text:
Guillermo Portabales

Guillermo Portabales (born José Guillermo Quesada Castillo; 6 April 1911 – 25 October 1970) was a Cuban singer-songwriter and guitarist who popularized the guajira style of Cuban music from the 1930s through the 1960s. His languid, melancholy, intensely lyrical guajiras and his elegant, stylish singing made him popular throughout Latin America, where he is still revered.

Discussion of basic data
His father was José Quesada y Perez from Casteiro Oreste Spain and his mother was Marcela Estefania Castillo y Rodriguez from Vueltas Cuba. His birthplace was Rodas in the old province of Santa Clara (Las Villas). In what is now the Province of Cienfuegos. He grew up in Cienfuegos. His father died when he was about 8 years old, his mother then remarried a man whose last name was Portabales (the director of the Hospital in Cienfuegos), thus where his "stage name" came from. Portabales was married to a woman named Araminta and had a son Named Guillermo. Portabales had a brother named Manuel Eleuterio Quesada y Castillo. His brother was married to Sylvia Ester Ramirez y Gonzalez, who had four children Manuel Antonio Quesada (born in Caracas Venezuela in 1955), José Guillermo Quesada (Born in Caracas Venezuela in 1957), Sylvia Mercedes Quesada (Born in Caracas Venezuela in 1958) and Reynaldo Quesada (Born in Miami Florida in 1960).

As for his birthdate, Helio Orovio, in the original Cuban edition of 1981, left Portabales out entirely. In the usual Soviet-style way, any opponents of the revolution get 'painted out' of history; but Portabales had left Cuba years before the Castro revolution, and most such people still retained their place in official Cuban history. Portabales had even recorded an album for Gema in Cuba in 1960, after the revolution but before Egrem took over all recording rights in Cuba. The later English translation reinstated such 'enemies of the state' as Celia Cruz (who was a determined opponent of the regime) and Portabales, giving 6 April 1914 as his date of birth. Cristobal Díaz Ayala gives 6 April 1911.

The date and place of his death also vary in sources. Orovio's English edition says 1961. This is definitely incorrect, because there are at least three recording session whose dates are later in the 1960s: in 1962/3 in Miami; in 1967/8 in New York, issued on Gema 3070 Viva Portabales; and, above all, in October 1970 in Puerto Rico, just a few days before his death (issued Gema 3086 Sones cubanos: Guillermo Portabales con Los Guaracheros de Oriente). This simple refutation throws doubt upon Orovio's other data, and has led to a general acceptance of Cristobal Díaz's version of 25 October 1970.

He did indeed die on 25 October 1970 while crossing a street in Puerto Rico late at night. He used to perform at a restaurant called Las Palmas in Isla Verde, Puerto Rico and while leaving the restaurant he was hit by a car and dragged several feet.

As for location, Orovio says Isla Verde, Cuba and Díaz says San Juan, Puerto Rico. It is almost unbelievable that the two versions should be so different, and again, it seems right to prefer Díaz, especially as the best-known Isla Verde is in Puerto Rico. Both agree that he died in a traffic accident; he was apparently hit by a car when leaving a gig at the Las Palmas restaurant.

Career
At age 11, Portabales began work as a printer's assistant in Cienfuegos. In 1928, he made his radio debut on the station CMHI, and from then on divided his time between his work as a printer and performing.

In the beginning, Portabales sang a variety of styles — canción, tango, bolero, son — until he discovered that his listeners enjoyed the guajira the most. He thereby refined the style and developed his signature salon guajira style in which he depicted in bucolic terms the life of the Cuban guajiro (the rural campesino). In typical trovadore fashion, Portabales sang and played guitar, sometimes accompanied by a small group. His guajiras have a gentle, lilting rhythm, sometimes mixing with elements of the son or the bolero.

Portabales continued to perform and perfect the guajira until he went to Puerto Rico in 1937. There he became enamoured of the neighboring island and stayed there for two years, singing in theaters, clubs and on the radio. In 1939, he married Puerto Rican Arah Mina López, a journalist who joined him as he returned to Cuba in 1939. Over the years they toured together in Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Panama, New York City, and Tampa.

After returning to Havana, Portabales performed on stage and radio with the Trio Matamoros. He also made a successful tour of United States and took an extended stay in Barranquilla, Colombia. In 1953, Portabales finally settled for good in Puerto Rico, where he continued to record and perform, with occasional tours of the continent. During the 1960s, he expressed his opposition to the Cuban Revolution in several discreetly poetic compositions.

Impact
In 2006 the African group Kékélé released an album, Kinavana, that re-Africanized songs Portabales had composed or performed, giving them new lyrics in the Lingala language and playing them in a Congolese style. As a Washington Post writer Mark Jenkins said, the 2006 album "celebrates [Portabales], who died before learning that his music had become popular in Africa."

Assessment
Portabales' early work is represented on Tumbao TCD 084 Guillermo Portabales: El creador de la guajira de salón 1937–1943: Al vaivén de mi carreta. It is this CD, with its liner notes, which may be the source of the incorrect dates.

His voice, and particularly his guitar technique, improved greatly with experience. This is quite clear from the recordings in his fifties, represented by World Circuit WCD 023 Guillermo Portabales, El Carretero. This includes examples from his three recording sessions in the 1960s

For the quality of his voice, its purity and its subtle evocation of emotion, and the exceptionally high calibre of his guitar technique – which is certainly worth attention by young musicians – Portabales must be rated as a performer of the highest calibre even given the unusually high standards of Cuban popular music.

His style is on the Spanish side of creole in contrast to many other Cuban trova performers in the 20th century: his music is clearly in the tradition of the old Spanish-descent countryside people, the guajiros. His repertoire was originally wide, but he came to specialize in guajira-sons and laments, together with some guaracha-sons. With his smooth style, he was known as the creator of la guajira de salón. As a composer he was perhaps not so important as his rootsier compatriot, Ñico Saquito, but what he did compose was of high quality, and still is popular.

Three of his noteworthy compositions: El carretero; Nostalgia guajira; Cumbiamba; Cuando salí de Cuba(composed by the argentinian Luis Aguile in 1967) was one of his famous songs as well.

title: Guillermo Portabales


text:
Day to Day

Day to Day (D2D) was a one-hour weekday American radio newsmagazine distributed by National Public Radio (NPR), and produced by NPR in collaboration with Slate. Madeleine Brand, Alex Chadwick, and Alex Cohen served as hosts. Topics regularly covered by D2D included news, entertainment, politics and the arts; contributors included familiar NPR personalities, reporters from NPR member stations, writers for Slate, and reporters from Marketplace, a show produced by American Public Media. D2D premiered on Monday, July 28, 2003, and fed to stations from noon ET with updates through 4:00 p.m. ET. It was the fastest growing program in NPR's history.

On December 10, 2008, NPR announced Day to Day would be canceled with its final episode to be broadcast on March 20, 2009. According to NPR as of December 2008 Day to Day was airing on 186 stations and attracting a weekly cumulative audience of 1.8 million listeners.

According to Dennis Haarsager, NPR's acting CEO, D2D was not "attracting sufficient levels of audience or national underwriting necessary to sustain continued production" now that NPR's projected budget deficit for the 2009 fiscal year grew from $2 million in July, to $23 million in December.

The final data released after March 2008 showed that the program had a weekly cumulative audience of 2,036,400, placing it third nationally behind only Talk of the Nation and Fresh Air for all midday public radio programming.

Background
Day to Day began as a co-production with the then-Microsoft-owned Slate that was "targeted for midday broadcast" and designed to "showcase newsworthy topics with a smart, savvy and spontaneous approach" with a "diverse family of contributors from both NPR News and Slate"; it was the "first program collaboration NPR has initiated with a commercial media outlet in its 33-year history." The partnership was criticized in the Online Journalism Review for "possible conflicts on Microsoft coverage (or lack thereof)" and the "cross-media advertisements and underwriting" plans.

Day to Day debuted on public radio stations in July 2003. and was the first NPR newsmagazine produced at NPR West studios in Culver City, California, near Los Angeles.

Format
While Day to Day was divided into segments similar in length to those on Morning Edition and All Things Considered, there were at least two major differences: the C segment was divided into two sections; and the program had a shorter total running time—one hour compared to two for the larger newsmagazines.

Day to Day began with a sixty-second billboard, wherein Alex Chadwick and Madeleine Brand talk about what will be coming up on the show. The billboard is followed by the standard NPR newscast from one minute past to six minutes past the hour. Some stations utilized the last 2.5 minutes of the newscast to deliver local midday news reports. A thirty-second music bed follows, and then Segment A begins.

Segment A (duration 12:29) contained the top story of the day, and usually synopses of longer-term issues viewed through the lens of current events. Segment topics ranged from the American judicial system to economics to geopolitics to conversations with notable newsmakers, and more. Segment A closed at nineteen minutes past the hour and leads into a two-minute station break.

At twenty-one after, Segment B (duration 7:49) began. Segment B composed the remainder of the first half-hour, and as such continued coverage on important news events of the day, or segued into lighter culturally or socially relevant stories. Segment B closes at 28:50 past the hour, and goes into a local break until the bottom of the hour.

At half past the hour, Day to Day returned with Segment C1 (duration 5:14), usually reserved for updates on stories presented in the first half-hour, or different angles on major news stories. Segment C2 (duration 3:59) was home to the Marketplace report, a discussion about an item of business news with a reporter from Marketplace, capped with a short preview of that evening's program. C2 ended at 39:30 after the hour.

Following another thirty-second music break, Day to Day entered Segment D (duration 8:59). There was little specificity to the content of Segment D; stories ranged from international and domestic issues to long-term reports on a variety of topics. Segment D ran from forty minutes to forty-nine minutes past the hour, and another two-minute station break ensued.

Segment E (duration 8:20) began at fifty-one minutes past the hour. For the show's first three years, it was divided into Segments E1 and E2, which lasted roughly three and a half minutes each. On February 20, 2007, Day to Day combined the two E segments into one long one. Segment E was usually devoted to commentary and light features, including "The Unger Report", a satirical take on news and current events. Time permitting, Segment E was followed up by the credits, and Day to Day came to a close.

Hosts
For its first two and a half years, Day to Day was usually hosted by either longtime NPR host and correspondent Alex Chadwick or NPR news host Madeleine Brand. On January 16, 2006, Chadwick and Brand began co-hosting each program.

On Friday, November 7, 2008, Chadwick anchored his final broadcast on the show. Brand continued to anchor the remainder of Day to Day's run, along with rotating co-hosts.

NPR personalities Noah Adams, Alex Cohen and Mike Pesca often served as substitute hosts for the program.

Staff

 * Executive Producer Deborah Clark
 * Supervising Senior Producer Chip Grabow
 * Supervising Senior Editor Martha Little
 * Director Andy Houlihan
 * Producers Steve Proffitt, Christopher Johnson, Sarah Spivack, Skye Rohde, Nihar Patel, Ki Sung
 * Editors Jacob Conrad, Jason DeRose, Jolie Myers
 * Staff Reporter Alex Cohen
 * Contributing Producer Joe Bevilacqua

Contributors

 * Brian Unger, "The Unger Report" humor and satirical commentary
 * Michelle Singletary, "The Color of Money" personal finance
 * Dahlia Lithwick, legal analyst
 * John Dickerson, political analyst
 * Xeni Jardin, "Xeni Tech" technology
 * David Was, music
 * Annabelle Gurwitch, humorous commentary
 * Jennifer Sharpe, oddities
 * Mark Jordan Legan, "Summary Judgment" movie reviews
 * Veronique de Turenne, book reviews
 * Andrew Wallenstein, television reviews
 * Ira Flatow, science and technology
 * Sydney Spiesel, personal health
 * Scott Carrier, investigative journalism

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Day to Day


text:
Jenny Clack

Jennifer Alice Clack,  (née Agnew; 3 November 1947 – 26 March 2020) was an English palaeontologist and evolutionary biologist. She specialised in the early evolution of tetrapods, specifically studying the "fish to tetrapod" transition: the origin, evolutionary development and radiation of early tetrapods and their relatives among the lobe-finned fishes. She is best known for her book Gaining Ground: the Origin and Early Evolution of Tetrapods, published in 2002 (second edition, 2012) and written with the layperson in mind.

Clack was curator at the Museum of Zoology and Professor of Vertebrate Palaeontology at the University of Cambridge, where she devoted her career to studying the early development of tetrapods, the "four-legged" animals said to have evolved from Devonian lobe-finned fishes and colonised the freshwater swamps of the Carboniferous period.

Early life and education
Clack was born on 3 November 1947, the only child of Ernest and Alice Agnew. She was brought up in Manchester, England. She was educated at Bolton School (Girls' Division), a private school in Bolton, Lancashire. She received a B.Sc. in Zoology from the University of Newcastle upon Tyne in 1970. In 1978, she accepted an invitation from Alec Panchen to obtain a Ph.D. from the same university, at the encouragement of her then new boyfriend Rob Clack. They married in 1980. Her doctorate was completed in 1984. She also held a Graduate Certificate in Museum Studies from the University of Leicester and an MA from the University of Cambridge. On 9 December 2000, she was awarded a Doctor of Science (ScD) degree by the University of Cambridge.

Academic career
In 1981, Clack joined the University Museum of Zoology, University of Cambridge, as an Assistant Curator. She was promoted to Senior Assistant Curator in 1995. Since 2005, she has been Curator in Vertebrate Palaeontology at the museum. In 2006, she was awarded a personal chair by the University of Cambridge, and took the title Professor of Vertebrate Palaeontology. She retired in 2015 and became Emeritus Professor of Vertebrate Palaeontology at the museum. In 1997, Clack was elected a Fellow of Darwin College, Cambridge; since 1 October 2015, she has been an Emeritus Fellow. From 2000 to 2005, she was Reader in Vertebrate Palaeontology at the University of Cambridge. On 1 October 2006, Clack was awarded a personal chair by Cambridge, taking the title Professor of Vertebrate Palaeontology.

Clack is best known for her extensive body of work on early tetrapods, much of which redefined how paleontologists conceived of the evolution of limbs and other features associated with tetrapods' transition from other lobe-finned fishes. She began her career working primarily on the ear of early tetrapods and later expanded to more broadly addressing the osteology and evolution of tetrapods. Together with Michael Coates (University of Chicago), Clack defined what is known as "Romer's Gap", a major gap in the fossil record of early tetrapods and one that she subsequently began to fill in collaboration with other paleontologists. Clack also undertook extensive fieldwork expeditions in order to search for further remains of early tetrapods. In 1987, during an expedition to East Greenland, Clack and her team discovered the remains of the Devonian tetrapods Acanthostega and Ichthyostega, following up on field notes of researchers who had collected material of Acanthostega in 1970. Additional surveys in 1998 led to the collection of substantial new material, including what is now recognized as Ymeria. Most recently, she led a major consortium project (TW:eed ) investigating some exciting new fossils from Northumberland and the Borders Region of Scotland which date from the Tournaisian stage of the earliest Carboniferous period; this project has produced numerous publications furthering the understanding of early tetrapod evolution.

Over the course of her lengthy career, Clack published in some of the most notable scientific journals, including Nature,           Science,  and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  and is one of the most published vertebrate paleontologists in Nature, arguably the leading scientific journal in the world, with over 15 papers in that journal alone. In addition to her Gaining Ground book, Clack also co-authored a volume of the Handbuch der Paläoherpetologie series on early tetrapods with Andrew Milner in 2015 and co-edited a volume on the evolution of hearing in 2016.

Clack is probably best known for discovering that the earliest tetrapods had more than five toes per foot: the Upper Devonian tetrapods from East Greenland, Ichthyostega had seven while Acanthostega had eight (compared to the six toes of the Russian Devonian tetrapod Tulerpeton). This suggests that pentadactyly was not an ancestral trait for tetrapods.

Clack supervised many graduate students who went on to pursue successful careers in paleontology and evolutionary biology, including Per Ahlberg (Uppsala University), Paul Upchurch (University College London), Michael Lee (Flinders University), and Matthew Friedman (University of Michigan). In April 2012 she was featured in an episode of the BBC television series Beautiful Minds, a set of documentaries about scientists who have made important discoveries. This may be viewed on YouTube. Clack was honored by her peers with a festschrift published in 2019.

Death
Clack died on 26 March 2020 at the age of 72, after a five-year battle with endometrial cancer.

Honours
In 2008, Clack was awarded the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal from the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the first woman to achieve the honor.

In 2009, Clack was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, the first female vertebrate paleontologist to achieve the honor. She has also been elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

On 15 June 2013, Clack was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science (DSc) degree by the University of Chicago. The university described her as "an internationally preeminent palaeontologist whose research has profoundly changed the understanding of the origin of terrestrial vertebrate life." Also in 2013, she was awarded the T Neville George Medal by the Geological Society of Glasgow.

On 17 July 2014, she was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science degree by the University of Leicester. Also in 2014, she was made an Honorary Foreign Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

In 2018, she won the Palaeontological Association's most prestigious award, the Lapworth Medal.

title: Jenny Clack


text:
Pine squirrel

Pine squirrels are squirrels of the genus Tamiasciurus, in the Sciurini tribe, of the large family Sciuridae.

Species
This genus includes three species: All three species are native to North America. Pine squirrels can be found in the northern and western United States, most of Canada, Alaska, and northwestern Mexico.
 * Tamiasciurus douglasii — Douglas squirrel
 * T. d. mearnsi — Mearns's squirrel
 * Tamiasciurus fremonti — southwestern red squirrel
 * T. f. grahamensis — Mount Graham red squirrel
 * Tamiasciurus hudsonicus — American red squirrel

Description
Pine squirrels, Tamiasciurus species, are small tree squirrels with bushy tails. Along with members of the genus Sciurus, they are members of the Sciurini tribe.

The name Tamiasciurus comes from Greek ταμίας tamías ‘steward, dispenser’ and σκίουρος skíouros 'squirrel'.

The American red squirrel should not be confused with the Eurasian red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) — both are usually just referred to as the "red squirrel" in their home continents.

Pine squirrels rely on a variety of food sources including fungi, plants, arthropods and tree seed.

title: Pine squirrel


text:
Talk:Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson

No real mentioning of bombardment of copenhagen
Lord Nelson is widely regarded as the man who forced neutral Denmark-Norway to side with Napoleon (in Denmark at least) by starting the battle of copenhagen and capturing the danish-norwegian navy. At the same time he also commited one of the first acknolwedge terror attacks on a capital city, in the bombardment of Copenhagen, yet the article barely mentions the battle and none of the attrocities. I consider this to be a rather important aspect of the battle. The main article about the battle should provide suffecient sources to verify what happened. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.167.145.44 (talk) 13:24, 31 March 2014 (UTC)

 * I believe that in Nelson's Battle of Copenhagen, in 1801, he did not actually bombard the city, just the fortresses and the floating batteries and ships moored along the waterfront. During the negotiations to establish the truce, he seems to have threatened to bombard the city but did not actually do so. It was the 1807 battle, nearly 2 years after Nelson died that the British did bombard the city and about 200 civilians died and thousand buildings were burned. Dabbler (talk) 21:39, 31 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Thereafter right up to Mers el Kebir destroying or rendering ineffective a potentially belligerent fleet was known within the Royal Navy as "doing a Copenhagen". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.149.55.6 (talk) 16:18, 14 April 2016 (UTC)
 * 'first acknolwedged terror attacks on a capital city'. What precisely is meant by this? Why is it different to the time-honoured tradition of sacking or burning a city? LastDodo (talk) 12:22, 4 March 2022 (UTC)

File:HoratioNelson1.jpg to appear as POTD
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:HoratioNelson1.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on September 29, 2014. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2014-09-29. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page. Thanks! — Crisco 1492 (talk) 01:22, 8 September 2014 (UTC)

Nelson's Blood
British Admiral Horatio Lord Nelson was killed off the coast of Spain on October 21st, 1805 at the Battle of Trafalgar. His body needed to be brought back to Britain for proper burial. In order to preserve his body during the long passage back, Admiral Nelson’s body was stored on the ship in a vat of rum and the crew was forbidden to drink it. When Nelson’s body was retrieved at port, the vat was discovered dry. Apparently the crew had ignored orders and had consumed all of the rum in Admiral Nelson’s vat. From that point forward, British Royal Navy rum was known as Nelson’s Blood. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.90.62.125 (talk) 21:38, 21 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately several of the above statements are not true. Nelson's body was placed in a barrel of brandy not rum. Secondly, the body was still immersed in brandy when he was transferred to the coffin back in London. Dabbler (talk) 01:38, 22 December 2015 (UTC)

 * Brandy and port was drunk by the officers and rum by the men. The officers would not have deprived the men of their rum, as they had earned it, and would more likely have sacrificed their own supplies of brandy for this purpose. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.149.55.6 (talk) 16:12, 14 April 2016 (UTC)

I an a true born Nelson but French..of black decent. But claim my family white also. Thank you Wiki for your help. Bless the Lord of Lord. Wisdomismykin (talk) 12:15, 17 April 2018 (UTC)

Death of Nelson painting
Why does an image of the "Death of Nelson" painting appear in this article? This painting is totally inaccurate and rather than inform readers of the article it misleads them. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:647:CD00:7A74:B908:6A2E:519D:16A3 (talk) 02:57, 23 May 2016 (UTC)

"Battles/wars" section of infobox not aligned
yo,

small issue guys, the aforementioned field does not line up properly. i experienced this issue before on Edward Routh's page, and i guess some dumb luck resulted in a fix.

are there rules for infoboxes with long lists like this? i was hoping maybe removing the bulleting or playing with the spaces would fix it. i know it's minor but it's SOOO ANNOYING, lol. it should line up!! 174.3.155.181 (talk) 21:48, 16 June 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Archived ref no longer shows Nelson's coat of arms and so I have deleted it as there already was another reference. Dabbler (talk) 00:27, 30 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Early Naval career
The section on 'Early naval career' has a linked reference to the 'fabled North West passage' In fact they sailed NNE by Spitzbergen and were searching for the North East passage. The orders were to see if there was open water all the way to the pole, and to return if that were so. Oddly, they took whalermen as pilots, and they already knew there was impassable ice.Dean1954 (talk) 15:11, 21 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Well, it depends on your point of view. But I take your point, Phipps' expedition went via Spitsbergen.--Ykraps (talk) 06:57, 16 April 2018 (UTC)

Slavery section
I have one or two concerns about the relevance and factual accuracy of this section. It suggests, for example, that Nelson's wife was the daughter of a slave owner with £60,000 worth “stock of Negroes” and “cattle”. Frances Woolward's father may or may not have owned a slave but his money came from his position as a senior judge. Her uncle, John Herbet, was a councillor on the island and owned a large estate where she and Nelson were married. Perhaps this estate had slaves, although I don't know that for sure, and this is what is meant by "family". But in any event, what has this to do with Nelson? By all means mention his views on slavery but the rest seems somewhat undue to me. Nelson wasn't a George Washington he didn't own slaves and he didn't profit from slavery through his marriage.--Ykraps (talk) 08:43, 15 April 2018 (UTC)

The book to which this is referenced is here.[] On p.162 there is part of a letter to Nelson's uncle, Maurice Suckling, in which Nelson does indeed talk about Frances' uncle, who settled a debt on her behalf and must be very wealthy because he owned several plantations with "£60,000 worth stock of Negroes and cattle". So again I ask, is this relevant? Also notice the letter makes no mention of her father being a slave owner.--Ykraps (talk) 09:45, 17 April 2018 (UTC)

Here is the letter to Simon Taylor, published in volume xi of Cobbett's Political Review, January-June 1807, columns 295-296.[] I can see how someone with the obvious prejudiced and partisan views of Afua Hirsch might read more into this but I would say it takes a fair bit of WP:Synth to make the source fit the current wording. For a start, Nelson is not offering to fight in defence of the slave trade, he is offering to fight in defence of the West Indies.--Ykraps (talk) 16:30, 20 April 2018 (UTC)

Unable to stimulate debate here, I have been WP:Bold and rewritten this section to reflect what has been said in WP:Reliable sources. I hope this suits everyone. Whether it deserves a level-2 heading is another question.--Ykraps (talk) 11:46, 20 May 2018 (UTC)

 * This section seems somewhat contradictory. The first half makes him out to be as in favour of slavery as anyone that ever lived, the second half seems to suggest he has much more nuanced views. The section does not attempt to reconcile these, which would be helpful. LastDodo (talk) 12:02, 4 March 2022 (UTC)

The bit after the following line feels like editorializing. "Many of Nelson's actions indicate his position on the matter of slavery, most notably: " As previously shown in the section there is evidence on both sides, nothing listed below this sentence actually proves he was anti-slavery. Either it should be stated that the list is purely the 'he was anti-slavery' evidence or the he was pro-slavery evidence like the fact he seemingly wrote a slavery-supporting letter should be included in it to make it neutral and unbiased. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Firestar47 (talk • contribs) 12:04, 29 June 2023 (UTC)

Dying words
I have no idea where to find a reference, but I recall many years ago reading that the words "Kiss me Hardy" were actually "Kismet, Hardy.", indicating resignation to fate. ("Kismet" means "Fate".)

Does anyone know a suitable reference for this ? Darkman101 (talk) 15:20, 28 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Modern historians dismiss the kismet story as nonsense; an invention of prudish Victorians who misunderstood that kissing a dying friend was wholly in keeping with the age in which Nelson lived. Nelson's relationship with William Hamilton and wife, no doubt adding to the embarrassment. Nobody who was with Nelson at the time recorded anything other than "Kiss me" and that included William Beaty, Alexander Scott, Walter Burke and of course Thomas Hardy who, in response, kissed Nelson twice; once on the cheek and then later, on the forehead. --Ykraps (talk) 08:37, 29 December 2020 (UTC)

WIA listings needed for Nelson's list of battles?
I don't know if it's necessary but there is some inconsistency between the listings of WIAs over numerous battle articles, some featuring WIA symbols, some without. Yourlocallordandsavior (talk) 08:00, 18 July 2021 (UTC)

Haydn's "Missa in Angustiis" ("Nelson Mass")
The text states "In 1797, the famous composer Haydn wrote a mass to commemorate Nelson’s stunning defeat over Napoleon and the French."

The Wikipedia entry for the "Missa in Angustiis" ("Mass for Troubled Times") indicates that it was was written before the Battle of the Nile, and its nickname the "Nelson Mass" was acquired because news of Nelson's success in the battle was reported around the time of its first performance in September 1798. If this is correct it would be inaccurate to state that it was written to commemorate Nelson's victory.

--JRAC001 (talk) 11:57, 28 May 2022 (UTC)
 * If it does not have a source to back the claim, you can simply remove it. Roger 8 Roger (talk) 14:32, 28 May 2022 (UTC)

Name of San Fiorenzo
@Benea I am making some copyedits to the article and I noticed that the town of San Fiorenzo / Saint-Florent is referred to as "St Fiorenzo". Although this is the name used in the source (Nelson: A Dream of Glory by John Sugden), I don't think it can be considered accurate. At Siege of San Fiorenzo, a note in the lead section explains that it is most commonly referred to as such in English-language sources. Thus, I will be changing all references to "St Fiorenzo" to "San Fiorenzo", as that was the local name and (apparently) the British name of the town at the time. If you object to this, please let me know, revert the edit, and we can discuss it further here. Toadspike (talk) 10:22, 19 July 2022 (UTC)

Article is inconsistent between "dé" and "de"
At the date and time I'm writing this the article is wildly inconsistent between "Santa Cruz dé Tenerife" and "Santa Cruz de Tenerife". I don't know which is correct. The articles about the battle and the town there do not seem to have any occurrences of "dé", so I suspect "de" is correct and "dé" could be vandalism.2600:8804:8C40:401:1C64:8308:33BC:E2D6 (talk) 22:34, 10 September 2022 (UTC)Christopher L. Simpson

Sir John Moutray and his wife Mary
Nelson is mentioned at John Moutray. But in his BBC4 documentary "Nelson’s Caribbean Hell-Hole" here, historian Sam Willis suggests that Nelson was besotted with Moutray's wife Mary. There is more here. Nelson's time stationed at English Harbour in Antigua probably deserves more coverage. 205.239.40.3 (talk) 22:11, 17 November 2022 (UTC)

Minor edit needed: Two sentences are combined, with subject and verb missing in a clause.
Unclear sentence:

"He fought in several minor engagements off Toulon and was important in the capture of Corsica, where he was wounded and partially lost sight in one eye, and subsequent diplomatic duties with the Italian states."

The second clause either should be removed or someone with knowledge of the history should properly complete: "and subsequent diplomatic duties with the Italian states." Eltamarindo (talk) 20:52, 11 March 2023 (UTC)

Blake
- re your removal of a See also link. Robert Blake was as famous in his day as was Nelson in his, and like Nelson, remains so today. Blake served under and was admired by Oliver Cromwell as an Admiral and General during the English Civil War in many major campaigns. He was the General at Sea during the First Anglo-Dutch war. For his service he was thanked by the Parliament who appointed him Council of State. After he died, of battle wounds, he laid in state in the Queen's House, Greenwich and then received a memorial parade attended by Cromwell and many state officials, after which he received a state funeral and was buried at Westminster Abbey. There is a monument in his honour and also a plaque in his honor at Westminster Abby. There are coins and stamps minted in his honour. There were several British ships named in Blake's honour. To say Blake was and is "nationally acclaimed" is not at all some subjective opinion any more than it would be to say so about Nelson, who once said "I do not reckon myself equal to Blake". Please see Robert Blake (admiral), and the many works written about Blake if you doubt any of this. -- Gwillhickers (talk) 17:25, 8 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Links in the WP:See also section should be relevant and just being a famous admiral is not relevant enough in my opinion. Why Blake and not Hawke, Boscawen, Hood, Jervis, Pellew etc? --Ykraps (talk) 08:03, 9 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I think you have to justify reason for inclusion better; also see see also. Roger 8 Roger (talk) 08:34, 9 September 2023 (UTC)
 * The see also section is for "related or comparable articles". The three extant see also links for Nelson are all clearly and directly related to him and/or his career. If we're going to add every British admiral (or why stop at only the British?) who's been compared to Nelson then we're going to need a bigger article. To add to Ykraps' list, why are we not also adding Drake, Rooke, Collingwood, Grenville, Beatty, Russell, Cunningham, Howe, Duncan, Rodney, Monck, Smith, Benbow, Cochrane, Keppel, Codrington, Hawkins, or Saumarez? A brief quote from Nelson from one letter is not, in my opinion, enough to allow Blake the honour of being the only admiral listed as being comparable with Nelson. Pickersgill-Cunliffe (talk) 10:24, 9 September 2023 (UTC)

 * WP:SEE ALSO also says: MOS:ALSO — Links in this section should be relevant and limited to a reasonable number. Whether a link belongs in the "See also" section is ultimately a matter of editorial judgment and common sense. One purpose of "See also" links is to enable readers to explore tangentially related topics; however, articles linked should be related to the topic of the article or be in the same defining category. Blake was not just another British Admiral. Blake is relevant as he was a very famous British Admiral  in the same capacity that Nelson was. ( 1, 2 )  While "tangentially related" topics are allowed, Blake is at least that, and more, given the extensive history he was involved in. They share a "defining category" as they are both very famous and top British Admirals who died at sea in the service of their Kings. That Nelson, albeit in one letter (that I know of off hand), compared himself to Blake also says much. Nelson didn't mention Admirals Monck, Drake, etc, it was Blake. There are many dedicated works on Blake, while virtually all the others are only  mentioned in context in those works. Unlike the other admirals, both Blake and Nelson where honoured with large parades, or funeral processions that received national attention, and have monuments or statues erected in their honour -  the others do not. No one wants to include 'just another British admiral' here. -- Gwillhickers (talk) 17:22, 9 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Having read the very interesting and well formed viewpoints my "editorial judgment" is that Blake is best not added to see also Lyndaship (talk) 18:02, 9 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Not seeing any viable or pressing reason why Blake should not be included, while there are a number of reasons why he should -- it's only a See Also link, btw. Having said that, we must abide by consensus. Thanks for the feed back everyone. -- Gwillhickers (talk) 18:22, 9 September 2023 (UTC)
 * To be clear on my view about adding Blake - no. Roger 8 Roger (talk) 22:22, 9 September 2023 (UTC)

Why is "Viscount Nelson (of ... and all that stuff)" missing from the succession-boxes of Peerages at the article's end?
I can't find anything in this article that says he wasn't really created a Viscount. In articles on other nobles, one can find such titles listed, with "new title" as the "predecessor", and "extinct" as the "successor". Why wouldn't this be done in Nelson's case? The omission sticks out like a sore thumb, since I came to this article by typing "Viscount Nelson" in the search-slot, and I'm sure many people come to this article the same way.2600:1700:6759:B000:1C64:8308:33BC:E2D6 (talk) 08:21, 8 December 2023 (UTC)Christopher Lawrence Simpson

Requested move 18 July 2024
Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson → Lord Nelson – WP:NCPEER states that "When one holder of a title is overwhelmingly the best known", there is no need to use the full title. The 1st Viscount seems to be the most well-known Lord Nelson. This is also in line with the way articles on several other peers are titled, including Lord Kelvin, Lord and Lady Byron, and Lord Mountbatten. Векочел (talk) 13:48, 18 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Biography, WikiProject London, and WikiProject Military history have been notified of this discussion. Векочел (talk) 13:49, 18 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Peerage and Baronetage and GLAM/MON have been notified of this discussion. Векочел (talk) 13:49, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Support Horatio Nelson per Britannica.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 18:12, 18 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Support Horatio Nelson per @Crouch, Swale. He's also known as Admiral Nelson, I don't think these aristocratic shorthands are good for recognizability in most cases, this being one such case. Killuminator (talk) 20:51, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose. That part of WP:NCPEER is resulting in some questionable article titles, and I think it needs to be subjected to some scrutiny (probably in an RfC) before any more RMs like this are made. The only examples it gives are Lord Byron and Alfred, Lord Tennyson – hardly typical peers as they were literary figures. Let's avoid the kind of mess article titles for European monarchs have got into, where a WP:CONSISTENT system has been ditched in favour of interminable RMs. Ham II (talk) 21:59, 18 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Support Horatio Nelson It's both common and consistent with the article on his wife, Frances Nelson. Keivan.f  Talk 22:24, 18 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:NCPEER. This is getting ridiculous. These proposals are unencyclopaedic and cheapen Wikipedia. -- Necrothesp (talk) 10:18, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose, per Ham II and Necrothesp, and it seems to me that the recent move to Lord Mountbatten did not get much in the way of consensus at all. —Simon Harley (Talk). 10:34, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:COMMONNAME. I don't know what an RfC regarding NCPEER would really achieve, as seems to me that it is only by the exceptions it allows for, that avoids it regularly running into direct conflict with COMMONNAME and other overriding policies for determining article titles. AVNOJ1989 (talk) 17:10, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose With the examples of Lord Byron and Lord Mountbatten, that is what they are overwhelmingly known by. I doubt most people could tell you what their first names were. That is not the case for Nelson, who I think is just as much, if not more, know as "Horatio Nelson" or "Admiral Nelson" than "Lord Nelson". Would not be opposed to a change to "Horatio Nelson" but equally don't think it would make much difference. I echo the words of Ham II, that this part of NCPEER needs reworking in a much more careful manner. It appears to me that the intention was to say that a peer who is easily the best known of their lineage can have a shortened title based on what they are most commonly known as, e.g. "Alfred, Lord Tennyson". What this seems to be being taken as is that the most well-known should be changed to "Lord XXX", based on the examples NCPEER provides which I think are incidental rather than intended precedent. Pickersgill-Cunliffe (talk) 17:22, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose: 'overwhelmingly' is key and no attempt has been made at proving this. YorkshireExpat (talk) 21:22, 19 July 2024 (UTC)


text:
Zhuang languages

The Zhuang languages (autonym: Vahcuengh,, pre-1982: Vaƅcueŋƅ, Sawndip: 話僮, from vah, 'language' and Cuengh, 'Zhuang'; ) are the more than a dozen Tai languages spoken by the Zhuang people of Southern China in the province of Guangxi and adjacent parts of Yunnan and Guangdong. The Zhuang languages do not form a monophyletic linguistic unit, as northern and southern Zhuang languages are more closely related to other Tai languages than to each other. Northern Zhuang languages form a dialect continuum with Northern Tai varieties across the provincial border in Guizhou, which are designated as Bouyei, whereas Southern Zhuang languages form another dialect continuum with Central Tai varieties such as Nung, Tay and Caolan in Vietnam. Standard Zhuang is based on the Northern Zhuang dialect of Wuming.

The Tai languages are believed to have been originally spoken in what is now southern China, with speakers of the Southwestern Tai languages (which include Thai, Lao and Shan) having emigrated in the face of Chinese expansion. Noting that both the Zhuang and Thai peoples have the same exonym for the Vietnamese, kɛɛuA1, from the Chinese commandery of Jiaozhi in northern Vietnam, Jerold A. Edmondson posited that the split between Zhuang and the Southwestern Tai languages happened no earlier than the founding of Jiaozhi in 112 BC. He also argues that the departure of the Thai from southern China must predate the 5th century AD, when the Tai who remained in China began to take family names.

Surveys
Zhāng Jūnrú's (张均如) Zhuàngyǔ Fāngyán Yánjiù (壮语方言研究 [A Study of Zhuang dialects]) is the most detailed study of Zhuang dialectology published to date. It reports survey work carried out in the 1950s, and includes a 1465-word list covering 36 varieties of Zhuang. For the list of the 36 Zhuang variants below from Zhang (1999), the name of the region (usually county) is given first, followed by the specific village. The phylogenetic position of each variant follows that of Pittayaporn (2009) (see Tai languages).

 * 1) Wuming – Shuāngqiáo 双桥 – Subgroup M
 * 2) Hengxian – Nàxù 那旭 – Subgroup N
 * 3) Yongning (North) – Wǔtáng 五塘 – Subgroup N
 * 4) Pingguo – Xīnxū 新圩 – Subgroup N
 * 5) Tiandong – Héhéng 合恒 – Subgroup N
 * 6) Tianlin – Lìzhōu 利周 – Subgroup N
 * 7) Lingyue – Sìchéng 泗城 – Subgroup N
 * 8) Guangnan (Shā people 沙族) – Zhěméng Township 者孟乡 – Subgroup N
 * 9) Qiubei – Gēhán Township 戈寒乡 – Subgroup N
 * 10) Liujiang – Bǎipéng 百朋 – Subgroup N
 * 11) Yishan – Luòdōng 洛东 – Subgroup N
 * 12) Huanjiang – Chéngguǎn 城管 – Subgroup N
 * 13) Rong'an – Ānzì 安治 – Subgroup N
 * 14) Longsheng – Rìxīn 日新 – Subgroup N
 * 15) Hechi – Sānqū 三区 – Subgroup N
 * 16) Nandan – Mémá 么麻 – Subgroup N
 * 17) Donglan – Chéngxiāng 城厢 – Subgroup N
 * 18) Du'an – Liùlǐ 六里 – Subgroup N
 * 19) Shanglin – Dàfēng 大丰 – Subgroup N
 * 20) Laibin – Sìjiǎo 寺脚 – Subgroup N
 * 21) Guigang – Shānběi 山北 – Subgroup N
 * 22) Lianshan – Xiǎosānjiāng 小三江 – Subgroup N
 * 23) Qinzhou – Nàhé Township 那河乡 – Subgroup I
 * 24) Yongning (South) – Xiàfāng Township 下枋乡 – Subgroup M
 * 25) Long'an – Xiǎolín Township 小林乡 – Subgroup M
 * 26) Fusui (Central) – Dàtáng Township 大塘乡 – Subgroup M
 * 27) Shangsi – Jiàodīng Township 叫丁乡 – Subgroup C
 * 28) Chongzuo – Fùlù Township 福鹿乡 – Subgroup C
 * 29) Ningming – Fēnghuáng Township 凤璜乡 – Subgroup B
 * 30) Longzhou – Bīnqiáo Township 彬桥乡 – Subgroup F
 * 31) Daxin – Hòuyì Township 后益乡 – Subgroup H
 * 32) Debao – Yuándì'èrqū 原第二区 – Subgroup L
 * 33) Jingxi – Xīnhé Township  新和乡 – Subgroup L
 * 34) Guangnan (Nóng people 侬族) – Xiǎoguǎngnán Township 小广南乡 – Subgroup L
 * 35) Yanshan (Nóng people 侬族) – Kuāxī Township 夸西乡 – Subgroup L
 * 36) Wenma (Tǔ people 土族) – Hēimò Township 黑末乡大寨, Dàzhài – Subgroup P

Varieties
The Zhuang language (or language group) has been divided by Chinese linguists into northern and southern "dialects" (fāngyán 方言 in Chinese), each of which has been divided into a number of vernacular varieties (known as tǔyǔ 土语 in Chinese) by Chinese linguists (Zhang & Wei 1997; Zhang 1999:29-30). The Wuming dialect of Yongbei Zhuang, classified within the "Northern Zhuang dialect", is considered to be the "standard" or prestige dialect of Zhuang, developed by the government for certain official usages. Although Southern Zhuang varieties have aspirated stops, Northern Zhuang varieties lack them. There are over 60 distinct tonal systems with 5–11 tones depending on the variety.

Zhang (1999) identified 13 Zhuang varieties. Later research by the Summer Institute of Linguistics has indicated that some of these are themselves multiple languages that are not mutually intelligible without previous exposure on the part of speakers, resulting in 16 separate ISO 639-3 codes.

Northern Zhuang
Northern Zhuang comprises dialects north of the Yong River, with 8,572,200 speakers ( [] prior to 2007):
 * Guibei 桂北 (1,290,000 speakers): Luocheng, Huanjiang, Rongshui, Rong'an, Sanjiang, Yongfu, Longsheng, Hechi, Nandan, Tian'e, Donglan ( [])
 * Liujiang 柳江 (1,297,000 speakers): Liujiang, North Laibin, Yishan, Liucheng, Xincheng ( [])
 * Hongshui He 红水河 (2,823,000 speakers): South Laibin, Du'an, Mashan, Shilong, Guixian, Luzhai, Lipu, Yangshuo. Castro and Hansen (2010) distinguished three mutually unintelligible varieties: Central Hongshuihe ( []), Eastern Hongshuihe ( []) and Liuqian ( []).
 * Yongbei 邕北 (1,448,000 speakers): North Yongning, Wuming (prestige dialect), Binyang, Hengxian, Pingguo ( [])
 * Youjiang 右江 (732,000 speakers): Tiandong, Tianyang, and parts of the Baise City area; all along the Youjiang River basin area ( [])
 * Guibian 桂边 (Yei Zhuang; 827,000 speakers): Fengshan, Lingyun, Tianlin, Longlin, North Guangnan (Yunnan) ( [])
 * Qiubei 丘北 (Yei Zhuang; 122,000 speakers): Qiubei area (Yunnan) ( [])
 * Lianshan 连山 (33,200 speakers): Lianshan (Guangdong), North Huaiji (Guangdong) ( [])

Eastern Guangxi
In east-central Guangxi, there are isolated pockets of Northern Zhuang speakers in Zhongshan (14,200 Zhuang people), Pingle (2,100 Zhuang people), Zhaoping (4,300 Zhuang people), Mengshan (about 5,000 Zhuang people), and Hezhou (about 3,000 Zhuang people) counties. These include the following varieties named after administrative villages that are documented by Wei (2017).

 * Lugang Village 芦岗村, Etang Town 鹅塘镇, Pinggui District 平桂区, He County 贺县
 * Qishan Village 启善村, Yuantou Town 源头镇, Pingle County
 * Xiping Village 西坪村, Zouma Township 走马乡, Zhaoping County
 * Xie Village 谢村, Xinxu Town 新圩镇, Mengshan County
 * Nitang Village 坭塘村, Yuantou Town 源头镇, Pingle County
 * Linyan Village 林岩村, Qingtang Town 清塘镇, Zhongshan County

Southern Zhuang
Southern Zhuang dialects are spoken south of the Yong River, with 4,232,000 speakers ( [] prior to 2007):
 * Yongnan 邕南 (1,466,000 speakers): South Yongning, Central and North Fusui, Long'an, Jinzhou, Shangse, Chongzuo areas ( [])
 * Zuojiang 左江 (1,384,000 speakers): Longzhou (Longjin), Daxin, Tiandeng, Ningming; Zuojiang River basin area ( [])
 * Dejing 得靖 (979,000 speakers): Jingxi, Debao, Mubian, Napo. Jackson, Jackson and Lau (2012) distinguished two mutually unintelligible varieties: Yang Zhuang ( []) and Min Zhuang ( [])
 * Yanguang 砚广 (Nong Zhuang; 308,000 speakers): South Guangnan (Yunnan), Yanshan area ( [])
 * Wenma 文麻 (Dai Zhuang; 95,000 speakers): Wenshan (Yunnan), Malipo, Guibian ( [])

The Tày and Nùng language complex in Vietnam is also considered one of the varieties of Central Tai and shares a high mutual intelligibility with Wenshan Dai and other Southern Zhuang dialects in Guangxi. The Nùng An language has a mixture of Northern and Central Tai features.

Recently described varieties
Johnson (2011) distinguishes four distinct Zhuang languages in Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan: Nong Zhuang, Yei Zhuang, Dai Zhuang, and Min Zhuang, all of which are Southern Zhuang varieties except for Yei Zhuang, which is Northern Zhuang. Min Zhuang is a recently discovered Southern Zhuang variety that has never been described previous to Johnson (2011). (See also Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture)

Pyang Zhuang and Myang Zhuang are recently described Southern Zhuang (Central Tai) languages spoken in Debao County, Guangxi, China.

Writing systems

The Zhuang languages have been written in the ancient sawndip script for over a thousand years, possibly preceded by the sawgoek script. Sawndip is based on Chinese characters, similar to Vietnamese chữ Nôm. Some sawndip logograms were directly borrowed from Han characters, whereas others were created locally from components of Chinese characters. It has been used for writing songs, and more recently in public communications encouraging people to follow official family planning policy.

There has also been the occasional use of a number of other scripts, including pictographic proto-writing.

In 1957, a hybrid script based on the Latin script and expanded with Cyrillic- and IPA-derived letters was introduced to write Standard Zhuang. In 1982, it was updated to use only Latin letters. These are referred to as the 'old' and 'new' Zhuang, respectively. Bouyei is written in Latin script.

title: Zhuang languages


text:
List of Finnish government enterprises

This is a list of Finnish government owned companies:

Wholly owned

 * Alko
 * OHY Arsenal
 * CSC - Tieteellinen laskenta
 * Destia
 * Finavia
 * Finnvera
 * Hansel Ltd.
 * Motiva
 * Nordic Morning
 * Patria
 * Rahapaja (Mint of Finland)
 * Solidium
 * Suomen Erillisverkot
 * Posti Group
 * Finnish Industry Investment
 * Suomen Vientiluotto
 * Suomen Viljava
 * VR Group

Shared majority ownership

 * Boreal Plant Breeding
 * Finnair
 * Fortum
 * Gasum
 * HAUS Finnish Institute of Public Management
 * Kemijoki (company)
 * Neste Oil
 * Raskone
 * Finnfund
 * Tietokarhu (a joint venture with Tieto)
 * Neova
 * Veikkaus
 * Finnish Broadcasting Company

Shared minority ownership

 * Altia
 * Ekokem
 * Engel Yhtymä
 * Fingrid
 * Gasum
 * Licentia
 * Santapark
 * Silta
 * Suomen Siemenperunakeskus
 * Vuotekno
 * Companies in state-owned investment company Solidium's portfolio:
 * Elisa
 * Kemira
 * Outokumpu
 * Outotec
 * Rautaruukki
 * Sampo
 * Stora Enso
 * Talvivaara
 * TeliaSonera
 * Tieto

Commercial Government Agencies

 * Metsähallitus (Forest and Park Service)
 * Senate Properties

Defunct

 * VPU Pukutehdas

title: List of Finnish government enterprises


text:
Talk:Foresight Institute

-

Untitled
This article is mostly taken from the Foresight Institute's "About Us" web page. Wikipedia articles shouldn't really be mouthpieces for companies. Does this organization actually do anything other than organize conferences? Tempshill 21:45, 18 Nov 2003 (UTC)

-

Currently, the link to the FI's website does not work.
 * Jeff July 9, 2005 15:47 (UTC)

-

I think this page should be kept, although in a slightly more sophisticated way.

Nazgjunk - - Signing is for Whimps 11:52, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

Advertisment
I have attempted to rewrite the page and have trimmed out things like the mission statement-like list and the doublespeak comment about the internet. By no means is this page perfect, but I think it no longer reads like an advertisment. Falcon 22:51, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

followup
This may be part of a walled garden of pages, including Chris Phoenix &  Mike Treder. The COI and NPOV of all three is suspect, and their are 3rd party sources for their being a concealed POV-pushing advocacy group.
 * I intend to document a little more thoroughly, and rewrite the article for the center as NPOV.

possibly including [Foresight Institute]],Center on Nanotechnology and Society, & Future Technologies Advisory GroupDGG 04:51, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with that assessment and endorse a full review of the article contents. -Will Beback · † · 07:27, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

Should be kept
quite notable. --Remi0o 23:30, 15 April 2007 (UTC)

Name
The article says "In 2005 the Foresight Institute changed its name to 'Foresight Institute' and narrowed its mission to nanotechnology". The website does indeed focus on nanotech now, but still refers to the organization as "Foresight Institute". What is the source for the claim about the name change (and if it is correct, then why is this article still called "Foresight Institute")? —Adam Atlas (talk) 05:00, 17 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I also looked at the website and I don't see "Foresight Nanotech Institute" anywhere, though you're right that there are many mentions of nanotechnology. However I do see the term elsewhere. My guess is that they changed their name and then changed it back. We could change the text something more vague, but equally accurate, such as "...also known as 'Foresight Nanotech Institute'..."   Will Beback    talk    05:22, 17 September 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Foresight Institute. Please take a moment to review my edit. You may add after the link to keep me from modifying it, if I keep adding bad data, but formatting bugs should be reported instead. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether, but should be used as a last resort. I made the following changes:
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://foresight.org/
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.foresight.org/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 02:21, 29 March 2016 (UTC)

"Multiple Issues" Box Still Necessary?
I don't think the "Multiple Issues" box at the top is still needed. A bunch of sources were added since then, ~all of them sourced. Niplav (talk) 14:40, 12 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Foresight Institute


text:
Worshipful Company of Haberdashers

The Worshipful Company of Haberdashers, one of the Great Twelve City Livery Companies, is an ancient merchant guild of London associated with the silk and velvet trades.

History and functions
The Haberdashers' Company follows the Mercers' Company (inc. 1394) in precedence, receiving its first royal charter in 1448 and holds records dating back to 1371. The formal name under which it is incorporated is The Master and Four Wardens of the Fraternity of the Art or Mystery of Haberdashers in the City of London.

The company was originally responsible for the regulation of silk and velvet merchants then hatmakers, but began losing control over those trades as the population of London increased and spread outwards from the City after the Industrial Revolution. Through careful stewardship of financial bequests and funds, the company now serves as a significant educational and charitable institution whilst maintaining links with its heritage by giving awards for fashion education.

As an educational foundation, the Haberdashers' Company maintains a strong tradition of supporting schools. It founded a boys' school at Hoxton, Middlesex, in 1690 and following redevelopment of the site, in June 1875, it reopened the school, divided into two, educating boys and girls. At the same time, it opened a boys and girls school at Hatcham in Surrey. The Haberdashers' Hoxton Boys' School moved to Hampstead, North London, and then in 1961 becoming the Haberdashers' Aske's School for Boys, Elstree. The Haberdashers' Girls' School, founded in Hoxton moved to Creffield Road, Acton, opening on 1 November 1889 with 47 Hoxton pupils and 12 new girls, and reopening in September 1974 on its present site in Elstree as Haberdashers' Aske's School for Girls, adjacent to the Haberdashers' Boys' School. The original Hatcham schools continue to be run by the Haberdashers' Company, as academies, open to girls and boys.

Elsewhere in England and Wales, Haberdashers' schools have been endowed notably by William Jones (Monmouth) and William Adams (Shropshire).

In 1990, at Monmouth School, the Glover Music School was established funded by Dame Jane Glover, sister of Past Master Richard Glover, and daughter of a previous headmaster of the school.

The Haberdashers' Company continues, as required, to present copies of the King James Bible to pupils at all its schools, whilst welcoming those of all faiths and none. The company owns and participates in the patronage of eight parish church advowsons.

The company is sole trustee of two major educational charities: Haberdashers' Aske's Charity and the William Jones's Schools Foundation.

The company ranks eighth in the order of precedence of City livery companies and, as such, it is recognised as one of the Great Twelve Livery Companies. Like other livery companies, it supports the work of the Lord Mayor, the City Corporation and the Sheriffs: Alderman Sir William Russell, First Warden (2023/24), was the first Lord Mayor of London to serve consecutive terms (2019–21) since the 19th century; HRH the Duke of Edinburgh currently serves on the Haberdashers' Court of Assistants. Haberdashers' Hall was situated near the Guildhall in Bassishaw Ward for many centuries, but from 2002 the company took additional premises in the City Ward of Farringdon Without, where it is now based.

The Haberdashers' motto is "Serve and Obey".

Haberdashers' Hall

The Haberdashers' Company moved to its new hall at 18 West Smithfield on 15 April 2002, located opposite the King Henry Gate of St. Bartholomew's Hospital.

On 24 October 2002 Queen Elizabeth II was welcomed by Master Haberdasher Nicholas Lund to formally declare the Hall open. Haberdashers' Hall, with its various meeting and function rooms as well as offices, is centred on a cloistered courtyard, entered through the façade at Market View, Smithfield, and also includes residential apartments and retail units. On the south side of the property, the company has developed office space which opens onto Hosier Lane.

Within the Hall, its cloisters to the right-hand side lead via a circular staircase to the first floor where its Court Room, Committee Room and a Luncheon Room lead off a Reception Gallery. The reception gallery leads to the livery hall, which has a high vaulted ceiling and is entirely oak-panelled. There are also offices for company staff, facilities for catering staff with storage and cellars below the Hall, together with accommodation for the Master and the Beadle.

The Clerk to the Haberdashers' Company, since 2020, is Brigadier Angus Watson, and the Revd Marcus Walker serves as its Honorary Chaplain.

Haberdashers' schools

 * Haberdashers' Abraham Darby Academy, Telford, Shropshire
 * Haberdashers' Adams (formerly Adams') Grammar School, Newport, Shropshire
 * Haberdashers' Agincourt School, Monmouth
 * Haberdashers' Aldersey Church of England (aided) Primary School, Bunbury, Cheshire
 * Haberdashers' Borough Academy, London SE1
 * Haberdashers' Boys' School, Elstree, Hertfordshire
 * Haberdashers' Girls' School, Elstree, Hertfordshire
 * Haberdashers' Castle House School, Newport, Shropshire
 * Haberdashers' Crayford Academy, Crayford, Kent
 * Haberdashers' Crayford Primary School, Crayford, Kent
 * Haberdashers' Hatcham College, London SE14
 * Haberdashers' Hatcham Free School, London SE14
 * Haberdashers' Hatcham Primary School, London SE14
 * Haberdashers' Knights Academy, Downham, Kent
 * Haberdashers' Knights Primary School, London Borough of Bromley
 * Haberdashers' Monmouth School for Boys, Monmouthshire
 * Haberdashers' Monmouth School for Girls, Monmouthshire
 * Haberdashers' Slade Green Primary School, Erith, Kent
 * Haberdashers' West Monmouth School, Monmouthshire

List of Lord Mayors and Master Haberdasher

 * 1483–84: Sir Robert Billesdon
 * 1532–33: Sir Stephen Peacock
 * 1538–39: Sir William Fermor
 * 1552–53: Sir George Barne
 * 1555–56: Sir William Gerard
 * 1579–80: Sir Nicholas Woodroffe
 * 1582–83: Sir Thomas Blanke
 * 1586–87: Sir George Barne
 * 1587–88: Sir George Bond
 * 1596–97: Sir Henry Billingsley
 * 1600–01: Sir William Ryder
 * 1601–02: Sir John Gerard
 * 1604–05: Sir Thomas Lowe
 * 1620–21: Sir Francis Jones
 * 1627–28: Sir Hugh Hamersley
 * 1631–32: Sir George Whitmore
 * 1632–33: Sir Nicholas Rainton
 * 1637–38: Sir Richard Fenn
 * 1652–53: John Fowke, MP
 * 1664–65: Sir John Lawrence
 * 1688–89: Sir John Chapman
 * 1699–00: Sir Richard Levett
 * 1717–18: Sir William Lewen
 * 1725–26: Sir Francis Forbes
 * 1726–27: Sir John Eyles
 * 1733–34: Sir William Billers
 * 1738–39: Micajah Perry, MP
 * 1794–95: Rt Hon. Thomas Skinner
 * 1875–76: Sir William Cotton
 * 1883–84: Sir Francis Wyatt Truscott
 * 1891–92: Sir David Evans
 * 1907–08: Sir John Bell
 * 1915–16: Sir Charles Wakefield (later Viscount Wakefield)
 * 1931–32: Sir Maurice Jenks
 * 1956–57: Sir Cullum Welch
 * 1967–68: Sir Gilbert Inglefield
 * 1969–70: Sir Ian Frank Bowater
 * 2019–21: Sir William Russell

title: Worshipful Company of Haberdashers


text:
Talk:Pine squirrel

Untitled
This page needs to grow, and then to split off two subsidiary pages, one for each species - there is plenty known about each of them seglea 21:56, 18 Nov 2003 (UTC)

There seem to be three species of Tamiasciurus
T. Hudsonicus T. douglasii T. mearnsi

As per this source http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=12400001

and as per this source http://www.jstor.org/pss/1383712

The article doesn't mention T. mearnsi

--Davefoc (talk) 07:28, 12 October 2008 (UTC)

Wikipedia itself even seems to think there are three species: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamiasciurus_mearnsi

--Davefoc (talk) 07:52, 12 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm going to go ahead and change the article's text to include all three species, based on Thorington & Hoffmann. --Saukkomies talk 15:31, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pine squirrel


text:
Anyonic Lie algebra

In mathematics, an anyonic Lie algebra is a U(1) graded vector space $$L$$ over $$\Complex$$ equipped with a bilinear operator $$[\cdot, \cdot] \colon L \times L \rightarrow L$$ and linear maps $$\varepsilon \colon L \to \Complex$$ (some authors use $$|\cdot| \colon L \to \Complex$$) and $$\Delta \colon L \to L\otimes L$$ such that $$\Delta X = X_i \otimes X^i$$, satisfying following axioms:

\varepsilon(X_i) (2\varepsilon(Y) + \varepsilon(X^i)) }$$
 * $$\varepsilon([X,Y]) = \varepsilon(X)\varepsilon(Y)$$
 * $$[X, Y]_i \otimes [X, Y]^i = [X_i, Y_j] \otimes [X^i, Y^j] e^{\frac{2\pi i}{n} \varepsilon(X^i) \varepsilon(Y_j)}$$
 * $$X_i \otimes [X^i, Y] = X^i \otimes [X_i, Y] e^{\frac{2 \pi i}{n}
 * $$[X, [Y, Z]] = X_i, Y], [X^i, Z e^{\frac{2 \pi i}{n} \varepsilon(Y) \varepsilon(X^i)}$$

for pure graded elements X, Y, and Z.

title: Anyonic Lie algebra


text:
Hesburger

Hesburger (colloquially known in Finland as Hese and in Estonia as Hess) is a fast food chain based in Turku, Finland. Today, it is the largest hamburger restaurant chain in Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania with a market share larger than that of U.S.-based rival McDonald's. It further operates in Ukraine, Germany and Bulgaria. Hesburger primarily purveys fast foods such as hamburgers, fries, salads and desserts. The company name is derived from the nickname of the founder, Heikki "Hese" Salmela. The company also operates Hesecafes, which sell pastries and specialty coffees, as well as hot dog outlets. Some restaurants provide car wash services.

History
The chain's history reaches back to 1966, when 20-year old Heikki Salmela opened a street food kiosk called Kievarin grilli in Naantali. He later opened the first Hesburger in the Hansakortteli shopping centre in 1980 on Kristiinankatu in Turku, which became the first element of the first fast food restaurant chain in Finland. In the 1980s the chain grew fast. Salmela sold the chain and several hotels in 1988 for almost 200 million Finnish markka. Three years later, during the early 1990s recession, he bought it back for 25 million markka.

Salmela has said in an interview that in the beginning, the name of the street his kiosk was located at sufficed for a name for the kiosk. After Salmela had founded his restaurant chain company, it needed a proper name. The name "Hesburger" was suggested, but Salmela thought the name didn't have "an American feel" to it. So he asked an advertisement bureau to come up with a name for his company. The advertisement bureau thought about suitable names for a couple of weeks, and in the end presented Salmela with the name they came up with, along with a bill of 100 thousand markka: "Hesburger".

With only 12 outlets in 1992, Hesburger expanded to over 200 restaurants in 60 cities and towns across Finland over the following decade, absorbing rival chain Carrols in 2002. The purchase of Carrols gave Hesburger some previously nonexistent leverage on the fast food market of Helsinki. Hesburger has kept rival chain McDonald's out of Turku efficiently: in 2014, there were 21 Hesburgers but only two McDonald's locations in the city. Hesburger has also expanded to international markets, opening outlets in the Baltic states and in Hamburg, Germany, as well as a single location in Alanya, Turkey (opened in 2014, closed unknown date). There was a Hesburger in Damascus, Syria for a short period between 2004 and 2006, but it was closed as unprofitable. Further expansion into the Middle East has been discussed by the company.

Russia
The first attempts to enter the Russian market were made at the end of the 80's. In the summer of 1988 through the joint Soviet-Finnish enterprise in St. Petersburg (and later in Vyborg and Petrozavodsk) street tents opened under the Liha Polar brand made in the Hesburger color scheme. In the menu was hamburgers, cheeseburgers, fries and other dishes are typical for Hesburger. In the late 1990s/early 2000s restaurants ceased to exist for unknown reasons.

The first Russian Hesburger opened in January 2010 in Moscow, and a year later in St. Petersburg. The network worked on the rights of master franchise LLC Rusburger, owned by the meat-industrial company Ostankino. By the end of 2012, Hesburger still opened 13 restaurants, as well as with the help of partners launched restaurants in Ufa, Krasnoyarsk and in the far East.

In December 2013, Hesburger changed owners and became a group of companies called "Megagrupp".

On March 29, 2022, Hesburger announced a slow departure from the Russian and Belarusian markets. 40 restaurants are available in Russia.

In May, a local brand called SuperBurger was registered and the new restaurant logo resembles the traditional Hesburger logo. In the future, it will replace Hesburger.

As of 19 April 2023, some Hesburger restaurants continue to operate.

Restaurants
Hesburger employs over 8,000 people, of whom 5,400 are based in Finland. Hesburger has been actively expanding its operations in Lithuania, announcing investments of 3,5 million euros in 2016, around 4 million in 2017 and 4 million in 2018.

Operations

 * Hesburger hamburger restaurants
 * Hesecafe – hamburgers, coffee drinks and pastries
 * HeseHotelli – hotels with Hesburger restaurant also acting as the hotel reception
 * Hese kotituotteet – retail products
 * Hese Nakkari – snack kiosk products
 * Heseautopesu – car wash services for Hesburger customers

title: Hesburger


text:
Jayne Ann Krentz

Jayne Ann Krentz, née Jayne Castle (born March 28, 1948, in Cobb, California, United States), is an American writer of romance novels. Krentz is the author of a string of New York Times bestsellers under seven different pseudonyms. Now, she only uses three names. Under her married name she writes contemporary romantic-suspense. She uses Amanda Quick for her novels of historical romantic-suspense. She uses her maiden name for futuristic/paranormal romantic-suspense writing.

Over 35 million copies of Krentz's novels are in print. With Sweet Starfire, she created the futuristic romance subgenre, and further expanded the boundaries of the genre in 1996 with Amaryllis, the first paranormal futuristic romantic suspense novel. She is an outspoken advocate for the romance genre and has been the recipient of the Susan Koppelman Award for Feminist Studies.

Personal life
Jayne Ann Castle was born on March 28, 1948, in Cobb, California, United States. She and her two brothers were raised by their mother, Alberta, in Borrego Springs for the first decade of Jayne's life.

She earned a B.A in History at the University of California, Santa Cruz in 1970. Fearful that she would be unable to find a job using her degree, she elected to obtain her graduate degree in Library Science from San Jose State University. Immediately after graduation she married Frank Krentz, an engineer, whom she had met at San Jose State. The couple moved to the Virgin Islands, where Krentz worked for a year as an elementary school librarian, a time she refers to as "an unmitigated career disaster". Realizing that she enjoyed being a librarian but not the aspects of teaching that working in an elementary school required, Krentz moved into the higher levels of academia, including a stint in the Duke University library system. Krentz and her husband later moved to Seattle, Washington.

Krentz has been generous in sharing her wealth with libraries. She established the Castle Humanities Fund at UCSC's University Library to allow the library to purchase additional books and has given money to 15 Seattle-area elementary schools to enhance their library budgets. She is also a member of the Advisory Board for the Writers Programs at the University of Washington extension program.

Early years
While working at Duke, Krentz began writing stories her way, combining elements of romance novels with paranormal twists. For six years she wrote and mailed proposals for new novels, consistently receiving rejection letters. She claims to have tried to stop writing several times during that period, but that it became a "compulsion". During this time she and her family moved to Seattle, Washington to further her husband's aerospace career.

Pseudonyms and genres
Krentz continued writing, and, in 1979, she sold her first novel, Gentle Pirate. That novel and several that followed were published within various category romance lines, as that was the only method in which contemporary romance was published. As more publishers began to release single-title contemporary romances, Krentz shifted into writing only single-title novels.

Her first novels were released under her birth name, Jayne Castle. Krentz signed a contract allowing one of her publishers to own the name, and, after leaving that publisher, Krentz was unable to use that name on new works for ten years. This led to the creation of several pseudonyms, including Jayne Taylor, Jayne Bentley, Stephanie James and Amanda Glass. By the mid-1980s she had begun using only her married name, Jayne Ann Krentz, for all of her contemporary romance novels.

Her 1986 novel, Sweet Starfire, was a futuristic romance, a subgenre that combined elements of romance novels and science fiction. The novel was a "classic road trip romance" which just happened to be set in a separate galaxy. In 1987 she published a second futuristic romance, Crystal Flame, which again allowed for a "traditional romance plot unfold[ing] in an extraordinary world". The success of these books encouraged Krentz to try to write a real historical romance with a humorous twist, which she released under the pseudonym Amanda Quick.

She began writing paranormal futuristic novels of romantic suspense in 1996. Released under her maiden name, Jayne Castle, these novels are set far in the future in a world where everyone has a psychic talent and respectable people use marriage agencies instead of choosing their own mates. As is customary in her writing, in each case the protagonists have a mystery to solve or a villain to defeat.

Psychic themes appear throughout Krentz's work. In 2006 she began a new series, called The Arcane Society, which includes books written as Amanda Quick (historical setting), Jayne Ann Krentz (contemporary setting), and Jayne Castle (futuristic setting). The books tell the stories of members of the Arcane Society for the psychically gifted, and each hero and heroine has his or her own psychic power. The books feature a mystery for the protagonists to solve while they are learning to deal with their psychic abilities. The heroes of her novels are always alpha males who are as strong and determined as her heroines.

Recognition
More than 120 of Krentz's romance novels have been published, with 32 placing on the New York Times Bestseller List. In total, there are over 23 million copies of her books in print.

Krentz's novel The Waiting Game was adapted for the Harlequin Romance Series teleplay in 2001.

Her books have won many awards. Krentz has been nominated 22 times for Romantic Times Reviewers' Choice Awards, winning in 1995 for Trust Me and in 2004 for Falling Awake. She has also received a Romantic Times Career Achievement Award.

An outspoken advocate of the merits of romantic fiction, Krentz maintains that "[p]opular fiction encapsulates and reinforces many of our most fundamental cultural values. Romance is among the most enduring because it addresses the values of family and human emotional bonds." To help educate the public about the genre she became the editor of and a contributor to Dangerous Men and Adventurous Women: Romance Writers on the Appeal of the Romance, a non-fiction essay collection that won the prestigious Susan Koppelman Award for Feminist Studies. Krentz was the inspiration for, and first recipient of, the Romantic Times Jane Austen Award, created to "honor those in the romance community who have significantly impacted our genre".

title: Jayne Ann Krentz