text:
User talk:Jukeboksi

Juxo, please add some matter to consumerium. Thanks

Juxo, I did not made that page, I am sure you know that; I merely saved it from ostracism.

The reason why I did so, I explained on the mailing list.

In extract, this is what I wrote

-

I think both consumerium and disinfopedia are very important to be mentionned in meta. Why not limit ourselves to the encyclopedia space ? Easy. These two projects have a pecularity that goes beyond what is encyclopedic. And this pecularity does not belong to the encyclopedic article. They are both a justification and a "faire valoir" (my, what is the english word for this ?) I mean : 1) they strongly rely on the existence of the encyclopedia, since they use it widely as a reference. Without Wikipedia, it is likely these projects would not be viable really. Or much tougher to build. They do not need to include everything themselves, they can use us as a source, and may focus on what is important to them => disinformation and consumerism. They are specialists sources. They directly benefit from Wikipedia growth. 2) at the same time, they augment the quality, the interest, the traffic and the growth of Wikipedia. They directly link to us (not pick up the information to use it freely) hence bringing us new readers and new contributors. As specialists projects, they increase the value of our work. They refer to us. Wikipedia directly benefits from their existence as well. In ecology, that is called a symbiosis :-) I do not have the proper words to explain this perhaps, but this is important. It is important to increase the visibility of such projects. And I cannot figure putting this in the encyclopedia article itself. Now, if I put this, without even an introduction explaining what the project is, or without the external link to the projects (which is the currently banned content), it is just bullshit.

--

Now, I am glad you improved it in a meaningful way. You are probably more useful than I am :-) You gave it the right to exist again :-)

It wasn't really a translation :) I've written an article in Dutch for Indymedia, about Wikipedia. And I also mentioned related projects. After I published it I found the part about Consumerium quite usable for the 'pedia. :) Guaka 20:54, 27 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Pipe Dream
Do you have references for your theory of what a pipe dream is? According to Merriam-Webster, the etymology is much simpler -- "from the fantasies brought about by the smoking of opium"

Thank you - I was just curious, as I was only familiar with the opium based etymology. LarryMac 19:28, 22 August 2005 (UTC) (sorry about not signing my post before, I'm still getting the hang of this)

Consumerium
No hard feelings, I hope :-) At least it notified you that the site was unavailable. Mr. Jones 16:47, 27 August 2005 (UTC)

Consumerium, ideas.
Juxo I need to contact you asap about your project consumerium. I have some ideas and a proposition for you. I have been meaning to create a similar site with the same basis but which would very likely have a much bigger impact on consumerism for reasons I need to explain.

All I ask is that you allow me to email you the ideas. I can greatly benefit from your experience and, for your peace of mind I assure you the idea doesn't violate the GNUFDL.

Just noticed that your article about your wiki has been deleted.
Your article has been deleted on the basis of three votes, and a very low Alexa rating for the site. How many users does it have, BTW? I guess you'll have to move the content to meta. If you ask an admin nicely, they may retrieve the latest version for you. Mr. Jones 19:05, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Paleface (Finnish rap artist)
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July 2010
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Speedy deletion nomination of Defocusation
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Reverse financial instrument
Do not recreate articles that have been through a valid Articles for deletion, Articles for deletion/Reverse financial instrument, take it to Deletion review. Recreating may lead to your blocking. Also looking at some of your comments I suggest that you read Civility. Thanks. Enter CBW, waits for audience applause, not a sausage. 16:09, 8 October 2010 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Powder bathing

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Blocked: Disruptive editing
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Proposed deletion of Paleface (Finnish rapper)

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Nomination of Reverse trading for deletion
The article Reverse trading is being discussed concerning whether it is suitable for inclusion as an article according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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 * You can add the part about finance industry participation in shorting securities they promote to Fraud. 99.39.5.103 (talk) 13:19, 17 April 2011 (UTC)

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Nomination of National Environmental Directory for deletion
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Nomination of National Environmental Directory for deletion
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Arvid brandberg
Hello jubo-jubo, could you please translate this into English? You're the only person I know who can speak it...—Eat me, I'm an azuki (talk · contribs · email) 13:13, 23 October 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of GoMore

A tag has been placed on GoMore, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service or person and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become encyclopedic. Please read the guidelines on spam and FAQ/Organizations for more information.

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Speedy deletion nomination of Peer-to-peer ridesharing

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Speedy deletion nomination of GEPIR

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Ways to improve Cristina Sánchez (molecular biologist)
Hi, I'm Nick Moyes. Jukeboksi, thanks for creating Cristina Sánchez (molecular biologist)!

I've just tagged the page, using our page curation tools, as having some issues to fix. PLease read WP:NACADEMIC for guidelines on what makes an academic notable enough to be retained on Wikipedia. At present, I am struggling to see how Sanchez meets those criteria. I shall return in a few weeks and check if ou've been able to help on that score.

The tags can be removed by you or another editor once the issues they mention are addressed. If you have questions, you can leave a comment on my talk page. Or, for more editing help, talk to the volunteers at the Teahouse.

Nick Moyes (talk) 00:11, 15 July 2017 (UTC)
 * As someone who works with these subjects, I can say there's certainly questions about Notability and what would only help is if there are significant publications establishing her as a significant figure in the field. Also note that notability cannot be inherited. I'm absolutely available to answer any questions, SwisterTwister   talk  00:15, 15 July 2017 (UTC)

Help a new Editor
The Maven Car Sharing Wikipedia article looks out of date. Can you help me update it?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maven_(car_sharing) — Preceding unsigned comment added by DietDrPepper123 (talk • contribs) 15:08, 17 April 2019 (UTC)

Category:Carpooling services has been nominated for discussion
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Ways to improve Ruthenium-Iridium nanosized coral
Hello, Jukeboksi,

Thank you for creating Ruthenium-Iridium nanosized coral.

I have tagged the page as having some issues to fix, as a part of our page curation process and note that:

"An encyclopedia article should be about the object/ substance that is the topic, not promote the discoverers and their employers. Where published and who should be in the references."

The tags can be removed by you or another editor once the issues they mention are addressed. If you have questions, leave a comment here and begin it with. Remember to sign your reply with. For broader editing help, please visit the Teahouse.

Delivered via the Page Curation tool, on behalf of the reviewer.

Graeme Bartlett (talk) 22:24, 7 June 2021 (UTC)

Nomination of Powerpaste for deletion
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title: User talk:Jukeboksi


text:
Clock generator

A clock generator is an electronic oscillator that produces a clock signal for use in synchronizing a circuit's operation. The signal can range from a simple symmetrical square wave to more complex arrangements. The basic parts that all clock generators share are a resonant circuit and an amplifier.

The resonant circuit is usually a quartz piezo-electric oscillator, although simpler tank circuits and even RC circuits may be used.

The amplifier circuit usually inverts the signal from the oscillator and feeds a portion back into the oscillator to maintain oscillation.

The generator may have additional sections to modify the basic signal. The 8088 for example, used a 2/3 duty cycle clock, which required the clock generator to incorporate logic to convert the 50/50 duty cycle which is typical of raw oscillators.

Other such optional sections include frequency divider or clock multiplier sections. Programmable clock generators allow the number used in the divider or multiplier to be changed, allowing any of a wide variety of output frequencies to be selected without modifying the hardware.

The clock generator in a motherboard is often changed by computer enthusiasts to control the speed of a CPU, FSB, GPU or RAM. Typically the programmable clock generator is set by the BIOS at boot time to the selected value; although some systems have dynamic frequency scaling, which frequently re-programs the clock generator.

Timing-signal generators (TSGs)
TSGs are clocks that are used throughout service-provider networks, frequently as the building integrated timing supply (BITS) for a central office.

Digital switching systems and some transmission systems (e.g., SONET) depend on reliable, high-quality synchronization (or timing) to prevent impairments. To provide this, most service providers use interoffice synchronization distribution networks based on the stratum hierarchy and implement the BITS concept to meet intraoffice synchronization needs.

A TSG is clock equipment that accepts input timing reference signals and generates output timing reference signals. The input reference signals can be either DS1 or composite-clock (CC) signals, and the output signals can also be DS1 or CC signals (or both). A TSG is made up of the six components listed below:
 * 1) An input timing interface that accepts DS1 or CC input signals
 * 2) A timing-generation component that creates the timing signals used by the output timing-distribution component
 * 3) An output timing distribution component that utilizes the timing signals from the timing-generation component to create multiple DS1 and CC output signals
 * 4) A performance-monitoring (PM) component that monitors the timing characteristics of the input signals
 * 5) An alarm interface that connects to the central-office (CO) alarm-monitoring system
 * 6) An operations interface for local crafts person use and communications with remote operations systems

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Clock generator


text:
User:Ashwin

About me

Discovering the true power of Wikipedia and loving it!

title: User:Ashwin


text:
User:RossA

Articles I am working on

 * Moss Valley, Derbyshire
 * United Nations International Years
 * WWOOF

Stubs I started
Ought to make these into articles sometime.
 * New Zealand Forest Service
 * New Zealand Department of Conservation
 * Kathleen Scott

To Do

 * Mosborough
 * Southern Cross Cable

Ideas

 * Disambig bot: provide convenient gui for fast human-assisted disambiguation
 * Copyright bot: crawl wiki and search google for long phrase matches, excluding miror sites.
 * Investigate whether the North East Midlands Photographic Record will let their images be used in Wikipedia.

Images I have uploaded:

 * Banks Peninsula from space

Original Photographs

 * Statue of Robert Falcon Scott in Christchurch, New Zealand
 * River Avon in Christchurch for article Avon River, Canterbury.

title: User:RossA


text:
Working Dog Productions

Working Dog Productions (originally Frontline Television Productions Pty. Ltd.) is a film and television production company based in Melbourne, Australia. It was formed in 1993 by actors Santo Cilauro, Rob Sitch, Jane Kennedy, Tom Gleisner, and producer Michael Hirsh. The company changed its name to Working Dog Productions Pty Ltd in 1996. The company's mascot is an Australian Cattle Dog.

Television
Programs with a shaded background indicate the program is still in production.

Other
In addition to television and film, Working Dog Productions have also ventured into books, stage shows, and podcasts.

Books
Books which have been published by Working Dog include, but are not limited to, mock travel guides. Books published by Working Dog include:
 * Molvania: A Land Untouched by Modern Dentistry by Santo Cilauro, Tom Gleisner and Rob Sitch, 2003. ISBN 1-58567-619-5
 * Phaic Tan: Sunstroke on a Shoestring by Santo Cilauro, Tom Gleisner and Rob Sitch, 2004. ISBN 0-8118-5365-9
 * San Sombrero: A Land of Carnivals, Cocktails and Coups by Santo Cilauro, Tom Gleisner and Rob Sitch, 2006. ISBN 0-8118-5619-4
 * Molvanian Baby Names: With Meanings, Derivations And Probable Pronunciations, by Santo Cilauro, Tom Gleisner and Rob Sitch 2009. ISBN 978-1-74066-859-0

Stage
Working Dog produced the stage show The Speechmaker. The show was written by Working Dog's Sitch, Cilauro and Gleisner and had a sellout season at the Melbourne Theatre Company.

Podcasts

 * Santo, Sam & Ed's Total Football Podcast (2017-present on ABC iview)
 * Santo, Sam & Ed's Cup Fever! Podcast (2018 on ABC iview)

title: Working Dog Productions


text:
Geographic coordinate conversion

In geodesy, conversion among different geographic coordinate systems is made necessary by the different geographic coordinate systems in use across the world and over time. Coordinate conversion is composed of a number of different types of conversion: format change of geographic coordinates, conversion of coordinate systems, or transformation to different geodetic datums. Geographic coordinate conversion has applications in cartography, surveying, navigation and geographic information systems.

In geodesy, geographic coordinate conversion is defined as translation among different coordinate formats or map projections all referenced to the same geodetic datum. A geographic coordinate transformation is a translation among different geodetic datums. Both geographic coordinate conversion and transformation will be considered in this article.

This article assumes readers are already familiar with the content in the articles geographic coordinate system and geodetic datum.

Change of units and format
Informally, specifying a geographic location usually means giving the location's latitude and longitude. The numerical values for latitude and longitude can occur in a number of different units or formats:

 * sexagesimal degree: degrees, minutes, and seconds : 40° 26′ 46″ N 79° 58′ 56″ W
 * degrees and decimal minutes: 40° 26.767′ N 79° 58.933′ W
 * decimal degrees: +40.446 -79.982

There are 60 minutes in a degree and 60 seconds in a minute. Therefore, to convert from a degrees minutes seconds format to a decimal degrees format, one may use the formula

 * $$\rm{decimal\ degrees} = \rm{degrees} + \frac{\rm{minutes}}{60} + \frac{\rm{seconds}}{3600}$$.

To convert back from decimal degree format to degrees minutes seconds format,

 * $$ \begin{align}

\rm{absDegrees} & = | \rm{decimal\ degrees} | \\ \rm{floorAbsDegrees} & = \lfloor \rm{absDegrees} \rfloor \\ \rm{degrees} & = \sgn ( \rm{decimal\ degrees} ) \times \rm{floorAbsDegrees} \\ \rm{minutes} & = \lfloor 60 \times (\rm{absDegrees} - \rm{floorAbsDegrees})\rfloor \\ \rm{seconds} & = 3600 \times (\rm{absDegrees} - \rm{floorAbsDegrees}) - 60 \times \rm{minutes} \\ \end{align} $$ where $$\rm{absDegrees}$$ and $$\rm{floorAbsDegrees}$$ are just temporary variables to handle both positive and negative values properly.

Coordinate system conversion
A coordinate system conversion is a conversion from one coordinate system to another, with both coordinate systems based on the same geodetic datum. Common conversion tasks include conversion between geodetic and earth-centered, earth-fixed (ECEF) coordinates and conversion from one type of map projection to another.

From geodetic to ECEF coordinates

Geodetic coordinates (latitude $$\ \phi$$, longitude $$\ \lambda$$, height $$h$$) can be converted into ECEF coordinates using the following equation:

 * $$\begin{align}

X & = \left( N(\phi) + h\right)\cos{\phi}\cos{\lambda} \\ Y & = \left( N(\phi) + h\right)\cos{\phi}\sin{\lambda} \\ Z & = \left( \frac{b^2}{a^2} N(\phi) + h\right)\sin{\phi} \\ & = \left( (1 - e^2)      N(\phi) + h\right)\sin{\phi} \\ & = \left( (1 - f)^2      N(\phi) + h\right)\sin{\phi} \end{align}$$

where

N(\phi) = \frac{a^2}{\sqrt{a^2 \cos^2 \phi + b^2 \sin^2 \phi }} = \frac{a}{\sqrt{1 - e^2\sin^2\phi}} = \frac{a}{\sqrt{1 - \frac{e^2}{1 + \cot^2 \phi}}}, $$

and $$a$$ and $$b$$ are the equatorial radius (semi-major axis) and the polar radius (semi-minor axis), respectively. $$e^2 = 1 - \frac{b^2}{a^2}$$ is the square of the first numerical eccentricity of the ellipsoid. $$f = 1 - \frac{b}{a}$$ is the flattening of the ellipsoid. The prime vertical radius of curvature $$\, N(\phi) $$ is the distance from the surface to the Z-axis along the ellipsoid normal.

Properties
The following condition holds for the longitude in the same way as in the geocentric coordinates system:
 * $$\frac{X}{\cos\lambda} - \frac{Y}{\sin\lambda} = 0.$$

And the following holds for the latitude:
 * $$\frac{p}{\cos\phi} - \frac{Z}{\sin\phi} - e^2 N(\phi) = 0,$$

where $$p = \sqrt{X^2 + Y^2}$$, as the parameter $$h$$ is eliminated by subtracting
 * $$\frac{p}{\cos\phi} = N + h$$

and
 * $$\frac{Z}{\sin\phi} = \frac{b^2}{a^2}N + h.$$

The following holds furthermore, derived from dividing above equations:
 * $$\frac{Z}{p} \cot \phi = 1 - \frac{e^2 N}{N + h}.$$

Orthogonality
The orthogonality of the coordinates is confirmed via differentiation:
 * $$\begin{align}

\begin{pmatrix} dX \\ dY \\ dZ \end{pmatrix} &= \begin{pmatrix} -\sin\lambda & -\sin\phi \cos\lambda & \cos\phi \cos\lambda \\ \cos\lambda & -\sin\phi \sin\lambda & \cos\phi \sin\lambda \\ 0 & \cos\phi            & \sin\phi             \\ \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} dE \\ dN \\ dU \end{pmatrix}, \\[3pt] \begin{pmatrix} dE \\ dN \\ dU \end{pmatrix} &= \begin{pmatrix} \left(N(\phi) + h\right) \cos\phi &          0 & 0 \\ 0 & M(\phi) + h & 0 \\ 0 &          0 & 1 \\    \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} d\lambda \\ d\phi \\ dh \end{pmatrix}, \end{align}$$

where

M(\phi) = \frac{a\left(1 - e^2\right)}{\left(1 - e^2 \sin^2 \phi\right)^\frac{3}{2}} = N(\phi) \frac{1 - e^2}{1 - e^2\sin^2\phi} $$

(see also "Meridian arc on the ellipsoid").

Conversion for the longitude
The conversion of ECEF coordinates to longitude is:
 * $$\lambda = \operatorname{atan2}(Y,X)$$.

where atan2 is the quadrant-resolving arc-tangent function. The geocentric longitude and geodetic longitude have the same value; this is true for Earth and other similar shaped planets because they have a large amount of rotational symmetry around their spin axis (see triaxial ellipsoidal longitude for a generalization).

Unsophisticated conversion method for the latitude and height
The conversion for the latitude and height involves a circular relationship involving N, which is a function of latitude:
 * $$\frac{Z}{p} \cot \phi = 1 - \frac{e^2 N}{N + h}$$,
 * $$h=\frac{p}{\cos\phi} - N$$.

It can be solved iteratively, for example, starting with a first guess h≈0 then updating N. More elaborate methods are shown below. The procedure is, however, sensitive to small accuracy due to $$N$$ and $$h$$ being maybe 10$6$ apart.

Newton–Raphson method
The following Bowring's irrational geodetic-latitude equation, derived simply from the above properties, is efficient to be solved by Newton–Raphson iteration method:
 * $$\kappa - 1 - \frac{e^2 a\kappa}{\sqrt{p^2 + \left(1 - e^2\right) Z^2 \kappa^2}} = 0,$$

where $$\kappa = \frac{p}{Z} \tan \phi$$ and $$p = \sqrt{X^2 + Y^2}$$ as before. The height is calculated as:
 * $$\begin{align}

h &= e^{-2} \left(\kappa^{-1} - {\kappa_0}^{-1}\right) \sqrt{p^2 + Z^2 \kappa^2}, \\ \kappa_0 &\triangleq \left(1 - e^2\right)^{-1}. \end{align}$$

The iteration can be transformed into the following calculation:
 * $$\kappa_{i+1} = \frac{c_i + \left(1 - e^2\right) Z^2 \kappa_i^3}{c_i - p^2} = 1 + \frac{p^2 + \left(1 - e^2\right) Z^2 \kappa_i^3}{c_i - p^2},$$

where $$c_i = \frac{\left(p^2 + \left(1 - e^2\right) Z^2 \kappa_i ^2\right)^\frac{3}{2}}{ae^2} .$$

The constant $$\,\kappa_0$$ is a good starter value for the iteration when $$h \approx 0$$. Bowring showed that the single iteration produces a sufficiently accurate solution. He used extra trigonometric functions in his original formulation.

Ferrari's solution
The quartic equation of $$\kappa$$, derived from the above, can be solved by Ferrari's solution  to yield:

\begin{align} \zeta &= \left(1 - e^2\right)\frac{z^2}{a^2} ,\\[4pt] \rho &= \frac{1}{6}\left(\frac{p^2}{a^2} + \zeta - e^4\right) ,\\[4pt] s &= \frac{e^4 \zeta p^2}{4\rho^3 a^2} ,\\[4pt] t &= \sqrt[3]{1 + s + \sqrt{s(s + 2)}} ,\\[4pt] u &= \rho \left(t + 1 + \frac{1}{t}\right) ,\\[4pt] v &= \sqrt{u^2 + e^4 \zeta} ,\\[4pt] w &= e^2 \frac{u + v - \zeta}{2v} ,\\[4pt] \kappa &= 1 + e^2 \frac{\sqrt{u + v + w^2} + w}{u + v}. \end{align} $$

The application of Ferrari's solution
A number of techniques and algorithms are available but the most accurate, according to Zhu, is the following procedure established by Heikkinen, as cited by Zhu. This overlaps with above. It is assumed that geodetic parameters $$\{a,\, b,\, e\}$$ are known

 * $$\begin{align}

a &= 6378137.0 \text{    m. Earth Equatorial Radius} \\[3pt] b &= 6356752.3142 \text{     m. Earth Polar Radius} \\[3pt] e^2 &= \frac{a^2-b^2}{a^2} \\[3pt] e'^2 &= \frac{a^2 - b^2}{b^2} \\[3pt] p &= \sqrt{X^2 + Y^2} \\[3pt] F &= 54b^2 Z^2 \\[3pt] G &= p^2 + \left(1 - e^2\right)Z^2 - e^2\left(a^2 - b^2\right) \\[3pt] c &= \frac{e^4 Fp^2}{G^3} \\[3pt] s &= \sqrt[3]{1 + c + \sqrt{c^2 + 2c}} \\[3pt] k &= s + 1 + \frac{1}{s}\\[3pt] P &= \frac{F}{3 k^2 G^2} \\[3pt] Q &= \sqrt{1 + 2e^4 P} \\[3pt] r_0 &= \frac{-Pe^2 p}{1 + Q} + \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} a^2\left(1 + \frac{1}{Q}\right) - \frac{P\left(1 - e^2\right)Z^2}{Q(1 + Q)} - \frac{1}{2}Pp^2} \\[3pt] U &= \sqrt{\left(p - e^2 r_0\right)^2 + Z^2} \\[3pt] V &= \sqrt{\left(p - e^2 r_0\right)^2 + \left(1 - e^2\right)Z^2} \\[3pt] z_0 &= \frac{b^2 Z}{aV} \\[3pt] h &= U\left(1 - \frac{b^2}{aV}\right) \\[3pt] \phi &= \arctan\left[\frac{Z + e'^2 z_0}{p}\right] \\[3pt] \lambda &= \operatorname{arctan2}[Y,\, X] \end{align}$$

Note: arctan2[Y, X] is the four-quadrant inverse tangent function.

Power series
For small $e^{2}$ the power series
 * $$\kappa = \sum_{i\ge 0} \alpha_i e^{2i}$$

starts with
 * $$\begin{align}

\alpha_0 &= 1; \\ \alpha_1 &= \frac{a}{\sqrt{Z^2 + p^2}}; \\ \alpha_2 &= \frac{aZ^2\sqrt{Z^2 + p^2} + 2a^2 p^2}{2\left(Z^2 + p^2\right)^2}. \end{align}$$

Geodetic to/from ENU coordinates
To convert from geodetic coordinates to local tangent plane (ENU) coordinates is a two-stage process:

 * 1) Convert geodetic coordinates to ECEF coordinates
 * 2) Convert ECEF coordinates to local ENU coordinates

From ECEF to ENU
To transform from ECEF coordinates to the local coordinates we need a local reference point. Typically, this might be the location of a radar. If a radar is located at $$\left\{X_r,\, Y_r,\, Z_r\right\}$$ and an aircraft at $$\left\{X_p,\, Y_p,\, Z_p\right\}$$, then the vector pointing from the radar to the aircraft in the ENU frame is

\begin{bmatrix}x \\ y \\ z\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} -\sin\lambda_r &           \cos\lambda_r           &         0 \\ -\sin\phi_r\cos\lambda_r & -\sin\phi_r\sin\lambda_r & \cos\phi_r \\ \cos\phi_r\cos\lambda_r & \cos\phi_r\sin\lambda_r & \sin\phi_r \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} X_p - X_r \\ Y_p - Y_r \\ Z_p - Z_r \end{bmatrix} $$

Note: $$\ \phi$$ is the geodetic latitude; the geocentric latitude is inappropriate for representing vertical direction for the local tangent plane and must be converted if necessary.

From ENU to ECEF
This is just the inversion of the ECEF to ENU transformation so

\begin{bmatrix}X_p \\ Y_p \\ Z_p\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} -\sin\lambda_r & -\sin\phi_r\cos\lambda_r & \cos\phi_r\cos\lambda_r \\ \cos\lambda_r & -\sin\phi_r\sin\lambda_r & \cos\phi_r\sin\lambda_r \\ 0 &  \cos\phi_r            & \sin\phi_r \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}x \\ y \\ z\end{bmatrix} + \begin{bmatrix}X_r \\ Y_r \\ Z_r\end{bmatrix} $$

Conversion across map projections
Conversion of coordinates and map positions among different map projections reference to the same datum may be accomplished either through direct translation formulas from one projection to another, or by first converting from a projection $$A$$ to an intermediate coordinate system, such as ECEF, then converting from ECEF to projection $$B$$. The formulas involved can be complex and in some cases, such as in the ECEF to geodetic conversion above, the conversion has no closed-form solution and approximate methods must be used. References such as the DMA Technical Manual 8358.1 and the USGS paper Map Projections: A Working Manual contain formulas for conversion of map projections. It is common to use computer programs to perform coordinate conversion tasks, such as with the DoD and NGA supported GEOTRANS program.

Datum transformations
Transformations among datums can be accomplished in a number of ways. There are transformations that directly convert geodetic coordinates from one datum to another. There are more indirect transforms that convert from geodetic coordinates to ECEF coordinates, transform the ECEF coordinates from one datum to another, then transform ECEF coordinates of the new datum back to geodetic coordinates. There are also grid-based transformations that directly transform from one (datum, map projection) pair to another (datum, map projection) pair.

Helmert transformation
Use of the Helmert transform in the transformation from geodetic coordinates of datum $$A$$ to geodetic coordinates of datum $$B$$ occurs in the context of a three-step process:

 * 1) Convert from geodetic coordinates to ECEF coordinates for datum $$A$$
 * 2) Apply the Helmert transform, with the appropriate $$A\to B$$ transform parameters, to transform from datum $$A$$ ECEF coordinates to datum $$B$$ ECEF coordinates
 * 3) Convert from ECEF coordinates to geodetic coordinates for datum $$B$$

In terms of ECEF XYZ vectors, the Helmert transform has the form (position vector transformation convention and very small rotation angles simplification)

\begin{bmatrix} X_B \\ Y_B \\ Z_B \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} c_x \\ c_y \\ c_z \end{bmatrix} + \left(1 + s \times 10^{-6}\right) \begin{bmatrix} 1 & -r_z & r_y \\ r_z &   1 & -r_x \\ -r_y & r_x &    1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} X_A \\ Y_A \\ Z_A \end{bmatrix}. $$

The Helmert transform is a seven-parameter transform with three translation (shift) parameters $$c_x,\, c_y,\, c_z$$, three rotation parameters $$r_x,\, r_y,\, r_z$$ and one scaling (dilation) parameter $$s$$. The Helmert transform is an approximate method that is accurate when the transform parameters are small relative to the magnitudes of the ECEF vectors. Under these conditions, the transform is considered reversible.

A fourteen-parameter Helmert transform, with linear time dependence for each parameter, can be used to capture the time evolution of geographic coordinates dues to geomorphic processes, such as continental drift and earthquakes. This has been incorporated into software, such as the Horizontal Time Dependent Positioning (HTDP) tool from the U.S. NGS.

Molodensky-Badekas transformation
To eliminate the coupling between the rotations and translations of the Helmert transform, three additional parameters can be introduced to give a new XYZ center of rotation closer to coordinates being transformed. This ten-parameter model is called the Molodensky-Badekas transformation and should not be confused with the more basic Molodensky transform.

Like the Helmert transform, using the Molodensky-Badekas transform is a three-step process:
 * 1) Convert from geodetic coordinates to ECEF coordinates for datum $$A$$
 * 2) Apply the Molodensky-Badekas transform, with the appropriate $$A\to B$$ transform parameters, to transform from datum $$A$$ ECEF coordinates to datum $$B$$ ECEF coordinates
 * 3) Convert from ECEF coordinates to geodetic coordinates for datum $$B$$

The transform has the form

\begin{bmatrix} X_B \\ Y_B \\ Z_B \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} X_A \\ Y_A \\ Z_A \end{bmatrix} + \begin{bmatrix} \Delta X_A \\ \Delta Y_A \\ \Delta Z_A \end{bmatrix} + \begin{bmatrix} 1 & -r_z & r_y \\ r_z &   1 & -r_x \\ -r_y & r_x &    1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} X_A - X^0_A \\ Y_A - Y^0_A \\ Z_A - Z^0_A \end{bmatrix} + \Delta S \begin{bmatrix} X_A - X^0_A \\ Y_A - Y^0_A \\ Z_A - Z^0_A \end{bmatrix}. $$

where $$\left(X^0_A,\, Y^0_A,\, Z^0_A\right)$$ is the origin for the rotation and scaling transforms and $$\Delta S$$ is the scaling factor.

The Molodensky-Badekas transform is used to transform local geodetic datums to a global geodetic datum, such as WGS 84. Unlike the Helmert transform, the Molodensky-Badekas transform is not reversible due to the rotational origin being associated with the original datum.

Molodensky transformation
The Molodensky transformation converts directly between geodetic coordinate systems of different datums without the intermediate step of converting to geocentric coordinates (ECEF). It requires the three shifts between the datum centers and the differences between the reference ellipsoid semi-major axes and flattening parameters.

The Molodensky transform is used by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) in their standard TR8350.2 and the NGA supported GEOTRANS program. The Molodensky method was popular before the advent of modern computers and the method is part of many geodetic programs.

Grid-based method

Grid-based transformations directly convert map coordinates from one (map-projection, geodetic datum) pair to map coordinates of another (map-projection, geodetic datum) pair. An example is the NADCON method for transforming from the North American Datum (NAD) 1927 to the NAD 1983 datum. The High Accuracy Reference Network (HARN), a high accuracy version of the NADCON transforms, have an accuracy of approximately 5 centimeters. The National Transformation version 2 (NTv2) is a Canadian version of NADCON for transforming between NAD 1927 and NAD 1983. HARNs are also known as NAD 83/91 and High Precision Grid Networks (HPGN). Subsequently, Australia and New Zealand adopted the NTv2 format to create grid-based methods for transforming among their own local datums.

Like the multiple regression equation transform, grid-based methods use a low-order interpolation method for converting map coordinates, but in two dimensions instead of three. The NOAA provides a software tool (as part of the NGS Geodetic Toolkit) for performing NADCON transformations.

Multiple regression equations
Datum transformations through the use of empirical multiple regression methods were created to achieve higher accuracy results over small geographic regions than the standard Molodensky transformations. MRE transforms are used to transform local datums over continent-sized or smaller regions to global datums, such as WGS 84. The standard NIMA TM 8350.2, Appendix D, lists MRE transforms from several local datums to WGS 84, with accuracies of about 2 meters.

The MREs are a direct transformation of geodetic coordinates with no intermediate ECEF step. Geodetic coordinates $$\phi_B,\, \lambda_B,\, h_B$$ in the new datum $$B$$ are modeled as polynomials of up to the ninth degree in the geodetic coordinates $$\phi_A,\, \lambda_A,\, h_A$$ of the original datum $$A$$. For instance, the change in $$\phi_B$$ could be parameterized as (with only up to quadratic terms shown)

 * $$\Delta \phi = a_0 + a_1 U + a_2 V + a_3 U^2 + a_4 UV + a_5 V^2 + \cdots$$

where
 * $$a_i,$$ parameters fitted by multiple regression
 * $$\begin{align}

U &= K(\phi_A - \phi_m) \\ V &= K(\lambda_A - \lambda_m) \\ \end{align}$$
 * $$K,$$ scale factor
 * $$\phi_m,\, \lambda_m,$$ origin of the datum, $$A.$$

with similar equations for $$ \Delta\lambda$$ and $$\Delta h$$. Given a sufficient number of $$(A,\, B)$$ coordinate pairs for landmarks in both datums for good statistics, multiple regression methods are used to fit the parameters of these polynomials. The polynomials, along with the fitted coefficients, form the multiple regression equations.

title: Geographic coordinate conversion


text:
User:Brianshapiro

draft articles I'm currently working on:

Academic art | Post-romanticism

history of medicinal creosote | empyreumatic oil | Pill and Drop | Fidelle Binelli | Samuel Bernheim | Hughes-Félix Ranque | somatose | thiocol {sirolin} | vasogene {vasol}

creosote

ray-gun

Ross Perot | Operation Understanding | Tell it to Hanoi | Social purity

articles I've added or contributed the majority of content to:

Hans Makart | Academic art {Academism, Academicism, art pompier} | hierarchy of genres | Neo-Grec {Néo-Grec} | kitsch | Post-expressionism {Post-Expressionism}

Blackbird (online platform) {Microsoft Blackbird} | Internet OS {Internet operating system} | Active Platform

history of radiation therapy {history of radiotherapy}

creosote sections I've added or contributed the majority of content to:

Legal history of cannabis in the United States { Regulations on narcotics (1850s-1900s) | Strengthening of poison laws (1906-1923) }

articles I plan to add or effect large overhauls to:

Viktor Oskar Tilgner {Viktor Tilgner, Victor Tilgner} | Charles Joshua Chaplin | Mark Tansey | Lyon School {École de Lyon} | Troubadour painters | Courant ruiniste | Black Group | Carl Rahl | Purism | Paola Gandolfi | Franco Piruca | Anacronismo | Robert Hughes | Jean-Léon Gérôme | Alexandre Cabanel | Jean-Jacques Henner | Francesco Hayez | Ary Scheffer | Baron Jan August Hendrik Leys {Hendrik Leys, Baron Henrik Leys, Henri Leys, Baron Henri Leys, Jan August Hendrik Leys, Baron, Jan August Hendrik Leys} | Alexandre-Gabriel Decamps | Louis-Ernest Barrias | Pierre Paul Proud'hon | Mihály Munkácsy | Young Poland | László Paál | Adolphe Goupil | Hans Canon {Johann von Strasiripka} | idealism (art) | Theodore Chasseriau | Károly Ferenczy | James Tissot | Angel Zarraga | Louis Janmot | Paul Chenavard | Nazarenes | Deutschrömer {German Romans} | Macchiaoli | Naturalism (art) | atelier | Odd Nerdrum | Paul Baudry | Guido Reni | Nuovi Nuovi | ut pictura poesis | Gesamtkunstwerk {total work of art} | William-Adolphe Bouguereau {Adolphe William Bouguereau} | history painting | Thomas Couture | Historicism | Alexandre Cabanel | Omar Galliani | Carlo Maria Mariani | Pittura Colta | John Kirby | Lino Frongia | Transavanguardia | Sandro Chia | Nicola de Maria | Neo-Expressionism | Heftige Malerei | Gerhard Richter | Pont-Aven School {École de Pont-Aven} | Fontainebleau School {École de Fontainbleau} | Honfleur School {École de Honfleur} | Grez-sur-Loing School {École de Grez-sur-Loing} | Mariano Fortuny y Marsal {Mariano Fortuny} | Alexandre Falguiere | Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse | Albert Moore | Francesco Hayez | Charles Gleyre | Jules Bastien-Lepage | Eugène Carrière | Augustin-Théodule Ribot | Atmospheric Impressionism | Eugene Jettel | Rudolf Ribarz | Neo-Baroque | Neo-Gothic | Neo-Renaissance | Roman School {Scuola Romana} | Valori Plastici | Antonio Donghi | Metaphysical Painting {Pittura Metafisica} | Ipermanierismo | Macchiaioli | Post-macchiaioli | Franz Seraph von Lenbach {Franz von Lenbach} | Hans von Marées | Eclecticism (art) | Scapigliatura | Julian Opie | Timur Petrovich Novikov {Timur Novikov} | Neo-Academism | Judith Kindler | Abstract Realism | Animism (art) | Henri-Victor Wolvens | George Grard | Filippo De Pisis | Latemse School | Molse School | Richard Muther | Normative art {Normativism | Spanish normative art | Arte normativo} | Arte programmatica | Nouvelle tendance | Pittura analytica

Cosima Wagner | Charles-Valentin Alkan | Nikolai Medtner | Osvaldo Pugliese | Astor Piazzolla | ecto | Totalism | Riccardo Giagni

Alex Proyas | Harmony Korine | Patrice Leconte | Girl on the Bridge | Anthony Minghella

William Lindsey

Chris Ware | Genndy Tartakovsky | Craig McCracken | Norman McLaren

Ringstrasse | Biedermeier | Gründerzeit {Makartzeit}

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin | Victor Cousin | Futurism (philosophy) | idealism | Alain Badiou | natural philosophy {Romantic natural philosophy, Naturphilosophie} | Neo-Kantians | Eduard von Hartmann | Alexandrianism | Eclecticism (philosophy) | Common Sense School {Scottish School of Common Sense} | Innocent Gentillet | Vincenzo Gioberti | plant consciousness | Leopold Ziegler | Gustave Szontagh | Cyril Horvâth | Janos Hetenyi | Az Egyezményes Rendszer | Philosophy of Harmony { Egyezményes Rendszer } | Sámuel Köteles | Wilhelm Traugott Krug

Jean-Baptiste-Elie Avrillon

concordance theory

Samuel Bernheim | history of medicinal creosote {history of medicinal creosote, history of the medical use of creosote, phosphotal, guaiacophosphal, creosoform, creosotal, phosot, taphosot, eosot} | emypreumatic oils {aqua Binelli, aqua empyreumatica, Dippel's oil, pyrothonide} | Fidele Binelli | Pill and Drop | cedria | tar-water | wood soot | pneumatotherapeutics | aerotherapeutics {pneumatic cabinet, pneumatic chamber, Fraenkel's apparatus, Waldenburg apparatus, compressed air bath} | escharotics | Henri Coutard | Julius Sommerbrodt | Hughes-Félix Ranque | picamar | somatose | thiocol {sirolin} | vasogene {vasol} | peplion

wood treatment processing {full-cell process, empty-cell process, Burnett process} | McDougall's Powder | picamar | chrysolin | chrysoline | resourcin | capnomor { capnomore} | pittical | cedriret { coerulignone } | eupione | euphorbium

ray-gun | Gaston Quiribet

Anthony Comstock | juste milieu {juste-milieu} | neo-mercantilism | Ross Perot | Buddy Roemer | Operation Understanding | Tell it to Hanoi | Cécile Tormay | Sara Levi Nathan | Ernesto Nathan | Giuseppe Nathan | Julie Siegfried | Sophie Aldersparre | Marie Gardos | Ligue pour le relèvement de la moralité publique { League for Raising Public Morality } | Le Relèvement Social | Henry A. Reynolds | Francis Murphy | Benjamin Franklin DeCosta

title: User:Brianshapiro


text:
Motif

Motif may refer to:

General concepts

 * Motif (chess composition), an element of a move in the consideration of its purpose
 * Motif (folkloristics), a recurring element that creates recognizable patterns in folklore and folk-art traditions
 * Motif (music), a salient recurring fragment or succession of notes
 * Motif (narrative), any recurring element in a story that has symbolic significance or the reason behind actions
 * Motif (textile arts), a recurring element or fragment that, when joined, creates a larger work
 * Motif (visual arts), a repeated theme or pattern

Biochemistry

 * Sequence motif, a sequence pattern of nucleotides in a DNA sequence or amino acids in a protein
 * Short linear motif, a stretch of protein sequence that mediates protein–protein interaction
 * Structural motif, a pattern in a protein structure formed by the spatial arrangement of amino acids

Other uses

 * Motif (2019 film), 2019 Malaysian Malay-language crime drama film
 * Motif (album), a 2008 album by guitarist Steve Howe
 * Motif (band), a Swedish experimental jazz band
 * Motif (software), a GUI specification and widget toolkit for Unix
 * Network motif, patterns (sub-graphs) that recur more often than expected
 * Yamaha Motif, a series of music workstations

title: Motif


text:
Niederrhein

Niederrhein may refer to:

 * Lower Rhine, the northernmost German section of the river Rhine
 * Lower Rhine region, a region around the Lower Rhine section of the river Rhine in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
 * Niederrhein Airport or Weeze Airport, airport near Weeze in the Lower Rhine region of Germany
 * "Niederrhein", a 1990 song by Austrian musician Herwig Mitteregger

title: Niederrhein


text:
Rock-climbing equipment

Rock-climbing equipment varies with the type of climbing undertaken. Bouldering needs the least equipment outside of shoes and chalk and optional crash pads. Sport climbing adds ropes, harnesses, belay devices, and quickdraws to clip into pre-drilled bolts. Traditional climbing adds the need for carrying a "rack" of temporary passive and active protection devices. Multi-pitch climbing (and big wall climbing) adds devices to assist in ascending and descending fixed ropes. Finally, aid climbing uses unique equipment (e.g. aiders).

Advances in equipment are a key part of the rock climbing history, starting with the climbing rope. Modern devices enable climbers to perform tasks that were previously done manually, and with greater control (in all conditions) and less effort. Examples of replacements include the harness (replaced tieing the rope around the waist), the carabiner (replaced many knots), the descender/abseil device (replaced the dülfersitz), the ascender (replaced the prusik knot), the belay device (replaced the body belay), and nuts/hexes (replaced chockstones).

Modern equipment includes dynamic ropes, plyometric training tools, advanced spring-loaded camming devices (SLCDs) for protection, and advanced rope control devices such as self-locking devices (SLDs), progress capture devices (PCDs), and assisted braking devices (ABDs). Modern equipment uses advanced materials that are increasingly more durable, stronger, and lighter (e.g. spectra/dyneema and aluminum alloys). The equipment must meet specific standards (e.g. the UIAA standards) for strength, durability, and reliability, and must be certified and tested against such standards (with individual pieces carrying such certification marks).

Type of climbing
The rock-climbing equipment needed varies materially depending on the type of rock climbing being undertaken. Starting from the least equipment-intensive type of climbing, the general equipment needs are as follows:

 * Free solo climbing, and its deep-water soloing variant, require the least equipment as no climbing protection (and related rope equipment) is used. Equipment is limited to climbing shoes and chalk (with chalk bag).
 * Bouldering, and its competition bouldering variant, uses the basic equipment of free soloing but with the optional addition of bouldering mats (also called crash mats/crash pads).
 * Top rope climbing, and its competition speed climbing variant, adds a rope, harness, and belay device, but no general climbing protection outside of that which is used to create the anchor point at the top of the climb from which the top rope is hung (which is usually done with carabiners, slings, and/or cord).
 * Sport climbing, and its competition lead climbing variant, adds quickdraws that are clipped into the pre-drilled in-situ bolts while the climber is lead climbing the route. No additional climbing protection is needed.
 * Traditional climbing requires most of the equipment of the above disciplines but with the addition of extensive climbing protection equipment (nuts, hexes, and SLCDs), which the climber will insert while lead-climbing the route. The weight of the extra protection may require a stronger harness and/or a gear sling.
 * Multi-pitch climbing, which can be done in sport or traditional formats, requires added rope devices like ascenders and descenders for moving up and down fixed-ropes. The big wall variant requires heavy-duty rope devices for carrying more gear such as portaledges and provisions, which are carried in haul bags.
 * Rope solo climbing is done in many formats (sport, traditional, multi-pitch), and needs an extensive range of rope devices as every pitch needs to be solo climbed (SLDs), descended back down (descenders), and then re-ascended (ascenders).  The simpler variant of top rope solo climbing, only requires the SLDs.
 * Aid climbing, and its clean aid climbing variant, is usually done in a traditional format and also more likely on multi-pitch (and big wall) routes. In addition to the standard equipment for such routes, aid climbing uses specialist equipment such as aiders and daisy chains, as well as hammers for pitons and coppeheads.

Certification
Rock-climbing equipment is broadly classed as Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). The International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation (known as the UIAA) was an important early body—and the only body pre-1995—in setting standards for climbing equipment. The UIAA Safety Commission continues to play a central worldwide role in this area. The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) is also an important major regulatory body for PPE, and which works closely with the UIAA Safety Commission through its CEN Working Group for Mountaineering Equipment.

North America has fewer specific regulations as rock-climbing equipment as it is not classed as military or professional PPE and thus does not fall under the American Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations; in effect, the UIAA and CEN have become the most important bodies for setting standards and regulating rock-climbing equipment worldwide, and most major manufacturers (and distributors) produce equipment certified and stamped with UIAA and CE marking. Post Brexit, the United Kingdom use "UKCA" certification in place of the CEN.

Ropes
Modern climbing ropes are 50–80 m in length—the longer versions are for multi-pitch climbing—and have a kernmantle construction consisting of a core kern of twisted nylon fibers and an outer sheath mantle of woven colored coarse nylon fibers. They are either dynamic ropes, which can stretch to absorb the energy of a falling climber, or are the less expensive but more hard-wearing static ropes, which are only for use in constant-load situations such as descending (e.g. abseiling) and ascending (e.g. jumaring).

Some climbers will use a single full-thickness climbing rope of circa 9–11 mm, whereas others will use double ropes, or "half-ropes", to reduce rope drag (e.g. they are not both clipped into each anchor or protection point), which have a reduced thickness of circa 8–9 mm to limit the weight of the extra rope. Where two thinner ropes are used that are both clipped into each protection point (i.e. it is not to reduce rope drag, but instead to have a backup rope for long climbs), it is known as twin roping, and these are circa 7–8 mm in thickness.

Slings
Modern webbing (or "tape") is made of strong tubular nylon or the even stronger spectra/dyneema material. Climbers use webbing that has been sewn using a certified standard of reinforced stitching into various lengths of closed loops called "slings" (or "runners"), which can be used in a wide range of situations, including wrapping around sections of rock (e.g. for abseiling, or creating belay anchors, or as passive protection), or tied to other equipment—often via carabiners—to create a longer version of a quickdraw or even a makeshift lanyard.

Slings can be made into more complex pieces of equipment such as the daisy chain, which is used in aid climbing, and the Personal Anchor System, which is used in securing a climber to a fixed anchor point.

Cords
While lengths of webbing can be tied via a knot, such as a water knot, to create custom-length loops instead of the pre-sewn fixed-length slings, their load-bearing capacity can be materially reduced making them less safe. Climbers instead use cord (or "accessory cord"), which is a length of thinner circa 4–8 mm static kernmantle rope, tied via a double fisherman's knot into closed loops of any size.

Cord loops (also known as "cordelettes") serve a wide variety of functions in rock climbing including creating friction prusik knots for ascending or gripping fixed climbing ropes, usually using thinner circa 5–6 mm cord, or for attaching to, and equalizing forces across, multiple fixed anchors points, such as when setting up abseil or belay anchors on multi-pitch climbing routes, usually using thicker circa 7–8 mm cord.

Rope connectors
Several modern pieces of rope connecting equipment help climbers to securely attach items to the climbing rope, such as themselves via a modern climbing harness, or their various protection devices via modern carabiners and quickdraws. Before the invention of these pieces of rope-connecting equipment, climbers used alternative techniques such as looping the rope around the body instead of a harness (e.g. the body belay) and looping the rope around various rocks as a form of protection. In addition to these early techniques, climbers also used various climbing knots to tie ropes and anchor points together, which are now all replaced by rope-connecting equipment such as carabiners.

Carabiners
Carabiners are closed metal clips with spring-loaded gates that are used as connectors between the rope and various devices. Modern carabiners are made from a lightweight but strong aluminum alloy that can withstand the load of a fall. Carabiners come in various shapes, with the asymmetric/offset D-shape being the most common, and gate styles (e.g. a straight gate or a bent gate). A particular variation is whether the gate is locking (for extra security for example when belaying, but making the carabiner heavier and slightly tricker to clip into) or non-locking (the easiest to clip into and out of for example when leading a bolted sport climbing route, but with the risk that the gate may unintentionally open).

Harnesses
Climbing harnesses are used for connecting the rope to the climber (via a "belay loop" on the harness). Harnesses are made of strong materials to specific strength guidelines that can withstand the load of a major fall. There are many types of harness designs and materials used depending on the type of climbing undertaken. Examples include minimal "sit" harnesses for sport climbing as they require little in the way of gear-carrying loops, lightweight and detachable leg-loop harnesses for alpine climbing that fit around heaving winter clothing, padded harnesses for big wall climbing that give comfort for long hanging belays and abseils, and chest/full-body harnesses for children and when carrying heavy loads.

Lanyards
Lanyards (or "teather", or "via ferrata set") are much longer versions of quickdraws that attach from a harness to a rope (or other anchor points, such as a metal cable). The difference is that lanyards are much stronger than quickdraws and are capable of withstanding fall factors of 2 as found on via ferrata or on multi-pitch climbing routes. They are often made from materials that can absorb dynamic energy and often come with additional optional fall energy absorption devices, and lanyards that have had heavy falls often have to be discarded. Lanyards are also constructed to be sufficiently flexible to resist being twisted.

Personal Anchor Systems
A sub-class of lanyards is the Personal Anchor System (PAS), which is a section of rope or interconnected chains of slings, which are used to tie the harness to an anchor point such as a belay station. Traditionally, climbers would tie their harness to anchors using part of the climbing rope; however, the PAS has become popular as a way to avoid reducing the effective length of the climbing rope, and to use a more straightforward connection.

Quickdraws
Quickdraws are used by climbers to connect ropes to fixed items such as bolted anchors in sport climbing, or protection devices in traditional climbing. The quickdraw consists of two non-locking carabiners connected by a short, pre-sewn loop of webbing. They are used to reduce the friction and drag between the rope of the fixed item (i.e. instead of just clipping into a carabiner clipped into the bolt); in competition climbing the quickdraws are already hanging from the bolts, which is called pinkpointing in sport climbing (i.e. instead of the lead climber carrying the quickdraws, they are already in-situ). The quickdraws used on advanced sport and competition climbing routes often have a "bent gate" on the lower carabiner to make clipping-in easier.

Rope devices
Several devices are used for controlling the rope (belay devices and self-locking devices), moving up the rope (ascender devices), or moving down the rope (rappel/abseil or descender devices). These actions were historically performed by climbers with no mechanical devices (e.g. the body belay for belaying, the dülfersitz abseil for descending, and the prusik knot for ascending), and these mechanical devices help with both control and safety in all conditions (e.g wet or icy ropes).

Ascenders
Ascenders (also called "jumars" or "crolls" after popular brands) are mechanical devices to enable a climber to move up a fixed rope, which is a static rope that is hanging from a fixed anchor. Ascenders perform the same basic function as friction or prusik knots made from cord but far less effort and concentration are needed to use them (e.g. tired climbers at high-altitude), they can handle much heavier loads (e.g. climbers with ruck-sacks), and they are more reliable in all conditions (e.g. on wet and icy ropes). The ascender uses an internal cam that allows the device to slide freely in one direction but tightly grip the rope when pulled on in the opposite direction. To prevent the ascender device from accidentally falling off the rope, a locking carabiner is also used.

Belay devices
Belay devices are mechanical friction-brake devices used to control the climbing rope(s) when belaying a climber. Their main purpose is to allow the rope to be locked off or fully braked with minimal effort when arresting a climber's fall. There are many kinds of belay devices, such as the original passive braking devices like "sticht plates" and the later "tubers/tubulars" (e.g. the original Black Diamond ATC, or the Petzl Reverso).

The range of modern belay devices also includes auto-block devices (e.g. the GiGi) allowing the belay device to be attached to a separate anchor point (e.g. and not to the belayer, which is useful for bringing up the second-climber on multi-pitch routes), and active assisted-braking devices (ABDs) that will self-lock with sudden rope movements (e.g. the Petzl GriGri or the Wild Country Revo). Some passive belay devices may also be used as descenders for abseiling.

Indoor climbing walls can provide in-situ fixed mechanical auto belay devices that enable the climber to top rope a route alone; more recent lead auto belay models allow the climber to also lead climb the route alone.

Descenders
Descenders (or abseil devices) enable a climber to abseil (or rappel) down a fixed or static rope that is hanging from a fixed anchor. They perform the same basic function as the dülfersitz abseil but with more control and less effort. The classic passive descender, and still widely used, is the figure-eight, although it is offered in more complex variations with "ears" and "wings" to prevent the rope from locking up.

Many passive belay devices can be used as descenders, such as tubers/tubulars. Some modern descenders come with self-locking device (SLD) features that will grip the rope in the event of an uncontrolled fall (e.g. the Petzl I'D S). Heavy-duty descenders such as abseil racks are used for greater control and friction when carrying heavy loads and/or in very wet or icy conditions (e.g. big wall climbing and caving). The modern technique is to use a descender with a Personal Anchor System.

Self-locking devices
Self-locking devices (SLDs), also called progress capture devices (PCDs), are the terms given to the broader class of rope devices that allow the climbing rope to move more freely in one direction but will lock quickly if the rope tries to move in the opposite direction. Their basic action means that several can also be used as emergency ascenders or assisted-belaying devices (ABDs), but they come in a broad range for a variety of uses (e.g. as a hauling or rescue pulley, like the Petzl Traxion).

The most complex use is for rope solo climbing, for which devices such as Wren's Silent Partner, the Petzel GriGri, and the Wild Country Revo have been used (rope solo climbing requires the widest range of rope devices including ascenders and descenders), or the more straightforward top rope solo climbing, for which the Petzl Micro Traxion and Camp Lift have been used.

Protection devices
As discussed in types of climbing, rock climbing protection devices are mainly used in traditional climbing and in sport climbing (both of which can be done in single and multi-pitch formats). In addition, clean aid climbing also uses many of the traditional climbing protection devices.

Temporary
Temporary protection devices (also known as pro, gear or the rack), provide the means to place temporary anchor points on the rock to which a lead climber can clip their rope (via a quickdraw) when traditional climbing; they also can be used for anchor points for belaying and for abseiling. The devices are categorized as being passive (i.e., they maintain a static position throughout), or active (i.e. they dynamically move or adjust in the case of a fall).

Passive

 * Nuts (also "stoppers", "wires" or "chocks"). The most common passive protection is nuts, which replaced chockstones with curved blocks of strong aluminum alloy attached to a loop of wire. They are wedged into narrowing/tapering cracks (they do not work well in wide or parallel cracks) and then tugged firmly to set them in place. Nuts are come in many varieties (e.g. offset-shaped HB nuts, micro nuts, and brass RP nuts). Where the Australian carrot bolts are common, the wire loop can be used as an emergency substitute for a bolt plate, like a rivet hanger.
 * Hexes. These are hollow asymmetrical hexagonal tubes attached to a loop of cord (particularly for large hexes) or wire. Often wider than nuts, their asymmetrical shape allows their use in parallel and even widening cracks. They are placed like a nut ideally into a narrowing section of the crack and any fall will cause the hex to twist in its placement, thus exerting sideways force on the wall of the crack. Modern climbers tend to use SLCDs over hexes.
 * Tricams. These are shaped aluminum blocks attached to lengths of webbing tape (like a nut). The block is shaped so that pulling on the tape makes it "cam" against the crack walls, gripping the rock tighter in a similar fashion to a hex. Tricams may also be placed similarly to a nut, relying only on the constriction of a crack. Tricams are not as easy to place or remove as an SLCD but they can fit into narrow cracks and pockets, in some cases being the only type of protection that will work on a particular feature. Tricams are typically cheaper and lighter than SLCDs, and are less in use today.

Active

 * Spring-loaded camming devices (SLCDs, or "friends", "camalots"). These consist of two to four aluminum cams mounted on a spring-loaded axle (or two adjacent axles), in such a way that pulling on the shaft connected to the axle forces the cams to narrow so they can be inserted into small cracks. Once the SLCD is inserted into the crack, its cams will maintain a constant camming angle of 13.75 degrees against the walls of the crack. SLCDs are by far the most popular form of active protection device.
 * Big Bros (or tube chocks). These are large hollow telescopic aluminum tubes manufactured by Trango whose width can be dynamically adjusted to fit across large off-width cracks that are too wide for standard SLCDs.
 * Removable bolts (or RBs). These are a type of SLCD for insertion into pre-drilled bolt holes, but instead of using cams, the system uses a metal tube that once inserted expands to grip against the walls of the hole. Less frequently in use, their main application is for climbers creating bolted routes.

Fixed
Fixed protection devices are permanent in-situ anchors to which a lead climber can clip their rope (via a quickdraw) when sport climbing; they also can be used to create anchor points for belaying and for abseiling. The main types are:

 * Bolts. Steel 1/2-inch expansion bolts are pre-drilled into the rock with a hand drill and tightened with a torque wrench (some versions use a type of glue to anchor the bolt). Before insertion, a bolt hanger is attached into which carabiners (and quickdraws) can be clipped. Modern stainless steel (or the more expensive titanium, for even greater durability and/or harsher environments like sea cliffs) bolts last for over a decade, but have a finite life span after which they must be replaced. Some bolted crags use fixed permadraws, which are in-situ wire quickdraws that are permanently attached to the bolt hangers.
 * Pitons. Before bolts, climbers (and particularly big wall aid climbers and alpine climbers) used pitons, which are steel spikes (older versions were not steel) hammered into cracks in the rock that have an eye-hole for attaching a carabiner (some came with pre-installed metal rings). Unlike bolts, pitons need a crack into which they can be hammered, and come in a wide variety of shapes and designs (e.g., angles, knifeblades, lost arrows) to fit various cracks, and even micro-cracks like RURPs. Pitons have been largely replaced by the stronger bolts as the fixed protection of choice, but are still an important part of aid climbing (but not clean aid climbing, which rules out any use of hammers).

Aid equipment
Aid climbing uses several of the above devices but in a way that gives "aid" to the aid climber in ascending (e.g. pulling up on pitons and hooks). There are also a number of other pieces of equipment that are more exclusively associated with aid climbing.

 * Aiders (or the French etriers). These are short 5–6 rung ladders made of lightweight webbing, which are a central part of the technique of aid climbing where they are normally used in pairs (e.g. the aid climber stands on one aider while clipping in the higher aider). Aiders can also come as "offset style" aiders (e.g. 5–6 stirrup-loops arranged on either side of a central rope) and as lightweight "adjustable style" aiders (e.g. the climber can create customized rungs).
 * Daisy chains. These are 1 to 1.5 metre-long webbing slings that have multiple small loops (for carabiner attachment) which are made by stitching the sling at 8 to 15-centimetre intervals. Like aiders, daisy chains are also a central part of aid climbing where they link the harness to the aider (see above); care has to be taken not to clip into the loops incorrectly, which can cause the daisy chain to fail and rip apart (e.g. when trying to use as a Personal Anchor System).
 * Copperheads (or "bashie"). A type of soft-metal nut (usually made from copper), which can be hammered into very thin cracks that are too small for even the narrowest piton. Copperheads are only used in aid climbing and their low strength means that they can only handle the "static bodyweight" of an ascending aid climber, and will likely fail where the climber makes a dynamic fall. At times, climbers will "clean out" build-ups of copperheads on an aid climbing route.
 * Hooks. These are steel hooks of various shapes (e.g. bat hook, talon hook, grappling hook, etc.,) that are hung from cracks and flakes (e.g. the fifi hook and skyhook). Mostly used in aid climbing, but they have been used in extreme traditional climbing routes as a last resort (i.e.hook placements may not withstand a dynamic fall). A particular type of hook is a rivet hanger that can be attached to old metal rivets–an example being Australian carrot bolts–permanently fastened into the rock face.
 * Rock climbing hammers. These are mainly used by aid climbers to hammer in various types of pitons while ascending routes; note that clean aid climbing does not allow the use of hammers as all clean aid equipment must only be inserted on a temporary basis.

Clothing equipment
Rock climbers use several pieces of specialized clothing equipment including:
 * Belay glasses allow the belayer to look up at the lead climber without having to strain their neck upwards (i.e. the glasses are tilted upwards by 45 degrees), and are used when there is extensive belaying such as on long routes, or by climbing instructors.
 * Belay gloves are used to protect the hands when doing lots of belaying (especially on big wall climbing routes), and their construction from leather or other hard-wearing materials, generally improves grip with the rope, which lessens the risk of a failure of the belay system.
 * Climbing shoes are designed to increase the friction, and thus the grip, between the foot and the climbing surface with a vulcanized rubber sole. Stiffer shoes are used for "edging", and softer soles for "smearing".
 * Climbing helmets protect the skull against falling debris such as rocks in alpine climbing or dropped pieces of equipment, as well as the impact forces on the head during a fall while climbing, particularly where the falling lead climber is flipped over.

Miscellaneous equipment

 * Bouldering mats are used to protect boulder climbers from the frequent falls that happen in bouldering, which while shorter than other types of climbing, can be onto uneven or hard surfaces from awkward body positions, which could cause ankle or back injuries.
 * Climbing chalk is widely used by rock climbers to help absorb moisture on their hands; the chalk is kept in a "chalk bag" that is hung around the waist area. US boulderer John Gill is largely credited with introducing "gymnastic chalk" to climbing in the 1950s (he was a gymnast himself).
 * Gear slings are loops of webbing (often with some padding) worn diagonally across the chest on longer traditional climbing routes (e.g. multi-pitch climbing) when the climber cannot comfortably arrange their protection equipment on the gear loops of their harnesses.
 * Guidebooks are hard-wearing books (i.e. they will be taken on the climb) outlining the key details of the climbing routes including diagram (or topos) of the routes and the grades of difficulty of each individual pitch.
 * Haul bags are large tubular bags of hardwearing construction (so they can be dragged over rock) into which supplies and climbing equipment can be carried on long multi-pitch routes; commonly used in big wall climbing where they are called "pigs" due to the effort of hauling them up on pulleys.
 * Knee pads are neoprene pads that are worn on the lower thigh to protect a climber when performing a knee bar; knee pads are credited with improving climbing standards and climbing grades and their use has become accepted in free climbing.
 * Medical tape ("tape" can also refer to webbing) is used by climbers to prevent and repair skin injuries. For example, tape lessens skin damage while hand jamming on rough granite surfaces; it is also used to cover skin that has been dangerously worn down on the fingers, while crack climbing.
 * Nut tools (or "nut key") is a metal tool used to help retrieve nuts and hexes that have become firmly wedged into cracks.
 * Portaledges are used in big wall climbing as a temporary overnight sleeping or even resting platform (e.g. for long belays).
 * Pulleys are used by big wall climbers to help bring up haul bags and other pieces of equipment.
 * Stick clips (or "clip sticks") are long poles with a quickdraw at one end which can be clipped into the first bolt of a sport climbing route by a climber standing on the ground; avoids the risk of a ground-fall before clipping into the first piece of protection.
 * Wire brushes are used to clean holds, particularly at the higher graded climbing routes where the holds are very small and need to be dry and free of any debris or vegetation to be useable; climbers even use toothbrushes to clean the smallest holds without damaging them.

Training equipment
Various items of equipment are employed during climbing-specific training to strengthen the climber's fingers, tendons and muscles:
 * Bachar ladder. A narrow flexible (e.g. it can be rolled up) all-metal, or PVC/webbing, ladder that is hung horizontally between two points (but usually with one point higher to create a slope), and where the climber ascends and descends the rungs using only their arm strength (i.e. no use is made of the feet); considered an early version of a campus board but that focused on arm strength and not hand/finger strength.
 * Campus board. A series of horizontal rungs attached to an overhanging surface that may be climbed up and down without the aid of the feet. When used properly, campus boards improve finger strength and also dynamic or plyometric, muscle strength.
 * Grip saver. A small device that can help in developing the antagonist muscles to those used while gripping with the hand. Use of such a device can prevent the ligament injuries that are experienced by climbers.
 * Hangboard (or "fingerboard"). After the development of the campus board, the "hangboard" is focused on building static arm and finger strength; it is a popular training tool for rock climbers and comes in many forms and materials.
 * MoonBoard. A rectangular section of climbing wall, typically overhanging at 40 degrees, onto which climbing holds have been fixed in a dense grid-like fashion; modern MoonBoards have almost 200 holds from which over 55,000 graded boulder problems have been created.

Manufacturers

 * List of climbing and mountaineering equipment brands

Types

 * Alpine climbing equipment
 * Caving equipment
 * Ice climbing equipment
 * Mixed climbing equipment

title: Rock-climbing equipment


text:
Talk:Patch Adams

Biography assessment rating comment
The article may be improved by following the WikiProject Biography 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article. -- KenWalker | Talk 06:25, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

Patch's response
The following was recently removed from the page:

 * Response to this statement from Patch Adams:
 * In my experience depression is not an illness it is a symptom and the illness is loneliness. And I do think one can place friends in their thinking so that they have no loneliness. I actually don't perceive that I am representing an answer rather a possible direction. That one can compose their own life using thinking, play, friends, and do what they decide to do whatever they want to do. What I have found most effective was to have an environment described in my book, Gesundheit and my website. If one chooses to work with mental illness without psychiatric medications, this kind of complex environment makes me feel safe not giving medication which is why I've insisted on not continuing until the whole facility is built. When we re-open as a hospital there will be doctors who prescribe psychiatric medications. I think my second book House Calls gives a brief introduction of directions for mental health and that we want a facility where all those things can be dynamic. We do not think we are right, rather, we are a direction, an individual's choice.

I am personally friends with Patch, and we had a discussion about the utility of Wikipedia in which he voiced his frustration that, when he tried to respond to comments on the page about him, the stuff kept getting deleted. The guy doesn't use email and he's rather computer-tarded. Nonetheless, it's Wikipedia policy to only include info that can be externally cited, so his comments cannot thus be included until they can be cited. Next time I see him I'll let him know that he ought to post this comment on his main web site in order that it can be cited here and stay up. In the meantime, please leave his comment here on the talk page so that it can eventually be restored. Thanks. --Cajolingwilhelm 04:44, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

This entry is biased!
So just who in the heck is this David Oaks, and where does he get off saying 'President Bush wants to test all Americans for "mental illness"? How does he know this? Has President Bush ever suggested such a thing? Sounds kindof Orwellian--and very un-Bush-like. I suspect David Oaks is totally fabricating this, pulling kook conspiracy theories out of his @ss.

And then we've got Adams' response: "volunteering to screen President Bush, 'He needs a lot of help. I'll see him for free.'" Ha ha. Real funny! Does this sort of thing belong in an encyclopedia entry?!? I suspect it was included here as a deliberate, cheap swipe at the president.

 * see this entry on Bush's "very un-Bush-like plan".

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Freedom_Initiative

 * We'll look into getting some out-of-touch rightwing wackos to even things out as soon as they leave office. But in all seriousness if you really think the article is imbalanced feel free to edit it and balance it out, include a link to a site or excerpt from an article (quote sources also please) that offers a counterpoint to his statements. A neutral point of view is what we are going for here and if you have information that isn't covered please contribute. As to weather something should be included or not I believe it should be. Whatever he has said of note, weather it be serious or not, true or false, left wing or right wing is irrelevant. Just because he is critical of the current US president does not mean the things he has said do not deserve mention in this article. A balanced point of view and a nurtured point of view are not one and the same and we are not looking for the latter. If he had said the same thing about former president Clinton would you still have issue with his statement? Isn't that letting your own bias colour the nature of the article?

[NOTE: Original hostile quotes from blog not quite WP:RS that do not name Adams as the target removed as libel; thus response below.]

 * I doubt he was being disrespectful, that is just how he dresses 100% of the time as far as the wedding goes, he also has an extremely busy schedule. He gets like a month or so of downtime throughout the year. The rest is spent traveling.  From someone who has spent a decent amount of time with the man none of that quote from Emerson rang true.  I have never experienced any of that.  He has always been humble, funny, interesting, intelligent, and enjoyable.  I've also probably spent more time with him than Emerson ever has.  Also if anyone is truly curious, you can write him.  He lists his address on his website and answers all of his correspondence.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.32.125.171 (talk) 23:39, 14 July 2010 (UTC)

Where is the bias
I don't think the article should be marked, because it doesn't make any statement regarding Patch's honesty or suitability/skills as a doctor, it just talks about known facts. If there are indeed opposed views about his work, they should be mentioned, quoting sources, and end of story. People, please try to slowly and carefully read and understand what a NPOV is.

This Article Needs Some Photos
OK this article has my interest. Apparently Hunter "Patch" Adams also is credited in the new documentary on military brats-- "Brats: Our Journey Home". So I'd like to see a photo somewhere to see who this guy is. Also does he appear in the Brats documentary or did he help out in some other way?

Sean7phil 17:05, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Medical training
Where did he recieve his training. I thought someone told me he never finished a residency. --Gbleem 14:36, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

From numerous websites, he only completed his internship (first year) of his pediatric residency at Georgetown University. Does he have a license to practice medicine? If you only do a year of residency I don't think he could have been board certified in anything. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.214.17.5 (talk) 18:03, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

He would be able to practice as a general practitioner without completing residency training once he had finished his internship. Cajolingwilhelm (talk) 04:38, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

 * He was licensed to practice medicine in Virginia and probably District of Columbia. (He had a job as venereal disease control physician for Arlington County or its public schools, and a job at St. Elizabeth's Hospital.)  He once sought a license in Maryland (to work in a Silver Spring, MD, acupuncture clinic), and wished to get one in West Virginia for the planned clinic.  He was very concerned that behavior of some his housemates could put his license in jeopardy.  It's my understanding that he surrendered his license(s) some years ago, maybe about the time he and Linda split.  Alas, I don't have citations handy for any of this.  Most of it is based on personal acquaintance.--AndersW (talk) 20:33, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as start, and the rating on other projects was brought up to start class. BetacommandBot 16:01, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Gusendheit Institute
This article seems to say more about the Institute than its own article does. Should these articles be merged, or should the Institute-related information in this article be reduced and added to the main article? Ashley {talkback} 01:05, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

Phrase Needs Rewrite
This sentence --

 * "Soon after graduation, Patch, Linda, and friends founded the Gesundheit! Institute (originally known to many as the Zanies), which ran as a free community hospital for 12 years. They married, had two children, ..."

-- needs a rewrite (which I'll leave for someone familiar with the subject matter).

I know what it means to say, but grammatically, the phrase "They married" seems to say that "They" are "Patch, Linda, and friends". As a physician he may be unorthodox, but I don't think the marriage laws allow for the union of Patch and Linda and an unspecified number of friends ....

Karl gregory jones (talk) 03:52, 5 February 2009 (UTC)

Broken Link
The Joy to the World link appears to be defunct. 68.229.185.85 (talk) 08:04, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

youtube is not a reliable source
Please refrain from adding youtube videos as sources. They will be deleted per WP:RS. Dlabtot (talk) 07:28, 1 March 2010 (UTC)

Not reliable? Why not? The videos I provided are of actual interviews that Adams gave, so why are they not reliable? Bibbly Bob (talk) 22:19, 5 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry I have to run and don't have time for a lengthier answer, but I'm basing this on numerous discussions at the reliable sources noticeboard... long story short, take this for example: . The youtube page says it is an interview, released for Italian financial newspaper "Il Sole 24 Ore".... so in this case the actual source is Il Sole 24 Ore, if it can be confirmed that they hold themselves accountable for it. Anyone can upload stuff to youtube...there are other issues, such as, did Placido Losacco have permission from the copyright holder to upload this clip?...again sorry I can't give a more detailed response right now, I will say more tomorrow. Dlabtot (talk) 23:29, 5 April 2010 (UTC)

Nickname
It would be nice if this article included a brief explanation of how he got the nickname "Patch" Alsd2 (talk) 14:40, 26 March 2011 (UTC)
 * This article from the New York Times says that he's not certain where the nickname came from (although I believe the writers of the film gave a fictional origin). I'm not too sure how to work it in to the current article structure but if someone can find the way...  Ka Faraq Gatri (talk) 15:16, 26 March 2011 (UTC)

Media references to this article
Is it appropriate to put a box on this talk page about the fact that the Nostalgia Critic references, and even apparently shows part of this exact article on his ipod during his episode on Patch Adams? He shows what appears to be the "early career" paragraph at 21:00 here

http://thatguywiththeglasses.com/videolinks/thatguywiththeglasses/nostalgia-critic/34253-patch-adams

--Dudeman5685 (talk) 15:40, 31 March 2012 (UTC)

Source request

 * Convinced of the powerful connection between environment and wellness, he believes the health of an individual cannot be separated from the health of the family, community, and the world.

Since this insight is framed in terms of the 1960s, I'm curious how it was received. I ask, because if one studies the literature of the counterculture of the 1960s, one will inevitably come to the conclusion that this statement represents the core, fundamental insight often associated with psychedelics. In preparation for a new article on this subject, I've briefly touched upon this idea here, which is why I'm looking for a source for the above as it would aid both this article and the article I have in development. Thanks. Viriditas (talk) 00:50, 13 August 2015 (UTC)

Explanation of Admission to Medical School.
The fact is that admissions to the "prestige" universities, before 1970 were a joke and depended on social status. So, what what were the requirements in the late 1960s when Adams got admitted to the Commonwealth of Virginia Medical School? No BA required? Heck, my fellow students at Johns Hopkins in the late 1970s would have gotten apoplectic to know this. (I am not a physician and never planned to be one.) There needs to be am explanation of why CVU med school took a student with not undergrad degree in the article. This is not an attack on the subject of this article, but many would-be medical students might find this admission "interesting" and would want to know why. 138.51.38.133 (talk) 22:38, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

Adams support for abortion and euthanasia
It needs to be included in this article that Adams is a public of supporter of the abortion of unborn children and the killing of the the elderly: https://inquisition.ca/en/philo/artic/patch_adams.htm The current article is a false unless this is included. Patch is not all that funny when he wants to kill human beings for convenience. 138.51.38.133 (talk) 00:09, 13 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Patch Adams