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James E. Gunn

James Edwin Gunn (July 12, 1923 – December 23, 2020) was an American science fiction writer, editor, scholar, and anthologist. His work as an editor of anthologies includes the  six-volume Road to Science Fiction series. He won the Hugo Award for "Best Related Work" in 1983 and he won or was nominated for several other awards for his non-fiction works in the field of science fiction studies. The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America made him its 24th Grand Master in 2007, and he was inducted by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame in 2015. His novel The Immortals was adapted into a 1970–71 TV series starring Christopher George.

Gunn was a professor emeritus of English and the founding director of the Center for the Study of Science Fiction, both at the University of Kansas.

Early life, family and education
Gunn was born in Kansas City, Missouri, on July 12, 1923 to Jesse and Elsie Mae (née Hutchison) Gunn. He came from a publishing family: his father was a printer, two uncles were pressmen, another uncle was a proofreader, and his grandfather was a newspaper editor. His grandfather, Benjamin Gunn, appeared in Ripley's Believe it or Not. As a Masonic representative, he had visited every county in every state in the country and could name them all, including where he had spent the night.

Gunn served for three years in the U.S. Navy during World War II but never saw combat. With several months of Japanese language training and a few hours spent learning to fly an airplane, he was sent to Truk Island, now known as Chuuk Lagoon, to be adjutant to the commanding officer. He then attended the University of Kansas, earning a Bachelor of Science in Journalism in 1947 and a Masters of Arts in English from Northwestern University in 1951.

Career
By 1958, Gunn was managing editor of University of Kansas Alumni Publications. He became a faculty member of the university, where he served as the director of public relations and as a Professor of English, specializing in science fiction and fiction writing. He was a professor emeritus and founding director of the original Center for the Study of Science Fiction, which awarded the annual John W. Campbell Memorial Award for best novel and the Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award for best short fiction.

He served as President of the Science Fiction Writers of America from 1971–72 and was President of the Science Fiction Research Association from 1980–82. SFWA honored him as a Grand Master of Science Fiction in 2007.

On June 12, 2015, Locus announced the selection of Gunn and four others for induction into the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame, along with "a 'lightning-fast' fundraiser to cover [Gunn's] travel expenses so he can attend the June 27, 2015 induction ceremony in Seattle".

Writing
Gunn became a professional writer in 1947 when he wrote a play produced by the University of Kansas, Thy Kingdom Come, then wrote newspaper articles and radio scripts. Although he considered moving to New York to become a playwright, he began his career as a science fiction writer in 1949, making his first short story sale to Thrilling Wonder Stories. He has had nearly 100 stories published in magazines and anthologies and has written 28 books and edited 10. Many of his stories and books have been reprinted around the world.

In 1948, Gunn wrote his first science fiction, ten short stories, and published nine from 1949 to 1952 as "Edwin James", a pseudonym derived from his full name James Edwin Gunn. The first two in print, "Communications" and "Paradox" (the first sale), were published in September and October 1949 by editor Sam Merwin in Startling Stories and Thrilling Wonder Stories respectively. Gunn's master's thesis, a critical analysis of the genre, was also published in a professional magazine. His novels were first published by Gnome Press in 1955, Star Bridge, written by Gunn and Jack Williamson, and This Fortress World.

Scribner's published Gunn's novel The Listeners in 1972 and it was runner-up for the first annual John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel. Carl Sagan called it "one of the very best fictional portrayals of contact with extraterrestrial intelligence ever written." According to the publisher of a 2004 edition, "this book predicted and inspired the creation of the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI)—the organization dedicated to the search for extraterrestrial life."

In 1996, Gunn wrote a Star Trek novel that was a novelization of "The Joy Machine", an unproduced episode of the first Star Trek series that was scripted by Theodore Sturgeon.

Personal life and death
Gunn married Jane Frances Anderson on February 6, 1947, at Danforth Chapel in Lawrence, Kansas. They had two sons, Christopher, born in 1949, and Kevin, born in 1954. Christopher died on St. Patrick's Day, 2005. Jane died September 27, 2012. Kevin is still living.

Gunn died in Lawrence, Kansas, on the morning of December 23, 2020, at age 97 of natural causes after a brief hospitalization.

Adaptations
His stories also have been adapted into radio plays and teleplays.
 * NBC Radio's X Minus One – "Cave of Night", February 1, 1956; "Wherever You May Be", June 26, 1956
 * Desilu Playhouse's 1959 "Man in Orbit", based on Gunn's "The Cave of Night"
 * ABC-TV's Movie of the Week "The Immortal" (1969) and an hour-long television series The Immortal in 1970, based on Gunn's The Immortals
 * "Psychodynamics of the Witchcraft", an episode of the USSR science fiction TV series This Fantastic World (filmed in 1989) was based on Gunn's 1953 story "Wherever You May Be".
 * Mystery drama If the bride is a witch (Russia, 2002) was based on "Wherever You May Be".

Novels

 * Star Bridge, Gunn and Jack Williamson (Gnome Press, 1955)
 * This Fortress World (Gnome, 1955)
 * The Joy Makers (Bantam, 1961)
 * The Immortals (Bantam, 1962), which was adapted for an ABC Movie of the Week in the fall of 1969 and turned into an ironically short-lived TV series in 1970.
 * The Listeners (Scribner's, 1972), stories – October 1972 collection of six novelettes, five previously published (September 1968 to September 1972); "The 'Computer Run's between each story average 8 pages long"
 * The Magicians (Scribner's, 1976) – expanded from a novella, "Sine of the Magus" (Beyond Fantasy Fiction, May 1954)
 * Kampus (Bantam, 1977)
 * The Dreamers (Simon & Schuster, 1981)
 * Crisis! (Tor Books, 1986) – fix-up of six stories published 1978 to 1985
 * The Joy Machine (Star Trek, Book 80) (1996)
 * The Millennium Blues (e-reads.com, 2000; Easton Press, 2001)
 * Human Voices (Five Star Books, 2002)
 * Gift from the Stars (Easton, 2005)
 * Transcendental (Transcendental Machine #1) ISBN 9780765335012 (Tor, 2013)
 * Transgalactic (Transcendental Machine #2) ISBN 9780765380920 (Tor, 2016)
 * Transformation (Transcendental Machine #3) ISBN 9780765386663 (Tor, June 2017)

Short fiction

 * Collections
 * Station in Space (Bantam Books, 1958)
 * Future Imperfect (Bantam, 1964)
 * The Immortals (Bantam, 1964), four stories; revised and expanded ed. comprising five stories, Pocket Books, 2004
 * The Witching Hour (Dell, 1970)
 * Breaking Point (Walker & Co., 1972)
 * The Burning (Dell, 1972)
 * Some Dreams Are Nightmares (Scribner's, 1974)
 * The End of the Dreams (Scribner's, 1975)
 * Anthologies (editor)
 * Nebula Award Stories 10 (Gollancz, 1975)

Gunn's other anthologies include The Road to Science Fiction, six volumes from 1977 to 1998. The first four volumes, published by Mentor New American Library from 1977 to 1982, are organized chronologically and cover Gilgamesh to 1981 or "Forever" (volume 4, From Here to Forever). The last two volumes, published by White Wolf, Inc. in 1998, feature "The British Way" and "Around the World".

Nonfiction
———————
 * Alternate Worlds: The Illustrated History of Science Fiction (Prentice-Hall, 1975), ISBN 0-89104-049-8 – winner of the Locus Award and a Worldcon Special Achievement Award from MidAmeriCon, the 34th World Science Fiction Convention in 1976
 * Isaac Asimov: The Foundations of Science Fiction (Oxford, 1982); revised ed. (Scarecrow Press, 1996), ISBN 0-8108-3129-5 – Hugo Award winner
 * The New Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, editor (Viking Press, 1988), 067081041X – Hugo finalist
 * The Science of Science-Fiction Writing (Scarecrow Press, 2000), ISBN 1578860113 – "reflects on the science fiction process and how to teach it"
 * Speculations on Speculation: Theories of Science Fiction, by Matthew Candelaria and Gunn (Scarecrow Press, 2005)
 * Inside Science Fiction (Scarecrow Press, 2006)
 * Reading Science Fiction, by Gunn, Marleen S. Barr, and Matthew Candelaria (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008)
 * Star-Begotten: A Life Lived in Science Fiction (McFarland and Company, Inc., 2017)
 * Modern Science Fiction: A Critical Analysis: The Seminal 1951 Thesis, with a New Introduction and Commentary (McFarland and Company, Inc., 2018)
 * Star-Begotten: A Life Lived in Science Fiction (McFarland and Company, Inc., 2017)
 * Modern Science Fiction: A Critical Analysis: The Seminal 1951 Thesis, with a New Introduction and Commentary (McFarland and Company, Inc., 2018)
 * Bibliography notes

Awards

 * 1976 Science Fiction Research Association Pilgrim Award for lifetime achievement in science fiction scholarship
 * 1976 Worldcon Special Award for Alternate Worlds: The Illustrated History of Science Fiction
 * 1976 Locus Award for Associational Item, Alternate Worlds: The Illustrated History of Science Fiction
 * 1983 Hugo Award for Best Non-Fiction Book, Isaac Asimov: The Foundations of Science Fiction
 * 2007 Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award for lifetime achievement in science fiction and fantasy
 * 2015 Inducted into the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame

Gunn's 1972 novel The Listeners was runner-up for the 1973 Campbell Memorial Award.

title: James E. Gunn


text: User talk:68.48.70.72

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:68.48.70.72


text:
Talk:Dionne quintuplets

Birthdate?
User:SD6-Agent's comment moved from article:
 * I have conflicting sources on an exact birthplace. If anyone could find out for sure where it is we would be grateful

--Menchi 09:14, 9 Nov 2003 (UTC)

According to the Canadian Encyclopedia, Microsoft Encarta and sources at the CBC, they were born in Corbeil.

I looked for equally reliable sources saying they were born in Callander. The closest we could come was the Encyclopaedia Britannica and a virtual museum operated by the City of North Bay, which say they were born either "outside" or "near" Callander. However, "outside" and "near" aren't "in."

Moreover, in The Dionne Years, Pierre Berton identified their father, Oliva, as living in Corbeil, in the Township of East Ferris. A map in the book shows the boundary lines for East Ferris to include Corbeil and the farmhouse where the quints were born. Callander is one township over, in North Himsworth. In The Dionnes, by veteran Toronto Star reporter, Ellie Tescher, Corbeil is also identified as the birthplace.

The confusion arises because Callander, as the larger community, benefited far more from the commercial circus that the birth created. In addition, the doctor who delivered them (and essentially kidnapped them) worked in Callander, where he had a hospital.

--User:Paul From Ottawa

 * Tomato, Tomahto. I think they were born somewhere between the two on Highway 94. East Ferris, yes- but to be fair Callander is in the extreme NE of North Himsworth (which is now the Mun. of Callander btw). I travel on 94 a lot to get to my cottage, and many times my father has pointed out their place of birth. Earl Andrew 21:24, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * More to the point, their birth is registered as being in Corbeil. --User:Paul From Ottawa

Could the movie Quints have anything to do with this? Off the top of my head, I can only recall similarities being Five kids, local fame because of it, and the kids in that movie being put in a room that spectators could see them in. 152.163.100.7

wrong information
Every source says that the quintuplets were born in 1934, but the picture of the babies was taken in 1930 and the World's Fair in Chicago where the parents wanted to present the children was in 1933. ---Nicor 16:15, 17 May 2006 (UTC)

 * No, the picture of the babies was not taken in 1930. "ca" in the image caption means circa, or 'about' in Latin. Chances are that attempts to accurately date the photo have failed. Maybe 1933, maybe 1934. Can't tell how old the babies were from the photo. -- PFHLai 00:05, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

The newspaper clipings that I have of the girls are from 1934 and 1935 in which they turned 1 in 1935. My mother had made a scrapbook with clippings and their photos. m geegh

According to a Time Magazine article dated May 31, 1937, the babies were born in 1934. The article also stated that the quints were NOT identical. CKE —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.194.2.9 (talk) 23:57, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

The Dionne Quintuplets were IDENTICAL! They are still the ONLY known set to have all survived (and that was one of the main reasons why there was such an interest to see them)and they were born in Corbeil (Not Callander) on May 28, 1934. The Time magazine mentioned above is wrong and is the only source I've ever seen make such an obviously wrong mistake. From 1935 until 1938, they were studied by a team of child psychologists and doctors and their study findings were published. (See: Blatz, W. E., et al. "Collected Studies on the Dionne Quintuplets". Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1937.) Also, a lot of the information regarding the Dionne Quintuplets written during their childhood is inaccurate and/or very biased. For more complete, accurate and up-to-date information see: Pierre Berton's "The Dionne Years" or Ellie Tesher's "The Dionnes". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.245.232.242 (talk) 02:05, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

The girls were long thought to be identical but there was not way of knowing for sure back then. 173.165.104.25 (talk) 11:31, 18 February 2019 (UTC)BeaMyra

source for money settlement
40 billion CAD? sounds suspiciously high to me... 70.52.6.2 06:33, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree, I believe the amount is closer to 2.8 million. Deepalmolive 06:40, 1 January 2007 (UTC)
 * And yet the article now says 4 million lump sum. WPaulB (talk) 18:46, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

The citation given for "In 1998, the sisters reached a monetary settlement with the Ontario government as compensation for their exploitation" appears to have been written before any settlement was reached (if it ever was). All it says was that the surviving women were offered $1.5K/month each, but there's certainly no indication that they accepted the offer or were intending to. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.224.225.48 (talk) 01:54, 27 June 2014 (UTC)

Alive ?
I read that, three of the sisters are death, but the other two are alive ? I'm not sure, it can be possible. --AndreaMimi (talk) 12:17, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I can't say who is alive, but Emilie died in 1954, Marie died in 1970, and Yvonne died in 2001. That leaves only Annette and Cecile to be accounted for. They were alive in 2001 when Yvonne died. - Nunh-huh 14:29, 22 March 2008 (UTC)

Thank you for this information, Nunh-huh. There are also Annette and Cecilie still alive and about 70 years old. --AndreaMimi (talk) 19:28, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

The Country Doctor
I clicked on the "blue" title "The Country Doctor" which should have been a link to a 1936 film about the Dionne sisters. I was taken to a stub article about a 1909 silent movie starring Mary Pickford. Someone may wish to deactivate the link to the wrong film. --Karenthewriter (talk) 18:05, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

Evidence that they were all identical
Although this has always been taken for granted, there is no way to know without DNA studies. Maybe the article should say only that they have always been thought to be identical. The two who were smallest in childhood (Emilie and Marie, I think, so we will never know now) never really looked as identical as the other three. The "all identical" claim may have been part of the hype, as people are more fascinated with identicals. If it is indeed unsupported by any real evidence, the article should say so.Rose bartram (talk) 13:37, 13 February 2009 (UTC)
 * High-tech DNA is a stronger test, but there were other tests back then to demonstrate a high probability of being identical. One could start with blood type, but I expect that there was other, stronger evidence.--Spellage (talk) 13:42, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

Lydiapeever (talk) 16:17, 19 March 2009 (UTC) perhaps the entire medical journals published by Sick Kids Hospital and the University of Toronto on the Dionne sisters could shed some light on your question as to whether they were identical or not

 * I hope you are not being sarcastic here, as that would be an excessive response to something which was, after all, just a comment in the talk section--I made no change to the article at any time and will not. The consensus of Wikipedia editors is clear that they were identical. If you are asking for clarification on my point, the concern was that the diagnosis of monozygosity was made largely on the basis of dermatoglyphics (a specialty of the doctor who concluded that they were identical) and other criteria which, like dermatoglyphics, have not held up well to the test of time. But there is no reason that the accuracy of the determination needs to be an issue.Rose bartram (talk) 12:11, 20 March 2009 (UTC)

Lydiapeever (talk) 22:23, 18 April 2009 (UTC) i was simply being plain, not sarcastic at all - apologies. in the Blatz books, there is documentation regarding their blood types, footprint, and images of their ears (among other images displaying identical traits). It is generally agreed that the single-egg mass split to the Yvonne/Annette and the Cecile/Emilie/Marie mass, the latter which split further to the apparent 'egg shaped mass' that Elzire passed in @ her fourth month and Cecile, then Emilie/Marie. From what i understand, the sharing of a single placenta is key in determining 'identical' twins. the preferred term is monozygotic.

Give Lydiapeever a cigar, as that was the definition of "identical" which I learned in Med School. The Placental mass is studied to observe if it is in a singular "mass", or if it consists of several placental "sub-sections" which cluster together. Very seldom are there more than three separate placentas present in the uterus, placental migration almost always assures that they reside in the same location for (theoretically) purposes of space conservation and adequate perfusion. They also believe that this lowers the possibility of placental abruption.PA MD0351XXE (talk) 06:07, 15 August 2012 (UTC)

Tourism
"It was only rivaled by Radio City, Mount Vernon, and GEttysburg of the United States."

In no accounts have i read the above information. perhaps figures of tourism dollars or headcounts for these attractions from 1934-43 or a citation is in order

Lydiapeever (talk) 12:36, 30 May 2009 (UTC)

In the Museum section, the inline link goes directly to the Museum's homepage rather than to a wikipedia entry. Not sure if that's allowed or how to change it. 99.245.142.194 (talk) 17:43, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

Film sequels
Halliwell's Film Guide lists two sequels to The Country Doctor: Reunion (1936) and Five of a Kind (1938).

The page now lists the first, but not the second. Halliwell may be using an alternative title.

Varlaam (talk) 22:33, 4 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Then you should add it in there since it is sourced.P0PP4B34R732 (talk) 22:42, 4 November 2011 (UTC)

Identical??
From the article: "Émilie and Marie shared an embryonic sac (and were identical twins)."

"All but Émilie were/are right-handed."

These cannot both be true. If she was the only left-handed one, then she was not identical to any of the others. Where are the sources for this information? Tad Lincoln (talk) 00:19, 30 October 2012 (UTC)

Handedness is NOT genetic, it is common for identical siblings to have one left handed and another right handed. --71.118.133.222 (talk) 01:19, 2 January 2013 (UTC)

Category:Human rights abuses in Canada
I created the new "Human rights abuses in Canada" category (in similar fashion to other existing "Human rights abuses in (country)" categories) to encompass the quints, and promptly added the article to that (previously-nonexistent) category. At 07:05 (UTC) on 14 May 2013, User:Noq removed the category, and at 04:28 (UTC) on 15 May, I re-added it with an explanation. What do you think about this new category? There are no other articles in it, so it has to do with what you think about this article.

Thanks for taking your time to talk about this,

User:Davidfreesefan23 (talk) 04:36, 15 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Your opinion it is not sufficient to create a category and add it to this article. You need to WP:verify it and prove it in the article with WP:reliable sources. An edit summary saying you believe it is not a reason for it to be there. It has been reverted again - please do not re-add it unless you can get consensus here per WP:BRD. noq (talk) 07:01, 15 May 2013 (UTC)

Pop culture trivia
The addition of "Oh, Mr Porter! is correct. I have added a script reference also - the script transcript includes "Murphy" and the pun, although it has a typo within it.

Why did you restore the useless trivia in the pop culture section? Oiyarbepsy (talk) 07:02, 10 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Because it's been in the article for a long time without objection, you shouldn't delete things on a whim, we need to explain the Quints phenomenon in the thirties and without it we have a pretty thin article. Paul Austin (talk) 07:24, 10 January 2015 (UTC)
 * But most of this stuff isn't the 30s, or even the 40s. We could delete the section entirely, and we wouldn't have a "thin" article by any stretch of the imagination. These sections used to be on every article and they really diminished our reputation, and we have, fortunately, eliminated most of them. For God sake's, we got one-liners from Mash, a show made 40 years after they were born, we have passing mentions in songs, one that is nothing more that Mr Dionne and not even explicitly about them. These sections need to be limited to works that actually cover or parody the quints in depth, not every possible passing mention. Oiyarbepsy (talk) 07:30, 10 January 2015 (UTC)
 * OK

The Simpsons "Eight Misbehavin'", seventh episode of the eleventh season: The scenario of exhibiting the babies in a theme park echoes that of the Dionne Quintuplets, who were exhibited to the public in "Quintland" during the 1930s in Ontario. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.124.116.101 (talk) 05:54, 15 April 2019 (UTC)

Trouble archiving links on the article
Hello. I am finding myself repeatedly archiving links on this page. This usually happens when the archive doesn't recognize the archive to be good.

This could be because the link is either a redirect, or I am unknowingly archiving a dead link. Please check the following links to see if it's redirecting, or in anyway bad, and fix them, if possible.

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 * http://books.google.co.il/books?id=Wg8gGwAACAAJ&dq=The%20Dionne%20Years%3A%20A%20Thirties%20Melodrama&source=gbs_book_other_versions
 * http://books.google.co.il/books?id=xix2VLb4vGQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Quadruplets+and+Higher+Multiple+Births&hl=en&sa=X&ei=esg7UbKkBcfJswb3jIGwDg&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA
 * http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3683/is_199401/ai_n8716816
 * http://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/04/world/st-bruno-journal-the-babies-of-quintland-now-broke-and-bitter.html?scp=1&sq=Quintland&st=nyt
 * http://books.google.co.il/books?id=TtI8AQAACAAJ&dq=%27%27Family+Secrets:+The+Dionne+Quintuplets%27&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ls07UazHIYT3sgbA6IBA&redir_esc=y

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I Found Hundreds of Newspaper articles of Quintuplets 1936
I won an auction in superior wi & a box full of newspaper cutouts from 1930’s on up all pictures & articles are about the kids. Hundreds of cutouts. If anyone interested in them, lmk, I’d like them to go to a family member or museum if possible. Spikesnu (talk) 04:35, 11 March 2023 (UTC)

Order in infobox "Died" section
The infobox currently lists 3 sisters who have died, but they are listed in a seemingly random order. They are neither listed by age/date of death nor alphabetically by name. I think it would make sense to go by age/date of death. Nakonana (talk) 18:27, 6 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the tip, . I have changed it as you suggested, although I see no reason why you couldn't have edited it yourself; it hardly seems controversial. They appear to have been listed in birth order, but to me, death order makes more sense in that part of the infobox. Happy editing.— JohnFromPinckney (talk / edits) 17:49, 29 May 2024 (UTC)
 * @JohnFromPinckney I wasn't sure whether there was a specific reason to list them in the order they were listed as I'm not familiar with the topic. There was a chance that I was simply missing something. And I don't know the guidelines for such instances — whether one should go by name or by date of death, so I decided to bring it up on the talk page instead of editing it myself. Thanks for changing it :) Nakonana (talk) 19:16, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dionne quintuplets


text:
Weil restriction

In mathematics, restriction of scalars (also known as "Weil restriction") is a functor which, for any finite extension of fields L/k and any algebraic variety X over L, produces another variety ResL/kX, defined over k. It is useful for reducing questions about varieties over large fields to questions about more complicated varieties over smaller fields.

Definition
Let L/k be a finite extension of fields, and X a variety defined over L. The functor $$\operatorname{Res}_{L/k} X $$ from k-schemesop to sets is defined by

 * $$\operatorname{Res}_{L/k}X(S) = X(S \times_k L)$$

(In particular, the k-rational points of $$\operatorname{Res}_{L/k}X$$ are the L-rational points of X.) The variety that represents this functor is called the restriction of scalars, and is unique up to unique isomorphism if it exists.

From the standpoint of sheaves of sets, restriction of scalars is just a pushforward along the morphism $$\operatorname{Spec}(L) \to \operatorname{Spec}(k)$$ and is right adjoint to fiber product of schemes, so the above definition can be rephrased in much more generality. In particular, one can replace the extension of fields by any morphism of ringed topoi, and the hypotheses on X can be weakened to e.g. stacks. This comes at the cost of having less control over the behavior of the restriction of scalars.

Alternative definition
Let $$h:S'\to S$$ be a morphism of schemes. For a $$S'$$-scheme $$X$$, if the contravariant functor
 * $$\operatorname{Res}_{S'/S}(X):\mathbf{Sch/S}^{op}\to \mathbf{Set},\quad T\mapsto \operatorname{Hom}_{S'}(T\times_S S',X)$$

is representable, then we call the corresponding $$S$$-scheme, which we also denote with $$\operatorname{Res}_{S'/S}(X)$$, the Weil restriction of $$X$$ with respect to $$h$$.

Where $$\mathbf{Sch/S}^{op}$$ denotes the dual of the category of schemes over a fixed scheme $$S$$.

Properties
For any finite extension of fields, the restriction of scalars takes quasiprojective varieties to quasiprojective varieties. The dimension of the resulting variety is multiplied by the degree of the extension.

Under appropriate hypotheses (e.g., flat, proper, finitely presented), any morphism $$T \to S$$ of algebraic spaces yields a restriction of scalars functor that takes algebraic stacks to algebraic stacks, preserving properties such as Artin, Deligne-Mumford, and representability.

Examples and applications
Simple examples are the following:
 * 1) Let L be a finite extension of k of degree s. Then $$\operatorname{Res}_{L/k}(\operatorname{Spec} (L)) = \operatorname{Spec}(k)$$ and $$\operatorname{Res}_{L/k}\mathbb{A}^1$$ is an s-dimensional affine space $$ \mathbb{A}^s$$ over Spec k.
 * 2) If X is an affine L-variety, defined by $$X = \operatorname{Spec} L[x_1, \dots, x_n]/(f_1,\dotsc,f_m); $$we can write $$\operatorname{Res}_{L/k}X$$ as Spec $$k[y_{i,j}]/(g_{l,r})$$, where $$y_{i,j}$$ ($$1 \leq i \leq n, 1 \leq j \leq s$$) are new variables, and $$g_{l,r}$$ ($$1 \leq l \leq m, 1 \leq r \leq s$$) are polynomials in $$y_{i,j}$$ given by taking a k-basis $$e_1, \dotsc, e_s$$ of L and setting $$x_i = y_{i,1}e_1 + \dotsb + y_{i,s}e_s$$ and $$f_t = g_{t,1}e_1 + \dotsb + g_{t,s}e_s$$.

If a scheme is a group scheme then any Weil restriction of it will be as well. This is frequently used in number theory, for instance:
 * 1) The torus $$\mathbb{S} := \operatorname{Res}_{\Complex/\R} \mathbb{G}_m$$ where $$\mathbb{G}_m$$ denotes the multiplicative group, plays a significant role in Hodge theory, since the Tannakian category of real Hodge structures is equivalent to the category of representations of $$\mathbb{S}.$$ The real points have a Lie group structure isomorphic to $$\Complex^\times$$. See Mumford–Tate group.
 * 2) The Weil restriction $$\operatorname{Res}_{L/k} \mathbb{G}$$ of a (commutative) group variety $$\mathbb{G}$$ is again a (commutative) group variety of dimension $$[L:k]\dim \mathbb{G},$$ if L is separable over k.
 * 3) Restriction of scalars on abelian varieties (e.g. elliptic curves) yields abelian varieties, if L is separable over k. James Milne used this to reduce the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture for abelian varieties over all number fields to the same conjecture over the rationals.
 * 4) In elliptic curve cryptography, the Weil descent attack uses the Weil restriction to transform a discrete logarithm problem on an elliptic curve over a finite extension field L/K, into a discrete log problem on the Jacobian variety of a hyperelliptic curve over the base field K, that is potentially easier to solve because of K's smaller size.

Weil restrictions vs. Greenberg transforms
Restriction of scalars is similar to the Greenberg transform, but does not generalize it, since the ring of Witt vectors on a commutative algebra A is not in general an A-algebra.

title: Weil restriction