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Elliott Coues

Elliott Ladd Coues (September 9, 1842 – December 25, 1899) was an American army surgeon, historian, ornithologist, and author. He led surveys of the Arizona Territory, and later as secretary of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories. He founded the American Ornithological Union in 1883, and was editor of its publication, The Auk.

Biography
Coues was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, to Samuel Elliott Coues and Charlotte Haven Ladd Coues. He graduated at Columbian University, Washington, D.C., in 1861, and at the medical school of that institution in 1863. He served as a medical cadet in Washington in 1862–1863, and in 1864 was appointed assistant-surgeon in the regular army, and assigned to Fort Whipple, Arizona. While there was not yet any legal provision for divorce under its laws, the 1st Arizona State Legislature granted Coues an annulment of his marriage to Sarah A. Richardson. His marriage to Jeannie Augusta McKenney ended in divorce in 1886, and he married the widow, Mary Emily Bates in October 1887.

In 1872, he published his Key to North American Birds, which, revised and rewritten in 1884 and 1901, did much to promote the systematic study of ornithology in America. In 1883, he was one of three members of the Nuttall Ornithological Club that put out a call to form a "Union of American Ornithologists". This would become the American Ornithologists' Union, with Coues as a founding member. He edited its journal, The Auk, and several other ornithological periodicals. His work was instrumental in establishing the currently accepted standards of trinomial nomenclature – the taxonomic classification of subspecies – in ornithology, and ultimately the whole of zoology. During 1873–1876 Coues was attached as surgeon and naturalist to the United States Northern Boundary Commission, and from 1876 to 1880 he was secretary and naturalist to the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, the publications of which he edited. He was lecturer on anatomy in the medical school of the Columbian University from 1877 to 1882, and professor of anatomy there from 1882 to 1887.

He was a careful bibliographer and in his work on the Birds of the Colorado Valley, he included a special section on swallows and attempted to resolve whether they migrated in winter or hibernated under lakes as was believed at the time:

"I have never seen anything of the sort, nor have I ever known one who had seen it; consequently, I know nothing of the case but what I have read about it. But I have no means of refuting the evidence, and consequently cannot refuse to recognize its validity. Nor have I aught to urge against it, beyond the degree of incredibility that attaches to highly exceptional and improbable allegations in general, and in particular the difficulty of understanding the alleged abruptness of the transition from activity to torpor. I cannot consider the evidence as inadmissible, and must admit that the alleged facts are as well attested, according to ordinary rules of evidence, as any in ornithology. It is useless as well as unscientific to pooh-pooh the notion. The asserted facts are nearly identical with the known cases of many reptiles and batrachians. They are strikingly like the known cases of many bats. They accord in general with the recognized conditions of hibernation in many mammals."

He was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1878. He resigned from the army in 1881 to devote himself entirely to scientific research. In 1899 he died in Baltimore, Maryland.

Grace's warbler, a species of bird, was discovered by Elliott Coues in the Rocky Mountains in 1864. He requested that the new species be named after his 18-year-old sister, Grace Darling Coues, and his request was honored when Spencer Fullerton Baird described the species scientifically in 1865.

In addition to ornithology he did valuable work in mammalogy; his book Fur-Bearing Animals (1877) being distinguished by the accuracy and completeness of its description of species, several of which were already becoming rare. Odocoileus virginianus couesi, the Coues' white-tailed deer is named after him. Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus couesi, a subspecies of the Cactus wren, is named after him and is specifically the state bird of Arizona, recognizing Coues' contributions to natural surveys of early Arizona.

Spirituality
Coues took an interest in spiritualism and began speculations in Theosophy. He was a friend of Alfred Russel Wallace and they had attended séances with the medium Pierre L. O. A. Keeler.

He felt the inadequacy of formal orthodox science in dealing with the deeper problems of human life and destiny. Convinced by the principles of evolution, he believed that these principles may be capable of being applied in psychical research and he proposed to use it to explain obscure phenomena such as hypnotism, clairvoyance and telepathy. He claimed to have witnessed levitation of objects and developed a theory to explain the phenomenon, publishing an article about his telekinetic theory of levitation in the first issue of The Metaphysical Magazine (1895).

Coues joined the Theosophical Society in July, 1884. He visited Helena Blavatsky in Europe. He founded the Gnostic Theosophical Society of Washington, and in 1890 became the president of the Theosophical Society. He later became highly critical of Blavatsky and lost interest in the Theosophical movement.

Coues wrote an attack on Blavatsky entitled "Blavatsky Unveiled!" in The Sun newspaper on July 20, 1890. The article prompted Blavatsky to file a legal suit against Coues and the newspaper but it was terminated as she died in 1891. He fell out with Theosophical leaders such as William Quan Judge and was expelled from the Theosophical Society in June 1899 for "untheosophical conduct". Coues retained interest in oriental religious thought and later studied Islam.

Publications
Among his publications are:
 * A Field Ornithology (1874)
 * Birds of the North-west (1874)
 * Monographs on North American Rodentia, with Joel Asaph Allen (1877)
 * Birds of the Colorado Valley (1878)
 * A Bibliography of Ornithology (1878–1880, incomplete)
 * New England Bird Life (1881)
 * A Dictionary and Check List of North American Birds (1882)
 * Biogen: A Speculation on the Origin and Nature of Life (1884)
 * The Daemon of Darwin (1884)
 * Can Matter Think? (1886)
 * Neuro-Myology (1887)
 * Blavatsky Unveiled! (1890)
 * Rural Bird Life of England, with Charles Dixon (1895)

Coues also contributed numerous articles to the Century Dictionary, wrote for various encyclopaedias, and edited:
 * Journals of Lewis and Clark (1893);
 * The Travels of Zebulon M. Pike (1895);
 * New Light on the Early History of the Greater Northwest: The Manuscript Journals of Alexander Henry, Fur Trader of the Northwest Company and of David Thompson, Official Geographer and Explorer of the Same Company, 1799–1814 (1897);
 * Forty Years A Fur Trader on the Upper Missouri: The Personal Narrative of Charles Larpenteur 1833–1872 (1898).
 * On the Trail of a Spanish Pioneer: the Diary and Itinerary of Francisco Garces (Missionary Priest), New York, Francis P. Harper, 1900

title: Elliott Coues


text:
Sunday Sport

The Sunday Sport is a British tabloid newspaper that was founded by David Sullivan in 1986. It mainly publishes images of topless female glamour models, and is well-known for publishing sensationalised, fictionalised, and satirical content, alongside celebrity gossip and sports coverage. It has changed from including legitimate journalism throughout its history. A sister title, the Daily Sport, was published from 1991 to 2011, when it ceased publication and went online-only, under separate ownership.

Currently as of January 2024, the tabloid publishes three times a week as the Sunday Sport (Sundays), the Midweek Sport (Wednesdays), and the Weekend Sport (Fridays). The tabloid was previously available in mainstream retailers such as Tesco and The Co-op. However following the decline of Lads' mags and Page 3 from the late 2000s, it has since only become available in independent newsagents, and remains the only remaining British tabloid to feature glamour models and nudity.

History
Founded by David Sullivan, the Sunday Sport first appeared on newsstands on 14 September 1986. It quickly became known for its outlandish and farcical content, with headlines such as "Adolf Hitler Was A Woman", "Aliens Turned Our Son Into A Fish Finger", and "Donkey Robs Bank". Its editors have included Michael Gabbert, Tony Livesey, Paul Carter, and Nick Appleyard. A sister daily title, the Daily Sport, launched in 1991. Livesey's 1998 book Babes, Booze, Orgies and Aliens: The Inside Story of Sport Newspapers offers an insider's perspective on the tabloid's first decade.

The Sunday Sport capitalised on the popularity of The Sun's Page 3 feature by making sexualised content its primary focus. Topless glamour models were printed across multiple pages and a "nipple count" was published to highlight how many exposed breasts the issue featured. The tabloid courted controversy by featuring 15-year-old aspiring glamour models in scantily clad poses, counting down the days until it could legally show them topless on their 16th birthdays, as it did with Linsey Dawn McKenzie and Hannah Claydon, among others.

The Sunday Sport circulation reached an all-time high of 167,473 in 2005, and Sullivan sold his Sunday Sport and Daily Sport titles in 2007 for £40 million. Circulation declined markedly thereafter, with the new owner, Sport Media Group, withdrawing the titles from the newspaper industry's monthly circulation audit in 2009. In the same year, Sullivan stepped in to save Sport Media Group with a £1.68 million loan. The company entered administration on 1 April 2011, at which point publisher Richard Desmond refused to continue printing the titles because of outstanding debts. The Sunday Sport returned to newsstands several weeks later on 8 May 2011, after Sullivan reacquired it for £50,000. The Daily Sport was sold off separately to Grant Miller.

Sullivan's new company, Sunday Sport (2011) Limited, continued to publish the Sunday Sport as a single weekly title until 2013, when it added a Wednesday edition, the Midweek Sport. The paper currently appears three times a week as the Sunday Sport (Sundays), the Midweek Sport (Wednesdays), and the Weekend Sport (Fridays).

Controversies
The tabloid contains extensive advertising for sexual services, mainly adult telephone chat lines. In 2016, the Advertising Standards Authority banned sexually explicit advertisements for chat lines from the back page of the Sunday Sport over concerns that children could easily see them.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sunday Sport


text:
Talk:Professor X

Question
Why are you all of a sudden not showing the status and relatives of the superheroes/villians anymore? I keep trying to put them back but it doesn't work. Can someone tell me how to put them back please? And maybe show me hot to add new pictures to show the charater i.e. how did you change the Juggernaut Picture?

You can answer here-9:30 July 17, 2006
 * Check here for a relevant discussion of the variable in question. Also, please sign your comments with ~ --Newt ΨΦ 14:44, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

Onslaught request
Someone really needs to fill in stuff on this page about Onslaught. --Lowellian 20:22, Nov 11, 2003 (UTC)
 * A short paragraph has exhausted everything I know about Onslaught. Why don't you do it? —Paul A 09:33, 29 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Vital stats
I removed the following from the article because I really don't think RPG stats belong in Wikipedia. Since large numbers of these "vital stats" sections have been added to various articles, I'm using Talk:Strength level (comics) to discuss this issue in general. Bryan 08:04, 22 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * Name: Charles Francis Xavier
 * Aliases: Onslaught, Chuck (only Wolverine calls him this)
 * Height: 6 ft.
 * Weight: 190 lbs.
 * Eyes: Blue
 * Hair: Bald (blonde in childhood)
 * Other distinguishing features: Bound to wheel chair due to paralysis in limbs.
 * Intelligence: Extraordinary Genius
 * Extent of Education: Multiple Doctrates
 * Strength: Normal
 * Agility: Below Normal (paraplegic)
 * Speed: Below Normal (paraplegic)
 * Endurance: Normal
 * Stamina: Normal
 * Reflexes: Normal (for a paraplegic)
 * Vast psionic and telepathic powers. Xavier is arguably the most powerful mutant in the world due to the vast psionic powers at his disposal.  These powers enable him to read, control, and influence human minds and cast illusions.  He can also detect the presence of mutants.  The degree to which Xavier can utilize these abilities is truly astonishing; had he desired to do so he could probably take over the world. Fortunately, Xavier is man of moral compunction beyond reproach and would never use his abilities to encroach upon the liberties of his fellow men.
 * Special skills and abilities: Leading authority on genetics, mutation, and psionic powers, considerable expertise in other life sciences, highly talented in devising equipment for utilizing and enhancing psionic powers.

Ann Nichols would like to note that:

a. "blonde" is the feminine of "blond" and probably should not be used with a male character (unless that male character is temporarily female, of course)

b. Cain Marko called Charles "Chuck" in "Uncanny" #412 (see the Uncanny X-Men: Hope TPB, ISBN 0785110607, reprinting issues #410-415)  & #422 (see the Uncanny X-Men: Holy War TPB, ISBN 0785111336, reprinting issues 421-427) Unus called Charles "Chuck" in "Excalibur", volume 3, #4 (see the [u]Excalibur: Forging the Sword[/u] TPB, ISBN 0785115277 (issues 1-4) [Because Callisto's preferred name for Charles was "Chucky", not "Chuck", in "Excalibur", volume three, I'm not going to cite those issues.]

c. Charles was paralyzed from the waist down. "Limbs" refers to arms as well as legs. To state that his limbs [instead of "his lower limbs"] were paralyzed implies that he was a quadriplegic, not a paraplegic, which is not correct.

Note: As a long time reader of the X-Men comics I am surprised to find that Xavier is listed as a paraplegic, when his original crippling injury was a crushing injury to both legs battling the villain Lucifer. The details of which being that his legs were crushed by a large stone block. There was no injury at that time directly to his spine and subsequently stories involving his being found by Sage and aided by her until being airlifted to India from Tibet where he was injured mention leg wounds. Specifically I refer to those stories where he meets nurse Amelia Voght. As the wikipedia definition of paraplegia at least only refers to spinal injuries I must ask if this is an appropriate definition of Xavier's condition as he has, to my knowledge not received spinal injuries. I do note that during Morrison's New X-Men comics Xavier was rendered able to walk when Zorn/Magneto (Clone) healed his spine yet I believed this a mistake as, again, when was his spine actually injured?

-AlexSW  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.66.77.17 (talk) 13:38, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

I added the following ability: ** Adolescent hair loss. Upon reading the article, it clearly suggests that his hair loss is due to his abilities. After much debate with a friend, I felt it was only appropriate to include... TronUED (talk) 09:31, 8 July 2011 (UTC)

Image for rejuvenation
The article doesn't really need an image for the rejuvenation section, but the image of Xavier's clash with Magneto represents a more well known and prominent part of his history, and is therefore more deserving of an image. Putting it back. James26 22:10, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

Romances
I'd like to add a section focusing on his romances as well as attractions. As far as I know this would include Moira, Lilandra, and actually Jean Gray. Any objections to this? Tyciol 06:37, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

Brotherhood of Evil Mutants?
He's in the category for this group but I have no memory of when he was a member, anyone have a clue? Can I remove it? Tyciol 20:53, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

i belive he formered this group yes. when Cerebro was impersonating him. this was after the onsluaght chrisis. and things like that

Ultimate Deadpool?
Removed this line: "It was recently revealed that he is Ultimate Deadpool's secret identity." Predictably, Deadpool merely masquerades as the Professor to confuse the students. Alaren 21:45, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

X-Men 3
Editors keep spoiling this film in this entry. I'd almost prefer it be locked for a week or so, until everyone can actually get a chance to see it. These people aren't even putting up spoiler warnings. --Chris Griswold 08:22, 27 May 2006 (UTC)
 * This has happened at least three times in the past few hours. --Chris Griswold 11:58, 27 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Disagree I think that these entries should be kept up to date regardless. Nearly every X-Men related article besides the Professor X ones also include X-Men: The Last Stand spoilers and have stayed that way. There's also a possibility that several people are coming to this entry looking for said spoilers, and of course add them when they don't find it within the article. However, I do agree that there should be at least a spoiler warning.--Thores 21:07, 27 May 2006 (UTC)
 * This isn't a spoiler site. It's an encyclopedia, and the movie only came out yesterday. It's not informative; it's rude. These people were being dicks --Chris Griswold 01:14, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

Spoiler warning!!!!!
OK, I'm feeling pretty annoyed. I just skimmed down the trivia section and what did I see, second to last? A spoiler warning. What do I do? Read it. Why? Because it wasn't the last one. And spoiler warnings are usually last! Are they not? So now I know something I wanted to find out myself. I am requesting that we move the trivia spoiler warning to the bottom of the trivia section. In fact, why is it even in trivia?? It's part of his biography for the films! Rant over. Crazy Eddy 19:58, 8 June 2006 (UTC)
 * So you read the spoiler warning, and despite not wanting to be spoiled, you read on? That's too bad. I think is kind of interesting, because I was spoiled by this information on the Thursday night before it opened - three times, in fact, each IP user adding a new detail to the mix, none using a spoiler warning. Angry, I removed it each time. I mentioned this and was told that Wikipedia is updated as soon as possible, and that it should be there, but with a spoiler warning. So...I'm also the one who put it back. With the spoiler warning. That told you not to read any further.
 * As for it being in a trivia section: This article does not have a trivia section. It is in the "other media" section, where it is grouped with the other film information.
 * Sorry this happened, but it is your own fault for spoiling yourself. --Chris Griswold 03:05, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Recent contributions
Hi, all. I've recently added some material, almost all of which was deleted, so I'd like to discuss them here, and my reasoning for them. I've decided to leave in some of the changes to my contributions made by other editors, since this is a group participatory project, and some of them do look better.

Xavier's middle name. I don't know if this was the first issue that established it, but during writer Scott Lobdell and artist Joe Madureia's run on the book, Xavier's middle name was explicitly said to be Francis, (no doubt after Saint Francis Xavier), in the issue where he is speaking to the captured Sabretooth. User:ChrisGriswold responded to me by telling me, ''The middle name can go in the SHB but not in the article. This is WikiProject Comics policy as I understand it.'' First what exactly is "SHB"? And which policy is this? All the biographical articles I've read have always given the subject's full name, including ones on fictional characters that give the real name after the alias. If someone could fill me in on the policy that indicates otherwise, please do so. Thanks.

The New X-Men in Giant-Sized X-Men #1. Some modicum of detail is necessary, particularly as it pertains to major events in the X-Men. Yes, this is not the article on the X-Men, but since such shakeups pertain to Xavier’s relationship and mentorship of the team, some detail is necessary, IMHO. Mentioning the new, more international members of the X-Men that Xavier assembled to rescue the X-Men from Krakatoa, is such a watershed moment in the X-Men (and comics in general), that it’s perfectly reasonable to mention it. Other editors trimmed it so much that not only was it made unreasonably vague (it mentions the X-Men were “captured”, but not by whom), but claims that the captured team was the “original” X-Men. In fact, it wasn’t. Beast had left, and Havok and Polaris had joined the team.

The Dark Phoenix Saga Again, this is such a seminal moment, not only in comics, but in terms of Xavier’s relationship to his pupils, that it is reasonable to mention it. Remember, Jean was his very first student, and met her years before he first assembled the original team. Mentioning his duel with her is crucial. Not only did other members delete this, but they also deleted his return to Earth, which shortly preceded it. This is an important part of Xavier’s history with the team. Without it, the entry goes from his original Shi’ar sabbatical to his capture by the Brood! It almost makes it sound like he was captured by them in space! Of the three contributions of mine that I restored, these two paragraphs are the only large ones that I re-inserted.

Verb tense I was strongly under the impression that past tense was used in such articles, but User:ChrisGriswold pointed out examples that are indeed written in the present tense, and pointed out policies and guidelines, both WP and non-WP, that indicates that literary present tense should be used. Perhaps I was misinformed on this point, or my perceptions were wrong, so I left that reversion alone. Thanks for the correction. :-)

If anyone disagrees with my underlying logic, please let's discuss it. Thanks. :-) Nightscream 04:41, 26 June 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) Xavier's middle name. - I misspoke: It appears to be consensus that middle names are trouble, so if you want to use them, you need to reference somewhere where the middle name is explicitly stated. These are infrequently used, and when they are, they are often changed, and vandals can change them pretty easily without someone knowing the truth. See the Project talk page discussion: Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Comics. Note that in my most recent edit, I left the first reference in. I had been seeing way to many middle names lately, and I may have overreacted with my removal.
 * 2) The New X-Men in Giant-Sized X-Men #1. - Some modicum of detail is necessary, sure, but not that much. We don't need to know the new team's roster, for instance. What bearing does that have on Xavier? Why does it matter to our understanding of Xavier that the X-Men were captured by Krakatoa and not Magneto? That's the only reason a detail should be added:It helps us understand the character. Furthermore, why is the Dark Phoenix Saga important to Xavier's entry? It might be a great story in comics, but that doesn't mean I should add it to every entry. Your mention of his duel with Jean is vague, and you do not make it clear why it is important. --Chris Griswold 07:26, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

Middle name. Thanks for leaving it in. Personally, I don't see any "consensus" on that page you linked to. It looks to me like a conversation among four people less than three weeks ago, and as a frequent contributor to comics-related articles, certainly no one notified me that it was taking place, much less that it would have actual enforcement or citation authority. I mean, you can ask three people a question, and if they agree with you, then it's a "consensus" that applies to the entire WP comics project? That doesn't seem right to me. But if you really want a specific issue where they gave Xavier's middle name, it's Uncanny X-Men #328 (Jan. 1996); Page 2. You can see a scan of it here.

The roster. My point is that the team roster is incorrect. Right now, the article says that the "original" X-Men were captured. This is false. The team that was captured was Cyclops, Marvel Girl, Iceman, Havok, and Polaris. This is not the original X-Men. The Beast had left the team at that point, and Havok and Polaris were not part of the original X-Men. I made this point explicitly above. I won't re-insert the exact lineups, but I'm taking the word "original" out of there, since it's wrong.

Krakoa. As for mentioning Krakoa, well, you could use that question with any storyline. Why mention the storylines where the Brood captured them? Or the ones with Magneto. I can compromise and agree not to re-insert the complete roster, but mentioning that their captor was a sentient island kinda gives the reader some sense of the scale of the enemy that made it so necessary to form an entire new team. Every major storyline mentioned in the article mentions the principle characters and villains involved. Why not this one? I put Krakoa's name back in, but left out the respective line-ups of the two teams. I hope this is an adequate compromise.

Xavier vs. Phoenix. I notice you also deleted his battle with Dark Phoenix, arguing that this is Xavier's article, and not the X-Men's. Well, first of all, Xavier is one of the X-Men, in addition to their founder, leader and mentor, and few other battles underscore this one in which he was one of the two combatants, and which is part of one of the most memorable storylines in both X-Men and comics history. In addition, consider this: Xavier does not directly participate in most of the X-Men's battles with its foes, preferring usually to sit at the sidelines, as a mentor, right? So doesn't it stand to reason that the rare instances in which he does should be mentioned? Doesn't this one strike you as a particularly pivotal one in his history with the X-Men? I think it does. I put it back in, but I greatly trimmed it, as you can see. I hope this verison is more acceptable to you. :-) Nightscream 03:19, 27 June 2006 (UTC)
 * No one needs to notify you of discussions at the WikiProject talk page. If you are a frequent editor of comics articles, you might want to join the WikiProject and have a greater say in how the project is shaped, and a good way to do that is to watch the talk page. Your recent edits are a great compromise.--Chris Griswold 06:21, 27 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Is a discussion in which all of the participants are in agreement not consensus? It was in the appropriate place, it was there for weeks, and if anyone had an objection, they could have voiced it. --Chris Griswold 06:23, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

Yes, it falls under the definition of the word "consensus", but in the context of deciding WP policy, it seems odd to give that power to just four people. Nonetheless, thank you for the advice; I'll be sure to monitor that page more often. :-) Nightscream 19:23, 28 June 2006 (UTC)
 * The power wasn't just in the hands of four people; it was on the talk page on which editors are invited to participate. Only four people chose to take part in the discussion. The rest either let those editors speak for them or chose not to take part. I know that if an editor says something I would have said had I been there first, I usually have not written a redundant response.--Chris Griswold 21:38, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

More disambiguation required?
There's also "Professor X", the (extended) Doctor Who universe's analogue of the Doctor Who TV show, as mentioned in List of fictional television shows and Fanon (fiction). It doesn't have (and I don't think it deserves) an article of its own, but should it be mentioned somehow in the disambig section at the top? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)
 * I don't think it's necessary. If Dr. Who fans don't think it's important enough for its own entry, it's not important for a disambig. --Chris Griswold 20:20, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

Merge
Per the Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Comics, Ultimate character entries should be merged into the character's main article.--Chris Griswold 05:26, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

Survey

 * Merge--Chris Griswold 05:26, 10 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Merge--71.99.110.7
 * Merge Dr Archeville 15:14, 10 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Merge--Newt ΨΦ 20:13, 10 July 2006 (UTC)
 * No Merge--Mr Wednesday 21:12, 10 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Merge Markeer 16:01, 11 July 2006 (UTC)
 * No Merge T-Man 09:15, 12 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Merge --Jamdav86 12:52, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

Discussion closed. Outcome is merge. --Chris Griswold 07:29, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

Discussions
Once again the Ultimate characters are their own person. Their becoming a bigger hit than any of the other Ult Universes. Let them be.Mr Wednesday 21:12, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

Me too. Are you going to merge the movies into the main X-Men page then? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wiki-newbie (talk • contribs) 09:08 July 16, 2006
 * That's absurd. Based on the reason given for these merges, why would we do that? --Chris Griswold 17:48, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

Exiles and alternative vertions
shouldnt we start to add alternate vertions of the charcter in a seperate section of the Wiki. for example i can think of numerous different vertions of Xavier. for example mutant x is mentioned but not given its own section. The vertion of Xavier featured in the First Exiles arc should also be add. as we well as What If Xavier became the Juggernuaght vertion of the charcter.--82.13.194.153 19:03, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

 * None of those characters are significant enough to warrant their own article. They all appeared in only one issue each (with the Exiles Xavier appearing at the end of #1, and then being the villain for #2). --DrBat 21:13, 6 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Good point. I also think we should get rid of the Japanse folktale stuff. --Chris Griswold 00:04, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

Powers?
This article seems to vary a bit as to whether the Professor still has powers... Does he? Personally I think if he DOESNT have powers than he should not be leading a SUPERhero team.
 * He does not, and this is not a message board on which to air your opinions. --Chris Griswold (  ☏  )  09:51, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

Regardless of his lack of abilities at this given time, he is stil (considered) the world's foremost expert on those dirty muties and was the founder of several dirty mutie organizations. So he's technically a qualified leader, just not in the field.

I recall, although not as prominent as Jean's, when he did have powers, the professor had telekinesis but to a much smaller extent, and he used it rarely. Can somebody confirm this?

 * You're thinking of the Ultimate version. Noclevername 06:46, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

There was at least one story in the mid-'60s where he used his mental powers to create a (physical) shield. (Magneto also used his magnetic powers to induce mind control around the same time--standards of consistency could be kind of loose back then.) It's probably not worth mentioning in the article because it's not typical of how his powers were depicted, however. Strephon 16:54, 8 March 2007 (UTC)

List of appearances?
Should we have one or not? --HKMarks 18:15, 4 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Well since I'm the one that put it in there it should be! Seriously though, I reckon it should be since it's no different to having a discography or filmography.  Granted he is fictional and like the more popular characters will have a huge list (imagine Superman's!! - which I won't be doing since I don't read DC.)  I was going to give it a separate page but that would end up being deleted.  I know some of the minor characters have Bibliographys but they only appeared in about 3-30 books... so unless we can compromise (and I don't intend to become a vandal either or a compulsive reserver), I will every now and then put it back in until a halfway point is reached.  Fair trade I reckon.  Originalsinner 19:19, 4 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I began a discussion at the WP:CMC talk page. --Chris Griswold (  ☎  ☓  )  23:01, 4 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't think so, because if it's done for one character... then it should be for all (for people like Superman and Spider-Man, that would be way too long). RobJ1981 20:00, 8 September 2006 (UTC)

"Roughly a month"?
There is a throwaway section here about the similarities between Xavier and Niles Caulder of the Doom Patrol. The section states that "because of their close proximity to release (roughly a month), there is little merit to the argument that one is a copy of the other." There are a number of problems with this. First, what is this argument that has not been presented? Who is supposed to be the copy of the other? If you're going to refer to "the argument", you'd better present the argument. Most people claim Doom Patrol was the ripoff, yet it debuted April 1963; the X-Men debuted in September of that year. So: The section is just unclear as to the author's intent by including this. Since his dates are wrong and the section is completely unsourced, I vote we get rid of it, unless someone wants to rewrite it as a more accurate and complete account of this popularly-held and long-debunked myth. --Canonblack 21:47, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) X-Men first appeared five months later, not "roughly a month" later.
 * 2) Doom Patrol was published first, so it was therefore not the ripoff.
 * 3) I know of no one who believes that X-Men was ripped off from Doom Patrol. The accusation is always presented the other way round.
 * You're right. It's Man-Thing and Swamp Thing that were a month apart. --Chris Griswold (  ☎  ☓  ) 21:54, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I second this. I believe comicbookresources.com has an archived article that discusses this topic in length. Is anyone volunteering to do this? --Douglass Moore (talk) 06:25, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

Xavier's Combat Skills
In an Uncanny X-Men issue (#xxx; unknown) featuring Cable, after Xavier and Magneto discuss their views on the affirmation of peaceful coexistence between humans and mutants, they get in a fight with prejudiced thugs who were harassing an amputee war veteran in a bar in Israel. Magneto uses brawling techniques, while he comments that his friend's combat skills are more refined than his own due to Xavier's travels in the east. Xavier applies his knowledge of pressure points to a large, corpulent man, taking him down with a squeeze to his hand and explaining the maneuver. Before this he had used his precognitive abilities during the fight to sense one of the thugs attacking from behind with a chair, which he then broke with a swift strike of his forearm, and back-kicked the man. (Note that the events described here occurred before Charles Xavier and Magnus had parted ways, i.e. before Xavier became crippled in an accident.) --68.224.247.53 23:21, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

Wording (Xavier's Mission)
"Xavier’s mission is to promote the peaceful affirmation of mutant rights, to mediate the co-existence of mutants and humans and to protect society from dangerous mutants, including his former friend, the militant Magneto."

I think this is a very well-stated, accurate sentence, but I think it'd be best to change "dangerous" to "antagonistic" (or "abusive") and "former" to "old" (or "sometimes-"). The reason for the first being that mutants like the X-Men themselves are dangerous; it's more about how dangerous mutants choose to use their powers. The reason for the second being that Xavier and Magneto are very much on-again/off-again when it comes to friendship (they were antagonists in "Eve of Destruction" but friends again in the recent Excalibur series). --James26 14:02, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

Dangerous? I'd rather run to the X-Men for help then Magneto any day of the week. By that logic, the Secret Service is dangerous to the President. Lots42 10:31, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Professor X.jpg
Image:Professor X.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 04:33, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Ultimateprofx.JPG
Image:Ultimateprofx.JPG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 11:52, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

Too long
The character history section is far too long. It needs shrinking down to five or six paragraphs, at the moment it is far too in-universe and doesn't comply to Writing about fiction.~ZytheTalk to me! 23:23, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

Just a passerby throwing out a comment. Baloney. What, is there a space limit to the Interweb all of a sudden? This character has a very convoluted history, and applause to anyone who can summarize it in any way and convey all the writers have done over the years. I've seen a lot of these snotty "this section is too long"/ "this show doesn't deserve individual episode writeups" malarky, and hey, guys, Wiki can be as big as we want it to be, and we don't need to limit the efforts someone else has put into making a legitimate, factual writeup just because someone doesn't deem it worthy in their oh-so-sparkling opinion. - Omar —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.183.16.137 (talk) 03:01, 29 May 2008 (UTC)

Mys-Tech Wars: Just some early morning thoughts
Re: the Mys-Tech Wars limited series. Technically it's canon Xaiver has seen most of his X-Men die in battle. Weird. Should be mentioned somehow but I saw the 'Too long article' notice.Lots42 10:30, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Darkxavier18.jpg
Image:Darkxavier18.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 04:59, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

Suggestd solution
Why not expand the Alternative versions section, then split into a new article,like other Marvel chracters? It may solve the too long problem.84.68.210.166 20:10, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

Xavier's Mutant Choices / Original Research
I enjoyed the section on Xavier's Dark Side, but the section about Xavier's choices as to which mutants to work with and which to abandon seems to be undocumented, and original research. Any thoughts? Snowfire51 05:48, 23 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I've never heard of it either. I'll probably delete it, but the user who put it into the article is welcome to revert it as long as he/she can cite some issue numbers.  Notthegoatseguy 00:10, 27 October 2007 (UTC)
 * The three citations at the end of the paragraph include the reference(s) for this statement, as well. See Uncanny X-Men.net Spotlight on Professor X. --68.224.247.53 12:24, 4 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I can't find those paragraphs in the current article, but accusing Xavier of only choosing "normal" looking mutants is just wrong. Beast was unusual looking even as a human and eventually became a furball, and Nightcrawler has always been covered up.  It's arguable that the X-teams and X-books are the most diverse teams in comic history, having many ethnicities, economic and social backgrounds, and even disabilities.  If he was trying really hard to only chose the normal looking mutants, he did a crappy job.  Notthegoatseguy 04:41, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

Top Ten most intelligent fictional characters
According to BusinessWeek, Professor X is listed as one of the top ten most intelligent fictional characters in American comics. Smartest Superheroes Bookkeeperoftheoccult (talk) 10:03, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

Mummudrai
In issue # 5 of X-men Emperor Vulcan at the end Vulcan makes this statement. "We will destroy all those who will stand in our way, including the one you call mummudrai...the one called Xavier." Is Vulcan speculating that Xavier is a mummudrai? If so it might be worth mentioning.PhoenixPrince (talk) 02:12, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

Xavier's body disappears
I don't get it. Why did it disappear? Why nobody finds it strange that a dead body disappears just like that? And that last one includes both the fictional characters and real-life readers! Am I missing something? --89.161.1.116 (talk) 11:43, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

And what abaout the multiple times he got his walking habilites again? And lost it again? And gained again? Isn´t that a mutant power? "To get his legs working all the time somebody paralizes him?" Does he have a healing factor or something? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.45.184.169 (talk)

Mister X (Marvel Comics)
I don't understand why there is a link to Mister X (Marvel Comics) in the See also section of the article. Mister X is seems totally unrelated to Professor X, except for the fact that his last name is X. Incorporating it as a "See also" link makes it seem as though it has something more substantive to do with Professor X. Is there some relationship that I'm not getting? If not, I'm going to remove this link... WDavis1911 (talk) 23:02, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

Someone trim the World War Hulk section
Honestly it was an unimportant 3-4 issue miniseries yet its summary is longer than Messiah Complex. This is an article about Xavier, not WWH. The detailed description of the attack and all the stuff about Juggernaut could go. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.190.34.219 (talk) 18:52, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Comics B-Class Assesment required
This article needs the B-Class checklist filled in to remain a B-Class article for the Comics WikiProject. If the checklist is not filled in by 7th August this article will be re-assessed as C-Class. The checklist should be filled out referencing the guidance given at Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment/B-Class criteria. For further details please contact the Comics WikiProject. Comics-awb (talk) 17:18, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

story
shouldn't his fictional biography have it's own article because i think the bio takes up most of this page. supes has one, batman and spidey have one, so why not not prof. x? just asking.--74.237.120.11 (talk) 02:03, 16 August 2008 (UTC)

Relationships: Jean?
I added a citation thingy. Who is debating this? Where? On what basis? Knowing someone from the age of eleven, in and of itself, doesn't preclude eventual feelings of lust or romantic interest. What's more, it's a dark secret for a reason: there's no explicit evidence that he didn't, in fact, have an interest in her when she was eleven, disturbing as that may seem. At least a citation of a specific notable debate is in order, or this roundabout "defence" of Xavier needs to be removed.74.46.25.126 (talk) 19:28, 12 November 2008 (UTC)

Inspiration
I have not read the comics, but I have seen the films. I cannot see any reason for the statement that the professor was inspired by Martin Luther King, Jr. There is no comparison.

 * The statement's source (http://www.screened.com/news/professor-x-and-magneto-allegories-for-martin-luther-king-jr-and-malcolm-x/2316/) makes a case for the comparison. Whether you, as an editor, agree with it or not is irrelevant, since we try to maintain a neutral point of view by only including the opinions of reputable sources. The question is, is this article a reputable source? Primogen (talk) 23:40, 4 February 2013 (UTC)

Recent "slice" in biography section
As I personally translated this article to hewiki, I couldn't help but notice the recent cut made in the biography section. The basic complaint was that the section is too big, so imagine my surprise when it was completely trimmed down to the basics at the justification that "this is not a vandalism", coming from a fan of the comics. Mind you, if something this big was sliced from what I have written, I wouldn't let it slide. Sure, the biography section needed some trimming (and believe me, I've trimmed it myself during my translation, to keep things relevant), but not this kind. As a third observer, and an avid translator of comic book characters in hewiki, I strongly object. Makes we wonder, what next? Do we need to slice every character's bio from now on? Arimis (talk) 18:56, 30 July 2012 (UTC)

Avengers vs. X-Men correction
I changed

"Rachel engages him [Professor X] in psychic battle knocking everyone out except Spider-Woman and Professor X himself."

to

Rachel engages him in psychic battle, during which everyone is knocked out except Spider-Woman and Professor X himself."

The original implies that Rachel does the knocking out, which is not the case (cf. screen-shot).AVX knockout

This is from the source provided in the text of the section, but I see no ambiguity with respect to who does the knocking out. The only point that is not clear is whether Rachel is put under, too. Extenebris (talk) 11:40, 6 April 2014 (UTC)

Cleaning Up the "Fictional character biography" Section
The "Fictional character biography" Section is extremely lengthy and overly detailed. This section alone is longer than the rest of the page combined. It would be helpful if someone can take the time and edit it to make it concise. I want to thank, ahead of time, whoever can complete this task. JosephSpiral (talk) 15:33, 9 April 2015 (UTC)
 * Suggestion: Remove everything that isn't sourced to a secondary source.  If the only source for a plot development is the comics themselves, then it probably attracted little attention and isn't really important. --Aquillion (talk) 21:08, 14 September 2015 (UTC)
 * The "Fictional character biography" section is a mess. It's entirely too long and detailed. DrRNC (talk) 18:15, 18 November 2015 (UTC)

Professer X
Tell me About Professor  x precisely everything  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:F:203:1F4D:DD19:7FEA:91DF:E81C (talk) 22:26, 12 May 2015 (UTC)

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Name pronunciation
Could someone please put the IPA for the correct pronunciation of his last name. Pqnlrn (talk) 15:38, 1 May 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Professor X


text:
Sarah Josepha Hale

Sarah Josepha Buell Hale (October 24, 1788 –April 30, 1879) was an American writer, activist, and editor of the most widely circulated magazine in the period before the Civil War, Godey's Lady's Book. She was the author of the nursery rhyme "Mary Had a Little Lamb". Hale famously campaigned for the creation of the American holiday known as Thanksgiving, and for the completion of the Bunker Hill Monument.

Early life and family
Sarah Josepha Buell was born in Newport, New Hampshire, to Captain Gordon Buell, a Revolutionary War veteran, and Martha Whittlesay Buell. Her parents believed in equal education for both genders. Home-schooled by her mother and elder brother Horatio (who had attended Dartmouth), Hale was otherwise an autodidact.

As Sarah Buell grew up and became a local schoolteacher, in 1811 her father opened a tavern called The Rising Sun in Newport. Sarah met lawyer David Hale the same year. The couple married at The Rising Sun on October 23, 1813, and ultimately had five children: David (1815), Horatio (1817), Frances (1819), Sarah (1820) and William (1822). David Hale died in 1822, and Sarah Josepha Hale wore black for the rest of her life as a sign of perpetual mourning.

Career
In 1823, with the financial support of her late husband's Freemason lodge, Sarah Hale published a collection of her poems titled The Genius of Oblivion. The Masonic movement continued their support throughout her career.

Four years later, in 1827, her first novel was published in the U.S. under the title Northwood: Life North and South and in London under the title A New England Tale. The novel made Hale one of the first novelists to write a book about slavery, as well as one of the first American woman novelists. The book also espoused New England virtues as the model to follow for national prosperity, and was an immediate success. The novel supported relocating the nation's African slaves to freedom in Liberia. In her introduction to the second edition (1852), Hale wrote: "The great error of those who would sever the Union rather than see a slave within its borders, is, that they forget the master is their brother, as well as the servant; and that the spirit which seeks to do good to all and evil to none is the only true Christian philanthropy." The book described how while slavery hurts and dehumanizes slaves absolutely, it also dehumanizes the masters and slows their world's psychological, moral and technological progress.

Reverend John Blake praised Northwood, and asked Hale to move to Boston to serve as the editor of his journal, the Ladies' Magazine. She agreed and from 1828 until 1836 served as editor in Boston, though she preferred the title "editress". The assignment drew praise from critic and feminist writer John Neal, who proclaimed in The Yankee "We hope to see the day when she-editors will be as common as he-editors; and when our women of all ages... will be able to maintain herself, without being obliged to marry for bread." Hale hoped the magazine would help in educating women, as she wrote, "not that they may usurp the situation, or encroach on the prerogatives of man; but that each individual may lend her aid to the intellectual and moral character of those within her sphere". Her collection Poems for Our Children, which includes "Mary Had a Little Lamb" (originally titled "Mary's Lamb"), was published in 1830. The poem was written for children, an audience for which many women poets of this period were writing. Hale founded the Seaman's Aid Society in 1833 to assist the surviving families of Boston sailors who died at sea.

Louis Antoine Godey of Philadelphia wanted to hire Hale as the editor of his journal Godey's Lady's Book. He bought the Ladies' Magazine, now renamed American Ladies' Magazine, and merged it with his journal. In 1837, Hale began working as editor of the expanded Godey's Lady's Book, but insisted she edit from Boston while her youngest son, William, attended Harvard College. She remained editor at Godey's for forty years, retiring in 1877 when she was almost 90. During her tenure at Godey's, several important women contributed poetry and prose to the magazine, including Lydia Sigourney, Caroline Lee Hentz, Elizabeth F. Ellet, Eliza Cook, and Frances Sargent Osgood. Other notable contributors included Nathaniel Hawthorne, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Washington Irving, James Kirke Paulding, William Gilmore Simms, Nathaniel Parker Willis, and Edgar Allan Poe, During this time, she became one of the most important and influential arbiters of American taste. In its day, Godey's, with no significant competitors, had an influence unimaginable for any single publication in the 21st century. Its readership was the largest of its day, boasting over 150,000 subscribers both North and South. Both Godey's and Sarah herself were considered the largest influences on American life of the day. She had many famous quotes of the day that espoused her way of thinking. The magazine is credited with an ability to influence fashions not only for women's clothes, but also in domestic architecture. Godey's published house plans that were copied by home builders nationwide.

During this time, Hale wrote many novels and poems, publishing nearly fifty volumes by the end of her life. Beginning in the 1840s, she also edited several issues of the annual gift book The Opal.

Final years and death
Hale retired from editorial duties in 1877 at the age of 89. The same year, Thomas Edison spoke the opening lines of "Mary's Lamb" as the first speech ever recorded on his newly invented phonograph. Hale died at her home, 1413 Locust Street in Philadelphia, on April 30, 1879. A blue historical marker exists at 922 Spruce St. She is buried in a simple grave in the Laurel Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Activist for women
In her role as editor from 1852 Hale created a section headed "Employment for Women" discussing women's attempts to enter the workforce. Hale also published the works of Catharine Beecher, Emma Willard and other early advocates of education for women. She called for play and physical education as important learning experiences for children. In 1829, Hale wrote, "Physical health and its attendant cheerfulness promote a happy tone of moral feeling, and they are quite indispensable to successful intellectual effort."

Hale became an early advocate of higher education for women, and helped to found Vassar College. Her championship of women's education began as Hale edited the Ladies' Magazine and continued until she retired. Hale wrote no fewer than seventeen articles and editorials about women's education, and helped make founding an all-women's college acceptable to a public unaccustomed to the idea. In 1860, Baltimore Female College awarded Hale a medal "for distinguished services in the cause of female education".

Hale worked devotedly to uplift the historical memory of outstanding women. Among her 50+ books were several editions of Woman's Record: Sketches of All Distinguished Women, from the Creation to A.D. 1854 (1855) it had 2500 entries that made an encyclopedic effort to put women at the center of world history. She interpreted the progress of history as based upon the development of Christianity and emphasized how essential women's morality was to Christianity, for she argued that the woman was "God's appointed agent of morality."

Beliefs
Hale, as a successful and popular editor, was respected as an arbiter of taste for middle-class women in matters of fashion, cooking, literature, and morality. In her work, however, she reinforced stereotypical gender roles, specifically domestic roles for women, while casually trying to expand them. For example, Hale believed that women shaped the morals of society, and pushed for women to write morally uplifting novels. She wrote that "while the ocean of political life is heaving and raging with the storm of partisan passions among the men of America... [women as] the true conservators of peace and good-will, should be careful to cultivate every gentle feeling". Hale did not support women's suffrage and instead believed in the "secret, silent influence of women" to sway male voters.

Hale was a strong advocate of the American nation and union. In the 1820s and 1830s, as other American magazines merely compiled and reprinted articles from British periodicals, Hale was among the leaders of a group of American editors who insisted on publishing American writers. In practical terms, this meant that she sometimes personally wrote half of the material published in the Ladies' Magazine. In later years, it meant that Hale particularly liked to publish fiction with American themes, such as the frontier, and historical fiction set during the American Revolution. Hale adamantly opposed slavery and was strongly devoted to the Union. She used her pages to campaign for a unified American culture and nation, frequently running stories in which southerners and northerners fought together against the British, or in which a southerner and a northerner fell in love and married.

Thanksgiving
Hale may be the individual most responsible for making Thanksgiving a national holiday in the United States; it had previously been celebrated mostly in New England. Each state scheduled its own holiday, some as early as October and others as late as January; it was largely unknown in the American South. Her advocacy for the national holiday began in 1846 and lasted 17 years before it was successful. In support of the proposed national holiday, Hale wrote presidents Zachary Taylor, Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, and Abraham Lincoln. Her initial letters failed to persuade, but the letter she wrote to Lincoln convinced him to support legislation establishing a national holiday of Thanksgiving in 1863. The new national holiday was considered a unifying day after the stress of the Civil War. Before Thanksgiving's addition, the only national holidays celebrated in the United States were Washington's Birthday and Independence Day. Hale's efforts earned her the nickname "Mother of Thanksgiving". Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History curator of food history, Paula J. Johnson, claims that Hale was "key in bringing together and popularizing the Thanksgiving holiday with the menu featuring turkey and stuffing".

In her novel Northwood: Or, a Tale of New England, Hale devotes an entire chapter to describing the many dishes of Thanksgiving—roasted turkey, gravy and savory stuffing, chicken pie, pumpkin pie, pickles, cakes and preserves—and to drink ginger beer, currant wine and cider.

Legacy
According to Mary Benson, American intellectuals considered Hale to be well within the bounds of propriety and certainly not a troublemaker. She appeared as a conservative who emphasized convention and promoted special and separate roles for women. Her opposition to suffrage alienated active feminists. She wanted to open up the professions, advising Vassar College to hire women instructors and administrators. Her success in publishing works by so many women enhanced the visibility of women authors. Benson says her editorial policy probably did more for the moral tone of her readers and for their literary judgment."

Hale also worked to preserve George Washington's Mount Vernon plantation, as a symbol of patriotism that both the Northern and Southern United States could all support.

Hale raised $30,000 in Boston for the completion of the Bunker Hill Monument. When construction stalled, Hale asked her readers to donate a dollar each and also organized a week-long craft fair at Quincy Market. Described as "'Oprah and Martha Stewart combined,'" Hale's organization of the giant craft fair at Quincy Market "was much more than a 'bake sale'"—"refreshments were sold ... but they brought in only a fraction of the profit." The fair sold handmade jewelry, quilts, baskets, jams, jellies, cakes, pies, and autographed letters from Washington, James Madison, and the Marquis de Lafayette. Hale "made sure the 221-foot obelisk that commemorates the battle of Bunker Hill got built."

Liberty Ship #1538 (1943–1972) was named in Hale's honor, as was a New York City Board of Education vocational high school on the corner of Dean St. and 4th Avenue in Brooklyn, New York. However, the school closed in June 2001.

A literary prize, the Sarah Josepha Hale Award, is named for her. Notable winners of the Hale Award include Robert Frost in 1956, Ogden Nash in 1964, Elizabeth Yates in 1970, Arthur Miller in 1990, and Julia Alvarez in 2017.

Hale was further honored as the fourth in a series of historical bobblehead dolls created by the New Hampshire Historical Society and sold in their museum store in Concord, New Hampshire. She is featured on a New Hampshire historical marker (number 6) along New Hampshire Route 103 in Newport.

She is commemorated on the Boston Women's Heritage Trail.

A box of her correspondence, containing 28 folders, is in the collections of the Athenaeum of Philadelphia.

Selected works

 * Liberia; or, Mr. Peyton's Experiments (1853)
 * Liberia; or, Mr. Peyton's Experiments (1853)
 * Liberia; or, Mr. Peyton's Experiments (1853)
 * Liberia; or, Mr. Peyton's Experiments (1853)
 * Liberia; or, Mr. Peyton's Experiments (1853)
 * Liberia; or, Mr. Peyton's Experiments (1853)
 * Liberia; or, Mr. Peyton's Experiments (1853)
 * Liberia; or, Mr. Peyton's Experiments (1853)
 * Liberia; or, Mr. Peyton's Experiments (1853)

title: Sarah Josepha Hale


text:
Talk:Apostle (Latter Day Saints)

Scope
I think this page should be different in scope from the article Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. This page should encompass general Mormon theology about what an apostle is, and should not include specifics about members of the Quorum in the modern Church, which belong in the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles article. COGDEN Nov. 11, 2003.

Begin collaboration
I look forward to everyone's help on this article as part of the Mormon collaboration. There is a lot of room for improvement. --uriah923(talk) 19:06, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Picture
A picture would do a lot to an article like this, but I don't know what would be appropriate. Putting a picture of the Quorum of the Twelve would be a bit redundant, considering the article on it. One idea I had was to put a picture of Elder Uchtdorf with a caption of "The LDS Church's first German apostle", or a picture of Joseph Smith as the first apostle of the Latter Day Saint movement. Any ideas? Tom Stringham 22:14, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

End collaboration
This collaboration was a poor showing, but we must move on to the next topic. --uriah923(talk) 03:51, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

First Paragraph
As a member of the LDS church myself, I must let you know that there is a slight error in your first paragraph. There are only twelve apostles in the church, and although the first presideny have all been apostles in the past, they are no longer considered apostles, as they are of a higher office. Sometimes, however, a member of the first presidency (for example, Thomas S. Monson, first councilor in the church) will keep their office as an apostle, but there will still only be 12 apostles. In this case another apostle won't be called, and this person will simply serve two callings. Just thought I would point that out. I'll probably edit the article myself, but I thought I would let you know that I'm making the change, so the you can edit it to fit the rest of the page. Fiyinite7 21:54, 3 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I disagree. If they were ordained apostles previously, members of the First Presidency still retain the priesthood office of apostle. There is no higher priesthood office in the Melchizedek priesthood. Positions within the First Presidency are simply callings. If in the 1st Pres, they are not (usually) members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, but they are still apostles. Counselors in the First Pres do not have to be apostles, as you have asserted in your edits. Snocrates 22:39, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Article Combination
Because Latter-day Saints are Christian, this article should be combined with the Apostle (Christian) article. The division between the two articles suggests that Latter-day Saints are not Christian, when they most definitely are. dnrothx 20:11, 22 November 2010 (UTC)

 * I disagree; the article can make plain the Christianity question, and there is certainly enough LDS specific material to merit this separate article. To me it doesn't make any more sense to merge into the the biblical Apostle article than merging Chief Apostle or Seventy Apostles into it. The issue is with the naming and content of the biblical Apostles article, not with this article. -- 208.81.184.4 (talk) 22:30, 15 December 2010 (UTC)

12?
"There are always twelve Apostles in the LDS Church." If my maths is correct, there are actually always at least 13 (Quorum + Church President), typically 15 (Quorum, plus all three of the Presidency), and in principle there could be any number. Perhaps the wording could be clarified somewhat? 84.203.32.88 (talk) 17:51, 6 June 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Apostle (Latter Day Saints)