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Padania

Padania is an alternative name and proposed independent state encompassing Northern Italy, derived from the name of the Po River (Latin Padus), whose basin includes much of the region, centered on the Po Valley (Pianura Padana), the major plain of Northern Italy.

Coined in 1903 as a geographical term roughly corresponding to the historically Celtic land of Cisalpine Gaul, the term was popularized beginning in the early 1990s, when Lega Nord, a federalist and, at times, separatist political party in Italy, proposed it as a possible name for an independent state. Since then it has been strongly associated with "Padanian nationalism" and North Italian separatism. Padania as defined in Lega Nord's 1996 Declaration of Independence and Sovereignty of Padania goes beyond Northern Italy and includes much of Central Italy, for a greater Padania that includes more than half of the Republic of Italy (161,000 of 301,000 km2 in area, 34 million out of 60 million in population).

Some Padanians consider themselves to have Celtic ancestry and/or heritage.

Etymology
The adjective padano is derived from Padus, the Latin name of the Po River. The French client republics in the Po Valley during the Napoleonic era included the Cispadane Republic and the Transpadane Republic, according to the custom (emerged with the French Revolution) of naming territories on the basis of watercourses. The ancient Regio XI (the region of the Roman Empire on the current territory of the Aosta Valley, Piedmont and Lombardy) has been referred to as Regio XI Transpadana only in modern historiography.

The terms Pianura Padana or Val Padana are the standard denominations in geography textbooks and atlases, but the derivation Padania was coined back in 1903 and popularized by a Hoepli geographical encyclopedia in 1910.

Journalist Gianni Brera from the 1960s used the term Padania to indicate the area that at the time of Cato the Elder corresponded to Cisalpine Gaul. In the same years and later, the term Padania was considered a geographic synonym of Po Valley and as such was included in the Enciclopedia Universo in 1965 and in the Devoto–Oli dictionary of the Italian language in 1971. The term was also used in Italian dialectology, in relation to Gallo-Italic languages, and sometimes even extended to all regional languages distinguishing Northern from Central Italy along the La Spezia–Rimini Line.

Macroregion
The first use of Padania in socio-economic terms dates from 1975, when Guido Fanti, the Communist President of Emilia-Romagna, proposed a union composed of Emilia-Romagna, Veneto, Lombardy, Piedmont and Liguria. The term was seldom used in these terms until the Giovanni Agnelli Foundation re-launched it in 1992 through the volume La Padania, una regione italiana in Europa (English: Padania, an Italian region in Europe), written by various academics.

In 1990 Gianfranco Miglio, a political scientist who would be elected senator for Lega Nord in 1992 and 1994, wrote a book in which he described a draft constitutional reform. According to Miglio, Padania (consisting of five regions: Veneto, Lombardy, Piedmont, Liguria and Emilia-Romagna) would become one of the three hypothetical macroregions of a future Italy, along with Etruria (Central Italy) and Mediterranea (Southern Italy), while the autonomous regions (Aosta Valley, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Sicily and Sardinia) would be left with their current autonomy.

In political science

Gilberto Oneto, a student of Miglio without any academic credentials, in the 1990s researched northern traditions and culture to find evidence of the existence of a common Padanian heritage. Historian and linguist Sergio Salvi (2014) has also defended the concept of Padania.

In 1993 Robert D. Putnam, a political scientist at Harvard University, wrote a book titled Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, in which he spoke of a "civic North", defined according to the inhabitants' civic traditions and attitudes, and explained its social peculiarities to the historical emergence of the free medieval communes since the 10th century.

Lega Nord's definition of Padania's boundaries is similar to Putnam's "civic North", which also includes the central Italian regions of Tuscany, Marche and Umbria. Stefano Galli, a political scientist close to the party and columnist for Il Giornale and La Padania, has called Putnam's theory a source for defining Padania. According to Galli, these regions share similar patterns of civil society, citizenship, and government with the North.

The existence of a "Padanian nation" has been however criticised by a number of organisations and individuals in Italy, from the Italian Geographical Society to historian Paolo Bernardini, who is a supporter of Venetian nationalism instead. Angelo Panebianco, a political scientist, once explained that, even though a "Padanian nation" does not exist yet, it might well emerge as all nations are ultimately human inventions.

Padanian nationalism
Lega Nord, a political party created in 1991 by the union of several northern regional parties (including Lega Lombarda and Liga Veneta), used the term for a larger geographical range than the Po Valley proper, or the macroregion proposed by Fanti in the 1970s.

Since 1991, Lega Nord has promoted either secession or larger autonomy for Padania, and has created a flag and a national anthem to this effect. In 1996, the "Federal Republic of Padania" was proclaimed. Subsequently, in 1997, Lega Nord created an unofficial Padanian parliament in Mantua and organised elections for it. Lega Nord also chose a national anthem: the Va, pensiero chorus from Giuseppe Verdi's Nabucco, in which the exiled Hebrew slaves lament their lost homeland.

The term Padania has been also used in politics by other nationalist/separatist parties and groups, including Lega Padana, Lega Padana Lombardia, the Padanian Union, the Alpine Padanian Union, Veneto Padanian Federal Republic and the Padanian Independentist Movement.

Lega Nord's Padania

According to Lega Nord's Declaration of Independence and Sovereignty of Padania, Padania is composed of 14 "nations" (Lombardy, Veneto, Piedmont, Tuscany, Emilia, Liguria, Marche, Romagna, Umbria, Friuli, Trentino, South Tyrol, Venezia Giulia, Aosta Valley), encompassing both Northern and Central Italy and slightly differing from Gianfranco Miglio's project. The current 11 regions of Italy forming Padania, according to the party, are listed below:

Flag of Padania
The "Sun of the Alps" is the unofficial flag of Padania and the symbol of the Padanian nationalism. The flag has a green stylized sun on a white background. It resembles ancient ornaments which are found in the art and culture of the area, like one example of Etruscan art from the 7th century BC found at Civitella Paganico. The flag was created in the 1990s and was adopted by Lega Nord upon their declaration of Padanian independence.

In its previous version, the flag included a red St George's Cross and a smaller Sun of the Alps in the upper part.

Opinion polling
While support for a federal system, as opposed to a centrally administered state, receives widespread consensus within Padania, support for independence is less favoured. One poll in 1996 estimated that 52.4% of interviewees from Northern Italy considered secession advantageous (vantaggiosa) and 23.2% both advantageous and desirable (auspicabile). Another poll in 2000 estimated that about 20% of "Padanians" (18.3% in North-West Italy and 27.4% in North-East Italy) supported secession in case Italy was not reformed into a federal state.

According to a poll conducted in February 2010 by GPG, 45% of Northerners support the independence of Padania. A poll conducted by SWG in June 2010 puts that figure at 61% of Northerners (with 80% of them supporting at least federal reform), while noting that 55% of Italians consider Padania as only a political invention, against 42% believing in its real existence (45% of the sample being composed of Northerners, 19% of Central Italians and 36% of Southerners). As for federal reform, according to the poll, 58% of Italians support it. A more recent poll by SWG puts the support for fiscal federalism and secession respectively at 68% and 37% in Piedmont and Liguria, 77% and 46% in Lombardy, 81% and 55% in Triveneto (comprising Veneto), 63% and 31% in Emilia-Romagna, 51% and 19% in Central Italy (not including Lazio).

In business

 * Cassa Padana, Italian cooperative bank
 * Banca Centropadana, Italian cooperative bank

title: Padania


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List of linguistic example sentences

The following is a partial list of linguistic example sentences illustrating various linguistic phenomena.

Ambiguity
Different types of ambiguity which are possible in language.

Lexical ambiguity
Demonstrations of words which have multiple meanings dependent on context.
 * Will, will Will will Will Will's will? – Will (a person), will (future tense auxiliary verb) Will (a second person) will (bequeath) [to] Will (a third person) Will's (the second person) will (a document)? (Someone asked Will 1 directly if Will 2 plans to bequeath his own will, the document, to Will 3.)
 * Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo. – Bison (the plural of "buffalos" or "buffalo" is also accepted) from Buffalo, New York, whom bison from Buffalo bully, bully bison from Buffalo.
 * Police police Police police police police Police police. – Police officers from Police, Poland, whom police officers from Police patrol, patrol police officers from Police.
 * Rose rose to put rose roes on her rows of roses. (Robert J. Baran) – Rose [a person] rose [stood] to put rose [pink-colored] roes [fish eggs as fertilizer] on her rows of roses [flower].
 * James while John had had had had had had had had had had had a better effect on the teacher – With punctuation: "James, while John had had 'had', had had 'had had'. 'Had had' had had a better effect on the teacher", or "James, while John had had 'had had', had had 'had'. 'Had had' had had a better effect on the teacher"
 * That that is is that that is not is not is that it it is. – Grammatically corrected as: "That that is, is. That that is not, is not. Is that it? It is".
 * Can can can can can can can can can can. – "Examples of the can-can dance that other examples of the same dance are able to outshine, or figuratively to put into the trashcan, are themselves able to outshine examples of the same dance". It could alternatively be interpreted as a question, "Is it possible for examples of the dance that have been outshone to outshine others?" or several other ways.
 * Martin Gardner offered the example: "Wouldn't the sentence 'I want to put a hyphen between the words Fish and And and And and Chips in my Fish-And-Chips sign' have been clearer if quotation marks had been placed before Fish, and between Fish and and, and and and And, and And and and, and and and And, and And and and, and and and Chips, as well as after Chips?"
 * The bears bear hard hard yarn yarns. (Lemony Snicket) – The bears endure tiring and unpleasant long stories about hard yarn.

Syntactic ambiguity
Demonstrations of ambiguity between alternative syntactic structures underlying a sentence.
 * I made her duck.
 * One morning I shot an elephant in my pajamas. How he got in my pajamas, I don't know.
 * Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana.
 * Eats shoots and leaves

Syntactic ambiguity, incrementality, and local coherence
Demonstrations of how incremental and (at least partially) local syntactic parsing leads to infelicitous constructions and interpretations.
 * Reduced relative clauses
 * The horse raced past the barn fell.
 * The coach smiled at the player tossed the frisbee (by the opposing team).
 * While the man was hunting the deer ran through the forest.
 * The weasel that a boy that startles the cat thinks loves smiles eats.

Scope ambiguity and anaphora resolution

 * Every farmer who owns a donkey beats it.

Embedding

 * The rat the cat the dog bit chased escaped.
 * The editor authors the newspaper hired liked laughed.
 * The man who the boy who the students recognized pointed out is a friend of mine.

Punctuation
Punctuation can be used to introduce ambiguity or misunderstandings where none needed to exist. One well known example, for comedic effect, is from A Midsummer Night's Dream by William Shakespeare (ignoring the punctuation provides the alternate reading).

 * Enter QUINCE for the Prologue
 * Prologue
 * If we offend, it is with our good will.
 * That you should think, we come not to offend,
 * But with good will. To show our simple skill,
 * That is the true beginning of our end.
 * Consider then we come but in despite.
 * We do not come as minding to content you,
 * Our true intent is. All for your delight
 * We are not here. That you should here repent you,
 * The actors are at hand and by their show
 * You shall know all that you are like to know.
 * —ACT V, Scene i

Ending sentence with preposition
Some prescriptive grammar prohibits "preposition stranding": ending sentences with prepositions.

Avoidance

 * This is the sort of English up with which I will not put. (Attributed by Gowers to Winston Churchill. There is no convincing evidence that Churchill said this, and good reason to believe that he did not.) The sentence "does not demonstrate the absurdity of using [prepositional phrase] fronting instead of stranding; it merely illustrates the ungrammaticality resulting from fronting something that is not a constituent".

Compound use

 * "A father of a little boy goes upstairs after supper to read to his son, but he brings the wrong book. The boy says, 'What did you bring that book that I don't want to be read to out of up for?

Neurolinguistics
Sentences with unexpected endings. Comparative illusion:
 * She spread the bread with socks.
 * More people have been to Russia than I have.

Combinatorial complexity
Demonstrations of sentences which are unlikely to have ever been said, although the combinatorial complexity of the linguistic system makes them possible.
 * Colorless green ideas sleep furiously (Noam Chomsky): example that is grammatically correct but based on semantic combinations that are contradictory and therefore would not normally occur.
 * Hold the news reader's nose squarely, waiter, or friendly milk will countermand my trousers.

Semantics and context
Demonstrations of sentences where the semantic interpretation is bound to context or knowledge of the world.
 * The large ball crashed right through the table because it was made of Styrofoam: ambiguous use of a pronoun: The word "it" refers to the table being made of Styrofoam; but "it" would immediately refer to the large ball if we replaced "Styrofoam" with "steel" without any other change in its syntactic parse.
 * The bee landed on the flower because it had nectar: The pronoun "it" refers to the "flower" but changes to the "bee" if we replace "had" with "wanted".
 * We bought the boys apples because they were so hungry: "they" refers to the boys, but if "hungry" is replaced with "cheap", with no grammatical change, it refers to the apples.

Relevance conditionals
Conditionals where the prejacent ("if" clause) is not strictly required for the consequent to be true.
 * There are biscuits on the table if you want some ("biscuit conditional").
 * If I may be honest, you're not looking good.

Ojibwe

 * Gdaa-naanaanaa, Aanaa, naa? meaning "We should fetch Ana, shouldn't we?".

Latin

 * John, Archbishop of Esztergom (Kingdom of Hungary) was pressed to make a statement on the assassination of Gertrude of Merania, and on the first hand the assassination would have been beneficial for the Church but on the other hand taking part in an assassination may have caused him to lose his position and possibly life; so he wrote in 1213: "Reginam occidere nolite timere bonum est si omnes consentiunt ego non contradico". The sentence can be read as "Reginam occidere nolite, timere bonum est, si omnes consentiunt, ego non. Contradico." ("don't kill the Queen, it is good to be afraid, even if all agree I do not. I object."), or the opposite meaning "Reginam occidere nolite timere, bonum est; si omnes consentiunt ego non contradico." ("Do not be afraid to kill the Queen, it is good, if all agree then I do not object.").  It has been quoted by Boncompagno da Signa is his work Rhetorica novissima in 1235 and from there it has been part of the rhetorical education.
 * King Edward II of England was killed, reportedly after Adam of Orleton, one of his gaolers, received a message, probably from Mortimer, reading "Edwardum occidere nolite timere bonum est". This can be read either as "Edwardum occidere nolite; timere bonum est" ("Do not kill Edward; it is good to be afraid [to do so]") or as "Edwardum occidere nolite timere; bonum est" ("Do not be afraid to kill Edward; [to do so] is good"). This ambiguous sentence has been much discussed by various writers, including John Harington.
 * Ibis redibis nunquam per bella peribis.

Mandarin Chinese

 * Various sentences using the syllables, , , , and are often used to illustrate the importance of tones to foreign learners. One example:.
 * Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den: poem of 92 characters, all with the sound shi (in four different tones) when read in Modern Standard Mandarin

Japanese

 * Although at first glance the single character sentence 子子子子子子子子子子子子 does not seem to make sense, when this sentence is read using the right readings of the kanji 子 (in the example it only borrows the pronunciation but not the meaning of the Logograms, like Man'yōgana), it means "the young of cat, kitten, and the young of lion, cub". This would be "猫之子、子猫、獅子之子、子獅子" if it were to be written semantically, with the genitive construction being inferred in the original. It is told in the work Ujishūi Monogatari that the Japanese poet Ono no Takamura used this reading to escape death.

Czech

 * Jedli na hoře bez holí, meaning either "they ate elderberries on a mountain using a stick" or "they ate on a mountain without any sticks" or "they ate elderberry using a stick to eat their sorrow away"; depending on the phrasing or a correct placement or punctuation, at least 7 meanings can be obtained. By replacing "na hoře" by "nahoře", one obtains 5 more meanings. If separating words using spaces is also permitted, the total number of known possible meanings rises to 58.
 * Czech has the syllabic consonants and, which can stand in for vowels. A well-known example of a sentence that does not contain a vowel is Strč prst skrz krk, meaning "stick your finger through the neck."

Korean

 * In Gyeongsang dialect, the repetition of the syllable 가 ("ga") with the right intonation can form meaningful phrases. For example:
 * "가가 가가?" which means "Are they the one we talked about?"
 * "가가 가가가" which means "Since they took it away"
 * "가가 가가가?" which means "Are they the one with the surname Ga?"

German

 * A famous example for lexical ambiguity is the following sentence: "Wenn hinter Fliegen Fliegen fliegen, fliegen Fliegen Fliegen hinterher.", meaning "When flies fly behind flies, then flies fly in pursuit of flies." It takes advantage of some German nouns and corresponding verbs being homonymous. While not noticeable in spoken language, in written language the difference shows: "Fliegen" ("flies"), being a noun, is written with a capital "F", whereas "fliegen" ("to fly"), being a verb, is not. The comma can be left out without changing the meaning. There are several variations of this sentence pattern, although they do not work as smoothly as the original. Dutch language shares this same example, with the noticeable difference of not capitalising the initials of nouns, making it "Als achter vliegen vliegen vliegen, vliegen vliegen vliegen achterna."

Dutch

 * Kees Torn expanded on the example given in the German section ("Als achter vliegen vliegen vliegen, vliegen vliegen vliegen achterna."), from which he created: "Als, in de plaats waar van de makkelijk te zeven zeven zeven zeven zeven zeven zeven, Zeven, zeven zeven zeven zeven zeven, zeven zeven zeven zeven zeven." which uses the fact that zeven has multiple roles: it is a number (seven), a verb (to sieve), a plural noun (sieves) and the name of a German town (Zeven). As such the translation is: "If, in the town where the easy to sieve sieves seven sieves sieve seven sieves, Zeven, seven sieves sieve seven sieves, seven sieves sieve seven sieves".

Persian
A famous example for lexical ambiguity in Persian is the following sentence:

بخشش لازم نیست اعدامش کنید

It can be read either as:

which means "Forgiveness! no need to execute him/her"
 * بخشش! لازم نیست اعدامش کنید

Or as:

which means "Forgiveness not needed! execute her/him"
 * بخشش لازم نیست! اعدامش کنید

Polish

 * Wydrze wydrzę wydrze wydrze wydrze wydrzę which means "The young otter of the otter will steal the young otter from otter"
 * Dział dział dział which means "The artillery department was knitting"
 * Palmy palmy Palmy which means "Let's burn the palm trees in Palma"

Finnish

 * The phrase Kuusi palaa. is frequently used as an example of polysemy in Finnish. It has up to 9 meanings, since each word can be individually interpreted in three ways: kuusi can be "six", "spruce" or "your moon", while palaa can be "returns", "burns" or "pieces".

Indonesian

 * The sentence "kuku-kuku kakiku kok kek kaku, kakak-kakakku?" means "why are my toenails look a bit rigid, my sisters/brothers?". Note that "kek" in Indonesian is an informal form of "seperti" means "look like" or "kind of".
 * The sentence "pukul pemukul pemukul yang memukul pemukul secara pukul-pukulan dan pukul pemukul dengan pemukul pukul dua agar pemukul terpukul karena dipukul dengan pemukul" means "hit the hammer beater that hit the hammer 'riotly' and hit the beater with [a] hammer at 2 o'clock so the beater feel depressed because he was beaten by hammer".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of linguistic example sentences


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Shaw Festival

The Shaw Festival is a not-for-profit theatre festival in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada. It is the second largest repertory theatre company in North America. The Shaw Festival was founded in 1962. Originally, it only featured productions written by George Bernard Shaw, but changes were later implemented by Christopher Newton and Jackie Maxwell that widened the theatre's scope. As of 2019, the theatre company was considered to be one of the largest 20 employers in the Niagara Region.

History
The Festival's roots can be traced to 1962 when Brian Doherty and Calvin Rand staged a summertime "Salute to Shaw" at the Court House Theatre. For eight weekends, Doherty and his crew produced Shaw's Don Juan in Hell and Candida.

Paxton Whitehead took over management of the company in 1967. During his tenure, he established the Festival Theatre. Queen Elizabeth II, Indira Gandhi, and Pierre Elliot Trudeau were among those who attended performances at the Shaw Festival Theatre during its inaugural season in 1973. Tony Van Bridge was the interim artistic director for the 1974–75 season. Christopher Newton had declined previous offers to serve as artistic director for the Shaw Festival before accepting the position in 1979. In a 2011 interview with the Globe and Mail, Newton stated that he "hadn't really liked Bernard Shaw very much" and that he "made no secret of that fact." Under Newton, the theatre produced plays that were written during the lifetime of Shaw (1856–1950). His decision to move the Shaw Festival away from the direction of museum theatre was controversial, which resulted in some members of the board directors to propose firing him, but they were not successful. The theatre stopped running at a financial deficit during Newton's tenure. His successor, Jackie Maxwell, was appointed in 2003 and expanded the theatre's scope further to include works that were set in the same time period as Shaw. By doing so, she was able to allow "strategic integration of female, Canadian and nonwhite voices into the festival's programming and casting". In 2003, a production of The Coronation Voyage was the first time a show that was written by a living playwright was featured at the Shaw Festival.

In the summer of 2015, it was announced that Tim Carroll would take over as artistic director and Tim Jennings as executive director. They announced Carroll's inaugural 2017 season in August 2016. In 2020, most of the productions scheduled for that season were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario. The theatre company reduced financial losses through production cancelletions, donations, government subsidies, and insurance.

Artistic Directors

 * Andrew Allan (1963–1965)
 * Barry Morse (1966)
 * Paxton Whitehead (1967–1977)
 * Tony Van Bridge (1974 – 1975)
 * Leslie Yeo (1979)
 * Christopher Newton (1980–2002)
 * Jackie Maxwell (2003–2016)
 * Tim Carroll (2017–)

Theatres
On June 12, 1973, the Shaw Festival opened its first permanent theatre, the Queen's Parade.

Dates listed are when the theatre's association with the Shaw Festival began; The Court House and Royal George theatres predate the festival.
 * Festival Theatre (1973, 856 seats)
 * Royal George Theatre (1980, 305 seats)
 * Jackie Maxwell Studio Theatre (2004, 267 seats)

Former venue: Court House Theatre (1962–2017, 327 seats)''

title: Shaw Festival


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Nathaniel Lee

Nathaniel Lee (c. 1653 – 6 May 1692) was an English dramatist. He was the son of Dr Richard Lee, a Presbyterian clergyman who was rector of Hatfield and held many preferments under the Commonwealth; Dr Lee was chaplain to George Monck, afterwards Duke of Albemarle, but after the Restoration he conformed to the Church of England, and withdrew his approval for Charles I's execution.

Lee was educated at Westminster School (though some sources say Charterhouse School), and at Trinity College, Cambridge, taking his B.A. degree in 1668. Coming to London, perhaps under the patronage of George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, he tried to earn his living as an actor, but acute stage fright made this impossible. His earliest play, Nero, Emperor of Rome, was acted in 1675 at Drury Lane. Two tragedies written in rhymed heroic couplets, in imitation of John Dryden, followed in 1676: Sophonisba, or Hannibal's Overthrow and Gloriana, or the Court of Augustus Caesar. Both are extravagant in design and treatment.

Lee's reputation was made in 1677 with a blank verse tragedy, The Rival Queens, or the Death of Alexander the Great. The play, which deals with the jealousy of Alexander's first wife, Roxana, for his second wife, Statira, was a favourite on the English stage right up to the days of Edmund Kean. Lee followed this with Mithridates, King of Pontus (acted 1678); Theodosius, or the Force of Love (acted 1680); and Caesar Borgia (acted 1680), an imitation of the worst blood and thunder Elizabethan tragedies. Lee was also named as a collaborator with Dryden in an adaptation of Oedipus (1679). The Princess of Cleve (1681) is an adaptation of Madame de La Fayette's 1678 novel of the same name. The Massacre of Paris was written about this time but not published until 1690.

Lucius Junius Brutus (acted 1681) gave offence at court. The play was suppressed after its third representation for some lines on Tarquin's character that were taken to be a reflection on King Charles II. He therefore joined Dryden in The Duke of Guise (1683), a play which directly advocated the Tory point of view. In it part of the Massacre of Paris was incorporated. Lee was now thirty, and had already achieved a considerable reputation. Constantine the Great (acted 1683) followed.

He had lived in the dissipated society of John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester, and his associates, and imitated their excesses. As he grew more disreputable, his patrons neglected him, and by 1684 his mind was allegedly completely unhinged. He spent five years in the notorious Bedlam Hospital. He lamented his situation with the following missive: "They called me mad, and I called them mad, and damn them, they outvoted me". He recovered and was released.

Lee died in a drunken fit in 1692. He was buried on 6 May in St. Clement Danes, Strand.

Lee's Dramatic Works were published in 1734. In spite of their extravagance, they contain many passages of great beauty. Copies of Lee's books remain sought after in bibliographic circles.

Plays
Dates are of first production.
 * The Tragedy of Nero, Emperour of Rome — 1674
 * Sophonisba, or Hannibal's Overthrow — 30 April 1675
 * Gloriana, or the Court of Augustus Caesar — January 1675/6
 * The Rival Queens, or the Death of Alexander the Great — March 1676/7
 * Mithridates, King of Pontus: A Tragedy — March 1677/8
 * Oedipus: A Tragedy (with John Dryden) — 1678 or 1679
 * The Massacre of Paris — 7 November 1689
 * Caesar Borgia; Son of Pope Alexander the Sixth — 1679 or 1680
 * The Princess of Cleve — c. 1680
 * Theodosius: or, The Force of Love — c. 1680
 * Lucius Junius Brutus; Father of his Country — December 1680
 * The Duke of Guise. A Tragedy (with John Dryden) — 30 November 1682
 * Constantine the Great; A Tragedy — November 1683

title: Nathaniel Lee


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Talk:St. Mary River (Alberta–Montana)

Untitled
My map lacks important detail. Does anyone know where the St. Mary River goes on Alberta? On my map it could flow into the Bow, Little Bow, Saskatewan or Oldman Rivers. Rmhermen 14:02, Nov 23, 2003 (UTC)
 * Oldman. --Qyd 20:08, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

Article renaming
I was wondering if there was a discussion somewhere where I can read the rationale for renaming this article. From what I can see on the Saint Mary's River dab page, this is the only article that is St. Mary River (without the apostrophe). As such, I don't see why it needs to be disambiguated. Were readers having trouble finding it? --Kmsiever (talk) 15:25, 29 July 2009 (UTC)
 * You missed the "St. Mary River (British Columbia), tributary of the Kootenay River". Rmhermen (talk) 16:42, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Indeed. Thanks. Perhaps the page needs a different organization. --Kmsiever (talk) 17:28, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:St. Mary River (Alberta–Montana)


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Delusional misidentification syndrome

Delusional misidentification syndrome is an umbrella term, introduced by Christodoulou (in his book The Delusional Misidentification Syndromes, Karger, Basel, 1986) for a group of four delusional disorders that occur in the context of mental and neurological illness. They are grouped together as they often occur simultaneously or interchange, and they display the common concept of the double (sosie). They all involve a belief that the identity of a person, object, or place has somehow changed or has been altered. Christodoulu further categorized these disorders into those including hypo (or under)-identification of a well-known person (Capgras delusion), and hyper (or over)-identification of an unknown person (the remaining three). As these delusions typically only concern one particular topic, they also fall under the category called monothematic delusions.

Variants
This psychopathological syndrome is usually considered to include four main variants:
 * The Capgras delusion is the belief that (usually) a close relative or spouse has been replaced by an identical-looking impostor.
 * The Fregoli delusion is the belief that various people the believer meets are actually the same person in disguise.
 * Intermetamorphosis is the belief that an individual has the ability to take the form of another person in both external appearance and internal personality.
 * Subjective doubles, described by Christodoulou in 1978 (American Journal of Psychiatry 135, 249, 1978), is the belief that there is a doppelgänger or double of themselves carrying out independent actions.

However, similar delusional beliefs, often singularly or more rarely reported, are sometimes also considered to be part of the delusional misidentification syndrome. For example:
 * Mirrored-self misidentification is the belief that one's reflection in a mirror is some other person.
 * Reduplicative paramnesia is the belief that a familiar person, place, object, or body part has been duplicated. For example, a person may believe that they are in fact not in the hospital to which they were admitted, but an identical-looking hospital in a different part of the country, despite this being obviously false.
 * Cotard's syndrome is a rare disorder in which people hold a delusional belief that they are dead (either figuratively or literally), do not exist, are putrefying, or have lost their blood or internal organs.  In rare instances, it can include delusions of immortality.
 * Syndrome of delusional companions is the belief that objects (such as soft toys) are sentient beings.
 * Clonal pluralization of the self, where a person believes there are multiple copies of themselves, identical both physically and psychologically, but physically separate and distinct.
 * Clinical lycanthropy is the belief that one is turning or has turned into an animal. It is considered a delusional misidentification of the self.

There is considerable evidence that disorders such as the Capgras or Fregoli syndromes are associated with disorders of face perception and recognition. However, it has been suggested that all misidentification problems exist on a continuum of anomalies of familiarity, from déjà vu at one end to the formation of delusional beliefs at the other.

title: Delusional misidentification syndrome


text:
Osteoglossomorpha

Osteoglossomorpha is a group of bony fish in the Teleostei.

Notable members
A notable member is the arapaima (Arapaima gigas), the largest freshwater fish in South America and one of the largest bony fishes alive. Other notable members include the bizarre freshwater elephantfishes of family Mormyridae.

Systematics
Most osteoglossomorph lineages are extinct today. Only the somewhat diverse "bone-tongues" (Osteoglossiformes) and two species of mooneyes (Hiodontiformes) remain.

The ichthyodectiform fishes from the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods were once classified as osteoglossomorphs, but are now generally recognized as stem teleosts.

Basal and incertae sedis (Extinct) Order †Lycopteriformes Chang & Chou 1977 Order Hiodontiformes McAllister 1968 sensu Taverne 1979
 * Genus †Coriops Estes, 1969 (possible hiodontid affinities)
 * Genus †Harenaichthys Kim et al., 2022
 * Genus †Paralycoptera Chang & Chou, 1977
 * Genus †Jinanichthys Ma & Sun 1988 [Liaoxiichthys Su 1992 ]
 * Genus †Joffrichthys Li & Wilson 1996 (possibly an osteoglossid)
 * Genus ?†Kokuraichthys Yabumoto 2013
 * Genus ?†Nierrkunia Su 1992
 * Genus ?†Shuleichthys Murray, You & Peng 2010
 * Genus ?†Suziichthys Su 1992
 * Genus ?†Wilsonichthys Murray, Newbrey, Neumand & Brinkmand 2016
 * Family †Jiaohichthyidae Ma 1983
 * Genus †Jiaohichthys Ma 1983
 * Family †Kuyangichthidae Liu, Ma & Liu, 1982
 * Genus †Kuyangichthys Liu, Ma & Liu 1982
 * Genus †Pulinia Ma 1983
 * Family †Juiquanichthyidae Ma, 1984
 * Genus †Jiuquanichthys Ma 1984
 * Genus †Changma Ma 1984
 * Genus †Qilianichthys Ma 1984
 * Family †Lycopteridae Liu, Su, Huang & Chang, 1963
 * Genus †Aokiichthys Yabumoto 1994
 * Genus †Changichthys Su 1991
 * Genus †Manchurichthys Saito 1936
 * Genus †Neolycoptera Dolgopol de Saez 1939
 * Genus †Pingolepis Chang & Chow 1974
 * Genus †Tongxinichthys Ma 1980
 * Genus †Yixianichthys Wu 2003
 * Genus †Yungkangichthys Chang & Chou 1977
 * Genus †Lycoptera Liu et al. 1963 [Asiatolepis Takai 1944 ; Sungarichthys Takai 1944 ]
 * Genus †Chetungichthys Chang & Chou, 1977
 * Genus †Plesiolycoptera Zhang & Zhou 1976
 * Genus †Yanbiania Li 1987
 * Family Hiodontidae Valenciennes 1846 sensu stricto (mooneyes)
 * Genus †Eohiodon Cavender 1966
 * Genus Hiodon Lesueur 1818

Order Osteoglossiformes Regan 1909 sensu Zhang 2004
 * Genus †Lopadichthys Murray, Zelenitsky, Brinkman & Neuman, 2018
 * Genus †Tanolepis Jin 1994 [Tanichthys Jin 1991 non Lin 1932 ]
 * Genus †Wilsonichthys Murray, Newbrey, Neuman & Brinkman, 2016
 * Genus †Xixiaichthys Zhang 2004
 * Family †Huashiidae Chang & Chou, 1977
 * Genus †Kuntulunia Liu, Ma & Liu 1982
 * Genus †Huashia Chang & Chou 1977
 * Suborder Pantodontoidei
 * Family Pantodontidae Peters 1876 (freshwater butterflyfishes)
 * Genus Pantodon Peters 1877
 * Suborder Osteoglossoidei Regan 1909
 * Genus †Genartina Frizzell & Dante 1965
 * Genus †Monopteros Volta 1796
 * Genus †Musperia Sanders 1934
 * Genus †Phareoides Taverne, 1973
 * Genus †Chauliopareion
 * Family †Brychaetidae Bonde 1966
 * Genus †Brychaetus Woodward 1901
 * Family †Singididae Greenwood & Patterson 1967
 * Genus †Singida Greenwood & Patterson 1967
 * Family Phaerodontidae Jordan 1925a
 * Genus †Phareodusichthys Gayet 1991
 * Genus †Cretophareodus Li 1996
 * Genus †Phareodus Leidy 1873
 * Family Osteoglossidae Bonaparte 1832 sensu lato (arowanas)
 * Suborder Notopteroidei Greenwood 1973
 * Family †Ostariostomidae Schaeffer, 1949
 * Genus †Ostariostoma Schaeffer 1949
 * Superfamily Notopteroidea
 * Family †Wakinoichthiidae Yabumoto 1994
 * Genus Wakinoichthys Yabumoto 1994 corrig.
 * Family †Kipalaichthyidae Benveniste 1998
 * Genus †Kipalaichthys Casier 1965
 * Genus †Paradercetis Casier 1965
 * Family Notopteridae Bleeker 1851 (Brown knifefish; featherbacks)
 * Superfamily Mormyroidea
 * Family Gymnarchidae Bleeker 1859 (Aba, African Knifefish)
 * Family Mormyridae Bonaparte 1832 (freshwater elephantfishes)

Phylogeny
Phylogeny based on the following works:

title: Osteoglossomorpha


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R. A. MacAvoy

Roberta Ann MacAvoy (born December 13, 1949) is an American fantasy and science fiction author. Several of her books draw on Celtic or Zen themes. She won the John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer in 1984.

Biography
R. A. MacAvoy was born in Cleveland, Ohio. She attended Case Western Reserve University and received a B.A. in 1971. She worked from 1975 to 1978 as an assistant to the financial aid officer of Columbia College of Columbia University and from 1978 to 1982 as a computer programmer at SRI International before turning to full-time writing in 1982. She married Ronald Allen Cain in 1978.

R. A. MacAvoy was diagnosed with dystonia (a neuro-muscular disorder causing painful sustained muscle contractions) following the publication of her Lens of the World series in the early 1990s. She now has the disorder under control and has returned to writing.

The Black Dragon series

 * Tea with the Black Dragon (1983)
 * Twisting the Rope (1986)

The Damiano series
These books were adapted by Bantam Software into a text adventure, I, Damiano: The Wizard of Partestrada, for MS-DOS and Apple IIe computers.
 * Damiano (1983, Bantam)
 * Damiano's Lute (1984, Bantam)
 * Raphael (1984, Bantam )
 * omnibus edition titled A Trio for Lute

The Lens of the World series

 * Lens of the World (1990)
 * King of the Dead (1991)
 * Winter of the Wolf [vt The Belly of the Wolf] (1993)

Ewen Young

 * The Go-Between (2005) – Amazon Shorts e-book, republished with editorial changes as In Between (2009)
 * Death and Resurrection (2011, Prime Books ) – includes The Go-Between/In Between

Other novels

 * The Book of Kells (1985)
 * The Grey Horse (1987)
 * The Third Eagle (1989)
 * Albatross (with Nancy Palmer) (2016)
 * Shimmer (with Nancy Palmer) (2018)

title: R. A. MacAvoy


text:
User:Wonderer

Howdy, folks!

I'm new here. Nice idea. Wikipedia, that is. Don't you think?

Pages Initiated

 * Prominent Zionist Figures

Pages Nitpicked

 * Zionism

To Do

 * Territorialism
 * Auto-emancipation
 * Dragon

To Ignore

 * Useless

title: User:Wonderer


text:
Paul Marlowe

Paul Marlowe is a Canadian author of historical fiction and science fiction. Much of his historical fiction is connected in some way with the Etheric Explorers Club, a Victorian society devoted to investigating unusual or supernatural phenomena.

Radio plays
The Resident Member is a 30-minute comedy featuring the voice acting of Gideon Emery, Joe Vaz, Damon Berry, Digby Young, and Christa Schamberger-Young.
 * The Resident Member (2009)

The Wellborn Conspiracy

 * Sporeville (Sybertooth Incorporated, 2007) ISBN 9780973950540.
 * Knights of the Sea (2010)

Collections

 * Ether Frolics: Nine Tales from the Etheric Explorers Club (2012)

Short stories

 * Scientia Potentia Est (2000)
 * Airship Voyages Made Easy (2000)
 * For we being many... (2003)
 * A Visit from Prospero (2003)
 * Resurrection and Life (2004)
 * Krasnaya Luna (2004)
 * Venera Redux (2006)
 * The Night of Sevens (2006)
 * Ten Golden Roosters (2006)
 * The Mud Men of Tower Tunnel (2007)
 * The Incident at the 27th Meeting (2007)
 * 66° South (2007)
 * The Resident Member (2008)
 * Alpha and Omega (2011)
 * Cotton Avicenna B iv (2011)
 * The Grinsfield Penitent (2014)

Awards and honours

 * 2008 — Sporeville was selected for Resource Links magazine's 2007 Year's Best list
 * 2010 — Marlowe's The Saguenay Cheese won a first prize in the James McIntyre poetry contest
 * 2013 — Ether Frolics was short listed for the Danuta Gleed Literary Award

title: Paul Marlowe


text:
Ludovico Antonio Muratori

Lodovico Antonio Muratori (21 October 1672 – 23 January 1750) was an Italian Catholic priest, notable as historian and a leading scholar of his age, and for his discovery of the Muratorian fragment, the earliest known list of New Testament books.

Biography
Born to a poor family in Vignola, near Modena, he was first instructed by the Jesuits, studied law, philosophy, and theology at the University of Modena, and was ordained a priest in 1694. The following year, he was called to the college of "Dottori" at the Ambrosian Library in Milan, where he immediately started collecting unedited ancient writings of various kinds. His first publication was the Anecdota Latina ex Ambrosianæ Bibliothecæ codicibus (2 vols., Milan, 1697–98), followed by two other volumes (Padua, 1713).

Duke Rinaldo I (1700) appointed him archivist and librarian in Modena's Ducal library, which position he held until his death in that city. In 1716 Muratori became, in addition, provost of Santa Maria della Pomposa, and conducted this parish until 1733. He continued publishing unedited writings, first among which was a volume, Anecdota græca (Padua, 1709). At the same time he cultivated literature, as is shown by his works, Della perfetta poesia italiana (Modena, 1706) and Riflessioni sopra il buon gusto nelle scienze e nelle arti (Venice, 1708). He even intended to establish something like a general society of Italian literature, and as early as 1703 published for this purpose, under the pseudonym "Lamindo Pritanio", a plan Primi disegni della republica letteraria d'Italia.

In 1708 a quarrel broke out between the Holy See (aided by the emperor) and the Dukes of Este, over the possession of Comacchio, which involved the sovereignty of the district of Ferrara. Muratori supported the claims of his sovereign and of the house of Este against the pope by means of numerous historical researches, which he later on used in the preparation of a historical work, Antichità Estensi ed Italiane (2 vols., Modena: 1st vol., 1717; 2nd vol., 1740). He continued studying the sources for a history of Italy, and as a fruit of his untiring researches there appeared the large work, Rerum italicarum Scriptores ab anno æræ christianæ 500 ad annum 1500 (Writers on Italy, 500–1500). It was published in twenty-eight folio volumes with the assistance of the Società Palatina of Milan (Milan, 1723–51) and the combined efforts of Filippo Argelati and Count Carlo Archinto. An edition was published in the early 20th century in Città di Castello.

At the same time Muratori edited a collection of seventy-five essays on different historical themes, entitled Antiquitates italicæ medii ævi (6 vols. fols., Milan, 1738–42), as an elucidation and supplement to his work on the sources. In the third volume of this collection there is found the Muratorian Canon which is significant to the history of the New Testament canon. To render these researches accessible to greater masses of his countrymen, he himself published a new edition in Italian, Dissertazioni sopra le Antichità italiane (3 vols., Milan, 1751). Other publications of sources are his collections of ancient inscriptions (Novus thesaurus veterum inscriptionum, 4 vols., Milan, 1739–42), the fourth volume containing also the ancient Christian inscriptions; and the edition of the Roman Sacramentaries (Liturgia romana vetus, 2 vols., Venice, 1748), of value to this day. He wrote a chronological representation of Italian history (Annali d'Italia, 12 vols., quarto, Milan, 1744–49), based upon the numerous sources which he published or which otherwise were known. After his death this work was re-edited and continued (Milan, 1753–56 in 17 vols., new edition in 18 vols., 1818–21).

He also published a work, which attracted considerable attention, on the question as to how far freedom of thinking might go in religious matters, De ingeniorum moderatione in religionis negotio (Paris, 1714). Many of his views and opinions were openly challenged; for instance those concerning the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary and the manner of worshipping the saints. Another work, which touches upon religious questions, Della regolata divozione de' Cristiani (Venice, 1747), also came under attack. He defended himself in his work, De superstitione vitanda (Milan, 1742). In the quarrel about the ideas of George Hermes, his book, De ingeniorum moderatione, was translated into German by Biunde and Braun (Coblenz, 1837) in the interest of the followers of the Hermesian doctrines. In his Della carità cristiana (Modena, 1723), he discusses Christian charity.

He still continued his literary studies, as is shown by his works on Petrarch (Vita e rime di F. Petrarca, Modena, 1711) and Lodovico Castelvetro (Vita ed opere di L. Castelvetro, Milan, 1727). On philosophy he wrote Filosofia morale esposta (Venice, 1735), Delle forze dell' intendimento umano (Venice, 1735), and Delle forze della fantasia (Venice, 1745). Law and politics are treated in Governo della Peste politico, medico ed ecclesiastico (Modena, 1714; frequently reprinted), Defetti della Giurisprudenza (1741), Della pubblica felicità (1749). He corresponded with a large circle of acquaintances, and a collection of his letters by Selmi appeared in Venice (2 vols., 1789); another by Ceruti in Modena (1885). In spite of many attacks which he suffered for his religious views, and notwithstanding many of his opinions regarding ecclesiastical politics were not approved of in Rome, he was highly esteemed in high circles of the Catholic Church, as is shown in letters sent to him by Benedict XIV and Cardinal Ganganelli, who later became Clement XIV.

He was also member of the first learned society in lands ruled by the Austrian Habsburgs, the Societas eruditorum incognitorum in terris Austriacis and was publishing in the society's journal. His nephew, Giovanni Francesco Soli Muratori (1701-1769) became his uncle Ludovico's successor and librarian of the Ducal collections.

In 1950, Italy issued a postage stamp honouring him on the 200th anniversary of his death.

title: Ludovico Antonio Muratori


text:
Pixel geometry

The components of the pixels (primary colors red, green and blue) in an image sensor or display can be ordered in different patterns, called pixel geometry.

The geometric arrangement of the primary colors within a pixel varies depending on usage (see figure 1). In monitors, such as LCDs or CRTs, that typically display edges or rectangles, the components are arranged in vertical stripes.

Knowledge of the pixel geometry used by a display may be used to create raster images of higher apparent resolution using subpixel rendering.

title: Pixel geometry


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Shin Kanemaru

Shin Kanemaru (金丸 信 Kanemaru Shin, 17 September 1914 – 28 March 1996) was a Japanese politician who was a significant figure in the political arena of Japan from the 1970s to the early 1990s. He was also Director General of the Japan Defense Agency from 1977 to 1978.

Early life and education
Kanemaru was born in Suwa village (now Minami-arupusu city), Yamanashi Prefecture on 17 September 1914. He began his studies at the Tokyo University of Agriculture and became a teacher upon graduation.

Career
He was conscripted into the army and served briefly in the Kwantung Army as a sergeant from 1937 to 1938. He was discharged due to illness and returned to Japan. After his military service, he entered into the sake brewing business and was later involved in the concrete and souvenir businesses. He was a member of the Liberal Democratic Party and a member of the faction of Noboru Takeshita.

Arrest and indictment
In 1992, he was indicted in the Sagawa Kyubin corruption scandal. He was charged with evading taxes on payments he had received from construction companies that were seeking political influence. He resigned and was arrested on 13 March 1993 after authorities found at least $51 million in bearer bonds and hundreds of pounds of gold stored at his home.

Personal life
He has a son, Shingo Shin. Kanemaru died in Yamanashi on 28 March 1996 at the age of 81.

title: Shin Kanemaru