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Pontiac Sunbird

The Pontiac Sunbird (also known as the Pontiac J2000 and Pontiac 2000) is a model line that was manufactured and marketed by Pontiac from the 1976 to the 1994 model years. Loosely deriving its name from the Pontiac Firebird, the Sunbird was introduced as the eventual replacement for the Pontiac Astre, replacing it entirely in 1978 as the smallest Pontiac (the later T1000 was slotted below it in size).

The first generation of the Sunbird used the subcompact GM H platform. Serving as the Pontiac counterpart of the Chevrolet Monza, the Sunbird was offered as a two-door notchback coupé and three-door hatchback and station wagon. The model was manufactured alongside the Monza, Buick Skyhawk, and Oldsmobile Starfire at Lordstown Assembly (Lordstown, Ohio), South Gate Assembly (South Gate, California) and Sainte-Thérèse Assembly (Sainte-Thérèse, Quebec), Canada.

The second generation of the Sunbird used the compact GM J platform. Serving as the Pontiac counterpart of the Chevrolet Cavalier, the Sunbird was marketed at various times as a two-door notchback coupé or convertible, three-door hatchback, four-door sedan, and five-door station wagon. The model line was manufactured alongside the Cavalier at Lordstown Assembly (Lordstown, Ohio), Ramos Arizpe Assembly (Ramos Arizpe, Mexico), and alongside the Buick Skyhawk and Oldsmobile Firenza at Leeds Assembly (Kansas City, Missouri) in 1982 only.

While not as long-running as the Bonneville, Grand Prix, and Firebird nameplates, Pontiac would use the Sunbird nameplate for 17 model years. After the Sunbird skipped the 1981 model year entirely, it was released as an early 1982 and renamed the J2000; the Sunbird name was returned for 1984. For 1995, the Sunbird underwent a substantial model update and was renamed the Pontiac Sunfire.

First generation (1976–1980)
Introduced in September 1975 for the 1976 model year, the first-generation Pontiac Sunbird was developed from the Pontiac Astre subcompact, slotted between the Astre and the Ventura/Phoenix within the Pontiac model line. The Pontiac counterpart of the Chevrolet Monza, the Sunbird was sportier than the Astre, competing against the Ford Mustang II, Mercury Capri and imported vehicles such as the Toyota Celica and Volkswagen Scirocco.

While sharing a nameplate, the Pontiac Sunbird shared no commonality with the Australian-market Holden LX Sunbird.

Overview
The first-generation Sunbird uses the GM subcompact H-body platform, sharing its 97-inch wheelbase with the Astre. Using a rear-wheel drive configuration, the Sunbird is fitted with coil springs for all four wheels, using short and long control arms for the front suspension and a torque-arm live rear axle rear suspension; both axles are fitted with an anti-roll bar. Front vented disc brakes were standard, along with rear drum brakes.

For its 1976 introduction, the Sunbird shared its standard engine with the Astre/Vega, using a Chevrolet-designed 2.3-litre inline-four, producing 78 hp with a standard one-barrel carburetor; an optional two-barrel carburetor increased output to 87 hp. A 110 hp Buick-supplied 231 cubic-inch V6 was also optional. A four-speed manual transmission was standard, with a five-speed manual and three-speed automatic offered as options.

For 1977, the engine line was revised, with a Pontiac-developed 151 cubic-inch "Iron Duke" inline-four introduced; 90 hp was produced with a two-barrel carburetor. For 1978, a Chevrolet-sourced 305 cubic-inch V8 was introduced as an option on Sunbird coupes and hatchbacks. For 1980, the V8 option was dropped from the model line.

Model year changes
For 1976, the Pontiac Sunbird was offered only in a two-door notchback coupe body, sharing a body with the Chevrolet Monza Towne Coupe.

For 1977, a three-door hatchback version of the Sunbird was introduced, shared with the Chevrolet Monza, Buick Skyhawk, and Oldsmobile Starfire. A Formula option combined the handling package with a three-piece spoiler, special body decals, chrome valve cover, and a T/A steering wheel; the option was offered with the coupe and hatchback.

For 1978, a Sunbird two-door station wagon was introduced, serving as a continuation of the previous Astre wagon (using a nearly front fascia).

For 1979, the Sunbird wagon received a new horizontal grille.

For 1980, the H-body Sunbird dropped the station wagon bodystyle and the optional V8 engine. The model year underwent an unusually long production run to provide inventory into calendar-year 1981, as it was replaced by the J2000 for the 1982 model year.

In total, 479,967 examples of the H-body Sunbird were produced from the 1976 to 1980 model years.

J2000/2000
For 1982, the rear-wheel-drive Sunbird was replaced by a new front-wheel-drive compact called the J2000. Appearing as a sedan, coupe, wagon or hatchback, the J2000 was powered by a carbureted, overhead valve cast-iron 1.8-litre four-cylinder engine. Power was 88 hp. During the year, this engine was joined by a new 1.8-litre four, a single overhead-cam unit with an aluminum head imported from GM of Brazil. This engine used throttle-body electronic fuel injection, in contrast to the carburetor that was used in the previous engine, making 84 hp. It was initially only available in conjunction with the automatic transmission. The J2000 shared GM's internationally used J-Body platform with the Chevrolet Cavalier, Oldsmobile Firenza, Buick Skyhawk, and Cadillac Cimarron in North America. The 1982 J2000 LE sedan was listed at $7,548 ($0 in dollars). The suspension was shared with the front-wheel-drive Phoenix and 6000, which consisted of MacPherson struts, lower control arms, coil springs and a stabilizer bar for the front, while a solid beam axle, trailing arms, variable-rate coil springs for the rear suspension on all body styles were unique to the J2000.

For 1983, the J prefix was dropped. This was in an effort to market the J2000 as a smaller version of the Pontiac 6000, which had a similar appearance. A five-speed manual was newly optional along with adjustable and reclining bucket seats sourced from Lear Siegler which were also installed in the Firebird, Chevrolet Camaro and Buick Grand National. The standard engine was replaced by the fuel injected Brazilian engine, while a stroked 2-litre fuel injected version of the overhead-valve 1.8 became the optional engine, producing 88 hp.

2000 Sunbird
For 1983, Pontiac introduced a two-door J-body convertible called the 2000 Sunbird. The first Pontiac convertible outside of its full-size range since 1972, the 2000 Sunbird was the first convertible for the brand since the 1975 Pontiac Grand Ville

The entire Pontiac J-body line adopted the 2000 Sunbird name for 1984 (reviving the name of its predecessor), coinciding with a revised front fascia (updated with a less angular appearance). A new turbocharged four-cylinder was available provided by a Garrett T25 turbocharger. Based on the standard 1.8L inline-four that powered other 2000 Sunbirds, it used multi-port fuel injection, for a total output of 150 hp. This engine was popular, and more powerful than many V6 engines in competing brands.

Sunbird
For 1985, the model line underwent few functional changes, with Pontiac dropping the 2000 prefix from the model nomenclature.

For 1986, the optional 2-litre four was discontinued. A GT model arrived at the top of the lineup. It featured fender flares, hidden headlamps, and the turbo engine standard. It was available in sedan, coupe, hatchback, or convertible. The GT sedan is very rare, with fewer than 5,000 sold. The GT convertible is the rarest variant, with fewer than 1,300 sold. A redesigned gauge cluster and new engines were introduced for the 1987 model year. The gauge cluster featured different graphics, and a 120 mi/h speedometer on turbo-equipped models, where 1984-1986 turbo models had an 85 mi/h speedometer. The new engines were "punched out" versions of the 1.8L, displacing 2.0L. The base engine still used throttle-body injection, for a new total of 96 hp, and the turbo still used port-injection, for a new total of 165 hp. Also, the convertible could only be ordered in GT trim.

Third Generation (1988–1994)
Production under the Sunbird name was continued until 1994. The rear fascia was redesigned in 1988, composite headlights were installed on base models, coupes got a new semi-fastback roof line, and the four-speed manual was discontinued. The base model initially had the 1984-87 front fascia with exposed sealed beam headlamps. 1989 was the last year for the convertible GT, with the Turbo engine option dropped after 1990. The trim levels on both the sedan and coupe were base, SE and GT. The Sunbird SE coupe, SE sedan and the GT coupe and convertible had four partially concealed sealed beam headlamps, a feature that originally appeared on the Isuzu Impulse, that gave the appearance of "raised eyebrows" when the headlights were on. The engines were both the carryover 2.0L 96 hp I4 and the turbocharged 165 horsepower 2.0L four. GM discontinued the Sunbird Safari station wagon, and 1988 was the last year models were offered. The 1988 Sunbird SE sedan was listed at $8,799 ($0 in dollars ). In 1989, the base model received a smoother, more aerodynamic front fascia and the model was renamed "LE". An LE coupe joined the lineup also, with the same features as the LE sedan, but for a slightly lower price. The SE sedan was discontinued. In all models, however, a new dashboard was added. It somewhat resembled that of the larger Pontiac Grand Prix, redesigned for 1988. The most notable change from the previous dashboard is the placement of the stereo. A redesigned AM/FM stereo unit was placed high in the dash. If a cassette player or compact disc player (new for 1989) were ordered, they were relocated at the bottom of the dash.

For 1990, the GT and SE coupes received a smoother front fascia with hidden headlamps. The GT convertible is discontinued, replaced by a turbocharged LE convertible, which also retains the GT suspension and steering. In all models, GM's passive seatbelt system was introduced. The seatbelts were mounted on the doors and would stretch out when latched. The turbo four was deleted for 1991, replaced by the Cavalier's 3.1L V6. With Multi-Port Fuel Injection, it produced 140 hp at 5200 rpm, and 185 lbft of torque at 4800 rpm. Although there was less horsepower under the hood, power came much quicker and smoother than the Turbo, with about the same fuel economy. The V6 engine could be ordered in any model, save the new-for 1991 base value model. The SE coupe received the LE coupe front fascia, but the GT's fascia could still be ordered with a sport package exclusive to SE coupes.

The largest change for the 1992 model year was a revision of the base engine. The 2.0 L SOHC TBI four was replaced with the 2.0 L SOHC MPFI four resulting in a fuel economy increase and power increase. Power was increased from 96 hp to 110 hp and torque increased from 118 to 124 lbft. NOTE: The intake manifold casting is a bit thick and responds well to port matching the head with a stock felpro gasket. An SE sedan was once again available, and the base models were dropped and the convertible moved from LE to SE. The only change for 1993 was the addition of a glass rear window with defroster on convertibles.

As the Sunbird came to a close, the trims were pared down. The SE sedan, SE convertible and GT coupe were dropped for 1994. The LE sedan, LE coupe and LE convertible (moved from SE to LE), and SE coupe stood pat for one more year. The SE coupe was essentially the 1993 GT coupe with a lower price.

Most Sunbirds were built in Lordstown, Ohio and Ramos Arizpe, Mexico. The Sunbird was replaced by the Pontiac Sunfire in 1995.

GT
The Sunbird GT model was introduced in 1986 as a coupe, sedan, convertible or hatchback with a 1.8 L Garrett T25 turbocharged inline-four engine of the Family II range (LA5) as standard equipment but was never installed with an intake intercooler. The 1986 Sunbird GT convertible was listed at $14,399 ($0 in dollars ). When the 1.8 L turbocharged engine was first offered in 1984 the optionally listed price was listed between $1,309 ($0 in dollars ) and $1,546 ($0 in  dollars ) in addition to the listed retail price.

All turbos were also equipped with the WS6 performance handling package, 28mm front stabilizer bar, 21mm rear stabilizer bar, 14" aluminum alloy wheels, turbo boost gauge, four speed manual transmission, or optional automatic transmission, and a tachometer. The 150 hp and 150 lbft of torque 1.8-liter turbo engine had been available since 1984 as standard equipment in the SE and optional in the base model and LE except the station wagon. In 1987 the engine was upgraded to the 2.0-liter 165 hp and 175 lbft of torque LT3.

All GTs featured semi-concealed headlamps over sealed beam halogen headlights, fender flares and "Turbo GT" badges replacing "Sunbird" badges. The sedan and hatchback were discontinued for 1988 and the interior for the coupe was redesigned for 1989. The convertible was dropped for 1990 and the turbo followed in 1991. Replacing the turbo four-cylinder for 1991 was GM's 3.1-liter V6 that produced 140 hp, but was quieter and smoother than the turbo. After 1993, the GT coupe became the SE coupe when the lineup was consolidated prior to the new model arriving for 1995.

Sunbird in Mexico
From 1990 to 1992, Chevrolet sold the Chevrolet Cavalier in Mexico, replacing the Chevrolet Celebrity as its basic model offering. For 1993, the Mexican-market Chevrolet Cavalier adopted the Pontiac Sunbird body, rebranding it as a Chevrolet.

For the Mexican market, the only engine offered was a LB6 MPFI 2.8L V6 engine, paired to either a 5-speed manual or a 3-speed automatic transmission. The Sunbird GT was rebranded as the Cavalier Z24, standardizing the LH0 3.1L MPFI V6 engine.

For 1995, the Pontiac Sunfire was introduced to Mexico, with the Cavalier again sharing the body of its U.S. counterpart.

Related models
In Europe, the GM J platform was used by Vauxhall and Opel for the Vauxhall Cavalier Mk II (U.K.) and Opel Ascona (Germany and other European countries). While sharing chassis underpinnings with Sunbird, Opel and Vauxhall used their own powertrains and a slightly different exterior design; a 5-door hatchback was exclusive to the European market.

In Australia and New Zealand, the Holden Camira was a rebranded version of the Vauxhall Cavalier. Though similar in design to its American counterpart, the 5-door station wagon configuration was designed in Australia (Vauxhall Cavalier wagons/estates were produced from CKD kits).

In 1989, GM began to phase out the J platform outside of North America; the Opel Ascona was replaced by the Opel Vectra, with the Vauxhall Cavalier returning as a rebranded version of the latter. For 1990, the Holden Camira was replaced by the Holden Apollo (a rebranded Toyota Camry).

In South America, the Opel Ascona was produced in Brazil as the Chevrolet Monza from 1983 to 1996; the Ascona name did not translate favorably in Portuguese or Spanish. Sharing the body of the Ascona/Cavalier sedan, the Monza was also offered in a three-door hatchback (similar roofline to the 1982-1987 Sunbird hatchback) until 1989.

Engines
The 1982–1994 Sunbird came with one of these engines:
 * 1982: 1.8 L L46 carbureted OHV I4
 * 1982–1986: 1.8 L LH8 TBI SOHC I4
 * 1983–1985: 2.0 L LQ5 TBI OHV I4
 * 1984–1986: 1.8 L LA5 turbocharged MPFI SOHC I4
 * 1987–1991: 2.0 L LT2 TBI SOHC I4
 * 1987–1990: 2.0 L LT3 turbocharged MPFI SOHC I4
 * 1991–1994: 3.1 L LH0 MPFI OHV V6
 * 1992–1994: 2.0 L LE4 MPFI SOHC I4

title: Pontiac Sunbird


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Bern Airport

Bern-Belp Regional Aerodrome, marketed as Bern Airport, officially referred to as Regionalflugplatz Bern-Belp in German, is a regional aerodrome serving Bern, the capital of Switzerland. The aerodrome is located within the town limits of Belp, and used to feature scheduled flights to some European metropolitan and several leisure destinations. It handled 183,319 passengers in 2016, a decrease of 3.5 percent over 2015.

It was the home base of now defunct SkyWork Airlines whose grounding caused the aerodrome to lose more than 1/3 of its turnover. Currently the charter operator Helvetic Airways and Peoples Airways offer a limited number of flights during the holiday season, the Swiss Federal Government's air transport service Lufttransportdienst des Bundes have based two business jets at the aerodrome, the Helicopter Emergency Medical Service operator REGA has one of its bases at Belp and two helicopter transport companies as well as two flying schools (one motorised, one for gliders) operate at the aerodrome.

History
The aerodrome was established in 1929 by Alpar, a private airline that operated within Switzerland until the outbreak of World War II. After the war, Alpar remained in business as the aerodrome's operator, supported by subsidies of the cantonal and city government. A planned expansion in 1947 did not pass in a popular referendum, and it was not until 1950 that the first concrete airstrip was built. In 2014, Alpar was renamed to Flughafen Bern AG.

Multiple attempts to build an international airport in or around Bern instead of the small regional aerodrome at Belpmoos failed. In 1945, the national parliament decided to build the first international airport, now Zurich Airport, at Kloten near Zürich instead of in Utzensdorf near Bern, though plans for development there were retained as an inter-urban airport which would require less space and thus placate local opposition by farming interests. A 1963 airport project near Herrenschwanden was abandoned because of strong popular opposition, notably by farmers, as was a 1966 project in Rosshäusern and a 1970 project Kallnach.

In December 2016, bmi regional ceased its flights from Munich Airport to Bern after two years which it served in direct competition with SkyWork Airlines. In May 2018, RUAG announced that it would close its operation at the aerodrome in September 2018, citing declining business.

In August 2018, the aerodrome's largest carrier SkyWork Airlines declared bankruptcy and ceased all operations leaving Helvetic Airways as the sole Swiss airline serving the aerodrome with 84 percent less traffic. Since then however, Chair Airlines, also a Swiss Airline, has begun offering services to the airport.

Facilities
The aerodrome has multiple touchdown areas, a paved runway (14/32 of 1,730 metres (5,676 ft)), a grass runway (32L/14R of 650 metres (2,133 ft, as of 2017 inoperable)), a heli-square, and a glider area. Runway 14 has an ILS approach and an NDB approach (for training use only, will be decommissioned in 2019). The existing terminal was expanded to better accommodate flights to the non-Schengen area in 2011.

The Biderhangar, one of the aerodrome's hangars built by Swiss aviation pioneer Oskar Bider, is listed as a heritage site of national significance. The aerodrome also houses the head office of Heliswiss. Previously the North Terminal housed the head office of SkyWork Airlines.

Other usage
The aircraft of the air transport service of the Swiss Air Force are stationed at Bern Regional Aerodrome. These are two jets and two turboprops. The former ones are mainly used for VIP transport and particularly the transport of members of the Federal Council. They are also used for other purposes, for example deportations or to support international peacekeeping measures. The two turboprop DHC-6 Twin Otter and Beechcraft King Air are not usually used for VIP flights, but for the passenger transport as well as for the country's topography service. The Beechcraft 1900 is also used by the country's topography service for the same tasks. The two jets are a Dassault Falcon 900 and a Cessna Citation Excel.

Additionally, Bern Regional Aerodrome serves as the homebase of the Federal Office of Civil Aviation. A base of the air rescue organization Rega is also located at the Airport, using a Eurocopter EC 145.

Airlines and destinations
The following airlines currently offer seasonal and seasonal charter flights at Bern Airport:

Ground transportation
Two bus lines serve the airport: the AirportBus Bern (line 334) connects the terminal every half-hour with Belp railway station where passengers can connect to frequent S-Bahn trains S3, S4, S31 and S44 to Bern main station. The journey time to Bern city center is 30 minutes. The bus line 160 connects the airport with Belp, Rubigen and Münsingen (connection to S-Bahn trains S1).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bern Airport


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List of Irish words used in the English language

Irish language words used in English in modern Ireland without being assimilated to English forms include: Other, more informal terms include: Other words:
 * Amhrán na bhFiann: National Anthem of Ireland (literally "Soldiers Song")
 * Áras an Uachtaráin: Residence of the President
 * Ardfheis: Party conference (used by Fine Gael although they also have smaller national conferences, Fianna Fáil, Fine Gael and Sinn Féin)
 * Ard-Rí: High King (title used in the Middle Ages)
 * Bord Fáilte: Irish Tourist Board (literally "Welcome Board"; now called Fáilte Ireland)
 * Bord Gáis: National gas and electricity supply network (literally meaning "Gas Board"; now called Bord Gáis Energy)
 * Bunreacht na hÉireann: Constitution of Ireland
 * Ceann Comhairle: Chairman of Dáil Éireann
 * Córas Iompair Éireann: Irish Transport Company (CIÉ)
 * Dáil Éireann: House of Representatives (lower house of the Irish Parliament)
 * Éire: Ireland
 * Fianna Fáil: Irish political party (literally "Soldiers of Destiny")
 * Fine Gael: Irish political party (literally "Family of the Gael")
 * Gaeltacht: Irish-speaking area
 * Garda: police officer (plural Gardaí)
 * , pl.
 * Garda Síochána: Irish police service (literally "Guardian of the Peace")
 * Oireachtas: (National Parliament)
 * Príomh Aire: Prime Minister (1919–1921 only)
 * Punt: Irish pound (currency, now replaced by the euro)
 * Raidió Teilifís Éireann: National broadcasting service (RTÉ)
 * Saorstát Éireann: Irish Free State
 * Seanad Éireann: Irish Senate (upper house of the Irish Parliament)
 * Sinn Féin: Irish political party (literally "Our-selves")
 * Sliotar: Ball used in hurling (see Gaelic Athletic Association)
 * Tánaiste: Deputy Prime Minister
 * Taoiseach: Prime Minister (literally "Chieftain")
 * Teachta Dála: Member of the lower house of Parliament (TD)
 * Uachtarán na hÉireann: President of Ireland
 * Údarás na Gaeltachta: Development Authority for the Gaeltacht
 * Oireachtas: (National Parliament)
 * Príomh Aire: Prime Minister (1919–1921 only)
 * Punt: Irish pound (currency, now replaced by the euro)
 * Raidió Teilifís Éireann: National broadcasting service (RTÉ)
 * Saorstát Éireann: Irish Free State
 * Seanad Éireann: Irish Senate (upper house of the Irish Parliament)
 * Sinn Féin: Irish political party (literally "Our-selves")
 * Sliotar: Ball used in hurling (see Gaelic Athletic Association)
 * Tánaiste: Deputy Prime Minister
 * Taoiseach: Prime Minister (literally "Chieftain")
 * Teachta Dála: Member of the lower house of Parliament (TD)
 * Uachtarán na hÉireann: President of Ireland
 * Údarás na Gaeltachta: Development Authority for the Gaeltacht
 * Sinn Féin: Irish political party (literally "Our-selves")
 * Sliotar: Ball used in hurling (see Gaelic Athletic Association)
 * Tánaiste: Deputy Prime Minister
 * Taoiseach: Prime Minister (literally "Chieftain")
 * Teachta Dála: Member of the lower house of Parliament (TD)
 * Uachtarán na hÉireann: President of Ireland
 * Údarás na Gaeltachta: Development Authority for the Gaeltacht
 * Teachta Dála: Member of the lower house of Parliament (TD)
 * Uachtarán na hÉireann: President of Ireland
 * Údarás na Gaeltachta: Development Authority for the Gaeltacht
 * Uachtarán na hÉireann: President of Ireland
 * Údarás na Gaeltachta: Development Authority for the Gaeltacht
 * Údarás na Gaeltachta: Development Authority for the Gaeltacht
 * banshee – bean sí.
 * barmbrack – An Irish fruit loaf. From Irish ó bairín breac, speckled loaf.
 * bodhrán – A winnowing drum used as a musical instrument.
 * bog – (from bogach meaning "marsh/peatland") a wetland (according to OED).
 * bonnaught – A type of billeting or a billeted soldier. From Irish buannacht, billeting or billeting tax.
 * boreen – (from bóithrín meaning "small road") a narrow rural road in Ireland.
 * brat – a cloak or overall; now only in regional dialects (from Old Irish bratt meaning "cloak, cloth")
 * brehon – A judge of ancient Irish law. From Irish breitheamh.
 * brogue – (from bróg meaning "shoe") a type of shoe (OED).
 * brogue – A strong regional accent, especially an Irish
 * callow – A river meadow, a landing-place, from Irish caladh.
 * camogie – From Irish camóg, small hooked object, a camogue. The women's equivalent of hurling.
 * carrageen – moss. From Irish carraigín, "little rock".
 * carrow – An ancient Irish gambler, from cearrbhach.
 * caubeen – An Irish beret, adopted as part of the uniform of Irish regiments of the British Army. From cáibín.
 * clabber – also bonny-clabber (from clábar and bainne clábair) curdled milk.
 * clarsach – An ancient Irish and Scottish harp, from Irish cláirseach.
 * clock – O.Ir. clocc meaning "bell". Probably entered Germanic via the hand-bells used by early Irish missionaries.
 * coccagee – The name of a type of cider apple found in Ireland, so-called for its green colour. From cac na gé meaning "goose shit".
 * colcannon – A kind of ‘bubble and squeak’. Probably from cál ceannfhionn, white-headed cabbage.
 * colleen – (from cailín meaning "a girl").
 * conk – Slang term for a big nose. The term Old Conky was a nickname for the Duke of Wellington. Dinneen gives coinncín as "a prominent nose" and this seems to be related to terms like geanc, meaning a snub nose.
 * coshering – Nothing to do with Jewish dietary law. Coshering (from Irish cóisir, feast) was when a lord went round staying with his subjects and expecting to be entertained. Because of this cóisireacht can mean "sponging" in Modern Irish, though cóisir usually just means a party.
 * coyne – A kind of billeting, from Irish coinmheadh.
 * crock – As in 'A crock of gold', from Irish cnoc.
 * cross – The ultimate source of this word is Latin crux. The English word comes from Old Irish cros via Old Norse kross.
 * crubeens - Pig's feet, from Irish crúibín.
 * cudeigh – A night's lodging, from Irish cuid na hoíche.
 * currach or curragh – An Irish boat made from skins or tarred canvas stretched over a wooden frame. Irish currach.
 * drum, drumlin – from Irish droim, droimlín. A ridge or small hill of glacial origin, such as in the landscape of Down.
 * drisheen – is a type of black pudding associated with Cork. From drisín.
 * dudeen – A clay pipe, from Irish dúidín.
 * dulse – From Irish duileasc, originally meaning water leaf. A type of edible seaweed.
 * erenagh – A hereditary holder of church lands. Irish aircheannach.
 * esker – From eiscir, an elongated ridge of post-glacial gravel, usually along a river valley (OED).
 * Fenian – From Fianna meaning "semi-independent warrior band", a member of a 19th-century Irish nationalist group (OED).
 * fiacre – a small four-wheeled carriage for hire, a hackney-coach, associated with St Fiacre in the area of Paris. Named for Saint Fiachra.
 * fiorin – A type of long grass, derived from Irish feorthainn.
 * Gallowglass – (from gallóglach) a Scottish or Irish Gaelic mercenary soldier in Ireland between the mid-13th and late-16th centuries.
 * galore – (from go leor meaning "plenty") a lot.
 * gillaroo – A type of fish. From Irish giolla rua, red lad.
 * glib – An obsolete term for a kind of haircut associated with warriors (because it protected the forehead) banned by the English. Irish glib, fringe.
 * glom – (from glám) To become too attached to someone.
 * gob – (literally beak) mouth. From Irish gob. (OED)
 * grouse – In slang sense of grumble, perhaps from gramhas, meaning grin, grimace, ugly face.
 * griskin – (from griscín) a lean cut of meat from the loin of a pig, a chop.
 * hooligan – (from the Irish family name Ó hUallacháin, anglicised as Hooligan or Hoolihan).
 * keening – From caoinim (meaning "I wail") to lament, to wail mournfully (OED).
 * kern – An outlaw or a common soldier. From ceithearn or ceithearnach, still the word in Irish for a pawn in chess.
 * Leprechaun – a fairy or spirit (from leipreachán)
 * Limerick – (from Luimneach). The limerick form was particularly associated in the 18th century with a group of Irish language poets called Filí na Máighe.
 * lough – (from loch) a lake, or arm of the sea.
 * madder, mether – A traditional square-sided wooden drinking vessel, Irish meadar.
 * merrow – An Irish mermaid. Irish murúch.
 * moiley – An ancient breed of Irish hornless cattle, from maol, bald or hornless.
 * ogham – Ancient Irish alphabet. The Irish is also ogham (pronounced oh-um).
 * omadhaun - A fool, from Irish amadán.
 * orrery – A mechanical model of solar system, named for the Earl of Orrery. This is an old Irish tribal name, Orbhraighe.
 * pampootie – From pampúta, a kind of shoe with good grip worn by men in the Aran Islands.
 * phoney – (probably from the English fawney meaning "gilt brass ring used by swindlers", which is from Irish fáinne meaning "ring") fake.
 * pinkeen – From pincín, a minnow or an insignificant person. This in turn comes from English pink + Irish diminutive –ín.
 * pollan – A fish found in Irish loughs, from Irish pollán.
 * pookawn – A fishing boat, from Irish púcán.
 * poteen – (from poitín) hooch, bootleg alcoholic drink.
 * puck – (in hockey) Almost certainly from Irish poc, according to the OED.
 * puss – As in sourpuss, comes from Irish pus, a pouting mouth.
 * rapparee – An Irish highwayman, from ropaire (a stabber)
 * rath – A strong circular earthen wall forming an enclosure and serving as a fort and residence for a tribal chief. From Irish rath.
 * shamrock – (from seamróg) a shamrock, diminutive of seamair, clover, used as a symbol for Ireland.
 * Shan Van Vocht – (from seanbhean bhocht meaning "poor old woman") a literary name for Ireland in the 18th and 19th centuries.
 * shebeen – (from síbín meaning "illicit whiskey, poteen", apparently a diminutive of síob, which means drift, blow, ride) unlicensed house selling alcohol (OED).
 * shillelagh – (from sail éille meaning "a beam with a strap") a wooden club or cudgel made from a stout knotty stick with a large knob on the end.
 * shoneen – A West Brit, an Irishman who apes English customs. From Irish Seoinín, a little John (in a Gaelic version of the English form, Seon, not the Irish Seán).
 * Sidhe (Modern Sí) – the fairies, fairyland.
 * slauntiagh – An obsolete word for sureties or guarantees, which comes from Irish sláinteacha with the same meaning.
 * sleeveen, sleiveen – (from slíbhín) an untrustworthy or cunning person. Used in Ireland and Newfoundland (OED).
 * slew – (from slua meaning "a large number") a great amount (OED).
 * slob – (from slab) mud (OED).
 * slug – (from slog) A swig of a drink, e.g. A slug of red eye
 * smithereens – small fragments, atoms. In phrases such as "to explode into smithereens". This is the Irish word smidiríní. This is obviously Irish because of the –ín ending but the basic word seems to be Germanic, something to do with the work of a smith.
 * spalpeen – A migratory labourer in Ireland. From spailpín.
 * tanist – The deputy and successor of a chieftain or religious leader. A term used in anthropology. From Irish tánaiste, secondary person.
 * tilly – (from tuilleadh meaning "a supplement") used in Newfoundland to refer to an additional luck-penny. It is used by James Joyce in the first chapter of Ulysses.
 * tory – Originally an Irish outlaw, probably from the word tóraí meaning "pursuer".
 * trousers – From Irish triús.
 * turlough – A seasonal lake in limestone area (OED). Irish turloch "dry lake".
 * uilleann pipes – Irish bellows-blown bagpipes. uilleann is Irish for "elbow".
 * usker – From Irish uscar, a jewel sewn into an item of clothing.
 * whiskey – From uisce beatha meaning "water of life".

 * Bualadh bos (A round of applause)
 * Camán (hurley)
 * Cipín (Small stick/firekindling)
 * Coláiste (College e.g. Coláiste Dhúlaigh College of Further Education)
 * Comhairle (Council e.g. An Chomhairle um Oideachas Gaeltachta & Gaelscolaíochta / COGG)
 * Crúibín (Pigs foot)
 * Fáilte (Welcome)
 * Fláithiúil (Excessively/uncommonly generous)
 * Grá (Great love or affection for someone/something)
 * Is maith liom (I like/It's good)
 * Lúdramán (Fool)
 * Lúdar (Fool)
 * Meas (High regard/respect for someone/something)
 * Óinseach (Fool, generally female)
 * Plámás (Excessive/Insincere praise or flattery)
 * Sceach (Any thorny bush, sceach gheal (Hawthorn))
 * Sláinte (Cheers|Good Health)
 * Slán (Safe, whole, healthy, complete) (Shortened version of go dté tu slán ("may you go safely"), used as modern equivalent of the French au revoir or English see you.)


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Modern literature in Irish

Although Irish has been used as a literary language for more than 1,500 years (see Irish literature), and modern literature in Irish dates – as in most European languages – to the 16th century, modern Irish literature owes much of its popularity to the 19th century Gaelic Revival, a cultural and language revival movement, and to the efforts of more recent poets and writers. In an act of literary decolonization common to many other peoples seeking self-determination, writers in Irish have taken the advice of Patrick Pearse and have combined influences from both their own literary history and the whole of world literature. Writers in Modern Irish have accordingly produced some of the most interesting literature to come out of Ireland, while being both supplemented and influenced by poetry and prose composed in the Irish language outside Ireland.

Early revival
By the end of the nineteenth century, Irish had been reversed from being the dominant language of Ireland to becoming a minority language, which reduced the literature being produced. The Gaelic Revival sought to reverse this decline. In the beginning, the revivalists preferred to write in Classical Irish, and were notably inspired by Geoffrey Keating's (Seathrún Céitinn) Foras Feasa ar Éirinn (History of Ireland), a much-read 17th-century work. Classical Irish, however, was soon ousted by the living dialects actually being spoken in the Gaeltacht areas, especially as championed by a native speaker from the Coolea-Muskerry area, Father Peadar Ua Laoghaire, who in the 1890s published, in a serialised form, a folkloristic novel strongly influenced by the storytelling tradition of the Gaeltacht, called Séadna. His other works include the autobiography Mo Scéal Féin and retellings of tales from Irish mythology, as well as a recently reissued adaptation of Don Quixote.

Pádraic Ó Conaire was a pioneer in the writing of realistic short stories in Irish; he was also to the forefront of Irish-language journalism. His most important book is his only novel, Deoraíocht (Exile), which combines realism with absurdist elements. He was to die in 1928, not yet fifty years old. Ó Conaire became something of a mythical figure in Irish literary folklore because of his highly individual talent and engaging personality.

Early twentieth-century writing from the Gaeltacht
From the end of the 19th century, researchers were visiting the Gaeltacht to record the lives of native speakers in authentic dialect. This interest from outside stimulated several notable autobiographies, especially on Great Blasket Island, located off the Dingle Peninsula: Peig by Peig Sayers, An t-Oileánach ("The Islandman") by Tomás Ó Criomhthain, and Fiche Bliain ag Fás ("Twenty Years a-Growing") by Muiris Ó Súilleabháin.

Although he greatly admired these Gaeltacht memoirs and particularly that of Tomás Ó Criomhthain, novelist Flann O'Brien also chose to satirize their cliches quite mercilessly in his modernist novel An Béal Bocht ("The Poor Mouth"), which is set in the fictional, desperately poor, and constantly raining Gaeltacht of (Corca Dhorcha); a parody of Corca Dhuibhne, the name in Munster Irish for the Dingle Peninsula.

Micí Mac Gabhann was the author of Rotha Mór an tSaoil ("The Great Wheel of Life"), dictated in his native Ulster Irish. The title refers to the Klondike gold rush, ruathar an óir, at the end of the 19th century, and the hardship Irish gold-seekers endured on their way to tír an óir, the gold country.

Another important figure was the prolific writer of rural novels, Séamus Ó Grianna (pen name "Máire"). Séamus Ó Grianna's most important contribution to modern literature in the language might be the fact that he persuaded his brother Seosamh (who called himself Seosamh Mac Grianna in Irish) to write in Irish. Seosamh was a less prolific and less fortunate writer than his brother. He was stricken by a severe depressive psychosis in 1935 and spent the rest of his life – more than fifty years – at a psychiatric hospital. Before his psychosis, however, he wrote an impressive novel about the difficult transition to modernity in his own Gaeltacht, called An Druma Mór ("The Big Drum" or "The Fife and Drum Band"), as well as a powerful and introspective account of his travels called Mo Bhealach Féin ("My Own Way"). His last novel, Dá mBíodh Ruball ar an Éan ("If the Bird Had a Tail"), a study of the alienation of a Gaeltacht man in Dublin, was left unfinished, a fact suggested by the title.

Both brothers were acknowledged translators. In addition to translating Walter Scott's Ivanhoe into Irish, Seosamh's work in this field includes the Irish versions of Joseph Conrad's Almayer's Folly, in Irish Díth Céille Almayer, as well as Peadar O'Donnell's Adrigoole, in Irish Eadarbhaile.

Irish-language modernism
Patrick Pearse, who was executed as one of the leaders of the Easter Rising, learnt Connaught Irish in Rosmuc, while continuing to write in Munster Irish. He also wrote idealised stories about the Irish-speaking countryside, as well as nationalistic poetry in a more classical, Keating-esque style.

According to Louis De Paor, Pearse's reading of the experimental free verse poetry of Walt Whitman and of the French Symbolists led him to introduce Modernist poetry into the Irish language. As a literary critic, Pearse also left behind a detailed blueprint for the Decolonization of Irish literature, through drawing not only upon Irish mythology and folklore, but also from the whole of world literature, both past and present. For these reasons, Liam De Paor has called Pearse's execution by a British Army firing squad after the defeat of the 1916 Easter Rising a catastrophic loss for Irish literature which only began to be healed during the late 1940s by the modernist poetry of Seán Ó Ríordáin, Máirtín Ó Direáin, and Máire Mhac an tSaoi.

Ó Direáin, a native Irish speaker and passionate autodidact from Inishmore in the Aran Islands, spent his life as a career civil servant in Galway City and Dublin in the aftermath of the Irish Civil War. He began publishing his work in the early 1940s as a poet of homesickness and urban angst and ended, quite similarly to his literary hero T.S. Eliot, as a harsh cultural critic of escalating Secularization, hedonism, and excessive consumerism.

Máire Mhac an tSaoi, who was also an accomplished Celticist and literary scholar, published several collections of lyric verse beginning in the 1950s. These display her mastery of both the strict metres (Dán Díreach), once taught and widely used before the 17th century closing of the Irish bardic poetry schools, and of the colloquial folk song metres (Amhrán) that replaced them until the early Gaelic revival. In 2013, she also published a literary translation of Rainer Maria Rilke's Duino Elegies from Austrian German into Modern Irish.

Ó Ríordáin was born in the Ballyvourney breac-Gaeltacht: his poetry was experimental enough in metre to draw attacks from literary traditionalists, while also being intensely personal in content. He was also a notable prose writer, as evidenced by his published diaries.

Modernist literature was developed further by Máirtín Ó Cadhain, a schoolmaster from Connemara, who was the Irish-language littérateur engagé par excellence. He was an active service in the IRA, and spent The Emergency years (i.e. the years of Irish neutrality in the Second World War) interned in the Curragh Camp, County Kildare, together with other IRA men and Allied and Axis military personnel. At the camp, he taught Irish language courses to fellow internees and began his modernist masterpiece, the novel Cré na Cille ("Graveyard Clay"). Reminiscent of some Latin American novels (notably Redoble por Rancas by Manuel Scorza, or Pedro Páramo by Juan Rulfo), this novel is a chain of voices of the dead speaking from the churchyard, where they go on forever continuing the now pointless social and political quarrels from when they were alive. Similarly to those of Flann O'Brien, Ó Cadhain's novel lampoons the rose-coloured depiction of life in the Gaeltachtaí favored by the romantic nationalist writers of the early Gaelic revival.

In addition to Cré na Cille, Máirtín Ó Cadhain wrote several collections of short stories (one 'short' story, "Fuíoll Fuine" in the collection An tSraith dhá Tógáil, can count as a novella). An important part of his writings is his journalism, essays, and pamphlets, found in such collections as Ó Cadhain i bhFeasta, Caiscín, and Caithfear Éisteacht.

Máirtín Ó Cadhain's prose is dense, powerful and (especially in his early work) difficult for the novice. His style changed and became simpler with time, in part reflecting the urban world in which he settled. Like the poet Liam Gógan, Ó Cadhain was a linguistic moderniser and wrote in an experimental form of the Irish language, even in contexts where a less obscure style would have been appropriate. He enriched his own Connemara Irish with neologisms and loanwords from other dialects, including Scottish Gaelic.

Modernism and renewal are also represented by several writers not of Gaeltacht background, such as Eoghan Ó Tuairisc, Diarmaid Ó Súilleabháin, and Breandán Ó Doibhlin (the last influenced by French literary theory). Ó Tuairisc, a stylistic innovator, wrote poetry and plays as well as two novels on historical themes: L'Attaque, and Dé Luain. Diarmaid Ó Súilleabháin sought to adapt Irish to the urban world: An Uain Bheo and Caoin Thú Féin offered a depiction of a middle-class environment and its problems. Ó Doibhlin's Néal Maidine agus Tine Oíche is an example of introspective modernism.

Contemporary literature in Irish
Among modern Gaeltacht writers, Pádraig Breathnach, Micheál Ó Conghaile and Pádraig Ó Cíobháin are three of the most important. They adhere in general to the realist tradition, as does Dara Ó Conaola. The work of Joe Steve Ó Neachtain, from the Conamara Gaeltacht, has proved consistently popular.

Caitlín Maude (d. 1982), a native speaker from Conamara, wrote fluent and elegant verse with a distinctively modern sensibility. One of the best known poets is Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill, who was raised in the Munster Gaeltacht and was part of the new wave of the sixties and seventies. She is particularly interested in the mythic element in reality. Biddy Jenkinson (a pseudonym) is representative of an urban tradition: she is a poet and a writer of witty detective stories.

Others of Ní Dhomhnaill's generation were the mordant Michael Hartnett (who wrote both in Irish and English) and Michael Davitt (d.2005), a lyric poet whose work is both whimsical and melancholy. Others of his generation are Liam Ó Muirthile and Gabriel Rosenstock. Among those who followed are Cathal Ó Searcaigh, Tomás Mac Síomóin, Diarmuid Johnson and Louis de Paor. Ó Searcaigh, a lyric poet, is also a traveller: this bore fruit in his engaging travelogue about Nepal, Seal i Neipeal. A younger generation is represented by such poets as Doireann Ní Ghríofa (b.1981).

There is now more emphasis on popular writing in Irish, and among the writers who have had considerable success with lighter genres is Éilís Ní Dhuibhne, novelist, playwright and short story writer. Lorcán S. Ó Treasaigh has written a popular autobiography called Céard é English? (What is English?) about growing up as a native Irish speaker in the predominantly English-speaking city of Dublin. Colm Ó Snodaigh's novella, Pat the Pipe - Píobaire, describes a busker's adventures in Dublin's streets in the nineties.

The short story remains a popular genre. Donncha Ó Céileachair and Síle Ní Chéileachair, brother and sister, published the influential collection Bullaí Mhártain in 1955, dealing with both urban and rural themes. In 1953 Liam O'Flaherty (Liam Ó Flaithearta) published the collection Dúil. O'Flaherty was raised for the first twelve years of his life with Irish on the Aran Islands, but Dúil was his only work in Irish. One of the best known of contemporary practitioners is Seán Mac Mathúna (who also writes in English). His work is characterised by humour and a poetic realism and has been praised for its originality. A writer of a more recent generation is Daithí Ó Muirí. The drive, black humour and absurdist quality of his work distinguish it from the realism of much modern writing in Irish.

Writers in Irish abroad
Countries other than Ireland have produced several contributors to literature in Irish, reflecting the existence globally of a group who have learned or who cultivate the language. It is worthy of note that these writers and their readers do not always form part of the traditional diaspora. It has been argued that the use of the language by non-Irish writers has nothing to do with a specifically Irish identity. Instead, its importance lies in its use value as a language of work, personal relationships and creativity. A number of such writers, both Irish and foreign-born, are to be found in North America, Australia and various European countries.
 * See Irish language outside Ireland

Dutch-born Alex Hijmans (formerly resident in Ireland and now living in Brazil) has published three books in Irish: an account of his life in Brazil, Favela (2009); a novel, Aiséirí (2011); and a collection of short stories, Gonta (2012).

Panu Petteri Höglund, a linguist, writer and translator, belongs to Finland's Swedish-speaking minority. He uses Irish as a creative medium, and has set himself the goal of producing entertaining and modern writing in an Irish up to Gaeltacht standards. For a long time he experimented with Ulster Irish on the Web, but he published his first book in standard Irish, albeit strongly influenced by native folklore and dialects. He has published several novels, none of them set in Ireland.

Torlach Mac Con Midhe was born in Dublin and now lives in Switzerland. He has published journalism in Irish, German and Romansh. He has published three non-fiction books in Irish: Iarsmaí na Teanga: Na Teangacha Ceilteacha i Stair Smaointeachas na hEorpa (Coiscéim 2005), Muintir Sléibhe agus a Teanga (Coiscéim 2009), Aistí Eorpacha (Coiscéim 2015); and a novel, Crothla agus Cnámha (Coiscéim 2018).

Dublin-born writer Tomás Mac Síomóin, who died in 2022, had been living in Barcelona since 1997. He published over a dozen works in Irish in this period, as well as translations from Spanish and Catalan.

Seán Ó Muirgheasa, an American resident in California, is the author of An Dola a Íoc, a detective novel set in New York City and published by Coiscéim in 2017.

Séamas Ó Neachtain is a fifth-generation Irish American who has published poetry, fiction and journalism in Irish. He is also the founding editor of An Gael, an international literary journal in the Irish language.

Muiris (Mossie) Ó Scanláin, a native speaker of Munster Irish from the Kerry Gaeltacht who lived in Melbourne for many years, is the author of an autobiography, An Mám ó Dheas, published when he resided in Australia and describing his life in Ireland, England and Australia.

Derry-born Pádraig Ó Siadhail (b. 1968) has been living in Halifax, Nova Scotia, since 1987. In this period, he has published ten works in Irish, including a collection of short stories and two novels.

Bantry-born Derry O'Sullivan has been living in Paris since 1969, apart from an interlude in Stockholm. He has published four collections of poetry in Irish.

Colin Ryan is an Australian whose short stories, set mostly in Australia and Europe, have appeared in the journals Feasta, Comhar and An Gael. He has also published poetry. Cló Iar-Chonnacht has published two collections of short stories by him: Teachtaireacht (2015) and Ceo Bruithne (2019). Two collections of his poetry have been published by Coiscéim: Corraí na Nathrach (2017) and Rogha (2022)

Julie Breathnach-Banwait is an Australian citizen of Irish origin living in Western Australia. She is the author of: Dánta Póca (2020) Ar Thóir gach Ní (2022) and Cnámha Scoilte (2023). She has had many publications in various literary magazines and anthologies both in Ireland and Australia.

Literary magazines
The oldest Irish-language literary magazines responsible for the encouragement of poetry and short fiction are Comhar (founded in 1942) and Feasta (founded in 1948). The latter, presently edited by Cormac Ó hAodha, is the journal of the Gaelic League, though it has an independent editorial policy. Both magazines publish short fiction and poetry: the manifesto of Feasta also declares that one of its objects is to encourage students to write in Irish. Feasta has enjoyed more stability than Comhar, which suffered from a declining readership and has now been reconstituted. The withdrawal of support by Foras na Gaeilge, a major source of subsidies, may affect their future. Both magazines have had as contributors some of the most notable figures in modern Irish-language literature, and continue to encourage new writing.

They have since been joined by An Gael, an international literary magazine established in North America but publishing prose and poetry in Irish by writers from a number of different countries, including Ireland, Australia and Finland.

Oghma was a literary journal in the Irish language published from 1989 to 1998.

Irish-language writing in local context
There are presently over 2,500 works of various kinds in print in Irish, of which the largest proportion is literature (over 2,000, including novels, short stories and poetry), children's books and educational material.

It has been remarked that the average print run for a book of poetry or prose is probably 500, though a popular work of detective fiction might have a print run of 2,000.

Among the genres least cultivated in Irish is science fiction (a fact possible related to the dearth of popular science writing in the language, despite a wealth of available terminology). The American-based magazine An Gael has, however, published serials with elements of fantasy and the surreal.

Irish-language publishers
A number of publishers specialise in Irish-language material. They include the following.
 * An tÁisaonad, books for children mainly.
 * Breacadh, established in 2000, they produce learning material for adult learners, and are placed in the Connemara Gaeltacht.
 * Cló Chaisil, publishes books in Irish only. It produces books for children, teenagers and adults.
 * Cló Iar-Chonnacht, founded in 1985, has as its particular aim the publishing of work by Gaeltacht writers. It has published over 300 books, predominantly in Irish, together with music. It has acquired the titles from Sáirséal agus Dill and Cois Life.
 * Cló Ollscoil Chorcaí,
 * Comhairle Bhéaloideas Éireann,
 * Coiscéim, founded in 1980, has published 1500 titles, making it the largest private Irish language publisher in Ireland.
 * Cois Life, established in 1995 stopped publishing in 2019, published literary and academic works. Its output includes plays, fiction and poetry. Now closed, All its titles will be taken on by Cló iar-Chonachta
 * Cló Mhaigh Eo, Well-illustrated books in Irish for children and young people.
 * Éabhlóid, were established in 2010 and have been publishing books for children and adults since.
 * FÁS,(Foilseacháin Ábhair Spioradálta), established on 1 February 1916 at a meeting of Aontas Mhánuat ("Maynooth Union") and they called themselves Cumann na Sagart nGaedhalach, dropping the 'nGaedhlach' some time later.
 * Cumann na Scríbheann nGaedhilge, Established in 1898, The Irish Texts Society has been publishing well edited and translated editions of important works from the cannon of Irish language literature. They also
 * ForSai, company solely publishing works by Gary Bannister.
 * Futa Fata, Music label and publishing house producing books and CDs in Irish for children and young people.
 * An Gúm, has been publishing books in Irish since 1926 under the aegis of the Irish State. It is the largest Irish language publisher in the country, and now mainly publishes lexicography, textbooks and other curricular resources, together with material for children and young adults.
 * Leabhar Breac, A publisher of quality literature in Irish, also publishes graphic novels and translates titles like Tin Tin and Asterix and Oblix.
 * Leabhar Comhair, Leabhair Chomhar is the book publishing imprint of the literary magazine Comhar, publishing books for adult learners of Irish as well as a number of general prose and poetry titles.
 * Móinín, Literature in Irish and English for children, young people and adults.
 * Muintearas, Established in 2012, they provide learning material for early years learning.
 * Oidhreacht Chorca Dhuibhne, Specialists in publishing books and CDs of special interest in the Kerry gaeltacht.
 * Polca Phunc, following on from Éabhlóid's publication of Ící Pící by Doimnic Mac Giolla Bhríde, the same author established his own publishing company to publish his next illustrated book of new songs i nGaeilge Thír Chonail.
 * Púca Press, is a small publisher producing limited edition hand printed books in Irish and other languages.
 * An tSnáthaid Mhór, founded in 2005, aims to publish high-quality contemporary books with elaborate illustrations for children of all ages.
 * An Timire, is a publisher of religious books in Irish and the religious magazine An Timire, they seem to be a better branded branch of FÁS.
 * Údar, is the publishing wing of Glór na nGael, they produce children's books, board games, cards etc.

English Language Publishers who also publish in Irish
A number of English language publishers provide some Irish-language material too. They include the following.
 * Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, the RIA has supported the Irish language with a number of publications Section C of the Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy is dedicated to 'Archaeology, history, Celtic studies, linguistics and literature'.
 * Arlen House, established in 2011(?), specialising in books of literary and cultural importance mostly in English and some in Irish.
 * Institiúid Ard-léinn na hÉireann, DIAS have a publishing programme for academic publications on Celtic matters, some of which are in Irish.
 * Everytype, publishers of books in many languages
 * Irish Pages, founded in 2002, is a bilingual English and Irish journal. Its September 2010 issue was dedicated to writing in Irish.
 * O'Brien Press,
 * Mercier Press,
 * Veritas, Religious publications, mainly in English, with some titles in Irish, they publish the Fadó series of bilingual books.

Irish-language publishers who have ceased publishing

 * An Clóchomhar. They produced a large number of books of both general and academic interest, frequently placing Irish concerns in a broader perspective.
 * An Preas Náisiúnta.
 * An Sagart. Established in 1964, Mostly academic and religious books but also some poetry and prose. (No longer active since the passing of its sole director an tAth. Pádraig Ó Fianachta).
 * Brún agus Ó Nualláin.
 * Cló Morainn.
 * Clódhanna Teoranta, Conradh na Gaeilge's publishing house.
 * Cló Thalbóid.
 * Comhartha na dTtrí gCoinneall.
 * Comhlucht an Oideachais.
 * FNT.
 * ITÉ. Formerly Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann / Linguistics Institute of Ireland, it published academic books on linguistic matters regarding the Irish language in contemporary Ireland. The institute no longer exists.
 * Mac an Ghoill.
 * Preas Dhún Dealgan.
 * Sáirséal agus Dill. Established in 1945. Later called Sáirséal Ó Marcaigh, they ceased publishing in 2009. Their aim was to develop Irish language literature and to assist Irish language writers. They published 200 books. All the titles were acquired by Cló Iar-Chonnacht.

Literature

 * J.E. Caerwyn Williams agus Máirín Uí Mhuiríosa. Traidisiún Liteartha na nGael. An Clóchomhar Tta, 1979.

title: Modern literature in Irish


text:
Pontiac Sunfire

The Pontiac Sunfire is a compact car by Pontiac that was introduced for the 1995 model year to replace the Sunbird. Not only was the name changed, but dramatic styling changes were included as well. The new styling was shared with the redesigned Chevrolet Cavalier. The J platform was updated structurally to meet more stringent safety standards for the 1996 model year.

The Pontiac Sunfire went through two facelifts in its 11-year run: a small redesign in 2000 featuring the heavy plastic cladding look that was prevalent with Pontiac at the time, and a more streamlined update in 2003. In the US, the coupe was the only model available from 2003 to 2005. The sedan continued to be sold in Canada and Mexico until the end of production on June 22, 2005. GM replaced the Sunfire with the G5 for the 2006 model year in Canada and the 2007 model year in the United States.

Technical

 * 1995 – 138 cuin Quad 4 (RPO: LD2) I4, 150 hp (116 kW) and 150 lbft
 * 1995–1997 – 134 cuin 2200 (RPO: LN2) I4, 120 hp and 130 lbft
 * 1998–2002 – 134 cuin 2200 (RPO: LN2) I4, 115 hp and 135 lbft
 * 1996–2002 – 146 cuin Twin Cam (RPO: LD9) I4, 150 hp and 155 lbft
 * 2002–2005 – 134 cuin Ecotec (RPO: L61) I4, 140 hp and 150 lbft

The base model had the 2.2 L engine from 1994 until 2002. The GT trim level had an optional, more powerful 2.3 L Quad 4 engine from 1994 to 1995, which was replaced by the 2.4 L LD9 engine in 1995. The 2.3 and 2.4 litre engines were optional in the 2 and 4 door LS trim level. In 2003, both the 2.2 L and the 2.4 L engines were replaced by the 2.2 L Ecotec engine, and would be the only powertrain available for the remainder of production. The Ecotec engine was also an option for the 2002 model year.

At the time of introduction, the Sunfire was available with a three-speed automatic or a five-speed manual. General Motors had envisioned introducing a new four-speed automatic with the new car, but the company's cash shortage delayed this option until the next year.

Trim levels
The Sunfire could be purchased as a sedan, coupe, or convertible. All three variations came in the standard SE trim level. An upscale GT trim level was available on the coupe and convertible. The GT trim level came standard with the 2.3 litre LD2 engine from 1994 to 1995 or the 2.4 litre LD9 "Twin Cam" engine (1996–2002), 16-inch alloy wheels, dual exhaust, and a more aggressive looking front fascia. The SE trim was the standard for the Sunfire which included the 2.2 litre 2200 OHV Engine. The 2.3/2.4 DOHC Engine was optional. Both the SE and GT trim levels were dropped after the 2002 model year, along with the 2.2 OHV and 2.4 DOHC engines. The 2.2 litre Ecotec was the only available engine as of the 2002 model year.

Originally, the convertible was only in the SE trim level until the 1999 model year where it became only available in the GT trim. The convertible was discontinued after the 2000 model year. All Sunfire convertibles were assembled at the "Genesis" Lansing, Michigan Plant. At its introduction from 1995 until 2001 the rear of the vehicle on coupes has the brand name "Pontiac" between the tail lights, and the trim panel is backlit when the vehicle is on using license plate bulbs installed in the trunk. As vehicles are passed from one owner to another, the panel is not illuminated due to the owners not being aware of the feature.

Prices in 1995 Range from A base sedan at $10,243, all the way to a $14,195 coupe GT. In 2005 The Pontiac Sunfire had a base price of $15,205.

title: Pontiac Sunfire


text:
Blandings Castle

Blandings Castle is a recurring fictional location in the stories of British comic writer P. G. Wodehouse, being the seat of Lord Emsworth (Clarence Threepwood, 9th Earl of Emsworth), home to many of his family and the setting for numerous tales and adventures. The stories were written between 1915 and 1975.

The series of stories taking place at the castle, in its environs and involving its denizens have come to be known as the "Blandings books", or, in a phrase used by Wodehouse in his preface to the 1969 reprint of the first book, "the Blandings Castle Saga".

In a radio broadcast on 15 July 1961, Evelyn Waugh said: "The gardens of Blandings Castle are that original garden from which we are all exiled."

The Castle
Blandings Castle, lying in the picturesque Vale of Blandings, Shropshire, England, is 2 mi from the town of Market Blandings, home to at least nine pubs, most notably the Emsworth Arms.

The tiny hamlet of Blandings Parva lies directly outside the castle gates and the town of Much Matchingham, home to Matchingham Hall, the residence of Sir Gregory Parsloe-Parsloe, is also nearby.

The castle is a noble pile, of Early Tudor building ("its history is recorded in England's history books and Viollet-le-Duc has written of its architecture", according to Something Fresh). One of England's largest stately homes, it dominates the surrounding country, standing on a knoll of rising ground at the southern end of the celebrated Vale of Blandings; the Severn gleams in the distance. From its noble battlements, the Wrekin can be seen.

The famous moss-carpeted Yew Alley (subject to the devious gravelling schemes of Angus McAllister) leads to a small wood with a rough gamekeeper's cottage, which Psmith made use of, not to write poetry as he at first claimed, but to stash stolen jewellery. Another gamekeeper's cottage, in the West Wood, makes a pleasant home for the Empress of Blandings for a spell. The rose garden is another famous beauty spot, ideal for courting lovers. There is a lake, where Lord Emsworth often takes a brisk swim in the mornings.

The house has numerous guest rooms, many of which have not been used since Queen Elizabeth roamed the country. Of those still in use, the Garden Room is the finest, usually given to the most prestigious guest; it has a balcony outside its French windows, which can be easily accessed via a handy drainpipe.

The main library has a smaller library leading off it, and windows overlooking some flowerbeds; it is here that Lord Emsworth is often to be found on wet days, his nose deep in an improving tome of country lore, his favourite being Whiffle on The Care of the Pig.

Possible locations
There have been a number of attempts to identify a real building whose location Wodehouse might have used as the setting for the fictional Blandings Castle:

 * In 1977, Richard Usborne included a report by railway historian Michael Cobb in an appendix to the unfinished Sunset at Blandings. Based on details of train journeys and travel times given in Wodehouse's stories, Cobb argued that Buildwas in Shropshire best fitted the description of Market Blandings, thus placing Blandings Castle at one of two locations nearby. However, in a parenthetical aside, he asked whether "anyone ha[d] considered that Blandings Castle was really Apley Park" (or Hall). Apley Park (or Hall) is less than 6 mi from Buildwas.
 * In 1986, Norman Murphy, in his In Search of Blandings, looked at a whole range of criteria based around architecture and landscape features. His main suggestions were Sudeley Castle, Gloucestershire for the castle itself, and Weston Park, Staffordshire for the gardens. The owners of Sudeley, also the resting place of Queen Katherine Parr, have since emphasised the Wodehouse connection.
 * In 1999, Norman Murphy again suggested Hunstanton Hall in Norfolk, the home of the LeStrange family from 1137 to 1954, where Wodehouse visited in the 1920s, as inspiration for Blandings, its master, and "the real Empress of Blandings".
 * In 2003, Dr Daryl Lloyd and Dr Ian Greatbatch (two researchers in the Department of Geography and Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College London) made use of a Geographic Information System to analyse a set of geographical criteria, such as a viewshed analysis of The Wrekin and drive time from Shrewsbury. Their final conclusion was that Apley Hall was the best suited location for fulfilling the geographical criteria.

The family
The master of Blandings is, nominally at least, Lord Emsworth. Clarence, the ninth Earl, is an amiably absent-minded old chap, who is charming because of his slow, relaxed lifestyle and the simple obsessions that make him oblivious to the absurd melodrama of his family, namely his home, gardens, pumpkins, and his champion pig, Empress of Blandings. He is never happier than when pottering about the grounds on a fine sunny day.

Lord Emsworth's ten sisters (all of whom look like the "daughter of a hundred earls", except for Hermione, who looks like a cook), his brother Galahad ("Gally"), his daughter Mildred, his sons Freddie and George, and his numerous nieces, nephews, and in-laws inhabit the castle from time to time. For the Threepwood family, and their friends, the castle is forever available for indefinite residence, and is occasionally used as a temporary prison—known as "Devil's Island" or "The Bastille"—for love-struck young men and ladies to calm down.

Emsworth's sister Ann plays the role of châtelaine when we first visit the Castle, in Something Fresh. Following her reign, Lady Constance Keeble usually acts as châtelaine until she marries American millionaire James Schoonmaker and spends most of her time in America. Another married sister, Hermione, takes over the duties when Constance is traveling, or otherwise unavailable. While all of Lord Emsworth's sisters are 'take-charge' types, Constance ("Connie") in particular has a very domineering and impatient temperament, as well as a cutting vocabulary; Clarence lives in dread of her occasional return visits to the Castle.

Lady Julia Fish (another sister) is "the iron hand beneath the leather glove", whose son Ronald Fish ("Ronnie") marries a chorus girl named Sue Brown, much to her displeasure. Sue is the daughter of the only woman whom Gally ever loved—Dolly Henderson—though Gally insists Sue is not Ronnie's cousin.

The other sisters (not all of whom are seen, as they are married and live elsewhere) are: Charlotte, Dora, Florence, Georgiana, Jane (deceased), and Diana, the only one that Gally likes (Sunset at Blandings). They have a third brother, who has died, called Lancelot.

The staff
Blandings's ever-present butler is Sebastian Beach, with eighteen years service at the castle under his ample belt, and its other domestic servants have at various times included Mrs Twemlow the housekeeper, an under-butler named Merridew, and a number of footmen, such as Charles, Thomas, Stokes, James and Alfred. The chauffeurs Slingsby and Alfred Voules drive the castle's stately Hispano-Suiza, or, in an emergency, the Albatross or the Antelope (Summer Lightning). Scottish head gardeners Thorne and Angus McAllister have tended the grounds, while George Cyril Wellbeloved, James Pirbright and the Amazonian Monica Simmons have each in turn taken care of Lord Emsworth's beloved prize pig, Empress of Blandings.

Emsworth has employed a series of secretaries, most notable among them Rupert Baxter, the highly efficient young man who never seems to be able to keep away from Blandings, despite Lord Emsworth's increasingly low opinion of his sanity. He was succeeded in the post by Ronald Psmith, and later by the likes of Hugo Carmody and Monty Bodkin. The castle's splendid library was catalogued, for the first time since 1885, by Eve Halliday.

Notable visitors
Many people pass through the doors of Blandings, including guests and friends of the family, prospective additions to the family, temporary staff, pig-lovers, day-trippers, detectives, crooks and of course impostors galore. Among the most distinguished are the grumpy Duke of Dunstable; leading brain-specialist Sir Roderick Glossop; publishing magnate Lord Tilbury; the fifth Earl of Ickenham, known to all as Uncle Fred; and Percy Pilbeam, head of the Argus Enquiry Agency employed to locate the lost pig and recover Gally's manuscript of his memoirs.

Books
Blandings Castle serves as the setting for eleven novels and nine short stories.

 * Something Fresh (1915) — Also published under the title Something New.
 * Leave it to Psmith (1923)
 * Blandings Castle and Elsewhere (1935) – Six short stories of twelve, written from 1924 to 1931, occurring before the events of Summer Lightning:
 * "The Custody of the Pumpkin"
 * "Lord Emsworth Acts for the Best"
 * "Pig-hoo-o-o-o-ey"
 * "Company for Gertrude"
 * "The Go-getter"
 * "Lord Emsworth and the Girl Friend"
 * Summer Lightning (1929)
 * Heavy Weather (1933)
 * Lord Emsworth and Others (1937) – One short story of nine:
 * "The Crime Wave at Blandings"
 * Uncle Fred in the Springtime (1939)
 * Full Moon (1947)
 * Nothing Serious (1950) – One short story of ten:
 * "Birth of a Salesman"
 * Pigs Have Wings (1952)
 * Service with a Smile (1961)
 * Galahad at Blandings (1965)
 * Plum Pie (1966) – One short story of nine (probably to be read before Service with a Smile):
 * "Sticky Wicket at Blandings"
 * A Pelican at Blandings (1969)
 * Sunset at Blandings (1977)

Wodehouse worked on Sunset at Blandings until his death, writing even in his hospital bed. It was unfinished and untitled when he died, and was subsequently edited (by Richard Usborne) and released in its incomplete form with extensive notes on the content.

All nine Blandings short stories were collected together in one volume entitled Lord Emsworth Acts for the Best in 1992.

The Folio Society published a six volume set The Best of Blandings consisting of Summer Lightning, Heavy Weather, Uncle Fred in the Springtime, Full Moon, Pigs Have Wings, and Service with a Smile.

Television

 * Televised plays adapted from the short stories "Pig-hoo-o-o-o-ey" and "Lord Emsworth and the Girl Friend" aired in 1954 and 1956 on BBC Television.
 * The Castle and its inhabitants were the subject of six half-hour adaptations under the title Blandings Castle, made by the BBC (also known as The World of Wodehouse series). Adapted from some of the shorts in Blandings Castle and Elsewhere and "The Crime Wave at Blandings", they were broadcast in 1967 and starred Ralph Richardson as Lord Emsworth, Meriel Forbes as Lady Constance, Stanley Holloway as Beach and Derek Nimmo as Freddie. Only extracts from one episode survive ("Lord Emsworth and the Girl Friend"), the series is lost.
 * Two German television films based on the Blandings Castle stories were broadcast in West Germany. The first, Blut Floss auf Blandings Castle, was broadcast in 1967. The second film, Der Lord und Seine Koenigin, was broadcast in 1977 and was adapted from the play Oh, Clarence!.
 * Cyril Luckham played Lord Emsworth and John Savident played Beach in the 1981 BBC television film Thank You, P. G. Wodehouse.
 * In 1995, the BBC, with partners including WGBH Boston, adapted Heavy Weather into a 95-minute TV movie. It was first screened on Christmas Eve 1995 in the UK, and shown in the US by PBS on February 18, 1996. It starred Peter O'Toole as Lord Emsworth, Richard Briers as Gally, Roy Hudd as Beach, Samuel West as Monty Bodkin and Judy Parfitt as Lady Constance. It was directed by Jack Gold with a screenplay by Douglas Livingstone, and was generally well received by fans.
 * BBC One produced a series of six episodes, called Blandings, starring Timothy Spall and Jennifer Saunders which premiered in January 2013. A second series of seven episodes aired in February 2014.

Film

 * Clive Currie portrayed Lord Emsworth and Toni Edgar-Bruce portrayed Lady Constance in the film Leave It to Me (1933), based on the novel Leave It to Psmith.
 * Horace Hodges played Lord Emsworth in the 1933 silent film Summer Lightning, based on the novel Summer Lightning.
 * The 1938 Swedish film Thunder and Lightning (Swedish title: Blixt och dunder) was adapted from the novel Summer Lightning.

Stage

 * The novel Leave It to Psmith was adapted as a play by Wodehouse and Ian Hay. The play premiered in 1930. Clive Currie portrayed the Earl of Middlewick, the play's version of Lord Emsworth, and Basil Foster played Psmith.
 * The play Oh, Clarence!, a comedy in two acts, was adapted by John Chapman from the Blandings Castle stories. The play opened at the Manchester Opera House on 20 July 1968, and subsequently at the Lyric Theatre, London, on 28 August 1968. The cast included Naunton Wayne as Lord Emsworth, Agnes Lauchlan as Lady Constance, and James Hayter as Beach.
 * Giles Havergal adapted Summer Lightning as a play in 1992.

Radio

 * The short story "The Crime Wave at Blandings" was adapted for radio in 1939.
 * Dramatisations of two of the short stories, "Lord Emsworth Acts for the Best" and "Pig-hoo-o-o-o-ey", were broadcast in 1940. The adaptations aired on the BBC Home Service.
 * Leave It to Psmith was adapted for radio in 1981 by Michael Bakewell.
 * Giles Havergal adapted Full Moon for radio in 1999.
 * Between 1985 and 1992, BBC Radio 4 broadcast several adaptations in the Blandings radio series, starring Richard Vernon as Emsworth and Ian Carmichael as Galahad.
 * Archie Scottney adapted BBC radio dramatisations of Something Fresh (2009), Summer Lightning (2010), Uncle Fred in the Springtime (2012), and Leave it to Psmith (2020), with Martin Jarvis as Lord Emsworth, and Patricia Hodge as Lady Constance in all except Something Fresh.
 * Many of the stories and novels are available as audiobooks, including an abridged series narrated by Martin Jarvis.

Literature

 * Lord Emsworth's Annotated Whiffle: The Care of the Pig by James Hogg purports to be an abridged version of Lord Emsworth's annotated copy of The Care of the Pig by fictional author Augustus Whiffle. It was published by Michael Joseph Ltd. in 1991 and by Heinemann Educational Books in 1992.
 * The Reminiscences of the Hon. Galahad Threepwood by N. T. P. Murphy is meant to be the memoirs of Galahad Threepwood mentioned in Wodehouse's novels Summer Lightning and Heavy Weather. It was published by Porpoise Books in 1993. Murphy also wrote academic books about Wodehouse's works, including In Search of Blandings.
 * The short story "The Case of the Starving Swine" by Gayle Lange Puhl adds Sherlock Holmes to the Blandings short story "Pig-hoo-o-o-o-ey". The story was printed in Puhl's book Sherlock Holmes and the Folk Tale Mysteries - Volume 1, published in 2015 by MX Publishing.

title: Blandings Castle


text:
User talk:DavidByrden

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

 * How to edit a page
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If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

snoyes 00:56, 24 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Nyago
A "" template has been added to the article Nyago, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but the article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice explains why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. B. Wolterding 22:18, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:DavidByrden


text:
Solo

Solo or SOLO may refer to:

Characters

 * Han Solo, a Star Wars character
 * Jacen Solo, a Jedi in the non-canonical Star Wars Legends continuity
 * Kylo Ren, real name Ben Solo, a Star Wars character
 * Napoleon Solo, from the TV spy series Man from U.N.C.L.E.
 * Sky Solo, from the comic book series 1963
 * Solo (Marvel Comics), a fictional counter-terrorism operative

Films

 * Solo (1969 film), directed by Jean-Pierre Mocky
 * Solo (1972 film), directed by Mike Hoover
 * Solo (1977 film), a New Zealand film
 * Solo (1984 film), starring Sandra Kerns
 * Solo (1996 film), a science fiction action film
 * Solo (2006 film), an Australian film written and directed by Morgan O'Neill
 * Solo (2008 film), an Australian documentary film directed by David Michod and Jennifer Peedom
 * Solo (2011 film), a Telugu-language film
 * Solo (2013 film), a Canadian thriller
 * Solo (2015 film), Uruguayan director Guillermo Rocamora's debut film
 * Solo (2017 film), a Tamil-Malayalam film directed by Bejoy Nambiar
 * Solo: A Star Wars Story, a 2018 Star Wars film featuring a young Han Solo
 * Solo (2018 Spanish film), a 2018 Spanish adventure film starring Aura Garrido
 * Solo (2022 film), a documentary film
 * Solo (2023 film), a drama film directed by Sophie Dupuis
 * Solos (film), a 2007 Singaporean drama film

Literature

 * Solo, a 1948 novel by Paul Tabori
 * Solo, a 1980 novel by Jack Higgins
 * Solo: An American Dreamer in Europe – 1933-34, a 1983 non-fiction book by Wright Morris
 * Solo, a 1992 novel by Jill Mansell
 * Solo (Mason novel), a 1992 science fiction novel by Robert Mason
 * Solo, a 1995 picture book by Paul Geraghty
 * Solos, a 2004 novel by Kitty Burns Florey
 * Atlantic Shift, a. k. a. Solo, a 2004 novel by Emily Barr
 * Solo: Writers on Pilgrimage, a 2004 anthology by Katherine Govier
 * Solo: My Adventure in the Air, a 2005 memoir by Clyde Edgerton
 * Solo, a 2007 novel by Alyssa Brugman
 * Solo, a 2009 novel by Rana Dasgupta
 * Solo (Boyd novel), a 2013 James Bond novel by William Boyd
 * Solo, a 2017 novel by Kwame Alexander with Mary Rand Hess
 * Solo: A Star Wars Story: Expanded Edition, a novelization of the 2018 Star Wars film by Mur Lafferty
 * Solo: A Star Wars Story: A Junior Novel, a 2018 junior novelization of the same film by Joe Schreiber

Music

 * Solo (music), a piece or section played or sung by a single performer

Groups

 * Solo (American band), an R&B group from New York City
 * Solo (Dutch band), a pop duo with Michiel Flamman and Simon Gitsels

Albums

 * Solo (Kai Winding album), 1963
 * Solo (Cecil Taylor album), 1973
 * Solo (Jimmy Raney album), 1976
 * Solo (Don McLean album), 1976
 * Solo (Kaipa album), 1978
 * Solo (Egberto Gismonti album), 1979
 * Solo (Opus album), 1985
 * Solo (Solo album), 1995 album by the American band
 * Solo (John Bunch album), 1996
 * Solo (Leroy Jenkins album), 1998
 * Solo (Hugh Cornwell album), 1999
 * Solo (Mulgrew Miller album), 2000
 * Solo (DC Talk album), 2001
 * Solo (Brian Harvey album), 2002
 * Solo (Oscar Peterson album), 2002
 * Solo (Michel Camilo album), 2004
 * Solo (Ricardo Arjona album), 2004
 * Solo (Gonzalo Rubalcaba album), 2005
 * Solo (António Pinho Vargas album), 2008
 * Solo: Live from San Francisco, a 2009 album by McCoy Tyner
 * Solo (Henry Grimes album), 2009
 * Solo (Vijay Iyer album), 2010
 * Solo (Tony Lucca album), 2011
 * Solo (Lynne Arriale album), 2012
 * Solo (Gordon Lightfoot album), 2020
 * Solo (soundtrack), from the 2017 film
 * Solo (EP), a 2012 EP by Heo Young-saeng
 * Solo (Anitta EP), 2018
 * Solo: Reflections and Meditations on Monk, a 2017 album by Wadada Leo Smith
 * So-Lo, a 1984 Danny Elfman album
 * Solo 1: Standards, a 2001 album by pianist Franco D'Andrea
 * Solo 2: Abstractions, a 2001 album by pianist Franco D'Andrea
 * Solo 3: Woods, a 2001 album by pianist Franco D'Andrea
 * Solo 4: Gato, a 2001 album by pianist Franco D'Andrea
 * Solo 5: Duke, a 2001 album by pianist Franco D'Andrea
 * Solo 6: Valzer Opera Natale, a 2001 album by pianist Franco D'Andrea
 * Solo 7: Napoli, a 2001 album by pianist Franco D'Andrea
 * Solo 8: Classic Jazz, a 2001 album by pianist Franco D'Andrea
 * Solo 2.0, a 2011 album by Italian singer Marco Mengoni
 * Solo II, a 2009 album by Portuguese composer António Pinho Vargas
 * Solos (Matthew Friedberger album), a 2011 set of six albums

Compositions

 * Solo (Stockhausen), composed in 1965–66 by Karlheinz Stockhausen
 * Solos, Op. 18, by Auguste-Joseph Franchomme (1808–1884)

Songs

 * "Solo" (A.B. Quintanilla song), 2012
 * "Solo" (Alsou song), 2000
 * "Solo" (Blanka song), 2022, the Poland entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2023
 * "Solo" (Clean Bandit song), 2018
 * "Solo" (DD Smash song), 1982
 * "Solo" (Frank Ocean song), 2016
 * "Solo (Reprise) (Frank Ocean song)", 2016
 * "Solo" (Iyaz song), 2010
 * "Solo" (Jennie song), 2018
 * "Solo (Vuelta al ruedo)", by Marco Mengoni, 2011
 * "Solo", by Chew Lips, 2009
 * "Solo", by Demi Lovato from Here We Go Again, 2009
 * "Solo", by Ekhymosis from Niño Gigante, 1993
 * "Solo", by Peter Bardens, 1985
 * "Solo", by Prince from Come, 1994
 * "Solo", by The Story So Far from The Story So Far, 2015
 * "Solos", by Tony Dize, 2009

Other music

 * Solo, a division on an organ console of a pipe organ

Television

 * Solo (television pilot), 1964 television pilot movie for The Man from U.N.C.L.E.
 * Solo (TV series), a British sitcom starring Felicity Kendal
 * "Solo" (PEN15), a 2019 episode of the American comedy streaming television series
 * Solos (TV series), an anthology drama streaming television series

Other arts and entertainment

 * Solo (concert residency), a concert residency by Filipina singer Regine Velasquez
 * Solo (dance), an individual performance
 * Solo (DC Comics), a multi-artist DC comics series
 * Dance Dance Revolution Solo, a game sub-series of Dance Dance Revolution by Konami

Card games

 * American Solo, often just called Solo
 * Denver Solo, variant of Six-Bid Solo
 * English Solo, the game of Solo Whist
 * German Solo, often just called Solo
 * Progressive Solo, same as Denver Solo
 * Solo whist, a card game also known as Solo
 * Slough (card game), also called Solo

Brands and enterprises

 * Solo (Australian soft drink), with lemon taste
 * Solo (debit card), a British brand of cash card
 * Solo (Norwegian soft drink), with orange taste
 * Solo (restaurant), Dutch Michelin starred restaurant
 * Solo Beverage Company, a soft drink manufacturer in Trinidad and Tobago
 * Solo Cup Company, an American manufacturer of consumer packaging products acquired by Dart Container in 2012
 * Solo Foods, an American food company
 * Solo Mobile, a communications company
 * Solo Oil, former Australian oil company
 * SOLO, a brand of matches from Sušice in the Czech Republic

Education

 * Stonehearth Open Learning Opportunities (SOLO), a school in Conway, New Hampshire, U.S.
 * Structure of observed learning outcome (SOLO), an education taxonomy
 * Search Oxford Libraries Online (SOLO), an online union catalogue of the Bodleian Library of Oxford University

People

 * Solo (surname), people and fictional characters
 * DJ Solo, real name Dave Abrams, American DJ, producer, rapper and visual artist
 * Shawn Fonteno (born 1968), nicknamed "Solo", American actor and rapper
 * Gary McKinnon (born 1966), nicknamed "Solo", British hacker

Places

 * Solo, Fasa, Iran, a village
 * Solo, Arkansas, United States, an unincorporated community
 * Solo, Missouri, United States, an unincorporated community
 * Cerro Solo or El Solo, a volcano in the Andes
 * Solo Nunatak, Victoria Land, Antarctic
 * Solo River, the longest river in the Indonesian island of Java
 * Surakarta, Indonesia, a city known colloquially as Solo

Sports

 * Solo, autocross events sanctioned by the SCCA
 * Solo climbing, also known as soloing
 * Solo racing, a form of Motorcycle speedway racing

Aviation

 * First solo flight of a trainee pilot
 * Bailey Solo, a British paramotor design
 * Fresh Breeze Solo, a German paramotor design

Automobiles

 * ElectraMeccanica Solo, a three-wheeled battery-electric microcar
 * Optare Solo, a British-built midibus
 * Panther Solo, a British sports car

Watercraft

 * Solo (dinghy), a racing sailboat designed by Jack Holt in 1956
 * Solo (yacht), an Australian ex-ocean racing yacht
 * MV Solo, a 1977 Greenpeace ship

Other uses

 * Solar Orbiter (SolO), a 2020 space mission
 * Solo (magazine), a Swedish magazine
 * Gateway Solo, a brand of laptop computers
 * SOLO, a computer built by Philco for the United States National Security Agency

title: Solo


text:
User talk:Meelar

Headline text
'''Want to leave a message? Just put it at the bottom of the page.''' I do archive—see links below (archived on that date):
 * February 15, 2004
 * March 21, 2004
 * March 29, 2004
 * May 16, 2004
 * July 9, 2004
 * August 2, 2004
 * September 2, 2004
 * March 28, 2005
 * May 23, 2005
 * August 5, 2005
 * March 14, 2007
 * May 31, 2011
 * February 22, 2021

June 2021
Hello, I'm JalenFolf. I wanted to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions to Sullivan King have been undone because they appeared to be promotional. Advertising and using Wikipedia as a "soapbox" are against Wikipedia policy and not permitted; Wikipedia articles should be written objectively, using independent sources, and from a neutral perspective. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about Wikipedia.   Jalen Folf   (talk)  17:52, 18 June 2021 (UTC)

Administrators will no longer be autopatrolled
A recently closed Request for Comment (RFC) reached consensus to remove Autopatrolled from the administrator user group. You may, similarly as with Edit Filter Manager, choose to self-assign this permission to yourself. This will be implemented the week of December 13th, but if you wish to self-assign you may do so now. To find out when the change has gone live or if you have any questions please visit the Administrator's Noticeboard. 20:06, 7 December 2021 (UTC)

How we will see unregistered users
Hi!

You get this message because you are an admin on a Wikimedia wiki.

When someone edits a Wikimedia wiki without being logged in today, we show their IP address. As you may already know, we will not be able to do this in the future. This is a decision by the Wikimedia Foundation Legal department, because norms and regulations for privacy online have changed.

Instead of the IP we will show a masked identity. You as an admin will still be able to access the IP. There will also be a new user right for those who need to see the full IPs of unregistered users to fight vandalism, harassment and spam without being admins. Patrollers will also see part of the IP even without this user right. We are also working on better tools to help.

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We have two suggested ways this identity could work. We would appreciate your feedback on which way you think would work best for you and your wiki, now and in the future. You can let us know on the talk page. You can write in your language. The suggestions were posted in October and we will decide after 17 January.

Thank you. /Johan (WMF)

18:12, 4 January 2022 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for March 15
An automated process has detected that when you recently edited Water polo, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Rugby.

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New administrator activity requirement
22:53, 15 April 2022 (UTC)

Nomination of Live performance for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Live performance is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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Disambiguation link notification for May 12
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Proposed deletion of We Still Hold These Truths (Ronald Hirsch book)
Hello, Meelar

Welcome to Wikipedia! I edit here too, under the username Iseult, and I thank you for your contributions.

I wanted to let you know, however, that I've proposed an article that you started, We Still Hold These Truths (Ronald Hirsch book), for deletion because it meets one or more of our deletion criteria, and I don't think that it is suitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia. The particular issue can be found in the notice that is now visible at the top of the article.

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Iseult  Δx parlez moi 19:51, 24 June 2022 (UTC)

 * Just letting you know, I've done a cursory look and I don't see any significant coverage of this, so I'm not going to contest deletion. Thanks for your edits and work. Best, Meelar (talk) 20:00, 24 June 2022 (UTC)

Nomination of Amy DeGise for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Amy DeGise is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Amy DeGise until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. PRAXIDICAE🌈 19:19, 12 August 2022 (UTC)

Joseph Dodds
Hi, your move of the two articles appears to be undiscussed and IMO is unnecessary. There is nothing wrong with one being Joe and the other Joseph, with a "for the Fooer, see Bah" hatnote on each to differentiate, particularly if they are from fields where different forms would be expected and are used in sources, the more formal Joseph for the politician and the casual Joe for the sportsman. Besides, the alternative titles you have chosen are overly descriptive, there are no others of that profession so to include the nationality is superfluous. I am unable to manually revert so please either do so yourself if you are able, or alternatively seek opinions from the relevant Football and Politics projects, thanks. Crowsus (talk) 20:57, 29 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Respectfully, I disagree, or at minimum I don't think a reversion is needed. Given that the footballer is referred to as "Joseph" in the lede of his article, I think it's pretty clear that a person typing "Joseph Dobbs" in the search bar might reasonably be looking for either. And it's not exactly an uncommon name either; if a third Joe Dobbs ever comes along, we'd need the disambig anyway. IMHO a bit of excess specificity doesn't do any harm in this case, so I'm inclined to leave it as-is (if you want to move the articles to Joseph Dobbs (politician) and similar, that seems fine, though). Best, Meelar (talk) 21:02, 29 September 2022 (UTC)

"Georgia (U.S. state" listed at Redirects for discussion
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I have sent you a note about a page you started
Hello, Meelar. Thank you for your work on John Steineger. User:SunDawn, while examining this page as a part of our page curation process, had the following comments:

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✠ SunDawn ✠    (contact)   03:43, 28 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Thank you! I've been creating a bunch of Kansas state senators recently; a lot of them are a bit stubby because sources are hard to come by, but it's progress nonetheless. Feel free to chip in if you're so inclined, and cheers! Meelar (talk) 12:43, 28 October 2022 (UTC)

I have sent you a note about a page you started
Hello, Meelar. Thank you for your work on John E. Chandler. User:SunDawn, while examining this page as a part of our page curation process, had the following comments:

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✠ SunDawn ✠    (contact)   03:29, 19 November 2022 (UTC)

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A kitten for you!
Great work on the Jeanne Hoferer article, also thank you for your work on Kansas politicians. Sorry for the late reply! Happy editing!

✠ Rejoy2003 ✠    (contact)   19:58, 8 December 2022 (UTC)

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Barnstar for you!
You are the first person to edit the Barack Obama wikipedia page. Congratulations!LeetToTheBeatMakeItRoar (talk) 13:19, 17 March 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Meelar