text:
Jim Hall (computer programmer)

Jim Hall (James F. Hall) is a computer programmer and advocate of free software, best known for his work on FreeDOS. Hall began writing the free replacement for the MS-DOS operating system in 1994 when he was still a physics student at the University of Wisconsin-River Falls. He remains active with FreeDOS, and is currently the coordinator for the project.

Hall has said he created FreeDOS in response to Microsoft announcing end of support for MS-DOS in 1994, a year before Windows 95 was released. As a user and fan of MS-DOS, Hall did not want the functionality of DOS to go away. Prompted by a March 31, 1994 post on comp.os.msdos.misc asking if "anyone, for example GNU et al. ever considered writing a Public Domain DOS", Hall decided to garner support for a free version of DOS, written under a free or public domain model. In a June 29, 1994 post, Hall announced an effort to create a free DOS, called PD-DOS, writing:

"A few months ago, I posted articles relating to starting a public domain version of DOS. The general support for this at the time was ong, and many people agreed with the statement, "start writing!" So, I have …

Announcing the first effort to produce a PD-DOS. I have written up a "manifest" describing the goals of such a project and an outline of the work, as well as a "task list" that shows exactly what needs to be written. I'll post those here, and let discussion follow.

If you are thinking about developing, or have ideas or suggestions for PD-DOS, I would appreciate direct email to me. If you just want to discuss the merits or morals of writing a PD-DOS, I'll leave that to the net. I'll check in from time to time to see how the discussion is going, and maybe contribute a little to what promises to be a very polarized debate! :->

I am excited about PD-DOS, and I am hoping I can get a group started!"

Within a few weeks, other programmers including Pat Villani and Tim Norman joined the project. A kernel, the COMMAND.COM command line interpreter (shell) and core utilities were created by pooling code they had written or found available. Hall wrote over a dozen of the first DOS utilities for the project, mostly file and batch utilities. In a July 26, 1994 post, Hall announced the PD-DOS project had been renamed to "Free-DOS", having updated the project's goals to intend to distribute source code under the GNU General Public License. The project would later be renamed "FreeDOS", without the hyphen, after the publication of FreeDOS Kernel, by Pat Villani. Hall was the project's release coordinator from Beta1 until about Beta7, and also released the first alpha distribution of Free-DOS, as announced in a post on comp.os.msdos.misc. He is again the project coordinator since April 2011 after Pat Villani's departure, and subsequent death in August of the same year.

Hall is also the original developer of GNU Robots, but he is no longer active on this project and has since handed maintainership over to Tim Northover. It is now being developed by Bradley Smith.

title: Jim Hall (computer programmer)


text:
Da Afghanistan Bank

Da Afghanistan Bank (DAB, د افغانستان بانک; ) is the central bank of Afghanistan. It regulates all banking and monetary transactions in Afghanistan. Established in 1939, the bank is wholly government-owned. It is active in developing policies to promote financial inclusion and a member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion.

Da Afghanistan Bank currently has around 52 branches throughout the country, with seven of these in Kabul, where its headquarters is also based. As of December 2023, individual bank customers cannot withdraw more than 70,000 afghanis ($1,000) a week.

Seal of the bank
The seal of Da Afghanistan Bank has the name of the bank in Pashto at the top and Latin script at the bottom, the year 1939 in which it was established, and a depiction of a Eucratides I-era coin with the Greek text, "ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ΕΥΚΡΑΤΙΔΟΥ" which means "Of the great king Eucratides".

Mission
Basic tasks of DAB are:
 * Formulate, adopt and execute the monetary policy of Afghanistan.
 * Hold and manage the official foreign-exchange reserves of Afghanistan.
 * Print and issue afghani banknotes and coins.
 * Act as banker and adviser to, and as fiscal agent of the state.
 * License, regulate and supervise banks, foreign exchange dealers, money service providers, payment system operators, securities service providers, securities transfer system operators.
 * Establish, maintain and promote sound and efficient systems for payments, for transfers of securities issued by the state or DAB, and for the clearing and settlement of payment transactions and transactions in such securities.
 * Accept foreign bank applications from banks that wish to operate in Afghanistan.

Chief of the bank

 * Habibullah Malie Achekzai, 1954–1960
 * Abdul Hay Azizi, 1960–1975
 * Mohammad Hakim Khan, 1975–1980
 * Ghulam Hussain Jujeni, 1980–1982
 * Mehrabuddin Paktiawal, 1982–1985
 * Abdul Basir Ranjbar, 1985–1988
 * Mohammad Kabir, 1988–1990
 * Khalil Sediq, 1990–1991
 * Abdul Wahab Asefi, ?–1991–?
 * Najibullah Sahu, ?–1992–?
 * Zabihullah Eltezam, ?–1993
 * Ghulam Mohammed Yailaqi, 1993
 * Mohammad Hakim Khan, 1993–1995
 * Ehsanullah Ehsan, during Taliban era, 1996–1997
 * Abdul Samad Sani, during Taliban era, 1997–?
 * Mohammad Ahmadi, during Taliban era, ?–2001
 * Anwar ul-Haq Ahady, 2002–2004
 * Noorullah Delwari, 2004–2007
 * Abdul Qadir Fitrat, 2007–2011
 * Noorullah Delwari, 2011–2014
 * Khan Afzal Hadawal, acting, 2014–2015
 * Khalil Sediq, 2015–2019
 * Wahidullah Nosher, acting, 2019–2019
 * Ajmal Ahmady, acting, 2019 – August 2021
 * Haji Mohammad Idris, acting, August 2021 – October 2021
 * Shakir Jalali, acting, October 2021 – March 2023
 * Hidayatullah Badri, acting, March 2023 – present

Members of the Supreme Council
In July 2021, the Supreme Council at DAB consisted of:
 * Ajmal Ahmady
 * Dr. Shah Mohammad Mehrabi
 * Katrin Fakiri
 * Abdul Wakil Muntazer
 * Muhammad Naim Azimi

The Supreme Council is currently unknown due to the collapse of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan in August 2021.

Seizure of US-based assets
DAB owned about US$7 billion in assets held at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. After the 2021 Taliban seizure of power, a group of about 150 relatives of victims of the September 11 attacks attempted to use a judgement from the SDNY case Havlish v. Bin Laden to gain control of these assets, asserting that they were now legally the Taliban's and thus could be used to pay damages to 9/11 victims' families. After a period of deliberation, the Biden administration went along with the request, dividing the assets into two halves, one of which would be allocated to the plaintiffs as potential damages, and the other which would be used to set up a trust fund to "support the needs of the Afghan people" but which the Taliban government would remain barred from accessing. On 26 August 2022, a judge recommended to not award damages as the bank is "immune from jurisdiction" and that it would "acknowledge" the Taliban as the legitimate Afghan government.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Da Afghanistan Bank


text:
Tempelhof

Tempelhof is a locality of Berlin within the borough of Tempelhof-Schöneberg. It is the location of the former Tempelhof Airport, one of the earliest commercial airports in the world. The former airport and surroundings are now a park called Tempelhofer Feld, making it the largest inner city open space in the world.

The Tempelhof locality is located in the south-central part of the city. Before Berlin's 2001 administrative reform, the area of Tempelhof, together with the localities of Mariendorf, Marienfelde, and Lichtenrade, constituted a borough of its own, also called Tempelhof. These localities grew from historic villages on the Teltow plateau founded in the early 13th century in the course of the German Ostsiedlung.

History
Tempelhove was first mentioned in a 1247 deed issued at the Walkenried Abbey as a Komturhof (commander's court, the smallest holding entity of a military order) of the Knights Templar, whose leadership and many fellow knights had been expelled from the Kingdom of Jerusalem upon its downfall in 1291. The heart of the old settlement, consisting of the church and the original estate, was fortified and originally completely surrounded by water. The Templars were joined by fifteen families of landless farmers' sons from the Rhine, who could not inherit any estate from their parents because of over-fragmentation of those estates. Legates of the Templars offered them fertile soil and the protection of Tempelhove's stronghold.

After Pope Clement V officially abolished the Order of the Temple in 1312, the knights of Saint John (the Johanniter), backed by Margrave Waldemar of Brandenburg, took over the villages of Tempelhof, Mariendorf, and Marienfelde. In 1435, they sold their estates to the city of Berlin.

In the early nineteenth century, Tempelhof was still a village outside Berlin proper and was the site of country excursions for the citizens of Berlin. The northern parts of Tempelhof were incorporated as Berlin's Tempelhofer Vorstadt in 1861 and in 1920 became part of the Kreuzberg borough.

Today, the former commandery (Komturei) is a chain of parks, called Bosepark, Kleiner Park, Alter Park, and Franckepark. Some of them still have ponds that were part of the artificial moat surrounding the village's center. One, the Krummer Pfuhl, located in the Franckepark, after being turned into public swimming baths in the nineteenth century, has completely dried out and is now an enclosed deer park.

The original church, built from glacial boulders, was destroyed in the Second World War and was replaced with one built of ashlar or dressed stone with a timber-frame tower.

The Tempelhof Studios were established in 1912 and functioned as film and later television studios.

Sister cities

 * 🇺🇸 Charleston, South Carolina, United States
 * 🇮🇱 Nahariya, Israel
 * London Borough of Barnet, England, United Kingdom
 * 🇳🇱 Amstelveen, Netherlands

Sons and daughters Tempelhof

 * Manny Marc (born 1980), DJ and rapper
 * Klaus Wowereit (born 1953 in Altbezirk Tempelhof), SPD-politician, 1984-1995 Council Chairman of Tempelhof, 2001-2014 Governing Mayor of Berlin
 * Michael Müller (born 1964 in Altbezirk Tempelhof), SPD politician, from 1989 to 1996 member of the Borough Council (BVV) Tempelhof, since 2014 mayor, succeeding Klaus Wowereit

Personalities associated with Tempelhof

 * Edmund Elend (1881–1933), merchant and owner of the former department store Kaufhaus Tempelhof
 * Elisabeth Schumacher (1904–1942), graphic artist and resistance fighter of the Rote Kapelle, lived at Werner-Voß-Damm 42
 * Kurt Schumacher (1905–1942), sculptor, medallist and resistance fighter of the Rote Kapelle, lived at Werner-Voß-Damm 42
 * Marta Hillers (1911–2001), German journalist, lived until after the war in an apartment in the Manfred-von-Richthofen-Straße 13 (then number 31). She has recorded her experiences during the capture of the city and the subsequent occupation of the Red Army in diaries, that were published in Germany in 1959 under the German title: Eine Frau in Berlin. In 2008 a film was made with Nina Hoss as leading lady under the German title: Anonyma eine Frau in Berlin

title: Tempelhof


text:
Blunt (cigar)

A blunt is a cigar which is wider than a cigarillo and not quite as wide as a Corona, generally equivalent to a petit corona while short panatellas are sometimes classified as mini-blunts. These cigars typically consist of two main parts; the inner leaf, which is similar to a cigarette rolling paper, except it is made of tobacco, and a thicker outer leaf which is rolled around the inner leaf in a spiral. In most commercially available blunts, the "leaves" are not actual tobacco leaves but rather paper made from tobacco pulp.

Blunts originally got their name from their "broad or rounded tip", and were named as such in the 19th century to differentiate them from other cigars with a tapered, pointed tip. Blunts are a specific size cigar that have been so popular as to have been once sold in specific vending machines. The original blunt cigar was manufactured in Philadelphia out of a single leaf outer tobacco wrapper. At the time this was the only cigar wrapped in one continuous leaf, other cigars used pieces of leaves for their outer wrapper. Tobacco leaves naturally taper at the ends. Since this cigar was rolled in one leaf the end would taper and had a round appearance (thus leading to the Blunt name). Due to the popularity of this style of cigar many other Blunts were launched into the marketplace. Brands of blunts include: Phillies, Dutch Masters, Backwoods, White Owl, Altadis marketing "Antonio Y Cleopatra", "El Producto", and "Tampa Nugget" brands, Swedish Match marketing "Game" and "Garcia Y Vega" brands, and Swisher Sweets marketing "King Edward", "Optimo", and "Pom Pom" brands. These types of cigars are commonly sold in convenience stores, gas stations, grocery stores, and drugstores, in contrast to premium cigars, which are sold in cigar shops. Blunts burn quickly like cigarettes, and some can be smoked in about five minutes, whereas a premium cigar takes an hour or so to burn. Unlike premium cigars, blunts are either already cut or have a hole in the mouth end for the smoke to go through, and so they do not need to be cut at the mouth end. Blunts are also significantly cheaper than premium cigars.

Over time the term Blunt came to describe any cigar wrapped in a single continuous leaf. However, in the 1970s a new manner of producing cigars was invented. This manner is known as spiral binding. No longer did cigars have to be rolled in a continuous single leaf but instead a continuous spiral wrap from base to tip could be employed. The basic shape of a blunt remained unchanged although the burn characteristics of a spiral wrapped cigar is not the same as a single continuous leaf. However, spiral wrapping is much less expensive than using a full single tobacco leaf. Spiral wrapping gives a better seal than a single continuous leaf as overlapping can be done (much like wrapping an arm in a bandage, spiral wrapping is easier to seal than a single continuous bandage).

Individually packaged blunt leaves have been available for many years. These are tobacco leaves that because of their nature and appearance are used to roll a cigar in one continuous sheet (thus the name blunt is used). The United States Tobacco Taxation Board has classified all individual cigar wrappers as "blunts" and taxes them as roll-your-own tobacco. Many US states classify blunt wraps as tobacco and a license is required to sell them and collect tax. Canada defines a blunt wrap as "a sheet or tube made of tobacco used to roll cigarette tobacco in—similar to rolling paper". Use of these single continuous sheets is closer to the original blunts of the 19th century since it is not a spiral wrap.

title: Blunt (cigar)


text:
Gaston B. Cashwell

Gaston Barnabas Cashwell (April 28, 1862 or 1860 – 1916) was an early Pentecostal leader in the southern United States. He was born in Sampson County, North Carolina.His importance lies in bringing several Holiness movements into the Pentecostal camp.

Biography
G. B. Cashwell first became a minister in the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, and later joined the Holiness Church of North Carolina in 1903. In November 1906, he traveled to Los Angeles to visit the Pentecostal revival at the Azusa Street mission. In early December, he had an experience that he believed to be the baptism in the Holy Spirit and the evidence of speaking in tongues. Upon returning to Dunn, North Carolina, on December 31, 1906, Cashwell preached the Pentecostal experience in the local Holiness church. Interest in the Pentecostal experience was so great that he rented a local tobacco warehouse and began a month-long crusade. A revival broke out in North Carolina, especially in the holiness movement. Most of the ministers of the Pentecostal Holiness Church, the Fire-Baptized Holiness Church and the Holiness Free Will Baptist Churches were swept into Pentecostalism by this revival. Over the next six months, he toured the south preaching Pentecost. His zeal and influence in spreading Pentecostalism through the south has earned him the title of the "Apostle of Pentecost to the South".

In the summer of 1907, Cashwell brought the message of Pentecost to evangelists H. G. Rodgers and M. M. Pinson, who carried the message to Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and Mississippi. Later they would lead these churches into the Assemblies of God. Through Rodgers and Pinson, A. J. Tomlinson of the Church of God in Cleveland, Tennessee, heard of Cashwell's message and invited him to Cleveland. On January 12, 1908, following a sermon by Cashwell, Tomlinson fell to the floor. He professed to receiving the baptism of the Holy Ghost and speaking in at least ten different languages.

In October 1907, Cashwell started a publication in Atlanta, Georgia, called The Bridegroom's Messenger. The periodical was created to spread the Pentecostal message over the country through a combination of sermons, articles, editorials, and testimonies. He edited it for seven months before turning it over to Elizabeth A. Sexton (who had been the Associate Editor since the second issue) and returned fully to his evangelistic efforts. The periodical was later taken over by Sexton's daughter and son-in-law, Hattie and Paul Barth, who organized the International Pentecostal Assemblies (now International Pentecostal Church of Christ).

Although the influence of Cashwell was strong, his time of association with the Pentecostal movement was for a brief period of three years—from his conversion in 1906 until his departure from the Pentecostal Holiness Church in 1909. In 1910 and afterward, his name no longer appeared in the roster of ministers belonging to the Pentecostal Holiness Church. Cashwell was instrumental in the development of the Pentecostal Free Will Baptists and was listed as a member of the Baptist church across the street from where he lived when he died.

Cashwell's apostleship of Pentecostalism in the south influenced many denominations. About a dozen existing Pentecostal bodies can trace their Pentecostal heritage directly or at least in part to Gaston B. Cashwell, including:

 * Assemblies of God USA
 * Church of God (Cleveland)
 * Church of God of Prophecy
 * Congregational Holiness Church
 * International Pentecostal Church of Christ
 * International Pentecostal Holiness Church
 * Pentecostal Free Will Baptist Church

title: Gaston B. Cashwell


text:
Decoy

A decoy (derived from the Dutch de kooi, literally "the cage" or possibly ende kooi, "duck cage" ) is usually a person, device, or event which resembles what an individual or a group might be looking for, but it is only meant to lure them. Decoys have been used for centuries most notably in game hunting, but also in wartime and in the committing or resolving of crimes.

Hunting
In hunting wildfowl, the term decoy may refer to two distinct devices. One, the duck decoy (structure), is a long cone-shaped wickerwork tunnel installed on a small pond to catch wild ducks. After the ducks settled on the pond, a small, trained dog would herd the birds into the tunnel. The catch was formerly sent to market for food, but now these are used only by ornithologists to catch ducks to be ringed and released. The word decoy, also originally found in English as "coy", derives from the Dutch de Kooi (the cage) and dates back to the early 17th century, when this type of duck trap was introduced to England from the Netherlands. As "decoy" came more commonly to signify a person or a device than a pond with a cage-trap, the latter acquired the retronym "decoy pool".

The other form, a duck decoy (model), otherwise known as a 'decoy duck', 'hunting decoy' or 'wildfowl decoy', is a life-size model of the creature. The hunter places a number about the hunting area as they will encourage wild birds to land nearby, hopefully within the range of the concealed hunter. Originally carved from wood, they are now typically made from plastic.

Wildfowl decoys (primarily ducks, geese, shorebirds, and crows, but including some other species) are considered a form of folk art. Collecting decoys has become a significant hobby both for folk art collectors and hunters. The world record was set in September 2007 when a pintail drake and Canada goose, both by A. Elmer Crowell, sold for 1.13 million dollars apiece.

Military decoy

The decoy in war is a low-cost device intended to represent a real item of military equipment.

They may be used in different ways:
 * deployed in amongst their real counterparts, to divert part of the enemy fire away from the real items of equipment.
 * for military deception, fooling the enemy into believing forces in a particular area are much stronger than they really are. One notable example are Quaker Guns.
 * to produce a multitude of false signals to overwhelm a radar or sonar defence system, such as flares for IR-guided missiles or chaff for ICBMs.

Bomb decoy
In irregular warfare, improvised explosive devices (IEDs) are commonly used as roadside bombs to target military patrols. Some guerrillas also use imitation IEDs to intimidate civilians, to waste bomb disposal resources, or to set up an ambush. Some terrorist groups use fake bombs during a hostage siege, in order to limit hostage rescue efforts.

Sonar decoy
A sonar decoy is a device designed to create a misleading reading on sonar, such as the appearance of a false target.

In biochemistry
In biochemistry, there are decoy receptors, decoy substrates and decoy RNA. In addition, digital decoys are used in protein folding simulations.

Decoy receptor
Decoy receptors, or sink receptors, are receptors that bind a ligand, inhibiting it from binding to its normal receptor. For instance, the receptor VEGFR-1 can prevent vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) from binding to the VEGFR-2 The TNF inhibitor etanercept exerts its anti-inflammatory effect by being a decoy receptor that binds to TNF.

Decoy substrate
A decoy substrate or pseudosubstrate is a protein that has similar structure to the substrate of an enzyme, in order to make the enzyme bind to the pseudosubstrate rather than to the real substrate, thus blocking the activity of the enzyme. These proteins are therefore enzyme inhibitors.

Examples include K3L produced by vaccinia virus, which prevents the immune system from phosphorylating the substrate eIF-2 by having a similar structure to eIF-2. Thus, the vaccinia virus avoids the immune system.

Digital decoys
In protein folding simulations, a decoy is a computer-generated protein structure which is designed so to compete with the real structure of the protein. Decoys are used to test the validity of a protein model; the model is considered correct only if it is able to identify the native state configuration of the protein among the decoys.

Decoys are generally used to overcome a main problem in protein folding simulations: the size of the conformational space. For very detailed protein models, it can be practically impossible to explore all the possible configurations to find the native state. To deal with this problem, one can make use of decoys. The idea behind this is that it is unnecessary to search blindly through all possible conformations for the native conformation; the search can be limited to a relevant sub-set of structures. To start with, all non-compact configurations can be excluded. A typical decoy set will include globular conformations of various shapes, some having no secondary structures, some having helices and sheets in different proportions. The computer model being tested will be used to calculate the free energy of the protein in the decoy configurations. The minimum requirement for the model to be correct is that it identifies the native state as the minimum free energy state (see Anfinsen's dogma).

title: Decoy


text:
Joscelin III

Joscelin III (1139 – after 1190) was the titular count of Edessa, who during his lifetime managed to amass enough land to establish a lordship in the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Early life
Joscelin III was the son of Joscelin II and Beatrice of Saone. He inherited the claim to the County of Edessa from his father, Joscelin II. The county had been captured in 1144 and its remnants (including the Lordship of Turbessel) conquered or sold years earlier.

Joscelin lived in the Kingdom of Jerusalem and managed to gather enough land around Acre to set up his own lordship.

Royal Guardian
His sister, Agnes, had been the first wife of King Amalric before he succeeded to the throne, and was the mother of Baldwin IV and Sibylla. In 1164 Joscelin was taken captive by Nur ad-Din Zengi at the Battle of Harim. He remained a prisoner until 1176 when Agnes paid his ransom of 50,000 dinars, probably with support from the royal treasury. His nephew Baldwin then made him seneschal of Jerusalem. He faced some rivalry from the king's paternal kindred, led by Raymond III, Count of Tripoli. In 1180 Joscelin went as an ambassador to the Byzantine Empire. After the betrothal of Baldwin's half-sister Isabella to Humphrey IV of Toron that year, the Toron estates passed to the crown in exchange for a money fief. Baldwin IV granted part of them, Chastel Neuf, to Joscelin, and awarded Agnes an income from the usufruct, or produce, of Toron. Agnes died in late 1184, a few months before her son.

In 1185, Joscelin became guardian of his young great-nephew, Baldwin V, while Raymond III was regent. Raymond feared that, if he were the child's personal guardian, he would be blamed if he died in his care, because he had a claim to the throne himself. Joscelin, as the king's maternal grandmother's brother, had no claim, but rather had strong family interests in keeping him alive. Additional support came with the arrival of Baldwin's paternal grandfather, William V of Montferrat, from Italy. However, Baldwin seems to have been sickly, and died at Acre in 1186. Joscelin and William escorted his coffin to Jerusalem. Meanwhile, Raymond went to Nablus to attempt a coup with Balian of Ibelin to install Isabella as queen. This failed, and Sibylla was crowned, also crowning her second husband, Guy of Lusignan.

In 1186, Guy and Sibylla granted Chastel Neuf and Toron, with other territory, to Joscelin. He, in turn, gave them as the dowry of his elder daughter, Beatrice, whom he betrothed to Guy's younger brother, William of Valence. Her younger sister, Agnes, was to marry one of Guy's nephews, but if Beatrice died while still a minor, William was to marry Agnes instead.

At the Battle of Hattin in 1187, Joscelin commanded the rearguard with Balian of Ibelin. Both escaped the disastrous defeat and fled to Tyre. All his estates were captured by Saladin. Joscelin joined in the siege of Acre in the Third Crusade. He last witnessed a charter on 25 October 1190, after Sibylla's death. There is a strong likelihood that he died during the siege. A month later, Isabella, who was now claiming the crown from Guy, restored Humphrey of Toron's claim to Chastel Neuf and Toron (should they be reconquered) when she accepted the annulment of their marriage. If Joscelin was still alive, he made no recorded objection. However, this seems to have ended the prospect of his daughters' Lusignan marriages. He was definitely dead by October 1200.

Joscelin's seigneurie was acquired by the Teutonic Knights, in 1220.

Marriage and children
After his release from captivity in 1176, Joscelin married Agnes of Milly, (de) third daughter of Henry "the Buffalo" of Milly, (de) Lord of Petra, (and a sister of Stephanie of Milly and Helvis de Milly (fr)); by whom he had two daughters:
 * 1) Beatrix de Courtenay (d. aft. 1245), betrothed to William of Valence, brother of Guy of Lusignan, in 1186, but married Otto von Botenlauben
 * 2) Agnes de Courtenay, betrothed to a nephew of Guy of Lusignan in 1186, but married, by 1200, William of Amandolea, a Norman from Calabria, who became Lord of Scandeleon

title: Joscelin III


text:
Trigraph (orthography)

A trigraph

digraph (from Ancient Greek δίς (dís) 'double', and γράφω (gráphō) 'to write, draw, paint, etc.')) is a group of three characters used to represent a single sound or a combination of sounds that does not correspond to the written letters combined.

Latin-script trigraphs
For example, in the word schilling, the trigraph sch represents the voiceless postalveolar fricative, rather than the consonant cluster. In the word beautiful, the sequence eau is pronounced, and in the French word château it is pronounced. It is sometimes difficult to determine whether a sequence of letters in English is a trigraph, because of the complicating role of silent letters. There are however a few productive trigraphs in English such as tch as in watch, and igh as in high.

The trigraph sch in German is equivalent to the English sh and pronounced. In Dutch, which is closely related to German, this same trigraph is pronounced. In Italian, however, sch represents the sounds before e or i, as in bruschetta. In none of these languages is this trigraph regarded as an independent letter of the alphabet. In Hungarian, the trigraph dzs is treated as a distinct letter, with its own place in the alphabet, and it is pronounced like the English j. The combination gli in Italian can also be a trigraph, representing the palatal lateral approximant before vowels other than i, as in aglio, pronounced.

Trigraphs in non-Latin scripts
Although trigraphs are not uncommon in Latin-script alphabets, they are rare elsewhere. There are several in Cyrillic alphabets, which for example uses five trigraphs and a tetragraph in the Kabardian alphabet: гъу, кӏу , къу , кхъ , and хъу , and also a tetragraph кхъу. While most of these can be thought of as consonant +, the letters in кхъ cannot be so separated: the х has the negative meaning that кхъ is not ejective, as къ is. (See List of Cyrillic digraphs.)

Tsakonian has τσχ.

The orthography used for the Yiddish language by YIVO uses the Hebrew script trigraph דזש (dalet, zayin, shin) to refer to.

Hangul has a few vowel trigraphs, ㅙ and ㅞ  (from oai and uei), which are not entirely predictable. However, as ㅐ and ㅔ are considered as single letters in modern Korean, ㅙ and ㅞ are considered as digraphs now. There is also a single obsolete consonant trigraph, ㅹ, a theoretical form not actually found in any texts. It is composed of digraph ㅃ and a circle-shaped single letter ㅇ, which means the letter "to lighten" sounds, linguistically to change stop consonants to the fricative consonants in cases of bilabial consonants (for ᄛ, ㅇ changes alveolar tap to alveolar lateral approximant or retroflex lateral approximant). Because these letters are created to transcribe consonants of Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca), these are disappeared soon. In modern days, ㅃ is used for different sound, [pʰ].

Japanese kana use trigraphs for (C)yō sequences, as in きょう kyou ("today"); the う is only pronounced  after another.

In Inuktitut syllabics, the digraph ᖕ ng cannot be followed by a vowel. For that, it must form a trigraph with g:
 * ᙰ ŋai, ᖏ ŋi, ᖑ ŋu, ᖓ ŋa.

It also forms a trigraph with n for ŋŋ: ᖖ.

Discontinuous (split) trigraphs
The sequence of letters making up a phoneme are not always adjacent. This is the case with English silent e, which has been claimed to modify preceding digraphs as well as preceding single vowel letters. For example, the sequence ou...e has the sound in English joule. There are twenty-eight combinations in English, $\langleai—e\rangle$, $\langleal—e\rangle$, $\langlear—e\rangle$, $\langleau—e\rangle$, $\langleaw—e\rangle$, $\langleay—e\rangle$, $\langleea—e\rangle$, $\langleee—e\rangle$, $\langleei—e\rangle$, $\langleer—e\rangle$, $\langleeu—e\rangle$, $\langleey—e\rangle$, $\langleia—e\rangle$, $\langleie—e\rangle$, $\langleir—e\rangle$, $\langleis—e\rangle$, $\langleoi—e\rangle$, $\langleoo—e\rangle$, $\langleor—e\rangle$, $\langleou—e\rangle$, $\langleow—e\rangle$, $\langleoy—e\rangle$, $\langleui—e\rangle$, $\langleur—e\rangle$, $\langleuy—e\rangle$, $\langleye—e\rangle$, $\langleyr—e\rangle$, though it has been argued that a trigraph analysis is unnecessary.

The Indic alphabets are distinctive for their discontinuous vowels, such as Thai แ...ะ, เ...าะ , เ...อะ. Technically, however, these may be considered diacritics, not full letters; whether they are trigraphs is thus a matter of definition, though they can in turn take modifying vowel diacritics, as in เ◌ียะ and เ◌ือะ.

title: Trigraph (orthography)


text:
Cape Maleas

Cape Maleas (also Cape Malea; Ακρωτήριον Μαλέας, colloquially Καβομαλιάς, Cavomaliás), anciently Malea (Μαλέα) and Maleae or Maleai (Μαλέαι), is a peninsula and cape in the southeast of the Peloponnese in Greece. To distinguish it from the cape, the peninsula is sometimes referred to as "Epidavros Limira" peninsula, after the most prominent ancient city located on it. It separates the Laconian Gulf in the west from the Aegean Sea in the east. It is the second most southerly point of mainland Greece (after Cape Matapan) and once featured one of the largest light-houses in the Mediterranean. The seas around the cape are notoriously treacherous and difficult to navigate, featuring variable weather and occasionally very powerful storms.

Geography
Cape Maleas is in the regional unit of Laconia. The municipality of Monemvasia covers the entire peninsula and part of the eastern coast. The municipal unit of Voies (Βοιές) is located in the southern extremity of the peninsula, with Neapoli, the largest town on the peninsula.

To the west of the peninsula lies the island of Elafonisos, known for its long, light-coloured sandy beaches.

History
In ancient times it was a busy shipping lane, and one of the major routes for crossing from the northeast Mediterranean to the west. The cape was notorious for its bad weather at the time as well, most famously as recounted in the Odyssey, and much later by Xenophon in Hellenica. Homer describes how Odysseus on his return home to Ithaca rounds Cape Maleas only to be blown off course, resulting in his being lost for up to 10 years by some people's reckoning. Xenophon records the occasion when Callicratidas camped his sailors for dinner before attacking the Athenians in Arginusae, when a thunderstorm delayed Callicratidas's embarkment.

The Cape's importance declined with the opening of the Corinth Canal, which allowed ships to bypass the Peloponnese rather than circumnavigating it. However, it still has significant amounts of sea traffic as the Corinth Canal can only accommodate ships less than 21m in width.

In World War II, the German occupying forces began construction of a military tower for defense and surveillance of the major shipping lane. The construction was halted with the end of occupation in 1944.

title: Cape Maleas


text: File:AFI - Sing the Sorrow cover.jpg

title: File:AFI - Sing the Sorrow cover.jpg


text:
Friendly society

A friendly society (sometimes called a benefit society, mutual aid society, benevolent society, fraternal organization or ROSCA) is a mutual association for the purposes of insurance, pensions, savings or cooperative banking. It is a mutual organization or benefit society composed of a body of people who join together for a common financial or social purpose. Before modern insurance and the welfare state, friendly societies provided financial and social services to individuals, often according to their religious, political, or trade affiliations. These societies are still widespread in many parts of the developing world, where they are referred to as ROSCAs (rotating savings and credit associations), ASCAs (accumulating savings and credit associations), burial societies, chit funds, etc.

Character
Before the development of large-scale government and employer health insurance and other financial services, friendly societies played an important part in many people's lives. Many of these societies still exist. In some countries, some of them developed into large mutually-run financial institutions, typically insurance companies, and lost any social and ceremonial aspect they may have had; in others they continue to have a role based on solidarity and democracy without an objective to make profit. The current position of the mutual benefit society in Europe is well described in a report from 2012, commissioned by the European Commission. Healthcare mutuals worldwide are coming together in Association Internationale de la Mutualité, a Brussels-based association of healthcare mutuals.

United Kingdom
Friendly societies in countries such as the United Kingdom were subject to prudential regulation to safeguard the financial interests of their members and secure the benefits promised to them, but the legislation (see for example the Friendly Societies Act 1875 (38 & 39 Vict. c. 60)) was separate from that applicable to insurance companies. In other countries friendly societies have no specific legal status, which means that they have to comply to the same rules and regulations as for-profit insurance companies.

In some cases, especially in America, members typically paid a regular membership fee and went to lodge meetings to take part in ceremonies. If members became sick, they would receive an allowance to help them meet their financial obligations. The society might have a doctor whom the member could consult for free. Members of the lodge would visit to provide emotional and other support (and possibly to verify that the sick member was not malingering). When a member died, the funeral would be paid for and the members of the lodge might attend in ceremonial dress. Often, there was some money left over for the next of kin.

Friendly societies might also organize social functions such as dances, and some had sports teams for members. They occasionally became involved in political issues that were of interest to their members. Others were purely financial, with little or no social side, from their foundation—this was more typical in Britain. The first mutual savings bank, founded in Scotland in 1810, was called the "Savings and Friendly Society". Credit unions and other types of organization are modern equivalents.

Friendly society brasses were the emblems of village friendly societies or clubs common in the west of England between the late 18th and early 20th centuries. The use of brasses as emblems was particularly prevalent in Somerset and the surrounding counties. The Museum of English Rural Life has a collection of over 900 Friendly Society Brasses aka poleheads. The design of the brasses was sometimes conventional or sometimes represented an interest of the club such as the inn in which the meetings were held.

Female friendly societies
Female friendly societies became a common form of friendly society in England during the 19th century e.g. the York Female Friendly Society, founded in 1788 by Faith Gray and Catherine Cappe. Grey and Cappe ran schools for girls and this society was intended to assist them. Another early Female Society was the Wisbech Female Friendly Society instituted on 1 February 1796.

Australia
In Australia, friendly societies are regulated under the Life Insurance Act 1995 (C'th) and registered with APRA.

Friendly societies were first established in Australia by community groups in the 1830s and have evolved into member-focused providers of financial services, healthcare, retirement living, aged and home care services, transport, pharmacies and other fraternal services to over 800,000 members. They typically provide savings, investment and insurance products.

Republic of Ireland
In Ireland, friendly societies are registered with the Registrar of Friendly Societies under the Friendly Societies Acts 1896–2014 (the Registrar for Companies is also the Registrar for Friendly Societies, Industrial and Provident Societies and Trade Unions).

In 2014 the Friendly Societies and Industrial and Provident Societies (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 2014, provided for the cessation of new friendly societies; as a result no new societies may be registered. It was felt that the form of organisation had outlived its usefulness, largely for reasons mentioned above. When the minister's staff examined the register, it was found that only three new societies had registered in the previous nine years, as the use of the traditional friendly society types of business had become regulated elsewhere and a 'rump', which on examination are largely public-service types, remain (mainly army, customs, gardaí, and prison officers). Many of the others could expect to cease to trade if additional, or a normal regulatory environment was required (similar to companies, health and other business (loan organisations). The 2014 Act also provided that existing societies may not establish a 'loan fund' from the commencement of the Act (July 28, 2014).

United Kingdom
Friendly societies are registered under either the Friendly Societies Act 1974 or the Friendly Societies Act 1992. There are the following types of society registered under the Friendly Societies Act 1974:
 * friendly societies
 * working men's clubs
 * benevolent societies
 * cattle insurance societies
 * specially authorised societies

The activities of these societies varies, but includes:
 * running a social club
 * providing discretionary benefits to members – for instance during sickness or unemployment
 * running sports clubs
 * managing allotments
 * insuring cattle

Some friendly societies are still governed by the 1974 act, although no new societies can be registered under that act. Friendly societies registered under the Friendly Societies Act 1992 are incorporated entities and are registered for effecting and carrying out contracts of insurance.

Similar organisations were called industrial and provident societies. They are trading businesses or voluntary organisations. Recent legal developments in Great Britain include the Co-operative and Community Benefit Societies Act 2014, which has renamed these societies as co-operative or community benefit societies. Examples include co-operatives for consumers, workers, agriculture and housing, working men's clubs, Women's Institute markets, allotment societies, mutual investment companies, housing associations and some social enterprises. Many sports clubs are registered under these provisions.

Friendly societies, alongside other mutual societies, are registered with the Financial Conduct Authority. Until December 2001, the regulator was the Registrar of Friendly Societies, and from then until April 2013 the Financial Services Authority.

title: Friendly society


text:
Talk:Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution

Re-Examination Clause of the Seventh Amendment and the The Justices v. Murray case
@ SMP0328: It seems to me that you are better acquainted with US constitutional law than me. I'm interessted in wether the Re-Examination Clause of the Seventh Amendment applies to the states or not. Accordingly I have one question. The opinion of the court in The Justices v. Murray of stated in part: " [...] the Seventh Amendment, upon its true construction, applies to a cause tried by a jury in a state court [...]." Does this mean that Re-Examination Clause of the Seventh Amendment applies to the states? Can you please include this source in your analysis? --P3Y229 (talk • contribs) 20:33, 16 January 2015 (UTC)
 * The source you provide above says "The Amendment governs only courts which sit under the authority of the United States" (i.e., it applies only to federal courts). As for The Justices v. Murray, go to the end of the court's opinion (just above the sentence in italics). There you will see that the case was about a federal law that permitted federal courts to rule on the facts of cases that had been ruled on in a State court. The Supreme Court ruled that this law violated the Re-Examination Clause. The case about federal authority (congressional and judicial), not State authority. So this case not only did not apply any part of the Seventh Amendment to the States, such application was not at issue. I suggest you read this article. SMP0328. (talk) 21:35, 16 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the information. I corrected the application of the Seventh Amendment's Re-Examination Clause to the states in the Seventh Amendment article and the incorperation of the bill of rights article. --P3Y229 (talk • contribs) 01:22, 17 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Happy to help. SMP0328. (talk) 01:42, 17 January 2015 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Haltrosky

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

You might find these links helpful in creating new pages or helping with the above tasks: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

UtherSRG 03:46, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

you can sign your name using three tildes, like. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.

An invitation to join WikiProject Ohio
 Hi, you are listed under Category:Wikipedians in Ohio or one of its subcategories. WikiProject Ohio has been slowing down and we're looking for active Ohioans to turn that around! But first, let us introduce ourselves; we're a group of editors working to improve Wikipedia's coverage of topics related to Ohio and we're sure there's somewhere you'll fit in just fine. The project's departments include article quality assessment: We have over 5,000 articles to assess for class alone, newsletter writing: This has been delayed by a few months, and new page patrolling: Which has also been slowing down. We also have a newly formed taskforce on our over 1,000 townships at WP:OHTWP.

We have 132 members, many of which are not active within the project. If you are listed there and still received this message please accept the auotmated porcess's apologies. If you are interested in joining us please list you name here. If you're not interested please note this is a one time invite and you will never hear from us again.

If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to leave a message at our talkpage or with any member of the project, we'll be happy to answer any of your questions. We look forward to seeing you around!

Delivered by: §hepBot  ( Disable )  04:05, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

The first Wikipedian meetup in Ohio
Thanks! --Rkitko (talk) 20:17, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

Notification of automated file description generation
Your upload of File:CIFL Football.jpg or contribution to its description is noted, and thanks (even if belatedly) for your contribution. In order to help make better use of the media, an attempt has been made by an automated process to identify and add certain information to the media's description page.

This notification is placed on your talk page because a bot has identified you either as the uploader of the file, or as a contributor to its metadata. It would be appreciated if you could carefully review the information the bot added. To opt out of these notifications, please follow the instructions here. Thanks! Message delivered by Theo's Little Bot (opt-out) 14:39, 5 May 2014 (UTC)

You're invited! Great Buckeye Wiknic 2016

Hello there! You are invited to attend the Great Buckeye Wiknic in Columbus, Ohio on Sunday, July 10th from 1:00 to 5:00 PM! Join us for a day in the park for food and socializing with others from the Wikimedia movement. We'll be meeting up at Fred Beekman Park, a park on Ohio State University's campus.

If you're interested, please take a look at our events page for more information, including parking info, food options, and available activities. If you plan on attending, please add your name to the attendees list. We look forward to seeing you!

If you have any questions, feel free to leave one on my talk page. Thanks! ~ Super  Hamster  Talk Contribs 05:39, 29 June 2016 (UTC)

(Note: If you would like to stop receiving notifications regarding Wikimedia events around Ohio, you may remove your username from this list.)

Proposed deletion of File:Matt DeSalvo Pitcher.jpg

The file File:Matt DeSalvo Pitcher.jpg has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Unused and unnecessary crop of File:Matt DeSalvo.jpg."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. --Minorax «¦talk¦» 11:23, 6 August 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Haltrosky


text:
Marina Torlonia di Civitella-Cesi

Donna Marina Torlonia dei Principi di Civitella-Cesi (22 October 1916 – 15 September 1960) was an Italian-American aristocrat, best known as the paternal grandmother of the actress and model Brooke Shields.

Family
Torlonia was born in Rome, at Palazzo Núñez-Torlonia, the youngest daughter of Marino Torlonia, 4th Prince of Civitella-Cesi and his American wife, Mary Elsie Moore, a daughter of Charles Arthur Moore, a shipping broker and car mechanic from Connecticut. The Torlonia family gained its fortune in the administration of Vatican finances.

She had three siblings:
 * Donna Olimpia Torlonia dei Principi di Civitella-Chesi (1909–1924)
 * Don Alessandro Torlonia, 5th Prince of Civitella-Cesi, the husband of Infanta Beatriz of Spain (an aunt of King Juan Carlos I of Spain).
 * Donna Cristina Torlonia dei Principi di Civitella-Cesi (1913–1974)

About
In February 1934, Torlonia had made her New York City debut. Torlonia enjoyed going to nightclubs and charity work, and in 1934 she led many charity fundraising efforts. Some of the charity fundraisers she was involved with include the American Auxiliary Hospital in Mougins, France, the Italian Welfare League, New York City Cancer Institute,  the New York Diet Kitchen Association,  the Babies Hospital of the City of New York, Soldiers and Sailors Club of New York, New York Exchange for Woman's Work, Woman's Auxiliary of the Osteopathic Clinic of New York, Goddard Neighborhood Centre, Children's Village at Dobbs Ferry, New York, among others.

In 1936, Torlonia was dressed as "wealth" with a tall headdress and two hand maids at one of a nationwide set of birthday celebrations for President Roosevelt. The following year in 1937 at the Roosevelt Birthday Ball Torlonia was one of a hundred women specially dressed to celebrate the event, she was dressed as "The East", representing the Eastern United States fashion, and in attendance was the President's mother Sara Roosevelt.

Sculptor Marino Marini created a wax portrait of Marina Torlonia in 1935.

Marriages
Donna Marina Torlonia dei Principi di Civitella-Cesi was married twice, her husbands being: Torlonia was the paternal grandmother of American actress Brooke Shields, the daughter of her son Francis Alexander Shields.
 * Francis Xavier Shields (1909–1975), the American amateur tennis player. They married on 13 June 1940, in North Conway, New Hampshire, and divorced in 1950. The Shieldses had two children: a son, Francis Alexander Shields and a daughter, Marina Shields.
 * Edward W. Slater, an architect and partner at architectural firm Slater and Chiat, whom she married on 29 December 1950. They had one son, Edward Torlonia Slater (born 1955).

Death
Torlonia died on 15 September 1960, in an automobile accident in Piacenza, Italy, shortly after leaving the wedding of her nephew Marco Torlonia, 6th Prince of Civitella-Cesi, to princess Orsetta Caracciolo, niece of film director Luchino Visconti. Duke Raffaele Canevaro di Zoagli and his mother-in-law, Eleanor Terry, were also killed in the accident.

title: Marina Torlonia di Civitella-Cesi


text:
Robert Heilbroner

Robert L. Heilbroner (March 24, 1919 – January 4, 2005) was an American economist and historian of economic thought. The author of some two dozen books, Heilbroner was best known for The Worldly Philosophers: The Lives, Times and Ideas of the Great Economic Thinkers (1953), a survey of the lives and contributions of famous economists, notably Adam Smith, Karl Marx, and John Maynard Keynes.

Early life and education
Heilbroner was born in 1919, in New York City, to a wealthy German Jewish family. His father, Louis Heilbroner, was a businessman who founded the men's clothing retailer Weber & Heilbroner. Robert graduated from Harvard University in 1940 with a summa cum laude degree in philosophy, government and economics. During World War II, he served in the United States Army and worked at the Office of Price Control under John Kenneth Galbraith, the highly celebrated and controversial Institutionalist economist.

Career
After World War II, Heilbroner worked briefly as a banker and entered into academia in the 1950s as a research fellow at the New School for Social Research in New York. During this period, he was highly influenced by the German economist Adolph Lowe, who was a foremost representative of the German Historical School. In 1963, Heilbroner earned a Ph.D. in Economics from the New School for Social Research, where he was subsequently appointed Norman Thomas Professor of Economics in 1971, and where he remained for more than twenty years. He mainly taught History of Economic Thought courses at the New School.

Although a highly unconventional economist, who regarded himself as more of a social theorist and "worldly philosopher" (philosopher pre-occupied with "worldly" affairs, such as economic structures), and who tended to integrate the disciplines of history, economics and philosophy, Heilbroner was nevertheless recognized by his peers as a prominent economist. He was elected Vice President of the American Economic Association in 1972.

He also came up with a way of classifying economies, as either Traditional (primarily agriculturally based, perhaps subsistence economy), Command (centrally planned economy, often involving the state), Market (capitalism), or Mixed.

Though an outspoken socialist for nearly his entire career, Heilbroner famously wrote in a 1989 New Yorker article prior to the collapse of the Soviet Union:
 * Less than 75 years after it officially began, the contest between capitalism and socialism is over: capitalism has won... Capitalism organizes the material affairs of humankind more satisfactorily than socialism.

He further wrote in Dissent in 1992 that "capitalism has been as unmistakable a success as socialism has been a failure" and complimented Milton Friedman, Friedrich Hayek, and Ludwig von Mises on their insistence of the free market's superiority. He emphasized that "democratic liberties have not yet appeared, except fleetingly, in any nation that has declared itself to be fundamentally anticapitalist." However, Heilbroner's preferred capitalist model was the highly redistributionist welfare states of Scandinavia; he stated that his model society was "a slightly idealized Sweden."

Family
Robert Heilbroner had two sons, David and Peter Heilbroner, and four grandchildren, Quentin, Katrina, Henry, and Sam.

Heilbroner died in 2005 in New York City at the age of 85.

The Worldly Philosophers
Published in 1953, The Worldly Philosophers: The Lives, Times and Ideas of the Great Economic Thinkers (1953) has sold nearly four million copies, making it the second-best-selling economics text of all time (the first being Paul Samuelson's Economics, a highly popular university textbook). The seventh edition of the book, published in 1999, included a new final chapter entitled "The End of Worldly Philosophy?", which included both a grim view on the existent state of economics as well as a hopeful vision for a "reborn worldly philosophy" that incorporated social aspects of capitalism. Its content is:
 * 1) Introduction
 * 2) The Economic Revolution
 * 3) The Wonderful World of Adam Smith
 * 4) The Gloomy Presentiments of Parson Malthus and David Ricardo
 * 5) The Dreams of the Utopian Socialists
 * about Robert Owen, Henri de Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, and John Stuart Mill
 * 1) The Inexorable System of Karl Marx
 * 2) The Victorian World and the Underworld of Economics
 * about Francis Ysidro Edgeworth, Frederic Bastiat, Henry George, John A. Hobson, and Alfred Marshall
 * 1) The Savage Society of Thorstein Veblen
 * 2) The Heresies of John Maynard Keynes
 * 3) The Contradictions of Joseph Schumpeter
 * 4) The End of the Worldly Philosophy?

Awards

 * 1979 Gerald Loeb Award Honorable Mention for Magazines
 * 1984 Gerald Loeb Award for Editorial/Commentary for "Economic Prospects"
 * 1985 Gerald Loeb Special Award for "The Deficit"
 * 1988 Gerald Loeb Award for Magazines for "Hard Times"

title: Robert Heilbroner


text:
User:Fleideroik

Fleideroik - just a general entry / contributor

london, uk

title: User:Fleideroik


text:
Smear campaign

A smear campaign, also referred to as a smear tactic or simply a smear, is an effort to damage or call into question someone's reputation, by propounding negative propaganda. It makes use of discrediting tactics. It can be applied to individuals or groups. Common targets are public officials, politicians, political candidates, activists, and ex-spouses. The term also applies in other contexts, such as the workplace. The term smear campaign became popular around 1936.

Definition
A smear campaign is an intentional, premeditated effort to undermine an individual's or group's reputation, credibility, and character. Like negative campaigning, most often smear campaigns target government officials, politicians, political candidates, and other public figures. However, private persons or groups may also become targets of smear campaigns perpetrated in companies, institutions, the legal system, and other formal groups. Discrediting tactics are used to discourage people from believing in the figure or supporting their cause, such as the use of damaging quotations.

Smear tactics differ from normal discourse or debate in that they do not bear upon the issues or arguments in question. A smear is a simple attempt to malign a group or an individual with the aim of undermining their credibility.

Smears often consist of ad hominem attacks in the form of unverifiable rumors and distortions, half-truths, or even outright lies; smear campaigns are often propagated by gossip magazines. Even when the facts behind a smear campaign are demonstrated to lack proper foundation, the tactic is often effective because the target's reputation is tarnished before the truth is known.

Smear campaigns can also be used as a campaign tactic associated with tabloid journalism, which is a type of journalism that presents little well-researched news and instead uses eye-catching headlines, scandal-mongering and sensationalism. For example, during Gary Hart's 1988 presidential campaign (see below), the New York Post reported on its front page big, black block letters: "GARY: I'M NO WOMANIZER."

Smears are also effective in diverting attention away from the matter in question and onto a specific individual or group. The target of the smear typically must focus on correcting the false information rather than on the original issue.

Deflection has been described as a wrap-up smear: "You make up something. Then you have the press write about it. And then you say, everybody is writing about this charge".

In politics
Political debate often abuses public confidence by one candidate attempting to sway voters, not by logical argument on given issues, but by personal diatribe that does not directly bear on the matter at hand.

Accusations of adultery in America date back to the 19th century. One famous example of this was the 1884 presidential campaign, in which Grover Cleveland's opponents accused him of having fathered an illegitimate child. A political catchphrase by his opponents was "Ma, ma, where's my pa?" After Cleveland was elected, his supporters mockingly added, "Gone to the White House, ha, ha, ha." Cleveland's defeat of his chief opponent, James G. Blaine, may have been helped by another discrediting tactic used against him which seriously backfired, namely the assertion that Cleveland's party was that of "Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion" (the latter two referring to Roman Catholicism and the American Civil War). Cleveland's campaign also used the slogan, "Blaine, Blaine, James G. Blaine, The Continental Liar from the State of Maine" in reference to Blaine's discredited railroad deals.

Discrediting tactics are not just used against each other by opponents for office in democratic countries, but are also used in wartime between countries. In the middle of the 20th century, Soviet and British propaganda made popular the idea that Adolf Hitler had only one testicle (and was thereby less of a man).

American politics draws a line between "mud slinging" and defamation. The key issue is that mud slinging is not a form of perjury or libel. Politics also can include barratry where one opponent files frivolous litigation against the other, specifically to injure the opponent's reputation even though the case is groundless and may later be dismissed. By the time these facts can come to light, the voters have cast their ballots.

In court cases
In the U.S. judicial system, discrediting tactics (called witness impeachment) are the approved method for attacking the credibility of any witness in court, including a plaintiff or defendant. In cases with significant mass media attention or high-stakes outcomes, those tactics often take place in public as well.

Logically, an argument is held in discredit if the underlying premise is found, "So severely in error that there is cause to remove the argument from the proceedings because of its prejudicial context and application...". Mistrial proceedings in civil and criminal courts do not always require that an argument brought by defense or prosecution be discredited, however appellate courts must consider the context and may discredit testimony as perjurious or prejudicial, even if the statement is technically true.

Moral, psychological and legal considerations
Smear campaigns are considered by many to be a low, disingenuous form of discourse; they have been identified as a common weapon of psychopaths, borderlines, and narcissists.

In many countries, the law recognizes the value of reputation and credibility. Both libel (a false and damaging publication) and slander (a false and damaging oral statement) are often punishable by law and may result in imprisonment or compensation or fees for damages done.

Targets
Smear tactics are commonly used to undermine effective arguments or critiques.

John C. Frémont – 1856 US presidential election candidate
During the 1856 presidential election, John C. Frémont was the target of a smear campaign alleging that he was a Catholic. The campaign was designed to undermine support for Fremont from those who were suspicious of Catholics.

General Motors against Ralph Nader
Ralph Nader was the victim of a smear campaign during the 1960s, when he was campaigning for car safety. In order to smear Nader and deflect public attention from his campaign, General Motors engaged private investigators to search for damaging or embarrassing incidents from his past. In early March 1966, several media outlets, including The New Republic and The New York Times, reported that GM had tried to discredit Nader, hiring private detectives to tap his phones and investigate his past and hiring prostitutes to trap him in compromising situations. Nader sued the company for invasion of privacy and settled the case for $284,000. Nader's lawsuit against GM was ultimately decided by the New York Court of Appeals, whose opinion in the case expanded tort law to cover "overzealous surveillance." Nader used the proceeds from the lawsuit to start the pro-consumer Center for Study of Responsive Law.

Gary Hart – 1988 US presidential candidate
Gary Hart was the target of a smear campaign during the 1988 US presidential campaign. The New York Post once reported on its front page big, black block letters: "GARY: I'M NO WOMANIZER."

China against Apple Inc.
In 2011, China launched a smear campaign against Apple, including TV and radio advertisements and articles in state-run papers. The campaign failed to turn the Chinese public against the company and its products.

Sathya Sai Baba
Spiritual leader Sathya Sai Baba was accused of fraud, sexual abuse and other misconduct. Baba described the allegations as a "smear campaign". He never faced any investigation and the critics were criticized for lacking any proof against him.

Julian Assange
The allegations against Julian Assange have been labelled by Australian journalist John Pilger as a smear campaign.

Chris Bryant
Chris Bryant, a British parliamentarian, accused Russia in 2012 of orchestrating a smear campaign against him because of his criticism of Vladimir Putin. In 2017 he alleged that other British officials are vulnerable to Russian smear campaigns.

Other examples
In January 2007, it was revealed that an anonymous website that attacked critics of Overstock.com, including media figures and private citizens on message boards, was operated by an official of Overstock.com.

Countries, particularly those outside the Western hemisphere, have accused Western powers of smear campaigns to bring down their governments. Gambia accused the United States and Britain of backing "so-called Gambians to set up organisations and media facilities to spread nothing but lies against The Gambia by making false, outrageous and unfounded statements about the state of human rights."

In 2023, New Yorker reported that Mohamed bin Zayed was paying millions of euros to a Swiss firm, Alp Services for orchestrating a smear campaign to defame the Emirati targets, including Qatar and the Muslim Brotherhood. Under the ‘dark PR’, Alp posted false and defamatory Wikipedia entries against them. The Emirates also paid the Swiss firm to publish propaganda articles against the targets. Multiple meetings took place between the Alp Services head Mario Brero and an Emirati official, Matar Humaid al-Neyadi. However, Alp’s bills were sent directly to MbZ. The defamation campaign also targeted an American, Hazim Nada, and his firm, Lord Energy, because his father Youssef Nada had joined the Muslim Brotherhood as a teenager.

Amid the Gaza war, the US-based Jewish think tank ISGAP was noted running a smear campaign against Qatar through, its media campaigns. ISGAP’s links with UAE-based think tank TRENDS Research & Advisory showed that UAE was behind the campaign. Their primary objective was to prove Qatar as a sponsor of terrorism. ISGAP & Trends RA held joint conferences, where ISGAP’s Interim Managing Director Haras Rafiq collaborated with Awadh Al Breiki, Chief Global Officer at TRENDS RA. Furthermore, the ISGAP founder Charles A. Small also collaborated with Dr. Ali Al Nuaimi, member of the UAE Federal National Council in an ISGAP-Oxford summer Institute for Curriculum Development.

title: Smear campaign


text:
USS Dorado (SS-248)

USS Dorado (SS-248), a Gato-class submarine, was the first submarine of the United States Navy to be named for the dorado.

Construction and commissioning
Dorado′s keel was laid down on 27 August 1942 by the Electric Boat Company of Groton, Connecticut. She was launched on 23 May 1943, sponsored by Mrs. Ezra G. Allen, wife of Rear Admiral Ezra G. Allen, Budget Officer of the United States Department of the Navy, and commissioned on 28 August 1943.

Service history
Dorado's sea trials proved the readiness of the crew, and she sailed from Naval Submarine Base New London in Groton, Connecticut, on 6 October 1943 for the Panama Canal Zone. She did not arrive.

The standard practice of imposing bombing restrictions within an area 50 nmi ahead, 100 nmi astern, and 15 nmi on each side of the scheduled position of an unescorted submarine making passage in friendly waters had been carried out and all concerned had been notified. However, the crew of a PBM Mariner flying boat of Patrol Squadron 210 (VP-210) based at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, assigned to provide air coverage on the evening of 12 October 1943 had received an incorrect description of the restriction area, 11 nmi out of place.

At 2049 local time, under a moonlit but stormy sky, that plane attacked an unidentified submarine that it believed was outside the restriction area with three Mark-47 depth charges and a 100 lb Mark-4 Mod-4 demolition bomb. About two hours later, the plane sighted a second submarine with which it attempted to exchange recognition signals. This second submarine fired upon the plane.

A convoy scheduled to pass through the restricted area surrounding Dorado on the evening of 12 October 1943 reported no contact.

Air searches were begun immediately after 14 October 1943, Dorado′s scheduled date of arrival in the Panama Canal Zone. Widely scattered oil slicks with occasional debris were found. Subsequently, the Board of Investigation held in Guantánamo Bay, and the more formal Naval Board of Inquiry held at the Washington Navy Yard in Washington, D.C., found that the "widely scattered oil slicks" were actually oleous in nature and not bunker oil or diesel fuel - most probably rotting vegetation like seaweed. All of the "occasional debris" was determined not to have come from Dorado.

At both the Board of Investigation and the Court of Inquiry, the aircrew testified that they were certain that both submarines they had attacked were U-boats. Despite the circumstantial evidence, there are reasons to doubt that Dorado was sunk by the Mariner. Because the crew knew that Dorado was operating in the area, they carefully observed their two targets before attacking. Prior to the first attack, the four crewmen of the aircraft observed the surfaced submarine for 12 minutes, noting:

Post-war examination of Kriegsmarine records indicate that the submarine first attacked by the Mariner may have been GS U-518, though that boat's logs do not record the attack. It is possible that the attack went unnoticed by the boat; of the three depth charges and one 100 lb bomb that were dropped, one depth charge was a confirmed dud, one was dropped too low to arm, and neither the third depth charge nor the bomb were seen to explode. After the attack, the Mariner searched the area for 20 minutes, but saw no explosions, bubbles, or debris.
 * it was 48 nmi from where they had been told to expect Dorado to be and 34 nmi from where Dorado really was supposed to be
 * it was heading almost 90 degrees off from Dorado’s base course
 * it had no guns on the fore deck, where Dorado carried a five-inch (127 mm) gun
 * it had an entirely grooved deck, where Dorado's deck was grooved only near the conning tower
 * it had a "knob-like" object on the front of the conning tower, almost certainly the Metox radar detector installed on Type IX U-boats

The second submarine, attacked by the Mariner two hours later, was certainly U-214; her log book, captured after World War II, describes firing at the aircraft.

On 8 October, 5 nmi off Colón, U-214 laid a minefield of 15 mines. One of these may have sunk Dorado on or about 14 October 1943.

Dorado was one of only two U.S. Navy submarines lost in the Atlantic Ocean during World War II. The other was USS R-12, which sank during a training dive near Key West, Florida.

Legacy
A memorial to Dorado stands on the Arkansas River in Veterans Memorial Park in Wichita, Kansas.

A 614-page book entitled USS Dorado (SS-248): On Eternal Patrol was published by Douglas E. Campbell in November 2011.

Before she was lost, the American painter Thomas Hart Benton sailed aboard Dorado on her shakedown cruise, using that experience as the basis for his paintings Score Another for the Subs, In Slumber Deep, and The Claustrophobic Confines.

title: USS Dorado (SS-248)


text:
USS Dorado

Two submarines of the United States Navy have been named USS Dorado, the Spanish language name for the fish also known as the dolphinfish and the mahi-mahi. Dorado also the name of southern hemisphere constellation.

 * USS Dorado (SS-248) was lost in 1943 during her first voyage, possibly to friendly fire.
 * USS Dorado (SS-526) was cancelled in 1944.

title: USS Dorado


text:
User:Camembert/instruments

This is a temporary page which I'll delete when it's found a more permanent home - see talk:list of musical instruments

This is a list of musical instruments in alphabetical order.

 * Accordion
 * Acoustic guitar
 * Aeolian harp
 * Alphorn
 * Bagpipes
 * Bandoneon
 * Balalaika
 * Banjo
 * Baritone horn
 * Bass drum
 * Bass guitar
 * Basset-horn
 * Bassoon
 * Bazooka
 * Bell
 * Bodhrán
 * Bombarde
 * Bongo
 * Bugle
 * Bullroarer
 * Calliope
 * Castanets
 * Carillon
 * Celesta
 * Cello
 * Chichibu
 * Chimes
 * Clarinet
 * Classical guitar
 * Concertina
 * Conga
 * Contrabassoon or double bassoon
 * Cor anglais or English horn
 * Cornet
 * Cornett or cornetto
 * Crash cymbal
 * Crumhorn
 * Cymbals
 * Denis d'or
 * Didgeridoo
 * Double bass
 * Drums
 * Drum machine
 * Electric Guitar
 * Euphonium
 * Fiddle
 * Flugelhorn
 * Flute
 * French horn
 * Gayageum
 * Geomungo
 * Glass harmonica
 * Glockenspiel
 * Gong
 * Great Highland Bagpipe
 * Guiro
 * Guitar
 * Hammered dulcimer
 * Hammond Organ
 * Hardanger Fiddle
 * Harmonica
 * Harmonium
 * Harp
 * Harpsichord
 * Heckelphone
 * Hi-Hat cymbal
 * Hurdy gurdy
 * Jug
 * Kazoo
 * Kettle drum
 * Komungo
 * Kora
 * Koto
 * Lur
 * Lute
 * Lyre
 * Mandolin
 * Maracas
 * Marimba
 * Mellophone
 * Mellotron
 * Melodica
 * Metallophone
 * Moog
 * Musical bow
 * Musical box or music box
 * Musical Saw
 * Musette
 * Northumbrian Smallpipes
 * O Daiko
 * Oboe
 * Oboe d'amore
 * Ocarina
 * Octaban
 * Octapad
 * Ondes Martenot
 * Pan pipes
 * Piano
 * Piccolo
 * Pipe organ
 * Recorder
 * Reed organ
 * Rhodes piano
 * Ride cymbal
 * Sackbut
 * Sarrusophone
 * Saxophone
 * Serpent
 * Shakuhachi
 * Shawm
 * Sheng
 * Shofar
 * Siren
 * Sitar
 * Slide guitar
 * Slide whistle
 * Snare drum
 * Sousaphone
 * Splash cymbal
 * Steel guitar
 * Steelpan or steel drum
 * Synclavier
 * Synthesizer
 * Tabla
 * Taiko
 * Tambourine
 * Tarogato
 * Teleharmonium
 * Tenor Horn or alto horn
 * Theremin
 * Timpani
 * Tom-Tom
 * Toy piano
 * Triangle
 * Trombone
 * Trumpet
 * Tuba
 * Udu
 * Ukulele
 * Uilleann Pipes, bagpipes
 * Vibraphone
 * Vieille
 * Viol da gamba
 * Viola
 * Viola d'amore
 * Violin
 * Wagner tuba
 * Washboard
 * Washtub bass
 * Whip
 * Whistle
 * Xalam or khalam
 * Xylophone
 * Xylorimba

The singing human voice is also sometimes considered an instrument. Voices are classified according to their range into the following categories:

 * Soprano, the highest female voice
 * Mezzo-soprano, just lower than a soprano
 * Alto or contralto, the lower female voice
 * Tenor, the highest standard male voice
 * Baritone, male voice between tenor and bass
 * Bass, the lowest male voice
 * Castrato, a castrated male with a high voice
 * Countertenor, a high male singer with alto range (like the castrato), generally using falsetto

title: User:Camembert/instruments


text:
Himiltrude

Himiltrude (c. 742 – c. 780?) was the mother of Charlemagne's first-born son Pippin the Hunchback. Some historians have acknowledged her as the wife of Charlemagne, however, she is often referred to as a concubine.

Life
Little is known about Himiltrude's origins. Paul the Deacon calls her a "noble girl". The appearance of her name in the fraternity books of Alemannian monasteries may suggest an affiliation with the Germanic Alemannian or Alsatian nobility, while other sources make her the daughter of a Burgundian count and a granddaughter of Grimbert I, Count of Paris. It is not possible, however, to extrapolate any political ramifications from Charlemagne's relationship with Himiltrude.

Himiltrude probably entered into a relationship with Charlemagne during the lifetime of his father, Pepin the Short. When Charlemagne acceded to the throne in 768, Himiltrude remained unnamed in official sources – contrary to the example set by Charlemagne's mother, Bertrada of Laon. Himiltrude bore Charles a son called Pepin. Shortly after Pepin's birth, an alliance was formulated between Charlemagne and the King of the Lombards, Desiderius. To seal the alliance, it was agreed that Charlemagne should marry Desiderius' daughter (called Desiderata by modern scholars).

Himiltrude was dismissed at that time and disappears from historical records. A grave excavated in the monastery of Nivelles was found to contain the corpse of a forty-year-old woman, possibly identifiable with Himiltrude. If so, Himiltrude would appear to have died long after 770, although if and when she retired to Nivelles cannot be deduced. She is named in the confraternity books of Pfäfers, Reichenau, Remiremont and Saint Gall.

Her son Pepin, who suffered from a spinal deformity and was called "the Hunchback", was eclipsed by Charlemagne's sons from his later marriage to Hildegard. Following an attempted rebellion against his father, Pepin was confined to a monastery.

Marital status
The nature of Himiltrude's relationship to Charlemagne is a matter of dispute. Charlemagne's biographer Einhard calls her a "concubine" and Paulus Diaconus speaks of Pippin's birth "before legal marriage", A letter by Pope Stephen III seemingly referring to Charlemagne and his brother Carloman as being already married (to Himiltrude and Gerberga), and advising them not to dismiss their wives has led many historians to believe that Himiltrude and Charlemagne were legally married., however the words employed by the pope could also simply mean that they had only been a promise of marriage and that they were thus only promised to each other. The acts of Adalard of Corbie supports this hypothesis, for his monastic vocation is described as due to the scruple he had regarding Charlemagne's dismissal of Princess Desiderata of the Lombards which occurred before any consummation of the marriage and possibly before any religious ceremony (it is unclear whether the marriage ever took place or if Desiderata only received the homage of the nobility in accordance with her planned future position of Queen of the Franks). If Adalard was scandalised by this dismissal, it is highly unlikely he would have been unfazed about Himiltrude's dismissal, had she truly been married to Charlemagne.

Historians have interpreted the information in different ways. Some, such as Pierre Riché, follow Einhard in describing Himiltrude as a concubine. Others, Dieter Hägemann for example, consider Himiltrude a wife in the full sense. Still others subscribe to the idea that the relationship between the two was "something more than concubinage, less than marriage" and describe it as a Friedelehe, a supposed form of marriage unrecognized by the Church and easily dissolvable. This form of relationship is often seen in a conflict between Christian marriage and more flexible Germanic concepts.

title: Himiltrude


text:
Hildegard

Hildegard is a female name derived from the Old High German hild ('war' or 'battle') and gard ('enclosure' or 'yard'), and means 'battle enclosure'. Variant spellings include: Hildegarde; the Polish, Portuguese, Slovene and Spanish Hildegarda; the Italian Ildegarda; the Hungarian Hildegárd; and the ancient German Hildegardis.

Notable people with the name

 * Hilda (Hildegarde) Vīka (1897–1963), Latvian artist and writer
 * Hildegard (music duo), 2021 electronic music project by Canadian musicians Helena Deland and Ouri
 * Hildegard of Bingen (1098–1179), Christian saint
 * Hildegard of Fraumünster (828–856 or 859), daughter of Louis the German and first abbess of Fraumünster
 * Hildegard, second wife of Charlemagne
 * Hildegard, Countess of Auvergne or Matilda (c. 802–841), daughter of Emperor Louis the Pious and Ermengarde of Hesbaye
 * Hildegard Behrens (1937–2009), German opera singer
 * Hildegard Falck (born 1949), German middle distance runner and Olympic medalist
 * Hildegard Goebbels (1934–1945), daughter of Nazi Propaganda Minister, Joseph Goebbels and Magda Goebbels.
 * Hildegard Hamm-Brücher (1921–2016), German politician
 * Hildegarde Howard (1901–1998), American paleornithologist
 * Hildegarde Kneeland (1889–1994), American economist and statistician
 * Hildegard Knef (1925–2002), German actress, singer and writer
 * Hildegard Korf Kallmann-Bijl (1908–1968), German-born American physicist
 * Hildegard Körner (born 1959), East German middle distance runner and Olympian
 * Hildegard Puwak (1949–2018), Romanian politician
 * Hildegard Werner, Swedish musician
 * Hildegarde (1906–2005), American cabaret singer
 * Hildegarde Flanner (1899–1987), American poet and activist
 * Hildegarde Dolson Lockridge (1908–1981), poet, playwright and novelist
 * Hildegarde Naughton, Irish politician and mayor of Galway
 * Hildegart Rodríguez Carballeira, activist for socialism and sexual revolution

Notable fictional characters

 * Hildegarde Antoinette "Hilda" Spellman, a character in the comic book Sabrina the Teenage Witch and subsequent television series.
 * Hildegarde (Marvel Comics), a Valkyrie
 * Hildegarde Withers, in novels and films
 * Hildegard von Krone, from the Soul series of fighting games
 * Hildegard von Mariendorf, from Legend of the Galactic Heroes
 * Hildegarde T., from the anime and manga series Beelzebub by Ryūhei Tamura
 * Hildegarde, in the Johann Strauss operetta Simplicius
 * Hildegard 'Hildy' Johnson, from 1940 American comedy film His Girl Friday
 * Princess Hildegard, from the Disney animated series Sofia the First
 * Hildegarde, from the game Catan (web/app version)
 * Hildegard; 'Devout Oracle' from the mobile game Dragalia Lost
 * Hildegarde (Hilda) from the manga and anime series Beelzebub Beelzebub (manga)
 * Hildegard Hamhocker, a character in Tumbleweeds (comic strip)
 * Hildegard "Hildy" Gloom, witch and main antagonist of The 7D

title: Hildegard


text:
USS Tallahassee

Only one ship of the United States Navy has been named USS Tallahassee, after the city of Tallahassee, Florida, but two others were projected to carry the name.

 * The first USS Tallahassee (BM-9) was an Arkansas-class monitor monitor used as a submarine tender during World War I, originally named USS Florida and later redesignated IX-16.
 * The second USS Tallahassee (CL-61) was converted from a Cleveland-class cruiser light cruiser to the Independence-class aircraft carrier USS Princeton (CVL-23) before launching.
 * The third USS Tallahassee (CL-116) was a Fargo-class cruiser light cruiser that was cancelled before launching.

title: USS Tallahassee


text:
Talk:Las Vegas Aviators

51s Name Origin
Hey, does anyone know why the 51s are called that? A while ago I emailed them to ask them, but they never responded. Could they possibly be going for some kind of Area 51 connection ? -- Finlay McWalter 04:13, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Yes, it's definitely the Area 51 connection. Thunderbunny 22:27, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Now that someone has uploaded the logo, that's more than evident :) -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 17:31, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

Bit of Trouble with the chart...
For some reason, when I went to the bottom of the page, instead of "Sports in Nevada" or "Sports in and around Las Vegas", it said "Sports in Ohio". Why? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.229.88.56 (talk) 05:09, 14 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Some idiot messed up the template. It's fixed now. Spanneraol 14:43, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

Future of Area 51's
With no future new stadium, decline in home game attendance, no major league affiliate contract and a possible team move out of Las Vegas, I came to believe the Area 51s are no more in the 2010 season. The Area 51's could go to Tucson, Arizona where the former Sidewinders team played until the 2008 season when it moved to Reno, Nevada and became the Reno Aces also a member of the triple A level Pacific Coast league. Las Vegas may have a winter league, Golden league or collegiate level team like it had before, but rumor has it the Oakland Athletics shown interest in relocation to Las Vegas in case the city of Oakland disapproved a new major league ballpark. + 71.102.3.86 (talk) 03:09, 12 October 2009 (UTC)

 * I would like to know where you get your information, because it seems as if you are just posting rumors. Yes, the 51s had a decrease in attendance for the first time in five years, but there have been no mentions in either Tucson nor Las Vegas media about a move or sell of the team.  If you knew anything about what you were talking about, then you would realize that Player Development Contracts (PDCs) are minimum two year agreements and can not be broken after one year.  The Toronto Blue Jays and Las Vegas 51s will be affiliated again for at least one more season.  Please do not post rumors or what you think should happen with the team on these articles, because it is considered as vandalism.  If you can show concrete references for what you are trying to add, then they will be added.  Until then please refrain from posting unsubstantiated rumors on Wikipedia. Rik (talk) 19:37, 12 October 2009 (UTC)

Requested move 8 December 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Speedily moved. – Muboshgu (talk) 01:37, 9 December 2018 (UTC)

Las Vegas 51s → Las Vegas Aviators – Please place your rationale for the proposed move here. SportsFan007 (talk) 22:22, 8 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Support - The team's name has changed; of course it should be moved. NatureBoyMD (talk) 22:47, 8 December 2018 (UTC)
 * No need to go through the full RM process.  ONR  (talk)  22:50, 8 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Support - Since it was announced, it should be changed right away. NostalgiaBuff97501 (talk) 22:56, 8 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Support - The only thing holding this up is that the Las Vegas Aviators redirect page needs to be deleted. SportsFan007 (talk) 00:27, 9 December 2018 (UTC)SportsFan007

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

UPDATED: Wikipedian Las Vegas Aviators fans category
I just updated the Category:Wikipedian Las Vegas Aviators fans page and userboxes linked to it in case anyone is interested. SportsFan007 (talk) 00:21, 9 December 2018 (UTC)SportsFan007

Aviators cap logo
Per this, you can see that the pilot on navy is the team's home cap logo. The "LV" is for use on road caps (see this). Across all baseball teams, major and minor, we use the home cap logo in the infobox even if it is same or very similar to the primary logo. See these examples: Cleveland Indians, Toronto Blue Jays, Detroit Tigers, Los Angeles Angels, Charlotte Knights, and Albuquerque Isotopes. Please discuss before further reverts. NatureBoyMD (talk) 02:14, 9 December 2018 (UTC)

Please see here. SportsFan007 (talk) 02:20, 9 December 2018 (UTC)SportsFan007
 * The item title and description you provided indicates that as the road logo. Based on what I wrote above, why should that logo be included in the infobox? NatureBoyMD (talk) 02:22, 9 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Am I wrong to think that the "LV" logo is considered to be their wordmark? SportsFan007 (talk) 02:27, 9 December 2018 (UTC)SportsFan007
 * The wordmark is usually simply the team name without a logo (unless one is integrated such as the previous Miami Marlins' logo.) In this case, the wordmark is the text at the top of the primary logo (File:Las Vegas Aviators logo.jpg). The "LV" is an alternate logo that looks to be used on road caps and another alternate. NatureBoyMD (talk) 02:34, 9 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Ah ok, I have reverted to infobox back to the home logo and relocated the road logo to the Aviators part of the history section, Thank you!!! SportsFan007 (talk) 02:41, 9 December 2018 (UTC)SportsFan007
 * Thanks for your revert and discussion. NatureBoyMD (talk) 02:42, 9 December 2018 (UTC)

Aviators main logo
I had uploaded the Las Vegas Aviators main logo (a .png file, which is cleaner) to identify with the team first. Place refrain from reverting unless you have discussed this with me and other editors first. The wordmark at the top of the logo you uploaded (a .jpg file) is not that necessary. NostalgiaBuff97501 (talk) 09:07, 9 December 2018 (UTC)

The prior 51s main Logo has wordmark in its d so does the main logo on many other triple-A team have it that way as well. SportsFan007 (talk) 09:17, 9 December 2018 (UTC)SportsFan007

Not all of them. Case in point, the Albuquerque Isotopes. Their main logo does not have a wordmark. The other logos have the name embedded into them. Not all logos are wordmarks. NostalgiaBuff97501 (talk) 09:27, 9 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Ah ok, fair enough, I’ll wait till theres a png or svg version with the workmark. I’ll revert to your version until then, thank you!!! SportsFan007 (talk) 09:32, 9 December 2018 (UTC)SportsFan007

 * That's fine. Just be aware that it will be reduced in size under the non-free guidelines.  NostalgiaBuff97501 (talk) 10:39, 9 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Yeah, the one with the team name & pilot is probably the primary logo. (The team didn’t really do a great job presenting the new identity.) Regardless of the quality, that should probably be the one used now. Give it a few days and a cleaner image should pop up somewhere to replace it. NatureBoyMD (talk) 13:05, 9 December 2018 (UTC)

Shades of orange
Am I wrong to think that the hexcodes should be consistent with Shades of orange? SportsFan007 (talk) 02:25, 10 December 2018 (UTC)SportsFan007
 * Yes... The hex codes should match the colors used by the team. What the team calls "orange" or "tangerine" or any other color likely doesn't match the hex code of the same name. NatureBoyMD (talk) 04:25, 10 December 2018 (UTC)

Oakland Aviators or Oakland Oaks?
Is the plan that they and the Athletics swap cities?-Tawaki (talk) 22:44, 12 July 2023 (UTC)

 * At this point, the Aviators are supposed to stay in LV. BilCat (talk) 00:30, 13 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Las Vegas Aviators


text:
Fastrada

Fastrada (c. 765 – 10 August 794) was queen consort of East Francia by marriage to Charlemagne, as his third (or, in some sources, fourth) wife.

Life
Fastrada was born circa 765 at Ingelheim, the daughter of the powerful East Frankish Count Rudolph (also called Eadolf), and his wife, Aeda.

Fastrada became the third wife of Charlemagne, marrying him in October 783 at Worms, Germany, a few months after Queen Hildegard’s death. A probable reason behind the marriage was to solidify a Frankish alliance east of the Rhine when Charles was still fighting the Saxons.

Due to her influence Pepin the Hunchback, son of Charlemagne and  Himiltrude, was publicly tonsured after an attempted rebellion against his father. Fastrada soon won a reputation for cruelty, although this is reported by chronicler Einhard in his Vita Karoli Magni, who had not arrived at Charlemagne's court while she was still alive. Contemporary sources suggest that she played an active role alongside her husband. A letter from 785 has survived in which Charlemagne asked Fastrada to come to the Eresburg with the children, although a letter only six years later he inquires about her health because he had not heard from her for a long time and tells her of a victory against the Avars.

In 793, Charlemagne introduced a coin type with Fastrada on it. It is the first known Carolingian coin with a queen named on it. Scholars suggest that Charlemagne was inspired to mint this coin after Offa of Mercia had earlier done so for his wife Cynetryth.

After Christmas 793, Charlemagne and Fastrada went from Wurzburg to Frankfurt (in present-day Germany), where she died on 10 August 794 during the Synod of Frankfurt. Charlemagne is said to have never returned to the place of her death out of mourning for her. He had her buried at St. Alban's Abbey, Mainz, before the abbey was finished, and had her silver spindle hung over the altar. Due to Archbishop Richulf's influence, she was not buried in the Basilique Saint-Denis, the burial site of almost all the Frankish and French monarchs, nor St. Arnulf's Abbey near Metz.

Her tomb was of white marble, adorned with gold and statues. After the destruction of St. Alban's Abbey in 1552, her tombstone was transferred to Mainz Cathedral, where it can be seen today in the wall of the southern nave. The inscription reads as follows:

Latin:
 * Fastradana pia  Caroli  conjunx  vocitata,
 * Cristo dilecta, jacet hoc sub marmore tecta.
 * Anno Septingesimo nonagesimo quarto,
 * Quem númerum metro claudere musa negat.
 * Rex pie quem gessit virgo licet hic cinerescit,
 * Spiritus heres sit patrie que tristia nescit.

English:
 * The pious wife of Charles, called Fastrada,
 * loved by Christ lies here covered with marble.
 * In the year seven hundred and ninety-four.
 * Which number to add to the meter resists.
 * Pious king, whom the maiden wore, grant, if she crumbles to ashes here too,
 * that their spirit be the heir of the fatherland that knows no tribulation.

The Fastrada legend tells of a magic ring that Fastrada is said to have received from Charlemagne. This ring, the stone of which was a gift from a snake, bound Charlemagne to Fastrada in such a way that he did not want to release her corpse for burial even when it was already beginning to decompose. Eventually Archbishop Turpin of Reims took the ring and threw it in a lake near Aachen.

Issue

 * Theodrada (b. 784, d. unknown), abbess of Argenteuil
 * Hiltrude (b. 787, d. unknown)

In popular culture
The Stephen Schwartz musical Pippin features a stylized Fastrada, portrayed by Leland Palmer in the original 1972 Broadway cast, by Chita Rivera in the 1981 television film, and by Charlotte d'Amboise in the 2013 Broadway revival.

title: Fastrada


text:
Troika (dance)

Troika is a Russian performance dance based on Russian folk dances. The Russian word troika means three-horse team/gear, and the dancers imitate the prancing of horses pulling a sled or a carriage.

The first version was created by choreographer Nadezhda Nadezhdina for her folklore dance troupe Beroyzka in 1948. Since then this dance is included into repertoires of virtually all Russian ethnographic dance ensembles. Initially, it was a dance for a man and two women, but later choreographies with other combinations were created, such as one woman and two men or three women.

Other cultures
Similar folk dances are known among other Slavic peoples, e.g., the Polish Trojak.

A Cajun dance of the same name, Troika, exists, similar to the Russian dance. It has been suggested that the Cajun version of the dance originated at the times when Cossacks of the Russian tsar army were stationed in Paris.

There was a German contra dance triolet recorded in 1829 for groups of one man and two women.

title: Troika (dance)