text:
Fusiliers Mont-Royal

Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal is a Primary Reserve infantry regiment of the Canadian Army.

Lineage
Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal originated in Montreal, Quebec on 18 June 1869 as The Mount Royal Rifles. It was redesignated as the 65th Battalion, Mount Royal Rifles on 5 November 1869, as the 65th Regiment "Mount Royal Rifles" on 8 May 1900 as the 65th Regiment "Carabiniers Mont-Royal" on 1 August 1902, as Les Carabiniers Mont-Royal on 29 March 1920, as Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal on 15 April 1931, as the 2nd (Reserve) Battalion, Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal on 7 November 1940 and finally as Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal on 15 November 1945.

Upon redesignation as Les Carabiniers Mont-Royal on 29 March 1920 it was organized as a two-battalion regiment with the 1st Battalion (perpetuating the 69th Battalion (Canadien-Français), CEF) on the Non-Permanent Active Militia order of battle, and the 2nd Battalion (perpetuating the 150th Battalion (Carabiniers Mont-Royal), CEF) on the Reserve order of battle. The reserve unit was disbanded on 14 December 1936.

On 4 May 1951, Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal mobilized two temporary Active Force companies designated "E" and "F" Company. "E" Company was reduced to nil strength upon its personnel being incorporated into the 1st Canadian Infantry Battalion (later the 3rd Battalion, The Canadian Guards) for service in Germany with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It was disbanded on 29 July 1953. "F" Company was initially used as a reinforcement pool for "E" Company. On 15 May 1952, it was reduced to nil strength, upon its personnel being absorbed by the newly formed 2nd Canadian Infantry Battalion (later the 4th Battalion, The Canadian Guards) for service in Korea with the United Nations. "F" Company was disbanded on 29 July 1953.

Perpetuations
Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal perpetuate the 2nd and 3rd Battalions (City of Montreal) (1812–15), Longue-Pointe and Pointe-Claire Divisions (1812–15), the 69th Battalion (Canadien-Français), CEF and the 150th Battalion (Carabiniers Mont-Royal), CEF.

North-West Rebellion
The battalion was mobilized for active service, under the designation 65th Mounted Rifles, "Mount Royal Rifles" on 10 April 1885. It served in the Alberta Column of the North West-Field Force. The battalion was removed from active service on 24 July 1885.

The Great War
Details of the regiment were placed on active service on 6 August 1914 for local protective duty.

The 69th Battalion (Canadien-Français), CEF was authorized on 10 July 1915 and embarked for Britain on 17 April 1916. The battalion provided reinforcements to the Canadian Corps in the field until 4 January 1917, when its personnel were absorbed by the 10th Reserve Battalion, CEF. The battalion was disbanded on 30 August 1920.

150th Battalion (Carabiniers Mont-Royal), CEF, was authorized on 22 December 1915 and embarked for Britain on 29 September 1916. The battalion provided reinforcements to the Canadian Corps in the field until February 1917, when it was allotted to the 14th Infantry Brigade, 5th Canadian Division in England. On 15 February 1918 its personnel were absorbed by the 10th Reserve Battalion, CEF. The battalion was disbanded on 29 November 1918.21

The Second World War
The regiment mobilized the Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal, CASF for active service on 1 September 1939. It was redesignated as the 1st Battalion, Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal, CASF on 7 November 1940. It embarked for garrison duty in Iceland with "Z" Force on 1 July 1940. On 31 October 1940 it was transferred to Great Britain. The regiment took part in OPERATION JUBILEE, the raid on Dieppe on 19 August 1942. It returned to France on 7 July 1944, as part of the 6th Canadian Infantry Brigade, 2nd Canadian Infantry Division, and it continued to fight in North-West Europe until the end of the war. The overseas battalion was disbanded on 15 November 1945.

The regiment mobilized the 3rd Battalion, Les Fusiliers de Mont-Royal, CASF for active service on 12 May 1942. It served in Canada in a home defence role as part of Military District No. 5 and the 7th Canadian Infantry Division. The battalion was disbanded on 15 October 1943.

War In Afghanistan
The regiment contributed an aggregate of more than 20% of its authorized strength to the various Task Forces which served in Afghanistan between 2002 and 2014.

Battle honours
In the list below, battle honours in capitals were awarded for participation in large operations and campaigns, while those in lowercase indicate honours granted for more specific battles. Battle honours in bold type are emblazoned on the regimental colour. War of 1812: Non-emblazonable honorary distinction North West Rebellion: . First World War:

Second World War: Dieppe

St. André-sur-Orne

Verrières Ridge–Tilly-la-Campagne

Falaise Road

The Laison

Forêt de la Londe

Dunkirk, 1944

Antwerp–Turnhout Canal

Woensdrecht

South Beveland

The Hochwald

Xanten

Groningen

Oldenburg South-West Asia:

Regimental associations
Former members may join the active associations from the Officers Mess and the Sergents Mess. L'Association les Anciens Sergents Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal accepts retired members of the Junior Ranks Mess as associate members.

Regimental headquarters
The address of Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal is:

 * Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal
 * 3721 Henri-Julien Street
 * Montreal, QC H2X 3H4

Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal Museum
Raoul Adolphe Brassard (1877-1927), an officer of the 65th Regiment, served as the architect for the Armoury of the Fusiliers Mont-Royal in Montreal. The museum features uniforms, medals, patches, photographs and other unit memorabilia. It is open on Tuesday evenings and by appointment. The museum collects, preserves, and shows, documents, artifacts, photos which illustrate the military life of our regiment in the city of Montreal in all aspects of life in peace and in war. The Museum is affiliated with: CMA, CHIN, OMMC and Virtual Museum of Canada.

title: Fusiliers Mont-Royal


text:
Talk:P. J. Kennedy

Recently added images
Shearonink (talk) 19:09, 4 September 2016 (UTC)
 * The article does not need so many photos of Kennedy that are all around the same time - the images are redundant and add no new information to the article. The one image is truly redundant, it is almost an exact duplicate of the inbox image, one image taken in 1903, the other in 1900.
 * The article does not need such a HUGE picture of Kennedy's grave marker (as seen in this edit. The image overwhelms the text.  Wikipedia is not a photo album - it is an encyclopedia.
 * I've removed the recently added images for the reasons you gave plus they weren't properly licensed. Snuggums (talk / edits) 23:08, 4 September 2016 (UTC)

Rose Kennedy
In 1914, P.J. Kennedy's son Joseph married philanthropist Rose Fitzgerald
 * Are you sure it is correct to classify Rose Fitzgerald in her early 20's as a philanthropist? Valetude (talk) 17:27, 6 September 2018 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:P. J. Kennedy


text:
BBC Prime

BBC Prime was the BBC's general entertainment TV channel in Europe, Middle East, Africa, South Asia and Asia Pacific from 30 January 1995 until 11 November 2009, when it was replaced by BBC Entertainment.

Launch
BBC Prime officially started at 7:00pm GMT on Thursday, 26 January 1995 when the former BBC World Service Television was officially opening to split into two separate television stations:
 * BBC World (since renamed BBC News): 24-hour English free-to-air terrestrial international news channel: news bulletins, information, business and financial news magazines and current affairs programmes on 26 January 1995.
 * BBC Prime (since replaced by BBC Entertainment): 24-hour English cable lifestyle, variety and entertainment channel: variety, culture, leisure, lifestyle, art and light entertainment programmes on 30 January 1995.

The goal was part of a new BBC strategy for Europe, in which the former service was to be split and given over to European Channel Management, the joint-venture created with Pearson. The goal was to reach 10 million households in Europe by year-end 1995; the existing service reached 2.3 million households. 75% of the output was drawn in from the BBC, while the remaining 25% came from Thames.

On 4 March 1999, BBC Prime launched in sub-Saharan Africa, on the DStv platform.

Programming
The channel broadcast drama, comedy and lifestyle programmes which it repeated on a monthly basis. Every day since the channel's 2000 rebrand, it allocated six hours per day to educational programmes from BBC Learning (shown in the European small hours, between 01:00 and 07:00 CET); this practice was abandoned on 23 July 2006 "with the intention of improving the relevance and appeal of the channel to the widest audience". It also included a special children's strand, using the CBBC brand and idents, by the name of CBBC on BBC Prime, or CBBC Prime.

When it first launched, BBC Prime also carried programming from the former ITV company Thames Television, since BBC Worldwide had a joint venture with Thames's parent company, Pearson and Cox Communications, known as European Channel Management. This was dissolved in 1998, when the BBC became the sole owner of the channel, as its sister service BBC World was struggling financially. Pearson and Cox, on their behalf, were heavily dissatisfied with the BBC's management ethos.

BBC Prime explained their decision to schedule older programmes in addition to newer ones: "For the majority of our viewers, who are European and African nationals, this is the first chance to see these programmes, and often the only way to view them."

Funding
Unlike the BBC's domestic channels, and some of their foreign channels paid for by the UK Foreign Office, BBC Prime was funded by subscription available either as part of a satellite package or as a stand-alone channel. It was also funded by adverts placed on the channel in breaks, and because of this, it was not available in the UK. Much of BBC Prime's programming was available to watch through BBC One, Two or the UKTV network, part owned by the BBC and showing archive programming.

Presentation
BBC Prime's first ident consisted of five different diamonds shining, at first by each other, and then all of them, in a black background, with the BBC Prime logo placed in the bottom right corner. The logo at the time had the BBC logo, with "Prime" written in all capitals below in the Trajan Bold font. The ident had another version which had a jazz-styled music.

After the BBC went on its major rebrand, on 4 October 1997, BBC Prime rebranded for the first time. The logo now had the BBC blocks, with "Prime" in all capitals in the Gill Sans font next to it. The idents were designed by Martin Lambie-Nairn (along with the whole 1997 BBC branding) and start with epileptic water scenes with full of colours, before settling on the main part of the ident, which features the water in a blue to orange gradient with ripples and two marbles, reflected and inverted by each other. The logo is placed at the bottom.

On 4 December 2000, BBC Prime rebranded for the second time, also created by Lambie-Nairn. The idents were known as "Festival" and featured cartoon draws of famous UK sights, like the Big Ben, the Tower Bridge or the Stonehenge, shooting fireworks, followed by the looped, 15-second long sequence with exploding firework animations. The idents had a xylophone-and-trumpet music, with firework sounds playing in the background. Like the 1997 idents, the logo is placed at the bottom.

BBC Prime's final rebrand took place on 23 July 2006 with BBC Learning's discontinuation. The logo featured the 1997 logo being placed inside a turquoise circle (although the 1997 logo remained in use as the DOG). The idents consisted of differently coloured circles as people who do different situations, like going on a rollercoaster, jumping and swimming in the pool, or the grass being clipped with a lawnmower. These idents were used until BBC Prime was completely replaced by BBC Entertainment on 11 November 2009.

Availability
The channel was available in many areas through satellite and cable television
 * In the Netherlands and Belgium, the channel was available on cable, alongside BBC One, BBC Two and BBC World News.
 * It was available on digital terrestrial television (DTT) in the Netherlands and Malta.
 * In Gibraltar, GBC relayed BBC Prime on its VHF and UHF channels with opt-outs.
 * In Turkey, it was available on Türksat Cable TV and Digiturk.
 * In Italy, it was available on SKY Italia.
 * In MENA, it was available on the Orbit Network Bahrain.
 * The South Africa service was launched in 1999 and contained some different programmes to that broadcast in Europe, due to some programmes already being licensed to other channels.
 * The Asia service was launched on 1 December 2004 and had a different schedule to that of the Europe service to reflect the different time zones, and cultural practices. It was available in Hong Kong (on Now TV's Channel 529), Thailand (on TrueVisions' (Channel 35), Singapore (on StarHub TV's Channel 76) and South Korea (on Skylife's Channel 334).

In order to cater to a wider audience, who do not have English as their first language, BBC Prime carried subtitles in Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Czech, Polish, Romanian, Hungarian, Italian, Hebrew and Serbian. The Asian service also had subtitles in Chinese, Thai, and Korean.

A similar channel, called BBC Japan, launched in Japan on 1 December 2004, but ceased broadcasting on 30 April 2006 owing to problems with its local distributor.

Replacement
In September 2006 it was announced that the BBC Prime brand was to be phased out and replaced by BBC Entertainment, one of a number of new international channels planned by BBC Worldwide.

The process began with the Asian services, which switched on 6 October 2006, followed by the South African service on 1 September 2008. BBC Prime was completely replaced by BBC Entertainment on 11 November 2009.

title: BBC Prime


text:
One Crimson Night

One Crimson Night is the first live album by Swedish power metal band HammerFall. The album was recorded during band's concert at Lisebergshallen, Sweden. DVD containing this live footage along with bonus materials was released by Nuclear Blast on 29 June 2004.

The cover artwork was created by Samwise Didier.

DVD

 * 1) "Lore of the Arcane"
 * 2) "Riders of the Storm"
 * 3) "Heeding the Call"
 * 4) "Stone Cold"
 * 5) "Hero's Return"
 * 6) "Legacy of Kings"
 * 7) "Bass solo: Magnus Rosén"
 * 8) "At the End of the Rainbow"
 * 9) "The Way of the Warrior"
 * 10) "The Unforgiving Blade"
 * 11) "Glory to the Brave"
 * 12) "Guitar solo: Stefan Elmgren"
 * 13) "Let the Hammer Fall"
 * 14) "Renegade"
 * 15) "Steel Meets Steel"
 * 16) "Crimson Thunder"
 * 17) "Templars of Steel"
 * 18) "Gold Album Award"
 * 19) "Hearts on Fire"
 * 20) "HammerFall"

Bonus materials

 * 1) On the Road Documentary by Bosse Holmberg
 * 2) Photo Galleries
 * 3) Subtitles

Disc one

 * 1) "Lore of the Arcane" – 1:44
 * 2) "Riders of the Storm" – 4:54
 * 3) "Heeding the Call" – 5:00
 * 4) "Stone Cold" – 7:10
 * 5) "Hero's Return" – 4:37
 * 6) "Legacy of Kings" – 4:45
 * 7) "Bass solo: Magnus Rosén" – 3:37
 * 8) "At the End of the Rainbow" – 4:33
 * 9) "The Way of the Warrior" – 4:03
 * 10) "The Unforgiving Blade" – 3:49
 * 11) "Glory to the Brave" – 6:35
 * 12) "Guitar solo: Stefan Elmgren" – 2:43
 * 13) "Let the Hammer Fall" – 5:50

Disc two

 * 1) "Renegade" – 3:54
 * 2) "Steel Meets Steel" – 4:37
 * 3) "Crimson Thunder" – 7:29
 * 4) "Templars of Steel" – 6:10
 * 5) "Hearts on Fire" – 4:03
 * 6) "HammerFall" – 8:24
 * 7) "The Dragon Lies Bleeding" (bonus track) – 5:06
 * 8) "Stronger Than All" (bonus track) – 4:29
 * 9) "A Legend Reborn" (bonus track) – 5:10

Production

 * During the post-production of DVD, sound level of the audience who repeats Joacim Cans' vocals and sings with him was lowered so that it looks like there's no response from it. On the CD, however, original sound level is preserved.
 * Bonus Tracks #7 and #9 in the CD were recorded in Guadalajara, Mexico. Track #8 recorded in Santiago, Chile.

Personnel

 * Joacim Cans – lead vocals
 * Oscar Dronjak – guitars, backing vocals
 * Stefan Elmgren – guitars, backing vocals
 * Magnus Rosén – bass guitar
 * Anders Johansson – drums

Release information

 * Also released as limited edition (1,000 pieces) box set containing this 2CD, the DVD "One Crimson Night", a flag, backstage pass and a bonus CD with the following track list: Dreamland (live), Joacim's Message, Oscar's Message, Stefan's Message, Magnus' Message, Anders' Message.

title: One Crimson Night


text:
Talk:Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.

"Confined"
The wording, "confined" in regard to Kennedy's eventual state following his stroke and rehabilitation is an acceptable description. There was an objection to it that seemed more along the lines of being politically correct rather than accurate and reflecting the time period when Kennedy lived and died. An IP then came along, having never edited the article previously, and reverted. Discussion really should take place rather than reverting/edit warring per WP:BRD. -- WV ● ✉ ✓ 14:56, 29 June 2016 (UTC)

Hijacking this 10 months later. In the same area, added this cn. I don't see why that needs a citation any more than the numerous other uncited but widely accepted and uncontroversial things in the article. The man couldn't talk after the stroke, let alone get up out of his wheelchair. It's not quite "sky is blue", but it's close. If Jnoelcook really feels a cite is needed for something like this, I think they should do the legwork. If they are ref-challenged, they can drop a link here and I'm sure someone will be willing to code the citation. ― Mandruss  ☎  18:08, 27 April 2017 (UTC)

Lobotomy
Coming fresh to this article, the fourth paragraph of the lead, focussed entirely on Rosemary's lobotomy, seems very oddly placed. While a tragedy for Rosemary, and an indicator of Joe's unsympathetic approach, it hardly seems one of the major facts of a very full life. The events are fully covered later in the article in the Marriage and family section, but I do wonder whether it warrants such prominence in the lead. I see this was the subject of discussion back in 2013, so rather than just edit it, I thought I'd raise it here. KJP1 (talk) 19:06, 20 March 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 29 March 2018
In the "Ambassador To The United Kingdom" section, delete the "to" before the quote due to redundancy and grammatical incorrectness:

... in order to "to bring about a better understanding between the United States and Germany".

should read as:

... in order "to bring about a better understanding between the United States and Germany". 68.134.157.81 (talk) 06:28, 29 March 2018 (UTC)

 * ✅ Elected to remove the second "to" instead, so we don't split the "in order to". Reads better that way. Thanks. ― Mandruss  ☎  06:35, 29 March 2018 (UTC)

Proof Joe Kennedy was a Bootlegger
Read: See "Iced: The Story of Organized Crime in Canada By Stephen Schneider pp. 207-9 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gaamain (talk • contribs) 01:15, 17 April 2018 (UTC)

 * The cited text says that one former employee "heard anecdotes, rumors, and stories" --But Kennedy's enemies for 90 years and been unable to find anything more substantial than old rumors. In the Canadian Royal Commission case a very different person was involved--a much older Canadian named Daniel Joseph Kennedy  who spent his life in Canada. David Nasaw says "The Joseph Kennedy of Joseph Kennedy Ltd. was not, however, Joseph P. Kennedy of Brookline, but Daniel Joseph Kennedy of 1119 Nelson Street, Vancouver."  see https://books.google.com/books?id=EGrvgTj4Xh8C&pg=PT69  Rjensen (talk) 14:18, 17 April 2018 (UTC)

Kennedy's Private Relationship With Coughlin Didn't Match Public "Disputes"
It can easily be argued that the "disputes" were nothing more than a political stunt.2601:447:4101:41F9:65DC:560F:EE83:B438 (talk) 01:24, 22 July 2018 (UTC)

 * which RS makes that statement??? Rjensen (talk) 01:27, 22 July 2018 (UTC)

Children of JFK and Jackie
This page states that JFK and Jackie O. had 4 children. I only know of 2. Thanks, Amy Singstock — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.250.101.186 (talk) 01:18, 9 October 2018 (UTC)

 * Arabella, who was stillborn, Patrick, who died at 2 days, JFK Jr, and Caroline. KJP1 (talk) 06:11, 9 October 2018 (UTC)

 * Thankfully, no, the article doesn't call her "Jackie O." in that context. ― Mandruss  ☎  00:57, 17 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Jackie was pregnant 5x. She had a miscarriage in 1954, a stillbirth in 1956, Caroline in 1957, John in 1960, & Patrick in 1963. I don't know where this 'Arabella' thing originated, but I've yet to have seen definitive proof that this was the intended name for the stillborn daughter, & I wish people would stop using it. Roman Catholics do not name stillborn children because a dead child cannot be christened as its soul has already departed its body. The gravestone says 'Baby Girl Kennedy' on it. ScarletRibbons (talk) 07:26, 12 June 2019 (UTC)

 * I wasn't aware that the Arabella thing was in doubt until I read this. I looked at the JFK and Jackie articles, and, other reasoning about Roman Catholics aside, the sourcing is weak at best. The JFK article cites no source, and Jackie's cites two sources that are not readily accessible and therefore can't easily be evaluated. Under normal circumstances, I would probably remove both instances as unsourced or insufficiently sourced. But that's sure to require far more time and energy investment in defending the removal, the Kennedys being such an emotional subject for so many, and my time and energy are pretty much tapped elsewhere right now.You might want to at least raise the issue at Talk:John F. Kennedy and see what happens. If you do, I'd suggest you limit your comments to sourcing (verifiability) and avoid discussion about Roman Catholicism. ― Mandruss  ☎  08:58, 12 June 2019 (UTC)

Joseph Patrick Kennedy not Joseph Patrick Kennedy Sr
I was wrong to repeatedly edit JPK’s name in lead, aka edit war. I am raising the topic here in JPK’s WP page. I know that some may refer to him as Joseph Patrick Kennedy Sr. But referring to father and son as Joseph Sr. & Joseph Jr. is actually something that is done while they are alive. The patriarch of the Kennedys was named Joseph Patrick Kennedy not Joseph Patrick Kennedy Sr. His son was Joseph Patrick Kennedy Jr. He is also the namesake of his grandson (RFK’s son) Joseph Patrick Kennedy II as well as JPK II’s son Congressman Joseph Patrick Kennedy III. There is precedent for the names of prominent men who named their son “Junior.” President John F. Kennedy had a son John F. Kennedy Jr. but JFK is not referred to in his WP page as John F. Kennedy Sr. His brother Senator Robert F. Kennedy has a son Robert F. Kennedy Jr. but RFK is not referred to in his WP page as Robert F. Kennedy Sr. The same thing for Edward “Ted” Kennedy who has a son Edward “Ted” Kennedy Jr. The current president of the United States Donald J. Trump has a son Donald J. Trump Jr. Donald J. Trump is not referred to in his WP page as Donald J. Trump Sr. NapoleonX (talk) 05:38, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

Joe Kennedy's Defeatism
The article cites a source dated November 10, 1940, for Kennedy's comment about democracy being finished in England. It then suggests that FDR called him home and had him make a speech in favor of his reelection. That cannot be accurate, because the 1940 presidential election was held on November 5, 1940.71.223.81.114 (talk) 06:37, 30 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Correct, and see below under 'Recall from London'. He was not in fact recalled, that's a myth, he deserted his post. Khamba Tendal (talk) 19:46, 10 March 2024 (UTC)

Requested clarification of dates surrounding recall in 1940
The chronology of the Recall section is a bit confusing. It seems to suggest that the order of events was: The date listed on his infobox for the end of the ambassadorship is October 22nd, 1940, which is also what the US Embassy website says. I guess maybe it's ambiguous whether the end of the tenure coincides with the resignation or the recall, but I think in other cases, recalling an ambassador would not necessarily be the end of their term.
 * 1) Kennedy gives a quote in the Boston Sunday Globe stating "Democracy is finished in England. It may be here" (November 10th, 1940)
 * 2) Kennedy is recalled from his post (possibly before November 1st, 1940?)
 * 3) Kennedy gives a speech supporting FDR's re-election ( some time before November 5th, 1940, as that was the date of the election October 29th, 1940 per )
 * 4) Kennedy submits his resignation after FDR's re-election (some time after November 5th, 1940)

Something about this timeline is a bit nonsensical, since the quote about democracy being finished was printed after the presidential election. Is anyone able to clarify the order of events more clearly? Perhaps the Globe interview was printed significantly after it was given? I'm not sure. 74.85.92.237 (talk) 08:47, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

 * I got ahold of a copy of Nasaw's book. It suggests that the "Democracy is finished" quote was uttered on November 9th, and printed on November 10th (Nasaw p. 498). This was after the election, and after Kennedy had already offered to resign on November 6th (Nasaw p. 496). So I think the real chronology is something closer to the following:
 * October 22nd - Kennedy leaves London, but is still the ambassador (Nasaw p. 485)
 * approx. October 26th - Kennedy meets with FDR
 * October 29th - Kennedy gives a speech supporting Roosevelt
 * November 5th - Election day, FDR wins
 * November 6th - Kennedy offers resignation, FDR asks to wait until there is a replacement (Nasaw p. 496)
 * November 9th - "Democracy is finished" quote, printed the following day. Shitstorm ensues.
 * December 1st - Kennedy offers resignation for the second time, FDR accepts with the provision that he stays on until a replacement is confirmed (Nasaw p. 503).
 * Two takeaways from this:
 * first, it's not possible for "When the White House read his quotes, it became clear that Kennedy was completely out of step with Roosevelt's policies" to be referring to the "Democracy is finished" quote. This section could hopefully be expanded to show which quotes were objectionable to the White House, since the implication (incorrectly) seems to be that it refers to the November 10th disaster.
 * second, an October 22nd, 1940 end date for Kennedy's service as ambassador seems incorrect, even though that's what the US embassy website says. I'm not sure how Wikipedia generally handles ambassador end dates, but the effective date of resignation seems more appropriate than date of recall. Let me know if there's some other precedent for this. 74.85.92.237 (talk) 13:06, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

 * My apologies for my belated response, but here's the way I see it. It's likely that Mr. Kennedy left London, perhaps on vacation, but the President's recall occurred after Mr. Kennedy left his post, somewhere in the U.S. Moreover, it's highly likely that the article itself, with its comments, would have required pre-approval by the White House, and so they would have been known to the White House prior to publication. Ultimately, if State says it, I won't disagree, but perhaps some clarification might be needed, if others have noted this, too. — Javert2113 (Siarad.|¤) 21:44, 28 March 2022 (UTC)

Shirley Temple
Insiders at ProPublica have been saying great things about Shirley's hard-fought relationship with Joseph. -John Potti — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.47.217.214 (talk) 15:02, 9 June 2022 (UTC)

Politician?
Discusion of whether or not not there is any correctness (which appears in the current article version at time of writing, October 2023) of Kennedy's description as a "politician". Lcb500 (talk) 23:49, 30 September 2023 (UTC)

 * J Kennedy Sr never served in a single elected, political position during his lifetime and as far as I am aware he never stood to become an elected politician.
 * A politician in a democratic nation, and clearly, certainly in the United States of America, is understood to be an elected representative of the public.
 * Kennedy's roles were never actually politician's roles. They were diplomatic roles or high ranking positions in the Federal Civil Service.
 * Therefore it is completely incorrect to label Kennedy as a politician in his article. Referring to those positions and his time in those positions he should be described as a Diplomat and high ranking Federal Civil Serviceman.
 * I have searched the Web for a reliable source by professional authors / editors which labels Kennedy as a politician and I have not found any.
 * For example, you will go through serious, biographical articles and he is, I see correctly, not described as a politician.
 * This description in the Wikipedia article is in error and needs changing.
 * For example:
 * https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/kennedys-bio-joseph-patrick/
 * https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-P-Kennedy Lcb500 (talk) 23:59, 30 September 2023 (UTC)

Eunice Pringle
The article describes Pringle as having confessed to being paid by Kennedy to frame Pantages on her deathbed, but one of the two sources cited for this, Cari Beauchamp's Joseph P. Kennedy's Hollywood Years says the opposite, pointing out that Pringle didn't make the alleged deathbed confession in 1933 because she was lived until 1996. This contradicts the other source cited, Kenneth Anger's Hollywood Babylon II which was published in 1984, 12 years before Pringle actually passed away. Given that Beauchamp was a historian and Anger a filmmaker/actor, it seems like she was a more reliable source. I think it would make sense to change the article to reflect that there were false rumors of Kennedy paying Pringle to frame Pantages. 24.44.151.234 (talk) 15:41, 16 January 2024 (UTC)

Recall from London
This source suggests that Kennedy was not recalled at all, but wrote a 6 October 1940 letter to FDR asking to be relieved and saying he was coming home anyway. (Probably just because he was scared of the bombing campaign carried out by his German friends. He'd apparently moved his family out of London -- the King and Queen did not leave -- and became known as 'Jittery Joe' to the British press as a result.) He and his family arrived in New York on 27 October. The notorious Boston Sunday Globe interview in which he claimed 'Democracy is finished in England' only appeared on 10 November. It may have contributed to his formal sacking in February 1941, once FDR was re-inaugurated and didn't need his help with the Irish vote any more, but it occurred a month after he had already deserted his post. https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/joseph-p-kennedy-most-controversial-ambassador-to-great-britain/ There may be print sources that go into this a bit more. Khamba Tendal (talk) 19:31, 10 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.


text:
Monroeville

Monroeville may refer to:

 * Monroeville, Alabama
 * Monroeville, California, former seat of Colusa County
 * Monroeville, California, former name of Hales Grove, California, in Mendocino County
 * Monroeville, Indiana
 * Monroeville, New Jersey
 * Monroeville, Ohio (in Huron County)
 * Monroeville, Jefferson County, Ohio
 * Monroeville, Pennsylvania
 * Monroeville Vineyard & Winery, a winery in New Jersey

title: Monroeville


text:
George Selwyn

George Selwyn may refer to:
 * George Selwyn (politician) (1719–1791), English politician and wit
 * George Selwyn (bishop of Lichfield) (1809–1878), first Bishop of New Zealand
 * George Selwyn (bishop of Tinnevelly) (1887–1957), Anglican colonial bishop

title: George Selwyn


text:
François Coppée

François Edouard Joachim Coppée (26 January 1842 – 23 May 1908) was a French poet and novelist.

Biography
Coppée was born in Paris to a civil servant. After attending the Lycée Saint-Louis he became a clerk in the ministry of war and won public favour as a poet of the Parnassian school. His first printed verses date from 1864. In 1869, his "Poème modernes" (among others La Grève de forgerons) were quite successful. In the same year, Coppée's first play, Le Passant, starring Sarah Bernhardt and Madame Agar, was received with approval at the Odéon theatre, and later Fais ce que dois (1871) and Les Bijoux de la délivrance (1872), short poetic dramas inspired by the Franco-Prussian War, were applauded.

After holding a post in the library of the senate, Coppée was chosen in 1878 as archivist of the Comédie Française, an office he held till 1884. In that year, his election to the Académie française caused him to retire from all public appointments. He was made an officer of the Legion of Honour in 1888.

Coppée was famed as le poète des humbles (the poet of the humble). His verse and prose focus on plain expressions of emotion, patriotism, the joy of young love, and the pitifulness of the poor. Coppée continued to write plays, mostly serious dramas in verse, two of which were composed in collaboration with Armand d'Artois. The performance of a short episode of the Commune, Le Pater, was prohibited by the government in 1889. Coppée published his first prose work in 1875 and went on to publish short stories, an autobiography of his youth, a series of short articles on miscellaneous subjects, and La Bonne Souffrance, a popular account of his reconversion to the Roman Catholic Church. His conversion was due to a severe illness which twice brought him close to death.

Coppée was also interested in public affairs, joining the most violent section of the Nationalist movement (while remaining contemptuous of the apparatus of democracy) and taking a leading part against Alfred Dreyfus in the Dreyfus affair. He was one of the founders of the Ligue de la patrie française, which originated in 1898 with three young academics, Louis Dausset, Gabriel Syveton and Henri Vaugeois, who wanted to show that Dreyfusism was not accepted by all at the University. They launched a petition that attacked Émile Zola and what many saw as an internationalist, pacifist left-wing conspiracy. Charles Maurras gained the interest of the writer Maurice Barrès, and the movement gained the support of three eminent personalities: the geographer Marcel Dubois, the poet François Coppée and the critic and literature professor Jules Lemaître.

Criticism
The poet Arthur Rimbaud, a young contemporary of Coppée, published numerous parodies of Coppée's poetry. Rimbaud's parodies were published in L'Album Zutique (in 1871? 1872?). Most of these poems parody the style ("chatty comfortable rhymes" that were "the delight of the enlightened bourgeois of the day") and form (alexandrine couplets arranged in ten line verses) of some short poems by Coppée. Rimbaud published them under the name François Coppée.

The poet Lautréamont cited his Grève de Forgerons in the list of the "penpushers" to be absolutely ignored (Poèsie, Part I).

Poetry
″Pour Toujours" (1892)
 * Le Reliquaire (1866)
 * Intimités (1867)
 * Poémes modernes (among them: L'Angelus, Le Père, ''La Grève de forgerons) (1867-9)
 * Les Humbles (1872)
 * Le Cahier rouge (1874)
 * Olivier (1875)
 * L'Exilée (1876)
 * Contes en vers (1881)
 * Poèmes et récits (1886)
 * Arrière-saison (1887)
 * Paroles sincères (1890)
 * Dans la prière et la lutte
 * Vers français
 * Salut, Petit Jesus
 * A tes yeux

Plays

 * Le Passant (1869) Translated into Portuguese by Alves Crespo (playwright, 1847–1907) as Sonho and published in 1905.
 * Deux Douleurs (1870)
 * Fais ce que Dois (1871)
 * L'Abandonnée (1871)
 * Les Bijoux de la Délivrance (1872)
 * Le Rendez-Vous (1872)
 * Prologue d'Ouverture pour les Matinées de la Gaîté (1874)
 * Le Luthier de Crémone (1876)
 * La Guerre de Cent Ans (1877)
 * Le Tresor (1879)
 * La Bataille d'Hernani (1880)
 * La Maison de Molière (1880)
 * Madame de Maintenon (1881)
 * Severo Torelli (1883) Translated into Portuguese by Jaime Victor and Macedo Papança, Visconde de Monsaraz, and performed in Lisbon at the National Theatre in 1887. Published in the same year.
 * Les Jacobites (1885)
 * Le Pater (1889) Translated into Portuguese by Margarida de Sequeira as O Pater.
 * Pour la couronne (1895) Translated into English by John Davidson as For the Crown and performed at the Lyceum Theatre, London, in 1896. For the Crown was performed at Covent Garden as a prize-winning opera The Cross and the Crescent with music by Colin McAlpin in 1903.

Prose works

 * Une Idylle pendant le siège (1874)
 * Toute une jeunesse (1890)
 * Les Vrais riches (1892)
 * Le Coupable (1896). Translated into portuguese by Jorge de Abreu (1874–1932) as O criminoso (Lisboa: Empresa Lusitana, 356 p.; 16 cm.; col. Selecta)
 * Mon franc-parler (1893–96) (articles)
 * La Bonne Souffrance (1898)

Works in English translation

 * (1890). Ten Tales.
 * (1893). True Riches.
 * (1894). Blessed Are the Poor.
 * (1896). Coppée and Maupassant Tales.
 * (1901). Tale for Christmas, and Other Seasons.
 * (1905). A Romance of Youth.
 * (1910). "A Piece of Bread," in International Short Stories.
 * (1915). Pater Noster.
 * (1915). "The Wounded Soldier in the Convent," in War Poems and Other Translations, by Lord Curzon.
 * (1931). The Lord's Prayer.

title: François Coppée


text:
Markham

Markham may refer to:

Biology

 * Markham's storm-petrel (Oceanodroma markhami), a seabird species found in Chile and Colombia
 * Markham's grass mouse (Abrothrix olivaceus markhami), a rodent subspecies found on Wellington Island and the nearby Southern Patagonian Ice Field in southern Chile
 * Ulmus americana 'Markham', an American elm cultivar

People

 * Markham (surname)
 * Nick Markham, Baron Markham (born 1968), British business executive
 * Markham Baronets, two baronetcies created for persons with the surname Markham
 * Mrs Markham, the pseudonym of Elizabeth Penrose (1780-1837), an English writer
 * Robert Markham, a pseudonym created by Glidrose Publications in the mid-1960s to continue the James Bond book series

Antarctica

 * Markham Bay (Antarctica), James Ross Island
 * Mount Albert Markham, in the Churchill Mountains
 * Mount Markham, in the Queen Elizabeth Range

Canada

 * Markham By-Pass (disambiguation), multiple uses
 * Markham Ice Shelf, formerly attached to Ellesmere Island, Nunavut
 * Markham, Ontario, a city
 * Markham Village, Ontario, the traditional downtown of the city

Papua New Guinea

 * Markham Bay (Papua New Guinea)
 * Markham District, Morobe Province
 * Markham Valley
 * Markham River, in the valley

United Kingdom

 * Markham, Caerphilly, a village in Wales

United States

 * Markham House (disambiguation), multiple locations
 * Markham, Illinois, a city
 * Markham, Morgan County, Illinois, an unincorporated community
 * Markham, Minnesota, an unincorporated community
 * Markham, Portland, Oregon, a neighborhood in the city of Portland
 * Markham, Texas, a census-designated place
 * Markham, Virginia (disambiguation), multiple locations
 * Markham, Washington, a census-designated place (CDP)
 * Bellefontaine/Governor Markham, Pasadena, California, a neighborhood in the city of Pasadena
 * Meriden Markham Municipal Airport, a public-use airport located near Meriden, Connecticut
 * Markham Mound, one of three burial mounds in the village of Zaleski, Ohio, United States
 * Markham Regional Arboretum, a natural arboretum located in Concord, California
 * Gensburg-Markham Prairie, also known as Markham Prairie, a tallgrass prairie located in Markham in the Chicago Metropolitan Area

Other uses

 * Markham & Co., an ironworks and steelworks company near Chesterfield, Derbyshire, England
 * Markham Vineyards, vineyards located in the city of St. Helena, California, United States
 * Markham (TV series), starring Ray Milland, which aired in the United States during the 1959-60 season
 * Markham College, a school in Lima, Peru
 * Markham languages, a subgroup of the Huon Gulf languages with Lower and Upper subgroups

title: Markham


text:
Stephan A. Hoeller

Stephan A. Hoeller is an American author, lecturer and neo-Gnostic bishop.

Career
A lecturer and writer of books and articles about Gnosticism and Jungian psychology, Hoeller is also Regionary Bishop of Ecclesia Gnostica.

Hoeller was ordained to the priesthood in the American Catholic Church by Bishop Lowell P. Wadle in 1958, and consecrated bishop by Richard Duc de Palatine on April 9, 1967. After the death of Palatine, Hoeller abbreviated Palatine's church's name — the Pre-Nicene Gnostic Catholic Church — to Ecclesia Gnostica, and has since held the title of Regionary Bishop.

Hoeller has lectured in Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Norway, Iceland, Hungary, Germany, and the United States. He was a member of the lecturing faculty of the late Manly P. Hall's Philosophical Research Society, and a national speaker for the Theosophical Society in America. His articles have appeared in Gnosis magazine and Quest Magazine.

Partial bibliography

 * The Royal Road: A Manual of Kabalistic Meditations on the Tarot (1975), ISBN 0-8356-0465-9 Second Edition republished as: The Fool's Pilgrimage, Kabbalistic Meditations on the Tarot (2004) ISBN 0-8356-0839-5
 * The Gnostic Jung and the Seven Sermons to the Dead (1982), ISBN 0-8356-0568-X
 * Jung and the Lost Gospels (1989), ISBN 0-8356-0646-5
 * Freedom: Alchemy for a Voluntary Society (1992), ISBN 0-8356-0678-3
 * Gnosticism: New Light on the Ancient Tradition of Inner Knowing (2002), ISBN 0-8356-0816-6

title: Stephan A. Hoeller


text:
Talk:Canidae

COMMENTS
The Falkland Island wolf is called the Falkland Island fox on the fox page. Which is it? Do me need a redirect? (after someone writes an article, of course!) Rmhermen 15:45, Nov 8, 2003 (UTC)

 * Both names are in use, but in its appearance this animal is rather a fox than a wolf. I will change it on this page from "wolf" to "fox". If anybody should ever write an article about this animal, a redirect would be a good idea. -- Baldhur 20:52, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Signed for date/time archiving purposes only. William Harris •   (talk) •  09:19, 16 April 2018 (UTC)

Tibetan sand fox (Vulpes ferrilata) missing from cladogram?
The cladogram in the article appears complete except for one species, the Tibetan sand fox (Vulpes ferrilata). I would update it myself, but I don't know where exactly it belongs within the Vulpes genus. In the (seemingly) most comprehensive review of Carnivoran evolutionary relationships that I could find, the authors admitted to having placed it erroneously in Cerdocyonina alongside the New World genera Dusicyon and Atelocynus, but did not offer a correct placement.

I will snoop around for some more answers. In the meantime, if anyone knows where to place V. ferrilata within Vulpes, please update the cladogram accordingly. Adrianrorheim (talk) 08:56, 21 March 2017 (UTC)

 * As the Nyakatura & Bininda-Emonds say the position in their supertree is suspect, but they used the only cladistic study available (see page 138). The only evidence available is the pairing with the Falkland wolf, which itself is absent from the cladogram. Unfortunately that means we either guess, which makes it POV, or use the most complete study available (Koepfli et al 2015) and omit species that weren't used.   Jts1882 (talk) 15:20, 21 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Figure 2 in Austin et al (2013) gives an unambiguous position for the Falkland wolf (Dusicyon australis) and the extinct D. avus as sisters to the maned wolf. A case could be made to extend the cladogram to include this finding. This doesn't help with V. ferrilata which is obviously not a South American species. Jts1882 (talk) 15:27, 21 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Bininda-Emonds et al (1998) (Fig 9) has a cladogram with V. ferrilata as sister to V. corsica. It also has placement for a few others (V. velox). For some reason he doesn't mention this in the later supertree study with Nyakatura, as if the data had been excluded. However, a recent Mt-DNA study (Zhao et al, 2016) seems to confirm this relationship (based on the abstract; I can't access the full article). I think this is unambiguous and a good reason to include it in the cladogram. Jts1882 (talk) 15:55, 21 March 2017 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the response! The Zhao et al, 2016 study does indeed confirm its relationship with V. corsac unambiguously enough to place them together in the cladogram. I'll go ahead and do that, making sure to link both articles you cited, Jts1882.Adrianrorheim (talk) 07:51, 28 March 2017 (UTC)

 * Added. Now we need the picture. The "Thibetan fox" had a plate in the Mivart book. I wonder if can conjurer up an image with a white background. I know how to replace a white background with a transparent one, but my attempt on the coloured image left a sorry carcass. Jts1882 (talk) 08:36, 28 March 2017 (UTC)

 * I've now added this picture, cropped from this one. It's far from perfect, as I was unable to find the full version of this particular species in archive versions of Mivart's Dogs, jackals, wolves and foxes (1890) and so had to make do with the tiny version that was already in the commons. Adrianrorheim (talk) 08:39, 28 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Is the image in Plate XXVIII (opposite p120) better in this version of Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes: a monograph of the Canidae any better? You can get the PDF from that web page.
 * I note you have reinserted the picture of the hoary fox. I think this is the wrong animal. Several (three?) members of the dog family have been given this name. The hoary fox in the book, plate XXXI (opposite p132), is referred to as Canis canus, which is in the cladogram as Blanford's fox (Vulpes cana). Jts1882 (talk) 09:20, 28 March 2017 (UTC)
 * https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XXVIII)_(white_background).jpg Mariomassone (talk) 19:26, 28 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Jts1882 Yep, I noticed the double but didn't get time to bring it up here. I'm quite sure that illustration (Plate XXXI) is indeed the species currently known as the Hoary fox – it is, at least, not Blanford's fox (which has larger ears, a black "mask", and no stripes on its tail). I'll see if I can add a picture of Blanford's fox tomorrow.
 * Mariomassone thanks for the hi-res version of the Tibetan fox. I'll remove the background and reupload it as a PNG as soon as possible (unless one of you beat me to it, of course). Adrianrorheim (talk) 22:08, 28 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Shopped together a somewhat crappy picture of Blanford's fox and added it to the cladogram. It should do the trick for now. Adrianrorheim (talk) 06:53, 29 March 2017 (UTC)
 * At least we can be sure of the identity of that image, but I'm still not convinced that plate XXXI is the Hoary fox. I don't pretend to be an expert, but the google images for Blanford's fox look like plate XXXI to me and the google images for the Hoary fox look like a different animal (but more like the common red fox). However, my main reason was the Latin names used. Minart uses Canis canus for plate XXXI and Blanford's fox is now called Vulpes cana. I note that Minart synonymizes Azara's dog (Canis azarae, plate XVII) with Canis vetulus and that the Hoary fox is Lycalopex vetulus. We use plate XVII with the Pampas fox (Lycalopex gymnocercus), though.
 * There is a picture of a Canis azarae in Darwin's books (plate VII, near p221). There are a number of other plates for South American canids in the book which could be useful for missing South American canids. One would assume the Darwin's fox was named after one he described. Jts1882 (talk) 07:53, 29 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Plate VI from this volume of Darwin's The Zoology of the voyage of the Beagle is labelled as Canis fulvipes, which appears to be the same animal now known as Darwin's fox. I think this can be used if someone can remove the background. Jts1882 (talk) 08:01, 29 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Just letting you know I've done some for felids and hyenas. There are some viverrids coming up too. Check out my commons upload list. Mariomassone (talk) 09:21, 29 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Excellent. A nice collection. I see you have one image by Lydekker from his Handbook of Carnivora. Any plans to make some images from the other cats, civets and mongooses in there? As a general point, is there any reason to prefer a white background over a transparent one, which are better for cladograms with coloured backgrounds. Jts1882 (talk) 12:24, 29 March 2017 (UTC)
 * I don't really plan on uploading more from Handbook unless there is a species there not present anywhere else (I choose on the basis of pose and realism). As for white backgrounds, I use them simply because I have no idea on how to make them transparent. Mariomassone (talk) 13:28, 29 March 2017 (UTC)
 * It's easy to make transparent backgrounds using Adobe PS – but that's an expensive piece of software many don't have. Since you've already done the hard work of tracing the illustration and making a solid color background, though, it takes only a few seconds to remove it and save it as a PNG using Adobe PS. I'd be happy to do that for your uploads if you don't have the software available. As for the animal in plate XXXI, I think you're right, and that I was confusing Mivart's V. canus for V. chama – my apologies. This still leaves us without an image for the Hoary fox, though. Adrianrorheim (talk) 08:40, 30 March 2017 (UTC)
 * I'll endorse that comment about the hard work being removing the background image. I can convert the white to transparent using Photoshop 6 (sic) but my attempts at getting rid of a background image are not pretty. The work by Mariomassone is much appreciated.
 * As to the hoary fox image, is this Charles Hamilton Smith print the right animal? Jts1882 (talk) 09:57, 30 March 2017 (UTC)

Cerdocyonina branch needs updating
Chilla is a sister taxon to culpeo: L. Tchaicka et al. "Molecular assessment of the phylogeny and biogeography of a recently diversified endemic group of South American canids (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae). Genetics and Molecular Biology, 39 (3): 442-451 Falkland Island wolf needs to be included as sister taxon of maned wolf: Slater, G. J.; Thalmann, O.; Leonard, J. A.; Schweizer, R. M.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Pollinger, J. P.; Rawlence, N. J.; Austin, J. J.; Cooper, A.; Wayne, R. K. (2009-11-03). "Evolutionary history of the Falklands wolf" (PDF). Current Biology. 19 (20): R937–R938. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.018. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 19889366. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 4, 2013.Mariomassone (talk) 13:23, 21 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Agreed. The cladogram already has updates for Canis and Vulpes so an update for Lycalopex is appropriate. The result for the Falkland wolf looks fairly definitive. Do you want to make the changes or do you want me to do them?   Jts1882 | talk 16:12, 21 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Could you? I've tried but I still need to work these cladograms out without making messes of them. Mariomassone (talk) 19:35, 21 October 2018 (UTC)
 * ✅. I've also put the Lycalopex section in the Lycalopex article if you plan on adding more images.  Jts1882 | talk 07:16, 22 October 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:27, 8 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Borophagus.jpg

Why 10 and not 13?
I have no expertise in this subject but cannot understand why only 10 of the 13 extant canid genera are pictured. It seems to me that the average Wiki user would wonder that as well. And, it is the more aggravating because neither here nor in the ‘List of Canids’ are the three missing ones identified. Irish Melkite (talk) 17:10, 7 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The mosaic images in taxoboxes usually just show a representative sample of the taxon's members. There are often too many to show them all. Here you have the additional problem of fitting 13 into a rectangle. For what it's worth the missing genera are Atelocynus, Lupulella and Lycalopex (from listing at List of canids).—  Jts1882 | talk 12:17, 8 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Canidae


text:
NCP

NCP may refer to:

Science and medicine

 * Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (a temporary name for COVID-19), an outbreak that was officially identified in late 2019.
 * HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein 7 (NCp7), a target of zinc finger inhibitors
 * Nucleosome core particle, part of DNA packaging in the nucleosome
 * NCP, a protein in involved in chloroplast biogenesis
 * National Centre for Physics, a physics research laboratory and facility in Pakistan

Computing and mathematics

 * IBM Network Control Program, a program run on IBM programmable communications controllers
 * NCP Engineering, a company that produces software for secure data communication
 * NetWare Core Protocol, a network protocol used in Novell NetWare
 * Network Control Protocol (ARPANET), the original protocol suite of the ARPANET
 * Network Control Program (ARPANET), the software in the hosts which implemented that protocol suite
 * Network Control Protocol, a protocol that runs atop the Point-to-Point Protocol
 * New Cross Pacific Cable System, a submarine cable system in the North Pacific Ocean
 * Nonlinear complementarity problem, a kind of a mathematics problem

Politics

 * National Coalition Party, a Finnish political party
 * National Centrist Party, a Libyan political party
 * National Christian Party, a former Romanian political party
 * National Congress (Sudan) or National Congress Party, a Sudanese political party
 * Nationalist Congress Party, an Indian political party
 * Nepal Communist Party
 * New Communist Party of Britain

Other uses

 * National Car Parks, a private car park operator in United Kingdom
 * North celestial pole, an imaginary point in the sky in the Northern Hemisphere
 * National climate projections, climate (change) projections relevant to (and typically produced by) an individual country
 * National Consumer Panel, a market research company
 * National Contingency Plan, the United States federal government's blueprint for responding to oil spills and hazardous substance releases
 * North Central Positronics, a fictional company in The Dark Tower series
 * Northside College Preparatory High School, a high-school in Chicago
 * IATA code for Naval Air Station Cubi Point
 * National Check Professional, an expert in check processing rules and regulations, as designated by the Electronic Check Clearing House Organization
 * Noncustodial parent, a parent who does not have custody of their child.
 * New customer pricing, in call centers

title: NCP


text:
Claude Joseph Dorat

Claude Joseph Dorat (31 December 1734 – 29 April 1780) was a French writer, also known as Le Chevalier Dorat.

He was born in Paris, of a family consisting of generations of lawyers, and he joined the corps of the king's musketeers. He became fashionable for his work, Réponse d'Abélard à Héloise ("Abelard's Answer to Heloise"), and followed up this first success with a number of heroic epistles, Les Victimes de l'amour, ou lettres de quelques amants célébres (1776) ("Victims of Love, or Letters from some famous lovers").

Besides light verse he wrote comedies, fables and, among other novels, Les Sacrifices de lamour, ou lettres de la vicomtesse de Senanges et du chevalier de Versenay (1771). He tried to cover his failures as a dramatist by buying up large numbers of seats for performances, and his books were lavishly illustrated by good artists and expensively produced, in order to secure their success. Nevertheless, he managed to attract hatred both of the philosophe party as well as of their arch-enemy, Charles Palissot de Montenoy, and thus cut himself off from the possibility of academic honours. Le Tartufe littéraire (1774) attacked La Harpe and Palissot, and at the same time D'Alembert and Mlle de Lespinasse.

title: Claude Joseph Dorat


text:
V&S Group

V&S Group (V&S Vin & Sprit AB), founded in 1917, is an international producer and distributor of alcoholic beverages. The group is currently owned by Pernod Ricard. Headquartered in Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, the group employs approximately 2,500 people.

Until 1994, the group had the position of a national alcohol monopoly for production and distribution, but this was abolished when Sweden joined the European Union in 1995. However, the Swedish alcohol retailing monopoly, operated by Systembolaget, is still in force. On March 31, 2008 it was announced that the Swedish government intended to sell V & S Group to Pernod Ricard for 5.626 billion euro, corresponding to 55 billion Swedish kronor. The deal was approved and finalized on July 24, 2008 at an estimated value of 5.69 billion euro.

The acronym V&S comes from the name Vin & Sprit, literally meaning "Wine & Liquor."

Organization and brands
V&S Group is divided into three main areas:

 * V&S Absolute Spirits handles Absolut Vodka and the other international spirits brands, such as Level Vodka, Frïs Vodka.
 * V&S Distillers handles spirits on the Northern and Central European markets.
 * V&S Wine handles wines and fortified wines in the Nordic region.

Production and distribution
The production of the group's international spirits takes place in Sweden, Denmark, Great Britain, and St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Production of their local and regional spirits takes place primarily in Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Germany, and Poland. In Northern Europe, V&S Group is the largest importer and distributor of wine. The group offers their own brands of wine and also produces brands by well-known international companies.

Distribution in the Nordic area is primarily handled through the group's distribution centers in Sweden, Denmark, and Finland. V&S Group is represented by the subsidiary V&S Norway in Norway, by V&S Eesti in Estonia, and by the company V&S Luksusowa Zielona Góra in Poland. In the United States, distribution was handled by Future Brands, LLC, a joint-venture with Fortune Brands. In most other regions of the world, distribution was handled by Maxxium, which was also partly owned by the group.

Sales
About three-quarters of the group's sales come from spirits, whereas the remaining quarter comes from wine. Vodka is their largest selling spirit, in which Absolut holds the highest sales figures. Geographically, North America is the group's single biggest market, accounting for 43% of total sales in 2007. The Swedish market accounts for one-sixth (approximately 15%) of sales. As volume is concerned, the group sold 158.4 million liters of spirits and 83.7 million liters of wine, totaling 242.1 million liters of product.

title: V&S Group


text:
BBC Canada

BBC Canada was a Canadian English language specialty channel that mostly broadcast television series originally produced by the BBC, the public-service broadcaster of the United Kingdom. The channel was owned by Corus Entertainment (80% & managing partner) and BBC Studios (20%).

History
Alliance Atlantis (AAC) was granted a broadcast licence for a Category 2 speciality service covering "entertainment, drama and documentary programming". BBC Canada, by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) in November 2000. Alliance also received licenses for channels including National Geographic, IFC, and The Health Network, launched as Discovery Health. The channel was launched on 7 September 2001 as a joint venture between AAC and BBC Worldwide.

To promote the launch of BBC Canada's 2007 fall season, a 16-page British-style tabloid insert called the BBC Telly was published in the Toronto Star. Toronto-based Pilot PMR created the campaign.

On 28 January 2008, a joint venture between Canwest and Goldman Sachs Capital Partners known as CW Media bought Alliance Atlantis and gained AAC's interest in BBC Canada. On 27 October 2010, the channel's ownership changed once again as Shaw Communications gained control of BBC Canada as a result of its acquisition of Canwest and Goldman Sachs' interest in CW Media.

On 13 May 2011, BBC Canada was separated from the now-defunct children's channel BBC Kids due to its ownership changing hands to Knowledge Network.

On 1 April 2016, Shaw Media was sold to Corus Entertainment. BBC Canada also earned several sister networks to go with the existing ones.

In a notice to subscribers posted in early November 2020, Corus sister company Shaw Direct indicated that the channel would be shutting down on 31 December 2020.

In March 2021, Blue Ant Media, a company owned by former Alliance Atlantis executive Michael MacMillan which already owns the Canadian version of BBC Earth, announced that its HIFI channel would be rebranded as a Canadian version of the BBC's international entertainment channel brand BBC First on March 16. Several programs that had been carried by BBC Canada prior to its closure, including Top Gear and Antiques Roadshow, were picked up by BBC First.

Programming
While BBC Canada was part-owned by the BBC, not all of the BBC's programmes aired on BBC Canada. In general, while BBC Worldwide and its affiliated operations have a "first look" at the corporation's output, this right only applies so long as BBC Worldwide pays no less than what the BBC Commercial Agency, which is at arm's length, judges to be a particular property's value. Furthermore, while BBC Canada served a similar purpose to the BBC America channel available in the United States, there are also significant differences between the programming rights owned by the two channels.

This meant that much of the BBC's output (and, for that matter, BBC America's original programming) aired on other Canadian channels which have either co-produced the programmes or simply bid more for the Canadian broadcast rights. Conversely, many of the British series that did air on the channel are not sourced from the BBC, with some having originally been produced by or aired on other British channels, such as the privately owned ITV or the independent public-service broadcaster Channel 4.

Despite its British focus, BBC Canada was licensed as a Canadian channel and was not exempt from the CRTC's broadcasting regulations that required it to carry a quota of Canadian content. This meant that in addition to British programmes, it also broadcast a number of Canadian series, which according to the channel's licence were required to "explore or [be] informed by Canada's relationship to the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth". Canadian programmes that aired on the channel included repeats of Disaster DIY and Holmes Inspection. In the early 2010s, the channel began airing American series featuring British personalities, such as the American version of the Gordon Ramsay programme Kitchen Nightmares (it has also in the past carried the British parent series Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares), and repeat airings of the American dramas House and Elementary (each of which has a British actor in the lead role).

Many of the channel's programmes, whether British, American or Canadian, were shared with other Corus Entertainment channels such as the Global Television Network, Showcase, HGTV Canada and Food Network Canada.

BBC Canada did not ordinarily carry BBC News programming, as the BBC World News channel is also widely available in Canada, and BBC News also has a long-standing content-sharing agreement with the CBC. On the rare occasions that BBC Canada did carry news coverage, coverage may have been produced by Corus-owned Global News instead of the BBC, such as with the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton.

BBC Canada HD
In October 2016, Corus Entertainment launched BBC Canada HD, a 1080i high definition simulcast of the standard definition feed. The HD feed was only available on Telus Optik TV and Shaw Direct. The HD simulcast was shut down on 31 December 2020.

Related properties
Apart from the television channel, BBC Worldwide directly operates a BBC Canada Shop website which sells merchandise related to British television series such as Top Gear, Little Britain and Doctor Who.

title: BBC Canada


text:
Jeanne Julie Éléonore de Lespinasse

Jeanne Julie Éléonore de Lespinasse (9 November 1732 – 23 May 1776) was a French salon holder and letter writer. She held a prominent salon in Paris during the Enlightenment. She is best-known today, however, for her letters, first published in 1809, which offer compelling accounts of two tragic love affairs.

Early life
Julie-Jeanne-Éléonore de Lespinasse was born in Lyon, the illegitimate daughter of Julie-Claude-Hilaire d’Albon, who was the sole heir of an old family. Her mother, who was married to the Comte d'Albon, separated from her husband at the time of her birth, and the baby was baptized as the daughter of two fictitious persons, 'Claude Lespinasse' and his wife 'Julie Navarre'. The mystery of who her father really was did not get cleared up until her first careful biographer, the Marquis de Ségur (Pierre Marie Maurice Henri marquis de Ségur, 1853-1916), established that she was the daughter of Gaspard de Vichy-Chamrond, whose sister, Marie Anne de Vichy-Chamrond, marquise du Deffand, ran a famous Paris salon.

Looked down on for her poverty and illegitimate birth, Mlle de Lespinasse had an unhappy childhood marked by neglect. She acquired a basic education at a convent, but she was largely self-educated, an impressive feat given that she was later able to hold her own among France's top intellectuals. In 1754, Madame du Deffand, who recognized her niece's extraordinary gifts, persuaded her to come to Paris as her companion.

The salons
Julie moved into Mme du Deffand's apartments in the Convent of St. Joseph, where Mme du Deffand's salon attracted diplomats, aristocrats, philosophers, and politicians. The relationship lasted ten years until 1764, when Mme du Deffand became jealous of the younger woman's increasing influence with the younger generation of salon attendees and a quarrel resulted.

Mlle de Lespinasse then set up a salon of her own that attracted many of the same people who had attended Mme du Deffand's salon. The mathematician and writer Jean le Rond d'Alembert became a close friend, joined her new salon, and eventually came to live in her house, although they were not romantically involved. This arrangement lent further influence to Mlle de Lespinasse's salon, which became a center for writers of the Encyclopédie. Diderot, for example, made her a protagonist of his controversial philosophical dialogues entitled D'Alembert's Dream. Although she had neither wealth nor rank and was not an outstanding beauty, Mlle de Lespinasse had intellect, charm, and ability as a hostess, qualities that made her salon gatherings the most popular in Paris. Her continuing notability is due less to her social success, however, than to a literary talent that remained a secret during her lifetime, even from her closest friends.

Letters
Two volumes of Mlle de Lespinasse's letters, first published in 1809, displayed her as a writer of rare intensity. The literary critic Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve ranks her letters with those by Héloïse and with the Letters of a Portuguese Nun (the latter now believed to be epistolary fiction rather than real letters). Other writers, focusing on her theme of passionate love rather than on genre, place her work alongside that of novelists such as Abbé Prévost and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

Mlle de Lespinasse's letters center on her great and thwarted love for two men: Don José María Pignatelli y Gonzaga, Marquis de Mora, who was the son of Joaquín Pignatelli, Spanish ambassador in Paris, and Jacques-Antoine-Hippolyte, Comte de Guibert, a French general and writer. Less dispassionately philosophical than those by such later eighteenth century letter writers as Madame de Stael, they offer a portrait of someone who saw herself as a tragic heroine sacrificing all for love.

Letters to the Marquis de Mora
Mlle de Lespinasse first met the Marquis de Mora about two years after establishing her own salon. Encountering him again two years later, she fell in love with him, and he fully returned her feelings. He began to suffer symptoms of tuberculosis, however, and returned to Spain for his health. Mlle de Lespinasse's letters reveal the pain she experienced from the separation and her anxiety over Mora's poor health. On the way back to Paris in 1774 to fulfill promises exchanged with Mlle de Lespinasse, the marquis died at Bordeaux at the age of 30.

Letters to the Comte de Guibert
Soon after the Marquis de Mora returned to Spain, Mlle de Lespinasse became acquainted with the man who would become the main passion of her life, the Comte de Guibert, then a colonel. Her letters to Guibert began in 1773 and soon record her as torn between her affection for Mora and her new infatuation. Later letters describe her partial disenchantment occasioned by Guibert's marriage to another woman in 1775 and her increasing despair.

Death
By early 1776, Mlle de Lespinasse was in a state of mental and physical collapse, apparently caused by the misery of her relationship with Guibert. She had earlier shown depressive tendencies and a consequent dependence on opium may have aggravated her breakdown. On her deathbed, she refused to receive Guibert and instead, was watched over by her friend d'Alembert. She died on 22 May 1776 in Paris at the age of 43, possibly of tuberculosis. Her last words are said to have been "Am I still alive?"

Publications
Following the first publication of Mlle de Lespinasse's Letters in 1809, a spurious additional collection appeared in 1820. Some later editions included a portrait of her written by her friend d'Alembert. Modern editions include that of Eugène Asse (1876–77). An 1887 collection edited M. Charles Henry, Lettres inédités de Mademoiselle de Lespinasse à Condorcet, à D'Alembert, à Guibert, au comte de Crillon, contains copies of the documents available for her biography.

In addition to the Letters, she was the author of two unpublished chapters intended as a kind of sequel to Laurence Sterne's Sentimental Journey.

In popular culture
Julie Le Breton, a protagonist in Mary Augusta Ward's novel Lady Rose's Daughter is said to owe something to the character of Mlle de Lespinasse.

The novelist Naomi Royde-Smith wrote a well-received biography, The Double Heart: A Study of Julie de Lespinasse (1931).

title: Jeanne Julie Éléonore de Lespinasse


text:
George Dallas

George Dallas may refer to:

 * George M. Dallas (1792–1864), U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania and 11th Vice President of the United States
 * George M. Dallas (judge) (1839–1917), American lawyer and judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
 * Sir George Dallas, 1st Baronet (1758–1833), British Member of Parliament for Newport 1800–1802
 * George Dallas (Labour politician) (1878–1961), British Member of Parliament for Wellingborough 1929–1931
 * George Dallas (cricketer) (1827–1888), British army officer and cricketer

title: George Dallas


text:
Systembolaget

Systembolaget (, "the System Company"), colloquially known as systemet ("the system") or bolaget ("the company"), is a government-owned chain of liquor stores in Sweden. It is the only retail store allowed to sell alcoholic beverages that contain more than 3.5% alcohol by volume. Systembolaget acts as a portal for private companies selling alcohol on the Swedish market and, it represents 1,200 vendors ranging from small local breweries to large scale importers and multinational companies, selling products from a total of over 5,000 producers from all over the world.

Systembolaget also sells non-alcoholic beverages, although this product segment represents less than half a percent of the company's total sales of beverages. The minimum age to buy alcohol at Systembolaget is 20 years. At Swedish restaurants and bars the legal age to buy alcoholic beverages is 18 years, though bars and clubs may voluntarily set an age limit higher than 18 if they prefer.

Systembolaget's stores must close no later than 20:00 on weekdays and 15:00 on Saturdays. On Sundays and public holidays all Systembolaget's stores are closed. Systembolaget's stores are also closed on Christmas Eve and Midsummer Eve.

Governing laws
There are several laws and rules governing how Systembolaget stores operate, such as: Systembolaget has a strict monopoly status on alcohol sales to consumers in Sweden, with the following exceptions:
 * All products, including beer cans and bottles (except products that are not kept in stock and have to be pre-ordered), are sold individually. Pre-ordered products may sometimes only be sold in quantities corresponding with the minimum order accepted by the manufacturer. Some traditional Swedish shots are also sold in holiday packs.
 * Discounts, such as "Buy 1, get 1 free" and "One can 20 kr two cans 30 kr" type deals, are prohibited.
 * No product may be favoured over another, which in practice means that the beers are not refrigerated, since otherwise all beer would have to be refrigerated which is too expensive.
 * The minimum age to purchase beverages above 3.5% alcohol is 20 years of age. A main reason to have Systembolaget as a monopoly is to enforce this age limit. Several tests have shown that restaurants and food shops often sell 3.5% beer to people below the minimum legal age of 18.
 * People who look under 25 have to show an identity document. This has to be certified identity cards or driving licenses from the Nordic countries, national identity card from an EU/EEA country or be a passport.
 * Systembolaget is not allowed to sell alcoholic beverages to drunk people or to people that they have reason to believe are purchasing for someone under legal age.
 * In villages too small for a profitable Systembolaget shop and too far away from a shop, Systembolaget contracts food shops to sell alcohol. Such alcohol must be sold on demand and not on shelves among other food or beverages.
 * Restaurant and bars can sell alcohol for consumption on site, which customers are not permitted to take away from the premises (bottles are opened by staff). In other countries people are able to take a bottle of wine home if there is some left over at the end of their meal, but in Sweden it must be consumed or wasted.
 * Private imports for a consumer's own consumption are allowed, based on EU regulations and court cases, both during private travel and by post. However, Sweden is able to levy taxes on recipients of alcohol sent by post.
 * Other companies (producers and importers) can sell directly to restaurant and bars (EU enforced rule).
 * Producers of alcohol, such as vineyards, are not allowed to sell their products directly to consumers, but have the right to sell them through the nearest Systembolaget shops if they are not large enough for nationwide sales. This was a point of debate in the 2022 election, and the new government wants to allow such shops.
 * Export and duty-free shops at airports can sell alcohol to people checked in for a flight outside the EU. Alcohol cannot be sold on boats on Swedish waters, but the shop is opened at the border to international or foreign waters.

Taxation and pricing
As with other government-owned monopolies within free-trade areas, there are several aspects that govern the operation. All product selections and displays must be based on customer preferences, and every producer and distributor must be handled the same way. All marketing activities must be for the company itself and its own services, never for an individual product. This is also the reason why all products are taxed on alcohol content, not on price, and that all products are sold with the same profit margin. This explains why an off-brand vodka can be seen as very expensive when compared to a premium-brand spirit bottle of a similar size.

Beer is not so highly taxed anymore in order to protect Swedish breweries and their employment opportunities against purchase during travel abroad. It is 2.12 SEK per % alcohol and liter, which means 5.3 SEK for a 5% beer can (50 cl). Such a can usually costs about 10 SEK (0.88 EUR) at Systembolaget. For wine, the tax increases based on the wine's alcohol by volume. For 12% wine, the tax is 27.49 SEK per liter. For distilled products, the tax is 5.2697 SEK per % and liter (526.97 SEK per liter alcohol, or 263.48 SEK for 1 liter of 50%).

History
In 1766 the Swedish king, Adolf Frederick, decided, after several unsuccessful attempts at regulating alcohol consumption, to abolish all restrictions. This led to virtually every household making and selling alcohol.

At the turn of the 19th century, alcohol was highly popular among Swedes. An estimated 175,000 home distilleries had developed by this time, using tremendous amounts of grain and potatoes that otherwise would have been consumed as food to manufacture alcohol. It was later said that most men in Sweden abused alcohol. Women rarely drank alcohol, since it was considered inappropriate.

In 1830, the first moderate drinking society was started in Stockholm. In 1837, the Svenska Sällskapet för Nykterhet och Folkuppfostran (The Swedish Society for Temperance and Public Education) was founded as the country's first fully-fledged temperance organization. It was immediately promoted by the King, and quickly grew to 10,000 members with local chapters around the country. The Church of Sweden also strongly promoted temperance. Private gain from selling alcohol was strongly criticised by these groups; this opinion was embraced by doctors and members of the Church of Sweden. In 1850, the state began to regulate alcohol. In the city of Falun, a regional organization was established to regulate all alcohol sales in the city and ensure that sales were being done responsibly.

In 1860, a bar was opened in Gothenburg where the state had handpicked the employees and decided how the bar should be run; antisocial and or intoxicated people were to be excluded. This was where people both bought and drank their alcohol, and this subsequently became the foundation for the Gothenburg Public House System used in Norway, Finland and the UK. This was also the year it became illegal to sell to people under the age of 18. Similar state-regulated bars and stores began to open in other towns across the country, and they were hugely successful. Originally the profits were kept privately by the owners, but in 1870 it was decided that all profits should go to the state.

During the First World War, alcohol was strictly rationed. Thus, the state bars and stores started registering purchases. People were allowed only two liters of liquor every three months, and beer above 3.6% ABV (2.8% ABW) was banned. After the war, the rationing continued, using the Bratt System of a household ration book called a motbok. Gender, income, wealth and social status decided how much alcohol one was allowed to buy. Unemployed people and welfare recipients were not allowed to buy any alcohol at all, while as the motbok was issued by household instead of per person, it meant that wives had to share their household allowance with their husbands and in effect got nothing at all. In 1917, Aktiebolaget Spritcentralen (now V&S Group) was formed to take over all wholesale distribution of alcohol. A referendum on prohibition in 1922 advised government not to issue total prohibition. The rationing system was very unpopular. When even the temperance movement protested against it (they felt it encouraged consumption), the government decided a new policy was needed.

In 1955, all regional alcohol monopolies (Systemaktiebolaget) were merged into the present-day Systembolaget enterprise, and the above-mentioned rationing system was abolished, so people were allowed to start buying as much alcohol as they wanted from Systembolaget stores (as long as they are sober, over 21 and not suspected of buying for later private resale). This led to increased consumption, so the government increased taxes heavily and made it compulsory that everyone had to show ID to get served. There was also an age limit of 21, which in 1969 was lowered to 20. In 1965, it became legal for privately run stores to sell beer up to 4.5% with an age limit of 18. 12 years later, after alcohol consumption – especially that of light beers (mellanöl) – rose dramatically, the limit was lowered to 3.5%.

Originally, Systembolaget customers were required to ask shop attendants or use desk service to retrieve desired products. This policy was based on the hypothesis that personal, face-to-face interaction would discourage patrons from buying in conspicuous quantities. Customers would not be permitted to serve themselves until 1991. This self service policy was gradually and subsequently expanded into all Systembolaget stores between 1991 and 2014. The last Systembolaget store to convert to self service was the branch at Högdalen in southern Stockholm, which was converted in October 2014. Still, several shops have their hard alcohol at the checkout where customers need to ask for it.

In September 1996, Systembolaget began sales of bag-in-box cask wine after the European Court of Justice ruled in favour of the Swedish brewery Spendrups who complained that Systembolaget's earlier refusal to sell boxed wine violated the EU's free trade agreement with Sweden. By the mid-2000s boxed wine accounted for over half the volume of wine sold at Systembolaget.

In 2003, an almost free quota (for personal use) was allowed when traveling into Sweden from another EU country, resulting in lower sales for Systembolaget, especially in Scania, which borders Denmark by sea. Increase in Danish prices has resulted in people driving to Germany instead for purchase. Some cars have been stopped by Swedish police for overweight but not for alcohol import, since four people are collectively allowed to have a total of 800 liters of beer and wine, which is above the allowed load of many standard cars.

In June 2007, the European Court of Justice ruled that restrictions on the private import of alcohol by postal package were unjustified; as a result, Sweden allowed this some time after.

Swedish municipalities retain the right to ban the establishment of Systembolaget shops within their jurisdiction. This has become much rarer over time, because of a more liberal political attitude and the belief that other shops lose customers when people drive to other municipalities for shopping.

Corruption controversy
A massive corruption scandal (Systembolagshärvan) first gained widespread media attention in the autumn of 2003, with Systembolaget issuing its first press release regarding the preliminary investigations on 7 November 2003. On 11 February 2005, 77 managers of Systembolaget stores were charged with receiving bribes from suppliers, and one of the largest trials in modern Swedish history followed. 18 managers were found guilty on 19 December, and then on 23 February another 15 managers were found guilty.

In January 2009 allegations were aimed against Fondberg & Co, the second largest supplier of wine to Systembolaget with a market share of 8.5%, concerning large payments made to the Gibraltar firm Bodegas, and are under investigation by the Swedish Tax Agency.

Advertisements
Systembolaget makes advertisements on the side effects of drinking, and ones to encourage moderate consumption of alcohol. Many of their ads aim to stop teenagers obtaining alcohol and to encourage those under 25 to voluntarily show identification when purchasing. In November 2008, Systembolaget launched a campaign where people under 25 would get a free pack of chewing gum with a "Thank you for showing ID" compliment, if they showed ID to the cashier before they were asked to.

Systembolaget is not allowed to advertise its products to increase sales. However, since 2005 the producers are allowed to advertise their products in Sweden (only products of less than 15% alcohol, and not on radio and TV).

Public opinion
According to a study conducted by David Karlsson, Sören Holmberg and Lennart Weibul in 2023, 59% of Swedes support that alcoholic beverages can still be purchased only in Systembolaget stores, and this proportion is constantly increasing.

title: Systembolaget


text:
George Trevelyan

George Trevelyan may refer to:

 * Sir George Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet (1838–1928), British statesman and author
 * G. M. Trevelyan (George Macaulay Trevelyan, 1876–1962), historian, son of the above
 * Sir George Trevelyan, 4th Baronet (1906–1996), British educational pioneer
 * George Trevelyan (priest) (1865–1827), Anglican priest

title: George Trevelyan


text:
Apoteket

Apoteket AB is a state-owned pharmaceuticals retailer in Sweden which formerly held a monopoly on the retail sale of medicines in the country. Formerly known as Apoteksbolaget, the company is a government owned enterprise reporting to the Ministry of Finance.

History
The company was founded in 1970 under the name Apoteksbolaget AB. In 1998 the name was changed to the current one, Apoteket AB.

On 1 July 2009, the government monopoly was lifted, allowing the opening of private pharmacies in Sweden. The Swedish government cited the fact of Sweden being the only democracy, along with Cuba and North Korea, to retain its monopoly as an argument for its abolishment.

title: Apoteket


text:
Talk:Pale of Settlement

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
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Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 06:02, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
Danny, what is the Russian word for which "Pale" is the translation? It might be worth mentioning that Pale is an Anglo-French word (from the Latin palus, a stake, related to palisade and to paling), that the original Pale was the "English Pale" around Calais in the 15C, and that the term was then transferred to the area of English settlement in Ireland in the 16C. (Hence the expression "beyond the Pale.") I'm curious to know who decided to apply this word to Russia, and when. Adam 16:12, 8 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * The expression "beyond the pale" probably did not come from either the Irish nor the Russian Pale. The Oxford English Dictionary says "The theory that the origin of the phrase relates to any of several specific regions, such as the area of Ireland formerly called the Pale (see sense 4b) or the Pale of Settlement in Russia (see sense 4c), is not supported by the early historical evidence and is likely to be a later rationalization." --ABehrens (talk) 16:52, 28 June 2019 (UTC)

Hi, Adam. I checked with our historian of Russian Jewry, who gave me the Russian term: cherta osedlosti. According to him, cherta means literally "line." As "Pale" the term has been around for at least one hundred years. It appears in the 1916 translation of Dubnow's History of the Jews in Russia and Poland. My guess would be that they borrowed it from the Irish incident, but as of yet I have no evidence to back that up. Hopefully Jtdirl or some other Irish specialist can enlighten us more. Danny 03:25, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * According to the OED, earliest use of "Pale of Settlement" in English is Russia and the Jews : a brief sketch of Russian history and condition of its Jewish subjects, 1890. --ABehrens (talk) 16:52, 28 June 2019 (UTC)

An email from a colleague at work: ''I did not find an answer yet, but I found out that the full name was "cherta postoiannoi evreiskoi osedlosti" - "Pale of the Permanent Jewish Settlement." I have an article in Russian with me which tells about the formation of the Pale. It does not give the name who and when coined the term, but provides a lot of interesting information. We can look at it together.'' As you can see, the answers are on the way. Danny 02:50, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Stranger yet, google translates in Serbian Черта́ осе́длости as "The devil's traits", in Russian as "Damn sadness", Czech or Slovak as "fertilizers", Kyrgyz or Kazakh as "damn the sedentary", and Hebrew and Yiddish as "port services"

Untitled
Hi, excuse me for not creating a new section on this talk page. I don't know how to do this as I am not a regular contributor. If anyone here knows how, please fell free to do so. I am writing to point out a few serious mistakes in the text. Firstly, there is the reference to Russia's "military and diplomatic maneuvers" as having started in 1791. In fact the first chunks of territory that later formed part of the PS were annexed by Russia following the First Partition of Poland in 1772. This first chunk included small pieces of Russian territory proper (as we would call it today) but most of it was territory presently found in Belarus. The Second Partition is what the date of 1791 corresponds to and this is when the bulk of the Jewish population was absorbed into Russia. The Third Partition, liquidating the Polish-Lithuanian state altogether, came in 1793. The PS corresponds largely to former Polish-Lithuanian territory taken over successively in the three partitions. South-Eastern Ukraine's inclusion on the map of the PS was most largely due to the fact that this was the only territory in Russia prior to the three partitions that had a sizable Jewish population. This area had also been part of the P-L Commonwealth until 1667, when it was acquired by Russia at the Treaty of Andrusovo. The second error is the reference to those territories "largely Catholic and Jewish population". This is misleading as both Catholics and Jews were a small minority in all regions of the Pale of Settlement. In its northern half, the population (Belarussians were, by far, its largest component) was predominantly Eastern Orthodox. The Lithuanians and Poles were this area's only Catholics and came a distant second. In the southern half, the bulk of the population was Ukrainian and either Greek Catholic (most of them) or also Eastern Orthodox. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.36.175.147 (talk) 09:45, 14 September 2013 (UTC)

 * (Added belated new section for this comment. NewkirkPlaza (talk) 03:29, 26 November 2020 (UTC))

Ad hominem attack
In an anonymous revision (re: Khazars). Real brave — I must say.

Baltics
What was the status of Jews in Baltic regions, other than Lithuania? I.e., how was it in what is now Latvia, Estonia an Finland? mikka (t) 02:20, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Life in the Pale
Although the article directs you to History of the Jews in Poland and History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union, those articles really don't say much about life in the Pale. Therefore I added a few paragraphs, which could of course be expanded. The reference to Sholom Aleichem as being the portrayer of "Life in the Pale" is pretty ironic, since he satirized religious Jews, who made up a large proportion of the Pale population. Yoninah 21:43, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

Western Russia? & map reliability altogether
Looking at the map, it looks as though the border of the Pale corresponded fairly well to the present-day border between Belarus and Russia, and that in the Ukraine the border of the Pale was well to the west of the present day Ukraine-Russian border. Was there really very much of western Russia within the Pale of Settlement? john k 18:09, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

This map does not provide sufficient detail to be reliable or coherent. At the very least, the borders of the variously coloured fields should be defined (i.e., those territories should be named). The actual 1905 source map is referenced as an "other version," so the missing data is definitely available. Without it, the map could be argued to be misleading, and thus should be deleted. 68.148.52.166 (talk) 04:19, 10 April 2012 (UTC)

Jew outside the Pale
History of the Jews in Latvia claims that descendants of Jews who were resident in the Baltic provinces before they were annexed to the Russian Empire were permitted to remain legally, as were a few others. Can we get a section on this? (I've added it to my to-do list, but realistically, I don't expect to get the majority of my to-do list done ever.) --Quintucket (talk) 08:22, 3 February 2012 (UTC)

incomplete
You need to discuss registration, passports, and what happened to people caught outside the Pale -- jail, expulsion, exile to Siberia, what? You need to discuss why poverty was rampant -- was it a case of supply, was it a case that the Pale included no arable land, what? You need to discuss cases when Jews got permission to live outside the Pale; this was crucial in the Mendel Beilis trial, the transcripts of which I'm translating from online. 71.163.114.49 (talk) 15:25, 7 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Since you are obviously a specialist in this area, why not contribute something to the article yourself? Bluap (talk) 17:01, 7 March 2013 (UTC)

Support for the poor
It is said: "Lithuanian and Ukrainian Jews supported as much as 22% of their poor populations."

What does that mean? Does it mean that 78% of the poor population had to do without support? Does it mean that 78% of the population was not poor?

It's not possible for me to find out what is meant, because this assertion lacks any citation - someone apparently pulled it out of their fundamental orifice. MrDemeanour (talk) 11:34, 1 May 2016 (UTC)
 * I guess it is about the poorest of poor. But there is a footnote. Anyway, I agree it is strange number: What is "poor"? - üser:Altenmann >t 03:17, 3 May 2016 (UTC)

 * The focus of this article is on the hideous treatment of the Jewish population in the Pale of Settlement. I find, though, that the severe economic oppression also effected the poor, non-Jewish population as well. My entire Lutheran family fled the region for Cleveland, Ohio, USA in three shifts, from 1892 to 1898. I in no way want to diminish the pain visited upon the Jewish people, but hey, they were all in it together.

 * Thank you for your time, Wordreader (talk) 00:28, 2 May 2021 (UTC)

Changes on map
Changes which were done on September 24nd 2017 are not correct. Livonia and Courland were never part of Pale of Settlement. Congress Poland was also not included into Pale of Settlement. Velirand (talk) 11:46, 28 September 2017 (UTC)

Why couldn't Jews farm?
"Most Jews could not engage in agriculture due to the nature of the Pale"

What does this uncited statement mean? This area is nowadays known for its agriculture (e.g. Belarus, Ukraine). Why couldn't it be farmed during the time of the Pale? Or were Jews prohibited from farming?

I really feel this needs clarification.

Marchino61 (talk) 05:30, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Glad I'm not the only one who nooticed this very strange claim.
 * There is a long history of the Imperial Russian government trying to entice jews to turn to agriculture, and offering huge economic incentives to move into the area of modern Ukraine.
 * There is even a Wikipedia article on the topic. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_agricultural_colonies_in_the_Russian_Empire
 * At the very least, this silly claim needs to be struck from this article. More appropriate would be to reference the article on jew agricultural colonies and mention how the Imperial government tried very hard to get the jews to take up fieldwork, obviously within the Pale of Settlement. 96.237.143.207 (talk) 21:35, 25 September 2022 (UTC)

Reference to extent of pogroms
There is a [reference needed] in the section "Jewish life in the Pale", end of second paragraph, mentioning the extent of the pogroms of 1881--1883, and 1903--1907. I suggest "The Gates of Europe: a history of Ukraine" by Serhii Plokhy, 2021, Basic Books, ISBN 978-0-465-09486-8. Pages 189--191 mentions the extent of death, injury, and damage in the 1905 pogrom in particular in Kyiv, and that pogroms also took place in Katerynoslav and Odesa: "Thousands were injured, and tens of thousands of Jewish homes and enterprises were destroyed." TEBco (talk) 03:32, 13 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pale of Settlement