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Minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations

The minister of Crown–Indigenous relations (ministre des relations couronne-autochtones) is a minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet, one of two ministers (the other being the minister of northern affairs) who administer Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada (CIRNAC), the department of the Government of Canada which is responsible for administering the Indian Act and other legislation dealing with "Indians and lands reserved for the Indians" under subsection 91(24) of the Constitution Act, 1867. The minister is also more broadly responsible for overall relations between the federal government and First Nations, Métis, and Inuit.

Gary Anandasangaree has been the present minister of Crown–Indigenous relations since July 26, 2023.

The current version of the position was created alongside the minister of Indigenous services, who administers Indigenous Services Canada, the department responsible for health care, water, and other services to Indigenous communities when Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced on August 28, 2017, that the federal government intended to abolish the Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada department.

Legal title
The applied title of the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development (DIAND), under the Federal Identity Program, is Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC). INAC is responsible for policies relating to Aboriginal peoples in Canada, that comprise the First Nations, Inuit and Métis. The title has been changed over the last decade from "Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development" to a working title of "Minister of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada" on May 18, 2011, during the cabinet shuffle under then-Prime Minister Stephen Harper, and again to "Minister of Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada" during the 29th Canadian Ministry on November 4, 2015. The current working title under CIRNAC was introduced in the 29th Ministry on August 28, 2017, in which Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced that the Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada would be gradually abolished.

Mandate
According to their website, the mandate of the Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada (CIRNAC) is to "renew the nation-to-nation, Inuit-Crown, government-to-government relationship between Canada and First Nations, Inuit and Métis; modernize Government of Canada structures to enable Indigenous peoples to build capacity and support their vision of self-determination; and lead the Government of Canada's work in the North."

Nomenclature
In their July 5, 2018 document, CIRNAC wrote that the concept of Aboriginal nation in Canada, based on the 1996 Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP), refers to "a sizeable body of Aboriginal people with a shared sense of national identity that constitutes the predominant population in a certain territory or collection of territories. There are three elements in this definition: collective sense of identity; size as a measure of capacity; and territorial predominance. The first element, a collective sense of identity, can be based on a variety of factors. It is usually grounded in a common heritage, which comprises such elements as a common history, language, culture, traditions, political consciousness, laws, governmental structures, spirituality, ancestry, homeland or adherence to a particular treaty."

According to the 1985 Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. I-6) the term "Indian" remained in the department's legal name, although the term "Indigenous" is used in its applied title under the Federal Identity Program.

According to a 2004 AADNC Government of Canada document, the term "First Nation", has been used since the 1970s instead of the word "Indian", which some people found offensive. The term "Indian" is used for legal and historical documents such as Status Indians as defined by the Indian Act. For example, the term "Indian" continues to be used in the historical and legal document, the Canadian Constitution and federal statutes. The term "Aboriginal" is commonly used when referring to the three groups of Indigenous peoples as a whole, First Nations, Inuit and Métis. It is also used by Aboriginal people who live within Canada who claim rights of sovereignty or Aboriginal title to lands.

Background
In 1983, the Penner Report by the Special Parliamentary Committee on Indian Self-Government, chaired by Liberal MP Keith Penner, had recommended the phasing out of the Indian Act and the Department of Indian Affairs and the introduction of Native self-government. Then-Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, had dismissed the report in 1984. Reports and commissions following the Penner Report including the "Report on the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (1996), the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada Calls to Action (2015), the Principles Respecting the Government of Canada’s Relationship with Indigenous Peoples (2017), Recognition of Indigenous Rights and Self-Determination discussions, and the national engagement—[Recognition and Implementation of Indigenous Rights Framework (RIIRF)]—led by the Minister of Crown-Indigenous Relations", confirmed that "changes are needed to ensure that policies effectively respond to the needs and interests of Indigenous communities" and that policies need to be aligned "with evolving laws and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, including the concept of free, prior and informed consent." On February 14, 2018, during a speech in the House of Commons, Trudeau announced the formation of the Recognition and Implementation of Indigenous Rights Framework which was intended to "enshrine Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982— which affirms Indigenous rights — in federal law" and to "fill the gap between federal government policies and multiple court decisions on Indigenous rights." It was to be undertaken in "full partnership with First Nations, Inuit, and Métis Peoples".

In their Fourteenth Report released on December 3, 2018, the Standing Senate Committee on Aboriginal Peoples listed improvements, changes and concerns related to the relationship between CIRNAC and agencies such as the Lands Advisory Board also known as First Nations Land Management Resource Centre (FNLMRC), the First Nations Tax Commission (FNTC) and the First Nations Financial Management Board

Changing names and responsibilities from 1867 to 2019
Prior to Canadian Confederation in 1867, the Indian Department for British North America was responsible for relations between the Crown and Indigenous peoples.

A superintendent-general of Indian affairs was in the Cabinet of Canada from 1867 until 1936 when the Minister of Mines and Resources became responsible for native affairs. In 1950, the Indian Affairs branch was transferred to the minister of citizenship and immigration, who had responsibility for "status Indians" until the creation of the position of minister of Indian affairs and northern development in 1966.

Before 1966, the Northern Development portions of the portfolio were the responsibility of the minister of northern affairs and national resources.

A 1983 House of Commons Committee recommended that Indian or First Nations communities be allowed to write their own membership code provided that the code did not violate fundamental human rights. A second report from the 1983 Penner Committee recommended the gradual abolition of the office of minister of Indian affairs and a transfer of responsibility for their own affairs to First Nations communities. Proposed changes died on the House of Commons' Order Paper at the end of the parliamentary session and have not been re-introduced.

Until amendments to the Indian Act in 1985 restored Indian status to many people whose status had been revoked for discriminatory reasons, about half of the persons claiming to be Indians were entitled to be registered as Indians under the Indian Act and to receive the benefits reserved for registered Indians under the Act. In 1985, status was restored to 100,000 people including women who married men who were not Status Indians, and their children; people who had, prior to 1961, renounced their Indian status so they could vote in federal elections, and their children; people whose mother and paternal grandmother did not have status before marriage (these people lost status at 21), and their children; and people who had been born out of wedlock of mothers with status and fathers without, and their children.

As of July 2004, the minister of Indian affairs and northern development has been assigned the role of federal interlocutor for Métis and Non-Status Indians concurrently.

By 2017, CIRNAC and the minister of Indigenous services were responsible for federal government relations with First Nations, Inuit and Métis.

Acts
The Minister has responsibilities, wholly or partially, under a number of Acts: (list may not be complete)
 * Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act R.S., 1985, c. A-12
 * British Columbia Indian Cut-off Lands Settlement Act — 1984, c. 2
 * British Columbia Indian Reserves Mineral Resources Act — 1943–44, c. 19
 * British Columbia Treaty Commission Act — 1995, c. 45
 * Canada Petroleum Resources Act — R.S., 1985, c. 36 (2nd Supp.)
 * Canada-Yukon Oil and Gas Accord Implementation Act — 1998, c. 5
 * Canadian Polar Commission Act — 1991, c. 6
 * Caughnawaga Indian Reserve Act — 1934, c. 29
 * Claim Settlements (Alberta and Saskatchewan)Implementation Act — 2002, c-3
 * Condominium Ordinance Validation Act— 1985, c. 46
 * Cree-Naskapi (of Quebec) Act — 1984, c. 18
 * Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development Act — R.S., 1985, c. I-6
 * Dominion Water Power Act, — R.S., 1985, c. W-4
 * First Nations Commercial and Industrial Development Act — 2005, c. 53
 * First Nations Jurisdiction over Education in British Columbia Act — 2006, c. 10
 * First Nations Land Management Act — 1999, c. 24
 * First Nations Oil and Gas and Moneys Management Act — 2005, c. 48
 * Fort Nelson Indian Reserve Minerals Revenue Sharing Act — 1980-81-82-83, c. 38
 * Grassy Narrows and Islington Indian Bands Mercury Pollution Claims Settlement Act — 1986, c. 23
 * Gwich’in Land Claim Settlement Act — 1992, c. 53
 * Indian Act — R.S., 1985, c. I-5
 * Indian Lands Agreement Act (1986) — 1988, c. 39
 * Indian Oil and Gas Act — R.S., 1985, c. I-7
 * Kanesatake Interim Land Base Governance Act — 2001, c. 8
 * Kelowna Accord Implementation Act 2008, c. 23
 * Labrador Inuit Land Claims Agreement Act — 2005, c. 27
 * Lands Surveys Act, Canada — R.S., 1985, c. L-6 Part III
 * Mackenzie Valley Resource Management Act — 1998, c. 25
 * Manitoba Claim Settlements Implementation Act — 2000, c. 33
 * Mi’kmaq Education Act — 1998, c. 24
 * Natural Resources Transfer (School Lands) Amendments, (Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan) (see also School Lands) — 1960–61, c. 62
 * Nelson House First Nation Flooded Land Act — 1997, c. 29
 * New Brunswick Indian Reserves Agreement — 1959, c. 47
 * Northwest Territories Act — R.S., 1985, c. N-27
 * Northwest Territories Waters Act — 1992, c. 39
 * Nova Scotia Indian Reserves Agreement — 1959, c. 50
 * Nunavik Inuit Land Claims Agreement Act — 2008, c. 2
 * Nunavut Act — 1993, c. 28
 * Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act — 1993, c. 29
 * Nunavut Waters and Nunavut Surface Rights Tribunal Act — 2002, c. 10
 * Oil and Gas Operations Act, Canada — R.S., 1985, c. O-7
 * Pictou Landing Indian Band Agreement Act — 1995, c. 4
 * Sahtu Dene and Metis Land Claim Settlement Act — 1994, c. 27
 * St. Peters Indian Reserve Act — 1916, c. 24
 * St. Regis Islands Act — 1926–27, c. 37
 * Saskatchewan Treaty Land Entitlement Act — 1993, c. 11
 * Sechelt Indian Band Self-Government Act — 1986, c. 27
 * Songhees Indian Reserve Act — 1911, c. 24
 * Specific Claims Tribunal Act 2008, c. 22
 * Split Lake Cree First Nation Flooded Land Act — 1994, c. 42
 * Territorial Lands Act — R.S., 1985, c. T-7
 * Tlicho Land Claims and Self-Government Act — 2005, c. 1
 * Tsawwassen First Nation Final Agreement Act — 2008, c. 32
 * Westbank First Nation Self-Government Act — 2004, c. 17
 * Western Arctic (Inuvialuit) Claims Settlement Act — 1984, c. 24
 * York Factory First Nation Flooded Land Act — 1997, c. 28
 * Yukon Act — 2002, c. 7
 * Yukon Environmental and Socioeconomic Assessment Act — 2003, c. 7
 * Yukon First Nations Self-Government Act — 1994, c. 35

Boards, Commissions and Other Responsibilities
The Minister is also the lead Minister or responsible Minister for:
 * Canadian Polar Commission
 * Corporation for the Mitigation of Mackenzie Gas Project Impacts
 * First Nations Statistical Institute
 * Indian Oil and Gas Canada
 * Northwest Territories Commissioner
 * Northwest Territories Water Board
 * Mackenzie Valley Environmental Impact Review Board
 * Contract for Implementation of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement
 * Nunavut Commissioner
 * Nunavut Impact Review Board
 * Nunavut Planning Commission
 * Nunavut Water Board
 * Yukon Territory Commissioner

List of ministers
Prior to 1966, responsibilities for the Indian Affairs portion of this portfolio fell under the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration (List), and the Northern Development portion under the Minister of Northern Affairs and National Resources (List).

title: Minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations


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Sierpiński space

In mathematics, the Sierpiński space is a finite topological space with two points, only one of which is closed. It is the smallest example of a topological space which is neither trivial nor discrete. It is named after Wacław Sierpiński.

The Sierpiński space has important relations to the theory of computation and semantics, because it is the classifying space for open sets in the Scott topology.

Definition and fundamental properties
Explicitly, the Sierpiński space is a topological space S whose underlying point set is $$\{0, 1\}$$ and whose open sets are $$\{\varnothing,\{1\}, \{0,1\}\}.$$ The closed sets are $$\{\varnothing, \{0\}, \{0,1\}\}.$$ So the singleton set $$\{0\}$$ is closed and the set $$\{1\}$$ is open ($$\varnothing = \{ \, \}$$ is the empty set).

The closure operator on S is determined by $$\overline{\{0\}} = \{0\}, \qquad \overline{\{1\}} = \{0,1\}.$$

A finite topological space is also uniquely determined by its specialization preorder. For the Sierpiński space this preorder is actually a partial order and given by $$0 \leq 0, \qquad 0 \leq 1, \qquad 1 \leq 1.$$

Topological properties
The Sierpiński space $$S$$ is a special case of both the finite particular point topology (with particular point 1) and the finite excluded point topology (with excluded point 0). Therefore, $$S$$ has many properties in common with one or both of these families.

Separation

 * The points 0 and 1 are topologically distinguishable in S since $$\{1\}$$ is an open set which contains only one of these points. Therefore, S is a Kolmogorov (T0) space.
 * However, S is not T1 since the point 1 is not closed. It follows that S is not Hausdorff, or Tn for any $$n \geq 1.$$
 * S is not regular (or completely regular) since the point 1 and the disjoint closed set $$\{0\}$$ cannot be separated by neighborhoods. (Also regularity in the presence of T0 would imply Hausdorff.)
 * S is vacuously normal and completely normal since there are no nonempty separated sets.
 * S is not perfectly normal since the disjoint closed sets $$\varnothing$$ and $$\{0\}$$ cannot be precisely separated by a function. Indeed, $$\{0\}$$ cannot be the zero set of any continuous function $$S \to \Reals$$ since every such function is constant.

Connectedness

 * The Sierpiński space S is both hyperconnected (since every nonempty open set contains 1) and ultraconnected (since every nonempty closed set contains 0).
 * It follows that S is both connected and path connected.
 * A path from 0 to 1 in S is given by the function: $$f(0) = 0$$ and $$f(t) = 1$$ for $$t > 0.$$ The function $$f : I \to S$$ is continuous since $$f^{-1}(1) = (0, 1]$$ which is open in I.
 * Like all finite topological spaces, S is locally path connected.
 * The Sierpiński space is contractible, so the fundamental group of S is trivial (as are all the higher homotopy groups).

Compactness

 * Like all finite topological spaces, the Sierpiński space is both compact and second-countable.
 * The compact subset $$\{1\}$$ of S is not closed showing that compact subsets of T0 spaces need not be closed.
 * Every open cover of S must contain S itself since S is the only open neighborhood of 0. Therefore, every open cover of S has an open subcover consisting of a single set: $$\{S\}.$$
 * It follows that S is fully normal.

Convergence

 * Every sequence in S converges to the point 0. This is because the only neighborhood of 0 is S itself.
 * A sequence in S converges to 1 if and only if the sequence contains only finitely many terms equal to 0 (i.e. the sequence is eventually just 1's).
 * The point 1 is a cluster point of a sequence in S if and only if the sequence contains infinitely many 1's.
 * Examples:
 * 1 is not a cluster point of $$(0,0,0,0,\ldots).$$
 * 1 is a cluster point (but not a limit) of $$(0,1,0,1,0,1,\ldots).$$
 * The sequence $$(1,1,1,1,\ldots)$$ converges to both 0 and 1.

Metrizability

 * The Sierpiński space S is not metrizable or even pseudometrizable since every pseudometric space is completely regular but the Sierpiński space is not even regular.
 * S is generated by the hemimetric (or pseudo-quasimetric) $$d(0, 1) = 0$$ and $$d(1,0) = 1.$$

Other properties

 * There are only three continuous maps from S to itself: the identity map and the constant maps to 0 and 1.
 * It follows that the homeomorphism group of S is trivial.

Continuous functions to the Sierpiński space
Let X be an arbitrary set. The set of all functions from X to the set $$\{0, 1\}$$ is typically denoted $$2^X.$$ These functions are precisely the characteristic functions of X. Each such function is of the form $$\chi_U(x) = \begin{cases}1 & x \in U \\ 0 & x \not\in U\end{cases}$$ where U is a subset of X. In other words, the set of functions $$2^X$$ is in bijective correspondence with $$P(X),$$ the power set of X. Every subset U of X has its characteristic function $$\chi_U$$ and every function from X to $$\{0, 1\}$$ is of this form.

Now suppose X is a topological space and let $$\{0, 1\}$$ have the Sierpiński topology. Then a function $$\chi_U : X \to S$$ is continuous if and only if $$\chi_U^{-1}(1)$$ is open in X. But, by definition $$\chi_U^{-1}(1) = U.$$ So $$\chi_U$$ is continuous if and only if U is open in X. Let $$C(X, S)$$ denote the set of all continuous maps from X to S and let $$T(X)$$ denote the topology of X (that is, the family of all open sets). Then we have a bijection from $$T(X)$$ to $$C(X, S)$$ which sends the open set $$U$$ to $$\chi_U.$$ $$C(X, S) \cong \mathcal{T}(X)$$ That is, if we identify $$2^X$$ with $$P(X)$$ the subset of continuous maps $$C(X, S) \subseteq 2^X$$is precisely the topology of $$X:$$ $$T(X) \subseteq P(X).$$

A particularly notable example of this is the Scott topology for partially ordered sets, in which the Sierpiński space becomes the classifying space for open sets when the characteristic function preserves directed joins.

Categorical description
The above construction can be described nicely using the language of category theory. There is a contravariant functor $$T : \mathbf{Top} \to \mathbf{Set}$$ from the category of topological spaces to the category of sets which assigns each topological space $$X$$ its set of open sets $$T(X)$$ and each continuous function $$f : X \to Y$$ the preimage map $$f^{-1} : \mathcal{T}(Y) \to \mathcal{T}(X).$$ The statement then becomes: the functor $$T$$ is represented by $$(S, \{1\})$$ where $$S$$ is the Sierpiński space. That is, $$T$$ is naturally isomorphic to the Hom functor $$\operatorname{Hom}(-, S)$$ with the natural isomorphism determined by the universal element $$\{1\} \in T(S).$$ This is generalized by the notion of a presheaf.

The initial topology
Any topological space X has the initial topology induced by the family $$C(X, S)$$ of continuous functions to Sierpiński space. Indeed, in order to coarsen the topology on X one must remove open sets. But removing the open set U would render $$\chi_U$$ discontinuous. So X has the coarsest topology for which each function in $$C(X, S)$$ is continuous.

The family of functions $$C(X, S)$$ separates points in X if and only if X is a T0 space. Two points $$x$$ and $$y$$ will be separated by the function $$\chi_U$$ if and only if the open set U contains precisely one of the two points. This is exactly what it means for $$x$$ and $$y$$ to be topologically distinguishable.

Therefore, if X is T0, we can embed X as a subspace of a product of Sierpiński spaces, where there is one copy of S for each open set U in X. The embedding map $$e : X \to \prod_{U \in \mathcal{T}(X)} S = S^{\mathcal{T}(X)}$$ is given by $$e(x)_U = \chi_U(x).\,$$ Since subspaces and products of T0 spaces are T0, it follows that a topological space is T0 if and only if it is homeomorphic to a subspace of a power of S.

In algebraic geometry
In algebraic geometry the Sierpiński space arises as the spectrum $$\operatorname{Spec}(R)$$ of a discrete valuation ring $$R$$ such as $$\Z_{(p)}$$ (the localization of the integers at the prime ideal generated by the prime number $$p$$). The generic point of $$\operatorname{Spec}(R),$$ coming from the zero ideal, corresponds to the open point 1, while the special point of $$\operatorname{Spec}(R),$$ coming from the unique maximal ideal, corresponds to the closed point 0.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sierpiński space


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Jubilee Line Extension

The Jubilee Line Extension (JLE) is the extension of the London Underground Jubilee line from to  through south and east London. An eastward extension of the line was first proposed in the 1970s. As part of the development of London Docklands, the line was extended to serve Canary Wharf and other areas of south and east London. Construction began in 1993, and it opened in stages from May to December 1999, at a cost of £3.5 billion.

The 11 new stations were designed to be "future-proof", with wide passageways, large quantities of escalators and lifts, and emergency exits. The stations were the first on the Underground to have platform edge doors, and were built to have step free access throughout. Each of the stations was designed by a different architect, and the overall design of the project was led by Roland Paoletti. The stations have subsequently been praised as exemplary pieces of 20th-century architecture. The project was the single largest addition to the Underground in 25 years.

Stations
The extension diverges just east of, eastward to:

Before the extension, the Jubilee line terminated at. The section between Charing Cross and Green Park, which diverges to the northwest, is now unused for passenger services but is maintained for emergency use. The abandoned platforms are occasionally rented out by TfL as a film set e.g. Skyfall, Thor: The Dark World and Woman in Black II.

Original 1970s plans
The Jubilee line between and  was intended to be the first phase of the Fleet Line (as the Jubilee line was originally called). In the first version of the Fleet Line Extension plan, the line ran from Charing Cross via and  to Fenchurch Street station, then via tunnel under the River Thames to connect to the East London line north of Surrey Docks (now Surrey Quays) from where it would take over Underground services to New Cross Gate and New Cross with tunnels continuing from the latter to Lewisham. In anticipation of this, the tunnels of the first phase of the line continued eastward from Charing Cross under Strand almost as far as Aldwych.

This plan was modified shortly before the Jubilee line opened in 1979. Under the new plan (known for planning purposes as the River Line), it would run to Fenchurch Street as before and continue via the Isle of Dogs, Royal Docks and Woolwich Arsenal to the "new town" at Thamesmead. A branch from Silvertown to Beckton would have provided a link to a new depot. This route is not dissimilar to the Crossrail route through the Docklands.

Jubilee Line Extension
Plans to extend the line were revived in the late 1980s, prompted by the proposed development of London Docklands and Canary Wharf, which substantially increased the predicted numbers of jobs in the Isle of Dogs and required a transport network with much greater capacity than provided by the Docklands Light Railway (DLR). Initially, Olympia and York, the developers of Canary Wharf, proposed building a dedicated 'Waterloo and Greenwich Railway' from Waterloo through London Bridge to Canary Wharf and then to Westcombe Park in Greenwich, costing £400 million. However, London Transport resisted this, preferring to wait for the results of studies into new railway construction. One of these, the East London Railway Study, recommended an extension of the Jubilee line from Green Park to Westminster, then following the route of the Waterloo and Greenwich Railway, continuing to Stratford via Canning Town alongside the North London Line. This option was adopted, with an estimated cost of £2.1 billion to which Olympia and York would make a £400 million contribution, the original cost estimate of the Waterloo and Greenwich Railway. In the end it cost £3.5bn, partly because of huge cost overruns during construction. Where initially the developers were to pay for a large part of the extension, their final contribution was less than 5%.

The extension was authorised in 1990. A station was originally planned at Blackwall, but this was replaced by diverting the line between Canary Wharf and Stratford underneath the Thames to serve the Greenwich peninsula at station. Plans for the Millennium Dome did not yet exist, and this diversion was made to provide for a planned housing development on the site of disused gasworks. British Gas plc contributed £25 million to the scheme. The stations at Southwark and Bermondsey were not initially certain.

The project also required the construction of a new depot to serve the extended line, given the increased number of trains could not be accommodated at the existing Neasden Depot - hence a site at Stratford Market was chosen. 59 1996 Stock trains were ordered as part of the extension, following cancellation of the plan to heavily refurbish the original 1983 stock trains.

Main works were authorised by the London Underground Act 1992, with additional works allowed by the London Underground (Jubilee) Act 1993. In May 1992, Olympia and York (the developers of Canary Wharf) went into administration following the early 1990s recession. This caused a delay to the project, as the Treasury did not wish to proceed without private sector investment. In September 1993, the financial restricting of Canary Wharf was completed, and it was agreed that the £400 million contribution would be maintained. In October 1993, Secretary of State for Transport John MacGregor gave the go ahead for the project. Contracts to built the project were awarded soon after, at a cost of around £1.2 billion.

Construction
Construction of the project began on 8 December 1993, with a ceremony at Canary Wharf attended by Prime Minister John Major. Construction was expected to take 53 months, with an opening date of May 1998. Tunnelling began in August 1994 at North Greenwich. By August 1996, all tunnelling work had been completed.

Tunnelling had been delayed after a collapse during the Heathrow Express project in October 1994, which used the same New Austrian Tunnelling method. Indeed, construction under Westminster caused the Elizabeth Tower to tilt slightly. Other delays subsequently affected the project, including wildcat strikes by electricians and changes to the designs of the stations. The extension was supposed to have moving block signalling, designed by Westinghouse, in order to reach 36 trains per hour at peak times. As design of this overran, this was postponed in favour of more traditional signalling. Twelve years later these features were completed, allowing for up to 33 trains per hour. By November 1997, a September 1998 date was planned.

The new Stratford Market Depot was completed in March 1998 - allowing for testing and commissioning of the new 1996 Stock trains, as well as the testing of the new extension itself. By June 1998, opening was planned in Spring 1999. By November 1998, a phased opening throughout 1999 was being considered. By February 1999, the cost of the extension had increased to a total of £3.3 billion.

Opening
The first phase of the extension from Stratford to North Greenwich was opened by the Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott on 14 May 1999. There was concern that the entire line would not be open in time for the Millennium Dome, which would open on 1 January 2000. The second phase between North Greenwich and Bermondsey opened on 24 September 1999. The extension was linked to the rest of the Jubilee line with the opening of the final phase on 20 November 1999. Westminster – complicated by the interface with the subsurface platforms, which remained in operation during construction – opened on 22 December 1999, shortly before the Millennium Dome deadline. The final construction cost of the extension was £3.5 billion.

In 2005, a criminal trial regarding corruption and insider information during the construction of the extension collapsed, after 21 months and a cost of £60m.

Design
The design of the extension is radically different from anything else on the London Underground. Stations are characterised by cavernous, stark interiors lined with polished metal panels and moulded concrete walls and columns. has been compared to a cathedral, with it being said that the neighbouring One Canada Square, if laid on its side, could fit in the station with room to spare. has a dramatic vertical void nearly 40 m deep.

The size of the stations was a response to safety concerns—overcrowding and a lack of exits had been significant factors in the 1987 King's Cross disaster—and an attempt to "future-proof" stations by designing from the start for a high use. Most platforms and halls are full only in a busy rush hour, all provide step-free access, platforms have emergency exits at both ends, ventilation, as well as fireproof lifts. To ensure passenger flow, a large quantity of escalators (at least 3 per station) were installed, totalling 115 over the entire extension, increasing the total number of escalators over the entire Underground network by almost half.

The extension was also built with a wider tunnel diameter of 4.35 m allowing a passenger walkway used for emergency purposes, unfortunately wider trains are not possible due to the narrower tunnel dimension northwards of Green Park.

A number of leading architects were employed to design the stations, overseen by Roland Paoletti and a small team of in-house JLE Architects. It was decided from the outset that although each station would be designed as an individual entity, they would be linked by a common design philosophy and functional elements. Spaciousness was the most noticeable, along with the shared theme of grey and silver polished metal and concrete interiors. More subtly, many stations were designed to admit as much natural light as possible. At and to a lesser extent at Canada Water and, rotundas and shafts allow daylight to reach, or nearly reach, the platforms.

The platforms saw another innovation: full-height platform edge doors, to improve airflow, prevent people from jumping or falling onto the track, prevent litter depositing upon the track and stop dirt circulating around the network, amongst other features. These are the first doors to be installed on a commercial railway in Great Britain.

Reception
Upon opening, the Jubilee Line Extension was widely welcomed, with praise for the architecture, accessibility and expansion of the Tube to south-east and east London. Many of the new stations subsequently received individual awards and commendations for their architecture, including Westminster and Canary Wharf being jointly awarded the 2000 Civic Trust Building of the Year. The Royal Fine Art Commission named the extension as a whole their Millennium Building of the Year, with the chair of the judging panel calling it "comparable to the achievement of Haussmann when he constructed the great boulevards of Paris".

For his work on the project, Roland Paoletti received the RIBA/Arts Council Award for "Client of the Year" 1999 and was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2000 New Year Honours for "services to Architecture". The Architectural Review called him "the Medici of London Transport".

Legacy
Since the opening of the extension in 1999, areas along the line such as Canary Wharf, the Greenwich Peninsula and Stratford have seen substantial commercial and residential development. Canary Wharf has become London's second financial district, rivalling the City of London. Research by KPMG and Savills for Transport for London (TfL) indicated that the extension led to increases in land value along the line of around 50%. In 2004, TfL published a report showing "substantial benefits" as a result of the extension, including development of the Canary Wharf financial district, reduced travel time for residents along the line and improved modal share. As part of the development of the Crossrail project, TfL estimated that agglomeration benefits as a result of the JLE led to a benefit–cost ratio of around 3, an increase from 1.56 calculated in 1989.

The extension has proved extremely successful in relieving congestion on the DLR and in opening up access to parts of east London with formerly poor transport links. As such it allowed (theoretically - barring peak/off-peak timetable restrictions i.e. to Chesham or Mill Hill East etc.) access to all other London Underground stations with only a single change.

The Jubilee line was considered an essential part of the public transport network for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games, allowing access to major venues in Stratford and the Royal Docks. , ridership on the line has increased substantially since the extension opened, becoming the 3rd busiest Underground line, with the Jubilee line having four of the 10 busiest stations.

The stations themselves have subsequently been praised as exemplary pieces of 20th century architecture, with Canary Wharf was voted as the "most loved" tube station in London in 2013, and Westminster was selected by Londoners as one of 10 favourite transport design icons in 2015.

title: Jubilee Line Extension


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Talk:Pączki

Pronunciation
How do you actually pronounce this word? IPA is useless as I can't read it. 218.102.78.49 14:05, 27 February 2006 (UTC)
 * In Detroit, we say it 'punch-key' or 'pooch-key'. No idea if that is correct in Polish, though.--TPS Report 11:15, 28 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Pronouncing them as 'punch-key' sounds quite the same in Polish. - Brzęczystrzykiewicz.
 * Being a Polish guy myself, "pwnch-key" is how I say it(trying imagining the pwn part like saying the internet slang PWN). Depends on the accent though, I suppose. --68.79.1.46 (talk) 23:45, 6 April 2009 (UTC)
 * This is a bit late to the party, but in Lansing we say "poon-sh-kee". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.53.159.252 (talk) 02:57, 22 March 2015 (UTC)

—The preceding unsigned comment was added by 83.29.171.250 (talk • contribs).

I'm Polish. The correct pronunciation of pączki is likely with nasal "o" (sound which doesn't exist in English, something like "on" in French bonjour), but most people tend to prenounce it /pawnch-key/ (pawn + ch like /ch/ in chocolate + key). 62.148.67.62 (talk) 11:45, 6 January 2018 (UTC)

To summarize the references from previous discussions: the English pronunciation is recorded in the American Heritage Dictionary which gives (po͝onch′kē ) and in Dictionary.com which has. And in Torono they supposedly pronounce it. I haven't seen any reference that would use like in the pronunciation that was just removed from the article. – MwGamera (talk) 17:46, 13 April 2022 (UTC)

Pierogi, etc.
Is this stuff the same as: "pierogi, pirogi, pirochi, piroga, pirogs, piroque, pirotchki, pirozhki, pyrochki, pirozsok, etc"? 12.46.6.70 19:56, Dec 4, 2003
 * No. Pierogi is like large ravioli. Packzi is large filled doughnuts. Rmhermen 20:19, Dec 4, 2003 (UTC)

Easter?
Easter sunday is on 11 april this year count back 40 days and shrove tuesday should fall next week. any one know why its early? 194.154.171.13 11:07, Feb 25, 2004

 * Whoa. You're right, 194.154.171.13. I dunno what happened. GusGus 21:39, 2004 Feb 25 (UTC)

 * Check out 4th 'graph of Lent. Until the first time they try calculating it, everyone assumes they are 40 consecutive days, but there are no Sundays in Lent. --Jerzy(t) 05:30, 2004 Feb 26 (UTC)

 * In some years there have been two Easters. The Eastern Orthodox version often falls a week after Western Christianity's.  --T-dot (Talk | contribs) 16:37, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I was taught in Catholic school that Easter Sunday is the first Sunday after the first full moon after the vernal equinox. That's why the date varies so widely.  It also bares testament to the pagan roots of the holiday.

Piper1740 (talk) 20:31, 19 February 2009 (UTC)Al B.

Prunes?
I've never heard of prunes being the traditional filling for pączki. I've always thought it was marmalade made from rose buds. Can anyone confirm the prune story? Kpalion 12:07, 25 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * Not in where I live. Perhaps they fill them with prunes in Chicago, but I've never heard of such filling in Poland.Halibutt

 * I live in the Detroit area. These pastries are normally sold in boxes of six or twelve, and there are places on the box to be checked for filling.  In other words, there are little boxes that are labeled "apple," "lemon," "raspberry," "cream cheese," "prune," etc.  But I have never found prune-filled paczki locally.  I would like to try them but no one sells them here, just the boxes.  The cream cheese ones, incidentally, are VERY rich and heavy. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.60.68.254 (talk • contribs)

 * I also live in Detroit, and actually the prune-filled Paczki are commonly available "today" at most of the Polish and Paczki bakeries in and around Hamtramck, and also at most supermarkets in the suburbs. Since prune is one of the original traditional fillings, they may sell out earlier than the less traditional ones. There are plenty of reliable sources to confirm that prune is one of the old traditional fillings for Paczki - just do a yahoo or google search for the words "prune" and "paczki", and literally dozens if not hundreds of references and recipe sites will show it.  --T-dot (Talk | contribs) 16:37, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I grew up in Saginaw, Michigan and there the Paczkis were not filled at all! When I grew up and started to see them being sold with fruit filling I was actually rather annoyed as I was quite used to   having them without filling from the church that I attended where elderly women and men would take over the school gymnasium and bake paczkis the entire night before fat tuesday.  I'm not sure if the filling-free variety are something that ought to be added to the article? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Nostarnite (talk • contribs) 15:06, 21 February 2007 (UTC).

I am also from Michigan, near Posen. That's little Poland for those of you who have never been. My grandmother, Jadwiga, never filled her paczki with a filling. She put rasins in the batter and sometimes she would put a prune or date in the center. I also get anoyed with the jelly doughnuts that the grocery stores try to pass off as paczki.

 * I grew up in northern NJ near big Polish immigrant areas where there'd be lots of Polish bakeries (and butcher shops and pharmacies, etc) and Polish was spoken by everyone. For a long time the only pączki you could get were the rose hip ones and the prune ones (specifically filled with powidło -- I've added this word to the article). Only later did you start getting fillings like strawberry or raspberry. That lemon pączek in the American photo totally grosses me out. The filling and the dough are wrong (very Americanized to resemble donuts more). Anyway, I added references to the fillings to get rid of those citation tags. -Krasnoludek (talk) 22:39, 23 November 2009 (UTC)

After living in Poland for years and years, I find it strange that cherry/cherry jam has not been mentioned. Every Polish pastry I've tried has been available with some type of cherry in it. Paczki included. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.34.165.40 (talk) 00:44, 20 December 2010 (UTC)

Pierogi?
Halibutt wrote: "pierogi do not really belong here". Well, besides the well known "tastes differ", IMO they do belong here and very much. I suggest you to take hold of a larger bunch of recipes and you will soon find that both foods cross- refer to each other it terms of dough recipe, preparation (flat-cut-wrap)), cooking (boil or deep fry), filling (paczky only weet, though), etc. E.g., one often sees "the dough is the same as for 'pierogi'", etc. Of course, there are differences, but there ar many similarities, too. If you disagree, please tell me what makes you think they are *SO* different. Mikkalai 21:48, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * There are lots of differences:

 * shape (u-shaped versus round)
 * size (in most cases pączki are fist-sized while pierogi are much smaller; not to confuse with Russian pirozhnye)
 * filling (I've never heard of pączki filled with anything but marmelade or sweets; pączki with potatoes? nyah!)
 * dough (you don't add yeast to pierogi dough, do you, just like you don't add alcohol or milk)
 * taste (all tastes versus sweet)

 * It's like comparing lard with crude oil - they are both fatty, but that's not enough to mention both in one article. [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 09:27, Aug 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * You are probably talking about Polish cuisine. Recipes tend to change when going international. I agree with all what you say, with the exception of dough. Still, there are similarities, and more significant than those between lard and crude oil (btw., crute oil is not fatty :-). See also section is to point out somethig relevant in some way, not just for further details related to exactly this topic. Let me repeat myself: since recipes of paczki and pierogi often cress-refer, I'd like to indicate this somehow in the article. Unfortunately, I am not a cook, so I added a reference only, without discussion of similarities and differences. (BTW an additional support is that in Russian cuisine, sweet pirozhki and ponchiki may be called both ways.) Mikkalai 17:54, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Hah! Here's the difference! You refer to similarities between pirozhki and pączki, not between pierogi and pączki. If I remember correctly, the Russian pirozhki are similar to Ukrainian cheburiek and are made of yeast dough and deep-fried. On the contrary, you never-ever add yeast to pierogi dough. We simply describe two different recipes and two different kinds of food. A typical pirazhok is indeed somehow related to pączek (although not that much). Pieróg is something totally different. Anyway, if you feel that a link to pierogi is important - lat it stay. However, I believe that it only adds to the confusion. [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 18:28, Aug 17, 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually, the confusion is started by the pierogi page, which lists pirogi, pirozhki, etc. as synonyms. Like I said, I'm not an expert in cuisine. FUI, Pieróg redirects to pierogi. BTW, at the bottom of pierogi, I've added a note of difference between 'pirogi' and 'pirog' (in Russian cuisine). All the more, let the reference be here until an expert comes and unscrews the screwed up. Mikkalai 19:09, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * If not us then - who, if not now then - when? Let's prepare a list of all the delicacies of Central and Eastern European cuisines that sound or look or taste similarily and then decide whether they should stay here or go to hell:

!!!!!![POL] "Uszka" is not "pierogi" its only similar/ Uszka are small pierogi but it is not true in 100 percent!!!
 * pierogi family (singular pieróg) - vareniki (RUS, UA), uszka (POL), ravioli (ITA), deruny (UA), pielmieni (UA, RUS)
 * pirazhki family (singular pirazhok) - cheburieki (UA), deep-fried pirazhki (RUS, UA), paszteciki (POL)
 * pączki family (singular pączek) - pączki (POL), donuts (USA), pampushki (UA, RUS), pampuchy (POL)

 * What else should be added? The basic division is as follows:

 * pierogi family is a group of boiled or fried dumpligs, no yeast added
 * pirazhki family is a group of larger dumplings of yeast dough, usually deep-fried but at times also boiled
 * pączki family is a group of those round, fist-sized sweet cakes, similar to donuts.
 * What do you think? [[User:Halibutt|Halibutt]] 00:06, Aug 18, 2004 (UTC)

Pontshkes?
Polish Jews frying pontshkes in oil sounds like a revisionist myth. Fried foods were usually fried in שמאלץ shmaltz –  Redaktor 00:37, 29 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't know it for a fact, but it makes sense that on Chanukah they would use oil, just like latkes. Or did they fry those in shmaltz too?  In which case, why did they do it davka on Chanukah?  Zsero 01:14, 29 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Therein lies the rub. A lot of post-hoc explanations make sense. That is why they are postulated. My father, a Polish-born Jew, used to laugh at the idea that latkes were associated with Chanuka (although we always ate latkes on Chanuka, and still do). He said that winter in Poland was the prime time for slaughtering geese. Since a goose can generate a large quantity of shmaltz, fried foods were eaten throughout the winter. Chanuka falls conveniently in the winter. However, in case you think that is a lone voice, I cannot find any reference to eating foods fried in oil on Chanuka in any East European work. All the references I have ever seen are post-WWII. – Redaktor 11:24, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Fat Thursday or Tuesday
Could "Tlusty czwartek" shift elsewhere in the USA?

Please check out Poletown article. It says that they eat donuts on Fat Tuesday, not on Fat Thursday. Either Paczki or Poletown mus be updated. Mikkalai 22:06, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The Poles in Poland eat them on Fat Thursday (I ate half a dozen this year, yummy), the Poles in America eat them on Fat Tuesday. I thought this article says it clearly enough, but you may reword it if you want. – Kpalion (talk) 22:32, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

There seems to be some confusion regarding the tradional day in the "Paczki Day" section. Specifically, the sentence "In Chicago and Detroit, Paczki Day is more commonly celebrated on Fat Tuesday instead of Fat Tuesday." seems a little odd. Should this read "In Chicago and Detroit, Paczki Day is more commonly celebrated on Fat Tuesday instead of Fat Thursday." ? It is Tuesday, Feb 20th 2007 and I can confirm that it is being celebrated as Paczi Day here in Chicago. - Pottroff 15:54, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

 * There was some confusion between Fat Tuesday and Fat Thursday. It has been fixed now to say:  Traditionally, the reason for making paczki has been to use up all the lard, sugar and fruit in the house, which are forbidden during Lent. In Poland, they are eaten especially on Fat Thursday, the last Thursday before Lent (Polish: Tłusty czwartek). In Chicago and Detroit, Paczki Day is more commonly celebrated on Fat Tuesday instead of Fat Thursday.--T-dot (Talk | contribs) 16:14, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Your confusion was the result of a vandal who struck just 12 minutes before you left this comment. Before then it did indeed say "Thursday".  If you see something in a WP article that strikes you as strange, check the history, it may be quite recent vandalism. -- Zsero 20:40, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

picture
is the picture of those politicians eating them really necessary? it seems to break up 6the article. if no one has any objections, i'm taking it down. Joeyramoney 00:12, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

Pączki - pronouncing
Hi! I come from Poland and specially for English WikiPedia I just recorded how to pronounce "Pączek", "Pączki" :D

MP3 File ZIP file with MP3 inside Both files are ~160KB.

--Dawid Nowak, MacDada 14:08, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

 * THANKS! That is good enough to post on the front page in the pronunciation section. The "OGG" file or whatever that was there didn't work for me anyway. Sort of comes out half-way between "paunch-key" and "pone-chkey", rather than "poonch-key" or "punch-key", as is commonly said around Detroit.  --T-dot (Talk | contribs) 17:11, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

❌ - no consensus for move. Neıl ☎  15:33, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

Requested move
Paczki → Pączek — Per Naming conventions & Naming conventions (use English). —Visor (talk) 00:04, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's naming conventions.

 * Oppose In my area, these are called "Paczki" or "Paczkis." The term "Pączek" is completely unused/unheard of. JPG-GR (talk) 04:37, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Oppose In English, for better or worse, paczki is the only term that is in use. -- Zsero (talk) 12:29, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Oppose Per JPG-GR and Zsero. "Pączek" is almost never used in English to refer to these. older ≠ wiser 16:43, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

 * It would be nice to have some firmer evidence than anecdote if possible. Any suggestions?  I have never, ever seen the name paczki in English - just pączki, Polish doughnuts or just doughnuts.  In my experience, people use the original name with the ą, or translate fully.  I'll see if I can find examples. Knepflerle (talk) 19:51, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Oppose Here in Chicago, at the local and Polish bakery's it's always posted as "Paczki". What would make more sense would be to have this article researched and given a reference section than worry about a renaming. Buster (talk) 20:31, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Oppose I don't think it's right to move to an entirely Polish word "Pączek", but would support moving to "Pączki". Hús  ö  nd  01:51, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Though in the English I see and hear, they are called doughnuts or Bismarcks, not paczki either, the paczki term is used in English in other locations.  Gene Nygaard (talk) 11:32, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Merge? Do these differ from Jelly doughnuts? If so, the article should explain how. If not, merge into doughnut. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 21:13, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:

Similar case at Talk:Panino (panino vs. panini). What's the usage in English-speaking countries? —  AjaxSmack   00:59, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Note Polish Wikipedia has article under name Pączek and it is a singular form of Pączki. Visor (talk) 07:17, 1 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Presumably Polish uses both singular and plural; they should then use the singular as an article name. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 19:06, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

Canada section
This section seems like a mention that they are popular in the Polish community in Toronto, which is not a particularly notable statement (as paczki are likely to be popular within any sizeable Polish community), plus a somewhat irrelevant list of sales location (that's essentially advertizing, which is not appropriate for Wikipedia). Would anyone mind if I removed this section? Or is there any subtantial info about paczki in Canada that would warrant a rewrite instead of a deletion of that section?--Boffob (talk) 20:26, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I fully agree. Doing exactly that was on my list of things to do when I get some more editing time - the mentions of individual bakeries is unnecessary.  Go ahead! Knepflerle (talk) 21:23, 11 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Definitely get rid of the advertising! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.74.196.48 (talk) 18:54, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

Spelling

 * At the moment we have the worst of both worlds: the title has no diacritic but the text always uses diacritics. If 'pachek/ki' is to be the official name because it is perceived to have 'widest usage', then it should also be used in the text. I say this only for the sake of consistency - I think the title should have the diacritic but I missed the vote (we are after all talking about the Polish delicacy, not the way it is perceived in Chicago). Malick78 (talk) 18:51, 25 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Hang on... unless my eyes deceive me... (paczek fat coagulating in my retina...?) the second photo on the page is with the diacritic and it's an American box! Hmm, me thinks the vote was a little hasty and its result too simplistic... Malick78 (talk) 18:57, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

Phrases
"Jak pączek w maśle" (like a donut in oil) means as happy as a very happy happy thing. Anybody know of another phrase or two to create some section based on sayings? Malick78 (talk) 18:57, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

Berliner or not?
A small contradiction:
 * Although they look like bismarcks or jelly doughnuts, pączki are made from especially rich dough containing eggs, fats, sugar and sometimes milk. [...] In German and Danish, they are called Berliner.

I suspect these are not the same thing as Berliners and the latter remark is in error. Dcoetzee 09:19, 9 November 2008 (UTC)

SO WHY DOES THE ARTICLE STILL SAY THAT? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.53.125.179 (talk) 21:50, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

Misrepresentation
This article claimed "though many English speakers use pączki as singular and pączkis as plural."

I claim that is utter hogwash. Can anybody show me any use of "pączkis" untainted by Wikipedia, let alone any extensive use of that spelling?

What I can easily find is extensive use of "paczkis" as plural and "paczki" as singular. That, of course, is evidence of assimilation into English--and evidence that the English alphabet is used in this assimilation, too. Gene Nygaard (talk) 08:43, 26 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I grew up belonging to a Polish parish in East Chicago, Indiana, (USA) and I've often heard the word "pączki" used as both the singular and plural form. Some people (for example, on the Southside of Chicago) use "pączkis" for the plural. Piper1740 (talk) 20:40, 19 February 2009 (UTC)

Pączek
Pączek (polaco: ['pɔnt͡ʂki]) es el tradiconal dónut de Polonia. Pączki es la forma plural de la palabra polaca pączek([ˈpɔ̃t͡ʂɛk]). —Preceding unsigned comment added by Aleksandra Ozga (talk • contribs) 18:36, 15 May 2009 (UTC)

Other countries
Why is Armenia listed as one of the "other countries neighboring Poland" when in fact it is very much distant? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.36.167.67 (talk) 00:21, 24 January 2014 (UTC)

moving to English
Folks, I'm anglicizing the article. Not a single source cited uses "pączki," nor does a single English-language dictionary enter this word. Naturally. There are no ogonki in English.

Given the ample evidence that paczki is the loanword, I won't have to move the article to "Polish doughnut". RVJ (talk) 23:56, 27 February 2014 (UTC)
 * I am not convinced. I've reverted this undiscussed move per WP:RM. This is a potentially controversial move; please start a proper RM discussion and see if there's a consensus to support such a move. In the past many similar moves were rejected, as the lack of usage for and diacritics like a is simply a byproduct of laziness and people not having the correct key/program on their keyboards. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 08:23, 31 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Sure, why not, I didn't know what else I was going to do with my week. -- RVJ (talk) 16:43, 31 March 2014 (UTC)

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Requested move 2 January 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Not moved. (non-admin closure)  samee  talk 08:34, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

Pączki → Paczki – Per WP:Use English — Kpalion(talk) 15:37, 2 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Support as nom. A common English word exists and it is "paczki" (pronounced or ), as you can see in English dictionaries . If you're Polish (like me), it might look and sound weird to you. Yes, the ogonek is missing, the punczki pronunciation is ridiculous, paczki in Polish is a completely unrelated word to pączki, and you may not like the depluralization (in Polish, pączki is plural, the singular is pączek). But this is English Wikipedia, so none of that really matters (although, by all means, it should be mentioned in the etymology section). What matters is that the Polish pączki has been naturalized into English as "paczki" and it's the latter, English, word that we should use. — Kpalion(talk) 15:37, 2 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose per Kołacz, etc. Without the hook this is would be the https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/paczki#Polish (packages pl.) read "patchki" not "ponchki", not the same thing. The two freebie web dictionaries you've put don't pass WP:RS as they don't have full Unicode font sets (which en.wp does) so they can't spell words such as this correctly; like expecting a colour picture on a black-and-white TV set. A full Unicode print book like Iconic Chicago Dishes, Drinks and Desserts p.106 can spell the pączki as "pączki" and does. In ictu oculi (talk) 17:33, 2 January 2018 (UTC)
 * , let me deal with your oppose point by point:
 * "per Kołacz". How is that article relevant here? It's just a short, poorly written and poorly referenced article that probably should be merged with Kolach and Kalach (food).
 * "Without the hook this is would be the Polish paczki". No, this is English Wikipedia, so it only matters what "paczki" means in English, not in Polish.
 * "The two freebie web dictionaries you've put don't pass WP:RS as they don't have full Unicode font sets (which en.wp does) so they can't spell words such as this correctly." This argument may have worked ten years ago, but today practically all websites are perfectly capable of displaying full Unicode font sets. The reason English-language dictionaries don't need them is that the English language doesn't use Polish diacritics. See here, the word pączki is displayed correctly; there's just no gloss, because there's no such word in English.
 * Would you accept non-web or non-free dictionaries as reliable? How many would it take to convince you?
 * "Iconic Chicago Dishes, Drinks and Desserts p.106 can spell the pączki as "pączki" and does." Alright, there's one English book that uses the Polish spelling. Here's a few that don't:    . Again, how many would it take to convince you that "paczki" is an English word? — Kpalion(talk) 11:25, 3 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I said "Kołacz, etc.", it is relevant per WP:CONSISTENCY with Category:Polish desserts and Category:Polish cuisine. What it would take to convince users that Pączki is established as an English loanword would be a significant change in semantic domain and/or spelling and/or pronunciation such as Polish klocki becoming Klotski and that being verifiable in OED. Wheras still pronouncing "ponchki" but some low-MOS sources dropping the hook which turns "a" to "on" sound is not establishment of a new item of English vocabulary. In ictu oculi (talk) 11:45, 3 January 2018 (UTC)
 * By "consistency" you mean that all articles about Polish foods should have Polish-language titles, even if English names exits? That's definitely not what WP:CONSISTENCY is saying. "Klotski" is a case where the spelling has been Anglicized to keep a pronunciation close to the original one, but this is a rather rare case in English; it's more common to keep the original spelling and butcher the pronunciation. Notice that one of acceptable ways to pronounce "paczki" is, quite different from the Polish pronunciation. Note also the difference in grammatical number (one paczki, two paczkis). You can't argue that this is still a Polish word used directly in English (and not an English word of Polish origin) if the spelling, the pronunciation and the grammatical number are all different that in the Polish word. — Kpalion(talk) 11:57, 3 January 2018 (UTC)
 * No, I mean what I said. In ictu oculi (talk) 12:19, 3 January 2018 (UTC)
 * But what you said doesn't explain what kind of consistency you have in mind. — Kpalion(talk) 13:58, 3 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Oppose - this formation seems to be the most common way to refer to the topic in english. Anecdotally, store signs and packaging all use it.  Honestly, I'd consider it more like an extensively-used stylization in English-speaking areas much like the metal umlaut. The word looks strange in English without the mark. -- Netoholic @  10:36, 3 January 2018 (UTC)
 * , would you say that store signs and packaging are more reliable sources than dictionaries? Also, "the word looks strange" is an "I don't like it"-type of argument. — Kpalion(talk) 11:25, 3 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose per In ictu oculi. - Darwinek (talk) 10:40, 3 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose per In ictu oculi and Netoholic. This is a quixotic nomination which would be opposed by just about all Polish Wikipedians and also some others with no connection to Poland. WP:USEENGLISH is well and good for various applications, such as book or film titles, but if there was insistence upon a rigorous application of USEENGLISH, the name would be jelly doughnuts or, if pressed that these are jelly doughnuts like no other, upgraded to Polish jelly doughnuts. Ethnic foods in the English-speaking world, especially dishes and specialty items associated with a culture that uses basically the same alphabet, carry certain associated pride of nationality and linguistics. Even with an Anglicized plural, such as pączkis or pierogis, the link to the old country is still there, but with the diacritic gone, it loses its original flavor — one might as well go to Dunkin' Donuts. —Roman Spinner (talk)(contribs) 21:20, 3 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose per, , and . This is a good faith nomination that apparently has gone terribly wrong somewhere. For for me: "paczki" (patch-key) means parcels in Polish, or just plain cardboard boxes, which really makes me cringe. I would rather have Pączki merge with donuts, than to see it being misspelled like that. Sorry,  Poeticbent  talk 23:43, 3 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Comment: I'd hope those opposing the move would provide some references for the use of the ogonek in the English word (so far, In ictu oculi has provided one, which is a start) and fewer arguments based on personal preferences (like "looks strange", "makes me cringe" or "loses its original flavor"). — Kpalion(talk) 10:11, 4 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Here's another Susan Gibson Mikos Poles in Wisconsin p.43 "Filled doughnuts, called pączki, were traditionally served during the week before Ash Wednesday. In most Polish communities, Lent was observed much as in Poland.". What we're seeing is books with full font don't suddenly drop full fonts when they hit filled donuts and turn "ponchki" into "patchki". This is part of WP:RS, to use sources reliable for the statement being made. In ictu oculi (talk) 11:15, 4 January 2018 (UTC)
 * But notice that, in this case, the word "pączki" is italicized, just like other Polish terms on the same page, which indicates that it's not treated as an English word. Compare this with or, where the use of roman type, English plural suffix and the indication of a non-Polish pronunciation ("poonch-keys") all point to "paczki" being accepted as part of English vocabulary. — Kpalion(talk) 11:50, 4 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Polish word referring to a Polish thing which has no common name in English. UE does not apply. -- Necrothesp (talk) 16:22, 4 January 2018 (UTC)
 * If "paczki" is not an English word, then how come it's in English dictionaries? — Kpalion(talk) 16:31, 4 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Also, if there's consensus that "paczki" is not an English word, then we're only left with the Polish word pączki. But then, per Naming conventions (plurals), we should change the title to the singular Pączek. But we already had this proposal back in 2008 and guess what? The consensus was that the article should stay at Paczki because this is what the pastry is called in English! (That was before boldly moved the article to Pączki.) — Kpalion(talk) 16:53, 4 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Comment: Interest seems to have died down, so I'm going to invite the two relevant wikiprojects, as well those users who participated in previous naming debates on this talk page. — Kpalion(talk) 16:17, 8 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Comment, while I typically see the diacritics-free "paczki" in store advertising and such, I really don't have that much of a problem with the article being titled with proper diacritics so long as redirects are in place. I'm not sure the singular/plural forms are a significant issue. The Polish plural form Pączek is virtually unrecognizable in English, whereas either pączki or paczki are readily recognized by most English speakers who have any familiarity with the pastries as referring to the same thing. older ≠ wiser 16:43, 8 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose due to the resulting ambiguity, if nothing else. Having the #REDIRECT paczki solves any remaining language issues. Furthermore, per WP:Use English (WP:DIACRITICS): The use of modified letters (such as accents or other diacritics) in article titles is neither encouraged nor discouraged; [...] The policy on using common names and on foreign names does not prohibit the use of modified letters, if they are used in the common name as verified by reliable sources., as "pączki" is, which nullifies the nom's sole argument. Looks like a WP:SNOW close to me.  ~ Tom.Reding (talk ⋅dgaf)  17:10, 8 January 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Follow-up: is "pączki" an English word?
I'd like to understand what the result of the last move request discussion means not only for the article's title, but also for its content. Should "pączki" be treated as an English or a Polish word in the article? So first, I'd like to ask all those interested the following question:
 * Does the English language have a word for a Polish filled doughnut?

I suggest a few possible answers below, but please feel free to provide your own if you disagree with all of mine. — Kpalion(talk) 16:28, 9 January 2018 (UTC)
 * 1) Yes, the English word for this kind of doughnut is "pączki" ( or ; plural: "pączki" or "pączkis").
 * 2) Yes, same as above, but "paczki" (plural: "paczki" or "paczkis") is an acceptable alternative spelling.
 * No, there is no word for this kind of doughnut in English, so for want of an English word, we have to use the Polish word pączek (plural: pączki ).

Paczki is an English loanword.

(Excuse me for a moment while I re-install my Polish keyboard...)

Pączki is not.

As much as I love nearly all things Polish, this should be obvious to reasonable speakers of English, whether or not they know what an ogonek is.

And yes, the former being English can be singular. The latter being Polish can only be plural, so it is not an appropriate article title on that score, either.

Sorry I didn't get the notification in time for the vote, folks. RVJ (talk) 05:51, 10 January 2018 (UTC)

 * , Eh, I don't think either the word truly qualifies as a naturalized loanword under either spelling. Many dictionaries do not have any entry under either spelling ( . So the direct answer to the question  is No. That said, both spellings are used in English language sources. In my experience, stores in areas with significant Polish population (or background) will often use the diacritic and the less closely tied the area is to a Polish background the more likely the diacritic gets lost. As the title of an English language Encyclopedia article, I don't see any problem with using Pączki. older ≠ wiser 18:49, 11 January 2018 (UTC)
 * No, it isn't an English word. It's a Polish word. There is no common English equivalent. However, in English-language sources (which can still employ foreign words when referring to foreign things, of course, without them becoming English words or loanwords) it is almost always seen in the plural, so per WP:COMMONNAME I think the current article title is fine. -- Necrothesp (talk) 08:36, 12 January 2018 (UTC)
 * No, it isn't an English word, English plural nouns generally end in -s, "poncheks". It's a Polish word. There is no common English equivalent. A few mispellings, font limits, etc don't make a word English. In ictu oculi (talk) 11:03, 12 January 2018 (UTC)

Thank you all for your input. I take it that the Wikipedia community has voted the word "paczki" out of the English vocabulary. That's fine, I suppose we've got that prerogative. But how are we going to explain to our readers the presence of the word "paczki" in English dictionaries (here's another example; it's behind a paywall, so I hope it's more reliable than "freebie dicionatries")? Should we cite this talk page? — Kpalion(talk) 13:10, 17 January 2018 (UTC)
 * And why do we have to do that? We're not responsible for the content of dictionaries. The Oxford English Dictionary does not include it. Neither do other respected dictionaries. Just because some online dictionaries may include it does not make it an English word. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:17, 17 January 2018 (UTC)
 * OK, so you can find the word in some dictionaries and not in some other, and it prooves the word doesn't exist? There are cookbooks where pączki are not mentioned, so maybe these pastries do not exist at all? Of course, we're not reponsible for the content of dictionaries (those lexicographers have no idea what they're doing!), or any other reliable sources for that matter. We know better, right? Why do we even need WP:V? — Kpalion(talk) 14:43, 17 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Oh, and didn't you notice the link above is actually to an Oxford dictionary? But I know, it's an online version, so it's not a "respected" dictionary. So here's another dictionary which has an entry for "paczki". Not only is it printed on paper, it's actually hardcover! What could be more reliable than hardcover, right? — Kpalion(talk) 00:42, 18 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Seems like you're a bit angry because the RM discussion went against you! -- Necrothesp (talk) 12:11, 18 January 2018 (UTC)
 * No, I'm frustrated by what I see as concensus being based mostly on personal opinions, original research and out-of-hand dismissal of reliable sources. — Kpalion(talk) 12:37, 18 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Consider canelé, "a small French pastry flavored with rum and vanilla with a soft and tender custard center and a dark, thick caramelized crust" ... and a nice French diacritic in English Wikipedia. — There's nothing wrong with having the word paczki (patch-key) redirecting to Pączki ... for as long as the "paczki" from Red Cross sent to Auschwitz remain outside of the English language.  Poeticbent  talk 14:17, 17 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pączki


text:
User talk:CIX

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

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snoyes 20:02, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:CIX


text:
Talk:Slavoljub Eduard Penkala

Inventions, "anode battery"
As of this date, the link About Penkala is dead. I've added a related one of the same title, reachable from the old site.

Mine (at least) does not repeat the "Anode battery" claim. "Anode battery" is at least an unusual expression, since all (electrical) batteries have anodes. He may have invented an improved design for "Anode, battery" (i.e., "Anode suitable for battery"). Research needed. Only Google hit for
 * Slavoljub Penkala battery anode

is WP or this which includes "His most famous inventions are: anode batteries,detergents, laundress blue, insecticides, rotating tooth-brush, mechanic pencil...(he made more than 80 inventions). "

It does not seem likely that all these patents were the first inventions in their categories, as the article Slavoljub Penkala suggests.

IMO a Croatian-speaking editor with some technical background could probably come up with more reliable research than i could using these fair-to-bad translations into English.

I added a sentence
 * He was associated with "Radium Vinovica", a patent-medicine-like product, presumably either misleadingly named or dangerous quackery.

which research could hopefully improve markedly upon. --Jerzy 20:21, 2003 Dec 4 (UTC)

 * "Anode battery" is valid but outdated term. It refers to battery-powered valve technology, where you have a low voltage, high current (sort of, very much variation) heater battery and a high voltage, low corrent anode battery. Look at this remarkable low power valve hearing aid, it has a 22.5V anode battery and a 1.5V heater battery. --Pjacobi

Fountain pen patent
The sentence
 * On May 31, 1907, he obtained Patent no. 193717 DRP etc. for world’s first fountain pen using solid ink.

from About Penkala seems to me prima-facie evidence of error, and i have changed the phrase
 * and the first fountain pen (1907).

accordingly.

Origin
Penkala was Polish [...]He was born in 1871 in the Czech Republic, but is of Polish origin.[...] http://www.croatica.net/en/magazin/reportaze/default.asp?id=5

Actually it seems to be a wee bit different... "Penkala was born on 20 April 1871 in Liptovsky St Mikulas (today in the Slovak Republic), to a Polish father and a Dutch mother." --Shallot

Cleanup
Jerzy said on Wikipedia:Cleanup: Slavoljub Penkala: copy ed; changing name doesn't naturalize; all batteries have anodes, so WTH is an "anode battery"?, etc.

Joy said: removed pointless/wrong listing of Slavoljub Penkala, intricate suboptimally explained details belong to the talk page and not here

I'll also note that the name change was an indicator of the naturalization because despite the fact he had Slavic background, he used Slavoljub (meaning loves Slavs to be almost literal :) after his move to Croatia which had previously experienced romantic nationalism, so it was in the spirit of the whole pan-Slavist idea that Penkala started to identify with his new homeland. Dunno, at least that's what we were taught at school. It would probably have been easier if he had changed the name to "Hrvoje"... :) --Joy [shallot]   12:10, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

First paragraph
To conform to what has been stated in the first paragraph, the introductory line should read: Slavoljub Eduard Penkala (April 20, 1871 – February 5, 1922) was an engineer and inventor born in what is now Slovakia, who later natralized to Croatia. Instead of "Slavoljub Eduard Penkala (April 20, 1871 – February 5, 1922) was an engineer and inventor from Croatia."Steamyedit (talk) 19:26, 14 March 2010 (UTC)
 * It should probably simply read "...was a Croatian inventor." The man was a naturalized Croat and died as a Croat, and he's certainly not the only notable person who was born in other parts of what was then Austria-Hungary (Julije Deutsch, Stanko Vraz, etcetera) who is considered a Croat. If anyone insists on pointing out the fact that he wasn't born in Croatia, alternative wording might be "Slovakian-born Croatian inventor" - although I think it's unneccessary as the first paragraph explains it. The introduction is meant to be a summary of the article, and in his case the place of birth isn't all that important for a quick picture of who he was. '' Timbouctou (talk) 22:41, 14 March 2010 (UTC)

Jewish
He is listed as Jewish in category. I find no evidence of such, and will chnage.Mwinog2777 (talk) 05:41, 30 October 2010 (UTC)

Plese where si evidence that Penkala si Jewish, I m relativne of Penkala and I could not fond any evince plese Could explain it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.100.88.178 (talk) 21:19, 19 May 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Slavoljub Eduard Penkala


text:
Polotsk

Polotsk (Полоцк) or Polatsk (Полацк) is a town in Vitebsk Region, Belarus. It is situated on the Dvina River and serves as the administrative center of Polotsk District. Polotsk is served by Polotsk Airport and Borovitsy air base. As of 2024, it has a population of 79,579.

Nomenclature
The Old East Slavic name, Polotesk, derives from the Polota river, which flows into the neighboring Western Dvina. The Vikings rendered that name as Palteskja.

Lakes

 * Lake Babyna

History
Polotsk is one of the earliest mentioned cities of the Eastern Slavs. The Primary Chronicle mentioned Polotsk in the year 862 (as Полотескъ, /poloteskŭ/), together with Murom and Belozersk. However, an archaeological expedition from the Institute of History of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus suggests that Polotsk existed in the first half of the 9th century.

The first known prince of Polotsk was Rogvolod (ruled 945–978). He had two sons and a daughter named Rogneda. Rogvolod promised Rogneda to the prince of Kiev, Yaropolk, as a wife. But Yaropolk's brother, Vladimir, had attacked Polotsk before Yaropolk came. He killed Rogvolod, his wife and sons, and married Rogneda.

Vladimir and Rogneda had five children and the eldest of them, Izyaslav, became Prince of Polotsk (ruled 989–1001).

Between the 10th and 12th centuries, the Principality of Polotsk emerged as the dominant center of power in what is now Belarusian territory, with a lesser role played by the Principality of Turov to the south. It repeatedly asserted its sovereignty in relation to other centers of Kievan Rus', becoming a political capital, the episcopal see and the controller of vassal territories among Balts in the west. Its most powerful ruler was Prince Vseslav of Polotsk, who reigned from 1044 to 1101. A 12th-century inscription commissioned by Vseslav's son Boris may still be seen on a huge boulder installed near St. Sophia Cathedral.

During the Mongol invasion, Polotsk avoided being invaded or paying tribute to the Golden Horde. But in 1240, it became a vassal of the Lithuanian princes. The Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytenis annexed the city by military force in 1307, completing the process which the Lithuanian princes had begun in the 1250s. Polotsk received a charter of autonomy guaranteeing that the grand dukes "will not introduce new, nor destroy the old". It was the earliest to be so incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. By doing so, the Lithuanians managed to firmly grasp the Dvina trade route in their hands, securing an important element for the surrounding economies. Magdeburg law was adopted in 1498. Polotsk functioned as a capital of the Połock Voivodship of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1772. Captured by the Russian army of Ivan the Terrible in 1563, it was returned to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania just 15 years later. It was again captured by Russia on 17 June 1654, but recaptured by Poland–Lithuania on 30 October 1660 during the Russo-Polish War (1654–67). In 1772, Russia seized Polotsk (then Połock) as part of the First Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Since the Russian Empress Catherine II did not acknowledge the Papal suppression of the Society of Jesus (1773–1814), the Jesuit branches in these lands were not disbanded, and Połock became the European centre of the Order, with a novitiate opening in 1780, and with the arrival of distinguished Jesuits from other parts of Europe who brought with them valuable books and scientific collections. Jesuits continued their pastoral work and upgraded the Jesuit College in Polotsk (opened in 1580 by decree of the Polish king Stefan Batory, with the Jesuit Piotr Skarga (1536–1612) as its first rector) into the Połock Academy (1812–1820), with three faculties (Theology, Languages and Liberal Arts), four libraries, a printing house, a bookshop, a theatre with 3 stages, a science museum, an art gallery and a scientific and literary periodical, and a medical-care centre. The school was also the patron of the college in Petersburg, the mission to Saratov and an expedition to Canton.

During the French invasion of Russia the district saw two battles, the First Battle of Polotsk (August 1812) and the Second Battle of Polotsk (October 1812).

In 1820, pressure from the Russian Orthodox Church influenced the Russian Emperor Alexander I to exile the Jesuits and to close the Polock Academy, there were 700 students studying there. The Russian authorities also broke up the Academy's library of 40,000–60,000 volumes, the richest collection of 16th- to 18th-century books — the books went to St. Petersburg, Kiev and other cities, 4000 volumes (along with books from other closed Jesuit schools) going to the St. Petersburg State University Scientific Library.

Polotsk came under occupation by the German Empire between 25 February 1918 and 21 November 1918 during World War I, by Poland between 22 September 1919 and 14 May 1920 in the Polish–Soviet War. and by Nazi Germany between 16 July 1941 and 4 July 1944 during World War II. In August 1944, there were serious considerations to transfer Polotsk and its surrounding areas (18,000 square kilometers) with ~400,000 people from the Byelorussian SSR to the Russian SFSR, however Joseph Stalin, persuaded by Panteleimon Ponomarenko, eventually rejected to approve the already prepared transferring documents and subsequently Polotsk functioned as the center of Polotsk Region between 20 September 1944 and 8 January 1954. A reorganisation of the area between Vitebsk and Molodechno Regions left Polotsk part of the former.

Cultural heritage
The city's Saint Sophia Cathedral (1044–1066) was a symbol of the independent-mindedness of Polotsk, rivaling churches of the same name in Novgorod and Kyiv. The name referred to the original Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, and thus claims imperial prestige, authority and sovereignty. The cathedral had been ruined by the troops of Peter I of Russia. Hence the present baroque building by Johann Christoph Glaubitz dates from the mid-18th century. Some genuine 12th-century architecture (notably Transfiguration Church) survives in the Convent of Saint Euphrosyne, which also features a neo-Byzantine cathedral, designed and built in 1893—1899 by Vladimir Korshikov.

Cultural achievements of the medieval period include the work of the nun Euphrosyne of Polotsk (1120–1173), who built monasteries, transcribed books, promoted literacy and sponsored art (including local artisan Lazarus Bohsha's famous "Cross of Saint Euphrosyne," a national symbol and treasure lost during World War II), and the prolific, original Church Slavonic sermons and writings of Bishop Cyril of Turaw (1130–1182).

The first Belarusian printer, Francysk Skaryna, was born in Polotsk around 1490. He is famous for being the first to print the Bible in the Old Belarusian language (East Slavic language) in 1517, several decades after the first-ever printed book by Johann Gutenberg and just several years after the first Czech Bible (1506).

In September 2003, as "Days of Belarusian Literacy" were celebrated for the 10th time in Polotsk, city authorities dedicated a monument to honor the unique Cyrillic Belarusian letter Ў, which is not used in any other Slavic language. The original idea for the monument came from the Belarusian calligraphy professor Paval Siemchanka, who has been studying Cyrillic scripts for many years.

Sports
The city has produced players for the Belarus national bandy team. In October 2011, the team planned to participate in the Russian Cup in rink bandy, but did not after all.

Notable people

 * Uładzimir Arłou (b. 1953), Belarusian historian and writer
 * Lyavon Barshchewski (b. 1958), Belarusian philologist and politician
 * Boris Galerkin
 * Andrei of Polotsk
 * Bryachislav of Polotsk
 * Euphrosyne of Polotsk
 * Francysk Skaryna
 * Gabriel Lenkiewicz
 * Izyaslav of Polotsk
 * Josaphat Kuntsevych (c.1580-1623) Basilian monk, Archeparch of Polotsk and Vitebsk, and Saint in the Roman Catholic Church
 * Mary Antin
 * Rogneda of Polotsk
 * Rogvolod
 * Rogvolod Vseslavich
 * Sophia of Minsk, Queen of Denmark
 * Symeon of Polotsk
 * Vseslav of Polotsk
 * Vyacheslav Gordanov
 * Marina Osman
 * Igor Shitov
 * Natalya Kochanova (b. 1960), speaker of the Council of the Republic of Belarus

title: Polotsk


text:
Abington

Abington may refer to:

People

 * Abington (surname)

Ireland

 * Abington, County Limerick, part of a civil parish in Ireland which straddles two counties, Limerick and Tipperary
 * Abington (townland), a townland in the above civil parish in County Limerick
 * Abington, County Tipperary, part of a civil parish in Ireland which straddles two counties, Limerick and Tipperary

United Kingdom

 * Abington, Cambridgeshire, England
 * Abington, Northamptonshire, England, a former village merged into Northampton
 * Abington (ward), an electoral ward of Northampton, England
 * Abington, South Lanarkshire, Scotland

United States

 * Abington, Connecticut
 * Abington, Indiana
 * Abington, Massachusetts
 * Abington Township, Mercer County, Illinois
 * Abington Township, Wayne County, Indiana
 * Waverly Township, Pennsylvania (formerly Abington Township)
 * Abington Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
 * Abington, Pennsylvania, unincorporated community within Abington Township

Other uses

 * Pinta Island, also known as Abington Island, located in the Galápagos Islands group
 * Abington (MBTA station)

title: Abington


text: User talk:199.248.201.253

title: User talk:199.248.201.253


text:
RTD

RTD may refer to:

Science and technology

 * Real-time data
 * Residence time distribution
 * Resonant-tunneling diode
 * Round-trip delay time, in telecommunications
 * Research and development, Research and Technical (or Technological) Development
 * Resistance Temperature Detector, a resistance thermometer; RTD is also used to rate or describe plywood manufacturing processes where RTD sensors significantly reduce the delamination caused by insufficient heating of the plywood during the press cycle.

Broadcasting

 * Radio Tanzania Dar es Salaam
 * Radio Television of Djibouti (Radiodiffusion Télévision de Djibouti)
 * RT Documentary, an English- and Russian-language TV channel
 * Russell T Davies, Welsh screenwriter and television producer

Publications

 * RTD info, a European science magazine
 * Richmond Times-Dispatch newspaper, Virginia, US

Transportation

 * Regional Transportation District, Denver, Colorado, US
 * San Joaquin Regional Transit District, Stockton, California, US
 * Southern California Rapid Transit District, merged into Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority

Other uses

 * Ready to drink beverage
 * Corner retirement (referee technical decision), in boxing
 * Retired (abbreviation)
 * Right to Die
 * Russell's theory of descriptions

title: RTD


text:
User talk:Dag Hovland

Hello Dag Hovland, welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for all your contributions. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Tip: you can sign your name with ~

Noldoaran 20:13, Dec 4, 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dag Hovland


text:
Wabash

Wabash may refer to:

Political entities

 * Wabash Confederacy, or Wabash Indians, a loose confederacy of 18th century Native Americans

Places in the United States

 * Wabash River, in Ohio, Indiana and Illinois
 * Wabash Valley, in Illinois and Indiana
 * Wabash, Arkansas, an unincorporated community
 * Wabash, Indiana, a city
 * Wabash County, Illinois
 * Wabash Precinct, Wabash County, Illinois
 * Wabash County, Indiana
 * Wabash, Nebraska, an unincorporated community
 * Wabash, Ohio, an unincorporated community
 * Wabash, King County, Washington, an unincorporated community
 * Wabash, Lewis County, Washington, an unincorporated community
 * Wabash, West Virginia, a ghost town
 * Wabash township (disambiguation)
 * Wabash Formation, a geologic formation in Indiana

Schools

 * Wabash College, a college in Crawfordsville, Indiana
 * Wabash Valley College, a college in Mount Carmel, Illinois
 * Wabash High School, Wabash, Indiana

In transportation

 * Wabash Railroad, a former railroad that operated in the Midwestern United States
 * Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Company v. Illinois, an 1886 U.S. Supreme Court case
 * Wabash Avenue (disambiguation)
 * Wabash Bridge (disambiguation)
 * Wabash Combination Depot-Moravia, Moravia, Iowa, a historic train station on the National Register of Historic Places
 * Wabash Railroad Station and Freight House, Columbia, Missouri, on the National Register of Historic Places
 * Wabash Tunnel, a former railway tunnel, and current automobile tunnel
 * Wabash National, a manufacturer of trailers and transportation equipment

Other uses

 * Battle of the Wabash (disambiguation), several battles
 * USS Wabash, multiple ships
 * Wabash Trail (disambiguation)
 * 2453 Wabash, an asteroid

title: Wabash