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Carlos Arroyo

Carlos Alberto Arroyo Bermúdez (born July 30, 1979) is a Puerto Rican former professional basketball player. He played in the National Basketball Association with the Toronto Raptors, Denver Nuggets, Utah Jazz, Detroit Pistons, Orlando Magic, Miami Heat, and Boston Celtics.

In the 2008–09 season, he played for Maccabi Tel Aviv in the Israeli Basketball Premier League, winning the league's championship, and being named the Final's Most Valuable Player. In 2009 he also was the Israeli Premier League Assists Leader. He has also played professionally in Puerto Rico, Spain, and Turkey.

Arroyo was a member of the senior Puerto Rican national basketball team that defeated the United States at the 2004 Summer Olympic Games. He also represented Puerto Rico at the 2006 FIBA World Championship in Japan. In May 2019, Arroyo was picked by Trilogy to play in the Big3, a 3-on-3 basketball league founded by rapper Ice Cube. He played in that league for one season, and then turned his focus to music, releasing the international hit song, "Baila Reggaeton".

Early years and education
Carlos Arroyo was born and raised in Fajardo, Puerto Rico. He is an identical twin, born along his brother Alberto. Arroyo is a cousin of actor Benicio del Toro.

Arroyo graduated from Colegio Santiago Apostol in Fajardo. Arroyo attended Brookwood School in Thomasville, Georgia, for his junior year in high school, where he averaged nearly 30 points and 10 assists per game.

College career
Arroyo studied in Florida International University (FIU) from 1998 to 2001, where he played for the campus' team, the Golden Panthers. He was a four-year letterman in the university having completed his baccalaureate and played with the team four years, establishing several records in the team's history. Among these records is: the all-time lead in assists, as well as the single season assist record, having made 459 successful passes. Arroyo is also the only player in Florida International University to have scored more than six hundred points in a single season. He is in the second global position in lifetime scoring, having scored 1,600 points throughout his university career, with an average of 16.0 points per game and 4.6 assists per game over his 100 games. Arroyo was also selected as a member of the Sun Belt Conference's All-Star team on two separate occasions. On January 5, 2007, Florida International University presented a ceremony where Arroyo's university number (30) was symbolically retired to recognize his performance with the institution's team.

Early years
Arroyo began his professional career in the Baloncesto Superior Nacional of Puerto Rico when he was 17 years old. He debuted with the Cariduros de Fajardo in 1996. During his first year, he averaged 10.9 points per game, with a 52% of shooting efficiency. The next year, he improved his game averaging 17 points and 5.5 assists per game. That season, he also shot 42% from 3-point.

The next year, he played for the Cangrejeros de Santurce, where he was a teammate of then starting center of the Puerto Rican national basketball team, José Ortiz. In 2000, Arroyo averaged 17.1 points and 3.9 assists per game. During his participation with the team, the Cangrejeros won four consecutive national titles in 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2003, winning five league championships in six years.

First stint in the NBA (2001–2008)
After graduating from FIU, Arroyo was signed by the National Basketball Association's Toronto Raptors for the 2001–02 NBA season, but was released in January 2002. He then played briefly in the Spanish ACB League with TAU Cerámica before being signed by the Denver Nuggets in March of the same year. He saw limited action with those two teams, playing seventeen games with the Raptors and twenty with the Nuggets before his initial NBA season was over. He only played an average of 9.7 minutes per game during those thirty-seven games in which he saw action.

Utah Jazz
Arroyo joined the Utah Jazz for the 2002-03 NBA season. He did not play much during his first year in Utah; he was the team's third string point guard behind John Stockton and Mark Jackson. However, Arroyo watched and learned from Stockton and Jackson, and his time to play soon arrived.

Stockton retired shortly after the season ended, and Jackson joined the Houston Rockets during the offseason, leaving Arroyo as the starter for the 2003–04 season. With the retirement of Stockton and the subsequent departure of Karl Malone to the Los Angeles Lakers, it was expected that the Jazz would suffer through a miserable season and sink to the bottom of the league. However, to the surprise of many, the remaining Jazz players pulled together and kept the team competitive, even in the tough Midwest Division. With Arroyo leading the attack, Utah finished with an impressive 42–40 record, narrowly missing a berth in the playoffs. Arroyo set career highs by averaging 12.6 points and 5.0 assists per game. He scored a career-high 30 points against the Minnesota Timberwolves on November 14, the 2nd highest single-game total ever for a Puerto Rican player in the NBA.

Detroit Pistons
During the 2004-05 NBA season with the Jazz, Arroyo had several disputes with head coach Jerry Sloan. He eventually found himself back on the bench. In January 2005, Arroyo was traded to the Detroit Pistons for veteran center Elden Campbell (who would quickly be waived and later be reclaimed by the Pistons) and a future first-round pick.

With the Pistons, Arroyo came within one game of becoming the third Puerto Rican to win an NBA championship after alfred butch lee and JJ Barea. In what was dubbed by some Hispanic newspapers as The Hispanic NBA Finals (because Arroyo played for the Pistons and Argentine Manu Ginóbili starred for the San Antonio Spurs), the Spurs won the series in seven games, with a final game score of 81–74. Arroyo's playing time was reduced significantly due to Larry Brown's tight defensive style.

Initially, with Pistons coach Flip Saunders' style of coaching, Arroyo received more minutes of playing time, and demonstrated value off the bench. He led the team in assists several times despite playing fewer minutes than other players. However, again, his minutes declined as the season progressed.

On January 11, 2006, Arroyo was suspended for one game after he allegedly ran into an official during the Pistons' 96–86 victory over the New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets on January 10.

Orlando Magic
On February 15, 2006, Arroyo was dealt (along with Darko Miličić) from Detroit to the Orlando Magic, in exchange for Kelvin Cato and a future first-round draft choice.

The addition of Arroyo and Miličić, plus the return of point guard Jameer Nelson from the injured list, sparked a resurgence of the Magic in the last quarter of the 2005–2006 season, as they finished with a 12–3 run, nearly reaching the playoffs. During this run, the team had an eight-game winning streak, beating top teams such as the Dallas Mavericks, San Antonio Spurs, Miami Heat and the Detroit Pistons. During the stretch run, Arroyo averaged 22.1 MPG, 10.8 PPG, 2.8 APG, and 2.2 RPG off the bench, which earned Arroyo the back-up point guard position behind Nelson. These averages were significant improvements from the statistics he accumulated with the Pistons, when he averaged only 12 minutes per game. He scored a season-high 21 points against the Phoenix Suns on March 3, 2006. On April 9, 2006, Arroyo injured his left hamstring and was sidelined for four games, returning on April 17 and scoring 17 points in the last game of the season.

Arroyo started the 2006–07 season as the team's backup point guard but was demoted by the team's coach Brian Hill following an offensive slump, eventually returning to this position during mid season.

The Orlando Magic started the 2007–08 season with new coach Stan Van Gundy, and Arroyo again was at the backup point guard position. On November 28, 2007, he had a career-high 14 assists in a game against the Seattle SuperSonics. On December 29, 2007, Arroyo was promoted to the starting position after Nelson experienced an extended offensive slump. With Nelson in the starting position during this period the team was having an average of seventeen turnovers per game, and he was unable to score in double digits on 10 out of 17 games. This led to Van Gundy issuing several public notices concerning the team's performance eventually leading to changes in the starting formation. During Arroyo's first three games in the starting position the number of turnovers produced by the team was lowered to eleven per game. Arroyo's points average was within double digits in all of these games and he recorded seventeen assists. Arroyo closed January in the starting position, the team finished the month winning five out of six games.

However, after playing 5 minutes on February 6, 2008, and being replaced by Nelson, Arroyo saw his playing time limited again. Arroyo did not play from February 11, when he played for less than 10 minutes and scored 7 points, until March 1. In an interview with Puerto Rican newspaper El Nuevo Día, coach Van Gundy said that he prefers Keyon Dooling on the slot of back-up point guard right now. Due to injuries to both Nelson and Dooling, Arroyo was put back in the starting lineup that day and ended up scoring 13 points with 8 assists in 41 minutes. Following the conclusion of the 2007–2008 NBA season Arroyo became a free agent. When interviewed, Arroyo noted that he was interested in returning to Orlando, but that he was open to hear offers from the New York Knicks and Miami Heat.

Maccabi (2008–2009)
In the summer of 2008, Arroyo signed a three-year contract with the Israeli League powerhouse Maccabi Tel Aviv after having spent the previous 6 years in the NBA. The contract was worth $7.5 million net income, with his team paying all of his taxes and that included opt-out options after each of the first two seasons In the end of the 2008–09 season with Maccabi, he won the Israeli League, being named the Most Valuable Player of the league's finals. In Israel, he averaged 15.3 points (51.6% 2FGP) in 31 mins per game.

Miami Heat
On October 11, 2009, Arroyo signed a non-guaranteed, one-year contract with the Miami Heat. He had an established residence in Pinecrest, Florida, and had participated in a workout with the team before signing. His contract was guaranteed for the full year later in the season.

Upon starting the season, Arroyo rotated in the point guard position with Mario Chalmers. On January 7, 2010, the Heat signed veteran free agent Rafer Alston, forcing Arroyo to the bench. However, Alston was suspended after starting 25 games and on early March, Arroyo was moved back to the starting lineup. During the last two months of the season, Arroyo averaged 9 points and 4.5 assists per game. He finished the season with a 4.27-to-1 assist-to-turnover ratio, second only to Chris Paul. Arroyo averaged 6.8 points and 2.2 assists per game during the playoffs first round against the Boston Celtics where the Heat were eliminated in 5 games.

After the season ended, Arroyo became a free agent. However, on July 21, 2010, it was announced that he and the Heat had reached an agreement for the 2010–11 season. He began the season as the team's starting point guard. With the presence of LeBron James and him handling the ball most of the time, coach Erik Spoelstra encouraged Arroyo to be more proactive with his shots. On December 6, 2010, Arroyo had a perfect game shooting from the field (6–6 FG, 2–2 FT, 2–2 3PT), finishing with 18 points, 2 rebounds, and only 1 turnover. His 18 points were the most he had scored in 2 years.

On January 22, 2011, coach Spoelstra replaced Arroyo as the Miami Heat starting point guard with Mario Chalmers. According to Spoelstra "It's not an indictment on Carlos... It's just something I think will be beneficial for the team right now." Although Arroyo and Chalmers shared similar statistics, the latter edged Arroyo in the popular +/- statistics. On March 1, 2011, the Heat released Arroyo in an effort to clear a roster spot for the expected addition of free-agent guard Mike Bibby. During this season, Arroyo started 42 games with the Heat, averaging 5.6 points and 2 assists per game. He also improved his 3-point shooting to a career-best 43.8 average, leading the team in that statistic.

Boston Celtics
On March 6, 2011, Arroyo agreed to a contract with the Boston Celtics for the remainder of the season. The contract will apparently be for the veteran minimum of $1.2 million. After the news surfaced, Arroyo tweeted on his Twitter account "Embracing this new opportunity in my life... Excited to meet my new teammates!!".

Arroyo debuted with the Celtics on March 9, 2011, in a home game against the Los Angeles Clippers. He contributed with 4 points (2–3 FG), 3 rebounds, 2 assists, and 1 steal in 15 minutes of play. After the game, coach Doc Rivers praised Arroyo's performance, calling it "phenomenal". Rivers was particularly impressed when Arroyo called a play from memory that the team still hadn't practiced with him. Celtics veterans Kevin Garnett and Paul Pierce also welcomed Arroyo's contribution to the team. However, after the return of Delonte West from the injured list, Arroyo saw his playing time diminish.

During the first-round playoff series against the New York Knicks, Arroyo remained inactive as Rivers decided to have Troy Murphy active instead, because of his size. He was activated for their second-round series against his former team, the Miami Heat. Doc Rivers said "He knows this team... So I thought he may be able to help us in some way." However, Arroyo didn't play in the series and the Celtics were eliminated in five games.

Arroyo's final NBA game was on April 13, 2011, in a 112–102 win over the New York Knicks where he recorded 6 points, 4 assists and 3 rebounds as the Celtics' starting Point Guard.

Beşiktaş Milangaz
On December 22, 2011, Arroyo signed a deal with the Turkish club Beşiktaş Milangaz until the end of the 2011–12 season. His first game with the team was on December 31, 2011, against Anadolu Efes S.K. Arroyo scored nine points, with 5 rebounds and three assists in 22 minutes of play, and his team ended up winning 83–76. With only four weeks in Turkey, Arroyo was invited to play in the league All-Star game to be held in January 2012. During the game, he contributed with 13 points, 2 rebounds, and 13 assists. He also scored a last second three-point basket, to lead his team to a 140–139 win.

When the season resumed, Arroyo led his team to win the Turkish Basketball Cup title. He ended up averaging 28.4 minutes, 14 points, and 4.5 assists per game, and a three-point field goal percentage of 47%. After that, he helped his team win the EuroChallenge, while averaging 10.7 points and 3.6 assists per game. In June 2012, Arroyo led his team to win the championship of the Turkish Super League by defeating the Anadolu Efes team in the Turkish League Finals. Arroyo finished the 6th and last game of the Turkish League Finals with 18 points, 5 rebounds, and 8 assists. He was named the Turkish Super League Finals MVP.

Galatasaray
In January 2013, Arroyo signed with Galatasaray Medical Park of the Turkish Basketball Super League (BSL). On February 25, Arroyo scored 15 points and 7 assists on a win against Olin Edirne. On March 16, 2013, he scored 19 points, 3 rebounds, and 6 assists on a win against Mersin BB. On March 26, 2013, Arroyo faced his former team, Beşiktaş, and led Galatasaray to a 76–72 victory. Arroyo was the lead scorer for his team with 17 points, 5 rebounds, and 3 assists.

On June 15, 2013, Arroyo and Galatasaray won the BSL championship after defeating Banvit B.K. 76–58 in the final series. Arroyo scored 15 points and had 8 assists in the game. This was Arroyo's second championship in the BSL, after winning it in 2012 with Beşiktaş. Galatasaray had only lost one game since Arroyo joined the team in January. The next month, Arroyo re-signed with Galatasaray on a one-year deal with the option of a second. In June 2014, Arroyo guided the team to another BSL final, this time against Fenerbahçe Ülker. The series was taken to a seventh and decisive game. He was also selected as team captain for Galatasaray, replacing Ender Arslan.

On August 14, 2014, Galatasaray took up the option on Arroyo's contract, re-signing him for the 2014–15 season. After averaging 15.7 points and 5.1 assists per game during the first half of the season, Arroyo was selected to participate in the All-Star Game of the Turkish Basketball Super League for the European Team. The game was held in January 2015, and Arroyo finished the game with 14 points, 11 rebounds, and 22 assists, leading his team to defeat Team Asia 138-130. At the end of the game, Arroyo was selected Most Valuable Player of the game.

On March 2, 2015, Arroyo parted ways with Galatasaray, due to the unpaid salaries.

Return to Puerto Rico (2015)
On March 16, he came back to Puerto Rico, to play with the Cangrejeros de Santurce. He averaged 17.4 points in 39 games during the season.

FC Barcelona Lassa
On July 24, 2015, Arroyo signed a one-year deal with the Spanish club FC Barcelona Lassa.

Big 3
On February 11, 2019, it was announced that Carlos Arroyo had joined season 3 of the BIG3.

National team career
Arroyo was considered one of the premier international point guards. During the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Arroyo was the flag-bearer of the delegation and also led the Puerto Rican national team throughout the competition with 18 points per game overall, and led them to a 92–73 victory over the United States, with 25 points, 7 assists, and 4 steals. Arroyo was selected with All-Olympic Team honors.

During the 2006 FIBA World Championship, Arroyo averaged 21.2 points, 4.6 rebounds, and 5.2 assists per game, in five games, for the Puerto Rican team. Arroyo finished tied for fourth in PPG during the 2006 FIBA World Championship with fellow Puerto Rican teammate Larry Ayuso. Arroyo played at the 2008 Olympic Qualifying Tournament, but wasn't able to compete in the semifinals and finals due to a leg injury. At the 2010 CentroBasket, Arroyo was reassigned to the regular shooting guard position, while Barea replaced him as the starting point guard. Puerto Rico won its group, defeating Panama in semifinals, and the Dominican Republic in the final, to win the gold medal. Arroyo had averages of 6.3 assists per game, and led the tournament in points per game with 19.3, earning him inclusion in the tournament's All-Star Team. He was selected the event's Most Valuable Player. Arroyo chose to not play for the team for the 2015 FIBA Americas Championship.

On July 9, 2016, Arroyo announced his retirement as a player from the Puerto Rican national team, after fifteen years of playing with them.

On June 2021 Arroyo was named general manager of the Puerto Rican national team. On July 7, 2024, Puerto Rico qualified for the 2024 Summer Olympics after defeating both Italy in the semifinals and Lithuania in the final of one of four 2024 FIBA Men's Olympic Qualifying Tournaments.

Career statistics
Correct as of March 2, 2015

Regular season

 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * style="text-align:left;"| Toronto
 * 17 || 0 || 5.6 || .448 || .000 || .667 || .7 || 1.2 || .4 || .0 || 1.8
 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * style="text-align:left;"| Denver
 * 20 || 1 || 13.8 || .439 || .000 || .750 || 1.4 || 2.5 || .3 || .1 || 4.1
 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * style="text-align:left;"| Utah
 * 44 || 0 || 6.5 || .459 || .429 || .818 || .6 || 1.2 || .3 || .0 || 2.8
 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * style="text-align:left;"| Utah
 * 71 || 71 || 28.3 || .441 || .325 || .804 || 2.6 || 5.0 || .9 || .1 || 12.6
 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * style="text-align:left;"| Utah
 * 30 || 16 || 24.7 || .401 || .389 || .841 || 1.5 || 5.1 || .7 || .1 || 8.2
 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * style="text-align:left;"| Detroit
 * 40 || 0 || 17.7 || .376 || .083 || .767 || 1.5 || 3.2 || .6 || .0 || 5.4
 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * style="text-align:left;"| Detroit
 * 50 || 0 || 12.0 || .363 || .333 || .724 || 1.4 || 3.1 || .4 || .1 || 3.2
 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * style="text-align:left;"| Orlando
 * 27 || 0 || 22.0 || .502 || .357 || .810 || 2.2 || 2.9 || .7 || .0 || 10.8
 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * style="text-align:left;"| Orlando
 * 72 || 5 || 18.1 || .425 || .275 || .795 || 1.9 || 2.8 || .5 || .0 || 7.7
 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * style="text-align:left;"| Orlando
 * 62 || 20 || 20.5 || .451 || .345 || .853 || 1.8 || 3.5 || .4 || .0 || 6.9
 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * style="text-align:left;"| Miami
 * 72 || 35 || 22.0 || .475 || .280 || .844 || 1.8 || 3.1 || .5 || .1 || 6.1
 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * style="text-align:left;"| Miami
 * 49 || 42 || 20.2 || .458 || .438 || .800 || 1.6 || 2.0 || .3 || .0 || 5.6
 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * style="text-align:left;"| Boston
 * 15 || 1 || 12.7 || .314 || .600 || .917 || 1.5 || 1.7 || .5 || .0 || 2.4
 * - class="sortbottom"
 * style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
 * 569 || 191 || 18.7 || .438 || .338 || .806 || 1.7 || 3.1 || .5 || .0 || 6.6
 * style="text-align:left;"| Miami
 * 72 || 35 || 22.0 || .475 || .280 || .844 || 1.8 || 3.1 || .5 || .1 || 6.1
 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * style="text-align:left;"| Miami
 * 49 || 42 || 20.2 || .458 || .438 || .800 || 1.6 || 2.0 || .3 || .0 || 5.6
 * style="text-align:left;"|
 * style="text-align:left;"| Boston
 * 15 || 1 || 12.7 || .314 || .600 || .917 || 1.5 || 1.7 || .5 || .0 || 2.4
 * - class="sortbottom"
 * style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
 * 569 || 191 || 18.7 || .438 || .338 || .806 || 1.7 || 3.1 || .5 || .0 || 6.6
 * style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
 * 569 || 191 || 18.7 || .438 || .338 || .806 || 1.7 || 3.1 || .5 || .0 || 6.6

Playoffs

 * style="text-align:left;"| 2003
 * style="text-align:left;"| Utah
 * 3 || 0 || 9.0 || .333 || .000 || .750 || .7 || 1.7 || .0 || .0 || 3.0
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2005
 * style="text-align:left;"| Detroit
 * 19 || 0 || 7.9 || .356 || .000 || .667 || .5 || 2.1 || .2 || .1 || 2.1
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2007
 * style="text-align:left;"| Orlando
 * 3 || 0 || 13.3 || .357 || .000 || 1.000 || 1.7 || 2.0 || .3 || .0 || 4.0
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2008
 * style="text-align:left;"| Orlando
 * 4 || 0 || 7.5 || .500 || .000 || 1.000 || .5 || 1.0 || .0 || .0 || 1.5
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2010
 * style="text-align:left;"| Miami
 * 5 || 5 || 23.0 || .462 || .000 || 1.000 || 1.8 || 2.2 || .6 || .0 || 5.2
 * - class="sortbottom"
 * style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
 * 34 || 5 || 10.6 || .388 || .000 || .773 || .8 || 1.9 || .2 || .1 || 2.7
 * style="text-align:left;"| Miami
 * 5 || 5 || 23.0 || .462 || .000 || 1.000 || 1.8 || 2.2 || .6 || .0 || 5.2
 * - class="sortbottom"
 * style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
 * 34 || 5 || 10.6 || .388 || .000 || .773 || .8 || 1.9 || .2 || .1 || 2.7

EuroLeague

 * align="left" | 2001–02
 * align="left" | Tau Ceramica
 * 3 || 0 || 15.1 || .550 || .200 || 1.000 || 1.0 || 2.3 || .3 || .0 || 9.7 || 8.7
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2008–09
 * style="text-align:left;"| Maccabi
 * 15 || 15 || 33.6 || .393 || .293 || .867 || 2.7 || 4.1 || 1.3 || .1 || 14.6 || 13.0
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2013–14
 * style="text-align:left;"| Galatasaray
 * 25 || 25 || 31.7 || .418 || .346 || .855 || 2.0 || 5.5 || .4 || .0 || 13.7 || 13.5
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2014–15
 * style="text-align:left;"| Galatasaray
 * 15 || 15 || 29.5 || .384 || .346 || .824 || 1.7 || 4.3 || .5 || .0 || 12.5 || 9.7
 * style="text-align:left;"| 2015–16
 * style="text-align:left;"| Barcelona
 * 22 || 2 || 15.8 || .373 || .413 || .826 || 1.6 || 2.4 || .5 || .0 || 6.0 || 4.4
 * - class="sortbottom"
 * style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
 * 80 || 57 || 26.6 || .401 || .347 || .854 || 2.0 || 4.0 || .7 || .0 || 11.4 || 10.0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Barcelona
 * 22 || 2 || 15.8 || .373 || .413 || .826 || 1.6 || 2.4 || .5 || .0 || 6.0 || 4.4
 * - class="sortbottom"
 * style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
 * 80 || 57 || 26.6 || .401 || .347 || .854 || 2.0 || 4.0 || .7 || .0 || 11.4 || 10.0

Musical career
Interested in reggaeton, Carlos Arroyo established his own studio and independent record label called Arroyo Hit Music and launched a mini-musical career in 2009. He has released two singles so far, "Oculto Secreto" in 2009 and "Se Va Conmigo" in 2010. The latter features fellow Puerto Rican artist Yomo. Later after releasing his hit single with Reggaeton singer Yomo, he decided to work on the remix which features the "Queen of Reggaeton" Ivy Queen. The original version with Yomo peaked at #45 on the Billboard Latin Digital Songs chart, #26 on the Billboard Latin Rhythm Airplay chart, and #13 on the Billboard Latin Rhythm Digital Songs chart.

Carlos Arroyo also had his own theme music accompaniment at American Airlines Arena, namely El Gran Combo's "Fiesta de Pilito". Arroyo collaborated with Probably Pablo on the song "Imaginarme".

In March 2020, Arroyo released the single "Baila Reggaeton", featuring the popular duo Zion & Lennox; the song became an international hit, and Arroyo quickly became "one of the biggest reggaeton stars in the world".

Personal life
After finishing his studies in Florida International University (FIU), Arroyo established his residence in Florida, since it is the closest location to Puerto Rico within the United States, where he works. It was there that he met his wife, Xiomara Escobar, with whom he has three children, Gabriella (b. 2005), Daniela (b. 2010), and Carlos Adrián (b. 2012). On November 2, 2007, Arroyo was forced to miss two games with the Orlando Magic when he had to make an emergency visit to Puerto Rico because his daughter was suffering from pneumonia. Arroyo's grandmother was a cancer patient which motivated him to participate in activities directed towards children suffering from the condition. His eldest daughter Gabriella committed to the University of Dayton volleyball team in the NCAA Division I in 2022.

Singles

 * 2009: "Oculto Secreto"
 * 2010: "Se Va Conmigo" (feat. Yomo)
 * 2010: "Se Va Conmigo" (Remix) (Feat. Ivy Queen)
 * 2011: "Bailemos En La Luna"
 * 2011: "Imaginarme" (Probably Pablo feat. Carlos Arroyo)
 * 2011: "Estamos Ready" (Ali feat. Carlos Arroyo)
 * 2020: "Bailamos Reggaetón" (feat. (Zion & Lennox)
 * 2020: "Aruba" (feat. (Farruko)
 * 2020: "Heroe" (feat. (Rauw Alejandro)

title: Carlos Arroyo


text:
Governor of Queensland

The Governor of Queensland is the representative of the monarch, currently King Charles III, in the state of Queensland. In an analogous way to the governor-general at the national level, the governor performs constitutional and ceremonial functions at the state level. In particular the governor has the power to appoint and dismiss the premier of Queensland and all other ministers in the Cabinet, and issue writs for the election of the state parliament.

The current governor of Queensland, former Chief Health Officer of Queensland Jeannette Young, was sworn in on 1 November 2021.

The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Queensland, currently Helen Bowskill, acts in the position of governor in the governor's absence. In June 2014, Queen Elizabeth II, upon the recommendation of then-Premier Campbell Newman, accorded all current, future and living former governors the title The Honourable in perpetuity.

Official residence
The governor has resided at Government House, Brisbane since 1910. The mansion, set in 14 ha of gardens and bushland in the Brisbane suburb of Paddington, is also known as Fernberg. Unlike Fernberg, the original Government House was purpose-built and was used from 1862 to 1910; the building still exists today on the grounds of Queensland University of Technology's CBD campus.

Constitutional provisions
The office of the governor was initially established by letters patent issued by Queen Victoria on the founding of Queensland in 1867. However, up until 1977 the office was not formally recognised in Queensland legislation, with the powers of the governor set down in the letters patent and in an imperial order in council which preserved the effect of the Australian Constitutions Act 1842 (Imp) (the document that granted NSW a semi-elected assembly) as regard to the governor and restricted the power of the Queensland assembly to remove the position. However, following the 1975 Dismissal crisis then premier Sir Joh Bjelke-Peterson amended the Constitution Act 1867 (Qld) to replicate the provisions of the order in council. This was done as the order in council only applied due to the continuing authority of the British Parliament in regard to the states. It was feared that a future Commonwealth government would either assert or acquire by consent the exiting powers of the imperial parliament over the states, giving them the power to either abolish the office or make it subordinate to the governor-general, allowing the Commonwealth to order the state governor to refuse royal assent to state bills. This amendment provision was doubly entrenched, requiring a referendum for the provisions about the governor to be amended or removed. Following the passage of the Australia Act 1986, the power of the British Parliament to legislate for the states has been removed. However, there remains academic doubts of the legal effectiveness of the double entrenchment provisions.

The Constitution Act 2001 consolidated the previous constitutional documents, including the most recent letters-patent, leaving the role of the governor fully defined by Australian law. However, the doubly entrenched provisions of the 1867 constitution remains in place as a referendum was not sought to amend them.

In accordance with the conventions of the Westminster system of parliamentary government, the governor nearly always acts solely on the advice of the head of the elected government, the Premier of Queensland. Nevertheless, the governor retains the reserve powers of the Crown, and has the right to appoint and dismiss ministers, issue pardons, and dissolve Parliament.

The Queensland Constitution expressly provides that the governor "is not subject to direction by any person and is not limited as to the Governor's sources of advice" on the appointment or dismissal of ministers (s 35), another provision inserted by the Bjelke-Petersen government in the wake of the 1975 federal dismissal. This provision worked against Bjelke-Petersen when, in the dying days of his government in November 1987, he tried and failed to convince governor Sir Walter Campbell to remove several ministers to shore up his own support within Parliament. When the parliamentary wing of the National Party deposed Bjelke-Petersen and elected one of the dissident ministers, Mike Ahern, as the new leader of the National Party, Bjelke-Petersen initially refused to resign as premier and Sir Walter resisted calls to dismiss him. Bjelke-Petersen elected to resign on 1 December 1987.

The governor is head of the Executive Council, a Queensland equivalent to the Federal Executive Council. The Council is composed of ministers from the government of the day. The Chief Justice of Queensland and other judges in the Queensland judicial system are appointed by the governor acting on the advice of the Executive Council.

Governor's standard
The governor's standard comprises a Union Jack with a white roundel in the centre with the state badge of Queensland: a light blue Maltese cross, surmounted by a royal crown and surrounded by garland of laurel leaves.

The general design of standards for British governors was approved by Queen Victoria in 1869. The design for governors of Queensland was created and flown as a personal standard since 1876, when the Maltese cross was adopted as the colonial badge.

If the standard is flying at Government House, on a vehicle or at an event, this indicates that the governor is present.
 * Past and present standards of the governor

List of governors of Queensland
The first Australian born Governor of Queensland was Lieutenant-General Sir John Lavarack (appointed 1946). His successor, Sir Henry Abel Smith, the husband of the niece of Queen Mary, Lady May Abel-Smith, was British. All subsequent governors have been Australian-born, except for Leneen Forde, who was born in Canada but who emigrated to Australia at an early age.

Prior to the Separation of Queensland in 1859, it was part of New South Wales under the governors of New South Wales.

List of administrators and lieutenant-governors of Queensland
Administrators and lieutenant-governors are deputy roles generally appointed to carry out the duties of the governor when the governor is unavailable, due to travel or illness. If one is not appointed, then the duties are carried out by the Chief Justice of Queensland (or the most senior judge available). The following are the administrators and lieutenant-governors of Queensland:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Governor of Queensland


text:
Talk:Axiom of power set

Subset in what model?
Maybe somebody should add a note to the article explaining that the "subset" referred to is the notion of subset within the theory (in an attempt to ward off the confusion you typically get when somebody first hears that ZFC has countable models). -- Cwitty 01:11, 22 November 2003

 * I added a "Limitations" section to try to address this, since I think I had this misunderstanding for a while in regard to what the power set axiom implies (and was pretty unsettled regarding ZF set theory as a result until this was resolved). Germyb2 (talk) 04:41, 11 January 2023 (UTC)

isn't it possible to replace (∀ D, D ∈ C → D ∈ A) by C ⊂ A which I would find easier to understand.

 * not really, as ⊂ then needs to be defined, lengthening the statement --Henrygb 11:18, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Cartesian product defined by just one powerset operation -- I think?
The article states that the Cartesian product of X and Y is a subset of the power set of the power set of the union of X and Y. But isn't it a subset of the power set of the union of X and Y? Why the double power set? Am I missing something?

X = {a, b} Y = {c, d}

XuY = {a, b, c, d}

P(XuY) = {{}, {a}, {b}, {c}, {d}, {a, b}, {a, c}, {a, d}, {b, c}, {b, d}, {c, d}, {a, b, c}, {a, b, d}, {a, c, d}, {b, c, d}, {a, b, c, d}}

XxY = {{a, c}, {a, d}, {b, c}, {b, d}}

I probably am. But what is it, I wonder... 24.238.113.229 (talk) 05:52, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

 * You are confusing unordered pairs with ordered pairs. JRSpriggs (talk) 12:03, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes. Yes I am. Is that detail too elementary to be included in the article? It clarifies a lot, at least for me. 24.238.113.229 (talk) 21:14, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I tried to make it clearer in the article. How do you like it now? JRSpriggs (talk) 03:57, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

 * That's quite helpful, thanks! I have been browsing through Wikipedia's articles on Set Theory for some time, and while I am generally able to work through them, there are cases when I happen to be unacquainted with some basic idea (in this case (x, y) = {{x}, {x, y}}), which prevents me from following the argument. I think the problem is that the dense nature of mathematical argumentation and notation often obscures details that would, if spelled out, be heavily wikified. As a mathematical autodidact, I would love it if Wikipedia would spell such things out just a bit more, so that I could more easily find and rectify the gaps in my knowledge. 24.238.113.229 (talk) 23:26, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

Why is this uncontroversial?
I mean, what about "the set of all sets". Surely "the set of all sets" cannot have a power set as the power set of "the set of all sets" would be a set larger then "the set of all sets". But "the set of all sets" is the set of all sets and therefore the largest set. So this axiom leads too absurdity. I for one would rather ditch the axiom of power sets then the axiom of self consistency, but that is just me. It's "All that is is The All and yet The All is All that is." Vs. "Well surely there is something more then The All which contains The All. That which is above is as below, ya know." I mean it really cuts deep into the hermetic controversy. --Michaelidman —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.31.206.34 (talk) 04:15, 5 January 2009 (UTC)
 * You are assuming that there is a set of all sets. This is not true in most forms of set theory including the favorite ZFC. JRSpriggs (talk) 10:05, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

There are multiple errors due to not dealing with things in precise mathematical form. First mathematicians erroneously believe the powerset of an infinite set is larger, to be consistent with ∞+2=the same ∞ it is not, all infinite sets of set theory type are the same size, neverending, which is not a number. The set of all sets is a complex concept and can be any of multiple formulations. Saying 'of all sets' is merely all finite sets, saying 'the set of …' changes the definition of 'set' which again changes the definition of set again etc. Referring to 'the set of all sets that contain themselves' further requires mathematicaly precise definition. Doing this in English reduces this to phylosophy. So they decided 'of all sets' is a class and powerset of an infinite set exponentiates it's size, not realizing powerset of an infinite set is still not precisely defined. Victor Kosko (talk) 00:24, 12 January 2023 (UTC)

Cartesian product of finite collection
In this article, the inductive definition of the cartesian product is not associative. So, Ax(BxC)≠(AxB)xC. --Gallusgallus (talk) 18:54, 29 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Yes, that's true. The same is true for any other definition of binary Cartesian product. The elements of Ax(BxC) are pairs the second element of which is an element of BxC; the elements of (AxB)xC are pairs the second element of which is an element of C. So Ax(BxC) cannot possibly equal (AxB)xC regardless of how the pairs are represented in set theory. — Carl (CBM · talk) 02:37, 30 March 2010 (UTC)

Why replace y with P(x)?
The definition of the power-set axiom here has this, and I have seen this even in other texts. What would be the benefit of using y instead? PicoMath (talk) 18:47, 9 November 2023 (UTC)
 * When giving the formal statement of an axiom we have to be sure not to introduce any circularity into it by accident. This can happen easily by using derived notions, even if they would make the statement easier to parse at first reading.
 * I have messed around a bit with the introduction of the article, trying to make it somewhat easier to digest. Please check I didn't make a mess of it! – Tea2min (talk) 06:45, 10 November 2023 (UTC)
 * How exactly would replacing P(x) with y introduce circularity? I mean, the definition literally says that y represents P(x). PicoMath (talk) 15:04, 10 November 2023 (UTC)
 * You are right that in this case no circularity can occur. It's just that axiomatic set theory usually is formulated using the language of first-order logic and deliberately uses a very restricted syntax. See e.g. . – Tea2min (talk) 05:58, 11 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Axiom of power set


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User:Sanacja

Sanacja

title: User:Sanacja


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Armscor

Armscor refers to either:

 * Armscor (Philippines), the Philippine manufacturer of firearms and ammunition
 * Armscor (South Africa), the South African arms acquisition and sales agency

title: Armscor


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César Baldaccini

César (born Cesare Baldaccini; 1 January 1921 – 6 December 1998), also occasionally referred to as César Baldaccini, was a noted French sculptor.

César was at the forefront of the Nouveau Réalisme movement with his radical compressions (compacted automobiles, discarded metal, or rubbish), expansions (polyurethane foam sculptures), and fantastic representations of animals and insects.

Biography
He was a French sculptor, born in 1921 to Italian parents from Tuscany in the working-class neighbourhood of la Belle-de-Mai in Marseilles. His father was a cooper and bar owner. After studying at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, Marseilles (1935-9) he went on to the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris (1943-8). He began making sculptures by welding together pieces of scrap metal in 1952 and first made his reputation with solid welded sculptures of insects, various kinds of animals and nudes.

His first one-man exhibition was at the Galerie Lucien Durand, Paris, 1954.

His early work used soldered and welded metal as well as junk materials, and by 1960 César was considered one of France's leading sculptors. In that year, on a visit to a scrap merchant in search of metal, he saw a hydraulic crushing machine in operation, and decided to experiment with it in his sculpture. He astonished his followers by showing three crushed cars at a Paris exhibition. It was for these 'Compressions' that César became renowned. César selected particular cars for crushing, mixing elements from differently coloured vehicles. In this way he could control the surface pattern and colour scheme of the piece.

Later the same year he joined the Nouveaux Réalistes (New Realists) - Arman, Klein, Raysse, Tinguely, Pierre Restany and others who found their inspiration in urban life.

In 1965, he started to work with plastics, first with plastic moulds of human imprints, then from 1966 by pouring expanded polyurethane, which was allowed to expand and solidify. He gave up making welded-metal sculpture in 1966 and organised a series of Happenings from 1967 to 1970, in which he produced expansions in the presence of an audience. His later works also included sculptures made out of molten crystal.

In 1995, he was asked to paint a McLaren F1 GTR that participated in the famous 24 Hours of Le Mans. The car Chassis GTR5 is still in the livery created by César, and represents the only 'Art Car" based on the iconic Mclaren.

He is the creator of the César du cinéma trophy, which is awarded to the best in French cinema.

He was made Chevalier (Knight) of the Légion d'honneur on 22 January 1978 and promoted Officier (Officer) in 1993.

He married Rosine and had one daughter. He died in Paris in December 1998. Following his death there was an extended dispute over his will between his widow and daughter on the one hand and Stéphanie Busuttil, his companion at the time of his death, on the other.

Works on public display
Examples of César's work can be seen in the permanent collection of le Centre national d'art et de culture Georges-Pompidou (Bas relief, Tortue, le Diable) and the Musée d'art moderne de la Ville de Paris (Facel Véga). He also designed his own grave at the Montparnasse Cemetery, on the esplanade de La Défense (Le Pouce), in Marseille on the avenue de Hambourg near the MAC and the Bonneveine Centre (Le Pouce Géant).

One of his most iconic pieces, Conserve expansion - Martial Raysse (1970-1972), is at the Museo Cantonale d'Arte in Lugano.

The Flying Frenchman was installed in Hong Kong in the early 1990s.

title: César Baldaccini


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United Defense

United Defense Industries (UDI) was an American defense contractor which became part of BAE Systems Land & Armaments after being acquired by BAE Systems in 2005. The company produced combat vehicles, artillery, naval guns, missile launchers and precision munitions.

History
The company started as a division of the agricultural machine business, Food Machinery Corporation (FMC), when they won a US Federal Government contract to build the Landing Vehicle Tracked (LVT) and became a weapon manufacturer during World War II. In 1964, FMC broadened their defense business by purchasing Northern Ordnance Company (formerly Northern Pump Company) in Fridley, Minnesota which specialized in Naval shipboard guns and missile launchers.

Bowen McLaughlin York (BMY), which became the BMY division of Harsco Corporation, was a separate business involving design and manufacture of various combat vehicles and other defense hardware. Following a massive decline in orders for tracked combat vehicles between 1983 and 1994, FMC and the Harsco Corporation agreed in January 1994 to combine their defense businesses to form United Defense. The new company owned the former FMC California-based Ground Systems Division, the former FMC Minnesota-based Armament Systems Division and Harsco's Pennsylvania-based BMY Combat Systems Division. The new company restructured its operations to concentrate final assembly and testing of combat vehicles to Pennsylvania.

In September 2000, UDI purchased Bofors Weapon Systems AB of Sweden, subsequently renamed Bofors Defence.

In 1997 UDI was subject to a takeover bids by rival General Dynamics and The Carlyle Group. It chose the lowest bid from private equity firm The Carlyle Group, which floated the company in 2001 but retained a share of the company.

BAE Systems acquisition
On March 7, 2005 UK-based defence contractor BAE Systems announced it was to acquire UDI for US$3.974 billion (£2.1 billion). This followed expressions of interest from companies including Northrop Grumman.

BAE Systems' bid was referred to the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) to ensure there were no national security implications of the sale. The CFIUS granted approval of the deal in April 2005. BAE completed its acquisition of United Defense on June 24, 2005 and announced plans to merge the company with its existing land systems businesses to form BAE Systems Land and Armaments.

Products
United Defense products included:
 * Advanced Gun System (AGS) for next generation United States Navy surface combatants
 * Future Combat Systems Manned Ground Vehicles family of light armored ground vehicles
 * M2 Bradley Infantry Fighting Vehicle
 * M3 Bradley Cavalry fighting vehicle
 * M8 Armored Gun System, U.S. Army light tank canceled in 1996
 * M88 Hercules armored recovery vehicle
 * M109 Paladin
 * M113 family
 * Mobile Tactical Vehicle Light, a vehicle based on the M113 proposed for the U.S. Army Interim Armored Vehicle program
 * Crusader
 * Mark 41 Vertical Launching System (VLS)
 * 5-54 Mark 45 and 62 caliber lightweight naval gun

title: United Defense


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Othala

Othala, also known as ēðel and odal, is a rune that represents the o and œ phonemes in the Elder Futhark and the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc writing systems respectively. Its name is derived from the reconstructed Proto-Germanic *ōþala- "heritage; inheritance, inherited estate". As it does not occur in Younger Futhark, it disappears from the Scandinavian record around the 8th century, however its usage continued in England into the 11th century, where it was sometimes further used in manuscripts as a shorthand for the word ēðel ("homeland"), similar to how other runes were sometimes used at the time.

As with other symbols used historically in Europe such as the swastika and Celtic cross, othala has been appropriated by far-right groups such as the Nazi party and neo-Nazis, who have used it to represent ideas like Aryan heritage, a usage that is wholly modern and not attested in any ancient or medieval source. The rune also continues to be used in non-racist contexts, both in Heathenry and in wider popular culture such as the works of J.R.R. Tolkien and video games.

Name and etymology
The sole attested name of the rune is ēþel, meaning "homeland". Based on this, and cognates in other Germanic languages such as óðal and ēthel, the *ōþalą can be reconstructed, meaning "ancestral land", "the land owned by one's kin", and by extension "property" or "inheritance". *ōþalą is in turn derived from *aþalą, meaning "nobility" and "disposition".

Terms derived from *ōþalą are formative elements in some Germanic names, notably Ulrich.

The term "odal" (óðal) refers to Scandinavian laws of inheritance which established land rights for families that had owned that parcel of land over a number of generations, restricting its sale to others. Among other aspects, this protected the inheritance rights of daughters against males from outside the immediate family. Some of these laws remain in effect today in Norway as the Odelsrett (allodial right). The tradition of Udal law found in Shetland, Orkney, and the Isle of Man, is from the same origin.

Elder Futhark o-rune
The o-rune is attested early, in inscriptions from the 3rd century, such as the Thorsberg chape (DR7) and the Vimose planer (Vimose-Høvelen, DR 206). The corresponding Gothic letter is (derived from Greek Ω), which had the name oþal. The othala rune is found in some transitional inscriptions of the 6th or 7th century, such as the Gummarp, Björketorp and Stentoften runestones, but it disappears from the Scandinavian record by the 8th century. The Old Norse o phoneme at this time becomes written in Younger Futhark in the same way as the u phoneme, with the Ur rune.

It has been suggested that the othala rune on the Ring of Pietroassa is used to represent the word "*oþal", referencing the ring as hereditary treasure. Similarly, Wolfgang Krause speculated that the o rune is used as an ideograph denoting possession in the Thorsberg chape inscription, reading the inscription owlþuþewaz as O[þila] - W[u]lþu-þewaz "inherited property - the servant of Wulþuz".

Usage and shape
The Anglo-Saxon runes preserve the full set of 24 Elder Futhark runes (besides introducing innovations), but in some cases these runes are given new sound values due to Anglo-Frisian sound changes. The othala rune is such a case: the o sound in the Anglo-Saxon system is now expressed by ōs ᚩ, a derivation of the old Ansuz rune; the othala rune is known in Old English as ēðel (with umlaut due to the form ōþila-) and is used to express an œ sound, but is attested only rarely in epigraphy (outside of simply appearing in a futhark row). In some runic inscriptions, such as on the Seax of Beagnoth, and more commonly in manuscripts, othala is written with a single vertical line instead of the two diagonal legs, perhaps due to its simpler form.

The rune is also used as a shorthand for the word ēþel or œþel ("ancestral property or land") in texts such as Beowulf, Waldere and the Old English translation of Orosius' Historiae adversus paganos. This is similar to wider practices of the time, in which runes such as, and  were also used as shorthands to write the name of the rune.

Notable attestations
Epigraphical attestations include:
 * the Frisian Westeremden yew-stick, possibly as part of a given name Ƿimod (Ƿimœd)
 * the Harford (Norfolk) brooch, dated c. 650, in a finite verb form: luda:gibœtæsigilæ "Luda repaired the brooch"
 * the left panel of the Franks Casket, twice:  tƿœgen gibroþær afœddæ hiæ ƿylif "two brothers (scil. Romulus and Remus), a she-wolf nourished them".

Rune poem
The Anglo-Saxon rune poem preserves the meaning "an inherited estate" for the rune name:

Deliberate use as a far-right symbol
The symbol derived from othala with wings or feet (serifs) was the badge of the SS Race and Settlement Main Office, which was responsible for maintaining the racial purity of the Nazi Schutzstaffel (SS). It was also the emblem of ethnic Germans (Volksdeutsche) of the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen operating during World War II in the Nazi Germany-sponsored Independent State of Croatia.

The rune and winged symbol have been used by the Neo-Nazi Wiking-Jugend in Germany, and in South Africa by the Anglo-Afrikaner Bond, the Boeremag, the Blanke Bevrydingsbeweging, the Italian neo-fascist group National Vanguard, the Afrikaner Student Federation and the far-right wing White Liberation Movement before it was disbanded. In November 2016, the leadership of the National Socialist Movement announced their intention to replace the Nazi-pattern swastika with the othala rune on their uniforms and party regalia in an attempt to enter mainstream politics. The rune was further used, along with other traditional symbols from European cultures such as a Tiwaz rune and a Celtic cross, and slogans associated with Nazism and far-right extremism by the Christchurch mosque shooter Brenton Harrison Tarrant. Heathen Front was a Neo-Nazi group, active during the 1990s to 2005 that espoused a racist form of Heathenry and described its ideas as odalism in reference to the alternative name for othala.

White supremacists who use the rune often claim it symbolises the heritage or land of "white" or "Aryan" people which should be free from foreigners. It has been noted however that this usage is a new invention by the groups and is not attested in any source from before the modern period, being labelled by runologist Michael Barnes as "spring[ing] entirely from the imagination".

Alleged use as a far-right symbol
In some cases, individuals and organisations have been accused of using the rune as a far-right symbol, such as in April 2014 when the British Topman clothing company apologised after using it in one of their clothing lines. Furthermore, at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) held in Orlando, Florida, on February 25–28, 2021, the floor layout of the main stage resembled the winged form of the othala rune, leading to speculation on social media as to why that design was chosen. CPAC chairman Matt Schlapp said comparisons were "outrageous and slanderous". Design firm Design Foundry later took responsibility for the design of the stage, saying that it "intended to provide the best use of space, given the constraints of the ballroom and social distancing requirements." Ian Walters, director of communications for the ACU and CPAC, said they would stop using Design Foundry.

The neo-folk group Death in June used othala on the cover of their 7  Come Before Christ And Murder Love'' alongside their "Totenkopf 6" logo. The group does not openly support far-right ideologies however scholars have noted the group's fascination with Nazism and extensive usage of Nazi, and more widely fascist, imagery.

Heathenry
Othala, along with other runes more widely, often feature prominently in the practices of Heathens, and are commonly used to decorate items and in tattoos. The use of runes such as othala by far-right groups has been strongly condemned by some Heathen groups, including Asatru UK which released a public statement that "[it] is categorically opposed to fascist movements, or any movements, using the symbols of our faith for hate".

Popular culture
The Anti-Defamation League notes that because it is part of the runic alphabet, the othala rune is used widely in a non-racist manner and should be interpreted in conjunction with its context.

As with other historical runes, othala is used by J.R.R. Tolkien in The Hobbit as seen on Thror's map of Erebor, and as a base for the dwarvish Cirth writing systems used in The Lord of the Rings and described in Tolkien's Legendarium. Othala is also used as the symbol for the "Lore" resource in Northgard, released in 2018.

The name of the rune is also used in Stargate SG-1, in which Othala is a world in the Ida Galaxy where the Asgard had lived.

title: Othala


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Tsim Sha Tsui

Tsim Sha Tsui, often abbreviated as TST, is an urban area in southern Kowloon, Hong Kong. The area is administratively part of the Yau Tsim Mong District. Tsim Sha Tsui East is a piece of land reclaimed from the Hung Hom Bay now east of Tsim Sha Tsui. The area is bounded north by Austin Road and in the east by Hong Chong Road and Cheong Wan Road.

Geographically, Tsim Sha Tsui is a cape on the tip of the Kowloon Peninsula pointing towards Victoria Harbour, opposite Central. Several villages had been established in this location before Kowloon was ceded to the British Empire in 1860. The name Tsim Sha Tsui in Cantonese means sharp sandspit. It was also known as Heung Po Tau (香埗頭), i.e. a port for exporting incense tree.

Tsim Sha Tsui is a major tourist hub in Hong Kong, with many high-end shops, bars, pubs and restaurants that cater to tourists. Many of Hong Kong's museums are located in the area.

Etymology
The name Tsim Sha Tsui means 'sharp sandspit' in Cantonese.

Geography
Before any land reclamation, Tsim Sha Tsui consisted of two parallel capes with a bay in between in the south. The west cape, Kowloon Point, the proper Tsim Sha Tsui, coincided with the small hill where the Former Marine Police Headquarters is sited, while the east cape was the hill that is today known as Blackhead Point. The bay between the capes extended as far north as the present-day Mody Road. Today, Canton Road marks the western edge of Tsim Sha Tsui, and Chatham Road the eastern edge. The area is hilly, although many hills were levelled for reclamation.

History
Historical maps in Ming or Qing dynasty named the channel between Tsim Sha Tsui and Central as Chung Mun (Pinyin: Zhong Men, 中門, lit. the middle gate) as it is located in the middle of the two other channels, Kap Shui Mun in the west and Lei Yue Mun in the east, in the harbour.

Before Kowloon was ceded to Britain in 1860, many villages were present in the area. Incense trees (Aquilaria sinensis) from the New Territories were gathered at some quays in Tsim Sha Tsui and transferred to Shek Pai Wan in southern Hong Kong Island to be exported to the rest of the world. It was thus known as Heung Po Tau, the fragrant quay. Shortly after the land was ceded to Britain, construction began on the first section of Tsim Sha Tsui's major thoroughfare, Nathan Road.

In 1888, the Star Ferry offered regular transport between Central and Tsim Sha Tsui, and the area has flourished ever since. Until the 20th century, Tsim Sha Tsui was a leafy suburb that contained numerous facilities of the British garrison in Hong Kong. Whitfield Barracks, converted into Kowloon Park in 1970, ran to the west of Nathan Road, and Kowloon Naval Yard occupied the waterfront to the west of the army encampment. In the early 20th century, Chinese people were allowed to live in the area to attract more people to trade in the colony. Garden houses were replaced with crowded residential blocks. Wharves and godowns were built along the west shore. Major developers like Hormusjee Naorojee Mody and Catchick Paul Chater actively participated in the development of Tsim Sha Tsui.

The Kowloon–Canton Railway (British Section) commenced service on 1 October 1910. Kowloon station in Tsim Sha Tsui was approved to be constructed on reclaimed land in 1912. It was built on the new southern reclamation from 1913 to 1915. The rails extended along the western reclamation parallel to Chatham Road, with old Hung Hom station near the Gun Club Hill Barracks at the junction of Chatham Road and Austin Road. Another major road, Salisbury Road, was completed in approximately the same period. The landmark Peninsula Hotel was built on the reclamation in 1928, opposite to the station.

The Kowloon station was relocated to a new Hung Hom station in 1978. The whole station and rails were demolished except the landmark Clock Tower. Hong Kong Space Museum and later the Hong Kong Cultural Centre were erected on the site. The rails were replaced with New World Centre and other gardens in Tsim Sha Tsui East.

In 2016 the Tsim Sha Tsui Waterfront Revitalisation Plan was shelved due to public controversy.

Industry
Tsim Sha Tsui remains tertiary sector from colonial days to present. In early colonial days, transport, tourism and trading are main business of the area. As port and rail facilities moved out of the area, the major industry falls on the later two. Tsim Sha Tsui, like Central, contains several centres of finance. After Kai Tak Airport closed, the height restrictions on buildings has dropped and now larger taller skyscrapers, parallel to those of Central, have been constructed.

Culture
Some depictions of the cartoon cat Din Dong appear throughout the city. A statue in the Avenue of Comic Stars was built in Kowloon Park.

Hotels
Tourist hospitality is a major industry in Tsim Sha Tsui. The area has the highest concentration of hotels in Hong Kong. Some of the hotels include The Peninsula, Rosewood Hong Kong, Kowloon Shangri-La, InterContinental Hong Kong, The Mira Hong Kong, Baden-Powell International House, Hotel Icon, and the Hotel Panorama. The Hyatt Regency Hong Kong was closed on 1 January 2006 and the iSQUARE shopping mall was built at its former location; it re-opened in October 2009 on Hanoi Road of Tsim Sha Tsui within the new The Masterpiece skyscraper. Other hotels in virtually every price range and level of luxury can be found throughout the area; Chungking Mansions is known for providing cheap lodging for backpackers.

Restaurants
Tsim Sha Tsui is one of many places to find exotic restaurants in Hong Kong. Hillwood Road at the north of Observatory Hill concentrates on restaurants of different national dishes. Knutsford Terrace on the other side of the hill is a terrace of pubs. Kimberley Street is famous for the Korean cuisine restaurants and grocery stores, especially after the advent of Korean Wave (韓流) in Hong Kong, giving the street the nickname of Koreatown (小韓國). From there, a string of Korean restaurants are located on Austin Avenue which circles Observatory Hill. Located on Nathan Road, the Chungking Mansions is a major tourist attraction in Tsim Sha Tsui. Georgetown Parade is well known for its dog nose biscuits. These recognisable buildings were featured in the film Chungking Express, and are full of inexpensive guest houses, Indian restaurants, and money changers.

Shopping
Tsim Sha Tsui is one of the main shopping areas in Hong Kong. Shopping malls in the area include:
 * 1881 Heritage, located within the renovated Former Marine Police Headquarters
 * China Hong Kong City, which also houses office buildings, a hotel and a ferry terminal
 * Cke, in the Chungking Mansions building
 * Harbour City
 * iSQUARE, opened in 2009
 * K11 Art Mall, opened in 2009
 * K11 MUSEA, opened in 2019
 * Miramar Shopping Centre
 * New World Centre
 * Sogo, opened in 2005. It is now located below the Sheraton Hotel at No. 20 Nathan Road. It used to be located underground, below Salisbury Road. In March 2023, the Tsim Sha Tsui location of Sogo was closed to be relocated to Kai Tak.
 * Silvercord, at the junction of Canton Road and Haiphong Road
 * The ONE, built on the site of the former Tung Ying Building at No. 100 Nathan Road, at the corner with Granville Road

The Park Lane Shopper's Boulevard is located along a section of Nathan Road. The flagship stores of several luxury brands are located in the Tsim Sha Tsui section of Canton Road.

Parks
The largest park in Tsim Sha Tsui is Kowloon Park, a popular destination complete with swimming pools, aviary, children's playground, kung fu corner, sculpture garden and the Hong Kong Heritage Discovery Centre. Other parks and public open spaces include Signal Hill Garden at Blackhead Point, the Urban Council Centenary Garden in Tsim Sha Tsui East, Salisbury Garden, Middle Road Children's Playground and the Tsim Sha Tsui Promenade, which includes the Avenue of Stars, along the Victoria Harbour waterfront.

Museums and performance venues
Half of the major museums in Hong Kong are situated in Tsim Sha Tsui. The Hong Kong Space Museum, Hong Kong Museum of Art and the Hong Kong Cultural Centre are located at the southern waterfront. Hong Kong Museum of History and Hong Kong Science Museum are situated in Tsim Sha Tsui East. The Hong Kong Heritage Discovery Centre and the Health Education Exhibition and Resource Centre, located within Kowloon Park, are housed in preserved and restored blocks of the former Whitfield Camp.

Tourist attractions
Tsim Sha Tsui was once the terminus of the Kowloon–Canton Railway (KCR). After the British Section of the railway was opened for traffic on 1 October 1910, the construction of the railway station in Tsim Sha Tsui started in 1913. Construction on the railway station and its clock tower were completed in 1915. The main building of the Tsim Sha Tsui station was demolished in 1978. The station was relocated to Hung Hom to make way for the Hong Kong Space Museum and the Hong Kong Cultural Centre. But the Clock Tower of the station was not demolished and was kept in place. It is all that remains standing of the station. The clock tower is forty-four metres high, surmounted by a seven-metre-high (7 m) lightning rod. It is now surrounded by the public piazza of the Cultural Centre and has become a landmark of Hong Kong. Six pillars of the railway were relocated to the Urban Council Centenary Garden in TST East. The Avenue of Stars starts at the "New World Centre" shopping centre near the Cultural Centre. There is also the attraction of shopping at a clothing store frequented by famous people from all over the world, at Sam's Tailor.

The Tsim Sha Tsui waterfront is another popular destination for locals and tourists alike. It is especially popular for photographers, as it offers an unobstructed view of the Central area of Hong Kong across Victoria Harbour. The Star Ferry terminal is another popular attraction for tourists, and the Avenue of Stars is also popular with photographers.

East Tsim Sha Tsui
East Tsim Sha Tsui or Tsim Sha Tsui East (尖沙咀東 or simply 尖東) is an area east of Chatham Road South reclaimed from Hung Hom Bay in the 1970s. The Tsim Sha Tsui East Promenade links the area with the Hong Kong Cultural Centre near the Clock Tower. In 2004, the East Rail line returned to Tsim Sha Tsui with the extension of the line from Hung Hom to the new East Tsim Sha Tsui station, which serves as an interchange station with Tsim Sha Tsui station on the Tsuen Wan line. Unlike other East Rail line stations, it was built underground near Blackhead Point. An extensive tunnel system was constructed for pedestrians to access the most popular destinations in Tsim Sha Tsui, and to change trains between the two lines.

East Tsim Sha Tsui is the last district in Hong Kong to use a grid plan system before the Hong Kong government adopted its high land price policy, meaning that development in East Tsim Sha Tsui is less centralised than in newer districts. It is characterised by a large number of mid-rise buildings including hotels, offices and shopping centres. Pedestrian plazas are located in between the buildings.

In 2005, there were 15 office buildings and 5 hotels in Tsim Sha Tsui East:
 * Office buildings: New Mandarin Plaza, Chinachem Golden Plaza, South Seas Center, Harbor Crystal Center, East Ocean Center, Energy Plaza, Hilton Towers, Inter-Continental Plaza, Auto Plaza, Mirror Tower, Houston Center, Wing On Plaza, Tsim Sha Tsui Centre and Empire Center.
 * Hotels: The Royal Garden Hotel, Regal Kowloon Hotel, Kowloon Shangri-La, Grand Stanford Harbor View Hotel and Hotel Nikko Hong Kong.

Streets
Streets in Tsim Sha Tsui include:

 * Ashley Road
 * Blenheim Avenue
 * Bristol Avenue
 * Cameron Road
 * Canton Road
 * Carnarvon Road
 * Granville Road
 * Haiphong Road
 * Hankow Road
 * Hanoi Road
 * Hart Avenue
 * Hau Fook Street
 * Humphrey's Avenue
 * Ichang Street
 * Kimberley Road
 * Kimberley Street
 * Knutsford Terrace
 * Middle Road. Located in the southern part of Tsim Sha Tsui, across Nathan Road and parallel to Salisbury Road. When people leave East Tsim Sha Tsui station, they can do so through Middle Road. The road has a playground named Middle Road Children's Playground that is located on top of the MTR station.
 * Minden Row
 * Mody Road
 * Nathan Road
 * Observatory Road
 * Peking Road
 * Salisbury Road

Trains
Tsim Sha Tsui is served by the MTR Tsim Sha Tsui station, on the Tsuen Wan line. Another station, East Tsim Sha Tsui station, opened in late 2004 as a southern extension of the East Rail line from Hung Hom station. On 16 August 2009, the Kowloon Southern Link of the West Rail line, from Nam Cheong station to East Tsim Sha Tsui station was opened. Simultaneously, the segment between East Tsim Sha Tsui station and Hung Hom station was transferred from the East Rail line to the West Rail line, so Hung Hom station is now the interchange station between the East Rail line and the West Rail line. East Tsim Sha Tsui station is connected to Tsim Sha Tsui Station and a number of locations in the area though an extensive pedestrian subway network. On 27 June 2021, the Tuen Ma line replaced the West Rail line.

Ferries
The Star Ferry connects Tsim Sha Tsui to Central and Wan Chai. Various hydrofoil services out of the Hong Kong China Ferry Terminal on Canton Road link Tsim Sha Tsui to Macau, Guangzhou, and several other places in the Pearl River Delta. They depart from China Hong Kong City, located near Harbour City.

Buses
Since Tsim Sha Tsui is in the heart of Kowloon Peninsula, the area is served by an extensive network of bus routes to many parts of Hong Kong. There are major bus terminals beside the Star Ferry terminal and atop East Tsim Sha Tsui underground station on Chatham Road.

Education
Tsim Sha Tsui is in Primary One Admission (POA) School Net 31. Within the school net are multiple aided schools (operated independently but funded with government money) and Jordan Road Government Primary School.

Other places in the area

 * Fok Tak Temple (dated back to 1900)
 * Former Kowloon British School
 * Former Marine Police Headquarters (now incorporated into a shopping centre)
 * Hong Kong Observatory
 * Ocean Terminal
 * Tsim Sha Tsui Ferry Pier (Star Ferry)

title: Tsim Sha Tsui


text:
ValuJet Flight 592

ValuJet Airlines Flight 592 was a regularly scheduled flight from Miami to Atlanta. On May 11, 1996, the ValuJet Airlines McDonnell Douglas DC-9 operating the route crashed into the Everglades about 10 minutes after departing Miami as a result of a fire in the cargo compartment probably caused by mislabeled and improperly stored hazardous cargo. All 110 people on board were killed. The airline already had a poor safety record before the crash, and the accident brought widespread attention to the airline's problems. ValuJet's fleet was grounded for several months after the accident. When operations resumed, the airline was unable to attract as many customers as it had before the accident. It acquired AirTran Airways in 1997, but the lingering damage to the ValuJet name led its executives to assume the AirTran name. It is the deadliest plane crash in Florida.

Background
ValuJet Airlines was founded in 1992 and was known for its occasionally aggressive cost-cutting measures. Many of the airline's planes were purchased in used condition from other airlines, little training was provided to workers and contractors were hired for maintenance and other services. The company quickly developed a reputation for a lackluster safety record. In 1995, the U.S. military refused ValuJet's bid to fly its personnel because of safety worries, and some officials at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) wanted the airline grounded.

In 1986, an American Trans Air McDonnell Douglas DC-10 being serviced at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport had been destroyed on the ground by a fire caused by chemical oxygen generators. On February 3, 1988, American Airlines Flight 132 (operated by a McDonnell Douglas MD-83) experienced a similar incident to that which later downed ValuJet Flight 592: a fire began in the cargo hold while the plane was in flight, caused by hazardous materials (primarily hydrogen peroxide), but in that case the crew landed the aircraft safely.

After American Airlines Flight 132, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) recommended to the FAA that all class D cargo holds be fitted with smoke detectors and fire-suppression systems.

Aircraft and crew
The aircraft, a DC-9-32 registered N904VJ, was the 496th DC-9 assembled at the Long Beach plant. It was 27 years old and had been previously flown by Delta Air Lines. Its first flight occurred on April 18, 1969, and it was delivered to Delta on May 27, 1969 as N1281L. The airframe flew for Delta until the end of 1992, when it was retired and sold back to McDonnell Douglas. McDonnell Douglas then sold the plane to ValuJet in 1993. The aircraft was powered by two Pratt & Whitney JT8D-9A turbofan engines.

The aircraft had suffered a series of incidents in the two years before the crash, including two aborted takeoffs and eight emergency landings. Engine and pressurization errors were the primary issues in several of the incidents. In May 1995, the FAA issued a rewiring directive for all DC-9 cockpits because the wire bundles in the switch panel could cause "fire and uncontrolled smoke throughout the cockpit as a result of chafing and shorting."

In the flight deck were two experienced pilots, Captain Candi Kubeck (35) and First Officer Richard Hazen (52). Kubeck had accumulated 8,928 total flight hours throughout her career (including 2,116 hours on the DC-9) and Hazen had more than 11,800 total flight hours throughout his career, with 2,148 on the DC-9.

Accident
On the afternoon of May 11, 1996, Flight 592 left Gate G2 in Miami after a delay of one hour and four minutes because of electrical problems. There were 110 people on board: 105 passengers, mainly from Florida and Georgia, and a crew of two pilots and three flight attendants. At 2:04 p.m. EDT, the DC-9 departed from Runway 9L (now Runway 8R) and began a normal climb.

At 2:10 p.m., the passengers began to smell smoke. At the same time, the pilots heard a loud bang in their headsets and noticed that the plane was losing electrical power. The sag in electrical power and the banging sound were eventually determined to be the result of an explosion of a tire in the cargo hold. Seconds later, a flight attendant entered the cockpit and informed the flight crew of a fire in the passenger cabin. Passengers' shouts of "fire, fire, fire" were recorded on the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) when the cockpit door was opened. Although ValuJet's flight-attendant training manual stated that the cockpit door should not be opened when smoke or other harmful gases might be present in the cabin, the intercom was not functional and there was no other way to alert the pilots. The flight data recorder (FDR) indicated a progressive failure of the DC-9's electrical and flight control systems resulting from the spreading fire.

Kubeck and Hazen immediately asked air traffic control to return to Miami and were given instructions for a return to the airport. One minute later, Hazen requested the nearest available airport. Kubeck began to turn the plane left in preparation for the return to Miami.

Flight 592 disappeared from radar at 2:13:42 p.m., the exact time at which it crashed. Eyewitnesses watched as the plane banked sharply, rolled onto its side and nosedived into the Francis S. Taylor Wildlife Management Area in the Everglades, a few miles west of Miami, at a speed in excess of 507 mph. Kubeck lost control of the plane less than 10 seconds before impact. Examination of debris suggested that the fire had burned through the floorboards in the cabin, resulting in structural failure and damage to cables underneath the instrument panels. The NTSB report on the accident stated that "the Safety Board cannot rule out the possibility that the flightcrew was incapacitated by smoke or heat in the cockpit during the last 7 seconds of the flight." Interruptions in the cockpit voice recorder occurred on two occasions, one of which was one minute and 12 seconds in length. The aircraft hit the water at 2:13:42 p.m. EDT, about 10 minutes after takeoff. The impact site was on the eastern edge of Florida Water Conservation Area 3B, between two levees, in an area known as the L-67 Pocket.

All on board were killed in the crash. Recovery of the aircraft and victims was severely complicated by the location of the crash. The nearest road of any kind was more than a quarter of a mile (400 m) away from the crash scene, and the location of the crash itself was a deep-water swamp with a floor of solid limestone. The aircraft was destroyed on impact, with no large pieces of the fuselage remaining. Sawgrass, alligators and risk of bacterial infection from cuts plagued searchers involved in the recovery effort.

According to the NTSB's report, two witnesses fishing nearby testified that "they saw a low-flying airplane in a steep right bank. According to these witnesses, as the right bank angle increased, the nose of the airplane dropped and continued downward. The airplane struck the ground in a nearly vertical attitude." They reported seeing no external damage nor any sign of fire or smoke other than the engine exhaust. A group of sightseers in a small private plane also witnessed the crash and provided a nearly identical account, stating that Flight 592 seemed to "disappear" after hitting the swamp and that they could see nothing but scattered small debris, part of an engine and a large pool of jet fuel near the crash site.

Victims
Notable passengers killed on the flight included:
 * San Diego Chargers running back Rodney Culver
 * Songwriter and musician Walter Hyatt
 * DelMarie Walker, 38, the prime suspect in a murder in Georgia

Recovery of the passengers and crew took several weeks, and very few intact human remains were found given the sheer violence of the impact, immersion in swamp water and scavenging by wildlife. About 68 of the 110 victims were identified, in some cases from examining jawbones, and at least one individual from a single tooth. A piece of torn flesh was proven to belong to Hazen, but Kubeck's remains were never found. Because of the adverse conditions, performing toxicology tests on the human remains to determine their exposure to fumes and smoke from the in-flight fire was not possible.

Investigation
At the end of a 15-month investigation, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) determined that the fire had developed in a cargo compartment below the passenger cabin. The cargo compartment was of a Class D design, in which fire suppression is accomplished by sealing the hold from outside air. Any fire in such an airtight compartment would quickly exhaust all available oxidizers and then extinguish itself. As the fire suppression can be accomplished without any intervention by the crew, such holds are not equipped with smoke detectors.

The NTSB determined that just before takeoff, 144 expired chemical oxygen generators, each slightly larger than the size of a tennis-ball can, had been placed in the cargo compartment in five boxes marked COMAT (company material) by ValuJet's maintenance contractor SabreTech. This violated Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations forbidding the transport of hazardous materials in passenger-aircraft cargo holds. Failure to cover the generators' firing pins with the prescribed plastic caps made accidental activation much more likely. The investigation revealed that rather than covering the pins, maintenance personnel simply cut the cords attached to the pins or applied duct tape around the cans, and consumer-grade adhesive tape was also used to secure the ends. SabreTech employees indicated on the cargo manifest that the "oxy canisters", which were loosely packed in boxes that were each sealed with tape and bubble wrap, were "empty." ValuJet workers then loaded the boxes in the cargo hold in the mistaken belief that the devices were simply empty canisters that would be safe and legal to transport on a passenger aircraft.

Chemical oxygen generators, when activated, produce oxygen for passengers if the plane suffers a decompression. However, they also produce a great quantity of heat because of the exothermic nature of the chemical reaction involved. Therefore, not only could the heat and generated oxygen start a fire, but the oxygen could also keep the fire burning.

Investigators determined that one of the oxygen generators was likely triggered when the plane experienced a slight jolt while taxiing. As the aircraft taxied and took off, the generator began releasing heat that caused other canisters to activate. Each activation created more heat, which rapidly caused all of the generators to activate. The intense heat ignited a fire in the other materials in the cargo hold. The fire was worsened by the presence of two main aircraft tires, one of them mounted on a main wheel, and a nose tire and wheel that were also included in the list of materials shipped as COMAT.

Laboratory testing showed that canisters of the same type could heat nearby materials up to 500 F. The oxygen from the generators fed the resulting fire in the cargo hold without any need for outside air, defeating the cargo hold's airtight design. A pop and jolt heard on the cockpit voice recording and correlated with a brief and dramatic spike in the altimeter reading in the flight data recording were attributed to the sudden cabin-pressure change caused by one of the wheels in the cargo hold exploding from the heat. Investigators also determined that in this process, the fire began to destroy control cables that ran to the back of the aircraft, which explained why the pilots began losing control before the plane crashed. The NTSB concluded that the aircraft was under positive control by the pilots until the time of the sharp right turn and dive immediately prior to impact.

Regulatory change
Smoke detectors in the cargo holds can alert the flight crew of a fire long before the problem becomes apparent in the cabin, and a fire-suppression system buys valuable time to land the plane safely. This would prevent a scenario similar to Flight 592 in which the emergency had escalated well beyond the flight crew's ability to respond by the time that the problem had become apparent. In February 1998, the FAA issued revised standards requiring all Class D cargo holds to be converted by early 2001 to Class C or E; these types of holds have additional fire-detection and fire-suppression equipment.

Culpability
The NTSB report placed responsibility for the accident on three parties: In 1997, a federal grand jury indicted SabreTech for mishandling hazardous materials, failing to train its employees in proper handling of hazardous materials, conspiracy and making false statements. SabreTech's maintenance supervisor Daniel Gonzalez and two mechanics who worked on the plane, Eugene Florence and Mauro Ociel Valenzuela-Reyes, were charged with conspiracy and making false statements. Two years later, having been found guilty on the mishandling hazardous materials and improper training charges, SabreTech was fined $2 million and ordered to pay $9 million in restitution. Gonzalez and Florence were acquitted on all charges, while Valenzuela failed to appear and was indicted in absentia for contempt of court. A warrant was issued for Valenzuela's arrest in 2000, and he remains a fugitive as of 2023. In 2010, he was specifically highlighted in the EPA's announcement of a website to search for "environmental fugitives." The FBI has offered a $10,000 reward for information on his whereabouts.
 * SabreTech, for improperly packaging and storing hazardous materials
 * ValuJet, for not supervising SabreTech
 * The FAA, for not mandating smoke-detection and fire-suppression systems in cargo holds as recommended in 1988 after a similar incident

In May 2001, SabreTech agreed to pay $2.25 million in fines to the FAA (later reduced to $1.75 million), but did not admit wrongdoing. In November 2001, the United States 11th Circuit Court of Appeals overturned most of the verdict against SabreTech. It found that at the time, federal law did not support criminal penalties for reckless violations of hazmat regulations. SabreTech had been convicted of violating the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act, which did not provide criminal penalties for reckless violations of the act. However, the 11th Circuit did allow the conviction for improper training to stand, and remanded that count to a lower court for resentencing. In 2002, federal judge James Lawrence King sentenced SabreTech to a $500,000 fine and three years' probation.

Just before the federal trial, a Florida grand jury indicted SabreTech on 110 counts of manslaughter and another 110 counts of third-degree murder: one for each person who died in the crash. SabreTech settled the state charges by agreeing to plead no contest to a state charge of mishandling hazardous materials and make a $500,000 donation to promote aviation safety.

SabreTech was the first American aviation company to be criminally prosecuted and convicted for its role in an American airline crash. The company, a subsidiary of St. Louis-based Sabreliner Corporation, went out of business in 1999.

ValuJet was grounded by the FAA on June 16, 1996. It was allowed to resume flying again on September 30, but never recovered from the crash. In 1997, the company acquired AirTran Airways. Although ValuJet was the nominal survivor, the merged airline took the AirTran name. ValuJet executives believed that a new name was important to regain the trust of the flying public. AirTran made little mention of its past as ValuJet, though it did not make any major announcements on the crash's 10th anniversary out of respect for the victims. In 2011, AirTran was purchased by Southwest Airlines.

Many families of Flight 592's victims were outraged that ValuJet was not prosecuted, given the airline's poor safety record. ValuJet's accident rate was not only 14 times higher than that of legacy airlines, but one of the highest in the low-fare sector as well. In the aftermath of the crash, an internal FAA memo surfaced questioning whether ValuJet should have been allowed to stay in the air. The victims' families also point to statements made by ValuJet's officials immediately after the crash that led many to believe that ValuJet knew that the generators were on the plane and had ordered them returned to Atlanta rather than properly disposed in Miami.

Legacy

On the third anniversary of the accident in 1999, a memorial was dedicated to the victims in the Everglades. The memorial, consisting of 110 concrete pillars, is located just north of Tamiami Trail, about 12 miles west of Krome Avenue in Miami-Dade County. It points to the location of the crash site 12 miles to the north-northeast. Students from the American Institute of Architecture Students designed the memorial, and local contractors, masons and labor unions built it for free. In a June 4, 2013 Miami Herald article, a local resident stated that while slogging through the sawgrass several months earlier, he had found a partially melted gold pendant in the same area. It was believed to have been a possession of a victim of either the ValuJet crash or the crash of Eastern Air Lines Flight 401, which had occurred about 2 mi from the ValuJet crash site.

In popular culture
Three National Geographic shows, Why Planes Crash ("Fire in the Sky"), Seconds from Disaster ("Florida Swamp Air Crash") and Mayday ("Fire in the Hold"), covered the crash. It was also featured in the last episode of the four-part Travel Channel series Probable Cause: Air Crash Investigations and in an episode of Cops being filmed in the Miami area at the time.

title: ValuJet Flight 592


text:
User talk:AnthonyQBachler

Nomination of Multigenomic organism for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Multigenomic organism is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Multigenomic organism until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Lagomorphae(t) 03:05, 23 April 2015 (UTC)

Status Quo redirect
Did you have any input you wanted to give on the redirect discussion? If so, the discussion is taking place at Redirects for discussion/Log/2011 September 3. Inks.LWC (talk) 08:58, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

I have given my input. The redirect should either go to status quo or to Status_Quo_(disambiguation). I don't have time to keep fixing the vandalism, so either an admin must get involved as I originally requested on the temporary protection page, or someone else will have to take the time to maintain the article. The redirect and the disambiguation page are both being vandalized. AQBachler (talk) 13:36, 5 September 2011 (UTC)
 * But you haven't given your input at the discusion which will determine the outcome of the redirect (and the fact that it wasn't taken to RFD to begin with is why there's this problem at all). Inks.LWC (talk) 23:01, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

The discussion is taking place on the talk page for Status Quo. AQBachler (talk) 23:35, 5 September 2011 (UTC)
 * The RFD discussion will trump that discussion. It really should've been taken to RFD to begin with, since that's the purpose of RFDs. Inks.LWC (talk) 19:11, 6 September 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:AnthonyQBachler


text:
Talk:ValuJet Flight 592

Comments
I moved a lot of the text from the Valujet article relating to the crash and merged it with the text already posted. WhisperToMe 01:36, 22 Nov 2003 (UTC)

592 didn't really destroy ValuJet, just forced the transformation into the AirTran of today. Perhaps that text should be editied. 129.21.143.179 04:57, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

Should it matter mentioning the false "empty" status of the canisters? I was taking a Hazardous Materials course right after the crash, and we discussed the crash (still in the news) at length as a rolling practical exercise. The canisters were supposed to be marked for cargo aircraft only. The canisters are also classified to be treated the same if they are empty or full. As you may know, some chemicals are more dangerous as vapor than liquid, so an "empty" container may contain the vapor making it more dangerous. Regardless, the empty/full status is irrelevant when handling oxygen generators. BenWilson 14:14, 2 October 2007 (UTC)
 * The investigation program from Seconds to Disaster clearly said that the canisters were labeled as "empty" when they were not, and that contributed to the accident. WhisperToMe (talk) 03:00, 9 September 2010 (UTC)

 * IIRC, the 'empty' reports arose from an early mis-reporting of the oxygen canister types involved immediately after the accident. It was initially assumed by some that the 'oxygen' carried in the cargo hold was stored in pressurised bottles, however it was later discovered that the devices were chemical generators used in the passenger emergency overhead mask system. The generators were time-expired, and not empty as has been stated, they had been removed from an aircraft during maintenance so they were probably still functionable and therefore still dangerous.

 * The cannisters were supposed to have had a safety pin inserted for transport but the pins were not available and so the actuating cords were cut and taped to the sides of the cannister. At some time in the hold a cannister actuated creating the heat that lead to the igniting of the other cannisters in the box, which being oxygen-fuelled created much higher than normal temperatures, above those which the cargo hold was able to contain.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.4.57.101 (talk) 16:40, 2 October 2011 (UTC)

Rolled On Its Side & Crashed Nose First Contradicts Accompanying Illustration
I was baffled by the illustration which shows the aircraft in a level flight attitude before impact compared to the text which reads "Flight 592 disappeared from radar at 2:13:42 pm. It rolled onto its side and crashed to the ground nose-first in the Francis S. Taylor Wildlife Management Area in the Everglades, a few miles west of Miami, at a speed in excess of 507 miles per hour (816 km/h)."

Incidentally, the following sentence from the one quoted above is somewhat confusing "The crew continued to fly the plane until seven or fewer seconds before impact, likely until the front left floor beams collapsed and caused failure of the flight controls." Is this consistent with a nose-down attitude? I suspect the pilots were suffering from severe disorientation and request that this conclusion should be included in the paragraph. 176.24.226.120 (talk) 14:18, 23 July 2013 (UTC) Alan Lowey

 * I was looking at this article and noticed the issue with the illustration as well. If there aren't any objections, I'd suggest removing the image from the entry as what it shows is at odds with the entry text. Natty10000 | Natter  16:23, 7 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Should have been removed long ago. Doing that now. Rsduhamel (talk) 14:59, 4 January 2014 (UTC)

Spike the altimeter
The article mentions the altimeter "spiked" due to the sudden pressure increase presumably caused by one of the tyres in the cargo container bursting. Doesn't an increase in pressure mean a drop in height? So the altimeter would dip, not spike.

I realise the appaling pedantry I'm expressing here when a hundred people died. That's Internets! 188.29.165.202 (talk) 22:07, 19 October 2013 (UTC)

What it means is the pressure reading suddenly went up then rapidly went back down.184.1.71.147 (talk) 23:49, 27 June 2017 (UTC)

Predicted in Fiction
I've just finished watching a Made-For-TV disaster film entitled "Crash: The Mystery of Flight 1501" (Or at least as it's written on the box of the DVD I have "Crash: The Mystery Flight of 1501".). The film was made in 1990 and aside from featuring the lead investigator into the ValuJet592 crash in the role of the doomed flights co-pilot the cause of the crash is very similar to ValuJet592, namely the transport of mislabled oxygen generating (& highly flamable) chemicals in a class D cargo hold.

The actual inspiration was probably Air Canada Flight 797 since details of that incident turn up in the fictional reconstruction of the accident sequence.

This might be worth adding to the article.Graham1973 (talk) 12:35, 29 December 2013 (UTC)

Impact speed
How was the plane's speed at impact determined when the flight data recorder stopped one minute before the crash?184.1.71.147 (talk) 15:22, 13 June 2017 (UTC)

Victims
The list should include all or none, much less one person who wasn’t even on the flight. (I think the last is a slap in the face to families of victims who are excluded.) The two victims listed would be unrecognizable today by the vast majority of readers. Nicmart (talk) 19:26, 28 July 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:ValuJet Flight 592