text:
User:Daniel Quinlan/redirects3

This page is part of Daniel Quinlan's Redirect Project. -

Middle word close matches.

Some of this may be better fixed by correcting misspellings on the page with the broken link, especially if it's just one broken link.

count 1

 * Acceptable_Use_Policy - Acceptable_use_policy
 * Airborne_Early_Warning - Airborne_early_warning
 * Airline_Deregulation_Act - Airline_deregulation_act
 * Alain_De_Lille - Alain_de_Lille
 * Albert_Von_Tilzer - Albert_von_Tilzer
 * Alfred_Russel_Wallace - Alfred_Russell_Wallace (corrected page)
 * Ali_Ahmad_Jalali - Ali_Ahmed_Jalali (corrected page)
 * Allen_G._Thurman - Allen_Granberry_Thurman
 * American_Baptist_Association - American_Bar_Association
 * American_Basketball_Association - American_Bar_Association
 * American_Humanist_Association - American_Humane_Association
 * American_Law_Institute - American_law_Institute (corrected page)
 * Amos_T._Akerman - Amos_Tappan_Akerman
 * An_Lushan_Rebellion - An_Lushan_rebellion (corrected page)
 * Anan_Ben_David - Anan_ben_David
 * Andrea_De_Cesaris - Andrea_de_Cesaris
 * Andrey_Nikolaevich_Kolmogorov - Andrey_Nikolayevich_Kolmogorov
 * Animal_Liberation_Front - Animal_Liberation_front (corrected page)
 * Anne_Morrow_Lindbergh - Anne_Marrow_Lindbergh (corrected page)
 * Antarctic_Circumpolar_Wave - Antarctic_Cirumpolar_Wave (corrected page)
 * Arno_Allan_Penzias - Arno_Allen_Penzias (corrected page)
 * Arthur_H._Vandenberg - Arthur_Hendrick_Vandenberg
 * Atlanta_Metropolitan_Area - Atlanta_metro_area
 * Augustus_C._Dodge - Augustus_Caesar_Dodge
 * Barbican_Arts_Centre - Barbican_Art_Centre
 * Basic_Rate_Interface - Basic_rate_interface
 * Benicio_Del_Toro - Benicio_del_Toro
 * Bering_Land_Bridge - Bering_land_bridge
 * Better_Than_Ezra - Better_than_Ezra
 * Black_Beaver_District - Black_Bear_District
 * Blind_Willie_McTell - Blind_Willie_Mctell (fixed link)
 * Bolivian_Gas_War - Bolivian_Gas_war
 * Bring_It_On - Bring_it_On
 * Buddy_De_Sylva - Buddy_de_Sylva
 * Charles_G._Abbot - Charles_Greeley_Abbot
 * Clare_Boothe_Luce - Clare_Booth_Luce (also fixed links)
 * Clean_Air_Act - Clean_air_act
 * Controlled_Substances_Act - Controlled_Substance_Act
 * Cumberland_Presbyterian_Church - Cumberland_Presbyterian_church
 * De_Havilland_Vampire - De_Haviland_Vampire
 * De_La_Soul - De_la_Soul
 * Descriptive_Video_Service - Descriptive_video_service
 * Digital_Compact_Cassette - Digital_compact_cassette
 * Document_Type_Definition - Document_type_definition
 * Dwight_D._Eisenhower - Dwight_D_Eisenhower
 * Eddie_From_Ohio - Eddie_from_Ohio
 * Edward_G._Robinson - Edward_G_Robinson
 * Elio_Di_Rupo - Elio_di_Rupo
 * Enrico_De_Nicola - Enrico_de_Nicola
 * Eurovision_Song_Contest - Eurovision_song_contest
 * Fatal_Familial_Insomnia - Fatal_familial_insomnia
 * First_Maori_War - First_maori_War
 * Flash_Gordon_Serial - Flash_Gordon_serial
 * Fluminense_Football_Club - Fluminense_Footeball_Club
 * Frances_Hodgson_Burnett - Frances_Hodgeson_Burnett
 * Frederick_W._Taylor - Frederick_Winslow_Taylor
 * Free_Software_Foundation - Free_Sofware_Foundation (only this page)
 * From_The_Terrace - From_the_Terrace
 * George_C._Scott - George_C_Scott
 * George_F._Moore - George_Foot_Moore
 * George_Grey_Barnard - George_Gray_Barnard
 * George_H_Tichenor - George_H._Tichenor
 * George_M._Cohan - George_M_Cohan
 * George_M._Dallas - George_Mifflin_Dallas
 * George_W._Romney - George_Wilcken_Romney
 * Giovanni_Battista_Martini - Giovanni_Baptista_Martini
 * Global_Television_Network - Global_television_network (only in these pages)
 * Golden_Globe_Award - Golden_Globe_award
 * Gus_Van_Sant - Gus_van_Sant
 * Harry_Von_Tilzer - Harry_von_Tilzer
 * Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes - Heike_Kammerlingh_Onnes (fixed links)
 * Henri_La_Fontaine - Henri_la_Fontaine
 * Henry_A._Wallace - Henry_Agard_Wallace
 * Henry_M._Jackson - Henry_Milton_Jackson
 * Holy_Roman_Empire - Holy_Roman_empire
 * Homer_E._Capehart - Homer_Earl_Capehart
 * Hugh_L._White - Hugh_Lawson_White
 * Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum - Index_librorum_prohibitorum
 * International_African_Institute - International_Africa_Institute (fixed)
 * International_Mathematics_Olympiad - International_Mathematical_Olympiad
 * International_Reply_Coupon - International_reply_coupon
 * Isaac_Kaufmann_Funk - Isaac_Kauffman_Funk
 * Israeli_Air_Force - Israeli_air_force
 * Ivan_Alekseyevich_Bunin - Ivan_Alexeyevich_Bunin
 * James_F._Byrnes - James_Francis_Byrnes
 * James_L._Alcorn - James_Lusk_Alcorn
 * John_B._Watson - John_Broadus_Watson
 * John_C._Wright - John_Crafts_Wright
 * John_C_Lilly - John_C._Lilly
 * John_Crowe_Ransom - John_Crow_Ransom
 * John_D._Sloat - John_Drake_Sloat
 * John_E._Howard - John_Eager_Howard
 * John_Kenneth_Galbraith - John_Kenneith_Galbraith
 * John_L._Lewis - John_Llewellyn_Lewis
 * John_P._Hale - John_Parker_Hale
 * John_P._Marquand - John_Phillips_Marquand
 * John_Philip_Holland - John_Phillip_Holland
 * John_Philip_Sousa - John_Philips_Sousa
 * John_W._Bricker - John_William_Bricker
 * John_W._Campbell - John_Wilson_Campbell
 * Karl_Von_Frisch - Karl_von_Frisch
 * Key_Lime_Pie - Key_lime_pie
 * Khalid_Shaikh_Mohammed - Khalid_Sheik_Mohammed
 * Khan_Noonien_Singh - Khan_Noonian_Singh (fixed link)
 * Kiss_Me_Kate - Kiss_me_Kate
 * Legio_II_Italica - Legio_III_Italica (not same thing)
 * Legio_I_Italica - Legio_III_Italica (not same thing)
 * Les_Liaisons_Dangereuses - Les_Liaisons_dangereuses
 * Li_Ka_Shing - Li_Ka_shing
 * Little_Ice_Age - Little_ice_age
 * Live_Through_This - Live_through_This
 * London_Psychogeographical_Association - London_Psychogeographic_Association (fixed)
 * Lord_High_Steward - Lord_high_steward (only these pages)
 * Mail_Delivery_Agent - Mail_delivery_agent
 * Marcus_Atilius_Regulus - Marcus_Aqilius_Regulus
 * Marian_Engle_Award - Marian_Engel_Award (fixed link)
 * Mario_Vargas_Llosa - Mario_Vargos_Llosa (fixed link)
 * Mary_Elizabeth_Mastrantonio - Mary_Elisabeth_Mastrantonio
 * May_Fourth_Movement - May_Fourth_movement
 * Meet_The_Press - Meet_the_Press
 * Melbourne_Cricket_Ground - Melbourne_cricket_ground
 * Mer_De_Noms - Mer_de_Noms
 * Michael_W._Smith - Michael_W_Smith
 * Mobile_Suit_Gundam - Mobile_suit_Gundam (only in these pages)
 * Mohammed_Nadir_Shah - Mohammed_Nader_Shah
 * Moreton_Bay_Fig - Moreton_Bay_fig
 * Mother_Jones_Magazine - Mother_Jones_magazine
 * Motor_Neurone_Disease - Motor_neuron_disease
 * Mr._Potato_Head - Mr._Potatoe_Head (fixed link)
 * Music_Information_Retrieval - Music_information_retrieval
 * My_Bloody_Valentine - My_bloody_valentine
 * My_Favorite_Year - My_Favourite_Year
 * National_Park_Service - National_Parks_Service
 * National_Wildlife_Refuge - National_wildlife_refuge (only these pages)
 * Natural_History_Museum - Natural_history_museum (only these pages)
 * Newcastle_Brown_Ale - Newcastle_brown_ale (fixed link)
 * Ngo_Dinh_Diem - Ngo_Dihn_Diem
 * Nicholas_C._Lassman - Nicholas_Craig_Lassman (September 11th victim)
 * One_Minute_Silence (band) - One_minute_silence (memorial practice)
 * Pacific_Islands_Forum - Pacific_Island_Forum (only these pages)
 * Pehr_Evind_Svinhufvud - Pehr_Eyvind_Svinhufvud (fixed link)
 * Percy_Bysshe_Shelley - Percy_Bysse_Shelley (fixed link)
 * Personal_Communications_Service - Personal_communications_service
 * Philip_K._Dick - Philip_Kindred_Dick
 * Polycystic_Kidney_Disease - Polycystic_kidney_disease
 * Pope_Eugenius_IV - Pope_Eugene_IV (done everywhere)
 * Popular_Democratic_Party - Popular_Democrat_Party
 * Public_Record_Office - Public_Records_Office
 * Rainer_Maria_Rilke - Rainer_Marie_Rilke (fixed link)
 * Ralph_Vaughan_Williams - Ralph_Vaughan_WIlliams (fixed link)
 * Red_Eared_Terrapin - Red_eared_terrapin
 * Red_River_Colony - Red_River_colony
 * Respiratory_Syncytial_Virus - Respiratory_syncytial_virus
 * Richard_E._Byrd - Richard_Evelyn_Byrd
 * Road_To_Morocco - Road_to_Morocco
 * Robert_E._Lee - Robert_Edwin_Lee
 * Roger_MacBride_Allen - Roger_McBride_Allen (fixed link)
 * Roger_W._Sperry - Roger_W_Sperry
 * Russian_Civil_War - Russian_civil_war
 * Salar_De_Uyuni - Salar_de_Uyuni
 * San_Jose_Sabercats - San_Jose_SaberCats
 * Saudi_Arabian_Airlines - Saudi_Arabaian_Airlines (fixed link)
 * Sault_Ste._Marie - Sault_Ste_Marie
 * Scottish_Episcopal_Church - Scottish_Episcopal_church
 * Silkk_Tha_Shocker - Silkk_The_Shocker
 * Single_Transferable_Vote - Single_transfer_vote (redirects through this page now point to the final destination)
 * Snowy_Mountains_Scheme - Snowy_Mountains_scheme (fixed)
 * South_East_England - South_east_England
 * South_Saskatchewan_River - South_Saskatchewan_river (only these pages)
 * Stanley_B._Prusiner - Stanley_B_Prusiner
 * State_Of_Grace - State_of_Grace
 * Stephen_A._Douglas - Stephen_Arnold_Douglas
 * Steven_B._Paterson - Steven_Bennett_Paterson (September 11th victim)
 * Stranger_Than_Fiction - Stranger_than_Fiction
 * Strategic_Defense_Initiative - Strategic_defense_initiative (fixed)
 * Television_Broadcasts_Limited - Television_Broadcast_Limited
 * The_Big_Parade - The_Bug_Parade (not same thing)
 * The_Coen_Brothers - The_Cohen_Brothers
 * The_Generation_Game - The_Gin_Game (not same thing)
 * The_Good_Life - The_good_life
 * The_Goodbye_Girl - The_Good_Girl (not same thing)
 * The_No_Game - The_Newlywed_Game (not same thing)
 * The_Satanic_Verses - The_satanic_verses
 * The_Staple_Singers - The_Staples_Singers (fixed link)
 * Theobald_Wolfe_Tone - Theobald_Woolf_Tone (fixed link)
 * Thomas_J._Jackson - Thomas_J_Jackson (fixed link)
 * Tom_C._Clark - Tom_Campbell_Clark
 * Trades_Union_Congress - Trades_Unions_Congress (fixed link)
 * Trinity_Broadcasting_Network - Trinity_Broadcast_Network
 * Union_Pacific_Railroad - Union Pacific Railroad
 * United_States_Constitution - United_States_constitution
 * United_States_Senate - United_Stats_Senate (fixed link)
 * Water_Keeper_Alliance - Water_Keepers_Alliance
 * We_The_Living - We_the_Living
 * West_Coast_Swing - West_coast_swing (fixed link)
 * West_Pomeranian_Voivodship - West_Pomeraniam_Voivodship (fixed link)
 * William_E._Miller - William_Edward_Miller
 * William_Ellery_Channing - William_Ellerey_Channing (fixed link)
 * William_L_Wilson - William_L._Wilson
 * William_R._Bennett - William_Richards_Bennett
 * World_Football_League - World_Fotball_League (fixed link)
 * World_Social_Forum - World_social_forum
 * Young_Earth_Creationism - Young_earth_creationism
 * Zora_Neale_Hurston - Zora_Neal_Hurston (fixed link)

count 2 (done)

 * George_W._Jones - George_Wallace_Jones, George_Washington_Jones
 * John_W._Davis - John_Wesley_Davis, John_William_Davis
 * Kilroy_Was_Here - Kilroy_was_here, Kilroy_was_Here
 * Legio_I_Parthica - Legio_III_Parthica, Legio_II_Parthica
 * Publius_Quinctilius_Varus - Publius_Quintilius_Varus, Publius_Quinctillius_Varus (corrected pages)
 * South_Sea_Bubble - South_Sea_bubble, South_sea_bubble (corrected one page)
 * US_V_Corps - US_VIII_Corps, US_VI_Corps

count 3 (done)

 * US_I_Corps - US_IX_Corps, US_III_Corps, US_IV_Corps

count 4 (done)

 * British_I_Corps - British_IX_Corps, British_II_Corps, British_III_Corps, British_IV_Corps

title: User:Daniel Quinlan/redirects3


text:
Fuel tax

A fuel tax (also known as a petrol, gasoline or gas tax, or as a fuel duty) is an excise tax imposed on the sale of fuel. In most countries the fuel tax is imposed on fuels which are intended for transportation. Fuel tax receipts are often dedicated or hypothecated to transportation projects, in which case the fuel tax can be considered a user fee. In other countries, the fuel tax is a source of general revenue. Sometimes, a fuel tax is used as an ecotax, to promote ecological sustainability. Fuel taxes are often considered by government agencies such as the Internal Revenue Service as regressive taxes.

Fuels used to power agricultural vehicles, as well as home heating oil which is similar to diesel, are taxed at a different, usually lower rate. These fuels may be dyed to prevent their use for transportation.

Aviation fuel is typically charged at a different rate to fuel for ground-based vehicles. Jet fuel and avgas can attract different rates. In many jurisdictions such as the United States and the European Union, commercial aviation fuel is tax free.

Other fuels such as gases, or solid fuels such as coal, may also be taxed.

In countries with a sales tax or a value added tax, these taxes may also be levied on top of fuel taxes. The rate can vary depending on the fuel, as well as the location.

Role in energy policy
Taxes on transportation fuels have been advocated as a way to reduce pollution and the possibility of global warming and conserve energy. Placing higher taxes on fossil fuels makes petrol just as expensive as other fuels such as natural gas, biodiesel or electric batteries, at a cost to the consumer in the form of inflation as transportation costs rise to transport goods all over the country.

Proponents advocate that automobiles should pay for the roads they use and argue that the user tax should not be applied to mass transit projects.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the International Energy Agency, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank have called on governments to increase gasoline tax rates in order to combat the social and environmental costs of gasoline consumption. Fuel taxes can be implicit carbon pricing.

Tax rates
International pump prices for diesel and gasoline are tracked by several websites, including Bloomberg L.P. Price differences mostly reflect differences in tax policy.

A Nature study has shown that while gasoline taxes have increased in more countries than they have decreased in during the period 2003–2015, the global mean gasoline tax has decreased due to greater consumption in the low-tax countries.

China
Chinese gasoline taxes have increased the most among the top twenty -emitting countries over the period 2003–2015.

In China, fuel tax has been a very contentious issue. Efforts by the State Council to institute a fuel tax in order to finance the National Trunk Highway System have run into strong opposition from the National People's Congress, largely out of concern for its impact on farmers. This has been one of the uncommon instances in which the legislature has asserted its authority.

Hong Kong
The following is a list of fuel tax rates for different fuels in Hong Kong:
 * Aviation fuel: HK$6.51
 * Light diesel oil: HK$2.89
 * Leaded petrol: HK$6.82
 * Unleaded petrol: HK$6.06
 * Ultra low sulphur diesel: HK$2.89
 * Euro V diesel: HK$0

Singapore
The following is a list of fuel tax rates for different fuels in Singapore:
 * 98 Octane and above petrol: S$0.79 per litre
 * 92 to 95 Octane petrol: S$0.66 per litre

India
In India, the pricing of fuel varies by state, though central taxes still are part of the pump price of fuel. The Central and state government's taxes make up nearly half of petrol's pump price. The Central govt has different taxes, which amount to about 10–20% of the final cost. The states taxes vary, but on average end up making about 17–20% of the final cost. As a result, approximately 50% - 60% of the pump cost goes to the government in the form of different taxes.

For example, in Delhi, as of February 18, 2021, price of petrol is inr 89.54 per litre. Out of this inr 32.98 go to Central Govt of India in the form of excise and customs tax. inr 19.32 is collected by state government in the form of sales tax and entry tax. Thus, a total of inr 52.30 is collected due to various taxes (which accounts for around 58% of the total price).

Israel
In Israel, tax on fuel is 1.35 USD per liter which includes direct fuel tax and VAT. This totals to 78% of total pump price.

Europe
Jet fuel tax is banned on commercial flights within the European Union, according to the 2003 Energy Taxation Directive. It can be levied on domestic flights or by agreement between Member States, however no such agreements exist.

France
As of 2017, the excise tax on gasoline was €0.651 per liter (regional prices varied from €0.407 to €0.6682). With a VAT rate of 20%, the percent of the total price of gasoline that came from taxes was 63.9% The excise tax on diesel fuel was €0.531 per liter (€0.5307 to €0.5631). With the 20% VAT, 59.3% of the total cost of diesel fuel was taxes.

Petroleum products destined for utilisation by aircraft engaged in commercial flights outside of the customs territory of continental France are exempt from all customs duties and domestic taxes. Recently, a rise of 23% in the diesel fuel tax has caused serious protests in major cities of France, leaving disruption and damage behind them. Before the protests, the French government expected to increase both the petrol and diesel taxes until they both reached €0.78 per liter in 2022.

Germany
Fuel taxes in Germany are €0.4704 per litre for ultra-low sulphur Diesel and €0.6545 per litre for conventional unleaded petrol, plus Value Added Tax (19%) on the fuel itself and the Fuel Tax. That adds up to prices of 1.12 €/l for ultra-low sulphur Diesel and 1.27 €/l for unleaded petrol (December 2019).

Luxembourg
Since January 2023, petrol is taxed at a rate of €0.53799/litre and diesel at a rate of €0.42875/litre, with a VAT of 16% added to the total price. As of 2022, a "maximum fuel price" has been established by the government, capped at €1.546/litre for EURO 95 petrol and at €1.525/litre for diesel as of 11 November 2023.

Netherlands
The sale of fuels in the Netherlands is levied with an excise tax. As of 2015, petrol excise tax is EUR0.766 per litre and diesel excise tax is EUR0.482 per litre, while LPG excise tax is EUR0.185 per litre. The 2007 fuel tax was 0.684 €/l. On top of that is 21% VAT over the entire fuel price, making the Dutch taxes one of the highest in the world. In total, taxes account for 68.84% of the total price of petrol and 56.55% of the total price of diesel. A 1995 excise was raised by Dutch gulden 25 cents (€0.11), the Kok Quarter (€0.08 raise per litre gasoline and €0.03 raise per litre diesel), by then Prime-Minister Wim Kok is now specifically set aside by the second Balkenende cabinet for use in road creation and road and public transport maintenance.

Norway
Motor fuel is taxed with both a road use tax and a CO2-tax. The road use tax on petrol is NOK 4.62 per litre and the CO2-tax on petrol is NOK 0.88 per litre. The road use tax on auto diesel is NOK 3.62 per litre mineral oil and NOK 1.81 per litre bio diesel. The CO2-tax on mineral oil is NOK 0.59 per litre.

Poland
In Poland half of the end-user price charged at a petrol station goes towards 3 distinct taxes: Excise and fuel tax are prescribed by European Commission law, and therefore cannot be lower in any EU nation. However it is even higher than this EU minimum in Poland, a policy pursued by the former Minister of finance.
 * akcyza (meaning excise)
 * opłata paliwowa (meaning fuel tax)
 * Value-added tax "VAT" at 23% (from summary of akcyza and opłata paliwowa, and the price of petrol)

Russia
Tax on mineral resource extraction (2008–2009):
 * Oil: varies 1000 RUR/t – 13800 RUR/t; middle MRET 3000 RUR/t (0.058 €/l = 0.284 $/gal).
 * Natural gas: 147 RUR/1000m3 (4 €/1000m3).
 * Petroleum gas: no

Excise tax on motor fuel 2008–2009:
 * RON >80: 3629 RUR/t. (0.071 €/l = 0.343 $/US gal)
 * RON <=80: 2657 RUR/t. (0.052 €/l = 0.251 $/US

Other fuel (like avia gasoline, jet fuel, heavy oils, natural gas and autogas) prices has no excise tax.

Value Added Tax — 18% on fuel and taxes.

Full tax rate is near 55% of motor fuel prices (ministry of industry and energy facts 2006).

Sweden
The fuel tax in Sweden comprises a carbon tax and an energy tax. The total tax (including value added tax) is, from July 1, 2018, SEK8.425 per liter petrol and SEK7.425 per liter diesel.

United Kingdom
From 23 March 2022 the UK duty rate for the road fuels unleaded petrol, diesel, biodiesel and bioethanol is 0.5295 £/l.

Value Added Tax at 20% is also charged on the price of the fuel and on the duty. An additional vehicle excise duty, depending on a vehicle's theoretical production per kilometre, which is applied regardless of the amount of fuel actually consumed, is also levied.

Diesel for use by farmers and construction vehicles is coloured red (red diesel) and has a much reduced tax, currently 0.1133 £/l.

Jet fuel used for international aviation attracts no duty, and no VAT.

Canada
Fuel taxes in Canada can vary greatly between locales. On average, about one-third of the total price of gas at the pump is tax. Excise taxes on gasoline and diesel are collected both federal and provincial governments, as well as by some select municipalities (Montreal, Vancouver, and Victoria); with combined excise taxes varying from 16.2 ¢/L (73.6 ¢/imperial gal)) in the Yukon to 30.5 ¢/L ($1.386/imperial gal) in Vancouver. As well, the federal government and some provincial governments (Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Quebec) collect sales tax (GST and PST) on top of the retail price and the excise taxes.

United States

The first U.S. state to enact a gas tax was Oregon in 1919. The states of Colorado, North Dakota, and New Mexico followed shortly thereafter. By 1929, all existing 48 states had enacted some sort of gas tax. Today, fuel taxes in the United States vary by state. The United States federal excise tax on gasoline is 18.4 ¢/USgal and 24.4 ¢/USgal for diesel fuel. On average, as of July 2016, state and local taxes add 29.78 cents to gasoline and 29.81 cents to diesel for a total US average fuel tax of 48.18 ¢/USgal for gas and 54.21 ¢/USgal for diesel.

The state and local tax figures includes fixed-per-gallon taxes as well as variable-rate taxes such as those levied as a percentage of the sales price. For state-level fuel taxes, nineteen states and the District of Columbia levy variable-rate taxes of some kind. The other thirty one states do not tie the per-gallon tax rate to inflation, gas prices, or other factors, and the rate changes only by legislation. As of July 2016, twenty one states had gone ten years or more without an increase in their per-gallon gasoline tax rate.

Because the fuel tax is universally styled as a "road use" tax, exempting off-road farming, marine, etc. use; states impose a tax on commercial operators traveling through their state as if the fuel used was bought there, wherever the fuel is purchased. While most commercial truck drivers have an agent to handle the required paperwork: what's reported is how much tax was collected in each state, how much should have been paid to each state, the net tax for each state and the combined net tax for all states to be paid by or refunded to the operator by their base jurisdiction where they file. The operator carries paperwork proving compliance. The member jurisdictions, the US states and the CA provinces, transmit the return information to each other and settle their net tax balances with each other either by a single transmittal through a clearinghouse set up by the IFTA and operated by Morgan Stanley, or by separate transfers with the other member jurisdictions.

Australia
The fuel tax system in Australia is very similar to Canada in terms of featuring both a fixed and a variable tax, but varies in the case of exemptions including tax credits and certain excise free fuel.

Since October 2018, the fuel tax in Australia is A$0.412 per litre for petrol and ultra-low sulphur diesel (conventional diesel being taxed at A$0.412 per litre) and the excise for LPG is $0.282 per litre. Since 2000, there is also the GST (goods and services tax) on top of the fuel tax and inflation calculated twice a year called CPI (consumer price index) into the fuel tax since 2015.

New Zealand
Fuel taxes in New Zealand are considered an excise applied by the New Zealand Customs Service on shipments brought into the country. A breakdown of the fuel taxes is published by the Ministry of Economic Development. Excise as at 1 August 2012 totals 50.524 cents per litre (NZ 0.50524 $/L on petrol. In addition the national compulsory Accident Compensation Corporation motor vehicle account receives a contribution of 9.9 ¢/L. The ethanol component of bio blended petrol currently attracts no excise duty. This was to be reviewed in 2012. Diesel is not taxed at the pump, but road users with vehicles over 3.5 tonne in Gross Laden Weight and any vehicles not powered wholly by any combination of petrol, LPG or CNG must pay the Road User Charge instead. The Goods and Services Tax (15%) is then applied to the combined total of the value of the commodity and the various taxes. On 25 July 2007 the Minister of Transport Annette King announced that from 1 July 2008 all fuel excise collected would be hypothecated to the National Land Transport Programme.

South Africa
South Africa imposes a fuel tax, in Dec 2020, per (unleaded 93 octane, inland) liter, composed of the Fuel Levy – R3,37, Road Accident Fund levy – R1,93, associated costs – R3,12, and the Basic Fuel Price – R5,81 for a total of R14.23. (R = South African Rand (ZAR) ~ R15 per US$ in Dec 2020)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fuel tax


text:
Talk:1956 United States presidential election

Harry Flood Byrd
Harry Flood Byrd says "Although Byrd was never a candidate in a presidential election, he nevertheless received 116,248 votes in the 1956 election." There seems to be no mention here, so one is wrong.--Rumping (talk) 08:57, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

Error on Map
Iowa should have 10 votes not 9 ; MrMingsz (talk) 15:35, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

The Jones Vote
One Electoral Vote went to Jones here, isn't the precedent that any third party Candidate with at least 1 Vote or 5% of the Popular Vote is listed in the Infobox or is there another requirement? 76.227.180.214 (talk) 22:12, 4 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Jones' electoral vote was from a faithless elector. The current standard is that any candidate who wins at least one pledged electoral vote or 5% of the popular vote is listed in the infobox. So Jones does not qualify.--JayJasper (talk) 22:18, 4 November 2012 (UTC)

"Joe Smith"
"At the convention (to select the Republican VP), one delegate voted for a fictitious "Joe Smith" for Vice-President to prevent a unanimous vote." - I think this needs some explanation. The wording implies that there was a legal or constitutional requirement to prevent a unanimous vote, but Googling suggests that it was simply a protest against Nixon by a chap called Terry Carpenter (in which case "voted for etc as a protest against Nixon" would be a better way of putting it). -Ashley Pomeroy (talk) 14:46, 15 February 2014 (UTC)

Eisenhower's home state
Over the past months, Eisenhower's home state has been changed multiple times. According to the National Archives, his home state was New York. This is a more reliable source than uselectionatlas.org, a third party source which claims his home state was Pennsylvania. I hope this answers any questions about the change. -Mad Mismagius (talk) 20:11, 13 November 2021 (UTC)


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Backdoor (computing)

A backdoor is a typically covert method of bypassing normal authentication or encryption in a computer, product, embedded device (e.g. a home router), or its embodiment (e.g. part of a cryptosystem, algorithm, chipset, or even a "homunculus computer"—a tiny computer-within-a-computer such as that found in Intel's AMT technology). Backdoors are most often used for securing remote access to a computer, or obtaining access to plaintext in cryptosystems. From there it may be used to gain access to privileged information like passwords, corrupt or delete data on hard drives, or transfer information within autoschediastic networks.

A backdoor may take the form of a hidden part of a program, a separate program (e.g. Back Orifice may subvert the system through a rootkit), code in the firmware of the hardware, or parts of an operating system such as Windows. Trojan horses can be used to create vulnerabilities in a device. A Trojan horse may appear to be an entirely legitimate program, but when executed, it triggers an activity that may install a backdoor. Although some are secretly installed, other backdoors are deliberate and widely known. These kinds of backdoors have "legitimate" uses such as providing the manufacturer with a way to restore user passwords.

Many systems that store information within the cloud fail to create accurate security measures. If many systems are connected within the cloud, hackers can gain access to all other platforms through the most vulnerable system. Default passwords (or other default credentials) can function as backdoors if they are not changed by the user. Some debugging features can also act as backdoors if they are not removed in the release version. In 1993, the United States government attempted to deploy an encryption system, the Clipper chip, with an explicit backdoor for law enforcement and national security access. The chip was unsuccessful.

Recent proposals to counter backdoors include creating a database of backdoors' triggers and then using neural networks to detect them.

Overview
The threat of backdoors surfaced when multiuser and networked operating systems became widely adopted. Petersen and Turn discussed computer subversion in a paper published in the proceedings of the 1967 AFIPS Conference. They noted a class of active infiltration attacks that use "trapdoor" entry points into the system to bypass security facilities and permit direct access to data. The use of the word trapdoor here clearly coincides with more recent definitions of a backdoor. However, since the advent of public key cryptography the term trapdoor has acquired a different meaning (see trapdoor function), and thus the term "backdoor" is now preferred, only after the term trapdoor went out of use. More generally, such security breaches were discussed at length in a RAND Corporation task force report published under DARPA sponsorship by J.P. Anderson and D.J. Edwards in 1970.

While initially targeting the computer vision domain, backdoor attacks have expanded to encompass various other domains, including text, audio, ML-based computer-aided design, and ML-based wireless signal classification. Additionally, vulnerabilities in backdoors have been demonstrated in deep generative models, reinforcement learning (e.g., AI GO), and deep graph models. These broad-ranging potential risks have prompted concerns from national security agencies regarding their potentially disastrous consequences.

A backdoor in a login system might take the form of a hard coded user and password combination which gives access to the system. An example of this sort of backdoor was used as a plot device in the 1983 film WarGames, in which the architect of the "WOPR" computer system had inserted a hardcoded password-less account which gave the user access to the system, and to undocumented parts of the system (in particular, a video game-like simulation mode and direct interaction with the artificial intelligence).

Although the number of backdoors in systems using proprietary software (software whose source code is not publicly available) is not widely credited, they are nevertheless frequently exposed. Programmers have even succeeded in secretly installing large amounts of benign code as Easter eggs in programs, although such cases may involve official forbearance, if not actual permission.

Politics and attribution
There are a number of cloak and dagger considerations that come into play when apportioning responsibility.

Covert backdoors sometimes masquerade as inadvertent defects (bugs) for reasons of plausible deniability. In some cases, these might begin life as an actual bug (inadvertent error), which, once discovered are then deliberately left unfixed and undisclosed, whether by a rogue employee for personal advantage, or with C-level executive awareness and oversight.

It is also possible for an entirely above-board corporation's technology base to be covertly and untraceably tainted by external agents (hackers), though this level of sophistication is thought to exist mainly at the level of nation state actors. For example, if a photomask obtained from a photomask supplier differs in a few gates from its photomask specification, a chip manufacturer would be hard-pressed to detect this if otherwise functionally silent; a covert rootkit running in the photomask etching equipment could enact this discrepancy unbeknown to the photomask manufacturer, either, and by such means, one backdoor potentially leads to another.

In general terms, the long dependency-chains in the modern, highly specialized technological economy and innumerable human-elements process control-points make it difficult to conclusively pinpoint responsibility at such time as a covert backdoor becomes unveiled.

Even direct admissions of responsibility must be scrutinized carefully if the confessing party is beholden to other powerful interests.

Worms
Many computer worms, such as Sobig and Mydoom, install a backdoor on the affected computer (generally a PC on broadband running Microsoft Windows and Microsoft Outlook). Such backdoors appear to be installed so that spammers can send junk e-mail from the infected machines. Others, such as the Sony/BMG rootkit, placed secretly on millions of music CDs through late 2005, are intended as DRM measures—and, in that case, as data-gathering agents, since both surreptitious programs they installed routinely contacted central servers.

A sophisticated attempt to plant a backdoor in the Linux kernel, exposed in November 2003, added a small and subtle code change by subverting the revision control system. In this case, a two-line change appeared to check root access permissions of a caller to the sys_wait4 function, but because it used assignment  instead of equality checking , it actually granted permissions to the system. This difference is easily overlooked, and could even be interpreted as an accidental typographical error, rather than an intentional attack. In January 2014, a backdoor was discovered in certain Samsung Android products, like the Galaxy devices. The Samsung proprietary Android versions are fitted with a backdoor that provides remote access to the data stored on the device. In particular, the Samsung Android software that is in charge of handling the communications with the modem, using the Samsung IPC protocol, implements a class of requests known as remote file server (RFS) commands, that allows the backdoor operator to perform via modem remote I/O operations on the device hard disk or other storage. As the modem is running Samsung proprietary Android software, it is likely that it offers over-the-air remote control that could then be used to issue the RFS commands and thus to access the file system on the device.

Object code backdoors
Harder to detect backdoors involve modifying object code, rather than source code—object code is much harder to inspect, as it is designed to be machine-readable, not human-readable. These backdoors can be inserted either directly in the on-disk object code, or inserted at some point during compilation, assembly linking, or loading—in the latter case the backdoor never appears on disk, only in memory. Object code backdoors are difficult to detect by inspection of the object code, but are easily detected by simply checking for changes (differences), notably in length or in checksum, and in some cases can be detected or analyzed by disassembling the object code. Further, object code backdoors can be removed (assuming source code is available) by simply recompiling from source on a trusted system.

Thus for such backdoors to avoid detection, all extant copies of a binary must be subverted, and any validation checksums must also be compromised, and source must be unavailable, to prevent recompilation. Alternatively, these other tools (length checks, diff, checksumming, disassemblers) can themselves be compromised to conceal the backdoor, for example detecting that the subverted binary is being checksummed and returning the expected value, not the actual value. To conceal these further subversions, the tools must also conceal the changes in themselves—for example, a subverted checksummer must also detect if it is checksumming itself (or other subverted tools) and return false values. This leads to extensive changes in the system and tools being needed to conceal a single change.

As object code can be regenerated by recompiling (reassembling, relinking) the original source code, making a persistent object code backdoor (without modifying source code) requires subverting the compiler itself—so that when it detects that it is compiling the program under attack it inserts the backdoor—or alternatively the assembler, linker, or loader. As this requires subverting the compiler, this in turn can be fixed by recompiling the compiler, removing the backdoor insertion code. This defense can in turn be subverted by putting a source meta-backdoor in the compiler, so that when it detects that it is compiling itself it then inserts this meta-backdoor generator, together with the original backdoor generator for the original program under attack. After this is done, the source meta-backdoor can be removed, and the compiler recompiled from original source with the compromised compiler executable: the backdoor has been bootstrapped. This attack dates to a 1974 paper by Karger and Schell, and was popularized in Thompson's 1984 article, entitled "Reflections on Trusting Trust"; it is hence colloquially known as the "Trusting Trust" attack. See compiler backdoors, below, for details. Analogous attacks can target lower levels of the system, such as the operating system, and can be inserted during the system booting process; these are also mentioned by Karger and Schell in 1974, and now exist in the form of boot sector viruses.

Asymmetric backdoors
A traditional backdoor is a symmetric backdoor: anyone that finds the backdoor can in turn use it. The notion of an asymmetric backdoor was introduced by Adam Young and Moti Yung in the Proceedings of Advances in Cryptology – Crypto '96. An asymmetric backdoor can only be used by the attacker who plants it, even if the full implementation of the backdoor becomes public (e.g. via publishing, being discovered and disclosed by reverse engineering, etc.). Also, it is computationally intractable to detect the presence of an asymmetric backdoor under black-box queries. This class of attacks have been termed kleptography; they can be carried out in software, hardware (for example, smartcards), or a combination of the two. The theory of asymmetric backdoors is part of a larger field now called cryptovirology. Notably, NSA inserted a kleptographic backdoor into the Dual EC DRBG standard.

There exists an experimental asymmetric backdoor in RSA key generation. This OpenSSL RSA backdoor, designed by Young and Yung, utilizes a twisted pair of elliptic curves, and has been made available.

Compiler backdoors
A sophisticated form of black box backdoor is a compiler backdoor, where not only is a compiler subverted—to insert a backdoor in some other program, such as a login program—but it is further modified to detect when it is compiling itself and then inserts both the backdoor insertion code (targeting the other program) and the code-modifying self-compilation, like the mechanism through which retroviruses infect their host. This can be done by modifying the source code, and the resulting compromised compiler (object code) can compile the original (unmodified) source code and insert itself: the exploit has been boot-strapped.

This attack was originally presented in Karger & Schell (1974), which was a United States Air Force security analysis of Multics, where they described such an attack on a PL/I compiler, and call it a "compiler trap door". They also mention a variant where the system initialization code is modified to insert a backdoor during booting, as this is complex and poorly understood, and call it an "initialization trapdoor"; this is now known as a boot sector virus.

This attack was then actually implemented by Ken Thompson, and popularized in his Turing Award acceptance speech in 1983, "Reflections on Trusting Trust", which points out that trust is relative, and the only software one can truly trust is code where every step of the bootstrapping has been inspected. This backdoor mechanism is based on the fact that people only review source (human-written) code, and not compiled machine code (object code). A program called a compiler is used to create the second from the first, and the compiler is usually trusted to do an honest job.

Thompson's paper describes a modified version of the Unix C compiler that would put an invisible backdoor in the Unix login command when it noticed that the login program was being compiled, and would also add this feature undetectably to future compiler versions upon their compilation as well. As the compiler itself was a compiled program, users would be extremely unlikely to notice the machine code instructions that performed these tasks. (Because of the second task, the compiler's source code would appear "clean".) What's worse, in Thompson's proof of concept implementation, the subverted compiler also subverted the analysis program (the disassembler), so that anyone who examined the binaries in the usual way would not actually see the real code that was running, but something else instead.

Karger and Schell gave an updated analysis of the original exploit in 2002, and, in 2009, Wheeler wrote a historical overview and survey of the literature. In 2023, Cox published an annotated version of Thompson's backdoor source code.

Occurrences
Thompson's version was, officially, never released into the wild. However, it is believed that a version was distributed to BBN and at least one use of the backdoor was recorded. There are scattered anecdotal reports of such backdoors in subsequent years.

In August 2009, an attack of this kind was discovered by Sophos labs. The W32/Induc-A virus infected the program compiler for Delphi, a Windows programming language. The virus introduced its own code to the compilation of new Delphi programs, allowing it to infect and propagate to many systems, without the knowledge of the software programmer. The virus looks for a Delphi installation, modifies the SysConst.pas file, which is the source code of a part of the standard library and compiles it. After that, every program compiled by that Delphi installation will contain the virus. An attack that propagates by building its own Trojan horse can be especially hard to discover. It resulted in many software vendors releasing infected executables without realizing it, sometimes claiming false positives. After all, the executable was not tampered with, the compiler was. It is believed that the Induc-A virus had been propagating for at least a year before it was discovered.

In 2015, a malicious copy of Xcode, XcodeGhost, also performed a similar attack and infected iOS apps from a dozen of software companies in China. Globally, 4,000 apps were found to be affected. It was not a true Thompson Trojan, as it does not infect development tools themselves, but it did prove that toolchain poisoning can cause substantial damages.

Countermeasures
Once a system has been compromised with a backdoor or Trojan horse, such as the Trusting Trust compiler, it is very hard for the "rightful" user to regain control of the system – typically one should rebuild a clean system and transfer data (but not executables) over. However, several practical weaknesses in the Trusting Trust scheme have been suggested. For example, a sufficiently motivated user could painstakingly review the machine code of the untrusted compiler before using it. As mentioned above, there are ways to hide the Trojan horse, such as subverting the disassembler; but there are ways to counter that defense, too, such as writing a disassembler from scratch.

A generic method to counter trusting trust attacks is called diverse double-compiling. The method requires a different compiler and the source code of the compiler-under-test. That source, compiled with both compilers, results in two different stage-1 compilers, which however should have the same behavior. Thus the same source compiled with both stage-1 compilers must then result in two identical stage-2 compilers. A formal proof is given that the latter comparison guarantees that the purported source code and executable of the compiler-under-test correspond, under some assumptions. This method was applied by its author to verify that the C compiler of the GCC suite (v. 3.0.4) contained no trojan, using icc (v. 11.0) as the different compiler.

In practice such verifications are not done by end users, except in extreme circumstances of intrusion detection and analysis, due to the rarity of such sophisticated attacks, and because programs are typically distributed in binary form. Removing backdoors (including compiler backdoors) is typically done by simply rebuilding a clean system. However, the sophisticated verifications are of interest to operating system vendors, to ensure that they are not distributing a compromised system, and in high-security settings, where such attacks are a realistic concern.

List of known backdoors

 * Back Orifice was created in 1998 by hackers from Cult of the Dead Cow group as a remote administration tool. It allowed Windows computers to be remotely controlled over a network and parodied the name of Microsoft's BackOffice.
 * The Dual EC DRBG cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator was revealed in 2013 to possibly have a kleptographic backdoor deliberately inserted by NSA, who also had the private key to the backdoor.
 * Several backdoors in the unlicensed copies of WordPress plug-ins were discovered in March 2014. They were inserted as obfuscated JavaScript code and silently created, for example, an admin account in the website database. A similar scheme was later exposed in a Joomla plugin.
 * Borland Interbase versions 4.0 through 6.0 had a hard-coded backdoor, put there by the developers. The server code contains a compiled-in backdoor account (username: politically, password: correct), which could be accessed over a network connection; a user logging in with this backdoor account could take full control over all Interbase databases. The backdoor was detected in 2001 and a patch was released.
 * Juniper Networks backdoor inserted in the year 2008 into the versions of firmware ScreenOS from 6.2.0r15 to 6.2.0r18 and from 6.3.0r12 to 6.3.0r20 that gives any user administrative access when using a special master password.
 * Several backdoors were discovered in C-DATA Optical Line Termination (OLT) devices. Researchers released the findings without notifying C-DATA because they believe the backdoors were intentionally placed by the vendor.
 * A backdoor in versions 5.6.0 and 5.6.1 of the popular Linux utility XZ Utils was discovered in March 2024 by software developer Andres Freund. The backdoor gives an attacker who possesses a specific Ed448 private key remote code execution capabilities on the affected Linux systems. The issue has been assigned a CVSS score of 10.0, the highest possible score.

title: Backdoor (computing)


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List of Black Fridays

Black Friday is a term used to refer to certain events which occur on a Friday. It has been used in the following cases:

Specific events

 * Black Friday (1688), imprisonment of the Seven Bishops of the Church of England (8 June), on the eve of the Glorious Revolution.
 * Panic of 1866, sometimes referred to as Black Friday, an international financial downturn that accompanied the failure of Overend, Gurney and Company in London
 * Black Friday (1869), the Fisk-Gould Scandal (24 September), a financial crisis in the United States.
 * Black Friday (1881), the Eyemouth disaster (14 October), in which 189 fishermen died.
 * Haymarket affair (11 November 1887), four Chicago anarchists hanged, without evidence, for the deaths of seven police officers during a labor meeting.
 * Black Friday (1910), a campaign outside the British House of Commons (18 November) of the Women's Social and Political Union after the Conciliation Bill failed.
 * Black Friday (1919), the Battle of George Square (31 January), a riot stemming from industrial unrest in Glasgow, Scotland.
 * Black Friday (1921), the announcement of British transport union leaders (15 April) not to call for strike action against wage reductions for miners.
 * Black Friday (1929), the crash of Wall Street (known as Black Thursday in America and Black Friday in Europe).
 * Black Friday (1939), a day of devastating bushfires (13 January) in Victoria, Australia, which killed 71 people.
 * Black Friday (1942), an air raid on Dartmouth, Devon (18 September).
 * Black Friday (1944), a disastrous attack by The Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada (13 October) near Woensdrecht during the Battle of the Scheldt.
 * Black Friday (1945), an air battle over Sunnfjord (9 February), the largest over Norway.
 * Hollywood Black Friday (5 October 1945), a riot at the Warner Bros. studios stemming from a Confederation of Studio Unions (CSU) strike leading to the eventual breakup of the CSU.
 * 1950 Red River Flood, which burst several dikes flooding much of Winnipeg, Manitoba (5 May).
 * The cancellation of the Avro Arrow (20 February 1959), which resulted in massive layoffs in the Canadian Aerospace industry.
 * Black Friday (1960), San Francisco City protest against the House Un-American Activities Committee.
 * Black Friday (1963), the assassination of US President John F Kennedy in Dallas, Texas on 22 November 1963.
 * Black Friday (1978), a massacre of protesters in Iran (8 September).
 * Viernes Negro, beginning of modern economic turmoil in Venezuela (18 February 1983)
 * 1985 United States-Canadian tornado outbreak, (31 May 1985).
 * Edmonton tornado (31 July 1987), a tornado touching down in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
 * Friday the 13th mini-crash (13 October 1989), a stock market crash referred to by some as the "Black Friday" crash
 * Black Friday, an event on 1992 where the screenplay for Aladdin was entirely rewritten by Jeffrey Katzenberg's order.
 * Black Friday (1993), a series of bomb explosions in Mumbai, India
 * Black Friday (19 November 1993), when production of the Pixar film Toy Story (1995) was nearly shut down due to negative reception to the reel by the Disney executives.
 * Murder of Selena (31 March 1995), nicknamed by Hispanics as "Black Friday" when American singer Selena was killed.
 * Uphaar Cinema fire (13 June 1997), in New Delhi, India.
 * Black Friday (Maldives) (13 August 2004), a crackdown in Malé, Maldives on peaceful protesters.
 * Black Friday (2005), student protesters killed in Meghalaya, India (30 September).
 * 2009 Jakarta bombings, terrorist attacks at hotels (17 July), referred to as Black Friday by The Jakarta Post.
 * Black Friday (2011), several online poker sites seized (15 April) as a result of United States v. Scheinberg et al..
 * 2013 El Reno Tornado, a record setting 2.6 mile wide EF3 tornado (May 31) that is the widest tornado on record, the second fastest wind speed on record that struck near El Reno, Oklahoma and the first fatal accident in the storm chasing community that killed 8 people including 3 storm chasers, Tim & Paul Samaras and Carl Young of TWISTEX due to numerous shifts in the path of the tornado.
 * Black Friday (2015), terrorist attacks in France, Kuwait, Syria and Tunisia (26 June), also called Bloody Friday in English.
 * November 2015 Paris attacks (13 November 2015), referred to as Black Friday (vendredi noir) by several media outlets
 * Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021, the deadliest Tornado Outbreak in the month of December (December 10) in the United States with 89 Fatalities and 672 injuries which also that produced the Quad-State Tornadic Supercell.

Repetitive events

 * Black Friday (partying), the last Friday before Christmas
 * Black Friday (shopping), the Friday after U.S. Thanksgiving Day, when shopping is extremely popular and traditionally the start of Christmas shopping.
 * Good Friday or Black Friday, a Christian observance of Jesus' crucifixion

title: List of Black Fridays


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Monkey D. Luffy

Monkey D. Luffy (モンキー・D・ルフィ), also known as "Straw Hat" Luffy, (麦わらのルフィ) is a fictional character and the protagonist in the Japanese manga series One Piece created by Eiichiro Oda. Luffy made his debut as a young boy who acquires the properties of rubber after accidentally eating one of the Devil Fruits that belonged to "Red Hair" Shanks.

Monkey D. Luffy is the captain of the Straw Hat Pirates, and dreamt of being a pirate since childhood from the influence of his idol and mentor Red-Haired Shanks. At the age of 17, Luffy sets sail from the East Blue Sea to the Grand Line in search of the legendary treasure, One Piece, to succeed Gol D. Roger as "King of the Pirates".

He fights multiple antagonists, and aids and befriends the inhabitants of several islands on his journey. Usually cheerful, he becomes serious and even aggressive when he fights. Luffy uses his rubber body to concentrate his power, executing a range of attacks. In his signature attack, the Gum-Gum Pistol, he slingshots punches at opponents from a distance. Luffy also grows stronger over the course of the story by transforming his body through different "Gears;" this is reflected in his bounty, which is used to measure the threat he poses to the World Government. He is the grandson of Monkey D. Garp, who is a vice-admiral of the Navy; the son of Monkey D. Dragon, who is the leader of the Revolutionary Army; and sworn brother of Portgas D. Ace and Sabo.

Luffy appears in most of the episodes, films, television specials, and OVAs of the manga's anime adaptations and several of the franchise's video games. Due to the series' international popularity, Luffy is one of the world's most recognizable manga and anime characters. In addition to the One Piece franchise, the character appears in a number of manga and anime series and collaborative video games. His critical reception is largely positive.

Development
When Eiichiro Oda created Luffy, he strove for a "manliness" similar to that of Akira Toriyama's Dragon Ball series. Oda said that he named his main character "Luffy" because he felt that the name suited him. When he later learned about the sailing term, "luffing", he was delighted by the coincidence. In his prototype one-shot, "Romance Dawn", Oda refined the artistic style and story elements before publishing the final product a year later as the first chapter of One Piece. In the second version of "Romance Dawn", Luffy resembled his design at the beginning of the series. After the one-shot of One Piece was made, Oda contacted his former mentor, Nobuhiro Watsuki, whom he assisted in making the manga Rurouni Kenshin. Watsuki was pleased with Luffy's characterization and advised Oda to briefly change him for the main series to make it look like Luffy is always acting on his own free will. To please his readers, Oda added rubberization to Luffy for comic effect and tries to make the character straightforward. In retrospect, Watsuki felt characters like Luffy reflect a trend of heroes who do not kill their enemies similar to his character Himura Kenshin.

Portrayals
In the original Japanese version of the One Piece anime series and later spin-offs of the franchise, Luffy is voiced by Mayumi Tanaka. Tanaka said jokingly that she regrets providing Luffy's voice because she is a mother in real life and Luffy is much younger. Asked about her voicing, Tanaka said that she "strives for reality" in scenes where Luffy speaks when he is eating or touching his nose. In the OVA Defeat the Pirate Ganzack!, Luffy was voiced by Urara Takano.

In Odex's English-dubbed VCDs produced by Voiceovers Unlimited, Luffy is voiced by Chuck Powers, the director of said English version. In this edition his name is mispronounced as "Luh-fee". The character was voiced by Erica Schroeder in 4Kids Entertainment's English-language dubs of the franchise between 2004–2006. Following Funimation/Crunchyroll's acquisition of the franchise license in 2007, Colleen Clinkenbeard became the voice of Luffy in all English-language releases.

In the live action adaptation of One Piece, Luffy is portrayed by Mexican actor Iñaki Godoy. Godoy and Tanaka reprised their roles as Luffy in the Spanish and Japanese dubs of the adaptation respectively.

Description
Luffy is usually recognizable by his straw hat, a gift from "Red-Haired" Shanks. In his early childhood, he wears a white shirt and blue shorts. The character has a scar under his left eye from stabbing himself to demonstrate his courage to Shanks and his crew. He later wears a red vest, denim shorts, and sandals, before replacing his vest with a red, unbuttoned sea captain's coat (revealing the X-shaped scar on his chest he received from Akainu), and a yellow sash tied around his waist. In an interview, Eiichiro Oda said Luffy's real-world nationality analogue is Brazilian.

Personality
Luffy is portrayed as a carefree, fun-loving, happy-go-lucky character with great ambition and a huge appetite, often thinking with his stomach and comically gorging himself. Optimistic and generally good-hearted, he is not as dimwitted as many believe him to be, and he often demonstrates more understanding than the other characters expect. Knowing the danger ahead, Luffy is willing to risk his life to become King of the Pirates and protect his crew. A capable and reliable captain, he never puts his crew or himself at risk out of incompetence. During the Loguetown story arc, Smoker (a navy captain at the time) says that Luffy "enjoys playing stupid"; Luffy responds with a mysterious smile.

He enlists Chopper and Brook for his crew not just for their personality or appearance, but also because of his instinctive ability to read people. Luffy needs key jobs filled by his crew (cook, navigator, medic, musician, and shipwright, filled by Sanji, Nami, Chopper, Brook, and Franky, respectively). At the beginning of the series, he said that he wanted at least ten crew members with abilities he felt necessary for his goal. Despite his carefree personality, each crew member respects him in their own way. Luffy is rarely concerned about the consequences of his actions, doing what he feels is right at the moment, even if it leads to retaliation by a powerful force. He is an extremely loyal captain, who has demonstrated throughout the series that he is willing to risk his life for the well-being of his crew.

Devil Fruit
Luffy's rubber attributes are a result of him eating a devil fruit called the Human-Human fruit model Sun God Nika. This devil fruit is thought to be called the Gum-Gum fruit do to the world governments propaganda. Granting him a rubber-like body, his powers make him immune to electric attacks and most blunt forces, but he is susceptible to attacks made with a sharp object or weapon (eg. sword, spear). His rubber devil fruit powers grant him the ability to stretch his body at will. He uses his elasticity to accelerate part or all of his body to deliver punches, kicks, head butts, and many other varied attacks as seen throughout the series. Although like others who have eaten a Devil Fruit, Luffy cannot swim; when he is submerged in water or contacts the Sea-Prism Stone, he loses his strength and cannot move on his own. In addition to his Devil Fruit powers, he has immense strength, durability, speed, reflexes, agility, endurance, and stamina.

Luffy's signature attack is the Gum-Gum Pistol (ゴムゴムの), a punch which he learned during years of training. Another technique developed later in the series is Gear 2 (ギア), which increases his strength and speed for a short time but strains his body and can shorten his lifespan if used too long. Observing CP9's technique, Luffy adapts the move to his rubber body and matches the assassins' speed. , another technique, uses air in his bones to attack but makes him shrink afterward. Luffy can use both techniques simultaneously; after the two year time skip, he gains better control of these techniques and is no longer affected by their drawbacks.

Luffy develops another technique, (similar to Gear 3), inflating his muscles with air to increase the size of his body (except for his legs) while his limbs are coated in Armament Haki. In contrast to Gears 2 and 3, Luffy uses compression rather than extension for his attacks, compressing and releasing his limbs to dish out devastating blows. The force of his kicks are to an extent that he uses them to fly in a similar fashion to CP9's technique.

Later, it is revealed that the Gum-Gum Fruit's real name is the "Human-Human Fruit, Model: Nika", a Mythical Zoan-type Devil Fruit whose "awakening" grants Luffy's rubber-like body increased strength and freedom, including turning the environment and other living beings into rubber, which is limited only by the user's imagination. It is for this reason that the user is said to become a trickster sun god known as the "embodiment of freedom", able to bring joy to the people around them and making it "the most ridiculous power in the world". In Gear 5 (ギア), Luffy's hair and clothes also turn white. The World Government renamed it to erase the fruit's original name from history and reclassified it as a Paramecia in order to conceal its true nature. The fruit was originally a treasure sought by the World Government for over 800 years until it was stolen by Red-haired Shanks. According to the Five Elders, the fruit had not been awakened for centuries prior to Luffy's having done so.

Haki
Luffy has the ability to use. This ability has three types:, an armor-like force, which can amplify defense and the force of attacks and negate a Devil Fruit user's defense, allow physical contact and damage; , a sixth sense, which can read a person's moves and detect their presence; and , which can render weak-willed people or animals near him unconscious. Luffy learns all those types of Haki and uses them with his improved attacks. As a result of his encounter with Magellan, he has also developed an immunity to poison (although it is shown that a strong poison may affect him, albeit very slowly). During his fight against Charlotte Katakuri, Luffy gains an advanced form of Observation Haki (Called Future Sight) to see several seconds into the future. During his time at Udon prison in Wano, Luffy gains two new advanced forms of Armament Haki. The first one is called Emission to shoot a short blast of Haki from a distance while the second one is called Internal Destruction which can also go inside his target's body or objects and destroy it from within. During his fight with Kaidou at the top of Onigashima, Luffy unlocks an advanced form of Conqueror's Haki. It is the ability to coat his entire body with it, similar to Armament Haki, which could further enhance his attacks.

Bounty
Throughout One Piece, the bounty placed on Luffy continually increases as he faces off against increasingly powerful pirates, representing his notoriety in the One Piece world. After defeating Buggy, Don Krieg, and Arlong of East Blue, early on in the series, Luffy's initial bounty is set to 30,000,000 Berries. By the major timeskip in One Piece, this number had increased to 400,000,000 Berries after defeating some of the Seven Warlords of the Sea, rampaging at Enies Lobby, and retaking Nico Robin. In current arcs, Luffy's total bounty has increased to 3 billion Berries after becoming one of the "Four Emperors in the New World."

One Piece
Luffy first appears as a young boy in Windmill Village located in the Goa kingdom, where he befriends the pirate "Red-Haired" Shanks and intends to become one himself. He accidentally eats the Gum-Gum Devil Fruit and acquires rubber powers at the cost of being unable to swim. Shanks later saves Luffy from being devoured by a Sea King, a monstrous sea beast, at the cost of his left arm. Before departing Windmill Village, Shanks gives Luffy his treasured straw hat, on the condition that he becomes a great pirate someday and returns it to him. Ten years later, Luffy leaves the village in a small fishing boat in search of the legendary treasure 'One Piece' to become the next King of the Pirates. He meets swordsman Roronoa Zoro, ocean navigator and thief Nami, cowardly marksman and liar Usopp, and chivalrous chef Sanji and invites them to join his crew, while procuring a ship named the Going Merry Luffy also encounters and defeats the top East Blue pirates Buggy the Clown, Don Krieg and the Fishman Arlong, gaining his first bounty from the Marines.

The crew enters the dangerous Grand Line on their ship, the Going Merry. Luffy encounters and offers to return Princess Nefertari Vivi of Alabasta to her homeland to stop a rebellion incited by Seven Warlords of the Sea member and Baroque Works crime syndicate leader Sir Crocodile. On the way, Nami conracts a severe illness and the crew goes to find a doctor on the winter Drum Island. After Nami is healed, the reindeer doctor Tony Tony Chopper joins the Straw Hat crew. Upon arriving in Alabasta, Luffy briefly reunites with his brother Portgas D. Ace, a commander in the Whitebeard Pirates, who is hunting the traitor Blackbeard. Luffy defeats Crocodile, though the World Government censors his involvement. Luffy then accepts Crocodile’s mysterious partner Nico Robin as the archeologist of his crew.

Robin's knowledge alerts the crew to the existence of Sky Islands. Luffy meets Blackbeard — but does not find out his name. Blackbeard encourages Luffy to find the Sky Island, saying that the dreams of pirates never die. The crew successfully reaches Skypiea, where the crew is drawn into a four-hundred-year war over land. Luffy ends the war by defeating the god Eneru.

Upon landing back in the Blue Seas, the Going Merry is heavily damaged and Luffy seeks a shipwright to repair it. He meets Marine Admiral Aokiji, who easily defeats him but allows the crew to continue their voyage. The crew arrives at Water 7, the island with the best shipwrights in the world, where Robin mysteriously leaves with members of the World Government intelligence agency Cipher Pol No. 9. Luffy's crew aligns with the cyborg shipwright Franky, initially an enemy, and storm the Government's courthouse Enies Lobby to retrieve her. Robin reveals her past as a fugitive of the Government, but the Straw Hats declare war on the Government to affirm their commitment to her. After defeating CP9 and escaping Enies Lobby, Luffy encounters his grandfather, Vice Admiral Monkey D. Garp. Garp tells him Shanks and Whitebeard are two of the Four Emperors, the most powerful pirates in the second half of the Grand Line. Luffy is surprised to learn from Garp that the leader of the Revolutionary Army which seeks to topple the World Government is Monkey D. Dragon, Luffy's father.

On the way to Fishman Island in their new ship, the Thousand Sunny, which Franky built, Luffy encounters the skeletal musician Brook. Brook accepts Luffy's offer to join the crew before declining since his shadow has been stolen. To return Brook's shadow, they defeat Warlord Gecko Moria, and Brook becomes Luffy's long-sought musician of the crew.

To enter Fishman Island, the crew takes a detour to the Sabaody Archipelago. By this time, Luffy has gained worldwide fame among the notorious rookie pirates with bounties of over 100 million Berries; these rookies are known as Supernovas and include Zoro, Trafalgar Law, Eustass Kidd, and Capone "Gang" Bege. The Roger Pirates' retired First Mate, Silvers Rayleigh, takes a liking to Luffy and agrees to coat the Thousand Sunny to sail into the ocean depths. However, the plan is derailed after Luffy attacks a World Noble for harming a friend, and the rest of the Straw Hat Pirates are easily defeated by Admiral Kizaru and scattered to different parts of the world by Warlord Bartholomew Kuma.

Stranded on Amazon Lily, an island ruled by the warlord Boa Hancock, Luffy impresses her with his bravery and selflessness. While on Amazon Lily, Luffy learns that his brother Ace was defeated by Blackbeard and handed over to the World Government for execution. Hancock helps him infiltrate the underwater prison Impel Down to rescue Ace. Inside he meets previous foes and new allies, such as former Warlords Crocodile and Arlong's old captain Jimbei. Along with Buggy and members of the Revolutionary Army, Luffy frees the prisoners, but Ace is transferred to Marineford for his execution. Luffy and Buggy lead the prisoners into the war in Marineford between the navy and Whitebeard's forces. Whitebeard is eventually impressed by Luffy's spirit and orders his men to support Luffy directly. Although Ace is freed, he gives his life to save Luffy from Admiral Akainu. A broken-hearted Luffy is evacuated with Jimbei from Marineford by Trafalgar Law.

Returning to Amazon Lily, Luffy remembers first meeting Ace; after Shanks left Windmill Village, Luffy's grandfather Garp left him in the care of his friend, the bandit Curly Dadan. Luffy befriends Ace and Sabo, who are like brothers to him, but Sabo is seemingly killed by a World Noble. After returning to Marineford to send a hidden message to his crew, Luffy trains with Rayleigh on Ruskaina Island to learn Haki.

Two years later, the Straw Hats reunite and finally make it to Fishman Island. Luffy and the others meet Jimbei and the island's princess, Shirahoshi, and are drawn into a battle for the island against the Fishman supremacist Hody Jones. He, the crew, and Jimbei conceive a plan to defeat Hody and his henchmen in a way that will alleviate racial tensions between humans and fish-men. After Hody's defeat, Jimbei promises to join the crew at a later date and Fishman Island seeks to join the Reverie summit of human kings, held every four years. Luffy learns Akainu was promoted to Fleet Admiral and Blackbeard replaced Whitebeard as one of the Four Emperors. Luffy begins a feud with Emperor Big Mom over control of Fishman Island. The crew leaves the ocean depths and enters the secret New World island, Punk Hazard.

Upon arriving at Punk Hazard, half of the crew is captured by Caesar Clown, a subordinate of the Warlord and underworld broker Donquixote Doflamingo. Luffy and his crew ally with Trafalgar Law, now a Warlord, who plans to kidnap Caesar as part of a plan to take down Doflamingo and eventually his customer, Emperor Kaido. Samurai from the Wano Country, Kinemon, and Momonosuke join the alliance to venture to Dressrosa, the kingdom ruled by Doflamingo.

With Caesar hostage, the alliance lands on Dressrosa, where Luffy enters a tournament to win Ace's Devil Fruit. Here he finds out that Sabo is still alive and is part of the Revolutionary Army. Sabo wins the tournament, and with Luffy's blessing, Sabo consumes Ace's Devil Fruit. Due to the machinations of Doflamingo, some of the crew is forced to leave for the island of Zou. Luffy and the rest of the crew are forced to fight for their lives when they stumble on the truth of Doflamingo's operations, who attempts to kill everyone in Dressrosa to keep the truth of his rule hidden. With the aid of his fellow competitors in the tournament, Luffy defeats Doflamingo. In the aftermath, seven pirate crews pledge their loyalty to Luffy, despite his protests, marking the formation of the Straw Hat Grand Fleet.

Afterward, the remaining crew and their friends arrive at Zou and learn it was devastated by Kaido's army. Luffy also learns that Sanji, who joined the first group to Zou, had been blackmailed by his family into an arranged marriage to the daughter of Emperor Big Mom. The crew learns from the Mink Tribe about the Road Poneglyphs and their connection to the final island Laugh Tale, where the One Piece is. An alliance between the Samurai, Mink, Straw Hats and Law is made to defeat Kaido, who rules over Wano via a puppet Shogun.

Before storming Wano, half the crew, along with the Mink warriors Pedro and Carrot, infiltrate Big Mom's territory Tottoland both to retrieve Sanji and copy the writing on the Road Poneglyph that Big Mom has in her possession. Luffy and Sanji learn the wedding is a set-up to murder Sanji's family and steal their advanced technology, while Brook steals a printing of the Road Poneglyph. The crew reunites with Jimbei, revealed to be indebted to Big Mom but intent on defecting to Luffy's crew. They ally with Capone Bege to assassinate Big Mom at the wedding, though the plan goes awry. As the crew attempts to escape, Luffy defeats her general Charlotte Katakuri, discovering an advanced application of Observation Haki in the process. Jimbei formally joins the crew, but stays behind to aid his former Fishman crewmates in holding off the Big Mom Pirates as Luffy's crew escapes.

News of Luffy's fight with Big Mom and the reveal of the Straw Hat Grand Fleet cause Luffy's bounty to skyrocket. Meanwhile, the Straw Hats are separated entering the Wano Country. Luffy befriends the residents and promises to improve their lives. After Kaido attacks his friend Tama, Luffy challenges the Emperor but is defeated and thrown in prison. There, he re-encounters Eustass Kid and trains under Hyogoro of the Flower, learning a new form of Armament Haki that will enable him to damage Kaido. Luffy's allies liberate the prison and makes plans to attack the island of Onigashima where Kaido resides. Jimbei arrives in Wano, and on the night of Wano's annual Fire Festival, an alliance of the Straw Hat, Heart and Kid pirates, the retainers of Kozuki Oden and an army of Samurai, launch a raid on Onigashima. Luffy faces Kaido across several bouts that push him to his limits. The Five Elders send CP0 to interfere with the fight, fearing the repercussions of Luffy winning. Despite suffering an apparently fatal blow from Kaido as a result, the thrill triggers the awakening of Luffy's Devil Fruit—now revealed to be the mythical Human-Human Fruit, Model: Nika. In his new transformation, dubbed "Gear Fifth", Luffy can fight in any shape he likes and successfully overwhelms Kaido, liberating Wano from his rule. A week after these events, Luffy is pronounced a new member of the Four Emperors.

After departing Wano, the Straw Hats reach the island of Egghead where the World Government's lead scientist Dr. Vegapunk resides. Jewelry Bonney also arrives, seeking to avenge her father Kuma's transformation into a cyborg by Vegapunk Vegapunk admits to having studied the forbidden Void Century and requests that the Straw Hats help him escape an assassination attempt by CP0. The situation escalates when CP0 informs the Government of Luffy's presence, and St. Jaygarcia Saturn arrives personally to eliminate him, accompanied by Kizaru.

In other media
Luffy has appeared in every One Piece video game to date, including Jump Super Stars and Jump Ultimate Stars, and is featured in the 2006 Dragon Ball Z-One Piece-Naruto crossover game Battle Stadium D.O.N. Luffy, Son Goku and Naruto Uzumaki were avatars in the MMORPG Second Life for a Jump Festa promotion, "Jumpland@Second Life". Luffy has also been mentioned in songs. He sings about being a wanted pirate in "Wanted!" and about One Piece in "Every-One Piece!" Luffy is a major playable character in the crossover game J-Stars Victory VS. Luffy and several other characters joined the cast of Dragon Ball in a spinoff entitled Cross Epoch. On April 3, 2011, Luffy and the other One Piece protagonists appeared in the first episode of the Toriko anime series and the crossover manga chapter. Luffy made a cameo appearance in a Weekly Shonen Jump episode of To Love-Ru, and the Gum-Gum was mentioned in the 50th episode of the Gin Tama anime series.

Critical reception
According to Funimation Entertainment's Mike McFarland and Christopher Sabat, Luffy was more likable than Dragon Ball Son Goku. Joe McCulloch preferred Luffy to Naruto Uzumaki from Naruto because Luffy "work[ed] his ass off" to achieve his goals after accidentally acquiring his powers. Luffy has been praised in a number of publications. T.H.E.M. Anime Reviews called Luffy "likabl[y] goofy" and an idealist with infectious optimism. In a review of One Piece The Movie: Dead End no Bōken, the fourth One Piece film, The Star Online described him as "an airhead and brilliant fighter". Rika Takahashi of EX wrote that Luffy's stretching powers set One Piece apart from "the old stereotypical adventure manga" and the many other "combat-oriented mangas [sic]", making the series "something new and interesting". Anime News Network (ANN) writer Zac Bertschy found Luffy reminiscent of Rurouni Kenshin character Himura Kenshin in personality and attitude, but still thought him entertaining. Mania Entertainment's Bryce Coulter called Luffy a "great shonen hero". ANN's Carl Kimlinger wrote, "Colleen Clinkenbeard's Luffy continues to grow on you".

Popularity
Luffy ranked first in all of One Piece Characters Official Popularity Poll. The only main protagonists that achieved ranked first in all of their correspondent popularity polls are Luffy and Gintoki Sakata. On The 1st Global One Piece Characters Popularity Poll, the latest official popularity poll of One Piece in which more than 12 million voted from all over the world, Luffy topped the list having total votes of 1,637,921.

NTT customers chose Luffy as their second-favorite black-haired male anime character. The Gum-Gum Gatling technique topped the male category in a Japanese survey of the most popular moves in manga and anime. Luffy was even nominated in the Best Male Character category for the 2008 Society for the Promotion of Japanese Animation Awards. He ranked 22nd on Chris Mackenzie's IGN list of top-25 anime characters of all time. In a Japanese TV special from August 2017, Luffy was voted as the 8th "strongest hero" from the Showa Era as well as the 4th one from the Heisei Era.

Luffy had appeared in magazines, Japanese television shows, manga etc. Luffy was the first manga character that had been on the cover in the Men's Non-No fashion magazine's 24-year history and his clothes were designed by Shinichi "Miter" Mita. He also appeared in the cover of a famous fashion magazine, ELLE MEN together with Roronoa Zoro after the collaboration between One Piece and Gucci. He had appeared in CGI in the semi-annual live-action television series Yo nimo Kimyō na Monogatari (Tales of the Unusual) for the celebration of the series's 25th anniversary. He appeared together with the Japanese actor and model Hiroshi Abe. Costumed character version of Luffy together with Goku appeared at the 39th International Emmy Awards Gala in New York and they stood on stage for presentation of the Children & Young People Award, won by the Chilean Children's program ¿Con Qué Sueñas? (What is your Dream?). In the final chapter of Naruto, Boruto Uzumaki makes a drawing of Luffy as a legacy of him and the series. In a Weekly Shonen Jump manga, Tsugihagi Hyouryuu Sakka (a character resembling Luffy) says, "Instead of saying what you hate, say what you like!". In the One Piece manga, Luffy cited but changed it to "Instead of saying what you like, say what you hate!" The meme was acknowledged in the crossover fighting game, J-Stars Victory VS. Toei Animation sponsored the Italian Pallavolo Modena volleyball team in 2008; Pietro Rinaldi and Edoardo Ciabattini's black uniforms were decorated with an image of Luffy on the front.

Takashi Kawamura, mayor of Nagoya City in Japan, had cosplayed Luffy in the 10th World Cosplay Summit in which 40 cosplayers from 20 countries and regions all over the world were competing. Also, the famous Japanese actress and model Kanna Hashimoto had cosplayed Luffy in the celebration of One Piece's manga 18th anniversary. She dressed up as Luffy (albeit in a feminine reinterpretation) for Weekly Shonen Jump's combined 37-38 issue.

Miltiadis Tentoglou of Greece posed Luffy's Gear 2 during his entrance before the Long Jump finals on Tokyo Olympics 2020 and won Gold Medal. Another Olympic gold medalist Massimo Stano pulled out Luffy’s Gear 3 pose just as he was crossing the finish line. As well as Major League Soccer player Nicolas Benezet imitated Luffy's Gear 2 pose after scoring a goal on Sunday night in his first match with Seattle Sounders FC. China's most popular actor Xiao Zhan stated on his interview that he wanted to be like Luffy. He admired Luffy because, "he had been working hard to realize his ideals and despite always facing difficulties he never give up". Gear 5 was acclaimed by Polygon as one of anime's most iconic power ups ever due to the handling of Luffy's movements as he starts acting like Looney Tunes cartoon and becomes unique in battle.

title: Monkey D. Luffy