text:
Talk:List of governors of the Habsburg Netherlands

Untitled
Re: Use of the term "Netherlands". In the 17th and 18th centuries, my understanding is that when said term was used, it would almost always have been used to refer to the Spanish/Austrian Netherlands. The "northern Netherlands" would have been called the "United Provinces" or, informally and technically incorrectly, "Holland." So, is it necessary to say that it was the "Southern Netherlands" which were occupied by the British and Dutch from 1706 to 1714? Among other things, the article is obviously about the Habsburg a.k.a. Southern Netherlands. And the presence of the Dutch as occupiers obviously connotes that we are not referring to the United Provinces... john 10:12, 23 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * It was the presence of the Dutch as occupiers that made me change that sentence. To say that the Dutch occupied the Netherlands looks strange to me. As far as I know, the term the Netherlands covered all of the Low Countries until the end of the 18 century. The United Provinces were also called the (Seven) United Netherlands. When talking about Belgium during that period, I would always say the "Southern", "Spanish", or "Austrian" Netherlands. Eugene van der Pijll 10:27, 23 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Actually, they were all the Netherlands at least until 1830, although I still think the term was more commonly used for the southern Netherlands...but yeah, fair enough. john 20:55, 23 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Er, what should be done about Archduke Matthias? He was invited to be governor of the Netherlands by the rebels, and held the position from 1578 to 1581, technically on behalf of Philip II (who did not recognize him). I'm going to add him with a note. john k 00:52, 28 July 2006 (UTC)


text:
Bus contention

Bus contention is an undesirable state in computer design where more than one device on a bus attempts to place values on it at the same time.

Bus contention is the kind of telecommunication contention that occurs when all communicating devices communicate directly with each other through a single shared channel, and contrasted with "network contention" that occurs when communicating devices communicate indirectly with each other, through point-to-point connections through routers or bridges.

Bus contention can lead to erroneous operation, excess power consumption, and, in unusual cases, permanent damage to the hardware—such as burning out a MOSFET.

Description
Most bus architectures requires devices sharing a bus to follow an arbitration protocol carefully designed to make the likelihood of contention negligible. However, when devices on the bus have logic errors, manufacturing defects, or are driven beyond their design speeds, arbitration may break down and contention may result. Contention may also arise on systems which have a programmable memory mapping when illegal values are written to the registers controlling the mapping. Most small-scale computer systems are carefully designed to avoid bus contention on the system bus. They use a single device, called bus arbiter, that controls which device is allowed to drive the bus at each instant, so bus contention never happens in normal operation. The standard solution to bus contention between memory devices, such as EEPROM and SRAM, is the three-state bus with a bus arbiter.

Some networks, such as Token Ring, are also designed to avoid bus contention, so bus contention never happens in normal operation.

Most networks are designed with hardware robust enough to tolerate occasional bus contention on the network. CAN bus, ALOHAnet, Ethernet, etc., all experience occasional bus contention in normal operation, but use some protocol (such as Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance, carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection, or automatic repeat request) to minimize the times that contention occurs, and to re-send data that was corrupted in a packet collision.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bus contention


text:
Political status

In sociology and international law three categories of political status are usually recognized:

 * 1) Independent nations e.g.: France, Canada
 * 2) Autonomous states which are under the protection of another country in matters of defense and foreign affairs, e.g.: Netherlands Antilles, the Faroe Islands, British Virgin Islands etc.
 * 3) Colonies and other dependent political units e.g. Puerto Rico.

There are, furthermore, several unrecognized countries and independence, secessionist, autonomy and nationalist movements throughout the world. See list of unrecognized countries.

Political status in Northern Ireland
Political Status was an alternative name for Special Category Status.

Political status around the world

 * Constitutional status of Cornwall
 * Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles
 * Disputed status of Gibraltar
 * Disputed status of the isthmus between Gibraltar and Spain
 * Disputed territories of Northern Iraq
 * Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute
 * International recognition of Bangladesh
 * International recognition of Israel
 * Legal status of Alaska
 * Legal status of Germany
 * Legal status of Hawaii
 * Legal status of the State of Palestine
 * Legal status of Texas
 * Legal status of the Holy See
 * Political status of Abkhazia and South Ossetia
 * Political status of Crimea
 * Political status of Kosovo
 * Political status of Nagorno-Karabakh
 * Political status of Kashmir
 * Political status of Puerto Rico
 * Political status of Taiwan
 * Political status of the Azores
 * Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue
 * Political status of Transnistria
 * Political status of Western Sahara
 * Proposed Darfurian referendum
 * Secessionism in Western Australia
 * Status of Jerusalem
 * Status of territories captured by Israel
 * Status of the Golan Heights

title: Political status


text:
Talk:Nałęcz coat of arms

This is clearly not the same symbol as the odal rune; graphics of both have been uploaded for comparison. See also http://images.google.com/images?q=Nalecz&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&safe=off&filter=0. - Hephaestos 11:00, 23 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Mere glyph variants. Unicode code charts show the odal rune without the funny little wing things that you are referring to. Morwen 11:02, 23 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * See http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U16A0.pdf for that, btw Morwen 11:02, 23 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Oh, actually having looked at your link, I see what you mean... The Nalecz and the Odal rune are clearly different things, and equally as clearly the Sanacja logo has the odal rune rather than the nalecz. Morwen 11:03, 23 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Aha. That makes sense then. - Hephaestos 11:07, 23 Nov 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nałęcz coat of arms


text:
SRP

SRP may refer to:

Science and technology

 * Scaling and root planing, in dentistry
 * Signal recognition particle, in cell biology
 * Spreading resistance profiling, for measuring semiconductor resistivity

Computing

 * Secure Remote Password protocol, for authentication
 * Server Routing Protocol, for BlackBerry
 * Spatial Reuse Protocol, a Cisco networking protocol
 * Stream Reservation Protocol, Ethernet enhancement
 * Session Request Protocol, of USB On-The-Go
 * Stack Resource Policy, a resource allocation policy
 * SCSI RDMA Protocol, for transferring commands and data
 * Synchronous reactive programming, a programming paradigm for reactive systems
 * Single-responsibility principle, a programming principle (the S in SOLID)

Military

 * Ship-submarine recycling program, a US Navy program
 * Soldier Readiness Processing, a US Army program

Organizations

 * Salt River Project, a utilities provider in Arizona, US
 * Society for Radiological Protection, UK
 * Sdruženie rasovo prenasledovaných (Association of Racially Persecuted People), which helped Holocaust survivors in Slovakia
 * SRP Records, founded by Carl Sturken and Evan Rogers

Politics

 * Sam Rainsy Party, the main opposition party in Cambodia
 * Self-Defense of the Republic of Poland, a political party
 * Socialist Labour Party of Croatia (Socijalistička radnička partija Hrvatske)
 * Socialist Reich Party (Sozialistische Reichspartei), West Germany, banned in 1952

Other uses

 * Suggested retail price
 * Stord Airport, Sørstokken (IATA airport code), Norway
 * Sports Racing Prototype, a car classification
 * Shelf-ready packaging, for a product
 * Service release premium, payment received by a lender on the sale of a closed mortgage loan
 * South Road Properties, Cebu City, Philippines
 * Serbian language (ISO 639-3 and ISO 639-2 code: )
 * Standard Response Protocol

title: SRP


text:
Midgard (software)

Midgard is an open source persistent storage framework. It provides an object-oriented and replicated environment for building data-intensive applications.

Midgard also ships with MidCOM content management system (CMS) built on the Midgard framework. MidCOM's features include web-based authoring WYSIWYG interfaces and a component interface for installing additional web functionalities, including wikis and blogs.

Midgard is built on the GNOME stack of libraries like GLib and libgda, and has language bindings for C, Python, Objective-C and PHP. Communications between applications written in the different languages happen over D-Bus. The CMS functionalities run on the LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP) platform. Midgard can also be used with PHPCR, the PHP implementation of the Java Content Repository standard. In early 2000s (decade) there was also a pure-PHP implementation of the Midgard API called Midgard Lite that has since been re-implemented as the midgard-portable project.

The project follows the synchronized, 6 month release cycle that is implemented by several major open source projects like Ubuntu and GNOME. Because of this, the version numbering reflects the year and month of a release. The version 8.09 Ragnaroek has been designated as a "Long Term Support" release.

Especially the templating and page composition features of Midgard have received praise, earning honorary mentions in several CMS Watch surveys. It also got score of 42 out of 45 in the Celebrity CMS Deathmatch of 2009

Etymology
The name Midgard comes from Nordic mythology, meaning Middle earth, the world of humans. Most of the Midgard developer community comes from the Baltic region, and the project has been referred by CMS Watch as the Hanseatic League of Content Management.

History
Midgard Project was started in early 1998 by Jukka Zitting and Henri Bergius for a Finnish historical reenactment organization —Harmaasudet— as a system for them to publish their material online.

Since the organization didn't have resources to maintain a large development project by itself, the open source model was chosen for creating a community of contributors to the system. The version 1.0 of Midgard was released to the public on May 8, 1999. It attracted a steady stream of users, and the development project flourished despite quite primitive early user interfaces.

Commercial services for the platform started to appear in early 2000. One of the first adopters was Envida, a Dutch company that realized the potential of Midgard for Web hosting purposes. First proprietary application for the platform was Hong Kong Linux Center (HKLC) Nadmin Studio content management system.

In early 2000s (decade), Midgard developers participated actively in OSCOM, the collaborative organization for open source content management systems. This included development of shared content editing clients like Twingle  and tutorials in various conferences. Midgard also featured in F.U.D., the Wyona Pictures documentary about OSCOM.

First application not connected with content management was Nemein.Net, a Professional Services Automation application released in 2002 by Nemein, a Finnish Midgard company. In May 2004 the Nemein.Net suite was renamed to OpenPSA and released under Open Source licensing.

By 2009, some social web services, like Qaiku have also adopted Midgard as their content management platform. It also runs in organizations like Helsinki University of Technology and Maemo. e-commerce implementations with Midgard include the Movie-TV online video rental service. It has been used by New Zealand government for running the country's eGovernment portal.

Midgard has seen some non-Web use also, including providing synchronization with the Tomboy note-taking application for Linux desktop.

In addition to regular content management, Midgard is seeing use in special web application scenarios like Lufthansa's system for managing global marketing budgets and HP's client documentation system.

The Midgard content repository library entered the Debian distribution in November 2010. Some parts of the history of Midgard are recounted in the book Open Advice.

Licensing
The Midgard core libraries and the MidCOM CMS are distributed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), a license which permits the software to be freely used so long as it is dynamically linked or the user can relink it to new versions of the libraries. This is the same license used by the GNU C Library. This licensing scheme qualifies Midgard as free software developed with an open source model.

Official documentation is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License which supports the free usage principles defined by the GPL for code.

Applications developed using the Midgard application programming interfaces (API) can be copyrighted and licensed under any terms by their authors, enabling creation of commercial products and services based on the platform.

title: Midgard (software)


text:
Talk:Study of the Hebrew language

Title
This doesn't seem like a suitable title for an article. I suggest "Hebrew studies". Anyone got any better ideas? Deb 11:04, 23 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Hebrew naming conventions
Urgent: see Naming conventions (Hebrew) to add your opinions about this important matter. Thank you. IZAK 18:00, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

Controversy(?)
Was there conflict between Benjamin Harshav and Eliezer Ben-Yehuda? This section of the article was unclear. Maya Millner (talk) 04:52, 27 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Study of the Hebrew language


text:
List of dance styles

This is a list of dance categories, different types, styles, or genres of dance.

For older and more region-oriented vernacular dance styles, see List of ethnic, regional, and folk dances by origin.

American
Most popular styles: tap, lyrical, and jazz
 * Cakewalk
 * Patting juba
 * Stepping
 * Tap dancing
 * Jazz dance
 * Moonwalk (dance)

Belly dance

 * Belly dance
 * Raqs Sharqi
 * Turkish belly dance
 * Oriental fusion
 * Tribal belly dance
 * American tribal fusion
 * Saidi
 * Kawleeya
 * Khaleeji
 * Baladi
 * Dabkeh
 * Romani dance
 * Bharat Natyam
 * Odissi

Ceremonial dance

 * Haka
 * Kagura
 * Ritual dances of China
 * Sacred dance
 * Cham dance
 * Drametse Ngacham
 * Prophetic dance
 * Rejang dance
 * Sanghyang
 * Sufi whirling
 * Worship dance

Disco / Soul dance

 * Bird
 * Boogaloo and Electric boogaloo (Electric boogie)
 * Boogie
 * Boomerang
 * Broadway
 * Bump
 * Bus stop
 * Chicken
 * Duck
 * Waacking
 * Fly
 * Free step
 * Hitch hike
 * Horse
 * Hurry Gurry
 * Hustle
 * Jerk
 * Mashed Potato
 * Monkey
 * Penguin
 * Philly dog
 * Pony
 * Popcorn
 * Robot
 * The Shake
 * Shimmy
 * Spank
 * Watergate
 * Watusi

Free and improvised dance

 * Bogo lelo dance
 * Contact improvisation
 * Dance improvisation
 * Ecstatic dance
 * Free dance
 * Fusion dance
 * Interpretive dance
 * Modern dance

Historical dance

 * Ballet
 * Baroque dance
 * Medieval dance
 * Regency dance
 * Renaissance dance
 * Ultapulta dance

Latin dance / Rhythm

 * American Rhythm
 * Bolero willy
 * East Coast Swing
 * Mambo
 * Rumba
 * Bachata
 * Cha Cha
 * Corridos
 * Cumbia
 * Duranguense
 * Forró
 * International Latin
 * Argentine tango
 * Capoeira
 * Maculelê
 * Danza
 * Jive
 * Merengue
 * Milonga
 * Reggaeton
 * Rumba
 * Rueda
 * Salsa
 * Samba (ballroom dance)
 * Samba (Brazilian dance)
 * Samba de Gafieira
 * Zouk
 * Lambada
 * Pasodoble
 * Quebradita
 * Samba de roda
 * Samba enredo
 * Tejano dance
 * Zapateado:
 * Zapateado (Mexico)
 * Zapateado (Spain)

Novelty and fad dances

 * Animal dance
 * Bossa Nova
 * Bunny hop
 * Conga line
 * Freddie
 * Frug
 * Go-go
 * Hitch hike
 * Jitterbug
 * Lambada
 * Madison
 * Mule
 * Pony
 * The Shake
 * Swim
 * Turkey trot
 * Twist
 * Watusi

Social dance

 * Country dance, Contra dance
 * Participation dance
 * Solo dance
 * Partner dance
 * Circle dance
 * Line dance
 * Round dance
 * Square dance
 * Slow dance

Street dance / Electronic dance

 * Hip-hop dance
 * Breakdancing
 * Cabbage patch dance
 * Cat Daddy
 * Dougie
 * Electric boogaloo
 * Gangsta Walking
 * Harlem shake
 * Jerkin'
 * Locking
 * Popping
 * Turfing
 * Uprock
 * Tutting
 * House dance
 * Footwork
 * Vogue
 * Electro dance
 * Flexing
 * Jumpstyle
 * Krumping
 * Litefeet
 * Lyrical hip-hop
 * Robot dance
 * Jaywalk
 * majorette

Swing dance

 * Balboa
 * Big Apple
 * Black Bottom
 * Blues dance
 * Boogie-woogie
 * Breakaway
 * Bugg
 * Carolina Shag
 * Charleston
 * Collegiate Shag
 * East Coast Swing
 * Hand dancing
 * Hand Jive
 * Jitterbug
 * Jive
 * Jumpin' Joe
 * Leroc
 * Lindy Hop
 * Modern Jive
 * Rock and Roll
 * Single Swing
 * Skip jive
 * St. Louis Shag
 * West Coast Swing
 * Robert R Dance
 * Western Swing

Other

 * Rhythmic Gymnastics
 * Acrobatic dance
 * Bhangra
 * Bollywood dance
 * Calypso
 * Concert dance
 * Contemporary dance
 * Fire dance
 * Flamenco
 * Flying Men Dance
 * Ice Dance/Rhythm Dance
 * KPOP
 * Liturgical dance
 * Lyrical dance
 * Pole dance
 * Vintage dance

title: List of dance styles


text:
ICAO airport code

The ICAO airport code or location indicator is a four-letter code designating aerodromes around the world. These codes, as defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization and published quarterly in ICAO Document 7910: Location Indicators, are used by air traffic control and airline operations such as flight planning. ICAO codes are also used to identify other aviation facilities such as weather stations, international flight service stations or area control centers, whether or not they are located at airports. Flight information regions are also identified by a unique ICAO-code.

ICAO codes versus IATA codes
ICAO codes are separate and different from IATA codes, the latter of which have three letters and are generally used for airline timetables, reservations, and baggage tags. For example, the IATA code for London's Heathrow Airport is LHR and its ICAO code is EGLL. IATA codes are commonly seen by passengers and the general public on flight-tracking services such as FlightAware.

In general IATA codes are usually derived from the name of the airport or the city it serves, while ICAO codes are distributed by region and country. Far more aerodromes (in the broad sense) have ICAO codes than IATA codes, which are sometimes assigned to railway stations as well. The selection of ICAO codes is partly delegated to authorities in each country, while IATA codes, which have no geographic structure, must be decided centrally by IATA.

Structure
The first one or two letters of the ICAO code indicate the country; the remaining letters identify the airport. ICAO codes are used partly for geographical context. For example, the ICAO code for Heathrow International Airport in London, is EGLL, with its first letters reflecting that it is based in the United Kingdom. On the other hand, IATA codes do not provide geographic reference. For example, LHR, representing Heathrow, does not enable one to deduce the location of the airport LHV with any greater certainty; it is William T. Piper Memorial Airport in Lock Haven, Pennsylvania in the United States.

There are a few exceptions to the regional structure of the ICAO code that have been historically for political or administrative reasons. RAF Mount Pleasant air base in the Falkland Islands, for instance, is assigned the ICAO code EGYP as though it were in the United Kingdom, but nearby civilian Port Stanley Airport is assigned SFAL, consistent with South America. Saint Pierre and Miquelon is controlled by France, and airports there are assigned LFxx as though they were in Europe. Kosovo is assigned the code BKxx grouping it with Greenland and Iceland rather than its geographical neighbors which have Lxxx (described below). Jerusalem International Airport was assigned both LLJR (its Israeli persona) as well as OJJR (its Jordanian persona), but the airport itself fell into disuse.

In the contiguous United States and Canada, many airports have ICAO codes that are simply copies of their three-letter IATA codes, with the geographical prefix added on (e.g., YEG and CYEG both refer to Edmonton International Airport, while IAD and KIAD both refer to Washington Dulles International Airport). This similarity does not extend to Alaska (PAxx), Hawaii (PHxx), or U.S. territories. Kahului Airport on Maui, for instance, has an IATA code of OGG and an ICAO code of PHOG.

ICAO airport codes do not begin with I or J or X or Q, though the Jezero Crater on Mars is assigned the special ICAO code JZRO. Codes beginning with I (Ixx and Ixxx) are often used for navigational aids such as radio beacons, while the Q code is reserved for international radiocommunications and non-geographical special use.

In Russia, Latin letter X, or its Morse/Baudot Cyrillic equivalent Ь, are used to designate government, military, and experimental aviation airfields in internal airfield codes similar in structure and purpose to ICAO codes but not used internationally. ZZZZ is a pseudo-code, used in flight plans for aerodromes with no ICAO code assigned.

ICAO codes are sometimes updated. Johannesburg Airport in Johannesburg, South Africa, for instance, was formerly known as Jan Smuts International Airport, with code FAJS. When the airport was renamed O. R. Tambo International Airport, its ICAO code was updated to FAOR.

Some airports have two ICAO codes, usually when an airport is shared by civilian and military users. Frankfurt Airport in Frankfurt, Germany, for instance, has been assigned ICAO code EDDF while Rhein-Main Air Base was assigned ICAO code EDAF until its closure. Sion Airport in Switzerland has code LSGS while its military facilities have the ICAO code LSMS. Brussels Airport in Brussels, Belgium, has the ICAO code EBBR for its civilian facilities, and Melsbroek Air Base has been assigned ICAO code EBMB, even though the two airports share runways and ground and air control facilities.

Pseudo ICAO-codes
In small countries like Belgium or the Netherlands, almost all aerodromes have an ICAO code. For larger countries like the UK or Germany this is not feasible, given the limited number of letter codes. Some countries have addressed this issue by introducing a scheme of sub-ICAO aerodrome codes; France, for example, assigns pseudo ICAO codes in the style LFddnn, where dd indicates the department while nn is a sequential counter. The French Federation of Ultralight Motorized Gliders was formally named the keeper of these codes. Aerodrome de Torreilles in France, for instance, has code LF6651. In Antarctica many aerodromes have pseudo ICAO-codes with AT and two digits, while others have proper codes from countries performing air control such as NZ for New Zealand.

title: ICAO airport code


text:
DNA (disambiguation)

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a molecule encoding the genetic instructions for life.

DNA may also refer to:

Companies

 * DNA Films, a British film studio
 * DNA Oyj, a Finnish telecommunications company
 * DNA Productions, an American animation studio
 * DNA Publications, an American publishing company
 * DNA Studio, an advertising agency
 * Ginkgo Bioworks, a biotech company with stock symbol DNA

Computing

 * DIGITAL Network Architecture, DECnet's peer-to-peer networking architecture
 * BitTorrent DNA, a download accelerator
 * Windows DNA, a defunct predecessor of the Microsoft .NET Framework
 * Direct Note Access, technology for music editing from Celemony Software

Film and television

 * Daily News and Analysis, an Indian broadsheet newspaper between 2005 and 2019
 * DNA (1997 film), an American science fiction action film
 * DNA (2020 film), a French drama film
 * DNA (British TV series), a British television crime drama, aired in 2004 and 2006
 * DNA (Danish TV series), a Danish television crime drama starring Anders W. Berthelsen, aired in 2019 and 2023
 * "DNA" (Red Dwarf), a 1991 episode of Red Dwarf

Literature

 * DNA Magazine an Australian monthly magazine
 * Les Dernières Nouvelles d'Alsace or Les DNA, a daily French newspaper
 * DNA, a 2008 book by Dennis Kelly
 * DnA, the joint pen name of Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning, British comic book writing duo

Bands

 * DNA (American band), a No Wave band
 * DNA (duo), an electronic dance music duo
 * DNA, a rock band formed in 1983 by Rick Derringer and Carmine Appice
 * DNA, a Kazakh boy group under Juz Entertainment

Albums

 * DNA (Backstreet Boys album) (2019)
 * DNA (Wanessa Camargo album) (2011)
 * DNA (Last Live at CBGB's) 1993 album by DNA
 * D.N.A. (John Foxx album) (2010)
 * DNA (Koda Kumi album) (2018)
 * DNA (Little Mix album) (2012)
 * D.N.A. (Mario album) (2009)
 * DNA (Matthew Shipp and William Parker album) (1999)
 * DNA (Trapt album) (2016)
 * DNA (Ian Yates album) (2014)
 * DNA (Ghali album) (2020)
 * DNA, a 2019 album by Jeanette Biedermann

Songs

 * "DNA" (BTS song) (2017)
 * "DNA" (Empire of the Sun song) (2013)
 * "D.N.A." (A Flock of Seagulls song) (1982)
 * "DNA" (Kendrick Lamar song) (2017)
 * "DNA" (Little Mix song) (2012)
 * "DNA", a song by Craig David from 22 (2022)
 * "DNA", a song by Danny Brown from XXX
 * "DNA", a song by K.Flay from Solutions (2019)
 * "DNA", a song by the Kills from Blood Pressures
 * "DNA", a song written by Howard Benson, Lenard Skolnik, Lia Marie Johnson, and Sidnie Tipton and recorded by Lia Marie Johnson (2016)
 * "DNA", a song by Rye Rye from Go! Pop! Bang!
 * "DNA", a song by Wale from Shine

Politics and government

 * Democratic National Assembly, a political party in Trinidad and Tobago
 * Det norske Arbeiderparti or Norwegian Labour Party
 * National Anticorruption Directorate or Direcția Națională Anticorupție, a Romanian anti-corruption agency
 * The National Assembly or De Nationale Assemblée, the parliament of Suriname
 * Democratic – Neutral – Authentic, a political party in Austria

Other uses

 * DNa inscription, an ancient inscription at the tomb of Darius the Great
 * DNA Lounge, a nightclub in San Francisco, California, U.S.
 * Dynamic network analysis, a scientific field in sociology and statistics
 * Dynamic New Athletics, a team competition format in athletics
 * DNA, an index herbariorum code in the FloraNT database
 * Did Not Attend, a motorsport term

title: DNA (disambiguation)


text:
List of ethnic, regional, and folk dances by origin

This is a list of dances grouped by ethnicity, country, or region. These dances should also be listed on the general, noncategorized index list of specific dances.

Albania

 * Dance of Osman Taka
 * Entarisi ala benziyor
 * Gusharaveli
 * Napoloni
 * Pogonishte
 * Rugovo (sword dance)
 * Shota (dance)
 * Vallja e cobanit

Argentina

 * Carnavalito
 * Chacarera
 * Cueca
 * Cumbia Villera
 * Milonga
 * Tango
 * Zamba

Armenia
Note: in Armenian "bar" means "dance".

 * Berd
 * Entarisi ala benziyor
 * Kochari
 * Shalakho
 * Tamzara
 * Temuraga
 * Yarkhushta

Austria

 * Ländler
 * Schuhplattler
 * Tyrolienne
 * Waltz

Azerbaijan

 * Abayı
 * Agir Karadagi
 * Anzali
 * Asma kasma
 * Choban Regsi
 * Halay
 * Innaby
 * Jangi
 * Khanchobany
 * Ouch noumra, dourd noumra, besh noumra, alti noumra
 * Shalakho
 * Tarakama
 * Tello
 * Uzundara
 * Youz bir

Belarus

 * Liavonicha (Lyavonikha)
 * Karahod (Khorovod)
 * Trasucha (Poĺka-Trasucha)
 * Kryzhachok

Bolivia

 * Awki awki
 * Caporales
 * Diablada
 * Kullawada
 * Llamerada
 * Morenada
 * Oruro Diablada
 * P'aquchi
 * Siklla
 * Tobas
 * Waka waka

Brazil

 * Brazilian Zouk
 * Carimbó
 * Frevo
 * Lambada
 * Lundu
 * Maculelê
 * Maxixe
 * Samba
 * Samba de Gafieira
 * Suscia
 * Xaxado

Brittany

 * An Dro
 * Gavotte
 * Laride
 * Plinn
 * Trihori

Bulgaria

 * Chukano horo
 * Daychovo horo
 * Gankino horo
 * Grancharsko horo
 * Kopanitsa
 * Lesnoto
 * Paidushko horo
 * Petrunino horo
 * Pravo
 * Sadi Moma
 * Thomai
 * Tropanka
 * Yove male mome
 * Graovsko horo
 * Trite puti
 * Dunavsko horo
 * Elenino horo
 * Maleshevsko horo
 * Rukà
 * Shirto
 * Kjustendilsko selsko horo
 * Varnensko horo
 * Svornato
 * Jangurica
 * Chichovo
 * Ajdarovo
 * Ispajche

Cambodia

 * Chhayam
 * Peacock dance
 * Ramvong
 * Robam Neary Chea Chuor

Catalonia

 * Sardana

China

 * Dragon dance
 * Dunhuang dance
 * Errenzhuan
 * Lion dance
 * Yangge
 * Yingge dance

Colombia

 * Cumbia
 * Mapale

Croatia

 * Kolo
 * Linđo
 * Moreška
 * Nijemo Kolo

Cuba

 * Cuban rumba
 * Danzón
 * Juego de maní
 * Mambo
 * Tumba francesa

Cyprus

 * Antikristos
 * Kalamatianos
 * Sousta
 * Syrtos
 * Tatsia

Czech Republic

 * Furiant
 * Polka
 * Redowa
 * Skočná
 * Sousedská
 * Špacírka

Denmark

 * Gammaldans
 * Les Lanciers
 * Polska

Dominican Republic

 * Bachata
 * Merengue

Egypt

 * Baladi
 * Raqs sharqi
 * Tahtib
 * Tanoura

England

 * Border
 * Clog
 * Maypole
 * Morris dance (longstanding tradition; technically of Continental origins)
 * Rapper Sword

Ethiopia

 * Eskista

Finland

 * Finnish tango
 * Humppa
 * Jenkka

 * Letkajenkka
 * Polska

France

 * Bal-musette
 * Branle
 * Bourrée
 * Espringale
 * Farandole
 * Gavotte

 * Java
 * Loure
 * Menuet
 * Passepied
 * Rigaudon
 * Valse musette

Galicia

 * Muiñeira

Georgia

 * Acharuli
 * Cilveloy
 * Davluri
 * Jeirani
 * Karachokheli
 * Kartuli
 * Kazbeguri
 * Khanjluri
 * Khevsuruli
 * Khorumi
 * Kintouri
 * Mtiuluri
 * Perkhuli
 * Samaia

Germany

 * Maypole
 * Schuhplattler
 * Waltz
 * Zwiefacher

Greece
The following is a list with the most notable dances. Names of many Greek dances may be found spelt either ending with -o or with -os. This is due to the fact that the word for "dance" in Greek is a masculine noun, while the dance itself can also be referred to by a neuter adjective used substantively. Thus one may find both "hasapiko" ("the butcher thing") and "hasapikos (horos)" - "the butcher (dance)."

 * Antikrystos
 * Antipatitis
 * Ballos
 * Diplos horos
 * Fisounis
 * Gaitanaki
 * Ikariotikos
 * Kalamatianos
 * Kalymnikos
 * Kechagiadikos
 * Kerkiraikos
 * Kleistos
 * Koftos
 * Lerikos
 * Maniatikos
 * Mandilatos
 * Pilioritikos
 * Pirgousikos (Chios)
 * Sianos
 * Sirtaki
 * Sperveri
 * Syrtos
 * Trata
 * Tsakonikos
 * Tsamikos
 * Zeibekiko
 * Zonaradiko

Crete

 * Angaliastos
 * Kanella
 * Katsabadianos
 * Ntames
 * Ntournerakia
 * Pentozali
 * Pidikhtos
 * Sousta
 * Trizalis

Macedonia

 * Gerontikos
 * Endeka Kozanis
 * Kastorianos
 * Kapitan Louka
 * Leventikos (Florina)
 * Makedonikos antikristos
 * Makrinitsa dance
 * Partalos
 * Poustseno
 * Proskinitos
 * Syrtos Makedonias
 * Tranos Choros (Kozani)
 * Zaramo

Guatemala

 * Baile de la Conquista
 * Punta

Haiti

 * Affranchi
 * Gouyad
 * Karabinye
 * Konbit
 * Kontradans
 * Kwaze le 8
 * Trese Riban
 * Rara

Neo-African/Vodou dances

 * Banda
 * Dahomey
 * Djouba
 * Ibo
 * Kongo
 * Mascaron
 * Mayi
 * Parigol
 * Petwo
 * Yanvlou

Hungary

 * Csárdás (Czardas)
 * Karikázó
 * Körtánc
 * Lánytánc
 * Verbunkos

India

 * Bhangra
 * Bhavai dance
 * Chang dance
 * Chari Dance
 * Charkula
 * Cheraw
 * Chholiya
 * Dandiya Raas
 * Gair dance
 * Gambhira
 * Ghoomar
 * Bihu
 * Giddha
 * Gulikan Theyyam
 * Jhumar
 * Kachchhi Ghodi dance
 * Kalbelia
 * Karakattam
 * Kikli
 * Kummi
 * Nati
 * Padayani
 * Raibeshe
 * Sattriya
 * Thirayattam
 * Tutsa

Indian classical dance

 * Bhagavata Mela
 * Bharatanatyam
 * Chhau dance
 * Garba
 * Gaudiya Nritya
 * Kathak
 * Kathakali
 * Kuchipudi
 * Lavani
 * Manipuri dance
 * Mohiniyattam
 * Odissi
 * Sattriya
 * Yakshagana

Bali

 * Baris
 * Cendrawasih
 * Condong
 * Gambuh
 * Janger
 * Joged
 * Kebyar duduk
 * Kecak
 * Legong
 * Oleg
 * Panyembrama
 * Pendet
 * Sanghyang
 * Topeng

Java

 * Bedhaya
 * Gandrung
 * Kuda lumping
 * Wayang wong
 * Reog Ponorogo
 * Ronggeng
 * Serimpi

Sunda

 * Jaipongan
 * Merak
 * Reog Sunda

Betawi

 * Ronggeng

Aceh

 * Saman
 * Likok Pulo

Minang

 * Randai

Palembang

 * Gending Sriwijaya
 * Tanggai

Melayu

 * Zapin

Dayak

 * Kancet Papatai

Minahasa

 * Kabasaran
 * Poco-poco

Maluku and Papua

 * Cakalele

Iraq

 * Assyrian folk dance
 * Hacha'a
 * Khigga

Iran

 * Bandari
 * Choobazi
 * Luri dances
 * Tapurian dance

Ireland

 * Irish Stepdance
 * Irish Sean-Nós Dance

Israel

 * Mayim Mayim
 * Horah

Italy

 * Ballu tundu
 * Calabrian Tarantella
 * Furlana
 * Monferrina
 * Piva
 * Pizzica
 * Saltarello
 * Tarantella

Japan

 * Angama
 * Bon Odori
 * Bugaku
 * Butoh
 * Buyō
 * Chakkirako
 * Devil's Sword Dance
 * Eisa
 * Kachaashii
 * Kagura
 * Kenshibu
 * Kumi Odori
 * Noh
 * Para para
 * Shirabyōshi
 * Sōran Bushi
 * Yosakoi

Kurdistan

 * Dilan

Korea

 * Barachum
 * Buchaechum
 * Byeongsin chum
 * Ganggangsullae
 * Geommu
 * Taepyeongmu

Levant

 * Dabke

Macedonia

 * Crnogorka (dance)
 * Kopačka
 * Pušteno
 * Starotikveško
 * Teskoto
 * Tresenica

Madagascar

 * Hiragasy
 * Salegy

Mexico

 * Concheros
 * Chinelos
 * Danza de los Viejitos
 * Danza de los Voladores
 * Huapango
 * Jarabe tapatío
 * Matachines
 * La Raspa

Middle East

 * Arab dance

Mongolia

 * Biyelgee

Morocco

 * Ahidus
 * Jedba
 * Reggada
 * Taskiwin

Myanmar

 * Yein

Netherlands

 * Klompendans

Nicaragua

 * Hunguhungu
 * Palo de Mayo

Nigeria

 * Atilogwu
 * Etighi
 * Galala
 * Okumkpa
 * Ohafia War Dance

Norway

 * Bygdedans
 * Halling
 * Pols
 * Rudl
 * Springar

Oman

 * Ardah
 * Fann at-Tanbura
 * Khaleegy
 * Razha
 * Yowlah

Peru

 * Apu Inka
 * Ch'unchu
 * Danza de tijeras
 * Danzantes de Levanto
 * Huaconada
 * Huayno
 * Marinera
 * Qhapaq Qulla
 * Wari
 * Zamacueca

Philippines

 * Abaruray
 * Alcamfor
 * Alitaptap
 * Ballangbang
 * Bendian
 * Binasuan
 * Blit B'laan
 * Cariñosa
 * Duwawang Malin Awa
 * Habanera Botoleña
 * Idudu
 * Itik-itik
 * Janggay
 * Jota and its variations:
 * Jota Cabangan
 * Jota Caviteña
 * Jota Manileña
 * Jota Moncadeña
 * Jota Paragua
 * Jota Quiriño
 * Kalatong
 * Kappa Malong-Malong
 * Kasanduayan
 * Kataka-taka
 * Kinaranza
 * Kuratsa
 * Lawiswis Kawayan
 * Leron Leron Sinta
 * Magkasuyo
 * Maglalatik
 * Maglangka
 * Malagueña
 * Manang Biday
 * Pandanggo and its variations:
 * Pandanggo sa Bulig
 * Pandanggo sa Ilaw
 * Pandanggo Oasiwas
 * Pandanggo Santa Clara
 * Panderetas
 * Pangalay
 * Pantomina
 * Panurong-Surong
 * Paru-Parong Bukid
 * Pasigin
 * Pasikat na Baso
 * Pasodoble
 * Polka and its variations:
 * Polka sa Nayon
 * Polka sa Plaza
 * Polkabal
 * Putungan
 * Sagayan
 * Sarong Banggi
 * Sayaw sa Bangko
 * Sayaw Panasahan
 * Sinakiki
 * Singkil
 * Subli
 * Tiklos
 * Tinikling
 * Tutup
 * Uyaoy
 * Zamboanga
 * Zamboanga

Poland

 * Krakowiak
 * Kujawiak
 * Mazurka (Mazur)
 * Oberek
 * Polonaise
 * Trojak
 * Varsovienne

Portugal

 * Chula
 * Corridinho
 * Malhão
 * Vira

Provence

 * Farandole
 * Tambourin

Puerto Rico

 * Bomba
 * Danza
 * Plena

Female dances

 * Giddha
 * Kikli
 * Sammi

Male dances

 * Ho Jamalo
 * Bhangra
 * Dhumal
 * Luddi

Qatar

 * Al Moradah
 * Ardah
 * Khaleegy

Romania

 * Învârtita
 * Căluș
 * Hora
 * Hora boierească
 * Feciorescul
 * Sorocul
 * Jiana
 * Alunelul
 * Perinița
 * Țarina
 * Brașoveanca
 * Sârba
 * Palatca
 * Bătuta din Țara Moților
 * Brâul
 * Ciuleandra

Russia

 * A my proso seyali
 * Barynya
 * Beryozka
 * Bychok
 * Curve tanok
 * Gusachok
 * Kamarinskaya
 * Kapustka
 * Khorovod
 * Metelytsia
 * Podushechka
 * Troika
 * Tropak
 * Vo luzyakh
 * Yablochko
 * Zhuravel

Rwanda

 * Intore
 * Umushagiriro

Saudi Arabia

 * Ardah
 * Mizmar

Scandinavia

 * Fannike (Danish)
 * Halling (Norwegian)
 * Hambo (Swedish)
 * Humppa (Finnish)
 * Jenkka (Finnish)
 * Letkajenkka (Finnish)
 * Polska (Nordic countries)
 * Snoa (Swedish)
 * Springar (Norwegian)
 * Sønderhoning (Danish)
 * Tanhu (Finnish)

Scotland

 * Clutha
 * Dashing White Sergeant
 * Dirk dance
 * Duke of Perth
 * Earl of Erroll
 * Écossaise
 * Gay Gordons
 * Highland Fling
 * Jig
 * Pas de Basques and Highcuts
 * Reel
 * Reel of the 51st Highlanders
 * Roger de Coverley
 * Seann triubhas
 * Strathspey
 * Strip the willow
 * Wilt thou go to the barracks, Johnny?

Serbia

 * Kolo
 * Oro (eagle dance)

Slovakia

 * Odzemek

Somalia

 * Dhaanto
 * Niiko

South Africa

 * Indlamu
 * Gumboot dance
 * Sokkie
 * Toyi-toyi
 * Volkspele
 * Xibelani

Spain

 * Aragonaise
 * Ball dels Cossiers
 * Cachucha
 * Corrido
 * Fandango
 * Flamenco
 * Jota
 * Muiñeira
 * Sardana
 * Seguidilla
 * Sevillanas
 * Zambra
 * Zapateado

Sri Lanka

 * Kandyan dance

Sweden

 * Hambo
 * Slängpolska
 * Snoa

Tahiti

 * 'Aparima
 * Hivinau
 * 'ote'a
 * Pa'o'a
 * Tamure
 * 'upa'upa

Thailand

 * Romvong

Trinidad and Tobago

 * Calypso

Turkey

 * Bar
 * Cilveloy
 * Horon
 * Tamzara
 * Temuraga
 * Zeybek
 * Teke zortlatmasi
 * Sirto
 * Kasap havasi (Hasapiko)
 * Tarakama
 * Karsilama
 * Kolbastı

Uganda

 * Agwara
 * Akogo
 * Amaggunju

 * Bakisimba
 * Bwola
 * Dingi dingi

 * Edonga
 * Ekitaguriro
 * Ekizino
 * Entogoro
 * Ewoya Dance

 * Larakaraka

 * Naleyo

 * Okeme
 * Orunyege-Ntogoro
 * Otole dance

 * Tamena Ibuga

Ukraine

 * Arkan
 * Bereznianka
 * Bondar
 * Buryma
 * Bychky
 * Chabarashky
 * Chumak
 * Holubka
 * Hopak
 * Hopak-Kolom
 * Hutsulka
 * Khorovod
 * Kolomyjka
 * Kozachok
 * Metelytsia
 * Perepilka
 * Pleskach
 * Pryvit
 * Roman
 * Rybka
 * Sanzharivka
 * Shevchyky
 * Shumka
 * Tropak
 * Tropotianka
 * Uvyvanets
 * Vesnianky
 * Zhuravel

United Arab Emirates

 * Ardah
 * Khaleegy
 * Yowlah

United States

 * Clogging
 * Contra dance
 * Line
 * Salty Dog Rag
 * Square dance:
 * Modern western square dance
 * Tap dance
 * Swing dance
 * Traditional square dance
 * Yankee Dutch crossing

California

 * Balboa

Hawaii

 * Hula

Louisiana

 * Cajun:
 * Cajun Jig, also known as Cajun One Step
 * Cajun Two Step
 * Cajun Jitterbug
 * Cajun Waltz
 * Zydeco

New York

 * Breakdancing
 * Lindy Hop
 * Collegiate Shag (Double-Rhythm Shag)
 * Salsa

North Carolina

 * Shag (Single-Rhythm Shag)
 * Carolina Shag

South Carolina

 * The Big Apple
 * Carolina shag
 * the Charleston (dance)

Texas

 * Cowboy
 * Cotton-Eyed Joe
 * Western swing (Texas Swing, Country Swing, Aggie Swing)
 * Whip

Virginia

 * Virginia Reel

Venezuela

 * Joropo
 * Tambor

Vietnam

 * Lion dance

Wales

 * Hornpipe

Yemen

 * North Yemen: Bara'a dance
 * South Yemen: Sharh dance


text:
Clive Woodward

Sir Clive Ronald Woodward (born 6 January 1956) is an English former rugby union player and coach. He was coach of the team from 1997 to 2004, managing them to victory in the 2003 Rugby World Cup. He also coached the 2005 British & Irish Lions tour to New Zealand, losing the test series 3–0. He is currently a pundit for ITV Sport, working on their coverage of the Six Nations and Rugby World Cup.

Early life
Woodward was born in Ely, Cambridgeshire, the son of an RAF pilot. He started school at Corstorphine in Edinburgh and was later sent to the school ship HMS Conway, as his father disapproved of his ambition to play professional football. At Conway, he played rugby union at centre alongside fly-half Iain Duncan Smith, who would later become leader of the Conservative Party. According to Woodward, he was not selected to play for the Welsh Schoolboys side because he was English, but he was good enough to play rugby union for a Welsh school.

According to his autobiography, he applied to do a law degree at Durham University, but was turned down even though he was good enough and instead, he found a job at a London bank (NatWest).

Playing career
His first club was Harlequins but he left to go to Loughborough University where he gained a Bachelor of Science degree in sports science followed by a Postgraduate Certificate in Education (PGCE). He then played as a centre for Leicester from 1979 to 1985. He made his England debut against on 19 January 1980, as a replacement. England won the Grand Slam in that season, winning all their games. He went on to gain 21 caps for his country, playing his last game on 17 March 1984 against Wales. He was a player on the British Lions' 1980 tour to South Africa and 1983 tour to New Zealand. He was most noted for his centre partnership with fellow Tiger Paul Dodge. Playing for the Barbarians, he also won the Hong Kong Sevens in 1981.

Rugby coaching career
He returned to the UK in 1990 to start his own IT leasing company and he became coach of the then obscure Henley Hawks, who were promoted to the national leagues. After a short but successful spell of coaching at London Irish. He became assistant coach at Leicester's arch rivals Bath under Andy Robinson.

When Jack Rowell retired as coach of the England team in 1997, Woodward acquired the job. He had the job of transforming the England side from the amateur era into the professional one. Having been quoted as requesting that the press judge him on England's performance at the 1999 Rugby World Cup, when they were beaten by South Africa, his job was questioned. Thereafter England steadily improved under Woodward. England were Six Nations champions in 2000 and 2001, and completed the Grand Slam in 2003 with an emphatic 42–6 victory over Ireland in Dublin. England followed up by defeating the All Blacks in New Zealand for the first time since 1973, holding out for a 15–13 win despite being reduced to 13 men in the second half with two forwards in the sin bin. A week later reigning world champions Australia were beaten 25–14 in Melbourne, England's first ever win on Australian soil.

England entered the 2003 Rugby World Cup as betting favourites and the number one ranked team in the world. Victories over, , , , and  took England to the final, where they faced the hosts and reigning champions. England won 20–17 thanks to a Jonny Wilkinson drop goal in the final seconds of extra time. Woodward was knighted in the 2004 New Year's honours. From 2000 to 2003, Woodward's England compiled a record of 41 wins from 46 matches, which included a perfect record of 20 wins and no losses at Twickenham and 12 successive wins against the Tri Nations. England remain the only team from the Northern Hemisphere to have won the World Cup.

The England squad had to be re-built after the World Cup success, as a number of senior players retired, including captain Martin Johnson. Meanwhile, talismanic fly-half Jonny Wilkinson was sidelined with long-term injuries which would prevent him playing for England again for almost 4 years. England came third in the 2004 Six Nations, losing to Grand Slam winners France and Triple Crown winners Ireland. His last tour as England coach came shortly afterwards, with an ill-fated tour of New Zealand and Australia. England were beaten by New Zealand in two tests, without scoring a single try, going down 36–3 in the first and 36–12 in the second. The team then went to Australia, where they were beaten 51–15.

In February 2004 he was appointed head coach for the 2005 British & Irish Lions tour to New Zealand. The Lions lost the test series 3–0. Woodward's management was criticised by many commentators and players for his initial squad selection, his coaching methods, his handling of the players and the media, his selections on tour – particularly for keeping faith with the England players he knew well – and for not allowing the test team any time to play together before the test series began. He returned from New Zealand with his reputation within rugby severely tarnished.

On 24 October 2011, Woodward was inducted into the IRB Hall of Fame, alongside all other Rugby World Cup-winning head coaches and captains from the tournament's inception in 1987 through 2007 (minus the previously inducted John Eales).

Resignation and football coaching
Woodward's contract with England was due to run until 2007. Following the retirement of key players like Lawrence Dallaglio and Martin Johnson, and finishing third in the Six Nations after the World Cup success, he found the politics of English rugby difficult to deal with, particularly the Premiership clubs' relations with the England management. Woodward was linked with a switch to football and, although he had denied these rumours, on 1 September 2004, Woodward announced that he would be quitting as England coach.

Initially, a move to Southampton Football Club seemed likely, as Woodward was a friend of chairman Rupert Lowe. Lowe discussed this possibility with the club's board on 2 September 2004. However, in his resignation press conference, Woodward said that his intention was to take the Football Association's Grade Two coaching badges after the 2005 British & Irish Lions tour to New Zealand:

 * I'm interested in, I intend to do the awards but I may end up coaching Maidenhead under-nines. You have to start at the bottom and I intend to do that.

However, Woodward continued his move into the Football League in 2005 by becoming Performance Director at Southampton Football Club, without undertaking any coaching at non-league clubs. With no experience of professional football, he again had problems with the politics of the situation, and was widely believed to have had a difficult relationship with the club's then-manager Harry Redknapp. For example, his appointee as head of sports science, Simon Clifford, left the club in November 2005, after only two months, amid resentment from the club's existing staff.

Following the departure of Redknapp in December 2005, Woodward was suggested as a possible candidate for the manager's position at the Championship club, despite his lack of experience in the game. He was subsequently appointed Director of Football to work alongside newly appointed Head Coach, George Burley. On 31 August 2006 it was confirmed by Southampton that he was no longer working at the club.

British Olympic Association
On 6 September 2006 it was announced that Woodward would be returning to sport as the new director of elite performance for the British Olympic Association. This is a role similar to that for which he was believed to be a candidate at his former employers the Rugby Football Union (Rob Andrew was eventually appointed to the position).

In 2007, he was appointed to the board of directors of Leicester Tigers as a non-executive director.

On 6 March 2008, he had the privilege to run with the Olympic torch while going through Russell Square, London.

At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing he acted as Deputy Chef de Mission and undertook a review of practices at the games in preparation for 2012 Summer Olympics in London.

It was announced on 4 October 2012 that Woodward would leave his post as director of sport at the British Olympic Association after six years.

Books
Woodward released his autobiography, Winning!, in 2004. He writes of the triumph of England in the 2003 Rugby World Cup, the preparations and celebrations, and of his personal life, his playing and coaching career. In Winning!, Woodward refers to Yehuda Shinar as one of the people who helped to turn the team around and who helped them win the World Cup. A biography of him, Clive Woodward: the biography, written by Alison Kervin, was published six months later.

Charity
Woodward is an Honorary President of the Wooden Spoon Society, a children's charity that harnesses the support of the rugby world. Woodward played in the annual Gary Player Invitational charity golf tournament to assist golf icon Gary Player raise funds for various children's causes.

Personal life
Clive Woodward is married to Jayne Williams; the couple formerly ran a computer leasing business together. They live near Maidenhead. Woodward was made an Honorary Doctor of Technology (Hon DTech) by his alma mater, Loughborough University in 2004.

International matches as head coach
Note: World Rankings Column shows the World Ranking England was placed at on the following Monday after each of their matches

Honours

 * Rugby World Cup
 * Winner: 2003
 * Quarter-finals: 1999
 * Five/Six Nations Championship
 * Winner: 2000, 2001, 2003
 * Grand Slam: 2003
 * Runner-up: 1998, 1999, 2002
 * Third: 2004
 * Triple Crown
 * Winner: 1998, 2002, 2003
 * Calcutta Cup
 * Winner: 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004
 * Millennium Trophy
 * Winner: 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003
 * Cook Cup
 * Winner: November 2000, November 2001, November 2002, June 2003
 * IRB International Coach of the Year
 * Winner: 2003

Other honors

 * Henley Hawks
 * Oxfordshire RFU County Cup
 * Winner: 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994
 * Courage South West 1
 * Winner: 1992, 1994

title: Clive Woodward


text:
Talk:Southern Agrarians

need for improvement
This page seems to have an anti-conservative bias and seems to present a reductive summary of Southern Agrarianism accordingly.

One of the essential sources on this topic is missing: Malvasi, Mark G. (1997). The Unregenerate South: The Agrarian Thought of John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate, and Donald Davidson. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.

A better treatment of this subject may be found in Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Ethics, edited by Carl Mitcham, vol. 1, Macmillan Reference USA, 2005, pp. 37-41. Gale In Context: College, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3434900035/CSIC?u=tel_a_domi&sid=bookmark-CSIC&xid=b0ac4fd3. 12.19.18.2 (talk) 16:13, 14 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Southern Agrarians


text:
40th Flight Test Squadron

The 40th Flight Test Squadron is a United States Air Force unit. It is assigned to the 96th Operations Group, based at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida.

History
"Combat in Southwest and Western Pacific, 2 June 1942 – 14 August 1945. Served in the occupation force in Japan, 1945–1950. Combat in Korea, 8 July 1950 – 25 May 1951. Air defense in Japan and Korea, June 1951 – June 1965. Trained cadres for transfer to Southeast Asia, 1966–1969. Not manned, 10 May 1969 – 15 October 1970 and 1 June 1972 – 30 April 1982."

Conducted test and evaluation missions, using the various aircraft, 1982–present.

In 2022, the squadron added the Kratos XQ-58A Valkyrie to its inventory. This semi-autonomous unmanned aerial vehicle is capable of determining an optimal mission flight path based on inputs from ground stations or airborne fighter aircraft. Testing will be led by the Autonomous Aircraft Experimentation Team.

Lineage

 * 40th Tactical Fighter Squadron
 * Constituted as the 40th Pursuit Squadron (Interceptor) on 22 December 1939
 * Activated on 1 February 1940
 * Redesignated 40th Fighter Squadron on 15 May 1942
 * Redesignated 40th Fighter Squadron, Single Engine on 20 August 1943
 * Redesignated 40th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron on 20 January 1950
 * Redesignated 40th Tactical Fighter Squadron on 20 June 1965
 * Inactivated on 15 October 1970

 * Activated on 1 October 1971
 * Inactivated on 30 April 1982

 * Consolidated with the 3247th Test Squadron on 1 October 1992 as the 40th Flight Test Squadron

 * 40th Flight Test Squadron
 * Designated as the 3247th Test Squadron and activated on 25 June 1982
 * Consolidated with the 40th Tactical Fighter Squadron as the 40th Test Squadron on 1 October 1992
 * Redesignated 40th Flight Test Squadron on 15 March 1994

Assignments

 * 31st Pursuit Group, 1 February 1940
 * 35th Pursuit Group (later 35th Fighter Group, 35th Fighter-Interceptor Group), 15 January 1942 (attached to 35th Fighter-Interceptor Wing, 15 January–14 July 1954 and 8 October 1956 – 1 July 1957)
 * 41st Air Division, 1 October 1957 (attached to 3d Bombardment Wing, 1 December 1961 – 31 May 1962
 * Tactical Air Command, c. 17 June 1965
 * 33d Tactical Fighter Wing, 20 June 1965 – 15 October 1970
 * 355th Tactical Fighter Wing, 1 October 1971 – 1 June 1972
 * 35th Tactical Fighter Wing, 1 June 1972 – 30 April 1982
 * 3246th Test Wing, 25 June 1982
 * 46th Test Wing, 1 October 1992
 * 46th Operations Group, 8 September 1993
 * 96th Operations Group, 1 October 2012 – present

Stations

 * Selfridge Field, Michigan, 1 February 1940
 * Baer Field, Indiana, 6 December 1941
 * Port Angeles, Washington, 16 December 1941 – c. 22 January 1942
 * Brisbane, Australia, 25 February 1942
 * Ballarat Airport, Australia, 9 March 1942
 * Mount Gambier Airport, Australia, 16 March 1942
 * Townsville Airport, Australia, April 1942
 * Berry Airfield (12 Mile Drome), New Guinea, 2 June 1942
 * Townsville Airport, Australia, 30 July 1942
 * Rogers Airfield (30 Mile Drome), New Guinea, c. 25 November 1942
 * Tsili Tsili Airfield, New Guinea, 11 August 1943
 * Nadzab Airfield, New Guinea, October 1943
 * Gusap Airfield, New Guinea, 5 February 1944
 * Nadzab Airfield, New Guinea, 9 June 1944
 * Kornasoren Airfield Noemfoor, Schouten Islands, Netherlands East Indies, 4 August 1944
 * Owi Airfield, Schouten Islands, Netherlands East Indies, 14 September 1944
 * Wama Airfield, Morotai, Netherlands East Indies, 17 October 1944
 * Mangaldan Airfield, Luzon, Philippines, 21 January 1945
 * Lingayen Airfield, Luzon, Philippines, 11 April 1945

 * Clark Field, Luzon, Philippines, 19 April 1945
 * Yontan Airfield, Okinawa, Ryuku Islands, 30 June 1945
 * Irumagawa Air Base, Japan, 10 October 1945
 * Yokota Air Base, Japan, 13 March 1950
 * Ashiya Air Base, Japan, 7 July 1950
 * Pohang Air Base (K-3), South Korea, 17 July 1950
 * Tsuiki Air Base, Japan, 13 August 1950
 * Pohang AB (K-3), South Korea, 7 October 1950
 * Yonpo Air Base (K-27), North Korea, 18 November 1950
 * Pusan West Air Base (K-1), South Korea, 3 December 1950
 * Misawa Air Base, Japan, 25 May 1951
 * Johnson Air Base, Japan, 1 July 1951 (detachment at Komaki Air Base, Japan, 13 July 1953 – 17 February 1955)
 * Yokota Air Base, Japan, 13 August 1954 – c. 15 June 1965
 * Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, 20 June 1965 – 15 October 1970
 * Davis–Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona, 1 October 1971
 * George Air Force Base, California, 1 June 1972 – 30 April 1982
 * Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, 25 June 1982 – present

Aircraft

 * Bell P-39 Airacobra, 1941–1944
 * Republic P-47 Thunderbolt, 1944–1945
 * North American P-51 Mustang (later F-51, 1945–1950, 1950–1953
 * Lockheed F-80 Shooting Star, 1950, 1953–1954
 * North American F-86D Sabre, 1953–1961
 * Convair F-102 Delta Dagger, 1960–1965
 * McDonnell F-4 Phantom II 1965–1969, 1982–present
 * LTV A-7 Corsair II, 1971–1972
 * Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II, 1982–present
 * McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle, 1982–present
 * General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon, 1982–present
 * General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark, 1982–1996
 * Northrop T-38 Talon, 1982–present
 * North American T-39 Sabreliner, 1982–unknown
 * Lockheed C-130 Hercules, 1982–present
 * Bell Boeing CV-22 Osprey, 1982–present
 * Bell UH-1 Huey, 1982–present
 * Boeing F-15EX Eagle II, 2021-present
 * Kratos XQ-58A Valkyrie, 2022–present

title: 40th Flight Test Squadron


text:
Daniels

Daniels may refer to:

People

 * Daniels (surname)
 * Daniels (given name)
 * Daniels (directors), Daniel Scheinert and Daniel Kwan, a pair of directors

United States

 * Daniels, Maryland, a former town
 * Daniels Mill (Daniels, Maryland), a historic site
 * Daniels County, Montana
 * Daniel's Pass, high mountain pass in Utah
 * Daniels Run, small stream in Fairfax, Virginia
 * Daniels, Wisconsin, a town
 * Daniels, West Virginia, an unincorporated community

Canada

 * Daniel's Cove, Newfoundland and Labrador, resettled fishing village

Antarctica

 * Daniels Range, principal mountain range of the Usarp Mountains

Other uses

 * Jack Daniel's, Tennessee whiskey distillery and brand
 * Daniels (EP), a split EP by Mock Orange and The Band Apart
 * Daniels Motorsport, United Kingdom-based motorsport team
 * USS Josephus Daniels (CG-27), Belknap-class destroyer leader-cruiser
 * Daniel (department store), a department store chain in the United Kingdom
 * Justice Daniels (disambiguation)

title: Daniels


text:
Truncated dodecahedron

In geometry, the truncated dodecahedron is an Archimedean solid. It has 12 regular decagonal faces, 20 regular triangular faces, 60 vertices and 90 edges.

Construction
The truncated dodecahedron is constructed from a regular dodecahedron by cutting all of its vertices off, a process known as truncation. This process of construction results in the pentagonal faces becoming decagonal faces, and the vertices become triangles. Therefore, it has 32 faces, 90 edges, and 60 vertices.

The truncated dodecahedron may also be constructed by using Cartesian coordinates. With an edge length $$ 2\varphi - 2 $$ centered at the origin, they are all even permutations of $$ \left(0, \pm \frac{1}{\varphi}, \pm (2 + \varphi) \right), \qquad \left(\pm \frac{1}{\varphi}, \pm \varphi, \pm 2 \varphi \right), \qquad \left(\pm \varphi, \pm 2, \pm (\varphi + 1) \right), $$ where $ \varphi = \frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{2} $ is the golden ratio.

Properties
The surface area $$ A $$ and the volume $$ V $$ of a truncated dodecahedron of edge length $$ a $$ are: $$ \begin{align} A &= 5 \left(\sqrt{3}+6\sqrt{5+2\sqrt{5}}\right) a^2 &&\approx 100.991a^2 \\ V &= \frac{5}{12} \left(99+47\sqrt{5}\right) a^3 &&\approx 85.040a^3 \end{align}$$

The dihedral angle of a truncated dodecahedron between two regular dodecahedral faces is 116.57°, and that between triangle-to-dodecahedron is 142.62°

The truncated dodecahedron is an Archimedean solid, meaning it is a highly symmetric and semi-regular polyhedron, and two or more different regular polygonal faces meet in a vertex. It has the same symmetry as the regular icosahedron, the icosahedral symmetry. The polygonal faces that meet for every vertex are one equilateral triangle and two regular decagon, and the vertex figure of a truncated dodecahedron is $$ 3 \cdot 10^2 $$. The dual of a truncated dodecahedron is triakis icosahedron, a Catalan solid, which shares the same symmetry as the truncated dodecahedron.

The truncated dodecahedron is non-chiral, meaning it is congruent to its own mirror image.

Truncated dodecahedral graph
In the mathematical field of graph theory, a truncated dodecahedral graph is the graph of vertices and edges of the truncated dodecahedron, one of the Archimedean solids. It has 60 vertices and 90 edges, and is a cubic Archimedean graph.

title: Truncated dodecahedron


text:
Manuel Contreras

Juan Manuel "Mamo" Guillermo Contreras Sepúlveda (4 May 1929 – 7 August 2015) was a Chilean Army officer and the former head of the National Intelligence Directorate (DINA), Chile's secret police during the dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet. In 1995, he was convicted of the murder of Chilean diplomat Orlando Letelier in Washington, DC, and sentenced to seven years in prison, which he served until 2001. At the time of his death, Contreras was serving 59 unappealable sentences totaling 529 years in prison for kidnapping, forced disappearance, and assassination.

Early life
Contreras was the son of Manuel Contreras Morales and Aída Sepúlveda Cubillos. His parents died when he was six or seven years old. He completed his primary studies at the English Institute of Macul in Santiago. Afterward, his father relocated to Osorno, where he enrolled in the Lyceum of that city.

Career
Contreras enrolled in the Military School in 1944 and graduated with top honors on 23 December 1947. In 1952, after achieving the rank of lieutenant, Contreras returned to the Military School, this time joining the Company of Engineers as a sapper instructor.

In 1953, Contreras married María Teresa Valdebenito Stevenson. During the same year, he became part of the newly-established San Antonio School of Engineers.

In 1960, Contreras enrolled in the War Academy to undertake the General Staff Officer course. It was there that he met Captain Augusto Pinochet, who served as the deputy director of the academy and taught strategy classes. Pinochet's lectures were often centered around his concerns about the success of the Cuban Revolution.

Contreras successfully completed the General Staff Officer course at the War Academy in 1962, ranking first in his class. He was also appointed as a professor at the academy, teaching intelligence and logistics. In 1966, he returned to the academy, this time as a professor of intelligence.

Under Allende's government
In 1967, Contreras completed a Postgraduate Course as a General Staff Officer at the School of the Americas in Fort Gulick, located in the Panama Canal Zone. During his time there, Contreras became familiar with the repressive tactics employed against opposition groups.

Upon returning to Chile in 1969 with a major's degree, Contreras assumed the role of an intelligence instructor at the Tejas Verdes School of Engineers. In 1970, he was appointed Secretary of the Army General Staff, and in 1971, he became the director of the Engineer Regiment No. 4 Arauco in the city of Osorno. It was during this period that he, along with a group of colonels and captains, began gathering information and devising an intelligence apparatus capable of infiltrating and dismantling leftist organizations.

Contreras established a network of informants in Chile, which included individuals affiliated with right-wing parties and groups like the Nationalist Front Fatherland and Liberty (Frente Nacionalista Patria y Libertad, FNPL). Simultaneously, he maintained contacts with agents from the CIA and the Naval Intelligence Office in Valparaíso and San Antonio, who were active in Chile at the time. These contacts provided him with manuals utilized by the secret police of various countries, such as the KCIA of South Korea, the SAVAK of Iran, and the National Information Service of Brazil.

A significant portion of Contreras's focus revolved around formulating strategies to neutralize or undermine the industrial unions in which the Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR), the Socialist Party, and to a lesser extent, the MAPU, wielded considerable political influence.

By the end of 1972, Contreras was not only overseeing the Tejas Verdes School of Engineers but also instructing at the War Academy.

Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional (DINA) atrocities
In part of his legal confessions, American-born Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional (DINA) operative Michael Townley described Contreras as the "intellectual author" behind the atrocities committed by DINA. In his March 13, 1978 "confession," Townley detailed how his many missions for DINA, which even included Operation Condor operations in Europe and the assassinations of Orlando Letelier and Ronnie Moffitt, were carried out "following orders from Gen. Contreras.” In a letter which Townley wrote to Contreras on March 1, 1978 under the alias J. Andres Wilson, he referred to him as "Don Manuel" and even indicated his belief that Contreras had not “let his Excellency [Pinochet] know the truth about this case” when he discussed the Letelier-Moffitt assassination.

Operation Condor
From 1973 to 1977, Contreras led the agency in an international pursuit to locate and eliminate political opponents of the Junta, specifically targeting members of the Communist and Socialist Parties, as well as the former guerrilla group and political party MIR. On November 25, 1975, during Pinochet's 60th birthday, leaders of the military intelligence services of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay convened with Contreras in Santiago de Chile to establish the Plan Condor officially. The report "CIA activities in Chile," released on September 19, 2000, reveals that despite Contreras's involvement in human rights abuses, the US government policy community authorized the CIA's engagement with him from 1974 to 1977 to fulfill their mission in Chile. By 1975, American intelligence reports had identified Contreras as the main obstacle to implementing a rational human rights policy within the Pinochet government. However, the CIA received instructions to maintain its association with Contreras and even provided him with a one-time payment in 1975. The CIA became troubled by Contreras's alleged role in the assassination of Orlando Letelier, a former Allende cabinet member and ambassador to Washington, as well as his American assistant, Ronni Karpen Moffit, in Washington, DC, on September 21, 1976. Although the CIA reportedly obtained specific and detailed intelligence suggesting Contreras's involvement in ordering the Letelier assassination, this material remains classified and has been withheld at the request of the US Department of Justice (CIA, 2000). The CIA continued its contacts with Contreras until 1977.

"It took me four years to pacify this country."

- Manuel Contreras, 10 September 2013

After the assassination of Orlando Letelier, tensions between Contreras and Pinochet escalated during Contreras' tenure. As a result, the Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional (DINA) was shut down in 1977, and a new organization called the National Informations Center (CNI) took its place.

In 1976, Contreras, along with Gerhard Mertins, Sergio Arredondo, and an unidentified Brazilian general, traveled to Tehran. Their purpose was to propose a collaboration with the Shah regime to eliminate Carlos the Jackal. The exact details of the meetings and their outcomes remain unknown.

In 1978, Michael Townley agreed to an extradition to the United States in large part to seek protection from Contreras and Pedro Espinoza..

By 1979, Contreras had retired from the army, holding the rank of general until his death.

Prison sentences and court investigations
On 13 November 1993, a Chilean court sentenced Contreras to seven years of prison for the Letelier assassination. He was freed on bail following the conviction, but the Supreme Court of Chile confirmed the sentence on 30 March 1995. Contreras rebelled against the sentence by fleeing to Southern Chile, and then to a military regiment and later a military hospital. After two months, seeing his support from the army vanish, he resigned and was sent to a military prison, where he completed his sentence on 24 January 2001 and was freed.

In May 2002, Contreras was convicted as the mastermind of the 1974 abduction and forced disappearance of the Socialist Party leader Victor Olea Alegria. He received 15 years in prison on 15 April 2003 for the disappearance of the tailor and MIR member Miguel Ángel Sandoval in 1975, but the sentence was reduced on appeal to 12 years. Also in 2003, he was sentenced to 15 years of prison for the 1974 disappearance of journalist Diana Frida Aron Svigilsky. He was amnestied in 2005, but the Supreme Court overturned that decision and confirmed the judgment against Contreras on 30 May 2006. He received another 15-year prison sentence on 18 April 2008 for the disappearance of the political dissident Marcelo Salinas Eytel.

Contreras was also convicted by an Argentine court in connection with the assassination of the former Chilean army chief Carlos Prats and his wife, Sofía Cuthbert in Buenos Aires, in 1974. An extradition request by Argentina was denied by Chile, but on 30 June 2008, a Chilean court gave Contreras two life sentences for the assassination of Prats and his wife, along with a 20-year sentence for conspiracy.

Contreras was sentenced on 23 September 2008 to seven years of prison in connection with the disappearance of the Spanish priest Antonio Llidó Mengual. He was ordered to pay 50 million pesos to compensate for the 1974 abduction of Felix Vargas Fernandez and received another 15 years of prison at a March 2009 sentencing. On 6 July 2012, he received an additional 10 years in prison over the detention and disappearance of the ex-militants José Hipólito Jara Castro and Alfonso Domingo Diaz Briones in 1974. In total, his sentences over the years totaled more than 500 years in prison.

In September 2013, under the orders of President Sebastián Piñera, the luxurious Penal Cordillera, in eastern Santiago, was closed, and Contreras was transferred back to Punta Peuco in Tiltil, north of the capital.

Accusing Pinochet
On 13 May 2005, Contreras submitted to Chile's Supreme Court a 32-page document that claimed to list the whereabouts of about 580 people who disappeared during Pinochet's rule. Human rights groups immediately questioned the information and its source and cited Contreras's years of deception and denials of responsibility for human rights abuses. Many of the details he provided were previously known, and some contradicted the findings of commissions that have investigated the disappearances. In the document, he wrote that Pinochet had personally ordered the repressive measures. During the same May 2005 hearing to the Supreme Court, Contreras directly accused the CIA and the Cuban terrorist Luis Posada Carriles in the 1976 assassination of Orlando Letelier.

Contreras accused Pinochet of having given the order to assassinate Orlando Letelier and Carlos Prats. He also declared to Chilean justice in 2005 that the CNI, the successor of DINA, handed out monthly payments between 1978 and 1990 to the persons who had worked with DINA agent Michael Townley in Chile, all members of Patria y Libertad, the far-right movement that had been involved in the Tanquetazo : Mariana Callejas (Townley's wife), Francisco Oyarzún, Gustavo Etchepare and Eugenio Berríos. Assassinated in 1992, Berríos, who worked as a chemist for the DINA in Colonia Dignidad, also worked with drug traffickers and DEA agents.

Pinochet died at the age of 91 on 10 December 2006, before any court could convict the former dictator of crimes related to his military rule.

Illness and death
During his final years, Contreras underwent thrice-weekly dialysis sessions at Santiago's Military Hospital. On August 25, 2014, he was admitted to the hospital due to kidney problems and remained hospitalized. As his condition deteriorated, he was eventually transferred to the intensive care unit. On August 7, 2015, Contreras passed away at the hospital. The precise cause of his death was not disclosed by the hospital authorities. Following the announcement of his demise, a demonstration of several dozen individuals took place in front of the hospital, where they vociferously chanted "Murderer!" and raised toasts to his death with champagne. Additionally, hundreds of people gathered at Plaza Italia, a central square in Downtown Santiago, to celebrate the news.

title: Manuel Contreras


text:
Kitt Peak

Kitt Peak is a mountain in the U.S. state of Arizona, and at 6883 ft is the highest point in the Quinlan Mountains. It is the location of the Kitt Peak National Observatory. The radio telescope at the observatory is one of ten dishes comprising the Very Long Baseline Array radio telescope.

The peak was named in English by county surveyor George J. Roskruge for his sister, Phillippa, who was the wife of William F. Kitt. On his 1893 Pima County Survey map, Roskruge spelled the name 'Kits'. At the request of the wife of George F. Kitt, the spelling was changed by decision in 1930.

Kitt Peak is the second-highest peak on the Tohono O'odham Indian Reservation, and as such is the second-most sacred after Baboquivari Peak. Near the summit is I'itoi's Garden, which the nation's lore holds summer residence of its elder brother deity. The name Ioligam means "red stick" in reference to the abundance of manzanita bushes on and around the mountain.

title: Kitt Peak


text:
Cathedral of Christ the Saviour

The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour (Храм Христа́ Спаси́теля) is a Russian Orthodox cathedral in Moscow, Russia, on the northern bank of the Moskva River, a few hundred metres southwest of the Kremlin. With an overall height of 103 m, it is the third tallest Orthodox Christian church building in the world, after the People's Salvation Cathedral in Bucharest, Romania, and Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

The current church is the second to stand on this site. The original church, built in the 19th century, took more than 40 years to build, and was the site of the 1882 world premiere of the 1812 Overture composed by Tchaikovsky. It was destroyed in 1931 on the order of the Soviet Politburo. The demolition was supposed to make way for a colossal Palace of the Soviets to house the country's legislature, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Construction started in 1937 but was halted in 1941 when Germany invaded the Soviet Union during World War II. Its steel frame was disassembled the following year, and the palace was never built. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the current cathedral was constructed on the site between 1995 and 2000.

Construction
When Napoleon Bonaparte retreated from Moscow, Tsar Alexander I signed a manifesto on 25 December 1812 declaring his intention to build a cathedral in honor of Christ the Saviour "to signify Our gratitude to Divine Providence for saving Russia from the doom that overshadowed Her" and as a memorial to the sacrifices of the Russian people. It took some time for work on the projected cathedral to get started. The first finished architectural project, by Aleksandr Lavrentyevich Vitberg, was endorsed by the Tsar in 1817. It was a flamboyant Neoclassical design full of Masonic symbolism. Construction work was begun on the Sparrow Hills, the highest point in Moscow, but the site proved unstable. In the meantime Alexander I was succeeded by his brother Nicholas I. Profoundly Orthodox and patriotic, the new Tsar disliked the Neoclassicism and Freemasonry of the design selected by his predecessor. He commissioned his favorite architect Konstantin Thon to create a new design, taking as his model Hagia Sophia in the Byzantine capital Constantinople (present day Istanbul, Turkey). Thon's Russian Revival design was approved in 1832. A new site closer to the Moscow Kremlin was chosen by the Tsar in 1837. A convent and church on the site had to be relocated, so the cornerstone of the new church was not laid until 1839.

The cathedral took many years to build; the scaffolding was not taken down until 1860. Its painting was overseen by Evgraf Sorokin, and thereafter some of the best Russian painters (Ivan Kramskoi, Vasily Surikov, V. P. Vereshchagin) continued to embellish the interior for another twenty years. The giant dome of the cathedral was gilded using the new technique of gold electroplating, replacing the older and insecure technique of mercury gilding. Although Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture was written with the building's completion in mind, it had its world premiere in a tent outside the unfinished church in August 1882. The cathedral was consecrated on 26 May 1883, the day before Alexander III was crowned.

The inner sanctum of the church (naos) was ringed by a two-floor gallery, its walls inlaid with rare sorts of marble, granite, and other stones. The ground floor of the gallery was a memorial dedicated to the Russian victory over Napoleon. The walls displayed more than 1000 m2 of Carrara bianca marble plaques listing major commanders, regiments, and battles of the Patriotic War of 1812 (with the lists of awards and casualties appended). The second floor of the gallery was occupied by church choirs.

Demolition
Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, the USSR's official state atheism resulted in the 1921–1928 anti-religious campaign, during which many "church institution[s] at [the] local, diocesan or national level were systematically destroyed." Following the death of Vladimir Lenin in 1924, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin chose the prominent site of the cathedral as the proposed site for a monument to socialism known as the Palace of the Soviets. It was to have modernistic, buttressed tiers to support a gigantic statue of Lenin perched on top of a dome with his arm raised in the air.

The government plans for economic development in Russia during the 1930s required more funds than were available at the time. In searching for additional sources of revenue and funding, government agencies saw monetary value in religious and historical monuments that had not yet been destroyed or otherwise repurposed for government use. On 24 February 1930, the economic department of the OGPU sent a letter to the Chairman of the Central Executive Committee asking to remove the golden domes of the Christ the Saviour Cathedral. The letter noted that the dome of the church contained over 20 tons of gold of "excellent quality", and that the cathedral represented an "unnecessary luxury for the Soviet Union, and the withdrawal of the gold would make a great contribution to the industrialization of the country." The People's Commissariat of Finance did not object to this proposal.

On 13 July 1931, a meeting of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union was held under the chairmanship of Mikhail Kalinin. The meeting decided to build the palace on the territory of the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour: “The place for the construction of the Palace of Soviets to choose the area of the Cathedral of Christ in the mountains. Moscow with the demolition of the church itself and the necessary expansion of the area." This decision was prepared at a meeting of the Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (b) on 5 June 1931. 11 days later, the resolution of the Committee for Cult Affairs under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was adopted:

"In view of the allotment of the site on which the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour is located, for the construction of the Palace of Soviets, the said temple should be liquidated and demolished. Instruct the Presidium of the Moscow Oblast Executive Committee to liquidate (close) the church within ten days ... The petition of the OGPU economic department for gold washing and the petition for the construction of the Palace of Soviets for the transfer of building material to be submitted to the secretariat of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee."

For several months, urgent work was carried out to dismantle the temple building, the remains of which it was eventually decided would be blown up. On 5 December 1931, the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour was dynamited and reduced to rubble. It took more than a year to clear the debris from the site. The construction of the Palace of Soviets was ultimately halted due to a lack of funds, problems with flooding from the nearby Moskva River, and the outbreak of World War II. Some of the marble from the walls and benches of the cathedral was used in nearby Moscow Metro stations. The original marble high reliefs were preserved and are now on display at the Donskoy Monastery. For many decades, these reliefs were the only reminders of one of the largest Orthodox churches ever built. The flooded foundation hole remained on the site, but in 1958 under Nikita Khrushchev, it was transformed into the world's largest open air swimming pool, named Moskva Pool.

The huge area of evaporation generated by the huge water surface of the pool was the cause of corrosion of neighboring buildings. In particular, employees of the Pushkin Museum complained that the location of the outdoor pool negatively affected the safety of the exhibits.

Restored cathedral

The construction of the pool on a site of the destroyed cultural heritage caused a negative reaction of the Moscow public. The history of the site's Cathedral, the unbuilt Palace of the Soviets, and the Moskva Pool was commonly summarized with the ironic expression "First there was a church, then rubbish, and now shame" (Сперва был храм, потом — хлам, а теперь — срам.).

In February 1990, the Russian Orthodox Church received permission from the Soviet government to restore the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour. A temporary cornerstone was laid by the end of the year. The architect Aleksey Denisov was called upon to design a replica, but was soon fired from the project because of disagreements with the mayor's office. When construction was well under way, he was replaced by Zurab Tsereteli.

A construction fund was initiated in 1992 and funds began to pour in from citizens in the autumn of 1994, and about one million Muscovites donated money for the project. In this year the Moskva Pool was dismantled and the cathedral reconstruction commenced. The lower church was consecrated to the Saviour's Transfiguration in 1997, and the completed Cathedral of Christ the Saviour was consecrated on the Transfiguration Day, 19 August 2000.

Below the new church is a large hall for church assemblies. The cathedral square is graced by several chapels, designed in the same style as the cathedral. A footbridge across the river from Bersenevskaya embankment was constructed between 21 June 2003 and 3 September 2004 (photo). On the slope of the hill to the right of the cathedral the monument to Alexander II is located.

Significant events
In 2000, the cathedral was the venue for the canonization of the Romanovs when the last Tsar Nicholas II and his family, who were murdered by the Bolsheviks in 1918, were canonized as saints. On 17 May 2007, the Act of Canonical Communion between the Moscow Patriarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia was signed there. The ROCOR had been separate since the 1920s. The full restoration of communion with the Moscow Patriarchate was celebrated by a Divine Liturgy at which the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Alexius II, and the First Hierarch of ROCOR, Metropolitan Laurus, concelebrated the Divine Liturgy for the first time in history.

The first Russian president Boris Yeltsin, who died of heart failure on 23 April 2007, lay in state in the cathedral prior to his burial in Novodevichy Cemetery. In 2009 the cathedral was visited by Metropolitan Jonah (Paffhausen), former primate of the Orthodox Church in America, who celebrated the Liturgy with Patriarch Kirill I. Metropolitan Jonah later described the event, saying that even with a congregation of approximately 2,500, the vast church was only half full. About 16 bishops attended the ordination of a new bishop that day.

On February 21, 2012, Russian feminist punk rock group Pussy Riot staged a guerrilla performance in the cathedral in protest against Vladimir Putin, singing "Mother of God, please banish Putin!" Five members of the band participated in the said performance. Three members were identified, while the other two fled Russia. Those three members, Yekaterina Samutsevich, Maria Alyokhina and Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, were jailed for hooliganism.

title: Cathedral of Christ the Saviour


text:
Sorb

Sorb may refer to:

 * Sorbs, a Slavic ethnic group
 * Sorbus, a genus of trees
 * Sorbus domestica, a species belonging to the Sorbus genus
 * Sorbus aucuparia, a species belonging to the Sorbus genus
 * Sorbus torminalis, a species belonging to the Sorbus genus

 * Sorb, the fruit of the true service tree, a.k.a. sorb tree (Sorbus domestica)
 * Sorption, the action of both absorption and adsorption
 * SORB, the Sex Offender Registry Board, a Massachusetts government database

title: Sorb


text:
Talk:Twelve leverage points

Following posted by 68.74.221.5
''I love this page! In technology, the above system[s] is known as integration or integrated automation. An integration is a number of different subsystems interrelated and interdependent in such a manner as to make a previous nonexistent primary function possible such as threshold enabling and automation. Computing is really a computing matrix; a hardware/software integration enabling the Graphical User Interface. All electronics is integrated.''

''Donella Meadows is viewing through the lens of a design engineer and transcribing it as an easy to understand principled process. She has opened 'cause and effect' in a much larger Window. She is taking us to the next level of Logic: "Context Driven Dynamic Automation." In electronics, limit switches are used to start and stop processes. In Pneumatics and DDR [direct digital control] proportional monitoring and control is used for threshold enabling and threshold limiting continously.''

''We could learn a lot about a lot if we could grasp Donella Meadows' concepts and frame our studies by them. Bio-automation would enter a whole realm of understanding. People relationship matrix schemes such as sowing/ reaping would be seen as The Law of Equal Distribution applied to a Context Driven, Output Oriented Matrix. I love logic! Thank you Donella for sharing and thank you Wikipedia for making it possible for someone like me to have access to it. Have a great day!''

 * The main author of that page thanks you as well. Glad it pleased you :-) Anthère

Expert verification
The examples don't seem to mesh with the leverage points that well. I'm skeptical that they were written by an expert on the subject. This article needs review. 142.36.54.157 (talk) 16:42, 18 June 2008 (UTC)
 * You're right. The original article had much clearer examples.  The example for number 9 makes no sense at all.  The clearest example used by Meadows for that point in the original article was that of an old building with a shower on the 4th floor and the hot water tank in the basement.  When the hot water tap is adjusted, it takes 30 seconds before the water temperature changes in the shower.  This delay makes it difficult to properly tweak the temperature to the desired level.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.241.202.192 (talk) 23:41, 21 April 2010 (UTC)

What sort of expert?
Since it has been suggested that an expert comment on this, I want to ask what sort of expert? It seems to me this is a report of ideas published by Meadows. Agree or disagree, the appropriate way to check would be to compare the page to the original publication of those ideas. The page is about Meadow's leverage points, not "System scientists uniformly agree that this is the way to change a system." The page seems to be an accurate representation of Meadow's concepts. (Personally I feel just these points may be key to solving a lot of human society's problems, but that is besides the point.) Jarrender (talk) 08:42, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

These appear in her book "Thinking in Systems"
Her book "Thinking in Systems" dedicates a chapter to these 12 points. That book can be used to verify these. I hope to get time to do so. Lbeaumont (talk) 17:46, 24 August 2010 (UTC)

Needs third-party sources, not primary sources
I'm a fan of system dynamics, but Wikipedia is simply not the right place to summarize pieces of research or opinion, no matter how cool they may seem to some editor. See the WP:V policy. As the template I just added notes, '''This article needs references that appear in reliable third-party publications. Primary sources or sources affiliated with the subject are generally not sufficient for a Wikipedia article. Please add more appropriate citations from reliable sources.''' Without those, it is eligible for deletion. ★NealMcB★ (talk) 03:24, 4 April 2011 (UTC)

the stature of Meadows on system simulation and analysis
Meadows is one of the authors of The Limits to Growth with 30 years of credibility world-wide. Will we also remove that article? Is this political or applied science that we are to consider here ? Global warming denials ?

Consider the current project known as the A-21 Campaign or the minor events that led to widespread aboriginal gangs in present-day western Canada. In the latter case, distributing the worst offenders across the prison system to reduce violence in one prison lead to the rapid spread of gang membership across a vast territory.

What she offers is perhaps better seen as a heuristic suggested by an expert. Now where has it proven useful? Compare the "technical" background of past cybernetics advocates.

In that vein, we risk seeing this article deleted but retaining Bright green environmentalism?

G. Robert Shiplett 01:50, 22 June 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Twelve leverage points


text:
Mary Russell Mitford

Mary Russell Mitford (16 December 1787 – 10 January 1855) was an English essayist, novelist, poet and dramatist. She was born at Alresford in Hampshire. She is best known for Our Village, a series of sketches of village scenes and vividly drawn characters based upon her life in Three Mile Cross near Reading in Berkshire.

Childhood
She was the only daughter of George Mitford (or Midford), who apparently trained as a medical doctor, and Mary Russell, a descendant of the aristocratic Russell family. She grew up near Jane Austen and was an acquaintance of hers when young. At ten years old in 1797, young Mary Russell Mitford won her father a lottery ticket worth £20,000, but by the 1810s the small family suffered financial difficulties. In the 1800s and 1810s they lived in large properties in Reading and then Grazeley (in Sulhamstead Abbots parish), but, when the money was all gone after 1819, they lived on a small remnant of the doctor's lost fortune and the proceeds of his daughter's literary career. He is thought to have inspired Mary with the keen delight in incongruities, the lively sympathy, self-willed vigorous individuality, and tolerance which inspire so many of her sketches of character. She cared for her mother and father until their deaths and supported them and herself by proceeds from her writing.

From age 10 to 15 she attended a school in Hans Place, Knightsbridge, London, the successor to Reading Abbey Girls' School, which Austen had attended a few years earlier. Her father engaged Frances Arabella Rowden, formerly governess to the family of Frederick Ponsonby, 3rd Earl of Bessborough, to give her extra tuition. Rowden was not only a published poet, but according to Mitford, "she had a knack of making poetesses of her pupils". Rowden took Mitford to Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, especially to plays featuring John Kemble, and entranced her with the life of the theatre.

Works
Mitford's youthful ambition had been to be the greatest English poetess, and her first publications were poems in the manner of Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Walter Scott (Miscellaneous Verses, 1810, reviewed by Scott in the Quarterly; Christina, the Maid of the South Seas, a metrical tale based on the first news of discovery of the last surviving mutineer of the H. M. S. Bounty and a generation of British-Tahitian children on Pitcairn Island in 1811; and Blanche, part of a projected series of "Narrative Poems on the Female Character", in 1813). Her play Julian was produced at Covent Garden, with William Charles Macready in the title role, in 1823; Foscari at Covent Garden, with Charles Kemble as the hero, in 1826; while Rienzi, 1828, the best of her plays, ran for 34 performances, and Mitford's friend, Thomas Noon Talfourd, supposed that its popularity detracted from the success of his own play, Ion. Charles the First was refused a licence by the Lord Chamberlain, but was played at the Surrey Theatre in 1834.

The prose, to which she was driven by the need to earn a living, was the most successful and financially rewarding of her literary productions. The first series of Our Village sketches appeared in book form in 1824 (having first appeared in The Lady's Magazine five years previously), a second in 1826, a third in 1828, a fourth in 1830, a fifth in 1832. They were reprinted several times. Belford Regis, another series of literary sketches in which the neighbourhood and society of Reading were idealised, was published in 1835. Her description of village cricket in Our Village has been called "the first major prose on the game".

Her Recollections of a Literary Life (1852) is a series of causeries about her favourite books. Her talk was said by her friends, Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Hengist Horne, to have been even more amusing than her books, and five volumes of her Life and Letters, published in 1870 and 1872, show her to have been a delightful letter-writer. The many collections available of her letters provide especially useful commentary and criticism of her Romantic and Victorian literary contemporaries.

Reception
Mitford was a prolific and successful writer, though the quality of her prose has elicited mixed opinions. In his introduction to a 1997 reprint of selections from Our Village, Ronald Blythe stated that "it is hard to know what to praise most, her style or her spirit. Both rise to heights rarely found either in the women's journalism of her day or in a woman who by every law of the time should have been crushed by adversity." On the other hand, Tom Fort, writing in 2017, took the view that "for a reader of today she is rather hard going ... She is, I'm sorry to say, trite, sentimental, long-winded, short-sighted, arch, chatty and twee."

Esther Meynell's 1939 novel English Spinster: a portrait is a fictional treatment of the life of Mary Russell Mitford.

Later life and death
Mitford met Elizabeth Barrett Browning in 1836 and their acquaintance ripened into a warm friendship.

The strain of poverty told on Mitford's work, for although her books sold at high prices, her income did not keep pace with her father's extravagances. In 1837, however, she received a civil list pension, and five years later, on 11 December 1842, her father died. A subscription was raised to pay his debts, and the surplus increased Mary's income.

In 1851 she moved from Three Mile Cross to a cottage in Swallowfield, three miles away, where she remained for the rest of her life. She died there on 10 January 1855, after being injured in a carriage accident the previous December. She was buried there in the churchyard.

Legacy
Her life was dramatised in the 1940 Australian radio play Three Mile Cross by Catherine Shepherd.

Literature

 * The Life of Mary Russell Mitford, related in a Selection from her Letters, 3 vols (1870 Bentley).
 * Henry Fothergill Chorley (Ed.), Letters of Mary Russell Mitford (1872).
 * A.G.K. L'Estrange (Ed.), The Friendships of Mary Russell Mitford as recorded in Letters from Her Literary Correspondents, 2 vols (1882 Hurst & Blackett).
 * William J. Roberts, (The Life and Friendships of) Mary Russell Mitford: The Tragedy of a Blue Stocking (Andrew Melrose, London 1913). (Modern publishing: Kessinger 2007, ISBN 0-548-60938-1)
 * M. Constance Hill, Mary Russell Mitford and Her Surroundings (Bodley Head, London 1920).
 * Marjorie Astin, Mary Russell Mitford – Her Circle and Her Books (Noel Douglas, London 1930).
 * James E. Agate, Mary Russell Mitford (1940).
 * Vera G. Watson, Mary Russell Mitford (Evans Brothers, 1949).
 * Caroline Mary Duncan-Jones, Miss Mitford and Mr. Harness. Records of a Friendship. (S.P.C.K./Talbot Press, London 1955).
 * W.A. Coles, 'Mary Russell Mitford: the inauguration of a literary career', Journal of the John Rylands Library 40 (1957), 33–46.
 * Pamela Horn (Ed.), Life in a Country Town: Reading and Mary Russell Mitford (1787–1855) (Beacon Publications, Sutton Courtenay 1984).
 * Catherine Addison, 'Gender and Genre in Mary Russell Mitford's Christina,' English Studies in Africa 41, Part 2 (1998), 1–21.
 * Diego Saglia, 'Public and Private in Women's Romantic Poetry: Spaces, Gender, Genre in Mary Russell Mitford's Blanch,' Women's Writing 5.3 (1998), 405–19.
 * Martin Garrett, 'Mary Russell Mitford', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004.
 * Diego Saglia, 'Mediterranean Unrest: 1820s Verse Tragedies and Revolutions in the South,' Romanticism 11.1 (2005) 99–113.
 * Alison Booth, 'Revisiting the Homes and Haunts of Mary Russell Mitford', Nineteenth Century Contexts, 30 Part 1 (2008), 39–65.
 * Cecilia Pietropoli, 'The Story of the Foscaris, a Drama for Two Playwrights: Mary Mitford and Lord Byron,' in The Language of Performance in British Romanticism (Peter Lang, New York, 2008), 115–26.
 * Elisa Beshero-Bondar, 'Romancing the Pacific Isles Before Byron: Music, Sex, and Death in Mitford's Christina,' ELH 76.2 (Summer 2009) 277–308.

title: Mary Russell Mitford