text:
Talk:America's Army

AA for 360
http://xbox360.ign.com/articles/795/795776p1.html America's Army: True Soldiers developed by Red Storm. Gas.mask.man 03:03, 13 June 2007 (UTC)

"owned by the US government"
Is this statement accurate? I thought everything produced by the US Gov. was in the PD? -- L augh! 07:09, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Perhaps 'overseen' is a better replacement? If said quote is incorrect, of course. Scar ian  Talk  14:31, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

 * The statement is accurate. The U.S. government provides all budget pertaining to the game. Even more, it is created by a branch of the DOD, the U.S. Army, and by extension a branch of the Federal Government. 72.49.194.69 14:48, 25 July 2007 (UTC) Joshua

 * So does that mean it's PD or not? 96.230.4.110 (talk) 06:59, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Reference for this? I don't think the government can own IP... Nicklink483 (talk) 16:12, 9 August 2008 (UTC)

The U.S. Army does own the game and all game IP. The government can originate trademark protection and patents. The government can also require that vendors copyright products created for the government and transfer copyrights to the government —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.161.121.31 (talk) 18:38, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

Medic, sniper
1. "medics are not depicted in game" 2. "SDM (squad-designated marksman, not to be confused with a sniper which is currently not present in AA)"

What`s with that? Sniper as well as medics are in the game! Virenque 14:44, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I apologize for showing as anon, I'm having login issues. Anyway, while I haven't played the game in a while, I do know there is a difference between SDM and Sniper, as well as a difference between Combat Lifesaver and Medic. 68.56.80.154 21:44, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Well. The word 'Medic' is a general term used by civilians to describe combat first aid'ers. In real life, the true medics carries much more equipments with them (stretchers, etc) with the capability of doing much much more things with a wounded soldier. In America's Army, the depicted 'Medic', do not have those equipment, and they only do what is supposed to do to prevent further implications from the wound.                               Also, the true snipers works totally different from those in game. How they works? Watch Discovery, or NatGeo. In AA, those guys are PART OF the fireteam, and presence is to pin down hard targets with accurate fire, which is different from the primary objective of setting up sniper teams (to work behind enemy lines silently). Additionally, they do not have the ghillie suit which real sniper have.ADouBTor 12:38, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

Other branches
According to howstuffworks, ""America's Army" has birthed a franchise. The U.S. Marines, Air Force and Navy are all rolling out their own training simulation video games as a result of the game's success. And other militaries, including those of Palestine and Hezbollah, have also developed their own versions of the game.". Can anyone verify because this would be relevant to the article. --Philip Laurence 04:23, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

 * The navy game is abysmal. I haven't found the airforce game yet, if there is one. -OOPSIE- (talk) 21:23, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:AA InterviewE3.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 04:56, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:AA InterviewE3.jpg
Image:AA InterviewE3.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 18:36, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Protest
This may be relevant to add to the article: —Preceding unsigned comment added by AP Shinobi (talk • contribs) 22:24, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

Made some changes, hope you like
GBGangsta (talk) 15:42, 24 October 2008 (UTC) Have made some changes with new information. hope you guys like.

Version history table
Should the info in this table be condensed dramatically? It seems to not follow the MOS guidelines for video game articles (see WP:GAMETRIVIA, point #9). DP 76764 18:22, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

An image on this page may be deleted
This is an automated message regarding an image used on this page. The image File:America's Army1.jpg, found on America&, has been nominated for deletion because it does not meet Wikipedia image policy. Please see the image description page for more details. If this message was sent in error (that is, the image is not up for deletion, or was left on the wrong talk page), please contact this bot's operator. STBotI (talk) 02:58, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

AA on Steam
I think there should be at least a small mention that America's Army 3.0 is being released on Steam. We can also put the release date down for 3.0 as today (June 17th 2009), as it's available to download and play on Steam. MightyJordan (talk) 20:34, 17 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Find a decent source, of course. DP 76764  (Talk) 21:17, 17 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Is the Steam store page fine? --Theredstarswl (talk) 05:02, 18 June 2009 (UTC)

Controversy?
The majority of the criticisms leveled toward this game have no source to support them. They should be removed until they are documented facts, not original opinions / research. --22samurai (talk) 16:41, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

 * On the other hand the stronger word 'Criticism' might be a more appropriate name for this section and expanding it considerably might be something to look into, as it doesn't take a genius to realise that this product in no way whatsoever represents what it is like to serve in 'America's Army' or any other armed forces for that matter.

 * The down side of this game (that its producers obviously didn't think about when choosing its title) is that it will have a tendency to make people in the rest of the world think the US military as a bit of a laughing stock; 'ha-ha typical couch potato Americans: they think of warfare as a video game' or on a more negative side 'OMG is this the kind of mentality they are trying to foster?'. As 'Galloway' (hidden in the article) puts it: AA 'does not make even the least attempt to achieve narrative realism—that is, accurately representing what serving a tour in the Army would actually be like. Instead, it simply expresses a nationalistic sentiment under the guise of realism, being little more than a "naïve and unmediated or reflective conception of aesthetic construction." '

 * I'll see if I can dig up some 'worthy' sources to criticise AA some more.1812ahill (talk) 00:10, 24 November 2011 (UTC)

AA3 needs its own page
It's a sequel, not a new version. Smurfy 22:22, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Nope - its a new version...and all new versions are sequels unless the make V1 then V3 then V2 ?!?!?
 * The previous versions used UT2.5, the new one UT3 Chaosdruid (talk) 16:15, 22 June 2009 (UTC)

 * It's definately a new game; it wasn't developed from AA2 -- merely heavily influenced by it. It's a completely new game. User:Fightin& (talk) 02:26, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

 * No. It still 'America's Army'. being in V3 doesn't make turn it into another game. They aren't marketing as such too. CrB (talk) 13:57, 26 June 2009 (UTC)

 * It uses another engine from the other ones, It's a different game71.175.191.135 (talk) 15:17, 27 June 2009 (UTC)

 * You're saying that red alert 1-3 not belong to the same series because they all uses different engines? The developers should just stick to Unreal 2 for the entire future to make it the same game? Explain abit please. One more thing. The title says America's Army which quite covers the entire series from it's launch to AA3 or even to AA4. If we were to be talking about setting up a NEW page for AA3, yes, do it. Do it for AA2 too. CrB (talk) 17:34, 27 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Not only does it use a different Game Engine but the developers completely redid the game mechanics. The overall game play is similar but that's like saying Unreal 2k4 is similar to Unreal Tournament 3. —Preceding unsigned comment added by T3po7re5 (talk • contribs) 03:42, 20 February 2010 (UTC)

 * AA3 and AA2 definately need to be split. They have entirely different gameplay, training, engines, accounts. This page could list basic info on it, release dates, news of sequels, etc, but right now you're trying to fit 3 different games into one article because they "Have the same name". That's the same as trying to combine all of the Grand Theft Auto articles into one page. It wouldn't be too much work to split off AA3 and AA2 for their own article. – TigerTails   talk  11:09, 27 October 2009 (UTC)

Should this be mentioned
Should it be mentioned that in a game both teams play as the U.S. army but see each other as enemies of the U.S. and holding the opposites of U.S. weapons when the other player in reality is holding the same weapon that you are. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.53.90.148 (talk) 05:46, 20 June 2009 (UTC)

 * yes it should ! lol - just edit the gameplay section and add that in m8 - if you need help doing that let me know :¬)
 * Chaosdruid (talk) 17:11, 22 June 2009 (UTC)

Updating info
Hi all

I am going to edit the page and bring it more uptodate as well as correct some info and try and get references...

I agree that it might be best to split the article now as there are the three separate games, "AA2"(PC), "AA3"(PC) and "Rise of a soldier" (Xbox). As "Rise of a soldier" is a franchise and was only co-developed by the USArmy I think that should be separate but with AA2 and AA3 being run alongside each other and with the problem that many people will play both versions until the problems are fixed and the only co-op maps are in version 2 not version 3. This combined with the "only time will tell" factor to see if AA2 continues or falls off and ceases to be used leads me to strongly disagree with splitting them apart as yet. Maybe in the future months we will have to.

For now I will carry on and edit with that possible split in mind...

cheers Chaosdruid (talk) 13:21, 22 June 2009 (UTC)

 * K - done a lot of work on the article..major issues with bias and some issues with ppl's opinions rather than facts but looks fine for now...Chaosdruid (talk) 16:56, 22 June 2009 (UTC)

Assessment
Assessed as C; reception section needs to be referenced and written in prose, and certain contents throughout the article lack referencing, "academic references" need to be delistified and integrated into prose, and in general the article has too many one to three-sentence paragraphs. - The New Age Retro Hippie used Ruler! Now, he can figure out the length of things easily. 09:49, 26 December 2009 (UTC)

Dissapointing differencies between AA2 and AA3
Not much/any is mentioned about all the good training missions available in AA2, but not in AA3. Going from AA2 to AA3 might be very dissapointing for some. 83.255.81.118 (talk) 15:12, 14 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Find a source discussing it and it can be added. DP 76764  (Talk) 16:58, 14 July 2010 (UTC)

Broken Link
The reference link provided at the end of the article to "Army Magazine" is a broken link. 96.18.39.97 (talk) 02:32, 3 September 2010 (UTC)

Strange edits from 59.99.xxx.xxx
See and. The pattern is big deletions from an anonymous user with no other edits, no edit comments, in the 59.99.xxx.xxx address range, which is a block in Nagpur, India. Possible vandal. --John Nagle (talk) 07:38, 14 December 2010 (UTC)

Please ad FN: Glorious Mission

 * Are video games turning against the U.S. Army?, salon.com, Wednesday, Jun 1, 2011.--91.39.104.208 (talk) 23:09, 1 June 2011 (UTC)
 * A section with a brief mention of this is already there.    ArcAngel    (talk) ) 12:35, 2 June 2011 (UTC)

Is aa3 legal in the uk
Is aa3 legal in the uk, please mention this — Preceding unsigned comment added by WOLfan112 (talk • contribs) 10:41, 24 February 2012 (UTC) What do you mean legal? Are people from the United Kingdom allowed to play it?Craig 23:00, 12 January 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cookiecraig (talk • contribs)

Psychology. Aptitude testing. Data mining.  Finding unflappable killers.
Gary Webb's feature story on AA has some good info, e.g. ""An experimental psychologist from the Navy helped tweak the game’s sound effects to produce heightened blood pressure, body temperature and heart rate." and "America’s Army isn’t merely a game, recruiting device or a public-relations tool, though it is certainly all of those things. It’s also a military aptitude tester. And it was designed that way from the start." and "In a posting deep inside the official America’s Army Web site, the Army reveals that “players who request information (about the Army) … may have their gaming records matched to their real-world identities for the purpose of facilitating career placement within the Army. Data collected within the game, such as which roles and missions players spent the most time playing could be used to highlight Army career fields that map into these interest areas … ”" and "Some psychologists and parents worry that such games are desensitizing a large, impressionable segment of the population to violence and teaching them the wrong things. But that depends on your point of view. If, like the U.S. Army, you need people who can become unflappable killers, there’s no better way of finding them.""

--Elvey (talk) 09:57, 9 April 2014 (UTC)

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AA2 was a figment of my imagination?
What? America's Army 2 did not exist? I never played it? It was a figment of ,my imagination? What?

Can anyone explain why there is no mention of AA2? Chaosdruid (talk) 22:31, 24 February 2018 (UTC)

About the importance
Actually, it is underrated by the WikiProject Video games, since although it has been rated as Low-importance, it has been awarded and studied, and generated controversies. RekishiEJ (talk) 14:28, 1 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:America's Army


text:
Christian Bernard

Christian Bernard (born 30 November 1951), F.R.C., is a former Imperator of AMORC, a mystical Rosicrucian order. He became Imperator on 12 April 1990. On October 3, 2018, Bernard announced his resignation as Imperator, and the election of Claudio Mazzucco as AMORC's new Imperator.

Personal life
According to the AMORC digest (publications given by the AMORC organization to its members periodically). He became a Rosicrucian at the age of 15.

Christian Bernard and his wife Helene have three children. The family is dedicated to the esoteric duties of AMORC.

Notable works
Books Written

 * "So Mote It Be" (1995)

 * "Questions And Answers" (2001)

 * "Rosicrucian Reflections" (2012)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Christian Bernard


text:
George Scarborough (cowboy)

George Scarborough (October 2, 1859 – April 5, 1900) was a cowboy and lawman who lived during the time of the Wild West. He is best known for having killed outlaw John Selman, killer of John Wesley Hardin, and for his partnership with lawman Jeff Milton, with the pair bringing down several outlaws during their time together.

Early life, controversial killing
Scarborough was born in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana. His family moved to Texas, where for a while he worked as a cowboy. In 1885, he was appointed sheriff for Jones County. He would later work as a Deputy US Marshal in and around El Paso, Texas. On June 21, 1895, while working alongside El Paso police chief Jeff Milton, Scarborough shot and killed Martin M'Rose, a Texas rustler. M'Rose is buried near John Wesley Hardin, and Texas Ranger Ernest St. Leon. Jeff Milton was Chief of Police in El Paso at that time, and Scarborough was a US Marshal. M'Rose had been captured, and was killed while being brought back from Mexico by the two lawmen on an outstanding warrant. Outlaw, gunman and paramour of Mrs. M'Rose, John Wesley Hardin, claimed that he had paid Scarborough and Milton to kill Martin M'Rose. Milton and Scarborough were arrested, but Hardin later withdrew his comments and the men were released.

Scarborough became well known for his unusual tactics when tracking a wanted outlaw. Often, he would drop himself down to the level of those he was pursuing. This tactic was extremely effective, and made him a hated and feared man among the outlaw element. There are many accusations that he was actively and ambitiously involved in outlaw gangs which he betrayed, but no one ever conclusively proved he was involved in unlawful actions. In July, 1898, Scarborough and Milton tracked, shot and captured outlaw "Bronco Bill" Walters, killing another member of Walters' gang, and scattering the rest from their hideout near Solomonville, Arizona. In late 1899 and into 1900, Scarborough pursued the Burt Alvord gang. The beginning of the gang's end came during a February 15, 1900, gunfight between five of the gang members and Jeff Milton in Fairbank, Arizona, during which gang member "Three Fingered Jack" Dunlop was killed, and both gang member Bravo Juan Yaos as well as Milton were wounded.

Killing of John Selman
Scarborough had long feuded with lawman/outlaw Old John Selman. On April 5, 1894, acting as Constable of El Paso Selman shot and killed Scarborough's close friend and former Texas Ranger Bass Outlaw. Selman was tried for the killing and found not guilty.

In reality, Bass Outlaw was not innocent in his own death. Intoxicated, he threatened to kill a local judge and was ordered by Selman to return home and sleep off his intoxication. Outlaw instead visited a brothel then a saloon. He argued with Texas Ranger Joe McKirdict, who attempted to talk him into leaving. Outlaw shot and killed Ranger McKirdict, then turned on Selman, who engaged him in a gunfight. Selman was wounded twice in the thigh. Outlaw was killed. The killing was found justified by the court.

On August 19, 1895, John Selman murdered John Wesley Hardin at the Acme Saloon Bar in El Paso.

In 1896, on the second anniversary of his friend Outlaw's death, Scarborough supposedly called Selman into the alley behind the Wigwam Saloon where two men argued and fought. Scarborough claimed both drew their guns so he fatally shot Selman; however, no gun was found on Selman's body. Later a thief who claimed to have stolen Selman's gun immediately after the gun fight was arrested before Scarborough's trial.

Scarborough was acquitted. He then moved to Deming, New Mexico, where he worked as a gunman for the Grant County Cattlemen's Association. He was also associated with the arrest of Pearl Hart.

Death
On April 1, 1900, Scarborough was involved in a shootout with George Stevenson and James Brooks. He killed one of the men but was shot in the leg and was taken back to Deming where the leg was amputated. He died four days later – coincidentally six years to the day after the death of his friend Texas Ranger Bass Outlaw, and four years after he shot Outlaw's killer, John Selman. An alternate story claims that on April 5, 1900, Scarborough and Walter Birchfield were tracking Harvey Logan (aka "Kid Curry") near San Simon, Arizona, and trapped him near the Triangle Canyon. A gunfight ensued, in which Scarborough was mortally wounded by Curry.

title: George Scarborough (cowboy)


text:
Weight loss

Weight loss, in the context of medicine, health, or physical fitness, refers to a reduction of the total body mass, by a mean loss of fluid, body fat (adipose tissue), or lean mass (namely bone mineral deposits, muscle, tendon, and other connective tissue). Weight loss can either occur unintentionally because of malnourishment or an underlying disease, or from a conscious effort to improve an actual or perceived overweight or obese state. "Unexplained" weight loss that is not caused by reduction in calorific intake or increase in exercise is called cachexia and may be a symptom of a serious medical condition.

Intentional
Intentional weight loss is the loss of total body mass as a result of efforts to improve fitness and health, or to change appearance through slimming. Weight loss is the main treatment for obesity, and there is substantial evidence this can prevent progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes with a 7–10% weight loss and manage cardiometabolic health for diabetic people with a 5–15% weight loss.

Weight loss in individuals who are overweight or obese can reduce health risks, increase fitness, and may delay the onset of diabetes. It could reduce pain and increase movement in people with osteoarthritis of the knee. Weight loss can lead to a reduction in hypertension (high blood pressure), however whether this reduces hypertension-related harm is unclear. Weight loss is achieved by adopting a lifestyle in which fewer calories are consumed than are expended. Depression, stress or boredom may contribute to unwanted weight gain or loss depending on the individual, and in these cases, individuals are advised to seek medical help. A 2010 study found that dieters who got a full night's sleep lost more than twice as much fat as sleep-deprived dieters. Though hypothesized that supplementation of vitamin D may help, studies do not support this. The majority of dieters regain weight over the long term. According to the UK National Health Service and the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, those who achieve and manage a healthy weight do so most successfully by being careful to consume just enough calories to meet their needs, and being physically active.

For weight loss to be permanent, changes in diet and lifestyle must be permanent as well. There is evidence that counseling or exercise alone do not result in weight loss, whereas dieting alone results in meaningful long-term weight loss, and a combination of dieting and exercise provides the best results. Meal replacements, orlistat, a very-low-calorie diet, and primary care intensive medical interventions can also support meaningful weight loss.

Diet and exercise
The least intrusive weight loss methods, and those most often recommended, are adjustments to eating patterns and increased physical activity, generally in the form of exercise. The World Health Organization recommends that people combine a reduction of processed foods high in saturated fats, sugar and salt, and reduced caloric intake with an increase in physical activity. Both long-term exercise programs and anti-obesity medications reduce abdominal fat volume. Self-monitoring of diet, exercise, and weight are beneficial strategies for weight loss, particularly early in weight loss programs. Research indicates that those who log their foods about three times per day and about 20 times per month are more likely to achieve clinically significant weight loss.

Permanent weight loss depends on maintaining a negative energy balance and not the type of macronutrients (such as carbohydrate) consumed. High protein diets have shown greater efficacy in the short term (under 12 months) for people eating ad libitum due to increased thermogenesis and satiety, however this effect tends to dissipate over time.

Hydration
Increasing water intake can reduce weight by increasing thermogenesis, by reducing food intake, and by increasing fat oxidation. Persons dieting for weight loss have demonstrated the weight-reducing effects of increased water consumption. Among adults in the U.S. there is a significant association between inadequate hydration and obesity.

Medications
Other methods of weight loss include use of anti-obesity drugs that decrease appetite, block fat absorption, or reduce stomach volume. Obesity has been resistant to drug-based therapies, with a 2021 review stating that existing medications are "often delivering insufficient efficacy and dubious safety". Semaglutide has also become popular recently as an aid in weight loss. It is particularly beneficial for those with type 2 diabetes and obesity.

Bariatric surgery
Bariatric surgery may be indicated in cases of severe obesity. Two common bariatric surgical procedures are gastric bypass and gastric banding. Both can be effective at limiting the intake of food energy by reducing the size of the stomach, but as with any surgical procedure both come with their own risks that should be considered in consultation with a physician.

Weight loss industry
There is a substantial market for products which claim to make weight loss easier, quicker, cheaper, more reliable, or less painful. These include books, DVDs, CDs, cremes, lotions, pills, rings and earrings, body wraps, body belts and other materials, fitness centers, clinics, personal coaches, weight loss groups, and food products and supplements. Dietary supplements, though widely used, are not considered a healthy option for weight loss, and have no clinical evidence of efficacy. Herbal products have not been shown to be effective.

In 2008, between US$33 billion and $55 billion was spent annually in the US on weight-loss products and services, including medical procedures and pharmaceuticals, with weight-loss centers taking between 6 and 12 percent of total annual expenditure. Over $1.6 billion per year was spent on weight-loss supplements. About 70 percent of Americans' dieting attempts are of a self-help nature.

In Western Europe, sales of weight-loss products, excluding prescription medications, topped €1,25 billion (£900 million/$1.4 billion) in 2009.

The scientific soundness of commercial diets by commercial weight management organizations varies widely, being previously non-evidence-based, so there is only limited evidence supporting their use, because of high attrition rates. Commercial diets result in modest weight loss in the long term, with similar results regardless of the brand, and similarly to non-commercial diets and standard care. Comprehensive diet programs, providing counseling and targets for calorie intake, are more efficient than dieting without guidance ("self-help"), although the evidence is very limited. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence devised a set of essential criteria to be met by commercial weight management organizations to be approved.

Characteristics
Unintentional weight loss may result from loss of body fats, loss of body fluids, muscle atrophy, or a combination of these. It is generally regarded as a medical problem when at least 10% of a person's body weight has been lost in six months or 5% in the last month. Another criterion used for assessing weight that is too low is the body mass index (BMI). However, even lesser amounts of weight loss can be a cause for serious concern in a frail elderly person.

Unintentional weight loss can occur because of an inadequately nutritious diet relative to a person's energy needs (generally called malnutrition). Disease processes, changes in metabolism, hormonal changes, medications or other treatments, disease- or treatment-related dietary changes, or reduced appetite associated with a disease or treatment can also cause unintentional weight loss. Poor nutrient utilization can lead to weight loss, and can be caused by fistulae in the gastrointestinal tract, diarrhea, drug-nutrient interaction, enzyme depletion and muscle atrophy.

Continuing weight loss may deteriorate into wasting, a vaguely defined condition called cachexia. Cachexia differs from starvation in part because it involves a systemic inflammatory response. It is associated with poorer outcomes. In the advanced stages of progressive disease, metabolism can change so that they lose weight even when they are getting what is normally regarded as adequate nutrition and the body cannot compensate. This leads to a condition called anorexia cachexia syndrome (ACS) and additional nutrition or supplementation is unlikely to help. Symptoms of weight loss from ACS include severe weight loss from muscle rather than body fat, loss of appetite and feeling full after eating small amounts, nausea, anemia, weakness and fatigue.

Serious weight loss may reduce quality of life, impair treatment effectiveness or recovery, worsen disease processes and be a risk factor for high mortality rates. Malnutrition can affect every function of the human body, from the cells to the most complex body functions, including:
 * immune response;
 * wound healing;
 * muscle strength (including respiratory muscles);
 * renal capacity and depletion leading to water and electrolyte disturbances;
 * thermoregulation; and
 * menstruation.

Malnutrition can lead to vitamin and other deficiencies and to inactivity, which in turn may pre-dispose to other problems, such as pressure sores. Unintentional weight loss can be the characteristic leading to diagnosis of diseases such as cancer and type 1 diabetes. In the UK, up to 5% of the general population is underweight, but more than 10% of those with lung or gastrointestinal diseases and who have recently had surgery. According to data in the UK using the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool ('MUST'), which incorporates unintentional weight loss, more than 10% of the population over the age of 65 is at risk of malnutrition. A high proportion (10–60%) of hospital patients are also at risk, along with a similar proportion in care homes.

Disease-related
Disease-related malnutrition can be considered in four categories:

Weight loss issues related to specific diseases include:
 * As chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) advances, about 35% of patients experience severe weight loss called pulmonary cachexia, including diminished muscle mass. Around 25% experience moderate to severe weight loss, and most others have some weight loss. Greater weight loss is associated with poorer prognosis. Theories about contributing factors include appetite loss related to reduced activity, additional energy required for breathing, and the difficulty of eating with dyspnea (labored breathing).
 * Cancer, a very common and sometimes fatal cause of unexplained (idiopathic) weight loss. About one-third of unintentional weight loss cases are secondary to malignancy. Cancers to suspect in patients with unexplained weight loss include gastrointestinal, prostate, hepatobiliary (hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer), ovarian, hematologic or lung malignancies.
 * People with HIV often experience weight loss, and it is associated with poorer outcomes. Wasting syndrome is an AIDS-defining condition.
 * Gastrointestinal disorders are another common cause of unexplained weight loss – in fact they are the most common non-cancerous cause of idiopathic weight loss. Possible gastrointestinal etiologies of unexplained weight loss include: celiac disease, peptic ulcer disease, inflammatory bowel disease (crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), pancreatitis, gastritis, diarrhea, chronic mesenteric ischemia and many other GI conditions.
 * Infection. Some infectious diseases can cause weight loss. Fungal illnesses, endocarditis, many parasitic diseases, AIDS, Whipple's disease and some other subacute or occult infections may cause weight loss.
 * Renal disease. Patients who have uremia often have poor or absent appetite, vomiting and nausea. This can cause weight loss.
 * Cardiac disease. Cardiovascular disease, especially congestive heart failure, may cause unexplained weight loss.
 * Connective tissue disease
 * Oral, taste or dental problems (including infections) can reduce nutrient intake leading to weight loss.

Therapy-related
Medical treatment can directly or indirectly cause weight loss, impairing treatment effectiveness and recovery that can lead to further weight loss in a vicious cycle. Many patients will be in pain and have a loss of appetite after surgery. Part of the body's response to surgery is to direct energy to wound healing, which increases the body's overall energy requirements. Surgery affects nutritional status indirectly, particularly during the recovery period, as it can interfere with wound healing and other aspects of recovery. Surgery directly affects nutritional status if a procedure permanently alters the digestive system. Enteral nutrition (tube feeding) is often needed. However a policy of 'nil by mouth' for all gastrointestinal surgery has not been shown to benefit, with some weak evidence suggesting it might hinder recovery. Early post-operative nutrition is a part of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery protocols. These protocols also include carbohydrate loading in the 24 hours before surgery, but earlier nutritional interventions have not been shown to have a significant impact.

Social conditions
Social conditions such as poverty, social isolation and inability to get or prepare preferred foods can cause unintentional weight loss, and this may be particularly common in older people. Nutrient intake can also be affected by culture, family and belief systems. Ill-fitting dentures and other dental or oral health problems can also affect adequacy of nutrition.

Loss of hope, status or social contact and spiritual distress can cause depression, which may be associated with reduced nutrition, as can fatigue.

Myths
Some popular beliefs attached to weight loss have been shown to either have less effect on weight loss than commonly believed or are actively unhealthy. According to Harvard Health, the idea of metabolic rate being the "key to weight" is "part truth and part myth" as while metabolism does affect weight loss, external forces such as diet and exercise have an equal effect. They also commented that the idea of changing one's rate of metabolism is under debate. Diet plans in fitness magazines are also often believed to be effective but may actually be harmful by limiting the daily intake of important calories and nutrients which can be detrimental depending on the person and are even capable of driving individuals away from weight loss.

Health effects
Obesity increases health risks, including diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, to name a few. Reduction of obesity lowers those risks. A 1 kg loss of body weight has been associated with an approximate 1 mmHg drop in blood pressure. Intentional weight loss is associated with cognitive performance improvements in overweight and obese individuals.

title: Weight loss


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AVS

AVS or Avs may refer to:

People

 * AVS (actor), Indian actor and comedian

Sports

 * AVS Futebol SAD, an association football club in Vila das Aves, Portugal
 * Colorado Avalanche, an NHL hockey team

Schools

 * Abbey Vocational School, a secondary school in County Donegal, Ireland
 * Amman Valley School, a bilingual (Welsh and English) secondary school in Wales

Science

 * American Vacuum Society, a member society of the American Institute of Physics, now known only as AVS
 * Angle of Vanishing Stability, the angle at which a boat will capsize
 * Acid volatile sulfide

Audio video

 * Audio Video Standard, a Chinese multimedia standard
 * Auditory Visual Stimulation, a controversial princip of the called Mind machine, or psychowalkman

Hardware

 * Adaptive voltage scaling, Adaptive Voltage Scaling as power optimization techniques

Software

 * Advanced Visualization Studio, a music visualization plugin for Winamp
 * Alexa Voice Service, a cloud-based voice recognition service
 * AOL Active Virus Shield, a discontinued free antivirus utility made available by AOL
 * AviSynth, a script-based frameserver
 * Cisco application virtual switch

Verification systems

 * Address verification service, a security measure in credit card processing
 * Adult Verification System, a system used by websites to confirm that someone accessing their site is of the age of majority

Other uses

 * Alleanza Verdi e Sinistra, known in English as the Greens and Left Alliance, an Italian electoral coalition composed of two political parties: Italian Left and Green Europe.
 * American Viola Society, an organization of viola players and enthusiasts
 * American Vegan Society, an organization that promotes veganism in the United States
 * Atharvaveda, aka Atharvaveda-Shaunakiya, a sacred Hindu text
 * AVS-36, Soviet automatic rifle
 * Nintendo Advanced Video System, or AVS, the original name for the Nintendo Entertainment System
 * A Vampyre Story, the 2007 Autumn Moon Entertainment adventure game
 * A US Navy hull classification symbol: Aviation stores issue ship (AVS)

title: AVS


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George Montagu (naturalist)

George Montagu (1753 – 20 June 1815) was an English army officer and naturalist. He was known for his pioneering Ornithological Dictionary of 1802, which for the first time accurately defined the status of Britain's birds. He is remembered today for species such as the Montagu's harrier, named after him.

Life and work
George Montagu was born to James Montagu (1713–1790), who was great-great-grandson of Lord James Montagu (d. 1665), who was younger son of Henry Montagu, 1st Earl of Manchester.

Montagu is best known for his Ornithological Dictionary (1802) and his contributions to early knowledge of British birds. He showed that many previously accepted species were invalid, either because they were birds in summer or winter plumage or males and females of the same species. His study of harriers resulted in the discovery that the Montagu's harrier was breeding in southern England. He was also involved in the first British records of cirl bunting, whose breeding range in England is around his home in Devon, as well as of cattle egret, little gull and gull-billed tern, and the discovery and description of the roseate tern.

He was born at the family home of Lackham House in Wiltshire, some three miles south of Chippenham in the northwest of that county, and baptised at Lacock Church on 9 July 1753. In 1770 he joined the army as an Ensign in the 15th Regiment of Foot. He resigned his commission as a captain in 1777, but eventually rose to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in the Wiltshire Militia. In August 1773 he married Ann Courtenay, niece of John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute. They settled at Alderton House in Wiltshire. In 1798 Montagu left his wife and moved to Prospect House, near Kingsbridge in Devon. It was here that he wrote his two-volume Ornithological Dictionary; or Alphabetical Synopsis of British Birds. He subsequently entered a relationship with Elizabeth Dorville (daughter of Georg Wolff), who worked with him illustrating several of his scientific articles. They went on to have four children together.

Montagu had an interest in marine and freshwater natural history, and in 1803 published his Testacea Britannica, a History of British Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells. This described 470 species of molluscs, 100 of which were new to the British list, and many of which would later be classified as foraminifera. He supplied some new species of crustacean to William Elford Leach at the British Museum, and recorded some species of fish for the first time in English waters, as well as discovering new species including Montagu's blenny and Montagu's snapper (Lutjanidae). He also described the lesser horseshoe bat for the first time. Montagu's ray, Montagu's sucker and Montagu's sea snail are also named after him.

He died of tetanus after stepping on a nail at Knowle House. He was buried at Kingsbridge Parish Church. Montagu's collection of birds was bought by the British Museum, about 200 of which are now housed at the Tring Museum. His annotated copies of the Dictionary and Testacea were bequeathed to the Linnean Society. Montagu's shell collection is held by the Royal Albert Memorial Museum & Art Gallery in Exeter and the Natural History Museum in London.

Works

 * Ornithological Dictionary; or Alphabetical Synopsis of British Birds, J. White, 1802.
 * Supplement to the Ornithological Dictionary, or, Synopsis of British birds, S. Woolmer, 1813.

title: George Montagu (naturalist)


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Legua

Legua is a genus of grasshoppers in the subfamily Romaleinae; described by Walker in 1870.

title: Legua


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Sundance Kid

Harry Alonzo Longabaugh (1867 – November 7, 1908), better known as the Sundance Kid, was an outlaw and member of Butch Cassidy's Wild Bunch in the American Old West. He likely met Butch Cassidy (real name Robert LeRoy Parker) during a hunting trip in 1883 or earlier. The gang performed the longest string of successful train and bank robberies in American history.

Longabaugh fled the United States along with his consort Etta Place and Butch Cassidy to escape the dogged pursuit of the Pinkerton Detective Agency. The trio fled first to Argentina and then to Bolivia, where most historians believe Parker (Cassidy) and Longabaugh were killed in a shootout in November 1908.

Early life
Longabaugh was born in Mont Clare, Pennsylvania, in 1867 to Pennsylvania natives Josiah and Annie G. (Place) Longabaugh, the youngest of five children. At age 15, he traveled west in a covered wagon with his cousin George to help settle George's homestead near Cortez, Colorado. While there, he found work as a wrangler at a neighboring ranch, and he learned to buy and breed horses. He left Cortez in 1886 and struck out on his own, drifting north and working on ranches. He found work on the N Bar N Ranch in Montana Territory, but the hard winter of 1886–1887 forced the ranch to lay off wranglers, including Longabaugh. Longabaugh drifted to the Black Hills before turning back to try to find work again at the N Bar N.

Career
In 1887, while traveling across the Three V Ranch near Sundance, Wyoming, he stole a gun, horse, and saddle from a cowboy. He was captured by authorities in Miles City, Montana, and sentenced to 18 months in jail by Judge William L. Maginnis. He adopted the nickname Sundance Kid during this time in jail. After his release, he went back to working as a ranch hand, and he worked at the Bar U Ranch in the North-West Territories of Canada in 1891, which was one of the largest commercial ranches of the time. He became joint owner of a saloon in the Grand Central Hotel in Calgary, but after quarreling with his partner, he headed south to Montana again. There, he took another job with the N Bar N and began rustling cattle and horses in Montana and Canada.

Longabaugh was suspected of taking part in a train robbery in 1892 and a bank robbery in 1897 with five other men. He became associated with a group known as the Wild Bunch, which included Robert Leroy Parker, better known as Butch Cassidy. Longabaugh was reportedly fast with a gun and was often referred to as a gunfighter. He became better known than Kid Curry, a member of his gang whose real name was Harvey Logan; Curry killed numerous men while with the gang. Longabaugh did participate in a shootout with lawmen who trailed a gang led by George Curry to the Hole-in-the-Wall hideout in Wyoming, and he was thought to have wounded two men in that shootout. Several people were killed by members of the gang, including five law enforcement officers killed by Logan. "Wanted dead or alive" posters were posted throughout the country, with rewards of as much as a $30,000 for information leading to their capture or deaths.

Longabaugh and Logan used a log cabin at Old Trail Town in Cody, Wyoming, as a hide-out, as they planned to rob a bank in Red Lodge, Montana. They then began hiding out at Hole-in-the-Wall, located near Kaycee, Wyoming. From there, they could strike and retreat with little fear of capture, since it was situated on high ground with a view of the surrounding territory in all directions. Pinkerton detectives led by Charlie Siringo, however, hounded the gang for a few years. Parker, Longabaugh, and his consort Etta Place left the United States on February 20, 1901, aboard the British ship Herminius for Buenos Aires, Argentina.

A man going under the name Frank Boyd, who was in reality Sundance/Longabaugh, killed a police officer on August 21, 1905 in a shootout at the port town of Antofagasta, Chile. He was released on a bond (equivalent to US$50,000 in 2022) and then, assisted by the US vice-consul in Antofagasta, fled to Argentina and finally Bolivia. This was not known until 2022, when the old Antofagasta El Industrial newspaper was digitized.

Death
A courier was carrying the payroll for the Aramayo Franke and Cia Silver Mine on November 3, 1908, near the small mining town of San Vicente in southern Bolivia, when he was attacked by two masked American bandits believed to be Cassidy and Longabaugh. Witnesses saw them three days later in San Vicente, where they lodged in a small boarding house owned by miner Bonifacio Casasola.Casasola became suspicious of them because they had a mule from the Aramayo Mine, identifiable from the company's brand. He notified a nearby telegraph officer, who notified the Abaroa cavalry regiment stationed nearby. The unit dispatched three soldiers under the command of Captain Justo Concha, and they notified the local authorities.

The soldiers, the police chief, the local mayor, and some of his officials all surrounded the lodging house on the evening of November 6, intending to arrest the Aramayo robbers. As they approached the house, the bandits opened fire, killing one of the soldiers and wounding another and starting a gunfight which lasted for several hours into the evening and the night. At around 2:00 am, during a lull in the fighting, the mayor heard a man scream three times inside the house, then two successive shots were fired from inside the house.

The authorities entered the house the next morning, where they found two bodies with numerous bullet wounds to the arms and legs. The man assumed to be Longabaugh had a bullet wound in the forehead, and the man thought to be Cassidy had a bullet hole in the temple. The local police report speculated that judging from the positions of the bodies, Cassidy had probably shot the fatally wounded Longabaugh to put him out of his misery, then killed himself with his final bullet. The Tupiza police identified the bandits as the men who robbed the Aramayo payroll transport, but the Bolivian authorities did not know their real names, nor could they positively identify them.

The two bodies were buried at the small San Vicente cemetery, near the grave of a German miner named Gustav Zimmer. American forensic anthropologist Clyde Snow and his researchers attempted to find the graves in 1991, but they did not find any remains with DNA matching the living relatives of Cassidy and Longabaugh. Snow's search formed the basis of the British documentary Wanted - Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (Channel 4, April 22, 1993; later screened on Nova, October 12, 1993).

In 2017, a new search was launched for Cassidy's grave, which zeroed in on a mine outside Goodsprings, Nevada. The dig found human remains, but they did not match the DNA provided

Some have claimed that one or both men survived and returned to the United States. One of these claims was that Longabaugh lived under the name of William Henry Long in the small town of Duchesne, Utah. Long died in 1936, and his remains were exhumed in December 2008 and subjected to DNA testing. Anthropologist John McCullough stated Long's remains did not match the DNA which they had obtained "from a distant relative of the Sundance Kid."

In popular culture

 * Arthur Kennedy portrayed the Sundance Kid in the 1947 film Cheyenne (later retitled The Wyoming Kid).
 * Longabaugh was portrayed by Robert Ryan in the 1948 film Return of the Bad Men, although the film is inaccurate in a number of points, not least of which are the cold-blooded killings by the character and his death at the end of the movie.
 * He was depicted as a character in the 1951 film The Texas Rangers played by Ian MacDonald. The fictional tale has real-life outlaws Sam Bass, John Wesley Hardin, Butch Cassidy and Dave Rudabaugh and him forming a gang, then squaring off against two convicts recruited by John B. Jones to bring them to justice.
 * He was portrayed by Alan Hale, Jr. in the 1956 film The Three Outlaws, with Neville Brand as Butch Cassidy.
 * Scott Brady played him in the 1956 film The Maverick Queen.
 * Robert Redford played him in the 1969 film Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid. Redford named the Sundance Film Festival after the Sundance Kid.
 * Elizabeth Montgomery played his fugitive girlfriend in the 1974 film Mrs. Sundance.
 * William Katt portrayed the Sundance Kid and Tom Berenger played Butch in Butch and Sundance: The Early Days (1979).
 * Padraic Delaney portrayed him in the 2011 film Blackthorn.
 * He is an antagonist in the video game Call of Juarez: Gunslinger (2013).
 * Butch Cassidy and Sundance Kid are supporting characters in the Drifters manga series by Kouta Hirano.

title: Sundance Kid


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Talk:Navarath

Perhaps this should be "gnashing" not "ganshing"? -- John Machin.
 * Yip, go ahead and click the "Edit this page" link (when on the article page) and correct it. --snoyes 18:19, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Navarath


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List of English words of Dutch origin

This is an incomplete list of Dutch expressions used in English; some are relatively common (e.g. cookie), some are comparatively rare. In a survey by Joseph M. Williams in Origins of the English Language it is estimated that about 1% of English words are of Dutch origin.

In many cases the loanword has assumed a meaning substantially different from its Dutch forebear. Some English words have been borrowed directly from Dutch. But typically, English spellings of Dutch loanwords suppress combinations of vowels of the original word which do not exist in English and replace them with existing vowel combinations respectively. For example, the oe in koekje or koekie becomes oo in cookie, the ij (considered a vowel in Dutch) and the ui in vrijbuiter becomes ee and oo in freebooter, the aa in baas becomes o in boss, the oo in stoof becomes o in stove.

As languages, English and Dutch are both West Germanic, and descend further back from the common ancestor language Proto-Germanic. Their relationship however, has been obscured by the lexical influence of Old Norse as a consequence of Viking expansion from the 9th till the 11th century, and Norman French, as a consequence of the Norman conquest of England in 1066. Because of their close common relationship - in addition to the large Latin and French vocabulary both languages possess - many English words are essentially identical to their Dutch lexical counterparts, either in spelling (plant, begin, fruit), pronunciation (pool = pole, boek = book, diep = deep), or both (offer, hard, lip) or as false friends (ramp = disaster, roof = robbery, mop = joke). These cognates or in other ways related words are excluded from this list.

Dutch expressions have been incorporated into English usage for many reasons and in different periods in time. These are some of the most common ones:

From Old Dutch
For some loanwords stemming from this period it is not always clear whether they are of Old Dutch, Old Norse, another Germanic language or an unknown Old English origin. These words have been excluded from the list, or indicated as such.
 * Many Latinate words in the English lexicon were borrowed from Latin. Quite a few of these words can further trace their origins back to a Germanic source - usually Old Low Franconian. Old Dutch is the western variant of this language. In cases it is not clear whether the loanword is from Old Dutch (Old West Low Franconian) or another Germanic language, they have been excluded from the list. See also: List of English Latinates of Germanic origin
 * Since speakers of West Germanic languages spoken along the North Sea coast from the 5th to the 9th century lived close enough together to form a linguistic crossroads - water was the main way of transportation - Dutch and English share some traits that other West Germanic languages do not possess. Lexical examples are Dutch vijf / English five (compare German: Fünf) and Dutch leef / English live (compare German Leben). These words have been excluded from the list. See also: Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
 * Since the Norman conquest of 1066 many Latinate words entered the English lexicon via French, which has – via Old French – a substantial base of Old Dutch (or Old Low Franconian) and Middle Dutch. For instance, French boulevard comes from Dutch bolwerk. In cases it is not clear whether the loanword in French is from Dutch or another Germanic language, they have been excluded from the list. See also: Influence of Franconian language on French

From Middle Dutch
The Hanseatic League had in the late Middle Ages a trade network along the coast of Northern Europe and England, using to Dutch related Middle Low German as lingua franca. Some loanwords from this period could come from either language. These words have been excluded from the list, or indicated as such.
 * About one-third of the invading Norman army of 1066 came from Dutch speaking Flemish. Many Flemings stayed in England after the Conquest and influenced the English language.
 * The main part of refugees to England, Wales and Scotland from the 11th till the 17th century were from the Low Countries; particularly Flemish skilled weavers and textile workers immigrated as a result of floods, overpopulation and warfare in Flanders. In 1527, when England's population numbered 5 million, London alone had tens of thousands of Flemings, while an estimated third of the Scottish population has a Flemish background.

From Modern Dutch

 * In the Dutch Golden Age, spanning most of the 17th century, Dutch trade, science, military, and art were among the most acclaimed in the world, and many English words of Dutch origin concerning these areas are stemming from this period.
 * English and Dutch rivalry at sea resulted in many Dutch naval terms in English. See also: Dutch linguistic influence on naval terms
 * Via settlements in North America and elsewhere in the world Dutch language influenced English spoken there, particularly American English. That resulted also in numerous place names based on Dutch words and places. These are excluded from the list unless they are well known, like Brooklyn (from the Dutch town Breukelen) and Wall Street (from Dutch Walstraat). See also: List of place names of Dutch origin
 * Due to contact between Afrikaans and English speakers in South Africa, many Dutch words entered English via Afrikaans, which has an estimated 90 to 95% vocabulary of Dutch origin. Only the words that entered standard English are listed here. Afrikaans words that do not stem from Cape Dutch but from an African, Indian or other European language, are not listed here. See also: List of English words of Afrikaans origin and List of South African slang words

A

 * Aardvark : from South African Dutch aardvark (earth + pig)
 * Aboard : from Dutch Aan boord
 * Afrikaans : from Dutch Afrikaans (Africanish)
 * Aloof : from Old French lof, based on Middle Dutch lof (windward direction), now oploeven + Middle English a
 * Apartheid : from Afrikaans Apartheid, from Dutch apart + suffix -heid (separate + -hood)
 * Avast : from 17th century Dutch hou'vast (hold fast, hold steady)

B

 * Bamboo : from 16th century Dutch bamboe, based on Malay bambu
 * Batik : from Dutch batik, based on Javanese amba + titik (to write + dot, point)
 * Bazooka : from US slang bazoo (mouth), based on Dutch bazuin (trompet)
 * Beaker : from either Old Norse bikarr or Middle Dutch beker (mug, cup)
 * Beleaguer : from 16th century Dutch belegeren (besiege)
 * Berm : from French berme, based on Old Dutch b(a)erm
 * Bicker : from Middle Dutch bicken (to slash, attack) + Middle English frequentative suffix -er
 * Blare : from an unrecorded Old English *blæren or from Middle Dutch blaren and blèren (to bleat, to shout)
 * Blasé : via French blasé, past participle of blaser (="to satiate"), perhaps from Dutch blazen (="to blow"), with a sense of "puffed up under the effects of drinking"
 * Blaze (to make public, often in a bad sense, boastfully) : from Middle Dutch blasen (="to blow, on a trumpet)
 * Blink : perhaps from Middle Dutch blinken (="to glitter")
 * Blister : via Old French blestre, perhaps from a Scandinavian source or from Middle Dutch blyster (="swelling")
 * Block (solid piece) : via Old French bloc (="log, block"), from Middle Dutch blok (="trunk of a tree")
 * Bluff (poker term) : from Dutch bluffen (="to brag, boast") or verbluffen (="to baffle, mislead")
 * Bluff (landscape feature) : from Dutch blaf (="flat, broad"), apparently a North Sea nautical term for ships with flat vertical bows, later extended to landscape features
 * Blunderbuss : from Dutch donderbus, from donder (="thunder") + bus (="gun," originally "box, tube"), altered by resemblance to blunder
 * Boer (Dutch colonist in South Africa) : from Dutch boer (="farmer"), from Middle Dutch
 * Bogart: after Humphrey Bogart. Boomgaard means "orchard" ("tree-garden").
 * Bokkoms : from Dutch bokking (="buckling"), a type of salter fish
 * Boodle : from Dutch boedel (="property")
 * Boom : from boom (="tree"); cognate to English beam
 * Boomslang : from boomslang (="tree snake"), a type of snake
 * Booze : from Middle Dutch busen (="to drink in excess"); according to JW de Vries busen is equivalent to buizen
 * Boss : from baas
 * Boulevard : from "bolwerk", which came as boulevard into French, then into English. "Bolwerk" was also directly borrowed as 'bulwark'
 * Bow (front of a ship) : from Old Norse bogr, Low German boog or Dutch boeg
 * Brackish : from Middle Dutch or Low German brac (="salty", also "worthless"), now brak
 * Brandy (wine): from brandewijn (literally "burnt wine")
 * Brooklyn: after the town of Breukelen near Utrecht
 * Bruin/Bruins: archaic English word for brown bear, derived from the Dutch word for brown bruin
 * Buckwheat:from Middle Dutch boecweite (="beech wheat") because of its resemblance to grains and seed of beech wheat
 * Bully : from boel (="lover", "brother")
 * Bulwark : from bolwerk
 * Bumpkin: from bommekijn ('little barrel')
 * Bundle : from Middle Dutch bondel or perhaps a merger of this word and Old English byndele ('binding')
 * Bung : from Middle Dutch bonge (="stopper")
 * Buoy: from boei (="shackle" or "buoy")
 * Bush (uncleared district of a British colony) : probably from Dutch bosch, now bos or bosje in the same sense, since it seems to appear first in former Dutch colonies

C

 * Caboose : from kambuis or kombuis (="ship's kitchen", "galley")
 * Cam : from 18th century Dutch cam (cog of a wheel", originally comb, cognate of English comb), nowadays kam, or from English camber (having a slight arch)
 * Captain : from kapitein
 * Cockatoo : from kaketoe
 * Cashier : from Middle Dutch cassier
 * Coleslaw : from 18th century Dutch koolsla (cabbage salad)
 * Commodore : probably from Dutch kommandeur, from French commandeur, from Old French comandeor
 * Cookie : from koekje, or in informal Dutch koekie (="biscuit", "cookie")
 * Coney Island : (English dialect word for Rabbit) from Conyne Eylandt (literally "Rabbit Island"), in modern Dutch konijn and eiland.
 * Cramp : (metal bar bent at both ends) from Middle Dutch crampe or Middle Low German krampe.
 * Cricket : from Old French criquet 'goal post', 'stick', perhaps from Middle Dutch cricke 'stick, staff'
 * Crimp : from Old English gecrympan, perhaps reintroduced from Low German or Dutch krimpen (to shrink)
 * Croon : via Scottish, from Middle Dutch kronen (= to lament, mourn)
 * Cruise : from Dutch kruisen (="to cross, sail to and fro"), from kruis (="cross")
 * Cruller : from 19th century Dutch krullen (to curl)

D

 * Dam : from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German dam, or from Old Norse dammr
 * Dapper : from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German dapper (bold, sturdy) in modern dutch “brave”
 * Deck : from 16th century Middle Dutch dec or dekken (to cover)
 * Decoy : possibly from 16th century Dutch de (the) + kooi (cage, used of a pond surrounded by nets, into which wildfowl were lured for capture). Or from 16th century Dutch "eendekooi" (duck cage; a cage with an artificial duck to lure wild ducks); mistranslated as "een" dekooi; should have been read as "eend (duck)" -e- "kooi (cage)"-> a (article) dekooi -> (a) decoy
 * Delve : from Dutch delven / opdelven
 * Dingus : from Dutch dinges, literally "thing".
 * Dock : from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German docke, nowadays dok
 * Dollar: from Dutch (Rijks)daalder
 * Domineer : from late 16th century Dutch dominieren (to rule), based on Middle French dominer
 * Dope : from American English dope, based on Dutch doop (sauce) or dopen (to dip or to baptise)
 * Dredge : from Scottish dreg-boat (boat for dredging), perhaps based on Middle Dutch dregghe (drag-net), nowadays dreggen
 * Drill (verb) : from 17th century Dutch drillen
 * Drug : from Old French drogue, based on Middle Dutch droge-vate (dry barrels, with first element mistaken as word for the contents)
 * Drum : probably from Middle Dutch tromme, now trom
 * Dune : from French dune, based on Middle Dutch dune, now duin

E

 * Easel : from ezel (=originally (and still) "donkey"; "(schilders)ezel"=easel, lit. "painter's donkey")
 * Elope : from ontlopen (run away)
 * Etch : from Dutch ets or etsen
 * Excise (noun) : (="tax on goods") from Middle Dutch excijs, apparently altered from accijns (="tax"); English got the word, and the idea for the tax, from the Netherlands.

F

 * Filibuster : from Spanish filibustero from French flibustier ultimately from Dutch vrijbuiter (="pirate" or "freebooter")
 * Flag : from vlag
 * Flushing, Queens : from Vlissingen, a city in the Netherlands
 * Foist : from Dutch vuisten (="take in hand"), from Middle Dutch vuist (="fist")
 * Forlorn hope : from verloren hoop (literally "lost heap or group", figuratively "suicide mission," "cannon fodder") Forlorn also has identical cognates in German and the Scandinavian languages.
 * Fraught : from vrecht, vracht
 * Freebooter : from vrijbuiter
 * Freight : from vracht
 * Frolic : from vrolijk (="cheerful")
 * Frigate : from Dutch fregat
 * Furlough : from verlof (="permission (to leave)")

G

 * Galoot : (="awkward or boorish man"), originally a sailor's contemptuous word (="raw recruit, green hand") for soldiers or marines, of uncertain origin; "Dictionary of American Slang" proposes galut, Sierra Leone creole form of Spanish galeoto (="galley slave"); perhaps rather Dutch slang kloot (="testicle"), klootzak (="scrotum"), used figuratively as an insult
 * Gas : from gas, a neologism from Jan Baptista van Helmont, derived from the Greek chaos
 * Geek : from geck (gek) (="fool")
 * Gherkin : from Dutch plural of gurk "cucumber", shortened form of East Frisian augurk
 * Gimp (cord or thread) : from Dutch gimp
 * Gin : from jenever
 * Gnu : from gnoe, earlier t’gnu, from a Khoikhoi word
 * Golf : from kolf (="bat, club," but also a game played with these)
 * Grab : from grijpen (="to seize, to grasp, to snatch")
 * Gruff : from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German grof (="coarse (in quality), thick, large")
 * Guilder : from gulden
 * Gulp : likely from Flemish gulpe or Dutch gulpen (="to gush, pour forth, guzzle, swallow"), probably of imitative origin.

H

 * Hale (verb) : (="drag, summon"), from Old Frankonian haler (="to pull, haul"), from Frankonian *halon or Old Dutch halen, both from Proto Germanic
 * Hankering : from Middle Dutch hankeren or Dutch hunkeren
 * Harlem : called after the city of Haarlem near Amsterdam
 * Hartebeest : from both Afrikaans (Hartebees) and Dutch (Hartenbeest)
 * Heckle : from Middle Dutch hekelen
 * Hoboken : possibly named after the Flemish town Hoboken, from Middle Dutch Hooghe Buechen or Hoge Beuken (="High Beeches" or "Tall Beeches")
 * Howitzer : from Dutch houwitzer, which in turn comes from German Haussnitz and later Haubitze.

 * Hoist : from Middle Dutch hijsen (=raise)
 * Holster : from holster
 * Hooky : from hoekje (=corner) in the sense of "to go around the corner"
 * Hoyden : maybe from heiden (=backwoodsman), from Middle Dutch (=heathen)
 * Hump : perhaps from Dutch homp (="lump")
 * Hustle, Hustler : from Dutch hutselen, husseln "to shake, to toss"

I

 * Iceberg: from Dutch ijsberg (literally 'ice mountain')
 * Ietsism: from Dutch ietsisme (literally: somethingism) an unspecified faith in an undetermined higher or supernatural power or force
 * Isinglass: from Dutch huizenblas (no longer used) from Middle Dutch huusblase, from huus sturgeon + blase bladder

J

 * Jeer (to deride, to mock) : Perhaps from Dutch gieren "to cry or roar," or German scheren "to plague, vex," literally "to shear"
 * Jib (foresail of a ship) : from Dutch gijben (boom or spar of a sailing ship) and Dutch gijpen (turn the boat using foresail)

K

 * Keelhauling : from kielhalen (literally "to haul keel"), kiel (= keel)
 * Keeshond : prob. from special use of Kees (nickname corresponding to proper name Cornelis) + hond "dog"
 * Kill (body of water) : from kil from Middle Dutch kille (literally "riverbed")
 * Kink : from kink referring to a twist in a rope or cable
 * Knapsack : from Middle Dutch knapzak (snack + bag)
 * Knickerbocker : The pen-name was borrowed from Washington Irving's friend Herman Knickerbocker, and literally means "toy marble-baker." Also, descendants of Dutch settlers to New York, USA, are referred to as Knickerbockers and later became used in reference to a style of pants

L

 * Landscape : from 16th century Dutch landschap (land + -ship)
 * Leak : from Middle Dutch lekken (to leak, to drip) and lek (=leak)
 * Loiter : from Middle Dutch loteren
 * Luck : from Middle Dutch luc, shortening of gheluc (happiness, good fortune), now geluk

M

 * Maelstrom : from 17th century Dutch mael + stroom (turning + current), possibly based on Old Norse mal(u)streymur
 * Manikin : from Middle Dutch manneken (little man)
 * Mannequin : from French Mannequin, based on Middle Dutch manneken (little man)
 * Mast : from mast
 * Marshal : from Old French, based on Frankish (Old Dutch) marhskalk, now maarschalk
 * Mart : from Middle Dutch markt (market)
 * Measles : possibly from Middle Dutch mazelen (blemish)
 * Meerkat : from South African Dutch meer + kat (lake + cat), perhaps an alteration of Hindi markat (ape)
 * Morass: from Middle Dutch marasch (swamp), partly based on Old French marais (marsh), in modern Dutch: moeras
 * Mud : from Middle Dutch modde (="thick mud") now modder, and/or Middle Low German mudde

N

 * Nasty : perhaps from Old French nastre "miserly, envious, malicious, spiteful," or from Dutch nestig "dirty," literally "like a bird's nest."

O

 * Offal : possibly from Middle Dutch afval (leftovers, rubbish)
 * Onslaught : From Middle Dutch aanslag (attack')

P

 * Patroon: from patroon (="patron")
 * Peg: from Middle Dutch pegge, now peg (="peg")
 * Pickle : c.1440, probably from Middle Dutch and still pekel
 * Pinkie : From Dutch Pink / Pinkje / Pinkie
 * Pit : the stone of a drupaceous fruit : from pit
 * Plug : from plugge, originally a maritime term, still plug in Dutch.
 * Polder : from polder
 * Poppycock : from pappekak (=dialect for "soft dung")
 * Potassium : from potaschen c. 1477 see Potash
 * Prop : probably from Middle Dutch proppe (="vine prop, support; stop for a bottle"), now still prop
 * Pump : from pomp
 * Puss : perhaps from early 16th century Dutch poes (still in use as poes / poesje) or Low German puus (pet name for cat), but probably much older than the record, because present in many Indo-European languages.

Q

 * Quack : shortened from quacksalver, from kwakzalver (literally "someone who daubs ointments")

R

 * Roster : from rooster (="schedule, or grating/grill")
 * Rover: from rover (="robber")
 * Rowing : from roeien. Roeiboot (= rowing boat)
 * Rucksack : from rugzak (="back sack")
 * Rudder : from roer

S

 * Sail : from zeil
 * Santa Claus : from Middle Dutch Sinterklaas (="Saint Nicholas"), bishop of Minor Asia who became a patron saint for children. (Dutch and Belgian feast celebrated on the 5th and 6 December respectively) (Origins of Santa Claus in US culture)

 * School (group of fish) : from Dutch school (group of fish)
 * Scone : via Scottish, shortened from Middle Dutch schoonbrood "fine bread", from schoon (bright) + brood (bread)
 * Scow : from schouw (a type of boat)
 * Scum (as in lowest class of humanity): from schuim (froth, foam)
 * Ship : from Dutch schip
 * Shoal : from Middle Dutch schole (="large number (of fish)") (modern Dutch: school) (etymology not sure)
 * Skate : from schaats. The noun was originally adopted as in Dutch, with 'skates' being the singular form of the noun; due to the similarity to regular English plurals this form was ultimately used as the plural while 'skate' was derived for use as singular."
 * Sketch : from schets
 * Scour : from Middle Dutch scuren (now "schuren"), cognate of the English word "shower"
 * Skipper : from Middle Dutch scipper (now schipper, literally "shipper")
 * Sled, sleigh : from Middle Dutch slede, slee
 * Slim : "thin, slight, slender," from Dutch slim "bad, sly, clever, smart" from Middle Dutch slim "bad, crooked, smart, intelligent"
 * Slobber : from Middle Dutch slabberen.
 * Sloop : from sloep
 * Slurp : from slurpen
 * Smack (boat) : possibly from smak "sailboat," perhaps so-called from the sound made by its sails
 * Smearcase : from smeerkaas (="cheese that can be spread over bread, cottage-cheese") or smeerkees (="someone who is very dirty")
 * Smelt : from smelten (="to melt")
 * Smuggler : from Low German smukkelen and Dutch smokkelen (="to transport (goods) illegally"), apparently a frequentative formation of a word meaning "to sneak"
 * Snack : perhaps from Middle Dutch snakken (="to long" (snakken naar lucht="to gasp for air") originally "to eat"/"chatter")
 * Snap : from Middle Dutch or Low German snappen (to bite, seize)
 * Snicker: from Dutch snikken (="to gasp, sob")
 * Snoop : from 19 century Dutch snoepen (to eat (possibly in secret) something sweet)
 * Snoot, Snooty : from Middle Dutch snute, now snuit (=face)
 * Snout : from Middle Dutch snute
 * Snuff : from snuiftabak (literally "sniff tobacco")
 * Spa : The term is derived from the name of the town of Spa, Belgium, whose name is known from Roman times, when the location was called Aquae Spadanae, sometimes incorrectly connected to the Latin word spargere meaning to scatter, sprinkle or moisten.
 * Spangle : probably from Middle Dutch spange (=brooch, clasp)
 * Splice : from Middle Dutch splissen (="to splice") now splijten
 * Splinter : from splinter
 * Split : from Middle Dutch splitten
 * Spook : from spook (="ghost(ly image)")
 * Spoor : from both Afrikaans and Dutch spoor (="track"/"trail")
 * Spray : from Middle Dutch sprayen
 * Sprinkle : from Middle Dutch/Middle Low German sprenkel (="spot, speck")
 * Spout : related to Middle Dutch spoiten (="to spout"):
 * Starboard : from Dutch stuurboord
 * Still life : from Dutch stilleven
 * Stoker : from stoken (="stoke a fire")
 * Stoop (steps) : from stoep (=road up a dike, usually right-angled)
 * Stockfish : from Dutch stokvis (= "stick fish")
 * Stock : from Dutch stok (= "stick"). The Dutch word stok, pronounced similarly, was a wooden stick with carvings taken out of it and then split in half, one half was kept at the stock exchange and the other half was proof that the owner owned a certain amount of stock in something.
 * Stove : from Middle Dutch stove (="heated room"). The Dutch word stoof, pronounced similarly, is a small (often wooden) box with holes in it. One would place glowing coals inside so it would emanate heat, and then put one's feet on top of it while sitting (in a chair) to keep one's feet warm.
 * Stripe : from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German stripe (="stripe, streak"), now strip
 * Sutler: from zoetelaar (="one who sweetens", sweetener, old-fashioned for "camp cook")
 * Swab: From Dutch zwabber

T

 * Tackle : from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German takel (="the rigging of a ship,") perhaps related to Middle Dutch taken (="grasp, seize")
 * Tattle : probably from Middle Flemish tatelen (="to stutter,") parallel to Middle Dutch, Middle Low German, East Frisian tateren (="to chatter, babble,") possibly of imitative origin.
 * Tattoo (military term) : from taptoe (literally "close the tap"). So called because police used to visit taverns in the evening to shut off the taps of casks.
 * Tickle : from kietelen
 * Trek : from Dutch trekken ("to march, journey") via Afrikaans
 * Trigger : from trekker (Trekken ="to pull")
 * Tub : from Middle Low German, Middle Dutch, or Middle Flemish tubbe, of uncertain origin. Now tobbe and wastobbe (=washing tub)

U

 * Upsy-daisy (baby talk extension of up) : from late 17th century Dutch op zijn, and also occasionally as an adverb, "extremely"

V

 * Vang : from Dutch vangen (=to catch)
 * Veld : from Cape Dutch veldt, now veld, used in South African English and in Dutch to describe a field

W

 * Waffle (noun) : from Dutch wafel, from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German wafel
 * Walrus : from walrus
 * Wagon : from Dutch wagen, Middle Dutch waghen (= "cart, carriage, wagon")
 * Wentletrap : from Dutch wenteltrap: wentelen (= "winding, spiraling") and trap (= "stairway")
 * Wiggle : from wiggelen (= "to wobble, to wiggle") or wiegen (= "to rock")
 * Wildebeest : from Dutch "wilde" (= "wild") and "beest" (= "beast")
 * Witloof : from Belgian Dutch witloof (literally wit "white" + loof "foliage"), Dutch witlof

Y

 * Yacht : from Dutch jacht, short for jachtschip (literally "hunting ship")
 * Yankee : from Jan Kees, a personal name, originally used mockingly to describe pro-French revolutionary citizens, with allusion to the small keeshond dog, then for "colonials" in New Amsterdam. This is not the only possible etymology for the word yankee, however; the Oxford English Dictionary has quotes with the term from as early as 1765, quite some time before the French Revolution. Nowadays it commonly refers to Americans from the United States.

title: List of English words of Dutch origin