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Apostolic Christian Church

The Apostolic Christian Church (ACC) is a worldwide Christian denomination from the Anabaptist tradition that practices credobaptism, closed communion, greeting other believers with a holy kiss, a capella worship in some branches (in others, singing is with piano), and the headcovering of women during services. The Apostolic Christian Church only ordains men, who are authorized to administer baptism, the Lord's Supper, and the laying on of hands.

History
The origins of the Apostolic Christian Church are found in the conversion experience of Samuel Heinrich Froehlich (1803–57) of Switzerland. Froehlich was baptized in 1832 and soon founded the Evangelical Baptist Church. The first American church was formed in Lewis County, New York, in 1847 by Benedict Weyeneth (1819–87), who had been sent by Froehlich at the request of Joseph Virkler, a Lewis County minister in an Alsatian Amish-Mennonite church. In 1848 a church was formed in Sardis, Ohio. The church experienced primary growth in the Midwest, where many congregations gained membership from other Anabaptist denominations, chiefly local Amish and Mennonite churches. Though sometimes referred to as the New Amish, these believers generally called themselves Evangelical Baptist. In 1917, the church adopted a uniform name: Apostolic Christian Church.

Branches
There are currently at least five main divisions of this church in America. In the early 1900s a disagreement arose over the practice of some European customs (namely, the wearing of a mustache) and the church split into two bodies (from 1901 to 1911). In 1932 a second schism originated from a letter sent by elders in Europe asking for greater adherence to traditional teachings and practices. Those adhering to the request of the letter separated themselves from the Apostolic Christian Church of America and became known as the Christian Apostolic Church (later the German Apostolic Christian Church). The Apostolic Christian Church of America did not retain German language preaching. It is a common misconception that German language preaching was a primary issue in the division.
 * The Apostolic Christian Church of America has about 93 congregations in 22 states, including 1 church in Canada, 5 in Mexico, and 2 in Japan. The total number of members is approximately 11,500. This church has a national missionary committee/humanitarian aid program called HarvestCall, eleven retirement communities/nursing homes for the elderly, a home for people with developmental disabilities (Apostolic Christian Timber Ridge) in Morton, Illinois, Apostolic Christian Counseling & Family Services in Morton, IL, and a children's home in Leo, Indiana.
 * The Apostolic Christian Church (Nazarean) has 50 congregations in the United States, with 2756 members, 14 congregations in Canada with about 850 members, 6 congregations in Australia with roughly 200 members, 16 congregations in Argentina with about 1200 members, one congregation the Republic of Hungary with roughly 1,000–2,000 members as well as congregations in Brazil and Mexico. They have mission work in New Guinea, Argentina, Zambia, and Paraguay. Though the minority of the split, this body remained in fellowship with the European churches. There is also a small congregation of Nazareans in Israel.
 * The Nazarene Christian Congregation is the result of a split during World War II which had to do with disagreements in caving to Communist demands in Yugoslavia. This church also split into two sides during the early 2000s. The NCC has churches in former Yugoslavia, Australia, United States, and Canada, with more members in Yugoslavia than anywhere else. In North America and Australia the church has shrunk considerably.
 * The German Apostolic Christian Church has several congregations in the United States and Europe., there are about 135 members in the United States, primarily in Illinois and Oregon, and this is down from 150 in 2017. This German Apostolic Christian Church is the result of a relatively small group splitting away from the Apostolic Christian Church in 1932 and 1933 with currently four congregations: Cissna Park, IL; Fairbury, IL; Peoria, IL; and Silverton, OR. Formerly it had also a congregation in Sabetha, KS, this became one of the Christian Apostolic Churches after 1955. Until 1955 this church was known as Christian Apostolic Church, afterwards it named itself German Apostolic Christian Church. The German language was up to 2020 still used in the forenoon Sunday worship service, but not anymore as the internal group's language or mother language. After the death of their last chief elder, Robert Hari, in 2019 they switched to English totally in avt. 2020 and relaxed some rules in regard of visitations and fellowship with non-member families. German school in the evening once per week also stopped since.
 * The Christian Apostolic Church (formed in 1955 from a split with the German Apostolic Christian) has five churches in Bluffton, IN; Creston, OH; Forrest, IL; Salem, OR; and Sabetha, KS with approximately 100 members. A unification on the weekend of July 4, 2021 resulted in the addition of the Indiana and Ohio churches. Quite a number of other Christian Apostolic groups existed for a while beside this bigger group, some still do today as home gatherings. This new group retained its old church name in opposition to its mother group. Members have retained traditional teachings on divorce and remarriage, sins unto death, baptism, the head covering, voting, birth control, and higher education, whereas the Apostolic Christian Church of America and Apostolic Christian Church (Nazarean) have departed somewhat from earlier practice in these areas.
 * The Apostolic Christian Faith Church (formed in 2012 from a split with the Apostolic Christian Church of America) has two churches in Canada, and about 25 churches in the United States with approximately 1,100 members. Members have retained what they believe are the church's traditional teachings and doctrine. Their manner of worship and fellowship is currently very similar to the church they withdrew from. However, they reject the New Evangelical thinking that they believe has influenced a portion of the Apostolic Christian Church of America.

Other divisions and smaller groups
The European German language bodies (Neutäufer) have also faced divisions. Although once united throughout Germany, Austria and Switzerland, there are now four sides. The following two (one could say also three) sides belong to the beard (moustache)-accepting side:
 * During the 1980s members and leaders were pushing for more liberties, which resulted in a vast majority of churches changing their doctrine and rules to more evangelical/free church standards. Reasons were also, that the church leaders saw no future in keeping the old ways. They formed their own branch (Bund Evangelischer Täufergemeinden) and adopted the name Evangelische Täufergemeinde for most congregations. They currently have churches in Germany, Switzerland, Austria and France (Alsace) and quote to have about 2500 members.
 * The small fraction that did not join and emphasized more traditional/conservative standards call themselves Gemeinde Evangelisch Taufgesinnter (Nazarener) with churches in Germany and Austria and formerly about 400 members.
 * Some of these German Nazarener congregations do not fellowship with each other, so one could speak of two sides: moderate/liberal minded Nazarener congregations and conservative/traditional minded ones. Both sides are partly in a process to dissolve. The conservative Nazarener congregations maintain strong ties with the rest of the Nazarene congregations, especially to the Balkan states and are led by the Breidenbach congregation.
 * There are some congregations of German Apostolic Christians in Germany and in Switzerland since the beginnings of 20th century:
 * Three in Germany which call themselves Gemeinschaft evangelisch Taufgesinnter-Altmennoniten plus one close to Basel, Switzerland, which is a dependence of the Swiss Basel congregation.
 * Ten (or eleven if one takes Kandergrund-Steffisburg as two congregations) in Switzerland, one thereof is in the Emmental at Bärau/Langnau. The Swiss German Apostolics have over 200–250 members, the German ones under 100. There have been official affiliations with the American side up to 2011. These congregations are the remnants of the beard-refusing-side in Europe. Formerly they had been the majority of all Neutäufer congregations in Switzerland and Germany, but their membership shrank immensely during the last decades.

The remainder of Europe is made up of independent congregations in communion:
 * Nazarenes – in Sweden, Hungary, Serbia, Croatia, Romania, Ukraine and Slovakia
 * In Hungary their official name is Krisztusban Hívő Nazarénusok Gyülekezete (Congregation of Nazarenes Believing in Christ)

Conversion
The conversion experienced by each member varies in timing and detail, but all include repentance for one's sins, making restitution, confessing sins to God while in the presence of an elder of the church, and finding peace with God. The word "convert" is used throughout the denomination to describe anyone who begins repentance but has not been baptized into the church; it does not imply conversion from another denomination or religion, but from the carnal to the spiritual state. Once converts "receive peace from God," this is announced to the church and a baptism date is set. Converts give a testimony before the members of the church prior to the public baptism service, telling the story of their personal conversion experience. This testimony, commonly referred to as a "proving", typically takes place the night before the baptism and is a closed member meeting. Because baptism is identified with a "death to sin" in Romans 6 and other New Testament writings, congregational recognition of the convert's repentance and death to sin is desired prior to baptism. The baptism service is open for anyone to attend and is performed before the entire congregation. Before the baptism takes place, the convert makes a covenant with Christ in the presence of the entire congregation. Once the covenant is made, the convert is fully immersed in water (unless they are physically unable to do so). After the baptism service, there is a laying on of hands by one or more elders and an accompanying consecration prayer. This laying on of hands and prayer of consecration places the seal of the Holy Spirit on the life of the newly baptized. In some of the branches, such as the Nazarene branch, this service is for members and converts only.

Worship

 * In general, the Authorized Version (King James Version) of the Bible is the English translation used for church services in North American congregations. Some congregations use the corresponding translation in another language, such as Spanish (RVR 1960), Romanian, or Hungarian.
 * Worship services are held on Sunday while various churches also conduct additional mid-week services.
 * Sunday services in the ACCA (the Nazarean order of services) is similar in a few churches but widely vary in others, the order of worship in the Christian Apostolic Church and German Apostolic Christian Church are essentially identical—this is basically the same order of worship used in old order German Baptist, Mennonite and Amish churches as follows:
 * Public worship services in the morning and afternoon, usually of the following format:
 * The congregation sings several songs before the service starts
 * The congregation prays together in silence asking for the Holy Spirit's leadership
 * A minister opens to a random Old Testament passage, and sometimes discusses it briefly
 * The minister selects a hymn to be sung by the congregation, the congregation sings, and then the minister prays out loud
 * The minister opens to a random passage in the New Testament – this passage serves as the basis of most of the sermon, although the Old Testament passage (or fore-reading) is often referred to as well. This minister will preach for the majority of the sermon.
 * A second minister provides some closing or summarizing thoughts and either selects a closing hymn or asks the congregation to suggest one
 * A minister gives the opportunity for a male member of the congregation to lead the group in prayer
 * A minister "takes greetings". Members stand up and announce other AC churches that they have recently traveled to or are traveling from
 * A final hymn is sometimes sung following the afternoon service.
 * A light meal is generally served between the morning and afternoon services
 * Midweek services consist of a single service, generally of the same format as the Sunday services
 * Some congregations conduct Bible studies and classes as part of the routine church schedule. In addition, some local fellowships have outside study groups and classes among members.  However, there is no standard format for these bible studies across all churches. Some congregations do not encourage Bible studies among groups of members. Personal Bible study is always encouraged and expected.
 * Female members are expected to wear a Christian headcovering during prayer and worship. Wearing of a head covering when praying outside of church, when with other believers, and at other times is encouraged to varying degrees among the congregations, but the Biblical basis is somewhat universally recognized. Not every Apostolic Christian Church practices the women's headcovering; however, it is seen in most.
 * Within the Apostolic Christian Churches (Nazarean), singing usually includes piano playing, and (on occasion) includes other instruments.
 * The Zionsharfe (Zion's Harp) is the primary hymnal used during worship services. The Zion's Harp was assembled in the 19th century by a European elder, George Michael Mangold, and includes numerous hymns written by him, along with other hymns not generally used in other American denominations. Most of the hymns are either traditional Amish/Mennonite hymns or from the 19th-century Swiss state church.  It is a good source for English metrical translations of Amish Ausbund hymns. Because the Apostolic Christian Church of America and the Apostolic Christian Church (Nazarene) were separated before both sides began using English in worship services, the Zion's Harps used by the two denominations have lyrics somewhat differently translated from the German.  When the ACCA revised their Zions Harp in the 50's, many of the ACCN Verses were added because the original translators only translated the first 3 verses on many of the songs. A slightly different translation is also used in the Christian Apostolic Church.
 * Another hymnal used in church services, the Hymns of Zion, includes arrangements and lyrics more commonly used in other denominations, but also includes several written by members of the American congregations. This hymnal was created as a combination of other hymnals previously used in the ACCA Churches, The Heft(Long Book)(which is included in the ACCN's Zion's Harp), and Songs of Praise and Worship. These books were selections of classic, and modern Hymns at their time of publishing. The Hymns of Zion was published around 20 years after Songs of Praise and Worship to combine the two. This step merged the current Sunday School and Sanctuary secondary hymnal into one, while adding new songs that had become popular in the 20 years between the two books publications. Starting around 2002, many ACCA churches have transitioned from the Hymns of Zion to the new "combined hymnal" which is a combination of the Hymns of Zion and the Tabernacle Hymns. The latter was used by several churches, and the combination served to keep the church united while keeping both sets of hymns in use. Some churches still use the Gospel Hymns, or Heavenly Highways in the sanctuary, but most use them as Fellowship Hall books.
 * In 2023 the ACCA published a new hymnal, the Hymns of Worship that includes selections from the time the Hymns of Zion was published to today, along with some classic hymns from the Gospel Hymns and Heavenly Highways that were not included in the Hymns of Zion. This Hymnal is in Sanctuary use by several ACCA churches, others are using it for singing in the home only, and others due to the contemporary style music and biblical inaccuracy of some of the songs are not using it at all.

Biblical practices and tradition

 * Communion is served once (to several times) a year at varying times, usually near Easter or near to a Baptism. Communion services are a closed service, with only members and converts present. Communion is typically preceded by a period, typically around a month, of self-examination and restitution, if needed.
 * The Holy Kiss is the greeting used in Apostolic Christian churches (practiced as in German Baptist, Amish, Mennonite churches, and other Anabaptist churches), based on the epistles of Paul and the general epistle of 1 Peter. Men greet men and women greet women. Men and women just shake hands and say "Greetings Brother" and "Greetings Sister."
 * Marriage between "a man and a woman of like mind, faith, and fellowship" is encouraged for all members where God leads. In the Apostolic Christian Church of America, Christian Apostolic Church, German Apostolic Christian Church, and the Apostolic Christian Church (Nazarean), dating is discouraged.
 * Members of the Apostolic Christian Church of America, and Apostolic Christian Church [Nazarean], are somewhat discouraged from visiting churches of other denominations. In the German Apostolic Christian Church, visitors are requested to obtain an elder's permission before attending services, and members do not visit other services, even for wedding or funerals.
 * In all traditional AC groups, permanent lifelong excommunication is practiced in certain cases.
 * In 1932 all Apostolic Christian groups required a beard without mustache (except the Nazareans), but by the 1950s it was discouraged in all groups. In 2017, The ACCA elder body rescinded the expectation that male members be clean-shaven.
 * In the ACCA and ACC Nazarean, members are encouraged to wear modest attire that provides gender distinction.

Leadership
The all-male leadership of an Apostolic Christian church consists of the "elders" of local congregations. The term "elder" has a somewhat different meaning from that in other denominations. Most congregations have one elder, however some have none and in rare instances a congregation may have more than one. The office of elder is seen as equivalent to that of a bishop as described in the epistles of 1 Timothy and Titus. The elder of each congregation has the oversight of the local congregation but is subject to the authority of the other elders throughout the denomination. Once put in place, Ministers, Deacons and Elders can only be removed of their position by death, voluntary retirement or in extreme cases by the national elder body.

Elders

 * Elders of local congregations are ordained by the Elders of the other congregations, usually after a ballot is taken from the local congregation. Elders are usually selected from the current ministers serving in the local church. Elders perform both religious rites and also conduct ministerial duties.
 * Congregations who do not have a locally residing elder are assigned a "Counseling Elder" by the national elder body. Day-to-day business in these congregations is usually handled by an Ordained Deacon, Deacon or "Lead Minister"; depending on the specific situation of each congregation.
 * Each local church Elder serves as an equal member within the collective "Elder Body" of all elders who make decisions regarding the denomination.

Deacons and ministers

 * Ministers' duties include both preaching and teaching in their home congregation and in other Apostolic Christian congregations. They also assist the Elder or Deacon as the need arises in their home congregation.
 * Ministers (including elders and deacons) do not pursue seminary or other education in preparation for the ministry and serve without compensation. An unpaid lay ministry is not considered a doctrinal issue, but a preference for it is recognized in Paul's writings.
 * A minister who is ordained as a deacon may assist the local elder with meeting with new converts, performing baptisms, and other duties usually carried out by the elder alone. Most congregations do not have a Deacon, rather they are ordained mostly in very large congregations where the elder needs assistance, or in very small congregations where there is no local elder.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Apostolic Christian Church


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Rock & Roll Machine

Rock & Roll Machine (also Rock 'N' Roll Machine) is the second studio album by Canadian hard rock band Triumph. It was first released in 1977 by Attic Records. The album contained in the band's first hit, a version of Joe Walsh's "Rocky Mountain Way".

A different "international" version of the album was released on RCA Records in the United States and other countries in 1978. This edition replaces some tracks from the original Canadian version with tracks from the self-titled debut Triumph (1976) album, along with new artwork.

The album was released for a second time in Canada, with a different cover than the original one or the international one, using the re-sequenced tracks from the international version. The international version was re-issued in the US on MCA Records in 1985.

The song The City: War March / El Duende Agonizante / Minstrel's Lament includes a rearrangement of Mars, the Bringer of War from Gustav Holst's The Planets.

Track listing (Attic Records, Canada)

 * Side one

 * Side two

Track listing (International version)
The RCA and MCA re-sequenced track listing is as follows:

 * Side one
 * 1) "Takes Time" (Emmett, Moore, Levine) – 3:48
 * 2) "Bringing It On Home" (Emmett, Levine) – 4:35
 * 3) "Rocky Mountain Way" (Walsh, Vitale, Passarelli, Grace) – 4:04
 * 4) "Street Fighter" (Emmett, Moore) –  3:30
 * 5) "Street Fighter (Reprise)" (Emmett, Moore) –  3:02

 * Side two
 * 1) "24 Hours a Day" (Emmett) –  4:17
 * 2) "Blinding Light Show/Moonchild" (Emmett, Brockway, Young) –  8:43
 * 3) "Rock and Roll Machine" (Moore) – 6:53

Personnel

 * Rik Emmett – guitars, vocals
 * Gil Moore – drums, vocals
 * Mike Levine – bass, keyboards
 * Laurie Delgrande – keyboards
 * Mike Danna – keyboards
 * Beau David – background vocals
 * Elaine Overholt – background vocals
 * Gord Waszek – background vocals
 * Colina Phillips – background vocals
 * Rosie Levine – background vocals

Production

 * Michael Levine – producer
 * Mike Jones – engineer
 * George Semkiw – remixing
 * Doug Neil – assistant
 * Hugh Cooper – assistant
 * John Golden – digital mastering
 * Brett Zilahi – digital remastering
 * Rene Zamic – cover illustration
 * Gary Kremnitz – photography
 * Lynne Waggett – photography
 * Jim Murray – photography

title: Rock & Roll Machine


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Epicyclic gearing

An epicyclic gear train (also known as a planetary gearset) is a gear reduction assembly consisting of two gears mounted so that the center of one gear (the "planet") revolves around the center of the other (the "sun"). A carrier connects the centers of the two gears and rotates, to carry the planet gear(s) around the sun gear. The planet and sun gears mesh so that their pitch circles roll without slip. If the sun gear is held fixed, then a point on the pitch circle of the planet gear traces an epicycloid curve.

An epicyclic gear train can be assembled so the planet gear rolls on the inside of the pitch circle of an outer gear ring, or ring gear, sometimes called an annulus gear. Such an assembly of a planet engaging both a sun gear and a ring gear is called a planetary gear train. By choosing to hold one component or anotherthe planetary carrier, the ring gear, or the sun gearstationary, three different gear ratios can be realized.

Overview
Epicyclic gearing or planetary gearing is a gear system consisting of one or more outer, or planet, gears or pinions, revolving about a central sun gear or sun wheel. Typically, the planet gears are mounted on a movable arm or carrier, which itself may rotate relative to the sun gear. Epicyclic gearing systems also incorporate the use of an outer ring gear or annulus, which meshes with the planet gears. Planetary gears (or epicyclic gears) are typically classified as simple or compound planetary gears. Simple planetary gears have one sun, one ring, one carrier, and one planet set. Compound planetary gears involve one or more of the following three types of structures: meshed-planet (there are at least two more planets in mesh with each other in each planet train), stepped-planet (there exists a shaft connection between two planets in each planet train), and multi-stage structures (the system contains two or more planet sets). Compared to simple planetary gears, compound planetary gears have the advantages of larger reduction ratio, higher torque-to-weight ratio, and more flexible configurations.

The axes of all gears are usually parallel, but for special cases like pencil sharpeners and differentials, they can be placed at an angle, introducing elements of bevel gear (see below). Further, the sun, planet carrier and ring axes are usually coaxial.

Epicyclic gearing is also available which consists of a sun, a carrier, and two planets which mesh with each other. One planet meshes with the sun gear, while the second planet meshes with the ring gear. For this case, when the carrier is fixed, the ring gear rotates in the same direction as the sun gear, thus providing a reversal in direction compared to standard epicyclic gearing.

History
Around 500 BCE, the Greeks invented the idea of epicycles, of circles travelling on the circular orbits. With this theory Claudius Ptolemy in the Almagest in 148 CE was able to approximate planetary paths observed crossing the sky. The Antikythera Mechanism, circa 80 BCE, had gearing which was able to closely match the Moon's elliptical path through the heavens, and even to correct for the nine-year precession of that path. (The Greeks interpreted the motion they saw, not as elliptical, but rather as epicyclic motion.)

In the 2nd century AD treatise The Mathematical Syntaxis (a.k.a. Almagest), Claudius Ptolemy used rotating deferent and epicycles that form epicyclic gear trains to predict the motions of the planets. Accurate predictions of the movement of the Sun, Moon, and the five planets, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, across the sky assumed that each followed a trajectory traced by a point on the planet gear of an epicyclic gear train. This curve is called an epitrochoid.

Epicyclic gearing was used in the Antikythera Mechanism, circa 80 BCE, to adjust the displayed position of the Moon for the ellipticity of its orbit, and even for its orbital apsidal precession. Two facing gears were rotated around slightly different centers; one drove the other, not with meshed teeth but with a pin inserted into a slot on the second. As the slot drove the second gear, the radius of driving would change, thus invoking a speeding up and slowing down of the driven gear in each revolution.

Richard of Wallingford, an English abbot of St. Albans monastery, later described epicyclic gearing for an astronomical clock in the 14th century. In 1588, Italian military engineer Agostino Ramelli invented the bookwheel, a vertically revolving bookstand containing epicyclic gearing with two levels of planetary gears to maintain proper orientation of the books.

French mathematician and engineer Desargues designed and constructed the first mill with epicycloidal teeth c. 1650.

Requirements for non-interference
In order that the planet gear teeth mesh properly with both the sun and ring gears, assuming $$n_\text{p} $$ equally spaced planet gears, the following equation must be satisfied:

 * $$\frac{N_\text{s} + N_\text{r}}{n_\text{p}} = A$$

where

$$N_\text{s}, N_\text{r} $$ are the number of teeth of the sun gear and the ring gear, respectively and

$$n_\text{p} $$ is the number of planet gears in the assembly and

$$A$$ is a whole number

If one is to create an asymmetric carrier frame with non-equiangular planet gears, say to create some kind of mechanical vibration in the system, one must make the teething such that the above equation complies with the "imaginary gears". For example, in the case where a carrier frame is intended to contain planet gears spaced 0°, 50°, 120°, and 230°, one is to calculate as if there are actually 36 planetary gears (10° equiangular), rather than the four real ones.

Gear speed ratios of conventional epicyclic gearing
The gear ratio of an epicyclic gearing system is somewhat non-intuitive, particularly because there are several ways in which an input rotation can be converted into an output rotation. The four basic components of the epicyclic gear are:

The overall gear ratio of a simple planetary gearset can be calculated using the following two equations, representing the sun-planet and planet-ring interactions respectively:
 * Sun gear: The central gear
 * Carrier frame: Holds one or more planetary gear(s) symmetrically and separated, all meshed with the sun gear
 * Planet gear(s): Usually two to four peripheral gears, all of the same size, that mesh between the sun gear and the ring gear
 * Ring gear, Moon gear, Annulus gear, or Annular gear: An outer ring with inward-facing teeth that mesh with the planetary gear(s)

 * $$\begin{align}

N_\text{s}\,\omega_\text{s} + N_\text{p}\,\omega_\text{p} - \left( N_\text{s} + N_\text{p}\,\right)\,\omega_\text{c} &= 0 \\ N_\text{r}\,\omega_\text{r} - N_\text{p}\,\omega_\text{p} - \left( N_\text{r} - N_\text{p} \right)\,\omega_\text{c} &= 0 \end{align}$$

where

 * $$ \omega_\text{r}, \omega_\text{s}, \omega_\text{p}, \omega_\text{c} $$ are the angular velocities of the ring gear, sun gear, planetary gears, and carrier frame respectively, and $$N_\text{r}, N_\text{s}, N_\text{p} $$ are the number of teeth of the ring gear, the sun gear, and each planet gear respectively.

from which we can derive the following:

 * $$ N_\text{s}\,\omega_\text{s} + N_\text{r}\,\omega_\text{r} = ( N_\text{s} + N_\text{r})\,\omega_\text{c}$$

 * $$\omega_\text{s} = \frac{\, N_\text{s} + N_\text{r} \,}{ N_\text{s} } \,\omega_\text{c} - \frac{\, N_\text{r} \,}{ N_\text{s} }\omega_\text{r}$$

 * $$\omega_\text{r} = \frac{\, N_\text{s} + N_\text{r} \,}{ N_\text{r}}\,\omega_\text{c} - \frac{\, N_\text{s} \,}{ N_\text{r} } \,\omega_\text{s}$$

 * $$\omega_\text{c} = \frac{ N_\text{s} }{\, N_\text{s} + N_\text{r} \,}\,\omega_\text{s} + \frac{ N_\text{r} }{\, N_\text{s} + N_\text{r} \,} \, \omega_\text{r} $$

and

 * $$-\frac{\, N_\text{r} \,}{ N_\text{s} } = \frac{\, \omega_\text{s} - \omega_\text{c} \,}{ \omega_\text{r} - \omega_\text{c} }$$

only if $$\omega_\text{r} \neq \omega_\text{c} ~.$$ In many epicyclic gearing systems, one of these three basic components is held stationary (hence set $$\omega_\text{...} = 0$$ for whichever gear is stationary); one of the two remaining components is an input, providing power to the system, while the last component is an output, receiving power from the system. The ratio of input rotation to output rotation is dependent upon the number of teeth in each of the gears, and upon which component is held stationary.

Alternatively, in the special case where the number of teeth on each gear meets the relationship $$\, N_\text{r} = N_\text{s} + 2 \, N_\text{p} \;,$$ the equation can be re-written as the following:

 * $$n\,\omega_\text{s} + (2 + n)\,\omega_\text{r} - 2(1 + n)\,\omega_\text{c} = 0$$

where

 * $$n = \tfrac{\, N_\text{s} \,}{ N_\text{p} } \;$$ is the sun-to-planet gear ratio.

These relationships can be used to analyze any epicyclic system, including those, such as hybrid vehicle transmissions, where two of the components are used as inputs with the third providing output relative to the two inputs.

In one arrangement, the planetary carrier (green in the diagram above) is held stationary, and the sun gear (yellow) is used as input. In that case, the planetary gears simply rotate about their own axes (i.e., spin) at a rate determined by the number of teeth in each gear. If the sun gear has $$\, N_\text{s} \,$$ teeth, and each planet gear has $$\, N_\text{p} \,$$ teeth, then the ratio is equal to $$-\tfrac{\, N_\text{s} \,}{ N_\text{p} }\;.$$ For instance, if the sun gear has 24 teeth, and each planet has 16 teeth, then the ratio is $− 24⁄16$, or $− 3⁄2$; this means that one clockwise turn of the sun gear produces 1.5 counterclockwise turns of each of the planet gear(s) about its axis.

Rotation of the planet gears can in turn drive the ring gear (not depicted in diagram), at a speed corresponding to the gear ratios: If the ring gear has $$\, N_\text{r} \,$$ teeth, then the ring will rotate by $$\, \tfrac{\, N_\text{p} \,}{N_\text{r} } \,$$ turns for each turn of the planetary gears. For instance, if the ring gear has 64 teeth, and the planets 16 teeth, one clockwise turn of a planet gear results in $3⁄2$, or $− 24⁄16$ clockwise turns of the ring gear. Extending this case from the one above:

 * One turn of the sun gear results in $$\, -\tfrac{\, N_\text{s} \,}{ N_\text{p} } \,$$ turns of the planets
 * One turn of a planet gear results in $$\, \tfrac{\, N_\text{p} \,}{ N_\text{r} }\,$$ turns of the ring gear

So, with the planetary carrier locked, one turn of the sun gear results in $$\; -\tfrac{\, N_\text{s} \,}{ N_\text{r} } \;$$ turns of the ring gear.

The ring gear may also be held fixed, with input provided to the planetary gear carrier; output rotation is then produced from the sun gear. This configuration will produce an increase in gear ratio, equal to $$\; 1 + \tfrac{\, N_\text{r} \,}{ N_\text{s} } = \tfrac{\, N_\text{s} + N_\text{r} \,}{ N_\text{s} } ~.$$

If the ring gear is held stationary and the sun gear is used as the input, the planet carrier will be the output. The gear ratio in this case will be $$\,1/\left( 1 + \tfrac{\, N_\text{r} \,}{ N_\text{s} }\right) = \tfrac{ N_\text{s} }{\, N_\text{s} + N_\text{r} \,} \; ,$$ which may also be written as $$\; N_\text{s} : N_\text{s} +N_\text{r} ~.$$ This is the lowest gear ratio attainable with an epicyclic gear train. This type of gearing is sometimes used in tractors and construction equipment to provide high torque to the drive wheels.

In bicycle hub gears, the sun is usually stationary, being keyed to the axle or even machined directly onto it. The planetary gear carrier is used as input. In this case the gear ratio is simply given by $$\tfrac{\, N_\text{s} + N_\text{r} \,}{ N_\text{r} } ~.$$ The number of teeth in the planet gear is irrelevant.

Accelerations of standard epicyclic gearing
From the above formulae, we can also derive the accelerations of the sun, ring and carrier, which are:

 * $$\alpha_\text{s} = \frac{\text{N}_\text{s} + \text{N}_\text{r}}{\text{N}_\text{s}} \alpha_\text{c} - \frac{\text{N}_\text{r} }{\text{N}_\text{s}}\alpha_\text{r}$$

 * $$\alpha_\text{r} = \frac{\text{N}_\text{s} + \text{N}_\text{r}}{\text{N}_\text{r}}\alpha_\text{c} - \frac{\text{N}_\text{s}}{\text{N}_\text{r}} \alpha_\text{s}$$

 * $$\alpha_\text{c} =  \frac{\text{N}_\text{s}} {\text{N}_\text{s} + \text{N}_\text{r}}\alpha_\text{s} + \frac{\text{N}_\text{r}}{\text{N}_\text{s} + \text{N}_\text{r}} \alpha_\text{r} $$

Torque ratios of standard epicyclic gearing
In epicyclic gears, two speeds must be known, in order to determine the third speed. However, in a steady state condition, only one torque must be known, in order to determine the other two torques. The equations which determine torque are:
 * $$\tau_r = \tau_s \frac{N_r} {N_s}$$
 * $$\tau_r = -\tau_c \frac{N_r} {N_r + N_s}$$
 * $$\tau_c = -\tau_r \frac{N_r + N_s} {N_r}$$
 * $$\tau_c = -\tau_s \frac{N_r + N_s} {N_s}$$
 * $$\tau_s = \tau_r \frac{N_s} {N_r}$$
 * $$\tau_s = -\tau_c \frac{N_s} {N_r + N_s} $$

where: $$\tau_r$$ — Torque of ring (annulus), $$\tau_s$$ — Torque of sun, $$\tau_c$$— Torque of carrier. For all three, these are the torques applied to the mechanism (input torques). Output torques have the reverse sign of input torques. These torque ratios can be derived using the law of conservation of energy. Applied to a single stage this equation is expressed as:
 * $$\tau_r \omega_r + \tau_c \omega_c + \tau_s \omega_s = 0$$

In the cases where gears are accelerating, or to account for friction, these equations must be modified.

Fixed carrier train ratio
A convenient approach to determine the various speed ratios available in a planetary gear train begins by considering the speed ratio of the gear train when the carrier is held fixed. This is known as the fixed carrier train ratio.

In the case of a simple planetary gear train formed by a carrier supporting a planet gear engaged with a sun and ring gear, the fixed carrier train ratio is computed as the speed ratio of the gear train formed by the sun, planet and ring gears on the fixed carrier. This is given by

 * $$R= \frac{\omega_s}{\omega_r}=-\frac{N_r}{N_s}.$$

In this calculation the planet gear is an idler gear.

The fundamental formula of the planetary gear train with a rotating carrier is obtained by recognizing that this formula remains true if the angular velocities of the sun, planet and ring gears are computed relative to the carrier angular velocity. This becomes,
 * $$R= \frac{\omega_s-\omega_c}{\omega_r-\omega_c}.$$

This formula provides a simple way to determine the speed ratios for the simple planetary gear train under different conditions:

1. The carrier is held fixed, ωc=0,
 * $$ \frac{\omega_s}{\omega_r}=R,\quad \mbox{so} \quad \frac{\omega_s}{\omega_r}= -\frac{N_r}{N_s}.$$

2. The ring gear is held fixed, ωr=0,
 * $$ \frac{\omega_s-\omega_c}{-\omega_c}=R, \quad \mbox{or}\quad \frac{\omega_s}{\omega_c}=1-R,\quad \mbox{so}\quad \frac{\omega_s}{\omega_c}= 1+\frac{N_r}{N_s}.$$

3. The sun gear is held fixed, ωs=0,
 * $$ \frac{-\omega_c}{\omega_r-\omega_c}=R,\quad \mbox{or} \quad \frac{\omega_r}{\omega_c}=1-\frac{1}{R},\quad\mbox{so}\quad \frac{\omega_r}{\omega_c}=1+\frac{N_s}{N_r}.$$

Each of the speed ratios available to a simple planetary gear train can be obtained by using band brakes to hold and release the carrier, sun or ring gears as needed. This provides the basic structure for an automatic transmission.

Spur gear differential
A spur gear differential is constructed from two identical coaxial epicyclic gear trains assembled with a single carrier such that their planet gears are engaged. This forms a planetary gear train with a fixed carrier train ratio R = −1.

In this case, the fundamental formula for the planetary gear train yields,

 * $$\frac{\omega_s-\omega_c}{\omega_r-\omega_c}=-1,$$

or

 * $$ \omega_c = \frac{1}{2}(\omega_s + \omega_r).$$

Thus, the angular velocity of the carrier of a spur gear differential is the average of the angular velocities of the sun and ring gears.

In discussing the spur gear differential, the use of the term ring gear is a convenient way to distinguish the sun gears of the two epicyclic gear trains. Ring gears are normally fixed in most applications as this arrangement will have a good reduction capacity. The second sun gear serves the same purpose as the ring gear of a simple planetary gear train but clearly does not have the internal gear mate that is typical of a ring gear.

Gear ratio of reversed epicyclic gearing
Some epicyclic gear trains employ two planetary gears which mesh with each other. One of these planets meshes with the sun gear, the other planet meshes with the ring gear. This results in different ratios being generated by the planetary and also causes the sun gear to rotate in the same direction as the ring gear when the planet carrier is the stationary. The fundamental equation becomes:

 * $$(R - 1) \omega_\text{c} = R \omega_\text{r} - \omega_\text{s}$$

where $$R = - N_\text{r}/N_\text{s}$$

which results in:

 * $$ \omega_\text{r} = \omega_\text{s}(1/R) $$ when the carrier is locked,

 * $$ \omega_\text{r} = \omega_\text{c} (R - 1)/R $$ when the sun is locked,

 * $$ \omega_\text{s} = -\omega_\text{c} (R-1) $$ when the ring gear is locked.

Compound planetary gears
"Compound planetary gear" is a general concept and it refers to any planetary gears involving one or more of the following three types of structures: meshed-planet (there are at least two or more planets in mesh with each other in each planet train), stepped-planet (there exists a shaft connection between two planets in each planet train), and multi-stage structures (the system contains two or more planet sets).

Some designs use "stepped-planet" which have two differently-sized gears on either end of a common shaft. The small end engages the sun, while the large end engages the ring gear. This may be necessary to achieve smaller step changes in gear ratio when the overall package size is limited. Compound planets have "timing marks" (or "relative gear mesh phase" in technical term). The assembly conditions of compound planetary gears are more restrictive than simple planetary gears, and they must be assembled in the correct initial orientation relative to each other, or their teeth will not simultaneously engage the sun and ring gear at opposite ends of the planet, leading to very rough running and short life. In 2015, a traction based variant of the "stepped-planet" design was developed at the Delft University of Technology, which relies on compression of the stepped planet elements to achieve torque transmission. The use of traction elements eliminates the need to "timing marks" as well as the restrictive assembly conditions as typically found. Compound planetary gears can easily achieve larger transmission ratio with equal or smaller volume. For example, compound planets with teeth in a 2:1 ratio with a 50T ring gear would give the same effect as a 100T ring gear, but with half the actual diameter.

More planet and sun gear units can be placed in series in the same housing (where the output shaft of the first stage becomes the input shaft of the next stage) providing a larger (or smaller) gear ratio. This is the way most automatic transmissions work. In some cases multiple stages may even share the same ring gear which can be extended down the length of the transmission, or even be a structural part of the casing of smaller gearboxes.

During World War II, a special variation of epicyclic gearing was developed for portable radar gear, where a very high reduction ratio in a small package was needed. This had two outer ring gears, each half the thickness of the other gears. One of these two ring gears was held fixed and had one tooth fewer than did the other. Therefore, several turns of the "sun" gear made the "planet" gears complete a single revolution, which in turn made the rotating ring gear rotate by a single tooth like a cycloidal drive.

Power splitting
More than one member of a system can serve as an output. As an example, the input is connected to the ring gear, the sun gear is connected to the output and the planet carrier is connected to the output through a torque converter. Idler gears are used between sun gear and the planets to cause the sun gear to rotate in the same direction as the ring gear when the planet carrier is stationary. At low input speed, because of the load on the output, the sun will be stationary and the planet carrier will rotate in the direction of the ring gear. Given a high enough load, the turbine of the torque converter will remain stationary, the energy will be dissipated and the torque converter pump will slip. If the input speed is increased to overcome the load the converter turbine will turn the output shaft. Because the torque converter itself is a load on the planet carrier, a force will be exerted on the sun gear. Both the planet carrier and the sun gear extract energy from the system and apply it to the output shaft.

Advantages

Planetary gear trains provide high power density in comparison to standard parallel axis gear trains. They provide a reduction in volume, multiple kinematic combinations, purely torsional reactions, and coaxial shafting. Disadvantages include high bearing loads, constant lubrication requirements, inaccessibility, and design complexity.

The efficiency loss in a planetary gear train is typically about 3% per stage. This type of efficiency ensures that a high proportion (about 97%) of the energy being input is transmitted through the gearbox, rather than being wasted on mechanical losses inside the gearbox.

The load in a planetary gear train is shared among multiple planets; therefore, torque capability is greatly increased. The more planets in the system, the greater the load ability and the higher the torque density.

The planetary gear train also provides stability due to an even distribution of mass and increased rotational stiffness. Torque applied radially onto the gears of a planetary gear train is transferred radially by the gear, without lateral pressure on the gear teeth.

In a typical application, the drive power connects to the sun gear. The sun gear then drives the planetary gears assembled with the external gear ring to operate. The whole set of planetary gear system revolves on its own axis and along the external gear ring where the output shaft connected to the planetary carrier achieves the goal of speed reduction. A higher reduction ratio can be achieved by doubling the multiple staged gears and planetary gears which can operate within the same ring gear.

The method of motion of a planetary gear structure is different from traditional parallel gears. Traditional gears rely on a small number of contact points between two gears to transfer the driving force. In this case, all the loading is concentrated on a few contacting surfaces, making the gears wear quickly and sometimes crack. But the planetary speed reducer has multiple gear contacting surfaces with a larger area that can distribute the loading evenly around the central axis. Multiple gear surfaces share the load, including any instantaneous impact loading, evenly, which makes them more resistant to damage from higher torque. The housing and bearing parts are also less likely to be damaged from high loading as only the planet carrier bearings experience significant lateral force from the transmission of torque, radial forces oppose each other and are balanced, and axial forces only arise when using helical gears.

3D printing
Planetary gears have become popular in 3D printing for a few different reasons. Planetary gear boxes can provide a large gear ratio in a small, light-weight package. Some people install such gearboxes to get more accurate 3D prints by gearing-down the movement of their stepper motors.

A geared-down motor must turn farther and faster in order to produce the same output movement in the 3D printer which is advantageous if it is not outweighed by the slower movement speed. If the stepper motor has to turn farther then it also has to take more steps to move the printer a given distance; therefore, the geared-down stepper motor has a smaller minimum step-size than the same stepper motor without a gearbox. While down-gearing improves precision in unidirectional motion, it adds backlash to the system and so reduces its absolute positioning accuracy.

One popular use of 3D printed planetary gear systems is as toys for children. Since herringbone gears are easy to 3D print, it has become very popular to 3D print a moving herringbone planetary gear system for teaching children how gears work. An advantage of herringbone gears is that they don't fall out of the ring and don't need a mounting plate, allowing the moving parts to be clearly seen.

title: Epicyclic gearing


text:
Just a Game (album)

Just a Game is the third studio album by Canadian hard rock band Triumph, released in 1979. The album contains one of Triumph's most popular songs on FM album-oriented radio, "Lay it on the Line", and the Top 40 hit "Hold On", which peaked at No. 38 on the Billboard Hot 100 and at No. 33 in Canada.

Artwork
The vinyl LP version of the album featured a sleeve that folded open to reveal a board game (though later pressings just contained a regular vinyl sleeve without this). According to a Rockline interview, the board game was Rik Emmett's idea, but Mike Levine was the one who actually designed it and decided to make it impossible to win.

The front cover of the album revealed a futuristic world where every symbol depicts a song featured on the album.

Critical reception
The Globe and Mail wrote that, "as Rush has become bogged down in a sea of pretention, Triumph has stuck to the basics and honed its heavy-metal drone to a steely edge."

Vinyl release
Side 1 Side 2
 * 1) "Movin' On" (Moore) – 4:07
 * 2) "Lay It on the Line" (Emmett) – 4:02
 * 3) "Young Enough to Cry" (Moore) – 6:03
 * 4) "American Girls" (Moore) – 5:01
 * 1) "Just a Game" (Emmett) – 6:13
 * 2) "Fantasy Serenade" (Emmett) – 1:39
 * 3) "Hold On" (Emmett) – 6:04
 * 4) "Suitcase Blues" (Emmett) – 3:01

Cassette release

 * 1) "Movin' On" (Moore) – 4:07
 * 2) "Young Enough to Cry" (Moore) – 6:03
 * 3) "American Girls" (Moore) – 5:01
 * 4) "Lay It on the Line" (Emmett) – 4:02
 * 5) "Suitcase Blues" (Emmett) – 3:01
 * 6) "Just a Game" (Emmett) – 6:13
 * 7) "Fantasy Serenade" (Emmett) – 1:39
 * 8) "Hold On" (Emmett) – 6:04

CD release

 * 1) "Movin' On" (Moore) – 4:07
 * 2) "Lay It on the Line" (Emmett) – 4:02
 * 3) "Young Enough to Cry" (Moore) – 6:03
 * 4) "American Girls" (Moore) – 5:01
 * 5) "Just a Game" (Emmett) – 6:13
 * 6) "Fantasy Serenade" (Emmett) – 1:39
 * 7) "Hold On" (Emmett) – 6:04
 * 8) "Suitcase Blues" (Emmett) – 3:01

Personnel

 * Rik Emmett – guitars, vocals
 * Gil Moore – drums, vocals
 * Mike Levine – bass, keyboards
 * Laurie Delgrande – keyboards
 * Mike Danna – keyboards
 * Beau David – background vocals
 * Elaine Overholt – background vocals
 * Gord Waszek – background vocals
 * Colina Phillips – background vocals
 * Rosie Levine – background vocals

Production

 * Michael Levine – producer
 * Mike Jones – engineer
 * Doug Neil – assistant
 * George Semkiw – remixing
 * Hugh Cooper – assistant
 * John Golden – digital mastering
 * Brett Zilahi – digital re mastering
 * Rene Zamic – cover illustration
 * Gary Kremnitz – photography
 * Lynne Waggett – photography
 * Jim Murray – photography

title: Just a Game (album)


text:
James L. Miller Sr.

James L. Miller Sr. (1897–1989) was an immigrant to the United States who immigrated at the age of 3 in 1901. He served in World War I and later worked as a reporter for The Kansas City Star and Kansas City Times, in Kansas City, Missouri.

He purchased the Washington Missourian newspaper in 1937 and started the Missourian Publishing company, in Washington, Missouri.

James L. Miller Sr. was inducted into the Missouri Press Association's Hall of Fame in 1991 along with Joseph Pulitzer founder of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, William Rockhill Nelson founder of the Kansas City Star, and Joseph Charless founder of The Missouri Gazette. He received the National Newspaper Association James O. Amos Award for distinguished service and leadership in 2003.

His family now resides in Missouri and still owns the Washington Missourian newspaper.

title: James L. Miller Sr.


text:
User:Chris 73/Work

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title: User:Chris 73/Work


text:
Te Uru Rākau

Te Uru Rākau – New Zealand Forest Service is the agency within the Ministry for Primary Industries that is responsible for the New Zealand forestry sector. It is headquartered in Rotorua.

It was re-established in 2018 after previously existing from 1919 to 1987.

History
The New Zealand Forest Service was originally established in 1919 as the State Forest Service. The State Forest Service changed its name to the New Zealand Forest Service in 1949, at about the same time that the Forests Act of 1949 passed through Parliament.

The New Zealand Forest Service was responsible for the management of New Zealand's state-owned forests, including forestry, conservation and recreational functions, and was abolished in 1987. The Ministry of Forestry was the government agency responsible for forestry policy until its merger with the Ministry of Agriculture (into the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry) in 1998. That ministry became part of the Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) in 2012.

Te Uru Rākau – New Zealand Forest Service was established as a business unit within MPI in May 2018.

Abolition
The New Zealand Forest Service was abolished in 1987.

Special Areas Responsibility for the Crown's production forests on the West Coast operation passed onto Timberlands West Coast Limited in 1990.
 * Its environmental and conservation functions were taken over by the newly established Department of Conservation.
 * The logging operation and associated land was passed into the Forestry Corporation of New Zealand.
 * The policy advice, biosecurity functions and remaining Crown forests on leased Māori land passed to the Ministry of Agriculture, later merged into the Ministry for Primary Industries.
 * The logging operations and some land was sold, or leased to private logging companies in what were described as Crown Forest licences, under the management of Land Information New Zealand (LINZ).
 * The New Zealand Forest Research Institute remained as a new state-owned institute, later re-branded as Scion (Crown Research Institute)

Crown Forests
In 1987 the NZ Forest Service was disbanded and the New Zealand Government began selling Forest assets. The majority of forests were sold between 1990 and 1992, with the SOE Forestry Corporation of New Zealand sold in 1996.

In order to offset against future Waitangi Tribunal Claims the Crown (public/government) retained ownership of the land, and sold a licence to fell the trees to a commercially operated forestry company. These forestry companies operated under what is known as Crown Forest Licences. The Crown Forestry Rental Trust works to expedite the settlement of Māori claims against the Crown, which involve or could involve Crown forest licensed lands.

Recreation provisions in Crown Forest Licences
Crown licensed forests contain limited recreational access, to reflect the historic public access in New Zealand forests and the continued Crown ownership. It is a commonly held belief in New Zealand that all Crown Forests are open to the public for any recreation. The Crown Forest Licences usually only provide for public access for walkers.

Recreational access may be provided for through Section 7, Public Access Easements or Appendices which set out "Continuing Recreational Use" for organisations (clubs) within the control of the Licensee (and with the ability for the licensee to charge for use). In practice, the licensed tree harvesting companies frequently breach these contracts, and LINZ does little or nothing to enforce the licence conditions on behalf of the public, nor rectify these breaches.

Anyone can obtain a copy of a Crown Forest Licence from LINZ. On each licence, Section 6 sets out the conditions for Public Entry.

Waiuku Forest
In 1966, the Crown entered into a 100-year mining licence with New Zealand Steel to extract iron sand. Trees are cleared before mining can start so a large area of the forest is not planted and is unavailable for public access. Once mining is complete over an area, mine tailings are re-spread and the area replanted. One of the last remaining Crown Forests, Waiuku offers a wide range of free recreational opportunities to the Auckland, and Waikato communities.

Relaunch
The New Zealand Forest Service was relaunched by the Labour–NZ First Coalition Government as Te Uru Rākau on 11 May 2018.

title: Te Uru Rākau


text:
Talk:LimeWire

Legality
Limewire is illegal. —Preceding unsigned comment added by AndrewOne (talk • contribs) 20:12, 13 June 2010 (UTC)

 * No. Haakon (talk) 20:16, 13 June 2010 (UTC)

Well, yes actually. You can download music for free, and that is considered illegal. But, if you download a song from a place such as LimeWire, you can keep it on your computer for only 24 hours before it is considered illegal. And during those 24 hours, you cannot burn it to CD, save it somewhere else, etc. You can only listen to it. I asked my aunt and uncle this (As the recently graduated from law school) and they confirmed what I said. 66.60.210.32 (talk) 11:10, 30 September 2010 (UTC)

 * LimeWire itself is not illegal. It is only a tool that can potentially be used to download illegal files. If the software were to be called illegal because it can be used for illegal purposes, Microsoft could be sued because their Internet Explorer can be used to find descriptions on how to build bombs on the Internet (to do a terrorist attack, for example), or because their Outlook is most probably used by terrorists to coordinate their bombings. Also, skype is most certainly illegal under this definition, because it allows to phone someone and to do illegal business with him. BTW, if you go only a bit further, this definition allows you to outlaw the entire internet...
 * mfg, OldDeath - 15:04, 30 September 2010 (UTC)
 * In the United States, yes, it is illegal, even if the program can be used illegally legally. It has been since the ruling against Grokster in 2005. The same doesn't apply in Canada and a few other European countries, however. Eric Leb 01 (Page | Talk)  22:50, 26 October 2010 (UTC)
 * You certainly meant "[...]even if the program can be used legally."...? Keep in mind this is only the case if the main purpose of the program is an illegal action, which was the case for LimeWire, as it has (for example) iTunes library integration (and automatic sharing?). This is not the case for most other P2P applications, like Shareaza for example.
 * mfg, OldDeath - 23:23, 26 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Hehe, yeah, that's what I meant. And yeah, I see what you mean (I read the Reuters story wrong; they're saying what you're saying). Limewire was made almost solely to facilitate copyright infringement, and therefore it was forced to shut down. My mistake. Eric Leb 01 (Page | Talk)  23:34, 26 October 2010 (UTC)

The judges ruling is INSANE as aswell as not legal. Where is the restraining order to stop every computer from being able to have illegal software copied to it? or one stopping DVD recorders etc etc, when they are obviously designed to breach the copyright of shows broad casted etc. They where picked out because they dont have the money to fight it like SONY, IBM Etc would.27.33.106.251 (talk) 13:03, 4 February 2011 (UTC)
 * That's certainly true. Those who develop open source filesharing clients are certainly a good target to sue, as they generally don't have the money and strength to withstand a legal battle...
 * mfg, OldDeath - 14:53, 6 February 2011 (UTC)

Shut Down
http://torrentfreak.com/limewire-loses-court-battle-with-riaa-shuts-down-101026/ - .:. Jigsy .:. (talk) 21:54, 26 October 2010 (UTC)

As far as I am aware Limewire has been shut down. However, when I was going to edit the first sentence of the article from 'is' to 'was' I saw a comment line telling me explicitly not to. But Limewire is defunct and the article should say so. If no-one comments on this in a week or so I will make that change anyway.  Smokey TheCat  13:55, 8 March 2011 (UTC)
 * See Windows 95. OS is discontinued, yet the article uses the present tense in the article because the program still exists. The same logic applies to Limewire; you can still download it to this day, regardless of the fact that it has been "shut down" by the courts. WireShare, also known as the "pirate edition" continues to live as a spin-off as well. Eric Leb 01 (Page | Talk)  18:22, 8 March 2011 (UTC)

Expansion
I may decide to help expand this article sometime this or next week. Anyone up for the challenge? Eric Leb 01 (Page | Talk)  02:22, 27 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Lol, maybe you should wait some days until the spamming avalanche has stopped...
 * Most probably, there will be a clean version without the shutdown switch until then, which could be named within the article.
 * mfg, OldDeath - 12:37, 27 October 2010 (UTC)

Edit request from Jisjames007, 27 October 2010
Lime Wire has been permanently shut down. Jisjames007 (talk) 23:28, 27 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: See Limewire. Eric Leb 01 (Page | Talk)  23:45, 27 October 2010 (UTC)

Past Tense?
The software is pretty much useless, since access to the servers from Limewire is blocked. Maybe someone should convert the article to past tense? 99.74.73.107 (talk) 12:01, 28 October 2010 (UTC)
 * First of all, there are no "servers from LimeWire", as LimeWire is an application operating on a distributed network (P2P network). Second, (AFAIK) there are workarounds for the client not working, as the client is open source and everyone can compile the code without the parts that do block the program ATM. mfg, OldDeath - 14:36, 28 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Any proof of this being done yet? besides Frostwire, have you heard of anyone being able to work around whatever Limewire is blocking? 99.74.73.107 (talk) 02:11, 29 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I've seen someone on IRC yesterday, claiming he had already found and removed the problematic code passages. But... sorry, I can't recall on which channel/server, as I am online on a lot of channels on half a dozen different IRC servers.
 * mfg, OldDeath - 11:29, 29 October 2010 (UTC)

Older versions of LimeWire still fully functional
Reference: http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2371462,00.asp

Versions of LimeWire prior to V5.5.10 can still connect to the Gnutella network and users of these versions are still able to download files, even though a message is displayed concerning the injunction during the startup process of the software. LimeWire versions 5.5.10 and newer feature a "toxic" backdoor included by LimeWire Inc. that allowed LimeWire Inc. to disable the newer versions of the LimeWire software. Older versions of LimeWire prior to version 5.5.10 however do not include this "toxic" backdoor and are still fully functional.

Due to the original architecture of LimeWire prior to version 5.5.10, the RIAA nor LimeWire Inc. have the ability to disable older versions of LimeWire, unless a LimeWire user chooses to upgrade to a version of LimeWire that is 5.5.10 or newer.
 * Hence why my Limewire still functions. Eh, I'm still changing to Frostwire. Eric Leb 01 (Page | Talk)  23:34, 28 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done Added to article. Thanks, Stickee (talk)  23:40, 28 October 2010 (UTC)

Doesn't seem to be working with older versions on my mac. Could it be different for PC's? 99.74.73.107 (talk) 02:13, 29 October 2010 (UTC)

Might be that you're running a newer version of LimeWire on your Mac. Try installing an older version of LimeWire and that should do the trick. There have been many posts around the Net and from a large number of reputable news sources regarding older versions of LimeWire still working perfectly (although the annoying message about the injunction appears). I installed an older version of LimeWire myself (V5.4.6) on my PC and yes, the message about the injunction still appears, but I'm still able to search and download without any difficulties. So again, simply try installing an older Mac version of LimeWire and that should fix the problem. —Preceding unsigned comment added by PWilson3210 (talk • contribs) 04:12, 29 October 2010 (UTC)

This is untrue, you should try it for yourself. I have downloaded 8 older versions and none of them have connected. ForNarniaAndForAslan (talk) 23:22, 7 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Your connection problem is unrelated to the remote controls. Go to the FrostWire forums for instructions on getting and installing a fresh gnutella.net host cache to solve that problem. Aaron Walkhouse (talk) 03:47, 9 November 2010 (UTC)

I downloaded 5.5.7, and it is NOT working. I did not have 5.5.11+ on my computer. As to how far back you must go, I am not sure, but I do know that 5.5.7 is deactivated. 12.41.204.3 (talk) 23:23, 29 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Yeah, right. I just installed LimeWire PRO 4.12.3 on my computer and it won't even start. So how about the older versions working properly. Could it be that I am using Windows 7? 82.141.72.152 (talk) 13:56, 23 December 2010 (UTC)

Add to introduction
The above already appears at the top of the article: On October 26, 2010, Judge Kimba Wood, a US federal court judge, issued an injunction forcing LimeWire to prevent "the searching, downloading, uploading, file trading and/or file distribution functionality, and/or all functionality" of its software.[3][4] A trial investigating the damages necessary to compensate the affected record labels is scheduled to begin in January 2011.[5]

I believe the following is also very relevant to point out at the very beginning of the article rather than in the middle of the article, either before the above paragraph or just after the above paragraph: As of October 26, 2010, versions of LimeWire including V5.5.10 and newer have been disabled by LimeWire Inc using a backdoor installed by the company into newer versions of the software. However, all versions of LimeWire prior to V5.5.10 are still fully functional and cannot be disabled unless a user upgrades to one of the newer versions. References: http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2371670,00.asp and http://www.gnutellaforums.com/windows/97241-lw-still-works-fine-version-5-5-10-but-do-not-attempt-use-later-version.html

 * Yes check.svg Done Thanks. I tweaked your sentence a little and switched your forum source (as they are not WP:RS) with another PC Mag source. I also made a few changes to the article itself. Eric Leb 01 (Page | Talk)  01:35, 30 October 2010 (UTC)

Change "stable release" version to V5.5.8, newer versions no longer working/stable
Versions of LimeWire including V5.5.10 and later are no longer "stable releases" since these versions have now been disabled by a backdoor built into the newer versions of the software and newer versions no longer work. Therefore, since these versions are no longer working and as such are not "stable releases", shouldn't the article be changed to reflect V5.5.8 as the latest "stable release"?

Please note that the "stable release" version should be changed both at the top of the article where the "stable release" version is listed, AND also under the "versions" section of the article. In the "versions" section, "The most recent stable version of LimeWire is 5.5.16." should be changed to, "The most recent stable version of LimeWire is 5.5.8 and any versions of LimeWire past V5.5.8 have been disabled by LimeWire Inc and are no longer working." —Preceding unsigned comment added by PWilson3210 (talk • contribs) 02:36, 30 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: We are not the ones to decide whether a software version is stable or not, regardless of its status. Eric Leb 01 (Page | Talk)  02:47, 30 October 2010 (UTC)

Limewire version
On the wiki it says version 5.5.10 and newer cannot download, however I have version 5.5.6 and i cannot download. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.222.66.111 (talk) 08:13, 30 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Try an earlier version (my 4.9 worked fine). We're just relaying what sources say. Eric Leb 01 (Page | Talk)  15:41, 30 October 2010 (UTC)
 * My version 5.5.8 has not been able to connect for the last couple of days. Has it been disabled?  Smokey TheCat  07:16, 19 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Unsure (I've moved on to Frostwire). If a reliable source says so, then it may be. Eric Leb 01 (Page | Talk)  04:33, 23 December 2010 (UTC)
 * As I stated above, LimeWire PRO 4.12.3 won't even start on Windows 7. 82.141.72.152 (talk) 13:58, 23 December 2010 (UTC)

Hey everyone, whoever has access needs to write that limewire got shut down.
It made the news, its official, theyre gone —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.185.95.173 (talk) 22:17, 2 November 2010 (UTC)
 * "LimeWire 5.5.11 and newer have been disabled" =/= "LimeWire has been disabled". Eric Leb 01 (Page | Talk)  00:53, 3 November 2010 (UTC)

Beancrisps posts
As Beancrisps posts are reverted without notice (I mean without useful comment on the reason), I thought I might post it here (under a new topic) for further discussion. :) My reply: If it hadn't broken a law, it wouldn't have been banned. However, I don't think the law it broke is right to exist, as this structure of laws has been created especially for those who oppose P2P/file sharing most: the media content industry...
 * I challenge anyone to name one law that Limewire broke. Beancrisp (talk) 23:06, 5 November 2010 (UTC)
 * mfg, OldDeath - 12:30, 6 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia articles are limited to reporting material from reliable published sources. I am not a legal expert, and even if I were, it would still be up to the courts to make rulings on the legality of Limewire.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦  (talk to me) 12:39, 6 November 2010 (UTC)

I do not recognize the decisions of rogue judges.Beancrisp (talk) 15:08, 6 November 2010 (UTC)

Beancrisp's post were reverted by Ian for WP:NOTAFORUM, and this reflects the edit summary. Bean continued to re-post these, hence why they were reverted again by him and by me. I didn't notice the difference in his final comment, though, which I suppose was an acceptable query. Eric Leb 01 (Page | Talk)  16:27, 6 November 2010 (UTC)

 * The situation currently facing LimeWire is very similar to the one faced by Mininova in 2009 and AllOfMP3 in 2008. Unlike Louis L. Stanton's ruling in Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc., Judge Kimba Wood decided that LimeWire had a model based on copyright infringement. Since it is not the job of Wikipedia to decide what is legal, the article can only report on what the sources say.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦  (talk to me) 17:26, 6 November 2010 (UTC)

Edit request from ForNarniaAndForAslan, 7 November 2010
If you download previous versions of LimeWire you will not be able to bypass the court ordered injunction.

"However, version 5.5.10 and all prior versions of LimeWire remain fully functional and cannot be disabled unless a user upgrades to one of the newer versions.[6][7]"

This statement is proven false easily by downloading 5.5.10 client and/or any previous earlier versions, and the references provided don't pertain to the statement. ForNarniaAndForAslan (talk) 23:20, 7 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done:. The sources do reflect the statements. "On Tuesday, a federal judge ordered that Lime Wire LLC shut off the LimeWire client from Gnutella, a decentralized peer-to-peer network. Lime Wire blocked access by covertly installing a centralized "kill switch" into recent versions of the LimeWire client. Other alternatives to LimeWire remain, however, including older versions that lack the kill switch." "With versions 5.5.10, released in June, Lime Wire added automatic updates, with a key stipulation; if an update is available and the user chooses to ignore it, the LimeWire client cannot be opened, the source said."

 * We would need a source to verify your claim as well. Eric Leb 01 (Page | Talk)  00:05, 8 November 2010 (UTC)

Limewire Pirate Edition is released
According to Slashdot.org, the Limewire development team has released an updated Limewire client to the open source community. It is based on the 5.6 Beta.

http://yro.slashdot.org/story/10/11/09/042242/LimeWire-Lives-Again

14:07, 9 November 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jfdavis668 (talk • contribs)

 * http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2010/11/horde-of-piratical-monkeys-resurrects-limewire-pirate-edition.ars 110.175.254.120 (talk) 03:15, 10 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Created Limewire pirate edition --DrDan21 (talk) 02:43, 11 November 2010 (UTC)

 * RIAA wants revived LimeWire dead and buried This is on CNET today.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦  (talk to me) 16:26, 19 November 2010 (UTC)

 * This makes the pirate edition very notable for inclusion. If we get more information, I'll probably write a short section. Eric Leb 01 (Page | Talk)  03:01, 20 November 2010 (UTC)

LimeWire is copyrighted now due to hackers
http://download.limewire.com/injunction/Injunction.pdf proof --Strangeowl1948 (talk) 10:37, 23 May 2011 (UTC)

 * No, it's not. Injunctions can only apply to specific parties, not the general public. That October 2010 injunction has nothing to do with "hackers" or their new versions and only applies to people involved with Lime Wire LLC, Lime Group, Greg Bildson and Mark Gorton to stop them from making or distributing P2P software. This one was negotiated, stipulated and ordered before "LimeWire Pirate Edition" made it's first appearance so is no proof of copyright preventing future actions by unidentified people. It would be impossible to use against anybody unless they were first found and then identified as those two people  or working for those companies and then only if proven they did anything forbidden by the injunction.

 * The software itself is licensed under the open source "copyleft" (GNU General Public License Version 2) which still applies and cannot be revoked retroactively by anyone. GPLv2's main purpose is to keep software free and open so it will be legally impossible to outlaw future versions that other people may create and also impossible for anyone to turn it into a closed-source product or switch to a different or more restricted form of copyright.

 * The name of LimeWire, on the other hand, is a trademark that third parties cannot use without permission. This is why the "LimeWire Pirate Edition" site was quickly abandoned and WireShare appeared after Lime Group shut that site down, not because those other people had the source code or that it was illegal to have it. Aaron Walkhouse (talk) 20:34, 3 September 2011 (UTC)

Merge LimeWire Pirate Edition into this article
The article LimeWire Pirate Edition is too short, so its better if you merge it here. TheChampionMan1234 (talk) 02:17, 25 June 2012 (UTC)

March 2013
I would like to edit this page: There are current laws that have resulted, although may not be directly but indirectly related to the issues concerning LimeWire. I want to add information about the new law that internet providers now partake in, called the “Six strikes Law”. I propose this law as an important issue in relation to this page because it is one of the results of having illegal downloading sites. This law then also concerns matters of individual privacy as everything is being monitored and therefore, it creates restriction on the use of internet which is obviously not appreciated by everyone in this generation where the supply of “free” anything and everything is welcomed. Thus, I would like to include the criticism that this new law is probably facing and how the public and the internet providers are dealing with them. Also, I found a term, AVG, used but as a reader I had to look up what it was because it was not directly defined. I think Wikipedia pages are made to break down the simplest of things and therefore, as a reader who is new to this technical diction, I believe it is necessary to explain the simplest of abbreviations. I want to edit this page and answer the question, “What is AVG?” Overall, I will edit the subsection “Version History” to define “What is AVG?” and then I will create a new subsection about the “Six strikes Law” and the criticism that follows the new law.Pringles012 (talk) 05:20, 22 March 2013 (UTC)

 * The "six strikes" law would have WP:TOPIC issues in this article, which is primarily about LimeWire as a piece of software. There is a separate article Copyright Alert System which looks at this scheme.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦  (talk to me) 06:27, 24 March 2013 (UTC)

 * I agree. This article is about LimeWire, not the Copyright Alert System. Information about that system belongs in it's own article, not this one. --Geniac (talk) 23:06, 24 March 2013 (UTC)

"Is" or "was" again
In 2010, Judge Kimba Wood effectively ended the glory days of LimeWire. This does not mean that the software no longer exists. There are still old versions of LimeWire which are functional, and LimeWire Pirate Edition. This is why changing "is" to "was" is inaccurate.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦  (talk to me) 05:37, 29 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Anyway, even though you can download it from the links you mentioned, it's still non-functional and instead of showing "connected" status, it says that LimeWire was unable to connect, and the pirated edition stays on "connecting" status forever and eventually it doesn't connect. So I think changing "is" to "was" still makes sense. Megahmad (talk) 23:48, 24 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Put simply, LimeWire became defunct after the court ruling in October 2010, and attempts to revive it have not been successful. WireShare redirects to LimeWire Pirate Edition. LWPE was renamed to WireShare for legal reasons; the program has not been updated since October 2012..-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦  (talk to me) 06:07, 26 September 2013 (UTC)
 * The SF page states it as a fork. There is no reliable third-party reference that LPE was renamed and nothing linking LPE's creator/dev team with WireShare. Not a single referenced news article here mentions WireShare, it all LPE. Anyone can download the source and replace a couple strings. -- ZinnKid (talk | contribs) 14:15, 11 October 2013 (UTC)
 * The open source nature of Gnutella means that any piece of software based on it is copyright free. It is unclear what relationship LimeWire Pirate Edition has with WireShare, but it is clear that neither of them has had any great success.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦  (talk to me) 16:08, 11 October 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 3 one external links on LimeWire. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20150823123232/http://b.imagehost.org/0927/lime_wire_start.png to http://b.imagehost.org/0927/lime_wire_start.png
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20111116173345/http://wiki.limewire.org:80/index.php?title=Changelog to http://wiki.limewire.org/index.php?title=Changelog
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110812152113/http://blog.limewire.org/?p=361 to http://blog.limewire.org/?p=361

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 02:57, 27 August 2015 (UTC)

Reboot/comeback
Since the reader may not be an expert on all of this, the key question is whether the 2022 reboot/comeback is in any way endorsed by the original developers of the software. Or is it just different people who are using the name LimeWire? Can someone clarify this?-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦  (talk to me) 16:48, 14 March 2022 (UTC)

LiveWire-Piracy? Also, general filesharing-piracy associated illegal download tool as it simultaneously shares the downloads with others!
Its an illegal piracy-related tool. 5G increases this tools's piracy-ability. All other P2P-tools are either also illegal piracy-encouragers or are simply insecure for any further use. Microsoft and other Messenger-offerers should be advised NOT to use P2P anymore for this due to its general insecurities. Else, they are perfectly legal to use. But due to its P2P-protocol-use, they are hopelessly insecure! Please do no longer advise for downloads also due to German IT Security law civil disobedience by this protocol in question. NOT SAFE TO USE TECHNOLOGY. --2001:16B8:5756:8C00:2C78:35C3:4DF9:E900 (talk) 12:20, 22 March 2022 (UTC)

 * This is in WP:NOTAFORUM territory but also Wikipedia is not censored. Wikipedia does mention things if they are discussed in reliable sources. I agree that any form of P2P file sharing software should be approached with caution as it can cause your IP address to leak, and it shares content on your computer with other people, but it is beyond the scope of the article to give warnings or disclaimers. Also, Wikipedia is read in countries other than Germany, where the copyright laws are very strict. See also WP:IANAL.-- ♦Ian Ma c M♦  (talk to me) 12:59, 22 March 2022 (UTC)

Limewire does not function properly on older versions
according to this talk page, the text saying non disabled versions are still perfectly functional are wrong Pwnz0rServer2009 (talk) 20:17, 18 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:LimeWire


text:
User:Jimdunderfield

Jim Dunderfield lives in Burlington, Vermont USA

title: User:Jimdunderfield