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Mahendra Chaudhry

Mahendra Pal Chaudhry (born 9 February 1942) is a Fijian politician and the leader of the Fiji Labour Party. Following a historic election in which he defeated the long-time former leader, Sitiveni Rabuka, the former trade union leader became Fiji's first Indo-Fijian Prime Minister on 19 May 1999, but exactly one year later, on 19 May 2000 he and most of his Cabinet were taken hostage by coup leader George Speight, in the Fiji coup of 2000. Unable to exercise his duties, he and his ministers were sacked by President Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara on 27 May; Mara intended to assume emergency powers himself but was himself deposed by the military leader, Commodore Frank Bainimarama.

After 56 days in captivity, Chaudhry was released on 13 July and subsequently embarked on a tour of the world to rally support. He was one of the leading voices raised in opposition to the Qarase government's proposed Reconciliation and Unity Commission, which he said was just a mechanism to grant amnesty to persons guilty of coup-related offences. In January 2007, he was appointed as Minister of Finance, Sugar Reform Public Enterprise and National Planning in the interim Cabinet of Commodore Frank Bainimarama, following another coup. Chaudhry was also co-chair of the task force focusing on economic growth within the National Council for Building a Better Fiji. In August 2008, he left the government and became an outspoken critic of it.

Family background
Mahendra Chaudhry born in an Indo-Fijian family in the town of Ba in Fiji. His paternal grandfather Ram Nath Chaudhry was from the village of Bahu Jamalpur in Haryana, India (then the British Raj) and arrived in the British Colony of Fiji in 1902, as an indentured labourer, to work on Fiji's sugarcane plantations. On his arrival in Fiji he disputed the agreement to work in the plantations and was employed as a store manager until he started his own business. He later returned to India with his wife, Ram Kalia, who died 22 September 1930 at the age of 45, and whom he had met and married in Fiji. His daughter, Raj Kumari also went to India with them. His sons Ram Gopal and Krishan Gopal Chaudhry remained in Fiji. Ram Gopal had fifteen children, one of them and the eldest son being Mahendra. Mahendra's maternal grandfather was from the Indian state of Kerala, and he has settled in Fiji in the early 1900s.

He worked as a government auditor, then as secretary of the Fiji Public Service Association during its 1973 strike, and later as vice-president of the Fiji Trades Union Congress. He also served on the board of the Fiji National Provident Fund until 1986.

In 2004, Chaudhry received the Pravasi Bharatiya Samman, which is granted to members of the Indian diaspora to honor their contributions to the countries of which they are members. Chaudhry was the first Fijian citizen to receive this award.

Cabinet member after 1987 election win
Chaudhry helped to launch the Fiji Labour Party in 1985, and served as its assistant secretary. The Labour got its first chance to test its popularity in the by-election for the North Central Indian National Seat in December 1985, following the resignation of Vijay R. Singh. FLP decided to field Mahendra Chaudhry, who was also the general secretary of the National Farmers Union, as its candidate. Chaudhry lost the election by only 204 votes.

He was elected to Parliament for the first time in the 1987 general election and appointed Minister of Finance and Economic Planning in the coalition government of Timoci Bavadra. This government held office for barely a month; on 14 May, Lieutenant Colonel Sitiveni Rabuka deposed the government in the first of two military coups. In the aftermath of the coup he was repeatedly detained by the military. In January 1988 in his role as PSA secretary he led a strike by Suva firefights, which the military regime declared illegal. He was subsequently elected general secretary of the FTUC, and in this role led union resistance to the military regime. In June 1988 he was detained by the police and interrogated over the seizure of several tons of Soviet-made weaponry, but no charges were laid. He subsequently warned the military regime that Australian and New Zealand unions would be asked to take action against Fiji if the harassment of unions continued.

In June 1990 he led the National Farmers Union of Fiji in a boycott of the sugar cane harvest, threatening international action if the army used force. Later that month he led opposition to the military's draft constitution. His home was subsequently attacked by a gang of masked men, who smashed windows and damaged his car. In July 1991 he threatened a national strike by FTUC unions against the regime's proposal to jail those disrupting essential industries; the threat was successful, and the regime's industrial decree was revoked.

Leader of Labour Party from 1991
Chaudhry remained active in the Labour Party, and assumed leadership of the party in 1991 from Adi Kuini Bavadra, widow of Timoci Bavadra who had died in 1989. In 1990 a new constitution had been imposed on Fiji by presidential decree. This constitution discriminated against the Indian community in seats allocated to it in the House of Representatives, by not guaranteeing any seats in the Senate and by restricting Indo-Fijians from holding prominent positions in the civil service. Both the NFP and FLP decided to boycott the elections scheduled for May 1992. At the last minute, the NFP decided to contest the election. Mahendra Chaudhry, then had no choice but to lead the FLP into the election. With little time to prepare for the campaign, the FLP managed to win only 13 of the 27 seats reserved for Indians.

After the election, Chaudhry made the controversial decision to support Sitiveni Rabuka in Parliament, in exchange for a promise to review the 1990 Constitution, which Fiji Indians generally regarded as discriminating against them. Rabuka did not follow through on the deal, and Chaudhry and the Labour Party were punished at the parliamentary election of 1994, losing 6 of their 13 seats.

In the mid-1990s, after Rabuka finally did agree to a constitutional review, Chaudhry led campaign to change the electoral system from one based on "communal rolls" (with parliamentary seats reserved by ethnicity, elected by voters enrolled as members of particular ethnic groups), to one based on universal suffrage. Eventually, a compromise formula was agreed upon. Meanwhile, the Rabuka government was losing popularity. His admissions of womanizing, together with allegations of corruption in his administration, alienated him from powerful sections of the electorate. Chaudhry, meanwhile, forged the People's Coalition, an electoral alliance consisting of his Labour Party, and two other parties, both led by indigenous Fijians disaffected by Rabuka's administration. Another indigenous-led party, the Christian Democratic Alliance, joined the coalition later.

The 1999 election and the 2000 coup
The 1999 election resulted in a landslide win for the People's Coalition, with 58 of the 71 seats in the House of Representatives. The Labour Party won an absolute majority, 37 seats, in its own right. From the outset, voices both within the coalition and without attempted to persuade Chaudhry to forego the office of Prime Minister in favour of an ethnic Fijian, such as his deputy Tupeni Baba or Adi Kuini Speed (by now, the leader of the Fijian Association Party, part of the People's Coalition), but he refused. President Mara reportedly persuaded indigenous Fijian members of the coalition to accept Chaudhry's leadership. Chaudhry was duly appointed Prime Minister on 19 May 1999. To shore up his support among the indigenous community, Chaudhry appointed indigenous Fijians to two-thirds of all ministerial positions.

Few in Chaudhry's caucus had had any previous political experience, a factor that created difficulties for his government. Some Fijian nationalists opposed his administration and stirred up fears in the mostly rural ethnic Fijian population that land reform measures proposed by the Chaudhry government would expropriate their land (notwithstanding constitutional guarantees of indigenous control over five-sixths of the land, which could not be changed without the support of 9 of the 14 chiefly representatives in the Senate). Despite widespread fears of civil unrest, the takeover of the parliamentary complex by George Speight on 19 May 2000 (one year to the day since Chaudhry's appointment as Prime Minister) happened without warning.

More details concerning the overthrow of the Chaudhry government may be found in 2000 Fijian coup d'état and the linked Timeline, Mutinies, and Aftermath.

The election of 2001 and aftermath
When democracy was restored in 2001, Chaudhry fought a hotly contested election, but was defeated by Laisenia Qarase of the Soqosoqo Duavata ni Lewenivanua (SDL). It is thought that attrition within the Labour Party was a factor in his defeat; high-profile party members like Tupeni Baba had split to form the New Labour Unity Party and he had barely survived a leadership challenge. Mutual enmity between his party and the National Federation Party, the only other political party with significant Fiji-Indian support at that time, prevented a preference-swapping deal. In Fiji's system of transferable voting, such a deal would almost certainly have made him Prime Minister again. (Fiji's electoral laws, modelled at the time on those of Australia, allowed the votes of any two or more candidates in a particular constituency to be combined according to the candidates' preferences; voters could specify a different choice by ranking the candidates numerically in the order of their own preference).

Chaudhry rebuilt the Labour Party, which won several key by-elections throughout 2004. He challenged in the courts the refusal of the Qarase government to include his party in the Cabinet; on 18 July 2003, the Supreme Court ruled in his favour, saying that the exclusion of a party with more than 8 seats in the House of Representatives violated the Constitution. Appeals, counter-appeals, and negotiations delayed the appointment of Labour Ministers to the Cabinet, however. The Supreme Court subsequently ruled in June 2004 that the Labour Party was entitled to 14 out of 30 cabinet posts. Qarase announced that he would implement the order, but his refusal to include Chaudhry himself in any cabinet lineup continued to stall negotiations on the composition of the cabinet. Late in 2004, Chaudhry announced that the Labour Party had decided to remain in opposition for the remainder of the parliamentary term, seeing no way to resolve the impasse without making unacceptable compromises. By remaining outside of the government, the Labour Party was able to distance itself from unpopular decisions made by the administration, and position itself to challenge the ruling SDL for power in 2006.

2006 general election
The Fiji Labour Party formed an electoral alliance with the Party of National Unity (PANU) and United Peoples Party (UPP) of Mick Beddoes to contest the 2006 general elections. The SDL Party of Prime Minister Qarase had joined a grand coalition of ethnic Fijian parties to unite the indigenous Fijian vote. During the election, the issue of race was again raised and this galvanised Fijian support behind Qarase. Although the FLP increased its share of votes to 39% and won four more seats to make a total of 31, it was unable to unseat the Qarase Government.

Internal dissent
Chaudhry was criticised by some prominent members of the FLP, including Krishna Datt and Poseci Bune, for finalising his list of Senate nominees without consulting the Party. The Party threatened action against those members who spoke out publicly against Chaudhry.

Chaudhry's decision that the Labour Party should join the multi-party cabinet (although Chaudhry himself did not join it), was a course for friction within the party. Prime Minister Qarase demanded that all cabinet members vote for the budget or face dismissal, but Chaudhry advised the Labour cabinet members to oppose it because of the increase in VAT tax. In the end four members voted against the budget while others were absent from Parliament.

Participation in interim government
Following the December 2006 coup that ousted Qarase, Chaudhry accepted the post of Minister of Finance in the interim government formed under Frank Bainimarama in January 2007.

Chaudhry resigned as Minister of Finance on 18 August 2008, along with the Labour Party's two other ministers; Bainimarama took over Chaudhry's portfolio. According to Chaudhry, they did so voluntarily in preparation for the planned general election, although Bainimarama said that "there was a communication from me to [Chaudhry] about him resigning", while dismissing the issue's importance. Prior to the resignation, there had already been widespread rumors that Bainimarama wanted to remove Chaudhry from the government.

Chaudhry defended his record as Finance Minister, saying that "the value of our dollar today would have been about 20 cents had we not taken the measures that we took." While stating that Chaudhry's resignation was a positive development, deposed Prime Minister Qarase was sharply critical of Chaudhry's performance as Finance Minister, saying that he "failed badly as Finance Minister and the economy has shown very little sign of progress. He's just running away from the mess he has created." Qarase also condemned Chaudhry's participation in what he described as "an illegal administration".

Following the April 2009 constitutional crisis, Chaudhry spoke out to criticise the interim government, "def[ying] a press and political crackdown on dissent" in so doing. He described the abrogation of the Constitution as "tragic and unfortunate", and Commodore Bainimarama's leadership as "autocratic and dictatorial", adding that it was now "imperative" to set up multi-party talks – involving Qarase and other leaders – to prepare a speedy restoration of democracy. In October 2010 he was arrested for "meeting with sugar farmers in Rakiraki", in breach of the government's "emergency regulations that ban public meetings". In reporting on the arrest, the BBC described Chaudhry as "one of the main opposition voices" to the Bainimarama government; The Australian subsequently called him one of Bainimarama's "two most effective critics" within Fiji, along with Fiji Times editor-in-chief Netani Rika.

Elections in 2014
In April 2014 Chaudhry was convicted of breaching the Exchange Control Act by investing money outside Fiji without informing the Reserve Bank, and fined US$1.1 million. The conviction meant he was ineligible to contest the upcoming 2014 elections. An appeal against his conviction was unsuccessful. Choudhry was nominated as an FLP candidate, but ruled to be ineligible. The Labour Party won only 2.4 percent of the vote, and no parliamentary seats, and Chaudhry joined the leaders of other opposition parties in alleging electoral fraud.

On 3 July 2015, Chaudhry was quoted by Radio New Zealand as announcing his retirement from the leadership of the FLP, having served in that capacity for 23 years. The next day, however, he denied having made such a statement.

In September 2016 he was one of a number of politicians arrested after attending a meeting to discuss the country's constitution. He subsequently accused Fiji of still being a dictatorship. No charges were filed against anyone arrested.

He attempted to contest the 2018 election, but was ruled to be ineligible as a candidate due to his past criminal conviction. An appeal against the ruling was dismissed by the High Court of Fiji.

On 26 July 2021 he was taken in for questioning by Fijian police over comments he had made about a proposed government land bill.

He contested the 2022 election, winning 5760 votes, but did not win a seat as the Labour Party failed to make the 5% threshold.

Chaudhry's views and policies
Chaudhry is known for his combative style of leadership, which has won him both admirers and enemies.

Relationship with NFP
He remained at loggerheads with the National Federation Party, whose support dropped sharply in 1999, 2001 and 2006 elections, but continued to do well in local government elections. Although it would have been to his advantage to reach a deal on an exchange of preferences with the NFP, competition for support from Indian voters, particularly in the sugar cane growing areas, where FLP and NFP endorsed rival unions, prevented this.

Attracting ethnic Fijian vote
He failed to make significant inroads into the ethnic Fijian electorate, less than ten percent of whom voted for his party in 2001 or 2006. He was successful, however, in attracting several high-profile ethnic Fijians, such as Poseci Bune, to his party.

Brain drain
Chaudhry expressed alarm at the high rate of emigration from Fiji, especially of Fiji-Indians, and also of educated indigenous Fijians. "If the trend continues, Fiji will be left with a large pool of poorly educated, unskilled work force with disastrous consequences on our social and economic infrastructure and levels of investment," he said in a statement on 19 June 2005. He blamed the coups of 1987 for "brain drain" which had, he said, had adversely affected the sugar industry, the standard of the education and health services, and the efficiency of the civil service. This was creating a vacuum that would lead to increased levels of crime, drug abuse, and money laundering, he considered. He lamented the "indications of a growing feeling of insecurity, frustration and disaffection among people of all races at the direction in which Fiji appears to be headed," and said that only way to reverse the trend was to elect a government that would provide stability, raise living standards, and create a climate of confidence for investors and opportunities for job seekers.

Reconciliation, Tolerance, and Unity Bill
From May–June 2005, Chaudhry was at the forefront of a campaign against the government's controversial Reconciliation, Tolerance, and Unity Bill, which proposes to establish a Commission with the power, subject to presidential approval, to compensate victims and pardon perpetrators of the 2000 coup. Speaking on 20 May, he said that a "culture of coups" had developed in Fiji and that it needed to be eradicated. Pardoning persons involved in the earlier coups of 1987 had been a serious mistake, he believed.

Bringing Fijians into the mainstream
Chaudhry also spoke in favour of bringing more ethnic Fijians into the economic mainstream. He attacked what he called the "divide and rule" policies of Fiji's former British colonial rulers, saying that indigenous Fijians had been isolated from other communities and marginalized economically. This colonial legacy had remained the status quo in society, even since independence in 1970, he maintained. "The status quo is not good for the ordinary Fijians. It is good for the elites in society but not for the ordinary Fijians," Chaudhry said. Positive discrimination programs would not achieve much without a dismantling of the traditional communal mindset, he said. He called for a more individualistic approach to society, based on incentives and appropriate training. He did not believe that modernization would threaten the communal structure of Fijian society. "No you can still fulfil your traditional obligations but the contradiction in the system between the communal approach and the free market approach needs to be addressed," he said. He also insisted that culture could not be allowed to be stagnant.

Universal Declaration on Human Rights
He condemned Prime Minister Qarase for speaking against the Universal Declaration on Human Rights. Qarase had told a meeting of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association in Nadi the day before that western-style democracy was an alien concept in Fiji, and that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was not compatible with Fiji's hierarchical order. Chaudhry countered by saying that Qarase was like a proverbial ostrich with its head in the sand. "The rule of law must apply equally to everyone, irrespective of status in society or class divisions it is this equal application that is the bulwark of modern democracies," he said.

Calls for electoral reform
Chaudhry periodically called for Fiji's electoral system to be reformed. He said on 20 November 2005 that communal voting, which reserved almost two-thirds of the seats in the House of Representatives for persons registered on ethnic electoral rolls, tended to polarize the nation and gave foundation to politicians with what he called extreme views. He said that any move to change this provision in the Constitution would be supported by the Opposition.

Gay rights
Chaudhry said on 18 October 2005 that he and the FLP would not support Prime Minister Qarase's attempts to close constitutional loopholes that undermine Fiji's anti-gay laws. Chaudhry said that gay rights were guaranteed by the constitution and must be upheld; the Prime Minister, who needed a two-thirds majority in Parliament to change the constitution, was just wasting his time trying to gain FLP support for the measure, he said.

Pro-business policies
Chaudhry also protested strongly against Qarase's claims, made at the annual conference of Fiji Employers Federation on 2 September, that the Labour Party was unsympathetic to business and held "a classic left-wing suspicion of ... the profit motive." Chaudhry countered that his party was in fact pro-business and had enacted a number of policies aimed at stimulating economic growth when it was in power. "It was the FLP that was committed to reducing the cost of doing business and started by lowering the cost of utilities, and requested the commercial banks and lending organizations to reduce their fees, charges and interest rates ... that saw the economy record an unprecedented growth of 9.6% in 1999," Chaudhry declared. He said that in the five years of Qarase's leadership, public debt had doubled to F$2.3 billion, that basic infrastructure had deteriorated, and that the economy was on the brink of collapse.

Controversies
Chaudhry has been involved in a number of controversial circumstances over the years, ranging from a manslaughter conviction in 1978 to allegations of misuse of funds as recently as 2005.

1978 conviction
In 1978, Chaudhry was involved in a fatal automobile accident and was convicted of failing to stop after a fatal accident. He was sentenced to nine months's imprisonment, but was released on parole after serving 17 days of his sentence.

Prime Minister Qarase drew media attention to Chaudhry's conviction and his almost immediate release, in response to Chaudhry's criticism of government decisions to show leniency towards persons convicted of involvement in the 2000 coup, including former Vice-President Ratu Jope Seniloli and Cabinet Minister Ratu Naiqama Lalabalavu. Qarase accused Chaudhry and his supporters of "living in glasshouses." Chaudhry pointed out that there was no comparison between a premeditated act of treason and a mere traffic offence.

Hate speech allegations
The Fiji Times reported on 4 September 2005 that Chaudhry and his principal opponent, Prime Minister Qarase, had traded mutual accusations of using hate speech to win political support.

Fundraising allegations
On 8 December 2005, Chaudhry announced his decision to sue Prime Minister Qarase and Fiji Television for defamation.

Addressing the House of Representatives on 23 November 2005, Prime Minister Qarase alleged that Chaudhry had had money raised for him in the Indian state of Haryana, and called on Chaudhry to reveal what had happened to the money since. On 2 December, he told Parliament that he was aware that money had been raised in his name in Haryana, but denied having authorized the appeal or receiving any of its proceeds. He had raised the issue with then Chief Minister of Haryana Om Prakash Chautala, he said, after being hounded by the media in both Fiji and India. He claimed to have discovered only during his 2005 visit to India that Chautala's record with money is not transparent. "My anger about the whole episode is that Shri Chautala should exploit the feelings of the ordinary and poor folks of Haryana who are emotionally tied to me and to the people of Indian origin in Fiji and play on them a game of deceit for self enrichment," Chaudhry said.

On 30 November, the Government of Haryana state ordered an investigation into the allegations. This followed reports in the Indian media that an Indian political party, the Indian National Lok Dal (INLD), had raised over a million crore (F$376,557) for Chaudhry in 2001, who was then visiting India to raise support following his overthrow in the 2000 coup. According to Webindia, however, the money had not been delivered to him, because of currency regulations, and was instead deposited in the Oriental Bank of Commerce account of the Indo-Fiji Friendship Society. INLD Secretary General Ajay Singh Chautala, whose father Om Prakash Chautala was Chief Minister of Haryana at the time, welcomed the probe. The Haryana authorities were not mollified by his comments, and on 20 December Ranbir Singh Surjewala, the Haryana State Transport and Parliamentary Affairs Minister, called for the passports of Chautala and his two sons to be seized to prevent them from leaving the country.

It was announced on 7 December 2005 that India's Bureau of Investigation had cleared Chaudhry of the allegations.

Sugar industry commission allegations
In another twist, Qarase had also declared on 25 November that he had unspecified "evidence", which he claimed to have received from India, that a senior member of the FLP had attempted to get commissions from Indian companies that had applied for contracts with respect to the reform of Fiji's sugar industry. He warned Chaudhry that he did not make unfounded allegations, and that he would use the evidence "when the time comes." He later repeated the allegations outside of Parliament. Reacting angrily to the charges, Chaudhry threatened on 4 December to sue Qarase if he failed to apologize for or substantiate his claims. "It is the Prime Minister's duty to provide the evidence. These are serious allegations that have cast a slur on my integrity and reputation," he said. The following day, his son and lawyer, Rajendra Chaudhry, wrote to the Prime Minister giving him three days to apologize or else face a lawsuit. On 7 December, Qarase refused the ultimatum. "I don't apologize for nothing," the Fiji Times reported him as saying.

When the three-day deadline set by Chaudhry expired, he announced on 8 December that he would be suing Qarase as an individual, not as Prime Minister, meaning that Qarase would be unable to use state funds to fight his case. The writ, which named Qarase the first defendant, also named Fiji Television as the second defendant. "Qarase had been reluctant to furnish evidence to substantiate his claims ... The imputations are very serious and a direct question on my integrity and leadership. As such I have had the resort to legal action," Chaudhry declared.

At the scheduled press conference on 9 December, the Prime Minister revealed a confidential letter from Mahendra Chaudhry, written on National Farmers Union (NFU) letterhead in his capacity as General Secretary of the Union, to Charles Walker, chairman of the Fiji Sugar Corporation (FSC), in September 2003. The letter proposed that the NFU purchase shares in the FSC, and stated that he, Senator Anand Singh, and United Consultancy of Auckland, New Zealand, were in talks with "an India-based milling company" to restructure the FSC. According to the Prime Minister, the deal would have transferred shares, that the government was considering selling, not to cane farmers but to their trade union representatives. "The benefit was only to the NFU," Qarase said. Qarase called for an audit of the office of the Leader of the Opposition, saying that it would prove his connections to the Indian company. Equipment in Chaudhry's office had been used to communicate with the company since 2002, he alleged.

Chaudhry derided the revelations as "laughable," and said that they showed no connection whatsoever between himself and India's Exim Bank, or with the Indian government loan. "It was clear that having made wild baseless allegations, the PM was clutching at straws to try and validate his claims," Chaudhry said. "There is absolutely no connection between the loan and a letter that I wrote to PM's steering committee Charles Walker as chairman on sugar industry reforms that Qarase released to the media as his 'proof' that I had received a commission from the loan," he added. Nor did it substantiate, he said, Qarase's claims that he had sought a commission from the Indian companies.

Also on 9 December, FLP Senator and former Attorney-General Anand Singh announced his decision to sue the Indian government and the Head of the Indian Technical Mission, J.J. Bhagat, for compensation for providing the ideas, which he says were adopted without acknowledgement by the Fijian and Indian governments. Prime Minister Qarase had earlier alleged on 5 December that Chaudhry had been a party to the negotiations, and called on the FLP to reveal whether it was involved with Singh's compensation claim.

On 14 December, High Court Justice Anthony Gates dismissed a call from Chaudhry to impose a gag order on Prime Minister Qarase, from making media statements until Chaudhry's lawsuit is heard. Whether the Prime Minister's statements were defamatory was an issue that would have to be resolved in the trial itself, Gates ruled; in the meantime, the court would not interfere with constitutional guarantees of freedom of speech. Chaudhry was ordered to pay F$750 to Qarase and Fiji Television Limited to cover court costs. 9 January 2006 has been set for the hearing of the defamation suit. Chaudhry had failed, Gates said, to provide "credible evidence" that Qarase's words were untruthful, and therefore there was no grounds to prohibit their publication.

On 9 January 2006, Gates announced that he was withdrawing from the case against the Prime Minister and against Fiji Television. He was fully booked judging criminal cases, and had no time to devote to civil suits, he said.

Chaudhry released correspondence on 20 January 2006, citing it as proof that neither he nor his party had tried to collect a commission on Indian loans granted for sugar industry reform. The letter, from the Indian High Commission to Fiji, said that the Exim Bank had confirmed that there was no attempt to secure a commission on the loan, and that the bank never pays commissions on loans. In reply, the Prime Minister said that a number of unanswered questions remained, which would be addressed when the case was heard in court.

Chaudhry announced on 27 February that as of 16 January, he had withdrawn his case against Fiji Television, but not against the Prime Minister.

Lawsuit against Daily Post
On 5 December 2005, lawyer Rajendra Chaudhry filed a writ against the Daily Post, on behalf of his father, Fiji Labour Party (FLP) leader Mahendra Chaudhry. The writ against the government-owned newspaper, whose editor Mesake Koroi is a cousin of Prime Minister Qarase's, concerns what Chaudhry claims are "untrue and malicious" allegations, suggesting a leadership struggle within the FLP. The article in question also claimed that the FLP was no longer the party founded by Timoci Bavadra, Tupeni Baba, and Adi Kuini Speed, but had turned into a hard-line Indian nationalist party.

Abuse of privilege investigation
It was revealed on 23 December 2005 that Auditor-General Eroni Vatuloka was investigating a complaint from Prime Minister Qarase, accusing Chaudhry of abuse of office. The Prime Minister alleges that Chaudhry has allowed Senator Anand Singh to use office equipment for commercial purposes. Chaudhry has dismissed the Prime Minister's complaint as "frivolous" and "childish."

Fiji Television revealed on 31 January 2006 that the National Farmers Union had put the parliamentary telephone number on a letter faxed to a business client, and that the letter was signed by Shareen Prasad, an employee at the FLP parliamentary office. Chaudhry again refused to comment on the claims, saying they were "trivial."

Pramod Rae, General Secretary of the National Federation Party (NFP), the chief rival of the FLP for the Indo-Fijian vote, called for a thorough investigation into the allegations.

Support for Sun Myung Moon
Chaudhry was registered as an advisor to the Inter-Religious Federation For World Peace International, an organization affiliated with the Unification Church. The Fijian government abruptly revoked permission for Sun Myung Moon, the group's 85-year-old founder, to visit Fiji, where he was to be the keynote speaker at a conference in Nadi. Dr. Lesi Korovavala, Chief Executive Officer of the Immigration Department described Moon's doctrines as "misleading, repugnant and divisive," said that his visit would not be conducive to "peace, good order, public safety and public morality," and concluded that he was "not a fit and proper person to enter the country."

Chaudhry slammed the government decision, saying that it was treating Moon like a terrorist or a criminal. "Rev Dr. Moon is not a criminal or a terrorist to be treated in this manner," Chaudhry said. "He is a man dedicated to a mission of peace through the promotion of moral and spiritual values. He has founded an organisation that believes in the inculcation of moral and family values to bring about better global understanding and harmony." Chaudhry was joined by Senate President Taito Waqavakatoga, registered as a coordinator of the group, who said that Moon would have made a positive contribution to Fiji.

Tax allegations
Chaudhry was cleared of any taxation breaches after the Inquiry team brought over from Australia studied the evidence and documents provided by the FIRCA, stating that Mr Chaudhry had not breached any taxation laws. The tax assessment by FIRCA with respect to Chaudhry between 2000 and 2006 was carried out in accordance with the Tax Act and other relevant tax laws in Fiji. The inquiry team was headed by Bruce Cowley a partner in the law firm Minter Ellison in Brisbane, Russel Postle a partner in the accounting firm of BDO Kendalls, also in Brisbane, and former deputy PM, Taufa Vakatale.

Awards

 * Pravasi Bharatiya Samman, 2004
 * Krishna Menon Award, 2018.

title: Mahendra Chaudhry


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Abitibi Canyon

Abitibi Canyon was a community on the Abitibi River in northeastern Ontario, Canada. Abitibi Canyon was part of Northern Unorganized Cochrane District, in Cochrane District. It was located 4.0 km northeast of Fraserdale.

History
The construction of the Abitibi Canyon Generating Station at Abitibi Canyon began in 1930 for the Ontario Power Service Corporation, a subsidiary of the Abitibi Power and Paper Company, today's Resolute Forest Products. Work was suspended several years later, the company went into receivership and the project was taken over by the provincial Ontario Hydro in 1933.

The Abitibi Canyon settlement was established in 1930 to support the construction of the dam. In early years, construction and later support staff came by Ontario Northland Railway train to Fraserdale, then further by private siding, or used floatplanes. In 1966, a road connection via Fraserdale to Smooth Rock Falls, Ontario was built, designated today as Highway 634.

In 1940s, 130 people lived in the Ontario Hydro settlement, which rose to 300 by 1982. However, in 1980, Ontario Hydro decided to close the community as a cost-saving measure.

Climate
Island Falls is a weather station located approximately 36 km (22.4 miles) to the south of Abitibi Canyon. Island Falls has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) bordering on a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Abitibi Canyon


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Talk:Transpersonal psychology

Definition of transpersonal psychology
According to an article in this website:

https://psi-encyclopedia.spr.ac.uk

the British Psychological Society defines transpersonal psychology as "the study of the psychology of spirituality and of those areas of the mind that seek higher meanings, that move beyond the individual ego to access enhanced wisdom, creativity, unconditional love and compassion". The article in the S.P.R. encyclopedia which offers this definition is on Spirit Release Therapy. If anyone thinks adding this definition to the article would improve it (after all, it does come from the British Psychological Society, s/he is welcome to add it somewhere. YTKJ (talk) 18:59, 15 October 2022 (UTC)

 * I can offer an additional reference for this entry that has usefull perspectives on the practice of transpersonal psychotherapy as it is currently being taught and explored at the Centre for Transpersonal Psychology in the United Kingdom. See:
 * Wellings, Nigel, and McCormick, Elizabeth Wilde. Transpersonal Psychotherapy, SAGE Publications, 2000. ProQuest Ebook Central,        http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/fielding/detail.action?docID=1001332. Dnpagano (talk) 02:51, 20 November 2023 (UTC)

FRINGE status not clearly elucidated
Even proponents of this idea must acknowledge that transpersonal psychology is fairly fringe. However, the article as it stands does not acknowledge that. I have therefore tagged the article in the hopes that we can achieve a closer approach to WP:NPOV and not do the reader the disservice of making it appear this idea has received WP:MAINSTREAM acceptance. All help would be appreciated. jps (talk) 12:54, 18 January 2023 (UTC)

 * In the section Reception, recognition and criticism there was, before this latest revison, a wide array of sources, far from original research, documenting the fringe-status, the skepticism towards, and the criticisms of transpersonal psychology. A large amount of it has now been removed, together with a substantial amount of references from peer-reviewed journals, too extensive to summarize. The section, in its original form, demonstrated clearly that Transpersonal psychology is both a controversial topic and and a discipline on the borders of the mainstream.--Hawol (talk) 10:09, 21 January 2023 (UTC)
 * If you have a source or two that you think belongs in the article which is not currently here, please let me know. I think most of the sources removed were pretty much in abrogation of WP:FRIND, but I'm happy to be shown to be incorrect. jps (talk) 18:05, 23 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Just a few secondary sources that were originally in the article, but are now removed. All are from journals in the fields of psychology, psychiatry, philosophy, mental health, religion and social work + a few news-sources. However, the context that they referred to is mostly gone, so they are just floating around here instead.

 * Sharma, Pulkit; Charak, Ruby & Sharma, Vibha. "Contemporary Perspectives on Spirituality and Mental Health". Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine. 2009 Jan-Jun; 31(1): 16–23.
 * Travis, Terry A. Book Forum: Humanistic and Transpersonal Psychology: A Historical and Biographical Sourcebook. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:667-a-668.
 * DeCarvalho, Roy J. "Book Reviews: Donald Moss (Ed.). Humanistic and Transpersonal Psychology: A Historical and Biographical Sourcebook". Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 39(1), 93–94 Winter 2003
 * Renner, Walter & Ramalingam, Panch. Self-Evident Spiritual Experience and Empirical Psychology. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, July 2015, Vol. 41, No. 2, 259-271.
 * Cowley, Au-Deane S. & Derezotes, David. Transpersonal Psychology and Social Work Education. Journal of Social Work Education, 10437797, Winter, Vol. 30, Issue 1, 1994
 * Bidwell, Duane R. Ken Wilber's Transpersonal Psychology: An Introduction and Preliminary Critique. Pastoral Psychology, November 1999, Volume 48, Issue 2, pp 81-90
 * Matthews, Charles O. "Psychotherapy and Spirit (Book)". Counseling & Values. Oct99, Vol. 44 Issue 1, p75. 3p.
 * Lev, Shoshana. Regression in the Service of Transcendence: Reading Michael Washburn. Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge, Volume 4, Issue 1 Scholarships of Learning, Article 23
 * Coward, Harold. The Ego and the Dynamic Ground by Michael Washburn (book review). Philosophy East and West, Vol. 39, No. 4 (Oct., 1989), pp. 505-507
 * Reich, Helmut K. Review Article: Spritual Development: Han F. De Wit's and Stanislav Grofs differing approaches. Zygon, vol. 36, no. 3 (September 2001)
 * Humphrey, Caroline. Shadows Along the Spiritual Pathway. Journal of Religion and Health, Vol. 54, No. 6 (December 2015), pp. 2376-2388
 * Gaur, Sunil D. Review of Words from the soul: Time, east/west spirituality, and psychotherapeutic narrative. Psychological Studies, Vol 50(1), Jan 2005, 101.
 * Keutzer, Carolin S. "Transpersonal Psychotherapy: Reflections on the Genre". Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 1984, Vol. 15, No. 6,868-883, The American Psychological Association
 * Scott et al. Religious issues in diagnosis: the V-Code and beyond. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, Volume 6, Number 2, 2003 DOI: 10.1080/1367467021000038200
 * Dein, S. Working with patients with religious beliefs. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment (2004) 10: 287-294.
 * Milstein, G; Midlarsky, E; Link, B.G.; Raue, P.J. & Bruce, M. "Assessing Problems with Religious Content: A Comparison of Rabbis and Psychologists". Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease. 188(9):608-615, September, 2000
 * Milstein, G. "Clergy and Psychiatrists: Opportunities for Expert Dialogue". Psychiatric Times, March 2003, Vol. XX, Issue 3, pp 36-39.
 * Bender, E. Clinical & Research News: Psychiatrists Urge More Direct Focus On Patients' Spirituality. Psychiatric News June 18, 2004, Volume 39 Number 12, p. 30. American Psychiatric Association.
 * Foulks, E.F. Cultural Variables in Psychiatry. Psychiatric Times, April 2004, Vol. XXI, 5
 * Curlin et al. - Religion, Spirituality, and Medicine: Psychiatrists and Other Physicians Differing Observations, Interpretations, and Clinical Approaches. The American Journal of Psychiatry, Volume 164 Issue 12, December, 2007, pp. 1825-1831
 * Otterman, Sharon. "Merging Spirituality and Clinical Psychology at Columbia". New York Times, published online August 9, 2012
 * Clay, Rebecca A. "A renaissance for humanistic psychology. The field explores new niches while building on its past". APA Monitor on Psychology, Volume 33, No. 8 September 2002.
 * Leitner, Larry M.; Guthrie, Leland. "Transpersonal psychology: The big picture." (Book Review). PsycCRITIQUES, Vol 59(25), 2014, American Psychological Association
 * Adams, William. Transpersonal Heterophenomenology? Journal of Consciousness Studies, Volume 13, Number 4, 2006, pp. 89-93(5)
 * Walach, Harald; Runehov, A.L.C. "The Epistemological Status of Transpersonal Psychology. The Data-Base Argument Revisited". Journal of Consciousness Studies, 1 January 2010, vol. 17, no. 1-1, pp. 145-165(21)
 * O’Reilly, Patrick. Transpersonal Psychology. The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine, Vol.10 (2006).
 * Alexander, Gary T. (1980) "William James, the Sick Soul, and the Negative Dimensions of Consciousness: A Partial Critique of Transpersonal Psychology". Journal of the American Academy of Religion, XLVIII(2):191-206
 * Gray, Alison J. "Reviews: In Case of Spiritual Emergency: Moving Successfully Through Your Awakening". Psychiatric Bulletin (2012) 36: 360

Best regards!--Hawol (talk) 19:47, 23 January 2023 (UTC)
 * This is a bit of a laundry list and there is little in the way of annotated consideration of how many of these sources can/should be used. Also, many of these sources are pretty poor. For example, the Journal of Consciousness Studies is pretty far out there as it pertains to things like rigorous scholarship. Same goes for The Journal of Religion and Health which seems to me to be a pocket journal. Of these sources, which two do you think are the best for inclusion? jps (talk) 01:33, 24 January 2023 (UTC)
 * The Journal of Religion and Health actually published one of the few systematic reviews on Transpersonal Therapies, with Guidelines for Research and Clinical Practice. I forgot to put it on the list.

 * Nardini‑Bubols et al. The Altered States of Consciousness in Transpersonal Approach Psychotherapy: Systematic Review and Guidelines for Research and Clinical Practice. Journal of Religion and Health (2019) 58:2175–2194

This is a PubMed Indexed source: J Relig Health. 2019 Dec;58(6):2195. doi: 10.1007/s10943-019-00882-y. PMID: 31309440. However, I'm not gonna push for the inclusion of this source, or any other sources, because, as I said, the context for the sources is mostly gone, and the article needs new text in order to establish background for the possible inclusion of these sources. Best regards! Hawol (talk) 13:59, 24 January 2023 (UTC)
 * A journal founded by the Blanton-Peale Institute (yes, it's that Peale) is a pretty big WP:REDFLAG as far as I'm concerned. This is a group that is on the fringe end of psychoanalysis. jps (talk) 18:30, 24 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Well, according to Wikipedia and other commentators even Freud is pretty much fringe.--Hawol (talk) 19:28, 24 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Right. This kinda makes the journal "fringe of fringe" at least as it pertains to WP:MAINSTREAM psychology. It's not surprising to me that this is the venue where transpersonal psychology is reviewed. It is probably pretty difficult to get anything published about it in the top-tier academic journals. jps (talk) 19:33, 24 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Sure, I do not expect The Lancet, The New England Journal of Medicine or Nature to take an interest in Transpersonal Psychology. The article therefore, in my view, has to be based on the next best thing, which is mainstream peer-reviewed indexed journals, east and west. Also, Transpersonal psychology has crossed paths with the mainstream. Transpersonal psychologists networked with the American Psychatric Association Comittee on Religion and Psychiatry, as well as the American Psychatric Association Workgroup on Culture and Diagnosis, for the construction of a new diagnostic category, "Religious or Spiritual Problem". The proposal was approved by the Task Force on DSM-IV in 1993 and published the following year (DSM-IV, Code V62.89). Hawol (talk) 21:23, 24 January 2023 (UTC)
 * I note that the 90s were probably the high-water mark. There does not seem to be any acknowledgement from the mainstream at this point that there is anything worthwhile from transpersonal psychology boosters, at least as far as WP:FRIND is concerned. jps (talk) 12:44, 25 January 2023 (UTC)

Fringe-status - current state and future directions
It is now suggested by Wikipedia-editors that Transpersonal psychology is a fringe-discipline, and that this was not clearly elucidated in the article prior to january 18, 2023. The article is now re-edited, by other editors, with this elucidation in mind, keeping most of the clarifications that were already in place. Although I can can appreciate the mid-january edit based on WP-policies and guidelines posted to this Talk (see above), I must note, in all fairness, that except for a few reformulations, no new text is contributed! Including the two sources noting the fringe-status of TP (Hilgard and Adams), the mid-january edit keeps most of the skeptical and critical considerations of transpersonal psychology, even removing a few of them (Alexander, Gray and Schneider). I am familiar with these skeptical and critical sources, as I contributed most of them in the years prior to the latest re-edit.

However, if Transpersonal psychology is now going to be conceptualized and elucidated as a fringe discipline in the mind of the public, which I understand is the consensus of the mid-january revisions, then it would be preferable that this categorization was supported by more sources than the few already in place. As I understand it, the new sources have to be first-rate. I therefore welcome new contributions that can elaborate upon the fringe-status of Transpersonal psychology and its relationship to the world of mainstream psychology. Best regards! --Hawol (talk) 17:47, 28 January 2023 (UTC)--Hawol (talk) 01:16, 28 January 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Psychology Capstone
— Assignment last updated by Rahneli (talk) 23:53, 9 June 2024 (UTC)

Roots prior to the 1960s counterculture per se
I’m not sure how this sentence (near the top of the article) concerning the beginnings of transpersonal psychology squares with some earlier, and I'd think separate, roots for it than what we think of as “the counterculture of the 1960s.”

Both humanistic and transpersonal psychology have been associated with the Human Potential Movement, which revolves around alternative therapies and philosophies that grew out of the counter-culture of the 1960s at places such as Esalen, California.

Gerald Heard was lecturing in the mid 1950s concerning non-sectarian spiritual human potentials (Myron Stolaroff was one listener who became influential a few years later). By 1960 Aldous Huxley was giving lectures at colleges (including MIT) about what he termed “human potentialities.” But I don’t think either of them (or Stolaroff, for that matter) knew or believed he was initiating a counter culture. Both Heard and Huxley were influential with the founders of Esalen. Pretty much the same story with the Czech psychiatrist Stanislav Grof, who did not emerge from the American counterculture.

By "associating" transpersonal psychology with the counterculture, is there an intention to portray it as something on the fringe of the field of psychology?Joel Russ (talk) 20:52, 31 May 2024 (UTC)

 * It does seem like that was some editor's intent. I've rewritten the sentence to be more factual without the editorializing. Skyerise (talk) 21:09, 31 May 2024 (UTC)
 * You might also be interested in reviving material from this old version of the article, which was removed by the same editors responsible for that sentence. I've had to restore such material in other articles, deleted simply due to the bias of the editor who removes it - complaining it is sourced only to primary sources but without searching for secondary sources, which most certainly exist. Skyerise (talk) 21:30, 31 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Transpersonal psychology


text:
Talk:Nim

Old posts
Nim is now used as a simple illustration of the Sprague-Grundy theorem.

A version of this game is played in Alain Resnais' movie L'année dernière à Marienbad.

A typical normal game starts with heaps of 3, 4 and 5:

A B C          (Heaps A, B, and C) 3 4 5           I take 2 from A 1 4 5           You take 3 from C 1 4 2           I take 1 from B 1 3 2           You take 1 from B 1 2 2           I take entire C heap 2 2 0          You take 1 from A 1 2 0           I take 1 from B (In the misere game I would take the entire 2 heap) 1 1 0          You take 1 from B 1 0 0           I take the last 1 and win.

Error in heap A. why is there a 2? Should be 1.

quote: " Now here, C was the one we artificially subtracted from, so we have to pick another one. You can think of it as that we pretend you took one from another stack, say A.

1 2 0  011   I take one from B 1 1 0   000   You take one from B 1 0 0   001   I take one from A, and I win.

But you see, since A was our artificial stack, it still looks like 1,0,0, and they have to make the last move "

But, if in the 1 1 0 situation, which is actually a 2 1 0 situation, You can take the two from A, and leaving a -1 1 0 situation, which is a 0 1 0, and I loose.

Cleanup
I have rewritten the mathematical part of the article, and deleted most of the material on strategy, because it was (IMO, anyway) disorganized, confusing, didn't contain any information (all the painfully constructed "winning patterns" there are simply special cases of the general Bouton's characterization), and sometimes incorrect (why the hell was Ling Kah Jai credited for a well-known 100 years old result?). Nevertheless, in case somebody decides to reintroduced bits of the text, here it is. -- EJ 9 July 2005 17:12 (UTC)

I've put the text from the old version of the article that was once here on the subpage /Deleted text. 4pq1injbok 19:33, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

I've rewritten much of the explanatory material to be more explanatory and correct, especially the relation to combinatorial game theory. The mathematical part got minor edits, mostly to make the stuff consistent.--Dan Hoey 19:33, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

Dan, while most of your edits here are certainly valuable, please don't attempt to link every word in the article. It clutters the text, distracts the readers, and serves no useful purpose. As a general rule, it usually suffices to link to a particular page only once. Thanks. -- EJ 03:49, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

Last move game
Does the name last move game for normal Nim actually have any currency? 4pq1injbok 06:30, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

I don't know if last move game or last stone game is really used, so I deleted it. Anyone who wants it back should say something more specific than asserting that it is used in some regions.--Dan Hoey 19:28, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

Linking blindly to a binary
It is extremely unsafe to link toa binary from an untrusted source the way you are doing it. The program isn't that great, so I don't see why we are linking to it in the first place.

Yet another variation...
For those who have the latest version of Enigma, take a look in Enigma level pack 2, level 16 (Enignimm). The thing is, you'll have to play and win two games to access the Oxyd stones locked away but there is only one heap! The first heap has 13 blocks and the second has 16. I don't think I can calculate the Nim-sum because it now has four binary digits. The only way I ever won this game is nearly by chance. In the first heap, the computer starts first, but in the second, you get to start first. What's the process of calculation?

[Later after examining code of level...]

I just found the solution. Basically, you have to use the correct subtractand so that you can get 13, 9 and 5 blocks remaining(These numbers are what makes the computer take away (random number between 1 to 3) blocks). By using the correct subtractand to get the numbers I explained, you can win both games and unlock the door to the Oxyd stones and complete the level. Again I ask, what's the process of "calculating" this? --Bruin_rrss23 (talk) 11:29, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

Appearance in popular culture
Uh, I'm not sure what the "standard" title for a section about cultural references to stuff is, so I'm not going to add it to the article, but I thought it might be of interest that this game appears in the GBA version (and possibly the PSX version, though probably not the Super Nintendo version) of Tales of Phantasia. It is the "subtraction game" variant. If you need a reference, you could probably use one of the entries at Gamefaqs.

which player will win
"there is an easily-calculated way to determine which player will win " -- assuming this player doesn't screw up. jnestorius(talk) 22:05, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

Rules
Talking about this version:. Someone should insert a "rules" section before the "illustration" section.

Also, this sentence in the illustration section makes no sense: "In order to win always leave an even number of 1's, 2's, and 4's." It doesn't make sense as a win condition, because the player who did that didn't win. It also doesn't work as a winning strategy, because the player who did it lost. --68.161.152.145 04:36, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

New external link: nim developed in AJAX
After i read http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links i don't know if i can add the following external link [very_simple_game] where, using AJAX techniques, I developed a program to free play at "nim" in the variant "who is getting the last element loses". There are 8 schemas, at growing difficult level. The solver server-side algorithm, was developed in PHP and it is of kind recursive reduction with sorted cached. Sorry for my bad english, my natural language is Italian. Thanks, MacApp.--MacApp (talk) 12:09, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

Computer version
In 1979-80, I acquired a number of games playable on the TRS-80 Model I microcomputer. One was "Android Nim". In this version, 18 androids are displayed on the screen, eight in the top row, six in the middle, four in the bottom. The left-most android of each row has a "ray gun", and on instruction of the player (computer user versus the computer), one of the armed androids inspects its line to see if there are enough androids to take out as per the quantity indicated by the player. After confirming this, the android nods at the screen and raises its ray gun. The androids all turn their heads to look at the android with the ray gun raised. The ray gun fires, "dissolving" the number of androids required. The next player then selects which row and how many.

If the computer user wins, the computer sometimes tries in vain to ask an android to destroy androids it does not have, and the armed android shakes its head. When the user's winning move is completed, the computer selects a half-dozen adjectives from a program list that generally describes the incredulity of the computer that the user has won.

The computer then asks if another game is desired.

I can only play it if I fire up my old Model IV computer (vintage 1984) in Model III mode, but I'm not certain if I still have readable floppy discs to do it. A version of this game true to this version, but usable on modern IBM compatibles with Windows, would be welcome! GBC (talk) 06:26, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

"nimm!"?

 * The name is probably derived from German nimm! meaning "take!"

Why the exclamation marks? Does the word "nimm" mean something different without it? -- Smjg (talk) 08:43, 15 October 2009 (UTC) The exclamation mark is to underline that it is an imperative. Take! is different from Take (at least in English) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.39.218.10 (talk) 13:26, 21 February 2012 (UTC)

I added the 100 game
Hello, I added this "100 game" which I once saw in a TV show and which kept me mumbling for a whole day...194.39.218.10 (talk) 14:00, 21 February 2012 (UTC)

PAwn Duel/Northcott's Nim
There was an article called "Pawn duel". There was no reference to that name being used, except a website that plays the game. I renamed it Northcott's Nim, but that isn't quite accurate either (no first move restriction). What do you think about that article being merged into this one? Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 15:58, 21 August 2012 (UTC)

 * On second thought, I think I'll prod that article because of a lack of references and notability. Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 20:41, 21 August 2012 (UTC)

Is it just me?
Sorry, but the Strategy does not make sense (at least to me). If there are only 1 in each of 3 heaps then the strategy elucidated here would lead one to remove one item (which is also the only legal move) and would leave a Nim sum of 0. This of course results in the current player loosing, when the other player removes one, despite the fact that this strategy is supposed to guarantee a win. So either I have misunderstood something, or the strategy needs further explanation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.167.251.4 (talk) 01:32, 4 January 2013 (UTC)

If you are playing "normal" game (the last player who takes wins) then you're guaranteed to win because you take the last item. If you are playing "misère" game (the last player who takes loses) then you obviously have to invert your strategy. But starting from your example, you can only lose.--194.39.218.10 (talk) 15:47, 17 July 2013 (UTC)

You have misunderstood something: The consequences of the sentence "When played as a misère game, Nim strategy is different only when the normal play move would leave only heaps of size one. In that case, the correct move is to leave an odd number of heaps of size one (in normal play, the correct move would be to leave an even number of such heaps)."

This guarantees that you never face "only 1 in each of 3 heaps", or in any odd number of heaps. Instead, you force your opponent to face that situation. At the start of the game, at least one heap has 2 or more objects. Eventually, all of the heaps will get down to 0 or 1. The first player who doesn't leave any heaps of 2 or more (in other words, who leaves only heaps of 0 or 1) has to be careful to leave an odd number of heaps in a misère game (but an even number in normal play), and will win the game.

The strategy is the same in normal or misère play until you get to the point where one, and only one, heap has 2 or more objects. After that, the strategy to win is trivial (in either version):

1. In normal play, if there are an odd number of heaps, take the entire heap that has 2 or more objects, which will leave an even number of heaps, which have exactly 1 object each.

2. In normal play, if there are an even number of heaps, take all but one object from the heap that has 2 or more objects (leaving one object in that heap), which will leave an even number of heaps, which have exactly 1 object each.

3. In a misère game, if there are an even number of heaps, take the entire heap that has 2 or more objects, which will leave an odd number of heaps, which have exactly 1 object each.

4. In misère play, if there are an odd number of heaps, take all but one object from the heap that has 2 or more objects (leaving one object in that heap), which will leave an odd number of heaps, which have exactly 1 object each.

Since none of the remaining heaps have more than one object, the players must simply alternate removing exactly one heap (of one object) until the game ends.

The first player who fails to leave at least two heaps with at least two objects each loses (in either version of the game, (normal play or misère game) if the other player employs this end game strategy.47.139.44.196 (talk) 16:03, 22 February 2020 (UTC)

Not just you
It appears the strategy is incomplete. 1 xor 1 xor 1 is indeed 1, but it is also a winning strategy. 1 xor 1 is indeed 0, but it is a losing strategy. So it seems when every heap is size 1 then you need the nim sum to be 1 instead of zero. 72.234.110.47 (talk) 10:32, 30 August 2015 (UTC) Some examples:

3,3 is a winning combination with nimsum=0

2,2 is a winning combination with nimsum=0

1,1 is a losing combination with nimsum=0

1,1,1 is a winning combination with nimsum=1 72.234.110.47 (talk) 03:54, 31 August 2015 (UTC)

 * This is for the normal game, not the Misère game. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 115.82.178.88 (talk) 11:36, 16 June 2018 (UTC)

It is complete. Read closely the sentence "When played as a misère game, Nim strategy is different only when the normal play move would leave only heaps of size one. In that case, the correct move is to leave an odd number of heaps of size one (in normal play, the correct move would be to leave an even number of such heaps)."

In other words, "when every heap is size 1", or will be 1 after your move, then you ignore the nimsums and follow the trivial strategy of leaving an odd number of heaps of 1 in a misère game (or an even number of heaps of one in normal play).47.139.44.196 (talk) 16:03, 22 February 2020 (UTC)

Nim sum
Not being dim: can 'nim sum' be better sum-med up(given that the text says 'any number' of items can be removed)? 193.132.104.10 (talk) 15:28, 11 February 2016 (UTC)

Confused
finish or start every move with nim-sum 0 to win?

"In normal play, the winning strategy is to finish every move with a nim-sum of 0" - (so it's finish) "In a normal Nim game, the player making the first move has a winning strategy if and only if the nim-sum of the sizes of the heaps is zero" - (so it's start) "Lemma 1. If s = 0, the first player loses the normal play game by definition" - (so it's finish)

who is you and who is I?

"I take 2 from A, leaving a sum of 000, so I will win." - I is the computer "return "You will lose :("" - You is the computer

Requested move 11 January 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Nim → Nim (game) – No clear primary topic for this 3 word term, the game has 7,838 views but the programming language has 4,084 and Nim Chimpsky who appears to commonly just be "Nim" gets 8,215[]. Google mainly appears to return the game but the programming language is the 1st result, Images appears to be split between the game and chimp and Books is split between the game and various uses. It seems likely that the game is the most common usage in terms of PT#1 if the chimp is known more often by his full name, by PT#2 the game may be the most significant usage but as a 3 word acronym its not clear it the game would be primary for the 3 word acronym when some of them may also have more long-term significance. Redirect to NIM or move that to Nim.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 18:32, 11 January 2022 (UTC) — Relisting. —  Coffee  //  have a ☕ //  beans  // 02:55, 24 January 2022 (UTC)
 * This nomination seems confused. The game has massive long-term significance: it is a fundamental example in the field of combinatorial game theory and has been studied for more than a century.  Where do you get the idea that the word "Nim" is a three-word acronym?  The article says "Its current name was coined by Charles L. Bouton of Harvard University, who also developed the complete theory of the game in 1901, but the origins of the name were never fully explained." --JBL (talk) 13:11, 12 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Because the NIM DAB lists things in the "Technology and engineering" and "Other uses" sections that are three word acronyms.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 14:00, 12 January 2022 (UTC)
 * You wrote the game may be the most significant usage but as a 3 word acronym its not clear it would be primary. I parse this as an assertion that the name of the game Nim is a 3-word acronym (which is not true), and this is consistent with other comments in the proposal.  May I request you edit / clarify the rationale for the proposal? --JBL (talk) 17:11, 12 January 2022 (UTC)
 * done, I agree my wording was poor/confusing.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 17:17, 12 January 2022 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support WPNP Nim (disambiguation) move in. In ictu oculi (talk) 18:27, 14 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Comment the game of Nim is the primary topic by long-term significance, but it's not for pageviews. Also there are only 3 entries that are "Nim" rather than "NIM", and a hatnote + DAB for NIM can handle that (though it's a bit awkward).  This can really go either way. User:力 (powera,  π,  ν ) 18:41, 15 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Also the article has a ton of unsourced WP:NOTHOWTO content. User:力 (powera, π,  ν ) 18:41, 15 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Primary topic by long-term significance, and I don't think it would be particularly beneficial to have a disambiguation page instead of this. I've added a hatnote for Nim Chimpsky so that's now easily covered too. — Amakuru (talk) 11:27, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Support move. No primary topic, at least for pageviews.  O.N.R.  (talk) 04:25, 24 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose. I highly doubt anyone interested in Nim Chimsky searches it up by "Nim" - it's more likely they'd try "Noam Chomsky (monkey)" or the like instead.  The acronym use is covered by NIM being the disambiguation page, so I also doubt that "nim" is likely looking for acronyms.  Finally, the programming language...  I'm normally a big fan of using pageviews, but in this particular case, I distrust the pageview count.  Nim is a very obscure language, and the pageview count is likely being inflated by something IMO - somebody's programming test pinging the article every so often or the like.  I'm not sure what it is, but really all that you need to see is the article's line of "Nim has an active community on the self-hosted, self-developed official forum" which is cited to, uh, the Nim forums webpage itself.  I think that really says it all about how prominent this programming language really is.  SnowFire (talk) 06:25, 24 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose Per WP:PTM. The name is not an exact title match to the game so it doesn't need disambiguation.ZXCVBNM (TALK) 20:57, 24 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose per ptm Red   Slash  23:44, 27 January 2022 (UTC)

Reference to Survivor: Thailand is obscure
It really seems out of place. Does it contribute anything to the discussion by saying that certain constants 3 and 1 were used in a particular episode of a particular reality show at one particular point in time? That just reads weird. Ok to remove? Corwin.amber (talk) 11:59, 17 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Yes, ok. --JBL (talk) 18:32, 17 August 2022 (UTC)

Single pile nim games and Sprague-Grundy
The following paragraph:

"Normal-play nim (or more precisely the system of nimbers) is fundamental to the Sprague–Grundy theorem, which essentially says that in normal play every impartial game is equivalent to a nim heap that yields the same outcome when played in parallel with other normal play impartial games (see disjunctive sum)."

Has been replaced with this paragraph:

"Nim is fundamental to the Sprague–Grundy theorem, which essentially says that every impartial game is equivalent to a nim game with a single pile."

I don't know enough about the subject to tell whether these statements are equivalent, but it seems to me that "a nim game with a single pile" would be trivial for a player to win in a single turn: either take all the matches under "normal game" rules or take all but the last match under misère rules. Clarification would be appreciated. 38.27.102.50 (talk) 01:35, 22 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nim


text:
Talk:List of unincorporated communities in Ontario

Title of page
If we're going to list Census Subdivisions, then should we really call it a list of communities? And if it's going to be a list of communities, then we need to first define a community. I've noticed many communities in Toronto (Kensington Market, Willowdale, Oriole, Portugal Village, etc...) which are not listed, despite very clearly being communities and neighbourhoods within the city of Toronto (and having populations greater than many other communities that are listed) Angel Thane 22:26, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

How complete is this list? I can think of a few that aren't on here - for example, Campellcroft, Cavan, Ida, and Ayton. I don't know if they are really part of a bigger township, or something; I see Byron and Arva aren't on here either, but I think they are actually part of London, so maybe it is the same for some others. On the other hand, Millbrook is here, and that's pretty dinky too, as is Lambeth. I really don't know :) Adam Bishop 22:41, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)

expanding.
I'm expanding the list to include almost every community in Ontario from 10th line shore to Zurich. It might take a while though. Help is needed! -User:Earl Andrew Dec 5 23:01 (UTC)

 * Do you have a list or are you just going from memory? Adam Bishop 23:58, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I have a list -User:Earl Andrew Dec 6 22:16 (UTC)

New plan: Im planning to list Ontario's "Census Subdivisions" here. Unincorporated communities should be listed under their census subdivision page.

 * I was thinking of this as well, from some of the stuff I've recently done. I moved Cavan and Millbrook into an article about Cavan-Millbrook-North Monaghan, but then a couple of days later an article about Cambellcroft appeared. I think that's just a community in Hope Township, and should be included in that article (just as Cavan, Millbrook, Ida, and whatever other communities are listed in the C-M-NM article). However, when I added to the Middlesex County article, I listed all the townships, and made (currently red) links to all the communities as well. So, I should instead just make articles for the townships? That is, for example, there shouldn't be a link to Lucan, but there should be info on it in an article about the Township of Lucan-Biddulph? (I assume this is what you mean, and you came up with the same idea I did, but posted it first :))

(Oh, and I moved the list to below this stuff) Adam Bishop 19:49, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Ok, for your example of Lucan, there should be a page on Lucan, Ontario, as well as a page on Lucan-Biddulph, Ontario. There may be a list of major communities, (author's decision) as well as of course the municipalities on a said county page, but minor communities should be listed under its municipality page. That's the way I've been doing things so far, in general. I hope I didn't confuse you, just let me know if you need some clarification! Earl Andrew 15:43, 6 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Indian reservation
The term Indian reservation is not appropriate terminology for a First Nations community in Canada. The term "reservation" is not used in Canada, ever; the appropriate word is "reserve". I've added a disambig to reserve regarding Canadian reserves -- please link to reserve rather than reservation for these communities. Bearcat 01:21, 19 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * I've moved the Canadian content from Indian reservation to Indian reserve (not the term I normally use, but it is the official one). There is a show, though, on APTN about Canadian reserves called The Reservation, so I changed never used in Reserve to rarely used. Anyway, I'm trying to re-link all the Canadian articles which link to Indian reservation and Reserve, but if you run across any I've missed please change the links. TronTonian 21:17, 14 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * Just a note of caution. Just as not all Indian Country in the United States is called "Indian Reservation" (some are called "Ranceria" and some are "Colony" while others are just "Community" or "Tribal Town" or "Pueblo"), not all Indian Country in Canada are called "Reserve" (though most are).  In addition, some Reserves have only one Settlement or the Settlement and the reserve are one and the same, while other reserves have several settlements and some settlements don't have a reserve.  Some Reserves are shared by many First Nations, while others are not.  As you develop this list, be mindful of which you're talking about. CJLippert 02:11, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

List of census subdivisions in Ontario
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

 * Key
 * C = City
 * R = First Nations Reserve
 * S-E = Indian Settlement
 * T = Town
 * TP = Township
 * UNO = Unorganized
 * VL = Village

A

 * Abitibi 70, Ontario R
 * Addington Highlands, Ontario TP
 * Adelaide Metcalfe, Ontario TP
 * Adelard, Ontario
 * Adjala-Tosorontio, Ontario TP
 * Admaston, Ontario
 * Admaston/Bromley, Ontario TP
 * Agency 1, Ontario R
 * Akwesasne (Part) 59, Ontario R
 * Alderville First Nation, Ontario R
 * Alfred and Plantagenet, Ontario TP
 * Alfred Station, Ontario
 * Algoma, Unorganized, North Part, Ontario UNO
 * Algoma, Unorganized, South East Part, Ontario UNO
 * Algonquin Highlands, Ontario TP
 * Armour, Ontario TP
 * Alnwick/Haldimand, Ontario TP
 * Amaranth, Ontario TP
 * Amherstburg, Ontario T
 * Aroland 83, Ontario R
 * Arran-Elderslie, Ontario
 * Ashfield-Colborne-Wawanosh, Ontario TP
 * Asphodel-Norwood, Ontario TP
 * Assiginack, Ontario TP
 * Attawapiskat 91A, Ontario R
 * Auburn, Ontario
 * Augusta, Ontario TP

B

 * Baldwin Township, Ontario TP
 * Bancroft, Ontario T
 * Barrie, Ontario C
 * Barrie Island, Ontario TP
 * Bayham, Ontario TP
 * Bear Island 1, Ontario R
 * Bearskin Lake, Ontario R
 * Beckwith, Ontario TP
 * Belleville, Ontario C
 * Big Grassy River 35G, Ontario R
 * Big Island Mainland 93, Ontario R
 * Billings, Ontario TP
 * Black River-Matheson, Ontario TP
 * Blandford-Blenheim, Ontario TP
 * Blind River, Ontario T
 * The Blue Mountains, Ontario T
 * Bluewater, Ontario T
 * Bonfield, Ontario TP
 * Bonnechere Valley, Ontario TP
 * Bracebridge, Ontario T
 * Bradford West Gwillimbury, Ontario T
 * Brampton, Ontario C
 * Brant, Ontario C
 * Brantford, Ontario C
 * Brethour, Ontario TP
 * Brighton, Ontario T
 * Brock, Ontario TP
 * Brockton, Ontario TP
 * Brockville, Ontario C
 * Brooke-Alvinston, Ontario TP
 * Bruce Mines, Ontario T
 * Brudenell, Lyndoch and Raglan, Ontario TP
 * Burk's Falls, Ontario VL
 * Burlington, Ontario C
 * Burpee and Mills, Ontario TP

C

 * Caledon, Ontario T
 * Callander, Ontario TP
 * Calvin, Ontario TP
 * Cambridge, Ontario C
 * Carleton Place, Ontario T
 * Carling, Ontario TP
 * Carlow/Mayo, Ontario TP
 * Casey, Ontario TP
 * Casselman, Ontario VL
 * Cat Lake 63C, Ontario R
 * Cavan-Millbrook-North Monaghan, Ontario TP
 * Central Elgin, Ontario TP
 * Central Frontenac, Ontario TP
 * Central Huron, Ontario TP
 * Central Manitoulin, Ontario TP
 * Centre Hastings, Ontario TP
 * Centre Wellington, Ontario TP
 * Chamberlain, Ontario TP
 * Champlain, Ontario TP
 * Chapleau, Ontario TP
 * Chapleau 74A, Ontario R
 * Chapleau 75, Ontario R
 * Chapple, Ontario TP
 * Charlton and Dack, Ontario TP
 * Chatham-Kent, Ontario C
 * Chatsworth, Ontario TP
 * Chippewas of Georgina Island First Nation, Ontario R
 * Chippewas of the Thames First Nation 42, Ontario R
 * Chisholm, Ontario TP
 * Christian Island 30, Ontario R
 * Christian Island 30A, Ontario R
 * Clarence-Rockland, Ontario C
 * Clarington, Ontario T
 * Clearview, Ontario TP
 * Cobalt, Ontario T
 * Cobourg, Ontario T
 * Cochrane, Ontario T
 * Cochrane, Unorganized, North Part, Ontario UNO
 * Cochrane, Unorganized, South East Part, Ontario UNO
 * Cochrane, Unorganized, South West Part, Ontario UNO
 * Cockburn Island, Ontario TP
 * Coleman, Ontario TP
 * Collingwood, Ontario T
 * Conmee, Ontario TP
 * Constance Lake 92, Ontario R
 * Cornwall, Ontario C
 * Couchiching 16A, Ontario R
 * Cramahe, Ontario TP
 * Curve Lake First Nation 35, Ontario R

D
incorporated into the main article list WayneRay 14:00, 5 May 2006 (UTC)WayneRay

E

 * Eagle Lake 27, Ontario R
 * Ear Falls, Ontario TP
 * East Ferris, Ontario TP
 * East Garafraxa, Ontario TP
 * East Gwillimbury, Ontario T
 * East Hawkesbury, Ontario TP
 * East Luther Grand Valley, Ontario TP
 * East Zorra-Tavistock, Ontario TP
 * Edwardsburgh/Cardinal, Ontario TP
 * Elizabethtown-Kitley, Ontario TP
 * Elliot Lake, Ontario C
 * Emo, Ontario TP
 * Englehart, Ontario T
 * English River 21, Ontario R
 * Enniskillen, Ontario TP
 * Erin, Ontario T
 * Espanola, Ontario T
 * Essa, Ontario TP
 * Essex, Ontario T
 * Evanturel, Ontario TP

F

 * Factory Island 1, Ontario R
 * Faraday, Ontario TP
 * Fauquier-Strickland, Ontario TP
 * Flying Post 73, Ontario R
 * Fort Albany (Part) 67, Ontario R
 * Fort Erie, Ontario T
 * Fort Frances, Ontario T
 * Fort Hope 64, Ontario R
 * Fort Severn 89, Ontario R
 * Fort William 52, Ontario R
 * French River T
 * French River 13, Ontario R
 * Front of Yonge, Ontario TP
 * Frontenac Islands, Ontario TP

G

 * Galway-Cavendish and Harvey, Ontario TP
 * Gananoque, Ontario T
 * Garden River 14, Ontario R
 * Gauthier, Ontario TP
 * Georgian Bay, Ontario TP
 * Georgian Bluffs, Ontario TP
 * Georgian Highlands, Ontario T
 * Georgina, Ontario T
 * Gillies, Ontario TP
 * Ginoogaming First Nation, Ontario R
 * Goderich, Ontario T
 * Gordon, Ontario TP
 * Gore Bay, Ontario T
 * Goulais Bay 15A, Ontario R
 * Gravenhurst, Ontario T
 * Greater Madawaska, Ontario TP
 * Greater Napanee, Ontario T
 * Greater Sudbury C
 * Greenstone, Ontario T
 * Grey Highlands, Ontario TP
 * Grimsby, Ontario T
 * Gros Cap 49, Ontario R
 * Guelph, Ontario C
 * Guelph/Eramosa, Ontario TP
 * Gull River 55, Ontario R

H

 * Haldimand, Ontario C
 * Halton Hills, Ontario T
 * Hamilton, Ontario C
 * Hamilton, Ontario (township) TP
 * Hanover, Ontario T
 * Harley, Ontario TP
 * Harris, Ontario TP
 * Hastings Highlands, Ontario TP
 * [[Havelock-
 * Hilton, Ontario TP
 * Hilton Beach, Ontario VL
 * Hornepayne, Ontario TP
 * Horton, Ontario TP
 * Howick, Ontario TP
 * Hudson, Ontario TP
 * Huntsville, Ontario T
 * Huron East, Ontario T
 * Huron Shores, Ontario TP
 * Huron-Kinloss, Ontario TP

I
added to the list article WayneRay 14:06, 5 May 2006 (UTC)WayneRay

J

 * James, Ontario TP
 * Jocelyn, Ontario TP
 * Johnson, Ontario TP
 * Joly, Ontario TP

K

 * Kapuskasing, Ontario T
 * Kasabonika Lake, Ontario R
 * Kawartha Lakes, Ontario C
 * Kearney, Ontario T
 * Kee-Way-Win, Ontario R
 * Kenora, Ontario C
 * Kenora 38B, Ontario R
 * Kenora, Unorganized, Ontario UNO
 * Kerns, Ontario TP
 * Kettle Point 44, Ontario R
 * Killaloe, Hagarty and Richards, Ontario TP
 * Killarney, Ontario T
 * Kincardine, Ontario TP
 * King, Ontario TP
 * Kingfisher Lake 1, Ontario R
 * Kingston, Ontario C
 * Kingsville, Ontario T
 * Kirkland Lake, Ontario T
 * Kitchener, Ontario C
 * Kitchenuhmaykoosib Aaki 84 (Big Trout Lake), Ontario R

L

 * La Vallee, Ontario TP
 * LaSalle, Ontario T
 * Lac Seul 28, Ontario R
 * Lac des Mille Lacs 22A1, Ontario R
 * Laird, Ontario TP
 * Lake Helen 53A, Ontario R
 * Lake Of The Woods 31G, Ontario R
 * Lake Of The Woods 37, Ontario R
 * Lake of Bays, Ontario TP
 * Lake of the Woods, Ontario TP
 * Lakeshore, Ontario T
 * Lambton Shores, Ontario C
 * Lanark Highlands, Ontario TP
 * Lansdowne House, Ontario S-E
 * Larder Lake, Ontario TP
 * Latchford, Ontario T
 * Laurentian Hills, Ontario T
 * Laurentian Valley, Ontario TP
 * Leamington, Ontario T
 * Leeds and the Thousand Islands, Ontario TP
 * Limerick, Ontario TP
 * Lincoln, Ontario T
 * London, Ontario C
 * Long Lake 58, Ontario R
 * Long Sault 12, Ontario R
 * Loyalist, Ontario TP
 * Lucan Biddulph, Ontario TP

M

 * M'Chigeeng 22 (West Bay 22), Ontario R
 * MacDowell Lake, Ontario S-E
 * Macdonald, Meredith and Aberdeen Additional, Ontario TP
 * Machar, Ontario TP
 * Machin, Ontario TP
 * Madawaska Valley, Ontario TP
 * Madoc, Ontario TP
 * Magnetawan, Ontario TP
 * Magnetewan 1, Ontario R
 * Malahide, Ontario TP
 * Manitou Rapids 11, Ontario R
 * Manitoulin, Unorganized, Mainland, Ontario UNO
 * Manitoulin, Unorganized, West Part, Ontario UNO
 * Manitouwadge, Ontario TP
 * Mapleton, Ontario TP
 * Marathon, Ontario T
 * Markham, Ontario T
 * Markstay-Warren, Ontario T
 * Marmora and Lake, Ontario TP
 * Marten Falls 65, Ontario R
 * Matachewan, Ontario TP
 * Matachewan 72, Ontario R
 * Mattagami 71, Ontario R
 * Mattawa, Ontario T
 * Mattawan, Ontario TP
 * Mattice-Val Côté, Ontario TP
 * McDougall, Ontario TP
 * McGarry, Ontario TP
 * McKellar, Ontario TP
 * McMurrich/Monteith, Ontario TP
 * McNab/Braeside, Ontario TP
 * Melancthon, Ontario TP
 * Merrickville-Wolford, Ontario VL
 * Michipicoten, Ontario TP
 * Middlesex Centre, Ontario TP
 * Midland, Ontario T
 * Milton, Ontario T
 * Minden Hills, Ontario TP
 * Minto, Ontario T
 * Missanabie 62, Ontario R
 * Mississagi River 8, Ontario R
 * Mississauga, Ontario C
 * Mississaugas of Scugog Island, Ontario R
 * Mississippi Mills, Ontario T
 * Mnjikaning First Nation 32 (Rama First Nation 32), Ontario R
 * Mono, Ontario T
 * Montague, Ontario TP
 * Moonbeam, Ontario TP
 * Moose Factory 68, Ontario R
 * Moose Point 79, Ontario R
 * Moosonee, Ontario T
 * Moravian 47, Ontario R
 * Morley, Ontario TP
 * Morris-Turnberry, Ontario TP
 * Mountbatten 76A, Ontario R
 * Mulmur, Ontario TP
 * Munsee-Delaware Nation 1, Ontario R
 * Muskoka Lakes, Ontario TP
 * Muskrat Dam, Ontario S-E (Muskrat Dam Lake, Ontario R)

N

 * Nairn and Hyman, Ontario TP
 * Naiscoutaing 17A, Ontario R
 * Neebing, Ontario TP
 * Neguaguon Lake 25D, Ontario R
 * Neskantaga, Ontario R
 * New Credit (Part) 40A, Ontario R
 * New Post 69, Ontario R
 * New Post 69A, Ontario R
 * New Tecumseth, Ontario T
 * Newbury, Ontario VL
 * Newmarket, Ontario T
 * Neyaashiinigmiing, Ontario R
 * Niagara Falls, Ontario C
 * Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario T
 * Nipigon, Ontario TP
 * Nipissing, Ontario TP
 * Nipissing 10, Ontario R
 * Nipissing, Unorganized, North Part, Ontario UNO
 * Nipissing, Unorganized, South Part, Ontario UNO
 * Norfolk, Ontario C
 * North Algona Wilberforce, Ontario TP
 * North Bay, Ontario C
 * North Dumfries, Ontario TP
 * North Dundas, Ontario TP
 * North Frontenac, Ontario TP
 * North Glengarry, Ontario TP
 * North Grenville, Ontario TP
 * North Huron, Ontario TP
 * North Kawartha, Ontario TP
 * North Middlesex, Ontario TP
 * North Perth, Ontario T
 * North Shore, Ontario TP
 * North Spirit Lake, Ontario R
 * North Stormont, Ontario TP
 * Northeastern Manitoulin and the Islands, Ontario T
 * Northern Bruce Peninsula, Ontario TP
 * Northwest Angle 33B, Ontario R
 * Norwich, Ontario TP

O

 * O'Connor, Ontario TP
 * Oakville, Ontario T
 * Oil Springs, Ontario VL
 * Ojibway Nation of Saugeen (Savant Lake), Ontario R
 * Oliver Paipoonge, Ontario TP
 * Oneida 41, Ontario R
 * Opasatika, Ontario TP
 * Orangeville, Ontario T
 * Orillia, Ontario C
 * Oro-Medonte, Ontario TP
 * Oshawa, Ontario C
 * Osnaburgh 63A, Ontario R
 * Osnaburgh 63B, Ontario R
 * Otonabee-South Monaghan, Ontario TP
 * Ottawa, Ontario C
 * Owen Sound, Ontario C

P

 * Papineau-Cameron, Ontario TP
 * Parry Island First Nation, Ontario R
 * Parry Sound, Ontario T
 * Parry Sound, Unorganized, Centre Part, Ontario UNO
 * Parry Sound, Unorganized, North East Part, Ontario UNO
 * Pays Plat 51, Ontario R
 * Peawanuck, Ontario S-E
 * Pelee, Ontario TP
 * Pelham, Ontario T
 * Pembroke, Ontario C
 * Penetanguishene, Ontario T
 * Perry, Ontario TP
 * Perth, Ontario T
 * Perth East, Ontario TP
 * Perth South, Ontario TP
 * Petawawa, Ontario T
 * Peterborough, Ontario C
 * Petrolia, Ontario T
 * Pic Mobert North, Ontario R
 * Pic Mobert South, Ontario R
 * Pic River 50, Ontario R
 * Pickering, Ontario C
 * Pickle Lake, Ontario TP
 * Pikangikum 14, Ontario R
 * Pikwakanagan (Golden Lake 39), Ontario R
 * Plummer Additional, Ontario TP
 * Plympton-Wyoming, Ontario T
 * Point Edward, Ontario VL
 * Poplar Hill, Ontario R
 * Port Colborne, Ontario C
 * Port Hope, Ontario T
 * Powassan, Ontario T
 * Prescott, Ontario T
 * Prince, Ontario TP
 * Prince Edward, Ontario C
 * Puslinch, Ontario TP

Q

 * Quinte West, Ontario C

R

 * Rainy Lake 17A, Ontario R
 * Rainy Lake 17B, Ontario R
 * Rainy Lake 18C, Ontario R
 * Rainy Lake 26A, Ontario R
 * Rainy River, Ontario T
 * Rainy River, Unorganized, Ontario UNO
 * Ramara, Ontario TP
 * Rankin Location 15D, Ontario R
 * Rat Portage 38A, Ontario R
 * Red Lake, Ontario T
 * Red Rock, Ontario TP
 * Renfrew, Ontario T
 * Richmond Hill, Ontario T
 * Rideau Lakes, Ontario TP
 * Rocky Bay 1, Ontario R
 * Russell, Ontario TP
 * Ryerson, Ontario TP

T

 * Tarbutt and Tarbutt Additional, Ontario TP
 * Tay, Ontario TP
 * Tay Valley, Ontario TP
 * Tecumseh, Ontario T
 * Tehkummah, Ontario TP
 * Temagami, Ontario T
 * Temiskaming Shores, Ontario C
 * Terrace Bay, Ontario TP
 * Thames Centre, Ontario TP
 * The Archipelago, Ontario TP
 * The Dalles 38C, Ontario R
 * The Nation Municipality, Ontario TP
 * Thessalon, Ontario T
 * Thessalon 12, Ontario R
 * Thornloe, Ontario VL
 * Thorold, Ontario C
 * Thunder Bay, Ontario C
 * Thunder Bay, Unorganized, Ontario UNO
 * Tillsonburg, Ontario T
 * Timiskaming, Unorganized, East Part, Ontario UNO
 * Timiskaming, Unorganized, West Part, Ontario UNO
 * Timmins, Ontario C
 * Tiny, Ontario TP
 * Toronto, Ontario C
 * Trent Hills, Ontario T
 * Tudor and Cashel, Ontario TP
 * Tweed, Ontario TP
 * Tyendinaga, Ontario TP
 * Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory, Ontario R

U

 * Uxbridge, Ontario TP

V

 * Val Rita-Harty, Ontario TP
 * Vaughan, Ontario C

W

 * Wabauskang 21, Ontario R
 * Wabigoon Lake 27, Ontario R
 * Wahnapitei 11, Ontario R
 * Wahta Mohawk Territory, Ontario R
 * Wainfleet, Ontario TP
 * Walpole Island 46, Ontario R
 * Wapekeka 1, Ontario R
 * Wapekeka 2, Ontario R
 * Warwick, Ontario TP
 * Wasaga Beach, Ontario T
 * Waterloo, Ontario C
 * Wawakapewin (Long Dog Lake), Ontario R
 * Weagamow Lake 87, Ontario R
 * Webequie, Ontario S-E
 * Welland, Ontario C
 * Wellesley, Ontario TP
 * Wellington North, Ontario TP
 * West Elgin, Ontario TP
 * West Grey, Ontario TP
 * West Lincoln, Ontario TP
 * West Nipissing, Ontario T
 * West Perth, Ontario TP
 * Westport, Ontario VL
 * Whitby, Ontario T
 * Whitchurch-Stouffville, Ontario T
 * White River, Ontario TP
 * Whitefish Bay 32A, Ontario R
 * Whitefish Bay 33A, Ontario R
 * Whitefish Bay 34A, Ontario R
 * Whitefish Lake 6, Ontario R
 * Whitefish River (Part) 4, Ontario R
 * Whitesand, Ontario R
 * Whitestone, Ontario TP
 * Whitewater Region, Ontario TP
 * Wikwemikong Unceded 26, Ontario R
 * Wilmot, Ontario TP
 * Windsor, Ontario C
 * Wollaston, Ontario TP
 * Woodstock, Ontario C
 * Woolwich, Ontario TP
 * Wunnumin 1, Ontario R
 * Wunnumin 2, Ontario

Z

 * Zhiibaahaasing 19 (Cockburn Island 19), Ontario R
 * Zhiibaahaasing 19A (Cockburn Island 19A), Ontario R
 * Zorra, Ontario TP

Shouldn't these communitites listed above be on the main page? SD6-Agent 22:42, 21 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Eventually they will REPLACE the communities on the main page. But, there needs to be links and pages made before this can happen.

Dead Links
Since this has not been updated it looks like 2004, I will remove the dead links as no one has written an article about them. There is a book out called Ghost Towns of Ontario and that information might fill in the gaps but as it stands this is an encyclopedia and ency's usually have information not blank pages WayneRay 02:10, 5 May 2006 (UTC)WayneRay
 * Um, no. Don't remove any communities from this list unless they are ficticious. This is meant as a list of communities in Ontario not a list of communities that happen to have Wikipedia pages. --Curlingstub.png Earl Andrew - talk 09:05, 6 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I think i only did one letter of the list so shall i leave it or put them back? WayneRay 02:46, 10 May 2006 (UTC)WayneRay
 * Put them back, please. Thanks. :) --Curlingstub.png Earl Andrew - talk 03:21, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Does Sultan fit in this list somewhere or is it gonna fall under Sudbury or something like that? Highlandlord 20:22, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

Canada Post
Hi, I'm preparing to update this page to designate which communities are officially recognized by Canada Post, and which ones are not (and cite what their proper designation is, if available). I have no intentions of removing anything from the current list; in fact, I would encourage people to add every community in Ontario that they can think of. Skittleys, 11:28, 3 August 2006 (UTC)
 * That's a good idea. It may also root out some vandalism of non existant places if they're on the list. I've been gradually adding more and more communities (using atlas indexes) since I first started at Wikipedia. --Curlingstub.png Earl Andrew - talk 15:54, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

Dickie One, Two
I did an Internet search for either of these two communities and absolutely nothing came up about them. Can I get some verification that these communities actually exist?-RomeW 02:03, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

Northern Ontario
Should i create a sub-list for "major" towns in Northern Ontario? major to me is any FULL SERVICE town that has 1000 or more people. Full service being hotel, fuel, food, bathrooms, and telephones. It could be particularly useful for organizing things.  RaccoonFox • Talk • Stalk''' 01:43, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

Marmora
Marmora & Lake redirects to Marmora, but Marmora & Lake is the official name of the municipality. Seems to me the article should be under the official name - the history and info about Marmora could be under the separate Marmora article. Thoughts? Blotto adrift 22:48, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

Define communities
I have added many communities, and included many due to their being listed as communities under various townships. Does anyone have thoughts on that? Frankie816 12:40, 29 March 2007 (UTC)


text:
Richard Coates

Richard Coates (born 16 April 1949, in Grimsby, Lincolnshire, and educated at Wintringham School) is an English linguist. He was Professor of Linguistics (alternatively Professor of Onomastics) at the University of the West of England, Bristol, now emeritus. From 1977 to 2006 he taught at the University of Sussex, where he served as Professor of Linguistics (1991–2006) and as Dean of the School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences (1998–2003). From 1980 to 1989 he was assistant secretary and then secretary of the Linguistics Association of Great Britain. He was honorary director of the Survey of English Place-Names from 2003 to 2019, having previously (1997–2002) served as president of the English Place-Name Society which conducts the Survey, resuming this role in 2019. From 2002 to 2008, he was secretary of the International Council of Onomastic Sciences, a body devoted to the promotion of the study of names, and elected as one of its two vice-presidents from 2011 to 2017. He was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 1992 and of the Royal Society of Arts in 2001.

His main academic interests are proper names (both from the historical and the theoretical perspective), historical linguistics in general, the philology of the Germanic, Romance and Celtic languages, regional variation in language, and local history. He is editor of the Survey of English Place-Names for Hampshire and was principal investigator of the AHRC-funded project Family Names of the United Kingdom (FaNUK), running from 2010 to 2016, of which Patrick Hanks was lead researcher.

He has written books on the names of the Channel Islands, the local place-names of St Kilda, Hampshire and Sussex, the dialect of Sussex, and, with Andrew Breeze, on Celtic place-names in England, as well as over 500 academic articles, notes, and collections on related topics. His main contribution to linguistic theory is The Pragmatic Theory of Properhood, set out in a number of articles since 2000.

He is also the author of Word Structure, a students' introduction to linguistic morphology (Routledge), and of online resources on Shakespeare's character-names and on the place-names of Hayling Island.

Books, dissertations and selected other freestanding publications
1977 The status of rules in historical phonology. Doctoral dissertation 10301, University of Cambridge. [Unpublished.]

1987 (co-ed. with John Lyons, Margaret Deuchar and Gerald Gazdar) New horizons in linguistics 2. Harmondsworth: Pelican; pp. viii + 465 (ISBN 978-0-14-022612-6).

1988 Toponymic topics: essays on the early toponymy of the British Isles. Brighton: Younsmere Press; pp. v + 124 (ISBN 0-9512309-1-3).

1989 The place-names of Hampshire. London: Batsford; pp. vii + 193 (ISBN 0-7134-5625-6).

1990 The place-names of St Kilda: nomina hirtensia. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press (ISBN 9780199677764 Celtic Studies 1); pp. viii + 221 (ISBN 0-88946-077-9).

1991 The ancient and modern names of the Channel Islands: a linguistic history. Stamford: Paul Watkins; pp. xiv + 144 (ISBN 1-871615-15-1).

1992 (ed.) De A.B.C. psalms by Jim Cladpole (James Richards). Brighton: Younsmere Press; pp. 46 (ISBN 0-9512309-6-4).

1993 Hampshire place-names. Southampton: Ensign Publications. Paperback edition of The place-names of Hampshire; pp. 193 (ISBN 185455 090 X).

1996–2007 (ed.) Locus focus: forum of the Sussex place-names net (7 vols, 14 issues).

1999 The place-names of West Thorney. Nottingham: English Place-Name Society (supplementary series 1); pp. v + 64 (ISBN 0904889 52 1).

1999 Word structure. London and New York: Routledge (Routledge Language Workbooks); pp. ix + 101 (ISBN 0 415 20631 6). [Student guide to morphology. Also available as an e-book from 2005.]

2000 (with Andrew Breeze; including a contribution by David Horovitz) Celtic voices, English places: studies of the Celtic impact on place-names in England. Stamford: Shaun Tyas; pp. xiv + 433 (ISBN 1-900289-41-5).

2006 (guest ed.) Name theory. Special issue of Onoma, vol. 41 (spine date 2006; appeared 2011); pp. 309 (, eISSN 1783-1644).

2007 The place-names of Hayling Island, Hampshire. [MS. of 1991. Web-publication; http://www.uwe.ac.uk/hlss/llas/staff_coates_r_hayling.doc; pp. 96.]

2010 A place-name history of the parishes of Rottingdean and Ovingdean in Sussex (including Woodingdean and Saltdean). Nottingham: English Place-Name Society (Regional series 2); pp. xviii + 222, ISBN 978-0-904889-84-0. [Published with the aid of a grant from the British Academy.]

2010 The traditional dialect of Sussex: a history, description, selected texts, bibliography and discography. Lewes: Pomegranate Press; pp. 349. (ISBN 978-1-907242-09-0.) [Published with the aid of a grant from the Marc Fitch Fund.]

2016 (co-ed. with Patrick Hanks and Peter McClure) The Oxford dictionary of family names in the United Kingdom. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (ISBN 9780199677764; also ebook and online versions.)

2017 Wilkins of Westbury and Redland: the life and writings of the Rev. Dr Henry John Wilkins (1865-1941). Bristol: Avon Local History Association pamphlet 24.

2017 Your city's place-names: Brighton and Hove. Nottingham: English Place-Name Society. (ISBN 9780904889970.) 2017 Your city's place-names: Bristol. Nottingham: English Place-Name Society. (ISBN 9780904889963.)

2018 (guest ed. with Katalin Reszegi) Onomastica Uralica 11. (, .)

2019 Places, names and history in north-west Bristol: Shirehampton, Avonmouth and King’s Weston. Bristol: Bristol Centre for Linguistics, University of the West of England.

2019 Your city's place-names: Cambridge. Nottingham: English Place-Name Society.

2020 (co-ed. with Luisa Caiazzo and Maoz Azaryahu) Naming, identity and tourism. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. (ISBN 1527542866, ISBN 9781527542860.)

2020 (guest co-ed. with Martyna Gibka) Explorations in literary onomastic theory. Special issue of Onoma, vol. 53 (spine date 2018; to appear 2020).

title: Richard Coates