text:
Liam Fox

Sir Liam Fox (born 22 September 1961) is a British politician who served as Secretary of State for International Trade from 2016 to 2019 and Secretary of State for Defence from 2010 to 2011. A member of the Conservative Party, he was the Member of Parliament (MP) for North Somerset, formerly Woodspring, from 1992 to 2024.

Fox studied medicine at the University of Glasgow and worked as a GP and civilian army medical GP before being elected as an MP. After holding several ministerial roles under John Major, Fox served as Constitutional Affairs Spokesman from 1998 to 1999, Shadow Health Secretary from 1999 to 2003, Chair of the Conservative Party from 2003 to 2005, Shadow Foreign Secretary in 2005 and Shadow Defence Secretary from 2005 to 2010.

In the 2009 expenses scandal, he was the Shadow Cabinet minister found to have the largest over-claim on expenses and, as a result, was forced to repay the most money. In 2010, he was appointed Defence Secretary by Prime Minister David Cameron, a position from which he resigned on 14 October 2011 over allegations that he had given a close friend, lobbyist Adam Werritty, inappropriate access to the Ministry of Defence and allowed him to join official trips overseas.

In July 2016, in the wake of the United Kingdom's vote to leave the European Union, Fox was appointed the first Secretary of State for International Trade by new Prime Minister Theresa May. He was also made President of the Board of Trade. Fox has twice stood unsuccessfully for the leadership of the Conservative Party, in 2005 and 2016. In July 2019, he lost his cabinet position when new Prime Minister Boris Johnson appointed his cabinet.

He was knighted in the 2023 Political Honours for public and political service.

Early life and education
Liam Fox was born and raised in a Roman Catholic family of Irish heritage in East Kilbride, Scotland, and brought up in a council house that his parents later bought. His great-uncle, John Fox, was the Labour Provost of Motherwell, with most of his family being Labour supporters.

Along with his brother and two sisters, he was educated in the state sector, attending St Bride's High School (now part of St Andrew's and St Bride's High School) in East Kilbride. He then studied medicine at the University of Glasgow, graduating with a MB ChB in 1983. Fox is a former general practitioner (he was a GP in Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire, before his election to Parliament), a former Civilian Army General Practitioner and Divisional Surgeon with St John Ambulance.

Parliamentary career
At the 1987 general election, Fox stood as the Conservative Party candidate in Roxburgh and Berwickshire, coming second with 37.2% of the vote behind the Liberal Party candidate Archy Kirkwood.

Fox was first elected to Parliament as MP for Woodspring at the 1992 general election with 54.5% of the vote and a majority of 17,509.

In June 1993, Fox was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Home Secretary, Michael Howard. Thereafter, in July 1994, he was appointed an Assistant Government Whip. Following a limited government reshuffle in November 1995, he was appointed a Lord Commissioner of Treasury – a Senior Government Whip. He was Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office from 1996 to 1997.

In 1996, he brokered an accord in Sri Lanka, called the Fox Peace Plan, between Chandrika Kumaratunga's PA and the opposition UNP of Ranil Wickremasinghe, on a bipartisan approach for ending the ethnic war. In 2001, Jonathan Goodhand wrote, "However, little has happened since then to suggest that the various parties would have acted in good faith in the interests of peace."

Fox was re-elected as MP for Woodspring at the 1997 general election with a decreased vote share of 44.4% and a decreased majority of 7,734. In June 1997, Fox was appointed Opposition Front Bench Spokesman on Constitutional Affairs and joined the Shadow Cabinet in 1998 as the principal spokesman for Constitutional Affairs. Between 1999 and 2003, he was the Shadow Secretary of State for Health.

At the 2001 general election, Fox was again re-elected, with a decreased vote share of 43.7% and an increased majority of 8,798.

In November 2003, Fox was appointed campaign manager for Michael Howard following the no-confidence vote against the Conservative's party leader, Iain Duncan Smith. Fox became co-chairman of the party following Michael Howard's elevation to the post of party leader in November 2003.

Fox voted for the 2003 invasion of Iraq. As Shadow Defence Secretary he supported the Government's position of maintaining British troops in Iraq until the security situation allowed for a withdrawal of troops but was critical of the lack of post-invasion planning and poor equipment initially provided to British troops. He supported the idea of the American Surgel, believing that it was successful, and visited Iraq several times as Shadow Defence Secretary.

Fox was again re-elected at the 2005 general election, with a decreased vote share of 41.8% and a decreased majority of 6,016. After the general election he was promoted within the Shadow Cabinet to become Shadow Foreign Secretary.

In September 2005, Fox announced he would join the contest to be the next leader of the Conservative party. His campaign theme for the leadership race was based on the "broken society" theme, which he said Conservatives could address by returning the emphasis to marriage and reforming welfare. In the initial ballot of Conservative MPs, on 18 October 2005, he gained enough support (42 votes) to enter the second ballot two days later. He was eliminated in the second ballot with 51 votes in third place behind David Cameron (90 votes) and David Davis (57 votes). Cameron, who eventually won the leadership election, gave Fox the role of Shadow Defence Secretary.

In February 2008, Fox spoke in the House of Commons in opposition to the defence provisions in the Lisbon Treaty.

Fox has been an outspoken supporter of the war in Afghanistan and the British presence there. In 2009, he was critical towards some NATO partners for not contributing enough to the effort in the more dangerous southern and eastern parts of Afghanistan.

Prior to the 2010 general election, Fox's constituency of Woodspring was abolished, and replaced with North Somerset. At the general election, Fox was elected as MP for North Somerset with 49.3% of the vote and a majority of 7,862.

On 5 February 2013, Fox voted against a second reading of the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Bill, designed to introduce same-sex marriage in the United Kingdom. He described David Cameron's plans to legalise same-sex marriage as "divisive, ill thought through and constitutionally wrong", arguing that redefining marriage for the majority to satisfy a "small, yet vocal, minority" was not a good basis for a stable, tolerant society.

Fox was re-elected as MP for North Somerset at the 2015 general election with an increased vote share of 53.5% and an increased majority of 23,099.

In late June 2016, Fox announced on LBC that he intended to run for the leadership of the Conservative party once again, after David Cameron resigned following the result of the EU referendum, in which Fox supported leaving the EU. During the announcement of his candidacy, he said that the UK should trigger Article 50 by the end of 2016 so it could leave the EU by 2019, specifying 1 January 2019 as the date on which the UK should leave. He stated that he would not allow freedom of movement to be considered as part of any alternative trade arrangement with the EU. Fox promised to increase defence spending, stating that he would particularly like to see "an increase in the size of the Navy and our cyber capability". He also promised to scrap HS2, spending the £55 billion set aside for the project on regional train lines, cut taxes, cut welfare spending, create a new governmental department for "trade and foreign affairs" and review the aid budget. Fox was eliminated in the first ballot, finishing in last place with 16 votes. Theresa May went on to win the leadership and become Prime Minister and gave Fox the job of International Trade Secretary.

At the snap 2017 general election, Fox was again re-elected, with an increased vote share of 54.2% and a decreased majority of 17,103. He was again re-elected at the 2019 general election, with a decreased vote share of 52.9% and an increased majority of 17,536.

On 8 July 2020, the UK government nominated Fox as a candidate for Director-General of the World Trade Organisation. Fox's main rival for the nomination, the Labour peer Peter Mandelson, was overlooked due to his opposition to Brexit. Fox progressed to the second round of the selection process. He did not become one of the two candidates to enter the final round, who were South Korea's Yoo Myung-hee and Nigeria's Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, and was knocked out on 7 October.

In 2021 Fox was the sponsor of a Down Syndrome Bill, an Act to "make provision about meeting the needs of persons with Down syndrome."

In the 2024 general election Fox was defeated by the Labour candidate, Sadik Al-Hassan.

Secretary of State for Defence
Fox was appointed as Secretary of State for Defence in the cabinet of David Cameron on 12 May 2010.

In July 2010, he said that the dire state of the public finances meant the Armed Forces could no longer be equipped to cover every conceivable danger. He said that the strongest signal that it will have to give up one or more of these capabilities, which have been maintained at the same time as contributing to collective security pacts such as NATO. "We don't have the money as a country to protect ourselves against every potential future threat," he said. "We have to look at where we think the real risks will come from, where the real threats will come from and we need to deal with that accordingly. The Russians are not going to come over the European plain any day soon," he added. Fox's admission cast doubt on the future of the 25,000 troops currently stationed in Germany. The Defence Secretary had previously said that he hoped to withdraw them at some point, leaving Britain without a presence in the country for the first time since 1945.

The Ministry of Defence (MoD) faced budget cuts of up to 8% over the next five years, according to some analysts, and the department was grappling with a £37 billion shortfall on programmes it has signed up to. The results of the Strategic Defence and Security Review (SDSR) were published on 19 October 2010. Speaking in September 2010 at a meeting in Paris with his French counterpart Hervé Morin on the possibility of sharing aircraft carriers with the French Navy, Fox said, "I think it is unrealistic to share an aircraft carrier but, in other areas like tactical lift we can see what we can do." He added: "I can't deny that there is an element of urgency added by budget concerns."

In September 2010, in a private letter to David Cameron, Fox refused to back any "draconian cuts" in the Armed Forces at a time when Britain was at war. The letter was written the night before a National Security Council (NSC) meeting on the Strategic Defence and Security Review (SDSR). In the letter, Fox wrote that: "Frankly this process is looking less and less defensible as a proper SDSR (Strategic Defence and Strategy Review) and more like a 'super CSR' (Comprehensive Spending Review). If it continues on its current trajectory it is likely to have grave political consequences for us". Fox continued saying that "Our decisions today will limit severely the options available to this and all future governments. The range of operations that we can do today we will simply not be able to do in the future. In particular, it would place at risk."

In February 2011, Fox criticised "ballooning" spending in his own department. The top 15 major procurement projects were running at £8.8 billion over budget and, between them, were delayed by a total of 32 years. That included the A400M transporter aircraft order that was £603 million over budget and six years behind schedule. Fox criticised what he called a "conspiracy of optimism based on poor cost-estimation, unrealistic timescales" at the MoD and in industry. "These practices in the MOD would simply not be tolerated in the private sector, and they will no longer be tolerated in the MoD."

In March 2011, Fox defended the decision to make 11,000 redundancies in the armed forces, insisting that personnel who have recently returned from Afghanistan would not be sacked. Cameron had conceded that axing around 5,000 personnel from the army, 3,300 from the Navy and 2,700 from the RAF will be difficult for those affected. Strategic Defence and Security Review (SDSR) set out plans for reducing the size of the armed forces by 17,000 in total. Some of that number would be met by not replacing people who were retiring or leaving for other reasons. Defence officials said 11,000 personnel still faced being redundant on a compulsory or voluntary basis. Fox said it was essential that service personnel were made "fully aware of the options available and the time-scales involved". "That means that a timetable needs to be adhered to for the sake of themselves and their families," he said. "It would simply be wrong to alter that timetable for the convenience of the Government."

In light of the 2011 Libyan civil war, Fox warned that Libya could end up split in two as Muammar Gaddafi unleashed the full fury of his military arsenal, sending warplanes and ground troops to attack rebel-held positions across the country. "We could see the Gaddafi forces centred around Tripoli," Fox said. "We could see a de facto partition of the country."

In May 2011, Fox opposed plans to sharply increase Britain's aid budget, in a direct challenge to David Cameron's authority. In a leaked letter to the Prime Minister, Fox said he could not accept plans to increase the development budget to 0.7 percent of the gross domestic product. The aid pledge, made in the Conservative election manifesto last year, was at the heart of Cameron's attempts to change his party's image. It has gained opponents among right-wing Tories, many of whom voted for Fox when he fought Cameron for the party leadership in 2005. "I cannot support the proposal in its current form," Fox told the Prime Minister. Fox suggested that development funding should be diverted to the defence budget, writing that reneging on the aid pledge would release more public money to be spent on "other activities or programmes rather than aid". The Telegraph James Kirkup said the leak was increasing suspicion among Cameron's allies that the Defence Secretary was trying to undermine the Prime Minister.

After negative comments by Sir Simon Bryant and Sir Mark Stanhope, Secretary Fox said admirals and air marshals who have voiced concerns were giving strength to Muammar Gaddafi's regime. He also warned that high-ranking members of the Armed Forces were facing the sack because the Government wanted to reduce bureaucracy by cutting "the star count". The Daily Telegraph had learned that the redundancies would include up 500 starred officers, equivalent to the rank of an Army brigadier and above. Fox said: "We must be very careful, those of us who have authority in defence, when discussing the sustainability of a mission. People's lives are at stake and there can only be one message that goes out on Libya." Admiral Sir John "Sandy" Woodward, a former deputy chief of the defence staff, suggested Fox was trying to blame military chiefs for "his own failings". He said: "Of course the service chiefs should not be talking outside the MoD, but when politicians have got it so wrong they have no other choice."

Levene report
On 27 June 2011, Fox announced that Baron Levene had completed his report on the reform of the MoD which suggested that they could cut the number of senior officers and could also lead to ministerial posts being axed. The army, navy and air force would each be run by a single chief. Currently, the services have two commanders, one in charge of strategy, the second in charge of day-to-day operations. The reforms would see operational control pushed down the chain of command. In addition, the three service chiefs will be removed from the defence board, a powerful committee the defence secretary chairs. The overall head of the military, the chief of the defence staff, currently, General Sir David Richards, will represent them. A committee chaired by an independent non-executive director, chosen by the defence secretary, will be in charge of appointments to the services' top ranks. The MoD is expected to axe up to 8,000 civil servants in 2012. Senior commanders would be given more overall control of their budgets and internal appointments.

The report also suggested that a new Joint Forces Command structure should be created with senior appointments in the MoD lasting longer than every two years by making sure people stay in post for longer. Levene said that "finance and the need for affordability are not regarded as sufficiently important throughout the organisation." He said that the "lack of trust" which pervades the MoD has led to a tendency for those at the top to try to micromanage, while the individual services look out for themselves rather than thinking of defence as a whole. This has led to a "predisposition to overcomplicate ... and a culture of reinventing the wheel". The role of the chief of the defence staff should also be enhanced so that "he alone will be responsible for representing the military voice." Levene says that the new defence board "should be the primary decision-making body for non-operational matters", and should meet 10 times a year. It will have nine members, but only one will be from the military, the chief of the defence staff, currently General Sir David Richards.

Defence and Security Review
In a speech on the future of the Armed Forces to the House of Commons on 19 October 2010 Prime Minister David Cameron set out plans that would mean cuts: 7,000 jobs go in the British Army; 5,000 in the Royal Navy; 5,000 in the Royal Air Force; and 25,000 civilian jobs at the Ministry of Defence. In terms of equipment, the RAF would lose the Nimrod reconnaissance aircraft programme, the entire Harrier fleet would be scrapped, and bases will be turned over to the Army. The Army will have its tanks and heavy artillery cut by 40%, and half of the soldiers in Germany will return to the UK by 2015, with the rest brought home by 2030 and housed in former RAF bases. The Navy would have its destroyer and frigate fleet cut from 23 to 19 (by cutting the Type 22 frigates) and will be provided with less expensive frigates. It will be affected by the loss of the Harriers. Overall, the defence budget was to be cut by 8% but Cameron insisted that Britain would continue to meet the NATO target of spending 2% of GDP on defence.

In the same speech Cameron announced a national cyber security programme, costing £500 million, "to fix shortfalls in cyber infrastructure", while more focus will be given to tackling terrorists such as Al Qaeda and dissident Irish republicans in what he said would be "continuing investment in our world class intelligence agencies". Army numbers will fall to 95,500 by 2015 – 7,000 fewer than today – but ground forces will continue to have vital operational role in the future, he said.

Resignation
It was revealed that Fox's close friend, best man and former business partner Adam Werritty had made visits to Fox at the Ministry of Defence (MoD) in Whitehall on 22 occasions in 16 months; Werrity was not security-cleared with the MoD. Additionally, over a 17-month period, ending October 2011, Werritty was present at 40 of Fox's 70 recorded engagements. The uncertain nature of Werritty's relationship with Fox led to an investigation by senior civil servants, initially the MoD's Permanent Secretary, Ursula Brennan and latterly the Cabinet Secretary Sir Gus O'Donnell. Fox said that Werrity had never worked for him either in an official or unofficial capacity despite allegations that Fox was using a source of advice outside the Civil Service, paid for by private funds, allegedly a private intelligence firm. Disclosure of increasing amounts of detail of their contact, funding and explanations of their relationship led to Fox's resignation on 14 October 2011 in advance of O'Donnell's report of his investigation into Fox breaking the Ministerial code by letting his friend Adam Werritty into defence meetings.

The Cabinet Secretary's investigation into the incident concluded that Fox's conduct constituted a "clear breach of the Ministerial code" and that his actions posed a "security risk".

Secretary of State for International Trade
After Theresa May became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in July 2016, Fox was appointed Secretary of State for International Trade, responsible for helping to secure trade deals with other countries following Brexit.

The Wall Street Journal reported Fox as saying he would prefer a free trade agreement with the EU rather than be part of the EU customs union, which he said could restrict Britain's ability to negotiate lower tariffs with other trading partners.

In a September 2016 speech on international trade, Fox said there needed to be a change in British business culture, arguing that exporting was a "duty" which companies neglected because "it might be too difficult or too time-consuming or because they can't play golf on a Friday afternoon". In April 2017, he was criticised for a trade visit to the Philippines, where he acknowledged "shared values" when speaking to Philippines President Rodrigo Duterte, heavily criticised for the increase in extrajudicial killings in the Philippines.

In 2017, Fox announced a new board of trade which would meet four times a year to "ensure the benefits of free trade are spread throughout the UK." The announcement was criticised by Liberal Democrat MP Tom Brake, who said the board was a "job-creation scheme" for Fox. A DIT spokesman said it was a "technicality" that Fox was the sole member of the board, because of a constitutional convention that full membership is only for privy counsellors. In July 2019, he lost his cabinet position when new Prime Minister Boris Johnson made a cabinet reshuffle.

Finances
Fox was a registered shareholder of the medical educational firm Arrest Ltd which was dissolved in 2010.

Fox accepted a £50,000 donation from Jon Moulton, whose investment firm, Better Capital, later went on to own Gardner Aerospace, an aerospace metallic manufactured details supplier which includes component parts for both military and civilian aircraft. This potentially exposed Fox to conflict of interest but neither Fox nor Moulton violated any rules with this donation.

In 2023 the Good Law Project revealed that Fox had personally received a £10,000 cash donation in January 2023 by Aquind, a British cabling company controlled by Russian oil tycoon Viktor Fedotov, further fuelling ongoing investigation into Tory funds given by Russian donors.

Bahrain
In March 2013, Fox was one of the chief guests at a conference in Bahrain designed to rally Western opinion to the side of the Bahrain government in its struggle against the Arab Spring. In August 2014, Fox argued that the UK should start bombing Islamist extremists in northern Iraq. The following month this became government policy.

Brexit
Fox supported Brexit at the EU Referendum 2016, and is a self-proclaimed "staunch Eurosceptic". Following this assertion, he stated that he wants a "clean break" from Brussels, in order to regain "national sovereignty". In July 2019 he acknowledged that no deal could lead to the breakup of the United Kingdom.

In March 2018, Fox said that he would "no longer support" an extension to the EU transition period. He had previously said that a post-Brexit trade deal "should be the easiest in human history". By July 2019 he recognised that a deal with the US would "take time" and that despite reaching "above 99% of agreement" on a deal based on Canada's existing deal with the EU, the Canadians were now looking at the zero-tariff access being promised in the event of no deal.

On 30 November 2018, he came out in support for Theresa May's Brexit deal, calling it the best possible deal that safely delivers Brexit.

Afghanistan
In July 2010, Fox said that an early withdrawal of coalition troops from Afghanistan would risk a return of civil war and act as a "shot in the arm to jihadists" across the world. In marked contrast to David Cameron, who pledged to withdraw all British troops by 2015, Fox said Britain would be betraying the sacrifices of its fallen soldiers if it left "before the job is finished". British forces would be among the last to leave Afghanistan, he added, because they are stationed in Helmand, one of the most dangerous provinces in the country. He said that "Were we to leave prematurely, without degrading the insurgency and increasing the capability of the Afghan national security forces, we could see the return of the destructive forces of transnational terror ... Not only would we risk the return of civil war in Afghanistan, creating a security vacuum, but we would also risk the destabilisation of Pakistan with potentially unthinkable regional, and possibly nuclear, consequences."

In July 2010, it was reported that 1,000 Royal Marines were expected to leave and be redeployed to central Helmand by the end of 2010. Fox told MPs that UK forces had made "good progress" in Sangin, but the move would enable Britain to provide "more manpower and greater focus" on Helmand's busy central belt, leaving the north and south to the US. "The result will be a coherent and equitable division of the main populated areas of Helmand between three brigade-sized forces, with the US in the north and the south, and the UK-led Task Force Helmand, alongside our outstanding Danish and Estonian allies, in the central population belt," he told the House of Commons.

On 19 July 2010, Fox said that within four years the Afghan army and police should take responsibility for security, leaving British troops to work only as military trainers. The date is a full year earlier than the deadline suggested by David Cameron this month, who said he wanted most troops back by 2015. Fox said: "It has always been our aim to be successful in the mission and the mission has always said that the Afghan national security forces would be able to deal with their own security by 2014. We recognise that there will be further work to do in terms of training and improving the quality of those forces beyond that, which is why we have said training forces may be available after that date. But we have made it very clear that that will not be combat forces."

NATO
He has very strong Atlanticist views. He believes that NATO is the cornerstone of the United Kingdom and Europe's defence and that NATO must have primacy over the European Union including the right of first refusal for all matters relating to the defence of continental Europe. He has been critical of the common funding mechanism within NATO and has called for a system to be used that allows for more proportionate burden sharing between NATO member states for NATO led military operations.

European Union
He is considered to be staunchly Eurosceptic and opposed to European defence integration as well as European political integration. He is opposed to the European Commission having any role in defence policy. He believes that the European Security and Defence Policy duplicates and takes away scarce national resources from NATO.

Abortion
Fox is critical of abortion and has called for "huge restriction, if not abolition" on the UK's "pro-abortion laws". In an interview with Morgan and Platell, Fox elaborated on these views, stating that he would "like to see [abortion limits] brought down...well below 20 weeks; I'd like to see us look at limits more akin to some of the European countries at 12 or 14 weeks."

He went on to state that "a society that actually aborts 180,000 unborn children every year is a society that needs to be asking a lot of questions about itself. For me, it's a simple personal belief. It says, "thou shall not kill", it doesn't say, thou shall not kill unless Parliament says it's OK. For the same reason I'm against the death penalty. However, I do accept...that if the majority of the population decide that it's something they find acceptable, I've got to live with that. But I'm not going to be quiet and I'm not going to pretend that my views are other than they are for the sake of political convenience."

Military welfare
Fox has stated on a number of occasions that the Military Covenant is broken and that the British Armed Forces are being asked to do too much for what they are resourced to do.

Along with the leader of the Conservative Party, David Cameron, he established the Military Covenant Commission headed by Frederick Forsyth with the aim of finding ways to improve the welfare of service members, veterans, and their families under a future Conservative Government. Fox has a particular interest in mental health issues and has criticised Gordon Brown's Labour Government for failing to adequately address the problem.

Israel
Fox is a supporter of Israel and is a member of Conservative Friends of Israel. In 2006 he said, "Israel's enemies are our enemies and this is a battle in which we all stand together or we will all fall divided." The Jewish Chronicle has called Fox a "champion of Israel" while in government. In January 2009, referring to Israel, he also said, "British support for any ally is never unqualified. International law and values must always be obeyed." In May 2011, Fox was booed at the We Believe in Israel event for saying that Israeli settlements "are illegal and an obstacle to peace".

US–UK relations
He is a strong believer in the Special Relationship between the United Kingdom and the United States. He was the UK Director and founding member of The Atlantic Bridge, a UK-based charity that aims to preserve and promote the Special Relationship. The Atlantic Bridge closed down in October 2011 after being told to cease activities by the Charity Commission for "promoting a political policy [that] is closely associated with the Conservative Party".

Fox was able to retain a good relationship with the administration of George W. Bush, despite a five-year breakdown in relations between the Conservative and Republican parties over the Iraq War. He led the Conservative delegation to the 2008 Republican National Convention. In 2018, he commented that the 25% tariffs imposed by the United States on imported EU steel were "patently absurd."

Freedom of the press
In October 2013, Fox called for The Guardian newspaper to face prosecution over the 2013 mass surveillance disclosures.

In January 2015, Fox published a video on YouTube detailing his opinions and criticism of Edward Snowden. He stated: "We're constantly having to protect our society from a range of threats, especially organised crime, paedophilia, and terrorism. For our intelligence services to operate effectively, and to protect us from these threats, they need to be able to do things in secret, secrets whose public disclosure would be damaging to our National Interest. When Edward Snowden stole files and took them with him to China and then Russia, some 58,000 files came from GCHQ, information that had played a vital role in preventing terrorist outrages in Britain, over the past decade and longer. It was not freedom fighting. We should call treason by its name. And those who assisted Snowden must be held responsible for their actions."

National Health Service
In January 2014, Fox stated that ring-fenced funding for the NHS should end, stating: "The increase [in spending] over the last decade has been phenomenal and yet a lot of our health indicators lag behind other countries, particular things like stroke outcome or a lot of cancer outcomes."

Syria
Fox was disappointed that Parliament voted not to take military action over the use of chemical weapons in Syria. Fox was critical of Cameron's strategy and performance for that debate, and stated "There was no need to seek parliamentary approval for any military action, as constitutional authority lies with the government." He later took the view that there were no easy answers to the Syrian civil war and the prospect of the Assad government surviving should be considered. Fox argued that bombing attacks against ISIL in Iraq should be extended into Syria, and safe havens should be created in Syria by military intervention.

Western Sahara
In January 2024, Fox publicly expressed his support for Morocco and its Western Sahara Autonomy Proposal in the Western Sahara conflict, and called on the government to officially recognise Morocco's claim to the territory, as the United States had done in 2020 in exchange for the Israel–Morocco normalization agreement.

Expenses
In March 2010, Fox appealed Sir Thomas Legg's decision that he had overclaimed £22,476 in mortgage interest payments. Fox immediately repaid the money, then appealed the decision. Fox's appeal was rejected and the decision was upheld by Sir Paul Kennedy, a former high court judge. Fox stated that his decision to remortgage his second home to pay for redecorations and claim the higher interest repayments on his expenses represented value for money because he could have charged the taxpayer for the decorating bills directly. In his response, Sir Paul Kennedy stated: "What you claimed was not recoverable under the rules then in force. I entirely accept that, like many others, you could have made other claims if the fees office had rejected your claims for mortgage interest, and that you may well have spent some of what you raised by increasing your mortgage on your constituency home, but the evidence is imprecise, and my terms of reference only allow me to interfere if I find special reasons in your individual case showing that it would not be fair and equitable to require repayment, either at all or at the level recommended." This reportedly made him the Conservative Shadow Cabinet member with the largest over-claim on expenses, and as a result, he has been forced to repay the most money.

It was reported in June 2009 that Fox claimed expenses of more than £19,000 over the previous four years for his mobile phone. Fox stated that the high bill was due to regular trips overseas, in his capacity as Shadow Defence Secretary and said he was looking for a cheaper tariff.

In October 2012, the Commons Speaker blocked the release of data showing which MPs were renting their homes to other MPs for financial gain. However, a study of parliamentary records was published in the Daily Telegraph. The study showed that Liam Fox receives rental income from his London home while simultaneously claiming rental income from the taxpayer to live at another residence.

In October 2013, documents showed that Fox claimed 3p for a 100 metre car trip a year earlier. He also made an additional 15 claims under £1 for car travel approved in 2012–13, two of which were for 24p and 44p. He told the Sunday People: "I don't do my expenses. My office does them. But they are all done according to the rules for travel distances."

Breaches of parliamentary rules
In March 2010, Fox admitted breaking parliamentary rules on two occasions by visiting Sri Lanka on a trip paid for by the Sri Lankan government without declaring the trip in the Register of Members' Financial Interests in the required time of 30 days and failing to declare an interest in Sri Lanka when asking ministers how much UK aid had been given to Sri Lanka. Fox has declared all of his trips to Sri Lanka paid for by the Sri Lankan government in the Register of Members' Financial Interests. One trip he took in November 2007 was declared two months late. Fox blamed a "changeover of staffing responsibilities" for this error. Of the five trips to Sri Lanka mentioned in the BBC article, three were paid for fully by the Sri Lankan government. Those not paid in full by the Sri Lankan government were paid for by the Sri Lankan Development Trust.

Fox stated that he had been working for 'all sides of the ethnic divide': "I have been involved in attempts to promote peace and reconciliation in Sri Lanka, involving all sides of the ethnic divide, since I was a foreign minister in 1997. During my most recent visit, I spoke at a press conference to outline my reasons for being there. The declaration of the visit you refer to in November 2007 was highlighted in an end-of-year audit following a changeover of staffing responsibilities. The registrar was immediately notified and my register entry was updated accordingly. All visits have been fully declared on the House of Commons Register of Members' Interests and are therefore public knowledge and entirely legitimate. I do, however, recognise that when asking one question in 2008, I should have noted an interest and will be writing to the registrar to make this clear".

Personal life
On 10 June 2005, he announced his engagement to longtime girlfriend Jesme Baird, a doctor who works at the Roy Castle Lung Cancer Foundation. They married at St Margaret's Church opposite Parliament on 17 December 2005.

He has lived in North Somerset since 1990, and currently resides in Tickenham.

In September 2013, Fox launched Rising Tides: Facing the Challenges of a New Era, a 384-page book in which he warns that many of the world’s institutions are ill-equipped to tackle the economic and security threats of the 21st century.

Fox is a member of the Royal College of General Practitioners.

title: Liam Fox


text:
CHM

CHM may refer to:

Biology and medicine

 * CHM, abbreviation for Clearing House Mechanism under the Convention on Biological Diversity
 * CHM, a human gene that encodes Rab escort protein 1
 * Choroideremia, a retinal disease caused by mutations in the CHM gene
 * ChM, advanced qualification in surgery, (Magister Chirurgiae). See Master of Surgery
 * Chinese herbal medicine abbreviation, see Chinese herbology
 * Christian Healthcare Ministries, a Health care sharing ministry
 * Children's Hospital of Michigan, in Detroit, Michigan
 * Commission on Human Medicines, a committee of the UK's Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency
 * Michigan State University College of Human Medicine

Museums

 * Chicago History Museum, founded in 1856 to study and interpret Chicago's history
 * Colorado History Museum, a museum in Denver on the history of the state of Colorado
 * Computer History Museum, established in 1996 in Mountain View, California

Other

 * ".chm", filename extension for ChemDraw Chemical Structure files
 * ".chm", filename extension for Microsoft Compiled HTML Help files
 * chm, ISO 639 code for Mari language
 * CHM, abbreviation for contraharmonic mean
 * CHM, IATA code for Tnte. FAP Jaime Montreuil Morales Airport, Peru
 * CHM, Amtrak station code for Illinois Terminal in Champaign, Illinois
 * Chatham railway station, Melbourne
 * Ch.M., postnominal for Magistral Chaplain, used by the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
 * ChM, the label of the Chelyabinsk meteor
 * Channel M (Southeast Asia), a cable TV channel in Southeast Asia
 * College Hockey Mid-America, an American Collegiate Hockey Association
 * Congregation of the Humility of Mary, a congregation of religious sisters in the Catholic Church
 * Conservative Holiness Movement, a theologically conservative group of Methodist, Quaker, Anabaptist and Restorationist denominations
 * Cultural heritage management, the vocation and practice of managing cultural heritage

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: CHM


text:
Talk:Bulguksa

Untitled
Could somebody please check the spelling of the word 'Shakyaminu' Buddha? If it is indeed a Sanskrit word, I think it ought to be 'Shakyamuni', which means a sage or a saint.

 * Do you mean your spelling is better than mine? ;-) I've changed it now. Kokiri

title: Talk:Bulguksa


text:
Non-Inscrits

Non-Inscrits (NI, ; also non-attached members, NA) are Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) who do not belong to one of the recognised political groups.

These MEPs may be members of a national party, or of a European political party; however, for a political grouping to be formed in the European Parliament there need to be 23 MEPs from seven different countries. Being part of a group grants access to state funds and committee seats, but the group members must be ideologically tied. Groups of convenience, such as the Technical Group of Independents, previously existed, but are no longer allowed, and the minimum requirements for group formation have been raised, forcing parties and MEPs without ideological similarity to already existing groupings to sit as non-inscrits. Whilst some MEPs who sit as non-inscrits may have similar views and express intention to form new groupings between themselves in the future, non-inscrits as a whole have no specific ties to each other, other than their mutual lack of a political grouping.

9th European Parliament
Prior to the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the EU on 31 January 2020, there were 30 British MEPs who were Non-Inscrits: 29 members of the Brexit Party and 1 member of the Democratic Unionist Party.

8th European Parliament
The number of Non-Inscrits rose temporarily from 48 at the beginning of the term to 100 between 16 and 20 October 2014 when the EFDD group dissolved following the departure of Latvian MEP Iveta Grigule. The EFDD group was restored when Robert Iwaszkiewicz (KNP, Poland) decided to join it.

On 15 June 2015, 35 Non-Inscrits MEPs and a former EFDD member (Janice Atkinson, excluded from UKIP) formed a new group, named "Europe of Nations and Freedom" (ENF), around Marine Le Pen (FN) and Marcel de Graaff (PVV), later joined on 24 June 2015 by Aymeric Chauprade. The number of Non-Inscrits then fell to 14 on 22 July 2015, when Juan Fernando López Aguilar reintegrated S&D. Aymeric Chauprade left ENF on 9 November 2015. Marcus Pretzell was expelled from ECR before joining the ENF in May 2016, bringing the number of Non-Inscrits to 15. From May 2016 to May 2017 Renato Soru was expelled from S&D after being sentenced for tax evasion. When Steven Woolfe and Diane James left EFDD in October and November 2016 and Alessandra Mussolini left EPP during twelve days in November–December 2016 the number of Non-Inscrits grew to 19 before coming back to 18. Jacek Saryusz-Wolski was expelled from the EPP in March 2017.

6th European Parliament
In the 6th European Parliament 23 right-wing NIs briefly formed the Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty group at the start of 2007, but it collapsed on 14 November 2007 due to internal disagreements.

title: Non-Inscrits


text:
Talk:Annulus (mathematics)

Sketching a general definition of annulus in geometry
As to the annulus in geometry, all definitions of the annulus somehow proceed from the body having the form of a finger ring. In elementary geometry we have three-dimensional annuli (having the form of a finger ring) and two-dimensional annuli (figures limited by two concentric circles). So we can generalize the concept to the n-dimensional Euclidean space, (the union of all (n-1)-dimensional balls whose center lies (ADDENDUM) at a fixed distance from a given point outside of the balls) and further to complex spaces and maybe (I am not sure) even to any  metrical space. The condition that the annulus be open is optional.

The definition of the annulus on the complex space is a special case of such a general concept. It might be that that special case has some special importance in the complex analysis. Andres 12:52, 5 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Might be this needs a correction, at least. For your 3D ring I use the word "torus" http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/torus, so this perhaps does not come to be "annulus".
 * ADDENDUM = nothing -- in this case you get a shell = difference of two balls. This is what I was looking for but it is NOT a generalization of your ring in 3D
 * ADDENDUM = "in a (2D) plane" (tentatively through the fixed point)
 * ADDENDUM = "in a hyper-plane" (n-1 -dimensional) (tentatively through the fixed point)
 * Last two possibilities are both generalization of the ring from 3D.

 * 90.180.192.165 (talk) 15:19, 5 December 2012 (UTC)

This result can be obtained via calculus
Why, pray tell, would you ever bother to calculate the area of one of these through integration?

 * Because one can then use that formula to calculate the volume certain solids obtained through rotation. For example, the volume of the region defined by $$y=(x+2)^2 + 2$$ and $$y=6$$, rotated about the y-axis can be calculated as an integral with respect to y by taking the areas of infinitely thin horizontally-oriented annuli.
 * Aside from that, the way to prove the area of any curved shape is through integration. siafu 18:15, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

Way too many diambiguations
So I was looking for annulus, and I went through the ring link, then it went to circular, then finally I got to circle. Isn't their some easier way to get where I want.

128.12.39.120 00:25, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

Conceptual problems with this article.
It is obvious that if the area of a disk with radius r is πr², then it is a simple definition that the area of a ring between two circles with radii R and r is π(R²-r²). What I don't understand is how you can use calculus to prove this by integrating 2πrdr. To be clear, I understand is that the definite integral of 2πrdr is π(R²-r²), but what I don't follow is that taking the limit of r+e (as e approaches zero) of the rectangular area r(r+e) is identical to the area between the curves - that area bounded by four curved lines. That is, I fail to see how it follows from the calculus. It probably does, since the resulting formulae are identical, but asserting it doesn't make it true. Just as bad is the nonsense about the longest "interval" inside the ring. If you mean "line segment" then you should SAY line segment. Just to be clear, where is it defined that an interval is a straight line? An interval can be many things, and could certainly be an arc. Finally, asserting that the area can be obtained with the Pythagorean theorem from this line segment seems like another case where you can show it by determining that d is √(R²-r²) but constructing d and then asserting that magically the area of a ring is equal to twice the area of the triangle doesn't follow. Neither assertion (the integration and the construction) are useful, imho, because they aren't obvious until you compare them with the simple difference between the two disks' areas. What is needed is to show, by proof, that it follows that d*r is the ring's area (rather than being algebraically equal to it). Same thing with the integral: you need to show that the rectangle r*dr's area approaches an annulus sector. Seems to me that that entire paragraph should either go into enough detail to establish the proofs, or be removed (along with the figure). I guess what I'm saying is if I were to assert that the area of the ring is (π/2)(r(R-r)) then neither of the methods (integration or the triangle) could demonstrate (given whats in the article) that I was wrong. Sure if I integrate 2πrdr I get π(R²-r²) or if I construct a tangent from one circle it will intersect a concentric circle at R and have a length of 2d, and an area of ½rd, but so what? I am arguing that the paragraph doesn't advance the argument (the reason why the area is π(R²-r²)).216.96.77.203 (talk) 20:41, 5 April 2015 (UTC)

Segment/section of annulus
One should also define a sector ($$\phi_0 \leq \phi \leq \phi_1$$) and a segment ($$y \geq y_0$$) of the annulus. Confer to similar definitions for circles: Circular sector, Circular segment. HerrHartmuth (talk) 12:17, 17 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Annulus (mathematics)


text:
Talk:Airmail

2003 post
Please see note on Wikipedia talk:Make only links relevant to the context. Viajero 12:56, 5 Nov 2003 (UTC)

1917 Italian stamps
I've read Italy in 1917 had the first airmail stamp, but I can't source it. Can somebody confirm & include? Trekphiler 11:12, 1 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, it's mentioned in Cabeen, which I added. Stan 15:38, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Hi, I want to know how much time a Air Mail takes to deliver a envelope from Morristown, TN to India Chennai. Thanks —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 121.247.215.210 (talk • contribs).
 * You'll have to ask at your local post office. --Firien need help? 15:01, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

Mailplane?
I don't personally understand why an e-mail application for OS X, Mailplane is linked from Airmail. I don't think the similar names qualify. - MSTCrow 19:47, 21 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Because someone screwed up a page move, but it is ok now. Had you looked at the history of Mailplane you would have seen the error immediately. Thanks for pointing it out. Cheers ww2censor 10:34, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

Translation
What page are you using for the translation? Because it is a draft, it should possibly be here because some integration work is needed before putting into the mainspace. Thanks ww2censor (talk) 17:08, 5 February 2008 (UTC)
 * The translation page can be found here, which is the usual page for pending translations. I don't know if it is necessary to proofread the finished translation before merging it into the existing article, it would make more sense to proofread the whole article afterwards. — Tirkfltalk 09:15, 7 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I would expect we really to have to proofread first, then copyedit to remove or add extraneous information and finally add references before merging with the current article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ww2censor (talk • contribs) 16:40, 7 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Hi Tirkfl, I was hoping to get some work done on this before you started putting sections from the translation into the main article. Recently there have been complaints/discussions about doing translations of foreign language featured articles not being such a good idea because the requirements for many of the non-English wikis are not as high, so a straight translation and post to a new, or existing, article will not comply with current en wiki standards. I had been hoping to copyedit and provide inline citations, so anything done would comply with current standards before transferring into the existing article. Hopefully you will allow me some time to do that now that I think I have some time to devote to it. Perhaps you can help do that with me if you have some references. Thanks ww2censor (talk) 05:13, 29 June 2008 (UTC)
 * BTW, in reviewing what you did already put in is rather weirdly written and makes very little sense to me. There are some very odd expressions being used and there is not even one reference given. That's the problem I was concerned about, so let's see what we can do. I think it will be better to get it right before transferring rather than have to fix it later or re-edit. I would also suggest removing the merge template for now until we are ready. Cheers ww2censor (talk) 05:22, 29 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Hi! Unfortunately I cannot help you with the references because I don't have any book on general philately. I thought it would be a good idea to add the merge-template at the top of the article in order to draw more attention on the translation. In my opinion the main problem with the translation (besides the missing refs) is that it focus on European/German history. That is why I added the information on the consignments, stamps and cancellations. I hope we will get this article up some classes as soon as possible. Kind regards, —  Tirk·ﬂ  “…”  08:14, 30 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks Tirkfl, I hope you don't mind then, but I will temporarily revert your additions of consignment mail. I have never ever heard that term, so will review the whole thing and in order to try and strike a balance, will make an attempt to not allow what is added to be too Euro/Germany-centric. I have the following books as reference to provide inline citations from for the translated article before adding to the mainspace. Thanks ww2censor (talk) 15:08, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

Discussion on the draft of revised article
I have moved the discussion here as my talk page is not the best place for wider input:

Comments on Draft Airmail article re-write

I read the draft article and understand its basically from the translation of some article of German origin. With that understood, I think its a great start that would be improved in the following ways. These thoughts just reflect the way I see the overall subject of Airmail as it might be reflected in a WP article.
 * Airmail as a means of transporting mail today is distinctly different than what airmail was pre-WWI, Post WWI, and immediately post WWII. These, as I see it, are the major eras of Airmail. To a lesser extent, the WWII period was merely an interupted and adaption period to the Post WWI period norms because of the contigencies of war.  To that end, the article should reflect these major periods with emphasis on the significant difference between Airmail in 1935 or 1955 and today.
 * Airmail as a topic has three basic components
 * The evolution of military, geopolitical and commercial communications by some airborne means
 * The technical evolution of the airplane and related conveyances
 * The evolution of business models to fulfill communications requirements while exploiting emerging airborne conveyance technology.
 * The pre-WWI era relative to airmail was a dual track era that includes both the development of the airplane and the development of political, military and to some extent commercial communications being carried or conveyed by an airborne entity--balloons, pigeons, etc. (This is where are the pre-cursor stuff gets talked about)
 * The post WWI era is where the real meat of the Airmail article should be. This is the era that saw the commercial adaption of the airplane to postal operations.  The detail required here is enormous and organization is really important.  The adpation was not straight forward and all sorts of national interests (postal systems and empire), commercial business models (airlines and such), as well as technology (navigation, night flying, payloads) played a significant role in what airmail was in 1920 to what airmail was in 1940.
 * The post WWII era starts as an extension of the interwar period, albeit signficantly affected by the results of the war (things were different during the war but essentially revert to pre-war norms after the war). However, for all sorts of business model and technology reasons, airmail today is vastly different from what it was in 1950.  This transition needs to be evident in the article.
 * As a whole, the article should be written as country neutral. In other words, none of the section headings or major themes in the article should refer to a specific country, while all significant related country events in a particular section or theme would recieve equal treatment.
 * An example of this might be if one was discussing the rise of the various International airmail business models in the post WWI period, one would compare and contrast the various models that evolved:
 * Great Britain - Passengers and Mail together, slow, well serviced routes, with good volume per route (Imperial Airways)
 * France - Mail only, High speed, low volume per route (N. Africa and S. America via catapult flights)
 * Netherlands - Mail only, High speed (not as high as France, but with higher volumes)
 * U. S. - Adaptation of British model to Pacific Ocean (Pan Am Clippers)
 * Down play the philatelic content, especially as it relates to the major themes and sections of the article. The article is about Airmail, not Aerophilately. Any emphasis on philately invites downstream edits that skew the detail toward aerophilately.  In fact, to some extent, we might want to consider the Airmail article as a Summary Style article as it relates to Aerophilately with the effect of driving aerophilatelic details to other appropriate articles.

Ww2Censor--I wasn't quite sure where to put these comments relative to the whole WP Philatelic project but feel free to move them and tweek me on anything you'd like to discuss about them.--Mike Cline (talk) 13:48, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I think you will find using "Airmail (or air mail) is mail that is transported by aircraft." to define "Air Mail" is actually misleading. A great deal of the mails that are transported currently by air (particularly in the United States) are actually First Class mails and other classes of service which are not charged a premium rate and are not classed as "Air Mail" by the USPS. The premium rate and service mails in the US are products such as "Express Mail" which also include additional services such as real time tracking, delivery confirmation, and guaranteed Special Delivery by a time certain. (If the time certain delivery is not met then all postage and fees are refunded.) Air Mail as a separate letter service has not actually existed in the United States for domestic mails since 1977. (You can find all the references and sources for this in Airmails of the United States.) (Centpacrr (talk) 17:08, 20 July 2008 (UTC))
 * Centpacrr - It took me a couple of re-reads to get your point from the above comment and I want to see if I interpeted you correctly. You believe the article on Airmail should focus on airmail as a class of service or in the absence of any formal classification at the time a type of service.  The article rightly then covers the origins, evolutions and utimately the current state of such class of service.  You also believe that the airmail article should not be based on a definition that defines airmail as mail carried by aircraft, since based on technological and business model advances, the great majority of ALL mail is carried on aircraft nowadays--ie airmail is the rule, not the exception.

 * I would concur wholeheartedly with my first interpretation--that Airmail the article--should focus on airmail as a class of service (or type of service). It is logical and would prevent having to explain why a USPS priority mail is not really airmail even through some USPS priority mail items are carried by aircraft.  Additionally when dealing with historical facts and evidence, the class of service approach is a much better organizing premise than -- mail carried by aircraft.  I have covers in my collections that were mailed by the sender as airmail--ie. they paid for a special class of service--yet the actual transportation of the mail to the recipient involved collectively: trucks, ships, trains and airplanes.

 * My vote is strongly in favor of organizing the airmail article on a class or type of service premise, not the aircraft premise.--Mike Cline (talk) 17:47, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Exactly my point. I agree 100% with you that Air Mail is a class of service, not any and all mail carried at some point by air without regard to the class at which it is franked. Please see the introduction that I wrote for the Airmails of the United States article that I am working (it is still in an early stage) for an example of my approach to this. (Centpacrr (talk) 18:17, 20 July 2008 (UTC))

Air mail article proposed outline
If a consensus develops that the Airmail article should be about Air Mail as a class or type of service then I might suggest the following macro organization. The section headings I am suggesting recognize a couple of realities as relates to airmail and aero philately.

 * Reality # One – Airmail as a type or class of service is really a business model discussion, not a philatelic discussion
 * Reality # Two – Most philatelic sources have treated Air Mail as mail carried by aircraft during its early years, only transitioning to Air Mail as a class of service once the business models were actually established. The result is that a great many covers that are labelled ‘’Air Mail’’ covers are thus labelled from a Philatelic perspective not a business model perspective. The lines between Aero Philately and Airmail are extremely blurry.  Philatelic sources maybe very useful in this article, but Air Transport and Postal Communications sources should take precedence.
 * Reality # Three – Air Mail as a class of service is inextricably tied to the evolution of commercial air transport.
 * Reality # Four – Air mail as a class of service has experienced several eras—an evolutionary and experimental era (18x – 1919), a commercialization era (1919 – 1950s), and its decline. (1960s to present)

Here’s my first cut at what the outline might look like

Air mail is a class or type of postal service that has traditionally provided the sender faster delivery of postal communications because the mail was ostensibly carried by aircraft instead of surface or seaborne means. Air mail traditionally was a premium, more expensive service for the sender because the mail arrived at its destination faster and was essentially more expensive for the postal authorities to transport than surface mail. Air mail postal rates were typically based on the weight, size and destination of the article being mailed. Prior to WWI, air mail was mainly an experimental means of postal communications as postal authorities, militaries and entrepreneurs began to exploit the rise of aviation. Air mail as a class of postal service grew in importance along with the growth of commercial air transportation in the post WWI era. Airmail as a distinct, important and premium class of postal service began to decline in many parts of the world as air transportation became ubiquitous and the cost differential between surface, seaborne and air transport of mail became negligible.

Experimental and demonstration air mails (18xx to 1919)

Post WW I development of air mail services

Air mail on the European continent

North American air mails

Expansion of air mails into European colonies and Asia

Atlantic and Pacific ocean airmails

Air mail disruption during WWII

Air mail and the jet age

The decline of Air Mail as a premium postal service

--Mike Cline (talk) 14:04, 22 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Looks good to me. (Centpacrr (talk) 14:15, 22 July 2008 (UTC))
 * I have not yet had time to digest the proposal, but remember that the draft page is far from complete or even necessarily organised in a final form. ww2censor (talk) 15:27, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

Airmail and Airmail Stamps
As I was pondering on the Airmail article and the above discussion, I was considering how the idea of the Airmail Stamp would fit into the Airmail article. I found this already in WP: Airmail stamp redirects to Airmail etiquette and the airmail etiquette article contains the following sentence: The airmail etiquette may be omitted if airmail stamps are used on the letter, and in some cases even this is not necessary if a country sends out all its foreign mail by air. A bit of an infinite loop here. Clearly we need an article entitled Airmail stamps that is complementary to the Aerophilately and Airmail articles.--Mike Cline (talk) 21:14, 22 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Remember that many articles were written before sources were required or even requested, so there will be errors to be found. Happily there now seem to be a few people around who are snaking their way around things and will hopefully update and verifiably reference these. While we could possibly use an Airmail stamp article in its own right, I intend to include some mention of the airmail stamps in the main airmail article, so the redirect could then be directed there, until such time as a stand-alone article is warranted. ww2censor (talk) 22:29, 22 July 2008 (UTC)
 * With the explicit understanding that many current articles in WP are in error -- the nature of collaborative editing -- I find the following snippet of your comment to be confusing at best, and counterproductive to consensus building (what I hope we are trying to do) at worst. You said: until such time as a stand-alone article is warranted.  Are you saying an Airmail Stamp article is not warranted today?  Your position on the question is unclear and vague.  I clearly stated that I thought an Airmail Stamps article should be written that complements the Airmail and Aerophilatelic articles.  I gave my rationale.  I was seeking input and consensus on that position.  If you feel an Airmail Stamp article is not needed then say so or say why you support the creation of such an article. But don't equivicate. As a relatively new participant in the Philately project I am trying to participate thru the WP consensus building model.  Please participate with me.--Mike Cline (talk) 03:08, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't know that there are many article with errors but we do find some on occasions. Perhaps you are confused but if you, Mike, or someone else, are prepared to write the Airmail stamp page, I have no objection at all and will support it fully (there is quite a bit in the translated article to start with), but if no one is going to write it now my words: "until such time as a stand-alone article is warranted" refers to that status quo. I don't see how that is counterproductive to consensus building at all. Anyway, I intend adding a summary section to the Airmail article, probably reducing what is there now. If there is no new article now that section will be all there is on airmail stamps and, as with many articles, sections do grow until it is necessary to hive them off into new articles in their own right which would then become the airmail stamp article instead of an incorrect redirect. Is that clear enough? BTW, are you intending to actually join the Philately WikiProject? We need more active participants. ww2censor (talk) 03:32, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

What does this mean?
In the History section, 5 paragraphs from the end, the paragraph begins with In the same 1928 when this was published

What is the "same 1928"? How could there be a different 1928? Is this wording an artifact of an edit? Should it say "In the same year this book was published"? Or just simply "In 1928"?

Ed8r (talk) 18:10, 18 February 2010 (UTC)

 * ✅ ww2censor (talk) 21:49, 18 February 2010 (UTC)

External Link
Permit me to recommend an external link to an immense and informative resource "Air Mail Pioneers" http://www.airmailpioneers.org/ Editors of this article may want to include footnotes to selected pages at that site. If so, I shall be pleased to participate with suggestions. 81.53.252.2 (talk) 19:23, 8 June 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Paul Niquette (talk • contribs) 19:12, 8 June 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Airmail. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20131105213334/http://www.navhindtimes.in/panorama/first-airmail-flight-world to http://www.navhindtimes.in/panorama/first-airmail-flight-world

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 02:20, 6 January 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Airmail. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080618174823/http://www.usps.com/communications/news/stamps/2005/sr05_020.htm to http://www.usps.com/communications/news/stamps/2005/sr05_020.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:34, 6 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Airmail. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080625002518/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Dictionary/blanchard/DI10.htm to http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Dictionary/blanchard/DI10.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:08, 22 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Airmail


text:
Brindas

Brindas is a commune of the Rhône department in eastern France.

Geography
It lies about 15 km (9,5 mi) South-West of Lyon, but not included in the Metropolis of Lyon.

History
Brindas is often regarded as the second home of Guignol, a French puppet show from Lyon. The name of the village was often quoted in parts of Guignol plays as several Guignol entertainers used to spend holiday time in this village. Pierre Neichthauser, mayor of Brindas from 1929 until 1940, was also the puppeteer for the character Gnafron in his Guignol Mourguet theatre.

A Guignol museum-theater ("Musée-théâtre Guignol") was opened in Brindas in 2008 (year of Guignol's bicentenary).

title: Brindas