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Wikipedia:Verbatim copying under the GFDL

Verbatim copying under the GFDL is one of the ways to reuse Wikipedia articles and other material. You may only use this approach for pages that do not incorporate text that is exclusively available under CC-BY-SA or a CC-BY-SA-compatible license. See Re-use of text under the GNU Free Documentation License.

For the purposes of this discussion, Wikipedia is considered to be a Collection of Documents. (An alternative interpretation could be that Wikipedia is a single Document, which invalidates the discussion on this page.) Each Document comprises:

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 * Title Page
 * Main Text – the publicly editable text of the document.
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Other content, such as the sidebar links, the Wikipedia logo, and so forth, are not considered part of the Document, though you may consider them to be "cover pages" for the Document. An article's talk page is considered a separate Document. An image and its associated image description page is considered a separate Document.

A verbatim copy of a Wikipedia Document is copying that qualifies under section 2 (verbatim copying) of the GFDL. Verbatim is usually defined as "word for word".

Webpage copies
For verbatim copying on the Internet (i.e., setting up mirrors of Wikipedia), the following restrictions apply:

Title
You may not change the Title. For example, in this document, the Title is Wikipedia:Verbatim copying under the GFDL.

Title Page
The "Title Page" is the text just below the title, before the start of the article proper. This is currently "", but was previously (briefly) "Find out how you can help support Wikipedia's phenomenal growth", etc.

Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation. In the case of verbatim copies, "" is a simple statement of fact, and wouldn't be a trademark infringement.

Main Text
You may not add, remove, or change any content or links within the Main Text itself, except:

 * 1) Optionally, you may change links to other Wikipedia articles to point somewhere other than the local version at your site, which they will normally point to. (legally questionable)
 * 2) *if you prefer not to do this, a page with a redirect at your own site will accomplish the same result.
 * 3) Optionally, you may remove links to Wikipedia articles that have not been copied locally. (legally questionable)
 * 4) Optionally, you may make unlimited formatting and linking changes (provided such changes do not have the effect of obscuring certain words). (legally questionable)

Here are the legally questionable bits:

 * 1) Wikipedia articles use relative links, so no changes are required to point to your own copy of an article. If you don't have a local version, the effect is a broken link. Changing the link text to point to a copy of the article thus produces the same semantic result, even if it changes the HTML. Either way, the underlying transparent copy, the wikitext itself, is not changed.
 * 2) The removal of links to non-copied articles may be excused as a side effect of your use of section 6 (collections of documents) – the act of "extraction" includes the act of removing those links.
 * 3) Verbatim copying may be considered to be "word for word" copying, as opposed to "exact copy", which would include such details as formatting (for the written word), intonation (for the spoken word), and so forth.

Note that the link text itself (typically a few words, and underlined) may not be changed.

Images
As inline images are considered to be aggregated with the Document, rather than part of the Document, you may add or remove any number of images at any place, with any copyright status, and still be making a verbatim copy, as you are not modifying the Document. This interpretation of images as being aggregated is the official position of Jimbo Wales, and by extension the Wikimedia Foundation. (see, for example).

Making verbatim copies of images
Many images on Wikipedia are licensed under the GFDL. In these cases, according to the aggregation interpretation, each image and its image description page (and possibly its upload history and the "page history" of its image description page – see History Section in this essay) form an Article. You can therefore make verbatim copies of this image and use it similarly to Wikipedia. In other words, there must be an easy way to view the image description information of each image that you use. In an HTML copy, you might display this if the user clicks on the image. In a printed copy, you might attach the image description information in a separate appendix. Note that if you use GFDL images to illustrate your own written work, according to the aggregation interpretation, you do not need to license your written work under the GFDL.

Other images on Wikipedia licensed under other licenses, such as Creative Commons licenses, are also treated as aggregated. For information on how to reuse these images, check the details of the appropriate license. Again, according to the aggregation interpretation, you do not need to license your written work under the same license to use these images.

History Section
As the GFDL was never intended for wiki articles, things get complicated. Some interpret the GFDL as applied to Wikipedia such that the "history" link (known as the "page history" in some skins) is the GFDL History Section. Thus, you should at least include this "by reference" by linking to it. Regardless of the legalities, we would appreciate sub-licensees adding such a "link back". Because the page history will change if the article is edited after your copy, the date of copying should be given, to allow users to reconstruct the page history at the time of copying. Ideally, the link text should include the word "history", and it should be made clear that the history is to be considered part of the article (for example, on your copyrights page).

A legally questionable alternative is to link to the entire source article on Wikipedia (as above), with the understanding that its "page history" is thus included by reference. More conservatively, take a static copy of the entire page history, host it locally, and link to it. More conservatively still, take such a static copy and append it to the end of the article.

The "page history" complies with the spirit of the GFDL History requirements. However, the "page history"...
 * ... is often very large, and can be much larger than the article itself.
 * ... does not include a record of the changing titles of articles that have been moved, which the GFDL would require.
 * ... is not "Entitled" History in the Classic, Cologne Blue, or Nostalgia skins, which the GFDL would require.
 * ... is incomplete in many articles, notably those that have been merged or split, in very old pages, in pages moved or translated between Wikimedia projects, or in pages sourced in part from external GFDL sources.
 * ... is not guaranteed by the Wikimedia Foundation to be retained.

An alternative interpretation is that the "page history" should be considered a separate Document (as with the Talk page). Thus, you may ignore the page for the purposes of verbatim copying. If the body text includes a section entitled "History", then you should copy that along with the rest of the body text.

There are issues with this interpretation also:
 * It requires Wikipedia to be viewed as a collection of collaborative original works (except articles with explicit "History" sections) rather than a collection of Derivative Works.
 * It requires Wikipedia contributors to have implicitly granted a license to combine contributions freely and redistribute the result under the GFDL.
 * You may need to add information regarding the five most significant contributors to each Article. There are tools to aid this.

There has been no official declaration from the Wikimedia foundation that the "page history" is or is not intended to represent the GFDL History Section.

License and Copyright Statement
Here you have more freedom, chiefly because Wikipedia's current License and Copyright Statement is itself questionable. However:
 * You must link to a local copy of the GFDL.
 * You must make it clear that the content from Wikipedia is available under the GFDL license.

Aggregation and cover pages
Under section 7 (aggregation with independent works) you may aggregate the Document with other separate and independent documents or works. There are two forms of aggregation worth noting:

 * Embedding a Wikipedia Document within a larger webpage. (legally questionable)
 * Running a website that includes both Wikipedia Documents and other (copyrighted) documents or works.

The use of embedding as a form of aggregation is dubious because it could equally be considered to be the creation of a derivative work. You can support the "aggregation" interpretation by designing your webpage to logically separate the verbatim copy of the Wikipedia page from the rest of your content, by use of colour, lines, and other markup.

You could also consider brief headers and footers on an HTML page to be "cover pages", as discussed in section 3, though again this is legally questionable. The GFDL states that "copying with changes limited to the covers [...] can be treated as verbatim copying [...]".

If you aggregate Wikipedia content with other content, you may claim a compilation copyright for the whole. This means that others cannot copy the whole without your permission. The GFDL forbids you from using the compilation copyright to restrict the rights of users of the Wikipedia parts of your aggregation.

Copying in Quantity
If you are copying more than 100 copies (printed or otherwise), then section 3 (copying in quantity) comes into play. One of the requirements is that you distribute machine-readable copies. If you are distributing an online copy of Wikipedia, your HTML pages are considered machine-readable copies.

Printed Copies
If you are distributing printed copies, you still need to offer machine-readable copies. You can do so by providing one of the following:

 * A machine-readable copy of your selection (e.g., on CDs)
 * A URL for a machine-readable copy hosted by you (must remain available for a year after publishing)
 * (legally questionable) A URL for Wikipedia

Relying on Wikipedia is legally questionable because pages, images, and individual revisions on Wikipedia are routinely deleted from public view. The GFDL requires that "reasonably prudent steps" to guarantee that the machine-readable copy "will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year." Wikipedia as a whole is very likely to still be accessible in a year, but it could be taken down for legal or financial reasons. Additionally, the Wikimedia Foundation makes no guarantee to retain a machine-readable copy of articles.

If you choose not to rely on Wikipedia, download the database, strip it of any content that you are not redistributing, and either distribute it with your copies, or else host it on a webserver for a year. Alternatively, if you are only copying a handful of pages, it may be easier to just host the HTML of the pages you are copying.

If you distribute a Wikipedia article in printed form, you cannot "link" to a local copy of the GFDL. Instead, you must additionally print out a copy of Text of the GNU Free Documentation License for each copy of the Wikipedia article you distribute, and distribute them together. We recommend you distribute the "printable version" of the article, and the "printable version" of the text of the GFDL.

If you are distributing a selection of Wikipedia articles in printed form, you must include one copy of the GFDL in each selection.

As with webpage copying, there are potential issues to do with the "page history", which some allege counts as the history subunit (see above) and hence part of the Document. If you accept this interpretation, then you would need to print out the entire "page history" of the article (you may need to URL-hack to get the entire page history on a single webpage).

Verbatim copies of images
Some images hosted on Wikipedia are available under the GFDL, some are available under other licenses, some are used under fair use, and some are public domain.

If you wish to take verbatim copies of GFDL images from Wikipedia, you should distribute them with a verbatim copy of the image description page, including the section giving the dates and sizes of the various uploads. Viewers of the images must be able to view this image description page. For web copies, consider displaying this information if the image is clicked. For printed copies, this information might go in an appendix, giving the page number where you use the image in question.

For images under other licenses, consult the license in question.

Legally binding terms
Wikipedia does not give legal advice. This page contains our interpretation of the GFDL, but it is not legally binding. For the binding legal terms see the text of the GNU Free Documentation License, particularly section two. See also Copyrights.


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USS Maddox

USS Maddox may refer to:

 * USS Maddox (DD-168), christened in 1918, the ship was transferred to the Royal Navy, then Soviet Navy, and finally given back to the Royal Navy
 * USS Maddox (DD-622), christened in 1942 and sunk the next year by a German bomber
 * USS Maddox (DD-731), christened in 1944. After a short career in World War II and participation in the Korean War. This warship was involved in the Vietnam War's Gulf of Tonkin Incident, which led to direct open warfare between the nation of North Vietnam and the United States on 7 August 1964 (Tonkin Gulf Resolution).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: USS Maddox


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Locoweed

Locoweed (also crazyweed and loco) is a common name in North America for any plant that produces swainsonine, an alkaloid harmful to livestock. Worldwide, swainsonine is produced by a small number of species, most of them in three genera of the flowering plant family Fabaceae: Oxytropis and Astragalus in North America, and Swainsona in Australia. The term locoweed usually refers only to the North American species of Oxytropis and Astragalus, but this article includes the other species as well. Some references may incorrectly list Datura as locoweed.

Locoweed is relatively palatable to livestock, and some individual animals will seek it out. Livestock poisoned by chronic ingestion of large amounts of swainsonine develop a medical condition known as locoism (swainsonine disease, swainsonine toxicosis in North America) and pea struck in Australia. Locoism is reported most often in cattle, sheep, and horses, but has also been reported in elk and deer. It is the most widespread poisonous plant problem in the western United States.

Most of the 2,000 species of Astragalus, including many that are commonly known as locoweeds, do not produce swainsonine. Some species, including a few that produce swainsonine, accumulate selenium. This has led to confusion between swainsonine poisoning and selenium poisoning due to this genus.

History and etymology
The first technical account (in English) of locoism was published in 1873, in the United States. Linguists have documented locoism in use among English speakers by 1889, and both loco and locoweed in use by 1844.

Loco, a loanword from Spanish, is understood by most English-speaking users in the sense of crazy, and this appears to have also been the sense understood by vaqueros. In Spanish, however, loco has an older, different sense. In Spain, where the native Astragalus species are not known to cause locoism, for centuries loco has been applied to some of these species in the sense of rambling: common names include yerba loca (hierba loca; rambling herb) and chocho loco (rambling lupine).

The presence of a toxin in locoweed was demonstrated in 1909. Initially, the toxin was reported to be a barium compound, but that was soon disproved. Swainsonine, first isolated from Swainsona, was shown to be responsible for pea struck in 1979, and was reported in both Oxytropis and Astragalus in 1982.

Since 1982, swainsonine has been isolated from still more plants, some of which also are reported to cause locoism or medical conditions similar to it. The first report of locoism in South America, involving Astragalus pehuenches, was published in 2000.

Taxa producing swainsonine
Swainsonine is produced by a small number of species, including species in several genera of plants and two genera of fungi.

Oxytropis is distributed throughout western North America, particularly in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains. However, most species of Oxytropis have narrow habitat requirements and within those habitats are abundant only in unusually wet years. The species most frequently encountered by livestock are O. lambertii (Lambert locoweed, purple locoweed, woolly locoweed) and especially Oxytropis sericea (white locoweed, white point locoweed, white point loco). Swainsonine has also been found in O. campestris (in Canada).

Some species of Astragalus (milkvetch) are also referred to as locoweed. Swainsonine has been found in:
 * A. earlei (Big Bend loco)
 * A. mollissimus (purple woolly loco)
 * A. pubentissimus (green river milkvetch)
 * A. lentiginosis (spotted locoweed, freckled milkvetch)
 * A. wootoni (garbancillo)
 * A. nothoxys (sheep milkvetch)
 * A. tephrodes (ashen milkvetch)
 * A. humistratus (ground cover milkvetch)

In Argentina, locoism (locoismo) was first reported in 2000. A flock of sheep grazing a pasture with Astragalus pehuenches was poisoned and 220 sheep (73%) died. Although this was the first report of locoism in South America, swainsonine had been isolated previously from A. pehuenches and several other species in Argentina and Peru.

In the Old World, native plants causing locoism have not been reported. Astragalus lusitanicus in Morocco was suspected, but has been shown be neither a producer of swainsonine nor an accumulator of selenium. Its toxicity is suspected to be due to a novel alkaloid.

In Australia, species of Swainsona (Darling pea) that cause pea struck include:
 * S. luteola
 * S. greyana (hairy Darling pea)
 * S. galegifolia (smooth Darling pea)

Astragalus and Oxytropis are two of 20 genera (and 78 names of genera) in the tribe Galegeae, subtribe Astragalinae. Some authorities include Swainsona in the subtribe. Formerly, Swainsona was in another subtribe, Coluteinae, that has been combined into Astragalinae.

Swainsonine has also been isolated from Sida carpinifolia and Ipomoea carnea, and both species have been reported to cause locoism.

Embellisia, a fungus isolated from Oxytropis lambertii, has also been shown to produce swainsonine and to cause locoism in rats. Rhizoctonia leguminicola, a fungal plant pathogen that may occur on red clover (Trifolium pratense), also produces swainsonine. Although intoxication due to this fungus resembles locoism, it has additional signs and symptoms due to the production of other toxins.

Pathology
Intoxication with swainsonine has several kinds of effect.

Livestock that graze for several weeks on locoweed (and little else) develop a lysosomal storage disease similar to genetic mannosidosis. Swainsonine inhibits a lysosomal enzyme, alpha-mannosidase. This results in abnormal accumulation of the molecules normally processed by the enzyme, and this accumulation leads to vacuolation of most tissues. Vacuolation is most obvious in neurons and epithelial cells. The vacuolation resolves shortly after poisoning is discontinued, but if the vacuolation is so severe that it destroys cells, it may result in some neurologic damage that is irreversible and permanent. The damage is highly varied. In cattle at high altitude, complications of locoism can include congestive heart failure.

Diagnosis
Diagnosis of clinical poisoning is generally made by documenting exposure, identifying the neurologic signs, and analyzing blood serum for alpha-mannosidase activity and swainsonine.

In mule deer, clinical signs of locoism are similar to chronic wasting disease. Histological signs of vacuolation provide a differential diagnosis.

Sub-clinical intoxication has been investigated in cattle grazing on Astragalus mollissimus. As the estimated intake of swainsonine increased, blood serum alpha-mannosidase activity and albumin decreased, and alkaline phosphatase and thyroid hormone increased.

Prevention
Because O. sericea is both frequently encountered and relatively palatable to livestock, it is an important cause of economic losses in livestock production. Keeping livestock away from locoweed-infested pasture in spring and fall when grass and other forbs are not actively growing is recommended. Another suggested remedy is to provide palatable supplemental nutrients if animals are to be kept in infested pasture. These remedies take into account livestock preference for locoweed during seasons when grass is dry and not very nutritious. Conditioned food aversion has been used experimentally to discourage livestock from eating it. In horses, a small study has shown promising results using lithium chloride as the aversive agent.

title: Locoweed


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Worshipful Company of Carpenters

The Worshipful Company of Carpenters is a livery company of the City of London. The Carpenters were traditionally different from a fellow wood-crafting company, the Worshipful Company of Joiners and Ceilers, in that carpenters utilised nails while joiners used adhesives to attach wood.

The organisation existed in 1271; it received a Royal Charter of incorporation in 1477. As is the case with most of the other livery companies, the Company no longer has a role as a trade association of tradesmen and craftsmen. Instead, it acts as a charitable institution and supports education in wood-related fields.

In 1767 the Company purchased an estate at Stratford, London. In 1886 it opened an evening institute on the Carpenters Estate there, offering classes in carpentry, joinery, plumbing, geometry, mechanical drawing and cookery. In 1891, the Carpenter's Institute had become a day school for boys. The school closed in 1905 when the local authority opened its own school.

The Company ranks twenty-sixth in the order of precedence of livery companies. The Company's motto is "Honour God". Its guild church is All Hallows-on-the-Wall, where the Company has held its annual elections for over 600 years. The livery hall, Carpenters Hall, is at Throgmorton Avenue; it is a Grade II listed building.

Founded in 1724, the Carpenters' Company of the City and County of Philadelphia was modelled after the Worshipful Company of Carpenters.

title: Worshipful Company of Carpenters


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George Gilfillan

Rev George Gilfillan (30 January 1813 – 13 August 1878) was a Scottish author and poet. One of the spasmodic poets, Gilfillan was also an editor and commentator, with memoirs, critical dissertations in many editions of earlier British poetry.

Early life and education
George Gilfillan was born at Comrie, Perthshire, the eleventh of twelve children. His father, the Rev. Samuel Gilfillan, the author of some theological works, was for many years minister of a Secession congregation. His mother, Rachel Barlas, the daughter of another Secession minister, was a notable beauty often spoken of as "The Star of the North".

In 1825 he went to study at the University of Glasgow, where his classmates included John Eadie, William Hanna and Archibald Campbell Tait, the future Archbishop of Canterbury. In 1833 he studied for a year in Mid Calder before moving on to Edinburgh where he received warm encouragement from the professor of moral philosophy, John Wilson, better known as Christopher North. Here, he formed friendships with Thomas Aird, Thomas de Quincey, and Thomas Carlyle.

He was licensed by the Presbytery of Edinburgh as a probationer in 1835, but declined an invitation to take on his late father's congregation in Comrie. On 23 March the following year he was ordained as minister of the School Wynd church in Dundee, a post he would hold for the rest of his life. Later that year, on 22 November, he married Margaret Valentine, daughter of a farmer and factor in Kincardineshire. He was actively involved Dundee's cultural societies and a key figure in the city's literary life in the mid-Nineteenth Century.

Works
Gilfillan published a volume of his discourses in 1839, and shortly afterwards another sermon on Hades, which brought him under the scrutiny of his co-presbyters, and was ultimately withdrawn from circulation.

Gilfillan next contributed a series of sketches of celebrated contemporary authors to the Dumfries Herald, then edited by Thomas Aird; these, with several new ones, formed his first Gallery of Literary Portraits, which appeared in 1846 and had a wide circulation. It was quickly followed by a Second and a Third Gallery.

In 1851 his most successful work, the Bards of the Bible, appeared. His aim was that it should be a poem on the Bible and it was far more rhapsodical than critical, being in Gilfillan's words 'a Prose Poem, or Hymn, in honour of the Poetry and Poets of the inspired volume with occasional divergence into the analysis of Scripture characters, and cognate fields of literature or of speculation '. His Martyrs and Heroes of the Scottish Covenant appeared in 1832, and in 1856 he produced a partly autobiographical, partly fabulous, History of a Man. From 1853 to 1860 he was occupied with editing Cassell's 48-volume Library Edition of the British Poets.

In 1858 he published a 3-volume edition of Thomas Percy's Reliques of Ancient English Poetry, consisting of old heroic ballads, songs, and other pieces from our earlier poets, authoring a prefatory 'Memoir and Critical Dissertation' entitled 'Life of Thomas Percy, Bishop of Dromore; with Remarks on Ballad Poetry.' Although Gilfillan and Charles Cowden Clarke published the Reliques for Cassell in 1877, Gilfillan's 1858 edition was simultaneously published by James Nichol in Edinburgh, in London by James Nisbet, and in Dublin by W. Robertson, appealing to ready markets in Scotland and Ireland. As a lecturer and as a preacher he drew large crowds, but his literary reputation proved exceptionally temporary. He died, aged 65, having just finished a new life of Burns designed to accompany a new edition of the works of that poet.

Poetry
For thirty years he was engaged upon a long poem, Night, which was published in 1867, but its theme was too vast, vague and unmanageable, and, according to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, the result was considered a failure. This, Gilfillan's major work is in ten parts, he described in his preface as being 'to an extent miscellaneous in its materials, following thus a type which once extensively prevailed in poetry.'

As a poetry critic, Gilfillan was the champion of the spasmodic poets. He supported the work of Ellen Johnston, who was known as "The Factory Girl" because of her humble origins.

Support for working-class poets
Gilfillan was a supporter of working-class poets, believing them to be less influenced by the works of others than better educated writers. In a preface to a book of poems by Janet Hamilton he wrote:

"The self-taught have usually greater freshness of feeling in beholding nature, and a keener sympathy with men, than the better instructed. Having read fewer descriptions, they look at the thing described more exactly as it is. Many see not nature's thunderstorm, but Thomson's or Byron's; not Bruar-water itself, but Burns' picture of it; Scott's Trossachs, not the beautiful place itself; and hence, often when they try to describe such scenes, they merely dilute the descriptions of others and produce shadows of shades. The self-taught simply record the contact between their own genius and Nature's works."

This support backfired somewhat when one of his proteges, William McGonagall, gained a reputation as the worst poet in the English language. McGonagall's Address to the Rev. George Gilfillan, the first poem he ever wrote, is arguably the only reason modern readers remember Gilfillan – though modern adherents have attempted to revive his memory.

Death and funeral
In later life he was minister of the United Presbyterian Church on South Lindsay Street and was living at 5 Paradise Road, north of the city centre.

Gilfillan died after a very short illness on 13 August 1878 at the house of a Mr Valentine in Brechin, having travelled to that town to officiate at the wedding of a niece. He had given a sermon that Sunday on the subject of sudden death.

He was buried at the cemetery in Balgay, in a funeral procession of three thousand people. The occasion was memorialised in another McGonagall poem.

Memorial
Gilfillan Memorial Church was erected at the foot of Whitehall Street, Dundee, in 1888 to a design by Malcolm Stark. The congregation the church houses was formed by members of School Wynd Church who had elected the radical David McCrae of Greenock to succeed Gilfillan as minister. However, McCrae, whose views against the concept of eternal damnation Gilfillan had supported, had been declared to no longer be a minister by the UP Church. The majority of the School Wynd congregation ignored this edict and left the UP church to set up their own independent church under McCrae, taking the name of their popular minister. Several portraits of Gilfillan exist.

A biography of Gilfillan by Aileen Black was published in 2006.

title: George Gilfillan


text:
Grey seal

The grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) is a large seal of the family Phocidae, which are commonly referred to as "true seals" or "earless seals". The only species classified in the genus Halichoerus, it is found on both shores of the North Atlantic Ocean. In Latin, Halichoerus grypus means "hook-nosed sea pig". Its name is spelled gray seal in the US; it is also known as Atlantic seal and the horsehead seal.

Taxonomy
There are two recognized subspecies of this seal:

The type specimen of H. g. grypus (Zoological Museum of Copenhagen specimen ZMUC M11-1525, caught in 1788 off the island of Amager, Danish part of the Baltic Sea) was believed lost for many years but was rediscovered in 2016, and a DNA test showed it belonged to a Baltic Sea specimen rather than from Greenland, as had previously been assumed (because it was first described in Otto Fabricius' book on the animals in Greenland: Fauna Groenlandica). The name H. g. grypus was therefore transferred to the Baltic subspecies (replacing H. g. macrorhynchus), and the name H. g. atlantica resurrected for the Atlantic subspecies.

Molecular studies have indicated that the eastern and western Atlantic populations have been genetically distinct for at least one million years, and could potentially be considered separate subspecies.

Description
This is a fairly large seal, with bulls in the eastern Atlantic populations reaching 1.95 – long and weighing 170 - 310 kg; the cows are much smaller, typically 1.6 – long and 100 – in weight. Individuals from the western Atlantic are often much larger, with males averaging up to 2.7 m and reaching a weight of as much as 400 kg and females averaging up to 2.05 m and sometimes weighing up to 250 kg. Record-sized bull grey seals can reach about 3.3 m in length. A common average weight in Great Britain was found to be about 233 kg for males and 154.6 kg for females whereas in Nova Scotia, Canada, adult males averaged 294.6 kg and adult females averaged 224.5 kg. It is distinguished from the smaller harbor seal by its straight head profile, nostrils set well apart, and fewer spots on its body. Wintering hooded seals can be confused with grey seals as they are about the same size and somewhat share a large-nosed look but the hooded has a paler base colour and usually evidences a stronger spotting. Grey seals lack external ear flaps and characteristically have large snouts. Bull greys have larger noses and a less curved profile than harbor seal bulls. Males are generally darker than females, with lighter patches and often scarring around the neck. Females are silver grey to brown with dark patches.

Ecology and distribution

In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the grey seal breeds in several colonies on and around the coasts. Notably large colonies are at Blakeney Point in Norfolk, Donna Nook in Lincolnshire, the Farne Islands off the Northumberland Coast (about 6,000 animals), Orkney and North Rona. off the north coast of Scotland, Lambay Island off the coast of Dublin in the Irish Sea, the Isle of Man, Ramsey Island (off the coast of Pembrokeshire, Wales). In the German Bight, colonies exist off the islands Sylt, Amrum and on Heligoland.

In the western North Atlantic, the grey seal is typically found in large numbers in the coastal waters of the Maritime Provinces of Canada and south to Nantucket in the United States. In coastal Canada, it is typically seen in areas such as the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, and Quebec. The largest colony in the world is at Sable Island, Nova Scotia. In the United States, it is found year-round off the coast of New England, in particular Maine and Massachusetts. It has also been observed in the waters around Connecticut, New York and Rhode Island. Archaeological evidence confirms grey seals in southern New England with remains found on Block Island, Martha's Vineyard, and near the mouth of the Quinnipiac River in New Haven, Connecticut. Its natural range now extends much further south than previously thought, with confirmed sightings off of North Carolina. Also, there is a report by Farley Mowat of historic breeding colonies as far south as Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.

An isolated population exists in the Baltic Sea, forming the H. grypus balticus subspecies.

Besides these very large colonies, many much smaller ones exist, some of which are well-known tourist attractions, despite their small size. Such colonies include one on the Carrack rocks, Cornwall.

During the winter months, grey seals can be seen hauled out on rocks, islands, and shoals not far from shore, occasionally coming ashore to rest. In the spring, recently-weaned pups and yearlings occasionally strand on beaches after becoming separated from their group.

Grey seals are vulnerable to typical predators for a pinniped mammal; their primary predator would be the orca or killer whale, but certain large species of sharks are known to prey on grey seals in North American waters, particularly great white sharks and bull sharks but also, upon evidence, additionally Greenland sharks. Some grey seal carcasses have washed ashore with visible “cookie cutter” bite marks, a telltale sign of attack by a Greenland shark (also called the sleeper shark). In the waters of Great Britain, grey seals are a fairly common prey species for killer whales. Apparently, grey seal pups are sometimes taken from beach colonies by white-tailed eagles, and golden eagles, as well.

Diet

The grey seal feeds on a wide variety of fish, mostly benthic or demersal species, taken at depths down to 70 m (230 ft) or more. Sand eels (Ammodytes spp) are important in its diet in many localities. Cod and other gadids, flatfish, herring, wrasse and skates are also important locally. However, it is clear that the grey seal will eat whatever is available, including octopus and lobsters. The average daily food requirement is estimated to be 5 kg (11 lb), though the seal does not feed every day and it fasts during the breeding season.

Recent observations and studies from Scotland, The Netherlands, and Germany show that grey seals will also prey and feed on large animals like harbour seals and harbour porpoises. In 2014, a male grey seal in the North Sea was documented and filmed killing and cannibalising 11 pups of his own species over the course of a week. Similar wounds on the carcasses of pups found elsewhere in the region suggest that cannibalism and infanticide may not be uncommon in grey seals. Male grey seals may engage in such behaviour potentially as a way of increasing reproductive success through access to easy prey without leaving prime territory.

Communication
While it was originally understood that marine mammals communicate vocally, new research conducted by researchers at Monash University shows that grey seals clap their flippers as another form of communication. They clap their flippers underwater to deter a predator from attacking. If done during the mating season, the clapping can be used as a way to find a potential mate. The Monash researchers point out that seals are typically known for clapping, so this behavior may not be a surprise, but the clapping we know typically occurs in captivity. Clapping seals are associated with aquariums and zoos, but were never observed in the wild for this behavior. They were astonished at how loud these marine mammals were able to clap underwater, but it is logical for the reasons they do this.

Reproduction
Grey seals are capital breeders; they forage to build up stored blubber, which is utilised when they are breeding and weaning their pups, as they do not forage for food at this time. They give birth to a single pup every year, with females' reproductive years beginning as early as 4 years old and extending up to 30 years of age. All parental care is provided by the female. During breeding, males do not provide parental care but they defend females against other males for mating. The pups are born at around the mass of 14 kg. They are born in autumn (September to December) in the eastern Atlantic and in winter (January to February) in the west, with a dense, soft silky white fur; at first small, they rapidly fatten up on their mothers' extremely fat-rich milk. The milk can consist of up to 60% fat. Grey seal pups are precocial, with mothers returning to the sea to forage once pups are weaned. Pups also undergo a post-weaning fast before leaving the land and learning to swim. Within a month or so they shed the pup fur, grow dense waterproof adult fur, and leave for the sea to learn to fish for themselves. In recent years, the number of grey seals has been on the rise in the west and the U.S. and Canada there have been calls for a seal cull.

Seal pup first-year survival rates are estimated to vary from 80–85% to below 50% depending on location and conditions. Starvation, due to difficulties in learning to feed, appears to be the main cause of pup death.

Status
After near extirpation from hunting grey seals for oil, meat, and skins in the United States, sightings began to increase in the late 1980s. Bounties were paid on all kinds of seals up until 1945 in Maine and 1962 in Massachusetts. One year after Congress passed the 1972 Marine Mammal Protection Act preventing the harming or harassing of seals, a survey of the entire Maine coast found only 30 grey seals. At first grey seal populations increased slowly but then rebounded from islands off Maine to Monomoy Island and Nantucket Island off of southern Cape Cod. The southernmost breeding colony was established on Muskeget Island with five pups born in 1988 and over 2,000 counted in 2008. According to a genetics study, the United States population has formed as a result of recolonisation by Canadian seals. By 2009, thousands of grey seals had taken up residence on or near popular swimming beaches on outer Cape Cod, resulting in sightings of great white sharks drawn close to shore to hunt the seals. A count of 15,756 grey seals in southeastern Massachusetts coastal waters was made in 2011 by the National Marine Fisheries Service. Grey seals are being seen increasingly in New York and New Jersey waters, and it is expected that they will establish colonies further south.

Human noise pollution continues to affect marine-life communication but remains an understudied facet of marine conservation efforts. In more recent years, the potential negative effect of human noise has been highlighted with the discovery of seals using clapping as a form of communication.

In the UK seals are protected under the Conservation of Seals Act 1970; however, it does not apply to Northern Ireland. In the UK there have also been calls for a cull from some fishermen claiming that stocks have declined due to the seals.

The population in the Baltic Sea has increased about 8% per year between 1990 and the mid-2000s, with the numbers becoming stagnant since 2005. As of 2011 hunting grey seals is legal in Sweden and Finland, with 50% of the quota being used. Other anthropogenic causes of death include drowning in fishing gear.

Captivity
Grey seals have proved amenable to life in captivity and are commonly found in zoo animals around their native range, particularly in Europe. Traditionally they were popular circus animals and often used in performances such as balancing and display acts.

title: Grey seal


text:
Talk:Gala Dalí

Garbage
Dr. Gokhan Sayram; 23 October 2003; gokhansayram@yahoo.com

I removed this from the original version. Andres 23:42, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Eluard or Dali
As I write this, the article is at "Gala Eluard". I note the book "The Shameful lif of Salvador Dalí" refers to her as "Gala Dalí". She was married to Dalí longer than she was to Eluard. A google search shows 692 hits for "Gala Eluard", 776 hits for "Gala Dali", and 2,120 hits for "Gala Dalí". I'm going to move the article to "Gala Dalí". -- Infrogmation 19:44, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

 * 1) Are we certain she changed her name into Dali? Spaniards don't change her surnames when they get married and I'm surprised she did.Oconel 18:16, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

Helena or Galina?
There is quite a bit of confusion (especially among Russian-language sources) as to what her first name actually was. Can someone provide a link to an authoritative source on this matter? ---Vladimir V. Korablin (talk) 16:32, 22 February 2006 (UTC)

Correct birth name?
Ian Gibson. in his Dali biog "Shameful Life of Salvador Dali" (page 220) calls her Helena Diakanoff Devulina - not Elena Ivanovna Diakonova --Rrose Selavy 23:06, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

We now have yet another version of her original name - the third at least! Since no one else can actually provide a  version of her original name with a citation from a  reliable  source, and not just a google link count,  I've now  changed it to the version I mentioned previously from the Gibson Dali biography - Unfortunately I'm not sure at the moment how to actually add a citation reference in the article itself. Rrose Selavy 15:49, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

The correct name is ELENA IVANOVNA DIAKONOVA, the one that is listed in Gala's Russian diploma of elementary school teacher gradutation issued by the M.G. Brukhonenko Female Institute of Moscow in 1915. It adds also that she was born in Kazan on August 26, 1894 - Julian calendar which corresponds to September 7, 1894 of the Gregorian calendar. Her religion was pravoslavian and she was the daughter of a high-ranking officer of the Russian administration. (Source: Article 'Gala Dalí: los secretos de una musa' by J.J. Navarro Arisa, "El País Semanal", Madrid, Spain, August 14, 1994.)--Orlando F 16:40, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

Category: Russian models
I've reverted the edit that added this article to the category Russian models. All the members of that category are fashion/glamour/porno models. In my opinion, it's not helpful to readers of Wikipedia to group artists' models with the other types of models because the work they do is so different. I've said my piece; if anyone feels strongly that "Russian models" is appropriate then they can add it again and I shan't revert it. Charivari 00:53, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi Charivary, I wonder why you think category "Russian models" is inappropriate ? Gala was born Elena Ivanovna Diakonova in Russia and posed as a model for Dali. Sure she was more then a model for Dali but she was both Russian and a model. Am I wrong ? Thanks Abune

 * Hi, thanks for your reply. My problem is with the definition of the word "model". The term is generally understood nowadays to mean a fashion model, glamour model or "porno" model. When referring to an artist's model it is necessary to use the full expression "artist's model" in order to avoid a misunderstanding. In effect, the meaning of the word "model" has changed over the past several decades.

 * The category Russian models, as I said in my comment, contains only fashion/glamour/porno models. All the subcategories of category Models appear to be the same. I consider the work and lives of, and the nature of readers' interest in, artist's models to be sufficiently different that including artists' models within the Models hierarchy is unhelpful to users of the encyclopaedia. It would be better if there were another term to describe what artists' models do, but I can't think of one. At the very least, artists' models are always going to be a small subset of "models", so including them in that category would not be helpful to users seeking other examples of models of either type.

 * The Gala Dalí article is a member of another category, Artists' models, which is not currently subdivided because there are so few members of the category. This category is not within the Models hierarchy but instead within Visual arts occupations.

 * If you really want to add Gala Dalí to Russian models I won't revert the edit again, but I do think it's inappropriate.

 * I'll copy this discussion to the talk page of Gala Dalí in case others want to add their thoughts. Charivari 00:24, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree that it's inappropriate - we shouldn't list everyone who sits for a famous artist. That's different from "modelling" as a profession or for paid work.

 * --Rrose Selavy 17:29, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

Cite urgently needed for harsh allegation
"Gala was dosing Dalí with a dangerous cocktail of tranquilizers and amphetamines that ultimately caused the artist's neurological downfall." - If somebody can't very rapidly provide an excellent cite for this allegation, we should delete it. -- 201.51.252.63 17:35, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

I agree. I've removed a section. Rrose Selavy

Was Gala deaf?
A recent documentary on British TV: 'Dirty Dali: A Private View', Channel 4, Sunday (I think 4 June 2007) suggested that Gala was deaf and had difficulty conversing:

"... Sewell first struggled to converse with the Spanish surrealist and his deaf nymphomaniac wife while each sat in their own eggshell. "

http://living.scotsman.com/tv.cfm?id=869862007

It is of intense interest to me - was Gala actually deaf or just a bit hard of hearing? Did she know any sign language? I work with several deaf artists, and we are interested in this topic.

If anyone can confirm details, I will add a short sentence to the article on Gala. RedTomato 13:56, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

 * From Dali's aubiog, she doesn't seem to have been deaf when she was younger at any rate; I don't know if she was completely deaf by the point refered to in the film or if its an overstatement. Good question. -- Infrogmation 16:55, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

Spelling error on ref section
Item 1. graduation

Someone wrote this in the article
Don't know how long it's been there for, and no idea who wrote it. Just though I'd move it here to Discussion instead of just leaving it in the article.

"Gala had a relationship with rock singer Jeff Fenholt[4] She lavished him with gifts, including Dalí's paintings and a million dollar home on Long Island.[citation needed] - Jeff Fenholt continues to deny that there was any relationship that he had with Gala Dali. There is no proof to substantiate that any of this is the truth." SunsetFlare (talk) 17:05, 15 July 2010 (UTC)

C-class article
I have fixed up some problems with this article, but it still needs a lot of work to reach a B-class rating, which it doesn't deserve at present There is no infobox, and scant or missing coverage of her life for extended periods. There is more info about some aspects of Gala in the Dalí article, which isn't saying much. Her relationships with Dalí and others were definitely non-conventional, and her dominant attitude must have had an effect on those near her. There are some unusual claims about Gala which probably are true, but which need much better referencing from multiple sources. There is quite a bit of work needed to fill in the gaps, before this article can qualify for anything better than a C-class rating. Can anybody help out? Reify-tech (talk) 19:56, 17 June 2014 (UTC)

Alleged dispensation by the Pope
Regarding the Dalis' marriage in the Catholic Church in 1958, the article contains the following sentence: "They needed to receive a special dispensation by the Pope because Gala had been previously married and she was a believer (not Catholic, but was an Orthodox Christian)."

This either needs to be reliably sourced, or removed, as it is doubtful that a "special dispensation by the Pope" was either needed or granted. (The article on Salvador Dali does not appear to contain this statement.) I myself tried to find a source for this statement, which is currently reposted all over the Internet, but none of the web sources appear to be reliable, and it seems likely many of them got the information from this Wikipedia article. I also searched some news archives for articles regarding the 1958 marriage, and I have not found any contemporary English langauge source such as a newspaper reporting that a "dispensation by the Pope" was needed.

Reasons why the statement seemed doubtful to me:

1) By the time the Dalis married in 1958, Gala's former husband Paul Eluard had been dead for several years, as he died in 1952, and his death was publicly known so there was no question as to whether he might still be alive. The Catholic Church therefore would have regarded Gala as a widow who was free to marry. It is possible that Dali may have discussed his marital situation with the Pope at some point before 1952, as the article on him mentions that he met with the Pope in 1949 and discussed his marriage, but the issue of Gala's previous marriage would still have become moot when her previous husband died in 1952.

2) To the extent that some type of dispensation might have been needed due to Gala being a non-Catholic Christian (she was Russian Orthodox according to reliable sources), this type of dispensation for a "mixed marriage" would typically have been granted by the local ordinary, in other words the Catholic bishop of the area where the marriage was to take place. The Pope is the Bishop of Rome, however the couple did not have their Catholic marriage in Rome but rather in Spain in the Sanctuary of the Angels, which is located within the Roman Catholic Diocese of Girona, so the bishop of Girona, not the Pope, would have handled any dispensation for a mixed marriage. TheBlinkster (talk) 22:28, 20 May 2021 (UTC)

 * A source for this is The Dali Legacy How an Eccentric Genius Changed the Art World and Created a Lasting Legacy By Christopher Heath Brown and Jean-Pierre Isbouts, which mentions that Dali met with Pope Pius XII in order to get the pontiff's approval for his painting "The Madonna of Port Lligat" and also a license to marry Gala in a church ceremony.--Jburlinson (talk) 14:03, 15 July 2021 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the information. Was this the meeting between Dali and the Pope in 1949?  If so, it would have made sense to ask the Pope about a dispensation then, because Gala's former husband was still alive (died 1952).  However, by the time the couple actually married in 1958, they would not have needed it.  Does the source contain a) the date of the meeting with the Pope and b) a confirmation that the Pope actually granted whatever dispensation was sought?  Because he might very well have refused or said he would take it under advisement for a time.  As it is, I have asked this question of canonists and other experts in the Church law and all are in agreement that it is making no sense to say that a dispensation was needed for Dali to marry a widow. TheBlinkster (talk) 17:57, 25 July 2021 (UTC)
 * I agree with TheBlinkster. If Gala's previous husband was dead, no dispensation for a previous marriage was necessary, and the dispensation for a mixed marriage would not need to come from the Pope. The current text is confusing for that reason. I recommend removing this sentence until someone can provide clearer information. Valkotukka (talk) 15:50, 26 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gala Dalí


text:
Frank Thomas (designated hitter)

Frank Edward Thomas Jr. (born May 27, 1968), nicknamed "the Big Hurt", is an American former professional baseball designated hitter and first baseman in Major League Baseball (MLB). He played for three American League (AL) teams from 1990 to 2008, all but the last three years with the Chicago White Sox. A five-time All-Star, he is the only player in major league history to have seven consecutive seasons (1991–1997) with at least a .300 batting average, 100 runs batted in (RBI), 100 runs scored, 100 walks, and 20 home runs. Thomas also won the AL batting title in 1997 with a .347 mark. Thomas is a two-time AL MVP and won a World Series in 2005 although he was injured during the regular season and World Series. Thomas is widely considered one of the greatest right handed hitters in MLB history.

Drafted seventh overall by the White Sox in the 1989 MLB draft, Thomas made his major league debut the following year and immediately impressed with his hitting ability. Thomas was named the AL's Most Valuable Player (MVP) by unanimous vote in 1993. That year, he became the first White Sox player to hit 40 home runs and led the team to a division title. He repeated as MVP in the strike-shortened 1994 season, batting .353 and leading the league in slugging percentage and runs. Following two sub-par seasons, Thomas lost a close MVP vote in 2000 despite posting career highs of 43 home runs and 143 RBI. Still, he was named AL Comeback Player of the Year, and Chicago finished with the AL's best record. Later in Thomas's career, a variety of foot injuries and minor ailments reduced his productivity and often limited him to a designated hitter role. In 2005, his final season in Chicago, he was limited to only 34 games after starting the year on the disabled list and then fracturing a bone in his foot close to where it was surgically repaired the previous off-season. He was unable to play in the post-season while the White Sox won the World Series that year. Thomas spent the final three years of his career with the Oakland Athletics and Toronto Blue Jays, with whom he hit his 500th home run.

By the end of his career, Thomas was tied for eighth in AL history for home runs (521), ninth for RBI (1,704), and sixth for walks (1,667). Among players with at least 7,000 at bats in the AL, he ranked eighth in slugging average (.555) and ninth in on-base percentage (.419). With a .301 lifetime batting average, he became the seventh player in history to retire with at least a .300 average and 500 home runs. He holds White Sox franchise records for career home runs (448), RBI (1,465), runs (1,327), doubles (447), extra base hits, walks (1,466), slugging average, (.568) and on-base percentage (.427). The White Sox retired Thomas's uniform number 35 in 2010 and unveiled a statue of him at U.S. Cellular Field in 2011. Thomas was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2014 in his first year of eligibility—the first White Sox star to achieve that distinction.

Thomas was one of the few major league stars who never fell under suspicion during the performance-enhancing drugs controversies of the late 1990s. An advocate for drug testing as early as 1995, he was the only active player who agreed to be interviewed for the Mitchell Report in 2007.

Early life and college
Thomas was born and raised in Columbus, Georgia, and attended Columbus High School, where he was a standout in both football and baseball. As a sophomore, he hit cleanup for the baseball team, which won a state championship. As a senior, he not only hit .440, but also was named an All-State tight end in football, and played forward with the basketball team. He wanted desperately to win a contract to play professional baseball, but was not selected in the 1986 amateur draft. "I was shocked and sad," Thomas recalled in the Chicago Tribune. "I saw a lot of guys I played against get drafted, and I knew they couldn't do what I could do. But I've had people all my life saying you can't do this, you can't do that. It scars you. No matter how well I've done. People have misunderstood me for some reason. I was always one of the most competitive kids around."

In the autumn of 1986, Thomas accepted a scholarship to play football at Auburn University. His love of baseball drew him to the school's baseball team, where the coach immediately recognized his potential. "We loved him," Auburn baseball coach Hal Baird told Sports Illustrated. "He was fun to be around—always smiling, always bright-eyed." He was also a deadly hitter, posting a .359 batting average and leading the Tigers in RBI as a freshman. During summer 1987, he played for the U.S. Pan American Team, earning a spot on the final roster in the Pan American Games. The Games coincided with the beginning of football practice back at Auburn, so he left the Pan Am team and returned to college—only to be injured twice in early-season football games. In the summer of 1988, Thomas played for the Orleans Cardinals of the Cape Cod Baseball League. Highlights included a three-homer game in Wareham, as well as a home run over the 434' sign in center field at Eldredge Park in Orleans. In 2000, Thomas was named a member of the inaugural class of the Cape Cod Baseball League Hall of Fame.

Despite the injury that could have jeopardized his football scholarship, Auburn continued his funding, and baseball became his sole sport. He won consideration for the U.S. National Team—preparing for the 1988 Summer Olympics—but was cut from the final squad. By the end of his junior baseball season, he had hit 19 home runs, 19 doubles, and batted .403 with a slugging percentage of .801. Thomas concluded his college career with 49 home runs, a school record. In May 2011, he was inducted into the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame.

Early years (1990–1996)
The Chicago White Sox selected Thomas with the seventh pick in the first round of the June 1989 Major League Baseball draft. He made his major league debut on August 2, 1990, against the Milwaukee Brewers at County Stadium; he went without a hit, going 0-for-4, but had an RBI on a fielder's choice which scored Iván Calderón as the White Sox won the game 4–3. On August 28, Thomas hit the first home run of his career in a road game against the Minnesota Twins at the Metrodome (which, coincidentally, would also be the site of his 500th career home run). He hit the home run off pitcher Gary Wayne in the top of the ninth inning as his team lost 12–6. Thomas played in 60 games with the White Sox in 1990, batting .330 with seven home runs and 31 runs batted in (RBI).

Thomas became known for his menacing home run power; in the on-deck circle, he routinely swung a rusted piece of rebar that he reportedly found during a renovation project in Old Comiskey Park. In his first full season, Thomas established himself as a multi-talented hitter, combining power with hitting for average, drawing walks, and driving in runs. In 1991, Thomas finished third in MVP voting with a .318 batting average, 32 home runs and 109 RBI, as well as 138 walks. He won the first of four Silver Slugger Awards, and led the league in on-base percentage, something he would accomplish four times during his career.

In 1993, Thomas batted .317 with a club-record 41 homers, 128 RBI, 106 runs scored, and 112 walks. He joined a quartet of Hall of Famers (Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Jimmie Foxx and Ted Williams) as the only players in baseball history to eclipse .300 with more than 20 homers and more than 100 RBI, runs, and walks in three straight seasons. On the back of this historic offensive output, Thomas collected all 28 votes from baseball writers for a unanimous AL Most Valuable Player award, the first by a White Sox player since Dick Allen in 1972, while leading the White Sox to their first AL West crown in 10 years. At the time, statistical analyst Bill James projected career statistics of 480 homers and a .311 lifetime average. Then-manager Gene Lamont was laudatory of Thomas' skills: "I've only seen him two years now, but I'm convinced that there isn't a pitch he can't hit." White Sox announcer Ken Harrelson echoed the praise, "In my 30 years in the game, I've never seen anyone like Big Hurt [Thomas]. In another 30 years, we may be talking about Frank Thomas in the same way we talk about Ted Williams." Thomas credited Harrelson with coining the "Big Hurt" nickname.

In 1994, playing just 113 games due to a strike-shortened season, Thomas again put up huge offensive numbers, batting .353 with 38 homers and 101 RBI, and he led the league in runs scored (106), walks (109), and slugging percentage with a whopping .729 mark. Thomas handily won his second consecutive MVP award, taking 24 of 28 first-place votes. He is one of only three first basemen in history to win consecutive MVP awards in the major leagues (Hall of Famer Jimmie Foxx, 1932–1933, and Albert Pujols, 2008–2009, are the others).

The 1994 shortened season was due to a players' strike, and perhaps no one felt the sting of the strike more than Thomas, who stood poised to achieve one of baseball's most prestigious honors: the Triple Crown. Not since 1967 had any player finished the regular season first in average, home runs, and runs batted in. Thomas had recorded 32 home runs at the All-Star break, and was contending for the honor when the strike occurred. Pressed by the media to comment on his accomplishments—and his future—Thomas downplayed his own significance, telling the Atlanta Journal-Constitution: "I'm not into being known as the best by fans or the media. I care how I'm perceived by my peers. I can settle for the label 'one of the best' because that means you're considered an elite player."

Thomas would continue putting up significant well-rounded offensive numbers, always placing in the top finishers in all major offensive categories, though rarely leading in any one stat. In 1995, he hit .308 with 40 homers and 111 RBI; in 1996, he hit .349 with 40 home runs and 134 RBI, and became an All-Star for the fourth time while finishing eighth in MVP voting.

Later years (1997–2005)
From 1991 to 1997, Thomas finished in the top 10 of the MVP voting every year. In 1997, Thomas won the batting title and finished third in MVP voting. However, due in part to personal strife off the field, his offensive production wavered during the next two seasons. Never a defensive standout at first base during the early part of his career, Thomas nonetheless preferred playing in the field to serving as a designated hitter, saying that it kept him focused; the fact that he did generally hit better as a first baseman created a dilemma over the years for the White Sox as to whether to use him as a DH, which would reduce wear on his body but might cost some offensive production. By the late 1990s, minor injuries were tending to keep him unavailable for short periods, and 1997 was the last year in which he played more in the field than as a DH. Thomas rebounded with force in 2000 when he hit .328 with a career-high 43 homers and 143 RBI. Thomas finished second in MVP voting that season, behind Jason Giambi of the Oakland Athletics. Thomas also won the 2000 AL Comeback Player of the Year Award. But this would not mean an end to the rocky path he would follow later in his career.

In 2001, after his father died, Thomas also announced during the same week that he would undergo season-ending surgery after an MRI revealed a triceps tear in his right arm. He was distraught from the combined impact of both personal and professional strife. "This is the worst week of my life," he said during a press conference in Chicago. "First I lose my father, then come back and find out I'm lost for the season." He only played in 20 games that year, batting just .221 with four home runs and 10 RBI.

He rebounded from his injury and played in 148 games in 2002, but hit just .252, a career-low for a complete season, and would never again approach a .300 batting average. However, his power and ability to get on base and drive in runs were still in his offensive arsenal, and he finished the season with 28 home runs and 92 RBI. Always a patient hitter, Thomas led the AL in walks four times. Through the end of the 2006 season, he was second among all active players in walks and third in on-base percentage, and ranked among the top 20 lifetime in both categories.

Thomas had another solid season in 2003. He tied for second in the AL in home runs (42), and was in the league's top ten in walks, extra base hits, slugging average, and on-base plus slugging, as he led the major leagues in fly ball percentage (54.9%). In 2005, Thomas again suffered from injury, but hit 12 home runs in 105 at-bats over 35 games, demonstrating his continued power at the plate. Adding together 2004 and 2005, he had fewer than 350 total at-bats because of injuries, but hit 30 home runs and drew 80 walks. As a member of the White Sox, Thomas and teammate Magglio Ordóñez tied a major league record for back-to-back homers, with six in one season.

2005 World Series
In 2005, manager Ozzie Guillén led the White Sox to a World Series victory, their first in 88 years. Thomas was not on the postseason roster of the Series-winning team due to injury, but the team honored his perennial contributions to the franchise during Game 1 of the Division Series against the Boston Red Sox. Thomas was chosen to throw out the ceremonial first pitch. "What a feeling," Thomas said. "Standing [ovation] all around the place. People really cheering me. I had tears in my eyes. To really know the fans cared that much about me—it was a great feeling. One of my proudest moments in the game." Though Thomas was not on the postseason roster, he did earn a World Series ring for his contributions during the season.

Departure (2005)
Thomas established several White Sox batting records, including all-time leader in runs scored (1,327), home runs (448), doubles (447), RBI (1,465), extra-base hits (906), walks (1,466), total bases (3,949), slugging percentage (.568), and on-base percentage (.427). At the time he left the team, his 448 home runs were more than twice as many as any other individual player had hit for the White Sox in their 105-year history.

Despite his perennial offensive production and established fan base in Chicago, the White Sox elected to release Thomas in 2005. Thomas later expressed disappointment with how his 16-year tenure with the White Sox was ended, saying that chairman Jerry Reinsdorf did not call him to tell him he wasn't coming back. He also said that he and Kenny Williams did not see eye-to-eye after Williams became general manager following the 2000 season. At the time, Thomas was unhappy that his next-to-last deal with the White Sox contained a "diminished skills" clause. He said the White Sox should have traded him after the playoffs that season.

"I've got a lot of respect for Jerry Reinsdorf, I do. But I really thought, the relationship we had over the last 16 years, he would have picked up the phone to say, 'Big guy, we're moving forward. We're going somewhere different. We don't know your situation or what's going to happen.' I can live with that, I really can," Thomas said. "But treating me like some passing-by-player. I've got no respect for that." Thomas said he was not bitter or angry and had joined the A's with an open mind.

Oakland Athletics (2006)
Thomas signed with the Oakland Athletics to a one-year, $500,000 deal with incentives on January 26, 2006. The Athletics installed Thomas as their everyday DH. He started the season slowly, hitting .178 through May 20, but ended the season as the team leader in home runs, RBI, slugging percentage, and on-base percentage. He provided a powerful right-handed bat in the middle of the lineup for the division-leading Athletics. He had a stretch where he hit a home run in six straight games.

On May 22, 2006, Thomas homered twice in his first game against his former team. Before Thomas came up to lead off the second inning, a musical montage played on the Jumbotron at U.S. Cellular Field, paying tribute to Thomas's legacy with the White Sox. He was cheered in his introduction by the White Sox fans. Moments later, when he hit his first home run of the night to put his former team behind in the score 1–0, the Chicago crowd gave Thomas a standing ovation.

Thomas rejuvenated his career playing with the Athletics, placing fifth in the American League with 39 home runs and eighth with 114 RBI. He also was key to the team's stretch drive to the playoffs: for the week ending September 10, he was the league's player of the week after hitting .462 with five homers and 13 RBI. The 2006 postseason provided Thomas the opportunity to play in his first postseason games since 2000 due to having missed the 2005 playoffs with an injury, when the Athletics clinched the American League West title, defeating the Seattle Mariners 12–3 on September 26. During the A's first playoff game on October 3, Thomas hit two solo home runs, leading the A's to a 3–2 win over the Twins. His performance during the opening playoff game earned Thomas the distinction of being the oldest player to hit multiple home runs in a postseason game. He led the A's to an ALDS victory, going 5-for-10 with two home runs in the series. In the 2006 ALCS, he went 0-for-13 in what turned out to be his last postseason appearance.

On October 7, 2006, he finished behind Jim Thome, his replacement as the White Sox's DH, in the voting for the AL Comeback Player of the Year Award. He was awarded the AL players' choice award for Comeback Player. He finished fourth in the vote for the MVP award.

Toronto Blue Jays (2007–2008)
On November 16, 2006, Thomas signed a two-year, $18 million contract with the Toronto Blue Jays. According to MLB.com, Thomas was scheduled to make $9 million in each of the two seasons. The contract included an option for 2009 contingent on his reaching 1,050 plate appearances over the next two seasons or 525 plate appearances in the second year of the contract.

On June 17, 2007, Thomas hit his 496th career home run against the Washington Nationals, giving him his 244th home run as a DH, breaking the record previously held by Edgar Martínez.

On June 28, 2007, Thomas hit the 500th home run of his career, becoming the 21st major league player to do so. It was a three-run shot off Minnesota's Carlos Silva (Thomas' 500th home run came on the same day Craig Biggio hit his 3,000th career hit). Despite Thomas being a player for the visiting team in the game, the Metrodome scoreboard still paid notice to his achievement. He was later ejected from this same game.

On September 17, 2007, Thomas hit three home runs in his team's 6–1 win over the Red Sox. It was the second time in his career that Thomas hit three home runs in a game, the first time also having been against the Red Sox on September 15, 1996 in a White Sox loss. Knuckleballer Tim Wakefield started both games for the Red Sox, and gave up five of the six home runs Thomas hit, including all three in the first game.

During spring training in 2008, Thomas expressed his confidence about his team's chances for the upcoming season. Thomas hit his first home run of the season against the Red Sox on April 5, in a 10–2 Blue Jays win. The following day, with the bases loaded and a 2–2 tie, Thomas hit a grand slam off Red Sox reliever Manny Delcarmen, leading the Jays to a 7–4 victory. On April 19, before a game against the Detroit Tigers, manager John Gibbons benched Thomas. Thomas expressed his frustration about the decision, and vowed that his career would "not end like this". On April 20, 2008, the Blue Jays released Thomas.

Return to Oakland (2008)
Four days later after his release from Toronto, the Athletics and Thomas agreed to terms for his return. In his final game with the Athletics on August 29, he went 2-for-4. After playing 55 games with Oakland due to time on the disabled list, Thomas hit five more home runs to bring his career total to 521, while posting a .263 batting average. On October 31, 2008, he became a free agent.

Retirement with Chicago
After not playing in the 2009 season, Thomas signed a one-day contract with the White Sox on February 12, 2010, and announced his retirement. During the same press conference, the White Sox, for whom he played the first 16 seasons of his career, announced that they would retire his No. 35 on August 29.

Thomas is the only player in major league history to have seven consecutive seasons of a .300 average and at least 100 walks, 100 runs, 100 runs batted in, and 20 home runs (1991–1997). The only other player to have more than five consecutive seasons accomplishing this feat was Ted Williams, with six. This accomplishment is even more remarkable considering that Thomas played only 113 games in the strike-shortened 1994 season.

There are only six other players in history who have both hit more home runs and have a higher career batting average than Thomas: Ted Williams, Hank Aaron, Jimmie Foxx, Babe Ruth, Manny Ramirez, and Willie Mays.

Stance against performance-enhancing drugs
Early in his career, Thomas, by his own admission, used greenies to deal with the difficulties of traveling. Thomas implied that he stopped using them after the collective bargaining agreement between the union and the league regulated teams' travel schedules.

However, as early as 1995, Thomas was advocating drug testing for professional baseball players. After hitting his 500th career home run in 2007, Thomas stated, "It means a lot to me because I did it the right way," alluding to Barry Bonds's then-ongoing pursuit of Hank Aaron's career home run record. Thomas was, then, the only active baseball player to be interviewed during the preparation of the Mitchell Report. He did so voluntarily.

Thomas has been critical of the election of certain players to the Hall of Fame who, he has said, "we all know" used performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs). Thomas said he was "not happy" about the 2017 election of Jeff Bagwell and Iván Rodríguez who, he said, "it's no secret" used PEDs.

In a 2018 interview with the Chicago Sun-Times, Thomas complained that his "career was stepped on" by competitors who used PEDs and "was the most hurt" of any players in that era.

Playing accomplishments

 * Five-time All-Star (1993–1997)
 * Four-time Silver Slugger Award winner (1991, 1993–1994, 2000)
 * On June 28, 2007, Thomas became the 21st player in major league history to hit at least 500 home runs, after he hit a first-inning home run at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome.
 * Thomas is on a short list of players who have hit 500 home runs while maintaining a career .300 batting average (joining Hall-of-Famers: Babe Ruth, Jimmie Foxx, Mel Ott, Ted Williams, Willie Mays, Hank Aaron, and later joined by Manny Ramírez and Miguel Cabrera).
 * Thomas is also on a short list of players to hit 500 career home runs and accrue at least 1,600 walks. The others are: Babe Ruth, Mel Ott, Mickey Mantle, Ted Williams and Barry Bonds.
 * Thomas was the first player in major league history to win two Silver Slugger Awards each at two different positions (1993–94 at first base; 1991 & 2000 as designated hitter).
 * He was only the 11th player in history to win consecutive Most Valuable Player Awards, and the first American League player to do so since Roger Maris in 1960 and 1961.
 * He was the third player (Eddie Murray and Hank Aaron) to collect 500 career home runs and 120 career sacrifice flies.
 * His 138 walks in the 1991 season was not only the most accrued in a season by any American League player in the 1990s, it was the most for a season by any AL player since 1969 when Harmon Killebrew walked 145 times.
 * Thomas' .729 slugging average for the shortened 1994 season was the highest season mark for an AL player since Ted Williams' 0.731 slugging average in 1957. Only Mark McGwire's 0.730 in 1996 has been higher since then.
 * In the shortened 1994 season, Thomas achieved an on-base percentage of .494, which was also the highest season mark for an AL player since Ted Williams' .528 on-base percentage in 1957. No AL player has topped this since.
 * Retired as the all-time leader in home runs by a designated hitter (269); David Ortiz later broke his record.
 * He is the only player in major league history to hit over 100 sacrifice flies and not collect a single sacrifice bunt, as well as the only player with over 10,000 plate appearances and no sacrifice bunts.
 * The White Sox retired his uniform No. 35 during an on-field ceremony on "Frank Thomas Day", August 29, 2010.

Honors
The White Sox announced that they would honor Thomas with a life-size bronze statue. It was unveiled on July 31, 2011, on the outfield concourse at U.S. Cellular Field. It is the eighth statue on the outfield concourse.

Thomas was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2014 with 83.7% of the vote in his initial year of eligibility, and was inducted as a member of the White Sox on July 27, 2014. He was the first player inducted into the Hall of Fame who played more games as a designated hitter than as a position player.

Appearances in the media
Thomas appeared in the 1992 film Mr. Baseball (as a hot-prospect rookie wearing #68 named Ricky Davis who forces Tom Selleck's character off the Yankees roster).

During the 1994–95 MLB strike, Thomas and a handful of other striking players appeared as themselves in the November 27, 1994, episode of Married With Children (Season 9, Episode 11).

In 1995, a baseball video game titled Frank Thomas Big Hurt Baseball was developed by Acclaim Entertainment and released for various platforms, with All-Star Baseball '97 Featuring Frank Thomas following in 1997. Also in 1995, Premier Technologies created a pinball machine (marketed under the Gottlieb trade name) titled Frank Thomas' Big Hurt; Thomas made an appearance in the documentary The History of Pinball in which he discusses the similarities between playing baseball and pinball. Frank Thomas' Big Hurt was later added to pinball video game The Pinball Arcade in late July 2016.

In 2007, he appeared in a promotional advertisement for the Blue Jays, in which he engages in a pillow fight with children. This ad drew the criticism of the Television Bureau of Canada, who requested a "Dramatization. Do not try this at home." disclaimer be placed on the ad. A similar warning was placed on teammate A. J. Burnett's commercial. The Blue Jays, humorously, then scheduled a "Frank Thomas Kid's Pillow" promotion for September 2, 2007.

In 2012, Thomas participated in the Pepsi MAX Field of Dreams game in Columbus, Ohio. He batted cleanup and helped the Legends team win the ballgame.

In 2013, Thomas participated in the Pepsi MAX Field of Dreams game in Rochester, New York.

On June 24, 2017, Thomas gave a live speech during Mark Buehrle's White Sox #56 retirement ceremony about Buehrle's career and his time being his teammate.

Broadcasting career
Thomas appeared as a guest analyst during TBS's coverage of the 2007 MLB playoffs.

Since 2010, Thomas has irregularly appeared on NBC Sports Chicago as a studio analyst during their pre-game and post-game Chicago White Sox broadcasts as well as on other sports talk shows on the channel. He is also a substitute color analyst for the Chicago White Sox NBC Sports Chicago broadcasts and WGN broadcasts (until the channel ceased broadcasting the White Sox in 2020), filling in for Steve Stone on occasion.

In 2014, Thomas joined Fox Sports as a studio analyst for MLB on Fox. In April 2023, Fox Sports announced that Thomas was being replaced by Derek Jeter.

In June 2023, Thomas joined Apple TV+'s Friday Night Baseball coverage as an occasional interviewer and color commentator.

Business
Thomas serves as CEO and Founder of W2W Records, a record label based in Las Vegas, Nevada. He also co-founded the record label Liger Enterprises with former Priority Records executive Ron Spaulding. The first project released under the company was Kenny Lattimore's 2017 album, Vulnerable.

Thomas started his own microbrew, Big Hurt Beer, in 2011.

In November 2014, Thomas opened a brewpub, Big Hurt Brewhouse, in the Chicago suburb of Berwyn, Illinois. The establishment closed in November 2016 but reopened the next year under the new name 35 Sports Bar and Grill. It closed for good in February 2018.

In 2018, Thomas was named spokesperson for Guaranteed Rate, a Chicago-based mortgage lender, who also own the naming rights to the White Sox home stadium, Guaranteed Rate Field.

On September 30, 2021, Go The Distance Baseball announced in a press release that Thomas purchased a controlling interest in Go The Distance Baseball LLC, owner of Field of Dreams in Iowa.

Thomas has been a spokesman for testosterone supplement Nugenix since 2015.

title: Frank Thomas (designated hitter)


text:
Miyamoto Yuriko

Miyamoto Yuriko (宮本 百合子) was a Japanese novelist, short-story writer, social activist, and literary critic active during the Taishō and early Shōwa periods of Japan. She is best known for her autobiographical fiction and involvement in proletarian and women's liberation movements.

Miyamoto began writing while she was still in school. She traveled for several years to the United States and the Soviet Union before returning to Japan, where her works were heavily censored and she was imprisoned repeatedly for her political views. She founded and operated a number of proletarian and feminist magazines during her career, many of which were also censored.

Her works include Nobuko, (The Banshū Plain), Fūchisō (The Weathervane Plant), and other works of fiction and literary criticism. Much of her work is autobiographical and centers around themes of war, class, and gender relations. She and her husband, Miyamoto Kenji, continue to be honored by the Japanese Left for their vision and commitment toward Japanese women and the working class.

Her maiden name was Chūjō (中條) Yuriko.

Early life
Miyamoto Yuriko was born Chūjō Yuriko on 13 February 1899 in the Koishikawa district of Tokyo (now part of Bunkyō district) to privileged parents. Her father was a Cambridge and Tokyo Imperial University-trained architect, and her mother was a former painter, whose career had halted when she discovered that Ueno National Art School did not accept women. Miyamoto's mother had no intention of forcing her into the Good Wife, Wise Mother role encouraged by the Meiji government.

Miyamoto attended Ochanomizu Girls' Middle School. She was aware at an early age of the differences between her own circumstances and those of the sharecroppers who worked her family's land, as shown in her early work "Nōson" ("Farming Village"), which drew on many of the same influences as her later work "Mazushiki hitobito no mure" ("A Crowd of Poor People"). Miyamoto's concern for differences in social and economic status drew her towards socialism, and later towards the early Japanese feminist movement.

Miyamoto took an early interest in literature, including both Japanese writers, such as Higuchi Ichiyō, Futabatei Shimei, and Natsume Sōseki, and non-Japanese writers, including Oscar Wilde, Edgar Allan Poe, Fyodor Dostoevsky, and Leo Tolstoy. While in her teens and a freshman in the English literature department of Japan Women's University, she wrote the short story "Mazushiki hitobito no mure" ("A Crowd of Poor People"), which was accepted for publication in the prestigious Chūō Kōron (Central Forum) literary magazine in September 1916. Her story won a literary prize sponsored by the Shirakaba (White Birch) literary circle and was endorsed by Tsubouchi Shōyō.

Travel to United States and first marriage
In 1918, Miyamoto left the university without graduating and traveled to the United States with her father. She went to New York, where she studied at Columbia University and met her first husband, Araki Shigeru, with whom she would return to Japan. She broke a number of social norms, including entering a love marriage, proposing herself, and refusing to take her husband's surname. The two were different in terms of age, socio-economic class, and intellectual interests, and the couple divorced in 1924, inspiring her semi-autobiographical Nobuko (1924–1926), which criticizes conventional ideas of gender and love as it relates the failure of the protagonist's marriage, her travels abroad, and her quest for independence. Considered a feminist I-novel, it was serialized in the journal Kaizo (Re-creation) from 1924 through 1926 before being published as a book in 1928.

Upon her return to Japan, Miyamoto met Russian-language scholar Yuasa Yoshiko, through a mutual writing friend Nogami Yaeko. The two bonded over their mutual interest in Russian literature, particularly Chekhov, and Miyamoto contemplated dedicating Nobuko to Yuasa, with whom she entered into an intimate relationship after the failure of her marriage in 1924. The first few years of their relationship provided inspiration for another semi-autobiographical story, "Ippon no hana" (One Flower), which Miyamoto published in 1927.

Travel to Soviet Union and second marriage
In 1927, Miyamoto and Yuasa traveled to the Soviet Union, where they lived together for three more years. In Moscow, they studied the Russian language and Russian literature and developed a friendship with noted movie director Sergei Eisenstein. Yuasa dedicated herself to Russian translation, while Miyamoto observed the advancement of women in the Communist state.

Miyamoto and Yuasa returned to Japan in November 1930. Upon return, their relationship became rocky, in part due to the social pressures on women at the time; Yuasa openly identified as lesbian, while Miyamoto struggled with the place of female love in modernizing Japan, as she would express in later works. This disagreement was exacerbated by Yoshiko's violent outbursts and accusations of Miyamoto's dishonesty, which are evidenced by both women's correspondences.

Upon their return to Japan, Miyamoto became editor of the Marxist literary journal Hataraku Fujin (Working Women) and a leading figure in the proletarian literature movement. She also joined the Japan Proletarian Writers' League and the Japan Communist Party, through which she met its secretary-general, the communist literary critic and her future husband Miyamoto Kenji. She separated from Yuasa and married Miyamoto Kenji in 1932, a transition which has been interpreted as less romantic than dutiful.

Censorship in Japan
In February 1930, following an anarchist-Bolshevik debate (ana-boru ronsō), Miyamoto Yuriko, along with Takamure Itsue, Yagi Akiko, and other editors who preferred anarchism, separated from women's literary magazine Nyonin geijutsu (Women's Arts) to form their own journal Fujin sensen (Ladies' Front). However, with government enforcement of the Peace Preservation Laws and the increasingly severe suppression of leftist political movements, Miyamoto's works were heavily censored and her magazine was forbidden to publish.

In 1932, both Miyamoto Yuriko and Miyamoto Kenji were arrested alongside other Communist writers. Miyamoto was repeatedly arrested and harassed by the police and spent more than two years in prison between 1932 and 1942. Her husband, Miyamoto Kenji, was arrested again in December 1933 and held in prison until August 1945. During this time, she wrote a large number of essays and stories detailing the struggles of Communists in 1930's Japan, including "Kokukoku" ("Moment by Moment"), which was not published until after her death and describes the tortures endured by Communist prisoners.

During Miyamoto Kenji's imprisonment, Miyamoto Yuriko rekindled her friendship with Yuasa Yoshiko, though they did not resume their previous intimacy. Miyamoto Yuriko remained faithful to both her husband and to Communism, which for her had become intertwined. She was arrested in 1942 and suffered from heat stroke during police interrogation, sending her health into decline. However, both she and her husband were committed to their cause and never recanted their beliefs.

Post-war
In the post-war period, Miyamoto Yuriko reunited with her husband and resumed Communist political activities. This period was the most prolific in her literary career.

In 1946, Miyamoto wrote "Utagoe yo okore" for the new Japanese Literature Association; this essay urged writers to reflect on the nation's history, their own lived experience, and people's rights. In this essay and others, she advocated for twenty guaranteed rights, of which three would be adopted into the new Japanese Constitution (art. 14 cl. 1 & art. 24 cl. 1-2).

Within a year of the end of the war, she published two companion novels, (The Banshū Plain) and Fūchisō (The Weathervane Plant), both descriptive of her experiences in the months immediately following the surrender of Japan. The former novel received the Mainichi Cultural Prize for 1947.

Later life and death
Miyamoto's health declined gradually after her heat stroke in 1942, which had impaired her vision and her heart. She died of sepsis in 1951, shortly after finishing her last novel Dōhyō, as a complication due to acute meningitis. Her grave is at Kodaira Cemetery in Kodaira city on the outskirts of Tokyo.

Writings
Miyamoto's first novel, Nobuko, follows the titular character, who, like Miyamoto, is married in New York and returns to Japan. Her husband claims devotion but speaks differently in his actions, while her mother criticizes the marriage, and Nobuko's creativity dulls until she ultimately joins the proletarian movement and leaves her husband. The novel touches many themes that were hotly contested at the time, including the possibility of "love marriage." The novel is considered mostly autobiographical and was initially received with middling acclaim; however, it enjoyed surprising re-invigoration in the post-war era. Originally seen as a story about a woman seeking self-fulfillment through love and subsequent divorce, it came to be re-interpreted as a story of a woman's liberation from a male-centric life narrative.

(The Banshū Plain, 1947) is a soberly detailed account of Japan in August and September 1945. The opening chapter of The Banshū Plain depicts the day of Japan's surrender. The setting is a rural town in northern Japan, where Miyamoto, represented by the protagonist Hiroko, was living as an evacuee at the war's end. The chapter captures the sense of confusion with which many Japanese received the news of surrender—Hiroko's brother cannot explain what is happening to his children, while local farmers become drunk. Miyamoto depicts a "moral bankruptcy" which is the major theme of the novel and which is shown as the most tragic legacy of the war.

Fūchisō (The Weathervane Plant, 1947) provides a thinly fictionalized account of Miyamoto's reunion with her husband after his release from twelve years of wartime imprisonment. The couple's adjustment to living together again is shown as often painful. Despite many years of activism in the socialist women's movement, she is hurt when her husband indicates that she has become too tough and too independent after living alone during the war.

Futatsu no niwa (Two Gardens, 1948) and Dōhyō (Signposts, 1950) were written as sequels to Nobuko. The first concerns Nobuko's relationship to her wealthy family and her development as a socialist woman writer, and the second follows Nobuko's divorce and social growth in the Soviet Union. Both novels were criticized by Yuasa Yoshiko, who claimed the novels undermined the significance of female relationships, and some scholars have agreed that the novels are an indictment of Miyamoto and Yuasa's earlier relationship.

Along with her short stories, Miyamoto also published a collection of essays and literary criticism Fujin to Bungaku (Women and Literature, 1947) and a collection of some of the 900 letters between her and her imprisoned husband Juninen no tegami (Letters of Twelve Years, 1950–1952).

Political and social views
Miyamoto was unique in her combination of socialism and feminism. In both movements, she considered it imperative that individuals seeks self-fulfillment. Her debut novel Nobuko explores in detail what it means to seek fulfillment and at what point it might be acceptable to violate social norms and combat "social issues" in its pursuit.

In contrast to many feminists at the time, Miyamoto resisted the advancement of women in "womanly fields." Her work was rejected early in her career from popular women's magazine Fujin Kōron (Women's Forum) for being "too difficult;" however, Miyamoto took it as a compliment, interpreting that her work was "too masculine." She resisted the popular idea of joryū ("feminine writing"), which held that women's and men's writing styles were fundamentally different. After a series of journalistic scandals in women's magazine Seitō ("Bluestockings"), she believed her work would be better able to stand on its literary merit in general-reading magazines.

In contrast to many proletarian writers at the time, who tended to focus on male bonding and the situations of working men, Miyamoto focused on working-class women and the role of female bonding. She considered women's liberation a part of the path to better social order, pushing against both traditional proletarian literature and mainstream Japanese thought.

As a member of the proletarian movement, Miyamoto was anti-imperialist (imperialism being the highest stage of capitalism); however, her work contradicts proletarian stereotypes by featuring urban centers and certain wealthy individuals as civilizing forces for outside groups. Certain of her works also locate revolutionary action within the family unit, contrary to most conceptions of both revolution and liberation at the time.

Novels

 * Nobuko (Nobuko, 1928)
 * (The Banshu Plain, 1947)
 * Fūchisō (The Weathervane Plant, 1947)
 * (The Two Gardens, 1948)
 * Dōhyō (Landmark, 1950)

Short stories

 * "Nōson" ("A Farming Village", 1915)
 * "" ("A Flock of Poor People", 1916)
 * "" ("One Flower", 1927)
 * "" ("The Spring of 1932", 1932)
 * "Kokukoku" ("Movement by Movement", 1933)
 * "Chibusa" ("The Breasts", 1935)

Nonfiction

 * ("Raise Your Voice in Song! - Origins of the New Japanese Literature society", 1946)
 * (Women and Literature, 1948)
 * (The Letters of Twelve Years, 1952)

Portrayals
Yuriko, Dasvidaniya is a 2011 drama film, depicting a brief period in 1924, in which Hitomi Toi plays the title role. Directed by Sachi Hamano, the film is based on two of Yuriko's autobiographical novels, Nobuko and, and on Hitomi Sawabe's non-fiction novel. The film portrays Miyamoto Yuriko and Yuasa Yoshiko's relationship in its most idyllic, liberating moments, flashing both backward, to Miyamoto's stagnation under her first marriage, and forward, to Miyamoto's eventual "betrayal," Yuasa's violent outbursts, and their mutual growing apart.

title: Miyamoto Yuriko


text:
Talk:Red envelope

Old talk
The modern and childish design shown in the image is not representative of what a typical red packet looks like. The traditional red packet was plain darker red without the orange tint typical of the tradition red dye in the old days. Anyone has a better picture?

 * Got one . 69.234.101.39 04:12, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

I think "red pocket" may be another name for this concept.

QZ 03:38, 22 November 2005 (UTC)

Odd and even amount
Hi, I am not chinese, but whenever I give an ang pow to my friends during chinese new year or a wedding, I am always told to give an odd number, not even. I live in malaysia, is that the correct numerical value to give ? --andrewkeith80 06:28, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Law
WikiProject Law may be added if there has being any mention of it's illegal use in the People's Republic of China.

It's laws regarding bribery or sending/receiving unsollicited cash is very unclear, especially among goverment officials and/or higher castes of Chinese society.

88.105.51.99 (talk) 11:58, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

Lucky Money / Red Pocket
When talking in English, in HK everyone calls these red pockets (as mentioned in the article), but whenever I go back to Mainland/Guangdong people call it "Lucky Money". Anyone else familiar with the term in English for red pockets "lucky money"? --SnakeSeries (talk) 16:12, 23 January 2009 (UTC)
 * The English term I came across in Vietnam was "lucky money" as well, but I was often confused as to whether or not they were talking about the envelopes themselves or the money inside. (Morethan3words (talk) 17:55, 1 May 2009 (UTC))

Hong bao giving in corruption
According to a newspaper article I just read, giving hong bao to physicians has become common in China, especially for people working in the private sector, who usually lack health insurance. Similar to the Greek Fakelaki it is supposed to ensure speedy treatment and it has become a big corruption problem in recent times. Mention? -- 92.226.1.246 (talk) 10:20, 13 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Giving a hong bao is generally associated with corruption in China. It is not unique to medical staff. Other professions such as teachers and of course government officials receive them too. Something could be added about this if you have references and research it. Rincewind42 (talk) 15:44, 31 January 2014 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 10:02, 16 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Gǔdài yāsuìqián.png

title: Talk:Red envelope