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Laura Linney

Laura Leggett Linney (born February 5, 1964) is an American actress. She is the recipient of several awards, including two Golden Globe Awards and four Primetime Emmy Awards, and has been nominated for three Academy Awards and five Tony Awards.

Linney made her Broadway debut in 1990 before receiving Tony Award nominations for the 2002 revival of The Crucible, the original Broadway productions of Sight Unseen (2004), Time Stands Still (2010), My Name Is Lucy Barton (2020), and the 2017 revival of The Little Foxes. On television, she won her first Emmy Award for the television film Wild Iris (2001), and had subsequent wins for the sitcom Frasier (2003–2004) and the miniseries John Adams (2008). From 2010 to 2013, she starred in the Showtime series The Big C, which won her a fourth Emmy in 2013, and from 2017 to 2022 she starred in the Netflix crime series Ozark.

As a film actress, Linney debuted with a minor role in Lorenzo's Oil (1992) and went on to receive Academy Award nominations for the dramas You Can Count on Me (2000), Kinsey (2004), and The Savages (2007). She is also known for her performances in Primal Fear (1996), The Truman Show (1998), Mystic River and Love Actually (both 2003), The Squid and the Whale (2005), The Nanny Diaries (2007), Hyde Park on Hudson (2012), Mr. Holmes (2015), Sully and Nocturnal Animals (both 2016).

Early life and education
Linney was born in Manhattan, New York City. Her mother, Miriam Anderson "Ann" Perse (née Leggett), was a nurse at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, and her father, Romulus Zachariah Linney IV, was a playwright and professor. Linney spent summers with her father in New Hampshire and fell in love with the stage, working with the local theatre group beginning at the age of eleven. Linney's paternal great-great-grandfather was Republican U.S. Congressman Romulus Zachariah Linney. She has a half-sister named Susan from her father's second marriage.

Linney is a 1982 graduate of Northfield Mount Hermon School, a preparatory school in Massachusetts (which she serves as the chair of the Arts Advisory Council). She then attended Northwestern University before transferring to Brown University, where she studied acting with Jim Barnhill and John Emigh and served on the board of Production Workshop, the university's student theater group. During her senior year at Brown, she performed in one of her father's plays as Lady Ada Lovelace in a production of Childe Byron, a drama in which the poet Lord Byron mends a taut, distant relationship with his daughter Ada.

Linney graduated from Brown in 1986. and went on to study acting at the Juilliard School as a member of Group 19 (1986–90), which also included Jeanne Tripplehorn. In 2003, Linney received an honorary doctor of fine arts degree from Brown. She received an honorary doctor of fine arts degree from Juilliard when she delivered the school's commencement address in 2009.

1990s
Linney made her New York stage debut in 1990 as Nina in the Off Broadway adaptation of The Seagull set in the Hamptons. Conceived and directed by Jeff Cohen, the acclaimed production was mounted at the RAPP Arts Center in Alphabet City to great critical acclaim. The New York Times wrote: "Best of all is Miss Linney's Nina. From a naive, idealistic artist's groupie with a streak of crazy determination, her Nina emerges as a woman who is a lot stronger and more complicated than the terminally wounded bird-woman that is the character's traditional interpretation. Though deeply embittered at the end of the play, she is also fortified by a hard-won self-knowledge. Miss Linney projects the character's ambiguities with stinging force and clarity. She is clearly a talent of enormous potential."

Linney first appeared in minor roles in a few early 1990s films, including Lorenzo's Oil (1992), Searching for Bobby Fischer (1993), and Dave (1993). In 1993, Linney starred in the television adaptation of Armistead Maupin's Tales of the City as Mary Ann Singleton. She returned as Mary Ann Singleton in 1998 in More Tales of the City. In October 1994, Linney guest-starred in an episode of Law & Order (episode "Blue Bamboo") as Martha Bowen. She played a blonde American singer who successfully claimed "battered woman syndrome" as a defense to the murder of a Japanese businessman.

Throughout the 1990s, Linney appeared on stage on Broadway and elsewhere including in Hedda Gabler, for which she won the 1994 Joe A. Callaway Award, and a revival of Holiday in December 1995 through January 1996 (the Philip Barry play upon which the 1938 movie starring Cary Grant and Katharine Hepburn was based).

She was then cast in a series of thrillers, including Congo (1995), Primal Fear (1996) and Absolute Power (1997). She made her Hollywood breakthrough in 1998, praised for playing Jim Carrey's on-screen wife Meryl Burbank in Peter Weir's science-fiction comedy drama film The Truman Show.

2000s
In 2000, she starred in Kenneth Lonergan's film You Can Count on Me alongside Mark Ruffalo and Matthew Broderick. The film was met with positive reviews from critics with an approval rating of 95% on Rotten Tomatoes. Linney was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance as the small-town single mother Sammy Prescott. In 2001, she reprised her role as Mary Ann Singleton in Further Tales of the City. In 2002, she starred in Wild Iris alongside Gena Rowlands and won her first Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie.

In 2002, she starred in the Broadway revival of The Crucible alongside Liam Neeson at the Virginia Theatre, which ran from March 2002 through June 2002. She received a Best Actress Tony Award nomination for her performance as John Proctor's prudish wife Elizabeth. Also in 2002, Linney appeared on Sandra Boynton's children's CD Philadelphia Chickens alongside Meryl Streep, Kevin Kline and Patti LuPone. Linney sings the song "Please Can I Keep It?".

In 2003, Linney appeared in Clint Eastwood's Mystic River alongside Sean Penn, Tim Robbins and Marcia Gay Harden. The film received an 89% on Rotten Tomatoes. Linney received a BAFTA Award nomination for her performance as Annabeth Markum, the devoted second wife to Sean Penn's grief-stricken and revengeful character. That same year she also starred in the holiday film Love Actually alongside Hugh Grant, Emma Thompson, Alan Rickman, Colin Firth, and Liam Neeson. She also appeared in Alan Parker's The Life of David Gale (2003) alongside Kate Winslet and Kevin Spacey.

In 2004, she reunited with her Love Actually co-star Liam Neeson in Kinsey, as the title character's wife. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, Screen Actors Guild Award, and Golden Globe Award. That same year Linney had a recurring role in the comedy series Frasier as Charlotte, the final love interest of Frasier Crane (Kelsey Grammer) during the 1993-2004 series. She won her second Primetime Emmy Award for Guest Actress in a Comedy Series. Also in 2004, she starred in the Broadway production of Sight Unseen at the Biltmore Theatre which ran from May 2004 through July 2004. She earned her second Tony Award nomination for her performance.

In 2005, Linney starred in Noah Baumbach's comedy-drama The Squid and the Whale alongside Jeff Daniels and Jesse Eisenberg. It received rave reviews from critics earning a 92% on Rotten Tomatoes. She received a Golden Globe Award nomination for her performance. Linney appeared in the political satire Man of the Year (2006) alongside Robin Williams and the comedy-drama The Nanny Diaries opposite Scarlett Johansson and Chris Evans, based on the book by Emma McLaughlin and Nicola Kraus.

Also in 2006 Linney played the role of Claire in the Australian movie Jindabyne, alongside Gabriel Byrne. It was shot on location in the town of the same name in south west NSW.

In 2007, Linney also appeared in Tamara Jenkins's The Savages with Philip Seymour Hoffman as Wendy Savage, a struggling playwright. She received a third Academy Award nomination for her performance.

In 2008, Linney starred as Abigail Adams in the HBO miniseries John Adams directed by Tom Hooper (The King's Speech, Les Misérables). Paul Giamatti played John Adams. The series was a critical and awards season hit and won 13 Primetime Emmy Awards overtaking Angels in America (11 wins) as the miniseries with the most Emmy wins in history. She won her third Primetime Emmy Award for her performance. Also in 2008, she starred as La Marquise de Merteuil in the Broadway revival of Christopher Hampton's play Les Liaisons Dangereuses alongside Mamie Gummer and Benjamin Walker at the Roundabout Theatre Company's American Airlines Theatre. Since 2009, Linney has served as host of the PBS television series Masterpiece Classic. She became a popular meme and vine for her introductions when saying, "Hi, I'm Laura Linney and this is Masterpiece Classic".

In 2009, Linney took part of the We Are One: The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial in which she read passages from Franklin D. Roosevelt, and John F. Kennedy. The event, which was free and open to the public at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. According to the Presidential Inaugural Committee, "The Sunday afternoon performance will be grounded in history and brought to life with entertainment that relates to the themes that shaped Barack Obama, and which will be the hallmarks of his administration." Obama spoke at the end of the event which featured actors reading historical passages as well as musical performances.

2010s
In 2010, Linney starred in the Broadway production of Time Stands Still by Donald Margulies alongside Brian D'Arcy James and Alicia Silverstone at Manhattan Theatre Club's Samuel J. Friedman Theatre from January 28, 2010, through March 27, 2010. She received her third Tony Award nomination for her performance. The play returned to Broadway with most of the original cast in September 2010 and closed on January 30, 2011. That same year, Linney returned to television in Showtime's half-hour series about cancer, The Big C. She served as both an actress and executive producer on the show. She starred as a suburban wife and mother who explores the emotional ups and downs of suffering cancer, and the changes it brings to her life and her sense of who she is. In 2011, she won a Golden Globe Award for her performance. In 2013, she won her fourth Primetime Emmy Award for the final season of the series.

In 2012, she starred in Roger Mitchell's Hyde Park on Hudson alongside Bill Murray as Franklin D. Roosevelt. The film also starred Olivia Colman, Olivia Williams and Samuel West. Murray was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for his performance. In 2015, she starred in Bill Condon's Mr. Holmes alongside Ian McKellen. The film received rave reviews, earning an 89% on Rotten Tomatoes with the consensus reading, "Mr. Holmes focuses on the man behind the mysteries, and while it may lack Baker Street thrills, it more than compensates with tenderly wrought, well-acted drama." In 2016, she appeared in Clint Eastwood's Sully with Tom Hanks as Lorraine Sullenberger, the wife of Chesley Sullenberger. The film was a critical and commercial success making almost US$240 million at the box office.

She starred in Genius (2016) alongside Colin Firth, Jude Law, Nicole Kidman, Guy Pearce and Dominic West. She appeared briefly in Tom Ford's critical hit Nocturnal Animals alongside Amy Adams, Jake Gyllenhaal, and Michael Shannon. The consensus from the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes is, "Well-acted and lovely to look at, Nocturnal Animals further underscores writer-director Tom Ford's distinctive visual and narrative skill".

From 2017 to 2022, she appeared in Netflix's crime drama series Ozark alongside Jason Bateman. She was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for her performances in both seasons one and two and for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series for seasons two, three and four.

In 2017, she starred in the Broadway revival of The Little Foxes alongside Cynthia Nixon at Manhattan Theatre Club's Samuel J. Friedman Theatre from April 19 to July 2, 2017. She alternated the roles of Regina and Birdie with Nixon. She received her fourth Tony Award nomination for her performance. In 2018, Linney starred in a monologue play adapted from the Elizabeth Strout novel by Rona Munro titled My Name Is Lucy Barton, at the Bridge Theatre in London directed by Richard Eyre. It previewed on June 2, 2018, and opened on June 6.

Linney reprised her role as Mary Ann Singleton in the 2019 Netflix miniseries Tales of the City based on the Tales of the City series alongside Olympia Dukakis and Elliot Page.

2020s
In 2020, Linney starred in Falling opposite Viggo Mortensen, who also directed. It had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 31, 2020. She next starred in The Roads Not Taken, directed by Sally Potter, alongside Javier Bardem and Elle Fanning. It premiered at the Berlin International Film Festival on February 26, 2020. Its general release was on March 13, 2020, but was pulled from theaters due to the COVID-19 pandemic, subsequently releasing on video on demand on April 10.

In 2020, Linney reprised her role in My Name Is Lucy Barton, returning to Broadway in the American premiere at Manhattan Theatre Club's Samuel J. Friedman Theatre. Preview performances began on January 6, 2020, with the play officially opening on January 15, Linney received rave reviews from critics, with The New York Times describing her as "luminous". For her performance she received a Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Solo Performance and her fifth nomination for a Tony Award.

In 2020, it was reported that Linney would star in the Irish film drama, The Miracle Club, with Maggie Smith and Kathy Bates. Its plot was described as a "joyful and hilarious" journey of a group of riotous working-class women from Dublin, whose pilgrimage to Lourdes in France leads them to discover each other's friendship and their own personal miracles." As of December 2021 it was in pre-production, having received sustaining funding from the U.K. Global Screen Fund. The Miracle Club premiered at the 2023 Tribeca Festival.

In 2022, Linney made her television directorial debut with the eleventh episode of Ozark 's final season ("Pound of Flesh and Still Kickin'").

In 2023, Linney starred on Broadway in Summer, 1976 written by David Auburn opposite Jessica Hecht. Performances began April 25, 2023 at Manhattan Theatre Club's Samuel J. Friedman Theatre. The run ended on June 18, 2023.

Personal life
Linney married actor David Adkins in 1995; they divorced in 2000. In 2007, she became engaged to Marc Schauer, a drug and alcohol counselor from Telluride, Colorado. Linney was a guest and presenter at the We Are One: The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial on January 18, 2009. On her wedding day in May 2009, actor Liam Neeson walked her down the aisle. On January 8, 2014, Linney gave birth to a son.

Awards and nominations
Linney has received numerous accolades including two Golden Globe Awards, four Primetime Emmy Awards, and a Screen Actors Guild Award. She has received nominations for a BAFTA Award, and five Tony Awards.

Linney has also been nominated by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for:
 * 73rd Academy Awards: Best Actress in a Leading Role, for You Can Count on Me (2000)
 * 77th Academy Awards: Best Actress in a Supporting Role, for Kinsey (2004)
 * 80th Academy Awards: Best Actress in a Leading Role, for The Savages (2007)

title: Laura Linney


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Bedlington

Bedlington is a town and former civil parish in Northumberland, England, with a population of 18,470 measured at the 2011 Census.

Bedlington is an ancient market town, with a rich history of industry and innovative residents. Located roughly 10 miles northeast of Newcastle and Newcastle Airport, Bedlington is roughly 10 minutes from the A1 road, in southeast Northumberland. Other nearby places include Morpeth to the northwest, Ashington to the northeast, Blyth to the east and Cramlington to the south. In 1961 the parish had a population of 29,403.

The town has evidence of habitation from the Bronze Age, with a burial site being located just behind what is now the main Front Street. A cluster of Bronze Age cist burials were discovered during excavation of the site in the 1930s. St Cuthbert's Church is the longest standing building in the town, with parts of this dating back to the 11th century and recently celebrated being 1000 years old. The church is in the heart of the original sandstone conservation town centre. Most of the medieval town has disappeared with many of the historic buildings and factories being demolished over the years, but there are still nods to medieval street layouts. The main Front Street is currently made up of Georgian and Victorian buildings.

At key points in history, before and during the Industrial Revolution, goods made in Bedlington made it to all corners of the globe through the distribution of nails and trains that were made in Bedlington from some 250 years ago. With large industry first being attracted to Bedlington over 250 years ago, in the form of its world-renowned iron works, mining became an intrinsic part of Bedlington from 1838. The coal industry remained at the heart of the town until the closure of the mines in the 1980s. Today Bedlington's Front Street is host to a number of well-established eating and drinking venues, and there is an emergence of new establishments and retailers entering the town.

The parish of Bedlington constituted the historic exclave of County Durham called Bedlingtonshire.

History
The place-name "Bedlington" is first attested circa 1050 in a biography of Saint Cuthbert, where it appears as "Bedlingtun". The name means "the town of Bedla's people".

Bedlington and the hamlets belonging to it were bought by Cutheard, Bishop of Durham, between 900 and 915, and although locally in the county of Northumberland, it became part of the county palatine (from Lat. palatium, a palace) of Durham, over which Bishop Walcher was granted royal rights by William the Conqueror.

When these rights were taken from Cuthbert Tunstall, Bishop of Durham, in 1536, Bedlington among his other properties, lost its special privileges, but was confirmed to him in 1541 with the other property of his predecessors. Together with the other lands of the see of Durham, Bedlington was made over to the ecclesiastical commissioners in 1866. Bedlingtonshire was made part of Northumberland for civil purposes by acts of parliament in 1832 and 1844.

Bedlington became an industrial town with an iron works and several coal mines, however subsequent closure of these industries in the latter half of the 20th century caused the town to undergo many changes, becoming more of a dormitory town for those working in the surrounding areas. The last of the residential housing estates, formerly built for the mining families of the town, were taken over and razed by the council with residents evicted from the 'Pit Rows' estate in the early to mid 1970s, as was part and parcel of the government's national policy of this time.

The most important historic building in Bedlington was Bedlington Old Hall, which consisted of a 15th-century pele tower with a long early 18th-century stone block adjoining, occupying a prime location on the high street. It was controversially demolished in 1959 and replaced with council offices, which are now themselves empty and for sale.

The parish was abolished on 1 April 1974 and became an unparished area in Wansbeck district.

Development
The town has three supermarkets, a post office, and several other smaller shops.

A weekly market is held on Thursdays at the market place. The number of market stalls is now also starting to decline.

Air and Sea
The nearest airport is Newcastle Airport, which provides scheduled domestic flights, flights covering many major cities in Europe, long haul international flights and holiday charter flights. There is a port in nearby North Shields with daily passenger services to IJmuiden in the Netherlands.

Bus
The town's main bus operator is Arriva North East. Arriva links Bedlington to Ashington, Morpeth, Cramlington, Blyth, Stakeford and Newcastle. The X21/X22 bus services link Ashington, Guide Post, Bedlington Station, Regent Centre, Gosforth and Newcastle Haymarket. The X21/X22 provides a combined 10 minute service on Monday - Friday daytimes. The 2 bus service link Morpeth, Guide Post, Bedlington Station and Blyth.

Rail
Construction is currently underway on the construction of the Northumberland Line, which will reinstate passenger railway services from Ashington to Bedlington, Blyth, Seaton Delaval, Shiremoor and Newcastle. Passenger services are currently scheduled to begin operation in Bedlington in late 2024 or early 2025.

Road
The A189 Spine Road sits about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) east of the town centre and links Ashington, Blyth, Cramlington, Killingworth, Gosforth and Newcastle. The A1 is about 3 miles (4.8 km) from the town centre and provides connectivity to Scotland and London. The town also has other roads like the A193, A1068, A1147 and the B1331.

Education
Bedlington is served by two secondary schools: Bedlington Academy (previously Bedlingtonshire Community High School) and St Benet Biscop Catholic Academy. They are both in Bedlington, but they do take in children from Stakeford, Guide Post, Choppington, Stannington and even areas of Morpeth. Bedlington is also served by three primary schools: Bedlington Station Primary School, Stead Lane Primary School and St Bede's Primary School. One of the few middle schools left in England is Meadowdale Academy. This is soon to change however as Meadowdale is to change to a primary school. The town of Bedlington also has two first schools: Whitley Memorial C of E School and Bedlington West End County First School. Whitley Memorial C of E School became a primary school at the start of the summer 2021 term. Pupils may also commute around 13 mi south to Newcastle upon Tyne if they choose to attend an independent school.

Local parish
One of the most important surviving historic buildings is the Anglican parish church, which is dedicated to St. Cuthbert. It is reputed that the church takes its dedication from an event that occurred 12 December 1069: fleeing northwards from the Conqueror's army, the monks of Durham are said to have rested the body of St Cuthbert in Bedlington Church. The building, originally of Saxon design, was rebuilt about a hundred years later. Little of either the Saxon or the Norman church has survived.

There is a Roman Catholic congregation who worship in a relatively new church called St Bede's. In addition, there is a Salvation Army chapel.

Hartford Hall lies within the parish. Much of the riverside land between Bedlington and the hall forms the Bedlington Country Park, a designated local nature reserve.

Local media
Local newspapers include the Evening Chronicle and the Journal, which also cover Tyneside and the rest of southeast Northumberland. The Newspost Leader is weekly and covers most of the former district of Wansbeck. The community-run Bedlington Website Bedlington.co.uk was started in 1998. It has been active in many of the recent initiatives to promote the town.

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Newcastle, Capital North East, Heart North East, Smooth North East, Metro Radio, and Koast Radio, a community based station. Local television news programmes are provided by ITV News Tyne Tees and BBC Look North.

Notable residents

 * John Birkinshaw — invented wrought iron rails in 1820
 * Daniel Gooch (1816–1889) — railway and cable engineer
 * John Viret Gooch (1812–1900) — railway mechanical engineer
 * Thomas Longridge Gooch (1808–1882) — civil engineer
 * Jayne Middlemiss (born 1971) — TV presenter, radio presenter and former model
 * Denis Murphy (born 1948) — Labour Party MP for Wansbeck from 1997 to 2010
 * Kenneth Pearson (born 1951) — cricketer
 * Kathy Secker (1945–2015) — television presenter and former model
 * Chris Dobey (born 1990) — darts player
 * Callan Rydz (born 1998) — darts player

Neighbouring towns

 * Blyth
 * Cramlington
 * Bebside
 * Stakeford
 * Morpeth
 * Ashington
 * Guide Post
 * Cambois

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bedlington


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New Haven Colony

The New Haven Colony was a small English colony in Connecticut Colony from 1638 to 1664, with outposts in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.

The history of the colony was a series of disappointments and failures. The most serious problem was that New Haven colony never had a charter giving it legal title to exist. The larger, stronger colony of Connecticut to the north did have a charter. New Haven's leaders were businessmen and traders, but they were never able to build up a large or profitable trade because their agricultural base was poor, farming the rocky soil was difficult, and the location was isolated.

Oliver Cromwell recommended that the New Haven colonists all migrate to Ireland or to Spanish territories that he planned to conquer, but the Puritans of New Haven were committed to their new land. The towns in New Haven Colony joined Connecticut Colony in 1664. It then became the city of New Haven, from which other modern towns in the New Haven region were later split off.

Founding
In 1637, a group of London merchants and their families moved to Boston with the intention of creating a new settlement. The leaders were John Davenport, a Puritan minister, and Theophilus Eaton, a wealthy merchant who brought £3000 to the venture. Both had experience in fitting out vessels for the Massachusetts Bay Company. The two ships that they chartered arrived in Boston on June 26, 1637. They learned about the area around the Quinnipiac River from militia engaged in the Pequot War, so Eaton set sail to view the area in late August. The site seemed ideal for trade, with a good port lying between Boston and the Dutch city of New Amsterdam on Manhattan and good access to the furs of the Connecticut River valley settlements of Hartford and Springfield.

Eaton returned to Boston, leaving seven men to remain through the winter and make preparations for the arrival of the rest of the company. The main body of settlers landed on April 14, 1638, numbering about 250, with the addition of some from Massachusetts. A number of the early dwellings were caves or "cellers", partially underground and carved into hillsides.

The settlers had no official charter. Channing says that they were squatters, whereas Atwater holds that a land purchase from the local natives had been effected sometime before their arrival in April, although no written deed was signed until November 24, 1638. A second deed was made December 11, 1638 for a tract north of the first purchase. The Indian deed of Wepowauge (Milford) was executed February 12, 1639, and that of Menunkatuck (Guilford) on September 29, 1639.

William Peck (1601-1694) was one of the original proprietors of New Haven in 1638, his autograph signature being affixed to the fundamental Agreement or Constitution dated June 4, 1639, for the government of the infant colony. This is said to have been one of "the first examples in history of a written constitution organizing a government and defining its powers."

Fundamental Agreement
On October 25, 1639, the colonists adopted a "Fundamental Agreement" for self-government, partly as a result of a similar action in the Connecticut Colony. According to its terms, a court composed of 16 burgesses, i.e. voting citizens, was established to appoint a magistrate and officials and to conduct the business of the plantation. The only eligible voters were "planters" who were members of "some or other of the approved Churches of New England". This excluded indentured servants, temporary residents, and transient persons, who were considered to have no permanent interest in the community.

They further determined "that the word of God shall be the only rule to be attended unto in ordering the affairs of government in this plantation." Theophilus Eaton was chosen as the first Magistrate. As the Bible contains no reference to trial by jury, the colonists eliminated it and the magistrate sat in judgment.

The leaders attempted numerous merchandising enterprises, but they all failed. Much of the money went into a great ship sent to London in 1646, with £5000 in a cargo of grain and beaver hides. It never arrived. Minister Davenport was an Oxford-educated intellectual, and he set up a grammar school, Hopkins School as a step toward establishing a college. Yale College was opened in 1701, long after his death.

Formation of New Haven Colony
The Plantation soon had neighboring settlements established by other groups of Puritans from England. Additional independent towns (called plantations) were established adjacent to New Haven Plantation. Milford and Guilford were established in 1639, and Stamford in 1640. Southold on the North Fork of Long Island was established by settlers from New Haven in 1640. Around 1640, agents Robert Feake and Daniel Patrick bought Greenwich, Connecticut on behalf of Gov. Theophilus Eaton for New Haven Colony. Through the intrigues of Dutch Gov. Peter Stuyvesant, the first inhabitants revolted with the Dutch.

On October 23, 1643, in the context of the formation of the New England Confederation, composed of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth and Connecticut Colonies, for joint military action against threats of attack by natives, the New Haven Plantation and its subsidiary settlements, Stamford and Southhold on Long Island, were combined with the independent towns of Milford and Guilford and named the New Haven Colony which then joined the Confederation. The town of Branford was settled in 1644 by residents from Wethersfield, Connecticut Colony, who were dissatisfied with the theocratic rule there. They joined the New Haven Colony. Eaton served as governor of the new colony until his death in 1658.

New Jersey, Philadelphia, and the Pacific Ocean
In 1641, the colony claimed the area that is now South Jersey and Philadelphia after buying land south of Trenton along the Delaware River from the Lenape tribe. Cape May, New Jersey and Salem, New Jersey were among the communities that were founded.

The treaty with the Lenape placed no westward limit on the land west of the Delaware, which became the legal basis for a Connecticut "sea to sea" claim of owning all the land on both sides of the Delaware from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. This set the stage for the Pennamite-Yankee War of 150 years later.

In 1642, 50 families on a ship captained by George Lamberton settled at the mouth of Schuylkill River to establish the trading post at what is today Philadelphia. The Dutch and Swedes who were already in the area burned their buildings, and a court in New Sweden convicted Lamberton of "trespassing, conspiring with the Indians." The New Haven Colony did not get any support from its New England patrons, and Puritan Governor John Winthrop testified that the "Delaware Colony" "dissolved" owing to "sickness and mortality."

The Phantom Ship
Initially, the colony had only ships capable of coastal travel, and trade with England was done with the Massachusetts Bay Colony as the middleman. In 1645, the colony built an 80-ton ocean-going ship to be captained by George Lamberton of New Haven, a merchant gentleman and a sea captain from London. He and others had tried to establish a settlement in Delaware, but they were resisted by the Swedes who had settled there. He was one of the original founders of the Colony of New Haven. He was allotted land in block 7 and owned over 266 acres. Captain Lamberton and others from New Haven built one of the first ships out of New England for a commercial venture to the West Indies. The disaster in Philadelphia, combined with sinking of its only Atlantic ship, weakened the New Haven colony's future negotiating position.

The ship disappeared in 1646, and its fate is the theme of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's 1847 poem "The Phantom Ship". According to Longfellow's poem, an apparition of the ship appeared on the horizon following a June thunder shower near sunset six months after it disappeared. Those on shore were said to have recognized their friends on deck. The ship's masts then appeared to snap, the ship pitched, the passengers were thrown into the sea, and the ship capsized. The poem concludes that the vision was sent to "quiet their troubled spirits" and the event gave the town closure.

 * A ship sailed from New Haven,
 * And the keen and frosty airs,
 * That filled her sails at parting,
 * Were heavy with good men's prayers.
 * "O Lord! if it be thy pleasure"—
 * Thus prayed the old divine—
 * "To bury our friends in the ocean,
 * Take them, for they are thine!"
 * But Master Lamberton muttered,
 * And under his breath said he,
 * "This ship is so crank and walty
 * I fear our grave she will be!"

Pursuit of the regicide judges
Eaton stayed as governor until his death in 1658, when leadership of the Colony was given to Francis Newman, followed by William Leete in 1660.

In 1661, the judges who had signed the death warrant of Charles I of England in 1649 were pursued by Charles II. Two of the judges, Colonel Edward Whalley and Colonel William Goffe fled to New Haven to seek refuge from the king's forces, and John Davenport arranged for them to hide in the hills northwest of the town. They purportedly took refuge in Three Judges' Cave, a rock formation in West Rock park that today bears a historical marker in their name. Judge John Dixwell joined them at a later time.

Merger with Connecticut Colony
New Haven urgently needed a Royal charter, but the colony had made enemies in London by hiding and protecting the regicide judges. An uneasy competition ruled New Haven's relations with the larger and more powerful Connecticut River settlements centered on Hartford. New Haven published a complete legal code in 1656, but the law remained very much church-centered. A major difference between the New Haven and Connecticut colonies was that the Connecticut Colony permitted other churches to operate on the basis of "sober dissent", while the New Haven Colony only permitted the Puritan church to exist. A royal charter was issued to Connecticut in 1662, ending New Haven's period as a separate colony, and its towns were merged into the government of Connecticut Colony in 1664.

Many factors contributed to the loss of independence for New Haven, including the loss of her strongest governor in Eaton, the economic disasters of losing her only ocean-going ship, the Philadelphia disaster, and the regicide case.

Newark
A group of New Haven colonists led by Robert Treat and others moved to establish a new community in New Jersey in 1666, seeking to maintain the Puritan religious exclusivism and theocracy that was lost with the New Haven Colony's merger with the more liberal Connecticut Colony. Treat wanted to name the new community after Milford, Connecticut. However Abraham Pierson was to urge that the new community be named "New Ark" or "New Work" which was to evolve into the name Newark, New Jersey.

title: New Haven Colony


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First ascent

In mountaineering and climbing, a first ascent (abbreviated to FA in guide books), is the first successful documented climb to the top of a mountain or the top of a particular climbing route. Early 20th-century mountaineers and climbers focused on reaching the tops of iconic mountains (e.g. the eight-thousanders) and climbing routes (e.g. the great north faces of the Alps) by whatever means possible, often using considerable amounts of aid climbing, and/or with large expedition style support teams that laid "siege" to the climb.

As all the key tops were summited, the manner in which each top was reached became important, particularly the ability to complete the ascent without artificial aid, which is called free climbing. In free climbing, the term first free ascent (abbreviated FFA) is used where a mountain or climbing route is ascended without any artificial aid (devices for protection in the event of a fall could be used as long as they did not aid progression). Completing the FFA of a climbing route is often called freeing (or more latterly sending) a route.

As the sport of climbing developed, additional types of ascent became notable and chronicled in guidebooks and journals. In mountaineering, and alpine climbing in particular, the first winter ascent is recorded, given the significantly greater difficulty. The first solo ascent is also commonly noted, although the first free solo ascent is a more controversial aspect, given the concerns about advocating such a dangerous form of climbing. With the rise in female participation in climbing, the first female free ascent (or FFFA) has also become notable.

In mountaineering and alpinism
As mountaineering developed in the 20th century, the attainment of a summit by almost any means was replaced by ascents that reflected the style used and the conditions faced. In 2008, the most prestigious annual prize in mountaineering, the Piolet d'Or, amended its focus to small light-weight alpine-style teams using no form of aid or support, rather than on large expedition-style teams using "siege" techniques.

The most notable types of mountaineering first ascents that are chronicled are:

 * First ascent. The most notable first ascents started with the golden age of alpinism when the main alpine peaks were summited (and often using aid climbing).  In the 1930s, the focus moved to the first ascents of the great north faces of the Alps, and the Eiger in particular.  The 1950s saw the first ascents of most of the fourteen eight-thousanders, and Everest in particular.  By the 1980s, the rock spires of Trango Towers in the Karakorum, and Torres del Paine in Patagonia also had first ascents.

 * First winter ascent. The winter climbing season is between December 21 and March 20.  The first winter ascents of the great north faces of the Alps were a coveted prize, particularly the "Trilogy" of the three hardest, the Eiger, the Matterhorn, and the Grandes Jorasses.  The most notable first winter ascents were the Himalayan and Karakoram eight-thousanders, where the hardest, K2, was only summited in winter in 2021 (66 years after its first ascent) and considered a "holy grail" of mountaineering prizes.

 * First alpine-style (or unsupported) ascent. In 2008, the charter of the prestigious Piolet d'Or prize was amended to focus on small teams with no support making fast, but riskier, ascents on routes that had previously been done by expeditions (called alpine style).  Multiple Piolet d'Or winners, whose ascents embodied this style, included Marko Prezelj, Mick Fowler, and Ueli Steck.  The charter was amended to de-incentivize excessive risk-taking after several winners died (e.g. David Lama, and Hansjörg Auer).

 * First solo ascent. The most dangerous form of alpine-style ascent is the solo climbing ascent, performed by a single climber.  The first solo ascents of the alpine north faces, including the first solo winter ascents, were coveted (the winter solo "Trilogy" was completed by Ivano Ghirardini in 1977–78); one of the most famous practitioners was the Italian Walter Bonatti. Himalayan solo ascents are also coveted, although problems around verification are more frequent due to the more remote nature of the routes, with notable disputes such as Tomo Česen's first solo ascent of the south face of Lhotse.

In rock climbing
In rock climbing, the manner in which the first free ascent was achieved became important to chronicle by climbing journals and magazines. The key differentiators were the style on which the route was free climbed (e.g. traditional climbing, sport climbing, or free solo climbing), whether the free climb was done on the first attempt (e.g. onsighted), and whether the climber had prior information (e.g. beta) on that first attempt.

The most notable types of rock climbing first ascents that are chronicled are:

 * First free ascent (traditional climbing only). Pre-1980s, the FFAs were by traditional climbing techniques. A distinction was recorded if a climber practiced the moves on a top rope, called "headpointing", although with the post-1980s dominance of "redpointing" as the definition of an FFA, such a distinction was dropped. FFAs that set new grade milestones are notable, for both male and female climbers.

 * First greenpoint ascent (traditional climbing only). In the 2010s, traditional climbers used greenpointing (as a counterpoint to a "redpoint"), to describe climbing a pre-bolted sport climbing route, but only using "traditional protection" (i.e. protection that is not permanently fixed via pre-placed bolts or pitons).  Sonnie Trotter's greenpoint of The Path (5.14a R, 2007), is a notable example.

 * First redpoint ascent (sport climbing only). In the 1980s, climbers wanted to ascend routes that had no opportunities for traditional climbing protection, and they had to be pre-bolted with protection (but not aid), which was called sport climbing.  Sport climbing has since set all new grade milestones in rock climbing. The "redpoint" became the accepted definition for what determined a "first free ascent" in sport climbing.

 * First repeat ascent (traditional or sport climbing). The grading of a route can be complicated as the person making the FFA had no prior information or beta.  The first repeat is therefore chronicled for confirmation of a grade, particularly when a new grade milestone is proposed. For the highest grades, the first repeat can take years (e.g. Action Directe or Jumbo Love), or even decades (e.g. Open Air (climb)).

 * First onsight ascent (traditional or sport climbing). An FFA that was onsighted, means it was done at the very first attempt, and without prior information (or beta).   Climbing journals chronicle the progression of grade milestones of onsights both male and female climbers.

 * First flash ascent (traditional or sport climbing). An FFA that was flashed, means it was done at the first attempt, but with prior information (or beta). Climbing journals chronicle the progression of grade milestones for flashed routes by male and female climbers. With the availability of route beta online (e.g. videos of prior ascents), the distinction between onsight and flash ascents has diminished.

 * First free solo ascent (independent of traditional or sport climbing). Free soloing is practiced by a smaller community of climbers and is a controversial area given the risks undertaken and whether such risks should be recorded and thus implicitly endorsed.  Free solo climbing grade milestones are chronicled, the most notable being Free Solo, the Oscar-winning film of Alex Honnold's first free solo ascent of Freerider in Yosemite.

Gender

 * First female free ascent (abbreviated FFFA). Important female climbers emerged in the 1980s including Lynn Hill and Catherine Destivelle and climbing journals began to chronicle milestones in female first free ascents. In some cases, an FFFA is also an FFA, the most famous example being Lynn Hill's 1993 FFA/FFFA of the 3,000-foot Nose on El Capitan (5.14a/b), considered the biggest prize in big wall climbing, announced by Hill to the world's climbing media by: "It goes, boys".  By the 2000s, Josune Bereziartu, Angela Eiter, and Ashima Shiraishi closed the gap to the highest sport climbing grades achieved by men to within one/two notches, while Beth Rodden had fully closed the gap for traditional climbing.

Notable disputes
There have been notable disputes over claims of a first ascent (or first free ascent), for various reasons (disputes over the style employed, issues with verifiability, accusations of bad faith and fraud), and the most notable are where a new grade milestone and/or major advancement in difficulty is being proposed:

Mountaineering

 * First ascent of Everest: Arguably the most famous case of an unverified first ascent is whether George Mallory and/or Andrew Irvine reached the summit of Everest on the 1924 Everest expedition. Subsequent Everest expeditions have not been able to answer the question including the 1999 Mallory and Irvine Research Expedition, and the 2007 Altitude Everest expedition.

 * First ascent of Cerro Torre: In 1959, Cesare Maestri claimed he and Toni Egger summited, but that Egger who had the camera, was swept to his death by an avalanche on the descent. Lionel Terry called it "the greatest climbing feat of all time". Inconsistencies in Maestri's account, and the lack of equipment on the route, led most to doubt his claim. Maestri further inflamed the controversy by returning in 1970 and drilling 400 bolts onto his new Compressor Route, to claim the second ascent. In 2012, yet more controversy followed when American climbers Hayden Kennedy and Jason Kruk, removed Maestri's bolts, enabling David Lama and Peter Ortner to make the FFA, for which all four won a 2013 Piolet d'Or.

Rock climbing

 * In 1995, French climber Fred Rouhling created a major controversy when he proposed Akira (climb) as the world's first-ever route, when the highest grade at the time, Action Directe, was only at .  Rouhling faced an unprecedented level of personal vilification from parts of the climbing community on whether he had actually climbed the route, as all other attempts had failed.  In 2020, Sébastien Bouin made the first repeat of Akira and estimated its grade at, a grade Rouhling has climbed on other routes, and thus his FFA became accepted.

 * In 2003, Spanish climber Bernabé Fernández proposed Chilam Balam (climb) as the world's first-ever route, when the highest grade at the time, Realization, was at .  As with Fred Rouhling on Akira, his claim provoked a significant backlash from parts of the climbing community and even accusations that he never completed an FFA (the person who belayed him could not be identified to help verification). The route was repeated in 2011 by Adam Ondra who downgraded it, and further repeats reduced its grade to circa.

title: First ascent


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Caversham, Reading

Caversham is a village and suburb of Reading in Berkshire, England, located directly north of Reading town centre across the River Thames. Caversham rises from the River Thames, lying on flood plain and the lowest reaches of the Chiltern Hills. Two road bridges, including Caversham Bridge, and two footbridges join Caversham to the rest of Reading. Named areas within the village include Emmer Green, Lower Caversham, Caversham Heights and Caversham Park Village. Notable landmarks include Caversham Court, a public park and former country house; Caversham Lakes; and part of the Thames Path national trail.

Recorded as early as 1086, Caversham was a village part of the Henley district of Oxfordshire (it is located around 6 mi south east of Henley). With the exception of the centre of Caversham and Emmer Green, which were traditional villages, much of the development occurred during the 20th century. In 1911, it was transferred to Berkshire and became part of the county borough of Reading.

History
The first written description of Caversham as Cavesham appeared in the Domesday Book (1086) within the hundred of Binfield. This entry indicates that a sizeable community had developed with a considerable amount of land under cultivation. Robert de Montfort and Henry of Essex fought in front of Henry II under a bridge by the village. The martial Earl of Pembroke, who was a protector of Henry III, died in Caversham in the 13th century.

Some time before 1106 a shrine to the Virgin Mary was established in Caversham. Its precise location is unknown, but it may have been near the present St Peter's Church. It became a popular place of pilgrimage, along with the chapel of St. Anne on the bridge and her well, whose waters were believed to have healing properties. By the 15th century the statue was plated in silver; Catherine of Aragon is recorded as visiting here on 17 July 1532. The shrine was destroyed on 14 September 1538 under the command of Henry VIII. Only the well survives, now dry and surrounded by a protective wall, topped with a domed iron grill. A modern shrine to Our Lady has been re-established at the Roman Catholic Church of Our Lady and St. Anne.

In the Middle Ages Caversham Manor was one of the demesnes of William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke and regent during King Henry III's minority. It was the place of his death. The medieval community was clustered on the north side of Caversham Bridge east of St Peter's Church, which was built in the 12th century. The third Earl of Buckingham donated the land for the church and neighbouring rectory, together with a considerable amount of land around it, to the Augustinian Notley Abbey near Long Crendon in Buckinghamshire. After the Dissolution of the Monasteries, these lands were given to Christ Church. The rectory stood in what is now Caversham Court park and herb garden where there are remains with information panels and flat foundation stones as well as a ha ha wall below giving a view over the River Thames and much of Reading and Tilehurst.

In the Civil War there was fierce fighting around Caversham Bridge for a short time in April 1643. Reading had been held by Royalists and was besieged by a Parliamentary force under the Earl of Essex. Royalists marched south from Oxford to try to relieve the town's defenders but were heavily defeated, and the town fell to the Parliamentarians a few days later. The fortified manor house was replaced by Caversham House and Park in the 16th century. Several houses have stood on the site, notably the home of William Cadogan. The present Caversham Park House, built in 1850, was occupied by BBC Monitoring from 1943 until 2018, analysing news, information and comment gathered from mass media around the world. The BBC Written Archives Centre is still based on part of the site.

Governance
Caversham is entirely within the borough of Reading and forms all or part of four of the borough's sixteen electoral wards: Caversham, Caversham Heights, Emmer Green and Thames wards. Caversham is in the Reading Central parliamentary constituency, currently represented by Matt Rodda of the Labour Party. The 2016 Boundary Commission review recommended moving one of Caversham's wards, Mapledurham, into the Reading West parliamentary constituency, but after consultation, this proposal was reverted in the 2018 recommendations.

Caversham was an urban district and part of Oxfordshire until 9 November 1911, when it was transferred to Berkshire and became part of the county borough of Reading. In 1911 the civil parish had a population of 9858. On 1 April 1916 the parish was abolished and merged with Reading.

Geography
The shopping area and immediate residential surrounds that form Central Caversham are surrounded by more recent developments that form bolt-on additions to the suburb: Caversham Heights on the higher ground to the west, Lower Caversham to the south east, and Caversham Park Village to the north east on what was the parkland of Caversham Park. Emmer Green, to the north, is an older village but is generally considered part of Caversham. Elevations of homes vary from 37m above mean sea level to 92m at the top of Caversham Park, three metres short of the highest point in the east of the area. The bank of the river has the Thames Path National Trail except to the west of Caversham, where it reverses banks at Reading Bridge.

Between Mapledurham on the Thames and Caversham Heights, adjoining their respective golf courses is a western narrow outcrop of the northern foothills that reaches 95m AOD. The low Chiltern Hills on the north bank of the River Thames are therefore higher than the land on the opposite bank, providing wide views to the south. On the northern edge of Caversham is the Local nature reserve of Clayfield Copse. The carved Caversham village sign, carved by a local craftsman, is mounted on a tall Oak post in the village centre.

Demography
Caversham including Emmer Green (the north bank) had: 22.1% of its homes being socially or privately rented in 2011, whereas the borough had 42.4%. This broad area had 20.4% of Reading's population and 23.5% of the borough, with the north bank's homes occupying 29.1% of the footprint of the whole borough's homes. It had 5.7% of the borough's non-domestic buildings footprint. The same figures (where Emmer Green is excluded from analysis) are that Caversham more narrowly defined, as is becoming more common, saw 24.8% of its homes rented against the borough's 42.4%, the same area had 15.3% of Reading's population and 16.4% of the borough's area with its homes occupying 20.6% of the footprint of the whole borough's homes. It had 4.3% of the borough's non-domestic buildings footprint.

At the 2011 census the proportion of homes that were rented as opposed to owned was close to 50% of the average for the borough. The area had 15.3% of Reading's population and 16.4% of the borough's area. In keeping with a suburb, in 2005 the Office for National Statistics land use statistics published with the census, Caversham had 4.3% of the non-domestic buildings. Almost wholly low rise where developed, its homes occupied 20.6% of the footprint of all homes in the borough.

Transport
Caversham Bridge, Reading Bridge, Christchurch Bridge, and Caversham Lock provide crossing points (the last two for pedestrians only), with Sonning Bridge also available a few miles east of Caversham.

Education
There is one local authority secondary school in Caversham, Highdown School. Many children from the area also attend Maiden Erlegh Chiltern Edge in South Oxfordshire. In the independent sector, Queen Anne's School educates girls between the ages of 11 and 18, Hemdean House School has mixed infants and junior schools, and a girls senior school. There is also Caversham Preparatory School, which takes children from ages 3 to 11. There are several primary schools in Caversham including Caversham Primary School, Caversham Park Primary School, Emmer Green Primary School, The Hill Primary School, St. Anne's RC Primary School, St. Martin's RC Primary School, Micklands Primary School and Thameside Primary School.

There is a shortage of primary school places in the west of Caversham, but a 2006 proposal to use part of Mapledurham playing fields to build a replacement for Caversham Primary School did not receive public support. A new Heights Primary School took its first pupils in September 2014 in temporary accommodation, and has not yet found a permanent site. The Education Funding Authority acquired a site (previously residential) in Upper Warren Avenue during 2014, but there was criticism of the choice from local residents. After representations from affected constituents, the local MP, Rob Wilson, intervened. Following discussions with the EFA, Reading Borough Council was commissioned to work with local stakeholders on alternative sites. Five possibilities were proposed – two parks, a wildlife site, a residential site and a field in adjoining Oxfordshire. The subsequent consultation showed a clear preference for occupying a small part of Mapledurham playing fields (5%).

The consultation is not binding, and there remain some legal difficulties. It is in trust for recreation purposes and was gifted by the late Mr Hewett to residents of Mapledurham and Reading. Yet there would also be significant benefits for the community; the children of the area would have a school within walking distance, the recreation land would be used by the community more and the centre of Caversham's traffic would be reduced. Caversham has several nursery schools, one of which, New Bridge Nursery School was assessed by Ofsted in 2011 as 'outstanding'. Chiltern College, once a training school for childminders, now provides training in all aspects of child care, and claims to be the only childcare training college in the United Kingdom with its own nurseries, school, training college and residential accommodation on campus.

Sport
Caversham AFC is one of the largest youth football clubs in the area with many of its girls' and boys' youth teams competing in the top divisions of local leagues. Caversham AFC's main ground is Clayfield Copse, commonly referred to as "Swan's Lair" because the mascot for the team is a swan. In previous seasons, Highdown School has been used as Caversham AFC's training ground. The club colours are red and black. Their main rivals are Caversham Trents FC who also have boys teams competing in many of the same divisions as their AFC counterparts who are also known to use Highdown School as their training ground. The club colours are blue and white and their main ground is Mapledurham Playing Fields. The Albert Road recreation ground offers facilities for tennis, croquet, and bowls.

Religious sites
There are many Anglican churches in the Caversham area. St Peter's is the parish church of the Caversham, Thameside, and Mapledurham parish, which also includes St John's and St Margaret's, in the neighbouring Mapledurham village. There are also two Methodist Churches, the Catholic church of Our Lady and St. Anne, Caversham Baptist Church, Grace Church Caversham (which is part of Newfrontiers, and the Pentacostal New Testament Church of God. Caversham Park Village Church meets in Caversham Park Primary School each Sunday and is an ecumenical project made up of Anglicans, Baptists and Methodists. Finally, Caversham Evangelical Church meets at the Youth and Community Centre in Emmer Green.

Notable people

 * Fran Kirby

title: Caversham, Reading


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Gordon Honeycombe

Ronald Gordon Honeycombe (27 September 1936 – 9 October 2015), known professionally as Gordon Honeycombe, was a British newscaster, author, playwright and stage actor.

Honeycombe was born in Karachi, in British India. He was educated at the Edinburgh Academy and read English at University College, Oxford. He completed National Service with the Royal Artillery, mainly in Hong Kong, where he was also an announcer with Radio Hong Kong. Returning to the UK, he embarked on an acting career which led to television and public prominence as a national newscaster with ITN.

He later settled in Perth, Western Australia, where he continued to work in radio, television and theatre, and was regularly engaged in voice-over work for radio and television, and in documentary narrations.

Career highlights
Honeycombe joined the Royal Shakespeare Company, working from 1962 to 1964 as an actor at Stratford-upon-Avon and at the Aldwych Theatre, London. From 1965 to 1977 at ITN, he became nationally known as a newscaster. He was twice voted the most popular newscaster in Britain, by readers of the Daily Mirror and of The Sun. From 1977 to 1984, he concentrated on writing, while continuing many other activities, such as presenting television shows for Scottish Television, Southern Television and for the BBC. He returned to regular newsreading from 1984 to 1989 as chief newsreader at TV-am. He was voted the most popular male TV newscaster by readers of Woman's Own magazine in 1986, and received the Television and Radio Industries Club Newscaster of the Year Award in 1989. While appearing on British television, he also recorded voice-overs or narrations of many television and other documentaries, training films, commercials and cinema shorts, and was involved in many industrial presentations, conferences, in-house videos and fund-raising charity events.

He produced and directed his own play The Redemption for the Festival of Perth in Western Australia, in March 1990, and settled in that area.

Appearances
Beside the appearances listed below, Honeycombe also presented, appeared in and narrated many television programmes and appeared in many television plays and series. He has also sung at major fund-raising events for various charities.

Film

 * Blood of the Vampire (1958) - Stretcher Bearer (uncredited)
 * Ransom (1974) - newsreader (uncredited)
 * The Medusa Touch (1978) - TV Newscaster
 * Castaway (1986) - TV Newscaster
 * The Fourth Protocol (1987) - Television Announcer
 * Bullseye! (1990) - TV Announcer
 * Let's Get Skase (2001) - Murray Bishop
 * The Sculptor (2008) - Gordon
 * Then She Was Gone (2010) - Seymour (final film role)

Television

 * Family History (1979)

British stage
The Physicists in 1963. Aldwych Theatre
 * Suspects, in 1989 at Swansea
 * Run for Your Wife, in 1990 touring with Les Dawson
 * Aladdin in 1989–90 at the Wimbledon Theatre, with Cilla Black
 * Aladdin in 1990–91 at the Pavilion Theatre, Bournemouth, with Su Pollard.

Australian stage

 * The Taming of the Shrew

Works
From 1965, as well as his own books, Honeycombe wrote for television, radio, stage and films. One of his best-known books is the horror novel Neither the Sea Nor the Sand. Early in his career, Honeycombe wrote two horror novels, described by horror historian Stefan R Dziemianowicz as "atmospheric modern gothics whose rugged natural northern English settings resonate with their unsparing supernatural horrors." The first of these, Neither the Sea Nor the Sand, tells the story of a woman whose dead lover returns to life. It was followed by Dragon Under the Hill, where a history professor in Northumberland finds himself re-enacting a tragedy that took place in the Viking era. Dziemianowicz noted that since Honeycombe's books were published before the horror boom of the 1970s, they have been "greatly overlooked as a result".

Fiction books

 * Neither the Sea Nor the Sand (1969)
 * Dragon Under the Hill (1972)
 * The Edge of Heaven (1981)

Non-fiction books

 * Adam's Tale (1974)
 * Red Watch (1976)
 * Royal Wedding (1981)
 * Nagasaki 1945 (1981)
 * The Murders of the Black Museum (1982)
 * The Year of the Princess (1982)
 * Selfridges (1984)
 * The TV-AM Celebration of the Royal Wedding (1986)
 * More Murders of the Black Museum (1995)
 * The Complete Murders of the Black Museum (1995)
 * Siren Song (1992)

Stage and radio dramatisations

 * The Redemption
 * Lancelot and Guinevere
 * Paradise Lost

Television plays

 * The Golden Vision (BBC1, 1968),
 * Time and Again (Westward Television, 1974)
 * The Professionals (TV Series), (1980) Episode:  "Weekend in the Country" , Season 4 - News Announcer.
 * The Thirteenth Day of Christmas (Granada Television, 1985)

Musical adaptation

 * The Princess and the Goblins (both book and lyrics: staged in 1994)

Private life
Honeycombe was a freemason under the United Grand Lodge of England, initiated in 1959 in the Apollo University Lodge No 357 (Oxford).

He had a great interest in his family history, carrying out research as well as organising extended family gatherings. Nonetheless, he did not marry, and had no children.

title: Gordon Honeycombe


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Ursus

Ursus is Latin for bear. It may also refer to:

Animals

 * Ursus (mammal), a genus of bears

People

 * Ursus of Aosta, 6th-century evangelist
 * Ursus of Auxerre, 6th-century bishop
 * Ursus of Ravenna, 5th-century bishop
 * Ursus of Solothurn, 3rd-century martyr
 * Ursus (praefectus urbi) of Constantinople in 415-416
 * Reimarus Ursus, an astronomer and imperial mathematician to Rudolf II
 * Ursus, a pen-name of Ambrose Bierce

Fictional characters

 * Ursus, the bodyguard of Ligia, a minor character in the novel Quo Vadis
 * Ursus, a character in Victor Hugo's novel The Man Who Laughs
 * General Ursus (Planet of the Apes), a character in Beneath the Planet of the Apes
 * Ursus (film character), a character in a series of 1960s Italian adventure films

Arts

 * Ursus (film), 1961 Italian film

Science and technology

 * Ursus (journal), a scientific journal published by the International Association for Bear Research and Management
 * Ursus Factory, Polish manufacturer of heavy vehicles
 * Ursus A, a series of Polish lorries and buses from the 1920s
 * The Ursus, or Samochód pancerny wz. 29, a model of Polish armored car

Others

 * Ursus (beer), a Romanian beer
 * Ursus (vodka), an Icelandic vodka
 * Ursus, Warsaw, a borough of Warsaw, Poland

title: Ursus


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Freeman Thorpe

Freeman Woodcock Thorpe (or Thorp; June 16, 1844 – October 20, 1922), born in Geneva, Ohio, was an American painter who painted portraits of many notable people such as Abraham Lincoln, James Garfield, William McKinley, Grover Cleveland, Ulysses Grant, Simon Cameron, Salmon Chase, Robert Smith, Horace Greeley, Walter Forward and Robert E. Lee. He was also a state legislator in Ohio and a soldier.

Early life
Freeman Thorpe was born in Geneva, Ohio in 1844 to Clarissa Thorpe. His father may have been Dennis Thorpe, the first mayor of Geneva, though it has also been suggested that his father was Squire Thorpe, a local justice of the peace. He apparently began practicing his skills with art from an early age. At the age of 16 or 17, Thorpe first encountered Abraham Lincoln as his inaugural train traveled through Geneva on February 15, 1861. This is said to be when Thorpe created his first sketch of Lincoln.

When the American Civil War broke out in 1861, Thorpe enlisted with the 2nd Ohio Cavalry Regiment, serving as a scout in southern Missouri. He is also said to have carried a missive from camp in Tennessee to Secretary of War Edwin Stanton. As a reward, Stanton arranged for Thorpe to be placed close to Lincoln as he gave his address at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania on November 19, 1863. He also sketched the President on this occasion.

Artwork
Following the war, Thorpe trained as a photographer under the instruction of his sister, Ruby M. Thorpe, and also began teaching himself to paint portraits. He left Ruby's studio in 1869 or 1870 to open his own photography studio in Bucyrus, Ohio. Through the 1870s, he gained popularity, especially among politicians in Washington, D.C. Ulysses S. Grant, who Thorpe had met during the Civil War, helped to arrange for him to have a studio space above the Senate wing in the United States Capitol. Between his Capitol studio, his studio in Geneva, and travel around the country, Thorpe is estimated to have created roughly 600 works. His subjects included presidents, governors, Congressmen, Cabinet members, generals, and other well-known figures of his day.

Later life and death
In addition to his artistic endeavors, Thorpe was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives in 1878, a position he held for four terms. He also served as a commander of the Ohio National Guard until 1885, and achieved the rank of colonel through his service.

In the 1890s, he moved to Crow Wing County, Minnesota due to ill health, and began to farm trees on his land there. He also continued painting until his death. Arguably his most well-known work, a portrait of Abraham Lincoln, was commissioned by the United States Senate in 1920, and the painting hangs in the United States Capitol today.

Thorpe died in Crow Wing County on October 20, 1922, at the age of 78.

Marriage and children
Freeman Thorpe married Orlena Eggleston (1847-1919) in Geneva, Ohio in 1865. They had four children:
 * Nellie I. (Thorpe) Rowland (1867-1900)
 * Clark L. Thorpe (1869-1896)
 * Anna A. (Thorpe) Benson (1879-1969)
 * Sarah E. (Thorpe) Heald (1881-1954)

title: Freeman Thorpe


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Delta Motor Corporation

Delta Motor Corporation was a South African car manufacturer, which was created through a management buy-out after General Motors (GM) divested from South Africa in 1986. It was headed by former GM executive, Bob Price, who had returned to South Africa from Detroit. He had previously served as General Motors South Africa's managing director between 1971 and 1974, and later became president of Motors Trading Corp., a subsidiary that engages in international trade on behalf of GM.

Delta continued to use the Opel, Isuzu and Suzuki brands under licence from GM as well as pay for the supply of assembly kits. Delta also exported small numbers of cars to neighboring, right-hand drive markets. Delta Motor Corporation introduced a number of efficiencies and performed considerably better than GM ZA had been able to do.

Following the transition to universal suffrage in the 1990s, GM acquired a 49 percent stake in the company in 1997 and in 2004 the company once again became a wholly owned subsidiary of General Motors, reverting to its original name, General Motors South Africa. GM ZA also assembled vehicles for export to other right hand drive markets in the region, such as Zimbabwe, Zambia, Mozambique, Malawi, Kenya, and Mauritius.

title: Delta Motor Corporation


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Leicester Market

Leicester Market is a market in The City of Leicester, England, on Market Place just south of the clock tower. It is around 800 years old and was moved to the current site around 700 years ago. It is the largest outdoor covered market in Europe.

It is open Monday to Saturday 7am – 6pm and has over 270 stalls. The outdoor market sells a wide variety of goods, particularly fruit and vegetables, but also flowers, clothes, second-hand-books, bric-a-brac and jewellery. It also has a number of permanent units, containing clothes, cosmetics, fabrics, greetings cards, a cafe and pet products.

The former indoor market, built in 1973, was a multi-level building containing the fish market and delicatessen, as well as stalls selling clothes, haberdashery, footwear, jewellery, gemstones, and confectionery. It was demolished between December 2014 /June 2015 and the levelled site turned into New Market Square. The traders who were based there either moved to the new Food Hall - built adjacent to The Corn Exchange as a partial replacement and opened in April 2014 – or to stalls on the Outdoor Market.

In the centre of the market stands the Leicester Corn Exchange (1850), originally built as a trading centre, but now serving as a bar and restaurant. A statue of John Manners, 5th Duke of Rutland stands close to the Corn Exchange.

A monthly Farmers' Market is held nearby on Gallowtree Gate on the last Wednesday of every month, specializing in locally produced organic meat, fruit and vegetables.

History
The market is protected by a Royal Charter that goes back to its origin over 700 years ago. This prohibits other markets from operating within a specified distance (6$2⁄3$ miles) of the Leicester market.

In recent years the City Council which holds the Royal Charter has begun to allow some other markets within the City. In 2009 the City Council proposed to grant a licence to a private market promoter to operate a Sunday Market at the Walkers Stadium.

title: Leicester Market