Northumberland (1810–1899)
 * Coronet of a British Duke.svg Henry Percy, 7th Duke of Northumberland (1846–1918)
 * Coronet of a British Duke.svg Alan Percy, 8th Duke of Northumberland (1880–1930)
 * Coronet of a British Duke.svg Hugh Percy, 10th Duke of Northumberland (1914–1988)
 * Coronet of a British Duke.svg Ralph Percy, 12th Duke of Northumberland (b. 1956)
 * (1). George Percy, Earl Percy (b. 1984)
 * (2). Lord Max Percy (b. 1990)
 * (3). Lord James William Eustace Percy (b. 1965)
 * (4). Thomas Hugh Percy (b. 2001)
 * (5). Samuel James Edward Percy (b. 2008)
 * Lord Richard Charles Percy (1921–1989)
 * male issue in remainder
 * Lord William Richard Percy (1882–1963)
 * Henry Edward Percy (1925–1985)
 * male issue in remainder
 * Gerald Percy (1928–2005)
 * male issue and descendants in remainder
 * Hugh Percy (1784–1856)
 * Algernon Charles Heber–Percy (1812–1901)
 * Algernon Heber-Percy (1845–1911)
 * Algernon Hugh Heber-Percy (1869–1941)
 * Algernon George William Heber-Percy (1904–1961)
 * male issue and descendants in remainder
 * Hugh Reginald Heber-Percy (1905–1989)
 * William David Heber-Percy (1939–2020)
 * male issue in remainder
 * other male issue in remainder
 * Josceline Reginald Heber-Percy (1880–1964)
 * David Josceline Algernon Heber-Percy (1909–1971)
 * male issue and descendants in remainder
 * Alan William Heber-Percy (1865–1946)
 * Hugh Alan Heber-Percy (1897–1976)
 * male issue in remainder
 * John Heber-Percy (1910–1975)
 * male issue and descendants in remainder
 * Henry Percy (1813–1870)
 * Josceline Hugh Percy (1856–1910)
 * Josceline Richard Percy (1894–1971)
 * male issue in remainder

Ducal pipers
Since at least the mid 18th century, the family has maintained a Northumbrian piper; the earliest known of these was Joseph Turnbull, who was painted in 1756 playing his pipes; the portrait, entitled Joseph Turnbull, Piper to the Duchess of Northumberland is at Alnwick Castle. At this time, before the Third Creation of the Dukedom, he would actually have been piper to the Countess. A later piper, William Green stated that "Joe Turnbull was the first Piper at Alnwick Castle – that was ever!" A list of the Ducal Pipers is at. The Ducal Piper from 1982-2022 was Richard Butler and the position is currently held by Andrew Davison. The piper's main duty is to play at the Shrove Tuesday football match in Alnwick, but they are invited to a variety of other functions.

Other pipers have been associated less formally with the family – the notorious piper James Allan (1729–1810) was a favourite of the Countess; in the last century Tom Clough and Richard Mowat are known to have played together with the Duke's then piper, James Hall, for the Duke and his guests at Alnwick; one such guest was Edward VII, in 1905.

Named in their honour

 * Northumberland Islands, off Queensland, Australia
 * Northumberland Islands National Park, a protected area in Queensland
 * Percy Isles, off Queensland, Australia
 * Percy Isles National Park, a protected area in Queensland

In popular culture

 * Sir Henry Percy, popularly known as "Harry Hotspur", is portrayed as a dashing hero by William Shakespeare in his historical play Henry IV, Part One. Sir Henry was the eldest son and heir apparent of the 1st Earl of Northumberland and would have succeeded his father if not for his untimely death at the Battle of Shrewsbury.
 * Lord Percy Percy, played by Tim McInnerny, is a major character in the first two series of the British sitcom Blackadder. In the first series, he is the Duke of Northumberland, while the Lord Percy in the second series is presumably his descendant and is heir to the dukedom. The first series was partly filmed at Alnwick Castle, the residence and seat of the real Dukes of Northumberland.

title: Duke of Northumberland


text:
Executive Council of New Zealand

The Executive Council of New Zealand (Te Komiti Matua o Aotearoa) is the full group of "responsible advisers" to the governor-general, who advise on state and constitutional affairs. All government ministers must be appointed as executive councillors before they are appointed as ministers; therefore all members of Cabinet are also executive councillors. The governor-general signs a warrant of appointment for each member of the Executive Council, and separate warrants for each ministerial portfolio.

To be an executive councillor, one must normally be a member of Parliament (this was codified in the Constitution Act of 1986). However, one may serve up to thirty days without being in Parliament; this is to allow for the transition of members not yet sworn in and members who have retired or been defeated. Each executive councillor must take the relevant oaths or affirmations set out in legislation.

Origin
The Executive Council of New Zealand was first constituted in 1840 by proclamation of Governor William Hobson, who designated it as the principal advisory body in the administration of the government.

Function
The Executive Council's primary function is to issue Orders in Council, which operate under the authority of the "Governor-General-in-Council". The authority for its existence is provided by the Letters Patent 1983. The Executive Council has de jure executive power. This power is used to legally enact the decisions of Cabinet (the de facto body of executive power), which under conventions of the Westminster system has no de jure authority.

According to the Cabinet Manual:
 * The Executive Council, which is constituted by the Letters Patent, is the highest formal instrument of government. It is the institution through which the government collectively and formally advises the Governor-General.

 * Action by the Governor-General in Council requires two elements:

 * a. a recommendation by a Minister or Ministers (that is, a member or members of the Executive Council); and
 * b. the advice and consent of the Executive Council that the Governor-General in Council act in accordance with the Minister's recommendation.

 * Orders in Council are the main method, apart from Acts of Parliament, by which the government implements decisions that require the force of law. Meetings of the Executive Council are called for the purpose of making such Orders and carrying out other formal acts of state.

 * The submission of almost all items for consideration by the Executive Council must be authorised by Cabinet.

Meetings
The Executive Council meets every Monday to sign Orders in Council (regarding regulations and appointments, for example), and may also informally brief the governor-general on political developments and constitutional issues that have arisen. Any three members of the Executive Council constitute a quorum.

The clerk of the Executive Council (who is also the Cabinet secretary) is appointed by the governor-general on advice of the prime minister, and is responsible for attending all meetings of the Council and keeping records of its meetings, as well as for co-coordinating any official support or advice to the governor-general. The clerk also countersigns any Order in Council, proclamation, or other legal instrument issued by the governor-general.

Governor-General-in-Council
The Executive Council was created to advise the governor-general (who represents the monarch); it was the counterpart to the Legislative Council, the now-defunct upper house of the New Zealand Parliament. The governor-general presides over, but is not a member of, the Executive Council. Most of the powers vested in the governor-general (prerogative powers), such as appointments of political officials, are exercisable only under advice from the Executive Council. The governor-general is bound by convention to follow the advice.

Distinction from Cabinet
Members of the Executive Council are referred to as ministers of the Crown, which is not equivalent to being a Cabinet minister; their appointment as members of the Council gives them the authority to exercise executive power. Most members of the Executive Council are Cabinet ministers, but some are appointed as so-called "minister outside Cabinet"; they are still members of the Executive Council but not of Cabinet. By constitutional convention, only members of Cabinet advise the governor-general through the Executive Council. Ministers outside Cabinet traditionally hold minor portfolios, or serve as associate ministers, with carefully specified powers and responsibilities delegated to them by relevant portfolio ministers.

One of the first instances in which a minister of the Crown did not hold a seat in Cabinet occurred when David Lange served as Attorney-General from 1989 to 1990, after resigning as Prime Minister. The appointment of Winston Peters as Minister of Foreign Affairs and Peter Dunne as Minister of Revenue subsequent to the 2005 general election saw the status of ministers outside Cabinet develop significantly, given that they were appointed to important ministerial positions outside Cabinet in exchange for their parties supporting the Government on matters of confidence and supply while being required to defend Government policies only within their spheres of ministerial responsibility.

There have also been ministers without portfolio, e.g., Mark Fagan from 1935 to 1939, who was briefly acting Minister of Customs in 1939. He was followed by David Wilson from 1939 to 1949, who was Minister of Immigration 1940–44. They were members of the Legislative Council, not the House of Representatives.

title: Executive Council of New Zealand


text:
Terahertz

Terahertz or THz may refer to:

 * Terahertz (unit), a unit of frequency, defined as one trillion (1012) cycles per second or 1012 hertz
 * Terahertz radiation, electromagnetic waves within the ITU-designated band of frequencies from 0.3 to 3 terahertz
 * Terahertz spectroscopy and technology
 * Intel TeraHertz, a transistor design

title: Terahertz


text:
Duke of Montrose

Duke of Montrose (named for Montrose, Angus) is a title that has been created twice in the Peerage of Scotland. The title was created anew in 1707, for James Graham, 4th Marquess of Montrose, great-grandson of famed James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose. Montrose was elevated as a reward for his important support of the Act of Union. It has remained since then in the Graham family, tied to the chieftainship of Clan Graham.

The Duke's subsidiary titles are: Marquess of Montrose (created 1644), Marquess of Graham and Buchanan (1707), Earl of Montrose (1503), Earl of Kincardine (1644), Earl Graham (1722), Viscount Dundaff (1707), Lord Graham (1445), Lord Graham and Mugdock (1644), Lord Aberruthven, Mugdock and Fintrie (1707) and Baron Graham, of Belford (1722). The titles of Earl Graham and Baron Graham are in the Peerage of Great Britain; the rest are in the Peerage of Scotland. The eldest son of the Duke uses the courtesy title of Marquess of Graham and Buchanan.

The family seat is Auchmar House, near Loch Lomond, Stirlingshire. It was previously Buchanan Castle, near Drymen, Stirlingshire.

Lords Graham (1445)

 * Patrick Graham, 1st Lord Graham (d. c. 1466)
 * William Graham, 2nd Lord Graham (d. 1472), eldest son of the 1st Lord
 * William Graham, 3rd Lord Graham (1464–1513), became Earl of Montrose in 1503; a great-grandson of Robert III

Dukes of Montrose, first creation (1488)

 * Other titles: Earl of Crawford (1398), Lord Brechin and Navar (1472 for life)

 * David Lindsay, 1st Duke of Montrose (1440–1495), son of the 4th Earl of Crawford, was a loyal follower of James III; his dukedom was forfeit when James IV acceded in 1488, but it was restored to him for life in 1489

Earls of Montrose (1503)

 * Other titles: Lord Graham (1445)

 * William Graham, 1st Earl of Montrose (1464–1513), eldest son of the 2nd Lord Graham
 * William Graham, 2nd Earl of Montrose (1492–1571), eldest son of the 1st Earl
 * Robert Graham, Master of Montrose (d. 1547), eldest son of the 2nd Earl, predeceased his father
 * John Graham, 3rd Earl of Montrose (1548–1608), son of the Master of Montrose
 * John Graham, 4th Earl of Montrose (1573–1626), eldest son of the 3rd Earl
 * James Graham, 5th Earl of Montrose (1612–1650), became Marquess of Montrose in 1644

Marquesses of Montrose (1644)

 * Other titles: Earl of Montrose (1503), Earl of Kincardine (1644), Lord Graham (1445) and Lord Graham and Mugdock (1644)

 * James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose (1612–1650), only son of the 4th Earl
 * John Graham, Earl of Kincardine (1630–1645), eldest son of the 1st Marquess, predeceased his father unmarried
 * James Graham, 2nd Marquess of Montrose (1633–1669), second son of the 1st Marquess
 * James Graham, 3rd Marquess of Montrose (1657–1684), only son of the 2nd Marquess
 * James Graham, 4th Marquess of Montrose (1682–1742), became Duke of Montrose in 1707
 * James Graham, Earl of Kincardine (1703), eldest son of the 4th Marquess, died in infancy

Dukes of Montrose, second creation (1707)

 * Other titles: Marquess of Montrose (1644), Marquess of Graham and Buchanan (1707), Earl of Montrose (1503), Earl of Kincardine (1644), Earl of Kincardine (1707), Viscount Dundaff (1707), Lord Graham (1445), Lord Graham and Mugdock (1644) and Lord Aberruthven, Mugdock and Fintrie (1707)

 * James Graham, 1st Duke of Montrose (1682–1742), only son of the 3rd Marquess
 * Other titles (Lord Graham & 2nd Duke onwards): Earl Graham and Baron Graham (1722)
 * David Graham, Marquess of Graham (1705–1731), second son of the 1st Duke, predeceased his father without issue

 * William Graham, 2nd Duke of Montrose (1712–1790), seventh son of the 1st Duke
 * James Graham, 3rd Duke of Montrose (1755–1836), only son of the 2nd Duke
 * James Graham, Earl of Kincardine (1786–1787), eldest son of the 3rd Duke (then Lord Graham), died in infancy
 * James Graham, 4th Duke of Montrose (1799–1874), second son of the 3rd Duke
 * James Graham, Marquess of Graham (1845–1846), eldest son of the 4th Duke, died in infancy
 * James Graham, Marquess of Graham (1847–1872), second son of the 4th Duke, died without issue
 * Douglas Beresford Malise Ronald Graham, 5th Duke of Montrose (1852–1925), third and youngest son of the 4th Duke
 * James Graham, 6th Duke of Montrose (1878–1954), eldest son of the 5th Duke
 * James Angus Graham, 7th Duke of Montrose (1907–1992), elder son of the 6th Duke
 * James Graham, 8th Duke of Montrose (b. 1935), eldest son of the 7th Duke
 * James Graham, Marquess of Graham (born 16 August 1973), heir-apparent

title: Duke of Montrose


text:
Pepi II Neferkare

Pepi II Neferkare (2284 BC – after 2247 BC, probably either c. 2216 or c.  2184 BC ) was a pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty in Egypt's Old Kingdom who reigned from c.  2278 BC. His second name, Neferkare (Nefer-ka-Re), means "Beautiful is the Ka of Re". He succeeded to the throne at age six, after the death of Merenre I.

Pepi II's reign marked a sharp decline of the Old Kingdom. As the power of the nomarchs grew, the power of the pharaoh declined. With no dominant central power, local nobles began raiding each other's territories and the Old Kingdom came to an end within a couple of years after the close of Pepi II's reign.

Early reign
He was traditionally thought to be the son of Pepi I and Queen Ankhesenpepi II, but the South Saqqara Stone annals record that Merenre had a minimum reign of 11 years. Several 6th Dynasty royal seals and stone blocks – the latter of which were found within the funerary temple of Queen Ankhesenpepi II, the known mother of Pepi II – were discovered in the 1999–2000 excavation season at Saqqara, which demonstrate that she also married Merenre after Pepi I's death and became this king's chief wife. Inscriptions on these stone blocks give Ankhesenpepi II the royal titles of: "King's Wife of the Pyramid of Pepy I, King's Wife of the Pyramid of Merenre, King's Mother of the Pyramid of Pepy II". Therefore, today, many Egyptologists believe that Pepi II was likely Merenre's own son. Pepi II would, therefore, be Pepi I's grandson while Merenre was, most likely, Pepi II's father since he is known to have married Pepi II's known mother, Queen Ankhesenpepi II.

His mother Ankhesenpepi II (Ankhesenmeryre II) most likely ruled as regent in the early years of his reign. She may have been helped in turn by her brother Djau, who was a vizier under the previous pharaoh. An alabaster statuette in the Brooklyn Museum depicts a young Pepi II, in full kingly regalia, sitting on the lap of his mother. Despite his long reign, this piece is one of only three known sculptural representations in existence of this particular king. Some scholars have taken the relative paucity of royal statuary to suggest that the royal court was losing the ability to retain skilled artisans.

A glimpse of the personality of the pharaoh while he was still a child can be found in a letter he wrote to Harkhuf, a governor of Aswan and the head of one of the expeditions he sent into Nubia. Sent to trade and collect ivory, ebony, and other precious items, he captured a pygmy. News of this reached the royal court, and an excited young king sent word back to Harkhuf that he would be greatly rewarded if the pygmy were brought back alive, where he would have likely served as an entertainer for the court. This letter was preserved as a lengthy inscription on Harkhuf's tomb, and has been called the first travelogue.

Family
Over his long life Pepi II had several wives, including:
 * Neith – She was the mother of Pepi's successor Merenre Nemtyemsaf II. She may be a daughter of Ankhesenpepi I and hence also Pepi II's cousin and half-sister.
 * Iput II – A half-sister of Pepi II.
 * Ankhesenpepi III She was the daughter of Merenre Nemtyemsaf I and hence a granddaughter of Pepi I.
 * Ankhesenpepi IV – The mother of King Neferkare according to texts in her tomb. It is not known which Neferkare as there are several kings with that name during the First Intermediate Period. His name may be Neferkare Nebi.
 * Udjebten She was also a daughter of Pepi I.
 * Meritites IV - Originally thought to be a wife of Pepi I, she is now known to have been one of Pepi II's consorts, and a daughter of Pepi I.

Of these queens, Neith, Iput, and Udjebten each had their own minor pyramids and mortuary temples as part of the king's own pyramid complex in Saqqara. Queen Ankhesenpepi III and Meritites IV were buried in pyramids near the pyramid of Pepi I Meryre, and Ankhesenpepi IV was buried in a chapel in the complex of Queen Udjebten.

Two more sons of Pepi II are known: Nebkauhor-Idu and Ptahshepses (D).

Foreign policy
Pepi II seems to have carried on foreign policy in ways similar to that of his predecessors. Copper and turquoise were mined at Wadi Maghareh in the Sinai, and alabaster was quarried from Hatnub. He is mentioned in inscriptions found in the Phoenician city of Byblos.

In the south, the trade relations consist of caravans trading with the Nubians. Harkhuf was a governor of Upper Egypt, who led several expeditions under Merenre and Pepi II. His last expedition was a trip to a place called Iam. Harkhuf brought back with him what his correspondence with the young pharaoh referred to as a dwarf, apparently a pygmy. Egypt received goods such as incense, ebony, animal skins, and ivory from Nubia. The Western desert was known to have extensive caravan routes. Some of these routes allowed for trade with the Kharga Oasis, the Selima Oasis, and the Dakhla Oasis.

King Neferkare and General Sasenet
Only a small number of pharaohs were immortalized in ancient fiction, Pepi II may be among them. In the tale of "King Neferkare and General Sasenet", three fragments of a papyrus dating from the late New Kingdom (although the story may have been composed earlier), report clandestine nocturnal meetings with a military commander – a General Sasenet or Sisene. Some have suggested this reflects a homosexual relationship although it is disputed that the text relates to Pepi II at all. Some, like R. S. Bianchi, think that it is a work of archaizing literature and dates to the 25th Dynasty referring to Shabaka Neferkare, a Kushite pharaoh.

Decline of the Old Kingdom

The decline of the Old Kingdom arguably began before the time of Pepi II, with nomarchs (regional representatives of the king) becoming more and more powerful and exerting greater influence. Pepi I, for example, married two sisters who were the daughters of a nomarch and later made their brother a vizier. Their influence was extensive, both sisters bearing sons who were chosen as part of the royal succession: Merenre Nemtyemsaf I and Pepi II himself.

Increasing wealth and power appears to have been handed over to high officials during Pepi II's reign. Large and expensive tombs appear at many of the major nomes of Egypt, built for the reigning nomarchs, the priestly class and other administrators. Nomarchs were traditionally free from taxation and their positions became hereditary. Their increasing wealth and independence led to a corresponding shift in power away from the central royal court to the regional nomarchs.

Later in his reign, it is known that Pepi divided the role of vizier so that there were two viziers: one for Upper Egypt and one for Lower, a further decentralization of power away from the royal capital of Memphis. Further, the seat of vizier of Lower Egypt was moved several times. The southern vizier was based at Thebes.

Reign length
Pepi II is often mentioned as the longest reigning monarch in history, due to a 3rd-century BC account of Ancient Egypt by Manetho, which accords the king a reign of 94 years; this has, however, been disputed by some Egyptologists due to the absence of attested dates known for Pepi II after his 31st count (Year 62 if biennial) such as Hans Goedicke (1926–2015) and Michel Baud note. Ancient sources upon which Manetho's estimate is based are long lost, and could have resulted from a misreading on Manetho's behalf (see von Beckerath). The Turin canon attributes 90+ [X] years of reign to Pepi II, but this document dates to the time of Ramesses II, 1,000 years after Pepi II's death.

At the present time, the latest written source contemporary with Pepi II dates from the "Year after the 31st Count, 1st Month of Shemu, day 20" from Hatnub graffito No.7 (Spalinger, 1994), which implies, assuming a biennial cattle count system, that this king had a reign of at least 62 complete or partial years. Therefore, some Egyptologists suggest instead that Pepi II reigned no more than 64 years. This is based on the complete absence of higher attested dates for Pepi beyond his Year after the 31st Count (Year 62 on a biannual cattle count). A previous suggestion by Hans Goedicke that the Year of the 33rd Count appears for Pepi II in a royal decree for the mortuary cult of Queen Udjebten was withdrawn by Goedicke himself in 1988 in favour of a reading of "the Year of the 24th Count" instead. Goedicke writes that Pepi II is attested by numerous year dates until the Year of his 31st count which strongly implies that this king died shortly after a reign of about 64 years. Other scholars note that the lack of contemporary sources dated after his 62nd year on the throne does not preclude a much longer reign, in particular since the end of Pepi II's reign was marked by a sharp decline in the fortunes of the Old Kingdom pharaohs who succeeded him.

The Egyptologist David Henige states while there have been examples of kinglists where rulers were ascribed reigns as long as that assigned to Pepi II, "often exceeding 100 years, but these are invariably rejected as mythical", the problems inherent in dating Pepi II's reign are many since:"...a hyperextended duration [for Pepi II's reign] is not really necessary to bring Old Kingdom chronology into some equilibrium with other chronologies. For Mesopotamia from at least this early until virtually the Persian conquest, numerous localized synchronisms play vital roles in absolute dating, but seldom affect the duration of individual dynasties. Not only is Old Kingdom Egypt well outside any 'synchronism zone' but, as it happens, since Pepy [II] was the last substantive ruler of Egypt before a period of political and chronological chaos...there are no awkward ramifying effects by reducing his reign by twenty or thirty years, a period that can simply be added on to the First Intermediate Period."Henige himself is somewhat skeptical of the 94 year figure assigned to Pepi II and follows Naguib Kanawati's 2003 suggestion that this king's reign was most probably much shorter than 94 years.

This situation could have produced a succession crisis and led to a stagnation of the administration, centered on an absolute yet aging ruler who was not replaced because of his perceived divine status. A later, yet better documented, example of this type of problem is the case of the long reigning Nineteenth Dynasty pharaoh Ramesses II and his successors.

It has been proposed that the 4.2 kiloyear event be linked to the collapse of the Old Kingdom in Egypt, though current resolution of evidence is not sufficient to make an assertion.

The Ipuwer Papyrus
In the past it had been suggested that Ipuwer the sage served as a treasury official during the last years of Pepi II Neferkare's reign. The Ipuwer Papyrus was thought by some to describe the collapse of the Old Kingdom and the beginning of the Dark Age, known to historians as the First Intermediate Period. It had been claimed that archaeological evidence from Syrian button seals supported this interpretation. The admonitions may not be a discussion with a king at all however. Eberhard Otto was the first to suggest that the discussion was not between Ipuwer and his king, but that this was a discussion between Ipuwer and a deity. Gerhard Fecht showed through philological interpretation and revision of the relevant passages that this is indeed a discussion with a deity. Modern research suggests that the papyrus dates to the much later 13th Dynasty, with part of the papyrus now thought to date to the time of Pharaoh Khety, and the admonitions of Ipuwer actually being addressed to the god Atum, not a mortal king. The admonitions are thought to harken back to the First Intermediate Period and record a decline in international relations and a general impoverishment in Egypt.

Pyramid complex
The pyramid complex was called "Neferkare Is Established and Living".

The complex consists of Pepi's pyramid with its adjacent mortuary temple. The pyramid contained a core made of limestone and clay mortar. The pyramid was encased in white limestone. An interesting feature is that after the north chapel and the wall was completed, the builders tore down these structures and enlarged the base of the pyramid. A band of brickwork reaching to the height of the perimeter wall was then added to the pyramid. The purpose of this band is not known. It has been suggested that the builders wanted the structure to resemble the hieroglyph for pyramid, or that possibly the builders wanted to fortify the base of the structure due to an earthquake.

The burial chamber had a gabled ceiling covered by painted stars. Two of the walls consisted of large granite slabs. The sarcophagus was made of black granite and inscribed with the king's name and titles. A canopic chest was sunk in the floor.

To the northwest of the pyramid of Pepi II, the pyramids of his consorts Neith and Iput were built. The pyramid of Udjebten is located to the south of Pepi's pyramid. The Queen's pyramids each had their own chapel, temple and a satellite pyramid. Neith's pyramid was the largest and may have been the first to be built. The pyramids of the Queens contained Pyramid Texts.

The mortuary temple adjacent to the pyramid was decorated with scenes showing the king spearing a hippopotamus and thus triumphing over chaos. Other scenes include the sed festival, a festival of the god Min and scenes showing Pepi executing a Libyan chieftain, who is accompanied by his wife and son. The scene with the Libyan chief is a copy from Sahure's temple. A courtyard was surrounded by 18 pillars which were decorated with scenes of the king in the presence of gods.

Despite the longevity of Pepi II, his pyramid was no larger than those of his predecessors at 150 cubits (78.5 m) per side at the base and 100 cubits (52.5 m) high and followed what had become the 'standard format'. The pyramid was made from small, local stones and infill, covered with a veneer of limestone. The limestone was removed and the core has slumped. The causeway was approximately 400 m long and the valley temple was on the shores of a lake, long since gone.

The site is located at 29.84028°N, 31.21361°W.

Excavation
The complex was first investigated by John Shae Perring, but it was Gaston Maspero who first entered the pyramid in 1881. Gustave Jéquier was the first to investigate the complex in detail between 1926 and 1936. Jéquier was the first excavator to start actually finding any remains from the tomb reliefs, and he was the first to publish a thorough excavation report on the complex.

Portraiture
A statue which is now in the Brooklyn Museum depicts Queen Ankhenesmerire II with her son Pepi II on her lap. Pepi II wears the royal nemes headdress and a kilt. He is shown at a much smaller scale than his mother. This difference in size is atypical because the king is usually shown larger than others. The difference in size may refer to the time period when his mother served as a regent. Alternatively the statue may depict Ankhenesmerire II as the divine mother.

Another statue of Pepi II is now in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo (JE 50616). The king is shown as a naked child. The depiction of the king at such a young age may refer to the age he came to the throne.

Successors
There are few official contemporary records or inscriptions of Pepi's immediate successors. According to Manetho and the Turin King List, he was succeeded by his son Merenre Nemtyemsaf II, who reigned for just over a year. It is then believed that he was in turn succeeded by the obscure pharaoh Neitiqerty Siptah, though according to popular tradition (as recorded by Manetho two millennia later) he was succeeded by Queen Nitocris, who would be the first female ruler of Egypt.

This was the end of the Old Kingdom of Egypt, a prelude to the roughly 200-year span of Egyptian history known as the First Intermediate Period.

title: Pepi II Neferkare