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Churches of God General Conference (Winebrenner)

The Churches of God, General Conference (Winebrenner) (CGGC) is an Evangelical Christian denomination in the United States originating in the revivalism and evangelistic efforts of John Winebrenner.

History
John Winebrenner (1797–1860) was ordained on September 28, 1820, as a minister of the German Reformed Church, a Calvinist body. He was given charge of four congregations in the Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, area. Winebrenner labored extensively in revival meetings, but some of the members opposed what they considered "unusual efforts for the conversion of sinners." In 1828 the General Synod of the German Reformed Church dropped him from its roster of ministers, in response to such complaints. In July 1830, Winebrenner was rebaptized by immersion by Jacob Erb. That year, he and co-laborers sympathetic with his efforts met and organized the General Eldership of the Church of God. Representatives from various denominations were present, and the new organization reflected that diversity.

In the early years of the Church of God, its members were popularly called Winebrennerians, after their founder. The official name was changed to the General Eldership of the Churches of God in North America in 1845, and to its present title in 1975.

The church reported 336 congregations with 32,208 members in 2000, principally in Pennsylvania and the Midwest.

Organization and theology
The basic theology of the Churches of God is Arminian, conservative, and Evangelical. The church observes three ordinances: baptism by immersion, the Lord's Supper (taken in the evening, while seated), and feet washing. The Bible is the church's only rule of faith and practice.

The CGGC has a presbyterian polity. The church is divided into regional conferences, with headquarters in Findlay, Ohio. The church operates Winebrenner Theological Seminary on the University of Findlay campus. The Global Advocate is the CGGC's official periodical, published bi-monthly by the church.

There are seven regional organizations in the Churches of God-USA. These are the Allegheny Region, Eastern Regional Conference, California Eldership, Great Lakes Conference, Mid-South Conference, Midwest Region, and Western Region.

Around the world the CGGC also has established conferences in Bangladesh (1898), Brazil (1999), Haiti (1967), India (1898), Kenya (2011), Venezuela (2012), and emerging works in the Dominican Republic, Sweden, and Thailand.


text: Talk:First ascent

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:First ascent


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Talk:Taranaki

Untitled
I'm not qualified to write about the Maori history of Taranaki, but the line "New Plymouth was initially settled in the early 1840s." needs change to reflect the long history before European settlement. Dramatic 05:55, 28 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Taranaki / Egmont / "Mount Taranaki or Mount Egmont"
Wasn't the mountain renamed as "Mount Taranaki or Mount Egmont" by Koro Wetere? I remember something about that. David Cannon 11:18, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

That's right. Both names are equally valid.

Suggested merge of Taranaki Regional Council into Taranaki
I've suggested this merger because all the other articles on NZ regional councils I know about cover the region as well; for example, Waikato, Manawatu-Wanganui, Hawke's Bay. I don't see any particular reason for Taranaki to be different. -- Avenue 12:46, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

Agreed. I created the TRC entry, so go for it...A.J.Chesswas 05:46, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

I finally came back to merge it, and I see you beat me to it. Thanks! -- Avenue 01:27, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

Too many pictures
There are too many pictures on this page. It is cluttered and hard to read. I suggest removing "Dawson Falls" and "Taranaki slopes", and relocating "Mt Taranaki" into that section. The images should pertain to the text they are embodied within. I will proceed with these changes shortly unless a better alternative can be proposed.A.J.Chesswas 02:12, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

Which is it?
If the areas of Taranaki region - Taranaki province are synonymous, then Patea is the southernmost town (as claimed) and Waverley should not be listed among the towns in the infobox? Moriori 02:26, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

I would have thought this article would be defined in accordance with the territorial boundaries of the 1989 local government reforms. It should read that Waverley is the southern-most town. However it should also be made clear that such a defition is ecological rather than cultural, and perhaps not necessarily culturally or demographically accurate.A.J.Chesswas 03:16, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

 * The article doesn't state that the areas are synonymous, perhaps it needs to state that the areas are generally synonymous. Patea is the southernmost town, and Waverly is also within the Taranaki region. Also, the term "province" is used, where it should be "region". There's a separate Taranaki Province page for the provincial period. --Lholden 04:08, 3 July 2007 (UTC)
 * OK. That means Waverley is the southernmost town, not Patea, so I will change it. (Waitotara is a village according to Waitotara River, not a town). Moriori 08:52, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

Why can I find nothing in Wikipedia about the change of regional boundaries in 1989, except as a brief explanation of Whangamomona's Republic Day? Taranaki didn't always include Waverley and Waitotara. I can remember trips to Waitara from the south in the 1970s and 80s, when the sign as you entered Patea called it "The Gateway to Taranaki". Can someone with the appropriate knowledge and/or sources add this please? 118.92.76.176 (talk) 02:27, 5 August 2014 (UTC)

Slaughter
I have reverted an edit made by an anonymous IP user in which he or she has claimed the killing of nine soldiers at Oakura on 4 May 1863 was a slaughter. This user has previously engaged in edit warring at Waitara, New Zealand and Oakura after using the term "massacre". At the talk page for that article I showed that no usable source ever used those terms. BlackCab (talk) 06:51, 26 November 2012 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Northland Region which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 22:59, 17 March 2014 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Bay of Plenty Region which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 01:58, 23 April 2014 (UTC)

"New Zealand European"
Is this term explained somewhere? I was trying to figure out where all the Catholics came from, if the identifiable European population is British and Dutch.--Richardson mcphillips (talk) 03:28, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
 * In this context (I assume you're referring to the table in the "Culture and identity" section) it generally means "New Zealand-born, but of European ancestry". The other 'ethnicities' listed under "European" ("English", "British", "Dutch", "Australian") probably mean "born in that place, rather than New Zealand".  Note that these come from a census, so they are self-reported.  (Note that some people prefer to just call themselves "New Zealanders".)
 * But to answer your question about Catholics - there really aren't that many; it's just that they form a plurality of the Christian denominations there. If you were to add up all of the Protestant denominations (e.g., Anglican, Presbyterian, etc.), I'm sure you'd find more Protestants than Catholics. Ross Finlayson (talk) 05:45, 31 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Many Catholic European New Zealanders are of Irish descent, with smaller numbers of English or Scottish descent, and some of Continental descent, such as Croatian, French, Italian, Polish. Nurg (talk) 10:25, 5 January 2019 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Otago which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 00:48, 15 March 2022 (UTC)

Updated link for "Holocaust" comment reference
The RNZ program that serves as a reference for Tariana Turia's use of "holocaust" in her comments about the colonisation of Taranaki can now be found here;

https://www.rnz.co.nz/collections/treatyofwaitangi/audio/2533086/a-taranaki-holocaust

title: Talk:Taranaki


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Baby Face Nelson

Lester Joseph Gillis (December 6, 1908 – November 27, 1934), also known as George Nelson and Baby Face Nelson, was an American bank robber who became a criminal partner of John Dillinger, when he helped Dillinger escape from prison, in Crown Point, Indiana. Later, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) announced that Nelson and the remaining gang of bank robbers were collectively "Public Enemy Number One".

The "Baby Face Nelson" nickname derived from Gillis being a short man with a youthful appearance; however, in the professional realm, Gillis's fellow criminals addressed him as "Jimmy". A violent bank robber, Lester Joseph Gillis has killed more agents of the FBI than any other criminal. FBI agents fatally wounded Baby Face Nelson in The Battle of Barrington (27 November 1934), fought in a suburb of Chicago.

Early life
Nelson was born Lester Joseph Gillis, a son of Flemish Belgian immigrants on December 6, 1908, in Chicago, Illinois. He was arrested on July 4, 1921, at the age of twelve, after he accidentally shot a playmate in the jaw with a pistol that he had found. He served over a year in the state reformatory.

Gang affiliation
By the time he met his future wife Helen Wawrzyniak, Nelson was working at a Standard Oil station in his neighborhood which doubled as the headquarters for a group of young tire thieves, known colloquially as "strippers". Nelson fell into association with the strippers, and acquainted himself with a number of local criminals, including one who employed him to drive bootleg alcohol throughout the Chicago suburbs. Nelson became associated with members of the suburb-based Touhy Gang.

Armed robbery
Within two years, Nelson and the gang were involved in organized crime, especially armed robbery. On January 6, 1930, the associates forced entry into the home of magazine executive Charles M. Richter. After trussing him up with adhesive tape and cutting the phone lines, they ransacked the house and made off with approximately $205,000 worth of jewelry (equivalent to approximately $ million in dollars). Two months later, they carried out a similar robbery at the bungalow of Lottie Brenner Von Buelow (on Sheridan Road). This job netted approximately $50,000 worth of jewelry. After the crime, Chicago newspapers nicknamed the group "The Tape Bandits".

Bank robbery
On April 21, 1930, Nelson robbed a bank for the first time, making off with approximately $4,000. A month later, he and his gang netted $25,000 worth of jewelry from home invasions. On October 3, Nelson robbed the Itasca State Bank of $4,600; a teller later identified him as one of the robbers. Three nights later, he stole the jewelry of the wife of Chicago mayor Big Bill Thompson, valued at $18,000. She described her attacker, saying "He had a baby face. He was good looking, hardly more than a boy, had dark hair and was wearing a gray topcoat and a brown felt hat, turned down brim." Nelson and his crew were later linked to a botched roadhouse robbery in Summit, Illinois, on November 23, 1930. In the ensuing gunfight, three people were killed and three wounded. Three nights later, Nelson's gang robbed a tavern on Waukegan Road, and Nelson committed his first murder of note when he fatally shot stockbroker Edwin R. Thompson.

1931–1932
Throughout the winter of 1931, most of the Tape Bandits were rounded up, including Nelson. The Chicago Tribune referred to their leader as "George 'Baby Face' Nelson" who received a sentence of one year to life in the state penitentiary at Joliet. Nelson escaped during a prison transfer in February 1932. Aided by his contacts within the Touhy Gang, Nelson fled west to Reno, where he was harbored by William Graham, a known crime boss and gambler. Using the alias "Jimmy Johnson", Nelson went to Sausalito, California, where he worked for bootlegger Joe Parente. During his San Francisco Bay area criminal ventures, Nelson met John Paul Chase and Fatso Negri, who later became close associates. In Reno the next winter, Nelson first met the vacationing Alvin Karpis, who in turn introduced him to Midwestern bank robber Eddie Bentz. Teaming up with Bentz, Nelson returned to the Midwest the next summer. He committed a major bank robbery in Grand Haven, Michigan, on August 18, 1933; his first in the area. The robbery was not lucrative, though most of those involved made a full escape.

Gang leader
The Grand Haven bank robbery convinced Nelson he was ready to lead his own gang. Through connections at the Green Lantern Tavern in St. Paul, Nelson recruited Homer Van Meter, Tommy Carroll, and Eddie Green. With these men and two other local thieves, Nelson robbed the First National Bank of Brainerd, Minnesota, of $32,000 on October 23, 1933 (equivalent to approximately $0 in dollars). Witnesses reported that Nelson wildly sprayed sub-machine gun bullets at bystanders as he made his getaway. After collecting his wife Helen and four-year-old son Ronald, Nelson left with his crew for San Antonio, Texas. While there, Nelson and his gang bought several weapons from underworld gunsmith Hyman Lehman. One of those weapons was a .38 Super Colt pistol that had been modified so it was fully automatic. Nelson used this gun to kill Special Agent W. Carter Baum at Little Bohemia Lodge several months later.

On December 9, 1933, a local woman tipped off San Antonio police regarding the presence nearby of "high-powered Northern gangsters". Two days later, Tommy Carroll was cornered by two detectives and opened fire, killing Detective H.C. Perrin and wounding Detective Al Hartman. All the Nelson gang, except Nelson, fled San Antonio. Nelson and his wife traveled west to the San Francisco Bay Area, where he recruited John Paul Chase and Fatso Negri for a new wave of bank robberies the following spring.

Partnership with John Dillinger
On March 3, 1934, John Dillinger made his famous "wooden pistol" escape from the jail in Crown Point, Indiana. Although the details remain in some dispute, the escape is suspected to have been arranged and financed by members of Nelson's newly formed gang, including Homer Van Meter, Tommy Carroll, Eddie Green, and John "Red" Hamilton, with the understanding that Dillinger would repay some part of the bribe money out of his share of the first robbery. The night Dillinger arrived in the Twin Cities, Nelson and his friend John Paul Chase were cut off by another car driven by local paint salesman Theodore Kidder. Nelson lost his temper and gave chase, crowding Kidder to the curb. The salesman exited his vehicle to protest, whereupon Nelson shot him dead.

Two days after this, the new gang (with Hamilton's participation as the sixth man uncertain) struck the Security National Bank at Sioux Falls, South Dakota. In the robbery, which netted around $49,000 (figures differ slightly), Nelson severely wounded motorcycle policeman Hale Keith with a burst of sub-machine-gun fire as the officer was arriving at the scene. The six men were soon identified as "the Second Dillinger gang", due to Dillinger's extreme notoriety, but the gang had no official leader.

On March 13, a week after the robbery in Sioux Falls, the gang robbed the First National Bank in Mason City, Iowa. Dillinger and Hamilton were both shot and wounded in the robbery, where they made off with $52,000. On April 3, federal agents ambushed and killed Eddie Green, though he was unarmed and they were uncertain of his identity. In the aftermath of the Mason City robbery, Nelson and John Paul Chase fled west to Reno, where their old bosses Bill Graham and Jim McKay were fighting a federal mail fraud case. Years later, the FBI determined that on March 22, 1934, Nelson and Chase abducted and killed the chief witness against the pair, Roy Fritsch. Fritsch's quartered body was said to have been thrown down an abandoned mine shaft and was never found.

Little Bohemia
On the afternoon of April 20, Nelson, Dillinger, Van Meter, Carroll, Hamilton, and gang associate and errand-runner Pat Reilly, accompanied by Nelson's wife Helen and three girlfriends of the other men, arrived at the secluded Little Bohemia Lodge in Manitowish Waters, Wisconsin, for a weekend of rest. The gang's connection to the resort apparently came from previous dealings between Dillinger's attorney, Louis Piquett, and lodge owner Emil Wanatka. Though gang members greeted him by name, Wanatka maintained that he was unaware of their identities until some time later that night. According to Bryan Burrough's book Public Enemies: America's Greatest Crime Wave and the Birth of the FBI, 1933–34, this most likely happened when Wanatka was playing cards with Dillinger, Nelson, and Hamilton. When Dillinger won a round and raked in the pot, Wanatka caught a glimpse of Dillinger's pistol concealed in his coat, and noticed that Nelson and the others also had shoulder holsters.

The following day, while she was away from the lodge with her young son at a children's birthday party, Wanatka's wife informed a friend, Henry Voss, that the Dillinger gang was at the lodge, and the FBI was subsequently given the tip early on April 22. Melvin Purvis and a number of agents arrived by plane from Chicago, and with the gang's departure imminent, attacked the lodge quickly and with little preparation, and without notifying or obtaining help from local authorities.

Wanatka offered a one-dollar dinner special on Sunday nights, and the last of a crowd estimated at 75 people were leaving as the agents arrived in the front driveway. A 1933 Chevrolet coupé was leaving at that moment with three departing lodge customers, John Hoffman, Eugene Boisneau and John Morris, who apparently did not hear an order to halt because the car radio drowned out the agents yelling at them to stop. The agents quickly opened fire on them, instantly killing Boisneau and wounding the others, and alerting the gang members inside.

Adding to the chaos, at this moment Pat Reilly returned to the lodge after an out-of-town errand for Van Meter, accompanied by John Hamilton's girlfriend, Pat Cherrington. Accosted by the agents, Reilly and Cherrington backed out and escaped under fire.

Dillinger, Van Meter, Hamilton, and Carroll escaped through the back of the lodge, which was unguarded, and made their way north on foot through woods and past a lake to commandeer a car and a driver at a resort a mile away. Carroll was not far behind them. He made it to Manitowish and stole a car, making it uneventfully to St. Paul.

Nelson, who had been outside the lodge in the adjacent cabin, characteristically attacked the raiding party head on, exchanging fire with Purvis, before retreating into the lodge under a return volley from other agents. From there he slipped out the back and fled in the opposite direction from the others. Emerging from the woods ninety minutes later, a mile away from Little Bohemia, Nelson kidnapped the Lange couple from their home and ordered them to drive him away. Apparently dissatisfied with the car's speed, he quickly ordered them to pull up at a brightly lit house where the switchboard operator, Alvin Koerner, aware of the ongoing events, quickly phoned authorities at one of the involved lodges to report a suspicious vehicle in front of his home. Shortly after Nelson had entered the home, taking the Koerners hostage, Emil Wanatka arrived with his brother-in-law George LaPorte and a lodge employee (while a fourth man remained in the car) and were also taken prisoner. Nelson ordered Koerner and Wanatka back into their vehicle, where the fourth man remained unnoticed in the back seat.

As they were preparing to leave, with Wanatka driving at gunpoint, another car arrived with two federal agents – W. Carter Baum and Jay Newman – as well as a local constable, Carl Christensen. Nelson asked the agents who they were and upon the agents identifying themselves, Nelson quickly opened fire with his fully automatic pistol, severely wounding Christensen and Newman and killing Baum, who was hit three times in the neck. Nelson was later quoted as having said that Baum had him "cold" and could not understand why he had not fired. It was found that the safety catch on Baum's gun was on.

Nelson stole the FBI car. Less than 15 miles away, the car suffered a flat tire and finally became mired in mud as Nelson attempted unsuccessfully to change it. Back on foot, he wandered into the woods and took up residence with a Chippewa family in their secluded cabin for several days before making his final escape in another commandeered vehicle.

Three of the women who had accompanied the gang, including Nelson's wife Helen, were captured inside the lodge. After grueling interrogations by the FBI, the three were ultimately convicted on harboring charges and released on parole.

With an agent and an innocent bystander dead and four more severely wounded, including two more innocent bystanders, as well as the complete escape of the Dillinger gang, the FBI came under severe criticism, with calls for director J. Edgar Hoover's resignation and a widely circulated petition demanding Purvis' suspension.

Nelson as public enemy #1
At the time of the Little Bohemia shootout, Nelson's identity as a member of the Dillinger gang had been known to the FBI for two weeks. Following the killing of Baum, Nelson became nationally notorious and was made a high-priority target of the Bureau. The focus on him and the murdered agent served to deflect some of the intense criticism directed at Hoover and Purvis following the Little Bohemia debacle.

A day after the Little Bohemia raid, Dillinger, Hamilton, and Van Meter ran through a police roadblock near Hastings, Minnesota, drawing fire from officers there. A ricocheting bullet struck Hamilton in the back, fatally wounding him. Hamilton reportedly died in hiding on April 30 or May 1, 1934, and was secretly buried by Dillinger and others, including Nelson, who had rejoined the gang in Aurora, Illinois.

On June 7, gang member Tommy Carroll was killed while trying to evade arrest in Waterloo, Iowa. Carroll and his girlfriend, Jean Crompton (who had been captured and tried with Helen Gillis after Little Bohemia), had grown close to the Nelsons, and his death was a personal blow to them. Nelson and his wife went into hiding during the ensuing weeks, and although they were in the Chicago area, their precise movements in this period remain obscure. The Nelsons reportedly lived in various tourist camps, while continuing to secretly meet with family members whenever possible.

On June 27, former gang errand-runner and Little Bohemia fugitive Pat Reilly was arrested in St. Paul, Minnesota.

On the morning of June 30, Nelson, Dillinger, Van Meter, and one or more additional accomplices robbed the Merchants National Bank in South Bend, Indiana. One man involved in the robbery is believed to have been Pretty Boy Floyd, based on several eyewitness identifications as well as the later account of Joseph "Fatso" Negri, an old Nelson associate from California who was serving as a gofer for the gang at this time. Another rumored participant was Nelson's childhood friend, Jack Perkins, also an associate of the gang at that time. (Perkins was later tried for the robbery and acquitted).

When the robbery began, policeman Howard Wagner had been directing traffic outside. Responding quickly to the scene and attempting to draw his gun, he was shot dead by Van Meter, who was stationed outside the bank. During the shootout that followed, Nelson exchanged fire with a local jeweler, Harry Berg, who had shot him in the chest - ineffectively, because of Nelson's bullet-proof vest. As Berg retreated into his store under a return volley from Nelson, a man in a parked car was wounded. Nelson also grappled briefly with a teenage boy, Joseph Pawlowski, who tackled him until Nelson (or Van Meter) stunned Pawlowski with a blow from his gun. When Dillinger and the man identified as Floyd (unconfirmed) emerged from the bank with sacks containing $28,000, they brought three hostages with them (including the bank president) to deter gunfire from three patrolmen on the scene. The policemen fired nonetheless, wounding two of the hostages before grazing Van Meter in the head. The gang escaped, and Van Meter recovered. In the constant and chaotic exchange of gunfire, several other bystanders were wounded by shots, ricochets, or flying broken glass. It was the last confirmed robbery for all of the known and suspected participants, including Floyd (unconfirmed).

During the month of July, as the FBI manhunt for him continued, Nelson and his wife fled to California with associate John Paul Chase, who remained with Nelson for the rest of his life. Upon their return to Chicago on July 15, the gang held a reunion meeting at a favorite rendezvous site. When the meeting was interrupted by two Illinois state troopers, Fred McAllister and Gilbert Cross, Nelson fired on their vehicle with his converted "machine gun pistol", wounding both men as the gangsters retreated. Cross was badly wounded, but both he and McAllister survived. Nelson's responsibility was uncertain until verification came later in the form of a confession from Chase.

On July 22, 1934, Dillinger was ambushed and killed by FBI agents outside the Biograph Theater in Lincoln Park, Chicago. The next day the FBI announced that "Pretty Boy" Floyd was now Public Enemy No. 1. On October 22, 1934, Floyd was killed in a shootout with agents including Melvin Purvis. Subsequently, J. Edgar Hoover announced that Nelson was now Public Enemy No. 1.

On August 23, Van Meter was ambushed and killed by police in St. Paul, Minnesota, leaving Nelson as the sole survivor of the so-called "Second Dillinger Gang".

In the ensuing months, Nelson and his wife, usually accompanied by Chase, drifted west to cities including Sacramento and San Francisco, California and Reno and Las Vegas, Nevada. They often stayed in auto camps, including Walley's Hot Springs, outside Genoa, Nevada, where they hid out from October 1 before returning to Chicago around November 1. Nelson's movements during the final month of his life are largely unknown.

By the end of the month, FBI interest had settled on a former hideout of Nelson's, the Lake Como Inn in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, where it was believed that Nelson might return for the winter. When the Nelsons and Chase did return to the inn on November 27, they briefly came face to face with surprised and unprepared FBI agents who had staked it out. The fugitives sped away before any shots were fired. Armed with a description of the car (a black Ford V8) and its license plate number (639-578), agents swarmed into the area.

Death

A short but furious gun battle between FBI agents and Nelson took place on November 27, 1934, outside Chicago in the town of Barrington, culminating in the deaths of Nelson, and FBI agents Herman "Ed" Hollis and Samuel P. Cowley.

On the morning of November 27, Nelson, along with his wife Helen Gillis and associate John Paul Chase, headed south in a stolen V8 Ford towards Chicago on U.S. Highway 12 (now US-14). Nelson, always keen to spot federal agents, caught sight of a sedan driven in the opposite direction by agents Thomas McDade and William Ryan. Both parties simultaneously recognized each other and after several U-turns by both vehicles, Nelson wound up in pursuit of the agents' car. When Nelson's powerful Ford caught up to the agents' slower sedan, Chase opened fire on the agents. Ryan and McDade returned fire, sped up, then pulled into a field and awaited Nelson and Chase, who had stopped pursuing. McDade and Ryan were unaware that one of their bullets had punctured one of the water pumps on Nelson's Ford. With Nelson's Ford rapidly losing power, a Hudson automobile driven by Hollis (who had been given credit as one of the agents who fired the fatal shots that killed Dillinger the previous July ) and Cowley, began pursuing the Ford.

With his pursuers attempting to pull alongside, Nelson skidded into the entrance to Barrington's North Side Park. Hollis and Cowley overshot Nelson's car by over 100 ft, and stopped at an angle. Upon exiting the vehicle's passenger door, the agents took cover behind their car. The ensuing shootout was witnessed by more than a dozen people.

Nelson yelled to Helen to take cover in a nearby ditch, then he and Chase opened fire on the agents. Both Cowley and Hollis returned fire from behind their vehicle. A single .45 slug from Cowley's machine gun struck Nelson in the lower abdomen. Nelson leaned on the Ford's running board, then wordlessly exchanged weapons with Chase. In the din of the gun battle, Chase heard Nelson complain that his weapon was jamming, and the wounded Nelson swapped it out for either a .351 Winchester or a Colt Monitor automatic rifle. Despite his grievous wound, Nelson moved from behind the car and advanced toward the agents while firing his weapon. Two of his bullets struck Cowley. Several buckshot pellets from Hollis's shotgun then struck Nelson in the legs and knocked him down.

As Nelson regained his feet, Hollis, possibly already wounded, moved to better cover behind a utility pole. As he drew his service pistol, Nelson fatally shot Hollis in the head. Nelson staggered over Hollis's body, aimed his weapon at the agent's fallen form for a moment then limped toward the agents' Hudson. Nelson drove the car over to the disabled Ford. After loading the agents' car with the Ford's guns and supplies, Nelson let Chase get behind the wheel of the agents' car and the two men and Helen Gillis fled the scene. Nelson was shot a total of nine times; a single (and ultimately fatal) machine gun slug had struck his abdomen and eight of Hollis's shotgun pellets had hit his legs. Later news reports inaccurately gave his number of wounds as 17, possibly due to a memorandum release by J. Edgar Hoover stating "seven to ten wounds" to Nelson's body. After telling his wife "I'm done for", Nelson gave directions as Chase drove them to a safe house on Walnut Street in Wilmette. Nelson died in bed with his wife at his side, at 7:35 p.m.

Hollis was pronounced dead soon after arriving at the hospital. At a different hospital, Cowley lived for long enough to confer briefly with Melvin Purvis and have surgery, before succumbing to a stomach wound similar to Nelson's. Following a telephone tip from a Chicago Telephone Company employee, Carl Fyhrie, who was working on the telephone lines and saw a body on the ground, Nelson's body was discovered wrapped in an Indian patterned blanket by FBI agent Walter Walsh, in a ditch on the northeast corner of the St. Paul's Lutheran Cemetery in Skokie, and taken to Haben's Funeral Home, both of which still exist. Helen later stated that she had placed the blanket around Nelson's body because, "He always hated being cold".

Newspapers reported, based on the aggressive wording of an order from J. Edgar Hoover ("find the woman and give her no quarter"), that the FBI had issued a "death order" for Nelson's widow, who wandered the streets of Chicago as a fugitive for several days, described in print as the U.S. first female "public enemy". After surrendering on Thanksgiving Day, Helen, who had been paroled after capture at Little Bohemia, served a year in prison for harboring her husband. Chase was apprehended later and served a term at Alcatraz.

Burial
Baby Face Nelson and his wife Helen are buried at Saint Joseph's Cemetery in River Grove, Illinois.

Fictional portrayals
Nelson has been portrayed multiple times onscreen. These include:

 * Baby Face Nelson, a 1957 film starring Mickey Rooney
 * The FBI Story, a 1959 film starring James Stewart, with William Phipps as Nelson
 * Dillinger, a 1973 film featuring Richard Dreyfuss as Nelson. In this film the shootout between Nelson and FBI Agents Cowley and Hollis is depicted as taking place during the Little Bohemia raid.
 * The Kansas City Massacre, a 1975 TV movie featuring Elliott Street as Nelson
 * Baby Face Nelson (1995), a 1995 film starring C. Thomas Howell
 * O Brother, Where Art Thou?, a 2000 film featuring Michael Badalucco as Nelson. He is portrayed as working mostly alone, until meeting up with the main characters and having them along as he robs the next bank in quick succession to break a record. The characters suggest he suffers from Bipolar Disorder, rapidly shifting between energetic highs and depressive lows. When he last appears he is being taken by an angry mob to meet his death in the electric chair. The film is set in Mississippi in 1937, three years after the real Nelson's death.
 * Public Enemies, a 2009 film starring American actor Johnny Depp, with Stephen Graham as Nelson. In this film, Nelson is portrayed as being killed by Melvin Purvis alongside Van Meter and Ed Shouse at the Little Bohemia shootout, and thus does not become Public Enemy Number One after Dillinger's death. However, the film still portrays Nelson as getting up and continuing to fire immediately after being shot several times.
 * In the A&E drama series Baby Face, produced by Kerry Ehrin and Freddie Highmore with the latter taking on the role of Nelson.
 * In Team Fortress 2 there is a primary weapon for Scout called the "Baby Face's Blaster", it is a lever action shotgun similar to the .351 Winchester that Nelson used during the shootout that ended his life.

title: Baby Face Nelson


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Talk:Baby Face Nelson

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Redirects: George Nelson, Lester M. Gillis, Lester Gillis, Joseph Lester Gillis

Added redirect, as another article links to Joseph Lester Gillis. --TheSock 21:03, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

Manic depression?
Is it true that he suffered from manic depression as portrayed in the Coen Bros. film?
 * Don't take his portrayal in O Brother, Where Art Thou too literally. The Coen brothers' films are usually (especially in this case) allegorical comedies and not meant to be taken too straight. Martyn Smith 18:30, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

Number of Agents Killed?
So, just how many FBI agents did Nelson end up killing? The article mentions only 2 agents, but claims he killed a record number. In fact, going by this article, Nelson killed only 3 people in his entire career. Can someone put up more information that's less sympathetic to him? CFLeon 07:45, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I removed the statement, as I seriously doubt that he killed more federal agents than the 125 killed by the hijackers of American Airlines Flight 77. Nyttend (talk) 12:27, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

American Airlines Flight 77 didn't kill 125 F.B.I. agents. The crash into the Pentagon killed 125 people who worked there. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.8.166.35 (talk) 22:34, 19 November 2008 (UTC) 55 were military personnel and 70 were civilians. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.8.166.35 (talk) 22:39, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

Nelson killed three agents: Carter Baum (at Little Bohemia), Herman Hollis, and Sam Cowley (at Barrington). Joe Suggs (talk) 08:51, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

O Brother, Where Art Thou?
According to the Dramatis Personae of the film it seems the Coen brothers cast the character as Baby Face Nelson himself; while not being historically accurate to the real criminal's life, it was not simply a different George Nelson who robbed banks and despised being confused with the Baby Face Nelson. Am I mistaken? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.70.179.25 (talk) 06:30, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

No, you're correct! It was pure (and great) comedy, with no attempt at anything remotely factual.Joe Suggs (talk) 09:33, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

Battle of Barrington Revised
There were several facts that were wrong in the article and several missing facts I felt were important and should have been included. These changes have been made, and I've also changed some of the writing styles in the article (more of a narrative style, now). VonV (talk) 06:09, 20 April 2008 (UTC)

George
There is a strangely placed "George" in the first line and no further mention. Who called him George ? -- Beardo (talk) 22:16, 9 January 2009 (UTC)
 * It should have been included in quotes in his name, it was what he was called by his family, much like my now-deceased uncle, John, was called "Buster" and then just "Bus" by our family. Wildhartlivie (talk) 22:42, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

Actually, his family seems to have called him "Les"- his real name was Lester J. Gillis. During his first adult criminal period, he adopted the alias "George Nelson". He was dubbed "Baby Face" (more or less) by the press around this time after being called that or described that way by witnesses. After escaping prison, and later during his Dillinger period, etc. he often used aliases such as "Jimmie Burnett", "Jimmie Williams", etc. Most of his criminal associates after his escape knew him as "Jimmie". Joe Suggs (talk) 09:04, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

Killed 12 Law Enforcement Officers
I have again deleted the "killing more than a dozen law officers," statement. The NY Times article it lists as a source actually says, "Clyde Barrow and Baby Face Nelson alone murdered more than a dozen law officers." This is a poorly worded sentence since the Barrow gang itself is credited with killing 12 law enforcement officers and Nelson killed another 3 FBI agents. I also deleted the "enjoyed hunting law enforcement officers from a list he kept of their vehicle information" because it is not in the article and has no source.--TL36 (talk) 02:06, 12 April 2009 (UTC)--TL36 (talk) 02:09, 12 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I see no reason why the sentence itself can't be reworded and the source still used. We don't often have accessible headlines from that era available to us, and it certainly can be used. Wildhartlivie (talk) 03:10, 12 April 2009 (UTC)

What's wrong with the sentence is it makes it seem like Barrow and Nelson were robbing banks together like Bonny and Clyde(aka the Barrow gang)when they never even met. It was misleading in the NY Times and it's misleading in Wikipedia. Nelson is known for robbing banks with Dillinger and killing more FBI agents than any other criminal. The latter was in this piece but has twice been deleted. Besides the two FBI agents killed at Barrington, the third agent was killed at Little Bohemia. —Preceding unsigned comment added by TL36 (talk • contribs) 07:19, 12 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Then word it in a way that makes it read to your satisfaction. However, there is no reason to throw the baby out with the bathwater. Fix how it reads instead of just deleting it. Meanwhile, the addition you made was reverted for a couple reasons. You put in the article, and also stated here, that Nelson killed three FBI agents, but you didn't give a source for that and used what is referred to as weasel wording by saying it was written but didn't show who did that. The New York Times article does not say who killed the FBI agent at Little Bohemia. You also put the statement that he kept a list of vehicles in front of the citation to the New York Times, but then as you noted later, took it out because it wasn't in the cite given. It's all about referencing as well as wording. Wildhartlivie (talk) 08:27, 12 April 2009 (UTC)

(1) Nelson's identification for the killing of Carter Baum at Little Bohemia (which I've never seen questioned) is based on numerous and very detailed surviving eyewitness testimony, the fact that Nelson was the only one of the Little Bohemia fugitives anywhere near the right area by that time (he had become separated from Dillinger and the others and was alone and moving in the opposite direction), Nelson's own alleged admission to and description of the event to numerous acquaintances who reported his version (he is quoted as having said that Baum had the drop on him and should have killed him, but his gun jammed- which tallies with other accounts, though in fact Baum's unfired weapon was found to have the safety still on), and the highly unusual custom-made weapon with which the murder was committed- a converted machine-gun pistol he commissioned and purchased in San Antonio, Texas from Hyman Lebman. Nelson also purchased an identical one for Dillinger, and it was recovered from Dillinger's room at Little Bohemia and ultimately traced to Lebman.

(2) I agree with the other poster here that the Barrow sentence is confusing and troubling. There isn't much of a baby to save in that particular bathwater, since information about Clyde Barrow is inessential (at best) to any article about Nelson. Suffice it to say that Nelson killed three agents (and probably several other people, including a witness against criminal associates of his in Nevada). Personally, I say leave the Barrow information to the Clyde Barrow page. But I'm not going to meddle in it.

(3) The unsourced quote, to me (I also agree with the earlier poster who made this point), is that Nelson "enjoyed hunting law enforcement officers from a list he kept of their vehicle information he compiled to actively hunt them at every opportunity". I won't go as far as to say that this is inaccurate, but it certainly needs a citation, especially since I don't know of any documented instances (much less "every opportunity") of Nelson "hunting" Federal agents (unless one stretches a point and says that Barrington was an instance of this). He did record a license plate on at least one instance when it was made known to him, for whatever reason, and he certainly made threats against agents- especially those he felt had abused his wife when she was in custody.

Nonetheless, I left it as it was.

Nelson is a widely misunderstood character- mainly just oversimplified due to lack of good information- and has never been written about nearly as thoroughly as Dillinger until recently. There's also a ton of misinformation floating around about him, such as the mythical Capone connection and the seventeen death wounds. But with some good work this page will go a ways to set all that as straight as possible. Joe Suggs (talk) 09:31, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

Belgium?
This biography lists Baby Face Nelson as being the son of Belgian immigrants, which is completely incorrect. Gillis is not a Belgian name, it is Scottish and his parents immigrated to the US from Nova Scotia, Canada. Even one of the external links notes the correctly that his father was from Margaree, NS. http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/outlaws/nelson/1.html —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.222.127.188 (talk) 18:48, 8 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes, so you said when you changed it in the article. However, it certainly isn't clear that trutv is reliably sourced - it isn't clear at all from where they got their information. After you changed it, I immediately searched in biographies written and published by reliable third party publishers and it does not say Nelson's parents were from Nova Scotia, nor that they were Highland Scots. The source is quite clear and cited in the article about his parents' heritage. His mother's birth name was Marie Douget. Gillis may be a name used in Scotland, but it does not mean that Gillis/Gilles could not be a name of French/Belgian origin as well. In fact, the name Gillis ultimately has roots in Ancient Greece and then France, is a short form of "Aegidius", and came from St. Giles. You can read all about that here and here. Didn't it strike you as strange that while trutv was asserting Scottish heritage, it also was asserting his father's first name was Josef and that his mother tutored children in French? Please look at the links provided as sourcing in the article. Just because trutv says something does not make it correct. Wildhartlivie (talk) 22:27, 8 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Actually that wasn't me (the above commenter) who changed the article. I simply added a comment here to discuss the issue.First off, the links you gave me are for the wrong surname. In North America, Gillis is often an alternate spelling of Gillies, which is Gaelic in origin, coming from "Mac gill Iosa". No relation to Greek. Douget is an Acadian surname, and there are many French speaking Acadians living in Margaree and environs. I am unsure as to why his father's name is spelled Josef, although the Gaelic form "Eosaph" would be pronounced the same. All references to Nelson's Belgian ancestry, come from the Nickel and Helmer biography. In fact most of the article is sourced to that book. I am unable to check where they got their information as I do not own a copy. My knowledge comes from genological research of my own family, as I am also a Gillies in Cape Breton. However it is strange that there are only two sources for all claims about Nelson's ancestry. One is the book, and the other is that website.
 * I'm not sure what point you're making. There is no source other than trutv, which is not considered a reliable source, given for the name's origins, but the origins of the name isn't what is at issue. At some point, almost everyone on this continent has roots from somewhere else, a huge number from the European continent. I didn't give you the "wrong" links, I gave links for the origins of the name as it pertains to France and Belgium because the person who originally changed the background of Nelson's parents changed it to Scotland from Belgium because trutv said so. It also doesn't mean the Gillis name didn't come from Belgium, given the source and the other indications that Gillis is a name that exists in France and Belgium. It isn't given to prove Gillis/Nelson's roots, it is only given to show that it could be. Trutv wouldn't be a reliably published third party source. Without contrary sources that contradict the one being given, it isn't possible to initiate a change from the source to one based on anyone else's personal genealogical research. That the article isn't currently multiply sourced for each fact doesn't negate what the present source says. That's the issue. Wildhartlivie (talk) 00:46, 14 July 2009 (UTC)

Robbery spree ended 2 years before first robbery.
Quoting from the article: "Nelson's robbery spree came to an end when he was arrested in 1931."

Later in the same paragraph:

"Nelson robbed his first bank in Grand Haven, Michigan on August 18, 1933."

Huh? ?Preceding unsigned comment added by Gredw (talk ? contribs) 21:06, 22 October 2009 (UTC)

 * It isn't contradictory. A petty robbery career was halted when he was arrested and went to prison. When he got out, he started robbing banks. Wildhartlivie (talk) 01:18, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

Except there's no mention of any previous "robbery spree" -- only of petty theft. The phrase "Nelson's robbery spree" (to me) is a reference to something the reader is supposed to know about, but it's something that hasn't ever been mentioned in the article. Maybe it just me, but it doesn't read very well the way it is. When I got to the phrase "Nelson's robbery spree" I was confused. No robberies had yet been mentioned, and the first robbery that _is_ mentioned in the article is two years later.

I'm not saying that there _wasn't_ a previous "robbery spree" that didn't involve banks, just that it's confusing to the reader when the first mention of somthing in the article is to state that it was ended.

Video move
I have moved the video, it is squishing the two columns of the reference section. --Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ) (talk) 09:16, 9 December 2009 (UTC)

Timeline Problem
In the following paragraph from the article:

''On April 21, 1930, Nelson robbed his first bank, making off with $4,000. A month later, Nelson and his gang pulled their home invasion scheme again, netting $25,000 worth of jewels. On October 3 of that year, Nelson hit the Itasca State Bank for $4,600; a teller later identified Nelson as one of the robbers. Three nights later, Nelson stole the jewelry of the wife of Chicago mayor Big Bill Thompson, valued at $18,000. She later described her attacker this way, He had a baby face. He was good looking, hardly more than a boy, had dark hair and was wearing a gray topcoat and a brown felt hat, turned down brim."[8] Years later, Nelson and his crew were linked to a botched roadhouse robbery in Summit, Illinois on November 23, 1930 that resulted in gunplay that left three people dead and three others wounded. Three nights later, the Tape Bandits hit a Waukegan Road tavern, and Nelson ended up committing his first murder of note, when he killed stockbroker Edwin R. Thompson''

The "Years later" doesn't add up with the later date of 23 Nov 1930. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.46.176.153 (talk) 08:47, 2 March 2013 (UTC)

Nelson and his crew were supposed to have robbed the Hillside State Bank in Hillside, IL, on November 22, 1930. They robbed this roadhouse the next night? James Galloway (talk) 23:00, 15 March 2016 (UTC)

Bank Robbery
"On April 21, 1930, Nelson robbed his first bank, making off with approximately $4,000" A search of the Internet turns up nothing but variations on this line, so this was probably the source. There is no mention of this robbery in Baby Face Nelson: Portrait of a Public Enemy, a fairly detailed biography of the man, which leads me to believe the information is false. James Galloway (talk) 20:01, 17 February 2018 (UTC)

Ballistic Trauma
If it says he died from "Gunshot Wounds", is there any reason to add on "Ballistic Trauma" also? How about "Rapid Lead Poisoning"? I will edit it out unless somebody sees a specific need for it... Msjayhawk (talk) 17:47, 21 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Baby Face Nelson


text:
George Nelson

George Nelson may refer to:

 * George Nelson (Lord Mayor of London), Lord Mayor of London, 1765
 * George Nelson, 8th Earl Nelson (1905–1981)
 * George Nelson (astronaut) (born 1950), former NASA astronaut
 * George Nelson (designer) (1908–1986), American industrial designer
 * George Nelson (footballer) (1919–1981), Australian footballer for Collingwood and Richmond
 * George Nelson (trade unionist) (1868-1928), British trade unionist and politician
 * George Nelson, 1st Baron Nelson of Stafford (1887–1962), British engineer
 * George Nelson, 2nd Baron Nelson of Stafford (1917–1995), English engineer
 * George A. Nelson (1873–1962), 1936 vice presidential candidate of the Socialist Party of America
 * George B. Nelson (1876–1943), justice of the Wisconsin Supreme Court
 * George R. Nelson (1927–1992), American set decorator
 * George Nelson (Alamo defender)

title: George Nelson


text:
Checkerboard

A checkerboard (American English) or chequerboard (British English; see spelling differences) is a game board of checkered pattern on which checkers (also known as English draughts) is played. Most commonly, it consists of 64 squares (8×8) of alternating dark and light color, typically green and buff (official tournaments), black and red (consumer commercial), or black and white (printed diagrams). An 8×8 checkerboard is used to play many other games, including chess, whereby it is known as a chessboard. Other rectangular square-tiled boards are also often called checkerboards.

Games and puzzles using checkerboards
Martin Gardner featured puzzles based on checkerboards in his November 1962 Mathematical Games column in Scientific American. A square checkerboard with an alternating pattern is used for games including:
 * Amazons
 * Chapayev
 * Chess and some of its variants (see chessboard)
 * Czech draughts
 * Draughts, also known as checkers
 * Fox games
 * Frisian draughts
 * Gounki
 * International draughts
 * Italian draughts
 * Lines of Action
 * Pool checkers
 * Russian checkers

The following games require an 8×8 board and are sometimes played on a chessboard.
 * Arimaa
 * Breakthrough
 * Crossings
 * Mak-yek
 * Makruk
 * Martian Chess

Mathematical description
Given a grid with $$m$$ rows and $$n$$ columns, a function $$f(m,n)$$,

$$ \displaystyle {f(m,n)} = \begin{cases} \text{black} & \text{if}\ m \equiv n \pmod 2 \,, \\ \text{white} & \text{if}\ m \not\equiv n \pmod 2\\ \end{cases} $$

or, alternatively,

$$ \displaystyle {f(m,n)} = \begin{cases} \text{black} & \text{if}\ m + n \text{ is even}, \\ \text{white} & \text{if}\ m + n \text{ is odd} \\ \end{cases} $$

The element $$(m,n)=(0,0)$$ is black and represents the lower left corner of the board.

title: Checkerboard


text:
Ikebukuro

Ikebukuro (池袋) is a commercial and entertainment district in Toshima, Tokyo, Japan. Toshima ward offices, Ikebukuro Station, and several shops, restaurants, and enormous department stores are located within city limits.

Transportation
At the center of Ikebukuro is the train and subway station, a huge urban gathering shared by the JR East lines, the Seibu Ikebukuro Line and the Tōbu Tōjō Line. It is one of the main commuter hubs in the western Yamanote area of Tokyo. Ikebukuro Station is the third-busiest station in Japan, and the world.

Cultural attractions
Around the station are the Seibu and Tōbu department stores. Seibu, written with the characters for "West" and "Musashi (province)" (西武), is on the east end of the station and Tōbu, written with the characters for "East" and "Musashi" (東武), is on the west end. East of the station, on the site of Sugamo Prison, stands Sunshine 60, which was the tallest building in Asia at the time of its construction.

Opened in 1978, Sunshine 60 contains Sunshine City, a large and popular shopping mall with various attractions including an aquarium, a Pokémon Center and cat cafés. Adjacent to Sunshine City, on Meiji Dori, is what was previously called the Toyota Ikebukuro Building which housed a multi-floor Toyota Autosalon Amlux showroom from 2000 to 2013. The building is now called Sunshine City Annex since 2019. Otome Road, a center for otaku culture and shopping district for anime and manga aimed at women, is located nearby. Marui and Don Quijote also have department stores in the area. The principal electronics retailer in Ikebukuro is Bic Camera. There is a small pleasure district located in Nishi-Ikebukuro, similar to Shinjuku's Kabukichō.

The Tokyo Metropolitan Theater is also located near Ikebukuro Station. Opened in 1990, the theater hosts concert, dance, and theater performances.

In July 2020, Hareza Ikebukuro, a cultural hub that includes the Hareza Tower and eight theaters, including the Tokyo Tatemono Brillia Hall opened around the site of the former Toshima Ward Office.

The old village of Ikebukuro stood to the northwest of the station. Most of the area on which modern Ikebukuro is built was historically known as Sugamo. In the Taishō and Shōwa periods, the relatively low land prices attracted artists and foreign workers, who lent a somewhat cosmopolitan atmosphere to Ikebukuro. Until October 1, 1932 when Toshima ward was established, the area was an independent municipality of Ikebukuro-mura (池袋村).

Etymology
The kanji for Ikebukuro literally means "pond bag" (池袋). Outside the west exit of Ikebukuro Station near an entrance to the Fukutoshin Line is a small plaque explaining how the area used to have multiple lakes, hence the name. There is a small statue of an owl located near the center of the city called Ikefukurō-zō (池梟像), meaning pond owl statue. It is a play on words, as "owl" (梟 fukurō)  is pronounced similarly to "bag" (袋 fukuro). The owl statue has become a famous meeting place along the lines of the statue of Hachikō located outside Shibuya Station.

Tokyo Chinatown
Ikebukuro is home to many ethnic Chinese who arrived in the 1980s, leading to a variety of Chinese goods and services being provided in the district, which are popular among tourists interested in Chinese culture. However, the Ikebukuro Chinatown is smaller and less populous than Yokohama's Chinatown just to the south of Tokyo.

Education
Public elementary and junior high schools are operated by the Toshima Ward Board of Education.

Ikebukuro Elementary School (豊島区立池袋小学校) is in Ikebukuro. Ikebukuro itself is zoned to Ikebukuro Elementary School and Nishi Ikebukuro Junior High School (西池袋中学校), the latter in Nishi Ikebukuro. Ikebukuro Junior High School (池袋中学校) is in Ikebukuro Honchō and does not serve Ikebukuro proper.

Public high schools are operated by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education.

Rikkyo Ikebukuro Junior and Senior High School, a private secondary school, is in the area.

Universities near Ikebukuro station include Rikkyo University and Tokyo International University.

Organized crime
The Kyokuto-kai (yakuza syndicate) is headquartered in Ikebukuro.

In popular culture

 * Ikebukuro is the setting of the Japanese manga and TV drama Ikebukuro West Gate Park.
 * Ikebukuro is the setting of the Japanese light novel, anime, and manga series Durarara!!.
 * "Ikebukuro" is the name of a 16-minute-long track from the Brian Eno album, The Shutov Assembly.
 * Ikebukuro is also represented in the multimedial project by King Records Hypnosis Mic: Division Rap Battle
 * Ikebukuro is a common location in the Megami Tensei series of video games.
 * The train station of Ikebukuro is featured in Lost Judgment.
 * Internationally renowned Fashion Design Company Kurage is located in Ikebukuro. Founder and head designer Shigenari Kid'O is born in Ikebukuro

title: Ikebukuro


text:
Talk:Communist Party of Nepal

Untitled
"controls most of the country" in what respect? political? territory? military? Can that statement be classed as NPOV? Please provide facts to support this statement. RedWolf 06:09, Nov 28, 2003 (UTC)

 * Sorry, didn't cite source there. It was the CPN (gasp) quoting a government spokesperson, from memory. It was supported by a third party news report that quoted an anonymous British military source stating that the CPN was basically going to take the country.  I have read so many reports on the place in the last week or so they kind of blur together, but I recognise the importance. I will try to dig some sources up tomorrow, if I have time (it will be circa 24 hours from now ...) -Pratyeka 14:33, 28 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * While I don't support communism, I can understand to some extent why the Maoists started the war. I went to Nepal in 2002 and saw some of the living conditions and definitely something should be done about it. However, on the other hand, war and violence are never the answer to a problem. When we trekked into Lukla from Jiri, us westerners were never confronted by the Maoists although we knew they were out there among us. Unfortunately, they did harass our guides and sirdar out of our sight (they later told us once we were above Lukla). I have been reading The Kathmandu Post stories on their web site and with all the violence and killing of innocent people by the Maoists, how can the Communist Party rightfully call it the "People's War"? RedWolf 19:27, Nov 28, 2003 (UTC)

Family tree
There are so many CPNs with splits, mergers and renames that a family tree would help.--Rumping (talk) 07:18, 25 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, User:Horses In The Sky did one. However, there are many details of the Nepalese communist movement that are somewhat shady and undocumented, making such an attempt a little difficult. What would be needed is a Communism in Nepal article, defining all the different splits and groupings. --Soman (talk) 08:36, 25 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I assume you are talking about Image:Nepal Communism table.JPG. Thanks --Rumping (talk) 08:29, 26 April 2008 (UTC)
 * The problem, as I tried to imply in my last post, is that there are several faults in that image. --Soman (talk) 10:31, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Communist Party of Nepal


text:
Rachel Ward

Rachel Claire Ward (born 12 September 1957) is an English-Australian actress, film director, screenwriter and television director.

Early life
Ward was born in Oxfordshire near Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire, England, the daughter of Claire Leonora (née Baring) and the Hon. Peter Alistair Ward. Her grandfathers were William Ward, 3rd Earl of Dudley and the cricketer Giles Baring. Ward is also the great-granddaughter of William Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley, Governor-General of Australia 1908–11, and sister of environmental campaigner and former actress Tracy Louise Ward, Duchess of Beaufort. She attended Hatherop Castle School, Hatherop, Gloucestershire, then the Byam Shaw School of Art in Kensington, West London. She left school at age 16 to become a fashion and photography model. She briefly dated David Kennedy, son of Robert F. Kennedy.

Career
During her modelling career, she was featured on the covers of Vogue, Harper's & Queen, and Cosmopolitan magazines. After moving to the United States in 1977, she appeared in television advertisements such as the Lincoln Mercury "Cougar Girl" and Revlon's "Scoundrel Girl". In 1981, she received a Golden Globe Award nomination for "New Star of the Year" for her role in the film Sharky's Machine starring with Burt Reynolds. The following year, she starred in Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid with Steve Martin. Her big break came in 1983, when she starred opposite Richard Chamberlain as the lead role portraying Meggie Cleary in the television miniseries The Thorn Birds, for which she was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film. Ward assigns much of the credit for this breakthrough performance to acting coach Sandra Seacat, first for simply helping her get the job (after her disastrous first reading) and then for the quality of the finished performance, assembled over the course of a gruelling five-month shooting schedule, while undergoing a simultaneous and no less gruelling makeover programme at the hands of Seacat. Also in 1983, U.S. audiences voted Ward one of the world's 10 most beautiful women. In 1984, she played Jess in the film noir remake Against All Odds, with Jeff Bridges. After filming Fortress in 1985, Ward then disappeared from film for a few years to study acting.

She reappeared in 1987 playing opposite her husband, Bryan Brown (whom she met on the set of The Thorn Birds), in The Umbrella Woman. In 2001, she was again nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film for her role in On the Beach (2000). Also in 2001, Ward won the Australian Film Institute Award for Best Short Fiction Film for The Big House, and Best Australian Film at Flickerfest. The film also won the Film Critics Circle of Australia award, as did her 2003 film Martha's New Coat. That film also won the 2003 ATOM Award.

In 2003, a portrait of Ward by artist Jan Williamson won the Packing Room Prize at the Archibald Prize competition. In 2005, Ward was made a Member of the Order of Australia "for service to raising awareness of social justice through lobbying, mentoring and advocacy for the rights of disadvantaged and at-risk young people, and support for the Australian film and television industry".

In 2006, Ward acted in Kevin Connor's mini-series Blackbeard, made for the Hallmark Channel.

In 2007, Ward returned to television, headlining the new ABC drama Rain Shadow. She played a country veterinarian named Kate McDonald, a free spirit who confronts personal and professional obstacles in a rural, drought-affected town.

In 2009, she directed her first feature-length film titled Beautiful Kate, adapted by Ward from a 1982 Newton Thornburg novel, and premiered at the Sydney Film Festival.

Personal life
Ward has been married to the Australian actor Bryan Brown since 1983. They have three children: Rosie, Matilda and Joe.

Film
Short film

Feature film

Acting roles

Television
Director

Appearances

Presenter
 * 54th Academy Awards (1982)
 * 1987 Australian Film Institute Awards (1987)
 * 62nd Academy Awards (1990)
 * 1990 MTV Video Music Awards (1990)
 * 48th Golden Globe Awards (1991)
 * 62nd Academy Awards (1991)
 * World Vision: Power of One (1996)

Host
 * 1992 Australian Film Institute Awards (1992)

TV special
 * Down to Earth (1989)
 * World Vision: The Silent Tragedy (1991)
 * World Vision Appeal: Vision for a Better World (1994-1995)
 * The Australia Remembers Gala Tribute (1995)
 * World Vision Appeal: A Christmas Wish (1996)
 * Gary Sweet's World (1997)

Acting roles
TV movies

Miniseries

Theatre

 * How to Get Ahead in Advertising (1989) (US)
 * Hopping to Byzantium (1990)
 * The Piccadilly Bushman (1998)

title: Rachel Ward


text:
Talk:Independent Pilots Association

Untitled
Presumably the association only has one member. If had more than one, it would be the Independent Pilots' Association. Adam 06:17, 28 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * moved per convention used on its website. --Jiang

Requested change in redirect for IPA from International Phonetic Alphabet to IPA (disambiguation)
Please comment. --Karnesky 15:43, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

reason for independence?
Is there a particular reason this union is independent of the Air Line Pilots Association that most other U.S. pilots are part of? The name makes it sound like a rather pointed distinction, so I'm wondering if there's some history behind this. --Delirium (talk) 08:49, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Independent Pilots Association


text:
Talk:Positive

Bypassing redirects
Someone more motivated that me will need to disambiguate these links :) -- pde 06:26, 28 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Now that there's alittle disambiguation, the articles need to be linked to wrt 'positive' better. many of these disambiguations don't even direct you to articles with the word 'positive' in the title. THis isn't to say that they all necessarily have to, but many of them should and don't, or at least don't in a clear fashion. Shaggorama 00:29, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

Positive vs. Affirmative
Currently affirmative redirects to positive. Is that a good idea? In linguistics I think that affirmative and positive are both defined and have distinct meanings. In many of the uses listed here, "positive" cannot be replaced by "affirmative". Perhaps there should be two disamb pages which point at each other:
 * Positive may be: ... • The same as affirmative

And vice-versa. Jorge Stolfi 21:04, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

Being positive
Be positive 197.185.102.1 (talk) 09:51, 19 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Positive


text:
Quarto (board game)

Quarto is a board game for two players invented by Swiss mathematician Blaise Müller. It is published and copyrighted by Gigamic.

The game is played on a 4×4 board. There are 16 unique pieces to play with, each of which is either:
 * tall or short;
 * red or blue (or a different pair of colors, e.g. light- or dark-stained wood);
 * square or circular; and
 * hollow-top or solid-top.

Players take turns choosing a piece which the other player must then place on the board. A player wins by placing a piece on the board which forms a horizontal, vertical, or diagonal row of four pieces, all of which have a common attribute (all short, all circular, etc.). A variant rule included in many editions gives a second way to win by placing four matching pieces in a 2×2 square.

Quarto is distinctive in that there is only one set of common pieces, rather than a set for one player and a different set for the other. It is therefore an impartial game.

Awards

 * Dé d’Or des Créateurs de Jeux 1989 – Paris, France
 * Oscar du Jouet – Toy Oscar 1992 – Paris, France
 * Jouet de l'année – Game of the Year 1992 – Brussels
 * Super As d'Or Festival International des Jeux – Super Golden Ace 1992 – Cannes, France
 * Toy Award 1992 – Benelux
 * Spiel des Jahres – Game of the Year 1993 nominee – Germany
 * Gioco Dell'anno – Game of the Year 1993 – Italy
 * Speelgoed Vant Jaar – Game of the year 1993 – Netherlands
 * Mensa Select Top 5 Best Games 1993 – US
 * Parent's Choice Gold Award 1993 – US
 * Best Bet of the Canadian Toy Testing Council 1994 – Canada
 * Prix d'Excellence des Consommateurs – Consumer's Toy Award 1994 – Quebec, Canada
 * Games Magazine "Games 100 Selection" 1995 – US
 * Games Magazine "Games 100 Selection" 1996 – US
 * Games Magazine "Games 100 Selection" 1997 – US
 * Game of the Year 2004 – Finland
 * Parent's Choice Top 25 games in 25 years 2004 – US

title: Quarto (board game)


text:
Dr. Kildare

Dr. James Kildare is a fictional American medical doctor, originally created in the 1930s by the author Frederick Schiller Faust under the pen name Max Brand. Shortly after the character's first appearance in a magazine story, Paramount Pictures used the story and character as the basis for the 1937 film Internes Can't Take Money, starring Joel McCrea as Jimmie Kildare. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) subsequently acquired the rights and featured Kildare as the primary character in a series of American theatrical films in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Several of these films were co-written by Faust (as Max Brand), who also continued to write magazine stories and novels about the character until the early 1940s. Kildare was portrayed by Lew Ayres in nine MGM films. (Ayres was drafted in 1942 and served as a non-combatant medic until 1946.) Later films set in the same hospital featured Dr. Gillespie (Lionel Barrymore). Ayres returned to voice the Kildare character in an early 1950s radio series. The 1961–1966 Dr. Kildare television series made a star of Richard Chamberlain and gave birth to a comic book and comic strip based on the show. A short-lived reboot of the TV series, Young Doctor Kildare, debuted in 1972 and ran for 24 episodes.

Original series
The author Frederick Schiller Faust, writing as Max Brand, created the character of Dr. James Kildare as a fictionalized version of his college friend, Dr. George Winthrop "Dixie" Fish, a New York surgeon. He first introduced the character in a short story, "Internes Can't Take Money", that appeared in the March 1936 issue of Cosmopolitan magazine. A second Kildare story, "Whiskey Sour", was published in Cosmopolitan in April 1938. In these early stories, Dr. James "Jimmy" Kildare is an aspiring surgeon who leaves his parents' farm to practice at a fictional big-city hospital, and through his work, comes into contact with underworld criminals. The first Kildare film, Internes Can't Take Money (1937), based on the short story of the same title and made by Paramount, followed this version of the character.

In 1938, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) contracted with Faust to acquire the rights to the Kildare character along with Faust's services as a film story writer. Faust then made major changes to the character to fit MGM's idea for a new movie series, including changing Kildare's specialty to diagnostics rather than surgery, introducing the character of Kildare's superior Dr. Leonard Gillespie, de-emphasizing the criminal elements, and restarting the story from Kildare's first arrival at the city hospital. Faust (as Brand) collaborated with MGM on its Kildare film series starting with the first MGM series release, Young Dr. Kildare (1938) and continuing through The People vs. Dr. Kildare (1941). During this time, Faust wrote several original Kildare stories which were first published in magazines, later republished in novel form, and made into films by MGM. The stories were written prior to the films being made, and were not published as movie tie-ins.

After The People vs. Dr. Kildare, Faust and MGM parted ways. Faust was not involved in Dr. Kildare's Wedding Day, Dr. Kildare's Victory, or any of the subsequent films featuring Dr. Gillespie, although Faust (as Brand) continued to receive a credit for creating the characters. Faust's last two Kildare stories, "Dr. Kildare's Hardest Case" (published in 1942) and the unfinished story "Dr. Kildare's Dilemma" (posthumously published in the early 1970s), were not made into films. In 1944, Faust was killed in Italy while working as a war correspondent.

Dr. Kildare story list
This table lists the Max Brand-authored Kildare stories in chronological order of first publication. Due to the continuing popularity of the characters in film, radio and television series, many reprints, different formats, and different versions of the original Kildare books have since been released.

Aside from the Kildare stories, Faust (as Brand) wrote only one other medical story, "My People", which appeared in the August 1940 issue of Cosmopolitan. "My People" featured a character, "Dr. Maynard", who was similar to Dr. Kildare. MGM acquired the rights to "My People" as a possible concept for a Kildare film, but it was never developed.

Television tie-ins
The popularity of the 1960s Dr. Kildare TV series and its star, Richard Chamberlain, resulted in a number of contemporary tie-in novels by several different authors. Several were released in mass-market paperback form by Lancer Books, while titles aimed at preteen and young teen readers were published by Whitman Publishing. The covers featured photographs of Chamberlain as Kildare, or artwork using his likeness. Known titles are listed below.

By Robert C. Ackworth:
 * Dr. Kildare (Lancer, 1962)
 * Dr. Kildare: Assigned to Trouble (Whitman, 1963) (with Robert L. Jenney, illustrator)

By Norman A. Daniels:
 * Dr. Kildare's Secret Romance (Lancer, 1962)
 * Dr. Kildare's Finest Hour (Lancer, 1963)

By William Johnston:
 * Dr. Kildare: The Faces of Love (Lancer, 1963)
 * Dr. Kildare: The Heart Has an Answer (Lancer, 1963)
 * Dr. Kildare: The Magic Key (Whitman, 1964) (with Al Andersen, illustrator)

Internes Can't Take Money
The character of Dr. Kildare first appeared on film in the 1937 Paramount film, Internes Can't Take Money, based on Max Brand's previously published short story of the same name and starring Joel McCrea as Dr. Kildare. The plot focuses on Dr. Kildare's attempt to help a young female ex-convict (played by Barbara Stanwyck) locate her child. Paramount did not plan any further Kildare films, probably because box-office returns did not meet expectations.

MGM film series (1930s–1940s)
MGM had noted the popularity of the Kildare character in pulp magazines and, following the release of Internes Can't Take Money, saw an opportunity to obtain an undervalued property and develop a successful film series. In 1938, MGM entered into a deal with author Faust (Brand) to acquire the rights to Dr. Kildare and have Faust work with MGM on developing stories for a film series. Seven Dr. Kildare films were subsequently made by MGM based on stories originally written by Faust. After The People vs. Dr. Kildare (1941), Faust and MGM ended their collaboration and MGM continued the series using stories by other writers, though Faust still received a credit for creating the characters.

In the MGM series, the Dr. Kildare character (played by Lew Ayres) first appears as a medical intern newly arrived at a New York City hospital, where he attracts the attention of a respected older physician and skilled diagnostician, Dr. Leonard Gillespie (played by Lionel Barrymore). After becoming a physician, Kildare faces a number of professional and personal challenges in the course of his work, while being mentored by Gillespie.

In 1942, during the making of the tenth film in the MGM series, originally titled Born to Be Bad, Ayres was drafted to serve in WWII and declared himself a conscientious objector. The resulting negative publicity caused MGM to cut Ayres from the film, eliminate the character of Kildare, and change the film's focus to Barrymore's character Gillespie, eventually releasing the revamped film as Calling Dr. Gillespie (1942). Dr. Kildare simply vanished from the series, without explanation, and for Calling Dr. Gillespie the character of a young doctor mentored by the experienced Dr. Gillespie was played by Philip Dorn (as Dr. John Hunter Gerniede). MGM made several more films featuring the Dr. Gillespie character mentoring various young doctors played by Van Johnson (as Dr. Randall "Red" Adams), Keye Luke (as Dr. Lee Wong How), and James Craig (as Dr. Tommy Coalt). After leaving the series, the character of Kildare was never seen, heard or so much as mentioned in any of the subsequent films.

MGM Dr. Kildare films

 * Young Dr. Kildare (1938), which introduced Lew Ayres as Dr. Kildare and Lionel Barrymore as Dr. Gillespie
 * Calling Dr. Kildare (1939)
 * The Secret of Dr. Kildare (1939)
 * Dr. Kildare's Strange Case (1940)
 * Dr. Kildare Goes Home (1940)
 * Dr. Kildare's Crisis (1940)
 * The People vs. Dr. Kildare (1941) – the last film made with the collaboration of series creator Frederick Schiller Faust (Max Brand)
 * Dr. Kildare's Wedding Day (1941)
 * Dr. Kildare's Victory (1942)

MGM Dr. Gillespie films

 * Calling Dr. Gillespie (1942), with Dr. John Hunter Gerniede (Philip Dorn) replacing the character of Dr. Kildare (Ayres), who was retired from the series
 * Dr. Gillespie's New Assistant (1942), which introduced Gillespie's new assistants Dr. Randall "Red" Adams (Van Johnson) and Dr. Lee Wong How (Keye Luke)
 * Dr. Gillespie's Criminal Case (1943), with Dr. Randall "Red" Adams (Johnson) and Dr. Lee Wong How (Luke)
 * Three Men in White (1944), with Dr. Randall "Red" Adams (Johnson) and Dr. Lee Wong How (Luke)
 * Between Two Women (1945), with Dr. Randall "Red" Adams (Johnson) and Dr. Lee Wong How (Luke)
 * Dark Delusion (1947), with Dr. Tommy Coalt (James Craig) (replacing Johnson's character) and Dr. Lee Wong How (Luke)

Home media
Warner Bros. released the complete set of MGM Kildare films on DVD as the "Dr. Kildare Movie Collection" via their Warner Archive Collection in January 2014. The set also included, as an extra, the 1960 unaired pilot for the Dr. Kildare TV series starring Lew Ayres. Previously, some of the individual Kildare films had been released individually on DVD through distributors such as Alpha Video, Roan Archival Group, FilmRise and Genius Entertainment.

Warner Bros. also released the complete set of Dr. Gillespie films on DVD as the "Dr. Gillespie Movie Collection" via Warner Archive Collection in November 2014.

The single Paramount Kildare film, Internes Can't Take Money, was released on DVD by Universal as part of "The Barbara Stanwyck Collection" in April 2010.

Radio
The Kildare character first appeared on radio on October 13, 1938, when Lionel Barrymore and Lew Ayres performed a scene from their soon-to-be-released film, Young Dr. Kildare, on MGM's Good News of 1939 radio program.

In the summer of 1949, MGM reunited Lew Ayres and Lionel Barrymore to record the radio series, The Story of Dr. Kildare, which used the concept and characters of the earlier Young Dr. Kildare story and did not include any of the young doctors who had replaced Kildare in the later films featuring Dr. Gillespie. By this time, Ayres had returned to public favor after serving in WWII as a medical corpsman. Episodes were scripted by James Moser, Jean Holloway, Les Crutchfield, E. Jack Neuman, John Michael Hayes, Joel Murcott, and others. The supporting cast included Ted Osborne as hospital administrator Dr. Carew, Eleanor Audley as receptionist Molly Byrd, Jane Webb as nurse Mary Lamont, and Virginia Gregg as nurse Evangeline Parker, labeled "Nosy Parker" by Gillespie. In addition, many prominent West Coast radio actors made recurring appearances, including Raymond Burr, William Conrad, Stacy Harris, Lurene Tuttle, Barton Yarborough, and Jack Webb.

Each radio episode was developed as a stand-alone program rather than a serial. Episodes typically focused on Dr. Kildare dealing with a particular medical issue while jousting with eccentric patients and/or hospital administrators. The medical information presented was up to date for its time, and sometimes taken from real life; for example, an episode in which Dr. Kildare is forced to perform an emergency appendectomy on himself was based on a news story. At least 60 half-hour episodes were produced.

In addition to airing on the MGM-affiliated New York station WMGM, The Story of Dr. Kildare was originally syndicated to over 200 outlets in the U.S. and Canada, mostly Mutual Broadcasting System stations. The earliest known broadcast of the program took place on September 27, 1949, on Mutual station WGN in Chicago, prior to the WMGM premiere episode on October 12, 1949. In the early 1950s, MGM offered the show to stations as part of a multiple-program package for a price lower than purchasing each program individually. However, starting in 1952, stations began to lose interest in such packages, preferring to develop their own local programming to better compete with television. Consequently, despite the show's popularity with audiences, no new episodes of The Story of Dr. Kildare were produced after 1951, although rebroadcasts of old episodes continued to air in syndication for several more years.

Dr. Kildare (1950s)
In 1953, Lew Ayres was approached to play Dr. Kildare in a television series, which would feature Dr. Kildare having finally taken over the practice of a retired Dr. Gillespie. After two pilots were filmed, Ayres refused to work further on the project unless the television studio refused to allow cigarette companies to sponsor the program. Ayres later explained, "My feeling was that a medical show, particularly one that might appeal to children, should not be used to sell cigarettes." The studio would not agree to reject lucrative advertising, so the project was abandoned.

Dr. Kildare (1960s)

Lew Ayres reprised his role as Dr. Kildare in an unsold and unaired 1960 TV pilot directed by John Newland (with Joe Cronin as Dr. Grayson)

The second attempt at a Kildare TV show premiered on September 28, 1961. The series was a top-10 hit with audiences and ran until April 5, 1966, for a total of 191 episodes in five seasons. The first two seasons told the story of Dr. James Kildare (Richard Chamberlain), working in a fictional large metropolitan hospital while trying to learn his profession, deal with his patients' problems, and earn the respect of the senior Dr. Leonard Gillespie (Raymond Massey). In the third season, Dr. Kildare was promoted to resident and the series began to focus more on the stories of the patients and their families. The success of the show (along with ABC's contemporaneous medical drama Ben Casey) inspired the launch of numerous other television medical dramas in the ensuing years.

Young Dr. Kildare (1970s)
In 1972, MGM Television created a short-lived syndicated drama series called Young Dr. Kildare, starring Mark Jenkins as Dr. James Kildare and Gary Merrill as Dr. Leonard Gillespie. The series was not a success, and only 24 episodes were produced.

Comics
From 1962 to 1965, Dell Comics published a Dr. Kildare comic book based on the 1960s Dr. Kildare television series. The first issue was released April 2, 1962, as No. 1337 in Dell's Four Color Comics line, and featured a story involving a gambler checking into Dr. Kildare's hospital to hide from a hit man. Dell subsequently continued the comic book for a total of nine issues, with the final issue appearing in April 1965. All issues had photo covers featuring Chamberlain, the star of the TV series.

A Dr. Kildare daily comic strip based on the 1960s television series, distributed by King Features Syndicate, and drawn by Ken Bald also premiered on October 15, 1962. Bald was required to base his drawing of Dr. Kildare on photos of Richard Chamberlain, but made up his own drawings of other characters, including Dr. Gillespie. The daily strip, drawn by Bald, ran for over two decades until April 21, 1984, outlasting the television series (which was cancelled in 1966) by nearly 18 years. A Sunday strip also ran from April 19, 1964, to April 3, 1983. Bald retired after the cancellation of the daily strip.

Franchise rights
The underlying rights to the Kildare film and television franchise are owned by Warner Bros. (via Turner Entertainment Co.), with the exception of the 1937 film Internes Can't Take Money, currently owned by EMKA, Ltd./Universal Television, keeper of Paramount Pictures' pre-1950 sound library.

title: Dr. Kildare


text:
Little auk

The little auk or dovekie (Alle alle) is a small auk, the only member of the genus Alle. Alle is the Sami name of the long-tailed duck; it is onomatopoeic and imitates the call of the drake duck. Linnaeus was not particularly familiar with the winter plumages of either the auk or the duck, and appears to have confused the two species. Other common names include rotch, rotche, bullbird, and sea dove, although the latter sometimes refers to a relative of dovekies, the black guillemot.

Dovekies breed on islands in the high Arctic. There are two subspecies: A. a. alle breeds in Greenland, Novaya Zemlya and Svalbard, and A. a. polaris on Franz Josef Land. A small number of individuals breed on Little Diomede Island in the Bering Strait with additional breeding individuals thought to occur on King Island, St. Lawrence Island, St. Matthew Island and the Pribilof Islands in the Bering Sea.

Taxonomy
The little auk was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. He placed it with the other auks in the genus Alca and coined the binomial name Alca alle. Linnaeus specified the type locality as Ocean of Arctic, Europe and America but this is now restricted to Scotland. The specific epithet is from Allē, the Lapp word for the long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis). The species was formerly placed in the genus Plautus, but in 1973 this name was suppressed by the commission of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature  and now the little auk is the only species placed in the genus Alle that was introduced in 1806 by the German naturalist Heinrich Friedrich Link.

Two subspecies are recognised:
 * A. a. alle (Linnaeus, 1758) – Baffin Island (Arctic northeast Canada), northwest, east Greenland, north Iceland, Jan Mayen (northeast of Iceland), Svalbard (north of Norway) and Novaya Zemlya (north of northwest Russia)
 * A. a. polaris Stenhouse, 1930 – Franz Josef Land (north of Novaya Zemlya, northwest Russia); perhaps Severnaya Zemlya (north of central Russia) to St. Lawrence Island (Bering Sea, Alaska)

Description
This is the only Atlantic alcid of its size, half the size of the Atlantic puffin, at 19 – in length, with a 34 – wingspan. An adult dovekie's weight ranges from 130 to 200+ g (4.7 to 7.2+ oz). A. a. polaris is generally larger than the nominate subspecies. In breeding plumage, dovekies are black on the head, neck, back, and wings, with white underparts. The bill is short and stubby. They have a small rounded black tail. The lower face and fore neck become white in winter plumage.

Little auks produce a variety of twitters and cackling calls at the breeding colonies, but tend to be silent at sea.

Food and feeding
Flight is fast and direct, with rapid whirring wing beats due to dovekies' short wings. These birds forage for food like other auks by swimming underwater. They mainly eat crustaceans, especially copepods, of which a 150 g bird requires ~60,000 individuals per day (equivalent to 30 g of dry food weight), but they also eat small invertebrates such as mollusks, as well as small fish. Recent evidence suggests that the little auk forages not by filter-feeding on planktonic prey, but by visually-guided suction-feeding. They feed close to the shoreline during the breeding season, and feed near coastlines and ice edges during the winter.

Breeding
Little auks breed in large colonies on marine cliffsides. They nest in crevices or beneath large rocks, and may build rudimentary nests by bringing small pebbles and/or old grasses and lichen into the cavity, where they lay a single egg .Their single pale greenish blue egg is placed in a crevice of the rocks. Dovekies, like other alcids, are monogamous and have high nest-site fidelity, meaning that they often reusing the same cavity as a nest site by the same pair, year to year. Eggs are generally incubated by both parents equally, for roughly a month (28-31 days), until chicks begin to pip at about 25 days. Hatchlings generally weigh a mere 21 g and are unable to thermoregulate on their own. The hatchlings are brooded for approximately 5 days until they are able to thermoregulate, after which they are only attended to for feeding by parents. Young dovekies fledge from their nests at an age of 26-29 days old, synchronously with conspecifics on the colony, usually at night. All dovekies migrate south by winter into northern areas of the North Atlantic. The species is also commonly found in the Norwegian Sea. Late autumn storms may carry them south of their normal wintering areas, or into the North Sea, and can cause wrecking of these birds, along with other seabirds, on-land.

The glaucous gull and the Arctic fox are the main predators of little auks at colonies, with other gulls and raptors predating the species as well. In some cases, the polar bear has also been reported to feed on little auk eggs.

Interaction with humans
Due to the nature of dovekies to feed near shore during both summer and winter months, the species has been an important source of food for Inuit of Greenland, Baffin Island, and Labrador, as well as at parts of its southern range in eastern Canada.

Kiviaq is an Inuit dish from Greenland. It is made by stuffing a seal skin with 300 to 500 little auks. Once full and airtight, the skin is sealed with seal fat and the little auks are left to ferment for 3 to 18 months under a pile of rocks. Caught in spring, little auks are a human food resource in winter.

Knud Rasmussen's death is attributed to food poisoning by kiviaq.

On the south coast of Newfoundland, Canada the dovekie is known colloquially as the Bull(y) Bird or Ice Bird. The birds were once hunted, stuffed with savoury dressing and oven-baked. It was a food of last resort to prevent winter starvation amongst the fisher people of Newfoundland's outport communities. Shot with BB pellets on ice pans off Newfoundland's south coast, a feed would consist of 5–6 birds per person. Similarly, a hunt still exists today for murres in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, and mainly acts as a subsistence hunt for traditional hunters, who shoot wintering murres near ice flows in coastal waters as a food source.

Conservation
Although populations appear to be decreasing, this is not currently thought to be rapid enough to be of concern for the species in the medium term, especially as global little auk numbers are generally rather fluid. Little auks have been shown to be able to buffer fluctuations in prey availability, caused by climate change, via plasticity in their foraging behavior, which is likely to make accurate conservation assessments more difficult.

title: Little auk


text:
San Carlos

San Carlos may refer to:

Argentina

 * San Carlos Centro
 * San Carlos Department, Mendoza
 * San Carlos, Mendoza
 * San Carlos Department, Salta
 * San Carlos, Salta
 * San Carlos de Bariloche
 * San Carlos de Bolívar
 * San Carlos, La Plata, Buenos Aires
 * San Carlos Minas
 * San Carlos Norte
 * San Carlos Sud

Belize

 * San Carlos, Belize

Bolivia

 * San Carlos, Ichilo

Brazil

 * São Carlos, a city in São Paulo

Chile

 * San Carlos, Chile
 * Isla de San Carlos was an old Spanish name for the Easter Island

Colombia

 * San Carlos, Antioquia
 * San Carlos de Guaroa

Costa Rica

 * San Carlos (canton)
 * Quesada, San Carlos, commonly called San Carlos

Dominican Republic

 * San Carlos, Distrito Nacional

El Salvador

 * San Carlos, Morazán
 * La Unión, El Salvador, formerly known as San Carlos

Equatorial Guinea

 * San Carlos (Equatorial Guinea), a volcano
 * Luba, Equatorial Guinea, formerly known as San Carlos

Falkland Islands

 * San Carlos, Falkland Islands
 * Port San Carlos
 * San Carlos River (Falkland Islands)
 * San Carlos Water

Guatemala

 * San Carlos Alzatate
 * San Carlos Sija

Mexico

 * San Carlos Nuevo Guaymas, Sonora
 * San Carlos Yautepec, Oaxaca
 * San Carlos, Baja California Sur, or Puerto San Carlos
 * San Carlos Municipality, Tamaulipas

Nicaragua

 * San Carlos, Río San Juan

Panama

 * San Carlos, Chiriquí
 * San Carlos, Panamá Oeste

Paraguay

 * San Carlos, Paraguay

Peru

 * San Carlos District, Bongará

Philippines

 * San Carlos, Valencia, barangay in Bukidnon
 * San Carlos, Negros Occidental
 * San Carlos, Pangasinan

United States

 * San Carlos, Arizona
 * San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation, Arizona
 * San Carlos Lake
 * Paseo de San Carlos, San Jose, California
 * San Carlos, California, San Mateo County
 * San Carlos, Inyo County, California, a former settlement
 * San Carlos, San Diego, California
 * San Carlos Bay, Florida
 * San Carlos Park, Florida
 * Fort San Carlos, Florida
 * San Carlos, Texas

Uruguay

 * San Carlos, Uruguay

Venezuela

 * San Carlos, Cojedes
 * San Carlos de Borromeo Fortress, Isla Margarita
 * San Carlos de Río Negro

People and languages

 * Charles Borromeo or San Carlos Borromeo, 16th century archbishop and cardinal
 * Saint Charles of Sezze, an Italian professed religious from the Order of Friars Minor
 * Rumsen people, or San Carlos Costanoan, a group of the Ohlone indigenous people of California
 * Rumsen language, or San Carlos Costanoan language

Ships

 * San Carlos, alias Toysón de Oro
 * San Carlos, later Hinchinbrooke
 * USS San Carlos (AVP-51), a U.S. Navy ship

Transportation

 * San Carlos station, a Caltrain regional rail station in California, United States
 * San Carlos station (Lima Metro), a rapid transit station in Lima, Peru
 * San Carlos (Mexibús), a bus rapid transit station in Ecatepec, Mexico

Universities

 * Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires, formerly known as Real Colegio de San Carlos, Argentina
 * University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines
 * Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala City
 * Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil

Other uses

 * A.D. San Carlos, a football team from Ciudad Quesada, Costa Rica
 * San Carlos Convent, San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, Argentina
 * San Carlos Fortress, Perote, Veracruz, Mexico
 * San Carlos Stakes, an American Thoroughbred horse race
 * Teatro di San Carlo, the opera house in Naples, Italy
 * Teatro Nacional de São Carlos, the opera house in Lisbon, Portugal

title: San Carlos