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Philippine National Railways

The Philippine National Railways (PNR) (Pambansang Daambakal ng Pilipinas; Ferrocarril Nacional de Filipinas) is a state-owned railway company in the Philippines which operates one commuter rail service between Laguna and Quezon, and local services between Sipocot, Naga and Legazpi in the Bicol Region. It is an attached agency of the Department of Transportation.

Philippine National Railways traces its roots to the Ferrocarril de Manila-Dagupan, founded on November 24, 1892 during the Spanish colonial period, and later becoming the Manila Railroad Company (MRR) during the American colonial period. Founded on June 20, 1964, by virtue of Republic Act No. 4156, the PNR used to operate over 1100 km of route from La Union to the Bicol Region. However, neglect reduced the railway's service, and persistent problems with informal settlers in the 1990s and natural disasters in the 2000s contributed further to its decline. The government is currently in the process of reinvesting in the railway through numerous projects set to revive defunct lines and create new ones.

Manila Railroad

The origins of the Philippine National Railways can be traced to Edmund Sykes's concession, the Manila Railway Company, Limited. Sykes was granted concession rights by the Spanish government to construct a rail line from Manila to Dagupan on June 1, 1887. The line opened as the Ferrocarril de Manila a Dagupan on November 24, 1892, and the Manila Railway Company was formally incorporated in Manila and in London. The Ferrocarril de Manila a Dagupan would eventually become the North Main Line, while services to Southern Luzon under the South Main Line would be completed by 1937.

The Manila Railway was later renamed the Manila Railroad Company in 1906 and became a state-owned enterprise in 1916. By 1923, the MRR elected José Paez as its first Filipino general manager. By 1939, the MRR had 1140 km of track throughout Luzon. However, the MRR's network and fleet was heavily destroyed during World War II. With most of the railroads rebuilt by the 1950s, the MRR initiated its transition from steam to diesel power. Flagship services with steam ended on August 12, 1956, while regular services ended in 1963. Not long after, the Manila Railroad was reorganized into the Philippine National Railways.

Creation of the PNR and later decline
The Philippine National Railways was created in 1964 through the Republic Act 4156 during the presidency of Diosdado Macapagal. According to the PNR's website, the agency experienced its heyday during its early years in the 1960s and early 1970s, as it served thousands of daily riders in its system and had an expansive commuter rail network in and out of Metro Manila.

The PNR later suffered from a multitude of reasons which contributed to its decline, including natural disasters and a lack of support from the government. Government funding during the 1970s were shifted to road-based infrastructure such as highways. On July 23, 1979, President Ferdinand Marcos issued Executive Order No. 546, which designated the Philippine National Railways as an attached agency of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications, now the Department of Transportation (DOTr). However, it did not prevent the agency from suffering heavy losses. In 1983, underfunding has resulted in more cutting of services and the layoff of 1,000 employees which resulted in protests the following year.

The decline of the railway became evident as sections of North Main Line closed in stages. In 1984, services were cut short to Paniqui, Tarlac due to a bridge collapse. Services were then again cut short to Caloocan in 1988 during the term of President Corazon Aquino. However, commuter services were briefly extended to Malolos starting in 1990 under the Metrotren project and was later closed in 1997. When Fidel V. Ramos succeeded Aquino, he decided to rehabilitate the South Main Line from Tutuban to Legaspi, and appointed Jose B. Dado as the new PNR general manager. A railway system running from Manila to Clark was also set to be constructed in the 1990s, when Ramos signed a memorandum of agreement with Juan Carlos I of Spain for its construction in September 1994. Another project, called the Manila–Calabarzon Express, sought to rehabilitate the south commuter line in Manila and construct spur lines. However, the two projects were not implemented, with the Clark railway project cancelled due to disagreement on the source of funding.

Rehabilitation
The government under the administration of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo actively pursued the rehabilitation of the Philippine National Railways through various investments and projects designed to revive Philippine rail transport, despite the numerous problems involved. This encompassed three major projects: Northrail, Southrail, and the Northrail–Southrail Linkage, which was designed to connect the two systems. The 320 km Northrail project aimed to revive the North Main Line from Caloocan to San Fernando, La Union. The initial phase involved the upgrading of the existing single track to an elevated dual-track system, converting the rail gauge from narrow gauge to standard gauge, and linking Manila to Malolos in Bulacan and further on to Angeles City, Clark Special Economic Zone, Clark International Airport. Although the project was under the North Luzon Railways Corporation (NLRC), the Northrail project aimed to utilize the existing right of way of the North Main Line for most of its route. The Southrail project, conceptualized when the PNR and Daewoo conducted a feasibility study, involved the rehabilitation of the entire South Main Line from Calamba to Lucena, and later to Legazpi, Albay, with a new extension to Matnog. The linkage project aimed to connect the two, and ensure compatibility of the signaling and communication systems of the two lines while retaining the rail gauge as narrow gauge despite the planned gauge conversion.

On September 14, 2002, a memorandum of understanding was signed by NLRC and China National Machinery and Equipment Group (CNMEG) for the Northrail project. The Northrail project was contracted out by the Arroyo administration in 2003 to China National Machinery and Equipment Corporation (CNMEC) for an original cost of $421 million. This project was estimated to cost around US$500 million, with China offering to provide some US$400 million in concessionary financing. Early construction began in 2006. However, the project would soon be plagued by a series of irregularities involving the foreign contractor, leading to repeated halts and restarts of the project; the cost of the railway later surged to US$2 billion.

On July 14, 2009, President Arroyo presided over the launch of new diesel multiple units from Hyundai Rotem. This coincided with PNR's rebranding under a new brand name, PNR Filtrack, although the succeeding administration decided to revert these changes. While plans for Southrail were not fully realized, the initial phase of the linkage project from Caloocan to Alabang, financed by the Export–Import Bank of Korea and the Korean Economic Development Cooperation Fund, was completed in 2010. Total reconstruction of rail bridges and tracks, including replacement of the current 35-kilogram (77-pound) track with newer 50-kilogram (110-pound) tracks and the refurbishing of stations, were part of the rehabilitation and expansion process.

Northrail was finally cancelled in 2011 by President Benigno Aquino III on lingering legal issues and corruption allegations. Nevertheless, rehabilitation of the railway continued, with the San Cristobal bridge in Calamba, Laguna being rebuilt in May 2011. The Bicol Express train service was inaugurated on June 29, with a maiden voyage between Manila and Naga, Camarines Sur plus a return trip back to the terminus on July 1. This inaugural trip was marred by the collapse of the embankment at Malaguico, Sipocot. It was discovered before the train passed through and was repaired. The restored Bicol Express intercity service was offered on a daily basis, running mostly during nighttime. Following a derailment incident, the Bicol Express service was indefinitely suspended on October 26, 2012, leaving only the Metro Commuter Line in operation.

Current developments
Despite attempts to restart and reconfigure the Northrail project, by 2015, it was replaced by a new project that sought to revitalize the PNR, called the North–South Railway Project (NSRP), was approved by the government. It involved two lines, NSRP North and South. The north line is analogous to the existing North Main Line; its first phase is the North–South Commuter Railway (NSCR), a 37 km, electrified narrow gauge commuter railway from Tutuban to Malolos funded through official development assistance (ODA) from Japan. The second phase entailed the rebuilding of the line's long-haul services to La Union. Meanwhile, the south line included the reconstruction of the existing Metro Commuter line from Tutuban to Calamba as well as the rehabilitation of the South Main Line with an extension up to Matnog, Sorsogon and a branch line from Calamba to Batangas. The latter phase of the north line, as well as the entire south line, were to be funded through a public–private partnership (PPP) scheme.

These plans would later be modified by the succeeding government under President Rodrigo Duterte. The NSCR was extended to New Clark City. It was also expanded to include the reconstruction of the Metro Commuter line, which was now also to be financed through ODA from Japan. Meanwhile, the planned long-haul portion of the south line was reconstituted as the South Long Haul project, which would involve the reconstruction of the South Main Line. It was to be funded by China, although this was later withdrawn after several delays and a slow negotiation process with the Chinese government. Furthermore, all new railway lines were now to be constructed using standard gauge, as opposed to the narrow gauge that is currently in use by PNR.

After nearly 20 years, PNR reopened the Metro North Commuter line, and launched the Caloocan–Dela Rosa shuttle line, on August 1, 2018. This would be followed by a steady expansion and reintroduction of rail services to the north, currently reaching to Malabon, which has not seen rail activity for nearly 20 years. A plan to reactivate the Carmona line was bared as well, and the revival of cargo rail from Port Area, Manila to Laguna is now being planned.

On November 16, 2018, PNR became a provisional member of International Union of Railways. On June 14, 2019, PNR became ISO 9001-certified (ISO 9001:2015) for railway repair, rehabilitation, restoration and maintenance, train control and rolling stock maintenance, station operation and other related services. The certification was announced on October 2, 2019.

On February 16, 2023, the Department of Transportation announced a temporary suspension of operations of the PNR system for five years to give way for the construction of the NSCR. Transport Undersecretary for Railways Cesar Chavez said that the temporary suspension would save the government ₱15 billion while construction on the new railway line is ongoing. The Alabang–Calamba segment was the first to be closed on July 2, while the Tutuban–Alabang segment followed suit on March 28, 2024. New PUV franchises traversing parallel the PNR route were issued to compensate for the five-year closure. Services in the Bicol Region were expanded on December 23, 2023.

Operations and services
The PNR currently operates in Laguna, and Quezon province and Bicol region. At the last years of regular intercity service along the system's entire length in the late 1980s, it served from Tutuban to San Fernando, La Union on the North Main Line and Legazpi, Albay on the South Main Line. Various branch lines also led to Batangas, Cavite, Nueva Ecija, Rizal and Tarlac. One of the branch lines that led to Carmona was intended to be reopened by 2019. This was not yet realized, presumably due to the COVID-19 pandemic, among other developments.

On March 27, 2024, the PNR suspended its operations in Metro Manila, specifically the Gov. Pascual to Bicutan and the Tutuban to Alabang segments for at least five years to make way for the construction of the North-South Commuter Railway (NSCR), which will run on the same route as the old tracks, albeit elevated and will use electrification and the standard gauge, the first in PNR. The old tracks beneath the elevated segments will be restored for future freight services as well as connection to the PNR South Main Line and eventually the South Long Haul.

The PNR operates almost every day of the year unless otherwise announced. Special schedules via the social media pages of the agency and also in newspapers and other mass media. During Holy Week, a public holiday in the Philippines, operations are suspended for annual maintenance, owing to fewer commuters and traffic around the metro. Normal operation resumes on Easter Sunday.

Metro North Commuter
The reactivated Metro North Commuter ran initially from Caloocan to Makati and uses a single special fare matrix of ₱12.00 for ordinary, and ₱15.00 for air-conditioned. This was later extended to reach FTI in Taguig, now with a distance-based fare matrix. A Caloocan-Tutuban shuttle service also exists, using the original right-of-way once used for the Dagupan line. Originally terminating at 10th Avenue station while the historical Caloocan station was still being prepared for activation, the station now terminates at its originally intended station since September 10.

DOTr and PNR have laid out plans in reactivating rail services in areas prepared for NorthRail, such as Malabon and possibly Valenzuela. First proposed and planned last September 2018, the extension to Gov. Pascual Avenue and the re-establishment of the Governor Pascual Station (formerly called Acacia Station) in Malabon has been done, with new rail ties and narrow gauge rail tracks restored. It reopened to the public on December 3, 2018.

Another extension, this time targeting Valenzuela City (Polo area) has been bared on August 14, 2019, and will require rebuilding a railway bridge crossing Tullahan river that has been previously demolished.

The line is provisional, and services were interrupted with the construction of NSCR elevated tracks underway, with the northern area commencing upon the conclusion of the construction of NLEX Segment 10.1. However, despite the new rails being removed again, the at-grade reconstructed lines will be retained and are targeted for freight use as well as part of the system's extension/reintroduction to the north.

The trains used in this service was the Hyundai Rotem DMUs and 8000 class DMUs, with the KiHa 52 DMU and KiHa 350 DMU formerly used in this service.

Metro South Commuter
The Metro Commuter (also known by then-remaining active service MSC or Metro South Commuter), which was formerly called Commuter Express (also Commex), serves as the commuter rail service for the Manila metropolitan area, extending as far south as Calamba and Los Baños, both in Laguna. The PNR uses GE locomotives such as 900 Class, 2500 Class, and 5000 Class hauling 203 series EMUs, including 18 (3 car trains, 6 sets) Hyundai Rotem DMUs, KiHa 52 DMUs, the PT INKA 8000 class DMUs, 8100 class DMUs, and the INKA CC300 locomotive with 8300 class coaches for this service. The 8000 class DMUs occasionally perform MSC trips when the Hyundai Rotem DMUs occupy the Metro North Commuter trips. The GE locomotives formerly haul 7A-2000 12 series Commex passenger coaches. MSC  service using the Hyundai Rotem DMUs, KiHa 52, KiHa 350, 203 series EMUs, 8000 class and 8100 class DMUs, and the INKA CC300 locomotive with 8300 class coaches is currently offered between Tutuban and Alabang in Muntinlupa. Currently, MSC makes 32 return services, 16 in each direction.

Shuttle Service
The Shuttle Service is a commuter rail service initially introduced on January 27, 2014. This service used Hyundai Rotem DMUs and JR KiHa 52. There were 2 routes of the Shuttle Service, where trains stop at all stations along the routes: Tutuban – Sucat and Santa Mesa – Sucat. This train service ended May 23, 2014, to conduct maintenance on the rolling stocks and due to the consecutive three weeks of delays and cancellations of this train service.

Formerly, plans for a third route plying Alabang – Calamba was to be introduced sometime in 2017. This service would use the reliveried two-car KiHa 350; This did not push through in 2018. However, with the commissioning of the new DOST Hybrid Train in 2019, this route is now under test run, currently free of charge, but with limited schedules.

In 2018, a new shuttle line was introduced with the 10th Avenue – Dela Rosa route since August 1, 2018, as part of the renovation of the line and the return of train services to Caloocan. The revived train service had its first extension towards Sangandaan, the original Caloocan station since September 10, extending through FTI. Since December 3, 2018, the line was extended northwards to Governor Pascual (formerly called Acacia) in Malabon, and since December 16, 2019, the shuttle service was extended southwards to Bicutan as its new terminus from FTI.

A new shuttle line leading to the once-abandoned Carmona branch line is planned for reopening in 2019, and will originate from the Dela Rosa station in Makati City.

Bicol Commuter
The Bicol Commuter service is a commuter rail service in the Bicol Region, between stations in Tagkawayan, Quezon, and Legazpi, Albay, with Naga in Camarines Sur acting as a central terminal. It has three services: Tagkawayan-Naga (suspended), Sipocot-Naga (operational), and Naga-Legazpi (operational)

The service was first launched on September 16, 2009 as Tagkawayan-Naga and Naga-Ligao. The trains were planned to make seven trips a day, alternating between Tagkawayan, Sipocot, Naga City and Legazpi. All services used KiHa 52 in revised blue livery.

However after further reductions, only the service between Sipocot and Naga was operating by December 2013. Service resumed between Naga and Legazpi on September 18, 2015, with one train a day. However, services were again cut in April 2017 due to an absence of rolling stock, which was worsened by a succession of typhoons that damaged railroads in the Bicol region.

Definitive plans to restore the entire route from Sipocot, Naga and Legazpi were bared with an inspection trip from Tutuban on September 20, 2019, with a rerailment crew, including certain areas of Quezon Province, in preparation of the restoration of more routes previously suspended. First to be restored was the operation of the Naga-Sipocot segment of the Bicol Commuter service in 2022. On the 31th of July 2022, the PNR resumed operations between Ligao and Naga, with two daily trips in service. The Naga–Legazpi route was reopened on December 27, 2023, six years after its suspension in April 2017 due to insufficient trains.

, the train used for the Naga-Legazpi Route is the 8300 class coaches pulled by a INKA CC300 locomotive. While the 8000 class DMU is used in the Naga - Sipocot Line.

Intercity services
PNR's intercity operations on its two main lines, the North Main Line and South Main Line, both located in Luzon, have been indefinitely suspended since 2014.

The South Main Line then served as the primary intercity service after the permanent closure of the northern line in 1991. However, PNR also ended its regular intercity services in 2006 due to natural disasters and poor track conditions, although the Bicol Express ran irregularly between 2009 and 2014. In Camarines Sur, liquefaction of the track's embankment caused a section of the line in Sipocot to sink. This allowed the inaugural service of the new Bicol Express in 2011 to slow down to a near-stop while passing through the area.

There are plans to revitalize both lines. The North Main Line is currently reserved for building the fully-elevated portion of the North–South Commuter Railway to Capas, Tarlac. The South Main Line is planned to be rebuilt and extended to Matnog, Sorsogon. The spur line to Batangas City will also be rebuilt. Test runs along the South Main Line were conducted in September 2019. On September 21, 2019, a KiHa 59 and a rerailment train consisting of a newly repainted PNR 900 class locomotive and a CMC coach conducted a test run from Tutuban to Naga.

North Main Line services
The North Main Line was first opened when the Manila–Dagupan Railway was opened in 1892. At its height between the 1950s and 1960s, the line once boasted full double-track railways from Tutuban to Dagupan and also served until San Fernando, La Union. It also had branch lines to various areas in Central Luzon. However, its services severely deteriorated in the 1980s. All regular operations outside Metro Manila ended in 1988. However, there was irregular service to Meycauayan railway station until all stations in Central Luzon were closed by the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo.

South Main Line services
Intercity services on the South Main Line ran between Manila and Legazpi between 1916 and 2014, including the intermittent Bicol Express and Mayon/Isarog Limited services between 2009 and 2014. The services also briefly extended to Sorsogon in the 1960s due to the trains' popularity as a form of transportation with the masses.

Non-passenger services
Freight services used to be a key component of PNR's operations, and the same applies to its predecessors being the Manila Railway and Railroad companies. Freight services lasted until 2003 when International Container Terminal Services used PNR tracks to transfer intermodal containers from the Port of Manila to its facility in Cabuyao, Laguna. Since then, there have been proposals to revive freight services as part of its PNR Long Haul projects.

The Manila Railroad was also the owner of the Manila Hotel during its early years prior to its handover to the Government Services Insurance System. They also hosted "hospital trains" in the 1930s, with 70 class tank locomotive No. 79 and a converted American Car-built express coach used as a hospital.

Station list
The Philippine National Railways operates on two main lines, the North Main Line and the South Main Line, alongside three major spur lines, which served various parts of Luzon with its 138 (once) active stations.

Station layout
All PNR stations were and are presently at-grade, with most stations using a side platform layout. Most have only basic amenities, platforms and ticket booths. Rehabilitated stations along the Metro Manila line have been fitted with ramps for passengers using wheelchairs. Several stations have extended platforms, having an upper platform catering to DMU services, and a lower platform for regular locomotive-hauled services. As of August 2017, most of the stations are being extended and equipped with platform-length roofing, better ticketing office, and restrooms.

Future railway systems under the PNR, such as the North–South Commuter Railway line, will have elevated, at-grade, and depressed stations similar to that of Manila LRT and MRT stations.

Modernization and expansion plans

The PNR system has suffered from decades of neglect and therefore, several plans to restore and expand the network has been proposed by various administrations. The Republic of Korea, the People's Republic of China, Japan and Indonesia have contributed to these plans. Most of these concern the revitalization and modernization projects of the mainlines in Luzon. The government plans a complete overhaul of the PNR system, which involves electrification and conversion from narrow gauge to standard gauge, as well as from single to double track. The standard gauge system is estimated to have a total track length of around 4000 km.

North–South Commuter Railway
The North–South Commuter Railway (NSCR) is the latest project to revitalize both the historic North and South Main Lines, particularly sections in the Greater Manila Area. First planned in the 1990s, the project's previous incarnations were hounded by funding problems and disagreements. It finally came into shape in November 2017 after a resolution of a five-year dispute between the government and a Chinese contractor. The NSCR will be a 36 station, 147 km elevated railway system from New Clark City in Capas, Tarlac to Calamba, Laguna. It will be the first electrified main line in the country. Construction oon the railway began in 2019. Once fully completed by 2025, it will accommodate at least 300,000 passengers between Northern Metro Manila and Bulacan alone. While the elevated line will be served by electrified trains, the existing lines below will be used for freight trains and/or existing commuter trains.

MRT Line 8
As part of the infrastructure program by president Rodrigo Duterte, East-West Rail was proposed by the East-West Rail Transit Corp., a consortium between Megawide, A. Brown Company Inc., and Private Equity Investment and Development Corp. It involves the financing, design, construction, and maintenance of a mostly-elevated rapid transit line from Diliman in Quezon City to Quiapo in Manila. In 2018, the PNR has said that it will help in building and operating the line. The line will have 11 stations on 9.4 km of mostly elevated track. The project is currently awaiting approval from NEDA to proceed. It is also currently tackling right-of-way issues, such as that of the España Boulevard alignment.

PNR South Long Haul
The South Long Haul project, also known as PNR Bicol, is a planned reconstruction of the intercity line between Metro Manila and the Bicol Region. Originally proposed as a simple reconstruction of the existing network at narrow-gauge and a maximum speed of 75 km/h, the project now involves a complete overhaul of the railway and its conversion to standard-gauge, replacing the existing line. The line will be initially built as a single-track system. However, there are provisions for an upgrade to double-track or electrification in the future. Stations will be allowed to use passing sidings so that express train travel is uninterrupted.

Mindanao Railway
President Rodrigo Duterte expressed his support for the establishment of a railway system in the entire island of Mindanao which could be in operation after his term ends. The railway system to be built in Mindanao will have about 2,000 kilometers of track, and considered one of Rodrigo Duterte's primary infrastructure projects. The first phase, which is 105 km, would start construction in the third quarter of 2018 and was expected to be completed by 2022.

Freight revival
In 2016, PNR has been interested in reviving its freight services with a planned signing of a memorandum of agreement between the railway and rail freight operator MRAIL (a Meralco subsidiary firm) for the rehabilitation of the rail lines to North Harbor and to restart the freight services starting 2017, which will also help reduce traffic congestion and truck use in the NCR. If completed, MRail will jointly operate the freight service with the PNR, which will end a long absence of railway freight services in the country. This will be the second time the PNR will partner with ICTSI.

A statement made by MRail Inc., a subsidiary of Metro Pacific Investments Corp., said that discussions regarding PNR freight service revival from Port of Manila to the Laguna Gateway Inland Container Terminal resulted in the appointment of a new board at the Philippine National Railways. Representatives of PNR and ICTSI conducted an inspection of the ROW where the former railtracks leading to the North Harbor existed, signalling the start of the action to realize the cargo rail revival.

, the freight revival plans are currently not in effect, as with the agency's other railway plans, the cause presumed to be the COVID-19 pandemic.

Rolling stock
PNR has operated several types of locomotives, carriages and multiple units as part of its fleet. As of 2019, the rolling stock used are primarily powered by diesel. The DOST Hybrid Electric Train may also function as a battery electric multiple unit although it is started by a diesel engine. All present rolling stock are in. PNR also has rail mounted cranes as supporting equipment with varying capacities between 0.5 - 30 t.

In late 2019, improvements with the current rolling stocks have been seen. KiHa 59 KoGaNe, KiHa 350 Set 3, and two sets of Hyundai Rotem DMUs received a new blue-orange livery with window screen. One unit of 900 Class has been overhauled and repainted to blue-orange and filtrack livery. PNR also have expanded their line and added more trips in their service, KoGaNe has served the Tutuban-Calamba Line (Limited Chosen Stops only) from October 24 to December 2, 2019, then got extended to IRRI in Los Baños, Laguna on December 3, 2019. KiHa 350 Set 3 also have served the Alabang-Calamba-IRRI Line but it only lasted a couple of weeks, PNR train will go to bicol after renovation of railway tracks.

Liveries
The Manila-Dagupan Railway, the Manila Railroad Company and the Philippine National Railways sported various liveries representing various eras of the company, usually to celebrate the arrival of new rolling stock. Each of these are painted by hand.

Steam locomotive era (1892–1954)
There were no available colored images of Manila-Dagupan Railway and the Manila Railroad Company's rolling stock before the war so the color scheme of the carriages remains unknown. However, based on the surviving locomotives, the steam locomotives owned by the two companies sported a black-only livery like most of the notable American steam engines.

Railmotor livery (1948)
The Cummins railmotors were colored black or white, and orange. The pre-war carriages salvaged and refurbished in the late 1940s also used this color scheme.

MRR/PNR livery (1955)
The MRR celebrated the arrival of its first diesel rolling stock with its colors changed to dark green and yellow, or alternately to yellow-orange and dark green. The livery was retained when the Philippine government took over and renamed it the Philippine National Railways. During the transition to PNR, the old MRR monogram with a diamond-shaped seal was painted out and the PNR circular seal and monogram was placed on the front of the cab with yellow wing-like symbols outside it. The PNR acronym is also placed on the sides as well. By the 1980s, the diesel multiple units will have a yellow body and the wing-like symbols are colored dark green. A few locomotives sported a yellow-orange livery at that time.

Commuter Motor Coach livery (c. 1978)
During the late 1970s, the Commuter Motor Coaches used on PNR's local train services in Metro Manila and the Bicol Region was colored white and navy blue.

Metrotren livery (1990)
When President Corazon Aquino inaugurated the rebranded Manila commuter service as "Metrotren" in 1990, the CMC coaches were repainted to navy blue, white and red. This was also used for the 1998 restocking of the Bicol Express with the old Peñafrancia Express IC-888 train. This was used until the mid-2000s when both multiple unit types were changed to the navy blue livery.

Philippines 2000 livery (1997)
The GE Universal Series-based 900, 2500 and 5000 classes sported a red livery celebrating Fidel Ramos' Philippines 2000 program. Although the PNR revised this livery after 2000, some retained it due to lack of maintenance funds and a 900 class survived with this livery in use until 2008. Some of the freight carriages had the Philippines 2000 name spray-painted on top the old green and yellow livery.

Navy blue livery (c. 2000, 2011)
A navy blue livery was introduced after the expiry of the Philippines 2000 program. This followed after PNR acquired locomotive-hauled 12 and 14 series coaches from Japan. There are subtle differences with the coaches used on the Commuter Express (formerly Metrotren) and the Bicol Express. The Commuter Express trainsets were navy blue with orange highlights while the Bicol Express were navy blue with gold highlights. The PNR symbol on the Commuter Express was white while on the Bicol Express was gold. The locomotives' colors were also changed to navy blue and orange.

This livery was re-introduced in 2011 although it was not used on the Bicol Express trainsets.

Filtrack livery (2009)
PNR attempted to revitalize the Bicol Express in 2009 with the support of president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. This was supported with a change of logo and liveries. The coaches in PNR service used white and orange while the locomotives' cabs were colored white while the PNR monogram logo was sealed out. The trains also sported the "Filtrack" brand on the coaches and on the side of the locomotives. However, this was short lived after the Bicol Express stopped its services indefinitely. By 2015, all of the rolling stock followed the 2000s navy blue livery.

INKA livery (2019)
The PNR announced another logo change and changes to its livery in 2019. This is after the Duterte administration under the Department of Transportation announced major reforms to the PNR. The PNR's monogram is now fully incorporated on a seal-type logo, bearing the agency's name and the year it was founded. The seal was also changed from orange and blue to golden yellow and blue. At the same time, the rolling stock also changed its liveries with regards to the arrival of the new rolling stock from Indonesia. The 203 series-based passenger cars' liveries did not change as of 2022.

The first among the old rolling stock was the KiHa 350 and KiHa 59 series trains. After this was the Hyundai Rotem DMUs and finally, 900 series locomotives DEL 917, 902, 913, 921, and 922, 5000 series locomotive DEL 5007 and 5001, and 2500 series locomotive DEL 2540 changed its livery to orange. All multiple units were fitted with new window screen to resist stoning. The colors however varied from one type of rolling stock to another but the common theme was the inclusion of orange (as the highlight color), white (as the main stock color), navy blue (as the side line color) and black (as the bottom color).

CRRC diesel multiple unit livery (2021)
The latest effort to the revitalization of the South Main Line, particularly the Bicol Express intercity service, was unveiled in 2019 dubbed the "South Long Haul" project. A scale model of the train that would have been used was revealed during a contract signing ceremony between the Philippine National Railways, its superior agency the Department of Transportation, and the Chinese rolling stock manufacturer CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive. The three-car train will also feature a red-orange livery with black stripes on its windows. This train would have arrived in 2021.

However, on February 24, 2021, PNR cancelled the contract with CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive due to the procurement process being questioned by the Commission on Audit, and the failure of CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive to submit post-qualification bidding requirements.

NSCR electric multiple unit livery (2021)
In line with the construction of the North–South Commuter Railway, the Department of Transportation ordered 104 train cars (13 sets) of electric multiple units from Sumitomo Corporation and Japan Transport Engineering Company on July 16, 2019. The original proposal featured a bluish-purple livery in the 2019 scale model of the Sustina Commuter.

However, the livery design was changed when PNR revealed a mock-up of the front cab for the PNR EM10000 class trains on June 29, 2021. The livery now features a red-orange color livery and eagle design highlights on the sides of the lead cars of the train.

title: Philippine National Railways


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Talk:Bert (Sesame Street)

Dull
If one calls an activity "dull", it that still considered NPOV? RedWolf 05:26, Nov 19, 2003 (UTC)

 * The dullness of the activities in question is part of the premise of the character...so yes. Philwelch 00:12, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

no homage
I removed the It's a Wonderful Life reference, as Henson said specifically that the names are not from the two supporting characters in that movie. It says this in Bert and Ernie - DavidWBrooks 11:56, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * That was just "preemptive lawyering" on Henson's part; whether he inended it deliberately or it just happened as a result of his earlier memories of "It's a Wonderful Life", most reasonable observers would conclude that Bert and Ernie are based on Bert and Ernie.

 * Atlant 09:55, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree that that was the actual source. For one, the common American spelling of the name is "Burt", not "Bert".  It is rather ironic that one of the few cases of the spelling being "Bert" in an American movie was was also the same movie where another character was named Ernie.  Since IAWL is not in the "Public Domain", this was probably done to prevent lawyers from trying to grab money.

 * Mushrom 3 April 2006

Link to Beaker
The current link to Beaker leads to the scientific apparatus, whereas I assume the link should be to the muppet character named Beaker.

 * Fixed.

 * Atlant 09:55, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

YouTube links
This article is one of thousands on Wikipedia that have a link to YouTube in it. Based on the External links policy, most of these should probably be removed. I'm putting this message here, on this talk page, to request the regular editors take a look at the link and make sure it doesn't violate policy. In short: 1. 99% of the time YouTube should not be used as a source. 2. We must not link to material that violates someones copyright. If you are not sure if the link on this article should be removed or you would like to help spread this message contact us on this page. Thanks, ---J.S (t|c) 04:07, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

Squidward?
I always thought that Bert was like Squidward from Sponge Bob. Like, how he is smart but easily aggrovated.

Can anyone explain this sentence?
From the discography section: He has it in "Bert's Tales of SCARY STUFF! in 'Bert's House'". This means nothing to me. If no one knows what it means, I will remove it. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Angrymansr (talk • contribs) 01:33, 4 May 2007 (UTC).

Age of Bert and Ernie
The article erroneously states that no age has ever been given for Bert and Ernie. There was a sketch that presented them as clerly in the preschool age group. Ernie was dressed as a doctor, and Bert wanted a diagnosis. Ernie said he couldn't do that until he was a doctor, and that would take going all the way through school, starting with kindergarten, which presumably he wasn't even in yet. Of course that was many years ago, and characters on Sesame Street do seem to age, so many they're adults now. But they were very clearly very young kids in the early days. Parableman 16:46, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Tv sesame street Berts Pigeon Call lion.jpg
Image:Tv sesame street Berts Pigeon Call lion.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 02:26, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Merge
There is an article for Bert, an article for Ernie, and an article for Bert and Ernie. At least one of those three needs to go. I'd merge the first two into the third. Vidor (talk)
 * Support Merge into the B&E article and redirect the solo articles. DP 76764  (Talk) 19:58, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

I agree. I think that it's sufficient to have a Bert & Ernie article -- there's a lot of duplicated effort here. --Elegantelbow (talk) 02:03, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

16:08, 16 September 2010 (UTC)~ then for (whaever) sake, please make it clear which character goes by which name. Currently pictures in both articles show the duo, so it does not explain which one is Bert and which one is Ernie. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.73.49.65 (talk)

Homosexuality
Why is the part on homosexuality in there? Kids read this stuff! Cmon! Why should someones sexuality be an issue especially of a puppet? He is not real. He cannot have sex. I find it sick that this is even an issue. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.205.54.4 (talk) 21:10, 25 October 2010 (UTC)

Dude, Wikipedia is not censord. Ernie and Bert's supposed gayness has been extensively covered and is this subject of a lot of controversy. Basically, shut your piehole and if you can't find a website covering Bert and Ernie that doesn't cover their supposed gayness (which might be hard since it's so well known) make your own damned wiki. If you don't want your kids to read this article, have them read the article on your wiki. Cheers, Hop on Bananas (talk) 04:24, 12 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Change the page image to one of only Bert
I have noticed that the page images on the pages for both Ernie and Bert are the same photograph, showing the two side-by-side. I think each article should gets its own photo showing only Bert or Ernie, rather than the two of them together. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:569:FC9C:E700:7D8E:4E5E:16B7:4045 (talk) 16:25, 7 August 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Bert (Sesame Street)


text:
Polyvinylidene fluoride

Polyvinylidene fluoride or polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) is a highly non-reactive thermoplastic fluoropolymer produced by the polymerization of vinylidene difluoride. Its chemical formula is (C2H2F2)n.

PVDF is a specialty plastic used in applications requiring the highest purity, as well as resistance to solvents, acids and hydrocarbons. PVDF has low density 1.78 g/cm3 in comparison to other fluoropolymers, like polytetrafluoroethylene.

It is available in the form of piping products, sheet, tubing, films, plate and an insulator for premium wire. It can be injected, molded or welded and is commonly used in the chemical, semiconductor, medical and defense industries, as well as in lithium-ion batteries. It is also available as a cross-linked closed-cell foam, used increasingly in aviation and aerospace applications, and as an exotic 3D printer filament. It can also be used in repeated contact with food products, as it is FDA-compliant and non-toxic below its degradation temperature.

As a fine powder grade, it is an ingredient in high-end paints for metals. These PVDF paints have extremely good gloss and color retention. They are in use on many prominent buildings around the world, such as the Petronas Towers in Malaysia and Taipei 101 in Taiwan, as well as on commercial and residential metal roofing.

PVDF membranes are used in western blots for the immobilization of proteins, due to its non-specific affinity for amino acids.

PVDF is also used as a binder component for the carbon electrode in supercapacitors and for other electrochemical applications.

Names
PVDF is sold under a variety of brand names including KF (Kureha), Hylar (Solvay), Kynar (Arkema) and Solef (Solvay).

Synthesis
The easiest way of synthesizing PVDF is the radical polymerization of vinylidene fluoride (VF2), however, the polymerization is not completely regiospecific. The asymmetric structure of VF2 leads to the orientation isomers during the polymerization. The configuration of the monomer in the chain can be either "head to head" or "head to tail".

To get more control on the regiospecific polymer synthesis, copolymerization was proposed. One of these methods is introducing the precursor polymer made from copolymerization of VF2 with either 1-chloro-2,2-difluoroethylene (CVF2) or 1-bromo-2,2-difluoroethylene( BVF2). The chlorinated or brominated monomers are attacked at their CF2 carbon by growing –CH2CF2∙ radical. After reductive dechlorination or debromination with tri-n-butyltin hydride they become a reversed VF2 unit in the final polymer. Therefore, a regioisomer of PVDF is formed.

Properties
In 1969, strong piezoelectricity was observed in PVDF, with the piezoelectric coefficient of poled (placed under a strong electric field to induce a net dipole moment) thin films as large as 6–7 pC/N: 10 times larger than that observed in any other polymer.

PVDF has a glass transition temperature (Tg) of about −35 °C and is typically 50–60% crystalline. To give the material its piezoelectric properties, it is mechanically stretched to orient the molecular chains and then poled under tension. PVDF exists in several phases depending on the chain conformations as trans (T) or gauche (G) linkages: TGTG' for α and δ phase, TTTT for β phases, and TTTGTTTG' for γ and ε phases. The α and ε conformations lack piezoelectric properties because of the antiparallel alignment of dipoles within its unit cell. The β, γ, and δ phases feature a parallel arrangement of dipoles, rendering them polar crystals with a non-zero dipole moment. Among these phases, the β phase stands out due to its remarkable remnant polarization and the highest dipolar moment per unit cell, garnering more interest compared to the others. When poled, PVDF is a ferroelectric polymer, exhibiting efficient piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties. These characteristics make it useful in sensor and battery applications. Thin films of PVDF are used in some newer thermal camera sensors.

Unlike other popular piezoelectric materials, such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT), PVDF has a negative d33 value. Physically, this means that PVDF will compress instead of expand or vice versa when exposed to the same electric field.

Thermal
PVDF resin has been subjected to high-heat experiments to test its thermal stability. PVDF was held for 10 years at 302 °F (150 °C), and following measurements indicated no thermal or oxidative breakdown occurred. PVDF resin has been recorded stable up to 707 °F (375 °C).

Chemical compatibility
PVDF exhibits an increased chemical resistance and compatibility among thermoplastic materials. PVDF is considered to have excellent / inert resistance to:
 * strong acids, weak acids,
 * ionic, salt solutions,
 * halogenated compounds,
 * hydrocarbons,
 * aromatic solvents,
 * aliphatic solvents,
 * oxidants,
 * weak bases.

Chemical sensitivity
PVDF, similar to other fluoropolymers, exhibits chemical sensitivity, in general, with the following chemical families:
 * strong bases, caustics,
 * esters,
 * ketones.

Intrinsic properties and resistance
Polyvinylidene fluoride expresses inherent resistance characteristics in certain high-focus applications. Namely these are: ozone oxidation reactions, nuclear radiation, UV damage, and microbiological, fungus growth. PVDF's resistance to these conditions is fairly distinctive among thermoplastic materials. PVDF's carbon and fluoride elemental stability contributes to this resistance, as well as the polymeric integration of PVDF during its processing.

Processing
PVDF may be synthesized from the gaseous vinylidene fluoride (VDF) monomer by a free-radical (or controlled-radical) polymerization process. This may be followed by processes such as melt casting, or processing from a solution (e.g. solution casting, spin coating, and film casting). Langmuir–Blodgett films have also been made. In the case of solution-based processing, typical solvents used include dimethylformamide and the more volatile butanone. In aqueous emulsion polymerization, the fluorosurfactant perfluorononanoic acid is used in anion form as a processing aid by solubilizing monomers. Compared to other fluoropolymers, it has an easier melt process because of its relatively low melting point of around 177 °C.

Processed materials are typically in the non-piezoelectric alpha phase. The material must either be stretched or annealed to obtain the piezoelectric beta phase. The exception to this is for PVDF thin films (thickness in the order of micrometres). Residual stresses between thin films and the substrates on which they are processed are great enough to cause the beta phase to form.

In order to obtain a piezoelectric response, the material must first be poled in a large electric field. Poling of the material typically requires an external field of above 30 megavolts per metre (MV/m). Thick films (typically >100 μm) must be heated during the poling process in order to achieve a large piezoelectric response. Thick films are usually heated to 70–100 °C during the poling process.

A quantitative defluorination process was described by mechanochemistry, for safe eco-friendly PVDF waste processing.

Applications
PVDF is a thermoplastic that expresses versatility for applications similar to other thermoplastics, particularly fluoropolymers. PVDF resin is heated and handled for use in extrusion and injection molding to produce PVDF pipes, sheets, coatings, films, and molded PVDF products, such as bulk containers. Common industry applications for PVDF thermoplastics include:
 * chemical processing,
 * electricity, batteries and electronic components,
 * construction and architecture,
 * healthcare and pharmaceutics,
 * biomedical research,
 * ultra-pure applications,
 * nuclear waste handling,
 * petrochemical, oil and gas,
 * food, beverage processing,
 * water, wastewater management.

In electronics / electricity
PVDF is commonly used as insulation on electrical wires, because of its combination of flexibility, low weight, low thermal conductivity, high chemical corrosion resistance, and heat resistance. Most of the narrow 30-gauge wire used in wire wrap circuit assembly and printed circuit board rework is PVDF-insulated. In this use the wire is generally referred to as "Kynar wire", from the trade name.

The piezoelectric properties of PVDF are exploited in the manufacture of tactile sensor arrays, inexpensive strain gauges, and lightweight audio transducers. Piezoelectric panels made of PVDF are used on the Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter, a scientific instrument of the New Horizons space probe that measures dust density in the outer Solar System.

PVDF is the standard binder material used in the production of composite electrodes for lithium-ion batteries. Solution of PVDF 1−2% by mass in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is mixed with an active lithium storage material such as graphite, silicon, tin, LiCoO2, LiMn2O4, or LiFePO4 and a conductive additive such as carbon black or carbon nanofibers. This slurry is cast onto a metallic current collector, and the NMP is evaporated to form a composite or paste electrode. PVDF is used because it is chemically inert over the potential range used and does not react with the electrolyte or lithium.

In biomedical science
In the biomedical sciences, PVDF is used in immunoblotting as an artificial membrane (usually with 0.22 or 0.45-micrometre pore sizes), on which proteins are transferred using electricity (see western blotting). PVDF is resistant to solvents and, therefore, these membranes can be easily stripped and reused to look at other proteins. PVDF membranes may be used in other biomedical applications as part of a membrane filtration device, often in the form of a syringe filter or wheel filter. The various properties of this material, such as heat resistance, resistance to chemical corrosion, and low protein binding properties, make this material valuable in the biomedical sciences for preparation of medications as a sterilizing filter, and as a filter to prepare samples for analytical techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), where small amounts of particulate matter can damage sensitive and expensive equipment.

PVDF transducers have the advantage of being dynamically more suitable for modal testing than semiconductor piezoresistive transducers and more compliant for structural integration than piezoceramic transducers. For those reasons, the use of PVDF active sensors is a keystone for the development of future structural-health monitoring methods, due to their low cost and compliance.

In high-temperature processes
PVDF is used as piping, sheet, and internal coatings in high-temperature, hot acid, radiation environment applications due to PVDF's resistance characteristics and upper temperature thresholds. As piping, PVDF is rated up to 248 °F (120 °C). Examples of PVDF uses include nuclear reactor waste handling, chemical synthesis and production, (sulfuric acid, common), air plenums, and boiler service pipe.

Other uses
PVDF is used for specialty monofilament fishing lines, sold as fluorocarbon replacements for nylon monofilament. The surface is harder, so it is more resistant to abrasion and sharp fish teeth. Its refractive index is lower than nylon, which makes the line less discernible to sharp fish eyes. It is also denser than nylon, making it sink faster towards fish.

Copolymers
The copolymer Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) or PVDF-HFP is used as a co-polymer in the blades of artificial turf.

Copolymers of PVDF are also used in piezoelectric and electrostrictive applications. One of the most commonly used copolymers is P(VDF-trifluoroethylene), usually available in ratios of about 50:50 and 65:35 by mass (equivalent to about 56:44 and 70:30 molar fractions). Another one is P(VDF-tetrafluoroethylene). They improve the piezoelectric response by improving the crystallinity of the material.

While the copolymers' unit structures are less polar than that of pure PVDF, the copolymers typically have a much higher crystallinity. This results in a larger piezoelectric response: d33 values for P(VDF-TFE) have been recorded to be as high as −38 p C/N compared to −33 pC/N in pure PVDF.

Terpolymers
Terpolymers of PVDF are the most promising one in terms of electromechanically induced strain. The most commonly used PVDF-based terpolymers are P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE) and P(VDF-TrFE-CFE). This relaxor-based ferroelectric terpolymer is produced by random incorporation of the bulky third monomer (chlorotrifluoroethylene, CTFE) into the polymer chain of P(VDF-TrFE) copolymer (which is ferroelectric in nature). This random incorporation of CTFE in P(VDF-TrFE) copolymer disrupts the long-range ordering of the ferroelectric polar phase, resulting in the formation of nano-polar domains. When an electric field is applied, the disordered nano-polar domains change their conformation to all-trans conformation, which leads to large electrostrictive strain and a high room-temperature dielectric constant of ~50.

Safety and regulations
PVDF is widely considered safe and ubiquitous used for water treatment, the food industry, and biocompatible devices like hernia meshes or internal devices. PVDF differs from PFAS in that alternating groups are hydrogen, making it less resilient to high temperatures, but also meaning that byproducts don't degrade into known hazardous PFAS. However, studies examining ecotoxity have shown that very high concentrations (up to 100 mg/L) may alter jellyfish behavior, while not being toxic to them. In the US, FDA regulations consider PVDF to be food safe, while US EPA water treatment regulations on PFAS have avoided placing limits on PVDF, while strictly limit concentrations of PFAS. However, proposed regulations in the EU aim to ban "any substance that contains at least one fully fluorinated methyl (CF3) or methylene (CF2-) carbon atom (without any H/Cl/Br/I attached to it)”. Unless exemptions are made, the application of inconsistent and severe regulations may propose an existential risk to the industry.

title: Polyvinylidene fluoride


text:
User talk:Mark Patterson

Hello, Mark Patterson. Welcome to Wikipedia.

A few tips for you to start going. (I'll send more if I see that I can help you :-)

 * Just edit stuff off the cuff for a while. We like that!
 * When you have time, check out Welcome, newcomers + the links in there.
 * You can sign your stuff on talk pages with ~ It will convert to your username + the time. "anon" is fine too.
 * If puzzled, put a question on Village pump, or feel free to ask me on my talk page if it's a very general question.
 * Most of all, have fun but take our work seriously!

-- Cimon Avaro on a pogostick 05:29, Nov 19, 2003 (UTC)

P.S. (i.e. Boilerplate endeth :) Wow. You certainly have credentials up the wazoo. Really glad to have you on board. As an answer to your question about us lacking facilities for generalized automatic alphabetization, the answer is probably in us lacking sufficient numbers of programmers to code such features. Looks like you might certainly have abilities to help in that regard, if you feel so inclined. Suggest you leave a message on Tim Starlings talkpage or Brion Vibber's talkpage if you want jump in at the deep end and volunteer to code such a utility yourself. -- Cimon Avaro on a pogostick 05:29, Nov 19, 2003 (UTC)

U.S. Southern Wikipedians' notice board
Hey! I've created this new notice board specifically for articles related to people from the U.S. South. If you are interested in contributing, leave a message on the page and add articles you feel need to be reviewed, contributed to, or started. Mike H 21:14, Sep 29, 2004 (UTC)

User Categorization
Hello! We are working on a new system that will categorize the users. Please take a moment to move your user page into the category Category:Wikipedians in Virginia and removing your name from the Wikipedians/Virginia page.

To add your name to the category, please use the tag   to sort yourself correctly.

--skraz (talk) 15:10, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mark Patterson


text:
1867 in Canada

Events from the year 1867 in Canada.

Crown

 * Monarch – Victoria

Governors

 * Governor General of Canada – Charles Monck, 4th Viscount Monck
 * Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick – vacant
 * Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia – Sir William Fenwick Williams

Premiers

 * Premier of Canada – Narcisse-Fortunat Belleau
 * Premier of New Brunswick – Peter Mitchell
 * Premier of Nova Scotia – Charles Tupper

Federal government

 * Governor General – Charles Monck, 4th Viscount Monck
 * Prime Minister – John A. Macdonald (from July 1)
 * Parliament – 1st (from November 6)

Lieutenant governors

 * Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick – Charles Hastings Doyle (until October 18) then Francis Pym Harding
 * Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia – Sir William Fenwick Williams (until October 18) then Charles Hastings Doyle
 * Lieutenant Governor of Ontario – Henry William Stisted
 * Lieutenant Governor of Quebec – Narcisse-Fortunat Belleau

Premiers

 * Premier of New Brunswick – Andrew Rainsford Wetmore (from August 16)
 * Premier of Nova Scotia – Hiram Blanchard (July 4 – September 30) then William Annand (from November 4)
 * Premier of Ontario – John Sandfield Macdonald (from July 16)
 * Premier of Quebec – Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau (from July 15)

Events

 * February 16 – John A. Macdonald marries his second wife Susan Agnes Bernard.
 * March 29 – Queen Victoria gives royal assent to the British North America Act, 1867.
 * July 1 – The Province of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick are united into the Dominion of Canada by the British North America Act.
 * July 1 – Sir John A. Macdonald becomes the first prime minister of the Dominion of Canada.
 * July 1 – The Windsor Police Service is established.
 * July 4 – Hiram Blanchard becomes premier of Nova Scotia, replacing Charles Tupper.
 * July 15 – Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau becomes the first premier of Quebec.
 * July 16 – J. S. Macdonald becomes the first premier of Ontario.
 * August 7 – September 20 – The 1867 Canadian election sees John A. Macdonald's Conservatives elected as government.
 * September 3 – The 1867 Ontario election: J. S. Macdonald Liberal-Conservatives win a minority.
 * September 18 – The 1867 Nova Scotia election
 * November 6 – The 1st Canadian Parliament meets.
 * November 7 – William Annand becomes premier of Nova Scotia, replacing Hiram Blanchard.
 * December 7 – The first federal budget is presented by Finance Minister John Rose.

Full date unknown

 * Andrew R. Wetmore becomes premier of New Brunswick, replacing Peter Mitchell.
 * The 1867 Quebec election
 * The Parliamentary Press Gallery is established.
 * Fall: Henry Seth Taylor steam buggy debuts at the Stanstead Fall Fair in Quebec, believed to be Canada's first car.

Births

 * January 25 – Simon Fraser Tolmie, politician and 21st Premier of British Columbia (died 1937)
 * February 2 – Charles E. Saunders, agronomist (died 1937)
 * February 7 – John Livingstone Brown, politician (died 1953)
 * February 20 – Flora Denison, feminist
 * March 5 – Louis-Alexandre Taschereau, politician and 14th Premier of Quebec (died 1952)
 * March 31 – Noah Timmins, mining developer and executive (died 1936)
 * June 30 – Napoléon Turcot, politician (died 1939)
 * August 9 – Charles Ballantyne, politician (died 1950)
 * October 19 – Marie Lacoste Gérin-Lajoie, feminist and social activist (died 1945)
 * October 27 – Thomas Walter Scott, Politician and first Premier of Saskatchewan (died 1938)
 * November 1 – Newton Rowell, lawyer and politician (died 1941)
 * December 3 – William John Bowser, politician and Premier of British Columbia (died 1933)

Deaths

 * July 23 – Samuel Harrison, farmer, lawyer, mill owner, politician, judge and 1st Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada (born 1802)
 * August 25 – Pierre-Flavien Turgeon, Archbishop of Quebec (born 1787)
 * September 7 – Jesse Ketchum, tanner, politician, and philanthropist (born 1782)
 * November 1 – John Strachan, first Anglican Bishop of Toronto (born 1778)
 * December 10 – Edward Whelan, journalist and politician (born 1824)

Historical documents
British House of Commons debates Confederation

In first Speech from the Throne, Governor General Monck lists legislative agenda, including eastern railway and western expansion

Thomas D'Arcy McGee lectures on the state of cultural development in Canada

Court validates a "country marriage," allowing a Metis man to inherit

Report on Anglican mission work among and by Indigenous people in Rupert's Land

Photo: St. Regis Lacrosse Club

title: 1867 in Canada


text:
1868 in Canada

Events from the year 1868 in Canada.

Crown

 * Monarch – Victoria

Federal government

 * Governor General – Charles Monck, 4th Viscount Monck
 * Prime Minister – John A. Macdonald
 * Parliament – 1st

Lieutenant governors

 * Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick – Francis Pym Harding (until July 23) then Lemuel Allan Wilmot
 * Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia – Charles Hastings Doyle
 * Lieutenant Governor of Ontario – Henry William Stisted (until July 15) then William Pearce Howland
 * Lieutenant Governor of Quebec – Narcisse-Fortunat Belleau

Premiers

 * Premier of New Brunswick – Andrew Rainsford Wetmore
 * Premier of Nova Scotia – William Annand
 * Premier of Ontario – John Sandfield Macdonald
 * Premier of Quebec – Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau

Colonies

 * Secretary of State for the Colonies – The Duke of Buckingham and Chandos then The Earl Granville

Governors

 * Colonial Governor of Newfoundland – Anthony Musgrave
 * Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island – George Dundas (until October 22) then Robert Hodgson
 * Governor of the Colony of British Columbia – Frederick Seymour

Premiers

 * Colonial Prime Minister of Newfoundland – Frederick Carter
 * Premier of Colony of Prince Edward Island – George Coles

Events

 * March 4 — Royal College of Dental Surgeons of Ontario established
 * April 7 — Father of Confederation Thomas D'Arcy McGee is assassinated in Ottawa by Irish Fenians.
 * May 26 - The Canadian flag is unofficially introduced.

Full date unknown
Louis Riel returns to the Red River area
 * The Hudson's Bay Company agrees to turn Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory over to Canada
 * The first Federal Militia Act is passed, creating a Canadian army
 * George-Étienne Cartier created a Baronet

January to June

 * January 16 — Octavia Ritchie, first woman to receive a medical degree in Quebec
 * January 22 — Adjutor Rivard, lawyer, writer, judge and linguist (died 1945)
 * February 16 — John Babington Macaulay Baxter, lawyer, jurist and 18th Premier of New Brunswick (died 1946)
 * March 14 — Emily Murphy, women's rights activist, jurist and author, first woman magistrate in Canada and in the British Empire (died 1933)
 * April 27 — James Kidd Flemming, businessman, politician and 13th Premier of New Brunswick (died 1927)
 * May 31 — Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire, politician and 11th Governor General of Canada (died 1938)

July to December

 * July 8 — Henry Cockshutt, Lieutenant Governor of Ontario (died 1944)
 * July 9 — William Alves Boys, politician and barrister (died 1938)
 * August 25 — Arthur Puttee, politician (died 1957)
 * August 26 — Charles Stewart, politician and 3rd Premier of Alberta (died 1946)
 * September 1 — Henri Bourassa, politician and publisher (died 1952)
 * September 22 — Louise McKinney, first woman sworn into the Legislative Assembly of Alberta and first woman elected to a legislature in Canada and in the British Empire (died 1931)
 * September 28 — Herbert Alexander Bruce, surgeon and 15th Lieutenant Governor of Ontario (died 1963)
 * November 9 — Marie Dressler, actress (died 1934)
 * December 11 — William Parks, geologist and paleontologist (died 1936)

Deaths

 * January 19 — Frederic, Roman Catholic priest, missionary, and bishop (born 1797)
 * January 25 — Alexander Roberts Dunn, first Canadian awarded the Victoria Cross (born 18)
 * January 28 — Edmund Walker Head, Governor (born 1805)
 * February 19 — Dominick Daly, politician (born 1798)
 * April 7 — D'Arcy McGee, journalist, politician and Father of Confederation, assassinated (born 1825)
 * August 7 — William Agar Adamson, Church of England clergyman and author (born 1800)
 * September 12 — Charles Dickson Archibald, lawyer, businessman and politician (born 1802)
 * October 17 — Laura Secord, heroine of the War of 1812 (born 1775)

Historical documents
Political cartoon satirizes Nova Scotians' mixed feelings about Confederation

Indigenous people assert claim to their reserve at Lake of Two Mountains (Oka), Quebec

"The moment was fraught with danger" - British spy addresses large rally of Fenians

Report by a visitor to newly opened settler lands in Muskoka, Ontario

In his last Commons speech, D'Arcy McGee lauds anyone "prepared[...]to sacrifice himself [for] principles[...]adopted as those of truth"

Federal deputy minister of agriculture says connoisseur in France finds Canadian wine to be vin d'ordinaire second only to their own

title: 1868 in Canada


text:
1869 in Canada

Events from the year 1869 in Canada.

Crown

 * Monarch – Victoria

Federal government

 * Governor General – Charles Monck, 4th Viscount Monck (until February 2) then John Young, 1st Baron Lisgar
 * Prime Minister – John A. Macdonald
 * Parliament – 1st

Lieutenant governors

 * Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick – Lemuel Allan Wilmot
 * Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia – Charles Hastings Doyle
 * Lieutenant Governor of Ontario – William Pearce Howland
 * Lieutenant Governor of Quebec – Narcisse-Fortunat Belleau

Premiers

 * Premier of New Brunswick – Andrew Rainsford Wetmore
 * Premier of Nova Scotia – William Annand
 * Premier of Ontario – John Sandfield Macdonald
 * Premier of Quebec – Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau

Events

 * February 2 – Lord Lisgar replaces Viscount Monck of Ballytrammon as Governor General
 * February 11 – Patrick James Whelan is hanged for the assassination of Thomas D'Arcy McGee
 * October 9 – Sir Francis Hincks becomes Minister of Finance
 * October 24 – The Canadian Illustrated News is founded in Montreal.
 * November 19 – The Deed of Surrender recognizes the purchase of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory from the Hudson's Bay Company: the lands are placed under the direct control of the Crown, but do not yet formally belong to Canada.

Full date unknown

 * Timothy Eaton opens his first store in Toronto
 * Newfoundland rejects Confederation with Canada
 * 1869 Newfoundland general election
 * Red River Rebellion begins
 * George Hunt founds Huntsville, Ontario
 * 1869 to 1870 – Smallpox epidemic strikes Canadian Plains tribes, including Blackfeet, Piegan, and Blood.
 * Maria Susan Rye began bringing groups of children from poorhouses and orphanages to Canada from England.

Sport

 * November 3 – Hamilton Tigers Canadian football team is founded

Births

 * March 18 – Maude Abbott, physician (d.1940)
 * April 6 – Marc-Aurèle de Foy Suzor-Coté, painter and sculptor (d.1937)
 * June 20 – William Donald Ross, financier, banker and Lieutenant Governor of Ontario (d.1947)
 * August 25 – Charles William Jefferys, artist and historian (d.1951)
 * November 25 – Herbert Greenfield, politician and 4th Premier of Alberta (d.1949)
 * December 18 – William Sanford Evans, politician (d.1950)
 * December 30 – Stephen Leacock, writer and economist (d.1944)

Deaths

 * February 11 – Patrick J. Whelan, tailor and alleged Fenian sympathizer executed following the 1868 assassination of Canadian journalist and politician Thomas D'Arcy McGee (b.1840)
 * March 5 – John Redpath, Scots-Quebecer businessman and philanthropist (b.1796)
 * August 1 – Louis-Charles Boucher de Niverville, lawyer and politician (b.1825)

Historical documents
Ottawa Board of Trade assesses the Northwest's commercial potential

Red River resident finds those who are opposed to the Metis provisional government are unwilling to resist it

Painting: Hudson's Bay Company canoes on Lake Superior

title: 1869 in Canada


text:
1870 in Canada

Events from the year 1870 in Canada.

Crown

 * Monarch – Victoria

Federal government

 * Governor General – John Young, 1st Baron Lisgar
 * Prime Minister – John A. Macdonald
 * Parliament – 1st

Lieutenant governors

 * Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba – Adams George Archibald (from May 20)
 * Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick – Lemuel Allan Wilmot
 * Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia – Charles Hastings Doyle
 * Lieutenant Governor of Ontario – William Pearce Howland
 * Lieutenant Governor of Quebec – Narcisse-Fortunat Belleau

Premiers

 * Premier of Manitoba – Alfred Boyd (from September 16)
 * Premier of New Brunswick – Andrew Rainsford Wetmore (until June 9) then George Edwin King
 * Premier of Nova Scotia – William Annand
 * Premier of Ontario – John Sandfield Macdonald
 * Premier of Quebec – Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau

Lieutenant governors

 * Lieutenant Governor of the Northwest Territories – William McDougall (until May 10) then Adams George Archibald

Events

 * March 4 – Thomas Scott is executed by Riel's provisional government in the Red River Colony.
 * May 12 – The Canadian Parliament's Manitoba Act receives royal assent. The act provides for the establishment of the province Manitoba when Rupert's Land is transferred to Canada.
 * June–July – The 1870 New Brunswick election
 * July 15 – The British Privy Council's Rupert's Land and North-Western Territory Order transfers those territories to Canada, and Manitoba and the North-West Territories are established.
 * August 24 – The Wolseley expedition arrives at Upper Fort Garry, Manitoba
 * September 16 – Alfred Boyd becomes the first premier of Manitoba.
 * December 27 – The 1870 Manitoba election

Births

 * May 14 – Richard Langton Baker, politician (d.1951)
 * May 21 – Leonard Percy de Wolfe Tilley, lawyer, politician and 20th Premier of New Brunswick (d.1947)
 * June 18 – Howard Ferguson, politician and 9th Premier of Ontario (d.1946)
 * July 3 – R. B. Bennett, lawyer, businessman, politician, philanthropist and 11th Prime Minister of Canada (d.1947)
 * July 28 – Aubin-Edmond Arsenault, politician and Premier of Prince Edward Island (d.1968)
 * July 29 – George Dixon, boxer, first black world boxing champion in any weight class and first Canadian-born boxing champion (d.1909)
 * September 7 – James Tompkins, priest and educator (d.1953)
 * October 16 – Wallace Rupert Turnbull, engineer and inventor (d.1954)
 * November 10 – Harlan Carey Brewster, politician and Premier of British Columbia (d.1918)
 * November 17 – Jean Prévost, politician (d. 1915)
 * December 15 – Richard McBride, politician and Premier of British Columbia (d.1917)

Full date unknown

 * Thomas Langton Church, politician and Mayor of Toronto (d.1950)

Deaths

 * February 6 – William MacBean George Colebrooke, lieutenant governor of New Brunswick (b.1787)
 * March 4 – Thomas Scott, Orangemen (b.1842)
 * March 31 – Thomas Cooke, missionary, and the first Bishop of Trois Rivières (b.1792)
 * August 7 – François Lesieur Desaulniers, farmer and political figure (b.1785)
 * October 13 – Charles-François Baillargeon, Archbishops of Quebec (b.1798)
 * October 25 – Etienne-Michel Faillon, Catholic historian (b.1800)
 * December 23 – Théophile Hamel, painter (b.1817)

Historical documents
Metis List of Rights calls for Rupert's Land and the Northwest to become the Province of Assiniboia

President Louis Riel gives his first speech to the Red River provisional government

Doubtful about Louis Riel, Prime Minister Macdonald begins assembling a military force

MP praises liberal approach in creating Manitoba in House of Commons speech

Red River resident objects to amnesty for Louis Riel and other leaders

President Grant calls Canada unfriendly to U.S. fishers and shippers

Call for a state-supported "Dominion University" in Canada

McGill University's John William Dawson on science education abroad and its application to Canada

Reports of smallpox among Blackfoot, Cree and other nations

title: 1870 in Canada


text:
1871 in Canada

Events from the year 1871 in Canada.

Crown

 * Monarch – Victoria

Federal government

 * Governor General – John Young, 1st Baron Lisgar
 * Prime Minister – John A. Macdonald
 * Parliament – 1st

Lieutenant governors

 * Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia – Joseph Trutch (from July 5)
 * Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba – Adams George Archibald
 * Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick – Lemuel Allan Wilmot
 * Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia – Charles Hastings Doyle
 * Lieutenant Governor of Ontario – William Pearce Howland
 * Lieutenant Governor of Quebec – Narcisse-Fortunat Belleau

Premiers

 * Premier of British Columbia – John Foster McCreight (from November 14)
 * Premier of Manitoba – Alfred Boyd (until December 14) then Marc-Amable Girard
 * Premier of New Brunswick – George Edwin King (until February 21) then George Luther Hathaway
 * Premier of Nova Scotia – William Annand
 * Premier of Ontario – John Sandfield Macdonald (until December 20) then Edward Blake
 * Premier of Quebec – Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau

Lieutenant governors

 * Lieutenant Governor of the Northwest Territories – Adams George Archibald

Elections

 * March 21 – The 1871 Ontario election: Edward Blake's Liberals win a majority, defeating J. S. Macdonald's Liberal-Conservatives
 * May 16 – The 1871 Nova Scotia election: William Annand's Liberals win a second consecutive majority
 * Oct 16 – Dec 15 – The 1871 British Columbia election

January to June

 * March 15 – Beginning of the first session of the 1st Manitoba Legislature
 * April 2 – The first Canadian census finds the population to be 3,689,257
 * May 8 – The Treaty of Washington reaches agreements on fishing rights and Great Lakes trade between Canada and the United States
 * May 17 – New Brunswick abandons separate schools.

July to December

 * July 15 – Phoebe Campbell murders her husband with an axe. She is hanged the next year.
 * July 20 – British Columbia joins Confederation.
 * July 25 – Treaty 1, the first of a number of treaties with western Canada's First Nations, is signed
 * August 17 – Treaty 2 is signed
 * November 11 – The last of the British Army leaves Canada
 * November 13 – John McCreight becomes the first premier of British Columbia
 * December 14 – Marc-Amable Girard becomes the first Franco-Manitoban of premier of Manitoba, replacing Alfred Boyd
 * December 20 – Edward Blake becomes premier of Ontario, replacing J. S. Macdonald.

Full date unknown

 * Meteorological Service of Canada is formed
 * Parliament legalizes the use of the metric system
 * Goldwin Smith immigrates to Canada
 * Ontario Schools Act is passed in Ontario, requiring all students aged 7 to 12 to attend school.
 * The 1871 Quebec election : Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau's Conservatives win a second consecutive majority

Births

 * January 30 – Wilfred Lucas, actor, film director and screenwriter (d.1940)
 * May 14 – Walter Stanley Monroe, businessman, politician and Prime Minister of Newfoundland (d.1952)
 * July 16 – George Stewart Henry, politician and 10th Premier of Ontario (d.1958)
 * July 25 – Richard Ernest William Turner, soldier and recipient of the Victoria Cross (d.1961)
 * August 4 – Robert Hamilton Butts, politician (d.1943)
 * September 8 – Samuel McLaughlin, businessman and philanthropist (d.1972)
 * September 9 – Hugh Robson, politician and judge
 * October 31 – Alexander Stirling MacMillan, businessman, politician and Premier of Nova Scotia (d.1955)
 * December 2 – Stanislas Blanchard, politician (d.1949)
 * December 13 – Emily Carr, artist and writer (d.1945)

Deaths

 * January 29 – Philippe-Joseph Aubert de Gaspé, lawyer, writer, fifth and last seigneur of Saint-Jean-Port-Joli (L'Islet County) (b.1786)
 * January 31 – John Ross, lawyer, politician, and businessman. (b. 1818)
 * February 20 – Paul Kane, artist (b.1810)
 * March 11 – John Heckman, political figure (b.1785)
 * July 28 – Modeste Demers, missionary (b.1809)
 * September 23 – Louis-Joseph Papineau, lawyer, politician and reformist (b.1786)
 * November 18 – Enos Collins, seaman, merchant, financier, and legislator (b.1774)

Historical documents
Editorial says Confederation is British Columbia's chance to remake itself

Canada should refuse to permanently share its inshore fishery with U.S.A.

Manitoba Lieutenant Governor Archibald agrees to release four Indigenous prisoners before negotiating Treaty 1

Archibald urges Indigenous people to "adopt the habits of the whites" (farming) for more comfort and safety from famine and sickness

Commissioner Simpson says in Manitoba's "immense cultivable acres," large reserves are not allowed, and treaty terms are "a present"

Treaty terms with large reserves are demanded by Indigenous leaders, with one calling himself "the lawful owner" of his people's land

Indigenous leaders continue to make "extravagant demands" and Commissioner Simpson says take it or leave it, settlers are coming

Fenian raid on Manitoba stopped at the border

Manitoba Lieutenant Governor thanks residents for rising to resist the Fenian invasion

title: 1871 in Canada


text:
1872 in Canada

Events from the year 1872 in Canada.

Crown

 * Monarch – Victoria

Federal government

 * Governor General – John Young, 1st Baron Lisgar (until June 25) then Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood
 * Prime Minister – John A. Macdonald
 * Parliament – 1st (until 8 July)

Lieutenant governors

 * Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia – Joseph Trutch
 * Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba – Adams George Archibald (until December 2) then Alexander Morris
 * Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick – Lemuel Allan Wilmot
 * Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia – Charles Hastings Doyle
 * Lieutenant Governor of Ontario – William Pearce Howland
 * Lieutenant Governor of Quebec – Narcisse-Fortunat Belleau

Premiers

 * Premier of British Columbia – John Foster McCreight (until December 23) then Amor De Cosmos
 * Premier of Manitoba – Marc-Amable Girard (until March 14) then Henry Joseph Clarke
 * Premier of New Brunswick – George Luther Hathaway (until July 5) then George Edwin King
 * Premier of Nova Scotia – William Annand
 * Premier of Ontario – Edward Blake (until October 25) then Oliver Mowat
 * Premier of Quebec – Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau

Lieutenant governors

 * Lieutenant Governor of the North-West Territories – Adams George Archibald (until December 2) then Francis Godschall Johnson (April 9 to December 5) then Alexander Morris

Events

 * March 14 – Henry Joseph Clarke becomes premier of Manitoba, replacing Marc-Amable Girard.
 * March 25 – The beginning of the Toronto Printers' Strike for a nine-hour day.
 * March 31 – The first issue of the Toronto Mail, which would later be merged into The Globe and Mail, is published.
 * April 15 – Ten thousand demonstrate at Queen's Park in support of the striking Toronto printers. The police, prompted by the Masters Printers' Association and its leader, George Brown of the Globe, arrest the entire 24-man strike committee.
 * April 18 – John A. Macdonald introduces a bill to legalize trade unions.
 * April 25 – The first issue of the weekly Ontario Workman is published by the Toronto Trades Assembly. It is Canada's first labour newspaper.
 * May 15 – In the first nationwide labour protest, marchers across the land press for the nine-hour workday.
 * June 14 – The Trade Unions Act is passed in parliament, legalizing labour unions. The Criminal Law Amendment Act is also passed, making picketing illegal.
 * June 22 – A Grand Trunk Railway express passenger train from Toronto to Montreal derails near Shannonville, Ontario, killing 34.
 * June 25 – Frederick Temple Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Earl of Dufferin becomes Governor General of Canada.
 * July 20 – October 12: In the 1872 federal election Sir John A. Macdonald's Conservatives are re-elected.
 * October 31 – Oliver Mowat becomes Premier of Ontario replaces the retiring Edward Blake.
 * November 21 – Victoria Memorial (Montreal) unveiled.
 * December 23 – Amor De Cosmos becomes premier of British Columbia, replacing John McCreight.

Full date unknown

 * The federal Dominion Lands Act is passed, to provide land to settlers for only a small fee.
 * The Manitoba Free Press is first published.
 * Simpson's chain of stores founded.
 * A British Columbia law bans all Asian and First Nations peoples from voting.
 * George King becomes premier of New Brunswick for the second time, replacing George Luther Hathaway.
 * Elijah McCoy, born in Colchester, Ontario, invents the first of his many devices to oil engines used on trains and in factories.
 * The new Patent Act encourages import or licensing of technology and foreign patents by allowing legal use of patents in Canada if not registered in Canada within two years.
 * An award of arbitration sets the final boundary between Canada and the United States in the Gulf of Georgia and the Strait of Juan de Fuca, ending the San Juan boundary dispute.

Births

 * June 24 – Pierre-Ernest Boivin, politician and businessman (d.1938)
 * August 25 – John Campbell Elliott, lawyer and politician (d.1941)
 * October 17 – Samuel Wickett, businessman
 * October 26 – Alfred Edmond Bourgeois, politician (d.1939)
 * November 10 – Frederick C. Alderdice, businessman, politician and last Prime Minister of Newfoundland (d.1936)
 * November 30 – John McCrae, poet, physician, author, artist and soldier (d.1918)
 * December 23 – Charles Bélec, politician (d.1958)

Deaths

 * April 8 – Cornelius Krieghoff, artist (b.1815)
 * June 1 – John Sandfield Macdonald, Premier of Ontario (b. 1812)
 * June 20 – Phoebe Campbell (b. 1847)
 * July 5 – George Luther Hathaway, 3rd Premier of New Brunswick (b.1813)
 * July 14 – John Bolton, businessman and politician (b. 1824)
 * August 22 – John Bethune, Anglican clergyman (b. 1791)
 * September 1 – John Kent, Premier of Newfoundland (b.1805)

Historical documents
Federal agriculture minister points to "millions of unsettled acres of prairie" for wheat and "homes of many millions of men from the old world"

Privy Council committee recommends terms to encourage Mennonites to immigrate

Government fails to establish some agreed-to First Nations reserves, while settlers steal the timber

Sandford Fleming reports on difficulties surveying the route of the Canadian Pacific Railway

Indigenous paddlers race each other on the CPR survey expedition

title: 1872 in Canada


text:
1873 in Canada

Events from the year 1873 in Canada.

Crown

 * Monarch – Victoria

Federal government

 * Governor General – Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood
 * Prime Minister – John A. Macdonald (until November 5) then Alexander Mackenzie (from November 7)
 * Parliament – 2nd (from 5 March)

Lieutenant governors

 * Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia – Joseph Trutch
 * Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba – Alexander Morris
 * Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick – Lemuel Allan Wilmot (until November 15) then Samuel Leonard Tilley
 * Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia – Charles Hastings Doyle (until May 1) then Joseph Howe (May 1 to July 4) then Adams George Archibald
 * Lieutenant Governor of Ontario – William Pearce Howland (until November 11) then John Willoughby Crawford
 * Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island – William Cleaver Francis Robinson
 * Lieutenant Governor of Quebec – Narcisse-Fortunat Belleau (until February 11) then René-Édouard Caron

Premiers

 * Premier of British Columbia – Amor De Cosmos
 * Premier of Manitoba – Henry Joseph Clarke
 * Premier of New Brunswick – George Edwin King
 * Premier of Nova Scotia – William Annand
 * Premier of Ontario – Oliver Mowat
 * Premier of Prince Edward Island – James Colledge Pope (until September 1) then Lemuel Cambridge Owen
 * Premier of Quebec – Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau (until February 26) then Gédéon Ouimet

Lieutenant governors

 * Lieutenant Governor of the Northwest Territories – Alexander Morris

January to June 1873

 * February 26 – Gédéon Ouimet becomes Premier of Quebec, replacing Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau.
 * April 1
 * 1873 Prince Edward Island general election.
 * James Pope becomes Premier of Prince Edward Island for the second time, replacing Robert Haythorne.
 * The SS Atlantic is wrecked off Peggys Cove.
 * April 2 – The Pacific Scandal breaks out.
 * May 13 – Sixty are killed in a coal mine explosion in Nova Scotia.
 * May 23 – North-West Mounted Police are founded to police the Northwest Territories, which then included the region today of Alberta and Saskatchewan.
 * June 1 – The Cypress Hills Massacre occurs.

July to December

 * July 1 – Prince Edward Island joins the Canadian Confederation.
 * August 25 – A cyclone hits Cape Breton Island, killing 500 and causing much damage.
 * September 1 – L. C. Owen becomes Premier of Prince Edward Island, replacing James Pope.
 * September 23 – The Canadian Labour Union is founded.
 * November – 1873 Newfoundland general election.
 * November 5 – Pacific Scandal: the House of Commons of Canada passes a vote of no confidence in Sir John A. Macdonald's government.
 * November 7 – Pacific Scandal: Sir John A. resigns as Prime Minister of Canada, and Alexander Mackenzie is appointed in his place.
 * November 8 – Winnipeg incorporated as a city.

Sport

 * October 4 – The Argonauts Football Club (Toronto Argonauts) are established

Smallpox
In the opening speech to the 1872-1873 Epidemiological Society conference, Inspector-General Robert Lawson drew attention to the recent prevalence of haemorrhagic forms of smallpox in both the United States and Canada, among other countries. During the smallpox pandemic of 1870-1874, the disease had been carried to America by emigrants, where it had already infected thousands, and killed hundreds in eastern cities such as Boston and New York.

January to June

 * January 10 – George Orton, middle-distance runner and Olympic gold medallist, first Canadian to win an Olympic medal (d.1958)
 * January 19 – Thomas Dufferin Pattullo, politician and 22nd Premier of British Columbia (d.1956)
 * February 4 – Étienne Desmarteau, athlete and Olympic gold medallist (d.1905)
 * April 9 – Walter Edward Foster, businessman, politician and 16th Premier of New Brunswick (d.1947)
 * April 10 – George Black, politician (d.1965)
 * May 12 – J. E. H. MacDonald, artist of the Group of Seven (d.1932)
 * May 17 – Albert Edward Matthews, 16th Lieutenant Governor of Ontario (d.1949)

July to December

 * August 27 – Maud Allan, actor, dancer and choreographer (d.1956)
 * September 20 – Sidney Olcott, film producer, director, actor and screenwriter (d.1949)
 * October 20 (or 29) – Nellie McClung, feminist, politician and social activist (d.1951)
 * November 21 – Aimé Bénard, politician (d.1938)
 * December 8 – John Duncan MacLean, teacher, physician, politician and Premier of British Columbia (d.1948)
 * December 9 – George Blewett, academic and philosopher (d.1912)

Full date unknown

 * Margaret C. MacDonald, nurse (d.1948)

Deaths

 * May 15 – William James Anderson, physician, amateur geologist and historian (b.1812)
 * May 20 – George-Étienne Cartier, politician and statesman (b.1814)
 * May 28 – Thomas Brown Anderson, merchant, banker and politician (b.1796)
 * June 1 – Joseph Howe, Premier of Nova Scotia (b.1804)
 * June 28 – Charles Connell, politician (b.1810)
 * November 21 – James William Johnston, lawyer, politician, and judge (b.1792)
 * December 9 – William Steeves, politician (b.1814)

Historical documents
Non-confidence moved in House of Commons over Government accepting election funding from group hoping to build CPR

Why the Governor General did not dismiss Prime Minister Macdonald over the Pacific Scandal

Metis leader Ambroise Lepine sentenced to death for the murder of Thomas Scott in 1870 at Red River

House of Commons speeches on issues with Indigenous people in the Northwest Territories

British Columbia Indian superintendent reports on the economic activity of Indigenous people

title: 1873 in Canada


text:
1874 in Canada

Events from the year 1874 in Canada.

Crown

 * Monarch – Victoria

Federal government

 * Governor General – Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood
 * Prime Minister – Alexander Mackenzie
 * Parliament – 2nd (until 2 January) then 3rd (from 26 March)

Lieutenant governors

 * Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia – Joseph Trutch
 * Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba – Alexander Morris
 * Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick – Samuel Leonard Tilley
 * Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia – Adams George Archibald
 * Lieutenant Governor of Ontario – John Willoughby Crawford
 * Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island – William Cleaver Francis Robinson (until July 4) then Robert Hodgson
 * Lieutenant Governor of Quebec – René-Édouard Caron

Premiers

 * Premier of British Columbia – Amor De Cosmos (until February 11) then George Anthony Walkem
 * Premier of Manitoba – Henry Joseph Clarke (until July 8) then Marc-Amable Girard (July 8 to December 3) then Robert Atkinson Davis
 * Premier of New Brunswick – George Edwin King
 * Premier of Nova Scotia – William Annand
 * Premier of Ontario – Oliver Mowat
 * Premier of Prince Edward Island – Lemuel Cambridge Owen
 * Premier of Quebec – Gédéon Ouimet (until September 22) then Charles Boucher de Boucherville

Lieutenant governors

 * Lieutenant Governor of the Northwest Territories – Alexander Morris

Events

 * January 22 – Federal election: Alexander Mackenzie's Liberals win a majority, defeating J. A. Macdonald's Liberal-Conservatives
 * February 11 – George Walkem becomes premier of British Columbia, replacing Amor De Cosmos
 * April 16 – Louis Riel is barred from taking his seat in the House of Commons.
 * May 29 – The Liberals introduce electoral reform that introduces the secret ballot and abolishes property qualifications
 * June–July - New Brunswick election
 * July 8 - Marc-Amable Girard becomes premier of Manitoba for the second time, replacing Henry Joseph Clarke. Manitoba institutes responsible government, adopting the convention that the lieutenant governor acts on the advice of the premier and no longer takes an active role in directing the government.
 * July 26 - Alexander Graham Bell discloses the invention of the telephone to his father at the family home on the outskirts of Brantford, Ontario.
 * September 22 – Sir Charles-Eugène de Boucherville becomes premier of Quebec, replacing Gédéon Ouimet
 * October 1 – The North-West Mounted Police base at Fort Macleod is founded
 * December 3 – Robert Davis becomes premier of Manitoba, replacing Marc-Amable Girard.
 * December 17 – Nova Scotia election: Philip Carteret Hill's Liberals win a second consecutive majority
 * December 30 – Manitoba election

Full date unknown

 * Anabaptists (Russian Mennonites) start to arrive in Manitoba from various Russian colonies arriving in Canada in August.
 * The federal Liberal government grants provisional boundaries to Ontario that extend the province to the north and west. These provisional boundaries will not be recognized by the federal Conservatives when they return to power.
 * Newfoundland election

January to June

 * January 15 – James David Stewart, educator, lawyer, politician and Premier of Prince Edward Island (d.1933)
 * January 16 – Robert W. Service, poet and writer (d.1958)
 * January 29 – Frank Boyes, politician (d.1961)

 * February 10 – Walter Lea, politician and Premier of Prince Edward Island (d.1936)
 * April 14 – Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone, 16th Governor General of Canada (d.1957)
 * June 16 – Arthur Meighen, politician and 9th Prime Minister of Canada (d.1960)

July to December

 * July 13 – Norman Dawes, businessman
 * July 29 – J. S. Woodsworth, politician (d.1942)
 * October 1 – Arthur Sauvé, politician (d.1944)
 * October 10 – Roland Fairbairn McWilliams, politician and Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba (d.1957)
 * October 12 – Albert Charles Saunders, jurist, politician and Premier of Prince Edward Island (d.1943)
 * October 25 – Philémon Cousineau, politician (d.1959)
 * November 30 – Lucy Maud Montgomery, author (d.1942)
 * December 17 – William Lyon Mackenzie King, lawyer, economist, university professor, civil servant, journalist, politician and 10th Prime Minister of Canada (d.1950)

Deaths

 * February 8 – Joseph-Bruno Guigues, first bishop of the diocese of Bytown (Ottawa) (b.1805)
 * March 9 – Joseph Casavant, manufacturer of pipe organs (b.1807)
 * June 18 – Edwin Atwater, businessperson and municipal politician (b.1808)
 * August 3 – Charles Laberge, lawyer, journalist and politician (b.1827)
 * December 17 – Hiram Blanchard, Premier of Nova Scotia (b.1820)
 * December 22 – Étienne Parent, journalist (b.1802)

Historical documents
With imperial troops withdrawn from most of Canada, major general has recommendations for instruction of militia (Note: racial stereotypes)

Sam Steele describes North-West Mounted Police horses stampeding at the start of the March West

title: 1874 in Canada