text:
Benson (TV series)

Benson is an American television sitcom that originally aired on ABC from September 13, 1979, to April 19, 1986. The show stars Robert Guillaume in the title role of Benson DuBois, the head of the household for Governor Eugene X. Gatling, played by James Noble. The show focused on the conflicts and relationships within the Governor's household, with Benson generally providing the sarcastic voice of reason. Inga Swenson, Missy Gold, Didi Conn, Ethan Phillips, and René Auberjonois all played long-term supporting roles.

The series was a spin-off of Soap in which the character Benson first appeared as the wise-cracking yet level-headed African-American butler for the highly dysfunctional Tate family. However, Benson avoided the soap opera format of its parent series for a more conventional sitcom structure, and the lead character eventually moved from his service position to a role as lieutenant governor. The series was created by Susan Harris, and produced by Witt/Thomas/Harris Productions. In 1985, Guillaume won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series for his role in the series.

Plot
Benson DuBois (Robert Guillaume) is hired to be the head of household affairs for widowed Governor Eugene X. Gatling (James Noble) and his daughter Katie (Missy Gold). Governor Gatling was a cousin of Jessica Tate (Katherine Helmond) from Soap.

Benson faces housekeeping dilemmas and interacts with German cook Gretchen Wilomena Kraus (Inga Swenson) and John Taylor (David Hedison; later Lewis J. Stadlen) who assists Governor Gatling as chief of staff. After Season 1, John Taylor leaves and the governor's new chief of staff is Clayton Endicott III (René Auberjonois).

The governor's press secretary Pete Downey (Ethan Phillips) is introduced in Season 2, and Benson's secretary Denise Stevens (Didi Conn) is introduced in Season 3. They later marry, having a child in the show's fifth season. Both were then written out, with the reason given that Denise secured a job with NASA.

Benson works his way up the ladder during the series, going from head of household affairs to state budget director and eventually is elevated to the position of Lieutenant Governor. Finally, Benson runs for governor against Gatling.

Series finale
The term-limited Governor Gatling runs for re-election as an independent candidate with Benson securing the party nomination, setting the stage for the two to go head-to-head in the general election.

At the end of the series' final episode, Benson and Gatling—who had strained relations due to the race—make peace with each other and watch the tight election returns together on television. As the broadcaster begins to announce that a winner is at last being projected, the episode ends on a freeze frame of Benson and Gatling, leaving the series with an unresolved cliffhanger. Coincidentally, Guillaume's previous series (Soap, from which Benson spun off) was also cancelled with unresolved cliffhangers.

In 2007, Benson executive producer Bob Fraser said that the season ended on a cliffhanger at the request of the network. The show was cancelled after the cliffhanger had already aired. Fraser indicated that, if the show had been renewed for another season, Gatling would have won the election and Benson would have become a United States senator.

According to Gary Brown who directed the finale and 20 other episodes of Benson, three different outcomes were filmed: with Benson winning, Gatling winning, and a tie. The intent was to decide over summer break which outcome to use. Brown also stated that regardless of the outcome, the long-term intent for the next season was for Benson to become the governor.

Main

 * Robert Guillaume as Benson DuBois, the main character, hired as head of household affairs for Governor Gatling and his daughter Katie. Quick-witted and quick-thinking, Benson has helped the governor on several issues, bailing him out of tight political and public situations.
 * James Noble as Eugene X. Gatling, the widowed and scatterbrained (but well-meaning) governor. Gatling has a penchant for telling off-the-wall stories, which Benson (and everyone else in the household) dreads.
 * Inga Swenson as Gretchen Kraus, the governor's chef. A fiercely proud German immigrant, she is often at odds with Benson and trades insults with him. A running gag in the series was whenever she would walk out of the room, under his breath, Benson would cast one last barb toward Kraus, to which she shouted from off-stage, "I He-e-e-ear You-u-u-u!". Despite their rivalry, Benson and Kraus become close friends. She later becomes Benson's strongest supporter when he runs for governor against Gatling.
 * Missy Gold as Katie Gatling, the governor's pre-teen daughter.
 * Lewis J. Stadlen as John Taylor, Governor Gatling's chief of staff (season 1 only), played by David Hedison in the pilot episode.
 * Caroline McWilliams as Marcy Hill, the governor's personal secretary (seasons 1 and 2, first three episodes of season 3). She is Benson's closest friend in the mansion and often confides in him. Frequently unlucky in love, Marcy eventually marries and leaves the governor's employ very early in season 3.
 * Didi Conn as Denise Stevens, Marcy's sweet-natured, cheerfully naive replacement (from season 3, episode 3 through season 5, with guest appearances in season 6).
 * Ethan Phillips as Pete Downey, Gatling's frequently high-strung press secretary (seasons 2 through 5, with guest appearances in season 6).
 * René Auberjonois as Clayton Endicott III; he replaced Taylor as Gatling's chief of staff beginning in season 2. Clayton is very snobbish and high-handed—even more so than his predecessor, Taylor. He is also a hypochondriac.
 * Billie Bird as Rose Cassidy; she becomes Gatling's chef partway through season 6 when Kraus is promoted to Benson's administrative assistant.

Recurring

 * Jerry Seinfeld played a small role as Frankie, a delivery boy and unsuccessful comedian, for three episodes in 1980 (all early in season 2). He was asked to leave because of creative differences.
 * Ed Peck was seen in four episodes in seasons 2-3, as Police Captain Dennis McDermott, usually investigating strange, sometimes serious occurrences at the governor's mansion.
 * Bob Fraser, who was a writer/producer on Benson through its entire run, appeared occasionally in seasons 5-7 as Senator Leonard Tyler, a duplicitous sometimes-ally, sometimes-rival of both Benson and Governor Gatling.
 * Donna LaBrie played Senator Diane Hartford in four season 7 episodes. She became Benson's fiancee.

Home media
On July 24, 2007, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released Season 1 of Benson on DVD in Region 1.

On April 3, 2012, Sony released season 2 on DVD.

On August 27, 2013, Mill Creek Entertainment announced it had acquired the rights to various television series from the Sony Pictures library including Benson. They re-released the first and second seasons on DVD on September 2, 2014.

Setting
The exterior shots of the "governor's mansion" are actually of a private home located at 1365 South Oakland Avenue in Pasadena, California.

title: Benson (TV series)


text:
Swanee Hunt

Swanee Grace Hunt (born May 1, 1950) is an American writer, academic, and former diplomat.

Hunt is a lecturer in public policy at Harvard Kennedy School and was the founding director of the Women and Public Policy Program at the Kennedy School. From 1993 to 1997, she served as United States Ambassador to Austria. She is a recipient of the PEN/New England Award for non-fiction.

Early life
Hunt was born May 1, 1950, in Dallas, Texas, the youngest of four children born to the oil tycoon H.L. Hunt and Ruth Ray. However, not until her father's first wife died did Swanee Hunt's parents marry in 1957 and it was only then that she and her siblings moved into the Hunt mansion, built to resemble its namesake, Mount Vernon.

Hunt grew up in Dallas, Texas, where she attended the Hockaday School. She lived for many years in Denver, Colorado, where she was active in many community and philanthropic activities. Her several siblings include sisters Helen LaKelly Hunt and June Hunt.

Education
While Hunt had hoped to attend college in the east, her ultra-conservative father refused, so Hunt began college in her hometown at Southern Methodist University. Hunt earned her BA in philosophy from Texas Christian University, an MA in psychology from Ball State University, and an MA in religion and a doctorate in theology from Iliff School of Theology.

Career
Hunt was appointed in 1993 as ambassador to Austria, where she was notable for writing a weekly newspaper column and radio program.

In 1997, Hunt helped establish the Women and Public Policy Program at Harvard Kennedy School. Since stepping down as Director of the Program in 2008, she has continued on at the Kennedy School as the Eleanor Roosevelt Lecturer in Public Policy.

Personal life
At age 20, Hunt married Mark Meeks, a seminary student. Hunt gave birth to daughter Lillian in 1982, and the marriage dissolved soon after.

In 1985, Hunt married conductor Charles Ansbacher, who died on September 12, 2010. She has three children, among them filmmaker Henry Ansbacher, and three grandchildren.

Books
Her book This Was Not Our War: Bosnian Women Reclaiming the Peace won the 2005 PEN/New England Award for non-fiction and includes a foreword by former president Bill Clinton.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Swanee Hunt


text:
Sackville

Sackville may refer to:

People

 * Sackville (surname)
 * Sackville (given name)

Australia

 * Sackville, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney
 * Sackville Ward, Melbourne, a residential precinct

Canada

 * Sackville Island, Thompson Sound (British Columbia)
 * Sackville, New Brunswick
 * Sackville Parish, New Brunswick
 * Sackville (electoral district), Nova Scotia
 * Sackville River, Nova Scotia
 * Fort Sackville (Nova Scotia), a former British fortification built in 1749

Ireland

 * Sackville Street, a former name of O'Connell Street, Dublin

United Kingdom

 * Sackville Street, London, England
 * Sackville Street, Manchester, England

Music

 * Sackville Records, a Canadian jazz record label
 * Sackville (band), a band from Montreal, Quebec, Canada
 * A song on the 1990 album Life by Inspiral Carpets

Other uses

 * HMCS Sackville (K181), a Canadian Second World War corvette, later a civilian research vessel, now a museum ship
 * Viscount Sackville, an extinct title in the Peerage of Great Britain
 * Baron Sackville, an extant title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
 * Sackville School (disambiguation)
 * Sackville College, a historic almshouse in East Grinstead, West Sussex, England
 * Sackville House, East Washington, Pennsylvania, United States, on the National Register of Historic Places

title: Sackville


text:
Talk:Young Scientist and Technology Exhibition

Winners
Most of the winners aren't especially interesting in themselves, but I think there's more content to add about Sarah Flannery. If memory serves, the press got very excited about her cryptographic innovation. Subsequently, other researchers (I think including herself) discovered there were some major flaws in it (such is always the way with cryptography) and fixing those flaws obviated her method's speed advantage. If someone who knows what actually occurred: I think that would make an interesting addition. Thanks. -- Finlay McWalter 17:00, 9 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Her project used a different method (involving matrices) than the RSA (which uses the difficulty of factoring large numbers) which was faster than the RSA. Unfortunately the algorithm she developed wasn't secure enough to replace the RSA. As regards most of the winners not being especially interesting in themselves I agree. There isn't really any point in adding to the list indefinitely it would make more sense just to keep the last 6, so in January after the next competition the 1998 winner can be removed and the new winner added. -- Markcollinsx

 * There's no reason to remove the old winners - we should just keep adding onto the list. We have all the popes, all the holy roman emperors, and there's no cost in keeping them all (Wikipedia is not paper).  And you never know - one of the old ones might win a Nobel Prize, or horribly murder someone :)    -- Finlay McWalter 18:50, 9 Nov 2003 (UTC)

By the way it will be the 40th anniversary of the Esat Young Scientist Exhibition in January; probably cause to expand on article a bit after that exhibition. Markcollinsx 04:20, 10 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Improper redirection corrected
Someone redirected "Sarah Flannery" to this article. I can not see any reason for that since the former is a name of someone and this article is on exhibition. Tried to kill the redirect, but it got kind of frustrating figuring how to go around it. Redirction has been corrected.

The same is true for 'David O'Doherty'. Since David O'Doherty is also the name of a comedian (and was nominated for the if.comeddies this year) this redirect needs to be eliminated. I'm not sure how to go about doing it.

External links broken
The three project summary links do not work-any idea where the content may have gone? John 22:02, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

Sponsors of exhibition
Should we add a redirection page for Young Scientist and Technology Exhibition? The sponsors have changed quite a bit in the last decade or so - many years ago it was regularly sponsored by Aer Lingus. Autarch 19:52, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

Until 1997 (not that long ago) it was always sponsored by Aer Lingus XTarget 23:45, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

The name of the article
I think you should change the name of the article to Irish Young Scientist and Technology Exhibition, as Young Scientist competitions are held in many European countries, and of course, there is the European Union Contest for Young Scientists.

Or "BT Young Scientist and Technology Exhibition (Ireland)"? XTarget 23:44, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

Various things
Firstly the 2007 winner needs to added. I'll do that myself tomorrow. Second I think that the "gold sponsors": Intel, Ananlog Devices, Discove Science and Engineering and, as of 2007, RTE need a mentioning, as well as BT. A more indepth description of the competiton. I'll do all of this later, if its a good idea

Regards,

XTarget 23:42, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

Mess

 * 2010: Richard O'Shea (aged 18) from Scoil Mhuire Gan Smál, Blarney, won for his project entitled "A biomass-fired cooking stove for developing countries", in which he built a wood-burning stove out of simple materials and tools which is much more efficient than previous models and as a consequence produced very little smoke.

 * 2009: Liam McCarthy and John D. O'Callaghan, 13 and 14 years of age respectively and 2nd year students from Kinsale Community School, Co. Cork with their groundbreaking test to establish the health of cattle using washing up liquid titled The development of a convenient test method for somatic cell count and its importance in milk production won the overall award 2009 BT Young Scientist. They are the first group in recent years to win the overall prize. Their school also won the most awards that year, receiving 8 in total (including 4 category firsts apart from the over all) and 3 special awards.

 * 2008: Emer Jones from Presentation Secondary School, Tralee, became the youngest ever person to win the competition with her project Research and Development of Emergency Sandbag Shelters at the age of 13. Interestingly, Emer's father is a lecturer in structural engineering. She has gone on to represent Ireland at the EU contest for young scientists in Copenhagen in September 2008.

 * 2007: Abdusalam Abubakar from Synge Street CBS, Dublin, was the winner with his project on RSA encryption codes. He then went on to take first place in the 19th EU contest for young scientists in Valencia.

 * 2006: Aisling Judge (14) a second year student from Kinsale Community School was awarded the overall title for her project The development and evaluation of a biological food spoilage indicator. She became the first junior category winner in the history of the competition. In her project she produced a microbiological food quality indicator to enable the public determine how fresh a food is regardless of its storage conditions. Judge competed in the 18th EU Contest for Young Scientists in Stockholm and although she competed against many students who were in university and was the youngest competitor, she won third place.

 * 2005: Patrick Collison from Castletroy College, Limerick was the winner of the competition for his project Croma: a new dialect of Lisp. His project produced a new programming language designed for making web pages. The name Croma is an anagram of macro, which is a central part of the language. He went on to take second place at the 17th European Contest for Young Scientists in Moscow. At the age of 19, Collison, together with his brother John, sold their software company Auctomatic for €3 million.

 * 2004: Ronan Larkin from Synge Street CBS, Dublin, was the winner of the competition for his project Generalised Continued Fractions. His project concerned new techniques for solving difficult mathematical equations.

 * 2003: Adnan Osmani was the winner for his project The graphical technological and user-friendly advancement of the Internet browser: XWebs. His project involved the development of a new networking socket and web browser that enabled faster Internet access even with an ordinary modem, and without compressing data either.Adnan is awaiting a patent pending on his invention which was filed for in 2003.

 * 2002: David Michael O'Doherty, a student of Gonzaga College, was the winner for his project The Distribution of the Primes and the Underlying Order to Chaos. He is now a mathematics undergraduate in the University of Cambridge. His prize was for research into the second Hardy–Littlewood conjecture, an unsolved problem in number theory which concerns the number of primes in intervals.

 * 2001: Peter Taylor, Shane Browne and Michael O'Toole were winners for their project Investigating symmetrical shapes formed by polygons. They solved a problem in geometry concerning how regular polygons can be arranged into circular patterns of optimum symmetry.

 * 2000: Thomas Gernon was the winner for his project The Geography and Mathematics of Europe’s Urban Centres. This was the first time in the competition's 36-year history that a Social & Behavioural Sciences project won the top award. Gernon is currently lecturer of geology at Trinity College Dublin. In 2004, he graduated with First Class Honours in Geology from University College Dublin, and went on to complete a Ph.D. at the Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol. His research on the dynamics of volcanic eruptions has taken him from diamond mines in Botswana and Arctic Canada, to many active volcanoes around the world, including those of Iceland, Italy, Greece and Far Eastern Siberia.

 * 1999: Sarah Flannery was the winner for her project Cryptography - A new algorithm versus the RSA. She researched a new cryptographic algorithm, the Cayley–Purser algorithm, involving matrix algebra which was faster than the RSA (which depends on the difficulty in factoring large integers). Flannery leapt to fame as the speed improvements attracted the attention of the press. Subsequent study showed that the algorithm, while faster, was not secure enough to replace the RSA. She wrote a book on her algorithm and number theory in general called "In Code: A Mathematical Journey" (ISBN 0-7611-2384-9). Sarah Flannery's project also received a first prize at the 11th European Union Contest for Young Scientists in Thessaloniki, Greece. Flannery gained a BA in Computer Science from the University of Cambridge in 2003. She worked for Wolfram Research for a period and in 2006 is working with the EA Software Company in California.

 * 1998: Raphael Hurley was the winner of the competition for his project The Mathematics of Monopoly. In his project he determined a system for optimally selecting properties in the board game Monopoly, based on the probability of a player landing on those properties. He gained a BSc (Hons) Joint Honours in Mathematics and Applied Mathematics from University College Cork in 2005. In February 2006 he was named UCC Graduate of the Year.

 * Leave here for now. -- can  dle • wicke  10:40, 17 January 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Young Scientist and Technology Exhibition. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20071120031416/http://www.irishscientist.ie/2001/contents.asp?contentxml=01p255a.xml&contentxsl=IS01pages.xsl to http://www.irishscientist.ie/2001/contents.asp?contentxml=01p255a.xml&contentxsl=IS01pages.xsl
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080506081415/http://www.rte.ie:80/tv/theden/ddn/aislingjudge.html to http://www.rte.ie/tv/theden/ddn/aislingjudge.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 14:06, 18 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Young Scientist and Technology Exhibition. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070703190049/http://www.xclusive.ie/08/abubakar.html to http://www.xclusive.ie/08/abubakar.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:51, 4 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Young Scientist and Technology Exhibition. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140111231240/http://www.btyoungscientist.ie/media-centre/press-releases/2014-PressRelease/entry to http://www.btyoungscientist.ie/media-centre/press-releases/2014-PressRelease/entry

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:49, 4 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Young Scientist and Technology Exhibition. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080521020503/http://ec.europa.eu/research/youngscientists/valencia/prize_winners_en.htm to http://ec.europa.eu/research/youngscientists/valencia/prize_winners_en.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:32, 21 January 2018 (UTC)


text:
User talk:Munir~enwiki

Hello "Munir" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * Ask questions on Village pump.

Cheers, -- Infrogmation 01:46, 9 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Munir. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Munir~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:41, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 16:39, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Munir~enwiki


text:
Talk:PLOS

PDF only
Followup to the anonymous contributor who claimed that PLoS Biology journal articles were only available PDF. Both HTML full text and PDF are available, for example, for the article:

''Lee AI, Fugmann SD, Cowell LG, Ptaszek LM, Kelsoe G, et al. (2003) A Functional Analysis of the Spacer of V(D)J Recombination Signal Sequences. PLoS Biol 1(1): e1 DOI:10.1371/journal.pbio.0000001.''

 * PDF: http://www.plosbiology.org/archive/1545-7885/1/1/pdf/10.1371_journal.pbio.0000020-L.pdf
 * HTML: http://www.plosbiology.org/plosonline/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0000020

The user may have been confused, because pre-publication papers, are available only as PDF, but once published, HTML full-text is available. -- Lexor 01:48, 9 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Self-archive clairification
What does "focused instead on allowing authors to self-archive their original submission" mean? Is is not clear from the context. Thanks, GChriss 00:37, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Open Access
Is there any discussion of whether or not this is truly open access. Charging $2900 to publish seems very restrictive. It doesn't cost me anything to publish in a traditional journal. Also, charging to publish could compromise the science, for example, the grant sponsor may not pay to publish an article with which they do not agree; traditional grants may include restrictions of data use up front, but do not require a request for money to publish after a paper has been written. Or, does open access only refer to reading an article. I don't find much restriction to access for readers anymore. You can find links to most articles through Google Scholar. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 157.242.68.30 (talk) 00:49, 21 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Open access does indeed only refer to reading publications, not getting them published. Google Scholar will not help you get free access to most published research. Rl (talk) 08:02, 21 October 2009 (UTC)

PLoS in wikipedia
Can articles from PLoS be copied to wikipedia? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.241.57.182 (talk • contribs) 17:37, 5 September 2006

Yes. All articles from the PLoS journals are published under the Creative Commons Attribution License. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.15.76.3 (talk • contribs) 18:25, 28 September 2006
 * Note that this requires the source of the maerial to be specified. DGG 05:51, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

The Reference List
The Reference List is absurd and not appropriate. WP is not a bibliography--or a webography. Perhaps whoever added them will select those that are most important and remove the others. DGG 05:51, 15 October 2006 (UTC)
 * This is true -- what is needed are succinct references with an in-text numbering scheme. I'll help.  GChriss <always listening>  <c> 20:46, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

links
Per MOS and EL, dont use images in links. DGG (talk) 03:40, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

Suggestions from PLoS staff
Hello, my name is Liz Allen, I am director of Marketing and Communications at PLoS, lallen@plos.org. We were reading our entry and are happy with it for the most part but there are a couple of places where the existing wording may cause confusion or is now outdated. I've put notes against the two items below to explain what I mean, please let me know what you think. Best, Liz

1."One has since been discontinued". This may cause confusion for two reasons. a. We have a journal that is thriving called PLoS ONE and we wouldn't want folks to think that it had been discontinued. b. I think this statement refers to PLoS Clinical Trials, which was a stand alone journal which we then merged with PLoS ONE and converted into the PLoS Hub for Clinical Trials. It would be truer to say "As of May 2009, PLoS published 7 journals, all peer-reviewed, one PLoS Hub (open access content on Clinical Trials) and one section of PLoS Currents (expertly moderated Influenza research in progress)".

2."PLoS still relies heavily on donations from foundations to cover the majority of its operating costs". Our 2009 Progress Update published today http://www.plos.org/downloads/progress_update_lo.pdf shows that we are following our sustainability strategy and making progress towards achieving our goal of operating profitability in 2010.

(Elisabethhallen (talk) 21:24, 20 July 2010 (UTC)).

Journal sources
These sources could improve the article:
 * Cabezas-Clavijo, Álvaro, and Daniel Torres-Salinas. "Indicadores De Uso Y Participación En Las Revistas Científicas 2.0: El Caso De Plos One. (Spanish)." El Profesional De La Información 19.4 (2010): 431-434. Academic Search Complete. Web. 8 Mar. 2012.
 * Connor, Elizabeth. "Interview With Harold E. Varmus Of Plos." Journal Of Electronic Resources In Medical Libraries 5.2 (2008): 149-159. Academic Search Complete. Web. 8 Mar. 2012.
 * Savage, Caroline J., and Andrew J. Vickers. "Empirical Study Of Data Sharing By Authors Publishing In Plos Journals." PLoS ONE 4.9 (2009): 1-3. Academic Search Complete. Web. 8 Mar. 2012.

I am checking to see if certain aspects about the organization and/or PLoS One's relationship to the mother organization are discussed in these articles. If they are, I will cite and post the information. WhisperToMe (talk) 19:11, 8 March 2012 (UTC)
 * The one interview source I am waiting on. The other two do not seem to have what I am looking for. WhisperToMe (talk) 01:08, 9 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Here is the author's homepage with her email address. She'll certainly send you the PDF if you contact her. --Guillaume2303 (talk) 09:04, 9 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the information! It turns out this morning I was able to get a copy of the article through the Resource Exchange. But this could be very helpful for other people who wish to obtain the article. Anyway, Varmus doesn't talk about staffing or employment in this interview, so it seems like I have not found any sources that discuss these things.
 * The interview itself has interesting stuff about the history of PLoS and the fact that Yale University stopped subsidizing page charges for Yale affiliates who intend to publish in BioMed Central publications.
 * WhisperToMe (talk) 14:23, 9 March 2012 (UTC)

WP Organizations
In regards to that project, WikiProject_Organizations says: Therefore PLoS is under WP Organizations. WhisperToMe (talk) 01:06, 11 March 2012 (UTC)
 * "The project generally considers articles about any incorporated, registered, or otherwise legitimate organization to be within its scope. The term "organization" is applicable to any active or historical association, society, union, foundation, or corporation as well as any related and notable conferences or events. That said, companies are already covered by WikiProject Business, so the emphasis is more on other types of organization."

Section needed about classifying all this information
A large par of Library Science is made up of classification systems. Without classification amassed knowledge becomes inaccessible

Janosabel (talk) 12:57, 14 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Are you looking for library science? This article is about an organization.  Blue Rasberry    (talk)   13:13, 14 July 2013 (UTC)

Name change from "Public Library of Science" to "PLOS"
I changed the name of this article from Public Library of Science to PLOS. The organization most often and most prominently calls itself PLOS as does everyone else. WP:COMMONNAME.  Blue Rasberry   (talk)   11:55, 26 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Someone commented in the page history that this rationale is not compelling - I agree that it is not. It is my personal evaluation that PLOS has ambiguous branding and confuses the name they wish to call themselves, and that usually they use the name "PLOS" rather than Public Library of Science. This is more true lately. I find no clear guidance on what to call them anywhere, but in practice the name PLOS is used much more often. WP:GHITS prove nothing, but as supporting evidence, PLOS returns 17 million hits and "public library of science" returns 4 million. This information is only fit to establish a minimal rationale for asserting that PLOS is the best name, but other interpretations of this information possible. The PLOS hits to the 20th page seem to me to be only about this organization, and not any other plos.  Blue Rasberry    (talk)   12:35, 27 October 2013 (UTC)
 * I really don't give a crap, and am not going to argue something that is really a no-brainer, but for the record I would like to state:
 * Naming the title of an organization, such as the Public Library of Science to "PLOS" and redirecting inquiries of the name the acronym stands for, which in case it hasn't been thought of, only a person knowing what PLOS means would type that in the search (so the vast majority of searches will inevitable be redirects), is (in my opinion) not sensible. I did see where the organization uses "PLOS" but the Wikipedia article title, as now used, has to add "(for Public Library of Science)". I really do hate explanations like (in agreement that WP:GHITS proves nothing); "returns 17 million hits", or "returns 4 million hits". Even explaining that the figures given are "only fit to establish a minimal rationale" it is paramount to unimaginable in the real world to use these figure for any reason. "If" (I didn't look) there are 20 relevant pages, with a certain number on each page (not hard to count), then a true number of "relevant" hits could be very easily used that would be accurate. Among the "17 million", or even the "4 million" will be such entries or titles (if there is such) as "pussy loose on street" (cat), and likely any other such usage but certainly every known use of the letters PLOS on the internet.
 * The most important reason (again to me) for not using "PLOS" (as a title) is that it is an acronym and it just make zero sense to me to name an article title in such a way then redirect all searches to the given name. I have found that reasoning rarely works. Using my reoccurring references to the Lighthouse project's renaming lighthouses to Light (a lighthouse by any other name is still a lighthouse), even those that are historical as being abandoned, with no "light" for 57 years such as the Sabine Pass Lighthouse (note the redirect)), reinforces and proves that logic does not usually matter. Still, I have to make it known, as it is my nature, and who knows? At some point logic may prevail and enough editors may finally wonder why lighthouse articles (hundreds) are being renamed against the common, historically given and never changed, as well as current name, to "light". Anyway, I don't really care, and certainly not intending to be brash, but have to call it like I see it. The following has been a public service announcement against things that don't make sense. Otr500 (talk) 20:37, 17 November 2013 (UTC)

Source for expansion
This article should be helpful to round out the history of the org: http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080702/full/454011a.html -Pete (talk) 23:41, 21 April 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on PLOS. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20131108020226/http://www.plos.org:80/plos-announces-its-2012-2013-progress-update/ to http://www.plos.org/plos-announces-its-2012-2013-progress-update/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 03:37, 30 August 2015 (UTC)

Conferences
PLOS workshops, conferences and recent webinar developments are not covered in this article? Can i add? Dentking07 (talk) 12:17, 20 October 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:PLOS


text:
Mitchell Sharp

Mitchell William Sharp (11 May 1911 – 19 March 2004) was a Canadian politician and a Companion of the Order of Canada, most noted for his service as a Liberal Cabinet minister. He served in both the private and public sectors during his long career.

Background
Sharp was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba. He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Manitoba in 1934 and completed post-graduate work at that university and then at the London School of Economics. During this time, he worked as a writer focusing on the grain trade.

Sharp started his long career in public service in 1942 when he was offered a position at the Department of Finance. In 1947 he was named director of the department's Economic Policy Division. From 1951 to 1957, Sharp served as the Associate Deputy Minister of Trade and Commerce. During his tenure, he was responsible for international trade relations. Soon after, Sharp served a short term as the Deputy Minister of Trade and Commerce.

Politics
In 1963, Mitchell Sharp was elected as a member of Parliament (MP) representing Eglinton. Shortly thereafter, he was assigned the portfolio of Minister of Trade and Commerce. From 1965 through 1968, Sharp was the Minister of Finance. Other ministerial positions held include Secretary of State for External Affairs (1968–1974), President of the Privy Council (1974–1978) and Leader of the Government in the House of Commons (1974–1978). Sharp resigned as a parliamentarian in 1978.

Sharp also disliked Canada's constitutional structure, revealing in his 1994 memoirs that because of his negative views on the monarchy, he refused to accept Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau's offer to recommend him for appointment as governor general. He also stated that "Canada should have its own head of state who isn't shared by others" and that the status quo gave the impression that "Canada had not yet achieved full independence from Britain."

Sharp's support was influential in securing a prominent position for the Canadian Pavilion at Expo 67 during the Canadian Centennial, which had initially been proposed to be much smaller, limited to a single acre.

After politics
Sharp re-entered the public sector as the commissioner of the Northern Pipeline Agency, an agency formed under the Northern Pipeline Act (1978) to give effect to the U.S.-Canada Agreement on Principles Applicable to a Northern Natural Gas Pipeline (1977), from 1978 until 1988. His public service continued as he served as a co-chairman of a task force on conflict of interest and published a report on ethical conduct in the public service in 1984. Other posts included head of the Canadian group and deputy chairman of the Trilateral Commission (1976–1986). From 1988 through 1993, he served as a policy associate with Strategion. He was a personal adviser to Prime Minister Jean Chrétien from 1993 to 2003, a job for which he was paid $1 a year.

On February 22, 2004, Sharp fell and broke his collarbone in his home. He was taken to Elizabeth Bruyere Health Centre (hospital), in Ottawa, where he was diagnosed with an aggressive form of prostate cancer; that disease claimed his life on March 19 of that year. He was 92. He is buried in Ottawa.

Honours
Mitchell Sharp was sworn in as a member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada on 22 April 1963, giving him the honorific prefix The Honourable and the post-nominal letters "PC" for life.

Honorary Degrees
Michell Sharp received several honorary degrees in recognition of his service to Canada.

 * Honorary Degrees

Archives
There is a Mitchell Sharp fonds at Library and Archives Canada.

title: Mitchell Sharp


text:
Talk:Shang Yang

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 26 May 2020 and 3 July 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Kevin Tian06.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 09:09, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 6 September 2020 and 6 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Dyy122dyy.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 09:09, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
Quote from the page: "The military was also divided into twenty parts". I am wondering what it may refer to. Would it be 20 regiments, divisions or 20 military ranks and peerages? kt2 02:09, 9 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * No idea. The character used was 等. Pratyeka 05:31, 9 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Would you mind paste the corresponding text here so I would translate it? kt2 21:52, 9 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * 把军功分为二十等 Pratyeka 23:40, 9 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * 等 seems to mean rank, grade or class .. so I think the 'military ranks' translation is accurate. I'll change the page. Pratyeka 23:58, 9 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * True, my understanding of the history of this period leads me to better translate 等 as honours or peerages of achievement on battlefield.

Actually, 商鞅 is written Shang Yang in both Pinyin and Wade Giles romanizations. He is also known as 公孫鞅 which is written Gongsun Yang in Pinyin and Kung-sun Yang in Wade Giles. 155.97.237.10 04:12, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

Quote from the page:
 * "Before Shang's arrival in 361 BC, Qin was a backwards state. The vast majority of his reforms were taken from policies instituted elsewhere, such as from Wu Qi of Chu and Han Feizi of Wei; however, Shang's reforms were more thorough and extreme than those of other states."

Shang Yang died in 338 BC, decades before Han Fei (ca. 280 - 233 BC) was born. It was Li Si who was Qin's prime minister when Han Fei lived and wrote. -- Anthee (talk) 23:28, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

Shang
It is a bad way to refer Shang Yang as Shang. His surname was Gongsun, not Shang. It is not resonable to refer ancient Chinese names by modern English style.--刻意(Kèyì) 19:21, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

Acknowledged.FourLights (talk) 21:53, 24 June 2017 (UTC)

Is this grounds for turning this into a disambiguation page? (There are a couple more Shangs described at the top of the page.)

Why is this Gongsun even called Shang? I can't find any information about that.

I'm trying to differentiate this Gongsun Yan from another Warring States Qin premier and Wei strategist, who is described here and here SSBDelphiki (talk) 17:33, 16 November 2018 (UTC)

He is called Shang Yang because he was given a land title. I called him Gongsun throughout the page, but someone changed it back. He is called Shang Yang in most documents, but I understand the point Kèyì makes and consider it legimate.FourLights (talk) 01:51, 17 November 2018 (UTC)

Calling him "Gongsun" is a little confusing because that was a fairly common surname. (It means "Ducal Grandson," in other words, anyone whose grandfather was a territorial lord.) If you want to say "Gongsun," I'd probably just go with "Gongsun Yang." He's most commonly called "Shang Yang" (which really means Yang of Shang) or "Lord Shang" in scholarly literature.--74.103.157.244 (talk) 08:06, 11 February 2019 (UTC)

Alright, I'll change the page accordingly.FourLights (talk) 22:33, 12 February 2019 (UTC)

 * From the text: “With the support of Duke Xiao of Qin, Yang left his lowly position in Wei to become the chief adviser in Qin.”
 * Do we know what his official title was? Also, the article seems to imply that he carried out these reforms apparently on his own authority – can that really be the case? Tjobrien.seoul (talk) 18:06, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

Jurist?
Where has Shang Yang or any of them ever been called a Jurist after the 1920s? Feng Youlan even makes a specific critique against it - in the year 1948.FourLights (talk) 11:32, 24 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shang Yang


text:
București Mall

București Mall (known locally as Mall Vitan) is a shopping mall located in the Vitan neighborhood of Bucharest, Romania, close to the Dudești and Văcărești neighbourhoods. At the time of its completion it was the first shopping mall in Romania.

Located on Calea Vitan approximately 1 km outside Bucharest's historic center, the four-story, 50,000 m2 mall opened in 1999, in a Ceaușescu-era abandoned hunger circus, or giant food warehouse, in an area largely shaped during the Communist period (see Ceaușima).

title: București Mall


text:
Deputy prime minister

A deputy prime minister or vice prime minister is, in some countries, a government minister who can take the position of acting prime minister when the prime minister is temporarily absent. The position is often likened to that of a vice president, as both positions are "number two" offices, but there are some differences.

The states of Australia and provinces of Canada each have the analogous office of deputy premier. In the devolved administrations of the United Kingdom, an analogous position is that of the deputy First Minister, albeit the position in Northern Ireland has equivalent powers to the First Minister differing only in the titles of the offices. In Canada, the position of deputy prime minister should not be confused with the Canadian deputy minister of the prime minister of Canada, a nonpolitical civil servant position.

In Austria and Germany, the officeholder is known as vice-chancellor.

A deputy prime minister traditionally serves as acting prime minister when the prime minister is temporarily absent or incapable of exercising power. The deputy prime minister is often asked to succeed to the prime minister's office following the prime minister's sudden death or unexpected resignation, but that is not necessarily mandated by the constitution. This government position is often a job that is held simultaneously with another ministry, and is usually given to one of the most senior or experienced ministers of the cabinet. The holder of this office may also be deputy leader of the governing party, or perhaps the leader of the junior party of a coalition government.

Little scholarly attention has focused on deputy prime ministers, as they are sometimes less involved in the political power plays of government and more focus on the work at hand. A 2009 study in Political Science identified nine 'qualities' of deputy prime ministership: temperament; relationships with their Cabinet and caucus; relationships with their party; popularity with the public; media skills; achievements as deputy prime minister; relationship with the prime minister; leadership ambition; and method of succession.

By contrast, the structure of the Government of Russia and Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine provides for several deputy prime ministers or vice prime ministers. In the case of the Russian government, the prime minister is responsible for defining the scope of the duties for each of their deputies, who also may head a specific ministry: e.g. the former Minister of Finance of Russia, Alexey Kudrin, also serves as one of the deputies of the prime ministers or vice-premiers. One or two of these deputy prime ministers may hold the title of a first deputy prime minister. Russian federal law indicates that in accordance with the order established in advance, one of the deputy prime ministers may temporarily substitute for the prime minister in their absence. Customarily, however, it is to one of the "first" Deputy prime ministers that the prime-ministerial duties may be delegated. At the same time, in the case of prime minister's resignation, the law allows the President of Russia to choose any of the current vice-premiers to serve as an acting prime minister until the confirmation of the new government.

There is also the special case of Belgium: in the Federal Government of Belgium, a deputy prime minister not only replaces the prime minister in the case they are incapacitated, but also acts as the link between the government and their political party. In short, in Belgium, a Deputy prime minister is the voice of their political party in the federal government, and they are the voice of the government in their political party. The prime minister and the deputy prime ministers form what is called the "inner cabinet" (kernkabinet; conseil des ministres restreint or kern), an instance where the most important political decisions are discussed and taken.

Position abolished

 * 🇳🇴 Deputy to the Prime Minister of Norway
 * 🇧🇩 Deputy Prime Minister of Bangladesh
 * 🇫🇷 Deputy Prime Minister of France
 * 🇸🇷 Deputy Prime Minister of Suriname
 * 🇮🇩 Deputy Prime Minister of Indonesia
 * 🇹🇷 Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey
 * 🇿🇼 Deputy Prime Minister of Zimbabwe

title: Deputy prime minister


text:
Talk:Transport economics

Cleanup
The page could do with a bit of writing and reorganisation to make it more coherent and to ensure that there are appropriate links to the pages within this category, so I've put a cleanup request on it. -Dave A 17:33, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I've carried out a bit of a reorganisation and tidy up - I removed some stuff when I thought it might be irrelevant, so if anyone sees something missing they think should be there, please say. -Dave A 21:42, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

Cuts
(from article, don't seem to belong in an article on economics) ... The provision of an upgraded transport network usually requires a disruption of the present network for months or even years, whether that upgrade is stimulated either by wear-and-tear, safety considerations, land-use change or a decision to uprate capacity. In some cities, especially in Europe, the redistribution of roadspace in favour of pedestrians, buses, trams or cycles has reversed the historic tendency for the faster modes to prevail. Some historic networks, such as canals or rural railways have even been restored as heritage attractions, following generations of neglect. Such re-opened facilities usually aim to attract nostalgic tourists as well as to perform a limited transport function.

Higher speeds in any mode are often justified by the time drivers or passengers can be expected to save, but these traveller flows have to be estimated with some confidence ahead of the provision of the faster - or more frequent - service. Added speed will have implications for both the design of the vehicle and the infrastructure it needs on the ground, but it might negatively impact energy efficiency, safety and perhaps elements of the environment through which it passes. dml

Rail
I cannot believe this. There's not one mention of the word 'rail' (or indeed 'railway' or 'railroad'). Nor of the word 'airline' nor 'ferry'.

Maybe the article should be called 'Road transport economics'. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.31.220.116 (talk) 19:17, 16 July 2012 (UTC)

Road Rationing
I noticed that the article presents road rationing as an alternative but incorrectly makes it seem as if rationing is a better idea or has more support by economists. The fact is-- and this was even found in the Road Rationing article itself-- quantity rations create different shadow prices and thus are considered very inappropriate interventions by economists. In general quantity rations reduce welfare, making them hardly "equitable." I added a set net from the road space rationing article to reflect the fact that rationing as a strategy is not considered economically effective, but inferior in a wide array of economic situations. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 166.137.100.21 (talk) 23:54, 27 April 2013 (UTC)

New list for 2013 or 2012
I would be really glad if someone can point me to the newer releases of car prices around EU report of EC. I will do the calculations :) --   Iñfẽstør    T• C• U 21:20, 12 June 2013 (UTC)

Dr. Florio's comment on this article
Dr. Florio has reviewed this Wikipedia page, and provided us with the following comments to improve its quality:

"The flow of arguments is chaotic. Authors should prefer to organize the text of the article following a textbook structure first, and then go into such specific details as congestion charges etc."

We hope Wikipedians on this talk page can take advantage of these comments and improve the quality of the article accordingly.

We believe Dr. Florio has expertise on the topic of this article, since he has published relevant scholarly research:

 * Reference : Michela Cella & Massimo Florio, 2009. "Hierarchical contracting in grant decisions: ex-ante and ex-post evaluation in the context of the EURegional Policy," Working Papers 171, University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Economics, revised Jun 2009.

ExpertIdeasBot (talk) 15:19, 24 August 2016 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The file on Wikimedia Commons has been nominated for deletion. View and participate in the deletion discussion at the. Community Tech bot (talk) 21:40, 22 May 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The file on Wikimedia Commons has been nominated for deletion. View and participate in the deletion discussion at the. Community Tech bot (talk) 22:06, 22 May 2018 (UTC)

Funding and Appraisal
One way of funding money was not discussed. One way to fund transportation projects is to put a proposal on a ballot and have the appropriate jurisdiction vote on the proposal.Glenngrace7 (talk) 19:21, 17 February 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Transport economics


text:
Sky Cinema

Sky Cinema is a British subscription film service owned by Sky Group (a division of Comcast). In the United Kingdom, Sky Cinema channels currently broadcast on the Sky satellite and Virgin Media cable platforms, and in addition Sky Cinema on demand content are available through these as well as via Now, EE TV and TalkTalk TV.

In 2016, Sky rebranded its television film channel operations under one single branding on 8 July, the channels in the United Kingdom and Ireland were rebranded from Sky Movies to Sky Cinema; on 22 September in Germany and Austria, the Sky Cinema brand (originally used for the flagship network) was extended to the German channels in the group formerly known as Sky Film; the Italian Sky Cinema channels followed suit on 5 November by adopting the brand packages introduced in the United Kingdom and Ireland earlier

Sky Cinema includes movie premieres from Universal Pictures, Sony Pictures, Paramount Pictures, Warner Bros. Pictures alongside Sky Originals films

1989–1998: early years
Launched at 6 pm on 5 February 1989, Sky Movies was originally a single service as part of Sky's original four-channel package – alongside Sky News, Eurosport and Sky Channel (which later became Sky One) – on the Astra 1A satellite system,. The first film shown on the channel was Project X. Before launch, Sky signed first-run deals with 20th Century Studios, Paramount Pictures, Warner Bros., Columbia Pictures, Orion Pictures and Buena Vista Distribution Company, Inc. (which included Touchstone Pictures and Disney). One year after it began broadcasts, it became the first Sky channel to scramble its signal, using a encryption system called VideoCrypt. Anyone attempting to view it without a decoder and smart card could only see a scrambled picture.

On 2 November 1990, Sky Television merged with rival British Satellite Broadcasting, acquiring The Movie Channel. With the launch of the second SES Astra satellite (1B) was added to the Sky package on 15 April 1991 and the first film shown was 1989's Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. From the relaunch of the channel under BSkyB, this ident was made by Pacific Data Images and heavily based on NBC's movie opening used from 1987 to 1993. Similarly, Sky Movies was made available to viewers on BSB's old satellite on 8 April earlier that year replaces its music channel, The Power Station. Also in the same year (6 May), Sky Movies and The Movie Channel started broadcasting for 24 hours per day – which previously they had been on air from early afternoon until the early hours of the next morning. In addition of these slots for 6.00 pm, 8.00 pm and 10.00 pm, Sky Movies had several different film genres were used every evening such as:
 * Monday Night Comedy
 * Tuesday Night Action
 * Thursday Night Horror
 * After Dark – used for Saturday and Wednesday nights at approximately 11.30 pm, which included erotic films with a 18 certificate that often shows sexually explicit material and various adult-oriented content

At the same time, The Movie Channel started to begin its evening films at the later slots of 6.15 pm, 8.15 pm and 10.15 pm, also include showing classic and children's films (at around 4.00 pm) during the daytime hours between early morning and late afternoons were used.

For three consecutive years in the early 1990s, Sky Movies carried several non-film premium content known as "special events" including World Wrestling Federation's annual events such as WrestleMania, Royal Rumble, SummerSlam and Survivor Series, various music concerts and live boxing competitions such as the first event was Mike Tyson vs. Buster Douglas on 11 February 1990. This was because at this time all of Sky's other channels including Sky Sports, were shown free-to-air and during this period, the service was often referred to as Sky Movies Plus (up until 31 August 1993 shortly before the launch of the new Multichannels package). When Sky Sports became a pay channel on 1 September 1992, Sky Movies stopped showing non-movie related programming.

On 1 October 1992, The Comedy Channel was replaced by Sky Movies Gold, a service dedicated to "classic movies" from 4.00pm to midnight every day and it was added as a three-channel package, with the first film shown at 6.00pm on the new network was 1979's Rocky II. On 31 December of that year, Sky Movies and The Movie Channel stopped broadcasting via Thor satellite.

From 1 February 1993, BSkyB introduced a new system of ratings for Sky Movies, The Movie Channel and Sky Movies Gold were used at various times replacing the British Board of Film Classification certificates which lasted over four years, and remained on air until 31 October 1997:

On 1 October 1995, Sky Movies Gold starts sharing its transponder space with The Disney Channel (which was delayed for over six years) resulting in the service's broadcasting hours changed from 10.00 pm to 6.00 am.

The two main channels were rebranded under a common brand on 1 November 1997, Sky Movies became Sky Movies Screen 1 and The Movie Channel became Sky Movies Screen 2, as well as Sky Box Office launches a four-channel near on-demand service on 1 December of that year, also carried by Cable & Wireless chooses not to use the service instead opting for Front Row. Following the major rebrand once again on 10 September 1998, as Sky Movies Screen 1 became Sky MovieMax, Sky Movies Screen 2 became Sky Premier and Sky Movies Gold was renamed Sky Cinema.

1998–2007: digital era
The launch of Sky Digital from the new Astra 28.2°E satellite position on 1 October 1998 was accompanied by a major expansion of channels. Sky Premier and Sky MovieMax both added three multiplex channels each (Sky Premier 2 to 4 and Sky MovieMax 2 to 4), Sky Cinema launched Sky Cinema 2, and additionally, Sky Premier Widescreen – at the time was the only channel devoted to showing widescreen films were all launched exclusively on digital satellite. Also on the same year (15 November), Sky MovieMax and Sky Premier launched on ITV Digital terrestrial platform. On 1 October 1999, Sky MovieMax 5 was launched.

From 1 July 2002, as the Sky Movies channels saw yet another rebranding exercise, the Sky Premier channels were renamed Sky Movies Premier, the Sky MovieMax channels became Sky Movies Max and the Sky Cinema channels became Sky Movies Cinema. Eventually in June 2003, Sky listened to demands for more widescreen films, the service was closed and the majority of films on the remaining channels were actually shown in widescreen. On 1 November 2003, the Sky Movies Premier and Sky Movies Max channels were all brought under one banner as simply Sky Movies 1 to 9. At the same time, Sky Movies Cinema 1 and 2 became Sky Cinema 1 and 2.

Sky Movies along with numerous other channels became available to watch via Sky Mobile TV in 2005, in partnership with Vodafone. From 30 January 2006, Sky Movies 9 and the new Sky Movies 10 started broadcasting from 5.00pm to 3.00am. They were PIN-protected, meaning that for the first time when films with a 15 certificate were able to be shown as early as 5.00pm. With the launch of Sky HD, the two channels were also available in a high-definition format.

2007–2016: Sky Movies gets categorised
Sky Movies was overhauled on 4 April 2007, when the different channels became dedicated to different genres, but three of the HD channels have launched already before the other:

 * Premiere (includes +1)
 * Comedy
 * Action & Thriller
 * Family
 * Drama
 * Classics
 * Sci Fi & Horror
 * Modern Greats
 * Indie
 * SD1
 * SD2
 * HD1
 * HD2

Sky later made Sky Movies HD1 and HD2 available to subscribers without HDTV equipment through two channels simulcasting the same content in SDTV format, the channels were known as Sky Movies SD1 and SD2. These channels were renamed Sky Movies Screen 1 and Screen 2 in February 2008, and the HDTV channels were renamed Sky Movies Screen 1 HD and Screen 2 HD accordingly. On 20 March 2008, an additional high-definition film channel called Sky Movies Premiere HD, which is a simulcast version of the current Sky Movies Premiere channel, was added after many requests for the channel from Sky HD subscribers.

Sky also announced that in October 2008, they would launch six new high-definition simulcast channels called Sky Movies Action/Thriller HD, Sky Movies Sci-Fi/Horror HD, Sky Movies Drama HD, Sky Movies Modern Greats HD, Sky Movies Family HD and Sky Movies Comedy HD. This means that almost all Sky Movies channels are broadcast in both standard- and high-definition except for Sky Movies Premiere +1, Sky Movies Classics and Sky Movies Indie which remained standard-definition only until Sky Movies Indie HD launched on 26 October 2009. Sky Movies were rebranded as the part of the various Sky channels on 1 January 2010.

On 26 March 2010, some Sky Movies channels were renamed, the new Sky Movies Showcase that replaces Sky Movies Screen 1 were devoted to box sets, collections and seasons. Sky Movies also reshuffled its bouquet of ten channels to achieve greater "clarity" for subscribers. The changes included Sky Movies Action & Thriller becoming Sky Movies Action & Adventure, Sky Movies Drama becoming Sky Movies Drama & Romance and Sky Movies Screen 2 becoming Sky Movies Crime & Thriller. The Sky Movies HD channels launched on the Virgin Media platform on 2 August 2010.

Sky Movies Classics HD launched on 9 August 2010 was exclusively on Sky, and the channel was also added to Virgin Media on 4 October 2011. Smallworld Cable added the Sky Movies HD channels to their line-up in the first quarter of 2012, followed by Virgin Media Ireland on 16 August 2012.

On 28 March 2013, Sky Movies Disney was launched that effectively replaces Disney Cinemagic, as part of a multi-year film output deal between Sky and The Walt Disney Company. This marks the first time that Disney has been involved in a co-branded linear film channel anywhere in the world, included new Disney films are available on Sky Movies Disney around six months after they have ended their cinema run. To facilitate the channel, Sky Movies Classics has ceased broadcasting, when Sky Movies Modern Greats was rebranded as Sky Movies Greats and Sky Movies Indie became Sky Movies Select, whether the content of the three former brands was merged into Select and Greats.

2016–present: rebrand and 4K UHD
On 15 June 2016, Sky announced that Sky Movies would rebrand as Sky Cinema on 8 July within this change aligns the channel's naming with those of Sky's film services in other European countries, in consort with Sky plc's takeover of Sky Deutschland and Sky Italia. To compete with subscription video-on-demand services, Sky announced that the rebranded network would premiere "a new film each day", and that it would expand the service's on-demand library. Sky also announced plans to launch a 4K ultra-high-definition feed later in the year. 4K films became available on 13 August 2016 for Sky Q customers in a 2TB box with Sky Cinema and multi-screen packs, as well as 70 were available by the end of 2016. During this time, the Sky Cinema networks would have their electronic program guide positions rebranded to tie into a highlight film, actor, or property being carried by that network throughout a certain month; for instance, a month filled with films starring Tom Hanks saw Sky Cinema Greats become Sky Tom Hanks for that period of time.

On 22 June 2020, Sky added a content warning to several older films stating that they "have outdated attitudes, language, and cultural depictions which may cause offence today".

On 30 June 2020, several of Sky Cinema's standard definition channels were fully discontinued. This move also coincided with the Sky Cinema brand adopting the 2020 Sky channel branding previously adopted by the entertainment channels following the launch of Sky Comedy. On 30 March 2022, the SD feeds of Sky Cinema Comedy, Sky Cinema Thriller and Sky Cinema Drama were similarly withdrawn. On 29 May 2024, the SD feeds of Sky Cinema Premiere, Sky Cinema Greats, Sky Cinema Family and Sky Cinema Action will be removed from Sky.

On 23 July 2020, Sky Cinema launched a twelfth channel, Sky Cinema Animation, replaces Sky Cinema Premiere +1 on Sky and Virgin Media, and launched exclusively in high-definition on both platforms. Sky Cinema Premiere +1 continued to air on Virgin Media Ireland until its removal on 13 August 2020. The timeshift resumed broadcasting on 6 January 2021, replacing Sky Cinema Disney, which was shut down on 30 December 2020 (with the content moving into Disney+) and was temporarily replaced by Sky Cinema Five Star Movies from the next day (31 December) until Premiere +1's return on 6 January 2021. On 30 April 2024, Sky Cinema Premiere +1 closed again, with Movies 24 moving to its old Sky EPG slot of 312.

Sky Cinema subscribers are able to access Paramount+ United Kingdom, Ireland, Italy, Germany, Switzerland and Austria without charge, which was inaugurated by the summer of 2022.

Original productions
Sky Cinema has a dedicated production team that produces over 100 hours of original film-related programming each year – including Sky Cinema News and The Top Ten Show. In addition, Sky's close relationships with the film studios means it regularly gets exclusive access for on-set to talenting one-off 'making-ofs' and various talent-based programming.

In 1998 Elisabeth Murdoch (who was BSkyB's director of channels and services at the time) advocated Sky setting up a film funding and production unit (similar to BBC Film and Film4 Productions). The result was Sky Pictures, which existed in order to investing both low-budget and mainstream British films. However, following a lack of success and her decision to leave Sky and set up her own production company called Shine, the unit was scaled back and closed in 2001.

In January 2018, Sky announced a partnership with film distributor Altitude Film Distribution, with the launch of Sky Cinema Original Films, this new brand would distribute films for Sky Cinema's on-demand service, as well as release them into cinemas. The first film under the new banner was the United Kingdom release of the 2017 animated film Monster Family. Other films like The Hurricane Heist, Anon, Final Score and Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and Vile have also been released.

title: Sky Cinema


text:
Stewart platform

A Stewart platform is a type of parallel manipulator that has six prismatic actuators, commonly hydraulic jacks or electric linear actuators, attached in pairs to three positions on the platform's baseplate, crossing over to three mounting points on a top plate. All 12 connections are made via universal joints. Devices placed on the top plate can be moved in the six degrees of freedom in which it is possible for a freely-suspended body to move: three linear movements x, y, z (lateral, longitudinal, and vertical), and the three rotations (pitch, roll, and yaw).

Stewart platforms are known by various other names. In many applications, including in flight simulators, it is commonly referred to as a motion base. It is sometimes called a six-axis platform or 6-DoF platform because of its possible motions and, because the motions are produced by a combination of movements of multiple actuators, it may be referred to as a synergistic motion platform, due to the synergy (mutual interaction) between the way that the actuators are programmed. Because the device has six actuators, it is often called a hexapod (six legs) in common usage, a name which was originally trademarked by Geodetic Technology for Stewart platforms used in machine tools.

History

This specialised six-jack layout was first used by V E (Eric) Gough of the UK and was operational in 1954, the design later being publicised in a 1965 paper by D Stewart to the UK Institution of Mechanical Engineers. In 1962, prior to the publication of Stewart's paper, American engineer Klaus Cappel independently developed the same hexapod. Klaus patented his design and licensed it to the first flight simulator companies, and built the first commercial octahedral hexapod motion simulators.

Although the title Stewart platform is commonly used, some have posited that Gough–Stewart platform is a more appropriate name because the original Stewart platform had a slightly different design, while others argue that the contributions of all three engineers should be recognized.

Linear actuation
In industrial applications, linear actuators (hydraulic or electric) are typically used for their simple and unique inverse kinematics closed form solution and their good strength and acceleration.

Rotary actuation
For prototyping and low budget applications, typically rotary servo motors are used. A unique closed form solution for the inverse kinematics of rotary actuators also exists, as shown by Robert Eisele

Applications
Stewart platforms have applications in flight simulators, machine tool technology, animatronics, crane technology, underwater research, simulation of earthquakes, air-to-sea rescue, mechanical bulls, satellite dish positioning, the Hexapod-Telescope, robotics, and orthopedic surgery.

Flight simulation

The Stewart platform design is extensively used in flight simulators, particularly in the full flight simulator which requires all 6 degrees of freedom. This application was developed by Redifon, whose simulators featuring it became available for the Boeing 707, Douglas DC-8, Sud Aviation Caravelle, Canadair CL-44, Boeing 727, Comet, Vickers Viscount, Vickers Vanguard, Convair CV 990, Lockheed C-130 Hercules, Vickers VC10, and Fokker F-27 by 1962.

In this role, the payload is a replica cockpit and a visual display system, normally of several channels, for showing the outside-world visual scene to the aircraft crew that are being trained.

Similar platforms are used in driving simulators, typically mounted on large X-Y tables to simulate short term acceleration. Long term acceleration can be simulated by tilting the platform, and an active research area is how to mix the two.

Robocrane
James S. Albus of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) developed the Robocrane, where the platform hangs from six cables instead of being supported by six jacks.

LIDS
The Low Impact Docking System developed by NASA uses a Stewart platform to manipulate space vehicles during the docking process.

CAREN
The Computer Assisted Rehabilitation Environment developed by Motek Medical uses a Stewart platform coupled with virtual reality to do advanced biomechanical and clinical research.

Taylor Spatial Frame
Dr. J. Charles Taylor used the Stewart platform to develop the Taylor Spatial Frame, an external fixator used in orthopedic surgery for the correction of bone deformities and treatment of complex fractures.

Mechanical testing

 * First application: Eric Gough was an automotive engineer and worked at Fort Dunlop, the Dunlop Tyres factory in Birmingham, England. He developed his "Universal Tyre-Testing Machine" (also called the "Universal Rig") in the 1950s and his platform was operational by 1954. The rig was able to mechanically test tyres under combined loads. Dr. Gough died in 1972 but his testing rig continued to be used up until the late 1980s when the factory was closed down and then demolished. His rig was saved and transported to the Science Museum, London storage facility at Wroughton near Swindon.
 * Recent applications: the rebirth of interest for a mechanical testing machine based on Gough-Stewart platform occurred in the mid '90s. They are often biomedical applications (for example spinal study ) because of the complexity and large amplitude of the motions needed to reproduce human or animal behaviour. Such requirements are also encountered in the civil engineering field for seism simulation. Controlled by a full-field kinematic measurement algorithm, such machines can also be used to study complex phenomena on stiff specimens (for example the curved propagation of a crack through a concrete block ) that need high load capacities and displacement accuracy.

Motion compensation
The Ampelmann system is a motion-compensated gangway using a Stewart platform. This allows access from a moving platform supply vessel to offshore constructions even in high wave conditions.

title: Stewart platform


text:
Mermen

Mermen may refer to:

 * The Mermen, a music group
 * Merman, male equivalent of a mermaid (mermen is the plural form)
 * "1983... (A Merman I Should Turn To Be)", a Jimi Hendrix song

title: Mermen


text:
Talk:Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice

Mods and Rude Boys
The mod and rude boys cultures are actually the progenitors of the skinhead culture and thus are not derived from it. The information given in this article is incorrect and should be changed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.31.227.3 (talk) 08:26, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

Duly attended to. I hope the article now gives a true and faithful version of the subject as remembered by people who were there. Nuttyskin (talk) 09:23, 5 July 2017 (UTC)

pacifist sharps?
Page is quite inaccurate--the original SHARP movement was pacifist, and classifying all non or anti-racist skinheads as SHARPs is inaccurate. There are several organizations/gangs/groups of anti-racist skins, not to mention unaffiliated individuals.
 * Give me some evidence of this, as well as some evidence of them ever having had confronted fascists, violently or otherwise. Sam [Spade] 03:50, 1 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree. I have seen SHARP Skinheads attack a neo-Nazi meeting, but I can't prove it. Therefore, for an encyclopaedia, it's not really good enough. --TrojanSkin 16:09, Jan 3, 2005 (UTC)

I don't contest that SHARPs fight with Neo-Nazi's, since I also know they do. Fascists is a bit different, for one thing Fascism does not imply racialism. I do think it is important to clarify that not everyone a SHARP fights with, or thinks is a Nazi, fascist, or whatnot actually is one. 16:47, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Redefine Fascism: the Fascism page ought to include the fact that people commonly use Fascism (and Nazism) as a catch-all term for violently racist, conservative, antifeminist, anti-LGBTQ groups and individuals. It would save us from such interminable quibbling over a term that is widely understood as having this secondary meaning.
 * Nuttyskin 04:59, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

Early SHARP members were not pacifists in fact the infamous segment of the Heraldo Rivera Show where Haraldo's nose was broken with a chair was a early confrontation between SHARP Skinheads and racist Skinheads. However, for a short time, perhaps a few years, SHARP was an actual organization and not an umbrella group BigMeanie 04:28, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

it true us SHARP SKINS in general have attacked neo nazi parties. but only mainly because we are judged as racists beacuse people as a wholw have indicated that the skinhead is racist and original skins wer not racist being a skin is not to be a racist movement. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.81.48.74 (talk) 06:42, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

I used to know a guy called "Crazy Tony" who was a British SHARP activist and they did not call him "Crazy Tony" for being a pacifist. Great guy...--Streona (talk) 14:36, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

Images
Must there be three logos, all uncaptioned? --Andy M. 04:49, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC) If you hover your cursor, you'll find they're all captioned and show various countries' symbols.

Symbolism
What does the symbol in the the images signify? —Morning star 4 July 2005 00:26 (UTC)

 * The "symbol" is actually a stylized image of a Trojan warrior helmet. It was originally adopted (in a left-facing form) by the Trojan Records label, which was a major distributor of the ska and reggae music listened to by the earliest skinheads. The logo still appeals to non-racist skinheads today because of its association with both the record label and valiant warriors. Unconventional 7 July 2005 05:02 (UTC)

 * Plus the music on Trojan Records was two-tone (integrated black & white bands), which was uncommon at that time.

 * A common mistake: you're confusing Trojan Records with Two-Tone Records, two quite different record companies operating a decade and more apart. Trojan tended to employ Jamaican or Afro-Caribbean artists, which included Chinese Jamaicans like Leslie Kong, and Black Cubans like Laurel Aitken; its first white artist was Judge Dread.
 * Nuttyskin 05:05, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

Defunct group
The SPLC is a respected organization that is trusted as a reference for many types of groups. Even if the page is not solely about the SHARP the facts are nonetheless there. If you diasagree DO NOT pit your word against it as Spylab did but rather try to find neutral references that refute this. Erasing it without finding reliable counter-references is pure vandalism.-unsigned

 * First of all, the SPLC link only said that SHARP as an official group is defunct, not that SHARPs no longer exist. The sentence I deleted from this article twisted the meaning of the reference. Second, The SPLC (and the ADL and other similar mainstream groups) is not a reliable source on the numbers of skinheads that exist, regardless of politics. Third, there are several SHARP groups that still exist, in in several countries around the world. Spylab 11:13, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

I won't add the following link as a reference in the article because it is not considered a reliable source on Wikipedia, but it is an indication that actual SHARP groups still exist in the United States: link to SHARP Myspace groups. Also, just because SHARP groups don't get mainstream media attention doesn't mean they are defunct. It just means they haven't done anything big enough for the mainstream media to notice. Spylab 12:10, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

Disclaimer

 * I re-added the disclaimer to the sentence claiming that SHARP groups are defunct. The disclaimer was a compromise for including the sentence in the first place. Only one source is making the claim that SHARP groups are defunct, and that source does not provide a shred of evidence to back up that disputable claim. Strong claims require strong evidence. Perhaps the disclaimer could be reworded to make it more encyclopedic, but if the disclaimer goes, the sentence goes too.Spylab 12:10, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

date link
date link served no WP purpose Hmains 06:56, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

Myspace User Deleted
Heads up on the MySpace link;

"Invalid Friend ID. This user has either cancelled their membership, or their account has been deleted." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.224.163.104 (talk) 06:17, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

Nashville SHARP Chapter
Nashville hosts an official SHARP chapter that has been around since approx. 2004. They meet one night per month at the FooBar in East Nashville. Members in Nashville (which serves as home to MUCH more than Country music) claim there is a loosely knit network of SHARP chapters spanning the country with a stronger presence in Atlanta and NYC.

SHARP has an active MySpace page providing links to regional chapters at http://www.myspace.com/sharp_skinheads2010

Note: This post is not intended to be encyclopedic, but rather as a starting point should anyone feel like verifying this information--this information is difficult to prove as you must be a member to gain access to SHARP meetings and events.

--98.240.42.188 (talk) 06:04, 27 October 2009 (UTC)k. martin

 * The Myspace page is still functioning, with badges (links) to "chapters" (which may be individuals) in Fayetteville, Arkansas, Houston Texas, and further afield. There's also an "international" badge which links to several identities using text in what looks like Thai. The international badge features a design of Trojan helmet styled to resemble that used by the Trojan condoms company. Nuttyskin (talk) 06:42, 5 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070709164353/http://www.skinheadnation.co.uk/sharpskinheads.htm to http://www.skinheadnation.co.uk/sharpskinheads.htm
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://wweek.com/editorial/3348/9672/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 12:50, 24 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081217000127/http://www.reggaereggaereggae.com/Special%20Articles.htm to http://www.reggaereggaereggae.com/Special%20Articles.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:11, 9 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice


text:
Supremacism

Supremacism is the belief that a certain group of people is superior to all others. The supposed superior people can be defined by age, gender, race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, language, social class, ideology, nationality, culture, or belong to any other part of a particular population.

Sexual
Some feminist theorists have argued that in patriarchy, a standard of male "supremacism" is enforced through a variety of cultural, political, religious, sexual, and interpersonal strategies. Since the 19th century there have been a number of feminist movements opposed to male supremacism, usually aimed at achieving equal legal rights and protections for women in all cultural, political and interpersonal relations.

Racial
Centuries of European colonialism in the Americas, Africa, Australia, Oceania, and Asia were justified by white supremacist attitudes. White European Americans who participated in the slave industry tried to justify their economic exploitation of black people by creating a scientific theory of white superiority and black inferiority. Thomas Jefferson, pioneer of scientific racism and enslaver of over 600 black people (regarded as property under the Articles of Confederation), wrote that blacks were "inferior to the whites in the endowments of body and mind." A justification for the conquest and subjugation of Native Americans emanated from their dehumanized perception as "merciless Indian savages", as described in the United States Declaration of Independence.

During the 19th century, "The White Man's Burden", the phrase which refers to the thought that whites have the obligation to make the societies of the other peoples more 'civilized', was widely used to justify imperialist policies as a noble enterprise. Thomas Carlyle, known for his historical account of the French Revolution, The French Revolution: A History, argued that European supremacist policies were justified on the grounds that they provided the greatest benefit to "inferior" native peoples. However, even at the time of its publication in 1849, Carlyle's main work on the subject, the Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question, was poorly received by his contemporaries.

Before the outbreak of the American Civil War, the Confederate States of America was founded with a constitution that contained clauses which restricted the government's ability to limit or interfere with the institution of "negro" slavery. In the Cornerstone Speech, Confederate vice president Alexander Stephens declared that one of the Confederacy's foundational tenets was white supremacy over black slaves. Following the war, a secret society, the Ku Klux Klan, was formed in the South. Its purpose was to maintain white, Protestant supremacy after the Reconstruction period, which it did so through violence and intimidation.

According to William Nichols, religious antisemitism can be distinguished from modern antisemitism which is based on racial or ethnic grounds. "The dividing line was the possibility of effective conversion ... a Jew ceased to be a Jew upon baptism." However, with racial antisemitism, "Now the assimilated Jew was still a Jew, even after baptism ... . From the Enlightenment onward, it is no longer possible to draw clear lines of distinction between religious and racial forms of hostility towards Jews... Once Jews have been emancipated and secular thinking makes its appearance, without leaving behind the old Christian hostility towards Jews, the new term antisemitism becomes almost unavoidable, even before explicitly racist doctrines appear."

One of the first typologies which was used to classify various human races was invented by Georges Vacher de Lapouge (1854–1936), a theoretician of eugenics, who published L'Aryen et son rôle social (1899 – "The Aryan and his social role") in 1899. In his book, he divides humanity into various, hierarchical races, starting with the highest race which is the "Aryan white race, dolichocephalic", and ending with the lowest race which is the "brachycephalic", "mediocre and inert" race, that race is best represented by Southern European, Catholic peasants". Between these, Vacher de Lapouge identified the "Homo europaeus" (Teutonic, Protestant, etc.), the "Homo alpinus" (Auvergnat, Turkish, etc.), and finally the "Homo mediterraneus" (Neapolitan, Andalus, etc.) Jews were brachycephalic just like the Aryans were, according to Lapouge; but he considered them dangerous for this exact reason; they were the only group, he thought, which was threatening to displace the Aryan aristocracy. Vacher de Lapouge became one of the leading inspirations of Nazi antisemitism and Nazi racist ideology.

The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) and Southern Poverty Law Center condemn writings about "Jewish Supremacism" by Holocaust-denier, former Grand Wizard of the KKK, and conspiracy theorist David Duke as antisemitic – in particular, his book Jewish Supremacism: My Awakening to the Jewish Question. Kevin B. MacDonald, known for his theory of Judaism as a "group evolutionary strategy", has also been accused of being "antisemitic" and white supremacist in his writings on the subject by the ADL and his own university psychology department.

Cornel West, an African-American philosopher, writes that black supremacist religious views arose in America as a part of black Muslim theology in response to white supremacism.

In Africa, black Southern Sudanese allege that they are being subjected to a racist form of Arab supremacy, which they equate with the historic white supremacism of South African apartheid. The alleged genocide and ethnic cleansing in the ongoing War in Darfur has been described as an example of Arab racism. For example, in their analysis of the sources of the conflict, Julie Flint and Alex de Waal say that Colonel Gaddafi, the leader of Libya, sponsored "Arab supremacism" across the Sahara during the 1970s. Gaddafi supported the "Islamic Legion" and the Sudanese opposition "National Front, including the Muslim Brothers and the Ansar, the Umma Party's military wing." Gaddafi tried to use such forces to annex Chad from 1979–81. Gaddafi supported the Sudanese government's war in the South during the early 1980s, and in return, he was allowed to use the Darfur region as a "back door to Chad". As a result, the first signs of an "Arab racist political platform" appeared in Darfur in the early 1980s.

In Asia, ancient Indians considered all foreigners barbarians. The Muslim scholar Al-Biruni wrote that the Indians called foreigners impure. A few centuries later, Dubois observes that "Hindus look upon Europeans as barbarians totally ignorant of all principles of honour and good breeding... In the eyes of a Hindu, a Pariah (outcaste) and a European are on the same level." The Chinese considered the Europeans repulsive, ghost-like creatures, and they even considered them devils. Chinese writers also referred to foreigners as barbarians.

Nazi Germany
From 1933 to 1945, Nazi Germany, under the rule of Adolf Hitler, promoted the belief in the existence of a superior, Aryan Herrenvolk, or master race. The state's propaganda advocated the belief that Germanic peoples, whom they called "Aryans", were a master race or a Herrenvolk whose members were superior to the Jews, Slavs, and Romani people, so-called "gypsies". Arthur de Gobineau, a French racial theorist and aristocrat, blamed the fall of the ancien régime in France on racial intermixing, which he believed had destroyed the purity of the Nordic race. Gobineau's theories, which attracted a large and strong following in Germany, emphasized the belief in the existence of an irreconcilable polarity between Aryan and Jewish cultures.

Christian
Academics Carol Lansing and Edward D. English argue that Christian supremacism was a motivation for the Crusades in the Holy Land, as well as a motivation for crusades against Muslims and pagans throughout Europe. The blood libel is a widespread European conspiracy theory which led to centuries of pogroms and massacres of European Jewish minorities because it alleged that Jews required the pure blood of a Christian child in order to make matzah for Passover. Thomas of Cantimpré writes of the blood curse which the Jews put upon themselves and all of their generations at the court of Pontius Pilate where Jesus was sentenced to death: "A very learned Jew, who in our day has been converted to the (Christian) faith, informs us that one enjoying the reputation of a prophet among them, toward the close of his life, made the following prediction: 'Be assured that relief from this secret ailment, to which you are exposed, can only be obtained through Christian blood ("solo sanguine Christiano")." The Atlantic slave trade has also been partially attributed to Christian supremacism. The Ku Klux Klan has been described as a white supremacist Christian organization, as are many other white supremacist groups, such as the Posse Comitatus and the Christian Identity and Positive Christianity movements.

Islamic
Academics Khaled Abou El Fadl, Ian Lague, and Joshua Cone note that, while the Quran and other Islamic scriptures express tolerant beliefs, there have also been numerous instances of Muslim or Islamic supremacism. Examples of how supremacists have interpreted Islam include the Muslim participation in the African slave trade, the early-20th-century pan-Islamism promoted by Abdul Hamid II, the jizya and rules of marriage in Muslim countries being imposed on non-Muslims, and the majority Muslim interpretations of the rules of pluralism in Malaysia. According to scholar Bernard Lewis, classical Islamic jurisprudence imposes an open-ended duty on Muslims to expand Muslim rule and Islamic law to all non-Muslims throughout the world.

North Africa has experienced numerous incidents of massacres and ethnic cleansing of Jews and Christians, especially in Morocco, Libya, and Algeria, where eventually Jews were forced to live in ghettos. Decrees ordering the destruction of synagogues were enacted during the Middle Ages in Egypt, Syria, Iraq, and Yemen. At certain times in Yemen, Morocco, and Baghdad, Jews were forced to convert to Islam or face the Islamic death penalty. While there were antisemitic incidents before the 20th century, antisemitism increased after the Arab–Israeli conflict. Following the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Palestinian exodus, the creation of the State of Israel and Israeli victories during the wars of 1956 and 1967 were a severe humiliation to Israel's opponents – primarily Egypt, Syria, and Iraq. However, by the mid-1970s the vast majority of Jews had left Muslim-majority countries, moving primarily to Israel, France, and the United States. The reasons for the Jewish exodus are varied and disputed.

Jewish
Ilan Pappé, an expatriate Israeli historian, writes that the First Aliyah to Israel "established a society based on Jewish supremacy" within "settlement-cooperatives" that were Jewish owned and operated. Joseph Massad, a professor of Arab studies, holds that "Jewish supremacism" has always been a "dominating principle" in religious and secular Zionism. Zionism was established with the goal of creating a sovereign Jewish state, where Jews could be the majority, rather than the minority. Theodor Herzl, the ideological father of Zionism, considered antisemitism as an eternal feature of all societies in which Jews lived as minorities, and as a result, he believed that only a separation could allow Jews to escape eternal persecution. "Let them give us sovereignty over a piece of the Earth's surface, just sufficient for the needs of our people, then we will do the rest!"

Since the 1990s, Orthodox Jewish rabbis from Israel, most notably those affiliated to Chabad-Lubavitch and religious Zionist organizations,  including The Temple Institute,   have set up a modern Noahide movement. These Noahide organizations, led by religious Zionist and Orthodox rabbis, are aimed at non-Jews in order to convince them to commit to follow the Noahide laws. However, these religious Zionist and Orthodox rabbis that guide the modern Noahide movement, who are often affiliated with the Third Temple movement,  expound a racist and supremacist ideology which consists in the belief that the Jewish people are God's chosen people and racially superior to non-Jews,   and mentor Noahides because they believe that the Messianic era will begin with the rebuilding of the Third Temple on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem to re-institute the Jewish priesthood along with the practice of ritual sacrifices, and the establishment of a Jewish theocracy in Israel, supported by communities of Noahides. David Novak, professor of Jewish theology and ethics at the University of Toronto, has denounced the modern Noahide movement by stating that "If Jews are telling Gentiles what to do, it’s a form of imperialism".

In the aftermath of the 2022 Israeli legislative election, the winning right-wing coalition included an alliance known as Religious Zionist Party, which was described by Jewish-American columnist David E. Rosenberg as a political party "driven by Jewish supremacy and anti-Arab racism".

title: Supremacism


text:
Andrew H. Longino

Andrew Houston Longino (May 16, 1854 – February 24, 1942) was an American politician from Mississippi who served as a Democrat in the Mississippi State Senate (1880–1884), the U.S. District Attorney's (1888–1890), and Governor's offices (1900–1904).

Early life and education
Longino was born in Lawrence County, Mississippi. He attained education at Mississippi College, where he graduated in 1875, and at the University of Virginia, where he earned a law degree in 1880.

The surname Longino is of Italian origin, although his family had resided in the American South since the eighteenth century. He has been identified as the third U.S. governor of Italian-American descent, after Caesar Rodney and William Paca who held office in the 18th century and had distant Italian ancestry.

Political career and death
During his term as governor, Longino began a campaign to attract new industries to the state. He supervised designing and building a new Mississippi State Capitol still in use today. Also of note, the Mississippi Department of Archives and History was created and a new penitentiary at Parchman Farm was constructed during his administration.

Governor Longino invited president Theodore Roosevelt to a bear hunt in the Mississippi Delta, an event which inspired the creation of the teddy bear.

Longino died at age 87 and was interred at Cedar Lawn Cemetery in Jackson, Mississippi.

title: Andrew H. Longino