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Iowa PBS

Iowa PBS, formerly Iowa Public Television (IPTV), is a network of Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) member stations in the U.S. state of Iowa. It is operated by the Iowa Public Broadcasting Board, an agency of the state education department which holds the licenses for all the PBS member stations in the state. Iowa PBS' headquarters are located at 6450 Corporate Drive in Johnston, Iowa, a suburb of Des Moines.

History
Iowa is a pioneer in educational broadcasting; it is home to two of the oldest educational radio broadcast stations in the world, the University of Iowa's WSUI and Iowa State University's WOI.

The electrical engineering department at the State University of Iowa (SUI) in Iowa City demonstrated television with an exhibit at the Iowa State Fair in Des Moines on August 28, 1931. J. L. Potter supervised the project. At the conclusion of the Iowa State Fair, the television experiment was set up in the communications laboratory of the electrical engineering building at the University of Iowa in Iowa City.

By 1933, the University of Iowa received an FCC license for experimental TV station W9XK, later W9XUI, providing twice a week video programming, with WSUI radio providing the audio channel. By 1939, the FCC allocated TV channels 1 and 12 for W9XUI. This early attempt at educational broadcasting ended by December 1941, with the entrance of the United States into World War II.

The University of Iowa later applied for a construction permit for station WSUI-TV on channel 11 in February 1948.

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) froze the granting of new television licenses, on September 30, 1948. The FCC, at the time, was swamped with hundreds of requests for licensing. It was creating a problem for allocation and causing interference issues. The FCC wanted time to study the issues and work towards a better overall solution.

The freeze, originally set to last just six months, was extended when the Korean War began. Plus, the issues the FCC was trying to resolve were complicated and many. It ended up taking four years to end the freeze.

The April 14, 1952, FCC "6th Report and Order" effectively lifted the freeze. The decisions had been made on all five dilemmas. In the end, a color standard was chosen, 242 channels were designated for educational non-commercial use, strict rules separated stations sharing channels, channel allocation was resolved with an assignment table, and the entire spectrum of UHF band channels was authorized for use.

In 1951, the university supported the reallocation of channel 11 to Des Moines for an educational television station there.

Meanwhile, Iowa State University's WOI-TV in Ames avoided the 1948 Freeze and began commercial broadcast operations in 1950 and carried some National Educational Television programming. Des Moines Public Schools applied for the channel 11 allocation and signed on KDPS-TV as the educational station for central Iowa in 1959. However, in the 1960s the only other areas of the state with a clear signal from an educational station were the southwest (from Nebraska ETV's KYNE-TV in Omaha), and the northwest (from South Dakota ETV's KUSD-TV in Vermillion).

In 1969, the state of Iowa bought KDPS-TV from the Des Moines Public Schools and changed its calls to KDIN-TV, intending it to be the linchpin of a statewide educational television network. As part of the state's ambition, it rebranded KDIN as the Iowa Educational Broadcasting Network.

The network's second station, KIIN-TV in Iowa City, joined IEBN in 1970 to expand statewide educational programming to eastern Iowa and northwestern Illinois. Soon afterward, IEBN became a charter member of PBS. By 1977 the newly renamed Iowa Public Broadcasting Network had eight full-power stations. The Iowa Public Television name was adopted in 1982 and began on-air January 1, 1983. In 2003, it purchased KQCT-TV in Davenport, which repeated the programming of Quad Cities PBS station WQPT-TV in the Iowa side of the Quad Cities. The calls were changed to KQIN.

IPTV was originally run by the state's General Services Department before Governor Terry Branstad signed a bill creating Iowa Public Television as a separate state agency on May 16, 1983. In 1986, IPTV became part of the state's Cultural Affairs Department, and on July 1, 1992, IPTV became part of the Iowa Department of Education.

Combined, the nine Iowa PBS stations reach almost all of Iowa and portions of the surrounding states of Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, South Dakota, and Wisconsin.

On December 2, 2019, IPTV announced that it would rebrand as Iowa PBS in 2020, in alignment with PBS' new national brand identity.

Stations
Nine full-power TV stations make up the network; all stations have callsigns beginning with the letter K, as licensed by the FCC, and ending in IN (standing for Iowa Network). Aside from their transmitters, the network's stations (except KDIN-TV) do not maintain any physical presence in their cities of license.

Translators

 *  Ottumwa (translating KIIN)
 *  Keokuk (translating KIIN)
 *  Keosauqua (translating KIIN)
 *  Decorah (translating KYIN)
 *  Sibley (translating KSIN-TV)
 *  Fort Madison (translating KIIN)
 *  Lansing (translating KYIN)
 *  Rock Rapids (translating KSIN-TV)

In 2012, an application was filed for a digital replacement translator to extend coverage of KRIN into Dubuque, but this application is still pending.

Subchannels
The digital signals of Iowa PBS' stations are multiplexed: {{legend|#DFEBF6|Broadcast on behalf of another station}}

Analog-to-digital conversion
Iowa PBS (as IPTV) shut down its stations' analog signals on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital channel allocations post-transition are as follows:
 * KBIN-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 32; the station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 33, using virtual channel 32.
 * KDIN-TV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 11; the station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 50 to VHF channel 11.
 * KHIN shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 36; the station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 35, using virtual channel 36.
 * KIIN shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 12; the station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 45 to VHF channel 12.
 * KQIN shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 36; the station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 34, using virtual channel 36.
 * KRIN shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 32; the station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 35, using virtual channel 32.
 * KSIN-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 27; the station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 28, using virtual channel 27.
 * KTIN shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 21; the station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 25, using virtual channel 21.
 * KYIN shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 24; the station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 18, using virtual channel 24.

Late night programming
Starting August 31, 2013, Iowa PBS (as IPTV) had gone off-the-air nightly from midnight to 5 a.m. over-the-air due to budget concerns, reduced from a 24-hour schedule. Mediacom continued to carry the network in their markets with 24-hour programming due to their direct fiber connection from IPTV in Johnston to their Des Moines headend, which distributes the four IPTV channels statewide. The national satellite services carry the network's primary HD channel (IPTV.1) and have a fiber connection so the channel was available 24/7 to their subscribers. At the present time, they do not carry the three subchannels.

The network restored over-the-air 24-hour service on January 15, 2019; late night programming mainly consists of the national PBS schedule.

Programming
Although Iowa PBS provides PBS programming and also coordinates several political debates during the Iowa Caucuses, it also produces original programs, such as:
 * Iowa Press, a political panel discussion show.
 * Iowa Life, a human interest, magazine-style show.
 * Market to Market, a nationally distributed show about agribusiness.
 * Iowa PBS Sports, a series of high school girls' championship events sanctioned by the IGHSAU including basketball, bowling, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, swimming and diving, tennis, track and field, and volleyball.

Friends of Iowa PBS
In 1970, Friends of Iowa Public Television (Iowa Public Television Foundation Board) was created for the development, growth and support of Iowa PBS through the building of a strong statewide membership base. Its 65,000 member households across Iowa and bordering states contribute nearly 90% of the out-of-pocket costs for acquiring and producing general audience programming. When IPTV rebranded as Iowa PBS in December 2019, Friends of Iowa Public Television changed its name to Friends of Iowa PBS.

title: Iowa PBS


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James Dozier

James Dozier may refer to:
 * James B. Dozier (1820–1901), scout during the Indian Wars and civilian Medal of Honor recipient
 * James C. Dozier (1885–1974), United States Army general and Medal of Honor recipient
 * James L. Dozier (born 1931), United States Army general

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: James Dozier


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Lucifer (cipher)

In cryptography, Lucifer was the name given to several of the earliest civilian block ciphers, developed by Horst Feistel and his colleagues at IBM. Lucifer was a direct precursor to the Data Encryption Standard. One version, alternatively named DTD-1, saw commercial use in the 1970s for electronic banking.

Overview
Lucifer uses a combination of transposition and substitution crypting as a starting point in decoding ciphers. One variant, described by Feistel in 1971, uses a 48-bit key and operates on 48-bit blocks. The cipher is a substitution–permutation network and uses two 4-bit S-boxes. The key selects which S-boxes are used. The patent describes the execution of the cipher operating on 24 bits at a time, and also a sequential version operating on 8 bits at a time. Another variant by John L. Smith from the same year uses a 64-bit key operating on a 32-bit block, using one addition mod 4 and a singular 4-bit S-box. The construction is designed to operate on 4 bits per clock cycle. This may be one of the smallest block-cipher implementations known. Feistel later described a stronger variant that uses a 128-bit key and operates on 128-bit blocks.

described a later Lucifer as a 16-round Feistel network, also on 128-bit blocks and 128-bit keys. This version is susceptible to differential cryptanalysis; for about half the keys, the cipher can be broken with 236 chosen plaintexts and 236 time complexity.

IBM submitted the Feistel-network version of Lucifer as a candidate for the Data Encryption Standard (compare the more recent AES process). It became the DES after the National Security Agency reduced the cipher's key size to 56 bits, reduced the block size to 64 bits, and made the cipher resistant against differential cryptanalysis, which was at the time known only to IBM and the NSA.

The name "Lucifer" was apparently a pun on "Demon". This was in turn a truncation of "Demonstration", the name for a privacy system Feistel was working on. The operating system used could not handle the longer name.

Description of the Sorkin variant
The variant described by has 16 Feistel rounds, like DES, but no initial or final permutations. The key and block sizes are both 128 bits. The Feistel function operates on a 64-bit half-block of data, together with a 64-bit subkey and 8 "interchange control bits" (ICBs). The ICBs control a swapping operation. The 64-bit data block is considered as a series of eight 8-bit bytes, and if the ICB corresponding to a particular byte is zero, the left and right 4-bit halves (nibbles) are swapped. If the ICB is one, the byte is left unchanged. Each byte is then operated on by two 4×4-bit S-boxes, denoted S0 and S1 — S0 operates on the left 4-bit nibble and S1 operates on the right. The resultant outputs are concatenated and then combined with the subkey using exclusive or (XOR); this is termed "key interruption". This is followed by a permutation operation in two stages; the first permutes each byte under a fixed permutation. The second stage mixes bits between the bytes.

The key-scheduling algorithm is relatively simple. Initially, the 128 key bits are loaded into a shift register. Each round, the left 64 bits of the register form the subkey, and right eight bits form the ICB bits. After each round, the register is rotated 56 bits to the left.

title: Lucifer (cipher)


text:
Johann Bodmer

Johann Bodmer may refer to:

 * Johann Georg Bodmer (1786–1864), Swiss inventor
 * Johann Jakob Bodmer (1698–1783), Swiss author and critic

title: Johann Bodmer


text:
Cowboy Bebop: The Movie

Cowboy Bebop: The Movie, known in Japan as Cowboy Bebop: Knockin' on Heaven's Door (カウボーイビバップ 天国の扉), is a 2001 Japanese anime science fiction action film based on the 1998 anime series Cowboy Bebop created by Hajime Yatate. Several staff from the original series worked on the film, including director Shinichirō Watanabe, writer Keiko Nobumoto, character designer/animation director Toshihiro Kawamoto and composer Yoko Kanno. The Japanese and English voice casts also reprised their roles from the series.

Cowboy Bebop: The Movie is set between episode 22 and episode 23 of the original series. The plot centers on a mysterious terrorist planning to exterminate the human population of Mars by releasing a virus. The bounty hunter crew of the spaceship Bebop works to capture the terrorist and prevent the attack.

The film was conceived by Watanabe as an extension of his work on the television series, which he had treated as a series of miniature films. So as not to alienate existing fans, much of the series' style was retained, with adjustments to make it accessible to a new audience. Increased budget and production facilities enabled filming styles associated with live action films, as well as higher-quality animation than in the series. Arabic aesthetics were used, in contrast to the series, which entailed Watanabe traveling to Morocco for research. Arabic elements also influenced Kanno's music.

The film was produced by studios Sunrise, which had previously developed the original series; Bones, a later studio founded by former Sunrise staff; and Bandai Visual. Cowboy Bebop: The Movie was released to theaters in Japan on September 1, 2001, and in the United States on August 11, 2002. It went on to gross over $3 million worldwide, and when released on DVD, it ranked high on Japanese and US charts. The film received generally positive reviews from mainstream and anime critics, and was nominated for the Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Animated Film.

Setting
The film is set in the year 2071, fifty years after a disaster on the Moon caused Earth to be largely abandoned. Humanity has settled on other planets and moons. The film's protagonists are bounty hunters who travel together on the spaceship Bebop. They are Spike Spiegel, a former gangster; Faye Valentine, a fugitive; Jet Black, a former police officer; Radical Edward, a hyperactive girl hacker; and Ein, a small dog with enhanced intelligence. Together they hunt for wanted fugitives and criminals throughout the solar system.

Plot
A few days before Halloween on Mars, Faye witnesses an unidentified terrorist blow up a tanker truck while chasing another bounty. The blast spreads an unknown pathogen that kills and sickens various people. The Martian government offers a 300 million Woolong bounty for the culprit's capture, which the crew hopes to earn. Faye and Edward identify the terrorist as Vincent Volaju, a soldier believed to have been killed on Titan. Vincent survived a test of the pathogen, having been immunized, but amnesia and hallucinations have since driven him insane.

Jet learns that the pathogen is a nanomachine, a biological weapon that has been illegally manufactured by Cherious Medical, a pharmaceutical company. Spike encounters Cherious's agent Elektra Ovilo and attempts to capture Vincent, but Vincent throws him off a train and then releases another cloud of nanomachines. Everyone else on the train dies, except for Elektra, who was immunized when in a relationship with Vincent. She gives a sample of her blood to a friend at Cherious Medical, and they prepare a stock of vaccine.

Vincent intends to explode giant jack-o'-lantern balloons full of nanomachines at the Halloween parade, which will kill everyone on Mars. Jet recruits a gang of aged crop-duster pilots to scatter the vaccine and Faye hijacks the city's weather-control systems to cause rain, assisting in the vaccine's spread. Spike confronts Vincent and the two fight to a standstill. The nanomachines are released, but Spike gets cured by the vaccine. Vincent prepares to kill Spike, but is shot by Elektra. Later, Spike and his team goes out for another bounty.

Development
Cowboy Bebop: The Movie was first announced in September 1999: the majority of the series' staff were carried over along with Watanabe, including producer Masahiko Minami, character designer/animation director Toshihiro Kawamoto, and writer Keiko Nobumoto. The original Japanese cast also returned. The writing process was finished and production began in July 2000. It was produced by the studios Sunrise, Bones and Bandai Visual. While Sunrise worked on the original series, Bones was founded in 1998 after the series' completion by Minami, Kawamoto and Hiroshi Ōsaka. The length of the film's production allowed the team to ensure its high quality.

The idea for a film was in the mind of director Shinichirō Watanabe during the development of the original Cowboy Bebop series, which he had originally envisioned as a film. Watanabe treated each episode of the series as a miniature film, so to progress onto a feature-length film seemed natural to him. So as not to disappoint fans, the film incorporated as much of the series as possible while making it accessible to newcomers. He had thought up some of the story and the character of Vincent during the production of the series. After the series ended and there was demand for a continuation from both fans and sponsors so the decision was made by the series creators to make a film. Watanabe said "When the original 26-episode series concluded, a lot of fans and sponsors wanted me to continue. That's why I made this movie."

Watanabe was aiming towards a live-action look for the film despite its medium, using camera tricks, visual effects and character expression impossible in the series while keeping "the Bebop flavor". According to Kōichi Yamadera, the Japanese voice actor for Spike, the only real changes made by the team in the portrayal were to show off the characters, including Spike, in different ways: Spike, in particular, displayed more of his inner thoughts and showed a gentler side than he did in the series, as there was more time available to express such details. Watanabe personally chose the voice actors for Elektra and Vincent. Vincent was partially intended as a type of villain that could not be done in the series, even though Watanabe felt he was not "particularly unique".

Because of increased running time, budget and facilities, the team were able to include more cels in animations, as well as longer and more intricate action sequences. The film included difficult sequences that Watanabe could not do along with the rest of the film, so two guest directors were brought in for them: Hiroyuki Okiura, who handled the opening sequence, and Tensai Okamura, who created a cinematic Western shown at a drive-in theater during the film. Watanabe wanted to give the film an Arabic feel, in contrast to the series which often used New York and Hong Kong for inspiration. To this end, Watanabe went on a research trip to Morocco. The character Rashid was based on the guide who had shown the research team round the city. Working on the film was different for Watanabe when compared to the series in a positive way: while he had to put the entire story in a twenty-minute episode for the series, the team were able to create a longer, more detailed narrative.

Music
The music for Cowboy Bebop: The Movie was composed by Yoko Kanno, composer for the original series, and performed by her band Seatbelts. She used the same mixture of music genres (western, opera, jazz) as with the TV series, but also added Arabic elements in keeping with the film's thematic feel. She used Arabic and English for the music lyrics. Alongside these, the soundtrack made use of a large number of rock instruments. Five tracks from the film were released on the Seatbelts mini-album Ask DNA, released on July 25, 2001. The soundtrack's official release, Cowboy Bebop: Knockin' on Heaven's Door OST Future Blues, was released on August 22, 2001. Both these albums were reissued in December 2012.

Release
Cowboy Bebop: The Movie was first released in cinemas in Japan on September 1, 2001. After the film's international release, this date was subject to debate in the western fanbase due to its proximity to the September 11 attacks. It was first shown to the west at the 2002 AnimeCon, where it was announced that the original English cast would reprise their roles. Its Japanese subtitle, "Knockin' on Heaven's Door", was changed for the western release due to sharing its name with the 1973 Bob Dylan song of the same name. Instead of creating a new subtitle, the team settled with using "The Movie", though a November 2018 rerelease of the film by Funimation features the original subtitle. It was jointly released in the United States by Sony Pictures through their Destination Films label and Samuel Goldwyn Films and internationally by TriStar Pictures. During its initial screening at the event, it sold out completely, prompting a second screening later in the event. The film received a limited theatrical release in the United States, opening on April 4, 2003. During its opening weekend, it reached 19th place in the box office chart, bringing in $12,338 per screening. The film's total gross in America was $1,000,045. Its worldwide gross totals $3,007,903.

The film was released on DVD in Japan on February 7, 2002, immediately reaching the top of the DVD/VHS charts. Sunrise and Bandai Visual underestimated the possible sales, with the first print being used up soon after release, prompting a second print for mid-February. Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment released it on DVD in the United States on June 24, 2003. In 2006, it was ranked as the sixth best-selling anime DVD in the United States. It did not receive a theatrical release in the United Kingdom, instead being released as a direct-to-DVD feature. It was released in the UK on June 27, 2003. The film was later released on Blu-ray disc in Japan on July 25, 2008. It was released in North America by Image Entertainment on June 28, 2011.

In celebration for the series's 20th anniversary in 2018, the film was shown in US theaters by Funimation Films on August 15 (with Japanese audio and English subtitles) and on August 16 (with the English dub). A limited edition steelbook Blu-ray of the film was released by Funimation under license from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment on November 13, 2018.

Critical response
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 68% based on 80 reviews, with an average rating of 6.3/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 62 out of 100, based on 23 critics, indicating "generally positive reviews". The film was nominated at the Online Film Critics Society Awards 2003 in the Best Animated Film category, though it lost the award to Finding Nemo. Helen McCarthy in 500 Essential Anime Movies praised the music of the movie, calling it "the show's secret weapon", and stated that "the movie's only real fault is that it's about half an hour too long".

Critic reviews have generally been positive. Andy Patrizio of IGN gave the film a score of 9 of 10, saying that the developers "did a superb job of fleshing out the story", as well as praising it for "not succumbing to melodrama like many of its live-action counterparts". He also commented that the film's subject matter of terrorism in the face of the September 11 attacks "smacked way too close to home". The music also received praise. Mike Crandol of Anime News Network echoed many of these sentiments. His main criticism stemmed from the fact that Jet, Faye and Ed were relegated to supporting roles, and that it was difficult getting them all into the story. He also said that the team had outdone themselves with the animation quality in a few scenes, such as the final fight between Spike and Vincent. Robert Koehler of Variety, reviewing an undubbed subtitled release, praised the visuals and writing, although he found some sections a little long. Charles Solomon writing in the Los Angeles Times however praised the film for its running time, saying it gave screenwriter Keiko Nobumoto time to explore the characters.

Other reviews were more mixed. Lawrence van Gelder of The New York Times gave the film a mixed review, saying that he enjoyed the experience, but found it a little frivolous when compared to both its subject matter and events at the time. His ultimate impression from the English-dubbed version was that the film could easily have been set in present-day New York. Peter Bradshaw writing in The Guardian gave the film 2 out of 5 stars and praised the film's visuals, but said that the plot wasn't very interesting and failed to keep him interested. Jamie Russell, writing for the BBC, gave it 4 out of 5 stars, saying it was "good enough to deserve mention in the same breath as Akira, Ghost in the Shell, and Spirited Away". The most praise went to the use of live-action camera angles. Though he found the film's story sometimes slowed noticeably, the soundtrack and visual references to other notable action films made it "an example of anime at its very best." Other newspapers of the time including the Toronto Star, Chicago Tribune and generally shared opinions with other reviewers: several praised the plot and animation, while others were mixed. Others, including the Toronto Star and Newark Star-Ledger, noted its connection to science fiction films.

Analysis
While the movie is technically set on Mars, it has been described by Thomas Kent Miller as "only a Mars movie by a technicality" due to the fact that "aside from a brief flyover over some Martian terrain at the beginning and a classic dog-fight over the same sort of terrain at the end", there are next to no other visuals to suggest action takes place in an exotic location (here, Mars); instead the urban design of the city where most of the movie takes place looks no different from modern-era cities on Earth.

title: Cowboy Bebop: The Movie


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User talk:Palinuro

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

 * How to edit a page
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If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Also, for future reference, Wikipedia is not really a forum for book reviews. We can write factually about books, but reviews are inherently non-neutral, so the pose a neutral point of view (or "NPOV") problem. I moved your review article to the correct title and changed it into a stub since the review was not NPOV. Thanks and welcome again. Daniel Quinlan 05:09, Nov 12, 2003 (UTC)

Category:Wikipedians of Mexico
Hello Palinuro this message is a invitation to categorize your userpage in the category: Category:Wikipedians of Mexico or in the adecuate sub-category and erasing your name from the equivalent list since the lists of users are in process of being transformed into categories. Remember: You can categorize your user page in more than one category. example: your actual location and your origin country.

for more info see: User categorisation and Category:Wikipedians by location

Saludos. --Mnts 03:15, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Palinuro


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USA Tuesday Night Fights

USA Tuesday Night Fights (formerly Friday Night Boxing, Wednesday Night Fights, Thursday Night Fights) is a television boxing show. It aired from October 1, 1982, through August 25, 1998 on the USA Network; at one time it was the longest continually-running boxing show on television. The show debuted on October 1, 1982, as Friday Night Boxing (1982-1984), and then, Wednesday Night Fights (1984-1986), and later, Thursday Night Fights (1986-1990).

USA Tuesday Night Fights was hosted by Al Albert, who provided the blow-by-blow commentary, Muhammad Ali trainer Angelo Dundee from 1982 to 1984, and then, Randy Gordon from 1984 to 1987, and finally, former lightweight champion Sean O'Grady, who served as the analyst from 1987 until the show's ending in 1998. Bill Macatee was often a substitute commentator for Albert. The show did not employ a regular ring announcer, but several high-profile announcers such as HBO's Michael Buffer, Showtime's Jimmy Lennon, Jr., Philadelphia boxing staple Ed Derian, and future BattleBots announcer Mark Beiro were featured with Derian and Beiro featured more frequently as the years went on.

The program, for most of its time on air, was sponsored by Budweiser, and often referred to on air as Budweiser Presents Tuesday Night Fights. Pabst Blue Ribbon was also a frequent sponsor of the program, continuing a tradition of the Pabst company sponsoring televised boxing matches.

Like some of its similar fellow boxing programs, Tuesday Night Fights did not always emanate from large arenas. Instead, cards usually took place in smaller venues, such as The Blue Horizon in Philadelphia, the Felt Forum/Paramount Theater at Madison Square Garden in New York, or the ballroom of Casino Magic in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi. Tuesday Night Fights would also not limit itself to American venues, as they traveled to England, Mexico, and other places to televise shows. One show even took place aboard an aircraft carrier.

Notable fights
Few world title fights were presented in this show, one of the notable ones being when Vinny Pazienza, a former world Lightweight champion, moved up in weight and captured the WBA world Jr. Middleweight championship with an eleventh-round knockout of Gilbert Dele. Pazienza would ultimately relinquish the title following a car accident the following year. Written off from boxing by doctors after the accident, Pazienza would return to the ring with a win over Luis Santana, a fight which also aired on Tuesday Night Fights.

Another title fight aired by USA was the 1988 IBF featherweight title bout between defending champion Calvin Grove and contender Jorge Paez that took place in Mexicali, Mexico. The fight was significant in that it was the last ever title match scheduled for 15 rounds. The fight went the distance, with Paez earning a majority decision.

On March 19, 1996, USA featured a bout between Jeremy Williams and Arthur Weathers as the headline of their show broadcast from the Spruce Goose Dome in Williams' home of Long Beach, California. Williams, at the time a rising heavyweight contender, dropped Weathers with an uppercut almost immediately after the bell rang to start the contest and referee Marty Denkin called a halt to the contest after ten seconds, which was erroneously referred to as a world record for quickest knockout (although it remains one of the fastest ever).

On March 18, 1997, USA saw what is officially the world's quickest knockout. The bout between heavyweights Jimmy Thunder and Crawford Grimsley lasted only 1.5 seconds after Thunder caught Grimsley with a right hook to the head that sent him to the canvas.

Both George Foreman and Larry Holmes were frequently featured on Tuesday Night Fights as they began to return after their initial retirements. Both fighters' comeback fights were aired on USA, and Holmes fought on a semi-regular basis on the program until he declared, on air, in 1996 that he would not likely fight again unless he could secure a title match.

A future opponent of Holmes, Butterbean, received some of his earliest exposure as a professional fighter by fighting several four rounders on Tuesday Night Fights.

Roberto Durán was another fixture on Tuesday Night Fights later in his career, and his 100th professional bout was carried by USA.

Tuesday Night Fights also showcased the bizarre from time to time. Among these was a fight from former pro football star Mark Gastineau's controversial boxing career which saw him lose to a journeyman fighter, Andrew Golota's infamous fight against Samson Po'uha in 1995 which saw the Polish fighter, who appeared frequently on Tuesday Night Fights, bite the neck of his opponent, a fight between Riddick Bowe and Elijah Tillery where Tillery was disqualified for kicking the future world champion and Bowe responded by knocking him out of the ring, and a bizarre fight between Sharmba Mitchell and Bazooka Limon where the former champion Limon pulled Mitchell's trunks down during the action.

Other world champions to fight on the show
Many other world champions fought on this show, whether as prospects or later in their careers. This included names such as Oscar de La Hoya, Floyd Mayweather Jr., Roy Jones Jr., Arturo Gatti, Fernando Vargas, Hector Camacho, Tony Tubbs and Antonio Tarver. Pay Per View bouts were also rebroadcast on the show such as Julio César Chávez's eighth-round knockout win over Joey Gamache, which was televised by the show, but as a Pay Per View feature only.

Cancellation
On April 9, 1998, USA Network founder Kay Koplovitz, who served as head of the USA Network since 1977 and who was instrumental in the USA Network's programming structure, left the network, with new overall USA Network owner Barry Diller taking her positions as chairman and CEO. After taking Koplovitiz's CEO position, Diller made plans to cut at least $40 million from the USA Network's massive budget, which had been criticized for overspending on content which was not deemed feasible. In August 1998, USA Tuesday Night Fights was cancelled after programming changes were made and budget cuts reduced the ability to broadcast fights.

Rebroadcasts
In June 2006, CSI Sports, through its FIGHT SPORTS division, began airing a compilation of some of the best knockouts from the Tuesday Night Fights series titled USA Tuesday Night Fights: Knockouts! on pay-per-view. Narrated by current Washington Redskins play-by-play man Larry Michael, the sixty-minute series featured various fights from throughout the years. Common features were "In Case You Missed It...", featuring some memorable moments from Tuesday Night Fights, "KO Time", which featured very quick knockouts, and "Who Won This One?", which was the last fight of the program and was promoted several times during the broadcast with viewers encouraged to pick which of the two men won the bout. Reruns of this series air across the country on various sports channels, including MSG Plus.

The Tuesday Night Fights: Knockouts! series was also released on DVD in a two-volume box set.

CSI later came out with a series called Wide World of Fights, which has a much broader scope and includes mixed martial arts, kickboxing, and other combat sports footage in addition to some of the fights that were originally part of the Tuesday Night Fights compilation series. This series also airs on many of the same stations that carry Tuesday Night Fights: Knockouts!. CSI also airs old episodes of Tuesday Night Fights as part of its Fight Sports World Championship Boxing series, which rebroadcasts fights from the past.

title: USA Tuesday Night Fights


text:
User:Illuminati

Continuing the lineage the Illuministic creed

title: User:Illuminati


text:
Tokio

Tokio may refer to:
 * Tokyo (東京), the capital of Japan, used primarily in non-English-speaking countries

Tokio (トキオ) may also refer to:

Music

 * Tokio (band), a Japanese pop/rock band
 * Tokio (album), their debut album
 * Tokio Hotel, a German rock band
 * Tokio, a Japanese singer Kenji Sawada's album and song

Places

 * Tokio, North Dakota, a community in the United States
 * Tokio, Texas, a community in the United States
 * Tokio, Washington, a ghost town

Companies and other organizations

 * Tokio Marine Nichido, a Japanese insurance company
 * Tokio Millennium Re Ltd., a reinsurance company

Other uses

 * Tokio (given name), a masculine Japanese given name
 * 498 Tokio, a minor planet
 * Tokio, a 1986 video game originally released as Scramble Formation
 * City of Tokio, an iron steamship built in 1874 in the USA
 * Tokio (yacht)
 * Tokio Express, a container ship that caused the great Lego spill of 1997
 * Tokio (software), asynchronous input/output software library for the Rust programming language

title: Tokio


text:
Abdul Razak Hussein

Tun Haji Abdul Razak bin Dato' Haji Hussein (عبد الرزاق بن حسين; 11 March 1922 – 14 January 1976) was a Malaysian lawyer and politician who served as the second prime minister of Malaysia from 1970 until his death in 1976. He also served as the first deputy prime minister of Malaysia from 1957 to 1970. He is referred to as the Father of Development (Bapa Pembangunan).

Abdul Razak was the figure responsible for setting up Barisan Nasional (BN), which is the ruling coalition of political parties that held power in Malaysia. Abdul Razak is also renowned for launching the Malaysian New Economic Policy (MNEP).

His eldest son, Najib Razak, became the sixth prime minister in 2009; Najib is the first prime minister of Malaysia to be a descendant of a former prime minister.

Early life and education
Born in Kampung Pulau Keladi, a village located northwest of Pekan, Pahang on 11 March 1922, Abdul Razak is the first of two children to Yang Dihormati (YDH) Orang Kaya Indera Shahbandar ke-9, Dato' Hussein Awang bin Mohd Taib (1898–1950) and Datin Hajah Teh Fatimah bt Daud (1906–1968). An aristocratic descendant of Orang Kaya Indera Shahbandar, Abdul Razak studied at the Malay College Kuala Kangsar.

After joining the Malay Administrative Service in 1938, he was awarded a scholarship to study at Raffles College in Singapore in 1940. His studies at the college ceased with the onset of the Second World War. During the war he helped organise the Wataniah resistance movement in Pahang.

After World War II, Abdul Razak left for Britain in 1948 to study law. In 1950, he received a law degree and qualified as a barrister at Lincoln's Inn in London. During his student days in England, Abdul Razak was a member of the British Labour Party and a prominent student leader of the Malay Association of Great Britain. He also formed the Malayan Forum.

Early WWII and Askar Wataniah
After his studies were interrupted in 1942 because of World War II, Abdul Razak returned to Kuantan, Pahang. There, he met his former colleague from the Malay Administrative Service, Yeop Mahidin, and expressed his interest in joining the Malay Regiment (now Royal Malay Regiment). Mahidin, who is also the founder of Askar Wataniah Pahang ('Pahang State Territorial Army'; precursor of Rejimen Askar Wataniah), recruited Razak into his new guerrilla forces. After finishing his training under Mahidin, Razak was instructed by him to join the Japanese Malayan Civil Service as an agent and informant.

Informant in Japanese Administration
After finishing his Japanese Military Training, Razak, as an aristocrat and son of a respected Malay leader in Pahang, was posted to his home-state Pahang as an assistant to District Officer and at the same time as a bridge for the Japanese to gain the trust of local Pahang Malays. Using his privileges as an aristocrat, Razak started networking with the Japanese Imperial Forces while maintaining his connection with Yeop Mahidin. His role as an informant inside the Japanese Administration was known only to a few of Wataniah members including Mahidin. Because of this, Razak was labelled as a traitor by the rest of the Wataniah Pahang.

Force 136 Pahang
At first, the Malays were not fully trusted by the British to fight the Japanese because of a few incidents and better treatment by the Japanese Administration towards Malays compared to other races. After gaining sufficient trust, the Askar Wataniah Pahang with its 200 members was absorbed into the Special Operations Executive (SOE) and made into Force 136 Pahang.

Force 136 Pahang's missions' continuous success made the Japanese Administration begin to suspect that there were informants inside their administration. Force 136 Pahang quickly set up an extraction mission to recover their agent, Razak, who was still unknown to many of its members.

After he had been successfully extracted, Razak continued his work with Force 136 and was promoted to the rank of captain. Among notable missions, Razak was involved in the rescue of Sultan Abu Bakar of Pahang.

Political involvement
Upon his return from the United Kingdom, in 1950, Tun Razak joined the Malayan Civil Service. Owing to his political calibre, he became the youth chief for United Malays National Organisation (UMNO). Two years later, he worked as the Assistant State Secretary of Pahang and in February 1955, at just 33 years of age, became Pahang's Chief Minister.

Razak stood in and won a seat in Malaya's first general elections in July 1955 and was appointed as the Education Minister. He was instrumental in the drafting of the Razak Report which formed the basis of the Malayan education system. Tun Razak was also a key member of the February 1956 mission to London to seek the independence of Malaya from the British.

After the general elections in 1959, he became the Minister of Rural Development in addition to holding the portfolios of Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defence, which he held from 1957. His achievements include formulating the development policy known as the Red Book.

Infusing young blood
At the time of Separation of Singapore from the Federation of Malaysia in 1965, Tun Razak realised that UMNO needed more young leaders in the party. Faced with, amongst other things Lee Kuan Yew's considerable oratorical skills, Razak wanted young Malay leaders – grounded in their own faith and culture – who would be able to speak and if necessary debate both in the Malay language and English language.

Razak understood that power resided in the Malay community and that for this power to be wielded effectively, the elite among the Malays had to be an elite determined by ability, aptitude and commitment to the nation as a whole. Class, birth and money were secondary in his calculations.

As a consequence of this initiative, the then young leaders of mixed heritage in UMNO, such as Mahathir Mohamad, were drafted into higher echelons of the political establishment.

In 1967 he was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award for community leadership.

Premiership
After the 13 May Incident 1969, Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj received many criticisms from various parties for his inability to deal with racial issues. This led to his resignation as prime minister. Tun Abdul Razak then imposed a State of Emergency, ruling by decree as the National Operations Council until 1970. In September 1970, Tunku Abdul Rahman was succeeded by Tun Abdul Razak as the Prime Minister of Malaysia.

Tun Razak set up the Barisan Nasional or National Front on 1 January 1973 to replace the ruling Alliance Party. He increased the membership of its parties and coalitions in an effort to establish "Ketahanan Nasional" (National Strength) through political stability.

Tun Razak is also renowned for launching the Malaysian New Economic Policy (MNEP) in 1971. He and the "second generation" of Malay politicians saw the need to tackle vigorously the economic and social disparities which fuelled racial antagonisms and violence. The MNEP set two basics goals – to reduce and eventually eradicate poverty, and to reduce and eventually eradicate identification of economic function with race.

Death
Abdul Razak was diagnosed with leukemia but kept it secret since 1969.

Abdul Razak died in office on 14 January 1976 while seeking medical treatment in London. He was posthumously granted the soubriquet Bapa Pembangunan ('Father of Development'). He was laid to rest in Heroes Mausoleum (Makam Pahlawan) near Masjid Negara, Kuala Lumpur.

Titles

 * 🇲🇾 Malaysia: Bapa Pembangunan ('Father of Development'), (posthumously)
 * Pahang: Yang DiHormat Orang Kaya Indera Shahbandar ke-10

Honours of Malaysia

 * 🇲🇾 Malaysia :
 * MY Darjah Utama Seri Mahkota Negara (Crown of the Realm) - DMN.svg Recipient of the Order of the Crown of the Realm (DMN) (1976)
 * MY Darjah Yang Mulia Pangkuan Negara (Defender of the Realm) - SMN.svg Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (SMN) – Tun (1959)
 * Malaysian Commemorative Medal ribbon.gif Recipient of the Malaysian Commemorative Medal (Gold) (PPM) (1965)
 * Pahang :
 * MY-PAH Family Order of the Crown of Indra of Pahang - DK I.svg Member 1st class of the Family Order of the Crown of Indra of Pahang (DK I) (1973)
 * MY-PAH Order of the Crown of Pahang - Grand Knight - SIMP.svg Grand Knight of the Order of the Crown of Pahang (SIMP) – formerly Dato', now Dato' Indera (1967)
 * Kelantan :
 * MY-KEL Royal Family Order - Star of Yunus - DK.svg Recipient of the Royal Family Order (DK)
 * MY-KEL Order of the Crown of Kelantan - Star of Muhammad.svg Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Kelantan (SPMK) – Dato'
 * Kedah :
 * MY-KED Kedah Supreme Order of Merit (DUK).svg Member of the Kedah Supreme Order of Merit (DUK)
 * Penang :
 * MY-PEN Order of the Defender of State - Knight Grand Commander - DUPN.svg Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of State (DUPN) – Dato' Seri Utama (1975)
 * Sabah :
 * MY-SAB Order of Kinabalu - SPDK.svg Grand Commander of the Order of Kinabalu (SPDK) – Datuk Seri Panglima
 * Perlis :
 * MY-PERL Order of the Crown of Perlis - Knight Grand Commander - SPMP.svg Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Perlis (SPMP) – Dato' Seri (1965)
 * Selangor :
 * MY-SEL Order of the Crown of Selangor - Knight Grand Commander - SPMS.svg Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Selangor (SPMS) – Dato' Seri (1965)
 * Johor :
 * Order of the Crown of Johor ribbon bar.svg Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor (SPMJ) – Dato' (1961)
 * Terengganu :
 * MY-TER Order of the Crown of Terengganu - SPMT - SMT - AMT.svg Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Terengganu (SPMT) – Dato' (1964)
 * Perak :
 * MY-PERA Order of Cura Si Manja Kini (before 2001).svg Knight Grand Commander of the Order of Cura Si Manja Kini (SPCM) – Dato' Seri (1974)
 * MY-PERA_Order_of_the_Perak_State_Crown_(before_2001).svg Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Perak State Crown (SPMP) – Dato' Seri (1964)
 * Sarawak :
 * [[File:MY-SAR Order of the Star of the Hornbill (Bintang Kenyalang) - 1. Knight Grand Commander (DP).svg|50px]] Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of Hornbill Sarawak (DP) – Datuk Patinggi

Foreign honours

 * Brunei :
 * BRU Order of the Crown of Brunei.svg First Class of the Order of Seri Paduka Mahkota Brunei (SPMB) – Dato Seri Paduka (1959)
 * BRU Order of the Crown of Brunei.svg Second Class of the Order of Seri Paduka Mahkota Brunei (DPMB) – Dato Paduka (1958)
 * 🇵🇭 Philippines :
 * PHI Order of Lakandula Grand Collar BAR.svg Grand Collar of the Order of Lakandula (2017)
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom :
 * UK Order St-Michael St-George ribbon.svg Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) (1972)
 * Order of St John (UK) ribbon -vector.svg Associate Knight of the Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem (KStJ) (1967)

Things named after him
Several things were named after him, including:
 * Tun Razak Highway (Federal Route 12 connecting Segamat, Johor to Gambang, Pahang)
 * Jalan Tun Razak in Kuala Lumpur (part of Kuala Lumpur Middle Ring Road 1)
 * Jalan Tun Abdul Razak in Johor Bahru (part of Skudai Highway)
 * Jalan Tun Abdul Razak in Ipoh (also known as Maxwell Road)
 * Jalan Tun Abdul Razak in Melaka City (street name for Melaka Bypass)
 * Jalan Tun Razak in Kota Kinabalu
 * Jalan Tun Abdul Razak in Gowa, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia (known as Jalan Hertasning Baru and Jalan Aroepala)
 * Jalan Tun Razak in Putrajaya
 * Taman Tun Abdul Razak also known as Taman TAR (a residential area in Ampang Jaya, Selangor)
 * Desa Tun Razak, a small township in the outskirts of Kuala Lumpur
 * Bandar Tun Razak in Kuala Lumpur
 * Bandar Tun Razak LRT station
 * Parliamentary constituency of Bandar Tun Razak
 * Bandar Tun Razak, Jengka in Pahang
 * Bandar Tun Abdul Razak, Rompin, Pahang
 * Komtar Tower in George Town, Penang
 * Komtar JBCC in Johor Bahru, Johor
 * Komtar Skywalk in George Town, Penang
 * SK Tun Abdul Razak, a primary school in Kuala Kubu Bharu, Selangor
 * Kampung Tun Abdul Razak, a township in Kuala Kubu Bharu
 * Surau Desa Tun Abdul Razak, a prayer hall in Desa Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur
 * Surau Rumah Keluarga Angkatan Tentera Tun Abdul Razak, a prayer hall for Malaysians veteran army in Desa Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur
 * Institut Penyiaran dan Penerangan Tun Abdul Razak, a government broadcasting office in Taman Bukit Angkasa, Kuala Lumpur
 * Dewan Terbuka Tun Abdul Razak, a community hall centre in Labu, Negeri Sembilan
 * Jalan Tun Abdul Razak, a major road in Kangar, Perlis
 * Masjid Tun Abdul Razak Repoh, a mosque in Kangar, Perlis
 * Jalan Tun Abdul Razak, a major road in Johor Bahru, Johor
 * Jalan Tun Razak, a major road in Alor Setar, Kedah
 * Kampung Tun Abdul Razak and Kampung Tun Rahah, a township in honour of Tun Razak and her spouse, Tun Rahah in Bukit Katil, Melaka
 * Auditorium Tun Abdul Razak in Balok, Pahang
 * Rumah Kelahiran Tun Abdul Razak, a museum of his hometown house in Pekan, Pahang
 * Chanselori Tun Abdul Razak, Universiti Malaysia Pahang
 * Rumah Penyayang Tun Abdul Razak, a nursing home in Pekan, Pahang
 * Sekolah Berasrama Penuh Integrasi, a fully integrated boarding school in Pekan, Pahang
 * Jalan Tun Razak, a road in Kuala Kangsar, Perak
 * Auditorium Tun Razak, Jalan Kolej Melayu, Kuala Kangsar
 * SMK Tun Abdul Razak, a secondary school in Selekoh, Perak
 * Tun Abdul Razak National Secondary School, a secondary school in Kuching, Sarawak
 * Tun Abdul Razak Stadium in Bandar Tun Razak, Jengka, Pahang
 * Tun Razak Hockey Stadium in Kuala Lumpur
 * SK Pusat Penyelidikan Pertanian Tun Razak, a primary school in Jerantut, Pahang
 * SMK Pusat Penyelidikan Pertanian Tun Razak, a secondary school in Jerantut, Pahang
 * Pusat Penyelidikan Pertanian Tun Razak, a scientific research base in Jerantut, Pahang
 * Tun Abdul Razak Research Centre (formerly known as British Rubber Producers' Research Association) in Brickendonbury, England
 * KD Tun Abdul Razak, a Scorpène-class submarine of the Royal Malaysian Navy
 * Tun Abdul Razak Chancellor Hall (DECTAR) at the National University of Malaysia (UKM) in Bangi, Selangor
 * Tun Abdul Razak Library (PTAR) at MARA University of Technology (UiTM), Shah Alam, Selangor
 * Tun Razak Library, a public library in Ipoh, Perak
 * MRSM Tun Abdul Razak, MARA Junior Science College in Pekan, Pahang.
 * Bandar Tun Razak, a township in Jengka, Pahang
 * Stadium Tun Abdul Razak, a stadium in Jengka Pahang
 * Sekolah Berasrama Penuh Integrasi Tun Abdul Razak (SBPITAR), an integrated boarding school in Pekan, Pahang
 * Sekolah Dato' Abdul Razak (SDAR), all-boys boarding school in Seremban, Negeri Sembilan.
 * Universiti Tun Abdul Razak (UNIRAZAK), a private university in Kuala Lumpur.
 * Tun Abdul Razak Residential College, one of residential college in Universiti Malaysia Perlis
 * Dewan Tun Abdul Razak, Menara Kembar Bank Rakyat in Kuala Lumpur
 * Dewan Tun Abdul Razak, a museum exhibition gallery in Kuching, Sarawak Museum
 * Dewan Tun Abdul Razak 1 & 2, Putra World Trade Centre, Kuala Lumpur
 * Dewan Kenangan Tun Abdul Razak in Baling, Kedah
 * Institut Teknologi Tun Abdul Razak in Petaling Jaya, Selangor
 * Institut Teknologi Tun Abdul Razak in Perai, Penang
 * Tun Abdul Razak Hockey Cup
 * Tun Abdul Razak Heritage Park, a public recreational park in Kuala Lumpur
 * Tun Abdul Razak Memorial, a memorial in Kuala Lumpur
 * Kem Tun Razak, a military camp in Bayan Lepas, Penang
 * Tun Razak Chair at Ohio University's Department of Southeast Asian Studies
 * Tun Razak Exchange
 * Tun Razak Exchange MRT station in Kuala Lumpur
 * Tun Razak Tower in Kuala Lumpur
 * Universiti Tun Abdul Razak, formerly known as SIDMA College, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
 * Perpustakaan Tun Abdul Razak, a public library of UiTM Kota Kinabalu Branch
 * Kolej Tun Abdul Razak, a residential college at Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Perlis
 * Kolej Tun Abdul Razak and Kolej Toh Puan Abdul Razak, residential colleges at Universiti Teknologi MARA, Bukit Besi, Terengganu
 * Kolej Tun Abdul Razak, a residential college at Universiti Teknologi MARA, Machang, Kelantan
 * Kolej Tun Razak, a residential college at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor
 * Kolej Tun Abdul Razak, a residential college at Universiti Teknologi MARA, Machang, Kelantan
 * Kolej Tun Razak, a residential college at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor
 * Kolej Tun Razak, a residential college at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor
 * Kolej Tun Razak, a residential college at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor
 * Kolej Tun Razak, a residential college at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor

In popular culture
Motion picture & television Stage/Theatre
 * Malaysian actor Naa Murad N played in 2007 film 1957: Hati Malaya
 * FFM Award Winning actor Rusdi Ramli portrayed Razak in 2013 film Tanda Putera and won his second FFM for Best Leading Actor.
 * Malaysian actor Abdul Manan Sulaiman in 2015 film, Kapsul
 * FFM nominee Rashidi Ishak portrayed Razak in 2009 local theatre production Tun Razak in Istana Budaya.

title: Abdul Razak Hussein


text:
User talk:Omnipotent Q

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Daniel Quinlan 05:32, Nov 12, 2003 (UTC)

One more thing, you should add a boilerplate warning for spoilers to any article that descripts plot like your Cowboy Bebop article. It also needs some formatting to embolden the first mention of the page title, but that stuff is easily fixed. I just don't want to be exposed to the plot before I get the chance to see the movie. ;-) Daniel Quinlan 05:34, Nov 12, 2003 (UTC)

Omni: Heh, sorry. I figured that if it was on the DVD box, it was fair game. I wasn't confident about the exact sequence of the movie in line with the rest of the series either. Thanks for the help!

Oh, we feel that freedom! ;-) Here's a tip: you can sign your name by writing three tildes ( ~ ). Four tildes adds a timestamp, like the one in my signature. Have fun! -- Cyan 23:43, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Nifty. Thanks for the tip! Omnipotent Q 03:00, 13 Nov 2003 (UTC)

January 15 Seattle meetup
Just wanted to let you know we are planning another Seattle meetup on January 15, 2005. We're trying to get a sense of who will attend, so please drop by that page & leave a note. -- Jmabel | Talk 05:25, Dec 23, 2004 (UTC)

User categorization
Greetings, Omnipotent Q! Please accept this message as an invitation to categorize your user page in the category Category:Wikipedians in Washington and removing your name from the Wikipedians/Washington page. The page will be deleted when all users have been removed. Even if you do not wish to be placed in a category, could you take a moment to remove your name from the Wikipedians/Washington page? Thanks!!

To add your name to the category, please use the tag   to ensure proper sorting.

For more information, please see User categorisation and Category:Wikipedians by location. -- Roby Wayne  Talk •  Hist 04:30, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Omnipotent Q


text:
Benjamin Peirce

Benjamin Peirce (April 4, 1809 – October 6, 1880) was an American mathematician who taught at Harvard University for approximately 50 years. He made contributions to celestial mechanics, statistics, number theory, algebra, and the philosophy of mathematics.

Early life
He was born in Salem, Massachusetts, the son of first cousins Benjamin Peirce (1778–1831), later librarian of Harvard, and Lydia Ropes Nichols Peirce (1781–1868).

After graduating from Harvard University in 1829, he taught mathematics for two years at the Round Hill School in Northampton, and in 1831 was appointed professor of mathematics at Harvard. He added astronomy to his portfolio in 1842, and remained as Harvard professor until his death. In addition, he was instrumental in the development of Harvard's science curriculum, served as the college librarian, and was director of the United States Coast Survey from 1867 to 1874. In 1842, he was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society. He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society of London in 1852.

Research
Benjamin Peirce is often regarded as the earliest American scientist whose research was recognized as world class. He was an apologist for slavery, opining that it should be condoned if it was used to allow an elite to pursue scientific enquiry.

Mathematics
In number theory, he proved there is no odd perfect number with fewer than four prime factors.

In algebra, he was notable for the study of associative algebras. He first introduced the terms idempotent and nilpotent in 1870 to describe elements of these algebras, and he also introduced the Peirce decomposition.

In the philosophy of mathematics, he became known for the statement that "Mathematics is the science that draws necessary conclusions". Peirce's definition of mathematics was credited by his son, Charles Sanders Peirce, as helping to initiate the consequence-oriented philosophy of pragmatism. Like George Boole, Peirce believed that mathematics could be used to study logic. These ideas were further developed by his son Charles, who noted that logic also includes the study of faulty reasoning. In contrast, the later logicist program of Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell attempted to base mathematics on logic.

Statistics
Peirce proposed what came to be known as Peirce's Criterion for the statistical treatment of outliers, that is, of apparently extreme observations. His ideas were further developed by his son Charles.

Peirce was an expert witness in the Howland will forgery trial, where he was assisted by his son Charles. Their analysis of the questioned signature showed that it resembled another particular handwriting example so closely that the chance of such a match occurring at random, i.e. by pure coincidence, was extremely small.

Private life

He was devoutly religious, though he seldom published his theological thoughts. Peirce credited God as shaping nature in ways that account for the efficacy of pure mathematics in describing empirical phenomena. Peirce viewed "mathematics as study of God's work by God's creatures", according to an encyclopedia. He was an avid juggler of diabolo and wrote about the physics of the game in Analytic Mechanics.

He married Sarah Hunt Mills, the daughter of U.S. Senator Elijah Hunt Mills. Peirce and his wife had four sons and one daughter:
 * James Mills Peirce (1834–1906), who also taught mathematics at Harvard and succeeded to his father's professorship,
 * Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914), a famous logician, polymath and philosopher,
 * Benjamin Mills Peirce (1844–1870), who worked as a mining engineer before an early death,
 * Helen Huntington Peirce Ellis (1845–1923), who married William Rogers Ellis, and
 * Herbert Henry Davis Peirce (1849–1916), who pursued a career in the Foreign Service.

Eponyms
The lunar crater Peirce is named for Peirce, as well as the asteroid 29463 Benjaminpeirce.

Post-doctoral positions in Harvard University's mathematics department are named in his honor as Benjamin Peirce Fellows and Lecturers.

The United States Coast Survey ship USCS Benjamin Peirce, in commission from 1855 to 1868, was named for him.

Works

 * An Elementary Treatise on Plane and Spherical Trigonometry, Boston: James Munroe and Company. Google Eprints of successive editions 1840–1862.
 * Physical and Celestial Mechanics, Boston: Little, Brown and Company. Google Eprint of 1855 edition.
 * Linear Associative Algebra, lithograph by Peirce 1872. New edition with corrections, notes, and an added 1875 paper by Peirce, plus notes by his son Charles Sanders Peirce, published in the American Journal of Mathematics v. 4, 1881, Johns Hopkins University, pp. 221–226, Google Eprint and as an extract, D. Van Nostrand, 1882, Google Eprint.
 * 1872: A System of Analytical Mechanics, David van Nostrand & Company, link from Internet Archive

title: Benjamin Peirce


text:
Robert Jarvik

Robert Koffler Jarvik (born May 11, 1946) is an American scientist, researcher, and entrepreneur known for his role in developing the Jarvik-7 artificial heart.

Early life
Robert Jarvik was born in Midland, Michigan, to Norman Eugene Jarvik and Edythe Koffler Jarvik, and raised in Stamford, Connecticut. He is the brother to Jonathan Jarvik, a biological sciences professor at Carnegie Mellon University, as well as the nephew of Murray Jarvik, a pharmacologist who was the co-inventor of the nicotine patch. At an early age, Jarvik showed interest in mechanics and medicine, which would later influence his works. He already obtained five patents for his inventions at the age of 17.

Jarvik is a graduate of Syracuse University. He earned a master's degree in medical engineering from New York University.

After being admitted to the University of Utah School of Medicine, Jarvik completed two years of study, and in 1971 was hired by Willem Johan Kolff, a Dutch-born physician-inventor at the University of Utah, who produced the first dialysis machine, and who was working on other artificial organs, including a heart. Jarvik received his M.D. in 1976 from the University of Utah. Jarvik is a medical scientist, and did not complete an internship or residency and has never been licensed to practice medicine.

Career
Jarvik joined the University of Utah's artificial organs program in 1971, then headed by Willem Johan Kolff, his mentor. At the time, the program used a pneumatic artificial heart design by Clifford Kwan-Gett that had sustained an animal in the lab for 10 days. Kolff assigned Jarvik to design a new heart that would overcome the problems of the Kwan-Gett heart, eventually culminating with the Jarvik-7 device.

In 1982, the team carried out an artificial heart implant - the second ever, 13 years after Domingo Liotta and Denton Cooley's first in 1969. William DeVries first implanted the Jarvik-7 into retired dentist Barney Clark at the University of Utah on December 1, 1982. Clark required frequent visits to the hospital for the next 112 days, after which he died. During frequent press conferences to update the patient's condition, Jarvik, along with DeVries, briefed the world's media on Clark's condition. The next several implantations of the Jarvik-7 heart were conducted by Humana, a large health care insurance company. The second patient, William J. Schroeder, survived 620 days. In 1983, Jarvik and DeVries received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.

In 2006, Jarvik began appearing in television commercials for Pfizer's cholesterol medication Lipitor. Two members of Congress, as part of their campaign against celebrity endorsements, began an investigation as to whether his television advertisements constitute medical advice given without a license to practice medicine. One commercial depicted Jarvik rowing, he did not row himself, and a body double was used. Later, Jarvik said that he had not taken Lipitor until becoming a spokesman for the company. On February 25, 2008, Pfizer announced that it would discontinue its ads with Jarvik.

Personal life
Jarvik has been married twice. He has a son and daughter with his first wife, Salt Lake City writer and journalist Elaine Jarvik. In 2011, she and her daughter wrote the play, A Man Enters, inspired by Jarvik's absent relationship with his children since their divorce.

Jarvik has been married to Parade magazine columnist Marilyn vos Savant since August 23, 1987.

Contrary to some sources, Jarvik is not a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

title: Robert Jarvik


text:
Talk:November 12

Please add:
I would like to add "World Usability Day" : http://www.worldusabilityday.org/ Under Observances, International. ...but I couldn't work out the wiki formatting to make it a link. Help please! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 132.185.144.122 (talk) 10:59, 12 November 2009 (UTC)

Moved / removed
Removed:
 * 1915 - United Kingdom annexes Gilbert and Ellice Islands.

Could not be confirmed outside of 'this day in history'-type websites (very bad source). --mav 05:40, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Moved:
 * 1918 - Emperor Charles I of Austria abdicates.

Nope - happened on November 11. --mav 05:40, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Removed: fout frotof

 * 1954 - Ellis Island closes after processing over 20 million immigrants to the United States since its opening in 1892.

 * Nope - happened on November 29 and 12 million were processed. --mav 01:33, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * New York Times says it happened on 11/12.  What's the source for 11/29?  Perhaps we should contact National Park Service for date. --User:TMillerCA 03:42, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * I've collected some more comments about this at Talk:Ellis Island. In summary, it seems that both 12th and 29th are widespread. Stephen Turner 11:47, 17 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Loch Ness Monster
The reference to phtographs being taken on this day in 1933 by Hugh Gray does not have any mention whatever in the article on the Loch Ness Monster. It may have been confused with photographs that were taken in 1934 and which were revealed in 1994 as fakes. Furry 08:00, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

Hill Valley

 * 1955 - Lightning strikes Hill Valley clock tower. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.200.83.104 (talk) 19:51, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

Clarification requested
Under births, Tevin Campbell is listed as being born in 1976, but his page says (twice) that he was born in 1978. Thicks001 (talk) 23:19, 12 November 2009 (UTC)
 * No reliable sources confirm the correct date. Linked page from the article show both years.  Removed as unsupported.  -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 23:32, 12 November 2009 (UTC)

Cleanup
Continuing the ongoing effort to reduce the size of the Births and Deaths sections to make them manageable, I've removed some celebrities with few or no articles in other wikipedias, moving the entries to the appropriate Year in Topic article if they were not already present. This is in accordance with the guidelines.Deb (talk) 11:41, 21 July 2015 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 15 November 2018
Stan Lee's death on November 12, 2018 is missing Shamaflama (talk) 02:43, 15 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done DannyS712 (talk) 03:26, 15 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Please don't add new entries without references. It is easy enough to find them. This is the second time I've had to remove this because it was entered without a reference. Deb (talk) 08:42, 15 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:November 12