text:
Talk:Elizabeth Barrett Browning

Biography assessment rating comment
WikiProject Biography Assessment

Close to being a B, but could use citations, references, and certainly could be longer.

The article may be improved by following the WikiProject Biography 11 easy steps to producing at least a B article. -- Yamara 04:38, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

Early Life
"Elizabeth was very close to her siblings while playing the maternal role..."

 * What happened to their mother? I gather she must have died at some point after giving birth to the twelfth child, but when and how? Also, it isn't clear when the family returned to England. Another biography says she was the first in her family in a long time to be born in England.     Ileanadu (talk) 18:04, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

I've added a sentence about her residence in Sidmouth 1833-1835 and image of the blue plaque on which this is recorded. LuciusAeliusSejanus (talk) 17:38, 12 March 2016 (UTC)

Discussion
The recent (8 April 2008) change to the Literary Significance section of EBB's page seem quite idiosyncratic and indeed hostile. Who are the "many well-respected literary critics who question" the assessment today of her as one of the great English poets? Many more in the last two decades have championed the idea that her work was and has continued to be influential, with, for example, more poems by her included in anthologies (see Mermin and Tucker) and more serious commentary on her work, as recorded in _Victorian Poetry_'s "Year's Work" section. Too, fuller entries in reference works such as the DNB and CBELL indicate the growing recognition of her literary importance. And a five-volume scholarly edition is underway for Pickering & Chatto (Donaldson, ed.), the first in over a century. The specific failings the contributor lists are personal opinions not shared by any other scholars that I'm aware of (Harold Bloom is a notorious exception). Terms like "overly sentimental," "in poor taste" (how can meter and rhyme be in poor taste?), and "slavish adherence" are inaccurate and/or impressionistic.Suzibear (talk) 18:01, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

How accurate is the Book/Film The Barrets of Wimpole Street---I just saw the Norma Shearer/Charles Laughton version from the 30s---Laughton is terrific as te tyrannical, unfeeling father. Is that an accurate portrayal? The article here makes him seem fairly innocuous...not to say benign.

Did she have tuberculosis? I thought it was some chronic bronchial diseaase that I forget the name of.--Marj 18:02, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

It wasn't properly diagnosed at the time and what it was is still uncertain today. Some lung complaint but that's all we know. -- Derek Ross

When the article says, "Shortly afterwards the abolition of slavery, of which he had been a disinterested supporter, considerably reduced Mr. Barrett's means: he accordingly disposed of his estate and removed with his family first to Sidmouth and afterwards to London. " does it mean that Mr. Barrett was a disinterested supporter of abolition, or of slavery?Uncle Pavian

Non Sequitur
The main page says: "of which he had been a disinterested supporter, considerably reduced Mr. Barrett's means" but "disinterested" often means not having a financial interest. Perhaps it should read: "of which he had been an inactive supporter, considerably reduced Mr. Barrett's means." or "of which he had been an uninterested supporter, considerably reduced Mr. Barrett's means" 24.8.160.40 01:35, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

Just thought I'd let you know that disinterested actually refers to impartiality. 09:59, 28 October 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.216.30.233 (talk)

Major cleanup
I've just done a major cleanup of this article: previously the biography section had two biographies end-to-end, plus some other stuff not really suitable to be under this heading. I've tried to integrate the two biographies into one, and put some leftover material in a new section, but since I'm not personally familiar with all the details, whoever knows better please proof-read the result and fix any inadvertent errors that may have been introduced. Thanks!—Tetracube (talk) 20:11, 22 September 2008 (UTC)

I've had a go too. I've cleaned up the punctuation and writing not apt for an encyclopedic entry but it's still pretty horrible in parts. Most is without specific references. I'm not familiar with the details either - I just edited for readability, syntax and punctation. It wouldn't be hard to clean it up more, give a more scholarly tone and a bit of juice. It's dry dry dry at the moment, I think Spanglej (talk) 01:07, 18 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Please refrain from punctating Wikipedia. It's spotty enough as it is. ;-) Unfree (talk) 03:41, 14 November 2009 (UTC)

Refs
Have reduced tags to those at head of article - no need for tags to outnumber paragraphs in art. Added ref & bib section with a few refs to get ball rolling. Have at it Betty Browning fans.Tttom1 (talk) 04:11, 4 November 2008 (UTC)

Article is the same, pretty much word for word, as the essay here: http://www.usp.nus.edu.sg/landow/victorian/authors/ebb/ebbio.html - by Glenn Everett, Associate Professor of English, University of Tennessee at Martin, and Jason B. Isaacs '93Tttom1 (talk) 05:29, 4 November 2008 (UTC)

Hmph, apparently somebody copied-n-pasted the whole thing into the article, before I came along, unsuspecting, and merged it with the other biography (that also looked like it was copy-n-pasted from somewhere else). I kept it mostly verbatim except a few changes here and there to make things flow more smoothly. What do we do in such cases? I'm not sure this falls under fair use, since pretty much the entire article was quoted verbatim, and that without attribution.—Tetracube (talk) 01:05, 6 November 2008 (UTC)

 * This looks like pretty clear plagiarism, possibly a copyright violation. According to Copyright problems: "Material whose presence on Wikipedia infringes copyright (ie. the material is not Public Domain, licensed under the GFDL or specifically licensed to Wikipedia on suitable terms) should, as a general rule, be removed." There is also a tag that blanks the entire page.Tttom1 (talk) 02:31, 11 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I have added a tag that should get an administrator to look at the page and decide what to do.Tttom1 (talk) 02:43, 11 November 2008 (UTC)

 * The end section paragraphs from: "It is still unclear what..." thru "...the rest of her poetry" are cut & paste from Everett's pieceTttom1 (talk) 03:06, 11 November 2008 (UTC)

 * it is certainly not fair use. But I declined a tagging for speedy deletion as copyvio as it was not introduced at a single time, and there are very old noncopyvio versions. I've identified & blocked the person who--repeatedly--introduced the material discussed above. ( It can happen that such a copy is the other way round, but not this time, as the source does  have an asserted date of 1987) -- The best solution is to rewrite it quickly--using the material in that article and some other sources as a reference. If nobody wants to do that, the best temporary solution would be to replace with a PD source, like the old EB.    I don't like using the old EB, but it would do in an emergency. I'll come back tomorrow and check which, or remove at least the most recent copyvio leaving subsequent contributions.    DGG (talk) 03:56, 11 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Removed a couple more paragraphs that were cut & pastes from Everett article and added external link to that article.Tttom1 (talk) 23:42, 15 November 2008 (UTC)

This article states that Elizabeth Barrett Browning died on june 29.1861. She actually died on June 30, 1861. This really isn't a big mistake ,but this mistake can be easily corrected. (Thankyou) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.204.165.102 (talk) 02:33, 13 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I think this article has a chance of passing GAR if the section on Publication can be cleaned up to give more info on the works and less on her life, and most of the info in that area is not cited at all. Mrathel (talk) 14:25, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

Critical Reception
Something seems to be missing from the end of this sentence in the last paragraph:

 * "she believed that there was an inferiority of intellect in women and that women."                 Ileanadu (talk) 18:37, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

Robert Browning
How can helping Elizabeth recover her social skills be considered an "undermining influence"? Unfree (talk) 03:25, 14 November 2009 (UTC)

Became at service
"Elizabeth's loyal nurse, Wilson, who witnessed the marriage at the church, accompanied the couple to Italy and became at service to them." What does that mean? Unfree (talk) 03:35, 14 November 2009 (UTC)

Last name
Why was Elizabeth's last name different from that of her father? "Elizabeth Barrett Moulton-Barrett was born... Her parents were Edward Barrett Moulton Barrett and Mary Graham-Clarke..." Unfree (talk) 03:56, 14 November 2009 (UTC)
 * It was never different: there is a typographical error, obviously. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.183.157.148 (talk) 00:37, 28 December 2009 (UTC)

Extreme trivia
The Charlie Brown reference at the end of the article "sehr dumm und wertlos ist."Lestrade (talk) 17:27, 11 December 2009 (UTC)Lestrade
 * I agree. Such trivia always makes it way in at some point or another. I am sure there would be little objection if the fact were removed. Mrathel (talk) 19:06, 11 December 2009 (UTC)

Influence of E.B.B. on Emily Dickinson
"Her poetry greatly influenced Emily Dickinson, who admired her as a woman of achievement."

Emily Dickinson certainly admired E.B.B. greatly, as a poet and "as a woman of achievement" She had a portrait of Elizabeth Barrett Browning on her wall,along with another one of George Eliot. But I think it's not really accurate to say that "Her poetry" greatly influenced Emily Dickinson. E.Dickinson's poetry is totally original and certainly very different from that of Elisabeth B.B., in its content and especially in its form. BlueSkies999 (talk) 22:07, 4 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I would not question Emily Dickinson's innovations and power as a poet, but it is not the case that she was 'totally original' and not influenced by Elizabeth Barrett Browning. In ED's poem to EBB opening "I think I was enchanted / When first I read ... that Foreign Lady" ED says this:
 * I could not have defined the change— / Conversion of the Mind / Like Sanctifying in the Soul— / Is witnessed—not explained— // 'Twas a Divine Insanity— / The Danger to be Sane / Should I again experience— / 'Tis Antidote to turn— // To Tomes of solid Witchcraft— / Magicians be asleep— / But Magic—hath an Element / Like Deity—to keep—
 * Similarly, ED acknowledges her predecessor in "Her 'Last Poems'", written shortly after EBB's death. Exuberance and imaginative reach are characteristics of both poets. 208.107.212.199 (talk) 20:50, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

Works, First Publication section
Was wondering if the wikitable in this section is really needed? It looks bulky and seems out of place. I have checked similar articles and bulleted lists are more common. Would anyone object to getting rid of the table and going back to a bulleted list? I have checked the talkpage - the table was added with no discussion. - Josette (talk) 01:58, 13 March 2010 (UTC)

Publication of the "Brownings' Correspondence" (begun in 1984) makes some info in secondary sources incorrect
The letters of Barrett Browning (now at vol. 16, covering the years 1849-51) and her Diary of 1831-2 give us her own words as well as annotations by the highly respected editors at Wedgestone Press. Drawing on her own words, a primary source, is more reliable than referring to older secondary sources. Mander, Hewlett, and Taplin did important work in the mid 20th century, but more recent work by Mermin, Stone, Leighton and others benefits from access to these original sources. Also, much language from Glenn Everett's Victorian Web piece remains in this entry. It is cited once and the website is linked, but taking his language without indicating that it is his isn't kosher. The piece itself isn't very well documented/sourced. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Suzibear (talk • contribs) 06:23, 11 June 2010 (UTC)

Image caption
I really don't know where to leave this, but there is a picture on the page about Elizabeth Barrett Browning that is labeled "Elizabeth Barrett Barrett" instead of "Elizabeth Barrett Browning." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.82.193.197 (talk) 17:19, 14 April 2013 (UTC)

 * And that's intentional. Check out the second paragraph of the Early life section. Rivertorch (talk) 18:26, 14 April 2013 (UTC)

Jamaica
This section is erroneous: "Some of Barrett's family had lived in Jamaica for several centuries. The main wealth of Barrett's household derived from Edward Barrett (1734–1798), landowner of 10,000 acres (40 km2) in Cinnamon Hill, Cornwall, Cambridge, and Oxford estates in northern Jamaica. Barrett Browning's maternal grandfather owned sugar plantations, mills, glassworks and ships that traded between Jamaica and Newcastle. Biographer Julia Markus states that the poet 'believed that she had African blood through her grandfather Charles Moulton'.[1] There is no evidence to suggest that her line of the Barrett family had any African ancestry, although other branches did, through the children of plantation owners and slaves. What the family believed to be their genealogy over several hundred years in the West Indies, is unclear." The Barrett family could not have lived in Jamaica 'for several hundred years' unless they were Arawak Indians. The Spanish began to settle the island in 1509 and the British conquered the island from the Spanish in 1655 and it was at this time that some of the Barrett family lived in Jamaica. Thus, the time span from the Barrett family's presence in Jamaica to Elizabeth Barrett Browning's birth is about 151 years. I have edited the section accordingly. Jm3106jr (talk) 06:58, 6 March 2014 (UTC)

Place of death
All the sources I can find say she died in Florence and was buried there. If anyone still wants to insist on Rome, please provide a good source. Richard75 (talk) 17:56, 6 March 2014 (UTC)

AA as pseudonym
Did she use A.A. as a pseudonym? Oiyarbepsy (talk) 03:11, 21 May 2015 (UTC)

Article Title
I believe the article title should simply be Elizabeth Barrett. This is her most commonly known name, and while she might have published some works under the name "Elizabeth Barrett Browning", she began writing before she married, and I would be surprised if she would take on her husbands name in all her life matters, which most artists and writers do not. HesioneHushabye (talk) 15:06, 25 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks for starting this section. The first eight citations in the article, including the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography from 2004, as well as many others, refer to her as EBB, so I'm seeing little justification for a move. --Mirokado (talk)

Why the first name, "Elizabeth"?
The article refers to her as "Elizabeth" throughout, which seems a bit jarring---the manual of style says to use the family name, so shouldn't it be "Barrett Browning", or something? Vilhelm.s (talk) 02:08, 18 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Possibly to distinguish from her family and, later, her husband. She kept the name of her father and her husband, so it can get confusing if only using surnames. Anna (talk)

Why "Barrett Browning?" Shouldn't it be "Barrett" before her marriage and "Browning" after? It is not customary to refer to women as "maiden name married name". Imagine referring to Elizabeth Warren as "Herring Warren", or to Amy Beach as "Cheney Beach." C. Cerf (talk) 20:26, 8 April 2020 (UTC)

Earliest poems
According to the lead, 'Born in County Durham, the eldest of 11 children, Elizabeth Barrett wrote poetry from the age of eleven'. However, the Early life subsection says, 'She began writing verses at the age of four', and the Publications section states, 'Barrett Browning's first known poem was written at the age of six or eight, "On the Cruelty of Forcement to Man" '. So at what age did she start writing poetry? JezGrove (talk) 22:33, 19 July 2021 (UTC)

 * Good question. If we knew more about this, from the lead, it might help: "Her mother's collection of her poems forms one of the largest extant collections of juvenilia by any English writer." There's no reference given for that sentence, and it doesn't appear to be listed in the Works section. Milkunderwood (talk) 04:47, 1 August 2022 (UTC)

Introduction too long
Several of the paragraphs in the introduction should be moved to the sub-headings in my opinion. I'm happy to do so myself, but hope someone knowledgeable on the topic steps up. Transmogriff (talk) 14:12, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Elizabeth Barrett Browning


text:
Okcheon County

Okcheon County (Okcheon-gun) is a county in North Chungcheong Province, South Korea.

History
Okcheon has been called by various names such as Gosisan-gun, Kwansung, and Hyeonryeong.

Timeline

 * King Gyeongdeok: It was named Gwanseong-gun
 * King Hyeonjong: It was included in Seong-ju, Kyeongsan-bu
 * King Chungseon: It was named Okju

Joseon
In 1413, King Taejong of the Joseon Dynasty named it Okcheon and transferred the jurisdiction of the province from Gyeongsang Province to Chungcheong Province. In 1895, the 26th King Gojong's national administrative adjustment took place and named it Okcheon-gun.

Climate
Okcheon has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dwa), but can be considered a borderline humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa) using the -3 C isotherm.

Administrarive division
It consists of one eup and eight Myeon.
 * Okcehon-eup
 * Dongi-myeon
 * Annam-myeon
 * Annae-myeon
 * Cheongsung-myeon
 * Cheongsan-myeon
 * Iwon-myeon
 * Gunsuh-myeon
 * Gunbuk-myeon

River
The national river Geumgang flows, and 198 small rivers flow in the county.

Highway

 * National Route 3

Expressway

 * Gyeongbu Expressway

Railway

 * Gyeongbu Line
 * Gyeongbu high-speed railway

Twin towns – sister cities
Okcheon is twinned with:

 * 🇯🇵 Gonohe, Aomori, Japan

Prominent individuals

 * Jeong Ji-yong, modernist poet
 * Song Si-yeol, Joseon statesman, Neo-Confucian scholar and philosopher
 * Yuk Young-soo First Lady of Korea, killed during an assassination attempt on her husband, Park Chung Hee
 * Mijoo, member of K-pop girl group Lovelyz
 * Keum Donghyun, member of K-pop boy group Epex

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Okcheon County


text:
Palomar Observatory

Palomar Observatory is an astronomical research observatory in the Palomar Mountains of San Diego County, California, United States. It is owned and operated by the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). Research time at the observatory is granted to Caltech and its research partners, which include the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Yale University, and the National Astronomical Observatories of China.

The observatory operates several telescopes, including the 200 in Hale Telescope, the 48 in Samuel Oschin Telescope (dedicated to the Zwicky Transient Facility, ZTF), the Palomar 60 in Telescope, and the 30 cm Gattini-IR telescope. Decommissioned instruments include the Palomar Testbed Interferometer and the first telescopes at the observatory, an 18 in Schmidt camera from 1936.

Hale's vision for large telescopes and Palomar Observatory
Astronomer George Ellery Hale, whose vision created the Palomar Observatory, built the world's largest telescope four times in succession. He published a 1928 article proposing what was to become the 200-inch Palomar reflector; it was an invitation to the American public to learn about how large telescopes could help answer questions relating to the fundamental nature of the universe. Hale followed this article with a letter to the International Education Board (later absorbed into the General Education Board) of the Rockefeller Foundation dated April 16, 1928, in which he requested funding for this project. In his letter, Hale stated:

"No method of advancing science is so productive as the development of new and more powerful instruments and methods of research. A larger telescope would not only furnish the necessary gain in light space-penetration and photographic resolving power, but permit the application of ideas and devices derived chiefly from the recent fundamental advances in physics and chemistry."

Hale Telescope
The 200-inch telescope is named after astronomer and telescope builder George Ellery Hale. It was built by Caltech with a $6 million grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, using a Pyrex blank manufactured by Corning Glass Works under the direction of George McCauley. Dr. J.A. Anderson was the initial project manager, assigned in the early 1930s. The telescope (the largest in the world at that time) saw first light January 26, 1949, targeting NGC 2261. The American astronomer Edwin Powell Hubble was the first astronomer to use the telescope.

The 200-inch telescope was the largest telescope in the world from 1949 until 1975, when the Russian BTA-6 telescope saw first light. Astronomers using the Hale Telescope have discovered quasars (a subset of what was to become known as Active Galactic Nuclei) at cosmological distances. They have studied the chemistry of stellar populations, leading to an understanding of the stellar nucleosynthesis as to origin of elements in the universe in their observed abundances, and have discovered thousands of asteroids. A one-tenth-scale engineering model of the telescope at Corning Community College in Corning, New York, home of the Corning Glass Works (now Corning Incorporated), was used to discover at least one minor planet, 34419 Corning.

Architecture and design

Russell W. Porter developed the Art Deco architecture of the Observatory's buildings, including the dome of the 200-inch Hale Telescope. Porter was also responsible for much of the technical design of the Hale Telescope and Schmidt Cameras, producing a series of cross-section engineering drawings. Porter worked on the designs in collaboration with many engineers and Caltech committee members.

Max Mason directed the construction and Theodore von Karman was involved in the engineering.

Directors

 * Ira Sprague Bowen, 1948–1964
 * Horace Welcome Babcock, 1964–1978
 * Maarten Schmidt, 1978–1980
 * Gerry Neugebauer, 1980–1994
 * James Westphal, 1994–1997
 * Wallace Leslie William Sargent, 1997–2000
 * Richard Ellis, 2000–2006
 * Shrinivas Kulkarni, 2006–2018
 * Jonas Zmuidzinas, 2018–

Palomar Observatory and light pollution
Much of the surrounding region of Southern California has adopted shielded lighting to reduce the light pollution that would potentially affect the observatory.

Telescopes and instruments

 * The 200 in Hale Telescope was first proposed in 1928 and has been operational since 1949. It was the largest telescope in the world for 26 years.
 * A 60 in reflecting telescope is located in the Oscar Mayer Building, and operates fully robotically. The telescope became operational in 1970, and was built to increase sky access for Palomar astronomers. Among its notable accomplishments is the discovery of the first brown dwarf. The 60-inch telescope currently hosts the SED Machine integral field spectrograph instrument used as part of ZTF transient followup and classification.
 * The 48 in Samuel Oschin Telescope (Schmidt Camera) development began in 1938, and the telescope saw first light in 1948. It was initially called the 48-inch Schmidt, and was dedicated to Samuel Oschin in 1986. Among many notable accomplishments, Oschin observations led to the discovery of the important dwarf planets Eris and Sedna. Eris's discovery initiated discussions in the international astronomy community that led to Pluto being re-classified as a dwarf planet in 2006. The Oschin presently operates fully robotically and hosts the 570-million-pixel ZTF Camera —the discovery engine for the ZTF project.
 * The 40 in WINTER (The Wide-field Infrared Transient Explorer) 1x1-degree reflecting robotic telescope has been operational since 2021. It is dedicated to the seeing-limited time domain survey of the infrared (IR) sky, with a particular emphasis on identifying r-process material in binary neutron star (BNS) merger remnants detected by LIGO. The instrument observes in Y, J, and a short-H (Hs) band tuned to the long-wave cutoff of the InGaAs sensors, covering a wavelength range from 0.9 to 1.7 microns.

Decommissioned instruments

 * An 18 inch Schmidt camera became the first operational telescope at the Palomar in 1936. In the 1930s, Fritz Zwicky and Walter Baade advocated adding survey telescopes at Palomar, and the 18-inch was developed to demonstrate the Schmidt concept. Zwicky used the 18-inch to discover over 100 supernovae in other galaxies. Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 was discovered with this instrument in 1993. It has since been decommissioned and is on display at the small museum/visitor center.
 * The Palomar Testbed Interferometer (PTI) was a multi-telescope instrument that made high-angular-resolution measurements of the apparent sizes and relative positions of stars. The apparent sizes and in some cases shapes of bright stars were measured with PTI, as well as the apparent orbits of multiple stellar systems. PTI operated from 1995 to 2008.
 * The Palomar Planet Search Telescope (PPST), also known as Sleuth, was a 10 cm robotic telescope that operated from 2003 until 2008. It was dedicated to the search for planets around other stars using the transit method. It operated in conjunction with telescopes at Lowell Observatory and in the Canary Islands as part of the Trans-Atlantic Exoplanet Survey (TrES).

Research

Palomar Observatory remains an active research facility, operating multiple telescopes every clear night, and supporting a large international community of astronomers who study a broad range of research topics.

The Hale Telescope remains in active research use and operates with a diverse instrument suite of optical and near-infrared spectrometers and imaging cameras at multiple foci. The Hale also operates with a multi-stage, high-order adaptive optics system to provide diffraction-limited imaging in the near-infrared. Key historical science results with the Hale include cosmological measurement of the Hubble flow, the discovery of quasars as the precursor of Active Galactic Nuclei, and studies of stellar populations and stellar nucleosynthesis.

The Oschin and 60-inch telescopes operate robotically and together support a major transient astronomy program, the Zwicky Transient Facility.

The Oschin was created to facilitate astronomical reconnaissance, and has been used in many notable astronomical surveys—among them are:

POSS-I
The initial Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS or POSS-I), sponsored by the National Geographic Institute, was completed in 1958. The first plates were exposed in November 1948 and the last in April 1958. This survey was performed using 14-inch2 (6-degree2) blue-sensitive (Kodak 103a-O) and red-sensitive (Kodak 103a-E) photographic plates on the Oschin Telescope. The survey covered the sky from a declination of +90° (celestial north pole) to −27° and all right ascensions and had a sensitivity to +22 magnitudes (about 1 million times fainter than the limit of human vision). A southern extension extending the sky coverage of the POSS to −33° declination was shot in 1957–1958. The final POSS I dataset consisted of 937 plate pairs.

The Digitized Sky Survey (DSS) produced images which were based on the photographic data developed in the course of POSS-I.

J.B. Whiteoak, an Australian radio astronomer, used the same instrument to extend POSS-I data south to −42° declination. Whiteoak's observations used using the same field centers as the corresponding northern declination zones. Unlike POSS-I, the Whiteoak extension consisted only of red-sensitive (Kodak 103a-E) photographic plates.

POSS-II
The Second Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS II, sometimes Second Palomar Sky Survey) was performed in the 1980s and 1990s and made use of better, faster films and an upgraded telescope. The Oschin Schmidt was upgraded with an achromatic corrector and provisions for autoguiding. Images were recorded in three wavelengths: blue (IIIaJ. 480 nm), red (IIIaF, 650 nm), and near-infrared (IVN, 850 nm) plates. Observers on POSS II included C. Brewer, D. Griffiths, W. McKinley, J. Dave Mendenhall, K. Rykoski, Jeffrey L. Phinney, and Jean Mueller (who discovered over 100 supernovae by comparing the POSS I and POSS II plates). Mueller also discovered several comets and minor planets during the course of POSS II, and the bright Comet Wilson 1986 was discovered by then-graduate-student C. Wilson early in the survey.

Until the completion of the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS), POSS II was the most extensive wide-field sky survey. When completed, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey will surpass POSS I and POSS II in depth, although the POSS covers almost 2.5 times more area on the sky.

POSS II also exists in digitized form (that is, the photographic plates were scanned) as part of the Digitized Sky Survey (DSS).

QUEST
The multi-year POSS projects were followed by the Palomar Quasar Equatorial Survey Team (QUEST) Variability survey. This survey yielded results that were used by several projects, including the Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking project. Another program that used the QUEST results discovered 90377 Sedna on 14 November 2003, and around 40 Kuiper belt objects. Other programs that share the camera are Shri Kulkarni's search for gamma-ray bursts (this takes advantage of the automated telescope's ability to react as soon as a burst is seen and take a series of snapshots of the fading burst), Richard Ellis's search for supernovae to test whether the universe's expansion is accelerating or not, and S. George Djorgovski's quasar search.

The camera for the Palomar QUEST Survey was a mosaic of 112 charge-coupled devices (CCDs) covering the whole (4° × 4°) field of view of the Schmidt telescope. At the time it was built, it was the largest CCD mosaic used in an astronomical camera. This instrument was used to produce The Big Picture, the largest astronomical photograph ever produced. The Big Picture is on display at Griffith Observatory.

Current research
Current research programs on the 200-inch Hale Telescope cover the range of the observable universe, including studies on near-Earth asteroids, outer Solar System planets, Kuiper Belt objects, star formation, exoplanets, black holes and x-ray binaries, supernovae and other transient source followup, and quasars/Active Galactic Nuclei.

The 48-inch Samuel Oschin Schmidt Telescope operates robotically, and supports a new transient astronomy sky survey, the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF).

The 60-inch telescope operates robotically, and supports ZTF by providing rapid, low-dispersion optical spectra for initial transient classification using the for-purpose Spectral Energy Distribution Machine (SEDM) integral field spectrograph.

Visiting and public engagement
Palomar Observatory is an active research facility. However, selected observatory areas are open to the public during the day. Visitors can take self-guided tours of the 200-inch telescope daily from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. The observatory is open 7 days a week, year round, except for December 24 and 25 and during times of inclement weather. Guided tours of the 200-inch Hale Telescope dome and observing area are available Saturdays and Sundays from April through October. Behind-the-scenes tours for the public are offered through the community support group, Palomar Observatory Docents.

Palomar Observatory also has an on-site museum—the Greenway Visitor Center, containing observatory and astronomy-relevant exhibits, a gift shop, and hosts periodic public events.

For those unable to travel to the observatory, Palomar provides an extensive virtual tour that provides virtual access to all the major research telescopes on-site and the Greenway Center and has extensive embedded multimedia to provide additional context. Similarly the observatory actively maintains an extensive website and YouTube channel to support public engagement.

The observatory is located off State Route 76 in northern San Diego County, California, two hours' drive from downtown San Diego and three hours' drive from central Los Angeles (UCLA, LAX airport). Those staying at the nearby Palomar Campground can visit Palomar Observatory by hiking 2.2 mi up Observatory Trail.

Climate
Palomar has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa).

Selected books

 * 1983 — Calvino, Italo. Mr. Palomar. Torino: G. Einaudi. ISBN 9788806056797; OCLC 461880054
 * 1987 — Preston, Richard. First Light. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 9780871132000; OCLC 16004290
 * 1994 — Florence, Ronald. The Perfect Machine. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 9780060182052; OCLC 611549937
 * 2010 — Brown, Michael E. How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming. Spiegel & Grau. ISBN 0-385-53108-7; OCLC 495271396
 * 2020 — Schweizer, Linda. Cosmic Odyssey. MIT Press ISBN 978-0-262-04429-5

title: Palomar Observatory


text: User talk:210.118.226.80

title: User talk:210.118.226.80


text:
100th Window

100th Window is the fourth studio album by English electronic music group Massive Attack, released on 10 February 2003 by Virgin Records. The album was mainly produced by lead member Robert Del Naja, as the group's producer Andrew Vowles departed shortly after the release of their previous album Mezzanine (1998), and Grant Marshall opted out of the production of the album. 100th Window features vocals from regular guest Horace Andy, as well as newcomers Sinéad O'Connor and Damon Albarn (performing as 2D from Gorillaz). Stylistically, it is the first album by the group to make no use of existing samples, and contains none of the hip hop or jazz fusion styles that the group were initially known for.

Background
Del Naja initially conceived of 100th Window in its untitled form in early 2000 at the Christchurch Studios in Clifton, Bristol, recruiting Lupine Howl, a band made up of ex-members of Spiritualized, for the new project. In a November 2001 interview, Lupine Howl's lead singer Sean Cook described the sessions as "very experimental [...] minimal loops and noises that were fed to our headphones from the computer up in the control room. Then we would have this sort of extended jam session playing along to them and they would do various things to do the loops." Del Naja and Davidge also maintained a strobe light in their studio while the band jammed, dictating the intensity of their performances with the lighting. However, in a post to Massive Attack's forums in July 2002, Del Naja subsequently announced that the band had become "very unhappy with the shapes being formed", and that by the beginning of 2002 they had discarded most of the material that was written up to that point; the September 11 attacks also motivated him to depart from the original tone of the album.

Reception
Initial critical response to 100th Window was positive. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has received an average score of 75, based on 25 reviews.

As of February 2010, the album had sold 180,000 copies in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan.

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of 100th Window.

Musicians

 * Alex Swift – additional programming, keyboards
 * Sinéad O'Connor – vocals
 * Horace Andy – vocals
 * Robert Del Naja – vocals, string arrangement
 * Angelo Bruschini – guitar
 * Damon Reece – drums
 * Jon Harris – bass
 * Stuart Gordon – violin
 * Skaila Kanga – harp
 * Craig Pruess – string arrangement, conducting
 * Neil Davidge – string arrangement
 * Gavyn Wright – orchestra leader
 * 2-D (performed by Damon Albarn) – backing vocals on "Small Time Shot Away"

Technical

 * Robert Del Naja – production
 * Neil Davidge – production
 * Alex Swift – additional programming, keyboards
 * Lee Shephard – recording, engineering
 * Mark "Spike" Stent – mixing
 * Paul "P Dub" Walton – mixing assistance
 * David Treahearn – mixing assistance
 * Robert Haggett – mixing assistance
 * Tim Young – mastering
 * Mike Ross – recording

Artwork

 * Robert Del Naja – art direction, design
 * Tom Hingston – art direction, design
 * Nick Knight – photography

title: 100th Window


text:
Yeongdong County

Yeongdong County is a county in North Chungcheong Province, South Korea. The county should not be confused with the similarly named Yeongdong region.

During the Korean War, this county was the site of the No Gun Ri Massacre.

Climate
Yeongdong has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dwa), but can be considered a borderline humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa) using the -3 C isotherm.

Tourist spot
8 Scenic Sites of Hancheon
 * Wollyu-bong
 * Sanyang-byeok
 * Cheonghak-gul
 * Yongyeon-dae
 * Naengcheon-jeong
 * Beopjon-am
 * Sagung-bong
 * Hwaeon-ak

Twin towns – sister cities
Yeongdong is twinned with:

Domestic

 * Seodaemun-gu, Seoul
 * Yongsan-gu, Seoul
 * Gangnam-gu, Seoul
 * Osan, Gyeonggi

International

 * Fangchenggang, Guangxi, China
 * 🇵🇭 Dumaguete, Philippines
 * 🇺🇸 Alameda, United States of America

title: Yeongdong County


text:
James Napper Tandy

James Napper Tandy (February 1739 – 24 August 1803), known as Napper Tandy, was an Irish revolutionary and a founder of the United Irishmen. He experienced exile, first in the United States and then in France, for his role in attempting to advance a republican insurrection in Ireland with French assistance.

Political activism
A Dubliner, a Protestant (Church of Ireland), and the son of an ironmonger, Tandy was baptised (as 'James Naper Tandy') in St. Audoen's Church on 16 February 1739. He went to the famous Quaker boarding school in Ballitore, south Kildare, also attended by Edmund Burke, who was eight years older. He then started life as a small tradesman in Dublin's inner city. He was a churchwarden at St. Audoen's in 1765, and also at another local church (either St. Bride's or St. John's) where he commissioned a new church bell bearing his name, displayed since 1946 on the floor of St. Werburgh's Church.

Turning to politics, he was elected a member of Dublin Corporation representing the Guild of Merchants, and was popular for his denunciation of municipal corruption and his proposal of a boycott of English goods in Ireland in retaliation for the restrictions imposed by the Westminster government on Irish commerce.

In April 1780, Tandy was expelled from the Dublin Volunteers (see Henry Flood) for proposing the expulsion of the Duke of Leinster. He was one of the most conspicuous members of the small revolutionary party, chiefly of the shopkeeper class, that formed a permanent committee in June 1784 to agitate for reform, and called a convention of delegates from all parts of Ireland. This met in October 1784.

Tandy and John Binns persuaded Dublin Corporation to condemn by resolution Pitt's amended commercial resolutions in 1785. He became a member of the Whig Club founded by Henry Grattan, but he identified with its radical faction and actively co-operated with Theobald Wolfe Tone in founding the Society of the United Irishmen in 1791, of which he became the first secretary.

His opinions, strongly influenced by French Revolutionary ideas, now brought Tandy to the notice of the authorities. In February 1792, an allusion in a debate by John Toler, the Attorney General of Ireland, to Tandy's personal ugliness provoked him into sending a challenge to a duel. This was treated by the House of Commons as a breach of a Member's privilege, and a Speaker's warrant was issued for his arrest, which he managed to elude until its validity expired on the prorogation of Parliament. Tandy then took proceedings against the Lord Lieutenant for issuing a proclamation for his arrest; although the action failed, it increased Tandy's popularity, and his expenses were paid by the Society of the United Irishmen.

Planning a revolution in exile
Sympathy with the French Revolution was rapidly spreading in Ireland. A meeting of some 6,000 people in Belfast voted for a congratulatory address to the French nation in July 1791. In the following year, Napper Tandy took a leading part in organising a new military association in Ireland modelled after the French National Guards; they professed republican principles, and on their uniform, the cap of liberty instead of the crown surmounted the Irish harp. Tandy also, with the purpose of bringing about a fusion between the Defenders and the United Irishmen, took the oath of the Defenders, a Roman Catholic society whose agrarian and political violence had been increasing for several years.

He was about to be tried in 1793 for distributing a seditious pamphlet in County Louth when the government found out he had taken the oath of the Defenders. Being threatened with prosecution for this step, and also for libel, he took refuge by changing his Dublin address often. In 1795 he fled to the United States, where he remained until 1798. In February of that year, he went to Paris, where a number of Irish refugees, the most prominent of whom was Wolfe Tone, were assembled, planning rebellion in Ireland to be supported by a French invasion, but quarrelling among themselves over tactics.

Return to Ireland
Tandy accepted the offer of a corvette, (later captured by the British and renamed HMS Anacreon (1799)), from the French government and sailed from Dunkirk accompanied by a few United Irishmen, a small force of men and a considerable quantity of arms and ammunition for distribution in Ireland. He arrived at the isle of Arranmore, off the coast of County Donegal, on 16 September 1798.

The locality, however, was sparsely populated and showed little enthusiasm for joining the expedition. Tandy took possession of the village of Rutland, where he hoisted an Irish flag and issued a proclamation; but learning of the defeat of Humbert's expedition, and that Connaught was now subdued, the futility of the enterprise was soon apparent. Tandy sailed his vessel round the north of Scotland to avoid the British fleet. He reached Bergen in safety having brought with him a British ship captured along the way. Tandy then made his way with three or four companions to the free port of Hamburg, where he met a British officer whom he warned to hide from the French agents. A peremptory demand from the British government to detain the fugitives was acceded to despite a counter-threat from the French Directory. In 1799 HMS Xenophon, under Commander George Sayer, brought Tandy and some of his associates back to England as state prisoners.

Exile
On 12 February 1800, Tandy was put on trial at Dublin and was acquitted. He remained in prison in Lifford Jail in County Donegal until April 1801, when he was tried for the treasonable landing on Rutland Island. He pleaded guilty and was sentenced to death but he was reprieved and allowed to go to France. This leniency may have been partly due to doubts as to the legality of the demand for his surrender by the Hamburg authorities. Moreover, Napoleon vigorously intervened on his behalf and is even said to have made Tandy's release a condition of signing the Treaty of Amiens.

Tandy supported the Haitian Revolution and opposed French attempts to suppress it, saying "we are all of the same family, black and white, the work of the same creator".

Notwithstanding his vices and his lack of all solid capacity, there is no reason to suppose that Napper Tandy was dishonest or insincere; and the manner in which his name was introduced in the well-known ballad "The Wearing of the Green" proves that he succeeded in impressing the popular imagination of the rebel party in Ireland. In France, where his release was regarded as a French diplomatic victory, he was received, in March 1802, as a person of distinction; and when he died on 24 August 1803 in Bordeaux, his funeral "was attended by the whole army in the district and an immense concourse of citizens." There are suggestions that Tandy's remains were later exhumed and returned to Ireland, being buried secretly in an unmarked grave at Castlebellingham Parish Church in County Louth (his niece, Anne Tandy, had married into the Bellingham family). His widow was buried at St. Mary's churchyard, Julianstown, County Meath, where an inscription reads: "To the memory of Mrs Ann Tandy, died 25 Dec 1820, widow of James Napper Tandy, Irish Patriot and General French Army. This stone was erected by their son James Napper Tandy whose youthful son was buried here with Thomas Cannon...".

title: James Napper Tandy


text:
User:Baloo rch

es:User:Baloo_rch fr:User:Baloo_rch de:User:Baloo_rch Chilean, Electronic Engineer. Wikipedian by influence of User:Rodrigob. Seasonal collaborator.

My main interests are:

 * All about Chile.
 * Valparaiso, Chile and the Universidad Técnica Federico Santa Maria University (alma mater).
 * The Scouting movement.

 * Electronics stuff, but it seems it's all written...

 * Pictures I added.

/Sandbox

I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

title: User:Baloo rch


text:
Multatuli

Eduard Douwes Dekker (2 March 1820 – 19 February 1887), better known by his pen name Multatuli (from Latin multa tulī, "I have suffered much"), was a Dutch writer best known for his satirical novel Max Havelaar (1860), which denounced the abuses of colonialism in the Dutch East Indies (today's Indonesia). He is considered one of the Netherlands' greatest authors.

Family and education
Eduard Douwes Dekker was born in Amsterdam, the fourth of five children of a Mennonite family: the other children were Catharina (1809–1849), Pieter Engel (1812–1861), Jan (1816–1864), and Willem (1823–1840). Their mother, Sietske Eeltjes Klein (sometimes written "Klijn"), was born in Ameland.

Multatuli’s father, Engel Douwes Dekker, worked as a sea captain from the Zaan district of North Holland. Engel inherited the surnames of both his parents, Pieter Douwes and Engeltje Dekker, and Multatuli’s family retained both names. Multatuli’s elder brother, Jan Douwes Dekker (1816–1864), was the grandfather of Ernest Douwes Dekker, a politician of Dutch-Javanese descent.

As an adolescent, Multatuli attended school in Amsterdam, at the Latin school located at the Singel. A precursor of the present day Barlaeus Gymnasium. His father originally intended for Eduard to become a minister, though the idea was later abandoned. Eduard then worked for a time at a textile firm, as a clerk.

Natal, Sumatra
In 1838, he left on one of his father's ships for Batavia (present-day Jakarta) in the Dutch East Indies, where over the next two decades he held a series of colonial government posts. Initially employed in the general accounting department, he was promoted in the following years to administrative officer, although he disliked financial work.

In 1842, he was appointed comptroller of the troubled district of Natal, Noord Sumatra, Dutch East Indies (now part of Indonesia).

In 1843 a 13-year-old girl, Si Oepi Ketch, a member of a Sumatran noble family, was offered to Douwes Dekker. Douwes Dekker later described her as "one of my first loves". A lock of hair, which Douwes Dekker kept with him all his life, is still kept at the Multatuli Museum. Back then it was very common to match young native women with single Dutch civil servants.

Financial irregularities and a deficit in funds – at least some of which dated to before his time in office – led to a serious reprimand from the governor of Sumatra's west coastal region, General Andreas Victor Michiels, and to a temporary suspension. Aggrieved, he wrote a revenge play De Oneerbare (The Dishonorable Man), later published as De bruid daarboven (The Upstairs Bride). He would later include a version of this episode in his satirical novel Max Havelaar.

Although the general was later shown to have been in the wrong in the matter of the reprimand, Douwes Dekker himself acknowledged that he was not well suited to administrative work. He annoyed his colleagues not solely by his errors and delays but by not adhering to the unwritten rules of the local civil service. Eventually, after refunding the deficit out of his own pocket, he was put on temporary leave and then transferred elsewhere.

Menado, Ambon, and Lebak
After holding several subordinate government positions in Nanjing in Qing dynasty China and Purworedjo in Java under colonial rule (now part of Indonesia), Douwes Dekker was appointed secretary to the Resident Menado in Noord Celebes (now also part of Indonesia) in 1848. Here his career recovered, at least in part because the Resident, Reinier Scherius, shared his strong sense of fair play towards the indigenous population. On his departure in 1851, Scherius recommended Douwes Dekker as his successor. The government decided otherwise; Multatuli had again amassed a deficit in the official funds and had also run up private debts, a situation that raised suspicions of financial irregularities but was never cleared up. Nonetheless, at the end of 1851 he was promoted up the administrative ladder, being sent to Ambon as Assistant Resident.

After a few months, he went on furlough to the Netherlands for health reasons. From 1852 to May 1855 he was in Holland, where he gambled extensively and accumulated more debt. Despite his later success as a writer, he would be pursued by creditors for most of his adult life.

In 1857 he was appointed Assistant Resident of Lebak, in the Bantam-Kidoel area of Java (now Banten province in Indonesia). By this time, however, he had begun to openly protest against the abuses of the Dutch colonial system and was threatened with dismissal. Instead, he resigned his appointment and returned to the Netherlands.

Writing career
Determined to expose the scandals he had witnessed during his years in the Dutch East Indies, Douwes Dekker began to write newspaper articles and pamphlets. Little notice was taken of these early publications until, in 1860, he published his satirical anticolonialist novel Max Havelaar: The Coffee Auctions of the Dutch Trading Company under the pseudonym Multatuli. Douwes Dekker's pen name is derived from the Latin phrase multa tuli, meaning "I have suffered much" (or more literally: "I have borne much"). It refers both to himself and to the victims of the injustices he saw.

Douwes Dekker was accepted in 1854 at the Freemason loge "Concordia Vincit Animos". The head of this loge was W.J.C. van Hasselt. Multatuli sent his manuscript of Max Havelaar to Van Hasselt, and Van Hasselt sent this manuscript to another Freemason, Jacob van Lennep.

The very first text ever published by Multatuli was "Geloofsbelydenis" (Profession of Faith). It appeared in the Freemason periodical "De Dageraad" (The Dawn) in 1859. In 1865 it was reprinted in "Bloemlezing door Multatuli" by R.C. Meijer, a fellow Freemason in Amsterdam. Already in 1861 the book "Minnebrieven" (Love letters) was published at the same printer/bookseller. Many more books and editions of Dekker were published by R.C. Meijer.

Although Douwes Dekker's friend and fellow writer Jacob van Lennep had seen to it that identifiable place names were changed before publication, the book still caused enormous controversy. Apologists for colonialism accused Multatuli of exaggeration, and he was unsuccessfully pressured to withdraw the inflammatory book. Critics claimed it lacked literary merit; nonetheless, Max Havelaar was read all over Europe. The poet and critic Carel Vosmaer proved to be an ally, publishing a book (The Sower, 1874) praising Multatuli.

Multatuli continued to write prolifically. His misleadingly titled second book, Minnebrieven (Love Letters, 1861), is actually another mordant satire, this time in the form of a fictitious correspondence. The following year, he began to publish a wide range of miscellaneous writings in a series of uniform volumes called Ideën (Ideas), of which seven appeared between 1862 and 1877. His semi-autobiographical novel Woutertje Pieterse (Little Walter Pieterse) was first printed in the Ideas series.

Multatuli made several attempts to write for the stage. One of his plays, Vorstenschool (The School for Princes, published in 1872 in the fourth volume of Ideën), expresses his nonconformist views on politics, society, and religion. Out of fear of offending the Dutch king, three years elapse before the play was first staged. The premiere and subsequent tour were a great success, forming one of the highlights of Multatuli's career as a writer.

Multatuli stopped writing rather suddenly in 1877. He had moved to Germany about ten years earlier, where he settled in the town of Ingelheim am Rhein near Mainz.

Marriages
Multatuli married Everdine Hubertina van Wijnbergen on 10 April 1846. They had two children, their son Edu (born 1854) and their daughter Nonni (born 1857). Multatuli's relationship with Edu remained difficult throughout his life.

Multatuli eventually separated from his wife, in large part due to his gambling addiction and related financial problems. She died in 1874 and Multatuli not long afterwards married Maria Hamminck Schepel.

Legacy
Multatuli was one of Sigmund Freud's favorite writers; his name heads a list of 'ten good books' that Freud drew up in 1907. Several other writers from different generations were appreciative of Multatuli, like Karl Marx, Anatole France, Willem Elsschot, Hermann Hesse, Thomas Mann, Heinrich Mann as well as Johanna van Gogh, and many first-wave feminists (suffragists).

In June 2002, the Dutch Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde (Society of Dutch Literature) proclaimed Multatuli the most important Dutch writer of all time.

The annual Multatuli Prize, a Dutch literary prize, is named in his honor. The literary award Woutertje Pieterse Prijs is named after the character Woutertje Pieterse in Multatuli's De geschiedenis van Woutertje Pieterse.

The Multatuli Museum is located in Amsterdam at Korsjespoortsteeg 20, where Eduard Douwes Dekker was born. Another Multatuli Museum was opened on 11 February 2018 in Rangkasbitung, Lebak Regency in the province of Banten, Indonesia. Multatuli was cremated in Gotha. His ashes were later brought to the cemetery and crematorium Westerveld in Driehuis. His wife Tine is buried in the Protestant section of the San Michele cemetery.

An Indonesian Navy command ship was named KRI Multatuli in honor of Eduard Douwes Dekker.

Works which appeared during Multatuli's lifetime

 * 1859 – Geloofsbelydenis (Profession of Faith; in De Dageraad magazine)
 * 1859 – Brief aan de kiezers te Amsterdam omtrent de keuze van een afgevaardigde in verband met Indische specialiteiten en batige Saldo's (Letter to the Voters in Amsterdam about the Choice of a Deputy Related to Indian Specialties and Positive Balances)
 * 1860 – Indrukken van den dag (Impressions of the Day). Arnhem : D.A. Thieme
 * 1860 – Max Havelaar of de koffij-veilingen der Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappy (Max Havelaar: Or the Coffee Auctions of the Dutch Trading Company). Amsterdam : De Ruyter.
 * 1860 – Brief aan Ds. W. Francken Azn. (Letter to Ds. W. Francken Azn)
 * 1860 – Brief aan den Gouverneur-Generaal in ruste (Letter to the Retired Governor-General)
 * 1860 – Aan de stemgerechtigden in het kiesdistrikt Tiel (To the Voters in the Electoral District of Tiel)
 * 1860 – Max Havelaar aan Multatuli (Max Havelaar to Multatuli)
 * 1861 – Het gebed van den onwetende (The Prayer of the Ignorant)
 * 1861 – Wys my de plaats waar ik gezaaid heb (Show Me the Place Where I Have Sown). Rotterdam : H. Nijgh
 * 1861 – Minnebrieven (Love Letters). Amsterdam : Günst
 * 1862 – Over vrijen arbeid in Nederlandsch Indië en de tegenwoordige koloniale agitatie (About Free Labour in The Dutch Indies and the Present Colonial agitation) (brochure). Amsterdam : R.C. Meijer
 * 1862 – Brief aan Quintillianus (Letter to Quintillianus)
 * 1862 – Ideën I (Ideas 1; includes the beginning of the novel Woutertje Pieterse). Amsterdam : R.C. Meijer
 * 1862 – Japansche gesprekken (Japanese Conversations)
 * 1863 – De school des levens (The School of Life)
 * 1864 – De bruid daarboven : tooneelspel in vijf bedrijven. (The Bride Up There: Drama in Five Acts). Amsterdam : Meijer
 * 1864–65 – Ideën II (Ideas II)
 * 1865 – Bloemlezing door Multatuli (Anthology by Multatuli). Amsterdam : R.C. Meyer
 * 1865 – De zegen Gods door Waterloo, gemoedelijke opmerkingen (The Blessing of God by Waterloo, Easy-Going Comments). Amsterdam : Meijer
 * 1865 – Franse rymen (French Rhymes)
 * 1865 – Herdrukken (Reprints)
 * 1865 – Verspreide stukken (Scattered Pieces Taken from Reprints)
 * 1867 – Een en ander naar aanleiding van Bosscha's Pruisen en Nederland (All This in Response to Bosscha's Prussia and the Netherlands). Amsterdam : Van Helden
 * 1869–70 – Causerieën (Seminars)
 * 1869 – De maatschappij tot Nut van den Javaan (A Society Useful for the Javanese). Amsterdam : Günst
 * 1870–71 – Ideën III (Ideas III)
 * 1870–73 – Millioenen-studiën (Millions of Studies)
 * 1870 – Divagatiën over zeker soort van Liberalismus (Deliberations about a Certain Kind of Liberalism)
 * 1870 – Nog eens: Vrye arbeid in Nederlandsch Indië (Again: Free Labour in the Dutch East Indies). Delft : Waltman
 * 1871 – Duizend en eenige hoofdstukken over specialiteiten (A Thousand and One Chapters on Specialties). Delft : Waltman
 * 1872 – Brief van Multatuli aan den Koning over de Openingsrede (Letter to the King about the Opening Speech). Amsterdam : Funke
 * 1872 – Ideën IV (contains the play Vorstenschool) (School for Princes)
 * 1873 – Ideën V (Ideas V)
 * 1873 – Ideën VI (Ideas VI)
 * 1874–1877 – Ideën VII (Ideas VII)
 * 1875 – Vorstenschool (School for Princes, 4th ed.)
 * The plot of the play "Vorstenschool" (1870) or "School for Princes" Multatuli is almost entirely derived from the novel "Le grain de Sable" (the grain of Sand) from Michel Masson.
 * 1876 – Bloemlezing door Heloïse (Anthology by Heloise)

Posthumous publications

 * 1887 – Onafgewerkte blaadjes gevonden op Multatuli's schryftafel (Unfinished Pages found on Multatuli's writing table)
 * 1888–1889 – Multatuli, Verzamelde Werken Eerste naar tijdorde gerangschikte uitgave bezorgd door zijne weduwe (Multatuli's Collected Works; first edition, selected and organized by his widow). Amsterdam : Elsevier. 10 parts
 * 1890 – De geschiedenis van Woutertje Pieterse. Uit zijn Ideen verzameld door zijne Weduwe (The History of Woutertje Pieterse, from His Ideas As Collected by his Widow). Amsterdam : Elsevier. 2 parts
 * 1890–1896 – Brieven van Multatuli. Bijdragen tot de kennis van zijn leven. Gerangschikt en toegelicht door M. Douwes Dekker geb. Hamminck Schepel, (Letters by Multatuli; Contributions to the Knowledge of His Life Ranked and Explained by M. Douwes Dekker born Hamminck Schepel). Amsterdam : W. Versluys. 10 parts
 * 1891 – Aleid. Twee fragmenten uit een onafgewerkt blyspel (Aleid: Two Excerpts from an Unfinished Comedy) (play). Amsterdam : Versluys
 * 1919 – Bloemlezing uit Multatuli's werken (Anthology of Multatuli's Work)
 * 1937 – Bloemlezing (verzameld en ingeleid door Julius Pée) (Anthology). Brugge : Van Acker
 * 1950–1995 – Volledige Werken van Multatuli (Complete Works of Multatuli). Amsterdam : Van Oorschot. 25 parts
 * 1955 – Barbertje moet hangen, Verhalen, parabelen, aforismen (Barbertje Must Hang: Stories, Parables, Aphorisms). Den Haag : Daamen

English translations

 * 1868 Max Havelaar, or The coffee auctions of the Dutch trading company. Transl. by Alphonse Nahuÿs. Edinburgh : Edmonston & Douglas
 * 1927 Max Havelaar, or The coffee sales of the Netherlands Trading Company. Transl. by W. Siebenhaar. New York : Knopf
 * 1948 Indonesia : once more free labor. Transl. by Nicolaas Steelink. New York : Exposition Press
 * 1961 The stone-cutter's dream. Transl. by Gustav Rueter. Thornhill : Village Press. Parallel text in Dutch and English of the Max Havelaar
 * 1974 The oyster & the eagle: selected aphorisms and parables of Multatuli. Transl. by E. M. Beekman. Amherst : University of Massachusetts Press
 * 1982 Max Havelaar, or The coffee auctions of the Dutch Trading Company. Transl. by Roy Edwards. Amherst, MA : University of Massachusetts press ISBN 0-87023-359-9
 * 2019 Max Havelaar, or, the coffee auctions of the Dutch Trading Company. Transl. by Ina Rilke and David McKay. New York : New York Review Books. ISBN 978-1-68137-262-4

title: Multatuli


text:
Mars 1M

Mars 1M was a series of two uncrewed spacecraft which were used in the first Soviet missions to explore Mars. They were the earliest missions of the Mars program. The Western media dubbed the spacecraft "Marsnik", a portmanteau of Mars and Sputnik.

Spacecraft
Mars 1M No.1, known in the West as Marsnik 1, Mars 1960A and Korabl 4, was destroyed in a launch failure on October 10, 1960. In 1962, NASA Administrator James E. Webb informed the United States Congress that NASA believed the mission was an attempt at a Mars flyby probe. Some Soviet scientists involved with the program at that time claim no knowledge of this mission, stating that only the second launch was an intended Mars mission. However, V. G. Perminov, the leading designer of planetary spacecraft at the Lavochkin design bureau, states that this mission was indeed intended for Mars and was identical to the later mission.

Mars 1M No.2, known in the West as Marsnik 2, Korabl 5 and Mars 1960B, was launched on October 14, 1960.

Both Mars 1M spacecraft were launched by Molniya rockets. The unproven third stage malfunctioned on both flights as cavitation in the fuel lines prevented the engines from developing adequate thrust, and, as a result, neither spacecraft achieved its initial geocentric parking orbit. Mars 1M No.2 reached an altitude of 120 km before reentry.

Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev had planned to bring models of the Mars probes for showcasing at his visit to the UN that month, but as both launches failed, they remained packed.

Mission profile
The objectives of the mission were to investigate interplanetary space between Earth and Mars, to study Mars and return surface images from a flyby trajectory, and to study the effects of extended spaceflight on onboard instruments and provide radio communications from long distances.

Spacecraft and subsystems
NASA describes the spacecraft as: nearly identical to the Venera 1 design, a cylindrical body about 2 meters high with two solar panel wings, a 2.33 meter high-gain net antenna, and a long antenna arm, and had a mass of about 650 kg. It carried a 10 kg science payload consisting of a magnetometer on a boom, cosmic ray counter, plasma-ion trap, a radiometer, a micrometeorite detector, and a spectroreflectometer to study the CH band, a possible indicator of life on Mars. These instruments were mounted on the outside of the spacecraft. A photo-television camera was held in a sealed module in the spacecraft and could take pictures through a viewport when a sensor indicated the Sun-illuminated martian surface was in view. Attitude was controlled by a Sun-star sensor with attitude correction performed by a dimethylhydrazine/nitric acid bipropellant rocket engine. The spacecraft orientation was to be maintained so that the solar panels faced the Sun throughout the flight. Power was provided by the two-square meter solar panels which charged silver-zinc batteries. Radio communications were made using a decimeter band transmitter via the high gain antenna for spacecraft commands and telemetry. Radio bearing was used to maintain the antennas' orientation to Earth. Images were to be transferred using an 8-cm wavelength transmitter through the high-gain antenna. A fourth stage was added to the booster, the Molniya (rocket) or 8K78, the new launcher was designated SL-6/A-2-e.

title: Mars 1M


text:
Boeun County

Boeun County (Boeun-gun) is a county in North Chungcheong Province, South Korea.

History
Boeun ( literally "offering gratitude" or "thanksgiving"), was a South Korean town named in 1406 by a remorseful King Taejong, who felt relieved that he had cleared his conscience after having participated in a ceremonial ritual at the local Beopjusa temple to appease the spirits of his dead younger half-brothers, whose deaths he had caused in a power struggle years earlier.

In July 1973, Boeun township was elevated to the status of Boeun town. In 1983, two townships were abolished and incorporated into normal ones. In 2007, Hoebuk-myeon changed its name to Hoein-myeon, Oesongni-myeon to Jangan-myeon, and Naesonngni-myeon into Songnisan-myeonn.

Festivals

 * Songnisan Fall Festival: During autumn a festival is held at Songnisan, a celebrated mountain in central Korea. The festival has been an important contributor to the development of tourism and the economy in the region.
 * Boeun Ocher Apple Festival: Boeun County is well known for its apples, for which a major festival is held to promote them.

Products
Jujube is the most well-known agricultural product in Boeun county. Additionally, the county's fruit, and eggs are growing in popularity thanks to their eco-friendly mark.

Climate
Boeun has a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate (Köppen: Dwa) with cold, dry winters and hot, rainy summers.

Symbols

 * City Flower: Forsythia
 * City Tree: Jujube tree
 * City Bird: Magpie Birds

Twin towns – sister cities
Boeun is twinned with:

 * Gwangjin-gu, Seoul
 * 🇨🇦 Clarence-Rockland, Canada

title: Boeun County


text:
Flint, Flintshire

Flint (Y Fflint) is a town and community in Flintshire, Wales, lying on the estuary of the River Dee. It is the former county town of Flintshire. According to the 2001 Census, the population of the community of Flint was 12,804, increasing to 12,953 at the 2011 census. The urban area including Holywell and Bagillt had a population of 26,442.

Geography
Flint is located in north-east Wales, adjoining the estuary of the River Dee, to the north of the town of Mold. Across the estuary, the Wirral can be seen from Flint and views to the south of the town include Halkyn Mountain. As the crow flies, Flint is located less than 12 miles from the English urban area of Liverpool, and even closer to its metro area. However, the two estuaries in between make the distance travelling on land almost twice as long.

History
The name refers to the stony platform on which the castle was built, and was first recorded in 1277 in the French form le Chaylou (cf modern French caillou, "gravel").

Edward I began to build Flint Castle in 1277, during his campaign to conquer Wales. Both castle and town were attacked by the forces of Madog ap Llywelyn during the revolt of 1294–95; the defenders of the town burnt it in order to deny its use to the Welsh.

Richard II was handed over to his enemy Henry Bolingbroke in the castle in 1399. As a consequence, it is the setting for Act III, Scene III of the Shakespeare play Richard II. The castle was the first of Edward I's 'iron ring' of royal castles to be built in Wales, and the design served as the basis for larger castles such as Harlech Castle and Rhuddlan Castle. Owain Glyndŵr unsuccessfully assaulted it at the commencement of his revolt in 1400.

The town did not have a wall, but a protective earthen and wooden palisaded ditch. The outline of this remained visible in the pattern of streets until the mid-1960s, and the medieval boundary can still be traced now. This can be seen in John Speed's map of Flintshire.

Flint Town Hall, the home of Flint Town Council, was erected in 1840.

In 1969 Flint hosted the National Eisteddfod, and so the town has a circle of Gorsedd stones in the field adjacent to Gwynedd County Primary School. In July 2006 the stones were centre stage in the National Eisteddfod Proclamation Ceremony which formally announced Mold as the 2007 host town of the event. The Urdd National Eisteddfod was held in Flint in 2016.

Governance
Flint Town Council consists of 15 councillors who are elected from four wards; 2 from Oakenholt, 3 from Castle and 5 each from Coleshill and Trelawny wards. For elections to Flintshire County Council, three councillors are elected from Flint: Coleshill and Trelawny, and one each from Flint: Castle and Flint: Oakenholt. Flint is part of the Alyn and Deeside constituency and North Wales region for the Senedd, and of the Alyn and Deeside constituency for parliament.

Culture and demography
In 2001 only 18% of the local population identified as Welsh, although this census controversially had no "Welsh" tick box.

In the census of 2011, 57.1% stated they had Welsh, or Welsh and other combined, identity. Many people in Flint have some knowledge of the Welsh language, although competence varies. Implementation of the European Union's freedom of movement provisions has led to a noticeable increase in the numbers of Polish-language speakers in Flint. Several retail businesses display information in Polish as well as in English and Welsh and the town has a number of Polskie sklepy (Polish shops) specialising in Polish products.

The Flint accent is frequently misidentified with that of Liverpool, although it has arisen in fact as a unique blending of the speech patterns of the area's Welsh speakers, earlier Irish settlers, and the residents of nearby Cheshire, Wirral, and the wider Merseyside region.

There are several songs associated with Flint. The most widely sung is "The Yard". Another popular song is "Fifty German bombers over Flint", which tells the story of a wartime bombing raid over nearby Liverpool that accidentally targeted the town of Flint instead. Verses describe the arrival of the bombers over Flint, and how they were shot down by the "Bagillt Navy". Eventually, the ill-fated German aircrew were fished out by the "Greenfield Fishers". The song is often sung in a drunken, friendly manner to the accompaniment of much hand clapping and revelry.

Transport
Flint railway station lies on the North Wales Coast Line and is served by Transport for Wales services from Manchester Piccadilly to Llandudno. A north-south service between Cardiff and Holyhead also calls, as do some Avanti West Coast services between London Euston and Holyhead. Bus services are operated by Arriva Buses Wales.

Education
The town has three high schools: St Richard Gwyn Catholic High School, Flint High School and Ysgol Maes Hyfryd. Primary schools in Flint include the Gwynedd School, Cornist Park School, Ysgol Croes Atti (Welsh medium), St Mary's Catholic Primary School and Ysgol Pen Coch.

Community

Flint once had its own low-powered television relay transmitter, designed to provide improved coverage of Welsh channels in an area that would otherwise receive only English television signals. Since 2009, signals have been transmitted digitally from Storeton transmitting station on the Wirral.

Perhaps one of the town's most striking images, in addition to the castle, is the group of three tower blocks of flats near the town centre. The first two blocks were built in the 1960s and named Bolingbroke Heights and Richard Heights, with a third, Castle Heights, added shortly afterwards.

Flint's football team is Flint Town United. They play in the Cymru North, the second division of Welsh football following relegation from the top tier. Nicknamed "the Silkmen", they play their home games at Cae-y-Castell.

Brian Fell's sculpture footplate can be seen at Flint railway station. Initially it was thought to be an imitation of the famous Monty Python foot drawn by Terry Gilliam.

The town has a library which was extensively refurbished in 2020, and a leisure centre named the Jade Jones Pavilion to honour the town's Olympian. Flint Retail Park was undergoing expansion, The town centre has been the subject of a regeneration scheme which began in 2012.

A lifeboat station was established in Flint in 1966, operated by the RNLI.

Notable people

 * Paul Draper (born 1970), songwriter and musician, went to school in Flint.
 * Ian Puleston-Davies (born 1958), actor and writer, plays Owen Armstrong in Coronation Street.
 * Julie Roberts (born 1963) painter who works in acrylics, oils and watercolours.

Sport

 * Enoch Bagshaw (1884–1930), an American football player and coach.
 * Ron Hewitt (1928–2001), footballer with over 500 club caps and 5 for Wales.
 * Allan Jones (1940–1993), footballer with 249 caps with Brentford F.C.
 * Brian Godfrey (1940–2010), footballer with over 590 club caps and 3 for Wales.
 * Andy Holden (born 1963), footballer with over 170 club caps, nephew of Ron Hewitt
 * Jade Jones (born 1993), 2012 and 2016 Olympic taekwondo gold medalist, attended Flint High School.
 * Ian Rush (born 1961), footballer with 602 club caps and 73 for Wales, went to school in Flint; some family live in the area.
 * Dylan Levitt (born 2000) footballer who came through Manchester United F.C. Academy, but now plays for Scottish Premiership football club Hibernian F.C.

title: Flint, Flintshire


text:
PCRC

PCRC may be an abbreviation for:
 * Panama Canal Railway Company, an operator of the Panama Canal Railway
 * Peninsula Conflict Resolution Center

title: PCRC