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List of national parks of Belarus

This is a list of national parks of Belarus. It also lists main nature reserves.

There are currently four national parks in Belarus. The Belavezhskaya Pushcha National Park is a trans-boundary park between Belarus and Poland. Together parks cover more than 3300 km2.

History
While all four national parks in Belarus were established in the 1990s, the first protected nature reserve (zapovednik) of the country dates back to 1925 during the Belorussian SSR. Reserves in Belarus were subject to many changes and reforms during the time of the Soviet environmental management system, notably during the 40s and 50s when the Soviet Government revised the regulations around the exploitation of natural resources on protected land.

Following the Chernobyl disaster in the 1986, a new category of protected reserve was created for the Polesie State Radiological and Ecological Reserve which indicated a large zone of southern Belarus impacted by the radioactive fallout of the distaster.

It wasn't until after the fall of the Soviet Union that Belarus would officially designate national parks, largely based on former Soviet zapovedniki.

title: List of national parks of Belarus


text:
List of national parks of Bolivia

Status as of 2008:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of national parks of Bolivia


text:
Lukla

Lukla (लुक्ला ) is a small town in the Khumbu Pasanglhamu rural municipality of the Solukhumbu District in the Province No. 1 of northeastern Nepal. Situated at 2860 m above sea level, it is a popular place for visitors to the Himalayas near Mount Everest to arrive. Although Lukla means "place with many goats and sheep", few are found in the area nowadays.

Lukla contains a small airport serving the region, and a variety of shops and lodges catering to tourists and trekkers, providing western-style meals and trail supplies. From Lukla, travellers need two days to reach the village of Namche Bazaar, an altitude-acclimatization stop for those continuing on. In August 2014, the Nepalese government announced plans to open the first tarmac road from Kathmandu to Lukla.

Airport
Lukla is served by the Tenzing-Hillary Airport. Weather permitting, twin-engine Dornier 228s and de Havilland Canada Twin Otters make frequent daylight flights between Lukla and Kathmandu. Lukla Airport has a very short and steep airstrip, often compounded by hazardous weather, resulting in several fatal accidents. It has been called the most dangerous airport in the world.

title: Lukla


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List of protected areas of Bulgaria

This is a list of protected areas in Bulgaria which includes 3 national parks, 11 nature parks and 55 nature reserves. The national policy for governing and management of the protected areas is implemented by the Ministry of Environment and Water. The first nature park in Bulgaria and the Balkan Peninsula is Vitosha Nature Park, established in 1934. All of the nationally protected areas in Bulgaria are also part of the Natura 2000 network of protected natural areas in the territory of the European Union. Bulgaria has some of the largest Natura 2000 areas in the European Union covering 33.8% of its territory.

{{legend|#CFECEC|Declared UNESCO World Heritage Site, part of a World Heritage Site or contains such site|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} {{legend|#EEEE88|Declared UNESCO Biosphere Reserve or contains such reserve|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}} {{legend|#EEAAEE|Declared both UNESCO World Heritage Site (or part of a World Heritage Site or contains such site) and UNESCO Biosphere Reserve or contains such reserve|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}

 * Parks and reserves in italic letters are part of Global 200 ecoregions.

title: List of protected areas of Bulgaria


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Talk:Syphilis

What is a Hinton test?
Redirects here but not mentioned. Equinox ◑ 17:13, 17 May 2023 (UTC)

 * @Equinox, it was a more reliable test created by William Augustus Hinton. It's probably worth a brief mention.  Alternatively, you could repoint the redirect to History of syphilis. WhatamIdoing (talk) 05:29, 9 June 2024 (UTC)

Origin in Europe or America?
The history section is confusing. It starts off by saying that it started in America:

> Paleopathologists have known for decades that syphilis was present in the Americas before European contact.

But then says that it was present in Europe before the voyages to America:

> In 2020, a group of leading paleopathologists concluded that enough evidence had been collected to prove that treponemal disease, almost certainly including syphilis, had existed in Europe prior to the voyages of Columbus.

So which one is it? If it's uncertain it should start of by saying that. 46.33.152.203 (talk) 01:10, 26 October 2023 (UTC)

 * It seems that the confusion is introduced by a lengthy attempt move the origins of the disease away from pre-Colombian Americas. This attempt in lengthy and convoluted, if not outright forcefully introduced (and, this is what introduces the confusion and doubt about American origin of the disease) is caused by lack of any proof that the disease did not originate in Americas. It is so much overly forced upon the reader that, I suspect the reason for introducing the hypothesis is extra scientific and could have something to do with politics of the disease in today's world. 174.94.111.33 (talk) 03:07, 9 June 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 19 November 2023
change "This is believed to be partly due to increased sexual activity, increased prostitution, and decreased use of condoms." to : "This is believed to be partly due to increased prostitution, and decreased use of condoms." as increased sexual activity is false. Sexual activity seems to have lessen compared to previous years/decades Psixtras (talk) 20:52, 19 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Lewcm Talk to me! 20:45, 24 November 2023 (UTC)

Unclear bacteriology
The lead says that pinta is caused by Treponema carateum, which, indeed, pinta also says. In the body, however, the first paragraph under "Cause", talking of the bacterial cause, Treponema pallidum says that carateum is a subspecies. I am thus unclear, is T. carateum a separate species within the genus Treponema or is it a subspecies of T. pallidum? One paragraph or the other needs changing/clarifying, but i can't tell which is wrong. Happy days, ~ LindsayHello 12:39, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

 * @LindsayH, I don't know the answer to your question, but Treponema pallidum appears to have some more information. WhatamIdoing (talk) 05:31, 9 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank for that.  A tad embarrassing, as i thought i had checked sufficiently without finding the answer before writing my plea, but clearly i didn't.  Anyway, chasing references seems to make the answer fairly clear, so i'll make the change required.  Thanks for the pointer. Happy days, ~ LindsayHello 08:50, 9 June 2024 (UTC)
 * You're welcome. Thanks for making the change. WhatamIdoing (talk) 15:23, 9 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Syphilis


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User talk:Hellotoast

Responding to this email:

 * Just wondering if there might be a clearer way to present this paradox (but I don't want to tread on your work, since I don't really know much about this subject). It seems that the paradox works equally well if Monty and Marilyn each place new bills on top of their stacks, but when they pay the Devil, Monty takes from the bottom of his stack and Marilyn takes from the top of hers. This sidesteps the awkwardness of having to deal with probabilities in Monty's stack.  Does that make sense?  Does that sound like a good idea?  Or am I missing something here?

I think the take-from-the-bottom-of-the-stack version is a nice variant between the two current versions, but I like the probabilities (and they appear in the original Usenet post this whole article is based on). Perhaps it would make sense to put this version into the discussion somewhere.

Populus 03:46, 13 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello Hellotoast and welcome to Wikipedia! One of the world's largest enclopedias! Feel free to ask me any questions and I'll try my best to reply with good answers and also feel free to sign my guestbook.  Ross Rhodes (  T   C  ) Sign!  22:29, 7 April 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hellotoast


text:
List of national parks of Dominica

 * This list is of national parks in Dominica. For national parks in the similarly named country of the Dominican Republic, see List of national parks of the Dominican Republic.

There are three National parks in Dominica. Other protected areas include two Forest Reserves and the Syndicate Parrot Preserve.

Proposed protected areas
A 300 sq. mi. (800 km2) protected marine reserve has been announced to protect sperm whales, the first in the world.

title: List of national parks of Dominica


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Talk:Lukla, Nepal

Why was a redirect added from the name with country to the short? Shouldn't it be the other way around? RedWolf 03:47, Nov 13, 2003 (UTC)

 * No, the country is not normally added to cities, only when there are several cities with the same name. --Wik 03:49, Nov 13, 2003 (UTC)

 * The city,country form is used primarily for US and some other countries where it's customary. Dunno which way Nepal should swing though. Stan 05:02, 13 Nov 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lukla, Nepal


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Red-baiting

Red-baiting, also known as reductio ad Stalinum and red-tagging (in the Philippines), is an intention to discredit the validity of a political opponent and the opponent's logical argument by accusing, denouncing, attacking, or persecuting the target individual or group as anarchist, communist, Marxist, socialist, Stalinist, or fellow travelers towards these ideologies. In the phrase, red refers to the color that traditionally symbolized left-wing politics worldwide since the 19th century, while baiting refers to persecution, torment, or harassment, as in baiting.

Communist and associates, or more broadly socialist, have been used as a pejorative epithet against a wide range of individuals, political movements, governments, public, and private institutions since the emergence of the communist movement and the wider socialist movement. In the 19th century, the ruling classes were afraid of socialism because it challenged their rule. Since then, socialism has faced opposition, which was often organized and violent. During the 20th century, as socialism became a mainstream movement and communism gained power through communist parties, their main opponents were the political right, alongside organized anti-communists and critics of socialism. The United States is a notable exception among the Western world in not having had a major socialist party, and for having engaged in red-baiting, resulting in two historic Red Scare periods during the 1920s (First Red Scare) and 1950s (Second Red Scare). Such usage as an insult has been used as a tactic by the Republican Party against Democratic Party candidates, and has continued into the 21st century, including conflating German fascist Nazism as socialism and for left-wing politics.

In the United States, the term red-baiting dates to as far back as 1927. In 1928, blacklisting by the Daughters of the American Revolution was characterized as a "red-baiting relic". A term commonly used in the United States, red-baiting in American history is most famously associated with McCarthyism, which originated in the two historic Red Scare periods. While red-baiting does not have quite the same effect it previously did due to the Revolutions of 1989, some pundits posit that notable events in 21st-century American politics indicate a resurgence of red-baiting consistent with the Cold War era. It can even be argued that John F. Kennedy had unfairly Red-baited Nixon during their famous 1960 televised presidential debates. The Democratic candidate had been officially briefed on some of the secret plans of the Eisenhower Administration for overthrowing Castro’s Communist regime in Cuba, but then publicly accused Vice President Nixon of doing nothing in that regard, knowing that his opponent was sworn to secrecy on that project and therefore would be left looking weak on Communism.

Background
Both communist and socialist movements have faced hostility since their breakthrough in the 19th century. Friedrich Engels stated that in 1848, at the time when The Communist Manifesto was first published, socialism was respectable, while communism was not. The Owenites in England and the Fourierists in France were considered respectable socialists, while working-class movements that proclaimed the necessity of radical change denoted themselves communists; this latter branch of socialism produced the communist work of Étienne Cabet in France and Wilhelm Weitling in Germany. While democrat liberals looked to the Revolutions of 1848 as a democratic revolution, which in the long run ensured liberty, equality, and fraternity, communists denounced 1848 as a betrayal of working-class ideals by a bourgeoisie indifferent to the legitimate demands of the proletariat.

In countries such as 19th-century Germany and Italy, socialist parties have been banned, like with Otto von Bismarck's Anti-Socialist Laws. In the 1950s, West Germany and the United States banned the major communist party, the Communist Party of Germany and the Communist Party USA, respectively. With the expansion of liberal democracy and universal suffrage during the 20th century, socialism became a mainstream movement which expanded for most of the world, as center-left and left-wing socialist parties came to govern, become the main opposition party, or simply a commonality of the democratic process in most of the Western world; one major exception was the United States. In the Eastern world, communist parties came to power through revolution, civil war, coup d'état, and other means, coming to cover one-third of the world population by 1985, while in Western Europe communist parties were part of several post-war coalitions, before being ejected on the United States' orders, such as in Italy. Those parties in the West continued to be an important part of the multi-party democracy process; those in the East became an oppressive driving force for most of the 20th century due to the Soviet Union's role in World War II as part of the Allied powers against the fascist-led Axis powers, and later in the Cold War. In Western Europe Socialist parties greatly contributed to existing liberal democracy.

Peru
Since the 1930s, the political elite of Peru used fear mongering tactics to influence the public by targeting foreign communist movements according to historian Antonio Zapata of the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, beginning with Joseph Stalin and later with Fidel Castro. Terruqueos began to appear during the 1980s and would occur throughout the internal conflict in Peru. The basis of the terruqueo began during the presidency of Fernando Belaúnde when Legislative Decree 46 broadly defined terrorism as "any form of glorification or defense of the political discourse of subversive organizations". Into the 1990s, authoritarian president Alberto Fujimori utilized terruqueos with the help of the National Intelligence Service to discredit those who opposed him, including dissenters from his own government, with political scientist Daniel Encinas saying that this would evolve into conservative politicians using the attack to target those opposed to Fujimori's neoliberal economic policies and that the right-wing used the terruqueo as a "strategy of manipulating the legacy of political violence". Ultimately, a culture of fear was created by Fujimori according to Jo-Marie Burt, with individuals fearing that they would be described as a terrorist.

The terruqueo would then become so prominent that political discussions in Peru often devolved into the attacks, especially during elections. According to Fernando Velásquez Villalba, terruqueos are a latent phenomenon that appear more frequently in times of crisis. Terruqueos were intense against Pedro Castillo; he was portrayed as a "communist threat" that would bring "terrorism" and humanitarian disaster similar to Venezuela. When the 2022–2023 Peruvian political protests occurred, right-wing groups and the government of Dina Boluarte used the terruqueo to label protesters as terrorists, providing an excuse for authorities to use violence with impunity. Experts of the United Nations condemned its usage during the protests.

Philippines
In the Philippines, red-tagging poses threats to the lives or safety of its targets and impinges on the right to free expression and dissent. Red-tagged individuals also tend to become vulnerable to death threats and allegations of terrorism. The United Nations warns that red-tagging is a "criminalizing discourse" that undermines the value of the work of human rights defenders and places them at risk of violence and various forms of harassment.

Communism has generally been viewed with disfavor and particular distrust by large sectors of Philippine society ever since the country gained independence from the United States on 4 July 1946 through the Treaty of Manila. Shared ideological preferences with the United States, resulting from more than four decades of benevolent assimilation and exacerbated by the onset of the Cold War, have resulted in some Filipinos being predisposed to suspicion of communist sympathies. This predisposition makes red-tagging an effective fear appeal tool used by players in the political arena, given that it authorizes law-enforcement agencies and the military to act on the taggings.

Red-tagging is almost never employed in foreign relations of the Philippines, including members of ruling communist parties, owing to the principle in international law of Westphalian sovereignty in another country's domestic affairs. This can be seen especially in the government's cordial relations with the Lao People's Revolutionary Party and the Communist Party of Vietnam, both of which are ruling parties of ASEAN member states. One of the notable exceptions to the nontagging of foreigners was United States citizen Brandon Lee, an ancestral-domain paralegal in the Cordillera Administrative Region. Lee was tagged as a communist and automatically an "enemy of the state" and was subsequently shot four times. United States citizen Liza Soberano and Australian citizen Catriona Gray have also since been red-tagged and publicly threatened, the former with assassination and the latter with rape.

Australia
In the early 1950s, Liberal Party leaders like Robert Menzies red-baited Labor politicians and described them as insufficiently tough on the People's Republic of China.

20th century
Red-baiting was employed in opposition to anarchists in the United States as early as the late 1870s when businessmen, religious leaders, politicians and editorial writers tried to rally poor and middle-class workers to oppose dissident railroad workers and again during the Haymarket affair in the mid-1880s. Red-baiting was well established in the United States during the decade before World War I. In the post-war period of 1919–1921, the United States government employed it as a central tactic in dealing with labor radicals, anarchists, communists, socialists, and foreign agents. These actions in reaction to the First Red Scare and the concurrent Red Terror served as part of the organizing principle shaping counter-revolutionary policies and serving to institutionalize anti-communism as a force in American politics.

The period between the first and second Red Scares was relatively calm owing to the success of government anti-communism, the suppressive effects of New Deal policies on radical organized labor and the patriotism associated with total mobilization and war effort during World War II. Red-baiting re-emerged in the late 1940s and early 1950s during the period known as the Second Red Scare due to mounting Cold War tensions and the spread of communism abroad. Senator Joseph McCarthy's controversial red-baiting of suspected communists and communist sympathizers in the United States Department of State and the creation of a Hollywood blacklist led to the term McCarthyism being coined to signify any type of reckless political persecution or witch-hunt.

The history of anti-communist red-baiting in general and McCarthyism in particular continues to be hotly debated and political divisions this controversy created continue to make themselves felt. Conservative critics contend that revelations such as the Venona project decryptions and the FBI Silvermaster File at least mute if not outright refute the charge that red-baiting in general was unjustified. Historian Nicholas von Hoffman wrote in The Washington Post that evidence revealed in the Venona project forced him to admit that McCarthy was "still closer to the truth than those who ridiculed him" but has continued to believe that McCarthy did not identify the correct people. A similar view was expressed by Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, who led the Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy declassifying the Venona decryptions. Liberal scholars contend that even if someone could prove that the United States government was infiltrated by Soviet spies, McCarthy was censured by the Senate because he was in fact reckless and politically opportunistic, and his red-baiting ruined the lives of countless innocent people. In 1950, United States president Harry S. Truman had called McCarthy "the greatest asset the Kremlin has." Historian Ellen Schrecker wrote that "McCarthyism did more damage to the constitution than the American Communist Party ever did".

21st century
Although red-baiting in the United States does not have quite the same effect it previously did due to the fall of most Marxist–Leninist governments in the 1990s, some pundits posit that events in 21st-century American politics indicates a resurgence of red-baiting consistent with the 1950s. The United States government's measures in 2008 to address the subprime mortgage crisis such as the Troubled Asset Relief Program were not only criticized as corporate welfare but red-baited as a "gateway to socialism". Political activist and author Tim Wise says that the emergence of such red-baiting may have been motivated by, and given additional force by, racism towards President Barack Obama and fear that the progressive policies of his administration would erode white privilege in the United States.

Some commentators posit that red-baiting was used by John McCain, Republican presidential nominee in the 2008 United States presidential election, when he commented that Obama's improvised comments on wealth redistribution to Joe the Plumber was a promotion of socialism. Journalist David Remnick, who wrote the biography The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama, countered that it should be obvious that after one year in office Obama is a center-left president and the majority of his policies are in line with the center-left Democratic tradition. In July 2011, The Fiscal Times columnist Bruce Barlett wrote that an honest examination of the Obama presidency must conclude that he has in fact been a moderately conservative Democrat, and that it may take twenty years before Obama's basic conservatism is widely accepted. Author and columnist Chris Hedges posits that the Obama administration's policies have been mostly right-wing.

In April 2009, Representative Spencer Bachus made the claim that seventeen of his Congressional colleagues were socialists but could only name Senator Bernie Sanders, who has been openly describing himself as a democratic socialist for years. Sanders countered that American conservatives blur the differences between democratic socialism and authoritarian socialism, and between democracy and totalitarianism. For Sanders, the United States would benefit from a serious debate about comparing the quality of life for the middle class in the United States and in Nordic countries with a long social-democratic tradition.

In May 2009, a number of conservative members of the Republican National Committee were pressing the committee and by extension chairman Michael Steele to officially adopt the position that the Democratic Party is socialist. Over a dozen members of the conservative wing of the committee submitted a new resolution, to be eventually voted on by the entire committee, that would call on the Democratic Party to rename itself the Democrat Socialist Party; had this resolution been adopted, the committee's official view would have been that Democrats are socialists. On 20 May 2009, supporters of the resolution agreed to accept language urging Democrats to "stop pushing our country towards socialism and government control", ending a fight within the ranks of the Republican Party that reflected the divide between those who want a more centrist message and those seeking a more aggressive, conservative voice such as the one expressed by the Tea Party movement. Frank Llewellyn, the national director of Democratic Socialists of America, commented that Republicans never really define what they mean by socialism, and are simply engaging in the politics of fear.

In July 2009, talk show host Glenn Beck began to devote what would become many episodes on his TV and radio shows, focusing on Van Jones, a special advisor in President Obama's White House Council on Environmental Quality. Beck was especially critical of Jones' previous involvement in radical protest movements and referred to him as a "communist-anarchist radical". In September 2009, Jones resigned his position in the Obama administration after a number of his past statements became fodder for conservative critics and Republican officials. Time credited Beck with leading conservatives' attack on Jones, who characterized it as a "vicious smear campaign" and an effort to use "lies and distortions to distract and divide".

Insult usage
Communist or socialist have been used as a pejorative within red-baiting, mainly in reference to authoritarian state socialist regimes and Communist states but also for any proposal that may further expand the role of the government, by anti-communists and the political right for both communists and socialists, and for those who are neither but are alleged to be adopting socialist policies, as is done by Republicans for Democratic candidates in the United States. Those terms have also been used as an insult for several left-wing politicians in center-left socialist parties to describe them as farthest left and more extreme than they actually are in an effort to marginalize them. For some scholars, communist and socialist, and the memories of such authoritarian regimes, are used as an insult to dismiss any criticism of capitalism and support for socialism by positing that any form of communism or socialism would always and inevitably result in 20th-century Communism and authoritarian regimes.

Germany
The 1994 federal election saw a "red socks" campaign used by the center-right, including the CDU/CSU and the Free Democratic Party (FDP), to scare off a possible red–red–green coalition alliance (SPD–PDS–The Greens). Analysts have stated that such a strategy likely paid off, as it was seen as one of the decisive elements for the narrow victory of Helmut Kohl for the CDU/CSU–FDP. The red-baiting campaign was criticized as an obvious attempt to discredit the whole left; the PDS reinterpreted it for itself by printing red socks.

As the CDU/CSU was falling down while the SPD was surging in the polls, the 2021 federal election saw a Red Scare campaign against a possible red–red–green federal government, which was feared by conservatives, who engaged in red-baiting by promoting a Red Scare. A capital flight to Switzerland ensued due to fear of increased taxes for the very rich through higher inheritance taxes and a wealth tax. As The Left underperformed, a left-wing coalition was ruled out by just a few seats in the Bundestag, and the German financial market rallied as a result, as such threat was eliminated.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, former Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn was often labelled a communist or Marxist, and a communist spy by commentators in mainstream national newspapers The Daily Mail, The Sun, The Telegraph, and The Times, despite experts and researchers stating that no evidence exists. During the 2017 general election campaign, Steve Bush and George Eaton of the New Statesman commented that the Labour Party's manifesto was more Keynesian than anything, with Eaton stating that the adopted policies "would be regarded as mainstream in most European countries". According to some studies, media coverage of Corbyn has often been hostile and misrepresentative of his views.

United States
During the 20th century, the United States underwent two Red Scares, first in the 1920s and then in the 1950s through McCarthyism. In a speech on 10 October 1952, outgoing United States president Harry S. Truman (Democratic Party) lambasted Republicans for having "opposed almost all our programs to help the economic life of the country" and "having blindly turned [their] back on the tradition of public action for the public good", referencing then-Republican United States senator Robert A. Taft, who made the 1952 United States presidential election campaign about "creepy socialism", a scare word "they have hurled at every advance the people have made in the last 20 years" according to Truman. Socialism and socialization have been mistakenly used to refer to any state or government-operated industry or service (the proper term for such being either municipalization or nationalization); both terms have also been incorrectly used to mean any tax-funded programs, whether government-run or privately run.

Into the 21st century, with the rise in popularity and to the mainstream of self-declared democratic socialist United States senator Bernie Sanders, socialist has continued to be used as an insult, mainly by conservatives. Among conservatives, socialist is used as an insult to imply that Nazism, and by extension fascism, was a left-wing ideology, which is contrary to the consensus among scholars of fascism as a far-right ideology. An example of this is conservative columnist Jonah Goldberg's book Liberal Fascism, where modern liberalism and progressivism are described as the child of fascism, which is considered to be socialist. For conservative figures such as Dinesh D'Souza and Candace Owens, American Left figures like Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Sanders, and Elizabeth Warren are not only socialists but since the Nazis are wrongly considered to be socialists in this view, they are dangerous, and in turn any who oppose them cannot have any link to Nazism or the far right. The use of socialist as an insult to falsely imply that the Nazis were leftists is seen as a way to disavow far-right history, erase leftist victims of Nazi violence, and justify violence against leftists. Monopoly Socialism, a version of the Monopoly board game by Hasbro, was criticized for confusing socialism with communism, and mocking left-wing ideas in general. Some noted that the original game was created as a satire of capitalism, which is not widely known nowadays.

title: Red-baiting


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User talk:Wik/Archive October 2003

Bye There.
OK,spaces after punctuation are a matter of personal style.

But if you can't tolerate the statement that the idea of countries deciding what the capital of another country is a controversial one, I am out of the Wikipedia.GoodBYE. (12.144.5.2)

 * Bye. --Wik 01:13, Oct 3, 2003 (UTC)

Jerusalem
Hi, Wik. It's me, Ed. Do you know anything about why only a handful of countries "recognize" Jerusalem as the capital of Israel? --Uncle Ed 01:36, 4 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * Because it's disputed territory. It's not recognized as capital of Israel because it's not recognized as part of Israel. --Wik 01:43, Oct 4, 2003 (UTC)

 * Oh, I have a question too. I know that many countries physically have their Israeli embassies in Tel Aviv, but can you find a list of countries that actually "recognize" Tel Aviv as the capital? (192.55.20.36)

 * Probably all of them. In any case they don't recognize Jerusalem. --Wik 01:43, Oct 4, 2003 (UTC)

BTW - just watched EuroNews, and I noticed how, in listing capitals and major cities for their weather, for Israel they listed Tel Aviv, not Jerusalem. And when showing a map of Israel in a news story, even though the story was about Jerusalem, they made a point of showing Tel Aviv on the map too, even though it was never mentioned. Another example, I suppose, of showing the non-recognition of Jerusalem and recognition of Tel Aviv. (I am amazed how few American wikipedians are aware of the international non-recognition of Jerusalem!) FearÉIREANN 03:59, 26 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * So far as I know, there is no such thing under international law as "recognising" a place as the capital of a country. I don't think anyone officially "recognises" either Tel Aviv or Jerusalem as the capital of Israel. Governments may say they do or don't recognise Jerusalem, but that's a political statement. Governments also have to decide where to put their embassies, and that is a kind of de facto recognition. Adam 07:08, 1 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Gdansk
Wik, the history in Gdansk was taken verbatim from http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Gdansk. Vancouverguy 02:59, 4 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * Gee, this nationmaster site has a nice encyclopaedia in it... --Wik 03:03, Oct 4, 2003 (UTC)

So, it is a copyvio then? Vancouverguy 03:06, 4 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * No, since the Wikipedia is under GFDL I guess nationmaster is not committing any copyvio. ---Wik 03:07, Oct 4, 2003 (UTC)

 * "The Wikipedia article included on this page is licensed under the GFDL. All other elements are (c) copyright NationMaster.com 2003." Multiple websites out there are quoting entire Wikipedia articles. The only possible violation is them abusing us. --Uncle Ed 03:09, 4 Oct 2003 (UTC)

First time I've seen that. Very well, the history stays. Vancouverguy 03:10, 4 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Re Vergina: if someone wd fix the upload I wdnt have to make smart remarks about it :) Adam 16:17, 4 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Sometimes I think your brain and mine are of the same mold, so I thought I'd chime in and say hello. Our interests seem to overlap often. From Surrealism to Afghanistan, and all sorts of places in-between and notwithstanding. Kingturtle 02:40, 6 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * Hello Kingturtle. Yes, there may be quite some overlap. I see you also enjoy old almanacs and encyclopaedias. I have a small collection myself. --Wik 22:34, Oct 6, 2003 (UTC)

Bulgaria
Do you approve of the Bulgarian page now? Only a pretty small number of them had middle names (patronymics?) listed on rulers.org, so I added those on, but the list was basically sound. john 03:55, 6 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * No, there are still mistakes, e.g. "Konstantin Konstantinov" should be "Konstantin Stoilov". There is just no general way to determine the commonly used name from a full name, so you shouldn't try that. --Wik 22:34, Oct 6, 2003 (UTC)

 * You do know that the traditional way to make corrections is to, er, make them yourself, rather than badgering the person who originally wrote the page to make them. Eh. john 23:12, 6 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * I see a pattern of problematic additions of lists of incumbents on your part, so I'm badgering you in the hope that you won't repeat the same mistake over and over. --Wik 23:19, Oct 6, 2003 (UTC)

 * Two makes a pattern now? Anyway, I think the list should be correct now.  On last go round, I found three incorrect names - Konstantin Stoilov and two others.  Anyway, you're certainly right that I should've been less sloppy about it. john 23:24, 6 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * I'm afraid those two weren't the only cases. But I won't badger you about the older ones; I'll just correct them as I see them. I just wanted to make sure the same kind of error isn't repeated. --Wik 23:39, Oct 6, 2003 (UTC)

Doh! Thanks. Fuzheado

Do you seriously think that Finding child pornography on the internet is in need merely of cosmetic editing? Does this mean that you think an article instructing people how to view images of criminal acts being peformed on children is acceptable in an encyclopaedia, let alone an open-access one? Adam 06:13, 10 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * It shouldn't be "instructing", but describing what is after all a significant real-world phenomenon. It is not our concern what people do with any information here; we certainly shouldn't censor information based on what some people might do with it. We could also have descriptions about how bombs are built. It is not our responsibility if some people use this for illegal purposes, as long as publishing the information is not itself illegal. --Wik 17:31, Oct 10, 2003 (UTC)

Hi Wik, could you maybe point me to some guidelines for the general formatting of articles. I've tried to find something relating to stubnotes, but couldn't find anything. I'm busy correcting a whole lot of different variations of stubnotes to the official one, and would like to get the placement correct. Cheers, snoyes 02:36, 12 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Regarding the stubnote on AARP: I removed it because I felt that it was incompatible with the statement that "This block is a disambiguation block; that is, one that points to other pages that might otherwise have the same name ...". Why should there be a stubnote if a disambiguation page should point to other pages. --snoyes 02:41, 12 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * I don't know about official guidelines, but the standard practice seems to be to put the stubnote at the end of the article concerned. The external links section is part of the article. AARP is not just a disambiguation page; it contains a stub about the AARP organization and then a block listing other meanings of AARP. --Wik 02:43, Oct 12, 2003 (UTC)

Typographical chars.
Wik, I have noticed that you remove en- and em-dashes from places in texts where I have entered them. They are standard HTML character entities and IMO they improve legibility, Can you please tell me why you remove them? -- Viajero 18:13, 12 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * The standard seems to be to use the normal dash, which is easier to type and more legible in the source. You still may prefer the longer ones, but how does it look when different articles use all kinds of different dashes? --Wik 18:29, Oct 12, 2003 (UTC)

 * Perhaps it would be desirable for all articles to use metric measurements, Centigrade instead of Fahrenheit, UK spelling, and absolute consistency in a whole lot of other minor stylistic and formatting matters, but given the collaborative nature of this project that ain't gonna happen. So, I'll make a deal with you: I won't insist you use emdashes in the texts you edit and you don't remove them from texts I've worked on. -- Viajero 18:28, 13 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * That would certainly be desirable. You're right, it won't happen. But is that a reason against any move towards a relatively greater consistency? As I said on a similar matter before, I'm not doing an edit war over a matter like this, so if you want to reinstate your emdashes, go ahead. But in general I reserve the right to make such standardizations; most people don't mind. I am not trying to push my personally-preferred standards, just those that are already preferred by most people. On the other hand, you wouldn't have a case for insisting on emdashes, as this is a minority preference. --Wik 19:58, Oct 13, 2003 (UTC)

BBC 1
Why did you move BBC ONE? See the talk page. Myself and Jimfbleak were clearly against the idea. I think if you feel it should be moved then you need to discuss that first. Also, it would be silly to move BBC 1, but not BBC TWO. They need to be consistent. Angela 06:38, Oct 16, 2003 (UTC)

 * Two others were for the idea, so I thought I'd break the tie. The spelling "BBC One" is even widely used on the BBC's own website (e.g., ).

 * Oh I see. I thought Arwel's comment was just a comment rather than a vote to move the page. I have asked him to clarify. I have also copied Jtdirl's comment to the page. Angela 23:47, Oct 16, 2003 (UTC)

Hello, When reverting (Gdansk) be careful what you are reverting. I hope you are concerned with Wikipedia article being constantly improved and you do not want revert someone's proof-reading and correcting of typos.

 * Sorry about that, but you were reverting me first, reinstating a circular link and a nonsensical paragraph I had removed. In such cases I revert to my previous version, even if you did some improvements at the same time. --Wik 20:33, Oct 17, 2003 (UTC)

Good work on the Paul Levesque page! He's been blocked four times already today. Angela 01:42, Oct 19, 2003 (UTC)

Czechia
FWIW: IIRC: i set off the flurry of "Czechia" edits by doing something editing like Czech Republic into Czech Republic (Czechia) on article Europe; and i put back abt one reference after the big purge of Czechia occurrences. So i would hope i've demonstrated at least moderate concern that the term not be slighted. And thus it may be worth my being on record that i support your revert of Qertis's edit. --Jerzy 03:11, 2003 Oct 24 (UTC)

 * Since "Czechia" is not in common use (Google test: Czech Republic - 10,500,000; Czechia - 68,500; a relation of 153 to 1) we should not use it here any more frequently either. I will continue to remove Czechia occurrences. --Wik 15:56, Oct 24, 2003 (UTC)

Miniscule vs. Minuscule
Re your correction on Fairlie - my dictionary lists both as valid spellings, but minuscule as being the more common usage. Not going to revert it, but no need to correct it either. --Morven 03:31, 24 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * You're right, it wasn't necessary (though miniscule was listed on Misspelling - I've now removed it from there). --Wik 15:56, Oct 24, 2003 (UTC)

De-adminship
Dear Wik, apparently you know exactly what an admin should do and what (s)he should not do. But you might need a lection of policy as well: "If you're requesting de-adminship of someone else, you can do so here, but please first try to discuss the issue directly with the admin in question." Why didn't you just ask me to revert to another version? I would have taken that in consideration. You preferred to come along with wild accusations. If you really think that I have any sympathy with revisionist writers, you should have a look at these pages: User talk:Heine or User talk:Pius. I don't want to be your enemy, Wik. But I won't unprotect that page. The protection is not intended to conserve the current version, but to stop the edit war until the combattants agree on a compromise. Then we will have a version, that hopefully even you can live with. -- Cordyph 16:32, 24 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * I did ask you to revert to another version, and when you do it I will remove the complaint. What wild accusations are you talking about? I just note that you as a matter of fact took sides by not only protecting the page but reverting to the Nico/Ruhrjung version. I'm not asking to unprotect the page, but to revert to a neutral version. There won't be a compromise with Nico, so the page will have to be protected until Nico gives up. My patience is thin with sysops who don't look at the issues and just tell people to talk until they agree on a compromise. This won't work with people who are obviously trying to push a POV agenda. Those users should instead be strongly admonished to accept the NPOV principle and, if they refuse, they should be banned. --Wik 17:11, Oct 24, 2003 (UTC)

 * Please accept my apology for "completely hopping mad". You won't see me again at the Silesia article - at least for the next months. -- Cordyph 19:44, 24 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Minor and major edits
Hello, Wik. Nice work for correcting misspellings. I am here to just want to ask you to put those edits as minor edits? If you mark them as minor, then those edits don't show up in recent changes. Because probably no one disagree with spelling correction, those edits don't need to show up in recent changes. Keep up good work! -- Taku

Please explain why you ATTEMPTED to revert my addition to the Bush dynasty page. RickK 07:21, 25 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * You reverted me, I reverted to my last version. --Wik 11:43, Oct 25, 2003 (UTC)

 * No, I didn't I didn't revert anything you wrote.  RickK 18:42, 25 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * Check the history. You reverted my spelling corrections. --Wik 18:47, Oct 25, 2003 (UTC)

 * I didn't REVERT anything. All I did was to ADD an entirely new paragraph.  I am NOW going to re-add that paragraph to YOUR most recent reversion.  I am not attempting to get into an edit war over this, but I see no reason why MY paragraph can't stand beside yours.  RickK 19:35, 25 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * Don't you see in the history how the first paragraph got changed by your edit? --Wik 19:40, Oct 25, 2003 (UTC)

 * I didn't do it. I have no idea how that happened, because I was only doing an edit.  But besides that, just reverting my addition was wrong.  You could have re-added your changes, which were only one spelling change and the deletion of a word.  RickK 19:42, 25 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * Normally that happens when someone hits an edit conflict and then simply copies his revision over the previous one, so I assumed that was how it happened (and I revert in such cases as a matter of principle). --Wik 19:50, Oct 25, 2003 (UTC)

 * This might have been the simultaneous edit bug. Occasionally if two people make an edit at the same time, only one of them is shown in the history of the page. It happened to me once. Best to AssumeGoodFaith. You should never be removing good content "on principle". Angela 19:55, Oct 25, 2003 (UTC)

 * But it was far from simultaneous. And as to my principle: it is not my responsibility to sort out other people's edit conflicts; when I revert, the other one will notice it and ultimately re-add his content properly. This problem has happened too often for me to act any differently. There are some people who very consciously ignore edit conflicts and just copy their revision over; I don't want to encourage such behaviour. --Wik 20:20, Oct 25, 2003 (UTC)

 * I'm saying it might not have been an edit conflict. It might have been a bug. You are only going to upset people if you revert their changes without reason. You also can not assume that person wil notice and make their edit again. Some people don't put everything on their watchlist. Angela 20:29, Oct 25, 2003 (UTC)

 * It might have been a bug, but I have never heard about that and it would be extremely unlikely. Usually it is an ignored edit conflict, and I won't accept that, even on the risk that some content is lost. --Wik 20:43, Oct 25, 2003 (UTC)

Wik, I think you are being unfair to Lir. He did make major mistakes in the past but since he came back as Lir he has not put a foot wrong. Even 172, who was bitter critic in the past, is impressed by his work and is giving him the benefit of the doubt. I did clash very strongly with him in the past but I do think he has changed and is acting responsibly. If he returns to old ways by all means criticise him, but I don't think that is going to happen. But it is unfair to criticise him when he is acting correctly, doing very competent edits and working with people, on the basis of what happened before. This time he is upfront about his identity and is back because Jimbo and many others (including myself) think that he wants to make amends and be a genuine contributor. Judge him on what he does now, not on mistakes he made previously. We all have a right to learn from our mistakes and have a right to be given the space to learn from them, not have people constantly attacking you today for things you did six months ago. If your judgment on him is right you will be shown to be right. So save your 'told you so's until then. But if you are wrong, it would be a shame to drive away someone trying to correct past mistakes and to act genuinely this time, and who is doing first class edits, all because you couldn't let go of the past when he was trying to. lol FearÉIREANN 03:54, 26 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Wik, do you just like reverting or do you actually have something against EncycloZine being listed on the List of encyclopedias page? As there is an article on EncycloZine, I can't see what your objection is. If you have an issue with it, you need to say so on the talk page. You cant just go on reverting pages and refusing to discuss it. Angela 20:09, Oct 26, 2003 (UTC)

 * I did so in my original edit summary. EncycloZine is commercial junk, even if you call it an encyclopaedia it is certainly not worth to be listed on List of encyclopaedias as long as thousands of better encyclopaedias are not mentioned there. --Wik 20:20, Oct 26, 2003 (UTC)

Wik, EncycloZine is lame enough but it is using Wikipedia stuff and the folks which run it do have some skills. Please leave it alone. If you wish to list thousands of others have at it. Fred Bauder 22:02, 26 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * Well, we already have Wikipedia listed. Why should we list a clearly inferior, advertising-laden subset of Wikipedia, just because it may have a few original articles? If I were to add thousands of lame websites, the real encyclopaedias would not be discernible in the list. --Wik 22:08, Oct 26, 2003 (UTC)

Compared to Nupedia it seems pretty substantial. Fred Bauder 05:33, 27 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * That and some others should be removed from the list too, but I'm particularly allergic to commercial sites being advertised here. --Wik 05:36, Oct 27, 2003 (UTC)

Hi Wik, I was in the process of starting a philosophy of copyright page when you removed the cross-reference from intellectual property education. The reference might be useful, just because people's attitudes to IPE will depend strongly on how they believe copyright to be justified (as well as their attitude to civil disobedience). -- Pde

Hi Wik, please use the talk page rather than engaging in an edit war. I know about your policy of not talking to trolls, but Lir is a user in good standing, having been specifically unbanned by Jimbo. By not conversing with him, you are violating the cooperative spirit of wikiquette. Cheers, Cyan 21:15, 31 Oct 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wik/Archive October 2003


text:
Present (disambiguation)

Present is a time that is neither future nor past, happening now

Present or The Present or Presents may also refer to:
 * Gift, something given free of charge, gratis

Time and timing

 * Present tense, a grammatical tense of a verb
 * Before Present, radiocarbon dates relative to AD 1950
 * Presenting, a medical term
 * Presenteeism, meaning working while sick
 * Voting "present", a form of abstention in parliamentary procedure

Film and television

 * The Present, a 2009 surf film by Thomas Campbell (visual artist)
 * The Present (2014 film), a German animated short film by Jacob Frey
 * The Present (2020 film), a Palestinian short film
 * The Present (2024 film), an American comedy film
 * "The Present" (The Flash), an episode of The Flash
 * "The Present", an episode of Minority Report, 2015

Print media

 * Present, a 1997 poetry collection by Alfred Corn
 * The Present, a 1975 novel by Gabriel Josipovici
 * The Present, a 1998 romance novel by Johanna Lindsey
 * The Present: The Secret to Enjoying Your Work And Life, Now!, self help book by Spencer Johnson
 * Présent, a French right-wing newspaper

Music

 * The Present, a New York based duo featuring Mina Ohashi, who previously performed under the name Fayray
 * Present (band), a Belgian progressive rock group

Albums

 * Present (Bonnie Pink album), 2003
 * Present (Donghae & Eunhyuk EP), 2015
 * Present (Killing Heidi album), 2002
 * Present (Timbaland & Magoo album), 2005
 * Present (Van der Graaf Generator album), 2005
 * Present (Yuki Uchida album), 1997
 * Present, a 2011 album by Japanese singer Shizuka Itō
 * Present, a 2018 album by South Korean singers Woo Jin-young and Kim Hyun-soo
 * The Present (Moody Blues album), 1983
 * Presents (Maki Ohguro album), 2002
 * Presents (Princess Princess album), 1994
 * Presents, a 1998 album by My Little Lover
 * Presents, a 2007 album by 10 Foot Ganja Plant

Songs

 * "Present", a 2008 song by Bump of Chicken from Present from You
 * "Present", an English-language version of the 2011 Eurovision contest entry "Jestem" Magdalena Tul's
 * "Present", a 2018 song by Gen Hoshino from Pop Virus
 * "Present", a 2020 song by Mrs. Green Apple
 * "Present", a 2021 song by American singer Khalid
 * "Presents", instrumental by Tom Waits from One from the Heart

Other uses

 * Present (Aitken) a sculpture in Washington, D.C, by Robert Ingersoll Aitken
 * PRESENT (cipher), an ultra-lightweight block cipher algorithm
 * The Present, a 2015 stage adaptation of Anton Chekhov's play Platonov, brought to Broadway in 2016

title: Present (disambiguation)


text:
Institutional Missionary Baptist Conference of America

The Institutional Missionary Baptist Conference of America is a recent division of the National Missionary Baptist Convention of America, which was formed on November 15, 1988.

When the NMBCA was formed, Dr. S. M. Lockridge of San Diego, California was elected president of the Convention and served until his retirement in 1994. After his retirement a series of events and contested elections eventually brought about the formation of the Institutional Missionary Baptist Conference of America around 1999. Dr. H.J. Johnson, of Dallas, Texas, General Secretary of the Convention, ran for the presidency in 1995 and again in 1998. Following the second election defeat, Dr. Johnson and his supporters withdrew and organized the Institutional Missionary Baptist Conference; he was president of this organization for several years.


text:
Talk:Funk

Untitled
For discussion prior to 2006, see Talk:Funk/Archive1.

Newer people
I think Vulfpeck, Childish Gambino, Bruno Mars, Anderson Paak, Lizzo should be mentioned. Xrockerboy (talk) 03:51, 24 October 2023 (UTC)

Cold Blood
I would like to urge the authors/editors of the Funk article to include mention of the San Francisco band Lydia Pense & Cold Blood. They are chronicled in Wikipedia here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Blood_(band). Besides sharing musicians with and complimenting the Oakland band Tower of Power, Cold Blood has been innovative in their own right. Their album Thriller (1973 - no relation to Michael Jackson's album of the same name), in particular, features several notable tracks, including an excellent cover of Stevie Wonder's You Are the Sunshine of My Life. The lead track - Baby I Love You - starts with exactly the kind of guitar/keyboard/bass/drum syncopated groove that the Funk article cites as a hallmark of the Funk genre, with the bass, in particular, playing multiple notes of the pattern on the offbeat eighth notes. The track Feel So Bad is astonishing - perhaps the only recording of a blues in which the downbeat is not on 1. Cold Blood puts it on the "and" of 4 of the previous measure - an anticipatory syncopation that compels the listener's hand, elbow, shoulder, hip, and knee to slip, in the classic way that makes funk so danceable. After an initial disorientation, the effect of this marvelous early downbeat is irresistible. And, of course, there are the horns. Some of us consider horns to be not just a common funk element but a defining one. Cold Blood's horns are tight and expressive. Lydia Pense, herself, deserves mention in the Women of Funk section. She delivers consistently strong performances, clearly leading and defining the band's sound. If the authors/editors of the Funk article have not sampled the Cold Blood body of work, I strongly suggest that they do so and include the band on the basis of musical quality, rather than fame or popularity. Ebuchter50 (talk) 23:31, 28 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Very interesting thankyou for the info
 * Based on what you cite I will be listening as well as I hope others will do. AND respectually based just on your suggestion second your request
 * Ree 166.181.87.120 (talk) 04:23, 4 May 2024 (UTC)

No chord progressions??
I am very far from being a funk expert, but it seems to me that saying anything about "no chord progressions" might be a mistake. How many funk tunes have exactly one chord with no changes ever? "Play That Funky Music" is mentioned as an example, but not only does it have more than one chord (as already acknowledged), it also prominently features a dramatic chord progression that couldn't be removed without wrecking the song.

Staying on one chord for a long time, and then changing it at just the right moment with a dramatic flair, shows a tune that is highly focused on chord progressions – just very slow-moving ones.

"No chord progressions" would happen in two basic kinds of situations:

1. If there's only one chord in the whole song, from start to finish, no exceptions, especially that the bass can only ever play the same note. (When the bass moves, it's generally a new chord, even if the rest of the band don't notice. There can be exceptions to that, but not many.)

2. If the chords change but they can't be analyzed as progressions (either because they follow a completely different kind of logic that doesn't even have progressions, or because they're random).

Are there tons of funk songs where the chord never ever changes and the bass never ever moves to a different note, especially not near the end of the song? That would prove me completely wrong.

Suggestions for "Did you maybe mean something like this instead?":

- Should it be called something like radically simplified chord progressions? (side note: is it possible to prove that this is an intentional contrast against styles with complicated fast changes? Did any famous expert say that?)

- Does funk stay away from highly-detailed chord progressions because the highly-detailed rhythmic patterns became the short-term interest instead? (Can we prove that too?) TooManyFingers (talk) 16:38, 9 June 2024 (UTC)

Example of swing 16ths in funk?
First, I don't even know of a swing funk song. But OK, what is an example of a swing funk song in which it's the sixteenth notes that swing, instead of the eighth notes? TooManyFingers (talk) 20:35, 11 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Reading further down the article, I see Cissy Strut given as an example. Now I understand, but I'm not sure if this actually swings in any traditional sense, or if it's using straight 16ths in a very smart way to create a swing-like feel. But in any case I get the point, I do feel it swinging, whether it technically is or not. Maybe a metronome can prove to me that it is – I'll see if I'm bright enough to set that up. TooManyFingers (talk) 20:52, 11 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Funk


text:
Boku

Boku may refer to:

 * Bōku, a board game
 * Boku (juice), a juice carton drink
 * Boku, Inc., a San Francisco, California-based mobile payments company
 * University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (Universität für Bodenkultur Wien; BOKU)
 * Shō Boku (1739–1794), king of Ryukyu
 * Boku, the former codename of Kodu, a child-oriented programming environment from Microsoft
 * A first-person Japanese pronoun, with an implication of boyishness

title: Boku


text:
Turgenev (surname)

Turgenev (masculine, Тургенев) or Turgeneva (feminine, Тургеневa) is a Russian surname which derives from the Mongolian word "Тургенев" (turgen, meaning fast/quick).

Notable people with the surname include the following:

 * Ivan Petrovich Turgenev (fl. 1796–1803), rector of the Moscow State University
 * Alexander Turgenev (1784-1846), Russian historian and statesman
 * Nikolay Turgenev (1789–1871), Russian economist
 * Ivan Turgenev (1818-1883), Russian novelist and playwright, who is the eponym of the main-belt asteroid 3323 Turgenev
 * Pierre-Nicolas Tourgueneff (1853–1912) (original spelling was "Turgenev"), French sculptor and painter

Тургенев (фамилия)

title: Turgenev (surname)


text:
Talk:Ivan Turgenev

German transliteration
Turgenev is sufficiently affiliated with Germany that the German transliteration (Turgenjew) should be noted here. Lirath Q. Pynnor

I disagree. This is the English Wikipedia. The German translation belongs on the German Wikipedia. RickK 05:27, 13 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Both Turgenev and Turgenjew are transliteration of Russian therefore only the English transliteration should be used here. Maximus Rex 05:28, 13 Nov 2003 (UTC)

English readers are interested in how his name is spelled, in its many variants. Lirath Q. Pynnor

No, they're not. Lir is trying to be disingenuous. See the controversy that he engendered over attempting to rename Christopher Columbus and subsequent attempts to name every place and person in Wikipedia by the name they are known in their native languages, instead of what they're known as in English. RickK 16:38, 13 Nov 2003 (UTC)

I'm an English reader, Im interested. Maybe you aren't academic enough to be interested; but why do you want to suppress the information? Lirath Q. Pynnor

 * I don't believe Rick is trying to suppress anything - just discussing whether to include the information in the article. The word "suppress" has unfortunate connotations of government censorship and the like, so it might provoke more heat than light... Martin 15:43, 15 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Shall we list the transliteration of Turgenev's name in every language in the world? Why does the German transliteration need to be here in preference over any other? RickK 19:17, 15 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Lir does answer that question at the top of this page: "Turgenev is sufficiently affiliated with Germany that the German transliteration should be noted here". Presumably Turgenev isn't "sufficiently affiliated" with other languages? Martin 19:26, 15 Nov 2003 (UTC)

He lived in Germany for quite some time, I would expect that a great deal of writings refer to Turgenjew. Lirath Q. Pynnor

 * There are ~50 google hits for "Ivan Turgenjew" and ~700 for "Iwan Turgenjew", if that helps? Martin 01:00, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC)

For Google searches in English: "Ivan Turgenjew" 6 "Ivan Turgenev" 9,440 -- Maximus Rex 01:04, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * (this is posted via a couple of edit conflicts, sorry if I'm duplicating numbers) I'm not exactly a Turgenev expert, but I've read quite a lot of him (for my sins) and a bit about him, and I've never come across "Turgenjew". I don't doubt that his name is transliterated that way in German, but I've never seen it in English. Google turns up less than 200 hits that it thinks are in English with any reference to "Turgenjew" (compare over 20,000 for "Turgenev"), and a lot of those look like they're not really in English at all. In my view, the spelling isn't nearly common enough to mention it in the article (though I'm certainly not going to edit war over it). What definitely would be good, however, is his name in Cyrillic. --Camembert

 * We have whole articles based on less than 100 google hits! ;-) Fair points - I've self-reverted. Martin 01:28, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC)

And what would be the harm in including such information? Lirath Q. Pynnor

 * It gives the impression that the German form is used in English. I mean, if you desperately want to include the German transliteration at the bottom of the article, clearly marked as a spelling that's only used in German-language contexts, I suppose I wouldn't really argue with that (though I'm not sure what the point of it would be). --Camembert

I have no objection to indicating that this is the german spelling -- if I were looking for information on Turgenev, if I were seriously doing research, I would take the time to find out his German transliteration...so that I could find German documents. I would like to be able to use the wiki for such purposes; it is fine if we don't include the Swahili transliteration -- but since he lived in Germany, it would be useful. Lirath Q. Pynnor

 * Well, that seems a reasonable reason to include it to me. Perhaps as a compromise with those who don't want it in at all it could be put around the bit where it mentions him being in Germany, eg "Turgenev's higher education took place in St. Petersburg from 1834 to 1837, and in Berlin from 1838 to 1841 (during which time he spelled his name Iwan Sergejewitsch Turgenjew)" or "(the German transliteration of his name is...)". Just a thought. --Camembert

 * Only thing is... are we sure that he did actually spell his name that way? OK, it's spelled that way in German, but did he himself spell it like that while he was in Germany? If so, great, and sorry, and I'll shut up, but I'm a bit concerned because I know that Russians around that time often took a French form of their name. --Camembert

Has the debate ended? Should we just delete off the superfluous German transliteration? Mandel 02:23, Sep 3, 2004 (UTC)

Inaccuracy?
"Turgenev is considered one of the great Victorian novelists" - I was under the impression that 'Victorian' was reserved only for Britain? Surely it would be more correct to state "19th Century novelist"? --JDnCoke 16:26, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Interestingly, Turgenev is called Victorian by quite a lot of scholars - both because of the period he wrote in (although you're right that the term 'Victorian era' is usually only used in reference to Britain) and because of what might be called 'the spirit' of his works. He was by far the most prominent and popular of Russian writers in 19th century Britain (and not Tolstoy or Dostoevsky) and is generally considered to write in a style most characteristic of Victorian writers. To be honest, my knowledge of English literature of the perioв is rather sketchy, so I am unable to provide any examples or, indeed, counter-examples. Also, Victorian is probably used as a shortcut for the period in which Turgenev actively wrote, which more or less coincideв with Queen Victoria's rule. I also suppose his Anglophile outlook contributed to him being called Victorian. --AVIosad 20:32, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

His date of death is listed as 3 September and 4 September at different points in the article.

Converting Windows-1251 to UTF-8
I'm trying to convert the windows-1251 to HTML unicode character codes. The wikipedia guide says that you can paste UTF-8 characters into the edit field and wikipedia will convert the utf-8 characters to HTML character codes. However, I cannot find any utilities to convert windows-1251 encoded text to UTF-8 encoded text. There are converters for all of the other cyrillic encodings but UTF-8 isn't supported by any that I've found.

ÁáÉ

Russian originals
Let me urge people to add the Russian transciptions of the titles to their respective pages and not here. Mandel 20:25, Jun 11, 2005 (UTC)

The 1911 Encyclopedia entry
I think this entry makes it clear why the 1911 Britannica should not be used for certain entries in Wikipedia. It's bigoted and hopelessly outdated; the language is antiquated, and in places, is just terrible. The critical assessment is no longer valid; and people keep adding pointless edits without getting to the crux of his works. Turgenev's mother is "narrow-minded and vindictive"; the 1911 Encylopedia praises A Nest of Nobles as "one of the saddest and at the same time truest pages in the whole range of existing novels." People simply switch Fathers and Sons for A Nest of Nobles. Some editing, eh? Mandel 03:54, Jun 13, 2005 (UTC)

Remove attention tag
I cleaned up the entry. There was much about Turgenev's background that was melodramatic ans presumptions about his freeing the serfs that were speculative and overstated. Since this was manifest and the tag applied nebulous I assume this was why it was applied. I removed it becau se of the clarifications I made. Iago Dali 18:05, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

Brain
The Guinness books I have say his brain weighed 2,012 g (4 lb 6.97 oz) – not 2,021 g (4 lb 7.29 oz) as it is said here. Can someone check this up? My guess is that 4 lb 7 oz was converted to 2,012 g (actually closer to 2,013), but I havent seen the English language editions with his entry. Plus, the proper symbol for gram is g, not gm. --Anshelm '77 21:14, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

Well, I did find some pages citing 4 lb 6.9 oz, like this one, though that converts to 2,010 g. --Anshelm '77 21:19, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

I personally thought the brain fact was just a bit awkward considering there is no reference to how much the average human brain weighs. I wasn't sure whether his brain was remarkably small or large so I looked it up here. 1,300 to 1,400 grams is the normal weight. Without this reference the fact seems strange and out of place in the article. This may be my opinion but perhaps a reference at least to it being a remarkably large brain or a reference to the average size of a brain should be made. --Christopher Nyberg 1:01, 11 April 2007 (EST)

Simone Lance
How does Simone Lance's opinion contribute to the entry? Neither her work nor the arguments she "ruthlessly cuts aparts" are cited. Prose is bad also. Ok to cut this concluding paragraph from Turgenev's "Career" section? Cyrusc 16:38, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

Please do, that was a NPOV no-no. 62.23.241.25 13:00, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

Early works
Two of his early works: Were included in the see also section. I moved them to the plays section as I've determined from some Russian references that they are short plays. Неосторожность would roughly translate, I guess, as something like "carelessness" or maybe "recklessness" and "Где тонко, там и рвется" would be literally "Where it is thin, it vomits" although I'm guessing the phrase is not meant to be taken literally. Anybody know a source for accepted translations? --JayHenry 19:25, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
 * 1843 - Неосторожность
 * 1847 - Где тонко, там и рвется

Which of his plays or short stories is about Mumu the dog?

Hi, I read an essay about one of Turgenev's stories or plays involving a deaf and dumb peasant who finds a dog called Mumu. The fief, who is secretly based on Turgenev's own mother, first expects the dog to warm to her instantly and be as friendly to her as the peasant who looks after her, and then when she doesn't get what she wants flies into a rage, next she is woken up by the dog barking in the night and orders it to be destroyed. The peasant very sadly follows the order because his life depends on her, but he is never the same again because the dog was his only friend.

I thought the play or short story (not sure) was named after the dog, Mumu, but I don't see it in the list. Is it another one or does it go by another name?

Thanks, Kester Ratcliff. Bhikkhu Santi 07:33, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

I've got a copy of short stories including Memoirs of a Superfluous Man, Asya, King Lear of the Steppes, First Love, The Song of Triumphant Love and Mumu. The ISBN is 0-19-282591-7, so these could probably be added. On another note, there's an 'Everyman' translation of The Nest of Gentlefolk which goes by the name Liza. In the introduction it is implied that this was the preferred name for the book whilst the former was a publisher's choice. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.111.200.200 (talk) 12:34, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

Nihilism
Given Turgenev's popularization of the term nihilism (and his importance for the movement in Russia), should there not be a section relating to this? The character Bazarov in Fathers and Sons was greatly emulated by the students and nihilists in Russia. This books significance to the nihilist movement is mentioned in both the Fathers and Sons and Nihilism article. Should this be included in the 'Legacy' or the 'Career' section? Or a new section all together?Kbel32 (talk) 16:21, 19 September 2011 (UTC)

largest brain?
according to Corballis, 1991, p. 66 Russian writer Ivan Turgenev had the record for the largest brain at 2012 gms. 76.120.17.197 (talk) 20:23, 2 July 2013 (UTC)

King Lear of the Steppes (title error)
Shouldn't that be 'A Lear of the Steppes'? That's what's on the cover of the 1912 edition I'm reading. It also returns more google searches than 'King...' 82.2.189.10 (talk) 17:56, 16 October 2013 (UTC)

frustrated love with the gayness
Did anybody else understand this phrase, describing a recurrent theme in Turgenev's work?Wessexunderwater (talk) 20:37, 29 May 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Gogol obituary
"The key passage reads: 'Gogol is dead!... What Russian heart is not shaken by those three words?... He is gone, that man whom we now have the right (the bitter right, given to us by death) to call great.' The censor of Saint Petersburg did not approve of this and banned publication, but the Moscow censor allowed it to be published in a newspaper in that city. The censor was dismissed; but Turgenev was held responsible for the incident, imprisoned for a month, and then exiled to his country estate for nearly two years."

Why was this considered so offensive? 2A02:A03F:E822:1B00:5142:DB7B:4FEF:EB84 (talk) 11:41, 12 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ivan Turgenev


text:
Piano Concerto No. 1 (Brahms)

The Piano Concerto No. 1 in D minor, Op. 15, is a work for piano and orchestra completed by Johannes Brahms in 1858. The composer gave the work's public debut in Hanover, the following year. It was his first-performed orchestral work, and (in its third performance) his first orchestral work performed to audience approval.

Form
This concerto is written in the traditional three movements and is approximately 40 to 50 minutes long.

1. Maestoso (D minor) (c. 20 minutes)
 * The first movement is in sonata form, divided into five sections: orchestral introduction, exposition, development, recapitulation, and coda. This movement is large, lasting between 20 and 25 minutes. Although without a cadenza, the strict adherence to forms used in the Classical Period earned Brahms a reputation for being musically "conservative", but his innovative harmonies and chord-progressions were hardly that. The theme heavily makes use of arpeggiated chords and trills. Within the orchestral introduction other themes are introduced, and the thematic material is further developed by both orchestra and soloist.
 * Orchesterwerke Romantik Themen.pdf

2. Adagio (D major) (c. 13 minutes)
 * This movement is in a ternary form, with the theme in the violins accompanied by bassoons.
 * Orchesterwerke Romantik Themen.pdf

3. Rondo: Allegro non troppo (D minor → D major) (c. 11 minutes)
 * The structure of the Rondo finale is similar to that of the rondo of Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 3. There are three themes present in this rondo; the second theme may be considered a strong variation of the first. The third theme is introduced in the episode but is never explicitly developed by the soloist, instead the soloist is "integrated into the orchestral effect". A cadenza follows the bulk of the rondo, with an extensive coda that develops the first and third themes appearing afterward. The coda is in the parallel major, D major.
 * Orchesterwerke Romantik Themen.pdf

Instrumentation
The piece is scored for 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets (B♭ and A), 2 bassoons, 4 horns (initially 2 in D, 2 in B♭ bass), 2 trumpets (D), timpani (D and A), piano and strings.

Roles of Joachim and Clara Schumann
Brahms was himself a professional-level pianist who had first highly impressed the leading violinist Joseph Joachim, who gave him a letter of introduction to Robert Schumann. Brahms and Joachim became close friends for life. In 1853 Brahms had aroused the greatest admiration from Schumann and his wife Clara, a turning point in Brahms's career, by playing for them some of his own solo piano pieces. Clara was a leading concert pianist and a composer. She and Brahms began a lifelong friendship, which became more important when Robert was committed to an asylum in 1854 and died in 1856. Clara, 14 years older than Brahms, wrote of him in her diary in 1854 "I love him like a son." Brahms's love of her was respectful, more complex and conflicted, but he much valued her opinions and advice.

Composition
During the course of composition, the work passed through different forms. In 1854 it began as a sonata for two pianos. By July 27 of that year it was being transformed into a four-movement symphony. Brahms sought advice from his close friend Julius Otto Grimm. "Brahms was in the habit of showing his orchestrations to Grimm, who, with his conservatory training, was better schooled in orchestration." After incorporating some of Grimm's suggestions Brahms then sent the orchestrated first movement to Joachim. Evidently Joachim liked it. Brahms wrote to him 12 September 1854 "As usual, you've viewed my symphony movement through rose-coloured spectacles – I definitely want to change and improve it; there's still a great deal lacking in the composition, and I don't even understand as much of the orchestration as appears in the movement, since the best of it I owe to Grimm." By January 1855 Brahms had composed second and third movements, for piano. He ultimately decided to make the work a concerto for piano, his favored instrument, in 1855–56, still consulting friends about the orchestration. Avins writes that "In all the many volumes of correspondence to and from Brahms, nothing quite approaches the letters he and Joachim exchanged over his First Piano Concerto (there are more than twenty of them) ... Joachim's answers, lengthy, detailed, thoughtful, and skilled, are extraordinary testimonials to his own talent, and to the awe and admiration he felt for his friend." Brahms only retained the original material from the work's first movement; the remaining movements were discarded and two new ones were composed, a second movement adagio, which Hans Gál called "calm and dreamlike", and a third movement rondo, in which Gál heard "healthy, exuberant creativity". The result was a work in the more usual three-movement concerto structure. As late as early February 1858, Joachim sent the manuscript back to Brahms "completely revised", hoping that he liked the reorchestrated sections. Brahms did not complete his Symphony No. 1 until 1876.

Piano duo versions
Brahms also wrote a two-piano arrangement, which was essentially the original score before orchestration. In 1853 Robert Schumann had bought a grand piano for Clara so that the household had two. In September 1856 Brahms sent Clara the first movement of his new piano concerto in a two-piano score. She wrote in her diary on 1 October 1856 that Brahms had "composed an excellent first movement" for a piano concerto, and "I am delighted with its greatness of conception and the tenderness of its melodies." Then on 18 October, "Johannes has finished his concerto - we have played it several times on two pianos."

In 1862 Rieter-Biedermann, publisher of the Concerto, requested that Brahms write a piano four-hands arrangement. Publishers liked piano four-hands arrangements, which could be sold to customers owning only one piano. However, Brahms declined, saying it would not be "practical" for him. Two years later Brahms decided he needed the money he would get for it, so he made the arrangement.

Early performances
Clara heard a rehearsal of the concerto in Hanover in March 1858, nine months before the premiere there, and wrote to a friend that it "went very well ... Almost all of it sounds beautiful, some parts far more beautiful even than Johannes himself imagined or expected." The concerto was first performed on January 22, 1859, in Hanover, Germany, when Brahms was just 25 years old. The audience received it coldly. The second performance, five days later, was in Leipzig. The Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra was a leading one in Germany. It had premiered Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 5 ("Emperor") in 1811. Felix Mendelssohn conducted the Gewandhaus from 1835 until his death in 1847. During his tenure the orchestra premiered Schubert's Symphony No. 9 ("Great Symphony"), after Schubert's death; Robert Schumann had unearthed a manuscript in Vienna and given a copy to Mendelssohn. The orchestra also premiered Mendelssohn's own Symphony No. 3 ("Scottish") and violin concerto. It seems that after Mendelssohn's passing, "standards in Leipzig declined". Still, the Gewandhaus remained a highly prestigious orchestra. Its concertmaster, Ferdinand David, had invited Brahms to have his concerto performed there. Brahms, who served as piano soloist, had two rehearsals in Leipzig with the orchestra. He thought he had played the concerto "significantly better than in Hanover, the orchestra outstandingly," but at the end only a few in the audience tried to clap and were soon overwhelmed by hissing. The concerto had only one encouraging review, from the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik, Robert Schumann's former journal; it was "savaged" by other critics. Brahms wrote to Joachim "I am only experimenting and feeling my way," adding sadly, "all the same, the hissing was rather too much."

The third performance was 24 March 1859 in a concert with the Hamburg Philharmonic at which Joachim and the leading baritone Julius Stockhausen also performed. The concert was a great success. Each of the three leading performers was recalled for more applause. Brahms wrote to Clara that Joachim [as concertmaster?] "rehearsed my concerto and played it marvelously well ... In short, the Leipzig reviews have done no damage" [in Hamburg]. Heller wrote a "highly commendatory review".

Brahms revised the concerto (much less extensively than before) and in August 1859 sent the revised manuscript to Clara, who replied that she had "hours of joy" from it. In September she wrote that the adagio is "exquisite" and "beautiful". She said the first movement "gave me great pleasure" although she did not like "some things in it" she had criticized before, but Brahms had not changed them. The fourth performance of the concerto (and first of the new revision) was with the Hamburg Philharmonic conducted by Georg Dietrich Otten and was not a success.

Another performance came 3 December 1861, again with the Hamburg Philharmonic, this time with Brahms conducting and Clara as solo pianist. She wrote in her diary "I was certainly the happiest person in the whole room ... the joy of the work so overcame me", but "the public understood nothing and felt nothing, otherwise it must have shown proper respect." By then the concerto had been performed in concert five times, a success with only one of the audiences. Brahms and Clara both put it aside for some years.

First successfully performed orchestral piece
The First Serenade, the second Brahms orchestral piece to be played in concert, had its première on 3 March 1860, with success. Before that the concerto had been performed three times, a success the third time, 24 March 1859, before the serenade by about a year.

Publication
In the summer of 1860 Brahms submitted to the publishers Breitkopf & Härtel five pieces, the Concerto, his first Serenade, two choral works, and "Eight Songs and Romances", Op. 14. Only the Serenade was accepted. The Concerto was rejected based on its bad reception in Leipzig. No comment was made on the other three pieces. Brahms then submitted the four rejected pieces to a Swiss publisher, Melchior Rieter-Biedermann, who accepted them, and later published many other Brahms pieces, including the German Requiem.

Later performances
In November 1865 Brahms performed the concerto in Karlsruhe successfully, being "recalled" for more applause. A group of "friends of music", some of whom had missed the concert, engaged the orchestra players and organized a "private concert" on Sunday morning at which Brahms's Piano Quartet No. 2 was also performed. Brahms wrote to Clara that "The musicians were exceedingly devoted to me, so that the whole affair was most agreeable."

In 1874 Clara played the solo part in a performance in a Gewandhaus concert in Leipzig, the first performance of the concerto there since the January 1859 débacle. Brahms himself was invited by a member of the Gewandhaus Board of Directors and performed the concerto in Leipzig 1 January 1878. The concerto "fared only slightly better this time" than it had in 1859. Hans von Bülow was a concert pianist and highly regarded conductor. He wrote to Brahms in the spring of 1882 "I am to participate in a Rhine Musical festival ... in Aachen ... I plan to play your D minor [concerto] well, or at least do my best ... with a few days of seclusion to prepare." Brahms replied "You ... can be proud of yourself ... to bring to a music festival such a work of ill repute as the D minor concerto." It was no secret that von Bülow admired Brahms, having called him the third of the Three Bs. In 1881 Brahms finished his second piano concerto. Thereafter von Bülow took concert tours "with both Brahms's piano concertos, sometimes conducting from the keyboard."

Biographical points
Brahms's biographers often note that the first sketches for the dramatic opening movement followed quickly on the heels of the 1854 suicide attempt of the composer's dear friend and mentor, Robert Schumann, an event which caused great anguish for Brahms. He finally completed the concerto two years after Schumann's death in 1856.

The degree to which Brahms's personal experience is embedded in the concerto is hard to gauge since several other factors also influenced the musical expression of the piece. The epic mood links the work explicitly to the tradition of the Beethoven symphony that Brahms sought to emulate. The finale of the concerto, for example, is clearly modeled on the last movement of Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 3, while the concerto's key of D minor is the same as both Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 and Mozart's dramatic Piano Concerto No. 20.

Symphonic and chamber techniques
The work reflects Brahms's effort to combine the piano with the orchestra as equal partners in a symphonic-scale structure, in emulation of the classical concertos of Mozart and Beethoven. It thus differs from earlier Romantic concertos, where the orchestra effectively accompanied the pianist. Even for the young Brahms, the concerto-as-showpiece had little appeal. Instead, he enlisted both orchestra and soloist in the service of the musical ideas; technically difficult passages in the concerto are never gratuitous, but extend and develop the thematic material. Such an approach is thoroughly in keeping with Brahms's artistic temperament, but also reflects the concerto's symphonic origins and ambitions. His effort drew on both chamber music techniques and the pre-classical Baroque concerto grosso, an approach that later was fully realized in Brahms's Piano Concerto No. 2. This first concerto also demonstrates Brahms's particular interest in scoring for the timpani and the horn, both of whose parts are difficult and prominent.

Although composed in Brahms's youth, this concerto is a mature work that points forward to his later concertos and his Symphony No. 1. Most notable are its scale and grandeur, as well as the thrilling technical difficulties it presents. As time passed, the work grew in popularity until it was recognized as a masterpiece. Brahms biographer Styra Avins calls it a "great" piece. Alfred Brendel considers it among the "purest Brahms", stating that to "...particularly the D-Minor Concerto, goes my love."

Selected performances

 * Wilhelm Backhaus with Sir Adrian Boult and the BBC Symphony Orchestra (November 28, 1932).
 * Vladimir Horowitz with Arturo Toscanini and the New York Philharmonic (March 17, 1935).
 * Artur Schnabel with George Szell and the London Philharmonic Orchestra (1938)
 * Arthur Rubinstein with Fritz Reiner and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra (1954)
 * Myra Hess with Dimitri Mitropoulos and the New York Philharmonic (1955)
 * Julius Katchen with Pierre Monteux and the London Symphony Orchestra (recorded Walthamstow Assembly Hall, 24–25 March 1959; issued on Decca LXT5546/SXL2172)
 * Leon Fleisher with George Szell and the Cleveland Orchestra (1958)
 * Clifford Curzon with George Szell and the London Symphony Orchestra (1962)
 * Glenn Gould with Leonard Bernstein and the New York Philharmonic (from a concert of April 6, 1962, famous for Bernstein's introductory remarks to the audience in which he said he was not in agreement with Gould's "remarkably broad tempi and ... frequent departures from Brahms' dynamic indications".
 * Van Cliburn with Erich Leinsdorf and the Boston Symphony Orchestra (1964)
 * Bruno Leonardo Gelber with Franz-Paul Decker and the Munich Philharmonic Orchestra (June 1965), winner of the Grand Prix Du Disque
 * Claudio Arrau with Bernard Haitink and the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra (1970)
 * Emil Gilels with Eugen Jochum and the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra (1972)
 * Arthur Rubinstein with Bernard Haitink and the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra (1973, video)
 * Alexis Weissenberg with Carlo Maria Giulini and the London Symphony Orchestra (1973, EMI Electrola)
 * Radu Lupu with Edo de Waart and the London Symphony Orchestra (1975)
 * Arthur Rubinstein with Zubin Mehta and the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra (1976)
 * Roger Woodward with Kurt Masur and the New Philharmonic Orchestra (1976, RCA Red Seal)
 * Maurizio Pollini with Claudio Abbado and the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra (1977, Deutsche Grammophon)
 * Sándor Falvai with Antal Jancsovics and the Hungarian State Orchestra (1978)
 * Vladimir Ashkenazy with Bernard Haitink and the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra (1983)
 * Emanuel Ax with James Levine and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra (1984)
 * Stephen Kovacevich with Sir Colin Davis and the London Symphony Orchestra (1985)
 * Krystian Zimerman with Leonard Bernstein and the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra (1985, Deutsche Grammophon)
 * Horacio Gutierrez with André Previn and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra (1991)
 * Krystian Zimerman with Sir Simon Rattle and the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra (2005)
 * Hélène Grimaud with Michael Gielen and the Southwest German Radio Symphony Orchestra (SWR Sinfonieorchester Baden-Baden und Freiburg) (April 17, 2005)
 * Nelson Freire with Riccardo Chailly and the Gewandhausorchester (2006, Decca)
 * Norman Krieger with JoAnn Falletta and the Virginia Symphony Orchestra (2008)
 * Maurizio Pollini with Christian Thielemann and the Staatskapelle Dresden (October 14, 2011, Deutsche Grammophon)
 * Hélène Grimaud with Andris Nelsons and the Symphonieorchester des Bayerischen Rundfunks (2013, Deutsche Grammophon)
 * Daniel Barenboim with Gustavo Dudamel and the Staatskapelle Berlin (2015, Deutsche Grammophon)
 * Paul Lewis with Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra (2016, Harmonia Mundi)

Use in film
The first movement of the concerto was used to reinforce particularly dramatic moments in the British film The L-Shaped Room (1963), in a recording by Peter Katin.

title: Piano Concerto No. 1 (Brahms)


text:
Assemblage 23

Assemblage 23 is an electronic act from the United States, currently based in Woonsocket, Rhode Island. It was founded in 1988 by Tom Shear who writes the music and lyrics and does the recording himself. Live performances are supported by Paul Seegers on keyboards and Mike Jenney on drums.

1980s–1990s (pre–Assemblage 23)
Prior to starting Assemblage 23, Shear experimented with music under the name Man on a Stage, beginning in the early 1980s. Most of Shear's music at this point was instrumental, as he lacked the confidence to sing; the quality of the music itself was highly questionable by his own admission. Shear eventually began to add vocals to his music; at the same time, Shear was also playing bass in a live band called the Advocates.

Assemblage 23 was officially born in 1988, after Shear experienced the industrial dance music played by an opening DJ for Depeche Mode. The style of this genre deeply impressed Shear; he believed he had finally found the sort of sound he wanted for his music. Even so, the project was more of a hobby for Shear at this point; it took until 1998 for Assemblage 23 to gather enough positive acclaim to attract the attention of record labels.

Late 1990s – early 2000
Shear signed a deal in 1999 with the Canadian label Gashed! for a full-length album (Contempt, released in November 1999). Contempt ranked #42 on the DAC Top Albums of 2000 chart in Germany. A second album, Failure, followed in March 2001 and was released by Gashed in North America and Accession Records in Europe. A single from Failure, "Disappoint", was released on Accession in October 2001 and ranked #42 on the DAC Top Singles chart for 2001. The song dealt with Shear's sense of loss after his father's suicide on October 28, 1999, and features a sample from the film In the Line of Fire.

After falling out with Gashed Records following Failure, Shear signed with US label Metropolis Records (US) later in 2001; Metropolis re-released Contempt and Failure in November. A remix release, Addendum, was also released in November only on Accession. By this point, Assemblage 23 had become fairly popular within the EBM genre and closely catalogued alongside the "futurepop" genre, which Shear himself characterized — possibly tongue-in-cheek — as "mostly people who can't sing, over 90s-era trance patches."

The third album, Defiance, was released in October 2002 on Metropolis and Accession, preceded by the single "Document", in September of that year.

Assemblage 23 released a fourth album, Storm, in October 2004 with singles "Let the Wind Erase Me" in August and "Ground" in November. "Ground" spent eight weeks on the DAC Singles chart peaking at #2.

Mid 2000 – present
In March 2007, Assemblage 23 released a new single, "Binary", which debuted at No. 21 on the Billboard US singles chart, preceding the album Meta, released in April 2007.

Also in 2007 saw the release of Early Rare & Unreleased which is a collection of 14 Assemblage 23 tracks taken from the years 1988–1998. In 2009, "Early Rare & Unreleased Volume Two" was released.

Assemblage 23 performed at Montreal's Kinetik Festival in May 2009. In September 2009, Assemblage 23 released the single "Spark," followed by its sixth studio album Compass.

On June 12, 2012, Assemblage 23 released the album Bruise.

The album Endure was released on August 28, 2016, and, in October 2016, Assemblage 23 began a nationwide tour in support of the album.

Mourn, was released on September 11, 2020, and was influenced simultaneously by Shear's bout with depression after the release of Endure and the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Also owing to the pandemic, the release of Mourn was unique in that it was not immediately followed by a tour unlike each of the band's previous seven albums.

Band members

 * Tom Shear - vocals, programming
 * Paul Seegers - keyboards
 * Mike Jenney - drums

Demo cassette

 * Demo, Fall 1998 – (CS demo) 1998 – no label

Studio albums

 * Contempt – (CD album) 1999 – Gashed! • (CD album) 2000 – Accession Records • (CD album) 2001 – Metropolis
 * Failure – (CD album) 2001 – Gashed!, Metropolis, Accession Records
 * Defiance – (CD album) 2002 – Metropolis, Accession Records • (CD album) 2005 – Irond
 * Storm – (CD album) 2004 – Metropolis, Accession Records • (CD) 2005 – Irond
 * Meta – (CD album) 2007 – Metropolis, Accession Records, Irond
 * Compass – (CD album) Oct. 2009 – Metropolis, Accession Records, Irond
 * Bruise – (CD album) June 2012 – Metropolis, Accession Records, Irond
 * Endure – (CD album) 2016 – Metropolis
 * Mourn - (CD album) 2020 - Metropolis

Remix albums, EPs

 * Addendum – (CD) 2001 – Accession Records

Early, Rare, and Unreleased collections

 * Early, Rare & Unreleased 1988–1998 – (CD, Ltd. Edition) 2007 – 23db
 * Early, Rare & Unreleased: Volume Two – (CD, Ltd. Edition) 2009 – 23db

Singles

 * "Disappoint" – (CD, Maxi) 2001 – Accession Records
 * "Document" – (CD Maxi) 2002 – Accession Records
 * "Let the Wind Erase Me" – (CD Maxi) 2004 – Metropolis, Accession Records
 * "Ground"– (CD Maxi) 2004 – Metropolis, Accession Records
 * "Binary" – (CD Maxi) 2007 – Metropolis, Accession Records
 * "Spark" – (CD Maxi) Sept. 2009 – Metropolis, Accession Records

title: Assemblage 23