text:
Talk:Sino-British Joint Declaration

NPOV edits
Removed a phrase implying that Hong Kong's economy has collapsed after 1997. It's gone through a nasty recession, but collapse is an overstatement. Certainly the HK economy has not undergone the chaos that would have happened if there were no joint declaration.

-- Roadrunner

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NPOV'ized nature of the agreement. The PRC and the UK have always disagreed as to whether it is a binding international agreement or not.

-- Roadrunner

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Remove the following paragraph here:

 * The United Kingdom, most Western governments, and many of the legal experts both in the West and in Hong Kong have always taken the position that the Declaration was a binding international agreement. By contrast, the People's Republic of China and most legal experts in Mainland China have always taken the position that the Declaration is not a binding international agreement.  This dispute is significant as it impacts the constitutional theory under which the Basic Law of Hong Kong operates.

I cannot recall coming across any commentaries or statements from the PRC or Mainland legal experts which queried the binding nature of the JD. In fact, Chinese leaders regard the agreement as a victory which ended the colonial rule in Hong Kong. In Deng Xiaoping's word (regarding one country two systems), 我們說這個話是算數的. See e.g.

In any case the constitutional authority of the Basic Law is based upon the Chinese constitution (This has been recognized by the HK Court of Final Appeal). This is the legal position for all practical purposes regardless of the status of the JD.

-Hlaw 15:46, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

United Nations Involvement
The UN's involvement makes the Joint Declaration substanially different from any bilateral treaty.--Kaspiann 04:22, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

 * No it doesn't. Under Article 102 of the UN Charter, any international agreement has to be registered with the UN Secretariat in order to be effective under international law.

 * I moved this from the article since this contains some major inaccuracies in implying that treaties aren't normally registered with the United Nations.

Roadrunner 02:36, 20 December 2006 (UTC) -

United Nations Involvement
The Joint Declaration is unlike an agreement made within a state, and the involvement of the UN creates obligations that internationalise the status of Hong Kong. The Joint Declaration is, therefore, not a private agreement between the PRC and the UK, but an international one.

International treaties are concluded between states, not within a state, and are usually not required to be registered with the UN. However, the UN Secretary General could agree to be involved, if invited.

By registering the Joint Declaration with the UN, both the PRC and UK governments acknowledged the need for a neutral third party, and accepted said third party's possible participation by doing so. Otherwise, they could have simply made it a bilateral treaty, which they did not choose to.

-

Chinese Characters Flood
Do we really need the title in Traditional Chinese characters and Simplified Chinese characters in the first few lines? They take up so much room and flood the beginning of the article with text unreadable to most people who would see this entry. - House of Cards 02:22, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

 * For the Chinese speakers it is easier to correlate this stuff with what they know. Besides there were two copies of this treaty, one in Chinese and one in English so the Chinese name of it is valid information. Leave it there thanks. CW 15:02, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

 * This is exactly the problem about Hong Kong-related articles that I have been pointing out for many times. In Hong Kong, both English and Chinese are official languages. So, it makes sense for Chinese name for the subject matter to be included for a Hong Kong-related article. But when "Chinese" is added to the article, what are really added to the article is the Chinese name (and often the abbreviations) of the subject matter written in both Traditional Chinese characters and Simplified Chinese characters. Moreover, Cantonese Chinese is the most common "dialect" spoken in Hong Kong, while Mandarin Chinese is also used, and is the official language of the entire country. It turns out that the pronunciations in both Cantonese and Mandarin are added. But for each of them, several kinds of phonetic symbols (pronunciation guides) are usually added. Finally, the whole bunch of stuffs mentioned above are added to the first sentence of an article, thus creating the so-called "Chinese-character flood". The disadvantage is that the Chinese-language information separates the first sentence (the most important topic sentence) in every article. I have made some suggestions, such as to include only (at most) two kinds of phonetic symbols for Cantonese and Mandarin, or to use a table-like template to present the information aside. But some people always revert my edits, whenever I try to do that to the articles.  By the way, the Cantonese pronunciation of the Chinese name has not be added to the article yet. May someone add it some time. Thanks. - Alanmak 18:11, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

Handover to ROC?
Was there never any discussion in the UK during or shortly before the handover negotiations about the possibility of handing over Hong Kong to the Republic of China on Taiwan instead of the PRC? LeoO3 13:47, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

 * The Brits would not have given any serious thought to the scenario. The recognised government of China was / is the PRC and they hold the seat in the UN. Besides it was not in anyone's interest to hand Hong Kong to the Taiwanese because the mainlander would most likely just invade - forced to invade you can say due to "face" and internal politics. The Brits, the mainlanders and the Taiwanese all had (still have) substantial investments in the territory and they would all be losers. CW 14:52, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

 * It is impossible. Taiwan is not a contury.-- Eno  TALK 05:06, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

We are a country, thank you very much. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.224.251.86 (talk) 17:12, 20 October 2014 (UTC)

The "arrogant bitch" comment
"According to some news reports, Deng Xiaoping at one time called Margaret Thatcher "an arrogant bitch" during the handover talks."

Can the author please provide the source? The word "bitch" has no direct translation in Chinese. CW 14:52, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

The source was from a BBC documentary about Margaret Thatcher years in Britain made somewhere in 1997 or so. Although Chinese doesnt have the term "bitch", Deng probably used a similar derogatory female term about Thatcher. Also in various sources (especially in his biography), Deng was really angry at her during the meeting. hanchi 23 January 2006

Removal of wade-giles
The manual of style says that Wade-Giles is "generally unnecessary, except in cases of famous ancient Chinese personalities or literature", so I removed it. The Cantonese romanization should stay, though, since it's an HK-related article. cab 11:37, 13 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Removed again. The infobox for the transcription is already enormous, please don't add long and unnecessary content unless you have a justification (e.g. a reliable source has used the Wade-Giles transcriptfor referring to the Declaration, or it is otherwise commonly known by the Wade-Giles transcription). Thank you. cab 10:21, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

Wording of the 4th Content bullet
Given the current furore over the situation re: election of the HKSAR Chief Exec, is it the case the 4th bullet of the Content section could be read as incomplete or even misleading. The relevant text of this section in the full declaration text is as follows:

"..The chief executive will be appointed by the Central People's Government on the basis of the results of elections or consultations to be held locally.."

The current wiki text doesn't make reference to elections and implies (to me at least) that the Beijing Government will have total control of appointing the CE. The original text seems to paint the 'appointing' in a softer light, indicating (again, to me) that the appointment process is the formality on the back of a successful election process. Monkoii (talk) 12:37, 1 September 2014 (UTC)

Comment: I think this article needs to consider how much of the original text is to be included. I am adding a section below to this effect, meanwhile, the summary of paragraph 3.4 of the Joint Declaration is currently a direct quote.The lons (talk) 17:55, 26 October 2014 (UTC)

Unable to locate source of quote regarding the status of the parts of the declaration.
I'm unable to locate the source of the following quote: ''“The whole makes up a formal international agreement, legally binding in all its parts. An international agreement of this kind is the highest form of commitment between two sovereign states.”''

The link in the references section is dead: "http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~pchksar/JD/jd-full1.htm". The reference text of "Sino-British Joint Declaration, para. 19. Retrieved 8 August 2011" is confusing as the Join Declaration has numbered sections, but no section numbered 19.

I am unable to find the above quote within the text of the agreement, available at http://www.cmab.gov.hk/en/issues/jd2.htm

The lons (talk) 14:19, 26 October 2014 (UTC)

The quote appears withing the following document: http://www.humanrights-china.org/focus/focus20011228142756.htm, which appears to be a white paper explaining the agreement, but there is no author or publication date listed at the site above.

Finally found a source: https://archive.org/details/draftagreementbe00hong The lons (talk) 12:23, 30 October 2014 (UTC)

How much source text to include?
A quick glance at the history of this article revealed that it once contained the full text of the Joint Declaration, which was subsequently removed. Thereafter, multiple edits have slowly added closely paraphrased versions of every section of paragraph 3. It seems that it would be preferable to have the original text rather than paraphrasing which merely rearranges a few words.

I would like to open a discussion on how much of the full text should be included in this article. It seems to me that most of paragraph 3 needs to be included.

The lons (talk) 18:03, 26 October 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Sino-British Joint Declaration. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090414023353/http://www.hkjournal.org:80/archive/ching.html to http://www.hkjournal.org/archive/ching.html

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Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 10:35, 17 October 2015 (UTC)

Events related to 2019 HK Fugitive Offenders Bill Protests
Removed a substantial tract of material that repeated allegations made in the media regarding involvement in criminal activities in Hong Kong. I believe that this is non-encyclopaedic material as it was not verifiable (no sources were given), it was biased (in that it did not report information in neutral terms) and that it was potentially slanderous towards the UK government.

I chose to delete rather than modify as I am not aware of any official source claiming that there was a material breach of the Joint Declaration in respect of these assaults. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Paavo83 (talk • contribs) 14:38, 24 July 2019 (UTC)

Sino-British Joint Declaration Expiration Date - NPOV
Changing the Joint Declaration expiration date. Recently, a change was made suggesting that an expiration date for the Sino-British Joint Declaration was the 29th of May 2020. However, this appears to not be factual. The current Hong Kong website makes no mention that the the Sino-British Joint Declaration has expired. Please refer to the Hong Kong Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau, here.

Instead the document sets terms in the declaration that are to last 50 years beyond July 1st, 1997. This date is June 30th, 2047. That would be the expiration date of some of the terms. That may not even mean an expiration to the treaty, but essentially, that many or all of the terms have expired. Unless there is a source within either the Mainland Chinese government or the SAR government of Hong Kong that disputes this, I'm going to remove the previous change that added an expiration date of May 20th 2020.

I suspect, though I don't know, that the expiration date was changed (added) to May 29th (and not some other day), that may reflect the timing of the US president announcing an end to Hong Kong's special trade status. While that is an important event, it doesn't appear to affect the expiration of the joint declaration. And even if one party decides that the Joint Declaration is over, it doesn't change what the original expiration date was, or original expiration date of any terms, it would be a change in what the expiration date is. — Preceding unsigned comment added by MarcBogonovich (talk • contribs) 09:43, 30 May 2020 (UTC)

Status of the JD after 1997
The tenor of the article implies that equal weight be given to two conflicting ideas, one being that the JD is binding and the other being that it is not. This is understandable, since Wikipedia strives to be objective, but not representative of reality. It is very hard to find any politically independent commentary that agrees the treaty was not meant to be binding after 1997. Indeed, I have found none. By contrast, most legal commentary suggests that it is a binding treaty, which would imply that the Chinese government’s position is incorrect. I think the last paragraph of the introduction and also section 4 should be amended to reflect this. If the two conflicting ideas are given equal weight, it is rather as if we give equal weight to the idea that the earth is flat, and present the idea that it is round as just one of two alternatives. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dena.walemy (talk • contribs) 13:56, 13 July 2020 (UTC)
 * The lede quite clearly explains the point of debate, which is a different one than the one you mention. The question is whether the treaty holds any practical value, which the Chinese dispute. I don't find that position to be that extravagant, since the enforcement of international treaties basically relies on invoking exceptio non adimpleti contractus and the British don't seem to have any major obligations they can threaten to stop fulfilling. Therefore only political, and not legal, considerations are effectively relevant to the PRC. Doanri (talk) 14:23, 13 July 2020 (UTC)

 * No. The "lede" includes two sentences which I believe are misleading by themselves. The first is "Whether the Declaration has practical effect after the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong is disputed by China and the UK." Out of context, this implies that either country could be right.  The second such sentence is "China said it is a "historical document that no longer had any practical significance", but the UK says it is a "legally valid treaty to which it was committed to upholding"." Again, anyone reading this would come away with the notion that these views are of equal validity. But the wording of the JD makes clear that it applies to the fifty years after 1997. In your comment above you have effectively taken the Chinese side, or at least given China's view more logical credit than it deserves, by saying "The question is whether the treaty holds any practical value".  That isn't "the question" - that's just the way the Chinese side framed its response.  If the only valid question is whether or not China is going to abide by the treaty (i.e. whether it has "practical" value) then why have a treaty at all?  I therefore propose revising the two sentences in question to something that relates more to the substance of the treaty itself, and propose the following (which is consistent with the more detailed commentary in the article): "Starting in 2014, China has begun treating the Sino-British Joint Declaration not as a treaty but as a "historical document", while the UK has not changed its position, insisting that it is a legally valid treaty." The EU, the United States, Australia, New Zealand and Canada have supported the UK's position." I am not sure if we need citations to support this as this is just the lead-in and more detail is given in the article, but am happy to provide if requiredDena.walemy (talk) 18:11, 29 July 2020 (UTC)

 * The status of the JD as a treaty is already clearly stated everywhere including the lede. Furthermore, the quote you brought up really refers to 'practical significance' only, not the status of it as a treaty and whether it is binding. While editors may be tempted to exclude what they do not believe to be 'right', Wikipedia is not a forum for passing on personal interpretations. Its priority is reporting facts. Erasing the mere fact that there are relevant objections or contentions would be more akin to censorship than 'balancing'; otherwise we would have to revise or delete similar references to disputes from thousands of other articles that include controversial subjects. For example, the implementation of a National Security Law is entirely allowed for under both the Basic Law and the Joint Declaration; should we then erase all mentions of objections and criticisms? Even in the example of the flat Earth theory that you mentioned, this outdated idea itself is not erased altogether from the relevant articles. Its appeals and shortcomings, as evidenced by well-documented sources, are presented and put into persepctive along with more modern theories. Likewise, the article as-is already gives more weight to the validity of the JD as a treaty than alternative intepretations, contrary to your concerns. Lastly, I would like to caution that good faith should be assumed. Other editors could just as easily accuse you of taking the British side or dismiss your edits as merely the way the British government chooses to portray an issue. Discussions are welcome; insinuations not so much. WikiwiLimeli (talk) 04:09, 10 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sino-British Joint Declaration


text:
History of crime fiction

Crime fiction is a typically 19th-, 20th- and 21st-century genre, dominated by British and American writers. This article explores its historical development as a genre.

Crime fiction in history
Crime Fiction came to be recognised as a distinct literary genre, with specialist writers and a devoted readership, in the 19th century. Earlier novels and stories were typically devoid of systematic attempts at detection: There was a detective, whether amateur or professional, trying to figure out how and by whom a particular crime was committed; there were no police trying to solve a case; neither was there any discussion of motives, alibis, the modus operandi, or any of the other elements which make up the modern crime writing.

Early Arabic crime stories
An early example of an Arabic-language crime story is "The Three Apples", one of the tales narrated by Scheherazade in the One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights). In this tale, a fisherman discovers a heavy, locked chest along the Tigris river and he sells it to the Abbasid Caliph, Harun al-Rashid, who then has the chest broken open only to find inside it the dead body of a young woman who was cut into pieces. Harun orders his vizier, Ja'far ibn Yahya, to solve the crime and find the murderer within three days, or be executed if he fails his assignment. The story has been described as a "whodunit" murder mystery Unlike the modern crime fiction genre, no investigation is conducted, and the case is instead solved by two men confessing to the crime. The focus of the story shifts to the caliph's demand to find a slave blamed for having an affair with the woman, instigating her husband's crime of passion, but again no investigation is conducted. Ja'far learns the true story, and exonerates the slave, by chance.

Early Chinese crime stories
Gong'an is a genre of Ming dynasty Chinese crime fiction that includes Bao Gong An (Chinese:包公案) and the 18th-century novel Di Gong An (Chinese:狄公案). The latter was translated into English as Dee Goong An (Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee) by Dutch sinologist Robert Van Gulik, who then used the style and characters to write an original Judge Dee series.

The hero of these novels is typically a traditional judge or similar official based on historical personages, such as Judge Bao (Bao Qingtian) or Judge Dee (Di Renjie). Although the historical characters may have lived in an earlier period (such as the Song or Tang dynasties), the novels are often set in the later Ming or Manchu period.

These novels differ from the Western genre in several points as described by van Gulik:
 * The detective is the local magistrate who is usually involved in several unrelated cases simultaneously.
 * The criminal is introduced at the start of the story, and his crime and reasons are carefully explained, thus constituting an inverted detective story rather than a "puzzle".
 * The stories have a supernatural element, with ghosts telling people about their deaths and even accusing the criminal.
 * The stories were filled with digressions into philosophy, the complete texts of official documents, and much more, making for very long books.
 * The novels tended to have a huge cast of characters, typically in the hundreds, all described as to their relation to the various main actors in the story.
 * Little time is spent on the details of how the crime was committed, but a great deal on the torture and execution of the criminals, even including their further torments in one of the various hells for the damned.

Van Gulik chose Di Gong An to translate because it was in his view closer to the Western tradition and more likely to appeal to non-Chinese readers.

Description of crimes and detectives
Forerunners of today's crime fiction include the ghost story, the horror story, and the revenge story. Early examples of crime stories include Thomas Skinner Sturr's anonymous Richmond, or stories in the life of a Bow Street officer (1827), Steen Steensen Blicher's The Rector of Veilbye (1829), Philip Meadows Taylor's Confessions of a Thug (1839), and Maurits Christopher Hansen's "Mordet paa Maskinbygger Roolfsen" - The Murder of Engineer Roolfsen (1839).

An example of an early crime/revenge story is American poet and short-story writer Edgar Allan Poe's (1809–1849) tale "The Cask of Amontillado", published in 1846. Poe created the first fictional detective (a word unknown at the time) in the character of C. Auguste Dupin, as the central character of some of his short stories (which he called "tales of ratiocination"). In the words of William L. De Andrea (Encyclopedia Mysteriosa, 1994), he "was the first to create a character whose interest for the reader lay primarily (even solely) on his ability to find hidden truths. [...] Poe seems to have anticipated virtually every important development to follow in the genre, from the idea of a lesser side-kick to the detective as narrator (later epitomised in the Dr. Watson of the Sherlock Holmes stories) to the concept of an armchair detective to the prototype of the secret-service story."

"Locked-room" mysteries
One of the early developments started by Poe was the so-called locked-room mystery in "The Murders in the Rue Morgue". Here, the reader is presented with a puzzle and encouraged to solve it before finishing the story and being told the solution.

These stories are so-called because they involve a crime—normally a murder—which takes place in a "locked room". In the simplest case, this is literally a hermetically sealed chamber, which to all appearances, no one could have entered or left at the time of the crime. More generally, it is any crime situation where—again, to all appearances—someone must have entered or left the scene of the crime, yet it was not possible for anyone to have done so. (For example, one such Agatha Christie mystery (And Then There Were None) takes place on a small island during a storm; another is on a train stalled in the mountains and surrounded by new-fallen, unmarked snow.) One of the most famous locked-room mysteries was The Hollow Man. The resolution of such a story might involve showing how the room was not really "locked", or that it was not necessary for anyone else to have come or gone; that the murderer is still hiding in the room, or that the person to "discover" the murder when the room was unlocked in fact committed it just then.

Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson mysteries
In 1887, Scotsman Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859–1930) gave fresh impetus to the emerging form of the detective story by creating Sherlock Holmes, resident at 221B Baker Street, London—probably the most famous of fictional detectives and the first one to have clients, to be hired to solve a case. Holmes's art of detection consists in logical deduction based on minute details that escape everyone else's notice, and the careful and systematic elimination of all clues that in the course of his investigation turn out to lead nowhere. Conan Doyle also introduced Dr. John H. Watson, a physician who acts as Holmes's assistant and who also shares Holmes's flat in Baker Street.

The Golden Age
The 1920s and '30s are commonly known as the "Golden Age" of detective fiction. Most of its authors were British: Agatha Christie (1890–1976), Dorothy L. Sayers (1893–1957), and many more. Some of them were American, but with a British touch. By that time, certain conventions and clichés had been established, which limited any surprises on the part of the reader to the twists and turns within the plot and of course to the identity of the murderer. Most of novels of that era were whodunnits, and several authors excelled, after successfully leading their readers on the wrong track, in convincingly revealing to them the least likely suspect as the real villain of the story. What is more, they had a predilection for certain casts of characters and certain settings, with the secluded English country house at the top of the list.

A typical plot of the Golden Age mystery followed these lines:
 * A body, preferably that of a stranger, is found in the library by a maid who has just come in to dust the furniture.
 * As it happens, a few guests have just arrived for a weekend in the country—people who may or may not know each other. They typically include such stock characters as a handsome young gentleman and his beautiful and rich fiancée, an actress with past glory and an alcoholic husband, a clumsy aspiring young author, a retired colonel, a quiet, middle-aged man about whom no one knows anything,  who is supposedly the host's old friend, but behaves suspiciously, and a famous detective.
 * The police are either unavailable or incompetent to lead the investigation for the time being.

Hardboiled American crime-fiction writing
An American reaction to the cozy convention of British murder mysteries was the American hardboiled school of crime writing (certain works in the field are also referred to as noir fiction). Writers Dashiell Hammett (1894–1961), Raymond Chandler (1888–1959), Jonathan Latimer (1906–1983), Mickey Spillane (1918–2006), and many others decided on an altogether different, innovative approach to crime fiction. This created whole new stereotypes of crime fiction writing. The typical American investigator in these novels, was modeled thus:

He works alone. He is between 35 and 45 years or so, and both a loner and a tough guy. His usual diet consists of fried eggs, black coffee, and cigarettes. He hangs out at shady all-night bars. He is a heavy drinker, but always aware of his surroundings and is able to fight back when attacked. He always "wears" a gun. He shoots criminals or takes a beating if it helps him solve a case. He is always poor. Cases that at first seem straightforward, often turn out to be quite complicated, forcing him to embark on an odyssey through the urban landscape. He is involved with organized crime and other lowlifes on the "mean streets" of, preferably, Los Angeles, San Francisco, New York City, or Chicago. A hardboiled private eye has an ambivalent attitude towards the police. His ambition is to save America and rid it of its mean elements all by himself.

As Raymond Chandler's protagonist Philip Marlowe—immortalized by actor Humphrey Bogart in the movie adaptation (1946) of the novel The Big Sleep (1939)—admits to his client, General Sternwood, he finds it rather tiresome, as an individualist, to fit into the extensive set of rules and regulations for police detectives:

""Tell me about yourself, Mr. Marlowe. I suppose I have a right to ask?" "Sure, but there's very little to tell. I'm 33 years old, went to college once, and can still speak English if there's any demand for it. There isn't much in my trade. I worked for Mr. Wilde, the district attorney, as an investigator once. [...] I'm unmarried because I don't like policemen's wives." "And a little bit of a cynic," the old man smiled. "You didn't like working for Wilde?" "I was fired. For insubordination. I test very high on insubordination, General.""

Hardboiled crime fiction just uses a different set of clichés and stereotypes. Generally, it does include a murder mystery, but the atmosphere created by hardboiled writers and the settings they chose for their novels are different from English country-house murders or mysteries surrounding rich old ladies elegantly bumped off on a cruise ship, with a detective happening to be on board. Ian Ousby writes,

"Hardboiled fiction would have happened anyway, even if Agatha Christie and Dorothy L. Sayers [...] had not written the way they did or Knox had not formulated his rules. The impetus came from the conditions of American life and the opportunities available to the American writer in the 1920s. The economic boom following the First World War combined with the introduction of Prohibition in 1920 to encourage the rise of the gangster. The familiar issues of law and lawlessness in a society determined to judge itself by the most ideal standards took on a new urgency. At the same time, the pulp magazines were already exploiting a ready market for adventure stories—what Ronald Knox would have called "shockers"—which made heroes of cowboys, soldiers, explorers, and masked avengers. It took no great leap of imagination for them to tackle modern crime and detection, fresh from the newspaper headlines of the day, and create heroes with the same vigour [...]."

Another author who enjoyed writing about the sleazy side of life in the US is Jonathan Latimer. In his novel Solomon's Vineyard (1941), private eye Karl Craven aims to rescue a young heiress from the clutches of a weird cult. Apart from being an action-packed thriller, the novel contains open references to the detective's sex drive and allusions to, and a brief description of, kinky sexual practices. The novel was considered "too hot" for Latimer's American publishers, so was not published until 1950 in a heavily Bowdlerized version. The unexpurgated novel came out in Britain during the Second World War.

The hardboiled phenomenon appeared slightly earlier than the Golden Age of Science Fiction. "Apparently something just before the War [World War II] acted to create pulp writers who were willing to break out of the post-World War I shell of neverland cliches, which persisted in the pulps until the middle of the 1930s", Algis Budrys said in 1965. Large, mainstream book companies published crime fiction during World War II, presaging a similar entry into the science-fiction market in the 1950s.

The military veteran as hardboiled protagonist
Several hardboiled heroes have been war veterans: H. C. McNeile (Sapper)'s Bulldog Drummond from World War I, Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer, and many others from World War II, and John D. MacDonald's Travis McGee from the Korean War. In Bulldog Drummond's first appearance, he is a bored ex-serviceman seeking adventure, Spillane's Hammer avenges an old buddy who saved his life on Guadalcanal. The frequent exposure to death and hardship often leads to a cynical and callous attitude, as well as a character trait known today as post-traumatic stress characterizes many hardboiled protagonists.

A shift from plot-driven themes to character analysis
Over the decades, the detective story metamorphosed into the crime novel (see also the title of Julian Symons' history of the genre). Starting with writers like Francis Iles, who has been described as "the father of the psychological suspense novel as we know it today," more and more authors laid the emphasis on character rather than plot. Up to the present, many authors have tried their hand at writing novels where the identity of the criminal is known to the reader right from the start. The suspense is created by the author having the reader share the perpetrator's thoughts—up to a point, that is—and having them guess what is going to happen next (for example, another murder, or a potential victim making a fatal mistake), and if the criminal will be brought to justice in the end. For example, Simon Brett's A Shock to the System (1984) and Stephen Dobyns' Boy in the Water (1999) both reveal the murderer's identity quite early in the narrative. A Shock to the System is about a hitherto law-abiding business manager's revenge which is triggered by his being passed over for promotion, and the intricate plan he thinks up to get back at his rivals. Boy in the Water is the psychological study of a man who, severely abused as a child, is trying to get back at the world at large now that he has the physical and mental abilities to do so. As a consequence of his childhood trauma, the killer randomly picks out his victims, first terrifying them and eventually murdering them. But Boy in the Water also traces the mental states of a group of people who happen to get in touch with the lunatic, and their reactions to him.

Crime fiction in specific themes
Apart from the emergence of the psychological thriller and the continuation of older traditions such as the whodunnit and the private eye novel, several new trends can be recognised. One of the first masters of the spy novel was Eric Ambler, whose unsuspecting and innocent protagonists are often caught in a network of espionage, betrayal and violence and whose only wish is to get home safely as soon as possible. Spy thrillers continue to fascinate readers even if the Cold War period is over now. Another development is the courtroom novel which, as opposed to courtroom drama, also includes many scenes which are not set in the courtroom itself but which basically revolves around the trial of the protagonist, who claims to be innocent but cannot (yet) prove it. Quite a number of U.S. lawyers have given up their jobs and started writing novels full-time, among them Scott Turow, who began his career with the publication of Presumed Innocent (1987) (the phrase in the title having been taken from the age-old legal principle that any defendant must be considered as not guilty until s/he is finally convicted). But there are also authors who specialise in historical mysteries—novels which are set in the days of the Roman Empire, in medieval England, the United States of the 1930s and 40s, or whenever (see historical whodunnit)—and even in mysteries set in the future. Remarkable examples can be found in any number of Philip K. Dick's stories or novels.

LGBT crime fiction
LGBT has also left its mark on the genre of crime fiction. Numerous private eyes—professionals as well as amateurs—are now women, some of them lesbians. Tally McGinnis, for example, is the young gay heroine of a series of novels by U.S. author Nancy Sanra (born 1944). Sanra's Tally McGinnis mysteries, such as No Escape (1998), which is set in San Francisco, are quite traditional in other respects. In Britain, Scottish-born Val McDermid created lesbian journalist-cum-sleuth Lindsay Gordon, and Joan Smith (born 1953) has gained popularity as the author of a series of Loretta Lawson novels. Lawson is a university teacher and an amateur sleuth. In Full Stop (1995), she stops over at New York and is quickly devoured by the city. Seattle writer Barbara Wilson published Murder in the Collective and other crime books with LGBT characters.

Police investigation themes
By far the richest field of activity though has been the police novel. U.S. (male) writer Hillary Waugh's (1920–2008) police procedural Last Seen Wearing ... (1952) is an early example of this type of crime fiction. As opposed to hard-boiled crime writing, which is set in the mean streets of a big city, Last Seen Wearing ... carefully and minutely chronicles the work of the police, including all the boring but necessary legwork, in a small American college town where, in the dead of winter, an attractive student disappears. In contrast to armchair detectives such as Dr. Gideon Fell or Hercule Poirot, Chief of Police Frank W. Ford and his men never hold back information from the reader. By way of elimination, they exclude all the suspects who could not possibly have committed the crime and eventually arrive at the correct conclusion, a solution which comes as a surprise to most of them but which, due to their painstaking research, is infallible. The novel certainly is a whodunnit, but all the conventions of the cosy British variety are abandoned. A lot of reasoning has to be done by the police though, including the careful examination and re-examination of all the evidence available. Waugh's police novel lacks "action" in the form of dangerous situations from which the characters can only make a narrow escape, but the book is nonetheless a page-turner of a novel, with all the suspense for the readers created through their being able to witness each and every step the police take in order to solve the crime.

Another example is American writer Faye Kellerman (born 1952), who wrote a series of novels featuring Peter Decker and his daughter by his first marriage, Cindy, who both work for the Los Angeles Police Department. Local colour is provided by the author, especially through Peter Decker's Jewish background. In Stalker (2000), 25-year-old Cindy herself becomes the victim of a stalker, who repeatedly frightens her and also tries to do her bodily harm. Apart from her personal predicament, Cindy is assigned to clear up a series of murders that have been committed in the Los Angeles area. Again, the work of the police is chronicled in detail, but it would not be fiction if outrageous things did not intervene.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: History of crime fiction


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Talk:Guinness World Records

Record Breakers (TV show)
I'm not sure that the BBC show Record Breakers should be included in the list of Guinness spin offs. It was a BBC show, at a time when there were strict guidelines on tie-ins to commercial products in TV programming; the only real link was the presence of the McWhirters. CulturalSnow (talk) 09:52, 16 May 2018 (UTC)

Most tattooed person
Is there a reason the world's most tattooed person is pictured in this article, other than a random arbitrary Guinness world record? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.225.17.141 (talk) 23:17, 15 July 2020 (UTC)

Strange Penile Omission, Also, Heaviest Book?
Strange that their searchable website has a result for longest penile artificial/surgical extension, but not longest penis. Also, I was thinking how the Guinness Book is pretty heavy so I searched heaviest book and it doesn't seem to exist! -From Peter {a.k.a. Vid2vid (talk | contribs)} 05:30, 30 November 2020 (UTC).
 * I don't think this talk should be on wikipedia, however, as an editor who tried to lookup Hypixel's record for Wikipedia, here's a good tip. The search webpage you linked does NOT list all records. If you want to perform an exaustive search, you need to create an account to GRW's website in order to use the "Record Application Search" webpage. 81.245.100.129 (talk) 16:39, 30 December 2020 (UTC)

"List of New or Broken Records in Guinness World Records Books" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect List of New or Broken Records in Guinness World Records Books and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 October 7 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. TartarTorte 16:02, 7 October 2022 (UTC)

Deliberately ignoring credible record claims
In recent years Guinness seems to be deliberately ignoring credible record claims that come from poverty-stricken countries. In particular, there have been a number of credible claims to tallest living man that have come out of southern and southeast Asian countries that, at the least, warranted further investigation. These include Pornchai Saosri (Thailand) and Ho Van Trung (Vietnam). Unlike many past record claims there is a lot of photographic and video evidence for both of these men. Unfortunately, they have both since died from their conditions.

I feel there are three possible reasons for this (in order of likelihood): 1) Guinness new business model (rightly criticised already in the article) is more interested in rich people paying for records than actually researching legitimate real records. Financing the investigations into these two men would have been expensive with little to no financial return. 2) Guinness is motivated to keep records in the hands of financial sponsor countries such as UK and US. 3) Racism. The worst and least likely reason, but it's crossed my mind more than once over the years.

One thing that is certain is they are moving away from active investigation of claims and requiring the claimants to lodge a record challenge application, provide all the evidence themselves, and pay for it. This, of course, is unfeasible for such poor people. I'm unsure if any of this material is useful for the article but I feel the discussion about their current practices is worth having.

 * It's not the role of Wikipedia to investigate. If a reliable source investigates and publishes its findings then that can be incorporated into the article. Nthep (talk) 07:44, 28 November 2022 (UTC)

Neutral?
The page was less neutral then the company side. You can read there. Its not offical, its no database, its just accept records of paying costumers, they dont list all records, they dont do own researches to find new records. You can all read this on their own webside. you have to pay them 1000$ and dend them signed document of two witnesses. Then you are in. If you dont contact or pay them you are not. No database and not "offical". Check on the own company website. :) So. Can you belive a record in the GB. Yes, maybe. Better then nothing. But by far not sooo save. A record dokumentet by the press (a reporter team) for example is much better then a simple "say so" of 2 guys nobody knows :) And. Are all records in there? No! Just some of the "offical" records are listet. Just the records of the customers of the company G.! So most of the "offical records" been done are not in there. So it cant impossible be something "offical". If you call it offical people of course think - whats not in this book is not offical :) And this is more then wrong. Its a simple Book from a simple company and just for entertainment and for makeing money. Like all other companys 2. So this should be a main point in this article. Till now the article did exactly the opposit. It makes this entertainment company to someking like or near a "offical" recrord database. And this is completly wrong! Even acording to the information they have on there own website. You can find there all the information. You find there answers to. Do you list all recods? What is the most easy way to get in, What do I have to pay, What I have to do? Why do I dont find my record in? Are we a complet database? Etc. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.202.180.156 (talk) 11:00, 8 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Whether or not your criticisms of the subject are valid, you are not permitted to state them in the encyclopedia in your own voice. This is called original research and is prohibited here. You must cite reliable sources that make and provide support for these observations, preferably in a section called "Criticism" or "Controversy", not in the lead of the article, which summarizes reliably-sourced content in the article body. Also, please make an effort to use correct English spelling and grammar here.  General Ization  Talk  17:55, 8 July 2023 (UTC)

Its not critic at all. Its the stuff you can read ON THERE OWN WEBSITE!!! Its not my opinion or something. Its clear facts. The question is. Why this is not neutral and why its written like an advertising article? Even more then they do on the own homepage. It is NOT controversial to do an entertainment book and do money. Thats very normal. Controversial it gets if encyclopedia publishes an advertising text that creates a false impression for the reader. Giving him the impression that a private beer company is the official international database and highest institution to declare whats a record and whats not. Its NOT official, its a PRIVAT company, It is no database; they not even research records them self, nor do they even try to list all records! It is pure entertainment. And this is good. NO PROBLEM with that!! The problem is if all people on the planet think - it is something like the united nations of records. No its not. It s a funny nice book for kinds with mostly funny records. Like "the man with the longest fingernails". Not more and not less. But this article make them 100 Steps more important then they are. And this is not right and absolutely against WP Rules and neutrality. And if we don't fix you support this. Check it out yourself. Its all correct what I say and if you look right you will find it on their own company website. Cant be more clear. 62.202.180.156 (talk) 13:40, 9 July 2023 (UTC)

Fastest Game Bird in Europe
The cited source for the Golden Plover being faster than the Red Grouse, Lonely Planet Ireland, merely states that the spur-wing goose is Europe's fastest game bird, while Guinness' website itself states "the red-breasted merganser would be the most likely answer; it is fully migratory and still occasionally hunted." While the Golden Plover may be faster than the Red Grouse, the parenthetical seems inaccurate. Zergog1 (talk) 10:48, 31 December 2023 (UTC)

Olympic Records
How about a mention of The Guinness Book of Olympic Records, presumably containing complete Olympic statistics, even if not record breaking? 108.225.17.141 (talk) 15:50, 28 February 2024 (UTC)

Update museum section?
Not sure whether the list of franchise museums is still accurate and could do with updating as it specifically says as of 2010. 2A00:23EE:14C8:2E33:450F:9AF4:C549:3B35 (talk) 16:13, 24 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Guinness World Records


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Crime film

Crime films, in the broadest sense, is a film genre inspired by and analogous to the crime fiction literary genre. Films of this genre generally involve various aspects of crime and its detection. Stylistically, the genre may overlap and combine with many other genres, such as drama or gangster film, but also include comedy, and, in turn, is divided into many sub-genres, such as mystery, suspense or noir.

Screenwriter and scholar Eric R. Williams identified crime film as one of eleven super-genres in his Screenwriters Taxonomy, claiming that all feature-length narrative films can be classified by these super-genres. The other ten super-genres are action, fantasy, horror, romance, science fiction, slice of life, sports, thriller, war and western. Williams identifies drama in a broader category called "film type", mystery and suspense as "macro-genres", and film noir as a "screenwriter's pathway" explaining that these categories are additive rather than exclusionary. Chinatown would be an example of a film that is a drama (film type) crime film (super-genre) that is also a noir (pathway) mystery (macro-genre).

Source of plots
Crime films are often based on real events or are adaptations of plays or novels, or a remake or adoption of a previous film. Some plots are original and entirely fictional. For example, the 1957 film version of Witness for the Prosecution is an adaptation of a 1953 stage play of that name, which is in turn based on Agatha Christie's short story, originally published in 1933. The film version was remade in 1982, and there have been other adaptations. However, each of these media has its own advantages and limitations, which in the case of cinema is the time constraint.

Plays and films
Witness for the Prosecution is a classic example of a courtroom drama. In a courtroom drama, a charge is brought against one of the main characters, who claims to be innocent. Another major part is played by the lawyer (in England a barrister) representing the defendant in court and battling with the public prosecutor. They may enlist the services of a private investigator to find out what really happened and who the real perpetrator is. However, in most cases it is not clear at all whether the accused is guilty of the crime or not—this is how suspense is created.

Often, the private investigator storms into the courtroom at the last minute in order to bring a new and crucial piece of information to the attention of the court. This type of literature lends itself to the literary genre of drama focused more on dialogue (the opening and closing statements, the witnesses' testimonies, etc.) and little or no necessity for a shift in scenery. The auditorium of the theatre becomes an extension of the courtroom. When a courtroom drama is filmed, the traditional device employed by screenwriters and directors is the frequent use of flashbacks, in which the crime and everything that led up to it is narrated and reconstructed from different angles.

A classic courtroom drama is U.S. playwright Reginald Rose's Twelve Angry Men (1954), which is set in the jury deliberation room of a New York court. Eleven members of the jury, aiming at a unanimous verdict of "guilty", try to get it over with as quickly as possible. And they would really succeed in achieving their common aim if it were not for the eighth juror (played by Henry Fonda in the 1957 movie adaptation), who, on second thoughts, considers it his duty to convince his colleagues that the defendant may be innocent after all, and who, by doing so, triggers much discussion, confusion, and anger.

Crime comedy
Crime comedy films are a hybrid of the crime film and the comedy that play with the conventions of the crime film and may introduce aspects of dark humor. Generally, they feature dim-witted criminals or crime sprees that are bumblingly executed or are presented in a lighthearted manner. The genre had a resurgence in popularity in the independent film scene of the 1990s, which combined the clichés of the crime thriller with comic appropriations. Examples include Kung Fu Hustle, The Wolf of Wall Street, 22 Jump Street, and Seven Psychopaths.

Crime drama
Crime dramas are films that focus on the moral dilemmas of criminals. They differ from crime thrillers as the films generally focus on a grimmer and more realistic portrayal of the criminal world over violence and gunplay sequences. Occasionally these films begin with the flashier elements of the crime thriller such as in The Godfather, Goodfellas and Once Upon a Time in America to develop into more contemplative narratives.

Crime thriller
Crime thrillers focus on the exciting elements of both successful and unsuccessful crimes. Unlike police procedurals, they focus on a criminal or a group of criminals rather than law enforcement. These films tend to focus on conspiracies and psychopathology of criminals, and are often violent and nihilistic. Examples include The Killers, The Peacock, Av Mevsimi and Memories of Murder.

Dacoit film
Dacoit films are a genre of Indian cinema revolving around dacoity. The genre was pioneered by Mehboob Khan's Aurat (1940) and Mother India (1957). Other examples include Gunga Jumna (1961), Sholay (1975) and Bandit Queen (1994).

Gangster film
Gangster films are films that tell the story from the perspective of gangsters, who are portrayed as idealistic antiheroes. The gangster film is among the oldest genres of films, with examples dating as early as Underworld, Little Caesar and Scarface. After World War II, these films became increasingly violent and menacing with films like Underworld USA. These films also were made outside the United States in Hong Kong, Japan and France.

Heist film
This film deals with a group of criminals attempting to perform a theft or robbery, as well as the possible consequences that follow. Heist films that are lighter in tone are called caper films. Examples include The Killing, Ocean's 11, Dog Day Afternoon, Reservoir Dogs, Heat and The Town.

Hood film
Apart from telling their own tales of African American gangsters in syndicates, films like Black Caesar feature the Italian mafia prominently. Often the blaxploitation films of the 1970s such as Shaft tell the tale of African American gangsters rising up and defeating the established white criminal order. African Americans were under-represented in filmmaking roles during much of the 20th century. It took African American producers and directors of the 1990s like John Singleton, Spike Lee and the Hughes Brothers to begin exploring the criminal lifestyle in American urban communities, telling stories of drugs, gang culture, gang violence, racism and poverty in African American communities. Examples of films from the 1990s fitting the African-American gangster genre include Boyz N The Hood, Menace II Society and New Jack City.

Mumbai underworld
Mumbai underworld is an Indian cinema crime film genre. The genre frequently draws inspiration from real Mumbai underworld gangsters, such as Haji Mastan, Dawood Ibrahim and D-Company. The genre was pioneered by Salim–Javed's Zanjeer (1973) and Deewaar (1975), starring Amitabh Bachchan. Other examples include the Don franchise (1978–2012), Nayakan (1986), Salaam Bombay! (1988), Parinda (1989), Satya (1998), Company (2002), Black Friday (2004), Slumdog Millionaire (2008) and Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai (2010).

Police procedural
Police procedurals focus on the police who investigate the actions of criminals, with examples such as He Walked by Night, In the Heat of the Night, Madigan, and The French Connection.

Prison film
The prison film is a type of crime film that focuses on the difficult living conditions in prisons, as well as occasionally focusing on inmates adjusting to life outside of prison.

European
Wilson, David, and Sean O'Sullivan. Images of Incarceration: Representations of Prison in Film and Television (Waterside Press, 2004), British emphasis.
 * Baschiera, Stefano. "European Crime Cinema and the Auteur." European Review 29.5 (2021): 588-600.
 * Chibnall, Steve, and Robert Murphy. British crime cinema (Routledge, 2005).
 * Curti, Roberto. Italian Crime Filmography, 1968-1980 (McFarland, 2013).
 * Davies, Ann. "Can the contemporary crime thriller be Spanish?" Studies in European Cinema 2.3 (2005). online
 * Forshaw, Barry. British crime film: Subverting the social order (Springer, 2012).
 * Forshaw, Barry. Euro Noir: The Pocket Essential Guide to European Crime Fiction, Film and TV (2014) excerpt
 * Gerhards, Sascha. "Ironizing Identity: The German Crime Genre and the Edgar Wallace Production Trend of the 1960s." in Generic Histories of German Cinema: Genre and its Deviations (Camden House, 2013) pp: 133-155.
 * Hansen, Kim Toft, Steven Peacock, and Sue Turnbull, eds. European television crime drama and beyond (Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018).
 * Marlow-Mann, Alex. "Strategies of Tension: Towards a Reinterpretation of Enzo G. Castellari's The Big Racket and the Italian Crime Film." in Popular Italian Cinema (2013) pp: 133-146.
 * Peacock, Steven. Swedish crime fiction: Novel, film, television (Manchester University Press, 2015).
 * Reisinger, Deborah Streifford. Crime and media in contemporary France (Purdue University Press, 2007).
 * Toft Hansen, Kim, Steven Peacock, and Sue Turnbull. "Down these European mean streets: Contemporary issues in European television crime drama." in European television crime drama and beyond (2018) pp: 1-19. online

title: Crime film


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Bait-and-switch

Bait-and-switch is a form of fraud used in retail sales but also employed in other contexts. First, customers are "baited" by merchants' advertising products or services at a low price, but then, when they visit the store, those customers discover that the advertised goods are not available and are pressured by salespeople to purchase similar but higher-priced products ("switching").

Bait-and-switch techniques have a long and widespread history as a part of commercial culture. Many variations on the bait-and-switch appear, for example, in China's earliest book of stories about fraud, Zhang Yingyu's The Book of Swindles (c. 1617).

Function
The intention of the bait-and-switch is to encourage purchases of substituted goods, making consumers satisfied with the available stock offered, as an alternative to a disappointment or inconvenience of acquiring no goods (bait) at all, and reckoning on a seemingly partial recovery of sunk costs expended trying to obtain the bait. It suggests that the seller will not show the original product or service advertised but instead will demonstrate a more expensive product or a similarly priced, but lower-quality, product. In either case, the seller expects to earn a higher margin on the substitute product.

Legality
In the United States, courts have held that the purveyor of a bait-and-switch operation may be subject to a lawsuit by customers for false advertising, and can be sued for trademark infringement by competing manufacturers, retailers, and others who profit from the sale of the product used as bait. However, no cause of action will exist so long as the purveyor is capable of actually selling the goods advertised, even if they aggressively push a competing product.

Likewise, advertising a sale while intending to stock a limited amount of, and thereby sell out, a loss-leading item advertised is legal in the United States. The purveyor can escape liability if they make clear in their advertisements that quantities of items for which a sale is offered are limited, or by offering a rain check on sold-out items.

In England and Wales, bait and switch is banned under the Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008; breaking this law can result in a criminal prosecution, an unlimited fine and two years in jail. In Canada, this tactic is illegal under the Competition Act. In Australia, bait advertising is illegal under the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (formerly known as the Trade Practices Act 1974).

Non-retail use

 * A bait-and-switch job offer is when the actual work has large discrepancies with what was described in the job listing or interview.
 * A bait-and-switch interview is when a potential employee hires another person to be their stand-in during the job interview process.
 * Online sellers use bait-and-switch by showing a photograph of a desired item to get sales, then shipping a cheaper copy of the item or a picture of the item.
 * Car dealerships and auto brokers have also been known to use various forms of bait-and-switch or similar tactics, such as advertising vehicles online at what seems like a bargain price, only for the customer to discover that the specific vehicle is no longer available, as well as adding on a plethora of additional fees or even changing the sale price when coming close to closing the sale.

Politics
In lawmaking, "caption bills" that propose minor changes in law with simplistic titles (the bait) are introduced to the legislature with the ultimate objective of substantially changing the wording (the switch) at a later date in order to try to smooth the passage of a controversial or major amendment. Rule changes are also proposed (the bait) to meet legal requirements for public notice and mandated public hearings, then different rules are proposed at a final meeting (the switch), thus bypassing the objective of public notice and public discussion on the actual rules voted upon.

title: Bait-and-switch


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624 Hektor

624 Hektor is the largest Jupiter trojan and the namesake of the Hektor family, with a highly elongated shape equivalent in volume to a sphere of approximately 225 to 250 kilometers diameter. It was discovered on 10 February 1907, by astronomer August Kopff at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany, and named after the Trojan prince Hector, from Greek mythology. It has one small 12-kilometer sized satellite, Skamandrios, discovered in 2006.

Description
Hektor is a D-type asteroid, dark and reddish in colour. It lies in Jupiter's leading Lagrangian point,, called the Greek camp after one of the two sides in the legendary Trojan War. Hektor is named after the Trojan hero Hektor and is thus one of two trojan asteroids that is "misplaced" in the wrong camp (the other one being 617 Patroclus in the Trojan camp).

Contact-binary hypothesis
Hektor is one of the most elongated bodies of its size in the Solar System, being approximately 403 km in its longest dimension, but averaging only around 201 km in its other dimensions, with a total volume equivalent to an approx 250 km diameter sphere, and an estimated mass of $403 km$ (thus density of 1.0g/cm3). It is thought that Hektor might be a contact binary (two asteroids joined by gravitational attraction) like 216 Kleopatra, composed of two more rounded lobes of 220 and 183 km mean diameters. Hubble Space Telescope observations of Hektor in 1993 did not show an obvious bilobate shape because of a limited angular resolution. On 17 July 2006, the Keck 10-meter-II-telescope and its laser guide star adaptive optics (AO) system indicated a bilobate shape for Hektor, which was reinforced by later studies that, together with multiple historical lightcurves, suggest a rotation period of 6.9205 hours.

Satellite
A 10–15-km-diameter moon, named Skamandrios, was detected orbiting 624 Hektor in 2006 with a semi-major axis of 623.5 km and an orbital period of 2.9651 days (71.162 hours). It was confirmed with Keck observations in November 2011, and was then named on 12 March 2017. No mass estimate was provided, but the equivalent volume suggests an approximate mass of $370 km$ if the two bodies are of the same density. Its orbit is highly inclined and eccentric, and it is likely that its rotation is chaotic. Marchis et al. (2014) speculate that it was ejected after a low-velocity collision produced the bilobed primary. The newly merged primary could have spun fast enough to be unstable and shed some mass. The dynamics of Skamandrios can be modeled by the restricted four-body problem.

Hektor is the first known trojan with a satellite companion and, so far, one of only four known binary trojan asteroids in the group (the others being 16974 Iphthime, 3548 Eurybates, and 15094 Polymele). 617 Patroclus, another large trojan asteroid of the group, consists of two almost equal-sized components. Two other binary asteroids are known in the L5 group, and 29314 Eurydamas.

Studies
624 Hektor was in a 2003 study of asteroids using the Hubble FGS. Asteroids studied include 63 Ausonia, 15 Eunomia, 43 Ariadne, 44 Nysa, and 624 Hektor. It has since been revisited several times, particularly as a test of the upgraded resolution of the Keck Observatory's LGS Adaptive Optics system which allowed Earth-based observation of binary asteroids for the first time. The asteroid has also been imaged by the NEOWISE and AKARI all-sky studies, which reported highly divergent size estimates of 147.4 and 231.0 kilometers, respectively. This mostly arises from large differences in estimated albedo (approximately 0.107 for NEOWISE, and a much lower 0.034 for AKARI) rather than its absolute magnitude being measured only briefly at opposing extremes of a widely varying cycle such as thought to account for the uncertainty over the size of 1173 Anchises (624 Hektor's own abs. mag. recorded as a relatively similar 7.20 and 7.49 by the two studies). It is, unusually, not included in the published IRAS results, and is therefore the largest Jupiter trojan to be omitted from that study.

title: 624 Hektor


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Loss leader

A loss leader (also leader) is a pricing strategy where a product is sold at a price below its market cost to stimulate other sales of more profitable goods or services. With this sales promotion/marketing strategy, a "leader" is any popular article, i.e., sold at a low price to attract customers.

One use of a loss leader is to draw customers into a store where they are likely to buy other goods. The vendor expects that the typical customer will purchase other items at the same time as the loss leader and that the profit made on these items will be such that an overall profit is generated for the vendor.

"Loss lead" is an item offered for sale at a reduced price that is intended to "lead" to the subsequent sale of other services or items. The loss leader is offered at a price below its minimum profit margin—not necessarily below cost. The firm tries to maintain a current analysis of its accounts for both the loss lead and the associated items, so it can monitor how well the scheme is doing to avoid an overall net loss.

Strategy
Marketing academics have shown that retailers should think of both the direct and indirect effect of substantial price promotions when evaluating their impact on profit. To make a very precise analysis one should also include effects over time. Deep price promotions may cause people to bulk-buy (stockpile), which may invalidate the long-term effect of the strategy. This is the association rule analysis.

When automobile dealerships use this practice, they offer at least one vehicle below cost and must disclose all of the features of the vehicle (including the VIN). If the loss-leader vehicle has been sold, the salesperson tries to sell a more upscale trim of that vehicle at a slightly discounted price, as a customer who has missed the loss-leading vehicle is unlikely to find a better deal elsewhere.

Loss leaders can be an important part of companies' marketing and sales strategies, especially during "dumping" campaigns.

Characteristics

 * A loss leader may be placed in an inconvenient part of the store, such as at the rear of the store, so that purchasers must walk past other goods that have higher profit margins.
 * A loss leader is usually a product that customers purchase frequently—thus they are aware that its unusually low price is a bargain.
 * Loss leaders are often scarce or provided with limits (e.g., maximum 10 bottles) to discourage stockpiling and to limit purchases by small businesses. The seller must use loss leaders regularly if they expect their customers to come back.
 * Some loss leader items, such as fruits, vegetables and pastries, are perishable and cannot be easily stockpiled by customers.
 * Some loss leaders, rather than being advertised as bargains, are high-end, costly products offered below profit margin to enhance the company's prestige and/or to attract "lookers" or "window shoppers" who may buy other less expensive but more profitable merchandise. For example, if a pawnshop offers a Harley-Davidson motorcycle in its display window at below the normal profit-making cost, this motorcycle will generate a lot of walk-in traffic during the period before it is sold. These shoppers may end up using the store's other services or making other purchases.

Some examples of typical loss leaders include milk, eggs, rice, and other inexpensive items that grocers would not want to sell without the customer making other purchases. While some customers may have the discipline to only buy the loss leaders, the loss leader strategy works because a customer who goes into a grocery store to buy an inexpensive bread or milk item may decide to buy other grocery items.

Record albums
The Warner/Reprise Loss Leaders were a series of promotional sampler compilation albums released by Warner Bros. Records throughout the 1970s. Each album (usually a 2-record set) contained a wide variety of tracks by artists under contract to Warner Bros. and its subsidiary labels (primarily Reprise Records); often these were singles, B-sides, non-hit album tracks, or otherwise obscure material, all designed to arouse interest in the artists' regular albums. Warner advertised the Loss Leaders albums by inserting special illustrated inner sleeves in all of its regular album releases, listing all of the currently available Loss Leaders and including an order form. Each loss leader double album was priced at US$2, significantly less than a comparable regular-release double album of the time.

The first Loss Leaders compilation was The 1969 Warner/Reprise Songbook, featuring a wide range of artists from Miriam Makeba to The Mothers of Invention; the last of the original series was the punk and new wave-themed Troublemakers in 1980.

Video cassettes
In 1979, American businessman Earl Muntz decided to sell blank tapes and VCRs as loss leaders to attract customers to his showroom, where he would then try to sell them highly profitable widescreen projection TV systems of his own design. His success continued through the early 1980s.

Automobiles
Chevrolet's Corvette was originally intended in the 1950s to be an "image builder" and loss leader for General Motors, the idea being that men would go to showrooms to look at this "automotive Playboy Bunny"—which they knew they could not afford—and end up purchasing a lower-cost model. However, it enjoyed significant sales successes in the 1960s and produced a substantial annual profit.

On its launch in 1959 the British Motor Corporation's Mini car was sold at a starting price (including taxes) of £496 for its most basic model, and it was estimated that BMC lost £30 per car sold at this price. However, the headline-grabbing price was significantly lower than that of the car's contemporary rival, the Ford Anglia—indeed the only cheaper four-wheeled, four-seater car on the British car market at the time was very basic and old-fashioned Ford Popular, which sold for only £2 less than the basic Mini. While BMC lost money on every basic Mini sold, such cars were unattractive to many buyers since they lacked features such as heaters, floor carpets and opening rear windows and BMC priced the better-equipped models (which cost from £537) to make a small profit, using the basic car as a loss-leader to allow the promotion of a starting price below the significant £500 mark and to make the Mini at least appear to undercut its main rival on price. The ploy did not work entirely as BMC intended—even in its most basic form, the Mini was far superior in many areas to its rivals while also being lower in price. BMC sold far more basic Minis than it had anticipated, meaning that it sold many Minis at a significant loss. Despite the car being a bestseller in Britain (and several other markets) it made little to no profit for many years.

Perishable food
Supermarkets sell food staples such as bananas or milk at less than the cost at which they were purchased in order to draw customers to their business. These items are typically strategically placed far from the entrances of the store to enhance this effect. In the case of milk, supermarket chains often refuse to pay market rates to avoid making a loss.

Costco sells its very popular quarter-pound hotdog and soda combo for $1.50 USD, a price point that has not changed since 1985 and is believed to be well below cost, to bring customers into the store.

Diapers/nappies
Many toy store chains and online retailers sell diapers or nappies as a loss leader in order to entice parents into the store in the hopes that the children will spot toys, bottles or other items that the family desires.

Hardware/tool stores
Large hardware stores often sell larger tools, such as drills or electric saws at cost or below. They do this expecting customers to buy accessories such as blades, drill bits, stands, or cases, along with the new tool. These items tend to have a much higher profit margin, and are often impulse buys.

Smartphones and mobile electronics
Some consumer electronics stores use smartphones and other mobile electronics as loss leaders. The company makes less profit on the smartphone or mobile device, but they make up for this by the sales of higher-profit accessories such as cases, headphones and power adapters.

Home video game consoles
Gaming consoles, such as the Xbox 360/PlayStation 3, Xbox One/PlayStation 4, or Xbox Series X/S/PlayStation 5, are often initially sold as loss leaders. This helps assert market share for the console, which enables the creation of a development ecosystem for games. The profit is then made on the sale of games and accessories over the system's lifetime.

title: Loss leader


text:
Comptometer

The Comptometer was the first commercially successful key-driven mechanical calculator, patented in the United States by Dorr Felt in 1887.

A key-driven calculator is extremely fast because each key adds or subtracts its value to the accumulator as soon as it is pressed and a skilled operator can enter all of the digits of a number simultaneously, using as many fingers as required, making them sometimes faster to use than electronic calculators. Consequently, in specialized applications, comptometers remained in use in limited numbers into the early 1990s, but with the exception of museum pieces, they have all now been superseded by electronic calculators and computers.

Manufactured without interruption from 1887 to the mid-1970s, it was constantly improved. The mechanical versions were made faster and more reliable, then a line of electro-mechanical models was added in the 1930s. It was the first mechanical calculator to receive an all-electronic calculator engine in 1961, with the ANITA Mark VII model released by Sumlock Comptometer. This created the link between the mechanical calculator industries and the electronic.

Although the comptometer was primarily an adding machine, it could also do subtractions, multiplication and division. Its keyboard consisted of eight or more columns of nine keys each. Special comptometers with varying key arrays were produced for a variety of special purposes, including calculating currency exchanges, times and Imperial weights. The name comptometer was formerly in wide use as a generic name for this class of calculating machine.

Origins
The comptometer is the direct descendant of the key-driven machine of Thomas Hill patented in the United States in 1857 and of the Pascaline invented by Blaise Pascal in France in 1642. By just replacing the input wheels of the Pascaline by the columns of keys of Hill's machine, the comptometer was invented. Addition is performed exactly the same way, and both the Pascaline and the Comptometer make use of the 9's complement method for subtraction, but in the case of the comptometer it is the operator who must choose the right keys for the subtrahend (each key has its 9's complement written in miniature letter next to it).

The first comptometers
Dorr Felt began his work on the comptometer in 1882 and started building the first prototype during the American Thanksgiving holidays of 1884. Because of his limited amount of money, he used a macaroni box for the outside box, and skewers, staples and rubber bands for the mechanism inside. It was finished soon after New Year's Day, 1885. This prototype, called the macaroni box, is in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., United States.

Shortly after, Robert Tarrant, the owner of a Chicago workshop, gave Felt a salary of $6 a week, a bench to work on, and what would add up to $5,000 to build his first practical machine, which he finished in the autumn of 1886.

By September 1887, eight production machines had been built.

Comptometer and comptograph

The original comptometer design was patented by the American Dorr E. Felt. The first two patents were granted on July 19, 1887 and on October 11, 1887.

Two years later, on June 11, 1889, he was granted a patent for the Comptograph. A Comptograph is a comptometer with a printing mechanism making it more like a key-set calculating machine (even though the keys are registered as they are typed and not when a handle is pulled), therefore slower and more complicated to operate. It was the first printing-adding machine design to use individualized type impression which made its printed output very legible.

The first comptograph was sold to the Merchants & Manufacturers National Bank of Pittsburgh, PA. in December 1889. It was the first sale of a recording-adding machine ever. This machine is now on display at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C..

The Felt & Tarrant Manufacturing Company built both comptometers and comptographs throughout the 1890s. In 1902, the Comptograph Company was set up to manufacture comptographs exclusively, but was shut down at the beginning of World War I.

Forty years later, in the mid-1950s, the Comptometer Corporation reused the name Comptograph for a line of 10-key printing machines.

Competition
The comptometer was the first machine in production to challenge the supremacy of the arithmometer and its clones; but not immediately, it took almost three years to sell the first hundred machines.

Felt & Tarrant Manufacturing Company
Felt and Tarrant signed a partnership contract on November 28, 1887. The partnership was incorporated as the Felt & Tarrant Manufacturing Company on January 25, 1889. The firm often used the abbreviation Felt & Tarrant Mfg Co in their logo on both their machines as well as in print, with the ampersand chosen over the word "and" as part of their official corporate name.

Comptograph Company
In 1902, Felt and Tarrant parted ways in creating a second company and decided to split the shares of both companies so that one would own the controlling interest of a company with 51% of the shares and the other would still share the profits with the remaining 49% of the shares. Felt became the majority owner of the Felt & Tarrant Manufacturing Company and Tarrant became the majority owner of the Comptograph Company. The Felt & Tarrant Manufacturing Company reabsorbed the Comptograph company at the beginning of World War I.

Comptometer Corporation
The Felt & Tarrant Mfg Co became public in 1947 and changed its name to the Comptometer Corporation in 1957.

Bell Punch Company – Sumlock Comptometer Ltd
In 1960, the Bell Punch Company bought the British rights to the Comptometer design and trademark, and continued its development. In 1961, Sumlock, a division of the Bell Punch Company, was renamed The Sumlock Comptometer Ltd and began marketing the first all-electronic desktop calculator, the ANITA Mark VII. The entire calculator division of the Bell Punch Company was bought by Rockwell International in 1973. They exited the calculator business in 1976 and shut down all operations.

Victor Comptometer Corporation
In 1961, the Comptometer Corporation merged with the Victor Adding Machine Company, and the two became the Victor Comptometer Corporation. After barely surviving the microprocessor revolution, it is still doing business today as Victor Technology LLC.

Wooden boxes
The first machines were built using wooden boxes, which made them lighter but more fragile. They were called the "woodies", and about 6,500 machines were built in between 1887 and 1903.

Two major improvements happened during the first years of production: the first was the insertion of carry inhibit push buttons for quicker operations of subtraction and the second was the color grouping of the columns of keys (three by three except for the first two columns that represent hundredths). Felt continually improved his machine with seven patents filed during the first ten years. These included the patents that he took for the Comptograph.

Each row of keys is differentiated from the one above and the one below by a different tactile feel: the even rows have round and raised keys and the odd rows have flat and oblong keys. The keys of the first machines, with their metal rims, are similar to the typewriters keys of the same period. Plastic keys were also introduced very early on but their rows do not have that tactile difference.

The woodies had a three-part zeroing mechanism: a lever, a lever stop, and a knob. In order to reset the machine, first push the lever toward the stop, start rotating the knob and release the lever as soon as the result numbers start to move. Continue rotating the knob until all the result numbers are reset.

Model A
All the models, from this one on, have a metal casing, but the model A has a polished glass panel for the output display in the front. This model is produced from 1904 to 1906.

Described in patents 762,520 and 762,521, it introduces a new carry mechanism that reduces the power needed to operate the keys to one fourth of its predecessor's. It also introduces the duplex feature that allows for keys to be pressed simultaneously. And finally it introduces a simplified clearing mechanism that only requires one lever, and one back and forth motion of it, to reset the machine. "The machine gun of the office" as it was called in some World War I advertisements, was starting to develop the form and mechanism that it would keep for the next forty years.

Model B, C, D
These models are built from 1907 to 1915. They all have the shoebox metal casing that will be used until the end of World War II.

Model E

Very few machines of this type were built, but all were made between 1913 and 1915. This was a transition machine that introduced the "Controlled-Key" safeguard, which was part of an error detection mechanism that blocked most of the keyboard if a key was not pressed enough to add its total to the result. When this mechanism was activated, all the columns of keys were blocked except for the one where the error occurred. Therefore, the operator could find the column in question, reenter the number and unlock the keyboard by pressing the release key in order to resume the operations.

Each key was supported by a metal plate that wrapped around it on three sides. This created a support that was used to block the key when the error detection mechanism was activated. The blocking mechanism was moved inside the box in the following models.

Model F
The production of this model started in 1915 and lasted five years. The error detection mechanism is moved inside the box and the release key is red. This machine is the last machine without the Comptometer logo inscribed on its front and back panels.

Model H, J, ST
Manufactured from 1920 until the beginning of World War II, these models incorporate all of the improvements of the previous machines. The Comptometer logo is inscribed on their front and back panels and they have the red release key that was introduced with the previous two models.

The ST (SuperTotalizer) has two display output registers and two additional levers that allow for the creation of intermediate results. Each key pressed by the operator is added to the top display register creating an intermediate result which is added to the bottom display register when the operator activates the front right lever (it also resets it). The bottom display register accumulates the intermediate results until it is cleared by using the left lever.

These three models are the last of the shoebox design that was introduced in 1907 with the B model.

Model K
This electric model was introduced in the middle of the 1930s and had a very moderate success since the mechanical models were very easy to operate and less expensive to maintain.

Model M, WM
Introduced just before World War II, it had a new box design which was more symmetrical and rounder in shape. The WM was manufactured during World War II with a less wasteful use of material for the mechanism.

The WM had many aluminum parts which were more prone to failure so the use of steel was resumed as soon as steel again became available. While the machine was lighter, it was also weaker.

Post World War II models
The models become lighter with the use of aluminum and more refined inner mechanical designs. Both mechanical and electric models are offered. Their outside is similar to the model M machines. The model 3D11 succeeds to the model M and the electric model 992 succeeds to the model K. The major external appearance change of the 3D11 and 992, the keys were two tones of green with a fuller depth almost twice the old original style. making identification very easy. Also the lock release key (red) was moved from the upper right corner of the keyboard to the center and just below the 'one' keys so it could be thumb operated. On model K electrics the motor was turned on with a switch and ran continuously during use. The 992 had a micro switch which started the motor at the start of any key depression and shut off after key action competed. This reduced the motor wear to almost nil.

The most important new designs of this period came from the Sumlock comptometer Ltd company that introduced the first all-electronic desktop calculators almost two years before the competition. They were the ANITA Mark VII, first introduced in 1961 and marketed in Continental Europe and the ANITA Mark VIII, a slightly improved design, introduced at the same time, marketed in Britain and the rest of the world. They both started shipping in 1962.

The last ANITA machine with a Comptometer keyboard was the ANITA mk 10 introduced in 1965, still using cold-cathode switching tubes and that will be replaced in 1968 by the ANITA mk 11, a 10 key machine.

Sharp's first all transistor desktop calculator, the CS-10A COMPET, introduced in the summer of 1964, also had a Comptometer type keyboard.

title: Comptometer


text:
Talk:List of political parties in India

BSP
As of now there is no political position of Bahujan Samaj Party in Wikipedia. Can you please give any source of information regarding its political position as in List of political parties in India it is only national party having no written political position. XYZ 250706 (talk) 15:51, 30 April 2023 (UTC)

@XYZ 250706, I couldn't find any source about BSP's political position, but in Wikipedia Bahujan Samaj Party there it is said that BSP believes in Social Transformation which is characteristics of Left Wing, So I should say that we should put it in Left Wing or Centre-Left position. Kindly share your views. Thank You! Chennai Super Kings Lover (talk)

@Chennai Super Kings Lover But BSP represents the Dalits. A party representing a specific caste of the society is element of right-wing politics. So can we add its political position as centre as it has both left-wing and right-wing features? XYZ 250706 (talk) 07:32, 2 May 2023 (UTC)

 * @XYZ 250706 @Chennai Super Kings Lover Without refs from independent sources, neither should be added. It's better to leave it blank. I have restored BSP ideologies at Bahujan Samaj Party which was removed. Dhruv edits (talk) 11:08, 6 May 2023 (UTC)

To Add information about significant former parties that have dissolved or merged.
We should think about another section in list of political parties in India related to significant former parties, which can be helpful for additional knowledge. Maphumor (talk) 08:00, 7 September 2023 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:List of political parties in Abkhazia which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 16:22, 29 March 2024 (UTC)

About total number of political party
2,276 2409:408A:2E41:BDCB:DAF5:F226:ED46:A347 (talk) 12:49, 16 May 2024 (UTC)

2024
@Dhruv edits@456legend I can see massive disruption in state parties section. One or more editors have added state parties based on their presence in state assemblies. But ECI rules say different things. Please update it. XYZ 250706 (talk) 13:00, 17 June 2024 (UTC)

 * @XYZ 250706 Sure but I only found:, ECI official notification dated 15 May 2023. If you have any latest notification please let me know here at the earliest. 456legend  talk  16:25, 17 June 2024 (UTC)
 * @456legend That's the latest. XYZ 250706 (talk) 16:28, 17 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of political parties in India


text:
Lists of political office-holders in Transylvania

These are lists of political office-holders in Transylvania, from the 10th century, until 1867.

 * Count of the Székelys – royal officials appointed from the first half of the 13th century to the second half of the 15th century to lead the Székelys independently of the voivodes.
 * List of counts of the Székelys
 * Duke of Transylvania – members of the royal family bearing the title duke in the 13th and 14th centuries
 * List of dukes of Transylvania
 * Voivode of Transylvania – great officials of the realm appointed by the monarchs to administer parts of Transylvania (includes a list of the sovereigns appointing them)
 * List of voivodes of Transylvania (12th–16th century)
 * Prince of Transylvania – monarchs of the Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711) under Ottoman suzerainty
 * List of princes of Transylvania (1570–1711)
 * List of princesses consort of Transylvania (1570–1711)
 * During the (Grand) Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867), the title of "Prince(ss) of Transylvania" (since 1765 "Grand Prince(ss)") was connected to the Habsburg kings and queens of Hungary until 1804, when it was added to the Grand title of the emperor of Austria. In practice, administration was performed by the Governor of Transylvania, a viceroy appointed by the Habsburg monarchs between 1691 and 1867:
 * List of governors of Transylvania (includes a list of the sovereigns appointing them)
 * List of chancellors of Transylvania (1556–1867), appointed during both the Ottoman and Habsburg eras of the Principality of Transylvania
 * Early rulers
 * Gelou, legendary Duke of Vlachs, is mentioned exclusively in the 13th century Gesta Hungarorum written by an unknown chronicler referred to as Anonymus. Romanian historiography claims that he was an actual person. Hungarian historiography claims that Gelou is a fictional person created by Anonymus from a toponym by etymology.
 * Tuhutum/Töhötöm (904–?), one of the legendary seven Hungarian chieftains, as given by Anonymus
 * Gyula II (950), Hungarian tribal leader, initially his domains were situated at the region of southeast Hungary bordered by the rivers Temes, Maros, Körös, Tisza and Tutisz (unknown, but possibly the Béga). Gyula's tribe moved to Transylvania possibly around 950, however according to early chronicles, his family's progenitor was one of the seven conqueror chiefs who occupied Transylvania at the time of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin
 * Gyula (or Prokuj) (?–1003), ruler of the upper Tisza region and northern Transylvania. Defeated by his nephew, Stephen I of Hungary
 * St. Stephen I (István) (1003–1038), first Christian King of Hungary (1000), Arpad dynasty member, maternal grandson of Gyula the Old, defeated Gyula the Young and the Bulgarians ("Kean")