text:
Wikipedia:Historical archive/Changing attribution for an edit/Cordyph log

 * Cordyph → Baldhur
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 * Cur entries:
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 * [[Image:Landsberg_district_coa.jpg]] 20031024205937
 * Lahn-Dill 20031024201904
 * Zinovi Rozhdestvenski 20031023173446
 * Kaiserslautern (district) 20031023171832
 * Kusel (district) 20031023171026
 * White Main 20031022170921
 * Red Main 20031022170724
 * [[Image:Kulmbach_district_coa.jpg]] 20031022170159
 * Polish corridor 20031022170131
 * Aschaffenburg 20031022063352
 * Talk:List_of_cities_in_Germany 20031019114709
 * [[Image:Wappen_Landkreis_Kronach.png]] 20031010174953
 * Talk:(FLOX®) 20031010173756
 * Roller 20031001145141
 * [[Image:Lilac_breasted_roller_small.jpg]] 20031001144901
 * [[Image:Coracias_caudata.jpg]] 20031001144837
 * Ramses III 20031001144122
 * 20031001143816
 * [[Image:Verdun_memorial.jpg]] 20031001143751
 * [[Image:DEU Landkreis Kitzingen COA.svg]] 20031001141509
 * Brandenburg-Ansbach 20031001141401
 * Kelheim (district) 20030926163503
 * [[Image:Kelheim_district_coa.jpg]] 20030926163156
 * Ilm-Kreis 20030926155550
 * Don River 20030926080152
 * The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints 20030925185321
 * [[Image:Ilmkreis_coa.png]] 20030925185033
 * [[Image:Eberswalde-marktplatz.jpg]] 20030925175610
 * Holzminden (district) 20030925173938
 * [[Image:Hof_district_coa.jpg]] 20030925173607
 * [[Image:Holzminden_district_coa.jpg]] 20030925173532
 * Vestfold 20030924180308
 * Talk:Vladimir_Putin 20030924173848
 * Talk:Samy 20030924173043
 * Hochsauerland 20030924170137
 * Sara Montiel 20030923172549
 * Helmstedt (district) 20030923171247
 * Hildesheim (district) 20030923171053
 * [[Image:Hildesheim_district_coa.jpg]] 20030923170933
 * Trojane 20030919091231
 * Merlin the wizard 20030919085412
 * [[Image:Giraffe_savanna_small.jpg]] 20030918180411
 * 20030918180327
 * Hamadan province 20030918175110
 * User talk:131.130.221.4 20030918173407
 * User talk:169.204.228.186 20030918172633
 * [[Image:Gingko-Blaetter.jpg]] 20030918170150
 * [[Image:Helmstedt_district_coa.jpg]] 20030918164314
 * [[Image:Hildburghausen_district_coa.JPG]] 20030918164244
 * Havelland 20030914114311
 * [[Image:Hassberge_coa.jpg]] 20030914114023
 * [[Image:Havelland_coa.jpg]] 20030914113958
 * Hanover (district) 20030912204124
 * [[Image:Harburg_district_coa.jpg]] 20030912203943
 * [[Image:Hannover_region_coa.jpg]] 20030912203914
 * Benjamite 20030912203426
 * Ai (biblical place) 20030912203314
 * Hameln-Pyrmont 20030905202319
 * Waldeck (principality) 20030905201803
 * Hamelin-Pyrmont 20030905200515
 * [[Image:Hameln_pyrmont_coa.jpg]] 20030905200400
 * Halberstadt (district) 20030905193941
 * Low Tatras 20030904183957
 * [[Image:Zilina2_small.jpg]] 20030904182522
 * [[Image:Zilina gross.jpg]] 20030904182434
 * 20030904182234
 * [[Image:Zilina.jpg]] 20030904182127
 * [[Image:Low_tatra_dumbier.jpg]] 20030904181933
 * [[Image:Low_tatra_dumbier.jpg]] 20030904181857
 * Slovakian language 20030903204705
 * Nizke Tatry 20030903204045
 * Vysoke Tatry 20030903204011
 * High Tatra 20030903203934
 * [[Image:Guestrow_district_coa.png]] 20030903132859
 * Venus fly trap 20030903125654
 * Herne (Germany) 20030811221519
 * Soest (Germany) 20030811221419
 * Essen (Germany) 20030811221048
 * Talk:Worms_(Germany) 20030811220856
 * Worms (Germany) 20030811220855
 * Goslar (district) 20030810161928
 * [[Image:Guenzburg_district_coa.jpg]] 20030810161459
 * [[Image:LauenburgElbe.jpg]] 20030809193119
 * [[Image:Goettingen_district_coa.jpg}]] 20030809191807
 * Mountain hare 20030807155455
 * Arctic hare 20030807155423
 * User talk:Zhang 20030807155307
 * Mountain Hare 20030807155027
 * Arctic Hare 20030807154423
 * Peafowl 20030807151405
 * Thuringia Forest 20030806193625
 * [[Image:Sialis_lutaria_alderfly.jpg]] 20030806192641
 * [[Image:Arctic_Hare_small.jpg]] 20030806192405
 * [[Image:Arctic_Hare.jpg]] 20030806192315
 * [[Image:Lammergeier.jpg]] 20030806191814
 * Gifhorn (district) 20030806191239
 * [[Image:Goslar_district_coa.jpg]] 20030806191013
 * [[Image:Gifhorn_district_coa.png]] 20030806173334
 * Germersheim (district) 20030806164111
 * Talk:Saint_Martin 20030805210545
 * Talk:Sint_Maarten_Saint_Martin 20030805203312
 * Sint Maarten 20030805173714
 * Sint Maarten Saint Martin 20030805173343
 * Alsa 20030805171417
 * XFree 20030805171319
 * Angeln 20030805171141
 * Schwansen 20030805170708
 * Carlsburg 20030805170133
 * Gereby 20030805170012
 * [[Image:Garmisch_partenkirchen_district_coa.jpg]] 20030805132202
 * User talk:66.41.179.10 20030801205335
 * DeForest Kelly 20030801203800
 * [[Image:Fuerth_district_coa.jpg]] 20030801203431
 * Fürstenfeldbruck (district) 20030801174719
 * [[Image:Fuerstenfeldbruck_district_coa.jpg]] 20030801174603
 * User talk:216.208.33.244 20030801143456
 * User talk:Kitwe 20030731203809
 * Kassel (district) 20030731202616
 * Kassel 20030731202116
 * Fulda 20030731201824
 * McDonald Islands 20030731183538
 * Heard Island 20030731183510
 * Heard Islands 20030731183420
 * Grey Heron 20030731181310
 * Garganey 20030731181204
 * Friesland (district) 20030731175007
 * [[Image:Friesland_district_coa.png]] 20030731174920
 * [[Image:European_kingfisher.jpg]] 20030731074859
 * [[Image:Grey_heron.jpg]] 20030731074732
 * [[Image:Kittiwake_gull.jpg]] 20030731074632
 * [[Image:Garganey_duck.jpg]] 20030731074400
 * [[Image:Windmill_leiden.jpg]] 20030731074041
 * [[Image:Hippopotamus.jpg]] 20030731073740
 * [[Image:Marabou_storks_small.jpg]] 20030731073328
 * [[Image:Marabou_storks.jpg]] 20030731073304
 * [[Image:Bavaria_frg.png]] 20030731072623
 * Oncilla 20030730180014
 * Tiger Cat 20030730180006
 * Little spotted cat 20030730175952
 * Tigrillo 20030730175946
 * Tiger cat 20030730175935
 * Little Spotted Cat 20030730175710
 * Margay 20030730173640
 * [[Image:Freyung_grafenau_coa.jpg]] 20030730171434
 * Patriotiskaya Pesn 20030729212506
 * Gimn Rossiyskaya Federatsiya 20030729212457
 * [[Image:Freising_district.jpg]] 20030729190511
 * CONCACAF Gold Cup 20030729185202
 * The national anthem of Russia 20030729183056
 * The Patriotic Song 20030729180043
 * Flat-headed cat 20030725173754
 * Jurua 20030724195713
 * Rusty-spotted cat 20030724195411
 * Fishing cat 20030724195319
 * Rusty-spotted Cat 20030724191712
 * Asian leopard cat 20030724174846
 * Bengal Cat 20030724174709
 * Leopard cat 20030724174709
 * Tsushima cat 20030724174705
 * Iriomote cat 20030724174701
 * Tsushima Cat 20030724174658
 * Iriomote Cat 20030724174646
 * Bengal cat 20030724174554
 * User talk:Haukurth 20030724174159
 * Wikipedia talk:WikiProject_German_districts 20030724171021
 * Caracal 20030723210507
 * [[Image:Caracal_large.jpg]] 20030723210307
 * User talk:216.174.167.22 20030723203004
 * Canadian Lynx 20030723200024
 * User talk:206.72.70.18 20030723191002
 * Interferons 20030723190333
 * Aurangezeb 20030723183038
 * Spanish Lynx 20030723180343
 * Canada lynx 20030723175547
 * Canada Lynx 20030723175540
 * Canadian lynx 20030723175531
 * Iberian lynx 20030722202317
 * Iberian Lynx 20030722202311
 * Spanish lynx 20030722202305
 * Leptailurus 20030722195207
 * European lynx 20030722195030
 * Eurasian lynx 20030722195028
 * European Lynx 20030722195025
 * [[Image:Serval_cat_small.jpg]] 20030722172931
 * [[Image:Serval.jpg]] 20030722172856
 * Tourism in France 20030722163730
 * User talk:Xiaodai 20030722140045
 * Freudenstadt (district) 20030722065231
 * Profelis 20030720220401
 * Catopuma 20030720220355
 * African golden cat 20030720215700
 * African Golden Cat 20030720215456
 * Bornean bay cat 20030720213248
 * Bornean cat 20030720213240
 * Bornean Bay Cat 20030720213234
 * Bornean Cat 20030720213228
 * Bay cat 20030720213221
 * Bay Cat 20030720212948
 * Otocolobus 20030720182449
 * Asian golden cat 20030720182230
 * Temminck's golden cat 20030720182224
 * Asiatic golden cat 20030720182218
 * Temminck's Golden Cat 20030720182206
 * Asian Golden Cat 20030720182201
 * Asiatic Golden Cat 20030720181935
 * Pallas's Cat 20030720174831
 * Pallas cat 20030720174827
 * Manul 20030720174826
 * Pallas's cat 20030720174824
 * Pallas Cat 20030720174618
 * Chinese Mountain Cat 20030719203122
 * Chinese desert cat 20030719203122
 * Chinese mountain cat 20030719203118
 * Felis bieti 20030719203116
 * Chinese Desert Cat 20030719202920
 * Anthill tiger 20030719200219
 * Felis nigripes 20030719200208
 * Black-footed cat 20030719200158
 * Swamp lynx 20030719193649
 * Swamp Lynx 20030719193646
 * Felis chaus 20030719193644
 * Jungle cat 20030719193642
 * Felis margarita 20030719185536
 * Sand cat 20030719185519
 * Arabian Desert 20030719185427
 * Talk:Felidae 20030718094052
 * Proailurus 20030718092837
 * 20030718084010
 * [[Image:Saxony_fg.png]] 20030718083109
 * 20030717202006
 * Desert cat 20030717184458
 * Desert Cat 20030717184424
 * Protelinae 20030717175120
 * Proteles 20030717174939
 * Ailurinae 20030717171717
 * [[Image:Puma_cat_small.jpg]] 20030716142332
 * [[Image:Puma concolor coryi.jpg]] 20030716142300
 * Bergisches Land 20030716135820
 * Kosovo-war 20030716134218
 * Felis 20030715145901
 * Amt 20030715105508
 * Region (Europe) 20030715105426
 * [[Image:Bavaria_fo.png]] 20030715104501
 * [[Image:Ocelot_small.jpg]] 20030715104223
 * [[Image:Ocelot.jpg]] 20030715104200
 * [[File:Witvleugduif.jpg]] 20030715104017
 * [[Image:Collared_lizard.jpg]] 20030715103941
 * User talk:216.54.110.159 20030711174117
 * Nisnas monkey 20030711172719
 * Nisnas 20030711172713
 * Patas 20030711172706
 * Erythrocebus 20030711172532
 * Regnitz 20030711165620
 * [[Image:Forchheim_district_coa.jpg]] 20030711164823
 * Detmold (region) 20030711121801
 * Stuttgart (region) 20030711121740
 * Arnsberg (region) 20030711121722
 * Dessau (region) 20030711121300
 * Magdeburg (region) 20030711121240
 * Halle (region) 20030711121215
 * [[Image:Bavaria_erh.png]] 20030711120214
 * [[Image:Patas_monkey.jpg]] 20030711120122
 * Chemnitz (region) 20030711064405
 * Rosenheim (district) 20030711064322
 * Trier (region) 20030711064215
 * Koblenz (region) 20030711064152
 * Niederbayern 20030711063953
 * Freiburg (region) 20030711063513
 * Kassel (region) 20030711063403
 * Limburg-Weilburg 20030711062845
 * Bernburg (district) 20030711062825
 * Berchtesgadener Land 20030711062742
 * Bad Doberan (district) 20030711062603
 * [[Image:Erlangen_hoechstadt_coa.jpg]] 20030710173603
 * African grey parrot 20030709133715
 * Pintail 20030709133557
 * [[Image:Bavaria_ed.png]] 20030709125054
 * [[File:White cheeked pintail (1).jpg]] 20030709121806
 * [[Image:Common_gull_small.jpg]] 20030709121419
 * [[Image:Larus_canus_brachyrhynchus_in_flight.jpg]] 20030709121402
 * [[Image:Arctic_terns_small.jpg]] 20030709121239
 * [[Image:Arctic_terns.jpg]] 20030709121212
 * [[Image:Sarus.jpg]] 20030709121051
 * [[Image:Blue_grey_gnatcatcher.jpg]] 20030709121013
 * [[Image:Laughing_gull.jpg]] 20030709120939
 * [[Image:American_white_ibis_small.jpg]] 20030709120852
 * [[Image:American_white_ibis.jpg]] 20030709120835
 * [[Image:Ruddy_turnstone_small.jpg]] 20030709120750
 * [[Image:Ruddy_turnstone.jpg]] 20030709120732
 * 20030709120626
 * [[Image:Zwarte_bok.jpg]] 20030709120601
 * [[Image:Oryx_dammah_1.jpg]] 20030709120408
 * [[Image:Red_crested_turaco.jpg]] 20030709120120
 * [[Image:Bali_myna.jpg]] 20030709120029
 * [[Image:Chilean_flamingo.jpg]] 20030709115923
 * [[Image:Keel_billed_toucan.jpg]] 20030709115744
 * [[Image:Crimson_rosella.jpg]] 20030709115551
 * [[Image:Sulphur_crested_cockatoo.jpg]] 20030709115510
 * [[Image:Rainbow_lorikeet.jpg]] 20030709115422
 * [[Image:Bielefeld_sparrenburg.jpg]] 20030709115115
 * [[Image:Bumblebee_(Bombus_sp.)_pollinating_milkweed_(Asclepias_sp.)_(Cincinnati_2005).jpg]] 20030709114947
 * [[Image:Trumpeter_swan_small.jpg]] 20030709114752
 * [[Image:Trumpeter_swan.jpg]] 20030709114723
 * Common eider 20030707194907
 * Eider Duck 20030707194830
 * Eider 20030707194537
 * [[Image:Common_eider_small.jpg]] 20030707193832
 * [[File:Common eider mf.jpg]] 20030707193742
 * [[Image:Erding_district_coa.png]] 20030707191752
 * [[Image:Emsland_coa.jpg]] 20030705174014
 * [[Image:Lachmöwe.jpg]] 20030705165155
 * [[Image:Black_headed_gull_small.jpg]] 20030705164749
 * [[Image:Thuringia_eic.png]] 20030704063214
 * [[Image:Bavaria_ei.png]] 20030704063114
 * Frankish Alb 20030703195756
 * [[Image:Eichstaett_district_coa.jpg]] 20030703191508
 * User talk:62.171.194.10 20030703111037
 * World war 20030703110152
 * Talk:List_of_states_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire 20030703101808
 * User talk:208.59.97.29 20030702195758
 * Mergus merganser 20030702193444
 * Goosander 20030702193423
 * [[Image:Common_merganser_small.jpg]] 20030702193127
 * [[Image:Common merganser small.jpg]] 20030702193021
 * [[Image:Eichsfeld_coa.png]] 20030702190703
 * [[Image:Emperor_penguin.jpg]] 20030702102016
 * Leviathan (book) 20030702101747
 * [[Image:Leviathan_book_small.jpg]] 20030702101413
 * [[Image:Leviathan_by_Thomas_Hobbes.jpg]] 20030702101334
 * [[Image:Red_cardinal_bird.jpg]] 20030702100725
 * Momotidae 20030702094841
 * [[Image:Blue_crowned_motmot_small.jpg]] 20030702094510
 * [[Image:Blue_crowned_motmot.jpg]] 20030702094442
 * User talk:195.144.131.3 20030701105122
 * [[Image:Bavaria_ebe.png]] 20030627133525
 * [[Image:Ebersberg_district_coa.jpg]] 20030627133453
 * Upper Germanic limes 20030626122322
 * Rhaetian Limes 20030626122020
 * Germanic Limes 20030626121949
 * Upper Germanic Limes 20030626121728
 * Limes 20030626115243
 * Bucharest, Romania 20030626074413
 * [[Image:Bavaria_don.png]] 20030626073516
 * Meteor crater 20030625175718
 * [[Image:Donau_ries_coa.png]] 20030625174300
 * User talk:212.219.213.253 20030625142040
 * [[Image:Saxony_dl.png]] 20030625140544
 * [[Image:Dobeln_district_coa.jpg]] 20030625140518
 * Saxony-Coburg-Gotha 20030624152517
 * [[Image:Southern_cassowary.jpg]] 20030624145946
 * [[Image:Great_northern_diver.jpg]] 20030624145354
 * [[Image:Trier_porta_nigra_small.jpg]] 20030624143422
 * [[Image:Porta Nigra Landseite.jpg]] 20030624143349
 * [[Image:Zwarthalszwaan.jpg]] 20030624142619
 * Main River 20030623162931
 * CONCACAF Championship 20030621165735
 * Gold Cup 20030621165728
 * Copa America 20030621162232
 * [[Image:Dingolfing_landau_coa.jpg]] 20030621155504
 * [[Image:Dithmarschen_coa.jpg]] 20030620134821
 * [[Image:Venus Fly Trap (Dionaea muscipula) 1.jpg]] 20030620083610
 * [[Image:LuebeckHolstentor.jpg]] 20030620082738
 * [[Image:Dillingen_district_coa.png]] 20030620082112
 * [[Image:Bavaria_dlg.png]] 20030620082040
 * Paul Henri Mallet 20030618193822
 * Saxony-Wittenberg 20030618193533
 * Celle 20030618193507
 * [[Image:Diepholz_district_coa.jpg]] 20030618184836
 * [[Image:Mecklenburg_wp_dm.png]] 20030618143156
 * [[Image:Demmin_district_coa.png]] 20030618143103
 * User talk:Mevsfotw 20030618083617
 * Talk:Wadden_Sea 20030617140226
 * Lower Saxony Wadden Sea National Park 20030617135352
 * Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park 20030617135340
 * Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park 20030617135306
 * Wadden Sea National Parks 20030617135248
 * [[Image:Brandenburg_lds.png]] 20030617132539
 * Mercenaries 20030617131649
 * [[Image:Munich_from_above_small.jpg]] 20030617130931
 * [[Image:Munich_from_above.jpg]] 20030617130912
 * [[Image:Delitzsch_district_coa.jpg]] 20030616194502
 * [[Image:DEU Landkreis Deggendorf COA.svg]] 20030615213048
 * Hyaenidae 20030614200631
 * [[Image:Dahme_spreewald_coa.png]] 20030614194538
 * [[Image:Bavaria_dah.png]] 20030613133339
 * [[Image:Dachau_district_coa.jpg]] 20030613133303
 * [[Image:Lower_saxony_cux.png]] 20030612143541
 * [[Image:Cuxhaven_district_coa.jpg]] 20030612143504
 * Mississippi Fred McDowell 20030611145425
 * List of German Football League teams 20030611144948
 * Donát Bánki 20030611143703
 * [[Image:Bavaria_co.png]] 20030611141835
 * [[Image:Coburg_district_coa.png]] 20030611141009
 * [[Image:Cloppenburg_district_coa.png]] 20030608174648
 * [[Image:Wappen Landkreis Chemnitzer Land.png]] 20030606171809
 * Regen river 20030606122538
 * Bavarian Forest National Park 20030606121744
 * Bavarian Forest 20030606121701
 * Early History of Laos 20030605190318
 * [[Image:DEU Landkreis Cham COA.svg]] 20030605183435
 * [[Image:Celle_district_coa.jpg]] 20030604183459
 * [[Image:Meerkat_small.jpg]] 20030604144054
 * [[Image:Meerkat.jpg]] 20030604144012
 * [[Image:Bitburg_pruem_coa.jpg]] 20030430133722
 * [[Image:Bernburg_district_coa.jpg]] 20030417140635
 * [[Image:Biberach_district_coa.jpg]] 20030416194933
 * [[Image:Bernkastel_wittlich_coa.png]] 20030416183502
 * [[Image:Main_kinzig_coa.jpg]] 20030410182232
 * [[Image:Berchtesgadener_land_coa.jpg]] 20030410181709
 * [[Image:Bentheim_district_coa.jpg]] 20030409180557
 * March On Bahamaland 20030409141253
 * Fichtelgebirge 20030408163755
 * [[Image:Bayreuth_district_coa.jpg]] 20030408162332
 * Talk:Hornbill 20030408133553
 * [[Image:Bautzen_district_coa.png]] 20030408132036
 * Tariq ibn-Ziyad 20030403132901
 * Frankish Saale 20030403130452
 * Odenwald 20030403125526
 * [[Image:Barnim_district_coa.png]] 20030329140738
 * [[Image:Bamberg_district_coa.jpg]] 20030328165122
 * User talk:213.39.30.122 20030324222328
 * [[Image:Bad_toelz_wolfratshausen_coa.jpg]] 20030324220739
 * Hunsrück 20030323235713
 * [[Image:Bad_kreuznach_district_coa.png]] 20030323232343
 * [[Image:Bad_kissingen_district_coa.jpg]] 20030323232252
 * [[Image:Bad_duerkheim_district_coa.jpg]] 20030319211547
 * [[Image:Bad_doberan_district_coa.jpg]] 20030319201531
 * Art Alexakis 20030318204337
 * Eastern Frisia 20030318202641
 * [[Image:Aurich_district_coa.jpg]] 20030318191518
 * Talk:John_Eliot_(statesman) 20030316171930
 * [[Image:Augsburg_district_coa.png]] 20030316171127
 * Zwickauer Mulde 20030315220520
 * [[Image:Aue_schwarzenberg_coa.png]] 20030314205631
 * Jason and the Argonauts 20030314142025
 * [[Image:Aschersleben_stassfurt_coa.jpg]] 20030313200610
 * [[Image:Aschaffenburg_district_coa.jpg]] 20030313192718
 * [[Image:Stonechat.jpg]] 20030313154331
 * [[Image:Common_buzzard.jpg]] 20030313153818
 * [[Image:Mistle_thrush.jpg]] 20030313153230
 * [[Image:Fieldfare.jpg]] 20030313152756
 * 20030313152514
 * [[Image:Ring_ouzel.jpg]] 20030313152223
 * [[Image:Wheatear_bird.jpg]] 20030313094844
 * [[Image:Gavia_loons.jpg]] 20030313094157
 * [[Image:European_nightjar.jpg]] 20030313093429
 * Cpu 20030312074505
 * The Battle of the Nile 20030312074338
 * [[Image:Ansbach_district_coa.png]] 20030311220437
 * [[Image:Rhineland_p_az.png]] 20030311151059
 * [[Image:Saxony_ana.png]] 20030311150854
 * [[Image:Saxony_anhalt_aze.png]] 20030311150733
 * [[Image:Lower_saxony_wst.png]] 20030311150605
 * [[Image:Bavaria_as.png]] 20030311150334
 * [[Image:North_rhine_w_mi.png]] 20030311150239
 * Palestine Liberation Army 20030311145857
 * Talk:Majorca 20030311130540
 * [[Image:Annaberg_coa.png]] 20030310201244
 * [[Image:Anhalt_zerbst_coa.png]] 20030310164453
 * [[Image:Ammerland_coa.jpg]] 20030310122305
 * [[Image:Amberg_sulzbach_coa.png]] 20030308134700
 * German Reunification 20030308130903
 * [[Image:Alzey_worms_coa.png]] 20030307185729
 * [[Image:Bavaria_aoe.png]] 20030307084637
 * River Inn 20030306210408
 * Pinzgauer 20030306204851
 * Franz Gruber 20030306204812
 * Salzburg (province) 20030306204553
 * [[Image:Altoetting_district_coa.jpg]] 20030306202536
 * Lippe river 20030306085925
 * [[Image:Saxony_anhalt_saw.png]] 20030305082345
 * [[Image:Thuringia_abg.png]] 20030304092704
 * [[Image:Rhineland_p_ak.png]] 20030304092134
 * [[Image:Lage Alb-Donau-Kreis in BW.svg]] 20030304092104
 * Sieg 20030303202511
 * Duchy of Nassau 20030303185748
 * Nassau (disambiguation) 20030303185621
 * Nassau (duchy) 20030303185105
 * [[Image:Altenkirchen_kreis_coa.png]] 20030303154651
 * Verbandsgemeinde 20030303104753
 * [[Image:Altenburger_land_coa.png]] 20030302234813
 * Verwaltungsgemeinschaft 20030302234744
 * [[Image:Alb_donau_coa.png]] 20030301165706
 * Mecklenburg-Schwerin 20030228133414
 * [[Image:Bundeslaender_germany_th.png]] 20030228131044
 * [[Image:Bundeslaender_germany_sx.png]] 20030228131021
 * [[Image:Bundeslaender_germany_sh.png]] 20030228131006
 * [[Image:Bundeslaender_germany_sd.png]] 20030228130943
 * [[Image:Bundeslaender_germany_sa.png]] 20030228130929
 * [[Image:Bundeslaender_germany_rp.png]] 20030228130910
 * [[Image:Bundeslaender_germany_nw.png]] 20030228130846
 * [[Image:Bundeslaender_germany_ns.png]] 20030228130822
 * [[Image:Bundeslaender_germany_mv.png]] 20030228130759
 * [[Image:Bundeslaender_germany_hh.png]] 20030228130738
 * [[Image:Bundeslaender_germany_he.png]] 20030228130722
 * [[Image:Bundeslaender_germany_hb.png]] 20030228130706
 * [[Image:Bundeslaender_germany_bw.png]] 20030228130639
 * [[Image:Bundeslaender_germany_bv.png]] 20030228130619
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User:Tcotrel

I am a lawyer in Burbank, California. My home page is http://tcotrel.tripod.com. My other sites are here.

I have been contributing mostly to automobile-related articles. I also edited the article on my home town of Burbank and the article on the Young Turks.

Any images or photos I have taken/generated are intended for public use. Wikipedia is given permission to use them.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Tcotrel


text:
Deuce McAllister

Dulymus Jenod "Deuce" McAllister (born December 27, 1978) is an American former football running back who played eight seasons for the New Orleans Saints in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Ole Miss Rebels and was selected by the Saints in the first round of the 2001 NFL draft. McAllister was selected to two Pro Bowls in his career.

McAllister is currently a color commentator for the Saints on radio flagship WWL (AM), having taken over from Hokie Gajan in June 2016, as well as for college football games on SEC Network. He also serves as an athletic consultant for St. Martin's Episcopal School.

College career
McAllister played college football for the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss). He had a record-breaking career for the Rebels. McAllister is the only player in the history of Ole Miss to record three seasons with at least 1,000 all-purpose yards. He finished his college career with Ole Miss records for carries (616), yards (3,060), rushing touchdowns (36), total touchdowns (41) points (246) and 100-yard games (13).

New Orleans Saints
McAllister was drafted by the Saints in the first round (23rd overall) of the 2001 NFL draft. He became the starting running back after Ricky Williams was traded. He went on to rush for over 1,000 yards in three straight seasons (a first in Saints' history). As of 2005, he ranks first in team record books with 5,586 rushing yards and 44 touchdowns and is first with 22 100-yard games, including a franchise-record nine straight contests in 2003. The Saints were 14-8 when he rushed for 100 yards in a single game, and McAllister has added 212 receptions for 1,577 yards and four touchdowns.

McAllister threw a touchdown pass on December 9, 2001, vs. the Atlanta Falcons. In 2003, he finished second in the NFC in rushing and fourth in the league with a career-high 1,641 yards on 351 carries which is second in club history (RB George Rogers, 1,674 yards, 1981). Including the 516 yards on a career-high 69 receptions, McAllister posted 2,157 yards that season to set a club record and rank second in the NFC. All of these accomplishments were an encore to 2002, when in his first year as a starter he led the conference with 1,388 rushing yards, scored 16 TDs and was voted to the Pro Bowl.

McAllister was placed on injured reserve on October 10, 2005, after suffering a torn anterior cruciate ligament in his right knee, and returned to the roster for the 2006 season. While Deuce remained the starter, he shared time in the backfield for the first time in his career with the Saints' first-round draft pick Reggie Bush. In his first-ever play-off start (January 16, 2007) McAllister rushed for 143 yards on 21 carries with one touchdown and had 4 catches for 20 yards and another touchdown as New Orleans defeated Philadelphia, 27–24 to earn its first-ever NFC Championship Game appearance in the team's 40-year history.

On September 24, 2007, during a game against the Tennessee Titans, McAllister tore his ACL in his left knee. The injury resulted in McAllister being placed on injured reserve, thereby missing the remainder of the 2007 season. McAllister returned to action on September 14, 2008, against the Washington Redskins, carrying the ball twice for 10 yards. McAllister scored his first rushing touchdown in a regular season game since December 24, 2006, in the September 28, 2008, game against the San Francisco 49ers.

McAllister set the all-time rushing touchdown record for the New Orleans Saints with a score against the Green Bay Packers on November 24, 2008.

The Saints released McAllister on February 17, 2009, due to salary cap problems.

After sitting out the entire 2009 regular season, McAllister was re-signed by the Saints on January 15, 2010—just one day before their divisional round playoff game against the Arizona Cardinals, to serve as the honorary captain. "Deuce McAllister has always embodied the spirit of the New Orleans Saints and the city of New Orleans," Saints head Coach Sean Payton said in a statement regarding McAllister rejoining the team. "We’re excited to have him back with the team and to have him lead us out on to the field tomorrow." Less than a week later, however, McAllister announced his plan to formally retire from the NFL at the conclusion of the playoffs. Although he did not play, McAllister was on the Saints' roster when they defeated the Colts in Super Bowl XLIV, and was also given a championship ring.

McAllister was one of the players that tested positive for an ingredient found in the weight loss product Star Caps, though he retired well before the matter was officially resolved in April 2011.

Personal life
McAllister runs the Catch 22 Foundation, which is dedicated to under-privileged youth and adolescents in the Gulf South Region. He previously owned Deuce McAllister Nissan, a car dealership in Jackson, Mississippi, which filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2009. He was sued by Nissan Finance, which alleged that the dealership had defaulted on its payments. McAllister's Louisiana home was auctioned off by the Sheriff's office shortly after.

In 2012, a settlement with Nissan was ordered by a judge, however in January 2013, Nissan again sued claiming McAllister still has not paid the settlement claim.

McAllister filed a civil suit against Razzoo Bar and Patio, a Bourbon Street nightclub, after a Mardi Gras 2004 incident in which he claimed he was assaulted by the club's bouncers. The two sides came to a confidential settlement in 2009.

In March 2017, St. Martin's Episcopal School announced that McAllister joined its athletic department as an athletic consultant.

As of 2010, McAllister lived in Metairie, Louisiana.

On July 19, 2018, New Orleans' Fox affiliates WVUE-TV announced that McAllister would join the station as a Saints analyst in addition to his WWL Radio duties, replacing the retired Jim Henderson. He also owns and operates the Ole Saint restaurant and sports bar chain with locations at 132 Royal Street in the French Quarter of New Orleans and in Boomtown Casino on the Gulf Coast in Biloxi, Mississippi.

McAllister was inducted as an honoris causa initiate into Omicron Delta Kappa at the University of Holy Cross in 2020.

title: Deuce McAllister


text:
IOR

The abbreviation IOR may refer to:

 * Importer of record, term in import and export
 * inclusive or - as opposed to XOR (exclusive OR)
 * Independent Order of Rechabites
 * Index of refraction
 * India Office Records
 * Indian Ocean Region
 * Indian Ocean Rim, e.g. as in Indian Ocean Rim Association
 * Inhibition of return, a phenomenon in visual perception
 * Interleaved or Random, a computer benchmark for I/O
 * International Offshore Rule, an early handicapping system for yacht racing
 * Interoperable Object Reference, a reference to a CORBA or RMI-IIOP object
 * Institute of Refrigeration, a UK scientific charity and membership organisation
 * Institute of Recruiters, a non-profit Institute for recruiters and HR professionals
 * Istituto per le Opere di Religione (Institute for Religious Works), the "Vatican Bank"
 * Interest on Reserves, a term used in macroeconomics having to do with reserves placed at the central bank
 * IORgroup Ltd (formerly Interiors of Richmond), a London-based commercial interior design company
 * I.O.R., optics company of Romania
 * IOR (formerly Inland Oil Refiners) is the company that owns and operates the Eromanga Refinery in outback Queensland, Australia
 * IOR, IATA airport code for Inishmore Aerodrome

title: IOR


text:
Gerontocracy

A gerontocracy is a form of rule in which an entity is ruled by leaders who are significantly older than most of the adult population.

In many political structures, power within the ruling class accumulates with age, making the oldest individuals the holders of the most power. Those holding the most power may not be in formal leadership positions, but often dominate those who are. In a simplified definition, a gerontocracy is a society where leadership is reserved for elders.

Background
Although the idea of the elderly holding power exists in many cultures, the gerontocracy has its western roots in ancient Greece. Plato stated that "it is for the elder man to rule and for the younger to submit". An example of the ancient Greek gerontocracy can be seen in the city-state of Sparta, which was ruled by a Gerousia, a council made up of members who were at least 60 years old and who served for life.

China
Between 1982 and 1992, the Central Advisory Commission's power and authority often surpassed the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. It was quipped, "the 80-year-olds are calling meetings of 70-year-olds to decide which 60-year-olds should retire", as CMC chairman Deng Xiaoping did not retire until the age of 85.

Soviet Union

In the Soviet Union, gerontocracy became increasingly entrenched starting in the 1970s; it was prevalent in the country until at least 1985, when a more dynamic and younger, ambitious leadership headed by Mikhail Gorbachev took power. Leonid Brezhnev, its foremost representative, died in 1982 aged 75, but had suffered a heart attack in 1975, after which generalized arteriosclerosis set in, so that he was progressively infirm and had trouble speaking. During his last two years he was essentially a figurehead.

In 1980, the average Politburo member — generally a young survivor of the Great Purge who rose to power in the 1930s and 1940s — was 70 years old (as opposed to 55 in 1952 and 61 in 1964), and by 1982, Brezhnev's minister of foreign affairs, Andrei Gromyko; his minister of defense, Dmitriy Ustinov; and his premier, Nikolai Tikhonov, were all in their mid-to-late seventies. Yuri Andropov, Brezhnev's 68-year-old successor, was seriously ill with kidney disease when he took over, and after his death fifteen months later, he was succeeded by Konstantin Chernenko, then 72, who lasted thirteen months before his death and replacement with Gorbachev. Chernenko became the third Soviet leader to die in less than three years, and, upon being informed in the middle of the night of his death, U.S. President Ronald Reagan, who was seven months older than Chernenko and just over three years older than his predecessor Andropov, is reported to have remarked, "How am I supposed to get anyplace with the Russians if they keep dying on me?"

Communist states
Other communist countries with leaders in their seventies or eighties have included:
 * Albania (First Secretary Enver Hoxha was 76 at death)
 * Bulgaria (General Secretary Todor Zhivkov was 78 at resignation)
 * Czechoslovakia (President Gustáv Husák was 76 at resignation)
 * East Germany (General Secretary and head of state Erich Honecker was 77 when forced out)
 * Hungary (General Secretary János Kádár was 75 when forced out)
 * Laos (President Kaysone Phomvihane was 71 at death)
 * North Korea (Supreme Leaders Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il were respectively 82 and 70 at death)
 * Romania (General Secretary and Conducător Nicolae Ceauşescu was 71 when executed)
 * Vietnam (President Ho Chi Minh and General Secretary Lê Duẩn were both 79 at death, while general secretary Nguyễn Phú Trọng was 80 at death)
 * Yugoslavia (President and Marshal Josip Broz Tito was 87 at death)

On the sub-national level, Georgia's party head, Vasil Mzhavanadze, was 70 when forced out and his Lithuanian counterpart, Antanas Sniečkus, was 71 at death. Nowadays, Cuba has been characterized as a gerontocracy: "Although the population is now mainly black or mulatto and young, its rulers form a mainly white gerontocracy", The Economist wrote in 2008. Cuba's Fidel Castro had de facto ruled the country for nearly 50 years, effectively retiring in 2008 at the age of 82, although he remained the leader of the Communist Party of Cuba until 2011. He was replaced by his brother, Raúl Castro, who was 89 years old at the time of his own retirement.

United States
The observation of gerontocracy in the United States has been connected to broader themes of American decline.

Presidency
Under presidents Donald Trump and Joe Biden, the U.S. government has been described as a gerontocracy. At 70, Trump was the oldest person ever to be inaugurated president, until the inauguration of Biden. Many senior officials in Trump's administration, such as attorneys general Jeff Sessions and William Barr, secretary of agriculture Sonny Perdue, and secretary of commerce Wilbur Ross, have been 70 or older.

In the 2020 presidential election, Biden prevailed against Trump, setting a new age record. Biden was 78 when he was sworn in on January 20, 2021, making him the oldest person to be inaugurated president. After turning 80 on November 20, 2022, Biden also became the first president to reach the milestone while in office. If either candidate wins his reelection campaign in 2024 and survives his second term, Trump would be 82 when leaving office in 2029, while Biden would be 86.

Congress

Nancy Pelosi, the speaker of the House of Representatives from 2019 to 2023, and Mitch McConnell, the Senate majority leader from 2015 to 2021, were both the oldest holders of their offices in U.S. history. At 87 years old in 2020, senators Dianne Feinstein and Chuck Grassley were both the oldest members of Congress. Feinstein ultimately died in office three years later at the age of 90.

In 2021, the average age of a senator was 64, and positions of power within the legislatures — such as chairmanships of various committees — are usually bestowed upon the more experienced, that is, older, members of the legislature. Strom Thurmond, a U.S. senator from South Carolina, left office at age 100 after almost half a century in the body, while Robert Byrd of West Virginia was born in 1917 and served in the Senate from 1959 to his death in 2010 at age 92. Both Thurmond and Byrd had served as president pro tempore of the Senate, a position that is third in the presidential line of succession.

Theocracy
Gerontocracy is common in theocratic states and religious organizations such as Iran, Saudi Arabia, the Vatican and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, in which leadership is concentrated in the hands of religious elders. Despite the age of the senior religious leaders, however, parliamentary candidates in Iran must be under 75. Nominally a theocratic monarchy, Saudi Arabia, likened to various late communist states, has been ruled by gerontocrats. Aged king Saud and his aged relatives held rule along with many elder clerics. They were in their eighties (born c. 1930). Recently, however, power has become concentrated by Mohammed bin Salman–31 years old when he became crown prince of Saudi Arabia in 2017–who has sidelined powerful, older members of the Saudi family.

Stateless societies
In Kenya, Samburu society is said to be a gerontocracy. The power of elders is linked to the belief in their curse, underpinning their monopoly over arranging marriages and taking on further wives. This is at the expense of unmarried younger men, whose development up to the age of thirty is in a state of social suspension, prolonging their adolescent status. The paradox of Samburu gerontocracy is that popular attention focuses on the glamour and deviant activities of these footloose bachelors, which extend to a form of gang warfare, widespread suspicions of adultery with the wives of older men, and theft of their stock.

African societies such as this are known for their gerontocratic hierarchies. The Yoruba people, for example, are led by titled elders known as Obas and Oloyes. Although not an explicit requirement, most of them are decidedly elderly due to a variety of factors.

American Indian elders and Australian Aboriginal elders are traditional figures of wisdom and authority in many Native American and Aboriginal cultures.

Other countries
The Roman Republic was originally an example; the word senate is related to the Latin word senex, meaning "old man". Cicero wrote: "They wouldn't make use of running or jumping or spears from afar or swords up close, but rather wisdom, reasoning, and thought, which, if they weren't in old men, our ancestors wouldn't have called the highest council the senate."

In the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, the government headed by 87-year-old state chief minister M. Karunanidhi was another example of gerontocracy. In another Indian state, West Bengal, Jyoti Basu was 86 years old when he stepped down from the office of chief minister of the state, but he continued to remain a member of the Polit Bureau until a few months before his death in 2010 and was consulted on all matters related to governance by the chief minister and his cabinet as well as his other party colleagues.

Present-day Italy is often considered a gerontocracy, even in the internal Italian debate. The Monti government had the highest average age in the western world at 64 years, with its youngest members being 57. Former Italian prime minister Mario Monti was 70 when he left office. His immediate predecessor, Silvio Berlusconi, was 75 at the time of resignation in 2011. The previous head of the government Romano Prodi was nearly 69 when he stepped down in 2008. Italian president Sergio Mattarella is 82, while his predecessors Giorgio Napolitano and Carlo Azeglio Ciampi were 89 and 85 respectively when they left office. This trend has been disrupted in recent years, with Matteo Renzi becoming prime minister at age 39 in 2014, and Giorgia Meloni assuming the office at age 45 in 2022. As of 2014, the average age of Italian university professors is 63, of bank directors and chief executive officers 67, of members of parliament 56, and of labor union representatives 59.

Modern Japan has been described as a gerontocracy (or "silver democracy") and "generationally unjust, partially a product of the country's severely ageing population."

In Medieval England, aldermen (literally "elder men") were local political leaders second to a mayor. The title is still used in some countries colonized by the British Empire, such as the U.S., Canada, Australia and South Africa.

Organizational examples
Outside the political sphere, gerontocracy may be observed in other institutional hierarchies of various kinds. Generally the mark of a gerontocracy is the presence of a substantial number of septuagenarian or octogenarian leaders—those younger than this are too young for the label to be appropriate, while those older than this have generally been too few in number to dominate the leadership. The rare centenarian who has retained a position of power is generally by far the oldest in the hierarchy.

Gerontocracy generally occurs as a phase in the development of an entity, rather than being part of it throughout its existence. Opposition to gerontocracy may cause weakening or elimination of this characteristic by instituting things like term limits or mandatory retirement ages.

Judges of the United States courts, for example, serve for life, but a system of incentives to retire at full pay after a given age and disqualification from leadership has been instituted. The International Olympic Committee instituted a mandatory retirement age in 1965, and Pope Paul VI removed the right of cardinals to vote for a new pope once they reached the age of 80, which was to limit the number of cardinals that would vote for the new Pope, due to the proliferation of cardinals that was occurring at the time and is continuing to occur.

Gerontocracy may emerge in an institution not initially known for it.

title: Gerontocracy


text:
Talk:Heroic medicine

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Peer reviewers: Henryschuh.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 23:24, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Changes
User:Mr-Natural-Health has made some changes on this article that I see as more than a little questionable. I'm marking the article as NPOV dispute until this can be resolved. -- Pakaran 07:30, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Leaving this page as-is for now. I don't know what Mr. NH is trying to do here, but it's not particularly POV or harmful, this can stay a stub - I need some sleep. -- Pakaran 08:28, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Now that this is protected, can someone who isn't emotionally involved decide what, if anything, should stay here? Thanks.  -- Pakaran 08:29, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * To start with, the first sentence needs reworking. It seems to be a vendetta against conventional medicine.  Of course, I guess this is "POV without reference?" Pakaran

The neutrality of this article is disputed.

You cannot remove the POV from a protected page.

I removed the POV twice, but the changes were reverted back. --Mr-Natural-Health 08:35, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * You removed the article several times. -- Pakaran 08:37, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Like it or not, heroic medicine is a historical part of the history of conventional medicine. Ergo, it must be covered in one article or another. So, stop destroying my creativity!!!--Mr-Natural-Health 08:48, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I'm wearing my user hat in regards to this article, which you ripped most of the content out of in the past. If you want to talk with another sysop as regards your proposed changes, feel free to.  There's a hundred and thirty-some of us.  -- Pakaran 08:50, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I shall repeat: It is a historic fact of the history medicine. It either will be covered in a separate article or repeated in what ever article that talks either about heroic medicine or the age of heroic medicine.

History is NPOV. :)===Mr-Natural-Health 08:53, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I just separated out the history from the present-day usage - "Age of Heroic Medicine" is actually the term used by the medical establishment, not just in alternative medicine. We could probably keep the neutrality dispute to this page if we put the history onto Age of Heroic Medicine.

(I'd do it myself except for the disputes so far from it having started just like that!) - David Gerard 00:40, Jan 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree that the correct article is Age of Heroic Medicine. That is why I created it.  I give up trying to discuss logic with you emotional people. -- Mr-Natural-Health 15:29, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)

-

I changed a bit of the leading sentences and added details on some famous practicers of heroic medicine. I'm considering fleshing out the article a bit in the future. Cnpacyna (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 02:46, 17 February 2017 (UTC)

I'm planning on doing a larger edit on this filling more details on heroic medical physicians and actual techniques used. Let me know if you have any suggestions! Cnpacyna (talk) 15:01, 24 February 2017 (UTC)

A related discussion is taking place
A related discussion is taking place in Talk:Criticisms of Anti-Scientific Viewpoints. The twist is that the argument is being made in reverse.

Criticisms of Anti-Scientific Viewpoints is nothing but a tirade on why some people are imagined to hold anti-scientific viewpoints. Long angry speeches, usually of a censorious or denunciatory nature, that is a diatribe, like this article have no place in an encyclopedia. All supporters of Alternative medicine should vote to delete this article. -- Mr-Natural-Health 15:24, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Anyone know where the name comes from? I just read this article and it left me wondering. fabiform | talk 23:55, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Feedback
Good, concise intro and straightforward, sourced explanation of practices and examples. Solid read. Hnguye68 (talk) 22:21, 15 March 2017 (UTC)
 * It may be good to mention how heroic medicine got it's name.
 * Comment on success rate of notable figures in heroic medicine to explain why practice lasted for over half a century rather than just using popularity such as Rush's treatment of Yellow Fever outbreak to justify practice.
 * George Washington's case is an interesting example of failure. More examples of failures and maybe successes would be good to see why this was considered best standard for care.

Timeframes and the replacement of heroic medicine
I'm a bit confused by the time range mentioned in the intro section (1780-1850), while the Practices section begins by stating that heroic medicine is not associated with any particular timeframe. What does the 1780-1850 timeframe refer to? I'd be inclined to agree with the claim that there is no definitive "start time"; however, it would be good to give a general timeline of the methods associated with heroic medicine (bloodletting, purging, etc.). My understanding is that these were not necessarily the primary treatment methods under humoral theory, so when did they rise in popularity?

Second, I'm not sure it's correct to say that heroic medicine was replaced primarily by homeopathic/alternative views. Heroic medicine was an orthodox practice, while hydropathy and homeopathy were never mainstream. It'd be more accurate to name some of the orthodox treatment concepts that succeeded the ideas of heroic medicine.

Let me know if you have any questions/counterarguments - I'm happy to discuss where I'm coming from!

Henryschuh (talk) 22:38, 16 March 2017 (UTC)

There's a good article in here struggling to get out
I feel bad about this because I can only point out the problem without being able to fix it. The article has an essay-like tone that I'm having trouble characterizing, but it's there. It reads like a story with a beginning, middle, and end. Great start, but not ready for the main page. Again, I wish I knew how to fix this.  E Eng  02:26, 8 April 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Heroic medicine


text:
List of refractive indices

Many materials have a well-characterized refractive index, but these indices often depend strongly upon the frequency of light, causing optical dispersion. Standard refractive index measurements are taken at the "yellow doublet" sodium D line, with a wavelength (λ) of 589 nanometers.

There are also weaker dependencies on temperature, pressure/stress, etc., as well on precise material compositions (presence of dopants, etc.); for many materials and typical conditions, however, these variations are at the percent level or less. Thus, it's especially important to cite the source for an index measurement if precision is required.

In general, an index of refraction is a complex number with both a real and imaginary part, where the latter indicates the strength of absorption loss at a particular wavelength—thus, the imaginary part is sometimes called the extinction coefficient $$k$$. Such losses become particularly significant, for example, in metals at short (e.g. visible) wavelengths, and must be included in any description of the refractive index.

title: List of refractive indices


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Bridled tern

The bridled tern (Onychoprion anaethetus)  is a seabird of the family Laridae. It is a bird of the tropical oceans. The scientific name is from Ancient Greek. The genus comes from onux meaning "claw" or "nail", and prion, meaning "saw". The specific anaethetus means "senseless, stupid".

Description
This is a medium-sized tern, at 30–32 cm in length and with a 77–81 cm wingspan similar to the common tern in size, but more heavily built. The wings and deeply forked tail are long, and it has dark grey upperparts and white underparts. The forehead and eyebrows are white, as is a striking collar on the hindneck. It has black legs and bill. Juvenile bridled terns are scaly grey above and pale below.

This species is unlikely to be confused with any tern apart from the similarly dark-backed sooty tern and the spectacled tern from the Tropical Pacific. It is paler-backed than that sooty, (but not as pale as the grey-backed) and has a narrower white forehead and a pale neck collar.

Distribution and movements
This bird is migratory and dispersive, wintering more widely through the tropical oceans. It has markedly marine habits compared to most terns. The Atlantic subspecies melanopterus breeds in Mexico, the Caribbean and west Africa; other races occur around the Arabian Peninsula and in Southeast Asia and Australasia, but the exact number of valid subspecies is disputed. It is a rare vagrant to western Europe. These are the four subspecies listed by the IOC:

 * O. a. melanopterus – (Swainson, 1837) : Caribbean and West Africa.
 * O. a. antarcticus – (Lesson, 1831) : Red Sea, Persian Gulf and western Indian Ocean.
 * O. a. anaethetus – (Scopoli, 1786) : eastern Indian, and Pacific Oceans.
 * O. a. nelsoni – (Ridgway, 1919) : west coast of Mexico and Central America.

Breeding
This species breeds in colonies on rocky islands. It nests in a ground scrape or hole and lays one egg. It feeds by plunge-diving for fish in marine environments, but will also pick from the surface like the black tern and the gull-billed tern. It usually dives directly, and not from the "stepped-hover" favoured by the Arctic tern. The offering of fish by the male to the female is part of the courtship display.

title: Bridled tern


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Talk:Truism

Deletion, Creation, Undeletion, Merge (December 2003)
At the beginning of December, this article was deleted without due process. On 00:27, 7 Dec 2003, S1rkull, recreated it, apparently without knowing the history. Brion restored the Page history. The next step is to merge the deleted version with S1rkull's contribution.Peak 08:00, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I guess it's a '[truism]' that you can't fight city hall. If "truism" is not just a word but a worthy topic in itself, I guess there should be an article about it. Personally, I just thought it's a word and should be in the Wikitionary. But maybe the concept itself is worthy of deeper description than a mere dictionary definition. I guess it's a *gasp* stub!!! --Uncle Ed 15:05, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Prevention is better than cure
Question: How can a phrase that includes "better" be a truism? Better at what? Cure may be cheaper than prevention... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.121.143.228 (talk • contribs)

You're right. It's not a trusim and it's not even (always) true. It has been removed now. —Pengo 12:41, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

This truiism...
... rings true. -- Chris 18:52, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

The words "cliché" and "truism" appear as synonyms in some references, e.g. an online thesaurus. But I seem to remember that a cliché refers to a word, phrase or idea, while a truism is more often an entire proposition or sentence. Any comments?

9th and 10th amendments as examples of truisms
Whether or not the 9th and 10th amendments are truisms is actually a highly contested. Since the 1990s, the current conservative courts have revived the 10th amendment as an independent limit on federal power, and thus it is no longer a truism. Since no one seems to have discussed anything on this page for a couple of years I am going to go ahead and remove that section. I would propose as an alternative example something along the lines of "God is good" as God is by definition good. Any other suggestions? Drv208 (talk) 02:38, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

Anthropic principle
I'm somewhat confused by the wording of "some versions of the anthropic principle". I know that philosophers battle over whether it is a truism, and I do note that the article does not state that all versions are, but perhaps whoever included it ought to reword it to specify "which versions" are truisms, or perhaps delete the sentence altogether. CopaceticThought (talk) 07:17, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

Babylonic Confusion
I fully understand if people want to nuke this article, although I think it is quite useful: There are practically 4 different definitions of truism inside of this very short article. The trouble is, all of them are definitions which are used by different people or professions.Highlander (talk) 22:42, 27 November 2009 (UTC)

does not compute
"The word may be used to disguise the fact that a proposition is really just an opinion" - i can't make any sense of this. should it say "Truisms may be used..."? k kisses 23:48, 10 October 2011 (UTC)

.. Opinion about a previous comment "god is good". And suggestion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.172.65.173 (talk) 12:32, 12 November 2011 (UTC)

´"God is good" as God is by definition good.´ I don't quite agree with that as there are gods that are not ´good´ to our understanding. I'm sorry, I'm an atheist but I love mythology and I don't think the word ´god´ is by definition good. I do agree with the fact that truisms CAN change, the first example of it that was given to me was 'the earth is round' and I immediately said "well, that's a truism now. It wasn't so years ago".

I wanted to update this because I thought it would be good If you could add where the word came from. I mean, is it Anglo-Saxon or Latin? I was impressed to see this word in a Spanish paper it was "truismo" and I've never seen it before in spanish.

I was really glad to see that people talks about these things such as words that many people would think are banal. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.172.65.173 (talk) 12:15, 12 November 2011 (UTC)

lol
Truth is a truism. Truthism. Truithism? Where will it stop? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.80.180.130 (talk) 03:59, 14 February 2015 (UTC)

Truism
I could not agree more with the last statement, whichever, whom's not to wonder as absolute , "The Sun will rise " as surely as it will Set". Whatf if onef uttersf Thef Moonf Risesf @ Sunsetf andf therefterf The cow jumped over the moon? Jorge F. Valenzuela (talk) 06:00, 20 October 2016 (UTC)

What? Minindo (talk) 09:18, 22 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Truism


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Sooty tern

The sooty tern (Onychoprion fuscatus) is a seabird in the family Laridae. It is a bird of the tropical oceans, returning to land only to breed on islands throughout the equatorial zone.

Taxonomy
The sooty tern was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1766 as Sterna fuscata, bearing this name for many years until the genus Sterna was split up. It is now known as Onychoprion fuscatus. The genus name is from ancient Greek, "claw" or "nail", and , "saw". The specific fuscatus is Latin for "dark".

Colloquially, it is known as the wideawake tern or just wideawake. This refers to the incessant calls produced by a colony of these birds, as does the Hawaiian name ʻewa ʻewa which roughly means "cacophony". In most of Polynesia its name is manutara or similar – literally "tern-bird", though it might be better rendered in English as "the tern" or "common tern". This refers to the fact that wherever Polynesian seafarers went on their long voyages, they usually would find these birds in astounding numbers. It is also known as kaveka in the Marquesas Islands, where dishes using its eggs are a delicacy.

The sooty tern has little interspecific variation, but it can be divided into at least two allopatric subspecies. Some recent authors further subdivide the Indopacific population into up to eight subspecies altogether, but much of the variation is really clinal. The affinities of eastern Pacific birds (including the famous manutara of Easter Island) are most strongly contested.

Onychoprion fuscatus fuscatus (Linnaeus, 1766) – Atlantic sooty tern

Underparts white. Breeds Atlantic and Caribbean.

Onychoprion fuscatus nubilosus (Sparrman, 1788) – Indopacific sooty tern

Underparts light grey in fresh plumage, dull white in worn plumage. Breeds from Red Sea across Indian Ocean to at least central Pacific. Some authors restrict this taxon to the Indian Ocean population and use the following subspecies for the birds from Indonesia to the Americas:
 * Onychoprion fuscatus infuscatus – Sunda sooty tern (Lichtenstein, 1823) – Sunda Islands and vicinity
 * Onychoprion fuscatus oahuensis – Central Pacific sooty tern (Bloxam, 1826) – Bonin Islands through Micronesia to southern Polynesia
 * Onychoprion fuscatus serrata – Melanesian sooty tern (Wagler, 1830) – Australia, New Guinea, New Caledonia
 * Onychoprion fuscatus luctuosa – Juan Fernández sooty tern (Philippi & Landbeck, 1866) – Juan Fernández Islands
 * Onychoprion fuscatus crissalis – East Pacific sooty tern Lawrence, 1872. – Eastern Pacific from Guadalupe Island to Galápagos Islands
 * Onychoprion fuscatus kermadeci – Kermadec sooty tern Mathews, 1916. – Kermadec Islands
 * Onychoprion fuscatus somaliensis – Somali sooty tern – Maydh Island (Gulf of Aden)

Description
This is a large tern, similar in size to the Sandwich tern (Thalasseus sandvicensis) at 33 – long with an 82 – wingspan. The wings and deeply forked tail are long, and it has dark black upperparts and white underparts. It has black legs and bill. The average life span is 32 years. Juvenile sooty terns are scaly grey above and below. The sooty tern is unlikely to be confused with any tern apart from the similarly dark-backed but smaller bridled tern (O. anaethetus). It is darker-backed than that species, and has a broader white forehead and no pale neck collar.

The call is a loud piercing ker-wack-a-wack or kvaark.

Ecology
Sooty terns breed in colonies on rocky or coral islands. It nests in a ground scrape or hole and lays a single egg, typically in the afternoon. Although "two-egg clutches" have been reported, they probably occur when an egg from one nest rolls into another. It feeds by picking fish from the surface in marine environments, often in large flocks, and rarely comes to land except to breed, and can stay out to sea for 3 to 10 years. Due to the lack of oil in its feathers, it cannot float, and spends that entire time on the wing.

This bird is migratory and dispersive, wintering more widely through the tropical oceans. It has very marine habits compared to most terns; sooty terns are generally found inland only after severe storms. The Field Museum, for example, has a male specimen which was found exhausted on August 2, 1933 on the slopes of Mount Cameroon above Buea, about 1000 m ASL, after foul weather had hit the Gulf of Guinea. This species is a rare vagrant to western Europe, although a bird was present at Cemlyn Bay, Wales for 11 days in July 2005.

It is also not normally found on the Pacific coasts of the Americas due to its pelagic habits. At Baja California, where several nesting locations are offshore, it can be seen more frequently, whereas for example only two individuals have ever been recorded on the coast of El Salvador - one ring recovered in 1972, and a bird photographed on October 10, 2001 at Lake Olomega which was probably blown there by a storm. Hurricanes can also devastate small breeding colonies, as has been surmised for example for the sooty tern nesting sites on cays off the San Andrés Islands of Colombia.

An exceptionally common bird, the sooty tern is not considered threatened by the IUCN.

Role in Easter Island culture
On Easter Island, this species and the spectacled tern (O. lunatus) are collectively known as manutara. The manutara played an important role in the tangata manu ("birdman") ritual: whichever hopu (champion) could retrieve the first manutara egg from Motu Nui islet would become that year's tangata manu; his clan would receive prime access to resources, especially seabird eggs.

title: Sooty tern


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User:Bulbaboy/html-list

I'll list HTML tags and CSS styles that work in Wikipedia (and don't work) on this page, for convenience. They'll be added at my leisure, so don't expect it to be comprehensive.

title: User:Bulbaboy/html-list