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Strother Martin

Strother Douglas Martin Jr. (March 26, 1919 – August 1, 1980) was an American character actor who often appeared in support of John Wayne and Paul Newman and in Western films directed by John Ford and Sam Peckinpah.

Among Martin's memorable performances is his portrayal of the warden or "captain" of a state prison camp in the 1967 film Cool Hand Luke, in which he utters the line, "What we've got here is failure to communicate." The line is number 11 on the American Film Institute list of 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes.

Early life
Martin was born March 26, 1919, in Kokomo, Indiana to Ethel (née Dunlap) and Strother Douglas Martin. For a short time, the Martins lived in San Antonio, Texas, but soon returned to Indiana. As a child, he excelled at swimming and diving. He was nicknamed "T-Bone Martin" because of his diving expertise. At 17 he won the National Junior Springboard Diving Championship. He served as a swimming instructor in the United States Navy during World War II and was a member of the diving team at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan. He entered the adult National Springboard Diving competition in hopes of gaining a berth on the U.S. Olympic team, but finished third in the competition.

Acting career
After the war, Martin moved to Los Angeles and worked as a swimming instructor and as a swimming extra in water scenes in films, including the 1950 crime drama The Damned Don't Cry. He earned bit roles in a number of pictures and soon gained frequent character roles in films and television through the 1950s, having appeared in such programs as the Western anthology series Frontier on NBC and the syndicated American Civil War drama Gray Ghost. He was cast in 1955 as Landry Kersh in the episode "Shadow of God" on the ABC religion anthology series Crossroads. Martin also portrays a man with learning difficulties in "Cooter", an episode written by Sam Peckinpah in 1956 for the second season of the long-running Western series Gunsmoke. He had many various, and prominent, roles throughout the entire series. The next year on that series he played the character "Dillard" in "The Constable".

Martin appeared in the first Brian Keith series, Crusader, a Cold War drama on CBS. He guest-starred, as a circus tightrope walker Dooley Delaware, in the 1957 episode "High Wire" in CBS' Have Gun - Will Travel. He portrayed a henpecked soldier in a 1958 episode of the syndicated Western series, Boots and Saddles and starred in a Trackdown episode "A Stone for Benny French". That same year, he played the lead in the episode "Pete Henke" of NBC's Western Jefferson Drum.

In 1959, Martin played Polk, with Denver Pyle as Houston, in the episode "No Place to Stop" of the CBS Western series, The Texan, starring Rory Calhoun as Bill Longley. In another 1959 Western series, Martin was cast as Deputy Jess in the episode "Johnny Yuma" of ABC's The Rebel, starring Nick Adams. He played land surveyor Meeker in "Rawhide" S2 E8 "Incident of the Haunted Hills" which aired 11/5/1959. Also in 1959 on the Western TV series Lawman, Season 2 E8, he played Jack Foley. In 1960, Martin guest-starred in James Whitmore's ABC crime drama, The Law and Mr. Jones.

In 1961, Martin portrayed Pete Gibson in the episode "The Case of the Brazen Bequest" on Perry Mason. In 1962, he was cast as Harold Horton in "The Chocolate Cake Caper" of the CBS sitcom, Pete and Gladys, starring Harry Morgan and Cara Williams. He guest-starred in Jack Lord's ABC adventure/drama series, Stoney Burke. In 1963, he was cast as Private Anton Copang in the episode "Walk Through the Badlands" of the ABC/Warner Brothers Western series, The Dakotas. In 1966, Martin appeared twice as "Cousin Fletch" in the short-lived ABC comedy Western The Rounders, with Ron Hayes, Patrick Wayne, and Chill Wills.

In 1967, Martin played Arizona miner Ed Schieffelin in the episode "Silver Tombstone" of the syndicated television series Death Valley Days. Martin played villainous roles in many of the best-known Westerns of the 1950s and 1960s, including The Horse Soldiers and The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. He played an Indian agent in the John Wayne film, McLintock! (1963) and a horse trader in the 1969 film, True Grit (1969).

By the late 1960s, Martin was almost as well-known a figure as many top-billed stars. In 1967, the same year as his role in Cool Hand Luke, he appeared in the episode "A Mighty Hunter Before the Lord" of NBC's The Road West series starring Barry Sullivan. In 1972, he appeared as James Garner's uncle in the "Zacharia" episode of NBC's Nichols. He also had a pronounced physical and vocal resemblance to playwright Tennessee Williams and occasionally parodied him, notably in the "Baby Fat" episode of The Dick Van Dyke Show.

The play The Time of Your Life was revived on March 17, 1972, at the Huntington Hartford Theater in Los Angeles with Martin, Henry Fonda, Richard Dreyfuss, Gloria Grahame, Lewis J. Stadlen, Ron Thompson, Jane Alexander, Richard X. Slattery, and Pepper Martin among the cast with Edwin Sherin directing.

Martin appeared in all three of the classic Westerns released in 1969: Sam Peckinpah's The Wild Bunch (as Coffer, a bloodthirsty bounty hunter), George Roy Hill's Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (as Percy Garris, the "colorful" Bolivian mine boss who hires the two title characters), and Henry Hathaway's True Grit (as Colonel Stonehill, a horse dealer). He frequently acted alongside L.Q. Jones, who in real life was one of his closest friends.

Though he usually appeared in supporting roles, he had major parts in Hannie Caulder (1971), The Brotherhood of Satan (1971), Pocket Money (1972) with Paul Newman and Lee Marvin, and in the horror film SSSSSSS (1973). Martin later appeared in another George Roy Hill film, Slap Shot (1977), again with Paul Newman, as the cheap general manager of the Charlestown Chiefs hockey club. He appeared six times each with John Wayne and Paul Newman. In an interview originally published in Movietone News in 1981, Martin commented on his professional relationship with both Wayne and Newman:

Martin can also be seen in Cheech and Chong's Up in Smoke (1978) as Arnold Stoner, the father of Tommy Chong's character Anthony.

Martin made many guest appearances on Gunsmoke including the two-part episode "Island in the Desert", in which he portrayed a crazy desert hermit named Ben Snow. Previously, he guest-starred as Marv Rowley in the 1961 Gunsmoke episode "Tall Trapper" playing an angry man who murders his wife out of jealousy then tries to pin the killing on a quiet, respectful trapper who his wife fell for.

He also made many guest appearances on Perry Mason throughout the nine-year run from 1957 to 1966, including a horseman in the 1962 episode "The Case of the Fickle Filly", a college employee in "The Case of the Brazen Bequest", and as Gerald Sommers in "The Case of the Drowsy Mosquito". In 1963, he appeared in Glynis Johns' short-lived comedy series Glynis in the episode "Ten Cents a Dance". In 1965, Martin appeared in the episode "Most Precious Gold" of the NBC comedy/drama series Kentucky Jones, starring Dennis Weaver. In 1965, he guest-starred as Meeker in the episode "Return to Lawrence" on the ABC Western The Legend of Jesse James. In 1966, he guest-starred in the Lost In Space episode "Blast Off Into Space" as a gritty mining engineer named Nerim. On a Gilligan's Island episode, Martin played a man living supposedly alone on the island for a radio show contest. In 1973–1974, he was a regular cast member of the James Stewart legal drama and murder mystery series Hawkins. He also starred in a two-part The Rockford Files 1977 episode as T.T. Flowers "The Trees, the Bees and T. T. Flowers", an episode that took on urban invasion and the environment.

One of his last acting jobs was as host of Saturday Night Live on April 19, 1980. In one of the skits, Martin played the strict owner of a French language camp for children, based on his role as the prison captain from Cool Hand Luke. He even paraphrased his most famous line from the film, "What we have here is failure to communicate BILINGUALLY!" In another, he played a terminally ill man who videotaped his last will and testament. During his monologue, he again did his Tennessee Williams impression. That episode was supposed to be rerun during the summer of 1980, but it was pulled and replaced with another episode due to Martin's death.

Death
Martin was married to Helen Meisels-Martin from 1967 until his death; they had no children. In the last few years of his life, Martin was under a doctor's care for diabetes and cardiac problems. After attending a dinner at a Beverly Hills hotel, he awoke early the next morning (August 1, 1980) at his home in Agoura, California with chest pains and died of a heart attack aged 61, at Los Robles Regional Medical Center in Thousand Oaks, California.

Film

 * The Damned Don't Cry (1950) as Springboard Diver (uncredited)
 * The Asphalt Jungle (1950) as William Doldy (uncredited)
 * Rhubarb (1951) as Michael 'Shorty' McGirk (uncredited)
 * The Red Badge of Courage (1951) as Corporal (voice, uncredited)
 * Scandal Sheet (1952) as Man on Crutches (uncredited)
 * Storm Over Tibet (1952) as Co-Pilot
 * Androcles and the Lion (1952) as Soldier (uncredited)
 * The Magnetic Monster (1953) as Co-Pilot
 * South Sea Woman (1953) as Marine in Audience at Court Martial (uncredited)
 * World for Ransom (1954) as Corporal (uncredited)
 * Prisoner of War (1954) as Man on Crutches (uncredited)
 * A Star is Born (1954) as Delivery Boy (uncredited)
 * Drum Beat (1954) as Scotty
 * The Silver Chalice (1954) as Father (uncredited)
 * Strategic Air Command (1955) as Airman (uncredited)
 * Kiss Me Deadly (1955) as Harvey Wallace
 * The Big Knife (1955) as Stillman (uncredited)
 * Target Zero (1955) as Private Dan O'Hirons (uncredited)
 * World Without End (1956) as Nihka (uncredited)
 * Johnny Concho (1956) as Townsman (uncredited)
 * Attack! (1956) as Sergeant Ingersol
 * The Black Whip (1956) as Thorney
 * Copper Sky (1957) as Pokey
 * Black Patch (1957) as Deputy Petey Walker
 * Cowboy (1958) as Cowboy Bitten by Snake (uncredited)
 * The Shaggy Dog (1959) as Thurm
 * The Wild and the Innocent (1959) as Ben Stocker
 * The Horse Soldiers (1959) as Virgil
 * Sanctuary (1961) as Dog Boy
 * The Deadly Companions (1961) as Parson
 * The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962) as Floyd
 * Showdown (1963) as Charlie Reeder
 * McLintock! (1963) as Agard (Indian Agent)
 * Invitation to a Gunfighter (1964) as Fiddler
 * Brainstorm (1965) as Mr. Clyde
 * Shenandoah (1965) as Train Engineer
 * The Sons of Katie Elder (1965) as Jeb Ross
 * Harper (1966) as Claude
 * Nevada Smith (1966) as Strother (uncredited)
 * An Eye for an Eye (1966) as Trumbull
 * The Flim-Flam Man (1967) as Lovick
 * Cool Hand Luke (1967) as The Captain
 * True Grit (1969) as Colonel G. Stonehill
 * The Wild Bunch (1969) as Coffer
 * Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969) as Percy Garris
 * The Ballad of Cable Hogue (1970) as Bowen
 * Red Sky at Morning (1971) as John Cloyd
 * The Brotherhood of Satan (1971) as Doc Duncan
 * Fools' Parade (1971) as Lee Cotrill
 * Hannie Caulder (1971) as Rufus Clemens
 * Pocket Money (1972) as Bill Garrett
 * SSSSSSS (1973) as Dr. Carl Stoner
 * Hard Times (1975) as Poe
 * Rooster Cogburn (1975) as Shanghai McCoy
 * The Great Scout & Cathouse Thursday (1976) as Billy
 * Slap Shot (1977) as Joe McGrath
 * The End (1978) as Dr. Waldo Kling
 * Up in Smoke (1978) as Arnold Stoner
 * Love and Bullets (1979) as Louis Monk
 * The Champ (1979) as Riley
 * Nightwing (1979) as Selwyn
 * The Villain (1979) as Parody Jones
 * The Secret of Nikola Tesla (1980) as George Westinghouse
 * Hotwire (1980) as The Weasel (final film role)

Television
Dangerous Assignment – episode – The Venetian Story – Riri (1952)
 * Gunsmoke – episode – Professor Lute Bone (1956)
 * Gunsmoke – episode – Cooter- Cooter (1956)
 * I Love Lucy – episode – Off To Florida – Coffee Shop Clerk (1956)
 * Zane Grey Theater – episode – The Necessary Breed – Telegraph Clerk, Joby (1957)
 * Have Gun - Will Travel – episode – A Matter of Ethics – Fred Coombs (1957)
 * Gunsmoke – episode – “Liar From Blackhawk” - Ed Davey (1957)
 * Have Gun - Will Travel – episode – High Wire – Dooley Delaware (1957)
 * The Grey Ghost – episode – Reconnaissance Mission – Michael (1957)
 * The Walter Winchell File – Little Jules – "Exclusive Story" (1958)
 * Gunsmoke – episode – Dooley Surrenders – Emmett Dooley (1958)
 * Trackdown – episode – A Stone for Benny French – Benny French (1958)
 * The Rebel – episode – Johnny Yuma – Jess (1959)
 * Have Gun - Will Travel – episode – One Came Back – Carew (1959)
 * Whirlybirds – episode – Without a Net – The Great Herman (1959)
 * Rawhide (1959) – Meeker in S2:E8, "Incident of the Haunted Hills"

 * The Twilight Zone – episode – "The Grave" – Mothershed (1961)
 * Gunsmoke – episode – Tall Trapper – Marv Rowley (1961)
 * Gunsmoke – episode – The Trappers – Beaver skin trapper Billy (1962)
 * Have Gun - Will Travel – episode "Lazarus" – Boise Peabody (1962)
 * Perry Mason – episode – The case of the Fickle Filly – Joe Mead (1962)
 * Perry Mason – episode – The Case of the Brazen Bequest – Pete Gibson (1962)
 * Perry Mason – episode – The Case of the Drowsy Mosquito – Gerald Sommers (1963)
 * Perry Mason – episode – The Case of the Hasty Honeymooner – Roy Hutchison (1965)
 * The Fugitive – episode – Devil's Carnival – Deputy Shirky Saulter (1964)
 * Bonanza – episode – The Saga of Muley Jones – Yuri (1964)
 * Gunsmoke – episode – No Hands – Will Timble – S.9 E.19 (1964)
 * Rawhide (1965) – Bates in S7:E30, "The Gray Rock Hotel"
 * Perry Mason – episode – The Case of the Hasty Honeymooner – Roy Hutchinson (1965)
 * The Dick Van Dyke Show – episode – Baby Fat – Harper Worthington Yates (1965)
 * Bonanza – episode – The Meredith Smith – Little Meredith Smith (1965)
 * Kentucky Jones – episode – Most Precious Gold – Boney Benton (1965)
 * The Virginian – episode – The Claim – Finley (1965)
 * Death Valley Days – episode The Four Dollar Law Suit – Alfred Hall (1966)
 * Lost in Space – episode – Blast Off Into Space – Nerim (1966)
 * The Big Valley - episode - Target - Dan'l Hawks (1966)
 * Death Valley Days – episode – Silver Tombstone – Ed Schieffelin (1967)
 * The Guns of Will Sonnet – episode – Message at Noon – Harvey Bains (1967)
 * Gilligan's Island – episode – Take A Dare – George Barkley (1967)
 * The Big Valley – episode – Brother Love – Fludd (1967)
 * The Invaders – episode – Moonshot – Charlie Coogan (1967)
 * Gentle Ben – episode – The Opportunist – Reed Olmstock (1967)
 * The Guns of Will Sonnet – episode – Joby – Joby (1968)
 * It Takes a Thief – episode – Birds of a Feather – Paul Rooney (1968)
 * Daniel Boone – episode – The Terrible Tarbots – Tarbot (1969)
 * Bonanza – episode – The Silence at Stillwater – Lonnie Stern (1969)
 * The Virginian – episode – You Can Lead A Horse To Water – Luther Watson (1970)
 * Marcus Welby, M.D. – episode – Nobody Wants a Fat Jockey – Terry Riggs (1970)
 * Bonanza – episode – The Imposters – Joad Bruder (1970)
 * Bonanza – episode – The Younger Brothers' Younger Brother – Cole Younger (1972)
 * Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color – episodes – The Boy and the Bronc Busters: Parts 1 and 2 (1973)
 * Hawkins – 8 episodes (series regular) – R. J. Hawkins (1973–1974)
 * Gunsmoke – episode – Island in the Desert: Part 1 and Part 2 – Hermit Ben Snow (1974)
 * Movin' On – episode – Long Way to Nowhere – Cabe Miller (1975)
 * The Rockford Files – episodes – The Trees, the Bees and T.T. Flowers – Thomas Tyler "T.T" Flowers (1977)
 * Vega$ – episode – Yes, My Darling Daughter – Hank Jenner (1978)
 * Saturday Night Live – episode – Strother Martin – host (1980)

title: Strother Martin


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TRC

TRC may refer to:

Business

 * TÜV Rheinland Consulting, a privately held German product certification service company

Media and popular culture

 * TRC (band) a British hardcore punk and rap band
 * The Red Chord, an American music group
 * The Rural Channel, a Canadian English language specialty channel

Organizations

 * Texas Railroad Commission, which regulates energy in Texas, U.S.
 * Textile Research Centre, a research institute in Leiden, the Netherlands
 * The RNAi Consortium, a genetic research partnership
 * Truth and reconciliation commission
 * Truth and Reconciliation Commission (disambiguation), several organizations
 * Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa), the most well-known one

Science and technology

 * TRC or Row Cycle Time, one of computer memory timings
 * TRC, several models of boomboxes by Lasonic
 * Tone reproduction curve in imaging, also known as tone response curve
 * Textile-reinforced concrete, a type of reinforced concrete in which the usual steel reinforcing bars are replaced by textile materials
 * Technical Requirement Checklist, a checklist mainly used to verify the technical requirement for a platform in video game testing

Sports

 * Thames Rowing Club, a rowing club in London, England
 * The Rugby Championship, an international rugby union competition
 * Tigre Rugby Club, a rugby union and field hockey club in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina
 * Triangle Ribbon Championship, a women's professional wrestling competition
 * Tucumán Rugby Club, a rugby union club in Tucumán Province, Argentina

Transportation

 * Tanzania Railways Corporation, a state-owned enterprise that runs one of Tanzania's two main railway networks
 * Toronto Railway Company, a defunct streetcar operator in Toronto, Ontario, Canada
 * Transportation Research Center, an automotive proving ground in Ohio, United States
 * Torreón International Airport, an airport in Coahuila, Mexico with IATA airport code TRC
 * Trona Railway, a short-line railway in the Mojave Desert with reporting mark TRC

Other uses

 * Tradable Renewable Certificates, non-tangible energy commodities in the United States
 * Trade Reference Currency, a conceptual world currency
 * The Russian Campaign, a board game originally published by Jedko games and then republished by Avalon Hill, L2 Design Group and soon by Consim Press

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: TRC


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Wilfrid Laurier Golden Hawks

The Wilfrid Laurier Golden Hawks, commonly shortened to Laurier Golden Hawks, is the name used by the varsity sports teams of Wilfrid Laurier University in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. The university's varsity teams compete in the Ontario University Athletics conference of U Sports and, where applicable, in the west division.

Varsity teams
While technically not considered a varsity team, Wilfred Laurier has a university ringette team which competes annually in the Canadian national University Challenge Cup.

Wilfrid Laurier Golden Hawks teams compete in:
 * Baseball (m)
 * Basketball (m/w)
 * Cheerleading (w)
 * Cross Country Running (m/w)
 * Curling (m/w)
 * Ice hockey (m/w)
 * Football (m)
 * Golf (m/w)
 * Lacrosse (m/w)
 * Rugby (m/w)
 * Soccer (m/w)
 * Swimming (m/w)

While technically not considered a varsity team, Wilfred Laurier has a university ringette team which competes annually in the Canadian national University Challenge Cup.

Golden Hawks cheerleading
The WLU Competitive Cheerleading team has also risen to prominence in the last few years having won 6 national championship titles at the University National Cheerleading Championships conducted by Power Cheerleading Athletics. The Golden Hawk Cheerleaders have been ranked in the top five squads in the nation at least 8 times in the past 10 years, winning 6 national titles in 2007, 2008 (in the All-Female division), 2009 (in the Small-Coed division), 2010 (All-Female Division), and 2011 (All-Female Division). Most recently, the team brought home first place at the 2013 (All-Female Division) University Nationals Competition managing to outscore teams from all other divisions, securing the title of Grand Champions. In addition to the program's primarily competitive focus, the team can also be found cheering sidelines at football games, and both men's and women's basketball games.

Golden Hawks football
The Golden Hawks football program has been one of the best in the conference, winning Vanier Cup national championships in 1991 and 2005. The team has also won 12 provincial championships, including eight Yates Cup championships. The program has been led by head coach Michael Faulds since 2013.

Golden Hawks women's ice hockey
The Golden Hawks women's varsity hockey team has become very successful, winning their first OUA championship in their 1998–1999 season as well as winning in seven consecutive years (2004–2010). Overall, the program has featured 11 conference champions, with the most recent coming in 2014. The team won their first and only national championship in 2005. The team has been led by head coach Kelly Paton since the 2018–2019 season.

Golden Hawks volleyball
Future Olympian Sam Schachter competed in volleyball for the Golden Hawks, with whom he was Ontario University Athletics Rookie of the Year.

title: Wilfrid Laurier Golden Hawks


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Michael Wilbon

Michael Wilbon (born 1959 (age 55)) is an American commentator for ESPN and former sportswriter and columnist for The Washington Post. He is an analyst for ESPN and has co-hosted Pardon the Interruption on ESPN since 2001.

Early life and education
Wilbon was born and raised in Chicago, Illinois. He graduated from St. Ignatius College Preparatory School in 1976 and received his journalism degree in 1980 from Northwestern University's Medill School of Journalism. While in college, Wilbon wrote for The Daily Northwestern.

Newspapers
Wilbon began working for The Washington Post in 1980 after summer internships at the newspaper in 1979 and 1980. He covered college sports, Major League Baseball, the National Football League and the National Basketball Association before being promoted to full-time columnist in 1990. His column in the Post, which dealt as much with the culture of sports as the action on the court or field, appeared up to four times a week until he left to work full-time for ESPN on December 7, 2010.

In his career, Wilbon covered ten Summer and Winter Olympic Games for The Washington Post, every Super Bowl since 1987, nearly every Final Four since 1982 and each year's NBA Finals since. Notably, he was also the only reporter based outside of Hawaii to cover the historic basketball upset of top-ranked Virginia by then-NAIA member Chaminade in 1982 (he was in Honolulu to cover a college football bowl game).

During his time at the Post, Wilbon earned the reputation as one of "the best deadline writer[s] in American newspapers." In 2001, Wilbon was named the top sports columnist by the Society of Professional Journalists.

In recent years, Wilbon has become more known as an ESPN personality than as a reporter. On December 7, 2010, he wrote his last column for The Washington Post and officially dedicated full-time to work for ESPN and ABC.

Television
After contributing to ESPN's The Sports Reporters and other shows on the cable network, Wilbon began co-hosting ESPN's daily opinion forum Pardon the Interruption (PTI) with Tony Kornheiser on October 22, 2001. Wilbon was also a member of ABC's NBA Countdown (which he hosted with Jalen Rose, Bill Simmons and Magic Johnson), which was the pre-game show for the network's NBA telecasts. Prior to joining ESPN, Wilbon worked on the BET Budweiser Sports Report show. One memorable segment had Wilbon taking issue with Brian Williams (nee Bison Dele) transferring from Maryland to Arizona.

In addition to his work at The Washington Post, PTI and ESPN, Wilbon appeared weekly on WRC-TV in Washington, D.C., with WRC Sports Director George Michael, and Pro Football Hall of Famers John Riggins and Sonny Jurgensen on Redskins Report during the football season. He also appeared with Michael, USA Today basketball writer David Dupree and Tony Kornheiser on Full Court Press during the basketball season. Both of these shows were canceled in December 2008 due to budget cuts. Wilbon also forged a close friendship with former Marshall and former NFL quarterback Byron Leftwich while the young passer was a standout player for HD Woodson in Washington, D.C.

In late 2006, Wilbon agreed to a multi-year contract extension with ESPN. After accepting the contract, Wilbon offered to resign from the Post, but the newspaper's chairman Don Graham and executive editor Len Downie both asked him to stay on. The network gained priority therein with regards to conflicts with his newspaper assignments. The first major conflict occurred on February 4, 2007, when Wilbon covered a Detroit Pistons–Cleveland Cavaliers game instead of Super Bowl XLI.

Personal life
Wilbon currently lives in Bethesda, Maryland, and also has a home in Scottsdale, Arizona. Wilbon and his wife Cheryl Johnson Wilbon had their first child, Matthew Raymond Wilbon, via surrogate on March 26, 2008. Kornheiser often refers to Matthew affectionately as "Lilbon."

Wilbon has a cousin, Travon Bellamy, who played for the University of Illinois football team. Former ABC News reporter Carole Simpson is Wilbon's cousin.

Wilbon suffered a heart attack on January 27, 2008. After complaining of chest pains, he was taken to a Scottsdale hospital where doctors performed an angioplasty. Wilbon is also a type-2 diabetic.

On August 10, 2008, during a Cubs–Cardinals game at Wrigley Field, Wilbon threw out the ceremonial first pitch and then sang "Take Me Out to the Ballgame" as part of the seventh-inning stretch. Footage of Wilbon wearing a tucked-in Cubs jersey and bouncing the pitch is frequently shown on Pardon The Interruption as a friendly teasing by Kornheiser.

In May 2009, Wilbon competed in a made-for-TV "King of Bowling" show against pro bowling star Wes Malott. Wilbon beat Malott by a score of 256–248, but Wilbon received a 57-pin handicap and Malott had to use a plastic ball.

Wilbon has served as a trustee of Northwestern University.

White House visit
On July 12, 2013, Wilbon, Kornheiser and Tony Reali (PTI statistician and de facto co-host) were guests at the White House. After lunch the trio met in the Oval Office with President Barack Obama.

title: Michael Wilbon


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Mount Allison Mounties

The Mount Allison Mounties are the varsity athletic teams that represent Mount Allison University in Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada.

The Mounties sports teams play their matches at Alumni Field which seats 2,500.

Athletics and recreations
The Mount Allison University Athletics & Recreation is led by Pierre Arsenault. Arsenault came to Mount Allison from the New Brunswick Golf Association, where he served as executive director for seven years. Prior to this, Arsenault worked with Hockey Canada's Atlantic Centre of Excellence, the Saskatchewan Hockey Association, and with the University of Ottawa's Gee-Gees Varsity Hockey Team. He holds a Bachelor of Physical Education (concentration in sports administration) from the University of New Brunswick and a master's degree in sport administration from the University of Ottawa.

Varsity teams
Mount Allison Mounties teams compete in:
 * Badminton (m/w)
 * Basketball (m/w)
 * Curling (w)
 * Football (m)
 * Ice Hockey (w)
 * Soccer (m/w)
 * Swimming (m/w)

Logo
In 1977, Garney Henley, a former Canadian Football League player with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, became Athletics Director at Mount Allison and changed the logo from the "Double-Winged" A to the famous "Flying A" which remained the Mounties' logo until 2011. The Flying A became synonymous with Mounties athletics, and was arguably the most recognizable aspect of the department and the university.

In 2011, the university's administration undertook a re-branding initiative that would be campus-wide, stretching into the athletics department as well. Adopting a new, more modern look became the goal, and thus the current logo with an "A" adorned with a flame/torch was born. Taken from the university's crest, the flame, which also forms a stylized "A", along with the slanted font spelling "MOUNTIES" below the logo became the new look for the Mounties. Along with a new partnership with popular brand UnderArmour, it introduced the Mounties to the 21st century, and spearheaded by Athletics Director Pierre Arsenault became the one identity among all of the Mounties' varsity sports teams.

During the 2012 AUS Women's Hockey Playoffs, a new movement emerged on the Social Media website Twitter, when it is believed the phrase #MountiePride was first used in a popular fashion. Since then, the movement has leaped to new heights, and is now considered to be a part of this new identity, and a trademark of the Mounties teams.

Mounties football
The Mounties football program has been in operation since 1955. The team has made two appearances in the Vanier Cup, first in 1984, and then in 1991. The team has won six Jewett Trophy conference championships in their 14 appearances, most recently during the team's undefeated 2014 season. The program has also featured a Hec Crighton Trophy winner, Éric Lapointe, who won the award twice and was elected into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame based on his university career with the Mounties.

Athletes of the Year
This is an incomplete list

title: Mount Allison Mounties


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Sweatt v. Painter

Sweatt v. Painter, 339 U.S. 629 (1950), was a U.S. Supreme Court case that successfully challenged the "separate but equal" doctrine of racial segregation established by the 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson. The case was influential in the landmark case of Brown v. Board of Education four years later.

The case involved a black man, Heman Marion Sweatt, who was refused admission to the School of Law of the University of Texas, whose president was Theophilus Painter, on the grounds that the Texas State Constitution prohibited integrated education. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of law student Sweatt, reasoning that the state's racially separate law school was in fact unequal. Nonetheless, the Court limited its ruling in finding that it was not [yet] necessary to "reach [Sweatt]'s contention that Plessy v. Ferguson should be reexamined in the light of contemporary knowledge respecting the purposes of the Fourteenth Amendment and the effects of racial segregation." The decision was delivered on the same day as another case involving similar issues, McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents, also decided in favor of integrated graduate education.

Procedural history
The state district court in Travis County, Texas, instead of granting the plaintiff a writ of mandamus, continued the case for six months. This allowed the state time to create a law school only for black students, which it established in Houston, rather than in Austin. The 'separate' law school and the college became the Thurgood Marshall School of Law at Texas Southern University (known then as "Texas State University for Negroes").

The Dean of the Law School at the time was Charles T. McCormick. He wanted a separate law school for black students.

Texas Attorney General at the time was Price Daniel who advocated fiercely for racial segregation.

The trial court decision was affirmed by the Court of Civil Appeals and the Texas Supreme Court denied writ of error on further appeal. Sweatt and the NAACP next went to the federal courts, and the case ultimately reached the U.S. Supreme Court. Robert L. Carter and Thurgood Marshall presented Sweatt's case.

U.S. Supreme Court
The Supreme Court reversed the lower court decision, saying that the separate school failed to qualify, both because of quantitative differences in facilities and experiential factors, such as its isolation from most of the future lawyers with whom its graduates would interact. The court held that, when considering graduate education, experience must be considered as part of "substantive equality." The court's decision documented the differences between white and black facilities:
 * The University of Texas Law School had 16 full-time and 3 part-time professors, while the black law school had 5 full-time professors.
 * The University of Texas Law School had 850 students and a law library of 65,000 volumes, while the black law school had 23 students and a library of 16,500 volumes.
 * The University of Texas Law School had moot court facilities, an Order of the Coif affiliation, and numerous graduates involved in public and private law practice, while the black law school had only one practice court facility and only one graduate admitted to the Texas Bar.

Legacy
On June 14, 2005, the Travis County Commissioners voted to rename the courthouse as The Heman Marion Sweatt Travis County Courthouse in honor of Sweatt's endeavor and victory.

title: Sweatt v. Painter


text:
Talk:Vienna Circle

Untitled
I will double-check before I change anything, but I believe it should be "Phillip Frank" not "Philip Frank."

Patrick0Moran 03:46, 30 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Wittgenstein
Why isn't there a single mention of Wittgenstein or the Tractatus in this article? -- noosphere 04:24, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Carnap (in his Autobiography published in The philosophy of Rudolf Carnap) said that Wittgenstein’s influence on Vienna Circle was overestimated. Moreover, Wittgenstein did not take part to Vienna Circle’s discussions; there were separate meetings between him, Schlick, Carnap and Waismann, but soon Carnap was not admitted to those meetings. However, a reference to Wittgenstein or the Tractatus is appropriate. Murzim 22:12, 14 March 2006 (UTC)]]

 * Well, Carnap is certainly entitled to his view, and it should be represented as such on the page. However, Carnap's POV on the matter does not preclude us giving other accounts, as long as they're properly sourced.  --  noosphere 02:34, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, you are right. Your mention of Wittgenstein and his influence on the Vienna Circle is correct. Murzim 12:31, 15 March 2006 (UTC)]]

The citation for Wittgenstein reading poetry during the meetings of the Circle exists on the page on Wittgenstein himself, the link to the citation is: http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2012/09/07/the-limits-of-science-and-scientists/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 37.130.160.235 (talk) 08:34, 25 March 2014 (UTC)
 * I've removed the material, which was inappropriate to the lead per WP:LEAD. — goethean 12:31, 25 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Thank you Goethean, your edit improves the article. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 07:53, 26 March 2014 (UTC)

Quine
The assertation that Quine brought the ideas of the Vienna Circle to the U.S. after his period in Europe (1932-33) is historically incorrect. The spread of logical positivism in the USA occurred throughout the 1920s-1930s. In 1929 and in 1932 Schlick was a Visiting Professor at Stanford, while Feigl, who immigrated to the USA in 1930, became lecturer (1931) and professor (1933) at the University of Iowa. Articles about logical positivism were published in U.S. before Quine went in Europe. I can remember: E. Nagel, Nature and Convention in The Journal of Philosophy, 26, 1929, in which Nagel discussed Reichenbach's interpretation of the theory of relativity; S. Hook, Personal Impression of Contemporary German Philosophy in The Journal of Philosophy, 27, 1930, in which Hook presented a favorable report on logical positivism; A. E. Blumberg and H. Feigl, Logical Positivism: A New Movement in European Philosophy in The Journal of Philosophy, 28, 1931. And, of course, the definite diffusion of logical positivism in U.S. was due to Hempel, Reichenbach, Carnap, Frank and Feigl, who emigrated and tought in U.S. Thus I suggest to remove the reference to Quine. However, before I change anything, I prefer to discusse this point. Murzim 18:55, 8 May 2006 (UTC)]]

Thanks. I assume your point is correct - so I suggest to add another paragraph, e.g. Reception of the work of the Vienna Circle there the travel of Quine could be mentioned, together with the other links to the U.S. A separate point could then mention the links to the UK, and other countries.

Yes, a paragraph such that you suggest is useful. I'll try to write about that subject. Murzim 18:55, 8 May 2006 (UTC)]]

 * I have provisorily put in the two new paragraphs:

Reception in the U.S., and Reception in the UK and chanage the sentence about Quine according to your remarks.

Please comment what you think now about it. I will try to find some more references verifying this, perhaps concentrating more on the reception in the UK.

A. E. Blumberg
One often forgotten figure in discussions of the history of the Vienna Circle, is the philosopher, Albert Blumberg, who along with Herbert Feigl gave the name, "logical positivism," to the ideas of the Vienna Circle and helped to make American philosophers aware of their work.

Blumberg's name, appears at the top of John McCumber's list of American Philosophers Professionally Injured During the McCarthy Era.

He studied under Moritz Schlick in Vienna, where he came into contact with the Vienna Circle. Within philsophy, he became famous for having in 1931 co-authored a paper with Herbert Feigl which appeared in the Journal of Philosophy entitled: "Logical Positivism: A New Movement in European Philosophy," which is credited with giving the philosophy of the Vienna Circle the designation of logical positivism.

George Reisch, in his How the Cold WarTransformed Philosophy of Science provides some discussion of his career as a philosopher, discussing his relationships with the logical empiricists and his activism within the CPUSA.

A few years later, he became an active Communist. As such he was a founding editor of the journal, Science & Society. He became a leading figure within the CPUSA, heading for a while the Maryland and District of Columbia branch of the Party and was apparently a leading political strategist within the Party.

As noted in the NY Times obit that appears below, during the McCarthy period, while managing to avoid prison, he was barred from academia until the mid-1960s when he was able to secure a post at Rutgers where he achieved some prominence. According to George Reisch, Herbert Feigl helped to ease his return to academic life, including providing him some coaching on the then recent developments in the philosophy of science.

- Albert Blumberg, 91, Philosopher and Communist By ROBERT MCG. THOMAS JR. (NYT) 806 words Published: October 13, 1997

Albert E. Blumberg, an idealistic philosophy professor who fought for economic and social reforms as an oft-harassed Communist Party official in the 1940's and 50's, then continued the fight with somewhat more success as a Democratic Party district leader in Manhattan, died on Wednesday at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center near his home in upper Manhattan. He was 91. To the Congressional committees and Justice Department officials who hounded him over two decades, Dr. Blumberg's professed interest in improving the plight of workers and minority groups was a sham.

As they saw it, his work as secretary of the Communist Party in Maryland and the District of Columbia, and as the national party's legislative director, was a cover for his role in a Stalin-directed conspiracy to overthrow the Government.

To those who knew him during his years as a respected philosophy professor and department chairman at Rutgers University and as a Democratic leader in New York, his commitment to helping others was real.

Among other things, since settling in northern Manhattan in 1965, he organized and led numerous community organizations, served as president of the Audubon Reform Democratic Club and of the Congress of Senior Citizens of Greater New York and became an adviser to officials like City Councilman Stanley E. Michels, Assemblyman Herman D. Farrell Jr., State Senator Franz S. Leichter and Mayor David N. Dinkins, who named him chairman of the senior citizens advisory panel.

A native of Baltimore whose parents were immigrants from Lithuania, Dr. Blumberg was a brilliant student who graduated from Johns Hopkins University before going off on a grand academic tour, picking up a master's from Yale, studying at the Sorbonne and receiving a doctorate from the University of Vienna, where he was attracted to the Vienna circle of logical positivists.

In recent years, Dr. Blumberg talked so little about his past that it is hard to know just how or why he became involved with the Communist Party, but a nephew, recalling his uncle describing campaigns against Jews in Vienna in the 1930's, suggested that, like many European Communists of the day, he came to see Soviet Communism as an antidote to Nazism.

Whatever the initial attraction, Dr. Blumberg and his Baltimore-born wife, Dorothy Rose, quickly became prominent in party circles.

In 1940, for example, he was cited for contempt for refusing to identify party members to the House Un-American Activities Committee, but apparently did not learn the intended lesson: in 1957, he refused to answer similar questions before the Senate Internal Security subcommittee.

By then, Dr. Blumberg had become one of the first Communists convicted under a provision of the 1940 Smith Act equating party membership with conspiring to overthrow the Government.

Despite that 1956 conviction, Dr. Blumberg did not go to prison. In 1957, while his appeal was pending, the Supreme Court declared the provision unconstitutional. (His wife, convicted earlier under a different section, served a three-year term.)

For Dr. Blumberg, the victory was a hollow one. Although he had taught philosophy at Johns Hopkins in the 1930's, he could not get a teaching job and worked in a bookstore until he was hired by Rutgers in 1965.

There he helped organize Livingston College, the university's first residential college for men and women; served as chairman of its philosophy department; wrote an acclaimed textbook, Logic: A First Course, and was repeatedly elected president of the faculty governing body. As a colleague, Dr. Peter Klein, recalled on Friday, Dr. Blumberg was a master synthesizer who would often astound his colleagues by tapping his gavel during a rancorous dead-end debate, declaring, I think I hear a consensus, then articulating an inspired compromise.

After retiring in 1977, he stepped up his political activities in New York. By then he had become such an established figure in the local Democratic Party that he won a 1977 election as leader of the 71st Assembly District even though his opponent had tried to use his Communist past against him.

As district leader, Dr. Blumberg was chairman of the county committee's policy committee and worked to bring his upper Manhattan neighborhood's growing Dominican population into the party's inner circles, succeeding so well that he lost his post to a Dominican rival in 1985.

Dr. Blumberg, whose wife died several years ago, is survived by a brother, Harold, of Boston.

Copyright 2006 The New York Times Company --JimFarm 16:08, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

On the name Logical Positivism
It's often stated that Blumberg and Feigl gave the name "logical positivism" to the idea of Vienna Circle. For example, Passmore in the entry Logical Positivism in Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy wrote "LOGICAL POSITIVISM is the name given in 1931 by A. E. Blumberg and Herbert Feigl to a set of philosophical ideas put forward by the Vienna circle". The reference is to A. E. Blumberg and H. Feigl, "Logical Positivism: A New Movement in European Philosophy" in The Journal of Philosophy, 28, 1931. However, Swedish philosopher Ake Petzall (1901-1957) and Finnish philosopher Eino Kaila (1890-1958) employed for the first time the expression "Logical Neopositivism" for denoting the new philosophical movement (A. Petzall, Der Logistische Neupositivismus, 1930 and E. Kaila, "Der Logistische Neupositivismus" in Annales Universitatis Aboensis, ser. B, 13, 1930). Murzim 09:04, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for the clarification. It's not just Passmore who has gotten it wrong. Just about every reference book or textbook on philosophy, when discussing the history of the Vienna Circle, attributes the term, "logical positivism," to Feigl & Blumberg. I guess in the anglophone world, people don't pay that much attention to the Scandinavians.

--JimFarm 15:03, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

Vladislav Boskonovitch Karimov
Does anyone know anything about this guy - Vladislav Boskonovitch Karimov?

There's a new article about him, for which i can't find any sources. I've got a hunch that it's a hoax. Please correct me if i'm wrong. --Amir E. Aharoni 08:19, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

Experience
The way the word experience is used within this article may contribute to confusion to the general reader. From the article on experience, "The concept of experience generally refers to know-how or procedural knowledge, rather than propositional knowledge. Philosophers dub knowledge based on experience 'empirical knowledge' or 'a posteriori knowledge'." However, in this article, I did not initially understand the word to be used strictly to mean the empirically or logically verifiable kind of objective experience, and, instead, took it to mean the more generally used verb form "to experience", which can be used to mean "to perceive", and contain both the objective sense and the subjective perception, and where errors can be made attributing what is sensed versus what is perceived, where the delineation between what part of the "experience" is personal interpretation and what is not can become an issue. As an example, here is a portion of the section "The elimination of metaphysics", and within it I have italicized the part that can be confusing: "[Metaphysicians] assert that no empirical relation between x and y can completely explain the meaning of 'x is the principle of y', because there is something that cannot be grasped by means of the experience, something for which no empirical criterion can be specified. It is the lacking of any empirical criterion – says Carnap - that deprives of meaning the word 'principle' when it occurs in metaphysics. Therefore, metaphysical pseudo-statements such as 'water is the principle of the world' or 'the spirit is the principle of the world' are void of meaning because a meaningless word occurs in them."

On the contrary to the first sentence, metaphysicists would probably claim that there is something about the word that can "be grasped by means of experience", as it is this non-empirical, cognitively perceived or "experienced" meaning of the word that they would claim is fully within their allowed understanding of its meaning. They would say that there is something about it that, while it may be outside of empirical representation, is still "experienced" by them, by means of their internal perception or qualitative understanding of the word.

The existence of this dual interpretation of what the meaning of the word experience is, i.e. the common, more general one, versus the strict, philosophical, specific usage, thus may even be falling for something quite similar to the very issue being expounded upon in this section. Mmortal03 (talk) 14:15, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

Link 36 is now a broken link
Reference 36 gives a 404 error. Ianhowlett (talk) 16:53, 17 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vienna Circle


text:
David Remnick

David J. Remnick (born October 29, 1958) is an American journalist, writer, and editor. He won a Pulitzer Prize in 1994 for his book Lenin's Tomb: The Last Days of the Soviet Empire, and is also the author of Resurrection and King of the World: Muhammad Ali and the Rise of an American Hero. Remnick has been editor of The New Yorker magazine since 1998. He was named "Editor of the Year" by Advertising Age in 2000. Before joining The New Yorker, Remnick was a reporter and the Moscow correspondent for The Washington Post. He also has served on the New York Public Library board of trustees and is a member of the American Philosophical Society. In 2010, he published his sixth book, The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama.

Background
Remnick was born to a Jewish family in Hackensack, New Jersey, the son of Barbara (Seigel), an art teacher, and Edward C. Remnick, a dentist. He was raised in Hillsdale, New Jersey, in a Jewish home with, he has said, "a lot of books around." He attended Yavneh Academy in Paramus. Remnick was also a childhood friend of comedian Bill Maher. He attended Pascack Valley High School in Hillsdale. At Pascack Valley High School he studied Russian and was thereby inspired to also study the politics and culture of the USSR.

He was graduated summa cum laude from Princeton University in 1981 with an A.B. in comparative literature; there he met writer John McPhee, was a member of the University Press Club, and helped found The Nassau Weekly. Remnick completed a 122-page-long senior thesis titled "The Sympathetic Thread: 'Leaves of Grass' 1855-1865." Remnick has implied that after college he wanted to write novels, but due to the illnesses of his parents, he needed to get a job. Wanting to be a writer, he took a job at The Washington Post.

The Washington Post
Remnick began his reporting career at The Washington Post in 1982 shortly after his graduation from Princeton. His first assignment was to cover the United States Football League. After six years, in 1988 he became the newspaper's Moscow correspondent, which provided him with the material for Lenin's Tomb. He also received the George Polk Award for excellence in journalism in 1993.

The New Yorker
Remnick became a staff writer at The New Yorker in September 1992, after ten years at The Washington Post.

Remnick's 1997 New Yorker article "Kid Dynamite Blows Up", about boxer Mike Tyson, was nominated for a National Magazine Award. In July 1998, he became editor, succeeding Tina Brown. Remnick promoted Hendrik Hertzberg, a former Jimmy Carter speechwriter and former editor of The New Republic, to write the lead pieces in "Talk of the Town", the magazine's opening section. In 2005, Remnick earned $1 million for his work as the magazine's editor.

In 2003, Remnick penned an editorial in The New Yorker in the lead-up to the Iraq War saying "the United States has been wrong, politically and morally, about Iraq more than once in the past... but... a return to a hollow pursuit of containment will be the most dangerous option of all." In the months leading up to the war, the magazine also published several articles connecting Saddam Hussein to al-Qaida, often relying on unnamed sources, or simply the claims of Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, as evidence. The magazine received some criticism for their journalism during this period. The claims that Hussein and al-Qaida had a close operational relationship were false, as confirmed by numerous sources including a U.S military study in 2008.

In 2004, for the first time in its 80-year history, The New Yorker endorsed a presidential candidate, John Kerry.

In May 2009, Remnick was the subject of an extended Twitter thread by former New Yorker staff writer Dan Baum, whose contract with the magazine was not renewed by Remnick. The tweets, written over the course of a week, described the difficult relationship between Baum and Remnick, his editor.

Remnick's biography of President Barack Obama, The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama, was released on April 6, 2010. It features hundreds of interviews with friends, colleagues, and other witnesses to Obama's rise to the presidency of the United States.

In 2010, Remnick lent his support to the campaign urging the release of Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani, the Iranian woman sentenced to death by stoning after being convicted of adultery and ordering the murder of her husband by her lover.

Remnick provided guest commentary and contributed to NBC coverage of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi Russia, including the opening ceremony and commentary for NBC News.

Remnick is also the host of The New Yorker Radio Hour, produced by WNYC and The New Yorker.

In May 2014, Remnick served as the commencement speaker at the 160th commencement of Syracuse University.

Personal life
In 1987, Remnick married reporter Esther Fein in a Jewish ceremony at the Lincoln Square Synagogue in Manhattan. Fein has worked as a reporter for The New York Times and The Washington Post. The couple has three children, Alex, Noah, and Natasha. Remnick is fluent in Russian.

title: David Remnick


text:
Mum

Mum or MUM may refer to:

Art, entertainment and media

 * múm, an Icelandic musical group
 * "Mum", a song by Luke Hemmings from When Facing The Things We Turn Away From
 * Mum Jokmok, a Thai comedian
 * Mum (TV series), a UK sitcom that aired on BBC Two from 2017 to 2019
 * Mum (film)
 * M-U-M (Magic-Unity-Might) magazine

Science

 * Multifocal plane microscopy
 * Maximal unique match

Universities

 * Monash University, Malaysia campus
 * Maharishi University of Management, in the United States
 * Muslim University of Morogoro in Tanzania

Other uses

 * Mother, or mum in colloquial British and Commonwealth English
 * Chrysanthemum, or mum, a plant
 * Bamum kingdom or Mum, Cameroon
 * Mum, Burma, a village in Burma
 * Mum language, a language spoken in Papua New Guinea
 * Mum (deodorant)
 * Brunswick Mum, a beer
 * Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport, Mumbai (IATA code: MUM)

title: Mum


text:
Medley swimming

Medley Swimming is a combination of four different swimming styles—backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly, and freestyle—into one race. This race is either swum by one swimmer as individual medley (IM) or by four swimmers as a medley relay.

Individual medley
Individual medley consists of a single swimmer swimming equal distances of four different strokes within one race.

Stroke order
Individual medley consists of four strokes. These four strokes go in an order by Butterfly, Backstroke, Breaststroke and finally Freestyle. The swimmer will swim one quarter of the race in each style, in a certain order. The strokes are swam in this order:

(4th can be any stroke except butterfly, backstroke, or breaststroke; most swimmers use the front crawl).
 * 1) Butterfly
 * 2) Backstroke
 * 3) Breaststroke
 * 4) Freestyle

Competitions
A number of competitions in the individual medley are regularly contested, by both men and women. The competitions are limited in that every distance must consist of either four lengths of the pool (100-yard or -meter) or a multiple of four lengths (200- or 400-yard/- meter), so that no stroke must change mid-length. Regardless of the length of the individual medley, each stroke comprises a quarter of the overall distance.

 * 100 m/yd individual medley: Swam in short-course (25 m/yd pool) competition only. This is not an Olympic event.
 * 200 m/yd individual medley: Swam in both short course and long-course (50 m pool) competitions. This was swum as an Olympic event in the 1968 Summer Olympics, Mexico City, Mexico but then omitted until the 1984 Summer Olympics, Los Angeles, United States. The event has been swum ever since.
 * 400 m/yd individual medley: Swum in both short course and long course competitions. This has been an Olympic event since the 1964 Summer Olympics, Tokyo, Japan.

Technique
The technique for individual medley events does not differ much from the technique for the separate events for the four strokes. The main difference is the turning technique needed when transitioning from one stroke to the next stroke. Each section has to be completed as described by the stroke rules of this section.

The transitions are as follows:

 * Butterfly to Backstroke
 * Backstroke to Breaststroke
 * Breaststroke to Freestyle

When transitioning from Butterfly to Backstroke, swimmers must abide by FINA rules and regulations in regards to turns. They are listed as follows:

 * When transitioning from butterfly to backstroke, swimmers must be on their stomach, and touch the wall with both hands simultaneously, either in, out, or at the surface of the water, then turn in any matter they wish as long as the swimmer's shoulder is vertical or towards the back when they leave the wall. An acceptable turn includes an open turn, which is commonly used.
 * When transitioning from backstroke to breaststroke, swimmers must touch the wall with some part of their body while still on their back. The swimmer's shoulder may be turned vertical to the chest but no more than that when executing a turn. Some acceptable turns are the bucket turn, crossover turn, or an open turn.
 * When transitioning from breaststroke to freestyle, swimmers must touch the wall with both hands simultaneously, similar to butterfly, either in, out, or at the surface of the water before turning. An acceptable turn includes an open turn.

For all the transitions, the swimmer may conduct their underwater phase for up to 15m, where then swimmers will have to resurface and continue swimming with proper technique.

Medley relay
Medley relay consists of four different swimmers in one relay race, each swimming one of the four strokes.

Stroke order
Medley relay is swum by four different swimmers, each swimming one of the four strokes. The stroke order is different from that of the individual medley. Backstroke is the first event as backstroke is started from the water. If backstroke were not the first event, the starting backstroke swimmer and the finishing previous swimmer could block each other. The remaining strokes are sorted according to the speed, with breaststroke being the slowest and freestyle being the fastest stroke. The order of the strokes is as follows:

 * Backstroke
 * Breaststroke
 * Butterfly
 * Freestyle the only limitation being that none of backstroke, breaststroke, or butterfly may be used for this leg. Most swimmers use the front crawl.

Backstroke performances (only) are eligible for backstroke records, as they are performed under normal controlled starting conditions (i.e., reflex latency for the starting gun makes the average split time marginally quicker); for example, Ryan Murphy set the world record for the 100 m backstroke during the first leg of the 4 × 100 m medley relay at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

Competitions
There are a number of competitions swum regularly in medley relay, both by men and women.

 * 4×50 m/yd medley relay: Swum in both short course and long course pools. This is not an Olympic event.
 * 4×100 m/yd medley relay: Swum in both short course and long course pools. This was the first Olympic medley competition and has been swum since the 1960 Summer Olympics, Rome, Italy. The first Olympic butterfly event itself was first swum in the previous 1956 Summer Olympics.

Mixed-gendered medley relays were introduced at the 2014 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) (4×50 m) and 2015 World Aquatics Championships (4 × 100 m). The event debuted at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics and 2020 Summer Olympics (4 × 100 m).

Standard United States high school swim meets have short course events, that is the lengths are typically swum in a 25-yard or meter long pool. One relay event swum in State or Sectional Championships is the 4×50 yard medley relay.

Many collegiate programs hold competition in the 4×50 medley relay, and 4×100 medley relay.

Technique
The technique for medley relay events does not differ much from the technique for the separate events for the four strokes and the basic set of relay rules. The only difference between the Medley Relay and the Individual Medley is the order of the strokes and the number of swimmers. The order for the medley relay is: backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly, and freestyle.

The main difference is for the second, third, and fourth swimmers on the relay team. The first swimmer swims backstroke normally, but all of the following swimmers must accurately judge the swimmer current swimming's distance, and conduct a relay dive right as the current swimmer touches the wall. There is no start signal for those swimmers. It is very important for the next swimmer off the block to accurately judge the time at which the swimmer in the water will touch the wall. A fast reaction could result in a significantly faster time in the race, but a false start (diving early) will result in a disqualification.

World Aquatics rules require that a foot of the second, third or fourth swimmer must be touching the platform while (and before) the incoming teammate is touching the wall; the starting swimmer may already be in motion, however, which saves 0.6 – 1 second compared to a regular start. Furthermore, many swimmers may perform better in a relay than in an individual race owing to a team spirit atmosphere. As a result, relay times are typically 2–3 second faster than the sum of best times of individual swimmers.

History
Prior to 1952, the butterfly was not defined as a separate stroke from the breaststroke, and so medley races featured only three styles: backstroke, breaststroke, and freestyle. The usual distance of both the IM and the medley relay was thus 300 metres or yards rather than 400. During a 150-meters Individual Medley race, Henry Myers was one of the first to use an overarm recovery while swimming breaststroke, becoming one of the earliest forms of butterfly. In the United States, during the year of 1953, some medley races included the butterfly stroke, and the Amateur Athletic Union made it mandatory from 1954.

From the beginning of the Medley events, swimming times have drastically changed and gotten faster due to science, technology, and improved training. Some technological advancements include technical swimming suits, which are special swimming suits mainly used during competitions to reduce drag in the water, and underwater cameras to analyze a swimmer's stroke.

Rules
These are the official rules of World Aquatics, USA Swimming, and US Masters Swimming regarding medley swimming:

 * In individual medley events, the swimmer covers the four swimming styles in the following order: butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke and freestyle.
 * In medley relay events, swimmers will cover the four swimming styles in the following order: backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly and freestyle.
 * Each section must be finished in accordance with the rule which applies to the style concerned.

Freestyle includes a special regulation for medley events:

 * Freestyle means that in an event so designated the swimmer may swim any style, except that in individual medley or medley relay events, freestyle means any style other than backstroke, breaststroke or butterfly.

Additionally, the normal rules of relay events apply:

 * Each swimmer should only swim in one leg of the relay
 * The continuing swimmer should not start their leg until the previous swimmer has completed their leg
 * No other team member shall jump into the pool apart from the one swimming the leg
 * The proceeding swimmer's feet should not leave the diving block until the previous swimmer has completed their leg
 * There shall be four swimmers on each relay team.
 * Mixed relay teams must consist of two men and two women. (In any order)

Failure to abide by any of the rules listed above will result in a disqualification if found appropriate by the referee.

Para-Swimmers in the Medley
In 1960, the U.S. Paralympics added swimming as a sport. Para-Swimming is where swimmers with physical disabilities can compete with other swimmers with physical disabilities in swimming. While swimming, those swimmers are not allowed to wear any prosthetics or any assistive devices.

While swimming the Individual Medley, para-swimmers are put into different categories depending on their physical disability. They are listed below:

 * SM1: para swimmers who are highly affected in their arms, legs, and trunk.
 * SM2: para swimmers who are highly affected in their trunks, legs, and hands. Their arms are a little more viable but are still affected.
 * SM3: para swimmers who have lowly affected arms, but may be missing legs. Their legs and trunks remain barely viable.
 * SM4: para swimmers who have trouble with their hands. They may be missing their hand(s).
 * SM5: para swimmers who have difficulty coordinating in the water. Their legs are highly affected.
 * SM6: para swimmers who have one side of their body heavily affected.
 * SM7: para swimmers who have one side of their body moderately affected, but still have trouble.
 * SM8: para swimmers who can use one arm, moderately affected legs, or lack overall muscle power.
 * SM9: para swimmers who have a lot of weakness in one leg.
 * SM10: para swimmers who have little issue(s) with their leg. They have trouble keeping a stroke pattern.

There are also visual ratings:

 * SM11: para swimmers who are almost totally blind.
 * SM12: para swimmers who have a hard time seeing.
 * SM13: para swimmers who are able to see the end of the pool at the length of 5 meters.

And finally, there is an intellectual category:

 * SM14: para swimmers who are intellectually challenged. They have difficulty understanding techniques and strategies.

World records
All the listed below world record times have been swam in Long Course Meters (LCM.)

Men Women Mixed

 * A listing of how the World Records have progressed over time can be found here: 100 IM, 200 IM, 400 IM and Medley Relay.

title: Medley swimming


text:
Islamic Consultative Assembly

The Islamic Consultative Assembly, also called the Iranian Parliament, the Iranian Majles (Arabicised spelling Majlis) or ICA, is the national legislative body of Iran. The parliament currently consists of 290 representatives, an increase from the previous 272 seats since the 18 February 2000 election.

Islamic Republic of Iran
Following the Iranian Revolution of 1979, the Senate of Iran was abolished and effectively succeeded by the Guardian Council, maintaining the bicameral structure of the Iranian legislature. In the 1989 constitutional revision, the National Consultative Assembly was renamed the Islamic Consultative Assembly.

Since the Iranian Revolution, the Parliament of Iran has been led by six chairmen. Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani served as the inaugural chairman from 1980 to 1989. Subsequently, Mehdi Karroubi held the position in two separate terms (1989–1992 and 2000–2004), followed by Ali Akbar Nategh-Nouri (1992–2000), Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel (2004–2008), Ali Larijani (2008–2020), and, since 2020, Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf.

Throughout its history, the Parliament's character has evolved from being a "debating chamber for notables" to a "club for the shah's placemen" during the Pahlavi era. In the era of the Islamic Republic, it has shifted to being a body primarily influenced by members of the "propertied middle class."

2017 attack
On 7 June 2017, there were shootings at the Iranian parliament and at the shrine of Ayatollah Khomeini. Gunmen opened fire at the Iranian Parliament and the mausoleum of religious leader Ayatollah Khomeini in Tehran. The attack on the mausoleum reportedly left 17 persons dead and more than 30 people injured. The parliament was attacked by four gunmen which left seven to eight people injured. Both attacks took place around the same time and appear to have been coordinated.

Functions
The Islamic Consultative Assembly holds the authority to legislate laws on all matters within the boundaries defined by the Constitution. Nevertheless, it is restricted from enacting laws that contradict the fundamental principles of the official religion of the nation (Islam) or the Constitution itself.

Government bills are submitted to the Islamic Consultative Assembly only after obtaining the approval of the.

The Islamic Consultative Assembly possesses the prerogative to investigate and scrutinize all matters concerning the country.

International treaties, protocols, contracts, and agreements necessitate approval from the Islamic Consultative Assembly.

Sanctioning and obtaining national or international loans or grants by the government requires ratification from the Islamic Consultative Assembly.

The President must secure a vote of confidence from the Assembly, through a Council of Ministers approval, upon forming the government and prior to conducting any other business.

In the event that at least one-fourth of the total members of the Islamic Consultative Assembly raise a question to the President, or if any Assembly member poses a question to a minister regarding their duties, the President or the minister is obligated to attend the Assembly and address the query.

All legislation endorsed by the Islamic Consultative Assembly must be submitted to the Guardian Council. Within a maximum of ten days from its receipt, the Guardian Council must review the legislation to ensure its compatibility with Islamic criteria and the Constitution. If any incompatibility is identified, the legislation is returned to the Assembly for further review. Otherwise, the legislation is deemed enforceable.

Eligibility
People need to sign up online and upload their university degree document. Candidates need to be 30 at least and 75 years maximum, have a master's degree or equal Level 3 Islamic seminary, and be Iranian born.

Membership

Currently, there are 290 members of Parliament, elected for a four-year term. There are five seats reserved for religious minorities (1.7% of the total members), with two for the Armenians and one each for the Assyrians, Jews and Zoroastrians. MPs are popularly elected for four-year terms. About 8% of the parliament are women, while the global average is 13%.

The parliament can force the dismissal of cabinet ministers through no-confidence votes and can impeach the president for misconduct in office. Although the executive proposes most new laws, individual deputies of the parliament also may introduce legislation. Deputies also may propose amendments to bills being debated. The parliament also drafts legislation, ratifies international treaties, and approves the national budget.

All candidates running for election, and proposed legislation from the assembly must be approved by the Guardian Council. Candidates must pledge in writing that they are committed, in theory and in practice, to the Iranian constitution.

Constituencies
The parliament currently has 207 constituencies, including the five reserved seats for religious minorities. The remaining 202 constituencies are territorial, each covering one or more of Iran's 368 counties.

Leadership
Members of Parliament elect their speaker and deputy speakers during the first session of Parliament for a one-year term. Every year, almost always in May, elections for new speakers are held in which incumbents may be re-elected.

The current Speaker of Parliament is Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf, with First Deputy Speaker Hamid-Reza Haji Babaee and Second Deputy Speaker Ali Nikzad.

Commissions/Fractions
1. Joint Commission of the Islamic Consultative Assembly
 * Privileged commissions

2. Special Commission of the Islamic Consultative Assembly

3. Integration Commission of the Islamic Consultative Assembly

4. Investigative Commission of the Islamic Consultative Assembly

5. Internal Regulation Commission of the Islamic Consultative Assembly

6. Article 90 of the Constitution Commission of the Islamic Consultative Assembly

1. Education, Research and Technology Commission of the Islamic Consultative Assembly
 * Expert commissions

2. Social Commission of the Islamic Consultative Assembly

3. Economy Commission of the Islamic Consultative Assembly

4. National-Security and Foreign-Policy Commission of the Islamic Consultative Assembly

5. Energy Commission of the Islamic Consultative Assembly

6. Program, Budget and Accounting Commission of the Islamic Consultative Assembly

7. Health and Medical Commission of the Islamic Consultative Assembly

8. Internal Affairs of the Country and Councils Commission of the Islamic Consultative Assembly

9. Industries and Mines Commission of the Islamic Consultative Assembly

10. Civil Commission of the Islamic Consultative Assembly

11. Cultural Commission of the Islamic Consultative Assembly

12. Judiciary and Legal Commission of the Islamic Consultative Assembly

13. Agriculture, Water, Natural Resources and Environment Commission of the Islamic Consultative Assembly

Fractions

 * AI and Data governance

Hack
Prior to the 1 March legislative election, on February 14, 2024, the Assembly servers were hacked, revealing monthly payments of 270 million tomans to members. The following day, the voting system was hacked, and journalists were barred from entering.

Current composition
The last election of Parliament of Iran were held on 1 March 2024 and a second round was held on 10 May 2024 in those 22 districts where no candidate received 20% or more of the votes cast. More than 48,000 candidates registered, but leaving about 15,000 candidates to run for the 290 seats representing the 31 provinces. The final results showed that principlists won 233 of 290 seats in the assembly.

Building
After 1979, the Parliament convened at the building that used to house the Senate of Iran. A new building for the Assembly was constructed at Baharestan Square in central Tehran, near the old Iranian Parliament building that had been used from 1906 to 1979. After several debates, the move was finally approved in 2004. The first session of the Parliament in the new building was held on 16 November 2004.

The old building is depicted on the reverse of the Iranian 100 rial banknote.

title: Islamic Consultative Assembly


text:
Philipp Frank

Philipp Frank (March 20, 1884 – July 21, 1966) was a physicist, mathematician and philosopher of the early-to-mid 20th century. He was a logical positivist, and a member of the Vienna Circle. He was influenced by Mach and was one of the Machists criticised by Lenin in Materialism and Empirio-criticism.

Biography
He studied physics at the University of Vienna and graduated in 1907 with a thesis in theoretical physics under the supervision of Ludwig Boltzmann. He joined the faculty there in 1910. Albert Einstein recommended him as his successor for a professorship at the German Charles-Ferdinand University of Prague, a position which he held from 1912 until 1938. Doctoral students included Reinhold Furth and Peter Bergmann.

In 1938, he was invited by Harvard University to America as a visiting lecturer on quantum theory and the philosophy of modern physics. The Germans having invaded Czechoslovakia as he was about to begin his scheduled lecture tour, Frank, a Jew, never returned to his position at Prague. And instead became a lecturer on physics and mathematics at Harvard from that year until his retirement in 1954.

In 1947 he founded the Institute for the Unity of Science as part of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS). This arose after Howard Mumford Jones (then president of the AAAS) had issued a call to overcome the fractionalization of knowledge, which he felt the AAAS well suited to address. The institute held regular meetings attracting a broad range of participants. Quine regarded the organisation as a "Vienna Circle in exile". Politically Frank was a socialist.

Astronomer Halton Arp described Frank's Philosophy of Science class at Harvard as being his favorite elective.

His younger brother Josef Frank was a noted architect and designer.

Frank on Mach's principle
In lectures given during World War II at Harvard, Frank attributed to Mach himself the following graphic expression of Mach's principle:

"When the subway jerks, it's the fixed stars that throw you down."

In commenting on this formulation of the principle, Frank pointed out that Mach chose the subway for his example because it shows that inertial effects are not shielded (by the mass of the earth): The action of distant masses on the subway-rider's mass is direct and instantaneous. It is apparent why Mach's Principle, stated in this fashion, does not fit with Einstein's conception of the retardation of all distant action.

Select publications

 * Philosophy of Science, Prentice Hall (1957)
 * Einstein: His Life and Times, A. A. Knopf (1947); 2nd edition, Da Capo Press (2002)
 * Foundations of Physics, University of Chicago Press (1946)
 * "Einstein's Philosophy of Science," Review of Modern Physics, 21, 349 (1949)

title: Philipp Frank


text:
Mayon (disambiguation)

Mayon is an active stratovolcano on the island of Luzon in the Philippines.

Mayon may also refer to:

 * Mayon, Cornwall, England
 * Mayon Kuipers (born 1988), Dutch long track speed skater, gold medalist at the 2018 European Speed Skating Championships – Women's team sprint
 * Thirumal (Krishna) in South India
 * The Indus Kohistani language of Pakistan

title: Mayon (disambiguation)