text:
Talk:Elon Peace Plan

Removed possible copyright infringement. Text that was previously posted here is the same as text from this webpage:
 * http://www.therightroadtopeace.com/eng/defaulteng.html

This page is now listed on Votes for deletion/copyvio. To the poster: If there was permission to use this material under terms of our license or if you are the copyright holder of the externally linked text, then please indicate so on this page's talk page (to access the talk page, click on Discuss this page in the sidebar). If there was no permission to use this text then please either replace this message with at least a good stub and an external link or leave this page to be deleted. (NOTE: unless a stub replaces this text, deletion will occur about one week from the time this page title was placed on the Votes for deletion page).

It also should be noted that the posting of copyrighted material that does not have the express permission from the copyright holder is possibly in violation of applicable law and of our policy. Those with a history of violations may be temporarily suspended from editing pages. If this is in fact an infringement of copyright, we still welcome any original contributions by you.

Thanks, snoyes 07:21, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Ok, then I remove the copyrighted material. Der Eberswalder 07:33, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC)

From VFD

 * Elon Peace Plan. The article is nothing more than an advertisement for a program of ethnic cleansing by someone at the far right of Israeli politics.  It used to be a modest and reasonably nonpartisan report on this (quite unimportant) "plan", but a fanatic has taken it over and deleted everything that is not straight out of the plan's propaganda blurb.  I tried to prevent this, to no avail.  We should not allow Wikipedia to be used for political activism in such a blatant fashion. --Zero 04:51, 24 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Deletion is not the solution to an edit war. Would some sysop please revert and protect the page while this is sorted out? Tualha 05:08, 24 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Keep. Some NPOV editing would be good. Especially about "Population transfer was used successfully between the Greeks and the Turks in Thrace". It should be changed to something like "according to...". Optim 06:11, 24 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * That's some pretty crazy shit. It's basically implying that the Armenian genocide, Pontian genocide, and related "population transfers" by the Turks were something that should be emulated.  Wow.  --Delirium 07:19, Dec 24, 2003 (UTC)
 * Keep, put into NPOV and protect once its properly edited. PMC 07:43, 24 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Keep. The page describes a serious attempt to solve the core issues of the conflict.  NPOV editting should be performed as needed.  Please note the current form of the page, with exerpts from the plan document, was done in response to Zero0000 claim that the page did not reflect the content of the plan. OneVoice 11:50, 24 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * See what I mean? OneVoice is editing this page so as to promote this "plan".  He admits it!  Can someone please explain to him what Wikipedia is about? --Zero 12:01, 24 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Keep, move to pages needing attention. -- Finlay McWalter 12:11, 24 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Keep and fix. --Raul654 04:09, 25 Dec 2003 (UTC)

This page should be reverted to the last edit by OneVoice. That edit contains no editorial material. Rather the last edit by OneVoice matches the format and NPOV nature of The People's Voice peace plan page. That page indiates the source/founder of the plan, provides the principles of the plan, ands contain a link to the full text where readers can obtain more information and form their own views of the merits and practicality of the plan. The external links section contain links to analyses of the plan. The Geneva Accord page exhibits characteristics similar to those of The People's Voice, similar to the Road Map (which also includes some history sections, perhaps due the Road Map being the currently operative peace process with the greatest amount of international sponsorship) and proposed for Elon Peace Plan. The current page is POV. OneVoice 20:17, 11 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * Could you explain what you mean by "editorial material"? I'm afraid I don't understand how exactly this page is POV. —MIRV (talk) 00:54, 13 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Most importantly, the Elon Peace Plan is designed to address what it sees as the fundamental causes of the current conflict:
 * 1) The Palestinian demand for the right of return of refugees to areas within the State of Israel.
 * 2) The rehabilitation of Palestinian refugees.
 * 3) The status of Jerusalem.
 * 4) The nature of the Palestinian state and its borders.

The page as it currently exists, ignores this.

Nearly all other plans are incremental ala the Road Map. Incrementalism has resulted in current situation. Since the Oslo Accords, the situation has not improved for Palestinian living in the West Bank, the Gaza Strip or the refugee camps of several Arab countries.

The current page states implies that all the Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip will be forced out of those areas. This is not what the plan says. The plan says: "In the framework of the eradication of terror, the terrorist heads and inciters will be deported from Judea, Samaria and Gaza. The dismantling of the refugee camps, part of the rehabilitation process, will reduce the Arab population in these areas and lessen the poverty and density in the Palestinian Arab towns. The Arab population that will continue to reside within the new areas of the State of Israel, will benefit from the civil rights conferred by Israel, but its citizenship will be Palestinian, and its political rights will be actualized in Amman." Regarding this dismantling of the refugee camps it says: "The dismantling of the camps - combined with the establishment of a mechanism to rehabilitate the refugees - will strike a mortal blow to the terror infrastructure."

All Palestinians in Jenin, Nablus, Hebron, Jerusalem, etc are to remain in their homes. Only the Palestinians in the refugee camps will move to Jordan. Once again, they will receive Jordanian citizenship (unilateraly removed by Jordan on 31st July 1988 ) and a Marshall Plan that will replace the squalor and humiliation that they have suffered for the last 50 years. The plan further says "The relocation and rehabilitation of the Palestinian refugees in Arab lands will complete the population exchange process begun in the 1940s....The resettlement of these refugees and their descendants will complete a historic circle of population exchange. This will result in the emergence of countries where the majority of their population shares a common nationality and culture." This is better than the treatment that they have received to date in Syria, Lebanon, Egypt (which used to claim Gaza), Jordan, etc.

No other plan tries to address the issue of what to do with the people that will remain in refugee camps. The host countries have not accepted them. The host countries have given no indication that they will ever accept them. It appears to be unrealistic given the statements of Israeli politicians to expect that the refugees will enter Israel, the West Bank or the Gaza Strip.

The current page claims "The primary motivation for the plan is the demographic trend that will make Jews a minority in the area west of the Jordan River occupied by Israel before the end of the first decade of the 21st century." This is not borne out be reading the plan or its commentary on the web site. It may be true, but it is not to be found in the text.

It currently appears that Israel will implement a uni-lateral separation which will leave the refugees in the camps, the remains Palestinians without a state, without hope, and will the opportunity to improve their situation. Once the fence goes up, the Palestinians will be locked out of the place that they most often turn to for jobs and health care (among other services).

Please read the plan and compare it with the wikipedia page. OneVoice 02:02, 13 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * No time for a full read-through, but there was one point that jumped out during a quick skim:

 * The plan does indeed state, as one of the reasons that a Palestinian state should not exist in the West Bank and Gaza, that the Palestinians there "represent a constant demographic danger to the very existence of Israel as a Jewish state", so. . . Did you miss that part? At most, one can disagree with the characterization of the demographic factors as the primary motivation, but it is one of the reasons for the plan. More later. —MIRV (talk) 02:20, 13 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Yes I did miss that in going thru the plan now and writing the above, thank you for pointing it out. I will strive not to make that error or similar errors in the future. Please look at the fundamentals it tries to address and consider how else these might be addressed and which of the plans out there addresses them. OneVoice 02:25, 13 Jan 2004 (UTC)

OneVoice, a couple of comments. You wrote:
 * The current page states implies that all the Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip will be forced out of those areas.

but the article simply states:
 * the now stateless Palestinians will become citizens of Jordan.

and quotes the plan itself which says:
 * ''"...the international community will allocate resources for the completion of the exchange of populations that began in 1948"

I don't see this implied here unless of course "exchange of populations" implies what all, in which case the plan itself misrepresents its own aims, which would be highly peculiar indeed.

You wrote:
 * Most importantly, the Elon Peace Plan is designed to address what it sees as the fundamental causes of the current conflict:

 * The page as it currently exists, ignores this.

The fundamental causes, particularly the refugee problem, are well covered in Arab-Israeli conflict and its offspring. They don't need to be rehashed here. All we need is a succint review of Elon's proposal, which, IMO, is what we have.

 * Regarding this matter, I have removed the principles of The People's Voice to match. We should list the principles that each plan states it is based upon, but failing to do that we should not give preferential treatment to any plan. OneVoice 13:44, 26 Jan 2004 (UTC)

One last point. You quoted the plan above:

 * The Arab population that will continue to reside within the new areas of the State of Israel, will benefit from the civil rights conferred by Israel, but its citizenship will be Palestinian, and its political rights will be actualized in Amman.

I find this a bizarre contradiction. Isn't an important civil right be able to vote for one's government? How can they vote if they are not citizens? This is not usually what we consider a democracy. This is why Americans got rid of the British. Taxes without representation. Remember the Boston Tea Party?. -- Viajero 10:37, 13 Jan 2004 (UTC)

It is not "a civil right to vote for one's government", the government that enforces the laws under which one lives. One may choose to live in a country where one is not a citizen. This is not uncommon, indeed it is the most common way in which people become citizens of the United States. They move to the country, are subject to the laws of the United States as excerised by hte government of the United States. The immigrants are without the right to vote. Should they become citizens of the United States, they receive the right to vote.

Voting is a right limited to the citizenry, just as certain obligations are limited to the citizenry, such as conscription for military service. Conscription is non-voluntary, non-citizens may volunteer. A democracy made up of its citizens. The Americans came to view themselves as forming a distinct entity from Great Britain. Once that happened separation was inevitable be it through revolution or the Canadian method. OneVoice 13:44, 26 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Strong != POV
An anon changed the following text:

 * this plan is considered irrelevant to the point of ridicule by the vast majority of Israelis and all Palestinians

I reverted his change. The fact that the article is using strong words does not make it POV. In fact, for something the vast majority of Israeli regard as a bad joke, the description in the article is accurate, and a weaker description would be POV. Gadykozma 12:53, 25 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Jordanian demographics
Israel (if it was you), discussion of Jordanian demographics belongs under Jordan. If you want to discuss them here, denote it clearly as arguments of the plan's supporters, and bring the opposing arguments too. Read the neutrality policy. However, it would probably be best to just do without it, the various "views" sections (e.g. in Arab-Israeli conflict) are not Wikipedia's greatest. Gadykozma 12:51, 26 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Thank you to Gady
I would like to thank Gady for cooperating with me in the process of improving the document more or less to our mutual satisfaction. Thanks!

 * Thank you! It was very enjoyable working with you and I hope you will carry this attitude of yours to other areas of Wikipedia. We could use it everywhere. Gadykozma 00:22, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Debating the relevance of the Elon Peace Plan
Gady, at 12:09, on 9 Oct 2004 you wrote "There is no need to discuss this plan here or anywhere. It is irrelevant." Who are you to say whether it is relevant or irrelevant? What you have done is taken an encyclopoedic entry and converted it into a stub. I would like you or I to revert it back to the way it was before you excised the paragraph I modified. Let us discuss the matter here before either of us takes such action.

V.N. 2004.10.10

 * There are only two important facts about the Elon Peace Plan: that it advocates transfer; and that it has no support inside or outside Israel. Now, my view is that a stub is fine. If you want to extend this stub with additional information, that's also fine. However, this additional information must not conceal these two crucial facts. Adding a "supporters-opposers" section would make the plan look as if it is a serious issue of debate. In fact, it isn't. So, if you want to add such a section, you might want to start it as follows:

 * Even though the Elon Peace Plan enjoys little following... some still think it is important to debate it's pros and cons on a theoretical basis... some say... opponents say...

 * and so on. The point is not the precise wording but that the views section would not give the plan credability it does not enjoy in real life. Gadykozma 19:35, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Thank you for your reply, Gady. Personally, I think you are exaggerating the lack of support for the plan, but I cannot deny that the support for the plan is at present from a minority. I think that will change in time. Who knows what the future will bring?

I will work within the framework you kindly have suggested. If in the future the degree of support for the plan increases to well beyond the current 1.5% or thereabouts that I presume it has based on results of the last Israeli election, (say, 5% 10%?) then I trust you will agree the wording should change to reflect that.

V.N. (later that same day)

I just checked the popular vote for the National Union (which Moledet is part of). According to my source, which I will add to the article's external links, they got 3% of the vote in the last election. That's twice what I thought (1.5%). V. N. 5:18 PM ET 2004.10.10

 * V.N., I definitely meant that you would replace ... with your own text! Anyway I rewrote it in a shorter style, and gave the opponents of the plan a more realistic representation of their views. I still think the page is better without this new section, but if you disagree we can keep it that way.

 * As for the Israeli elections, this is a tricky point. The National Union advocates transfer on its platform, but not so predominantly in its propaganda (I was actually surprised to find that it does). Transfer is usually associated with Moledet, which never got more than 2% of the votes. So it's a little difficult to say how much support this notion currently has. Gadykozma 22:08, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Oh, I realized where you got your statistics from. This site is woefully outdated. Try http://www.knesset.gov.il/ (I hope they have statistics in English too). Gadykozma 22:11, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Gady, I appreciate your willingness to include a presentation of opposing views, and admire the way you set it apart from the more objective section of the entry.

I welcome your restating the POV of those, like yourself, who object to Elon's peace plan. I certainly would not have been able to fairly present that side.

I hope you will agree that it would be more fair to have a person like myself who is an advocate of the plan put forward the wording for the pro side. The way you reworded it, the thing sounds like a euphamism for something like the Nazi "Final Solution" plan for world Jewry. With all due respect, Gady, reading it as you wrote it made me want to retch.

Thanks also catching the problem with the statistics. I went to the link you suggested, and it had an English link, but either something is wrong with the site or my iMac's browser needs an upgrade.

V. N. 2004.10.10 7:51 ET

I just realized why reading your wording of the pro-side led to my visceral reaction. It is because in the main body of the text there is no mention of what would become of those new Jordanians living in Israel who refused the invitation to leave. I must fill in that blank. It is an important matter to address. Without that being addressed, people might assume the worst. V.N. 2004.10.10 8:01 PM ET

 * V. N., this is the third time you have returned this exact text into the article. I will now state explicitly what was until now only implicit. This text is political propaganda and is inapropriate for Wikipedia. Putting a "according to.." before it does not solve the problem. Please reword it without using any terms such as "justice", "full rights" and so on. I won't delete it just yet, but it cannot stay in the article in its current form.

 * BTW, are you quoting? If you are, please use quotes and state the source. Thanks. Gadykozma 00:36, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

No, I am not quoting. I had quoted before and then learned that that was not allowed. So I paraphrased the quotes into my own words.

I'll try to make what is up there now more acceptable to you, but I don't know how well I will be able to do so. I'm going to give it a shot right now. Please let me know what you think. If we need a third person's opinion, perhaps you can find someone in the Wiki community who has not taken a side in this issue (if that's the way these things are handled here).

V.N. 11:31 PM ET 2004.10.11

Well, Gady, I did make an effort. I hope you find it acceptable.

BTW, if you look at the full text of the Elon Peace plan, I think you will easily find the four points that I paraphrased into my own words. It is just at the bottom of the "introduction" and just above the "key principles".

Gady, I searched on Google for supporting documentation that Ze'ev had advocated forced transfer. I could not find anything credible. The best I could find was a quote from Palestinian Authority Minister of Culture and Information, Yasser Abed Rabbo:

http://www.israelinsider.com/channels/politics/articles/pol_0062.htm

I thought of adding it to the External Links, but decided to present it to you as an option instead. I certainly would be very happy to see some External Links that contained actual quotes taken from Ze'ev. Even if they were translations from Hebrew, it would help support your allegations. If the remarks occurred so long ago that there is no record of them on the internet, a reference to a specific edition of any newspaper or magazine wherein he was quoted would be helpful for the sake of an accurate presentation of the historical record.

V.N. 12:21 AM 2004.10.12

 * I made a few changes to the 4 points. Let me explain them briefly.

 * Using "rehabilitation" in this context is really cynical, since Palestinians refugees interpret this term as the Right of return.
 * "National expression" does not say anything except hint that Jordan is the Palestinian state. I removed the entire clause.
 * The demographic issue is only relevant after annexation. Within the current official borders Jews are more than an 80% majority.

 * The issue of Zeevi plans should be discussed on Rehavam Zeevi, not here. Thanks for digging up the link — I moved it there. Without giving any references, let me just say that this came up as a surprise to nobody. Zeevi was always vague about this issue and almost exclusively talked about "transfer" without referring to how it would be executed. It was traditionally other Moledet members' job to soften his claims and explain that the transfer was voluntary, raising more or less absurd plans how to "convince" the Palestinians to do it (I vaguely remember a proposal to give 20000$ each...). After his death, the term "voluntary" became more prominant in the party's discourse. Gadykozma 11:53, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * BTW, you are allowed to quote, this depend on the size of the quote. Copying large blocks of text is a copyright violation. Citing a paragraph or two comes under "fair use". In the case above, where you just took the 4 points and reformulated them slightly, it would probably have been better to make it a quote, and cite the source (now this is no longer relevant). Gadykozma 12:00, 12 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Good job, Gady. :-) I think we've got it settled nicely for the next little while; probably at least until the next Israeli election.

BTW, I don't know whether you meant US$20,000 or some other figure (New Israeli Shekels? British Pounds Sterling? Euros?), but whatever amount the current Israeli government seriously offers to Jewish residents of Gaza to transfer out will set a notable precedent if the Elon Peace Plan gains popularity.

V.N. 10:07PM ET 2004.10.12

 * Thanks. I'm happy its settled for now. As for the sum, I don't remember it, but like anything else related to the "voluntary transfer" idea it was a bad joke — sufficiently large to be a completely unrealistic (they probably called on the US or something like that to pay the bill) but not sufficiently large so as to convince anyone to evacuate... I guess to find more details you would have to search Israeli media from the late 90s. I don't know how this can be done conviniently... Gadykozma 02:18, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Well, whatever it was before, I would expect it to be more like what the 7,500 Jewish settlers in Gaza are being offerred to vacate before November 1, 2005. $115,000 is a lot more than $20,000 (if that was the previously talked about figure). And my understanding from what I've been reading since my last post here in Talk, the $115,000 is just an advance on the actual figure that would be offered to the Jewish settlers to leave. Maybe the actual amount would be twice that? Hmmm. $230,000. The thought of it makes me wish I was living in Gaza just so I could move out! ;-)

I hope the following link works for you. It is from the The Star-Ledger out of New Jersey dated 15th of September, 2004 but even if it doesn't, you probably will be getting the updates on the Gaza vacating proposal fairly regularly anyhow, yes?

http://www.nj.com/news/ledger/index.ssf?/base/news-17/1095229938141180.xml

VN 10:49AM ET 2004.10.13

 * Actually, talk pages are not supposed to be used for general discussion... just stuff that has some probability of actually improving the page. However, I might as well answer. There is no need to speculate about how much the settlers in Gaza will get. We have the precedent of the settlers in the Sinai. They received stupendous amounts of money. I heard numbers in the vicinity of $500000 per family. However, we might as well assume 115000$ as a working amount. There are more than 2,000,000 people in the Palestinian territories. That's 230,000,000,000$ (230 Giga dollars? $$2.3*10^{11}$$$?) I sure can't pay it. Gadykozma 23:42, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Thank you, Gady, for your reply, especially in light of my breach of protocol. My apologies. If you wish, please edit out our speculative discussion so we are not at odds with standard practices here. I am under the impression such editing is within your power as a registered member of Wikipedia, which I am not.

As for making the article better, I happened to notice some imperfections in the phrasing of the last paragraph you wrote. I will take a stab at editing it. If you feel I botched it, please revert it or whatever you will. My goal in taking this action is just to have what you are saying be easily understood; nothing more. I tend to follow Strunk & White's book Elements of Style when editing.

V.N. 1:28 AM ET 2004.10.14

Polls
I have added relevent information to the plan. If you find something wrong with my sources than discuss it here. I have provided for sources on every level and I will continue to post the same corrections to this biased, POV introduction (from apolagetics against it) until it is NPOV.

If you have some problems with it list them here. You are not the sole arbiter of this website.

That is all.

--Guy Montag

 * Generally Wikipedia does not site polls. Polls are a dime a dozen and their results vary widely by the precise formulation of the question and the events of last Tuesday. Does Britannica site polls? I don't think so. It's simply not encyclopaedic. This particular poll, BTW, is a fine example of why not to quote polls in Wikipedia.

 * Further, even if this poll would be worth a mention on Wikipedia — which it isn't — it wouldn't be here. There's nothing in it about the Elon Peace Plan. It is a general poll about transfer, so it belongs in a general transfer page. Uffish 02:26, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I disagree. An opinion poll presents a viewpoint into the minds of the Israeli public and whether they few the idea of tranfer favorably. Citing that the Elon plan has no support when 60% ,cited from a very prestigious source, of the Israeli public support encouraging the transfer of Israeli Arabs, and 46% support transfering Palestinian Arabs out of the territories, speaks alot about the political viability of any transfer plan. 60% is an overwhelming majority and I doubt very much that such opinions documented by a reputable source, would change overnight.

Guy Montag 08:55, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * You haven't actually addressed my points. I claim that polls are unecyclopedic, you only said that this poll is important. Important is not the same as encyclopedic. An encyclopedia should aim for something of lasting importance and meaning. See Avoid statements that will date quickly. Now, the Steinmatz Institute, for example, publishes a poll every month with basically the opposite results. What are we going to do? Update this page every month? Delete ones that are one year old? This is why polls are unwelcome here — you are welcome to stroll around other parts of Wikipedia and check for yourself.

 * Further you have completely ignored the fact that this poll does not even mention the Elon Peace Plan. General information about the notion of transfer in Israel should go to Moledet, this is currently the most appropriate page.

 * BTW, try not to add spurious newlines when you edit. It makes the diff operation much harder to do. That's how your change to "West Band and Gaza" got deleted. Uffish 03:02, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

All right I agree with the new edit and I see your point on temporary polls. I was more unnerved by the addition of POV terms than the deletion of the poll.

Guy Montag, different computer.

this article in hebrew
I was surprised to find out that there is no Hebrew Wikipedia page corresponding to this one. I posted a note to Hebrew talk:Benny_Elon asking if someone could make a page on it. I'm not sure where to go to ask for someone to make that page. Suggestions?
 * Epl18 13:10, 26 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I looked. It seems to be there now. 74.103.60.55 05:29, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

"Elon" should be written "Alon"
"Elon" should be written "Alon" Since "Alon" is similar to pronouncing of alone. and the letter "e" does not state the actual syllable that is supposed to be. it is to be Alon as pronounced for example Affair. just a little note, I'm Isreali and my name is Alon and I do know this KM, and I guess I should know how to write my own name , trust me on that one. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 82.81.238.133 (talk) 11:57, 12 March 2007 (UTC).

Neutrality
the article is clearly POV and biased. it starts with the name, it's incredibly cynical to call this proposal a "peace plan". it's irrelevant that the creators of the plan have given it this label. furthermore, the article reads like an apology of this "plan". --Severino (talk) 16:07, 28 November 2008 (UTC)
 * That is the plan's name. You can disagree with it, or with the prospects it will actually bring peace, but surely you realize that is just your POV. Many people think other "Peace plans", e.g. the Road map for peace are equally cynical, and yet that's what we call that article, because that's the name of the plan. Other than the title, what specific changes are you recommending to remove the perceived 'POV'? NoCal100 (talk) 05:48, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

i don't know yet the exact wikipedia rules for such cases. but when al quaida calls one of it's terrorist acts "operation xy", the article about this assault here won't be refeered to with this name (for good reasons). similar is true with many names the nazis gave their operations and plans (not at least because of the cynical character of the name in relation to the accomplishment or intention of the plan/operation). beside that, there's generally not enough distance between this plan and the article about it, as i mentioned above. for example, to realize the plan, the palestinians would have to be deported to another state (the crucial point of mr. elons plan) or further disenfranchised, a fact which is clouded in the article by using weasel words. the paragraph about "the case presented by proponents of the plan" reads like copied from the national unions hp, using words like "moderate states" or "demographic threat". the paragraph about the critics of the plan on the other hand is much too short and cites only one israeli (no palestinian, jordanian,..) who himself is from the far right, uses settler terms like judea and samaria and whoose main problem with the plan is his concern about the settlers. there has to be also more background information about elon and his party. --Severino (talk) 09:16, 30 December 2008 (UTC)
 * It;s fairly clear that Nazi operations and plans are not a better comparable than alternative peace palns, but you;re wrong on that count as well - have a look at Operation Nordlicht, Operation Edelweiss, or Operation Barbarossa. The article makes clear that the plan "concerned the transfer of Palestinians" - whta alternate formulation woudl you propose? Feel free to add more background information about Elon and his party - if that information is relevant to the article's topic, but that is not a reason to tag it as "POV". NoCal100 (talk) 15:14, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

to no surprise you did not get my points. for example, the title of the article is not the problem - if it would not be presented as it would indeed be a peace plan (first line: "...is a solution..."). in the articles you mentioned and other comparable ones the character and the goals of the plans/operations are expressed differentiated and not in the terms of the initiator(s).--Severino (talk) 19:36, 30 December 2008 (UTC)
 * It's indeed not surprising, since you keep changing your points - you first wrote "the article is clearly POV and biased. it starts with the name", and now you say "the title of the article is not the problem". Well, I'm happy to hear the name is no longer a problem. What is the specific change you would like to make to the first line? In a comparable article (Road map for peace), the first line says "The "road map" for peace is a plan to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict proposed ...". How about if we change the words "is a solution" to "is a plan to resolve"? NoCal100 (talk) 15:59, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

the name is not the problem IF it's made clear that it is indeed NOT a peace plan. the road map is not comparable to the elon dream nor is the article about it on the english wikipedia. i named a couple of points which should be changed in my last comments regardless that you ignored it.--Severino (talk) 20:41, 31 December 2008 (UTC)
 * What do you mean it is not a peace plan? You may not thing it's a good plan, but the there are those that do. I've made a suggetsion on how to improve the sentence you complained about - if you are not going to engage in substantial dialog, I'll simply remove the POV tag. NoCal100 (talk) 00:25, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

i complained about other points (you ignored) as well. remove the tag if wikipedia rules entitle you to do so. i will not discuss ("substantial" or otherwise) with somebody who claims this is a peace plan.--Severino (talk) 00:41, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

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Snowy plover

The snowy plover (Anarhynchus nivosus) is a small shorebird found in the Americas. It is a member of the bird family Charadriidae, which includes the plovers, dotterels, and lapwings. The snowy plover was originally described by John Cassin in 1858, but was classified as a subspecies of the Kentish plover in 1922. Since 2011, the snowy plover has been recognized as a distinct species based on genetic and anatomical differences from the Kentish plover. Two or three subspecies are recognized, distributed along the Pacific coast of North America, Ecuador, Peru, and Chile, in several inland areas of the US and Mexico, along the Gulf Coast, and on Caribbean islands. The coastal populations consist of both residential and migratory birds, whereas the inland populations are mostly migratory. It is one of the best studied endemic shorebirds of the Americas, and one of the rarest.

Snowy plovers are pale brown above and white below, with a white band on the hind neck. During the breeding season, males have black patches behind the eye and on the side of the neck; the neck patches are separated from each other and do not form a continuous breast band as in many other plovers. Snowy plovers can also be distinguished from other plovers in having an all-black and slender bill, and gray to black legs. The typical call is a repeated "tu-wheet".

This plover inhabits open areas in which vegetation is absent or sparse, in particular coastal sand beaches and shores of salt or soda lakes, where it feeds on invertebrates such as crustaceans, worms, beetles, and flies. At the beginning of the breeding season, males excavate multiple nest scrapes that are advertised to females; one of these scrapes is later selected for breeding. Some females will desert their brood soon after the chicks hatch to re-mate with another male, while their first mate will continue to rear the chicks. Such polygamy is uncommon in birds, and is possibly a strategy to maximize breeding success. There are more males than females – 1.4 times as many in California – and the more pronounced this sex ratio imbalance is, the more females engage in polyandrous behavior.

The snowy plover is listed as near threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The main threats are habitat destruction due to invasive beach grasses, urban development, as well as frequent disturbance due to recreational uses of beaches. Conservation measures on the US Pacific coast include roping-off beach areas that are used for breeding, the removal of invasive beach grasses, and protection against egg predators. While such measures have been successful locally, the global population is thought to be in decline.

Taxonomy and systematics
The snowy plover was first described by John Cassin in 1858 as Aegialitis nivosa, based on a skin collected in 1854 by William P. Trowbridge in Presidio, which later became part of San Francisco. This skin, the holotype of the species, was subsequently lost. Although originally part of the collection of the National Museum of Natural History, it was given to the collector Henry E. Dresser of England in 1872. In 1898, the Dresser collection was transferred to the Victoria University of Manchester, but the skin was apparently not part of this transfer. Joseph Grinnell, who attempted to locate the holotype in 1931, suggested that Dresser may have been unaware of the specimen's significance and may have given it elsewhere. The snowy plover is one of the best-studied endemic shorebirds of the Americas, although most of this research was carried out on western North American populations, with few monitoring programs targeting the South American and eastern North American populations.

Plovers (Charadriinae) are a subfamily of small shorebirds that breed in open habitats on all continents except Antarctica. Together with the lapwings (Vanellinae), they form the family Charadriidae. The snowy plover was traditionally considered to be a species within the genus Charadrius, which comprised 32 extant species and was therefore the most species-rich genus of the family. However, a 2013 genetic analysis found that the lapwings are nested within Charadrius; the latter is therefore polyphyletic (is not a natural group, i.e., the most distantly related Charadrius species are more closely related to lapwings than to each other). Some subsequent studies confirmed this and proposed to split Charadrius into five separate genera. The snowy plover, formerly Charadrius nivosus, was transferred into the genus Anarhynchus, as Anarhynchus nivosus, along with 22 other plover species; in 2023, this transfer was recognized by the International Ornithologists' Union. Before the transfer, Anarhynchus contained only one species, the wrybill from New Zealand. The name Anarhynchus derives from the Ancient Greek ἀνα- (ana-) meaning backward and ῥυγχος (rhunkhos) meaning bill. The species name nivosus is Latin for snowy.

The snowy plover appears to be most closely related to the Kentish, the white fronted, the Malaysian, the chestnut-banded, and the red-capped plover, as shown in a cladogram from a 2015 study:

The snowy plover is closely related, and visually similar, to the Kentish plover of Eurasia and Africa. Harry C. Oberholser, in 1922, argued that the differences in plumage between these species are not consistent, and no clear line of demarcation could be drawn. Consequently, he classified the two subspecies of the snowy plover that were recognized at that time (nivosus and tenuirostris) as subspecies of the Kentish plover. This assessment was subsequently followed by most authors, until a 2009 genetic study re-established the snowy plover as a separate species. This study noted that, besides differences in the mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, snowy plovers differ from Kentish plovers in being smaller, having shorter and wings, different chick plumages, and different advertisement calls of the males. In 2011, the International Ornithological Congress (IOC) and the American Ornithologists' Union (AOU) recognized them as separate species.

Subspecies
Two to three subspecies are commonly recognized:

 * Anarhynchus nivosus nivosus (Cassin, 1858) : The nominate subspecies, found in North America west of Louisiana.

 * Anarhynchus nivosus tenuirostris (Lawrence, 1862) : The Cuban snowy plover, found in North America east of Louisiana. The distinction of this subspecies from the nivosus subspecies is contested, but two genetic analyses in 2007 and 2020 have supported its separation.

 * Anarhynchus nivosus occidentalis (Cabanis, 1872) : Found on the Pacific coast of South America. It is slightly larger than the nominate subspecies, the (the area between eye and beak) is white, and the black patch on the forehead is slightly broader.

A 2020 study suggested that the snowy plover populations can be subdivided into four distinct demes (groups of individuals more genetically similar to each other than to other individuals): The western nivosus deme in western North America, the eastern nivosus deme in Florida, the tenuirostris deme on the Caribbean islands and Bermuda, and the occidentalis deme in South America. The study found little genetic exchange between these demes, except for a strong migration from the western to the eastern nivosus deme (but not vice versa).

Description
The snowy plover is a plump shorebird with a large head, a short and slender bill, and short neck and tail. It is a small plover, with adults ranging from 15 to 17 cm in length, from 34 to 43.2 cm in wingspan, and from 40 to 43 g in weight. Its body is typically held horizontally. Compared to other plovers, its legs are relatively long and its wings short. The bill is black, the iris dark brown, and the legs gray to black.

Snowy plovers are pale brown above and white below, with a white band on the hind neck and a smudgy (absent in the South American subspecies). Breeding males have black patches behind the eye ("ear patch"), on the sides of the neck, and on the forehead. In males, the may be reddish at the start of the breeding season. The breeding female is slightly duller, and typically one or more of the patches are partly or completely brown. The neck patches on each side are well separated and rarely joined at the front, giving the appearance of a "broken" breast band in contrast to the continuous breast band in many other plovers. Outside the breeding season, the neck and ear patches are pale and the forehead patch is absent, and plumages of males and females cannot be distinguished. Newly hatched chicks have pale upper sides with brown to black spots and are white below.

Similar species within its range include the piping plover, the collared plover, the semipalmated plover, and Wilson's plover. Amongst other features, the snowy plover differs from these species in its slender and entirely black bill (shorter and thicker in piping plover and longer and thicker in Wilson's plover, and with orange base in piping and breeding semipalmated plover), in its gray to black legs (orange or yellow in piping, collared, and semipalmated plover), and the "broken" breast band (usually complete in semipalmated, Wilson's, and breeding collared plovers).

Vocalizations
The typical call is a repeated "tu-wheet" given in a wide range of contexts. In males, these include advertisement while standing in territories and courtship. In both sexes, the call may be given in situations of threat, aggression, distress, and alarm. This call differs between sexes, being shorter, quieter, and hoarser in the female. Other calls include a repeated "purrt" that is given during breeding season, for example while flying from nest sites or when other plovers intrude their territory. A single "churr" is mostly given by males while defending territory or offspring from other plovers. Outside the breeding season, a repeated "ti" is given when disturbed while resting, and is often followed by flight. Chicks make a "peep" call from up to two days before hatching while still in the egg, and until their first flight.

Distribution and habitat
The snowy plover is distributed along the Pacific coast of North and South America, in areas inland of the US and Mexico, along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, and on the Caribbean islands and Bermuda. On the Pacific coast, it breeds from south Washington down to Oaxaca in Mexico, and non-breeding individuals can be found as far south as Panama. In South America, it breeds from south Ecuador to Chiloé Island in Chile. In the Caribbean, breeding occurs eastwards as far as the Virgin Islands and Margarita Island. The coastal populations consist of both migratory and residential birds; migration occurs over relatively short distances north- or southward along the coast. Inland breeding populations exist in the US eastward to the Great Plains of Kansas and Oklahoma, as well as in Mexico north of Mexico City. These populations are mostly migratory, with western populations migrating to the Pacific coast, and the Great Plains populations to the Gulf of Mexico coast. Breeding has been recorded at elevations up to 3,000 m.

The species inhabits open areas in which vegetation is absent or sparse, in particular coastal sand beaches and shores of salt or soda lakes. It also breeds on river bars that are located close to the coast, and adopts human-made habitats such as wastewater and salt evaporation ponds, dammed lakes, and dredge spoils. It requires the proximity of water, although it may breed on salt flats where only very little water remains.

Feeding
The species feeds on invertebrates such as crustaceans, worms, beetles, and flies. An analysis of feces from a coastal population in California during breeding season found beetles in 72%, flies in 44%, and insect larvae in 25% of the feces. Prey is taken from above and below the sand surface, from plants, and from carcasses. In inland habitats, snowy plovers usually forage on wet substrates that may be under a shallow water cover. As is typical for plovers, prey is found visually by briefly standing to scan the area, followed by running and capturing. Snowy plovers also forage by probing the substrate with their bills, by charging or hopping into accumulations of flies, and by "foot trembling" on wet substrates or in shallow water, where one foot shakes to stir up prey. Brine fly larvae are often shaken before consumption, and captured flies are often bitten two or three times. Snowy plovers may forage during day and night, with one individual observed feeding in almost complete darkness. Snowy plovers drink when fresh water is available, but when it is not, they can sustain themselves on the water content of their prey.

Territoriality and roosting
At the beginning of the breeding season, the male, while still unpaired, will establish and defend a territory, which is then advertised to a female by calling and excavating scrapes. A pair will continue to defend the territory. After the chicks hatch, the family will soon begin to move around, when the adults will defend the surrounding radius rather than a fixed territory. When defending a territory, males may attempt to intimidate intruders by using the "Upright Display" posture, in which the body is upright with erected breast feathers. They may also run or fly at, or fight with intruders. Fighting may involve jumping at each other breast-to-breast with flapping wings and mutual pecking and shoving. In some cases, combatants pull on each other's feathers, and may even pull out a tail feather. Fights with intermittent short breaks can last up to 1.5 hours. Territories are defended not only against other snowy plovers but also against some other bird species, including semipalmated plovers and whimbrels. Territories are probably not important for protecting food resources, as the plovers often feed in flocks up to 6 km away from their territories. In Kansas and Oklahoma, where the birds are more stationary, protection of feeding grounds could be more important. The size of territories is variable, and sizes between 0.1 and 1 ha have been reported.

Outside the breeding season, snowy plovers will often roost in groups of several to more than 300 birds. Roosting places are typically on the ground, often in depressions such as footprints (including those of humans) and vehicle tracks or behind objects such as driftwood.

Breeding

Snowy plovers are facultatively polygamous, with females, and less frequently males, often abandoning their mate soon after the chicks have hatched. The deserting female will then pair with a new male and renest, sometimes a few hundred kilometers away from its first brood, while the male will continue to rear the chicks. A 2021 study of a population at Ceuta, Sinaloa, Mexico, found that females are more likely to abandon their broods when the chicks are likely to survive even in their absence, or when the chicks have a low probability of survival. The polygamy in this species could therefore be a strategy to maximize breeding success. Polygamy is most pronounced where the breeding season is long, when birds may start two, and sometimes three, broods per season. On the other hand, birds do generally not brood twice in the Great Plains, where the breeding season is short. A biased sex ratio also appears to favor polygamy: males are generally more common than females, with one study reporting that males were 1.4 times more common than females in California. The causes for such pronounced sex ratios are unknown. Rarely, males breed with two females at the same time. Pairs can also be reestablished in the next breeding season, which occurred in 32 to 45% of cases in central California, or within the same season in the third breeding attempt of the female. The polygamous mating system of the snowy plover is uncommon in birds, but the closely related Kentish plover shows a similar behavior.

Snowy plovers nest in nest scrapes that are excavated by the male as an important part of the courtship ritual. In the coastal areas of California, males excavated an average of 5.6 scrapes per territory. A scrape may be constructed within a few minutes, often near conspicuous landmarks such as rocks and grass patches. One of these scrapes is later selected by the pair for nesting, commonly the scrape where most copulations took place. Both before and during incubation, the adults continue to line the nest with small objects such as stones and shell pieces. Where the ground is too hard to construct scrapes, other depressions such as animal and vehicle tracks are chosen.

The species lays three eggs on average, but clutch size ranges from two to six eggs. When only a single egg is produced, the clutch is usually abandoned. Eggs are oval or asymmetric in shape and have a matte and smooth surface. In coastal California, they average at 31 mm in length, 23 mm in width, and 8.5 g in weight, which accounts for 20% of the body weight of the female. Egg color is brownish-yellow, with dark brown or black speckles that become more numerous towards the blunt end of the egg. The female lays one egg every 47 to 118 hours until the clutch is complete. The time interval between egg laying and hatching varies geographically and seasonally, ranging between 23 and 49 days. Continuous incubation starts upon clutch completion; while still incomplete, males and females spend only about a quarter of the daytime incubating. In coastal areas of California, females tend to incubate during the day, while males incubate at night. The reason for this pattern is unclear, and hypotheses include a need of the female to feed at night to regain energy lost from egg laying and the need of the male to defend the territory during daytime. Under hot conditions greater 40 C, the male and female take turns at least once per hour.

A day before hatching, chicks and parents begin to communicate by calling. After hatching, the parents will carry eggshells away from the nest. The chicks are precocial and able to walk and swim one to three hours after hatching. Parents do not feed their chicks, but will lead them to feeding areas. Parents will continue to brood their chicks after hatching – in the coastal areas of northern California, chicks less than 10 days old were brooded for an average of 58% of each day. In western North America, chicks are looked after for 29 to 47 days after hatching, often by the male after the female has deserted. In the more eastern populations, however, chicks are often cared for until they fledge.

Predators and mortality
Adults are preyed upon by birds of prey and various mammals including feral cats and foxes, with a wider range of predators preying on chicks and eggs. Adults will usually run away from an approaching predator or human, but may also take flight. Approaching birds of prey cause adults to duck on their nests, while roosting flocks will take flight to form a highly coordinated flight formation in which they move back and forth. Parents will signal their chicks to lie flat against the ground when sensing potential danger. They may then attempt to distract predators from their chicks by calling and flying around. Parents also use injury feigning, when they will run away and move their wings as if they are broken, or lie on the ground while crouching or flapping.

Common diseases include botulism, and common parasites include bird lice. The average life span has been estimated at 2.7 years, and the oldest snowy plover on record was at least 15 years old.

Status and conservation
The snowy plover is among the rarest endemic shorebirds in the Americas. Since 2014, it is listed as "Near Threatened" by the IUCN because of a moderately rapid population decline caused primarily by habitat degradation and human disturbance. In the US Pacific coast, the species is thought to have lost 50 out of 78 breeding sites since 1970, and in the Great Plains of Texas, the decline is estimated to have been larger than 75% between 1998 and 2009. Subtropical and tropical populations, although less studied and monitored than those of higher latitudes, may be similarly threatened. As of 2020, the global population is estimated at 24,000 to 31,000 mature individuals. Counting both juveniles and mature individuals, the North American population has been estimated at 25,869; the population in and around the Gulf of Mexico at 2,500; and the South American population at 8,000 to 10,000 individuals.

Causes of decline
Habitat degradation is a major cause for the declines in both coastal and inland populations in the US. Many coastal beaches have been developed for recreational use. Periodic raking of beaches to remove garbage and natural debris such as kelp causes plovers to abandon breeding areas, and reduces biodiversity and biomass of the invertebrates the plovers feed on. Dune habitat was lost to the invasive European beachgrass, which had originally been planted to stabilize dunes. This species, as well as the American beachgrass from the Atlantic coast, have replaced native foredune vegetation in most of the North American Pacific coast. In the Great Salt Plains in Oklahoma, controlled flooding, as well as an invasive shrub, the French tamarisk, have destroyed much plover habitat. In the Great Plains of Texas, sinking groundwater levels due to water extraction has been identified as the primary cause of decline. River habitats in Kansas and Oklahoma have been decimated by the extraction of water, the erection of water reservoirs, and vegetation growth. Habitat is lost to housing and urbanization adjacent to beaches. Less significant are habitat losses due to the trapping of sediments by dams and jetties that affect coastal erosion and sedimentation. Habitat degradation is also a major concern for populations of lower altitudes. For example, around Ceuta in Mexico, the species is affected by large-scale removal of protected mangrove forests and illegal development of beaches, but also by the spread of mangroves into abandoned evaporation ponds that were adopted as habitats by the plovers. A 2017 analysis concluded that the Ceuta population will probably be extinct in 25 years if no further conservation measures are implemented.

On US beaches, disturbance by humans and dogs is another significant cause for the abandonment of areas. One 2001 study found that at a public beach at Coal Oil Point, each plover was disturbed every 27 minutes on average during weekends and every 43 minutes during the week. The study further found that the plovers have been more sensitive to dogs than to humans, and that most disturbances occurred when the plovers were approached by less than 30 m. A 2003 study of two beaches at Point Reyes National Seashore found that chick mortality was 69% greater on weekends compared to weekdays in 1999 and 72% greater in 2000, demonstrating the negative effects of human recreation. Nests have also been directly crushed by vehicles, walking humans, and, in inland populations, by cattle. An experiment with quail eggs at Sands Beach in Santa Barbara County, California, revealed an 8% daily risk of eggs being trampled by humans when outside protected areas.

Several additional threats have been documented. Predation on chicks and eggs by crows, ravens, skunks, and invasive red foxes has intensified in some areas. Crows and ravens may be attracted to plover breeding areas by human food sources. Several instances have been documented where environmental pollution affected populations. Oil spills have been a repeated threat, such as the New Carissa spill of 1999 that is known to have killed a minimum of 45 plovers. At Point Reyes National Seashore, mercury contamination has been identified as the cause for a high proportion of unhatched eggs. A 2018 study found that 98% of analyzed plovers in the Southern Great Plains had blood selenium levels exceeding the toxicity threshold. Discarded monofilament fishing lines are a known threat, but their impact on populations is unknown. In the future, effects of climate change, such as droughts and habitat loss due to sea level rise, are likely to become significant threats.

Conservation measures
In 1993, the Pacific coast population of the US was listed as a "threatened" under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, and a recovery plan followed in 2007. The plan focuses on three main conservation measures: closure of upper beach areas to the public during breeding season; protection against predators; and habitat restoration. Closure of beach areas was most effective when including fencing against dogs and a 30 m buffer zone. Egg predators were controlled by both fencing individual nests and predator removal. Habitat restoration focused on the removal of the invasive European beachgrass. Measures are also in place to protect some other snowy plover habitats elsewhere in the US. In the Great Salt Plains in Oklahoma, dams and fences were erected around nesting areas to prevent flooding and predation, but proved ineffective. In Mexico, the species has been listed as "threatened" since 2010.

Even though the global population is declining, conservation efforts have led to local increases in plover populations. In central Chile, protection of a small stretch of beach against human disturbance resulted in an increase of the local population, as was reported in 2001. The first instance of snowy plovers reoccupying a breeding area following its protection from human disturbance was documented in 2006 at Sands Beach, Santa Barbara County, where barriers are in use since 2001. As of March 2023, conservation efforts have been particularly successful in Oregon, where numbers increased to 483 birds, from just 55 birds in 1993. This increase was possible due to roping off 40–50 mi of dry sand on beaches, as well as the removal of invasive grasses. In California, the population is estimated at 1,830 birds as of March 2023.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Snowy plover


text:
Nesebar

Nesebar (often transcribed as Nessebar and sometimes as Nesebur, Несебър, pronounced ) is an ancient city and one of the major seaside resorts on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast, located in Burgas Province. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Nesebar Municipality. Often referred to as the "Pearl of the Black Sea", Nesebar is a rich city-museum defined by more than three millennia of ever-changing history. The small city exists in two parts separated by a narrow human-made isthmus with the ancient part of the settlement on the peninsula (previously an island), and the more modern section (i.e., hotels and later development) on the mainland side. The older part bears evidence of occupation by a variety of different civilisations over the course of its existence.

It is one of the most prominent tourist destinations and seaports on the Black Sea, in what has become a popular area with several large resorts—the largest, Sunny Beach, is situated immediately to the north of Nesebar.

Nesebar has on several occasions found itself on the frontier of a threatened empire, and as such it is a town with a rich history. Due to the city's abundance of historic buildings, UNESCO came to include Nesebar in its list of World Heritage Sites in 1983.

As of December 2019, the town has a population of 13,600 inhabitants.

Name
The settlement was known in Greek as Mesembria (Μεσημβρία), sometimes mentioned as Mesambria or Melsembria, the latter meaning the city of Melsas. According to a reconstruction the name might derive from Thracian Melsambria. Nevertheless, the Thracian origin of that name seems to be doubtful. Moreover, the tradition pertaining to Melsas, as founder of the city is tenuous and belongs to a cycle of etymological legends abundant among Greek cities. It also appears that the story of Melsas was a latter reconstruction of the Hellenistic era, when Mesembria was an important coastal city.

Before 1934, the common Bulgarian name for the town was Месемврия, Mesemvriya. It was replaced with the current name, which was previously used in the Erkech dialect spoken close to Nesebar. Both forms are derived from the Greek Mesembria.

History
Bulgarian archaeologist Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova led six underwater archaeological expeditions for the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS) between 1961 and 1972 in the waters along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast. Her work led to the identification of five chronological periods of urbanization on the peninsula surrounding Nesebar through the end of the second millennium B.C., which included the Thracian protopolis, the Greek colony Mesambria, a Roman-ruled village to the Early Christian Era, the Medieval settlement and a Renaissance era town, known as Mesembria or Nessebar.

Engineering around the peninsula coastline was undertaken in 1980s both to preserve the coastline (and its historic significance) and to consolidate the area as a port.

Antiquity
Originally a Thracian settlement, known as Mesembria, the town became a Greek colony when settled by Dorians from Megara at the beginning of the 6th century BC, then known as Mesembria. It was an important trading centre from then on and a rival of Apollonia (Sozopol). It remained the only Dorian colony along the Black Sea coast, as the rest were typical Ionian colonies. At 425-424 BC the town joined the Delian League, under the leadership of Athens.

Remains date mostly from the Hellenistic period and include the acropolis, a temple of Apollo and an agora. A wall which formed part of the Thracian fortifications can still be seen on the north side of the peninsula.

Bronze and silver coins were minted in Mesembria since the 5th century BC and gold coins since the 3rd century BC. The town fell under Roman rule in 71 BC, yet continued to enjoy privileges such as the right to mint its own coinage.

Medieval era
It was one of the most important strongholds of the Eastern Roman Empire from the 5th century AD onwards, and was fought over by Byzantines and Bulgars, being captured and incorporated in the lands of the First Bulgarian Empire in 812 by Khan Krum after a two-week siege only to be ceded back to Byzantium by Knyaz Boris I in 864 and reconquered by his son Tsar Simeon the Great. During the time of the Second Bulgarian Empire it was also contested by Bulgarian and Byzantine forces and enjoyed particular prosperity under Bulgarian tsar Ivan Alexander (1331–1371) until it was conquered by Crusaders led by Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy in 1366. The Bulgarian version of the name, Nesebar or Mesebar, has been attested since the 11th century.

Monuments from the Middle Ages include the 5–6th century Stara Mitropoliya ("old bishopric"; also St Sophia), a basilica without a transept; the 6th century church of the Virgin; and the 11th century Nova Mitropoliya ("new bishopric"; also St Stephen) which continued to be embellished until the 18th century. In the 13th and 14th century a remarkable series of churches were built: St Theodore, St Paraskeva, St Michael St Gabriel, and St John Aliturgetos.

The city was conquered by the Ottomans during the Bulgarian-Ottoman wars, but was then returned to the Byzantine Empire by the terms of the 1403 Treaty of Gallipoli.

Ottoman rule
The capture of the town by the Ottoman Empire in 1453 marked the start of its decline, but its architectural heritage remained and was enriched in the 19th century by the construction of wooden houses in style typical for the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast during this period. At the early 19th century many locals joined the Greek patriotic organization, Filiki Eteria, while at the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence (1821) part of the town's youth participated in the struggle under Alexandros Ypsilantis.

Nesebar was a kaza centre in İslimye sanjak of Edirne Province before 1878.

Third Bulgarian state
After the Liberation of Bulgaria from Ottoman rule in 1879, Nesebar became part of the autonomous Ottoman province of Eastern Rumelia in Burgaz department until it united with the Principality of Bulgaria in 1885. Around the end of the 19th century Nesebar was a small town of Greek fishermen and vinegrowers. In 1900 it had a population of approximately 1.900, of which 89% were Greeks, but it remained a relatively empty town. It developed as a key Bulgarian seaside resort since the beginning of the 20th century. After 1925 a new town part was built and the historic Old Town was restored.

Churches
Nesebar is sometimes said to be the town with the highest number of churches per capita., Today, a total of forty churches survive, wholly or partly, in the vicinity of the town. Some of the most famous include:
 * the Church of St Sophia or the Old Bishopric (Stara Mitropoliya) (5th–6th century)
 * the Basilica of the Holy Mother of God Eleusa (6th century)
 * the Church of John the Baptist (11th century)
 * the Church of St Stephen or the New Bishopric (Nova Mitropoliya) (11th century; reconstructed in the 16th–18th century)
 * the Church of St Theodore (13th century)
 * the Church of St Paraskevi (13th–14th century)
 * the Church of the Holy Archangels Michael and Gabriel (13th–14th century)
 * the Church of Christ Pantocrator (13th–14th century)
 * the Church of St John Aliturgetos (14th century)
 * the Church of St Spas (17th century)
 * the Church of St Clement (17th century)
 * the Church Assumption of the Holy Virgin (19th century)

Whether built during the Byzantine, Bulgarian or Ottoman rule of the city, the churches of Nesebar represent the rich architectural heritage of the Eastern Orthodox world and illustrate the gradual development from Early Christian basilicas to medieval cross-domed churches.

Sports

 * Football

Local team of PFC Nesebar participates in 3-rd (amateur) football league. The stadium capacity is 6000 spectators, field dimensions are 100/50 m and some complementary fields are available for rent or practicing.

 * Tennis

There are many possibiltes to play tennis in the area in the summer season. The two main clubs with outdoor and indoor courts are TC Egalite and Tennis academy Nesebar.

Namesakes
Nesebar Gap on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Nesebar.

title: Nesebar


text:
Armalcolite

Armalcolite is a titanium-rich mineral with the chemical formula (Mg,Fe2+)Ti2O5. It was first found at Tranquility Base on the Moon in 1969 during the Apollo 11 mission, and is named for Armstrong, Aldrin and Collins, the three Apollo 11 astronauts. Together with tranquillityite and pyroxferroite, it is one of three new minerals that were discovered on the Moon. Armalcolite was later identified at various locations on Earth and has been synthesized in the laboratory. (Tranquillityite and pyroxferroite were also later found at various locations on Earth). The synthesis requires low pressures, high temperatures and rapid quenching from about 1,000 °C to the ambient temperature. Armalcolite breaks down to a mixture of magnesium-rich ilmenite and rutile at temperatures below 1,000 °C, but the conversion slows down with cooling. Because of this quenching requirement, armalcolite is relatively rare and is usually found in association with ilmenite and rutile, among other minerals.

Occurrence

Armalcolite was originally found on the Moon, in the Sea of Tranquility at Tranquility Base, and also in the Taurus–Littrow valley and the Descartes Highlands. The largest amounts were provided by the Apollo 11 and 17 missions. It was later identified on Earth from samples of lamproite dikes and plugs taken in Smoky Butte, Garfield County, Montana, US. On the Earth, it also occurs in Germany (Nördlinger Ries impact crater in Bavaria), Greenland (Disko Island), Mexico (El Toro cinder cone, San Luis Potosí), South Africa (Jagersfontein, Bultfontein and Dutoitspan kimberlite mines), Spain (Albacete Province and Jumilla, Murcia), Ukraine (Pripyat Swell), United States (Knippa quarry, Uvalde County, Texas and Smoky Butte, Jordan, Montana) and Zimbabwe (Mwenezi District). Armalcolite was also detected in lunar meteorites, such as Dhofar 925 and 960 found in Oman.

Armalcolite is a minor mineral found in titanium-rich basalt rocks, volcanic lava and sometimes granite pegmatite, ultramafic rocks, lamproites and kimberlites. It is associated with various mixed iron-titanium oxides, graphite, analcime, diopside, ilmenite, phlogopite and rutile. It forms elongated crystals up to about 0.1–0.3 mm in length embedded in a basalt matrix. Petrographic analysis suggests that armalcolite is typically formed at low pressures and high temperatures.

Synthesis
Armalcolite crystals up to several millimeters in length can be grown by mixing powders of iron, titanium and magnesium oxides in the correct ratio, melting them in a furnace at about 1,400 °C, letting the melt crystallize for a few days at about 1,200 °C, and then quenching the crystals to the ambient temperature. The quenching step is required both for laboratory and natural synthesis in order to avoid conversion of armalcolite to a mixture of magnesium-rich ilmenite (Mg-) and rutile (TiO2) at temperatures below 1,000 °C. This conversion threshold temperature increases with pressure and eventually crosses the melting point, meaning that the mineral cannot be formed at sufficiently high pressures. Because of this conversion to ilmenite, armalcolite has a relatively low abundance and is associated with ilmenite and rutile. Consequently, the relative amount of ilmenite and armalcolite can be used as an indicator of the cooling rate of a mineral during its formation.

Properties
Armalcolite has a general chemical formula (Mg,Fe2+)Ti2O5. It forms opaque masses which appear gray (ortho-armalcolite) to tan (para-armalcolite) in reflection, with gray varieties being most common, especially in synthetic samples. The crystal structure is the same for the ortho- and para-armalcolite. Their chemical composition does not differ significantly, but there is a difference in the MgO and Cr2O3 content which was attributed to dissimilar coloration. Armalcolite is a part of the pseudobrookite group which consists of minerals of the general formula X2YO5. X and Y are usually Fe (2+ and 3+), Mg, Al, and Ti. End members are armalcolite ((Mg,Fe)Ti2O5), pseudobrookite (Fe2TiO5), ferropseudobrookite (FeTi2O5) and "karrooite" (MgTi2O5). They are isostructural and all have orthorhombic crystal structure and occur in lunar and terrestrial rocks.

Chemical composition of most armalcolite samples can be decomposed into a sum of metal oxides as follows: TiO2 (concentration 71–76%), FeO (10–17%), MgO (5.5–9.4%), Al2O3 (1.48–2%), Cr2O3 (0.3-2%) and MnO (0–0.83%). Whereas the titanium content is relatively constant, the ratio of magnesium to iron varies and is usually lower than 1. A so-called Cr-Zr-Ca variety of armacolite is distinguished which has an elevated content of Cr2O3 (4.3–11.5%), ZrO2 (3.8–6.2%) and CaO (3–3.5%). These varieties are not distinct and intermediate compositions are also found. The iron-poor (magnesium-rich) modification of armacolite has the same crystal structure and occurs in the Earth's crust as the mineral unofficially named "karrooite".

Most titanium is present in armalcolite in the 4+ state, owing to the reducing synthesis environment, but there is a significant fraction of Ti3+ in lunar samples. The Ti3+/Ti4+ ratio in armalcolite can serve as an indicator of fugacity (effective partial pressure) of oxygen during the mineral's formation. It also allows one to distinguish lunar and terrestrial armalcolite, as Ti3+/Ti4+ = 0 for the latter.

Since armalcolite's formula is (Mg,Fe2+)Ti2O5, it follows the general formula of XY2O5 where the X=(Mg and Fe2+), Y=Ti, and O is oxygen. Both X and Y sites are octahedrally coordinated and the radius ratio between the cations and the anions in armalcolite are at three to five ratio equaling 0.6 making the structure octahedral. Armalcolite is a titanium-rich mineral that falls under the magnesianferropseudobrookite mineral group with Fe2+Ti2O5 and MgTi2O5 as end members. Due to having octahedral symmetry, armalcolite has solid solution (cation substitution) between multiple elements Fe2+, Fe3+, Mg, Al, and Ti; this is because of their similarities in atomic radii and charge. The crystallographic structure exhibited by armalcolite is an orthombic-dipyramid, thus falls in the orthorhombic category and has a 2/m 2/m 2/m point group and space group of Bbmm. Inside the M1 sites for armalcolite it is ideal for iron to reside there due to the larger size of iron and for M2, magnesium and titanium have a distribution between the two sites. In the metal sites, titanium has an eightfold; magnesium and iron with a four coordination. The magnesium and iron ratio in armalcolite decreases with decreasing temperature from 0.81 at 1,200 °C to 0.59 at 1,150 °C. Once the armalcolite reaches 1,125 °C it is replaced with ilmenite, FeTiO3, which lacks both magnesium and iron.

The crystal structure of armalcolite is close to that of distorted brookite. It is based on deformed octahedra, with a titanium atom in the center and six oxygen atoms at the corners. Magnesium or iron ions are located in the interstitial sites; they do not contribute significantly to the lattice framework, which is held by Ti-O bonds via the corners of the octahedra. However, these ions affect optical properties, rendering the mineral opaque in contrast to the transparent titanium dioxide TiO2.

title: Armalcolite


text:
BOC

BOC is the abbreviation of:

 * Battle of Chancellorsville, during the American Civil War
 * Biology of the Cell, an academic journal in biology
 * Blackbird Owners Club, Motorclub for people who own a Honda CBR1100XX Super Blackbird and/or Honda X-11
 * Bloque Obrero y Campesino, (Spanish: "Workers and Peasants' Bloc"), a former leftwing group in Spain, associated with the international Right Opposition, extant from 1931 to 1935
 * BOC (gene), human gene
 * BOC Challenge, now renamed the Velux 5 Oceans Race, a round-the-world single-handed sailing yacht race named after its then main sponsor BOC
 * Body of Christ, a term in Christian theology with two separate connotations
 * Bottom of container, a parachute deployment system.
 * British Overseas citizen, one kind of British nationality
 * tert-Butoxycarbonyl, abbreviated as "Boc", "BOC" or "t-Boc", a protecting group used in organic chemistry

Banks:

 * Bank of Canada, Canada's central bank
 * Bank of Ceylon, a major government-owned commercial bank in Sri Lanka
 * Bank of China, a major state-owned bank in the People's Republic of China
 * Bank of Cyprus, a major Cypriot financial institution

Companies:

 * Bell Operating Company, any one of the 24 local telephone companies that AT&T either owned or had a stake in prior to January 1, 1984
 * Board of Certification, Inc., a corporation that issues certifications for entry-level Athletic Trainers
 * BOC (company), British based industrial gas company, known as Brin's Oxygen Company prior to 1906, and the British Oxygen Company prior to 1975

Film:

 * Bride of Chucky

Music:

 * Baltimore Opera Company, an opera company in Baltimore, Maryland, United States
 * Blue Öyster Cult, an American psychedelic/heavy metal band
 * Boards of Canada, a Scottish electronic music duo
 * Boston Opera Company, an opera company in Boston, Massachusetts
 * Bump of Chicken, a Japanese rock band

Names:

 * Emil Boc, Romanian politician

Organizations:

 * Baystate Organic Certifiers, which is an organic-certifying agent owned by Massachusetts Independent Certification, Inc. (MICI) and accredited by National Organic Program (NOP)
 * Bird Observation & Conservation Australia, an Australian birding association
 * British Ornithologists' Club, aims to promote discussion between members and others interested in ornithology, and to facilitate the dissemination of scientific information concerned with ornithology
 * British Orthodox Church, an autonomous Oriental Orthodox Church under the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria
 * Bulgarian Olympic Committee, the National Olympic Committee of Bulgaria, part of the International Olympic Committee
 * Bulgarian Orthodox Church, an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Church with adherents in the Republic of Bulgaria and worldwide
 * Bureau of Customs, a Philippine government agency under the Department of Finance

Places:

 * Bay of Campeche, a bay in southwestern Gulf of Mexico
 * Boca Raton, Florida
 * Boca Raton station (Brightline)

Technology:

 * Binary offset carrier modulation - a digital modulation employed in Galileo and modernized GPS systems

Television:

 * Beyond Our Control, an American television series

title: BOC


text:
Te Mamaku

Hemi Topine Te Mamaku (c. 1790 – June 1887) was a Māori chief in the Ngāti Hāua-te-rangi iwi from the Whanganui region of New Zealand's North Island.

Te Mamaku was born and raised in the Whanganui area, and as tribal chief commanded a pā at Tuhua, at a strategic position on the Ohura River, north of Taumarunui. During the Musket Wars Te Mamaku was sometimes allied with Ngāti Toa chief Te Rauparaha and sometimes fought against him.

However, at the outbreak of the Hutt Valley Campaign in 1846, he was firmly on the side of Te Rangihaeata in resisting the encroachment of European settlers on to Māori land. On 16 May 1846, Te Mamaku led a force of about 200 warriors in a devastating dawn surprise attack on British troops at Boulcott's Farm in the Hutt Valley.

Afterwards, he sent letters to other chiefs in the Whanganui area urging them to join in the conflict. Some were intercepted and forwarded to the government, which may have precipitated George Grey's decision to arrest Te Rauparaha.

Returning to Wanganui (then known as Petre) in September 1846, Te Mamuku told the 200 European settlers that he had no quarrel with them and would protect them from attack by other Māori, but that he would not tolerate the presence of government troops. Two months later, the government decided to station troops at Petre.

In April 1847, four Māori were hanged for the murder of a settler family. Te Mamaku believed they should have been handed over for tribal justice. Raids on the outlying farms intensified, and then, in May, Te Mamaku led a war party of up to 700 warriors that besieged the town. A significant battle ensued on 20 July, resulting in about a dozen casualties on each side and the eventual withdrawal of Te Mamaku's forces up the Whanganui River to the Pipiriki area.

In 1857, Te Mamaku was offered the Māori kingship. He declined, but he did join the Kingitanga movement in their opposition to the sale of Māori land. He did not get involved in the Battle of Moutoa Island but was probably fighting alongside the Pai Mārire forces at Ohoutahi in the Second Taranaki War.

Despite this, within a few years, he was regarded as a man of peace and had the respect of the government. He opposed Te Kooti but was firm in his belief that the King Country was sacrosanct Māori territory, even to the extent of executing one man who persisted in entering the area. In 1880, he joined Te Keepa te Rangihiwinui in trust to protect the Māori land of the upper Wanganui River from sale to the Pākehā.

In his later years, Te Mamaku appears to have accepted many of the changes that Europeanisation brought to his area. He died in June 1887 at Taumarunui.

title: Te Mamaku