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Béla III of Hungary

Béla III (III. Béla, Bela III., Belo III.; c. 1148 – 23 April 1196) was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1172 and 1196. He was the second son of King Géza II and Géza's wife, Euphrosyne of Kiev. Around 1161, Géza granted Béla a duchy, which included Croatia, central Dalmatia and possibly Sirmium. In accordance with a peace treaty between his elder brother, Stephen III, who succeeded their father in 1162, and the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos, Béla moved to Constantinople in 1163. He was renamed to Alexios, and the emperor granted him the newly created senior court title of despotes. He was betrothed to the Emperor's daughter, Maria. Béla's patrimony caused armed conflicts between the Byzantine Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary between 1164 and 1167, because Stephen III attempted to hinder the Byzantines from taking control of Croatia, Dalmatia and Sirmium. Béla-Alexios, who was designated as Emperor Manuel's heir in 1165, took part in three Byzantine campaigns against Hungary. His betrothal to the emperor's daughter was dissolved after her brother, Alexios, was born in 1169. The emperor deprived Béla of his high title, granting him the inferior rank of kaisar.

Stephen III died on 4 March 1172, and Béla decided to return to Hungary. Before his departure, he pledged that he would never make war against the Byzantine Empire. Although the Hungarian prelates and lords unanimously proclaimed Béla king, Lucas, Archbishop of Esztergom opposed his coronation because of Béla's alleged simony. Finally, the Archbishop of Kalocsa crowned him king on 18 January 1173, with Pope Alexander III's approval. Béla fought with his younger brother, Géza, whom he held in captivity for more than a decade. Taking advantage of the internal conflicts in the Byzantine Empire after Emperor Manuel's death, Béla reoccupied Croatia, Dalmatia and Sirmium between 1180 and 1181. He occupied the Principality of Halych in 1188, but it was lost within two years.

Béla promoted the use of written records during his reign. Hungarian chronicles from the 14th century even state that he was responsible for the establishment of the Royal Chancery. The royal palace built in Esztergom during his reign was the first example of Gothic architecture in Central Europe. He was the wealthiest European monarch of his time, according to a list of his revenues, but the reliability of the list is questioned.

Childhood (c. 1148–1163)

Béla was the second son of Géza II of Hungary and Géza's wife, Euphrosyne of Kiev. The date of his birth was not recorded. Studies of his bones show that Béla died in 1196 at around 49 years old, so he must have been born around 1148.

The contemporaneous John Kinnamos's reference to "the territory which his father, while still alive, had apportioned" to Béla shows that Géza II granted a distinct territory as an appanage to his younger son. Béla's patrimony certainly included the central parts of Dalmatia, (which included Šibenik, Split, and Trogir, which had accepted the suzerainty of the Kings of Hungary for decades), because Kinnamos mentioned the province "as Béla's heritage". Historians Ferenc Makk and Gyula Moravcsik agree that Béla also received Croatia from his father. Whether Syrmium was also part of Béla's patrimony, or if he only acquired it after his father's death is subject to scholarly debates. According to historian Warren Treadgold, Béla's patrimony also included Bosnia. The exact date of Géza II's grant cannot be determined, but according to Makk, Béla seems to have received his duchy around 1161.

Géza II, who died on 31 May 1162, was succeeded by his first-born son, Stephen III. Stephen III seems to have confirmed Béla's possession of the duchy, because Kinnamos referred to the land which was "long before granted" to Béla by Géza and Stephen. Shortly after his ascension to the throne, Stephen III was expelled by his uncles, Ladislaus II and Stephen IV. The Byzantine Emperor, Manuel I Komnenos, supported the uncles' takeover, but Stephen III returned to Hungary and regained his crown by force in the middle of 1163. Béla probably remained neutral during his brother's conflict with their uncles, because there is no report of Béla's activities in 1162 and 1163.

In 1163, Emperor Manuel signed a peace treaty with Stephen III, in which he renounced his support of Stephen's opponents. In exchange, Stephen III agreed to send Béla to Constantinople, and to allow the Byzantines to take possession of Béla's duchy. The Emperor also promised that he would betroth his daughter, Maria, to Béla.

"'When [Emperor Manuel I] came [to Belgrade] and realized that it was then impossible for [Stephen IV] to rule the Hungarians' land (for already they had hastily installed [Stephen III] son of [Géza II] again), he turned to something else. As stated, he desired with all his might to lay claim to Hungary, which is situated in the midst of the western nations. He therefore intended to unite in marriage Béla, who was [Géza II]'s son after [Stephen III], to his own daughter Maria.'"

Despotes Alexios (1163–1169)
Emperor Manuel dispatched sebastos George Palaiologos to escort Béla to the Byzantine Empire. Béla arrived in Constantinople around the end of 1163. He was renamed to Alexios, and received the title of despotes ("lord"), which only emperors had used before that time. Béla's betrothal to the emperor's daughter was also officially announced.

Stephen III invaded Syrmium in the summer of 1164. Emperor Manuel led his armies against Stephen, stating that he arrived "not to wage war on the Hungarians but to recover his land for Béla", according to Kinnamos. Béla-Alexios—along with his uncle, Stephen IV, and their distant relative, Stephanos Kalamanos—accompanied the emperor during the campaign. Before long, a new peace treaty was signed, once again forcing Stephen III to renounce Béla's duchy. A Byzantine army occupied Syrmium, which was organized into a Byzantine theme, or district.

Stephen III launched a new invasion against Syrmium in the spring of 1165. Emperor Manuel directed the counter-attack, and Béla accompanied him again. After the imperial army recaptured Zimony (now Zemun in Serbia), Béla persuaded the emperor to prohibit the execution of the Hungarian soldiers who were captured in the fortress. A Byzantine army also occupied Dalmatia. A new peace treaty between Stephen III and Emperor Manuel followed, which confirmed the emperor's suzerainty in Béla's former duchy. Dalmatia and Bosnia were soon converted into Byzantine themes.

Emperor Manuel ceremoniously made his daughter and Béla-Alexios his heirs, and forced the Byzantine notables to swear an oath of fidelity to them in the autumn of 1165. Only the emperor's cousin, Andronikos Komnenos, dared to condemn this act, asking, "What madness is this of the emperor to deem every Roman male unworthy of his daughter's nuptial bed, to choose before all others this foreigner and interloper to be an emperor of the Romans and to sit above all as master?", according to the nearly contemporaneous Niketas Choniates. Béla-Alexios participated in the 1166 Council of Blachernae, together with Emperor Manuel and the Ecumenical Patriarch Luke Chrysoberges. In the spring of 1166, Béla-Alexios accompanied protostrator Alexios Axouch, who led a Byzantine army against Hungary in retaliation for a new Hungarian invasion of Syrmium. On 11 April 1166, although Béla-Alexios and his bride were related to each other, Emperor Manuel confirmed a decision of the Ecumenical Patriarch, which stated that marriages between kin to the seventh degree were void. Manuel even proposed a marriage between his daughter (Béla-Alexios's fiancée) and the new King of Sicily, William II, in the autumn of 1166.

A new war broke out between Hungary and the Byzantine Empire in 1167, because Béla-Alexios "claimed the kingdom" of his brother, according to the contemporaneous Rahewin. Henry of Mügeln also wrote that many Hungarians joined and served the army of Béla-Alexios, stating that "the Kingdom of Hungary belonged to him [Béla-Alexios] by right". On 8 July 1167, the Byzantine army annihilated the Hungarian troops in the Battle of Sirmium. A peace treaty was signed, which put an end to the period of wars between Hungary and the Byzantine Empire, and confirmed the dominion of the Byzantine Empire over central Dalmatia, Bosnia and Syrmium.

Kaisar Alexios (1169–1172)
Emperor Manuel's wife, Maria of Antioch, gave birth to a son named Alexios on 14 September 1169. The emperor dissolved his daughter's betrothal to Béla-Alexios. The emperor also removed Béla-Alexios's title of despotes, but granted him the inferior rank of kaisar. In the spring of 1170, Béla-Alexios married the emperor's sister-in-law, Agnes of Antioch. The couple went on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. In Jerusalem, they donated 10,000 bezants to the Knights Hospitaller in compensation for their hospitality. In the charter of grant, Béla-Alexios styled himself "Lord A., Duke of Hungary, Dalmatia and Croatia", ignoring the title that the emperor had recently bestowed upon him.

Coronation (1172–1173)
Béla's brother, Stephen III, died on 4 March 1172. Arnold of Lübeck, who was staying in Esztergom, recorded a rumor suggesting that Stephen had been poisoned by Béla's supporters, but no other source verifies this hearsay. Stephen III's widow, Agnes, left Hungary, although she was pregnant when her husband died. A Hungarian delegation visited Emperor Manuel and Béla in Sardica (now Sophia in Bulgaria). They demanded that "Béla be dispatched to them as king", because "the principle of justice looked toward him" after his brother's death, according to Kinnamos. Kinnamos also said that Emperor Manuel made Béla king after Béla "promised an oath to observe for the whole course of his life whatever would be beneficial" to the emperor and the Byzantines. A letter written by the Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelos in 1196 says that on the same occasion, Béla pledged that he would never support the Serbians if they fought against the Byzantine Empire.

Béla and his wife arrived in Székesfehérvár in late April or early May. Béla was unanimously elected king by the "dignitaries of the Hungarian kingdom", according to a letter written by Pope Alexander III in 1179. However, Béla's coronation was delayed, because Lucas, Archbishop of Esztergom, refused to perform it. The archbishop accused the king of simony, because Béla had given a precious cloak to his delegate. According to a scholarly theory, Archbishop Lucas also feared that the influence of "schismatics" would increase under Béla's rule. Nevertheless, the majority of the barons and prelates remained loyal to Béla. Béla sought the assistance of the Holy See against the Archbishop Lucas. Upon Béla's request, Pope Alexander III authorized the Archbishop of Kalocsa to anoint Béla king and "place the crown on his head". Béla's coronation took place on 18 January 1173. He issued a charter confirming the right of the archbishops of Esztergom to crown the Hungarian monarchs. The unification of the so-called "Greek" and "Latin" crowns into the Holy Crown of Hungary seems to have occurred during his reign.

Conflicts (1173–1178)
Archbishop Lucas fell out of favor with Béla, and was ignored by him in the first years of his reign. Instead of Lucas, the Archbishop of Kalocsa baptized Béla's first-born son, Emeric, in 1174. However, administering sacraments to members of the royal family had always been the archbishops of Esztergom's job. According to a Bohemian chronicle (Continuatio Gerlaci abbatis Milovicensis), Béla imprisoned his younger brother, Géza, but Géza escaped from prison and fled to Austria in 1174 or 1175. Stephen III's judge royal, Lawrence, accompanied Géza. When Henry Jasomirgott, Duke of Austria, refused to extradite Géza, Béla launched plundering raids into Austria, together with Soběslav II, Duke of Bohemia. Meanwhile, Béla sent reinforcements to Emperor Manuel to help him fight against the Seljuks, but their united forces suffered defeat in the Battle of Myriokephalon on 17 September 1176.

Géza tried to persuade Soběslav II of Bohemia to help him meet Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, but Soběslav seized Géza and handed him over to Béla in 1177. Béla once again imprisoned his brother, and he also put their mother, Euphrosyne, in confinement. In retaliation for Soběslav's role in Géza's capture, Emperor Frederick dethroned Soběslav and appointed another member of the Přemyslid dynasty, Frederick, to the position of duke. The Holy Roman Emperor ordered the new Duke of Austria, Leopold V, to storm Bohemia. Béla soon intervened, threatening Leopold V with an invasion, which forced Leopold to leave Bohemia.

Expansion and reforms (1178–1194)
Béla's long-time favorite, Andrew, Archbishop of Kalocsa, insulted him around 1178. Béla soon deprived him and his supporter, the Provost of Székesfehérvár Chapter, of their offices and seized the Archbishop's revenues. Pope Alexander III punished Béla with ecclesiastic sanctions, but Béla reconciled with Archbishop Lucas of Esztergom, who absolved him and excommunicated Andrew of Kalocsa. The conflict ended with a compromise mediated by the Holy See: Andrew asked Béla to pardon him, and Béla restored him to his position of archbishop.

Upon Béla's invitation, Cistercian monks came from France and set up new Cistercian abbeys at Egres, Zirc, Szentgotthárd and Pilis between 1179 and 1184. In the 1180s, Béla initiated the building of a lofty royal castle and a new cathedral in Esztergom. Nevertheless, he was almost always wandering around the country. According to an inscription on a brick found in Bulkeszi (now Maglić in Serbia), Béla sponsored the baptism of a German "guest settler" in that village. In the imperial court of Constantinople, Béla learnt the importance of a well-organized administration. According to the Illuminated Chronicle, Béla "introduced the same form of addressing petitions as was customary in the Roman and imperial court", which suggests that the Royal Chancery began functioning as a separate office during his reign. He emphasized the importance of written records, ordering in 1181 that a charter was to be issued for all transactions proceeding in his presence.

Emperor Manuel I died on 24 September 1180. Within six months, Béla had restored his suzerainty in Dalmatia, but no detailed contemporaneous accounts of the events exist. The citizens of Split "returned to Hungarian lordship" soon after Manuel's death, according to the 13th-century Thomas the Archdeacon. Zadar also accepted Béla's suzerainty in early 1181. Historian John V. A. Fine writes that Béla retook suzerainty of Dalmatia "seemingly without bloodshed and with imperial consent", because the Byzantine authorities preferred that Béla rule the province rather than the Republic of Venice.

The details of the reconquest of Syrmium are also obscure. Andronikos Komnenos accused the mother of the young Byzantine Emperor, Alexios II, of inciting Béla—her brother-in-law—to ravage the region of Belgrade and Barancs (now Braničevo in Serbia) in May 1182, implying that Béla had by that time occupied Syrmium. In the same month, Andronikos Komnenos captured the Dowager Empress and had her murdered by the end of the year. Taking advantage of the emerging anarchy in the Byzantine Empire, Béla advanced as far as Niš and Serdica in the first half of 1183. In Sardica, he seized the casket containing the relics of Saint Ivan of Rila, and ordered it "to be transported with great honors to his land and to be laid down with honor in the church" of Esztergom, according to the saint's Life from the Sofia Prologue. Makk writes that Béla withdrew from the regions south of the Danube, but historian Paul Stephenson says that Béla preserved these lands.

Andronikos Komnenos murdered Emperor Alexios II in late 1183. The contemporaneous Eustathius of Thessalonica writes that Andronikos's opponents sent letters to many monarchs, including Béla III, urging them to attack Andronikos. According to Ansbert and other Western European chroniclers, Béla invaded the Byzantine Empire in early 1185. After Andronikos I fell in September, Béla signed a peace treaty with the new emperor, Isaac II Angelos. Isaac married Béla's daughter, Margaret, and Béla granted the region of Niš and Barancs to Isaac as his daughter's dowry. The relics of Saint Ivan of Rila were also returned to Sardica on this occasion. Béla married Margaret of France, a sister of Philip II of France, in the summer of 1186.

Orio Mastropiero, Doge of Venice, laid siege to Zadar in 1187, but the Venetian fleet could not seize the well-fortified town. Vladimir Yaroslavich, Prince of Halych, fled to Hungary at the end of 1188, because his boyars had rebelled. Roman Mstyslavych, Prince of Vladimir-in-Volhynia, soon occupied Halych, but Béla invaded the principality and expelled him. Instead of restoring Vladimir Yaroslavich to his former position, Béla imprisoned him and granted control of Halych to Andrew, who was Béla's younger son. As a token of his conquest, Béla styled himself as King of Galicia. .

In the summer of 1189, German crusaders marched through Hungary under the command of Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor. Béla welcomed Frederick, and dispatched a troop to escort the crusaders across the Balkan Peninsula. At Frederick's request, Béla released his imprisoned brother, Géza, who joined the crusaders and left Hungary. Béla mediated a peace treaty between Frederick I and Isaac II, whose mutual distrust had almost caused war between the German crusaders and the Byzantines.

Vladimir Yaroslavich escaped from captivity in early 1189 or 1190. With the assistance of Casimir II of Poland, he expelled Andrew from Halych, and regained control of the principality. In 1191, Béla met his son-in-law, Isaac II, in Philippopolis (now Plovdiv in Bulgaria) and Syrmium, but the results of their negotiations remained unknown. Upon Béla's request, the Holy See approved the canonization of Ladislaus I of Hungary in 1192. Béla invaded Serbia at the beginning of 1193. Isaac II demanded the withdrawal of his troops, and threatened Béla with war. At the same time, Doge Enrico Dandolo attempted to occupy Zadar, but failed. In 1193, Béla granted Modruš County in Croatia to Bartholomew of Krk, a member of the Frankopan family. This is the earliest certain example of an office being granted as a hereditary dignity in the Kingdom of Hungary.

Last years (1194–1196)
In 1194, Béla appointed his eldest son, Emeric, who had already been crowned as the future king, to administer Croatia and Dalmatia. After a united Bulgarian, Cumanian and Vlach army defeated the Byzantines in the Battle of Arcadiopolis in 1194, Béla was willing to assist the Byzantine Empire. However, his campaign was cancelled, because Béla's son-in-law, Emperor Isaac II, was dethroned by Alexios III Angelos in April 1195. Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor, was planning to launch a campaign against the Byzantine Empire on behalf of the dethroned emperor, but Béla prohibited his subjects from joining Henry.

Béla took the cross as a token of his desire to lead a crusade to the Holy Land. However, he could not fulfill his oath, because he fell ill and died on 23 April 1196. He was buried in the Székesfehérvár Cathedral. His remains were confidently identified by archeologists during 19th-century excavations, because a contemporaneous source—Richard of London—wrote of Béla's exceptional height. Béla's skeleton shows that he was 190 cm tall. Béla's remains were reinterred at the Matthias Church in Budapest. The DNA from skeletal remains of Béla and of another presumed member of the Árpád dynasty, scholars propose that the dynasty belonged to Y-haplogroup R1a subclade R-SUR51 > R-ARP.

Family
Béla's first wife, Agnes, was the daughter of Raynald of Châtillon, Prince of Antioch, and Raynald's wife, Constance of Antioch. Agnes was born around 1149 and died around 1184. At the time of her marriage in 1170, she was renamed Anna in Constantinople.

Béla's and Agnes-Anna's first child, Emeric, was born in 1174. Emeric's sister, Margaret, who was renamed Maria in Constantinople, was born in 1175. At the age of nine or ten, she was given in marriage to the Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelos, who was about 30 at the time. Maria's husband died in 1204, before the Sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade. Margaret–Maria married one of the leaders of the Crusade, Boniface of Montferrat, who seized Thessaloniki after the fall of the Byzantine Empire. Historian Makk writes that in about 1210, Maria married Nicholas I of Saint Omer after the death of Boniface, but scholar Peter Lock says that Saint Omer's wife and Margaret–Maria were not identical.

The second son of Béla and Agnes-Anna, Andrew, was born around 1177. His two younger brothers, Solomon and Stephen, did not survive infancy. Their younger sister, Constance, married King Ottokar I of Bohemia in about 1198. A third daughter of Béla and Agnes-Anna, whose name is unknown, died in infancy.

After the death of Agnes-Anna, Béla proposed to Theodora, a granddaughter of Emperor Manuel I's sister, Theodora Komnene. However, a synod of the Byzantine Church forbade the marriage in 1185, because Theodora had entered a nunnery. In late 1185 or at the beginning of 1186, Béla asked for the hand of Matilda of Saxony, a daughter of Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, but Henry II of England, Matilda's grandfather, hindered this marriage. Finally, Béla married Henry II's widowed daughter-in-law, Margaret of France, in the summer of 1186. She was the daughter of Louis VII of France. Queen Margaret outlived Béla, and moved to the Holy Land after his death.

Legacy
Béla was one of the most eminent medieval monarchs of Hungary. His "rule not only represented the apogee of the kingdom of the Árpádians, but also marked the end of an epoch", according to historian Pál Engel. His establishment of the Royal Chancery contributed to the "expansion of written records" in Hungary; the first charters issued by barons appeared in the 1190s. According to a contemporaneous list of Béla's revenues, his yearly income amounted to almost 170,000 marks (about 23 tonnes of pure silver). If the list is reliable, his income surpassed the revenues of the contemporaneous Kings of France and England, but the reliability of the list has been questioned by many historians, including Pál Engel.

In about 1190, after a fire destroyed Esztergom, Béla invited French masons to rebuild the royal palace and the cathedral. The masons introduced new architectural forms; the new royal palace and cathedral were the earliest examples of Gothic architecture in Central Europe. Coins depicting a two-barred cross, which was primarily used in the Church of the Byzantine Empire, were minted from around 1190, suggesting that the so-called "double cross" became part of the Hungarian royal heraldry under Béla III.

title: Béla III of Hungary


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Marshall Applewhite

Marshall Herff Applewhite Jr. (May 17, 1931 – March 26, 1997), also known as Do, among other names, was an American religious leader who founded and led the Heaven's Gate  new religious movement (often described as a cult), and organized their mass suicide in 1997. The suicide is the largest mass suicide to occur inside the U.S.

As a young man, Applewhite attended several universities and served in the United States Army. He initially pursued a career in education until he resigned from the University of St. Thomas in Houston, Texas, in 1970, citing emotional turmoil. His father's death a year later brought on severe depression. In 1972, Applewhite developed a close friendship with Bonnie Nettles, a nurse; together, they discussed mysticism at length and concluded that they were called as divine messengers. They operated a bookstore and teaching center for a short while and then began to travel around the U.S. in 1973 to spread their views. They gained only one convert. In August 1974, Applewhite was arrested in Harlingen, Texas, for failing to return a rental car and was extradited to Missouri where he was subsequently jailed for six months. In jail, he further developed his theology.

After Applewhite's release, he and Nettles travelled to California and Oregon, eventually gaining a group of committed followers. They told their followers that they would be visited by extraterrestrials who would provide them with new bodies. Applewhite initially stated that he and his followers would physically ascend to a spaceship, where their bodies would be transformed, but later he came to believe that their bodies were the mere containers of their souls, which would later be placed into new bodies. These ideas were expressed with language drawn from Christian eschatology, the New Age movement and American popular culture.

Heaven's Gate received an influx of funds in the late 1970s, which it used to pay housing and other expenses. In 1985, Nettles died, leaving Applewhite distraught and challenging his views on physical ascension. In the early 1990s, the group took more steps to publicize their theology. In 1996, they learned of the approach of Comet Hale–Bopp and rumors of an accompanying spaceship, concluding that this was the vessel that would take their spirits on board for a journey to another planet. Believing that their souls would ascend to the spaceship and be given new bodies, the group members committed mass suicide in a rented mansion. A media circus followed the discovery of their bodies. In the aftermath, commentators and academics discussed how Applewhite persuaded people to follow his commands, including suicide. Some commentators attributed his followers' willingness to commit suicide to his skill as a manipulator, while others argued that their willingness was due to their faith in the narrative that he constructed.

Early life and education
Marshall Herff Applewhite Jr. was born in Spur, Texas, on May 17, 1931, to Marshall Herff Applewhite Sr. (1901–1971) and his wife Louise (née Winfield; 1901–1988). He had three siblings. The son of a Presbyterian minister, Applewhite became very religious as a child.

Applewhite attended Corpus Christi High School and Austin College; at the latter school, he was active in several student organizations and was moderately religious. He earned a bachelor's degree in philosophy in 1952 and subsequently enrolled at Union Presbyterian Seminary to study theology, hoping to become a minister. He married Anne Pearce around that time, and they later had two children, Mark and Lane. Early in his seminary studies, Applewhite decided to leave the school to pursue a career in music, becoming the music director of a Presbyterian church in North Carolina. He was a baritone singer and enjoyed spirituals and the music of Handel.

In 1954, Applewhite was drafted by the United States Army and served in Austria and New Mexico as a member of the Army Signal Corps. He left the military in 1956 and enrolled at the University of Colorado, where he earned a master's degree in music and focused on musical theater.

Career
Applewhite moved to New York City in an unsuccessful attempt to begin a professional singing career upon finishing his education in Colorado. He then taught at the University of Alabama (UA). Applewhite lost his position there after pursuing a sexual relationship with a male student; his religious education was likely not supportive of same-sex relationships and he was subsequently frustrated by his sexual desires. He separated from his wife when she learned of the affair in 1965, and they divorced three years later. When Applewhite revealed to his parents that he was homosexual, his father rejected him.

In 1965, after leaving UA, Applewhite moved to Houston to serve as chair of the music department at the University of St. Thomas. His students regarded him as an engaging speaker and a stylish dresser. He also became a locally popular singer, serving as the choral director of an Episcopal church and performing with the Houston Grand Opera. In Houston, Applewhite was briefly openly gay but also pursued a relationship with a young woman, who left him under pressure from her family; he was greatly upset by this outcome. He resigned from the University of St. Thomas in 1970, citing depression and other emotional problems. Robert Balch and David Taylor, sociologists who studied Applewhite's group, speculate that this departure was prompted by another affair between Applewhite and a student. The president of the university later recalled that Applewhite was often mentally jumbled and disorganized near the end of his employment.

In 1971, Applewhite briefly moved to New Mexico, where he operated a delicatessen. He was popular with customers but decided to return to Texas later that year. Applewhite's father died around that time; the loss took a significant emotional toll on him, causing severe depression. His debts mounted, leading him to borrow money from friends.

Introduction to Nettles and first travels
In 1972, Applewhite met Bonnie Nettles, a nurse with an interest in Theosophy and Biblical prophecy. The two quickly became close friends; he later recalled that he felt like he had known her for a long time and concluded that they had met in a past life. Nettles told Applewhite their meeting had been foretold to her by extraterrestrials, persuading him that he had a divine assignment. By that time, he had begun to investigate alternatives to traditional Christian doctrine, including astrology.

Applewhite soon began to live with Nettles. Although they cohabited, their relationship was not a sexual one, fulfilling his longtime wish to have a deep and loving, yet platonic, relationship. Nettles was married with four children, but after she became close with Applewhite, her husband divorced her and she lost custody of the children. Applewhite permanently broke off contact with his family as well. He saw Nettles as his soulmate, and some of his acquaintances later recalled that she had a strong influence on him. Raine writes that Nettles "was responsible for reinforcing his emerging delusional beliefs", but psychiatrist Robert Jay Lifton speculates that Nettles' influence helped him avoid further psychological deterioration.

Applewhite and Nettles opened a bookstore known as the Christian Arts Center, which carried books from a variety of spiritual backgrounds. They also launched a venture known as Know Place to teach classes on theosophy and mysticism. The pair closed these businesses a short time later. In February 1973, Applewhite and Nettles resolved to travel to teach others about their beliefs and drove throughout the Western U.S.; Lifton describes their travels as a "restless, intense, often confused, peripatetic spiritual journey". While traveling, they had little money and occasionally resorted to selling their blood or working odd jobs for much-needed funds. The pair subsisted solely on bread rolls at times, often camped out, and sometimes did not pay their lodging bills. One of their friends from Houston corresponded with them and accepted their teachings. They visited her in May 1974, and she became their first convert.

While traveling, Applewhite and Nettles pondered the life of Francis of Assisi and read works by authors including Helena Blavatsky, R. D. Laing, and Richard Bach. They kept a King James Version of the Bible with them and studied several passages from the New Testament, focusing on teachings about Christology, asceticism, and eschatology. Applewhite also read science fiction, including works by Robert A. Heinlein and Arthur C. Clarke. By June 1974, Applewhite and Nettles' beliefs had solidified into a basic outline. They concluded that they had been chosen to fulfill biblical prophecies, and that they had been given higher-level minds than other people. They wrote a pamphlet that described Jesus' reincarnation as a Texan, a thinly-veiled reference to Applewhite. Furthermore, they concluded that they were the two witnesses described in the Book of Revelation and occasionally visited churches or other spiritual groups to speak of their identities, often referring to themselves as "The Two", or "The UFO Two". The pair believed that they would be killed and then restored to life and, in view of others, transported onto a spaceship. This event, which they referred to as "the Demonstration", was to prove their claims. To their dismay, these ideas were poorly received.

Arrest and proselytism
In August 1974, Applewhite was arrested in Harlingen, Texas, for failing to return a car that he had rented in Missouri. He was extradited to St. Louis and jailed for six months. At the time, Applewhite maintained that he had been "divinely authorized" to keep the car. While jailed, he pondered theology and subsequently abandoned discussion of occult topics in favor of extraterrestrials and evolution.

After Applewhite's release, Nettles and he resolved to contact extraterrestrials and began seeking like-minded followers. They published advertisements for meetings, where they recruited disciples, whom they called "crew". At these events, they purported to represent beings from another planet, the Next Level, who sought participants for an experiment. They claimed that those who agreed to take part in the experiment would be brought to a higher evolutionary level. Nettles and Applewhite referred to themselves as "Guinea" and "Pig". Applewhite described his role as a "lab instructor" and served as the primary speaker, while Nettles occasionally interjected clarifying remarks or corrections. The two seldom personally spoke with attendees, only taking phone numbers with which they could contact them. They initially named their organization the Anonymous Sexaholics Celibate Church, but it soon became known as the Human Individual Metamorphosis.

Applewhite believed in the ancient astronaut hypothesis, which claimed that extraterrestrials had visited humanity in the past and placed humans on Earth and would return to collect a select few. Parts of this teaching bear similarities to the Reformed Christian concept of election, likely owing to Applewhite's Presbyterian upbringing.

Applewhite and Nettles sent advertisements to groups in California and were invited to speak to New Age devotees there in April 1975. At this meeting, they persuaded about half of the 50 attendees to follow them. They also focused on college campuses, speaking at Cañada College in August. At a meeting in Oregon in September 1975, they had further recruitment success—about 30 people left their homes to follow the pair, prompting interest from media outlets. The coverage was negative; commentators and some former members mocked the group and leveled accusations of brainwashing against Applewhite and Nettles. Balch and Taylor state that Applewhite and Nettles eschewed pressure tactics, seeking only devoted followers.

Benjamin E. Zeller, an academic who studies new religions, notes that Applewhite and Nettles' teachings focused on salvation through individual growth and sees this as similar to currents in the era's New Age movement. Likewise, the importance of personal choice was also emphasized. Applewhite and Nettles denied connection with the New Age movement, viewing it as a human creation. Janja Lalich, a sociologist who studies cults, attributes their recruitment success to their eclectic mix of beliefs and the way that they deviated from typical New Age teachings: discussing literal spaceships while retaining familiar language. Most of their disciples were young and interested in occultism or otherwise lived outside of mainstream society. They came from a variety of religious backgrounds, including Eastern religions and Scientology. Most were well versed in New Age teachings, allowing Applewhite and Nettles to convert them easily. Applewhite thought that his followers would reach a higher level of being, changing like a caterpillar becoming a butterfly; this example was used in almost all of the group's early literature. He contended that this would be a "biological change into a different species, casting his teachings as scientific truth in line with secular naturalism." He emphasized to his early followers that he was not speaking metaphorically, often using the words "biology" and "chemistry" in his statements. By the mid-1970s, Applewhite attempted to avoid the use of the term "religion", seeing it as inferior to science.

Nomadic lifestyle
By 1975, Applewhite and Nettles had taken the names "Bo" and "Peep". They had about 70 followers and saw themselves as shepherds tending a flock. Applewhite believed that complete separation from earthly desires was a prerequisite of ascension to the Next Level and emphasized passages in the New Testament in which Jesus spoke about forsaking worldly attachments. Members were consequently instructed to renounce: friends, family, media, drugs, alcohol, jewelry, facial hair, and sexuality. Furthermore, they were at first required to adopt biblical names. Applewhite and Nettles soon told them to adopt two-syllable names that ended in "ody" and had three consonants in the first syllable, such as Rkkody, Jmmody, and Lvvody; Applewhite stated that these names emphasized that his followers were spiritual children. He, Nettles, and their followers lived what religious scholar James Lewis describes as a "quasi-nomadic lifestyle". They usually stayed at remote campgrounds and did not speak about their beliefs. Applewhite and Nettles ceased having public meetings in April 1975, and spent little time teaching doctrine to their converts. The pair also had little contact with their dispersed followers, many of whom renounced their allegiance.

Applewhite and Nettles feared that they would be assassinated, and taught their followers that their deaths would be similar to those of the two witnesses of the Book of Revelation. Balch and Taylor believe that Applewhite's prison experience and early rejection by audiences contributed to this fear. Applewhite and Nettles later explained to their followers that the former's treatment by the press was a form of assassination and had fulfilled their prophecy. Applewhite took a materialistic view of the Bible, seeing it as a record of extraterrestrial contact with humanity. He drew heavily from the Book of Revelation, although he avoided traditional theological terminology and took a somewhat negative tone towards Christianity. He only lectured about a small number of verses and never tried to develop a system of theology.

By early 1976, Applewhite and Nettles had settled on the names "Do" and "Ti"; Applewhite stated that these were meaningless names. In June 1976, they gathered their remaining followers at Medicine Bow National Forest in southeastern Wyoming, promising a UFO visit. Nettles later announced that the visit had been cancelled. Applewhite and Nettles then split their followers into small groups, which they referred to as "Star Clusters".

From 1976 to 1979, the group lived in campgrounds, usually in the Rocky Mountains or Texas. Applewhite and Nettles began to place greater demands on their followers' heretofore loosely structured lives, which improved membership retention. They typically communicated with their disciples in writing or through assistants. Increasingly, they emphasized that they were the only source of truth—the idea that members could receive individual revelations was rejected in an attempt to prevent schisms. Applewhite also sought to prevent close friendships among his followers, fearing that this could lead to insubordination. He and Nettles insisted that their followers practice what they referred to as "flexibility" - strict obedience to their often shifting requests. The two leaders limited the group's contacts with those outside the movement, even some who may have been interested in joining, ostensibly to prevent infiltration from hostile parties. In practice, this made their followers completely dependent upon them. Applewhite instructed his disciples to be like children or pets in their submission—their sole responsibility was to obey their leaders. Members were encouraged to constantly seek Applewhite's advice and often ask themselves what their leaders would do when making a decision. To his followers, he did not seem dictatorial: many of them found him laid back and fatherly. In his 2000 study of the group, Winston Davis states that Applewhite mastered the "fine art of religious entertainment", noting that many of his disciples seemed to enjoy their service. Applewhite organized seemingly arbitrary rituals that were intended to instill a sense of discipline in his followers; he referred to these tasks as "games". He also watched science fiction television programs with the rest of the group. Rather than issue direct commands, he attempted to express his preferences and nominally offer his disciples a choice. He emphasized that students were free to disobey if they chose, in what Lalich dubs the "illusion of choice".

Housing and control
In the late 1970s, the group received a large sum of money, possibly an inheritance of a member or donations of followers' income. This capital was used to rent houses, initially in Denver and later in Dallas. Applewhite and Nettles had about 40 followers then and lived in two or three houses; the leaders usually had their own house. The group was secretive about their lifestyle, covering their windows. Applewhite and Nettles arranged their followers' lifestyles as a boot camp that would prepare them for the Next Level. Referring to their house as a "craft", they regimented the lives of their disciples down to the minute. Students who were not committed to this lifestyle were encouraged to leave; departing members were given financial assistance. Lifton states that Applewhite wanted "quality over quantity" in his followers, although he occasionally spoke about gaining many converts.

Applewhite and Nettles sometimes made sudden, drastic changes to the group. On one occasion in Texas, they told their followers of a forthcoming visitation from extraterrestrials and instructed them to wait outside all night, at which point they informed them that this had been merely a test. Lalich sees this as a way that they increased their students' devotion, ensuring that their commitment became irrespective of what they saw. Members became desperate for Applewhite's approval, which he used to control them.

In 1980, Applewhite and Nettles had about 80 followers, many of whom held jobs, often working with computers or as car mechanics. In 1982, the pair allowed their disciples to call their families. They further relaxed their control in 1983, permitting their followers to visit relatives on Mother's Day. They were only allowed short stays and were instructed to tell their families that they were studying computers at a monastery. These vacations were intended to placate families by demonstrating that the disciples remained with the group of their own accord.

Nettles' death
In 1983, Nettles had an eye surgically removed as a result of cancer diagnosed several years earlier. While she lived for two more years, dying in 1985, Applewhite told their followers that she had "traveled to the Next Level" because she had "too much energy to remain on Earth", abandoning her body to make the journey. His attempt to explain her death in the terms of the group's doctrine was successful, preventing the departure of all but one member. However, Applewhite became very depressed. He claimed that Nettles still communicated with him, but he suffered from a crisis of faith. His students supported him during this time, greatly encouraging him. He then organized a ceremony in which he symbolically married his followers; Lalich views this as an attempt to ensure unity. Applewhite told his followers that he had been left behind by Nettles because he still had more to learn—he felt that she occupied "a higher spiritual role" than he did. He began identifying her as "the Father" and often referred to her with male pronouns.

Applewhite began to emphasize a strict hierarchy, teaching that his students needed his guidance, as he needed the guidance of the Next Level. Zeller notes that this naturally ensured no possibility of the group's continuing if Applewhite were to die. A relationship with Applewhite was said to be the only way to salvation; he encouraged his followers to see him as Christ. Zeller states that the group's previous focus on individual choice was replaced with an emphasis on Applewhite's role as a mediator. Applewhite maintained some aspects of their scientific teachings, but in the 1980s the group became more like a religion in its focus on faith and submission to authority.

After Nettles' death, Applewhite also altered his view of ascension; previously, he had taught that the group would physically ascend from the Earth and that death caused reincarnation, but her death—which left behind an unchanged, corporeal body—forced him to say that the ascension could be spiritual. He then concluded that her spirit had traveled to a spaceship and received a new body and that his followers and he would do the same. In his view, the Biblical heaven was actually a planet on which highly evolved beings dwelt, and physical bodies were required to ascend there. Applewhite believed that once they reached the Next Level, they would facilitate evolution on other planets. He emphasized that Jesus, whom he believed was an extraterrestrial, came to Earth, was killed, and bodily rose from the dead before being transported onto a spaceship. According to Applewhite's doctrine, Jesus was a gateway to heaven, but had found humanity unready to ascend when he first came to the Earth. Applewhite then decided that an opportunity existed for humans to reach the Next Level "every two millennia", and the early 1990s would therefore provide the first opportunity to reach the Kingdom of Heaven since the time of Jesus. Zeller notes that his beliefs were based on the Christian Bible, but were interpreted through the lens of belief in alien contact with humanity.

Applewhite taught that he was a walk-in, a concept that had gained popularity in the New Age movement during the late 1970s. Walk-ins were said to be higher beings who took control of adult bodies to teach humanity. This concept informed Applewhite's view of resurrection; he believed that his group's souls were to be transported to a spaceship, where they would enter other bodies. Applewhite abandoned the metaphor of a butterfly in favor of describing the body as a mere container, a vehicle that souls could enter and exit. This dualism may have been the product of the Christology that Applewhite learned as a young man; Lewis writes that the group's teachings had "Christian elements [that] were basically grafted on to a New Age matrix". In a profile of the group for Newsweek, Kenneth Woodward compares his dualism to that of ancient Christian Gnosticism, although Peters notes that his theology departs from Gnosticism by privileging the physical world.

In the wake of Nettles' death, Applewhite became increasingly paranoid, fearing a conspiracy against his group. One member who joined in the mid-1980s recalled that Applewhite avoided new converts, worrying that they were infiltrators. He feared a government raid on their home and spoke highly of the Jewish defenders of Masada in ancient Israel who showed total resistance to the Roman Empire. Increasingly, he began to discuss the Apocalypse, comparing the Earth to an overgrown garden that was to be recycled or rebooted and humanity to a failed experiment. In accordance with the garden metaphor, he stated that the Earth would be "spaded under". Woodward notes that Applewhite's teaching about the Earth's recycling is similar to the cyclical perspective of time found in Buddhism. Applewhite also used New Age concepts, but he differed from that movement by predicting that apocalyptic, rather than utopian, changes would soon occur on Earth. He contended that most humans had been brainwashed by Lucifer but that his followers could break free of this control. He specifically cited sexual urges as the work of Lucifer. In addition, he stated that evil extraterrestrials, whom he referred to as "Luciferians", sought to thwart his mission. He argued that many prominent moral teachers and advocates of political correctness were actually Luciferians. This theme emerged in 1988, possibly in response to the lurid alien abduction stories that were proliferating at the time.

Obscurity and evangelism
In the late 1980s, the group kept a low profile; few people knew it still existed. In 1988, they mailed a document that detailed their beliefs to a variety of New Age organizations. The mailing contained information about their history and advised people to read several books, which primarily focused on Christian history and UFOs. With the exception of the 1988 document, Applewhite's group remained inconspicuous until 1992, when they recorded a 12-part video series which was broadcast via satellite. This series echoed many of the teachings of the 1988 update, although it introduced a "universal mind" of which its hearers could partake.

Over the course of the group's existence, several hundred people joined and left. In the early 1990s, their membership dwindled, numbering as few as 26; these defections gave Applewhite a sense of urgency. In May 1993, the group took the name "Total Overcomers Anonymous". They then spent $30,000 to publish a full-page advertisement in USA Today that warned of catastrophic judgment to befall the Earth. Its publication led about 20 former members to rejoin the group. This, along with a series of public lectures in 1994, caused membership to double from its nadir at the beginning of the decade. By this time, Applewhite did not regiment his disciples' lives as strictly as he had and spent less time with them.

In the early 1990s, Applewhite posted some of his teachings on the Internet, but he was stung by the resulting criticism. That year, he first spoke of the possibility of suicide as a way to reach the Next Level. He explained that everything "human" had to be forsaken, including the human body, before one could ascend. The organization was then renamed Heaven's Gate. Davis speculates that this rejection may have encouraged him to attempt to leave Earth.

From June to October 1995, the group lived in a rural part of New Mexico. They purchased 40 acre and built a compound—which they referred to as the "Earth ship"—using tires and lumber; Applewhite hoped to establish a monastery. This proved to be a difficult endeavor, particularly for the aging Applewhite: he was in poor health and, at one point, feared that he had cancer. Lifton notes that Applewhite's active leadership of the group probably led to severe fatigue in his last years. The winter was very cold, and they abandoned the plan. Afterwards, they lived in several houses in the San Diego area.

The group increasingly focused on the suppression of sexual desire; Applewhite and seven others opted for surgical castration. They initially had difficulty finding a willing surgeon, but eventually found one in Mexico. In Applewhite's view, sexuality was one of the most powerful forces that bound humans to their bodies and thus hindered their efforts to evolve to the Next Level; he taught that Next Level beings had no reproductive organs, but that Luciferian beings had genders. He also cited a verse in the New Testament that said there would not be marriage in heaven. In addition, he required members to adopt similar clothing and haircuts, possibly to reinforce that they were a nonsexual family.

Mass suicide
In October 1996, the group rented a mansion in Rancho Santa Fe, California. That year, they recorded two video messages in which they offered their viewers a "last chance to evacuate Earth". Around the same time, they learned of the approach of Comet Hale–Bopp. Applewhite now believed that Nettles was aboard a spaceship trailing the comet, and that she planned to rendezvous with them. He told his followers that the vessel would transport them to an empyrean destination, and that a government conspiracy was attempting to suppress word of the craft. In addition, he stated that his deceased followers would be taken by the vessel, as well, a belief that resembled the Christian pretribulation rapture doctrine. How he learned of the comet or why he believed that it was accompanied by extraterrestrials or why he should have believed the dead Nettles would be with them is not known.

In late March 1997, the group isolated themselves and recorded farewell statements. Many members praised Applewhite in their final messages; Davis describes their remarks as "regurgitations of Do's gospel". Applewhite recorded a video shortly before his death, in which he termed the suicides the "final exit" of the group and remarked, "We do in all honesty hate this world". Lewis speculates that Applewhite settled on suicide because he had said that the group would ascend during his lifetime, so appointing a successor was unfeasible.

Religious scholar Catherine Wessinger posits that the suicides began on March 22. Most members took barbiturates and alcohol and then placed bags over their heads. They wore Nike shoes and black uniforms with patches that read "Heaven's Gate Away Team". A bag that contained a few dollars and a form of identification was placed beside most bodies. The deaths occurred over three days; Applewhite was one of the last four to die. Three assistants helped him commit suicide, then killed themselves. An anonymous tip led the sheriff's department to search the mansion; they found 39 bodies there on March 26. It was the largest group suicide involving U.S. citizens since the 1978 mass suicide of 913 Americans in Jonestown, Guyana. Applewhite's body was found seated on the bed of the mansion's master bedroom. Medical examiners determined that his fears of cancer had been unfounded, but that he suffered from coronary atherosclerosis.

The deaths provoked a media circus, and Applewhite's face was featured on the covers of Time and Newsweek on April 7. His final message was widely broadcast; Hugh Urban of Ohio State University described his appearance in the video as "wild-eyed [and] rather alarming".

Analysis
Although many popular commentators, including psychologist Margaret Singer, speculate that Applewhite brainwashed his followers, many academics have rejected the "brainwashing" label as an oversimplification that does not express the nuances of the process by which the followers were influenced. Lalich speculates that they were willing to follow Applewhite in suicide because they had become totally dependent upon him, hence were poorly suited for life in his absence. Davis attributes Applewhite's success in convincing his followers to commit suicide to two factors: He isolated them socially and cultivated an attitude of complete religious obedience in them. Applewhite's students had made a long-term commitment to him, and Balch and Taylor infer that this is why his interpretations of events appeared coherent to them. Most of the dead had been members for about 20 years, although there were a few recent converts.

Lewis argues that Applewhite effectively controlled his followers by packaging his teachings in familiar terms. Richard Hecht of the University of California, Santa Barbara, echoes this sentiment, arguing that members of the group killed themselves because they believed the narrative that he had constructed, rather than because he psychologically controlled them. In his 2000 study of apocalyptic movements, John R. Hall posits that they were motivated to commit suicide because they saw it as a way to demonstrate that they had conquered the fear of death and truly believed Applewhite.

Urban writes that Applewhite's life displays "the intense ambivalence and alienation shared by many individuals lost in late 20th-century capitalist society". He notes that Applewhite's condemnations of contemporary culture bear similarities to those of Jean Baudrillard at times, particularly their shared nihilist views. Urban posits that Applewhite found no way other than suicide to escape the society that surrounded him and states that death offered him a way to escape its "endless circle of seduction and consumption".

While covering the suicides, several media outlets focused on Applewhite's sexuality; the New York Post dubbed him "the Gay Guru". Gay rights activist Troy Perry argued that Applewhite's repression, and society's rejection, of same-sex relationships ultimately led to his suicide. This idea has failed to gain support among academics. Zeller argues that Applewhite's sexuality was not the primary driving force behind his asceticism, which he believes resulted from a variety of factors, though he grants sexuality a role.

Lalich states that Applewhite fit "the traditional view of a charismatic leader", and Evan Thomas deems him a "master manipulator". Lifton compares Applewhite to Shoko Asahara, the founder of Aum Shinrikyo, describing him as "equally controlling, his paranoia and megalomania gentler yet ever present". Christopher Partridge of Lancaster University states that Applewhite and Nettles were similar to John Reeve and Lodowicke Muggleton, who founded Muggletonianism, a millennialist movement in 17th century England.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Marshall Applewhite


text:
List of cities and largest towns in Myanmar

The following is a list of cities and largest towns in Myanmar with populations above 5,000, according to UNFPA Myanmar. The capitals of states and regions in Myanmar are bolded.


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Later Jin invasion of Joseon

The Later Jin invasion of Joseon occurred in early 1627 when the Later Jin prince Amin led an invasion of the Joseon dynasty. The war ended after three months with the Later Jin establishing itself as sovereign tributary overlord over Joseon. However Joseon continued its relationship with the Ming dynasty and showed defiance in solidifying its tributary relationship with the Later Jin. It was followed by the Qing invasion of Joseon in 1636.

Background
The kingdom of Joseon had previously sent 10,069 musketeers and 3,000 archers to aid the Ming dynasty in attacking the Later Jin in 1619, which culminated in an allied defeat at the Battle of Sarhū. The Joseon general Gang Hong-rip surrendered with his remaining forces and insisted that Joseon did not hold anything against the Jurchens, having only sent reinforcements to repay an obligation to Ming.

In 1623, a faction at the Joseon court known as the Westerners deposed King Gwanghaegun (Hangul: 광해군, Hanja: 光海君) and installed Injo as king. The following year Yi Gwal rebelled against King Injo, but failed in ousting him, and the rebellion was crushed. Its survivors fled to the Jin court where they recommended Hong Taiji to invade Joseon. General Gang Hong-rip was also led to believe by the survivors that his family had died in the coup, so he pushed for the invasion out of a desire for revenge.

Meanwhile the Westerners took on an explicitly pro-Ming and anti-Jurchen stance in their relations with the two states. Injo severed relations with the Later Jin on the advice of his advisers. The Ming general Mao Wenlong's army of 26,000 men engaged in raids against the Jurchens from an island base off the Korean peninsula. The Westerners aided him by allowing him to station his troops in Uiju.

The Later Jin had lost at the Battle of Ningyuan the previous year and their Khan, Nurhaci, died from his wounds afterwards. Peace negotiations with the Ming after the battle delayed an aggressive Ming response to the Jurchen loss, and the Ming general Yuan Chonghuan was busy fortifying the border garrisons and training new musketeers. The new Khan, Hong Taiji, was eager for a quick victory to consolidate his position. By invading Joseon he also hoped to extract much needed resources for his army and subjects, who had suffered in the war against Ming.

War
In 1627, Hong Taiji dispatched Amin, Jirgalang, Ajige and Yoto to Joseon with 30,000 troops under the guidance of Gang Hong-rip and Li Yongfang. The Jurchens met sharp resistance at the border towns but Joseon border garrisons were quickly defeated. On 14 January, the Jurchen army advanced into Uiju where Mao Wenlong was stationed, and Mao quickly fled with his men into the Bohai Sea. The Neunghan Fortress fell on the 21 January. Next the Jurchens attacked Anju. When it became clear that defeat was inevitable, the Anju garrisons committed suicide by blowing up their gunpowder storehouse. Pyongyang fell without a fight and the Jin army crossed the Taedong River.

By this time, news of the invasion had reached the Ming court, which immediately dispatched a relief contingent to Joseon, slowing the Jurchen advance into Hwangju.

King Injo then dispatched an envoy to negotiate a peace treaty, but by the time the messenger returned, Injo had already fled from Hanseong (Seoul) to Ganghwa Island in panic.

Despite the Jin invasion's success, Amin was willing to negotiate a peace. The following settlement was agreed upon on Ganghwa Island:

 * 1) Joseon abandons the Ming era name Tianqi (天啓).
 * 2) Joseon offers Yi Gak as a hostage as a substitute for a royal prince.
 * 3) (Later) Jin and Joseon will not violate each other's territory.

While negotiations were taking place, the city of Pyongyang underwent several days of looting by the Jurchens before Amin was ordered by Hong Taji to sign the peace agreement. The Jin army then withdrew to Mukden, ending the three-month-long invasion.

Aftermath
In the postwar negotiations, the Later Jin forced Joseon to open markets near the borders because its conflicts with Ming had brought economic hardship and starvation to Jin subjects. Joseon was also forced to transfer suzerainty of the Warka tribe to Jin. Furthermore, a tribute of 100 horses, 100 tiger and leopard skins, 400 bolts of cotton, and 15,000 pieces of cloth was to be extracted and gifted to the Jin Khan. Injo's brother was sent to deliver this tribute. However in later letters to the Joseon king, Hong Taiji would complain that the Koreans did not behave as if they had lost, and were not abiding by the terms of the agreement. Joseon merchants and markets continued to trade with Ming and actively aided Ming subjects by providing them with grain and rations. Hong Taiji rebuked them, saying that the food of Joseon should only be fed to Joseon subjects.

The relationship between Joseon and Later Jin remained uncomfortable and bleak. The invasion was bitterly resented by Joseon's statesmen and Confucian scholars, who believed that it was treacherous and unfilial for Joseon to abandon Ming considering the assistance it had provided against Japan in the past. This resentment was inflamed in 1636 when the Manchus demanded changing the terms of diplomatic relationship from equality to sovereign-vassal. The Joseon court, dominated by anti-Manchu hawks, rejected the demand. This led to the Qing invasion of Joseon in 1636.

The Ming general Yuan Chonghuan was impeached for having been duped by the Jin into entering peace negotiations, and court officials accused him of lack of agency. This was the last time Ming would openly engage in peace negotiations with the Jurchens.

Mao Wenlong was reported to Ming authorities by Joseon for cowardice and treachery. Mao began acting independently and minted his own coins in 1628, while conducting illicit trading in contravention of Ming law. He was caught by Yuan Chonghuan in 1629 and executed for smuggling on 24 July 1629. Yuan reported the death of Mao Wenlong to the Joseon court, stating that it had been done to "properly establish the emperor's awesomeness." Prior to his execution, Yuan Chonghuan addressed him thus:

"You were given the authority of a general. But now you, Mao Wenlong, have treacherously raised yourself to the level of a lord, amassed soldiers, siphoned off rations, slaughtered the refugees of Liaodong, despoiled Korea, harassed Denglai, carried out illicit commerce, looted and plundered commoners' boats, changed people's names, and violated the people's sons and daughters. These are the crimes for which you will be put to death."

title: Later Jin invasion of Joseon


text:
List of hospitals in California

This is a list of hospitals in California (U.S. state), grouped by county and sorted by hospital name. In healthcare in California, only a general acute care hospital or acute psychiatric hospital, as licensed by the California Department of Public Health, can be referred to as a "hospital." As of 2018, the CPHD Center for Health Care Quality Cal Health Find database reports 422 general acute care hospitals statewide, as well as 128 acute psychiatric hospitals.

Alameda County

 * Alameda Hospital – Alameda
 * Alta Bates Summit Medical Center
 * Alta Bates Campus – Berkeley
 * Herrick Campus – Berkeley
 * Summit Campus – Oakland (previous merger of Providence Hospital, Peralta Hospital, and Samuel Merritt Hospital)
 * Anderson Sanatorium – Oakland (closed)
 * Eden Medical Center – Castro Valley
 * Fabiola Hospital – Oakland (1876-1932) (donated to Samuel Merritt Hospital)
 * Fairmont Rehabilitation and Wellness Center with hospital-based Skilled Nursing Facility – San Leandro
 * Fremont Hospital (behavioral health facility) – Fremont
 * Hayward Hospital – Hayward (closed in 1988)
 * Highland Hospital – Oakland
 * John George Psychiatric Pavilion – San Leandro
 * Kaiser Fremont Medical Center (Kaiser Permanente) – Fremont
 * Kaiser Hayward (closed in 2014)
 * Kaiser Oakland Medical Center
 * Kaiser San Leandro Medical Center
 * Kindred Hospital - San Francisco Bay Area (LTACH) – San Leandro
 * Livermore Sanitarium – Livermore (1894– 1965; closed)
 * Livermore VA Hospital – Livermore
 * Naval Hospital Oakland (closed 1996) – including nearby San Leandro Naval Hospital (closed 1964)
 * St. Rose Hospital – Hayward
 * San Leandro Hospital – San Leandro
 * UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland – Oakland
 * ValleyCare Medical Center – Pleasanton
 * Washington Hospital – Fremont

Amador County

 * Sutter Amador Hospital – Jackson

Alpine County

 * County Hospital (Alpine County, California)

Butte County

 * Enloe Medical Center – Chico
 * Orchard Hospital – Biggs-Gridley
 * Oroville Hospital – Oroville

Calaveras County

 * Mark Twain St. Joseph

Colusa County

 * Colusa Regional Medical Center

Contra Costa County

 * Contra Costa Regional Medical Center – Martinez
 * Doctors Medical Center – closed in 2015
 * John Muir Concord Medical Center – Concord (formerly Mt. Diablo Medical Center)
 * John Muir Walnut Creek Medical Center – Walnut Creek (Level II Trauma Center)
 * Kaiser Martinez Medical Center – closed in 1998
 * Kaiser Richmond Medical Center
 * Kaiser Walnut Creek Medical Center
 * Los Medanos Community Hospital
 * San Ramon Regional Medical Center – San Ramon
 * Sutter Delta Medical Center – Antioch

Del Norte County

 * Sutter Coast Hospital

El Dorado County

 * Barton Memorial Hospital
 * Marshall Medical Center

Fresno County

 * Coalinga Regional Medical Center – Coalinga (closed)
 * Coalinga State Hospital – Coalinga (state run psychiatric hospital)
 * Community Medical Center-Clovis – Clovis
 * Community Regional Medical Center – Fresno
 * Fresno Heart & Surgical Hospital – Fresno (part of Community Medical Centers)
 * Fresno Surgical Hospital – Fresno
 * Kaiser Fresno Medical Center – Fresno
 * Kingsburg Medical Center – Kingsburg (closed)
 * Saint Agnes Medical Center – Fresno
 * San Joaquin Valley Rehabilitation Hospital
 * Sanger General Hospital – Sanger (closed)
 * Selma Community Hospital – Selma
 * Sierra Kings Hospital – Reedley (acquired by Adventist Health and renamed Adventist Medical Center – Reedley)

Glenn County

 * Glenn Medical Center – Willows

Humboldt County

 * Jerold Phelps Community Hospital – Garberville
 * Mad River Community Hospital – Arcata
 * Redwood Memorial Hospital – Fortuna
 * St. Joseph Hospital – Eureka (includes the General Hospital Campus and Rehabilitation Hospital)

Imperial County

 * El Centro Regional Medical Center
 * Pioneers Memorial Hospital

Inyo County

 * Northern Inyo Hospital
 * Southern Inyo Hospital

Kern County

 * Adventist Health Bakersfield - Bakersfield
 * Adventist Health Bakersfield Heart – Bakersfield
 * Adventist Health Delano – Delano
 * Adventist Health Tehachapi – Tehachapi
 * Bakersfield Memorial Hospital – Bakersfield
 * Kern Medical Center – Bakersfield
 * Kern Valley – Lake Isabella
 * Mercy Hospital Bakersfield (formerly named Mercy Truxton)
 * Mercy Southwest – Bakersfield
 * Ridgecrest Regional Hospital – Ridgecrest

Kings County

 * Adventist Medical Center – Hanford
 * Central Valley General Hospital
 * Corcoran District Hospital
 * Naval Hospital Lemoore

Lake County

 * St. Helena Hospital Clearlake
 * Sutter Lakeside Hospital

Lassen County

 * Banner Lassen Medical Center – Susanville

North
These hospitals are located north of the 10 Freeway:
 * Alhambra Hospital Medical Center – Alhambra
 * Antelope Valley Hospital Medical Center – Lancaster
 * Aurora Las Encinas Hospital – Pasadena
 * Barlow Respiratory Hospital – Los Angeles
 * California Hospital Medical Center – Los Angeles
 * Cedars-Sinai Medical Center – Los Angeles and Beverly Hills
 * Century City Hospital – Los Angeles (closed)
 * Children's Hospital Los Angeles – Los Angeles
 * City of Hope National Medical Center – Duarte
 * Emanate Health/Foothill Presbyterian Hospital – Glendora
 * Emanate Health/Inter-community Hospital – Covina
 * Emanate Health/Queen of the Valley Hospital – West Covina
 * Encino Hospital Medical Center – Encino
 * Estelle Doheny Eye Hospital – Los Angeles (closed)
 * Garfield Medical Center – Monterey Park
 * Glendale Adventist Medical Center – Glendale
 * Glendale Memorial Hospital and Health Center – Glendale
 * Glendale Research Hospital – Glendale
 * Glendora Community Hospital – Glendora (formerly East Valley Hospital)
 * Good Samaritan Hospital – Los Angeles
 * Granada Hills Community Hospital – Granada Hills (closed August 2003)
 * Henry Mayo Newhall Memorial Hospital – Valencia
 * Hollywood Community Hospital of Hollywood – Hollywood
 * Hollywood Community Hospital of Van Nuys – Van Nuys
 * Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center – Los Angeles
 * Huntington Hospital – Pasadena
 * Kaiser Foundation Hospital – Chatsworth – Chatsworth
 * Kaiser Foundation Hospital – Panorama City
 * Kaiser Foundation Hospital – West Los Angeles
 * Kaiser Foundation Hospital – Woodland Hills
 * Kaiser Foundation Hospital Sunset – Los Angeles
 * Keck Hospital of USC – Los Angeles (formerly USC University Hospital)
 * LA Downtown Medical Center, formerly:
 * City of Angels Medical Center
 * Los Angeles Downtown Medical Center – Los Angeles
 * Silver Lake Medical Center – Los Angeles

 * Lakewood Regional Medical Center – Lakewood
 * Lancaster Community Hospital – Lancaster (closed)
 * Lanterman Developmental Center – Pomona
 * Los Angeles Community Hospital – Los Angeles
 * Los Angeles County High Desert Hospital – Lancaster (closed June 2003)
 * Los Angeles County Los Amigos Medical Center
 * Los Angeles General Medical Center – Los Angeles (formerly Los Angeles County+USC Medical Center)
 * Los Angeles Metropolitan Medical Center – Los Angeles (closed 2013)
 * Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA – Los Angeles
 * Methodist Hospital of Southern California – Arcadia
 * Mission Community Hospital – Panorama Campus
 * Monrovia Community Hospital (closed May 2004)
 * Monterey Park Hospital – Monterey Park
 * Motion Picture & Television Hospital – Woodland Hills
 * Northridge Hospital Medical Center – Northridge
 * Northridge Hospital Medical Center, Sherman Way Campus (closed December 2004)
 * Olive View-UCLA Medical Center – Sylmar
 * Olympia Medical Center – Los Angeles
 * Orthopaedic Hospital – Los Angeles (outpatient service only as of June 2005)
 * Pacific Alliance Medical Center – Los Angeles
 * Pacifica Hospital Of The Valley – Sun Valley
 * Palmdale Regional Medical Center – Palmdale
 * Pico Rivera Medical Center – Pico Rivera
 * Pomona Valley Hospital Medical Center – Pomona
 * Promise Hospital of East Los Angeles – Los Angeles
 * Providence Holy Cross Medical Center – Mission Hills
 * Providence St. Joseph Medical Center – Burbank
 * Providence Tarzana Medical Center – Tarzana
 * Resnick Neuropsychiatric Hospital at UCLA – Los Angeles
 * Robert F. Kennedy Medical Center – Hawthorne (closed in 2004)
 * Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center – Los Angeles
 * St. John's Health Center – Santa Monica
 * St Luke Medical Center – Sierra Madre (closed January 2002)
 * St. Vincent Medical Center – Los Angeles
 * San Gabriel Valley Medical Center – San Gabriel
 * San Vicente Hospital
 * Santa Marta Hospital (see Elastar Community Hospital (closed 2004)
 * Santa Teresita Hospital – Duarte (acute care closed January 2004)
 * Sherman Oaks Hospital and the Grossman Burn Center – Sherman Oaks
 * Shriners Hospital – Los Angeles
 * Silver Lake Medical Center, Ingleside Campus – Rosemead
 * Temple Community Hospital – Los Angeles (closed 2014)
 * Thompson Memorial Medical Center Hospital – Burbank (closed 1997) (formerly Burbank Community Hospital)
 * UCLA Medical Center, Santa Monica – Santa Monica
 * USC Kenneth Norris Jr. Cancer Hospital
 * USC Verdugo Hills Hospital – Glendale
 * VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare Center (Veterans Affairs) – Los Angeles
 * Valley Presbyterian Hospital – Van Nuys
 * Vencor Hospital – Los Angeles – Los Angeles
 * West Hills Hospital – West Hills
 * West Hills Regional Medical Center – West Hills]
 * West Los Angeles Memorial Hospital – Los Angeles
 * West Los Angeles VA Medical Center – Los Angeles
 * West Valley Hospital And Health Center – Canoga Park
 * Westlake Outpatient Medical Center – Westlake Village
 * Westside Hospital– Los Angeles
 * White Memorial Medical Center – Los Angeles

South
These hospitals are located south of the 10 Freeway:
 * Avalon Municipal Hospital
 * Baldwin Park Hospital – Baldwin Park
 * Bay Harbor Hospital (closed September 1999)
 * Bellflower Medical Center – Bellflower
 * Bellwood General Hospital – Bellflower (closed April 2003)
 * Beverly Hospital – Montebello
 * Broadway Community Hospital – Los Angeles (closed March 1982)
 * Brotman Medical Center – Culver City
 * Casa Colina Hospital For Rehab Medicine – Pomona
 * Centinela Freeman Regional Medical Center, Centinela Campus – Inglewood
 * Centinela Freeman Regional Medical Center, Marina Campus – Marina del Rey
 * Centinela Freeman Regional Medical Center, Memorial Campus – Inglewood (closed in 2007)
 * Coast Plaza Hospital – Norwalk
 * College Hospital – Cerritos
 * College Medical Center – Long Beach
 * Community Hospital of Gardena – Gardena
 * Community Hospital of Huntington Park – Huntington Park
 * Community Hospital of Long Beach – Long Beach
 * Daniel Freeman Memorial Hospital – Inglewood (1954–2007; closed)
 * Doctors Hospital Of West Covina – West Covina
 * Downey Regional Medical Center – Downey
 * East Los Angeles Doctors Hospital – East Los Angeles
 * Elastar Community Hospital – East Los Angeles (2004; closed)
 * Emanate Health/Queen of the Valley Hospital – West Covina
 * Gardens Regional Hospital & Medical Center (previously known as Tri-City Regional Medical Center)- Hawaiian Gardens
 * Greater El Monte Community Hospital – South El Monte
 * Harbor-UCLA Medical Center – West Carson
 * Inter-Community Medical Center – West Covina
 * Kaiser Foundation Hospital – Bellflower
 * Kaiser Foundation Hospital – Carson
 * Kaiser Foundation Hospital – Harbor City
 * Kaiser Permanente Medical Center – Baldwin Park
 * Lakewood Regional Medical Center
 * Little Company of Mary Hospital – San Pedro
 * Little Company of Mary Hospital – Torrance
 * Long Beach Community Hospital – Long Beach
 * Long Beach Doctors Hospital – Long Beach (closed June 1998)
 * Long Beach Memorial Medical Center – Long Beach
 * Los Angeles Community Hospital of Norwalk – Norwalk
 * Los Angeles Metropolitan Med Center – Hawthorne Campus – Hawthorne
 * Marina Del Rey Hospital – Marina Del Rey
 * Martin Luther King Jr. - Harbor Hospital – Willowbrook
 * Memorial Hospital Of Gardena – Gardena
 * Metropolitan State Hospital (formally Norwalk State Hospital) – Norwalk
 * Miller Children's Hospital – Long Beach
 * Mission Hospital of Huntington Park – Huntington Park
 * Morningside Hospital – Los Angeles (closed September 1980)
 * Presbyterian Intercommunity Hospital
 * Providence Little Company of Mary Medical Center, San Pedro Campus
 * Queen of the Valley Hospital – West Covina
 * Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center – Downey (originally opened as Hollydale Medical center, closed 1988, reopened 1989)
 * Rio Hondo Hospital – Downey
 * Robert F. Kennedy Medical Center – Los Angeles (closed December 2004)
 * St. Francis Medical Center – Lynwood
 * St. Mary Medical Center – Long Beach
 * San Dimas Community Hospital
 * Specialty Hospital of Southern California
 * Suburban Medical Center – Paramount
 * Torrance Memorial Medical Center
 * University Hospital – 3787 S. Vermont Avenue Los Angeles (opened before 1958, closed 1983)
 * Whittier Hospital Medical Center

Madera County

 * Madera Community Hospital – Madera
 * Valley Children’s Hospital – Madera

Marin County

 * Kaiser Foundation Hospital – San Rafael
 * Kentfield Hospital (LTACH) (Vibra Healthcare)
 * MarinHealth Medical Center (formerly called Marin General Hospital) – Greenbrae
 * Novato Community Hospital

Mariposa County

 * John C. Fremont Hospital

Mendocino County

 * Frank R. Howard Memorial Hospital – Willits
 * Mendocino Coast District Hospital – Fort Bragg
 * Mendocino State Hospital – Talmage (1889–1972; closed)
 * Ukiah Valley Medical Center – Ukiah

Merced County

 * Los Banos Community Hospital
 * Mercy Medical Center Merced Community Campus
 * Mercy Medical Center Merced Dominican Campus

Modoc County

 * Modoc Medical Center
 * Surprise Valley Community Hospital

Mono County

 * Mammoth Hospital

Monterey County

 * Community Hospital of the Monterey Peninsula – Monterey
 * George L. Mee Memorial Hospital – King City
 * Natividad Medical Center – Salinas
 * Salinas Surgery Center – Salinas
 * Salinas Valley Health Medical Center – Salinas

Napa County

 * Adventist Health St. Helena (formerly St. Helena Hospital) – St. Helena
 * Napa State Hospital – Napa
 * Queen of the Valley Medical Center – Napa

Nevada County

 * Sierra Nevada Memorial Hospital – Grass Valley
 * Tahoe Forest Hospital – Truckee

Orange County

 * Anaheim General Hospital – Anaheim
 * Anaheim General Hospital – Buena Park Campus
 * Anaheim Regional Medical Center – Anaheim
 * Brea Community Hospital – Brea (closed)
 * Chapman Medical Center – Orange
 * Children's Hospital of Orange County – Orange
 * Children's Hospital of Orange County at Mission – Mission Viejo
 * Coastal Communities Hospital – Santa Ana
 * College Hospital Costa Mesa
 * Fountain Valley Regional Hospital and Medical Center – Fountain Valley
 * Garden Grove Hospital and Medical Center – Garden Grove
 * HealthBridge Children's Rehabilitation Hospital – Orange
 * Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian – Irvine
 * Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian – Newport Beach
 * Huntington Beach Hospital and Medical Center – Huntington Beach
 * John Douglas French Center – Los Alamitos
 * Kaiser Foundation Hospital – Anaheim
 * Kaiser Foundation Hospital – Irvine
 * Kaiser Foundation Hospital – Lakeview
 * Kindred Hospital – Brea
 * Kindred Hospital – Santa Ana
 * Kindred Hospital – Westminster
 * La Palma Intercommunity Hospital – La Palma
 * Los Alamitos Medical Center – Los Alamitos
 * Martin Luther Hospital Medical Center
 * Providence Mission Hospital – Mission Viejo
 * Providence Mission Hospital Laguna Beach – Laguna Beach
 * Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center – Fountain Valley
 * Orange County Community Hospital – Buena Park
 * Orange County Global Medical Center – Santa Ana
 * Placentia-Linda Hospital – Placentia
 * Saddleback Memorial Medical Center – Laguna Hills
 * St. Joseph Hospital – Orange
 * St. Jude Medical Center – Fullerton
 * San Clemente Hospital and Medical Center – San Clemente
 * Santa Ana Hospital Medical Center – Santa Ana
 * Tustin Hospital Medical Center
 * Tustin Rehabilitation Hospital
 * University of California, Irvine Medical Center – Orange
 * Vencor Hospital – Brea
 * Vencor Hospital – Orange County
 * West Anaheim Medical Center – Anaheim
 * Western Medical Center – Anaheim

Placer County

 * DeWitt General Hospital (1944–1945; closed and 1947–1972; closed) – former United States Army hospital during World War II and later a public hospital
 * Kaiser Permanente Medical Center – Roseville
 * Sutter Auburn Faith Hospital
 * Sutter Roseville Medical Center

Plumas County

 * Eastern Plumas District Hospital
 * Indian Valley Hospital
 * Plumas District Hospital
 * Seneca Hospital

Riverside County

 * Banning General Hospital – Banning (built to support the Desert Training Center, since closed)
 * Corona Regional Medical Center – Corona
 * Desert Regional Medical Center – Palm Springs
 * Eisenhower Medical Center – Rancho Mirage
 * Hemet Global Medical Center – Hemet
 * Highland Springs Surgical Center – Beaumont
 * Inland Valley Regional Medical Center – Wildomar
 * John F. Kennedy Memorial Hospital – Indio
 * Kaiser Foundation Hospital – Riverside
 * Lakeside Hospital – Perris
 * Loma Linda University Medical Center – Murrieta
 * Menifee Global Medical Center – Menifee
 * Mission Valley Medical Center – Lake Elsinore
 * Moreno Valley Community Hospital – Moreno Valley
 * Palo Verde Hospital – Blythe
 * Parkview Community Hospital Medical Center – Riverside
 * Rancho Springs Medical Center – Murrieta
 * Riverside Community Hospital – Riverside
 * Riverside County Regional Medical Center – Moreno Valley
 * San Gorgonio Memorial Hospital – Banning
 * Temecula Valley Hospital – Temecula
 * Valley Plaza Doctors Hospital

Sacramento County

 * Kaiser Foundation Hospital – North Sacramento
 * Kaiser Foundation Hospital – South Sacramento
 * Mercy General Hospital
 * Mercy Hospital – Folsom
 * Mercy San Juan Medical Center
 * Methodist Hospital of Sacramento
 * Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California
 * Sierra Vista Hospital
 * Sutter Medical Center, Sacramento
 * University of California Davis Medical Center
 * Vencor Hospital – Sacramento

San Benito County

 * Hazel Hawkins Memorial Hospital

San Bernardino County
Receiving hospitals (with emergency department):

 * Arrowhead Regional Medical Center – Colton
 * Barstow Community Hospital – Barstow
 * Bear Valley Community Hospital – Big Bear Lake
 * Chino Valley Medical Center – Chino
 * Colorado River Medical Center – Needles
 * Community Hospital of San Bernardino – San Bernardino
 * Desert Valley Hospital – Victorville
 * Doctor's Hospital Montclair Medical Center – Montclair
 * Hi-Desert Medical Center – Joshua Tree
 * Kaiser Foundation Hospital – Fontana
 * Kaiser Foundation Hospital – Ontario
 * Loma Linda University Medical Center – Loma Linda
 * Loma Linda University Medical Center-East – Loma Linda
 * Loma Linda Veterans Affairs Medical Center – Loma Linda
 * Mountains Community Hospital – Lake Arrowhead
 * Redlands Community Hospital – Redlands
 * St. Bernardine Medical Center – San Bernardino
 * St. Mary Regional Medical Center – Apple Valley
 * San Antonio Community Hospital – Upland
 * Victor Valley Hospital – Victorville

Non-receiving hospitals (without emergency department):

 * Canyon Ridge Hospital (acute psychiatric hospital) – Chino
 * Loma Linda University Children's Hospital – Loma Linda (On LLUMC campus)
 * Patton State Hospital – San Bernardino
 * Robert H. Ballard Rehabilitation Hospital – San Bernardino
 * Vencor Hospital – Ontario

San Diego County

 * Alvarado Hospital Medical Center – San Diego
 * Children's Hospital and Health Center – San Diego
 * Children's Hospital of San Diego – San Diego
 * Jacobs Medical Center – La Jolla
 * Kaiser Hospital – San Diego
 * Kaiser Permanente Medical Center – San Diego
 * Kindred Hospital – San Diego
 * Naval Medical Center San Diego – San Diego
 * Palomar Medical Center – Escondido
 * Paradise Valley Hospital – National City
 * Pomerado Hospital – Poway
 * Rady Children's Hospital
 * San Diego County Psychiatric Hospital – San Diego
 * San Luis Rey Hospital – Encinitas
 * Scripps Green Hospital – La Jolla
 * Scripps Memorial Hospital – Encinitas
 * Scripps Memorial Hospital – La Jolla
 * Scripps Mercy Hospital – Chula Vista
 * Scripps Mercy Hospital – San Diego
 * Sharp Chula Vista Medical Center – Chula Vista
 * Sharp Coronado Hospital – Coronado
 * Sharp Grossmont Hospital – La Mesa
 * Sharp Mary Birch Hospital for Women – San Diego
 * Sharp Memorial Hospital – San Diego
 * Sharp Mesa Vista – San Diego
 * Tri-City Medical Center – Oceanside
 * UC San Diego Medical Center, Hillcrest – San Diego
 * U.S. Naval Hospital (Camp Pendleton) – Camp Pendleton
 * Veterans Affairs Medical Center San Diego – La Jolla

San Francisco County

 * Almshouse San Francisco (closed) – later became the location of Laguna Honda Hospital
 * Kaiser Permanente San Francisco Medical Center
 * Kentfield Hospital San Francisco (LTACH) (Vibra Healthcare) – located on 6th floor of St. Mary's Medical Center
 * Park Sanitarium (formally the Scobie Memorial Sanitarium; closed)
 * Public Health Service Hospital (1912–1981; closed)
 * Saint Francis Memorial Hospital
 * St. Joseph's Hospital (1928–1979; closed)
 * St. Mary's Medical Center
 * San Francisco Chinese Hospital
 * San Francisco General Hospital (SFDPH)
 * San Francisco Marine Hospital (1853– 1912; closed) – renamed as a Public Health Service Hospital
 * San Francisco VA Medical Center
 * Sutter California Pacific Medical Center
 * Davies campus
 * Mission Bernal campus
 * Van Ness campus
 * UCSF Medical Center
 * Mission Bay campus
 * Mount Zion campus
 * Parnassus campus

San Joaquin County

 * Dameron Hospital – Stockton
 * Doctors Hospital of Manteca – Manteca
 * Kaiser Manteca Medical Center – Manteca
 * Lodi Memorial Hospital – Lodi
 * St. Joseph's Medical Center – Stockton
 * San Joaquin General Hospital – French Camp
 * Stockton State Hospital (1851–1996; closed) – the first psychiatric hospital in California
 * Sutter Tracy Community Hospital – Tracy

San Luis Obispo County

 * Arroyo Grande Community Hospital – Arroyo Grande
 * Atascadero State Hospital – Atascadero
 * French Hospital Medical Center – San Luis Obispo
 * San Luis Obispo General Hospital (closed June 2003)
 * Sierra Vista Regional Medical Center – San Luis Obispo
 * Twin Cities Community Hospital – Templeton

San Mateo County

 * Gardner Sanitarium (1900– 1922; closed) – Ralston Hall, Belmont
 * Hassler Health Farm – San Carlos (closed 1972)
 * Kaiser Foundation Hospital – Redwood City
 * Kaiser South San Francisco Medical Center – South San Francisco
 * Menlo Park Surgical Hospital – Menlo Park
 * Menlo Park VA Hospital – Menlo Park
 * Mills-Peninsula Medical Center – Burlingame
 * San Mateo Medical Center – San Mateo
 * Sequoia Hospital – Redwood City
 * Seton Medical Center – Coastside – Moss Beach
 * Seton Medical Center – Daly City

Santa Barbara County

 * Cottage Children's Hospital – Santa Barbara
 * Goleta Valley Cottage Hospital – Santa Barbara
 * Lompoc Valley Medical Center – Lompoc
 * Marian Regional Medical Center – Santa Maria
 * Saint Francis Medical Center (1908–2003; closed) – Santa Barbara
 * Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital – Santa Barbara
 * Santa Ynez Valley Cottage Hospital – Solvang

Santa Clara County

 * CHoNC Pediatric Hospital – Campbell
 * El Camino Hospital
 * Los Gatos campus (formerly Community Hospital of Los Gatos)
 * Mountain View campus
 * Good Samaritan Hospital – San Jose
 * Kaiser Permanente Santa Clara Medical Center – Santa Clara
 * Kaiser Permanente Santa Teresa Medical Center – San Jose
 * Lucile Salter Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford – Palo Alto
 * O'Connor Hospital – San Jose
 * Regional Medical Center of San Jose – San Jose
 * Saint Louise Regional Hospital – Gilroy
 * San Jose Medical Center – San Jose
 * Santa Clara Valley Medical Center – San Jose
 * Stanford University Medical Center – Stanford
 * VA Palo Alto Hospital – Palo Alto

Santa Cruz County

 * Dominican Hospital – Santa Cruz
 * Sutter Maternity and Surgery Hospital – Santa Cruz
 * Watsonville Community Hospital– Watsonville

Shasta County

 * Mayers Memorial Hospital District – Fall River Mills
 * Mercy Medical Center – Redding
 * Shasta Regional Medical Center – Redding

Sierra County

 * None

Siskiyou County

 * Fairchild Medical Center – Yreka
 * Mercy Medical Center – Mount Shasta

Solano County

 * Adventist Health Vallejo – Vallejo (formerly California Specialty Hospital; St. Helena Center For Behavioral Health)
 * David Grant USAF Medical Center – Travis Air Force Base
 * Kaiser Permanente Medical Center – Vacaville (Level II Trauma Center)
 * Kaiser Permanente Medical Center – Vallejo
 * NorthBay Medical Center – Fairfield
 * NorthBay VacaValley Hospital – Vacaville
 * Sutter Solano Medical Center – Vallejo

Sonoma County

 * Healdsburg District Hospital – Healdsburg
 * Kaiser Permanente Medical Center Santa Rosa – Santa Rosa
 * Petaluma Valley Hospital – Petaluma
 * Santa Rosa Memorial Hospital – Santa Rosa (Level II Trauma Center)
 * Sonoma Developmental Center – Eldridge, opened 1891, the oldest facility in California established specifically for serving the needs of those with developmental disabilities.
 * Sonoma Speciality Hospital (LTACH) (formerly Sonoma West Medical Center and Palm Drive Hospital) – Sebastopol
 * Sonoma Valley Hospital – Sonoma
 * Sutter Medical Center of Santa Rosa – Santa Rosa

Stanislaus County

 * Doctors Medical Center of Modesto – Modesto
 * Emanuel Medical Center – Turlock
 * Hammond General Hospital (1942–1946; closed) – a United States Army hospital during World War II
 * Kaiser Medical Center – Modesto
 * Memorial Medical Center – Modesto
 * Modesto State Hospital (1946–1972; closed)
 * Oak Valley Hospital – Oakdale

Sutter County

 * Fremont Memorial Hospital – Yuba City

Tehama County

 * Saint Elizabeth Community Hospital – Red Bluff

Trinity County

 * Mountain Community Medical Services – Weaverville

Tulare County

 * Adventist Health Tulare – Tulare
 * Kaweah Delta Medical Center – Visalia
 * Porterville Developmental Center – Porterville
 * Sierra View District Hospital – Porterville

Tuolumne County

 * Sonora Regional Medical Center – Sonora

Ventura County

 * Adventist Health Simi Valley – Simi Valley (Formerly Simi Valley Hospital)
 * Camarillo State Mental Hospital – Camarillo (1933–1997; closed)
 * Community Memorial Hospital of San Buenaventura – Ventura
 * Los Robles Hospital & Medical Center – Thousand Oaks
 * Ojai Valley Community Hospital – Ojai
 * St. John's Hospital Camarillo – Camarillo
 * St. John's Regional Medical Center – Oxnard
 * Santa Paula Hospital – Santa Paula
 * SHC Specialty Hospital – Westlake Village (closed)
 * Ventura County Medical Center – Ventura

Yolo County

 * Sutter Davis Hospital – Davis
 * Woodland Memorial Hospital – Woodland

title: List of hospitals in California


text:
List of hospitals in Colorado

This is a list of hospitals in the U.S. state of Colorado. The American Hospital Directory lists 114 hospitals in Colorado in 2020.

Missing counties
This list does not include any hospitals in Bent, Clear Creek, Costilla, Crowley, Custer, Dolores, Elbert, Gilpin, Hinsdale, Jackson, Mineral, Ouray, Park, Saguache, San Juan, or Washington counties.

title: List of hospitals in Colorado


text:
List of hospitals in Connecticut

This is a list of hospitals in Connecticut, sorted by hospital name. The American Hospital Directory listed 51 hospitals in Connecticut in 2020.

Defunct
(merged with Meriden-Wallingford Hospital. renamed Veterans Memorial Medical Ctr then built a new hospital on Lewis Av. and is now Midstare Medical Center) !-
 * Cedarcrest Hospital (psychiatric) – Newington
 * Elmcrest Hospital (psychiatric) – Portland (Saint Francis Hospital and later Hartford Hospital operated psychiatric facilities at the campus following Elmcrest's closure; site vacant as of 2014)
 * Hospital of Saint Raphael – New Haven (incorporated into Yale New Haven Hospital as the Saint Raphael Campus)
 * Knight Hospital (psychiatric) – Mansfield (closed in 1993, now part of the Depot Campus of the University of Connecticut
 * Newington Children's Hospital – Newington (relocated to Hartford as Connecticut Children's Medical Center)
 * Norwich State Hospital (psychiatric) – Preston
 * Park City Hospital (Bridgeport) – Bridgeport
 * St. Joseph's Medical Center (Stamford) – Stamford (after the hospital building was torn down, the Tully Medical Center of Stamford Hospital was built on the same site)
 * Seaside Regional Center (psychiatric) – Waterford
 * Uncas on Thames Hospital – Norwich (state-owned tuberculous and specialty hospital)
 * World War iI Veterans Memorial Medical Ctr.
 * Winsted Memorial Hospital – Winsted – emergency department service provided at the site by Charlotte Hungerford Hospital

title: List of hospitals in Connecticut