text:
Talk:Cullinan Diamond

Inflation-adjusted value
Re, the fifth biggest gem-quality diamond ever found has just been discovered at Letšeng mine in Lesotho. It weighs 910 carats – about a third of the 3,106-carat Cullinan diamond's weight – and is valued at US$40 million. The Lesedi La Rona diamond found at Karowe mine, Botswana, in 2015, weighs 1,109 carats and sold in September 2017 for US$53 million. This inflation-adjusted value of £14.9 million for the rough Cullinan is, like I said, a joke. Precious metals and diamonds are global commodities whose value rises and falls independently of any one country's GDP or CPI. Firebrace (talk) 14:06, 15 January 2018 (UTC)
 * That's very interesting because I think the template used to say it was equal to £138 million for 3106 carats (£44,000 per carat), which is much nearer to the modern values: $40 million for 910 carats ($44,000 per carat) and $53 million for 1109 carats ($48,000 per carat). But the old template doesn't work anymore. Celia Homeford (talk) 14:27, 15 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I think it was £88 million, which is equal to US$121 million ($38,956 per carat). It was inaccurate, but still more realistic than £14.5 m (US$20 m). The old nominal GDP per capita template has been nominated for deletion following a discussion at WP:INFLATION. Firebrace (talk) 14:45, 15 January 2018 (UTC)
 * , . This is Economics 101. Basically, two things explain it:
 * Market value of any given product (aka good, aka commodity) at any given time (and across times) is usually subject to very different fluctuations than the value of money itself. The value of money itself is adjusted for inflation to achieve money-equivalence across times – so adjusting £150K in 1907 £'s (which is the nominal value of the price paid back then – which in itself might not have necessarily been an open-market value, but let's leave this aside for now) gives £15 million in modern £ terms (also known as real value of the 1907 £150K in 2016 £ terms). This is very non-controversial in Economics.
 * The fact that the "market valuation" of this diamond seems to be higher today than the inflation-adjusted value of money (pegged at about £15 million by a standard inflation-adjustment procedure), simply means that diamond prices (especially of the rarest diamonds) have inflated much more in the intervening 100+ years than the average prices of most other goods & services. It means just this. Nothing more, nothing less.

 * (Now, a technical point.) The old template was incorrect – it didn't do inflation adjustment, but did something else completely. It was a technical mistake to introduce that erroneous adjustment under the covers of Template:Inflation and it's been fixed now. So no reason to refer to it as being "more correct": it's not. It has nothing to do with neither diamond-prices inflation, nor with money (£) inflation. cherkash (talk) 20:54, 15 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Laypeople reading this article are going to think you can buy a 3,106-carat diamond today for £15 million. Firebrace (talk) 21:17, 15 January 2018 (UTC)

 * That may or may not be so. But if you think so, then please re-phrase in a way that makes it abundantly clear we are talking about the value of money (£), and not the market prices of diamonds. I tried to make it clearer by my placement of the "equivalent to..." parentheses and phrasing it in a certain way. But feel free to make an even stronger and more elaborate statement. But I'm of a strong opinion that skipping this conversion altogether makes no sense: no one knows the value-of-money equivalence (aka inflation adjustment) by heart, so mentioning the 1907 "nominal value" alone helps no one (neither a lay reader, nor a more sophisticated one). cherkash (talk) 21:26, 15 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Thing is, none of the many reliable sources that I have read on this topic provide a modern-day equivalent for the £150k. It seems a bit WP:OR to include such an equivalent here when no other publisher has seen fit to do so... Firebrace (talk) 21:36, 15 January 2018 (UTC)

 * It's a pretty standard adjustment and it's done all over Wikipedia. If you have a particular objection to the methodology of inflation adjustment, or to its widespread (and non-controversial) use, you could take it up at the Village Pump: given the scope of its use this is likely the most appropriate place to do it – more so than at the template's own Talk page. Moreover, the reference for this adjustment is stated right there and then (using Template:Inflation-fn) – so it's not an OR at all. If you have the beef with the actual series used for this adjustment and think it's either incorrect or have a suggestion of a better source, then this (more technical) issue should be taken up at the Template talk:Inflation. cherkash (talk) 22:30, 15 January 2018 (UTC)

re: Portrait of Queen Mary (colour) used in the article has an incorrect caption.
The colour portrait of Queen Mary used in the Cullinan Diamond article to illustrate the Cullinan 1 & II is incorrect. If you blow the image up, she is wearing a slightly larger brooch made up of similar shapes but many diamonds. The Cullinan I & II as a brooch is a brooch made up of the third and fourth largest single stone, natural diamonds, in the world. I have never seen the brooch the Queen is wearing in this portrait here. I think you will find that the Cullinan III is actually hanging as a pendant on her necklace, and is not being worn here as "Grannies' chips", the Royal Family's nickname for the Cullinan III and IV as a brooch which our Queen still wears. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.149.119.164 (talk) 01:53, 16 September 2019 (UTC)

PS which makes the entry for Cullinan I incorrect. The brooch from the large Cullinan stones is made up of III & IV, not Cullinan I
 * Cullinans I and II can be made into a brooch, and as the article says Queen Mary 'often wore it like this'. The brooch in the picture looks like that brooch. Yes, she is wearing Cullinan III as a pendant, and also IV on her crown. This is again explained in the article text and in the caption. Celia Homeford (talk) 11:22, 16 September 2019 (UTC)

 * Hmm. No, as we see from this picture it's definitely Cullinans I and II. Firebrace (talk) 12:32, 21 September 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cullinan Diamond


text:
Henry I of Cyprus

Henry I of Cyprus, nicknamed the Fat (Henri de Lusignan; 3 May 1217 – 18 January 1253 at Nicosia) was King of Cyprus from 1218 to 1253. He was the son of Hugh I of Cyprus and Alice of Champagne. When his father Hugh I died on January 10, 1218, the 8-month-old Henry became king. His mother was the official regent, but delegated governing to her uncle, Philip of Ibelin. When Philip died, the effective regency passed to his brother, John of Ibelin, the Old Lord of Beirut.

Biography
Henry was crowned at the age of 8 at Santa Sophia, Nicosia, in 1225. The reason for the early coronation was as a political maneuver by his uncle Philip, who sensed that Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, was going to attempt to seize power. In 1228 this did occur, as Frederick forced John of Ibelin to hand over the regency to Amalric Barlais, and the island of Cyprus. However, when Frederick left the island in April, John counter-attacked and regained control, which began the War of the Lombards. Henry was able to assume control of the kingdom when he came of age at 15, in 1232, and maintained close ties with the Ibelin family.

Henry himself served as Regent of Jerusalem for Conrad of Hohenstaufen 1246–1253.

He was married three times; his third wife, whom he married in 1250, was Plaisance of Antioch, daughter of Bohemund V of Antioch. They had a son, Hugh.

On his death, Henry was succeeded by his only child, his infant son Hugh II (b. 1253). If he had not had children, his heirs were his eldest sister's sons Jean de Brienne (b. 1234) and Hugh of Brienne (b. c. 1240), as well as his younger sister's son Hugh of Antioch, the future Hugh III of Cyprus (b. c. 1235). He was buried at the Church of the Templars, at Nicosia.

Consorts:
 * 1) Alix of Montferrat (1210/1215 – Kyrenia, December, 1232 – May, 1233, buried at Santa Sophia, Nicosia), daughter of Marquis William VI of Montferrat, by Bertha da Clavesana, married at Limassol in May, 1229, without issue
 * 2) Stephanie of Lampron (ca. 1220/1225 – soon after April 1, 1249, buried at Santa Sophia, Nicosia), daughter of Constantine of Lampron, Regent of Armenia, by Stephanie of Barbaron, married at Nicosia in 1237/1238, without issue
 * 3) Plaisance of Antioch (1235 – September 22/27, 1261), daughter of Bohemond V, Prince of Antioch and Count of Tripoli, by Lucienne of Segni, married at Santa Sophia, Nicosia, in 1250, and had issue, an only son: Hugh II of Cyprus.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Henry I of Cyprus


text:
Alan Goodrick

Alan David Goodrick (born April 1962 in Manchester), better known under the pseudonym Gimpo, is an English film director and former roadie, best known as an associate and collaborator of The KLF and the K Foundation.

Goodwick organises an annual 25-hour drive around the M25 called the M25 spin, repeated every year on the weekend closest to 23 March (with many KLF fans from around the world joining in). The first time this took place was in 1997 when he was accompanied by Bill Drummond and artist Dave Green, and has produced a film of this event. The M25 spin can be seen as exploring similar motifs to those in Iain Sinclair's London Orbital book.

In August 1994, Goodrick made a film of K Foundation originators Bill Drummond and Jimmy Cauty burning one million pounds sterling in cash; he kept the master tapes before the Foundation reacquired them. He drove Drummond and Mark Manning to the top of the world (as recounted in Bad Wisdom).

He was the ski-masked person fumbling with lighter fluid and matches when Rachel Whiteread came to claim the K Foundation art award.

He is currently an underground/alternative arts film maker and is frequently involved with both Drummond and Jimmy Cauty's current projects. Although he has claimed that he has given up the role, he is often described as a roadie.

Background
Goodrick reportedly served with the British Army in the Falklands War. He later met up with Zodiac Mindwarp (the alter ego of Mark Manning) and started to work part-time with his band The Love Reaction. After a period as a roadie for various Food Records bands such as Blur and Jesus Jones, he set up Pit Bull management and began to manage the Love Reaction.

title: Alan Goodrick


text:
Minato, Tokyo

Minato (港区) is a special ward of Tokyo, Japan. It is also called Minato City in English.

Minato was formed in 1947 as a merger of Akasaka, Azabu and Shiba wards following Tokyo City's transformation into Tokyo Metropolis. The modern Minato ward exhibits the contrasting Shitamachi and Yamanote geographical and cultural division. The Shinbashi neighborhood in the ward's northeastern corner is attached to the core of Shitamachi, the original commercial center of Edo-Tokyo. On the other hand, the Azabu and Akasaka areas are typically representative Yamanote districts.

, Minato had an official population of 243,094, and a population density of 10,850 persons per km2. The total area is 20.37 km2.

Known as one of Tokyo's largest business areas, Minato is home to the headquarters of many large domestic companies, including Honda, Mitsubishi Motors Corporation, NEC, Nikon, SoftBank Group, Sony and Fujitsu. Minato is also known for being one of the wealthiest residential areas in Japan, and for its relatively high concentration of foreign expats due to the number of embassies and multinational corporations located in and around the area. Notable neighborhoods and districts of Minato include Akasaka, Aoyama, Azabu, Roppongi and Toranomon.

Geography
Minato is located southwest of the Imperial Palace and has boundaries with the special wards of Chiyoda, Chūō, Kōtō (in Odaiba), Shinagawa, Shibuya, and Shinjuku.

History
The ward was founded on 15 March 1947, with the merger of Akasaka, Azabu, and Shiba Wards. Various names were considered for the new ward, such as Atago, Aoyama, Aoba, Iikura, Mita, and Higashiminato. Higashiminato was chosen, meaning "East Harbor", but then Higashi was cut leading to the name Minato, simply meaning "harbor".

Politics and government
In June 2024, Ai Seike beat Masaaki Takei in mayoral elections. Takei, mayor since 2004, was seeking his sixth term and received support from the Liberal Democratic Party and Komeito. Seike, previously a member of the ward assembly, is the first female mayor of Minato.

The ward assembly has 33 members.

Elections

 * 2008 Minato mayoral election

Districts and neighborhoods

 * Akasaka Area
 * Akasaka
 * Kitaaoyama
 * Minamiaoyama
 * Motoakasaka
 * Azabu Area
 * Azabudai
 * Azabu-Jūban
 * Azabu-Mamianachō
 * Azabu-Nagasakachō
 * Higashiazabu
 * Minamiazabu
 * Motoazabu
 * Nishiazabu
 * Roppongi

 * Shiba Area
 * Atago
 * Hamamatsuchō
 * Higashishinbashi
 * Kaigana
 * Mitab
 * Nishishinbashi
 * Shiba
 * Shibadaimon
 * Shibakōen
 * Shinbashi
 * Shiodome
 * Toranomon

 * Shibaura-Kōnan Area
 * Daiba*
 * Kaiganc, *
 * Kōnan*
 * Shibaura*
 * Takanawa Area
 * Mitad, *
 * Shirokane*
 * Shirokanedai*
 * Takanawa*

Notes:

 * - formerly part of Shiba Area

a - 1-chōme

b - 1, 2, 3-chōme

c - 2, 3-chōme

d - 4, 5-chōme

Colleges and universities

 * Jikei University School of Medicine Nishi Shinbashi campus
 * Kanazawa Institute of Technology Graduate school; Toranomon campus
 * Keio University
 * Kitasato University Shirokane campus
 * Meiji Gakuin University Shirokane campus
 * National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS)
 * Shibaura Institute of Technology
 * Temple University Japan Campus
 * Tokyo Institute of Technology Tamachi Campus
 * Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology Shinagawa campus
 * University of Tokyo Institute of Medical Science

Primary and secondary schools
The local public high schools are operated by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education.
 * Akasaka High School (東京都立赤坂高等学校) (since merged with another school)
 * Mita High School (東京都立三田高等学校)
 * Roppongi High School
 * Shiba Commercial High School (東京都立芝商業高等学校)

The city's public elementary and junior high schools are operated by the Minato City Board of Education (港区教育委員会).

Combined elementary and junior high schools:
 * Odaiba Gakuen (お台場学園)
 * Shirokane-no-oka Gakuen (白金の丘学園)

Junior high schools:
 * Akasaka Junior High School (赤坂中学校)
 * Aoyama Junior High School (青山中学校)
 * Konan Junior High School (港南中学校)
 * Koryo Junior High School (高陵中学校)
 * Mita Junior High School (三田中学校) opened in 2001 after the merger of Minato Junior High School and Shibahama Junior High School.
 * Onarimon Junior High School (御成門中学校)
 * Roppongi Junior High School (六本木中学校)
 * Takamatsu Junior High School (高松中学校)

Elementary schools:
 * Akabane Elementary School (赤羽小学校)
 * Akasaka Elementary School (赤坂小学校)
 * Aoyama Elementary School (青山小学校)
 * Azabu Elementary School (麻布小学校)
 * Higashimachi Elementary School (東町小学校)
 * Hommura Elementary School (本村小学校)
 * Kogai Elementary School (笄小学校)
 * Konan Elementary School (港南小学校)
 * Mita Elementary School (御田小学校)
 * Nanzan Elementary School (南山小学校)
 * Onarimon Elementary School (御成門小学校)
 * Seinan Elementary School (青南小学校)
 * Shiba Elementary School (芝小学校)
 * Shibaura Elementary School (芝浦小学校)
 * Shibahama Elementary School (芝浜小学校)
 * Shirokane Elementary School (白金小学校)
 * Takanawadai Elementary School (高輪台小学校) occupies a historic building that had been renovated.

Former schools:
 * Asahi Junior High School (朝日中学校)
 * Iikura Elementary School (飯倉小学校)
 * Koyo Elementary School (港陽小学校)
 * Sanko Elementary School (三光小学校)
 * Shinno Elementary School (神応小学校)

There are also a variety of private schools, including:
 * Keio Girls Senior High School
 * Keiō Chutobu Junior High School (慶應義塾中等部)
 * Shiba Junior and Senior High School
 * Azabu Junior and Senior High School
 * Friends School, a Quaker school established in 1887.
 * Meiji Gakuin Senior High School in Shirokane
 * Russian Embassy School in Tokyo in Azabudai
 * Tokyo Joshi Gakuen Junior & Senior High School

Public libraries
The city operates the Minato Library, the Mita Library, the Azabu Library, the Akasaka Library, the Takanawa Library, and the Konan Library. The metropolis operates the Tokyo Metropolitan Library Central Library in Minato. The library opened in 1973.

Economy
Companies with headquarters in Minato include Air Nippon, All Nippon Airways (ANA), ANA & JP Express, All Nippon Airways Trading, Animax, Asmik Ace Entertainment, Bandai Namco Holdings, Brainlab, Cosmo Oil Company, COVER Corporation, Daicel, Dentsu, Euglena (company), Fujifilm, Fuji Xerox, Fujitsu, Haseko, Hazama Ando, Honda, Japan Tobacco, Kajima, Kaneka Corporation, Konami, KYB Corporation, Kyodo News, Mitsubishi Motors, Mitsui Chemicals, Mitsui O.S.K. Lines, Mitsui Oil Exploration Company, NEC, Nippon Sheet Glass, NYK Line, Obayashi Corporation, Oki Electric Industry, Pizza-La, The Pokémon Company, THK, Toagosei,  Toraya Confectionery, Sato Pharmaceutical, Sega Sammy Holdings, Sigma Seven, Sony, SUMCO, Toraya Confectionery, Toyo Suisan (owns the branch Maruchan), TV Tokyo, WOWOW, and Yazaki. In addition ANA subsidiary Air Japan has some offices in Minato.

Foreign companies
The Japanese division of CB&I, the Japanese division of Aramark and Aim Services, Google Japan, Yahoo! Japan, and the main Japanese offices of Hanjin and Korean Air are located there. Air France operates an office and ticketing counter in the New Aoyama Building in Minato. The Japanese division of Deutsche Post, DHL. Air France's Minato office handles Aircalin-related inquiries. Air China has operations in the Air China Building in Minato. Asiana Airlines operates a sales office on the sixth floor of the ATT New Tower Building. Hawaiian Airlines has its Japan offices in the Eagle Hamamatsuchō Building (イーグル浜松町ビル) in Minato. Iran Air has its Tokyo office in Akasaka.

Former economic operations
Japanese companies that formerly had headquarters in Minato include Air Next, Airtransse, Asatsu, Jaleco Holding, Ricoh,  Toa Domestic Airlines (later Japan Air System and later Japan Air Lines),

On 22 December 2008 operations of Seiko Epson's Tokyo sales office began at Seiko Epson's Hino Office in Hino, Tokyo. Previously operations were at the World Trade Centre in Minato.

Diplomatic missions

Several countries operate their embassies in Minato.

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 * 🇧🇦 Bosnia and Herzegovina
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 * Brunei
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 * 🇨🇺 Cuba
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 * 🇩🇴 Dominican Republic
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 * 🇪🇷 Eritrea
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 * 🇫🇯 Fiji
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 * Georgia
 * 🇩🇪 Germany
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 * 🇭🇳 Honduras
 * 🇭🇺 Hungary
 * 🇮🇸 Iceland
 * 🇮🇷 Iran
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 * 🇯🇲 Jamaica
 * 🇰🇿 Kazakhstan
 * Kosovo
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 * 🇷🇴 Romania
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 * 🇸🇲 San Marino
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 * 🇷🇸 Serbia
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 * 🇪🇸 Spain
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Places

 * Akasaka is a large residential and commercial area in northern Minato which includes the Akasaka Palace and surrounding gardens, TBS radio and television studios, Ark Hills complex, Tokyo Midtown, and the embassy of the United States.
 * Aoyama is home to Aoyama Cemetery, one of Tokyo's largest graveyards, and the Chichibunomiya Rugby Stadium.
 * Atago Shrine is the highest point in all 23 wards of Tokyo.
 * Azabu is one of Tokyo's more upscale residential areas, home to many embassies.
 * Fushimi Sanpō Inari Jinja is a Shinto shrine in Shiba 3-chōme.
 * Hamamatsuchō is the location of Hamamatsucho Station is the terminal for the Tokyo Monorail to Haneda Airport.
 * Mita is home to Keio University and several small Buddhist temples.
 * The National Art Center, Tokyo is a museum that opened in 2007.
 * Odaiba is one of Tokyo's most popular entertainment areas, featuring the Fuji TV studios, Palette Town shopping complex, Dream Bridge, Tokyo Big Sight, and more. Located on an artificial island in Tokyo Bay, it is connected to central Tokyo by the Yurikamome transit line over the Rainbow Bridge.
 * Roppongi is Tokyo's best-known nightlife district, especially popular among foreigners; home to National Art Center, also home to the Roppongi Hills complex, which houses the studios of TV Asahi, the J-Wave radio station, the Tokyo Grand Hyatt Hotel, and a shopping complex.
 * Shiba Park houses the Zojoji temple. Tokyo Tower is located one block away.
 * Shinbashi Station, in Shinbashi, is the northern terminal of Japan's first railway line. Also home to the Shiosite office and entertainment complex, which houses Nippon Television studios.
 * Shirokanedai is home to Meiji Gakuin University.
 * Takanawa is home to the Sōtō Temple of Sengaku-ji. Shinagawa Station, one of Tokyo's largest train stations, is located in Takanawa, although it is associated with Shinagawa to the south. It is an area of many 1980s hotels including the Grand Prince Hotel Takanawa, Grand Prince Hotel New Takanawa, and Pacific Meridien Hotel, Shinagawa Prince Hotel.
 * There is an urban aquarium called Aqua Park Shinagawa on the premises of the Shinagawa Prince Hotel, and the number of visitors exceeds 1.5 million annually.
 * Toranomon houses the National Printing Bureau, TV Tokyo studios and the Toranomon Station underground complex.

Rail

 * Keikyu Main Line (Shinagawa Station)
 * Toei Subway:
 * Toei Asakusa Line (Shimbashi Station, Daimon Station, Mita Station, Sengakuji Station, Takanawadai Station)
 * Toei Oedo Line (Shiodome Station, Daimon Station, Akabanebashi Station, Azabu-juban Station, Roppongi Station, Aoyama-itchome Station)
 * Toei Mita Line (Uchisaiwaicho Station, Onarimon Station, Shiba-koen Station, Mita Station, Shirokane-Takanawa Station, Shirokanedai Station)
 * Tokyo Metro:
 * Tokyo Metro Chiyoda Line (Akasaka Station, Nogizaka Station, Omotesando Station)
 * Tokyo Metro Ginza Line (Shimbashi Station, Toranomon Station, Tameike-sanno Station, Akasaka-mitsuke Station, Aoyama-itchome Station, Gaienmae Station, Omotesando Station)
 * Tokyo Metro Hanzomon Line (Aoyama-itchome Station, Omotesando Station)
 * Tokyo Metro Hibiya Line (Kamiyacho Station, Roppongi Station, Hiroo Station)
 * Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line (Akasaka-mitsuke Station)
 * Tokyo Metro Namboku Line (Tameike-sanno Station, Roppongi-itchome Station, Azabu-juban Station, Shirokane-Takanawa Station, Shirokanedai Station)
 * East Japan Railway Company (JR East)
 * Keihin-Tohoku Line/Yamanote Line (Shimbashi Station, Hamamatsucho Station, Tamachi Station, Shinagawa Station)
 * Tōkaidō Main Line (Shimbashi Station, Shinagawa Station)
 * Yokosuka Line (Shimbashi Station, Shinagawa Station)
 * Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central)
 * Tōkaidō Shinkansen (Shinagawa Station)
 * Tokyo Monorail (Hamamatsucho Station)
 * Yurikamome (Shimbashi Station, Shiodome Station, Takeshiba Station, Hinode Station, Shibaura-futō Station, Odaiba-kaihinkōen Station, Daiba Station)

Road

 * Shuto Expressway:
 * No. 1 Haneda Route (Edobashi JCT – Iriya)
 * No. 2 Meguro Route (Ichinohashi JCT – Togoshi)
 * No.11 Daiba Route (Shibaura JCT – Ariake JCT)
 * B Bayshore Route (Namiki – Kawasaki-ukishima JCT)
 * C1 Inner Loop (Edobashi – Takaracho – Kyobashi – Ginza – Shiodome – Hamazakibashi – Shiba Park – Tanimachi – Kasumigaseki – Daikanmachi – Edobashi)
 * National roads:
 * Route 1 (Sakurada-dori)
 * Route 15 (Dai-Ichi Keihin)
 * Route 246 (Aoyama-dori)
 * Other major roads:
 * Atago-dori
 * Kaigan-dori
 * Kyu-kaigan-dori
 * Gaien-higashi-dori
 * Gaien-nishi-dori
 * Hibiya-dori
 * Roppongi-dori

Ferry
Tokyo's main ferry terminal is located adjacent to Takeshiba Station on the Yurikamome, due east of JR Hamamatsucho Station.

Notable people from Minato

 * Hirohito, the 124th Emperor of Japan
 * Takeichi Nishi, an Imperial Japanese Army officer, equestrian show jumper, and Olympic gold medalist at the 1932 Los Angeles Olympics
 * Kanoko Okamoto (1889–1939), poet, born in Akasaka Ward (present-day Minato)
 * Sho Sakurai, actor and singer, affiliated with Arashi
 * Haruomi Hosono, experimental electronic pop musician, noted for the commissioned Muji background music
 * Jado, Japanese professional wrestler (New Japan Pro-Wrestling)
 * Fishmans, a pop and dub band composed primarily of Shinji Sato, Yuzuru Kashiwabara, Kin-ichi Motegi, Hakase-Sun and Kensuke Ojima
 * Nujabes, real name Jun Seba, a record producer, audio engineer, DJ, composer, arranger and pioneer of the hip hop subgenre chillhop or lo-fi
 * Taisei Miyashiro, football player

title: Minato, Tokyo


text:
Lotus Europa

The Lotus Europa name is used on two distinct mid-engine GT cars built by British automobile manufacturer Lotus Cars. The original Europa and its variants comprise the Lotus Types 46, 47, 54, 65 and 74, and were produced between 1966 and 1975.

The name was later revived in the Type 121 Europa S, a sports car based on the Lotus Elise produced from 2006 to 2010.

Europa (1966–1975)
By the mid-1960s, the mid-engine vehicle configuration was well-established as the optimal design for Grand Prix cars, however almost no road vehicles yet used this arrangement. Lotus planned the Europa to be a volume-produced, two-seater mid-engine sports coupe built to reasonable cost, quite an ambitious goal for the time. Like all Lotus vehicles of the era, the Europa was designed and built following Colin Chapman's oft-stated philosophy of automotive design: "Simplify, then add lightness". To this end, a number of ingenious design approaches were made by Lotus to allow it to economically overcome the many challenges presented by the novel mid-engine arrangement.

Production of the original Lotus Europa ceased in 1975, with a total of 9,230 cars of all models having been built.

Design features

The Europa used a lightweight, folded and welded "minimalist" boxed-steel backbone chassis with a fibreglass moulded body, a combination that was first used by Lotus founder Colin Chapman in the Lotus Elan launched in 1962. Earliest versions of the Europa had the body fully bonded to the chassis for maximum structural stiffness, however this was soon changed to a bolted-on body to allow normal chassis and body repairs to be made. Unlike the Elan, the Europa had no front-mounted engine or gearbox to accommodate, and so the Europa's main chassis member ran straight forward to intersect a large box-section cross-beam running across the car between the front suspension points. At the rear, the chassis split into a "U" shape behind the cabin to accommodate the combined engine, transmission and final-drive components, and to support the rear suspension.

Engine and transaxle
The sourcing of suitable engine, gearbox and final-drive components was considered critical to the success of delivering a low-cost mid-engine vehicle. Chapman was keen to diversify beyond the Ford components heavily used in earlier Lotus vehicles, and settled on using the engine and combined transmission/final-drive transaxle units recently released by Renault for their 16. The 1470 cc Renault engine was a light and modern design, while the matching Renault 16 transaxle seemed almost ideal for the Europa project. In the Renault, the transaxle sat ahead of the engine, driving the front wheels. By relocating the combined engine/transaxle unit to the rear of the car and rotating it 180 degrees in plan, Lotus could obtain a ready-made modern mid-engine configuration - albeit one with four reverse gears. By repositioning the differential crownwheel within the final drive assembly (made possible by the symmetrical split case), the direction of rotation of the output shafts was reversed, thus correcting this shortcoming.

The Renault 16's engine's design met Lotus's requirements. It used an aluminium block with cast-iron cylinder liners, which saved appreciable weight compared to the cast-iron blocks more common at the time. Its overhead-valve design had the camshaft located high-up in the block, resulting in a compact valve-train well suited for high-rpm operation. Most importantly, all the engine ancillaries (water pump, belt-drives, alternator) were driven off a v-belt pulley fixed to the transaxle end of the camshaft instead of being driven by the engine's crankshaft. When fitted to the Europa, this pulley location put all the engine's ancillaries at its rear face giving easy access for maintenance, rather than them being located against the vehicle's bulkhead as-for most conventional engines.

For Lotus' use, the Renault engine was given a number of key improvements, including a higher compression ratio (10.25 instead of 8.6), larger inlet valves, revised valve timings, dual valve springs and a twin-barrel carburettor. These changes lifted the engine's power by 23% from 63 hp at 5,000 rpm to 82 hp at 6,000 rpm. For US export, a de-tuned 1565 cc version with a maximum output of 80 hp at 6,000 rpm was fitted.

Later, Europa models were fitted with the same Ford-based Lotus TwinCam engine used in the Elan range since 1962. This was a sophisticated, twin-overhead-cam, 8-valve high-performance engine rated at 105 hp in original (Euro) specification (later uprated to 126 hp in "big-valve" form). It was reported that Lotus initially delayed its introduction in the Europa until they were confident in the strength of the Renault transaxle. The twin-cam engine first appeared in the Europa engine bay in mid-1971 (in Europe) and early 1972 (in North America). In North America, both the (early) 1972 Twin Cam version and (late) 1972–1974 Twin Cam "Special" versions were rated at 113 hp in Federalized Form.

When Renault introduced their most powerful 16 TX model in 1973, it included a strengthened 5-speed transmission. Lotus quickly offered this gearbox as an option in the Europa, along with their Big Valve twin-cam engine.

Suspension
The Europa's four-wheel independent suspension was also typical Chapman thinking. The front used lightweight pressed steel upper and lower wishbones with a clever coil-over spring-damper arrangement, all connected to the wheels using off-the-shelf front uprights, ball joints and trunnions. The steering gear was solid-mounted rack and pinion using components from the Triumph Herald.

The rear suspension was a heavily modified version of the Chapman strut, originally developed for Chapman's earlier Formula racing car designs and used in the Elan. In the Europa, the vertical "strut" element pivots on the wheel hub at its lower end and doesn't control wheel camber angle as-in earlier Lotus designs. Wheel location and alignment is controlled instead by interaction between a fixed-length, articulated driveshaft top link, a simple tubular lower link, and a large box-section radius arm running diagonally forward to the chassis. These radius arms played a critical role in giving the precise tracking and handling desired, as the Chapman Strut's use of the driveshaft to resist lateral forces was compromised by the rubber engine and transaxle mounts needed to isolate vibrations from the car body. A careful compromise between the radius arm mount's stiffness, isolation and car handling was required, culminating eventually in a sandwich bush that was flexible against shear but stiff in compression and tension. The car's subsequent resulting handling prompted automotive writers to describe the Europa as the nearest thing to a Formula car for the road.

Series 1

The Series 1 or S1 Europa (also known as Lotus Type 46) was announced for sale to European markets on 20 December 1966. The first cars were delivered in France in February 1967. Volkswagen owned the rights to the Europa name in Germany, so cars for sale in Germany were badged Europe rather than Europa.

The S1 was fitted with a modified Renault 16 1,470 cc inline-four engine and a 4-speed gearbox. The engine was a special 82 hp version (as opposed to the 63 hp generated in standard form). Lotus adapted the affordable but lightweight Renault engine and gearbox to the revolutionary Europa longitudinal mid-engined layout, inverting the gearbox's crown wheel on its pinion gear to avoid having four reverse gears. The S1 weighed 610 kg. Autocar magazine achieved a top speed of 121 mi/h, and recorded a 0–60 mph acceleration time of 9.3 seconds. Of particular note, in excess of 0.9 g (8 m/s2) lateral acceleration was consistently achieved by Car magazine on road tyres of that era.

Only 296 examples of the S1 were manufactured (chassis numbers from 460001 to 460296). These cars had extremely light and minimalist construction, with fixed side windows, fixed seats (adjustable pedals needing the use of tools), no door handles, no internal door covers, and an aluminum dashboard. The steel chassis central beam was sandwiched (incorporated) within the fibreglass bodywork, thus reinforcing stiffness, but making repair rather complicated.

Series 1A and B (around 350 built) had removable side windows, wooden dashboard, and internal door panel covers which could accommodate the windows once taken off. Series 1B had a redesigned rear panel, with new, rectangular light clusters.

Including the S1A and S1B (which incorporated some of the later S2 changes) variations, 644 Europa S1s were manufactured.

Series 2

The Europa Series 2, or Lotus Type 54, was introduced in April 1968 (approximately chassis number 0645 onwards). The S2 used the same 1,470 cc Renault engine and mechanical components as the earlier Series 1, but added a number of key refinements including opening electric windows, adjustable seats, a new fully carpeted interior and a polished wooden fascia panel for the dashboard. The most significant change was the switch from fully bonded construction to the use of bolt fasteners to attach the fibreglass body to the backbone steel frame. While reducing the torsional and flexural stiffness somewhat, the use of a separable body was welcomed by the automotive insurance industry as it greatly reduced the complexity and cost of making repairs to the vehicle.

Early examples of the S2 were externally almost identical to the S1 with the exception of the new windows. From early 1969, secondary front indicator lamp nacelles were added between the headlights, and larger door handles were used in place of the S1's push-button items. During 1968 a number of Europas (and Elans) were produced bearing black-and-silver Lotus badges on the nose and steering wheel in place of the customary yellow-and-green ones. The official Lotus Cars website states these "black-badge" vehicles were to commemorate the death earlier in 1968 of Jim Clark, Lotus's champion Formula One driver, however this is debated by other sources.

Contemporary road tests for the Europa S2 recorded a top speed around 120 mph (195 km/h), 0-60 mph acceleration times of 9.3 seconds, standing 1/4 mile times of around 16.7 seconds, and an overall economy of around 30 mpg (9.4 L/100 km).

United States
A small number of Series 2 vehicles were modified to be "federalized" for export to the United States. These Federal Type 54s had the low front fenders (guards) of the European model and the larger 1,565 cc engine of the later Lotus Type 65. In 1969–70, the Type 65 (also known as S2 Federal) was introduced specifically for export to the U.S., with additional changes to the body, chassis, suspension and the powerplant to better comply with U.S. D.O.T. standards. Among the changes, the engine was a slightly modified emission controlled Renault 16TL 1,565 cc unit rated at 80 hp rather than the 1,470 cc engine of the Type 54. The front suspension was changed to make the front end of the car taller along with taller front fenders to raise the headlamps. Road & Track magazine tested the Federal S2 and recorded 0-60 mph acceleration time of 9.6 seconds with a top speed of 116 mi/h.

In total, Lotus produced 3,615 Europa S2s.

Twin Cam and Special

In 1971, the Type 74 Europa Twin Cam was made available to the public, with a 105 hp 1,557 cc Lotus-Ford Twin Cam engine (113 hp US "Federal" version with standard emissions control and Big Valve engine with Stromberg carburetors, until the end of production) and a re-designed bodyshell to improve rearward visibility. Initially it was available with the same gearbox as the earlier cars, once the supply had been exhausted in 1972 a new stronger Renault four-speed gearbox (Type 352) was introduced. Mike Kimberley, who rose to become chief executive of Group Lotus, then a new engineer at Lotus, was appointed Chief Engineer of the Europa TC project. 1,580 cars were shipped as Europa "Twin Cam" before Lotus switched to a 126 hp "Big Valve" version of the engine.

In Europe and rest of the world markets, the Big Valve "Europa Special" version was aspirated by a Dell'Orto carburettored version of the same engine; it also offered a new Renault five-speed (Type 365) gearbox option. It weighed 740 kg; Motor magazine tested a UK Special to a top speed of 123 mi/h, recorded a 0–60 mph acceleration time in 6.6 seconds, and ran the 1/4 mile in 14.9 seconds. In the US version of the Europa Special, where the Federalized version of the Big Valve had already been introduced earlier in the Twin Cam model, the only changes were larger brakes and the optional five-speed transmission which would become standard on the special in 1974.

Introduced in September 1972, the first 100 Lotus Europa JPS Specials were badged and painted to honour Team Lotus's F1 World Championship title win with John Player Special as the team’s sponsor. All with a five-speed gearbox and Big Valve engine the original Specials were painted black with a gold pin stripe matching the livery of the GP cars – plus a numbered JPS dashboard badge. These were the first John Player Special commemorative Lotus production vehicles. The "Special" name and colour scheme was planned to be dropped after the commemorative cars, with Lotus reverting to the Twin Cam name, but such was the positive reaction to the new car that the name and the black and gold pin stripe colour scheme continued until the end of Europa production although colours other than black were made available.

In the end the numbered dashboard plaque distinguished the first, original, 100 JPS cars from other black Europa Specials.

In total 4,710 Type 74s were produced, of which 3,130 were badged "Specials".

Type 47 and 62

Although the original Europa was intended as a clubman's sports racer to replace the Lotus 7, it was realised that the car would be uncompetitive with the Renault engines available. A decision was therefore made to manufacture a specialist race car based on the Europa to be raced by Team Lotus and sold to private entrants. Although the very first Type 47 was based on a modified Europa, all subsequent cars were produced entirely by Lotus Components rather than the main factory. Launched at the same time as the S1 Europa, the body of the 47 was thinner than the standard Europa and with larger wheel arches. Side vents into the engine bay were added after the first few cars experienced problems with engine bay temperature.

The engine, gearbox and rear suspension were completely different from the standard Europa and were taken in their entirety from the Lotus 23/Lotus 22 Formula Junior cars with a Lotus-Ford Twin Cam based 165 hp (123 kW) 1,594 cc Cosworth Mk.XIII dry sump engine, and a Hewland FT 200 5-speed gearbox and suspension with reversed bottom wishbone, top link and dual radius arms. The front upright was specially cast in common with the F2 version of Lotus 41X to accommodate larger Girling brakes for the later 47A model (which had the Alfa Romeo tail lamp shared with the Europa S2) with reinforced front frame.

The Type 47 exact production numbers are unknown, the last car was 47GT-85 but it is unlikely that 85 47GT's were produced, estimates vary from 55 to 68 during the years 1966–70. Although the 47GT is the best known, a few 47F's were produced, these had the detachable body similar to the S2 Europa, but retaining the large wheel arches and side vents of the 47GT. Fitted with a tuned Ford cross flow engine but with the Renault gearbox and rear suspension of the Europa. At the request of parts supplier GKN, Lotus built the 47D as a show car. The 47D has a slightly enlarged chassis and body to fit a Rover V8 engine. At the time the 47D was built, it was capable of 0-100 mph in 10 seconds.

As a mobile test bed for the new 2-litre Lotus 907 engine being developed for the forthcoming Elite and Eclat, the Type 62 was produced. Only two such cars were ever made. These were space frame cars with F1 suspension to handle the 240 hp power output from the engine. Although deliberately made to resemble the Europa, in practice the only connection to the Europa was a few of the Europa's body panels. It won its class in its first event the 1969 BOAC 500 at Brands Hatch with John Miles and Brian Muir at the wheel. Replica 47's and 62's are bespoke-manufactured by Banks Europa Engineering, in several variations.

Specials

Throughout its life, the Europa attracted the attention of many Lotus and non-Lotus automotive customising businesses who offered "special" versions in small numbers to the public. Among these was the Swiss Lotus importer, who made two special versions of the S2 fitted with the Renault 16 TS type 807 engine, the "Europa Hemi 807" and the fuel injected "Europa Black Shadow 807". The Hemi 807 had 105 PS SAE and could attain a speed of 200 km/h, while the Black Shadow had power output of 137 PS. The Black Shadow also received a five-speed gearbox. These cars had a wider track, special wheels and stickers, white indicator lights up front, and featured extractor vents high on the side panel behind the rear door. The fuel injection system was from Kugelfischer. In 1971 two Lotus Hemi were entered as Group 4 GTS at the international hill climb race St. Ursanne Les Rangiers and Ollon-Villars driven by the Swiss divers Oskar Bubeck and Alfons Tresch.

Chip Foose the famous automobile pioneer of United States also modified and restored a Lotus Europa for Episode 6 of the season 11 of his popular show "Overhaulin'". It was one of the most time-consuming and complicated build of the show, where a brand new 1.8 litre four cylinder engine from an Elise was fitted into the car, while the power is handled by Porsche Boxster transmission. The bumpers were also tucked in signature Foose style.

in 1972, a Bristol based company called GS Cars has produced a variant of the Lotus Europa. This version is based on the standard Lotus Europa Twin Cam, but has new bodywork which bears some resemblance to the Maserati Merak. The GS Lotus Europa was limited to 17 units. However, only 5 are known to still exist.

Europa S (2006–2010)

In 2005, Lotus released images of a new GT type car called the Lotus Europa S. Based on the Lotus Elise, the car was officially introduced at the 2006 Geneva Motor Show. Production commenced in July 2006 and continued until 2010. The engine was a 2.0 L turbocharged four cylinder, rated at 200 PS at 5,400 rpm, with a maximum torque of 272 Nm at 5,400 rpm. The Europa S could accelerate from 0-60 mph in 5.6 seconds (0–100 km/h in 5.8 seconds), with a maximum speed of 143 mi/h. Lotus did not export the Europa S to the United States. Despite this, the American manufacturer Dodge developed an electric vehicle based on the Europa, known as the Dodge Circuit, which it planned to bring to the US market by 2010, but the project was cancelled in May 2009.

The Europa SE was unveiled at the Geneva International Motor Show on 5 March 2008. The SE was an upgraded model with more comfort in mind, intended to bring in more customers. The SE has the same engine as the S but it was modified to bring power to 225 PS and torque to 300 Nm.

title: Lotus Europa


text:
Soyuz TM-19

Soyuz TM-19 was a crewed Soyuz spaceflight to Mir. It launched on 1 July 1994, at 12:24:50 UTC.

Mission highlights
Commander Malenchenko and Flight Engineer Musabayev, both spaceflight rookies, were to have been launched with veteran cosmonaut Gennadi Strekalov, who would have returned to Earth with Viktor Afanasyev and Yuri Usachov in Soyuz TM-18 after a few days on Mir. However, the cancellation of one of two Progress-M cargo ships scheduled to resupply Mir during the Agat crew's stay meant that Strekalov's couch had to carry supplies. The result was the first all-rookie Soyuz flight since Soyuz 25 in October 1977. Docking occurred without incident on July 3. Both cosmonauts and Doctor Valeri Polyakov (who had arrived on Soyuz TM-18) became the 16th resident crew; many technical problems with the station arose during this expedition, necessitating a previously untried manual supply docking by Malenchenko. On November 3, Malenchenko, Musabayev and Merbold undocked in Soyuz TM-19 and backed 190m from Mir. They then activated the Kurs automatic approach system, which successfully redocked the spacecraft. The cosmonauts then transferred back to Mir. The test was related to the difficulties Soyuz TM-20 and Progress M-24 experienced during their automatic approaches. Final undocking and reentry occurred the following day without incident.

Mission accomplishments

 * Docked with Mir
 * Partial crew exchange
 * Conducted medical experiments
 * Conducted materials experiments
 * Malenchenko and Musabayev perform EVA on 09.09.1994 (5h 6m) to repair station's external insulation
 * Both cosmonauts repeat EVA on 14.09.1994 (6h 1m) for same purpose
 * First successful manual docking of a Progress supply ship

title: Soyuz TM-19


text:
User talk:Pennington

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title: User talk:Pennington


text:
1993 World Series

The 1993 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball's (MLB) season. The 90th edition of the World Series, it was a best-of-seven playoff played between the defending World Series champion and American League (AL) champion Toronto Blue Jays and the National League (NL) champion Philadelphia Phillies. The Blue Jays defeated the Phillies, four games to two.

With Toronto ahead three games to two in the Series, but trailing Game 6 by a score of 6–5 in the bottom of the ninth inning, Joe Carter hit a game-winning three-run home run to clinch Toronto's second consecutive championship (the first team to repeat as champions since the 1977–78 Yankees).

This was only the second Series concluded by such a home run (the first was on a Bill Mazeroski home run for the Pittsburgh Pirates, in the bottom of the ninth in the seventh game of the 1960 World Series), and the first such occasion where a come-from-behind walk-off home run won a World Series. This victory, along with the Montreal Canadiens winning the Stanley Cup four months earlier, was the last major North American professional sports championship won by a Canadian team until Toronto FC won the MLS Cup in 2017.

This was the fourth World Series with games played entirely on artificial turf, following the series of, , and. A fifth occurred in, although that was a neutral-site series during the COVID-19 pandemic. The sixth would be the 2023 World Series.

Larry Andersen was the only member of the Phillies who had played for the team in its previous World Series appearance in (although he played for several other teams from 1986 to 1992). Darren Daulton had been a late season call-up in 1983, but only served as the bullpen catcher in the World Series that year.

Game 1
The Series' first game sent two staff aces—Curt Schilling for Philadelphia and Juan Guzman for Toronto—against one another. The result was less than a pitcher's duel, however, as both teams scored early and often. The Philles struck first in the top of the first on RBI singles by John Kruk and Darren Daulton aided by two walks. In the bottom of the second, after two singles and a wild pitch, Paul Molitor's single and Tony Fernandez's groundout scored a run each to tie the game. The Phillies took a 3–2 lead in the third inning when Mariano Duncan hit a leadoff single, stole second and scored on Kruk's single, but the Blue Jays tied the game in the bottom half of the inning when Devon White reached third base on left fielder's Milt Thompson's error and scored on Joe Carter's sacrifice fly. The Phillies retook the lead in the fifth inning when Duncan tripled with one out and scored on a wild pitch, but White hit a home run to tie the game in the bottom of the inning. The next inning, John Olerud hit a home run to put Toronto on top 5–4. In the seventh, after two one-out singles, Schilling was relieved by David West, who allowed an RBI double to White and two-run double to Roberto Alomar to pad Toronto's lead to 8–4. The Phillies got a run in the ninth when Kruk hit a leadoff single, moved to second on an error and scored on Jim Eisenreich's two-out single, but Duane Ward got Ricky Jordan to fly out to end the game as Toronto won 8–5. Al Leiter pitched $2 2/3$ innings—in relief of an erratic Juan Guzman, who walked four in just five innings—for his first World Series win. Kruk had three hits for Philadelphia. Alomar made an amazing diving catch on a Lenny Dykstra looper behind first in the top of the fifth.

Game 2
In the second game of the Series, ALCS MVP Dave Stewart was on the mound for Toronto and Terry Mulholland started for Philadelphia. Philadelphia jumped out to an early lead: in the third inning, After two walks, John Kruk and Dave Hollins hit back-to-back RBI singles, then Jim Eisenreich followed with a three-run home run to deep right-center to put them up 5–0. Toronto got on the scoreboard in the fourth inning courtesy of a Joe Carter two-run home run to left, then cut the Phillies' lead to 5–3 in the sixth when Roberto Alomar singled with two outs and scored on Tony Fernandez's double, but the Phillies got that run back in the seventh on Lenny Dykstra's home run off of Tony Castillo. Toronto cut the lead to 6–4 in the eighth when Paul Molitor hit a leadoff double off of Roger Mason, stole third and scored on John Olerud's sacrifice fly off of Mitch Williams. Alomar then walked and stole second, but was caught stealing third to end the inning. Williams then pitched a scoreless ninth as the Phillies won to tie the series. Mulholland pitched $5 2/3$ innings, allowing three earned runs, for the win.

Game 3
As he had in the preceding World Series, when the 1993 edition moved into the National League ballpark Toronto manager Cito Gaston was faced with a decision regarding his designated hitter. In 1992, Dave Winfield was Gaston’s regular DH but in the three games the series was played in Atlanta, he inserted him into the lineup in his natural position of right field; in two of those games Gaston moved his regular right fielder, Joe Carter, to first base and kept John Olerud out of his lineup. This time, with Paul Molitor in his lineup, Gaston again had to decide whether or not to keep Olerud, who led the major leagues with a .363 batting average and was a good defensive first baseman, in the lineup or replace him with the veteran Molitor, who at this point in his career had mostly been a regular DH and could only play first base if needed. Against a left-handed pitcher, Gaston decided to stick with the right-handed veteran Molitor, but had left-hitting Olerud on the bench if needed later in the game.

The Blue Jays sent future Cy Young winner Pat Hentgen to the mound for Game 3. The Phillies countered with veteran Danny Jackson, who was one of the few Phillies that had pitched in a World Series; he was part of the 1985 Kansas City and 1990 Cincinnati teams that won World Series championships.

The Blue Jays struck for two runs before recording an out. After Rickey Henderson’s leadoff single and Devon White’s walk, Molitor tripled to drive them both in. Joe Carter then extended the Toronto lead to 3–0 with a sacrifice fly, but Jackson got out of the inning by retiring Roberto Alomar and Tony Fernandez.

The Phillies got two runners in scoring position with one out in their half of the first, with Mariano Duncan and John Kruk singling and an error by Carter enabling both runners to advance a base. Hentgen ended the threat by striking out Dave Hollins and Darren Daulton; the Phillies only got one more man on base before the sixth inning.

Molitor struck again with two out in the fourth, hitting a solo home run to extend the lead to four. Carter, Alomar, and Fernandez followed with singles to load the bases, but Jackson struck out Ed Sprague Jr. to end the inning without further damage. Jackson would be lifted for a pinch hitter in the fifth.

In the sixth, Phillies reliever Ben Rivera gave up a leadoff single to Alomar. With Fernandez up, the speedy second baseman stole second and third and scored on a sacrifice fly by his double-play partner. The Phillies got on the board in the bottom of the inning on a single by Jim Eisenreich that drove in Kruk. This was Hentgen’s last inning of work; Danny Cox would come on for the seventh.

In the top of the seventh, Henderson hit a leadoff double, then scored on a triple by White. After a walk by Molitor and a Carter strikeout, Alomar's RBI single made it 7–1 in favor of Toronto. Bobby Thigpen relieved Rivera and walked Fernandez before Sprague's sacrifice fly made it 8–1.

The Phillies managed a run off of Cox in the seventh, with a string of singles by Milt Thompson, Lenny Dykstra, and Duncan with one out resulted in Thompson scoring. The Blue Jays finished their offensive output in the top of the ninth with an RBI triple by Alomar that scored Molitor and a single by Fernandez that followed to bring in Alomar. Thompson hit a solo home run against Toronto closer Duane Ward in the bottom of the ninth to finish out the scoring, and the Blue Jays emerged with a 10–3 victory and a two-games-to-one lead in the series.

Game 4
In the fourth game of the Series, Toronto sent Todd Stottlemyre to the mound while Philadelphia countered with Tommy Greene. It had been a rainy day in Philadelphia, which water-logged the aging turf at Veterans Stadium, making for particularly slippery conditions.

Toronto loaded the bases in the first on a double, walk and single. Paul Molitor walked to force in a run before Tony Fernandez's single scored two more. In the bottom half, three walks loaded the bases for the Phillies before Jim Eisenreich walked to force in a run, then Milt Thompson's three-run triple put the Phillies up 4–3. Lenny Dykstra's two-run home run next inning made it 6–3 Phillies. In the top of the third, after a one-out walk and single, consecutive RBI singles by Tony Fernandez and Pat Borders cut the lead to 6–5. Roger Mason relieved Greene and after a groundout and walk, Devon White's two-run single put Toronto up 7–6, but the Phillies tied the game in the fourth when Dykstra doubled with two outs off of Al Leiter and scored on Mariano Duncan's single. Next inning, after a leadoff single, Darren Daulton's two-run home run put the Phillies up 9–7. After another single, Thompson's RBI double made it 10–7, then Dykstra's second home run of the game made it 12–7 Phillies.

In the sixth, White hit a leadoff double before scoring on Roberto Alomar's single off of David West. After a single and hit-by-pitch loaded the bases, Fernandez's RBI groundout cut the Phillies' lead to 12–9, but they added a run in the bottom half when Dave Hollins hit a leadoff double off of Tony Castillo and scored on Thompson's two-out single. Next inning, a hit-by-pitch to Daulton with the bases loaded made it 14–9 Phillies. In the eighth, though, after a one-out single and walk off of Larry Andersen, Molitor's RBI double made it 14–10 Phillies. Fernandez then hit an RBI single off of Mitch Williams. A walk loaded the bases, then after a strikeout, Rickey Henderson's single and White's triple scored two runs each to put Toronto ahead 15–14. Duane Ward earned the save, retiring the last four Phillies batters.

Three new World Series records were set, including the longest game (4:14), most total runs scored in a single game (29), and most runs scored by a losing team (14). Also, Charlie Williams became the first African American to serve as the home plate umpire for a World Series game.

Two death threats directed towards Mitch Williams were phoned into Veterans Stadium as soon as it became evident that Williams was going to be the losing pitcher of Game 4. Williams was not aware of the death threats until after Game 5.

Game 5
The offenses were due for an off-day, and it came in Game 5 courtesy of a Curt Schilling (Philadelphia) and Juan Guzman (Toronto) pitching duel. Schilling shut down the previously unstoppable Toronto offense, limiting the team to just five hits, no extra-base hits (although catcher Pat Borders had two hits) and no runs in a complete-game shutout. It was only the second time all season that Toronto had been shut out. Guzman pitched well in a losing effort, allowing only two runs and five hits in seven innings of work.

The two runs scored as a result of scrappy baserunning play from the Philadelphia offense. In the first inning, Lenny Dykstra walked, stole second, moved to third on a Pat Borders throwing error, and scored on a John Kruk ground out. In the second inning, Darren Daulton opened with a double, took third on a groundout, and scored on a Kevin Stocker single.

As it turned out, it was the final postseason baseball game in Veterans Stadium. It was demolished after the 2003 season.

Game 6
The sixth game in the Series was a rematch between Game 2 starters Terry Mulholland and Dave Stewart, who would have similar results. Toronto scored in the bottom of the first with a run-scoring Paul Molitor triple after a walk, Joe Carter sacrifice fly to score Molitor, and Roberto Alomar RBI single after a double. The Phillies got on the board in the fourth when Darren Daulton doubled with two outs and scored on Jim Eisenreich's single, but the Blue Jays got that run back in the bottom of the inning on when Alomar hit a leadoff double, moved to third on a groundout and scored on Ed Sprague Jr.'s sacrifice fly. Paul Molitor added a home run in the fifth inning while the Toronto fans were chanting "MVP" for Paul, bringing the score to 5–1 for Toronto. Molitor became the first player in World Series history to have at least two home runs, two doubles, and two triples.

In the seventh inning, Philadelphia fought back with five runs. After a walk and single, Lenny Dykstra hit a three-run home run to knock Stewart out of the game. Mariano Duncan singled off reliever Danny Cox, stole second, and scored on Dave Hollins's RBI single to tie the game. A walk and single loaded the bases before Pete Incaviglia hit a sacrifice fly to put the Phillies up 6–5.

The Blue Jays would try to threaten in the bottom of the eighth. John Olerud drew a one-out walk and the Phillies brought in Larry Andersen to face Roberto Alomar. After Alomar grounded out, Andersen then hit Tony Fernandez with a pitch and walked Ed Sprague Jr. to load the bases. Andersen got out of the inning by inducing a pop-fly to Pat Borders. This became significant in the next inning, with the batting order reset to the top with Rickey Henderson leading off.

Philadelphia closer Mitch Williams came on to pitch the bottom of the ninth with his team clinging to a 6–5 lead. After beginning the inning by walking Rickey Henderson, Williams tried to counter Henderson's speed by using a slide-step style of pitching delivery. Prior to the game, Williams had never used the slide-step delivery in his career, and this may have cut back on his velocity. The walk to Henderson was followed by a Devon White flyout and a Paul Molitor single that moved Henderson to second.

Joe Carter came up next and, with the count 2–2, he hit a three-run home run to win the game and the World Series. Just before the fifth and final pitch to Joe Carter, CBS Sports announcer Tim McCarver commented that Carter (relatively unproductive in the Series to date) looked awkward and uncomfortable at the plate. The same pitch allowed Blue Jays radio announcer Tom Cheek the opportunity to utter his famous "Touch 'em all, Joe" quote, when Joe Carter clinched the series. Carter joined Bill Mazeroski as the only two players to win a World Series with a home run in the bottom of the ninth inning (Mazeroski hit his home run in the deciding Game 7, while Carter hit his in Game 6).

Carter was actively involved in the final play of the World Series for the second year in a row. In the previous year, Carter caught the final out as first baseman after relief pitcher Mike Timlin fielded Otis Nixon's bunt. Taking the 1993 ALCS into account (where he caught the final out in the outfield), he had been involved in the final play of three straight postseason series.

American League president Dr. Bobby Brown presented the World Series Trophy instead of the Commissioner of Baseball; this event also occurred in the year before.

When Joe Carter appeared in the 1996 All-Star Game, he was booed by the crowd for his aforementioned home run that won him this World Series.

Composite box
1993 World Series (4–2): Toronto Blue Jays (A.L.) over Philadelphia Phillies (N.L.)

Aftermath
The Blue Jays became the second expansion team to win two World Series championships, following the New York Mets in. This has since been achieved by the Florida Marlins in, the Kansas City Royals in , and the Houston Astros in. With the Montreal Canadiens winning the 1993 Stanley Cup Finals five months earlier, it marked the only time Canadian teams won multiple league championships among the four major North American team sports in a calendar year.

Mitch Williams would later place blame on himself for the Series loss: Everybody saw what happened,. . . . I made a mistake, and he hit the mistake. I let my team down today. I'm not going to go home and commit suicide or anything....They did what they had to do to win this series. And I let us down in big situations. I carry that burden. No excuses. I didn't get the job done.
 * —Mitch Williams on his feelings about surrendering the home run to Joe Carter. Williams would be traded that off-season by the Phillies to the Astros.

Roger Angell's review of the Series in The New Yorker was entitled "Oh, What a Lovely War".

Both teams would experience absences from the postseason; the Phillies did not return to the postseason until 2007, or appear in another World Series until their championship season of, bringing the city of Philadelphia its first championship since the 76ers swept the 1983 NBA Finals. The general manager of the Blue Jays, Pat Gillick, was general manager of the Phillies team that won the 2008 World Series. The Blue Jays did not qualify for the playoffs again until the 2015 season. This was the last time a Toronto team made it to the championship round in one of the four major sports until the Toronto Raptors in their championship season.

By accumulating 45 runs over the course of the series, the Blue Jays scored the highest number of runs of any series-winning team in World Series history. Only the series-losing 1960 New York Yankees accumulated more runs in a series (55). Coincidentally, that series also ended on a walk-off home run.

1993 was the last postseason played under a two-division, two post-season round format. After the season, MLB owners agreed to a new three-division setup, with extra post-season round (League Division Series). The extra round format had been used once before during the 1981 strike shortened season.

Broadcasting
CBS Sports covered the World Series on television for the fourth consecutive year; it was also the final Series in the network's contract to air Major League Baseball games. For the second consecutive year, Sean McDonough served as lead announcer, with Tim McCarver serving as analyst for the fourth consecutive year. Pregame and postgame shows saw Andrea Joyce and Pat O'Brien as hosts, while Lesley Visser and Jim Gray were field level reporters.

CBS Radio was once again the nationwide radio partner for the World Series. Vin Scully led the broadcast for a fourth consecutive year, with Johnny Bench serving as analyst for the fifth and last time. John Rooney served as the pregame and postgame show host.

Locally, the Series was called on WOGL-AM in Philadelphia by Harry Kalas, Richie Ashburn, Chris Wheeler, Andy Musser, and Garry Maddox and on CJCL-AM in Toronto by Jerry Howarth and Tom Cheek. Cheek's famous call of the Carter home run ("Touch 'em all Joe, you'll never hit a bigger home run in your life!") lives on in Blue Jays folklore. Tom Cheek never called another postseason game in his role as voice of the Blue Jays, from which he retired in 2005 prior to his death from brain cancer.

The 1993 series was Richie Ashburn's last as a Phillies broadcaster, as he died in 1997. Andy Musser also called his last World Series as a member of the Phillies' broadcast team; he retired in 2001 and died eleven years later. Game 6 also marked Johnny Bench's final broadcast for CBS Radio after nine years (he would be replaced on CBS Radio's World Series broadcasts by Jeff Torborg), while Harry Kalas would not call another World Series until 2008. Kalas later died in 2009 prior to a game at Nationals Park in Washington, D.C. Chris Wheeler continued to call games for the Phillies until being released in 2014 and Jerry Howarth continued to call Blue Jays games, moving into the primary play-by-play position following the death of Cheek, until his retirement before the 2018 season. Howarth would return to call postseason games when the Blue Jays qualified in 2015 and 2016, where they were eliminated in the ALCS both years.

The Joe Carter home run calls

 * CBS Radio, with Vin Scully:

 * Fastball, it's hit to left field, down the line, in the corner, home run! Joe Carter who took the 2 and 0 pitch for a strike right down the middle hits the 2 and 1 (sic) pitch over the left field wall and the Toronto Blue Jays come back with 3 in the bottom of the ninth inning to become the World Champions yet again. The final score: Toronto 8, Philadelphia 6.

 * CJCL-AM Radio in Toronto by Tom Cheek:

 * Joe has had his moments. Trying to lay off that ball, low to the outside part of the plate, he just went after one. Two balls and two strikes on him. Here's a pitch on the way, a swing and a belt! Left field, way back, BLUE JAYS WIN IT! The Blue Jays are World Series champions, as Joe Carter hits a three-run home run in the ninth inning and the Blue Jays have repeated as World Series champions! Touch 'em all, Joe, you'll never hit a bigger home run in your life!

 * WOGL-AM Radio in Philadelphia by Harry Kalas:

 * The 2–2 pitch, line drive in deep left, this ball is outta here. Three-run home run, Joe Carter, and the Toronto Blue Jays are the world champions of baseball for the second straight year. A three-run home run in the bottom of the ninth by Joe Carter who's being mobbed at home plate.

 * CBS Television. Sean McDonough:

 * Now the 2-2. Well-hit down the left-field line, way back and GONE! Joe Carter with a three-run homer! The winners and still world champions, the Toronto Blue Jays!

Music
The West Chester University "Incomparable" Golden Rams Marching Band performed the pregame show for Game 3.

Toronto rapper Choclair refers to Joe Carter's walk-off home run in his 1999 song, "Let's Ride".

On July 29, 2015, Toronto rapper Drake released a diss track against Philadelphia rapper Meek Mill entitled "Back to Back". The cover of the diss track features a picture of Joe Carter, just after hitting the series-clinching home run.

title: 1993 World Series


text:
James Ralston

James Layton Ralston (September 27, 1881 – May 22, 1948) was a Canadian lawyer, soldier, and politician. A Nova Scotian and a lawyer by training, Ralston fought with distinction during the First World War and pursued a career in the Canadian Army, before becoming a Liberal Member of Parliament. During the Second World War, he served as Minister of National Defence from 1940 to 1944, when he was forced to resign by Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King because of his support for the introduction of conscription.

Biography
Born in Amherst, Nova Scotia, Ralston graduated from law school at Dalhousie University in 1903 and practised law in Amherst. Ralston was the federal Liberal candidate for Cumberland in the 1908 federal election but was unsuccessful in being elected.

He subsequently entered public life when he ran as the provincial Liberal candidate for Cumberland and was elected in the 1911 provincial election. He was re-elected in 1916.

Ralston served in World War I as an officer in the 85th Battalion (Nova Scotia Highlanders), rising to the rank of lieutenant-colonel in 1918, and was decorated for bravery, as well as awarded the CMG in 1919. He was promoted to commanding officer of the Nova Scotia Highlanders and pursued a career as a professional soldier in Canada's post-war army, rising to the rank of colonel in 1924.

Ralston left the military and entered federal politics once again when he was unsuccessful as the Liberal candidate for Halifax in the 1926 federal election, held September 14.

Despite losing the general election, Ralston was appointed to the cabinet by Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King and became the Minister of National Defence on October 8. Prime Minister King created a seat for Ralston by appointing the MP for Shelburne—Yarmouth, Paul Lacombe Hatfield, to the Senate, thus opening the riding for a by-election. Ralston won by acclamation on November 2, 1926, entering the 16th Parliament.

Ralston served as Minister of National Defence until the defeat of King's government in the 1930 federal election but was re-elected and remained the MP for Shelburne-Yarmouth through the 17th Parliament, serving in His Majesty's Loyal Opposition.

The riding of Shelburne-Yarmouth was consolidated into the new riding of Shelburne—Yarmouth—Clare in 1935 and Ralston opted to not run again, returning to the legal profession, despite the Liberal party regaining power. Ralston was appointed the Canadian delegate to the London Naval Conference 1935 that December, and he later sat on several Royal Commissions.

Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939 and Canada's entry into World War II was seen as inevitable. The ensuing international crisis saw Prime Minister King court Ralston's military and cabinet experience. Ralston re-entered active public service and he was subsequently appointed as Minister of Finance on September 6, 1939, replacing Charles Dunning who was in ill-health.

Canada declared war on Nazi Germany on September 10 and Ralston participated in the King government's revamping of Canada's two-decade-long neglected military. The death of Alfred Edgar MacLean, MP for Prince on October 28 opened up the opportunity for Prime Minister King to declare a by-election in a Liberal-friendly riding that Ralston could run in. Ralston was subsequently elected by acclamation on January 2, 1940 and entered the 18th Parliament. He was re-elected several months later on March 26 and continued into the 19th Parliament.

In the political tradition of the era, as a federal minister, Ralston brought government patronage to the impoverished rural riding in Prince Edward Island, largely through military spending. On June 10, 1940 the Minister of National Defence, Norman McLeod Rogers, was killed when his VIP airplane crashed in Ontario.

Prime Minister King subsequently shuffled the cabinet and gave Ralston the National Defence portfolio on July 5. Despite not being from Prince Edward Island, Ralston continued his support to that province as political minister by authorizing the establishment of RCAF Station Mount Pleasant, RCAF Station Summerside (both in his riding) and RCAF Station Charlottetown, as well as a radar station in Tignish (also in his riding).

Ralston supported conscription for overseas service during World War II, and in 1942 offered to resign when prime minister William Lyon Mackenzie King's government would not introduce it. The resignation issue was dropped, but after visiting Canadian troops in Europe in 1944, he argued again that conscription was necessary, and a schism developed in King's cabinet (see Conscription Crisis of 1944). King forced him to resign, replacing him with Andrew McNaughton on November 1, 1944.

Ralston left politics the following year and died in Montreal in 1948.

Legacy
The Colonel James L. Ralston Armoury in Amherst, Nova Scotia is named in his honour and is the historic home of the Nova Scotia Highlanders Regiment.

A large tern schooner was named in his honour in 1919 at Eatonville, Nova Scotia. Ralston, Alberta and the Ralston Residence at the Canadian Forces College in Toronto was completed in October 1999, and was named after him.

Archives
There is a John Layton Ralston fonds at Library and Archives Canada.

title: James Ralston


text:
Minato-ku, Osaka

Minato (港区) is one of 24 wards of Osaka, Japan. It has an area of 7.9 km2, and a population of 84,961. Literally translated, Minato-ku means "Harbor Ward".

Landmarks

 * Kaiyukan (Osaka Aquarium)
 * Port of Osaka
 * Tempozan Harbor Village
 * Modern Transportation Museum
 * ORC 200

Mass media

 * Radio Osaka (ORC 200 Building, Benten)

Train stations

 * West Japan Railway Company (JR West)
 * Osaka Loop Line
 * Bentencho Station

 * Osaka Metro
 * Chūō Line
 * Osakako Station - Asashiobashi Station - Bentencho Station

Notable people from Minato-ku, Osaka

 * Hideo Nomo, Japanese former baseball pitcher
 * Kaori Kozai, Japanese enka singer
 * Machiko Kyō, Japanese actress
 * Ryōma Nishikawa, Japanese baseball player
 * Tadao Ando, Japanese architect, Pritzker Prize winner

title: Minato-ku, Osaka


text:
Chūō-ku, Osaka

Chūō-ku (中央区) is one of 24 wards of Osaka, Japan. It has an area of 8.88 km2, and a population of 60,085. It houses Osaka's financial district, as well as the Osaka Prefecture offices and principal shopping and tourist areas.

Consulates
Various consulates are found in Chūō-ku. The Consulate-General of South Korea has its own building. Three consulates, Consulate-General of Australia, the Consulate-General of the Netherlands, and the Consulate-General of the Philippines, occupy the twenty-ninth, thirty-third, and twenty-fourth floors, respectively, of the Twin21 MID Tower. The Consulate-General of Canada is on the twelfth floor of the Daisan Shoho Building in Chūō-ku. The Consulate-General of France is on the tenth floor of the Crystal Tower. The Consulate-General of India is on the tenth floor of the Semba I.S. Building. The Consulate-General of Indonesia is on the first floor of the Koike Bldg. The Consulate-General of Singapore is on the fourteenth floor of the Osaka Kokusai Building. The Consulate-General of Thailand is in the first, fourth, and fifth floors of the Bangkok Bank Building. The Consulate-General of the United Kingdom is on the nineteenth floor of the Seiko Osaka Building. The Consulate-General of Vietnam is on the tenth floor of the Estate Bakuro-machi Building.

Osaka Prefecture

 * Osaka Prefectural Government
 * Osaka Prefectural Police Head Station
 * Minami Police Station
 * Higashi Police Station
 * Osaka Contemporary Art Center

Mass media

 * Broadcasting stations
 * NHK Osaka Broadcasting Station - Otemae
 * Yomiuri Telecasting Corporation - Shiromi Nichome (Osaka Business Park)
 * TV Osaka - Otemae
 * Newspapers
 * Nihon Keizai Shimbun - Otemae

Company headquarters

 * Capcom - Uchihiranomachi
 * Daimaru
 * Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma - Dojomachi
 * Iwatani Corporation - Hommachi
 * JEX Co., Ltd. - Jekusu Kabushiki-gaisha
 * Kansai Paint - Imabashi
 * Kansai Urban Banking Corporation
 * Keihan Electric Railway Co., Ltd. - Otemae
 * Kobayashi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. - Dojomachi
 * Mandom Corporation - Junikencho
 * Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation - Kitahama
 * Morishita Jintan Co., Ltd. - Morinomiya
 * Nankai Electric Railway Co., Ltd.
 * Nippon Life Insurance Company - Imabashi
 * Nippon Telegraph and Telephone West Corporation (NTT West) - Bamba
 * Ono Pharmaceutical - Kyutaro-machi
 * Osaka Gas Co., Ltd. - Hiranomachi
 * Osaka Exchange Inc. - Kitahama
 * Resona Bank - Bingomachi
 * Sakura Color Products Corporation - Morinomiya
 * Shionogi - Dojomachi
 * Sumitomo Chemical - Kitahama
 * Sumitomo Life Insurance Company - Shiromi (Osaka Business Park)
 * Takeda Pharmaceutical Company - Dojomachi
 * Takenaka Corporation - Hommachi
 * Teijin - Hommachi
 * Unitika - Kyutaro-machi

Sumitomo Trust and Banking was headquartered in Kitahama prior to its merger to form Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Bank (now headquartered in Tokyo). Daiwa Bank and Kinki Osaka Bank were headquartered in Chuo-ku prior to their merger to form Resona Bank.

Branch offices
Fuji Fire and Marine Insurance has its Osaka offices in the ward.

Offices of foreign companies
Air China has an office on the 1st floor of the Uchihonmachi Green Building in Chūō-ku. Asiana Airlines operates a sales office on the 18th Floor of the Epson Osaka Building in Chūō-ku.

Landmarks

 * Amerikamura
 * Dōtonbori
 * National Bunraku Theater
 * Osaka Business Park
 * Osaka Castle
 * Shinsaibashi

Railway stations

 * West Japan Railway Company (JR West)
 * Osaka Loop Line: Morinomiya Station - Osakajo-koen Station

 * Keihan Electric Railway
 * Keihan Line: Yodoyabashi Station - Kitahama Station - Temmabashi Station

 * Kintetsu Railway
 * Namba Line: Osaka Namba Station - Kintetsu Nippombashi Station

 * Hanshin Electric Railway
 * Hanshin Namba Line: Osaka Namba Station

 * Nankai Electric Railway
 * Nankai Main Line: Namba Station

 * Osaka Metro
 * Midosuji Line: Yodoyabashi Station - Hommachi Station - Shinsaibashi Station - Namba Station
 * Tanimachi Line: Temmabashi Station - Tanimachi Yonchome Station - Tanimachi Rokuchome Station
 * Chuo Line: Hommachi Station - Sakaisuji-Hommachi Station - Tanimachi Yonchome Station - Morinomiya Station
 * Sennichimae Line: Namba Station - Nippombashi Station
 * Sakaisuji Line: Kitahama Station - Nagahoribashi Station
 * Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line: Shinsaibashi Station - Matsuyamachi Station - Nagahoribashi Station - Tanimachi Rokuchome Station - (Tamatsukuri Station, Tennoji-ku) - Morinomiya Station - Osaka Business Park Station

University and Colleges

 * Osaka Dental University Temmabashi Campus
 * Osaka University of Economics Kitahama Campus
 * Osaka Jogakuin Junior College
 * Osaka Jogakuin University
 * Hannan University Yodoyabashi Satellite Campus

Secondary Education

 * Private schools
 * Osaka Jogakuin Junior and Senior High School in Tamatsukuri

Notable people from Chūō-ku, Osaka

 * Akinobu Okada, Japanese professional baseball player and manager
 * Isuzu Yamada, Japanese stage and screen actress
 * Koji Imada, Japanese musician, comedian and TV presenter
 * Kosuke Gomi, Japanese novelist
 * Kyū Sazanka, Japanese actor
 * Nakamura Ganjirō II, Japanese kabuki and film actor
 * Ōnishiki Uichirō, Japanese professional sumo wrestler
 * Sanjugo Naoki, Japanese novelist
 * Tokuzō Tanaka, Japanese film director
 * Toyoko Yamasaki, Japanese novelist
 * Yoko Akino, Japanese actress
 * Yusuke Hagihara, Japanese astronomer

title: Chūō-ku, Osaka


text:
Pointe-Claire

Pointe-Claire is a Quebec local municipality within the Urban agglomeration of Montreal on the Island of Montreal in Canada. It is entirely developed, and land use includes residential, light manufacturing, and retail. As of the 2021 census the population was 33,488.

Toponymy
The toponym refers to the peninsula, or point, where the windmill, convent, and the Saint-Joachim de Pointe-Claire Church are sited. The point extends into Lac Saint-Louis and has a clear view of its surroundings.

History

Pointe-Claire was first described by Nicolas Perrot in his account of 1669, and the name Pointe-Claire appeared on a map as early as 1686. Although Samuel de Champlain canoed through the area in 1613, he reported no village or dwelling visible.

The urbanization of the territory of Pointe-Claire began in the 1600s, when the Sulpicians were lords of the island of Montreal. Land on the island of Montreal was granted to the Sulpicians for development as early as 1663. They began to grant concessions along major waterways.

In 1678, the first concession on the land under the seigneurial system was to Jean Guenet who named his property Beau Repaire. This was near the future village of Beaurepaire, located in what is now Beaconsfield. on June 4, 1910, the village of Beaconsfield separates from the parish of Saint-Joachim-de-la-Pointe-Claire

The first concession of land that is still in the current city limits of Pointe-Claire, was in 1684 to Pierre Cabassier, for a lot just east of Pointe Charlebois. Under the seigneurial system, the Sulpicians had to build a mill for the colonists, who in turn had to grind their grain there at a set fee. The arrival of French settlers in Pointe-Claire began in 1698-1699.

In 1707, after the Great Peace of Montreal was signed in 1701, the Chemin du Roy (now Lakeshore Road) from Dorval to the western tip of Montreal Island was opened having been ordered by intendant Jacques Raudot, and the parish was subdivided in three côtes: St. Rémy (present-day Boulevard Des Sources), St. Jean, and St. Charles. Between côtes St. Rémy and St. Charles lay 33 lots (numbered 145 to 177). These were generally three arpents wide by 20 or 30 deep. Up to this time Pointe-Claire had only been accessible by boat.

On October 13, 1713, the seminary formed a parish on the land that now includes Pointe-Claire and much of the West Island, and in 1714 a church was built at the point, at the site of the present-day church. Up to that time the area was served by an itinerant missionary priest. Initially the church was called Saint-Francois-de-Sales, but it was renamed six months later to Saint-Joachim de la Pointe Claire. The church and presbytery, both built of stone, formed a fort about two arpents (7000 m2) in area, surrounded by stakes. The construction was ordered by Governor Beauharnois out of fear of the Iroquois. The point was used as a stopover by voyageurs en route to the interior.

In 1728–1729, the first lots were granted, near the fort, to a blacksmith and to a carpenter. By 1765 there were 783 residents, 74 lots owned by 35 individuals, and 19 houses, some built of stone, but most of wood.

On July 1, 1845, the Village Municipality of Saint-Joachim-de-la-Pointe-Claire was created, before losing its municipal status on September 1, 1847, as was common in Quebec for many local entities. On September 2, 1854, it was reestablished.

The Grand Trunk Railway built the railroad through the area in 1855, linking Pointe-Claire to Montreal. This brought people, and with them property development in an area that up to then had been largely agricultural. It also improved the welfare of farmers by providing a ready market for their goods. Suburban development began in 1893 when Otto Frederick Lilly acquired land spanning Boulevard Saint-Jean. He used his influence with the Canadian Pacific Railway to have a station added to the line at the end of Cedar Avenue, which he also paved from there down to Lakeshore Road. Both sides of Cedar Avenue were built up by 1920.

After the British North America Act of 1867, Pointe-Claire was included in the new federal riding of Jacques Cartier. In the election of 7 August, the men (suffrage did not extend to women until 1940) of Pointe-Claire elected the Conservative Guillaume Gamelin Gaucher.

In 1900, a major fire destroyed much of the village. The fire was discovered in an uninhabited building around 2:00 a.m., 22 May 1900. The wind caused the fire to spread to surrounding houses. The only water supply was from village wells or carried in buckets from the river. A small two-wheeled hose reel and hand pump was the only village fire protection. Locals failed to put out the fire and asked for help from Montreal. Equipment was sent by train but did not arrive in time to help. The worst of the damage was on the rue de l'église. In all about 30 buildings were destroyed, including the post office, the town hall, and the residences of about 200 people.

On March 14, 1911, the Village Municipality of Saint-Joachim-de-la-Pointe-Claire changed status and name to Ville (city/town) de Pointe-Claire.

Provincial highway number 2 (now Autoroute 20) was built alongside the railway in 1940, following expropriation of property. This led to a move of much of the town from the south to the north of the highway, namely the town hall, recreation centre, police station, and fire station.

In 1955, the City of Pointe-Claire annexed large portions of the Parish Municipality of Saint-Joachim-de-la-Pointe-Claire (which was formed on September 1, 1855). Remaining portions of the municipal parish became the Town of Kirkland on March 24, 1961. In 1958, a new City Hall was built and Pointe-Claire changed status from Ville to Cité ("city"), but in 1967, this was reverted.

From 2002 to 2006 there were municipal reorganizations across the province, which included a reorganization of Montreal; Pointe-Claire was merged into Montreal and became a borough. However, after political changes (2003 Quebec general election and the 2004 Quebec municipal referendums) it was re-constituted as an independent city in 2006, along with a number of other boroughs.

Geography
The shoreline of Pointe-Claire along Lake Saint-Louis is at about 30 m above sea level and rises along a fault by about 30 m not far from shore, more steeply in the west. The eastern side has a soil rich in clay, while the western side is stonier with limestone strata. Pointe-Claire is bounded on the north by Dollard-des-Ormeaux, on the east by Dorval, on the south by Lac Saint-Louis, and on the west by Kirkland and Beaconsfield.

Pointe-Claire is entirely urbanised and developed. There are 38 public parks and green spaces with 5 baseball/softball diamonds, 26 playgrounds, 19 soccer pitches, 7 outdoor swimming pools, 24 tennis courts, 10 outdoor skating rinks, and five shoreline areas.

Large green spaces include:
 * The public Terra-Cotta Natural Park which is a natural green space of 39 hectares (96 acres), with six kilometers (4 miles) of paths. From 1912 to 1962, a clay deposit on the site was exploited by the Montréal Terra Cotta and Lumber Co. The clay, mixed with sawdust, was baked on site to produce hollow tiles used in construction.
 * The Last Post Fund National Field of Honour, a National Historic Site of Canada, which is open to the public.
 * The private Beaconsfield Golf Course, on the site of a disused quarry which supplied limestone for the construction of the Victoria Bridge in 1860.

Demographics
According to the Office québécois de la langue française, Pointe-Claire has been officially recognized as a bilingual municipality since 2 Nov 2005.

In the 2021 census conducted by Statistics Canada, Pointe-Claire had a population of $33,488$ living in $13,313$ of its $13,823$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $31,380$. With a land area of 18.91 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Economy
The city has a large business and industrial park spanning both sides of Quebec Autoroute 40. The manufacturing sector is the largest provider of jobs in Pointe-Claire, with 7,005 employees or 23.7 percent of employment. Employment in manufacturing has been declining, while employment has been growing in healthcare and social services. Retail is the second biggest sector with 17.7 percent of the total. Major employers (more than 500 employees) include: Future Electronics, Lakeshore General Hospital, Avon, Hewitt Équipement (CAT dealer), City of Pointe-Claire, Lumen, and Bell TV. Employers of more than 200 employees include: Réno-Dépôt, El Ran Furniture, Tyco Medical, Hudson's Bay Company, and FPInnovations. Companies headquartered in Pointe-Claire include Bouclair, Novacam Technologies, Odan Laboratories, The Canadian Salt Company Limited and Unidisc Music.

Local government
As of 2021, the mayor of Pointe-Claire is Tim Thomas. There are eight city councillors.

 * Claude Cousineau (District 1—Cedar-Le Village)
 * Paul Bissonnette (District 2—Lakeside)
 * Kelly Thorstad-Cullen (District 3—Valois)
 * Tara Stainforth (District 4—Cedar Park Heights)
 * Cynthia Homan (District 5—Lakeside Heights)
 * Bruno Tremblay (District 6—Seigniory)
 * Eric Stork (District 7—Northview)
 * Brent Cowan (District 8—Oneida)

Provincially, Pointe-Claire is in the Jacques-Cartier electoral district, along with Baie-D'Urfé, Beaconsfield, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, and Senneville. It is the only provincial electoral district in Quebec with an Anglophone majority. From 1973 to 1981 it was in the now-defunct Pointe-Claire electoral district.

As part of the Urban Agglomeration of Montreal, 51% of locally collected taxes are transferred to the agglomeration as of 2019. Pointe-Claire in turn sends a representative to the 29-member agglomeration council.

Former mayors
List of former mayors:

 * Edmond Robillard (1855–1864)
 * Pierre Charles Valois (1864–1866, 1869–1878)
 * William McKinnon (1867–1868)
 * Pierre Alphonse Valois (1879–1881)
 * Philias Roy (1881)
 * Godfroid Madore (1881–1884, 1886–1896)
 * Calixte Brault (1884–1886)
 * Gabriël Valois (1897–1899)
 * Thimoléon Legault (1899–1900, 1902–1907)
 * Emilien Mayers (1901–1902)
 * Stéphanus Brisebois (1908)
 * Aldéric Lesage (1908–1913)
 * Robert Meredith (1913–1915)
 * Joseph Martin (1915–1917)
 * William Henry Black (1917–1919)
 * Ambroise Cartier (1919–1921)
 * James Nebbs (1921–1923)
 * Joseph Léon Vital Mallette (1923–1925, 1927–1929)
 * Sydmer Wallace Ewing (1925–1927)
 * Eric Grantley Donegani (1929–1931)
 * Ernest de Bellefeuille (1931–1933)
 * Henry Edward Woolmer (1933–1935)
 * William Larocque (1935–1937)
 * Joseph Kenworthy (1937–1939)
 * Wilbrod Alphonse Bastien (1939–1941, 1948–1950)
 * William John Moore Kenna (1941–1944)
 * Donat Demers (1944–1946)
 * John Clifford Mann (1946–1948)
 * Charles Barnes (1950–1952)
 * Ernest Bélair (1952–1954)
 * Olive Louise Urquhart (1954–1956, 1958–1961)
 * J. Maurice Arpin (1956–1958)
 * Arthur Ewen Séguin (1961–1974)
 * David W. Beck (1974–1982)
 * Malcolm Campbell Knox (1982–1998)
 * William Franklin MacMurchie (1998–2002, 2006–2013)
 * Morris Trudeau (2013–2017)
 * John Belvedere (2017–2021)
 * Tim Thomas (2021–present)

Infrastructure
Municipal sports and leisure facilities include the Aquatic Centre, Bob Birnie Arena, Pointe-Claire Public Library, Stewart Hall Cultural Centre, the Sailing Base at Grande-Anse Park, near the Pointe-Claire Canoe Club. Private facilities also exist, such as the Pointe-Claire Yacht Club.

The Pointe-Claire Water Treatment Plant distributes an average of 65,000,000 L of potable water per day to a population of 87,248 people and approximately 1000 business and commercial users spread out in the city of Pointe-Claire, Beaconsfield, Baie-D'Urfé, Kirkland, Dollard-des-Ormeaux, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue and Senneville.

Transportation
Both Autoroute 20 and Autoroute 40 cross Pointe-Claire from east to west, both with intersections at Boulevard Saint-Jean and Boulevard Des Sources, the major north-south roads in the city. Parallel along Autoroute 20 are the Canadian National and Canadian Pacific Railway lines.

Pointe-Claire is served by three stations on Exo's Vaudreuil–Hudson line: Pointe-Claire station located at Donegani Avenue and Ashgrove Avenue, Valois station located at Avenue De-la-Baie-de-Valois (Valois Bay) and Donegani Avenue, and Cedar Park station also located on Donegani Avenue between Applebee Avenue and Aurora Avenue. The city is also served by several bus routes operated by Société de transport de Montréal with a major terminal located at Fairview Pointe-Claire.

Starting 2024, Pointe-Claire will be served by two stations on the Réseau express métropolitain rapid transit network: Fairview–Pointe-Claire station on Fairview Avenue, and Des Sources station on Des Sources Boulevard.

Local bus transportation is provided by Société de transport de Montréal.

Public safety and animal services
Municipal bylaw enforcement and animal control are provided by the city's Public Security force.

The city of Pointe-Claire uses the services of Contrôle animalier Vaudreuil-Soulange for injured animals or domestic pets that have been found.

Police services are provided by the Montreal Police Service. Fire and rescue services are provided by the Montreal Fire Department. Emergency Medical Services are provided by Urgences Sante. Emergency management, such as response to storms and flooding, as well as emergency medical care at public events is provided by the Pointe Claire Volunteer Rescue Unit.

Education
The Lester B. Pearson School Board (LBPSB) operates Anglophone public school. They run two elementary schools: Clearpoint (formerly Cedar Park) and St. John Fisher, and two high schools: John Rennie, and St. Thomas. In addition St. Edmund Elementary School and Beacon Hill Elementary School in Beaconsfield as well as Wilder-Penfield Elementary in Dollard-des-Ormeaux serve sections of the city. Lindsay Place High School is a former public high school that was part of the Lester B. Pearson School Board. It opened in 1962 and closed in 2021. St. Thomas High School has relocated into the building previously occupied by Lindsday Place.

The Centre de services scolaire Marguerite-Bourgeoys operates Francophone public schools, but were previously operated by the Commission scolaire Marguerite-Bourgeoys until June 15, 2020. The change was a result of a law passed by the Quebec government that changed the school board system from denominational to linguistic. They run three primary schools: Marguerite-Bourgeoys, Pointe-Claire (formerly Lakeside Heights Elementary), and Saint-Louis, and one high school, the École secondaire Felix-Leclerc (formerly École secondaire Saint-Thomas).

title: Pointe-Claire