text:
List of mountains in Korea

The following is a list of mountains in Korea:

Pyeongyang

 * Taesongsan (대성산; ) – 270 m

Chagang Province

 * Namsan (남산; ) – 539 m
 * Obongsan (오봉산; ) – 1180 m

North Pyongan Province

 * Myohyangsan (묘향산; ) – 1909 m

South Hwanghae Province

 * Kuwolsan (구월산; ) – 954 m
 * Maebongsan (매봉산; ) – 197 m
 * Namsan (남산; ) – 122 m
 * Namsan (남산; ) – 148 m

Kangwon Province

 * Kumgangsan (금강산; ) – 1638 m
 * Maebongsan (매봉산; ) – 1578 m
 * Obongsan (오봉산; ) – 1264 m

South Hamgyong Province

 * Madaesan (마대산; ) – 1745 m
 * Obongsan (오봉산; ) – 1289 m
 * Buksubaeksan (북수백산; ) – 2522 m, the third tallest mountain in the entire Korea.

North Hamgyong Province

 * Chilbosan (칠보산; ) – 906 m
 * Mantapsan (만탑산; ) – 2205 m
 * Gwanmobong (관모봉; ) – 2541 m, the second tallest mountain in the entire Korea.

Ryanggang Province

 * Paektusan (백두산; ) – 2744 m, the tallest mountain in North Korea and the Korean Peninsula altogether.
 * Chailbong (차일봉; ) – 2506 m, the 4th tallest mountain in the entire Korea.

Seoul

 * Achasan (아차산;) – 287 m
 * Ansan (Seoul) (안산;) - 295.5 m
 * Bukhansan (북한산; ) – 836.5 m
 * Buramsan (불암산; ) – 507 m
 * Cheonggyesan (청계산; ) – 620 m
 * Dobongsan (도봉산; ) – 739.5 m
 * Eungbongsan (응봉산; ) – 81 m
 * Gwanaksan (관악산; ) – 632 m
 * Inwangsan (인왕산; ) – 338 m
 * Namsan (남산; ) – 262 m
 * Samseongsan (삼성산; ) – 481 m
 * Suraksan (수락산; ) – 637.7 m
 * Yongmabong (용마봉; ) – 348 m

Busan

 * Geumjeongsan (금정산; ) – 801.5 m
 * Jangsan (장산; ) – 634 m
 * Seunghaksan (승학산; ) – 496 meters (1627 ft)

Daegu

 * Choejeongsan (최정산; ) – 905 m
 * Gasan (가산; ) – 901.6 m
 * Palgongsan (팔공산;八公山) 1193 m, not to be confused with mountain of Jeollabukdo with same name.

Incheon

 * Goryeosan (고려산; ) – 436 m
 * Gyeyangsan (계양산;) – 395 m
 * Haemyeongsan (해명산; ) – 309 m
 * Horyonggoksan (호룡곡산; ) – 246 m
 * Manisan (마니산; ) – 469.4 m
 * Nakgasan (낙가산; ) – 235 m
 * Sangbongsan (상봉산; ) – 316 m

Gwangju

 * Mudeungsan (무등산; ) – 1187 m

Daejeon

 * Gyejoksan (계족산; ) – 429 m
 * Gyeryongsan (계룡산; ) – 845 m
 * Jangtaesan (장태산; ) – 471 m
 * Sikjangsan (식장산; ) – 596 m

Ulsan

 * Baekunsan (백운산; ) – 885 m
 * Cheonhwangsan (천황산; ) – 1189 m
 * Daeunsan (대운산; ) – 742 m.
 * Dongdaesan (동대산) – 447 m
 * Gajisan (가지산; ) – 1240 m
 * Ganwolsan (간월산; ) – 1083.1 m
 * Goheonsan (고헌산; ) – 1032 m
 * Hamwolsan (함월산) – 200 m
 * Hwajangsan(화장산; ) – 285 m
 * Jaeyaksan (재약산; ) – 1108 m
 * Munsusan (문수산; ) – 543 m
 * Muryongsan (무룡산; ) – 452 m
 * Namamsan (남암산; ) – 600 m
 * Sinbulsan (신불산; ) – 1209 m
 * Yeomposan (염포산) – 203 m
 * Yeongchuksan (영축산; ) – 1081 m
 * Yeonhwasan (연화산; ) – 532 m

Gyeonggi Province

 * Baegunbong (백운봉; ) – 940 m
 * Baegunsan (백운산; ) – 904.4 m
 * Baegunsan (백운산; ) – 567 m
 * Baekdunbong (백둔봉; ) – 974 m
 * Bakdalbong (박달봉; ) – 810 m
 * Bukhansan (북한산; ) – 836.5 m
 * Bulgisan (불기산; ) – 610 m
 * Bulgoksan (불곡산; ) – 468.7 m
 * Bulgoksan (불곡산; ) – 345 m
 * Buramsan (불암산; ) – 468.7 m
 * Cheonbosan (천보산; ) – 336.8 m
 * Cheonggyesan (청계산; ) – 620 m
 * Cheonggyesan (청계산; ) – 658.4 m
 * Cheonggyesan (청계산; ) – 849 m
 * Cheongwusan (청우산; ) – 619 m
 * Cheonmasan (천마산; ) – 810.2 m
 * Chilbosan (칠보산; ) – 238 m
 * Chokdaebong (촉대봉; ) – 1125 m
 * Chungnyungsan (축령산; ) – 879 m
 * Daegeumsan (대금산; ) – 704 m
 * Danwolbong (단월봉; ) – 778 m
 * Dobongsan (도봉산; ) – 739.5 m
 * Dodeuramsan (도드람산; 도드람山) – 394 m
 * Doilbong (도일봉; ) – 864 m
 * Eobisan (어비산; ) – 828 m
 * Gadeoksan (가덕산; ) – 858 m
 * Gakkeulsan (각흘산; ) – 838 m
 * Galgisan (갈기산; ) – 685 m
 * Gamaksan (감악산; ) – 675 m
 * Gangssibong (강씨봉; ) – 830 m
 * Garisan (가리산; ) – 774.3 m
 * Geomdansan (검단산; ) – 657 m
 * Geomdansan (검단산; ) – 534.7 m
 * Geumjusan (금주산; ) – 569.2 m
 * Geummulsan (금물산; ) – 791 m
 * Godaesan (고대산; ) – 832 m
 * Godongsan (고동산; ) – 600 m
 * Gokdalsan (곡달산; ) – 628 m
 * Goraesan (고래산; 고래山) – 542.5 m
 * Gunamusan (구나무산; 구나무山) – 859 m
 * Gungmangbong (국망봉; ) – 1168 m
 * Gwanaksan (관악산; ) – 632 m
 * Gwaneumsan (관음산; ) – 733 m
 * Gwangdeoksan (광덕산; ) – 1046 m
 * Gwanggyosan (광교산; ) – 582 m
 * Gwimokbong (귀목봉; ) – 1036 m
 * Gyegwansan (계관산; ) – 665.4 m
 * Hamwangbong (함왕봉; ) – 947 m
 * Homyeongsan (호명산; ) – 632 m
 * Hwaaksan (화악산; ) – 1468.3 m
 * Hwayasan (화야산; ) – 755 m
 * Jijangbong (지장봉; ) – 877.2 m
 * Jongjasan (종자산; ) – 643 m
 * Jugeumsan (주금산; ) – 814 m
 * Jungwonsan (중원산; ) – 800 m
 * Mindungsan (민둥산; 민둥山) – 1023 m
 * Myeongjisan (명지산; ) – 1267 m
 * Myeongseongsan (명성산; ) – 922.6 m
 * Namhansan (남한산; ) – 460 m
 * Samseongsan (삼성산; ) – 481 m
 * Sanghaebong (상해봉; ) – 1010 m
 * Sangsan (상산; ) – 825 m
 * Seongjisan (성지산; ) – 791 m
 * Seongnyongsan (석룡산; ) – 1150 m
 * Seounsan (서운산; ) – 547.7 m
 * Sorisan (소리산; ) – 479.2 m
 * Soyosan (소요산; ) – 587 m
 * Sudeoksan (수덕산; ) – 794 m
 * Suraksan (수락산; ) – 637.7 m
 * Taehwasan (태화산; ) – 641 m
 * Udusan (우두산; ) – 473 m
 * Unaksan (운악산; ) – 935.5 m
 * Ungilsan (운길산; ) – 610.2 m
 * Wangbangsan (왕방산; ) – 737 m
 * Yebongsan (예봉산; ) – 683.2 m
 * Yeoninsan (연인산; ) – 1068 m
 * Yongmunsan (용문산; ) – 1157.2 m
 * Yumyeongsan (유명산; ) – 862 m

Gangwon Province

 * Amisan (아미산; ) – 960.8 m
 * Ansan (Gangwon) (안산; ) – 1430 m
 * Baegamsan (백암산; ) – 1099 m
 * Baegusan (백우산; ) – 894.7 m
 * Baegunsan (백운산; ) – 882.6 m
 * Baegunsan (백운산; ) – 904.4 m
 * Baegunsan (백운산; ) – 1085.7 m
 * Baekbyeongsan (백병산; ) – 1259.3 m
 * Baekdeoksan (백덕산; ) – 1350 m
 * Baekseoksan (백석산; ) – 1364.6 m
 * Bakjisan (박지산; ) – 1394 m
 * Balgyosan (발교산; ) – 998 m
 * Balwangsan (발왕산; ) – 1458.1 m
 * Banamsan (반암산; ) – 832 m
 * Bangtaesan (방태산; ) – 1444 m
 * Bawisan (바위산; None) – 858 m
 * Bokgyesan (복계산; ) – 1054 m
 * Bokjusan (복주산; ) – 1152 m
 * Bongboksan (봉복산; ) – 1019 m
 * Bonghwasan (봉화산; ) – 487 m
 * Boraebong (보래봉; ) – 1324.3 m
 * Buyongsan (부용산; ) – 882 m
 * Cheongoksan (청옥산; ) – 1255.7 m
 * Cheongoksan (청옥산; ) – 1403.7 m
 * Cheonjibong (천지봉; ) – 1087 m
 * Chiaksan (치악산; ) – 1288 m
 * Chokdaebong (촉대봉; ) – 1125 m
 * Daeamsan (대암산; ) – 1304 m
 * Daebawisan (대바위산; --) – 1091.4 m
 * Daedeoksan (대덕산; ) – 1307 m
 * Daemisan (대미산; ) – 1243.4 m
 * Daeseongsan (대성산; ) – 1175 m
 * Dalgibong (닭이봉; ) – 1028 m
 * Daraksan (다락산; ) – 1018 m
 * Deokgasan (덕가산; ) – 832 m
 * Deokgosan (덕고산; ) – 1125 m
 * Deokhangsan (덕항산; ) – 1070.7 m
 * Deoksusan (덕수산; ) – 1000.2 m
 * Dongdaesan (동대산; ) – 1433.5 m
 * Durobong (두로봉; ) – 1421.9 m
 * Duryusan (두류산; ) – 993 m
 * Dutasan (두타산; ) – 1352.7 m
 * Duwibong (두위봉; ) – 1465.9 m
 * Eodapsan (어답산; ) – 789 m
 * Eungbongsan (응봉산; ) – 1359.6 m
 * Eungbongsan (응봉산; ) – 1013 m
 * Eungbongsan (응봉산; ) – 1094.9 m
 * Eungbongsan (응봉산; ) – 1103.3 m
 * Eungbongsan (응봉산; ) – 999 m
 * Gachilbong (가칠봉; ) – 1240.4 m
 * Gachilbong (가칠봉; ) – 1164 m
 * Gadeoksan (가덕산; ) – 858 m
 * Gadeukbong (가득봉; ) – 1059.7 m
 * Gaeinsan (개인산; ) – 1341 m
 * Gakkeulsan (각흘산; ) – 838 m
 * Gamabong (가마봉; ) – 1191.5 m
 * Gamaksan (감악산; ) – 886 m
 * Garibong (가리봉; ) – 1518.5 m
 * Garisan (가리산; ) – 1050.7 m
 * Gariwangsan (가리왕산; ) – 1560.6 m
 * Geombongsan (검봉산; ) – 530.2 m
 * Geomunsan (거문산; ) – 1175 m
 * Geumdaebong (금대봉; ) – 1408.1 m
 * Geumdangsan (금당산; ) – 1173 m
 * Geumhaksan (금학산; ) – 947 m
 * Geummulsan (금물산; ) – 791 m
 * Geunsan (근산; ) – 504.8 m
 * Godaesan (고대산; ) – 832 m
 * Gogosan (고고산; ) – 853.6 m
 * Gojeoksan (고적산; ) – 1353.9 m
 * Gombong (곰봉; ) – 930.3 m
 * Gongjaksan (공작산; ) – 887 m
 * Gorupogisan (고루포기산; None) – 1238.3 m
 * Gubongdaesan (구봉대산; ) – 900.7 m
 * Guhaksan (구학산; ) – 971 m
 * Gwaebangsan (괘방산; ) – 339 m
 * Gwangdeoksan (광덕산; ) – 1046 m
 * Gwittaegibong (귀때기청봉; None) – 1577.6 m
 * Gyebangsan (계방산; ) – 1577 m
 * Gyegwansan (계관산; ) – 665.4 m
 * Gyejoksan (계족산; ) – 889.6 m
 * Hambaeksan (함백산; ) – 1573 m
 * Heungjeongsan (흥정산; ) – 1276.5 m
 * Horyeongbong (호령봉; ) – 1561 m
 * Hwaaksan (화악산; ) – 1468.3 m
 * Hwangbyeongsan (황병산; ) – 1407.1 m
 * Hwangcheolbong (황철봉; ) – 1381 m
 * Hoemokbong (회목봉; ) – 1027 m
 * Hoeryeongbong (회령봉; ) – 1331 m
 * Jamdusan (잠두산; ) – 1243 m
 * Janggunbawisan (장군바위산; None) – 1140.4 m
 * Jangmisan (장미산; ) – 978.8 m
 * Jangsan (장산; ) – 1408 m
 * Jatbong (잣봉; None) – 537 m
 * Jeombongsan (점봉산; ) – 1424.2 m
 * Jewangsan (제왕산; ) – 840.6 m
 * Jungwangsan (중왕산; ) – 1376.1 m
 * Madaesan (마대산; ) – 1052.2 m
 * Maebongsan (매봉산; ) – 1267.6 m
 * Maebongsan (매봉산; ) – 1279.6 m
 * Maebongsan (매봉산; ) – 1095 m
 * Maebongsan (매봉산; ) – 1271.1 m
 * Maehwasan (매화산; ) – 1085 m
 * Maenghyeonbong (맹현봉; ) – 1214 m
 * Majeoksan (마적산; ) – 605.2 m
 * Mangyeongdaesan (망경대산; ) – 1087.9 m
 * Masan (마산; ) – 1051.9 m
 * Mindungsan (민둥산; None) – 1118.8 m
 * Mireuksan (미륵산; ) – 696 m
 * Mogusan (목우산; ) – 1066 m
 * Munsubong (문수봉; ) – 1517 m
 * Myeongbongsan (명봉산; ) – 599 m
 * Myeonsan (면산; ) – 1245.2 m
 * Nambyeongsan (남병산; ) – 1149.7 m
 * Namdaebong (남대봉; ) – 1187 m
 * Neunggyeongbong (능경봉; ) – 1123.2 m
 * Nochusan (노추산; ) – 1342 m
 * Noinbong (노인봉; ) – 1338.1 m
 * Obongsan (오봉산; ) – 779 m
 * Obongsan (오봉산; ) – 1136 m
 * Odaesan (오대산; ) – 1563.4 m
 * Oeumsan (오음산; ) – 930 m
 * Palbongsan (팔봉산; ) – 302 m
 * Sajasan (사자산; ) – 1120 m
 * Samaksan (삼악산; ) – 654 m
 * Sambangsan (삼방산; ) – 980 m
 * Samyeongsan (사명산; ) – 1197.6 m
 * Sangjeongbawisan (상정바위산; None) – 1006 m
 * Sangwonsan (상원산; ) – 862 m
 * Seogiamsan (석이암산; ) – 970.4 m
 * Seokbyeongsan (석병산; ) – 1055.3 m
 * Seonbawisan (선바위산; None) – 1042 m
 * Seondalsan (선달산; ) – 1236 m
 * Seongjisan (성지산; ) – 791 m
 * Seongnyongsan (석룡산; ) – 1150 m
 * Seonjaryeong (선자령; ) – 1157 m
 * Seoraksan (설악산; ) – 1707.9 m, third tallest mountain in South Korea, second tallest mountain in mainland South Korea.
 * Seungdusan (승두산; ) – 1013 m
 * Sinseonbong (신선봉; ) – 1204 m
 * Sipjabong (십자봉; ) – 985 m
 * Sogyebangsan (소계방산; ) – 1490.3 m
 * Soppulsan (소뿔산; None) – 1118 m
 * Taebaeksan (태백산; ) – 1566.7 m
 * Taegisan (태기산; ) – 1258.8 m
 * Taehwasan (태화산; ) – 1027.4 m
 * Ungyosan (운교산; ) – 925 m
 * Unmusan (운무산; ) – 980.3 m
 * Wantaeksan (완택산; ) – 916.1 m
 * Yaksusan (약수산; ) – 1306.2 m
 * Yeonyeopsan (연엽산; ) – 850 m
 * Yonghwasan (용화산; ) – 878.4 m
 * Yukbaeksan (육백산; ) – 1244.6 m

North Chungcheong Province

 * Akwibong (악휘봉; ) – 940 m
 * Baegaksan (백악산; ) – 858 m
 * Baegunsan (백운산; ) – 1085.7 m
 * Baekhwasan (백화산; ) – 933 m
 * Baekhwasan (백화산; ) – 1064 m
 * Bakdalsan (박달산; ) – 825 m
 * Bakjwibong (박쥐봉; None) – 782 m
 * Boryeonsan (보련산; ) – 765 m
 * Bubong (부봉; ) – 917 m
 * Bukbawisan (북바위산; -) – 722 m
 * Cheondeungsan (천등산; ) – 807 m
 * Cheonghwasan (청화산; ) – 984 m
 * Cheontaesan (천태산; ) – 714.7 m
 * Chilbosan (칠보산; ) – 778 m
 * Daemisan (대미산; ) – 1115 m
 * Daeseongsan (대성산; ) – 705 m
 * Daeyasan (대야산; ) – 931 m
 * Deokgasan (덕가산; ) – 858 m
 * Domyeongsan (도명산; ) – 642 m
 * Dongsan (동산; ) – 896 m
 * Doraksan (도락산; ) – 964.4 m
 * Dosolbong (도솔봉; ) – 1314.2 m
 * Eoraesan (어래산; ) – 1063.6 m
 * Gaeunsan (가은산; ) – 575 m
 * Gaseopsan (가섭산; ) – 710 m
 * Gakhosan (각호산; ) – 1178.8 m
 * Galgisan (갈기산; ) – 595 m
 * Gamaksan (감악산; ) – 886 m
 * Geumsusan (금수산; ) – 1015.8 m
 * Gubyeongsan (구병산; ) – 876 m
 * Gudambong (구담봉; ) – 330 m
 * Guhaksan (구학산; ) – 971 m
 * Gungmangbong (국망봉; ) – 1420 m
 * Gunjasan (군자산; ) – 948 m
 * Guwangbong (구왕봉; ) – 1244.6 m
 * Gyemyeongsan (계명산; ) – 774 m
 * Haseolsan (하설산; ) – 1027.7 m
 * Heiyangsan (희양산; ) – 998 m
 * Hwangaksan (황악산; ) – 1111 m
 * Hwangjeongsan (황정산; ) – 959 m
 * Hyeongjebong (형제봉; ) – 1177.5 m
 * Imanbong (이만봉; ) – 989 m
 * Indeungsan (인등산; ) – 666 m
 * Jakseongsan (작성산; ) – 845.5 m
 * Jangseongbong (장성봉; ) – 916.3 m
 * Jebibong (제비봉; ) – 710 m
 * Johangsan (조항산; ) – 953.6 m
 * Joryeongsan (조령산; ) – 1025 m
 * Jukyeopsan (죽엽산; ) – 859.2 m
 * Jungdaebong (중대봉; ) – 830 m
 * Makjangbong (막장봉; ) – 868 m
 * Mangdeokbong (망덕봉; ) – 928 m
 * Manisan (마니산; ) – 640 m
 * Mansubong (만수봉; ) – 983.2 m
 * Minjujisan (민주지산; ) – 1242 m
 * Munsubong (문수봉; ) – 1161.5 m
 * Nagyeongsan (낙영산; ) – 740 m
 * Namgunjasan (남군자산; ) – 836 m
 * Oksunbong (옥순봉; ) – 286 m
 * Poamsan (포암산; ) – 961.7 m
 * Poseongbong (포성봉; ) – 933 m
 * Sambongsan (삼봉산; ) – 910 m
 * Samdobong (삼도봉; ) – 1176 m
 * Seounsan (서운산; ) – 547.7 m
 * Sinseonbong (신선봉; ) – 967 m
 * Sinseonbong (신선봉; ) – 845 m
 * Sipjabong (십자봉; ) – 985 m
 * Sobaeksan (소백산; ) – 1440 m
 * Songnisan (속리산; ) – 1058.4 m
 * Suribong (수리봉; ) – 761 m
 * Suribong (수리봉; ) – 1019 m
 * Taehwasan (태화산; ) – 1027.4 m
 * Uamsan (우암산; ) – 353.2 m
 * Woraksan (월악산; ) – 1094 m

South Chungcheong Province

 * Amisan (아미산; ) – 630 m
 * Barangsan (바랑산; None) – 555 m
 * Baekhwasan (백화산; ) – 233 m
 * Cheontaesan (천태산; ) – 714.7 m
 * Chilbongsan (칠봉산; ) – 362 m
 * Chilgapsan (칠갑산; ) – 560.6 m
 * Daedunsan (대둔산; ) – 877.7 m
 * Deoksungsan (덕숭산; ) – 495 m
 * Gayasan (가야산; ) – 677.6 m
 * Gobulsan (고불산; ) – 310 m
 * Gwangdeoksan (광덕산; ) – 699 m
 * Gyeryongsan (계룡산; ) – 845 m
 * Heukseongsan (흑성산; ) – 519 m
 * Illaksan (일락산; ) – 521.4 m
 * Jinaksan (진악산; ) – 732.3 m
 * Mansusan (만수산; ) – 574.4 m
 * Museongsan (무성산; ) – 614 m
 * Obongsan (오봉산; ) – 262 m
 * Oseosan (오서산; ) – 790.7 m
 * Palbongsan (팔봉산; ) – 362 m
 * Seodaesan (서대산; ) – 903.7 m
 * Taehwasan (태화산; ) – 416 m
 * Wolseongbong (월성봉; ) – 903.7 m
 * Yongbongsan (용봉산; ) – 381 m

North Jeolla Province

 * Baegambong (백암봉; ) – 1503 m
 * Baegunsan (백운산; ) – 1278.6 m
 * Bangjangsan (방장산; ) – 742.8 m
 * Bangmunsan (방문산; ) – 606 m
 * Banyabong (반야봉; ) – 1733.5 m
 * Baraebong (바래봉; None) – 1165 m
 * Bonghwasan (봉화산; ) – 920 m
 * Bugwisan (부귀산; ) – 806.4 m
 * Byeonsan (변산; ) – 509 m
 * Cheondeungsan (천등산; ) – 707 m
 * Chilbosan (칠보산; ) – 469 m
 * Chuwolsan (추월산; ) – 731.2 m
 * Daedeoksan (대덕산; ) – 1290 m
 * Deogyusan (덕유산; ) – 1614 m
 * Deoktaesan (덕태산; ) – 1113.2 m
 * Gangcheonsan (강천산; ) – 583.7 m
 * Gubongsan (구봉산; ) – 919 m
 * Hambaeksan (함백산; ) – 1572.9 m
 * Hoemunsan (회문산; ) – 837 m
 * Jangansan (장안산; ) – 1236.9 m
 * Jeoksangsan (적상산; ) – 1034 m
 * Maisan (마이산; ) – 686 m
 * Manbokdae (만복대; ) – 1433.4 m
 * Manhaengsan (만행산; ) – 909.6 m
 * Minjujisan (민주지산; ) – 1242 m
 * Mireuksan (미륵산; ) – 430 m
 * Moaksan (모악산; ) – 793 m
 * Mundeokbong (문덕봉; ) – 598 m
 * Muryongsan (무룡산; ) – 1492 m
 * Naebyeonsan (내변산; ) – 459 m
 * Naejangsan (내장산; ) – 763 m
 * Namdeogyusan (남덕유산; ) – 1507.4 m
 * Obongsan (오봉산; ) – 513 m
 * Palgongsan (팔공산; ) – 1151 m Not to be confused with mountain in Daegu of the same name.
 * Samdobong (삼도봉; ) – 1176 m
 * Seongaksan (선각산; ) – 1142 m
 * Seongsusan (성수산; ) – 1059.2 m
 * Seonunsan (선운산; ) – 336 m
 * Unjangsan (운장산; ) – 1125.9 m
 * Yeonseoksan (연석산; ) – 925 m

South Jeolla Province

 * Baegambong (백암봉; ) – 1503 m
 * Baegunsan (백운산; ) – 1217.8 m
 * Baekamsan (백암산; ) – 741.2 m
 * Bangjangsan (방장산; ) – 742.8 m
 * Bangmunsan (방문산; ) – 606 m
 * Banyabong (반야봉; ) – 1733.5 m
 * Bulgapsan (불갑산; ) – 515.9 m
 * Byeongpungsan (병풍산; ) – 822 m
 * Cheondeungsan (천등산; ) – 550 m
 * Cheongwansan (천관산; ) – 723.1 m
 * Chuwolsan (추월산; ) – 731.2 m
 * Dalmasan (달마산; ) – 489 m
 * Deokyusan (덕유산; ) – 1614 m
 * Dongaksan (동악산; ) – 745 m
 * Dosolbong (도솔봉; ) – 1123.4 m
 * Duryunsan (두륜산; ) – 700 m
 * Heukseoksan (흑석산; ) – 650 m
 * Gajisan (가지산; ) – 509.9 m
 * Gangcheonsan (강천산; ) – 583.7 m
 * Geumjeonsan (금전산; ) – 667.9 m
 * Geumosan (금오산; ) – 323 m
 * Gitdaebong (깃대봉; ) – 367.8 m
 * Goribong (고리봉; ) – 1248 m
 * Illimsan (일림산; ) – 667.5 m
 * Imamsan (임암산; ) – 654.8 m
 * Jeamsan (제암산; ) – 807 m
 * Jeokjasan (적자산; ) – 435 m
 * Jirisan (지리산; ) – 1915 m, the second-tallest mountain in South Korea and the tallest mountain in mainland South Korea.
 * Jogyesan (조계산; ) – 887.1 m
 * Jujaksan (주작산; ) – 475 m
 * Manbokdae (만복대; ) – 1433.4 m
 * Mandeoksan (만덕산; ) – 409 m
 * Mohusan (모후산; ) – 918.9 m
 * Mudeungsan (무등산; ) – 1187 m
 * Muryongsan (무룡산; ) – 1492 m
 * Nogodan (노고단; ) – 1507 m
 * Obongsan (오봉산; ) – 644 m
 * Obongsan (오봉산; ) – 392 m
 * Palyeongsan (팔영산; ) – 608.6 m
 * Sajasan (사자산; ) – 666 m
 * Sambongsan (삼봉산; ) – 1186.7 m
 * Samjeongsan (삼정산; ) – 1225 m
 * Sanghwangbong (상황봉; ) – 644 m
 * Sanseongsan (산성산; ) – 603 m
 * Suinsan (수인산; ) – 561.2 m
 * Suwolsan (수월산; ) – 128 m
 * Wangsirubong (왕시루봉; ) – 1243 m
 * Wolchulsan (월출산; ) – 808.7 m
 * Yeongchwisan (영취산; ) – 510 m

North Gyeongsang Province

 * Baegaksan (백악산; ) – 858 m
 * Baegamsan (백암산; ) – 1004 m
 * Baekhwasan (백화산; ) – 1064 m
 * Baekhwasan (백화산; ) – 933 m
 * Biseulsan (비슬산; ) – 1083.6 m
 * Bohyeonsan (보현산; ) – 1121 m
 * Bonghwangsan (봉황산; ) – 819 m
 * Bubong (부봉; ) – 917 m
 * Cheondeungsan (천등산; ) – 574 m
 * Cheongnyangsan (청량산; ) – 870.4 m
 * Cheongoksan (청옥산; ) – 1276.5 m
 * Cheonjusan (천주산; ) – 824 m
 * Chilbongsan (칠봉산; ) – 600 m
 * Chilbosan (칠보산; ) – 469 m
 * Chunghwasan (청화산; ) – 984.2 m
 * Daedeoksan (대덕산; ) – 1290 m
 * Daemisan (대미산; ) – 1115 m
 * Daeyasan (대야산; ) – 931 m
 * Danseoksan (단석산; ) – 827.2 m
 * Dojangsan (도장산; ) – 827.9 m
 * Dongyongsan (독용산; ) – 955.5 m
 * Dosolbong (도솔봉; ) – 1314.2 m
 * Dundeoksan (둔덕산; ) – 969.4 m
 * Eungbongsan (응봉산; ) – 999 m
 * Gajisan (가지산; ) – 1240 m
 * Gakhwasan (각화산; ) – 1177 m
 * Gapjangsan (갑장산; ) – 805.7 m
 * Gasan (가산; ) – 901.6 m
 * Gayasan (가야산; ) – 1430 m
 * Geommasan (검마산; ) – 1017.2 m
 * Geumosan (금오산; ) – 976.6 m
 * Goheonsan (고헌산; ) – 1032 m
 * Gonddeoksan (공덕산; ) – 912.9 m
 * Guksabong (국사봉; ) – 728 m
 * Guryongsan (구룡산; ) – 1345.7 m
 * Guwangbong (구왕봉; ) – 877 m
 * Gyeonggaksan (경각산; ) – 659.3 m
 * Heiyangsan (희양산; ) – 998 m
 * Hwangaksan (황악산; ) – 1111 m
 * Hwanghaksan (황학산; ) – 912 m
 * Hwangjangsan (황장산; ) – 1077.4 m
 * Hyeongjebong (형제봉; ) – 1177.5 m
 * Imanbong (이만봉; ) – 989 m
 * Ilwolsan (일월산; ) – 1219 m
 * Jangseongbong (장성봉; ) – 916.3 m
 * Jeoksangsan (적상산; ) – 1024 m
 * Joryeongsan (조령산; ) – 1025 m
 * Juheulsan (주흘산; ) – 1106 m
 * Juwangsan (주왕산; ) – 720.6 m
 * Mireuksan (미륵산; ) – 901 m
 * Munboksan (문복산; ) – 1015 m
 * Munsubong (문수봉; ) – 1161.5 m
 * Munsubong (문수봉; ) – 1517 m
 * Munsusan (문수산; ) – 1205 m
 * Myeonsan (면산; ) – 1245.2 m
 * Naeyeonsan (내연산; ) – 710 m
 * Namsan (남산; ) – 466 m
 * Namsan (남산; ) – 821 m
 * Noeumsan (노음산; ) – 728.5 m
 * Noejeongsan (뇌정산; ) – 991.4 m
 * Obongsan (오봉산; ) – 235 m
 * Obongsan (오봉산; ) – 688 m
 * Palgaksan (팔각산; ) – 632.7 m
 * Palgongsan (팔공산; ) – 1199 m
 * Poamsan (포암산; ) – 961.7 m
 * Poseongbong (포성봉; ) – 933 m
 * Samdobong (삼도봉; ) – 1176 m
 * Seondalsan (선달산; ) – 1236 m
 * Seonginbong (성인봉; ) – 983.6 m
 * Sobaeksan (소백산; ) – 1440 m
 * Songnisan (속리산; ) – 1058.4 m
 * Sudosan (수도산; ) – 1316.8 m
 * Taebaeksan (태백산; ) – 1566.7 m
 * Tohamsan (토함산; ) – 745 m
 * Tongosan (통고산; ) – 1066.5 m
 * Undalsan (운달산; ) – 1097.2 m
 * Unmunsan (운문산; ) – 1195 m
 * Wangdusan (왕두산; ) – 1044.2 m
 * Yeonyeopsan (연엽산; ) – 775 m

South Gyeongsang Province

 * Baegunsan (백운산; ) – 1278.6 m
 * Bigyesan (비계산; ) – 1125.7 m
 * Bongdaesan (봉대산; ) – 409 m
 * Bulmosan (불모산; ) – 399 m
 * Byeokbangsan (벽방산; ) – 650 m
 * Byeolyusan (별유산; ) – 1046.2 m
 * Cheonhwangsan (천황산; ) – 1189 m
 * Cheonseongsan (천성산; ) – 811.5 m
 * Cheontaesan (천태산; ) – 631 m
 * Chilhyeonsan (칠현산; ) – 349 m
 * Daeseongsan (대성산; ) – 593 m
 * Danjibong (단지봉; ) – 1326.7 m
 * Eungbongsan (응봉산; ) – 473 m
 * Gajisan (가지산; ) – 1240 m
 * Garasan (가라산; ) – 580 m
 * Gayasan (가야산; ) – 1430 m
 * Geomangsan (거망산; ) – 1184 m
 * Geumjeongsan (금정산; ) – 801.5 m
 * Geumsan (금산; ) – 701 m
 * Geumosan (금오산; ) – 776 m
 * Geumwonsan (금원산; ) – 1352.5 m
 * Gibaeksan (기백산; ) – 1331 m
 * Gwaegwansan (괘관산; ) – 1251.6 m
 * Gwaebangsan (괘방산; ) – 450 m
 * Gwannyongsan (관룡산; ) – 739 m
 * Gyebangsan (계방산; ) –
 * Gyeryongsan (계룡산; ) – 566 m
 * Hogusan (호구산; ) – 618 m
 * Hwamaesan (황매산; ) – 1108 m
 * Hwangmaesan (황매산; ) – 1108 m
 * Hwangseoksan (황석산; ) – 1235 m
 * Hwawangsan (화왕산; ) – 756.6 m
 * Hyangnosan (향로산; ) – 979 m
 * Jaeyaksan (재약산; ) – 1108 m
 * Jagulsan (자굴산; ) – 897 m
 * Jarimangsan (자리망산; ) – 398 m
 * Jirisan (지리산; ) – 1915 m
 * Jirisan (지리산; ) – 397.6 m
 * Mangsan (망산; ) – 406 m
 * Minyeobong (미녀봉; ) – 930 m
 * Mireuksan (미륵산; ) – 461 m
 * Muhaksan (무학산; ) – 761.2 m
 * Namdeogyusan (남덕유산; ) – 1507.4 m
 * Nojasan (노자산; ) – 565 m
 * Obongsan (오봉산; ) – 967 m
 * Obongsan (오봉산; ) – 525 m
 * Sambongsan (삼봉산; ) – 1254 m
 * Sambongsan (삼봉산; ) – 1186.7 m
 * Samjeongsan (삼정산; ) – 1225 m
 * Samsinbong (삼신봉; ) – 1284 m
 * Seobuksan (서북산; ) – 738.5 m
 * Seolheulsan (설흘산; ) – 488 m
 * Seongjesan (성제봉; ) – 1115 m
 * Sinbulsan (신불산; ) – 1209 m
 * Ungseokbong (웅석봉; ) – 1099 m
 * Unmunsan (운문산; ) – 1195 m
 * Waryongsan (와룡산; ) – 798.6 m
 * Wolbongsan (월봉산; ) – 1279.2 m
 * Wonhyosan (원효산; ) – 922.2 m
 * Worasan (월아산; ) – 482 m
 * Wudusan (우두산; ) – 1046 m
 * Yanggaksan (양각산; ) – 1130 m
 * Yeohangsan (여항산; ) – 770 m
 * Yeongchuksan (영축산; ) – 1081 m
 * Yeongsinbong (영신봉; ) – 1652.9 m
 * Yeonhwasan (연화산; ) – 528 m

Jeju Province

 * Hallasan (한라산; ) – 1947.06 m, the tallest mountain in South Korea.

title: List of mountains in Korea


text:
John Copley, 1st Baron Lyndhurst

John Singleton Copley, 1st Baron Lyndhurst, (21 May 1772 – 12 October 1863) was a British lawyer and politician. He was three times Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain.

Background and education
Lyndhurst was born in Boston, Massachusetts, the son of painter John Singleton Copley and his wife Susanna Farnham (née Clarke), granddaughter of silversmith Edward Winslow. His father left America to live in London in 1774, and his wife and son followed a year later. Copley was educated at a private school and Trinity College, Cambridge.

Political and legal career
Called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1804, he gained a considerable practice. He was appointed a serjeant-at-law on 6 July 1813. In 1817, he was one of the counsel for Dr J. Watson, tried for his share in the Spa Fields riots. Lyndhurst's performance attracted the attention of Lord Castlereagh and other Tory leaders, and he entered parliament as member for Yarmouth in the Isle of Wight. He afterwards sat for Ashburton (1818–1826) and for Cambridge University (1826–1827).

In December 1818, Copley was made King's Serjeant and Chief Justice of Chester. He became Solicitor General on 24 July 1819 and was knighted in October, became Attorney General in 1824, Master of the Rolls in 1826 and Lord Chancellor in 1827. On his appointment to the latter post he was raised to the peerage as Baron Lyndhurst, of Lyndhurst in the County of Southampton. As solicitor-general he took a prominent part in the trial of Queen Caroline and was opposed to the Liberal measures which marked the end of the reign of George IV and the beginning of that of William IV. He was Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer from 1831 to 1834. During the Melbourne government from 1835 to 1841 he figured conspicuously as an obstructionist in the House of Lords. His former adversary Lord Brougham, disgusted at his treatment by the Whig leaders, soon became his most powerful ally in opposition. Lyndhurst held the chancellorship from 1827 to 1830, 1834–1835, and 1841–1846. As he was in regard to Catholic emancipation, so in the agitation against the Corn Laws, he opposed reform until Peel, his chief, gave the signal for concession. In 1837 he was Rector of Marischal College (later Aberdeen University).

After 1846 and the disintegration of the Tory party over Peel's adoption of free trade, Lord Lyndhurst did not attend parliament sessions as often, but he continued to take a lively interest in public affairs and to make speeches. His address to the House of Lords on 19 June 1854, on the war with Russia, made a sensation in Europe, and throughout the Crimean War he was a strong advocate of the energetic prosecution of hostilities. In 1859 he denounced Napoleon III. His last speech was delivered in the House of Lords at the age of eighty-nine.

Family
In 1819 Lord Lyndhurst married Sarah, a daughter of Charles Brunsden and widow of Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Thomas, who was killed at Waterloo. She died in 1834, and three years later, in August 1837, he married secondly Georgiana Goldsmith (1807–1901), daughter of writer Lewis Goldsmith, of Paris. They had two daughters, Georgiana Susan Copley, who married Sir Charles Du Cane, Governor of Tasmania, and Sophia Clarence Copley (1828–1911), who married Hamilton Beckett and is buried near her father in Highgate Cemetery.

Since his second wife came from a family of Jewish origins, it may be her influence which led Lyndhurst to support the Jewish Emancipation of 1858, when the law which had restricted the Parliamentary oath of office to Christians was changed, leading to the admission of Jews into parliament. Lyndhurst also advocated women's rights in questions of divorce.

He died in London on 12 October 1863 and was buried in Highgate Cemetery; as he left no son, his peerage became extinct. Lady Lyndhurst died in London 22 December 1901, aged 94.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Copley, 1st Baron Lyndhurst


text:
Smoke-free Environments Amendment Act 2003

The Smoke-free Environments Amendment Act 2003 is an Act of Parliament in New Zealand that prohibits smoking in all workplaces including offices, clubs, pubs, restaurants, airports, and schools.

It was passed by the Parliament of New Zealand on 3 December 2003 and came into force progressively starting 11 December 2003. A total indoor smoking ban was in effect within one year.

Background and original policy intent
New Zealand established some smoking restrictions in indoor spaces in 1990, including on public transport. Smoking on domestic flights had already been illegal since 1988, and on international flights from 1996.

The Smoke-free Environments (Enhanced Protection) Amendment Bill, amending the Smoke-free Environments Act 1990, was originally introduced as a private member's bill by Mauri Pacific MP Tuku Morgan in July 1999. After Morgan did not win re-election later that year, the Bill was picked up by Labour MP Steve Chadwick for its first reading on 10 May 2000 before being transferred to fellow Labour MP Judy Keall. Chadwick resumed responsibility for the Bill after Keall declined to seek re-election in 2002.

The bill as originally drafted proposed to extend the provisions of the Smoke-free Environments Act by banning all smoking on school grounds and in school buildings.

Amendments
Further restrictions on workplace smoking were proposed through amendments, though a full smoking ban in licensed premises was not originally included. A 2001 supplementary order paper, in Keall's name, proposed further amendments, included new provisions to require at least 50% of a licensed premise to be smokefree. The bill, through all its iterations, did not alter the right of smokers to smoke in their private homes and private vehicles.

The bill and supplementary order paper were considered by the Health Committee for nearly three years. In its report of March 2003, the committee recommended stronger smoke-free measures. It proposed Parliament prohibit smoking in all indoor workplaces, including bars, casinos, members’ clubs and restaurants. These measures ultimately became law.

As much as public health, the policy arguments became focused on workplace relations and safety. The committee stated the purpose of the law would be "to extend the protections for workers, volunteers and the public in the Smoke-free Environments Act 1990 particularly against exposure to second-hand smoke, to reduce the harm caused to individuals by their smoking, to further restrict minors’ access to smoking products and the visual influence of smoking in front of minors, and to provide limited enforcement powers." The amended bill would require employers to "take all reasonable steps" to ensure workplaces are smokefree, except for dedicated smoking rooms. The committee received 397 submissions, not including over 7,500 form submissions, and heard 112 oral submissions across two parliamentary terms.

In its consideration by the Committee of the whole House through August to November 2003, amendments by Green Party MP Sue Kedgley were agreed that removed proposed instant fines of up to $400 for individual smokers (infringement provisions of $4000 for non-compliant proprietors remained) and additionally banned sales of toys that imitate the act of smoking to children.

Amendments proposed by United Future leader Peter Dunne, which have would overturned the smoking ban and instead required bar owners to meet ventilation standards, were lost. An attempt by Dunne to have the bill returned to the Health Committee for further consideration was also lost. Amendments from National Party MP Richard Worth to exclude cigar bars from the legislation were lost. National MPs Katherine Rich, David Carter, John Carter, Maurice Williamson, Simon Power, Lindsay Tisch, and Pansy Wong proposed amendments that would have omitted specified licensed premises in their local communities from being covered by the bill; these were ruled out of order by the chairperson Clem Simich because they amounted to private bills rather than public bills. Members recalled the Speaker to confirm this ruling; Speaker Jonathan Hunt upheld the ruling.

Third reading and vote
In her third reading speech in Parliament on 3 December 2003, the bill's sponsor Steve Chadwick said the intention was to improve health throughout the country. Chadwick's main claim was that the bill would save the lives of about 388 New Zealanders a year who would otherwise have died from inhaling second hand smoke. She said it would reduce allied disabilities and hospital admissions, as well as discourage non-smokers from becoming smokers. Members speaking against the legislation criticised it for being "anti-business" and for taking away "personal freedoms" from New Zealanders. Opponents also predicted the law would either be ignored or would cost the hospitality industry $78 million per year, and labelled it "political correctness gone mad."

MPs had a conscience vote on the issue, deciding 68–52 in favour of the bill in its third reading on 3 December 2003. All Labour, Green, and Progressive Party MPs voted in support. Most National MPs (except doctors Paul Hutchison and Lynda Scott ), New Zealand First MPs (except Pita Paraone) and all ACT New Zealand MPs voted against.

Enforcement
The first successful prosecution under the Smokefree Environments Amendment Act came in December 2005 at the Timaru District Court. The defendant, Geoff Mulvihill, received a NZ$9,000 fine (and $6000 in costs) for failing to enforce the legislation in his tavern.

Legacy
One year after the Act was passed, the Asthma and Respiratory Foundation released a report showing that there has been no reduction in the number of bar patrons or bar takings. There has been an increase in the number of non-smokers at bars and cafes. Rural pubs may have suffered a loss of patronage. In 2004, Action on Smoking and Health released a report stating that the proportion of 14- to 16-year-olds who smoked had declined from 28.6% in 1999 to 17.6%, and attributed this in part to the legislation requiring smoke-free school grounds.


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Charles Pepys, 1st Earl of Cottenham

Charles Christopher Pepys, 1st Earl of Cottenham, (29 April 1781 – 29 April 1851 ) was an English lawyer, judge and politician. He was twice Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain.

Background and education
Cottenham was born in London, the second son of Sir William Pepys, 1st Baronet, a master in chancery, who was descended from John Pepys, of Cottenham, Cambridgeshire, a great-uncle of Samuel Pepys the diarist. Educated at Harrow School and Trinity College, Cambridge, Pepys was called to the bar of Lincoln's Inn in 1804.

Legal and political career
Cottenham's progress was slow practising at the Chancery Bar. Not until 22 years after his call was he made a King's Counsel. He sat in Parliament successively for Higham Ferrers and Malton, became Solicitor General in 1834 and Master of the Rolls in the same year.

On the formation of Lord Melbourne's second administration in April 1835, the great seal was in commission for a time, but Cottenham, who had been a commissioner, was eventually appointed Lord Chancellor in January 1836 and at the same time was raised to the peerage as Baron Cottenham of Cottenham in the County of Cambridge. He held office until the ministry's defeat in August 1841.

Earldom
In February 1841, during the trial of Lord Cardigan for attempted murder, Cottenham claimed ill health, leaving the task of presiding as Lord High Steward to the Lord Chief Justice of the Queen's Bench, Lord Denman. In 1846 he again became Lord Chancellor in Lord John Russell's administration. His health, however, was failing and he resigned in 1850.

Shortly before retirement, he was created Viscount Crowhurst, of Crowhurst in the County of Surrey, and Earl of Cottenham, of Cottenham in the County of Cambridge. He lived at Prospect Place, Wimbledon in 1831–1851. He had succeeded his elder brother as third Baronet in 1845, and in 1849 his cousin as fourth Baronet of Juniper Hill.

Family
Lord Cottenham married Caroline Elizabeth, daughter of William Wingfield-Baker, in 1821 and had five sons and three daughters. He died at Pietra Santa, Lucca in the Italian Grand Duchy of Tuscany in April 1851, aged 70, and was succeeded by his eldest son, Charles, who was at the time Clerk of the Crown in Chancery. Lady Cottenham died in April 1868, aged 66 at The Cedars in Sunninghill, Berkshire.

Cottenham's niece Emily Pepys (1833–1887), daughter of Henry Pepys, Bishop of Worcester, was a child diarist. Her work was not rediscovered and published until 1984.

title: Charles Pepys, 1st Earl of Cottenham


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William Sleator

William Warner Sleator III (February 13, 1945 – August 3, 2011), known as William Sleator, was an American science fiction author who wrote primarily young adult novels but also wrote for younger readers. His books typically deal with adolescents coming across a peculiar phenomenon related to an element of theoretical science, then trying to deal with the situation. The theme of family relationships, especially between siblings, is frequently intertwined with the science fiction plotline.

Due to the suspenseful and often eerie nature of some of his works, Sleator has been compared to young-adult horror writer R. L. Stine (who has identified himself as a fan of Sleator's work). Others cite a strong resemblance to the paranoid, dream-like style of Franz Kafka, which is most notable in House of Stairs, one of Sleator's more popular novels.

Early life, family and education
Sleator, the oldest of four siblings, was born in Havre de Grace, Maryland, to William Warner Sleator, Jr., a professor of physiology and biophysics, and Esther Kaplan Sleator, a pediatrician who did pioneering research on attention deficit disorder (ADD). The Sleator family moved to University City, Missouri, a suburb of St. Louis, when Billy (as the family called him) was three. His younger siblings are Vicky Wald, Tycho (Associate Professor of Physics at NYU), and Daniel (Professor of Computer Science at CMU). He attended University City High School, where he was known as a composer who wrote scores for school plays and the orchestra. He graduated in 1963.

He graduated from Harvard University with a degree in English in 1967.

Career
After college, Sleator moved to England, earning money by playing music in ballet schools. Eventually, Sleator returned to the United States to write his first novel, Blackbriar, eventually published in 1972, which was based on real life experiences. His first published book was a children's story called The Angry Moon, released in 1970. It won a Caldecott Honor citation.

Sleator's writing style has been described as clean and simple. His characters are reluctant teenage heroes, and Sleator's younger siblings and friends have often found themselves being written into his prose, as in the semi-autobiographical story collection Oddballs.

Unlike the 'Golden Age' science fiction future-oriented model (one of Buck Rogers tomorrowlands), Sleator's work often includes a morbid or negative fixation on the past or includes visions of dystopian or alternate worlds (future or otherwise) in which something has gone wrong. For example, Sleator's The Green Futures of Tycho takes place in the past in addition to the future; the world outside his House of Stairs is hinted to be dystopic; Interstellar Pig draws upon the supposed insanity of a long-dead prisoner.

Elements of Thai culture also occasionally turn up in his stories. His 2009 short story "Fingernail" appears in the anthology How Beautiful the Ordinary: Twelve Stories of Identity and is from a young gay Thai man's perspective.

Personal life
Sleator struggled with alcoholism.

He split his time between homes in Boston, Massachusetts, and a small village in rural Thailand. His companion Siang Chitsa-Ard had died in 2008, and his preceding partner Paul Peter Rhode had died in 1999. He died on August 3, 2011, in Bua Chet, Thailand.

Works

 * The Angry Moon (1970)
 * Blackbriar (1972)
 * Run (1973)
 * House of Stairs (1974)
 * Among the Dolls (1975)
 * Into the Dream (1979)
 * Once, Said Darlene (1979)
 * The Green Futures of Tycho (1981)
 * That's Silly (1981)
 * Fingers (1983)
 * Interstellar Pig (1984)
 * Singularity (1985)
 * The Boy Who Reversed Himself (1986)
 * The Duplicate (1988)
 * Strange Attractors (1989)
 * The Spirit House (1991)
 * Others See Us (1993)
 * Oddballs (1993) (story collection)
 * The Elevator (1993) (story collection)
 * Dangerous Wishes (1995)
 * The Night the Heads Came (1996)
 * The Beasties (1997)
 * The Boxes (1998)
 * Rewind (1999)
 * Boltzmon! (1999)
 * Unbalanced (2000) (short story)
 * Marco's Millions (2001)
 * Parasite Pig (2002)
 * The Boy Who Couldn't Die (2004)
 * The Last Universe (2005)
 * Hell Phone (2006)
 * Test (2008)
 * The Phantom Limb (2011)

title: William Sleator


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Gostynin

Gostynin is a town in central Poland with 19,414 inhabitants (2004). It is the capital of Gostynin County in the Masovian Voivodship.

History
Gostynin has a long and rich history, which dates back to the early Middle Ages. In the 6th century, a Slavic gord existed north of contemporary town, on a hill located on the left bank of the Skrwa Lewa river, along a merchant trail. In the 12th century, the settlement found itself near the border between the provinces of Mazovia and Kuyavia.

In c. 1240, Gostynin was expanded by Duke Konrad I of Masovia, and in the 1280s, Duke Boleslaw II and Duke Konrad II fought over control of the settlement. As a result, in 1286 it was burned by Konrad II. Quickly rebuilt, in 1300 Gostynin was besieged but not captured by forces of Wenceslaus II of Bohemia. In c. 1326, the gord was besieged by Władysław I the Elbow-high, who wanted to control the area of Płock, which was a Bohemian fief.

By the early 14th century, Gostynin emerged as an important administrative center of Mazovia. In 1329, it became the seat of a castellan; first known castellan was a man named Pawel, mentioned in a 1345 document. In 1352, Siemowit III for the first time used the title “Duke of Gostynin”. It was probably during his reign that a defensive castle with a tower was built. At that time, a new settlement was established on the right bank of the Skrwa Lewa river, with a market square and a new parish church of St. Martin. In 1382, Duke Siemowit IV granted town charter to Gostynin, and as a result, ancient gord, located on the left bank of the river declined. Siemowit IV expanded the castle, making it his favorite residence. Władysław II Jagiełło visited Gostynin twice (1414, 1419). Siemowit IV died here in 1426, and after his death, the complex was rebuilt, with a wooden chapel added to it in 1439.

After childless deaths of two last dukes of Płock (Siemowit VI) and Władysław II of Płock, in 1462 Gostynin’s residents welcomed King Casimir IV Jagiellon, who confirmed all town’s privileges, and attached it to the Kingdom of Poland. From 1462 until 1793, Gostynin was part of Rawa Voivodeship, in which it was the seat of both a Land, and a county. Gostynin continued to prosper - in the period known as the Polish Golden Age, it had 265 houses, inn, mills and a brewery (as for 1564). In 1612, Russian Tsar Vasili IV died at the Gostynin castle, in which he had been kept with two brothers since 1611.

The period prosperity ended during the Swedish invasion of Poland (1655–1660), after which only 20 houses were left in the whole town. Gostynin never recovered: it was burned by Russians in 1772, during Bar Confederation, and in 1777, the number of houses was only 43. By 1797, Gostynin had 89 houses, three churches, inn, brewery, three mills, sawmill and a wooden town hall

In 1793, following the second partition of Poland, Gostynin was captured by Prussian army. The castle, which had for long time been neglected, was pulled down, and its archive was seized by the occupiers. In 1807–1815, Gostynin belonged to the Duchy of Warsaw; in 1809, most of the town burned in a great fire. In 1824, the government of Russian-controlled Congress Poland invited to Gostynin 124 German cloth makers, who came with their families. The town began the process of recovery: St. Martin church, town hall and inn were rebuilt, and ruins of the castle were turned into a Protestant church. On January 28, 1863, the sixth day of the January Uprising, a Polish insurgent unit liberated a transport of Poles forcibly conscripted into the Russian army. During the uprising, a rebel unit of Emeryk Syrewicz operated in the area of Gostynin. In 1918, Poland regained independence and control of the town. The town had a significant Jewish minority, which in the Second Polish Republic numbered some 2,000, out of total population of 12,000. In 1924-25, Gostynin received rail connection with Płock and Kutno, thanks to a newly built line. During the German invasion of Poland, which started World War II, the Wehrmacht captured the town on 16 September 1939, and by late September, the town was directly annexed to the Third Reich. Its name was first changed into Gasten, and from June 1941 until the end of German occupation it was called Walrode. In October–November 1939, the Germans carried out mass arrests of local prominent Poles, as part of the Intelligenzaktion and then massacred 22 prisoners in the nearby forest of Wola Łącka on 1 December 1939. Among the victims were local mayor Michał Jarmoliński, member of Polish parliament Andrzej Czapski, chiefs of the local police and fire department, local teachers and priests. In February 1940, the Germans carried out a massacre of 40 Poles in the nearby forest. From 1940 to 1944 the local Polish population was subjected to expulsions. German authorities opened here a Jewish ghetto, most of whose residents were murdered in the Chełmno extermination camp. Germans retreated from Gostynin on 18 January 1945. As a result of the war 15% of the town was destroyed.

In 1946, a transit camp for Polish orphans repatriated from the Soviet Union was established in the town.

From 1975 to 1998, it was administratively located in the Płock Voivodship.

Cuisine
The officially protected distinctive traditional dish of the town and its surroundings is Gostynin fried mushrooms (grzyby smażone gostynińskie), as designated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland.

title: Gostynin


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Kutno

Kutno is a city located in central Poland with 42,704 inhabitants (2021) and an area of 33.6 km2. It is the capital of Kutno County in the Łódź Voivodeship.

During the invasion of Poland in 1939, Polish armies under General Tadeusz Kutrzeba conducted an offensive in and around Kutno, that was later named the Battle of the Bzura.

Based on its central location and the intersection of multiple rail lines, Kutno is an important railroad junction in Poland. Two main lines cross there (Łódź – Toruń and Warsaw – Poznań – Berlin). Another connection also starts in Kutno, which connects the town to Płock.

Geographical position
Kutno is located in the northern part of the Łódź Voivodeship and is 20 km to the northwest of the geographical center of Poland.

According to the data from 1 January 2009, the area of the town amounts to 33.59 km2.

According to the physical–geographic division of Poland, the town is placed on the western edge of Kutno plain, which is the part of Middle–Masovia macro region. At the south of Kutno plain, Kutno straddles the boundary of the Łowicko – Błońska plain, which belongs to the same region and the Kłodawa Upland plain, which spreads in the west and is counted in the southern Greater Poland. To the north of the Przedecz – Gostynin line Kujawskie lakeland begins, which is included in the Greater Poland lakeland.

Kutno is located on the edge of four historical lands. Greater Poland, Kuyavia, Masovia, and Łęczyca. It is located in what is virtually the center of Poland, at a point where geographical and historical borders, as well as in the crossing of communication lines, are of major importance to the development of the city.

Administrative divisions
Kutno has maintained the administrative units of a town (Districts, housing developments), although certain parts of the town are simply called housing developments (e.g.: Łąkoszyn housing development). These divisions are mostly historical references. For instance, the Łąkoszyn housing development is part of what remains of the town of Łąkoszyn town which was incorporated to Kutno.

The following parts of Kutno have been formulated in the National Register of Country's Administrative Division: Antoniew, Azory, Bielawki, Dybów, Kościuszków, Kotliska Małe, Łąkoszyn, Puśniki, Sklęczki, Stara Wieś, Stodółki, Walentynów, Wiktoryn, Żwirownia.

Customary Administrative Division of Kutno:

Dybów, Piaski, Rejtana, Tarnowskiego, Kościuszków, Olimpijska, Sklęczki, Łąkoszyn (New Łąkoszyn – houses and Old Łąkoszyn – housing development), Majdany, Grunwald, Batorego, Rataje (between Solidarność roundabout, Targowica and The Kutno House of Culture).

Climate
The climate of Kutno is similar to that of the entire lowland region of Poland. The temperature is influenced by continental and oceanic airflow patterns. Kutno is in the lowest zone of precipitation in Poland. It averages 550 mm per year, but this can be significantly lower in some years. This is a problem for Kutno, exacerbated by low forest cover and intensive agriculture in the area. Kutno has about five storms during the year (about half of the national average). Snow falls, on average, 39 days in a year. There are about 21 foggy days during the year in the municipal area. But near the Ochnia river fog occurs quite often. On average there are 50 sunny and 130 cloudy days every year. The wind comes mostly from the west, veering southwest in winter and northwest in summer.

July and August are the hottest months with average highs of 24 °C. December and January are the coldest with average highs of 2 °C and lows of -3 °C. July has the most rainfall with an average of 73mm and January has the least with 30mm.

Early history

There are indications that the origin of the town may have taken place in the 12th century. The first mention of it was found in a document concerning an endowment of Łęczyca prepositure published due to a consecration of the collegiate church in Łęczyca in the year 1161.

According to the local folklore, both the town and the parish came into being in 1250, although official documentation to that effect is lacking. Most probably, the town began to be settled some time between the 12th and the 14th centuries; its name appeared for the first time in a document from the year 1301. The document had been published for his son Ziemysław by Leszek, Przemysł, and Kazimierz – duke of Kuyavia in the presence of three estate dignitaries as well as other people gathered during a convention in Włocławek. References to Kutno concern the appearance of rector Michał from the church in Kutno on the list of witnesses. In 1386, Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia had given to Andrzej de Kutno the privilege of freeing Kutno and Sieciechów villages from all charges and burdens excluding two coins (grosz) out of every crop fee. The role of the provincial courts was transferred to the Duke. In 1386, the village of Kutno was given trade and town rights, and 46 years later, in 1432 a municipal town charter. The first records that define Kutno as a town appeared in 1444.

Kutno was historically famous for its rose fair which after 1989 changed its name into The Festival of Roses/The Rose Festival.

1500–1938
1 July 1504: Mikołaj of Kutno gained the right to hold the St. Wawrzyniec fair, improving the development of the town's trade. In 1701, the Kucieński family gave up Kutno to Anna Zamojska. The Zamoyski family fought amongst themselves for the property for a long time. The town fell into debt but the situation had normalized when Andrzej Hieronim Zamoyski became the owner of Kutno. During that time Kutno was a town of prosperity and development. A route connecting Warsaw with Poznań and Dresden ran through the town in the 18th century and King Augustus III of Poland often traveled that route. The town's prestige increased after King Augustus III of Poland ordered the construction of the Postal Palace and consequently, the Saxon Palace was built. It was constructed between 1750 and 1753, after a royal track leading from Dresden to Warsaw had been built. The palace was decorated with rich interiors according to John M Walter's plans. In 1753, Kutno was completely burned, resulting in the loss of the town records along with the settlement grant. After the fire, the King's Lord Councillor Andrzej Zamoyski left Kutno in order to obtain another settlement grant, however, the town suffered another fire due to one of many army march-passes in 1774 and easygoing attitude of soldiers.

In 1775, Andrzej Zamoyski sold Kutno to Stanisław Kostka Gadomski – governor of Łęczyca province. Under his reign, Kutno became one of the biggest settlements in central Poland. The Second Partition of Poland occurred in 1793. Kutno had been completely under Prussian control and became part of the newly created province of South Prussia. The whole province of Kutno became part of the Łęczyca department, then after the Third Partition, it became part of the Warsaw department.

On 4 January 1807, Napoleon Bonaparte passed through Kutno. In 1807, under the Treaties of Tilsit, Kutno became part of the Duchy of Warsaw. An 1808 fire, most likely set by Napoleon's army, destroyed 180 houses. In 1809 Kutno was visited by Jan Henryk Dąbrowski. After 1815, the area was incorporated into the Congress Kingdom of Poland. In 1826, the first town map was published due to the planned rebuilding of the town. In 1826, Fryderyk Chopin travelled through the town.

In 1840, a chapel was built which later became the Museum of the Battle of the Bzura river. Built in the Neo-Renaissance style and rotunda shape and crowned with a dome, it is part of the Wiosny Ludów park. It formerly served as a mausoleum for the Rzątkowski and Mniewski families. Another fire destroyed nearly all of the houses on Królewska St. Only two buildings remained – nowadays Crocantino and MDM. In 1844, the first hospital in Kutno was opened, sponsored by Kutno's former owner Feliks Mniewski. A City Hall was built in 1845 in classicistic style. The building, located in the Marshal Piłsudski square, currently serves as the Regional Museum, in which one can see mementos and records from the history of Kutno.

In 1862, the Warsaw – Bydgoszcz railway line opened, leading Kutno to become an important railway junction and a trade and industry center. Directly before and during the period of the January Uprising, Kutno was the seat of the head of the Gostynin province. During the January Uprising, clashes between Polish insurgents and Russian troops took place in Kutno on July 1–2 and August 8, 1863.

In 1867, Kutno district was formed. This state endured until World War I outbreak. In 1886, on the place of the former Gothic church, the St. Lawrence Church (designed in a neo-Gothic style by Konstantyn Wojciechowski) was built.

On 5 January 1904, the Polish writer Henryk Sienkiewicz, a Nobel prize laureate, stayed in the Town Theatre, which was the seat of the Fire Brigade at that time. Income from his lecture was given to the poor children of Kutno. After his speech, a ball was held, to which only men were allowed, while women could watch it only from open windows.

The famous Jewish writer(Polish Jews) Szalom Asz was born in Kutno in 1880. In his collection of short stories "Miasteczko" ("The Town"), he described the situation of Jewish people from this town – Kutno. Every two years, the town holds the Szalom Asz Festival, which includes a literary contest about his works. In the 19th c. Kutno was a center of a sizeable Jewish community. In 1900, 10,356 Jews lived there.

From 15 to 16 October 1914, the Battle of Kutno took place between the Russian and the German. The Russians lost the battle, and the loss of Kutno provided the Germans with a direct access to Warsaw. In 1915, a local parish priest Franciszek Pruski was executed by a firing squad. A plaque commemoratinf this event has been placed in the St. John the Baptist church.

Many Kutno inhabitants took part in the Polish-Bolshevik War. They also fought in the Siberian Division. After the war, hundreds of 15-year-old boys enlisted in the Army Mining Corps, today known as the miner–soldiers.

From April 1919 to January 1921, a future French president Charles de Gaulle stayed in Kutno, as an instructor with the French military mission under general Louis Faury. On 5 March 1938, Kutno received its blazon, which depicts two rampant wild boars on the yellow background, leaning against a green bulrush.

World War II

The Battle of the Bzura river took place from 9 to 12 September 1939 during the German invasion of Poland, which started World War II. On 9 September the Poznań Army (Armia Poznań) operational group, led by General Edmund Knoll-Kownacki, attacked the German 8th Army led by General Johannes Blaskowitz. On 11 September Poland's Pomorze Army reinforced the Polish troops in battle. At first, the Polish assault was successful but the Germans reinforced their troops on 12 September and started to counterattack. General Tadeusz Kutrzeba ordered Knoll to retreat beyond the Bzura river. Kutno remained outside the battle area. Despite the ultimate defeat of Polish army, the Battle of the Bzura river made the Germans change their strategy and regroup and also delayed the capitulation of Warsaw.

On 16 September 1939, the German Wehrmacht moved into Kutno, bombarding trains, the railway station, and houses throughout the district. At the junction of what is now Kochanowski Street and Maja Street, a German saboteur laid down a target for the bombers bombing the railway station.

The area was annexed directly to Germany, and administratively became part of the Third Reich's Reichsgau Wartheland, within the district/county (kreis) of Kutno. In December 1939 expulsions began in accordance with Nazi Germany's racial and ethnic policies, which aimed to make the town population purely German. People were forced to leave their houses early in the morning with only an hour's notice and could take only 50 kg of baggage and a small amount of money. Expulsion was very often carried out with violence. People were transported by trucks or wagons and then in sealed trains. The trip was up to eight days long, in terrible conditions. Poles from Kutno were also among the victims of a massacre carried out by the German police in February 1940 near Gostynin (see Nazi crimes against the Polish nation). On 14 April 1940, during the AB-Aktion, most of the Polish teachers from the Kutno district were arrested. Only a few survived having had left their houses earlier or having been prewarned. At least 173 Poles from Kutno and the county were murdered by the Soviets in the Katyn massacre in April–May 1940 or died in Soviet camps.

Subsequently, the Germans created a ghetto in Kutno on 15 June 1940. The entire area of a former sugar factory ("Hortensja" or "Konstancja" according to various sources) was surrounded by barbed wire. On the first day, the Poles were forbidden to leave their houses, while the Jews were forced to take all their belongings and proceed to the factory. The German soldiers and SS members beat the Jews standing in the street. Eight thousand people were transferred to the area of the factory, within five buildings. On the first day, crowded and without any first-aid facilities, a few people died. The only food they had was a small amount of potatoes and bread. Prices of extra food were very high. For instance, one kilogram of potatoes cost 40 Pfennig in the ghetto, while it was 5 Pfennig in the rest of the town. However, a true nightmare started in winter, when there was not enough firewood, so that the Jews had to burn furniture or scaffolding.

In the following year, 1941, due to overcrowding of resettled people and transport difficulties, a concentration camp was established at 7 Przemysłowa St. Due to terrible conditions in the camp, about 10 persons died of dysentery every day.

On 9 June 1941, at present-day Wolności Square, three Poles, Kalikst Perkowski, Wilhelm Czernecki and Piotr Sanda, were publicly executed in punishment for smuggling food to Warsaw. Their deaths were intended to be a lesson and the presence of locals at the execution was compulsory; even the families of the executed were there.

On 19 March 1942, the ghetto was closed. All Jews, in alphabetical order, were deported to Koło and then to the Chełmno extermination camp. The 6,000 Jewish inhabitants of Kutno were killed there, while elder people who had been ghetto administrators were killed in Kutno itself. Additionally, a forced labor camp operated in the area from January 1942 until January 1945. In 1943, 31 members of the Polish resistance were sentenced by the Germans in Dresden, 24 of them to death and executed there. On 19 January 1945, the Red Army arrived in Kutno, ending the German occupation, and the town was restored to Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which remained in power until the Fall of Communism in the end of the 1980s.

1945–1989

Cultural institutions resumed activity during first years after the liberation. Firstly, posts that had existed before 1939 were reopened. In June 1945 the Kutno District Public Library was opened. Thanks to donations by the public and the regaining of books that had been kept during the War, the library's collection grew rapidly. The public library was and still is fulfilling its important role in broadening culture. Because of developed railway and road trails, Kutno has been attractive for investors. Among the many branches of industry in Kutno, the most important was the electronics industry. In 1957 Radio Components Company Miflex opened, and would eventually employ over three thousand people. The Company is one of the important distributors of capacitors, anti-interference filters. At the Marshal Piłsudski square Polish – Soviet brotherhood was constructed, depicting two persons: Red Army soldier and People's Army of Poland soldier shaking hands with each other. After the monument had been constructed incidents such as vandalism and defacing it with paint by local high school students occurred. They were part of the group called "Bloody Hawk" ("Krwawy Jastrząb").

In 1968 Kazimierz Jóźwiak, who was a choreographer and manager as well as director of the Kutno House of Culture founded the "Song and Dance of Kutno`s Land Band" ("Zespół Pieśni i Tańca Ziemi Kutnowskiej"). In 1971, the former Town Hall at the Marshal Piłsudski square Kutno Regional Museum was reopened. In 1975, the city was adjoined to the Płock Voivodeship and would remain so for the next 23 years. Annually, since September 1975, the Kutno Rose Festival takes place at the Kutno House of Culture, which has long been a center of cultural events in Kutno.

After 1989
In 1990 formula of the fair has been changed as well as its name: from The "Rose Fair" to "The Rose Festival"

In 1996 International Little League Baseball Tournament took place in Kutno. Since that time Kutno is the world-famous seat of the European Little League Baseball Center. On 18 August 1998 Higher School of Economics has been opened in Kutno in 7th Lelewel St. In 1999 because of an administrative resolution, Kutno district once again become part of the Łódź province after 24 years. In 2001, Królewska St. and Marshal Józef Piłsudski Square were renovated.

Kutno Agro–Industrial Park (KAIP)
As a result of decisions made in the 1970s, industry investments began being located in the eastern part of Kutno - Sklęczki - now Kutno Agro-Industrial Park. The decisive factor was access to the A2 motorway and the presence of a system of sidings connected with the E20 railway. KAIP began in 1996 during construction of the National Center for Food Processing and Distribution. Construction was led by the Urban Institute and the U.S. Agency for International Development and was opened in 1998. KAIP is constructed on 370 hectares, and now has over 60 businesses of local and foreign capital operate within its boundaries. Nearly 6,000 people are employed here. The food industry, packaging, plastics processing, manufacturing of agricultural equipment, and pharmaceuticals are the dominant branches. 111 hectares were set aside as part of the Special Economic Zone of Łódź.

Kutno subzone of the Łódź Special Economic Zone
In 2000, the Town Council created the Łódź Special Economic Zone in Kutno Agro-Industrial park. It was originally 23 hectares and had four zones: Odlewnicza St. (4.24ha), Sklęczkowska St. (6.48 ha), Stalowa I and II (7.87ha and 4.49ha). The Sub-zone has been broadened in the following years: 2002, 2005, twice in 2007 and in 2010.

According to data from the end of January 2010, the whole area of Kutno sub-zone is 111 hectares. Capital investments of companies operating only in the Kutno sub-zone have exceeded the value of 1 billion PLN over the last 10 years.

Industry in Kutno

 * Pharmaceutical industry: Teva Kutno, Polfarmex, Fresenius Kabi Poland, Nobilus Ent, Trouw Nutrition International (a part of Nutreco)
 * Engineering and Metallurgic industry: Kongskilde, Skiold BL, Ideal Europe, Florian Centrum (owned by Mittal Steel), Kraj, Miflex-Masz, AMZ Kutno, Libner Poland, Fermator (Enginova), Profilplast
 * Electronics industry: Miflex (a former branch of Unitra),
 * Transportation: Nijhof-Wassink, Hartwig Poland
 * Food industry: Exdrob, Kofola, Polmos, Pini Polonia, Pringles
 * Construction industry: Schomburg Polska, Vester, Urbud, Mavex, Trakt, Kutnowska Prefabrykacja Betonu (Kutno Concrete Prefabrication), Mawex, Aarsleff, ProfilPas
 * Packaging and plastic industry: DS Smith, Fuji Seal Poland, PrintPack Poland, Paja Folie, Sirmax Poland, PolyOne Poland Manufacturing, Elplast

Tourism

 * Old Town – two markets connected to Królewska St. that after the modernization made along with Piłsudski square has become town's showcase, a place where Kutno citizens can spend their free time. Taking a walk around Old Town one can easily find marks of the medieval concept of Wolnośći square, church or Zduński fair (Zduńska St. and Tetralna St.). Current buildings at New Town and in Królewska St. have been constructed in the first half of the 19th century.
 * Kutno Town Hall – currently place where Regional Museum is located
 * Museum of the Battle of the Bzura river – at Wiosny Ludów park where grave chapel of Mniewscy family is located. It was built in the 19th century. Currently, the place where Museum of the Battle of the Bzura River is located
 * Postal Palace – known also as the Saxon Palace that was used by king Augustus III on his travel way from Warsaw to Dresden. The building is one of the oldest in town; it was constructed in the 18th century. On 11 December 1812, Napoleon Bonaparte stayed there during his escape from Russia.
 * Complex of Gierałty's palaces – property of the owners of Kutno. Currently seat of National Music School. Palace was constructed between 1781 and 1785 years. In 1920 Charles de Gaulle paid a visit there. Wiosny Ludów park is located behind the palace.
 * Manor house of Chlewiccy (also called Modrzewiowy) with column-shaped veranda from the 1st half of 19th century – currently seat of the Companionship of Friends of The Kutno land.
 * Manor house of Szymańscy – constructed in the first half of the 18th century. Currently it a hotel with restaurant.
 * Izaak Holcman's villa by the Solidarność rotary. Currently a health center.
 * Villa in the 8th Matejki St – constructed during the years 1927 to 1929 for the family of engineer Ryszard Macher
 * "New Inn" building – formerly seat of the Provisional government on the first days of the January Uprising.
 * Former St. Valenine hospital
 * Lutheran church
 * Dr Antoni Troczewski's Villa
 * Complex of postfactory buildings of "Kraj" owned by Alfred Vaedtke
 * Former city theatre at the Zduński Market (formerly House of Volunteer Fire Brigade)
 * Motor mill in Warszawskie Przedmieście St.

Churches in Kutno

 * St. Lawrence Parish – founded in 1301. The first reference about St. Lawrence the Martyr comes from 1301 and mentions parish priest Michał. The first presumed wooden construction of the church was in the 13th century during the efforts to construct village parishes. It was a small church made in a Gothic style that had lasted until 1483 when burned down. The new one was funded by the Mikołaj from Kutno in 1484. It was made in gothic style, a one-aisled church with set apart presbytery and tower on the west side and St. Anne chapel adjacent to the aisle. In 1883 because of high-level of damage church had been decided to be pulled down. Construction of the current one ended in 1886 according to a design made by Konstantyn Wojciechowski. Basilical, neo-gothic church has two towers with clock placed on the top of one.
 * St. John the Baptist Parish – founded in 1988. The main altar consists of a relief depicting Resurrected Christ, Consecration by Pope John Paul II in Łowicz on 1 June 1999.
 * The Saint Queen Jadwiga Parish – founded in 1990. On 8 June 1997 on Kraków grasslands Pope John Paul II Consecration Cornerstone for the construction of this church.
 * St. Stanislaus the Martyr Bishop Parish – founded in 1297
 * The Our Lady of Perpetual Help Parish church – founded in 1988
 * Saint Michael the Archangel Parish – is placed in Woźniaków district.

City parks

 * Wiosny Ludów Park – is the oldest and simultaneously biggest park in Kutno (area 17,1ha). Once it was a palace garden by the Gierałty's Palace and came into being during the years 1775 to 1791. Park is separated in two parts, first one is a symmetric garden that is similar to the shape of French garden. The other one is landscape English garden, which came into being during the years 1826 to 1840. In the western edge of the park stands chapel in the memory of Mniewscy family (owners of Kutno from the 19th century).
 * Romuald Traugutt City Park – placed in the central part of town on the area of 4,2ha. Has been founded during Poland's twenty years of independence after World War I as a place where one can reSt. Park is placed on terrain with diverse heights which gives him interesting landscape composition with pond being placed on the lowest part. At first, it was just an industrial pond nowadays it is adapted to leisure functions. Most of the cultural events in Kutno take place there. Stefan Żeromski's public library and Kutno House of Culture are placed in there.
 * City park by the Ochnia river – is the newest park in Kutno. Groundworks ended there in 2003 year. Park's small woodiness gives it a modern image. Football and Basketball pitches located in the neighborhood create opportunity to practice sports.

Education
Kindergartens, elementary schools and middle schools:
 * Jarzębinka Integrational Municipal Kindergarten nr.3
 * Stokrotka Municipal Kindergarten nr.5
 * Municipal Kindergarten nr.8
 * Fable's Municipal Kindergarten nr.15
 * Cindarella's Municipal Kindergarten
 * Forget-me-not's Municipal Kindergarten nr.17
 * Catholic Kindergarten
 * Elementary school in Gołębiew
 * T.Kościuszko Elementary school nr.1
 * M.Kopernik Elementary school nr.4
 * Elementary school nr.5
 * M.Skłodowska-Curie Elementary school nr.6
 * W.Jagiełło Elementary school nr.9
 * Catholic Elementary school of catholic school friends association in Wierzbie
 * A.Mickiewicz Middle school nr.1
 * J.Piłsudski Middle school nr.2
 * H.Sienkiewicz Middle school nr.3
 * W.Anders Catholic Middle school of catholic middle school friends association in Wierzbie
 * Middle school in Byszew
 * St.Stanislaus Kostka Catholic Middle school of catholic middle school friends association

High schools
 * Zbigniew Religa Academic High School
 * Jan Henryk Dąbrowski High School No.1 (so called "Dąbrowszczak")
 * Jan Kasprowicz High School No.2
 * St.Stanislaus Kostka Catholic High School association of catholic school friends (so called "Katolik")
 * Stanisław Staszic nr.1 set of schools (so called "Mechanik")
 * A. Troczewski nr.2 set of schools (so called "Margaryna")
 * Wł.Grabski nr.3 set of schools (so called "Ekonomik")
 * Z. Balicki nr.4 set of schools in Kutno – Azory

Higher education
 * Higher School of National Economy in Kutno
 * Commuting didactic facility of Łódź University Economic – Sociological department
 * Commuting facility of High schools of social skills – Law department (master's studies)

Art schools
 * K.Kurpiński National Music School of Ist and IInd degree

Communions
Pastoral services are provided by the following churches:

 * Roman Catholic church
 * Lutheran church
 * Pentecost church
 * Christian church "Jesus lives"
 * Seventh-day Adventist Church

Events

 * The Rose Festival – a cultural event organized by Kutno House of Culture. It was held for the first time from 20 to 21 September 1975 as Kutno's Roses Fair. Main element of this event is exhibition of roses that comes from different Kutno growers along with performances of music bands (mostly folk bands), exhibition of the local artist and trade stalls. Since 1990 name of the festival has been changed to The Rose Festival (Święto Róży) along with its theme. Exhibition of roses has been extended with arts and set design arrangements.
 * Kutno Station – Nationalwide Competition of Honorable Songs of Kutno District Governor – Jeremi Przybora. For the first time, took place in 2005.
 * Szalom Asz Festival – A nationwide contest that is held once every two years. Jewish music, photographic exhibitions and film screenings also are immanent part of the festival.

Sport
Kutno is the seat of the European Little League Baseball Center. In 1984, Juan Echevarria Motola, a Cuban living in Kutno, started teaching baseball to groups of young people. Therefore, a baseball section of "Stal Kutno" club was created. It is the biggest youth center of baseball in Europe. The European Baseball Championship is hosted annually in various age categories. The complex consists of two lighted stadiums that have enough space to hold up to two thousand spectators named for Edward Piszka and Stan Musial. The complex also includes three training fields and a dormitory for over 200 players.

Sports club City Stadium in Kutno on Tadeusz Kościuszki St. is named by Henryk Reyman.

Sports clubs

 * KS Kutno – Football, currently in third league, founded in 2014.
 * KKS Kutno – basketball, currently Polish Basketball League.
 * Tytan Kutno – rugby club founded in 2009
 * Stal Kutno – baseball club, first league
 * Stal Kutno II – Baseball club, second league

International cooperation
Kutno cooperates with various cities and regions in Europe. For instance with Bat Yam city in Israel (Szalom Asz festival connects both towns). Thanks to Commune Association of Kutno Region town maintains relationship with the English county Northumberland.

Transport
Kutno is an important communication junction in Central Europe. Two main roads lead through town: national road No. 92 (former road No. 2) connecting Miedzichowo near Nowy Tomyśl with Łowicz and Warsaw; national road No. 60 connecting Kutno with Płock and Ostrów Mazowiecka national road which is the transit corridor for trucks, leading from the Baltic states to Germany. Both roads leading through town are bypassed which helps transport though country and to reduce traffic in the town.

Fourteen kilometers (14 km) from Kutno is Krośniewice. This is where the junction of roads nr 91 and 92 is situated.

Beside country roads through Kutno leads a system of Province and District roads connecting town with Łódź and other nearby towns.

The A1 motorway which opened to traffic in November 2012 has greatly improved the importance of the town in road transportation. Kutno is served by two exits from the A1 motorway (Kutno North, 7 km from the town and Kutno East, 2 km from the town).

List of country and province roads in Kutno

 * country road nr 60: Łęczyca – Kutno – Płock – Ostrów Mazowiecka
 * country road nr 92: Miedzichowo – Poznań – Konin – Kutno – Łowicz
 * province road nr 702: Kutno – Piątek – Zgierz

Railway
Kutno is served by the Kutno railway station. Kutno has been an important railway hub in Poland since the 19th Century. The railways enjoyed its greatest development in the 1920s and 1930s.

The history of rail in Kutno dates from 1861. Intensive railway development started during the interwar period. Between 1922 and 1926, the connection linking Kutno with Poznań (thereby construction of Warsaw - Poznań railway) was completed and Łódź with Płock was finished. During the postwar period, the current platform and underground passage was constructed.

One can now travel by train from Kutno to most of the big cities in Poland (Warsaw, Łódź, Bydgoszcz, Szczecin, Poznań, Wrocław, Katowice, Kraków, Lublin) and also to various tourism centers (Kołobrzeg, Krynica-Zdrój, Hel, Zakopane).

Bus service
PKS Kutno enables coach connection with neighbouring localities for which Kutno is the administrative and regional center. There are also possible regional connections to Łódź and Płock.

Municipal Transportation Company serves Kutno inhabitants around town and its closest surroundings. The 13-day bus line and one marked "N" (night bus) route through Kutno. Remaining lines with numbers from 5 to 16 service the city area and also route to neighbouring areas.

There are also private carriers servicing line: Kutno – Piątek – Zgierz – Łódź

Honorary citizens
List of individuals granted with the Honorary citizen title by the City council

 * Edward John Piszek
 * Stanley Frank Musial
 * Eugeniusz Filipowicz
 * PhD Antoni Troczewski
 * Robert Sczcepanik

Former names in the city
During the times of German occupation, the square at the center of Kutno (nowadays Marshal Józef Piłsudski square) was named Adolf Hitler Platz, while Gabriel Narutowicz St. was named Hindenburg Strase.

During the times of People's Republic of Poland, Piłsudski square was named Józef Stalin square. After his death, the name of the square was changed to 19 January Square (the date related to the liberation of Kutno by the Red Army).

Former names of the streets in Kutno:

 * nowadays cardinal Stefan Wyszyński st – former General Karol Świerczewski (before war Szosowa St.),
 * nowadays Wilcza St. – former Hanki Sawickiej St.
 * nowadays Maria Skłodowska-Curie St. – former Głogowiecka St.
 * nowadays Peowiacka St. – former Mariana Buczka St.
 * nowadays Augustyn Kordecki – former Marcin Kasprzak St.
 * nowadays General Władysław Sikorski – former General Siemiona Kriwoszeina St.
 * nowadays General Władysław Anders – former Feliks Dzierżyński St.

Legends
According to a widespread story, Kutno was supposed to have been founded by Count Piotr from Kutna Hora, who had escaped in 997 with the brother of Bishop Wojciech from Bohemia to Poland. Kutno, the town, was founded as an heirloom of a family estate.

J. Łukawski, the publisher of Liber beneficiorum by J. Ławski, placed a footnote on page 478, with the following account: "When Piotr of Kutno came to Poland in the year 997, he founded Kutno in memory of his manor house in the Bohemia. The parish church was founded along with the settlement. Piotr's ancestors designated themselves as the Counts of Kutno and later assumed the name of Kucieńscy".

However, this story is not considered to be reliable and is rejected by most historians due to its doubtful origin. It is treated as an 18th-century legend or possibly a varnished version of the origins some "noble" families. The geographic dictionary of Polish Kingdom, commonly known as "Kąty", gives the impression that Kutno could have been named "Kątno" originally.

The source of this legend is likely because of the similarities between names Kutno and Kutná Hora. First references to Kutná Hora were made in 1289, whereas about Kutno itself was not noted until 1301. In addition, in the 10th century Poles were not founding towns, as an equivalent. Instead, they had strongholds which were changed in the 13th century. The title of Count being used in Bohemia since 1627.

title: Kutno


text:
S-25 Berkut

The S-25 Berkut (С-25 «Беркут»; "Berkut" means golden eagle in English) is a surface-to-air guided missile, the first operational SAM system in the Soviet Union. In the early 1950s it was tested at Kapustin Yar. It was deployed in several rings around Moscow starting in 1955 and became combat ready in June 1956. The system failed, however, to detect, track, and intercept the only overflight of the Soviet capital Moscow by a U-2 reconnaissance plane on July 5, 1956. It was used only defensively at Moscow; the more mobile S-75 (SA-2 Guideline) would be used in almost all other locations. Several improvements were introduced over its long service lifetime, and the system was finally replaced by the S-300P in 1982.

Its NATO reporting name is SA-1 Guild. S-25 is short for Systema 25, referring to the entire system of missiles, radars, and launchers. Portions of the system include the V-300 missile, R-113 and B-200 radars, and A-11/A-12 antennas for the B-200.

History
Development of the S-25 was authorized on 9 August 1950 by a decision of USSR and was appended by Stalin: (We have to get the missile for air defense in a year). The system was assigned to design to SB-1 (Special Bureau No. 1).

The initial design included:
 * E\F band A-100 "Kama" radar based in two concentric rings; a near ring - 25 to 30 km from Moscow, and a far ring, approximately 200 to 250 km from Moscow, for early warning and target detection.
 * B-200 missile targeting radars, deployed in two rings.
 * V-300 SAMs deployed around the B-200 radars.
 * G-400 Interceptor aircraft. These were Tu-4 with G-300 (izdelie 210, downsized version of V-300 with aerial launch) missiles.
 * Possibly, Tu-4 based AWACS aircraft D-500.

The implementation was assigned to the Third Main Agency, which was specially created, by the Soviet of Ministers of the USSR. SB-1 was converted to KB-1 (Design Bureau No.1) headed by P.N. Kuksenko and S.L. Beria. Some captured German specialists were concentrated in department No.38 of KB-1.

Test range trials of the first experimental system were conducted in January 1952. These tests led to the removal of the air based components of the Berkut system (G-400/G-300 and G-500).

The construction of ground infrastructure (designed by the Moscow division of Lengiprostroy, V.I. Rechkin) was done from 1953 through 1955 at 50 and 90 km ranges from Moscow. There were about 2000 km of roads built by prisoners.

After the death of Stalin and arrest of L.P. Beria (the head of Soviet police and security, and the father of S.L. Beria) in June 1953, the KB-1 was reorganized and headed by Raspletin. The Third Main Agency was converted to Glavspetsmash and included into the Ministry of Medium Machine Building. The name Berkut was changed to Systema 25.

The first combat elements of S-25 were delivered to the military in 1954. In March 1954 most sites were being prepared for the installation of the missiles and launchers. The final tests were completed in the beginning of 1955. The first batteries entered service on 7 May 1955. The system entered combat duty in June 1956. The launchers were located at a distance of 75 to 85 km from Moscow, a dense ring (at a distance of 10 to 15 km from each other). The locations were masked by forests.

After the system have entered service some parts of Glavspetsmash (Glavspetsmontazh and Glavspetsmash) were disbanded, the KB-1 was transferred to the Ministry of Defense Industries.

In order to operate the S-25 system, the "Separate Army for Special Purposes" was established under the command of general-colonel K. Kazakov in the spring of 1955, being part of Soviet Air Defense Forces (PVO Strany).

A number of improvements was made to the initial S-25 design during the service. The latest modernized S-25M was retired and replaced with S-300P air defense complexes in 1982. Most sites of the original S-25 complex were dismantled in the 1990s and are now summer cottage developments for Moscow residents.

Surface-to-air Missile Complex S-25
The parts of the S-25 were designed in parallel. Some grounds were created at the Kapustin Yar test range to support the development of S-25:
 * №30 - technical position to prepare missiles
 * №31 - living rooms of servicemen
 * №32 - V-300 launcher
 * №33 - B-200 radar

The first tests of S-25 in full control mode were started 2 November 1952 (using radar-simulated target). The tests against parachute targets were done in the beginning of 1953. Tu-4 drones were used for moving target tests from 26 April to 18 May 1953. There were 81 launches during trials from 18 September 1952 to 18 May 1953. Additional tests were done in September–October 1953 against Il-28 and Tu-4 drones.

The decision of the government to build a full scale S-25 complex at the Kapustin Yar was made in January 1954. The complex was sampled for the state trials 25 June 1954. The trials were conducted from 1 October 1954 to 1 April 1955 and included 69 launches at Il-28 and Tu-4 drones (including simultaneous launch of 20 missiles at 20 targets). The complex was capable to fire at 20 targets with 1 or 2 missiles simultaneously having up to 60 missiles ready to launch. The startup time was 5 minutes (for 18 target channels).

There were 56 S-25 series-built complexes manufactured and deployed around the Moscow area, plus one series-built and one experimental deployed at the Kapustin Yar test range.

B-200 Missile Targeting Radar
Each site was equipped with a B-200 guidance system, including a track while scan radar (designated Yo-Yo by US intelligence). The radar operated at the frequency 3 GHz and its two fan (1°x60°) beams independently scanned the defended sector in elevation and azimuth. The system also incorporated fire-control system equipment which enabled each site to engage as many as 10 targets simultaneously, each with two missiles.

The B-200 radar prototype was tested in the middle of 1950.

Surface-to-air Missile V-300
The first V-300 missile was fired 25 July 1951 at the Kapustin Yar test range.

The missile, which went by a variety of names depending on the version, used a single liquid-propellant rocket motor. Although its maximum speed was on the order of Mach 2.5, it had a low initial velocity which limited its engagement capability against supersonic targets. Its maximum intercept range varied depending upon the approach and type of target; against a directly incoming, high-flying B-52 its range was on the order of 30 km. The missile carried a large warhead of 200 –, and its lethal radius was estimated to be 20 –. It was believed to be capable of interceptions from a minimum altitude of 900 m up to 18,000 m, with some additional capability up to about 24,000 m, particularly if equipped with a nuclear warhead.

By 1959, a total of about 32,000 V-300 missiles had been manufactured.

Current operators

 * 🇷🇺 - Currently used as targets for training SAM systems. Strizh target-missile (system S-25M) in service as of 2011. Firing more than 11 000 missiles.
 * 🇰🇵 - 72 delivered in 1961.

Former operators

 * - Retired in 1982, but passed on to Russia and reused for training purposes.

title: S-25 Berkut


text:
Kawartha Lakes

The City of Kawartha Lakes (2021 population 79,247 ) is a unitary municipality in Central Ontario, Canada. It is a municipality legally structured as a single-tier city; however, Kawartha Lakes is the size of a typical Ontario county and is mostly rural. It is the second largest single-tier municipality in Ontario by land area (after Greater Sudbury).

The main population centres are the communities of Lindsay (population: 22,367), Bobcaygeon (population: 3,576), Fenelon Falls (population: 2,490), Omemee (population: 1,060) and Woodville (population: 718).

History
The Kawartha Lakes area is situated on the traditional territory of the Anishinaabeg, Huron-Wendat and more recently, the Haudenosaunee peoples. The city's name is from the Kawartha Lakes. Kawartha is an anglicization of Ka-wa-tha (from Ka-wa-tae-gum-maug or Gaa-waategamaag), which was coined in 1895 by Martha Whetung of the Curve Lake First Nations. It meant "land of reflections" in the Anishinaabe language, according to Whetung. The word was later changed by tourism promoters to Kawartha, meaning "bright waters and happy lands."

Prior to its restructuring as a city, the area was known as Victoria County. The city was created in 2001, during the ruling provincial Progressive Conservative party's "Common Sense Revolution". Through provincial legislation, the former Victoria County and its constituent municipalities were amalgamated into one entity named the City of Kawartha Lakes.

This act was implemented by the Victoria County Restructuring Commission, led by commissioner Harry Kitchen. Despite a general opposition from residents of the area, the provincial government pushed forward with the amalgamation, which officially came into effect on January 1, 2001.

By a narrow margin (51% for, 49% against), the citizens of Kawartha Lakes voted to de-amalgamate in a November 2003 local plebiscite, but the provincial and municipal governments have not taken any steps since the vote to initiate de-amalgamation.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Kawartha Lakes had a population of $79,247$ living in $32,708$ of its $38,947$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $75,423$. With a land area of 3033.66 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

In the 2016 census, the population of the Lindsay urban area was 20,713, up from 20,291 in 2011.

Ethnicity
Ethnic Origins 2021

''Only ethnic groups that comprise greater than 1% of the population are included. Note that a person can report more than one group''

In 2021, Kawartha Lakes was 93.7% white/European, 3.4% visible minorities, and 2.9% Indigenous. The largest visible minority groups were South Asian (0.9%), Black (0.8%) and Chinese (0.5%).
 * English: 35.9%
 * Irish: 27.2%
 * Scottish: 25.5%
 * Canadian: 20.6%
 * German: 8.8%
 * French n.o.s: 7.5%
 * British Isles n.o.s: 5.8%
 * Dutch: 5.3%
 * Italian: 3.4%
 * Welsh: 3.0%
 * Polish: 2.5%
 * Caucasian (White), n.o.s.: 2.1%
 * Ukrainian: 2.1%
 * European, n.o.s.: 1.5%
 * First Nations n.o.s: 1.4%
 * Métis: 1.1%
 * French Canadian: 1.0%

Religion
53.8% of Kawartha Lakes residents were Christian in 2021, down from 68.8% in 2011. 28.3% were Protestant, including 12.7% United Church, 7.0% Anglican, 3.3% Presbyterian and 2.5% Baptist. 15.6% were Catholic, 5.8% were Christian n.o.s, and 4.1% belonged to other Christian denominations or Christian-related traditions. Non-religious and secular residents were 44.5% of the population, up from 30.3% in 2011. 1.7% of the population belonged to other religions and spiritual traditions, up from 0.9% in 2011. The largest non-Christian religion was Hinduism (0.4%).

Government
Kawartha Lakes is governed by a City Council consisting of the Mayor and one councillor from each of the City's wards. From 2001 to the 2018 election, there were 16 wards and councillors, but this was changed to 8 wards for the 2018 election. The mayor and councillors are elected for four-year terms, as mandated by the Government of Ontario for all municipalities in the province. The mayor of Kawartha Lakes is Doug Elmslie and Deputy Mayor is Charlie McDonald. The Deputy Mayor is a special appointment for one of the 8 councillors and is elected each year by members of Council at a Regular Council meeting in December.

For purposes of electing representatives both provincially and federally, the city is within the riding of Haliburton—Kawartha Lakes—Brock. Its Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) is Laurie Scott of the Progressive Conservative Party, elected in 2018. Its federal Member of Parliament (MP) is Jamie Schmale of the Conservative Party, who was elected in 2015.

Mayors of Kawartha Lakes include:

 * Art Truax (2001-2003)
 * Barb Kelly (2003-2006)
 * Ric McGee (2006-2014)
 * Andy Letham (2014-2022)
 * Doug Elmslie (2022-Present)

Communities

 * Ancona Point
 * Bethany
 * Bobcaygeon
 * Bolsover
 * Burnt River
 * Cameron
 * Coboconk
 * Dalrymple
 * Dongola
 * East Emily
 * Eldon
 * Fenelon Falls
 * Glenarm
 * Head Lake
 * Kinmount
 * Kirkfield
 * Lindsay
 * Little Britain
 * Lorneville
 * Manvers
 * Mariposa
 * Norland
 * Omemee
 * Pontypool
 * Rokeby
 * Rosedale
 * St. Mary's
 * Sturgeon Point
 * Valentia
 * Victoria Road
 * View Lake
 * Woodville

Climate
The Kawartha Lakes area has a humid continental climate with warm, sometimes humid summers and cold snowy winters. The snowier areas are typically the ones closer to large lakes, and snow usually ranges from 150 cm to 200 cm in a year in most areas.

Victoria County
Prior to 2001, Victoria County consisted of 13 separate townships and 6 incorporated communities, each with their own local governments:

Townships
Incorporated Township Name (Population centres):
 * Bexley (Victoria Road, Coboconk)
 * Carden (Dalrymple)
 * Dalton (Sebright, Uphill, Sadowa)
 * Eldon (Glenarm, Kirkfield, Woodville)
 * Emily (Omemee, Downeyville, Fowlers Corners)
 * Fenelon (Cameron, Cambray, Powles Corners)
 * Laxton, Digby and Longford (Uphill, Norland)
 * Longford (largely uninhabited)
 * Manvers (Janetville, Bethany, Pontypool)
 * Mariposa (Oakwood, Little Britain, Manilla)
 * Ops (Reaboro)
 * Somerville (Coboconk, Kinmount)
 * Verulam (Dunsford, Bobcaygeon)

The township of Laxton, Digby and Longford is an amalgamation of the once individual townships of Digby and Laxton, and half of the original Longford Township. The separate township of Longford is uninhabited, though dotted with abandoned logging towns. In 2000, just prior to amalgamation into the city of Kawartha Lakes, the township of Verulam and the village of Bobcaygeon were amalgamated into the Municipality of Bobcaygeon/Verulam, and the separate townships of Carden and Dalton amalgamated into the Township of Carden/Dalton.

Incorporated communities

 * Town of Lindsay
 * Village of Bobcaygeon
 * Village of Fenelon Falls
 * Village of Omemee
 * Village of Sturgeon Point
 * Village of Woodville

Air transportation
Kawartha Lakes Municipal Airport, a Transport Canada certified airport, has 24-hour radio operated lighting and provides access to key points throughout Ontario. Kawartha Lakes Municipal Airport is located one nautical mile west north west of Lindsay. It offers a card lock fuel system and can be used by both private and commercial airplanes.

Water transportation
Towns and villages in City of Kawartha Lakes are interconnected by rivers, lakes and streams that can be best navigated May to October. The Trent-Severn Waterway, which extends from Bay of Quinte on Lake Ontario to Georgian Bay in the north, is part of the waterways in City of Kawartha Lakes. Five locks, Bobcaygeon 32, Lindsay 33, Fenelon Falls 34, Rosedale 35, and Kirkfield 36 are part of the Trent-Severn National Historic site and operated by Parks Canada. Coboconk is noted as being Canada's fresh water summit with waters flowing two different directions. It is the highest navigable point in Canada from which it is possible to reach the world. There are no water taxis operating in City of Kawartha Lakes. Boat and houseboat rentals are available.

Land transportation
The following King's Highways pass through the city:
 * Highway 7, part of the Trans-Canada Highway
 * Highway 7A
 * Highway 35
 * Highway 115
 * Highway 7B also exists entirely within the city, following the length of Kent Street through Lindsay, and cosigning with Highway 35 for 800 m.

The following multi-use trails pass through the city:
 * Lindsay-Peterborough (east-west) rail line, part of the Trans Canada Trail
 * Bethany-Haliburton (north-south) rail line, known as the Victoria Rail Trail

Public transportation
Because of the largely rural composition of the City of Kawartha Lakes, public transportation is very limited. The City of Kawartha Lakes has public bus transit in the town of Lindsay only (known as Lindsay Transit), running four lines of hourly service Monday to Saturday from 7am to 7pm, and Sunday from 9am to 4pm (except holidays).

On June 21, 2015 a pilot project rural bus route serving part of City of Kawartha Lakes ended service. The rural bus stopped in Lindsay, Dunsford, Bobcaygeon, Fenelon Falls, and Cameron.

Most school children are bussed to elementary and high school.

Bus companies
TOK Coachlines (formerly called CanAr Bus Lines) offers service between Toronto and Haliburton with several stops in City of Kawartha Lakes, however this service will be discontinued on January 31, 2024.

Train routes
The last Canadian National Railway (CN) train to run through City of Kawartha Lakes was on the Lindsay - Uxbridge line which ceased operation in 1990. The last passenger train to run through the City of Kawartha Lakes was No. 189 with Budd Car VIA 6104 from Havelock to Toronto Union Station over Canadian Pacific Railway (CP) lines on January 14, 1990.

CP freight trains continue to operate through the City of Kawartha Lakes on the Havelock Subdivision (MP 133.23 - MP 143.22) which passes through Pontypool (MP 139.1)

High-level discussions organized by the Shining Waters Railway continue about returning passenger rail-service to the Midtown Toronto to Havelock line with a stop in Pontypool.

The Trans Canada Trail which is situated on the old rail line from Uxbridge, continues to be a possibility for commuter service to Toronto and Pearson Airport, from the Highway 7 bridge via Uxbridge and the GO Transit Stouffville Line.

Taxi services
There are several private taxi services in City of Kawartha Lakes licensed by the local government.

Car/van pools
Several businesses and organizations offer car and van pooling through Car Pool World including Sir Sandford Fleming College.

Attractions

 * Academy Theatre
 * Lindsay Little Theatre
 * The Lindsay Gallery
 * Maryboro Lodge: The Fenelon Museum
 * Devil's Elbow Ski Area, Bethany
 * Ganaraska Hiking Trail
 * Trans-Canada Trail, and Doube's Trestle Bridge
 * Lindsay Airport, Lindsay
 * Youngtown Rock and Roll Museum
 * Olde Gaol Museum
 * Victoria Recreation Corridor
 * Highland Cinema and Museum, Kinmount
 * Trent-Severn Waterway
 * Lock 32: Bobcaygeon
 * Lock 33: Lindsay
 * Lock 34: Fenelon Falls
 * Lock 35: Rosedale
 * Lock 36: Kirkfield lift lock

Protected areas

 * Queen Elizabeth II Wildlands Provincial Park
 * Carden Alvar Provincial Park
 * Balsam Lake Provincial Park
 * Indian Point Provincial Park
 * Emily Provincial Park
 * Pigeon River Headwaters Conservation Area
 * Fleetwood Creek Conservation Area
 * Windy Ridge Conservation Area
 * Ken Reid Conservation Area
 * Gamiing Nature Centre

Media

 * The Standard News (published weekly in print and online throughout Kawartha Lakes and Durham)
 * The Lindsay Advocate (online and print news magazine focused on social and economic issues.)
 * The Kawartha Promoter (online news magazine published out of Bobcaygeon)
 * 91.9 Bounce FM (CKLY-FM) transmits from Lindsay
 * Global Peterborough, established as CHEX-TV transmits on Channel 12 from Peterborough
 * 100.3 LIFE FM, transmitting at 89.3 from Peterborough
 * The Lindsay Post (established in Beaverton as The Canadian Post in 1857, moved to Lindsay in 1861. Ceased publication in 2013.)
 * ''YourTV (Cogeco) Formerly CogecoTV, TV Cogeco, Cogeco Cable, Lindsay Com Cable(The Community Access Channel) Transmits from Peterborough

Surrounding counties

 * Muskoka District Municipality
 * Haliburton County
 * Northumberland County
 * Peterborough County
 * Regional Municipality of Durham
 * Simcoe County

title: Kawartha Lakes


text:
Wali Khan Amin Shah

Wali Khan Amin Shah (والي خان أمين شاه) (also known as Osama Turkestani, Osama Azmurai, and Grabi Ibrahim Hahsen ) is a Saudi man who fought with the Afghan Arabs in Afghanistan, and called for the jihad movement to focus on attacking the United States. He had a role in the foiled Bojinka plot. He was convicted of terrorism and imprisoned on these charges from 1995 to 2021.

Background
Shah was born in Turkestan (now Uzbekistan), having fled with his family to escape the Soviet invasion and settled in Saudi Arabia where he was a stateless person. Shah says he was sent by the Saudi government to fight in Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Attack on Philippines
Shah bombed the Greenbelt Theatre in Manila on December 1, injuring several people. In January 1995, Shah traveled from Pakistan to Manila via Kuala Lumpur and Singapore to rendezvous with Ramzi Yousef.

Capture and re-capture
The Bojinka plot was discovered by police on January 6, 1995. He was arrested by Manila police at an apartment on Singalong Street, which Yousef had set up in case the plot failed, on January 11, but he escaped police custody roughly 77 hours later. After obtaining a fraudulent passport bearing the name Osama Turkestani, he lived on the nearby island of Langkawi until his December 1995 re-arrest in Malaysia. After the re-arrest, he was handed over to United States authorities.

Khan's capture was initially a closely guarded secret, but ABC News correspondent John Miller revealed the news of his arrest during a 1998 interview with Osama bin Laden at an al-Qaeda training camp in Afghanistan. FBI Special Agent John P. O'Neill was initially suspected of leaking the information to his friend Christopher Isham and was nearly indicted by Assistant U.S. Attorney Patrick Fitzgerald, but ABC denied that O'Neill was the source of the information.

Shah was reported to have made an unsuccessful escape attempt from the Metropolitan Correctional Center in Manhattan.

Shah was sentenced to 30 years in federal prison having spent his first 14 years in solitary confinement under very severe conditions due to Special Administrative Measures (SAMs) in ADX Florence, and was later transferred to the Communication Management Unit (CMU) a little less severe in Marion, IL.

Shah cooperated with the United States Government since August 1998. Shah, Federal Bureau of Prisons # 42799-054, previously incarcerated at Marion USP, was held at FCI Terre Haute. He was released on September 3, 2021. Since he is a stateless person, Shah will likely remain detained throughout lengthy deportation proceedings, although after six months of detention, the burden shifts to the US government to prove that his removal is possible in the reasonably foreseeable future.

title: Wali Khan Amin Shah