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Talk:Introduced species

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An Australian Ecologist's Point of View
(From someone not used to this very interesting concept and environment that is Wikipedia.)

As an ecologist, I have a real problem with this page.

This page makes it sound like the introduction of exotic species is no big deal, that it's OK, and rarely has impacts.

To be very polite, this is rubbish.

I hail from Australia, where almost all our classes of wildlife, from native freshwater fish to birds to marsupials, have been seriously stuffed by introduced species. It's heartbreaking, the mess of what was an amazing and unique flora and fauna Australian ecologists and naturalists face every day. At the moment we have an ecological disaster of unimaginable proportions unfolding as a stupidly introduced species, the Cane Toad, invades the relatively pristine ecosystems of the Northern Territory including Kakadu National Park.

People should get a few things very clear.

1) ALL introduced species have impacts. Many - a majority perhaps - have quite serious impacts.  This is the case at least in countries with highly endemic, specialised and isolated floras and faunas like Australia.

2) It is not fair to unleash exotics species on endemic species. Those exotic organisms may be predators and/or have features due to their evolutionary environment that makes them very competitive, and similarly makes endemic species very defenceless and/or uncompetitive against these exotic species.

The rich diversity of unique species across many parts of the world exist only because they a separated by barriers - particularly seas and oceans - from other species of other land masses, particularly the "super-species" (see below). Barriers that could never be crossed, unless millions of years in the future through continental drift. Barriers that could not be broken until humans beings invented ships then planes.

3) As a consequence of the above if you unleashed most of the species of world against eachother by willy-nilly introductions, only a very few, usually highly fecund, ultra-competitive generalist "super-species" would survive.

4) And this is the big one. HUMAN BEINGS INTRODUCING EXOTIC ORGANISMS IS THE BIGGEST THREAT TO BIODIVERSITY OF THE WORLD ALONG WITH HABITAT DESTRUCTION.  Yes, that is right.  AND WHAT PEOPLE DON'T UNDERSTAND IS THAT IF CONTINUE TO PLAY THIS STUPID GAME OF INTRODUCING EXOTIC ORGANISMS WE WILL LOSE MOST ENDEMIC ORGANISMS, INCLUDING THE ONES WE TREASURE FOR BEING SO UNIQUE, SO BEAUTIFUL, SO THIS, SO THAT..  We will lose all the unique species, and will end up in boring homogenous world dominated by the same handful of "super-species" - cockroaches, mice, rats, argentine ants, indian mynahs, cane toads, dandelions, thistles, etc.

These are difficult ideas to convey but I hope people can understand what I'm saying here.

But this "oh yeah, introducing species doesn't really matter" attitude has to go.

Simon

Hi Simon,

dont know when you posted this..anyway, i just answer... sorry for that

(1): no..most instrduced species dont even survive long enough to be noticed...

(2): what's fair then? a species that evolved in an environment for millions of years should be by far better prepared for that special environment than any exotic species, shouldn't it? or did they miss something? aren't they about to be extiguished then in any case?

(3) super-species? what should that be? rats? mice? pidgeons? crap! maybe humans... ;-)

(4) we will continue, and the world will survive... and, yes, the world will change, and it changed already...surprise... biodiversity? well, the world has to adopt to a very dominant species... we are some kind of dominant on this planet... will it lead to more or less biodiversity? well...difficult to say... there are more species living here in europe than before humans, because of humans(exotic birds, fish, reptiles etc.)... there is a threat to some species because of humans.. but.. introducing humans in australia is invasive in itself... think about it! we cannot substract ourselves from this planet, and, when it comes to me, i dont want to :-) we are the only species that (sometimes) thinks about such issues... we select and we distribute other species, if we like it or not... so far (about 500 years) we, of course cause some damage to a lot of species, but, after all... it is just us that lost the joy of variety, the nature itself does not really care. so people that dont treasure it, that dont even see, it wont miss a thing.

Therefore, i think you fight a kinda lost battle

86.133.18.175 (talk) 02:22, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Not sure if this is the forum to be getting in to this, but you are making some very spurious claims based on faux-science:

 * To say that a species will outlive an invader due to the fact that it has had years to adapt to the environment is missing the point entirely. Ecosystems have adapted to states over billions of years, they have done so that they exist in a balance.  Introducing invader species harms indig. species usually because they have no natural enemies - they are therefore free to reproduce without hinderance.  Without competition, the species are then able to colonise vast swathes of areas and choke out the indigenous plants or animals.

 * Now, the point has been raised whether or not this really is that bad, nature is nature, after all, and we have had species get wiped out over the billions of years of evolution anyway.

 * The crucial point is that nature is robust merely through its diversity. It is the very depth of species that has enable nature to continue as it has.  If there were only one type of tree, for example (an extreme hypothesis), and a fungus developed that attacked that species, the entire planet's tree population would be under threat.  With multiple tree species, the situation is quite different: at the very worst, only one species will be wiped out, but even that is unlikely, because the trees would naturally be found so far apart that the rot would struggle to spread as fast or as wide as it would otherwise: resistant species would block its way.

 * This of course does not even touch on the matter of the potential discoveries that the human race has lost by way of species extinction. Because plants are unable to run away or attack predators or move about, many of them have developed complex chemicals within their systems in order to defend themselves, or maximise their use of sunlight, etc.  These chemicals are often of amazing use to use.  The cure for AIDS, cancers even the common cold could be locked away in some innocuous shrub somewhere.  Of course, it could also have been lost forever because that same shrub was destroyed by a lack of nitrogen in the soil, due to some invader species of plant multiplying unfettered and leaching more of the element out of the soil than the other plants in the area had been adapted to replace.41.133.62.97 (talk) 15:13, 28 October 2010 (UTC)

Introduced vs Invasive
This item drips with ideological prejudice. If we were talking about human beings African Americans would be termed "introduced species" and would be considered "invasive". In fact white Europeans would be considered introduced and invasive and that probably would be something this author(s) would agree with. In evolutionary terms the issue is not whether humans brought a species to a specific area vs. wind or birds, but whether that species can survive in Darwinian terms. By strict Darwinism if the organism can survive it is automatically in harmony with natural law. In fact, Darwin aside, the natural world is strengthened by the free mixing of ALL its elements, not just the ones humans consider "native". There is nothing intrinsically good about being "native". What was native 10,000 years ago may not even be alive anymore because it was replaced by an organism that is superior is some respect. Should we try to resurrect that weak species because it was "native"? And where do we draw our time lines? Should native be the world of 1,000 years ago? 10,000 years ago? A million years ago? Much of so-called environmental thinking is really arrogant hubris by people who are very good at propounding self-righteous negativity and very poor at envisioning and creating the positive. This wiki entry is an example. All that being said Darwin is a hard master and I would prefer a world that includes more than kudzu and green algae. But we must recognize that human manipulation of the environment can, and on balance arguably is, is a good thing. You don't eliminate cancer by destroying the host. This presupposes that the humans have motivations beyond greed and an MBA. Otherwise Darwin will consider us "invasive" and create conditions where we can't survive. There is some evidence that is already happening. However I believe we will adapt and adaptation is the correctional mechanism that eventually deals with any side effects of truly "invasive" I.E. damaging introduced species. If the snakes take over the island eventually there will come a raptor that loves filet of rattlesnake. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.142.9.127 (talk) 18:04, 15 February 2009 (UTC)

Suggest merging with Invasive species; but having the contents here, as "introduced" is passive whereas "invasive" implys active invasion, which is not the case. Andy Mabbett 17:09, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * makes sense, although it will need bit of a rejig. Jim

 * I disagree. Most introduced species are quite benign. Invasive species are those that are serious pests or disruptions to the ecosystem - quite a different thing. I'll not put it back without more discussion, but I think the concepts are sufficiently different to merit separate pages. BTW "invasive" is an accepted term; this is not a POV thing. Millions of dollars are spent each year dealing with invasive species. Pollinator 04:52, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * would an alternative/additional idea be to have the conceptual content in one article and the list in another? I agree that "introduced" is better (more NPOV!) than "invasive", anyway.  I'll do a search for unlinked occurrences of the phrase and add some links sometime.  seglea 21:55, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Hang on! we're cutting across each other. I'll go and do something else for a while and let you finish what you're doing. seglea 22:36, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I'm done. Andy Mabbett 22:56, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * The more I think about this, the more I think it's a mistake. If you look at your garden, I betcha 80% of the species are "introduced." However, let me send you some kudzu seeds, so you will see what "invasive" really means! They are NOT the same thing.

 * I would agree. Introduced and invasive are not the same thing.  Many species when introduced will spread very slowly if at all, and may not affect the ecosystem greatly.  A very few species are incredibly successful at spreading through new territory (e.g. kudzu).  WormRunner 05:58, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I also agree, for what it's worth. As "introduced species" is a blanket term covering both invasives and non-invasives, this article's terminology and intro need a bit of a retouch, I think. There needs to be a more expasses pooplicit distinction between the two "types" of exotics. As it stands the article gives the impression that all introduced species are harmful. But as long as the difference is clearly explained, I think both invasives and non-invasives can be discussed in the same conceptual article. After all, there's already a section on reintroduction.

 * The list should be kept separate as I believe an extensive list is of value. The list article should also contain a note differentiating the possible meanings behind "introduced species." Just my opinion- Hadal 06:53, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * We need to better define the terms, and perhaps redistribute the sections. In my mind "introduced species" and "invasive species" are NOT the same thing, although there is a movement in some places to simply lump them together, the idea being that "invasive" is a loaded word (therefore POV I guess). I think they can be distinguished and separate articles preparted for each. I will research/work on definitions as a point of departure for possibly restoring Invasive species - Marshman 17:34, 9 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * Cultivated plants can be native or introduced. The introduced cultivated plants are not usually invasive, though kudzu comes to mind as a notable exception. Pollinator 19:38, 9 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * Much as I would like to agree with you (and have included that concept in my rewrite), most definitions of "introduced species" that I could find exclude cultivated species by including the fact that a species is technically introduced only if it is also capable of propagating on its own in the wild. - Marshman 22:53, 9 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * Exclusion of cultivated species from definition as 'introduced' is certainly not normal in Britain or other European countries; e.g. "Giant Sequoia was introduced to Britain in 1853" contains no suggestion of any need for naturalisation to be occurring (neither has the species shown any sign of doing so). All 'introduced' indicates is that the species is not native. - MPF 15:35, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I am unaware of usage excluding cultivated plants from "introductions" - in fact, if you read the history of spread of cultivated species you see the term "introduced" repeatedly. As I know it (mostly based on used I have encountered in floras), introduced species can be: Guettarda 16:13, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * cultivated
 * persistent after cultivation
 * naturalised
 * invasive

Invasive species are always introduced, but introduced species are rarely invasive
For what it's worth, I agree with the thoughts express recently by Pollinator, WormRunner, and Hadal. All invasive species are introduced, but not all introduced species are invasive; thus, the term introduced is not at all synonymous with invasive. An invasive species is simply an introduced species that has shown the ability to cause economic and ecological damage in its new environment. A very small percentage of introduced species ever reach the point that they could be considered invasive (i.e., damaging). The development and maintenance of domesticated plants (crops) and animals under the care of humans is largely unrelated to the establishment of introduced populations capable of sustaining and replacing themselves in a natural situation without the aid of humans. That's not to say that domesticated animals don't sometimes escape to the wild and establish self-sustaining populations (examples include wild horses in western U.S., red junglefowl [=chickens] in Hawaiian Islands, mute swans in eastern U.S., rock pigeons worldwide). Rather than clarifying the clear distinctions that most ecologists have long recognized between introduced and invasive species, I fear that Marshman's rewrite of the introductory paragraphs has simply muddied the waters further. In my opinion, there's definitely a need to retain a separate Invasive species page. John Trapp 20:11, 9 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * I think you should reread my changes. I agree almost completely with what you are saying and would next propose that we reinstate the Invasive species article. However, I do think you have overstated the clarity of the most important point: whether a species is invasive or not (as opposed to just introduced, about which there is little to argue, except whether farm animals are or are not "introduced") is not so easy to judge since there must be agreement of harm.  In Hawaii, better than 90% of all the lowland vegetation is non-native, and it is really a matter of serious debate whether all of these species have caused harm (most visitors and residents alike think the vegetation is beautiful; environmentalists, botanists, many native Hawaiians regard the vegetation as invasive without question). Because of the strong potential for disagreement, there is generally a movement (in the US if not worldwide) to define all as simply "introduced" and dump the word "invasive".  I am proposing that "invasive" be all that you say it is, but include the regulatory component.  Presumably, species listed by government agencies (or even NGOs) have been deemed to be officially harmful somewhere.  This removes POV arguements that are likely to ensue. Further, it is consistent with sources of definitions, going against which would be to "muddy the waters" - Marshman 22:33, 9 Jan 2004 (UTC)

--

''The great majority of introductions have involved the transfer of European species to New World and Australasian countries by settlers; in some countries, Acclimatization Societies were set up, particularly in the late nineteenth century, to promote this process. However there have also been introductions between New World countries, and of New World species to Old World countries.''

May we have source for this affirmation please ?

If I dare, that sounds to me like...a bit new world perspective. It is perhaps forgetting all the big travels made by navigators, who brought back many new species to Europe.

PomPom
 * Are you familiar with black locust, Robina pseudoacacia, an Appalachian tree that was introduced to France? It is the source of the famous French "acacia" honey. I expect it is naturalized, comment?  24.31.216.66 15:37, 10 Jan 2004 (UTC)  Pollinator 17:59, 10 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * terrible to discuss when watchlists are off. No, do not know it, but will ask to one of our french, who is spending all his time on the vegetal species articles. PomPom

 * Jeffdelonge made it today :-) Robinier. What does that exactly mean "naturalized" ? All I can say is that acacia honey is among the most consummed, and very appreciated. That little tree made it about in most of the country. Mostly west, but we find many around as well. In the west, it is often associated with sandy soils in particular. It does not go further north than our country. I think in some places it spreaded a lot, but we would not qualify it an invasive species :-) Apparently, it is very well adapted to our mild climate.
 * The term "naturalized" means that after an initial introduction, the species is able to spread on its own - Marshman 01:46, 17 Jan 2004 (UTC)

I also doubt the correctness of this statement and will remove it. Let us not forget the numerous species introduced from Asia to Europe in ancient times, including most cereal species, several herbs and spices, rhubarb and others. Let us not forget species introduced from the New World to the Old, including potatoes, tomatoes, maize, the rainbow trout, the raccoon and many others. Until someone can back it up with numbers, this sentence should disappear. Burschik 11:05, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Yesterday, I saw a documentary about introduced species on TV. They claimed that there were more than 1400 introduced animal species in Germany alone. Burschik 09:21, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Introduced plants
Algae are not plants; reference to Caulerpa as a plant is not strictly accurate even though common usage often lumps algae in with plants. Is it more important to maintain "familiar" usage for non-technical readers, or strict accuracy? Guettarda 23:52, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Moved from article
User:Codman inserted a lengthy piece to the article. Not only does it not adhere to the Manual of Style (since it is attempts to convince one of a certain point of view), it also amounts to original research since it re-defines introduced species away from standard usage. I have tried discussing this with the user on his talk page, but he seems unable to grasp that editors cannot re-define terms to meet their own interpretations.

A long term ecological perspective on global biodiversity and the threat that introduced species pose to it.
It is common for laypeople without training or knowledge in ecological science to defend the introduction of exotic organisms. Very often these people have a vested interested in the introduction of an exotic organism, be it the fly fishermen in Australia who enjoys fishing for introduced Trout or the gardener in the USA who delights in the latest exotic garden plant.

Some, such as the Australian fly-fisher above, may even justify the wholesale introduction of exotic organisms and issue pseudo-scientific arguments about how introduced species cannot have catastrophic impacts, that "Nature always balances itself", etc.

These attitudes are dangerous, these arguments simply fallacious, with the weight of a thousand tragic ecological events, from the introduction of Nile Perch in Lake Victoria to the Cane Toad in the Tropics of Australia weighing against them, and demonstrating clearly that nature cannot "balance itself" when humans introduce exotic organisms to ecosystems and species that have evolved without those exotic organisms.

4 main points should be considered:

1) ALL introduced species that establish self-sustaining populations in countries/landmasses in which they have been introduced have negative impacts on endemic species. In countries/landmasses with highly endemic, specialised and isolated floras and faunas such as Australia, New Zealand, Madagascar, the Galapogos Islands, etc many of the introduced species that establish themselves have very serious negative impacts on endemic species

2) It is not realistic for humans to unleash exotics species on endemic species that have not evolved to cope with the exotic species being introduced and then expect all endemic species to survive. Those exotic organisms may be predators and/or have features due to their evolutionary environment that makes them very competitive, and similarly makes endemic species very defenceless and/or uncompetitive against these exotic species.

The rich diversity of unique species across many parts of the world that we treasure exist only because they a separated by barriers - particularly seas and oceans - from other species of other land masses, particularly the "super-species" (see below). These are barriers that could never be crossed, except for many millions of years in the future through continental drift. These are barriers that could not be broken until humans beings invented ships then planes. Now human beings have the power to bring into contact species that would never encountered each other in the history of their existences, and to do it with ease in weeks, days or even just hours.

3) As a consequence of the above if human beings gradually unleash most of the species of the world against each other by foolhardy introductions - species that otherwise would never have encountered each other - only a very few, usually highly fecund, ultra-competitive generalist "super-species" would survive.

4) As a further consequence of the above, humans introducing exotic organisms is the biggest threat to biodiversity of the world along with habitat destruction. What lay people do not understand is that if humans continue to introduce exotic organisms we will lose most endemic organisms, including the ones humans treasure for being so unique, so beautiful, etc...  The world, and the human race, will lose most of the unique species, and will end up in boring homogenous world dominated by the same handful of "super-species" - cockroaches, mice, rats, argentine ants, indian mynahs, cane toads, dandelions, thistles, etc.

The introduction of exotic organisms by humans should be recognised for what it is ultimately - a threat to endemic organisms around the world and a threat to global biodiversity.

From:
 * James E. Byers, Sarah Reichard, John M. Randall, Ingrid M. Parker, Carey S. Smith, W. M. Lonsdale, I. A. E. Atkinson, T. R. Seastedt, Mark Williamson, E. Chornesky, D. Hayes. 2002. Directing Research to Reduce the Impacts of Nonindigenous Species. Conservation Biology 16(3):630-640

For biological invasions these stages may include (1) arrival (risk analysis of pathways), (2) establishment (risk of the organism forming viable, reproducing populations), (3) spread (risk of the organism expanding its extent), and (4) impact (risk the species having a measurable effect on existing species or communities). The "tens rule" (Williamson 1996) estimates that 10% (between 5% and 20%) of imported species will make the transition from one stage to the next.

Thus, existing scientific usage does not agree with the assertion that all introduced species have impacts on endemic species. Guettarda 03:07, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks Guettarda, I was getting ready to do the same. User:Codman seems to confuse introduced species with Invasive species. Some of the ideas he expressed could be placed there, if the soapbox tone is removed, and they comments are referenced. There are many other nuances. Pollinator 04:57, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

I'm totally over the semantic "introduced species" vs "invasive species" issue. Clearly, I am only talking about introduced species that establish breeding populations in the wild in the countries of introduction. Why would I be talking about introduced species whose introductions have failed??? And this bloody tens rule. Clearly I'm talking about introduced species that establish, so we can finally forget about Williams and his tens rule (which, no doubt, was not based on an examination of the Australian situation).

Still, if you are really into this division, then fine, move my article to "invasive species" and I'd appreciate.

Because, I don't appreciate having my carefully worked on addition moved. Don't quote your Northern Hemisphere/Europe/US-centric work on how "most introduced species don't have an impact" to me!!! Get out of your zone and see what the hell introduced species are doing outside of these landmasses! See what the hell introduced species are doing in Australia and elsewhere.

So now end up with an ambivalent article again which really does make the average person think it's quite OK to introduce exotic species for whatever reason.

This is a disgrace for Wikipedia. And if you guys claim to be ecologists, I am disappointed. There are plenty of ecologists and evolutionary biologists who CAN see the big picture and CAN see what a threat introduced species pose to endemic organisms (and thus biodiversity) everywhere.

 * Unfortunately, while I would agree with you 100%, the "ecologists as god" attitude will only get you trampled by the masses. It does not matter if you are right. What matters is results, and your approach has potential to NOT get results. Work with us and don't get discouraged. How effective do you think you wold be if you just set up a soap box in a park in Brisbane (for example) and started giving your speach to the passerbys? Same problem here.  - Marshman

Well, I have tried to correct these errors. I won't bother trying again if I'm going to have carefully crafted words huffily removed with very shoddy Northern Hemisphere/Europe/US centric arguments that introduced species are basically OK!

 * Unfair and totally inaccurate statement. Australian ecologists are not the only people holding the light - Marshman

 * Didn't make this comment in the sense that "Australian ecologists are the only people holding the light." That's not what I was trying to say at all.  What I was trying to say was that due to a longer history of settlement, larger populations, more scientists etc scientific literature is often dominated with Northern Hemisphere/Europe/US examples.  A questionable generalised rule on impacts of introduced species based on the Northern Hemisphere examples, and particularly European and US examples, is utterly inapplicable to a isolated island continent with higly unique and endemic biota like Australia, and frankly, it is utterly ridiculous for Guettara (spelling?) to suggest that it is. Codman 00:03, 17 September 2005 (UTC)Codman

 * OK. Obviously both points of view no matter where they originate deserve voice. I can tell you my experience in Hawaii is that introduced species here have been far more disasterous than even what you see in Australia, and of course there are reasons why, but it is not the scientists that are saying it is ok in No. Amer. so it must be ok everywhere.  As you well know there are factors in operation that must be accounted for having to do with previous periods of isolation, etc. Do not assume those reworking your additions are simply not aware of the problem for the reason it is not such a problem in Europe and No. America.  I'd assume that people that do not understand the problem really do not understand, and places like Hawaii and Australia make for excellent examples to bring these people along to a better awareness of the threat. That webpage link you deleted was an amazing argument from complete ignorance by a person with at least an IQ score (he could write?). - Marshman 02:45, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Australian flora and fauna are just so different. I get a thrill of just how different they are, of how most major functional groups are filled by taxa different from those in the Northern Hemisphere.  Australia really is/was an amazing island laboratory of evolution; an example of what happens when dominant Northern Hemisphere groups/taxa are kept out by geographic isolation and different groups/taxa get to have a go instead.  But it also makes me desperately sad because many of the unique species and ecosystems that resulted from this marvellous island laboratory of evolution have been stuffed to pieces by introduced/invasive species.

Codman 06:02, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

References??? I'm busy as all hell. Wikipedia is a distraction, not my life. Why should I bust my gut chasing down references and typing them up? I would have put them up eventually, but clearly you would have moved my article whether I'd put references in them or not.

Grrrr.

 * Codman, please climb off your soapbox and take the chip off your shoulder. A number of folks with excellent qualifications have worked on these articles and you can work together with other editors to make the articles better - if you adjust your attitude. You might also keep in mind, in my own case, that I am from the land of the insect from Hell (Solenopsis invicta - otherwise known as the fire ant), of the Asian tiger mosquito, of kudzu, and many others. I'm sure the other editors of these articles can point out similar cases in their backyards. So we do know a bit about the hazards of invasive species.
 * But it's not all so black and white. I would hate to give up my apples (which compete quite well in the wild in many areas of the US, thank you), and who can I blame for poison ivy, which certainly acts like an invasive, but is native.
 * There are a number of factors you are ignoring in your crusade. One is that the mix has already occurred and no matter how much you'd like to reverse it, it's not practical nor even possible to do so. Another item you might as well face right now is that human beings are a pretty good example of an invasive species. Are you willing to deal with the rammifications of that?
 * Not all "invasions" are human related. We've had Carribbean insect species blow into Southeastern USA during hurricanes. Every now and then "Nature" plays such a trick, so I'm not always ready to take a guilt trip for my species. Not all introductions are intentional either. Icerya purchasi, the cottony cushion scale was accidently introduced (despite inspections of plants) to the US from Australia, and proved to be a devastating pest here. But eventually the pest was brought into control by the importation from Australia of its natural enemy, Rodolia cardinalis. Presently the fire ant is being brought under control by the imporation of its natural enemy, a phorid fly.
 * So there are shades of gray that you don't seem to be recognizing. One last item. Suppose we draw a line and say, OK here is the end. There will be NO MORE importations of ANY non-native species to ANYWHERE. My question is: how are you gonna enforce it? Pollinator 13:39, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

 * "Not all "invasions" are human related. We've had Carribbean insect species blow into Southeastern USA during hurricanes."

 * That is a "natural" event, and therefore a non-issue. "Introductions" are fine if they happen naturally.  It is frivolous human introductions I am against.

 * "Suppose we draw a line and say, OK here is the end. There will be NO MORE importations of ANY non-native species to ANYWHERE. My question is: how are you gonna enforce it?"

 * This one of those "big questions" with no ready answer, just like the issue of the handful of crops/animals humans depend on for sustenance (and which in most parts of the world are introduced species.). So, I don't have a ready answer and I don't know how WE are gonna enforce it (though education and border quarantine spring to mind).  NEVERTHELESS, we don't have to have ambivalent articles on Wikipedia which lead people to think that it's basically OK to introduce exotic species. (Which it most certainly is not.) - Codman 07:30, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I can weigh in here. I'm from Hawaii. In the lowlands of the islands (especially O'ahu) one is hard-pressed to even find a native species. Botanical surveys that I conduct generally reveal about 6-10% natives among plant species, with biomass of natives typically accounting for 2% or often much less. I think Codman is preaching to the choir in terms of the editors working on these article and needs to simply tone down his retoric. He will find a lot of sympathetic people here to champion the ecological POV. - Marshman 19:09, 15 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Agreed. This article has always struck me as a little ambivelant about the effects of introduced species to native biota. Especially as when I write articles about bird species it seems to crop up most often as a threat to said species. But we still have an obligation to write a neutral accurate and above all else encyclopedic entry on the subject, not an op ed piece. Sabine's Sunbird 20:35, 15 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I think there is plenty of agreement among most of those contributing in this area that our Australian friend is pretty close to dead on in his concern, and the science I'm aware of supports him. The challange for all of us is to make the presentation reflect this in a quiet, logical way, being mindful that every POV is fallable at some point - Marshman 20:43, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

Question: Where do invasive species come from?
Where do invasive species come from?

Introduced species (that establish).

Where will invasive species continue to come from?

Introduced species (that establish).

Therefore, to be responsible, places like Wikpedia should NOT have ambivalent articles on introduced species, and should emphasise the inherent risks with human introductions of species, risks so great that the practice should not occur any further. I therefore expect to see my article appear in invasive species courtesy of those who have already moved it, and a less ambivalent introduced species page. cheers.

 * Unfortunately, the world is full of people with different points of view. Do you seriously think everyone cares about biodiversity? My guess is you are a graduate student with minimal real world experience (sorry, if I'm off base).  Look at the popularity of Crichton's "State of Fear", a totally unscientific, misinformed novel about global warming that is very popular. I read a recent review that suggested the real point of the novel (if not Crichton's intent) is that if ecologists are going to save the world, they damn well better come up with a better approach to how they swing public opinion.  Take New Orleans: the focus for weeks has been on just who (politically) is to blame. But the truth is barely being discussed: the people of Louisiana (and maybe all of us Americans) are to blame for letting the wetlands of the delta diasappear; wetlands that once protected the city from storm surges (and who knows what role global warming played in the severity of the storm in the first place). - Marshman 19:26, 15 September 2005 (UTC).

Yes, I admit I got a bit aggro with this. I appreciate the more constructive comments. Will now try and amend things in a way people will agree with.

cheers

Codman 00:03, 17 September 2005 (UTC)Codman

Am happy now with the section "Control of introduced species."

Thank you

Codman 02:28, 17 September 2005 (UTC)Codman

 * Perhaps one of the best examples of an introduction with negligible impact is that of the Little Owl to Great Britain. An accident of geology meant that this species didn't get to Britain before it was cut off from the European mainland, so when it was introduced in fitted into the same niche as on the continent some 20 miles away. The real problems seem to arise when species are transported halfway around the world to totally alien environments. jimfbleak 06:13, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I have reworked Control of introduced species to be about control of introduced species and legal ramifications rather than a rehash of invasive species arguments. Garglebutt / (talk) 05:59, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

Proposed changes to Introduced Species Page
We propose to make the following changes to the introduced species page. We will add information to the section titled “The nature of introductions.”  Specifically, we propose the addition of two main subcategories that describe human involvement in species transport: intentional and unintentional introductions. Under intentional introductions we will add information regarding the common motivations that underlie human mediated introductions. We plan to merge some of the relevant examples that already exist on this page into the new text. Examples that do not fit under “the nature of introductions” will be moved to appropriate sections such as “Common introduced species” or other pages (List of introduced species). The subsection on Reintroduction will be merged into the newly created section about Intentional introductions. Finally, we propose to move the section on Control from the Introduced species page and merge it with new additions to the Invasive species page. We recognize that many introduced species are subjects of management efforts. However, the term “introduced” is a neutral term, and therefore information about control measures is better served on the invasive species page. We support creating a link to this topic in the “see also” section. We expect to post these changes in the next few days.- PBG250 00:03, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

Changes Made
As discussed above we have added information about the nature of introductions to this page. The section on reintroduction was merged into the new text and the section on control was removed for reasons stated above. There are many examples of introduced species embedded in the text of this page. We feel that separate sections about animals, plants, and diseases are somewhat redundant and could be more simply presented on the list of introduced species. For now we have left these sections as they are and await comments on the changes we have made. -PBG250 22:29, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

Invasive etc
While this article makes some attempt to explain the controversy over introduced species, I think there is much room for improvement. For example, although it mentions that from some POVs, all introduced species are invasive, it doesn't really mention that whether something is invasive or not is often debated. Here in NZ for example, certain species of palm are being added to the list of weeds by the ARC (a move which is supported by many ecologists (and botanists)) but there are others disagree that these species are invasive or a threat. Also the bit on Pinus radiata might be a bit misleading. While it is a very commercially important crop, as with other introduced species it's generally not considered beneficial when it is found in natives forests, especially forests reserves and indeed would usually be considered a weed. Possums especially and also deer to a lesser extent are of course generally regarded as all around bad. Nil Einne 03:57, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Introduced species
A number of animals such as sheep, cattle and horses have been introduced to many countries that they are not native to. Would it be fair to say that these animals are Introduced. --WikiCats 07:26, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes :) Djlayton4 | talk |  contribs 12:41, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

Definition
An introduced species Blah Blah (also known as naturalized species or exotic species) is an organism that is not indigenous to a given place or area and instead has been accidentally or deliberately transported to this new location by human activity.

If we define introduced species as only those introduced by humans (and not chance events, say), where is the more general article on non-indigenous species? Wouldn't it be better to start with such an article as the main topic, then have specific articles on the more limited subjects of human introduced species and invasive species (which need not be introduced by humans, but do not cover all non-indigenous species either.

I would also like to see a reference given for the definition. Richard001 11:28, 11 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Self introduced species are considerably less common than human introduced ones. At least insofar as ones we have witnessed and recorded. Conventionally introduced species refers to ones where we did the introducing. Ones that managed it by themselves are referred to as colonising species. Sabine's Sunbird  talk  11:35, 11 May 2007 (UTC)
 * We at least need more mention of this subject - e.g. how species are naturally introduced (storms, seeds sticking to birds feathers or snails clinging to their feet), and the evolutionary theory behind it (species coming from a larger land mass tend to outcompete those on smaller islands where the pace of evolution is slower). It would probably justify a whole article, but I can't identify one at present. Biological dispersal does cover one side of it, but isn't very specific and doesn't go into the consequences of the dispersal. Richard001 11:48, 11 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree completely, but this isn't the article for that. Introduced species has a very clear meaning in ecological literature, it refers to human assisted ones. An article on biological colonisation would be appropriate for what you're suggesting, and could be linked out of here. Sabine's Sunbird  talk  03:41, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

Significance of the Photo of Clover
The photo that appears at the very opening of this article has a poor caption that should be improved. The subject of the photo is the bugs, not the plant. If those insects have some sort of relevance to the topic, then the caption should be changed to explain what species they are and what they are doing. If they don't, the photo should be removed and replaced with another (there are plenty of photos of introduced species around). Djlayton4 | talk |  contribs 12:41, 30 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Admittedly the newer caption has more relevance to the topic, but I feel that the opening photo should simply be of something non-native. A photo should pertain to the text near it and there is nothing in the introduction about an invasive plant increasing biodiversity. If that is mentioned in the text somewhere, then the photo should be moved next to it. For someone just opening the article, however, I feel that the bug photo is unhelpful. And I don't see what political correctness has to do with anything. Thanks. Djlayton4 | talk |  contribs 09:20, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

Proper categorization of the article
The article was previously categorized in Category:Ecological definitions. I removed this cat and added instead Category:Biogeography and Category:Conservation. Reasoning: introduced species are usually mentioned either in the context of species distributions (hence biogeography) or of conservation biology. Sure, not every introduced species is a conservational concern, but we don't use the term "introduced species" when talking about gardening anyway! Ecology is a broad field and I think the categorization in this case should be more specific. Gidip (talk) 23:25, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

Proposed Changes
I am part of a group of graduate students at UC Santa Cruz has an assignment to improve this page. Given that the Wikipedia Ecology group rates this page as high on the importance scale and a B on the quality scale, I think a major addition to the page is appropriate. Specifically, I think that the page should include:

- More information of the worldwide impacts of introduced species. There have been some previous comments that it treats introduced species as trivial. I would like to bring in quantification and other information on the global impacts.

- Some application of ecological theory. The page is currently rich in antidotes and examples, but I would like to see a discussion of why species are more likely to be introduced given human activity, why they sometimes spread and sometimes don't, how convolution can help shape a species fitness in its native habitat, and how predator release may help make an introduced species invasive, et cetera.

- A discussion of the argument that native and invasive are constructed concepts. This could center on the evidence reviewed in Warren (2007) and the subsequent response by Richardson et al. (2008).

Warren, CR. 2007. Perspectives on the 'alien' versus 'native' species debate: a critique of concepts, language and practice. PROGRESS IN HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 31, no. 4 (August): 427-446.

Richardson, D. M., P. Pysek, D. Simberloff, M. Rejmanek, and A. D. Mader. 2008. Biological invasions-the widening debate: a response to Charles Warren. PROGRESS IN HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 32, no. 2: 295.

--Devonds (talk) 01:18, 27 November 2008 (UTC)

xenophyte
Hello, xenophyte redirects here but this word is not present in the article. Could you delete the redirection otherwise could you explain this word in this article? Pamputt (talk) 12:51, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

Although the above comment was typed approximately six years ago at the time of typing (August 2017), it still appears that "xenophyte" redirects here without the term being sufficiently explained in the article. Vorbee (talk) 10:22, 28 August 2017 (UTC)

Clarification for locally cultivated species
The terminology section seems to suggest that any domesticated/cultivated species is invasive (most visibly the table of terms). The section 'Nature of introductions' on the other hand seems to suggest that only cultivated species that were introduced by transportation are introduced species. I think the terminology section should include a sentence clarifying whether species that were locally domesticated (e.g. turkeys in North-America, domesticated rabbits in Europe and rice in East Asia) are introduced for the scope of this article. Because the exact definition of introduced species seems unclear and may be controversial I hope several people are willing to grant us their opinion on what the sentence should state. PinkShinyRose (talk) 22:11, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Proposed changes to Terminology Section
Some statements in this section lack a neutral tone. See the first sentence in paragraph 2 that reads, "The following definition from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), although perhaps lacking ecological sophistication...". The bolded phrase could be omitted completely. Later in the paragraph, the sentence "they further spread beyond the place of introduction they are called "invasive"." restates what has already been said in paragraph 1 and should be removed.

Also, citations 4 and 6 are listed as dead links in the references section. I propose these sources are revisited and properly cited, or the information is removed. The introduction/establishment/spread process described in paragraph 2, with the inactive citation 4, is described by Lockwood et al. in their book so this piece of information can be retained if linked to this new citation

Overall, I propose this section be revised for writing tone and the citations updated. WCK8207 (talk) 02:55, 25 January 2016 (UTC)

Introduced should be the real subject
Although the article is supposed to be about introduced species it actually covers invasive species in almost every section and practically all the examples are of invasive species. This makes no sense at all. Approximately 1% of introduced species becomes invasive. Invasive species are discussed on their own page, and this is the way it should be.

There is hardly mention of the most common and abundant introduced species: crops and domestic animals. This is what the article should be all about. In my opinion, it needs rewriting almost in its entirety. --Polinizador (talk) 20:59, 21 March 2016 (UTC)

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Constant adding of images not supported by article
This is C&P'ed form my talk page, to encourage other editors to get involved:

Introduced species vs. invasive species.
Although the article is supposed to be about introduced species it actually covers invasive species in almost every section and practically all the examples are of invasive species. This makes no sense at all. Approximately 1% of introduced species becomes invasive. Invasive species are discussed on their own page, and this is the way it should be.

There is hardly mention of the most common and abundant introduced species: crops and domestic animals. This is what the article should be all about. In my opinion, it needs rewriting almost in its entirety.--Polinizador (talk) 21:34, 9 May 2017 (UTC)

 * More than 90% of species used in farming are introduced species. On the other hand, a mere 1% or so of introduced species become invasive. This is what the article Invasive species is all about. Obvioulsy you don't know much about introduced and invasive species. I suggest you read the Invasive species and Native species articles. Better yet, read Simberloff, Daniel. Invasive Species: What Everyone Needs to Know. I won't list here the several books in my library on this subject, but I intend to add them to the references in the corresponding Wiki articles. Please, abstain from interfering with my work. I still have to remove several sections and transfer them to Invasive species, where they really belong.
 * PS, don't accuse me of a misspelling that somebody else committed. I didn't see it, but then again, you didn't notice the grammatical error committed by Optimistic Wikipedian when you reverted my edition to his. It is so bad that the sentence makes no sense. --Polinizador (talk) 22:32, 10 May 2017 (UTC)
 * I didn't accuse you of a misspelling that somebody else committed - I accuse you of a spelling error you committed - right here - "accidentally" to "accidentaly". You are correct about the poor grammar, but you didn't correct it either until this edit yesterday - where I notice you also snuck back in the contested images, so I'm taking them out again.  Chaheel Riens (talk) 07:05, 11 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Please, stop acting out of ignorance. You did not respond to the points I made and my reasons for explaining the real meaning of introduced species. Don't call it "sneaking" because that is not what it is. It was there before. Do not start a Wiki war or I will have to report it to an administrator. I repeat, you simply do not know the difference between introduced and invasive species. All you need is a little more information.--Polinizador (talk) 22:44, 11 May 2017 (UTC)
 * In case you still don't understand what in introduced species is read this: What Is an Introduced Species? - Definition, Effects & Examples. One positive impact is increased food production. Americans would have a much more limited menu if it weren't for the introduction of livestock, such as cows, chickens, and food product  such as tomatoes, potatoes, and pears and wheat rom other parts of the world.
 * The point I keep making is that the addition of these images is not supported by any text anywhere in the article, but more damningly, it is not supported by the target articles themselves either. Thus is it unverified Original Research.  The points made may be valid - they may not, but one thing they certainly aren't is corroborated by sources.  If sources and verification can be found and included in both this and the target articles can be found to support the claims then I will have no problem with the insertion - but that hasn't happened.
 * As to your threat of "not start(ing) a Wiki war or I will have to report it to an administrator" - please go ahead, and here are the links for you to do so:
 * BOLD, revert, discuss cycle - this explains that in order to avoid edit-warring once an edit has been reverted it should be discussed - not reinserted.
 * Administrators' noticeboard/Edit warring
 * And here's the policy surrounding edit warring: Edit warring.
 * Verifiability, not truth - this is an essay, but it reminds that things must be verifiable, not just true.
 * In order to avoid violating 3RR I shall not be reverting you again - yet - pending any changes you make to the article to support your insertions, although I would advise that you support your claims both in this article, and the sources articles as well.
 * You are of course free to ignore the above. Chaheel Riens (talk) 09:20, 12 May 2017 (UTC)
 * It's been over a week, and no input from the other editor to either this article or source articles to support their statement. As a result I'm reverting back to the previous version.
 * I'll point out (again) that I'm against the inclusion not because it's wrong, but because it's not (reliably) sourced in this article or the source articles. Chaheel Riens (talk) 12:59, 22 May 2017 (UTC)

 * Evidently, you haven't read the article in its totality. It mentions cultivated species as examples of introduced species, not once, not twice but several times. Please, read the article. --Polinizador (talk) 18:15, 22 May 2017 (UTC)

Yes, it mentioned introduced species several times, but not the ones that you are adding (except for wheat), and the sources articles do not confirm that these examples are introduced species. If you want to include exampels of introduced species, you have to make sure that your examples meet Wikipedia's guidelines - and so far yours don't.

Your failure to grasp this is leading me to suspect that you're just refusing to grasp the point which is not that the examples are introduced species, but that they are referenced and sourced examples of introduced species. Your edits must be referenced - especially when they've been challenged. Why don't you just source the articles in question? I don't get that. Maybe you really don't understand how Wikipedia works. Chaheel Riens (talk) 18:34, 22 May 2017 (UTC)

 * That would be like demanding references for 2+2=4. I could provide thousands and thousands of references as I repeatedly explained. The challenger is utterly ignorant about introduced species, so the challenge has no value. --Polinizador (talk) 19:35, 22 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Hm, if you can "provide thousands and thousands of references" then please choose a couple, and use them. That's all I'm asking.  If I'm ignorant of introduced species, it's because they're not explained properly - please improve the encyclopedia by sourcing unreferenced claims. Chaheel Riens (talk) 19:41, 22 May 2017 (UTC)

From my talk page: You don't know what an introduced species is, do you? Stop showing your ignorance. Read this, for instance. There are hundreds, even thousands of references to cultivated species as introduced organisms. " Intentional introductions are often for purposes of livestock or agricultural production, e.g., introduction of domesticated cattle, goats, swine, and honeybees from Europe to the New World in centuries past." . --Polinizador (talk) 17:56, 22 May 2017 (UTC) I am not disputing the existence of introduced species, I am requesting that you source your additions. Chaheel Riens (talk) 19:38, 22 May 2017 (UTC)

Cultivated introduced species
Cultivated plants and domesticated animals have been transported by humans for thousands of years and introduced far from their place of origin. The rate of cultivated species transported to other lands accelerated after the Columbian Exchange. This is why the most widespread and abundant introduced species throughout the world are cultivated species, to the point that this is often taken for granted.

For example: "Intentional introductions are often for purposes of livestock or agricultural production, e.g., introduction of domesticated cattle, goats, swine, and honeybees from Europe to the New World in centuries past." .

Another example: "What Is an Introduced Species? - Definition, Effects & Examples. One positive impact is increased food production. Americans would have a much more limited menu if it weren't for the introduction of livestock, such as cows, chickens, and food product such as tomatoes, potatoes, and pears and wheat from other parts of the world.

And this from this very article: "Peaches, for example, originated in China, and have been carried to much of the populated world. Tomatoes are native to the Andes. Squash (pumpkins), maize (corn), and tobacco are native to the Americas, but were introduced to the Old World." Introduced species --Polinizador (talk) 18:37, 22 May 2017 (UTC)

Request for a third opinion
I've logged a 3O request. For the benefit of whoever picks it up, here are my reasons for reverting and removing Polinizador's images:

The included images are claimed to be an introduced species, and so are relevant to the article. I am opposed to the inclusion because the claim that they are introduced is not supported or mentioned anywhere else in the article:

For example; Bos primigenius taurus - which is just a fancy name for cow - is not mentioned in the article, either as "cow", "cattle" or "Bos primigenius taurus". The same is true for the other entries. Once again, my reasons for removal is that they are unsourced and not corroborated by the article. Were the article updated to include a sourced reference to the cow being an introduced species - and the cow article itself to say this (which at the moment it doesn't) then I would have no problem with the addition. I'm aware that an argument could be said that instead of reverting I could make the changes myself - yes, I could, except I think the article is also just fine without the additions. Fine without, and fine with - once sourced. Chaheel Riens (talk) 18:49, 22 May 2017 (UTC)

Response to third opinion request
,, thank you for requesting a third opinion about the inclusion of images of domestic livestock and agricultural crops in this article about introduced species. I've read the last several sections of the talk page beginning with Introduced should be the real subject above, and I've explored the article history for the last month or so. Both of you make good points. Polinizador is correct that there is a difference between Introduced species and Invasive species, and although the article as written defines those terms, the article seems to be overly focused on one particular subset of introduced species - that of invasive species, which has its own article. This article should likely focus on the broader topic of introduced species more generally. Polinizador appears to be editing in good faith with that idea in mind, attempting to improve this article. Meanwhile Chaheel Riens is correct in wanting sources cited for new and substantial changes to the article, including the addition of images of introduced species. The fact that the image of cattle, for instance, was added without cattle being discussed in the article and without a source for them being an introduced species, is indeed problematic. I do see, however, that Polinizador did provide a source for cattle after some prodding, with an edit to Chaheel Riens' talk page, which Chaheel Reins quotes in this edit above. So... what's the remaining problem? The cattle image can be put back in the article with a caption citing the Smithsonian page referenced there. Polinizador can go back to improving the article to focus on the broader topic, with a reminder that sources need to be cited and that people are checking them. ~  ONUnicorn (Talk|Contribs) problem solving 20:45, 22 May 2017 (UTC)

Comment:, whose contributions suggest he knows something about biology, has added some iconic introduced species that any rounded article on the topic would include. It has long been a practice on Wikipedia that uncontroversial matters generally accepted as true and not contested by reliable sources do not necessarily need citations. Polinizador has already carefully pointed out the uncontroversial nature of these additions to you on your talk page. If the entries still bother you and you think there are good reasons to not include them, you could point to reliable sources that back you up. Otherwise, you could find the missing citation yourself. I have reinstated the images concerning cattle, wheat and the domestic chicken. There is nothing controversial about these widely known examples, and in the context their deletion seems aggressive and unnecessary. If you want you could tag the entries as needing citations. If you do that someone else (perhaps myself) might do the work for you. --Epipelagic (talk) 21:16, 22 May 2017 (UTC)

 * Apologies to ONUnicorn and Epipelagic - despite the bad faith assumption on Epipelagic's part - I simply placed the rollup in the wrong place. If I really wanted to "suppress the views of other users" I would be unlikely to intentionally rollup a viewpoint that supports my initial question, would I - rather I would have placed the rollup in between ONUnicorn & Epipelagic.  Chaheel Riens (talk) 13:54, 3 June 2017 (UTC)

 * Stop your miserable personal attacks Riens --Epipelagic (talk) 19:02, 3 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Now who's all aggressive and unnecessary? Chaheel Riens (talk) 20:45, 3 June 2017 (UTC)

 * "Otherwise, you could find the missing citation yourself" - I have already pointed out a response to this argument, because I knew it would be forthcoming at some point: Given that I think the article is fine without the additions, I see no reason to make work for myself by adding it in.
 * Yes, I agree that Polinizador seems to know about biology and indeed introduced/invasive species, but that is all the more reason that he should be aware that not everybody else does. For example he claims "Any school child learns that Europeans introduced cattle in the New World, for instance", which is patently not true because I learned no such thing - and I grew up in a farming community.  Or at least if I did it was such a small tit-bit of info that it has long since been forgotten - which amounts to the same thing.

 * You may consider my edits to be "aggressive and unnecessary", however had Polinizador abided by WP:BRD then all this could have been avoided: He added, I removed, He re-added, I began discussion, he discussed - but also re-added, and re-added, and re-added.  Let's also note that it was me who sought out external support, rather than him, instead he just kept on spouting my ignorance, rather than actually doing anything constructive.
 * I'm also amused that Polinazador did finally pull out a reference for cows - but placed it on my talk page rather than in the article itself, which was all that I was asking. Although given the nature (no pun intended) of the reference, I'm not sure it's a quality source.  Chaheel Riens (talk) 15:40, 23 May 2017 (UTC)

 * I am glad you finally admitted your ignorance about cattle being an introduced species in many areas of the world. If you didn't know this it means that you don't know enough biogeography, ecology and the history of species introductions by humans to make an intelligent contribution to the article on introduced species, not to mention to undo the work of others. You shouldn't interfere with the work of other contributors if you lack the knowledge. Doing so repeatedly is tantamount to vandalism. It is your responsibility to inform yourself before making changes to an article. In this case, it is very easy. All you need to do is to go to the corresponding articles for the added images: Cattle, Wheat and Chicken, where you will find out that the corresponding captions are correct (e.g. “introduced worldwide from its place of origin Mesopotamia”). No additional references are needed as Epipelagic explained to you because these are well known and uncontroversial facts. Otherwise, we would have to document the information for all the other species named on this page. This makes no sense, of course. Let us hope that you turn this into a beneficial experience and learn to inform yourself before acting. --Polinizador (talk) 19:22, 29 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Oh, for God's sake, just drop the superior attitude before you pass out from the rarefied atmosphere up there on your stratospherically high horse. Requesting a source for something that is not supported by either article is not vandalism.  There is a big difference between the common (and accepted knowledge) that the sky is blue, and the esoteric fact that cows were originally bred form a herd of 80 in ancient Mesopotamia.
 * It is not my responsibility to inform myself - it is yours. See WP:BURDEN, specifically the very first sentence that says "The burden to demonstrate verifiability lies with the editor who adds or restores material, and is satisfied by providing a citation to a reliable source that directly supports the contribution."
 * Additionally, you may also want to digest the next paragraph which also states: "Any material lacking a reliable source directly supporting it may be removed and should not be restored without an inline citation to a reliable source" - and take particular notice of the last section, which I'll repeat for you; "and should not be restored without an inline citation to a reliable source"
 * I think the main problem here is as I pointed out above: You're something of an expert in this topic, but are unable to fathom that others do not share your wisdom.  You also seem reluctant to explain or share your knowledge, rather preferring just to claim it's an obvious fact - which I freely admit that to you it probably is.  You need to be able to understand how the common man will react to an article, not a subject matter expert.
 * Let us hope that you turn this into a beneficial experience and learn to inform yourself before acting. Chaheel Riens (talk) 19:54, 29 May 2017 (UTC)
 * PS: Don't forget that although (as you keep pointing out) Epipelagic  seems to support your case, the first responder to the request - ONUnicorn - supported my initial request of citations:  "Chaheel Riens is correct in wanting sources cited for new and substantial changes to the article, including the addition of images of introduced species.  The fact that the image of cattle, for instance, was added without cattle being discussed in the article and without a source for them being an introduced species, is indeed problematic."
 * My issue with this - and always has been - is not whether the subjects are (or are not) introduced/invasive, but that they were added without sources, and then continually added in blatant contravention of the good faith WP:BRD once removed and questioned. Regardless of a level of expertise in a topic, there is no excuse for such poor behaviour.  Chaheel Riens (talk) 21:56, 29 May 2017 (UTC)

 * }

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Wiki Education assignment: Applied Plant Ecology Winter 2024
— Assignment last updated by Warmedforbs (talk) 01:26, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Introduced species


text:
Zora

Zora may refer to:
 * Zora (given name), a female name of Slavic origin
 * Zora language, a Kainji language of Nigeria.
 * Zora (spider), a genus of spiders in the family Zoridae
 * Zora (TV series), a Kenyan soap opera-drama series
 * Zora (album), a 2024 album by Sheppard
 * Zoras, a fictional race in The Legend of Zelda series
 * Zora (magazine), a literature journal published by Bosnian Serb intelligentsia
 * Zora, Missouri, United States
 * Zora, Pennsylvania, the site of a Civil War skirmish near Monterey Pass
 * ZORA, a website for women of color published by Medium
 * FK Zora, a Montenegrin football club

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Zora


text:
Royal Roads University

Royal Roads University (also referred to as RRU or Royal Roads) is a public university with its main campus in Colwood, British Columbia, Canada. The university is located at Hatley Park National Historic Site on Vancouver Island and is the successor to the Royal Roads Military College (RRMC), which was originally a training base for naval officers and later Canadian Air Force and Army personnel. After the end of the Cold War, the college was decommissioned, however, it was reinstituted following negotiations between the Department of National Defence and the Government of British Columbia by which the Royal Roads University Act was passed, leading to the establishment of Royal Roads University in June 1995.

The campus covers approximately 260 hectares of leased property on the grounds of Hatley Castle, which was designed by architect Samuel Maclure in the early twentieth century for British Columbia politician and coal magnate James Dunsmuir and his family. Royal Roads is a small-scale university offering over 70 programs ranging from certificates and diplomas to undergraduate and graduate degrees. RRU currently has an enrolment of around 4,100 undergraduate and postgraduate students, as well as a network of over 34,000 alumni from both the current university and the former military college.

History
The university's main building, Hatley Castle, is a Scottish baronial style mansion that was completed in 1908 for James Dunsmuir, who was then the Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia and previously the province's Premier from 1900 to 1902. At the outbreak of World War II, plans were made for King George VI, his wife Queen Elizabeth, and their two daughters, Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret, to reside in Canada. Hatley Castle was purchased by the federal government in 1940 for use as the King's royal palace, but it was decided that having the Royal Family leave the UK at a time of war would be too big a blow to morale, and the family stayed in London.After the death of Dunsmuir and then his widow Laura, the family sold the estate to the federal government in 1940 to be used by the Canadian military. The facility was named HMCS Royal Roads and commissioned in December 1940 to train reserve officers for service in World War II. The institution went through several name changes before it eventually became Royal Roads Military College in 1968 (achieving full degree-granting status in 1975). The college's name refers to an anchorage located in Juan de Fuca Strait between the city of Victoria, British Columbia and Alert Bay. Petty Officer First Class Gabby R. Bruner, Royal Roads bandmaster from 1979 to 1985, composed "Hatley Park" as the official quick march for RRMC and "Dunsmuir Castle" for the visit of Queen Elizabeth II to Royal Roads in 1983.

When the military college was decommissioned, many of the academic staff stayed on. The historic buildings of the military college, and the extensive gardens, which were part of the estate of the Dunsmuir's, continue to be a centrepiece of the campus. Hatley Castle, the former residence of the Dunsmuir family, houses a small Canadian Military museum. In 1995, Hatley Park and former Royal Roads Military College was declared a National Historic Site of Canada to commemorate the Dunsmuir family (1908–1937) and RRMC (1940–1995). The site was designated with a plaque in 2000 as an example of a well-preserved Edwardian park with gardens.

In June 1995, Royal Roads University became a public degree-granting university. A replica of Horatio Nelson's quote, "Duty is the great business of a sea officer: All private considerations must give way to it however painful it is", which hung over the entrance to the Grant Building, was returned to Royal Roads University's campus for Homecoming in 2011.

Royal Roads University Museum
The museum is located in the lower level of Hatley Castle, on the campus of the Royal Roads University and former campus of the Royal Roads Military College. The museum's mandate is to collect, conserve, research, and display material relating to the history of the Royal Roads Military College, its former cadets and its site.

The Royal Roads Military College Museum is a member of the Canadian Museums Association and the Organization of Military Museums of Canada. The Royal Roads Museum is an accredited museum within the Canadian Forces Museum System. The museum has formed a cooperating association of friends of the museum to assist with projects. The museum is not open to the public.

Academics
Royal Roads University offers applied and professional programs at the undergraduate, graduate, and doctorate levels, focusing on graduate level career development, with some on-campus undergraduate programs being offered as full-time accelerated. General studies and continuing education classes are also offered for non-degree or diploma seeking students. The programs are generally flexible, modelled as a blended format that combines periodic in-person sessions with online courses. This format is designed to favour working professionals, who may complete the programs at a distance while maintaining their career and other personal commitments. The university offers three formats: i) on-site with 100% face-to-face learning, ii) blended, with part of the program taught in-person and the rest online; and iii) completely online or through correspondence. Residency-based programs range from one to three weeks, and are often held on campus, but select programs may host their residencies in unique locations around the world. Mature students are welcome, and assessments of prior experience are available for transfer credit in the relevant subject area. The Royal Roads University Student Association represents undergraduate students at the university.

Campus and grounds
The campus and surrounding grounds of Royal Roads University are situated at Hatley Park National Historic Site in Colwood, British Columbia. Royal Roads leases the land from the Department of National Defence for $1 per year and assumes all stewardship responsibilities related to the site including the cost of site management, operations, the protection, preservation, and restoration of heritage assets, which include all buildings, gardens, and other historic and natural features on the site.

Other buildings
The grounds, a mix of landscaped gardens and natural woodland, still go by the name of Hatley Park that the Dunsmuir family gave their estate (although it is not a designated park). Hatley Castle and its surroundings have made appearances in numerous movies and TV series programs such as Smallville where it serves as the Luthor Mansion, and the second and third X-Men films where the university is transformed into Professor Xavier's School for Gifted Youngsters.

Visitors to the 565 acre Hatley Park can tour the extensive walking trails, as well as the Hatley Castle museum. The museum is free to enter, and contains historic, local memorabilia as well as a gift shop. Tours of the castle itself are available (schedule is seasonal) and access to the heritage gardens (approx 20 acres) have a visitor fee that helps offset the cost of preserving the site.

In a visit to the university in August 2009, Prime Minister Stephen Harper stated: "There is surely no more beautiful campus in Canada than Lord Dunsmuir’s magnificent castle and the majestic forest and gardens of the Hatley Park National Historic Site. But beneath the Edwardian grandeur of Royal Roads lies a cutting-edge modern university".

During the life of the college, the HMCS Royal Roads Bell was displayed in the porte-cochere of Hatley Castle. After the closing of Royal Roads Military College, the HMCS Royal Roads Bell was kept in the Museum at CFB Esquimalt. It was officially repatriated on 10 Sep 2010 during the Royal Roads University 2010 Homecoming.

Rankings
Based on the 2011 National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE), Royal Roads University was ranked as the 1st public institution for an active and collaborative learning experience and for level of academic challenge.

In 2008, The Globe and Mail's Canadian University Report gave Royal Roads grades in particular categories along with 55 other universities. The grades are based on the Globe and Mail student satisfaction survey. Royal Roads was one of the 14 universities in the under 4000 students assessment pool and received a grade of B-.

Business school ranking
The BCom and MBA programs at Royal Roads were ranked by Corporate Knights Magazine in July 2007. The Royal Roads BCom program placed 28th out of the 47 BCom programs in Canada. The MBA placed 20th out of 35 MBA programs. In 2008, Corporate Knights Magazine dropped the Bcom ranking from 28th to 36th out of 47 BCom programs in the country. The MBA program dropped from 20th to 31st with the assessment pool for the ranking growing from 35 to 38 MBA programs. In 2009, Corporate Knights Magazine ranked the Bcom 25th overall out of 47 universities and 4th in the Small Sized Business School category. The MBA ranked 22 overall out of 35 universities and 4th in the Small Sized Business School category. Corporate Knights magazine bases its rankings on "the integration of environmental and social issues into university and college programmes."

Notable alumni

 * Jean-Yves Forcier, Commander Maritime Forces Pacific, Commander Canada Command, currently Head of Program for the Master of Arts in Disaster and Emergency Management at Royal Roads
 * Jasbir Sandhu, former Canadian politician
 * Jon Reyes, Canadian politician and member of the Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba
 * Kellie Garrett, Executive Coach, Speaker and Consultant; former Senior Vice President of Farm Credit Canada; named Fellow of International Association of Business Communicators in 2015
 * Nicole Oliver, Canadian actress
 * Dan Pontefract, Canadian business writer
 * David Hamilton, Deputy Minister of the Legislative Assembly and Chief Electoral Officer of the Northwest Territories
 * Jim Kyte, former NHL player and Chair of the Business School at Algonquin College
 * Hugh MacDonald, former VP Strategic Alliance Management at CIBC; currently owner of HR Macdonald Training and Development, Inc.
 * Laurel Collins, Canadian politician and Member of Parliament in Victoria, BC
 * Peter Robinson, CEO of the David Suzuki Foundation and former CEO of Mountain Equipment Co-op
 * Mitzi Dean, Canadian politician and member of the New Democratic Party of British Columbia
 * Doug Stables, President of Bluewater Technologies Corporation
 * Jennifer Walinga, Olympic Gold Medalist and World Champion in rowing
 * Kelly Williams, Director of Maritime Strategy for the Department of National Defense
 * Charles Bourdeleau, former Canadian deputy chief and chief of police for the city of Ottawa
 * Chris Hadfield, Canadian astronaut
 * Vernon White, Canadian senator

Media appearances
The Royal Roads campus has been used as a location for filming TV shows and movies, including The Changeling, the X-Men movies X2 and X-Men: The Last Stand, Smallville, Arrow, Deadpool, and The Professor.

title: Royal Roads University


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Dan Inosanto

Dan Inosanto (born July 24, 1936) is a Filipino martial arts instructor and actor. Inosanto holds Instructor or black belt level ranks in several martial arts. He has studied traditional Okinawan karate, Judo, Jujutsu, Kenpo, Shoot wrestling, Systema, Filipino martial arts, and Jeet Kune Do. He was one of three people who were appointed to teach at one of the three Jun Fan Gung Fu institutes under Bruce Lee, the other two being Taky Kimura and James Yimm Lee. After Bruce Lee's death, Inosanto became the principal spokesperson and historian for Jeet Kune Do.

Inosanto is credited for training martial arts to a number of Hollywood actors including Bruce Lee, Chuck Norris and others. He has had minor roles in a number of films, including Lee's uncompleted last film Game of Death (1972), and Steven Seagal's Out for Justice (1991).

Early life and education
Dan Inosanto began training in martial arts at the age of 11 receiving instruction from his uncle who first taught him traditional Okinawan Karate and later also Judo and Jujutsu. He was a student of Ed Parker, from whom he received a shodan rank in American Kenpo. Dan served as a paratrooper with the 101st Airborne Division from 1959 to 1961. He was also a member of the Strategic Army Corps. At Fort Campbell he refined his skills in various martial arts, training under Henry Slomanski.

Inosanto is one of three people who have been appointed to teach at one of the three Jun Fan Gung Fu Institutes under Bruce Lee; Taky Kimura and James Yimm Lee are the other two people. Inosanto studied with different martial arts masters elsewhere in the United States, Southeast Asia, and Europe, including Johnny Lacoste and Chai Sirisute. After Bruce Lee's death, Inosanto became the principal spokesperson and historian for Jeet Kune Do. He has had minor roles in a number of films, including Bruce Lee's uncompleted last film Game of Death (1972). During this time period (1964–75), he also taught physical education at Malaga Cove Intermediate School in Palos Verdes Estates, California. Dan was commissioned in 1977 by the Dallas Cowboys to incorporate martial arts into the team’s training.

The film I Am Bruce Lee provided Inosanto an opportunity to reveal a little-known fact about the friendship the two men shared. Inosanto was teacher to Bruce Lee, introducing him to nunchaku. Inosanto explained that he introduced the weapon to Lee, taught him the basics and some exercises to get him started on his weapons training. The Game of Death movie, one of the most recognizable of the Bruce Lee films, showcases the use of the nunchaku by Lee and Inosanto. He is featured as the Black Belt magazine's 1996 "Man of the Year".

Inosanto holds Instructor or black belt level ranks in several martial arts. He is known for promoting the Filipino Martial Arts. He is responsible for bringing several obscure forms of the South East Asia Martial Arts into the public eye such as Silat, a hybrid combative form existing in such countries as Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. He has also been promoted to fifth degree black belt in the Machado family style of Brazilian Jiu Jitsu. He trained Shoot wrestling under Yorinaga Nakamura. Currently he is the vice-president of Lameco International, carrying on the Eskrima of the late Filipino martial artist Edgar Sulite. Inosanto has appeared on YouTube videos talking about training in Systema and appreciation for his teacher, Martin Wheeler.

Notable students
Inosanto teaches The Art and Philosophy of Jeet Kune Do, Filipino Martial Arts, Shoot wrestling, Brazilian Jiu Jitsu, Eskrima, Muay Thai, Silat, mixed martial arts and other arts at his Marina del Rey, California school, the Inosanto Academy of Martial Arts.

Dan Inosanto's famous students include:

 * Diana Lee Inosanto
 * Bruce Lee: Inosanto taught him Nunchaku and staff.
 * Brandon Lee
 * Ron Balicki
 * Denzel Washington
 * Edgar Sulite
 * Jeff Imada
 * Erik Paulson
 * Graciela Casillas-Tortorelli
 * Ernest Emerson
 * Ricky Nelson
 * Jerry Poteet
 * Salem Assli
 * Paul Vunak

Publications

 * Filipino Martial Arts as Taught by Dan Inosanto by Dan Inosanto ISBN 0-938676-01-6
 * Absorb What Is Useful (Jeet Kune Do Guidebook Vol 2) by Dan Inosanto ISBN 0-938676-03-2
 * Jeet kune do by Salem Assli and Dan Inosanto ISBN 2-7027-0693-2
 * Guide to Martial Arts Training With Equipment by Dan Inosanto ISBN 0-938676-02-4
 * Jeet Kune Do: The Art & Philosophy of Bruce Lee by Dan Inosanto ISBN 0-938676-00-8
 * Jeet Kune Do: Conditioning and Grappling Methods Intro by Dan Inosanto ISBN 0-9531766-5-7

Actor

 * 2008 Redbelt as Master Joāo "The Professor" Moro
 * 2007 Big Stan as Knife fighting Cook
 * 2003 Brazilian Brawl as Ruben
 * 1991 Out for Justice as "Sticks"
 * 1986 Big Trouble in Little China (as Daniel Inosanto)
 * 1981 Sharky's Machine as Chin #1
 * 1981 Long de ying zi (as Danny Inosanto)
 * 1981 Skirmish
 * 1981 The Chinese Stuntman as Filipino Fighter
 * 1978 Game of Death as Pasquale, Filipino Fighter
 * 1975 The Killer Elite as Japanese Killer
 * 1972 The Game of Death as 3rd Floor Guardian
 * 1966 The Green Hornet (episode title: "Praying Mantis") (Stuntman for Mako)

Documentaries

 * 2012 I Am Bruce Lee
 * 2008 The Legend of Bruce Lee
 * 2006 Fight Science
 * 2002 Modern Warriors
 * 2002 Bruce Lee: The Immortal Dragon
 * 2000 Bruce Lee in G.O.D.: Shibôteki yûgi
 * 2000 Bruce Lee: A Warrior's Journey
 * 1999 Famous Families (The Lees: Action Speaks Louder)
 * 1998 The Path of the Dragon
 * 1997 E! True Hollywood Story (Brandon Lee)
 * 1993 Bruce Lee: The Curse of the Dragon
 * 1993 Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story
 * 1977 Bruce Lee, the Legend
 * 1976 The Warrior Within
 * 1976 Bruce Lee's Secret
 * 1973 Life and Legend of Bruce Lee

Stunts

 * 1996 Escape from L.A. (stunts)
 * 1966 The Green Hornet (1 episode) (fight double)

title: Dan Inosanto


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Khedive

Khedive (خدیو; خديوي) was an honorific title of Classical Persian origin used for the sultans and grand viziers of the Ottoman Empire, but most famously for the viceroy of Egypt from 1805 to 1914.

It is attested in Persian poetry from the 10th century and was used as an Ottoman honorific from the 16th. It was borrowed into Ottoman Turkish directly from Persian. It was first used in Egypt, without official recognition, by Muhammad Ali Pasha, the ethnically Albanian governor of Ottoman Egypt and Turco-Egyptian Sudan from 1805 to 1848. The initially self-declared title was officially recognized by the Ottoman government in 1867 and used subsequently by Isma'il Pasha of Egypt and his dynastic successors until 1914. The term entered Arabic in Egypt in the 1850s.

Etymology
This title is recorded in English since 1867, borrowed from French khédive, in turn from Ottoman Turkish خدیو hıdiv, from Classical Persian خدیو khidēv ("lord").

Wilāyah (1805–1867)
Following the 1798 French invasion of Egypt and Napoleon's defeat of Egyptian forces, which consisted largely of the ruling Mamluk military caste, the Ottoman Empire dispatched troops from Rumelia (the Balkan provinces of the Ottoman Empire) under the command of Muhammad Ali Pasha to restore the Empire's authority in what had hitherto been an Ottoman province. However, upon the French defeat and departure, Muhammad Ali seized control of the country and declared himself ruler of Egypt, quickly consolidating an independent local powerbase. After repeated failed attempts to remove and kill him, in 1805, the Sublime Porte officially recognized Muhammad Ali as Pasha and Wāli (Governor) of Egypt. However, demonstrating his grander ambitions, he claimed for himself the higher title of Khedive, as did his successors, Abbas I, Sa'id I and Ibrahim Pasha.

Khedivate (1867–1914)

The Muhammad Ali dynasty's use of the title Khedive was not sanctioned by the Ottoman Empire until 1867 when Sultan Abdülaziz officially recognized it as the title of Ismail Pasha. Moreover, the Porte accepted Ismail's alteration of the royal line of succession to go from father to son, rather than brother to brother, as was the tradition in the Ottoman Empire, and Arab dynasties. In May 1879, the United Kingdom and France began pressuring the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II to depose Ismail Pasha, and this was done on June 26, 1879. The more pliable Tewfik Pasha, Ismail's son, was made his successor as the new Khedive. Ismail Pasha left Egypt and initially went into exile to Naples, but was eventually permitted by Sultan Abdülhamid II to retire to his Palace of Emirgan on the Bosphorus in Constantinople. There he remained, more or less a state prisoner, until his death. He was later buried in Cairo.

After the nationalist Urabi Revolt of 1882, Britain invaded Egypt in support of Tewfik Pasha, and established an occupation over the country. During this period, the Muhammad Ali Dynasty under Tewfik Pasha and his son Abbas II continued to rule Egypt and Sudan using the title Khedive, whilst still under nominal (de jure) Ottoman sovereignty until 1914.

Abbas II of Egypt was deposed by the British in 1914, and Egypt was declared a protectorate of Britain, the Sultanate of Egypt, which was ruled by Abbas's uncle Hussein Kamel under the title of Sultan.

title: Khedive


text:
.info

.info is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) in the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet. The name is derived from information, although registration requirements do not prescribe any particular purpose.

The TLD info followed ICANN's highly publicized announcement, in late 2000, of a phased release of seven new generic top-level domains. The event was the first addition of major gTLDs since the Domain Name System was developed in the 1980s. The seven new gTLDs, selected from over 180 proposals, were meant in part to take the pressure off the com domain.

History
Domain info has been operated by Afilias since its creation. In 2003, it was the first gTLD domain to support IETF standards-based internationalized domain names. In 2001, Afilias CTO (Ram Mohan) discovered problems with the Universal Acceptance of the domain due to it being the first tld whose length was greater than two or three characters.

The launching of info involved a "Sunrise Period" for trademark owners, followed by a "landrush" open to all, the first time such a process had ever been conducted for a new gTLD. This process received criticism for giving trademarks precedence over words that are generic in other contexts; for instance, the Caterpillar construction equipment company was able to register cat.info before feline enthusiasts were.

Although a large number of fraudulent registrations were initially made by registrants who did not actually own a valid trademark, a challenge procedure later weeded out most of these.

Prior to launch, the names of countries were reserved from registration at the request of ICANN, to the consternation of those who had paid pre-registration fees to attempt to register these names in the landrush. ICANN's Governmental Advisory Committee, composed of country representatives from around the world applauded the move, the first by any major domain to protect the national interests of sovereign nations.

Usage
Domain info has been the most successful of the seven new domain names, with over 5.2 million domain names in the registry as of April 2008. After the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority of New York switched to the easier to remember mta.info website to lead users to latest information on schedules and route changes on the area's transportation services. ICANN and Afilias have also sealed an agreement for country names to be reserved by ICANN under resolution 01.92.

Info is an unrestricted domain, meaning that anyone can obtain a second-level domain for any purpose, similar to the domains com, net and org. This is in contrast to TLDs such as edu, or coop. Info is the only top-level domain that was explicitly created and chartered for unrestricted use, although various other TLDs resulted in this situation de facto. Info stands for information in about 37 languages, and is a neutral name.

Afilias, the registry operator of both the info and aero top-level domains, has been aggressive in its marketing of the domain, with significant registrar incentives and outreach events.

title: .info


text:
List of colleges in Alberta

Colleges in Alberta may refer to several types of educational institutions. College in Canada most commonly refers to a career-oriented post-secondary institution that provides vocational education or education in applied arts, applied technology and applied science. These publicly funded institutions are known as comprehensive community colleges and polytechnic institutions and provide apprenticeships, certificates, and diploma programs. Comprehensive community colleges may also provide undergraduate programs in collaboration with a university, while polytechnic institutions may also provide select undergraduate programs approved by the provincial government.

In addition to publicly funded institutions, several privately funded post-secondary institutions also use the term college in their name. This includes private career colleges licensed by the province, faith-based institutions, and several other types of post-secondary institutions.

Public institutions
All publicly funded post-secondary institutions, including comprehensive community colleges, polytechnic institutions, and other institutions like the Banff Centre are governed under provincial legislation called the Post-secondary Learning Act.

Comprehensive community colleges
Comprehensive community colleges are publicly funded post-secondary institutions with a focus on providing vocational skills in specific fields, as well as providing continuing education programs and academic upgrading needed for admission into other institutions (like universities in Alberta). These institutions may conduct research that supports economic and social development in their region.

These institutions provide certificate and diploma programs. These institutions may also provide apprenticeships for technical training programs and undergraduate programs in collaboration with a university.

The following is a list of publicly funded comprehensive community colleges:

Polytechnic institutions
Polytechnic institutions are publicly funded post-secondary institutions with a focus on industry and vocational training, as well as technical programming. These institutions also provide programs for academic upgrading and continuing education programs. These institutions may conduct research and scholarly activities that align with the credentials they offer or are focused on strengthening economic development in the province.

These institutions provide apprenticeships, certificate, and diploma programs. These institutions may also provide select undergraduate programs approved by the provincial government.

The following is a list of publicly funded comprehensive community colleges:

Other public institutions
There is one publicly funded institution in Alberta with a specialized focus on the fine arts and culture, the Banff Centre for Arts and Creativity, based in Banff. As opposed to other publicly funded comprehensive community colleges and polytechnic institutions, the Banff Centre services the entire province. The Banff Centre provides certificate and diploma programs and is permitted to conduct research and scholarly activities that align with the credentials they offer.

Private career college
There are over 190 private career colleges based in Alberta that offer various career training and vocational programs. All private career colleges are licensed under the Provincial Vocational Training Act and its related regulations.

Although these institutions are privately operated and financed, the provincial government monitors private career colleges by requiring them to submit annual reports on student graduation and job placement rates as well as through compliance reviews. A private career college's licence can be revoked by the provincial government if graduation and job placement rates are below 70 per cent for four consecutive reporting periods.

Faith-based institutions
There are 12 faith-based institutions in Alberta. Many of these institutions are privately operated and funded, although some are affiliated with a public university in Alberta. These institutions offer bachelor of theology programs, and may also be approved to provide select degree programs by the provincial government.

The following is list of designated faith-based institutions based in Alberta:

Other types of privately funded "colleges"
In addition to private career colleges and faith-based institutions, there exist several post-secondary flight schools and language schools that also use the term college in their name. However, the majority of these institutions do not use the term in their name.

title: List of colleges in Alberta