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Remington Steele

Remington Steele is an American television series co-created by Robert Butler and Michael Gleason. The series, starring Stephanie Zimbalist and Pierce Brosnan, was produced by MTM Enterprises and first broadcast on NBC from October 1, 1982, to February 17, 1987. The series blended the genres of romantic comedy, drama, detective procedural and (towards the end of the series) international political intrigue and espionage.

Remington Steele premise is that Laura Holt, a licensed private investigator (Stephanie Zimbalist) opened a detective agency under her own name but found potential clients refused to hire a woman, no matter how qualified. To solve the problem, Laura invents a fictitious male superior she names Remington Steele. Through a series of events in the first episode, "License to Steele", Pierce Brosnan's character, a former thief and con man (whose real name even he proves not to know and is never revealed), assumes the identity of Remington Steele. Behind the scenes, a power struggle ensues between Laura and Steele as to who is really in charge, while the two carry on a casual romantic relationship.

Main

 * Stephanie Zimbalist as Laura Holt, a private investigator who starts her own business, which really took off after she created a fictional male boss, and more so after Steele becomes an actual person.
 * Pierce Brosnan as Remington Steele, a mysterious man who assumes the figurehead role as the boss and namesake of Holt's agency. He does not have any actual experience as a detective, but learns quickly. He often makes references to old films, and his behavior and instincts often gives Holt insight towards solving the mystery. Although he has worked mostly as a con man and thief in the past, he stays loyal to Holt.
 * James Read as Murphy Michaels (season 1), an investigator who works for Holt; he and Foxe have known Steele is not a real detective. He has an underlying rivalry with him for Holt's affections. In the season 2 premiere, it is said he moved to Denver to start his own private practice.
 * Janet DeMay as Bernice Foxe (season 1), Holt's secretary and receptionist who also helped keep up the fictional boss act. In the season 2 premiere, it is said she married a trombone player and moved to New York.
 * Doris Roberts as Mildred Krebs (seasons 2–5), a former IRS agent who becomes Steele's secretary / receptionist.
 * Jack Scalia as Tony Roselli (season 5)

Recurring

 * Blake Clark as Fred, Steele's chauffeur whenever he does any formal traveling
 * Beverly Garland as Abigail Holt, Laura's mother
 * Cassandra Harris (Pierce Brosnan's late wife) as Felicia, one of Steele's old flames (3 episodes), and Anna, a mysterious woman from Steele's past (1 episode)
 * Efrem Zimbalist Jr. (father of Stephanie) as Daniel Chalmers, a charming con man who was Steele's mentor. At the end of the series, he is revealed to be his biological father.
 * Gary Frank as Detective James Jarvis, a less-than-competent police detective who more often than not falsely accused the principal characters and their clients of murder
 * Michael Constantine as George Edward Mulch, a businessman with far-fetched ideas looking only for fame and fortune
 * James Tolkan as Norman Keyes, an insurance investigator bent on proving Steele to be a fraud

Guest stars

 * Louie Anderson, "Steele Spawning", Season 4
 * Tom Baker, "Hounded Steele" Season 2
 * Judith Barsi, "Suburban Steele", Season 4
 * Thom Bray, "Signed, Steeled and Delivered", Season 1
 * Delta Burke, "Altared Steele", Season 2
 * Daniel Davis, "Gourmet Steele", Season 3
 * Geena Davis, "Steele in the Chips", Season 3
 * Sarah Douglas, "Steele Hanging In There", Season 5
 * Whitey Ford and Mickey Mantle, "Second Base Steele", Season 3
 * Conrad Janis, "Stronger Than Steele", Season 3
 * Jeffrey Jones, "A Steele at Any Price", Season 2
 * Jane Kaczmarek, "Altared Steele", Season 2
 * Betty Kennedy, "Steele Waters Run Deep", Season 1
 * Dorothy Lamour, "Cast in Steele", Season 3
 * John Larroquette, "Breath of Steele", Season 3
 * Judith Light, "Dreams of Steele", Season 2
 * Rose Marie, "Steele in the Spotlight", Season 4
 * A Martinez, "High Flying Steele", Season 2
 * Virginia Mayo, "Cast of Steele", Season 3
 * Beverlee McKinsey, "Vintage Steele", Season 1
 * Lloyd Nolan, "Cast in Steele", Season 3
 * Annie Potts, "Steele Crazy After All These Years", Season 1
 * Faith Prince, "Scene Steelers", Season 2
 * Ford Rainey, ”Small Town Steele”, Season 2
 * Paul Reiser, "A Good Night's Steele", Season 1
 * Peter Scolari, "Steele Waters Run Deep", Season 1
 * Jean Smart, "Steele in the Chips", Season 3
 * Sharon Stone, "Steele Crazy After All These Years", Season 1
 * John van Dreelen, ”Steele Threads", Season 2
 * Barry Van Dyke, "Steele Belted", Season 1
 * Guy Boyd, "Hearts of Steele", "Steele Framed", "Elegy of Steele", Season 1 & 2

Significance and influence
Remington Steele is best known for having launched the career of Pierce Brosnan and for serving as a forerunner of the similar, edgier series Moonlighting, and was also an influential part of television history in its own right. Recent evaluations, in the wake of the show's full release on DVD, conclude that Steele was solidly crafted, well acted and groundbreaking in its own way. Other recent evaluations have also noted that series has aged better than some other series of its time and genre.

Innovations
Remington Steele referred to film noir in the mystery storylines. It subverted 1970s detective show conventions by telling its stories from the point of view of an independent, professional woman. At a time when hour-long series were serious and half-hour series were humorous, Steele incorporated multiple styles of comedy into the standard detective format. It pioneered the slowly evolving "will they or won't they" relationship arc that is now common to television drama of all genres.

Laura Holt as role model
In an interview recorded in 2005 for a DVD special feature, Remington Steele co-creator Michael Gleason and star Stephanie Zimbalist discuss the large number of women who have approached them over the years to express their appreciation for the character of Laura Holt. Speaking of the women she meets, Zimbalist said: "They are extraordinary women.... They are interesting. They do interesting things. They are smart. They're independent. They're sort of, what my character was – and I meet them all the time".

Also in 2005, Robin Rauzi published an article in the Los Angeles Times saying that Laura Holt was her hero. In a subsequent interview Rauzi elaborated, saying that Laura "was one of the only examples of an unmarried modern career woman on TV that I could identify with at that time" and that Laura "didn’t seem that far away from who I was and who I could be". Rauzi concludes: "I’ve decided to stop being embarrassed to say Remington Steele changed my life. It did and for the better".

Development
Remington Steele’s initial premise was conceived in 1969 by long-time television director Robert Butler as a series featuring a solo female private investigator. Butler pitched the idea to Grant Tinker before he was head of MTM, but Tinker felt the series was ahead of its time. In January 1980, following the success of several sitcoms featuring working women, including the groundbreaking Mary Tyler Moore Show, Butler and Tinker, now head of MTM, revived the concept. MTM Vice President of Programming Stu Erwin felt Butler's concept was only "half a show" and suggested that Butler work with veteran writer Michael Gleason to expand the premise. Imagining Holt's fictional boss, Gleason proposed to Butler: "Wouldn’t it be great if he showed up and made her crazy?" In 1981, Gleason, Butler, Erwin and Tinker pitched the series to NBC and were initially rejected by executives who failed to "get" the premise. Shortly thereafter, Tinker left MTM to become chairman of NBC, then the number-three network, and subsequently a pilot was ordered.

Stephanie Zimbalist, an established actress with roles in several television movies, was approached for the role of Laura Holt. At first she turned the series down, not wishing to be tied down to one show, but had a late-night change of heart. Pierce Brosnan (best known then for his role in The Manions of America) auditioned for the role of Remington Steele but was initially refused by NBC executives who were concerned that Brosnan was a relative unknown in America. MTM's Stu Erwin stood firm in a face-to-face meeting with NBC executive Brandon Tartikoff, and Tartikoff relented.

Originally, NBC asked for a pilot that imagined the series six months into its run, with the characters already working together in the detective agency. This pilot was produced in February and March 1982 and was eventually aired with revisions as "Tempered Steele". NBC had some concerns about audience confusion over this episode, but ultimately agreed to schedule the series for the 1982–83 season. NBC also asked for a premise pilot which told the story of how Laura Holt met the man who became Remington Steele. This second pilot, "License to Steele", became the first episode aired in the series.

Season 1
The first season included two recurring characters: Murphy Michaels, a detective and rival for Laura's affections, played by James Read; and Bernice Foxe, the secretary-receptionist, played by Janet DeMay. Both Murphy and Bernice knew that Remington Steele was a fraud. Episodes in the first season set in motion the slow evolution of the romantic relationship between Laura and "Mr. Steele" (she never called him "Remington" until the show's fifth season after they were "married") while revealing elements of the characters' backstory. The first season established the pattern where each episode made direct reference to an old movie (for example, The Maltese Falcon and The Thomas Crown Affair, which would be remade in 1999, with Pierce Brosnan in the lead role of Thomas Crown). Key episodes include "Thou Shalt Not Steele", which introduced Laura's mother and Felicia, a woman from Steele's past; "Sting of Steele", which introduced Daniel Chalmers (Efrem Zimbalist Jr., the real-life father of Stephanie) as Steele's former mentor; and "Vintage Steele", a fan favorite that focused on Laura's past. Additionally, writer Joel Steiger won an Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America for his script for the first-season episode "In The Steele of the Night". Remington Steele also received strong critical reviews in the first season, noting its intelligence and stylish sophistication.

Season 2
At the end of season one, James Read made Michael Gleason aware that he was unhappy with the direction of his character. Gleason released him from the series and also let Janet DeMay go, thinking that the detective/investigator and secretary characters could be combined into one character. Gleason originally wrote the replacement character, Mildred Krebs, as an attractive 35-year-old woman who was a rival for Steele's affections. Doris Roberts, an established character actress who had recently won an Emmy for a guest role on St. Elsewhere, asked to read for the part. Although Roberts was not the right age for the character Gleason originally conceived, she won him over with her audition. Gleason then changed the character of Mildred Krebs to reflect the casting (her first appearance in the first episode of the second season was as an IRS inspector investigating Steele's taxes). The character, being new to the agency, did not know that Remington Steele was an imposter, and treated Steele as the company head.

NBC moved the series from Friday to Tuesday nights at 9pm following The A-Team, increasing its budget and prominence on the network schedule. The second season continued the slow evolution of the relationship between Laura and Steele as he became a more competent detective. Key episodes include the two-hour season premiere, "Steele Away With Me", filmed on location in Mexico; "Red Holt Steele", a fan-favorite dramatic episode in which Laura's house is destroyed in an explosion; and "Love Among the Steele", another fan-favorite episode in which the agency acquires a 1936 Auburn Boattail Speedster, which was used symbolically in several subsequent episodes.

Season 3
Remington Steele achieved its greatest ratings success in the third season, finishing the year in the top 25. Key third-season episodes included the premiere, "Steele At It", shot on location in Cannes; "Steele Your Heart Away", shot on location in Ireland; and "Maltese Steele", shot on location in Malta. The season also included "Steele Trying", set in San Francisco and featuring the songs of Tony Bennett, and "Diced Steele", filmed on location in Las Vegas. "Puzzled Steele" earned Doris Roberts an Emmy nomination for best supporting actress. The third season also included an episode, "Steele in the Chips", co-written by Stephanie Zimbalist and writing partner Robin Bernheim. The final episode of the season ended with a cliffhanger as Laura and Steele seemed to be going their separate ways. Michael Gleason explained to the Los Angeles Times, "We want to pull the relationship apart and bring it back together again with a little bit different attitude."

Season 4
Season four was the final full season of the series. In the two-part season opener, "Steele Searching", filmed on location in London, Mildred Krebs learned of Steele's secret, changing the dynamics of the trio. Other key episodes, including "Forged Steele", "Steele in the Spotlight", and "Sensitive Steele", continued the slow evolution of the romantic relationship between the main characters. Facing a possible cancellation by NBC (whose fortunes had now changed to become the number-one network) Gleason contrived a phony marriage between the characters in the final episode of season four, "Bonds of Steele", as an attempt to garner additional interest and provoke NBC to pick up the series for a fifth season.

Proposals for season 5
Gleason originally wanted the characters to have a real marriage at the end of season four and had plans for how to change the series in season five to accommodate the change, but both Brosnan and Zimbalist rejected the idea. Following that decision, Gleason pitched another concept for season five to NBC in May 1986, introducing a character named "Tony" as a rival for Laura's affections.

Brief cancellation
The series was cancelled at the end of the 1985–86 television season, although it was still winning its timeslot most weeks. According to Michael Gleason, Brandon Tartikoff's decision to give an early pick-up to the Stephen J. Cannell series Hunter left no room on the NBC schedule for Remington Steele. Two months after the cancellation, NBC executive Warren Littlefield reversed the decision, responding to an outpouring of support from fans and a sharp upswing in the show's ratings during the summer of 1986.

The cancellation and reversal affected film role opportunities for Brosnan and Zimbalist, as both had received firm offers to do films in the interim. Albert R. "Cubby" Broccoli offered Brosnan the part of James Bond for the film The Living Daylights. Following NBC's reversal, Broccoli stated he did not want Bond to be identified with a current TV series and instead gave the role to Timothy Dalton. Brosnan became 007 in 1995, making his debut in the film GoldenEye. Zimbalist had accepted the role of Officer Anne Lewis in the science-fiction movie RoboCop, but she was forced to pull out of that production, to be replaced by Nancy Allen.

Final season
NBC reversed the cancellation but did not slot a full 22-episode season into their schedule. The final abbreviated season consisted of six hours of made-for-TV films broadcast in early 1987, including installments filmed on location in Mexico, London, and Ireland. Jack Scalia joined the cast as a rival for Laura's affections. The circumstances surrounding Steele's birth as well as the identity of Steele's father are revealed in the final episode. The final scene of the series implied that Steele and Laura were about to consummate their relationship.

Rumors of discord
Although part of the show's appeal was the sexual tension between the main characters, in real life the production was dogged for years by rumors that its two leads did not get along. Brosnan and Zimbalist have admitted some level of personal conflict in press interviews during and since, attributing some of it to the stress of long working hours, while also maintaining that it did not damage their ability to work together. Doris Roberts confirmed that Zimbalist and Brosnan rarely spoke to each other and that such tension played a role in the series' end: "It was awful. They didn't talk to each other." Whatever discord there may have been at the time of production, Brosnan and Zimbalist speak fondly of one another in more recent interviews and are occasionally in touch. In an interview included on the DVD release of Season 1, Brosnan says they did get along and trusted one another professionally. Brosnan also praises Zimbalist's acting on his official website, saying that he would work with her again on the right project. Zimbalist returned the compliment in a 2011 interview with the New Jersey Star-Ledger, saying "Pierce Brosnan is a very sweet man. Oh, we had our issues, but a lot of it was hormones."

Film
With the release of the series on DVD in 2005, Pierce Brosnan expressed interest in developing a Remington Steele feature film through his production company, Irish Dream Time, but later stated on his web site that it is unlikely to be produced.

Television
In October 2013 NBC announced plans to reboot the series as a half-hour comedy. NBC's deal with 20th Century Fox had screenwriters and a director attached but no cast was attached ; NBC presumably cancelled the project.

Home media
20th Century Fox has released all five seasons of Remington Steele on DVD in Region 1 in four box sets. The Season 1 DVD inadvertently echoed an ongoing joke in the series in that Stephanie Zimbalist, who had top billing when the show was on the air, was initially omitted from all promotional material connected with its release, as well as the DVD box itself, as Fox Video chose to promote Pierce Brosnan as the sole star. Subsequently, a sticker saying "Also starring Stephanie Zimbalist" was added to the packaging as an afterthought. This omission was corrected with the release of the second season which gave Zimbalist star billing with her photograph appearing on the box. Additionally, Zimbalist is featured on the behind-the-scenes featurettes contained therein. The first-season boxed set also has a picture of Doris Roberts on the back cover, even though she didn't join the show until the second season.

Season 1 has also been released in Region 2 & 4.

Syndication
After a nearly two-decade absence from local syndication, the series returned to broadcast television and was seen from September 3 to December 31, 2012, on MeTV and resumed in September 2013. It also aired on Family Net. Reruns have previously aired on A&E from 1995 to 1997 and on PAX (now Ion Television) from 2000 to 2001. It also aired in India on Star Plus in early 1990s to March 31, 1993.

MeTV ran the series starting 29 May 2017 in place of Diagnosis: Murder, beginning with the season 2 premiere, "Steele Away with Me". Decades Television ran the series as part of its weekend long Decades Binge Marathon the weekend of July 9 and 10 2022

In the United Kingdom, Freeview Channel 5USA, started showing the series from the first episode on October 30, 2017. In Germany, the series started on July 29, 1985, with the first episode in the first program and ended with the last episode on November 29, 1992, on ARD-TV.

MeTV+ began airing the series on 25 September 2023.

title: Remington Steele


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Dobson Hall

Dobson Hall is the name shared by residence and academic buildings at several colleges and universities.

 * Home to the Division of Fine Arts at MidAmerica Nazarene University in Olathe, Kansas, USA
 * A campus services building at Northeastern Oklahoma A&M College in Miami, Oklahoma, USA
 * A residence at State University of New York at Brockport in Brockport, New York, USA
 * A residence at Truman State University in Kirksville, Missouri, USA
 * A residence at University of Wisconsin-Platteville in Platteville, Wisconsin, USA

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dobson Hall


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HMS Captain (1869)

HMS Captain was a major warship built for the Royal Navy as a semi-private venture, following a dispute between the designer and the Admiralty. With wrought-iron armour, steam propulsion, and the main battery mounted in rotating armoured turrets, the ship was, at first appearance, quite innovative and formidable. However, poor design and design changes resulted in a vessel that was overweight and ultimately unstable. In terms of seaworthiness she was reported as closely comparable to the higher freeboard turret-ship HMS Monarch, but her reduced freeboard added a sense of "sluggishness". The Captain capsized in heavy seas, only five months after being commissioned, with the loss of nearly 500 lives.

Background
The history of the Captain can be traced back to the Crimean War and the experiences of British captain Cowper Phipps Coles in 1855. Coles and a group of British sailors constructed a raft with guns protected by a "cupola" and used the raft, named the Lady Nancy, to shell the Russian town of Taganrog on the Black Sea. The Lady Nancy "proved a great success", and Coles patented his rotating turret after the war. Following Coles' patenting, the British Admiralty ordered a prototype of Coles' design in 1859, which was installed in the floating battery vessel, HMS Trusty, for trials in 1861.

The trials with the Trusty impressed the Admiralty, and it ordered a coastal defence vessel, HMS Prince Albert, to be built with four of Coles' turrets and a wooden 121-gun first rate ship-of-the-line under construction, HMS Royal Sovereign, to be converted to a turret ship. The Prince Albert was completed with four turrets mounting single 12-ton 9-inch guns and 4.5 in armour plate on the hull. The Royal Sovereign had five 10.5-inch, 12.5-ton guns in one twin and three single turrets.

Both ships were flush deck with only a jury rig, and could only operate as coastal service vessels. The Admiralty, although impressed with Coles' rotating turret, required oceangoing vessels to protect its worldwide empire. Unfortunately for Coles, engine technology had not yet caught up with his designs and consequently oceangoing ships required sails. Combining rigging, masts, and turrets proved complicated if rigging was not to impede the turrets' arcs of fire.

In early 1863 the Admiralty gave Coles permission to work with Nathaniel Barnaby, head of staff of the Department of Naval Construction, on the design of a rigged vessel with two turrets and three tripod masts. In June 1863 the Admiralty suspended progress on the vessel until the Royal Sovereign finished her trials.

In 1864, Coles was allowed to start a second project: a rigged vessel with only one turret and based on the design of HMS Pallas. He was lent the services of Joseph Scullard, Chief Draughtsman of Portsmouth Dockyard.

The next year, 1865, a committee established by the Admiralty to study the new design concluded that while the turret should be adopted, Coles' one-turret warship design had inadequate fire arcs. The committee proposed a two-turret fully rigged vessel with either two 9-inch (12 ton) guns per turret, or one 12-inch (22 ton) gun per turret. The committee's proposal was accepted by the Admiralty, and construction was started on Monarch. Monarch's two turrets were each equipped with two 12-inch (25-ton) guns. Stunned by the committee's decision to cancel his single-turret ship and his proposal for a two-turret vessel, and objecting to the Monarch's design, Coles launched a strong campaign against the project, attacking Vice Admiral Robert Spencer Robinson, Controller of the Navy, and various other members of the committee and the Admiralty. So vociferously did Coles complain that in January 1866 his contract as a consultant to the Admiralty was terminated. At the end of January, his protestations that he had been misunderstood led to his being re-employed from 1 March 1866. Further, Coles lobbied the press and Parliament, who were increasingly convinced that foreign powers—namely the United States—were pressing ahead with turret ships and thereby leaving Britain at a disadvantage at sea. On 17 April 1866, Coles submitted to the Admiralty his critique of the proposed Monarch (designed by the Controller's department and the Chief Constructor), stating that he could not publicly endorse a vessel which did not represent "my views of a sea going Turret-ship, nor can she give my principle a satisfactory and conclusive trial." Sensing that such an increasingly acrimonious and high-profile debate would only continue, the First Naval Lord, Admiral Sir Frederick Grey, minuted four days later (21 April) that Coles should at last be allowed to build what he felt would be a 'perfect' seagoing turret-ship.

Design and construction
On 8 May 1866, Coles informed the Admiralty of his selection of Laird Brothers' Cheshire yard, for the builder of the warship. The Cheshire yard had already built several successful iron warships. In mid-July, Lairds submitted two possible designs for Coles' proposed turret-ship. To prevent the rigging from being damaged when the guns fired through it, it was attached to a platform mounted above the gun turrets known as the hurricane deck instead of brought down to the main deck. Tripod masts were also used to minimise standing rigging. The design called for the ship to have a low freeboard, and Coles' figures estimated it at 8 ft. Both the Controller and the Chief Constructor Edward James Reed raised serious concerns. Robinson noted that the low freeboard could cause flooding issues on the gun deck, and Reed criticised the design in 1866 both for being too heavy and for having too high a centre of gravity. On the latter, Reed noted that it would cause issues "especially as it is proposed to spread a large surface of canvas upon the Captain". As the design neared completion, the First Lord of the Admiralty, Sir John Pakington, wrote on 23 July 1866 to Coles approving the building of the ship, but noting that responsibility for failure would lie on Coles' and the builders' lap.

In November 1866, the contract for HMS Captain was approved, and the design was finished. She was laid down 30 January 1867 at Laird's yard at Birkenhead, England, launched 27 March 1869 and completed in March 1870.

Insufficient supervision during the building, owing partly to Coles' protracted illness, meant that she was 735 LT heavier than planned. The designed freeboard was just 8 ft, and the additional weight forced her to float 22 in deeper than expected, bringing the freeboard down to just 6 ft. This compares with 14 ft for the two-turret Monarch. The centre of gravity of the vessel also rose by about ten inches during construction. Reed raised havoc over the problems with the freeboard and the centre of gravity, but his objections were over-ruled during the Captain's trials.

She was commissioned on 30 April 1870 under Captain Hugh Talbot Burgoyne, VC. During trials in the following months, the Captain seemed to be everything that Coles promised and won over many followers. In trials versus the Monarch, she performed well and returned to sea in July and August, travelling to Vigo, Spain, and Gibraltar in separate runs.

Gunnery trials
A trial was undertaken in 1870 to compare the accuracy and rate of fire of turret-mounted heavy guns with those in a centre-battery ship. The target was a 600 ft long, 60 ft high rock off Vigo. The speed of the ships was 4 - 5 kn ("some accounts say stationary"). Each ship fired for five minutes, with the guns starting "loaded and very carefully trained". The guns fired Palliser shells with battering charges at a range of about 1,000 yds. Three out of the Captain's four hits were achieved with the first salvo; firing this salvo caused the ship to roll heavily (±20°); smoke from firing made aiming difficult. Note that the Captain could be expected to capsize if inclined 21°. The Monarch and the Hercules also did better with their first salvo, were inconvenienced by the smoke of firing, and to a lesser extent were caused to roll by firing. On the Hercules the gunsights were on the guns, and this worked better than the turret roof gunsights used by the other ships.

Sinking
On the afternoon of 6 September 1870 Captain was cruising with the combined Mediterranean and Channel Squadrons comprising 11 ships off Cape Finisterre. The ship made 9.5 knots under sail in a force six wind, which was increasing through the day. The commander in chief, Admiral Sir Alexander Milne, was on board to see her performance, and speed had risen to 11–13 knots before he departed. Not being accustomed to ships with such low freeboard, he was disturbed to note that at this speed with the strengthening sea, waves washed over the weather deck. The weather worsened with rain as the night progressed, and the number of sails was reduced. The wind was blowing from the port bow so that sails had to be angled to the wind, speed was much reduced, and there was considerable force pushing the ship sideways. As the wind rose to a gale, sail was reduced to only the fore staysail and fore and main topsails. Shortly after midnight when a new watch came on duty, the ship was heeling over 18 degrees and was felt to lurch to starboard twice. By then other ships in the combined squadron reported winds of Force 9 to 11 (on the Beaufort scale, 60 knots) with 50 ft waves. Orders were given to drop the fore topsail and release sheets (ropes) holding both topsails angled into the wind. Before the captain's order could be carried out, the roll increased, and she capsized and sank with the loss of around 472 lives, including Coles'. The First Lord of the Admiralty, Hugh Childers, and Under-Secretary of State for War, Thomas Baring, both lost sons in the disaster. Only 18 of the crew survived, by making it to a boat which had broken free.

Court-martial
The subsequent investigation on the loss of Captain, in the form of a court-martial, under Sir James Hope, took place on board HMS Duke of Wellington, in Portsmouth Harbour. It was somewhat of a departure for the Admiralty to seek scientific advice, but eminent engineers William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) and William John Macquorn Rankine were appointed to the enquiry. It concluded that the ship was insufficiently stable: at 14 degrees heel (when the edge of the deck touched the sea) the righting moment due to the buoyancy pushing the ship upright again was just 410-foot-tons (1.2 MN·m). HMS Monarch, the masted turret ship proposed by the 1865 committee and designed by Reed, and which was in the area at the time of the sinking, had a righting moment of 6,500-foot-tons (20 MN·m) at the same angle. Maximum righting moment occurred at a heel of 21 degrees, and thereafter declined to zero at 54.5 degrees. Monarch's righting moment increased to a maximum at 40 degrees. Survivors testified that the Captain floated upside down for between three and ten minutes, which proved that the ship had capsized. An inclining test had been carried out at Portsmouth on 29 July 1870 to allow the ship's stability characteristics to be calculated. Captain set sail on the ship's final voyage before the results of the trial were published. The inquiry concluded that "the Captain was built in deference to public opinion expressed in Parliament and through other channels, and in opposition to views and opinions of the Controller and his Department".

This was a stunning (and unprecedented) rebuke of the mid-Victorian British public. For years they had demanded that Coles be allowed to produce a super-ironclad—armed with turrets—which could restore confidence in the primacy of the Royal Navy in a way which neither broadside ironclads like the partially armoured HMS Warrior nor Reed's central-battery versions seemed able to. Coles fatally added the requirement that a fully-rigged, seagoing turret-ship like HMS Monarch also be as low in the water as possible, like the low-freeboard (though mastless) American monitor USS Miantonomoh; which had crossed the Atlantic under escort in June 1866, and which both Coles and the Board of Admiralty toured when she was anchored at Spithead.

Memorials
There are memorials to the crew in St Paul's Cathedral, Westminster Abbey, London, and St Anne's church in Portsmouth.

The conclusion of the 1870 Court Martial is engraved on the Memorial to HMS Captain, in the north aisle of St Paul’s Cathedral:

 * Before the Captain was received from her contractors a grave departure from her original design had been committed whereby her draught of water was increased about two feet and her freeboard was diminished to a corresponding extent, and that her stability proved to be dangerously small, combined with an area of sail, under those circumstances, excessive. The Court deeply regret that if these facts were duly known and appreciated, they were not communicated to the officer in command of the ship, or that, if otherwise, the ship was allowed to be employed in the ordinary service of the Fleet before they had been ascertained by calculation and experience.

Hunt for the wreck of HMS Captain
In 2021 Dr. Howard Fuller, a Reader in War Studies at the University of Wolverhampton, initiated a Find the Captain project. This aims to raise funds in an effort to discover the wreck of the Captain, whose sinking was the worst disaster suffered by the Royal Navy in the 'Pax Britannica' era. In company with a Galician-based documentary company, four wrecks were discovered by multibeam echosounder-scan off Cape Finisterre, Spain on 30 August 2022. The fourth wreck has a general configuration and dimensions closely corresponding with HMS Captain 's. Fuller and Sir Sherard Cowper-Coles, Captain Cowper Coles great-grandson, suggest that the chances of finding the wreck are good and that fund raising has reached the half-way mark by June 2023.

title: HMS Captain (1869)


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Doris Roberts

Doris May Roberts ( Green; November 4, 1925 – April 17, 2016 ) was an American actress whose career spanned seven decades of television and film. She received five Emmy Awards and a Screen Actors Guild award during her acting career, which began in 1951.

Roberts studied acting at The Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre in New York City and started in films in 1961. She had several prominent film roles, including playing opposite Shirley Stoler in The Honeymoon Killers (1970), Elliott Gould in Little Murders (1971), Steven Keats in Hester Street (1975), Billy Crystal in Rabbit Test (1978), Robert Carradine in Number One with a Bullet (1987), Cady McClain in Simple Justice (1989), among many others.

She achieved continuing success in television, becoming known for her role as Mildred Krebs in NBC's Remington Steele from 1983 to 1987 and her co-starring role as Raymond Barone's mother, Marie Barone, on the CBS sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond (1996–2005). Towards the end of her acting career, she also had a prominent role opposite Tyler Perry in Madea's Witness Protection (2012).

She appeared as a guest on many talk and variety shows, as well as a panelist on several game shows. She was an advocate of animal rights and animal rights activism, supporting groups such as the United Activists for Animal Rights.

Early life
Doris May Green was born in St. Louis, Missouri, to a family of Russian-Jewish immigrants. She was raised by her mother, Ann (née Meltzer), and her maternal grandparents in The Bronx, New York, after her father, Larry Green, deserted the family. Roberts' stepfather, whose surname she took as her own, was Chester H. Roberts. Chester and Roberts' mother operated the Z.L. Rosenfield Agency, a stenographic service catering to playwrights and actors. By her teens, Roberts was renowned for her skill as a typist and would assist with the family business. Ruth Finley was one such client who recalls her typing up final copies of the Fashion Calendar for print.

Film and television
Roberts' acting career began in 1951 with a role on the TV series Studio One. She appeared in episodes of The Naked City (1958-1963), Way Out (1961), Ben Casey (1963), and The Defenders (1962-1963). In 1961, she made her film debut in Something Wild (1961).

She appeared in such 1960s/1970s films as A Lovely Way to Die, No Way to Treat a Lady, The Honeymoon Killers, Such Good Friends, Little Murders, A New Leaf, The Heartbreak Kid, The Taking of Pelham One Two Three, Hester Street, and Rabbit Test. In 1978, she appeared in a film about John F. Kennedy's assassination, Ruby and Oswald, in which she played Jack Ruby's sister. She also appeared briefly in The Rose, as the mother of the title character (Bette Midler).

In an interview with the Archive of American Television, Rue McClanahan confirmed that in 1972 she was approached by Norman Lear during the taping of an All in the Family episode to be a late replacement for Roberts, who was originally intended for the role of Vivian on Maude. (Roberts later guest starred in a 1976 All in the Family episode, "Edith's Night Out" as a bar patron who befriended Edith.)

Roberts also appeared on Alice, playing the mother of the title character (played by her former Broadway co-star Linda Lavin); on Barney Miller in two different roles, as the wife of a man who secretly visits a sex surrogate, and (in three episodes) as the harried wife of a middle-aged man who occasionally makes erratic decisions to give his life meaning. She played the unhinged Flo Flotsky on four episodes of Soap, and Dorelda Doremus, a faith healer, on Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman. Roberts played Theresa Falco on Angie, and later appeared as Mildred Krebs on NBC's Remington Steele from 1983-1987.

After Remington Steele ended, she starred several films including the TV film remake of If It's Tuesday, It Still Must Be Belgium (1987), Number One with a Bullet (1987), Simple Justice (1989),   National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989), and Used People (1992). She also appeared on Full House as Danny Tanner's mother, Claire, as well as two episodes of Murder, She Wrote, and as lonely Aunt Edna on Step by Step among others.

Roberts achieved much of her fame for her role as Marie Barone on Everybody Loves Raymond, which ran on CBS from 1996 to 2005. She was reportedly one of 100 actresses considered for the role. For her work on the series, she was nominated for seven Emmy Awards (and won four times) for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series. She had previously won an Emmy for a guest appearance on St. Elsewhere, playing a homeless woman, and was also once nominated for her role on Remington Steele. She was nominated for appearances on Perfect Strangers and a PBS special called The Sunset Gang.

In 2003, she made a guest appearance as Gordo's grandmother in Lizzie McGuire. The same year, she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 2006, she starred in Our House as a wealthy woman who took in homeless people into her own house, and in Grandma's Boy.

In 2007, she made a guest appearance on Law & Order: Criminal Intent. In 2008, she appeared in the romantic comedy Play the Game alongside Andy Griffith, who plays a lonely widowed grandfather re-entering the dating world after a 60-year hiatus. Roberts appeared in the 2009 film Aliens in the Attic, which was filmed in Auckland, New Zealand. She played George Needleman's mother in Tyler Perry's Madea's Witness Protection (2012).

On September 23, 2010, she played Ms. Rinsky, Brick Heck's teacher in the second-season premiere episode of The Middle. This appearance reunited her with Patricia Heaton, her co-star from Everybody Loves Raymond. The two women's characters, of course, clash, with Heaton's Frankie Heck always managing to get pushed out of sorts into disastrous action usually resulting in some kind of public chastisement by Roberts' Rinsky, an expert at passive-aggressive manipulation. Roberts returned in two other episodes that season, "The Math Class" and the finale, "Back to Summer". In 2013 she was a special guest star in the Major Crimes episode "There’s No Place Like Home".

Stage
Roberts' stage career began in the 1950s on Broadway. She appeared in numerous Broadway shows including William Saroyan's The Time of Your Life, William Marchant's The Desk Set (with Shirley Booth), Neil Simon's The Last of the Red Hot Lovers (with James Coco and Linda Lavin) and Terrence McNally's Bad Habits. She starred in McNally's Unusual Acts of Devotion at the LaJolla Playhouse in June 2009.

Honors
In May 2005, Roberts received an honorary doctorate of fine arts from the University of South Carolina. She was awarded the Ellis Island Medal of Honor on May 7, 2011. She was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in February 2003, at 7021 Hollywood Blvd.

Advocacy and other work
On September 4, 2002, Roberts testified before a U.S. Congressional panel that age discrimination was prevalent in Hollywood. She was a registered Democrat.

An animal rights advocate, Roberts worked with the group Puppies Behind Bars, which works with inmates in training guide dogs and assistance dogs for the physically disabled and elderly, as well as dogs trained in explosives detection to be used by law enforcement agencies. She was also active with the Children with AIDS Foundation, where she served as chairwoman.

With Danelle Morton, Roberts wrote ''Are You Hungry, Dear? Life, Laughs, and Lasagna''. The book was published by St. Martin's Press in 2003, and serves as a memoir as well as a collection of some of Roberts' recipes.

Personal life
Roberts married Michael Cannata in 1956; they divorced in 1962. They had one son. She had three grandchildren. Her second husband was writer William Goyen and they were married from 1963 until his death from leukemia in 1983.

Death
Roberts died in her sleep on April 17, 2016, at her home in Los Angeles following a stroke, at the age of 90. She had also suffered from pulmonary hypertension for many years before her death. Just a month after her death she was memorialized in New York City, where a public tribute was held at the Ambassador Theatre, where she appeared in 1972 in The Secret Affairs of Mildred Wild with Maureen Stapleton. Among the stars attending the service were Ray Romano and Patricia Heaton (her co-stars from Everybody Loves Raymond) and actor David Hyde Pierce. Romano said of Roberts: Doris Roberts had an energy and a spirit that amazed me. She never stopped. Whether working professionally or with her many charities, or just nurturing and mentoring a green young comic trying to make it as an actor, she did everything with such a grand love for life and people and I will miss her dearly.

In another interview Romano jokingly referred to the kissing thing that Roberts would do off-camera: "You know how great she was then!" He also added: "We had a little get together for her. She was one of a kind. She can outwork it, outdrink it, good kisser, I was joking! I appreciated her." Just a month after her death, he said: Here's how good she was: She played the most intrusive, overbearing, nosy womanalways starting fights and whatnot and meddling in our businessand yet when I asked the fans who their favorite character was, all the time it was her. She was so good at portraying the love that was underneath. She was interred at Pierce Brothers Westwood Village Memorial Park and Mortuary in Los Angeles, California.

title: Doris Roberts


text:
VI

Vi or vi most commonly refers to:
 * vi (text editor), a screen-oriented text editor software application

VI, Vi, vi, V.I., or v.i. may also refer to:

Characters

 * Vi (League of Legends), a character from the League of Legends video game franchise
 * Vi (Buffy the Vampire Slayer), a minor character in the American TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer
 * Violet Parr, a character of Walt Disney Pictures animated film The Incredibles
 * Vi Praskins, a major character in the 1950s American TV series Private Secretary

Music

 * Submediant chord, symbolized "VI" or "vi"
 * VI (Circle Jerks album), 1987
 * VI (The Danse Society album), 2015
 * VI (Onslaught album), 2013
 * VI (You Me at Six album), 2018
 * Ice-T VI: Return of the Real, an album by Ice-T, 1996
 * VI Music, a Puerto Rican record label

Magazines

 * Voetbal International, a prominent Dutch football (soccer) magazine
 * Vi (magazine), a Swedish lifestyle magazine

Businesses and organizations

 * Vodafone Idea, branded as "Vi", a telecom operator based in India
 * Vi Senior Living, a provider of retirement communities in the United States
 * Victoria Institution, a secondary school in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
 * The Vinyl Institute, a U.S. industry trade group
 * Volga-Dnepr (IATA airline code VI), an airline based in Ulyanovsk, Russia

People

 * Violet (given name), sometimes shortened to Vi
 * Vi Anand, Indian film director and screenwriter
 * Vi Burnside (1915–1964), American jazz musician
 * Vi Daley (born 1943), American politician
 * Vi Farrell (1913–1989), English-born New Zealand cricketer
 * Vi Gale (1917–2007), Swedish-born American poet and publisher
 * Vi Hart (born 1988), "recreational mathemusician" known for creating mathematical YouTube videos
 * Vi Hilbert (1918–2008), Native American tribal elder
 * Vi Huyền Đắc (1899–1976), Vietnamese playwright
 * Vi Jones (born 1998), American football player
 * Vi Jordan (1913–1982), Australian politician, second woman elected to the Queensland Legislative Assembly
 * Vi June (1932–2020), American politician
 * Vi Kaley (1878–1967), British actress
 * Vi Keeland, American writer
 * Vi Khi Nao, Vietnamese writer
 * Vi Lloyd (1923–2013), Australian politician
 * Vi Lyles (born 1952), American politician
 * Vi Redd (1928–2022), American jazz musician, vocalist and educator
 * Vi Simpson (born 1946), American politician
 * Vi Subversa (1935–2016), British musician
 * Seungri or V.I. (born 1990), member of South Korean pop band Big Bang
 * Victoria Imperatrix (Latin for: "Victoria the Empress"), referring to Queen Victoria

Places

 * Vi, Sweden
 * Vi, a village in Shkodër County, Albania
 * Victoria Island, Lagos, an area of Lagos, Nigeria
 * British Virgin Islands, by FIPS country code
 * United States Virgin Islands, in many code systems including US postal code

Science and technology

 * .vi, the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the United States Virgin Islands
 * Vapor intrusion, a process by which chemicals in soil or groundwater migrate to indoor air above a contaminated site
 * Vinyl group, a chemical group with the formula H-C=CH2
 * Virtual instrument (disambiguation), a program that implements functions of an instrument by computer, sensors, and actuators
 * Viscosity index, a measure of how viscosity of a liquid changes with temperature
 * Vulnerability index, a measure of the exposure of a population to some hazard
 * Vi, an artificial intelligence personal trainer developed by LifeBEAM
 * Vi, from virginium, a rejected proposed name and abbreviation for the element francium

Other uses

 * VI, 6 in Roman numerals
 * vide infra, Latin for "see below"
 * Visual impairment
 * Vietnamese language, by ISO 639-1 code

title: VI


text:
User talk:Mav/archive 16

Thank you for your support
Mav, just wanted to thank you for supporting my nomination for sysop. Hope to collaborate on Wikipedia for a long time. Thanks again. Alex756

And a "me too" from me too. Noel 21:32, 2 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Again, please take a look at Wikipedia talk:Selected Articles on the Main Page. --Jiang 01:02, 2 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Thanks, Mav. ;) There are some horrible little stubs still around here and there, but bit by bit. Next stop: family accounts for all the birds (Jim is not too far off achieving that now), then the mammals after that. With 9000-odd bird species and almost 5000 mammals, I don't think we will get the species accounts complete for quite a while yet!

 * Hopefully I'll be able to help in a year or two after I'm done with my other projects! --mav

Mav: I just was poking around User:Maveric149/Images - Yosemite National Park. I really like [[Media:Yosemite Valley from Inspiration Point in Yosemite NP-300px.JPG]] and I would like to use it as the main photo in Yosemite National Park. The problem (as I see it) is that your photo has about 1/2 the number of pixels as the current photo, so it will make the article seem less nifty. Would it be possible to generate a version at 424x281, to keep the same number of pixels? (It would then probably have to not float right, though). You have the original, so it's probably best if you do it. (If you don't want to go to the bother, I can do it from the larger version, if I have your permission). What do you think? -- hike395 05:01, 4 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * I'm starting to poke around .gov sites, looking for neat Yosemite photos. We can use for a similar shot, or perhaps . What do you think? -- hike395

 * Sorry, I've been gone for a couple of days. The larger version of the Inspiration Point photo is the largest I have, unfortunately. I took that photo before I bought a digital camera and made the mistake of getting cheap digital processing. However, I don't think a valley shot would be best for the main photo in Yosemite National Park since a valley shot is already in Yosemite Valley. Since the logo of the park is Half Dome, then Image:Half Dome from North Dome-300px.jpg would be better, IMO.  would also work but it is a bit small and dark. I'm also going to be going back to Yosemite from the 25th-28th this month, so I'll be taking new photos with my digital camera. It is a guided field study so I won't have too much say on what I see, but if there is anything in particular you want a photo of, then just say so and I'll try to get it. Hm. A photo of Half Dome from Rainbow Bridge would be nice (I tried to get one on my last trip but the mosquitoes were so thick that they prevented me from taking too much time setting-up my camera - it was also overcast that day). --mav

 * Just a little kibitz - since the park is a human creation unlike the valley itself, it helps drive home the point to have some building/construct in a picture for the park article. Ahwahnee Hotel with Royal Arches behind is a classic image of that type for instance.  HD in the background would be even better, but I think the trees are now too thick to make that angle work anymore. Stan 23:08, 4 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * Hey, that's a good idea. I think we will be visiting the Ahwahnee Hotel too in this trip (although I don't recall being able to see the Royal Arches from the hotel the last time I visited it). --mav

 * The Ahwahnee is in the Valley, so that falls under your objection about Valley shots. Half Dome is nice. I didn't suggest your shot, because it was taken about noon, and the north face of HD is completely in shadow.. Evening is the best time for HD. I have plenty of old prints of HD, but I would have to go find a scanner. If you happen to go to Olmstead point on CA 120, there is a certain tree growing out of the granite near the parking lot, which frames HD looking from the East. The best place for photos is the top of Mount Dana, the top of Clouds Rest, or the top of Mount Hoffman. Sadly, all I have for those are analog shots. I bet your field trips would not just happen to go to any of those places :-). Have fun! -- hike395

 * Simply being in the valley isn't a reason to exclude; a better reason is that a nice valley shot from Tunnel View is already included in the valley article (and Inspiration Point is simply a thousand or so feet above Tunnel View which means the shots are pretty similar). I'm also going on field studies to the east Sierra, Lava Beds, Lassen and the Mendocino Triple Point area this year. A scanner (preferably a negative scanner) would be a great investment for you and Wikipedia. ;-) --mav

 * OK --- we can do the Ahwahnee. I just don't remember what it looks like. It sounds like you are doing a volcanic field trip. Oh boy! Lots of good stuff in the Mono-Inyo Craters and the Mammoth Mountain area. I'll see what I can do about a scanner. -- hike395

 * Here is a photo: . I don't know if I'll be visiting the craters or Mammoth but I have in the past and have several photos that I haven't had time to process yet (need to stitch together the the crater photos, for example). --mav

 * You know, if you showed me this photo, I wouldn't immediately think "Yosemite". Also, is it PD? -- hike395

 * Just a photo to show what the hotel looks like. It would take some artistic positioning on my part to make sure it gets the Yosemite stamp. Not PD. --mav

 * Hey, I just found a good photo, too: . What do you think? It's a nifty photo of Half Dome. -- hike395

 * Very nice! It has the Merced in the photo too. Yes that would be a great photo to have in the YNP article. --mav

 * Opps. I thought you were talking about this photo. --mav

 * My bad --- copied the wrong URL. We can used Full.00005 if you like. I'll try to color balance it --- Half Dome is kind of washed out. --hike395

 * I just cannot make HD stand out from the background. It looks kind of bad when you shrink it. I'll keep looking for HD photos -- hike395

 * Too bad. I guess I'll have to wade into the frigid waters of the Merced to take the shot. --mav

 * So, you don't like ? We could crop out the skier. -- hike395

 * It works - I just really like the Merced/HD photo (even if it isn't best for the main YNP image). --mav

 * I'm just playing with it in a photo editor. The clouds make it too gloomy. And, if I try to brighten it up, the clouds then look alien. (Sorry I'm being so picky). I think either you'll have to get a nice photo in a few weeks, or I'll have to find a scanner. Thanks for your help!! -- hike395

Hi Mav. When do you think the 300000 will be reached ? I suppose you will send yourself the press release. When do you plan to send it ? Anthère

 * 2-3 weeks from now given our current growth rate. But we can wait until the logo contest is done if that takes longer. --mav

 * oh, I had understood in one of your email to the ml, that it would be in about 1 week. Fine. We have time then. Yes, it might be really worth to wait for the logo decision then. have a good day.

Enjoy. Take great pictures. Tannin

Now remember wear clean underwear everyday and wash behind your ears. - fonzy

Thanks for the nice send off! I'll be back late Sunday early Monday. :) --mav

In response to your question about Simón Bolívar, I had noticed that the events under the Anniverseries tag was getting stale & hadn't been updated for a couple of days. I took a quick look at the events under September 10, & noticed Bolivar's entry under 1823. Since it appeared to be a significant event for both Bolivar & Peru, I didn't check further before I added it. I made a change to the Bolivar article that I hope explains things.

Shoulda known the first time I tried my sysop powers I'd make a mistake. -- llywrch 16:43, 11 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * Hey - no big deal. All I wanted was for the acticle to get updated and you did that. All is well and Wikipedia is a better place as a result of your efforts. :) --mav

Hello mav, this short message to let you know that I have finished the images of the periodic table for the periode 5-6 and the actinides. It's on the french wikipedia, and I m too lazy to copy those file here. Greatpatton 07:22, 13 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks! I'll see about porting some over later. --mav

Hi mav, I have been looking around for discussion or briefing of what the anticipated structure of the WikiMedia foundation consists of a how its relationship to the Wikipedia Community is defined/refined. I have not located anything in any useful detail. Are you aware of any discussions beginning or which took place in the past beyond .... We are setting up a nonprofit. We can take donations. Thanks, mirwin 00:09, 15 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * Sorry - nothing exists on this yet that isn't already mentioned or linked to in Wikimedia. --mav

Well, I have new photos of the elements on a white background with the vials oriented horizontally instead of vertically (to spread out the sample more and produce a picture that fits well in the table. Also easier to photograph as the vials are top heavy and tend to fall over when vertical). Some photos show a bit of red and/or blue shadow because of the room lighting where I took the photos (a mix of flourescent and incandecent). I am now cropping the original 4 megapixel photos down to just the glass part of the vials. I will upload both the original crop and a thumbnail (sized to fit the table) of that crop in jpeg format after I finish. -- RTC 17:25, 15 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * That's great! --mav

Great Eastern Sierra edits! And nice photo for Hetch Hetchy, too. -- hike395 04:30, 16 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks! I have about 200 photos to go through still (the Hetch Hetchy one was from a trip to Yosemite a year and a half ago; I hadn't noticed that the article existed until tonight!). --mav

Owens Lake - should it be Audubon Society, or is there really an Auburn Society? BTW, this page is 48k now, cheers, Jim

 * Correct on both counts. I'll archive a bit later though. Thanks. :) --mav

Please could you consider protecting List of nicknames for George W. Bush to stop the current edit war. I've edited the page before so I don't want to protect it. There was an agreement to add only those nicknames which appeared in 1000 Google hits but BuddhaInside is objecting to the fact that this rule is not applied to all articles and expressing this objection through anedit war rather than by discusing it. Thanks. Angela 06:25, Sep 23, 2003 (UTC)

Hi, mav. Thanks for all of the Eastern Sierra photos! I really appreciate them. Just had a few questions for you:
 * 1) For Mammoth Mountain, you had a dark photo that was labeled as a placeholder, so I substituted one of my own on that page. Is that OK with you?
 * 2) For Sierra Nevada (US), I see you took a photo of the Minarets (from Minaret Summit?) . I've thought about putting up a Minarets photo at that article, but I didn't do it, because the Minarets are dark metavolanic rock, while most of the Sierra is bright granite. If one of us can find a good granite-filled photo, would you mind if we substituted such a photo for the first one in the article? If you want a Minarets photo, I have quite a nifty one taken from the base of the Minarets. I don't know if it would look good small, though.

 * 1) For Inyo and Mono Craters, could you see the Talk page? I'd like to move the page to match the USGS terminology.

Thanks again for all of the nifty content! -- hike395 04:19, 24 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the compliment!
 * I really like your photo, but what I really want is a photo that clearly shows Mammoth as a composite dome and for that photo to be taken from within Long Valley Caldera (since the two are joined at the hip); the perspective of your photo makes it look like a more conical/typical composite/stratovolcano shape. No biggie (hopefully I'll be able to retake the photo this weekend).
 * Although not typical in composition, the Minarets do remind us that the Sierra isn't all about granitic rock and that the proto Sierra were in fact a volcanic belt. More photos are needed to create balance. The photo was taken from close to the Devils Postpile entrance; that is also where I took the photo of the Mammoth Ski Area.
 * I agree.

 * --mav

Nice nest picture. I've moved it to the family page Hirundinidae for the time being, because the Swallow article is about a different species. It can go to Cliff Swallow when that page gets written. (Big iron is working through the N American species. To avoid confusion, I've moved the Swallow page to Barn Swallow, but left the links on the European form, since that is what they mainly refer to. I'll also add a comment when I've done this. I've actually seen one of the seven Cliff Swallows to get to the UK! Jim

 * Thanks! I was wondering why the Swallow taxobox was about one species. --mav

Donations
Hi Mav, I must admit I was lazy in trying to follow what is going on exaclty about donations. I saw you suggestion the donation page here was no more relevant. Could you make us a quick drawing of what is currently important, links relevant to understand the current situation, for us to know what to do with international wikipedias ? Thanks in advance

Anthère

 * The most important thing are the form donate buttons and the first and third paras here. --mav

UK vs. GB
I see that you've linked British to a couple American Revolutionary War battle articles. The UK was not formed until 1801. Try British instead. --Jiang 00:09, 29 Sep 2003 (UTC)

--

Hello Mav

Yesterday, just before going to bed, I thought of dropping you a word, to ask you if the press release was postponed again. And then I thought, that if every international did that, you would be flowed under messages. So, I carefully check the ml for information, and I check the press release on meta, and there it was still written the 1rst. So I sent 2 mails. And now, well inside the 1rst, I discover that it is postponed again. Please, Mav, would you tell us postponing before the day things were actually planned ? :-( ant

Note that I am on digest, but I usually receive several digests a day. Whatever, it is no big deal, there are other big news networks, but your text mentionning that we can still send the release and that the english will still be a week later is not very clear to me. --ant

 * We are at the 300,000 milestone so distribute the press release if you want. But I've already noted why that isn't a good idea until the servers get upgraded. Sorry for the late update but I was waiting for an upgrade that hasn't happened yet. --mav

 * I am well aware of the slowliness, but I fear the upgrade won't be done before weeks :-(

 * We still have at least one more week before the 300,000 number becomes stale news. If the upgrades are not done by then, then we can wait another month for the 300,000 alternate count milestone (or the 1/3 of a million official count milestone and the announcement that there are more articles in other languages than there are in English for the first time - we are almost there right now but that requires counting the UseMod wikipedias). --mav

 * I thought the 300 000 had been reached about 1 or 2 weeks ago ? Well...fact is our last promotion was in may, and it was really a boost. We had many hits this month, which is good news, but on the other hand, we had a drop in new contributors. And at the same time, we badly need "non-european" contributions...hum...ok, we'll see what this promotion implies (perhaps, they won't be willing to put it in their news anyway :-)).

It's so much nicer when you're around. Everyone behaves better. -- Someone else 07:31, 2 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * Really? I do try to mod things down a bit... Thanks though! :) --mav

welcome back, i am working on an offline version of the wikipedia periodic table. version 1.1 alpha an be found here: http://meta.wikipedia.org/upload/2/2b/Wikipedia_Periodic_Table.zip -fonzy

 * Cool, thanks. --mav

Oh, you had to go there, didn't you? Should I mosey on over to meta and make a "Wikipedians by minority group" page? :) -- Jim Regan 17:39, 2 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * Already there. Specifically: http://meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queer_Wikipedians Have fun! :) --mav

 * Wow. "Sub-cultural affiliation" is so... PC. I'd have preferred, say "The oppressed Wikipedia masses" or some such. Actually, I was envisioning a page where people could describe just what it is you'd be guilty of by disagreeing with them. Something like:
 * Jim Regan - if you disagree with me, you are furthering the oppression of the proletariat, furthering anti-Irish stereotypes, etc.
 * You know. Damn, now if it happens it'll be my fault :) -- Jim Regan 10:09, 4 Oct 2003 (UTC)

I was looking at webelements.com, looking at Ununhexium (116). it was one of the elments taht was created with the fabriatced data in 1999. But it appears in 2000 some scientists in russia did discover Uuh, this is a first to me. I will update the table unless you know this data is also faulty.

 * This needs a good deal of confirmation. Since the break-up of the USSR Russian scientists have made many claims that later turned out to be fluff. --mav

Contact info on donation page
Could you put some basic contact info on the Wikimedia page -- e.g. Jimbo Wales, mailing lists?—Eloquence 01:13, Oct 6, 2003 (UTC)

Donation tracker?
Hi Mav, I was wondering if there is any news about you having access to create a progress counter for the Wikimedias donations (even if it is manually :). I strongly believe that having such a tracker would be an incentive for a lot of people. Thomas Strohmann

Thought of you when I was trying to think of someone who would remember this far back; I'm wondering about edits by this user with regards to the "Ptolemaic Vandal". The vandal came in from California, though, and this user is in New Jersey (scratch that; ISP is ATT Worlnet based in NJ, so the user could be anywhere). I don't know enough about the subject matter to tell if these edits are legit; was wondering if you'd have a look? Thanks. - Hephaestos 20:18, 6 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * Some of the new articles by this person look rather trivial, but I don't see anything vandalistic about this person - yet. I'll keep an eye on those pages just to make sure. --mav

Onging discussion regarding edit page notice
I cleaned up the fundraising page, it was really getting long and for someone who knows nothing about Wikipedia all that stuff is a bit overloading, but regarding overloading at some point we have to get back to that discussion about changing the text on the edit page that was started on the discussion list. I made some user subpages in this regard and tried to add stuff about the Warranty Disclaimers and your suggested Wikipedia:Terms and Conditions (which I renamed as Wikipedia:Submission Standards as that sounds a little less legalistic. I know it is a lot of boilerplate but some of it is not settled Wikipedia policy so maybe this can get resolved or at least discussed and discarded: Here are the relevant links for your convenience:

 * User:Alex756/Annotated edit page announcement
 * User:Alex756/Wikipedia:Copyrights and Warranty Disclaimers
 * User:Alex756/Wikipedia:Submission Standards

Once this stuff is vetted it can be moved to a meta page (or do you think it should be moved now to foster more discussion). This is the proposed boilerplate to put on the edit page:

 * All submissions are released under the GNU Free Documentation License (see {Project name}:Copyrights and Warranty Disclaimers for details). If you don't want your writing to be edited mercilessly and redistributed at will, then don't submit it here. You are also promising us that you wrote this yourself, or copied it from a public domain or similar free resource. By clicking save you also affirm that the submission is not, to your knowledge, defamatory or in violation of any applicable law, and you have read the {project name): Submission Standards and agree to those terms (including indemnification). DO NOT SUBMIT COPYRIGHTED WORK WITHOUT PERMISSION! (Please record any copyright permissions in the summary box).

— Alex756 03:59, 7 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * Well I think the current version is fine. A move to meta would be a good idea since it is a bit taboo to edit other user's subpages. Then point people to the meta page for any more changes. Minus any loud objections at that point, then we can make the changes to language.php. --mav

Cache refreshing
Just pointing this out in case you are the anon in question: Village_pump. Angela 12:52, Oct 10, 2003 (UTC)

 * The hostility I get from people while editing anonymously is rather disturbing. Would it not be better to treat anons with more respect and less suspicion? --mav

What is this Anon 64.174 doing: "Update cache"? Later on, Anon 165.196 started doing the same thing too. --Menchi 04:45, 10 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * From User talk:64.174.7.191
 * Why are you doing that? It is really annoying. Angela 23:32, Oct 9, 2003 (UTC)
 * Updating the page cache so that the 'support' message can be seen by anons.

Is there not a way for a developer to do this automatically? The problem I have with it is it may be wasting people's time as he is doing it with often-bookmarked pages, meaning people need to check the whole history of each page to see if any actual changes have been made. Also, it is being done mostly with pages that anons are not likely to see - ie those in the Wikipedia namespace. As most people come to main article pages via Google, I don't think it is worthwhile. I don't know who the anon is, but it is an IP that mav has used in the past. Is it mav? Why is it being done anonymously? Angela 06:05, Oct 10, 2003 (UTC)

 * Angela is right. Is it really that important to have the message updated right now and in return, obscuring real human-oriented changes to these pages? Fuzheado 07:20, 10 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * It can easily be done automatically by a developer. Whoever is doing it should stop. -- Tim Starling 07:34, Oct 10, 2003 (UTC)

 * I've informed Anon 64.174 this. --Menchi 07:43, 10 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * They're making an actual useful change, moving the huge piles of language links out of the way to the bottom to make the pages easier to edit. There's nothing wrong with this, and if they happen to be instigated by the desire to update cached pages, so what? --Brion 17:55, 10 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * What Brion said. I guess I should have mentioned that I was also fixing some formatting. I was bored, so sue me. ;-) And most of the pages I edited were in fact regular articles (everything linked on the Main Page). I was going to do the same to all listed top 10 Google hit articles next, but if a developer can update all pages, then that would be better - but that would seem to be a low priority until both our severs are at 100% and successfully upgraded (I don't think we could spare the CPU time until then). Oh, and it was being done anonymously so that I could see, or not see, exactly what an Anon would. --mav

 * Mav, crisis over, and no one's suing anyone. But you have to see it from our point of view -- massive changes happening from anon user for unknown reason.  And I had looked at the changes and saw the language links changed.  In the future what's the best way to inform people of to reflect the intent?  Perhaps a message on Anon's talk page saying "This is really so-and-so, and I'm doing this..." Fuzheado

 * Next time I'll just put "fm" in the edit summary (which was what I was doing; although as Brion stated the reason why I was making those edits was to update the cache). --mav

 * I've been on mav's side of the fence too and experienced a hostility way in excess of anything I'd ever get as my usual self, when editing anon. It was only on the part of one or two sysops but it might only one or two comments to put off a future brilliant prose writer. "do not bite the newcomers" (or in mav's case the oldcomers) :) (all this whilst still seeing your point of view as you outlined - it's not that we shouldn't tackle mistakes/unusual behaviour.... just need to do so in a nice way.) Pete 23:07, 10 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * The newcomer issue is not relevant -- we're always nice to newcomers! :) But it was obvious these changes were not from a newcomer.  It was not the mark of newcomer-type action in terms of the sheer number of pages or the nature of the edit. Fuzheado

 * That's funny, I thought I was editing slowly due to a slow Wikipedia server. :) Oh, and we are not always nice to Anons, newcomers includes those who log-in (and we do tend to cut them much more slack). --mav

mav, I sincerely apologise if you felt my message on your "anon" talk page was in any way hostile. It was not meant that way. I treated you no differently as an anon as I would have done had I put the message on this page. In fact, I considered doing so as I was almost completely sure it was you. What I'm saying is that the terse nature of my comment was unrelated to whether or not you were logged in. Put it down to severe annoyance at the server being down so much yesterday or just general stress or whatever, but please don't accuse me of purposefully treating anons with hostility. I'm sorry my message came across the way it did. I should have thought about it more before hitting save and expressed my annoyance in a more congenial way. I do of course usually intend to do this but sometimes slip up. With apologies, Angela

 * Apology accepted. I'm sorry for being short myself. The server situation has made me jumping as well. :( --mav

Referring to User talk:Tim Starling: I can't be everywhere Mav, just most places ;) I responded to the comment on WP:VP just on the basis of the information there, because that's all I had time for. The cache can easily be updated. Brion put in a "cache epoch" variable (currently set to September 13). All cache files stored before this date are automatically ignored. I'll move it forward to, what, 19:00 October 9? Probably best to wait until off-peak time, i.e. ~05:00 UTC.

 * Sorry about that Tim - I've done the same thing as you did a few too many times. The date and time you suggest would be fine (although I'm not aware of Wikipedia having any off-peak time nowadays). --mav

we can all write in our underwear
Mav, (you write: "we can actually wear whatever we want during meet-ups... And of course we can all continue to write in our underwear!")

I'd like to suggest the little iron-on name labels. They're very convenient ;) -- Someone else 20:18, 12 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * LOL! --mav

RE: Ununhexium.

Mav did u find out anything about if Russia's data was faulty or have u not looked? - fonzy

Anniversaries section of main page
We discussed this before. I will repeat - it is no longer an "anniversary" if it happenened the day before. By listing "October 15" as the first item in the list, it is implied that the events occurred on October 15th. Otherwise, we could retitle it "weekly anniversaries" or "week of October 13th". The current setup implies that the list is meant to be a summary of the day's anniversaries, not a list of anniversaries past. --Jiang 06:31, 15 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Actually, come to think of it, maybe getting rid of the current day will be a good idea, since it's not the same date everywhere. --`Jiang

 * Again, you are the only person who has a problem with this. Might as well apply the same logic to Current events - since they are no longer current the day after (yesterday's news). So although "Recent anniversaries" would be more explicit, it is too long. Any other word we can use other than "anniversaries" that isn't as long? I'm all ears. -- mav

You said the same before, here is my response again: ""Recent deaths" and "Current events" are in no way limited to one day. "Current" and "recent" are not words that expire after 24 hours. However, anniversaries only last for a single day [if the event itself only lasted a single day]."

--Jiang 06:43, 15 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Discussion copied to Wikipedia talk:Selected Articles on the Main Page

The problem is with the title, not with how the section is used and should be used. I've never really liked the title - please come up with something better. --mav

Get rid of the date link? --Jiang

 * No - that is a link to an acticle which most definitely fits under the heading. What you seem to have trouble with is that is just an article - it has no more relation to the other entries than does the Knights Templar relate to the White House. --mav

Mav: Hope you are enjoying Mount Lassen. Don't fall into Bumpass Hell! :-). Anyway, I've just uploaded [[media:Little_Lakes.jpg]], taken at Little Lakes Valley in June. What do you think of it as the first photo in Sierra Nevada (US)? We can move the Minarets photo down into the article, if you like (although I'm not sure where). I just thought the photo of the Sierra should have granite-y goodness.

I'll be travelling for a week, so no big rush to decide. -- hike395 11:14, 17 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Also uploaded [[media::Tenaya_Lake.jpg]] as a potential photo for Yosemite National Park. I like the photo of Yosemite Falls, but should we use it both for the park and for the article Yosemite Falls? Or maybe we should just stick [[media::Tenaya_Lake.jpg]] down in the middle of the park article somewhere. Let me know what you think -- hike395

 * Oh hell ya! Your photos are great, please use them as you suggest (although I have high res photos of Tenaya Lake from my last Yosemite trip a few weeks ago, but haven't had time to do the 'name, crop, upload' bit). BTW, the photo I took of Yosemite Falls is not nearly as great as I would like it to be; the whole damn thing was in the shade at the time and I had to use the GIMP to heavily touch it up. I would like to eventually retake that photo from the same place under better conditions. And no, I didn't lose any limbs at Bumbass Hell (I did walk on the crust in order to get a better look-see, though ;-). --mav

Help pages at meta
Hi mav, I've got a question about the help pages that are being taken to Meta, like m:MediaWiki User's Guide: Setting preferences for example. Should that be the only place the information is kept, or is it going to stay here too? At the moment it is here, but I don't see the point in duplicating it. Is it ok to just change the page here to point to the version on Meta? Secondly, what is the plan for other languages? Say I translated it into Arabic, should that translation go on Meta or on the Arabic Wikipedia? Angela 11:26, Oct 19, 2003 (UTC)

 * The reason it makes sense to put the English MediaWiki-specific pages on Meta now is due to the fact that we have four different Wikimedia projects in English. So for now it is fine, and in fact preferable, that the non-English MediaWiki-specific pages are on each non-English Wikipedia (where they will get the most development since Meta isn't exactly non-English friendly yet).

 * nod. That makes sense. Angela

Duplication of effort is bad, so the MediaWiki specific pages here, IMO, should be closed down either entirely or partially and all links to the completely closed down ones should point directly to the Meta version (since blind interwiki redirects are Evil). I had planned to do this myself but simply ran out of time. :-( --mav

 * Oh. I could help. I just didn't want to step on your toes if you were already planning on doing it yourself. Angela 18:15, Oct 20, 2003 (UTC)

 * Any help would be greatly appreciated. :-) I'm spread a bit thin lately - but I still can't get enough of the whole Wikimedia/free content/wiki thing. This stuff is really consumming my life and I love it because I feel that we are doing very important work here and future generations will be very grateful for it. --mav

Mormons and Jesus
That was me in my other capacity as People Against Mormon Propaganda. Adam 06:42, 20 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * It attributes everything to 'what Mormons think/say', so I fail to see how that is propaganda. --mav

United States Park Service
I think it needs to be moved to National Park Service (United States). The current title is somewhat misleading since the title does not contain the correct name of the organization. Then the original National Park Service page could become a disambig page if it ever becomes necessary. Thanks. Ark30inf 03:05, 21 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * Perhaps. "National" in this context is not specific enough and "United States National" is redundant. So the natural disambiguator is thus "United States Park Service." I just don't like parenthetical disambiguation is cases where a natural disambigutor will do just fine. --mav 03:16, 21 Oct 2003 (UTC)~
 * We should use the most common name which is the official name National Park Service. It should be disambiguated by listing what country.  There is no such thing as United States Park Service.  I'm afraid its going to be fairly confusing to the reader. Ark30inf 03:32, 21 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Used your “Useful Resources” paragraph in Wikipedia:he
Thanks. Just some minor remarks:
 * I used http://www.acronymfinder.com instead of your acronym site.
 * Savetz's Unofficial Internet Public Domain Index, by Kevin Savetz was last Updated 15 December 1996. Isn't that too ...?
 * the site "Web Reference Database for the Sciences" points to a dead URL

BTW I sure added a link to your User site (So that the credits for the links will be yours) Thanks again. Let me tell you that mentioning your user site in our Wiki inspired some of our contributors. Dod1 21:11, 21 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * I'm glad you find it to be useful. :) However, it is just a list so you don't need to credit me. --mav

Interstates Nomenclature
In case you don't Watchlist Talk:Interstate highway, wanted you to have opportunity to consider checking my full edit beginning
 * Seeking further discussion of Interstates, including Route Nomenclature
 * The topics of nomenclature for both Interstates & state routes have been idle 14 months on thisTalk:Interstate highway page. Before editing here on the subject, if it has been continued or made a standard elsewhere, can anyone direct me where?  ... --Jerzy 20:28, 2003 Oct 25 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mav/archive 16


text:
MH

MH or mH may refer to:

Businesses and organizations

 * Malaysia Airlines, by IATA airline designator
 * Menntaskólinn við Hamrahlíð, a gymnasium in Reykjavík, Iceland
 * Miami Heat, an NBA basketball team

Places

 * Mahalle, (abbreviated mh. on maps) a Turkish residential district
 * Maharashtra, a state of western India (ISO 3166-2 code MH)
 * Marshall Islands (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code and postal symbol MH)
 * County Meath, Ireland (code MH)
 * Montserrat (FIPS PUB 10-4 territory code MH)
 * Morgan Hill, California

Politics

 * Mohammad Hatta, 1st Vice President of Indonesia, 3rd Prime Minister of Indonesia, 4th Minister of Defense of Indonesia and 4th Foreign Minister of Indonesia

Musicians

 * Michael Hutchence, frontman and lead singer of Australian rock band INXS

Technologists

 * Michael Hood, internet researcher

Science and technology

 * .mh, the Internet country code top-level domain for Marshall Islands
 * Malignant hyperthermia, in medicine
 * Masked hypertension, the phenomenon where a patient with hypertension has normotension in a clinical setting
 * Millihenry (mH), an SI unit of inductance
 * Megahenry (MH)
 * millihour (mh), a non-SI unit of time
 * Megahour (Mh)
 * Metre hour (m h), a unit of absement
 * Metre per hour (m/h), a unit of speed
 * Metal-halide lamp, a type of electrical gas-discharge lamp
 * MH Message Handling System, an email client
 * MH, a symbol for a silt of high plasticity in the Unified Soil Classification System

Other uses

 * Mh (digraph), in linguistics
 * MH (album), an album by Marques Houston
 * Marques Houston (born 1981), American R&B singer and actor
 * Marshallese language, ISO 639-1 language code 'mh'
 * Master of Humanities, a graduate degree in the United States
 * Medal of Honor (disambiguation), awarded by several countries
 * Mental health
 * MIT Mystery Hunt, an annual puzzle event
 * Mount Hood Railroad, reporting mark
 * Monster Hunter, a video game series
 * Monster High, a fashion doll franchise
 * Midnight Hours, a content label in North West Sydney

title: MH


text:
Monotone

Monotone refers to a sound, for example music or speech, that has a single unvaried tone. See: pure tone and monophony.

Monotone or monotonicity may also refer to:

In economics

 * Monotone preferences, a property of a consumer's preference ordering.
 * Monotonicity (mechanism design), a property of a social choice function.
 * Monotonicity criterion, a property of a voting system.
 * Resource monotonicity, a property of resource allocation rules and bargaining systems.

In mathematics

 * Monotone class theorem, in measure theory
 * Monotone convergence theorem, in mathematics
 * Monotone polygon, a property of a geometric object
 * Monotonic function, a property of a mathematical function
 * Monotonicity of entailment, a property of some logical systems
 * Monotonically increasing, a property of number sequence

Other uses

 * Monotone (software), an open source revision control system
 * Monotonic orthography, simplified spelling of modern Greek
 * The Monotones, 1950s American rock and roll band
 * Quantifier monotonicity, in formal semantics
 * "Monotone", a song by Yoasobi for 2024 animated film Fureru

title: Monotone


text:
Astrophysics

Astrophysics is a science that employs the methods and principles of physics and chemistry in the study of astronomical objects and phenomena. As one of the founders of the discipline, James Keeler, said, astrophysics "seeks to ascertain the nature of the heavenly bodies, rather than their positions or motions in space–what they are, rather than where they are." Among the subjects studied are the Sun (solar physics), other stars, galaxies, extrasolar planets, the interstellar medium and the cosmic microwave background. Emissions from these objects are examined across all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, and the properties examined include luminosity, density, temperature, and chemical composition. Because astrophysics is a very broad subject, astrophysicists apply concepts and methods from many disciplines of physics, including classical mechanics, electromagnetism, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, relativity, nuclear and particle physics, and atomic and molecular physics.

In practice, modern astronomical research often involves a substantial amount of work in the realms of theoretical and observational physics. Some areas of study for astrophysicists include their attempts to determine the properties of dark matter, dark energy, black holes, and other celestial bodies; and the origin and ultimate fate of the universe. Topics also studied by theoretical astrophysicists include Solar System formation and evolution; stellar dynamics and evolution; galaxy formation and evolution; magnetohydrodynamics; large-scale structure of matter in the universe; origin of cosmic rays; general relativity, special relativity, quantum and physical cosmology, including string cosmology and astroparticle physics.

History
Astronomy is an ancient science, long separated from the study of terrestrial physics. In the Aristotelian worldview, bodies in the sky appeared to be unchanging spheres whose only motion was uniform motion in a circle, while the earthly world was the realm which underwent growth and decay and in which natural motion was in a straight line and ended when the moving object reached its goal. Consequently, it was held that the celestial region was made of a fundamentally different kind of matter from that found in the terrestrial sphere; either Fire as maintained by Plato, or Aether as maintained by Aristotle. During the 17th century, natural philosophers such as Galileo, Descartes, and Newton began to maintain that the celestial and terrestrial regions were made of similar kinds of material and were subject to the same natural laws. Their challenge was that the tools had not yet been invented with which to prove these assertions.

For much of the nineteenth century, astronomical research was focused on the routine work of measuring the positions and computing the motions of astronomical objects. A new astronomy, soon to be called astrophysics, began to emerge when William Hyde Wollaston and Joseph von Fraunhofer independently discovered that, when decomposing the light from the Sun, a multitude of dark lines (regions where there was less or no light) were observed in the spectrum. By 1860 the physicist, Gustav Kirchhoff, and the chemist, Robert Bunsen, had demonstrated that the dark lines in the solar spectrum corresponded to bright lines in the spectra of known gases, specific lines corresponding to unique chemical elements. Kirchhoff deduced that the dark lines in the solar spectrum are caused by absorption by chemical elements in the Solar atmosphere. In this way it was proved that the chemical elements found in the Sun and stars were also found on Earth.

Among those who extended the study of solar and stellar spectra was Norman Lockyer, who in 1868 detected radiant, as well as dark lines in solar spectra. Working with chemist Edward Frankland to investigate the spectra of elements at various temperatures and pressures, he could not associate a yellow line in the solar spectrum with any known elements. He thus claimed the line represented a new element, which was called helium, after the Greek Helios, the Sun personified.

In 1885, Edward C. Pickering undertook an ambitious program of stellar spectral classification at Harvard College Observatory, in which a team of woman computers, notably Williamina Fleming, Antonia Maury, and Annie Jump Cannon, classified the spectra recorded on photographic plates. By 1890, a catalog of over 10,000 stars had been prepared that grouped them into thirteen spectral types. Following Pickering's vision, by 1924 Cannon expanded the catalog to nine volumes and over a quarter of a million stars, developing the Harvard Classification Scheme which was accepted for worldwide use in 1922.

In 1895, George Ellery Hale and James E. Keeler, along with a group of ten associate editors from Europe and the United States, established The Astrophysical Journal: An International Review of Spectroscopy and Astronomical Physics. It was intended that the journal would fill the gap between journals in astronomy and physics, providing a venue for publication of articles on astronomical applications of the spectroscope; on laboratory research closely allied to astronomical physics, including wavelength determinations of metallic and gaseous spectra and experiments on radiation and absorption; on theories of the Sun, Moon, planets, comets, meteors, and nebulae; and on instrumentation for telescopes and laboratories.

Around 1920, following the discovery of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram still used as the basis for classifying stars and their evolution, Arthur Eddington anticipated the discovery and mechanism of nuclear fusion processes in stars, in his paper The Internal Constitution of the Stars. At that time, the source of stellar energy was a complete mystery; Eddington correctly speculated that the source was fusion of hydrogen into helium, liberating enormous energy according to Einstein's equation E = mc2. This was a particularly remarkable development since at that time fusion and thermonuclear energy, and even that stars are largely composed of hydrogen (see metallicity), had not yet been discovered.

In 1925 Cecilia Helena Payne (later Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin) wrote an influential doctoral dissertation at Radcliffe College, in which she applied Saha's ionization theory to stellar atmospheres to relate the spectral classes to the temperature of stars. Most significantly, she discovered that hydrogen and helium were the principal components of stars, not the composition of Earth. Despite Eddington's suggestion, discovery was so unexpected that her dissertation readers (including Russell) convinced her to modify the conclusion before publication. However, later research confirmed her discovery.

By the end of the 20th century, studies of astronomical spectra had expanded to cover wavelengths extending from radio waves through optical, x-ray, and gamma wavelengths. In the 21st century, it further expanded to include observations based on gravitational waves.

Observational astrophysics
Observational astronomy is a division of the astronomical science that is concerned with recording and interpreting data, in contrast with theoretical astrophysics, which is mainly concerned with finding out the measurable implications of physical models. It is the practice of observing celestial objects by using telescopes and other astronomical apparatus.

The majority of astrophysical observations are made using the electromagnetic spectrum. Other than electromagnetic radiation, few things may be observed from the Earth that originate from great distances. A few gravitational wave observatories have been constructed, but gravitational waves are extremely difficult to detect. Neutrino observatories have also been built, primarily to study the Sun. Cosmic rays consisting of very high-energy particles can be observed hitting the Earth's atmosphere.
 * Radio astronomy studies radiation with a wavelength greater than a few millimeters. Example areas of study are radio waves, usually emitted by cold objects such as interstellar gas and dust clouds; the cosmic microwave background radiation which is the redshifted light from the Big Bang; pulsars, which were first detected at microwave frequencies. The study of these waves requires very large radio telescopes.
 * Infrared astronomy studies radiation with a wavelength that is too long to be visible to the naked eye but is shorter than radio waves. Infrared observations are usually made with telescopes similar to the familiar optical telescopes. Objects colder than stars (such as planets) are normally studied at infrared frequencies.
 * Optical astronomy was the earliest kind of astronomy. Telescopes paired with a charge-coupled device or spectroscopes are the most common instruments used. The Earth's atmosphere interferes somewhat with optical observations, so adaptive optics and space telescopes are used to obtain the highest possible image quality. In this wavelength range, stars are highly visible, and many chemical spectra can be observed to study the chemical composition of stars, galaxies, and nebulae.
 * Ultraviolet, X-ray and gamma ray astronomy study very energetic processes such as binary pulsars, black holes, magnetars, and many others. These kinds of radiation do not penetrate the Earth's atmosphere well. There are two methods in use to observe this part of the electromagnetic spectrum—space-based telescopes and ground-based imaging air Cherenkov telescopes (IACT). Examples of Observatories of the first type are RXTE, the Chandra X-ray Observatory and the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory. Examples of IACTs are the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) and the MAGIC telescope.

Observations can also vary in their time scale. Most optical observations take minutes to hours, so phenomena that change faster than this cannot readily be observed. However, historical data on some objects is available, spanning centuries or millennia. On the other hand, radio observations may look at events on a millisecond timescale (millisecond pulsars) or combine years of data (pulsar deceleration studies). The information obtained from these different timescales is very different.

The study of the Sun has a special place in observational astrophysics. Due to the tremendous distance of all other stars, the Sun can be observed in a kind of detail unparalleled by any other star. Understanding the Sun serves as a guide to understanding of other stars.

The topic of how stars change, or stellar evolution, is often modeled by placing the varieties of star types in their respective positions on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, which can be viewed as representing the state of a stellar object, from birth to destruction.

Theoretical astrophysics
Theoretical astrophysicists use a wide variety of tools which include analytical models (for example, polytropes to approximate the behaviors of a star) and computational numerical simulations. Each has some advantages. Analytical models of a process are generally better for giving insight into the heart of what is going on. Numerical models can reveal the existence of phenomena and effects that would otherwise not be seen.

Theorists in astrophysics endeavor to create theoretical models and figure out the observational consequences of those models. This helps allow observers to look for data that can refute a model or help in choosing between several alternate or conflicting models.

Theorists also try to generate or modify models to take into account new data. In the case of an inconsistency, the general tendency is to try to make minimal modifications to the model to fit the data. In some cases, a large amount of inconsistent data over time may lead to total abandonment of a model.

Topics studied by theoretical astrophysicists include stellar dynamics and evolution; galaxy formation and evolution; magnetohydrodynamics; large-scale structure of matter in the universe; origin of cosmic rays; general relativity and physical cosmology, including string cosmology and astroparticle physics. Relativistic astrophysics serves as a tool to gauge the properties of large-scale structures for which gravitation plays a significant role in physical phenomena investigated and as the basis for black hole (astro)physics and the study of gravitational waves.

Some widely accepted and studied theories and models in astrophysics, now included in the Lambda-CDM model, are the Big Bang, cosmic inflation, dark matter, dark energy and fundamental theories of physics.

Popularization
The roots of astrophysics can be found in the seventeenth century emergence of a unified physics, in which the same laws applied to the celestial and terrestrial realms. There were scientists who were qualified in both physics and astronomy who laid the firm foundation for the current science of astrophysics. In modern times, students continue to be drawn to astrophysics due to its popularization by the Royal Astronomical Society and notable educators such as prominent professors Lawrence Krauss, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Stephen Hawking, Hubert Reeves, Carl Sagan and Patrick Moore. The efforts of the early, late, and present scientists continue to attract young people to study the history and science of astrophysics. The television sitcom show The Big Bang Theory popularized the field of astrophysics with the general public, and featured some well known scientists like Stephen Hawking and Neil deGrasse Tyson.

title: Astrophysics


text:
Network Control Protocol

Network Control Protocol might refer to:

 * Network Control Protocol (ARPANET), the initial ARPANET network protocol
 * Network Control Protocol is part of the Point-to-Point Protocol

title: Network Control Protocol