text:
Loras College

Loras College is a private Catholic college in Dubuque, Iowa. It has an enrollment of approximately 1,600 students and is the oldest post-secondary institution in the state of Iowa. The school offers both undergraduate and graduate degree programs. It is one of four four-year post-secondary institutions in the City of Dubuque, one of four Catholic colleges in the Archdiocese of Dubuque, and one of six Catholic colleges in the state of Iowa. The campus was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Loras College Historic District in 2020.

History
Loras College, a liberal arts college, was founded in 1839 by Mathias Loras, first bishop of Dubuque, who established Saint Raphael's Seminary to educate young men for the priesthood with the expressed intention of also providing an opportunity for higher education to the citizens of the area. Loras later became president of the college. His statue on campus was removed on September 8, 2020 after it was discovered he was a slave owner from 1836 to 1852. The college has functioned under several different names: Saint Raphael's Seminary and later Saint Raphael's Academy (1839–1850), Mount St. Bernard's College and Seminary (1850–1873), St. Joseph's College (1873–1914), Dubuque College (1914–1920), and Columbia College (1920–1939). The present name was adopted during the school's centennial in 1939. That same year, the national Catholic honor society, Delta Epsilon Sigma was founded at the college, by Father Fitzgerald. From the time of its founding, the college has devoted its faculty and facilities to an undergraduate program; it conferred the Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees.

In 1963, when The Catholic University of America decided to discontinue its branch program of graduate study on the Loras campus, Loras College, realizing the growing need in the locale for study beyond the baccalaureate degree, initiated its Graduate Division offering the Master of Arts degree in some fields.

The College became coeducational in the fall of 1971. In 1973, the Associate of Arts and the Associate of Science degrees were introduced. The Division of Community Education was initiated in 1975.

Both the Undergraduate College and the Graduate Division of Loras College are accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. The teacher education program, both at the graduate and undergraduate level, is accredited by the Iowa Department of Education. The undergraduate teacher education program is also accredited by the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education. The American Chemical Society has approved the undergraduate chemistry program. The Council of Social Work Education has accredited the social work major at the baccalaureate level.

Academics
Loras offers 49 majors, 11 stand-alone minors, and nine pre-professional programs for undergraduates. Undergraduates can also participate in summer classes, internships, field experience, study abroad, and other programs.

For graduate programs, Loras offers a Master of Arts in clinical or general psychology, school counseling, education STEM, and a master's degree Business Administration with a focus on business analytics.

Athletics
Loras’ athletic teams are known as the Duhawks, a name bestowed upon the football team by a Detroit Free Press scribe in 1924 converging Dubuque and Hawks. The school fields 23 men's and women's varsity teams in the NCAA Division III. They are a member of the American Rivers Conference (ARC), Midwest Women's Lacrosse Conference (MWLC), and the Midwest Collegiate Volleyball League (MCVL). Loras’ colors are Purple, Rah Rah Gold, and Metallic Gold. The men's soccer team has advanced to the NCAA Division III Final Four five times since 2007, and once to the NCAA Division III Championship game in 2015. Denise Udelhofen ('90) serves as the director of athletics for the Duhawks and is assisted by head men's soccer coach and director of soccer operations, Dan Rothert ('96). Jim Naprstek ('13) serves as the director of athletic communications for the Duhawks after his hiring in March 2014.

Campus
Loras sits on a 65 acre campus located atop several hills in Dubuque. The grounds are bounded by Loras Boulevard on the south, Kirkwood Street on the north, Henion Street on the east, and Alta Vista Street on the west. The campus is surrounded by residential neighborhoods on all sides, some of which are among the most historic in the city. The college consists of 23 buildings, two athletic fields, a stadium, and five tennis courts. Because of its high location, several of the buildings provide excellent views of Downtown Dubuque and the Mississippi River.

Some of the more notable buildings include:
 * Athletic Wellness Center: Built in 2007–2008, the athletic wellness center provides a home to the men's and women's basketball teams as well as the men's and women's volleyball team, as well as men's wrestling. In addition, a cardio-vascular center, upgraded weight room and training room, as well as state-of-the-art locker rooms makes the 'AWC' a great improvement from "The Fieldhouse."

 * Academic Resource Center: The ARC is home to the campus' main library, including some 355,000 items. The building also includes the bookstore, and other academic uses.

 * Alumni Campus Center: At the center of campus, the Alumni Campus Center is a multi-function building, and includes the student union, dining hall, and meeting rooms.
 * Christ the King Chapel: The main chapel on campus, built in 1946, is decorated in a pre-Vatican II Streamline Moderne architectural style. The chapel holds daily Mass, Thursday night Exposition of the Blessed Sacrament and Reconciliation, and Mass Sunday night with student lectors, cantors, musicians, extraordinary ministers of Holy Communion, greeters, acolytes, and sacristans. The building connects to Keane Hall via a skywalk between the two buildings. The chapel is also the final resting place of Father Aloysius Schmitt, the first chaplain killed during World War II.

 * Hoffmann Hall: Hoffmann Hall is Loras' oldest standing building, with parts of the building built in 1902. It includes a tall clock tower, and houses various academic uses, a beautiful pre-Vatican II architectural-themed adoration chapel named St. Joseph's, along with St. Joseph's Auditorium. The auditorium is the home of the Loras Players, the oldest continually running theater group west of the Mississippi River.  The stage in the auditorium features a turntable.

 * Keane Hall: Keane Hall is the most visible building on campus, sitting at the peak of the highest hill in the city. Designed by celebrated architect Emmanuel Louis Masqueray, the building is multi-use, and includes administrative offices, academics, and faculty offices.
 * The Visitation Complex: The Visitation is the former convent of the Visitation Sisters that now houses the school's classes in art and music. Gallagher Hall is where most recitals take place, and the building houses an art museum and practice space for musicians.

Expansion
The college has been expanded over the years. The Alumni Campus Center was built in 1992, and added a new library in 2001. The Academic Resource Center contains a collection of approximately 355,000 items and 11,000 magazine subscriptions. In addition to its broad general collection, the library contains a rich heritage in its special collections of rare books, as well as the photographs and manuscripts in the Center for Dubuque History located in the lower level of the library. The library is also an official document depository for both the United States government and the state of Iowa. The previous library, Wahlert Memorial Library, was remodeled into classroom space.

The college has purchased Cox Street which runs through campus from the city of Dubuque for $50,000. The school has since shut the street down and replaced it with a pedestrian friendly walk way to improve pedestrian safety and help upgrade the area aesthetically. In 2015, a school spirit shop, The Duhawk Shop, and Einstein Bros. Bagels opened at the corner of Loras Boulevard and the new Loras Parkway.

St. Pius X Seminary
St. Pius X Seminary is run under the auspices of the Archdiocese of Dubuque. The seminary prepares Minor (College) Seminarians for the priesthood, specifically preparing candidates for entrance into Major Seminary & Theological studies. Through Loras, the seminary provides full training in Philosophical studies, while giving students the necessary religious studies courses required for entrance into Major Seminary. The seminary has operated under various names and conditions at Loras College since 1839 until adopting its present name in 1954. St. Pius X has prepared countless Seminarians across Iowa & surrounding states for the priesthood, counting over 30 Bishops as alumni. Currently, the seminary is housed at the Vianney House and serves Seminarians of the Archdiocese of Dubuque and the Diocese of Des Moines. The current rector of St. Pius X Seminary is Fr. David Schatz and the spiritual director is Fr. Tom McDermott.

Transportation
The college is located west of downtown Dubuque and served by The Jule transit system. The Blue Route, Orange Route and AM Commuter East Route stop on Loras Boulevard at the south edge of campus. Lamers Bus Lines stops outside Keane Hall providing intercity bus service towards Madison and Milwaukee.

Alumni and faculty
Loras College currently counts over 30 bishops as alumni. Notable graduates and faculty of Loras College include:
 * Don Ameche, film actor, known to have attended during the 1920s.
 * Bill Bartmann (class of 1972), CEO of CFS2 and Nobel Peace Prize nominee for 2014
 * Rod Blum (class of 1977), former U.S. congressman from Iowa's 1st District, 2015–2019
 * Robert Byrne - novelist and Billiard Congress of America Hall of Fame instructor of pool and carom billiards.
 * Red Faber, Hall of Fame baseball pitcher, attended Loras in 1909. Faber set a college record by striking out 24 St. Ambrose University batters in a 1909 game before moving on to a 20-year Major League career with the Chicago White Sox. Faber-Clark Field on Loras’ lower campus bears his name today.
 * Matthew Fox, Creation Spirituality founder, attended Loras in 1958. He was eventually ordained as a Dominican priest but then silenced for a year (forbidden to teach theology) by Cardinal Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI) of the Holy See in 1988. In 1993, he was expelled from the Dominican order and effectively from the Catholic Church at the order of Cardinal Ratzinger. In 1994, he became an Episcopal priest.
 * Edward Grace (class of 1988), Chief of Law Enforcement for the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. In 2016, he received the Service to America Medal for stopping an international Rhino and Elephant poaching and wildlife smuggling network.
 * Greg Gumbel (class of 1967), CBS sportscaster
 * George Guthridge, award-winning speculative fiction author; taught English at Loras and brought George R. R. Martin to nearby Clarke College
 * Chris Jans (class of 1991), head coach of the Mississippi State University men's basketball team
 * Pam Jochum (class of 1992), Iowa State Senator and first woman to hold the title of Senate President
 * Darin LaHood (class of 1990), current U.S. congressman from Illinois's 18th District, 2015–present
 * Bill Lipinski, former U.S. congressman from Illinois's 5th District (1983-1993) and 3rd District (1993-2005), attended 1956-1957
 * Javier Manzano (class of 1998), freelance photographer, who received the Public Photo Prize Award at the 20th edition of the Bayeux Calvados Awards held in Bayeux, France. In 2013, he received the Pulitzer Prize for feature photography for his photo of two rebel soldiers guarding their sniper's nest in Aleppo, Syria.
 * Mickey Marty (class of 1949), All-American basketball player.
 * Michael M. Mihm (class of 1964), U.S. District Court Judge for the Central District of Illinois.
 * Thomas J. Miller (class of 1966), Iowa Attorney General (1979-1990; 1994-2022) and the longest serving state Attorney General in U.S. history.
 * Robert W. Pratt (class of 1969), District Judge for the United States District Court for the Southern District of Iowa
 * John Joseph Paul (class of 1939), Roman Catholic Bishop of the Diocese of La Crosse.
 * Kenneth M. Quinn (class of 1964), President of the World Food Prize Foundation (2000-2020), United States Ambassador to Cambodia, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State as well as a member of the National Security Council staff at the White House.
 * David Rabe (class of 1962), playwright and screenwriter.
 * Raymond Roseliep (class of 1939), American poet famous for haiku.
 * Father Aloysius Schmitt, one of those killed on board the USS Oklahoma during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. He was the first American chaplain killed during World War II.
 * Dennis Schmitz, contemporary American poet.
 * Thomas P. Sullivan (class of 1951), trial lawyer, former U.S. Attorney under President Jimmy Carter
 * Thomas Tauke (class of 1972), U.S. congressman from Iowa, 1979–1991.

title: Loras College


text:
User:Umlautbob

I've been on Wikipedia for a short time now, and I've contributed only one article, the article on justifiable homicide. (It's listed under my old IP because I hadn't logged in.) Help me out and edit it some, will ya?

Been here longer now (promise I won't use this as a blog.) Done a lot more editing. Most of it, I didn't bother logging in for, though. The justifiable homicide article is barely recognizable as what I first created. My baby's all grown up *sob*.

I collect those little user boxes. FTW. Somebody tell me how to make it so they're not all one column. I often do not log in. When not logged in, I edit as 72.240.105.38. ---

Howdy! One simple way to un-columnize yer userboxes is to delete the "boxboxtop" and "boxbottom" stuff. There's probably better ways but that's a start. Great collection of ub's ... I klepto'd some. rewinn 15:44, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

Started editing again after getting totally disgusted with Wikipedia for a while. I know my userpage is a mess. No I will not clean it.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Umlautbob


text:
Robert Harley (1579–1656)

Sir Robert Harley (baptised 1 March 1579 – 6 November 1656) was an English statesman who served as Master of the Mint for Charles I. A devout Puritan, he supported Parliament in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.

Life
He was the son of Thomas Harley of Brampton Bryan Castle in Herefordshire and his wife Margaret, daughter of Sir Andrew Corbet. He entered Oriel College, Oxford in 1595, earning a BA in 1599. He entered Middle Temple in 1599. He was invested as a Knight of the Bath on 25 July 1603.

After his first marriage in 1603, he served in various local offices in Herefordshire and Radnorshire, including representing Radnor in Parliament in 1604, Herefordshire in 1624 and 1626 and Evesham in 1628. In 1623 he had married Brilliana, daughter of Sir Edward Conway, one of the Secretaries of State, and acted as his aide in Parliament. He was rewarded for this by being appointed Master of the Mint. He was deprived of this office in 1635 but reinstated in 1643. During this period, his attitude was more that of a country gentleman than of a courtier.

In religion (like Brilliana), Harley was a puritan, taking an anti-Catholic and later also anti-Arminian line. He was successively elected to both Parliaments in 1640 (Short Parliament and Long Parliament), where he opposed ship money, Laudian ecclesiastical innovations and the Scottish War. This led him to join the Parliamentary party. Harley was in charge of the Committee for the Demolition of Monuments of Superstition and Idolatry, and presided over the destruction of a great deal of religious art and architecture.

He was an active member of that party both in Parliament and in Herefordshire, Brampton Bryan Castle undergoing siege in 1643 and 1644. On 30 September 1642, Parliamentarians led by Harley and Henry Grey, 1st Earl of Stamford occupied Hereford without opposition. In December, they withdrew to Gloucester because of the presence in the area of a Royalist army under Lord Herbert.

His support for reconciliation with the king led to his being excluded from the House of Commons in Pride's Purge. He and his son Edward, a colonel in the Parliamentarian army, were imprisoned until after the king's execution. He resigned as Master of the Mint in May 1649 and took no further part in politics.

He left several sons, his heir Edward being the father of Queen Anne's Lord Treasurer, Robert Harley, who was raised to the peerage as the Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer.

title: Robert Harley (1579–1656)


text:
Zielona Góra County

Zielona Góra County (powiat zielonogórski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lubusz Voivodeship, western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Zielona Góra, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The county contains five towns: Sulechów, which lies 23 km north-east of Zielona Góra, Nowogród Bobrzański, which lies 25 km south-west of Zielona Góra, Babimost, which lies 40 km north-east of Zielona Góra, Czerwieńsk, which lies 11 km north-west of Zielona Góra, and Kargowa, 40 km north-east of Zielona Góra.

The county covers an area of 1349.75 km2. As of 2019 its total population is 75,626. The most populated towns are Sulechów with 16,831 inhabitants and Nowogród Bobrzański with 5,165 inhabitants.

Neighbouring counties
Apart from the city of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra County is also bordered by Świebodzin County to the north, Nowy Tomyśl County to the north-east, Wolsztyn County to the east, Nowa Sól County to the south-east, Żagań County to the south, Żary County to the south-west and Krosno Odrzańskie County to the west.

Administrative division
The county is subdivided into 9 gminas (five urban-rural and four rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.

title: Zielona Góra County


text:
Słubice County

Słubice County (powiat słubicki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lubusz Voivodeship, western Poland, on the German border. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Słubice, which lies 63 km south-west of Gorzów Wielkopolski and 79 km north-west of Zielona Góra. The county contains three other towns: Rzepin, lying 19 km east of Słubice, Ośno Lubuskie, lying 25 km north-east of Słubice, and Cybinka, 24 km south-east of Słubice.

The county covers an area of 999.77 km2. As of 2019 its total population is 47,018. The most populated towns are Słubice with 16,705 inhabitants and Rzepin with 6,529 inhabitants.

Neighbouring counties
Słubice County is bordered by Gorzów County to the north, Sulęcin County to the east and Krosno Odrzańskie County to the south. It also borders Brandenburg in Germany to the west.

Administrative division
The county is subdivided into five gminas (four urban-rural and one rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.

title: Słubice County


text:
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Banana-Spirulina Pancakes

Banana-Spirulina Pancakes

There were no objections to deleting this when it was listed on VfD last time so I deleted it. I changed my mind and undeleted it following Quercusrobur's query (see WP:VfU) as to why it was deleted. Should it be redeleted? Angela. 02:23, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I am not sure why recipes are considered candidates for deletion. Look at what's been done off of List of cocktails: there are several dozen cocktail recipes here, at least.  If them, why not this?  (I though spirulina was some kind of algae, anyways.  So it may be bogus for other reasons.) -- Smerdis of Tlön 04:35, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Spirulina is a health food. Beyond that, I don't see why recipes should be deleted. We have several. RickK 04:37, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Most dishes are prepared in different ways by different people, so an individual recipe is usually just one person's point of view on how a dish should be prepared, which doesn't fit in with the NPOV policy. If for some dish there is a particular recipe that is more notable than the others - for example if it is the earliest known, or is interesting for another reason - then that recipe could perhaps be included in the general article on the dish, with an explanation of where it came from, and why it is notable. If a recipe is not particularly notable in connection with the dish it is for, then it could instead be included in another article, perhaps relating to the person who made up the recipe. For example, if someone can write a whole article on Mrs. Beeton's pancake recipes (I don't even know if she wrote any, but this is hypothetical!), then it could perhaps be illustrated with examples. However, note that Wikipedia is not a repository of source texts, so they shouldn't take up most of the article. If a recipe isn't even referenced, as was the case here, there is no way of judging its significance. For all we know, it could have been made up by the contributor. -- Oliver P. 21:19, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Keep. BL 18:38, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Umlautbob

Mass Improvements
I was looking through the Elder Scrolls articles and was surprised when I found that some of the worst articles included those with great potential: such as The Elder Scrolls or Tamriel. The Elder Scrolls should include a summary of the content of each of the games (with the spoiler warning) and a summary of the development of each game (a decent yet not good example of this would be Civilization (computer game)). Tamriel should be even easier, if you base the articles on the articles on real countries. eg. India which is FA, you can fill it in with information in the proper format. I don't have very much time to work on it, but I was wondering whether you would help improve these articles, perhaps as a long-term goal.  Noble eagle  (Talk)  07:44, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Okay, will do. Good idea about basing the Tamriel article on other nation pages. Umlautbob 15:00, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

 * It's a good idea to read the books, but isn't there a website on the internet that contains the content of every single book in the games. I would think someone would go to the trouble to provide such a service.  Noble eagle  (Talk)  07:55, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, there is- The Imperial Library. I haven't quite worked out how to link external urls yet, but it's http://til.gamingsource.net/ Morgrim 09:12, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

Articles you might like to edit, from SuggestBot
SuggestBot predicts that you will enjoy editing some of these articles. Have fun!

SuggestBot picks articles in a number of ways based on other articles you've edited, including straight text similarity, following wikilinks, and matching your editing patterns against those of other Wikipedians. It tries to recommend only articles that other Wikipedians have marked as needing work. Your contributions make Wikipedia better -- thanks for helping.

If you have feedback on how to make SuggestBot better, please tell me on SuggestBot's talk page. Thanks from ForteTuba, SuggestBot's caretaker.

P.S. You received these suggestions because your name was listed on the SuggestBot request page. If this was in error, sorry about the confusion. -- SuggestBot 12:02, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

Articles for deletion/Shawn Hornbeck
Please see Wikipedia's no personal attacks policy. Comment on content, not on contributors; personal attacks damage the community and deter users. Note that continued personal attacks may lead to blocks for disruption. Please stay cool and keep this in mind while editing. Thank you. User:Zoe|(talk) 01:15, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't agree that it was a personal attack, but I can see how it would be viewed as such in retrospect, and I do apologize. It was more an expression of frustration after having seen many worthy articles hit with nominations for deletion over a standard that is vague and subjective in the first place.Umlautbob 06:46, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

Melt the clouds of sin and sadness, drive the dark of doubt away!

has given you a kitten! Kittens promote Wikilove and hopefully this one has made your day better. Share the WikiLove and civility with everyone and keep up the excellent editing! Send kittens to others by adding {{subst:Joy message}} to their talk page with a friendly message.  Marlith  T / C  03:37, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

An invitation to join WikiProject Ohio
 Hi, you are listed under Category:Wikipedians in Ohio or one of its subcategories. WikiProject Ohio has been slowing down and we're looking for active Ohioans to turn that around! But first, let us introduce ourselves; we're a group of editors working to improve Wikipedia's coverage of topics related to Ohio and we're sure there's somewhere you'll fit in just fine. The project's departments include article quality assessment: We have over 5,000 articles to assess for class alone, newsletter writing: This has been delayed by a few months, and new page patrolling: Which has also been slowing down. We also have a newly formed taskforce on our over 1,000 townships at WP:OHTWP.

We have 132 members, many of which are not active within the project. If you are listed there and still received this message please accept the auotmated porcess's apologies. If you are interested in joining us please list you name here. If you're not interested please note this is a one time invite and you will never hear from us again.

If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to leave a message at our talkpage or with any member of the project, we'll be happy to answer any of your questions. We look forward to seeing you around!

Delivered by: §hepBot  ( Disable )  04:20, 25 October 2008 (UTC)

The first Wikipedian meetup in Ohio
Thanks! --Rkitko (talk) 23:17, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

Wikiproject for Ultima related topics created. Please join us.
Since you are a fan of the Ultima series, I thought I'd contact you ask if you were interested in our new WikiProject dedicated to improving all Ultima related articles on Wikipedia. If so, please sign up at WikiProject_Video_games/Ultima  D r e a m Focus  15:18, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:15, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

You're invited! Great Buckeye Wiknic 2016

Hello there! You are invited to attend the Great Buckeye Wiknic in Columbus, Ohio on Sunday, July 10th from 1:00 to 5:00 PM! Join us for a day in the park for food and socializing with others from the Wikimedia movement. We'll be meeting up at Fred Beekman Park, a park on Ohio State University's campus.

If you're interested, please take a look at our events page for more information, including parking info, food options, and available activities. If you plan on attending, please add your name to the attendees list. We look forward to seeing you!

If you have any questions, feel free to leave one on my talk page. Thanks! ~ Super  Hamster  Talk Contribs 05:39, 29 June 2016 (UTC)

(Note: If you would like to stop receiving notifications regarding Wikimedia events around Ohio, you may remove your username from this list.)

Women in Red World Contest
Hi. We're into the last five days of the Women in Red World Contest. There's a new bonus prize of $200 worth of books of your choice to win for creating the most new women biographies between 0:00 on the 26th and 23:59 on 30th November. If you've been contributing to the contest, thank you for your support, we've produced over 2000 articles. If you haven't contributed yet, we would appreciate you taking the time to add entries to our articles achievements list by the end of the month. Thank you, and if participating, good luck with the finale!

Category:Wikipedians who like NationStates
Hey! If you're interested, I started a series of userboxes for the game NationStates. Feel free to add any or add your own!- 🐦Do☭torWho42 ( ⭐ ) 05:05, 16 December 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Umlautbob


text:
Sidney Godolphin

Sidney Godolphin is the name of:
 * Sidney Godolphin (colonel) (1652–1732), Member of Parliament for fifty years
 * Sidney Godolphin (poet) (1610–1643), English poet
 * Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin (c. 1640–1712), leading British politician, MP for Helston in Cornwall 1665–Feb 1679, Sept 1679–1685
 * Sidney Godolphin Alexander Shippard (1838–1902), British colonial administrator

title: Sidney Godolphin


text:
Talk:Physiology

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 14 August 2020 and 4 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): DTM2020UPRC. Peer reviewers: Alanis C. Santos Alvira, Ayub Shahada.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 02:21, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Morrieormaury.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 02:21, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 24 August 2020 and 9 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Camilamada15, DemiKilpatrick.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 06:37, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Early discussion
The article about physiology is incorrect regarding origins of the field. Hippocrates "of cos"(460 BCE to 365 BCE) the article credits with starting physiological studies) actually studied in Egypt. Before Hippocrates, Imhotep (2667 BC - 2648 BC) of Egypt was the father of physiology and medicine, etc. In fact, contrary to what racists tend to believe today, even Hippocrates credited Imhotep as the Father of Medicine. (Recently additional evidence of his studying in Egypt was found. A Sinaitic manuscript was written over a text by Hippocrates, but clearly he was simply taking notes and reflections on his lessons from Egyptian sages/teachers. Also see "The medical papyri written and found in Egypt, which was written in 2,500BCE) Some of the editors of Wikipedia articles are racists that tend to ignore the non-EUropean, non-Western(sic), non-White tribes, nations, accomplishments (or they are ignorant of truth and therefore should not be editing articles of this magnitude, at all. History should not be written by ignorant individuals, but by scholars of history and researchers unmoved by their own racism, sexism, and other man-made social constructs that block their ability to think critically. To maintain a reputation as a source of accurate information, Wikipedia owners need to do a better job of weeding out white supremacist, sexist articles and editors! --68.173.189.62 (talk) 16:43, 11 August 2019 (UTC)
 * See Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures for alternative perspective. Rgdboer (talk) 22:03, 11 August 2019 (UTC)

Early discussion
The part about Gerty Cori under the Women in physiology section is misleading for "discovery of the phosphate-containing form of glucose known as glycogen" suggesting that a glucose molecule attached to a phosphate is glycogen. Also the source for this is TheFreeDictionary.com, could definitely find a better more academic source for this. Arich7 (talk) 15:47, 5 May 2017 (UTC)

Should this be reverted? I don't see how a highly technical discussion of urination belongs on such a high-level page. -- Pakaran 02:26, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Not sure where this should go, moving to Talk for the moment. --Lexor 14:07, 15 Jan 2004 (UTC) jnhljhkjhjhlkj
 * Respiration tracheal stenosis is a respiratory problem that narrows the tracheal lumen that can be congenital or acquired. In congenital tracheal stenosis the trachea is very much narrowed due to tracheal cartilages being smaller than normal and to the absence of posterior menbrane. Thus the trachea becomes very rigid. The sequence of events that leads to this kind of stenosis involves the ulceration of the mucosa and cartilag, inflammatory reactions with the grannulation tissue, fibrous tissue formation, and the contarction of the scar tissue.  The capillary perfusion pressure is a possible suspect in mucosal injury.  Mucosal ischemia is created by direct contact with a segment of the endotracheal tube or an increase in pressure of the tube cuff.  It seems that the initially the laryngotracheal ijury was gormed by the endotracheal tube is ulceration itself.  The ulcer healing would involve the regeneration of the epithelium.  In this process if the healing does not cover the granulation tissue the groth of this tissue would become larger.  The tissue itself has two forms: pseudopapillary and nodular granulation.  Many weeks and months that pass, the granulation tissue that was initially vascular, becomes somehat of an avascular scar that just contain a few widely separated blood vessels.  In the United States alone,  4-13% adults alone have traceal stenosis and in newborns, about 1-8% occurs after prolonged intubation.

 * Micturition: Reflex is a activated when the urinary bladder wall is stretched and it results in micturition, which is the elimination of urine from the bladder. The micturition occurs in the spinal cord, specifically in the sacral region. That is modified by the higher centers in the brain the pons and cerebrum.  It is due to the presence of urine in the bladder stimulates the stretch receptors, which produces action potentional.

 * The action potentials are carried by sensory neurons to the sacral segments of the spinal cord through the pelvic nerves. the parasympathetic fibers carry the action potentials to the urinary bladder in the pelvic nerves. This causes the wall of the bladder to contract. In addition, decreased somatic motor action potentials cause the external urinary sphincter, which consists of skeletal muscle, to relax. When the external urinary sphincter is relaxed urine will flow from the urinary bladder when the pressure there is great enough to force urine to flow through the urethra. The micturition reflex normally produces a series of contractions of the urinary bladder.

 * Action potentials carried by sensory neurons from stretch receptors in the urinary bladder wall also ascend the spinal cord to a micturition center in the pons and to the cerebrum. Descending potentials are sent from these areas of the brain to the sacral region of the spinal cord, where they modify the activity of the micturition reflex in the spinal cord. The micturition reflex, integrated in the spinal cord, predominates in infants.

 * The desire to urinate normally results from stretch of the urinary bladder wall, but irritation of the urinary bladder or the urethra by bacterial infections or other conditions can also initiate the desire to urinate, even though the urinary bladder may be nearly empty.

<>

 * This is not true. Physiology studies organisms "as a whole". Even there are many "subdivisions" of physiology, made for in deep study, they are not independent. All physiological areas of study are deeply interconnected.

This entire page is not satisfactory. How is neurophysiology an "independant subdivsion" and yet respiratory physiology a "topic"?PhatRita 29 June 2005 22:38 (UTC)

Gaya
Not every organism can reproduce. But every organism has a birth and a death date. Why not study the Earth as an organism? See also the Gaia hypothesis. Indeed, but this is more related to the field of environmentalism.Userafw (talk) 18:50, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

Possible copyvio
A large edit to this article appears to be taken from Encyclopædia Britannica. --Ronz 02:30, 18 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Just to be clear, I removed the information in question on October 24. --Ronz 02:46, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

Chaos theory
I removed the addition of the sentence "The emergence of chaos theory renewed physiology in the 1980s." If this is a true, it needs a reference. I didn't know physiology was having any trouble before the 1980s, and I'm not sure what chaos could do to help with any problems that physiology was having. Human medical physiology is a huge field, comparative physiology is small but seems steady or slow growing in size, plant physiology grew a lot in the 80s and 90s, but that was from portable technology, not from chaos theory. - Enuja (talk) 05:28, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

Vitruvian Man
Is this image appropriate for this article? How was Vitruvian Man significant in physiology (as opposed to anatomy or biomechanics)?--Wiki11790 (talk) 05:37, 26 May 2008 (UTC)
 * A agree, it's not a terribly appropriate image; do you have an idea about what would be better? - Enuja (talk) 22:03, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

the second sentence is ungrammatical and unclear; the sense is not clear. and it seems to me an indefensible statement that galen was the first to use experiments to probe the human body. if you can back this up, then you need a reference. also in the history section, you have failed to mention chinese medicine. you furthermore state that galvanism came to an end with vesalius and harvey, this is an anachronism because galvani lived after these men. so how could his philosophy have come to and end 200 years before he was born. you have provided a refernce for this statement, but in that link there is no reference to galvani at all.

why do you describe avicenna as a muslim physician? you dont describe vesalius as a christian physician. avicenna was a persian, and it is a matter of serious controversy to what extent he was a muslim at all, for example it is recorded of him, that he was inordinately fond of wine. other than that its ok, execpt that it is really short. but seriously, my friend, if it werent for the contribution of physiology to human understanding, you and i would probably have died from an infectious disease, before we were old enough to be having this conversation. dont you think a contribution like that deserves a bit more intellectual rigor and factual accuracy from people writing about it? also, a huge amount of people use wikipedia, do you think its ok to be leading them astray? i dont. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cleobolus (talk • contribs) 18:51, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

Expansion DESPERATELY needed
Okay, the coverage of physiology in this article is, in a word, embarrassing. I've never seen a better example of an article where the Croughton-London rule applies. Physiology is a basic topic. Expansion is desperately needed. —Skittleys (talk) 10:31, 14 October 2009 (UTC)

Misusing of refs
is one of the main contributors to Wikipedia (over 67,000 edits; he's ranked 198 in the number of edits), and practically all of his edits have to do with Islamic science, technology and philosophy. This editor has persistently misused sources here over several years. This editor's contributions are always well provided with citations, but examination of these sources often reveals either a blatant misrepresentation of those sources or a selective interpretation, going beyond any reasonable interpretation of the authors' intent. Please see: Requests for comment/Jagged 85. The damage is so extensive that it is undermining Wikipedia's credibility as a source. I searched the page history, and found 8 edits by Jagged 85 (for example, see this edits). Tobby72 (talk) 10:19, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

Awkward sentence
"Most aspects of human physiology, and animal experimentation has provided much of the foundation of physiological knowledge." This sentence is really awkward, but I can't piece together what the original author intended to say. Take a shot at fixing it if you can. TennysonXII (talk) 11:32, 25 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I wrote what I thought the sentence meant. Also re-wrote some of the rest of the Human physiology paragraph.  Should it be moved to after the history section? Shanata (talk) 04:50, 13 October 2010 (UTC)

Biological basis of the study of physiology
The first phrase of this paragraph is not entirely clear.

 * The biological basis of the study of physiology, integration refers to the overlap of many functions of the systems of the human body, as well as its accompanied form. It is achieved through communication which occurs in a variety of ways, both electrical and chemical.

Does anyone know where the first phrase come from? Who affirms that integration is the biological basis of the study of physiology? What's the "accompanied form"?

A perhaps clearer version:

 * Communication processes across and within organization levels (e.g., tissues, organs and systems) are crucial and central issue in physiology, as they enable the existence of cooperatively exerted functions. This communication may occur in a variety of ways, both electrical and chemical.

Ricardohz (talk) 23:40, 19 March 2011 (UTC)

Citation Needed
I notice that you need a citation under the section titled Human Physiology. I have a suggestion. Your article states, "Much of the foundation of knowledge in human physiology was provided by animal experimentation.[citation needed]" In the Wikipedia article on Leonardo da Vinci, the section titled "Anatomy," states, "Leonardo also studied and drew the anatomy of many other animals as well, dissecting cows, birds, monkeys, bears, and frogs, and comparing in his drawings their anatomical structure with that of humans."

Using that source as a citation would give you an historic source dating back to 1500 or so.

I hope this is useful. --Walter Wright (talk) 19:53, 23 September 2011 (UTC)

There is one thing I notice... NONE OF THIS MAKES ANY DARNED SENSE!! I believe all articles should have a simplified version for middle schoolers like me.Isimisi32b (talk) 21:05, 5 October 2011 (UTC)

Physiology History
Attached behind the history section on Physiology are two paragraphs that do not include references or citations, and that certainly have nothing to do with the history of physiology. I assume someone added them erroneously. I realize they must fit somewhere else, so I opted not to delete or tamper with them. --Vize X-- 14:55, 30 October 2013 (UTC)

Women?
Why is this a predominant part of this article? There is no purpose or benefit to writing articles with an obvious and misplaced social justice bias. There is no justification for rewriting history or inappropriately skewing history to suit one politically correct and privileged subculture, ideology or movement. I'm puzzled and affronted by this allowance and the lack of policing. User:gd (unsigned comment added by 63.239.65.11 (talk)

Reorganization
Whilst lots of valuable information had been added to this article about the role of women in physiology, the layout was a little odd, so I have reorganized this and optimized some of the formatting to maximize readability. Some detail, whilst correct, was not relevant to the role of women in physiology but the precise nature of their research - only a brief summary is needed, more detailed explanations will be found within the linked articles. I've limited the list to only Noble Prize winners to ensure actual notability, which has resulted in one woman being removed. The content removed was of good quality, so I've provided a link to it here incase anyone would wish to access it:. Please do not just re-add or restructure the article before discussing this here on this talk page to gain consensus for the changes, which would in my view make this article atypical in its layout and content.

There may well be enough material for a full article on Women in physiology, which would surely be an excellent prospect for a more thorough exposition on this subject.

Thanks, Acather96 (click here to contact me) 19:07, 30 August 2015 (UTC)

 * A separate article on Women in physiology would be good. However, the issue is more about human recognition and rights, not really about physiology as such. If a special section on "Woman in physiology" is to be allowed within the physiology article, then for balance should there not be another section about "Men in physiology"? Then I suppose, to keep the whole thing even, there should be sections on "Blacks in physiology", "Whites in physiology", ""Half-tones in physiology", "Homosexuals in physiology", "Straights in physiology", "Theists in physiology", "Atheists in physiology"... The article will become non-ending, and there will be very little room left to mention anything about physiology itself. --Epipelagic (talk) 06:13, 24 September 2016 (UTC)

"major events in physiology"
where's mention of the legendary roy & sherrington experiment of 1890? observation and measurement of the phenomenon known as neurovascular coupling isn't on par with those listed? surely it's superior, arguably the crown jewel of physiology experiments (given its longevity) 96.52.168.137 (talk) 19:24, 6 December 2015 (UTC)

Week 2
1.	Is each fact referenced with an appropriate, reliable reference? Where does the information come from? Are these neutral sources? If biased, is that bias noted? Check a few citations. Do the links work? Is there any close paraphrasing or plagiarism in the article?

- This phrase: “In other words, the body's ability to regulate its internal environment” is not cited. I wonder if these are the editors own words, because it sounds exactly like a textbook definition of homeostasis.

-“It should be noted that, William Beaumont was the first American to utilize the practical application of physiology” is not cited, unclear where the editor got this information from -“The Society was founded in 1887 with 28 members” not cited. - “In medicine, a physiologic state is one occurring from normal body function, rather than pathologically, which is centered on the abnormalities that occur in animal diseases, including humans.” This is linked to reference 4, a news website, which is not a reliable source. -“His modification of this theory better equipped doctors to make more precise diagnoses.” This statement is not supported by a citation.

There are quite a few references in this article that are not reliable: -reference 1 is an online etymology dictionary, not a reliable source as it appears to be an independent site and it has an advertisement. -reference 9 is not from a reliable source, it is a website from a professor who doesn’t list any references and it doesn’t appear to be peer-reviewed. -reference 13 is a link that is not working -reference 17 is from an online encyclopedia called “Jewish Women’s Archive”, not a reliable source because they have an interest in making her activities appear more important than they might be. -reference 20 is from a website that is not a reliable source, a “medical-dictionary” website, which has advertisements introducing a conflict of interest between the truth and the interest of the viewer.

The statement about Barbara McClintock “ was rewarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of genetic transposition McClintock is the only female recipient who has won an unshared Nobel Prize.” Is paraphrased from the Wikipedia page on her. This is a hard statement to rewrite, but could have had more effort put in.

The statement “Soon thereafter, in 1913, J.S. Haldane proposed that women be allowed to formally join The Physiological Society, which had been founded in 1876 “ has been plagiarized from the site: http://www.medicaltalk.net/t/about-the-physiology-category/1629. This could explain why the author did not include a citation and it is listed as ‘citation needed’ at the end of this sentence.

The remaining references are to textbooks or articles published in pubmed, which are reliable source because they are peer reviewed. Encylopedia Britannica is referenced several times. This is a good resource with a neutral tone that is peer reviewed according to their site and has multiple authors who are experts in their field. --Nhose711 (talk) 22:18, 31 January 2017 (UTC)

2.	Is the article neutral? Are there any claims, or frames, that appear heavily biased toward a particular position? Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented?

-“Major figures in these fields include Knut Schmidt-Nielsen and George Bartholomew.” This phrase should be cited, and include several other “major figures”, it seems a little biased.

-The section “Women in Physiology” should perhaps be included under history, because giving it a separate heading over-represents women and to be fair, one could argue that a “men in physiology” section should be added.

-“It should be noted that” in “It should be noted that William Beaumont was the first American to utilize the practical application of physiology” should be deleted, and instead just stated as a fact.

The bottom of the article indicates or suggests that physiology is a field of study under forensic science because it uses the term “part of a series on Forensic Science.” However, forensic science utilizes portions of physiology as opposed to the other way around.

The article appears to be heavily biased towards the authenticity of the Nobel Prize as the ultimate achievement in physiology. There are other scientific awards that could be discussed and the award of scientific grants to women might be a better statistic to talk about women in the field since that is a general statistic than Nobel Prizes, which are awarded to outliers in fields (exceptional outliers).

In conclusion, the article is overall neutral about the field, however it has a predisposition, i.e. it is leaning towards the emphasis of women in science as a major component in the field, as opposed to the proper field, which should be the history of physiology. It is over-represented by making it a special section.

3.	Is everything in the article relevant to the article topic? Is there anything that distracted you? Is any information out of date? Is anything missing that could be added?

-“Given the size of the field” distracted me. I would leave it out and just state that it is divided into several types. The types listed in the article should be somewhat changed. It states that: “it is divided into, among others, animal physiology (including that of humans), plant physiology, cellular physiology, microbial physiology (microbial metabolism), bacterial physiology, and viral physiology.” Perhaps it could say instead that: it is divided into vertebrate physiology which includes animal (mammalian) and human physiology, microbial physiology, which includes bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites, plant physiology, and cellular physiology.

-The “Women in Physiology” section distracted me, and I don’t think this should be a separate section, instead it should be added to history. It is not part of the definition of physiology.

-These two sentences should be switched: “The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded to those who make significant achievements in this discipline by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In medicine, a physiologic state is one occurring from normal body function, rather than pathologically, which is centered on the abnormalities that occur in animal diseases, including humans.” It would make more sense for the sentence about Nobel Prize to follow the description of a “physiologic state”. On that note, I would expand on the definition of a “physiologic state”, as it applies to humans, and include that it involves the maintenance of homeostasis and link the word ‘homeostasis’ to its wiki site.

- “Most recently, evolutionary physiology has become a distinct sub-discipline.” Probably a sentence that is out of date.

-To lengthen the lead, I would definitely add a sentence and say that physiology is an integrated/ interdisciplinary science overlapping with disciplines such as biology, biochemistry, physics, chemistry, anatomy, neuroscience, genetics, medicine, and pharmacology. I would also mention that homeostasis as an integral part of human physiology in the lead.

-The end of the history section should include some of the more recent discoveries/ famous people in physiology, such as Eric Kandel, who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2000 for his work related to hippocampal formation of long term memory. No information on the site appears to be outdated except as mentioned above, but the most recent Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine was from 2009. A comprehensive list of Nobel Prizes would be an effective addition to the page.

-The “Human Physiology” section should appear earlier in this article, perhaps after “History” (which would include “Women in Physiology”)

-“Barbara McClintock was rewarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of genetic transposition. McClintock is the only female recipient who has won an unshared Nobel Prize.” This information for women in physiology is an important part for the advancement of women in science, but this is included only because the word physiology occurs in the Nobel Prize name. It is not central to the definition or understanding of physiology as a field.

4.	How does the Wikipedia article compare to the ways we've discussed this topic in class? Does it align? What information might be incorrect or missing?

Compared to our introduction to physiology from class, the information in the Wikipedia article does not point to homeostasis as an integral part of human physiology. It also does not discuss the general principles of physiology mentioned at the end of chapter 1 of our textbook, which I think should be discussed before the history. Nhose711 (talk) 22:18, 31 January 2017 (UTC)

Wikimedian in Residence at The Physiological Society
I'll be doing some work as a Wikimedian in Residence at The Physiological Society over the next few months. As part of that, I have added a list of prize winners to the article about the society - there are lots of red links there for folk to work on! Please see also GLAM/PhySoc and note there any articles you create in response to this initiative. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 15:06, 4 May 2017 (UTC)

Some Thoughts
Hello, fellow Wikipedians! I just wanted to hop on here before I start working on the article to introduce myself, let everyone know what I’ve seen in the article that could use some improvement, and see if anyone has run into the same issues I am seeing and has suggestions. I’m working on this article for a class (it’s true), but I also really want to improve the page for its own sake, and for the sake of its many readers. For such an important page, I’m shocked it’s as underdeveloped as it is.

The first thing I’m encountering as potentially problematic is the brevity of the Human Physiology section. I’d like to introduce a Foundations of Physiology section that Human Physio could be a sub-section of, along with sub-sections for plant physiology and the physiologies of non-human animals.

Another thing I’d love to hear your thoughts on is the placement of the Women in Physiology section. I know there’s been a lot of contention surrounding the inclusion and placement of this information. I think the information may work better if included in a Notable Physiologists section rather than tacked on to the end of the History section as it currently is.

I’m really looking forward to working on this page! Morrieormaury (talk) 20:30, 2 March 2018 (UTC)
 * I suppose that a key issue here is that Physiology is such a broad concept that adding more content in any one particular area might start to make the page unbalanced (and I think that there is already some unbalance present). I wonder whether Outline of physiology might be used to help structure new sections; perhaps even merging the two, as I'm not sure how widely the Outline articles are used. Klbrain (talk) 03:19, 29 March 2020 (UTC)

Blood pressure
Voice 2409:4071:4E1F:A6BE:4BE9:E571:6ABB:B63E (talk) 14:59, 24 May 2022 (UTC)
 * This is a rather cryptic edit from 2409:4071:4E1F:A6BE:4BE9:E571:6ABB:B63E; I think that we can call that a test edit ... Klbrain (talk) 13:09, 25 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Physiology


text:
Dubay

Dubay may refer to:

People

 * Bill DuBay (1948–2010), American comic-book editor, writer and artist
 * John Baptiste DuBay (1810–1887), American fur trapper
 * Matt Dubay, a litigant in the Matt Dubay child support case
 * Thomas Dubay (1921–2010), American Catholic priest, author and retreat director
 * William DuBay (born 1934), controversial American Catholic priest and activist

Other uses

 * Lake DuBay, a reservoir in Wisconsin, United States
 * United States v. DuBay, a 1967 case which established procedure in courts-martial

title: Dubay


text:
Gorzów County

Gorzów County (powiat gorzowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lubusz Voivodeship, western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Gorzów Wielkopolski, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The only towns in Gorzów County are Kostrzyn nad Odrą, which lies 43 km west of Gorzów Wielkopolski, and Witnica, 25 km west of Gorzów Wielkopolski.

The county covers an area of 1213.32 km2. As of 2019 its total population is 71,669, out of which the population of Kostrzyn nad Odrą is 17,778, that of Witnica is 6,747, and the rural population is 47,144.

Neighbouring counties
Apart from the city of Gorzów Wielkopolski, Gorzów County is also bordered by Strzelce-Drezdenko County to the north-east, Międzyrzecz County to the south-east, Sulęcin County to the south, Słubice County to the south-west and Myślibórz County to the north-west. It also borders Brandenburg in Germany.

Administrative division
The county is subdivided into seven gminas (one urban, one urban-rural and five rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.

title: Gorzów County


text:
Laurence Hyde

Laurence Hyde may refer to:

 * Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester (1641–1711)
 * Laurence Hyde (artist) (1914–1987), Canadian film maker, painter and graphic artist

title: Laurence Hyde


text:
Międzyrzecz County

Międzyrzecz County (Powiat międzyrzecki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lubusz Voivodeship, western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Międzyrzecz, which lies 48 km south-east of Gorzów Wielkopolski and 68 km north of Zielona Góra. The county also contains the towns of Skwierzyna, lying 19 km north of Międzyrzecz, and Trzciel, 25 km south-east of Międzyrzecz.

The county covers an area of 1387.61 km2. As of 2019 its total population is 57,851, out of which the population of Międzyrzecz is 17,994, that of Skwierzyna is 9,671, that of Trzciel is 2,391, and the rural population is 27,795.

Neighbouring counties
Międzyrzecz County is bordered by Strzelce-Drezdenko County to the north, Międzychód County to the north-east, Nowy Tomyśl County to the east, Świebodzin County to the south, Sulęcin County to the west and Gorzów County to the north-west.

Administrative division
The county is subdivided into six gminas (three urban-rural and three rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.

title: Międzyrzecz County


text:
Talk:Oder/Archive 2

first section

 * The more common name in English is clearly Oder. Odra is used about 1/3 of the time in English according to Google, so that is also mentioned, but it is awkward and silly to mention both.  Note that there are cities entirely located in Germany which are called by their French names (rather than the local German) in English!  Cologne is the best example.  Daniel Quinlan 23:07, Dec 9, 2003 (UTC)

 * No, this isn't about which name is native. It's about which name is English. As all languages, English gets its words for foreign places from foreign languages, sometimes directly, sometimes indirectly. That Odra is called Oder in English is a coincidence of fate, not some sinister German domination policy. All of this is absurd: If Poland happend to be called Polen in English, would we also be required to call it Polska in English texts? Zocky

We hashed this issue out thoroughly last year! And the agreement was: --Uncle Ed 23:14, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * article goes to Oder River with a redirect from Odra River
 * river is called Oder or Odra and we use the slash for tough spots

 * Slashes are bad. See above. Zocky 23:20, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Well, several users such as User:taw refuse to move on and continually edit articles to change the name, not unlike how User:Vergina periodically changes Republic of Macedonia to FYROM in various articles. I don't think there is such a thing as a tough spot.  Each and every article should settle on one name for anything and stick to it.  If that offends someone's sensibilities or someone wants to change English usage, there is not too much we can reasonably do about it without worsening Wikipedia.  Finally, the vote above pretty clearly establishes that the consensus is that the English name is Oder.  Daniel Quinlan 23:30, Dec 9, 2003 (UTC)

This article is again turning into a multilingual dictionary entry. I' ve done some google research on Oder/Odra thing. I was interested in which name is more commonly used by native speakers and other writers in English. These are the results I got.

 * "river Oder" and "Oder river"
 * On all pages in English - 4790
 * On pages in English on the .de and .at domains: 529 + 42
 * On pages in English on the .uk and .au domain: 197 + 43
 * On all pages in English excluding those on .de and .at domains: 4219
 * "river Odra" and "Odra river"
 * On all pages in English - 2347
 * On pages in English on the .pl and .cz domains: 839
 * On pages in English on the .uk and .au domain: 50 + 4
 * On all pages in English excluding those on .pl and .cz domains: 1508

 * Oder:Odra ratio on all pages - 2:1
 * Oder:Odra ratio outside home domains - 2.8:1
 * Oder:Odra ratio in English language domains - 4.4:1
 * Percentage of German uses of "Oder" in all uses of "Oder" = at least 12%
 * Percentage of Polish and Czech uses of "Odra" in all uses of "Oder" = at least 29%

That's the data. I think that it (especially the use in known english language domains) speaks for itself - Oder is the preferred name, with Odra being used by some people (many of them Czechs and Poles), as all other original names are. Zocky 23:20, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Wow, nice analysis! Slam dunk.  Daniel Quinlan 23:30, Dec 9, 2003 (UTC)

 * What does it prove considering that there are some 10 times more home computers in German speaking countries than in the Slavonic speaking countries. And inhabitants of all of them are making www pages in English these days -- CC, 23:26, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Actually, Odra/Oder is mentioned more often on Polish and Czech pages than German, so the whole thing could as well be biased the other way. -Zocky 23:28, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * The analysis of sites in English-speaking countries is what matters most. Note the line I have emboldened above.  Daniel Quinlan 23:30, Dec 9, 2003 (UTC)

I have nothing against that this topic is stored under the Oder name, but I think that Polish/Czech topics should use Odra, Odra river links and the German topics should use the Oder, Oder river links. In international topics like List of rivers of Europe both names should be used. In other case we will constantly have edit wars by old and new editors. -- CC, 23:22, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Close, but not quite. Polish/Czech Wikipedias should use Odra.  English Wikipedia should use Oder period.  English Wikipedia — English names.  There is no other option.  We should always note local names (as we do), but the only fair way to name articles and generally refer to names is to go by international English usage.  Not using the English name anywhere is confusing and is frankly nonsensical.  Daniel Quinlan 23:30, Dec 9, 2003 (UTC)

 * Daniel please do at least as much contribution to the article, as you do to the discussion. Matusz 23:54, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Matusz, I have contributed to the article. Check the history.  Daniel Quinlan 22:37, Dec 10, 2003 (UTC)

 * Having read all this, being sympathetic with CC feelings, being a Pole however my commonsense tells me the use of the name Oder in English Wikipedia is perfectly correct. Further debate is useless IMO. BTW I have doubts if for example Heimatvertriebene is the correct English usage in the English Wikipedia. Kpjas 23:56, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Let's talk about the English Wikipedia. Practise of using of German names in English Wikipedia in the articles about Polish cities, Polish provinces, and Polish rivers is unacceptable and will be always reverted by the Polish editors. It's a matter of honour to erase any German names from Polish territories. You can convince, chase away, or ban the current editors, but others will come and change Oder to Odra, I promise you -- CC, 00:00, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * It may be a matter of honor for you, but it is unacceptable in an NPOV encyclopedia. We use whatever name is used in English, period.  If the Polish name is not in use, we do not use it.  That said, I think it's perfectly fine to mention both in the intro to this article (as I've tried to do, though it keeps getting reworded). --Delirium 00:06, Dec 10, 2003 (UTC)

 * It seems that CC has decided to diqualify themself from the discussion. A matter of regret. Further discussion is useless anyway. IMO, somebody who wasn't directly involved should digest it and archive it. Another vote is probably not warranted. Some of it could be referred to Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (use English) in hope of establishing a workable convention Zocky 00:09, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Summary of past discussion

 * User:CC is determined to enforce Odra naming scheme.
 * User:Taw will be very unhappy if the name stays Oder.
 * A large majority of people want Oder as the name for English Wikipedia, based on common English usage (see archive).

Matusz 00:24, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC), modified Daniel Quinlan 00:43, Dec 10, 2003 (UTC)

Discussion impasse and premature archival
I don't think much further discussion on Odra/Odre issue is useful. But if we tried to work out a generally acceptable convention for all names in all articles, that would be worthwhile. Zocky 00:34, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Get it to then and keep the article discussion about the river itself and not about it's name. Matusz 00:35, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Agreed. IMO, you should also return the most important parst of the debate to this page, so people who want to continue the discussion as it pertains to this article, can. I think that google research results speak loudly. Zocky 00:39, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Done by Nico and myself. Archiving minutes-old material and the most recent material on a talk page is highly inappropriate and almost surely against the archival policy.  It is also not disallowed to discuss general issues on a talk page if that helps develop a consensus that can be later added to general guidelines like the manual of style.  Daniel Quinlan 00:53, Dec 10, 2003 (UTC)

I think we have now two versions of this page one here, and second in the archive, both growing. What a mess - CC, 00:55, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * It's basically fixed now, I just had to remove some duplicated text from the archive and move the page to the proper location. Daniel Quinlan 00:58, Dec 10, 2003 (UTC)

I think Caius raises an excellent point. That is, he has revealed something important that we need to deal with.

Historical background

 * It's a matter of honour to erase any German names from Polish territories.

I take this to mean that Poles hate the idea of anyone using German names for any geographical features (rivers, cities, regions) which are of Polish heritage.

Am I stating this, correctly, Caius? --Uncle Ed 15:30, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Poland was partitioned for 100+ years, among three states, two of them being German. Although those states initially promised to allow free development of the Polish language these promises were broken, and everything was Germanised, Polish language forbidden, people and also children using Polish language were persucuted. These practises turned to be partially succesful, as many German names went to English publications. 19th century Encyclopedias usually use the German names for Polish and Czech cities and rivers, because in the 19th century taxes payed by Polish and Czech people we used to finance the German universities, and Polish/Czech univesrities were forbidden. -- CC, 00:45, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

- Although I disagree with Grzes on the "Oder" issue, I must admit that the use of German names in English to describe the geagraphical features of Poland is highly offensive to the Poles, for historical reasons. When Poland was a multicultural country (from XV to XIX century), the german-speaking polish citizens enjoyed a multitude of rights, privileges and freedoms. German language was not only allowed, it flourished in various provinces of Poland! German-speaking citizens were never prosecuted or discriminated because of their ethnic origin. They published books in German, issued official documents in German, had their own diets and dietines, while never being discouraged from active participation in Poland's political life.

When the tables turned, however, and many Polish provinces fell under Prussia or Germany the situation of Poles was not analogical to the situation of ethnic Germans in Poland. Polish language, history and traditions were brutally prosecuted. History was being rewritten to erase memory of any influence of Poland (once the most powerful country in Central Europe)on European History. Polish schools were being closed, the use of polish language was banned, Polish names of every little village, or stream were replaced by newly made up german names. Polish people wre considered a second category of citizens, with no rights to ascend to any public office. Polish gentry was being robbed of their heritage and possesions under various ridiculous excuses. Polish intelligentsia was denied access of higher education of their children. Polish peasantry was being forcefully removed from their lands.

This, of course, is just a shortened and oversimplified version of the historical events. It is not a point in any argument, just a helpful tool for Uncle Ed to bring him closer to the issue.

Since the end of the Cold War the German names used in English to describe Polish geography became politically incorrect, as seen in the english-language atlases published since 1990 to this day. To the Poles, however, German names in English sources are not just "politically incorrect", but highly inapropriate, even offensive.

African Americans used to be offically referred to in English language by the "N-word", but today nobody uses it even to descibe the times of its being "official".

 * I think that is bad analogy, be careful. The so-called "N-word" (nigger) was an offensive term of insult used by racists, slave society, and the ignorant.  It was based on the (in the past) commonly used word "negro" which means "black person" (and is generally considered offensive since "black" arose as a term of self-description approximately in the 1960s).  "Negro" is still seen in older organization names such as the United Negro College Fund and it is still used by some senior citizens (many of whom I would not characterize as racists).  See the usage note in this definition at Merriam-Webster.  It is a bad analogy because the N-word was never official or common among non-racist society whereas few English speakers feel one way or another about Germans or the Poles.  (Although, I do know a WWII veteran who "does not trust those Germans" to this day.)  Daniel Quinlan 21:58, Dec 10, 2003 (UTC)

I hoped I clarified things a bit. Space Cadet 16:30, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Not really. You're comparing English place names with racism.  It has more to do with which languages influenced English the most in the past and which are most closely related to English (and so are easier to pronounce for most English speakers).  Daniel Quinlan 21:58, Dec 10, 2003 (UTC)

Nobody here is supporting using German names for all things in Poland
Nobody here is supporting using German names for all things in Poland. It's not even a matter of names being German. It's just an accident of history that when the English got interested enough to learn about the continent, Germans and French were controlling much of it, and anyway were the people with whom the English interacted.

The whole thing is really limited to a few rivers and several towns that were parts of the German Hansa when they became important enough for the English to use their name. Now, they're just English names of those places. For all other things, Polish names should be used, of course (note that sometimes it might be appropriate to transliterate them into English e.g. by loosing accents).

Another important reason for English speakers to prefer Germanic and Romance names to Slavic is that it's easier for them to spell and pronounce them. They just look and sound more normal to them. Our ŠČĆŽĐ and others just freak them out.

I'm sure Polish has its own names for many European cities (Rome? Vienna?), rivers (Danube?) and, of course, countries. Some of them are bound to have come to Polish through other languages. Imagine somebody tries to stop you from using a Polish name for something, and replace it by one that's not Polish, doesn't look Polish, doesn't sound Polish, can't be declinated properly, can't be used to form compounds... Now, that would be offensive. Zocky 19:08, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Talking of Hansa, which was essentially a German organization, I'm pretty sure that the listing of its members should at least mention the historical German names. Zocky 19:10, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

- Zocky, you're right! That's exactly how these german names became "official english" names. Another important factor was the absence of any polish state for over 150 years before 1918 on the political map.

However, it has nothing to do with the offical english names in 2004. Except for Warsaw, Cracow, Vistula, Tatra and Oder, the official english names for Polish geographical features are identical with polish names, even in reference with various historical periods.

I don't have to imagine anything. It happened many times for the reasons of political correctness. One day they changed the Polish name for Cambodja from "Kambodza" to Kampucza". And I didn't feel offended. I started using the new name immediately to show how up-to-date I was.

 * Good for you, however, the rest of the English language community does not follow so quickly or so compliantly. It's not up to Wikipedia to promote new names unless they fall into common usage.  Otherwise, we'll have to start debating whether we should call french fries "freedom fries" (and other less silly attempts) whenever some group or nation decides that a name is offensive or should be changed.  Common usage is the best (most objective and neutral) measure.  Daniel Quinlan 21:58, Dec 10, 2003 (UTC)

There is a lot of foreign origin words in polish language, that have six identical cases of declension, but it's not improper, it's how you declinate them - by leaving them unchanged. And compounds are not necessary even in many purely polish words and expressions. And I don't feel forced at all. By using the current official names I'm showing the world how well educated and read I am.

The pronounciation of some Polish geographical names can be difficult for non-Slavs, but it's fine if they pronounce it as good as they can, as long as they don't use German names (with exception of Oder and Neisse), because it's incorrect. Space Cadet 20:18, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I completely disagree with the "Hansa" argument. A lot of non-german cities belonged to this "essentially (...) German organization". Among them also Cracow, but the use of the German name of this city (Krakau) to list the Hanseatic cities is incorrect. As of 2004. Maybe in 2005 it will change. But then I will know and share it with you.

Oh, and by the way: diacritics are not "accents". Accents (as the name suggests) appear over vowels to indicate the accented syllable. They also are different graphic symbols then kreskas and others.

Take care, Space Cadet 20:28, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Let me see, your basic argument is that we're all being unworldly ignorant racists? Oh, I'm so ignorant!  Please help me be worldly and educated.  Daniel Quinlan 21:58, Dec 10, 2003 (UTC)

 * That's not what he said, Daniel, and that is not a helpful comment. -- Baldhur 22:10, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * It's exactly what he said. I take exception to arguments that are based on comparing unwillingness to change the English name of "Oder River" to racist usage of the N-word and alluding that using the current English is not compatible with being worldly and educated.  Pardon me, but when I'm insulted, a little sarcasm is the most polite I can manage.  Daniel Quinlan 22:17, Dec 10, 2003 (UTC)

 * It was an inappropriate comparison, sure. Everybody feels insulted today, me included. There are few participants of this age-old dispute speaking in a civilised way. Today I read statements like "Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Nico" or "your beloved Reich" - it all gets out of hand again. In my view other users are much more brute and insulting than Space Cadet. Probably we all should take a break - I will do so now, good night. -- Baldhur 22:26, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Well, feel free to remove this sequence, I didn't really add much to my previous comments. Daniel Quinlan 22:37, Dec 10, 2003 (UTC)

-- Daniel!

There was no intention to offend anyone. Perhaps I'm not good with picking good analogies. There will always be something different than original in any analogy. When dealing with anlogies try to honestly judge what the author's true intentions were, despite your first impression. Don't just assume the worst of everyone with opinion different than yours. Even if you are a genius. And no need to tell me to "be careful" - I don't frighten easily! If you don't think I clarified anything, then maybe I aimed the clarification to people who don't jump to conclusions and cry about being offended. Happy Holidays Space Cadet 22:47, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Thanks for the historical background, Space Cadet. I feel like I have a better handle on why the names are so important.

Daniel, you make a good point about the n-word, and if you have toned down what you might have said so it only came out a bit sarcastic, I applaud your restraint! :-)

Baldhur, thank you for your good advice. I will follow it myself. Goodnight, everybody. --Uncle Ed 22:54, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Current definition
I think it's good the present version of the article mentions both Oder and Odra names, however I don't like the word somestimes. Previous versions of the article said that both names were used. It's also good it mentiones three national names: the German, Polish and Czech names,as it clarify things.

The Oder River (sometimes Odra River) (German: Oder, Polish/Czech: Odra) is a river in Central Europe (mostly in Poland). It begins in the Czech Republic and flows through western Poland, later forming the northern 187 km of the border between Poland and Germany, part of the Oder-Neisse line. The river ultimately flows into the Szczecin Lagoon north of Szczecin and then with three branches (Dziwna, Swina and Peene) that empty into the Baltic Sea.

Oder/Odra compromise proposal
May I a suggest a compromise proposal

1) This article is stored under the name Oder-Odra river with the present content 2) The following pages will be made into redirects into the above page: 3) Articles about German cities, regions and other features in Germany will refer to Oder river, for example 4) Articles about Polish cities, regions and other features in Poland will refer to Odra river, for example
 * Oder River
 * Oder river
 * Oder
 * Odra River
 * Odra river
 * Odra
 * Frankfurt an der Oder
 * Brandenburg
 * Szczecin
 * Lubusz Voivodship

I think this will satisfy all sides and will make our work possible. The alternative is to use both names, eg. Oder/Odra which I don't like, and/or continous edit-wars, which I strongly dislike. What do you think? -- CC, 00:33, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * There is another alternative: follow English language usage. Oder:Odra ratio in English language domains - 4.4:1. These articles are being written for an international audience of English readers and when someone reads the name of the river, it should be consistent everywhere.  We don't want people to be confused that there are two rivers when there is one.  That the river is named "Odra" in Polish, should, of course, be pointed out in a number of these articles.  If you followed the consensus, our work would be quite possible.  I think maybe you should consider editing some articles unrelated to Poland or Germany for a while.  I do it all the time...  Daniel Quinlan 01:04, Dec 11, 2003 (UTC)

 * 1) do we really have to take all discusions about articles to the personal level ? This is encyclopiedia and no article is owned be anybody
 * 2) it's time to close the discussion on Oder but it is very important to establish policy not to smuggle German names into English articles about Poland. This practice started with the infamous H.J. This must never happen again. For me it would be unacceptable and I see most contributors are reluctant to react when German phrases appear, they seem to voice their protest when Polish names are introduced.
 * 3) Kpjas 00:11, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Nobody wants to smuggle any more German names into English articles!!!!. Repeat. Nobody wants to smuggle any more German names into English articles!!!!. This whole discussion is not about anybody wanting more German names to be used. Except for Warsaw, Cracow, Vistula, Tatra, Oder and Neisse, nobody (at least that I have seen) in this discussion has tried to propose that. I sincerely doubt that any other would pass the google test above.

(I have proposed to include German - as well as any other - names where relevant in historical contexts. I hope we do agree that it's appropriate to talk about Mediolanum or Londinium when discussing Roman History).

This whole thing is about some users who think that either
 * Exclusively Polish names should be used for anything in Poland - in article names and articles themselves, or
 * English names are OK in the article title, but Polish names should be used in the article.

It all started with those few people trying to change every instance of Oder to Odra. Zocky 01:13, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Oder/Archive 2


text:
Świebodzin County

Świebodzin County (powiat świebodziński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lubusz Voivodeship, western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Świebodzin, which lies 35 km north of Zielona Góra and 57 km south of Gorzów Wielkopolski. The only other town in the county is Zbąszynek, lying 20 km east of Świebodzin.

The county covers an area of 937.45 km2. As of 2019 its total population is 55,753, out of which the population of Świebodzin is 21,736, that of Zbąszynek is 5,020, and the rural population is 28,997.

Neighbouring counties
Świebodzin County is bordered by Międzyrzecz County to the north, Nowy Tomyśl County to the east, Zielona Góra County to the south, Krosno Odrzańskie County to the south-west and Sulęcin County to the north-west.

Administrative division
The county is subdivided into six gminas (two urban-rural and four rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.

title: Świebodzin County


text:
Charles Crocker

Charles Crocker (September 16, 1822 – August 14, 1888) was an American railroad executive who was one of the founders of the Central Pacific Railroad, which constructed the westernmost portion of the first transcontinental railroad, and took control with partners of the Southern Pacific Railroad.

Early years
Crocker was born in Troy, New York on September 16, 1822. He was the son of Eliza (née Wright) and Isaac Crocker, a modest family. They joined the nineteenth-century migration west and moved to Indiana when he was 14, where they had a farm. Crocker soon became independent, working on several farms, a sawmill, and at an iron forge.

At the age of 23, in 1845, he founded a small, independent iron forge of his own. He used money saved from his earnings to invest later in the new railroad business after moving to California, which had become a boom state since the Gold Rush. His older brother Edwin B. Crocker had become an attorney by the time Crocker was investing in railroads.

Founding a railroad
In 1861, after hearing an intriguing presentation by Theodore Judah, he was one of the four principal investors, along with Mark Hopkins, Collis Huntington and Leland Stanford (also known as The Big Four), who formed the Central Pacific Railroad, which constructed the western portion of the First transcontinental railroad in North America. His position with the company was that of construction supervisor and president of Charles Crocker & Co., a Central Pacific subsidiary founded expressly for the purpose of building the railroad.

Crocker bought train plows to plow the tracks of snow through the mountains, but they derailed due to ice on the tracks. He had more than 40 mi of snow sheds built to cover the tracks in the Sierra Nevada mountains, to prevent the tracks from getting covered with snow in the winter. This project cost over $2 million.

In 1864, Charles asked his older brother Edwin to serve as legal counsel for the Central Pacific Railroad.

While the Central Pacific was still under construction in 1868, Crocker and his three associates acquired control of the Southern Pacific Railroad. It built the westernmost portion of the second transcontinental railroad. Deming, New Mexico, is named after his wife, Mary Ann Deming Crocker. A silver spike was driven here in 1881 to commemorate the meeting of the Southern Pacific with the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe railroads, completing the construction of the second transcontinental railroad in the United States. On September 5, 1876, at the Lang Southern Pacific Station, a California Historic Landmark, Crocker hammered a golden spike into a railroad tie, the ceremonial spike was driven to celebrate the completion of San Joaquin Valley rail line. The completion of the line connected the City of Los Angeles with San Francisco and First transcontinental railroad line.

Banking
Crocker was briefly the controlling shareholder of Wells Fargo in 1869 and served as president. After he sold down, he was replaced by John J. Valentine, Sr. Crocker also acquired controlling interest for his son William in Woolworth National Bank, which was renamed Crocker-Anglo Bank.

In 1963, Crocker-Anglo Bank merged with Los Angeles' Citizens National Bank, to become Crocker-Citizens Bank and later, Crocker National Bank. The San Francisco-based bank no longer exists, as it was acquired by Wells Fargo in 1986.

Nob Hill and the 40 foot tall spite fence
Crocker built a mansion on Nob Hill, San Francisco. When his attempts to buy Nicholas Yung's adjacent property were rebuffed, he built a 40-foot spite fence around three sides of the neighbor's property. Legal challenges to the fence were unavailing. The feud lasted many years, and the fence was only removed after the death of Mrs. Yung, and the sale of the property by Yung's heirs to Crocker's family. Spite fences were thereafter made illegal in San Francisco. The mansion was destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Though the disaster rendered the infamous dispute and its resolution moot, Crocker's family donated the entire block of land to charity, in support of the Episcopal Diocese of California. In 1910, in the same plot where the fence stood, the cornerstone was laid for Grace Cathedral.

Personal life

In 1852, Crocker was married to Mary Ann Deming (1827–1889). Mary was the daughter of John Jay Deming and Emily (née Reed) Deming. Together, they had six children, four of whom survived to adulthood:

 * Charles Frederick Crocker (1854–1897), who married Jennie Ella Easton (1858–1887).
 * George Crocker (1856–1909), who married Emma Hanchett (1855–1904).
 * Harriet Valentine Crocker (1859–1935), who married Charles Beatty Alexander (1849–1927).
 * William Henry Crocker (1861–1937), who married Ethel Sperry (1861–1934).

Crocker was seriously injured in a New York City carriage accident in 1886, never fully recovered, and died two years later on August 14, 1888. He was buried in a mausoleum located on "Millionaire's Row" at Mountain View Cemetery in Oakland, California. The massive granite structure was designed by the New York architect A. Page Brown, who later designed the San Francisco Ferry Building. Crocker's estate has been valued at between $300 million and $400 million at the time of his death in 1888.

During his lifetime Charles Crocker amassed a considerable collection of works of art.

Descendants
Through his son Charles, he was the grandfather of Mary Crocker (1881–1905), who married U.S. Congressman Francis Burton Harrison; Charles Templeton Crocker (1884–1948); and Jennie Adeline Crocker (1887–1974).

Through his daughter Harriet, he was the grandfather of Mary Crocker Alexander (1895–1986), who married diplomat Sheldon Whitehouse. Their son was Charles Sheldon Whitehouse (1921–2001), the United States Ambassador to Laos and Thailand, and their grandson, Crocker's great-great-grandson, is U.S. Senator Sheldon Whitehouse of Rhode Island.

Through his son William, he was the grandfather of Charles Crocker, William Willard Crocker, Helen Crocker (Russell) and Ethel Mary Crocker (de Limur).

Honors
Mount Crocker is named in his honor. It is located in California's Sierra Nevada mountains.

title: Charles Crocker


text:
Sulęcin County

Sulęcin County (powiat sulęciński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lubusz Voivodeship, western Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Sulęcin, which lies 33 km south of Gorzów Wielkopolski and 63 km north-west of Zielona Góra. The county also contains the towns of Torzym, lying 16 km south of Sulęcin, and Lubniewice, 12 km north-east of Sulęcin.

The county covers an area of 1177.43 km2. As of 2019 its total population is 35,238, out of which the population of Sulęcin is 10,117, that of Torzym is 2,526, that of Lubniewice is 2,059, and the rural population is 20,536.

Neighbouring counties
Sulęcin County is bordered by Gorzów County to the north, Międzyrzecz County to the east, Świebodzin County to the south-east, Krosno Odrzańskie County to the south and Słubice County to the west.

Administrative division
The county is subdivided into five gminas (three urban-rural and two rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.

title: Sulęcin County