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Daf

Daf, also known as dâyere and riq, is a Middle Eastern (mainly Iranian) frame drum musical instrument, used in popular and classical music in South and Central Asia. It is also used in Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, Iran, Uzbekistan, many regions of Georgia, Pakistan as well as in parts of India and Russian polar regions. It is also popular among Balkans, Bukharan Jews, Caucasians, Kurds, and Macedonians.

Daf is the national musical instrument of Pakistan and is also depicted on the reverse and obverse of the Azerbaijani 1 qəpik coin and 1 manat banknote respectively, since 2006.

It traditionally has a round wooden frame (although in the modern era it may also be made of metal), jingles, and a thin, translucent head made of fish or goat skin (or, more recently, a synthetic material). The sound is produced by hitting the membrane with either hand – the left hand, which also holds the daf, strikes the edges, and the right hand strikes the center. The right-hand fingers are fastened about their neighbours and suddenly released (like the action of finger-snapping) to produce loud, rapid, sharp sounds.

History
The Pahlavi (Middle Persian) name of the daf is dap. Some pictures of daf have been found in paintings that date before the Common Era. The presence of the Iranian daf in the 6th–5th century BCE Behistun Inscription suggests that it existed before the rise of Islam and Sufism. Iranian music has always been a spiritual tool. It shows that daf played an important role in Mazdean Iran emerging as an important element during the Sassanian period, during the Kâvusakân dynasty. Also, there is a kind of square frame drum in the stonecutting of Taq-e Bostan (another famous monument located 5km northeast of Kermanshah city). These frame drums were played in the ancient Middle East, Greece, and Rome and reached medieval Europe through Islamic culture.

Nowruz (the first day of the Iranian New Year and the national festival of the Iranian people) and other festive occasions have been accompanied by daf in the Sassanid periods (224 AD–651 AD). In this period the daf was played in order to accompany Iranian classical music. Dafs were likely used in the court to be played in the modes and melodies of traditional music. This traditional or classical music was created by Barbod the Great and was named the khosravani after the mythical king Khosrow II. Recent research reveals that these modes were used in the recitation of Mazdean (Zoroastrian) prayers. The modes were passed down from master to student and are today known as the radif and dastgāh system. Many of the melodies were lost, but most of those that remain date to the Sassanid period. Dafs can be played to produce highly complex and intense rhythms, causing one to go under a trance and reach an ecstatic and spiritually-high state. For this reason, they have always been connected with religion in Iran.

An engraved bronze cup from Lorestan at the National Museum of Iran in Tehran, portrays a double ney (end-blown reed pipes), chang (harp), and a daf in a shrine or court processional, as similarly documented in Egypt, Elam, and the Persian province of Babylonia, where music was arranged for performance by large orchestral ensembles.

The Arabs introduced the daf and other Middle Eastern musical instruments to Spain, and the Spanish adapted and promoted the daf and other musical instruments (such as the guitar) in medieval Europe. In the 15th century, the daf was only used in Sufi ceremonies; the Ottomans reintroduced it to Europe in the 17th century.

The daf still functions as an important part of Iranian music (both traditional and classical) as it did in ancient times. It successfully encourages many young Iranians to take up learning this ancient instrument.

Daf, and its smaller version called dafli, is also used across India. It is believed to have arrived along with other Persian influences in the medieval era, and is a popular folk instrument. In southern India, its use became mainstream, especially in protests, during the early half of the 20th century. Since the 1950s, it has also been used prominently in Bollywood.

In Islam
In Islam, daf holds special importance because Muslims believe that it is the only musical instrument which is permitted to be used. The Prophet of Islam, Muhammad, did not impose a total prohibition on using the daf, stating that it is permissible during Eid, a wedding Walima, or to greet a government official after they arrive from a journey. It has always been an important part of Islamic Sufi music.

Structure and construction
The jingles, which are thin metal plates or rings, are attached to hooks in three or four rectangular holes in the circular wooden frame. The drumhead is made of fish or goat skin. The width of the frame is 45 – and the depth, 5 –. In order to bend the frame, the wood ("buka", "orev") may be softened in water before being bent around a hot metal cylinder. The frame is closed by gluing the ends together. Finally, the skin is attached to the frame by fixing it with another wooden frame or by using nails. Another variation is to have the ring-style jingles arranged around the edge of the inside of the drum the whole way around or to have several tiers half way around the inside edge.

title: Daf


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MGM Grand fire

The MGM Grand fire occurred on Friday, November 21, 1980, at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino (later Bally’s, now Horseshoe Las Vegas), located on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada. The fire killed 85 people, most through smoke inhalation. The fire began from a refrigerated pastry display case in one of the restaurants, located on the first floor. Fire engulfed the resort's casino, and smoke travelled into the hotel tower.

The tragedy remains the deadliest disaster in Nevada history, and the third-deadliest hotel fire in modern U.S. history, after the 1946 Winecoff Hotel fire in Atlanta that killed 119 people and the 1986 Dupont Plaza Hotel fire in Puerto Rico that killed 97. The incident led to the reformation of fire safety guidelines and codes in the state.

Fire
At the time of the fire, about 5,000 people were in the MGM Grand, a casino and 26-story hotel with more than 2,000 hotel rooms that had opened in 1973. At approximately 7:07 a.m. on Friday, November 21, 1980, a fire began in a restaurant known as The Deli. The fire was discovered during an inspection of the restaurant by a tile crew. A crew supervisor noticed a flickering light, which turned out to be a wall of flames. An employee of the hotel's bakery recounted how just after 7 a.m. he saw smoke coming from the ceiling vents just before the lights went out. MGM security was immediately advised of the situation, and alerted the Clark County Fire Department (CCFD) which was the first agency to respond. CCFD received a call reporting the fire at 7:17 a.m., with the first engine arriving on site from across the street at 7:19 a.m. A third alarm was called at 7:22 am, and a Metro Police helicopter pilot requested all available helicopters at 7:30 a.m.

Other agencies included the North Las Vegas Fire Department, Las Vegas Fire & Rescue, and the Henderson Fire Department. A massive helicopter rescue effort from Nellis Air Force Base pulled 1,000 people from the roof of the MGM Grand, involving both U.S. Air Force UH-1N (Hueys) from the 57th Wing based in Indian Springs and CH-3E (Jolly Green Giants) from the 1st Special Operations Wing based in Hurlburt Field, Florida (which were in Nevada to participate in Red Flag '80).

The fire spread to the lobby, fed by wallpaper, PVC piping, glue, and plastic mirrors, racing west through the casino floor at a speed of 15 - 19 ft/s until a massive fireball blew out the main entrance, facing the Las Vegas Strip. From the time the fire was noticed, it took six minutes for the entire casino floor to be fully engulfed. It spread across the areas of the casino in which no fire sprinklers were installed. Eighteen people died in the casino level of the hotel.

The fire was limited to the first floor, but the burning material created toxic fumes and smoke, which ascended throughout the hotel tower via vertical shafts (elevators and stairwells) and seismic joints, causing the majority of the deaths. Approximately 350 firefighters responded to the fire, and some reported having to crawl through the dark and over "mounds of stuff" trying to extinguish the fire. It was later determined that the "mounds" were deceased guests and staff near an elevator bank. The Las Vegas fire department operated separately from the county fire department; the latter served the Las Vegas Strip, so city firefighters were unfamiliar with the MGM's layout, including fire escape routes. This hindered the rescue effort.

Proper evacuation of the hotel guests was also hindered as there was no automatic means of returning elevators to the main floor during a fire, causing 10 deceased victims to be found in an elevator. Some hotel guests tied bedsheets together and hung them on balconies to alert first responders. Some tried using the bedsheets to descend the hotel's exterior. Fire ladders were only able to reach the ninth-floor exterior. One man escaped the hotel tower by lowering himself down a rope.

Some people, trapped in their hotel rooms, broke open their windows to get fresh air, although this allowed thicker smoke from outside to come into the rooms. People below had to dodge shards of glass falling from the broken hotel windows. An expansion of the MGM was underway at the time of the fire, and a construction worker used a scaffolding platform to lower guests to the ground, after they had escaped through their hotel room windows. The Barbary Coast casino across the street was set up as an evacuation center for MGM guests.

Victims
A total of 85 people were killed, including 78 guests and 7 employees. Seventy-five people died from smoke inhalation and carbon monoxide poisoning; four from smoke inhalation alone; three from burns and smoke inhalation; one from burns alone; one of myocarditis; and one from massive skull trauma caused by a fall while attempting to escape the fire.

While the fire primarily damaged the casino floor, approximately 64 deaths occurred on the upper levels of the hotel (mostly from the 20th to 25th floors), where the smoke concentration was the highest. One young couple died in their sleep. Two refrigerated semi-trailers were set up as temporary morgues to hold the bodies of victims until they could be identified.

The number of injuries was reported as being around 600 or more than 700. Approximately 35 firefighters sought medical care, and 15 of them were hospitalized for periods ranging from one day to two weeks. Between 200 and 300 firefighters also experienced dizziness, headaches, and rhinitis in the days after the fire, but did not seek medical attention.

Cause
The fire was confined to the casino and restaurant areas. The hotel was not equipped with a fire sprinkler system. The area with the most fire prevention was in the money counting area, not in individual rooms or on the casino floor. The county's fire chief had been concerned that such a fire could occur, as older hotels built prior to 1979 were not required to have certain fire safety features. Nevada governor Robert List said, "You can't force people to bring hotels up to codes that didn't exist when they were built." For years after its opening, the resort had declined orders to install a second fire hose in one of its showrooms. As of June 1980, only 20 percent of fire safety violations – discovered two months earlier by inspectors – had been corrected.

Electric fire
The fire was caused by an electrical ground fault inside a wall-mounted electrical receptacle.

A refrigerated pastry display case was added, after original construction of the hotel, to one of its restaurants (known as The Deli). Unlike a modern display case, which would be totally self-contained (compressor installed in bottom of display case), this unit functioned like a walk-in cooler or central air conditioning system, with a pair of copper refrigerant lines connecting its evaporator to a condensing unit located outside the building. When this set-up was installed, the copper lineset was run through the same wall soffit as a pre-existing electrical conduit and in physical contact with the conduit.

The fan-forced evaporator unit in the display case was not properly secured, and thus was able to vibrate constantly while in operation; these vibrations were carried along the copper refrigerant lines, causing the pipes to rub against the electrical conduit in the wall soffit and make them vibrate as well. Galvanic corrosion occurred, in which the copper refrigerant pipes were in physical contact with the aluminum electrical conduit, causing the conduit to erode over time. Galvanic corrosion and vibration – as well as jagged edges and stretched wires resulting from poor workmanship during the installation – eventually resulted in the electrical wires inside the conduit missing chunks of their plastic insulation. The conduit was rendered un-grounded (there was no separate ground wire; the metal conduit itself was designed to function as the ground, so the disintegration of the conduit rendered the system un-grounded).

These now-bare electrical conductors inside the un-grounded metal conduit glowed red-hot and began arcing, which ignited the fire. The fire reportedly smoldered for hours until it found fresh oxygen and burst into a fireball that spread into the casino, and was fed by other combustibles.

Spread of smoke
Due to faulty smoke dampers within the ventilation duct network, the toxic fumes circulated throughout the hotel's air conditioning system, accelerating the spread of the poisonous gases. The continued operation of the resort's ventilation system contributed to the fire's harmful effect. On the casino floor, there was no outlet for the smoke, which was spread into the hotel tower by the ventilation system. Smoke rapidly filled the resort's telephone switchboard room, and operators there only had enough time to warn people on the casino floor. Hotel guests were not notified of the fire, as the switchboard operators had to evacuate. The elevator shafts were located above the restaurant and casino, which also helped the smoke to spread. Guests, who earlier had found that the fire doors in some stairwells locked automatically, had propped them open for convenience. However, this allowed more smoke to spread.

Sprinkler rule exceptions
Sprinklers were located on the first two floors and the top floor of the resort. The casino and restaurants were not protected by a fire sprinkler system because they were exempt from rules requiring sprinklers in areas occupied 24 hours a day. A Clark County building inspector granted the exemption—despite the opposition of fire marshals—reasoning that a fire would be quickly noticed by occupants and contained with portable fire extinguishers. When the fire started in The Deli restaurant, it was no longer open 24 hours per day; it was closed at the time of the fire. Although some sprinklers were in the resort, they were not located anywhere near the fire. A full sprinkler system would have cost $192,000. Because of the cost, MGM installed only the minimum number of sprinklers required by the building code at the time of the resort's construction.

Aftermath
The resort was temporarily closed because of the fire. Much of the damage occurred in the casino, which was charred by the fire. The hotel hallways and stairwells were stained by soot and smoke. Shortly after the fire, some people looted jewelry and blackened money from the resort. State gaming revenues were hurt by the MGM's closure, as the resort was one of the largest tax contributors to the local gaming industry. The county lost an estimated $1.7 million ($5.75 million in 2023) because of the closure, and it was estimated that MGM Grand Hotels could face a $1 billion loss because of the fire.

After the fire, the MGM Grand was rebuilt over the next eight months, at a cost of $50 million. It reopened in July 1981, with numerous fire safety features now in place, including the addition of fire sprinklers and an automatic fire alarm system throughout the property. A two-unit computer – one of them a backup – was provided by Johnson Controls to monitor hundreds of locations throughout the MGM, helping to prevent another fire. A similar computer had also been installed at another MGM Grand hotel in Reno, Nevada. The Las Vegas MGM now had more than 30,000 sprinklers, including four in most hotel rooms. The hotel also had 8,000 speakers, including one in each room, allowing for fire safety instructions to be provided to guests in the event of a fire.

The air-conditioning system was heavily modified to prevent smoke from entering hotel rooms, and large exhaust fans were installed, with the capability to rid the hotel of fumes in 10 minutes. Plastic pipes and wires, which contributed to the fire, were removed. A five-minute fire safety program, hosted by Gene Kelly in both English and Spanish, was played on televisions in hotel rooms. Resort officials believed that the MGM was now the safest hotel in the world. A minor incident occurred two weeks after the reopening, and the new safety features worked as planned. Insulation material had begun to smolder because of a welder's torch, and this set off automatic alarms.

The original hotel tower, where most of the deaths occurred, continues to operate, and is purported to be haunted by the fire victims. A second tower opened in 1981. The MGM Grand was sold in 1986 to Bally Manufacturing, which changed the name to Bally's Las Vegas. A new MGM Grand was opened in Las Vegas in 1993, at the northeast corner of Las Vegas Boulevard and Tropicana Avenue, south of the original MGM. Bally's was again renamed in 2022, as Horseshoe Las Vegas.

Code changes
Within a week of the fire, Governor List formed a commission to determine whether older hotels in the state should be required to adopt newer fire safety rules. On February 10, 1981, just 81 days after the MGM fire, another fire broke out at the Las Vegas Hilton, killing eight people. Due to the two incidents, there was a major reformation of fire safety guidelines and codes. All buildings open to the public in Nevada were required to have fire sprinklers, smoke detectors in rooms and elevators, and exit maps in all hotel rooms. This law went into effect in 1981 and made Nevada a leader in fire safety regulation. It took several years for all buildings to be in compliance.

Lawsuits
More than 1,350 legal claims were filed as a result of the fire, and most law firms in the Las Vegas Valley were occupied with these cases. Hundreds of lawsuits were filed against MGM, seeking more than $2 billion in damages. One attorney, representing three local couples against MGM, expressed concern about the reopening, saying that the resort still had defects which could prove harmful in the event of another fire. MGM made numerous settlement deals with the victims in 1983,  and a $76 million settlement between MGM and insurance companies was made in 1985. In 1998, there was $440,000 left over in the MGM victim settlement. The remaining money was donated to Clark County victims of fires and burns.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: MGM Grand fire


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Leo IV of Armenia

Leo IV or Leon IV (Լեւոն Դ, Levon IV) (also numbered Leo V; ) (1309 – August 28, 1341) was the last Hethumid king of Cilicia, ruling from 1320 until his death. He was the son of Oshin of Armenia and Isabel of Korikos, and came to the throne on the death of his father. His name is sometimes spelled as Leo or Leon.

He spent his minority under the regency of Oshin of Korikos. During this period, the kingdom was much harassed by Mamluks and Mongols. In 1320, the Egyptian sultan Naser Mohammed ibn Kelaoun invaded and ravaged Christian Armenian Cilicia. In a letter dated July 1, 1322, and sent from Avignon, Pope John XXII reminded Mongol ruler Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan of the alliance of his ancestors with Christians, asking him to intervene in Cilicia. At the same time he advocated that he abandon Islam in favor of Christianity. Mongol troops were sent to Cilicia to support the Armenians, but only arrived after a ceasefire had been negotiated for 15 years between Constantin, patriarch of the Armenians, and the sultan of Egypt.

The regent Oshin had married his stepmother, Joan of Taranto, and Leo was forced to marry Alice Oshin's daughter by his first wife, Margaret d'Ibelin, on August 10, 1321. Oshin murdered a number of members of the royal family to consolidate his own power, and Leo's reaction upon reaching his majority in 1329 was violent. Oshin, his brother Constantine, Constable of Armenia and Lord of Lampron, and Leo's wife Alice were all murdered on the king's orders, Oshin's head being sent to the Il-Khan and Constantine's head to Al-Nasir Muhammad, Sultan of Egypt. Leo had his aunt Isabella, wife of the late Amalric, Lord of Tyre, and two of her sons imprisoned and then executed.

Leo was strongly pro-Western and favored a union of the Armenian and Roman Churches, which deeply displeased the native barons. His second marriage on December 29, 1331 to Constance, daughter of Frederick III of Sicily and Eleanor of Anjou, widow of Henry II of Cyprus, further aroused anti-Western sentiment.

In 1337, Al-Nasir Muhammad invaded again, taking the city of Ayas, and Leo was forced to conclude a humiliating truce, surrendering territory and a large indemnity and promising to have no dealings with the West. He spent the last years of his reign holed up in the citadel at Sis, hoping for Western aid which never came. On August 28, 1341 he was murdered by his own barons. His only son by Alice, Hethum, had died before 1331; the barons elected his cousin Constantine II to succeed him.

title: Leo IV of Armenia


text:
Talk:Albatros Flugzeugwerke

Details of original page history of "Albatros" stub:
 * (cur) (last) . . 22:32, 14 Dec 2003 . . Dieter Simon (Have redirected to "Albatros Flugzeugwerke")
 * (cur) (last) . . 05:24, 8 Dec 2003 . . Rlandmann
 * (cur) (last) . . 05:23, 8 Dec 2003 . . Rlandmann
 * (cur) (last) . . 05:16, 15 Jun 2003 . . Someone else
 * (cur) (last) . . 05:15, 15 Jun 2003 . . 24.64.223.205

External links modified (January 2018)
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Albatros L 45
Does anybody know anything about the Albatros L 45, apparently also known as Alabatros D.XIIIa? That article is one of the shortest stubs I've ever seen. According to the German Wikipedia article, Albatros D.V, it was a development of the D.V which was never ordered. Perhaps we can give it a mention here and delete the rather pathetic stub. Alansplodge (talk) 20:16, 31 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Albatros Flugzeugwerke


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Talk:Fishing line

I have a feeling
I have a feeling that this article (except for the opening paragraph, which I wrote myself) is a thinly disguised attempt to pull our collective leg. I'm not a master fisherman by any means, but all of the fishing lines I've seen seem to have been made of nylon, and some of the materials listed here seem positively outlandish. -Smack 00:39, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)[ - [[User:Hephaestos|Hephaestos]] 00:49, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

-You're about 10 years out of date, Smack. Many materials and construction techniques are now widely used in fresh and saltwater fishing lines, including nylon, dacron, copolymers, fluorocarbon, wire (stainless and titanium), PVC (sheath coating on fly lines). Braided, monofilament, and thermally-fused lines are all widely used today.

Some lines aren't really cords though. Take monofilament for instance. It isn't composed of twisted strands. I am not sure how mono is made though. Recently there's been a trend to use braided fishing line which is alot tougher than monofilament.Huddy 00:26, 15 Jan 2004 (UTC)huddy

Commercial links to braiddirect and seafishingonline
Please do not add commercial links or links to your own private websites to Wikipedia. Wikipedia is not a vehicle for advertising. You are, however, encouraged to add content instead of links to the encyclopedia. Please refer to External Links for more information. Thank you. Neil916 09:28, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

 * OK I Have removed all my articles - please do not re instate them

 * about.com is also a commercial link ( share holders / directors ect ) why did yoou not remove them as well ??? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Cosgrif (talk • contribs) 12:52, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The link to about.com was to an article. While about.com is a commercial website, the link was to a specific article relevant to this article.  The links that you inserted were links to your own websites selling fishing line products.  If you have useful information to contribute, please feel free to add it to Wikipedia.  However, Wikipedia is not designed to be a collection of links to external websites.  There are far better sources for that information, including Yahoo or Google.  If in doubt about whether or not an external link is appropriate or not, review the "links to normally avoid" section of the External links page.   If you feel that the about.com article violates that section, remove it or, if you prefer, discuss its removal here.  I don't personally have a problem with it the way it is which is why I didn't take it out.

 * Also, please don't feel that you are being singled out. Your actions indicate that you were greatly offended by the removal of your websites from the article.  My removal of the links were because they don't agree with Wikipedia policy, not because I dislike you or your site.  If you think that Wikipedia's policy is inappropriate, feel free to discuss that topic on Wikipedia talk:External links.   Neil916 19:56, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

The swedish page
is: http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiskelina I don't know how the linking to it is done, can someone please fix? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.16.53.123 (talk) 16:32, 17 April 2008 (UTC)

tangle
I'm not a fishing line expert. I came to this page to learn if any type of fishing line had a lesser tendency to tangle. A search of the page did not find tangle. If anyone wants to update the page on this issue, or leave me a response, please do so. Betweendust (talk) 20:35, 4 June 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fishing line


text:
Captain Marvel

Captain Marvel may refer to:

Comics

 * Captain Marvel (DC Comics), several DC characters:
 * Billy Batson, the original Captain Marvel, currently called Shazam
 * Mary Marvel, called Captain Marvel in The Power of Shazam!
 * Captain Marvel Jr., called Captain Marvel in "Titans Tomorrow"
 * Captain Marvel (Marvel Comics), several Marvel Comics characters:
 * Mar-Vell, the original (Marvel Comics) Captain Marvel
 * Mar-Vell (Marvel Cinematic Universe), the Marvel Cinematic Universe adaptation
 * Monica Rambeau, also known as Photon, Pulsar, and Spectrum
 * Monica Rambeau (Marvel Cinematic Universe), the Marvel Cinematic Universe adaptation
 * Genis-Vell, also known as Legacy and Photon
 * Phyla-Vell, also known as Quasar and Martyr
 * Khn'nr, a Skrull posing as Mar-Vell
 * Mahr Vehl, the Ultimate Universe version of Captain Marvel
 * Noh-Varr, also known as Marvel Boy and Protector
 * Carol Danvers, the current Captain Marvel, formerly known as Ms. Marvel
 * Carol Danvers (Marvel Cinematic Universe), the Marvel Cinematic Universe adaptation
 * Maria Rambeau, who becomes Captain Marvel in an alternate timeline
 * Captain Marvel (Amalgam Comics), an amalgam of the Marvel and DC characters
 * Captain Marvel (M. F. Enterprises)

Film

 * Adventures of Captain Marvel, a 1941 film serial about the Fawcett Comics character
 * Captain Marvel (film), a 2019 film about the Marvel Comics character
 * The Marvels (film), a 2023 film, sequel to the above
 * Shazam! (film), a 2019 film set in the DC Extended Universe about the DC Comics character
 * Shazam! Fury of the Gods, a 2023 film, sequel to the above

Music

 * "Captain Marvel", a 1972 Chick Corea composition recorded on Light as a Feather, the 1973 Return to Forever album
 * Captain Marvel (album), a 1974 album by Stan Getz, with the Corea composition as title track
 * Captain Marvel (soundtrack), a soundtrack album from the 2019 film, by Pinar Toprak

Other uses

 * "Captain Marvel", nickname of Bryan Robson (born 1957), English football player and manager
 * Captain Marvelous (Gokaiger), the main protagonist of the 2011 Super Sentai series Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger
 * Captain Marvelous, a comic book character from the 1979 Australian television soap opera Prisoner

title: Captain Marvel


text:
Talk:Captain Marvel

Contradictory statements
I don't understand the apparently contradictory statements that Captain Marvel as a comic book hero DOES NOT EXIST and the first link on this page that talks about the Fawcett comic book hero Captain Marvel, which was made into the show, Adventures of Captain Marvel (listed as the first comic book hero on film).

I didn't want to just change it in case there is some subtlety of which I am unaware. Any comments would be appreciated. Thanks!

Thestorm042 22:22, 26 December 2006 (UTC)

 * It's very poorly phrased, obviously, since the page is a list of characters that have gone by the name "Captain Marvel." It also "shouts" needlessly, like the editor, for some reason, was angry. I'll rephrase it, nicely. oknazevad 02:03, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Captain Marvel


text:
Kızılırmak River

The Kızılırmak (, Turkish for "Red River"), once known as the Halys River (Ἅλυς) and Alis River, is the longest river flowing entirely within Turkey. It is a source of hydroelectric power and is not used for navigation.

Description
The Kızılırmak flows for a total of 1355 km, rising in Eastern Anatolia around 39.8°N, 38.3°W, flowing first to the west and southwest until 38.7°N, 34.8°W, then forming a wide arch, the "Halys bend", flowing first to the west, then to the northwest, passing to the northeast of Lake Tuz (Tuz Gölü in Turkish), then to the north and northeast, where it is joined by its major tributary, the Delice River (once known in Greek as the Cappadox river) at 40.47°N, 34.14°W. After zigzagging to the northwest to the confluence with the Devrez River at 41.1°N, 34.42°W, and back to the northeast, it joins the Gökırmak (Sky River in Turkish) before finally flowing via a wide delta into the Black Sea northwest of Samsun at 41.72°N, 35.95°W.

The Hittites called the river the Maraššantiya, and it formed the western boundary of Hatti, the core land of the Hittite empire. Until the Roman conquest of Anatolia the Halys River (later renamed the Kızılırmak by the Turkish conquerors) served as a natural political boundary in central Asia Minor, first between the kingdom of Lydia and the Persian Empire, and later between the Pontic Kingdom and the Kingdom of Cappadocia. As the site of the Battle of Halys, or the Battle of the Eclipse, on May 28, 585 BC, the river formed the border between Lydia to the west and Media to the east until Croesus of Lydia crossed it to attack Cyrus the Great in 547 BC. He was defeated and Persia expanded to the Aegean Sea.

In the 1st century AD Vespasian combined several provinces, including Cappadocia, to create one large province with its eastern boundary marked by the Euphrates River. This province once again splintered during Trajan's reign - the newly created province of Cappadocia, bounded by the Euphrates to the East, included Pontus and Lesser Armenia. The Halys River became an interior river and never regained its significance as a political border. In the 130s a governor of Cappadocia wrote: "long ago the Halys River was the boundary between the kingdom of Croesus and the Persian Empire; now it flows under Roman dominion."

The river's water is used to grow rice and in a few areas water buffalo are kept. There are dams on the river at Boyabat, Altınkaya and Derbent. Dams have reduced the flow of sediment to the delta, allowing coastal erosion.

title: Kızılırmak River