text:
Talk:Cost of Living (Star Trek: The Next Generation)

Worf
At 20:04, 15 Dec 2003, Timwi removed one of my references about Worf (an article that I actually used to research the topic), and made it an external link. I think this was an incorrect move.

 * First of all, please register for a user name, log in, and sign your messages. Secondly, please leave personal messages on the user's talk page (e.g. User talk:Timwi), not the User page. Thirdly, I have no idea what you're talking about. I actually removed an external link and made it into an internal link (Worf). Please try to understand the system before you make false claims. Thank you. -- Timwi 04:01, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I think what he/she was trying to say is, he/she used the "Worf" article to find out information for writing the "Cost of Living" article, and so it should be one of the references, as he/she originally wrote it. (Maybe he/she meant a "see also" link when he/she wrote an "external" link in the above comment.)
 * —Vespristiano 05:46, 2003 Dec 22 (UTC)

Wedding
Someone should add some content related to Lwaxana's wedding.

I've written a new, better summary of the episode, but of course additional information would be useful. Zeck 09:07, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Crazy Episode
I think the person who wrote the holodeck part of this episode was on something :P

Yeah. Dudtz 8/11/06 4:23 PM EST
 * It's different but I reckon one of the writers had seen Cirque du Soleil or something. Would be interesting to get more Production details and a proper explanation about where it all came from. -- 109.79.172.210 (talk) 20:46, 12 September 2021 (UTC)

Nitrium
There is a proposal to redirect Nitrium to this article (see Nitrium talk page). As a test, I've added some nitrium information to this article. If it seems too big or detailed, then consider a separate nitrium article. I am not saying this as an argument but as a possibility in case people think it's too much text for the episode article. If the nitrium article stays, then I will probably advocate deletion of this large block of text.VK35 19:29, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

Since Nitrium is being considered for deletion (AfD), I have attached a shortened version of the nitrium article to see if it fits. This is done as an experimental edit to see if it can be edit to fit the episode article. It should not be thought of as fighting, content dispute, etc.VK35 19:46, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

Goofs
Do we need the goof? Lots42 (talk) 14:01, 28 May 2008 (UTC)

Requested move 23 April 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved  (t · c)  buidhe  19:34, 30 April 2021 (UTC)

Cost Of Living → Cost of Living (Star Trek: The Next Generation) – MOS:AT —  Fourthords  | =Λ= | 11:20, 23 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Support as per nom. 162 etc. (talk) 14:24, 23 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Support as per nom. In ictu oculi (talk) 14:39, 23 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Support per nom —blindlynx (talk) 14:44, 23 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. Should probably be speedy moved as an uncontroversial technical request. Paintspot Infez (talk) 20:59, 23 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Since it was just recently moved, I took this tack assuming it would be controversial to at least, so possibly others. —   Fourthords  | =Λ= | 18:55, 24 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Support agree with Paintspot Infez (talk) - speedy move is appropriate  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Combefere (talk • contribs) 21:52, 23 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:NCEPISODE. As there is nothing else at this title, no need to disambiguate needlessly. —Locke Cole • t • c 04:55, 25 April 2021 (UTC)

Episode is now at the wrong title
Per the episode titlecard, the episode name is "Cost Of Living" (capital "Of"). —Locke Cole • t • c 19:45, 30 April 2021 (UTC)
 * The namimg convention regardling capitalization (at Naming conventions (capitalization)) says, "In general, each word in English titles of books, films, and other works takes an initial capital, except for articles ('a', 'an', 'the'), the word 'to' as part of an infinitive, and prepositions and coordinating conjunctions shorter than five letters (e.g., 'on', 'from', 'and', 'with'), unless they begin or end a title or subtitle. Examples: A New Kind of Science, Ghost in the Shell, To Be or Not to Be, The World We Live In." —   Fourthords  | =Λ= | 00:33, 1 May 2021 (UTC)
 * @Locke Cole, you've behavior here is extremely disruptive. You've been reverted by myself and 109.76.200.55 and yet you still revert without starting a discussion. You've opposed the move in April and you posted a comment 5 days later which @Fourthords explained why it is named the way it is. Your insistence on your style is trying to game the system after you failed at the RM. To be clear, I'm not reverting you now again as I know you'll revert a 4th time and find yourself blocked. Please understand that what you are doing is incorrect and correct the target. As an aside I'll say, that I too wish that works would be titled exactly how their author wanted, but that isn't what the MoS says. Gonnym (talk) 18:18, 1 November 2021 (UTC)
 * "Of" should be lowercase so "Cost of Living" is correct per our naming conventions on Wikipedia. - Favre1fan93 (talk) 18:41, 1 November 2021 (UTC)
 * MoS conventions ("guidelines") do not override site-wide policy ("verifiability"). We do not get to make things different because we like them a different way than what our sources say, that's called "original research". Another policy, in case we're keeping count, that's two core policies being violated so someone doesn't have to be blinded by an uppercase "Of". —Locke Cole • t • c 18:45, 1 November 2021 (UTC)
 * MOS cannot override WP:V. Regardless, the article is living at the "correct" (per MoS) title, noting the actual title in the article (which even some secondary sources appear to pick up on, despite Wikipedia getting it wrong for over a decade and likely contributing to the incorrect title propagating in the wild). I won't revert a 4th time, but as I live and breathe I also won't stand idly by while people try to tell me the sky is red when it's very clearly blue (see circular reporting / citogensis). —Locke Cole • t • c 18:45, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

Naming_conventions_(capitalization) and MOS:CT are very clear in this instance: prepositions, such as "of" are never capitalized on Wikipedia, and this isn't a Star Trek Into Darkness situation. A medium can choose how they wish to display their title/use their own capitalization methodology, but for our purposes on Wikipedia, "Cost of Living" is how it should be presented. - Favre1fan93 (talk) 19:10, 1 November 2021 (UTC)
 * I agree that we should use "Cost of Living" for the title. Some shows list the episode title in all caps – would we capitalize the title then? Of course not; it's for style and shouldn't dictate our writing standards. Also, the Star Trek website uses "Cost of Living" in its database article for the episode. RunningTiger123 (talk) 19:29, 1 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Why are you engaging in OR and assuming it's a stylistic choice? And why would our stylistic choice override what the source material says? —Locke Cole • t • c 20:29, 1 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Why should we engage in OR and assume "Of" is deliberately capitalized instead of a typo? The other sources listed here seem to agree that the title uses "of", not "Of", and Wikipedia should reflect the consensus of published works. RunningTiger123 (talk) 02:26, 2 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Because there are multiple episodes where they did this? You're still doing the OR thing by assuming it was a typo. Do you have a source that has the studio or the titlist admitting they mistakenly capitalized words that shouldn't have been? —Locke Cole • t • c 05:42, 2 November 2021 (UTC)
 * We are not beholden to follow the primary source blindly. When there is a dispute between the primary document and secondary sources, Wikipedia should use the consensus from the secondary sources, and the secondary sources agree that the title uses "of". Basing our information solely on the primary document is a bad standard to set. (Think about it this way: If a book opened by saying "This is 100% factual" and then proceeded to argue that the Earth is flat, we wouldn't have to say the book is accurate based on its own statement. I know that's a bit of an extreme example, but it shows why secondary sources are preferable over primary sources.) RunningTiger123 (talk) 18:01, 2 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Sure glad you weren't around when discussions were held on how to treat transgender people. With your faulty logic we'd still be deadnaming people. —Locke Cole • t • c 18:31, 2 November 2021 (UTC)
 * But most reliable secondary sources don't deadname people, so I would argue my point still stands. Older sources would use deadnames, but that's because they were written based on what was known as the time, and the newer, correct name would override that. It's not really comparable to an episode title that has never changed. However, at this point, I recognize that any example or source I try to offer is probably not going to convince you, so I won't get bogged down in the "of" vs. "Of" debate any further. I would simply suggest that you note how many other people support "of" and remember that Wikipedia works to establish consensus, which means not everyone may get their desired outcome if consensus moves towards another option. (There have been plenty of decisions on Wikipedia that I don't agree with, but I accept them anyway; it's the only way this community runs smoothly.) RunningTiger123 (talk) 19:03, 2 November 2021 (UTC)
 * MoS does not override our need to use verifiable information. A group of editors deciding that in this instance we can toss verifiability out the window doesn't mean we just tag WP:V with historical. —Locke Cole • t • c 20:29, 1 November 2021 (UTC)
 * The words making up the title is verifiable, basically what would be spoken when saying the title, and that is all WP:V cares about. How it is stylized when written is a manual of style consideration for each publication that reports it to make. The Wikipedia manual of style is clear on how to capitalize titles of works. Geraldo Perez (talk) 22:02, 1 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Please don't invoke WP:V without clearly showing your sources, you know irrefutably verifying them not just stating them. For anyone else who would appreciate an easy way to check, Memory Alpha includes an image of the episode title card, and capital-O "Cost Of Living" was used onscreen, but even the nerds at Memory Alpha title their episode article as "Cost of Living". (Direct link to title card image.) It is a very good thing to verify that the content is correct "Readers must be able to check that any of the information within Wikipedia articles is not just made up" but content (information) and style (presentation) are two separate things. The style guide says to write "of" and no one else seems to have any enthusiasm for going against the style guide on this. Even if I agreed with you, it would not be a good idea to make this change for only one or two episodes, there would need to be a consistent approach to the whole List_of_Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation_episodes. -- 109.76.144.221 (talk) 22:12, 1 November 2021 (UTC)
 * I disagree that the "of" vs. "Of" is a stylistic decision that Wikipedia should be deciding for themselves when we have clear evidence that one or the other was used. Were this a subject where the episode and all copies were destroyed and we only had 2nd hand knowledge to work from, I would agree with using whatever style fits (unless reliable secondary sources could show that one or the other was used). I've no idea why anyone views having accurate titles as a "bad thing" beyond their precious eyeballs seeing an uppercase "Of". —Locke Cole • t • c 05:42, 2 November 2021 (UTC)
 * @Locke Cole Can you quote exactly which part of WP:V correlates to having to use identical grammar? I'm only looking for a verbatim quote, nothing else. -- / Alex /21  01:27, 2 November 2021 (UTC)
 * The current title is "made up". —Locke Cole • t • c 05:42, 2 November 2021 (UTC)
 * No the current title is well sourced, how it is capitalized conforms to how titles are presented in this publication. The capitalization variations don't change the title. Geraldo Perez (talk) 06:02, 2 November 2021 (UTC)
 * @Locke Cole That quote does not refer to grammar at all. Can you quote exactly which part of WP:V correlates to having to use identical grammar, specifically mentioning grammar? -- / Alex /21  12:40, 2 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Oh, I see, you're confused. Let me unconfuse you: can you quote the part of WP:V that makes an exception for episode titles to be incorrect just because you don't like uppercase "Of"? I'll wait. —Locke Cole • t • c 18:31, 2 November 2021 (UTC)
 * @Locke Cole You are the one fighting standard procedure, guidelines and policies, and thus you need to be able to back up your position in the face of overwhelming WP:CONSENSUS against you. -- / Alex /21  00:57, 3 November 2021 (UTC)
 * So I take it this means you didn't find an exception in WP:V for article titles. Thanks for clearing up that your argument is flawed and logic has left this conversation for you. —Locke Cole • t • c 06:30, 3 November 2021 (UTC)
 * @Locke Cole WP:V doesn't cover grammar, it's as simple as that. I'm not the one without a consensus. Good luck with your editing. -- / Alex /21  13:13, 3 November 2021 (UTC)
 * ...WP:V covers verifiability in general and clearly says we shouldn't make things up that can't be verified. This article title is quite literally made up. You're applying a guideline, which has far less weight than a policy, to this issue. That is why your logic is flawed. As to my compromise edits, which were also summarily reverted for no reason, see Manual of Style/Titles which supports including the actual name when it differs from the article title. Good luck trying to get me blocked because you don't like my edits. ;) —Locke Cole • t • c 06:50, 4 November 2021 (UTC)

Please note that Locke is doing this on another article too. I don't appreciate this unilateral and inconsistent approach. Not only is Locke misunderstanding V and making a mountain out of a stylistic molehill, Locke is failing to work with people on this and take any sort of a collaborative approach. Iff people wanted to make exceptions and do things the way Locke is pushing and use the same capitalization verbatim as it appeared in the original episodes I think that would require agreement at the WP:STARTREK project level, but Locke does not have even one person agreeing with the change on this one article. -- 109.76.138.196 (talk) 15:39, 2 November 2021 (UTC)
 * I actually corrected most of these titles ages ago, and only recently has this seemingly become a tempest in a teapot with some of the truly crazed grammar nazi's. —Locke Cole • t • c 18:31, 2 November 2021 (UTC)
 * why would you put an apostrophe in "nazis" there?
 * for someone so vocal on style and grammar, that's a real howler of a typo! 2601:19C:527F:7890:984A:F2C0:D8E7:2B6E (talk) 11:39, 24 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Given the recent edits across multiple articles, the editors of this discussion may be interested in the edit-warring report filed against the editor; this can be found at Administrators' noticeboard/Edit warring. -- / Alex /21  01:33, 3 November 2021 (UTC)
 * For those interested, I've moved Cause and Effect (Star Trek: The Next Generation) back to the correct title as well (lowercase vs uppercase "and"), after a move from February. Sins of the Father (Star Trek: The Next Generation) was another article moved around the same time; however, it was restored in April. -- / Alex /21  23:16, 3 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks for working through that process Alex 21. I do hope that this is over and done with. Style is nice to have in a stable nearly finished article but it is a shame to spend so much time on it when there are so many more lower level Trek articles badly in need of more content (properly referenced from reliable sources and written in a from a real world perspective of course). Including this article. -- 109.79.177.13 (talk) 04:04, 4 November 2021 (UTC)
 * I see you're trying to WP:CANVASS people here now too. Maybe stick to the facts, or are you realizing how hollow your arguments are? —Locke Cole • t • c 06:50, 4 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Clearly this is not over yet, Locke still seems to think everyone else is wrong and that he is the lone voice of sanity. Sometimes if no one else agrees with you then maybe you should consider the possibility that you are the one in the wrong? Even if you cannot believe you were wrong perhaps you can believe that you are wasting your own time arguing over this minor detail? WP:TITLEFORMAT is a long established system that some people on Wikipedia decided to use everywhere and while I might personally think is a stupid inconsistent overcomplicated system compared to simply capitalizing the first letter of each word, it doesn't seem like anyone wants to make an exception just because of the original on screen titles. Nonetheless I absolutely do not think Locke has gone about this in a way that was productive or to convince anyone to do things the way he would prefer or likely to result in any agreement to make an exception for a Star Trek article titles. I don't think there is any chance of people changing their opinion on this, otherwise I might suggest trying to build consensus for an exception or asking for a neutral WP:3RD opinion. Alex does not need to CANVASS anyone, Locke has been warned but is still trying to make the same arguments, a temporary block seems increasingly likely. -- 109.79.178.190 (talk) 16:37, 4 November 2021 (UTC)

 * Comment - I have been approached by for permission to revert some recent changes by  on articles related to this one, including Sins of the Father (Star Trek: The Next Generation) and Cause_And_Effect_(Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation). As an admin who gave a warning to Locke Cole on specifically edit-warring grounds rather than the detail of the content dispute, I would ordinarily not get involved in the argument over whether the article title should conform to common usage in sources or the MOS. With my article-titles hat on, there's always a line call to be made depending on just how prevalent that "common usage" really is, relative to any exceptions, to determine whether the MOS preference for lowercase prepositions is used or an all-uppercase version and I don't have a strong opinion either way myself on this issue. Reading the discussion above, however, it is clear that there is a consensus in this discussion to follow the MOS in this instance with several participants in favour of that, and only Locke against it. I therefore conclude that there is sufficient consensus here for Alex to revert the above changes, noting as well that Cause And Effect (Star Trek: The Next Generation) was indeed at Cause and Effect (Star Trek: The Next Generation) until a bold move by Locke in February this year so has a good claim to be the long-term title. Any further discussion on this issue should be in this thread, or via a formal WP:RM discussion if Locke wishes to open one, rather than through further edit warring. Cheers  — Amakuru (talk) 16:20, 6 November 2021 (UTC)
 * It's okay, admins are human too, which is why you're making the mistake of putting a MoS guideline above one of the core tenants of the WP:5P, that an article be verifiable. Absolutely ridiculous that people who are forcing a POV on how to capitalize words dictate what article titles are and override a core policy that facts here be verifiable. Thank you for making the encyclopedia worse with this decision. —Locke Cole • t • c 17:39, 7 November 2021 (UTC)
 * You may also want to give WP:LOCALCON a read, a small group here on this talk page are incapable of overriding site-wide policy (WP:V). —Locke Cole • t • c 17:42, 7 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Vandalising policy articles now. I'm not mad, just disappointed. But I guess this is a textbook case of WP:IDHT. -- / Alex /21  21:46, 7 November 2021 (UTC)
 * It's a textbook case of something, in this case, it's a textbook case of a majority of editors being wrong, including one admin. —Locke Cole • t • c 21:55, 7 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Again, IDHT. CONSENSUS is policy, as you like to talk about often, and it's against you here. It's not just a "majority"; it's everyone but you. I know it must be upsetting not getting your way, but we must all work together collaboratively without edit-warring and reverting without reason. -- / Alex /21  21:57, 7 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Yup, WP:LOCALCON which is part of consensus says that a group of editors on some far flung talk page do not get to override site wide policy (WP:V) just because you say so. Happy editing! —Locke Cole • t • c 22:12, 7 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Repeating yourself changes nothing. You talk of policy and violate three of them. -- / Alex /21  23:11, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

Amazing. Absolutely guaranteed a spot at WP:LAME. Well done all concerned. The Rambling Man (Keep wearing the mask...) 22:20, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

WP:V gets priority. Use the style that TNG uses. GoodDay (talk) 23:14, 7 November 2021 (UTC)
 * No, that's not a "fact", that's your opinion. The Rambling Man (Keep wearing the mask...) 23:18, 7 November 2021 (UTC)
 * I'll give you an example, it's Mac Mini. Are we now "using the style Apple uses"?  Nope. The Rambling Man (Keep wearing the mask...) 23:20, 7 November 2021 (UTC)
 * @GoodDay (I've honestly lost count on how many times I've said this, but...) WP:V does not cover style and grammar. "Cost of Living" and "Cost Of Living" are the exact same title, there is no difference in meaning between them, the only difference being grammar, which is covered through MOS:CT. -- / Alex /21  01:20, 8 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Oh, well then follow the style used by all the other TNG episodes. PS: Side note: Why was Data's rank never abbreviated as Lt. Cmdr. in the opening credits from the second season onward, like the ranks were for the others (except Troi, who had Counsellor next to her name & Crusher, who had Doctor next to hers. Yeah & back & forth with Worf's rank), ok that's forum stuff. GoodDay (talk) 01:25, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

Gaining a consensus
Right, so there's clearly a perceived debate here about WP:MOS vs WP:V. So it's going nowhere, thus here's the proposal.... Should the article be named Please comment below in favour of your preference with accompanying justification. The Rambling Man (Keep wearing the mask...) 22:45, 7 November 2021 (UTC)
 * 1) "Cost Of Living"
 * 2) "Cost of Living"
 * 2 as it follows our manual of style. The Rambling Man (Keep wearing the mask...) 22:46, 7 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Can I suggest "~*~CoSt Of LiViNg~*~"? clpo13(talk) 23:02, 7 November 2021 (UTC)
 * You can suggest anything. But it appears to be completely useless?  The Rambling Man (Keep wearing the mask...) 23:06, 7 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Sorry, it's just a bad joke from the last time there was a big to-do over Star Trek capitalization (see the cartoon in the link). clpo13(talk) 23:12, 7 November 2021 (UTC)
 * A consensus is clear; this section is irrelevant and unnecessary. -- / Alex /21  23:11, 7 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Do you have a link for where consensus has been established then? Sorry if I'm late to the party.  A diff would be fine.  The Rambling Man (Keep wearing the mask...) 23:12, 7 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes, Amakuru's reply above. An administrator stated consensus above, with only Locke against it, as the editor causing the WP:LAME disruptiveness. -- / Alex /21  01:19, 8 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Support ~*~CoSt Of LiViNg~*~ as first choice, otherwise 1. —Locke Cole • t • c 06:19, 8 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Clearly WP:NOTHERE. -- / Alex /21  11:22, 8 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Clearly WP:CIR. —Locke Cole • t • c 17:07, 8 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Comment - I had already seen a consensus for the title "Cost of Living" (which was the long-term name until February this year) in the discussion above, based on discussion there, but if this is to be settled via a formal discussion it would be better to slap a WP:RM header on it so that it gets wide scrutiny and the close can be seen as binding. — Amakuru (talk) 15:13, 8 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Go for it. I'm too sickly and already tired of this lame debate to get further involved!  The Rambling Man (Keep wearing the mask...) 15:25, 8 November 2021 (UTC)
 * An RM really isn't needed. The consensus is extremely clear; one editor who is IDHT and NOTHERE does not change that. Without them, everyone here is already in agreeance. Remember, CONSENSUS on Wikipedia does not mean unanimity. However, if a formal RM closing as "lowercase o" would get him to stop complaining... -- / Alex /<sub style="color:#008">21  23:48, 8 November 2021 (UTC)
 * If objector(s) want, they can open an RM. Other then that? I reckon a consensus has been achieved on it. Now, let's shake hands & "send in the clones". GoodDay (talk) 15:27, 9 November 2021 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Muscular system

Muscular system
Female 102.176.90.14 (talk) 20:07, 6 March 2022 (UTC)

Science
How many system in human body. How many types of muscular system. 117.205.83.13 (talk) 04:18, 30 December 2022 (UTC)

Science
How many types of muscular system — Preceding unsigned comment added by 117.205.83.13 (talk) 04:19, 30 December 2022 (UTC)

zoology
the muscular system 117.96.174.173 (talk) 07:35, 21 January 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Muscular system


text:
Talk:Normalizing constant

Untitled 1
The definition given here is unduly narrow. Normalizing constants arise in many places besides Bayesian probability! Michael Hardy 03:21, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * ... such as the partition function in statistical mechanics. 130.126.108.104 19:04, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

Untitled 2
Might be useful to us Brits if 'Normalisation Constant' redirected here, I understand that Americans probably make up the largest group on the English speaking wikipedia but there must be a fair chunk of Canadians, Aussies, Kiwis, South Africans etc who spell this with an S, I was convinced that there was no wiki page for normalisation constants until I tried with a Z

 * I took care of this Tabako (talk) 05:27, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Normalizing constant


text:
Professional sports

In professional sports, as opposed to amateur sports, participants receive payment for their performance. Professionalism in sport has come to the fore through a combination of developments. Mass media and increased leisure have brought larger audiences, so that sports organizations or teams can command large incomes. As a result, more sportspeople can afford to make sport their primary career, devoting the training time necessary to increase skills, physical condition, and experience to modern levels of achievement. This proficiency has also helped boost the popularity of sports. In most sports played professionally there are many more amateur than professional players, though amateurs and professionals do not usually compete.

Baseball
Baseball originated before the American Civil War (1861–1865). First played on sandlots in particular, scoring and record-keeping gave baseball gravity. "Today," notes John Thorn in The Baseball Encyclopedia, "baseball without records is inconceivable."

In 1871, the first professional baseball league was created. By the beginning of the 20th century, most large cities in the eastern United States had a professional baseball team. After several leagues came and went in the 19th century, the National League (founded in 1876) and American League (recognized as a major league in 1903) were established as the dominant leagues by the early 20th century. The most victorious team in each league was said to have won the "pennant;" the two pennant winners met after the end of the regular season in the World Series. The winner of at least four games (out of a possible seven) was the champion for that year. This arrangement still holds today, although the leagues are now subdivided and pennants are decided in post-season playoff series between the winners of each division.

Baseball became popular in the 1920s, when Babe Ruth led the New York Yankees to several World Series titles and became a national hero on the strength of his home runs (balls that cannot be played because they have been hit out of the field). One of the most noteworthy players was the Brooklyn Dodgers' Jackie Robinson, who became the first African-American player in the major leagues in 1947; until then black players had been restricted to the Negro leagues.

Starting in the late 1950s, major league baseball expanded its geographical range. Western cities acquired teams, either by luring them to move from eastern cities or by forming expansion teams with players made available by established teams. Until the 1970s, because of strict contracts, the owners of baseball teams also virtually owned the players; the rules then changed so that players could become free agents within certain limits, free to sell their services to any team. The resulting bidding wars led to players becoming increasingly wealthy. Disputes between the players' union and the owners have at times halted baseball for months at a time (e.g., 1994–95 player strike).

A prominent professional baseball circuit known as Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) also developed in Japan. Founded in 1934, the league emerged as an international force after World War II. NPB is considered to be the highest caliber of baseball outside the U.S. major leagues, and the best Japanese players often emigrate to the U.S. by way of the posting system. Other countries where the game is important include South Korea (where their league has its own posting system with Major League Baseball), Taiwan, Mexico, Latin America, and the Caribbean states.

American football
American football (commonly known as football in the United States) was professionalized in the 1890s as a slow, and initially covert, process; Pudge Heffelfinger and Ben "Sport" Donnelly were the first to secretly accept payment for playing the game in 1892. Regional leagues in Chicago, Pennsylvania, Ohio and New York had coalesced in the 1900s and 1910s, most of which gave way to the American Professional Football Association in 1920. By 1920, pro football remained overshadowed by the college game. The first game involving an APFA team took place on 26 September 1920, at Douglas Park in Rock Island, Illinois, as the hometown Independents flattened the St. Paul Ideals 48–0. The first head-to-head battles in the league occurred one week later as Dayton topped Columbus 14-0 and Rock Island pasted Muncie 45–0.

Forward passes were rare, coaching from the sidelines was prohibited and players competed on both offense and defense. Money was so tight that George Halas carried equipment, wrote press releases, sold tickets, taped ankles, played and coached for the Decatur club. As opposed to today's standard 17-game schedule, clubs in 1920 scheduled their own opponents and could play non-league and even college squads that counted toward their records. With no established guidelines, the number of games played—and the quality of opponents scheduled—by APFA teams varied, and the league did not maintain official standings.

The inaugural season was a struggle. Games received little attention from the fans, and even less from the press. According to Robert W. Peterson's book "Pigskin: The Early Years of Pro Football," APFA games averaged crowds of 4,241. The association bylaws called for teams to pay a US$100 entry fee, but no one ever did. The season concluded on 19 December. At the conclusion of the season there were no play-offs (that innovation, although New York's regional league had used it, did not arrive until 1933) and it took more than four months before the league even bothered to crown a champion. Much as college football did for decades, the APFA determined its victor by ballot. On 30 April 1921, team representatives voted the Akron Pros, which completed the season undefeated with eight wins and three ties while yielding only a total of seven points, the champion in spite of protests by the one-loss teams in Decatur and Buffalo, who each had tied Akron and had more wins, thanks in part to Akron's owner presiding over the meeting. The victors received a silver loving cup donated by sporting goods company Brunswick-Balke-Collender. While players were not given diamond-encrusted rings, they did receive golden fobs in the shape of a football inscribed with the words "World Champions." The whereabouts of the Brunswick-Balke Collender Cup, only given out that one time, are unknown.

The legacy of two APFA franchises continues. The Racine Cardinals now play in Arizona, and the Decatur Staleys moved to Chicago in 1921 and changed their name to the Bears the following year. Ten APFA players along with Carr are enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame, set up in 1963 not far from the Canton automobile dealership that gave birth to the NFL in 1920.

The APFA, by 1922 known as the National Football League, has remained the predominant professional American football league in the United States, and, effectively, the entire world. The evolution from a haphazard collection of teams in big and small cities to the much more rigid structure it is in the present was gradual. With most of the small-market teams except the Green Bay Packers squeezed out of the NFL by the time of the Great Depression, multiple attempts at teams in the major cities of Washington, New York, Detroit, Cleveland, and Philadelphia failed before, eventually, their current representatives took root (though Boston proved particularly problematic until the New England Patriots were accepted into the NFL in 1970); the NFL expanded coast-to-coast, the first of the four major leagues to do so, in 1946 with the Los Angeles Rams and admitted the San Francisco 49ers four years later; the NFL did not enter the Southern United States until admitting the Dallas Cowboys, Atlanta Falcons and New Orleans Saints in the 1960s. A championship game was established in 1933, a draft was established in 1936, and schedules were standardized in the 1930s. A competing league has historically arisen to attempt to challenge the NFL's dominance every 10 to 15 years, but none managed to maintain long-term operations independent of the NFL and only two—the All-America Football Conference of the late 1940s and the American Football League of the 1960s—were strong enough to successfully compete against the league before the NFL subsumed their operations. Minor league football, although their leagues' memberships were unstable, began to arise in the late 1930s and remained viable as a business model up into the 1970s.

A major factor in the NFL's rise to dominance was its embrace of television early in the sport's history. As college football heavily restricted the rights of its teams to broadcast games (a policy eventually ruled to be illegal in 1984), the NFL instead allowed games to be televised nationwide, except in a team's home city; the restriction was softened in the early 1970s, by which point the NFL had secured broadcast deals with all of the major television networks, another major factor in the inability of any competing league to gain traction since then.

The related sport of Canadian football was eventually professionalized by the 1950s with the evolution of the Canadian Football League. The CFL, despite losing all games in a series of contests against the NFL, was considered to be at least comparable in talent to the American leagues of the 1960s (its lone game against an AFL squad was a victory). Because Canada has a tenth of the population of the United States, the ability to make money from television was much lower, and although some of the cities of Canada were comparable to the major markets of the U.S., teams in places such as Saskatchewan and Hamilton were in markets quite small compared to even the small markets of the NFL, thus the CFL pays significantly less than other major professional leagues, though enough to be considered fully professional.

Europe, Japan, Mexico also have American football leagues of varying levels that sign professional players. The top leagues are the German Football League, Austrian Football League, the new European League of Football and the X-League. There are over 60 countries that have leagues throughout the world.

The rise of indoor American football from the late 1980s allowed smaller-scale professional football to be viable.

Basketball
Basketball was invented in 1891 and the first professional leagues emerged in the 1920s. The Basketball Association of America was established in 1946 and three years later became the modern National Basketball Association. The NBA was slower to establish dominance of the sport than other sports in the United States, as it would not do so until 1976, when it absorbed four teams from the American Basketball Association.

Professional basketball has the advantages of much smaller rosters than other professional sports, allowing the sport to be viable in smaller cities than other sports. Professional basketball leagues of varying caliber can be found around the world, especially in Europe and South America.

Basketball mainly became popular in the early 1980s when Magic Johnson and Larry Bird joined the NBA and lead their teams to multiple NBA titles. They are considered two of the best players of all time usually underneath Michael Jordan. Michael Jordan also gained the NBA views with carrying the Chicago Bulls to six titles in the 1990s.

Cricket

In the 1920s some cricketers from the Caribbean played professional cricket in Britain. After World War II, professional cricketers from the Indian subcontinent were enlisted in British teams.

Ice hockey
Ice hockey was first professionalized in Pittsburgh, U.S. in the first decade of the 20th century. Because Canadians made up the vast majority of hockey players, early American professional leagues imported almost all of their players before Canadian leagues began to form in the wake of a mining boom, depriving the U.S. leagues and teams of talented players. Two distinct circuits formed: the Pacific Coast Hockey Association in western Canada and the northwestern U.S., and the National Hockey Association of central Canada, both of which competed for the then-independent Stanley Cup. The NHA's teams reorganized as the National Hockey League in 1917, and the West Coast circuit died out by the mid-1920s.

By 1926, the NHL had expanded to ten teams in Canada and the northeastern and midwestern United States. However, the onset of the Great Depression in the 1930s and Canada's entry into World War II, greatly reducing the league's player pool, led to the league's retrenchment to six markets: Boston, New York City, Chicago and Detroit in the U.S., and Toronto and Montreal in Canada. These Original Six cities were the only cities with NHL franchises from 1935 to 1967. During this time, the NHL was both stagnant and restrictive in its policies, giving teams territorial advantages, having teams with multiple owners in the same family (thus allowing the best players to be stacked onto certain teams), and restricting its players' salaries through reserve clauses. This stagnation allowed other leagues to arise: the Western Hockey League soon became the de facto major league of the western states and provinces, and the second-tier American Hockey League emerged in a number of midwestern markets the NHL had neglected, in addition to a handful of small towns.

Amid pressure from television networks that were threatening to offer the WHL a contract, the NHL doubled in size in 1967, beginning a period of expansion that lasted through much of the 1970s. The last major challenger to the NHL's dominance was the World Hockey Association, which successfully broke the NHL's reserve clause in court, drove up professional hockey salaries, and continued to pressure the older league into expansion. The WHA merged four of its remaining teams into the NHL in 1979, but had to give up most of its players, as they were still under NHL contract and had to return to their original teams. The NHL made its last pronounced realignment in the 1990s, moving most of the WHA teams out of their markets and establishing a number of new teams in the southern United States.

In Europe, the introduction of professionalism varied widely, and the highest-caliber league on the continent, the Soviet Championship League (proven to be at least equal to or better than the NHL in the 1970s), was officially populated with ostensibly amateur players who were actually full-time sportspeople hired as regular workers of a company (aircraft industry, food workers, tractor industry) or organization (KGB, Red Army, Soviet Air Force) that sponsored what would be presented as an after-hours social sports society hockey team for their workers. In other words, all Soviet hockey players were de facto professionals who circumvented the amateur rules of the International Olympic Committee to retain their amateur status and compete in the Olympics. The modern-day descendant of the Soviet league, the Kontinental Hockey League, is fully professional and has some teams outside Russia, to the point where it has the resources to sign NHL veterans. Other European countries including Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, Norway, Finland, and Austria have prominent professional leagues.

Rugby football
Rugby union was strictly an amateur sport throughout the 19th and most of the 20th century. In 1995, the game's international administrators allowed professionals to participate for the first time. The related sport of rugby league evolved directly out of rugby union's opposition to player payments; it has allowed professionalism in its game since its inception in 1895.

Opposition to professionalism
Professional athleticism has been a traditional object of criticism by proponents of the amateur philosophy of sport, according to which the central ethos of sport is competition performed for its own sake and pure enjoyment rather than as a means of earning a living. Examples of amateur philosophy include the muscular Christianity movement that informed the promotion of sports in the English public school system, and the Olympism advocated by Pierre de Coubertin, a force behind the revival of the modern Olympic Games. The tension between the two sporting practices and ideals dates from the inception of modern organized sports in the 19th century. The high political and financial stakes involved in sport have ensured that this tension has remained strong. Professional sporting organizations have often developed as "rebel" organizations in relation to established national and international federation, for example the schism which created the code of rugby league.

Arguments against amateurism often appeal to the argument that amateurism in sport favors the classes who can afford not to be paid to play, and is thus a covert form of prejudice against lower classes. Another argument is that amateur players are often de facto professionals who retain their amateur status by earning allowances instead of salaries. For example, all Eastern bloc countries were populated with amateur players who were actually full-time athletes hired as regular workers of a company (aircraft industry, food workers, tractor industry) or organization (KGB, Red Army, Soviet Air Force) that sponsored what would be presented as an after-hours social sports society team for their workers.

Religious opposition
Christians in the Wesleyan-Holiness movement, which adheres to the position of first-day Sabbatarianism, oppose the viewing of or participation in professional sports, believing that professional sports leagues profane the Sabbath as in the modern era some associations hold games on Sundays (the "Lord's Day"). They also criticize professional sports for fostering a commitment that competes with a Christian's primary commitment to God in opposition to, what they perceive to be a lack of conformity with the Methodistic doctrine of outward holiness in the players' and cheerleaders' "immodest" uniforms, its association with violence in opposition to , what they perceive to be the extensive use of profanity among many players that contravenes , and the frequent presence of alcohol and other drugs at sporting events that go against a commitment to teetotalism. Professional sports has been criticized for the gambling that is associated with it.

Laestadian Lutherans, who belong to the Pietistic Lutheran tradition, likewise teach that "Competitive sports are not acceptable, but we should maintain fitness through various forms of exercise."

Sports salaries
Professional sportsmen can earn a great deal of money at the highest levels; for instance, in 2024 the Los Angeles Dodgers baseball team is set to pay 70 million dollars to its highest-paid player, Shohei Ohtani. Per Forbes 2021 ranking, the highest-paid athletes include Cristiano Ronaldo, Lionel Messi, Naomi Osaka, Tiger Woods, Serena Williams and wrestler-turned-actor The Rock. The top ten tennis players make about $3 million a year on average. Much of the growth in income for sports and athletes has come from broadcasting rights; for example, the most recent television contract for the NFL is valued at nearly US$5 billion per year.

Women tend to earn considerably less than men in such sports as basketball, golf, football (soccer), softball and baseball. The exception is tennis where women tend to have salaries comparable to those of their male counterparts. The highest-paid female athlete in 2019 was Serena Williams with a $29.2 million annual income; the highest-paid male player was Lionel Messi with a $127 million annual income. In association football, the average wage for women worldwide is $35,000, while for men it is $410,730. Attendances in women's leagues also tend to be lower than in men's, and there are fewer corporate sponsors, as well as less money from broadcasting rights. Widespread gender discrepancies hamper the support and appreciation of female athletes in professional sports. Female athletes struggle to obtain the same degree of visibility and sponsorship opportunities as male athletes, whose accomplishments frequently dominate mainstream sports coverage. According to Cheryl Cooky's TEDx talk, a professor in American studies, gender, and sexuality at Purdue University, the marginalization of female athletes in mainstream sports media and sponsorship opportunities is nothing new. According to Cooky, female athletes need more visibility to ensure their access to necessary resources and financial security, which has an impact on their professional development.

Outside the highest leagues, however, the money professional athletes can earn drops dramatically, as fan bases are generally smaller and there are no television revenues. For instance, while the National Football League's teams can afford to pay their players millions of dollars each year and still maintain a significant profit, the second-highest American football league in the United States, the United Football League, consistently struggled to pay its bills and has continually lost money despite allotting its players only US$20,000 a year, and television networks made the league pay for television airtime instead of paying the league, making the league's business model unworkable. In the United States and Canada, most lower-end professional leagues run themselves as affiliated farm teams, effectively agreeing to develop younger players for eventual play in the major leagues in exchange for subsidizing those players' salaries; this is known as the minor league system and is most prevalent in professional baseball and professional ice hockey. Otherwise, the league may be required to classify itself as semi-professional, in other words, able to pay their players a small sum, but not enough to cover the player's basic costs of living.

Many professional athletes experience financial difficulties soon after retiring, due to a combination of bad investments, careless spending, and a lack of non-athletic skills. The wear and tear of a career in professional sport, can cause physical and mental side effects (such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy, a condition that has seen a massive rise in public awareness in the 2010s) that can harm a former professional athlete's employability. In the United States, some of these problems are mitigated by the fact that the college sports system ensures most professional athletes receive a college education with no student debt, a legacy that provides them with a career path after their sports career ends.

American football
In the NFL average annual salaries by position in 2009 were:

 * Quarterback $1,970,982 (this is a mean that covers both starting quarterbacks and backups; starters regularly draw salaries of over $30,000,000 as of 2024)
 * Running back $957,360
 * Defensive tackle $1,223,925

Chinese Super League
The average salary of a player in the Chinese Super League was about ¥10.7 million (£1 million) for the 2011 season, up from ¥600,000 in the 2010 season. The highest-paid player for the 2011 Chinese Super League season was Dario Conca of Guangzhou Evergrande who received an annual salary of ¥67.4 million ($10.5 million) after income tax, putting him among the highest-paid players in the world.

Russian Premier League
The highest-paid player for the 2011–2012 Russian Premier League season was Samuel Eto'o of Anzhi Makhachkala, who at the end of the 2011–12 season was expected to receive a total salary of RUB 900.2 million (£35.7 million) after income tax, making Eto'o the second highest-earning athlete in the world and the highest-paid footballer in the world followed by Lionel Messi and Zlatan Ibrahimović.

Bundesliga
The average salary of a player in the German Bundesliga was about €3.3 million (£2.5 million) for the 2010–11 season, up from €2.5 million in the 2009–2010 Bundesliga season. The highest-paid player for the 2010–11 Bundesliga season was Franck Ribéry of Bayern Munich who received a salary of €6.3 million after income tax.

Serie A
In the Italian top league, Serie A, the average salary was about €5 million for the 2010–2011 Serie A season, up from €1 million in the 2005–2006 Serie A season. The highest-paid player for the 2010–2011 Serie A season was Zlatan Ibrahimović of A.C. Milan who received a salary of €25.9 million after income tax and which also includes Ibrahimović's bonuses and endorsements.

La Liga
Lionel Messi of FC Barcelona is the world's second highest-paid player receiving a salary of £29.6 million (over US$45 million) a year after income taxation and which also includes the incomes of Messi's bonuses and endorsements. In the Spanish La Liga, the average salary for the players of Lionel Messi's club FC Barcelona was €6.5 million for the 2010–2011 La Liga season, up from €5.5 million for the 2009–2010 La Liga season.

Premier League

The average salary of a player in the English Premier League was about £2.6 million in the 2017–18 season, compared with about £1.2 million in 2007–08 and £676,000 in 2006–07. Even as early as 2010–11, top players such as John Terry and Steven Gerrard could make up to £7 million per year with the players of Premier League club Manchester City F.C. receiving an average salary of £2 million in that season. Premier League salaries have boomed in more recent years thanks to massive television deals and wealthy new investors in clubs. Terry's and Gerrard's 2010–11 salaries would not have placed them among the top 25 earners in 2017–18. In that season, more than 20 players earned more than £10 million, led by Alexis Sánchez (£21.5 million) and Mesut Özil (£20.9 million). The Premier League's two Manchester clubs had the highest average salaries in 2017–18, with players for both Manchester United and Manchester City averaging over £5.2 million.

Players in lower divisions make significantly less money. In 2006–07 the average salary of a player in the Championship (the second tier of the English football pyramid) made £195,750 while the average salary for League One and League Two (tiers 3 and 4) combined were £49,600.

Major League Soccer
The highest salary in Major League Soccer in 2019 was the $14 million paid to former Swedish international Zlatan Ibrahimović, who played for the LA Galaxy in that season. Ibrahimović was signed to his 2019 contract under MLS' Designated Player Rule, which was instituted in 2007 for the express purpose of attracting international stars. Now-retired English star David Beckham was the first player signed under its provisions. When the rule was instituted, each team had one "Designated Player" slot with a salary cap charge of $400,000, but no limit on actual salary paid. Since then, the number of Designated Players per team has increased to three, with each counting for $530,000 of cap room in 2019. The league's average salary was about $283,000 per year in 2015, but the median salary was then closer to $110,000. MLS' minimum player salary in 2019 is $70,250 for most players, and for players on the reserve roster (slots #25-28) the minimum salary is $56,250.

Baseball
In 1970, the average salary in Major League Baseball in the U.S. and Canada was $20,000 ($0 inflation-adjusted). By 2005, the average salary had increased to $2,632,655 ($0 inflation-adjusted) and the minimum salary was $316,000 (adjusted: $0). In 2012 the average MLB salary was $3,440,000, the median salary was $1,075,000, and the minimum salary had grown to four times the inflation-adjusted average salary in 1970 ($480,000).

Cricket
In the Indian Premier League in 2019, players earn an average of $101,444, and a median salary of $72,450, per week. The top-paid players in international cricket in 2017 across the (at the time) 10 Test cricket nations earned anywhere from $90,000 to $1,470,000 (when looking only at contract and match fees).

Lists of professional sports

 * List of American and Canadian cities by number of major professional sports franchises
 * List of professional sports
 * List of professional sports leagues
 * List of largest sports contracts

title: Professional sports


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Osaka Metro

The Osaka Metro (大阪メトロ) is a major rapid transit system in the Osaka Metropolitan Area of Japan, operated by the Osaka Metro Company, Ltd. It serves the city of Osaka and the adjacent municipalities of Higashiosaka, Kadoma, Moriguchi, Sakai, Suita, and Yao. Osaka Metro forms an integral part of the extensive mass transit system of Greater Osaka (part of the Kansai region), having 123 out of the 1,108 rail stations (2007) in the Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto region. In 2010, the greater Osaka region had 13 million rail passengers daily (see Transport in Keihanshin) of which the Osaka Municipal Subway (as it was then known) accounted for 2.29 million.

Osaka Metro is the only subway system in Japan to be partially legally classified as a tram system, whereas all other subway systems in Japan are legally classified as railways. Despite this, it has characteristics typical of a full-fledged metro system.

Overview
The network's first service, the Midōsuji Line from Umeda to Shinsaibashi, opened in 1933. As a north–south trunk route, it is the oldest and busiest line in the whole network. Both it and the main east–west route, the Chūō Line, were later extended to the north and east, respectively. These extensions are owned by other railway companies, but both Osaka Metro and these private operators run their own set of trains through between the two sections.

All but one of the remaining lines of the network, including the Yotsubashi Line, Tanimachi Line, and Sennichimae Line, are completely independent lines with no through services. The lone exception is the Sakaisuji Line, which operates through trains to existing Hankyu Railway lines and is the only line to operate through services to existing railway lines that are not isolated from the national rail network (which is the case with the Midōsuji and Chūō Lines). As such, it is not compatible with the rest of the lines.

Nearly all stations have a letter number combination, the letter identifying the line served by the station and the number indicating the relative location of the station on the line. For example, Higobashi Station on the Yotsubashi Line is also known as Y12. This combination is heard in bilingual Japanese-English automated next-station announcements on board all trains, which also provide information on local businesses near the station. Only Hankyu stations served by the Sakaisuji Line do not follow this convention.

Management
The network is operated by a municipally owned stock company trading as the Osaka Metro Company, Ltd. The Osaka Metro Co. is the direct legal successor to the Osaka Municipal Transportation Bureau, which operated the subway as the Osaka Municipal Subway (大阪市営地下鉄); under the Bureau's management, the subway was the oldest publicly operated subway network in Japan, having begun operations in 1933. A proposal to corporatize the Osaka subway was sent to the city government in February 2013 and was given final approval in 2017. The rationale behind corporatization is that it would bring private investors to Osaka and could help revive Osaka's economy. The Osaka Metro Co. was incorporated on June 1, 2017, and took over operations on April 1, 2018.

The Osaka Metro Co. also operates all city buses in Osaka, through its majority-owned subsidiary, the Osaka City Bus Corporation.

Branding
Osaka Metro stations are denoted by the Osaka Metro Co.'s corporate logo, a white-on-dark-blue icon placed at ground-level entrances, depicting an "M" (for "Metro") based on a coiled ribbon, which would form an "O" (for "Osaka") when viewed from the side (this symbol is officially called the "moving M"), with the "Osaka Metro" wordmark set in the Gotham typeface. "Osaka Metro" (in Latin characters) is the official branding in Japanese, and is always represented as such in official media. (News outlets have been seen to use 大阪メトロ, presumably to better flow with article text.) Individual lines are represented by a public-facing name (e.g. “Midōsuji Line” for Rapid Electric Tramway Line No. 1) and a specific color, as well as a single Latin letter, which is paired with a different number at each station for easy identification (see below). Icons for each line (featured in station wayfinding signage) are represented by a solid roundel in the line color, superimposed with the line's letter-designation in the Parisine typeface.

An older branding (also used on the original tram network run by the city until 1969) is the "Mio-Den" mark, which depicts an old-fashioned depth-marker, Emblem_of_Osaka,_Osaka.svg (澪標), the logo for Osaka City, over the kanji for electricity (電), short for “electric train” (電車). This mark is still present on newer trainsets and staff uniforms as Osaka Metro retained it as its monsho, as well as a connection to the subway network's roots.

When it was run by the Osaka Municipal Transportation Bureau, the subway used a logo known as the “Circle-Ko” (マルコ) symbol, which is a katakana “ko” (コ) for “Urban rail transit” (高速鉄道) superimposed over a circular capital “O” for “Osaka” (see infobox, above). This remained on many older trainsets and at stations, until it was completely replaced by the Osaka Metro logo by 2020.

Lines
Currently, there are eight lines, operating on 129.9 km of track and serving 123 stations; there is also a 7.9 km-long, 10-station automated people mover line known as the "New Tram".

 * Table notes

Planned line and extensions
In addition, there are five line extensions and one entirely new line that are planned. However, on August 28, 2014, the Osaka Municipal Transportation Bureau met about creating the extensions of the later five of the six lines listed below, and have stated considering the current cost of the new extensions (and the possibly of privatization at the time), the government has also considered using light rail transit or bus rapid transit instead. Osaka Metro is now experimenting with bus rapid transit on the route of the Imazatosuji Line extension, with “Imazato Liner” service between Imazato and Yuzato-Rokuchōme slated to begin in April 2019.

With Osaka being the host of Expo 2025, there are also plans to extend the Chuo Line northwest onto Yumeshima (the event's planned site), with a terminus on Sakura-jima north of Universal Studios Japan. Provisions were put in place for such an extension when the existing road tunnel between Cosmosquare and Yumeshima was built, but the current state of the artificial island (with only industrial facilities and a single convenience store for the workers) meant it would have been unlikely to proceed had Osaka not won the bid.

Technology and rolling stock
Osaka Municipal Subway rolling stock use two types of propulsion systems. The vast majority of lines use trains with conventional electric motors, but the two newest lines, the Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line and Imazatosuji Line, use linear motor-powered trains, which allow them to use smaller trains and tunnels, reducing construction costs. These two lines have half-height automatic platform gates installed at all station platforms, as does the Sennichimae Line, the Midosuji Line, and the Sakaisuji Line.

Also, unlike most other rapid transit networks in Japan (but like the preceding Tokyo Metro Ginza Line [the only rapid transit line in Asia at the time], and the subsequent Marunouchi line, the early lines in Nagoya and the Blue line in Yokohama), most Osaka subway lines use a third rail electrification system for trains. Only three lines use overhead catenary: the Sakaisuji Line, to accommodate through services on Hankyu trackage; and the linear-motor Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi and Imazatosuji Lines. Also unusually, all lines use standard gauge; there are no narrow gauge sections of track due to the network being almost entirely self-enclosed (although Kyoto and Kobe also have entirely standard gauge metros with through services to private railways).

Conventional motored

 * 21 series ("New 20 series"): Midōsuji Line
 * 22 series ("New 20 series"): Tanimachi Line
 * 23 series ("New 20 series"): Yotsubashi Line
 * 24 series ("New 20 series"): Chūō Line
 * 25 series ("New 20 series"): Sennichimae Line
 * 66 series: Sakaisuji Line
 * 400 series: Chūō Line
 * 30000 series: Tanimachi Line, Midōsuji Line, Chūō Line (30000A series)

Linear motored

 * 70 series: Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line
 * 80 series: Imazatosuji Line, Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line

Fares
Osaka Metro charges five types of fares for single rides, based on the distance traveled in each journey. Some discount fares exist.

Incidents
On April 8, 1970, a gas explosion occurred during the construction of the Tanimachi Line at Tenjimbashisuji Rokuchōme Station, killing 79 people and injuring 420. The gas leaked out from a detached joint and filled the tunnel and exploded, creating a fire column over 10 m tall and destroying 495 houses and buildings.

title: Osaka Metro


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Hugh O'Brien

Hugh O'Brien (July 13, 1827 – August 1, 1895) served as the mayor of Boston from 1884 to 1888. O'Brien is notable as Boston's first Irish and Catholic mayor, having emigrated from Ireland to America in the early 1830s. O'Brien was the editor of the Shipping and Commercial List and served as a Boston alderman from 1875 to 1883. He was chairman of the Boston Board of Aldermen from 1879 through 1881 and again in 1883.

Early life
Born in Ireland on July 13, 1827, O'Brien emigrated to America in the early 1830s as a young child. He dropped out of public school at the age of twelve to pursue a career in newspapers, eventually becoming the editor of the Shipping and Commercial List.

Early political career
O'Brien began his political career in 1875 after being elected to the Boston Board of Aldermen.

During his time as alderman, he was known for his advocacy toward public parks, having a hand in the city's acquisition of Franklin Park and the Back Bay land. He was a champion of the working class and helped pass legislation regulating the pay of men under city contractors. He also sought to decrease expenditures within the city, in order to lower taxes.

Mayoralty
After having lost the 1883 Boston mayoral election to Republican Augustus Pearl Martin by 1,544 votes, O'Brien defeated Martin in a 1884 rematch by a margin of 3,326 votes. He was the first Irishman to become mayor of Boston.

O'Brien enacted numerous reforms and focused on controlling their subsequent expenses. He won reelection in 1885, 1886, and 1887, before being defeated by three-time challenger Republican Thomas N. Hart in the election of 1888.

Later life
O'Brien was appointed by Mayor Nathan Matthews Jr. to Boston's Board of Survey, which was tasked with planning the city's streets.

He died on August 1, 1895, at the age of 68.

title: Hugh O'Brien


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Disk swapping

Disk swapping refers to the practice of inserting and removing, or swapping, floppy disks in a floppy disk drive-based computer system. In the early days of personal computers, before hard drives became commonplace, most fully outfitted computer systems had two floppy drives (addressed as A: and B: on MS-DOS, and also on CP/M – other systems had different conventions). Disk drives were expensive, however, and having two was seen as a luxury by many computer users who had to make do with a single drive.

The purpose of two floppy drives was so that the disk containing the application program could remain in the drive while the data disk containing the user's files could be accessed in the second drive. In order to use a function of the program not loaded into memory, the user would have to first remove the data disk, then insert the program disk. When the user then wanted to save their file, the reverse operation would have to be performed. On some less-than-user-friendly systems, this could result in data loss when, for example, files were accidentally saved onto the program disk.

Disk swapping was an infamous feature of early Macintosh 128K systems, which were extremely RAM-starved.

title: Disk swapping


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Intelligent Systems

Intelligent Systems Co., Ltd. (株式会社インテリジェントシステムズ) is a Japanese video game developer best known for developing games published by Nintendo with the Fire Emblem, Paper Mario, WarioWare, and Wars video game series. Originally, the company was headquartered at the Nintendo Kyoto Research Center in Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto, but later moved to a building near Nintendo's main headquarters in October 2013. They were also responsible for the creation of various development hardware both first and 3rd party developers would use to make games for Nintendo systems, such as the IS Nitro Emulator, the official development kit for the Nintendo DS.

History
Intelligent Systems started when programmer Toru Narihiro was hired by Nintendo to port Famicom Disk System software to the standard ROM-cartridge format that was being used outside Japan on the NES. Similarly to the origins of HAL Laboratory, the team soon became an auxiliary program unit for Nintendo that provided system tools and hired people to program, fix, or port Nintendo-developed software. Much of the team's original work consists of minor contributions to larger games developed by Nintendo R&D1 and Nintendo EAD.

Narihiro programmed his first video games, Famicom Wars and Fire Emblem: Shadow Dragon and the Blade of Light, towards the end of the Famicom's life cycle, although the game design, graphic design, and music was provided by the Nintendo R&D1 team. Because of Narihiro's success, Intelligent Systems began to hire graphic designers, programmers, and musicians to extend the company from an auxiliary–tool developer to a game development group. The company continued to develop new entries in the Wars and Fire Emblem franchises.

In 2000, Intelligent Systems produced Paper Mario for the Nintendo 64, which became a surprise hit, leading to five sequels. Three years later, the first entry in the WarioWare series was released on the Game Boy Advance, and it too became a successful series.

Not all games developed by Intelligent Systems are published by Nintendo. Cubivore: Survival of the Fittest (which was co-developed by Intelligent Systems) was published by Atlus in North America; Intelligent Systems also developed various Dragon Quest games, which were published by Square Enix.

List of games developed

 * Notes

title: Intelligent Systems