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Polyphenol

Polyphenols are a large family of naturally occurring phenols. They are abundant in plants and structurally diverse. Polyphenols include phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannic acid, and ellagitannin, some of which have been used historically as dyes and for tanning garments.

Etymology
The name derives from the Ancient Greek word πολύς (, meaning "many, much") and the word ‘phenol’ which refers to a chemical structure formed by attachment of an aromatic benzenoid (phenyl) ring to a hydroxyl (-OH) group (hence the -ol suffix). The term "polyphenol" has been in use at least since 1894.

Definition

The term polyphenol is not well-defined, but is generally agreed that they are natural products with "several hydroxyl groups on aromatic rings" including four principal classes: "phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes, and lignans".
 * Flavonoids include flavones, flavonols, flavanols, flavanones, isoflavones, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins. Particularly abundant flavanoids in foods are catechin (tea, fruits), hesperetin (citrus fruits), cyanidin (red fruits and berries), daidzein (soybean), proanthocyanidins (apple, grape, cocoa), and quercetin (onion, tea, apples).
 * Phenolic acid include caffeic acid
 * Lignans are polyphenols derived from phenylalanine found in flax seed and other cereals.

WBSSH definition
The White–Bate-Smith–Swain–Haslam (WBSSH) definition characterized structural characteristics common to plant phenolics used in tanning (i.e., the tannins).

In terms of properties, the WBSSH describes the polyphenols as follows: In terms of structures, the WBSSH recognizes two structural family that have these properties:
 * generally moderately water-soluble compounds
 * with molecular weight of 500–4000 Da
 * with >12 phenolic hydroxyl groups
 * with 5–7 aromatic rings per 1000 Da
 * proanthocyanidins and its derivatives
 * galloyl and hexahydroxydiphenoyl esters and their derivatives

Quideau definition

According to Stéphane Quideau, the term "polyphenol" refers to compounds derived from the shikimate/phenylpropanoid and/or the polyketide pathway, featuring more than one phenolic unit and deprived of nitrogen-based functions.

Ellagic acid, a molecule at the core of naturally occurring phenolic compounds of varying sizes, is itself not a polyphenol by the WBSSH definition, but is by the Quideau definition. The raspberry ellagitannin, on the other hand, with its 14 gallic acid moieties (most in ellagic acid-type components), and more than 40 phenolic hydroxyl groups, meets the criteria of both definitions of a polyphenol. Other examples of compounds that fall under both the WBSSH and Quideau definitions include the black tea theaflavin-3-gallate shown below, and the hydrolyzable tannin, tannic acid.

Chemistry

Polyphenols are reactive species toward oxidation, hence their description as antioxidants in vitro.

Structural chemistry
Polyphenols, such as lignin, are larger molecules (macromolecules). Their upper molecular weight limit is about 800 daltons, which allows for the possibility to rapidly diffuse across cell membranes so that they can reach intracellular sites of action or remain as pigments once the cell senesces. Hence, many larger polyphenols are biosynthesized in-situ from smaller polyphenols to non-hydrolyzable tannins and remain undiscovered in the plant matrix. Most polyphenols contain repeating phenolic moieties of pyrocatechol, resorcinol, pyrogallol, and phloroglucinol connected by esters (hydrolyzable tannins) or more stable C-C bonds (nonhydrolyzable condensed tannins). Proanthocyanidins are mostly polymeric units of catechin and epicatechin.

Polyphenols often have functional groups beyond hydroxyl groups. Ether ester linkages are common, as are carboxylic acids.

Analytical chemistry
The analysis techniques are those of phytochemistry: extraction, isolation, structural elucidation, then quantification.

Extraction
Extraction of polyphenols can be performed using a solvent like water, hot water, methanol, methanol/formic acid, methanol/water/acetic or formic acid. Liquid–liquid extraction can be also performed or countercurrent chromatography. Solid phase extraction can also be made on C18 sorbent cartridges. Other techniques are ultrasonic extraction, heat reflux extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, critical carbon dioxide, high-pressure liquid extraction or use of ethanol in an immersion extractor. The extraction conditions (temperature, extraction time, ratio of solvent to raw material, particle size of the sample, solvent type, and solvent concentrations) for different raw materials and extraction methods have to be optimized.

Mainly found in the fruit skins and seeds, high levels of polyphenols may reflect only the measured extractable polyphenol (EPP) content of a fruit which may also contain non-extractable polyphenols. Black tea contains high amounts of polyphenol and makes up for 20% of its weight.

Concentration can be made by ultrafiltration. Purification can be achieved by preparative chromatography.

Analysis techniques

Phosphomolybdic acid is used as a reagent for staining phenolics in thin layer chromatography. Polyphenols can be studied by spectroscopy, especially in the ultraviolet domain, by fractionation or paper chromatography. They can also be analysed by chemical characterisation.

Instrumental chemistry analyses include separation by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and especially by reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), can be coupled to mass spectrometry. Purified compounds can be identified by the means of nuclear magnetic resonance.

Microscopy analysis
The DMACA reagent is an histological dye specific to polyphenols used in microscopy analyses. The autofluorescence of polyphenols can also be used, especially for localisation of lignin and suberin. Where fluorescence of the molecules themselves is insufficient for visualization by light microscopy, DPBA (diphenylboric acid 2-aminoethyl ester, also referred to as Naturstoff reagent A) has traditionally been used, at least in plant science, to enhance the fluorescence signal.

Quantification
Polyphenolic content in vitro can be quantified by volumetric titration. An oxidizing agent, permanganate, is used to oxidize known concentrations of a standard tannin solution, producing a standard curve. The tannin content of the unknown is then expressed as equivalents of the appropriate hydrolyzable or condensed tannin.

Some methods for quantification of total polyphenol content in vitro are based on colorimetric measurements. Some tests are relatively specific to polyphenols (for instance the Porter's assay). Total phenols (or antioxidant effect) can be measured using the Folin–Ciocalteu reaction. Results are typically expressed as gallic acid equivalents. Polyphenols are seldom evaluated by antibody technologies.

Other tests measure the antioxidant capacity of a fraction. Some make use of the ABTS radical cation which is reactive towards most antioxidants including phenolics, thiols and vitamin C. During this reaction, the blue ABTS radical cation is converted back to its colorless neutral form. The reaction may be monitored spectrophotometrically. This assay is often referred to as the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay. The reactivity of the various antioxidants tested are compared to that of Trolox, which is a vitamin E analog.

Other antioxidant capacity assays which use Trolox as a standard include the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assays or inhibition of copper-catalyzed in vitro human low-density lipoprotein oxidation.

New methods including the use of biosensors can help monitor the content of polyphenols in food.

Quantitation results produced by the mean of diode array detector–coupled HPLC are generally given as relative rather than absolute values as there is a lack of commercially available standards for all polyphenolic molecules.

Industrial applications
Some polyphenols are traditionally used as dyes. For instance, in the Indian subcontinent, the pomegranate peel, high in tannins and other polyphenols, or its juice, is employed in the dyeing of non-synthetic fabrics.

Polyphenols, especially tannins, were used traditionally for tanning leather and today also as precursors in green chemistry notably to produce plastics or resins by polymerisation with or without the use of formaldehyde or adhesives for particleboards. The aims are generally to make use of plant residues from grape, olive (called pomaces) or pecan shells left after processing.

Pyrogallol and pyrocatechin are among the oldest photographic developers.

Biochemistry
Polyphenols are thought to play diverse roles in the ecology of plants. These functions include:
 * Release and suppression of growth hormones such as auxin.
 * UV screens to protect against ionizing radiation and to provide coloration (plant pigments).
 * Deterrence of herbivores (sensory properties).
 * Prevention of microbial infections (phytoalexins).
 * Signaling molecules in ripening and other growth processes.

Occurrence in nature
The most abundant polyphenols are the condensed tannins, found in virtually all families of plants. Larger polyphenols are often concentrated in leaf tissue, the epidermis, bark layers, flowers and fruits but also play important roles in the decomposition of forest litter, and nutrient cycles in forest ecology. Absolute concentrations of total phenols in plant tissues differ widely depending on the literature source, type of polyphenols and assay; they are in the range of 1–25% total natural phenols and polyphenols, calculated with reference to the dry green leaf mass.

High levels of polyphenols in some woods can explain their natural preservation against rot.

Flax and Myriophyllum spicatum (a submerged aquatic plant) secrete polyphenols that are involved in allelopathic interactions.

Polyphenols are also found in animals. In arthropods, such as insects, and crustaceans polyphenols play a role in epicuticle hardening (sclerotization). The hardening of the cuticle is due to the presence of a polyphenol oxidase. In crustaceans, there is a second oxidase activity leading to cuticle pigmentation. There is apparently no polyphenol tanning occurring in arachnids cuticle.

Biosynthesis and metabolism
Polyphenols incorporate smaller parts and building blocks from simpler natural phenols, which originate from the phenylpropanoid pathway for the phenolic acids or the shikimic acid pathway for gallotannins and analogs. Flavonoids and caffeic acid derivatives are biosynthesized from phenylalanine and malonyl-CoA. Complex gallotannins develop through the in-vitro oxidation of 1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloylglucose or dimerization processes resulting in hydrolyzable tannins. For anthocyanidins, precursors of the condensed tannin biosynthesis, dihydroflavonol reductase and leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) are crucial enzymes with subsequent addition of catechin and epicatechin moieties for larger, non-hydrolyzable tannins.

The glycosylated form develops from glucosyltransferase activity and increases the solubility of polyphenols.

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is an enzyme that catalyses the oxidation of o-diphenols to produce o-quinones. It is the rapid polymerisation of o-quinones to produce black, brown or red polyphenolic pigments that causes fruit browning. In insects, PPO is involved in cuticle hardening.

Occurrence in food
Polyphenols comprise up to 0.2–0.3% fresh weight for many fruits. Consuming common servings of wine, chocolate, legumes or tea may also contribute to about one gram of intake per day. According to a 2005 review on polyphenols:

"The most important food sources are commodities widely consumed in large quantities such as fruit and vegetables, green tea, black tea, red wine, coffee, chocolate, olives, and extra virgin olive oil. Herbs and spices, nuts and algae are also potentially significant for supplying certain polyphenols. Some polyphenols are specific to particular food (flavanones in citrus fruit, isoflavones in soya, phloridzin in apples); whereas others, such as quercetin, are found in all plant products such as fruit, vegetables, cereals, leguminous plants, tea, and wine."

Some polyphenols are considered antinutrients – compounds that interfere with the absorption of essential nutrients – especially iron and other metal ions, which may bind to digestive enzymes and other proteins, particularly in ruminants.

In a comparison of cooking methods, phenolic and carotenoid levels in vegetables were retained better by steaming compared to frying. Polyphenols in wine, beer and various nonalcoholic juice beverages can be removed using finings, substances that are usually added at or near the completion of the processing of brewing.

Astringency
With respect to food and beverages, the cause of astringency is not fully understood, but it is measured chemically as the ability of a substance to precipitate proteins.

A review published in 2005 found that astringency increases and bitterness decreases with the mean degree of polymerization. For water-soluble polyphenols, molecular weights between 500 and 3000 were reported to be required for protein precipitation. However, smaller molecules might still have astringent qualities likely due to the formation of unprecipitated complexes with proteins or cross-linking of proteins with simple phenols that have 1,2-dihydroxy or 1,2,3-trihydroxy groups. Flavonoid configurations can also cause significant differences in sensory properties, e.g. epicatechin is more bitter and astringent than its chiral isomer catechin. In contrast, hydroxycinnamic acids do not have astringent qualities, but are bitter.

Research
Polyphenols are a large, diverse group of compounds, making it difficult to determine their biological effects. They are not considered nutrients, as they are not used for growth, survival or reproduction, nor do they provide dietary energy. Therefore, they do not have recommended daily intake levels, as exist for vitamins, minerals, and fiber. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration issued guidance to manufacturers that polyphenols cannot be mentioned on food labels as antioxidant nutrients unless physiological evidence exists to verify such a qualification and a Dietary Reference Intake value has been established – characteristics which have not been determined for polyphenols.

In the European Union, two health claims were authorized between 2012 and 2015: 1) flavanols in cocoa solids at doses exceeding 200 mg per day may contribute to maintenance of vascular elasticity and normal blood flow; 2) olive oil polyphenols (5 mg of hydroxytyrosol and its derivatives (e.g. oleuropein complex and tyrosol) may "contribute to the protection of blood lipids from oxidative damage", if consumed daily.

As of 2022, clinical trials that assessed the effect of polyphenols on health biomarkers are limited, with results difficult to interpret due to the wide variation of intake values for both individual polyphenols and total polyphenols.

Polyphenols were once considered as antioxidants, but this concept is obsolete. Most polyphenols are metabolized by catechol-O-methyltransferase, and therefore do not have the chemical structure allowing antioxidant activity in vivo; they may exert biological activity as signaling molecules. Some polyphenols are considered to be bioactive compounds for which development of dietary recommendations was under consideration in 2017.

Cardiovascular diseases
In the 1930s, polyphenols (then called vitamin P) were considered as a factor in capillary permeability, followed by various studies through the 21st century of a possible effect on cardiovascular diseases. For most polyphenols, there is no evidence for an effect on cardiovascular regulation, although there are some reviews showing a minor effect of consuming polyphenols, such as chlorogenic acid or flavan-3-ols, on blood pressure.

Cancer
Higher intakes of soy isoflavones may be associated with reduced risks of breast cancer in postmenopausal women and prostate cancer in men.

A 2019 systematic review found that intake of soy and soy isoflavones is associated with a lower risk of mortality from gastric, colorectal, breast and lung cancers. The study found that an increase in isoflavone consumption by 10 mg per day was associated with a 7% decrease in risk from all cancers, and an increase in consumption of soy protein by 5 grams per day produced a 12% reduction in breast cancer risk.

Cognitive function
Polyphenols are under preliminary research for possible cognitive effects in healthy adults.

Phytoestrogens
Isoflavones, which are structurally related to 17β-estradiol, are classified as phytoestrogens. A risk assessment by the European Food Safety Authority found no cause for concern when isoflavones are consumed in a normal diet.

Phlebotonic
Phlebotonics of heterogeneous composition, consisting partly of citrus peel extracts (flavonoids, such as hesperidin) and synthetic compounds, are used to treat chronic venous insufficiency and hemorrhoids. Some are non-prescription dietary supplements, such as Diosmin, while one other – Vasculera (Diosmiplex) – is a prescription medical food intended for treating venous disorders. Their mechanism of action is undefined, and clinical evidence of benefit for using phlebotonics to treat venous diseases is limited.

Gut microbiome
Polyphenols are extensively metabolized by the gut microbiota and are investigated as a potential metabolic factor in function of the gut microbiota.

Toxicity and adverse effects
Adverse effects of polyphenol intake range from mild (e.g., gastrointestinal tract symptoms) to severe (e.g., hemolytic anemia or hepatotoxicity). In 1988, hemolytic anemia following polyphenol consumption was documented, resulting in the withdrawal of a catechin-containing drug.

Metabolism of polyphenols can result in flavonoid-drug interactions, such as in grapefruit–drug interactions, which involves inhibition of the liver enzyme, CYP3A4, likely by grapefruit furanocoumarins, a class of polyphenol. The European Food Safety Authority established upper limits for some polyphenol-containing supplements and additives, such as green tea extract or curcumin. For most polyphenols found in the diet, an adverse affect beyond nutrient-drug interactions is unlikely.

title: Polyphenol


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Ian Wallace (author)

Ian Wallace was the pen name of American science-fiction author John Wallace Pritchard (1912–1998).

Introduction
Wallace was born in Chicago, Illinois, but spent most of his life living in and around Detroit, Michigan. Wallace was a practicing clinical psychologist for many years, and also had an extensive background in education. Much of his career was spent working for the Detroit public schools system.

Wallace's mystery and adventure novels were generally set deep in the future, and often included characters with superhuman or telepathic abilities.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ian Wallace (author)


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Caryatid

A caryatid (Καρυᾶτις; ) is a sculpted female figure serving as an architectural support taking the place of a column or a pillar supporting an entablature on her head. The Greek term karyatides literally means "maidens of Karyai", an ancient town on the Peloponnese. Karyai had a temple dedicated to the goddess Artemis in her aspect of Artemis Karyatis: "As Karyatis she rejoiced in the dances of the nut-tree village of Karyai, those Karyatides, who in their ecstatic round-dance carried on their heads baskets of live reeds, as if they were dancing plants".

An atlas or atlantid or telamon is a male version of a caryatid, i.e., a sculpted male statue serving as an architectural support.

Etymology
The term is first recorded in the Latin form caryatides by the Roman architect Vitruvius. He stated in his 1st century BC work De architectura (I.1.5) that certain female figures represented the punishment of the women of Caryae, a town near Sparta in Laconia, who were condemned to slavery after betraying Athens by siding with Persia in the Greco-Persian Wars. However, Vitruvius's explanation is doubtful; well before the Persian Wars, female figures were used as decorative supports in Greece and the ancient Near East. Vitruvius's explanation is dismissed as an error by Camille Paglia in Glittering Images and not even mentioned by Mary Lefkowitz in Black Athena Revisited. They both say the term refers to young women worshipping Artemis in Caryae through dance. Lefkowitz says that the term comes from the Spartan city of Caryae, where young women did a ring dance around an open-air statue of the goddess Artemis, locally identified with a walnut tree. Bernard Sergent specifies that the dancers came to the small town of Caryae from nearby Sparta. Nevertheless, the association of caryatids with slavery persists and is prevalent in Renaissance art.

The ancient Caryae supposedly was one of the six adjacent villages that united to form the original township of Sparta, and the hometown of Menelaos' queen, Helen of Troy. Girls from Caryae were considered especially beautiful, strong, and capable of giving birth to strong children.

A caryatid supporting a basket on her head is called a canephora ("basket-bearer"), representing one of the maidens who carried sacred objects used at feasts of the goddesses Athena and Artemis. The Erectheion caryatids, in a shrine dedicated to an archaic king of Athens, may therefore represent priestesses of Artemis in Caryae, a place named for the "nut-tree sisterhood" – apparently in Mycenaean times, like other plural feminine toponyms, such as Hyrai or Athens itself.

The later male counterpart of the caryatid is referred to as a telamon (plural telamones) or atlas (plural atlantes) – the name refers to the legend of Atlas, who bore the sphere of the heavens on his shoulders. Such figures were used on a monumental scale, notably in the Temple of Olympian Zeus in Agrigento, Sicily.

Ancient usage
Some of the earliest known examples were found in the treasuries of Delphi, including that of Siphnos, dating to the 6th century BC. However, their use as supports in the form of women can be traced back even earlier, to ritual basins, ivory mirror handles from Phoenicia, and draped figures from archaic Greece.

The best-known and most-copied examples are those of the six figures of the Caryatid porch of the Erechtheion on the Acropolis at Athens. One of those original six figures, removed by Lord Elgin in the early 19th century in an act which severely damaged the temple and is widely considered to be vandalism and looting, is currently in the British Museum in London. The Greek government does not recognise the British Museum's claims to own any part of the Acropolis temples and the return of the stolen Caryatid to Athens along with the rest of the so-called Elgin Marbles is the subject of a major international campaign. The Acropolis Museum holds the other five figures, which are replaced onsite by replicas. The five originals that are in Athens are now being exhibited in the new Acropolis Museum, on a special balcony that allows visitors to view them from all sides. The pedestal for the caryatid removed to London remains empty, awaiting its return. From 2011 to 2015, they were cleaned by a specially constructed laser beam, which removed accumulated soot and grime without harming the marble's patina. Each caryatid was cleaned in place, with a television circuit relaying the spectacle live to museum visitors.

Although of the same height and build, and similarly attired and coiffed, the six Caryatids are not the same: their faces, stance, draping, and hair are carved separately; the three on the left stand on their right foot, while the three on the right stand on their left foot. Their bulky, intricately arranged hairstyles serve the crucial purpose of providing static support to their necks, which would otherwise be the thinnest and structurally weakest part.

The Romans also copied the Erechtheion caryatids, installing copies in the Forum of Augustus and the Pantheon in Rome, and at Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli. Another Roman example, found on the Via Appia, is the Townley Caryatid.

Renaissance and after
In Early Modern times, the practice of integrating caryatids into building facades was revived, and in interiors they began to be employed in fireplaces, which had not been a feature of buildings in Antiquity and offered no precedents. Early interior examples are the figures of Heracles and Iole carved on the jambs of a monumental fireplace in the Sala della Jole of the Doge's Palace, Venice, about 1450. In the following century Jacopo Sansovino, both sculptor and architect, carved a pair of female figures supporting the shelf of a marble chimneypiece at Villa Garzoni, near Padua. No architect mentioned the device until 1615, when Palladio's pupil Vincenzo Scamozzi included a chapter devoted to chimneypieces in his Idea della archittura universale. Those in the apartments of princes and important personages, he considered, might be grand enough for chimneypieces with caryatid supporters, such as one he illustrated and a similar one he installed in the Sala dell'Anticollegio, also in the Doge's Palace.

In the 16th century, from the examples engraved for Sebastiano Serlio's treatise on architecture, caryatids became a fixture in the decorative vocabulary of Northern Mannerism expressed by the Fontainebleau School and the engravers of designs in Antwerp. In the early 17th century, interior examples appear in Jacobean interiors in England; in Scotland the overmantel in the great hall of Muchalls Castle remains an early example. Caryatids remained part of the German Baroque vocabulary and were refashioned in more restrained and "Grecian" forms by neoclassical architects and designers, such as the four terracotta caryatids on the porch of St Pancras New Church, London (1822).

Many caryatids lined up on the facade of the 1893 Palace of the Arts housing the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago. In the arts of design, the draped figure supporting an acanthus-grown basket capital taking the form of a candlestick or a table-support is a familiar cliché of neoclassical decorative arts. The John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art in Sarasota has caryatids as a motif on its eastern facade.

In 1905 American sculptor Augustus Saint Gaudens created a caryatid porch for the Albright–Knox Art Gallery in Buffalo, New York in which four of the eight figures (the other four figures holding only wreaths) represented a different art form, Architecture, Painting, Sculpture, and Music.

Auguste Rodin's 1881 sculpture Fallen Caryatid Carrying her Stone (part of his monumental The Gates of Hell work) shows a fallen caryatid. Robert Heinlein described this piece in Stranger in a Strange Land: "Now here we have another emotional symbol... for almost three thousand years or longer, architects have designed buildings with columns shaped as female figures... After all those centuries it took Rodin to see that this was work too heavy for a girl... Here is this poor little caryatid who has tried—and failed, fallen under the load.... She didn't give up, Ben; she's still trying to lift that stone after it has crushed her..."

In Act 2 of his 1953 play 'Waiting for Godot', author Samuel Beckett has Estragon say "We are not caryatids!" when he and Vladimir tire of "cart(ing) around" the recently blinded Pozzo.

Agnes Varda made two short films documenting Caryatid columns around Paris. 1984 Les Dites Cariatides 2005 Les Dites Cariatides Bis.

The musical group Son Volt evoke the caryatides and their burden borne in poetic metaphor on the song "Caryatid Easy" from their 1997 album Straightaways, with singer Jay Farrar reproving an unidentified lover with the line "you play the caryatid easy."

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User talk:Iroll

Hello Iroll, and welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help, see How to edit a page. You can also see how to format pages at Manual of Style. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or post a question in my talk page. Cheers, Muriel 23:35, 10 Nov 2003 (UTC) - Hello man,

I'm the guy who wrote Beck's article in Spanish. I see you didn't want the English version to left behind. Did you see the rest of information I put about his albums? Cheers, Lmb 00:09, 6 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Arizona State Parks
Arizona State Parks. No problem. Do what you need to with it. I see its about the state agency too. Perhaps it should be two articles, with a separate list. I was just trying to find a common format with List of state parks and the other state park articles. -- Decumanus | Talk

 * I undid some of the damage, and split the article into two. The agency article is a stub now. That's about all I'm going to do with it, so like I said, whatever you want to do with it is fine by me. Sorry about the whole thing. If I'd read the article's first paragraph closely, it never would have happened. -- Decumanus | Talk 07:53, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

-- Hi Iroll,

I'm writing you this time to check a word I heard on TV. Practically what I need ain’t worth of using here, I just want to improve my informal usage of English. I'd like to know if the word corn pone besides of being a kind of American bread made of corn meal has another meaning. I was watching a movie and a guy named his friend as a corn pone and the Spanish translation was palurdo (a narrow-minded sort of person from the countryside). Could it be?

I wish you could help me, I have a few more informal expressions that I could't find on my dictionary. Cheers, Lmb 23:11, 1 Apr 2004 (UTC)

note
Just in case as an Arizonan you know anything of Spider Ranch, whether it's locally notable or not. Articles for deletion/Spider Ranch. Herostratus 20:07, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

Hey
I came to your page because you cretaed Air Fortress. Cool game; I made the Facebook page for it. Daniel Christensen (talk) 20:54, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:54, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Iroll


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Talk:Human spaceflight

A Proposal For The Addition Of A Table
I would primarily like to propose the addition of a table to the article concerning which this talk page remains; in particular, the "Milestones" section primarily remains particularly compatible with the addition of a table. In particular, I would like to provide a proposal for the categorical division of the table, primarily for the purpose of elucidation with regards to the topic of the section; within this proposal, the table would primarily include a description of the accomplishment, the individuals responsible, the nationality of the aforementioned individuals or, alternatively, the nation responsible for the accomplishment, the date and comments, with the final section primarily remaining utilised for the provision of information concerning the vehicles deployed. Upon the reception of an affirmative response to this suggestion, I shall deploy it with immediacy, within all probability within the following week; thank you. SurenGrig07 (talk) 02:39, 26 October 2020 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Bmhand.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 00:01, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

National spacefaring attempts
The National spacefaring attempts table list a number of abandoned programs (2 Chinese, 3 Japanese, 1 Iraq). Even more confusing is that the ESA (not a nation) programs are in this table. For some reason the USA is mentioned twice (sub-orbital and orbital). Then there are a number of planed programs. And for some reason other successful programs/attempts are not mentioned (shuttle/Voskhod/Gemini). All in all it is totally unclear to me what this table want to tell the reader using as it seems random inclusion criteria. If it stays like this it might be best to remove it. 31.21.58.243 (talk) 15:45, 3 October 2022 (UTC)

By nationality or sex - rework section?
This section is a mess and should be re-written, as it currently stands there are no clear criteria of who should be included. We have already List of space travelers by nationality and the list here is a sample of the larger list and of the 38 nations that have sent astronauts only a biased sample is listed. A better approach would be to show a statistics of the country of origin of astronauts and/or arrange by space program to highlight somewhat independent achievements of independent space programs. I suggest to re-work the section and trim it down or arrange it by achievements of national space programs (a Chinese person reaching space with the Chinese space program is more relevant than an Indian astronaut on a Russian capsule; similarly the list contains the first women spacewalk but not the first man to do it?). --hroest 15:42, 6 December 2022 (UTC)

Soyuz image caption makes no sense
The caption for the image makes no sense?

What does "Soyuz, most serial spacecraft" mean?

I searched google and only found references to this page

Luka600 (talk) 11:37, 26 April 2023 (UTC)

Manned vs. Crewed/Piloted Spaceflight
Some of the new terminology being used seems to be a polarizing and somewhat controversial topic among space enthusiasts in this day and age. I also realize this is NASA's new, preferred expression more so than that of Wikipedians who happen to frequently write about NASA and space exploration. While I can appreciate the use of "crewed" (and also sometimes "piloted") as a more gender-inclusive version of "manned," it does also sound kind of excessive in a lot of respects. Even during the latter half of the 20th century, female pilots and workers/scientists at NASA still used "Manned," whether or not they regarded it as sexist. Should manned be permanently and almost entirely replaced by crewed? Maybe not.

While I'm more than in favor of bringing in more diverse groups of people to organizations like NASA and elsewhere, I really think this (gender identity/identity politics) issue should be left alone. Also, while NASA is largely doing the right thing to appeal to more (especially marginalized) groups of people, I personally think they are making a bit too big a deal about this, especially when NASA should still be focused on endeavors like cooperation with groups such as ESA, CSA and JSA, as well as competition with the Chinese Space Program and what's left of the Russian Space Program. Wiscipidier (talk) 22:49, 2 July 2023 (UTC)
 * The place to discuss this would be at WT:MOS rather than at this article's talk page, seeing as MOS:GNL currently says "References to space programs, past, present and future, should use gender-neutral phrasing: human spaceflight, robotic probe, uncrewed mission, crewed spacecraft, piloted, unpiloted, astronaut, cosmonaut, not manned or unmanned. Direct quotations and proper nouns that use gendered words should not be changed, like Manned Maneuvering Unit." This appears to be the result of a 2019 RfC (Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Archive 215), which I would suggest that you read before deciding whether to raise the issue anew. TompaDompa (talk) 23:26, 2 July 2023 (UTC)
 * TompaDompa, thanks for the tip. I’ll move it there promptly Wiscipidier (talk) 01:26, 3 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Human spaceflight


text:
Märzen

Märzen or Märzenbier (March beer) is a lager that originated in Bavaria, Germany. It has a medium to full body and may vary in colour from pale through amber to dark brown. It was the beer traditionally served at the Munich Oktoberfest. The geographical indication Oktoberfestbier is protected in the EU and can only be used for Märzen that is brewed in Munich.

History
Märzen has its origins in Bavaria, probably before the 16th century. A Bavarian brewing ordinance decreed in 1553 that beer may be brewed only between 29 September (St. Michael's Day or Michaelmas) and 23 April (St. George's Day or Georgi), as the high summertime temperatures were more likely to cause off-flavoured beer due to elevated ambient fermentation temperatures.

Märzen was brewed in March, with moderate and balanced hopping levels, malt and slightly higher alcohol content that would allow the beer to last while the brewing of new beer was forbidden from 24 April to 28 September. The beer was then allowed to lager in ice and straw filled beer cellars until autumn.

The original Märzen was described as "dark brown, full-bodied, and bitter". The beer was often kept in the cellar until late in the summer, and kegs were then served at the Oktoberfest.

Common names for Märzen in Germany and Austria include Märzenbier, Wiener Märzen, Festbier and Oktoberfestbier.

Märzen in Germany and Austria
Märzen is now a rarity in Germany and is mainly found in the South, often in varieties that explicitly refer to its association with Oktoberfest, such as the "Oktoberfest Bier" from the Paulaner brewery. In Austria, however, Märzen is the name given to the most popular type of beer, but the Austrian Märzen is lighter in color and taste and corresponds, more or less, to a Bavarian Helles or Export beer. The reason for this has to do with Austrian post-war regulations which limited the prices of essential food and drink products. Märzenbier was a preferred variety due to its reputation as a festive drink and its high pre-war price, but brewers reduced its malt and alcohol content in order to maintain its profitability at its newly limited price.

Description
In comparison to a Bavarian pale lager, the traditional Märzen style is characterised by a fuller body, and a sweeter and often less hoppy flavour. It typically contains 5.1–6.0% alcohol by volume.

The Austrian style is light in colour, body and flavour balance, and is the most popular beer style among the beers in Austria. Austrian Märzenbiers often use caramel malts that impart a sweeter flavour than their German counterparts; other Austrian Märzen overlap stylistically with Munich-style Helles.

Brewers in the Czech Republic have been producing Märzen style beer, called březňák or marcovní (March beer), since the 15th century. Today's equivalents are legally defined as 14° lagers called světlé speciální pivo (light special beer), polotmavé speciální pivo (half-dark special beer), and tmavé speciální pivo (dark special beer).

In Lithuania, Švyturys produces a Märzen stlye beer called Baltijos.

Żywiec, a Polish brewery, produces a Märzen style lager called piwo lager typu marcowe (March type lager beer), or simply "Marcowe".

title: Märzen


text:
Talk:Polish People's Republic

Old talk
The material added to this article by the various 145 users is useful and important, for which I thank them. I will fix up the English when I get time later loday. Adam 23:40, 10 Nov 2003 (UTC)

First: It was the quotation in Russian. Except, the Pomerania and Silesia, some territories belonged to the Brandenburg province before WWII. Some of them, they are considered part of Pomerania, some of them were called Province od Lubus, from the Polish province from XIII century.

Thanks for that. Firstly this article is not about 13th century Polish geography, and secondly it is being written in English, so I will leave the description of the annexed areas as it is. Adam 08:41, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

The article you gave me to read says: "Wladyslaw Gomulka, and the Natolin faction, came to power in 1956," Adam

--- All I wanted, was to give you the web sites that uses the name. There were Polish historian Jerzy Jedlicki and he wrote an article ("Chamy i Zydy") exactly "Dumms and Jews" the names they given to each other. What has happenned, Pulawy called Gomulka to power, but he wanted to "divide et impera" do he kept Natolin and Pulawy balanced. One of the Natolin boys, Mieczyslaw Moczar, tried to seize power in 1968, but was rejected by Soviets. The only the plot organized by Edward Gierek with the provoked massacre in the coastal cities 1970 made Gomulka to resign.

The more national look of communism started as late as in 1968. For example, for the first time, the effort of non-communist resistance were appraised, but obviuosly with torn apart proportions: allegedly pro-communsts partisants were the main power, London-based were the 2nd and allegedly their effort was positive on the level of soldiers, not commanders. As an example, non-communists partisants songs were allowed only after 1968. AM

Yes we will get to Moczar and Gierek later. I don't think we need to go into to much detail about these factions. Adam

Whoever last edited these articles is illiterate. "an one-party system"? here's one I like: "Stalin send to Poland also Poles from Ukraine, Bellorussia and Russia, who had already been brain washed for 20 years in serving Stalinism. "

-

And what? Help sound it better in English, instead of reverting.

The editing method we are using here is that I write a section in what I hope is good English, then the Polish comrades come along and make additions on points of detail or add new information or argument, in what we agree is not very good English, then I come along later and incorporate some (but not all) of their material into the text in proper English. This seems to be working quite well so please be patient. Adam 02:20, 15 Nov 2003 (UTC)

I have now written text down to the Gdansk Agreement of 1980. I will leave it for a few days and allow the Polish History Club to add comments and more material as they see fit (in English please, Comrades). Then I will come back and do an edit. Adam 11:23, 18 Nov 2003 (UTC)

changes
This article is filled with editorializing, and opinion after opinion after opinion without a fact in sight. Poland is continually referred to as a satellite state of the Soviet Union, which I will buy into when the histories of the Western European countries all state that they were satellite states of the US.

Here's a sentence that is a good example of complete editorializing: "Stalin was determined that Poland's new government would be controlled by the Communists, and therefore ultimately by him."

This sentence strikes anyone familiar with the early Cold War who is not in the John Birch Society as ridiculous. Note the context as well - in Yalta, Stalin had decided, in early 1945, that Poland would be *personally* controlled by himself, personally. This is stated as encylopediac fact. Also, Adam Carr who wrote this presumably has a John Edward like ability to read Stalin's mind, since he tells us what Stalin was thinking. I don't even know how to respond to this, it's just so ludicrous.

Anyhow, these nonsense editorializing opinions, where every Warsaw Pact country is a satellite state (unlike the free countries of Western Europe, where most of the blue collar workers had somehow been duped into joining the Communist parties there), where the Red Army is an occupying force, while in Western Europe, the US military presence is a friendly ally protecting the country from the Evil Empire (and perhaps even its own local agents - the countries working class) and so on and so forth.

Perhaps all this editorializing by Mr. Know-It-All Carr is what took the space of some relevant facts. Like neglecting to mention that the "Polish" land Russia "annexed" had been "Polish" for only 21 years when Russia had ceded it in Brest-Livotsk under the threat of invasion, a giveaway of Russian land that practically caused a mutiny against Lenin (with the Politbuto, Central Committee and country). Also not mentioned are the Vatican's attempts to help in destabilization of the government, just that the Polish government began "persecuting" the Catholic Church. John F. Kennedy had to swear he would not take orders from the Vatican when he ran for president in the US decades later, yet here was the Vatican ordering Catholics to withdraw from the Polish government. Señor NPOV 14:07, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Thankyou Hanpuk, your opinions are duly noted. Adam 00:44, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * If you're going to revert his edits, surely you could address the issues at hand better than that. The version you reverted to is riddled with POV problems and the changes improved them at several points. Everyking 01:10, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

King i would be carefull before supporting Hanpuk (AKA LanceMurdoch etc). Adam is right - even if the old version was "POV", Hanpuk wants to replace it with a leftist POV. I have been accused of supporting Adam because i am his "close friend" - in fact one person accused me and him of being "after work drinking buddies" - a little difficult given A) we haven't met in real life yet, B) i don't work because of my disability and chonic illnesses and C) i don't drink alcohol because of the medicines i take because of said illnesses. PMA 01:18, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm not supporting anybody or any particular version per se, I'm just noting that this article is POV (as I said once before when this was nominated for featured status) and needs balance. Simply reverting the changes and dismissing the talk comment wasn't helpful. Everyking 01:37, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Everyking if you or other genuine editors want to edit the article or propose changes then you and they are welcome to do so and we can discuss them. But I have had long experience with the Stalinist fanatic Hanpuk and I will continue to revert him on sight. Adam 02:31, 9 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Split
This article will soon be splitted into several subarticles. See WikiProject History of Poland/Periodization. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 23:21, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)

This used to be a long and fairly good article, although somewhat biased. Now it's almost nothing. I think that's a problem. I mean, moving content around is fine, but one shouldn't delete it in the meantime. Everyking 15:25, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The content was moved to History of Poland (1945-1989). This article is named a fomer country and thus it is supposed to be about it. History is just a subarticle - as good as it was, and now under a correct name. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 16:54, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, all right, I didn't notice the history article. Everyking 17:06, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Name
I rv anon move (cause it didn't use move function). I wonder, however, if current name is truly the proper one? --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 11:01, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Economy and culture
Additional material: --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 19:01, 16 July 2005 (UTC)
 * 'to do' list for economy: old 'to do' can be found at WikiProject History of Poland/Polish demographics and economy under Communism
 * 'culture and society' section at History_of_Poland_%281945-1989%29

Economy section
Needs serious beefing up. Tony 23:29, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Government and politics
This also needs ome beeinf up. And a sep. article on the 1952 constitution. Hypnos
 * Both are on my 'to do' list, but there is only that much I can do in 24h a day :) --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 18:51, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

People's Republic of Poland
The real name was Polish People's Republic~. polska (Polish) is an adjective, like in the names of Soviet republics. Xx236 06:48, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * People's Republic of Poland - 600+ hits on G.Print, Polish People's Republic - over 6k hits. Indeed, you are right, I support a move to Polish People's Republic.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 09:02, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

Nothing has changed... Shall I do the dirty job? Xx236 09:08, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

Both translations are correct, but the second seems slightly more prevalent. I say go ahead and change it, as long as you also make sure to have a redirect page. --24.58.13.127 21:01, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

History: John Paul II
That paragraph seems a little too enthusiastic. His election was definitely a big event, but calling him the "de facto leader of Poland" is just hyperbole. Perhaps "spiritual leader"? Also: "... he encouraged the creation of an 'alternative Poland' of social institutions independent of the government..." - how exactly did he do that? Any citations? --24.58.13.127 21:20, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

PSL
This article refers to "the PSL" three times without ever expanding or explaining the acronym, nor providing a wiki-link for it! Silverhelm 01:52, 11 November 2006 (UTC).

Map
The map at the top of the article is quite distorted and could be improved. The article Poland has a much better locator map, but shows Poland as a member of the EU. Robert Hiller 06:19, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Polish Statehood
After the destruction of the Second Polish Republic in 1939, Polish territories either became part of the General Government or parts of other countries. This article says that the PRL began in 1952. What existed between 1945-1952? I mean "officially". Was it Poland, or was there some other constructed name? Or is the article mistaken and the People's Republic of Poland began earlier? I'm aware of the de facto situation, just curious as to what the spin might have been. Dr. Dan (talk) 23:24, 17 March 2008 (UTC)
 * The name of PRL was estabilished by the Polish constitution of 1952. The question of the name of the country before that is an interesting one. Technically, I don't think that Second Polish Republic was an official name (like in France); it was created for help with historiography. PRL is often applied retroactively, as it sounds somewhat better than "communist Poland", which begun with PKWN Manifesto of 1944. Amusingly, PKWN Manifesto claimed to respect March Constitution of Poland (of 1921), so did the Small Constitution of 1947 which used the term 'Rzeczpospolita Polska'. Ludowa was added only in 1952. Nonetheless nobody could seriously claim that communist government of 1944-1952 (and particularly of 1947-1952) had much in common with the pre-1939 government... --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 07:38, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

Does anybody know the death toll
Inflicted on Polish population inflicted by this Soviet creation ?--Molobo (talk) 16:57, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

POV Problems
Why,in the name of all that is descent does Wikipedia insist on linking the Nazi Flag with Poland. Why is the Nazi flag posted on this article as if it were the flag of Poland??? What kind of insult is this ? Please remove the Nazi flag from this article.*********

 * Ever hear of the Nazi occupation that caused a big war in Europe, 1939-1945? ukexpat (talk) 04:34, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

Whichever representative for the Law and Justice party who edited this article should be shot. I've never seen such a biased piece of garbage in my life. I did a huge edit on the intro, and tried to edit some of the body, but was unable to without deleting the entire frigging article. The idiot who edited this repeatedly used the word 'totalitarian' and claimed that the Polish Communist Party killed and tortured 'hundreds of thousands' of people, and that all elections were personally rigged by Josef Stalin- all without any cited references. I know that the PRP was not in any way a democratic state, but remember this is supposed to be a fair, objective encylopedia, not some soapbox for personal political opinions. -p1nkfl0yd, June 19, 2008, 13:26 (PST)

Arrangements
I made some arrangements about histotical limits of the PRP. First, the State effectively changed its name from PRP to RP only in 1990, as proven by Polish banknotes (on this note, released on 1 February 1990, the State name was already PRP, on this note released on April 20 1990, the name changed and the eagle became crowned). The birth of Communist Poland was on 31 December 1944, when the Lublin commettee declared itself as the Provisional Gvmnt of the restored Republic of Poland; previously, the page linked erroneously to the Government of 1945, formed when the Provisional Gvmnt (read: Stalin) accepted some democratic ministers to satisfy UK and US pressures. It was erroneous the link to the Polish Underground State as predecessor of PRP: the Underground was linked to the Government-in-exile in London, and had no relationships with the Communist and USSR. Leaders: yes, legally each State has a Head of State and (generally) a PM, but we can agree that historians that in later 21h century will speak about nowadays Libya, won't make a simple list of Presidents and PM of that country, excluding this man only because he has no offices. In each communist State, the Leader of the Communist Party was the real leader of the country. Gomulka was the first leader of communist Poland, and Jaruzelski the last one. We can choose every way to explain this situation, but we must explain it.--Cusio (talk) 10:53, 14 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Definitely I must disagree with your viewpoint regarding the beginning and the end of the existence of PRP. The name of this country is defined by its enacted law, NOT by the inscription in a banknote. The relevant constitution (Constitution of the People's Republic of Poland of 22 July 1952) and the "December amendment" of 29 December 1989 are the sole sources of law that define the names and dates when the changes of the country's names took place. Therefore, People's Republic of Poland appeared on 22 June 1952 and disappeared on 31 December 1989. Having the above in mind, I will change the beginning and the end dates in the article.
 * One more comment: in the period when the 100,000 PLZ note was elaborated, horrible inflation was observed in Poland. The National Bank of Poland had to sufficiently early prepare the emission process, so the emission date (1 February 1990) was only an official one, and the printing process commenced well before this date, so nobody could expect that the name of the country and its emblem would change. This is the reason why you were mislead by the bank note.
 * Finally: before you start with editing the worldwide read English wiki, check thoroughly with the national version. These two must be consistent, and I give priority to the national experts. JPFen (talk) 19:06, 15 November 2010 (UTC)

History
You have to show undoubtable evidents and proofs when saying such LIES "Years later, the Communists revealed that the first two questions had passed only by means of massive fraud on their part.[citation needed]" and not to vomit on the article without no proof. History is the facts and not the falsification. 147.102.141.124 (talk) 12:12, 5 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Refs added. No serious modern historian disputes the massive fraud committed by Polish communists (aided by their Soviet supervisors) in 1946 and 1947. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 17:59, 5 December 2009 (UTC)

Serious historians are based on serious historical analysis and this crap "The leaders of our party tried to reproduce the results of voting on the basis of polling data from 4320 (less than 48% of all wards) - according to these estimates, the first question given up 83.3% of negative responses. W Krakowie, gdzie urny udało się zabezpieczyć przed machinacjami, procent negatywnych odpowiedzi był bardzo wysoki: 1. In Krakow, where the ballot boxes could be protected from the machinations, the percentage of negative responses was very high: 1 - 84%, 2. - 84%, 2 - 59%, 3. - 59%, 3 - 30%. - 30%. Wyniki referendum ukazały słabość PPR iw konsekwencji doprowadziły do bezwzględnego zwalczania przez nią ugrupowań opozycyjnych. The results of the referendum showed the weakness of the PPR and consequently led to the absolute control of her opposition groups."

THAT PROVES NOTHING AND YET YOU HAVEN'T POINT OUT THE SOURCE! this is clearly POV! 147.102.140.82 (talk) 00:33, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

Law of PRL
Does anyone care to start "Law of the People's Republic of Poland"?

My curiosity was triggered by a novel of Joanna Chmielewska. I don't remember neither the title nor plot, but in one episode one guy was scared at night when someone or something big and black rushed upon him, and he killed him/it with halberd. In the morning it turned out to be a hog. A confused policeman stubbornly tried to incriminate the "illegal slaughter of livestock" or something similar. Quick google search "illegal slaughter"+Poland also shows "illegal slaughter of a cow" and the concept of "illegal slaughter" during WWII rationing in Britain

Can someone fill the two redlinks? - Altenmann >t 01:38, 5 January 2010 (UTC)

Yes, it was a satellite state - literally thousands of sources refer to it as such
Regarding this - it's not just one source who gives this "opinion" (this is as much "opinion" as me saying that Mr. Ed was a horse) but thousands ; 5440 hits, or 5260 hits if we remove references to Napoleon's Duchy of Warsaw.

Andy, I usually appreciate your edits and I think most of them are correct and are instrumental in keeping out all sorts of stupid nonsense out of thew Wikipedia. However in this particular case, you happen to be incorrect - "satellite state" is the best designation for this state, and if that's not in the template, then the template should be simply changed. Thanks.

Volunteer Marek 00:49, 22 January 2012 (UTC)

 * Well, just add 5 o 6 reliable ones of that thousands of sources, and problem solved.--HCPUNXKID (talk) 21:57, 15 October 2013 (UTC)

Requested move → Polish People's Republic

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Moved. EdJohnston (talk) 01:05, 20 April 2014 (UTC)

The name of this state was never 'People's Republic of Poland'. Translated properly, Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa means 'Polish People's Republic'. Notice that the 'Polska' comes before rzeczpospolita, unlike in the modern 'Republic of Poland' (Rzeczpospolita Polska), where 'Polska' comes after it. In the case of the Polish People's Republic, 'Polska' is serving as a reference to the people ('the Polish nation', notacja polska), and not as a proper noun like it is with regard to the 'Republic of Poland'.
 * People's Republic of Poland → Polish People's Republic
 * People's Army of Poland → Polish People's Army
 * Furthermore, English reliable sources have always favored the name 'Polish People's Republic', as can be seem at this link to the Google Ngram Viewer. Click the 'search' button after you arrive.
 * Take a look at this international agreement signed by both the Polish People's Republic and the People's Republic of China, in English. Notice that the state is called 'Polish People's Republic', and not 'People's Republic of Poland'.
 * Take a look at this contemporary article from Foreign Affairs. Notice that the state is called 'Polish People's Republic', and not 'People's Republic of Poland'.
 * This naming convention is no different than German Democratic Republic, or Italian Republic, or Hungarian People's Republic. It is standard English-language practice for many states, and we do not override the proper translation in favour of an incorrect one.
 * Given that the name 'Polish People's Republic' has always been favored in English-language reliable sources, it is certain that this page should be moved to the more appropriate title. RGloucester  — ☎ 19:07, 11 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Support per nom. Also, if moved, these pages should also be renamed:
 * Constitution of the People's Republic of Poland
 * Censorship in the People's Republic of Poland
 * Propaganda in the People's Republic of Poland
 * Culture in the People's Republic of Poland
 * Education in the People's Republic of Poland
 * Collectivization in the People's Republic of Poland
 * Propaganda in the People's Republic of Poland
 * Administrative division of the People's Republic of Poland -- Ե րևանցի talk  22:13, 12 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Support initial proposal per nom and support the subarticle moves listed by User:Yerevantsi. —  AjaxSmack   02:00, 14 April 2014 (UTC)

 * I'd also like to add People's Army of Poland to the list, another mistranslated title. This one is absolutely horrid, as one will see in this Ngram Viewer chart, which demonstrates that the current title was never used in reliable sources. The correct title is Polish People's Army. RGloucester  — ☎ 14:28, 14 April 2014 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Moved with two votes
Let's see what I find in Google Books, just to be on the safe side. Seems just about right. Thanks, Poeticbent  talk  03:10, 20 April 2014 (UTC)
 * "name of the state, the Polish People's republic (Polska rzeczpospolita ludowa, Prl)" (Wrobel)
 * "name of the Polish state, Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa (People's Republic of Poland)" (Mazierska)
 * "very name of the Polish People's Republic (Polska rzeczpospolita ludowa)" (Cavanagh)
 * "identity as Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa (Polish Peoples' Republic)" (Bodman Rae)
 * "in 1948 Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa: People's Republic of Poland" (Applebaum)
 * "Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa (Polish People's Republic)" (Piotrowski)
 * "the PRL (Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa [Polish People's Republic])" (Szczerbiak)
 * "PRL — Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa — Polish People's Republic" (Berman)
 * Thanks, somehow this one slipped by me as well. No objections, though. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 12:12, 20 April 2014 (UTC)

 * I appreciate the verification. Thanks, RGloucester  — ☎ 16:01, 20 April 2014 (UTC)

Article has non-working links
Regular editors might look at Polish People's Republic. It contains three piped section links to other articles, to material which isn't there any more. (Wildbot has flagged these at the top of Talk): These links go to the respective articles, but the sections aren't there. Maybe these links are fixable; if not they could be removed. EdJohnston (talk) 00:09, 21 April 2014 (UTC)
 * Minorities in Poland after the War
 * Changes in Polish society between 1945 and 1989
 * Historical demographics of Poland - after the Second World War

Infobox "Status" section
I changed the former label "Satellite State of the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact state during the Cold War" by separating it to make it more easy-to-read. I also omitted the "during the Cold War" part of the former label due to its redundancy, as the Warsaw Pact existed until the end of the Cold War. Thus, its existence during the Cold War is already implied.

If there are any digressions please let me know.

BUjjsp (talk) 02:38, 6 November 2014 (UTC)

unilateral reversal of move via copy-paste
SocialismGreece100, you have been attempting to reverse the previous move of this page in your edits here, here, here, and here. Please seek consensus for such a large change here before undertaking it on your own. Also, please do not move or rename a page by copying/pasting its content, as this method does not retain the edit history. Nick Number (talk) 15:39, 6 November 2014 (UTC)

Predecessor and successor edit proposal.
The current predecessor in the Polish People's Republic infobox is the Second Republic of Poland. I think that we should add the General Government as second predecessor and keep the Second Republic of Poland as the first predecessor because from 1939–1945, the General Government existed in the territory of the Second Republic of Poland. I think we should keep the Second Republic of Poland as the first predecessor because the General Government was illegal by international law, I also think we should add a note ( {{efn|group="note"]] ) containing the information on how the General Government was illegal by international law. Elevatorrailfan (talk) 20:40, 7 March 2015 (UTC)
 * I think we should also mention the Polish Underground State, which was just as important and semi-recognized as the GG. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 03:06, 9 March 2015 (UTC)

Shouldn't the references to Communism be with capital Cs?
Socialistguy (talk) 17:04, 29 February 2016 (UTC)
 * No, per MOS:ISMCAPS. Communism, liberalism, socialism, conservatism, revanchism, marxism...no capitalisation for ideologies. RGloucester  — ☎ 17:57, 29 February 2016 (UTC)

Recent category
I've removed the "atheist state" category as inappropriate. While the communist regime certainly intended to eventually achieve an atheist state, as confirmed by the cited sources, it never actually became an atheist state. As noted in the referenced main article Polish anti-religious campaign: Atheism never became widely accepted in Poland (as it had been in the USSR), and vast numbers of Poles continued to believe and even to attend Mass. And the lack of success in achieving an atheist state was also noted: As in most other Communist countries, religion was not outlawed as such (an exception being Albania) and was permitted by the constitution, but the state attempted to achieve an atheistic society ... It became the strongest opponent of the regime throughout the rule of Communism in Poland, and provided a more successful resistance than had religious bodies in most other Communist states ... This led to the antireligious activity in Poland being compelled to take a more cautious and conciliatory line than in other Communist countries, largely failing in their attempt to control or suppress the Polish Church. Xenophrenic (talk) 20:06, 12 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Aspirations are not reality. --Iryna Harpy (talk) 22:09, 12 April 2017 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 22 August 2017
Under the 'History' tab, paragraph 5, line 5 Gomułka is referred to only as Gomułka. There is no prior introduction as to who he is. 2601:240:E:A36A:8487:BCDA:D208:83E5 (talk) 01:58, 22 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done I was going to mark this as "Unclear", but it took me a good few minutes of searching to figure out who you were talking about. I found a mention of him in paragraph 4, and have placed his full name there. jd22292 (Jalen D. Folf) (talk) 02:14, 22 August 2017 (UTC)

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Soviet hate
I know that people hate the Soviets, especially Polish people, however the article seems to saying, whenever possible, that the Soviets imposed communism on Poland. Yes, its true... but does it need to be mentioned every time? --TIAYN (talk) 10:54, 20 May 2018 (UTC)
 * The neighbours Czech people introduced Communism themselves, but Poles didn't. Many readers see Central Europe, Eastern Europe  or Emerging markets as a whole. Poland is different. Xx236 (talk) 13:05, 10 July 2018 (UTC)

The party's most successful accomplishment
Communist propaganda. Warsaw was reconstructed by the whole nation, including prisoners nad German slave workers. Illiteracy was fought by teachers, who had different political views. The adults had to read propaganda texts. Xx236 (talk) 13:01, 10 July 2018 (UTC)

constant internal struggles for democracy and better living conditions
The phrase is ambiguous. Either a Communist claims that the party fought for democracy and welfare or an anti-Communist believes that Poles fought for democracy and welfare fighting the Communists. Xx236 (talk) 13:12, 10 July 2018 (UTC).

followed by industrial Lodz and cultural Kraków
The biggest aglomeration was industrial Upper Silesia with Zagłębie. Their symbol was the Śląsko-Dąbrowski Bridge in Warsaw.Xx236 (talk) 13:14, 10 July 2018 (UTC) Lodz was after the war a cultural center, because it hosted some Warsaw universities. Kraków obtained the biggest steelworks.Xx236 (talk) 13:18, 10 July 2018 (UTC) Lodz was textile rather than industrial.Xx236 (talk) 13:20, 10 July 2018 (UTC)

Ecology
Poland was devastated by Particulates and acid rains. Black Triangle (region) was polluted. Kraków buildings were destoied by acid rains. Chemical pollution Carbon disulfide attacked human brains.Xx236 (talk) 13:30, 10 July 2018 (UTC)

was a country that existed from 1947
Either we write about the name, so 1952-1989, or about the system 1944-1989. I'm not sure if 1947 is important.Xx236 (talk) 06:08, 11 July 2018 (UTC)

the socialist government ?
I'm not sure if such name was used by people in Poland. Socialism was the system in Sweden. There was even no socialist party.Xx236 (talk) 06:16, 11 July 2018 (UTC)

 * Hi. If you feel anything needs changes then you are free to add them. However, the lead is constructed perfectly. It was the Communists who fought illiteracy by the program installed with the help of Hilary Minc and early Stalinist officials and it was them who pressured on rebuilding Warsaw, even with forced labour and in different architectural style. There has to be a true positive aspect in the article. Pre-war authorities did not do significant work to reduce it somehow so it wasn't the teachers only the government. Secondly, I do not see how the text you referred to is ambiguous. A fight can include protests in this case. Oliszydlowski, 19:05, 11 July 2018 (UTC)
 * And your sources are? Do you really believe that Warsaw people weren't able to reconstruct their houses without Communist instructions? Technically the reconstruction was controlled by the pl:Biuro Odbudowy Stolicy, which committed many errors. Xx236 (talk) 09:28, 12 July 2018 (UTC)

PRL was not established in 1947 but in 1952
Autor, ktory odrzucił moja poprawkę "mija się z prawdą". Informacja że PRL istniała od 1947 jest fałszem. Po raz pierwszy nazwa ta pojawiła się w Konstytucji z 22 lipca 1952. NIECH CZŁOWIEK TEN WSKAŻE JAKIKOLWIEK DOKUMENY sprzed 1952 zawierający nazwę "Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa" albo niech mnie przeprosi i przywróci moją poprawkę. --Wi-ko (talk) 11:05, 14 October 2018 (UTC)

Country or state?
Whilst I'm not particularly fond of this IP's other edits, I do understand the switch from country to state, and would support it. As for why, the 'country' is Poland...and the state is the 'People's Republic'. The Polish People's Republic was one state that governed the country of Poland, just as the present Republic of Poland does the same. Using 'country' in the way it is being used now conflates the PRL with the much older concept of the Polish nation, and for this reason I'd suggest that it be changed. RGloucester — ☎ 17:32, 30 November 2018 (UTC)
 * I wanted to apologize for the revert, I visited most of the articles edited by the IP . If the change has already been discussed and there's consensus, I don't have any problem with the wording. --Jamez42 (talk) 22:17, 16 December 2018 (UTC)

Era in the infobox
An editor keeps changing the era in the infobox from Cold War to 20th Century in this article and some others. Whilst it is true that the Polish People's Republic existed in the 20th Century, I think that Cold War is more useful because it is more specific and relevant to the topic of this communist state. Toddy1 (talk) 18:26, 25 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, The Cold War is more specific and defining.--PRL Dreams (talk) 11:29, 30 March 2020 (UTC) strike sock

Unreliable source - "Throughout its existence, economic hardships and social unrest were common almost in every decade."
"Throughout its existence, economic hardships and social unrest were common almost in every decade" - this sentence's citation is a website called "Polen voor Netherlands", which seems to be a random WordPress blog - in any case not a rigorous scientific journal, or a respectable news organization, in fact it seems to be self-published. As such, it should be considered an unreliable source. I propose for the sentence to be removed, as it stands now it could be very well considered editorializing, or find a reputable source to back up that claim...

178.218.236.111 (talk) 18:10, 20 May 2020 (UTC)

 * I agree that the source is unreliable, however the sentence and the content within it are very much obvious. This can be linked to the number of strikes and pacification in every decade going back to the 1956 protests. Oliszydlowski (talk) 02:59, 21 May 2020 (UTC)

 * I'd argue that the part about social unrest is true, however the part about economic hardships is untrue, since there were both periods of prosperity, as well as periods of hardships. Maybe change it to "Throughout its existence social unrest was common almost in every decade."?178.218.236.111 (talk) 14:19, 22 May 2020 (UTC)
 * The source is unreliable, and the sentence is a nothingburger. You can say there was social unrest in the US. Or in Poland after 1989 or before the war. Nearly in every country you can find a social unrest event every decade.--PRL Dreams (talk) 13:12, 27 May 2020 (UTC) strike sock

 * The "prosperity" can be only described in relative terms, as improvements due to salary rises and other temporary measures. Due to systemic issues of the planned economy, the system was unbalanced and under-achieving throughout the whole period of PRL. I agree with that the disputed statement is a valid summary of the contents of the article, as literally in every decade you can find at last one economic crisis leading to a social unrest. Cloud200 (talk) 08:42, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

Neutrality in lead
Obviously Wikipedia strives for neutrality, but some parts of the lead sounds a little strange. Particulary this sentence

"Despite this, some groundbreaking achievements were established during the tenure of the Polish People's Republic such as; improved living conditions, rapid industrialization, urbanization, access to universal health care, and higher education. The Polish People's Republic also implemented policies that virtually eliminated homelessness[5] and established a job guarantee. As a result Poland's population almost doubled between 1947 and 1989. Some of the party's most remarkable accomplishments were the complete rebuilding of ruined Warsaw after World War II and creating a fully literate population.[6][7]"

I feel like this goes a little bit overboard. What is also troubling is that I'm not seeing that much of the negative parts, or criticism in general of the Polish People's Republic being brought up in the lead, compared with the positive parts here. The existence of positive weasel words like" groundbreaking", "virtually" and "remarkably" also make me further question the neutrality of the passage. There's an additional sentence in the end, stating that the "...Polish People's Republic had one of the lowest crime rates in the world." Again, I question if something like this really belongs in the lead. Rousillon (talk) 21:52, 29 May 2022 (UTC)

 * It does sound very much like someone's revisionist history; maybe maybe now with Prigozhin's troll farms no longer operational, it may be worth trying to revert it to something neutral? 74.83.1.69 (talk) 16:24, 1 September 2023 (UTC)

Apparently the lead has changed drastically since August 2021, with a lot of the negative parts that actually brought a lot of balance, being removed Rousillon (talk) 21:59, 29 May 2022 (UTC)

 * I agree that the lead needs some restructuring. It isn't on point and includes more trivial information. Merangs (talk) 14:53, 30 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes, I don't think it should be completely removed but it should be trimmed, some is bit too trivial for lead. Mellk (talk) 01:26, 30 August 2022 (UTC)

Government type
These government descriptions do not make any sense at all, and fail to state the defining features of these states. What does "Unitary Marxist–Leninist one-party socialist republic under a totalitarian Stalinist dictatorship" mean? And what I find extremely irritable is that you guys refuse to link to the article that actually defines the main features of this states: unified power, democratic centralism, highest organ of state power, single branch of government, leading role of the party, guiding ideology of the state, class system, political system el cetra and instead make up a convoluted mess of government description. Have you guys even bothered to read the communist state article?

 * 1) First, what is the article communist state about? It is about the form of government of these states. YOu are refusing to link to the article that deals with the forms of government of these states. That is problematic!
 * 2) Secondly, by unitary to you mean Unitary power, the principle of political power in these states? The one thing that differentiates their state structures from liberal democracies?
 * 3) Thirdly, where in the "form of government" do you guys state that is organised on the principles of democratic centralism?¨
 * 4) Fourthly, where in the "form of government" text do you guys mention that these states have one branch of government represented by the highest organ of state power?
 * 5) Fiftly, it seems that you're definition of "form of government" does not even define the main differences between a communist state system and a liberal state system
 * 6) Sixthly, unitary state? You do know that there were no limits on the highest organ of state power in any sense, from the federal USSR and Yugoslavia to China, right? These states might have been federal and unitary, but the highest organ of state power was still unlimited on what it could decide. It also complicates the situation that neither the CPSU nor the LCY was federal, so, for instance, defining the structure as federal when the party structure was unitary would be insane!
 * 7) What is the defining features of a communist state? READ the article. None of the defining features are mention in you're convoluted wording on the matter. What does "totalitarian" say about a form of government? Nothing. Putin's Russia and China are both authoritarian, but their form of government is completely different. The word is a description about the effects of a government, but is not a description of the form of government... This is basic political science! --TheUzbek (talk) 09:23, 20 January 2024 (UTC)

I've made a quick table to highlight the differences between a communist state and a liberal democratic state and some of the defining principles of the communist state structure. This mess you have failed to mention any of this. More interestingly, all these features are outlined in the communist state article, which you guys refuse to link to!

title: Talk:Polish People's Republic