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User talk:Mazkorpheus

I tried to look up Abbey Hoffman at Wikipedia’s main page and I found nothing. There should really be a ton of information about the life of such a unique model of the 70’s. He lived the life of Aladdin inside the structure of America’s sphere of influence. Hoffman also published his own alternative guide to life entitled: "Steal This Book". I will begin writing an article about Hoffman and there are tons of pictures that should accompany this biography.

I found some more info on the web about hoffman, links are posted below: Please note that this information was taken from: http://www.tenant.net/Community/steal/steal.html

-STEAL THIS BOOK--- By Abbie Hoffman

Dedicated to Jerry Lefcourt, Lawyer and Brother

Library of Congress number 72-157115 (stolen from Library of Congress) copyright ©1971 PIRATE EDITIONS http://www.tenant.net/Community/steal/steal.html TABLE OF DISCONTENTS

* INTRODUCTION * AIDING AND ABETTING * SURVIVE!

1. FREE FOOD o Restaurants o Food Programs o Supermarkets o Wholesale Markets o Food Conspiracies o Cheap Chow 2. FREE CLOTHING AND FURNITURE o Free Clothing o Sandals o Free Furniture 3. FREE TRANSPORTATION o Hitch-Hiking o Freighting o Cars o Buses o Airlines o In City Travel 4. FREE LAND 5. FREE HOUSING o Communes o Urban Living o Rural Living o List of Communes 6. FREE EDUCATION o List of Free Universities 7. FREE MEDICAL CARE o Birth Control Clinics o Abortions o Diseases Treated Free 8. FREE COMMUNICATION o Press Conference o Wall Painting o Use of the Flag o Radio o Free Telephones o Pay Phones 9. FREE PLAY o Movies and Concerts o Records and Books 10. FREE MONEY o Welfare o Unemployment o Panhandling o Rip-Offs o The International Yippie Currency Exchange 11. FREE DOPE o Buying, Selling and Giving It Away o Growing Your Own 12. ASSORTED FREEBIES o Laundry o Pets o Posters o Security o Postage o Maps o Ministry o Attrocities o Veteran's Benefits o Watch o Vacations o Drinks o Burials o Astrodome Pictures o Diploma o Toilets * FIGHT!

1. TELL IT ALL, BROTHERS AND SISTERS o Starting a Printing Workshop o Underground Newspapers o High School Papers o G.I. Papers o News Services o The Underground Press o Switchboards 2. GUERRILLA BROADCASTING o Guerrilla Radio o Guerrilla Television 3. DEMONSTRATIONS o Dress o Helmets o Gas Masks o Walkie-Talkies o Other Equipment 4. TRASHING o Weapons for Street Fighting o Knife Fighting o Unarmed Defense o General Strategy Rep 5. PEOPLE'S CHEMISTRY o Stink Bomb o Smoke Bomb o CBW o Molotov Cocktail o Sterno Bomb o Aerosol Bomb o Pipe Bombs o General Bomb Strategy 6. FIRST AID FOR STREET FIGHTERS o What to Do       o Medical Committees 7. HIP-POCKET LAW o Legal Advice o Lawyer's Group o Join the Army of Your Choice o Canada, Sweden & Political Asylum 8. STEAL NOW, PAY NEVER o Shoplifting o Techniques o On the Job o Credit Cards 9. MONKEY WELFARE 10. PIECE NOW o Handguns o Rifles o Shotguns o Other Weapons o Training o Gun Laws 11. THE UNDERGROUND o Identification Papers o Communication * LIBERATE!

1. FUCK NEW YORK 2. FUCK CHICAGO 3. FUCK LOS ANGELES 4. FUCK SAN FRANCISCO

Introduction
INTRODUCTION

It's perhaps fitting that I write this introduction in jail- that graduate school of survival. Here you learn how to use toothpaste as glue, fashion a shiv out of a spoon and build intricate communication networks. Here too, you learn the only rehabilitation possible-hatred of oppression.

Steal This Book is, in a way, a manual of survival in the prison that is Amerika. It preaches jailbreak. It shows you where exactly how to place the dynamite that will destroy the walls. The first section-SURVIVE!-lays out a potential action program for our new Nation. The chapter headings spell out the demands for a free society. A community where the technology produces goods and services for whoever needs them, come who may. It calls on the Robin Hoods of Santa Barbara Forest to steal from the robber barons who own the castles of capitalism. It implies that the reader already is "ideologically set," in that he understands corporate feudalism as the only robbery worthy of being called "crime," for it is committed against the people as a whole. Whether the ways it describes to rip-off shit are legal or illegal is irrelevant. The dictionary of law is written by the bosses of order. Our moral dictionary says no heisting from each other. To steal from a brother or sister is evil. To not steal from the institutions that are the pillars of the Pig Empire is equally immoral.

Community within our Nation, chaos in theirs; that is the message of SURVIVE!

We cannot survive without learning to fight and that is the lesson in the second section. FIGHT! separates revolutionaries from outlaws. The purpose of part two is not to fuck the system, but destroy it. The weapons are carefully chosen. They are "home-made," in that they are designed for use in our unique electronic jungle. Here the uptown reviewer will find ample proof of our "violent" nature. But again, the dictionary of law fails us. Murder in a uniform is heroic, in a costume it is a crime. False advertisements win awards, forgers end up in jail. Inflated prices guarantee large profits while shoplifters are punished. Politicians conspire to create police riots and the victims are convicted in the courts. Students are gunned down and then indicted by suburban grand juries as the trouble-makers. A modern, highly mechanized army travels 9,000 miles to commit genocide against a small nation of great vision and then accuses its people of aggression. Slumlords allow rats to maim children and then complain of violence in the streets. Everything is topsy-turvy. If we internalize the language and imagery of the pigs, we will forever be fucked. Let me illustrate the point. Amerika was built on the slaughter of a people. That is its history. For years we watched movie after movie that demonstrated the white man's benevolence. Jimmy Stewart, the epitome of fairness, puts his arm around Cochise and tells how the Indians and the whites can live in peace if only both sides will be reasonable, responsible and rational (the three R's imperialists always teach the "natives"). "You will find good grazing land on the other side of the mountain," drawls the public relations man. "Take your people and go in peace." Cochise as well as millions of youngsters in the balcony of learning, were being dealt off the bottom of the deck. The Indians should have offed Jimmy Stewart in every picture and we should have cheered ourselves hoarse. Until we understand the nature of institutional violence and how it manipulates values and mores to maintain the power of the few, we will forever be imprisoned in the caves of ignorance. When we conclude that bank robbers rather than bankers should be the trustees of the universities, then we begin to think clearly. When we see the Army Mathematics Research and Development Center and the Bank of Amerika as cesspools of violence, filling the minds of our young with hatred, turning one against another, then we begin to think revolutionary.

Be clever using section two; clever as a snake. Dig the spirit of the struggle. Don't get hung up on a sacrifice trip. Revolution is not about suicide, it is about life. With your fingers probe the holiness of your body and see that it was meant to live. Your body is just one in a mass of cuddly humanity. Become an internationalist and learn to respect all life. Make war on machines, and in particular the sterile machines of corporate death and the robots that guard them. The duty of a revolutionary is to make love and that means staying alive and free. That doesn't allow for cop-outs. Smoking dope and hanging up Che's picture is no more a commitment than drinking milk and collecting postage stamps. A revolution in consciousness is an empty high without a revolution in the distribution of power. We are not interested in the greening of Amerika except for the grass that will cover its grave.

Section three - LIBERATE! - concerns itself with efforts to free stuff (or at least make it cheap) in four cities. Sort of a quick U.S. on no dollars a day. It begins to scratch the potential for a national effort in this area. Since we are a nation of gypsies, dope on how to move around and dig in anywhere is always needed. Together we can expand this section. It is far from complete, as is the entire project. Incomplete chapters on how to identify police agents, steal a car, run day-care centers, conduct your own trial, organize a G.I. coffee house, start a rock and roll band and make neat clothes, are scattered all over the floor of the cell. The book as it now stands was completed in the late summer of 1970. For three months manuscripts made the rounds of every major publisher. In all, over 30 rejections occurred before the decision to publish the book ourselves was made, or rather made for us. Perhaps no other book in modern times presented such a dilemma. Everyone agreed the book would be a commercial success. But even greed had its limits, and the IRS and FBI following the manuscript with their little jive rap had a telling effect. Thirty "yeses" become thirty "noes" after "thinking it over." Liberals, who supposedly led the fight against censorship, talked of how the book "will end free speech."

Finally the day we were bringing the proofs to the printer, Grove consented to act as distributor. To pull a total solo trip, including distribution, would have been neat, but such an effort would be doomed from the start. We had tried it before and blew it. In fact, if anyone is interested in 4,000 1969 Yippie calendars, they've got a deal. Even with a distributor joining the fight, the battle will only begin when the books come off the press. There is a saying that "Freedom of the press belongs to those who own one." In past eras, this was probably the case, but now, high speed methods of typesetting, offset printing and a host of other developments have made substantial reductions in printing costs. Literally anyone is free to print their own works. In even the most repressive society imaginable, you can get away with some form of private publishing. Because Amerika allows this, does not make it the democracy Jefferson envisioned. Repressive tolerance is a real phenomenon. To talk of true freedom of the press, we must talk of the availability of the channels of communication that are designed to reach the entire population, or at least that segment of the population that might participate in such a dialogue. Freedom of the press belongs to those that own the distribution system. Perhaps that has always been the case, but in a mass society where nearly everyone is instantaneously plugged into a variety of national communications systems, wide-spread dissemination of the information is the crux of the matter. To make the claim that the right to print your own book means freedom of the press is to completely misunderstand the nature of a mass society. It is like making the claim that anyone with a pushcart can challenge Safeway supermarkets, or that any child can grow up to be president.

State legislators, librarians, PTA members, FBI agents, church-goers, and parents: a veritable legion of decency and order already is on the march. To get the book to you might be the biggest challenge we face. The next few months should prove really exciting.

Obviously such a project as Steal This Book could not have been carried out alone. Izak Haber shared the vision from the beginning. He did months of valuable research and contributed many of the survival techniques. Carole Ramer and Gus Reichbach of the New York Law Commune guided the book through its many stages. Anna Kaufman Moon did almost all the photographs. The cartoonists who have made contributions include Ski Williamson and Gilbert Sheldon. Tom Forcade, of the UPS, patiently did the editing. Bert Cohen of Concert Hall did the book's graphic design. Amber and John Wilcox set the type. Anita Hoffman and Lynn Borman helped me rewrite a number of sections. There are others who participated in the testing of many of the techniques demonstrated in the following pages and for obvious reasons have to remain anonymous. There were perhaps over 50 brothers and sisters who played particularly vital roles in the grand conspiracy. Some of the many others are listed on the following page. We hope to keep the information up to date. If you have comments, law suits, suggestions or death threats, please send them to: Dear Abbie P.0. Box 213, Cooper Station, New York, NY 10003. Many of the tips might not work in your area, some might be obsolete by the time you get to try them out, and many addresses and phone numbers might be changed. If the reader becomes a participating researcher then we will have achieved our purpose.

Watch for a special edition called Steal This White House, complete with blueprints of underground passages, methods of jamming the communications network and a detailed map of the celebrated room where according to Tricia Nixon, "Daddy loves to listen to Mantovanni records, turn up the air conditioner full blast, sit by the fireplace, gaze out the window to the Washington Monument and meditate on those difficult problems that face all the peoples of this world." December, 1970 Cook County Jail Chicago

"FREE SPEECH IS THE RIGHT TO SHOUT

'THEATER' IN A CROWDED FIRE."

- A YIPPIE PROVERB Info taken from: http://www.tenant.net/Community/steal/steal.html

AIDING AND ABETTING
Tim Leary, Tom, Geronimo, Pearl Paperhanger, Sonny, Pat Solomon, Allan Katzman, Jacob Kohn, Nguyen Van Troi, Susan, Marty, Andy, Ami, Marshall Bloom, Viva, Ben, Oanh, Robin Palmer, Mom and Dad, Janie Fonda, Jerry, Denis, LNS, Bernadine Dohrn, a wall in Harvard Square, Nancy, an anonymous stewardess, Shirley Wonderful, Roz, Gumbo, Janis, Jimi, Dylan Liberation Front, Jeannie, God Slick, John, David, Rusty, Barney, Richard, Denny, Ron Cobb, the entire Viet Cong, Sam Shephard, Ma Bell, Eric, David, Joe, Kim Agnew, the Partridge Family, Carol, Alan Ginsburg, Woman's Lib, Julius Lester, Lenny Bruce, Hack, Billy, Paul, Willy, Colleen, Sid, Johnny Appleseed, the Rat, Craig, Che, Willie Sutton, Wanda, EVO, Jeff, Crazy Horse, Huey, Casey, Bobby, Alice, Mao, Rip, Ed, Bob, Gay Liberation Front, WPAX, Frank Dudock, Manny, Mungo, Lottie, Rosemary, Marshall, Rennie, Judy, Jennifer, Mr. Martin, Keith, Madame Binh, Mike, Eleanor, Dr. Spock, Afeni, Candice, the Tupamaros, Berkeley Tribe, Gilbert Sheldon, Stanley Kubrick, Sam, Anna, Skip Williamson, UPS, Andy Stapp, the Yippies, Richard Brautigan, Jano, Carlos Marighella, the Weathermen, Julius Jennings Hoffman, Quentin, the inmates of TIER A-l Cook County Jail, Houdini, 37, Rosa Luxemberg, the Kent 25, the Chicago 15, the New York 21, the Motor City 3, the Indianapolis 500, Jack, Joan, Malcolm X, Mayakovsky, Dotson, R. Crumb, Daniel Clyne, Justin, The FBI Top 10 (now 16), Unis, Dana, Jim Morrison, Brian, John, Gus, Ruth, Nancy Unger, Pun, Jomo, Peter, Mark Rudd, Billy Kunstler, Genie, Ken, the Law Commune, Paula, Robby, Terry, Dianna, Angela, Ted, Phil, Jefferson Airplane, Len, Tricky Prickers, the Berrigans, Stu, Rayanne, J.B., Jonathan Jackson, the Armstrong Brothers, Homer, Sharon, Fred Hampton, Jean Jacques Lebel, A. H. Maslow, Hanoi Rose, Sylvia, Fellini, Amaru, Ann Fettamen, Artaud, Bert, Merrill, Lynne, and last but not least to Spiro what's his name who provided the incentive. SURVIVE! FREE FOOD RESTAURANTS

In a country such as Amerika, there is bound to be a hell-of-a-lot food lying around just waiting to be ripped off. If you want to live high off the hog without having to do the dishes, restaurants are easy pickings. In general, many of these targets are easier marks if you are wearing the correct uniform. You should always have one suit or fashionable dress outfit hanging in the closet for the proper heists. Specialized uniforms, such as nun and priest garb, can be most helpful. Check out your local uniform store for a wide range of clothes that will get you in, and especially out, of all kinds of stores. Every movement organization should have a prop and costume department.

In every major city there are usually bars that cater to the New Generation type riff-raff, trying to hustle their way up the escalator of Big Business. Many of these bars have a buffet or hors-d'oeuvres served free as a come-on to drink more mindless booze. Take a half-empty glass from a table and use it as a prop to ward off the anxious waitress. Walk around sampling the free food until you've had enough. Often, there are five or six such bars in close proximity, so moving around can produce a delightful "street smorgasbord." Dinner usually begins at 5:00 PM.

If you are really hungry, you can go into a self-service cafeteria and finish the meal of someone who left a lot on the plate. Self-service restaurants are usually good places to cop things like mustard, ketchup, salt, sugar, toilet paper, silverware and cups for home use. Bring an empty school bag and load up after you've cased the joint. Also, if you can stomach the food, you can use slugs at the automat. Finishing leftovers can be worked in even the fanciest of restaurants. When you are seated at a place where the dishes still remain, chow-down real quick. Then after the waitress hands you the menu, say you have to meet someone outside first, and leave.

There are still some places where you can get all you can eat for a fixed price. The best of these places are in Las Vegas. Sew a plastic bag onto your tee-shirt or belt and wear a loose-fitting jacket or coat to cover any noticeable bulge. Fried chicken is the best and the easiest to pocket, or should we say bag. Another trick is to pour your second free cup of hot coffee into the plastic bag sewed inside your pocket and take it with you.

At large take-out stands you can say you or your brother just picked up an order of fifteen hamburgers or a bucket of chicken, and got shorted. We have never seen or heard of anybody getting turned down using this method. If you want to get into a grand food heist from take-out stands, you can work the following nervy bit: from a pay phone, place an order from a large delivery restaurant. Have the order sent to a nearby apartment house. Wait a few minutes in the booth after you've hung up, as they sometimes call back to confirm the order. When the delivery man goes into the apartment house to deliver the order, you can swipe the remaining orders that are still in his truck.

In fancy sit-down restaurants, you can order a large meal and halfway through the main course, take a little dead cockroach or a piece of glass out of your pocket and place it deftly on the plate. Jump up astonished and summon the headwaiter. "Never have I been so insulted. I could have been poisoned" you scream slapping down the napkin. You can refuse to pay and leave, or let the waiter talk you into having a brand new meal on the house for this terrible inconvenience.

In restaurants where you pay at the door just before leaving, there are a number of free-loading tricks that can be utilized. After you've eaten a full meal and gotten the check, go into the restroom. When you come out go to the counter or another section of the restaurant and order coffee and pie. Now you have two bills. Simply pay the cheaper one when you leave the place. This can be worked with a friend in the following way. Sit next to each other at the counter. He should order a big meal and you a cup of coffee. Pretend you don't know each other. When he leaves, he takes your check and leaves the one for the large meal on the counter. After he has paid the cashier and left the restaurant, you pick up the large check, and then go into the astonishment routine, complaining that somebody took the wrong check. You end up only paying for your coffee. Later, meet your partner and reverse the roles in another place.

In all these methods, you should leave a good tip for the waiter or waitress, especially with the roach-in-the-plate gambit. You should try to avoid getting the employees in trouble or screwing them out of a tip.

One fantastic method of not only getting free food but getting the best available is the following technique that can be used in metropolitan areas. Look in a large magazine shop for gourmet digests and tourist manuals. Swipe one or two and copy down a good name from the masthead inside the cover. Making up a name can also work. Next invest $5.00 to print business cards with the name of the magazine and the new "associate editor." Call or simply drop into a fancy restaurant, show a copy of the magazine and present the manager with your card. They will insist that the meal be on the house.

Great places to get fantastic meals are weddings, bar-mitzvahs, testimonials and the like. The newspaper society sections have lists of weddings and locations. If your city has a large Jewish population, subscribe to the newspaper that services the Jewish community. There are extensive lists in these papers of family occasions where tons of good food is served. Show up at the back of the synagogue a few hours after the affair has begun with a story of how you'd like to bring some leftovers of "good Jewish food" back to your fraternity or sorority. If you want to get the food served to you out front, you naturally have to disguise yourself to look straight. Remarks such as, "I'm Marvin's cousin," or learning the bride's name, "Gee, Dorothy looks marvelous" are great. Lines like "Betty doesn't look pregnant" are frowned upon. A man and woman team can work this free-load much better than a single person as they can chatter back and forth while stuffing themselves.

If you're really into a classy free meal, and you are in a city with a large harbor, check out the passenger ship section in the back pages of the newspaper. There you find the schedule of departures for ocean cruises. Most trips (these kind, anyway) begin with a fantastic bon voyage party on board ship. Just walk on a few hours before departure time and start swinging. Champagne, caviar, lobster, shrimp and more, all as free as the open seas. If you get really bombed and miss getting off, you can also wiggle a ride across the ocean. You get sent back as soon as you hit the other side, but it's a free ocean cruise. You should have a pretty good story ready to go, or you might end up rowing in the galley.

Another possibility for getting a free meal is to go down to the docks and get friendly with a sailor. He can often invite you for dinner on board ship. Foreign sailors are more than glad to meet friends and you can get great foreign dinners this way. FOOD PROGRAMS

In Amerika, there is a national food stamp program that unfortunately is controlled by the states. Many states, for racist reasons, do not want to make it too available or to publicize the fact that it even exists. It is a much better deal than the food program connected with welfare, because you can use the stamps to buy any kind of food. The only items excluded are tobacco products and alcoholic beverages. In general, you can qualify if you earn less than $165 per month; the less you earn, the more stamps you can receive. There is minimal hassle involved once you get by the first hurdle. Show up at your local food stamp office, which can be found by calling the Welfare Department in our city. Make an appointment to see a representative for your area. They will tell you to bring all sorts of receipts, but the only thing you need are a few rent stubs for the most recent months. An array of various receipt books is a nice supplement to one's prop room. If the receipts are for a high rent, tell them you rent a room from a group of people and eat separately. They really only want to prove that you have cooking facilities. Once you get the stamps, you can pick them up regularly. Some states even mail them to your pad. You can get up to a hundred dollars worth of free purchases a month per person in the most liberal states.

Large amounts of highly nutritional food can be gotten for as little as three cents per meal from a non-profit organization called Multi-Purpose Food for Millions Foundation, Inc., 1800 Olympic Ave., Santa Monica, California. Write and they will send you details. SUPERMARKETS

Talking about food in Amerika means talking about supermarkets-mammoth neon lighted streets of food packaged to hoodwink the consumers. Many a Yippie can be found in the aisles, stuffing his pockets with assorted delicacies. We have been shoplifting from supermarkets on a regular basis without raising the slightest suspicion, ever since they began.

We are not alone, and the fact that so much stealing goes on and the supermarkets still bring in huge profits shows exactly how much overcharging has occurred in the first place. Supermarkets, like other businesses, refer to shoplifting as "inventory shrinkage." It's as if we thieves were helping Big Business reduce weight. So let's view our efforts as methods designed to trim the economy and push forward with a positive attitude.

Women should never go shopping without a large handbag. In those crowded aisles, especially the ones with piles of cases, all sorts of goodies can be transferred from shopping cart to handbag. A drop bag can be sewn inside a trench coat, for more efficient thievery. Don't worry about the mirrors; attendants never look at them. Become a discriminating shopper and don't stuff any of the cheap shit in your pockets.

Small bottles and jars often have the same size cap as the larger expensive sizes. If they have the price stamped on the cap, switch caps, getting the larger size for the cheaper price. You can empty a pound box of margarine and fill it with sticks of butter. Small narrow items can be hidden in the middle of rolls of toilet paper. Larger supermarkets sell records. You can sneak two good LP's into one of those large frozen pizza boxes. In the produce department, there are bags for fruit and vegetables. Slip a few steaks or some lamb chops into the bottom of a large brown bag and pile some potatoes on top. Have a little man in the white coat weigh the bag, staple it and mark the price. With a black crayon you can mark your own prices, or bring your own adhesive price tags.

It's best to work shoplifting in the supermarket with a partner who can act as look-out and shield you from the eyes of nosy employees, shoppers and other crooks trying to pick up some pointers. Work out a prearranged set of signals with your partner. Diversions, like knocking over displays, getting into fist fights with the manager, breaking plate glass windows and such are effective and even if you don't get anything they're fun. Haven't you always wanted to knock over those carefully constructed nine-foot pyramids of garbage?

You can walk into a supermarket, get a few items from the shelves, and walk around eating food in the aisles. Pick up some cherries and eat them. Have a spoon in your pocket and open some yogurt. Open a pickle or olive jar. Get some sliced meat or cheese from the delicatessen counter and eat it up, making sure to ditch the wrapper. The cart full of items, used as a decoy, can just be left in an aisle before you leave the store.

Case the joint before pulling a big rip-off. Know the least crowded hours, learn the best aisles to be busy in, and check out the store's security system. Once you get into shoplifting in supermarkets, you'll really dig it. You'll be surprised to learn that the food tastes better.

Large scale thievery can best be carried out with the help of an employee. Two ways we know of work best. A woman can get a job as a cashier and ring up a small bill as her brothers and sisters bring home tons of stuff.

The method for men involves getting a job loading and unloading trucks in the receiving department. Some accomplices dressed right can just pull in and, with your help, load up on a few cases. Infiltrating an employee into a store is probably the best way to steal. Cashiers, sales clerks, shippers, and the like are readily available jobs with such high turnover and low pay that little checking on your background goes on. Also, you can learn what you have to do in a few days. The rest of the week, you can work out ways to clean out the store. After a month or so of action you might want to move on to another store before things get heavy. We know one woman working as a cashier who swiped over $500 worth of food a week. She had to leave after a month because her boss thought she was such an efficient cashier that he insisted on promoting her to a job that didn't have as many fringe benefits for her and her friends.

Large chain stores like Safeway throw away day-old vegetables, the outer leaves of lettuce, celery and the like. This stuff is usually found in crates outside the back of the building. Tell them you're working with animals at the college labs, or that you raise guinea pigs. They might even get into saving them for you, but if they don't just show up before the garbage is collected, (generally early in the morning), and they'll let you cart away what you want.

Dented cans and fruit can often be gotten free, but certainly at a reduced rate. They are still as good as the undamaged ones. So be sure to dent all your cans before you go to the cashier.

Look up catering services and businesses that service factories and office buildings with ready-made sandwiches. Showing up at these places at the right times (catering services on late Sunday night and sandwich dealers at 5:00 PM on weekdays) will produce loads of good food. Legally, they have to dispose of the food that's left over. They would be more than happy to give it to you if you spin a good story.

Butchers can be hustled for meat scraps with meat scraps with a "for my dog" story, and bakeries can be asked for day-old rolls and bread. WHOLESALE MARKETS

Large cities all have a wholesale fruit and vegetable area where often the workers will give you tons of free food just for the asking. Get a good story together. Get some church stationery and type a letter introducing yourself "to whom it may concern," or better still, wear some clerical garb. Orchards also make good pickings just after the harvest has been completed.

Factories often will give you a case or two of free merchandise for a "charitable" reason. Make some calls around town and then go pick up the stuff at the end of the week. A great idea is to get a good list of a few hundred large corporations around the country by looking up their addresses at the library. Poor's Register of Companies, Directors and Executives has the most complete list. Send them all letters complaining about how the last box of cereal was only half full, or you found a dead fly in the can of peaches. They often will send you an ample supply of items just to keep you from complaining to your friends or worse, taking them to court. Often you can get stuff sent to you by just telling them how good their product is compared to the trash you see nowadays. You know the type of letter - "Rice Krispies have had a fantastic effect on my sexual prowess," or "Your frozen asparagus has given a whole new meaning to my life." In general though, the nasties get the best results.

Slaughterhouses usually have meat they will give away. They are anxious to give to church children's programs and things like that. In most states, there is a law that if the slab of meat touches the ground, they have to throw it away. Drop around meat houses late in the day and trip a few trucks.

Fishermen always have hundreds of pounds of fish that have to be thrown out. You can have as much as you can cart away, generally just for the asking. Boats come in late in the afternoon and they'll give you some of the catch, or you can go to the markets early in the morning when the fishing is best.

These methods of getting food in large quantities can only be appreciated by those who have tried it. You will be totally baffled by the unbelievable quantities of food that will be laid on you and with the ease of panhandling.

Investing in a freezer will allow you to bi-weekly or even monthly trips to the wholesale markets and you'll get the freshest foods to boot. Nothing can beat getting it wholesale for free. Or is it free for wholesale? In any event, "bon appetit." FOOD CONSPIRACIES

Forming a food cooperative is one of the best ways to promote solidarity and get every kind of food you need to survive real cheap. It also provides a ready-made bridge for developing alliances with blacks, Puerto Ricans, chicanos and other groups fighting our common oppressor on a community level.

Call a meeting of about 20 communes, collectives or community organizations. Set up the ground rules. There should be a hard-core of really good hustlers that serve as the shopping or hunting party and another group of people who have their heads together enough to keep records and run the central distribution center. Two or three in each group should do it. They can get their food free for the effort. Another method is to rotate the activity among all members of the conspiracy. The method you choose depends upon your politics and whether you favor a division of labor or using the food conspiracy as a training for collective living. Probably a blend of the two is best, but you'll have to hassle that out for yourself. The next thing to agree upon is how the operation and all the shit you get will be paid for. This is dependent on a number of variables, so we'll map out one scheme and you can modify it to suit your particular situation. Each member of every commune could be assessed a fee for joining. You want to get together about $2,000, so at 200 members, this is ten bucks a piece. After the joining fee, each person or group has to pay only for the low budget food they order, but some loot is needed to get things rolling. The money goes to getting a store front or garage, a cheap truck, some scales, freezers, bags, shelving, chopping blocks, slicer and whatever else you need. You can get great deals by looking in the classified ads of the local overground newspaper and checking for restaurants or markets going out of business. Remember the idea of a conspiracy is to get tons of stuff at real low prices or free into a store front, and then break it down into smaller units for each group and eventually each member. The freezers allow you to store perishables for a longer time.

The hunting party should be well acquainted with how to rip off shit totally free and where all the best deals are to be found. They should know what food is seasonal and about nutritional diets. There is a lot to learn, such as where to get raw grains in 100 pounds lots and how to cut up a side of beef. A good idea is to get a diet freak to give weekly talks in the store front. There can also be cooking lessons taught, especially to men, so women can get out of the kitchen.

Organizing a community around a basic issue of survival, such as food, makes a lot of nitty gritty sense. After your conspiracy gets off the ground and looks permanent, you should seek to expand it to include more members and an emergency food fund should be set up in case something happens in the community. There should also be a fund whereby the conspiracy can sponsor free community dinners tied into celebrations. Get it together and join the fight for a world-wide food conspiracy. Seize the steak! CHEAP CHOW

There are hundreds of good paperback cook books with nutritional cheap recipes available in any bookstore. Cooking is a vastly overrated skill. The following are a few all-purpose dishes that are easy to make, nutritional and cheap as mud pies. You can add or subtract many of the ingredients for variety.

Hog Farm Granola Breakfast (Road Hog Crispies)

1⁄2 c millet		2 c raw oats

1⁄2 c cracked wheat	1 c rye flakes

1⁄2 c buckwheat groats	1 c wheat flakes

1⁄2 c wheat germ		1 c dried fruits and/or nuts

1⁄2 c sunflower seeds	3 tbs soy oil

1⁄4 c sesame seeds	1 c honey

2 tbs cornmeal

Boil the millet in a double boiler for 1/2 hour. Mix in a large bowl all the ingredients including the millet. The soy oil and honey should be heated in a saucepan over a low flame until bubbles form. Spread the cereal in a baking pan and cover with the honey syrup. Toast in oven until brown. Stir once or twice so that all the cereal will be toasted. Serve plain or with milk. Refrigerate portion not used in a covered container. Enough for ten to twenty people. Make lots and store for later meals. All these ingredients can be purchased at any health store in a variety of quantities. You can also get natural sugar if you need a sweetener. If bought and made in quantity, this fantastically healthy breakfast food will be cheaper than the brand name cellophane that passes for cereal.

Whole Earth Bread

1 c oats, corn meal, or wheat germ	2 tsp salt

11⁄2 c water (warm)			2 egg yolks

1⁄4 c sugar (raw is best) 		4 c flour

1 pkg active dry yeast			_ c corn oil

1 c dry milk				or butter

Stir lightly in a large bowl the oats, cornmeal or wheat germ (depending on the flavor bread you desire), the water and sugar. Sprinkle in the yeast and wait 10 minutes for the yeast to do its thing. Add salt, egg yolks, corn oil and dry milk. Mix with a fork. Blend in the flour. The dough should be dry and a little lumpy. Cover with a towel and leave in a warm place for a half hour. Now mash, punch, blend and kick the dough and return it covered to its warm place. The dough will double in size. When this happens, separate the dough into two even masses and mash each one into a greased bread (loaf) pan. Cover the pans and let sit until the dough rises to the top of the pans. Bake for 40-45 minutes in a 350 degree oven that has not been pre-heated. A shallow tray of water in the bottom of the oven will keep the bread nice and moist. When you remove the pans from the oven, turn out the bread into a rack and let it cool off. Once you get the hang of it, you'll never touch ready-made bread, and it's a gas seeing yeast work. Street Salad

Salad can be made by chopping up almost any variety of vegetables, nuts and fruits including the stuff you panhandled at the back of supermarkets; dandelions, shav, and other wild vegetables; and goods you ripped off inside stores or from large farms. A neat fresh dressing consists of one part of oil, two parts wine vinegar, finely chopped garlic cloves, salt and pepper. Mix up the ingredients in a bottle and add to the salad as you serve it. Russian dressing is simply mayonnaise and ketchup mixed. Yippie Yogurt

Yogurt is one of the most nutritional foods in the world. The stuff you buy in stores has preservatives added to it reducing its health properties and increasing the cost. Yogurt is a bacteria that spreads throughout a suitable culture at the correct temperature. Begin by going to a Turkish or Syrian restaurant and buying some yogurt to go. Some restaurants boast of yogurt that goes back over a hundred years. Put it in the refrigerator.

Now prepare the culture in which the yogurt will multiply. The consistency you want will determine what you use. A milk culture will produce thin yogurt, while sweet cream will make a thicker batch. It's the butter fat content that determines the consistency and also the number of calories. Half milk and half cream combines the best of both worlds. Heat a quart of half and half on a low flame until just before the boiling point and remove from the stove. This knocks out other bacteria that will compete with the yogurt. Now take a tablespoon of the yogurt you got from the restaurant and place it in the bottom of a bowl (not metal). Now add the warm liquid. Cover the bowl with a lid and wrap tightly with a heavy towel. Place the bowl in a warm spot such as on top of a radiator or in a sunny window. A turned-off oven with a tray of boiling water placed in it will do well. Just let the bowl sit for about 8 hours (overnight). The yogurt simply grows until the whole bowl is yogurt. Yippie! It will keep in the refrigerator for about two weeks before turning sour, but even then, the bacteria will produce a fresh batch of top quality. Remember when eating it to leave a little to start the next batch. For a neat treat add some honey and cinnamon and mix into the yogurt before serving. Chopped fruit and nuts are also good.

Rice and Cong Sauce

1 c brown rice	vegetables

2 c water	21⁄2 tbs soy sauce

tsp salt

Bring the water to a boil in a pot and add the salt and rice. Cover and reduce flame. Cooking time is about 40 minutes or until rice has absorbed all the water. Meanwhile, in a well-greased frying pan, saute a variety of chopped vegetables you enjoy. When they become soft and brownish, add salt and 2 cups of water. Cover with a lid and lower flame. Simmer for about 40 minutes, peeking to stir every once in a while. Then add 2 1/2 tbs of soy sauce, stir and cook another 10 minutes. The rice should be just cooling off now, so add the sauce to the top of it and serve. Great for those long guerrilla hikes. This literally makes up almost the entire diet of the National Liberation Front fighter.

Weatherbeans

1 lb red kidney beans	2 tbs parsley (chopped)

2 quarts water		1⁄2 lb pork, smoked sausage

1 onion (chopped)	 or ham hock

1 tbs celery (chopped)	1 lg bay leaf

1 tsp garlic (minced)	salt to season

Rinse the beans, then place in covered pot and add water and salt. Cook over low flame. While cooking, chop up meat and brown in a frying pan. Add onion, celery, garlic and parsley and continue sauteing over low flame. Add the pieces of meat, vegetables and bay leaf to the beans and cook covered for 1 1/2 to 2 hours. It may be necessary to add more water if the beans get too dry. Fifteen minutes before beans are done, mash about a half cup of the stuff against the side of the pan to thicken the liquid. Pour the beans and liquid over some steaming rice that you've made by following the directions above. This should provide a cheap nutritional meal for about 6 people.

Hedonist's Deluxe

2 lobsters	2 qts water

seaweed 	1⁄4 lb butter

Steal two lobsters, watching out for the claw thingies. Beg some seaweed from any fish market. Cop the butter using the switcheroo method described in the Supermarket section above. When you get home, boil the water in a large covered pot and drop in the seaweed and then the lobsters. Put the cover back on and cook for about 20 minutes. Melt the butter in a sauce pan and dip the lobster pieces in it as you eat. With a booster box, described later you'll be able to rip off a bottle of vintage Pouilly-Fuisse in a fancy liquor store. Really, rice is nice but...

title: User talk:Mazkorpheus


text:
Subbase

In topology, a subbase (or subbasis, prebase, prebasis) for a topological space $$X$$ with topology $$\tau$$ is a subcollection $$B$$ of $$\tau$$ that generates $$\tau,$$ in the sense that $$\tau$$ is the smallest topology containing $$B$$ as open sets. A slightly different definition is used by some authors, and there are other useful equivalent formulations of the definition; these are discussed below.

Definition
Let $$X$$ be a topological space with topology $$\tau.$$ A subbase of $$\tau$$ is usually defined as a subcollection $$B$$ of $$\tau$$ satisfying one of the two following equivalent conditions:

 * 1) The subcollection $$B$$ generates the topology $$\tau.$$ This means that $$\tau$$ is the smallest topology containing $$B$$: any topology $$\tau^\prime$$ on $$X$$ containing $$B$$ must also contain $$\tau.$$
 * 2) The collection of open sets consisting of all finite intersections of elements of $$B$$ forms a basis for $$\tau.$$ This means that every proper open set in $$\tau$$ can be written as a union of finite intersections of elements of $$B.$$ Explicitly, given a point $$x$$ in an open set $$U \subsetneq X,$$ there are finitely many sets $$S_1, \ldots, S_n$$ of $$B,$$ such that the intersection of these sets contains $$x$$ and is contained in $$U.$$

(If we use the nullary intersection convention, then there is no need to include $$X$$ in the second definition.)

For subcollection $$S$$ of the power set $$\wp(X),$$ there is a unique topology having $$S$$ as a subbase. In particular, the intersection of all topologies on $$X$$ containing $$S$$ satisfies this condition. In general, however, there is no unique subbasis for a given topology.

Thus, we can start with a fixed topology and find subbases for that topology, and we can also start with an arbitrary subcollection of the power set $$\wp(X)$$ and form the topology generated by that subcollection. We can freely use either equivalent definition above; indeed, in many cases, one of the two conditions is more useful than the other.

Alternative definition
Less commonly, a slightly different definition of subbase is given which requires that the subbase $$\mathcal{B}$$ cover $$X.$$ In this case, $$X$$ is the union of all sets contained in $$\mathcal{B}.$$ This means that there can be no confusion regarding the use of nullary intersections in the definition.

However, this definition is not always equivalent to the two definitions above. There exist topological spaces $$(X, \tau)$$ with subcollections $$\mathcal{B} \subseteq \tau$$ of the topology such that $$\tau$$ is the smallest topology containing $$\mathcal{B}$$, yet $$\mathcal{B}$$ does not cover $$X$$. (An example is given at the end of the next section.) In practice, this is a rare occurrence. E.g. a subbase of a space that has at least two points and satisfies the T1 separation axiom must be a cover of that space. But as seen below, to prove the Alexander subbase theorem, one must assume that $$\mathcal{B}$$ covers $$X.$$

Examples
The topology generated by any subset $$\mathcal{S} \subseteq \{\varnothing, X\}$$ (including by the empty set $$\mathcal{S} := \varnothing$$) is equal to the trivial topology $$\{\varnothing, X\}.$$

If $$\tau$$ is a topology on $$X$$ and $$\mathcal{B}$$ is a basis for $$\tau$$ then the topology generated by $$\mathcal{B}$$ is $$\tau.$$ Thus any basis $$\mathcal{B}$$ for a topology $$\tau$$ is also a subbasis for $$\tau.$$ If $$\mathcal{S}$$ is any subset of $$\tau$$ then the topology generated by $$\mathcal{S}$$ will be a subset of $$\tau.$$

The usual topology on the real numbers $$\R$$ has a subbase consisting of all semi-infinite open intervals either of the form $$(-\infty, a)$$ or $$(b, \infty),$$ where $$a$$ and $$b$$ are real numbers. Together, these generate the usual topology, since the intersections $$(a,b) = (-\infty, b) \cap (a, \infty)$$ for $$a \leq b$$ generate the usual topology. A second subbase is formed by taking the subfamily where $$a$$ and $$b$$ are rational. The second subbase generates the usual topology as well, since the open intervals $$(a, b)$$ with $$a,$$ $$b$$ rational, are a basis for the usual Euclidean topology.

The subbase consisting of all semi-infinite open intervals of the form $$(-\infty, a)$$ alone, where $$a$$ is a real number, does not generate the usual topology. The resulting topology does not satisfy the T1 separation axiom, since if $$a < b$$ every open set containing $$b$$ also contains $$a.$$

The initial topology on $$X$$ defined by a family of functions $$f_i : X \to Y_i,$$ where each $$Y_i$$ has a topology, is the coarsest topology on $$X$$ such that each $$f_i$$ is continuous. Because continuity can be defined in terms of the inverse images of open sets, this means that the initial topology on $$X$$ is given by taking all $$f_i^{-1}(U),$$ where $$U$$ ranges over all open subsets of $$Y_i,$$ as a subbasis.

Two important special cases of the initial topology are the product topology, where the family of functions is the set of projections from the product to each factor, and the subspace topology, where the family consists of just one function, the inclusion map.

The compact-open topology on the space of continuous functions from $$X$$ to $$Y$$ has for a subbase the set of functions $$V(K,U) = \{f : X \to Y \mid f(K) \subseteq U\}$$ where $$K \subseteq X$$ is compact and $$U$$ is an open subset of $$Y.$$

Suppose that $$(X, \tau)$$ is a Hausdorff topological space with $$X$$ containing two or more elements (for example, $$X = \R$$ with the Euclidean topology). Let $$Y \in \tau$$ be any non-empty subset of $$(X, \tau)$$ (for example, $$Y$$ could be a non-empty bounded open interval in $$\R$$) and let $$\nu$$ denote the subspace topology on $$Y$$ that $$Y$$ inherits from $$(X, \tau)$$ (so $$\nu \subseteq \tau$$). Then the topology generated by $$\nu$$ on $$X$$ is equal to the union $$\{X\} \cup \nu$$ (see the footnote for an explanation), where $$\{X\} \cup \nu \subseteq \tau$$ (since $$(X, \tau)$$ is Hausdorff, equality will hold if and only if $$Y = X$$). Note that if $$Y$$ is a proper subset of $$X,$$ then $$\{X\} \cup \nu$$ is the smallest topology on $$X$$ containing $$\nu$$ yet $$\nu$$ does not cover $$X$$ (that is, the union $$\bigcup_{V \in \nu} V = Y$$ is a proper subset of $$X$$).

Results using subbases
One nice fact about subbases is that continuity of a function need only be checked on a subbase of the range. That is, if $$f : X \to Y$$ is a map between topological spaces and if $$\mathcal{B}$$ is a subbase for $$Y,$$ then $$f : X \to Y$$ is continuous if and only if $$f^{-1}(B)$$ is open in $$X$$ for every $$B \in \mathcal{B}.$$ A net (or sequence) $$x_{\bull} = \left(x_i\right)_{i \in I}$$ converges to a point $$x$$ if and only if every basic neighborhood of $$x$$ contains all $$x_i$$ for sufficiently large $$i \in I.$$

Alexander subbase theorem
The Alexander Subbase Theorem is a significant result concerning subbases that is due to James Waddell Alexander II. The corresponding result for basic (rather than subbasic) open covers is much easier to prove.

 * Alexander subbase theorem: Let $$(X, \tau)$$ be a topological space. If $$X$$ has a subbasis $$\mathcal{S}$$ such that every cover of $$X$$ by elements from $$\mathcal{S}$$ has a finite subcover, then $$X$$ is compact.

The converse to this theorem also holds and it is proven by using $$\mathcal{S} = \tau$$ (since every topology is a subbasis for itself).
 * If $$X$$ is compact and $$\mathcal{S}$$ is a subbasis for $$X,$$ every cover of $$X$$ by elements from $$\mathcal{S}$$ has a finite subcover.

Suppose for the sake of contradiction that the space $$X$$ is not compact (so $$X$$ is an infinite set), yet every subbasic cover from $$\mathcal{S}$$ has a finite subcover. Let $$\mathbb{S}$$ denote the set of all open covers of $$X$$ that do not have any finite subcover of $$X.$$ Partially order $$\mathbb{S}$$ by subset inclusion and use Zorn's Lemma to find an element $$\mathcal{C} \in \mathbb{S}$$ that is a maximal element of $$\mathbb{S}.$$ Observe that:

 * 1) Since $$\mathcal{C} \in \mathbb{S},$$ by definition of $$\mathbb{S},$$ $$\mathcal{C}$$ is an open cover of $$X$$ and there does not exist any finite subset of $$\mathcal{C}$$ that covers $$X$$ (so in particular, $$\mathcal{C}$$ is infinite).
 * 2) The maximality of $$\mathcal{C}$$ in $$\mathbb{S}$$ implies that if $$V$$ is an open set of $$X$$ such that $$V \not\in \mathcal{C}$$ then  $$\mathcal{C} \cup \{V\}$$ has a finite subcover, which must necessarily be of the form $$\{V\} \cup \mathcal{C}_V$$ for some finite subset $$\mathcal{C}_V$$ of $$\mathcal{C}$$ (this finite subset depends on the choice of $$V$$).

We will begin by showing that $$\mathcal{C} \cap \mathcal{S}$$ is a cover of $$X.$$ Suppose that $$\mathcal{C} \cap \mathcal{S}$$ was a cover of $$X,$$ which in particular implies that $$\mathcal{C} \cap \mathcal{S}$$ is a cover of $$X$$ by elements of $$\mathcal{S}.$$ The theorem's hypothesis on $$\mathcal{S}$$ implies that there exists a finite subset of $$\mathcal{C} \cap \mathcal{S}$$ that covers $$X,$$ which would simultaneously also be a finite subcover of $$X$$ by elements of $$\mathcal{C}$$ (since $$\mathcal{C} \cap \mathcal{S} \subseteq \mathcal{C}$$). But this contradicts $$\mathcal{C} \in \mathbb{S},$$ which proves that $$\mathcal{C} \cap \mathcal{S}$$ does not cover $$X.$$

Since $$\mathcal{C} \cap \mathcal{S}$$ does not cover $$X,$$ there exists some $$x \in X$$ that is not covered by $$\mathcal{C} \cap \mathcal{S}$$ (that is, $$x$$ is not contained in any element of $$\mathcal{C} \cap \mathcal{S}$$). But since $$\mathcal{C}$$ does cover $$X,$$ there also exists some $$U \in \mathcal{C}$$ such that $$x \in U.$$ Since $$\mathcal{S}$$ is a subbasis generating $$X$$'s topology, from the definition of the topology generated by $$\mathcal{S},$$ there must exist a finite collection of subbasic open sets $$S_1, \ldots, S_n \in \mathcal{S}$$ such that $$x \in S_1 \cap \cdots \cap S_n \subseteq U.$$

We will now show by contradiction that $$S_i \not\in \mathcal{C}$$ for every $$i = 1, \ldots, n.$$ If $$i$$ was such that $$S_i \in \mathcal{C},$$ then also $$S_i \in \mathcal{C} \cap \mathcal{S}$$ so the fact that $$x \in S_i$$ would then imply that $$x$$ is covered by $$\mathcal{C} \cap \mathcal{S},$$ which contradicts how $$x$$ was chosen (recall that $$x$$ was chosen specifically so that it was not covered by $$\mathcal{C} \cap \mathcal{S}$$).

As mentioned earlier, the maximality of $$\mathcal{C}$$ in $$\mathbb{S}$$ implies that for every $$i = 1, \ldots, n,$$ there exists a finite subset $$\mathcal{C}_{S_i}$$ of $$\mathcal{C}$$ such that$$\left\{S_i\right\} \cup \mathcal{C}_{S_i}$$ forms a finite cover of $$X.$$ Define $$\mathcal{C}_F := \mathcal{C}_{S_1} \cup \cdots \cup \mathcal{C}_{S_n},$$ which is a finite subset of $$\mathcal{C}.$$ Observe that for every $$i = 1, \ldots, n,$$ $$\left\{S_i\right\} \cup \mathcal{C}_F$$ is a finite cover of $$X$$ so let us replace every $$\mathcal{C}_{S_i}$$ with $$\mathcal{C}_F.$$

Let $$\cup \mathcal{C}_F$$ denote the union of all sets in $$\mathcal{C}_F$$ (which is an open subset of $$X$$) and let $$Z$$ denote the complement of $$\cup \mathcal{C}_F$$ in $$X.$$ Observe that for any subset $$A \subseteq X,$$ $$\{A\} \cup \mathcal{C}_F$$ covers $$X$$ if and only if $$Z \subseteq A.$$ In particular, for every $$i = 1, \ldots, n,$$ the fact that $$\left\{S_i\right\} \cup \mathcal{C}_F$$ covers $$X$$ implies that $$Z \subseteq S_i.$$ Since $$i$$ was arbitrary, we have $$Z \subseteq S_1 \cap \cdots \cap S_n.$$ Recalling that $$S_1 \cap \cdots \cap S_n \subseteq U,$$ we thus have $$Z \subseteq U,$$ which is equivalent to $$\{U\} \cup \mathcal{C}_F$$ being a cover of $$X.$$ Moreover, $$\{U\} \cup \mathcal{C}_F$$ is a finite cover of $$X$$ with $$\{U\} \cup \mathcal{C}_F \subseteq \mathcal{C}.$$ Thus $$\mathcal{C}$$ has a finite subcover of $$X,$$ which contradicts the fact that $$\mathcal{C} \in \mathbb{S}.$$ Therefore, the original assumption that $$X$$ is not compact must be wrong, which proves that $$X$$ is compact. $$\blacksquare$$

Although this proof makes use of Zorn's Lemma, the proof does not need the full strength of choice. Instead, it relies on the intermediate Ultrafilter principle.

Using this theorem with the subbase for $$\R$$ above, one can give a very easy proof that bounded closed intervals in $$\R$$ are compact. More generally, Tychonoff's theorem, which states that the product of non-empty compact spaces is compact, has a short proof if the Alexander Subbase Theorem is used.

The product topology on $$\prod_{i} X_i$$ has, by definition, a subbase consisting of cylinder sets that are the inverse projections of an open set in one factor. Given a family $$C$$ of the product that does not have a finite subcover, we can partition $$C = \cup_i C_i$$ into subfamilies that consist of exactly those cylinder sets corresponding to a given factor space. By assumption, if $$C_i \neq \varnothing$$ then $$C_i$$ does have a finite subcover. Being cylinder sets, this means their projections onto $$X_i$$ have no finite subcover, and since each $$X_i$$ is compact, we can find a point $$x_i \in X_i$$ that is not covered by the projections of $$C_i$$ onto $$X_i.$$ But then $$\left(x_i\right)_i \in \prod_{i} X_i$$ is not covered by $$C.$$ $$\blacksquare$$

Note, that in the last step we implicitly used the axiom of choice (which is actually equivalent to Zorn's lemma) to ensure the existence of $$\left(x_i\right)_i.$$

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Subbase


text:
Talk:Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Suggested edit to "Plain view and open fields" section
·       Please consider adding the following paragraph at the end of the Plain view and open fields section:

Moreover, several state courts have rejected the open fields doctrine under their own state constitutional search-and-seizure provisions. [Proposed cites: See, e.g., Faulkner v. State, 98 So. 691 (Miss. 1924); State v. Bullock, 901 P.2d 61 (Mont. 1995); People v. Scott, 593 N.E.2d 1328 (N.Y. 1992); State v. Dixson, 766 P.2d 1015 (Or. 1988); Welch v. State, 289 S.W. 510 (Tenn. 1926); State v. Kirchoff, 587 A.2d 988 (Vt. 1991); State v. Johnson, 879 P.2d 984 (Wash. Ct. App. 1994).] Lyrical42 (talk) 15:04, 14 June 2023 (UTC)


text:
Primase

DNA primase is an enzyme involved in the replication of DNA and is a type of RNA polymerase. Primase catalyzes the synthesis of a short RNA (or DNA in some living organisms ) segment called a primer complementary to a ssDNA (single-stranded DNA) template. After this elongation, the RNA piece is removed by a 5' to 3' exonuclease and refilled with DNA.

Function

In bacteria, primase binds to the DNA helicase forming a complex called the primosome. Primase is activated by the helicase where it then synthesizes a short RNA primer approximately 11 ±1 nucleotides long, to which new nucleotides can be added by DNA polymerase. Archaeal and eukaryote primases are heterodimeric proteins with one large regulatory and one minuscule catalytic subunit.

The RNA segments are first synthesized by primase and then elongated by DNA polymerase. Then the DNA polymerase forms a protein complex with two primase subunits to form the alpha DNA Polymerase primase complex. Primase is one of the most error prone and slow polymerases. Primases in organisms such as E. coli synthesize around 2000 to 3000 primers at the rate of one primer per second. Primase also acts as a halting mechanism to prevent the leading strand from outpacing the lagging strand by halting the progression of the replication fork. The rate determining step in primase is when the first phosphodiester bond is formed between two molecules of RNA.

The replication mechanisms differ between different bacteria and viruses where the primase covalently link to helicase in viruses such as the T7 bacteriophage. In viruses such as the herpes simplex virus (HSV-1), primase can form complexes with helicase. The primase-helicase complex is used to unwind dsDNA (double-stranded) and synthesizes the lagging strand using RNA primers The majority of primers synthesized by primase are two to three nucleotides long.

Types
There are two main types of primase: DnaG found in most bacteria, and the AEP (Archaeo-Eukaryote Primase) superfamily found in archaean and eukaryotic primases. While bacterial primases (DnaG-type) are composed of a single protein unit (a monomer) and synthesize RNA primers, AEP primases are usually composed of two different primase units (a heterodimer) and synthesize two-part primers with both RNA and DNA components. While functionally similar, the two primase superfamilies evolved independently of each other.

DnaG
The crystal structure of primase in E. coli with a core containing the DnaG protein was determined in the year 2000. The DnaG and primase complex is cashew shaped and contains three subdomains. The central subdomain forms a toprim fold which is made of a mixture five beta sheets and six alpha helices. The toprim fold is used for binding regulators and metals. The primase uses a phosphotransfer domain for the transfer coordination of metals, which makes it distinct from other polymerases. The side subunits contain a NH2 and COOH terminal made of alpha helixes and beta sheets. The NH2 terminal interacts with a zinc binding domain and COOH-terminal region which interacts with DnaB-ID.

The Toprim fold is also found in topoisomerase and mitochrondrial Twinkle primase/helicase. Some DnaG-like (bacteria-like; ) primases have been found in archaeal genomes.

AEP
Eukaryote and archaeal primases tend to be more similar to each other, in terms of structure and mechanism, than they are to bacterial primases. The archaea-eukaryotic primase (AEP) superfamily, which most eukaryal and archaeal primase catalytic subunits belong to, has recently been redefined as a primase-polymerase family in recognition of the many other roles played by enzymes in this family. This classification also emphasizes the broad origins of AEP primases; the superfamily is now recognized as transitioning between RNA and DNA functions.

Archaeal and eukaryote primases are heterodimeric proteins with one large regulatory (human PRIM2, p58) and one small catalytic subunit (human PRIM1, p48/p49). The large subunit contains a N-terminal 4Fe–4S cluster, split out in some archaea as PriX/PriCT. The large subunit is implicated in improving the activity and specificity of the small subunit. For example, removing the part corresponding to the large subunit in a fusion protein PolpTN2 results in a slower enzyme with reverse transcriptase activity.

Multifunctional primases

The AEP family of primase-polymerases has diverse features beyond making only primers. In addition to priming DNA during replication, AEP enzymes may have additional functions in the DNA replication process, such as polymerization of DNA or RNA, terminal transfer, translesion synthesis (TLS), non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), and possibly in restarting stalled replication forks. Primases typically synthesize primers from ribonucleotides (NTPs); however, primases with polymerase capabilities also have an affinity for deoxyribonucleotides (dNTPs). Primases with terminal transferase functionality are capable of adding nucleotides to the 3’ end of a DNA strand independently of a template. Other enzymes involved in DNA replication, such as helicases, may also exhibit primase activity.

In eukaryotes and archaea
Human PrimPol (ccdc111 ) serves both primase and polymerase functions, like many archaeal primases; exhibits terminal transferase activity in the presence of manganese; and plays a significant role in translesion synthesis and in restarting stalled replication forks. PrimPol is actively recruited to damaged sites through its interaction with RPA, an adapter protein that facilitates DNA replication and repair. PrimPol has a zinc finger domain similar to that of some viral primases, which is essential for translesion synthesis and primase activity and may regulate primer length. Unlike most primases, PrimPol is uniquely capable of starting DNA chains with dNTPs.

PriS, the archaeal primase small subunit, has a role in translesion synthesis (TLS) and can bypass common DNA lesions. Most archaea lack the specialized polymerases that perform TLS in eukaryotes and bacteria. PriS alone preferentially synthesizes strings of DNA; but in combination with PriL, the large subunit, RNA polymerase activity is increased.

In Sulfolobus solfataricus, the primase heterodimer PriSL can act as a primase, polymerase, and terminal transferase. PriSL is thought to initiate primer synthesis with NTPs and then switch to dNTPs. The enzyme can polymerize RNA or DNA chains, with DNA products reaching as long as 7000 nucleotides (7 kb). It is suggested that this dual functionality may be a common feature of archaeal primases.

In bacteria
AEP multifutional primases also appear in bacteria and phages that infect them. They can display novel domain organizations with domains that bring even more functions beyond polymerization.

Bacterial LigD is primarily involved in the NHEJ pathway. It has an AEP superfamily polymerase/primase domain, a 3'-phosphoesterase domain, and a ligase domain. It is also capable of primase, DNA and RNA polymerase, and terminal transferase activity. DNA polymerization activity can produce chains over 7000 nucleotides (7 kb) in length, while RNA polymerization produces chains up to 1 kb long.

In viruses and plasmids
AEP enzymes are widespread, and can be found encoded in mobile genetic elements including virus/phages and plasmids. They either use them as a sole replication protein or in combination with other replication-associated proteins, such as helicases and, less frequently, DNA polymerases. Whereas the presence of AEP in eukaryotic and archaeal viruses is expected in that they mirror their hosts, bacterial viruses and plasmids also as frequently encode AEP-superfamily enzymes as they do DnaG-family primases. A great diversity of AEP families has been uncovered in various bacterial plasmids by comparative genomics surveys. Their evolutionary history is currently unknown, as these found in bacteria and bacteriophages appear too different from their archaeo-eukaryotic homologs for a recent horizontal gene transfer.

MCM-like helicase in Bacillus cereus strain ATCC 14579 (BcMCM; ) is an SF6 helicase fused with an AEP primase. The enzyme has both primase and polymerase functions in addition to helicase function. The gene coding for it is found in a prophage. It bears homology to ORF904 of plasmid pRN1 from Sulfolobus islandicus, which has an AEP PrimPol domain. Vaccinia virus D5 and HSV Primase are examples of AEP-helicase fusion as well.

PolpTN2 is an Archaeal primase found in the TN2 plasmid. A fusion of domains homologous to PriS and PriL, it exhibits both primase and DNA polymerase activity, as well as terminal transferase function. Unlike most primases, PolpTN2 forms primers composed exclusively of dNTPs. Unexpectedly, when the PriL-like domain was truncated, PolpTN2 could also synthesize DNA on the RNA template, i.e., acted as an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase).

Even DnaG primases can have extra functions, if given the right domains. The T7 phage gp4 is a DnaG primase-helicase fusion, and performs both functions in replication.

title: Primase


text:
Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans

The Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans (abbr: CUUPS) is an independent affiliate of Unitarian Universalists who identify with the precepts of classical or contemporary Paganism: celebrating the sacred circle of life and guiding people to live in harmony with the rhythms of nature. CUUPS members foster the development of "liturgical materials based on earth- and nature-centered religious and spiritual perspectives" as well as encourage "greater use of music, dance, visual arts, poetry, story, and creative ritual in Unitarian Universalist worship and celebration." Many members of CUUPS embrace the cycle of seasons and beauty of all life forms found in nature. Unlike many mainline religious sects, Unitarian Universalists and Pagans both value the "sacredness in the present world rather than on an afterlife." CUUPS is a community open to all Unitarian Universalist members and those who support the tenets.

History
The history of Unitarian Universalist Paganism started ten years before the founding of CUUPS. In 1977, the Unitarian Universalist general assembly passed the Women and Religion Resolution as a commitment to responding to concerns about patriarchal norms within the association. Some members were searching for a more goddess-based alternative to the traditional, masculine deity. The first Unitarian Universalist Pagan worship service was held in 1980 in East Lansing, Michigan.

In 1985, CUUPS was formed at the UUA General Assembly in Atlanta, Georgia. It was chartered by the UUA in 1987 and incorporated as a not for profit organization in 1997. Thanks to the UUP, a Sixth Source was adopted by the UU General Assembly in 1995. This Sixth Source encompasses: "Spiritual teachings of earth-centered traditions which celebrate the sacred circle of life and instruct us to live in harmony with the rhythms of nature."

Ecofeminist and neopagan Starhawk has been a pivotal advocate for CUUPS. She was influential in the Unitarian Universalist Association to include nature-centered traditions among their sources of faith. As an author and contributor to thirteen books, Starhawk has broadened Pagan theology. She led numerous workshops for, and was an active member of CUUPS.

CUUPS was an independent affiliate of the Unitarian Universalist Association until 2007, then a related organization, and as of 2015 a Covenanting Community of the UUA. There are now over 110 chapters of CUUPS.

Bylaws
The Bylaws of CUUPS include its affiliation with the UUA, statement of purpose, membership requirements, information on the board of trustees, financial administration, rules for amendments, and rules. The board consists of between three and thirteen members, with a three-year term, must meet quarterly, and the president may not serve more than two terms consecutively. The bylaws were approved in 2014, with revisions last approved in 2017.

Purpose
According to Article III of the bylaws, the exact purpose of CUUPS is to promote "the practice and understanding of Pagan and Earth-centered spirituality within the Unitarian Universalist Association, enabling networking among Pagan-identified Unitarian Universalists, providing for the outreach of Unitarian Universalism to the broader Pagan community, providing educational materials on Paganism and Earth-centered spirituality for Unitarian Universalist congregations and for the general public, promoting interfaith dialogue, encouraging the development of theological and liturgical materials based on Pagan and Earth-centered religious and spiritual perspectives, encouraging greater use of music, dance, visual arts, poetry, story and creative ritual in Unitarian Universalist worship and celebration, providing a place or places for gathering and for worship, and fostering healing relationships with the Earth and all of the Earth's children."

The CUUPS mission is to collaborate with the UU six sources and seven principles, with particular focus on the sixth source. CUUPS functions as a networking community of UU Pagans and other nature-based spiritualities. While not directly related to Wicca or other explicit Pagan paths, it does embrace them within its ministerial tradition. Members and friends receive the online CUUPS Bulletin, which reports continental and local chapter activities and explores contemporary Paganism. The organization maintains ties to the UK-based Unitarian Earth Spirit Network, which serves a similar role of representing contemporary Pagan spirituality in the British Unitarian community.

Principles
The following is an affirmed covenant from Unitarian Universalist Associations:

 * The inherent worth and dignity of every person.
 * Justice, equity and compassion in human relations.
 * Acceptance of one another and encouragement to spiritual growth in our congregations.
 * Free and responsible search for truth and meaning
 * The right of conscience and the use of the democratic process within our congregations and in society at large.
 * The goal of world community with peace, liberty, and justice for all.
 * Respect for the interdependent web of all existence of which we are a part. "The living tradition we share draws from many sources:
 * Direct experience of that transcending mystery and wonder, affirmed in all cultures, which moves us to a renewal of the spirit and an openness to the forces which create and uphold life
 * Words and deeds of prophetic women and men which challenge us to confront powers and structures of evil with justice, compassion, and the transforming power of love
 * Wisdom from the world's religions which inspires us in our ethical and spiritual life.
 * Jewish and Christian teachings which call us to respond to God's love by loving our neighbors as ourselves.
 * Humanist teachings which counsel us to heed the guidance of reason and the results of science, and warn us against idolatries of the mind and spirit.
 * Spiritual teachings of Earth-centered traditions which celebrate the sacred circle of life and instruct us to live in harmony with the rhythms of nature


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Hastings County

Hastings County is located in the province of Ontario, Canada. Geographically, it is located on the border of Eastern Ontario and Central Ontario. Hastings County is the second-largest county in Ontario, after Renfrew County, and its county seat is Belleville, which is independent of Hastings County. Hastings County has trademarked the moniker "Cheese Capital of Canada".

Administrative divisions
The 14 local municipalities within Hastings County are:

 * Town of Bancroft
 * Town of Deseronto
 * Municipality of Centre Hastings
 * Municipality of Hastings Highlands
 * Municipality of Tweed
 * Municipality of Marmora and Lake
 * Township of Carlow/Mayo
 * Township of Faraday
 * Township of Limerick
 * Township of Madoc
 * Township of Stirling-Rawdon
 * Township of Tudor and Cashel
 * Township of Tyendinaga
 * Township of Wollaston

The Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory is within the Hastings census division but is independent of the county. The cities of Belleville and Quinte West are separated municipalities and so are within the geographical boundaries of the county and included in the Hastings census division, but they not under the administration of the county government.

History
Hastings County (named for Francis Rawdon-Hastings) was first organized for electoral purposes in 1792, with its boundaries described as being:

"bounded on the east by the westernmost boundary of the county of Lenox, on the south by the bay of Quinte, until it meets a boundary on the easternmost line of the river Trent, thence along the river until it intersects the rear of the ninth concession, thence by a line running north sixteen degrees west until it intersects the river Ottawa or Grand river, thence descending the said river until it meets the northwesternmost boundary of the county of Addington; and the said county of Hastings to comprehend all the islands of the bay of Quinte and the river Trent nearest to the said county, in the whole or in greater part fronting the same."

For the initial elections to the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, it was united with Northumberland County and most of Lennox County for purposes of returning one member.

It was situated within the Mecklenburg District, which was later renamed the "Midland District" in 1792.

In 1798, the Parliament of Upper Canada passed legislation to provide, that, at the beginning of 1800:

"... the townships of Sidney, Thurlow, the tract of land occupied by the Mohawks, Huntingdon, Hungerford, and Rawdon, do constitute and form the county of Hastings."

The territory withdrawn from the County continued to form part of the Midland District.

19th century
In 1821, the newly surveyed townships of Elzevir, Madoc and Marmora were added to the county. While in this time agriculture was the most important industry in Hastings County, by 1822 (when the Marmora Iron Works was approaching its peak production) mining was playing an increasingly more important role in the area's economy.

Prominent citizens of Hastings County and Ameliasburgh Township unsuccessfully petitioned the provincial government for district status during 1817, 1818, 1823 and 1825. After Prince Edward County successfully achieved its own government in 1831, Hastings County continued to send petitions throughout the 30s before finally achieving the status of a separate district in March 1837.

It was constituted as the District of Victoria in 1839 (which continued until its dissolution in 1850). By 1845, the county was declared to consist of the following geographic townships:

 * Elzevir
 * Grimsthorpe
 * Hungerford
 * Huntingdon
 * Lake
 * Marmora
 * Madoc
 * Rawdon
 * Sydney
 * Tudor
 * Thurlow
 * Tyendinaga

Belleville, after an abortive attempt two years previously, was organized as a municipality with its own Board of Police in 1836, and was designated as the district seat in 1837. It was constituted as a town under the Baldwin Act in 1850, and later became a city in 1877.

Edward Fidlar became the first warden of Hastings County with their first meeting on January 28, 1850. By this time the Hastings County Council was also interested in education and the building of the railroad.

On October 27, 1856, the first railroad train arrived in Belleville and by 1864 around 100 people were employed by the railroad.

In August 1866, discovery of gold at Eldorado, near Madoc, caused great excitement throughout Hastings County as people flooded to the area from all over North America. According to Barnes, "gold has been found in twenty-seven locations spread over nine townships." The railroads and 170 mi of good gravel roads opened these areas to settlement by 1880.

In 1889 the Belleville Waterworks was created as a private company, which was then bought by the city of Belleville in 1889.

20th century
In 1911, Hastings County was the first in the province to appoint a reforestation committee, which was instrumental in passing laws around county forests. Postal service began in the area in 1913.

By 1927 the original townships had each formed separate governance and many of them had been partitioned due to increase in population and development. The 1927 townships were:

 * Bangor
 * Carlow
 * Cashel
 * Dungannon
 * Elzevir
 * Faraday
 * Grimsthorpe
 * Herschel
 * Hungerford
 * Huntingdon
 * Lake
 * Limerick
 * Madoc
 * Marmora
 * Mayo
 * McClure
 * Monteagle
 * Rawdon
 * Sidney
 * Thurlow
 * Tudor
 * Tyendinaga
 * Wicklow
 * Wollaston

Following World War II, more efficient communication and transportation led a trend toward consolidation of township administrations:

The Township of Carlow/Mayo was formed by amalgamation of the contiguous townships of Carlow and Mayo.

The Township of Wicklow and McClure was formed by amalgamation of the contiguous townships of McClure and Wicklow.

Lake Township and Marmora Township were administered as the Township of Marmora & Lake.

Elzevir Township and Grimsthorpe Township were administered as the Township of Elzevir & Grimsthorpe since before 1968.

The Township of Tudor and Cashel was formed by amalgamation of the geographically non-contiguous townships of Cashel and Tudor.

21st century
At the dawn of the 21st century, there has been a trend toward amalgamating rural and urban administrations. On 1 January 1998:
 * The City of Quinte West was formed through amalgamation of the City of Trenton and the Township of Sidney from Hastings County, with the Village of Frankford and the Township of Murray from Northumberland County.
 * The Municipality of Centre Hastings was incorporated by amalgamating Huntingdon Township with the Village of Madoc.
 * The Township of Stirling-Rawdon was formed through the amalgamation of Rawdon Township with the Village of Stirling.

In 1998, the Village of Tweed was amalgamated with its Township of Hungerford and the contiguous Township of Elzevir & Grimsthorpe to form the Municipality of Tweed. In 1999, the Village of Bancroft merged with Dungannon Township to form the Town of Bancroft.

On 1 January 2001, the Municipality of Hastings Highlands was incorporated by amalgamating the contiguous townships of Bangor, Wicklow & McClure, Herschel and Monteagle. Also in 2001, the Village of Marmora amalgamated with the surrounding townships of Marmora and Lake to form the Municipality of Marmora and Lake.

Demographics
As a census division in the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Hastings County had a population of $145,746$ living in $61,141$ of its $68,518$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $136,445$. With a land area of 6013.35 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Historic populations:
 * Population in 2001: 125,915
 * Population in 1996: 126,099

Transportation
The county is served by Highway 401 in the south, Highway 7, a leg of the Trans-Canada Highway, in the central region, Highways 62 and 37 travelling north to south, Highway 28 travelling east to west in the northern region, and Highway 127 travelling north from Maynooth, also in the northern region.

County council
Following are members of Hastings County Council as of August, 2019:

Warden: Rick Phillips

Town of Bancroft: Paul Jenkins

Township of Carlow/Mayo: Bonnie Adams

Municipality of Centre Hastings: Tom Deline

Town of Deseronto: Dan Johnston

Township of Faraday: Dennis Purcell

Hastings Highlands: Tracy Hagar

Township of Limerick: Carl Stefanski

Township of Madoc: Loyde Blackburn

Municipality of Marmora & Lake: Jan O'Neill

Township of Stirling/Rawdon: Bob Mullin

Township of Tudor & Cashel: Libby Clarke

Municipality of Tweed: Jo-Anne Albert

Township of Tyendinaga: Rick Phillips

Township of Wollaston: Lynn Kruger

Education
Currently, Hastings & Prince Edward District School Board operates public schools. Previously, Hastings County Board of Education operated public schools.

Emergency Services
There are 5 EMS stations in Hastings County with Hastings-Quinte EMS HQ located in Belleville, Ontario.

title: Hastings County


text:
William West Skiles

William West Skiles (1807–1862) was an American missionary, a Deacon in the Episcopal Church, and a teacher and community leader. He helped to found the community of Valle Crucis, North Carolina and to establish the church and missionary center there.

Early life
William West Skiles (October 12, 1807 - December 8, 1862) was the founder of the community of Valle Crucis, North Carolina in the 1840s, and builder of the region's first Episcopal church. "William West Skiles, Episcopal missionary and teacher, was born in Hertford, Perquimans County, North Carolina. Following a few years of formal schooling in the local schools, he worked as a mechanic and later as overseer of a group of lumber mills in the vicinity of Plymouth, North Carolina. In 1844 Skiles left eastern North Carolina to settle in the newly formed community of Valle Crucis, Watauga County, North Carolina where Levi Silliman Ives, bishop of the Diocese of North Carolina, was in the process of developing a center for missionary work, a classical and agricultural school for boys, and a theological school. During the next year a chapel, schoolhouse, and dormitory were built as well as a sawmill and a blacksmith shop. A farm and a dairy were maintained to help support the community."

Order of the Holy Cross
In December 1842, Bishop Levi Silliman Ives sent a priest to begin the Episcopal ministry in Valle Crucis Episcopal Mission. During the next 10 years, land was purchased, simple buildings were constructed to start the Mission School, and the Society of the Holy Cross, the first monastic order since the English Reformation in the 1500s, was formed. Ives sent William West Skiles to Valle Crucis to supervise the farming operation. Skiles was ordained a Deacon in 1847 and was instrumental in building St. John’s Episcopal Church in 1862.

"William West Skiles, a native of North Carolina, was the first man in the Anglican Communion since the Reformation to persevere in the dedicated life of poverty, chastity, and obedience under vows."

Homely Sage of Valle Crucis
Brother Skiles often was consulted affectionately as the "homely sage" in the community, where few people could read or write. Local families would bring their letters to him to read for them, and to help write their answers. "A minister of the Gospel, a schoolmaster, a sort of physician, he was also public Scrivener and legal adviser. Few days passed when some letter was not brought to him to read and to answer; family letters of all kinds, business letters, legal papers, with these his pen was often busy... he was also a general counselor to the neighboring population." In addition, he was respected as an arbiter, settling arguments between farmers, as well as between family members. In short, his home was a little court in a section of the country where there were few lawyers and little law enforcement.

Death and burial
When he died in 1862, he was buried at St John's Episcopal Church cemetery in Valle Crucis, North Carolina. His tombstone reds "Deacon. Monk. Missionary." Shortly after his death, the church was moved to a new location to avoid periodic flooding. William Skiles' remains were moved as well.

title: William West Skiles