text:
Talk:Myst

Chuck Carter
User ChuckCarter as inserted himself into the beginning of the article, which now implies that he not only helped create Myst but is also a Miller brother. Other edits by the user are technical details, but the lack of grammar in their insertion leads me to suspect their validity. Can anyone provide any additional information? Since I'm a new user I don't want to make the edits myself. Nonforma 02:32, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

Looking at it further, he has made small changes throughout the entry before registering under the IP 24.2.105.233. The majority of the changes are for self-promotion. Would this be considered vanity? Nonforma 02:41, 9 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I've removed the references on this article as well as on Robyn Miller and Filsinger Games. Nonforma 18:19, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't think that we have the right to judge if someone acted because of self-vanity or not. Even if I am wrong, most of all, I consider Chucker's contribution as inside information, which is valuable for those interested in game-making details. I am going to restore part of it Pictureuploader 20:32, 9 December 2005 (UTC)
 * "I consider Chucker's contribution as inside information".
 * Firstly, User:Chucker is distinct from User:ChuckCarter - I've always suspected "Chucker" might in fact be Chuck Carter but unless he's sockpuppeting I wouldn't have thought so (and I don't think he is).
 * Secondly, isn't it major wiki policy to have No original research? It's nice to have insider information, but if it can't be verified then I think it should be removed. Suggestion to Carter: Rather than reporting these facts on Wikipedia, report them on your own blog. Then they can exist on wiki and be considered "verifiable". —EatMyShortz 16:59, 31 January 2006 (UTC)
 * You're right about User:Chucker. He (as his user page says) is Soeren Kuklau, a dude who's very prominent in the Myst community, but never employed by Cyan, and not very old at the time of Myst's creation. ;) SFT | Talk 12:53, 2 February 2006 (UTC)
 * You said you were going to restore part of it, but you've restored all but one part. I can concede that the part concerning the Photoshop plug-in may be insider information, but to claim that he should be credited with creation of the game along with the Miller brothers needs some verification, unless we plan to list everyone involved in Cyan. I'm removing his name at the beginning of the article. Nonforma 00:54, 10 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I agree that Chuck shouldn't be on the banner here. He was clearly with the company at an early stage (see ), but the "designed and directed by" credits go to Robin and Rand.  In the Myst credits  Chuck is credited with:  Art and Animation, Selenitic Age, Mechanical Age, D'ni. Nandesuka 01:18, 10 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I was looking for the original credits, couldn't find them myself. If you're willing to do it yourself, or if you'd like to send me a scan, we can add all of the credits. I knew that he didn't have a large enough role to claim creation credits, if you look at his blog it was recently created, and so I think he's just looking for some publicity. Nonforma 01:30, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

Credits can be found here: Riven.com. In accordance to this I have added some info on the team to the page. Jordi·✆ 15:09, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

Just ran across the Chuck Carter article created by the "one edit" User:Zack Malone. Is a Myst graphic artist notable enough, or should the article go to AfD? EricR 19:01, 17 February 2006 (UTC)
 * IMHO it is Pictureuploader 22:01, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

Chuck Carter Here - I never said I was a creator of the game. I did concept art for much of it (mostly sketches Robin and I came up with after their initial designs) And I also contributed to many of the updaed designs that were not in the original. As the first employee of Cyan - I did have access to the game on a creator level in that I helped in ways that are not listed in any credits. As for someone listing my name in Wikipedia and my bio from numerous sources - I did reinstate it after I saw some one changed it out of spite long after it was created. So if you all have any problems with this - write me at chuckstudio@mac.com and let's discuss this as adults.

>>>>> ChuckCarter 19:36, 10 August 2006

Thanks, Frecklefoot, for moving those links over here from where I mistakenly embedded them. I have no explanation for the mixup! -- Bevo 21:47, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

--

There is a Myst for Pocket PC! Where to put it? Exe 00:48, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Why, under remakes Pictureuploader 01:03, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

Sega will publish a PlayStation Portable version in March 2006 in Japan, with extra puzzles and scenes. Should that be added to the platform list now, or only after release? Stormwatch 22:55, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

MME
The artile says that MME supported 24-bit colour, while AFAIK it used only 16-bit colour (highcolour instead of truecolour). Can someone verify which is correct? Pictureuploader 01:03, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * According to the box scan on mobygames it was 24bit colour. -Rjo 06:50, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Definitely 24-bit. All sources agree on this fact, as does the quality of the image in the game. (You may be thinking of Riven which has never been released outside of 16-bit format). —EatMyShortz 16:59, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

Criticism
I deleted the following section from the article:

Despite being commercially successful, some reviewers have criticised Myst and its sequels for what in their view is a concentration on high-quality graphics at the expense of gameplay.

I don't doubt that this is true, but I'd rather we only include something like this if we actually include some links to works by critics who made those accusations. Nandesuka 12:42, 4 August 2005

 * I think this is important since indeed Myst is a controversial game and divided many gamers. You can either love, or hate it. There is no need to find particular 'evidence' to quote, as there is is no need to find evidence of reviewers who exalted it. Please have a look at Star Wars: Rebellion where there is a section on the negative popular reaction. There are no links to bad critics, but the information had to be there. I propose to restore that paragraph and expand it. Pictureuploader 16:18, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I had a feeling that might have been a controversial thing to put in, but I felt that at least in my view the gaming world is divided on Myst, and that's an important thing to be on this page. However, it's true, a source for or example of this criticism would be useful. --Sum0 22:39, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Useful but not necessary: We are talking about a general mood and stance of a whole pat of people due to their personal taste, not isolated and serious attacks Pictureuploader 01:39, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

 * If it is a "general mood" of a large number of people, it shouldn't be hard to find a source to back up the statement. We shouldn't just be going off and asserting things based on "common knowledge", because to do so is to run afoul of No Original research.  For what it's worth, I think we should provide support for statements that it is exalted, too (although probably a cite to its sales statistics should suffice for that). Nandesuka 11:58, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

I started a section called Critical Reaction which is, I hope, satisfactory. I'd like some better and more verbose rewording. Also, I'd like to say about the links, many fo them refer to the Myst universe in general and should be moved to Myst franchise. We should leave the "Myst proper" links only. Pictureuploader 12:36, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I think this is a good start. I copyedited your work and added more specific links to specific reviews rather than the omnibus pointer to mobygames. Nandesuka 12:50, 5 August 2005 (UTC)

I tried to help with the criticism section when I added a rant that a reviewer from Computer Gaming World did but, I guess it was too confusing or not good because a user named DavidWBrooks removed it. 156.34.224.175 14:31, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

Er, divided many gamers??? At the time Myst came out, there wasn't web email available and not much in the way of a community of "gamers." They certainly weren't called that. Doom wasn't released until December of 93, so there were no first person shooters yet. SimCity was popular, and SimCity2000 would only come out later that year. The Sims was a long way away. Return to Zork had just come out (on 12- 3.5" floppies) and was available for my Apple IIe. When I first read here that it was supposed to be controversial because it was boring and puzzles were too hard- I first thought "Oh ,the marching morons thought it was too difficult!!" - then I realized many of these "gamers" were probably 5 years old at the time. Most adults (I was in my twenties), including published reviewers (magazine and newspaper. There were no web reviews) wrote - look how far we've come from text adventure games like Colossal Caves! Unfortunately DOOM!, its decendents, and easy access to walkthrus and hints on the web may have divided gamers about the Myst series later on. Myst for PSP and NintendoDS might be controversial now that there are forums for controversy to arise. When Myst first became available, some liked it, some didn't, but there was no controversy. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cuvtixo (talk • contribs) 02:38, 24 October 2007

Correction
The article stated "Unlike some computer games, there are no enemies or threat of 'dying' or a 'game over' event". This is incorrect - a game over will occurr when you place the final page in either the red or blue books, as it causes one of the two brothers to trap you. I've removed the game over bit, but I suspect that this may weaken the statement too much.

Also, there is a shortcut known that allows completing the game in 15 minutes or so... Should I also add this trivia to the main page? (Refs are available: http://www.gamefaqs.com/computer/doswin/game/89467.html) -- 134.117.137.160 04:45, 3 September 2005

15 minutes? If you know the shortcuts, 15 minutes is more than enough time to complete the game and go make a sandwich. I've seen it done in a minute and a half.

SPOILERS The statements about inventory are incorrect. At no point are you allowed to carry journal pages or any other pages that you can read. When you find a readable book or page, you can pick it up, read it, put it back, and that's IT. You CANNOT take it with you. The only pages you can carry with you are the ones that can be inserted into linking books, and you never get to read those. There are also two other items that you can carry for short periods or distances: the matchstick and the lighthouse key. Once the matchstick is lit, you can only carry it for a few seconds before it burns up and disappears. The lighthouse key cannot be carried out of the lighthouse. If you try to carry the key out of the lighthouse, you drop it and have to collect it from the lighthouse floor. Once the lit matchstick or lighthouse key is used successfully, in true adventure game fashion, it disappears. While the matchstick or key is being carried, the cursor is changed to show the carried item. Neither the matchstick or the lighthouse key is added to the game's inventory section where the current linking book page is displayed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.74.202.160 (talk) 02:27, 24 September 2013 (UTC)

Renaming
I changed the section titled "Contrarian views" to "Criticism", I noticed that this is commonly used at this website and I think it looks better. What do y'all think? -March 14 '06, 16:55 131.202.134.114
 * Fine by me - DavidWBrooks 17:38, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

Effects on Adventure Gaming
A while back, I read an article on Myst that condemmed that game as causing the downfall of adventure gaming. That is because Myst popularity made all adventure games linear adventures that were hard and had miniature amounts of replay. While many previous games did the same, it was Myst that solidified the death of the adventure game genre. Just a thought that we might be able to include in criticism.

 * The adventure game genre has been decried as dead many times. And yet adventure games still come out, and people still play them… -- Jordi· ✆ 10:52, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

Brøderbund?
I don't think Brøderbund published the Mac version. SushiGeek 00:00, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Brøderbund published it, there was no separate Mac publisher as the PC and Mac version were one of the same: Myst is a hybrid release and contains data for both platforms. -- Jordi· ✆ 07:53, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

 * It is nowadays, but it wasn't originally. It came out for Mac first, Windows later.  I do think Broderbund was the original publisher, though. SFT | Talk 20:46, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah, it came out for the Mac first. I'll have to look at my old CD, which I still have. SushiGeek 21:09, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I fourth that, Broderbund used to make a lot of games for Apple computers. Prince of Persia is one of them. It was ported to Windows in 1993 or 1994. Read the "Windows Version" section that I added a long time ago. Me43729 17:03, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

HELP!
Help me! Someone, bring me...the blue pages! Bring them to me! Achenar 13:28, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

 * LOL! That brings back some memories...The original was a good game "back in the day," but so were the first couple of sequels (Riven and Myst III: Exile). --Brahman 03:26, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

Accomplishments
I think this section talks more about the entire myst franchise. I don't think this section belongs in this article because this article is about the original Myst game.

Release Dates
I updated the release information a little bit based on some of the information that can be found on MobyGames. --Brahman 03:27, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

A parody game... or maybe just a joke...
Quite some time ago I read about a supposed sequel to Myst called Quist (or Quyst or Qyst) in a magazine, perhaps PC Gamer, PC World, EGM, or Gamepro. To paraphrase the preview it said something like, "you start off the game waking up in a dentist's chair. When you awake you see thousands of spheres.  Upon touching each sphere you are given a clue about your situation.  The goal of the game is to touch each sphere." Obviously, this reads something like an April fools joke. But I clearly remember there not being any indication that it was... can't remember what time of year I read it. In any case... the game obviously never came out, and I believe it was a hoax/prank or just a parody. The article also previewed several other games and I can't remember if they were also similarly silly. Anyone else remember this or is it just me? Matthew Meta 00:37, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

There was a parody called "Pyst", that might be what you're talking about? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.165.146.13 (talk) 17:03, 22 June 2020 (UTC)

PSP Release Dates
I was under the impression that the PSP version of Myst had already been released in Europe and has been for some time - it now has a low price tag.

Trivia
Some things might be considered for a "Popular Culture" section. Unverified and Unimportant items need be removed. Wikipedia is unfortunately not a resource for loosely based information or facts about the article subject, it is for the average person to get a basic idea of the subject matter. See WP:TRIVIA for more information. Spigot Map  06:34, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Okay, I went ahead and moved some things around in trivia. The only thing left is the information about people buying CDRoms, I've edited it out until someone decides where they want to put it, it's right above the Popular Culture section if someone looks for it. As a whole, this article is very messy, it's very long and it looks as if since the article was started, people just started adding at the bottom of the page. There is a lot of redundant information, and what exactly is the point of the "Accomplishments" section? Is a sequel to be considered an accomplishment? Anyhow, I don't believe it's necessary to go in to detail about the "Accomplishments" when they have their own articles. There is a lot of good information in the article, but there may be too much, the article should give someone who's never heard of Myst a good impression of what the game actually is, not so many little details that they get confused and decide to stop using computers forever. Spigot  Map  06:57, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

WP:VG assessment
This article is still B-class, and I think this still has quite some way to go to get to GA, though it's definitely possible. Here are some ideas to help you on your way:
 * Not nearly enough sources. WP:CITE. You may want to convert those refs currently not using a template to using-a-template-status (see WP:CITET).
 * Lead needs re-writing per WP:LS. The purpose of it is to summarise the entire article.
 * The article seems to go overboard on the section front. You could quite easily merge some of them together using some of the more familiar section headings for VG articles:
 * "Endings" and "Story" should be merged into one subsection, with the "Ages" section being another subsection of plot.
 * "Ports", "From Macintosh to Windows" and "Remakes" could probably all be merged into one "Versions and ports" section.
 * "Accomplishments", "Parodies and fan games", "TV Miniseries" and "Appearance in Popular Culture" could probably be merged into one "Legacy and sequels" section.

Have a look at WP:GA? for more guidance, as I definitely think you can make a GA out of this. Hope this helps, Una LagunaTalk 07:35, 1 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Convert the "Criticism" section into a general "Critical Reception" section.
 * You may want to look over WP:MOS and give the article a copyedit before attempting for Good Article in order to iron out errors such as the use of "You" in the "Endings" section.
 * All lists need to be converted into normal paragraphed prose.
 * There aren't really any actual gameplay screenshots.

Movie
The guys from the Mysteria film group (http://mystmovie.com/) are making a movie based on Myst, it currently has the consent of Cyan and has a foreward by Rand Miller himself. They have a number of industry veterans (for example, one guy did the structural art for the Lord of the Rings movies) - NemFX (talk) 13:58, 13 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Aware of it. But that's better for Myst (series) article. Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs ( talk  ) 14:44, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

Impact
There is nothing on the impact of this game in adventure games. How it allegedly led to the decline of the genre. --Mika1h (talk) 21:02, 15 May 2008 (UTC) Here's what I think: if we can get together a few more articles/essays that have this particular opinion, along with some more saying that it was the last of its kind, etc., then perhaps it's worth mentioning in a short section of the article down near Legacy. — OranL (talk) 17:49, 16 May 2008 (UTC)
 * That's the first I've heard that particular accusation. Do you have references from reliable sources for that?? Blade (talk) 01:56, 16 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I thought it was the adventure game genre... smiley.png — OranL (talk) 07:46, 16 May 2008 (UTC)
 * 1up (the second last paragraph), Adventure Gamers (first paragraph and finally Al Lowe (fifth paragraph) --Mika1h (talk) 07:58, 16 May 2008 (UTC)
 * These seem to be opinion articles that, while definitely a reliable source of people's reactions, are currently too few in number to reasonably add in a section to the article about the demise of the adventure genre being Myst's fault.
 * The opinions in the articles provided seem to be covered by the sentence in the article, "The game's success also led to a number of games which sought to copy Myst's success, named 'Myst clones.'" Perhaps a small addition; something alone the lines of, "The game's success also led to a number of games which sought to copy Myst's success, named 'Myst clones', which some people allege to have to the decline of more traditional adventure games' popularity." -AtionSong (talk) 21:55, 16 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I managed to find a Gamecenter article on archive.org from 2000 that flat out blames Myst for the decline of the Adventure game genre . (An interesting rebuttal at Old man Murray . It sounds like there are enough references to mention it as a common opinion. Blade (talk) 16:12, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

overall budget
i was reading this article, then the linked article to riven and noticed there was a budget listed for riven, but none for myst. would anyone happen to know that info? i feel it would be a nice addition to the article. oh and while my account is new i've been a (anon) user/editor of wikipedia for a couple years now :\ never got around to making an account until recently i suppose99bluefoxx (talk) 17:47, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Next step: Find the Shift key! - DavidWBrooks (talk) 23:57, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

 * so i happen to be a lazy typist. its because im always multitasking :\ at least im not using 31337 5p34k <except for that. 99bluefoxx (talk) 17:46, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

It was 6500 bucks. Most of that was probably hardware & software. Found it on google search was in an interview.Tx2Fullwood (talk) 16:40, 19 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Do you have an actual link? I was unable to find anything. Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs ( talk ) 20:11, 19 October 2009 (UTC)

Commons
Not sure that the Myst's screenshots are free screenshots (because Ubisoft isn't a developer and may be isn't an intellectual property holder), but Commons has a category and i added it. Fix me if it wrong.--85.140.36.56 (talk) 00:46, 21 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Ubi can give permission as the publisher, but you're right that screenshots of Myst itself are not free, as Ubi was not the publisher. The screen shots in commons are all from Uni published games, including realMyst, as far as I can see so it's all good. Cheers! Rehevkor ✉  00:54, 21 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Oh. Understood. I forgot to say that commonscat also contains free licensed images. It сan be useful. Thanx much. --85.140.36.56 (talk) 01:03, 21 November 2008 (UTC)

Linking books link out of date?
The Linking books link is currently redirected to the Myst (series) page. Is it necessary?

Mikedelong (talk) 23:47, 29 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Nope. All the information such as that has been merged and largely removed; I'm going to go through an audit the links, thanks for pointing it out. Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs ( talk  ) 00:01, 30 November 2008 (UTC)

code for the realmyst worlds
2;40 221 - nov2 apr6 may24 - 40 2784 - 724 - 59 vouts. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.146.8.202 (talk) 21:12, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

Windows Mobile
So everytime I look at this page, someone has taken it upon themselves to remove the Windows Mobile port of Myst and Riven, despite the references. I never see any reasoning in the discussion page, so I figured I would re-add and then post this to make sure the next time someone removes it, they will have a place to voice their reasoning. Let me know what is wrong with the addition. Myst and Riven were ported to Windows Mobile long before the iPhone or PSP, but they seem to be on here without continual removals. — tonyfpaz (talk) 5:19, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

Legacy
I edited the Legacy section. It previously stated that Riven explains how the Stranger found the Myst linking book, but that is not true, as seen from a timeline here and also according to the Myst (series) and Riven articles. I can add more references later if requested. Icefall5 (talk) 15:22, 21 January 2010 (UTC)
 * It does explain it? The Myst book got dropped in the fissure, which arrived on Earth, where the Stranger found and used it to travel to Myst in the first game. He then used the fissure to return home at the end of Riven. How does a time line contradict that? Rehevkor ✉  15:47, 21 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Your storyline makes logical sense, but it doesn't explain how Atrus would become trapped in D'ni. Atrus is trapped in D'ni in Myst, but he is freed by the Stranger in that game and then calls upon the Stranger again to help him in Riven. Cyan Worlds' site says "Atrus needs you once again," which implies that Atrus already knows the Stranger, and the official press release from Red Orb announcing Riven says that "[t]he story line begins where Myst ends...." Icefall5 (talk) 14:41, 22 January 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure how him being trapped in D'ni has any relevance, but he was trapped by his sons during the time between jumping into the fissure at the end of Book of Atrus (when he linked to Myst, and the linking book continued to fall, eventually ending up in the hands of the Stranger), and the start of Myst. He was originally confined to the single room in K'veer in the Book of Atrus. He's not trapped in the second game, but he stays in D'ni to continue working on the Riven book. And of course Atrus already knows the Stranger, they met in Myst. I admit you have me confused as to what you're trying to put across now. Rehevkor ✉  15:24, 22 January 2010 (UTC)
 * The article had previously stated that Riven is the story which explains Myst, i.e. that Riven comes before Myst in the Myst timeline. This is not true. I just picked out one specific example of how the previous state of the article was incorrect. In Myst, Atrus is trapped in K'veer, and the Stranger frees him. In Riven he is not trapped in K'veer, but rather he remains there (if I understand this part correctly) keeping the Age stable while the Stranger can rescue Catherine and she can evacuate the residents. Myst comes before Riven, not the other way around is my main point. Icefall5 (talk) 20:39, 22 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Oh I see, yes, of course, Myst comes before Riven. I didn't think the text explicitly stated that, was just implying that Riven goes into more detail about the Fissure etc. Rehevkor ✉  20:49, 22 January 2010 (UTC)
 * The version I edited said "Riven was released on October 29, 1997, and explains how the Stranger came upon the Myst book in the first game." To me, that's saying that Riven comes before Myst. I know what you meant by your previous post, I'm just putting this out there. Icefall5 (talk) 20:58, 22 January 2010 (UTC)

Merge soundtrack
Everything in the child article was in this article first. There can never be any more meaningful expansion of the article, especially in regards to critical commentary and the reliable sources that demonstrate the soundtrack's notability. Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs ( talk ) 22:13, 12 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Have to agree, presuming that when David got this to FA he looked as much as possible for info on the soundtrack's reception. The soundtrack article fails all notability standards (both GNG and Music), and no problem fitting into this article; just the ability to add a few non-free pics for the covers does not help. --M ASEM  (t) 22:17, 12 August 2010 (UTC)
 * OK by me, but I hope we don't include the list of the tracks. It's pointless, IMHO (ooh - the song for the tower was 1:40 long!) and is really long. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 00:15, 13 August 2010 (UTC)
 * It is still an album and worthwhile documenting it, since it is sourced. It just doesn't need its own page. --M ASEM (t) 00:52, 13 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Support merger per above. No problem with having the track listing here too, makes this article more comprehensive. Rehevkor ✉  23:59, 13 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I support it as well. Considering that this is the format for all of the other articles on Myst games, it seems idiotic to give the soundtrack for this one in particular its own page.  Hi 8 7 8   (Come shout at me!) 00:01, 15 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Ok, I'll merge it in then. Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs ( talk ) 16:56, 15 January 2011 (UTC)

realMyst Stability Issue and Inappropriate Edits Hiding this Issue
There is nothing in the realMyst section that points out that this game does not run on Windows 7 or Windows Vista without making technical modifications to your video card settings and launch settings (despite officially supporting these operating systems). The game also has widely known and stability issues on Windows XP. Cyan acknowledged these problems in the Steam forum, which I referenced to both back up my assertions about stability as well as my assertion that Cyan has declined to address the issue, despite continuing to sell the game.

Some wiki God or Cyan employee deemed that section to be unworthy of publishing and my reference post was deleted, but there was no reference to this editing on the talk pages. Unacceptable. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.248.150.142 (talk) 22:06, 19 February 2011 (UTC)

 * We need reliable sources; forum posts even if they are from the devs, are not such. If it is a serious issue affecting the wider enjoyment of the game, there would be sources about that, but I don't see anything of that like. --M ASEM  (t) 22:10, 19 February 2011 (UTC)
 * The article already notes that it was criticized for being hard for any computer of the time to handle... It's not in our scope to complain that games aren't kept up to date. Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs ( talk ) 22:17, 19 February 2011 (UTC)

Lead
The following is poor as it's over detailed according to the content: "Remakes and ports of the game have been released for Saturn, Microsoft Windows, Jaguar CD, 3DO, CD-i, PlayStation, AmigaOS, PSP, Nintendo DS, and iOS by publishers Midway Games, Sunsoft, and Mean Hamster Software" I suggest the sentence covers the main ports and says "and other consoles" rather then listing consoles not dealt with (other then a mention it was ported) in the article. Regards, SunCreator (talk) 11:16, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

Sourcing
The article could use better sources...there's only a single book and single journal cited...Smallman12q (talk) 02:07, 16 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Do you have examples of these better sources existing? If you find info not covered here, by all means point us to it. Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs ( talk ) 13:33, 16 June 2011 (UTC)
 * It was the first cd-rom to sell a million records and I'm pretty sure it was listed in the 1999 The Guinness Book of Records.Smallman12q (talk) 15:58, 17 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Well you can add them, can't you :) Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs ( talk ) 14:37, 18 June 2011 (UTC)

Does "graphic adventure" tell the reader who is not a dedicated gamer what Myst is like?
I gave a more descriptive version of the first sentence and was reverted. Rick Norwood (talk) 13:52, 16 June 2011 (UTC)
 * A person unfamiliar with the term can follow the link for graphical adventure to learn more. The concept is detailed in the gameplay section. --M ASEM (t) 14:06, 16 June 2011 (UTC)
 * I agree with Masem. If the explanation did not appear else where, then there would be a problem. The lead should summary the article, and the term does just that, even if the layman isn't familiar with that. (Guyinblack25 talk 15:44, 16 June 2011 (UTC))

Two points. It is Wikipedia policy to avoid jargon in the lead. Second, imagine you are an occasional gamer who is curious about Myst and follows the link graphic adventure. You find this: "A graphic adventure game is a form of adventure game.[1] They are distinct from text adventures. Whereas a player must actively observe using commands such as "look" in a text-based adventure, graphic adventures revolutionized gameplay by making use of natural human perception. Eventually, the text parser interface associated with older adventure games was phased out in favor of a point-and-click interface, i.e., a game where the player interacts with the game environment and objects using an on-screen cursor. In many of these games, the mouse pointer is context sensitive in that it applies different actions to different objects.[2]" This reads like something written back in the days when readers were more familiar with text adventrues than with graphic adventures. Today, it seems quaint and only of interest to historians of computer games. It certainly does not give the reader any feel for what Myst is like. Rick Norwood (talk) 17:13, 16 June 2011 (UTC)
 * "Graphic adventure" isn't jargon. It's the genre. ♫ Melodia Chaconne ♫ (talk) 18:05, 16 June 2011 (UTC)

Rime In The Original Myst
I thought this was very obvious for a very long time... but apparently I need a "source" to keep something completely obvious in the article. So if anybody can find a printed magazine source, or otherwise third-party source for this, definitely contribute.

In the original version of Myst, there is a Topography Test that you can punch in at the Forechamber Image Generator. A little holograph image of an unnamed island covered in snow pops up and rotates for a little bit. I believe the code was "40". It wasn't of any known existing Age at the time. Anyway, when realMyst came out with the added "Rime" Age, you began your journey to access that added Age by punching in the same code you would in the original Myst for the Topography Test. Point is: the same image pops up that did ever since 1993 and the first edition of the game: a snowy, mountainous looking island that is unmistakably Rime itself, now with a name and playable aspect. Thus, it's painfully obvious the designers developed this new Rime Age based off the unassuming novelty holograph from the very first game.

Yet I'm being challenged on this for not having a "source". ... -_-  .... wow. Well, can't find a perfect little source for you, nor did I think this necessitated one. Thus, if anybody can get a definitive "source" for the desperately contradictory Wikipedia regulars around here, please add it to my edit regarding Rime. Jeez. Thanks, - AL. 74.56.51.128 (talk) 20:57, 4 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Obvious or not, without any sources it's original research. This is just not allowed. I'm telling you now, it does require a source, the burden of evidence is on you. Also, personal attacks get you nowhere, stop with with this battleground mentality.  Я ehevkor ✉  21:11, 4 January 2012 (UTC)

 * "Battleground mentality"... LMFAO. Spoken like a true Wiki-zombie. 74.56.51.128 (talk) 21:14, 4 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Heh. 21:16, 4 January 2012 (UTC)\

 * "Personal attacks get you nowhere" says the guy who tell me "go fuck yourself" in an edit line and gets scolded by a much more reasonable Wikpedian for it. Right. Free tip: don't hit people with a three revert rule template either when you're the one breaking that rule in the first place, especially when I've since added reputable sources relative to the claim. 74.56.51.128 (talk) 21:37, 4 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Keep it to his talk page, your feelings on him don't belong on this articles talk page. Thanks. Sergecross73   msg me   21:40, 4 January 2012 (UTC)
 * I see 3 reverts by myself, 4 by you. Where did I break the _three_ revert rule? Either way, while your "Wiki-zombie" comment indicated no desier to continue this discussion, I'll continue it instead. The fisicx source is just as bad as the Gamefaqs source, it's self published by someone. The Prima guide may be reliable (as a primary source), if verified, but how does it indicate how what the code did in the original Myst was in any way significant when compared to RealMyst? It's completely out of place.  Я ehevkor ✉  22:16, 4 January 2012 (UTC)
 * It substantiates the claim that the numeric code to be put in at the Image Generator ("40") is the same as the code used to further the player towards arriving at Rime, which is what the edit reads as at the moment. Any insinuation the original holograph image in the first game IS in fact the basis for Rime have been removed, even though to the rest of the world not concerned with Wikipedia's ultra-serious citation demand, is laughably obvious and "no duh" information. PS - your 3 edits were to REVERT mine. 74.56.51.128 (talk) 22:21, 4 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Yeah.. 3 reverts, as I said.. did you read WP:3RR? Yes, but without the claim that is used as the basis for Rime the text is totally out of place. You've inserted the text explaining how Rime is accessed (as if a walkthrough, I have mentioned WP:NOTHOWTO before) but without explaining why that is significant or relevant to an encyclopaedia article. The bottom line, without a source to directly link the Topography Test to Rime, there's no point mentioning it at all.  Я ehevkor ✉  22:31, 4 January 2012 (UTC)

Pocket PC version
Hey, I was poking around and found out that there is also a PPC version of Myst. However, I am unsure of how to add it to the list of platforms and I cannot find a specific release date. I do have some sources though: http://www.mobiletechreview.com/games/myst.htm http://www.cyanworlds.com/products/mystppc.php Kasm279 (talk) 22:35, 11 March 2012 (UTC)

Fanmade Minecraft Mod
There is also Minecraft mod called Mystcraft. http://www.minecraftforum.net/topic/918541-147-mystcraft-0100/ http://binarymage.com/wiki/doku.php --62.233.207.3 (talk) 08:32, 22 February 2013 (UTC)
 * So? ♫ Melodia Chaconne ♫ (talk) 14:35, 22 February 2013 (UTC)

Screenshots mislabeled?
There are two screenshots in the re-releases and ports section; one claims to be a "pre-rendered still" and the other "the same scene rendered in real-time". The "real-time" still looks much, much better. I'm guessing these two are cross-labeled, but I don't know for sure so I didn't want to make the edit. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.119.189.85 (talk) 23:06, 24 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, they are labelled correctly. The level of detail possible in 1993 was that "poor" compared to what real time rendering could do in 2005-ish. --M ASEM (t) 23:37, 24 September 2013 (UTC)

Dead Links
Using the Checklinks tool, I've updated this article's dead links. A few notes:

 * Ref 03 (fixed) 302 error. Updated with Wayback.
 * Ref 04 (fixed) 404 error. Updated with Wayback.
 * Ref 09 (fixed) 404 error. Page cannot be archived due to Robots.txt. Updated with current URL for article on Gamespot.com.
 * Ref 18 (fixed) 404 error. Updated with Wayback.
 * Ref 30 (fixed) 404 error. Page cannot be archived due to Robots.txt. Updated with current URL for article on Gamespot.com.
 * Ref 53 (fixed) 301 error. Updated with Wayback.
 * Ref 71 (fixed) 404 error. Updated with Wayback.
 * Ref 72 (fixed) 404 error. Updated with Wayback.
 * Ref 77 (fixed) 404 error. Updated with Wayback.

--chrisFjordson (talk) 20:25, 27 April 2014 (UTC)

Random page patrol
Nice job on an excellent article. Congratulations to those who worked so hard to get it to FA status.
 *  Bfpage |leave a message 09:31, 3 August 2015 (UTC)

"The Stranger" did not exist in the design of this game.
Myst's co-creator Robyn Miller has voiced his annoyance with the concept of "The Stranger" on multiple occasions [1, 2], saying it was neither his nor Rand's intention to describe the first-person protagonist as anyone other than "you". In fact, he wonders where the description "The Stranger" originated, and feels it hurts the immersive quality of these games.

Personally, Having played both Myst and Riven, but none of the later Ubisoft sequels, I found it confusing how often both the Myst and Riven articles mention "The Stranger", when I had never heard of this term before anywhere in the games or their manuals or packaging.

I think it might help to at least mention the creator's distaste for this term somewhere on these two pages, and possibly on Characters of Myst. What do you think? — Erdavis7 (talk) 20:46, 6 May 2016 (UTC)

 * I understand where Robyn Miller's distaste comes from, and I don't particularly know how "The Stranger" became a character unto itself rather than shorthand for the player character. It seems to have arisen after Miller left the company with Riven especially with Uru—so it's not an Ubsioft creation but a Cyan one, as they contextualized the video games as essentially adaptations of real events. I don't really think it's relevant to mention here (although it might be worth cutting the Stranger mentions a bit just because it's almost as unwieldy in the plot section as just "the player") although it might be worth elaborating on the bit in Characters of Myst about the player character. Given that the Stranger is a sort of a retronym I can also see the perspective of only referencing the Stranger bit in context and using the player throughout the plot section. Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs ( talk ) 17:23, 9 May 2016 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Myst (series) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 03:45, 22 November 2016 (UTC)

realMyst Masterpiece 1.0 and 2.0 screenshots / patch notes
I've had my edits around this reverted twice now. I'm really trying in good faith here... I think it's worth mentioning the significant differences between RMME 1.0 and 2.0, as the game graphics were essentially rebuilt. The four images you see here do a good job illustrating the major changes the game has gone through.

Yet I had my edits reverted twice: once by User:Masem because I cited a primary source (the official patch notes), and once by User:David Fuchs because NFCC doesn't justify another image, and I cited an "unreliable source" (Reddit). On the source: what source am I supposed to cite? There's either the horse's mouth, or there's secondary sources discussing it (e.g., Reddit). What kind of source explaining the differences between version 1.0 and 2.0 would make you happy?

On the image: I read WP:NFCC; I assume you are going by the "Minimal number of items" rule? It says not to use more pictures "if one item can convey equivalent significant information". In this case, it can't, the two screenshots are conveying different information, namely, the differences between 1.0 and 2.0.

Nobody seems to be objecting that we describe and depict the differences, I just have two people reverting my changes on what seems like technicalities. What can I do to preserve this, or do we just want to delete the info?

--MattGiuca (talk) 10:01, 27 November 2016 (UTC)
 * If the visual difference between 1.0 and 2.0 is so important for the need for another non-free, that needs to be something of reasonably significant discussion in third party, secondary sources. Otherwise, we are just saying "Oh, we think this is an important update" which is original research and far from allowable NFC justification. --M ASEM (t) 14:30, 27 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 4 external links on Myst. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.grantland.com/story/_/id/9713372/looking-back-game-myst-20th-anniversary
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 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.1up.com/do/feature?cId=3134600
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131102215621/http://www.spokesmanreview.com/pf.asp?date=052201&id=s966647 to http://www.spokesmanreview.com/pf.asp?date=052201&id=s966647

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this is wrong "Objects and information discovered in one Age may be required to solve puzzles in another Age, or to complete the game's primary puzzle on Myst."
"Objects and information discovered in one Age may be required to solve puzzles in another Age, or to complete the game's primary puzzle on Myst." this is wrong and would be impossible as when you "link" to a age you are trapped there until the age's puzzle is solved which allows the the player access to a linking book back to myst. technically 2 ages share audio clues for the cardinal directions (but the clues can be learned independently in each age) and of course the primary puzzle takes place on myst which is a age and is solved with information from other ages but if that were to be what this was referring to then it is redundantly phrased — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.20.97.197 (talk) 22:46, 2 February 2018 (UTC)

 * I agree what was written was incorrect. I've changed the text to eliminate the fallacious comment. Appreciative user (talk) 01:34, 16 August 2022 (UTC)

Source

 * https://archive.org/stream/MacWorld_9403_March_1994#page/n79/mode/2up
 * https://archive.org/stream/CDROMToday03Winter1993/CD-ROM_Today_03_Winter_1993#page/n75/mode/2up/
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20010429053425/http://gamespot.com:80/gamespot/filters/products/0,11114,89467,00.html
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20001205024900/http://www.zdnet.com:80/gamespot/features/pc/most_influential/index.html
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20180708230532/http://www.newsweek.com/men-behind-myst-185506

Pyramid review
I don't want to mess up the page, but in case anyone wants to add a review from Pyramid #8 (July/August 1994): 2600:1700:E820:1BA0:4AF1:7FFF:FEE5:C031 (talk) 19:07, 30 November 2019 (UTC)

Xbox
The new Xbox One and Xbox Series ports should probably be added under the ports section. Rkhieu (talk) 09:40, 26 August 2021 (UTC)

Ooops
Hi, I uploaded a Myst 2020 screenshot to the comparison (because that version looks significantly different) but due to internet issues ended up uploading directly instead of via the uploader thing, so now it says "original work" and I didn't get the chance to add a fair use rationale. I can only view the picture, can't find a way to change or remove anything. Can anyone else help? Uliwitness (talk) Uliwitness (talk) 21:11, 9 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Hey since you uploaded it to Commons I've posted a deletion request there.  Der Wohltemperierte Fuchs  talk 16:46, 12 September 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 17:12, 12 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Myst 2020 dock sm.jpg

title: Talk:Myst


text:
One-way function

In computer science, a one-way function is a function that is easy to compute on every input, but hard to invert given the image of a random input. Here, "easy" and "hard" are to be understood in the sense of computational complexity theory, specifically the theory of polynomial time problems. Not being one-to-one is not considered sufficient for a function to be called one-way (see Theoretical definition, below).

The existence of such one-way functions is still an open conjecture. Their existence would prove that the complexity classes P and NP are not equal, thus resolving the foremost unsolved question of theoretical computer science. The converse is not known to be true, i.e. the existence of a proof that P ≠ NP would not directly imply the existence of one-way functions.

In applied contexts, the terms "easy" and "hard" are usually interpreted relative to some specific computing entity; typically "cheap enough for the legitimate users" and "prohibitively expensive for any malicious agents". One-way functions, in this sense, are fundamental tools for cryptography, personal identification, authentication, and other data security applications. While the existence of one-way functions in this sense is also an open conjecture, there are several candidates that have withstood decades of intense scrutiny. Some of them are essential ingredients of most telecommunications, e-commerce, and e-banking systems around the world.

Theoretical definition
A function f : {0, 1}* → {0, 1}* is one-way if f can be computed by a polynomial-time algorithm, but any polynomial-time randomized algorithm $$F$$ that attempts to compute a pseudo-inverse for f succeeds with negligible probability. (The * superscript means any number of repetitions, see Kleene star.) That is, for all randomized algorithms $$F$$, all positive integers c and all sufficiently large n = length(x),

 * $$\Pr[f(F(f(x))) = f(x)] < n^{-c},$$

where the probability is over the choice of x from the discrete uniform distribution on {0, 1} n, and the randomness of $$F$$.

Note that, by this definition, the function must be "hard to invert" in the average-case, rather than worst-case sense. This is different from much of complexity theory (e.g., NP-hardness), where the term "hard" is meant in the worst-case. That is why even if some candidates for one-way functions (described below) are known to be NP-complete, it does not imply their one-wayness. The latter property is only based on the lack of known algorithms to solve the problem.

It is not sufficient to make a function "lossy" (not one-to-one) to have a one-way function. In particular, the function that outputs the string of n zeros on any input of length n is not a one-way function because it is easy to come up with an input that will result in the same output. More precisely: For such a function that simply outputs a string of zeroes, an algorithm F that just outputs any string of length n on input f(x) will "find" a proper preimage of the output, even if it is not the input which was originally used to find the output string.

Related concepts
A one-way permutation is a one-way function that is also a permutation—that is, a one-way function that is bijective. One-way permutations are an important cryptographic primitive, and it is not known if their existence is implied by the existence of one-way functions.

A trapdoor one-way function or trapdoor permutation is a special kind of one-way function. Such a function is hard to invert unless some secret information, called the trapdoor, is known.

A collision-free hash function f is a one-way function that is also collision-resistant; that is, no randomized polynomial time algorithm can find a collision—distinct values x, y such that f(x) = f(y)—with non-negligible probability.

Theoretical implications of one-way functions
If f is a one-way function, then the inversion of f would be a problem whose output is hard to compute (by definition) but easy to check (just by computing f on it). Thus, the existence of a one-way function implies that FP ≠ FNP, which in turn implies that P ≠ NP. However, P ≠ NP does not imply the existence of one-way functions.

The existence of a one-way function implies the existence of many other useful concepts, including:
 * Pseudorandom generators
 * Pseudorandom function families
 * Bit commitment schemes
 * Private-key encryption schemes secure against adaptive chosen-ciphertext attack
 * Message authentication codes
 * Digital signature schemes (secure against adaptive chosen-message attack)

Candidates for one-way functions
The following are several candidates for one-way functions (as of April 2009). Clearly, it is not known whether these functions are indeed one-way; but extensive research has so far failed to produce an efficient inverting algorithm for any of them.

Multiplication and factoring
The function f takes as inputs two prime numbers p and q in binary notation and returns their product. This function can be "easily" computed in O(b2) time, where b is the total number of bits of the inputs. Inverting this function requires finding the factors of a given integer N. The best factoring algorithms known run in $$O\left(\exp\sqrt[3]{\frac{64}{9} b (\log b)^2}\right)$$time, where b is the number of bits needed to represent N.

This function can be generalized by allowing p and q to range over a suitable set of semiprimes. Note that f is not one-way for randomly selected integers p, q > 1, since the product will have 2 as a factor with probability 3/4 (because the probability that an arbitrary p is odd is 1/2, and likewise for q, so if they're chosen independently, the probability that both are odd is therefore 1/4; hence the probability that p or q is even, is 1 − 1/4 = 3/4).

The Rabin function (modular squaring)
The Rabin function, or squaring modulo $$N=pq$$, where $p$ and $q$ are primes is believed to be a collection of one-way functions. We write
 * $$\operatorname{Rabin}_N(x)\triangleq x^2\bmod N$$

to denote squaring modulo $N$: a specific member of the Rabin collection. It can be shown that extracting square roots, i.e. inverting the Rabin function, is computationally equivalent to factoring $N$ (in the sense of polynomial-time reduction). Hence it can be proven that the Rabin collection is one-way if and only if factoring is hard. This also holds for the special case in which $p$ and $q$ are of the same bit length. The Rabin cryptosystem is based on the assumption that this Rabin function is one-way.

Discrete exponential and logarithm
Modular exponentiation can be done in polynomial time. Inverting this function requires computing the discrete logarithm. Currently there are several popular groups for which no algorithm to calculate the underlying discrete logarithm in polynomial time is known. These groups are all finite abelian groups and the general discrete logarithm problem can be described as thus.

Let G be a finite abelian group of cardinality n. Denote its group operation by multiplication. Consider a primitive element α ∈ G and another element β ∈ G. The discrete logarithm problem is to find the positive integer k, where 1 ≤ k ≤ n, such that:

 * $$\alpha^k = \underbrace{\alpha \cdot \alpha \cdot \ldots \cdot \alpha}_{k \; \mathrm{times}} = \beta$$

The integer k that solves the equation αk = β is termed the discrete logarithm of β to the base α. One writes k = logα β.

Popular choices for the group G in discrete logarithm cryptography are the cyclic groups (Zp)× (e.g. ElGamal encryption, Diffie–Hellman key exchange, and the Digital Signature Algorithm) and cyclic subgroups of elliptic curves over finite fields (see elliptic curve cryptography).

An elliptic curve is a set of pairs of elements of a field satisfying y2 = x3 + ax + b. The elements of the curve form a group under an operation called "point addition" (which is not the same as the addition operation of the field). Multiplication kP of a point P by an integer k (i.e., a group action of the additive group of the integers) is defined as repeated addition of the point to itself. If k and P are known, it is easy to compute R = kP, but if only R and P are known, it is assumed to be hard to compute k.

Cryptographically secure hash functions
There are a number of cryptographic hash functions that are fast to compute, such as SHA 256. Some of the simpler versions have fallen to sophisticated analysis, but the strongest versions continue to offer fast, practical solutions for one-way computation. Most of the theoretical support for the functions are more techniques for thwarting some of the previously successful attacks.

Other candidates
Other candidates for one-way functions include the hardness of the decoding of random linear codes, the hardness of certain lattice problems, and the subset sum problem (Naccache–Stern knapsack cryptosystem).

Universal one-way function
There is an explicit function f that has been proved to be one-way, if and only if one-way functions exist. In other words, if any function is one-way, then so is f. Since this function was the first combinatorial complete one-way function to be demonstrated, it is known as the "universal one-way function". The problem of finding a one-way function is thus reduced to provingperhaps non-constructivelythat one such function exists.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: One-way function


text:
Ethidium bromide

Ethidium bromide (or homidium bromide, chloride salt homidium chloride) is an intercalating agent commonly used as a fluorescent tag (nucleic acid stain) in molecular biology laboratories for techniques such as agarose gel electrophoresis. It is commonly abbreviated as EtBr, which is also an abbreviation for bromoethane. To avoid confusion, some laboratories have used the abbreviation EthBr for this salt. When exposed to ultraviolet light, it will fluoresce with an orange colour, intensifying almost 20-fold after binding to DNA. Under the name homidium, it has been commonly used since the 1950s in veterinary medicine to treat trypanosomiasis in cattle. The high incidence of antimicrobial resistance makes this treatment impractical in some areas, where the related isometamidium chloride is used instead. Despite its reputation as a mutagen, tests have shown it to have low mutagenicity without metabolic activation.

Structure, chemistry, and fluorescence
As with most fluorescent compounds, ethidium bromide is aromatic. Its core heterocyclic moiety is generically known as a phenanthridine, an isomer of which is the fluorescent dye acridine. Absorption maxima of EtBr in aqueous solution are at 210 nm and 285 nm, which correspond to ultraviolet light. As a result of this excitation, EtBr emits orange light with wavelength 605 nm.

Ethidium bromide's intense fluorescence after binding with DNA is probably not due to rigid stabilization of the phenyl moiety, because the phenyl ring has been shown to project outside the intercalated bases. In fact, the phenyl group is found to be almost perpendicular to the plane of the ring system, as it rotates about its single bond to find a position where it will impinge upon the ring system minimally. Instead, the hydrophobic environment found between the base pairs is believed to be responsible. By moving into this hydrophobic environment and away from the solvent, the ethidium cation is forced to shed any water molecules that were associated with it. As water is a highly efficient fluorescence quencher, the removal of these water molecules allows the ethidium to fluoresce.

Applications
Ethidium bromide is commonly used to detect nucleic acids in molecular biology laboratories. In the case of DNA this is usually double-stranded DNA from PCRs, restriction digests, etc. Single-stranded RNA can also be detected, since it usually folds back onto itself and thus provides local base pairing for the dye to intercalate. Detection typically involves a gel containing nucleic acids placed on or under an ultraviolet lamp. Since ultraviolet light is harmful to eyes and skin, gels stained with ethidium bromide are usually viewed indirectly using an enclosed camera, with the fluorescent images recorded as photographs. Where direct viewing is needed, the viewer's eyes and exposed skin should be protected. In the laboratory the intercalating properties have long been used to minimize chromosomal condensation when a culture is exposed to mitotic arresting agents during harvest. The resulting slide preparations permit a higher degree of resolution, and thus more confidence in determining structural integrity of chromosomes upon microscopic analysis.

Ethidium bromide is also used during DNA fragment separation by agarose gel electrophoresis. It is added to running buffer and binds by intercalating between DNA base pairs. When the agarose gel is illuminated using UV light, DNA bands become visible. Intercalation of EtBr can alter properties of the DNA molecule, such as charge, weight, conformation, and flexibility. Since the mobilities of DNA molecules through the agarose gel are measured relative to a molecular weight standard, the effects of EtBr can be critical to determining the sizes of molecules.

Ethidium bromide has also been used extensively to reduce mitochondrial DNA copy number in proliferating cells. The effect of EtBr on mitochondrial DNA is used in veterinary medicine to treat trypanosomiasis in cattle, as EtBr binds molecules of kinetoplastid DNA and changes their conformation to the Z-DNA form. This form inhibits replication of kinetoplastid DNA, which is lethal for trypanosomes.

The chloride salt homidium chloride has the same applications.

Ethidium bromide can be added to YPD media and used as an inhibitor for cell growth.

The binding affinity of the cationic nanoparticles with DNA could be evaluated by competitive binding with ethidium bromide.

Alternatives for gel
There are alternatives to ethidium bromide which are advertised as being less dangerous and having better performance. For example, several SYBR-based dyes are used by some researchers and there are other emerging stains such as "Novel Juice". SYBR dyes are less mutagenic than EtBr by the Ames test with liver extract. However, SYBR Green I was actually found to be more mutagenic than EtBr to the bacterial cells exposed to UV (which is used to visualize either dye). This may be the case for other "safer" dyes, but while mutagenic and toxicity details are available these have not been published in peer-reviewed journals. The MSDS for SYBR Safe reports an for rats of over 5 g/kg, which is higher than that of EtBr (1.5 g/kg). Many alternative dyes are suspended in DMSO, which has health implications of its own, including increased skin absorption of organic compounds. Despite the performance advantage of using SYBR dyes instead of EtBr for staining purposes, many researchers still prefer EtBr since it is considerably less expensive.

Possible carcinogenic activity
Most use of ethidium bromide in the laboratory (0.25–1 μg/mL) is below the LD50 dosage, making acute toxicity unlikely. Testing in humans and longer studies in a mammalian system would be required to fully understand the long-term risk ethidium bromide poses to lab workers, but it is clear that ethidium bromide can cause mutations in mammalian and bacterial cells.

Handling and disposal
Ethidium bromide is not regulated as hazardous waste at low concentrations, but is treated as hazardous waste by many organizations. Material should be handled according to the manufacturer's Safety Data Sheet (SDS).

The disposal of laboratory ethidium bromide remains a controversial subject. Ethidium bromide can be degraded chemically, or collected and incinerated. It is common for ethidium bromide waste below a mandated concentration to be disposed of normally (such as pouring it down a drain). A common practice is to treat ethidium bromide with sodium hypochlorite (bleach) before disposal. According to Lunn and Sansone, chemical degradation using bleach yields compounds which are mutagenic by the Ames test. Data are lacking on the mutagenic effects of degradation products. Lunn and Sansone describe more effective methods for degradation. Elsewhere, ethidium bromide removal from solutions with activated charcoal or ion exchange resin is recommended. Various commercial products are available for this use.

Drug resistance
Trypanosomes in the Gibe River Valley in southwest Ethiopia showed universal resistance between July 1989 and February 1993. This likely indicates a permanent loss of function in this area against the tested target, T. congolense isolated from Boran cattle.

title: Ethidium bromide


text:
Ruby Wax

Ruby Wax (Wachs; born 19 April 1953) is a British-American actress, comedian, writer, television personality, and mental health campaigner. A classically-trained actress, Wax was with the Royal Shakespeare Company for five years and co-starred on the ITV sitcom Girls on Top (1985–1986).

Wax came to prominence as a comic interviewer, playing up to British perceptions of the strident American style on television shows including The Full Wax (1991–1994), Ruby Wax Meets... (1994–1998), Ruby (1997–2000), and The Ruby Wax Show (2002). She was a script editor for the BBC sitcom Absolutely Fabulous (1992–2012), also appearing in two episodes.

Wax holds both American and British citizenship and has resided in the United Kingdom since the 1970s. In 2013, she gained a master's degree in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy from Kellogg College, Oxford. Wax was appointed an Honorary Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2015 Special Honours for services to mental health. Her memoirs How Do You Want Me? (2002) and Sane New World (2013) both reached number one on the Sunday Times bestseller list.

Early life
Wax was born Ruby Wachs and raised in Evanston, Illinois, the daughter of Edward and Berthe Wachs (née Goldmann). Her parents were Austrian Jews who left Vienna in 1938 because of the Nazi threat. Her father was a sausage manufacturer and her mother qualified as an accountant. Once settled in Chicago, her father changed the spelling of the family surname from Wachs to Wax.

Wax majored in psychology at the University of California, Berkeley, leaving after a year without completing her degree.

Early career
Wax moved to the UK and studied at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama in Glasgow. She started her acting career as a straight actress at the Crucible Theatre, Sheffield, where she began a long-standing writing and directing partnership with Alan Rickman, who later directed many of her stage comedy shows.

In 1978, she joined the Royal Shakespeare Company, working alongside Juliet Stevenson in Measure for Measure, as Jaquenetta opposite Michael Hordern in Love's Labours Lost, replacing Zoë Wanamaker as Jane in The Way of the World and appearing in the Howard Brenton three-hander Sore Throats. While at the RSC, Wax also met and befriended Ian Charleson, and later contributed a chapter to the 1990 book, For Ian Charleson: A Tribute. In 1981, Wax appeared as an American track fan in Charleson's breakthrough film, Chariots of Fire.

Wax made a one-off appearance in a 1980 episode of The Professionals, Bloodsports, playing Lonnie, an American student. In 1981, she appeared in the follow-up to The Rocky Horror Picture Show, called Shock Treatment. In the film, Wax portrays Betty Hapschatt, who married Ralph Hapschatt in the first film. Wax also appeared briefly as a secretary in Omen III: The Final Conflict.

Comedy work
In 1985, she starred as loud-mouthed American actress Shelley DuPont on the British sitcom Girls on Top.

In 1987, Wax was given her own comedy chat show, Don't Miss Wax, on Channel 4. She was also hired as a radio presenter by the Superstation, an overnight sustaining service for commercial radio in the UK. In December 1989, she appeared in the Red Dwarf episode "Timeslides" as the television host Blaize Falconberger of the fictional show "Lifestyles of the Disgustingly Rich and Famous".

Wax began working with the BBC in 1991, with the show The Full Wax (1991–94). In 1994, Ruby Wax Meets Madonna aired on the BBC, followed by the series Ruby Wax Meets... (1996–98), in which she interviewed public figures such as Imelda Marcos, O. J. Simpson, and Pamela Anderson. Ruby Wax Meets... was nominated for a 1997 BAFTA Award (credited to Clive Tulloh and Don Boyd), for an interview with Sarah, Duchess of York, an interview which attracted over 14 million viewers. She also made two guest appearances in Absolutely Fabulous, a programme on which she served as script editor throughout the run of the series.

From November 2001 to June 2002, Wax presented a TV quiz show on BBC One, The Waiting Game. Her final BBC interview series aired in 2003. In 2005 Wax appeared as a cleaner in the music video to McFly's Comic Relief song All About You.

Writing, academia, corporate training and returns to television and stage
In 2002, Wax became the host of Commercial Breakdown. In that year, Wax published her memoir How Do You Want Me?, which topped The Sunday Times best-seller list.

In March 2003, Wax was one of the celebrity contestants on Comic Relief does Fame Academy, a spin-off from the BBC's Fame Academy, with all proceeds donated to Comic Relief. Although not a good singer, Wax made it to the final, taking runner-up position to Will Mellor.

In 2004, the BBC planned to show the cartoon series Popetown, poking fun at the Catholic Church. Wax portrayed the Pope as a spoiled child. After protests, the BBC did not broadcast the show.

In February 2004, Irish broadcaster Patricia Danaher reached an out-of-court settlement with Wax, who had falsely claimed Danaher had made "racist" and "anti-Semitic" remarks about her in an interview for Ulster Television. Wax's legal team apologised in court, accepted Danaher had made no racist or anti-Semitic statements, and announced there had been a financial settlement.

In November 2005, Wax was criticised by the Daily Mail columnist Richard Kay for allegedly opposing a proposed disabled-access ramp for the Couper Collection charitable art gallery. The UK Sunday newspaper The Observer also reported the controversy. In 2006, Wax responded to the claims in the London Evening Standard: "Oh no, that's not true. That's so off the wall. Why would I object to a disabled ramp? It wasn't even about that."

Wax appeared in a supporting role opposite Olivia Williams and Andie MacDowell in the 2005 film Tara Road. In September and October 2005, she appeared as a celebrity contestant in Ant & Dec's Gameshow Marathon, progressing through to Sale of the Century before getting knocked out. In summer 2006, she was a celebrity showjumper in the BBC's Sport Relief event Only Fools on Horses. She presented Cirque de Celebrité on Sky One in 2006. Wax also appeared in an episode of Jackass, participating in the Gumball 3000. While the race was stopped at the Latvian border she was wrestled by Jackass personality Chris Pontius.

In March 2009, Wax returned to Comic Relief to take part in Comic Relief Does The Apprentice. Wax appeared in the 2011 Comic Relief in Comic Relief Does Masterchef in which Wax prepared an appetiser for then Prime Minister David Cameron.

On 1 April 2009, Ruby Wax Goes Dutch premiered on Dutch television network NET 5.

She was appointed Chancellor of the University of Southampton, commencing duties on 1 May 2019.

Wax teaches business communication in the public and private sectors. Clients include Deutsche Bank, the UK Home Office and Skype.

In September 2013, Wax graduated from Kellogg College, Oxford, with a master's degree in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. She had previously earned a postgraduate certificate in psychotherapy and counselling from Regent's College in London.

In 2016, Wax published her first mindfulness book, A Mindfulness Guide For The Frazzled, within which she sets out her own six-week mindfulness course with the blessing of Mark Williams, her professor at Oxford and co-creator of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.

After the 2020 lockdown period caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, her book And Now for the Good News... was published. Still related to mindfulness, it discusses her discovery of new ways for education, community, self-sustainability, business or volunteering to improve lives internationally. Her book A Mindfulness Guide For Survival was published in August 2021.

She lectures at Bangor University and in 2022 received an honorary degree from the university.

Mental health campaigning
Wax has been open about her struggles with bipolar disorder and depression. She made an online series on mental health issues for the BBC and has worked with mental health charities.

Wax's 2010 stand-up show Losing It dealt with her mental health, including time she spent in a psychiatric clinic. Wax founded the mental health website (which is now part of the SANE mental health charity) in 2011 in response to the audience reaction from her theatre show.

In 2013, Wax published Sane New World, which became a number-one best-seller. It was followed in January 2016 by A Mindfulness Guide for the Frazzled. In 2018 her third book on the subject of mental health came out: How to Be Human: The Manual, written with the help of a neuroscientist and a monk.

In June 2015, Wax was appointed Visiting Professor in Mental Health Nursing at the University of Surrey. In the 2015 Special Honours, she was appointed an Honorary Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for her services to mental health.

In May 2023, Wax released her new book and accompanying audiobook I’m Not As Well As I Thought I Was, which details her recent life including further time spent receiving psychiatric treatment and battles against depression. She toured a one-woman show based on the book.

Personal life
Wax is married to television producer and director Ed Bye. They have three children: Max (born 1988), Madeleine (born 1990), and Marina (born 1993).

In an episode of the BBC's Who Do You Think You Are? in 2017, Wax revealed her great-grandmother and great-aunt had been committed to mental asylums in Brno and Vienna as they were incurably "agitated".

In 2019, Wax fell off a horse while on holiday, severely injuring her back. She had to cancel her show How to Be Human at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe as a result of her injuries.

title: Ruby Wax


text:
Sham 69

Sham 69 are an English punk rock band that formed in Hersham in Surrey in 1975. They changed their musical direction after seeing the Sex Pistols play live in early 1976. They were one of the most successful punk bands in the United Kingdom, achieving five top 20 singles, including "If the Kids Are United" and "Hurry Up Harry". The group's popularity saw them perform on the BBC’s Top of the Pops, and they appeared in the rockumentary film, D.O.A.. The original unit broke up in 1979, with frontman Jimmy Pursey moving on to pursue a solo career.

In 1987, Pursey and guitarist David Parsons reformed the band, joined by new personnel. Although subsequently going through a number of line-up changes, Sham 69 remained active and were still playing gigs as of 2022.

Formation
Sham 69 formed in Hersham, Surrey in 1975, although originally known (according to some sources) as Jimmy and the Ferrets. 'Sham 69' is said to have derived from a piece of graffiti that co-founder Jimmy Pursey saw on a wall. It originally said Walton and Hersham '69 but had partly faded away, and made reference to when Walton & Hersham F.C. secured the Athenian League title in 1969.

The 12 November 1976 issue of NME noted that Sham 69 was rehearsing in 1976, although only Pursey would remain from this early line-up twelve months later. Original guitarists Johnny Goodfornothing (a.k.a. John Goode) and Neil Harris were replaced by Dave Parsons, and drummer Billy Bostik (a.k.a. Andy Nightingale) by Mark Cain. Albie Slider (a.k.a. Albie Maskell) remained for the group's first single in 1977 before being replaced by Dave Tregunna. The Pursey/Parsons/Tregunna/Cain line up then remained stable until 1979, when Ricky Goldstein took over on drums for the band's fourth album.

Sham 69 did not have the art school background of many English punk bands of the time, and brought in football chant backup vocals and an implicit political populism. The band attracted a large skinhead following (left wing, right wing and non-political). Their concerts were plagued by violence, and the band ceased live performances after a 1979 concert at the Rainbow Theatre in Finsbury Park was broken up by National Front-supporting white power skinheads fighting and rushing the stage.

Recordings
Sham 69 released their first single, "I Don't Wanna", on Step Forward Records in August 1977, produced by John Cale (formerly of the Velvet Underground), and its success in the independent charts prompted Polydor Records to sign the band. Their major label debut was "Borstal Breakout" in January 1978, followed by UK Singles Chart success with "Angels with Dirty Faces" (reaching No. 19 in May 1978) and "If the Kids Are United" (No. 9 in July 1978). These were not included on the group's debut album, Tell Us the Truth, a mixture of live and studio recordings.

The group had further chart success with "Hurry Up Harry" (No. 10 in October 1978), which came from their second LP and first full studio album, That's Life. The band's popularity was enhanced by their performances on Top of the Pops, and the band performed in the film, D.O.A. around this time (although the film was not released until 1980). Sham 69 would ultimately be one of the most successful UK punk rock bands, releasing five singles that cracked the Top 20 of the UK Singles Chart.

The band eventually started to move away from punk rock, to embrace a sound heavily influenced by classic British rock bands such as Mott the Hoople, The Who, the Rolling Stones and Faces. This was demonstrated by their third album, The Adventures of the Hersham Boys.

Demise
The original incarnation of Sham 69 disbanded in 1980, following the release of the band's fourth album, The Game. Pursey was enormously critical of the album, calling it "a pile of shit" in a 1989 Flipside interview, noting:

"I was forced into making it, you understand? I called it The Game because that's how the music business had become to me. Like a little roulette wheel where everything we did had all of this political value to it, but it didn't make any difference because you spin the wheel and if it landed on the right number you were all right, the wrong number and you were not all right."

Pursey formed the short-lived band Sham Pistols with former Sex Pistols members Steve Jones and Paul Cook, before moving on to a solo recording career. Pursey's first solo album was with Polydor Records, the label for which Sham 69 had recorded, but was a commercial and critical failure. The second solo album, Alien Orphans, was recorded with CBS Records France. For his third solo album, Revenge Is Not the Password, Pursey paid for the recording out of his own pocket in order to maintain artistic freedom.

In 1981, Pursey collaborated with Peter Gabriel on the single "Animals Have More Fun" which was commercially unsuccessful. He also became occupied with video production in London, making use of snippets of found video in an effort "to do something really anarchic."

Rick Goldstein, Dave Parsons, and Dave Tregunna joined the 1980s glam punk/gothic rock band the Wanderers with Stiv Bators of the Dead Boys. Tregunna and Bators later recruited Nick Turner of the Barracudas and Brian James of the Damned to form the Lords of the New Church.

1987 and later
In 1987 Pursey and Parsons resurrected Sham 69 with new members; Ian Whitewood on drums, Andy Prince on bass, Tony Hardie-Bick ("Tony Bic") on keyboards and Linda Paganelli on saxophone, releasing the album Volunteer and the singles "Rip and Tear" and "Outside the Warehouse". The album Live at CBGB's also features this line-up. The next studio album, Information Libre, has Patricia de Mayo on keyboards. Andy Prince went on to join the Magic Mushroom Band, and Whitewood was replaced on drums by Sonny Boy Williamson, who played on the Soapy Water and Mister Marmalade album and the singles "Uptown", "Action Time & Vision" and "Girlfriend".

2006 break-up and aftermath
In late 2006, Sham 69 broke up and Dave Parsons stated his wish to independently continue as 'Sham 69'. On 26 January 2007, BBC News announced that Sham 69 had split because of a bitter fallout between Pursey and Parsons. NME reported that a statement released by Parsons included the message: "Sham 69 have left Jimmy Pursey on the eve of their 30th anniversary. The band had become increasingly fed up with Jimmy's lack of interest in playing live and continually letting down both promoters and fans by pulling out of gigs at the last moment". Parsons and Whitewood continued as Sham 69 with Tim V on vocals and Rob Jefferson on bass. This line-up performed tours of the United States, played at many punk festivals across Europe, and released the album, Hollywood Hero, in August 2007.

Pursey and Sargent formed a new band Day 21 with Rev & Snell from Towers of London. The band was named after the last Sham 69 album and also to avoid confusion with the fans over the name. Day 21 recorded an album titled 4:10am which was not released, although a CD single, "'Aving It Rock 'N' Roll", was released in 2009. Bassist Rob Jefferson left Parsons' Sham 69 and was replaced by the former U.K. Subs member Alan Campbell. In 2009, Sham 69 was the first major punk band to tour China. They released an album titled Who Killed Joe Public, in late 2010.

2011–present
In May 2011, Parsons stated on his website that he had disbanded Sham 69, although this was disputed by the other members. In July 2011, Pursey announced on Twitter the re-formation of most of the 1977 line-up, comprising Pursey, Parsons and Tregunna. This meant that there were two active bands using the same name, with three of the classic line-up (Pursey, Parsons and Tregunna) in one band, and Harris in the other. In June 2012, Pursey registered the name as a trademark. As of 2016, both bands are still touring using the name, with the Pursey version often using the "Original 1977 line-up" tagline, and the other using the "Tim V" name.

On 28 January 2018, Sham 69 co-founder Neil Harris died from cancer at the age of 63.

Legacy
Sham 69 have been cited as a major influence on the Oi! musical subgenre of UK punk in the late 1970s, and also on the working class street punk musical subgenre of the 1980s.

Current line-up

 * Jimmy Pursey – vocals (1975–1980, 1987–2006, 2011–present)
 * Dave Parsons – guitar, backing vocals (1977–1980, 1987–present)
 * Dave Tregunna – bass, backing vocals (1977–1980, 2011–present)
 * Robin Guy – drums (2012–present)

Former members

 * Neil Harris – guitar (1975–1977; died 2018)
 * John Goode – guitar (1975–1977)
 * Albie Slider (Albert Maskell) – bass (1975–1977)
 * Billy Bostik – drums (1975–1977)
 * Mark Cain – drums (1977–1979)
 * Ricky Goldstein – drums (1979–1980)
 * Andy Prince – bass (1987–1993)
 * Mat Sargent – bass (1994–2006)
 * Ian Whitewood – drums (1987–2011)
 * Tim V – vocals (2007–2011)
 * Rob Jefferson – bass, backing vocals (2007–2009)
 * Al Campbell – bass (2009–2011)
 * Danny Fury – drums (2011–2012)

Current members

 * Tim V – vocals (2007–present)
 * Paul Brightman – guitar (2014–present)
 * Tom Austin-Morgan – bass (2021–present)
 * Ian Whitewood – drums (2007–present)

Former members

 * Dave Parsons – guitar, backing vocals (2007–2011)
 * Neil Harris – guitar (2011–2018; died 2018)
 * Tony Feedback – guitar (2011–2014)
 * Rob Jefferson – bass, backing vocals (2007–2009)
 * Al Campbell – bass (2009–2011)
 * John Woodward – bass (2011–2016)
 * Ryan Monshall – bass (2016–2021)

Singles
Source:

Compilation albums

 * The First, the Best and the Last (1980)
 * The Punk Singles Collection 1977–80 (1998)
 * Angels With Dirty Faces 2-CD Anthology (1999) (Castle Music ESDCD 780)
 * Laced Up Boots and Corduroys (2000)
 * If The Kids Are United - The Best of Sham 69 (2001)
 * The Best of Sham 69: Cockney Kids Are Innocent (2002)
 * The Complete Collection: 3-disc (2004)
 * Sham 69 - Set List: The Anthology (Re-recorded Greatest Hits on CD & LP) - Secret Records
 * Hurry Up Harry: The Collection (2017)

Compilation appearances
"Borstal Breakout" Performed by Sham 69; recorded live at Roundhouse Studios (1981)
 * Lords of Oi! (1997)
 * Teenage Kicks (4 April 2005)
 * The Original Punk Album (2007)
 * Punk 77/2007 30th Anniversary (2007)*
 * DOA movie, Rip Off Performed by Sham 69; recorded live at Roundhouse Studios

Live albums

 * Live and Loud!! (1987)
 * The Complete Sham 69 Live (1989)
 * Live at the Roxy Club (1990)
 * Live in Italy (1996)
 * Live at CBGB's (1998)
 * Green Eggs & Sham (1999)
 * SHAM 69 Live (2011)

title: Sham 69


text:
Regional Municipality of Niagara

The Regional Municipality of Niagara, also colloquially known as the Niagara Region or Region of Niagara, is a regional municipality comprising twelve municipalities of Southern Ontario, Canada. The regional seat is in Thorold. It is the southern end of the Golden Horseshoe, the largest megalopolis in Canada.

The region occupies most of the Niagara Peninsula. Its eastern boundary is the Niagara River, which is also the border with the US state of New York. It is bounded on the north by Lake Ontario and on the south by Lake Erie.

Unique natural landscapes make the Niagara Region an important centre for agriculture and tourism in Canada. The most important agricultural enterprise in Niagara is viticulture, or winemaking. The Niagara Wine Route, which connects visitors to dozens of wineries, is a growing tourism draw while the internationally renowned Niagara Falls is one of Canada's major tourist attractions. Along with Shaw Festival, held annually in Niagara-on-the-Lake, and the Welland Canal, the Regional Municipality of Niagara receives up to 12 million visitors each year.

Niagara Region is situated on treaty land. This land has a rich history of First Nations such as the Neutral, the Haudenosaunee, and the Anishinaabe, including the Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation. There are many First Nations, Métis, and Inuit people from across Turtle Island that continue to live and work in Niagara today.

Demographics
As a census division in the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Regional Municipality of Niagara had a population of $477,941$ living in $195,914$ of its $207,926$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $447,888$. With a land area of 1852.82 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Historic populations:
 * Population in 2001: 410,574
 * Population in 1996: 403,504

Religion
Religious profile
 * 43.2% Protestant
 * 36.4% Roman Catholic
 * 14.6% Non-religious
 * 3.8% other Christian
 * 0.9% Muslim

Ethnicity
Top ten largest ethnicities
 * Canadian - 121,660
 * English - 108,425
 * Scottish - 66,385
 * Irish - 56,640
 * German - 49,435
 * French - 48,155
 * Italian - 44,645
 * Dutch - 23,805
 * Ukrainian - 16,735
 * Polish - 16,295

Education

 * Brock University (St. Catharines)
 * Conseil Scolaire Viamonde - French Public
 * District School Board of Niagara - Public
 * Niagara Catholic District School Board - Separate
 * Niagara College (Niagara-on-the-Lake, Welland)
 * Niagara Parks School of Horticulture (Niagara Falls, Ontario)

Festivals and major events

 * Canada Games - 2022
 * Canal Days (Port Colborne)
 * Festival of Lights
 * FISA World Rowing Championships - 1970 & 1999
 * Shaw Festival
 * Niagara Pumphouse Arts Centre - Art at the Pumphouse (August Civic Holiday weekend)
 * Niagara Folk Arts Festival (St. Catharines)
 * Niagara Grape and Wine Festival
 * Niagara Greek Festival
 * Music Niagara Series (NOTL)
 * New Year's Eve at Niagara Falls
 * Twenty Valley Winter Winefest
 * Niagara Food & Wine Expo (Niagara Falls)
 * Niagara Icewine Festival (NOTL)
 * Niagara Integrated Film Festival (NOTL)
 * Niagara New Vintage Festival (NOTL)
 * Niagara Parks - Coca-Cola Concert Series (Niagara Falls)
 * Rib fest
 * Jazz Festival
 * SCENE Music Festival
 * Buskerfest
 * Royal Canadian Henley Regatta
 * St. Catharines Wine Tasting of 2005
 * Niagara-on-the-lake Peach Festival
 * Friendship Festival (Fort Erie)
 * Bravo Niagara Festival of Arts (NOTL)
 * Marshville Heritage Festival (Wainfleet)
 * Serbian Day (Vidovdan)
 * NOTL Ghost Walks
 * Niagara Falls Comic Con (Niagara Falls)
 * Welland FloatFest
 * Welland Zombie Walk
 * West Niagara Fair

Health care services

 * Hotel Dieu Shaver Health and Rehabilitation Centre
 * Niagara Health System

History and trails

 * Bruce Trail
 * Fort George National Historic Site (Niagara-on-the-Lake)
 * Annual Fife & Drum Muster and Soldiers Field Days - Fort George
 * Fort Mississauga National Historic Site (Niagara-on-the-Lake)
 * Niagara Parks - Siege of Fort Erie Re-enactment
 * Chippawa Battlefield Park
 * Greater Niagara Circle Route
 * Merritt Island (Welland)
 * Morningstar Mill (St. Catharines)
 * Navy Island National Historic Site (Niagara Falls)
 * Niagara Parkway
 * Niagara Wine Route
 * Old Fort Erie (Fort Erie)
 * Queenston Heights National Historic Site (Niagara-on-the-Lake)
 * Old Ivy Walk
 * Waterfront Trail
 * Friendship Trail
 * Welland Canal Parkway
 * Balls Falls Conservation Area (Thanksgiving Festival)
 * Niagara Botanical Gardens
 * Daredevil Exhibit
 * Drummond Hill Cemetery
 * Dufferin Islands
 * Battle Ground Hotel Museum
 * Niagara Falls Museum
 * Niagara Historical Society Museum
 * Niagara Falls Underground Railroad Heritage Centre
 * Fort Erie Museums
 * Graffiti Alley
 * Bertie Hall

Notable people

 * Paul Bissonnette, former NHL player
 * James Cameron, film director
 * Linda Evangelista, fashion supermodel
 * Daniel Girardi, former NHL player
 * Dallas Green, musician and producer known as "City and Colour"
 * Tim Hicks, musician
 * Nathan Horton, former NHL player
 * Stephan Moccio, Grammy and Academy award-winning musician and composer
 * Jordan Nolan, former NHL player
 * Daniel Paille, former NHL player
 * Neil Peart (1952–2020), drummer for the band Rush
 * Laura Secord, heroine of War of 1812
 * Joel Thomas Zimmerman, musician known as "Deadmau5"
 * Imane Anys, Twitch streamer who goes by the name "Pokimane"

Other

 * Scotiabank Convention Centre (Niagara Falls)
 * Clifton Hill (Niagara Falls)
 * Lundy's Lane Tourist District (Niagara Falls)
 * Niagara Olde Town (Niagara-on-the-Lake)
 * Port Dalhousie (St. Catharines)
 * Safari Niagara (Fort Erie)
 * Victoria Ave (Niagara Falls)
 * Welland Canal Centre (St. Catharines)
 * Howell Family Pumpkin Farm (Fonthill)

Protected areas

 * Short Hills Provincial Park
 * Wainfleet Bog Provincial Wildlife Preserve
 * Ball's Falls Conservation Area
 * Chippawa Creek Conservation Area
 * Long Beach Conservation Area
 * Morgan's Point Conservation Area
 * Cave Springs Conservation Area
 * St. John's Conservation Area
 * Rockway Conservation Area
 * Louth Conservation Area
 * Mountainview Conservation Area
 * Beamer Memorial Conservation Area
 * Woodend Conservation Area

 * Woolverton Conservation Area
 * Wainfleet Wetlands
 * Humberstone & Willoughby Wetlands
 * Mud Lake Wetlands
 * E.C. Brown Conservation Area
 * United Empire Loyalist Conservation Area
 * Port Davidson Weir Conservation Area
 * Sugar Bush Conservation Area
 * Stevensville Conservation Area
 * Virgil Dams Conservation Area
 * Happy Rolph's Bird Sanctuary
 * Niagara Glen Nature Reserve

Wineries
West Niagara
 * Cave Spring Cellars
 * Fielding
 * Flatrock
 * Henry of Pelham Family Estate Winery - St. Catharines, Ontario c. 1980s
 * Hernder Estate Wines
 * Peninsula Ridge
 * Vineland Estate

East Niagara
 * Chateau des Charmes
 * Coyote's Run
 * Hillebrand Winery - Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario c.1979
 * Inniskillin - Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario c.1974
 * Marynissen
 * Pillitteri Estates Winery

This list is not complete and changes every season, see also Niagara Peninsula wineries for more information.

Airports
Niagara Region contains three airports used primarily for general aviation:
 * St. Catharines/Niagara District Airport (Niagara-on-the-Lake)
 * Welland/Niagara Central Airport (Welland)
 * Niagara Falls/Niagara South Airport (Niagara Falls)

Aside from scheduled commuter flights between Niagara District Airport and Toronto City with FlyGTA, for commercial flights Niagara residents use Toronto Pearson International Airport, Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport, or John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area; as well as crossing the border to use Buffalo Niagara International Airport or Niagara Falls International Airport in Upstate New York.

Public Transport
Public transit within Niagara Region is provided by Niagara Region Transit, including scheduled local bus service within Niagara Falls, St. Catharines, Thorold and Welland, on-demand transit service in other portions of the Region, and regional bus service between communities in the region.

WEGO is an additional local bus network within Niagara Falls, targeted at visitors rather than residents. The WEGO Green Line is operated by the Niagara Parks Commission and requires separate WEGO tickets, while the remainder of WEGO routes are operated by Niagara Region Transit and accept both Niagara Region Transit and WEGO tickets.

GO Transit provides regional train and bus services from Niagara Falls and St. Catharines to the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area.

VIA Rail serves Grimsby, St. Catharines and Niagara Falls stations as part of the Maple Leaf intercity train between Toronto and New York City, jointly operated with Amtrak.

Many private bus operators operate intercity services to Niagara Region on routes connecting to cities such as Toronto, Buffalo and New York. As of 2023, private bus operators in Niagara Region include Flixbus, Megabus, Equinox, Greyhound, and Trailways.

Highways
400-series expressways:
 * Ontario 405.png Highway 405
 * Ontario 406.png Highway 406
 * Ontario 420.png Highway 420
 * Ontario QEW.svg Queen Elizabeth Way (QEW)

Other highways:
 * Ontario 3.png Highway 3
 * Ontario 20.png Highway 20
 * Ontario 58.png Highway 58
 * Ontario 58A.png Highway 58A
 * Ontario 140.png Highway 140

title: Regional Municipality of Niagara


text:
Hugh Edwin Strickland

Hugh Edwin Strickland (2 March 1811 – 14 September 1853) was an English geologist, ornithologist, naturalist and systematist. Through the British Association, he proposed a series of rules for the nomenclature of organisms in zoology, known as the Strickland Code, that was a precursor of later codes for nomenclature.

Biography
Strickland was born at Reighton, in the East Riding of Yorkshire. He was the second son of Henry Eustatius Strickland of Apperley, Gloucestershire, by his wife Mary, daughter of Edmund Cartwright, inventor of the power loom, and grandson of Sir George Strickland, bart., of Boynton. In 1827 he was sent as a pupil to Thomas Arnold (1795–1842), a family friend.

As a boy he acquired a taste for natural history which dominated his life. He received his early education from private tutors and in 1829 entered Oriel College, Oxford. He attended the anatomical lectures of John Kidd and the geological lectures of William Buckland and he became interested both in zoology and geology. He graduated B.A. in 1831, and proceeded to M.A. in the following year. He married Catherine Dorcas Maule Jardine, the daughter of Sir William Jardine, in 1845. She drew many of the illustrations for Illustrations to Ornithology (1825–1843), using her initials, CDMS (her sister Helen was also an illustrator).

Returning to his home at Cracombe House, near Tewkesbury, he began to study the geology of the Vale of Evesham, communicating papers to the Geological Society of London (1833–1834). He also gave much attention to ornithology. Becoming acquainted with Roderick Murchison he was introduced to William Hamilton (1805–1867) and accompanied him in 1835 on a journey through Asia Minor, the Thracian Bosporus and the island of Zante. Hamilton afterwards published the results of this journey and of his subsequent excursion to Armenia in Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus and Armenia (1842).

After his return in 1836 Strickland brought before the Geological Society several papers on the geology of the districts he had visited in southern Europe and Asia. He also described in detail the "drift deposits in the counties of Worcester and Warwick, drawing particular attention to the fluviatile deposits of Cropthorne in which remains of hippopotamus, &c., were found". With Murchison he read before the Geological Society an important paper On the Upper Formations of the New Red Sandstone System in Gloucestershire, Worcestershire and Warwickshire (Trans. Geol. Soc., 1840). In other papers he described the Bristol Bone-bed near Tewkesbury and the Ludlow Bone-bed of Woolhope. He was author likewise of ornithological memoirs communicated to the Zoological Society, the Annals and Magazine of Natural History and the British Association. He also drew up the report, in 1842, of a committee appointed by the British Association to consider the rules of zoological nomenclature. This report is the earliest formal codification of the principle of priority, which represents the fundamental guiding precept that preserves the stability of biological nomenclature. He was one of the founders of the Ray Society, suggested in 1843 and established in 1844, the object being the publication of works on natural history which could not be undertaken by scientific societies or by publishers. For this society Strickland corrected, enlarged and edited the manuscript of Agassiz for the Bibliographia Zoologiae et Geologiae (1848). In 1845 he edited with J. Buckman a second and enlarged edition of Murchison's Outline of the Geology of the neighbourhood of Cheltenham. In 1846 he settled at Oxford, and two years later he issued in conjunction with Alexander Gordon Melville a work on The Dodo and its kindred (1848).

In 1850 he was appointed deputy reader in geology at Oxford during the illness of Buckland, and in 1852 he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society. In the following year, after attending the meeting of the British Association at Hull, he went to examine the geological strata visible in cuttings on the Manchester Sheffield & Lincolnshire Railway near Retford. There he was knocked down and killed by a train; on a double track he stepped out of the way of a goods train and was hit by an express coming in the opposite direction. He was buried at Deerhurst church near Tewkesbury, where a memorial window was erected.

His Ornithological Synonyms was published in 1855. His collection of 6,000 birds went to Cambridge in 1867. While travelling in 1835 he discovered the olive-tree warbler on the island of Zante, and the cinereous bunting in the vicinity of İzmir in western Turkey.

His name was honoured in the name of a bird endemic to N. Borneo, Copsychus stricklandii Motley & Dillwyn (1855) as well as the brachiopod genus Stricklandia.

title: Hugh Edwin Strickland