text:
Talk:New York City Subway

To add the "Full and partial subway closures"
Before 2011 there have been some full subway closures for NYC transit strikes (1-13 January 1966, 1-11 April 1980, 20-22 December 2005) and blackouts (9 November 1965, 13-14 July 1977, 14-16* August 2003). I think that it is necessary to add them.

 * Friday 15 August at 9:30 pm the power was restored to the entire city, but only Saturday morning 16 August around 6:00 am, the MTA resumed services throughout the City.

Deinterlining
A section should be added on the concept of deinterlining the NYC subway. 2600:1003:B13F:7982:8400:BC6C:8046:D94C (talk) 15:04, 22 April 2024 (UTC)

 * @2600:1003:B13F:7982:8400:BC6C:8046:D94C Thanks for your suggestion. When you believe an article needs improvement, please feel free to change it. We encourage you to be bold in updating pages, because wikis like ours develop faster when everybody edits. Don't worry too much about making honest mistakes—they're likely to be found and corrected quickly. You can always preview your edits before you publish them or test them out in the sandbox. If you need additional help, check out our getting started page or ask the friendly folks at the Teahouse.   Jeremyb (talk) 15:30, 22 April 2024 (UTC)
 * And through running and missed connections? Like the place the lines cross in East Brooklyn and there's no transfer. Sagittarian Milky Way (talk) 18:37, 22 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Sadly, nearly all of the sources that talk about this are blogs or other self-published sources. I would support the addition of such a section, however, if reliable sources did discuss this. – Epicgenius (talk) 01:17, 28 May 2024 (UTC)
 * There is precedent-the 1959 switch on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line at 96th Street, but it was not discussed as such. Kew Gardens 613 (talk) 20:58, 28 May 2024 (UTC)

Number of ADA stations
It seems like we forgot to update this: As of September 2021, there were ADA-accessible stations. Is there a way of having the month update with the text on Accessibility of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority? Thanks. Kew Gardens 613 (talk) 17:55, 27 May 2024 (UTC)

 * @Kew Gardens 613, I think there is already a parameter in Template:NYCS const to update the number of ADA stations. Perhaps we may need another parameter, though, for the "as of" date. Epicgenius (talk) 18:49, 27 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes-this was about the "as of" date. Kew Gardens 613 (talk) 18:50, 27 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I've added a parameter to NYCS const now. – Epicgenius (talk) 01:15, 28 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:New York City Subway


text:
University of Massachusetts Dartmouth

The University of Massachusetts Dartmouth (UMass Dartmouth or UMassD) is a public research university in Dartmouth, Massachusetts. It is the southernmost campus of the University of Massachusetts system. Formerly Southeastern Massachusetts University (known locally as SMU), it was merged into the University of Massachusetts system in 1991.

The campus has an overall student body of 8,513 students (school year 2019–2020), including 6,841 undergraduates and 1,672 graduate/law students. As of the 2019–2020 academic year, UMass Dartmouth had 402 full-time faculty on staff. The Dartmouth campus also includes the University of Massachusetts School of Law. UMass Dartmouth is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".

History
The University of Massachusetts Dartmouth traces its roots to 1895 when the Massachusetts legislature chartered the New Bedford Textile School in New Bedford and the Bradford Durfee Textile School in Fall River. The New Bedford Textile School was renamed the New Bedford Institute of Textiles and Technology, and the Bradford Durfee Textile School was renamed the Bradford Durfee College of Technology.

In 1962, the two schools were combined to create the Southeastern Massachusetts Technological Institute, expanding to become Southeastern Massachusetts University by 1969.

The University sits on a 710 acre site acquired in the early 1960s. In 1964, the ground was broken on a unified campus not far from the Smith Mills section of Dartmouth between the two cities. The Liberal Arts building was completed in 1966, the Science & Engineering building in 1969, and the other original buildings were finished by 1971. The main campus has been expanded several times, including the Cedar Dell residences (begun in 1987), the Dion Science & Engineering Building in 1989, the Charlton College of Business in 2004, the new apartment-style residence halls in 2005, and the Research Building in 2007.

In 1991, SMU joined the UMass system and adopted its present name, the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth. Since then, the university has expanded back into its original cities as well, with the Center for Innovation & Entrepreneurship, formerly Advanced Textiles & Manufacturing Center, (2001, at the former Kerr Mill site in Fall River) and Professional and Continuing Education Center (2002, in the former Cherry & Webb building in Fall River), and the School for Marine Science and Technology (1996, adjacent to Fort Rodman in New Bedford), the Star Store visual arts building in New Bedford (2001) and a second Center for Professional and Continuing Education (2002, one block north on Purchase Street) in New Bedford.

Billionaire Robert T. Hale spoke at the May 2024 commencement ceremony, surprising graduating students by giving each of them $1,000 in cash onstage, asking that they keep half and donate the other half.

Campuses

Main campus, is located approximately 60 mi south of Downtown Boston
 * 285 Old Westport Road, Dartmouth, MA 02747-2300

Satellite campuses and initiatives Dartmouth, Massachusetts New Bedford, Massachusetts Fall River, Massachusetts
 * School of Law
 * Professional and Continuing Education (PCE)
 * School for Marine Science & Technology (SMAST)
 * Center for Innovation & Entrepreneurship

College of Nursing and Health Sciences
The College of Nursing and Health Sciences offers five undergraduate Bachelor of Science degrees, two of which are offered online, and a Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) degree. Programs include the Diversity Nursing Scholars Program, Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) program, a PhD program offered to both BS and MS, and an online certificate program for Advanced Graduate Study: Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner. The college also offers a Global Health Minor to all majors.

The Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE), an independent accrediting body that is officially recognized by the United States Secretary of Education, has approved UMass Dartmouth's bachelor's and master's degree programs in nursing, as well as the Doctor of Nursing Practice program. The Massachusetts Board of Regulation of Nursing has also given the nursing education curriculum Full Approval.

Charlton College of Business

The Charlton College of Business at the University of Massachusetts-Dartmouth offers seven undergraduate Bachelor of Science degrees, a Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree, a Master of Science in Healthcare Management degree (both face-to-face and online), and several graduate certificates. It also offers a combined MBA/Juris Doctor (JD). There are certificate programs in Accounting, Business Foundations, Environmental Policy, Finance, International Business, Marketing, Organizational Leadership, Supply Change Management and Information Systems, and Sustainable Development.

The college is the only AACSB-accredited (Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business) public business school in the southeastern region of Massachusetts.

The Charlton College of Business houses multiple nationally ranked degree programs. For the 2021–2022 academic year, the online MBA program was ranked No. 51 in the nation according to U.S. News & World Report. The school's undergraduate program is nationally ranked No. 150 by U.S. News. The Princeton Review lists the Charlton College of Business as one of their best 296 business schools, while the Academic Ranking of World Universities in its Global Ranking of Academic Subjects ranks Management subjects 201-300 globally

Additionally, QS World University Rankings ranked Charlton's Masters program in Finance No.151 in the World

Architecture
The buildings on the campus were designed by Modernist architect Paul Rudolph beginning in the early 1960s to distinguish the campus from the outside world and provide what might be considered a Social Utopian environment. The building architecture is similar to that of the Boston Government Service Center. Rudolph made both the exterior and interior of each building of rough concrete (béton brut), an essential element of the style known as Brutalism, and he endowed buildings with large windows. The stairs were made relatively short in height. Atria was also placed in the Liberal Arts and Science & Engineering buildings to give people a place to socialize between sections of the halls. These areas are also filled with hanging and potted indoor plants. The main door of each building faces towards the Robert Karam Campanile, keeping students within the academic life area, where buildings for classes are located. Large mounds of earth (berms) also stand between the parking lots, making the lots partially invisible from the original Academic Life area (though not from within some recent additions to it, such as the Charlton College of Business building). More recent buildings, most notably the Woodland Commons and residence halls south of the main campus, have been built to complement Rudolph's Late Modernist aesthetic.

In October 2013, Travel and Leisure named the university one of the most mysterious campuses in the United States. It compared the library to a concrete spaceship, describing it as an icon of the Brutalist style of architecture that has been both beloved and derided since its construction in the 1960s.

The university has large areas of undeveloped green space with numerous footpaths, including wooded areas, grasslands, wetlands, and ponds.

Archives & Special Collections
The Archives & Special Collections preserves historical records, publications and graduate theses of the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth (University Records) as well as personal and professional papers of faculty, staff, students and selected individuals and organizations from the surrounding communities of southeastern Massachusetts (Manuscript Collections).

Robert F. Kennedy Assassination Archives
The world's largest, most complete compilation of materials relating to the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy. Established in 1984, the archives contains thousands of copies of government documents obtained through the Freedom of Information Act public disclosure process as well as manuscripts, photographs, audiotape interviews, video tapes, news clippings and research notes compiled by journalists and other private citizens who have investigated discrepancies in the case.

Ferreira-Mendes Portuguese American Archives
Records of fraternal, religious and social organizations; family photographs, scrapbooks and oral histories which illustrate the collective experience of immigration, settlement, and life in the United States; the records of prominent individuals of Portuguese descent; and records of local business and other institutions that either serve or were created by Portuguese-Americans.

Paul Rudolph & His Architecture
This featured section of the Claire T. Carney website is a comprehensive reference resource for the architect and his designs, with particular emphasis on SMTI / UMass Dartmouth. It provides a comprehensive bibliography of the works, writings, and life of the architect, complete with supporting images, documents, and media.

Student organizations
The Student Government Association, which is controlled by 34 seats, is a student-run group that handles all student activity fees and disperses them to the various clubs and organizations. There are over 160 student clubs and organizations, 11 intramural sports teams/organizations, and a full-service, public radio spectrum campus radio station, WUMD 89.3, broadcasting at 9,600 watts.

General information
On-campus living provides three different residence options: Each hall is staffed by a professional Resident Director, and 8–14 student Resident Assistants. Each Hall also features a Hall Council which plans events, holds elections, and engages with the larger residential population through Resident Student Association (a student-government organization for all residential students).
 * Traditional Residence Halls
 * Apartments
 * Townhouses

Transportation
On-campus transportation is provided by the university, which includes a campus-loop shuttle that makes several stops across the main campus, shuttle services to nearby stores and businesses, and shuttle services from the main campus to the satellite campuses. The university also manages a "safe-rides" program, which offers on-request shuttle services across the campus for students after the shuttle stops operating, and "safe-walk" services which offers a campus police officer to escort students when the safe-ride shuttle stops. Zipcar and bus charters are also offered on campus, and taxi services are available nearby.

The shuttle stop outside the campus center also serves as a stop for the Southeastern Regional Transit Authority, which provides public bus services to New Bedford and Fall River at no cost to students. Daily bus service to Taunton and Boston is also offered via DATTCO buses.

Athletics
UMass Dartmouth athletic teams, known by their nickname, the Corsairs, compete in a variety of sports. Men and women compete in NCAA Division III. The men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, ice hockey, soccer, and track and field. The women's sports are basketball, cross country, field hockey, lacrosse, soccer, softball, track and field, and volleyball. Most of the teams compete in the Little East Conference, while the men's ice hockey and football teams compete in the Massachusetts State Collegiate Athletic Conference. In the midst of the Coronavirus Pandemic, UMass Dartmouth cut 8 athletic teams to redirect funding into the remaining 17 other programs. The sports impacted include the discontinuation of men's lacrosse, women's equestrian, men's golf, co-ed sailing, men's and women's swimming and diving, and men's and women's tennis.

Rankings and recognition
In 2016, the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth received its new designated status from Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education as "Doctoral University: Higher research activity". In the 2020 college ranking published by The Wall Street Journal and Times Higher Education, UMass Dartmouth was featured among top 800 of all public and private higher education institutions in the country, while Business Insider listed the university in 2014 among its 600 "Smartest Colleges in America" based on ACT and SAT scores of the entering students. The Princeton Review lists the university among their most 361 "Green Colleges" of the country. UMass Dartmouth is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education.

Other rankings and recognition:
 * In 2017, the university ranked #204 by PayScale by salary potential for 2016–2017.
 * In 2019, the university ranked #76 in "Best Online Graduate Business Programs (Excluding MBA)", #41-#51 in "Best Online Graduate Computer Information Technology Programs" and #132-#170 in "Best Online Graduate Nursing Programs" by U.S. News & World Report.
 * In 2019, the university ranked #7 in College Gazette's top 10 "hidden gem" public universities in the United States.
 * In 2021, the university ranked #217 in "Best National Universities", #76 in "Top Performers on Social Mobility", #109 in "Top Public Schools", and #145 in "Best Undergraduate Engineering Programs".
 * In 2021, Academic Ranking of World Universities listed academic subject in Oceanography as 76-100 globally.
 * In 2024, U.S. News and World Report ranked the school #209 in national universities, #112 in top public schools, and #196 in best value schools.

Notable alumni

 * Kevin Aguiar, politician who represented the 7th Bristol district in the Massachusetts House of Representatives
 * Steven Baddour, attorney and politician from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts
 * Antonio F. D. Cabral (B.A. 1978), member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives 1990–present
 * Robert Correia (B.S. 1962), member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives 1976–2008, mayor of Fall River 2008–09
 * Charles A. Dewey, United States federal judge in Iowa's southern district
 * Scott Ferson, President Liberty Square Group
 * Bruce Gray (B.F.A. 1983), sculptor
 * Pooch Hall, actor
 * Brian Helgeland, Academy Award-winning screenwriter
 * Marques Houtman, Cape Verdean American basketball point guard
 * Elizabeth James-Perry, American artist and restoration ecologist
 * Robert Koczera, member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives for the 11th Bristol district; former member of the New Bedford City Council
 * Edward M. Lambert, Jr., commissioner of the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation
 * Gerald A. LeBlanc, Professor Emeritus in the Department of Biological Sciences at the North Carolina State University
 * Robert Leduc (B.S. 1978 ), president of Pratt & Whitney 2016–present
 * Sheri McCoy, CEO Avon Products, former executive at Johnson & Johnson
 * Lawrence G. McDonald, former vice president at Lehman Brothers; author
 * Mark C. Montigny (B.A.), member of the Massachusetts Senate 1993–present
 * David Nyzio (BFA, 1982), artist
 * Jim Perdue (M.S.), chicken industry executive
 * Susan Mohl Powers (M.F.A.), artist
 * Joe Proctor (attended), professional mixed martial artist, won the RF & AFO Lightweight Titles, current UFC Lightweight
 * John F. Quinn, American politician, who represented 9th Bristol District in the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1992 to 2011
 * Michael Rodrigues, Democratic member of the Massachusetts Senate
 * Craig Rousseau (B.A. 1993, B.A. 1994), comic book artist and co-creator of The Perhapanauts
 * Bonnie Seeman, ceramic artist and University of Miami art professor
 * Seabury Stanton, chairman of Berkshire Hathaway, prior to its takeover by Warren Buffett, attended the New Bedford Institute of Technology
 * David B. Sullivan (B.A. 1979), member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives 1997–2013
 * Jimmy Tingle, comic
 * Scott D. Tingle, NASA astronaut
 * Philip Travis, politician who represented the 4th Bristol District in the Massachusetts House of Representatives 1983–2007
 * Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, convicted and sentenced to death for the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing
 * Leah Van Dale, fitness model and professional wrestler currently signed to WWE under the ring name Carmella
 * Gregory Yob, computer game designer

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: University of Massachusetts Dartmouth


text:
User:Babbage

x

Articles to fix
Realizational morphology is a derivative of word-and-paradigm morphology, not equivalent to it

Scholia

Lemma

Functionalism (linguistics)

Bios of linguists
User:Babbage/Bios of linguists

lately

 * trying to svg-ize a whole bunch of different maps

 * continuing to write about Native American linguists

The other problem there is that building out the phonology charts is a HUGE PAIN IN THE NECK. I have no idea how people can stand to produce those things without some sort of tool. I guess people start with existing charts & edit those, but there has _got_ to be a better way.

WikiProject_Native_languages_of_California

I've been building User:Babbage/Books/California Languages. Trying to figure out what to add has turned out to be a bit of an education in language classification!

User:Babbage/Bios of Linguists

From Portuguese

 * IBOPE
 * Teresina
 * Enéas Carneiro
 * Padre Anchieta Foundation
 * Luís da Câmara Cascudo
 * Seu Creysson
 * Sousas
 * Camelô
 * Lia Wyler
 * António Augusto Carvalho Monteiro
 * Palácio da Regaleira
 * Casas Bahia
 * Festa do Peão de Boiadeiro
 * São Domingos do Capim
 * Piracema
 * Tião Viana
 * Itautec
 * Giovanni Gazzinelli
 * Giuseppe Cilento
 * Elon Lages Lima
 * Grupo de Operações Especiais (Brazil)
 * ABNT
 * Guaíra (São Paulo)
 * Eduardo Viveiros de Castro
 * Brazilian Linguistics Association

From Spanish

 * Ferdinand Eisenstein
 * Hernán Rivera Letelier

From French

 * Île Verte (Grenoble)
 * Touré Kunda
 * Ilakaka

stuff i started
I keep this list so I can occasionally see if someone has made an improvement to an article I started.
 * Seger Ellis jazz pianist
 * Naked Eyes bad 80s band
 * Takako Minekawa musician
 * Kawaiisu language
 * Mary Haas linguist
 * LaVerne Jeanne linguist
 * Hassan al-Turabi politico
 * William Strachey mr tempest
 * W. O. Ayres fish aficionado (an afishanado?)
 * Birds of America (book) big expensive bird book
 * Zubizuri a little bridge in Bilbao
 * Language Bank
 * Building 20
 * Elizabeth Blair Lee
 * Glosas Emilianenses
 * Utendi wa Tambuka
 * David Appleyard Ethiopianist
 * Birhor language
 * Ellavina Perkins Navajo linguist
 * Paul Platero Navajo linguist
 * Lucio and Simplicio Godina
 * Washington Matthews
 * Wheeler Hall
 * Henry Voth
 * Fort Stevenson
 * Fort Rice
 * Hidatsa language
 * Logba people
 * Lake Fianga
 * Stalin (1992 film)
 * The !!!! Beat
 * Parecis plateau
 * Zelus (genus)
 * Ain't That a Kick in the Head?
 * Malgudi Subha
 * Center for Applied Linguistics
 * Île Verte (Grenoble)
 * Île Verte
 * Aggavamsa
 * Roger Anger
 * Martinus Thomsen
 * Passiflora actinia
 * Meade Roberts
 * Ogba language
 * Itacarezinho Beach
 * Touré Kunda
 * Eduardo Viveiros de Castro
 * Doris McLemore
 * Laienspiegel
 * Gaustadt
 * Bronbeek
 * SS Ideal-X
 * Port of Durban
 * New Classical Adventure
 * Martin Haselböck
 * North American Conference on Afroasiatic Linguistics
 * David Appleyard
 * Brazilian Linguistics Association
 * Lucian Scherman
 * Paul Platero
 * Ellavina Perkins
 * Michael Radulescu
 * Theodore B. Fernald
 * Tunica (language)
 * Peter Tetteroo
 * Desmond C. Derbyshire
 * Birds of America (book)
 * Rui Costa Pimenta
 * John Ohala
 * Petty Harbour
 * Hassan Kazemi Qumi
 * Ain't That A Kick In The Head?
 * Loretta Kelsey
 * Tony_Tillohash
 * Canelo,_Arizona
 * Edwin_Benson
 * Survey_of_California_and_Other_Indian_Languages
 * Andrew_Garrett_(linguist)
 * Hidatsa_language
 * Fort_Rice
 * Fort_Stevenson
 * Henry_Voth
 * Wheeler_Hall
 * Washington_Matthews
 * Lucio_and_Simplicio_Godina
 * Sally Noble
 * William Shipley (linguist)
 * Robert Heizer
 * Samuel Barrett
 * Mount Pleasant Classical Institute

articles of which i am fond to an utterly absurd degree

 * Acorn Park
 * Indian Rock Park
 * Washington Matthews
 * Abraham M. Halpern

categories i started
Category:Earliest_known_manuscripts_by_language

Category:Writing systems without word boundaries

language stuff

 * Portal:Language
 * The Spanish Translation of the Week
 * meta:Translation of the week
 * WikiProject_Endangered_languages whoa, cool
 * User:AlexNewArtBot/LinguisticsSearchResult really interesting bot that looks for new articles related to linguistics
 * Category:Translation_requests not specified by language, hmm. still, simpler than the request board...

languagey people on Wikipedia
For my future perusal...

· User:Taivo · User:Mark Dingemanse · User:Kwamikagami · User:CJLL Wright · User:Ish ishwar · User:Miskwito ·

notes to self
hello, self

Editor's index to Wikipedia Help:User_style

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Babbage/monobook.css

my bookshelf
The new Pediapress book functionality is really fun. Here's my bookshelf

critical trivia
The first edit I made was adding an and. ☺

old stuff

 * User:Babbage/Archive

am:User:Babbage cy:Defnyddiwr:Babbage de:Benutzer:Babbage es:Usuario:Babbage eo:Vikipediisto:Babbage fr:Utilisateur:Babbage it:Utente:Babbage he:משתמש:Babbage sw:User:Babbage nl:Gebruiker:Babbage pt:Usuário:Babbage ru:Участник:Бэббидж simple:User:Babbage

title: User:Babbage


text:
Khalid of Saudi Arabia

Khalid bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (خالد بن عبد العزيز آل سعود; 13 February 1913 – 13 June 1982) was the king and prime minister of Saudi Arabia from 25 March 1975 to his death in 1982. Before his ascension, he was the crown prince of Saudi Arabia. He was the fifth son of King Abdulaziz, the founder of modern Saudi Arabia.

Khalid was the son of King Abdulaziz and Al Jawhara bint Musaed Al Saud. He assisted his half-brother Prince Faisal in his duties as foreign minister of Saudi Arabia. Khalid served as viceroy of the Hejaz region for a brief time in the 1930s. He visited the United States in 1943 together with Faisal, establishing diplomatic relations between the two countries. He was appointed deputy prime minister of Saudi Arabia in 1962. King Faisal named Khalid as crown prince in 1965, after Khalid's full brother Prince Muhammad removed himself from the line of royal succession.

Following the assassination of King Faisal in 1975, Khalid ascended to the throne. His reign saw both huge developments in the country due to an increase in oil revenues and also significant events in the Middle East. In 1979, a group of civilians seized the Grand Mosque of Mecca and sought but failed to kidnap Khalid. Saudi forces regained control over the mosque, but the seizure resulted in the introduction of stricter religious policies in Saudi Arabia. Khalid died in 1982 and was succeeded by his half-brother Fahd.

Early life and education
Khalid was born in Qasr Al Hukm, Riyadh, on 13 February 1913. He was the fifth son of King Abdulaziz. His mother, Al Jawhara bint Musaed, was from the important Al Jiluwi clan. She was a second cousin of Abdulaziz, their paternal grandfathers Jiluwi bin Turki and Faisal bin Turki being brothers. This was in keeping with long-standing traditions in Arabia of marriage within the same lineage, and members of Al Jiluwi frequently intermarried with the members of Al Saud.

Khalid had one full-brother, Muhammad. His full sister, Al Anoud, married to the sons of King Abdulaziz's brother Sa'ad bin Abdul Rahman. She first married Saud bin Sa'ad. After Saud died, she married Fahd bin Sa'ad. Khalid attended the Mufirej school founded by Sheikh Abdul Rahman Al Mufirej in 1879 based in the Sheikh Abdullah bin Abdul Latif Mosque in the Dukhna neighborhood of Riyadh. There he acquired basic literacy skills and studied arithmetics.

Early experience
Aged 14, Khalid was sent by Abdulaziz as his representative to the desert tribes to hear their concerns and problems. In 1928 he and his brother Muhammad were given the task of observing the Transjordan border during the Ikhwan revolt. Prince Khalid's preparation for ruling a modern state started through his visits with his brother Prince Faisal on foreign missions. He served as advisor to Faisal. Prince Khalid became an international figure due to his visits and service as a Saudi representative. He was more liberal in informing the press about the rationale behind foreign policy decisions.

Prince Khalid was made acting viceroy of Hejaz in early 1932 when his full brother Prince Muhammad carried out the task badly. The same year he was named as viceroy of Hejaz, replacing Prince Faisal in the post, who was named minister of foreign affairs, and Prince Khalid's term lasted until 1934. Prince Khalid joined the Saudi army led by his older brother Prince Faisal and fought against Yemeni forces in 1934. After the war, Prince Khalid served as the chairman of the Saudi delegation at the Taif Conference with Yemen in 1934. This was a diplomatic move that led to the Taif Treaty later that year which was signed by Prince Khalid on behalf of Saudi Arabia and Abdullah Al Wazeer on behalf of Yemen.

Prince Khalid was named interior minister in 1934 and was the Saudi representative at the peace negotiations in Yemen in 1935. In 1939, he participated in the St. James Conference on Palestine in London as the minister of interior as well as an assistant to Prince Faisal, head of the Saudi delegation.

In October 1943 Prince Faisal and Prince Khalid visited the United States representing their father, upon the July 1943 invitation of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The visit was the earliest high-level contact between Saudi Arabia and the US. Vice President Henry A. Wallace organized a dinner for them at the White House. They also met with President Roosevelt. They stayed at the official government guest house, Blair House, and visited the West Coast by a special train that was officially provided by the U.S. government. A foreign diplomat described Prince Khalid following the visit as the "nicest man in Saudi Arabia."

However, after this visit and during most of the 1950s Prince Khalid did not play a significant role in the government partly due to the fact that his half-brother Mansour bin Abdulaziz and his nephew Abdullah bin Faisal became much more dominant political figures. Prince Khalid reemerged as a significant figure in 1960 when King Saud named him acting prime minister. In addition, on 31 October 1962 he was appointed deputy prime minister in the new cabinet formed by Crown Prince Faisal. This move indicated his prominence in the line of succession. During the rivalry between Crown Prince Faisal and King Saud, Prince Khalid supported the former together with other princes who were members of the Al Jiluwi branch of Al Saud through maternal lineage or marriage. The group was led by Prince Muhammad, Prince Khalid and Prince Abdullah.

At the beginning of King Faisal's reign Prince Khalid was made a member of the council which had been established by the king to guide the succession issues.

Crown prince
Khalid's older full-brother Prince Muhammad declined a place in the succession. Khalid also refused the offer of King Faisal to be named as crown prince several times until March 1965. In addition, he asked King Faisal to remove him from the position various times. However, the King persuaded Khalid that his presence as crown prince was necessary to keep peace within the House of Saud. One of the speculations about Prince Khalid's selection as heir designate was his lack of predilection for politics. In short, by selecting him as heir designate the royal family could create intra-familial consensus.

Khalid was named crown prince on 29 March 1965. King Faisal announced Khalid's appointment on the same day through a broadcast over Mecca Radio: "Since the position of Crown Prince is a fundamental factor for the continuation and firmness of the reign, now the country enjoys stability, advancement and prosperity. Thanks to its adherence to Islam. It gives me great pleasure to announce...that I have chosen my brother Prince Khalid bin Abdulaziz as Crown Prince to rule after me."

Prince Khalid was also named first deputy prime minister following his appointment as crown prince. Although Joseph A. Kéchichian argues that Crown Prince Khalid was not active in daily issues, but acted as a representative during King Faisal's absences in meetings or ceremonies, he governed all organisational and executive powers of the Council of Ministers. He also dealt with the affairs of the Governorate of Mecca on behalf of King Faisal. However, in 1968 Crown Prince Khalid expressed his desire not to preside over the Council of Ministers against King Faisal's request which led to the appointment of Prince Fahd as second deputy prime minister with the task of leading the Council meetings.

In 1970 Crown Prince Khalid led Saudi delegations to Jordan to meet the needs of Palestinians who were seriously affected from Israel's attacks. According to the declassified US diplomatic documents of 1971, he enjoyed the support of the tribal chiefs, religious authorities and of Prince Abdullah, head of the Saudi National Guard, during this period.

Reign
Khalid succeeded to the throne on 25 March 1975 when King Faisal was assassinated. He was proclaimed king after a meeting of senior members of Al Saud: his uncle Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman and his brothers Muhammad, Nasser, Saad, Fahd, and Abdullah. The meeting occurred just hours after the assassination of King Faisal. Khalid also became the de facto prime minister of Saudi Arabia and the chairman of two significant councils, namely the Higher Council for Administrative Reform and the Supreme Council for National Security.

Although there are various reports stating that King Khalid was only a figurehead during his reign, he was in fact not a figurehead, but the final decision-maker on all major policy issues during his reign. King Faisal established a system in which the king was the final mediator in family problems. King Khalid reduced the power of the Sudairi Seven concerning succession in 1977 when he was in London for treatment. Following the unsuccessful attempt of the Sudairi Seven to overthrow King Khalid and to install one of their own, Prince Sultan, as deputy crown prince instead of Prince Abdullah, the King asked Crown Prince Fahd and Prince Abdullah to fully obey the existing succession plan without any change. King Khalid also closely checked the activities of Crown Prince Fahd due to the latter's clear support for the pro-Western policies and hostile tendency against Iran and Shia population of Saudi Arabia.

In addition, King Khalid was not an ineffective leader. Although he seemed to be reluctant to rule the country initially, he later warmed to the throne and displayed an apparent interest in improving the education, health-care and infrastructure of the country during his seven-year reign. During the first two years of his reign he was not active in politics due to his poor health condition, but later he became much more active as a result of his much better health.

King Khalid is also considered to have been a genial caretaker during his reign. However, he failed to monopolize power during his reign, leading to the empowerment of the princes who had been in powerful posts in late King Faisal's reign. He had some personal characteristics that made him a respected king. He was admired as an honest man who managed to have good relations with the traditional establishment of Saudi Arabia. Therefore, he was granted support by other princes and powerful forces of the country. Ghadah Alghunaim, a board member of the King Abdulaziz Center for National Dialogue, argues in her doctoral dissertation that Khalid's reign was a golden era and the "era of goodness" for the country.

Domestic affairs
King Khalid's reign was of massive development in Saudi Arabia and therefore, the country became one of the richest countries in that the oil revenues became $40 billion in 1977 and $90 billion in 1980.

King Khalid primarily dealt with domestic affairs with special focus on agricultural development. The industrial cities of Jubail and Yanbu were created during the early days of his reign. In 1975 the Royal Commission for Jubail and Yanbu was founded to run the cities, and its first secretary general was Abdullah bin Faisal bin Turki. Jeddah Port Authority was established in September 1976 to expand the capacity of the existing port. The number of schools increased during his reign. In 1975, there were 3,028 elementary schools, 649 secondary schools and 182 high schools. In 1980, there were 5,373 elementary, 1,377 secondary and 456 high schools. The other significant development in the field of education during his reign was the establishment of King Faisal University. The others were the Higher Education Center for Women which was opened in 1976 as well as colleges of medicine and pharmacology established specifically for female students.

Immediately following his ascension to the throne King Khalid issued a general amnesty which allowed the release of political prisoners who had been members of the left wing movements and the return of those who had been in exile to Saudi Arabia. Most of them were arrested during the reign of King Faisal.

In terms of administrative functions King Khalid followed the structure established by King Faisal in which both royals and non-royals occupied significant positions. The political power consolidation of the ruling family was intensified during his reign. However, King Khalid expanded the role of nonroyals in bureaucracy without diminishing the roles of royal family members. These non-royals were mostly graduates of foreign universities, and by 1977 ten of the thirty-six members in the council of ministers were those who received a master's or doctorate degree from Western universities.

The strict financial policies of King Faisal, coupled with the aftermath of the 1973 oil crisis, created a financial windfall that fueled development and led to a commercial and economic boom in the country. Notable achievements in his reign included the institution of the second Five-Year Plan in 1975, which aimed to build up Saudi infrastructure and health care. The planned budget for the development plan was $142 billion. Although not all goals were achieved, the second development plan was much more successful than the first one. King Khalid also launched the Kingdom's third development plan with the budget of $250 billion in May 1980.

In a reorganization of the council of ministers on 30 March 1975, King Khalid named Crown Prince Fahd deputy prime minister and Prince Abdullah second deputy prime minister. Appointment of Prince Fahd as both crown prince and first deputy prime minister made him much powerful figure in contrast to the status of King Khaled when he was crown prince under King Faisal reign. Prince Nayef was named minister of interior succeeding Prince Fahd on 30 March 1975. King Khalid also appointed Prince Saud as the foreign affairs minister in March 1975.

In addition to the existing ministerial bodies six new ones were established by King Khalid in October 1975. One of them was the ministry of municipal and rural affairs established, and Prince Majid was appointed minister. Additionally, Prince Mutaib was appointed minister of public works and housing that was also established by King Khalid in October 1975. These two appointments were a move to reduce the power of Sudairi Seven in the cabinet. Besides, the ministry of industry and electricity, the ministry of higher education, the ministry of post, telegraph, and telephone and the ministry of planning were all founded by King Khalid. In the same government reshuffle he removed Prince Musaid, his uncle, from the post of finance minister which he had been held since 16 March 1962, and Mohammed bin Ali Aba Al Khail was made new finance minister. The number of non-royal members of the cabinet was decreased, and only eight royal family members were given ministerial posts in this reshuffle. King Khalid also expanded the internal structure of some ministries. For instance, the Public Security Administration was created in 1976 to preserve the public order and tranquility, to promote of the public health, safety, and morals, and to detect and punish the crimes, and attached it to the ministry of interior.

The members of the inner family council headed by King Khalid included his brothers, namely Prince Mohammad, Crown Prince Fahd, Prince Abdullah, Prince Sultan, and Prince Abdul Muhsin and two of his uncles, Prince Ahmed and Prince Musaid. Prince Mohammad was one of King Khalid's key advisors. In fact, they acted together on almost all political issues. Another of his advisors was Maarouf al-Dawalibi, former Prime Minister of Syria and founder of the Islamic Socialist Front.

Kamal Adham served as the president of Al Mukhabarat Al A'amah or the general intelligence directorate until 19 January 1979 which he had held since 1965. Adham's successor in the post was Turki bin Faisal.

In 1977 a coup attempt by Saudi Air Force personnel, backed by the Libyan Intelligence Service, was discovered and quickly defeated.

Saudi Arabia acquired full control of Aramco in 1980 during his reign and the company was renamed as Saudi Aramco. In March 1980 King Khalid established a constitutional committee with eight members under the presidency of Prince Nayef. However, the committee could not manage to produce the basic law that had been promised. King Khalid implemented a significant policy towards bedouins through a decree dated 15 March 1981 which required them to settle in a fixed place.

In November 1979, Khalid's reign saw two major local incidents which have had significant effects on the politics of Saudi Arabia: the Grand Mosque seizure and the Qatif Uprising.

Grand Mosque seizure
Some foreign observers thought traditionalism was no longer a strong force in Saudi Arabia. This idea was disproved when at least 500 dissidents invaded and seized the Grand Mosque in Mecca on 20 November 1979. The same day two other raids were made by the groups related to these dissidents in Medina and Taif. The dissidents in Medina were immediately defeated by the Saudi troops. The goal of the dissidents in Taif was to abduct King Khalid who escaped the attack due to the changes in his plans.

When the first news of the attack in Mecca reached Riyadh, the initial reaction of King Khalid was to consult the ulama, to get permission to use military force to eject the attackers. The ulama hesitated and refrained from a definite answer. Only after the assault had been underway for 36 hours did some ulama allow the use of force. At the time of the event, Crown Prince Fahd was in Tunisia for a meeting of the Arab Summit and the commander of the National Guard Prince Abdullah was in Morocco for an official visit. Therefore, King Khalid assigned the responsibility to Prince Sultan, the minister of defense, and Prince Nayef, the minister of interior, to deal with the incident.

The Grand Mosque was regained by Saudi forces on 4 December 1979 and 63 rebels were executed on 9 January 1980 in eight different cities. The executions were decreed by King Khalid after the edict issued by ulemas. Although the Saudi government under King Khalid executed the rebels, the religious establishment that inspired them were given greater powers. And ulema successfully pressed King Khalid to realize their intentions.

1979 Qatif Uprising
In November 1979, Shiites in the Eastern Province, particularly in Qatif and in nearby villages, organized protests. Several demonstrators were arrested. The major reason for the uprising was negative conditions in villages. In the spring of 1979, King Khalid announced an annual budget of 160 billion riyals, indicating that this budget would be employed to improve the living conditions of all Saudi citizens. However, the budget did not make any significant contribution to the services. Instead, the royal family benefitted from the budget. Following the release of the demonstrators in February 1980, King Khalid and Crown Prince Fahd visited the Eastern region from town to town. Due to King Khalid's policy change towards the Shiite population in the region, they positively modified their approach towards the Saudi government and abandoned their oppositional ideas and actions.

International relations
Although King Khalid did not have an extensive interest in foreign affairs as much as King Faisal had, his reign witnessed many important international events, including the Iranian Revolution, the assassination of Anwar Sadat and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, all of which had significant effects for Saudi Arabia. In addition, the Saudi government led by King Khalid was much more active in improving the relations of Saudi Arabia with neighbouring states in contrast to the reign of Faisal. His government was also much more moderate and less conservative in regard to the Arab–Israeli conflict than that of King Faisal. Kamal Adham was King Khalid's key counsellor on foreign policy during his reign from 1975 to 1982.

King Khalid initiated a move to bring in foreign labor to help with the country's development.

1975–1980
In April 1975, King Khalid's first diplomatic coup was the conclusion of a demarcation agreement concerning the Al Buraymi Oasis, where the frontiers of Abu Dhabi, Oman and Saudi Arabia meet. Claims and counterclaims over this frontier had exacerbated relations among them for years. Therefore, King Khalid aimed at settling this long-standing boundary disputes. The conclusion of negotiations under King Khalid added to his stature as a statesman. Between 21 and 23 April 1975 a high-level talk was held in Riyadh with the attendance of King Khalid, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Syrian President Hafez Assad concerning the peace negotiations as a result of the conflict in the Sinai between Egypt and Israel.

Another significant event was the visit of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran to Riyadh on 28 April 1975. In June 1975, Saudi Arabia appointed an ambassador to the United Arab Emirates, which also assigned an ambassador to Saudi Arabia the same date. His first official visit as the King of Saudi Arabia was to Cairo, Egypt in mid-July 1975. The visit was an indication of Saudi Arabia's support of the initiatives of Anwar Sadat concerning peace settlement between the Arabs and Israel. King Khalid visited Damascus in December 1975 and met with Syrian President Hafez Assad to discuss the ways to support Muslims in Lebanon, where a civil war began in April 1975. He declared the Saudi Arabia's support to Syria's role in the war.

Diplomatic relations with the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen were reestablished in March 1976. A month later, in April 1976, King Khalid made state visits to all of the Gulf states in the hope of promoting closer relations with his peninsular neighbors. On 24 May 1976 King Khalid visited Tehran to meet with Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. He also called numerous summits and inaugurated the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) in 1981 that is seen an outcome of his early visits. Then GCC was established along with Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates.

One of the significant international moves occurred in the reign of King Khalid was the establishment of the Safari Club, of which the treaty was signed on 1 September 1976. It was a secret organization with the participation of Egypt, France, Iran, Morocco and Saudi Arabia to eliminate the potential influence of communism in the region. The treaty was signed by Kamal Adham on behalf of Saudi Arabia. King Khalid organized a conference in Riyadh in October 1976 to resolve the ongoing Lebanese civil war, and the conference contributed to end the war. The same month he also visited Pakistan, and the visit was mostly concerned with Saudi Arabia's financial support for the joint developmental projects in Pakistan. In addition, he visited Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Lahore and Karachi, and initiated the construction of King Faisal Mosque in Islamabad.

On 19 May 1977, King Khalid met Hafez Assad and Anwar Sadat in Riyadh to initiate a coordinated policy on the Arab–Israeli conflict. He also met Prime Minister of Pakistan Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in Riyadh on 18 June 1977. Lebanese Foreign Minister Fuad Butrus was received by King Khalid in Riyadh on 5 July 1977 to discuss the current situation in Lebanon. On 10 July 1977, Yen Chia-kan, President of Taiwan, visited Saudi Arabia and was received by the King in Riyadh. Two days later, on 12 July 1977, King Khalid and Somali President Mohamed Siad Barre met in Jeddah. Sudanese President Jaafar Nimeiry and King Khalid met in Ta'if on 2 August 1977. King Khalid's next visitors were Italian Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti and Foreign Minister Arnaldo Forlani who visited Saudi Arabia on 5–6 August.

In early January 1978 the US President Jimmy Carter paid an official visit to Riyadh and met King Khalid to discuss the Middle East peace efforts. Immediately after this meeting Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi visited King Khalid on 11 January 1978 to discuss some topics related to the security of the region. Following King Khalid's heart surgery at the Cleveland Clinic on 3 October 1978 Jimmy Carter invited him to the White House for lunch, and they met on 27 October. The Camp David accord which was signed by Egypt and Israel in September 1978 severely affected the Saudi–Egyptian alliance, and Saudi Arabia's diplomatic relations with Egypt were terminated following the Baghdad Conference in November 1978. The same year King Khalid visited France to finalize the procurement of $24 billion military equipment, namely tanks, helicopters, and a complete radar network which was capable of covering the entire Red Sea. Much of this equipment was sent to North Yemen, Sudan, and Somalia to assist their resistance against communism.

Following the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran, King Khalid sent Khomeini a congratulatory message, stating that Islamic solidarity could be the basis for closer relations of two countries. He also argued that with the foundation of the Islamic Republic in Iran there were no obstacles that inhibited the cooperation between two countries. In addition, King Khalid requested the secretary-general of the Organization of the Islamic Conference to congratulate the new Iranian government. However, his initiatives were unsuccessful in that Saudi Arabia unofficially supported Iraq against Iran in the Iran–Iraq War in 1980.

On 24 December 1979 Pakistan President Zia ul Haq visited Riyadh and met King Khalid in relation to the Grand Mosque crisis which had been solved at the beginning of the month.

1980–1982
In April 1980 King Khalid cancelled the state visit to Britain as a protest over the broadcasting of Death of a Princess on 9 April 1980 in the United Kingdom that narrated the execution of Misha'al bin Fahd, the granddaughter of Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz. King Khalid had been invited by Queen Elizabeth II in June 1979, following the Queen's visit to Saudi Arabia in February 1979, during which King Khalid gave her a diamond necklace. In addition, the British ambassador was expelled from Saudi Arabia for five months due to the broadcasting of the documentary on ITV. Egyptian actress Suzan Abu Talib or Sawsan Badr and other actors who had roles in the documentary were banned from entering Saudi Arabia.

King Khalid in the capacity of the chairman of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation assisted Pakistani authorities to end the hijacking of the Pakistan International Airlines Flight 326 on 2 March 1981 first to Kabul and to Damascus on the request of President Zia ul Haq. Upon meeting then-British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in Saudi Arabia in April 1981, King Khalid is reputed to have said he would be happy to discuss falcons with her, but for all matters of administration she should talk to Crown Prince Fahd. King Khalid's visit to the United Kingdom that had been cancelled in 1980 occurred on 9 June 1981 for four days. Next he visited Spain on 15 June 1981.

King Khalid asked the US President Jimmy Carter to sell advanced fighter planes to Saudi Arabia to assist in countering communist aggression in the area. The delivery of the first of sixty F-15s under the agreement approved by Carter arrived in the Kingdom in 1982. He purchased a Boeing 747 with an operating room should he be stricken while on his travels. Jimmy Carter in his memoirs stated that both King Khalid and then Crown Prince Fahd assured him of "their unequivocal support for Sadat", but they would realize no concrete move in this direction, at least not publicly.

Just one week before his death King Khalid sent messages to the US President Ronald Reagan and other world leaders on 6 June 1982 stating that a quick intervention was needed to stop the Israeli massacre in Lebanon referring to the Israeli attacks against Palestinians in the country.

Views
In June 1974 when he was Crown Prince Khalid argued that France taught the Syrians to be stubborn, and the British instilled the idea for the Arabs to differ with each other.

At the very beginning of his reign King Khalid stated "Islamic law is and will remain our standard, our source of inspiration, and our goal." and "We are against communism and we will protect ourselves against it by all means. If the United States pressed Israel into making a just peace settlement, Russia would not acquire a single foothold in the Middle East."

He questioned the support of the US administration to Greece instead of Turkey in late May 1976 citing Turkey's contributions in the Korean War during the 1950s. In an interview on BBC Summary of World Broadcasts he expressed the following views on Zionism, Communism and colonialism on 3 July 1979: "We regard Zionism, communism and colonialism as a trinity allied against Arab and Islamic rights and aspirations. Our policy is based on that understanding, and it is natural for us to be always subjected to biased and poisonous campaigns at the hand of that very trinity." Following the defeat of invaders of Grand Mosque King Khalid expressed the following: "if [Juhayman] al Otaibi and his cohorts had targeted palaces rather than the Grand Mosque [in their 1979 uprising] the results of the uprising might have been very different."

At the third summit of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation in Taif in January 1981 he declared non-alignment of Saudi Arabia concerning the tensions between the US and Soviet Union: "Our loyalty must be neither to an eastern bloc nor to a western bloc. The security of the Islamic nation will not be assured by joining a military alliance, nor by taking refuge under the umbrella of a superpower."

Personal life
King Khalid married four times and was the father of ten children. While the sequence in seniority of his wives is not known clearly, his wives were:
 * Latifa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi. Latifa was a daughter of King Abdulaziz's maternal uncle and Khalid was fifteen when he married her. They had no children.
 * Tarfa bint Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud. She was a daughter of his uncle, Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman. They had no children.
 * Noura bint Turki bin Abdulaziz bin Abdullah bin Turki Al Saud. She was the mother of Khalid's elder sons, Prince Bandar and Prince Abdullah and his elder daughter, Al Bandari. Noura bint Turki died at age 95 on 12 September 2011.
 * Seeta bint Fahd Al Damir had seven children with King Khalid: Al Jawhara, Fahd (died young), Nouf, Moudi, Hussa, Mishaal, and Faisal. She was from the Ujman tribe in Al Badiyah and was a niece of Wasmiyah Al Damir, wife of Abdullah bin Jiluwi. She died on 25 December 2012 at the age of 90.

Khalid had four sons and six daughters. Prince Bandar, the eldest son of King Khalid, was born in 1935. He was one of the members of Al Saud Family Council established by Crown Prince Abdullah in June 2000 to discuss private issues such as business activities of princes and marriages of princess to individuals who were not member of House of Saud. Prince Bandar died in Mecca in March 2018. His youngest child, Prince Faisal, is the former governor of Asir Province and a member of the Allegiance Council.

Khalid's eldest daughter, Princess Al Bandari, married her cousin Prince Badr, son of Prince Abdul Muhsin. Another of his daughters, Princess Hussa, married Abdullah bin Faisal bin Turki, grandson of Turki I bin Abdulaziz. She died at the age of 59 in November 2010. Two of his daughters married the sons of Abdullah bin Faisal: Princess Al Jawhara married Khalid bin Abdullah Al Saud and has a son, Mohammed, and Princess Nouf married Mohammed bin Abdullah and has four children, including Noura.

Another daughter of Khalid, Moudi, married Prince Abdul Rahman bin Faisal and is the general secretary of the King Khalid Foundation and the Al Nahda Foundation, and a former member of the [[Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia
 * Consultative Assembly]]. One of Khalid's daughters, Mishael bint Khalid died in Riyadh in April 2014.

Personality, pastimes and property
Khalid was described as warm, cheerful, attentive and devout and was adored by his sisters and brothers. An American journalist from Christian Science Monitor, John K. Cooley, following his observation of King Khalid at majlis stated that he carefully listened to his subjects showing his sense of humor and amused smile. During the first year of his rule King Khalid was said by his close observers to be an open and good man without any pretense representing the best example of Arab gentlemanly culture. His favourite topics to discuss at majlis with visitors were the problems related to education and youth.

Khalid had the capacity to settle conflicts which was first recognized by his father. It was the reason for sending him to Yemen in 1935 to handle the problems with local people. During his kingship Khalid acted as a mediator between the Sudairi brothers and Prince Abdullah although he was much closer to the latter.

Falconry and horse-riding were Khalid's favorite pastimes. He was described as a man of the desert. He had one of the best falcon collections. In the late 1970s King Khalid was given a rare Alberta-trained gyrfalcon by the Canadian government as a gift. Hunting was also one of his favorites, and he went to African countries to participate in hunting safaris when he was young. Khalid bought the first Toyota Landcruiser in 1955 for falconry. In December 1975 he bought the then longest Cadillac at 25 feet and 2 inches long again for falconry, and Time magazine called it "Khalidillac". In June 1974 while he was Crown Prince in a meeting with US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger Khalid stated that he had been interested in hunting with hawks for forty years.

In the same meeting Kissinger asked him where he lived. In response he stated that he lived in Riyadh, but in the summer he stayed in Taif. King Khalid owned a desert farm outside Riyadh at Um Hamam. He bought Beechwood House in the north London suburb of Highgate for £1.9 million in March 1977 to use following two operations on his hip in the Wellington Hospital in London.

Health
When Khalid bin Abdulaziz was crown prince, he had a massive heart attack in 1970 and had a heart surgery in 1972 at the Cleveland Clinic in the United States. Since King Khalid suffered from heart ailment for a long period of time, Crown Prince Fahd was in charge of ruling the country. On 3 October 1978, he underwent a second heart surgery again in Cleveland. He also had a hip operation at Wellington Hospital in London in 1976. In February 1980, King Khalid had a minor heart attack.

Death and funeral
King Khalid died on 13 June 1982 due to a heart attack in his summer palace in Taif. On the same day his body was brought from Taif to Mecca. After funeral prayers at the Grand Mosque in Mecca, King Khalid was buried in Al Oud cemetery in Riyadh. Leaders of Qatar, Kuwait, Djibouti, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain, as well as President of Egypt Hosni Mubarak, participated in the funeral.

Legacy
King Khalid International Airport, King Khalid University, King Khalid Eye Specialist Hospital in Riyadh, King Khalid Military City and King Khalid Medical City in the Eastern province were all named after him. In Riyadh there is also a mosque named after him, King Khalid Grand Mosque, serving the Muslims since 1988. In Jeddah a bridge is named after King Khalid. There is a research center on wildlife in Saudi Arabia named after him, Khalid Wildlife Research Centre.

In addition, his family established King Khalid Foundation, which is being headed by his son, Abdullah bin Khalid. The foundation awards individuals who have achievements in the fields of corporate social responsibility, nonprofit management and social innovation.

Awards
In January 1981 King Khalid was awarded by the United Nations (UN) a gold medal which is the UN's highest decoration for the statesmen who significantly contributed to peace and cooperation worldwide. King Khalid also received the King Faisal International Prize for Service to Islam due to his efforts in support of Islamic solidarity in 1981.

Foreign honours

 * MY Darjah Utama Seri Mahkota Negara (Crown of the Realm) - DMN.svg Honorary Recipient of the Order of the Crown of the Realm (Malaysia, January 1982)
 * Order of Civil Merit (Spain) GC.svg Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit (Spain, 15 February 1974)
 * Order of Charles III - Sash of Collar.svg Collar of the Order of Charles III (Spain, 15 June 1981)
 * Order of the Seraphim - Ribbon bar.svg Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim (Sweden, 20 January 1981)

title: Khalid of Saudi Arabia


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Talk:Chinkultic

Actually, I think it is just outside the park Lagunas. -- Viajero 01:27, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

No, I just went there. It is inside the park. However, as of FEB 2010 you can not go there because the Mexican government closed it in response to a dispute with an autonomous Zapatista community: they were charging a toll to use the road through to the site, and the Government did not like this, so they cut off the reason for people to use the road. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 187.132.147.228 (talk) 05:37, 20 March 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chinkultic


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User:Eliashedberg

Elias Hedberg, Sweden.
 * Usually you'll find me at the Swedish Wikipedia (where you can also talk to me).

da:Bruger:Eliashedberg de:Benutzer:Eliashedberg fr:Utilisateur:Eliashedberg it:Utente:Eliashedberg ru:Участник:Eliashedberg sv:Användare:Eliashedberg

title: User:Eliashedberg


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Hornblower (TV series)

Hornblower is a series of British historical fiction war television films based on three of C. S. Forester's ten novels about the fictional character Horatio Hornblower, a Royal Navy officer during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.

The series ran from 7 October 1998 until 6 January 2003, with Ioan Gruffudd in the title role. It was produced by the British broadcaster ITV Meridian, and was shown on ITV in the UK and A&E in the US. It is often repeated on ITV4.

Main cast

 * Ioan Gruffudd as Midshipman (and later Lieutenant and Commander) Horatio Hornblower
 * Robert Lindsay as Captain (and later Commodore and Admiral) Sir Edward Pellew
 * Jamie Bamber as Midshipman (and later Lieutenant) Archie Kennedy (Films 1, 3-6)
 * Paul McGann as Lieutenant William Bush (Films 5-8)
 * Paul Copley as Matthews, Boatswain
 * Sean Gilder as Styles, Boatswain's Mate
 * Jonathan Coy as Lieutenant (later Commander) Bracegirdle (Films 1-4, 8)
 * Dorian Healy as Midshipman Jack Simpson (Film 1)
 * Simon Sherlock as Oldroyd (Films 1-4)
 * Chris Barnes as Finch (Films 1-2)
 * Ian McElhinney as Captain Hammond (Films 2, 5-7)
 * Colin MacLachlan as Ship's Master Bowles (Films 1-4)
 * David Warner as Captain James Sawyer (Films 5-6)
 * David Rintoul as Dr. Clive, Ship's Surgeon (Films 5-6)
 * Nicholas Jones as Lieutenant Buckland (Films 5-6)
 * Philip Glenister as Hobbs (Films 5-6)
 * Lorcan Cranitch as Wolfe (Films 7-8)
 * Julia Sawalha as Maria Mason (Films 7-8)
 * Barbara Flynn as Mrs. Mason (Films 7-8)
 * Jonathan Forbes as Midshipman Orrock (Films 7-8)

Other well-known actors appeared in guest roles, including Michael Byrne, Denis Lawson, Antony Sher, Ian McNeice, Andrew Tiernan, Samuel West, Christian Coulson, Cherie Lunghi, Greg Wise and Ronald Pickup.

The film series
The series consists of eight television films, which are notable for their high production values. All were later released on DVD (with the original aspect ratio of 16:9 widescreen in Europe and 4:3 in the US). In the US, the series was retitled Horatio Hornblower, and some of the films were known by different titles. The eight films cover the events of just three of the ten novels (Mr. Midshipman Hornblower, Lieutenant Hornblower, and Hornblower and the Hotspur), and various alterations and additions are made to the source material (e.g., the recurring characters of Lt. Archie Kennedy, Matthews and Styles).

 * The Even Chance (U.S. title: The Duel) (7 October 1998)
 * The Examination for Lieutenant (U.S. title: The Fire Ship) (18 November 1998)
 * The Duchess and the Devil (24 February 1999)
 * The Frogs and the Lobsters (U.S. title: The Wrong War) (2 April 1999)
 * Mutiny (8 April 2001)
 * Retribution (15 April 2001)
 * Loyalty (5 January 2003)
 * Duty (6 January 2003)

Production
Captain Pellew's ship, HMS Indefatigable (1784), is represented by the Grand Turk, a modern copy of the frigate HMS Blandford (1741) built in 1741. To represent Hornblower's ship, HMS Hotspur, the Earl of Pembroke, a civilian ship, underwent some conversion. The Baltic trading schooner Julia and the brig Phoenix of Dell Quay were used to represent the smaller vessels. No real 74-gun ship existed any longer at the time of production (the last one, HMS Implacable, was scuttled in 1949), so HMS Justinian and HMS Renown had to be recreated as models. For the first series a quarter of a 74-gun ship (one exterior side and three open sides to shoot live action on several decks) called the pontoon was built. Later live action on the quarterdeck or the gundeck below was shot on the actual HMS Victory. Eleven scale models, ranging from 4.5 to 7 m in length, were used for the battle scenes, the largest weighing 1400 kg, and made with working rigging and cannons that were fired by remote control. Shooting locations included the Black Sea, the Livadia Palace, Portugal, and the former administration (Melville) building of the Royal William Yard and the Barbican, Plymouth in England.

Awards

 * Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Miniseries (1999)
 * Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Miniseries or Movie (1999)

Series continuation
Ioan Gruffudd had shown interest in participating in more Hornblower films. In 2007, he reportedly discussed the possibility of a big-screen version of Hornblower, and had been attempting to gain the rights to the books by C. S. Forester."

title: Hornblower (TV series)


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Talk:History of the Mafia

It seems confusing for this page to have a link to "Castellemmarese War", which redirects back to this same page (as far as I can tell).

Re-write of article
I would really like to re-write this whole page, as I don't think it really explains how the mafia came into being, and I feel that some parts are inaccurate. I also feel that re-writing a whole article is quite drastic, so I just want to offer an outline of 'my version' of the history of the mafia, here, so that anyone who wants to contest it can do so, and anyone who wants to champion the current version will have an opportunity to do so.

Here we go:

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The mafia, which is not a single organisation, but a collection of organisations (think 'the press'), appeared in Sicily towards the end of The Risorgimento, as a response to the changing economic and political environment. Land reforms, anti-feudal laws, the state's attempts at centralisation and the increasing importance of industrial capitalism led to increasing tensions between the state, the rural elite and the peasantry. The mafia appeared as aristocracy-sponsored power-brokers, mediating and exploiting these tensions. By recruiting politicians and peasants, and by also violently repressing challenges from these groups, the mafiosi supported the interests of the rural elite, serving their own ends in the process through extortion and exploitation.

The Fascist era saw the decline of the mafia in Italy, immigration of many mafiosi, and the rise of international mafia. The fall of fascism saw the resurgence of the mafia in italy. These further events saw a change in the activity of the mafioso as old doors closed and new ones opened.

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That's my outline. Perhaps some of you would like to discuss it, help to fill it out, etc. I'll do the article writing in a couple of weeks, when I have the time, if it is generally agreed that I should.

--Dan Luba 22:40, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Give it a try this article needs to redone and expanded. I nothing about this topic otherwise I would contribute. 12.220.47.145 00:16, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Fine with me - I wrote this originally. You need to keep the points about the orange and lemon groves being the Mafia's original business model for pizzu - protection money. You also need to keep the point as the Mafia as an instrument of Loval Government, as well as its emergence being around the lemon and orange groves of Palermo. Also the bit about the origin of the word is correct.

You are right to say that the Mafia was a power-broker between the land-owners and the peasants, but often Mafiosi were educated peasants, as well as the land-owners themselves - these groups were synonymous and blended into each other.

One thing you are incorrect about was the fact that the Mafia started as a collection of organisations all over Sicily - it originated in Palermo uniquely. It spread from there mainly across the West of the island. From then on, individual cosca were set up, yes, but a Mafiosi could travel from one end of Sicily to the other, and via an elaborate introudction ritual (details in John Dickie's book) could know they could do business together with the back up of the entire organisation.

But yeah you can add the bits about the Fascist era, but this part I have written is you should bear in mind, about the Early Days - ie, pre 20th century.

Me

Redunancy
This information in this article is covered in more detail in Mafia article. Suggest removing this and redirecting this to the main article.

title: Talk:History of the Mafia


text:
Talk:Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet

Untitled
The 1911 article contained: "In 1852, in his famous paper on the change of refrangibility of light, he described the phenomenon of fluorescence..." This doesn't make any sense, since refrangibility (refractive index) is a property of the medium not light, and it doesn't have anything to do with fluorescence. At first I tacked on "wavelength" in brackets, but now I'm assuming Britannica was in error and changing it to wavelength outright. -- Tim Starling 01:38, Dec 15, 2003 (UTC)

Stokes' theorem
Did he really prove Stokes theorem? that's what it says at the beginning of the page. I do not think so (see the page on stokes theorem for more reference)

Sunshine recorder
Stokes also modifed the John Francis Campbell sunshine recorder that bears his name as the Campbell-Stokes recorder. I'm not sure how to properly fit this into the current text. CambridgeBayWeather 18:47, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

Done - in a list, but I actually feel that too much of this is based on the old 1911 encyclopedia style and a some time the article needs a rewrite. However, it is at present quite comprehensive and accurate so I guess this is not pressing. - Op. Deo 20:51, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

Thanks. If I'd added it it would have come out much worse.CambridgeBayWeather 06:32, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

Irish or Anglo-Irish?
I delicately offer the following contribution to the ongoing reverts over this. --Op. Deo 09:47, 29 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Stokes remained in close contact with his Irish roots throughout his working life in England, visiting Ireland every summer for holidays.
 * His formative educational years were entirley in Ireland.
 * When he went to England he was warned by his family not to talk too much and so advertise his Irish roots. This has been given, perhaps some what speculatively, as a cause of his reputation for being taciturn!
 * I think that the fact that his later education and working life was in England should not be a factor in deciding whether to call him Anglo-Irish. After all many who made such a move both would both then and now still regard themselves as Irish. Or they could choose to classify themselves as British. As far as I know there were no formal requirements for declaration of nationality. One only had to declare place of birth at things like censuses.
 * The article on Anglo-Irish suggests that the term is no longer used. It remains a term which was historically used. Its use in the Stokes article would seem to be correct in as much that he did not come from a working class background and that he was a protestant. However, these points do not need to be made in the opening paragraph of the article. Later in the article one could expound on his religious views, but they form a small part of his biography and are, I think, not needed in the summary.
 * Although it is true that Stokes broke his arm riding a horse and was much concerned about what his parents would say, presumably over his rashness, I suspect that the Behan definition of Anglo-Irish as Protestants with horses is meant as a social comment rather than a nationality definition.
 * I would accept British as a nationality defintion here, but Irish is also accurate and I think preferable. After all Stokes is celebrated as Irish by many including the academic, Alistair Wood who has published much biographical detail.

 * I won't insist on the point too much, but I would still like to comment: The problem, of course, is that in this period there was no such thing as legal Irish citizenship, but there was a great cultural and social difference between Ireland and Great Britain.  Whereas it would seem to me egregious to describe, say, James Joyce as British or Lord Kitchener as Irish (even though both would technically be correct), it also seems to me misleading to identify a man who spent his entire adult life at Cambridge and was president of the Royal Society as Irish.  Anglo-Irish, on the other hand, describes Stokes's cultural and social background perfectly. -- Eb.hoop 10:53, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the comments. I think the intro could be improved by adding there that he worked at Cambridge & Royal Soc. This would overcome the problem you point out that the Irish designation does not inform the reader that he worked in England, and I think these items are appropriate for the intro paragraph. I will also add something later in the text, taken from Wilson's book, to make it clear that he was from an a protestant family. I followed your examples of Ireland-born people with interest. On other points, I was amused to see Joyce described as an expat when to my mind he had de facto permanently emigrated. As to Kitchner, the wp editors seem to just classify him as a British general/statesman, which I dont quarrel over. I was also interested to find List of Irish scientists, engineers and inventors, which defines itself as  people who were either born on the island of Ireland or lived and worked there for an extended period. Stokes of course properly appears in such a list. This whole business of claiming Irishness needs care, if one is avoid the mish mash presently presented in List of Irish people ! -- Op. Deo 14:41, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Elsewhere wiki uses post nominal leters to designate FRS ie [Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society|FRS] should probably be added after Bt.Alci12 11:49, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The Irish Tricolour could be considered an appropriate way to express the nationality of a person like Stokes. Although it is synonymous with the Irish Republic, it's original purpose was to express the fact that Ireland is composed of two ethnic groups, the green and orange parts of the flag are the contemporarily recognised Irish and Anglo-Irish respectively. Ostensibly, the flag is in principle usable by both groups. However, in his time, Stokes would probably have used the Union Jack. 193.1.100.109 13:38, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Today, all along the coast from Ballina to Sligo where Stokes was raised, Catholics and Presbyterians live in good harmony, relative to their brethren in the north-east. I have 'distant' relatives from both sects. Both recognize the green and orange in their flag of today.Laburke (talk) 15:53, 14 September 2010 (UTC)

According to some sources, Stokes' first language was Irish. He subsequently learned English and other languages. If confirmed, it would make an interesting comment on his formative years and I will work it into the commentary on his early life. Laburke (talk) 16:00, 14 September 2010 (UTC)
 * What is your source.? It seems somewhat improbable given his family background - his father was educated at TCD and was Rector of Skreen. His elder siblings were educated at TCD. Op. Deo (talk) 16:47, 15 September 2010 (UTC)
 * It seems improbable to you because you are looking at the region through present day eyes. Incredulous as it may seem to you, many Presbyterians spoke Irish at the time. (See my two comments above.). (Gxxgle Stokes Presbyterian and Irish and you will see.) Don't forget, Stokes' father was an Evangelical. How can you preach in Béarla (English) to people who only have a rudimentary understanding of Béarla? I'll provide the sources in due time, de la patience SVP. Laburke (talk) 22:24, 16 September 2010 (UTC)

There is documentation about Stokes' education in classical languages. I have tried to locate Roger Blaney's, "Presbyterians and the Irish Language", without the expense of international shipping. Perhaps others can. I repeat, if you gxxgle this book, you will find that Stokes' father published in and on the Irish language. BTW, knowing Irish was not a impediment for entering TCD during Stokes' or his father's time. Slán agus slàn Laburke (talk) 03:39, 2 October 2010 (UTC)

Stokes number and stream function
The Stokes number for a particle in a flow should be added to the list of things named after him, also the Stokes stream function for incompressible axisymmetric flow. Fathead99 10:06, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 10:04, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

The unit of viscosity
"Later the CGS unit of viscosity was named a Stokes after his work," pedantic I know but should this not be stokes (i.e. lower case) for the name of the unit? I may be wrong, but I take analogy with the joule, kelvin and newton units to suggest this. Azo bob (talk) 20:46, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

Project: Christianity/Anglicanism
Can we put this article on project Christianity/Anglicanism?--Vojvodaeist 15:43, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

Nationality: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland?
Is United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland a nationality or just an excuse not to use the word Irish? If you look at other people born between 1801 and 1922 few if any are described this way. The nationality should be changed to Irish. Bjmullan (talk) 23:48, 12 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Fixed it, see the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Ireland-related_articles and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Ireland#Anglo_Irish. Sheodred (talk) 11:23, 29 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Those discussions were not about the question of "British" versus "Irish" in the infobox; rather they were about the use of the term "Anglo-Irish" in the lede. Insofar as those discussions touched on the "British" versus "Irish" question the comments were casual, inconclusive and diverse, and no consensus was attained. The majority did express agreement with the idea that where there's a dispute over a nationality label because the subject of the biography has multiple possible labels, the nationality parameter in the infobox is best just omitted because the infobox doesn't have the space to do justice to it, and instead the reader is left to glean the nationality from the biographical details in the body of the text and in the multiple nationality labels given at the foot of the page in the Categories. Seanwal111111 (talk) 01:07, 13 January 2012 (UTC)

 * George Gabriel Stokes is better labelled "British" not "Irish" because:
 * (1) He supported the political Union between Britain and Ireland. He voted against the Irish Home Rule Bills when he was a member of the UK Parliament representing Cambridge in the late 1880s and early 1890s. In his own eyes his nation was the nation of the British Isles not the nation of Ireland.
 * (2) He lived in England all his life from age 16 onwards. He lived in Cambridge for 66 years.
 * (3) His parents in Ireland were Anglo-Irish Protestants. The difference between their culture and that of the Irish Roman Catholics is not to be slighted.
 * (4) Legally, and in terms of citizenship, he was a British national at birth in Ireland. There was no Irish nationality in law during his lifetime.
 * (5) Labelling him "British" in the infobox is consistent with the policy statement about the opening paragraph at WP:OPENPARA. Labeling him "Irish" is not consistent with the general spirit of that policy statement, even though it's not strictly prohibited by it.
 * (6) (a) The Encyclopedia Britannica calls him a "British physicist and mathematician" -- http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/566981/Sir-George-Gabriel-Stokes-1st-Baronet . (b) The Columbia Encyclopedia calls him a "British mathematician and physicist" -- http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0846797.html . (c) The Great Soviet Encyclopedia in its edition in English translation calls him a "British physicist" -- http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/George+Stokes
 * Seanwal111111 (talk) 01:07, 13 January 2012 (UTC)

 * See British subject. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.149.55.6 (talk) 13:07, 16 April 2016 (UTC)

 * I agree that it's misleading to characterize Stokes straightforwardly as "Irish". He was unquestionably Irish-born, but the fact remains that everything for which he's remembered he did at Cambridge and that we've no evidence that he self-identified as Irish (he certainly wasn't an Irish nationalist, since as MP he sat with the Tories and voted against Irish Home Rule).  I think that if people are OK with identifying Lord Kelvin as Scots-Irish, then Stokes ought to be identified as Anglo-Irish, both of those being meaningful historical and cultural categories. - Eb.hoop (talk) 09:29, 21 October 2018 (UTC)

Views on evolution
It is true that Stokes presided the Victoria Institute, which sought to defend evangelical Christian principles from the challenges of the new Darwinian philosophy. But the recent edit by DocRuby, which has the article say that that group was "founded in opposition to the new science of biological evolution" is a misleading oversimplification. Stokes did not unequivocally oppose the theory of evolution in biology. He was somewhat skeptical on the science, but was mostly concerned with defending the Christian worldview from the contention that it was superseded by Darwinism. See, e.g., here. I will try to edit the text to reflect this more clearly. - Eb.hoop (talk) 23:56, 14 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Even according to your source 'he remained unambiguously "opposed to evolutionary theory"'. Some waffling is quoted, but your source says "it was only the universal applicability of evolutionism that he resisted." So while he perhaps admitted some merits of evolution, he was indeed in opposition to the new science of evolution, at least in Christian matters. Since the Victoria Institution was inarguably founded as a Christian institution, it is not at all misleading to say "Stokes became president of the Victoria Institute, a Christian institute founded in opposition to the new science of biological evolution in the 1860s.", all of which is true. Perhaps if you infer that as president he entirely opposed evolution in every way you might be misled, but that inference is not implied by the statement. To the contrary, the misleading oversimplification was in the text I revised: "a Christian institute founded in response to the evolutionary movement of the 1860s." The response was not ambiguous: it was a response in opposition. The opposition was to the new evolutionary science, which threatened Christian dogma that the Victorian Institution was founded to protect. And that Stokes worked to find remaining grounds to defend, contriving for example (again from your source) a narrower version of Christian creationism in which "the mental powers of man were transferred upon some previously existing animal form", rather than the evolutionary scientific hypothesis that human mental powers evolved from other, earlier animal mental powers. - DocRuby (talk 00:25, 15 February 2013 (UTC)

 * I insist that I see a problem with saying that the Victoria Institute was "founded in opposition to the new science of biological evolution". It was founded to defend the evangelical Christian worldview from attack on Darwinian grounds.  This is very different from opposing the science of biological evolution.  The article on the Victoria Institution actually starts by explaining that "it was not officially opposed to evolution".  - Eb.hoop (talk) 00:50, 15 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Your insistence doesn't make a logical argument, nor does it persuade. You haven't addressed the clear rebuttals I made that I sourced from your own source. And now you're referring to the Victoria Institute article, which also says "Though it was anti-evolution at first, the institute joined the theistic evolution camp by the 1920s." It's perfectly clear that the institute was founded to oppose evolution, which was a new science. What we disagree about is how complete its opposition was founded to be. It might be even more precise to say that it was "founded in opposition to the new science of biological evolution's encroachment on Christian dogma". - DocRuby (talk) 12:46, 15 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Dear DocRuby: I don't think that it is logically consistent to describe the Victoria Institute as being "founded in opposition to the new science of biological evolution" if in fact the institute was "not officially opposed to evolution". Also, you can see in Stokes's correspondence what he actually wrote when asked point-blank if he believed in evolution: see the second letter that starts here.  He said he didn't believe in evolution as a cause, but that it might be the mode by which species developed.  Again, I think the point is that Stokes was not primarily opposed to or concerned with the science of evolution, but with its philosophical and religious implications.  I don't think that this is an unimportant distinction.  In particular, it means that Stokes was not what would modernly be called a "creationist".  - Eb.hoop (talk) 14:37, 15 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Then it seems to me that you'd agree with this article saying it was "founded in opposition to the new science of biological evolution's encroachment on Christian dogma". DocRuby (talk 23:50, 15 February 2013 (UTC)

 * How about "an institute founded to defend evangelical Christian principles against challenges from the new sciences, especially the Darwinian theory of biological evolution"? - Eb.hoop (talk) 05:29, 16 February 2013 (UTC)

 * I insist that I am persuaded :). DocRuby (talk) 14:01, 16 February 2013 (UTC)

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.. a troubled man who committed suicide aged 30 while temporarily insane"??
As of the date and time I'm typing this, the article describes a descendant of the article's subject as "a troubled man who committed suicide aged 30 while temporarily insane". Well, arguably, all insanity is temporary, since all insane people did eventually or will eventually die. So, what is the meaning of "temporarily" insane in that sentence? Yes, the suicide terminated the insanity, but we do not normally read in Wikipedia that someone who was given an office for life received a "temporary appointment, of duration not to exceed their own life". What is NOT temporary in this world if fatal insanity IS temporary?2600:1700:6759:B000:1C64:8308:33BC:E2D6 (talk) 18:53, 26 August 2023 (UTC)Christopher Lawrence Simpson

 * You waste people's time, and your own, with such quibbles. 98.248.84.55 (talk) 04:46, 27 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet


text:
Ioan Gruffudd

Ioan Gruffudd (born 6 October 1973) is a Welsh actor. He is known for his roles in film and television series in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Australia.

He first was noted for his portrayal of Harold Lowe in Titanic (1997), and for his portrayal of Horatio Hornblower in the Hornblower series of television films (1998–2003). Subsequent roles have included Lancelot in King Arthur (2004), Reed Richards / Mister Fantastic in Fantastic Four (2005) and its 2007 sequel, William Wilberforce in Amazing Grace (2006), and Tony Blair in W. (2008).

Early life and education
Gruffudd was born on 6 October 1973 in Aberdare, the eldest of three siblings. His parents, Gillian (née James) and Peter Griffiths (Ioan uses Gruffudd, the more traditional Welsh version of the surname ), were both teachers.

His father was headmaster at two Welsh-language comprehensive schools in South Wales, first at Ysgol Gyfun Llanhari (in Llanharry, Rhondda Cynon Taf) then later at Ysgol Gyfun Rhydfelen (in Rhydfelin). Gruffudd was raised in a Nonconformist household.

During his childhood, his family moved to Cardiff. Gruffudd attended three Welsh-medium schools: Ysgol Gynradd Gymraeg Aberdar (Ynyslwyd; now located in Cwmdare), Ysgol Gymraeg Melin Gruffydd (in Whitchurch, Cardiff), and Ysgol Gyfun Gymraeg Glantaf (in Llandaff North).

He was an accomplished oboist in his teens, achieving a Grade 8 level in the ABRSM music examinations and playing in the South Glamorgan Youth Orchestra for several years, but gave it up once acting took up most of his time. He won prizes for his high baritone singing while at school, including one at the National Eisteddfod. He has said, "As a Welshman, I grew up in a culture of singing and performing with music, and I think it was through this performing that I got my confidence as an actor."

Gruffudd's parents are committed Christians, and in his early 20s he was a member of the London Church of Christ, but his mother later came to London to "sort [his] head out".

Career
Gruffudd started his acting career at the age of 13 in a Welsh television film, Austin (1986), and later moved on to the Welsh language soap opera Pobol y Cwm (People of the Valley) from 1987 to 1994. He also played football with the Pobol y Cwm football team Cwmderi FC alongside co-stars Hywel Emrys, Gwyn Elfyn and Ieuan Rhys. During this time, he was also active on stage, in school performances, and in the 1991 Urdd Eisteddfod production of Cwlwm.

In 1992, aged 18, he began attending the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) in London. However, he was only given small parts in the academy's productions, and feeling isolated and directionless, almost dropped out several times. But in 1995, while in his final year, he was cast in Ibsen's Hedda Gabler as George (Jørgen) Tesman, the husband of Hedda, the lead character. This performance led to his being offered the role of Jeremy Poldark in the 1996 TV remake of Poldark.

After playing Oscar Wilde's lover John Gray in 1997's Wilde he took a role as Fifth Officer Harold Lowe in James Cameron's film Titanic. He later landed the role of Horatio Hornblower in Hornblower, the Meridian production of the C. S. Forester novels (1998–2003), shown on ITV and A&E. He has said: "It was quite something for an unknown actor to get the lead. So I will always be grateful to Hornblower. ... I would love to play this character through every stage of his life. I think it would be unique to have an actor playing him from the very early days as a midshipman, through till he's an Admiral. So, I would love to play this character till he perishes."

His television work includes playing the character Pip in the BBC TV production of Charles Dickens' Great Expectations (1999), Lt. John Feeley in BBC One's Warriors (1999) and architect Philip Bosinney in ITV's adaptation of The Forsyte Saga (2002). He has starred in the films 102 Dalmatians (2000), Black Hawk Down (2001) and King Arthur (2004).

Gruffudd, a native Welsh speaker, was inducted into the Gorsedd Beirdd Ynys Prydain (the Bardic Order of Great Britain) at the highest rank of Druid in the National Eisteddfod at Meifod, mid-Wales, on 4 August 2003, with the bardic name "Ioan".

In 2007, he starred in the historical drama Amazing Grace as William Wilberforce, the British abolitionist, receiving critical acclaim for the role. Gruffudd has also portrayed characters of both Marvel Comics and DC Comics, having appeared as Reed Richards / Mister Fantastic in Marvel's Fantastic Four (2005) and Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer (2007), and guest starred as the voice of Mister Miracle in DC's Justice League Unlimited (2005).

In 2008, he appeared in the Julia Roberts-Ryan Reynolds film, Fireflies in the Garden. In 2008, he also appeared in The Secret of Moonacre. In 2009, he starred alongside Josh Brolin in W., a biopic about the life of US President George W Bush, in which Gruffudd played Tony Blair. In 2011, he played the financier of a cave dive in Sanctum.

In July 2008, he featured in a promotional trailer in Welsh for BBC Wales, alongside fellow Welshmen Matthew Rhys and Gethin Jones, publicising BBC coverage of the 2008 National Eisteddfod of Wales in Cardiff. In early 2014, Gruffudd was among the stars of Wales in a short film from the BBC to mark the centenary of the birth of Welsh poet Dylan Thomas.

Gruffudd débuted his new male lead of Dr Andrew Earlham, a respected surgeon and widowed father of a teenage son, on 11 September 2017, in ITV's new 6-part thriller miniseries, Liar. Dr Earlham's world—personally and professionally—is torn asunder when his son's schoolteacher, Laura Neilson (Joanne Froggatt) accuses him of raping her after their first date, the details of which she cannot remember. Liar also began airing in the US on SundanceTV on 25 September 2017.

In 2018, Gruffudd was cast as forensic pathologist Dr. Daniel Harrow in the Australian TV show Harrow airing on the ABC. The show is set and filmed in Brisbane and focuses on Gruffudd's character Dr. Harrow - a forensic pathologist with a total disregard for authority, and an unfailing empathy for the dead which helps him to solve the most bizarre cases. The series was a ratings hit in Australia and overseas, and was renewed for a second series in 2019 and a third series in 2020.

Apart from television and film work, he starred in the music video of Westlife's version of "Uptown Girl" (2001) alongside Claudia Schiffer. On 7 July 2007 he was a presenter at the UK leg of Live Earth at Wembley Stadium, London.

His other film credits include 102 Dalmatians (2000), Black Hawk Down (2001), The Gathering (2003), Fireflies in the Garden (2008), The Secret of Moonacre (2008), Sanctum, Horrible Bosses, Foster (all 2011), The Adventurer: The Curse of the Midas Box (2014), and San Andreas (2015).

On television, Gruffudd has starred in the CW series Ringer (2011–2012), the ABC drama Forever (2014–2015), the Lifetime series UnREAL (2016), Sundance/ITV's Liar (2017–2020), and the Australian series Harrow (2018–2021).

Personal life
Gruffudd met Alice Evans in 1999 during the production of 102 Dalmatians. They moved to Los Angeles together in 2003. On 14 September 2007, they married in Mexico. His best man was fellow Welsh actor Matthew Rhys, a long-time friend. Both are patrons of Trust PA, a UK spinal injuries charity. Evans and Gruffudd have two daughters, born in 2009 and 2013.

In an interview in 2020, Gruffudd said that working away from home meant that he and his wife had struggled to spend time with each other in the previous four years. Evans announced the couple's separation in January 2021. On 1 March 2021, Gruffudd filed for divorce. On 14 February 2022, Gruffudd filed for a domestic violence restraining order against Evans. This included protection of his girlfriend Bianca Wallace. On 2 August 2022, Gruffudd was granted a three-year permanent domestic violence restraining order against Evans. On 3 July 2023, an LA judge declared Gruffudd and Evans legally divorced.

In 2024, Gruffudd confirmed that he was engaged to Bianca Wallace. The couple had confirmed their relationship in 2021.

title: Ioan Gruffudd