text:
User talk:Lir/3

Thanks for the message. One minor inaccurary however. Until the 18th century a number of titles were used. Prime Minister became the sole title from the late eighteenth century. First Lord of the Treasury, though in theory the senior title, in practice is an empty shell, a largely meaningless title that goes with PM, but from the late 18th century PM was the title, even though it never received formal official status until 1905. FearÉIREANN 21:06, 19 Oct 2003 (UTC)

re Jesus: where do you get off, deleting my text without any discussion? I am trying to solve a very difficult problem at that page, and this kind of rude and arbitrary behaviour does not help. Adam 07:04, 21 Oct 2003 (UTC)

You deleted the entire section headed The Problem of Jesus. I deleted the reference to ascetics along with all the other historically unsustainable statements in the opening paragraphs, for reasons I explained in the section you deleted! Adam 07:09, 21 Oct 2003 (UTC)

OK, thanks. Now we can try and write an opening paragraph. Adam

The opening para ought to be a statement of what everyone can agree on. That he was an ascetic can only be known if you accept the historicity of the Gospels, which is precisely what is not generally accepted. Adam

Thanks :-) Evil saltine 09:35, 21 Oct 2003 (UTC)

You are making no effort to achieve an acceptable text, you are just inserting your religious POV in the text, so I will revert and go on doing so. Adam 13:01, 21 Oct 2003 (UTC)

re: Jesus page

Lir after discussions with Adam have come to compromise over the first paragraph on Jesus. I hope this is acceptable to you. I've put the following text on the Jesus talk page:

 * Suggested compromise
 * The principal reason this page was protected was over disagreements concerning the initial paragraph, between Adam, Lir and myself; though I think I was mostly an accidental participant which confused the issue still further. Two way fights are so much easier to disentangle!

Talking with Adam we have agreed this compromise which is a mix of contributions Adam, Lir and myself:

 * "Jesus Christ (or Jesus of Nazareth, see alternate names below) (c. 4 BC - c. 30) was, according to Christian belief, the Son of God, who brought salvation to man through his crucifixion and resurrection. Jesus is considered to be a major religious figure by several other religions, for instance, he is regarded as a prophet in Islam. The primary source of historical knowledge, about Jesus, is contained within the Christian Gospels, which Christians view as the divinely inspired writings of God. Most secular historians accept that the Gospels are sufficient evidence that Jesus existed, but do not believe that the details of his life can be known from the available evidence.

There is no mention of Jesus as an ascetic, because it seems from discussions on this page that it is not considered a sufficiently important matter to raise in the introductory paragraph.

 * Also I believe Adam has agree to retitle section 1 from 'The Problem of Jesus' to the more innocent 'Introduction'.

 * I believe that if this compromise is acceptable, we can get the protection from the page removed, and continue as normal.: ChrisG 12:10, 23 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Hello Lir, welcome back ! I hope things will turn out more smoothly this time... --FvdP 17:28, 23 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Lir, please comment on Talk:Jesus Christ about whether I should now unprotect Jesus Christ. (If you reply here, then I may not see it.) -- Toby Bartels 19:13, 24 Oct 2003 (UTC)

My apologies. I assumed it was unprotected, as the opening paragraph was virtually identical to the opening you proposed (and which, given just a few changes, I like) Slrubenstein

Hi Lir, some advice. I think you should remove your comments on the problem users page about Adam Carr. If he was to say the same thing 10 or 20 it might be different but the occasional hurtful comment is to be expected around here and should not be reacted to. (I know I don't always react that way, but usually regret it afterwards, hence the advice.) Keep up the good edits and take criticism like that with a pinch of salt. When someone reacts to minor though wrongheaded criticism, all too often it damages them more than the person they are reacting to, as they appear overly sensitive, vulnerable or looking for a fight. The best tactic you could follow is simply to ignore the comment unless it is repeated over and over and over again, in which case you should take it up with the person making it, and use the problem users page as a last resort. lol (PS: I've removed a few more of the "A . . ." mentions I've come across!) FearÉIREANN 19:02, 25 Oct 2003 (UTC)

I wasn't criticising you, just suggesting that your handling might prove conterproductive. Please don't take offence at well meaning advice. I agree what he said is wrong. I'm just urging subtlety in how you handle it. FearÉIREANN 22:01, 25 Oct 2003 (UTC)

'Take with a pinch of salt' means 'expect that sort of criticism'. It does not mean it is justified criticism. (In trying to uphold NPOV I am always been lambasted for a pro-Israeli, pro-Palestinian, pro-Australian republicanism, pro-Australian monarchist, pro-Catholic, anti-Catholic, etc. So I am used to that sort of criticism.) Please don't read into my words any support for Adam Carr's comments. I have spent tonight defending you, as have others, on the problem users, criticising Adam Carr's comments. I have making every effort, Lir, to mend bridges with you. I have gone out on a limb defending you. Why do you continue to presume I am anti-you or critical of you when no-one else on wikipedia has made so many efforts to defend you? I wouldn't have gone to defend you on the problem users page if I did not believe you deserved it. Please show me some of the respect I've been showing you since you came back. FearÉIREANN 02:11, 26 Oct 2003 (UTC)

In the States they call it "taking things with a grain of salt." ;)

I think we misunderstand each other. There is no question of me banning you or reverting edits because they were done by you. As far as I am concerned the past before you came back is 100% forgotten and always will be. I will only judge you on the basis of your work as Lir and that has been very good indeed. I have appealed to others to forget the past also. So please don't feel the needs to be defensive in your dealings with me. I had rows with Stevertigo when I came on when we clashed with an article. We now have a very good, respectful relationship. I had a row with Oliver tonight (I think he was acting the ass, to be honest). But next week it will be all in the past and I will be more than happy to work with him. I don't hold grudges. What happened between us in the past is now in my view old history. All I know is that in you I am dealing with a very capable, very intelligent contributor who is doing very good work. That is why I was willing to defend you on the problem users page. My advise to you in dealing with Adam Carr was simply that, in view of the fact that there are still people out there holding grudges against you, tactically it might be advisable to avoid getting into rows for the moment. Remember most of the users at the time when there was a problem are not regularly on wikipedia now. Newbies know nothing about those disputes. All they see is a good user doing good edits. The longer you keep a low profile and just stick to article work the more idiotic your attackers will look, because new users will simply see attacks being made against someone whom they only know as a model wikipedian. And if people make idiotic attacks on you, I will be more than happy, as indeed I suspect with 172 (who has become quite a fan of your article-writing abilities), to defend you and say 'leave him alone. He is doing nothing wrong.' One final bit of advice. I'd recommend you set up a new email for use on the wikilist, so that you appear on it as Lir, not AR. (I have an email account devoted only to wikipedia stuff!). But whatever happens, don't worry about isolated attacks from Adam Carr and others. Just keep up the good work. Wikilove, FearÉIREANN 03:39, 26 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Hi Lir, we are having a vote on Talk:Mother Teresa about the nature of the article, which a wide range of people perceive as poorly written and dangerously POV. We are trying to decide what the problems are and how to solve them. Please feel free to participate if you wish. I'd welcome your observations. FearÉIREANN 04:56, 27 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Re:Wik
It's true that you can't make Wik decide to talk to you, but you can try to make the rest of the community see that his behavior is worthy of disapproval. In order to do that, I believe you need to make your own actions unassailable in every particular — then it becomes clear who is causing the trouble. In this instance, one way to go about things would have been:
 * after the first time Wik reverted you, you revert with the edit summary "I have replaced this link. See talk page for reasons."
 * assuming Wik reverts that edit without discussion, then you can write on the talk page, "Since this edit was reverted without discussion, I will be reverting back in 24 hours."
 * assuming Wik reverts that edit without discussion, then you revert and write on his User talk page "Please explain why my edit is poor before reverting."

If you try to open channels three times, and get no response, then you've got a record of good faith actions on your part.

If Wik does respond, but with insults, this gives you an opportunity to try to separate the substantive part of his objection from the insulting part. The insults are beneath you; they do not deserve a response. A good tactic to use in this situation is to rephrase his objection with the insulting part left out, e.g, "If I understand you correctly, you think that blah blah blah. But I think that yadda yadda yadda." Again, by doing so, you demonstrate good faith in the face of bad behavior.

If you and Wik cannot eventually work out a compromise, then it's time to get others involved. Post the issue to Peer review or the Pump. When you do so, others will see that your behavior is impeccable while Wik's is not; I believe this to be the most effective way of assuring that a good compromise is worked out without damaging your reputation by engaging in protracted edit wars.

Or you can just chuck my snooty advice and do what you think best. ;-)

Cyan 04:44, 30 Oct 2003 (UTC)

P.S. Requests for page protection is a good idea! Thanks for creating it. Cheers, Cyan 05:31, 30 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Who's the William Mayo you linked to from Henry Ford ?

Thanks, --Morven 23:23, 31 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Bush family conspiracy theory on VfD page
Bush family conspiracy theory has been placed on the votes for deletion page. I know you put a good deal of work into it. --mav 08:36, 3 Nov 2003 (UTC)

In response to your query at the Village pump,  does' seem to produce bold italics to me. Where have you had problems with it? If you find the village pump too large to edit, you can use this edit link, which allows you to post a new section. This means you don't have to load the whole page. In fact, you don't even need to go to the page. Angela 02:09, Nov 9, 2003 (UTC)

Dear Lirath, i'm sorry if i'm interfering or out of line here, but why dont you remove yourself from the hot topics wik is so crazy about? I'm sure if you start contributing in "boring" areas like me (a Roman history fan) you dont have wacos after you. And there is a lot to do in the Classical history section, waiting for the valuable contributions i'm sure you would do. Let him have him is way until s/he (a he i strongly suspect) is bored, otherwise you are just making him happy by playing his game. Cheers and all the best, Muriel 14:10, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * But if you start to talk about the Alexandria donations, for instance, i doubt he knows the subject enough to make life harder for you... Muriel
 * Now thats an excelent idea! Restart all over, with a "clean" record. Let me know your wherabouts with an encrypted message in my talk page :) Muriel

I sort of assumed that the reason you moved that summary of his works to the first paragraph was so that a reader could get a quick overview of what the guy wrote. As the symphonies and concertos were already singled out, it seemed sensible to me to mention another one of his major works, Ein deutsches Requiem. If you don't want pieces named in the first paragraph, I'm a bit lost as to why you moved them there. We could just move them back to the end of the article, where they were before (personally, I think I'd prefer that). --Camembert

I think if you're trying to show how prolific he is, you're perhaps a bit misguided - he wasn't unusually prolific, nor did he write an unusually small amount of music. I'm not sure there's anything very interesting to say about the volume of his output. But anyway, I'm off to bed now - don't worry about it too much, I'm probably going to expand and restructure it quite a bit at the weekend anyway (if nobody else does, of course). --Camembert

By the way - did you see the Kasparov-Fritz game yesterday? --Camembert

Sure, but as you say, unless one work is notable way above the others, it's better not to mention works in the first paragraph at all. And his symphonies aren't any more notable, really, than the concertos or the German Requiem, or probably a bunch of other stuff. Which is why I think it's better out of the first para. But it's not a big deal. --Camembert

It seems that you're antagonizing a few strong-willed people over trivial issues. Although I personally find some of the alternative spellings pretty useless, I wouldn't find enough meat in the issue to go to the wall over it. If you really want these alternate spellings, be prepared to wait a few days after repeated reversions before reintroducing them. ☮ Eclecticology 07:15, 2003 Nov 13 (UTC)

Brahms article
Lir, I saw your posting on Problem users but I am replying here because I am boycotting that page. On the one hand, I sympathize; Wir has the manners of a Neanderthal. But I don't know of the Brahms article was the best example to use. Personally, I think that an intro should give a very brief summary of what makes the subject important. In the case of Brahms, I don't think that dying of liver cancer counts; that was not exactly a highlight of his career. -- Viajero 18:40, 13 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Yes Lir, duly noted, thank you. Adam 02:02, 15 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Hullo. I redirected user:Ril to user:Lir, under the assumption it was indeed a pseudonym. Revert if I'm wrong. Martin 21:09, 15 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Hi :) Should we not mention on Squeeze theorem that this is something tied to mathematics to establish context further? Dysprosia 00:48, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Jinx! :) Just got your message as you posted yours... Dysprosia 00:49, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC)

I disagree. -- Oliver P. 01:03, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC)

In light of your mailing list post, you may be interested in How to revert a page to an earlier version and Wikipedia talk:How to revert a page to an earlier version. Martin 19:02, 18 Nov 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lir/3


text:
Walthamstow Village

Walthamstow Village is the oldest part of Walthamstow, east London. It was designated a Conservation Area by the London Borough of Waltham Forest in 1967, and another Conservation Area on nearby Orford Road was subsequently added. The area centres on St. Mary's Church, which was founded in the 12th century. Across the road from this is a 15th-century timber-framed hall house called "The Ancient House", which was restored in 1934 and 2002. Nearby are almshouses dating from the 16th and 18th centuries, and the Vestry House Museum, which has been used as a workhouse and police station, but has been a museum since 1931. It also holds the archives of the borough and a local studies library.

Orford Road, the ancient road leading up to St Mary's church, has in recent years developed as a street of small restaurants, cafes and a local supermarket. There are also several pubs in the area.

Nearest stations

 * Walthamstow Central station
 * Wood Street railway station

Bus routes

 * There is one bus route, the W12, which operates a hail-and-ride service in the area.

Places of interest

 * Vestry House Museum
 * The Ancient House
 * St. Mary's Church, Walthamstow
 * Orford House

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Walthamstow Village


text:
Banana chip

A banana chip (sometimes called banana crisp) is a deep-fried or dried, generally crispy slice of banana. It is usually made from firmer, starchier banana varieties ("cooking bananas" or plantains) like the saba and Nendran cultivars. It can be sweet or savory and can be covered with sugar, honey, salt, or various spices.

Banana chips are the only processed banana product with significant international trade. The main exporter of banana chips worldwide is the Philippines. Export markets for banana chips are also established in Thailand and Indonesia.

Fried
Fried banana chips are usually produced from under-ripe banana slices deep-fried in sunflower oil or coconut oil. These chips are dry (like potato chips), contain about 4% water (table), and can be salted, spiced, sugar-coated, or jaggery-coated. Sometimes banana flavoring is added. If ripe dessert bananas are used, they come out soggy. They are used for desserts, not for dry chips.

Dried
Some varieties of banana chips can be produced using only food dehydration. Banana slices that are only dehydrated are not dark yellow and crunchy but rather are brown, leathery, and chewy. They are very sweet and have an intense banana flavor. These are ideally made from fully ripe bananas. Another kind is made by baking in an oven, although this process may not result in the same intense banana flavor.

Nutrition
Dried banana chips are 4% water, 58% carbohydrates, 34% fat, and 2% protein. In a 100-gram reference amount, dried banana chips supply 520 calories and are a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of magnesium (21% DV) and vitamin B6 (20% DV), with moderate amounts of iron, copper, and potassium (10% to 11% DV) (table). Other micronutrients are in negligible amounts of the Daily Value (see nutrition table).

Philippines
The Philippines is, by far, the main exporter of banana chips worldwide. It exports large quantities to more than 30 countries, including the United States, Canada, the European Union, Japan, Australia, South Korea, China, and Russia. The annual revenue for banana chip exports in the Philippines was approximately $35 million in 2009. There are many variants of banana chips in the Philippines, from traditional dishes like pinasugbo to modern versions coated in cheese powder. Banana chips in the Philippines are made predominantly from saba or cardava bananas, with the latter preferred for commercial banana chips due to their larger sizes. For domestic production and home cooking, they are made directly by deep-frying fresh sliced bananas. For commercial banana chips for the export market, the main method of production is through osmotic dehydration followed by deep frying at 375 °F in coconut oil for 1 minute. The resulting chips are distinctively light-colored.

India
Fried plantain chips, known as nenthra-kaaya oopperi or vazhaykka upperi or upperi in Kerala, are fried in coconut oil. Both ripe and unripe plantains are used for this type of chip preparation. The chips may be coated with masala or jaggery to form spicy and sweet variations. Plain banana and plantain chips are called pachkkaya varuthathu and kaya upperi, respectively; sweet jaggery-banana chips are called sharkara upperi or sharkkara varatty. Sharkara varatty is more expensive than upperi. It is an integral part of the traditional Kerala meal called sadya served during weddings and festivals, such as Onam.

Indonesia
Banana is a native plant of Maritime Southeast Asia and the people of the archipelago have developed many uses of it for ages, including as a snack. In Indonesia, banana chip is called kripik pisang, and is considered a variant of crispy kripik (traditional chip or crisp). Kripik pisang is a popular crispy snack and can be commonly found in Indonesia, although it seems to be more prevalent in Java and Sumatra. In North Maluku, popular with pisang mulu bebek is a duck mouth-shaped banana chip. It is served with sambal, fried peanut, and fried anchovy. In Lampung, banana chips is combined with chocolate powder called kripik pisang coklat.

Usually unripe green bananas are thinly sliced, soaked in lime and salt water solution, and deep fried as chips. Unripe banana is well suited for deep frying due to its low content of water and sugar while having high starch content. Pisang goreng is another fried banana snack, although it is not thinly sliced and serves as a sweet hot snack.

Americas
The chips are often part of muesli and nut mixes. Other chips, such as patacones, are salty. Similar chips called chifle are made from plantains, the family of fruit that bananas come from. In tropical American cultures, all bananas are considered plantains, but not all plantains are bananas. These deep-fried plantain chips are also quite popular in the southeastern part of Mexico, especially in the state of Tabasco.

title: Banana chip


text:
Worshipful Company of Armourers and Brasiers

The Worshipful Company of Armourers and Brasiers is one of the livery companies of the City of London. The Armourers' Guild was established in 1322; it received a royal charter in 1453. Other companies, including the Armour Repairers, merged with the Armourers. In 1708, brass workers joined the company, which was renamed as the Armourers' and Brasiers' Company. The company does support the metallurgy industry, but does not retain a close association with its original trade, as is the case with a majority of livery companies. It exists primarily as a charitable establishment.

The company is based at Armourers' Hall, situated on the corner of Coleman Street and London Wall, and has occupied this same site since 1346. The hall was one of the very few to escape destruction in the Great Fire of London in 1666. In 1795, the hall was enlarged, but it was decided in 1839 to rebuild it completely. The lantern, or dome, of the livery hall was added in 1872. On 29 December 1940, during a major blitz on London, the surrounding area was devastated, but again the hall survived.

The Armourers' and Brasiers' Company ranks twenty-second in the order of precedence of livery companies. The company's motto is We Are One.


text: Talk:Undergraduate education

title: Talk:Undergraduate education


text:
Spectral decomposition

Spectral decomposition is any of several things:

 * Spectral decomposition for matrix: eigendecomposition of a matrix
 * Spectral decomposition for linear operator: spectral theorem
 * Decomposition of spectrum (functional analysis)

title: Spectral decomposition


text:
User:Chacham

I am no longer interested in wikipedia due to the image policy. If anyone wishes, they may remove this username. I have changed the password to a longer random string, which i do not know.

title: User:Chacham


text:
Worshipful Company of Wax Chandlers

The Worshipful Company of Wax Chandlers is one of the oldest livery companies of the City of London, with one of the smallest memberships (about 120).

The Wax Chandlers' Company, ranked 20th in the City Livery Company order of precedence, has an association with the Church of St Vedast alias Foster in nearby Foster Lane.

History
Established before 1330 (when it was recorded as being invited to contribute funds to King Edward III) and possibly before 1199 (from when there is some documentary evidence, relating to a property in Aldersgate Street, of its existence as a body), the company received further Byelaws and Ordinances from Lord Mayor John Stodeye in 1358. New Ordinances were issued in 1371 and the company was granted a Royal Charter in 1484 – one of only three known Royal Charters of King Richard III, the others being for the College of Arms and for the incorporation as a county borough of the city of Gloucester. The Company remains governed under its 1663 Royal Charter of King Charles II and corresponding Ordinances of 1664.

Wax chandlers (or merchants in beeswax products) traded separately from Tallow Chandlers; beeswax candles, being expensive, were usually reserved for churches and the households of royalty and nobility, while tallow candles were generally used in ordinary homes. In recent years, in February, the two companies have celebrated the Feast of Candlemas together.

Company today
As with many City Livery Companies today, the Wax Chandlers' Company no longer operates primarily as a trade association. Its role has evolved into being a civic, ceremonial, educational and charitable institution. Like other livery companies, it takes an active role in supporting the corporate governance of the City of London and the Lord Mayor.

Examples of its charitable giving are its affiliation with Armed Forces units (HMS Protector, 5 Rifles and RAF Coningsby), the donation of candles to St Paul's Cathedral (every Holy Cross Day in September), support to those in need throughout the City and Greater London (particularly in the London Borough of Bexley), patronage of the National Honey Show and the British Beekeepers Association.

Wax Chandlers' Hall
The Company has maintained a Hall on the same site (6 Gresham Street, London) since 1501. The Wax Chandlers' current premises, their sixth, were substantially rebuilt in 1954 after damage during World War II. Recently refurbished, the Hall is popular for hire on corporate or social occasions. Wax Chandlers' Hall can sometimes be viewed by the general public during the annual London Open House Weekend or by prior arrangement. The Company owns other property on Fleet Street in London.

Membership
The Wax Chandlers' membership comprises Liverymen and Freemen (who initially join the Company by servitude (as Apprentices), by patrimony, or by redemption). The Company is governed by the Master Wax Chandler, Wardens (Upper Warden and Renter Warden) and a Court of Assistants. Election Court each June determines appointments to senior office, with ceremonial installation on or around the Feast of the Transfiguration, in the first week of August. The Company has supplied five Lord Mayors of London since the 18th Century, including two in the 21st: Sir Gavyn Arthur and Dame Fiona Woolf DBE. The Company is administered by the Clerk and day-to-day management of the Hall is overseen by the Beadle.

The Company's current membership includes:
 * The Rt Rev & Rt Hon The Lord Williams of Oystermouth (former Archbishop of Canterbury)
 * Dame Fiona Woolf DBE (686th Lord Mayor of London, former President of the Law Society of England and Wales)

Arms
The Company received a Grant of Arms from Sir Thomas Holme, Clarenceux King of Arms, on 3 February 1485, the year following the College of Arms' foundation; the Charter of foundation of the College of Arms and that incorporating the city of Gloucester are the only known Charters of Richard III other than that which established the Wax Chandlers' Company. There were minor changes (grant of supporters and their modification), but not to the escutcheon or crest, in 1530 and 1536. The Company’s extant armorial bearings, as confirmed in the Visitation of London in 1630, are blazoned:

 * Shield: Azure on a Chevron Argent three Roses Gules seeded Or between three Mortars royal Or. (A mortar is a type of candle-holder, similar to the mortar of a pestle-and-mortar; a mortar royal is particularly splendid.)
 * Crest: On a wreath Or and Gules a Maiden vested in a Surcoat of Cloth of Or furred with Ermine, kneeling among divers Flowers Proper and making thereof a Garland.
 * Mantling: Azure doubled Ermine.
 * Supporters (granted in 1530, modified in 1536, but reverting to the 1530 version in 1630): On either side a Unicorn Argent gorged with a Garland of various Flowers Proper, the Horn wreathed Or and Gules.

title: Worshipful Company of Wax Chandlers


text:
Worshipful Company of Tallow Chandlers

The Worshipful Company of Tallow Chandlers is one of the ancient livery companies of the City of London. The organisation, which engaged not only in tallow candle making but also in the trade of oils, first received a Royal Charter in 1462.

Traditionally tallow chandlers operated separately from wax chandlers: beeswax candles customarily being used in churches and noble houses, while tallow (animal fat) candles were generally used in other homes. As is the case with most other livery companies, the Tallow Chandlers' Company is no longer a trade association of candlemakers, its decline precipitated by the advent of electric lighting. The company now exists as a charitable institution and supports education in oil-related fields.

The company ranks 21st in the Precedence of Livery Companies in the City of London. Its motto is Ecce Agnus Dei, Ecce Qui Tollit Peccata Mundi: Latin for "Behold the Lamb of God, Who Takes Away the Sins of the World", words of St John the Baptist (Patron Saint of the Company) in reference to Jesus.

title: Worshipful Company of Tallow Chandlers


text:
User talk:Steeev

Archive

Hi Steeev, I see you've reverted many of my changes to minced oaths. Could you tell me where you've got your etymologies from? fabiform | talk 13:45, 9 Apr 2004 (UTC)

General knowledge and the internet.

could you tell me where you get yours?

 * Hi, I missed your reply. I checked them all in the OED, and in a few other places for the more recent ones.  I think we need to decide what the page does, are we saying that you might say "shucks" instead of "shit", because that's true enough.  But we can't say that shucks is a minced version of shit, because it isn't in according to the dictionaries I've checked.  The same goes for several others on the page.  Since shucks isn't a minced version of a swear word (it's simply a word meaning something worthless), perhaps it doesn't belong on minced oaths at all?  fabiform | talk 05:27, 17 Apr 2004 (UTC)

I believe that the manual of style is referring to capitalisation of words which occur in prose, or which are debatably capitalised either way; however, for these headings there is a clear standard given by the manual:

 * Some heading titles have standard wordings:
 * See also
 * External links
 * References
 * Footnotes
 * Please do not vary the wording or capitalisation of these headings. (Some editors prefer to use the singular forms link, reference, and footnote when there is only one item listed.)

(italics mine).

So rather than being a variation of spelling differences, I think in this case there is a clear standard.

Regarding other headings which have been changed, I think it is preferable to have consistent headings, rather than "Early Life" or "International Effects of the Treaty" followed by "External links". —Lady Lysiŋe Ikiŋsile | Talk 06:16, 2004 Jul 11 (UTC)

Image:Avebury-1993.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Avebury-1993.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much,   – Quadell (talk) (help)   15:20, Nov 8, 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 1000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Unverified image
Thanks for uploading Image:MelancholyAndRavingMadnessByCaiusGabrielCibber.jpg. Do you have any information on the source of the picture? It looks old enough to be public domain, but that's not enough for me to tag it. So I've marked it for now. Could you review it and replace that with a more appropriate copyright tag, assuming it is legal to use? Thanks! Kbh3rd 02:17, 20 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:Eisenstein1.jpg
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title: User talk:Steeev


text:
User:Dixi~enwiki

Hi, my name is Monika. I'm Polish and rather guest here than host, so please, check my English. I'm always in a hurry and making mistakes (though I do try not to!). I write mostly on Polish Wiki. pl:Wikipedysta:Dixi

title: User:Dixi~enwiki


text:
Blackfriars station

Blackfriars, also known as London Blackfriars, is a central London railway station and connected London Underground station in the City of London. It provides Thameslink services: local (from North to South London), and regional (Bedford and Cambridge to Brighton) and limited Southeastern commuter services to South East London and Kent. Its platforms span the River Thames, the only one in London to do so, along the length of Blackfriars Railway Bridge, a short distance downstream from Blackfriars Bridge. There are two station entrances either side of the Thames, along with a connection to the London Underground District and Circle lines.

The main line station was opened by the London, Chatham and Dover Railway with the name St. Paul's in 1886, as a replacement for the earlier Blackfriars Bridge station (now the present station's southern entrance) and the earlier Blackfriars railway bridge. This increased capacity of rail traffic through the Snow Hill tunnel to the rest of the rail network. The Underground station opened in 1870 with the arrival of the Metropolitan District Railway. The station was renamed Blackfriars in 1937 to avoid confusion with St Paul's tube station. It was rebuilt in the 1970s, which included the addition of office space above the station and the closure of the original railway bridge, which was demolished in 1985.

In 2009, the station underwent major refurbishments to improve capacity, which included the extension of the platforms across the railway bridge and a new station entrance on the South Bank. The underground station was rebuilt at the same time, and work was completed in 2012.

Location
Blackfriars station serves Thameslink rail services that connect suburbs with central London. It straddles the River Thames, running across the length of Blackfriars Railway Bridge parallel to the A201 Blackfriars Bridge. For this reason, it is partly in the City of London and partly in the London Borough of Southwark. The north bank entrance is on the south side of Queen Victoria Street and the south bank entrance, opened in 2011, is adjacent to Blackfriars Road.

The station falls within fare zone 1. The station is run by Thameslink, with Transport for London handling the underground platforms. A Thameslink driver depot is in the station building. The adjacent Blackfriars Millennium Pier provides river services to Putney and Canary Wharf.

London Buses routes 4, 40, 63 and night routes N63 and N89 serve the station.

London, Chatham and Dover Railway
The station was proposed by the London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LC&DR), who had been given parliamentary power to build a line into the City of London. The company wanted to compete with rivals, the South Eastern Railway, and provide the best service into Central London. The line was complete as far as the Thames by 1864; the LC&DR opened Blackfriars Bridge station on 1 June, which sat on the south bank adjacent to Blackfriars Road. The station was constructed on two levels, with a goods depot at street level and passenger facilities level with the bridge. An underground station at Blackfriars north of the river was opened by the Metropolitan District Railway in 1870, before any mainline stations.

The railway bridge across the Thames was delayed because the City's controlling government, the Corporation of London, were unsure as to what it should look like and how many arches there should be. The station was designed by Joseph Cubitt and had a long roof with walls that stretched up to the riverbank. Cubitt subsequently designed the original bridge, which carried four tracks on a 933 ft lattice girder bridge, supported by sets of stone piers supporting iron columns. Services began across the bridge on 21 December 1864. Upon completion, trains ended at a temporary terminal, replaced by Ludgate Hill on 1 June 1865. A further station, Holborn Viaduct, opened on 2 March 1874 and the LC&DR line ran via the Snow Hill tunnel to a connection to the Metropolitan Railway near, then on to King's Cross and St Pancras stations.

The mainline Blackfriars station was opened by the LC&DR as St. Paul's railway station on 10 May 1886 when the company opened the St. Paul's Railway Bridge across the Thames. The new bridge and station were built as a supplement to, rather than a replacement for, the first bridge because of increasing railway traffic. The joint engineers for the works were William Mills of the London, Chatham, and Dover Company, and Messrs. J. Wolfe Barry and H. M. Brunel. Edward Cruttwell was the resident engineer in charge of construction. The bridge was constructed parallel to the 1864 Blackfriars Railway Bridge, carrying seven tracks across five arched spans between 175 ft and 185 ft high. It widened past the bridge to the terminus on the south side of Queen Victoria Street. The original station was a small and cheaply designed pink-red brick building, as the LC&DR had financial difficulties throughout its lifetime attempting to drive a railway through Central London. The station's frontage backed onto the District Railway, making a cab access and forecourt impossible owing to lack of space. It did, however, allow St Paul's a direct interchange with the rest of the underground, unlike all the other LC&DR stations. On 13 November 1886, a direct connection was made between the mainline and underground stations.

After the opening of St. Paul's station, the earlier Blackfriars Bridge station was closed to passengers but remained as a goods station until 1965. Most mainline trains called at St Paul's, including those stopping at Holborn Viaduct. Local commuters continued to use Ludgate Hill where possible, as it was closer to where they were going, but it did not have sufficient capacity.

Southern Railway and Southern Region
St. Paul's station was renamed by the Southern Railway as Blackfriars on 1 February 1937. This was partly done to avoid confusion after the London Passenger Transport Board renamed Post Office tube station on the Central line to St Paul's, and partly so that the mainline and underground stations would have the same name. It suffered significant bomb damage during World War II. Overnight on 16–17 April 1941, the signalbox on the south side of the bridge was destroyed, along with a bridge over Southwark Street. Seven flagmen were caught in the blast, with three being killed outright, another three dying in hospital from burns and just one surviving after a long recovery in hospital. The signals were not fully restored until 11 August 1946, after the war.

After the creation of British Railways in 1948, the station was managed by the Southern Region. Gradually, the structure of the original Blackfriars Railway Bridge deteriorated until it was unsound. In 1961, two tracks were removed from the bridge to ease its load. The station had little investment and still supported some of the original architecture and design up to the 1960s. By this time, services were reduced to a handful of commuter services. The original Blackfriars Bridge station, which had remained as a goods depot, was demolished in 1964. The bridge was closed to trains on 27 June 1971 and the deck was removed in 1985, and only the piers in the river and the orange bridge abutments remain.

The station began to be rebuilt along with the Underground station in 1971, which included an additional 150000 sqft of office space. Reconstruction was problematic, as the original station building had sat on top of a cold store, which had frozen the ground below it. The District line tunnel had to be removed and replaced with a new supporting structure that could accommodate the redesigned station building. The work was formally reopened on 30 November 1977 by the Lord Mayor of London, Peter Vanneck (though the station had never actually closed). A part of the stonework elevation from the 1886 LC&DR station has been preserved at platform level in the main line station indicating many destinations in the south-east of England and in Europe.

Station rebuild

Blackfriars station was significantly renovated between 2009 and 2012 in a £500 million redevelopment programme to modernise the station and increase capacity. The terminal platforms at the station were closed on 20 March 2009 in order for work to begin. The original concept for the project was designed by Pascall+Watson architects, with execution by Jacobs and Tony Gee and Partners; it was built by Balfour Beatty. The office building above the station was demolished and replaced as part of the Thameslink programme. The new station is the same height and has a combined National Rail and London Underground ticket hall and ventilation shaft together with escalators and lifts between a mezzanine level for main line railway services and the sub-surface level for London Underground services. The Underground station also received major enhancements, with a new roof of glazed north lights and partial-height glazed side panels installed along the entire length of the bridge.

On the south bank of the river a new station entrance was built at Bankside, containing a second ticket hall. The through platforms were moved to the east side and extended along Blackfriars Railway Bridge to accommodate 12-carriage trains (in place of the previous eight). The layout has been altered by building new bay platforms on the west side, avoiding the need for through trains between City Thameslink and London Bridge crossing the paths of terminating ones.

The works exploited the disused piers west of the existing railway bridge which once supported the former West Blackfriars and St. Paul's Railway Bridge. The easternmost row of disused piers was strengthened, tied into the existing bridge and clad in stone. The longer platforms allow longer trains on the Thameslink route to pass through London. Thameslink services began using the newly constructed platforms in early 2011. The station's new entrance and ticket hall on the south side of the river opened on 5 December. The tube station reopened on 20 February 2012. The Mayor of London, Boris Johnson, visited the works on the same day, saying "the rebirth of this central London station will improve the journeys of thousands of passengers every single day". The reconstruction work provided jobs for around 13,000 people, with a peak of 2,000 per day at the busiest times. The Thameslink redevelopment work at Blackfriars has been well received. In January 2014 the Blackfriars Railway Bridge became the world's largest solar-powered bridge having been covered with 4,400 photovoltaic panels providing up to half of the energy for the station. In 2017, the station won a Major Station of the Year award at the National Rail Awards.

The Waterloo & City line, a deep-level tube line which runs non-stop between and Bank, runs almost directly under Blackfriars station and there have been suggestions to construct an interchange station for the line at Blackfriars. The Department for Transport considers this to have "no significant transport benefit".

Accidents

 * On 19 May 1938, a SECR B1 class locomotive was derailed, causing several hours disruption at the station.
 * On 2 January 2014, a train's pantograph struck the roof of the station due to a technical fault. The accident involving a First Capital Connect service from to  did not result in any injuries but caused delays of around 45 minutes.

Services

Blackfriars main-line station is served by through services on the Thameslink route operated by Thameslink and Southeastern. This includes trains from Bedford, St Albans City and Luton to the north, and Brighton, Sutton and Sevenoaks to the south. Southbound trains run via or Elephant & Castle; northbound trains next call at City Thameslink. Before March 2009 some services from the south terminated at three bay platforms, which were then removed during renovation works. Two new bay platforms opened in May 2012 and are used during peak hours and at weekends.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 4 tph to Brighton via Gatwick Airport
 * 2 tph to Horsham via Redhill and Gatwick Airport
 * 2 tph to Three Bridges via Redhill
 * 2 tph to Rainham via Greenwich, Woolwich Arsenal, Dartford and Gravesend
 * 2 tph to Sevenoaks via Catford and Swanley
 * 4 tph to Sutton (2 of these run via Mitcham Junction and 2 run via Wimbledon)
 * 4 tph to St Albans City (all stations)
 * 2 tph to Luton (all stations except Kentish Town, Cricklewood and Hendon)
 * 4 tph to Bedford (semi-fast)
 * 2 tph to Cambridge via Stevenage
 * 2 tph to Peterborough via Stevenage

The station is also served by a small number of Southeastern services to Beckenham Junction and Dartford.

Although many services are Thameslink through trains, Blackfriars is considered a central London terminus and tickets marked 'London Terminals' are valid to use when travelling to/from the south. Tickets marked 'London Thameslink' can be used in both directions.

Blackfriars Underground station
Blackfriars Underground station is served by the Circle and District lines and is between and  stations. The underground station pre-dates the mainline one and was opened on 30 May 1870 by the Metropolitan District Railway (MDR) as the railway's new eastern terminus when the line was extended from Westminster. The MDR had been created as a new company to complete the Circle line, which would split the budget from the District and Metropolitan Railways. The construction of the new section of the MDR was planned in conjunction with the building of the Victoria Embankment and was achieved by the cut and cover method of roofing over a shallow trench. On 3 July 1871 the MDR was extended eastwards to a new terminus at Mansion House. The Circle line ran over the same route, but its completion was delayed following arguments between the District and Metropolitan Railways and did not open until 6 October 1884.

The underground station was closed on 2 March 2009 for major renovation work and reopened on 20 February 2012. This involved demolishing the National Rail building and merging its ticket hall with the Underground's.

title: Blackfriars station


text:
Ealing Broadway station

Ealing Broadway is a major single-level interchange station located in Ealing, in the London Borough of Ealing, West London for London Underground services and also Elizabeth line services on the National Rail Great Western Main Line.

On the Underground, it is one of three western termini of the District line, the next station being, and it is also one of two western termini of the Central line, the next station being. On the National Rail network, it is a through-station on the Great Western Main Line, 5 mi down the line from London Paddington, between Acton Main Line and West Ealing.

The station is managed by the Elizabeth line and saw a major upgrade and expansion as part of the Crossrail project, with a rebuilt ticket hall and the provision of step-free access.

History
The Great Western Railway (GWR) opened its pioneering broad gauge tracks through Ealing Broadway between Paddington and Taplow on 6 April 1838, although Ealing Broadway station did not open until 1 December of that year. As the only station in the area when it opened, it was initially named 'Ealing', but was renamed Ealing Broadway in 1875.

District Railway (DR, now the District Line) services commenced on 1 July 1879, when the DR opened a branch from on its  line. The DR built its own three-platform station (including a siding) to the north of the GWR one. However, following the installation of a connection between the two railways to the east of the stations, DR trains also served the GWR station from 1 March 1883 to 30 September 1885, on a short-lived service running to Windsor and Eton Central station, which quickly became unprofitable. It was also intended to use the connection for a service to Uxbridge Vine Street station (via West Drayton), but this was never introduced.

Following electrification of the main District line route through to  in 1903, the section to Ealing Broadway was electrified in 1905, and the first electric trains ran to Ealing Broadway on 1 July 1905. The original brick-built DR station was replaced with a stone-faced building in 1910.

Prior to World War I, plans were made by the GWR to construct a new, mainly freight, line between Ealing and Shepherd's Bush, to connect west-to-south with the West London Railway. The Central London Railway (CLR, now the Central Line) would use the line by extending its tracks the short distance north from its terminus at Wood Lane (now closed), to meet the new GWR tracks. CLR services to two new platforms at Ealing Broadway, built between the GWR and DR stations, started on 3 August 1920, with, initially, just one intermediate stop at. The line also carried GWR steam freight trains until 1938, when the links at Ealing Broadway and west of were removed, and the line was fully transferred to London Underground.

Originally separate companies, by 1920 the DR and the CLR were both owned by the Underground Electric Railways Company of London (UERL). Despite this, the CLR services operated via the GWR station building, not the Underground one.

The GWR-built station was demolished in 1961 and replaced by a low concrete structure containing shops and a ticket hall, opened in 1965, with a high-rise office building above. The new station building serves all the lines, and the separate District Line station ticket hall was closed, although the building remains, and the original station facade is now the entrance for multiple shops.

On Platform 9 (District line) there are some roundels of a style dating from c. 1908, three of which are replicas made in 1992.

In the mid 1990s, the Great Western Main Line through the station was electrified as part of the Heathrow Express project.

In the early 1990s, the Crossrail project was proposed to serve Ealing Broadway. After many years of planning, the project was approved in 2007. An interim TfL Rail service between suburban stations and London Paddington began in 2018, transferring to the Elizabeth line on 24 May 2022.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 16 November 1937, a steam railcar overran signals and crashed into the signal box.
 * On 19 December 1973, an express passenger train was derailed when an unsecured inspection door on the locomotive hauling it struck point rodding, causing a set of points to move under the train. Ten people were killed, 94 were injured.
 * On 19 July 2000, a Real IRA bomb was planted near tracks in the station. It was discovered and destroyed by police under a controlled explosion.
 * On 2 March 2016, a District Line train derailed just outside the station due to a set of points set incorrectly. There were no injuries.

Layout
The combined station has nine platforms:
 * Two National Rail platforms (1 and 2). These are only used by Great Western Railway (GWR) trains between Didcot Parkway and London Paddington, except during engineering works or a disruption.
 * Two Elizabeth line platforms (3 and 4). Platforms 1, 2, 3 and 4 all are mostly in the open, but have small canopies and shelters. These platforms can be used by GWR too.
 * Two Central line (5 and 6), which have a shared awning canopy.
 * Three District Line (7 to 9). District Line platforms 8 and 9 are partially covered by a short canopy, and retain one original example and a number of replicas of early solid-disc Underground signs, used before Edward Johnston designed the familiar roundel in 1919.

All platforms are accessed through a gateline of ticket barriers.

Crossrail upgrades
As part of the Crossrail project, the station has been upgraded and expanded to meet increased passenger numbers, improve the interchange between various rail and local bus services and provide step free access.

Initially, only minor station improvements were planned as part of the Crossrail project, such as platform lengthening. However, after local and regional campaigning, the station will be upgraded and step free access provided. After further criticism by local people of poor design, the station entrance was redesigned with a large glass frontage and a long curved canopy to the street.

Designed by Bennetts Associates, the station upgrade has involved demolishing the old cramped ticket hall and staircases, replacing them with:

 * A new double height ticket hall, twice as large as the previous ticket hall.
 * Improved and enlarged public realm outside the station with new paving, seating and street trees.
 * Step free access from street to platform via new lifts, making the station fully accessible.
 * Refurbishment and upgrade of existing platforms, including new signage, waiting rooms and customer information screens.
 * Platform extensions to accommodate the longer Class 345 trains used by Crossrail.
 * New footbridge at the eastern end of the station linking platforms 1–4.

After several periods of delay, construction on the upgrade began in 2018 by Network Rail. On 27 May 2021, the majority of the new station facilities, including the station building and ticket office, were completed and opened to the public.

Proposed developments
In the early 2010s, the West London Business group backed a Surbiton-to-Brent Cross light metro tube line, called the West London Orbital underground railway, based on Copenhagen Metro technology, which would include a station underground at Ealing Broadway. The London Borough of Ealing does not support the proposal, saying "no consensus to progress this project [due] to extremely high costs".

In 2008, the London Group of the Campaign for Better Transport published a plan for an off-road orbital North and West London Light railway (NWLLR), sharing the Dudding Hill Line freight corridor, and using the middle two of the six track beds at North Acton. In April 2009 Ealing Council voted to call on Transport for London to look into the proposal.

The station would have been served by the West London Tram, however this proposal was cancelled in 2007 as it was opposed by the councils of all three London Boroughs that would have been served by the line.

Services

Ealing Broadway is served by a mixture of National Rail and London Underground services. National Rail services are operated by the Elizabeth line and London Underground services are provided by the District and Central lines.

Services at the station are as follows.

Elizabeth line
As of the May 2023 timetable, the typical Monday to Friday off-peak service is:
 * 4 tph (trains per hour) westbound to Heathrow Terminal 4
 * 2 tph westbound to Heathrow Terminal 5
 * 2 tph westbound to Reading
 * 2 tph westbound to Maidenhead
 * 2 tph eastbound to Shenfield
 * 8 tph eastbound to Abbey Wood

Elizabeth line services are operated using EMUs.

London Underground
The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 9 tph to Newbury Park of which 6 continue to Hainault (Central line)
 * 6 tph to Upminster via Earl's Court (District line)

The Central line also operates a night service on Friday and Saturday nights as part of the Night Tube. The station is served by a train every 20 minutes to Hainault and from Loughton.

Connections
The station is served by several London Buses routes day and night.

title: Ealing Broadway station


text:
Rayners Lane tube station

Rayners Lane is a London Underground station in the district of Rayners Lane in north west London, amid a 1930s development originally named Harrow Garden Village. The station is on the Uxbridge branch of both the Metropolitan line, between Eastcote and West Harrow stations, and the Piccadilly line, between Eastcote and South Harrow stations. The station is located to the west of the junction of Rayners Lane, Alexandra Avenue and Imperial Drive (A4090). It is in Travelcard Zone 5. Just east of the station, the Piccadilly and Metropolitan lines tracks join for services to Uxbridge and separate for those to Central London.

History
The Metropolitan Railway (Harrow and Uxbridge Railway) constructed the line between Harrow on the Hill and Uxbridge and commenced services on 4 July 1904 with, initially, Ruislip being the only intermediate stop. At first, services were operated by steam trains, but track electrification was completed in the subsequent months and electric trains began operating on 1 January 1905.

Progressive development in the north Middlesex area over the next two decades led to the gradual opening of additional stations along the Uxbridge branch to encourage the growth of new residential areas. Rayners Lane opened as Rayners Lane Halt on 26 May 1906, and was named after a local farmer called Daniel Rayner. It was nicknamed Pneumonia Junction because of its exposed location.

On 1 March 1910, an extension of the District line was opened from South Harrow to connect with the Metropolitan Railway at Rayners Lane junction east of the station enabling District line trains to serve stations between Rayners Lane and Uxbridge from that date. On 23 October 1933, District line services were replaced by Piccadilly line trains.

Design
The station, more a halt, was rebuilt, following the start of house building in the locality in the 1930s that saw passenger figures rise from 22,000 per annum in 1930 to 4 million in 1937 by a new station to a design by Charles Holden and Reginald Uren that opened on 8 August 1938. Work had started in earnest with the opening of a temporary timber booking hall and shops on 14 March 1935 allowing work on the new station to proceed. The station, now Grade II Listed by Historic England, features the large cube-shaped brick and glass ticket hall capped with a flat reinforced concrete roof and geometrical forms typical of the new stations built in this period. To the west of the station, there is a reversing siding between the running tracks and, during the day, half of the Piccadilly line service reverses here. Two sidings were located south of the station but these were no longer used: with no connection with the running lines. In late 2017 these sidings were lifted.

Metropolitan line
The Metropolitan Line is the only line to operate an express service, though currently for Metropolitan Line trains on the Uxbridge branch this is eastbound only in the morning peaks (06:30 to 09:30) Monday to Friday.

Metropolitan Line trains are able to terminate at Rayners Lane from the westbound platform either by a crossover to the east of the station or via a centre reversing siding to the west, under normal circumstances all westbound Metropolitan Line trains continue to the terminus of the branch at Uxbridge.

The off-peak service in trains per hour (tph) is:
 * 8tph Eastbound to Aldgate (all stations)
 * 8tph Westbound to Uxbridge

The morning peak service in trains per hour (tph) is:
 * 2tph Eastbound to Aldgate (semi-fast, running non-stop between Harrow-on-the-Hill and Wembley Park)
 * 4tph Eastbound to Aldgate (all stations)
 * 4tph Eastbound to Baker Street (all stations)
 * 10tph Westbound to Uxbridge

The evening peak service in trains per hour (tph) is:
 * 7tph Eastbound to Aldgate (all stations)
 * 3tph Eastbound to Baker Street (all stations)
 * 10tph Westbound to Uxbridge

Piccadilly line
Piccadilly line trains are also able to terminate here by means of a crossover to the east of the station (separate from the Metropolitan Line crossover) and via the centre reversing siding although only the latter is used in normal service.

Between Rayners Lane and Uxbridge there is no Piccadilly Line service before approximately 06:30 (Monday - Friday) and 08:45 (Saturday - Sunday), except for one early morning departure from Uxbridge at 05:18 (Monday - Saturday) and 06:46 (Sunday).

The off-peak service in trains per hour (tph) is:
 * 6tph Eastbound to Cockfosters
 * 3tph Westbound to Uxbridge
 * 3tph Terminate Here

The peak time service in trains per hour (tph) is:
 * 12tph Eastbound to Cockfosters
 * 8tph Westbound to Uxbridge
 * 4tph Terminate Here

Connections
London Buses routes 398, H9, H10 and H12 serve the station.

title: Rayners Lane tube station


text:
Mexican Empire

Mexican Empire may refer to:

 * First Mexican Empire, the dominion under Agustín de Iturbide (Agustín I) from 1821 to 1823
 * Second Mexican Empire, the dominion under Archduke Maximilian of Austria (Maximilian I) from 1864 to 1867

title: Mexican Empire


text:
Credit risk

Credit risk is the possibility of losing a lender holds due to a risk of default on a debt that may arise from a borrower failing to make required payments. In the first resort, the risk is that of the lender and includes lost principal and interest, disruption to cash flows, and increased collection costs. The loss may be complete or partial. In an efficient market, higher levels of credit risk will be associated with higher borrowing costs. Because of this, measures of borrowing costs such as yield spreads can be used to infer credit risk levels based on assessments by market participants.

Losses can arise in a number of circumstances, for example:

 * A consumer may fail to make a payment due on a mortgage loan, credit card, line of credit, or other loan.
 * A company is unable to repay asset-secured fixed or floating charge debt.
 * A business or consumer does not pay a trade invoice when due.
 * A business does not pay an employee's earned wages when due.
 * A business or government bond issuer does not make a payment on a coupon or principal payment when due.
 * An insolvent insurance company does not pay a policy obligation.
 * An insolvent bank will not return funds to a depositor.
 * A government grants bankruptcy protection to an insolvent consumer or business.

To reduce the lender's credit risk, the lender may perform a credit check on the prospective borrower, may require the borrower to take out appropriate insurance, such as mortgage insurance, or seek security over some assets of the borrower or a guarantee from a third party. The lender can also take out insurance against the risk or on-sell the debt to another company. In general, the higher the risk, the higher will be the interest rate that the debtor will be asked to pay on the debt. Credit risk mainly arises when borrowers are unable or unwilling to pay.

Types
A credit risk can be of the following types:

 * Credit default risk – The risk of loss arising from a debtor being unlikely to pay its loan obligations in full or the debtor is more than 90 days past due on any material credit obligation; default risk may impact all credit-sensitive transactions, including loans, securities and derivatives.
 * Concentration risk – The risk associated with any single exposure or group of exposures with the potential to produce large enough losses to threaten a bank's core operations. It may arise in the form of single-name concentration or industry concentration.
 * Country risk – The risk of loss arising from a sovereign state freezing foreign currency payments (transfer/conversion risk) or when it defaults on its obligations (sovereign risk); this type of risk is prominently associated with the country's macroeconomic performance and its political stability.

Assessment
Significant resources and sophisticated programs are used to analyze and manage risk. Some companies run a credit risk department whose job is to assess the financial health of their customers, and extend credit (or not) accordingly. They may use in-house programs to advise on avoiding, reducing and transferring risk. They also use the third party provided intelligence. Nationally recognized statistical rating organizations provide such information for a fee.

For large companies with liquidly traded corporate bonds or Credit Default Swaps, bond yield spreads and credit default swap spreads indicate market participants assessments of credit risk and may be used as a reference point to price loans or trigger collateral calls.

Most lenders employ their models (credit scorecards) to rank potential and existing customers according to risk, and then apply appropriate strategies. With products such as unsecured personal loans or mortgages, lenders charge a higher price for higher-risk customers and vice versa. With revolving products such as credit cards and overdrafts, the risk is controlled through the setting of credit limits. Some products also require collateral, usually an asset that is pledged to secure the repayment of the loan.

Credit scoring models also form part of the framework used by banks or lending institutions to grant credit to clients. For corporate and commercial borrowers, these models generally have qualitative and quantitative sections outlining various aspects of the risk including, but not limited to, operating experience, management expertise, asset quality, and leverage and liquidity ratios, respectively. Once this information has been fully reviewed by credit officers and credit committees, the lender provides the funds subject to the terms and conditions presented within the contract (as outlined above).

Sovereign risk
Sovereign credit risk is the risk of a government being unwilling or unable to meet its loan obligations, or reneging on loans it guarantees. Many countries have faced sovereign risk in the late-2000s global recession. The existence of such risk means that creditors should take a two-stage decision process when deciding to lend to a firm based in a foreign country. Firstly one should consider the sovereign risk quality of the country and then consider the firm's credit quality.

Five macroeconomic variables that affect the probability of sovereign debt rescheduling are:

 * Debt service ratio
 * Import ratio
 * Investment ratio
 * Variance of export revenue
 * Domestic money supply growth

The probability of rescheduling is an increasing function of debt service ratio, import ratio, the variance of export revenue and domestic money supply growth. The likelihood of rescheduling is a decreasing function of investment ratio due to future economic productivity gains. Debt rescheduling likelihood can increase if the investment ratio rises as the foreign country could become less dependent on its external creditors and so be less concerned about receiving credit from these countries/investors.

Counterparty risk
A counterparty risk, also known as a settlement risk or counterparty credit risk (CCR), is a risk that a counterparty will not pay as obligated on a bond, derivative, insurance policy, or other contract. Financial institutions or other transaction counterparties may hedge or take out credit insurance or, particularly in the context of derivatives, require the posting of collateral. Offsetting counterparty risk is not always possible, e.g. because of temporary liquidity issues or longer-term systemic reasons. Further, counterparty risk increases due to positively correlated risk factors; accounting for this correlation between portfolio risk factors and counterparty default in risk management methodology is not trivial.

The capital requirement here is calculated using SA-CCR, the standardized approach for counterparty credit risk. This framework replaced both non-internal model approaches -  Current Exposure Method (CEM) and Standardised Method (SM). It is a "risk-sensitive methodology", i.e. conscious of asset class and hedging, that differentiates between margined and non-margined trades and recognizes netting benefits; issues insufficiently addressed under the preceding frameworks.

Mitigation
Lenders mitigate credit risk in a number of ways, including:

 * Risk-based pricing – Lenders may charge a higher interest rate to borrowers who are more likely to default, a practice called risk-based pricing. Lenders consider factors relating to the loan such as loan purpose, credit rating, and loan-to-value ratio and estimates the effect on yield (credit spread).
 * Covenants – Lenders may write stipulations on the borrower, called covenants, into loan agreements, such as:
 * Periodically report its financial condition,
 * Refrain from paying dividends, repurchasing shares, borrowing further, or other specific, voluntary actions that negatively affect the company's financial position, and
 * Repay the loan in full, at the lender's request, in certain events such as changes in the borrower's debt-to-equity ratio or interest coverage ratio.
 * Credit insurance and credit derivatives – Lenders and bond holders may hedge their credit risk by purchasing credit insurance or credit derivatives. These contracts transfer the risk from the lender to the seller (insurer) in exchange for payment. The most common credit derivative is the credit default swap.
 * Tightening – Lenders can reduce credit risk by reducing the amount of credit extended, either in total or to certain borrowers. For example, a distributor selling its products to a troubled retailer may attempt to lessen credit risk by reducing payment terms from net 30  to net 15.
 * Diversification – Lenders to a small number of borrowers (or kinds of borrower) face a high degree of unsystematic credit risk, called concentration risk. Lenders reduce this risk by diversifying the borrower pool.
 * Deposit insurance – Governments may establish deposit insurance to guarantee bank deposits in the event of insolvency and to encourage consumers to hold their savings in the banking system instead of in cash.

Related Initialisms

 * ACPM Active credit portfolio management
 * CCR Counterparty Credit Risk
 * CE Credit Exposure
 * CVA Credit valuation adjustment
 * DVA Debit Valuation Adjustment – see XVA
 * EAD Exposure at default
 * EE Expected Exposure
 * EL Expected loss
 * JTD - Jump-to-default, where the reference entity suddenly defaults
 * LGD Loss given default
 * PD Probability of default
 * PFE Potential future exposure
 * SA-CCR The Standardised Approach to Counterparty Credit Risk
 * VAR Value at risk

title: Credit risk