text:
The Great Milenko

The Great Milenko is the fourth studio album by American hip hop group Insane Clown Posse, released on June 24, 1997, by Hollywood Records in association with Psychopathic Records. As the fourth Joker's Card in the group's Dark Carnival mythology, the album's lyrics focus on the titular Great Milenko, who is a necromancer.

The album was recorded and initially released by the Disney-owned record label Hollywood Records. The album was taken off shelves by Hollywood hours after its release, in response to criticism from the Southern Baptist Church of decisions that the church believed did not reflect Disney's family-friendly image, although Disney claimed that the album was released due to an oversight by its review board. After Hollywood terminated the group's contract, Insane Clown Posse signed a new contract with Island Records (whose parent at the time, PolyGram, distributed Hollywood releases in North America), which agreed to release the album as it was originally intended. Island then re-released the album on August 12, 1997.

The music of The Great Milenko features a rap metal sound and features guest appearances by popular rock stars Alice Cooper, Steve Jones and Slash. Although the album was poorly received by critics, it debuted at number 63 on the Billboard charts, and was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).

Background
Following the 1994 release of the album Ringmaster, Insane Clown Posse started to attract a strong local following in Detroit, Michigan. The group began selling out large clubs such as St. Andrew's Hall and the State Theatre, and drew the attention of major record label Jive Records. The following year, Insane Clown Posse signed with the label Battery Records, a subsidiary of Jive Records. Battery/Jive released the duo's third studio album, Riddle Box (1995), but showed little interest in promoting the album. The group's manager Alex Abbiss negotiated a contract with Disney's Hollywood Records label, which reportedly paid $1 million to purchase the Insane Clown Posse contract from Battery/Jive Records.

The expansion of the Juggalo fanbase into its own culture inspired Insane Clown Posse to write the songs "What Is a Juggalo?" and "Down with the Clown" for this album.

Recording
The group started recording The Great Milenko in 1996, and Violent J began thinking of a title for the album shortly after. Bruce later came up with the title The Great Milenko. Bruce also admitted that he had always liked the ring name of professional wrestler Dean Simon ("Dean Malenko"), because he felt that the name Malenko had a "carnival" sound to it. Believing that he had created the name himself, Bruce later realized that he had unwittingly used the nickname of Dean's father, Boris "The Great" Malenko.

The band wanted to include famous rock stars on the album. Julian Raymond, the artists and repertoire representative for Hollywood Records, contacted Slash, Steve Jones, and Alice Cooper. Slash, who was a self-professed fan of the band's music, reportedly only asked for Wild Irish Rose as payment for his contributions. Bruce, who knew very little about the Sex Pistols or Steve Jones, declined to show up at the studio when Jones played his guitar part for "Piggy Pie". Although not knowing much about Alice Cooper either, Bruce decided to fly to Arizona and coach Cooper on his parts. Bruce and Clark also met George Clinton, who was staying in the same hotel, and recorded his voice in his room, but it did not fit anywhere on the album.

After the recording sessions were finished, executives at Hollywood Records—and the label's parent company, Disney—expressed dissatisfaction with several tracks. Disney requested that the tracks "The Neden Game", "Under the Moon", and "Boogie Woogie Wu" be removed because of lyrics referencing abuse of women, rape and murder, and the slaughter of children, respectively. Disney also asked that the lyrics of "Piggy Pie" be changed, due to lyrics about murdering police officers. Disney threatened not to release the album if their requests were not met. Begrudgingly, Bruce and Utsler complied with Disney's requests. The uncensored version of "Piggy Pie" was later released on Forgotten Freshness Volumes 1 & 2. After recording was finalized, the duo planned to go on a national tour with House of Krazees and Myzery as its opening acts. Several songs were recorded with the intention of releasing them on The Great Milenko. One such song, "House of Wonders", was recorded but was later released on Mutilation Mix (1997) and Forgotten Freshness Volumes 1 & 2 (1998).

Joker's Cards
The Great Milenko is the fourth Joker's Card in Insane Clown Posse's Dark Carnival concept album series. The Dark Carnival is a concept of the afterlife in which souls are sent to a form of limbo while waiting to be sent to heaven or hell based on their individual actions. These concepts are related by Insane Clown Posse in a series of albums called the six Joker's Cards. Each of the six Joker's Cards relate to a specific character—an entity of the Dark Carnival—that tries to "save the human soul" by showing the wickedness inside of one's self.

This Joker's Card is a necromancer and illusionist who tries to trick individuals into acts of greed, envy, and lust. The Card ultimately issues a warning against such acts of sin, and enlightens listeners that The Great Milenko is a part of every individual, and that they have the power to fall under his illusions or cast his hoaxes aside.

Style
The Great Milenko featured more rock influences than previous Insane Clown Posse albums, including an introduction performed by Alice Cooper and guitar tracks performed by Steve Jones (on "Piggy Pie"), and Slash (on "Halls of Illusions"). Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic wrote, in his review of The Amazing Jeckel Brothers (1999) that, "The Great Milenko [...] was targeted at white-boy, adolescent metalheads -- really, how could any album that contained guest spots from Alice Cooper, Slash, Steve Jones and Legs Diamond be anything else?"

Insane Clown Posse hired renowned Detroit record producer and DJ Mike E. Clark to produce the record. Clark made the album sound more rock-oriented, as opposed to the duo's earlier material, which featured a more prominent hip-hop sound. To create the record, Clark utilized standard hip hop techniques such as record scratching, and mixed them with elements of rock and heavy metal.

Lyricism
According to the group's mythology, The Great Milenko is a necromancer and illusionist who tries to trick individuals into greed and other such sins. He takes out the worst in an individual and creates powerful illusions in an attempt to cause them to become hedonistic and greedy. An honorable individual must fight his magic in order to make it to Shangri-La (as revealed in the track "Pass Me By").

The album's themes mostly revolve around those of death, morality, and everyday decisions. For instance, "How Many Times?" talks about annoying traffic jams and other everyday-life inconveniences. "Piggy Pie" references the Three Little Pigs and tells Violent J's story of murdering three kinds of people: an incest-prone redneck, a judge who unjustly sentences people based on their looks, and a stuck-up wealthy person. "Under the Moon" tells the tale of a man convicted after killing a man who tried to rape his girlfriend. "Boogie Woogie Wu" is told from the perspective of the boogie man and talks about the slaughter of children. The "Neden Game" takes the form of a Dating Game-esque show, albeit with added misogynistic banter for humor. Finally, the lyrics to "Hellalujah" target money-hungry preachers.

Singles
Two singles were released from the album: "Halls of Illusions" and "Hokus Pokus". "Halls of Illusions" was the first single released in 1997. The single peaked at number 56 on the UK Singles Chart, and its accompanying music video peaked at number one on The Box video request channel. The album's second single, "Hokus Pokus", was released in June 1997. In 1998, it peaked at number 54 on the UK Singles Chart.

Promotion and release
Initially, Hollywood Records shipped 100,000 copies of The Great Milenko to various record stores. During a music-store autograph signing, Insane Clown Posse was notified that Hollywood Records had deleted the album within hours of its release, despite having sold 18,000 copies and reaching number 63 on the Billboard 200. The group was also informed that its in-store signings and 25-city nationwide tour had been canceled, commercials for the album and the music video for "Halls of Illusions" (which had reached number one on The Box video request channel) were pulled from television, and that the group was dropped from the label. It was later revealed that Disney was being criticized by the Southern Baptist Church at the time because of Disney's promotion of Gay Days at Disneyland, in addition to producing and distributing the gay-themed television sitcom Ellen. The church claimed Disney was turning its back on family values. Although Abbiss told the press that Disney had stopped production of The Great Milenko to avoid further controversy, Disney claimed instead that the release of the album was an oversight by their review board, and that the album "did not fit the Disney image" because of its "inappropriate" lyrics, which they claimed were offensive to women. Although Hollywood Records had ordered record stores to return shipments of the now-deleted album, many record stores refused, including the Michigan-based Harmony House where 1,700 CDs were sold in 36 stores after the termination order.

After the termination of the Hollywood Records contract, labels such as Interscope and Geffen Records wanted to sign the group, but Island Records' Chris Blackwell came to the group's rescue and agreed to release The Great Milenko as it was originally intended. As part of the deal, Island also agreed to rerelease the group's first two Joker's Card albums. Milenko was released in four colors: red, green, purple, and gold. Each color had a different secret message that would help reveal the title of the fifth Joker's Card, The Amazing Jeckel Brothers. Music videos were filmed for "Halls of Illusions", "How Many Times?", and "Piggy Pie". An unofficial music video for "Down with the Clown" was featured on the home-video release Juggalo Championshxt Wrestling Volume 1. A music video for the Headhuntaz Remix of "Hokus Pokus" was produced after the release of the album. The video featured appearances by Twiztid and Myzery. Blackwell left Island Records shortly after the group released Forgotten Freshness Volumes 1 & 2, and the merger of PolyGram into Universal Music Group (which owned Interscope and Geffen) affected the way the label handled its next Joker's Card release. Despite the rough start, The Great Milenko has sold well over the years. On May 5, 1998, the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). A year later, on April 21, 1999, the album was certified platinum for shipments of over one million copies. As of 2007, the album has sold over 1.7 million copies in the United States.

Critical reception
Entertainment Weekly music critic David Browne gave the record a C-minus rating: "[With] its puerile humor and intentionally ugly metal-rap tunes, the album feels oddly dated." AllMusic reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine said that The Great Milenko is "the sort of record you wish they would take off the stereo at excruciating frat parties." In The Great Rock Discography, Martin Charles Strong gave the album five out of ten stars. The album received two out of five stars in The New Rolling Stone Album Guide, in which Ben Sisario identified it as the album in which "the group came into its own".

Although the reviews were mostly negative, some critics complimented the album's improved sound over its precursors. Stephen Thomas Erlewine said that the album was "a better record than [its] predecessors, boasting a tougher sound and some actual hooks, without losing the juvenile vulgarity that pleased their following", and added that "it is better than the rest of ICP's work". David Browne said that "Milenko is better produced than the duo's earlier output (Slash grinds out metal chords on Halls of Illusions), and Pass Me By is a genuinely melodic song." In 2009, Fangoria named The Great Milenko an iconic horrorcore album.

Personnel
Band members and production
 * Violent J – vocals, lyrics
 * Shaggy 2 Dope – vocals, lyrics
 * Mike E. Clark – production, programmer, engineer
 * Rich "Legz Diamond" Murrell – guitar, vocals
 * John Srebalu – assistant engineer
 * John Polito – album sequencer
 * Brian Gardner – engineer
 * Bernie Grundman – engineer

Other personnel
 * Alice Cooper – guest vocals on "Intro"
 * Steve Jones – guitar on "Piggy Pie"
 * Slash – guitar on "Halls of Illusions"
 * Deb Agoli – vocals on "House of Horrors"
 * Kim Marro – vocals on "Hokus Pokus"

title: The Great Milenko


text:
Helium–neon laser

A helium–neon laser or He-Ne laser is a type of gas laser whose high energetic medium gain medium consists of a mixture of ratio (between 5:1 and 20:1) of helium and neon at a total pressure of approximately 1 Torr (133 Pa) inside a small electrical discharge. The best-known and most widely used He-Ne laser operates at a wavelength of 632.8 nm (in air), in the red part of the visible spectrum.

History of He-Ne laser development
The first He-Ne lasers emitted infrared at 1150 nm, and were the first gas lasers and the first lasers with continuous wave output. However, a laser that operated at visible wavelengths was much more in demand, and a number of other neon transitions were investigated to identify ones in which a population inversion can be achieved. The 633 nm line was found to have the highest gain in the visible spectrum, making this the wavelength of choice for most He-Ne lasers. However, other visible and infrared stimulated-emission wavelengths are possible, and by using mirror coatings with their peak reflectance at these other wavelengths; He-Ne lasers could be engineered to employ those transitions, including visible lasers appearing red, orange, yellow, and green. Stimulated emissions are known from over 100 μm in the far infrared to 540 nm in the visible.

Because visible transitions have somewhat lower gain, these lasers generally have lower output efficiencies and are more costly. The 3.39 μm transition has a very high gain, but is prevented from use in an ordinary He-Ne laser (of a different intended wavelength) because the cavity and mirrors are lossy at that wavelength. However, in high-power He-Ne lasers having a particularly long cavity, superluminescence at 3.39 μm can become a nuisance, robbing power from the stimulated emission medium, often requiring additional suppression.

The best-known and most widely used He-Ne laser operates at a wavelength of 632.8 nm, in the red part of the visible spectrum. It was developed at Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1962, 18 months after the pioneering demonstration at the same laboratory of the first continuous infrared He-Ne gas laser in December 1960.

Construction and operation
The gain medium of the laser, as suggested by its name, is a mixture of helium and neon gases, in approximately a 10:1 ratio, contained at low pressure in a glass envelope. The gas mixture is mostly helium, so that helium atoms can be excited. The excited helium atoms collide with neon atoms, exciting some of them to the state that radiates 632.8 nm. Without helium, the neon atoms would be excited mostly to lower excited states, responsible for non-laser lines.

A neon laser with no helium can be constructed, but it is much more difficult without this means of energy coupling. Therefore, a He-Ne laser that has lost enough of its helium (e.g., due to diffusion through the seals or glass) will lose its laser functionality because the pumping efficiency will be too low. The energy or pump source of the laser is provided by a high-voltage electrical discharge passed through the gas between electrodes (anode and cathode) within the tube. A DC current of 3 to 20 mA is typically required for CW operation. The optical cavity of the laser usually consists of two concave mirrors or one plane and one concave mirror: one having very high (typically 99.9%) reflectance, and the output coupler mirror allowing approximately 1% transmission. Commercial He-Ne lasers are relatively small devices compared to other gas lasers, having cavity lengths usually ranging from 15 to 50 cm (but sometimes up to about 1 meter to achieve the highest powers), and optical output power levels ranging from 0.5 to 50 mW.

The precise wavelength of red He-Ne lasers is 632.991 nm in a vacuum, which is refracted to about 632.816 nm in air. The wavelengths of the stimulated emission modes lie within about 0.001 nm above or below this value, and the wavelengths of those modes shift within this range due to thermal expansion and contraction of the cavity. Frequency-stabilized versions enable the wavelength of a single mode to be specified to within 1 part in 108 by the technique of comparing the powers of two longitudinal modes in opposite polarizations. Absolute stabilization of the laser's frequency (or wavelength) as fine as 2.5 parts in 1011 can be obtained through use of an iodine absorption cell.

The mechanism producing population inversion and light amplification in a He-Ne laser plasma originates with inelastic collision of energetic electrons with ground-state helium atoms in the gas mixture. As shown in the accompanying energy-level diagram, these collisions excite helium atoms from the ground state to higher energy excited states, among them the 23S1 and 21S0 (LS, or Russell–Saunders coupling, front number 2 indicates that an excited electron is $n$ = 2 state) are long-lived metastable states. Because of a fortuitous near-coincidence between the energy levels of the two He metastable states and the 5s2 and 4s2 ( Paschen notation ) levels of neon, collisions between these helium metastable atoms and ground-state neon atoms results in a selective and efficient transfer of excitation energy from the helium to neon. This excitation energy transfer process is given by the reaction equations
 * He*(23S1) + Ne1S0 → He(1S0) + Ne*4s2 + ΔE,
 * He*(21S) + Ne1S0 + ΔE → He(1S0) + Ne*5s2,

where * represents an excited state, and ΔE is the small energy difference between the energy states of the two atoms, of the order of 0.05 eV, or 387 cm−1, which is supplied by kinetic energy. Excitation-energy transfer increases the population of the neon 4s2 and 5s2 levels manyfold. When the population of these two upper levels exceeds that of the corresponding lower level, 3p4, to which they are optically connected, population inversion is present. The medium becomes capable of amplifying light in a narrow band at 1.15 μm (corresponding to the 4s2 to 3p4 transition) and in a narrow band at 632.8 nm (corresponding to the 5s2 to 3p4 transition). The 3p4 level is efficiently emptied by fast radiative decay to the 3s state, eventually reaching the ground state.

The remaining step in utilizing optical amplification to create an optical oscillator is to place highly reflecting mirrors at each end of the amplifying medium so that a wave in a particular spatial mode will reflect back upon itself, gaining more power in each pass than is lost due to transmission through the mirrors and diffraction. When these conditions are met for one or more longitudinal modes, then radiation in those modes will rapidly build up until gain saturation occurs, resulting in a stable continuous laser-beam output through the front (typically 99% reflecting) mirror.

The gain bandwidth of the He-Ne laser is dominated by Doppler broadening rather than pressure broadening due to the low gas pressure and is thus quite narrow: only about 1.5 GHz full width for the 633 nm transition. With cavities having typical lengths of 15 to 50 cm, this allows about 2 to 8 longitudinal modes to oscillate simultaneously (however, single-longitudinal-mode units are available for special applications). The visible output of the red He-Ne laser, long coherence length, and its excellent spatial quality, makes this laser a useful source for holography and as a wavelength reference for spectroscopy. A stabilized He-Ne laser is also one of the benchmark systems for the definition of the meter.

Prior to the invention of cheap, abundant diode lasers, red He-Ne lasers were widely used in barcode scanners at supermarket checkout counters. He-Ne lasers are generally present in educational and research optical laboratories. They are also unsurpassed for use in nano-positioning in applications such as semiconductor device fabrication. High precision Laser gyroscopes have employed He-Ne lasers operating at 633 nm in a ring laser configuration.

Applications
Red He-Ne lasers have an enormous number of industrial and scientific uses. They are widely used in laboratory demonstrations in the field of optics because of their relatively low cost and ease of operation compared to other visible lasers producing beams of similar quality in terms of spatial coherence (a single-mode Gaussian beam) and long coherence length (however, since about 1990 semiconductor lasers have offered a lower-cost alternative for many such applications).

Starting in 1978, HeNe tube lasers (manufactured by Toshiba and NEC) were used in Pioneer LaserDisc players. This continued until the 1984 model lineup, which contained infrared laser diodes instead. Pioneer continued to use laser diodes in all subsequent players until the format's discontinuation in 2009.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Helium–neon laser


text:
Keio Gijuku

Keio Gijuku may refer to:

 * Keio University, the oldest institute of higher education in Japan
 * Keio Gijuku (Gakkō Hōjin), the administrative body of the Keio University and its affiliated institutions

title: Keio Gijuku


text:
Damn Small Linux

Damn Small Linux (DSL) is a computer operating system for the x86 family of personal computers. It is free and open-source software under the terms of the GNU GPL and other free and open-source licenses. It was designed to run graphical user interface applications on older PC hardware, for example, machines with 486 and early Pentium microprocessors and very little random-access memory (RAM). DSL is a live CD with a size of 50 megabytes (MB). What originally began as an experiment to see how much software could fit in 50 MB eventually became a full Linux distribution. It can be installed on storage media with small capacities, like bootable business cards, USB flash drives, various memory cards, and Zip drives.

History
DSL was originally conceived and maintained by John Andrews. For five years the community included Robert Shingledecker who created the MyDSL system, DSL Control Panel and other features. After issues with the main developers, Shingledecker was, by his account, exiled from the project. He currently continues his work on Tiny Core Linux which he created in April 2008.

DSL was originally based on Model-K, a 22 MB stripped-down version of Knoppix, but soon after was based on Knoppix proper, allowing much easier remastering and improvements. The distribution is now based on Debian and antiX.

System requirements
DSL is designed to primarily support x86 PCs. The minimum system requirements are a 486 processor and 8 MB of RAM. DSL has been demonstrated by browsing the web with Dillo, running simple games, and playing music on systems with a 486 processor and 16 MB of RAM. The system requirements are higher for running Mozilla Firefox and optional add-ons such as the OpenOffice.org office suite.

Features
Version 4.4.10 of DSL, released November 18, 2008, included the following software:
 * Text editors: Beaver, Nano, Vim
 * File managers: DFM, emelFM
 * Graphics: mtPaint (raster graphics editor), xzgv (image viewer)
 * Multimedia: gphone, XMMS with MPEG-1 and Video CD (VCD) support
 * Office: Siag Office (spreadsheet program), Ted (word processor) with spell checker, Xpdf (viewer for Portable Document Format (PDF) documents), AbiWord, Gnumeric
 * Internet:
 * Web browsers: Dillo, Firefox, Netrik
 * Sylpheed (E-mail client)
 * naim (AOL Instant Messenger (AIM), ICQ, and IRC client)
 * AxyFTP (File Transfer Protocol (FTP) client), BetaFTPD (FTP server)
 * Monkey (web server)
 * Server Message Block (SMB) client
 * Rdesktop (Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) client, Virtual Network Computing (VNC) viewer
 * Others: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) client, Secure Shell (SSH) and secure copy protocol (SCP) client and server; Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE), Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) support; FUSE, Network File System (NFS), SSH Filesystem (SSHFS) support; UnionFS; generic and Ghostscript printing support; PC card, Universal Serial Bus (USB), Wi-Fi support; calculator, games, system monitor; many command-line tools

DSL has built-in scripts to download and install Advanced Packaging Tool (APT). Once APT is enabled, a user can install packages from Debian's repositories. Also, DSL hosts software ranging from large applications like OpenOffice.org and GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), to smaller ones such as aMSN, by means of the MyDSL system, which allows convenient one-click download and installing of software. Files hosted on MyDSL are called extensions. As of June 2008, the MyDSL servers were hosting over 900 applications, plugins, and other extensions.

Boot options

Boot options are also called "cheat codes" in DSL. Automatic hardware detection may fail, or the user may want to use something other than the default settings (language, keyboard, VGA, fail-safe graphics, text mode...). DSL allows the user to enter one or more cheat codes at the boot prompt. If nothing is entered, DSL will boot with the default options. Cheat codes affect many auto-detection and hardware options. Many cheat codes also affect the GUI. The list of cheat codes can be seen at boot time and also at the DSL Wiki.

The MyDSL system
MyDSL is handled and maintained mostly by Robert Shingledecker and hosted by many organizations, such as ibiblio and Belgium's BELNET. There are two areas of MyDSL: regular and testing. The regular area contains extensions that have been proven stable enough for everyday use and is broken down into different areas such as apps, net, system, and uci (Universal Compressed ISO - Extensions in .uci format are mounted as a separate file system to minimize RAM use). The testing area is for newly submitted extensions that theoretically work well enough but may have any number of bugs.

Ports and derivatives
DSL was ported to the Xbox video game console as X-DSL. X-DSL requires a modified Xbox. It can run as a Live CD or be installed to the Xbox hard drive. Users have also run X-DSL from a USB flash drive, using the USB adaptor included with Phantasy Star Online, which plugs into the memory card slot and includes one USB 1.1 port. X-DSL boots into a X11-based GUI; the Xbox controller can be used to control the mouse pointer and enter text using a virtual keyboard. X-DSL has a Fluxbox desktop, with programs for E-mail, web browsing, word processing and playing music. X-DSL can be customized by downloading extensions from the same MyDSL servers as DSL.

Linux distributions derived from Damn Small Linux include Hikarunix, used for a CD image that runs the game of Go released in 2005, and Damn Vulnerable Linux.

Live USB
A Live USB of Damn Small Linux can be created manually or with applications like UNetbootin. See List of tools to create Live USB systems for full list.

Status
Due to disagreements and irreconcilable differences among the project's originators and main developers, DSL development seemed to be at a standstill for a long time, and the future of the project was uncertain, much to the dismay of many of the users.

On July 8, 2012, John Andrews (the original developer) announced that a new release was being developed. The DSL website, including the forums which were once inaccessible, were back, as well. The first RC of the new 4.11 was released on August 3, 2012, followed by a second one on September 26.

On February 1, 2024, DSL 2024 Alpha 1 was announced and released on the project's webpage. May 22nd 2024 the DSL forum has a post "Release Candidate 4 Now Available"

Recent reviews of DSL 2024 Alpha 1

Reviews

 * IBM developerWorks review
 * OSNews review (2004), OSNews review (2011)
 * Tech Source From Bohol review
 * Review of version 4.4.10 at IT Reviews

title: Damn Small Linux


text:
Talk:Chuck Connors

Military
In October of 1942, Chuck Connors dropped out of school (Seton Hall) on his senior year to enlist in the US Army. He served as an instructor at the tank-warfare school at Ft. Campbell, Kentucky, followed by a posting at West Point. He was discharged in 1946.

I know the Campbells, they have a difficulties with the Truth! Cibwin2885 (talk) 01:22, 1 March 2017 (UTC)

Underground film career?
Haven't there been rumors that he played in stag films (as they were then called) at some point in his career? --Wspencer11 (talk to me...) 12:40, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

I, too have heard these rumors. From the best I can tell, they are not true. It stems from an early 70's male-on-male porno involving a man who looked similar to (but was not) Chuck Connors. Interestingly, the real Chuck Connors has a foreskin whereas this look-a-like did not. Or so teh internets tell me. 71.205.13.162 04:34, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

Saw a frame from the porn in a magazine once. Easy to see how people could be confused, because it was a close facial resemblance. But it looked to me as though he wasn't as tall as Connors, either. Hypercallipygian (talk) 06:49, 29 November 2011 (UTC)

Chuck Connors played baseball with my father in Cuba in the early 50's. Chuck taught me how to swim! We have shots of him on old home films my dad took in Havana.

Chuck was my cousin (somehow) He was the first player to break a backboard in the NBA. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.95.182.125 (talk) 14:04, 22 February 2012 (UTC)

Mike Anderson (obcpastor@comcast.net)

I Just Seen him On A Episode Of The Night Gallery Dated 1973, Titled "The Ring With The Red Velvet Ropes", Staring Gary Lockwood, Joan Van Ark, With Chuck Connors. A Heavyweight champion must fight one more bout.

haley sparks was a long relitive —Preceding unsigned comment added by 164.113.13.229 (talk) 19:16, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

Infobox birthplace flagicon
I've just changed the flagicon in the infobox for his birthplace, since Newfoundland wasn't in Canada at the time. -- Arwel (talk) 01:58, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

Numerous sources, ,  list his place of birth as Brooklyn, New York. Why is Placentia Bay, Dominion of Newfoundland listed here? Hirolovesswords 23:48, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

____

Brezhnev presents
Connors presented Brezhnev with a set of pistols that had been used on the set of Branded. As Connors' role name in the international version of "The Rifleman" was John McLean it was said that Brezhnev was fond of this character because of the similarity to a Western spy of the same name who worked for the Soviet Union. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.5.99.252 (talk) 11:10, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

Confusion re' 1942
Two differing accounts. In one he enlisted in the army; the second is he left to play for Yanks, but after a year army grabbed him. Both can't be correct. Will someone please change.Mwinog2777 (talk) 04:55, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

Complete rewrite
This article is probably one of the less appealing ones on w/p. If there is any way someone could proof read and edit this article, that would be fantastic. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 160.93.131.83 (talk)

Edit
I just made a large edit to the article - mainly tried to tighten it up and remove bad sentence structure, spelling, and grammar. It's still pretty awkward reading because I didn't want to revamp the whole article from start to finish. If I did delete any necessary info, please feel free to put said info back in. I deleted the entire quotes section: the quotes can be found on IMDB and I feel that an actor of Connors' fame doesn't need a whole section of quotes; it's not John Wayne we're writing about here.

The reference in the biography section links up to a fan site - guess it should be changed to link up to a more reliable and professional resource such as IMDB. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Claire Wolf (talk • contribs) 23:26, 9 April 2011 (UTC)

 * The article needs correction.
 * I was a young lieutenant in the Marine Corps in 1973 when Air Force One arrived at El Toro MCB. Onboard were Richard Nixon and Leonid Brezhnev. Waiting to receive them at the bottom of the steps was a group of people, one of whom was Chuck Connors. Given his height, Connors was quite prominent.
 * Brezhnev and Nixon came down the steps and they walked to the group. Brezhnev was obviously in a buoyant mood, and it was clear that he was mostly interested in Connors. He suddenly threw his arms around Connors in a bear hug. He then picked up Connors, a much taller man, and lifted him off his feet and upward by at least a foot. His effort elicited great laughter in the group, including from Connors, himself. That would have been where Brezhnev met Connors, not at a party at the Western White House later.
 * What happened after Nixon, Brezhnev, and the receiving group left the airport I was not, of course, privy to. ECMann (talk) 22:45, 26 June 2022 (UTC)

overlooked movie
Connors starred in "The Proud and the Damned" as Will Hansen in 1972. ```` — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.237.115.202 (talk) 01:04, 21 March 2012 (UTC)

==

Edit with summery listing "mainly cleaned up style, grammar, redundancy"
I have not looked closely but there was a lot of content removed and the edit summery indicated that it was a clean up that included redundancy. When someone removes a lot of referenced content it is more than just "cleaning up redundancy". I am not saying this is a bad thing yet and will look. Content reflecting his sports career is encyclopedic and it is of interest that he was the first player to break a backboard that is noted at Backboard shattering. I started watching Connors as far back as 1963, and he was famous as a long time actor, but he did have a professional sports career that I was not aware of except through Wikipedia, so there is nothing wrong with the article expounding on this. Otr500 (talk) 23:09, 20 October 2013 (UTC)

Smoking
Chuck Connors admitted in an interview at the time of "The Rifleman" that he smoked three packs of Camel cigarettes a day. He did apparently quit smoking in the mid-1970s, although he said in a 1987 interview that he had started again. I think this should be in the article as it was the main cause of his death. (92.11.206.6 (talk) 14:14, 13 December 2013 (UTC))

Never in NBA
Chuck Connors is not one of 12 athletes to play in both MLB and the NBA, nor is he the first NBA player to break a backboard. Connors played for the Celtics when they were in the BAA.  Randall Bart    Talk   16:54, 24 May 2016 (UTC)

I agree! Cibwin2885 (talk) 01:19, 1 March 2017 (UTC)
 * It was just a name change. The BAA is counted as the NBA - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association  -Topcat777  20:14, 8 April 2022

Drafted by the Chicago Bears
There is no information which shows Connors was drafted by the Chicago Bears. MeTV.com is wrong. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.254.120.214 (talk) 16:16, 17 August 2018 (UTC)

Rifleman images
There are 5 images of Connors from the Rifleman in this article. It seems excessive. Considering he acted in 61 films and 73 television shows. One is sufficient. Maineartists (talk) 00:00, 2 May 2022 (UTC)

 * 5 images of legendary Connors is only a good START on what fans would like to see!!!!!! 76.14.213.246 (talk) 09:58, 28 December 2023 (UTC)

Chuck Connors TV
Why is there no mention of the television series Branded in his TV career. 86.20.185.125 (talk) 20:10, 14 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chuck Connors


text:
William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition

The William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition, often abbreviated to Putnam Competition, is an annual mathematics competition for undergraduate college students enrolled at institutions of higher learning in the United States and Canada (regardless of the students' nationalities). It awards a scholarship and cash prizes ranging from $250 to $2,500 for the top students and $5,000 to $25,000 for the top schools, plus one of the top five individual scorers (designated as Putnam Fellows) is awarded a scholarship of up to $12,000 plus tuition at Harvard University (Putnam Fellow Prize Fellowship), the top 100 individual scorers have their names mentioned in the American Mathematical Monthly (alphabetically ordered within rank), and the names and addresses of the top 500 contestants are mailed to all participating institutions. It is widely considered to be the most prestigious university-level mathematics competition in the world, and its difficulty is such that the median score is often zero or one (out of 120) despite being primarily attempted by students specializing in mathematics.

The competition was founded in 1927 by Elizabeth Lowell Putnam in memory of her husband William Lowell Putnam, who was an advocate of intercollegiate intellectual competition. The competition has been offered annually since 1938 and is administered by the Mathematical Association of America.

Competition layout
The Putnam competition takes place on the first Saturday in December, and consists of two three-hour sittings separated by a lunch break. The competition is supervised by faculty members at the participating schools. Each one consists of twelve challenging problems. The problems cover a range of advanced material in undergraduate mathematics, including concepts from group theory, set theory, graph theory, lattice theory, and number theory.

Each of the twelve questions is worth 10 points, and the most frequent scores above zero are 10 points for a complete solution, 9 points for a nearly complete solution, and 1 point for the beginnings of a solution. In earlier years, the twelve questions were worth one point each, with no partial credit given. The competition is considered to be very difficult: it is typically attempted by students specializing in mathematics, but the median score is usually zero or one point out of 120 possible, and there have been only five perfect scores. In 2003, of the 3,615 students competing, 1,024 (28%) scored 10 or more points, and 42 points was sufficient to make the top percentile.

At a participating college, any student who wishes to take part in the competition may (limited by the number of spots a school receives); but until 2019 the school's official team consisted of three individuals whom it designated in advance. Until 2019, a team's score was the sum of the ranks of its three team members, with the lowest cumulative rank winning. It was entirely possible, even commonplace at some institutions, for the eventual results to show that the "wrong" team was picked—i.e. that some students not on the official team outscored an official team member. For example, in 2010, MIT had two of the top five scorers in the competition and seven of the top 24, while Caltech had just one student in the top five and only four in the top 24; yet Caltech took first place among teams while MIT took second. In 2019 the rules of the competition changed, with a school's team consisting of its top three scorers, and team ranks determined by comparing the sums of the scores of the team members.

Awards
The top five teams win $25,000, $20,000, $15,000, $10,000, and $5,000, in that order, with team members receiving $1,000, $800, $600, $400, and $200, respectively.

The top five individual scorers are named Putnam Fellows and awarded $2,500. The school with the first-place team receives an award of $25,000. Each first-place team member, as well as the winner of the Elizabeth Lowell Putnam Prize, receives $1,000. Sixth through 15th place individuals receive $1,000 and the next ten receive $250. The names of the top 100 students are published in the American Mathematical Monthly, and competition results are published in early April of the year following the competition.

Many Putnam Fellows have gone on to become distinguished researchers in mathematics and other fields, including three Fields Medalists—John Milnor (also an Abel Prize laureate), David Mumford, and Daniel Quillen—and two Nobel laureates in physics—Richard Feynman and Kenneth Wilson.

Teams ranked by historical performance
Below is a table of teams by the number of appearances in the top five and number of titles.

The following table lists Teams finishing in Top Five ( competition):

For a recent analysis, the following table lists teams that finished in the top five since 2000 ( competition):

The following table lists Teams with First place finishes ( competition):

Putnam Fellows
Since the first competition, the top five (or six, in case of a tie) scorers in the competition have been named Putnam Fellows. Within the top five, Putnam Fellows are not ranked. Students are not allowed to participate in the Putnam Competition more than four times. For example, if a high school senior chooses to officially participate, he/she effectively chooses to forfeit one of his/her years of eligibility in college (see Gabriel Carroll). This makes it even more of a remarkable feat to become a Putnam Fellow four times. In the history of the Competition, only eight students have been Putnam Fellows four times, with twenty-five others winning the award three times. The following table lists these students:

The following table lists all Putnam fellows from 1938 to present, with the years they placed in the top five. Ioana Dumitriu was the first woman to become a Putnam Fellow, in 1996.

Elizabeth Lowell Putnam Award winners
Since 1992, the Elizabeth Lowell Putnam Award has been available to be awarded to a female participant with a high score, with three awards being made for the first time in 2019. The year(s) in which they were Fellows are in bold. Ioana Dumitriu was the first woman to become a Putnam Fellow, in 1996.


text:
Talk:Eduard Shevardnadze

Lop-sided
Almost half of this article concerns events in November 2003. This is not going to date well. -Rollo
 * Good point, however it does not justify removing information. When you have time, perhaps you would like to do some research in to his further history? I think many sources will be in languages other than English, however. --Pratyeka 01:46, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)

It needs a lot more work on his earlier career - there is stuff out there in English. I will add to if I have time but nothing should be deleted. Secretlondon 09:54, Nov 25, 2003 (UTC)
 * True. Of course, the problem with this idea is that you/we probably won't have time, and by next week everyone will have forgotten about Shevardnadze. The encyclopedia article will remain lop-sided. At least this is partially corrected by the most recent revision, which changes his principal significance to Soviet foreign minister from Georgian president.

Date of joining CP
There is a small conflict: states that he joined the Communist Party in 1948; here we have 1946. seems to suggest he began party activity in '46 but actually joined the CPSU in '48. --Sam
 * The BBC profile I linked also quotes 1946. -- Sam
 * Definitely 1946, according to his official CPSU biography from the mid-1980s. -- ChrisO

Rewritten
I've rewritten the article to fix a few problems and add a lot more to the Soviet period. -- ChrisO 23:40, 29 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Thank you - its a lot better and utterly unrecognisable from my little stub of a month ago! Secretlondon 23:41, Nov 29, 2003 (UTC)

Excellent work. I defer to your clearly superior knowledge concerning what colour 'Fox' he was. Rollo 23:58, 29 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Soros
Just wondering what source the interesting little Soros snippet came from? Pratyeka 15:31, 30 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * It's been quite widely reported, but the best article I found on the subject was in the Toronto Globe & Mail - see http://www.globeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20031126.wxsoros1126/BNStory/Front/ . -- ChrisO 09:28, 1 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I've added this as a reference. Pratyeka 00:45, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Linked articles
Wikipedians may be interested to know that I've expanded the linked stub articles on Nino Burdzhanadze (the current acting president), Mikhail Saakashvili (the likely next president) and Ajaria (the separatist province within Georgia). Comments welcomed, as always. -- ChrisO 22:42, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Recent edits
Removed NPOV and misspelt additions by Levzur (e.g. "Shevardnadze leaded the military-criminal coup d'etat in Georgia", "President Gamsakhurdia was assassined by the supporters of Shevardnadze's regime") as well as deleted links to extant pages. A few of his changes were useful in highlighted deficiencies in the original version, so I've retained or modified those. Hopefully this won't turn into a partisan editing war but I suggest that people keep an eye on the article and a finger poised on the rollback button. -- ChrisO 12:15, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)

New material
Some new material here .. if someone has time, possibly a worthwhile addition. --prat 23:38, 2004 Feb 21 (UTC)

Image
Is there any reason why Image:Schewardnadse clinton.jpg is not being used in this aritcle?

Acegikmo1 17:05, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

George Bush I
I didn't feel comfortable with the reference to "George Bush I", even though it linked to G.H.W. Bush's page. They don't have the same middle name (so they're not Jr. and Sr.), and "the first" is not customary usage either now, or between John Adams and John Quincy Adams. Johndodd 16:27, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Contradiction?
"Shevardnadze's political career was filled with contradictions.... He built his reputation on fighting political corruption, but came to be seen as using corrupt methods to shore up his own position."

Doesn't that just make him a hypocrite? 130.220.79.178 (talk) 05:48, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

Well, unfortunetly that would sound POV, partisan and angry even if true. Lususromulus (talk) 16:17, 13 April 2009 (UTC)

He was not corrupt. He just never was able fight against corruption. Most of the georigan politicians were either self acting or just never under his control, that's why he later decided to keep the chaos going on. His most effective branch was the military, which also was lead by corrupt officers. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.21.247.128 (talk) 13:37, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

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The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:38, 16 March 2022 (UTC)
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title: Talk:Eduard Shevardnadze


text:
User talk:Phle96

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

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If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

snoyes 01:46, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Hello, thanks for trying to write an article at Arthropods, but Arthropod already existed so I've redirected it there. Article titles are normally singular, so it's best to check that before you create a new one. Angela 01:54, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Phle96


text:
The Wraith: Shangri-La

The Wraith: Shangri-La is the eighth studio album by American hip hop group Insane Clown Posse, released on November 5, 2002, by Psychopathic Records. Recording sessions for the album took place in 2002 at multiple recording studios throughout the United States. The album is the first of two albums representing the sixth Joker's Card in the group's Dark Carnival mythology. The album's lyrics describe the titular Wraith's exhibition of heaven.

The album was the first Insane Clown Posse album that producer Mike E. Clark did not contribute to. It features guest appearances by Jumpsteady, Anybody Killa, Zug Izland, Blaze Ya Dead Homie, Twiztid and Esham. The Wraith: Shangri-La was released in two different versions as well as in DVD-Audio format. It debuted at number 15 on the Billboard charts, and in 2010, became eligible for gold certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). It is the 6th Joker Card in the first deck, and the group's 18th overall release.

Background
Following a dream by group member Joseph Bruce in which "spirits in a traveling carnival appeared to him," Insane Clown Posse created the mythology of the Dark Carnival in 1992. The Carnival, a metaphoric limbo in which the lives of the dead await to be judged, was planned to be elaborated through a series of stories called Joker's Cards, each of which offers a specific lesson designed to change the "evil ways" of listeners before "the end consumes us all." The group originally planned six Joker's Cards to be released, with the final, "The Wraith", being two separate albums.

At the time of the release of the fifth Joker’s Card, Insane Clown Posse was signed to Island Records. The group did not want to release the sixth Joker’s Card on the label, but were contractually obligated for two more albums. As a result, they released the double album Bizaar and Bizzar (which were not designated Joker's Cards), then left the label. Upon returning to their own label, Psychopathic Records, the duo embarked on the Hatchet Rising Tour in 2001. They returned that November and attempted to begin work on the sixth Joker’s Card. Unable to create the character, members Joseph Bruce and Joseph Utsler went into seclusion to free their minds. The two agreed that their next appearance would be in the following July at the 2002 Gathering of the Juggalos, where they would reveal the Card.

With his free time, Bruce began jogging daily. The exercise helped clear his mind and allow him to focus on the sixth Joker’s Card. He and Utsler brainstormed on the telephone regularly, and the two created the character of the Wraith. In the end, Bruce says, the group knew what the sixth Joker’s Card would be because they've "said it all along. DEATH, and what's after that? Heaven and Hell. One for the true, Shangri-La, and one for the rest, Hell's Pit." The name of the Card, The Wraith, was another name for death itself.

Recording
In 2001, Insane Clown Posse built its own studio called "The Lotus Pod" in Detroit, Michigan. After brainstorming in seclusion about the album, the group traveled to recording studios across the United States to produce The Wraith: Shangri-La. They began writing and recording in Dallas, Texas along with Zug Izland and producer Mike Puwal, who offered Insane Clown Posse a sound Bruce described as being more pop-oriented. One night in Dallas, Joseph Bruce was approached by a fan. The fan informed him that a woman that Bruce had slept with had died, but that she had always cherished the night the two spent together. Bruce wrote the song "Welcome to the Show" shortly afterward and made reference to the woman in the lyrics.

After recording several songs in Dallas, Insane Clown Posse and Puwal left and headed to a studio in Las Vegas, Nevada. The song "Hell’s Forecast" was written and inspired by Las Vegas’ hot desert sun. Next, the group traveled to a studio located outside of Nashville, Tennessee. They recorded alongside Anybody Killa and studio band member Rich "Legz Diamond" Murrell. Finally, the group headed home to Detroit. They finished recording at The Lotus Pod, and Puwal finalized the album shortly after. A surround sound mix of the album was prepared by Nathaniel Kunkel and Mike Puwal.

Joker's Cards
The sixth Joker's Card is "The Wraith", a personification of Death. The card features two "exhibits", Shangri-La (2002) and Hell's Pit (2004), which were each given their own album. The album's final track, "Thy Unveiling", revealed that the hidden message of their music was always to follow God and make it to Heaven. Ben Sisario criticizes the series' ending in the Rolling Stone Album Guide, writing "the whole thing was some bland divine plan [...] Is this man's final dis of God, or His of us?" Some critics perceived the spiritual element of the storyline as a joke or a stunt. Allmusic writer Bradley Torreano wrote that "Even if it is a joke, it isn't a funny one, or even a clever one."

According to Bruce: "'We went on an in-store tour right when the sixth Joker Card came out. It was the most moving thing we ever went through in our lives. All across the country, it had such an effect. People would come to the in-stores crying, thanking us. A very, very emotional time. [...] Some people might've been upset by that, but through our eyes all we did was touch a lot of people. We definitely wanted it to be something everlasting. Maybe a 19-year-old might not understand or like that ending now. But later, when he has four kids, he might think, 'That was the shit.''"

Release and promotion
The image of The Wraith: Shangri-La was first shown at the 2002 musical festival Gathering of the Juggalos. Insane Clown Posse later released The Wraith: Shangri-La Sampler. The four track sampler concentrated on the group's history and contained a seminar that they held at the 2002 event. On November 4, 2002, the day before the release of The Wraith: Shangri-La, 10 release parties were held by Psychopathic Records nationwide. The next day, eight more release parties were held nationwide. Hosts of the parties included Twiztid, Anybody Killa, Juggalo Championship Wrestling wrestlers Rude Boy and Sabu, and Insane Clown Posse.

The Wraith: Shangri-La was released in two compact disc editions, one with a bonus DVD featuring a seminar from the 2002 Gathering of the Juggalos, and the other featuring a live concert performance. The album was also released on DVD-Audio format with the surround sound mix. In 2003, Insane Clown Posse went on the 75-date Shangri-La World Tour, where the group performed across the United States, Australia and Europe.

Reception
The Wraith: Shangri-La debuted at number 15 on the Billboard 200 and number one on the Top Independent Albums chart. In 2003, the surround sound mix was named "Most Adventurous Mix" at the second annual Surround Music Awards. In The Great Rock Discography, Martin Charles Strong gave the album four out of ten stars. The album received two stars out of five in The New Rolling Stone Album Guide.

In September 2003, Insane Clown Posse was voted the worst band of any musical genre in Blender, with The Wraith: Shangri-La named as the group's worst album. Despite describing Insane Clown Posse as "imbecilic white rappers", the magazine complimented the album for its "charming, good-natured idiocy."

By 2010, the album had become eligible for gold certification by the Recording Industry Association of America.

Legacy
The image of the Wraith from the Shangri-La album cover was used on a flight test patch for the Lockheed Martin Skunk Works' Black Ops Desert Prowler program. The patch features the Wraith, with added red eyes, surrounded by six stars with the words "Desert Prowler, Alone and on the Prowl."

On May 26, 2017 it was announced that Insane Clown Posse would be performing the album in its entirety at the 2017 Gathering of the Juggalos. Some of the album's featured artists, namely Twiztid, Blaze Ya Dead Homie and Esham, did not perform.

Track listing
Notes
 * Every song with "the" in the title has been written out as "thy", for example, "Walk into the Light" is written as "Walk into thy Light".

Personnel

 * Vocals
 * Violent J – Liner Notes, Vocals
 * Shaggy 2 Dope – Vocals
 * Anybody Killa – Vocals
 * Blaze Ya Dead Homie – Vocals
 * Esham – Arranger, Producer, Vocals
 * Jumpsteady – Vocals
 * Rich “Legz Diamond” Murrell – Vocals
 * Lil Pig – Drums, Vocals
 * Twiztid – Vocals
 * Zug Izland – Vocals

 * Other personnel
 * Gary Arnett – Graphic Design, Image Editing
 * Tom Baker – Mastering
 * William Charley – Image Editing
 * Mike Puwal – Engineer

title: The Wraith: Shangri-La


text:
Pecos Classification

The Pecos Classification is a chronological division of all known Ancestral Puebloans into periods based on changes in architecture, art, pottery, and cultural remains. The original classification dates back to consensus reached at a 1927 archæological conference held in Pecos, New Mexico, which was organized by the United States archaeologist Alfred V. Kidder.

Original classification
The original Pecos Classification contained eight stages of Southwestern prehistory, but it did not specify dates.

 * 1) Basketmaker I, or Early Basketmaker II
 * 2) Basketmaker II, or Late Basketmaker II
 * 3) Basketmaker III, or Post-Basketmaker
 * 4) Pueblo I Period, or Proto-Pueblo
 * 5) Pueblo II Period
 * 6) Pueblo III Period, or Great Pueblo
 * 7) Pueblo IV Period, or Proto-Historic
 * 8) Pueblo V Period, or Historic

Current classification
Although the original classification has been significantly debated and sometimes modified over the years, the split into Basketmaker and Pueblo period still serves as a basis for discussing the culture of the Ancestral Puebloans of the Four Corners area. The following classification is based in part of the Revised Pecos Classification for the Mesa Verde Region.

Archaic–Early Basketmaker (8000 – 1500 BCE)
The pre-Ancestral Pueblo culture that moved into the modern-day Southwestern United States after the big game hunters departed are called Archaic. Little evidence for extensive habitation before 8000 BC exists. From evidence near Navajo Mountain, they were nomadic people, hunter-gatherers traveling in small bands. They gathered wild foods when in season, and hunted with stone-tipped spears, atlatls, and darts. Game included rabbits, deer, antelope, and bighorn sheep.

The original classification postulated a Basketmaker I Period which was subsequently discredited due to lack of physical evidence. It was combined with the Archaic Period.

This period was called Oshara tradition. There was a trend toward a sedentary lifestyle, with small-scale cultivation of plants beginning 1000 BC.

Early Basketmaker II (1500 BCE – 50 CE)
The early Ancestral Pueblo camped in the open or lived in caves seasonally. During this period, they began to cultivate gardens of maize (flint corn in particular) and squash, but no beans. They used manos and metates to grind corn, and the women made baskets for numerous uses.

Late Basketmaker II (50 – 500)
The people constructed primitive storage bins, cists, and shallow pit-houses. At this stage, evidence suggests that the beginning of a religious and decision-making structure had already developed. Shamanistic cults existed, and petroglyphs and other rock art indicate a ceremonial structure as well. Groups appear to be increasingly linked into larger-scale decision-making bodies.

Basketmaker III (500 – 750)
Deep pithouses were developed, along with some above-ground rooms. The bow and arrow replace the atlatl and spear. Plain bisque and some painted black-on-white pottery is made. Cultivation begins of beans, available due to trade from Central America, and edible due to slow cooking in pottery vessels. Wild amaranth and pinyon pine were also staples. People of this period may have domesticated turkeys.

The prototype kivas were large, round, and subterranean.

Pueblo I Period (750 – 900)
The Pueblo I Period saw increasing populations, growing village size, social integration, and more complicated and complex agricultural systems typified this Period. The construction and year-round occupation of pueblos begins; the people constructed reservoirs and canals to deal with scarce and irregular water resources. Large villages and great kivas appear, though pithouses still remain in use. Above-ground construction is of jacal or crude masonry. Plain gray bisque predominates in pottery, though some red bisque and pottery decorated in black and white appears.

Pueblo II Period (900 – 1150)
By AD 1050, Chaco Canyon (in present-day New Mexico) was a major regional center, with a population of 1,500–5,000 people. It is surrounded by standardized planned towns, or great houses, built from the wood of more than 200,000 trees. Thirty-foot-wide (30 ft) roads, flanked by berms, radiate from Chaco in various directions. Small blocks of above-ground masonry rooms and a kiva make up a typical pueblo. Great kivas were up to 50 - 70 ft in diameter. Pottery consists of corrugated gray bisque and decorated black-on-white in addition to some decorated red and orange vessels. The people imported shells and turquoise from other cultures through trading.

During the 12th century, populations began to grow after a decline at the end of the Pueblo II Period. More intense agriculture was characteristic, with terracing and irrigation common.

Pueblo III Period (1150 – 1350)
Settlements consist of large pueblos, cliff dwellings, towers and turkey pens. Most villages in the Four Corners area are abandoned by AD 1300. The distinction between the Hohokam and Ancient Pueblo people becomes blurred.

Pueblo IV Period (1350 – 1600)
Typically, large pueblos are centered around a plaza. Socially, this was a period of more conflict than cooperation, which is thought to have led to abandonment of settlements at Mesa Verde. The people began making kachinas for religious and ritual purposes. Plain pottery supplants corrugated. Red, orange and yellow pottery is on the rise as the black-on-white declines. Cotton is introduced and grown as a commodity.

The Puebloans are joined by other cultures. As early as the 15th century, the Navajo were in the process of migrating into the region from the north. In the next century, the Spanish colonists first came in the 1540s from the south.

Pueblo V Period (1600 – present)
The Spanish dominate and take over sites such as the Acoma Pueblo. Their arrival sends Pueblo subcultures underground.

Puebloan sites

 * Mesa Verde National Park
 * Canyons of the Ancients National Monument
 * Bandelier National Monument
 * Chaco Canyon in Chaco Culture National Historical Park
 * Canyon de Chelly National Monument
 * Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument
 * Keet Seel in Navajo National Monument
 * Chimney Rock National Monument

title: Pecos Classification


text:
User talk:Jpenner

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If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 05:20, 22 October 2008 (UTC)

October 2008
If you have a close connection to some of the people, places or things you have written about, you may have a conflict of interest. In keeping with Wikipedia's neutral point of view policy, edits where there is a conflict of interest, or where such a conflict might reasonably be inferred from the tone of the edit and the proximity of the editor to the subject, are strongly discouraged. If you have a conflict of interest, you should avoid or exercise great caution when:
 * 1) editing or creating articles related to you, your organization, or its competitors, as well as projects and products they are involved with;
 * 2) participating in deletion discussions about articles related to your organization or its competitors;
 * 3) linking to the Wikipedia article or website of your organization in other articles (see Spam); and,
 * 4) avoid breaching relevant policies and guidelines, especially those pertaining to neutral point of view, verifiability of information, and autobiographies.

For information on how to contribute to Wikipedia when you have conflict of interest, please see our frequently asked questions for businesses. For more details about what, exactly, constitutes a conflict of interest, please see our conflict of interest guidelines. The Real Libs-speak politely 14:59, 29 October 2008 (UTC)

Although I completely understand the premise behind having a COI policy, it is also a bit counter-productive in that someone close to the subject may have more accurate information than others. I've seen this many times where opinion becomes fact but is acceptably common enough in its incorrect form that it doesn't get challenged. I recently made a number of edits to a page that ANYONE could have made as they were taken directly from a history document on the subject itself. They were simply removed without any consideration for what the content was. That's very frustrating and I'm not totally sure how to make an article more accurate if this keeps happening. Jpenner (talk) 23:41, 4 November 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Prism band logo.jpg)
Thanks for uploading Image:Prism band logo.jpg. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. BJBot (talk) 05:29, 30 October 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jpenner


text:
User talk:Tonyng84

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

snoyes 01:55, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tonyng84