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Static single-assignment form

In compiler design, static single assignment form (often abbreviated as SSA form or simply SSA) is a type of intermediate representation (IR) where each variable is assigned exactly once. SSA is used in most high-quality optimizing compilers for imperative languages, including LLVM, the GNU Compiler Collection, and many commercial compilers.

There are efficient algorithms for converting programs into SSA form. To convert to SSA, existing variables in the original IR are split into versions, new variables typically indicated by the original name with a subscript, so that every definition gets its own version. Additional statements that assign to new versions of variables may also need to be introduced at the join point of two control flow paths. Converting from SSA form to machine code is also efficient.

SSA makes numerous analyses needed for optimizations easier to perform, such as determining use-define chains, because when looking at a use of a variable there is only one place where that variable may have received a value. Most optimizations can be adapted to preserve SSA form, so that one optimization can be performed after another with no additional analysis. The SSA based optimizations are usually more efficient and more powerful than their non-SSA form prior equivalents.

In functional language compilers, such as those for Scheme and ML, continuation-passing style (CPS) is generally used. SSA is formally equivalent to a well-behaved subset of CPS excluding non-local control flow, so optimizations and transformations formulated in terms of one generally apply to the other. Using CPS as the intermediate representation is more natural for higher-order functions and interprocedural analysis. CPS also easily encodes call/cc, whereas SSA does not.

History
SSA was developed in the 1980s by several researchers at IBM. Kenneth Zadeck, a key member of the team, moved to Brown University as development continued. A 1986 paper introduced birthpoints, identity assignments, and variable renaming such that variables had a single static assignment. A subsequent 1987 paper by Jeanne Ferrante and Ronald Citron proved that the renaming done in the previous paper removes all false dependencies for scalars. In 1988, Barry Rosen, Mark N. Wegman, and Kenneth Zadeck replaced the identity assignments with Φ-functions, introduced the name "static single-assignment form", and demonstrated a now-common SSA optimization. The name Φ-function was chosen by Rosen to be a more publishable version of "phony function". Alpern, Wegman, and Zadeck presented another optimization, but using the name "single static assignment". Finally, in 1989, Rosen, Wegman, Zadeck, Cytron, and Ferrante found an efficient means of converting programs to SSA form.

Benefits
The primary usefulness of SSA comes from how it simultaneously simplifies and improves the results of a variety of compiler optimizations, by simplifying the properties of variables. For example, consider this piece of code:

y := 1 y := 2 x := y

Humans can see that the first assignment is not necessary, and that the value of  being used in the third line comes from the second assignment of. A program would have to perform reaching definition analysis to determine this. But if the program is in SSA form, both of these are immediate:

y1 := 1 y2 := 2 x1 := y2

Compiler optimization algorithms that are either enabled or strongly enhanced by the use of SSA include:
 * Constant propagation – conversion of computations from runtime to compile time, e.g. treat the instruction  as if it were
 * Value range propagation – precompute the potential ranges a calculation could be, allowing for the creation of branch predictions in advance
 * Sparse conditional constant propagation – range-check some values, allowing tests to predict the most likely branch
 * Dead-code elimination – remove code that will have no effect on the results
 * Global value numbering – replace duplicate calculations producing the same result
 * Partial-redundancy elimination – removing duplicate calculations previously performed in some branches of the program
 * Strength reduction – replacing expensive operations by less expensive but equivalent ones, e.g. replace integer multiply or divide by powers of 2 with the potentially less expensive shift left (for multiply) or shift right (for divide).
 * Register allocation – optimize how the limited number of machine registers may be used for calculations

Converting to SSA
Converting ordinary code into SSA form is primarily a matter of replacing the target of each assignment with a new variable, and replacing each use of a variable with the "version" of the variable reaching that point. For example, consider the following control-flow graph:

Changing the name on the left hand side of "x $$\leftarrow$$ x - 3" and changing the following uses of x to that new name would leave the program unaltered. This can be exploited in SSA by creating two new variables: x 1 and x 2, each of which is assigned only once. Likewise, giving distinguishing subscripts to all the other variables yields:

It is clear which definition each use is referring to, except for one case: both uses of y in the bottom block could be referring to either y 1 or y 2, depending on which path the control flow took.

To resolve this, a special statement is inserted in the last block, called a Φ (Phi) function. This statement will generate a new definition of y called y 3 by "choosing" either y 1 or y 2, depending on the control flow in the past.

Now, the last block can simply use y 3, and the correct value will be obtained either way. A Φ function for x is not needed: only one version of x, namely x 2 is reaching this place, so there is no problem (in other words, Φ( x 2, x 2)= x 2).

Given an arbitrary control-flow graph, it can be difficult to tell where to insert Φ functions, and for which variables. This general question has an efficient solution that can be computed using a concept called dominance frontiers (see below).

Φ functions are not implemented as machine operations on most machines. A compiler can implement a Φ function by inserting "move" operations at the end of every predecessor block. In the example above, the compiler might insert a move from y 1 to y 3 at the end of the middle-left block and a move from y 2 to y 3 at the end of the middle-right block. These move operations might not end up in the final code based on the compiler's register allocation procedure. However, this approach may not work when simultaneous operations are speculatively producing inputs to a Φ function, as can happen on wide-issue machines. Typically, a wide-issue machine has a selection instruction used in such situations by the compiler to implement the Φ function.

Computing minimal SSA using dominance frontiers
In a control-flow graph, a node A is said to  a different node B if it is impossible to reach B without passing through A first. In other words, if node B is reached, then it can be assumed that A has run. A is said to dominate B (or B to be dominated by A) if either A strictly dominates B or A = B.

A node which transfers control to a node A is called an  of A.

The  of node A is the set of nodes B where A strictly dominate B, but does dominate some immediate predecessor of B. These are the points at which multiple control paths merge back together into a single path.

For example, in the following code:

[1] x = random if x < 0.5 [2] result = "heads" else [3] result = "tails" end [4] print(result)

node 1 strictly dominates 2, 3, and 4 and the immediate predecessors of node 4 are nodes 2 and 3.

Dominance frontiers define the points at which Φ functions are needed. In the above example, when control is passed to node 4, the definition of  used depends on whether control was passed from node 2 or 3. Φ functions are not needed for variables defined in a dominator, as there is only one possible definition that can apply.

There is an efficient algorithm for finding dominance frontiers of each node. This algorithm was originally described in "Efficiently Computing Static Single Assignment Form and the Control Graph" by Ron Cytron, Jeanne Ferrante, et al. in 1991.

Keith D. Cooper, Timothy J. Harvey, and Ken Kennedy of Rice University describe an algorithm in their paper titled A Simple, Fast Dominance Algorithm:

for each node b    dominance_frontier(b) := {} for each node b    if the number of immediate predecessors of b ≥ 2 for each p in immediate predecessors of b            runner := p             while runner ≠ idom(b) dominance_frontier(runner) := dominance_frontier(runner) ∪ { b } runner := idom(runner)

In the code above,  is the  of b, the unique node that strictly dominates b but does not strictly dominate any other node that strictly dominates b.

Variations that reduce the number of Φ functions
"Minimal" SSA inserts the minimal number of Φ functions required to ensure that each name is assigned a value exactly once and that each reference (use) of a name in the original program can still refer to a unique name. (The latter requirement is needed to ensure that the compiler can write down a name for each operand in each operation.)

However, some of these Φ functions could be dead. For this reason, minimal SSA does not necessarily produce the fewest Φ functions that are needed by a specific procedure. For some types of analysis, these Φ functions are superfluous and can cause the analysis to run less efficiently.

Pruned SSA
Pruned SSA form is based on a simple observation: Φ functions are only needed for variables that are "live" after the Φ function. (Here, "live" means that the value is used along some path that begins at the Φ function in question.) If a variable is not live, the result of the Φ function cannot be used and the assignment by the Φ function is dead.

Construction of pruned SSA form uses live-variable information in the Φ function insertion phase to decide whether a given Φ function is needed. If the original variable name isn't live at the Φ function insertion point, the Φ function isn't inserted.

Another possibility is to treat pruning as a dead-code elimination problem. Then, a Φ function is live only if any use in the input program will be rewritten to it, or if it will be used as an argument in another Φ function. When entering SSA form, each use is rewritten to the nearest definition that dominates it. A Φ function will then be considered live as long as it is the nearest definition that dominates at least one use, or at least one argument of a live Φ.

Semi-pruned SSA
Semi-pruned SSA form is an attempt to reduce the number of Φ functions without incurring the relatively high cost of computing live-variable information. It is based on the following observation: if a variable is never live upon entry into a basic block, it never needs a Φ function. During SSA construction, Φ functions for any "block-local" variables are omitted.

Computing the set of block-local variables is a simpler and faster procedure than full live-variable analysis, making semi-pruned SSA form more efficient to compute than pruned SSA form. On the other hand, semi-pruned SSA form will contain more Φ functions.

Block arguments
Block arguments are an alternative to Φ functions that is representationally identical but in practice can be more convenient during optimization. Blocks are named and take a list of block arguments, notated as function parameters. When calling a block the block arguments are bound to specified values. Swift SIL and MLIR use block arguments.

Converting out of SSA form
SSA form is not normally used for direct execution (although it is possible to interpret SSA ), and it is frequently used "on top of" another IR with which it remains in direct correspondence. This can be accomplished by "constructing" SSA as a set of functions that map between parts of the existing IR (basic blocks, instructions, operands, etc.) and its SSA counterpart. When the SSA form is no longer needed, these mapping functions may be discarded, leaving only the now-optimized IR.

Performing optimizations on SSA form usually leads to entangled SSA-Webs, meaning there are Φ instructions whose operands do not all have the same root operand. In such cases color-out algorithms are used to come out of SSA. Naive algorithms introduce a copy along each predecessor path that caused a source of different root symbol to be put in Φ than the destination of Φ. There are multiple algorithms for coming out of SSA with fewer copies, most use interference graphs or some approximation of it to do copy coalescing.

Extensions
Extensions to SSA form can be divided into two categories.

Renaming scheme extensions alter the renaming criterion. Recall that SSA form renames each variable when it is assigned a value. Alternative schemes include static single use form (which renames each variable at each statement when it is used) and static single information form (which renames each variable when it is assigned a value, and at the post-dominance frontier).

Feature-specific extensions retain the single assignment property for variables, but incorporate new semantics to model additional features. Some feature-specific extensions model high-level programming language features like arrays, objects and aliased pointers. Other feature-specific extensions model low-level architectural features like speculation and predication.

Open-source

 * Mono uses SSA in its JIT compiler called Mini
 * WebKit uses SSA in its JIT compilers.
 * Swift defines its own SSA form above LLVM IR, called SIL (Swift Intermediate Language).
 * Erlang rewrote their compiler in OTP 22.0 to "internally use an intermediate representation based on Static Single Assignment (SSA)", with plans for further optimizations built on top of SSA in future releases.
 * The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure uses SSA form for all scalar register values (everything except memory) in its primary code representation. SSA form is only eliminated once register allocation occurs, late in the compile process (often at link time).
 * The GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) makes extensive use of SSA since the version 4 (released in April 2005). The frontends generate "GENERIC" code that is then converted into "GIMPLE" code by the "gimplifier". High-level optimizations are then applied on the SSA form of "GIMPLE". The resulting optimized intermediate code is then translated into RTL, on which low-level optimizations are applied. The architecture-specific backends finally turn RTL into assembly language.
 * Go (1.7: for x86-64 architecture only; 1.8: for all supported architectures).
 * IBM's open source adaptive Java virtual machine, Jikes RVM, uses extended Array SSA, an extension of SSA that allows analysis of scalars, arrays, and object fields in a unified framework. Extended Array SSA analysis is only enabled at the maximum optimization level, which is applied to the most frequently executed portions of code.
 * The Mozilla Firefox SpiderMonkey JavaScript engine uses SSA-based IR.
 * The Chromium V8 JavaScript engine implements SSA in its Crankshaft compiler infrastructure as announced in December 2010
 * PyPy uses a linear SSA representation for traces in its JIT compiler.
 * Android's Dalvik virtual machine uses SSA in its JIT compiler.
 * Android's new optimizing compiler for the Android Runtime uses SSA for its IR.
 * The Standard ML compiler MLton uses SSA in one of its intermediate languages.
 * LuaJIT makes heavy use of SSA-based optimizations.
 * The PHP and Hack compiler HHVM uses SSA in its IR.
 * libFirm, a library for use as the middle and back ends of a compiler, uses SSA form for all scalar register values until code generation by use of an SSA-aware register allocator.
 * Various Mesa drivers via NIR, an SSA representation for shading languages.

Commercial

 * Oracle's HotSpot Java Virtual Machine uses an SSA-based intermediate language in its JIT compiler.
 * Microsoft Visual C++ compiler backend available in Microsoft Visual Studio 2015 Update 3 uses SSA
 * SPIR-V, the shading language standard for the Vulkan graphics API and kernel language for OpenCL compute API, is an SSA representation.
 * The IBM family of XL compilers, which include C, C++ and Fortran.
 * NVIDIA CUDA

Research and abandoned

 * The ETH Oberon-2 compiler was one of the first public projects to incorporate "GSA", a variant of SSA.
 * The Open64 compiler used SSA form in its global scalar optimizer, though the code is brought into SSA form before and taken out of SSA form afterwards. Open64 uses extensions to SSA form to represent memory in SSA form as well as scalar values.
 * In 2002, researchers modified IBM's JikesRVM (named Jalapeño at the time) to run both standard Java bytecode and a typesafe SSA (SafeTSA) bytecode class files, and demonstrated significant performance benefits to using the SSA bytecode.
 * jackcc is an open-source compiler for the academic instruction set Jackal 3.0. It uses a simple 3-operand code with SSA for its intermediate representation. As an interesting variant, it replaces Φ functions with a so-called SAME instruction, which instructs the register allocator to place the two live ranges into the same physical register.
 * The Illinois Concert Compiler circa 1994 used a variant of SSA called SSU (Static Single Use) which renames each variable when it is assigned a value, and in each conditional context in which that variable is used; essentially the static single information form mentioned above. The SSU form is documented in John Plevyak's Ph.D Thesis.
 * The COINS compiler uses SSA form optimizations as explained here.
 * Reservoir Labs' R-Stream compiler supports non-SSA (quad list), SSA and SSI (Static Single Information ) forms.
 * Although not a compiler, the Boomerang decompiler uses SSA form in its internal representation. SSA is used to simplify expression propagation, identifying parameters and returns, preservation analysis, and more.
 * DotGNU Portable.NET used SSA in its JIT compiler.

General references

 * Also available in Java (ISBN 0-521-82060-X, 2002) and C (ISBN 0-521-60765-5, 1998) versions.
 * Also available in Java (ISBN 0-521-82060-X, 2002) and C (ISBN 0-521-60765-5, 1998) versions.

title: Static single-assignment form


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Bradford-on-Avon

Bradford-on-Avon (sometimes Bradford on Avon or Bradford upon Avon ) is a town and civil parish in west Wiltshire, England, near the border with Somerset, which had a population of 10,405 at the 2021 census. The town's canal, historic buildings, shops, pubs and restaurants make it popular with tourists.

The history of the town can be traced back to Roman origins. It has several buildings dating from the 17th century, when the town grew due to the thriving English woollen textile industry.

Geography
The town lies partly in the Avon Valley, and partly on the hill that marks the Vale's western edge, 8 mi southeast of Bath, in the hilly area between the Mendip Hills, Salisbury Plain and the Cotswold Hills. The local area around Bath provides the Jurassic limestone known as Bath stone, from which the older buildings are constructed. The River Avon (the Bristol Avon) runs through the town. The larger town of Trowbridge is nearby to the southeast.

The town includes the suburbs of Bearfield and Woolley; the parish includes the hamlets of Widbrook and Woolley Green.

The Western Wiltshire Green Belt, which forms the eastern extent of the Avon Green Belt, completely surrounds Bradford-on-Avon. It helps to maintain the setting and preserve the character of the town by maintaining separation from nearby settlements such as Trowbridge, Winsley, and Westwood.

History
The earliest evidence of habitation is fragments of Roman settlements above the town. In particular, archaeological digs have revealed the remains of a large Roman villa with a well-preserved mosaic on the playing fields of St Laurence School. The centre of the town grew up around the ford across the river Avon, hence the origin of the town's name ("Broad-Ford"). This was supplemented in Norman times by the stone bridge that still stands today. The Norman side is upstream, and has pointed arches; the newer side has curved arches. The Town Bridge and Chapel is a grade I listed building. It was originally a packhorse bridge, but widened in the 17th century by rebuilding the western side. On 2 July 1643 the town was the site of a skirmish in the English Civil War, when Royalists seized control of the bridge on their way to the Battle of Lansdowne.

On the bridge stands a small building which was originally a chapel but was later used as a town lock-up. The weathervane on top takes the form of a gudgeon (an early Christian symbol), hence the local saying "under the fish and over the water". (The gilded fish is a perch; Bradford gudgeon is a local term.)

The river provided power for the wool mills that gave the town its wealth. The town has 17th-century buildings dating from the most successful period of the local textile industry. The best examples of weavers' cottages are on Newtown, Middle Rank and Tory Terraces. Daniel Defoe visited Bradford-on-Avon in the early 18th century and commented: "They told me at Bradford that it was no extra-ordinary thing to have clothiers in that country worth, from ten thousand, to forty thousand pounds a man [equivalent to £1.3M to £5.3M in 2007], and many of the great families, who now pass for gentry in those counties, have been originally raised from, and built up by this truly noble manufacture."

With improving mechanisation in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution, the wool weaving industry moved from cottages to purpose-built woollen mills adjacent to the river, where they used water and steam to power the looms. Around thirty such mills were built in Bradford-on-Avon alone, and these prospered further until the English woollen industry shifted its centre of power to Yorkshire in the late 19th century. The last local mill closed in 1905. Many have since stood empty and some became derelict. A notable feature of Bradford-on-Avon is the large Grade II* listed tithe barn, known as the Saxon Tithe Barn, 180 feet long and 30 feet wide, which was constructed in the 14th century and is now part of Barton Farm Country Park. The barn was used for collecting taxes, in the form of goods, to fund the church.

There are several notable buildings in and around the town centre. Many of the old textile factories have been converted into modern flats and apartments; however, few of the buildings are still used today in their original roles. One of the few is The Swan, a public house and hotel set in the centre of town; the building is 17th century and retains many original features, in particular the stone flag floors. Records show that there has been a public house on the same site since the 1500s. The Hall, on the eastern edge of the town, is a Jacobean mansion built for John Hall, a wealthy mill-owner, in about 1610. It was bought by Stephen Moulton in 1848, and is now managed by the Alex Moulton Charitable Trust.

In 1998 the Wiltshire Music Centre was opened in Bradford-on-Avon, on the grounds of St Laurence School. In 2000, the Millennium sculpture nicknamed "Millie" was unveiled.

On 8 October 2003, Bradford-on-Avon was granted Fairtrade Town status.

Early church
The Saxon church dedicated to Saint Laurence may have been founded by Saint Aldhelm around 705, and could have been a temporary burial site for King Edward the Martyr. It was rediscovered by the Anglican priest, antiquarian and author William Jones in 1856, having been used for secular purposes (apparently becoming a house, a school and part of a factory).

It is suggested that some of the building, containing the blind arcades at a higher level, may belong to a later period while a leaflet available at the church in February 2012  seems to prefer the period 950–1050 for the whole building. The elaborate ornamentation of the exterior consists of pilaster-strips, a broad frieze of two plain string-courses between which is a blind arcade of round-headed arches whose short vertical pilasters have trapezoidal capitals and bases, while on the eastern gable and the corners adjacent there is a series of mouldings as vertical triple semicylinders.

Inside the church, high in the wall above a small chancel arch, are the carved figures of two flying angels, the right-hand figure reportedly "intended to be clothed in transparent drapery ... the legs from the knee downward are depicted as showing through the transparent robe" which is referred to as a "quaint fancy".

Others
In addition to the Saxon church, the town has two Church of England churches, two Baptist chapels, a United Church (Methodist and United Reformed Church), a free nonconformist church, a community church, a Quaker (Society of Friends) meeting house and a Roman Catholic church.

Holy Trinity Church is the original parish church, and stands near the town centre by the river. The Grade I listed building is Norman in origin, and it is possible that the chancel was built over the remains of an older church. Several chapels were added on the north side, and the wall in between was later opened up so that the chapels now form the north aisle. A squint, or hagioscope, near the altar is claimed to be England's longest. The tower and spire was built around 1480, replacing an older one, and the south wall was largely rebuilt in the 19th century. The church has a ring of eight bells, with the tenor (heaviest bell) weighing.

The other Anglican church, Christ Church, is entirely a Victorian construction. The Catholic church, dedicated to St. Thomas More, occupies a Grade II listed building, dating from 1854, that used to be the town hall.

There is also a Buddhist monastery in the town, under the auspices of the Aukana Trust; it comprises a monastic building each for men and for women, and a meditation hall. There are also workshops, gardens and a library, and the elegant buildings look down upon the town from a hill. The monastery practises the Theravadin tradition of Buddhism, and offers opportunities for both full-time residential and part-time practise and study.

Economy
Bradford-on-Avon was the site of an early factory for rubber products, established at Kingston Mill by Stephen Moulton in 1848 and later named George Spencer, Moulton and Co. The company was acquired by Avon Rubber, a large manufacturer of rubber products for the automotive and other industries, and production continued until 1993. Today, the town is the headquarters of the Alex Moulton bicycle company and has several other small-scale manufacturing enterprises.

The town's main business is shopping, tourism and day-to-day servicing of a population largely made up of families, commuters and the retired.

The town has one mid-sized supermarket, Sainsbury's, on the Elms Cross industrial estate, a short walk from the canal lock, and five convenience stores. Local consumers founded Bradford-on-Avon Co-operative Society in 1861, which, in the 1960s, united with other consumer co-operatives in the district to merge with a national business. A mini outdoor shopping centre of independent shops, Weavers Walk, which describes itself as an "ethical trading centre", is in the town centre.

The town is an increasingly popular location for films, television adaptations and more; it has played host to Wolf Hall, Creation (a 2009 film about the life of Darwin), Robin of Sherwood and a 1972 film adaptation of The Canterbury Tales. In 2016, The White Princess TV series was filmed in the area.

Transport
Bradford-on-Avon is on the A363 Trowbridge to Bath road, which runs through the town from south to north, and crossed over by the B3109 linking Bradford-on-Avon with Melksham and Frome. All other road routes are minor, affording access to local settlements. Bradford-on-Avon is about 15 miles from junction 18 of the M4 motorway at Bath and the same distance from junction 17 at Chippenham.

Bradford-on-Avon railway station is served by Great Western Railway on the Wessex Main Line and Heart of Wessex Line routes. The line opened in the mid-19th century and was built by the original Great Western Railway. The main station building by Brunel is Grade II listed.

Running parallel to the railway through the town is the Kennet and Avon Canal. The use of this canal declined as the railways grew but it was restored to full working order during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. The canal provides a link through to the Avon at Bath in the west, and the Thames at Reading in the east.

Governance
Bradford-on-Avon civil parish elects a town council with twelve members: six for the North ward and six for the South ward. From 2017 to 2021, the council consisted of seven councillors from the Ideal Bradford party platform, two independent councillors and three Liberal Democrat councillors. After the May 2021 elections, there were seven Liberal Democrat and five Ideal Bradford councillors.

The town council provides an increasing range of services in the town, building on its historically mostly consultative and ceremonial role. These include provision of youth services, management of significant and growing areas of green space and town facilities, and management of several premises within the town. Its chairman has the title of Mayor of Bradford. The Town Council declared a climate emergency in March 2019 and has committed to becoming carbon neutral by 2030.

Statutory local government functions (including schools, roads, social services, emergency planning, leisure services, development control, and waste disposal) are carried out by Wiltshire Council, a unitary authority.

From 2010 to 2024, Bradford-on-Avon was part of the Chippenham parliamentary constituency. Following boundary changes, it became part of the Melksham and Devizes parliamentary constituency. It is represented by Brian Mathew, a Liberal Democrat.

Education
The town has a secondary school, St Laurence School, founded in 1980 as a result of the merger of Fitzmaurice Grammar School and Trinity Secondary Modern school. There are two primary schools: in the north of the town is Christ Church CofE (VC) Primary School, established as a National school in 1848 and on its present site since 1956, and in the south is Fitzmaurice Primary School, opened in 1928 as Bradford on Avon Council Junior Mixed and Infants' School.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC West and ITV West Country. Television signals are received from the Mendip and the local relay transmitters.

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Wiltshire on 104.3 FM, Heart West on 102.2, Greatest Hits Radio South West on 107.7 FM and West Wilts Radio, a community based radio station that broadcast online.

The Wiltshire Times is the local newspaper that serves the town.

Sport and leisure
Bradford-on-Avon has a non-League football club, Bradford Town F.C., who play at the Sports and Social Club on Trowbridge Road. In addition to a bowls club, tennis courts and a swimming pool, there is also the Bradford-on-Avon Rowing Club, catering for rowing and canoeing from their base opposite Barton Farm country park. Bradford on Avon rugby club, whose first team played in Dorset & Wilts 1 North in 2019–20, have their ground at Winsley, just west of the town.

Wiltshire Music Centre is a purpose-built, 300-seat concert hall within the grounds of St Laurence School that attracts internationally renowned musicians.

Notable people

 * Paul Methuen (1613–1667), clothier, lived and worked in Bradford-on-Avon.
 * John Methuen (1650–1706), was born in Bradford-on-Avon, as was his son Sir Paul Methuen (ca.1672–1757); they were successively British Ambassadors to Portugal.
 * Lieutenant General Henry Shrapnel (1761–1842), a British Army officer who invented the shrapnel shell, born at Midway Manor.
 * Shadrack Byfield (1789–1874), War of 1812 infantryman and memoirist, born in Woolley, Bradford-on-Avon.
 * E. H. Young (1880–1949), novelist, children's writer and mountaineer, lived in Bradford-on-Avon.
 * Eric Derwent Walrond (1898–1966), Afro-Caribbean Harlem Renaissance writer and journalist, lived from 1939 to 1952 at 9 Ivy Terrace, Bradford-on-Avon.
 * Alex Moulton (1920–2012), engineer and inventor, lived at The Hall, Bradford-on-Avon.
 * Sir Donald Maitland (1922–2010), senior diplomat, lived in Bradford-on-Avon.
 * Jonathan Newth (born 1939), stage and television actor, lives in Bradford-on-Avon.
 * Hugh Scully (1943–2015) TV presenter, was born in Bradford-on-Avon.
 * Paul Emsley (born 1947), artist, lives in Bradford-on-Avon.
 * Peter Hammill (born 1948), singer-songwriter, lives in Bradford-on-Avon.
 * Stephen Volk (born 1954), screenwriter, lives in Bradford-on-Avon.
 * Simon R. Green (born 1955), science-fiction/fantasy author, was born in Bradford-on-Avon.

Sport

 * Edgar Ford (1876–1943), cricketer, was born in Bradford-on-Avon.
 * David Constant (born 1941), Test cricket umpire, was born in Bradford-on-Avon.
 * Rob Newman (born 1963), footballer with 691 club caps, and later manager, was born in Bradford-on-Avon.
 * Paddy Edwards (born 1965), cricketer, was born in Bradford-on-Avon.
 * Will Carling (born 1965), rugby union player with 72 caps for England, was born in Bradford-on-Avon.
 * Andy Pearce (born 1966), footballer, born in Bradford-on-Avon with 221 club caps.
 * Phil de Glanville (born 1968), rugby union player with 202 caps for Bath Rugby and 38 with England, has lived in Bradford-on-Avon.
 * Fitzroy Simpson (born 1970), footballer, was born in Bradford-on-Avon; 486 club caps and 43 for Jamaica.
 * Lewis Moody (born 1978), rugby union player with 71 caps for England, lives in Bradford-on-Avon.
 * Ed McKeever (born 1983), Olympic canoeing champion, lives in Bradford-on-Avon.
 * Jazmin Carlin (born 1990), Olympic medallist in swimming, lived in Bradford-on-Avon while training at the University of Bath.
 * Hannah Brown (born 1990), canoeist, lives in Bradford-on-Avon.

Twin towns
Bradford-on-Avon is twinned with:
 * Sully-sur-Loire, France
 * Norden, Germany

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bradford-on-Avon


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SSA

SSA may refer to:

Geography

 * Sub-Saharan Africa

Organizations

 * Sainsbury's Staff Association, of Sainsbury's, UK
 * Scottish Socialist Alliance, a coalition of left-wing bodies, fore-runner to the Scottish Socialist Party
 * Seismological Society of America, international scientific society founded1906
 * Shan State Army, a former insurgent group in Burma
 * Shipconstructors' and Shipwrights' Association, a former British trade union
 * Singapore Scout Association, youth movement founded 1910
 * Slovak Society of Actuaries (Slovenská spoločnosť aktuárov), professional association in Slovakia
 * Soaring Society of America, American sporting society founded in 1932
 * Society for the Study of Addiction, UK learned society with charitable status
 * Society of Scottish Artists, artists society founded in 1891
 * SSA Global Technologies, American software company acquired by Infor Global Solutions
 * Steamship Authority, a Massachusetts ferry service and regulatory body
 * Sudan Studies Association, US professional association
 * Swedish Society of Radio Amateurs, an amateur radio organization

Education

 * School of Saint Anthony, Quezon City, Philippines
 * Secular Student Alliance, US
 * Shady Side Academy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US

Government

 * Saudi Space Agency, Saudi government agency
 * Social Security Administration of the US government
 * Social Security Agency (Northern Ireland)
 * Selective Service Act of 1917, an American piece of legislation signed by President Woodrow Wilson during WWI that established nationwide conscription
 * State Security Agency (South Africa), the South African intelligence service

Computing

 * Stochastic Simulation Algorithm
 * Serial Storage Architecture
 * Singular Spectrum Analysis
 * Software Security Assurance
 * Solid State Array, in flash data storage using solid-state drives
 * Start of Selected Area, a control character in the C1 control code set
 * Static single-assignment form, a property of intermediate representations used in compilers
 * Stationary Subspace Analysis
 * Strong subadditivity of quantum entropy
 * SubStation Alpha and .ssa file format, a video subtitle editor
 * Super systolic array

Science

 * Semantic structure analysis
 * Single-strand annealing in homologous recombination
 * Side-side-angle in geometry for solving triangles
 * Specific surface area, a property of solids

Medicine

 * Anti-SSA/Ro autoantibodies
 * Senile systemic amyloidosis
 * Sessile serrated adenoma, a type of pre-malignant intestinal polyp
 * Special somatic afferent
 * Sulfosalicylic acid

Other uses

 * IATA code of Salvador Bahia Airport
 * ESA Space Situational Awareness Programme
 * Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, the Government of India's Education for All programme
 * Self-sampling assumption
 * Serious Sam Advance, a 2004 video game
 * Shared services agreement
 * Slippery slope argument, a rhetorical device (and often a fallacy)
 * Special Service Agreement between the UN and a contractor
 * Special services area or business improvement district
 * SSA, Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of South Africa
 * Supervisory Special Agent

title: SSA


text:
Budleigh Salterton

Budleigh Salterton is a seaside town on the coast in East Devon, England, 15 miles south-east of Exeter. It lies within the East Devon Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, and forms much of the electoral ward of Budleigh, whose ward population at the 2021 census was 7,671.

Features
Budleigh Salterton lies at the mouth of the River Otter, where the estuary includes a bed of reeds and a grazing marsh, which form a haven for migratory birds and a Site of Special Scientific Interest for bird watchers. It has a designated area for naturists.

The village is crossed by the South West Coast Path, with clifftop routes eastwards to Sidmouth and westwards to Exmouth. The pebble beach and cliffs are part of the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site.

Facilities
Fairlynch Museum is housed in a listed, thatched marine cottage orné dating from 1811. It covers the history and geology of the region, and opened in 1967, offering exhibitions and a local archive. It possesses a large collection of period costumes. The town has a male-voice choir, which performs for charity.

It has a flourishing Classical Music festival in the summer (https://www.budleighmusicfestival.co.uk/) and a popular Literary festival in the autumn (https://budlitfest.org.uk/).

Transport
Budleigh Salterton lies on the B3178 secondary road; the B3179 ends on the western edge of the town.

There are regular bus links with Exmouth and Sidmouth, one also providing a local town service.

Between 1897 and 1967, Budleigh Salterton was served by a station on the Budleigh Salterton Railway, built and operated by the London & South Western Railway, which ran from Tipton St Johns to Exmouth, which is now the nearest railway station at 8 km (5 miles). Large sections of the disused Exmouth to Budleigh branch line now serves as a cycle path.

Sports
Budleigh Salterton is home to the scenic East Devon Golf Club. Its 11-lawn croquet club (offering croquet, bowls and bridge), founded in the late 1860s, is one of the oldest and largest in the country. The first team of the Budleigh Salterton Association football Club plays in the South West Peninsula League Division One East and there is a second team, a ladies' team and a youth team. In addition, there is a cricket club, a rifle club, and a games club offering tennis, bowls and other pursuits.

Churches
The Church of England in Budleigh Salterton originally took the form a chapel of ease under the parish of All Saints, East Budleigh. As the population grew, this was replaced in the 1890s by what became the Parish Church of St Peter in 1901. The church was heavily damaged by enemy aircraft bombing on 17 April 1942, but reopened in 1953. Today the Raleigh Mission Community at St Peter's, Budleigh Salterton, and All Saints, East Budleigh, are part of a joint mission with St Michael's, Otterton.

The Roman Catholic Church is also dedicated to St Peter. The Temple Methodist Church was completed in 1904 to replace a smaller chapel dating from 1812, which had been built by the bookseller James Lackington, an associate of John Wesley. There is a Baptist church in the town, whose congregation dates back to 1843.

Notable residents
In birth order:
 * James Lackington 1746–1815, founder of Temple Methodist Church.
 * The German-born English painter Hubert von Herkomer died here in 1914.
 * Belinda Lee, actress in British films of the 1950s, was born here in 1935. Her father managed a hotel in the town.
 * Charles Warrell, creator of the I-Spy series of children's books, lived here from his retirement in 1956 until his death in 1995.
 * Writer Dame Hilary Mantel (1952-2022), author of Wolf Hall and Bring Up the Bodies, lived here.

title: Budleigh Salterton


text:
Camelford

Camelford (Reskammel ) is a town and civil parish in north Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, situated in the River Camel valley northwest of Bodmin Moor. The town is approximately ten miles (16 km) north of Bodmin and is governed by Camelford Town Council. Lanteglos-by-Camelford is the ecclesiastical parish in which the town is situated (not to be confused with Lanteglos-by-Fowey). The ward population at the 2011 Census was 4,001. The town population at the same census was 865.

Camelford is in the North Cornwall parliamentary constituency represented by Scott Mann MP since 2015. Until 1974, the town was the administrative headquarters of Camelford Rural District. From 2009 to 2021, the town was represented on Cornwall Council by the Camelford division. From the 2021 local elections, it will be represented by the Camelford and Boscastle division.

The two main industrial enterprises in the area are the slate quarry at Delabole and the cheese factory at Davidstow and there is a small industrial estate at Highfield.

The A39 road (dubbed 'Atlantic Highway') passes through the town centre: a bypass has been discussed for many years. Camelford Station, some distance from the town, closed in 1966; the site was subsequently used as a cycling museum.

Toponymy
The Cornish language name for the town, Reskammel, comes from a combination of the Middle Cornish "Rys" (ford) + the River Camel's Cornish name Kammel (crooked, skew-whiff). It is a modern formation.

The English name of Camelford was formed by a Anglicisation of the river's name to Camel + Ford, giving it an identical meaning to its Cornish counterpart. The earliest records of the name are in 1205 and 1256 and it has the meaning "ford over the (river) Camel".

Due to the river's name sounding similar to the English word camel, the animal is seen as a symbol of the town. As such it can be seen on the town's coat of arms and the Sir James Smith's School logo, among other uses in the area.

Geography
Its position near the highest land in Cornwall makes the climate rather wet. On 8 June 1957, 203 mm of rain fell at Camelford. Roughtor is the nearest of the hills of Bodmin Moor to the town and numerous prehistoric remains can be found nearby as well. Camelford Town Hall was built in 1806, but is now used as a branch public library. By the riverside is Enfield Park; hamlets in the parish include Helstone, Tregoodwell, Valley Truckle, Hendra, Lanteglos, Slaughterbridge, Tramagenna, Treforda and Trevia. The economy depends largely on agriculture and tourism. There was a china clay works at Stannon.

Places of interest
Camelford was the home of the North Cornwall Museum and Gallery which contained paintings and objects of local historical interest. It has now been converted to a row of cottages. To the northwest at Slaughterbridge is an Arthurian Centre and at nearby Camelford Station is the Cycling Museum, which, according to Google, is now permanently closed. To the east are the hills of Roughtor and Brown Willy and to the south the old parish churches at Lanteglos and Advent.

Transport
The main road through Camelford is the A39 (Atlantic Highway) and there is a thrice-daily bus service from Newquay to Exeter via Launceston that serves the town. A tentatively-planned bypass is on hold; traffic problems continue to crowd the town especially during summer weekends. From 1893 to 1966 the town had a station on the North Cornwall Railway, and from the 1920s a bus ran a shuttle service to and from the town. Since the closure of the North Cornwall line the nearest railway station is Bodmin Parkway, 14 miles distant.

Early history
Camelford has been linked to the legendary Camelot and the battle of Camlann, such as in Layamon's Middle English Brut (early 13th century), and John Aubrey's Monumenta Britannica (1663–1693), which reports that as signs of the battle "pieces of armour both for horse and man are many times found in digging of the ground" at Camelford. However, modern historians have refuted these suggestions.

Camelford has sometimes been linked to Gafulford the site of a battle against the West Saxons. This link goes at least as far back as the 16th Century and William Camden's Britannia, but the battle is currently considered more likely to have been at Galford in Devon. Nearby Slaughterbridge has been supposed to be the site of a battle; an error arising because the derivation of "slaughter" in this case from an Anglo-Saxon word for "marsh" was not understood.

Manor of Helston in Trigg
Helstone (or Helston in Trigg) was in the Middle Ages one of the chief manors of the Hundred of Trigg and perhaps in Celtic times the seat of a chieftain. In the Domesday Book this manor was held by Earl Robert of Mortain: there were 2 hides, land for 15 ploughs; the lord had 4 ploughs & 18 serfs; 20 villagers & 18 smallholders had 8 ploughs; 10 acre of woodland; 6 square leagues of pasture; five kinds of livestock, in total 195 beasts. The manor of Penmayne was a dependency of this manor. It was one of the 17 Antiqua maneria of the Duchy of Cornwall.

Modern history
Camelford was made a borough in 1259. Later the town elected two members to the Unreformed House of Commons: the first MPs sat in the Parliament of 1552 but by the early 1800s when it sent 2 MPs these seats were obtained by the payment of bribes and Camelford was considered a rotten borough. In 1832 the Camelford parliamentary constituency was abolished and the town became part of the East Cornwall constituency under the Great Reform Act.

The seal of the borough shows: Arg. a camel passing through a ford of water all proper with legend "Sigillum Vill: de Camelford".

Reskammel / Camelford was the venue for Gorsedh Kernow in 2012.

Water pollution incident
In July 1988, the water supply to the town and the surrounding area was contaminated when 20 tons of aluminium sulphate was accidentally poured into the wrong tank at the Lowermoor Water Treatment Works on Bodmin Moor. An independent inquiry into the incident, the worst of its kind in British history, started in 2002, and a draft report was issued in January 2005, but questions remain as to the long-term effects on the health of residents. Michael Meacher, who visited Camelford as environment minister, called the incident and its aftermath, "A most unbelievable scandal."

Churches and schools
The parish church of Camelford is at Lanteglos by Camelford though there is also a Church of St Thomas of Canterbury (opened in 1938) in the town. Lanteglos church is dedicated to St Julitta. (At Jetwells near Camelford is a holy well; Jetwells derives from "Julitta's well".) Arthur Langdon (1896) recorded the existence of seven stone crosses in the parish, including three at the rectory (Lanteglos Rectory was converted into a guesthouse in the mid-20th century). There was in medieval times a chapel of St Thomas which probably fell into disuse after the Reformation (it is recorded in 1312). The Rector of Lanteglos is also responsible for the adjacent parish of Advent.

In Market Place is the Methodist Church (originally a Wesleyan Methodist Chapel). The founder of Methodism, John Wesley, visited Camelford on several occasions during his journeys in Cornwall. In the 1830s and 1840s the Camelford Wesleyan Methodist circuit underwent a secession by more than half the members to the Wesleyan Methodist Association. There is an older Methodist chapel (now disused) in Chapel Street.

Soul's Harbour Pentecostal Church is situated on the Clease adjacent to the car park. It is affiliated with The Assemblies of God of Great Britain and was founded in 1987. The building the Church occupies was built as the Church School in 1846.

Sir James Smith's School provides secondary education to the town and surrounding area and there is also a primary school.

Cornish wrestling
Cornish wrestling tournaments, for prizes, were held in Camelford in the 1800s.

Media
Local TV coverage is provided by BBC South West and ITV West Country. Television signals are received from the Caradon Hill TV transmitter. Local radio stations that broadcast to the town are BBC Radio Cornwall, Heart West, NCB Radio and Pirate FM. The town is served by the local newspaper, Cornish & Devon Post which publishes on Thursdays.

Notable people associated with Camelford
The naval officer Samuel Wallis was born near Camelford (among his achievements was the circumnavigation of the world). Francis Hurdon, the Canadian politician was also born at Camelford. Two members of the Pitt family held the title of Baron Camelford: Thomas Pitt, 1st Baron Camelford (1737–1793) and Thomas Pitt, 2nd Baron Camelford (1775–1804). Samuel Pollard, missionary to China was also born in Camelford. Jason Dawe, former presenter of Top Gear, is from the town.

title: Camelford


text:
Chipping Campden

Chipping Campden is a market town in the Cotswold district of Gloucestershire, England. It is notable for its terraced High Street, dating from the 14th century to the 17th century. ("Chipping" is from Old English cēping, 'market', 'market-place'; the same element is found in other towns such as Chipping Norton, Chipping Sodbury and Chipping (now High) Wycombe. )

A wool trading centre in the Middle Ages, Chipping Campden enjoyed the patronage of wealthy wool merchants, most notably William Greville (d.1401). The High Street is lined with buildings built from locally quarried oolitic limestone known as Cotswold stone, and boasts a wealth of vernacular architecture. Much of the town centre is a conservation area which has helped to preserve the original buildings. The town is an end point of the Cotswold Way, a 102-mile long-distance footpath.

Chipping Campden has hosted its own Games since 1612.

History
One of the oldest buildings in the town is the Grade I listed Market Hall, built in 1627 by Sir Baptist Hicks in 1627 and still in use. The building was intended as a shelter for merchants and farmers selling their wares with the arched side walls open to allow light, and customers, to enter. There was a plan to sell the hall in the 1940s but locals raised funds to purchase the property and donated it to the National Trust.

The grand early perpendicular Cotswold wool church, Church of St James, with its medieval altar frontals (c. 1500), cope (c. 1400), and 17th century monuments includes a monument to silk merchant Sir Baptist Hicks and his family. As well, the Grade I listed Church of St James includes a plaque to William Grevel, described as "the flower of the wool merchants of all England". His home, the Grade I listed Grevel's House, was built c. 1380. It is not open to visitors.

The Grade I listed almshouses on Church Street were built in 1612, provided by Sir Baptist Hicks as homes for 12 pensioners and still remains in use for that purpose. The Old Silk Mill in Sheep Street, Grade II listed, is a three-storey building originally used as a mill for spinning of silk thread; it closed in 1860 and became a silk throwing mill. In 1902, the building was converted into the headquarters for the Guild of Handicraft. The Court Barn near the church is now a museum celebrating the Arts and Crafts tradition of the area.

Hicks was also the owner of Campden House, on land he purchased some time after 1608; he added the manor and gained the title 1st Viscount Campden. The manor was destroyed by Royalists in 1645 during the English Civil War possibly to prevent it falling into the hands of the Parliamentarians. There is little reliable evidence as to the appearance of the manor and gardens. Any drawings of the house were made long after it had been destroyed. All that now remains of Sir Baptist Hicks' once imposing estate are a gatehouse and two Jacobean banqueting houses; the latter were restored by the Landmark Trust. Lady Juliana Noel, Sir Baptist's daughter, and her family lived at the converted stables near the site in Calf Lane, now called the Court House. Her descendant still lives in that Grade II listed building.

In 1970 the High Street and much of the town centre was designated a conservation area to preserve the architecture.

There are two historic gardens nearby: the Arts and Crafts Hidcote Manor Garden, owned and managed by the National Trust, and another at nearby Mickleton, Kiftsgate; this site is privately owned, but open to the public. Two miles to the west, in the grounds of Weston Park near Saintbury, are the earthwork remains of a motte-and-bailey castle.

Governance
The town falls within 'Campden-Vale' electoral ward. This ward stretches north from Chipping Campden to Mickleton. The ward population taken at the 2011 census was 5,888. Local government consists of a town council of 11 councillors. One councillor is selected to serve as mayor for a term of 12 months. Chipping Campden Council meets on the second Tuesday of every month in Chipping Campden Town Hall. Council meetings are open to the public with time set aside for public questions.

Schools
There are two primary schools, St James’ & Ebrington Church of England and St Catharine's Catholic and one secondary school, Chipping Campden School.

Public transport

The Cotswold Line passes near Chipping Campden, but the town's railway station closed in 1966. Since 2014, there have been proposals to reopen it. Regular trains currently stop at Moreton-in-Marsh, eight miles away, from where Oxford is a 26-49 minute ride and London Paddington can often be reached in less than 90 minutes.

Buses are available to Stratford-upon-Avon, Moreton-in-Marsh and Cheltenham.

Cotswold Games
Since the early seventeenth century, the town has been home to a championship of rural games, which later turned into Robert Dover's Cotswold Olimpick Games. The games were discontinued in 1852 but revived in 1963 and still continue.

The Olimpicks are held every summer on the Friday evening following the late Spring Bank-holiday (usually late May or early June), on Dover's Hill, near Chipping Campden. Peculiar to the games is the sport of shin-kicking (hay stuffed down the trousers can ease one's brave passage to later rounds).

To mark the end of the games, there is a huge bonfire and firework display. This is followed by a torch-lit procession back into the town and dancing to a local band in the square. The Scuttlebrook Wake takes place the following day. The locals don fancy dress costumes and follow the Scuttlebrook Queen, with her four attendants and Page Boy, in a procession to the centre of town pulled on a decorated dray by the town's own Morris Men. This is then followed by the presentation of prizes and displays of Maypole and Country dancing by the two primary schools and Morris dancing. Another procession from there past the fairground in Leysbourne and the Alms Houses brings that stage of the celebration to a close whilst the fair continues until midnight and, like a ghost, is gone by the morning.

The 2019 Games agenda included events such as a children's half-mile Junior Circuit, a Championship of the Hill race for adults and a Tug O’War competition. The organizers also planned fireworks, a torchlit procession, marching bands and cannons firing.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC West Midlands and ITV Central. Television signals are received from either the Sutton Coldfield or Lark Stoke TV transmitters.

The town is served by both BBC CWR and BBC Radio Gloucestershire. Other radio stations are Heart West, Greatest Hits Radio South West, Capital Mid-Counties, and North Cotswold Community Radio, a community-based station which broadcasts from the town.

The town's local newspapers are the Chipping Campden Bulletin, Evesham Observer and Cotswold Journal.

Music
Since 2002 Chipping Campden has hosted what is now widely recognised as one of the UK's leading music festivals. The 2020 Festival had been scheduled to run from May 9 to 23, but was cancelled due to the Covid-19 pandemic.

Arts and Crafts movement
In the early 20th century, the town became known as a centre for the Cotswold Arts and Crafts Movement, following the move of Charles Robert Ashbee and the members of his Guild and School of Handicraft from the East End of London in 1902. According to the local historical society, the movement "focused on handmade objects, reacting against the rapidly growing dominance of machinery which resulted in the loss of craft skills". The Guild of Handicraft specialised in metalworking, producing jewellery and enamels, as well as hand-wrought copper and wrought ironwork, and furniture-making. According to Historic England, "the Guild of Handicraft, founded by Ashbee in 1888, became one of the foremost Arts and Crafts workshops of its period .. formed the focus of the communal life which, as a pioneering social experiment, formed the most bold and important expression of Arts and Crafts principles". The Guild ceased operation in 1907 but the centre for crafts offers a permanent exhibition of their work.

A number of artists and writers settled in the area, including F. L. Griggs, the etcher, who built Dover's Court (now known as New Dover's House), one of the last significant Arts and Crafts houses. He set up the Campden Trust in 1929 with Norman Jewson and others, initially to protect Dover's Hill from development. According to a 2018 report, Griggs "sympathetically restored houses on the High Street, battled against a tide of ugliness that engulfed other towns and villages and used money he could ill afford to safeguard its surroundings". In 1934, he raised funds to buy the Coneygree field (where rabbits had been raised generations earlier) for the National Trust to ensure its protection. Many of Griggs' etchings are preserved at the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford.

H. J. Massingham, the rural writer who celebrated the traditions of the English countryside, also settled near the town, as did Arthur Gaskin. Ananda Coomaraswamy, the Sri Lankan philosopher and art critic and his wife the handloom weaver Ethel Mairet, settled at Broad Campden where Ashbee adapted the Norman chapel for him.

In 2005, a group of traditional craftspeople moved into The Old Silk Mill building. As of 2019, there were 28 members of this co-operative.

Notable people

 * Graham Greene, English novelist, playwright, short story writer and critic, lived, between 1931 and 1933, with his wife Vivien Greene at "Little Orchard" in the town.
 * Ernest Wilson, plantsman, was born in the town. A memorial garden is dedicated to him.
 * Sir Percy Hobart, armoured vehicle strategist and commander of the 79th Armoured Division in the Second World War, came from Chipping Campden and led the Home Guard there during the war.
 * Frederick Landseer Maur Griggs has a commemorative plaque in the town.
 * Sir Gordon Russell (1892-1980), celebrated furniture designer and maker, went to school in Chipping Campden and built his home, Kingcombe, here in 1925. He lived at Kingcombe until he died.

Twin towns – sister cities
Chipping Campden is twinned with:

 * 🇫🇷 Pont-d'Ouilly, France

title: Chipping Campden