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Hidden node problem

In wireless networking, the hidden node problem or hidden terminal problem occurs when a node can communicate with a wireless access point (AP), but cannot directly communicate with other nodes that are communicating with that AP. This leads to difficulties in medium access control sublayer since multiple nodes can send data packets to the AP simultaneously, which creates interference at the AP resulting in no packet getting through.

Although some loss of packets is normal in wireless networking, and the higher layers will resend them, if one of the nodes is transferring a lot of large packets over a long period, the other node may get very little goodput.

Practical protocol solutions exist to the hidden node problem. For example, Request To Send/Clear To Send (RTS/CTS) mechanisms where nodes send short packets to request permission of the access point to send longer data packets. Because responses from the AP are seen by all the nodes, the nodes can synchronize their transmissions to not interfere. However, the mechanism introduces latency, and the overhead can often be greater than the cost, particularly for short data packets.

Background
Hidden nodes in a wireless network are nodes that are out of range of other nodes or a collection of nodes. Consider a physical star topology with an access point with many nodes surrounding it in a circular fashion: each node is within communication range of the AP, but the nodes cannot communicate with each other.

For example, in a wireless network, it is likely that the node at the far edge of the access point's range, which is known as A, can see the access point, but it is unlikely that the same node can communicate with a node on the opposite end of the access point's range, C. These nodes are known as hidden.

Another example would be where A and C are either side of an obstacle that reflects or strongly absorbs radio waves, but nevertheless they can both still see the same AP.

The problem is when nodes A and C start to send packets simultaneously to the access point B. Because the nodes A and C cannot receive each other's signals, so they cannot detect the collision before or while transmitting, carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) does not work, and collisions occur, which then corrupt the data received by the access point.

To overcome the hidden node problem, request-to-send/clear-to-send (RTS/CTS) handshaking (IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS) is implemented at the Access Point in conjunction with the Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) scheme. The same problem exists in a mobile ad hoc network (MANET).

IEEE 802.11 uses 802.11 RTS/CTS acknowledgment and handshake packets to partly overcome the hidden node problem. RTS/CTS is not a complete solution and may decrease throughput even further, but adaptive acknowledgements from the base station can help too.

The comparison with hidden stations shows that RTS/CTS packages in each traffic class are profitable (even with short audio frames, which cause a high overhead on RTS/CTS frames).

In the experimental environment following traffic classes are included: data (not time critical), data (time critical), video, audio. Examples for notations: (0|0|0|2) means 2 audio stations; (1|1|2|0) means 1 data station (not time critical), 1 data station (time critical), 2 video stations.

The other methods that can be employed to solve hidden node problem are :
 * Increase transmitting power from the nodes
 * Use omnidirectional antennas
 * Remove obstacles
 * Move the node
 * Use protocol enhancement software
 * Use antenna diversity

Increasing transmitting power
Increasing the transmission power of the nodes can solve the hidden node problem by allowing the cell around each node to increase in size, encompassing all of the other nodes. This configuration enables the non-hidden nodes to detect, or hear, the hidden node. If the non-hidden nodes can hear the hidden node, the hidden node is no longer hidden. Because wireless LANs use the CSMA/CA protocol, nodes will wait their turn before communicating with the access point.

This solution only works if one increases the transmission power on nodes that are hidden. In the typical case of a WiFi network, increasing transmission power on the access point only will not solve the problem because typically the hidden nodes are the clients (e.g. laptops, mobile devices), not the access point itself, and the clients will still not be able to hear each other. Increasing transmission power on the access point is actually likely to make the problem worse, because it will put new clients in range of the access point and thus add new nodes to the network that are hidden from other clients.

Omnidirectional antennas
Since nodes using directional antennas are nearly invisible to nodes that are not positioned in the direction the antenna is aimed at, directional antennas should be used only for very small networks (e.g., dedicated point-to-point connections). Use omnidirectional antennas for widespread networks consisting of more than two nodes.

Removing obstacles
Increasing the power on mobile nodes may not work if, for example, the reason one node is hidden is that there is a concrete or steel wall preventing communication with other nodes. It is doubtful that one would be able to remove such an obstacle, but removal of the obstacle is another method of remedy for the hidden node problem.

Moving the node
Another method of solving the hidden node problem is moving the nodes so that they can all hear each other. If it is found that the hidden node problem is the result of a user moving his computer to an area that is hidden from the other wireless nodes, it may be necessary to have that user move again. The alternative to forcing users to move is extending the wireless LAN to add proper coverage to the hidden area, perhaps using additional access points.

Protocol enhancement
There are several software implementations of additional protocols that essentially implement a polling or token passing strategy. Then, a master (typically the access point) dynamically polls clients for data. Clients are not allowed to send data without the master's invitation. This eliminates the hidden node problem at the cost of increased latency and less maximum throughput.

The Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS is one handshake protocol that is used. Clients that wish to send data send an RTS frame, the access point then sends a CTS frame when it is ready for that particular node. For short packets the overhead is quite large, so short packets do not usually use it, the minimum size is generally configurable.

Cell network
With cellular networks the hidden node problem has practical solutions by time domain multiplexing for each given client for a mast, and using spatially diverse transmitters, so that each node is potentially served by any of three masts to greatly minimise issues with obstacles interfering with radio propagation.

title: Hidden node problem


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Trilon

A trilon is a three-faceted prism-shaped object.

A trilon can be made to rotate on an axle to show different text or images which may be applied to any of its three facets. Trilons have been used on game shows and billboards.

The game board on the original Concentration may have been the first use of trilons on a game show. The game combined the card game with a rebus puzzle. The original game board consisted of 30 motorized trilons. One facet of each trilon had an identifying number. A description of a prize or other game element was on a second facet, and a portion of a rebus was on the third facet. The rebus was gradually revealed as the game progressed. Puzzle pieces were kept under high security and were attached to the trilons only as needed.

Trilons became a common element on many other game (and reality) shows including:
 * Three on a Match, which used a board with three columns of four trilons each, but unlike Concentration, these trilons rotated vertically rather than horizontally.
 * Several incarnations of the Pyramid series (exceptions were the main game board in 1990 and all boards in the 2002 and 2012 versions).
 * The main game in the game show Whew!
 * The first season of Street Smarts.
 * The spaces on the letter board in Wheel of Fortune were trilons until 1997.
 * The entire game board on the original Family Feud was one large trilon through 1994. One side was itself composed of smaller trilons that could display individual answers during a round.
 * The board used in the Hidden Pictures rounds on the syndicated version of the Nickelodeon game show Finders Keepers.
 * The "Jailtime Challenge" round of Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? used a game board with 15 trilons that, like those on Three on a Match, rotated vertically.
 * The game show Debt had a game board with thirty trilons during its first season.
 * Several pricing games featured in The Price Is Right, such as Bargain Game, Hot Seat and One Away.
 * The live competitions on the American version of Big Brother.

Mechanically speaking, trilons had a penchant for being temperamental, labor-intensive, and very noisy. They were largely replaced by on-set television monitors, as on Jeopardy! (starting with the 1984 revival, although pull-cards were used instead of trilons until 1991). They were replaced by a CGI game board on the 1987 "Classic" revival of Concentration and Family Feud (starting with the 1999 revival).

Trilons have been used in roadside billboards and variable-message signs. Particularly in billboards, many long, thin trilons are placed side-by-side in the frame and periodically rotate simultaneously to cycle the billboard through three separate signs, although many have been replaced by dot-matrix signs capable of displaying a much wider range of messages.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Trilon


text:
Talk:James Bowdoin

About the name
Technically, by modern usage, James was a James Bowdoin, Jr. but I find no record that he ever used the name. I did find one letter from Thomas Jefferson to James Bowdoin, Jr. But, Jefferson apparetly intended it for James Bowdoin, III and he corrected the mistake in later correspondence.

Results of 2nd Continental Congress election - Bowdoin vs. Hancock
John Hancock was the Prez. of the 2nd Continental Congress, but apparently during elections, James Bowdoin garnered 2nd place. I didn't see this specific information in the article.

Source: http://www.masshist.org/cabinet/november2002/november2002.htm

 * Actually, the election mentioned there is the 1st Massachusetts governor's race, when Hancock defeated Bowdoin. Bowdoin was not a candidate for the president of the Continental Congress, as he did not attend due to illness. (His position was taken in the Congress, incidentally, by Hancock.) —Kevin Myers 14:08, 22 September 2008 (UTC)

Discrepancy in Date of Birth
This article cites two different dates as James Bowdoin's date of birth, in two different years. I've found websites with both dates referenced, and I'm no scholar on James Bowdoin. So, someone who is might want to correct this problem. --Elnok (talk) 18:14, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

 * The article now cites one date: August 7, 1726, which is the date given by Bowdoin's modern biographer Gordon E. Kershaw in the American National Biography. Presumably this is the old-style date. The birthdate of August 8, 1727, appears in some 19th century sources that have found their way onto the Internet. Kershaw perhaps sorts this out in a footnote in his biography. —Kevin Myers 01:08, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

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Discrepancy in wife's name
This article cites two different names as James Bowdoin's wife: Isabella and Elizabeth. I'm no scholar on James Bowdoin. So, someone who is might want to correct this problem. --Unclepea — Preceding undated comment added 17:43, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

 * The name in the infobox was clearly wrong.  Magic ♪piano 21:51, 19 November 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:James Bowdoin


text:
Bellamy salute

The Bellamy salute is a palm-out salute created by James B. Upham as the gesture that was to accompany the Pledge of Allegiance of the United States of America, whose text had been written by Francis Bellamy. It was also known as the "flag salute" during the period when it was used with the Pledge of Allegiance. Bellamy promoted the salute and it came to be associated with his name. Both the Pledge and its salute originated in 1892. Later, during the 1920s and 1930s, Italian fascists and Nazi Germans adopted a salute which was very similar, attributed to the Roman salute, a gesture that was popularly believed to have been used in ancient Rome. This resulted in controversy over the use of the Bellamy salute in the United States. It was officially replaced by the hand-over-heart salute when Congress amended the Flag Code on December 22, 1942.

History
The inventor of the Bellamy salute was James B. Upham, junior partner and editor of The Youth's Companion. Bellamy recalled that Upham, upon reading the pledge, came into the posture of the salute, snapped his heels together, and said, "Now up there is the flag; I come to salute; as I say 'I pledge allegiance to my flag', I stretch out my right hand and keep it raised while I say the stirring words that follow." By the time the official program was published, the Bellamy salute would begin with a traditional military salute as the first words of the pledge were spoken.

The Bellamy salute was first demonstrated on October 21, 1892, according to Bellamy's published instructions for the "National School Celebration of Columbus Day" as the 400th Anniversary of the Discovery of America. Note, the Presidential Proclamation called for this special, national holiday to take place on Friday, October 21 rather than October 12. Waiting nine additional days accounted for all but two of the days which had been skipped in 1752 moving the United States from the Julian to Gregorian calendar. The goal was to mark a full 400 years passing with a true work holiday, thus avoiding events falling on Saturday/Sunday. With an already established tradition celebrating Columbus having landed on October 12, New York City opted to schedule three special parades and several VIP celebrations with their events taking place on October 11, 12 and 13, 1892.

From The Official Programme regarding the planned flag salute:

In the 1920s, Italian fascists adopted the Roman salute to symbolize their claim to have revitalized Italy on the model of ancient Rome. A similar ritual was adopted by the German Nazis, creating the Nazi salute. Controversy grew in the United States on the use of the Bellamy salute given its similarity to the fascist salutes. School boards around the country revised the salute to avoid this similarity. There was a counter-backlash from the United States Flag Association and the Daughters of the American Revolution, who felt it inappropriate for Americans to have to change the traditional salute because foreigners had later adopted a similar gesture.

From 1939 until the attack on Pearl Harbor, critics of Americans who argued against intervention in World War II produced propaganda using the salute to lessen those Americans' reputations. Among the anti-interventionist Americans was aviation pioneer Charles Lindbergh. The pictures of him appearing to do the Nazi salute are actually pictures of him using the Bellamy salute. In his Pulitzer Prize-winning biography Lindbergh (1998), author A. Scott Berg explains that interventionist propagandists would photograph Lindbergh and other isolationists using this salute from an angle that left out the American flag, so it would be indistinguishable to observers from the Nazi salute.

On June 22, 1942, at the urging of the American Legion and the Veterans of Foreign Wars, Congress passed Public Law 77-623, which codified the etiquette used to display and pledge allegiance to the flag. This included the use of a palm-out salute, specifically that the pledge "be rendered by standing with the right hand over the heart; extending the right hand, palm upward, toward the flag at the words 'to the flag' and holding this position until the end, when the hand drops to the side." Congress did not discuss or take into account the controversy over use of the salute. Congress later amended the code on December 22, 1942, when it passed Public Law 77-829, stating among other changes, that the pledge "be rendered by standing with the right hand over the heart."

title: Bellamy salute


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User talk:Booker~enwiki

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Booker~enwiki


text:
Talk:United States Mint

Reintegrating historical info
When I wrote the Historical United States Mint page, I was unaware of the fact that Wikipedia generally likes longer and more detailed articles. I think given that fact that the information there should be reintegrated into this page... This is something I'll get to eventually if nobody else does it first. — Preceding unsigned comment added by KellyCoinGuy (talk • contribs) 06:06, 8 December 2003 (UTC)

 * Consider it done. See what you think; I tried to make it flow as best I could but I still think there's a lot of room for improvement. --Chris Lawson 03:47, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Acknowledgement of the Manila mint
There was a mint established in Manila in the Philippines when it was a US colony. An additional tidbit has been added, and still more details can still fit. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.82.45.150 (talk) 08:33, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Directors and Engravers
As someone who is not very familiar with mints in general, or the United States Mint in particular, I'd be interested to know what it means to be "Director" or "Engraver". These positions are mentioned in the article, and there are categories for them, so it seems appropriate -- if not here, then on the category pages. Ingrid 19:57, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, I'll answer in general terms, cause I'm not real sure. Maybe Paul will for sure. Anyways, engraver, I would assume for notability, would only be chief engravers, being the one with final say so on design capabiliteis, maybe engraving the die?, inspecting finished dies, inspecting die-hub transfers, and actuall strikin.  Directors, kinda like it says.  Does budgets, production reports to the administration, recommendations for changes in compisition or design, final say so of everything, and bueacratic stuffs.  Most of this is educated guesses, but...:)   Joe I  21:08, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

fractional currency
In rewriting the lead for this article, I removed the following info - "With the creation of the Mint, the U.S. adopted the decimal coinage system. Before this, the accepted standard was the Spanish silver dollar with its fractional "pieces of eight," but British pound, shilling and pence coins were also in use. Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton had all strongly argued for the adoption of the decimal system."

While this is no doubt interesting information, I'm not certain it is relevant to the Mint article. Of course, I am open to hearing reasons why I may be wrong. --cholmes75 (chit chat) 19:46, 25 July 2006 (UTC)
 * If anyone seriously believes that there is no relevance of the denominations of currency to the place that prints or coins (stamps) the currency, then they're beyond all hope. More likely pure and simple vandalism. Why it hasn't been reverted in the last 18 years, I find more than a little curious. I wonder if the adoption of the decimal system for denominations was concurrent with the authorizing legislation for the Mint? 98.17.181.251 (talk) 21:49, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

New York
Was there ever a US Mint in New York City, as this photo asserts? Jim.henderson (talk) 00:27, 20 February 2010 (UTC)

 * It is not listed by the Mint on their list of current & former facilities. The only mint building listed in NY is the West Point Mint. -- 208.81.184.4 (talk) 01:05, 26 May 2010 (UTC)

 * However this link mention a Mint assay office opened after the Civil War in New York City. This mention is separate from the 1930s area West Point Mint. -- 208.81.184.4 (talk) 01:11, 26 May 2010 (UTC)

1786
this says "In 1786 the Congress of the United States established a Mint." and that they ordered the Franklin cent in July 1787. Should this article be covering the history prior to the Coinage Act, or is that best described elsewhere? John Vandenberg (chat) 03:45, 3 July 2011 (UTC)

Really?
Picture of "the largest and most powerful coining press in the world". I find that extremely hard to believe, given that it's in a museum and not in service, plus it's about the size of a phone booth. I think the description might need a few more modifiers, such as- 'was', or 'in its time'. Gimelgort 16:15, 19 February 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gimelgort (talk • contribs)

Possible image violations in this article
Federal law precludes agencies of the United States government from the ability to register a copyright or trademark created by an agency and its employees and that such works are automatically put into the public domain, however as I am to understand there are two exceptions, the United States Postal Service corporate logo and designs created for stamps and other philatelic items and the United States Mint corporate logo and designs created for circulating and uncirculated coins, commemoratives and other numismatic items. Therefore I have to wonder if these images violate the Mint's trademarks.

 * File:US-Mint-Seal.svg
 * File:New US Mint Logo.svg (Note that this image actually has a TM (Trademark) symbol in the coin logo above the words United States Mint.
 * File:United States penny, obverse, 2002.png
 * File:1945-P-Jefferson-War-Nickel-Reverse.JPG

I would appreciate some input on whether these images violate the United States Mint's trademarks or not and if they do what is the correct procedure to correct this? TheGoofyGolfer (talk) 19:12, 1 June 2014 (UTC)

Denver branch
In the article is written that the Denver branch produced the $10 gold 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Commemorative. According this link https://www.ngccoin.com/coin-explorer/modern-commemoratives-pscid-73/1984-w-olympics-10-ms-coinid-19613 it was made by the West Point Mint. I'm writing now the article for the Bulgarian Wiki and I would like to know how to be. Thanks! Glagoli (talk) 16:54, 5 June 2017 (UTC)

facility in Washington, DC?
The article mentions that an official branch of the mint was once located in Washington, DC. Was there actually a mint facility - i.e., one that makes coins - in Washington? Or could the article be referring to the Mint's headquarters, which are in Washington? Elsquared (talk) 07:24, 16 January 2018 (UTC)

 * There's never been a branch mint in Washington, DC. All of the branch mints, with the exceptions of New Orleans, Man and West Point, have been located near substantial strikes of either gold or silver.  They may be thinking of the headquarters, or they may be conflating it with the Bureau of Engraving and Printing.  Thanks for pointing it out-I'll take the reference to DC out of the list.Almostfm (talk) 05:03, 12 February 2018 (UTC)

Washington DC mint
I found a source stating that four presses from the Philadelphia mint were set up on the Capitol grounds in Washington DC for the ceremonial first striking of the U.S. Congress Bicentennial commemorative silver dollar and gold half eagle. Two of the presses used silver dollar dies with the San Francisco Mint's "S" mint mark, while the other two used gold half eagle dies with the West Point Mint's "W" mint mark. The presses were only in operation for one day and struck little more than ten coins. Source: Commemorative Coins of the United States by Q. David Bowers

I believe that, while not an official branch mint, this "Washington Mint" deserves to be mentioned in the article. - ZLEA  T \ C 17:13, 26 June 2019 (UTC)

 * While I wouldn't have a problem with mentioning the striking ceremony, it wouldn't be appropriate to call it the "Washington D.C. Mint", because the coins were struck there purely for ceremonial reasons. Almostfm (talk) 15:28, 27 June 2019 (UTC)

Why metric?
In the section on the gold reserves, why is the data given in tonnes? For a page on a wholly U.S.-based nonscientific subject, the units should be U.S. tons. Krychek (talk) 20:06, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:United States Mint


text:
User:Dead/progress

Summary: A group of commandos goes back in time to rescue Jesus from the cross. They are using a time travelling Black Hawk helicopter.

The commandos bring the chopper low, mowing down Roman soldiers and anyone else who gets in the way of their guns. Most of the crowd runs, but a few devout followers fall to their knees, believing this to be the wrath of God. The chopper lands, and a dozen or so commandos jump out, securing the area.

The head commando steps out of the Black Hawk, smoking a cigar, his large assault rifle over his shoulder. The other commandos are busy controlling the crowd and shooting soldiers as he walks among them. Jesus is bewildered, terrified. Suddenly, a woman rises from her kneeling position and rushes towards the man in charge, arms raised in some attempt to touch this angel of death. He turns to meet her and in a quick motion lands a fearsome roundhouse to her face. She crumples into a pile of rags at his feet. He sucks on his cigar, eyeing the terrified citizens.

Two commandos with axes begin to chop at the cross of Christ. The head commando sees this, and runs over to them. He pushes them out of the way, yelling. Slinging his weapon over his shoulder and into firing position, he cuts through the cross like butter with his bullets. It starts to fall backward, and the two with axes rush to straighten it. It teeters back and forth, the commandos all circling it, trying to get in position. It starts to lean forwards, suddenly falling off its stump and sending Jesus face-first towards the ground. The Lamb of God's face contorts, he closes his eyes and braces for impact, when out of nowhere the head commando catches him heroically! The nails in his hands and feet hold Christ to the wood, and he is obviously in a lot of pain. The abrupt stop causes his crown of thorns to fall off, but in lifting him to safety, the commando reaches down and picks it back up, putting it back on Jesus' head. "C'mon, motherfucker!" he growls, biting down on his cigar.

With one hand, he carries the cross, his assault rifle clearing a path towards the chopper. Two commandos inside jump out, tying cables around the cross. They fit Jesus with a harness, he is still in shock, hanging his head, out of breath. The head commando signals for all to pile back in, and they do, emptying their weapons into the air.

Triumphantly, the commando throws down his cigarette, takes a last look at the crowd, and turns to Christ, who is unresponsive. "Jesus!" he shouts into his ear, "Jesus! We're taking you back to the future!" He jumps inside, and the Black Hawk lifts off the ground, the cross and Christ dangling just below it. Jesus looks up to see his followers rush after him, and then stop and stare as he flies away. He drops his head, and they disappear into the distance.

Scene Title
I think the first scene should probably be the commandos in the helicopter flying and talking, just like its any old normal mission. Perhaps discussing where their mission might take them today. The audienc doesn't realize that they are in a time travelling helicopter, yet. Dead 07:00, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I started writing a bit of dialogue here. The names are completely arbitrary. Change at will. The more I think about this, commandos would probably refer to themselves by last names. Someone come up with some good last names. Dead 07:00, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Danny: Fuck yeah man, you should have seen the look on her face!

Soldier 2: Shut the fuck up Danny, she was only like 3 years old.

''Laughter from all around the helicopter. The mood is light. There is a pause after the laughter where nothing but helicopter blades can be heard.

Danny: Yeah I know, man, I know. But I'm saying... the bitch was fucking surprised.

Soldier: You would have been surprised too if someone shoved the barrel of an AK-47 down your throat.

Danny: Are you coming on to me?

Leader: It's time to get serious... we've got a tough mission ahead of us.

Soldier: Bullshit. I bet these pussies don't even have fire yet.

Scene Title
PERSON: dialogue

PERSON: dialogue

Stage direction or description

PERSON: dialogue

Scene Title
PERSON: dialogue

PERSON: dialogue

Stage direction or description

PERSON: dialogue

Scene Title
PERSON: dialogue

PERSON: dialogue

Stage direction or description

PERSON: dialogue

title: User:Dead/progress


text:
Ashigaru

Ashigaru were infantry employed by the samurai class of feudal Japan. The first known reference to ashigaru was in the 14th century, but it was during the Ashikaga shogunate (Muromachi period) that the use of ashigaru became prevalent by various warring factions.

Origins
Attempts were made in Japan by Emperor Tenmu (673–686) to have a conscripted national army, but this did not come about, and by the 10th century Japan instead relied on individual landowners to provide men for conflicts and wars. These horse-owning landowners were the beginnings of the samurai class and the men who worked the land for the landowners became the common foot soldiers during times of war. These foot soldiers could have long ties and loyalty to the landowners which went back many generations.

"Every farmer was basically also a warrior until Hideyoshi confiscated weapons through a nation-wide "sword-hunt" in 1588. Every ashigaru had his first lessons on the mentality of war from the biwa hōshi. On the other hand, the Heike recitations also propagated civic virtues: loyalty, steadfastness in adversity, and pride of family honor."

- Carl Steenstrup

Land-owning samurai, together with farmer foot soldiers, fought in many wars and conflicts including the Mongol invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281. Constant warfare between the 14th and 16th centuries made the hiring of foot soldiers with no particular loyalty necessary at times. Paid only in loot, these mercenaries were not well-trained and thus could not always be depended upon in battle. These wandering foot soldiers eventually became the ashigaru.

Weapons and armor

Ashigaru were commonly armed with katana, yari, and yumi. Ashigaru armour varied depending on the period, from no armor to heavily armored and could consist of conical hats called jingasa made from iron, copper, wood, paper, bamboo, or leather,  dō (cuirasses), kabuto (helmets), tatami zukin (armored hoods), kote (armored sleeves), suneate (greaves), and haidate (cuisses).

The warfare of the Sengoku period (15th and 16th centuries) required large quantities of armor to be produced for the ever-growing armies of ashigaru. Simple munition armour cuirasses and helmets were mass-produced including tatami armor which could be folded or were collapsible. Tatami armor was made from small rectangular or hexagonal iron plates that were usually connected to each other by mail and sewn to a cloth backing.

In the 16th century the ashigaru were also armed with matchlocks of the type known as tanegashima. Small banners called sashimono could be worn on their backs during battle for identification.

Service in war

In the Ōnin War, ashigaru gained a reputation as unruly troops when they looted and burned Miyako (modern-day Kyoto). In the following Sengoku period the aspect of the battle changed from single combat to massed formations. Therefore, ashigaru became the backbone of many feudal armies and some of them rose to greater prominence.

Those who were given control of ashigaru were called ashigarugashira (足軽頭). The most famous of them was Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who also raised many of his warrior followers to samurai status.

Introduction to firearms and new tactics
Ashigaru formed the backbone of samurai armies in the later periods. The real change for the ashigaru began in 1543 with the introduction of matchlock firearms by the Portuguese. Almost immediately local daimyōs started to equip their ashigaru with the new weapon, which required little training to use proficiently, as compared with the longbow, which took many years to learn. As battles became more complex and forces larger, ashigaru were rigorously trained so that they would hold their ranks in the face of enemy fire.

The advantage of the matchlock guns proved decisive to samurai warfare. This was demonstrated at the Battle of Nagashino in 1575, where carefully positioned ashigaru gunners of the Oda and Tokugawa clans thwarted the Takeda clan's repeated heavy cavalry charges against the Oda clan's defensive lines and broke the back of the Takeda war machine.

After the battle, the ashigaru's role in the armies was cemented as a very powerful complement to the samurai. The advantage was used in the two invasions of Korea in 1592 and 1597 against the Koreans and later the Ming-dynasty Chinese. Though the ratio of guns (matchlocks) to bows was 2:1 during the first invasion, the ratio became 4:1 in the second invasion since the guns proved highly effective.

Discontinuation of conscription
Following the rise of the Tokugawa shogunate, the conscription of ashigaru fell into disuse. Since ashigarus' change to the professional soldier was advanced after Oda Nobunaga, the ashigaru gradually separated from the farmer.

When entering the Edo period, the ashigaru's position was fixed and the use of conscripts was abandoned for over two hundred years in Japan. Ashigaru were considered to be the lowest rung of the samurai class in some han (domains), but not in others.

title: Ashigaru


text:
Talk:Ashigaru

Capitalisation?
Am I being stupid or are their lots of words used here that should be capitalised? Paul-T

 * Like what? 72.200.139.248 05:07, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

Xena, Warrior Ashigaru
I've just gone ahead and removed the claim about female ashigaru, as it's unsupported by the single source cited. Please find a credible reference if you want to put it back. -- Rogerborg 22:08, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

Katana
Under usual equipment and armament it lists the katana as an ashigaru weapon. The katana is the sword of the samurai caste and was very expensive. Barring references to commoners not being allowed to carry katana (which I would use as a reason to move the katana reference if I could find a solid source on) the ashigaru were cheaply outfitted and it would not be economical to outfit them with an expensive sword. 97.85.78.107 (talk) 04:03, 7 September 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ashigaru


text:
Talk:Nile (band)

Untitled
Associated acts, Shouldn't Behemoth be on the list, Behemoth was influnced by Nile. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 161.38.221.246 (talk) 19:59, 9 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Karl Sanders did do some guest guitarring for Behemoth's song "Xul" off of Demigod, but I'm not sure if that would count them as associated acts. However, just because a band is influenced by another band does not make them associated acts. Otherwise, the list would be long and a little cumbersome. If Behemoth would be an associated act of Nile, it would be based soloey on Karl Sanders' guitar contribution to "Xul". Backtable Speak to Me  about what I have done  22:19, 9 December 2009 (UTC)

H.P. Lovecraft influences
For an American band, isn't the convention to use American spelling?

And incidentally, can anyone tell me which Nile songs were inspired by H. P. Lovecraft? leigh 06:12, Dec 8, 2003 (UTC)

 * The last four songs on "In Their Darkened Shrines" are inspired by H.P. Lovecraft. I don't know about any others, though.

"Sarcophagus" off that same album is also influenced by Lovecraft, as well as "Von unaussprechlichen Kulten", which even gets its name from a book in Lovecraft's stories.

 * Isn't being Greek being Caucasian as well? Unless you mean all the others are from the Caucasus...

 * Not really. Greece straddles the east and the west, and displays interesting aspects of both. So it doesn't *quite* fit in with an easy racial association. Italy is similar, as are a fair degree of Mediterranean entities like Egypt and Turkey. You could say that being greek is being Mediterranean rather than Caucasian. But again, the country and its people defy classification into the standard race modes. 74.128.56.194 (talk) 09:23, 7 April 2011 (UTC)

Black metal?
I removed this today: "One strange fact is that if NIle's lyrics were satanic, the band would probobly be catorized as black metal." Don't insert your own opinions into articles unless they are backed up by some an objective source. This comes completely out of thin air.

That's true. Don't remove a fact just because it also happens to be an opinion. They meet the catergory of black metal in vocal style, guitar style and use of synth, but they're not considered black metal simply because they don't wear clown makeup and worship the devil? Doesn't make much sense to me. Too gay to sign my own posts. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.9.166.39 (talk) 19:43, 1 November 2008 (UTC)

No, the removal of that statement is because satanic lyrics are not limited to black metal bands nor do they make a black metal band. Deicide's main lyrical lexicon is satanism but does that mean they are a black metal band? No, it doesn't. Same thing with Morbid Angel. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.122.73.114 (talk) 04:01, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

Oriental metal?
Why are Nile on the list of oriental metal bands? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Beadrx (talk • contribs)

 * I think that it may be because they use a lot of Egyptian-styled sounds in their music. ≈  T he Ha unt ed A n ge l  21:05, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

So should we add oriental metal to the genre list in the infobox?Zelda 21:11, 24 April 2007 (UTC)

 * It was removed a while ago... the sounds they use aren't frequent, and are just a theme used every now and then. I think it's best to leave out. ≈  The Haunted Angel  21:28, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Agreed, just have tech and brutal death metal as genres. Thedividingline 06:28, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Well, now oriental metal is back on the genre list. I think we should remove it... anyone have any objections?  If not, I will remove it later today.  Dan 12:55, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Done. Dan 03:42, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

Death metal
In the infobox's genre section, Nile is described as "Technical death metal, death metal". I think it is redundant to have death metal as a genre right after technical death metal. Also, Nile is reported to be brutal death metal commonly. I didn't want to edit that part just yet, so that's why I posted it here. Backtable Speak to Me about what I have done  04:14, 27 September 2009 (UTC)

I forgot that the term "brutal death metal" isn't officially recognized by wikipedia. I had forgotten that until after my above post. Other then that, I think the same thoughts that I typed above. Backtable Speak to Me about what I have done  21:25, 3 October 2009 (UTC)

 * I think it's correct to leave it as is. The band certainly aren't just technical death metal like Cynic and Atheist. Technical death metal is only a part of their sound. It is there to not have them be solely decribed as technical death metal and as you've said "Nile is reported to be brutal death metal commonly." This is similar to as to why Death has both death metal and technical death metal as their genres. FireCrystal (talk) 22:32, 3 October 2009 (UTC)

 * That makes sense, then. Thanks. Backtable Speak to Me  about what I have done  05:58, 17 October 2009 (UTC)

Technical, and Brutal, are not genres, nor subgenres, nor subsubgenres. They're little more than descriptive wording. Just Death Metal, as that's the style of the music. No other opinions will be accepted. —ᚹᚩᛞᛖᚾᚻᛖᛚᛗ ( ᚷᛖᛋᛈᚱᛖᚳ ) 02:44, 25 May 2010 (UTC)

 * I respectfully disagree about the notability of the term "technical death metal". Technical death metal is different from death metal, as the former type of music brings technicality to the forefront, while traditional death metal doesn't necessarily, and doesn't have to, do that. And brutal death metal, as described above, is no longer recognized on wikipedia, so we, to an extent, agree not to label Nile as such on this page. Backtable Speak to meconcerning my deeds. 22:41, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

Picture
As much as I like the picture inserted by user Cyrock, I would think some justification for swapping pics is in order. Besides, the picture Cyrock uploaded comes with no description or copyright status whatsoever. Please argue this topic in here. --Steerpike 21:10, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

 * the old picture had former band members on it, and does not reflect current Nile. The new picture reflects the current lineup, and is not copyrighted, as it was posted on the Nile forums by a fellow FAN who took the picture during their past European tour.

ok --Steerpike 00:54, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

Lyrical Themes and Race
There are many Nile songs with Lovecraftian influence. On Amongst the Catacombs of Nephren-Ka, it's "Beneath Eternal Oceans of Sand" which has lyrics paraphrased from Lovecraft's "The Outsider". In fact, the phrase "amongst the Catacombs of Nephren-Ka" originates from that story and Nephren-Ka is a recurring character in the Lovecraft mythos.

On Black Seeds of Vengeance, the instrumental "The Nameless City of the Accursed" is a reference to Lovecraft's "The Nameless City".

On In Their Darknened Shrines, the four-part title track saga is somewhat inspired by Lovecraft and the lyrics to part IV "Ruins" are paraphrased from "The Nameless City".

On Annihilation of the Wicked, "Von Unaussprechlichen Kulten" is the Lovecraftian song. It's a grammatically correct rendition of the fictional lovecraft grimoire Unaussprechlichen Kulten and the lyrics are a pastiche of common themes and phrases used in H. P. Lovecraft tales.

Also, there are other non-Egyptian lyrical themes in their songs. On Amongst the Catacombs of Nephren-Ka, "Barra Edinazzu" is a spell in Sumerian, the instrumental "Kudurru Maglu" is an Arabic word (if I'm not mistaken), "Die Rache Krieg Leid der Assyriche" is supposedly an actual war song sung by the Assyrians, "Howling of the Jinn" is a reference to the jinn of Persian and Arabian lore, and "Pestilence and Iniquity" is about the Mesopotamian demon Pazuzu.

On Black Seeds of Vengeance, "Defiling the Gates of Ishtar" refers to an obscure episode in the Gilgamesh saga of Mesopotamia, and "To Dream of Ur" refers to the ancient Mesopotamian city, Ur.

Then, onto the race issue. I believe it's noteworthy to mention that the drummer is from Greece because that means he is the only member that has some connection to the Middle Eastern influences. All the other members are American without any Mediterranean heritage. 70.20.106.107 16:15, 16 January 2006 (UTC)Eoin

No longer a Relapse artist
Currently, Nile is Relapse alumni meaning they have either left the label, or not re-signed to a current deal. I added a small blurb about this and will be more than happy to edit back if and when Nile breaks the silence about their recording contract. fyrre

 * It's official, Nile is on Nuclear Blast. I added the link and noted Relapse as "former record label"

Tuning
 They are one of the few bands who use the dropped A tuning.

This needs to be referenced, since I doubt that every Nile song uses the same tuning, and so I do not see the importance of this statement. G r o n k m e i s t e r 16:17, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

well i think a majority of there songs do use it so it works (24.79.145.2 17:46, 28 July 2007 (UTC))

Fair use rationale for Image:Ithyphallic.jpg
Image:Ithyphallic.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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Picture
The caption for the main picture on this page says it was taken at Ozzfest but it was in fact at Jaxx Nightclub in Springfield, Virginia (a suburb of Washington DC). Nile was in fact on Ozzfest that year, but there was no Washington DC area stop on Ozzfest that year of the tour. Nile played this show on an off night of the Ozzfest tour (Cthonic played just before them). Nile was the headliner. I know all this because I took the picture. I have no problem with my band photos being used on Wikipedia, but get the facts right! I'd fix it myself but I'm not sure how to without screwing it up. Anyways, a link to the original picture in question is here: http://www.flickr.com/photos/metalchris/1254723717

OK, I just noticed the same thing is on the Karl Sanders page. The picture of Dallas Toler-Wade is from the same show, but has no caption. Again, this wasn't at Ozzfest, it was a gig scheduled by Nile for a night Ozzfest was not happening, even though they were on the Ozzfest tour that year. —Preceding unsigned comment added by OzzyRules (talk • contribs) 19:28, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

Nile didnt colaborate with the making of the Prince of Persia OST
It seems the collaboration of Nile on the making of this OST is not true, since Karls Sanders stated in the official Nile forums he didnt know about this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by General Kane Nash (talk • contribs) 01:46, 22 March 2009 (UTC)

Musical style
The first two paragraphs in History aren't about the band's history. How about moving them to a section called "Musical style and inspiration" for example. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.217.117.12 (talk) 15:46, 18 May 2009 (UTC)

History
Why does the band's history start from their 5th album? What happened in the preceeding 13 years? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.5.48.237 (talk) 09:36, 11 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Either it was removed because of overlooked vandalism or whoever decided on adding a history decided to add stuff from 2006 and never came back to finish. I think the band requires a greater history section as well, especially with another album in the works and for being pretty well known. FireCrystal (talk) 00:05, 12 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Ive added the section of early history-i think it will need more detail, though-and the new album has already been mentioned in the article. Happy to help.--Drumkid13 (talk) 17:53, 23 October 2010 (UTC)

Sales Figures?
Is there any chance we could try and find some sales figures of any of the Nile albums-I'm sure I'm not the only one to want that info.Drumkid13 (talk) 17:27, 25 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Yeah, that would be appropriate. For instance this page at blabbermouth reports that Ithyphallic sold 4,600 copies as of July 25, 2007, if that is helpful. Yeah, I would totally support sales statistics being on this and related wikipedia articles. Thanks. Backtable Speak to meconcerning my deeds. 22:55, 25 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Much appreciated. Thanks very much.Drumkid13 (talk) 20:16, 14 January 2011 (UTC)
 * No problem. Backtable Speak to meconcerning my deeds. 23:12, 14 January 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Nile (band)


text:
Urban structure

Urban structure is the arrangement of land use in urban areas, in other words, how the land use of a city is set out. Urban planners, economists, and geographers have developed several models that explain where different types of people and businesses tend to exist within the urban setting. Urban structure can also refer to urban spatial structure, which concerns the arrangement of public and private space in cities and the degree of connectivity and accessibility.

Zonal model
This model was the first to explain distribution of social groups within urban areas. Based on one single city, Chicago, it was created by sociologist Ernest Burgess in 1924. According to this model, a city grows outward from a central point in a series of concentric rings. The innermost ring represents the central business district. It is surrounded by a second ring, the zone of transition, which contains industry and poorer-quality housing. The third ring contains housing for the working-class and is called the zone of independent workers' homes. The fourth ring has newer and larger houses usually occupied by the middle-class. This ring is called the zone of better residences. The outermost ring is called the commuter's zone. This zone represents people who choose to live in residential suburbs and take a daily commute into the CBD to work.

Sectoral model
A second theory of urban structure was proposed in 1939 by an economist named Homer Hoyt. His model, the sector model, proposed that a city develops in sectors instead of rings. Certain areas of a city are more attractive for various activities, whether by chance or geographic and environmental reasons. As the city grows and these activities flourish and expand outward, they do so in a wedge and become a sector of the city. If a district is set up for high income housing, for example, any new development in that district will expand from the outer edge.

To some degree this theory is just a refinement on the concentric model rather than a radical restatement. Both Hoyt and Burgess claimed Chicago supported their model. Burgess claimed that Chicago's central business district was surrounded by a series of rings, broken only by Lake Michigan. Hoyt argued that the best housing developed north from the central business district along Lake Michigan, while industry located along major rail lines and roads to the south, southwest, and northwest.

Calgary, Alberta almost perfectly fits Hoyt's sector model.

Multiple nuclei model
Geographers Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman developed the multiple nuclei model in 1945. According to this model, a city contains more than one center around which activities revolve. Some activities are attracted to particular nodes while others try to avoid them. For example, a university node may attract well-educated residents, pizzerias, and bookstores, whereas an airport may attract hotels and warehouses. Other businesses may also form clusters, sometimes known locally as Iron Triangles for automobile repair or red light districts for prostitution, or arts districts. Incompatible activities will avoid clustering in the same area, explaining why heavy industry and high-income housing rarely exist in the same neighbourhood.

title: Urban structure


text:
User talk:Dead/progress

oh the beginning of something beautiful Dead 06:17, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dead/progress


text:
User talk:Hartze11

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

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Dori | Talk 06:21, Dec 8, 2003 (UTC)

For now you can only link to sources articles like to any other external link,  Outer Space Treaty , but once it is setup properly, you should be able to link to it by doing  Outer Space Treaty , and it is indeed appropriate to link to the article. Dori | Talk 16:45, Dec 8, 2003 (UTC)

Possibly unfree Image:Molniya.jpg
An image that you uploaded or altered, Image:Molniya.jpg, has been listed at Possibly unfree images because its copyright status is disputed. If the image's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. Please go to its page for more information if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. —Remember the dot (talk) 00:55, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

That orbit
I'm looking at the image, but I'm a bit confused, because it seems to be upside down. The diagram appears to show a satellite with the perigee over the US and Russia, and the apogee over the southern oceans. Am I interpreting this incorrectly? Maury 16:33, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

Replaceable fair use Image:Milfordsun300.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Milfordsun300.jpg. I noticed the 'image' page specifies that the image is being used under fair use, but its use in Wikipedia articles fails our first fair use criterion in that it illustrates a subject for which a freely licensed image could reasonably be found or created that provides substantially the same information. If you believe this image is not replaceable, please:

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title: User talk:Hartze11


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User talk:Grahhh

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

 * How to edit a page
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If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

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Dori | Talk 06:22, Dec 8, 2003 (UTC)

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Sloe gin

Sloe gin is a British red liqueur made with gin and blackthorn fruits (sloes), which are the drupe fruit of the Prunus spinosa tree, which is a relative of the plum. As an alcoholic drink, sloe gin contains between 15 per cent and 30 per cent alcohol by volume (ABV); however, European Union regulations established 25 per cent ABV as the minimal alcoholic content for the blackthorn beverage to be a sloe gin. Historically, despite being a liqueur based upon gin, the EU included the colloquial name sloe gin to the legal definitions; thus, sloe gin is the only alcoholic beverage that legally uses the term gin without appending the liqueur suffix.

The traditional method of preparation of sloe gin is to soak the blackthorns (sloes) in gin with some sugar, and the mixture sweetens when the blackthorn fruit mature in the alcohol. Commercial sloe gin is made by flavouring an inexpensive neutral grain spirit. US distilleries use close fruits related to the blackthorn, such as the beach plum and the Aronia berry, to produce American versions of the British sloe gin.

Manufacture
Sloe gin is made from ripe sloes, which are traditionally picked after the first frost of winter (late October to early November in the northern hemisphere). Each sloe is pricked, traditionally with a thorn taken from the blackthorn bush on which they grow. An alternative folktale says that one should not prick the sloes with a metal fork unless it is made of silver. A modern variation is to pick the sloes earlier and freeze them overnight, to mimic the effects of frost.

A wide-necked jar is filled half way with pricked sloes, and 4 oz of sugar is added for each imperial pint (1 imppt) of sloes. The jar is then filled with gin, sealed, turned several times to mix and stored in a cool, dark place. It is turned every day for the first two weeks, then each week, until at least three months have passed.

The gin will now have a deep ruby red colour. The liqueur is poured off and the sloes discarded, or infused in white wine or cider, made into jam, or used as a basis for a chutney or a filling for liqueur chocolates. The liqueur can be filtered or decanted back into clean containers and left to stand for another week. Careful decanting can eliminate almost all sediment, leaving a red liqueur that is not cloudy.

Recipes for sloe gin vary depending on the maker's taste. The sweetness can be adjusted to taste at the end of the process, although sufficient sugar is required while the fruit is steeped to ensure full extraction of flavour. When made sufficiently slowly, the alcohol extracts an almond-like essence from the sloes' stones, giving sloe gin a particular aromatic flavour. However, some recipes use a shorter steeping time and include a small amount of almond essence. Another common variation is the addition of a few cloves and a small stick of cinnamon.

In North Yorkshire, Masons Gin distills the sloe berries in the gin as opposed to the traditional infusing the berries in the gin after distillation.

UK competitions
A sloe gin competition is held each January in The Pandy Inn, Dorstone, Herefordshire, with the winner crowned the "Grand Master of the Sloes". There were 30 Sloe Gins entered in the 2015 competition. They were sampled and scored on colour, clarity, taste and quality by more than 50 judges.

There are also the Sloe Gin Awards in Hebden Bridge, West Yorkshire, which are held annually and include gold, silver and bronze awards.

The George Inn in Frant, East Sussex, near Royal Tunbridge Wells, plays host to the annual Sloe Gin World Championships in December.

Related liqueurs
In Germany and other German-speaking countries, Schlehenlikör (de) is made by soaking sloes, sugar, and possibly some spices in vodka, gin or rum. The most popular commercial brand, Schlehenfeuer, based on white rum, is made by Mast-Jägermeister SE, better known for its product Jägermeister.

In Spain, patxaran is made by soaking sloes in an anise-flavoured spirit, resulting in a light reddish-brown, sweet liquid, around 25–30% alcohol by volume.

In Italy, bargnolino is made by soaking sloes with sugar and spices in spirit alcohol (recipe varies locally), resulting a reddish, sweet liquor, around 40–45% alcohol by volume; it is often chilled before serving.

In Poland, tarninówka is an infusion (nalewka) of sloes in vodka or rectified spirit. Slider is still cider in which the sloes used to make sloe gin have been steeped; it is a tradition of Devonshire in the UK. Sloe whisky and sloe brandy are variants on the tradition, and are often mixed with ginger beer or ginger ale.

title: Sloe gin


text:
Furman University

Furman University is a private university in Greenville, South Carolina, United States. Founded in 1826 and named after Baptist pastor Richard Furman, the liberal arts university is the oldest private institution of higher learning in South Carolina. It became a secular university in 1992, while keeping Christo et Doctrinae (For Christ and Learning) as its motto. As of Fall 2021, it enrolls approximately 2,300 undergraduate students and 150 graduate students on its 750 acre campus.

Beginnings (19th century)
Furman Academy and Theological Institution was established by the South Carolina Baptist Convention and incorporated in December 1825 in Edgefield. With 10 students, it held its first classes January 15, 1828; although another source says it opened in January 1827. Through 1850, average enrollment was 10 students, and it was at constant risk of insolvency. From 1829 to 1834, it operated in the High Hills of the Santee (now Stateburg, South Carolina). Furman closed from 1834 to 1837. When the school reopened, at the urging of the Reverend Jonathan Davis, chairman of the Board of Agents, the school moved to his native Fairfield County, near Winnsboro.

In 1850, the state legislature chartered Furman University. It was not until 1851 that South Carolina Baptists were able to raise the necessary funds for the removal of the school to Greenville, South Carolina.

The university closed from 1861 to 1866, when "most students and several faculty members enlisted in the Confederate forces."

The Furman Institution Faculty Residence serves as a visible reminder of the early history of Furman University and its brief establishment in Fairfield County.

Growth and expansion (20th century)
The first school building from the downtown Greenville campus was transported to the current campus, where it still stands. In 1933, students from the Greenville Women's College began attending classes with Furman students. Shortly thereafter, the two schools merged to form the present institution.

In 1924, Furman was named one of four collegiate beneficiaries of the Duke Endowment. Through 2007, Furman has received $110 million from the endowment, which is now one of the nation's largest philanthropic foundations. Three other colleges—Duke, Davidson and Johnson C. Smith—also receive annual support and special grants from the endowment.

In 1954, Brown v. Board of Education found the "separate but equal" policy to be unconstitutional, starting the lengthy process of desegregating public schools. As of that date, Furman, like most Southern colleges, did not accept African Americans as students. Some Furman students began to press for change. In 1955, some students wrote short stories and poems in The Echo, a student literary magazine, in support of integration; school administrators destroyed all 1,500 printed copies. In 1953, Furman began construction on its new campus, 5 mi north of downtown Greenville. Classes on the new campus began in 1958.

By 1963, enough faculty were siding with the students over racial desegregation that Furman's board of trustees voted to admit Black students. Action on the trustees' decision was postponed and it was later overturned by South Carolina's Baptist Convention; desegregated admission was not implemented at Furman until its incoming president, Gordon W. Blackwell, a past president of Florida State University, made it a condition of his acceptance of the new position. In 1965, Joe Vaughn was the first black undergraduate to enroll.

In 1992, the South Carolina Baptist Convention ended its affiliation with Furman. Furman's "heritage is rooted in the non-creedal, free church Baptist tradition which has always valued particular religious commitments while insisting not only on the freedom of the individual to believe as he or she sees fit but also on respect for a diversity of religious perspectives, including the perspective of the non-religious person."

21st century
In 2012, a new facility, named for alumni Sarah and Gordon Herring, was built for continuing education. The student center was expanded and renovated in 2012. David Trone, a Furman alumnus, together with his wife June, participated through a $3.5 million gift resulting in the center being named the Trone Student Center.

In October 2018, a Task Force on Slavery and Justice, set up by Provost George Shields, issued a report, Seeking Abraham, making recommendations "to acknowledge the role slavery and racism had in the school's history." The task force is a response to the article, "Slavery, Memory and Reconciliation: What is the Furman Legacy?", published in October 2016 in the university newspaper, pointing out that Richard Furman, the university's namesake, and even more so his son James Clement Furman, Furman's first president, were slave owners and active defenders of slavery. "Abraham" is a reference to Abraham Sims, a slave at the house of James Furman. The task force issued 19 recommendations, which were unanimously accepted by Furman's board of trustees. James C. Furman Hall will be renamed Furman Hall, and a statue will be erected to honor Joseph Vaughn, "the first Black student to attend the school".

Campus
Furman University's campus is located at the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains in the upstate region of South Carolina.

Furman's campus has been named one of the most beautiful campuses in the nation. In 2016, USA Today named Furman's campus as the 4th most beautiful campus out of 10. Times Higher Education named it ninth out of the ten most beautiful campuses in the nation in 2017. In 2019, Travel + Leisure listed Furman as 23rd out of 25 of the most beautiful college campuses in the United States.

Timmons Arena
Timmons Arena is a 4,000-seat multi-purpose arena. It is home to the Furman University Paladins basketball team since its opening on December 30, 1997.

Cliffs Cottage
A Southern Living showcase home called Cliffs Cottage opened in 2008. The building is solar-powered using two panels, and features geothermal heating. Cliffs Cottage was the first sustainable showcase home for Southern Living magazine, which featured it in the article Our Most Innovative House Ever, detailing how to create a house that requires less energy and generates power.

Place of Peace and Asian garden
The campus also includes an Asian garden, the centerpiece of which is the Place of Peace, a Buddhist temple moved to the site from Japan. A replica of the cabin that Henry David Thoreau inhabited while writing On Walden Pond is located on the west side of the lake.

Environmental sustainability
Furman works to conserve, reduce, and recycle on campus, has constructed green buildings and provided students with alternative transportation. Furman has a farm on campus. The Furman Farm is a quarter-acre garden located beside the Cliffs Cottage and the Furman Lake. A wide variety of produce is grown throughout the year using sustainable agricultural practices such as crop rotations, composting, drip lines, natural fertilizers, and integrated pest management. Furman also has installed a 6-acre solar farm with a 743 kW solar photovoltaic (PV) array near the campus entrance. The university hopes to achieve carbon neutrality by 2026.

The Princeton Review featured Furman in its 2023 list of 455 Green Colleges; it received a green rating of 90, within a possible range of 60-99. In. 2015, the Sierra Club included Furman in its list of the top 50 eco-friendly universities in America. Furman received a grade of "A−" from the Sustainable Endowments Institute on its College Sustainability Report Card in 2011 along with 52 other institutions. Furman takes part in the voluntary self-reporting Sustainability Tracking Assessment Ratings System (STARS), in which it received a gold rating in 2021.

Organization and administration
Leadership and guidance to the university is provided by a board of trustees, whose 36 members meet at least three times per academic year and are elected for three-year terms. Former board members may be designated as 'Trustees Emeriti'. These include former Governor and U.S. secretary of education Richard Riley. , current board members include David Trone, U.S. representative for Maryland's 6th congressional district, and William Byrd Traxler Jr., Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals. Board members also come from private companies

Under the governance of the board of trustees, Furman is led by a President. Elizabeth Davis became Furman's president on July 1, 2014. She is the 12th president of the institution, or 16th when also counting interim presidents. eleven senior administrators manage academic and administrative departments. These administrators are composed of a provost, a dean of faculty, and nine other members.

Academics
Furman offers majors and programs in 42 subjects. All students must complete general education requirements as part of the liberal arts curriculum. The general education requirements include mind and body wellness, textual analysis, two natural sciences, math/formal reasoning, two empirical studies of human behavior, history, ultimate question, foreign language, and world culture. Furman is not divided into colleges, but includes centers and four institutes. Furman's four institutes are the Shi Institute for Sustainable Communities, the Richard W. Riley Institute, the Institute for the Advancement of Community Health, and the Hill Institute for Innovation and Entrepreneurship. Its most popular undergraduate majors, by 2021 graduates, were:
 * Health Sciences (58)
 * Biology/Biological Sciences (51)
 * Speech Communication and Rhetoric (48)
 * Political Science and Government (47)
 * Business Administration and Management (46)
 * Psychology (41)

Furman has produced 20 Truman Scholars, as well as several Rhodes scholars and recipients of Goldwater, Fulbright and National Science Foundation Awards.

Reputation and rankings
In 2023, Furman was ranked 46th out of 185 in U.S. News & World Report's 2023 National Liberal Arts Colleges rankings

As of 2023, Furman is also featured in The Princeton Review's "Best 378 Colleges" list and was named as one of 143 "Best Southeastern Colleges" The Princeton Review also ranked Furman in 5th place on its list of universities committed to national service in 2016.

In 2019, Furman University was ranked 21st in a list of 25 colleges and universities in the South by Forbes,.

Furman ranked 23rd among all liberal arts colleges in number of graduates who went on to receive PhDs from 1990 to 1995. Furman ranked 76th among all universities in the nation of graduates that went on to receive PhDs from 2008 to 2017.

Athletics

Furman competes in NCAA Division I athletics, and at the FCS (Football Championship Subdivision) level in football. Furman fields seven men's teams and nine women's teams, as well as 16 club sports and many intramural teams. The university is a member of the Southern Conference.

In 2018, Furman was placed 73rd out of 291 colleges in the NACDA Directors' Cup Division I Final Standings, highest among Southern Conference members. In the 2019–2020 season, Furman finished in 32nd place out of 157 institutions in the NACDA Director's Cup Final Fall Standings.

Notable alumni

 * Charles H Townes, physicist, 1964 Nobel Prize winner in physics
 * John B. Watson, psychologist, founder of Behaviorism
 * Richard Riley, United States Secretary of Education under President Bill Clinton
 * Herman W. Lay, founder of Frito-Lay potato chips
 * Eleanor Beardsley, bilingual journalist and foreign correspondent for National Public Radio based in Paris
 * Amy Grant, contemporary Christian/pop artist and 6-time Grammy Award winner
 * John Michael McDonnell, Admiral, former Director of the National Security Agency, and former Director of National Intelligence in George W. Bush's administration
 * Brad Cox, computer scientist, creator of the Objective-C programming language
 * Keith Lockhart, music director of the Boston Pops Orchestra, and principal conductor of the BBC Concert Orchestra
 * Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr., television pioneer, the co-inventor of the first arcade game to use a cathode-ray tube
 * Alexander Stubb, politician, President of Finland
 * Judy Clarke, criminal defense attorney who has represented high-profile defendants
 * Robert Blocker, dean of the Yale School of Music
 * John F. Mulholland Jr., former CIA associate director
 * Mark Sanford, politician, former Governor of South Carolina and former U.S. Representative for South Carolina's 1st district
 * Brad Faxon, retired professional golfer, won eight PGA Tour events
 * Tomiko Brown-Nagin, legal historian, former dean at Harvard University
 * Clint Dempsey, retired professional soccer player
 * Beth Daniel, winner of 33 LPGA Tour events and member of the World Golf Hall of Fame
 * Sam Wyche, former head coach for the Cincinnati Bengals and quarterbacks coach for the San Francisco 49ers
 * Robert G. Owens Jr., major general, U.S. Marine Corps and flying ace
 * Victoria Jackson, actress and comedian, former cast member of NBC Saturday Night Live
 * Ben Browder, actor, writer and director
 * Bear Rinehart, singer, songwriter, lead singer of band Needtobreathe
 * David C. Garrett Jr., businessman, former CEO of Delta Air Lines
 * Allie Beth Stuckey, podcast host, blogger, and conservative commentator
 * Xavier Woods, WWE wrestler and YouTube personality
 * Julie McElrath, HIV immunology and vaccine researcher
 * Jay Jackson, Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Walker Zimmerman, professional soccer player.
 * Ryan Ken, Emmy and WGA award-winning writer.
 * Letitia H. Verdin, Associate Justice-elect of the South Carolina Supreme Court

Notable faculty

 * Jay Bocook, composer and arranger, whose work was heard during the 1984 Olympic Games Opening Ceremonies in Los Angeles
 * Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr., physicist, who helped pioneer the invention of color television, and inventor of the first video game
 * Richard Riley, politician, Governor of South Carolina and sixth U.S. Secretary of Education
 * Mark Kilstofte, musician, winner of the American Academy in Rome's Rome Prize for 2002–2003
 * Charles H Townes, physicist, 1964 Nobel Prize winner in Physics
 * Alan Axelrod, historian and author of business and management books
 * Brent Nelsen, political scientist and professor
 * Anthony Ensolen, writer and translator of classical works
 * Edvard Tchivzhel, conductor and music director
 * William Preucil, composer, violinist and Grammy Award winner

title: Furman University


text:
List of political parties in Romania

This article lists political parties in Romania. Romania has a democratic multi-party system with numerous political parties, in which a political party does not often have the chance of gaining parliamentary majority alone, and, thus, parties must work with each other to form coalition governments. The current system was established following the Romanian Revolution of 1989 and the adoption of a new constitution in 1991; prior to these events, Romania was a single-party state under the rulership of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR).

Since the early 1990s, Romanian politics saw a gradual decrease in the number of political parties entering the Parliament and a relative consolidation of existing ones along ideological lines. Major political parties can be roughly grouped into three main "families", more specifically liberal, social democratic, or conservative. Extremist groups have a relatively low political profile in Romania, despite a surge in popularity of far-right and Eurosceptic political parties across many European Union (EU) countries during the 2010s.

Party switching (traseism politic) remains a very concerning and significant issue, however, as does widespread corruption, leading to an overall low level of public trust in political parties. In December 2014 the level of trust stood at 12%. To counter this perception, the two largest parties as of 2015 (namely the Social Democrats and the National Liberals) have allegedly initiated a series of internal reforms to strengthen their integrity criteria and impose disciplinary sanctions on party members investigated or convicted on corruption charges.

Legal framework
Article 40 of the Constitution of Romania states that citizens can freely associate into political parties, with the exception of judges, military, and police personnel as well as other civil servants which are apolitical by law. The same article bans political parties which campaign against political pluralism, the rule of law, and Romania's sovereignty and territorial integrity. Romania's party system is regulated by Law no. 14/2003 on political parties; the law initially mandated a list of 25,000 supporters, residing in at least 18 counties and the Municipality of Bucharest, for a political party to be formally registered.

Nevertheless, in February 2015, the unregistered Pirate Party of Romania (Partidul Pirat din România) filed a complaint to the Constitutional Court, arguing that the list requirement is a violation of the constitutional provisions on freedom of association. The Court subsequently struck down the requirement as unconstitutional, and on 6 May 2015, the Romanian Parliament approved a modified version of the law, which allows the formation of a political party with 3 signatures.

Parties represented in Parliament
The current political parties with parliamentary representation, in the order of the total number of representatives they hold in the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, are the following ones:

In addition, ethnic minority organizations are granted each seat in the Chamber of Deputies if: (1) are the sole official representative organization of the minority; (2) they participate in the legislative election and do not pass the 5% threshold but obtain at least 10% of the number of votes calculated to correspond to electing one deputy. These seats are added to the number of seats put up for election. As of 2021, there are eighteen such seats. The Hungarian minority organization, the Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR/RMDSZ) has always passed the 5% threshold for both houses of the Romanian Parliament, and has been treated as a regular political party (and acting like one as well).

Parties only represented in the European Parliament
Aside from the political parties represented in the Romanian Parliament, the following political parties only have representation in the European Parliament:

Parties with elected representation at local and county level
The following are political parties which ran by themselves at the 2020 local elections and won elected representation at local and county level (does not include seats won on alliance tickets):

The following parties have won seats in the 2020 local elections only as part of electoral alliances:

Parties active 1918−1947
The following parties were all active in Romania in the interwar period and, in some cases, through and after World War II. Dates of founding and dissolution are given, where known. Failing that, the earliest and latest dates known for activities are given.

This period saw the proliferation of numerous extremist parties inspired by fascism, socialism and Communism. The latter were effectively banned in 1924 by the so-called Mârzescu law. A succession of coups drastically altered the political landscape as Romania went through a single-party dictatorship under the National Renaissance Front (1938–1940), then a military dictatorship without political parties (1940–1944), then briefly returning to multiparty democracy before finally becoming a people's republic (1944–1947).

Communist-era parties (1947–1989)
Although distinct parties in the communist era were not politically relevant, the following were the officially recognized political forces:

Other parties were allowed to exist, with unclear status, until mid 1948.

title: List of political parties in Romania


text:
Talk:List of political parties in Romania

Party names in English
I've done my best to render the party names into English. A couple I'm not sure of at all, as is evident from question marks in the article. Also, some minority ethnic parties may have names that are conventionally rendered into English quite differently than I have rendered them: these are mostly groups not commonly referred to in English, but some may have adopted specific English-language names of which I am not aware. -- Jmabel 06:28, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Could you link the appropriate party name of each (instead of bolding) so we can write articles on them? --Jiang | Talk 06:35, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Frankly, I feel very few of these merit articles. Most are just representative of an ethnic group in Romania and really don't have much identity other than that. In any case, presumably, any link would be to an English-language name, not the (bolded) Romanian-language name, and I'd like to get those sorted out correctly before we start making links. -- Jmabel 06:43, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Carasoveni
"Carasoveni" are indeed Croatians, named after the place where they settled in Romania: Carasova. Bogdan 12:20, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)

PNŢCD
In the Romanian "Partidul Naţional Ţărănesc Creştin şi Democrat", "Christian-Democrat" is applied to the party itself, and not to the "peasants". Does "Christian-Democrat National Peasants' Party" sound OK in English? IulianU 01:03, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Yes, absolutely. -- Jmabel | Talk 01:57, Nov 24, 2004 (UTC)

Communist Era
The Communist Era section needs re-writing. The Trade Union Federation and the FDUS were not political parties, and PCR and PMR are just two different names for the same party. Most states in the Socialist Bloc regulated the role of the main political party in the constitution. Was this the case in Romania? If so it ought to be mentioned? Were there any, although politically insignificant, other parties than PCR in the FDUS (like in the case of the minor DDR parties)? --Soman 01:45, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Partidul Naţional-Liberal
Judging by [this page on Ionel I. C. Bratianu] the Partidul Naţional-Liberal already existed in 1909. Does anyone know a founding date? Or was there a break and a re-founding? -- Jmabel | Talk 21:19, Dec 26, 2004 (UTC)
 * See Liberalism in Romania. The party has been founded in 1865. Gangulf 22:35, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * But clearly it ceased to exist during the National Legionary State and in the Communist era. Were there other breaks? -- Jmabel | Talk 07:05, Dec 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * It continued during the dictatorships in illegality, banned in 1947 and refounded in 1990s. Gangulf 18:47, 27 Dec 2004 (UTC)

One historic Conservative Party or two?
In the section List of political parties in Romania I see that we now link Partidul Conservator to the article Conservative Party (Romania). But that seems to be suggest that the party it is about only existed through 1918. Am I missing something? -- Jmabel | Talk 23:07, Mar 18, 2005 (UTC)

 * Apparently, two parties split of it in 1918/1919: Partidul Conservator-Democrat and Partidul Conservator-Progresist. The first fusioned with the National Party in 1922 and the second "died" in 1919. Bogdan | Talk 23:50, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Interesting, because when I was researching this I found a reference to a Partidul Conservator (unmodified) in the 1935 election. Probably not directly related to the pre-1918 party. Unfortunately, I worked on this one before I started to get meticulous about keeping track of my references (it was issues over Romanian history articles that finally made me realize how important it was that I do that when writing in Wikipedia; this was over a year ago, and almost everyone was still being very lax with references). -- Jmabel | Talk 00:21, Mar 19, 2005 (UTC)

This is out of date
The PSD is no longer the governing party, the Humanist party has changed its name, probably other things. Could someone from Romania fix this, since they are more likely to be fully up to date than I am? -- Jmabel | Talk 04:48, May 10, 2005 (UTC)

In order of registration...
Why in order of registration under a 2003 law? Doesn't seem to have any deep significance: many of these parties are far older than that law (as much as 13 years older). So why is the order of their registration once that law was passed anything more than trivia? - Jmabel | Talk 05:52, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Jmabel, it doesn't have any significance, I just copied the page from and cut out everything else but the party name.  Feel free to reorder it however you see fit.  Or maybe you could rephrase the "list is ordered..." sentence, since apparently it's confusing.  "Legea nr. 14/2003 a partidelor politice" (The Political Parties Act, ) required that existing political parties re-register within six months from the date of the law; if they don't, they cease to exist. ("Art 53.(2): In termen de 6 luni de la intrarea in vigoare a prezentei legi, partidele politice existente se vor conforma prevederilor acesteia, urmand procedura judiciara stabilita la art. 18-21, sub sanctiunea radierii din Registrul partidelor politice.")  So the existing political parties had to go to the Bucharest Tribunal and register.  Thus the Registry of Political Parties  lists the parties in the order in which their respective re-registration (or registration, for new parties) was handled.  That how this ordering came about. Dmaftei 13:45, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Let's stick them in alphabetical order, since this really doesn't signify much. - Jmabel | Talk 07:29, 18 March 2006 (UTC)
 * And, y'know, when I did that, I even found a duplicate. - Jmabel | Talk 07:36, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

Order of list of present-day parliamentary parties
Surely if this is in order of number of representatives in the Chamber of Deputies the PSD does not belong last in the list, behind the UDMR and the Conservatives. But, furthermore, it says it is "as of 2004", at which date the PSD had the largest bloc in the Chamber. I don't know the current numbers and don't know offhand where to look them up. Can someone please sort this out? Thanks. - Jmabel | Talk 05:49, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

PRN?
The article Romanian presidential election, 2000 says that Paul-Philippe Hohenzollern is in the PRN party. What is the PRN party? Please also add it to the PRN disambiguation page. — Reinyday, 22:07, 13 July 2006 (UTC)
 * <joke>Partidul Regilor Nebuni?</joke> - Jmabel | Talk 20:33, 17 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Looks like the University of Essex doesn't know either… - Jmabel | Talk 20:36, 17 July 2006 (UTC)
 * …but according to his own site it is Partidul Reconcilierii Nationale (Party of National Reconciliation). - Jmabel | Talk 20:43, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

Citing
Dahn: great work on this lately.

I've been thinking that one of the best things we could do here is to start citing for the existence of the pre-Communist-era parties. I've got one source that might be useful, but I want to know what others think of it as a source: Obviously a Communist-era book, and some of what he says is laughable now that one can afford to laugh (a main relevant section is called Partidele politice ale claselor dominante) but from what I can see the names and dates are on the mark. Acceptable source? - Jmabel | Talk 04:50, 7 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Ioan Scurtu, Viaţa politică din România 1918–1944, Albatros, 1982.
 * Thanks. To answer the question: yes, definately. It cannot be biased for the purpose of this article. Dahn 10:19, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

I suggest we leave aside referencing for the major parties - we have references inside the linked articles, and I am going to do more for them in the coming months. By "minor" I especially mean those parties that are not linked (or where I have linked just their leaders - in some cases, that is 50% of the total membership :P); I have already referenced all of the minor ones that are links (for one reason or another - mainly, because the references I have do add some detail which may constitute ground for articles). I would not reference here parties like the MADOSZ or Iorga's Nationalist-Dem. Party: second-rate (and sometimes less) indeed, but info on each is almost as abundant as it is for the National Liberal Party, and we can start work on articles (rather than mentions inside articles) at any given time. Is this a good guideline? Dahn 13:30, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

Also: Joe, I have changed the reference system only because I feel more confortable editing in this version. Feel free to change it to whatever you see fit for this article. Dahn 14:19, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

The new parties you have added (good job, btw, especially the articles attached): the actual translation for Partidul Stangii Unite is not "of the Lefts" - the -ii stands for the genitive, so it is closer to "United Party of the Left", but I guess "United Left Party" is good or even better as a rendition into English. I'm not sure, but I think "Popular Agrarian Party" should be turned into "People's Agrarian Party" (we have used "people's" to stand for the Romanian "popular(a)" in other instances). Dahn 14:34, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

Miscarea Ecologista din Romania
Wasn't MER a party too? i knwo they got 2.5% or so in the 1990 elections Anonimu
 * They made a fusion with the Federatia Ecologista din Romania in 1998 --93.104.106.181 (talk) 23:45, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

More up-to-date list of registered parties
I would suggest referring to a more up-to-date list of registered parties, see --93.104.106.181 (talk) 23:43, 12 January 2009 (UTC)
 * there is nothing there, page under construction--IngerAlHaosului (talk) 05:38, 5 November 2009 (UTC)

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Parties represented in the Romanian Parliament
The list of parties represented in the Romanian Parliament is highly inaccurate. I modified it twice and provided the explanations for the changes, but they were reverted. Therefore, I believe this aspect should be tackled and talked upon as no changes can be made to this page without being wrongly deleted. Updates are required as a new round of Elections will follow in a few months and the current state of the page can be misleading Alin Călin Florinescu (talk) 16:18, 6 July 2024 (UTC)