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Graham Thorpe

Graham Paul Thorpe (born 1 August 1969) is an English former cricketer who played first-class cricket for Surrey, and represented his country in 100 Test matches. He also played 82 One Day Internationals (ODIs) including appearances at the 1996 and 1999 World Cups and deputised as captain on three occasions.

A left-handed middle-order batsman, Thorpe made his first-class debut for Surrey in 1988 becoming a regular in their side the following season. Following four winters of England A tours he made his full international debut in 1993, scoring a century on his Test debut against Australia. He was briefly dropped in 1994 but became an England regular through consistent scoring although struggled for a time to convert half-centuries into three figure scores. After beginning 1997 with back-to-back centuries he was England's leading scorer and player of the Ashes series which led to his selection as a Wisden Cricketer of the Year. After 10 seasons of touring he opted out of the South Africa series at the turn of the millennium, before returning refreshed to play some of his best cricket as England won subcontinent series against Pakistan and Sri Lanka in 2000–01.

In early 2002, Thorpe scored the then third fastest double century in Test history as he made his highest Test score of 200 not out against New Zealand. The innings came at a time when his marriage was breaking down and this led him to first retire from ODIs before taking a break from cricket entirely. He returned for England after over a year out scoring a century at his home ground, The Oval. He was a member of the England side that won a national record eight successive Tests in 2004 and the following year made his 100th Test appearance. Thorpe retired from playing in 2005 after non-selection for the Ashes and took up coaching positions with New South Wales, Surrey and England.

Early life
Graham Thorpe was born in Farnham on 1 August 1969, the third of three boys to Geoff and Toni Thorpe. Graham's brothers are Ian, four years older, and Alan, two years older. Geoff Thorpe worked as a draughtsman and then as an engineering surveyor.

Thorpe first played men's cricket for village team Wrecclesham aged 13, moving on to play alongside his brothers at Farnham in the Surrey Championship. The whole family had a long association with the club, Ian and Alan would go on to be captain while Geoff served as chairman and Toni acted as scorer.

Thorpe was also a promising footballer, he represented England Schools at under-18 level as a midfielder and had a trial at Brentford. He was educated as Weydon School and Farnham College, but did not complete his A-Levels and was unsure what he would do for a career until offered a two-year contract by Surrey.

Early career
Thorpe made his first-class debut aged 18 for Surrey against Leicestershire in June 1988. Batting at number eight he made scores of 15 and 16 and also claimed two wickets, his first wicket being that of David Gower lbw. Just a few days later Thorpe scored his maiden first-class century against Cambridge University, his unbeaten century taking 122 minutes. He made two further first-team appearances that season, scoring 19 against Derbyshire in the County Championship and 15 on his List A debut against Glamorgan. He established himself in the Surrey team in 1989, scoring his maiden Championship century at Basingstoke against a Hampshire attack featuring Malcolm Marshall. He surpassed 1,000 runs for the season at an average of 45, which led to selection for England A on their tour of Zimbabwe in 1989–90. He would go on three further tours with England A.

The 1990 season broke records for high scoring, however Thorpe struggled with an average of 27 and made just three half-centuries from 18 matches, he ended the campaign playing for the second XI. The following season was more successful, he scored his maiden List A century against Lancashire when opening the batting. Towards the end of the season he had a spell of three centuries in five County Championship innings. He also top scored with 93 in the Natwest Trophy final although Surrey lost by four wickets to Hampshire. He was awarded his county cap on 12 September 1991.

Thorpe had his most productive season of his career in 1992, amassing 1,895 runs at an average of 51.21. He was a consistent scorer recording fifties in the County Championship 13 times before finally passing three figures on 31 August. He converted the innings against Somerset into a maiden double century and shared in a stand of 211 from 34 overs with Ali Brown.

1993
In May 1993, Thorpe received his first senior international call-up as part of a 13-man squad for the Texaco Trophy, a three-match ODI series against the touring Australians. On 19 May, he made his ODI debut at Old Trafford in the first match of the series. During Australia's innings he took a catch off the bowling of fellow ODI debutant Andrew Caddick and in England's run chase Thorpe, batting at number 6, made 31 in a four-run defeat, Wisden considered it "an intelligent innings in difficult circumstances". He added scores of 36 and 22 in the rest of the series. In Australia's tour match with Surrey which followed, Thorpe took his career best bowling figures of 4/40.

Thorpe was not selected for the first two Ashes Tests but the selectors made wholesale changes after an innings defeat in the second Test at Lord's including calling up Thorpe despite him being viewed as 'out of form' with a season average of 25. On 1 July, Thorpe made his Test debut against Australia at Trent Bridge alongside three other debutants (Mark Ilott, Martin McCague and Mark Lathwell). Thorpe scored 6 in the first innings before being caught at gully off a short ball from Merv Hughes. In England's second innings, Thorpe came to the wicket at 159/5 and shared in a 150-run sixth wicket partnership with captain Graham Gooch, Thorpe ended the fourth day on 88 not out and completed his century on the final morning, finishing unbeaten on 114 as Gooch declared. The Test match was drawn with Thorpe named as man of the match. By scoring a century on Test debut he became the 14th England player to achieve the feat and the first since Frank Hayes in 1973. Thorpe made a half-century in the fifth Test at Edgbaston but missed the final Test at The Oval after breaking his left thumb in a net session on the first morning of the match. He ended the series with an average of 46 and was one of only two England players to reach a hundred in the series, his partnership with Gooch at Trent Bridge was England's longest of the series.

1994
Thorpe was selected for England's tour of the West Indies in early 1994 and played all five Tests. He top-scored in the third Test at Queen's Park Oval with 86 before England collapsed to 46 all out in their second innings. In the fourth Test at Kensington Oval he scored 84, adding 150 in partnership with Surrey team-mate Alec Stewart, as England won their only Test of the tour. Thorpe averaged 26.55 across the series, with Wisden assessing: "Among the fringe batsmen Graham Thorpe made much the most progress, though he, too, had to cure technical problems before batting with authority late in the tour."

Thorpe was dropped for the home series with New Zealand in 1994, new chairman of selectors Ray Illingworth made wholesale changes with only six of the West Indies touring squad retained and opted for just five specialist batsmen with a five-man bowling attack including all-rounder Craig White. While back playing for Surrey, Thorpe made the highest List A score of his career against Lancashire in the NatWest Trophy, the innings of 145 not out coming from 135 deliveries. He shared a 180-run partnership with David Ward which set a county record for the competition and Surrey's total of 343 was also their highest in one-day cricket at the time.

Later that summer Thorpe was recalled by England for the second Test of the series against South Africa at Headingley, taking the place of an injured White. Thorpe, batting at number four, scored 72 from 112 balls including 13 boundaries during England's first innings, Wisden picked out "his urgency, instinctive placement and crisp driving". He added 73 in the second innings and 79 in the final Test at The Oval to end the series with an average of 79.66. In his series summary, Scyld Berry praised Thorpe's attacking play for enlivening England who prior to his introduction had taken a defensive approach to their batting. In the ODI series with South Africa that followed the Tests, Thorpe scored his maiden ODI half-century.

Thorpe was selected for the 1994-95 Ashes tour and played in all five Tests as Australia won the series 3-1. He contributed three fifties in the first four Tests including 83 in England's solitary victory at Adelaide. In the fifth Test at Perth he scored his second Test century with an innings of 123 from 218 balls including 19 fours. His partnership of 158 with Mark Ramprakash recovered England's first innings from 77/4 but after Thorpe was dismissed, stumped off a Shane Warne top-spinner, they collapsed going on to lose the match by 329 runs. Thorpe was England's leading run-scorer across the series with 444 runs at an average of 49.33. Wisden assessed that: "Thorpe appeared to have the temperament, as well as the technique, to be a fixture in the team for several years." In the 1994–95 Australian Tri-Series scheduled during the Ashes series, he made his highest ODI score of 89 against Zimbabwe at The Gabba however after batting for 155 minutes in 90°F heat he was taken to hospital with dehydration and heat exhaustion.

1995
Thorpe continued his consistent scoring into the 1995 home series with West Indies, two fifties in the first two Tests extended his sequence of half-centuries to nine in nine Tests since being recalled the previous summer. During the second innings of the second Test, he was struck first ball by an unintentional beamer from Courtney Walsh and spent the night at St Mary's Hospital but returned the following day to make 42. Thorpe's highest score of the series, 94, came in the fourth Test at Old Trafford where England won by six wickets to level the series at 2-2. Two further fifties saw him end the six-match series as England's leading run-scorer with 506 at 42.16. He became the first England player to surpass 500 runs against the West Indies in a home series.

During the tour to South Africa in 1995-96, Thorpe struggled across the Test series making a total of 184 runs at 26.28. His highest score, and only half-century, came in the deciding Test at Newlands where he was dismissed run out for 59 in controversial fashion. The umpire Dave Orchard had originally adjudged him to be not out before South African captain Hansie Cronje persuaded Orchard to get the third umpire to check the TV replays which did show Thorpe to be out. Cronje was fined half his match fee for dissent but England went on lose the match and with it the series. Thorpe had a better ODI series, scoring three half-centuries from six matches and was England’s highest scorer.

Thorpe was selected for the 1996 World Cup and played in all six of England’s matches. During the group game with Netherlands, he scored 89 from 82 balls, equalling his highest ODI score. He also contributed an unbeaten half-century against Pakistan. In what was a disappointing tournament for England, beaten by all four Test-playing nations they played, he was their leading scorer with 254 at an average of 63.50.

1996
England began the 1996 season with an ODI series against India, Thorpe was named man of the match in the second ODI at Headingley as he led England to a six-wicket victory with an unbeaten 79. In the following match at Old Trafford, Thorpe took the wickets of Vikram Rathour and Sourav Ganguly, these would be his only wickets at international level. Across the subsequent Test series with India, Thorpe scored 193 runs at 48.25 with a highest score of 89.

Pakistan were the second touring side of the summer with the Test series starting at Lord’s. In England’s first innings Thorpe top scored with 77, however there was criticism of his increasing failure to convert his innings into centuries this being his 19th score of more than 50 in Test cricket of which only twice he had reached a hundred. England lost the Lord’s Test and again at the Oval where Thorpe had added another fifty to end the Test series with 159 runs at 31.80.

In county cricket, Thorpe had a strong season with six centuries, including five in his nine County Championship matches. He was the first English player to pass 1,000 runs for the season, and ended the campaign with an average of 62.76 in all first-class cricket. He also made seven appearances for Surrey as they won the Sunday League, the county’s first trophy in 14 years.

England toured Zimbabwe at the end of 1996 to play their first Test series against the nation. Thorpe was in poor form on the tour with Wisden describing him in the first Test as "horribly out-of-touch". He was able to score 50 not out in the second Test before final day rain cut the match short.

1997
At the end of the Zimbabwe tour in 1996–97, England travelled on to New Zealand. In the first Test at Auckland, Thorpe was struck by a bouncer from Chris Cairns and been at fault for a run out of John Crawley before going on to make 119, ending his wait for a third Test century. He made it consecutive hundreds at Wellington as he scored 108, sharing century partnerships with Nasser Hussain and Crawley in the process.

Australia toured England in 1997 and ahead of the Ashes played three ODIs. England won all three matches with six wickets being the margin of victory on each occasion, Thorpe was unbeaten in the first and third match run chases with scores of 75 and 45.

The first Test of the Ashes took place at Edgbaston, England dismissed Australia for 118 and were 50/3 in reply when Thorpe joined Hussain at the crease. The pair batted through to the close adding 150 in 169 minutes with Wisden stating that Thorpe's "cutting and sweeping of Warne were crucial in seizing the initiative". On the second morning Thorpe reached his third Test century in four Tests as the stand contributed a further 135 in the pre-lunch session. He was dismissed to Glenn McGrath's first ball after lunch for 138, a Test best score at the time. The partnership of 288 with Hussain was the highest for England against Australia for the fourth wicket. England won the match by nine wickets but Australia fought back by dismissing England for 77 in the drawn second Test and winning the third comfortably.

In the fourth Test at Headingley, Australia were 50/3 in their first innings when Thorpe dropped a routine first slip catch from Matthew Elliott off the bowling of debutant Mike Smith. Smith would never take a Test wicket while Elliott, who was on 29 at the time, would go on to score 199 as Australia won the match by an innings. Having failed to pass 30 in six innings since the first Test there were calls for Thorpe to lose his place in the team, but he was retained by the selectors. In the fifth Test he scored 53 and 82 not out, the latter innings played as wickets were falling at the other end with six of his partners contributing just 14 whilst he added 68. Australia won the series by winning the match but England were victorious the sixth Test at The Oval. In a low-scoring match, Thorpe made the only half-century of the game with Wisden describing it as "an innings of exceptional quality and tenacity". He ended the series as England's top run-scorer with 453 at 50.33, and was chosen as their player of the series.

Thorpe ended the season with a double-century for Surrey against County Championship leaders Glamorgan, batting for 438 minutes in making a then career best score of 222. Earlier in the campaign he featured in Surrey’s Benson & Hedges Cup victory over Kent. For his performances during the 1997 English cricket season he was selected as one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year in its 1998 edition of the Almanack.

In December 1997, England won a four-team ODI tournament in Sharjah, Thorpe was named man of the match in the final after he scored an unbeaten 66 to guide England to a three-wicket victory over the West Indies.

1998
England’s tour of West Indies in early 1998 began dramatically as the first Test was abandoned after an hour due to a dangerous pitch. The uneven bounce led to several batsmen being struck including Thorpe who was hit twice during his 10-ball innings, play was ended after the second such blow. The West Indies won two of the next three Tests with Thorpe only managing 111 runs across those matches.

On the first day of the fifth Test, he retired hurt at lunch due to back spasms with England at 55/4. After a painkilling injection he was able to return to the crease at the fall of the next wicket and batting alongside Mark Ramprakash ended the day unbeaten on 50. The following day Thorpe reached his sixth Test century, dismissed for 103 having batted for 395 minutes and shared in a 205-run sixth wicket partnership with Ramprakash. In setting up a second innings declaration Thorpe added 36 off 35 balls which included three pulled fours in a single Curtly Ambrose over, however final day rain denied England a chance of squaring the series. He was reprimanded for dissent by the match referee in the final Test following his first innings dismissal. Thorpe remained at the wicket for too long on being given out lbw, replays did show Thorpe had got an inside edge on the ball. In the second innings and facing a large deficit, Thorpe and Hussain put on a partnership of 168 in attempting to draw the match, however the run out of Hussain prompted a collapse of seven wickets for 26 runs as England succumbed to an innings defeat. Thorpe was left 84 not out having faced 322 balls. His series tally was 339 runs at 42.37. Thorpe played in the first game of the subsequent ODI series before returning home early from the tour due to the back injury sustained in the fifth Test.

Thorpe was named in England’s ODI squad for the home series with South Africa but suffered a reoccurrence of the back injury in a practise session and missed all three matches. To prove his fitness ahead of the Test series he played a County Championship match against Kent and took six catches in their first innings, one short of the first-class record for a fielder. Across the first two Tests he scored 63 runs, before his back injury flared up during the Old Trafford Test. He was moved down the order to number eight in the first innings but managed only a six-ball duck. He lasted just three balls in the second innings as he completed the only pair of his Test career. The injury meant he was not selected for the fourth Test bringing an end to his run of 44 consecutive Test appearances. After an operation to remove a cyst from his lower back, he returned to cricket for Surrey's final match of the season against Leicestershire.

Thorpe was included in England's 17-man squad for the 1998-99 Ashes series. He began the tour well by scoring a career-best 223 not out in a warm-up match against South Australia, putting together an unbroken partnership of 377 with Ramprakash which broke the record for highest stand by an overseas team in Australia. In the first Test he scored 77 but his back problem resurfaced and he missed the second Test. He suffered more back pain while batting in the tour game against Victoria which forced an end to his tour.

1999
Thorpe was selected in the squad for the 1999 World Cup staged in England and proved his fitness in the build-up by scoring two ODI fifties in two days during the Sharjah triangular tournament. Despite home advantage at the World Cup England failed to progress out of the group stage. Thorpe top scored in their win over Zimbabwe, however defeat to South Africa and other results meant they had to beat India to progress. In the decisive match Thorpe scored 36 before receiving a contentious lbw decision from Javed Akhtar, England going on to lose by 63 runs.

Thorpe returned to the Test team for the four-match series with New Zealand. At the end of the first Test he was jeered by the crowd and received criticism for denying nightwatchman Alex Tudor the chance to score a century. Tudor was on 84 as Thorpe arrived at the crease but by outscoring him Tudor was left 99 not out when England reached their target. During the second Test, captain Hussain broke a finger while fielding and left Thorpe to deputise in his place. England lost the match convincingly by nine wickets after which Mark Butcher was chosen as stand-in captain for the next Test. Thorpe finished the series with 147 runs at 24.50, his highest score of 44 came in the defeat at The Oval which saw England lose the series and drop to the bottom of the Wisden World Championship.

In a difficult international summer, Thorpe did enjoy success with Surrey, making nine appearances as they won the County Championship title for the first time since 1971.

Thorpe opted out of the winter tour of South Africa citing family reasons having been on England tours, including those with England A, for the previous 10 years.

2000
After missing the South Africa series Thorpe was omitted from the first set of central contracts awarded by the ECB for the 2000 English summer. Thorpe struggled for form at the start of the season while playing for Surrey, making 112 runs in nine innings before scoring a century against Somerset in mid-June. He was recalled by England firstly for the ODI squad to play in the Triangular Series and following that to the Test squad for the third match of the West Indies series. His return to Test cricket after 11 months began inauspiciously as he was dismissed lbw from the first delivery he faced, a slower ball from Courtney Walsh that Thorpe lost sight of and ducked into. He contributed scores of 46 and 40 as England won the next two Tests, the latter innings was again ended by a Walsh slower ball.

The tour of Pakistan in late 2000 began with England successfully chasing over 300 in an ODI for the first time as they won their opening match, Thorpe scored an unbeaten 64 in putting on 138 in 17 overs with Andrew Flintoff. In the first Test at Lahore, Thorpe batted for over seven hours to score 118, the innings contained just two boundaries and only one of which was struck before he reached a hundred making it the record for fewest boundaries in a Test century. He added 166 in partnership with Craig White, breaking a sixth-wicket record for England-Pakistan contests. The match was drawn as was the second Test where Thorpe's stay at the crease lasted 323 minutes as he made 79. A collapse from the hosts in the third Test at Karachi left England a target of 176 in 44 overs, Thorpe scored an unbeaten 64 to see them to victory, completing the run chase in near darkness due to Pakistan's slow over-rate. His series aggregate was 284 runs at 56.80, Wisden praised his performance picking out his "judgment of line and length, limitless patience and mental strength".

2001
England’s second tour of the winter took them to Sri Lanka where the hosts dominated the first Test winning by an innings. Thorpe made contributions of 59 and 46 as England won the second Test in a match overshadowed by poor umpiring decisions. In the deciding Test at Colombo, Thorpe held England’s first innings together scoring 113 not out from a total of 249 with the next highest score being 26, although he was fortunate to survive a bat-pad catch that was given not out when on 73. On a dramatic third day, 22 wickets fell including Sri Lanka bowled out for 81. In pursuit of a small target of 74 the tourists lost six wickets but a calm 32 from Thorpe completed the victory. He ended the series as leading run-scorer with a tally of 269 runs at an average of 67.25. Captain Nasser Hussain left the tour with a thigh injury after the Tests and Thorpe was chosen as acting captain for the ODI series, Sri Lanka won all three matches convincingly including inflicting a first ever 10-wicket ODI defeat on England in the last game.

In the two-Test home series with Pakistan, Thorpe scored 80 during England’s innings victory at Lord’s in the first Test. In the second Test at Old Trafford, Thorpe made his ninth Test century going on to equal his Test best score of 138. He and Michael Vaughan came together at 15/2 in response to Pakistan's 403 before sharing a partnership of 267 which was a record for England against Pakistan. Thorpe's dismissal brought collapses in both innings with Pakistan taking eight wickets in the final session to win the match. His 228 runs in three innings saw he named as England's player of the series.

Thorpe sustained a calf injury in the warm-up before the opening match of the Natwest Series, the issue caused him to miss the whole ODI tournament as well as the first Test of the Ashes series. He returned to the team for the second Test but suffered another injury setback after being struck by a bouncer from Brett Lee which broke a bone in his right hand. He failed to play in the remainder of the series which Australia won 4-1.

Thorpe was selected for England’s tour of India in 2001-02 and played in the first Test at Mohali, scoring 23 and 62. He flew home before the second Test for 'personal reasons', but did return to India for the ODI leg of the tour in January 2002.

2002
Following the India series England's moved on to New Zealand, beginning their tour with a five-match ODI series. Thorpe scored half-centuries in the third and fourth ODIs with England winning both matches. The first Test match was played at Lancaster Park on a drop-in pitch which got better for batting as the match went on. In England's second innings they were 106/5 when Thorpe, having already been dropped by Nathan Astle off his second ball, was joined by Andrew Flintoff. The pair put on a partnership of 281 in 312 balls, surpassing the English record for the sixth-wicket in the process. Thorpe reached his maiden Test double century from 231 balls, at the time the third fastest in Tests, his innings contained 28 fours and four sixes. Set an implausible target of 550, Astle scored the fastest double-century in Test history which briefly threatened a New Zealand win. Thorpe made 57 runs in the next two Tests which were overshadowed by news of Ben Hollioake's death, a Surrey and England team-mate of Thorpe.

Sri Lanka toured England in the first part of the 2002 English season to play a three-Test series. In the second Test at Edgbaston, Thorpe reached his 11th Test century thanks to support from number 11 Matthew Hoggard. Thorpe was on 61 when the ninth wicket fell but was able to more than double his score with the stand of 91 being a tenth wicket record for England-Sri Lanka matches. He also passed 5,000 Test runs during the innings, the 14th Englishman to reach the landmark.

Thorpe played in England's first three ODIs of the NatWest Series before being omitted from the rest of their matches. At the end of the tournament he announced his retirement from ODI cricket to focus on Test cricket citing the fitness demands of playing in both formats as well as wanting to spend more time with his children. In the first Test against India, Thorpe struggled scoring five runs in two innings with Wisden describing him as 'visibly distressed'. At the conclusion of the match he announced that he was taking a break from cricket stating: "I am feeling very worn down and burnt out by events off the field which have become a major distraction for me and prevented me from focusing fully on my cricket."

Thorpe returned to cricket seven weeks later for Surrey in a County Championship fixture with Hampshire, scoring a second innings century. He was originally named in England's squad for the 2002–03 Ashes after making himself available for selection but reversed his decision two weeks later and withdrew from the tour.

2003
During the 2003 English season, Thorpe played for Surrey for most of the campaign and helped them to win the double of National League and Twenty20 Cup. He made 13 appearances in the National League and averaged 47.25, and featured in five matches during the inaugural season of the Twenty20 Cup including the opening night win over Middlesex as well as the victory over Warwickshire in the final.

Thorpe was recalled by England for the final Test of the summer with England trailing South Africa 2-1 in the series, he replaced an injured Nasser Hussain. In response to South Africa's 484, Thorpe joined Marcus Trescothick at the wicket with England 78/2 and the pair batted together for five hours in adding 268. This was the fourth occasion of Thorpe being involved in a Test partnership of more than 250 and his innings of 126 was his first century for England at The Oval. England would go on to win the match and draw the series.

The Oval century ensured Thorpe's place in the squad for the tours of Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. In Bangladesh he scored two half-centuries as England won both Tests. However on the Sri Lankan leg of the tour he struggled against Muttiah Muralitharan's doosra and was dismissed by him five times, across the three Tests he scored 183 runs at 30.50.

2004
Thorpe was selected for his third tour of the West Indies in 2004 for a four-Test series. In the second Test, he top-scored with an innings of 90 with Wisden commenting that "he pulled and hooked majestically". He followed that by scoring his 13th Test century in the next Test at the Kensington Oval under tough circumstances. England lost wickets regularly in their first innings but Thorpe remained, and with support from the tail was able to reach three figures and put his side into a narrow lead. His unbeaten score of 119 was more than half the team total of 226 with the next highest contribution being 17. He was named man of the match as England won the Test to secure a first series victory in the Caribbean since 1968. In the final Test, Brian Lara scored 400 not out to break the record for highest score in Test cricket for a second time in his career, Thorpe witnessed both innings having also been in the opposition during his score of 375 in 1994. Thorpe ended the series with 274 runs at an average of 91.33.

In the home series with New Zealand, Thorpe twice helped England to successful fourth innings run chases of more than 280. At Lord's he made a half-century in an unbroken stand of 139 alongside Nasser Hussain who scored a century in his final Test innings. In the third Test at Trent Bridge, Thorpe arrived at the wicket with England 46/3 in pursuit of 284 before making his 14th Test century which with support down the order lead his team to a four wicket victory. The innings, which won him the man of the match award, was noted for its cover drives with Wisden stating that he "scored heavily between point and extra cover". The 3-0 series score made it England's first whitewash of a three-match series since 1978.

England continued their success during the second half of the English season as they beat the touring West Indies 4-0. Thorpe contributed a pair of half-centuries in the second Test at Edgbaston. In the following match at Old Trafford, he began his innings in partnership with Andrew Strauss for the first time and the two left-handers added 177 for the third wicket recovering the score from 40/3. Thorpe broke his little finger when struck by a Fidel Edwards bouncer on 91 but batted on to reach his 15th Test century with a score of 114. Due to the injury Thorpe was unable to field and not called upon to bat in the second innings as England won the match by seven wickets. He also missed the final Test with Ian Bell taking his place. Across the series Thorpe made 286 runs at 57.20 however he did drop several catches with Wisden picking out "his increasingly unreliable and slow performances in the field".

England began a tour of South Africa in December playing five Tests. In winning the opening match England achieved their eighth consecutive Test victory, a national record. In the second Test at Durban, Thorpe scored his 16th Test century helping England to recover a first innings deficit of 193. Despite centuries from Strauss and Marcus Trescothick, the match was in the balance when Thorpe began his innings but century stands with Andrew Flintoff and Geraint Jones helped secure a position from which they were able to declare, Thorpe remaining unbeaten on 118. In South Africa's second innings he became the fifth Englishman to register 100 Test catches as a fielder. Thorpe's other significant contribution of the series came in the final Test at Centurion Park where he batted over five and a half hours for a patient 86, taking time from a match South Africa needed to win to level the series. Overall he had an indifferent series, averaging 35.87, with Wisden assessing that he was "generally less convincing than in the past".

2005
At the start of the English season, Thorpe was in poor form making 78 runs in five County Championship innings while also missing a match due to a back injury. However he was included in England's squad for the two Tests against Bangladesh. He made 42 not out in the first Test and an unbeaten 66 in the second, during the latter innings he combined with Ian Bell to add 187 runs from 193 balls. Against weak opposition, England won both matches comfortably by an innings. The second Test brought Thorpe his 100th Test appearance, becoming the eighth English player to reach the landmark.

The form shown by Kevin Pietersen in the ODIs against Australia led to media speculation over which of Thorpe or Pietersen would be selected for the Ashes series. They opted for Pietersen with chairman of selectors David Graveney describing it as "the most difficult decision that I have been party to in my time as a selector". On 22 July, Thorpe announced his retirement from international cricket citing the arrival of his third child as the main reason behind the decision. A month later he retired from all first-class cricket stating: "In purely physical terms, I don’t want to go through another season of taking painkillers and having injections in my back." He had intended to finish at the end of the season but suffered a back spasm ahead of the match with Hampshire and was not included in Surrey's squad for final game of the season, so his final first-class appearance came against Gloucestershire prior to the announcement.

Style & personality
Thorpe was a batsman capable of adapting to attack or defence depending on the match situation. He was considered a counter-attacking batsman in the early stages of his international career before evolving into a more 'pragmatic player of percentages'. After being recalled in 1994, Thorpe returned with more intent to play his shots. His innings in that South Africa series were noted for their attacking nature and his strike rate of 65.30 was one of the highest of his career. Thorpe was not considered a powerful batsman but instead relied on crisp stroke-play and skillful placement of shots.

Thorpe was adept against fast or spin bowling but after the successful tours of Pakistan and Sri Lanka in 2000–01 he earned a reputation as the team's best player of spin. According to Alec Stewart, Thorpe adapted his batting method during the Pakistan tour from being stroke-maker to being a 'nudger and nurdler'. Mike Atherton rated Thorpe's Colombo century in testing conditions as "one of the finest I ever saw from an England player" despite a lack of fluent strokeplay. He described his technique as akin to French cricket where he played the ball late, with a low backlift and was able to use his wrists to place his shots past the fielders.

Writing in 2011, David Gower ranked Thorpe as the second best English batsman from those he had either played with or commentated on. He picked out his versality and ability to play Muralitharan. Angus Fraser assessed that Thorpe would be remembered as a good rather than great batsman because of his 16 Test centuries he only proceeded to pass 130 on three occasions.

Thorpe was viewed as a quiet man, but on occasion had difficulties with authority figures. He clashed with his first county captain Ian Greig and was opposed to Surrey having separate dressing rooms for players depending on if they were capped or not. For England he often failed to stick to the dress code but his most severe indiscretion came days ahead of the 1999 World Cup when he failed to attend an official function and was fined £1,000 by the ECB. In 2004, he outspokenly criticised the ECB for allowing England to tour Zimbabwe for an ODI series when they had pulled out of playing a World Cup match in the country the previous year.

David Lloyd, England coach from 1996 to 1999, was critical of Thorpe's attitude accusing him of being surly and divisive. Ahead of Thorpe's recall in 2003, Fraser and Mike Selvey questioned the decision as potentially disrupting the team spirit. Fraser stating Thorpe was 'his own man' who did not conform to the "little things that make a team a team".

Records and statistics
At the time of his retirement Thorpe's 6,744 Test runs placed him tenth on the list of leading run-scorers for England, with his 16 hundreds placing him joint ninth on the list of century makers. Thorpe spent the majority of his career batting at either number 4 or 5. He averaged 56.21 when batting at number 5 and his 3,373 runs in that position is an England record. He was noted for his record in a winning cause and successful fourth innings run chases. He averaged 62.62 in the 38 Test victories he experienced and averaged 108.25 in successful fourth innings run chases.

Thorpe was involved in four Test partnerships worth 250 or more, the only England player to have done so. The largest of these was a stand of 288 with Nasser Hussain which was the England fourth wicket record against Australia until surpassed by Kevin Pietersen and Paul Collingwood in 2006. His sixth wicket partnership of 281 with Andrew Flintoff was an England Test record for that wicket until bettered by Ben Stokes and Jonny Bairstow in 2016.

At the time of his ODI retirement in 2002, Thorpe's 2,380 runs placed him eighth on the list of leading run-scorers for England in the format. That run tally is the highest of any England player who never managed to score an ODI century.

In the ICC batting rankings Thorpe peaked at number 3 for Test cricket ahead of the West Indies tour in 1998. His peak in the ODI rankings was number 10.

Test centuries
During his career Thorpe made 16 centuries in international cricket, all of which were scored in Tests. He scored multiple centuries against the six teams he played most often in Tests, but did not reach three figures against India (5 Tests), Bangladesh (4 Tests) or Zimbabwe (2 Tests). The Kensington Oval was the only overseas ground at which he made two Test centuries and despite playing more Tests at Lord's than any other ground he never got on their honours boards with a best score of 89 from 13 matches.

Key

 * * – Remained not out
 * † – Man of the match

Coaching
Ahead of playing in the 2005 Bangladesh series Thorpe announced he would coach for New South Wales the following winter as well as playing Sydney Grade Cricket. He played for UTS Balmain and was available to play for New South Wales, if required, but made only one second XI appearance for the state side. After two seasons as batting consultant for New South Wales, he was named assistant coach ahead of the 2007–08 campaign, replacing Matthew Mott who was promoted to the position of head coach. In January 2008, he resigned from the position for business and family reasons. Later that year he returned to Surrey as batting coach, holding the position for two years before joining the ECB in a national lead batting coach role working with the England Lions and younger development squads.

At the start of 2013, the ECB split the coaching of the Test and white ball sides, as part of this reshuffle Thorpe became batting coach for the senior England white ball teams. Following the appointment of Chris Silverwood as England head coach in 2019, Thorpe was named as one of his three assistants. During the COVID-19 affected summer of 2020, Thorpe was interim head coach for England's Twenty20 series with Pakistan. He also stood in during the fourth Test of the 2021–22 Ashes series with Silverwood self-isolating. Following the end of the series, Thorpe was involved in an drinking session with England and Australia players which continued until 6a.m. and resulted in the police being called. He was among those to be dismissed by the ECB after the 4-0 Ashes defeat.

In March 2022, Thorpe was announced as the new head coach of Afghanistan, but fell seriously ill before beginning the role.

Media
Thorpe worked with BBC Radio 5 Live's commentary team for the final Test of the 2005 Ashes. He made his debut as a summariser for BBC Radio's Test Match Special programme during India's 2007 tour of England. He also appeared as a match summariser on Sky Sports' highlights coverage for the same series.

In September 2005 Thorpe released an autobiography entitled 'Rising from the Ashes'. He wrote a monthly column for the UK-based cricket magazine, SPIN World Cricket Monthly.

Thorpe appeared on an Ashes special edition of The Weakest Link in 2005. He also competed on the 2008 remake of Superstars.

Honours
Thorpe was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2006 Birthday Honours.

As part of the extension of the Oval members' pavilion in 2021, a room was named after Thorpe.

There is a street in Maggona, Sri Lanka entitled 'Graham Thorpe Road'. Following the 2004 tsunami, Surrey organised a charity match which raised funds of £1.5 million to help re-build the village and create the Surrey Village Cricket Ground.

Personal life
Graham Thorpe married his first wife Nicola in September 1995 having first met on a Surrey pre-season tour to Dubai. The couple had two children, a boy born in November 1996 and a girl born in April 1999. The couple separated in late 2001, with Graham leaving the tour of India in a failed attempt to save the relationship. The resulting divorce proceedings and custody battle led to him taking a break from cricket in the summer of 2002.

Graham met his second wife Amanda at a benefit function for Surrey team-mate Ali Brown, the couple having a child together in August 2005 before getting married in 2007. Amanda has a daughter from her first marriage.

On 10 May 2022, the Professional Cricketers' Association released a statement on behalf of Graham's family that he was seriously ill with an unclear prognosis.

title: Graham Thorpe


text:
Gekkoninae

Gekkoninae is a diverse subfamily of the family Gekkonidae, geckos. It has the most species and genera — over 850 species in 30 genera. Hemidactylus and Cyrtodactylus together account for 185 species.

Genera
The following is a list of recognized genera:

 * Agamura (2 species)
 * Alsophylax (6 species)
 * Altiphylax (5 species)
 * Ancylodactylus (19 species)
 * Bunopus (3 species)
 * Carinatogecko (2 species)
 * Cnemaspis (148 species)
 * Crossobamon (1 or 2 species)
 * Cryptactites (monotypic)
 * Cyrtodactylus (297 species)
 * Cyrtopodion (37 species)
 * Dixonius (11 species)
 * Dravidogecko (7 species)
 * Gehyra (68 species)
 * Gekko (86 species)
 * Gonydactylus (4 species)
 * Hemidactylus (190 species)
 * Hemiphyllodactylus (51 species)
 * Heteronotia (3 species)
 * Lepidodactylus (44 species)
 * Luperosaurus (8 species)
 * Mediodactylus (13 species)
 * Nactus (35 species)
 * Palmatogecko (2 species)
 * Pseudogekko (10 species)
 * Rhinogekko (2 species)
 * Stenodactylus (10 species)
 * Teratolepis (2 species)
 * Trachydactylus (2 species)
 * Trigonodactylus (3 species)
 * Tropiocolotes (15 species)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gekkoninae


text:
Truss

A truss is an assembly of members such as beams, connected by nodes, that creates a rigid structure.

In engineering, a truss is a structure that "consists of two-force members only, where the members are organized so that the assemblage as a whole behaves as a single object". A "two-force member" is a structural component where force is applied to only two points. Although this rigorous definition allows the members to have any shape connected in any stable configuration, trusses typically comprise five or more triangular units constructed with straight members whose ends are connected at joints referred to as nodes.

In this typical context, external forces and reactions to those forces are considered to act only at the nodes and result in forces in the members that are either tensile or compressive. For straight members, moments (torques) are explicitly excluded because, and only because, all the joints in a truss are treated as revolutes, as is necessary for the links to be two-force members.

A planar truss is one where all members and nodes lie within a two-dimensional plane, while a space frame has members and nodes that extend into three dimensions. The top beams in a truss are called 'top chords' and are typically in compression, the bottom beams are called 'bottom chords', and are typically in tension. The interior beams are called webs, and the areas inside the webs are called panels, or from graphic statics (see Cremona diagram) 'polygons'.

Etymology
Truss derives from the Old French word trousse, from around 1200 AD, which means "collection of things bound together". The term truss has often been used to describe any assembly of members such as a cruck frame or a couple of rafters. One engineering definition is: "A truss is a single plane framework of individual structural member [sic] connected at their ends of forms a series of triangle [sic] to span a large distance".

Characteristics

A truss consists of typically (but not necessarily) straight members connected at joints, traditionally termed panel points. Trusses are typically (but not necessarily ) composed of triangles because of the structural stability of that shape and design. A triangle is the simplest geometric figure that will not change shape when the lengths of the sides are fixed. In comparison, both the angles and the lengths of a four-sided figure must be fixed for it to retain its shape.

Simple truss

The simplest form of a truss is one single triangle. This type of truss is seen in a framed roof consisting of rafters and a ceiling joist, and in other mechanical structures such as bicycles and aircraft. Because of the stability of this shape and the methods of analysis used to calculate the forces within it, a truss composed entirely of triangles is known as a simple truss. However, a simple truss is often defined more restrictively by demanding that it can be constructed through successive addition of pairs of members, each connected to two existing joints and to each other to form a new joint, and this definition does not require a simple truss to comprise only triangles. The traditional diamond-shape bicycle frame, which utilizes two conjoined triangles, is an example of a simple truss.

Planar truss
A planar truss lies in a single plane. Planar trusses are typically used in parallel to form roofs and bridges.

The depth of a truss, or the height between the upper and lower chords, is what makes it an efficient structural form. A solid girder or beam of equal strength would have substantial weight and material cost as compared to a truss. For a given span, a deeper truss will require less material in the chords and greater material in the verticals and diagonals. An optimum depth of the truss will maximize the efficiency.

Space frame truss
A space frame truss is a three-dimensional framework of members pinned at their ends. A tetrahedron shape is the simplest space truss, consisting of six members that meet at four joints. Large planar structures may be composed from tetrahedrons with common edges, and they are also employed in the base structures of large free-standing power line pylons.

Types

 * For more truss types, see truss types used in bridges.

There are two basic types of truss:
 * The pitched truss, or common truss, is characterized by its triangular shape. It is most often used for roof construction. Some common trusses are named according to their "web configuration". The chord size and web configuration are determined by span, load and spacing.
 * The parallel chord truss, or flat truss, gets its name from its parallel top and bottom chords. It is often used for floor construction.

A combination of the two is a truncated truss, used in hip roof construction. A metal plate-connected wood truss is a roof or floor truss whose wood members are connected with metal connector plates.

Warren truss
Truss members form a series of equilateral triangles, alternating up and down.

Octet truss
Truss members are made up of all equivalent equilateral triangles. The minimum composition is two regular tetrahedrons along with an octahedron. They fill up three dimensional space in a variety of configurations.

Pratt truss
The Pratt truss was patented in 1844 by two Boston railway engineers, Caleb Pratt and his son Thomas Willis Pratt. The design uses vertical members for compression and diagonal members to respond to tension. The Pratt truss design remained popular as bridge designers switched from wood to iron, and from iron to steel. This continued popularity of the Pratt truss is probably due to the fact that the configuration of the members means that longer diagonal members are only in tension for gravity load effects. This allows these members to be used more efficiently, as slenderness effects related to buckling under compression loads (which are compounded by the length of the member) will typically not control the design. Therefore, for given planar truss with a fixed depth, the Pratt configuration is usually the most efficient under static, vertical loading.

The Southern Pacific Railroad bridge in Tempe, Arizona is a 393 meter (1,291 foot) long truss bridge built in 1912. The structure is composed of nine Pratt truss spans of varying lengths. The bridge is still in use today.

The Wright Flyer used a Pratt truss in its wing construction, as the minimization of compression member lengths allowed for lower aerodynamic drag.

Bowstring truss
Named for their shape, bowstring trusses were first used for arched truss bridges, often confused with tied-arch bridges.

Thousands of bowstring trusses were used during World War II for holding up the curved roofs of aircraft hangars and other military buildings. Many variations exist in the arrangements of the members connecting the nodes of the upper arc with those of the lower, straight sequence of members, from nearly isosceles triangles to a variant of the Pratt truss.

King post truss
One of the simplest truss styles to implement, the king post consists of two angled supports leaning into a common vertical support.

The queen post truss, sometimes queenpost or queenspost, is similar to a king post truss in that the outer supports are angled towards the centre of the structure. The primary difference is the horizontal extension at the centre which relies on beam action to provide mechanical stability. This truss style is only suitable for relatively short spans.

Lenticular truss
Lenticular trusses, patented in 1878 by William Douglas (although the Gaunless Bridge of 1823 was the first of the type), have the top and bottom chords of the truss arched, forming a lens shape. A lenticular pony truss bridge is a bridge design that involves a lenticular truss extending above and below the roadbed.

Town's lattice truss
American architect Ithiel Town designed Town's Lattice Truss as an alternative to heavy-timber bridges. His design, patented in 1820 and 1835, uses easy-to-handle planks arranged diagonally with short spaces in between them, to form a lattice.

Vierendeel truss

The Vierendeel truss is a structure where the members are not triangulated but form rectangular openings, and is a frame with fixed joints that are capable of transferring and resisting bending moments. As such, it does not fit the strict definition of a truss (since it contains non-two-force members): regular trusses comprise members that are commonly assumed to have pinned joints, with the implication that no moments exist at the jointed ends. This style of structure was named after the Belgian engineer Arthur Vierendeel, who developed the design in 1896. Its use for bridges is rare due to higher costs compared to a triangulated truss.

The utility of this type of structure in buildings is that a large amount of the exterior envelope remains unobstructed and can be used for windows and door openings. In some applications this is preferable to a braced-frame system, which would leave some areas obstructed by the diagonal braces.

Statics
A truss that is assumed to comprise members that are connected by means of pin joints, and which is supported at both ends by means of hinged joints and rollers, is described as being statically determinate. Newton's Laws apply to the structure as a whole, as well as to each node or joint. In order for any node that may be subject to an external load or force to remain static in space, the following conditions must hold: the sums of all (horizontal and vertical) forces, as well as all moments acting about the node equal zero. Analysis of these conditions at each node yields the magnitude of the compression or tension forces.

Trusses that are supported at more than two positions are said to be statically indeterminate, and the application of Newton's Laws alone is not sufficient to determine the member forces.

In order for a truss with pin-connected members to be stable, it does not need to be entirely composed of triangles. In mathematical terms, the following necessary condition for stability of a simple truss exists:

 * $$ m \ge  2j - r \qquad \qquad \mathrm{(a)} $$

where m is the total number of truss members, j is the total number of joints and r is the number of reactions (equal to 3 generally) in a 2-dimensional structure.

When $$ m=2j - 3$$, the truss is said to be statically determinate, because the (m+3) internal member forces and support reactions can then be completely determined by 2j equilibrium equations, once we know the external loads and the geometry of the truss. Given a certain number of joints, this is the minimum number of members, in the sense that if any member is taken out (or fails), then the truss as a whole fails. While the relation (a) is necessary, it is not sufficient for stability, which also depends on the truss geometry, support conditions and the load carrying capacity of the members.

Some structures are built with more than this minimum number of truss members. Those structures may survive even when some of the members fail. Their member forces depend on the relative stiffness of the members, in addition to the equilibrium condition described.

Analysis
Because the forces in each of its two main girders are essentially planar, a truss is usually modeled as a two-dimensional plane frame. However if there are significant out-of-plane forces, the structure must be modeled as a three-dimensional space.

The analysis of trusses often assumes that loads are applied to joints only and not at intermediate points along the members. The weight of the members is often insignificant compared to the applied loads and so is often omitted; alternatively, half of the weight of each member may be applied to its two end joints. Provided that the members are long and slender, the moments transmitted through the joints are negligible, and the junctions can be treated as "hinges" or "pin-joints".

Under these simplifying assumptions, every member of the truss is then subjected to pure compression or pure tension forces – shear, bending moment, and other more-complex stresses are all practically zero. Trusses are physically stronger than other ways of arranging structural elements, because nearly every material can resist a much larger load in tension or compression than in shear, bending, torsion, or other kinds of force.

These simplifications make trusses easier to analyze. Structural analysis of trusses of any type can readily be carried out using a matrix method such as the direct stiffness method, the flexibility method, or the finite element method.

Forces in members
Illustrated is a simple, statically determinate flat truss with 9 joints and (2 x 9) − 3 = 15 members. External loads are concentrated in the outer joints. Since this is a symmetrical truss with symmetrical vertical loads, the reactive forces at A and B are vertical, equal, and half the total load.

The internal forces in the members of the truss can be calculated in a variety of ways, including graphical methods:
 * Cremona diagram
 * Culmann diagram
 * Ritter analytical method (method of sections)

Design of members
A truss can be thought of as a beam where the web consists of a series of separate members instead of a continuous plate. In the truss, the lower horizontal member (the bottom chord) and the upper horizontal member (the top chord) carry tension and compression, fulfilling the same function as the flanges of an I-beam. Which chord carries tension and which carries compression depends on the overall direction of bending. In the truss pictured above right, the bottom chord is in tension, and the top chord in compression.

The diagonal and vertical members form the truss web, and carry the shear stress. Individually, they are also in tension and compression, the exact arrangement of forces is depending on the type of truss and again on the direction of bending. In the truss shown above right, the vertical members are in tension, and the diagonals are in compression.

In addition to carrying the static forces, the members serve additional functions of stabilizing each other, preventing buckling. In the adjacent picture, the top chord is prevented from buckling by the presence of bracing and by the stiffness of the web members.

The inclusion of the elements shown is largely an engineering decision based upon economics, being a balance between the costs of raw materials, off-site fabrication, component transportation, on-site erection, the availability of machinery and the cost of labor. In other cases the appearance of the structure may take on greater importance and so influence the design decisions beyond mere matters of economics. Modern materials such as prestressed concrete and fabrication methods, such as automated welding, have significantly influenced the design of modern bridges.

Once the force on each member is known, the next step is to determine the cross section of the individual truss members. For members under tension the cross-sectional area A can be found using A = F × γ / σy, where F is the force in the member, γ is a safety factor (typically 1.5 but depending on building codes) and σy is the yield tensile strength of the steel used.

The members under compression also have to be designed to be safe against buckling.

The weight of a truss member depends directly on its cross section—that weight partially determines how strong the other members of the truss need to be. Giving one member a larger cross section than on a previous iteration requires giving other members a larger cross section as well, to hold the greater weight of the first member—one needs to go through another iteration to find exactly how much greater the other members need to be. Sometimes the designer goes through several iterations of the design process to converge on the "right" cross section for each member. On the other hand, reducing the size of one member from the previous iteration merely makes the other members have a larger (and more expensive) safety factor than is technically necessary, but doesn't require another iteration to find a buildable truss.

The effect of the weight of the individual truss members in a large truss, such as a bridge, is usually insignificant compared to the force of the external loads.

Design of joints
After determining the minimum cross section of the members, the last step in the design of a truss would be detailing of the bolted joints, e.g., involving shear stress of the bolt connections used in the joints. Based on the needs of the project, truss internal connections (joints) can be designed as rigid, semi rigid, or hinged. Rigid connections can allow transfer of bending moments leading to development of secondary bending moments in the members.

Post frame structures
Component connections are critical to the structural integrity of a framing system. In buildings with large, clearspan wood trusses, the most critical connections are those between the truss and its supports. In addition to gravity-induced forces (a.k.a. bearing loads), these connections must resist shear forces acting perpendicular to the plane of the truss and uplift forces due to wind. Depending upon overall building design, the connections may also be required to transfer bending moment.

Wood posts enable the fabrication of strong, direct, yet inexpensive connections between large trusses and walls. Exact details for post-to-truss connections vary from designer to designer, and may be influenced by post type. Solid-sawn timber and glulam posts are generally notched to form a truss bearing surface. The truss is rested on the notches and bolted into place. A special plate/bracket may be added to increase connection load transfer capabilities. With mechanically-laminated posts, the truss may rest on a shortened outer-ply or on a shortened inner-ply. The later scenario places the bolts in double shear and is a very effective connection.

title: Truss


text:
Wedderburn–Artin theorem

In algebra, the Wedderburn–Artin theorem is a classification theorem for semisimple rings and semisimple algebras. The theorem states that an (Artinian) semisimple ring R is isomorphic to a product of finitely many $ni$-by-$ni$ matrix rings over division rings $Di$, for some integers $ni$, both of which are uniquely determined up to permutation of the index $i$. In particular, any simple left or right Artinian ring is isomorphic to an n-by-n matrix ring over a division ring D, where both n and D are uniquely determined.

Theorem
Let $R$ be a (Artinian) semisimple ring. Then the Wedderburn–Artin theorem states that $R$ is isomorphic to a product of finitely many $ni$-by-$ni$ matrix rings $$M_{n_i}(D_i)$$ over division rings $Di$, for some integers $ni$, both of which are uniquely determined up to permutation of the index $i$.

There is also a version of the Wedderburn–Artin theorem for algebras over a field $k$. If $R$ is a finite-dimensional semisimple $k$-algebra, then each $Di$ in the above statement is a finite-dimensional division algebra over $k$. The center of each $Di$ need not be $k$; it could be a finite extension of $k$.

Note that if $R$ is a finite-dimensional simple algebra over a division ring E, D need not be contained in E. For example, matrix rings over the complex numbers are finite-dimensional simple algebras over the real numbers.

Proof
There are various proofs of the Wedderburn–Artin theorem. A common modern one takes the following approach.

Suppose the ring $$R$$ is semisimple. Then the right $$R$$-module $$R_R$$ is isomorphic to a finite direct sum of simple modules (which are the same as minimal right ideals of $$R$$). Write this direct sum as

R_R \;\cong\; \bigoplus_{i=1}^m I_i^{\oplus n_i} $$ where the $$I_i$$ are mutually nonisomorphic simple right $$R$$-modules, the $i$th one appearing with multiplicity $$n_i$$. This gives an isomorphism of endomorphism rings

\mathrm{End}(R_R) \;\cong\; \bigoplus_{i=1}^m \mathrm{End}\big(I_i^{\oplus n_i}\big) $$ and we can identify $$\mathrm{End}\big(I_i^{\oplus n_i}\big)$$ with a ring of matrices

\mathrm{End}\big(I_i^{\oplus n_i}\big) \;\cong\; M_{n_i}\big(\mathrm{End}(I_i)\big) $$ where the endomorphism ring $$\mathrm{End}(I_i)$$ of $$I_i$$ is a division ring by Schur's lemma, because $$I_i$$ is simple. Since $$R \cong \mathrm{End}(R_R)$$ we conclude

R \;\cong\; \bigoplus_{i=1}^m M_{n_i}\big(\mathrm{End}(I_i)\big) \,. $$

Here we used right modules because $$R \cong \mathrm{End}(R_R)$$; if we used left modules $$R$$ would be isomorphic to the opposite algebra of $$\mathrm{End}({}_R R)$$, but the proof would still go through. To see this proof in a larger context, see Decomposition of a module. For the proof of an important special case, see Simple Artinian ring.

Consequences
Since a finite-dimensional algebra over a field is Artinian, the Wedderburn–Artin theorem implies that every finite-dimensional simple algebra over a field is isomorphic to an n-by-n matrix ring over some finite-dimensional division algebra D over $$ k $$, where both n and D are uniquely determined. This was shown by Joseph Wedderburn. Emil Artin later generalized this result to the case of simple left or right Artinian rings.

Since the only finite-dimensional division algebra over an algebraically closed field is the field itself, the Wedderburn–Artin theorem has strong consequences in this case. Let $R$ be a semisimple ring that is a finite-dimensional algebra over an algebraically closed field $$ k $$. Then $R$ is a finite product $$\textstyle \prod_{i=1}^r M_{n_i}(k) $$ where the $$ n_i $$ are positive integers and $$ M_{n_i}(k) $$ is the algebra of $$ n_i \times n_i $$ matrices over $$ k $$.

Furthermore, the Wedderburn–Artin theorem reduces the problem of classifying finite-dimensional central simple algebras over a field $$ k $$ to the problem of classifying finite-dimensional central division algebras over $$ k $$: that is, division algebras over $$ k $$ whose center is $$ k $$. It implies that any finite-dimensional central simple algebra over $$ k $$ is isomorphic to a matrix algebra $$\textstyle M_{n}(D) $$ where $$D$$ is a finite-dimensional central division algebra over $$ k $$.

title: Wedderburn–Artin theorem


text:
Sanath Jayasuriya

Deshabandu Sanath Teran Jayasuriya (සනත් ජයසූරිය, சனத் ஜெயசூர்யா; born 30 June 1969), is a former Sri Lankan cricketer and captain, who is widely regarded as one of the greatest all rounders ever to play in ODI cricket. A left arm opening batsman, an orthodox spinner and a dynamic fielder, Jayasuriya together with his opening partner Romesh Kaluwitharana is credited for having revolutionized one-day international cricket with his explosive batting in the mid-1990s, which initiated the hard-hitting modern-day batting strategy of all nations. He was a key member of the Sri Lankan team that won 1996 Cricket World Cup. Under his captaincy Sri Lanka become joint champions along with India in the 2002 Champions Trophy.

Considered one of the greatest attacking batsmen of all time, Jayasuriya is well known for his powerful striking and match-winning all-round performances in all formats of the game. Jayasuriya was an all-rounder, who had an international cricket career that spread over two decades. He is the only player to score over 10,000 runs and capture more than 300 wickets in One Day International cricket and is also regarded as one of the best all-rounders in the history of limited-overs cricket. Jayasuriya created many world records during his career.

He was named the Most Valuable Player of 1996 Cricket World Cup and Wisden Cricketers' Almanack broke an age-old tradition by naming him one of Five Cricketers' of the Year 1997 despite not playing the previous season in England. Jayasuriya was also the captain of the Sri Lankan cricket team from 1999 to 2003. He is affectionately known as the Master Blaster (making him the third batting legend of cricket's history to receive the Master Blaster nickname, after Sir Viv Richards of the West Indies and Sachin Tendulkar of India).

He was also a key member of the team that won the 1996 Cricket World Cup and was part of the team that made the finals of 2007 Cricket World Cup and 2009 ICC World Twenty20. He retired from Test cricket in December 2007 and from limited-overs cricket in June 2011. On 28 January 2013, Sri Lanka Cricket appointed him as the chairman of the cricket selection committee. Sri Lanka won the ICC World Twenty20 for the first time in 2014, during his tenure as the chief selector.

Jayasuriya ran for public office at the 2010 Sri Lankan general elections and was elected to the parliament from his native Matara District. He topped the UPFA parliamentary election list for Matara district by obtaining 74,352 preferential votes. He served as the deputy minister of Postal services in the former UPFA government led by Mahinda Rajapaksa, and later as the Deputy Minister of Local Government & Rural Development under president Maithripala Sirisena. Jayasuriya did not contest for the 2015 Sri Lankan general election, though he won most votes from Matara district under UPFA in the 2010 Sri Lankan general election. He is currently not active in politics.

Early life and career
Sanath Jayasuriya was born in the Southern Sri Lankan city of Matara, to the family of Dunstan and Breeda Jayasuriya. He has an elder brother, Chandana Jayasuriya. He was educated at St. Servatius' College, Matara, where his cricketing talents were nourished by his school principal, G.L. Galappathy, and cricket coach, Lionel Wagasinghe. He excelled in cricket while at St. Servatius College, Matara and captained the college cricket team at the annual St. Thomas'–St. Servatius Cricket Encounter in 1988. Jayasuriya was picked as the 'Observer Schoolboy Cricketer of the Year' in the Outstation Segment in 1988. He also received the awards for the 'Best Batsman' and 'Best All-rounder' in the Outstation Segment at the Observer School Cricket Awards ceremony in the same year. Jayasuriya represented Sri Lanka in the inaugural ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup which was held in Australia in 1988 and was subsequently selected for a tour in Pakistan a few months later with the Sri Lanka 'B' team, where he made two unbeaten double centuries. Shortly afterward he was drafted into the national side for the tour to Australia in 1989–90. He made his One Day International debut against Australia at Melbourne on Boxing Day of 1989 and his Test debut against New Zealand at Hamilton in February 1991.

Batting style
Along with his opening partner Romesh Kaluwitharana, Jayasuriya revolutionized One Day International batting with his aggressive tactics during the 1996 Cricket World Cup, a strategy they first tried on the preceding tour of Australia. The tactic used was to take advantage of the early fielding restrictions by smashing the opening bowlers to all parts of the cricket ground, particularly by lofting their deliveries over the mandatory infielders, rather than the established tactic of building up momentum gradually. This was a novel but potentially match-winning tactic at that time, and Sri Lanka, who had previously never made it out of the preliminary rounds, went on to win the World Cup without a single defeat. Their new gameplan is now the standard opening batting strategy in limited-overs cricket for the modern era. Glenn McGrath cited Jayasuriya in his XI of toughest batsmen, noting "it is always a massive compliment to someone to say they changed the game, and his storming innings in the 1996 World Cup changed everyone's thinking about how to start innings."

Jayasuriya is known for both cuts and pulls along with his trademark shot, a lofted cut over point. He was one of the key players in Sri Lanka's victory in the 1996 Cricket World Cup, where he was adjudged Man of the Tournament in recognition of his all-around contributions. His philosophy towards batting is summarized by an all-aggression approach and over the years he has dominated almost every one-day bowling combination that he has faced at one stage or another. This is because of his ability to make huge match-winning contributions at a rapid pace once he gets in, he holds the record for the second-highest number of one day centuries and has scored the 4th most 150+ scores (4 scores) jointly with Chris Gayle and Hashim Amla. Only Rohit Sharma, David Warner and Sachin Tendulkar have more 150+ scores than him, (Rohit Sharma has the most 150+ scores at 7 ). His devastating performances have ensured that Sri Lanka has won almost over 75% of the matches that he scored over 50 runs in limited-overs cricket. When asked in an interview who are the most challenging bowlers he had faced in the game, he named in the order Wasim Akram, Shane Warne, Glenn McGrath, Courtney Walsh, Curtly Ambrose.

Bowling style
Jayasuriya was a left-arm orthodox spin bowler known for quickly getting through his overs. Although a spinner, he was used to bowling faster balls and yorkers with quick arm action which gained him success as a bowler. He took 440 wickets altogether in international cricket with six 5 wicket hauls. His best bowling performance in an innings in international cricket is 6 for 29, which he took against England in an ODI in 1993. It was the best bowling performance by a Sri Lankan in ODIs until Muttiah Muralitharan broke the record in 2000. Jayasuriya's best match figures in test cricket came in 2001/2002 season when he took 9 for 74 against Zimbabwe.

One of Jayasuriya's memorable bowling performances came in the semi-final of 1996 Cricket World Cup, where he took three wickets for just 12 runs in seven overs. It was Jayasuriya who took the vital wicket of Sachin Tendulkar and broke his crucial partnership with Sanjay Manjrekar, which was taking the game away from Sri Lankans at one stage. Jayasuriya was the most successful bowler for Sri Lanka during the knockout stage of 1996 cricket World Cup where he took 6 wickets in three games. As an all-rounder, he took 27 wickets in Cricket world cups altogether including 10 wickets he took in 2003 edition.

Test career
Sanath Jayasuriya held the record for the highest Test score made by a Sri Lankan, 340 against India in 1997. This effort was part of a second-wicket partnership with Roshan Mahanama that set the then all-time record for any partnership in Test history, with 576 runs. Both records were surpassed in July 2006 when fellow Sri Lankan Mahela Jayawardene scored 374 as part of a 624-run partnership with Kumar Sangakkara against South Africa. On 20 September 2005, during the Second Test of the home series against Bangladesh, Jayasuriya became the first Sri Lankan to play 100 Tests, and the 33rd Test cricketer to achieve this feat.

Jayasuriya announced his intention to retire from Test cricket following the Pakistan tour of Sri Lanka in April 2006. He reversed his decision soon after, however, joining the Sri Lankan cricket team in England in May 2006. Missing the first two Tests, Jayasuriya returned in the Third Test at Trent Bridge.

After scoring 78 runs on day three of the first Test against England in Kandy in 2007, he announced he was to retire from Test cricket at the end of the match. In that innings he hit six fours in one over against James Anderson.

2009–2010
Jayasuriya held the records for the fastest fifty (against Pakistan 17 balls), fastest 100 for Sri Lanka (against Pakistan 48 balls) and fastest 150 (against England in 95 balls) in ODI cricket. His fastest 50 stayed 19 years, where his half-century is regarded as the best because he achieved this feat in an era where no fielding restrictions and power plays are available. It took 19 years to surpass the fastest 50 with all limited over new restrictions and other fielding restrictions. However, he subsequently lost the fastest fifty to AB de Villiers. Jayasuriya is the only player of the ODI history to have scored two consecutive 150+ scores.

Jayasuriya's highest ODI score is 189 runs, scored against India in Sharjah in 2000. It remained as the highest ODI score by a Sri Lankan and the third-highest in ODI history at that time. Currently the score is 11th highest ODI score of all time and highest by a Sri Lankan. In 2024, Pathum Nissanka made unbeaten 210* runs against Afghanistan, breaking Jayasuriya's 24-year old record.

Jayasuriya was the previous record-holder for the fastest century (off 48 balls), before losing that to Shahid Afridi's 37 ball century. This is cited as the first ever fastest century scored in less than 50 balls in world cricket. The record was then broken by Corey Anderson of New Zealand (36 balls), which is currently held by AB de Villiers of South Africa with 31 ball century. He has also held the world record for most ODI sixes (270 in 445 ODIs), which was surpassed by Shahid Afridi during the 2010 Asia Cup match against Bangladesh. He became the fourth batsman to score more than 10,000 runs and the second batsman to score more than 12,000, and 13,000 runs in the history of ODIs. He also has 28 centuries, the fourth-highest in ODIs. He held the record of scoring most runs in an ODI over (30; he has achieved this twice), and the first batsman to score over 30 in an over. This record is now held by South Africa's Herschelle Gibbs (36 runs in an over).

During the one-day Natwest series in May 2006 in England, he scored two centuries, including scoring 152 off 99 balls in the final match. In that innings, he and Upul Tharanga (109) put on 286 runs for the first wicket, a new record. Jayasuriya's batting display earned him the Man of the Series award as Sri Lanka whitewashed England for the first time in their home soil by winning the series 5–0.

Following the Natwest Trophy, Sri Lanka travelled to the Netherlands for a two-match one-day series. In the first game, Jayasuriya scored 157 off 104 balls as Sri Lanka posted 443/9, beating the 438/9 South Africa scored against Australia in March 2006. Sri Lanka won the match by 195 runs. On a personal note, the innings was his 4th score of over 150 and was also his second successive score of 150 plus, only player to achieve the feat in ODI history.

He also scored 2 centuries and 2 half-centuries in the 2007 Cricket World Cup held in the West Indies. In 2008, his one-day career was all but over when he was omitted for the ODIs in the West Indies. However, a stirring performance in the IPL—finishing the third-highest run-getter with 514 runs—prompted his country's sports minister to intervene in his selection for the Asia Cup. He ultimately shaped Sri Lanka's title victory with a blistering hundred under pressure. His international career has been revived at the age of 41, after being recalled to the One-day and Twenty-20 squads for Sri Lanka's 2011 tour of England and Scotland.

During 2008 Asia Cup, Jayasuriya scored a century against Bangladesh on his 39th birthday. With this century, he became the third cricketer out of four overall, to score an ODI century on a birthday. The two others before Jayasuriya to score the century were two Indians Vinod Kambli and Sachin Tendulkar. The last one to score a century on his birthday is blackcap Ross Taylor. His knock of 125 in the finals was voted as the Best ODI Batting Performance of 2008 by ESPNcricinfo.

Twenty20 career
During the 2007 ICC World Twenty20, Jayasuriya appeared to break his tradition of using Kookaburra bats by wielding a normal Reebok sponsored bat. He achieved two half-centuries in the group stages against New Zealand and Kenya in this tournament. He also shares a dubious record with James Anderson for having the most expensive figures in a Twenty20 international, having been hit for 64 runs in the maximum of 4 overs. After the Twenty20 World Cup, Jayasuriya played in Sri Lanka's 3–2 One Day International series defeat against England, achieving limited success and then in the 2–0 Test series defeat in Australia. In December 2007, Jayasuriya confirmed that he has signed for Warwickshire for the Twenty20 Cup.

In April 2008, he joined the Mumbai Indians to play in the Indian Premier League T20. After scoring a devastating 114 not out off just 48 balls for the Mumbai Indians against Chennai, Jayasuriya regained his position in the one-day side after he had been dropped for the West Indies tour. For his performances in 2008, he was named in the ESPNcricinfo IPL XI. He then followed up his century with a 17-ball 48 not out to surpass the Kolkata Knight Riders' score of 67 in just the 6th over, resulting in the biggest victory in Twenty20 history in terms of balls remaining. In 2010 has signed with Worcestershire for their Twenty20 campaign. At the age of 42, Jayasuriya played for the Ruhuna Rhinos in the qualifying round of the 2011 Champions League. In February 2012 Jayasuriya played for the Khulna Royal Bengals in the inaugural Bangladesh Premier League, later that year he played for Kandurata Warriors in the inaugural Sri Lanka Premier League.

Captaincy and all-round performances
Jayasuriya was chosen as the Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World in 1996 and was named as one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 1997. He served as the captain of the Sri Lankan cricket team in 38 test matches and 117 one day internationals from 1999 to 2003. Jayasuriya led Sri Lanka to the knock-out stage of the 2003 cricket world cup but stepped down from the captaincy after the loss to Australia in the semi-final. He was also a very useful all-rounder with a good batting average in both Test cricket and One Day Internationals, and had an excellent batting strike rate in One Day Internationals.

As a left-arm orthodox spin bowler, he had a reasonable bowling average and an economy rate. He regularly helped to decrease the workloads of contemporary Sri Lankan strike bowlers Muttiah Muralitharan and Chaminda Vaas. At the end of his career, Jayasuriya took more than 400 wickets in international cricket with over 300 wickets in One Day Internationals. Jayasuriya was also a skillful infielder, with a report prepared by ESPNcricinfo in late 2005 showing that since the 1999 Cricket World Cup, he had effected the seventh highest number of run-outs in ODI cricket of any fieldsman, with the eleventh highest success rate.

Selection committee
Jayasuriya was appointed as the chairman of selectors of national cricket team on 28 January 2013 by sports minister Mahindananda Aluthgamage. The selection panel included Jayasuriya, Pramodya Wickramasinghe, Eric Upashantha, Chaminda Mendis and Hemantha Wickramaratne. But on 30 January 2013, Wickramaratne has been replaced by Hashan Tillakaratne. In 2013, he came under immense pressure and scrutiny for selecting state minister Keheliya Rambukwella's son Ramith Rambukwella to the national team for a series against Bangladesh.

Under his selection, Sri Lanka won 2014 ICC World Twenty20, 2014 Asia Cup and Sri Lanka's first ever full series win in England in all three formats of the game Tests, ODIs and T20s. His tenure was ended in 2015, after many failures apart from those wins, such as whitewash against India and 2015 World Cup failure.

After Jayasuriya's quit, Aravinda de Silva has appointed as the Chairman of selectors. On 11 April 2016, Jayasuriya was appointed back again to the post of chairman of selectors. This time, under his selection, many players got test, ODI and T20I caps and the team shuffled so many times due to many injuries to major players. During this period, Sri Lanka lost world No. 1 rankings in T20Is, lost many bilateral tours to New Zealand, England, India, Pakistan, South Africa. Despite them, Sri Lanka lost their first bilateral ODI series to Zimbabwe at home, Bangladesh drawn all formats in Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka quit very early from both 2016 World Twenty20, and 2017 ICC Champions Trophy.

Through all those defeats and failures, Sri Lanka had a silver line, where they first marked a whitewash against Australia in Warne-Murali Trophy and Zimbabwe Tri-series. Many questions about the rapid changes occurred in the squads and the continuous failures of the team. With that, on 29 August 2017, Jayasuriya with his panel Ranjith Madurasinghe, Romesh Kaluwitharana, Asanka Gurusinha and Eric Upashantha resigned from the selection committee after heavy loss to India in both tests and ODIs.

Coaching career
After serving international ban from cricket, Sanath took up his first coaching stint with Mulgrave Cricket Club, a third tier Australian cricket club in Melbourne which plays in Victoria's Eastern Cricket Association. It was revealed that his former opening partner Tillekaratne Dilshan had convinced him to join the Mulgrave cricket team during when both featured together for Sri Lanka Legends team in the second half of the 2020–21 Road Safety World Series.

Controversies
In an autobiography published by former Sri Lankan cricketer and match referee Roshan Mahanama in 2001, he claimed that former Australian fast bowler Glenn McGrath racially abused Sanath Jayasuriya by calling him a "black monkey" during an ODI match between Sri Lanka and Australia in 1996.

In 2010, he signed contracts with two different clubs simultaneously to participate at the Cricket Association of Bengal league and ultimately both the teams had to withdraw his name and he was unable to take part in the competition for signing with two teams at the same time. Following this incident, Cricket Association of Bengal barred foreign players to participate in the competition.

In 2017, Jayasuriya was involved in a leaked sex tape of his ex-girlfriend Maleeka Sirisena. The clips went viral in social media and Maleeka slammed Sanath for his indecent behaviour. It was revealed that he dated Maleeka in 2012 despite being married to another woman Sandra De Silva. The extramarital affair triggered divorce with Sandra.

In November 2018, he was accused of trafficking rotten betel nuts from Indonesia to India. In March 2018, he criticised the behaviour of Bangladeshi cricketers during the crucial virtual semi final between Sri Lanka and Bangladesh at the 2018 Nidahas Trophy and degraded the Bangladesh team as a third class team in a tweet. He later deleted the tweet.

In October 2018, Jayasuriya was charged by the International Cricket Council with two counts of breaching its anti-corruption code. The accusations related to "failure or refusal to co-operate" with an ongoing ICC investigation into alleged match-fixing and "concealing, tampering with or destroying any documentation or other information that may be relevant". The investigation was reported to relate to Jayasuriya's time as Sri Lanka's chairman of selectors, between April 2016 to August 2017, and the fourth ODI between Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe in July 2017. In February 2019, Jayasuriya was banned for two years in taking part in any cricket-related activity by the International Cricket Council's (ICC) anti-corruption unit, after he failed to co-operate in a corruption investigation. However, he reportedly attended a group stage match between Sri Lanka and India during the 2019 Cricket World Cup and watched the match in the pavilion despite serving a ban. ICC later pointed out that he could still watch matches in the pavilion as a casual fan and barred him from entering teams dressing rooms. His international ban was lifted by the ICC in November 2020 and was once again eligible to involve with cricket.

Personal life
Sanath is the first cricketer to be appointed as a UN Goodwill Ambassador (by UNAIDS, Geneva) for his commitment to the prevention of HIV/AIDS among young people in Sri Lanka. He entered politics in February 2010 as a candidate for Matara District. His party is the United People's Freedom Alliance (UPFA) of the president Mahinda Rajapaksa. Jayasuriya continued to play cricket after he has secured the most preferential votes from the Matara District by obtaining 74,352 votes.

In October 2013, he was appointed as deputy minister of Postal services in the UPFA government. When interviewed by Charles Colville in 2003, he claimed "actually we were on holiday" and found this very funny. He resigned from Chief Selector post with his members on 3 April 2015.

Jayasuriya enjoys using the phrase "actually we were on holiday" and loves to say this repeatedly before doing a funny dance and laughing uncontrollably. On 10 June 2015, Jayasuriya with three other UPFA Parliamentarians took oaths from President Maithripala Sirisena as new deputy ministers. Jayasuriya was appointed as Deputy Minister of Local Government and Rural Development. He was in office until the Parliament dissolved on 26 June 2015. in the 2015 election Jayasuriya did not run for office, but joined the campaign of the United National Party that won the election. He was later appointed the chairman of selectors of Sri Lanka cricket.

Knee Injury
In January 2018, reports confirmed that Jayasuriya was known to suffer with a serious knee injury. According to news, he was unable to walk without the help of crutches. He flew to Melbourne for the surgery and remained under observation for about a month.

Centuries
Jayasuriya has scored 14 Test and 28 ODI centuries.

Although Jayasuriya made his Test debut in 1991, it was not until 1996 that he scored his first century, when he had become a regular player in the Sri Lankan side. His career high of 340 against India in August 1997 was the highest score by a Sri Lankan cricketer until 2006, and is also part of the highest team total (952/6) made in Test cricket. He has also scored two double centuries; 213 against England and 253 against Pakistan. His 157 against Zimbabwe in 2004 is the second fastest century by a Sri Lankan player. Jayasuriya, having scored centuries against every Test playing nation except New Zealand and West Indies, retired from Test cricket in 2007 with 14 to his name.

Jayasuriya made his ODI debut in 1989 and started playing as an opening batsman in 1993. He went on to score his first century in 1994 against New Zealand. From then on, Jayasuriya has scored the highest number of ODI centuries for Sri Lanka with 28 to his name. He currently holds the fourth place for most centuries in a career, behind Sachin Tendulkar (with 49 ODI centuries), Virat Kohli (41 ODI centuries), Ricky Ponting (30 centuries) and Rohit Sharma (29 centuries). His second century, 134 against Pakistan in 1996, was scored at a strike rate of 206.15 and was the fastest century in ODI cricket at the time. This record was later broken by Pakistani cricketer Shahid Afridi. The 189 he made against India in 2000 is the sixth-highest ODI score in a single innings. Making his second-highest ODI score of 157 against the Netherlands in 2006, Jayasuriya paved the way for Sri Lanka to set the world record for the highest ODI team total of 443/9. With his 107 against India on 28 January 2009, Jayasuriya—39 years and 212 days old at the time—became the oldest player to score a century, which was surpassed by UAE batsman Khurram Khan and also became the second player to score more than 13,000 runs in a career. Sanath Jayasuriya also holds the record of fourth fastest 150 in one day internationals. he made 152 vs England at Leeds on 1 July 2006, off just 99 balls which were the fastest at that time, and now after AB de Villiers 63 balls 150, Shane Watson 93 balls 150, and Luke Ronchi 95 balls 150.

Records and career achievements
Bold ones are World Records.
 * Sanath Jayasuriya has scored 19,298 runs as an opener in international cricket, the most by any opener in cricket history.
 * Sanath Jayasuriya is the only cricketer in the history to achieve the all rounder double of scoring 10,000 runs and taking 300 wickets in a single format.
 * He is the first cricketer in international cricket to score a century in less than 50 balls. He scored a One Day International century in just 48 balls against Pakistan in 1996.
 * Sanath Jayasuriya is the most successful left arm spinner in the history of One Day International cricket. In his career he took 323 wickets at an average of 36.75, including 12 four wicket hauls.
 * Jayasuriya holds the record for the highest ODI innings by a Sri Lankan. He scored 189 runs against India at Sharjah in 2000. That innings of Jayasuriya has accounted for 64% of runs in the Sri Lankan total (299) and 54% of runs in the entire match (353). Indians were all out for just 54 runs which resulted Jayasuriya out scoring the opposition team by 135 runs.
 * 28 centuries scored by Sanath Jayasuriya is the most by a Sri Lankan in One Day Internationals. He also scored 14 test centuries including two double centuries and one triple century.
 * He holds the record for most runs scored in a two-match test series. He scored 571 runs against India in a two-match series in 1997.
 * Jayasuriya scored 340 runs in a test match against India at the Premadasa Stadium Colombo in 1997. It is the highest test score by a batsman against India and the second-highest test score by a Sri Lankan. It is also the seventh-highest test score by a batsman in test cricket. He batted for 799 minutes during this innings, which is currently the fourth-longest innings in terms of time in test cricket and the longest test innings played by a batsman in the Indian subcontinent.
 * Jaysuriya and Roshan Mahanama holds the record for highest partnership for 2nd wicket in test cricket. The pair scored 576 runs together against India in 1997, which was the first time a partnership of over 500 runs was recorded in test cricket. It is currently the second-highest partnership for any wicket in test cricket.
 * Jayasuriya is the first Sri Lankan cricketer and the second from the Indian subcontinent after Hanif Mohammad of Pakistan, to score a test triple century. He is also the first Sri Lankan to score a triple century in first class cricket.
 * At some point of his career Sanath Jayasuriya held the world records for the fastest 50, fastest 100 and fastest 150 in One Day International cricket.
 *  He is also the only all-rounder to score over 1,000 runs and capture more than 25 wickets in Cricket World Cup history. In addition to that, he has taken 18 catches the second most for any out-fielder after Ricky Ponting of Australia in world cup matches.
 * Jayasuriya is the first cricketer to score over 10,000 ODI runs with a career strike rate over 90.
 * Among the 12 cricketers who have managed to score over 20 000 runs across formats in international cricket, Sanath Jayasuriya has the highest strike rate.
 * He is the first and only batsman in history to score two consecutive ODI scores above 150.
 * Jayasuriya has 58 Man of the Match awards in combined international cricket. The second most for any player after Sachin Tendulkar.
 * He is the only all-rounder in list A cricket history to achieve the double distinction of scoring over 15 000 runs and capturing over 400 wickets in his career.
 * As an all-rounder Jayasuriya scored 21,032 runs and captured 440 wickets in his combined international cricket career. He also took 205 catches as an outfielder.
 * At the time of his retirement, he held the records for the most runs scored by a Sri Lankan player in test and ODI cricket.
 * In his combined professional cricket career across First-class, List A and T20 formats, Jayasuriya scored 31,576 runs and captured 695 wickets. He also took 336 catches.

Awards
Jayasuriya has won many international awards in his 20-year cricketing career. He is second only to Sachin Tendulkar by the number of Man of the match awards for ODIs, where Tendulkar has 62 Man of the Match awards and Jayasuriya has 47 of them. He also has 11 ODI Man of the Series awards. Besides ODI awards, he has 4 Test Man of the Match awards and single Test Man of the Series awards. He has 5 T20I Man of the Match awards as well.

title: Sanath Jayasuriya