text:
Talk:History of Iraq

What does this mean?

"At that time, Assyria riven by a series of bitter civil wars being fought for control of the kingdom after the death of its last great ruler, Ashurbanipal." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.155.108.222 (talk) 05:20, 4 July 2014 (UTC)

comment
Hi, I'm thinking to start moving some of the history content over from the Saddam Article as it's getting pretty big (as has been commented on a lot there) and this article is pretty small. This seems to be agreeable to people there and to the commment below that this article needs more attention. - Pablo Mayrgundter 04:59, 18 Jun 2005 (UTC)

The absence of any detail between the Hellenic period and the modern is lamentable.--XmarkX 06:52, 13 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Am I missing something, or is there no reference to Operation Desert Fox in this article?--Thejabberwock 19:58, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Infinitely more important than Operation Desert Fox: why no reference at all to an important period of world history, the 'Abbasid caliphate ? It's like describing Italy's history without referring to the Roman Empire ...

The 2003 invasion has ABSOLUTELY NO CITES. AT ALL. Isn't this a big no-no on Wikipedia? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.118.221.243 (talk) 06:13, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

References for the 1941 coup and British invasion of Iraq

 * Battle of Baghdad, 1941
 * Country report, see Iraq as an independent monarchy section.
 * BA Hin History thesis describing the revolt in a political context
 * A history of the Iraq levies, 1915-1955
 * chronolgy of wars in Iraq involving British forces
 * another timeline
 * another timeline
 * Iraq, 1941 campaign and main page for the site
 * Metnion of the 1941 pogrom against Jews in Baghdad.
 * war diary, The Battle for Habbaniya and Falluja, to assist in tracking down units

When noting these different regimes, etc., it should be noted the orientations of these government's towards the West and the British. These orientations were very important at the time, and had influence over the Iraqi public's view of the ruler. For example, when Britain invaded and installed the Hashimite monarchy, this monarchy liked the West. This had an impact on the population, was one of the reasons that Iraq joined the Baghdad Pact, and was also one of the reasons that it was later overthrown.

Where does the name Iraq come from?
The name Iraq is derived from Iraq's Palms, but specificaly the roots of the palm.

 * the name 'iraq' has origins in an ancient persian word -- i cant remember the details, but it's listed in Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition. check 'Iraq'.

In addition to the above Persian word (Ērāk, which is in the article, and means either "lower Iran", or "Heart of Iran"), I have also heard that the ancient city of Uruk is considered a source. Although I have no source to back it up... Hiberniantears 21:20, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

 * i havent heard that myself, although i would tend to doubt it, since Urūk and `Irāq have different consonantal structures (Q and K are very different and unrelated sounds in semitic languages). granted, the very fact that the name includes both an `Ayin and a Qaf (the first and last letters of the word `irāq in arabic) points away from a persian (indo-european) origin. at the same time, i remember the EI2 article being quite convincing. i dont have it in front of me, but it should be able to resolve this question (or at least present another option!). cheers! Dgl 03:10, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

The main article on Iraq says that the name comes from an arabic word meaning "two veins". Celsiana 19:34, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

Could you add the Bremner, Bird and Fortune reason: something along the lines of The British creating such a mess of the country that they started calling it 'A-Wreck' and this then formed the word Iraq? I suppose it is hardly factual.

 * I just wish to point out that during medeval times there were two iraqs. "Iraq Ajami" (now south western iran) and "Iraq Arabi" (or iraq proper). However Iraq(Arabi) was not the same iraq as we see today. Iraq was the area north of the marshlands and north of Basra and south of Baghdad or possibly Samarra.

This page needs updating
As this page ends with current events more attention needs to be paid to keeping up. Also, new developments in the UN Oil-for-Food program need to be mentioned. I don't feel up to major additions.

I just added a couple of things that are related to the Arab revolt. Since there was little about Churchill's role during this crucial event, I felt his name had to be cited concerning the alleged (I'm trying to be objective!:)) use of poison gas on civilians. here's my source.... http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/rsepResources/si/oct02/middleEast.asp

and don't tell me that the navy is some kind of commie organisation!! LOL

Regarding the meaning of the word, Iraq, there is obviously little agreement. In 2003 my interpreter, an intellectual Iraqi physician, told me that it refers to the color of the earth, which is blacker in the north than in the south. I think he was referring to "richer" soil, although I am not sure. At least in the uSA, we automatically assume dark, loamy soil is more fertile - I could be guilty of mirror-imaging culture. Nevertheless, he made defininte reference to the soil's color in this region, vs. more to the south. Warner Anderson

I agree. This article stops in 2006 and can give the wrong impression that Iraq is caught up in a violent civil war. This does not reflect current conditions in the country. The article stops with events in 2006 and we are already more than half way done with 2009. An update would be highly recommended unless the point of the article is to present a non neutral political point of view. - Robert Canales —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.229.73.142 (talk) 01:08, 18 August 2009 (UTC)

POV issue?
Here are a few possible examples of NPOV:

''...resorting to aerial bombardment of Iraqi villages before control was established. These operations, in which it is alleged poison gas was used, were led by the future prime minister W.Churchill.'' -Resorting to could be considered NPOV, and if the allegation is unsubstantiated, why mention it? "Resorting to" might be better removed.

The Kurds in the north, wavering between adherence to the new Turkish state of Kemal Atatürk and the newly created Iraqi state, were lured by a British promise of autonomy within Iraq, a promise that was broken as soon as their incorporation was a fact. -Wavering implies they have no loyalties, also being lured, and broken promises by the British.

The British designated Iraq as a kingdom and placed the country under the rule of Emir Faisal ibn Husayn, leader of the so-called Arab Revolt against the Ottoman sultan... -So-called is a very loaded phrase, indicating it did not deserve the title, a statement of quality. "Sometimes refered to as" might be a better description.

Chased by the French out of Syria, of which he had been proclaimed king, -Deposed or exiled is less loaded.

''Feisal obtained the throne of Iraq by the influence of T.E. Lawrence (of Arabia) and Miss Getrude Bell, a romatically inclined English writer who lived in Baghdad, during a conference in Cairo, presided by the British minister of Colonial Affairs, Winston Churchill. Although the monarch was elected and proclaimed King by plebiscite in 1921, boycotted by the shi'ite majority, full independence was not achieved until 1932'' -This implies that It was the work of only three people that brought Feisal to the monarchy. Also, why is the shi'ite protest mentioned?

Kurds had caused trouble earlier, insisting on their promised autonomy, and had never accepted the monarchy. -Implication that the kurds "cause trouble."

Qassem backed down, and in October 1963, Iraq recognised the sovereignty and borders of Kuwait. -A better way to describe it may be capitulated, but this may still be assigning a value to the action. Withdrew is also a possibility.

Barzani and the Kurds who had begun a rebellion in 1961 were still causing problems in 1969 and the government had to deal with it. -Again, the kurds are described as causing trouble. Rebellion, insurrection and other political adjectives may be more acceptable.

 As a result, Iraq experienced fast economic growth and at the end of the 1970s it was possible for Iraqis on a teacher's salary, to take holidays in Europe. -A strange description, implying opulence?

''During the 1970s, border disputes with Iran and Kuwait caused many problems. Kuwait's refusal to allow Iraq to build an harbour in the Shatt al-Arab delta strengthened Iraq's belief that the conservative powers in the region were trying to control the Persian Gulf. Iran's occupation of numerous islands in the Strait of Hormuz didn't help alter Iraq's fears.'' -"caused many problems" may be better written as "strained relations between." "didn't help alter Iraq's fears" seems to say that the blame should not be lain at Iraq's feet. "Increased tensions" could be better.

''In retrospect, the 1970s can be seen as a highpoint in Iraq's modern history. A new, young, technocratic elite was governing the country, the fast growing economy brought stability and many Arabs outside Iraq considered it an example. However, the following decade would not be so good.'' -The phrase "is considered by many" if there is evidence of such, can replace "can be seen." The next decade "not being so good" is also a judgement call.

''During the 1970s, border disputes with Iran and Kuwait caused many problems. Kuwait's refusal to allow Iraq to build an harbour in the Shatt al-Arab delta strengthened Iraq's belief that the conservative powers in the region were trying to control the Persian Gulf. Iran's occupation of numerous islands in the Strait of Hormuz didn't help alter Iraq's fears.'' -"caused many problems" may be better written as "strained relations between." "didn't help alter Iraq's fears" seems to say that the blame should not be lain at Iraq's feet. "Increased tensions" could be better.

''but the action was internationally condemned as aggressive. However, in hind sight, following the Persian Gulf War this action might be viewed a prescient intervention, to prevent Iraq from developing a nuclear military capability - a capability which would have most likely deterred the UN intervention in defence of Kuwait.'' -Conjecture and accusations of Israel when no blame should be laid.

April Glaspie informed Saddam that the United States had no interest in Iraq/Kuwait border disputes. -Again casting America in a negative light.

''one hundred and forty thousand tons of munitions had showered down on the country, the equivalent of 7 Hiroshima bombs. Probably as many as 100,000 Iraqi soldiers and tens of thousands of civilians were killed.'' -This does not mention American forces killed, and the exaggeration of the nuclear bombs could be a generalization made of most wars, if all munitions were added together.

''Conference centres and shopping and residential areas were hit. Hundreds of Iraqis were killed in the attack on the Al-Amiriyah bomb shelter. Diseases spread through contaminated drinking water because water purification and sewage treatment facilities could not operate without electricity.'' -Once more casting America as villian, when neither the reconstruction nor the possibility that such attacks were not intended to kill civilians.

''According to UN estimates, a million children died during trade embargo, due to malnutrition or lack of medical supplies. 30% of the proceeds were redirected to a war reparations account.'' -The destruction of children is implied as the result of the embargo only.

''The Clinton administration judged an alleged attempted assassination of former President George H. W. Bush while in Kuwait to be worthy of a military response on 27 June 1993. The Iraqi Intelligence Headquarters in Baghdad was targeted by 23 Tomahawk cruise missiles, launched from US warships in the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. Three missiles were declared to have missed the target, causing some collateral damage to nearby residential housing and eight civilian deaths.'' -"Judged to be", "alleged" are both loaded terms, and the collateral damage is always reported as the result, with no report of the fate of the IIS headquarters.

In May 1995 Saddam sacked his half-brother, Wathban, as Interior Minister and in July demoted his notorious and powerful Defense Minister, Ali Hassan al-Majid -"Notorius" gives a sense of menace, and "sacked" is a harsher, more judgemental word than the phrase "removed from office."

it seemed clear that Saddam felt more secure protected by his immediate family members. -Is it possible to deign what Saddam felt? A quote would be more appropriate.

his Minister of Military Industries and a key henchman, -"Henchman" a highly loaded term.

in order to pre-empt any revelations that the defector could make. -Again presuming instead of reporting the facts.

''The weakening of the internal position of the government occurred at a time when the external opposition forces were as weak as ever, too divided among themselves to take any effective action. At the same time, France and Russia pushed for an easing of sanctions. US determination to keep up the pressure on Iraq prevailed however.'' -An implication that the United States was "stacking the deck."

--Devoidgod 30 June 2005 10:07 (UTC)

>>>>>> Britain ....... defined the territorial limits of Iraq with little regard for natural frontiers and traditional tribal and ethnic settlements. <<<<<<<

Scrawl - Elsewhere the article says words to the effect "Modern day Iraq is almost exactly the same as Mesopotamia". (I don't know which of these statements is true).

>>>>>> The British government laid out the political and constitutional framework for Iraq's government. As a consequence, the new political system suffered a lack of legitimacy. Britain imposed a Hashemite monarchy on Iraq <<<<<<<<<<<<

Scrawl - The "new political system" worked rather well, surviving through 3 generations (+ a regency, making 3 successful handovers) over some 37 years. Monarchies are frequently invited in from outside (there's not been an English monarch since 1485). Although Kings can be subverted and made into puppets, they're resistant to it, far more so than republics. Also, I think Iraq sided with the Nazis, so the government (monarch?) was clearly not a foreign puppet.

>>>>> Britain had to put down a major revolt against its policies between 1920 and 1922. <<<<<<

Scrawl - Britain's policies had never been in effect at this time! Why not say "Elements of the defeated Ottoman Empire, hung on in Iraq and strongly resisted the new mandate authorities for 2 years"?

>>>>>>>>> During the revolt Britain used gas and air attacks on Iraqi villagers. <<<<<<

Scrawl - I'm told there is no evidence for gas attacks by the British on Iraqi villages. The story arose because Churchill wrote in favour of it. It's been picked up by propagandists to incite hatred against the British.

Scrawl = 82.9.87.149 08:40, 6 November 2005 (UTC)

This Article is Blatantly Biased ==

What the author of this article has managed to do is paint a warmongering picture of the U.S. and the United Kingdom, as well as that the war was illegal and is completely hopeless. Here is what I am referring to:

Iraq underwent a questionable Coalition occupation following the ousting of the Ba'ath Party in April.

The political future is uncertain and detailed plans remain to be developed.

''A few days after the 11 March 2004 Madrid attacks, the pro-war government of Spain was voted out of office. The War had been deeply unpopular and the incoming Socialist government followed through on its manifesto commitment to withdraw troops from Iraq.''I believe thatirq did have womd and hid them

On the heels of the 2004 spring uprising, the troops of the Dominican Republic, Honduran, Guatemala, Kazakhstan, Singapore, Thailand, Portugal, Philippines, Bulgaria, Nicaragua and Italy have left or are planning to leave as well.

I don't contest what is being said, what I don't agree with is how it is being said. There are many differend ways that things can be said. Even though what is said may be true, the object is to depict the truth in a neutral fashion. Roygene 21:53, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

I think some parts of the article fail to accurately represent history by being too generous to US intentions. Someone above me said that the line "April Glaspie informed Saddām that the United States had no interest in border disputes between Iraq and Kuwait" cast America in a negative light. This objectively happened, so stating this fact isn't biased. The passage says,"April Glaspie informed Saddām that the United States had no interest in border disputes between Iraq and Kuwait, as was the U.S. government's official tone on the subject at the time. Subsequent events would prove otherwise, however this was said to Saddam in hopes that it would prevent him from attacking." But why would this keep Saddam from attacking? If Saddam were led to believe the US wouldn't use military force to defend Kuwait, he was encouraged to attack. The US clearly and deliberated prodded Saddam to invade. 72.92.11.6 (talk) 01:14, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

History has always subjective parts
From my history lesssons I know that the democratic governed and Comunist governed country tried to increase their influence. That was a kind of competition and every side tried to have countries in the middle orient, asia and south america on its side. The history of Iraq is of course not free of such influence too. To write some (true) aspects offence some people, to leave it out offence some other people. Some aspects take the leaders of their countries to the grave, so that everybody is able only to guess. For History you have to read between the lines and sometimes to combine in a way the author or other people may be disaggree. In some cases the founder of the states tried to set borders so that war is not necessary for basic needs. In this countries it that the water. The (non-salt) water reservoirs of Tuerkye and Iraq are in the middle. If there was a state between which had both parts, it would not take long till both sides occupation attempts. I remembered a remark of Ata Tuerk going into this direction. Second aspect was the increase of religious radicals in this region. The Schah had to leave Iran and Khomeni came. In 1945 when the Kurdish rebellion failed, one leading group fled to the Soviet Union. Of course they have kept in contact so that they were often seen as possible supporters of the Soviet Union. Others believed they are more religious fundamentalists. That could be a reason to be blind on (inhuman) attacks on them or supporting this by encouraging a leader of country to keep them down and further more to attack a fundamentalistic neighbour. You should know, that the winner in the end writes the history - a very old and true phrase.

Now I will be going to a simple test if you are able to surpress your subjective opinion far enough to write about history - where facts are not so clear as in mathematics. If you think my additions are good and the history of Iraq should be changed exactly into that direction, then you will not be more objective than I am. If you think my additions are biased far away from neutrality (lies, or stronger words you will use), then you will not be more objective than I am. If you think my additions are interesting ideas and some actual facts could support or lead to this opinion of somebody although you do not aggree, then you will be able to surpress your subjective opinion enough to write about history topics. If you think my additions give for some historical events an explanation but often other reasons and facts are more decisible, although you aggree, then you will be able to surpress your subjective opinion enough to write about history topics.

Please read from the beginning.

In the end a good history article contains the opinon (represented in facts and interpretations, which they think (or better believe) is correct) of the majority (that`s democracy) without omitting the opinion (represented in facts and interpretations)of the majority of the opposition (that`s the little important difference of democracy to other forms of ruling a country).

I read the article. I do not find the article has a strong tendency. The author has to select if he will not write a thick book. Not everybody aggrees with the selection, that`s democray. Good style would be to add more from the history of Iraq, not deleting parts (then you do selection too). I would do it if knew more from Iraq.

Dieter --138.89.56.7 20:22, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

 * i agree with some of the people above -- this article does not strike me as particularly biased in any way. The Shi`i Revolt of 1920 and the comments made by April Gillespie can be found in any academic history of Iraq -- for example, see the works of Peter & Marion Sluglett, Phebe Marr, Yitzhak Nakash, and Toby Dodge. as far as the comments on the 2003 war, if people feel that these areas are not neutral, i suggest either just deleted the section and including a link to the main article on the subject or presenting all views on the war ... Dgl 13:51, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Kurdish aspirations after Ottoman rule
Trying to do some weeding in terms of the POV in this article, and I have removed a reference to the Kurds "wavering between Turkey and Iraq" after WWI. I couldn't really make sense of it (were they considering moving accross the border en masse or what?) and I don't think I would have been too impressed if I were Kurdish. However, I do think the Kurdish perspective at this time is a significant missing part of the article, so I thought I'd flag it up for anyone who is able to contribute something --Vjam 12:45, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

THIS GOES FOR ALL THE COMMENTS I'VE READ ABOVE...NOT JUST THE TOPIC ABOVE: Wow...are you guys for real? Are you using this as a place to post actual history or to post your opinions or your agendas?? Where are some of you getting your info? The media?? Some of the things I'm reading about...I've actually been there and seen it, as my husband and fellow comrades have...and you're way off base. Living and working next to the Sunnis, Shias, and Turks...most of you don't have a clue. Be careful what you state as facts..that's exactly how the media gets the public and the rest of the world up in an uproar..not to mention to not support our government and Soldiers. - a concerned Soldier

 * I doubt the perspective of American soldiers in Iraq (who are mostly confined to their bases so living and working with Iraqis I find a bit hard to accept) is very usefull when writing an history of Iraq but if you have some points you want to discuss with us feel free. However general observations are not very helpfull so please be specific. Chardon 12:01, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

 * And if you are someone who actually knows something that's not in the article, and it's not your own research but has an authoritative source to cite, then put it in. "Support our soldiers" and "support our government" has nothing at all to do with writing a factual article.  Besides, since when do we have to support the wrongs of an evil faction within our government, and in what way does "supporting our government" have anything to do with supporting our troops?  You are talking about the same government that sent you to fight a war that wasn't declared, on a nation that posed no threat to us, a nation that the govt. knew did not have weapons of mass destruction, that had nothing to do with attacking the US... (Saddam was evil, sure, most of the puppet despots our government installs as dictators are evil.) The government that sent you to face gas attacks without enough functioning gas masks ?... the same government that forbids your mother to send you some body armor from home to replace the armor you didn't get issued?... the same government that says Gulf War syndrome doesn't exist?... the same government that has already allowed some of your returning brothers to be living in poverty and homeless on the street with missing limbs?  If you have something to add to the article that's not there, by all means put it in.  But don't lecture us about supporting 'our government', when by that government you mean a President who was installed by cronies after a questionable election, who lied about knowing 9/11 was coming, who started the war based on lies about WMD's... I support my troops by not sending them on a snipe hunt and not asking them to fight an endless war for a finite commodity.  68.183.79.162 17:50, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

Pedant 17:52, 24 April 2006 (UTC) (wasn't logged in, but I definitely want credit for that)

Wonderful rebuttal Pedant: If you have a comment please post as a neutral question rather than an emphatic rant and give either a contrary comment, preferabley backed by citation, or a suggestion that can lead to the formulation of a neutral wiki.

They didn't know what they were doing?
"The British government laid out the political and constitutional framework for Iraq's government. Britain imposed a Hāshimite monarchy on Iraq and defined the territorial limits of Iraq without taking into account the aspirations of the different ethnic and religious groups in the country, in particular those of the Kurds to the north."

Did the person who wrote this is aware of Britian's Divide and conquer stratergy? Britain knew very well what they were doing. Somebody please edit this line. Chaldean 03:41, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

These lines don't say Britain wasn't aware of the aspirations of the different groups, they say that they weren't taken into account. You could add an extra sentence to make the difference more clear. Wikipedia can be edited by everyone using a computer and an Internet connection. If you see something you think needs clarification feel free to edit. Chardon 06:06, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

Saddam Hussein/Saddam Hussain/Saddām Husayn/consistency?
Is there an accepted correct transliteration of Sodom Who's-sane's name, or are we just going to use any fonettyck spelling we choose? Our main article is at Saddam Hussein, it seems we should use only that spelling and put alternate spellings in the Saddam Hussein article, but use a consistent spelling in this one as it is distracting to see is spelt different ways... comment? Pedant 18:07, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

"de facto ruler"..."came to power""

 * "In July 1979, Bakr resigned, and his successor, Saddam Hussein, assumed the offices of both President and Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council. He was the de facto ruler of Iraq for some years before he formally came to power."

I think a little bit more detail would be helpful in this paragraph.Pedant 18:11, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

Perhaps it should read "had been'' the de facto ruler"?

Chemical warfare
Flame and smoke are not commonly considered chemical weapons. white phosphorus is primary an incendiary weapon. It is mainly used because it produces flameing chunks which are hard to put out. While you can of course be poisened by Phosphorus if someone has droped a Phosphorus bomb on you poisening is not going to be your primary concern. For much the same reason things like Napalm and flamethrowers are not considered chemical weapons.Geni 09:09, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

→You must have missed the whole Fallujah uproar about the use of phosphor bombs by the US military. According to the Geneva Convention if phosphorus bombs are used to kill people it is a chemical weapon. The use of these bombs by the RAF in Iraq is documented in Iraq: from Sumer to Saddam. Even if the RAF used the bombs only to start a fire, if they accidently killed a Kurd by it they used the phopsphorus bombs as a chemical weapon according to the Convention. Rv back. Chardon 12:53, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Saw it wasn't impressed. You see the wording of the Geneva Protocol does no such thing. The Chemical Weapons Convention fails to list it. The reason is that it is used for it's physical properties (burning mostly) rather than it's chemical properties (for which it would not be the most logical choice since britian had for more toxic properties availible. So You understanding of what makes a chemical weapon is incorrect hus revert.Geni 14:28, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I see you accept that the RAF used phosphorus bombs during their campaign against the Kurds. How about we change the line to: Britain used phosphorus bombs against Kurdish villagers. Most legal experts consider phospherus bombs chemical weapons. I won't rv, waiting for your answer. Chardon 16:59, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Evidence that most legal experts consider this?Geni 19:50, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I see you accept legal experts consider phosperus bombs chemical weapons. I'll edit the page: Britain used phosphorus bombs against Kurdish villagers. Legal experts consider phospherus bombs chemical weapons. Good night Chardon 21:15, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * strawman. I don't accept that. I was just dealing with one claim at a time I am unlikely to adress claims you have not made.Geni 21:30, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Well what do you accept? If you want to be understood you better make yourself clear. Jokes and one line responses don´t do it. The position is this: Britain used phosphorus bombs against the Kurds. Phosphorus bombs are chemical weapons to legal experts. Please tell us what you think is wrong with these facts. And no, your personal opinion sbout phosphorus bombs doesn´t count. Chardon 07:20, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The evidence suggests that phosphorus bombs are not cheical weapons to the legal experts otherwise they would have been listed in the CWC. Phosphorus bombs use phosphorus for it's physical effects not it's chemical effects. Most explosives are toxic in some doses (people have died from TNT poisening). Are you going to claim they are chemical weapons? You claim all these legal experts but you fail to provide a source.Geni 10:47, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * From Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPCW. There is also the Italian documentary: http://www.rainews24.rai.it/ran24/inchiesta/fosforo.asp. Chardon 15:15, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * the first fails to support your claim and the second fails Reliable sources.Geni 14:13, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Please explain yourself more. Why does the first source fail to support my claim and why is the second source not reliable. You must really try to be more clear. Chardon 15:14, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * well the former includes the phrase "in a manner that exploited the toxic or caustic properties" Phosphorus bombs are used as incendury devices in a simular way to napalm. asfor the rest read the link.Geni 15:35, 22 August

2006 (UTC)

 * The point of course is that the RAF exploited the toxic and caustic properties of phosphorus bombs. Chardon 09:24, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

 * evidences?Geni 12:22, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Your responses are getting shorter and shorter. What´s next: a one letter response? It´s a bit difficult to have a discussion with you. Why didn´t you answer me by giving your reasons why you think the RAF used phophorus bombs as smoke bombs. Further, you still haven´t answered why the RAI documentary is not a reliable source. What if I answer this new question and you again dismiss it without giving an explanation? Please express yourself more clearly. If your busy and don´t have time to answer perhaps it´s better for you to stop editing this page till you have the time to explain your ideas. In the meantime I´m reverting again. Chardon 13:25, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Standard militry doctrain of the period was to use phosphorus bombs as incendaries (because they are rather difficult to put out. You claimed "the RAF exploited the toxic and caustic properties of phosphorus bombs" provide evidences for this claim or withdraw it. The documentry appears to be self published.Geni 16:49, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

What do you mean 'appears to be self published'. It is self published or it's not. And what does self published mean? I can't find the term on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources. There was no standard military doctrine for air warfare at that time. Iraq was a testing ground for the RAF. It was said that the RAF could destroy a Kurdish village in 45 minutes and kill a third of its inhabitants. That sounds pretty caustic to me: http://www.cambridgeclarion.org/birds_of_death/transcript.html (another documentary) Chardon 17:30, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Reliable_sources. Aditionaly I have background in chemistry so statements like "it was said that the RAF could destroy a Kurdish village in 45 minutes and kill a third of its inhabitants. That sounds pretty caustic to me" are not going to impress me. The number killed in no way indicates that the phosphorus bombs were used for their caustic properties (in fact it reduces the chances).Geni 18:55, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the direct link. I missed the ´-´ in self-published when I searched for it. Anyway, the documentary was made by professional journalists for a state television station so it is certainly not a self-published source. The OPCW disagrees with you. If you drop a phosphorus bomb on a village and burn a Kurd, the bomb is a chemical weapon. Your background in chemistry is not to the point. We are not discussing how to make a phosphorus bomb but wether the RAF in Iraq used chemical weapons. Chardon 08:47, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

 * ah burning would not be "in a manner that exploited the toxic or caustic properties of phosphorus". So no the OPCW does not say that.Geni 10:42, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes it does. The burns are caused by caustic chemicals. If you have a background in chemistry you should know that. rv Chardon 12:13, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

 * no the burns are caused by the stuff being on fire. Strangely the effects of being hit by burning lumps of phosphorus are rather more significant than the caustic effects. Just as being hit by the explosive force of TNT is generaly more of a problem than it's toxic effects. Phosphorus bombs have a long history of being used as incendiary devices and was used in such a fashion in both world war 2 and the Korean war. Phosphorus is a good incendiary device. It makes a really poor chemical weapon so it isn't used as such.Geni 13:58, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I think we are saying the same thing: being hit by a phosphorus bomb burns you. My point is that this means that according to the OPCW the phophorus bomb qualifies as a chemical weapon. You say not. The OPCW is a better source then you. Conclusion: the information given in the lines I wrote are correct. Chardon 15:27, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

 * er you relise you just claimed that electricty is a chemical weapon (it can burn)?. The OPCW says that if phosphorus is used for it's caustic properties it is aq chemical weapon. Useing it as an incendiary doesn't qualify since that uses a physical effect (heat) to do the damage.Geni 15:44, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Perhaps my English isn´t good enough: What do you call the effects of caustic chemicals on the human body? I think the effect is a burn. When a phosphorus bomb hits a Kurd and the Kurd gets burned by the caustic chemical and dies, was his dead caused by the burns or by the phosphorus bomb? I think the phosphorus bomb. What do you think? Chardon 07:42, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

 * his death will have been caused by being hit by something that was on fire. A bit like napalm.Geni 11:13, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

 * By something? I asked you if he was killed by the phosphorus bomb. Yes or no? If yes don´t you think that this means that the phosphorus bomb was used as a chemical weapon (the OPCW does think so). If you don´t think so can you give us reasons why you think not. If you don´t think the Kurd was killed by the phosporus bomb can you explain what killed him then? Chardon 08:26, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The OPCW thinks you can use phosphorus against people without useing it as a chemical weapon. If I beat someone to death useing a lump of arsnic (tricky I know) I am not useing a chemical waepon. If I used it to poison them then I would be. If I blow you up useing TNT then I am not useing a chemical weapon. IF I poison someone with TNT them I'm useing a chemical weapon. If I deploy an A-bomb agaist someone I'm not useing a chemical weapon. If I use  U-235 to give them heavy metal poisening then I'm useing a chemical weapon. It does not matter what hit them. Since it caused it's damage by being on fire rather than through other means it cannot be considered a chemical weapon. Which part of this are you unable to grasp?Geni 01:15, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

 * No the OPCW does not think you can use phosphorus bombs against people, in any circumstances. In fact if phosphorus boms are used for ´legitimate´ purposes (for example illumination) and a person gets accidently killed according to the OPCW the phosphorus bomb was used as a chemical weapon. But perhaps you have OPCW documentation that says otherwise? Please share it with us. Chardon 08:26, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

 * "No it's not forbidden by the CWC if it is used within the context of a military application which does not require or does not intend to use the toxic properties of white phosphorus." Thus using White phosphorus as an Incendiary device is not forbidden by the OPCW.Geni 11:47, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes that´s right but ít´s not an answer to my question. It´s not allowed to use phosporus bombs against people (even if the bombs are used as an incendiary device and the deaths accidently). Phosphorus bombs dropped by the RAF on a Kurdish village are certain to cause casualties. If we follow your argumentation any general can drop phosphurus bombs on a city and say: hey i didn´t use the bombs against people but against houses and facturies so it´s alright. Chardon 12:13, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

 * sure you could do that as long as you used them as incendiaries or smoke markers. It would be strange choice (we have better incendiaries these days) but yes nothing would stop you from doing it. No show me where the CWC has said that you cannot phosporus bombs against people.Geni 12:36, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The information is in my earlier link, the Italian documentary: here is another http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05/11/08/1516232&mode=thread&tid=25 Chardon 09:49, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

 * and Lt. Col. Steve Boylan goes through and knocks out every one of their claims. Don't you think it odd that you are haveing to scratch around on the edge rather than have big BBC headlines say "US uses chemical weapons"? Now where does the CWC say that you cannot use phosporus bombs against people? Come on that would be a major announcement so it must be writen down somewhere.Geni 00:05, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Phosphorous isn't a caustic chemical, it just burns really hot. It would be the same as calling wood a chemical weapon because it causes burns when ignited. Also, the OPCW says phosphorous can be used, provided it is used to burn people instead of poisoning people. (I guess if you really wanted to you could poison someone with WP, but it wouldn't be very effective.) Basically, if WP is a chemical weapon then everything is a chemical weapon. Napalm causes burns, it must be a chemical weapon. Bullets are propelled by nitrocellulose, they must be chemical weapons. Tanks are put out suffocating carbon dioxide so they must also be chemical weapons. Really, it's ridiculous. WP is nasty stuff, but it's not a chemical weapon. AngryParsley (talk) (contribs) 00:51, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Is the Lt. Col a reliable source according to the wiki guidelines? Anyway, i´m no legal expert so I´m not going to try to build a case why phosphorus bombs are chemical weapons. The fact that the OPCW thinks that pb used against people makes them chemical weapons should be enough. It´s unlikely that the organisation charged with the implimentation of the CWC would say something that would contradict the treaty. I can give you a quote from wthe wikipedia article http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapons

 * Under this Convention, any toxic chemical, regardless of its origin, is considered as a chemical weapon unless it is used for purposes that are not prohibited (an important legal definition, known as the General Purpose Criterion).

 * With my imperfect legal knowledge I think this the reason why the OPCW thinks that the use of pb against people makes it a chemical weapon (pb short for phosphorus bomb) Chardon 12:00, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Please stop makeing false claims about what the OPCW thinks. Purposes that are not prohibited includes useing it as an incendiary.Geni 15:33, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

 * What false claims? It´s clear from the documentation that the OPCW does not allow the use of pb against people. Perhaps you can tell us where the OPCW says that the use of pb against people is allowed Chardon 14:23, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

This Article so needs to be rewritten
It's filled with POVs and factual errors, it'll be a tough job though.

Not only that, it's the idiot talk of armchair soldiers. If you've ever seen what WP(Willie Peter) does to the human body, you'd feel deeply ashamed of this ego dialogue that's gone on so numbingly long. WP is a chemical reaction that, if it gets on you, will burn clean through your body. It is impossible to extinguish. Labels won't change that. Go back and pick up your soul. You dropped it. ````

There are only 3 categories of Chemical Weapons. Nerve, Blood, and Blister. WP does not fall into any of those categories. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 211.60.45.6 (talk) 22:26, 5 August 2009 (UTC)

Arab tribes in Iraq prior to European colonization
I think there needs to be a discussion of the turbulence of Iraq/Mesopotamia during the Middle Ages and prior to World War I. The Ottomans, Persians, Mongols, etc., found the Arab tribes practically impossible to control, and they held only limited control outside of Baghdad. History of Iraq

Americans are just the latest power to be stupid enough to try to control Iraq.--146.145.70.200 21:20, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

TfD nomination of Template:PD-Old regime Iraq
Template:PD-Old regime Iraq has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for Deletion page. Thank you. — Jeff G. (talk|contribs) 15:35, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Iraq
I think we should put more pictures in this article, and show a little more neutrality on the topics. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.102.73.113 (talk) 16:48, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

Fix needed in the "Arab conquest and early Islamic period" section
Could someone take a look at the first sentence in this section? I don't know what it should say. "The first organised leaders were me the new queen of Iraq conflict..." Thank you! Gingerwiki (talk) 04:45, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

Image of Saddam after capture
The image of Saddam after his capture is very related to the subject and is the only picture for a quite lengthy description. Mashkin (talk) 10:50, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

The image of Saddam after his capture, is an instance of psychological warfare. As a member of WikiProject Iraq who develops articles related to Iraq, I judge that it is not needed. Izzedine (talk) 20:09, 5 May 2009 (UTC)

 * That is a legitimate opinion, but it is just yours. I have a different one and the image existed in the article, so it should stay here until the end of the discussion. Not clear why even if it is "an instance of psychological warfare" it does not belong here. What image do you prefer? Mashkin (talk) 09:28, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I prefer the image showing the occupation zones. Izzedine (talk) 21:55, 9 May 2009 (UTC)

dab
Please could you explain this unexplained mass revert ? Izzedine 13:55, 14 January 2010 (UTC)

History of Iraq
The time.com article says the cultural history of Iraq stretches back 10k years --Supreme Deliciousness (talk) 15:59, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

I have never heard of any "crotch itchers" in this subject, looks like vandalism: --Supreme Deliciousness (talk) 20:20, 15 February 2010 (UTC)

Iraq Liberation Act
In the sentence "The Iraq Liberation Act, fully three years prior to the 9-11 terrorist attacks, codified regime change in Iraq as the official policy of the United States government. It was passed 99-0 by the United States Senate", the reference to 9/11 seems odd and irrelevant at best, and an attempt to subtly link 9/11 to the invasion of Iraq at worst. So I've removed that part of the sentence. pomegranate (talk) 16:45, 20 March 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on History of Iraq. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121028003924/http://www.iraqwatch.org/perspectives/meria-rubin-sanctions-1201.htm to http://www.iraqwatch.org/perspectives/meria-rubin-sanctions-1201.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:34, 3 April 2017 (UTC)

Change dating system to Common Era
I will be changing the dating system on this article away from the biased, Christian based AD/BC to the common era system. This will bring the article into alignment with secular usage such as https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_India. If you object, please state why you are ok with the biased system here. Eupnevma (talk) 19:41, 3 February 2023 (UTC)

 * I disagree. I see no reason to change per MOS:VAR. Masterhatch (talk) 19:46, 3 February 2023 (UTC)

Before you go changing AC BC please read Manual of Style, specifically MOS:VAR. Also, as User:Eupnevma brought this up on multiple pages, instead of hundreds of discussions regarding the changes on hundreds of different talk pages, get a conversation going here: Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style. Thanks! Masterhatch (talk) 21:09, 3 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of Iraq


text:
Henry Somerset, 1st Duke of Beaufort

Henry Somerset, 1st Duke of Beaufort, KG, PC (1629 – 21 January 1700) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1654 and 1667, when he succeeded his father as 3rd Marquess of Worcester. He was styled Lord Herbert from 1644 until 3 April 1667. The Dukedom of Beaufort was bestowed upon him by King Charles II in 1682.

Early life
Henry Somerset was born at Raglan Castle in 1629, and from 1644 was styled Lord Herbert of Raglan. As a reward for the services of his father Edward, he was promised, on 1 April 1646, the hand of Princess Elizabeth, the youngest daughter of King Charles I. He left the country during the First English Civil War, but returned by 1650.

Lord Herbert
His father's estates had been forfeited, and those in Monmouthshire were held by Oliver Cromwell, but Herbert was given an allowance. Having renounced the Roman Catholic faith, which his father had held, he became acceptable to Cromwell, and was known as plain Mr. Herbert. He adopted the "republican" form of marriage before a justice of the peace in 1657. He sat in the First Protectorate Parliament as Member of Parliament for Breconshire in 1654–5.

After Cromwell's death, Herbert then joined the party that demanded a "full and free parliament", in practical terms demanding the Restoration of the House of Stuart. He was involved in the royalist plot of July 1659, and was committed to the Tower of London, whence he wrote to his wife on 20 August 1659 a letter taking a justly sanguine view of his situation. He was released on 1 November 1659, and was elected MP for Monmouthshire and for Wootton Basset in 1660; he chose to sit for Monmouthshire in the Convention Parliament. In 1661 he was re-elected MP for Monmouthshire in the Cavalier Parliament and sat until 1667 when he inherited a peerage.

As one of the twelve commissioners from the House of Commons who attended Charles II at Breda (7 May 1660), after Charles's accession Herbert was appointed warden of the Forest of Dean (18 June), and also on 30 July, in response to appeals from local gentry, lord lieutenant of Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, and Monmouthshire. The Monmouthshire estates, which he had obtained by reversion from Cromwell, were allowed to remain in his possession, though they should strictly have reverted to his father; the latter wrote to Lord Clarendon that his son was intriguing against him.

Lord Herbert kept aloof from court life, but maintained good relations with the Hydes. In 1662 he was occupied with the demolition of the walls and fortifications at Gloucester, but the next year he pleaded for the retention of a garrison at Chepstow. In 1663 he entertained the king and queen at Badminton, Gloucestershire, an estate which he acquired by devise. Herbert was created M.A. by Oxford University on 28 September in that year. He represented Monmouthshire in the House of Commons from 1660 to 1667, when on 3 April he succeeded his father as 3rd Marquess of Worcester.

Marquess of Worcester
Worcester was created Lord President of the Council of Wales and the Marches in April 1672, a Privy Councillor on 17 April in the same year, and was installed as a Knight of the Garter on 29 May 1672. During the Popish Plot he was forced to maintain a public attitude of complete credence in the Plot, although he was aware that at least one of the informers, William Bedloe, was in league with his enemies, notably John Arnold, to damage his career. Bedloe never dared to accuse Worcester himself; he did accuse his steward Charles Price, and some of his relatives, but his accusations were so feeble that the Government ignored them. Worcester was also troubled by the accusations of treason made against his brother-in-law William Herbert, 1st Marquis of Powis, and against Donough Kearney, an Irishman who had married his widowed stepmother, Lady Margaret O'Brien. In the event, Kearney was acquitted of treason and Lord Powis was released after five years in the Tower of London without being brought to trial.

A steady supporter of the Court party, he voted against the Exclusion Bill at the close of 1680, whereupon the Commons petitioned the king to remove him from his person and counsels (January 1681). Charles regarded his conduct in a different light.

Duke of Beaufort
By letters patent, dated 2 December 1682, the Marquess was advanced to the title of Duke of Beaufort, with reference to John Beaufort of three centuries earlier, of whom the newly created Duke was a direct male-line descendant. At about the same time, the Duke began the remodelling of his seat at Badminton. On the strength of his attitude to the Exclusion Bill, Beaufort figured prominently in John Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel as Bezaliel.

In November 1683 Beaufort obtained £20,000 damages in two libel actions against Sir Trevor Williams and John Arnold, but the judgment against the latter was partially reversed in 1690. In July 1684 he made, as president of the principality, magnificent progress through Wales, and was sumptuously entertained, among other places, at Worcester, Ludlow, and Welshpool. On 14 February 1685, along with the Duke of Somerset, he supported the Prince of Denmark as chief mourner at the funeral of Charles II. He bore the queen's crown at the coronation of James II (23 April 1685), was appointed a gentleman of the bedchamber on 16 May, and colonel of the 11th Regiment of Foot on 20 June following.

When the Duke of Monmouth, at the close of June 1685, was hesitating to march upon Bristol, Beaufort as Lord Lieutenant occupied it in force on 16 June. He threatened to fire the city if any of Monmouth's friends were admitted, and locked up a number of dissenters and disaffected persons in the Guildhall. Four days later he reviewed nineteen companies of foot and four troops of horse, and on 24 June twenty-one companies were drawn up on Redclyffe Mead and volunteers enlisted by the beat of the drum. On 6 July came tidings of Monmouth's defeat at the Battle of Sedgemoor.

On 24 September James II visited the Duke at Badminton, and expressed his satisfaction at his consistent loyalty. In October 1688, when the Glorious Revolution was proceeding, Beaufort once more occupied Bristol with the train-bands of Gloucestershire, and some of his men captured John Lovelace, 3rd Baron Lovelace (who was trying to join William of Orange) at Cirencester, and lodged him a prisoner in Gloucester Castle. He prepared to defend the city, but had eventually to surrender to the superior force under the Earl of Shrewsbury and Sir John Guise. He voted for a regency in preference to the offer of the crown to William of Orange.

On 14 December 1688 Beaufort waited on William at Windsor, but was coldly received. He nevertheless took the oaths in March 1689, and was so far reconciled as to entertain William at Badminton on 7 September 1690. In 1694 he was living in great seclusion at Chelsea, taking the waters, and absenting himself from court. Suspected of complicity in the assassination plot, his house was searched in February 1696, but nothing was found to compromise him.

Last years
On 19 March 1696, when expected to attend the House of Lords to sign the Association, Beaufort "broke his shoulder". The Lords sent him the document to sign; but he refused, though he declared his abhorrence of the plot against William. By November 1697 he was reconciled to the court, but he suffered the loss of his son and heir, Charles, through an accident to his coach in Wales in July 1698.

Beaufort died at Badminton on 21 January 1700. He was buried in the Beaufort Chapel in St. George's, Windsor, where an elaborate monument was set up to his memory; it was moved in 1878 to Badminton. Within St Michael and All Angels Church, Badminton, this monument by Grinling Gibbons is now on the North side of the chancel and consists of an effigy of the Duke in Garter robes, reclining on a sarcophagus and a plinth with relief of St George and the Dragon. There are twin Corinthian columns with embossed shafts, acanthus frieze, cornice with flaming urns, and the Duke's arms and supporters. At the top, 25 ft from the ground, is a tasselled cushion supporting a coronet; on the plinth are full-length female figures of Justice and Truth. Above the Duke's effigy, parted curtains show the heavenly host with palms and crowns. The Latin inscription displays the names of his family and the many offices he held.

Roger North, in his Life of the Lord Keeper, gave an account of the state maintained by Beaufort: "a princely way of living" with a household of about 200. The Duke spent much time hunting, planting, and building, and was unfashionably strict: his servants lived in constant fear of dismissal, and even neighbouring landowners were reluctant to cross him.

Family

On 17 August 1657, he married Mary Capell, who was the daughter of Arthur Capell, 1st Baron Capell of Hadham, sister of Arthur Capell, 1st Earl of Essex, and widow of Henry Seymour, Lord Beauchamp. They had five sons and four daughters. Three of the sons were: Three of the daughters were: The fourth daughter—bearing an unknown name—might have died young.
 * Henry, who died as an infant;
 * Charles (December 1660 – 13 July 1698), who had a military and political career and succeeded him as Marquess of Worcester;
 * Arthur (29 September 1671 – July 1743), who married Mary Russell in 1695, daughter of William Russell, 1st and last Bt., and Hesther Rouse, daughter of Sir Thomas Rouse, 1st Bt. (1608–1676). Their daughter was Mary Somerset, grandmother of Sir Charles William Rouse Boughton, 1st and 9th Bt.
 * Mary, Lady of the Bedchamber, who was married to James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde as his second wife, and became the mother of one son and two daughters;
 * Henrietta, who was married twice, first to Henry Horatio O'Brien, Lord Ibrackan, with whom she had one son, the 8th Earl of Thomond, and three daughters, and secondly to Henry Howard, 6th Earl of Suffolk as his second wife
 * Anne (1673–1763), who married Thomas Coventry, 2nd Earl of Coventry, and became the mother of one son.

Beaufort's son Charles died before he could inherit the dukedom, so on the duke's death it passed to Charles's son Henry.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Henry Somerset, 1st Duke of Beaufort


text:
Talk:Mae West

"not the burn your bra type" quote seems dubious
The "burn the bra" movement didn't happen until the 1960's. Although, since Mae West was still alive, I suppose she could have said it but it would've had to have been said sometime after 1960. 2601:702:8100:3170:F9A2:6217:F0DF:2D26 (talk) 15:46, 26 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mae West


text:
La Llorona

La Llorona (the Crying Woman, the Wailer) is a vengeful ghost in Mexican folklore who is said to roam near bodies of water mourning her children whom she drowned in a jealous rage after discovering her husband was unfaithful to her. Whoever hears her crying either suffers misfortune or death and their life becomes unsuccessful in every field.

Origins
Known for being Maltinzin in her original nomenclature, today, the lore of La Llorona is well known in Mexico and the southwestern United States.

The earliest documentation of La Llorona is traced back to 1550 in Mexico City. But there are theories about her story being connected to specific Aztec mythological creation stories. "The Hungry Woman" includes a wailing woman constantly crying for food, which has been compared to La Llorona's signature nocturnal wailing for her children. The motherly nature of La Llorona's tragedy has been compared to Chihuacoatl, an Aztec goddess deity of motherhood. Her seeking of children to keep for herself is significantly compared to Coatlicue, known as "Our Lady Mother" or Tonantsi (who's also comparable to the Virgen de Guadalupe, another significant mother figure in Mexican-culture), also a monster that devours filth or sin.

The legend of La Llorona is traditionally told throughout Mexico, Central America and northern South America. La Llorona is sometimes conflated with La Malinche, the Nahua woman who served as Hernán Cortés' interpreter and also bore his son. La Malinche is considered both the mother of the modern Mexican people and a symbol of national treachery for her role in aiding the Spanish.

Stories of weeping female phantoms are common in the folklore of both Iberian and Amerindian cultures. Scholars have pointed out similarities between La Llorona and the Cihuacōātl of Aztec mythology, as well as Eve and Lilith of Hebrew mythology. Author Ben Radford's investigation into the legend of La Llorona, published in Mysterious New Mexico, found common elements of the story in the German folktale "Die Weisse Frau" dating from 1486. La Llorona also bears a resemblance to the ancient Greek tale of the demigoddess Lamia, in which Hera, Zeus' wife, learned of his affair with Lamia and killed all the children Lamia had with Zeus. Out of jealousy over the loss of her own children, Lamia kills other women's children.

The Florentine Codex is an important text that originated in late Mexico in 1519, a quote from which is, "The sixth omen was that many times a woman would be heard going along weeping and shouting. She cried out loudly at night, saying, "Oh my children, we are about to go forever." Sometimes she said, "Oh my children, where am I to take you?"

While the roots of the La Llorona legend appear to be pre-Hispanic, the earliest published reference to the legend is a 19th-century sonnet by Mexican poet Manuel Carpio. The poem makes no reference to infanticide, rather La Llorona is identified as the ghost of a woman named Rosalia who was murdered by her husband.

Regional versions
The legend has a wide variety of details and versions. In a typical version of the legend, a beautiful woman named María marries a rich ranchero / conquistador to whom she bears two children. One day, María sees her husband with another woman and in a fit of blind rage, she drowns their children in a river, which she immediately regrets. Unable to save them and consumed by guilt, she drowns herself as well but is unable to enter the afterlife, forced to be in purgatory and roam this earth until she finds her children. In another version of the story, her children are illegitimate, and she drowns them so that their father cannot take them away to be raised by his new wife. Recurring themes in variations on the La Llorona myth include a white, wet dress, nocturnal wailing, and an association with water.

Mexico
The legend of La Llorona is deeply rooted in Mexican popular culture. Her story is told to children to encourage them not to wander off in the dark and near bodies of water such as rivers and lakes alone. Her spirit is often evoked in artwork, such as that of Alejandro Colunga. La Cihuacoatle, Leyenda de la Llorona is a yearly waterfront theatrical performance of the legend of La Llorona set in the canals of the Xochimilco borough of Mexico City, which was established in 1993 to coincide with the Day of the Dead.

Guatemala
According to the local legend, in Guatemala City lived a woman who had an affair with a lover. She became pregnant and gave birth to a child named Juan de la Cruz who she drowned so her husband would not know. The woman was condemned in the afterlife to search for her murdered son in every place where there is a pool of water. She does that by crying out for himhence her moniker of the Wailing Woman (La Llorona). It is a popular scary legend that in one iteration or another has been told to generations of children. The terrifying cry of "Oh, my children!!" (¡Ay mis hijos!) is well known due to the story. Additionally, one peculiar detail is that when a person hears the cry from afar means that the ghost is nearby, but if the cry is heard nearby, it means the ghost is afar. Someone unlucky enough to face the specter is "won over" to the afterlife, never to be seen again.. The legend is deeply rooted in Antigua Guatemala, the former capital of the Kingdom of Guatemala (current Central America and southern state of Chiapas, Mexico)

United States
In the Southwestern United States, the story of La Llorona is told to scare children into good behavior, sometimes specifically to deter children from playing near dangerous water. Also told to them is that her cries are heard as she walks around the street or near bodies of water to scare children from wandering around, resembling the stories of El Cucuy. In Chumash mythology indigenous to Southern California, La Llorona is linked to the nunašɨš, a mythological creature with a cry similar to that of a newborn baby. It is a very popular story.

Venezuela
The tale of La Llorona is set in the Venezuelan Llanos during the colonial period. La Llorona is said to be the spirit of a woman that died of sorrow after her children were killed, either by herself or by her family. Families traditionally place wooden crosses above their doors to ward off such spirits.

Other mythologies
In Eastern Europe, the modern Rusalka is a type of water spirit in Slavic mythology. They come to be after a woman drowns due to suicide or murder, especially if they had an unwanted pregnancy. Then they must stay in this world for a period of time.

The Greek legend of Jason and Medea also features the motif of a woman who murders her children as an act of revenge against her husband, who has left her for another woman.

Film

The story of La Llorona first appeared on film in 1933's La Llorona, filmed in Mexico. René Cardona's 1960 film La Llorona was also shot in Mexico, as was the 1963 horror film The Curse of the Crying Woman, directed by Rafael Baledón.

The 2008 Mexican horror film Kilometer 31 is inspired by the legend of La Llorona. Additionally the early 2000s saw a spate of low-budget movies based on La Llorona, including:
 * The River: The Legend of La Llorona
 * Revenge of La Llorona
 * The Wailer: La Llorona
 * The Curse of La Llorona

La Llorona is the primary antagonist in the 2007 movie J-ok'el. In the 2011 Mexican animated film La Leyenda de la Llorona, she is portrayed as a more sympathetic character, whose children die in an accident rather than at their mother's hands.

In the 2017 Pixar film Coco, "La Llorona", the Mexican folk song popularized by Andres Henestrosa in 1941 is sung by Alanna Ubach in her role as Mamá Imelda, joined by Antonio Sol as the singing voice of Ernesto de la Cruz.

In July 2019, James Wan, Gary Dauberman and Emilie Gladstone produced a film titled The Curse of La Llorona for Warner Bros. Pictures. The film was directed by Michael Chaves and stars Linda Cardellini, Raymond Cruz, Patricia Velasquez and Marisol Ramirez as La Llorona.

Also in 2019, Jayro Bustamante directed the Guatemalan film La Llorona, starring María Mercedes Coroy, which screened in the Contemporary World Cinema section at the 2019 Toronto International Film Festival.

The Legend of La Llorona was a film released in January 2022 and stars Danny Trejo, Autumn Reeser, and Antonio Cupo.

Theater
Mexican playwright Josefina López wrote "Unconquered Spirits", which uses the myth of La Llorona as a plot device. The play premiered at California State University, Northridge's Little Theatre in 1995.

Literature
Nancy Farmer's 2002 science fiction novel, The House of the Scorpion includes references to La Llorona.

The legend of La Llorona is discussed in Jaquira Díaz's 2019 memoir, Ordinary Girls: "The scariest part was not that La Llorona was a monster, or that she came when you called her name three times in the dark, or that she could come into your room at night and take you from your bed like she'd done with her own babies. It was that once she'd been a person, a woman, a mother. And then a moment, an instant, a split second later, she was a monster."

The novel Paola Santiago and the River of Tears, the first part of a young adult trilogy by Tehlor Kay Mejia, is based on the legend of La Llorona.

Rodolfo Anaya's novel Bless Me, Ultima references La Llorona, describing her as a spirit of the river without mentioning her origins.

"Advice from La Llorona" by Deborah A. Miranda is a poem exploring grief and loss.

In Summer of the Mariposas, by Guadalupe Garcia McCall, she serves as a mentor to the Garza Sisters.

Music
"La Llorona" is a Mexican folk song popularized by Andres Henestrosa in 1941. It has since been covered by various musicians, including Chavela Vargas, Joan Baez, Lila Downs, and Rosalía.

North American singer-songwriter Lhasa de Sela's debut album La Llorona (1997) explored the dark mysteries of Latin folklore. She combined a variety of musical genres including klezmer, gypsy jazz and Mexican folk music, all in the Spanish language. The album was certified Platinum in Canada, and it earned her a Canadian Juno Award for Best Global Artist in 1998.

Manic Hispanic, a rock band from Los Angeles, California, have a song titled "She Turned Into Llorona" on their 2003 album Mijo Goes To Jr. College.

Television
La Llorona is an antagonist in the TV series Supernatural, portrayed by Sarah Shahi in the pilot episode and by Shanae Tomasevich in "Moriah" and season 15.

La Llorona is an antagonist in a 2012 second-season episode of the TV series Grimm.

La Llorona appears in the Victor and Valentino episode "The Lonely Haunts 3: La Llorona" voiced by Vanessa Marshall. Contrary to the usual depictions, this version of La Llorona is good and simply lonely and claims to have had twenty kids who had all grown up and left her; implying that she suffers from Empty nest syndrome.

La Llorona appears in the Craig of the Creek episode "The Legend of the Library" voiced by Carla Tassara. Craig and the Stump Kids visit their friend Stacks at the local library to get out of the rain. When the power goes out and their fellow Creek Kids begin disappearing, Stacks believes that La Llorona is to blame. In the end, it is revealed that the "ghost" was actually Lorraine, the substitute librarian who is very serious about her job. She makes the kids promise to take good care of the library along with a warning, showing a ghostly face at the same time. Whether or not Lorraine was in fact La Llorona or the face was imagined is left ambiguous.

La Llorona appears in the Riverdale episode "Chapter 97: Ghost Stories". The characters tell ghost stories about people related to them or the town that had died. La Llorona is one. She haunts Sweetwater River and she also manages to possess Toni and take Betty's unborn child away.

La Llorona is portrayed by drag queen, Mirage, during the 3rd Episode of Season 16 of Rupaul's Drag Race. During this episode the queens had to show 3 different looks in the runwah and she portrayed La Llorana in the second theme named " Significant Mother" where they needed to show an outfit based on a iconic mother.

Video games
La Llorona appears as a collectible demon in Atlus's Shin Megami Tensei series of role-playing games, making her first appearance in the 1997 installment, Devil Summoner: Soul Hackers for the Sega Saturn.

title: La Llorona


text:
HMS Engadine (1911)

HMS Engadine was a seaplane tender which served in the Royal Navy during the First World War. Converted from the cross-Channel packet ship SS Engadine, she was initially fitted with temporary hangars for three seaplanes for aerial reconnaissance and bombing missions in the North Sea. She participated in the Cuxhaven Raid in late 1914 before she began a more thorough conversion in 1915 that increased her capacity to four aircraft. Engadine was transferred to the Battle Cruiser Fleet in late 1915 and participated in the Battle of Jutland in 1916 when one of her aircraft flew the first heavier-than-air reconnaissance mission during a naval battle. She was transferred to the Mediterranean in 1918.

She was sold back to her original owners in 1919 and resumed her prewar role. Engadine was sold in 1933 to a Philippine company and renamed SS Corregidor. She was sunk with heavy loss of life by a mine in December 1941 during the invasion of the Philippines at the beginning of the Pacific War.

Description
Engadine had an overall length of 323 ft, a beam of 41 ft, and a mean draught of 13 ft. She displaced 2550 LT at deep load and was rated at. Each of the ship's three sets of direct-drive steam turbines drove one propeller shaft. The ship's six boilers generated enough steam to produce 13800 shp from the turbines, enough for a designed speed of 21.5 kn. Engadine carried 400 t of coal, enough to give her a range of 1250 nmi at 15 kn.

Construction and service
SS Engadine was laid down by William Denny and Brothers at their Dumbarton, Scotland shipyard as a fast packet for the South East and Chatham Railway's Folkestone-Boulogne run. The ship was launched on 23 September 1911 and completed later that year. She was requisitioned for service by the Admiralty on 11 August 1914, and was commissioned on 1 September after she was modified to handle seaplanes by Chatham Dockyard. Three canvas hangars were installed, one forward and two aft, and there was no flight deck, the aircraft being lowered onto the sea for takeoff and recovered again from the sea after landing by newly installed derricks. In 1918 her crew numbered 197 officers and ratings, including 53 aviation personnel.

Upon completion of the modifications on 1 September, Engadine was assigned to the Harwich Force along with the seaplane tenders HMS Empress (1914) and HMS Riviera. On Christmas Day 1914, nine aircraft from all three ships took part in the Cuxhaven Raid on hangars housing Zeppelin airships. Seven of the nine seaplanes successfully took off for the attack, but they inflicted little damage. Only three of the aircraft returned to be recovered, but the crews of the other three ditched safely and were recovered by a British submarine and the Dutch trawler Marta van Hattem. A notable member of Engerdine's crew was Robert Erskine Childers who served as an instructor in coastal navigation to newly trained pilots. He managed to extend his duties to include flying as a navigator and observer and participated in the raid, for which he was mentioned in despatches.

Engadine was purchased in February 1915 by the Admiralty and she was modified by Cunard at Liverpool from 10 February to 23 March 1915 with a permanent, four-aircraft, hangar in the rear superstructure and a pair of cranes were mounted at the rear of the hangar to hoist the seaplanes in and out of the water. Four quick-firing (QF) 12-pounder 12 cwt guns, each with 130 rounds, and two Vickers QF 3-pounder anti-aircraft guns, each with 65 rounds, were fitted for self-defence. She also carried a pigeon loft that housed carrier pigeons to be used by her aircraft if their wireless was broken.

Upon completion of the conversion, she rejoined the Harwich Force; on 3 July, Engadine and Riviera attempted to launch aircraft to reconnoitre the River Ems and lure out a Zeppelin so that it could be attacked. Of Engadine's three Sopwith Schneider floatplanes that she attempted to launch, two wrecked on takeoff and the third was badly damaged. She was transferred to Vice Admiral David Beatty's Battlecruiser Fleet (BCF), based at Rosyth in October. Later that month Engadine carried out trials on high-speed towing of kite balloons for gunnery observations, although she generally served as a base ship for the fleet's seaplanes.

Battle of Jutland
On 30 May 1916, Engadine was attached to the 3rd Light Cruiser Squadron, commanded by Rear Admiral Trevylyan Napier, and carried two Short Type 184 and two Sopwith Baby floatplanes aboard. The two-seat Type 184s were intended for observation and were fitted with a low-power wireless while the Babies were intended to shoot down Zeppelins. Engadine accompanied the cruisers when the Battlecruiser Fleet sortied from Rosyth that evening to intercept the German High Seas Fleet. For a time on 31 May she was actually leading the BCF and may have been one of the first ships to spot the oncoming Germans. Her position in the vanguard was dictated by the requirement for smooth water to successfully launch her aircraft; turbulent water from ships' wakes was enough to ruin a take off attempt. She would also have to come to a complete stop to hoist her aircraft over the side and prepare it for launch, a process that took at least 20 minutes at anchor. Thus she could launch her floatplane in unruffled water and then fall back among the main body of the fleet.

Beatty ordered Engadine to make a search to the north-northeast at 14:40 and she sailed through the BCF before turning north-east to find calmer water. At 15:07 Lieutenant Frederick Rutland took off in his Type 184 and his observer signalled Engadine that they had spotted three German cruisers and five destroyers at 15:30. These were ships from the II Scouting Group, leading the battlecruisers of Vice Admiral Franz von Hipper. This was the first time that a heavier-than-air aircraft had carried out a reconnaissance of an enemy fleet in action. After a few other spot reports were transmitted, the aircraft's fuel line ruptured around 15:36 and Rutland was forced to put his aircraft down. He was able to repair it and signalled that he was ready to take off again, but he was ordered to taxi to the carrier on the surface. The aircraft reached the ship at 15:47 and it was hoisted aboard by 16:04. By this time, a pair of destroyers, HMS Moresby (1915) and HMS Onslow (1916), that had been ordered to protect Engadine while she was stationary had reached her. Engadine attempted to relay the spot reports to Beatty's flagship and the flagship of the 5th Battle Squadron, but was unsuccessful. She trailed Beatty's force during the "Run to the South", during which time her two escorts were detached and again when they reversed course during the "Run to the North".

The 14000 LT armoured cruiser Warrior had been crippled by numerous hits by German battleships around 18:30 and fell in with Engadine 10 minutes later. The former's rudder had been jammed full over and she continued to turn in tight circles until her steam was exhausted. At 19:45 Engadine attempted to take her in tow, but the jammed rudder prevented that until it was trained amidships. By 21:30 she was making 8 kn while her turbines were making revolutions for 19 kn. Early the following morning Warrior's progressive flooding had worsened and she was sinking. Captain Vincent Molteno ordered his ship abandoned after Engadine came alongside to take them off at 08:00. One of Warriors guns punctured Engadines hull below the waterline as the former ship rolled in the moderate seas, but this was quickly patched. About 675 officers and ratings successfully made it to the much smaller Engadine which had to quickly distribute them to prevent her from capsizing. Among these were about 30 seriously wounded men who were transferred across in their stretchers; one man fell off his stretcher between the ships, but was rescued by Rutland against orders. For his bravery he was awarded the First Class Albert Medal for Lifesaving in gold and briefly became the only living recipient. The transfer was completed before 09:00 and Warrior sank shortly afterwards. Engadine remained with the Battlecruiser Force until early 1918 when she was transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet. She was based out of Malta, conducting anti-submarine patrols, for the remainder of the war.

Postwar career
She was sold back to her original owners, the South Eastern and Chatham Railway, in December 1919 and resumed her former role as a cross-Channel ferry. Engadine was transferred to the Southern Railway in 1923 when the British railways were consolidated. Passing through the hands of a ship broker, she was sold to Fernandez Hermanos, Inc. in the Philippines in 1933 and renamed SS Corregidor.

Sinking
At 22:00 on 16 December 1941, Corregidor left its dock in Manila in total darkness, loaded to overcapacity with Filipino civilians seeking to escape to the southern Philippines after the war had started. It has been estimated that between 1,200 and 1,500 people were on board, including approximately 150 Philippine soldiers, 7 Americans, 5 Philippine legislators, and hundreds of college students who were traveling home after their schools had closed. Also aboard were military supplies as well most of the artillery complement (2.95-inch mountain guns) of the Visayan-Mindanao Force of the Philippine Army. The owners of the ship failed to inform the Navy's Inshore Patrol of the ship's plan to leave Manila Bay.

Although Captain Apolinar Calvo of the Corregidor had prior experience navigating the mined entrance to Manila Bay (the mines had been in place since July), the Navy had changed its procedures on that day. Rather than post a gunboat near the safe channel as they had in days previous, lighted buoys were used to guide boats through. As the Corregidor sailed close to the island of Corregidor to pass through the channel at around 01:00, the ship was observed turning toward the electrically-controlled minefield. Some officers posted at the Army's Seaward Defense Command headquarters on the island recommended that the mines be temporarily disarmed so that the ship could pass through the minefield. A number of accounts state that Seaward Defense Commander Colonel Paul Bunker ordered that the mines be kept active.

When the Corregidor entered the minefield, there was a large explosion on the starboard side of the vessel. The overcrowded ship quickly began to sink, with many people trapped below-deck. Survivors stated that the ship sank so quickly that there was no time for large-scale panic to set in. Searchlights from Corregidor Island illuminated the scene which aided the rescue effort. Sailors of MTB Squadron 3 posted at Sisiman Cove heard the explosion and left on three PT boats (PT-32, PT-34 and PT-35) to investigate. When the boats arrived they found survivors in the water and were able to retrieve 282 survivors. Seven of the rescued passengers later died from their injuries.

The incident was never investigated due to the Japanese invasion. Later, some Army officers reported that the remote-controllable mines were set to the safety position immediately after the explosion occurred. The total number of victims is unknown. It has been estimated that 900–1,200 lost their lives. Among the dead were the captain and most of the crew, two of the legislators, and one of the American passengers. At the time, the sinking of the Corregidor was the most significant maritime disaster in Philippine history.

title: HMS Engadine (1911)


text:
Henry van Wart

Henry van Wart (1784 - 1873), an American who became British by special act of Parliament, founded the Birmingham Stock Exchange and served as one of Birmingham's first aldermen and a director of the Birmingham Banking Company.

He was married to Sarah Irving, the sister of author Washington Irving. They had four children: William (1812 - 1868), Matilda (b. 1814), Marianne (b. 1816). and George (b. 1817; later a wine merchant). William later named his first-born Washington Irving van Wart (b. 1836), whose niece in turn was called Rosalinda Irving van Wart (b. 1874).

Henry and Sarah met when he was employed by her family's New York City company, Irving & Smith, and they moved to England when he was tasked with opening a Liverpool branch of the firm.

After that enterprise failed, they moved to Birmingham, and he set up a profitable business, exporting the city's goods to America.

Washington Irving lived with the van Warts at four of their homes in Birmingham, light-heartedly christening two of these buildings "Castle van Tromp" and writing some of his most successful stories at them.

He is also known to have worshipped at St Paul's Church in St Paul's Square, Birmingham.

Van Wart developed a friendship with Louisiana businessman Frederick W. Tilton, who became van Wart's agent in New Orleans. Tilton endowed the library at Tulane University.

Henry van Wart was also great friends with fellow American Samuel Aspinwall Goddard, US Consul to Birmingham. Goddard's uncle was also Thomas Aspinwall (consul) United States consul to London, 1816–1854. Goddard was a gunmaker, LBSC director, owner of the Church "Surprise" railway locomotive 1840, author and pamphleteer, exhibitor of guns at Great Exhibition of 1851 and co-patentee with Dr. William Church (inventor) of a breech-loading canon presented to the British parliamentary ordinance committee in 1853. Samuel A. Goddard also named his daughter Emily van Wart Goddard after Henry van Wart.

title: Henry van Wart


text: Talk:Sugar City, Idaho

title: Talk:Sugar City, Idaho


text:
Bayou Teche

Bayou Teche (Louisiana French: Bayou Têche) is a 125 mi waterway in south central Louisiana in the United States. Bayou Teche was the Mississippi River's main course when it developed a delta about 2,800 to 4,500 years ago. Through a natural process known as deltaic switching, the river's deposits of silt and sediment cause the Mississippi to change its course every thousand years or so.

History
The Teche begins in Port Barre where it draws water from Bayou Courtableau and then flows southward to meet the Lower Atchafalaya River at Patterson. During the 18th-century Acadian migration to the area - then known as the Attakapas region - the Teche was the primary means of transportation.

During the American Civil War, there were two naval engagements on Bayou Teche. The Confederate navy had a gunboat on the bayou, the CSS J. A. Cotton, which was partially armored with railroad iron. On November 3, 1862, four Union gunboats, USS Kinsman (1854), USS Calhoun (1851), USS Estrella (1862), and USS Diana (1862), moved up the Bayou to engage the Cotton. All four union ships were damaged, but the Cotton was forced to withdraw.

The second engagement occurred on 14 January 1863. Union general Godfrey Weitzel learned that the J. A. Cotton was planning an attack on Weitzel's forces at Berwick Bay, Louisiana. Once again Kinsman, Calhoun, Estrella and Diana steamed into the Bayou, followed by Union transports. The bayou had been obstructed with debris. The Union gunboats and land-based units engaged the J. A. Cotton and Confederate infantry in rifle pits. During the battle Kinsman hit a mine and unshipped her rudder; the J. A. Cotton was badly damaged, and her crew set her on fire during the night to prevent capture. The Union, however, was unable to hold the Teche, necessitating two more invasions of the Teche country in 1863 and 1864, referred to as the Bayou Teche campaign.

After the levees were built along the Atachafalaya River in the 1930s, the Teche and the rice farms located along the bayou suffered a drastic reduction in fresh water. Between 1976 and 1982, the United States Army Corps of Engineers built a pumping station at Krotz Springs to pump water from the Atchafalaya River into Bayou Courtableau.

The etymology of the name "Teche" is uncertain. One hypothesis is that it comes from "tenche", a Chitimacha Indian word meaning "snake", related to the bayou's twists and turns resembling a snake's movement. The Chitimacha tell an ancient story of how the snake attacked their villages, and it took many warriors many years to kill it. Where the huge carcass lay and decomposed, the depression it left behind filled with water to become the bayou. Alternatively, George R. Stewart asserts that it is "probably a French rendering of Deutsch, the name by which the German colonists of the area would have named their stream. Cf. Allemand ['German']."

Towns on Bayou Teche
Towns along the Teche include:
 * St. Landry Parish, Louisiana
 * Port Barre, Louisiana
 * Leonville, Louisiana
 * Arnaudville, Louisiana
 * St. Martin Parish, Louisiana
 * Cecilia, Louisiana
 * Breaux Bridge, Louisiana
 * Parks, Louisiana
 * St. Martinville, Louisiana
 * Iberia Parish, Louisiana
 * Loreauville, Louisiana
 * Morbihan, Louisiana
 * New Iberia, Louisiana
 * Jeanerette, Louisiana
 * St. Mary Parish, Louisiana
 * Charenton, Louisiana
 * Baldwin, Louisiana
 * Franklin, Louisiana
 * Garden City, Louisiana
 * Centerville, Louisiana
 * Patterson, Louisiana
 * Berwick, Louisiana

title: Bayou Teche


text:
Samut Prakan province

Samut Prakan province, (จังหวัดสมุทรปราการ, ) Samut Prakan, or Samutprakan is one of the central provinces (changwat) of Thailand, established by the Act Establishing Changwat Samut Prakan, Changwat Nonthaburi, Changwat Samut Sakhon, and Changwat Nakhon Nayok, Buddhist Era 2489 (1946), which came into force 9 May 1946.

It is a part of the Bangkok Metropolitan Region. Neighbouring provinces are Bangkok, to the north and west, and Chachoengsao to the east. Samut Prakan was previously once home to a Dutch trading post who referred to the area as New Amsterdam. Suvarnabhumi Airport is in Bang Phli district of Samut Prakan province as well as the districts of Bang Kapi, Lat Krabang, and Prawet in neighbouring Bangkok city.

History

The province was created during the era of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, with its administrative centre at Prapadaeng. It was the sea port of Siam, and was secured with forts, town moats, and town walls. King Rama II started building the new centre at Samut Prakan in 1819, after his predecessor King Taksin had abandoned the town fortifications. Altogether six forts were built on both sides of the Chao Phraya River, and on an island in the river the pagoda, Phra Samut Chedi, was erected. These were involved in the Paknam incident of 13 July 1893, which ended the Franco-Siamese conflict with a French naval blockade of Bangkok. Of the original six forts only two still exist today, Phi Sua Samut and Phra Chulachomklao.

Toponymy
In Thai the word samut is from Sanskrit,, meaning 'ocean' or 'sea', and the word prakan is from Sanskrit, , meaning 'fortress', 'walls', or 'stronghold'.

Geography
Samut Prakan lies at the mouth of the Chao Phraya River on the Gulf of Thailand. Thus the province is also sometimes called Pak Nam (ปากน้ำ), Thai for 'mouth of river'. The part of the province on the west side of the river consists mostly of rice paddies and shrimp farms as well as mangrove forests, while the eastern part is the urban centre, including industrial factories. It is part of the Bangkok metropolis. The urbanization on both sides of the provincial boundary is identical. The total forest area is 28 km² or 3 percent of provincial area. The province has a coastline of approximately 47.2 kilometres. Samut Prakan is the site of a skirmish between French and Siamese forces on 13 July 1893, subsequently referred to as the Paknam Incident. This battle resulted in a French victory and the signing of the Franco-Siamese Treaty of 3 October 1893 which ceded territory east of the Mekong River to France, territory that forms much of modern Laos.

Symbols
The provincial seal shows the temple Phra Samut Chedi, the most important site of Buddhist worship in the province.

The provincial tree is Thespesia populnea.

Provincial government
The province is divided into six districts (amphoes). The districts are further subdivided into 50 subdistricts (tambons) and 396 villages (mubans).

Local government
As of 13 May 2020, there are: one Samut Prakan Provincial Administrative Organization - PAO (ongkan borihan suan changwat) and twenty-two municipal (thesaban) areas in the province. The capital Samut Prakan has city (thesaban nakhon) status. Further seven have town (thesaban mueang) status and fourteen subdistrict  municipalities (thesaban tambon).

The non-municipal areas are administered by 26 Subdistrict Administrative Organizations (SAO) (ongkan borihan suan tambon).

For national elections, the province is divided into three voting districts, one represented by three assemblymen and the other two each by two assemblymen.

Suvarnabhumi Airport

Suvarnabhumi Airport, also known as (New) Bangkok International Airport, is one of two international airports serving Bangkok. The other one is Don Mueang International Airport. Suvarnabhumi covers an area of 3,240 hectare.

The airport is on what had formerly been known as Nong Nguhao (Cobra Swamp) in Racha Thewa in Bang Phli, Samut Prakan province, about 25 km east of downtown Bangkok. The terminal building was designed by Helmut Jahn of Murphy / Jahn Architects. It was constructed primarily by ITO Joint Venture. The airport has the world's tallest free-standing control tower (132.2 m), and the world's fourth largest single-building airport terminal, (563000 m2).

Suvarnabhumi is the twentieth busiest airport in the world, the sixth busiest airport in Asia, and the busiest in the country, handling 63 million passengers in 2018, and is also a major air cargo hub, with a total of 95 airlines. On social networks, Suvarnabhumi was the world's most popular site for taking Instagram photographs in 2012.

The airport inherited the airport code, BKK, from Don Mueang after the older airport ceased international commercial flights. Motorway 7 connects the airport, Bangkok, and the heavily industrial eastern seaboard of Thailand, where most export manufacturing takes place.

Bhumibol Bridge

The Bhumibol Bridge (สะพานภูมิพล), also known as the Industrial Ring Road Bridge (สะพานวงแหวนอุตสาหกรรม) is part of the 13 km long Industrial Ring Road connecting southern Bangkok with Samut Prakan province. The bridge crosses the Chao Phraya River twice, with two cable-stayed spans of lengths of 702 m and 582 m supported by two diamond-shaped pylons 173 m and 164 m high. Where the two spans meet, another road rises to join them at a free-flowing interchange suspended 50 metres above the ground.

The bridge opened for traffic on 20 September 2006, before the official opening date of 5 December 2006. It is part of the Bangkok Industrial Ring Road, a royal scheme initiated by King Bhumibol Adulyadej that aims to solve traffic problems within Bangkok and surrounding areas, especially the industrial area around Khlong Toei Port, Southern Bangkok, and Samut Prakan province.

According to tradition, all the bridges over the Chao Phraya in Bangkok are named after a member of the royal family. In October 2009, it was announced that both bridges would be named after King Bhumibol Adulyadej, with the northern bridge officially named "Bhumibol 1 Bridge" and the southern bridge "Bhumibol 2 Bridge".

The structure of the Bhumibol Bridge consists of two parts:
 * Bhumibol Bridge 1 crosses the northern part of Chao Praya River connecting Yan Nawa district, Bangkok and Song Khanong District, Samut Prakan. It is a cable-stayed bridge with seven lanes together with two high pillars. The structure is reinforced concrete 50 m above the river to enable the passage of ships.
 * Bhumibol Bridge 2 is the one across the southern part of Chao Praya River connecting Song Khanong District and Bang Ya Phraek District. The structure is similar to Bhumibol Bridge 1, with seven lanes and two pillars built using reinforced concrete 50 m high.

Economy
Nissan has two factories in the district, together employing 4,000 workers, 30% of them contract workers. Nissan-Thailand has an annual production capacity of 295,000 vehicles, making the Navara, Teana, Terra, Note, Almera, March, Sylphy and X-Trail models. Nissan plans to make 190,000 vehicles by the end of its fiscal year 2019, ending next March 2020. Roughly 120,000-130,000 units are pickup trucks, the remainder passenger cars. Nissan produces hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) based on its e-Power technology and batteries for electric vehicles at a plant in Bang Sao Thong district. It has a production capacity of 370,000 vehicles a year.

Thai Theparos Public Co., Ltd., a leading Thai condiment manufacturer, has its headquarters in Thai Ban subdistrict, Mueang Samut Prakan district.

Health
Samut Prakan's main hospital is Samut Prakan Hospital, a regional hospital operated by the Ministry of Public Health. Samut Prakan is also the location of Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, a university hospital operated by the Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University.

Human achievement index 2022
Since 2003, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Thailand has tracked progress on human development at sub-national level using the Human achievement index (HAI), a composite index covering eight key areas of human development. National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) has taken over this task since 2017.

Trivia
Samut Prakan radiation accident

title: Samut Prakan province


text:
Leslie Hope

Leslie Ann Hope is a Canadian actress and director, best known for her role as Teri Bauer on the Fox television series 24 and prosecutor Anita Gibbs on Suits. Other credits include Shadow Builder (1998), Murdoch Mysteries, The Strain (2015), Lost in Space (2019–2021), Snowpiercer (2021–22), Devil in Ohio (2022).

Early life
Hope was born May 6, 1965, in Halifax, Nova Scotia, to Ann and Frank Hope. She has one brother named Stephen. She graduated from St. Michael's University School at Victoria, British Columbia in 1982. Hope was married to writer and actor Jamie Angell, from 1994 to 1996, with whom she has a son named MacKenzie, and to cinematographer, producer, and director Adam Kane from 2005 to 2015.

Career
Hope has appeared in many Canadian and American films and television series. Her first film role was in the Canadian film Ups and Downs, which was filmed in Victoria, in 1981. In 1982, she worked as a crew member for, and had a bit part in, Love Streams.

On television, in 1985, Hope portrayed Cammie Springer in Berrenger's. In 1987, she played the role of Madeleine Henry in the TV miniseries War and Remembrance. In 1993, she starred in Paris, France, directed by Gerard Ciccoritti. In 1998, she played Jenny Hatcher in the Bram Stoker' film Shadow Builder.

In 2002, she landed the role as Teri Bauer in the first season of 24 (2001–02). Hope starred in George A. Romero's film Bruiser. On television, she appeared in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, as Kira Nerys' mother Kira Meru and in the Gemini Award-winning series Human Cargo.

In 2003–04, Hope portrayed agent Lisa Cohen on Line of Fire. In 2005–06, she appeared as Attorney General of the United States Melanie Blackston in four episodes of Commander in Chief, and, in the fall of 2006, played Lily Rader in the CW drama series, Runaway. In 2009, she played a detective on Seven Deadly Sins, a miniseries on Lifetime.

In 2014, Hope played attorney Joan Luss, a surviving passenger of Regis Airlines Flight 753, on FX's The Strain. She also has recurring roles in the crime series NCIS, as Secretary of the Navy Sarah Porter. She was in the legal drama Suits, as prosecutor Anita Gibbs. She portrayed the role of a psychic medium Kristina Frye in the television crime drama The Mentalist.

Television
As an actor

As a director

title: Leslie Hope


text:
Talk:Eduardo Mata

Untitled
I recognize the name, so he has an international reputation. IMO worth cleaning up; will do if no musician or music historian does. --Jerzy 22:07, 2003 Nov 13 (UTC)

Done. Sources: Tualha 20:43, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Compositions, recordings
 * Obituary; lots of information about his training and career
 * Birthdate from, ,
 * Plane crash details from, ,

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Eduardo Mata. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140221232530/http://www.colegionacional.org.mx/SACSCMS/XStatic/colegionacional/template/content.aspx?se=vida&te=detallemiembro&mi=174 to http://www.colegionacional.org.mx/SACSCMS/XStatic/colegionacional/template/content.aspx?se=vida&te=detallemiembro&mi=174

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:53, 17 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eduardo Mata