text:
Talk:Bromley Contingent

From VfD
The following is from when the article was listed on VfD, which it no longer is

 * Bromley Contingent. "consituted the fashion avant garde of the early UK punk rock movement".  They ''constituted' the avant garde?  There was nobody else? RickK 05:21, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)~
 * I dont think it should be deleted, maybe reworded? The bromley contingent were an important part of punk history!	 Steeev 21 Nov 2003
 * Needs editing but deleting this is almost unthinkable. Bromely Contingent were very important.  --Daniel C. Boyer 14:03, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Even I've heard of 'em, and I'm a Yank. Reword and keep.  Malcolm McLaren probably ought to be mentioned as well. -- Smerdis of Tlön 23:41, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Replaced vfd note with stub warning. there is no reason why this article shouldn't be included on WP. the article as it stands is mot inacuarte either, the Bromley Contingent WERE the avant garde that pushed the pistols into the limelight. Granted article could be fleshed out alot (I will do it if I get time), but in the meantime I vote it's better than owt. quercus robur 00:56, 22 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * You know, although I have no problem with leaving the article in, I strongly object to removing the VfD notice before the article is removed from this page, which is supposed to be 5 days, right? I'm going to restore the VfD notice until it's removed from this page.  RickK 19:31, 22 Nov 2003 (UTC)~
 * I've heard of these folks too (in a book on hair, of all things). Keep. Martin 19:07, 24 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * A group that had real historical significance deserves an encyclopedia article. If one fact is wrong, correct the fact. Don't destroy the article. Wiwaxia 02:23, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)

First fuck
The linked transcript of the interview says the first unnoticed "fuck" also came from Jones, not Matlock. Can anyone verify? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.141.159.93 (talk) 20:14, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

 * It was Matlock. At the start, Grundy asks "What did you do with the money?" and Glen goes "We fucking spent it." (Or something to those words.)IBelongToTheBlankGeneration

In
KEEP THE BROMLEY CONTINGENT IN!!! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.31.78.228 (talk) 09:33, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

Article is a Mess
A lot of the people listed were never considered part of the Bromley Contingent. Jordan was much older, and although she was photographed with them in Westwood's Boutique and Clubs, she never really hung around with them outside of the Punk Scene. If you include Jordan you might as well include Helen "of Troy" Lloyd Wellington, and Vivienne Westwood. Simone Thomas dated a member of the Bromley Contingent, I want to say Simon Barker but I believe he's gay; she wasn't seen with them in the early days and vanished not long after the Bill Grundy interview. Also I've never heard of Tony James being associated with the Bromely Contingent; he may have been friends with them, well definately Billy Idol, but being associated doesn't make him a member. It's all really confusing of course; I mean somewhere there's a video of Caroline Coon interviewing Sid Vicious, Siouxsie Sioux, and Bertie Marshall that identifies Sid as a member. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.63.206.246 (talk) 04:25, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

In my view part of the mess is the bit specifying which 'members' actually came from Bromley. I've had a go at tidying that up. It used to say that some members came from Orpington (which ones?), which has been part of Bromley since 1965. Similarly, it said Siouxsie Sioux was from Chislehurst, which was then and is now also part of Bromley. Steven Severin is listed as being from Bromley, and he did go to Ravens Wood School - which is as close to Chislehurst and Orpington as it is to Bromley town centre. Idol obviously had a connection with Bromley, having been to Ravensbourne Boys' School at some point, after having lived in various places, including the US, and his family were living in Sussex by 1976, so I'm never sure why he's always described as being "from" Bromley - though as a Bromley boy myself, I'm proud that he is. All this info is available to check on Wikipedia, or via Google maps, except the bit about me being a Bromley boy, which you'll have to take on trust. (BTW I was at Hayes School, Bromley in the late 1970s, and the school always claimed a connection to Generation X, but I've never been able to establish what it was.) Dotdotdotcomma (talk) 11:10, 24 October 2023 (UTC)

Consult the photos
Better be guided by who we see in Ray Stevenson’s various classic pix from 1976. Google finds plenty. https://100punksrule.wordpress.com/2013/03/17/the-bromley-contingent-77/ 217.155.200.241 (talk) 21:53, 10 June 2018 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Bromley Contingent. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit User:Cyberpower678/FaQs for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20160117151356/http://www.safpublishing.com/store/system/store.htm to http://www.safpublishing.com/store/system/store.htm
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20080413140041/http://www.timeout.com:80/london/gay/review/book/45/bertie_marshall_berlin_bromley.html to http://www.timeout.com/london/gay/review/book/45/bertie_marshall_berlin_bromley.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 19:16, 3 June 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bromley Contingent


text:
Shanghai Communiqué

The Joint Communiqué of the United States of America and the People's Republic of China, also known as the Shanghai Communiqué (1972), was a diplomatic document issued by the United States of America and the People's Republic of China on February 27, 1972, on the last evening of President Richard Nixon's visit to China.

Background
National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger was sent to China for secret diplomatic missions in 1971, which included early deliberations over the communiqué and planning for Richard Nixon to visit the country. Premier Zhou Enlai served as the Chinese liaison in the negotiations, with whom Kissinger had 25 hours of documented meetings. Kissinger did not use translators from the State Department due to concerns of leaking.

Kissinger's secret visits involved seven drafts over the contents of the Shanghai Communiqué. Kissinger was initially interested in drafting a communiqué that only mentioned the mutual interests between the United States and China, but Zhou sought to include disagreements between their respective states in order to create a more meaningful document. This move towards an honest representation of relations impressed Kissinger, who increasingly held a favorable view on Chinese leadership.

Further negotiations over the communiqué took place with White House Chief of Staff General Alexander Haig representing the United States while preparing in China a month prior to Nixon's visit. Informed by the 1969 Sino-Soviet border conflict, Haig emphasized the border threat that the Soviet Union posed to China and argued that there was a significant mutual interest between the United States and China in information sharing and otherwise militarily countering the Soviet Union. Zhou and Mao Zedong both viewed the remarks as disingenuous and ignorant of Chinese defense capabilities. However, they believed that Haig's statements reflected a genuine desire from the United States for détente.

Nixon's visit
During the February 1972 visit, the narrative of shared Sino-American interests in counteracting the Soviet Union were repeated numerous times by Nixon and Kissinger. Mao, when updated on Zhou Enlai's meetings with the American delegation, continued to be skeptical of the helpfulness of the security proposals. Zhou was somewhat responsive towards specific offers from Kissinger for aid in early warning detection.

On February 25, disagreements over the contents of the communiqué arose within the American delegation. The communiqué at that point had recognized the security treaties the United States had entered with Japan and South Korea. Then Secretary of State William Rogers and diplomat Marshall Green rejected Nixon and Kissinger's intentional lack of mention of the Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty signed with Taiwan in 1955, claiming that the absence was a betrayal of a close ally. Working with Qiao Guanhua, Kissinger resolved the disagreement on February 26 by removing all language pertaining to treaties.

The finished communiqué was signed on the evening of February 27, 1972 at the Jinjiang Hotel in Shanghai. Nixon left China the following morning.

Document
The United States formally acknowledged that "all Chinese on either side of the Taiwan Strait maintain there is but one China". The use of the word "acknowledge" rather than "accept" is often cited as an example of the United States' ambiguous position regarding the future of Taiwan. The agreed Chinese translation renders "acknowledges" as cheng ren (承认), which connotes recognition and acceptance.

The communiqué also included wishes of a peaceful coexistence and to expand the economic and cultural contacts between the two nations through bilateral trade, although no concrete steps were mentioned. The communiqué stated that the normalization of relations would contribute "to the relaxation of tension in Asia and the world."

Legacy
The Shanghai Communiqué represented the United States' first direct public diplomatic negotiations with People's Republic of China since its 1949 founding.

In a March 1972 visit to Taipei, US diplomat Marshall Green argued to Taiwanese Foreign Minister Chow Shu-Kai that the acceptance of the communiqué represented a change in PRC priorities. Namely, Green argued the communiqué demonstrated that the PRC valued peace with the United States above confrontation with Taiwan, and subsequently increased the security of Taiwan.

The aftermath of the Watergate scandal later in 1972 led Nixon to deprioritize further diplomatic efforts with the PRC.

Relations between the two countries were officially normalized with the Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations. The communique was issued on January 1, 1979, the same day that the Taiwan Relations Act also entered into force.

In a February 2017 opinion piece for The Diplomat, National Committee on U.S.-China Relations president Stephen Orlins praised the Shanghai Communiqué for the cross-strait stability it offered for Taiwan. Orlins said the communiqué helps ensure confidence with Western investment in Taiwan because of the wide-ranging impacts of the opening of China and continued high-level cross-strait dialogue.

William F. Buckley Jr., the conservative anti-communist commentator, accompanied Nixon the trip, but was critical, however. He wrote an extensive attack in National Review of March 1972, calling the Communiqué a "staggering capitulation" that represented the loss of "any remaining sense of moral mission in the world."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Shanghai Communiqué


text:
Executive Yuan

The Executive Yuan is the executive branch of the government of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Under the amended constitution, the head of the Executive Yuan is the Premier who is positioned as the head of government and has the power to appoint members to serve in the cabinet, while the ROC President is the head of state under the semi-presidential system, who can appoint the Premier and nominate the members of the cabinet. The Premier may be removed by a vote of no-confidence by a majority of the Legislative Yuan, after which the President may either remove the Premier or dissolve the Legislative Yuan and initiate a new election for legislators.

Organization and structure

The Executive Yuan is headed by the Premier (or President of the Executive Yuan) and includes its Vice Premier, twelve cabinet ministers, various chairpersons of commissions, and five to nine ministers without portfolio. The Vice Premier, ministers, and chairpersons are appointed by the President of the Republic of China on the recommendation of the Premier.

Its formation, as one of five branches ("Yuans") of the government, stemmed from the Three Principles of the People, the constitutional theory of Sun Yat-sen, but was adjusted constitutionally over the years to adapt to the situation in the ROC by changes in the laws and the Constitution of the Republic of China.

Councils and commissions
Empowered by various laws or the Constitution, under the Executive Yuan Council several individual boards are formed to enforce different executive functions of the government. Unless regulated otherwise, the chairs are appointed by and answer to the Premier. The members of the boards are usually (a) governmental officials for the purpose of interdepartmental coordination and cooperation; or (b) creditable professionals for their reputation and independence.

{{Legend|pink|To be merged into other organs}}

Independent commissions
There are independent executive commissions under the Executive Yuan Council. Members of these commissions have to be confirmed by the Legislative Yuan.

Organizations no longer under Executive Yuan
Duencies may be dissolved or merged with other agencies. Based on Executive Yuan website, the following bodies are no longer agencies under the Executive Yuan:
 * Consumer Protection Commission, restructured as the Consumer Protection Committee on 1 January 2012
 * Aviation Safety Council, became an independent agency on 20 May 2012, later renamed Taiwan Transportation Safety Board
 * National Disaster Prevention and Protection Commission: a task-force-grouped committee authorized by the law of Disaster Prevention and Protection.

Dissolved or ceased to function

 * Government Information Office on 20 May 2012
 * Council for Economic Planning and Development on 21 January 2014
 * Research, Development and Evaluation Commission on 21 January 2014
 * Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission on 15 September 2017

Ministers without portfolio
In the Executive Yuan Council, the current ministers without portfolio are:

 * Chang Ching-sen
 * Huang Chih-ta
 * John Deng
 * Kung Ming-hsin, also serving as Minister of National Development Council
 * Lee Yung-te
 * Lin Wan-i
 * Lo Ping-cheng (羅秉成), also serving as the spokesperson of the Yuan
 * Wu Tsung-tsong, also serving as Minister of National Science and Technology Council
 * Wu Tze-cheng, also serving as Minister of Public Construction Commission

Executive Yuan Council
The Executive Yuan Council, commonly referred to as "The Cabinet" (內閣), is the chief policymaking organ of the ROC government. It consists of the premier, who presides over its meetings, the vice premier, ministers without portfolio, the heads of the ministries, and the heads of the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission and the Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission. The secretary-general and the deputy secretary-general of the Executive Yuan also attend, as well as heads of other Executive Yuan organizations by invitation, but they have no vote. Article 58 of the Constitution empowers the Executive Yuan Council to evaluate statutory and budgetary bills concerning martial law, amnesty, declarations of war, conclusion of peace or treaties, and other important affairs before submission to the Legislative Yuan.

Relationship with the Legislative Yuan
The Executive Yuan Council must present the Legislators with an annual policy statement and an administrative report. The Legislative Committee may also summon members of the Executive Yuan Council for questioning.

Whenever there is disagreement between the Legislative Council and Executive Yuan Council, the Legislative Committee may pass a resolution asking the Executive Yuan Council to alter the policy proposal in question. The Executive Yuan may, in turn, ask the Legislators to reconsider. Afterwards, if the Legislative Council upholds the original resolution, the premier must abide by the resolution or resign. The Executive Yuan Council may also present an alternative budgetary bill if the one passed by the Legislative Committee is deemed difficult to execute.

Executive Yuan Building
The Executive Yuan Building was built in 1940 as the new city hall for Taipei, on the site of Huashan Elementary School. After Taiwan was handed over to the Republic of China in 1945, Taipei's city hall was moved to the former campus of Jian Cheng Elementary School. The old city hall building was turned over to house the provincial government for Taiwan. It became the Executive Yuan building in 1957.

The Executive Yuan building has been open to the public since 2003. It is accessible within walking distance east of Taipei Main Station or west of Shandao Temple Station of Taipei Metro.

title: Executive Yuan


text:
Talk:Kyushu

9 provinces
What are the names of the "nine (九) provinces (州)"? --Menchi 10:00, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Buzen, Bungo, Chikuzen, Chikugo, Hizen, Higo, Hyuga, Osumi and Satsuma. See old provinces of Japan. --Nanshu 23:08, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Why were the nine provinces abolished? (geography project)15:00 GMT 24 June 2004

As a part of the reorganization of Japan under Meiji. - Nik42 22:00, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * How did the nine provinces transform into the eight prefectures of today? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.139.81.0 (talk) 13:15, 3 June 2012 (UTC)

Birthplace of Japanese civilization?
It is considered the birthplace of Japanese civilization. - isn't the Nara area?

 * That is one of very famous controversies in Japanese history. We should have an article about this topic. -- Taku 02:57, Mar 22, 2005 (UTC)

 * Interesting. What arguments are there for considering Kyushu the birthplace of Japanese civilization?  I was under the impression that it was historically rather isolated, and that all the archeological remains are around Kansai and Nara specifically Nik42 07:35, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Kyushu or Kyūshū?
I have no idea whether you should spell Kyushu like Kyushu or in Romaji, like Kyūshū. Just a thought. - SilverBulletx3 chattehcontribs 19:54, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Take a look at WP:MOS-JP. Kyūshū seems to be the consensus for use on Wikipedia. Bobo12345 12:37, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

Population question
IP User:114.73.0.14 asked, "how much percentige of the population live here?" Fg2 (talk) 10:05, 24 March 2009 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved per discussion below. - GTBacchus(talk) 21:23, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

Kyūshū → Kyushu — Arguably, the macron-less form of this island is more common. It is featured in the name of a university on the island and identifying the long vowel is not necessary for the article title.— Ryūlóng ( 竜龙 ) 05:50, 17 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Support clearly the macronless form is more common. 184.144.165.37 (talk) 10:40, 17 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose. MOS-JA clearly states that this place name should use a macron.  There is a discussion about changing this rule on said manual's talk page, but until that discussion reaches a conclusion, this move is premature. Jpatokal (talk) 11:14, 17 December 2010 (UTC)
 * The consensus in the discussion is bending towards changing the rule and adding new exceptions.— Ryūlóng ( 竜龙 ) 19:43, 17 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Support The macronless form is more commonly used in reliable sources in the English-speaking world. It is much more commonly used in both mainstream media and scholarly sources. Britannica, The Columbia Encyclopedia, Oxford Dictionaries and several other reference works also use the macronless form. Jfgslo (talk) 15:25, 17 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Support per nomination. Flamarande (talk) 15:13, 21 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The common omission of the macrons is purely the result of the difficulty in typing diacritics on an English keyboard. It is not an Anglicisation or an "English name", but a slight misspelling of a kind which English-speakers happen to be blind to. There is no reason whatever for an encyclopedia to mimic the sloppiness of the mass media. Xanthoxyl  < 08:23, 22 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Support. The form without macrons seems to be more widely used in English language text. And the fact that Britannica deliberately writes "Kyushu, Japanese Kyūshū" would seem to negate the argument of simple "sloppiness" put forward above, especially since it uses macrons for less universally-known Japanese place names. The Collins English Dictionary on my bookshelf also uses macrons for some words, but chooses not to for "Kyushu", which suggests that this has indeed become a widely recognized anglicized form. --DAJF (talk) 08:58, 22 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Support per above comments. Reliable mass media sources should be given the same weight as reliable academic sources, regardless of personal opinion about how "sloppy" they may be. ··· 日本穣 ? · 投稿  · Talk to Nihonjoe ·  Join WikiProject Japan ! 16:55, 22 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Support per nominator and examples brought by User:Jfgslo.Aldux (talk) 11:41, 23 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Support: Kyushu has become an English word, and not just a transliteration of the Japanese. WP:ENGLISH requires the macronless form. Quigley (talk) 21:43, 27 December 2010 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Island or region?
Is this article about the island or the administrative region (which includes many other islands)? Reading through the article and looking at the included images, there seems to be a good deal of inconsistency regarding whether or not Okinawa is included, for instance. When land mass and population figures are presented, do these refer to the whole region, or only Kyushu Island? Perhaps we should spin off the island to its own article at Kyushu Island. Wilhelm Meis (☎ Diskuss | ✍ Beiträge) 18:15, 3 June 2012 (UTC)

History
There should be a history section, describing the general history of the region, as well as how the old provinces changed into the current prefectures and how the modern region was established. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.61.180.106 (talk) 16:21, August 24, 2021 (UTC)
 * I concur. One could be easily created by translating the relevant subsection from the Japanese version of this aritcle. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 08:19, 27 November 2023 (UTC)

Opening paragraph
The current opening paragraph is a bit unwieldy, containing the word island(s) three times in close proximity. The word 'four' doesn't need repeating.

"Kyūshū (九州, Kyūshū, pronounced [kʲɯꜜːɕɯː] ⓘ, lit. 'Nine Provinces') is the third-largest island of Japan's four main islands and the most southerly of the four largest islands (i.e. excluding Okinawa)."

Maybe something like this would be a little more concise. (I'm not even sure the reference to Okinawa is necessary, as it is not one of the four main islands.)

"Kyūshū (九州, Kyūshū, pronounced [kʲɯꜜːɕɯː] ⓘ, lit. 'Nine Provinces') is the third-largest and most southerly of Japan's four main islands (i.e. excluding Okinawa)." 安堵龍 (talk) 14:57, 14 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kyushu


text:
MSU

MSU may refer to:

Science and technology

 * Microwave sounding unit, in atmospheric science
 * Mid-stream urine, used in medicine to test for urinary tract infection
 * Million service units, particularly in IBM mainframe computers
 * Mobile stroke unit, a specialised ambulance for patients suspected of having had a stroke
 * MSU Lossless Video Codec, Moscow State University Lossless Video Codec
 * Monosodium Urate (Cf. Gout)

India

 * Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
 * Manonmaniam Sundaranar University

Russia

 * Maritime State University
 * Moscow State University

United States

 * McNeese State University, in Lake Charles, Louisiana
 * Memphis State University, former name of the University of Memphis
 * Metropolitan State University, in Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota
 * Metropolitan State University of Denver, in Colorado
 * Michigan State University, in East Lansing, Michigan
 * Midwestern State University, in Wichita Falls, Texas
 * Minnesota State University, Mankato
 * Minnesota State University Moorhead
 * Minot State University, in Minot, North Dakota
 * Mississippi State University
 * Missouri State University
 * University of Missouri (antiquated)
 * Montana State University System
 * Montclair State University, in Montclair, New Jersey
 * Morehead State University, in Morehead, Kentucky
 * Morgan State University, in Baltimore, Maryland
 * Mountain State University, in Beckley, West Virginia
 * Murray State University, in Murray, Kentucky

Other places

 * Management and Science University, Malaysia
 * Moldova State University, Moldova
 * Mahendra Sanskrit University, Nepal
 * Mindanao State University, Philippines
 * Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University, Saudi Arabia
 * Mahasarakham University, Thailand
 * Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Turkey
 * Midlands State University, Zimbabwe

Other

 * IATA code for Moshoeshoe I International Airport in Maseru, Lesotho
 * ISO 639 code for the Musom language
 * Studite Brethren (Monaci Studiti Ucraini), a religious society of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
 * McMaster Students Union, in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
 * Muslim Student Union, a variation of Muslim Students' Association
 * Museum of Contemporary Art, Zagreb (Croatian: Muzej suvremene umjetnosti)
 * Multinational Specialized Unit, a unit of the Italian Carabinieri
 * Miyazaki Sportsmen United, the former name of Tegevajaro Miyazaki, a Japanese football club

title: MSU


text:
Talk:Executive Yuan

Hi Jiang, Menchi, and Olivier: Since all of us are here now, let's take down the requested articles for China and Taiwan. I think there is a real possibility there can be zero of them in 1 hour. --Kaihsu Tai 10:09, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * And by 'real possibility' I mean 'positive probability'. --Kaihsu Tai 10:11, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Aaaaah!! Got to run from this place! --Jiang

Reorganization
Can someone write up the recent reorganization? This may be helpful: http://www.takungpao.com/news/images/20040909-tm-0.jpg -- Kaihsu 22:43, 2004 Sep 9 (UTC)

Here is more data: http://reform.rdec.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=589&CtNode=59 – Kaihsu 11:28, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

Mistakes
National Palace Museum is under the ROC President Office. National Police Agency is under the Ministry of the Interior. Could someone please change these two since I am the new comer. Chcyang
 * The National Palace Museum is under the Executive Yuan. – Kaihsu 23:21, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

And, Central Bank of China is also under Executive Yuan. The Department of Health and the Environmental Protection Agency in Taiwan are the same level because the EPA of ROC is separated from Department of Health. Chcyang

Introduction sentence
I propose to change the "Republic of China" in the first sentence in those government and military articles into "Taiwan", because Taiwan is the common name for the country. The Republic of China is so rarely used in third-party sources that readers may confuse it with the People's Republic of China.--Coco977 (talk) 06:57, 20 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Taiwan should definitely be mentioned, either replacing ROC entirely, or one of them in parentheses (or with the word "or" as some articles do). Softlavender (talk) 12:45, 27 August 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Executive Yuan. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140524014448/http://www.asc.gov.tw:80/asc_en/aboutasc_2.asp to http://www.asc.gov.tw/asc_en/aboutasc_2.asp

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:40, 28 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Executive Yuan. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140429115151/http://www.ey.gov.tw/EN/cp.aspx?n=95097CAF31185CC1 to http://www.ey.gov.tw/en/cp.aspx?n=95097CAF31185CC1
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.asc.gov.tw/asc_en/aboutasc_2.asp
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090503184139/http://www.ndppc.nat.gov.tw/ to http://www.ndppc.nat.gov.tw/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:31, 26 September 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 04:36, 19 February 2019 (UTC)
 * 李孟諺之肖像.jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 16:52, 21 May 2020 (UTC)
 * 蔡清祥部長.jpg

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 00:08, 17 February 2022 (UTC)
 * 中華民國行政院第30任院長 蘇貞昌.jpg
 * 中華民國行政院第38任副院長 沈榮津.jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 09:08, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Audrey Tang from the Ministry of Digital Affairs.jpg

title: Talk:Executive Yuan


text:
Endogenous growth theory

Endogenous growth theory holds that economic growth is primarily the result of endogenous and not external forces. Endogenous growth theory holds that investment in human capital, innovation, and knowledge are significant contributors to economic growth. The theory also focuses on positive externalities and spillover effects of a knowledge-based economy which will lead to economic development. The endogenous growth theory primarily holds that the long run growth rate of an economy depends on policy measures. For example, subsidies for research and development or education increase the growth rate in some endogenous growth models by increasing the incentive for innovation.

Models
In the mid-1980s, a group of growth theorists became increasingly dissatisfied with common accounts of exogenous factors determining long-run growth, such as the Solow–Swan model. They favored a model that replaced the exogenous growth variable (unexplained technical progress) with a model in which the key determinants of growth were explicit in the model. The work of Kenneth Arrow (1962),, and Miguel Sidrauski (1967) formed the basis for this research. Paul Romer (1986),, and  omitted technological change; instead, growth in these models is due to indefinite investment in human capital which had a spillover effect on the economy and reduces the diminishing return to capital accumulation.

The AK model, which is the simplest endogenous model, gives a constant-savings rate of endogenous growth and assumes a constant, exogenous, saving rate. It models technological progress with a single parameter (usually A). The model is based on the assumption that the production function does not exhibit diminishing returns to scale. Various rationales for this assumption have been given, such as positive spillovers from capital investment to the economy as a whole or improvements in technology leading to further improvements. However, the endogenous growth theory is further supported with models in which agents optimally determined the consumption and saving, optimizing the resources allocation to research and development leading to technological progress. Romer (1986, 1990) and significant contributions by Aghion and Howitt (1992) and Grossman and Helpman (1991), incorporated imperfect markets and R&D to the growth model. The quantity   theory  of  endogenous productivity growth was  proposed by  Russian economist  Vladimir Pokrovskii.The theory explains  growth as a consequence of the dynamics of three factors, among them a technological characteristics of  production equipment,   without  any arbitrary parameters,  which makes it possible to  reproduce historical rates of economic growth with considerable precision.

AK model
The AK model production function is a special case of a Cobb–Douglas production function:
 * $$Y=AK^aL^{1-a}\,$$

This equation shows a Cobb–Douglas function where Y represents the total production in an economy. A represents total factor productivity, K is capital, L is labor, and the parameter $$a$$ measures the output elasticity of capital. For the special case in which $$a = 1$$, the production function becomes linear in capital thereby giving constant returns to scale:

 * $$Y=AK.$$

To avoid the contradictions,   Russian economist  Vladimir Pokrovskii  proposed to  write the production function in the united form

 * $$ Y =

\begin{cases} \xi K, & \xi > 0 \\ Y_0 \frac{L}{L_0}\left(\frac {L_0}{L} \frac{P}{P_0}\right)^\alpha, & 0 < \alpha < 1 \end{cases} $$

where $$P$$ is a capital service;   $$Y_0$$, $$L_0$$ and $$P_0$$ correspond to output, labour and substitutive work in the base year. This form of the theory explains  growth as a consequence of the dynamics of the production  factors,   without  any arbitrary parameters,  which makes it possible to  reproduce historical rates of economic growth with considerable precision.

Versus exogenous growth theory
In neo-classical growth models, the long-run rate of growth is exogenously determined by either the savings rate (the Harrod–Domar model) or the rate of technical progress (Solow model). However, the savings rate and rate of technological progress remain unexplained. Endogenous growth theory tries to overcome this shortcoming by building macroeconomic models out of microeconomic foundations. Households are assumed to maximize utility subject to budget constraints while firms maximize profits. Crucial importance is usually given to the production of new technologies and human capital. The engine for growth can be as simple as a constant return to scale production function (the AK model) or more complicated set ups with spillover effects (spillovers are positive externalities, benefits that are attributed to costs from other firms), increasing numbers of goods, increasing qualities, etc.

Often endogenous growth theory assumes constant marginal product of capital at the aggregate level, or at least that the limit of the marginal product of capital does not tend towards zero. This does not imply that larger firms will be more productive than small ones, because at the firm level the marginal product of capital is still diminishing. Therefore, it is possible to construct endogenous growth models with perfect competition. However, in many endogenous growth models the assumption of perfect competition is relaxed, and some degree of monopoly power is thought to exist. Generally monopoly power in these models comes from the holding of patents. These are models with two sectors, producers of final output and an R&D sector: the R&D sector develops ideas which grant them monopoly power. R&D firms are assumed to be able to make monopoly profits selling ideas to production firms, but the free entry condition means that these profits are dissipated on R&D spending.

Implications
An endogenous growth theory implication is that policies that embrace openness, competition, change and innovation will promote growth. Conversely, policies that have the effect of restricting or slowing change by protecting or favouring particular existing industries or firms are likely, over time, to slow growth to the disadvantage of the community. Peter Howitt has written:

Sustained economic growth is everywhere and always a process of continual transformation. The sort of economic progress that has been enjoyed by the richest nations since the Industrial Revolution would not have been possible if people had not undergone wrenching changes. Economies that cease to transform themselves are destined to fall off the path of economic growth. The countries that most deserve the title of "developing" are not the poorest countries of the world, but the richest. [They] need to engage in the never-ending process of economic development if they are to enjoy continued prosperity.

Criticisms
One of the main failings of endogenous growth theories is the collective failure to explain conditional convergence reported in empirical literature.

Another frequent critique concerns the cornerstone assumption of diminishing returns to capital. Stephen Parente contends that new growth theory has proved to be no more successful than exogenous growth theory in explaining the income divergence between the developing and developed worlds (despite usually being more complex).

Paul Krugman criticized endogenous growth theory as nearly impossible to check by empirical evidence; "too much of it involved making assumptions about how unmeasurable things affected other unmeasurable things."

title: Endogenous growth theory


text:
Talk:William II of the Netherlands

Untitled
I removed the sentence about William being offered the throne of Belgium but declining under pressure of his father. I couldn't find any corroboration. Perhaps someone will reinstate it. This entry needs some trustworthy external links. Wetman 10:13, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Has someone deleted this article? Apart from anything else whoever did it spelt ass hole wrong!!! --62.6.139.10 18:36, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

William was not commanding any Dutch troops at Quatre-Bras and Waterloo. He acted as English officer, probably because the Duke of Wellington did not completely trust the Dutch forces. Mvdleeuw 10:58, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

I only know of this bloke from Sharpe's Waterloo. Was he really an incompetent buffoon, and if so what did he do (or fail to do)? Lupine Proletariat 11:09, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

Well, I don't suppose he was a buffoon, but on the other hand: I don't think he was the greatest of generals, being rather conceited. Then again: he was brave enough to get himself hurt. Mvdleeuw 18:53, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

I find the sentence "He was considered a hero although his military incompetence was the cause of several critical errors." a bit problematic. This is largely based on the english theory of the incompetent or cowardly dutch and belgian troops. Prince William certainly was no military genius, but I'm not so sure he was responsible the blunders he is generally credited with (namely the forward slope deployment of some dutch-belgian troops at Waterloo. In a way this is a POV issue as the position of William the bufoon or the cowardly dutch is largely based on british history.--Caranorn 14:24, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

A letter to Japan
In 1844, he sent a messge to Japan's Shogun urging Japan open her doors. It was Edo era. Would someone please write this? --220.111.69.67 (talk) 01:22, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

Monarchical Styles Infobox
This infobox, besides looking like a gaudy wine label, doesn't have any practical use in the biography. It's a bit silly (and not at all reverent) to address a King of the Netherlands in English, especially when he has been in his tomb for a long time. I'm going to remove it, as (for instance) happened on the King Christian VIII of Denmark page. Glatisant (talk) 12:46, 29 March 2009 (UTC)

Styles
What is the basis for calling him a "Royal Highness" before 1815? Is there any basis for the given styles at all? john k (talk) 21:57, 20 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Good question, there's not. I have made some research and changed the section "Titles and styles". Demophon (talk) 23:46, 20 August 2009 (UTC)
 * As far as including "And Grand Duke of Luxembourg" in the style, it is my understanding that except in Luxembourg, he would always have been referred to as simply "The King of the Netherlands." My sense is also that he was predominantly referred to as "the King" even within Luxembourg.  This website, which is very useful for such matters, gives the following as William II's title in Luxembourg: "We, William II, by the grace of God king of the Netherlands, prince of Orange-Nassau, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, etc. etc. etc."  So in Luxembourg itself the Luxembourg title is actually mentioned after not only the Netherlands title, but the Orange-Nassau title.  I don't see any evidence that anyone ever called him "His Majesty the King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg."  Obviously he was grand duke of Luxembourg separately from being King of the Netherlands, but that's not the same thing as what his style was.  john k (talk) 03:51, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

Allegations about the battles of Quatre Bras and Waterloo
The article currently reads:
 * He showed personal courage and energy, but frequently displayed atrocious military judgement, leading to many heavy casualties (some historians believe he exposed infantry in line to cavalry three times during the course of the Battle of Waterloo). The Duke of Wellington attributed this to his lack of command experience, however, rather than to his being a bad leader.

On 24 December 2010 an IP editor suggested "(Bernard Cornwell (Waterloo)" as a source. This book is a work of fiction, published in the USA as England as Waterloo and in the UK as Sharpe's Waterloo.  There is a TV programme based on this book.  It is not a reliable source.

If nobody can provide a reliable source for these allegations by January 2011, I will move them to a section entitled In fiction, with a explanation of what happened in real life according to reliable sources

Posters are right to demand historical sources, not novels, but they agree his lethal incompetence and juvenile ego got many men killed. This so-called "General," after all, was all of 23 at Waterloo, and held his title only out of deference to his royal blood. It was his first real battle. Still, he tried to play general, during the battle's confusion late that day. There is one particularly awful story of him petulantly ordering hundreds of men to certain death, just to save face. Eminent historian David Howarth's Waterloo: Day of Battle gives it in convincing detail. The neophyte had mistaken French cavalry for his own, and when he was corrected, the young man flushed, and ordered troops to follow his initial command anyway. They were all dead in five minutes. Their commander, fighting with his nephews beside him, pushed them back to save their lives, but followed orders and charged to his death. Howarth devotes two pages to it, reconstructing it from the many witnesses who published books later. I take it the incompetent prince matured into a decent king during peacetime, but to make him a hero of Waterloo, really, that's too much. Profhum (talk) 04:34, 28 July 2016 (UTC)

"Heir to the Dutch throne"
First of all, that is not a title. One could also make up something like "Husband of the sixth daughter of the Emperor of All Russias", call it a title and create a succession box for it. Prince of Orange is a title, a title he bore as heir apparent, and as such it has an appropriate succession box. Secondly, the succession box is misleading. He only became heir to the throne upon his father's death. Prior to that, he was heir apparent (meaning that it was apparent that he would become heir, i.e. that he would inherit). That is the meaning of the English word heir. Surtsicna (talk) 20:37, 12 November 2012 (UTC)

 * It would help if you got your facts straight. When his father died, William II had already been king for just over three years. 62.238.249.71 (talk) 19:20, 17 May 2013 (UTC)

Is the category LGBT heads of goverment accurate??
Hi a question please He is a king but in his categories he is put as and lgbt head of goverments also with him being lgbt heads of state So is this right As a king he is a head of goverment How is that Can you please clarify if u dont mind And thx The editor who put that back in 2013 is with the name and we drown And he has been absent from wikipedia since 2013 So is he lgbt heads of state or goverment or both because no other kings are put like that Only him?? So?? AdamPrideTN (talk) 22:17, 15 August 2018 (UTC)

And in here List of Prime Ministers of the Netherlands It cites that there were two prime ministers under the reign of william 2_nd he was not a prime minister No other lgbt king of head of stae is put under lgbt heads of goverment AdamPrideTN (talk) 15:50, 16 August 2018 (UTC)

RfC of interest
(non-automated message) Greetings! I have opened an RfC on WT:ROYALTY that may be of interest to users following this article talk page! You are encouraged to contribute to this discussion here! Hurricane Andrew (444) 19:25, 24 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:William II of the Netherlands


text:
Flag of Hong Kong

The Regional Flag of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China depicts a white stylised five-petal Hong Kong orchid tree (Bauhinia blakeana) flower in the centre of a Chinese red field. Its original design was unveiled on 4 April 1990 at the Third Session of the Seventh National People's Congress. The current design was approved on 10 August 1996 at the Fourth Plenum of the Preparatory Committee of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The precise use of the flag is regulated by laws passed by the 58th executive meeting of the State Council held in Beijing. The design of the flag is enshrined in Hong Kong's Basic Law, the territory's constitutional document, and regulations regarding the use, prohibition of use, desecration, and manufacture of the flag are stated in the Regional Flag and Regional Emblem Ordinance. The flag of Hong Kong was officially adopted and hoisted on 1 July 1997, during the handover ceremony marking the handover from the United Kingdom back to China.

Symbolism

The design of the flag comes with cultural, political, and regional meanings. The colour itself is significant; red is a festive colour for the Chinese people, used to convey a sense of celebration and nationalism. Moreover, the red colour is identical to that used in the national flag of the People's Republic of China, chosen to signify the link re-established between post-colonial Hong Kong and Mainland China. The position of red and white on the flag symbolises the "one country, two systems" political principle applied to the region. The stylised rendering of the Bauhinia blakeana flower, a flower discovered in Hong Kong, is meant to serve as a harmonising symbol for this dichotomy. The five stars of the Chinese national flag are replicated on the petals of the flower. The Chinese name of Bauhinia × blakeana is most commonly rendered as "洋紫荊", but is often shortened to 紫荊 / 紫荆 in official uses since "洋" (yáng) means "foreign" in Chinese, notwithstanding 紫荊 / 紫荆 refers to another genus called Cercis. A sculpture of the plant has been erected in Golden Bauhinia Square in Hong Kong.

Before the adoption of the flag, the Chairman of the Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee Ji Pengfei explained the significance of the flag's design to the National People's Congress: The regional flag carries a design of five bauhinia petals, each with a star in the middle, on a red background. The red flag represents the motherland and the bauhinia represents Hong Kong. The design implies that Hong Kong is an inalienable part of China and prospers in the embrace of the motherland. The five stars on the flower symbolise the fact that all Hong Kong compatriots love their motherland, while the red and white colours embody the principle of "one country, two systems".

Construction
The Hong Kong government has specified sizes, colours, and manufacturing parameters in which the flag is to be made. The ratio of its length to breadth is 3:2. In its centre is a five-petal stylised rendering of a white Bauhinia blakeana flower. If a circle circumscribes the flower, it should have a diameter 0.6 times the entire height of the flag. The petals are uniformly spread around the centre point of the flag, radiating outward and pointing in a clockwise direction. Each of the flower's petals bears a five-pointed red star with a red trace, suggestive of a flower stamen. The heading that is used to allow a flag to be slid or raised onto a pole is white.

A slightly different geometrical description of the flag is specified in the mandatory National Standard "GB 16689-2004: Regional flag of Hong Kong special administrative region".

Size specifications
This table lists all the official sizes for the flag. Sizes deviating from this list are considered non-standard. If a flag is not of official size, it must be a scaled-down or scaled-up version of one of the official sizes.

Colour specifications
The Regional Flag and Regional Emblem Ordinance stipulates that "The regional flag is in red, the chrominance value of which is identical with that of the national flag of the People's Republic of China."

Manufacture regulations
The Regional Flag and Regional Emblem Ordinance stipulates that the Hong Kong flag must be manufactured according to specifications laid out in the ordinance. If flags are not produced in design according to the ordinance, the Secretary for Justice may petition the District Court for an injunction to prohibit the person or company from manufacturing the flags. If the District Court agrees that the flags are not in compliance, it may issue an injunction and order that the flags and the materials that were used to make the flags to be seized by the government.

Protocol
The Hong Kong flag is flown daily from the chief executive's official residence, Government House, the Hong Kong International Airport, and at all border crossings and points of entry into Hong Kong. At major government offices and buildings, such as the Office of the Chief Executive, the Executive Council, the Court of Final Appeal, the High Court, the Legislative Council, and the Hong Kong Economic and Trade Offices overseas, the flag is displayed during days when these offices are working. Other government offices and buildings, such as hospitals, schools, departmental headquarters, sports grounds, and cultural venues should fly the flag on occasions such as the National Day of the PRC (1 October), the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Establishment Day (1 July), and New Year's Day. The flag should be raised at 8:00 a.m. and lowered at 6:00 p.m. The raising and lowering of the flag should be done slowly; it must reach the peak of the flag staff when it is raised, and it may not touch the ground when it is lowered. The flag may not be raised in severe weather conditions. A Hong Kong flag that is either damaged, defaced, faded or substandard must not be displayed or used.

Display
Whenever the Chinese national flag is flown together with the Hong Kong regional flag, the national flag must be flown at the centre, above the regional flag, or otherwise in a more prominent position than that of the regional flag. The regional flag must be smaller in size than the national flag, and it must be displayed to the left of the national flag. When the flags are displayed inside a building, the left and right sides of a person looking at the flags, and with his or her back toward the wall, are used as reference points for the left and right sides of a flag. When the flags are displayed outside a building, the left and right sides of a person standing in front of the building and looking towards the front entrance are used as reference points for the left and right sides of a flag. The national flag should be raised before the regional flag is raised, and it should be lowered after the regional flag is lowered.

An exception to this rule occurs during medal presentation ceremonies at multi-sport events such as the Olympics and Asian Games. As Hong Kong competes separately from mainland China, should an athlete from Hong Kong win the gold medal, and an athlete from mainland China win the silver and/or bronze medal(s) in the same event, the regional flag of Hong Kong would be raised in the centre above the national flag(s) during the medal presentation ceremony, and the Hong Kong flag would be the same size as the mainland China flag.

Another discrepancy was observed during the opening ceremonies of the 2009 East Asian Games. Normally, the organization's flag and the host's flag are raised to equal prominence and the organization's flag cannot be smaller than any other flag. However, when Hong Kong hosted the 2009 East Asian games, three flags (the Hong Kong flag, the PRC flag, and the East Asian Games Association flag) were raised, with the Hong Kong flag on the left, the EAGA flag the same size on the right, and the PRC flag larger and higher than both flags in the centre, thus making the EAGA flag smaller than another opening ceremony flag.

In November 2018, the aircraft carrier USS Ronald Reagan visited Hong Kong while displaying a United States flag and a Hong Kong flag of equal size with the Chinese flag absent. In previous visits by other US aircraft carriers in 2011 and 2014, the carrier's display had included the Chinese flag. Stand News reported that both pro-democracy and pro-Beijing social media users interpreted the display as support for Hong Kong independence or Hong Kong sovereignty.

Half-mast
The Hong Kong flag must be lowered to half-mast as a token of mourning when any of the following people die:
 * President of the People's Republic of China
 * Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
 * Premier of the State Council
 * Chairman of the Central Military Commission
 * Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
 * Persons who have made outstanding contributions to the People's Republic of China as the Central People's Government advises the Chief Executive.
 * Persons who have made outstanding contributions to world peace or the cause of human progress as the Central People's Government advises the Chief Executive.
 * Persons whom the Chief Executive considers to have made outstanding contributions to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region or for whom they consider it appropriate to fly the flag at half-mast.

The flag may also be flown at half-mast when the Central People's Government advises the Chief Executive to do so, or when the Chief Executive considers it appropriate to do so, on occurrences of unfortunate events causing especially serious casualties, or when serious natural calamities have caused heavy casualties. When raising a flag to be flown at half-mast, it should first be raised to the top of the pole and then lowered to a point where the distance between the top of the flag and the top of the pole is one third of the length of the pole. When lowering the flag from half-mast, it should first be raised to the peak of the pole before it is lowered.

Prohibition of use and desecration
The Regional Flag and Regional Emblem Ordinance states what manner of use of the Hong Kong flag is prohibited and that desecration of the flag is prohibited. It also states that it is a punishable offence for a person to use the flag in a prohibited manner or to desecrate the flag. According to the ordinance, a flag may not be used in advertisements or trademarks, and that "publicly and wilfully burning, mutilating, scrawling on, defiling or trampling" the flag is considered flag desecration. Similarly, the National Flag and National Emblem Ordinance extends the same prohibition toward the Chinese flag. The ordinances also allow for the Chief Executive to make stipulations regarding the use of the flag. In stipulations made in 1997, the Chief Executive further specified that the use of the flag in "any trade, calling or profession, or the logo, seal or badge of any non-governmental organisation" is also prohibited unless prior permission was obtained.

The first conviction of flag desecration occurred in 1999. Protesters Ng Kung-siu and Lee Kin-yun wrote the word "shame" on both the Chinese flag and the Hong Kong flag, and were convicted of violating the National Flag and National Emblem Ordinance and the Regional Flag and Regional Emblem Ordinance. The Court of Appeal overturned the verdict, ruling that the ordinances were unnecessary restrictions on the freedom of expression and in violation of both the Basic Law and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Upon further appeal, however, the Court of Final Appeal maintained the original guilty verdict, holding that this restriction on the freedom of expression was justifiable in that the protection of the flags played a role in national unity and territorial integrity and constituted a restriction on the mode of expressing one's message but did not interfere with one's freedom to express the same message in other ways.

Leung Kwok-hung, a former member of the Legislative Council and a political activist in Hong Kong, was penalised in February 2001, before he became a member of the Legislative Council, for defiling the flag. He was convicted of three counts of desecrating the flag—for two incidents on 1 July 2000 during the third anniversary of Hong Kong's handover to China and for one incident on 9 July of the same year during a protest against elections to choose the Election Committee, the electoral college which chooses the Chief Executive of Hong Kong. Leung was placed on a good-behaviour bond for 12 months in the sum of HK$3,000.

Zhu Rongchang, a 74-year-old mainland Chinese farmer, was jailed for three weeks in 2011 for "publicly and wilfully" burning the Chinese flag at Golden Bauhinia Square in central Hong Kong. He was reportedly the third person charged for desecrating the Chinese flag, but he was first to be jailed under the law.

In early 2013, pro-democracy protestors calling for the resignation of Chief Executive Leung Chun Ying flew the old colonial flag. The Chinese authorities expressed their disapproval of the flag's use and Leung requested that the protesters stop flying the flag.

The passing of the Hong Kong national security law in 2020 resulted in a de facto ban of the colonial flag, as the flag's use may be interpreted as promoting separatism and foreign influence. However, after the death of Elizabeth II, a tribute outside the British consulate in Hong Kong used the colonial flag without formal punishment.

Qing dynasty (1862–1895)
Prior to the secession of Hong Kong to the United Kingdom following the First Opium War via the Treaty of Nanking, Hong Kong fell under the jurisdiction of the Chinese government and flew the flag and ensign of the Chinese government of the time. Prior to the establishment of the crown colony of Hong Kong, the ruling dynasty in China was the Qing dynasty. Despite being established in 1644, the Qing Empire had no official flags until 1862. Prior to 1898, when the Second Convention of Peking was signed between the Qing Court and the government of the United Kingdom, the New Territories was still Qing land. The flag itself features the "Azure Dragon" on a plain yellow field with the red flaming pearl of the three-legged crow in the upper left corner.

Colonial flags
Prior to Hong Kong's handover, the flag of Hong Kong was a colonial Blue Ensign flag. The flag of colonial Hong Kong underwent several changes from then until 1997.

Use of Union Flag (1843–1871)
In 1843, a seal representing Hong Kong was instituted. The design was based on a local waterfront scene; three local merchants with their commercial goods are shown on the foreground, a square-rigged ship and a junk occupy the middle ground, while the background consists of conical hills and clouds. In 1868, a Hong Kong flag was produced, a Blue Ensign flag with a badge based on this "local scene", but the design was rejected by Hong Kong Governor Richard Graves MacDonnell.

First colonial flag (1871–1876)
On 3 July 1869, a new design for the Hong Kong flag was commissioned at a cost of £3, which featured a "gentleman in an evening coat who is purchasing tea on the beach at Kowloon". After a brief discussion in the executive council, it was determined that the new design was very problematic and it was not adopted.

In 1870, a "white crown over HK" badge for the Blue Ensign flag was proposed by the Colonial Secretary. The letters "HK" were omitted and the crown became full-colour three years later. It is unclear exactly what the badge looked like during that period of time, but it was unlikely to be the "local scene". It should have been a crown of some sort, which may, or may not, have had the letters "HK" below it. In 1876, the "local scene" badge ( Picture of "Ar Kwan" Guiding the British soldier) was re-adopted to the Blue Ensign flag with the Admiralty's approval.

Second colonial flag (1876–1955)
During a government meeting, held in 1911, it was suggested that the name of the colony appear on the flag in both Latin and Chinese scripts. However, this was dismissed as it would "look absurd" to both Chinese and Europeans. The flag which was eventually adopted featured the Blue Ensign together with a "local scene" of traders in the foreground and both European-style and Chinese-style trading ships in the background.

Japanese occupation period (1941–1945)
During the Second World War, Hong Kong was seized and occupied by the Empire of Japan from 1941 to 1945. During the occupation, the Japanese military government used the flag of Japan in its official works in Hong Kong.

Third colonial flag (1955–1959)
The flag was similar in design to that previously used. It featured a British Blue Ensign with a local waterfront scene.

Fourth colonial flag (1959–1997)
A coat of arms for Hong Kong was granted on 21 January 1959 by the College of Arms in London. The Hong Kong flag was revised in the same year to feature the coat of arms in the Blue Ensign flag. This design was used officially from 1959 until Hong Kong's handover in 1997. Since then, the colonial flag has been appropriated by protestors, such as on the annual 1 July marches for universal suffrage, as a "symbol of antagonism towards the mainland", along with a blue flag featuring the coat of arms, used by those advocating independence. The flag features a British Blue Ensign with the coat of arms of Hong Kong (1959–1997).

Hong Kong Regional Council
The flag of the Regional Council represented the governmental body which oversaw matters related to the outlying areas of the territory during the colonial period. The flag itself featured a stylised dark green R at a 45-degree angle on white background.

Hong Kong Urban Council
The flag of the Urban Council represented the governmental body which was responsible for matters pertaining to the urban areas of the territory during the colonial period. The flag itself features a simplified white Bauhinia blakeana on a magenta background.

Proposals before the handover
Before Hong Kong's handover, between 20 May 1987 and 31 March 1988, a contest was held amongst Hong Kong residents to help choose a flag for post-colonial Hong Kong, with 7,147 design submissions, in which 4,489 submissions were about flag designs. Architect Tao Ho was chosen as one of the panel judges to pick Hong Kong's new flag. He recalled that some of the designs had been rather funny and with political twists: "One had a hammer and sickle on one side and a dollar sign on the other." Some designs were rejected because they contained copyrighted materials, for example, the emblem of Urban Council, Hong Kong Arts Festival and Hong Kong Tourism Board. Six designs were chosen as finalists by the judges, but were all later rejected by the PRC. Ho and two others were then asked by the PRC to submit new proposals.

Looking for inspiration, Ho wandered into a garden and picked up a Bauhinia blakeana flower. He observed the symmetry of the five petals, and how their winding pattern conveyed to him a dynamic feeling. This led him to incorporate the flower into the flag to represent Hong Kong. The design was adopted on 4 April 1990 at the Third Session of the Seventh National People's Congress, and the flag was first officially hoisted seconds after midnight on 1 July 1997 in the handover ceremony marking the handover. It was hoisted together with the national Chinese flag, while the Chinese national anthem, "March of the Volunteers", was played. The Union Flag and the colonial Hong Kong flag were lowered seconds before midnight.

A selection of proposals during the 1987–1988 contest is shown below:

title: Flag of Hong Kong


text:
Pushkin (disambiguation)

Alexander Pushkin (1799–1837) was a Russian poet.

Pushkin may also refer to:

Places

 * Pushkin, Saint Petersburg, a town in Pushkinsky District of Saint Petersburg, Russia

 * Pushkin Airport, an airfield near Saint Petersburg, Russia
 * Biləsuvar, Azerbaijan, formerly Pushkin
 * Pushkin (Tashkent Metro), a railway station in Tashkent, Uzbekistan
 * Pushkin High School, in Berezniki, Russia
 * Pushkin Park, in Saransk, Mordovia, Russia

People with the surname

 * Aleksei Musin-Pushkin (1744–1817), Russian statesman, historian, and art collector
 * Valentin Musin-Pushkin (1735–1804), Russian military officer and government official
 * Ales Pushkin (1965–2023), Belarusian artist, performer, and political prisoner
 * Alexander Pushkin (ballet dancer) (1907–1970), Russian ballet master
 * Apollo Mussin-Pushkin (1760–1805), Russian chemist and plant collector
 * Boris Pushkin (c. 1590–1659), Russian diplomat and officeholder
 * Georgy Pushkin (1909–1963), Soviet ambassador and politician
 * Mike Pushkin, American politician
 * Natalia Pushkina (1812–1863), Alexander Pushkin's wife
 * Vasily Pushkin (1766–1830), Russian poet and Aleksander Pushkin's uncle

Fictional characters

 * Dimitri Pushkin, or Rocket Red, a DC Comics superhero
 * General Pushkin, the head of the KGB in the 1987 film The Living Daylights
 * Vladimir Pushkin, the main antagonist in the 2014 film The Equalizer

Other uses

 * Pushkin: The Last Duel, a 2006 Russian film
 * Pushkin Industries, an American podcast and audiobook publisher
 * Pushkin Institute, a Russian-language education center in Moscow
 * Pushkin Museum, a fine arts museum in Moscow
 * Pushkin Press, a British-based publishing house
 * Pushkin Prize, a Russian literary prize
 * Alexander Pushkin (Bourganov), a statue in Washington D.C., US
 * Alexander Pushkin (diamond), a large gem discovered in 1989
 * MS Alexandr Pushkin, an ocean liner
 * "Pushkin", a 1994 song by Will Oldham from Days in the Wake

title: Pushkin (disambiguation)


text:
Sultan (card game)

Sultan, The Sultan or Sultan of Turkey is a patience or solitaire card game that uses two packs of playing cards. It is so named since a successful game rewards the player with a view of the Sultan (King of Hearts) surrounded by his harem of eight queens. This game is sometimes also called Emperor of Germany. Some skill is needed to achieve success.

Rules
At the beginning of the game nine cards are laid out in the following arrangement:

These cards make up the foundations and will be built up by suit in order. On the single foundation with an Ace, the A♥ foundation, the next cards will be 2♥, 3♥ , and so on. On the seven kings, the order is Ace, 2, 3, etc., of the appropriate suits. Throughout the game, the only card which you cannot place other cards on is the K♥ (the Sultan) in the center location.

Six cards (or eight in some versions) from the deck are placed face-up around the foundations to make up the reserve, which in this game is sometimes referred to as the divan.

The player then makes one of three moves:
 * Taking the top card from the face-down deck and placing it in the face-up waste pile.
 * Taking the top card from the waste and adding it to one of the eight (outer) foundations.
 * Moving a card from the reserve onto one of the eight (outer) foundations, and then replacing it with the next card from the deck.

The goal is to end the game with the Sultan (King of Hearts) surrounded by his Queens.

When there are no more cards in the face-down deck, the player may re-deal (shuffle the waste and place them face-down, creating a new deck), but may only do this twice per game. The game is over after the player has run through the deck three times, or when all the cards are on the foundations.

title: Sultan (card game)


text: User talk:62.253.96.42

title: User talk:62.253.96.42


text:
Talk:President for life

Untitled
What about Kim Il-sung, the eternal president? --Kaihsu Tai 10:32, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Too bad he's dead (!?!?). This is not President for Eternity. He was never given this title while alive. --Jiang

Henri Christophe
Henri Christophe of Haiti became King; not Emperor. He just ruled the north of the island. Jean-Jacques Dessalines was Emperor of Haiti, but Henri Christophe established a Kingdom. That's a difference! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.221.202.41 (talk) 16:34, 7 January 2009 (UTC)

Banda
We now have two conflicting dates on when Banda declared himself P-f-L. Please verify. --TwinsFan48

The de facto section is a net loss. We know for a fact that Saddam Hussein did not become President for Life. How do you know he wouldn't have handed power over to his sons earlier to prevent a power struggle? --Jia ng 02:09, 18 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * Any comments? I'll remove it... --Jiang

Marcos
We have a little problem here...Ferdinand Marcos never proclaimed himself President For Life, if i am not mistaken. Martial rule would be from 1972-1981, and then he called for national elections which he won under very dubious circumstances. He gave his authoritarian regime some semblance of legitimacy by having parliamentary elections every 3 years. But never did he proclaim himself as "President for Life". Shall his entry here be removed? - Soup

 * Not just yet. I'd argue that a president who makes overt or covert constitutional changes that have the effect of removing the possiblity of him being removed constituionally (except by resignation) is a president for life. (This is my proposed definition). According to this a president for life may not serve until his death (he may be deposed or resign) and he need not proclaim himself as president for life. Now, does Marcos fit that definition? (Does Saddam?)Zeimusu 13:55, 2004 Aug 2 (UTC)

 * According to the 1935 constitution from which he based his declaration of martial law, as long as martial rule is governing a country, a president may not be removed until it was lifted. After it was lifted in 1981, he called for presidential elections which he won against token opposition, giving him until 1987 to finish his term. But when 1986 came, after the tumultuous snap elections, the EDSA revolution took place protesting the allegedly fraudulent elections. So consitutionally he was still the rightful president until the constitution was overhauled in 1987. We really wouldn't know if he was a president for life.

Fidel Castro
You don't seriously belive Castro's "renewals of mandate" aren't rigged do you Zeimusu? PMA 06:27, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Hugo Chavez and Fidel Castro are missing from the list of current presidents-for-life.
 * As unpopular as those two are in the USA, I don't think they fit this category. Chavez is legally elected (though I doubt he would voluntarily give up power if he ever stood to lose an election), and more than likely, if Castro stood in a contested election, he would win too.
 * And even that doesn't matter - this is not a list of dictators. - 11:26, 27 September 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.191.144.209 (talk)

Idi Amin
no idi? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.146.198.203 (talk) 06:29, 22 December 2006 (UTC).

There seems to be a new edit about President George W. Bush, which goes against stating predictions of the future as fact, and seems to be uneditable.

Julius Caesar
Was never a "president", and should no be on this list. His inclusion is inaccurate. - Izzo
 * Nor was he the first Roman dictator to be granted office with no term limit. Although he ended up stepping down voluntarily,  Lucius Cornelius Sulla was granted the dictatorship indefinitely around 40 years before Caesar was.131.230.150.104 (talk) 19:34, 24 March 2009 (UTC)

Cite Tag
Is there anything in particular that the article needs in the way of citations? This has been up since Oct. 2006, so whoever posted it has seemingly abandoned it. - MSTCrow 02:42, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

Lifetime dictators/presidents, etc
Do you think information related to other lifetime presidency's/dictatorships, etc should be merged or related to this article in some sort of group / or amalgamation? It's a short article as it is... Example: SABDFL (Mark shuttleworth, ubuntu guy, wants to self-proclaim himself as benevolent dictator for life...) His SABDFL article was deleted b/c it was short, but maybe others feel it's related to this Life time presidency thing...

cheers, purpleidea (talk) 21:19, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Does Francisco Franco belong here? And what about António de Oliveira Salazar? Cheers Bjenks (talk) 05:27, 23 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't think they were ever proclaimed as such, and they weren't presidents in any case (Franco was regent and president of the government and Salazar was prime minister). —Sesel (talk) 13:50, 23 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Fair enough, they weren't Presidents, but neither were the Leader's given as examples of the Origin. I think all Leader's who changed the Law, or formed new Offices in order to put themselves in a position of perpetual leadership (whether it be Prime minister, Dictator, Chancelor etc) should be listed in the article. Proclamation and exact wording don't really affect the concept. - Jimmi Hugh (talk) 22:20, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

Saddam Hussein
Pls also add Saddam Hussein. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.11.128.7 (talk) 16:50, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

Pope's and Venezia
Can we consider Roman popes and dukes of Venezzia Republic in this category? They are elected for life, although the title is different. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.65.173.25 (talk) 07:57, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

Monty Python Skit
I am sure I remember there being a hilarious line from a Monty Python skit along the lines of the title "President for Life often being tragically prophetic". Probably not fit for an encyclopedia, but particularly sage. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.247.163.112 (talk) 16:28, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

Yuan Shikai shouldn't be here
Yuan Shikai was emperor of china and not a president. If Yuan Shikai is on this list then so should other monarchs —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.106.112.18 (talk) 20:45, 9 April 2010 (UTC)

Actually Yuan Shikai was President of China, then self-declared emperor for a short time, and then once again president. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.26.72.143 (talk) 17:27, 5 June 2012 (UTC)

A new name to the list?

 * Kazakh President Becomes Leader Of The Nation at Radio Free Europe’s website.--MaGioZal (talk) 13:11, 13 May 2010 (UTC)

Nazarbayev
Please add Nazarbayev--Kaiyr (talk) 06:29, 23 August 2014 (UTC)
 * He's not one, at least by formal definition. He was re-elected this year, albeit under conditions that didn't exactly make for a free and fair election. A President-for-Life doesn't hold elections. John Firth (talk) 09:56, 1 December 2015 (UTC)

Franklin D. Roosevelt
The 32th president of the United states of America FDR ruled from the 4th of March 1933 and until his death the 12th of April 1945 breaking all barriers of how long a president should rule, effectively making him president for life, so he should be added to the list. Rphb (talk) 14:07, 16 February 2017 (UTC)

Yeah, Roosevelt could be considered president for life.--85.23.98.247 (talk) 21:22, 27 February 2018 (UTC)

He wasn't president for life as there were free and fair elections just because he won 4 times that doesn't make him president for life עם ישראל חי (talk) 16:10, 28 March 2018 (UTC)
 * One could make the argument that he was a de facto President for life as he was able to be repeatedly re-elected, which is one of the arguments in favor of term limits, that the incumbent can position himself to stay in office indefinitely. Emperor001 (talk) 21:05, 20 February 2019 (UTC)
 * He still had a set term of office and, had he not died in office, his term would have expired and he couldn't serve any longer unless he were elected again.

De facto
Along the lines of my comment on FDR would it be appropriate to include in the list of examples de facto presidents for life, individuals who managed to secure reelection until their deaths? If so what would be the criteria? Obviously some presidents just happened to die in their first or second terms so I would not necessarily count them, but individuals who won at least three terms perhaps qualify. Another consideration would be how much of a challenge there was in the election as some individuals just win because they are popular while others win through manipulation thus the election is a constitutional pro forma procedure. Emperor001 (talk) 21:05, 20 February 2019 (UTC)

 * By that logic we'd have to include William Henry Harrison Orchastrattor (talk) 21:04, 25 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Presidents for Life seem to be something specifically granted by law. Ones who served long and happened to die in office are different. Many legislators died in office after long terms, but they are not considered legislators for life.

Uganda's Museveni
Should be added to list, as we have an RS to that effect. – Illegitimate Barrister (talk • contribs), 07:42, 29 September 2019 (UTC)

Nursultan Nazarbayev
I am aware that Nazarbayev was never declared President for Life during his ≈30 years in office, and that he resigned from his post of President of Kazakhstan in 2019. However, on July 12, 2018, Nazarbayev was given the title of Chairman of the Security Council for life. Normally the President is ex officio the Chairman of the Security Council, but because of this change, Nazarbayev is still the Chairman and will remain in this post until death even though he is no longer the President of Kazakhstan. Through this post he still wields significant powers, for instance the President cannot appoint ministers (with some exceptions) without his approval. Should he be added with a caveat? 69.247.177.113 (talk) 21:02, 4 July 2020 (UTC)

 * Maybe a bullet list of "similar cases" underneath the main list. Orchastrattor (talk) 21:05, 25 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I think we'd still need sources that are making the comparison? Otherwise isn't it just us claiming that the situation is similar? Or, I guess, since we're talking about a list, we could define inclusion criteria. DonIago (talk) 13:19, 26 September 2023 (UTC)

OR: There's no sources for the list of past presidents for life
It's just a random list without citations. Can I delete it?Stix1776 (talk) 08:08, 1 January 2024 (UTC)

 * There are citations for at least some of the information listed, and given that the individuals are bluelinked, I think it might be best to check their respective articles and see whether you can pull appropriate citations from their articles rather than jumping to deletion. Do you have any reason to believe that any of the entries are erroneous? DonIago (talk) 21:13, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Just on the top of my head, Toussaint Louverture never saw political power, and Antonio López de Santa Anna wasn't president for life. It's also pretty SYNTH to make this list if no other secondary source did so.Stix1776 (talk) 08:04, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't think it's synthesis to include these people on a list of presidents for life if there are sources that actually describe them as such, which was the point I was trying to make in my previous comment. If there are individuals for whom there aren't supporting sources, including at their respective articles, then I would support removing those individuals. DonIago (talk) 13:52, 3 January 2024 (UTC)

What about Mao Zedong and Chiang Kai-shek?
Mao was president of the People's Republic of China for life, as there were no term limits for any re-election. Does he qualify into this list? Similar for Chiang too in the Republic of China. Joséthewikier (talk) 07:36, 21 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Do you have sources unambiguously establishing that there were proclaimed as such? If so, I don't see why they wouldn't qualify. DonIago (talk) 18:15, 21 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:President for life


text:
Lys

Lys or LYS may refer to:

Places

 * Les Lys, a Premier cru vineyard in Chablis
 * Lyon–Saint-Exupéry Airport, France (by IATA code)
 * Lys (department), a département during the First French Empire, now in Belgium
 * Lys (Dora Baltea), a stream of Aosta Valley in Italy
 * Lys (river), a river in France and Belgium
 * Lys, Nièvre, a commune in the Nièvre department in France
 * Lys, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in France
 * Lys, an old orthography of Liss, Hampshire, England

Science

 * Lys (or K), an abbreviation for the amino acid lysine
 * Plural form of the symbol for light-years

People

 * Eva Lys (born 2002), German tennis player
 * Francis John Lys (1863–1947), British lecturer and academic administrator
 * Jan Lys (c. 1590–1629), German painter
 * Lya Lys (1908–1986), German-born actress
 * Lys Assia (1924–2018), Swiss singer
 * Lys Mouithys (born 1985), Congolese football player

Other uses

 * Battle of the Lys (1918), a battle of World War I in France in the spring of 1918
 * Fleur-de-lys or Fleur-de-lis, a stylized representation of a lily or iris, used in heraldry
 * Lisans Yerleştirme Sınavı (Student Selection and Placement System), a standardized test for admission to higher education in Turkey
 * LYS (sailing), a sailing handicapping system
 * Lys, a key town in Arthur C. Clarke's 1956 book The City and the Stars
 * Lys, a city-state in George R.R. Martin's novels A Song of Ice and Fire

title: Lys


text:
Elimäki

Elimäki (Swedish: Elimä) is a former municipality of Finland.

It was located in the province of Southern Finland and was part of the region of Kymenlaakso. The municipality had a population of 8,199 and covered an area of 391.74 km² of which 4.27 km² was water. The population density was 21.2 inhabitants per km².

The municipality was unilingually Finnish.

Of note is the village of Koria, the largest village in Elimäki, possessing a population of 5,100. Koria is located 6,7 km west of Kouvola.

As of 2009, the six municipalities – Kouvola, Kuusankoski, Elimäki, Anjalankoski, Valkeala and Jaala – were consolidated, accounting for the new municipality of Kouvola with a population of over 80,000, being the 10th largest city in Finland.

Arboretum Mustila is located near Elimäki.

People born in Elimäki

 * Jenny af Forselles (1869 – 1938)
 * Väinö Kajander (1893 – 1978)
 * Ilmari Salminen (1902 – 1986)
 * Erkki Pakkanen (1930 – 1973)
 * Kaarina Dromberg (1942 – )
 * Jarmo Wasama (1943 – 1966)
 * Osmo Puhakka (1948 – )
 * Pentti Sinersaari (1956 – )
 * Tuija Toivonen (1958 – )
 * Anita Lehtola-Tollin (1967 – )

title: Elimäki