text:
In situ

In situ (often not italicized in English) is a Latin phrase that translates literally to "on site" or "in position." It can mean "locally", "on site", "on the premises", or "in place" to describe where an event takes place and is used in many different contexts. For example, in fields such as physics, geology, chemistry, or biology, in situ may describe the way a measurement is taken, that is, in the same place the phenomenon is occurring without isolating it from other systems or altering the original conditions of the test. The opposite of in situ is ex situ.

Aerospace
In the aerospace industry, equipment on-board aircraft must be tested in situ, or in place, to confirm everything functions properly as a system. Individually, each piece may work but interference from nearby equipment may create unanticipated problems. Special test equipment is available for this in situ testing. It can also refer to repairs made to the aircraft structure or flight controls while still in place.

Archaeology

In archaeology, in situ refers to an artifact that has not been moved from its original place of deposition. In other words, it is stationary, meaning "still." An artifact being in situ is critical to the interpretation of that artifact and, consequently, of the culture which formed it. Once an artifact's "find-site" has been recorded, the artifact can then be moved for conservation, further interpretation and display. An artifact that is not discovered in situ is considered out of context and as not providing an accurate picture of the associated culture. However, the out-of-context artifact can provide scientists with an example of types and locations of in situ artifacts yet to be discovered. When excavating a burial site or surface deposit "in situ" refers to cataloging, recording, mapping, photographing human remains in the position they are discovered.

The label in situ indicates only that the object has not been "newly" moved. Thus, an archaeological in situ find may be an object that was historically looted from another place, an item of "booty" of a past war, a traded item, or otherwise of foreign origin. Consequently, the in situ find site may still not reveal its provenance, but with further detective work may help uncover links that otherwise would remain unknown. It is also possible for archaeological layers to be reworked on purpose or by accident (by humans, natural forces or animals). For example, in a Tell mound, where layers are not typically uniform or horizontal, or in land cleared or tilled for farming.

The term in situ is often used to describe ancient sculpture that was carved in place such as the Sphinx or Petra. This distinguishes it from statues that were carved and moved like the Colossi of Memnon, which were moved in ancient times.

Art
In art, in situ refers to a work of art made specifically for a host site, or that a work of art takes into account the site in which it is installed or exhibited. For a more detailed account see: Site-specific art. The term can also refer to a work of art created at the site where it is to be displayed, rather than one created in the artist's studio and then installed elsewhere (e.g., a sculpture carved in situ). In architectural sculpture the term is frequently employed to describe sculpture that is carved on a building, frequently from scaffolds, after the building has been erected. Also commonly used to describe the site specific dance festival "Insitu". Held in Queens, New York.

Astronomy
A fraction of the globular star clusters in the Milky Way Galaxy, as well as those in other massive galaxies, might have formed in situ. The rest might have been accreted from now-defunct dwarf galaxies.

In astronomy, in situ also refers to in situ planet formation, in which planets are hypothesized to have formed at the orbital distance they are currently observed rather than to have migrated from a different orbit (referred to as ex situ formation ).

Biology and biomedical engineering

In biology and biomedical engineering, in situ means to examine the phenomenon exactly in place where it occurs (i.e., without moving it to some special medium).

In the case of observations or photographs of living animals, it means that the organism was observed (and photographed) in the wild, exactly as it was found and exactly where it was found. This means it was not taken out of the area. The organism had not been moved to another (perhaps more convenient) location such as an aquarium.

This phrase in situ when used in laboratory science such as cell science can mean something intermediate between in vivo and in vitro. For example, examining a cell within a whole organ intact and under perfusion may be in situ investigation. This would not be in vivo as the donor is sacrificed by experimentation, but it would not be the same as working with the cell alone (a common scenario for in vitro experiments). For instance, an example of biomedical engineering in situ involves the procedures to directly create an implant from a patient's own tissue within the confines of the Operating Room.

In vitro was among the first attempts to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze natural occurrences in the lab. Eventually, the limitation of in vitro experimentation was that they were not conducted in natural environments. To compensate for this problem, in vivo experimentation allowed testing to occur in the original organism or environment. To bridge the dichotomy of benefits associated with both methodologies, in situ experimentation allowed the controlled aspects of in vitro to become coalesced with the natural environmental compositions of in vivo experimentation.

In conservation of genetic resources, "in situ conservation" (also "on-site conservation") is the process of protecting an endangered plant or animal species in its natural habitat, as opposed to ex situ conservation (also "off-site conservation").

Chemistry and chemical engineering
In chemistry, in situ typically means "in the reaction mixture."

There are numerous situations in which chemical intermediates are synthesized in situ in various processes. This may be done because the species is unstable, and cannot be isolated, or simply out of convenience. Examples of the former include the Corey-Chaykovsky reagent and adrenochrome.

In biomedical engineering, protein nanogels made by the in situ polymerization method provide a versatile platform for storage and release of therapeutic proteins. It has tremendous applications for cancer treatment, vaccination, diagnosis, regenerative medicine, and therapies for loss-of-function genetic diseases.

In chemical engineering, in situ often refers to industrial plant "operations or procedures that are performed in place." For example, aged catalysts in industrial reactors may be regenerated in place (in situ) without being removed from the reactors.

Civil engineering
In architecture and building, in situ refers to construction which is carried out at the building site using raw materials - as opposed to prefabricated construction, in which building components are made in a factory and then transported to the building site for assembly. For example, concrete slabs may be cast in situ (also "cast-in-place") or prefabricated.

In situ techniques are often more labour-intensive, and take longer, but the materials are cheaper, and the work is versatile and adaptable. Prefabricated techniques are usually much quicker, therefore saving money on labour costs, but factory-made parts can be expensive. They are also inflexible, and must often be designed on a grid, with all details fully calculated in advance. Finished units may require special handling due to excessive dimensions.

The phrase may also refer to those assets which are present at or near a project site. In this case, it is used to designate the state of an unmodified sample taken from a given stockpile.

Site construction usually involves grading the existing soil surface so that material is "cut" out of one area and "filled" in another area creating a flat pad on an existing slope. The term "in situ" distinguishes soil still in its existing condition from soil modified (filled) during construction. The differences in the soil properties for supporting building loads, accepting underground utilities, and infiltrating water persist indefinitely.

Computer science
For example, a file backup may be restored over a running system, without needing to take the system down to perform the restore. In the context of a database, a restore would allow the database system to continue to be available to users while a restore happened. An in situ upgrade would allow an operating system, firmware or application to be upgraded while the system was still running, perhaps without the need to reboot it, depending on the sophistication of the system.

Another use of the term in-situ that appears in Computer Science focuses primarily on the use of technology and user interfaces to provide continuous access to situationally relevant information in various locations and contexts. Examples include athletes viewing biometric data on smartwatches to improve their performance, a presenter looking at tips on a smart glass to reduce their speaking rate during a speech, or technicians receiving online and stepwise instructions for repairing an engine.

An algorithm is said to be an in situ algorithm, or in-place algorithm, if the extra amount of memory required to execute the algorithm is O(1), that is, does not exceed a constant no matter how large the input ---except for space for recursive calls on the "call stack." Typically such an algorithm operates on data objects directly in place rather than making copies of them.

For example, heapsort is an in situ sorting algorithm, which sorts the elements of an array in place. Quicksort is an in situ sorting algorithm, but in the worst case it requires linear space on the call stack (this can be reduced to log space). Merge sort is generally not written as an in situ algorithm.

In designing user interfaces, for example, if a word processor displays an image and allows the image to be edited without launching a separate image editor, this is called in situ editing.

AJAX partial page data updates is another example of in situ in a Web UI/UX context. Web 2.0 included AJAX and the concept of asynchronous requests to servers to replace a portion of a web page with new data, without reloading the entire page, as the early HTML model dictated. Arguably, all asynchronous data transfers or any background task is in situ as the normal state is normally unaware of background tasks, usually notified on completion by a callback mechanism.

With big data, in situ data would mean bringing the computation to where data is located, rather than the other way like in traditional RDBMS systems where data is moved to computational space. This is also known as in-situ processing.

Design and advertising
In design and advertising the term typically means the superimposing of theoretical design elements onto photographs of real world locations. This is a pre-visualization tool to aid in illustrating a proof of concept.

Earth, ocean and atmospheric sciences
In physical geography and the Earth sciences, in situ typically describes natural material or processes prior to transport. For example, in situ is used in relation to the distinction between weathering and erosion, the difference being that erosion requires a transport medium (such as wind, ice, or water), whereas weathering occurs in situ. Geochemical processes are also often described as occurring to material in situ.

In oceanography and ocean sciences, in situ generally refers to observational methods made by obtaining direct samples of the ocean state, such as that obtained by shipboard surveying using a lowered CTD rosette that directly measure ocean salinity, temperature, pressure and other biogeochemical quantities like dissolved oxygen. Historically a reversing thermometer would be used to record the ocean temperature at a particular depth and a Niskin or Nansen bottle used to capture and bring water samples back to the ocean surface for further analysis of the physical, chemical or biological composition.

In the atmospheric sciences, in situ refers to obtained through direct contact with the respective subject, such as a radiosonde measuring a parcel of air or an anemometer measuring wind, as opposed to remote sensing such as weather radar or satellites.

Economics
In economics, in situ is used when referring to the in place storage of a product, usually a natural resource. More generally, it refers to any situation where there is no out-of-pocket cost to store the product so that the only storage cost is the opportunity cost of waiting longer to get your money when the product is eventually sold. Examples of in situ storage would be oil and gas wells, all types of mineral and gem mines, stone quarries, timber that has reached an age where it could be harvested, and agricultural products that do not need a physical storage facility such as hay.

Electrochemistry
In electrochemistry, the phrase in situ refers to performing electrochemical experiments under operating conditions of the electrochemical cell, i.e., under potential control. This is opposed to doing ex situ experiments that are performed under the absence of potential control. Potential control preserves the electrochemical environment essential to maintain the double layer structure intact and the electron transfer reactions occurring at that particular potential in the electrode/electrolyte interphasial region.

Environmental remediation
In situ can refer to where a clean up or remediation of a polluted site is performed using and stimulating the natural processes in the soil, contrary to ex situ where contaminated soil is excavated and cleaned elsewhere, off site.

Experimental physics
In experimental physics in situ typically refers to a method of data collection or manipulation of a sample without exposure to an external environment. For example, the Si(111) 7x7 surface reconstruction is visible using a scanning tunneling microscope when it is prepared and analyzed in situ.

Experimental psychology
In psychology experiments, in situ typically refers to those experiments done in a field setting as opposed to a laboratory setting.

Gastronomy
In gastronomy, "in situ" refers to the art of cooking with the different resources that are available at the site of the event. Here a person is not going to the restaurant, but the restaurant comes to the person's home.

Law
In legal contexts, in situ is often used for its literal meaning. For example, in Hong Kong, "in situ land exchange" involves the government exchanging the original or expired lease of a piece of land with a new grant or re-grant with the same piece of land or a portion of that.

In the field of recognition of governments under public international law the term in situ is used to distinguish between an exiled government and a government with effective control over the territory, i.e. the government in situ.

Linguistics
In linguistics, specifically syntax, an element may be said to be in situ if it is pronounced in the position where it is interpreted. For example, questions in languages such as Chinese have in situ wh-elements, with structures comparable to "John bought what?" with what in the same position in the sentence as the grammatical object would be in its affirmative counterpart (for example, "John bought bread"). An example of an English wh-element that is not in situ (see wh-movement): "What did John buy?"

Literature
In literature in situ is used to describe a condition. The Rosetta Stone, for example, was originally erected in a courtyard, for public viewing. Most pictures of the famous stone are not in situ pictures of it erected, as it would have been originally. The stone was uncovered as part of building material, within a wall. Its in situ condition today is that it is erected, vertically, on public display at the British Museum in London, England.

Medicine

In cancer/oncology: in situ means that malignant cells are present as a tumor but have not metastasized, or invaded beyond the layer or tissue type where it arose. This can happen anywhere in the body, such as the skin, breast tissue, or lung. For example, a cancer of epithelial origin with such features is called carcinoma in situ, and is defined as not having invaded beyond the basement membrane.

This type of tumor can often, depending on where it is located, be removed by surgery.

In anatomy: in situ refers to viewing structures as they appear in normal healthy bodies. For example, one can open up a cadaver's abdominal cavity and view the liver in situ or one can look at an isolated liver that has been removed from the cadaver's body.

In nursing, "in situ" describes any devices or appliances on the patient's body that remain in their desired and optimal position.

In medical simulation, "in situ" refers to the practice of clinical professionals using high fidelity patient simulators to train for clinical practice in patient care environments, such as wards, operating rooms, and other settings, rather than in dedicated simulation training facilities.

In biomedical, protein nanogels made by the in situ polymerization method provide a versatile platform for storage and release of therapeutic proteins. It has tremendous applications for cancer treatment, vaccination, diagnosis, regenerative medicine, and therapies for loss-of-function genetic diseases.

Mining
In situ leaching or in situ recovery refers to the mining technique of injecting lixiviant underground to dissolve ore and bringing the pregnant leach solution to surface for extraction. Commonly used in uranium mining but has also been used for copper mining.

Petroleum production
In situ refers to recovery techniques which apply heat or solvents to heavy crude oil or bitumen reservoirs beneath the Earth's crust. There are several varieties of in situ techniques, but the ones which work best in the oil sands use heat (steam).

The most common type of in situ petroleum production is referred to as SAGD (steam-assisted gravity drainage) this is becoming very popular in the Alberta Oil Sands.

RF transmission
In radio frequency (RF) transmission systems, in situ is often used to describe the location of various components while the system is in its standard transmission mode, rather than operation in a test mode. For example, if an in situ wattmeter is used in a commercial broadcast transmission system, the wattmeter can accurately measure power while the station is "on air."

Space-related
Future space exploration or terraforming may rely on obtaining supplies in situ, such as previous plans to power the Orion space vehicle with fuel minable on the Moon. The Mars Direct mission concept is based primarily on the in situ fuel production using the Sabatier reaction, which produces methane and water from a reaction of hydrogen and carbon dioxide.

In the space sciences, in situ refers to measurements of the particle and field environment that the satellite is embedded in, such as the detection of energetic particles in the solar wind, or magnetic field measurements from a magnetometer.

Urban planning
In urban planning, in-situ upgrading is an approach to and method of upgrading informal settlements.

Vacuum technology
In vacuum technology, in situ baking refers to heating parts of the vacuum system while they are under vacuum in order to drive off volatile substances that may be absorbed or adsorbed on the walls so they cannot cause outgassing.

Road assistance
The term in situ, used as "repair in situ", means to repair a vehicle at the place where it has a breakdown.

title: In situ


text:
Talk:Givati Brigade

[unnamed section]
Currently the article starts with ''The Givati Brigade is one of the IDF's infantry brigades. It was formed in December 1948 and placed under the command of Shimon Avidan.''. It's not clear what the IDF is, it's not clear where and when I could find the Givati Brigade. Kokiri 13:59, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Mistake
Givati brigade of 1948 is not the same Givati brigade of nowadays. The "old Givati" brigade is now a reservists brigade #5, while the "young Givati" brigade, formed on 1982-3 just got the name of the old brigade. Flayer 18:14, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

 * That's often the way it is with military. There are many squadrons that were once this or that but are now something different. It is the history that follows the name. Proxy User (talk)

Gvati doesn't really merit the honorific "amphibious". Shayetet 13 seems to do everything involving naval-infantry tasks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.56.210.195 (talk) 16:38, 29 May 2012 (UTC)

Needs more work
I've tweaked some of the wording and references, and added a few fact tags. The whole thing needs a more thorough copy-edit and more sourcing, especially for some of the more contentious material. There are also NPOV and balance issues in my view, but I'm not going to get overly involved in the detail of that if I can avoid it. Hopefully someone else can pick up some of the issues from here. --Nickhh (talk) 17:34, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

Santised warfare
Just noticed the removal of any reference to the depopulation and distruction of villages in 1948. 08:41, 9 October 2009 (hist | diff) Givati Brigade  (Seperate article required to discuss village destrcutions. The focus of this artical is the Givati brigade, not general actions taken by the Israeli army as a whole.) (Tag: references removed). ShamePadres Hana (talk) 20:24, 26 October 2009 (UTC)

Ridiculous anti-Israel bias
Two soldiers accused and punished for an incident with a Palestinian boy is absolutely irrelevant for this article. Doesn't give any valuable information about the Givati brigade. It's a total nonsense.--AndresHerutJaim (talk) 22:16, 21 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I have reverted per BRD. You shouldn't have breeched 1/rr but you also shouldn't have been reverted in the first place. A single line (with the 2010 subheader) might make some sense. Of course, 2 out of a whole brigade? That seems a little ridiculous to highlight. Cptnono (talk) 02:18, 22 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Could you please explain me what is BRD? (I want to learn). Thanks.--AndresHerutJaim (talk) 02:46, 22 November 2010 (UTC)
 * See BOLD, revert, discuss cycle. It is not mandatory but it certainly helps things go a little smoother. Basically, someone made an edit. You reverted. They should have popped over to this talk page and discussed their reasoning for inclusion. Instead, three editors were reverting. We have 1/rr and there has also been accusations of editors ganging up in the topic area so extra use of the talk page (with actual interest in fixing things and not just bickering) is preferable. Cptnono (talk) 02:52, 22 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Two out of a whole brigade is WP:UNDUE and really has no place in an article about the Givati Brigade.--Jiujitsuguy (talk) 03:49, 22 November 2010 (UTC)

Convictions for such abuse are rare enough in any army that they should be mentioned, it has received a fair bit of coverage. Agree with Cpt doesn't need it's own section, but perhaps in the bit about Cast Lead. Note also exonerations on such charges are in the article.--Misarxist 11:56, 22 November 2010 (UTC)
 * This incident has been widely covered in the mainstream press, both in Israel and abroad; see for instance Ynet, Jerusalem Post, Haaretz, BBC, Vancouver Sun, Bloomberg. There are countless more examples. As Misarxist notes above, such convictions are rare, and we note previous acquittals on similar charges. There is no case for excluding this information, so long as it is not given undue weight. Accordingly, I intend to write a couple of sentences and insert them into the Cast Lead section of the article. RolandR (talk) 08:35, 23 November 2010 (UTC)
 * [personal attack & commentary on user redacted] How about you draft some lines both here and there since it is obviously contentious.Cptnono (talk) 08:41, 23 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Your offensive personal remarks are unnecessary and unacceptable. Please strike them out. RolandR (talk) 10:45, 23 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Agree with JJG and nono, this is UNDUE. I also think adding this back just after reporting someone for 1RR (with the implication of edit warring) while discussion is ongoing is pretty bad form. No More Mr Nice Guy (talk) 11:31, 23 November 2010 (UTC)
 * As stated above there are multiple sources so it's clearly relevant & the acquittals cases are noted in the article. Please address these arguments rather than just just reverting & agreeing with other users who also haven't bothered to address them.--Misarxist 12:02, 23 November 2010 (UTC)
 * There is one acquittal mentioned in the article, of Captain R, which I also think isn't necessary. No More Mr Nice Guy (talk) 12:30, 23 November 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) I did not make my edit "just after" reporting another editor for 1RR, but 36 hours later. 2) My edit was not a revert, but an entirely new edit. 3) In what way is this undue? Simply asserting this, without explaining, does not justify the exclusion of the material. 4) Considering that we have 100 words above on an acquittal on similar charges, my 50-word edit on a conviction can hardly be considered undue. If you think both are unnecesssary, why did you only remove the conviction? 5) This is clearly notable and rtelevant. There is no doubt that this will eventually be included in the article; so why edit war over this? It gives the impression that you wish to hide the case. 6) I am also considering adding details about the Givati officer suspected of blocking an inquiry into the death of a Palestinian woman; would you consider this too to be undue? And what about the investigation into the head of the brigade, accused of ordering the bombing of a building in which 21 civilians died?. It looks to me as though there may be sufficient basis for a section on "Criminal charges against Givati Brigade members". (Sorry, forgot to sign earlier) RolandR (talk) 14:47, 23 November 2010 (UTC)
 * As is too often the case, editors are mis-citing WP:UNDUE. WP:UNDUE is a policy dealing with fringe, minority viewpoints, such as the concept that the Earth is flat. Two soldiers being convicted is not a fringe viewpoint—everyone agrees that the soldiers were convicted; no reliable source makes the claim that they were acquitted. Is there any actual policy-based reason to keep this information out of the article? ← George talk 13:23, 23 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Consensus, UNDUE despite what you claim, recentism and WP:ENC to name a few. The actions of individual soldiers are not the scope of these types of articles, whether they are convictions, and acquittals, listing soldiers who've won medals of valour, or discharged for being caught in the women's section on base. Unless there is consensus to have a section of such random, individual information limited to one liners and references for more info. I think that is the only solution. So the pro-Israels get the aquittal, the anti-zionists get the conviction, and historians get a few dozen Israeli military decorations. Do American units serving in Iraq have listings for issues that soldiers have done? OTHERSTUFF might sway my opinion. --Shuki (talk) 14:04, 23 November 2010 (UTC)
 * If you interpret WP:UNDUE differently than how it is written, I would be very interested to hear about it on my talk page. WP:CONSENSUS is fairly meaningless at this stage, as we don't yet have a consensus one way or the other. Neither WP:ENC nor WP:RECENTISM is a Wikipedia policy, but something I'm opening to discussing further. I have absolutely no clue what you're talking about with regards to "pro-Israels get the aquittal, the anti-zionists get the conviction" or what it has to do with anything. Are you seriously arguing that there are reliable sources that say that the soldiers in this case were acquitted? I would very much like to see those sources.
 * Part of the issue I think, and you touched on this, is that we are discussing a single, relatively recent case. There are a few other notable cases involving the Givanti Brigade (a couple cases where soldiers were convicted of similar crimes in the late 1980s; and a spat of suicides in the early 1990s), and those also warrant some mention. Regarding your request for similar cases from the Iraq war, the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse article is probably the most similar to a case where a soldier was convicted of a crime and subsequently demoted. ← George talk 14:23, 23 November 2010 (UTC)
 * George, just an observation that certain people are only interested in inserting negative information and not don't really care to improve the article otherwise. You know, NPOV. Is that a policy or just some guideline? There are two kneejerk responses here, the 'pro' want the unit to look good, the 'anti' want to paint the unit black, and we are missing the third that can NPOV and include real relevant information. --Shuki (talk) 16:48, 23 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Sometimes, the neutral viewpoint can include negative information. The neutral path here is to include the brigade triumphs and their follies, their commendations and their convictions. Neither making the group "look good" nor "painting it black" are acceptable behavior from any Wikipedia editor. ← George talk 18:40, 23 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Some people broke rules. It was dealt with according to the rules. That's neutral and relevant isn't it ? The readers can decide for themselves whether that makes them look good or bad or both or neither.  Sean.hoyland  - talk 17:32, 23 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Interestingly, the Abu Ghraib article doesn't mention the unit (372nd Military Police Company (United States)), though the unit's article does mention Abu Ghraib (unfortunately, it is about the only distinct, notable event they've been involved in -- we don't know specifically what they did in WWII or more recent deployments). So, I'd say Abu Ghraib doesn't provide a good example. There were many cases of crimes and discipline in American units during WWII which are not mentioned in their articles, as I am sure is the case with every military unit in the world. I would think that unless the only notable action of the brigade was abuse (as is the case, unfortunately, for the 327th MP Company) then I would merit discussion. Otherwise, it's simply the criminal actions of a few soldiers who happen to be in the unit. --Habap (talk) 15:21, 23 November 2010 (UTC)

WP:UNDUE, as written, directly addresses this: "Undue weight applies to more than just viewpoints—also to images, wikilinks, external links, categories, and all other material, as well. An article should not give undue weight to any aspects of the subject but should strive to treat each aspect with a weight appropriate to its significance to the subject. For example, discussion of isolated events, criticisms, or news reports about a subject may be verifiable and neutral, but still be disproportionate to their overall significance to the article topic."
 * Not sure who I'm replying to here, but I don't think any honest commentator can say that the two sentences that were added to this article are "disproportionate" to their overall significants to the topic. What percentage of the mentions of this brigade in the last two years are related to this incident? I would bet most. ← George talk 18:40, 23 November 2010 (UTC)
 * (ec)I'm looking at several similar articles about American battalions   (I'm not an expert on the American military, these are just what I could find off the top of my head), and there is no mention of specific charges against specific soldiers. This article is not similar to the one dedicated to discussing Abu Ghraib. This is a general article about a battalion, not an article dedicated to a specific crime. No More Mr Nice Guy (talk) 15:27, 23 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I was referring to the pages on the people and units involved in Abu Ghraib (such as the 372nd Military Police Company (United States)), which do mention the controversial incidents and individuals. ← George talk 18:40, 23 November 2010 (UTC)

Comment - There should at least be some coverage of OCL related issues as they were significant as far as RS were concerned (and the UN + others of course). OCL was a significant event in the history of the brigade. That isn't evident from the article. In addition to these recent cases there was for example, the reprimanding of Brigade Commander Col Ilan Malka for violating IDF orders by authorising the artillery attack that hit the UN compound during OCL. There is an undue weight issue but it seems to be the other way around via absence of information. Perhaps it would help if editors imagined that this article was about other organizations like Human Rights Watch or Hamas and considered whether their arguments would be the same or different.  Sean.hoyland  - talk 16:33, 23 November 2010 (UTC)
 * More recentism. The brigade has more of a history than OCL which was actually a relatively short and uneventful operation.--Shuki (talk) 16:38, 23 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Eventfulness is measured with respect to the presence of information in RS. If you find it difficult to address this issue in a neutral way you should just step away from the article.  Sean.hoyland  - talk 16:46, 23 November 2010 (UTC)
 * @RolandR. The Givati Brigade has a 62-year military history characterized by bold military initiatives, tactical achievements and purity of arms. Now you want to prominently feature a relatively minor, isolated incident that resulted in no injury to anyone and that involved just two soldiers out of an entire brigade, and under its own sub-heading to boot!? That constitues WP:UNDUE and also violates WP:NPOV--Jiujitsuguy (talk) 18:29, 23 November 2010 (UTC)
 * @Sean.hoyland - It's not just the presence of the information, but whether it is notable. Perhaps it belongs in an article about the incident or about the two soldiers, but not in an article about their unit. I would feel the same way about an article on Hamas, though if people from Human Rights Watch were busily violating human rights, that might be different....--Habap (talk) 18:37, 23 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I do think that including this information in a separate article may be a better course. ← George talk 18:44, 23 November 2010 (UTC)

 * I don't quite follow what you mean. Article content is determined by compliance with WP:NPOV (i.e. due weight) rather than WP:N per WP:NNC. As long as the information is verifiable we just need to decide whether its inclusion is merited per due weight. Perhaps that amounts to the same thing as notable in the sense that you used the word. If you haven't looked at the Hamas and HRW articles for comparison I suggest you do. They are both large organizations and they both include information pertinent to individual events and members of those organizations. The reason I picked those 2 will be obvious to several of the editors objecting to the inclusion of material in this article. Sean.hoyland  - talk 19:15, 23 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Sean, my apologies. You are correct. I should have be arguing using WP:UNDUE instead of saying it lacked notability. I don't see a similar passage in either of those articles where the wrong-doings two low-level members receives attention. Could you identify it for me? --Habap (talk) 19:58, 23 November 2010 (UTC)
 * I remember you arguing against inclusion of criticism of Human Rights Watch on that article. You also argued against including information about Mark Garasco by saying, inter alia, that it raises issues of "due weight, recentism, not news, not a battleground and all sorts of other issues" Is that what you meant? Maybe it would be helpful if you pretended this is an article about HRW. No More Mr Nice Guy (talk) 20:17, 23 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Habap. compare the coverage of OCL in the Hamas section with this article, see Hamas and Hamas for examples of information related to individuals of lower importance. This shouldn't be about the status of members though because weight ranking is a function of the treatment and coverage by RS rather than wiki editor imposed rankings or military ranking (..if it was about military ranking then the Brigade Commander reprimand would qualify simply on that basis and including it for that reason alone would be inconsistent with policy in my view). For the HRW article example read on. NMMNG, you are misremembering. See this edit by IronDuke followed by my edit for due weight for example and the discussion on the talk page. I didn't oppose inclusion of material related to Garlasco in the article. The issue eventually received widespread coverage and therefore qualified for inclusion. It's unfortunate that you rely on your memory rather than evidence. You shouldn't do that.  Sean.hoyland  - talk 05:05, 24 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Sean, in each of those sections of the Hamas article, the only individuals named are senior members and leaders. I'm not arguing that the information doesn't belong in Wikipedia, but that the actions of two relatively low-importance members of the unit do not indicate the normal actions of that unit, nor is it significant in the overall history of the unit (WP:RECENT). If the Brigade Commander had ordered their actions, or even if the Brigade Commander had committed the actions himself, it says a whole lot more about the unit than if two soldiers committed these acts and were punished for them. --Habap (talk) 15:17, 24 November 2010 (UTC)
 * No one has suggested that we name the individuals, the two staff sergeants, as far as I'm aware. That isn't necessary or appropriate in my view or even possible and consequently it wasn't part of the edit that was reverted. For similar information see Hamas, the contents starting 'In the On August 20' and 'On February 1, 2007'. No one has said that the cases indicate the normal actions of that unit nor is there a policy based requirement for content to only indicate the normal actions of the unit. I think the question 'is it significant in the overall history of the unit ?' is the relevant question because it determines the weight but as I said, wiki editor rankings of the importance of a member of a set of things aren't relevant to content decisions. Weight can only be determined by RS. The way to answer that question is to look at how the sources treated it.
 * JPost
 * "one of the most high-profile criminal cases from Operation Cast Lead"
 * "Military prosecutors had requested that the court impose lengthy prison sentences and demote them to the rank of private for violating the boy’s human rights and the IDF’s code of “purity of arms.”"
 * "The IDF probe was opened based on information in a report compiled by a special UN representative appointed to investigate matters involving children and armed conflict"
 * BBC "It was reportedly the first such conviction in Israel, where the use of civilians as human shields is banned."
 * Bloomberg Comment by HRW "“Under the laws of war, using civilians as human shields is a war crime,” Bill Van Esveld, an Israel-based researcher for Human Rights Watch, said in a phone interview. “It is hard to see how a demotion and a short suspended sentence are adequate to the gravity of that offense.”"
 * I think this goes way beyond recentism.  Sean.hoyland  - talk 16:21, 24 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Having read your arguments and reviewed the text that was originally inserted as well as the 2004 section of the article, I withdraw my objection to mentioning the convictions and punishments. --Habap (talk) 16:52, 24 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Did you seriously just just describe a war that killed over 1,400 people (including some Israelis), has had more coverage in reliable sources than the Givati Brigade received over in its 62 year history, and has a longer article on Wikipedia as "uneventful"? The article on that event has 446 references; this article has 9. I'm not sure prolonged discussions on this topic will be fruitful if editors have such warped views of history and allow their own nationalistic ideals to trump the betterment of Wikipedia. ← George talk 18:40, 23 November 2010 (UTC)
 * What does 1400 have to do with this unit? This page is about Givati, not Cast Lead. This page is might include information, if significant, about Givati in Cast Lead. If there is nothing notable about this brigade's action, then there is nothing to include in the article except maybe a blurb about taking part, in the framework of Southern Command. --Shuki (talk) 19:12, 23 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Comparing with Israeli wars and other military operations (I assure you Cast Lead was not a war according to the Israeli Ministry of Defense), OCL wasn't big deal, for many reasons, not just the number of deaths (wars fought by Israel had several thousands KIA among enemy lines). Besides, this is an article of a specific brigade, so if there isn't enough information about the brigade's performance during its participation in Cast Lead, I don't see any reason to talk here about those two individuals allegedly punished for their behavior in the Gaza War. In any case, accusations of war crimes committed in OCL should be specified only here, but dedicating an entire paragraph to isolated individual crimes in an article of Givati is, at least, an edition with suspicious intentions. (My English is clear enough or too difficult to understand?)--AndresHerutJaim (talk) 21:58, 23 November 2010 (UTC)
 * OCL was a huge deal. New technology and tactics is just one aspect that has nothing to do with casualties. We even have sources about this specific brigade over at that article so a few lines should be easy enough. That has nothing to do with what started this conversation, though.Cptnono (talk) 22:04, 23 November 2010 (UTC)
 * The commander received a reprimand during the operation. That seems notable to me. A single line on it might be useful. Thoughts?Cptnono (talk) 02:50, 28 November 2010 (UTC)

Image
It appears common to use insignias or other symbols as the identifying image in the lead for military units. Would the current lead image be better in the body with the insignia or flag up top?Cptnono (talk) 02:31, 22 November 2010 (UTC)

Any comment on this? A less contentious change might be a breath of fresh air.Cptnono (talk) 18:00, 23 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes, putting their insignia up top is a great idea. The image of them praying does not demonstrate them performing their primary mission as soldiers, so should appear only in an appropriate section. --Habap (talk) 18:52, 23 November 2010 (UTC)
 * We can use the original emblem currently used in the article or we can upload the current one and slap on a FUR. The only version I can find is a little small (top right corner). Either one work or do we need the current one for better identification of the subject?
 * Side note: There are some cool images over at commons. If the article is expanded those should go in. Cptnono (talk) 19:09, 23 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Let me ask someone who has made a few before. --Shuki (talk) 19:16, 23 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Just found this at the infobox page: "image – optional – an image of the unit insignia (cap badges, tartan or colours), if available; other images may be used if this cannot be obtained. The image must be given in the form 300px; in particular, the thumb attribute must not be selected." I think we should go with one of the insignias but the flag could work instead.Cptnono (talk) 22:00, 24 November 2010 (UTC)

Sayeret Rimon
Anyone been following the news about this unit? Reportedly, the unit's in the process of reestablishing itself as a pluga in Giv'ati right now, on its way to becoming a brigade unto itself some time in the near future.—Biosketch (talk) 09:41, 24 August 2011 (UTC)
 * A glimpse at the new commando unit that defends southern Israel
 * 40 שנה אחרי: סיירת רימון עושה קאמבק
 * Brigade? חטיבה? don't you mean Battalion (גדוד)? Poliocretes (talk) 13:31, 24 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Right, I meant battalion. I get these terms confused a lot, especially at the level of כיתה, מחלקה, פלוגה – I can never seem to keep track of the corresponding English terms.—Biosketch (talk) 12:19, 18 September 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 3 one external links on Givati Brigade. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070203160416/http://canadiancoalition.com:80/unrwa/Reuters-UNAmblulance-110504.wmv to http://canadiancoalition.com/unrwa/Reuters-UNAmblulance-110504.wmv
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090321122017/http://www.haaretzdaily.com:80/hasen/spages/427679.html to http://www.haaretzdaily.com/hasen/spages/427679.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20041204225639/http://www1.idf.il:80/dover/site/mainpage.asp?sl=EN to http://www1.idf.il/DOVER/site/mainpage.asp?sl=EN&id=7&docid=33912&Pos=68&last=0&bScope=False

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 09:56, 18 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Givati Brigade. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090828134228/http://dover.idf.il/IDF/English/News/today/2007/08/1401.htm to http://dover.idf.il/IDF/English/News/today/2007/08/1401.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:12, 18 October 2017 (UTC)

2023
can someone please expand that last section? or at least link to something more specific than "Israel-Hamas war", please? Irtapil (talk) 07:38, 30 December 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Givati Brigade


text:
Moel Famau

Moel Famau is the highest hill in the Clwydian Range and the highest point (county top) of the county of Flintshire in Wales (both the historic county and the current council area). It lies on the boundary between Denbighshire and Flintshire. The hill, which also gives its name to the Moel Famau country park, has been classed as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty since 1985. It is also surrounded by several well-preserved Iron Age hill forts. It is also the fourth-highest peak in the extended AONB of the Clwydian Range and Dee Valley.

A northern part of the Offa's Dyke long-distance footpath, one of the UK's most popular National Trails, crosses the summit of Moel Famau and the Jubilee Tower. Loggerheads Country Park is nearby.

Name
Although historical sources attest to a variety of spellings (such as Moel Famma, Moel Vamma and Moel Fammau), the only two in common use today are Moel Famau and Moel Fama. The first word moel is a common Welsh place-name element meaning "bare". The meaning and preferred spelling of the second element are less certain, but is roughly translated into "mothers".

Attestations from as early as the fourteenth century consistently show that the second element ends in –a. This conforms to the local pronunciation and is "the preferred spelling", according to the Dictionary of the Place-names of Wales. The meaning of the Fama is somewhat uncertain, but it is probably a lenited form of a personal name, 'Mama'.

The alternative form Moel Famau is a result of an "antiquarian perception" first attested in the eighteenth century that the second element was the lenited form of the common noun mamau ("mothers"). If that were the case, however, the early forms in –a would be very difficult to explain. Nevertheless, the form Moel Famau is common today and it is still sometimes said to mean "mothers' hill".

Country Park
The park, which covers an area over 3 square miles (8 km2), is managed by Denbighshire Countryside Service which is responsible for the heather moorland, dry stone walls and access paths, and provides information and facilities for visitors. The area is home to wildlife such as red grouse, European stonechat and Eurasian curlew. The summit of Moel Famau lies just within the Flintshire border.

Natural Resources Wales manage the neighbouring forest as a sustainable conifer plantation for timber production and tourism.

Walking
Numerous well-maintained paths of varying difficulty lead to the summit. Two of the easiest and most popular routes start from the southern car parks at Bwlch Penbarras, a pass between Moel Famau and Foel Fenlli, about 1.25 mi from the summit. The northern route begins at the car park south of the Iron Age hill fort at Moel Arthur. A footpath to the top of Moel Famau also begins from the village of Cilcain.

Much of North East Wales and North West England can sometimes be seen from the summit of Moel Famau. This includes parts of Denbighshire, Flintshire, Cheshire and Merseyside. On clear days, Snowdonia can be seen to the west, the Irish Sea to the north, and to the east Liverpool, Chester, Winter Hill, and Blackpool Tower.

Jubilee Tower
The tower, which was built to commemorate the Golden Jubilee of George III in 1810, was designed by Thomas Harrison of Chester and is a Grade II listed building. It was designed like an Egyptian obelisk with three tiers. Although the foundation stone was laid in 1810 by George Kenyon, 2nd Baron Kenyon, lack of funds meant that the tower was never completed. On three sides it was to have had the following inscription: "Georgia III Brittaniarum Regi, Pio Justo Patri Patrio Commitatus, Denbigh et Flint, Jubilantus Posuere, 25 Octobris, Anno Domino 1809." In 1862, a major storm brought down the incomplete tower. The remaining upper part of the structure was demolished for safety reasons leaving just the base. Most of the rubble was removed from the site; smaller stonework was reused by local farmers for dry stone walls.

In October 2010, a celebration was observed by local communities, in both Flintshire and Denbighshire, to mark the 200th anniversary of the laying of the Jubilee Tower's foundation stone. An artistic light and laser installation by a local artist was commissioned by the local authorities to illuminate the tower.

title: Moel Famau


text:
Morgue

A morgue or mortuary (in a hospital or elsewhere) is a place used for the storage of human corpses awaiting identification (ID), removal for autopsy, respectful burial, cremation or other methods of disposal. In modern times, corpses have customarily been refrigerated to delay decomposition.

Etymology and lexicology
The term mortuary dates from the early 14th century, from Anglo-French mortuarie, meaning "gift to a parish priest from a deceased parishioner," from Medieval Latin mortuarium, noun use of neuter of Late Latin adjective mortuarius "pertaining to the dead," from Latin mortuus, pp. of mori "to die" (see mortal (adj.)). The meaning of "place where the deceased are kept temporarily" was first recorded in 1865, as a euphemism for the earlier English term "deadhouse".

The term morgue comes from the French. First used to describe the inner wicket of a prison, where new prisoners were kept so that jailers and turnkeys could recognize them in the future, it took on its modern meaning in fifteenth-century Paris, being used to describe part of the Châtelet used for the storage and identification of unknown corpses.

Morgue is predominantly used in North American English, while Mortuary is used in the U.K., although both terms are used interchangeably. The euphemisms “Rose Cottage” and “Rainbow’s End” are sometimes used in British hospitals to enable discussion in front of patients and visitors, the latter mainly for children.

An auxiliary person responsible for the care of the deceased is known as a mortuary assistant or diener. A person qualified in the evisceration and reconstruction of the deceased is called an Anatomical Pathology Technician in the UK, also called a mortician or autopsy technician in the USA.

Types
There are two types of mortuary cold chambers:

Bodies are kept between 2 °C (36 °F) and 4 °C (39 °F). While this is usually used for keeping bodies for up to several weeks, it does not prevent decomposition, which continues at a slower rate than at room temperature.
 * Positive temperature

Bodies are kept at between −10 °C (14 °F) and −50 °C (−58 °F). Usually used at forensic institutes, particularly when a body has not been identified. At these temperatures the body is completely frozen, and decomposition is significantly reduced, but not prevented.
 * Negative temperature

Around the globe

In some countries, the body of the deceased is embalmed before disposal, which makes refrigeration unnecessary.

In many countries, the family of the deceased must make the burial within 72 hours (three days) of death, but in some other countries it is usual that burial takes place some weeks or months after the death. This is why some corpses are kept as long as one or two years at a hospital or in a funeral home. When the family has enough money to organize the ceremony, the corpse is taken from the cold chamber for burial.

In some funeral homes, the morgue is in the same room, or directly adjacent to, the specially designed ovens, known as retorts, that are used in funerary cremation. Some religions dictate that, should a body be cremated, the family must witness its incineration. To honor these religious rites, many funeral homes install a viewing window, which allows the family to watch as the body is inserted into the retort. In this way, the family can honor their customs without entering the morgue.

Oversized mortuary fridge spaces have been installed in British hospitals to cope with the increase in obesity.

In the UK the NHS has asked health trusts to review mortuary access security and procedures in the wake of the David Fuller case in November 2021.

Waiting mortuary
A waiting mortuary is a mortuary building designed specifically for the purpose of confirming that deceased persons are truly deceased. Prior to the advent of modern methods of verifying death, people feared that they would be buried alive. To alleviate such fears, the recently deceased were housed for a time in waiting mortuaries, where attendants would watch for signs of life. The corpses would be allowed to decompose partially prior to burial. Waiting mortuaries were most popular in 19th-century Germany, and were often large, ornate halls.

A bell was strung to the corpses to alert attendants of any motion. Although there is no documented case of a person being saved from accidental burial in this way, it is sometimes erroneously believed that this was the origin of the phrase "saved by the bell", whilst in fact, the phrase originates from the sport of boxing.

Temporary morgues
In practice, local jurisdictions only support sufficient permanent morgue capacity to handle the usual number of fatalities from all causes expected to occur there over time. Prior to modern times and even sometimes today especially in poorer jurisdictions, in case of any incident causing many deaths in such a short period of time so as to overwhelm a locale's regular mortuary services the bodies would usually be disposed of as quickly as possible, and (often not withstanding the locale's usual customs) will be disposed of by whatever method is most convenient considering the supplies and equipment on hand.

In contrast, modern affluent jurisdictions will usually make every effort to requisition equipment and/or facilities not normally used to store corpses to act as temporary morgues whenever necessary. In theory, any refrigerated space spacious enough to fit a person can act as a temporary morgue in such a situation. In practice, government emergency preparedness procedures usually designate suitable public facilities such as ice rinks to act as morgues if available. Alternatively, refrigerator trucks are sometimes used as morgues, the advantage being that they are usually readily available and can easily be transported to where they are needed, thus sparing the burden of otherwise having to quickly transport large numbers of corpses over great distances.

While temporary morgues are usually set up for isolated local incidents, the COVID-19 pandemic, has resulted in numerous temporary morgues being set up across the planet.

title: Morgue


text:
Dall's porpoise

Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) is a species of porpoise endemic to the North Pacific. It is the largest of porpoises and the only member of the genus Phocoenoides. The species is named after American naturalist W. H. Dall.

Taxonomy
Dall’s porpoise is the only member of the genus Phocoenoides. The dalli- and truei-types were initially described as separate species in 1911, but later studies determined that the available evidence only supported the existence of one species. Currently, these two color morphs are recognized as distinct subspecies, Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli dalli) and True's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli truei).

Description
Dall's porpoises can be easily distinguished from other porpoises and cetacean species within their range. They have a wide, robust body, a comparatively tiny head, and no distinguished beak. Their flippers are positioned at the front of the body and a triangular dorsal fin sits mid-body. Patterns of coloration are highly variable, but Dall’s porpoises are mostly black, have white to grey patches on the flank and belly, and frosting on the dorsal fin and trailing-edge of the fluke.

They are the largest porpoise species, growing up to 7.5 ft (2.3 m) in length and weighing between 370 and 490 lbs (130 and 220 kg). Sexual dimorphism is apparent in body size and shape, with mature males being larger, developing a deeper caudal peduncle, and having a dorsal fin that’s significantly angled forward in comparison to a female’s. Dall’s porpoise calves have a greyish coloration with no frosting on flippers and flukes. Calves measure about 100 cm at birth. Growth rates are similar at first, but at about 2 years old males begin to grow faster than females. Externally, maturity is measured by length which is usually attained at 3 – 5 years old. Sizes vary between populations, but on average females reach a maximum size of 210 cm and males grow to about 220 cm, except in the southern Okhotsk Sea where males can grow as long as 239 cm.

Two colormorphs have been identified: the dalli-type and truei-type. The truei-type, found only in the western Pacific, has a white belly patch that extends farther forward across the body than that of the dalli-type.

Distribution and habitat
Dall’s porpoises are limited to the North Pacific: in the east from California to the Bering Sea and Okhotsk Sea, and in the west down to the Sea of Japan. They have been sighted as far south as Scammon’s Lagoon in Baja California when water temperature was unseasonably cold.

Dall’s porpoises generally prefer cold waters less than 64 °F (18 °C). Although mostly an offshore species, they do occur in deeper coastal waters, near submarine canyons or in fjords.

Foraging
Dall’s porpoises are opportunistic, hunting a variety of surface and mid-water species. Common prey are mesopelagic fish, such as myctophids, and gonatid squid. Stomach content analyses have also found cases of crustacean consumption, including krill and shrimp, but this is abnormal and likely not an important part of their diet. A previous study revealed that tagged Dall’s porpoises spent most of their time within 10 m of the surface, but have been recorded diving to depths of up to 94 m.

Social
Dall's porpoises live in small, fluid groups of 2–10 individuals, but aggregations of hundreds have been reported. They have a polygynous mating system in which males compete for females. During the mating season, a male will select a fertile female and guard her to ensure paternity. While guarding, males may sacrifice opportunities to forage on deep dives. Births usually take place in the summer after a gestation period of 11–12 months. Females generally give birth every 3 years, depending on their condition. Life expectancy is about 15–20 years, but a lot about their mortality is unknown.

Dall’s porpoises are prey to transient killer whales. They have, however, been observed in association with resident killer whales, engaging in apparent play behaviors with their calves, and swimming with them. One recognizable Dall’s porpoise was observed travelling with the AB pod of resident orca from May through October 1984. Great White Sharks are also a known predator, with at least one documented case on the eastern North Pacific Ocean.

Movement
Dall’s porpoises are highly active swimmers. Rapid swimming at the surface creates a characteristic spray called a "rooster tail". They are commonly seen approaching boats to bowride, and they will also ride on the waves formed at the heads of larger swimming whales.

Population status
Abundance throughout their range and is estimated to be over 1 million, but current population trends are unknown.

Surveys along the coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington between 2008 and 2014 estimated a population abundance of 25,800. Alaska’s population is estimated to be 83,400. Abundance in coastal British Columbia is nearly 5,000 individuals.

Populations in the western North Pacific are divided by both subspecies and migratory patterns. Abundance of the offshore dalli-type is about 162,000. It is estimated that there are about 173,000 dalli-type that travel between Japan and the southern Okhotsk Sea. The dalli-type that migrates to the Okhotsk Sea in the summer is estimated at 111,000. The population of truei-type porpoises migrating between Japan and the central Okhotsk Sea number about 178,000.

Fisheries bycatch
Dall’s porpoises are vulnerable to fisheries bycatch. Thousands were killed in commercial driftnet fisheries until the United Nations issued a moratorium in the 1990s. Before the moratorium went into effect, 8,000 Dall’s porpoises are estimated to have been bycaught in one year alone (1989–1990). Smaller numbers, from several hundred to a few thousand, are estimated to have been bycaught in Japanese salmon fisheries in US waters and in the Bering Sea from 1981 to 1987. Driftnet and trawl fisheries still operate in some areas throughout their range, with particularly high levels of bycatch in Russian waters.

Hunting
The Dall's porpoise is still harvested for meat in Japan. The number of individuals taken each year increased following the 1980s moratorium on whaling of larger cetacean species. In 1988, more than 45,000 Dall’s porpoises were harpooned. In 1990, after international attention was drawn to the issue, the Japanese government introduced a reduction on take. A quota of over 17,000 a year is in effect today (9,000 dalli-type in the Japan-southern Okhotsk Sea population; 8,700 from the truei-type population that migrates into the central Okhotsk Sea) making it the largest direct hunt of any cetacean species in the world. The hunt of Dall’s porpoises has been criticized by scientific committees which question the sustainability of large quotas on regional populations. Assessments are outdated for these targeted populations, and given the level of annual reported take, there may be regional declines in abundance.

Pollution
Environmental contaminants, including dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), are another threat to Dall’s porpoises. Pollutants accumulate in the blubber layer, and in high concentrations can reduce hormone levels, affect the reproductive system, and result in calf death.

Conservation status
Dall’s porpoise is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List. Levels of both bycatch and commercial hunting are likely underestimates because they account only for reported data; however, there is no evidence for a range-wide decline of the species.

The species is also listed on Appendix II of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), and, like all other marine mammal species, is protected in the United States under the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA).

title: Dall's porpoise


text:
User talk:Engineer~enwiki

Hey there! Welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like this place--I sure do--and want to stay. If you need help on how to title new articles check out Naming conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the manual of style. If you need help look at Help and The FAQ, plus if you can't find your answer there, check The Village pump or The Reference Desk! Happy wiki-ing! Alexandros

I rewrote your article on The Trenches. -- Victor AKA SoupNazi

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Engineer. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Engineer~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 23:43, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 12:36, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Engineer~enwiki


text:
Fulbert of Chartres

Fulbert of Chartres (Fulbert de Chartres; 952–970–10 April 1028) was the Bishop of Chartres from 1006 to 1028 and a teacher at the Cathedral school there. Fulbert was a pupil of Gerbert of Aurillac, who would later become Pope Sylvester II. He was responsible for the advancement of the Nativity of the Virgin's feast day on September 8 and for one of the many reconstructions of the Chartres Cathedral. Most of the information available about him comes from letters he wrote to secular and religious figures between 1004 and 1028.

Life
There is no conclusive evidence as to the exact date or location of Fulbert's birth; sources vary in listing dates from 952 to 970. As to his place of birth, most sources suggest northern France, possibly Picardy, although some say northern Italy. Sources do agree, however, that he was of humble birth. Information from several sources places him at the cathedral school in Rheims in the 980s, where one of his fellow students was the future King Robert II (the Pious) of France. In the early to mid-990s, Fulbert arrived at the cathedral school there. His position is variously described as schoolmaster or assistant. He also assumed some minor ecclesiastical roles in the cathedral but was not a monk. In 1004, he became a deacon, and in 1006 was appointed Bishop of Chartres, a position he maintained until his death on 10 April 1028 or 1029. Again, sources vary, but the majority seem to settle on 1028. There is some dispute over Fulbert's sainthood, which arises from his contemporaries describing him as having a "saintly nature", a description which continued to be used by others after his death. Fulbert was never officially canonized by the Church, but permission was given by Rome for the dioceses of Chartres and Poitiers to celebrate his life on 10 April.

His feast is included in Martyrologium Romanum (2004) on 10 April.

Letters
Letters constitute the bulk of writings that can be verifiably attributed to Fulbert. His most famous letter was to Duke William V of Aquitaine on the duties of feudal lord and vassal. He also wrote to fellow churchmen on a variety of liturgical issues including the appointment of bishops, excommunication, and obedience. His letters also include correspondence about mundane issues of everyday life such as thanking people for medicine and setting up meetings. These letters provide insight into a variety of issues in the late tenth and early eleventh century France.

Poems
Fulbert wrote approximately twenty-four poems which have sometimes been described as humorous, such as his poem about the monk in the desert, or lovely, as when describing his “Ode to the Nightingale”.

Hymns
Most of Fulbert's hymns were written to glorify the Virgin. He also wrote “Chorus Novae Jerusalem” (Ye Choirs of New Jerusalem), to be sung at Easter services.

Sermons
Fulbert's most famous sermon is “ Approbate Consuetudinis”, in which he provides information regarding the importance of the celebration of the “Feast of Mary’s Nativity”.

Theological contributions
Like the recent millennium change, the one during Fulbert's lifetime also created a fear of the end of the world. The veneration of the Virgin Mary was already established in the Church, and Fulbert used this to teach her importance. The results were twofold, it helped to ease people's fears and greatly expanded the Marian Cult and Chartres's position in it. Chartres was already involved due to its being the holder of a sacred relic of Mary's, the “Sancta Camisia”, (Holy Tunic), which has been variously described as being worn by Mary during the Annunciation or during the birth of Christ. This tunic was already the subject of a miracle because of its use by an earlier bishop of Chartres, Gauscelinus, in 911 to ward off the invading Normans. Fulbert expanded on the theme of miracles involving Mary, especially those cases where she had interceded between sinners and God. In this way people could pray for Mary's intercession with God on their behalf in the perceived coming apocalypse. Fulbert himself was involved in one of these miracles; when he was gravely ill Mary had healed him with a drop of milk because of his devotion to her. This also served to give Mary the image of not only the mother of Christ, but for all who believed in her, their mother too. All of this led to Fulbert's ultimate goal of promoting a special feast day to celebrate Mary's Nativity.

To gain popular support for this feast, Fulbert wrote his famous sermon “Approbate Consuetudinis” in which he relates Mary's miracles. He also brings in the evidence of Mary's family lineage, which the Bible traces back to King David. In his sermon Fulbert used the symbolism of the “Stirps Jesse” (Tree of Jesse) to help explain Mary's familial relationship to the great men of the past and how it was determined, as described in Scripture, that she would be the one to whom Christ would be born. This again served to enhance her importance to the world and convince people of the need to celebrate her birth. This sermon led to a number of liturgical changes throughout the next few centuries in Europe. The sermon itself, or variations of it, and the chants associated with it, became part of the service for the feast day of Mary's Nativity on Sept. 8. By promoting the Feast day of Mary's Nativity, Fulbert was able to advance the importance of Mary and therefore the cult of her veneration grew. This in turn enhanced the importance of the Cathedral of Chartres as a centre for Marian devotion, and also gave people a spiritual symbol to turn to in times of need at the turn of the millennium.

Ecclesiastical reform
During his time in Chartres Fulbert played an important role in the development and spread of the ideas that led to the Gregorian church reforms of the eleventh century under Pope Gregory VII. These reforms concerned the division between the powers of church and state, especially in the appointment of new abbots and bishops. In the eleventh century the secular rulers had a habit of appointing whomever they wanted to fill vacant church positions. Fulbert and some of his students, such as Abbot Albert of Marmoutier, routinely wrote that it was up to the clergy and the citizens of the diocese involved to elect a replacement, the authority being found in the rulings of the First Council of Nicaea (325) and the Council of Antioch (264-272). These reforms also stated that the Church, not the state, was responsible for disciplining the clergy. The issues of simony (the buying of church offices) and immoral clerics were also addressed by Fulbert. Although the reforms were issued by Gregory VII, some of its ideas came from Fulbert, whose writings were disseminated through his students.

Architectural contributions
After Chartres Cathedral burned in 1020, Fulbert devoted his energies to raising funds for its rebuilding, which was completed in 1037, nine years after his death. In 1194 the cathedral was again almost completely destroyed by fire; only the crypt, some of the west facade and two towers remained. The crypt has been incorporated into all subsequent reconstructions. The construction of the Gothic-style cathedral that stands to-day began afterward. It is in this cathedral that we see Fulbert's influences that resulted from his promotion of the Feast day of Mary's Nativity and the cult of the Virgin Mary. The sculptures around the three portals depict the life of Mary, who is the central figure in the Royal Portal. One of the cathedral's stained glass windows depicts the Tree of Jesse, which traces Mary's family and the Holy Family, again a reference to Fulbert's teachings in regards to the Feast of Mary's Nativity.

title: Fulbert of Chartres


text:
Own goal

An own goal occurs in sports when a player performs actions that result in scoring points for the opposition, such as when a footballer puts a ball into their own net.

In some parts of the world, the term has become a metaphor for any action that backfires on the person or group undertaking it, sometimes even carrying a sense of "poetic justice". During The Troubles, for instance, it acquired a specific metaphorical meaning in Belfast, referring to an IED (improvised explosive device) that detonated prematurely, killing the person making or handling the bomb with the intent to harm others.

A player trying to throw a game might deliberately attempt an own goal. Such players run the risk of being sanctioned or banned from further play.

Association football
In association football, an own goal occurs when a player causes the ball to go into their own team's goal, resulting in a goal being scored for the opposition. Defenders often "turn behind" dangerous balls into the penalty area, particularly crosses, by kicking or heading the ball out of play behind their goal-line. In this way, the defender's aim is to concede a corner rather than giving attacking players scoring opportunities. Consequently, the defender may misjudge and inadvertently turn the ball into their own goal, particularly if they are under pressure from attacking players who might otherwise score. While the defending player who scored the own goal is personally "credited" with the goal as part of the statistical abstract of the game (with the annotation "(og)" to indicate its nature), own goals are not added to a player's seasonal or career goalscoring total.

The Laws of the Game currently stipulate that an own goal cannot be scored directly from most methods of restarting the game; instead, a corner kick is awarded to the attacking team. This is also the case for the kick-off, and goal kick, dropped-ball (since 2012), throw-in, corner kick, and free kick (indirect and direct).

The Laws do not stipulate any rules or procedures for crediting goals to players, and indeed such records are not a compulsory part of the game. In 1997 FIFA issued detailed guidelines for crediting own goals, recognising the increasing commercial importance of statistics such as top scorer awards and fantasy football. The guidelines state that credit for scoring is decided by the referee, or match commissioner if present; and "[a] defender's intervention must be deliberate in order for an own goal to be registered against him". Regarding a shot which deflects or ricochets into the goal off a defender, some sources credit the score to the attacker; others count them as own goals; for others it depends on whether the original shot was off target; others are more nuanced. There was controversy in 2013 when the Premier League credited Tim Howard with an own goal when a shot came off the post, hit him in the back, and went in.

Major competitions may have video reviews which can alter the accreditation, such as the Dubious Goals Committee of the FA Premier League. In the 2002 FIFA World Cup, one of Ronaldo's eight goals in winning the Golden Boot was initially credited as an own goal but reassigned on appeal by Brazil. UEFA's review procedure was formalised in 2008. , the English Football League allowed the club which scored to nominate the scorer, which The Guardian criticized with an example from 2002: "every single national newspaper, agency and football factbook agreed that Coventry City defender Calum Davenport had scored an own goal against Burnley. The Clarets, however, gave the goal to Gareth Taylor".

The most own goals by a player is held by Irish footballer Richard Dunne with 10 own goals in his career and the most own goals by a club is held by English team Everton F.C. The most infamous own goal was perhaps that of Andrés Escobar of Colombia in the 1994 FIFA World Cup which ended in a 2–1 loss against the United States and knocked Colombia out; a week later, Escobar was shot dead in Colombia by a drug gang member whose boss had lost betting on the match.

The fastest own goal in history is believed to have been scored by Torquay United defender Pat Kruse, eight seconds into a match against Cambridge United in January 1977.

Another notable own goal was scored in a 1994 Caribbean Cup match between Barbados and Grenada. To advance in the competition Barbados needed to win by a margin of 2 or more goals. Because they were winning by just one goal as the match was nearly over, they deliberately scored an own goal to take the match into extra time to give themselves an opportunity to score a goal in extra time. Due to unusual tournament rules, this would not only win the game but also be worth 2 goals allowing them to advance on goal difference.

The most own goals scored in a match was 149 when SO Emyrne deliberately scored 149 own goals for AS Adema due to a protest to a refereeing decision. The final score ended as 149–0; it was the biggest loss in a top division match.

Ice hockey
If a goal is scored by a player on the defending team, credit for the goal goes to the last player on the other team to have touched the puck; this is because own goals in hockey are typically cases where the player so credited had the shot deflected, but this convention is used even where this is not the case. Occasionally, it is also credited to the closest player to the goal from the other team if he is determined to have caused the opposing player to shoot it into the wrong net. Assists are not awarded on an own goal because the defending team has possession of the puck between any pass and the goal itself. Occasionally in the National Hockey League, players have directed the puck into their own empty net, either late in the game or because of a delayed penalty call. This was the situation which resulted in Billy Smith of the New York Islanders becoming the first goaltender to receive credit for a goal in the NHL. Indeed, of the 16 goals scored by goaltenders in the NHL, 7 were the result of an own goal.

Field hockey
Treatment of "own goals" in field hockey has varied over recent years. In 2013 the International Hockey Federation (FIH) implemented a "mandatory experiment" such that a deflection of a shot from outside the shooting circle from a defender would be equivalent to a touch from an attacker, and thus if the shot continued into the goal the score would be counted. This proved unpopular and the change was reversed.

Presently rule 8.1 states that "A goal is scored when the ball is played within the circle by an attacker and does not travel outside the circle before passing completely over the goal-line and under the crossbar." Added clarification: "The ball may be played by a defender or touch their body before or after being played in the circle by an attacker." Thus, an "own goal" may occur, but in such situations the goal will likely be credited to the attacker whose initial play into the circle was necessary for the goal to stand.

Basketball
When accidentally scoring at an opposing team's basket (basketball's equivalent of an "own goal"), the goal is credited to an offensive player. One typical own-goal scenario occurs when a player tries to block a goal shot but ends up knocking the ball into the goal.

In NFHS basketball, the two points are merely listed for the scoring team, as a footnote.

In NCAA basketball, the rules state: "When a player scores a field goal in the opponent's basket, it shall count two points for the opponent regardless of the location on the playing court from where it was released. Such a field goal shall not be credited to a player in the scorebook but shall be indicated with a footnote."

In NBA rules, the goal is credited to the player on the scoring team who is closest to defensive shooter and is mentioned in a footnote.

Under FIBA rules, the player designated captain is credited with the basket.

There are at least two noted instances of players from the leading team deliberately attempting to score the opponent's basket to force an overtime. These were in the Philippines 2014 Asian Games 67–65 quarterfinal group match win over Kazakhstan and the Georgia's 2024 Riga FIBA Men's Olympic Qualifying Tournament 96–94 group game victory over the Philippines. To advance to their respective semifinals Philippines should score 11 or more points against Kazakhstan, and Georgia should score 19 or more points against the Philippines.

American football
When a ball carrier is tackled or exits the field of play within the end zone being defended by his team, the result is a safety and the opposing team is awarded two points, and receives the ball after a free kick taken at the twenty-yard line (this does not apply if the ball carrier secures possession of the ball in the end zone as a result of an interception or a kick; in that case, no points are awarded and the play is considered a touchback).

A true "own goal", in which the team place kicks or drop kicks the ball through their own goal posts (which has never happened at any level in football history and would require either a very strong headwind or a deliberate act of sabotage), is treated as any other backward kick in most leagues' rule books. Backward kicks are treated as fumbles, and as such, a backward kick through the back of the end zone, including through the goal posts, is scored as a safety. This occurred in a 2012 game between two Texas high schools; a punter kicked against a strong wind that blew the ball backward into the end zone, where the defense took control of it.

On two occasions, players disoriented after recovering a fumble have returned the ball into their own teams's end zone, believing they had scored a touchdown only to see the other team receiving a safety. Roy Riegels took a ball 69 yards (more than half the length of the field) to his own end zone during the 1929 Rose Bowl while playing for the University of California, and in 1964 Minnesota Vikings' defensive lineman Jim Marshall went 66 yards pursued by his own teammates in an attempt to prevent him from scoring two points for the San Francisco 49ers. Both men have been remembered for those blunders despite accomplished careers otherwise.

In the final minutes of a game, a team may take a deliberate safety in order to get the free kick, rather than punting from the end zone, or to otherwise run out the clock. In 2003, the New England Patriots came back to win a game after giving a safety that put them three points behind. Similarly, the Baltimore Ravens took a safety with twelve seconds left in Super Bowl XLVII instead of punting out of the end zone, cutting their lead to three points but winning the game since they were able to burn eight seconds off the clock with the safety play, and the opposing San Francisco 49ers were unable to score on the ensuing free kick.

Canadian football
In Canadian football, if a scrimmage kick (punt or missed field goal attempt) is kicked into the end zone and the opponent does not advance it out, the kicking team is awarded a single, worth one point.

In the 2017 Grey Cup, the Calgary Stampeders deliberately took a safety when their punter Rob Maver, having lost control of a high snap, was faced with loss of down deep in his own territory. He intentionally kicked the ball backwards through the back of his own end zone for a safety.

Gaelic football
Gaelic footballers can play the ball with their hands; therefore, they have a much greater degree of control over the ball and thus, own goals are much rarer than they are in association football. They do occur, and two were scored by Mayo in the drawn 2016 All-Ireland SFC Final.

As an own goal is scored when the ball goes under the crossbar, so an "own point" is scored (like any other point) when the ball goes over the crossbar. However, when a shot on goal is deflected over the bar by the defending team, the point is credited to the attacker who shot and not considered an "own point". Genuine examples of own points are very rare; one was scored by Stefan Connolly in the Cavan championship in 2015, while Seanie Malone scored an own point in the final of the 2019 Clare Senior Football Championship.

Hurling
Kildare player Niall Ó Muineacháin scored an own goal against London in the opening minute of the 2022 Christy Ring Cup contest. Lancashire GAA corner back Phil Shine also has the unfortunate title of scoring an own goal in the opening round of the Lory Meagher Championship against Longford in 2023.

Australian rules football
As a legitimate defensive play, an Australian rules football defender may concede an "own score". Such a score, referred to as a rushed behind and statistically credited to no player (score sheets simply include the tally of rushed behinds), results in the opposition team scoring one point. A defending player may choose to concede a rushed behind when the risk of the opposition scoring a goal (worth six points) is high. It is impossible for a team to concede an own goal worth six points.

Cricket
The hit wicket method of dismissal in cricket has been compared to the own goal concept, as it involves a batter getting themselves out (eliminated from play) with no involvement from the other team.

title: Own goal


text:
James Grimes

James Grimes may refer to:

 * James W. Grimes (1816–1872), American statesman
 * James Grimes (soccer) (born 1968), Canadian striker
 * James Walter Grimes (born 1953), American botanist
 * James Grimes, involved in the St Kilda Road robberies

title: James Grimes


text:
Orders, decorations, and medals of Estonia

Estonian state decorations, their classes and descriptions, as provided by the State Decorations Act passed in the Riigikogu on 11 December 1996.

Medals

 * Commemorative Medal for the Estonian War of Independence
 * Protection of Natural Amenities Medal


text:
User talk:Locuster

Hey there! Welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like this place--I sure do--and want to stay. If you need help on how to title new articles check out Naming conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the manual of style. If you need help look at Help and The FAQ, plus if you can't find your answer there, check The Village pump or The Reference Desk! Happy wiki-ing! Alexandros

title: User talk:Locuster


text:
Talk:Orders, decorations, and medals of Estonia

Does "the" need to be part of the title? Rmhermen 14:39, Nov 26, 2003 (UTC)


text:
Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana

The Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana (Maarjamaa Risti teenetemärk, also the Order of the Cross of St. Mary's Land) was instituted by the President of Estonia, Lennart Meri, on 16 May 1995 to honour the independence of the Estonian state. (The Latin name Terra Mariana, meaning the "Land of Mary" was the official name for Medieval Livonia and designated the area which includes what is now Latvia and southern Estonia in medieval times.)

The Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana is bestowed upon the President of the Republic. Presidents of the Republic who have ceased to hold office keep the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana. The Collar of the Order was used de facto as the badge of office of the President of the Republic, since Soviet authorities took the original presidential collar, that of the Order of the National Coat of Arms, out of Estonia after the Soviet occupation of Estonia in 1940; it remains in the Kremlin in Moscow. A new collar of that order was made in 2008.

The Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana is also given as a decoration of the highest class to foreigners who have rendered special services to the Republic of Estonia. As such it is the highest and most distinguished order granted by Estonia to non-Estonian citizens.

Classes
The Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana comprises six classes:
 * One special class – The Collar of the Cross of Terra Mariana;
 * Five basic classes – 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th class.

The crosses and shields of all the classes of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana have the same design and are of the same size.

The blue colour tone of the moiré ribands belonging to the decorations of all the classes of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana is determined according to the international PANTONE colour-table as 300 C.

Recipients of the Collar
The recipients are :

[[estonia|🇪🇪]] Estonian presidents

 * President Lennart Meri (1992–2001), 10.09.1995 (Serie 5 – n° ?)
 * President Arnold Rüütel (2001–2006), 08.10.2001 (Serie 270 – n° 1138)
 * President Toomas Hendrik Ilves (2006–2016), 09.10.2006 (Serie 692 – n° 1071)
 * President Kersti Kaljulaid (2016-2021), 10.10.2016
 * President Alar Karis (2021-)

Recipients of the First Class
The recipients are :

Former foreign heads of state and government
These decorations are awarded for targeted reasons :

Recipients of the Fourth Class

 * Robert Fripp, 2008

Recipients of the Fifth Class

 * Lydia Vasikova, 2001

title: Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana


text:
Origin Systems

Origin Systems, Inc. was an American video game developer based in Austin, Texas. It was founded on March 3, 1983, by Richard Garriott and his brother Robert. Origin is best known for their groundbreaking work in multiple genres of video games, such as the Ultima and Wing Commander series. The company was purchased by Electronic Arts in 1992.

History
Brothers Richard and Robert Garriott, their astronaut-engineer father Owen, and programmer Chuck Bueche founded Origin Systems in 1983 because of the trouble they had collecting money owed to Richard for his games released by other companies. Origin was initially based in the Garriotts' garage in Houston, Texas. The company's first game was Ultima III: Exodus; because of Ultima's established reputation and the fact that the company's games were released on computers and not consoles, Origin survived the video-game crash of 1983 which affected console game developers in North America. It published many non-Ultima games, and Richard Garriott claimed that he received the same royalty rate as other developers.

By 1988, Origin had 15 developers in Austin, Texas, and another 35 employees in New Hampshire. By 1989 they had 50 employees between their New Hampshire and Texas offices. By 1992, Origin Systems had sold more than 1.5 million software units worldwide.

In September 1992, Electronic Arts acquired the company for $35 million in stock, despite a dispute between the two companies over EA's 1987 game Deathlord. Origin, with about $13 million in annual revenue, stated that it had considered an IPO before agreeing to the deal.

By 1996, Origin had expanded to more than 300 employees, most of whom were divided among small, largely autonomous development teams. In 1997, Origin released one of the earliest graphical MMORPGs, Ultima Online. After this title, Electronic Arts decided that Origin would become an online-only company after the completion of Ultima IX: Ascension in 1999. However, within a year's time, in part due to Ultima IX's poor reception, EA canceled all of Origin's new development projects, including Ultima Online 2, Privateer Online, and Harry Potter Online. Richard Garriott left Origin shortly after and founded Destination Games in 2000.

In later years, Origin mainly existed to support and expand Ultima Online and to develop further online games based on the Ultima franchise such as Ultima X: Odyssey, originally to be released in 2004 but later canceled. In February 2004, the studio was disbanded by Electronic Arts. The Longbow series of simulation games was developed at Origin and published under the Jane's Combat Simulations brand of Electronic Arts. A follow-on project, Jane's A-10, was under development when the project was canceled in late 1998 and the team moved to other projects.

Notable employees

Origin employed many young game developers over its tenure who have since gone on to leading roles in numerous game development companies, especially in Austin.

Among its prominent employees were (alphabetically by surname):

 * Raymond Benson – Writer, Audio (1992–1993)
 * Was head writer on Ultima VII: The Black Gate, contributed some writing to Ultima VII Part Two: Serpent Isle, and went on to work as a game designer for MicroProse and Viacom New Media, then later became an official continuation author of the James Bond novels.
 * Tom Chilton – Lead Designer (2001–2003)
 * Was lead designer on Ultima Online: Age of Shadows and went on to be a lead designer for Blizzard Entertainment.
 * Britt Daniel – Sound Designer (1994)
 * Was a sound designer for numerous titles and went on to found the rock band Spoon.
 * Ken Demarest – Game Designer, Programmer (1990–1995)
 * Created the technical prototype for Ultima Online, directed BioForge, led programming on Ultima VII: The Black Gate and coded on Wing Commander.
 * Martin Galway – Sound Designer/Composer, Audio Technician (1991–1994)
 * Went on to work at Digital Anvil.
 * Richard Garriott – Co-Founder, Game Designer, Programmer (1983–2000)
 * Aka "Lord British", creator of Ultima; later co-founded Destination Games, acquired by NCSoft. Co-founded and now works at Portalarium.
 * Robert Garriott – Co-Founder, Business (1983–2000)
 * Brother of Richard Garriott, co-founded Origin Systems and Destination Games.
 * Jeff Hillhouse – Facilities (1983-2004)
 * One of the company’s first employees who helped grow its early supply chain and facilities operations.
 * Raph Koster – Lead Designer (1995–2003)
 * Later joined Sony Online Entertainment in Austin developing EverQuest II and Star Wars Galaxies.
 * Scott Kreuser – Supported the entire software roadmap
 * Went on to work for Dell Computer as a Worldwide New Product Project Manager.
 * Starr Long – QA Lead, Designer (1992–2000)
 * Director of Ultima Online, and co-founder of Destination Games.
 * Denis Loubet – Artist (1989–2002)
 * Was the first artist Origin hired. He did many box cover paintings, manual illustrations, in-game art and animation, and cinematics.
 * Mike McShaffry – Lead Developer (1990–1997)
 * Later co-founded the other Austin studios and has written and taught on game development theory.
 * Sheri Graner Ray – Writer, Designer (1993–1994)
 * Went on to work with several major companies including Sony Online Entertainment and Cartoon Network. Also founder of Women in Games International.
 * Chris Roberts – Game Designer, Creative Director (1988–1996)
 * Creator of the Wing Commander series and Strike Commander. Co-founded the now-defunct Digital Anvil, acquired by Microsoft, creating Starlancer and contributing to Freelancer space simulator games. Went on to produce a number of Hollywood productions, before co-founding and now working at Cloud Imperium Games, creating the crowdfunded space simulator Star Citizen.
 * John Romero – Programmer (1987–1988)
 * Worked at Origin before co-founding id Software. Later co-founded Ion Storm and a number of other game studios. Co-founded and now works at Romero Games.
 * Andrew Sega – Music Composer (1995–1998)
 * Aka Necros; was a Software Engineer/Composer who went on to work for Digital Anvil.
 * Dallas Snell – Vice President of Product Development / Executive Producer (1985–1996)
 * Head of Product Development, Producer or Executive Producer of Origin's titles between 1986 and 1995. Later served as Director of Business Development for NCSoft North America. Co-founded Portalarium and served as Director of Development and Chief Operating Officer.
 * Warren Spector – Producer (1989–1996)
 * Producer of Ultima Underworld: The Stygian Abyss which was developed by Doug Church and Looking Glass Studios, as well as its sequel, System Shock, Wings of Glory and numerous other titles. He later joined Ion Storm and managed its Austin office, creating Deus Ex. Later co-founded the now-defunct Junction Point Studios, acquired by Disney Interactive. Now works at OtherSide Entertainment as its Studio Director, creating System Shock 3.
 * Paul Steed – Artist (1991–1995)
 * Was a leading artist on the Wing Commander series and went on to serve as an art lead for id Software on the Quake series.

Canceled

 * BioPlus (Add-on for BioForge. Aka. BioForge Plus.)
 * Carl's Crazy Carnival
 * Citadel (first-person shooter)
 * Death & Destruction
 * Space Race (racing game in vein of Road Rash and Super Monaco GP)
 * Crusader: No Survivors (cancelled multiplayer expansion for Crusader: No Regret)
 * Crusader 3: No Escape / Crusader: No Mercy / Crusader II
 * Worlds of Ultima: Arthurian Legends
 * Ultima Worlds Online: Origin
 * Harry Potter Online
 * Jane's A-10
 * Privateer 3
 * Strike Team
 * Wing Commander VII
 * Ultima X: Odyssey (2004)

title: Origin Systems