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Hatfield–McCoy feud

The Hatfield–McCoy Feud involved two American families of the West Virginia–Kentucky area along the Tug Fork of the Big Sandy River from 1863 to 1891. The Hatfields of West Virginia were led by William Anderson "Devil Anse" Hatfield, while the McCoys of Kentucky were under the leadership of Randolph "Ole Ran'l" McCoy. Those involved in the feud were descended from Joseph Hatfield and William McCoy (born c. 1750). The feud has entered the American folklore lexicon as a metonym for any bitterly feuding rival parties.

The McCoy family lived primarily on the Kentucky side of the Tug Fork; the Hatfields lived mostly on the West Virginia side. The majority of the Hatfields, although living in Mingo County (then part of Logan County), fought for the Confederacy in the American Civil War; most McCoys also fought for the Confederates, with the exception of Asa Harmon McCoy, who fought for the Union. The first real violence in the feud was the death of Asa as he returned from the war, murdered by a group of Confederate Home Guards called the Logan Wildcats. Devil Anse Hatfield was a suspect at first, but was later confirmed to have been sick at home at the time of the murder. It was widely believed that his uncle, Jim Vance, a member of the Wildcats, committed the murder.

The Hatfields were more affluent and had many more political connections than the McCoys. Anse's timbering operation was a source of wealth for his family, while the McCoys were more of a lower-middle-class family. Ole Ran'l owned a 300 acre farm. Both families had also been involved in the manufacturing and selling of illegal moonshine, a popular commodity at the time.

Civil War
Asa Harmon McCoy joined the 45th Kentucky Infantry on October 20, 1863. According to his Compiled Service Records, he was "captured by Rebels" on December 5, 1863, and was released four months later to a Union hospital in Maryland. At the time of his capture, he was recovering from a gunshot wound to the chest. During the early months of the Civil War, Asa joined a company of the Pike County Home Guards, under the command of Uriah Runyon, and it is thought he sustained the wound while serving in this unit. William Francis also led a company of Pike County Guards during 1862, a group of which attacked and shot Mose Christian Cline, a friend of Devil Anse Hatfield. Although Cline survived his wounds, Anse vowed to retaliate against the responsible parties. Some time in 1863, a group of Confederate Home Guards ambushed and killed Francis as he was leaving his house, and Anse took credit for the deed. Runyon later joined the 39th Kentucky Infantry and was killed on May 7, 1864, in Pike County, Kentucky. His Compiled Service Records say "Killed by Rebels".

On muster rolls beginning on May 6, 1864, Asa is reported in a Lexington hospital, suffering from a leg fracture. Beginning in December 1864, the 45th Kentucky Infantry began mustering its companies out of service. Asa's Company E was mustered out on December 24, 1864, in Ashland. He was killed near his home on January 7, 1865, just thirteen days after leaving the Union Army. A group of Confederate guerrillas took credit for the killing, and his wife's pension application states that he was "killed by Rebels". There are no existing records pertaining to his death, and no warrants were issued in connection with the murder. McCoy family tradition points to James "Jim" Vance, an uncle of Anse and a member of a West Virginia militia group, as the culprit.

Escalation
The second recorded instance of violence in the feud occurred thirteen years later, in 1878, after a dispute about the ownership of a hog: Floyd Hatfield, a cousin of Anse, owned the hog, but Randolph McCoy claimed it was his, saying that the notches on the pig's ears were McCoy, not Hatfield, marks. The matter was taken to the local Justice of the Peace, Anderson "Preacher Anse" Hatfield, who ruled in favor of the Hatfields by the testimony of Bill Staton, a relative of both families. In June 1880, Staton was killed by two McCoy brothers, Sam and Paris, who were later acquitted on the grounds of self-defense.

The feud escalated after Roseanna McCoy entered a relationship with Devil Anse's son Johnson, known as "Johnse" (spelled "Jonce" in some sources), leaving her family to live with the Hatfields in West Virginia. Roseanna eventually returned to the McCoys, but when the couple tried to resume their relationship, Johnse was arrested by the McCoys on outstanding Kentucky bootlegging warrants. He was freed from McCoy custody only when Roseanna made a desperate midnight ride to alert Anse, who organized a rescue party. The Hatfield party surrounded the McCoys and took Johnse back to West Virginia before he could be transported the next day to the county seat in Pikeville, Kentucky. Despite what was seen as her betrayal of her own family on his behalf, Johnse thereafter abandoned the pregnant Roseanna for her cousin, Nancy McCoy, whom he wed in 1881.

The feud continued in 1882 when Ellison Hatfield, brother of Anse, was killed by three of Roseanna's younger brothers: Tolbert, Phamer (Pharmer), and Bud. On an election day in Kentucky, the three McCoy brothers fought a drunken Ellison and another Hatfield brother; Ellison was stabbed 26 times and finished off with a gunshot. The McCoy brothers were initially arrested by Hatfield constables and were taken to Pikeville for trial. Secretly, Anse organized a large group of vigilantes and intercepted the constables and their McCoy prisoners before they reached Pikeville. The brothers were taken by force to West Virginia. When Ellison died from his injuries, all three McCoy brothers were killed by the Hatfields in turn: they were tied to pawpaw bushes and each was shot numerous times, with a total of fifty shots fired. Their bodies were described as "bullet-riddled". Soon, another McCoy, the second son of the murdered Asa named Larkin "Lark" McCoy, was ambushed by an alleged West Virginia posse led by the Hatfields.

Even though the Hatfields and most inhabitants of the area believed their revenge was warranted, up to about twenty men, including Anse, were indicted. All of the Hatfields eluded arrest; this angered the McCoy family, who took their cause up with Perry Cline. Upon hearing of the meeting, Anse resolved to stop Randall and sent gunmen to ambush Randall and his son Calvin, but the gunmen killed Randall's nephews John and Henderson Scott instead after mistaking them for their targets. Cline, who was Martha McCoy's brother, is believed to have used his political connections to reinstate the charges and announced rewards for the Hatfields' arrests as an act of revenge. A few years prior, Cline had lost a lawsuit against Anse over the deed to thousands of acres of land, subsequently increasing the hatred between the two families.

Days after the killing of the Scotts, acting constable Cap Hatfield and family friend Tom Wallace broke into the house of Bill Daniels and flogged his wife Mary, sister of Jeff McCoy, who they suspected of warning her brother's family of danger. Jeff McCoy heard of the whipping in 1886 while on the run for the murder of mail carrier Fred Wolford. Infuriated, he and his friend Josiah Hurley set out to capture Tom Wallace and take him to jail in Pikeville, but he escaped them. As Jeff tried to flee, he was shot dead by Cap and Wallace on the banks of the Tug Fork. Two other McCoys, Jake and Larkin, once again attempted to arrest Tom Wallace for the assault on Mary Daniels in August 1887, but he managed to escape from jail; he was found murdered the following year, likely by the McCoys. Larkin "Lark" McCoy was the second son of the murdered Asa McCoy. He too was ambushed and murdered by an alleged West Virginia posse led by the Hatfields.

New Year Massacre
The feud reached its peak during the 1888 New Year's Night Massacre. Cap and Vance led several members of the Hatfield clan to surround the McCoy cabin and opened fire on the sleeping family. Awakened by the shooting, the McCoys managed to grab their weapons and fired back. The cabin was then set on fire in an effort to drive the McCoys into the open.

Panicking, the McCoys rushed to every exit they could find. Randolph managed to escape and hide inside the pig pen. Most of his children managed to escape into the woods. Two of Randolph's children, Calvin and Alifair, were shot and killed near the family well as they exited their home. Randolph's wife, Sarah, was caught, beaten, and almost killed by Vance and Johnse. With his house burning, Randolph and his remaining family members were able to escape farther into the wilderness; his children, unprepared for the elements, suffered frostbite. The remaining McCoys moved to Pikeville to escape the West Virginia raiding parties.

Battle of the Grapevine Creek
Between 1880 and 1891, the feud claimed more than a dozen members of the two families. On one occasion, the governors of West Virginia and Kentucky even threatened to have their militias invade each other's states. In response, Kentucky Governor S. B. Buckner sent his Adjutant General Sam Hill to Pike County to investigate the situation.

A few days after the New Year's Massacre, a posse led by Pike County Deputy Sheriff Frank Philipps rode out to track down Anse's group across the state line into West Virginia. Two McCoys were members of Philipps' posse, Bud and one of Randolph's sons, James "Jim" McCoy. The posse's first victim was Vance, who was killed in the woods after he refused to be arrested. Philipps then made other successive raids on Hatfield homes and supporters, capturing many and killing another three Hatfield supporters, before cornering the rest in Grapevine Creek on January 19. Unfortunately for Philipps, Anse and other Hatfields were waiting for them with an armed group of their own. A battle ensued between the two parties, and the Hatfields were eventually apprehended. A deputy, Bill Dempsey, was wounded and executed by Frank Philipps after they surrendered. On August 24, 1888, eight of the Hatfields and their friends were indicted for the murder of Randolph's young daughter, Alifair McCoy (sometimes spelled Allaphare), who was killed during the New Year's Massacre. They included Cap, Johnse, Robert and Elliot Hatfield, Ellison Mounts, French Ellis, Charles Gillespie, and Thomas Chambers.

Trial
Because of issues of due process and illegal extradition, the United States Supreme Court became involved (Mahon v. Justice, 127 U.S. 700 (1888)). The Supreme Court ruled 7–2 in favor of Kentucky, holding that, even if a fugitive is returned from the asylum state illegally instead of through lawful extradition procedure, no federal law prevents him from being tried. Eventually, the men were tried in Kentucky and all were found guilty. Seven received life imprisonment, while the eighth, Ellison "Cottontop" Mounts, was executed by hanging and buried in an unmarked grave within sight of the gallows.

Ellison had tried to retract his confession, stating that he was innocent and that he had only confessed because he expected leniency, but his retraction was denied. Thousands attended his hanging in Pikeville, but though the scaffold was in the open, its base was fenced in to comply with laws that had been passed which prohibited public executions. The hanging site is the current location of a classroom building of the present-day University of Pikeville. With his last words, Ellison claimed that: "The Hatfields made me do it." No one had been sent to the gallows in Pike County for forty years, and after Ellison, no one ever was again.

Of those sent to prison:
 * Valentine "Uncle Wall" Hatfield, elder brother of Anse, was overshadowed by Anse's ambitions but was one of the eight convicted, dying in prison of unknown causes. He had petitioned his brothers to assist in his emancipation from jail, but none came for fear of being captured and brought to trial. He was buried in the prison cemetery, which has since been paved over.
 * Doc D. Mahon, son-in-law of Valentine and brother of Pliant, one of the eight Hatfields convicted, served 14 years in prison before returning home to live with his son, Melvin.
 * Pliant Mahon, son-in-law of Valentine, served fourteen years in prison before returning home to rejoin his ex-wife, who had remarried but left her second husband to live with Pliant again.

Fighting between the families eased following the hanging of Mounts. Trials continued for years until the 1901 trial of Johnse, who was sentenced to life imprisonment for his involvement in the New Year's Massacre in the last of the feud trials.

In the modern era
In 1979, the families united for a special week's taping of the popular game show Family Feud, in which they played for a cash prize and a pig which was kept on stage during the games. The McCoy family won the week-long series three games to two. While the Hatfield family won more money – $11,272.32 to the McCoys' $8,459.53—the decision was made to augment the McCoy family's winnings to $11,273.37.

Tourists travel to those parts of West Virginia and Kentucky each year to examine the relics that remain from the days of the feud. In 1999, a large project known as the "Hatfield and McCoy Historic Site Restoration" was completed, funded by a federal grant from the Small Business Administration. Many improvements to various feud sites were completed. A committee of local historians spent months researching reams of information to find out about the factual history of the events surrounding the feud. This research was compiled in an audio compact disc, the Hatfield–McCoy Feud Driving Tour, which is available only at the Pike County Tourism CVB Visitors Center in Pikeville. The CD is a self-guided driving tour of the restored feud sites and includes maps and pictures as well as the audio CD. The driving tour leads visitors to feud related points of interest including the gravesites of the feudists, the "Hog Trial Cabin", also known as Valentine Hatfield's cabin, Randolph McCoy's homeplace and well in Hardy, Kentucky, Aunt Betty's House and many more sites, some complete with historical markers.

Great-great-great-grandsons Bo McCoy and Ron McCoy of feud patriarch Randolph McCoy organized a joint family reunion of the Hatfield and McCoy families in 2000 that garnered national attention. More than 5,000 people attended.

In 2002, Bo and Ron McCoy brought a lawsuit to acquire access to the McCoy Cemetery which holds the graves of six family members, including five slain during the feud. The McCoys took on a private property owner, John Vance, who had restricted access to the cemetery.

In the 2000s, a 500 mi all-terrain vehicle trail system, the Hatfield–McCoy Trails, was created around the theme of the feud.

On June 14, 2003, in Pikeville, Kentucky, the McCoy cousins partnered with Reo Hatfield of Waynesboro, Virginia, to declare an official truce between the families. Reo Hatfield said that he wanted to show that if the two families could reach an accord, others could also. He had said that he wanted to send a broader message to the world that when national security is at risk, Americans put their differences aside and stand united: "We're not saying you don't have to fight because sometimes you do have to fight," he said. "But you don't have to fight forever." Signed by more than sixty descendants during the fourth Hatfield–McCoy Festival, the truce was touted as a proclamation of peace, saying "We ask by God's grace and love that we be forever remembered as those that bound together the hearts of two families to form a family of freedom in America." Governor Paul E. Patton of Kentucky and Governor Bob Wise of West Virginia signed proclamations declaring June 14 Hatfield and McCoy Reconciliation Day. Ron McCoy, one of the festival's founders, said it is unknown where the three signed proclamations will be exhibited and that "the Hatfields and McCoys symbolize violence and feuding and fighting, but by signing this, hopefully people will realize that's not the final chapter."

The Hatfield and McCoy Reunion Festival and Marathon are held annually in June on a three-day weekend. The events take place in Pikeville, Kentucky, Matewan, West Virginia, and Williamson, West Virginia. The festival commemorates the famed feud and includes a marathon and half-marathon (the motto is "no feudin', just runnin'"), in addition to an ATV ride in all three towns. There is also a tug-of-war across the Tug Fork tributary near which the feuding families lived, a live re-enactment of scenes from their most famous fight, a motorcycle ride, live entertainment, Hatfield–McCoy landmark tours, a cornbread contest, pancake breakfast, arts, crafts, and dancing. Launched in 2000, the festival typically attracts thousands with more than 300 runners taking part in the races.

In August 2015 members of both families helped archeologists dig for ruins at a site where they believe Randolph McCoy's house was burned.

In September 2018, a wooden statue, standing over 8 feet tall, was erected in honor of Randolph McCoy at the McCoy homeplace in Hardy, Kentucky. Carved by chainsaw carver Travis Williams and donated to the property, this statue had been commissioned by McCoy property owner and Hatfield descendant Bob Scott. The statue was unveiled during Hatfield-McCoy Heritage Days in Pike County, Kentucky, an event that occurs every September that brings Hatfield and McCoy descendants back to Pike County to celebrate the long-standing peace between the families. The McCoy homeplace, like many others associated with the feud, is open to tourists year-round.

Film
The 1923 Buster Keaton comedy Our Hospitality centers on the "Canfield–McKay feud," a fictionalized version of the Hatfield–McCoy feud.

The 1938 Merrie Melodies cartoon A Feud There Was depicts a feud between two backwoods families, called the Weavers and the McCoys. It features Egghead as a peace activist - going by the name Elmer Fudd (before he was a hunter) - trying to put an end to the feuding between the two hillbilly clans.

The 1939 Max Fleischer cartoon Musical Mountaineers has Betty Boop wander into the territory of the Peters family who are at war with the Hatfields.

The 1943 Walter Lantz Swing Symphony cartoon Pass the Biscuits Mirandy! depicts the feud between the Foys and Bartons, basing off from the lyrics of a song of the same title.

The 1946 Disney cartoon short The Martins and the Coys in Make Mine Music animated feature was another very thinly disguised caricature of the Hatfield–McCoy feud.

In 1949, the Samuel Goldwyn feature film Roseanna McCoy told a fictionalized version of the romance between the title character, played by Joan Evans, and Johnse Hatfield, played by Farley Granger.

The 1949 Screen Songs short "Comin' Round the Mountain" features another thinly disguised caricature of the Hatfield–McCoy feud, with cats (called "Catfields") and dogs ("McHounds") fighting each other, until a new school teacher arrives.

In 1950, Warner Bros. released a spoof of the Hatfield–McCoy feud titled Hillbilly Hare, featuring Bugs Bunny interacting with members of the "Martin family", obviously a reference to a family in the other famous Kentucky feud, the Rowan County War who had been feuding with the "Coy family". When Bugs Bunny is asked, "Be y'all a Martin or be y'all a Coy rabbit?", Bugs answers, "Well, my friends say I'm very coy!" and laughs. The Martin brothers chase Bugs for the rest of the short and are outwitted by him at every turn.

The 1951 Abbott and Costello feature Comin' Round the Mountain features a feud between the Winfields and McCoys.

The 2007 movie Pumpkinhead: Blood Feud portrays the feud between the Hatfields and McCoys, but the circumstances of the feud are different.

In 2012, Lionsgate Films released a direct-to-DVD film titled Hatfields & McCoys: Bad Blood, starring Jeff Fahey, Perry King, and Christian Slater. This was another thinly-disguised fictional version of the conflict.

Literature
Members of the Hatfield clan appear in Manly Wade Wellman's 1957 short story Old Devlins Was A-Waiting alongside fictional great-grandchildren of both the Hatfields and McCoys.

The Lucky Luke adventure Les Rivaux de Painful Gulch (The Rivals of Painful Gulch) from 1962 was inspired by the Hatfield–McCoy feud.

Ann Rinaldi authored a 2002 historical novel titled The Coffin Quilt, based on a fictionalized account of the feud.

In Kurt Vonnegut's 1976 novel Slapstick, a frontiersman dressed like "Davy Crockett" kills a man charged with conveying a message to the former of the United States because he mistakes him for Newton McCoy. When the frontiersman is asked his name, he replies "Byron Hatfield".

In Mark Twain's 1884 novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the Grangerfords, an aristocratic Kentuckian family headed by the sexagenarian Colonel Saul Grangerford, take Huck in after he is separated from Jim on the Mississippi. Huck becomes close friends with the youngest male of the family, Buck Grangerford, who is Huck's age. By the time Huck meets them, the Grangerfords have been engaged in an age-old blood feud with another local family, the Shepherdsons. He also becomes the unwitting correspondent between two young lovers among the families, an elopement which leads to a battle between the two families and the loss of several lives on both sides.

Television
The 1960 episode of "The Andy Griffith Show" titled "A Feud is a Feud" has a Wakefield and a Carter trying to prevent Andy, in his role as Justice of the Peace, from marrying two young lovers on opposite sides of the feud. Andy calls the two feuding fathers to a duel when he finds out that "not nary a shot had ever been fired during this feud". Both prove to be cowards in comparison with their courageous children, and the feuding fathers order Andy at gunpoint: "Sheriff, get to marryin'!"

In the Bonanza episode "The Gunmen" (season 1, episode 19; aired January 23, 1960) Joe and Hoss were mistaken for two gunmen called Sladeboys that were hired by Mcfadden (McCoy) to take out the Hatfields in the small Texas town of Kiowa Flats.

In the story arc "Missouri Mish Mash" in season 3 of The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends (1961–62), the heroes are drawn into the feud between the "Hatfuls" and the "Floys", unaware that both sides are secretly controlled by their nemesis Boris Badenov. They finally get elected to Congress from the area, and end the feud by responding to their "constitutents"' request to move the other side out of the district... not telling that they are doing to both sides.

The Flintstones featured a feud between the Hatrocks and the Flintstones in the episode "The Flintstone Hillbillies" (aired January 16, 1964), which was loosely based upon the Hatfield–McCoy feud. They later returned in "The Hatrocks and the Gruesomes" (aired January 22, 1965) where they visit Fred and are shown to dislike bug music. The Hatrock family consist of Jethro Hatrock (voiced by Howard Morris), Gravella Hatrock (voiced by Bea Benaderet), Zack Hatrock (voiced by Mel Blanc), Slab Hatrock (voiced by Howard Morris), Granny Hatrock (voiced by June Foray in "The Flintstone Hillbillies", Gerry Johnson in "The Hatrocks and the Gruesomes"), Benji Hatrock (voiced by Doug Young), and their dogasaurus Percy.

The 1968 Merrie Melodies cartoon "Feud with a Dude" has the character Merlin the Magic Mouse trying to make peace with the two families, only to end up as the new target. This short has Hatfield claiming McCoy stole his hen, while McCoy claims Hatfield stole his pig.

The Ghost of Witch McCoy appears as the main villain in The Scooby-Doo Show episode "The Ozark Witch Switch". When a fictional member of the McCoy family hanged for witchcraft, she exacts her vengeance by turning Hatfields into frogs.

A 1975 television movie titled The Hatfields and the McCoys told a fictionalized version of the story. It starred Jack Palance as "Devil Anse" Hatfield and Steve Forrest as "Randall" McCoy.

An episode of the Cartoon Network time travel animated series Time Squad, titled 'Feud For Thought' (aired October 26, 2001) with David Anse Hatfield voiced by Fred Tatasciore and Randall McCoy voiced by John Kassir. The Time Squad going back to the time of the Hatfields and the McCoys, where they find that the McCoys are being peaceful rather than fighting. This poses a threat to established history, leading the titular team to try and restore the feud.

A fifth-season episode of The West Wing has the Communications Director describe the feud between Israelis and Palestinians as "Hatfield and McCoy".

The two feuding Virginia families in the 2007 made-for-TV film Pumpkinhead: Blood Feud are called Hatfield and McCoy.

The second-season episode Vanished of NCIS takes place in a rural valley in Virginia, the two sides of which are feuding in a manner that Leroy Jethro Gibbs compares to the Hatfields and McCoys.

The eleventh episode of Bones season 7, entitled The Family in the Feud, is about a long-running family feud that main character Seeley Booth likens to the Hatfield–McCoy feud.

From May 28–30, 2012, U.S. television network The History Channel aired a three-part miniseries titled Hatfields & McCoys, starring Kevin Costner as William Anderson "Devil Anse" Hatfield and co-starring Bill Paxton as Randolph "Ole Ran'l" McCoy, Tom Berenger as Jim Vance, and Powers Boothe as Judge Valentine "Wall" Hatfield. The miniseries set the record as the most-watched entertainment telecast in the history of advertising-supported basic cable.

A pair of rifles owned by the Hatfields and the McCoys appeared as a pair of artifacts in the fourth season of the Syfy original show Warehouse 13. Within the show, the rifles have the ability to attract each other like magnets but open fire when they get close enough to each other.

In 2013, NBC commissioned a pilot for a television show updating the feud to present-day Pittsburgh with Rebecca De Mornay, Virginia Madsen, Sophia Bush, and James Remar but it was not picked up.

On August 1, 2013, the reality television series Hatfields & McCoys: White Lightning premiered on the History channel. The series begins with an investor offering to set up the feuding families into business making moonshine, and follows the families' attempt to run the business together.

In an episode of Modern Family originally aired January 15, 2014, titled "Under Pressure," Cam is working as a gym teacher who has plans to let parents play dodgeball with each other at the school's open house, and wants to divide the two teams into Hatfields and McCoys. The school principal frowns upon this idea, however, Gloria and a competitive mother played by Jane Krakowski decide to settle their score with such a game. Hurriedly Cam proclaims Hatfields for one side and McCoys for the other.

In episode 9 of the fourth season of the Chilean series 31 minutos, called "Westland", in the middle of the episode Tulio sees a "Oestelandia" between the Hatfields and the McCoys where the origin of the conflict is that one of the members of the Hatfields had stolen Grandma McCoy's potty. Near the end of the episode, they manage to end the conflict where in the credits both families play their instrumental version of the show together.

The fifth season of My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic featured an episode titled "The Hooffields and McColts", in which two clans have a longstanding feud over whether to use land for farming or construction. A similar theme was covered in Season 3, episode 9 of Littlest Pet Shop, "Feud for Thought", in which two koalas are at odds with each other but don't know why, other than that their owners are in a feud.

In the Ben 10 reboot, a season 3 episode called "Them's Fighting Words!" features a parody of the feud involving the Hartfields and the McJoys. The Hartfield family's known member is Cornelius Hartfield (voiced by Dee Bradley Baker) and the McJoy family's known member is Cornflower McJoy (voiced by Laura Bailey). The Hartfields and McJoys have been trying to claim ownership over a missing corn flute, accusing the other family of stealing it. The villain Hex actually finds it and starts summoning the ghosts of the family's ancestors (voiced by Dee Bradley Baker and David Kaye), finding out the flute's power increases the more the two families fight each other. Though Ben and Gwen are able to quell them and stop Hex's plans to create an army of ghost soldiers by revealing that it was meant to be shared by them as a marriage gift, ending the feud.

WGBH Boston's Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) American Experience episode "The Feud" (season 32, episode 1) originally aired on September 10, 2019, documenting the Hatfield-McCoy family feud 1863–1891.

In the 16th episode of the 12th season of Family Guy, Herpe the Love Sore, the Hatfield-McCoy feud is briefly referenced in the History Channel's fictional show, The Guy who Lived in-Between the Hatfields and the McCoys.

Music
The song "The Hatfield and the McCoy's" was written and sung by Eddie Martin, a Bristol-based musician and regular at the famous Old Duke. It is track 8 on Pillowcase Blues.

In 2018, Mountain Fever Records released a single from their album from Dave Adkins, Right Or Wrong. The song, "Blood Feud", written by Dave Adkins and Larry Cordle, is a retelling of the familiar story of the deadly discord between the Hatfield and McCoy families during the Civil War era.

Ice Cube's 1991 song “My Summer Vacation” includes a reference “Feudin', like the Hatfields and McCoys”

In the song “Black Cowboys” from Jeru the Damaja's 1996 album "Wrath of the Math", he includes a reference “We shoot sh*t up like the Hatfields and McCoys”.

Waylon Jennings' 1977 song "Luckenbach Texas (Back To The Basics Of Love)" includes the reference "... this successful life we're livin', got us feudin' like the Hatfields and McCoys"

Theater
A dinner show based on the rivalry is performed year round in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee since 2010.

In 2006, The House Theatre of Chicago debuted a Romeo and Juliet-inspired dramatization of the feud, Simply called Hatfield and McCoy. The company staged another production of this play in 2018 at the Chopin Theatre.

Video games
The 2018 action-adventure video game Red Dead Redemption 2 features a violent feud between two families, the Braithwaites and the Grays, inspired by the Hatfield-McCoy conflict.

Devil Anse Hatfield family tree
Names in red indicate those who were killed as a direct result of the feud. Names in orange highlight intermarriages between Hatfield and McCoy.

Randolph McCoy family tree
Names in red indicate those who were killed as a direct result of the feud. Names in orange highlight intermarriages between Hatfield and McCoy.

title: Hatfield–McCoy feud


text:
Struwwelpeter

Der Struwwelpeter ("shock-headed Peter") is an 1845 German children's book written and illustrated by Heinrich Hoffmann. It comprises ten illustrated and rhymed stories, mostly about children. Each cautionary tale has a clear moral lesson that demonstrates the disastrous consequences of misbehavior in an exaggerated way. The title of the first story provides the title of the whole book. Der Struwwelpeter is one of the earliest books for children that combines visual and verbal narratives in a book format, and is considered a precursor to comic books.

Der Struwwelpeter is known for introducing the villainous character of the Tailor (or Scissorman) to Western literature. Some researchers now see the stories in the book as illustrations of modern child mental disorders.

Background
Hoffmann wrote the book that would later be titled Struwwelpeter in reaction to what he perceived as a lack of good books for children. Intending to buy a picture book as a Christmas present for his three-year-old son, Hoffmann instead wrote and illustrated his own book. At the time of producing it, Hoffmann had no intentions of publishing his book.

Publications
The first appearance of Hoffmann's book outside his immediate family circle was in a meeting organized by Frankfurt literary club Tutti Frutti Society (Gesellschaft der Tutti-Frutti) on 18 January 1845. On the evening of that day, Zacharias Löwenthal, a co-founder of publishing company Literarische Anstalt, bought Hoffmann's book for 80 gulden. Hoffmann later wrote that "[in] that night, at 11 o'clock, I had, almost without knowing what I had done, suddenly become an author of juvenile books."

The book first appeared in the Frankfurt marketplace in October of that year under the title Lustige Geschichten und drollige Bilder mit 15 schön kolorierten Tafeln für Kinder von 3–6 Jahren ("funny stories and droll pictures with 15 beautifully coloured panels for children of 3–6 years"). The first version had its illustrations printed with lithographic plates and colored by hand with stencils, the text was printed using typesetting. On 3 October, the book was advertised in the Börsenblatt for a retail price of 48 kreuzer.

In 1846, three other editions of the book were published. The second edition had 5,000 copies produced, each of which was priced at 57 kreuzer; Hoffmann's royalty was of 6.25 percent per copy. Hoffmann's name was only partially revealed in the second edition, where he used the pseudonym "Hoffmann Kinderslieb". His authorship of the book was, however, fully revealed to the public in an advertisement featured on a Frankfurter Konversationsblatt publication on 11 December 1846. Hoffmann's real name was only fully displayed in the fifth edition, which was published in 1847.

The third edition was the first to be officially titled Struwwelpeter, though the second edition had already been nicknamed as such by some book reviewers.

English editions
The titles Struwelpeter and Strewelpeter have been used in multiple English editions of Struwwelpeter. The name Slovenly Peter was first found in an 1849 American version of the book.

British twin illustrators Janet and Anne Grahame Johnstone provided new illustrations for an English translation published in 1950.

Copyright issues
In 1847, Struwwelpeter publishing house sued a Nuremberg publisher for printing the book on broadsheets.

In 1851, the same organization sued publisher Christian Scholz on grounds that he had plagiarized Struwwelpeter by publishing translations of the book in English, Dutch and Swedish. Scholz lost the case and was sentenced to pay a fine of 1,040 gulden, along with court costs of 127 gulden. He was also ordered to destroy all lithographic plates and unsold books in his inventory. This became one of the first copyright court cases in Germany.

In 1891 Mark Twain wrote his own translation of the book, but because of copyright issues Twain's Slovenly Peter was not published until 1935, 25 years after his death.

The stories

 * 1) Struwwelpeter describes a boy who does not groom himself properly and is consequently unpopular.
 * 2) Die Geschichte vom bösen Friederich ("The Story of Wicked Frederick"): A violent boy terrorizes animals and people. Eventually he is bitten by a dog, who goes on to eat the boy's food while Frederick is bedridden.
 * 3) Die gar traurige Geschichte mit dem Feuerzeug ("The Very Sad Tale with the Matches"): A girl plays with matches, accidentally ignites herself and burns to death. Only her cats mourn her.
 * 4) Die Geschichte von den schwarzen Buben ("The Story of the Inky Boys"): Nikolas (or "Agrippa" in some translations) catches three boys teasing a dark-skinned boy. To teach them a lesson, he dips them in black ink.
 * 5) Die Geschichte von dem wilden Jäger ("The Story of the Wild Huntsman") is the only story not primarily focused on children. In it, a hare steals a hunter's musket and eyeglasses and begins to hunt the hunter. In the ensuing chaos, the hare's child is burned by hot coffee and the hunter jumps into a well.
 * 6) Die Geschichte vom Daumenlutscher ("The Story of the Thumb-Sucker"): A mother warns her son Konrad not to suck his thumbs. However, when she goes out of the house he resumes his thumb-sucking, until a roving tailor appears and cuts off his thumbs with giant scissors.
 * 7) Die Geschichte vom Suppen-Kaspar ("The Story of Soup-Kaspar") begins as Kaspar (or "Augustus" in some translations), a healthy, strong boy, proclaims that he will no longer eat his soup. Over the next five days, he wastes away and dies. The last illustration shown is of his grave, which has a soup tureen atop it.
 * 8) Die Geschichte vom Zappel-Philipp ("The Story of Fidgety Philip"): A boy who won't sit still at dinner accidentally knocks all of the food onto the floor, to his parents' great displeasure.
 * 9) Die Geschichte von Hans Guck-in-die-Luft ("The Story of Johnny Look-In-The-Air") concerns a boy who habitually fails to watch where he is walking. One day he walks into a river; he is soon rescued, but his briefcase drifts away.
 * 10) Die Geschichte vom fliegenden Robert ("The Story of Flying Robert"): A boy goes outside during a storm. The wind catches his umbrella and lifts him high into the air, with the boy sailing into the distance.

Music, film, and stage adaptations

A British stage production of Shockheaded Peter, by Philip Carr and Nigel Playfair, with music by Walter Rubens, premiered at the Garrick Theatre in London on 26 December 1900, and played 41 performances. The title role was played by George Grossmith Jr., with Kate Bishop as Mamma and Kitty Loftus as Harriet. The piece returned to the Garrick the following year, again playing 41 performances from 14 December, this time with Lawrence Grossmith as Peter, Nina Boucicault as Harriet and 11-year-old Marie Lohr as "Child". In a revival at the Wimbledon Theatre in South London from 26 December 1929 Mamma was played in a limited run of matinees by Louie Pounds, with H. Scott Russell as Papa, Leslie Holland as Augustus and Rex London as Peter.

Geoffrey Shaw's Struwelpeter, produced in 1914, featured the song "Conrad Suck-a-Thumb" by Martin Shaw.

A ballet of Der Struwwelpeter with music composed by Norbert Schultze was produced in Germany before World War II.

A live action film based on the book was released in Germany in 1955. Directed by Fritz Genschow, in this adaptation there is a "happy" ending where the characters' bad deeds are reversed.

Little Suck-a-Thumb (1992) is a psychoanalytical interpretation of the infamous cautionary tale. The short film by writer/director David Kaplan stars Cork Hubbert and Evelyn Solann, with Jim Hilbert as the Great Tall Scissorman.

"The Misadventures of Struwwelpeter" for tenor and piano (also orchestrated for chamber ensemble) was composed by Michael Schelle in 1991. Five of the stories are included in the original version with piano. "Inky Boys" is included only in the chamber version.

Struwwelpeterlieder (1996) is a setting of three of the stories for soprano, viola and piano by American composer Lowell Liebermann.

German composer Kurt Hessenberg (a descendant of Hoffmann) arranged Der Struwwelpeter for children's choir (op. 49) later in his life.

Shockheaded Peter (1998) is a British musical by The Tiger Lillies. that combines elements of pantomime and puppetry with musical versions of the poems with the songs generally following the text. It won a number of British theatre awards in the years following its release.

Composer Kenneth Hesketh's 2000–2001 work, Netsuke (from the Japanese miniature sculptures called netsuke) comprises five short movements inspired variously by Saint-Exupéry's Le Petit Prince, Struwwelpeter, and a poem by Walter de la Mare.

Comics adaptations
German comics artist David Füleki has created a number of manga-style adaptions of Struwwelpeter:
 * Struwwelpeter: Die Rückkehr (2009, Tokyopop)
 * Struwwelpeter: Das große Buch der Störenfriede (2009, Tokyopop)
 * Struwwelpeter in Japan (Free Comic Book Day comic; 2012, Delfinium Prints)

The Scissorman story is adapted into comics form by Sanya Glisic in The Graphic Canon, Volume 2, published in 2012.

Literature
English author Edward Harold Begbie's first published book, The Political Struwwelpeter (1898), is of British politics, with the British Lion is as Struwwelpeter, "bedraggled, with long, uncut claws."

W. H. Auden refers to the Scissor-Man in his 1930 poem "The Witnesses" (also known as "The Two"): "And now with sudden swift emergence Come the women in dark glasses, the humpbacked surgeons And the Scissor Man."

Adolf Hitler was parodied as a Struwwelpeter caricature in 1941 in a book called Struwwelhitler, published in Britain under the pseudonym Dr. Schrecklichkeit (Dr. Horrors).

The "Story of Soup-Kaspar" is parodied in Astrid Lindgren's Pippi Longstocking (1945), with a tall story about a Chinese boy named Peter who refuses to eat a swallow's nest served to him by his father, and dies of starvation five months later.

English illustrator Charles Folkard's imaginative study "A Nonsense Miscellany," published in 1956 in Roger Lancelyn Green's anthology The Book of Nonsense, by Many Authors, is a seaside scene that incorporated Baron Munchausen, Struwwelpeter, and a variety of characters from the works of Lewis Carroll and Edward Lear.

Jamie Rix said that the book inspired him to create Grizzly Tales for Gruesome Kids when his publisher asked him to write more short stories about rude children. His mother had given him the book as a child and the stories gave him nightmares. Rix wanted to create a similar series of books for his children's generation.

Der Fall Struwwelpeter ("The Struwwelpeter Case"), 1989, by Jörg M. Günther is a satirical treatment in which the various misdeeds in the story - both by the protagonists and their surroundings - are analyzed via the regulations of the German Strafgesetzbuch.

The Jasper Fforde fantasy/mystery novel The Fourth Bear (Hodder & Stoughton, 2006) opens with a police sting operation by the Nursery Crime Division to arrest the Scissorman.

Comics

German cartoonist F. K. Waechter's Anti-Struwwwelpeter (1970) is a parody of Der Struwwelpeter.

Comic book writer Grant Morrison references "Die Geschichte vom Daumenlutscher" in the first story arc of their Doom Patrol run with the recurring line, "The door flew open, in he ran / The great, long, red-legged scissorman." Doom Patrol member Dorothy Spinner, who has the ability to bring imaginary beings to life, considers among her imaginary friends the characters Flying Robert (a ghost baby balloon thing) and The Inky Boys.

The 2000 AD strip London Falling (June–July 2006), by Simon Spurrier and Lee Garbett, explores bogeymen from English folklore and mythology wreaking havoc in a modern-day setting. Two of the characters, Peter Struwwel and The Tailor, are taken from Der Struwwelpeter.

In the Wildstorm Comics series Top 10, one of the officers in the precinct is called Shock-Headed Pete, ostensibly in reference to his electrical powers.

Film and TV
In a 1991 edition of the Thames Television detective series Van der Valk, entitled "Doctor Hoffman's Children," the detective, played by Barry Foster, solves a series of murders after finding the book in the bedroom of his house, when his wife relates the tale of the scissorman to their granddaughter. The murders were all done in the style of events in the book.

Brief references are made to the book in the film Woman in Gold (2015), when the central character reminisces about her youth in Vienna during the Anschluss.

The Office references the book in Season 2, Episode 18: "Take Your Daughter to Work Day" (2006). Dwight Schrute reads The story of Johnny head-in-the-air and The story of the thumb sucker to the children, but is interrupted by a horrified Michael Scott.

Family Guy references the "Story of Little Suck-a-Thumb" in a cutaway gag in "Business Guy," the ninth episode in the eighth season, produced in 2009.

In Doctor Who Season 10 Episode 3 "Thin Ice" (2017), The Doctor reads part of "The Story of the Thumb-Sucker" to the children of 1814 London.

Music
German band Rammstein included the song "Hilf Mir" "(Help Me)" on their album Rosenrot (2005) It is about a child whose parents are not at home. She discovers matches and sets herself on fire and burns completely. In the story, the girl's name is Pauline.

XTC were influenced by "The Story of the Thumb-Sucker" when they wrote "Scissor Man". from 1979's Drums and Wires.

The British post-punk band Shock Headed Peters, formed in 1982, took their name from the story.

American post-punk band Slovenly used the popular cover illustration of Struwwelpeter for the cover of their 1987 album, Riposte, on SST Records.

References to health conditions
The author, Heinrich Hoffmann, worked as a physician and later on as psychiatrist. Some of his stories describe habits of children, which can be in extreme forms signs of mental disorders. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is called Zappel-Philip-Syndrom (Fidgety-Philip syndrome) colloquially in Germany. The story of the Suppen-Kaspar (Soup-Kaspar) is a case example of anorexia nervosa. Uncombable hair syndrome is also called Struwwelpeter syndrome, after the book title.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Struwwelpeter


text:
Masoretes

The Masoretes (בַּעֲלֵי הַמָּסוֹרָה, lit. 'Masters of the Tradition') were groups of Jewish scribe-scholars who worked from around the end of the 5th through 10th centuries CE, based primarily in the Jewish centers of the Levant (e.g. Tiberias and Jerusalem) and Mesopotamia (e.g.  Sura and Nehardea). Each group compiled a system of pronunciation and grammatical guides in the form of diacritical notes (niqqud) on the external form of the biblical text in an attempt to standardize the pronunciation, paragraph and verse divisions, and cantillation of the Hebrew Bible (the Tanakh) for the worldwide Jewish community.

The ben Asher family of Masoretes was largely responsible for the preservation and production of the Masoretic Text, although there existed an alternative Masoretic text of the ben Naphtali Masoretes, which has around 875 differences from the ben Asher text. The halakhic authority Maimonides endorsed the ben Asher as superior, although the Egyptian Jewish scholar, Saadya Gaon al-Fayyumi, had preferred the ben Naphtali system. It has been suggested that the ben Asher family and the majority of the Masoretes were Karaites. However, Geoffrey Khan believes that the ben Asher family was probably not Karaite, and Aron Dotan avers that there are "decisive proofs that M. Ben-Asher was not a Karaite."

The Masoretes devised the vowel notation system for Hebrew that is still widely used, as well as the trope symbols used for cantillation.

The nakdanim were successors to the Masoretes in the transmission of the traditional Hebrew text of the Old Testament.

title: Masoretes


text:
Talk:M6 motorway

Questions 2003-2006
Is the section about the A556 clear enough? It's not currently motorway (i.e. no M suffix), but the debate to upgrade to motorway has rumbled on for years. I'm wondering if the M suffix is a little confusing. Darac 00:03, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * I have written a specific A556 road page. Perhaps it is worth moving the A556(M) reference to the A556 page and referencing it from here? Pixie2000 12:02, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

Is the M6 really the first toll motorway ? ==Mangonel 12:26, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The M6 Toll - an alternative route of the motorway - is the first toll motorway in the UK. The old M6 remains and is not a toll road. Robdurbar 15:28, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

 * It is the first toll motorway that isn't also an estuary crossing. The M4 and M48 both have toll sections (at the Severn Bridges) - but only in one direction. Going from England into Wales on either motorway, you must pay a toll. Both are therefore toll motorways for a short section. Richard B 20:25, 5 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes it is, (not the ones from rivers etc) but one for a motorway William ALBERT88 (talk) 16:21, 7 April 2024 (UTC)

The M6 near Lancaster
The reason for the short slip road on the M6 near Lancaster at Junction 34 has nothing to do with having to re-build a bridge (bear in mind the bridge was built as part of the motorway!).

When the M6 was built, it was as a Lancaster bypass. To discourage local journeys, no entry or exit points were specified between the Galgate Junction and the Carnforth Junction. However, the emergency services were concerned as to whether access could easily be obtained, and so the slip roads for what is now Junction 34 were built, but not to the same standard as a proper junction. In fact they were fenced off from the road initially.

Later it was decided to upgrade the junction to enable full access.

The junction has been a problem for some time, but nothing was done about it because it was potentially going to be replaced by a new Lancaster Bypass. In the 1990s this bypass was planned to go to the west of Lancaster and therefore eventually, in 2004 (I think) the southbound entry and exit sliproads were upgraded.

however, the junction is still due to be replaced as part of the Lancaster Northern bypass.82.40.248.105 17:31, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Coordinates
I've just added coordinates for the first and last junctions to the table of junctions, using the new coord template and hCard and Geo microformat mark-up (you may need to refresh your browser, to see them with the updated CSS). This means that the coordinates are not only readable in plain text, but are also parsable by software and may, for instance, be looked up on maps or downloaded to GPS units. What do people think? How would people feel about adding them for other junctions, and services? Please see the microformat project for background info. Andy Mabbett 15:43, 15 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I think it is a good idea. Will (We're flying the flag all over the world) 01:50, 1 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Start and end I don't have a problem with and major junctions such as Great Barr (unless they have their own article) but every junction will simply clutter up the table without adding much of value. Regan123 15:16, 2 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I noticed that when trying that on M62 motorway Will (talk) 20:22, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Fair enough, but I would be inclined to add them for the services, as well. Andy Mabbett 09:02, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Can I suggest that the coordinates for the services / major junctions etc. go on the specific pages for the services/major junctions - rather than in the main table. As with Regan123, I think too many coordinates in the table would clutter it up. One thing that would be ok in my opinion, but I'm not sure if it's supported by the software / or other users - could perhaps the coordinates be available as a file download linked from the motorway page - then that could be used to paste into Google Earth or GPS devices?? I would be against including more than a couple of coordinates in the table. Richard B 12:29, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't think coordinates can fairly be said not to have "much value". By including them, people can find the location, easily, on one of many mapping and similar services. By including them in a Geo microformat, as here, they also become downloadable into Google Earth or GPS devices, for instance. Andy Mabbett 09:06, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Update: please see M62 motorway for use of coordinates in the route template; noting the final external link on the page (using kml, to a service which passes the coordinates to Google maps, so that they can be plotted as "push-pins". Andy Mabbett | Talk to Andy Mabbett 10:41, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Proposal: Adding coordinates to the junctions column tends to take up a lot of space and distracts from the visual impact of the article. May I suggest that references to coordinates be added to the junction column thus

Coordinate List
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Heysham to M6 Link Road
How should this be integrated into the article?

The Heysham to M6 Link Road is a 4.8km dual carriageway linking the Heysham and Morecambe peninsula to Junction 34 of the M6. It will be opened in summer 2016. In the process Junction 34 will be remodelled again. *

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Clan Robertson

Clan Robertson, is correctly known as Clan Donnachaidh ( Duncan ) (Clann Donnchaidh) is a Scottish clan. The principal surnames of the clan are Robertson, Reid and Duncan but there are also many other septs.

Origins
There are two main theories as to the origins of the Clan:

 * 1) That the founder of the clan, Donn(a)chadh (Duncan) was the second son of Angus MacDonald, Lord of the Isles.
 * 2) That the Robertsons are lineal descendants of the Celtic Earls of Atholl, whose progenitor was King Duncan I (Donnchadh in Scottish Gaelic). The Collins Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia supports this theory.

Wars of Scottish Independence
The clan's first recognised chief, Donnchaidh Reamhar, "Stout Duncan", son of Andrew de Atholia (Latin "Andrew of Atholl"), was a minor land-owner and leader of a kin-group around Dunkeld, Highland Perthshire, and as legend has it, an enthusiastic and faithful supporter of Robert I (king 1306–29 aka Robert the Bruce) during the Wars of Scottish Independence; he is believed to have looked after King Robert after the Battle of Methven in 1306. The clan asserts that Stout Duncan's relatives and followers (not yet known as Robertsons) supported Robert the Bruce at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. His descendants became known (in English or Scots) as the Duncansons, or Gaelic Clann Dhònnchaidh, "Children of Duncan". Duncan is believed to have been killed at the Battle of Neville's Cross and was succeeded by Robert, from whom the Clan Robertson takes its name. Robert's brother, Patrick, was the ancestor of the Robertsons of Lude who were the principal cadet branch.

14th- and 15th-century clan conflicts
In 1394 a clan battle took place between Clann Dhònnchaidh, Clan Lindsay and involving Clan Ogilvy, who were the hereditary sheriffs of Angus, during a cattle raid on Angus. Sir Walter Ogilvy was slain at this battle. Clandonoquhy had rather a reputation as raiders and feuders in late medieval Scotland, though the chiefs seem always to have been loyal to the Bruce and Stewart royal dynasties.

Robert Riabhach ("Grizzled") Duncanson, 4th Chief of Clann Dhònnchaidh, was a strong supporter of King James I (1406–1437) and was incensed by his murder at the Blackfriars Dominican Friary in Perth. He tracked down and captured two of the regicides, Sir Robert Graham and the King's uncle Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl, as they hid above Invervack in Atholl, and turned them over to the Crown. They were tortured to death in the Grassmarket in Edinburgh on the orders of the Regent, James I's widow, Joan Beaufort (d. 1445). The Collins Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia states that they were put to death with considerable savagery. The Robertson crest badge of a right hand upholding an imperial crown was awarded by James II (1437–60) to the 4th chief on 15 August 1451 as a reward for capturing his father's assassins. The highly unusual third supporter (below the shield) on the Robertson coat of arms, of a "savage man in chains" is in reference to the capture of Graham. It is in honour of Robert Riabhach that his descendants took the name Robertson. James II also erected the clan lands into the Barony of Struan, which formerly took in extensive lands in Highland Perthshire, notably in Glen Errochty, the north and south banks of Loch Tay and the area surrounding Loch Rannoch. None of these lands are any longer in the possession of the clan.

Robert Riabhach or Riach died in 1460 from wounds received in battle. The chiefship then passed to his eldest son, Alexander. The Clan Robertson then feuded with the Clan Stewart of Atholl. William Robertson, the sixth chief was killed trying to recover lands that had been seized by the Stewarts of Atholl. The eighth chief of Clan Robertson was murdered and his brother inherited the estate.

Struan (Gaelic Sruthan, "streams"), is a parish church, of early Christian origin and dedicated to St. Fillan, at the confluence of the Errochty Water and Garry rivers. Many of the medieval chiefs were buried in this church (although individual monuments have unfortunately not survived). The present building was built in the early 19th century, but the foundations of its predecessor can be traced in the churchyard. Donnchadh Reamhar is, however, said to have been buried in the parish church of Dull, near Aberfeldy. Recent excavations by members of the Clan Donnachaidh Society within the now redundant church of Dull (Gaelic Dul, "meadow", "haugh") failed to find evidence of this specific burial, although others were uncovered, along with early medieval carved stones. Recent generations of chiefs have been buried in a family vault in the grounds of the estate of Dunalastair, near Kinloch Rannoch.

17th century and Civil War
Under Alexander Robertson, 12th chief, the clan is said to have supported Montrose in all of his battles during the Scottish Civil War. During this time, the main Robertson castle at Invervack, near the present Clan museum, was burned by Cromwell's forces, and many family records were lost. The Clan Robertson played a major part in the fighting at the Battle of Inverlochy (1645) in support of the royalist, James Graham, 1st Marquis of Montrose, where they put the king's enemies to flight. Alexander Robertson of Lude fought for Charles I of Scotland at the Battle of Tippermuir and as a result Lude was burned by Cromwell's forces in retaliation.

Alexander Robertson, 13th chief (b. 1668) joined the Jacobite rising of 1689 and was taken prisoner a few weeks after the Jacobite defeat at the Battle of Dunkeld. After being released he went to live in France for thirteen years where he served for some time in the French army. He returned to Scotland in 1703.

18th century and Jacobite uprisings
Alexander Robertson, 13th chief, led 500 men of Clan Robertson in support of the Earl of Mar at the Battle of Sheriffmuir in 1715. He was captured, but later rescued and he took refuge in France. General Wade's report on the Highlands in 1724, estimated the clan strength at 800 men. The fighting force of Clan Donnachaidh was estimated at 700 men in 1745.

After the defeat of the Jacobite rising of 1745 the Robertson lands became part of the Forfeited Estates, although most were returned to the then chief, another Alexander Robertson, in 1784, after it became clear that the Central Highlands were wholly pacified.

Two of the most notorious and well documented Highland Clearances occurred on the Robertson clan land of Strathcarron:
 * 1) In 1845, the Glencalvie or Croick clearance, executed by the factor James Gillander on behalf of William Robertson, sixth laird of Kindeace.
 * 2) In 1854, the Greenyards clearance, sometimes known as the Massacre of the Rosses. This was also carried out by James Gillander on behalf of Major Charles Robertson—son of William.

The Clearances upon the Clan Robertson lands are also important to the history of Scottish Gaelic literature

In Sutherland, Eòghainn MacDhonnchaidh (Ewan Robertson, (1842–1895) of Tongue was called "the Bard of the Clearances"; is most famous for his song Mo mhallachd aig na caoraich mhòr ("My curses upon the big [Blackface and/or Cheviot, introduced from England] sheep") mocking, among others, the Duchess of Sutherland and Patrick Sellar. The song has been recorded by notable singers Julie Fowlis and Kathleen MacInnes. There is a monument to Robertson in Tongue.

A similar poem in Canadian Gaelic attacks James Gillanders of Highfield Cottage near Dingwall, who was the Factor for the estate of Major Charles Robertson of Kincardine. As his employer was then serving with the British Army in Australia, Gillanders was the person most responsible for the mass evictions staged at Glencalvie, Ross-shire in 1845. The Gaelic-language poem denouncing Gillanders for the brutality of the evictions was later submitted anonymously to Pàdraig MacNeacail, the editor of the column in Gaelic in which the poem was published in the Antigonish, Nova Scotia newspaper The Casket. The poem, which is believed to draw upon eyewitness accounts, is believed to be the only Gaelic language source relating to the evictions in Glencalvie.

Only the family vault at Dunalastair is still in the possession of the family of Struan; however, many modern properties have been added to the clan land. The title Baron of Struan is still transferred through Dunalastair.

Clan castles

 * Mount Alexander was one of among the original seats of the chiefs of Clan Robertson. The castle was eventually replaced by Dall House. Despite common misconception, the present ruin of Dunalistair on the site is nothing to do with the clan, but was built in 1859
 * The original seat was at Inverack, and was lost in the Civil war
 * Lude Castle belonged to the Clan Robertson from at least the 17th century but was torched by the forces of Oliver Cromwell in 1650 after Alexander Robertson of Lude had fought on the side of James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose at the Battle of Tippermuir in 1644.
 * Auchleeks Castle was held by the Clan Robertson from the 1530s but was later replaced by a mansion. They sold the property in 1962 and the garden is occasionally open to the public.
 * Eilean nam Faoilaig, near Kinloch Rannoch, Perthshire, is the site of a castle on an island that was held by the Robertsons of Struan and was used as both a refuge and a prison.

Gaelic names

 * MacDhònnchaidh (surname, 'son of Duncan')
 * MacRaibeirt (surname, 'son of Robert')
 * Robasdan (surname – used when following a first name)
 * An Robasdanach (surname, 'the Robertson' – used on its own, without a first name)
 * Clann MhicDhònnchaidh / Clann 'IcDhònnchaidh (collective – 'Clan Robertson')
 * Clann Dhònnchaidh (collective)
 * Na Robasdanaich (collective) – the Robertsons as a whole.

Note: the common spelling often appears with an "a" after the double nn of Dhònnchaidh, but this is not correct (though it does reflect the Gaelic insertion of an epenthetic vowel in pronunciation). Cf. the anglicised surname MacConnochie (and variants). "MacDhònnchaidh" and derivatives are usually used on the mainland, "Robasdan" and derivatives on the islands.

Branches

 * Robertson of Auchleeks.
 * Robertson of Faskally.
 * Robertson of Inches.
 * Robertson of Kindeace.
 * Robertson of Kinlochmouidart.
 * Robertson of Lude.
 * Robertson of Struan.

Septs
The main surname used by the Clan is Robertson, which is also used by the present chief's family, though other names are associated with the clan. These may include:

 * Barr
 * Collier
 * Colyear
 * Conlow
 * Connachie
 * Dobbie
 * Dobieson
 * Dobinson
 * Dobson
 * Donachie
 * Donnachie
 * Donica

 * Duncan
 * Duncanson
 * Dunkeson
 * Dunnachie
 * Dunshea
 * Green
 * Inches
 * MacConachie
 * MacConnachie
 * MacConlogue
 * MacConnichie
 * MacDonachie
 * MacGlashan
 * MacInroy
 * MacIver
 * MacIvor
 * MacLagan
 * MacLaggan
 * MacRob
 * MacRobb
 * MacRobbie
 * MacRobert
 * MacRobie
 * MacWilliam
 * McDonnough
 * McConnachie
 * McConnico
 * McConochie
 * McConnochie
 * McInroy
 * McRobie
 * Reed
 * Reid
 * Robb
 * Robbie
 * Roberts
 * Robison
 * Robinson
 * Roberson
 * Robson
 * Roy
 * Stark
 * Tannoch
 * Tannochy
 * Hart

Note that several of the above are merely anglicised variants of the Scots Gaelic MacDhònnchaidh or literal translations into English of the same (Duncan, Duncanson, etc.).

Clan profile

 * Motto: Virtutis gloria merces ('Glory is the reward of valour')
 * Slogan: Garg 'nuair dhùisgear ('Fierce when Roused')
 * Crest: A dexter hand holding up an imperial crown, all proper
 * Badge: Bracken (the clan had lands on the southern side of Loch Rannoch – Gaelic Loch Raineach, 'Loch of Bracken')
 * Pipe music:
 * Salute: Fàilte Thighearna Sruthain (Struan Robertson's Salute or Laird of Struan's Salute)
 * Gathering: Thàinig Clann Dhònnchaidh (The Robertsons Are Come)
 * March: Till an Crodh Dhònnchadh (Turn the Cattle, Dònnchadh); Riobain Gorm (Blue Ribbon); Teachd Chlann Dhònnchaidh (Coming of the Robertsons)
 * Lament: Cumha Sruthain (Lament for Robertson of Struan)
 * Clan chief: Alexander Gilbert Haldane Robertson of Struan, 24th Chief of Clan Robertson, 28th of Struan (styled Struan Robertson)

title: Clan Robertson


text:
Journeyman (album)

Journeyman is the eleventh solo studio album by Eric Clapton. Heralded as a return to form for Clapton, who had struggled with alcohol addiction and recently found sobriety, the album has a 1980s electronic sound, but it also includes blues songs like "Before You Accuse Me", "Running on Faith", and "Hard Times." "Bad Love" was released as a single, reaching the No. 1 position on the Album Rock Chart in the United States, and being awarded a Grammy Award for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance in 1990. "Pretending" had also reached the No. 1 position on the Album Rock Chart the previous year, remaining at the top for five weeks ("Bad Love" had only stayed for three weeks).

The album reached number 2 on the UK Albums Chart and 16 on the US Billboard 200 chart, and it went on to become double platinum in the US. Clapton has said Journeyman is one of his favourite albums.

Critical reception
Reviewing in December 1989 for The Village Voice, Robert Christgau gave the album a B-minus and wrote of Clapton, "What did you expect him to call it – Hack? Layla and 461 Ocean Boulevard were clearly flukes: he has no record-making knack. So he farms out the songs, sings them competently enough, and marks them with his guitar. Which sounds kind of like Mark Knopfler's." In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine praised the album for its "convincing" vocals and "consistently strong" songwriting.

Track listing

 * Side one
 * 1) "Pretending" (Jerry Lynn Williams) – 4:48
 * 2) "Anything for Your Love" (Jerry Lynn Williams) – 4:16
 * 3) "Bad Love" (Eric Clapton, Mick Jones) – 5:11
 * 4) "Running on Faith" (Jerry Lynn Williams) – 5:27
 * 5) "Hard Times" (Ray Charles) – 3:00
 * 6) "Hound Dog" (Jerry Leiber, Mike Stoller) – 2:26

 * Side two
 * 1) "No Alibis" (Jerry Lynn Williams) – 5:32
 * 2) "Run So Far" (George Harrison) – 4:06
 * 3) "Old Love" (Eric Clapton, Robert Cray) – 6:25
 * 4) "Breaking Point" (Marty Grebb, Jerry Lynn Williams) – 5:37
 * 5) "Lead Me On" (Cecil Womack, Linda Womack) – 5:52
 * 6) "Before You Accuse Me" (Ellas McDaniel) – 3:55

Outtakes

 * 1) "Forever" Unissued
 * 2) "Don't Turn Your Back" Unissued
 * 3) "Something About You" Unissued

Musicians
Track numbers refer to CD and digital releases of the album.

 * Eric Clapton – lead vocals, guitar
 * Jeff Bova – synth horns (1), synth organ (1), synthesizer programming (2, 10), drum programming (10), sequenced bass (10), sequenced organ (10)
 * Alan Clark – synth horns (1), Hammond organ (1, 4), sequenced bass (1), keyboards (3), synthesizers (8), synth strings (9)
 * Greg Phillinganes – acoustic piano (1, 4, 5), keyboards (2, 7, 10), backing vocals (4, 7), synthesizers (8)
 * Richard Tee – acoustic piano (2, 6, 7, 9, 12), Fender Rhodes (11)
 * Robbie Kondor – keyboards (2), vocoder (2), bass harmonica (2), drum programming (2), synthesizers (6, 12), synthesizer programming (7, 8), synth piano (9)
 * Rob Mounsey – synthesizers (8)
 * Robbie Kilgore – synthesizers (11)
 * Jerry Lynn Williams – guitar (1), backing and harmony vocals (1)
 * Robert Cray – guitar (2, 6, 9, 12), guitar solo (9, 12)
 * Phil Palmer – guitar (3)
 * John Tropea – rhythm guitar (5)
 * George Harrison – guitar (8), harmony vocals (8)
 * Cecil Womack – acoustic guitar (11), backing vocals (11)
 * Nathan East – bass (1, 2, 4-7, 9-12), backing vocals (1, 4, 7)
 * Pino Palladino – bass (3)
 * Darryl Jones – bass (8)
 * Jimmy Bralower – drum programming (1, 7, 8)
 * Jim Keltner – drums (2, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12), percussion (6), programming (8, 10) tambourine (9)
 * Phil Collins – drums (3), backing and harmony vocals (3)
 * Steve Ferrone – drums (4, 5, 11), hi-hat (10)
 * Carol Steele – congas (1), tambourine (4), percussion (7, 10, 11)
 * Gary Burton – vibraphone (9)
 * Hank Crawford – alto saxophone (5)
 * David Sanborn – alto saxophone (10)
 * Ronnie Cuber – baritone saxophone (5)
 * David "Fathead" Newman – tenor saxophone (5)
 * Jon Faddis – trumpet (5)
 * Lew Soloff – trumpet (5)
 * Arif Mardin – horn arrangements (5), string arrangements (11)
 * Chaka Khan – backing vocals (1, 7)
 * Katie Kissoon – backing vocals (3)
 * Tessa Niles – backing vocals (3)
 * Lani Groves – backing vocals (4, 7)
 * Rev. Timothy Wright Washington Temple Concert Choir – choir (4)
 * Roger Forrester and Friends – dog barking (6)
 * Daryl Hall – harmony vocals (7)
 * Tawatha Agee – backing vocals (10)
 * Vaneese Thomas – backing vocals (10)
 * Linda Womack – backing vocals (11)

Production

 * Produced by Russ Titelman
 * Engineered by Steve "Barney" Chase, Dave O'Donnell, Jack Joseph Puig and Dave Wittman.
 * Assistant Engineers – Richard Arnold, Paul Angelli, Mike Knowles and U.E. Natasi.
 * Additional engineering by Larry Alexander, Ben Fowler, Michael O'Reilly and Steve Rinkoff.
 * Recorded at The Power Station (NYC), Skyline Studios (NYC) and The Town House (London).
 * Mixing – Rob Eaton (tracks 1, 2, 4, 8); Gary Wright and Russ Titelman (tracks 3, 6, 7, 9-12); Steve Chase (track 5).
 * Recording and Mix Assistant – Ben Fowler
 * Mixed at The Power Station and The Town House.
 * Mastered by Ted Jensen at Sterling Sound, NYC.
 * Production Coordination – Jill Dell'Abate
 * Production Assistant – Alexandra Saraspe Conomos
 * Design – Bill Smith Studio
 * Original Design Concept – Eric Clapton
 * Photography – Terry O'Neill
 * Management, 'Road' Photography – Roger Forrester

title: Journeyman (album)


text:
Diacetyl

Diacetyl (IUPAC systematic name: butanedione or butane-2,3-dione) is an organic compound with the chemical formula (CH3CO)2. It is a yellow liquid with an intensely buttery flavor. It is a vicinal diketone (two C=O groups, side-by-side). Diacetyl occurs naturally in alcoholic beverages and some cheeses and is added as a flavoring to some foods to impart its buttery flavor.

Chemical structure
A distinctive feature of diacetyl (and other vicinal diketones) is the long C–C bond linking the carbonyl centers. This bond distance is about 1.54 Å, compared to 1.45 Å for the corresponding C–C bond in 1,3-butadiene. The elongation is attributed to repulsion between the polarized carbonyl carbon centers.

Occurrence and biosynthesis
Diacetyl arises naturally as a byproduct of fermentation. In some fermentative bacteria, it is formed via the thiamine pyrophosphate-mediated condensation of pyruvate and acetyl CoA. Sour (cultured) cream, cultured buttermilk, and cultured butter are produced by inoculating pasteurized cream or milk with a lactic starter culture, churning (agitating) and holding the milk until a desired pH drop (or increase in acidity) is attained. Cultured cream, cultured butter, and cultured buttermilk owe their tart flavour to lactic acid bacteria and their buttery aroma and taste to diacetyl. Malic acid can be converted to lactic acid to make diacetyl.

Production
Diacetyl is produced industrially by dehydrogenation of 2,3-butanediol. Acetoin is an intermediate.

In food products
Diacetyl and acetoin are two compounds that give butter its characteristic taste. Because of this, manufacturers of artificial butter flavoring, margarines or similar oil-based products typically add diacetyl and acetoin (along with beta-carotene for the yellow color) to make the final product butter-flavored, because it would otherwise be relatively tasteless.

Electronic cigarettes
Diacetyl is used as a flavoring agent in some liquids used in electronic cigarettes. People nearby may be exposed to it in the exhaled aerosol at levels near the limit set for occupational exposure.

In alcoholic beverages
In some styles of beer (e.g. in many beer styles produced in the United Kingdom, such as stouts, English bitters, and Scottish ales), the presence of diacetyl can be acceptable or desirable at low or, in some cases, moderate levels. In other styles, its presence is considered a flaw or undesirable.

Diacetyl is produced during fermentation as a byproduct of valine synthesis, when yeast produces α-acetolactate, which escapes the cell and is spontaneously decarboxylated into diacetyl. The yeast then absorbs the diacetyl, and reduces the ketone groups to form acetoin and 2,3-butanediol.

Beer sometimes undergoes a "diacetyl rest", in which its temperature is raised slightly for two or three days after fermentation is complete, to allow the yeast to absorb the diacetyl it produced earlier in the fermentation cycle. The makers of some wines, such as chardonnay, deliberately promote the production of diacetyl because of the feel and flavor it imparts. Diacetyl is present in some chardonnays known as "butter bombs", although there is a trend back toward the more traditional French styles.

Concentrations from 0.005 mg/L to 1.7 mg/L were measured in chardonnay wines, and the amount needed for the flavor to be noticed is at least 0.2 mg/L.

Butter-flavoring controversy
Chronic industrial exposure to diacetyl fumes, such as in the microwave popcorn production industry, has been associated with bronchiolitis obliterans, a rare and life-threatening form of non-reversible obstructive lung disease in which the bronchioles (small airway branches) are compressed and narrowed by fibrosis (scar tissue) and/or inflammation.

Regulation
The European Commission has declared diacetyl is legal for use as a flavouring substance in all EU states. As a diketone, diacetyl is included in the EU's flavouring classification Flavouring Group Evaluation 11 (FGE.11). A Scientific Panel of the EU Commission evaluated six flavouring substances (not including diacetyl) from FGE.11 in 2004. As part of this study, the panel reviewed available studies on several other flavourings in FGE.11, including diacetyl. Based on the available data, the panel reiterated the finding that there were no safety concerns for diacetyl's use as a flavouring.

In 2007, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the EU's food safety regulatory body, stated its scientific panel on food additives and flavourings (AFC) was evaluating diacetyl along with other flavourings as part of a larger study.

In 2007, the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association recommended reducing diacetyl in butter flavorings. Manufacturers of butter flavored popcorn including Pop Weaver, Trail's End, and ConAgra Foods (maker of Orville Redenbacher's and Act II) began removing diacetyl as an ingredient from their products.

A 2010 U.S. OSHA Safety and Health Information Bulletin and companion Worker Alert recommend employers use safety measures to minimize exposure to diacetyl or its substitutes.

In 2016, diacetyl was banned in e-liquids/e-cigarettes in the EU under the EU Tobacco Products Directive.

title: Diacetyl


text:
Talk:7-Zip

Strange "repository" URL
I don't think that Sourceforge file list pages are normally considered to be source code repositories; is it really appropriate to use that Infobox field for this link? (Yes, I realize tat the real problem is that 7-zip doesn't have a public VCS archive of even released versions, and we can't fix that here. Nevertheless, we can at least avoid giving people false hope, can't we?) —SamB (talk) 12:16, 4 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Support. Best regards, Codename Lisa (talk) 14:20, 5 October 2016 (UTC)

should external codecs be mentioned ?
Hallo,

7-Zip supports external codecs, which have to be registered with Igor Pavlov. Up to now there are two authors, which have created external codecs for 7-Zip:
 * 1) LZHAM Codec (by Rich Geldreich)
 * 2) Brotli, Zstandard, Lizard, Lz4, Lz5 via 7-Zip-ZS Edition (by me, Tino Reichardt)

I am the author of 7-Zip-ZS Edition... this is the reason for not directly editing the 7-Zip article... but the talk page ;) --Mcmilk (talk) 20:31, 20 June 2017 (UTC)
 * The problem facing articles like this is that Wikipedia has thousands of "popular culture" articles featuring stuff like wrestling, TV, comics, beauty contests, and many more. In an attempt to put some kind of limit on junk, the general rule is that it is not satisfactory for an editor to add things which they find interesting based on primary sources. As a simple example, if a major newspaper (major = known for reliable stuff, not made-up) wrote an article mentioning the significance of codecs in 7-Zip or the response to them, the information should be in the article. Otherwise, probably not. And the problem I mentioned is that media outlets generally don't care about software, particularly free software. That's why there are thousands of articles on trivia but useful information on software is often missing. Johnuniq (talk) 23:02, 20 June 2017 (UTC)
 * What does this mean ? Should I add it to the page, or should I just delte my comment here ? Mcmilk (talk) 21:08, 21 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Sorry about my mysterious comment about the inner workings, and thanks for your work on the codecs! Please add some text and we will see what happens. If you can find an independent source mentioning the codecs, that would be useful too. If there is a problem with formatting, I can fix it. My comment was saying that while the text could be added, someone might come along later and remove it for the reasons I mentioned. I'm trying to explain the background so if that happens it won't be seen as some kind of objection to the particular links mentioned. It would be best to not delete your comment. Johnuniq (talk) 00:59, 22 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Regardless of what is done with the article, do not delete your comment here. Since it's been replied to, the full thread should be maintained. If the issue comes up in the future, editors can see what's already been discussed; or if the article is changed, editors can see why. —C.Fred (talk) 17:51, 15 July 2017 (UTC)

Frisian
The article uses the word Frisian. This should be replaced, as the articles are Frisian languages and West Frisian language.Sarcelles (talk) 08:13, 29 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Hey. I know you've probably read that there are three varieties of Frisian (West Frisian, Saterland Frisian, and North Frisian) which are mutually unintelligible. But that's not the whole story.
 * Firstly, 7-Zip 16.04 has clarified exactly which Frisian: Frysk. That would be West Frisian.
 * Secondly, I've seen the word "Frisian" being used as the name of the language and nobody asks which one. Apparently, everyone knows to what variant "Frisian" refers. I don't know how, but I understand it, because I've seen other such phenomenon. For example, when someone says "it is Korean", nobody asks "North Korean or South Korean?" Everybody means South Korean. As another example, when people say "virtualization" but don't specify its kind, they mean "hardware virtualization". As yet another example, when I hear "he is an artist", I rule out writer, poet, actor, photographer, musician, architect, animator, clown and mime.
 *  Fleet  Command ( Speak your mind! ) 18:40, 29 August 2017 (UTC)

Security-Risk: Avoid 7-Zip

 * Security-Risk: Avoid 7-Zip, Posted on 2018-02-21, by guenni, Born's Tech and Windows World  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Clanksided (talk • contribs) 22:03, 4 March 2018 (UTC)

 * I tried to download it and it flagged my computer. I am not taking any chances. --50.32.119.84 (talk) 02:09, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

 * Your comment gives little information, and definitely none of any actual value. This is simply FUD. I've used 7-zip practically since it first came out twenty two years ago. Other things have caused problems on my various computers, 7-zip never has. Anastrophe (talk) 06:56, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

Bannded in Russia
Official site have been banned in Russia for 2 years. Shouldn't it be mentioned in the article? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 185.124.154.124 (talk) 11:15, 13 July 2019 (UTC)

New official Linux CLI
See the SF changelog, "The command line version of 7-Zip for Linux was released.", this should be mentioned. WhoAteMyButter ( 📨 │ 📝 ) 21:22, 13 March 2021 (UTC)

7-zip is not free software
Because of the unrar restriction, the article should be changed to reflect this 2A00:23C7:46B0:9401:447E:87BA:6743:55F3 (talk) 23:05, 23 March 2023 (UTC)
 * That does not alter its free and open source status. cheers. anastrophe, an editor he is. 23:11, 23 March 2023 (UTC)

Messed up stable release in the infobox
Seems like something went wrong with a template, can someone fix? I tried but for the life of me cannot find the "Stable release" section in the source ─╣ Theooolone ── Talk ╠─ 18:51, 26 February 2024 (UTC)
 * The stable release information is in Wikidata, not anywhere on the page or in any "Latest stable release" template. There's a small image of a pencil in the stable release information; selecting that will take you to the Wikidata page for 7-Zip.  (I don't know what's provided for vision-impaired users.) Guy Harris (talk) 23:42, 28 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:7-Zip


text:
From the Cradle

From the Cradle is the twelfth solo studio album by Eric Clapton, released on 12 September 1994 by Warner Bros. Records. A blues cover album and Clapton's follow-up to his successful 1992 live album, Unplugged, it is his only UK number-one album to date.

Although he had long been associated with the blues, From the Cradle was Clapton's first attempt at an all-blues album. He would subsequently record Riding with the King with B.B. King; a tribute to Robert Johnson, Me and Mr. Johnson; and a collaboration with J. J. Cale, The Road to Escondido.

Title
The title comes from the last line of a four-line poem written by Clapton (and which he never set to music) and printed in his own handwriting on the second page of the CD booklet: "All along this path I tread / My heart betrays my weary head / with nothing but my love to save / from the cradle to the grave."

Critical reception
From the Cradle has prompted a wide range of critical response. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic feels that the album is almost perfect, with Clapton's guitar soloing "original and captivating". The weakness for him is Clapton's singing, which attempts to merely imitate the original singers, but is laboured or overly emotive, and falls short of the originals. Tom Sinclair of Entertainment Weekly felt that the recordings were "flawlessly faithful" but rather boring, especially compared with the inspiration evident in Cream's live version of "Spoonful". The Music Box ' s John Metzger felt that Clapton's appearance on Saturday Night Live to promote the record was more powerful than the album itself, which was a "perfunctory" performance lacking any originality. Robert Christgau compared Eric Clapton's work on the album to Son Seals and Otis Rush, saying that Clapton played better than the former, but sang worse than the latter and felt that "Motherless Child" and "Blues Before Sunrise" were stand-out tracks on the album.

According to the liner notes, the album was almost entirely recorded live in the studio with no overdubs or edits, the only overdubs being featured on "How Long Blues" (dobro) and "Motherless Child" (drums).

The album won Clapton the 1995 Grammy Award for Best Traditional Blues Album and he received a further nomination for Album of the Year.

In July 2014, Guitar World placed From the Cradle on their list "Superunknown: 50 Iconic Albums That Defined 1994".

Track listing

 * 1) "Blues Before Sunrise" (Leroy Carr) – 2:58 this version is inspired also by Elmore James's rendition of the song
 * 2) "Third Degree" (Eddie Boyd, Willie Dixon) – 5:07
 * 3) "Reconsider Baby" (Lowell Fulson) – 3:20
 * 4) "Hoochie Coochie Man" (Dixon) – 3:16 originally performed by Muddy Waters
 * 5) "Five Long Years" (Boyd) – 4:47
 * 6) "I'm Tore Down" (Sonny Thompson) – 3:02 originally performed by Freddie King
 * 7) "How Long Blues" (Carr) – 3:09
 * 8) "Goin' Away Baby" (James A. Lane) – 4:00
 * 9) "Blues Leave Me Alone" (Lane) – 3:36
 * 10) "Sinner's Prayer" (Lloyd Glenn, Fulson) – 3:20
 * 11) "Motherless Child" (Robert Hicks) – 2:57
 * 12) "It Hurts Me Too" (Tampa Red) – 3:17 credited in the booklet to Elmore James, whose version was the blueprint for this one
 * 13) "Someday After a While" (Freddy King, Thompson) – 4:27
 * 14) "Standin' Round Crying" (McKinley Morganfield) – 3:39
 * 15) "Driftin'" (Charles Brown, Johnny Moore, Eddie Williams) (Johnny Moore's Three Blazers) – 3:10
 * 16) "Groaning the Blues" (Dixon) – 6:05 originally performed by Otis Rush

Personnel
Musicians
 * Eric Clapton – guitars, vocals
 * Andy Fairweather Low – guitars
 * Chris Stainton – keyboards
 * Dave Bronze – bass
 * Jim Keltner – drums
 * Richie Hayward – percussion on "How Long Blues"
 * Jerry Portnoy – harmonica
 * The Kick Horns – horn arrangements
 * Simon Clarke – baritone saxophone
 * Tim Sanders – tenor saxophone
 * Roddy Lorimer – trumpet

Production
 * Producers – Eric Clapton and Russ Titelman
 * Engineers – Alan Douglas (Tracks 1–6 & 8–16); Alex Haas (Track 7).
 * Assistant Engineers – Giles Cowley and Julie Gardiner
 * Mixing – Alan Douglas and Russ Titelman
 * Mastered by Ted Jensen at Sterling Sound (New York, NY).
 * Guitar Technician – Lee Dickson
 * Equipment Technician – Ravi Sharman
 * Project Coordinator – Mick Double
 * Design – Wherefore Art?
 * Cover Photography – Eric Clapton
 * Photography – Jack English

title: From the Cradle


text:
Talk:Oxo Tower

Comments
I've just removed the section on that euphemistic meaning for oxo tower. Come on, surely that isn't necessary?? And it's an example of whatsit... y'know when an article only has references to things that have happened very recently. I think this article could be expanded in other ways though, I've added it to my to-do list. »» M ª «« (talk) 22:38, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

I have restored the omitted section see Wikipedia:GF, it is possibly more a reflection on you than the original editor that you feel this is a 'thinly veiled reference' to anal sex Freudian_slip. There is a restaurant at the top of the OXO tower it is also rather expensive ( & ). This is the kind of information that may be useful to potential visitors who wish to know whether to visit the top of the tower. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.36.113.72 (talk) 20:18, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

Removed from the page: the "taking you up the OXO tower" joke. -- The Anome 00:30, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

So, when was it built? Wondering simply, -- Infrogmation 18:07, 18 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * My guess would be 1920s - 1930s. Looks a bit art decoish. Probably more info on the web somewhere... Lee M 04:05, 24 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Why remove reference to the joke? The surely the euphemism is more famous than the building itself? - User:84.92.175.200 22:22, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I guess that probably depends on your geographical and cultural background. I've never heard of the euphemistic meaning before, and I've visited the place many times. But then I didn't grow up in London. On the other hand it isn't WP's job to do original research on playground slang, so we should only report usage like this if there are already good sources we can cite. So if you feel this needs to be included, first find a source (or even better a couple of sources) in some reputable publication or web site, and cite them.-- Chris j wood 16:18, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I've just removed this again. Principally because the editor who put it in tried to make out that a cite I'd added for something quite different covered this usage. Not sure if it was malicious or just inexperienced editing, but either way enough to justify reverting. -- Chris j wood 16:18, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

Meaning
My travel guide tells this was build by company named Oxo, who were selling a beef product with that name. Also told is that they sort of advertised the company with the tower, even though it was forbidden at the river bank. 85.217.42.90 (talk) 05:00, 22 July 2013 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved. Unopposed for over two weeks. Jenks24 (talk) 12:34, 11 August 2014 (UTC)

OXO Tower → Oxo Tower – not an acronym and not supported by the bulk of the text. --Relisted. Armbrust The Homunculus 12:05, 2 August 2014 (UTC) Kintetsubuffalo (talk) 09:32, 26 July 2014 (UTC)

 * Comment is this so called because of the X stuck between two clock faces? If so, it could be O-X-O, thus acronymistic -- 65.94.169.222 (talk) 08:53, 27 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Any evidence of that?--67.68.162.111 (talk) 19:44, 27 July 2014 (UTC)

 * Comment. Almost every reference I can find has it as OXO. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:33, 30 July 2014 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Oxo Tower