text:
User talk:Ahoerstemeier/Archive 2

Hi Andy. I've noticed that you use personal pronouns in lower case. He, he try to switch to English where they are written in upper case. So "german" should be "German" here, right. Nouns in English are written in lower case and not in upper case like they are written in German language - but I guess you know this for sure. Great photos you have in your photo album as well. Can you someday put one or two photos of your birth town Hemer. It would be nice to have some photos in this article. You can also check the article about my birth town Celje and you can compare them since these two cities are very similar in the number of their population. You should also learn about the Deutsches Haus and perhaps some more.

And further on since you're very much interested in astronomy and related subject you can also check recent pseudo 'edit-war' about the great Greek astronomer Hipparchus|Hipparchos. Current revision of the article is under the latter name -- but it is still in the development phase (in fact both articles... - the final one will rest in the first one I guess...). I am debating about the tiny or huge details via the e-mail with another Wikipedian Tom Peters, who is disputing the content of it. You may also give some extra help if you wish. Best regards. --XJam 23:36 2 Jul 2003 (UTC)

-Addition 1: In the article Soyuz TMA-2 you use properly personal pronouns for the Chilean Klaus von Storch. But russians are written in lower case. If nobody cares - I do :-) Check also my recent short additions to Soyuz 1 article. I am planning to spent some more time with Soyuzes. 'Privet' to Cosmos and out... --XJam 23:50 2 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * As you're asking about the fact sheet about Soyuz TMA-2. Reserved or reserve data for launch and ISS docking time is (I believe) the second open window for the flight if something goes wrong in last minutes. If it is bothering you, you can remove it. I have no other explanations for them either. Best regards. --XJamRastafire 12:29, 15 Oct 2003 (UTC)

-Addition 2: I have noticed that you have on 2003-03-14 changed in the article of Vladimir Mikhailovich Komarov link of Russian for the original names to cyrillic. Can we agree to use the first form of such linking since the Cyrillic alphabet can be from some other Slavic languages, for example the Ukrainian or Serbian. And the Soviet and now Russian space programme was/is officially working under the Russian language. I guess your changes will repeat since there are already some similar forms of linking. So that's why I am writing this. Houston we're ready to take off .... --XJamRastafire 00:08 3 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Just a short hello and thanks for the comments, I will check them in more detail when I return from vacation (with many new photos for upload I guess) - I have not the time nor the internet connection to work on the 'pedia for the moment. Then I will also write a longer reply to you. -- andy 09:48 8 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Finally your answer - sorry for the delay. It is a long time since I last learned the english language rules, thus some german grammar might slip in occasionally, but thanks to the Wiki it can be fixed easily. Of course I try my best, and will remember to capitalize the country names.
 * It's nice you noticed the Hemer article, I will definitely enlarge it when I have more time and more information - including adding photos of course. However I have none in my photo archive so far, as I never thought about to take photos of daily sights - and now I am not so often in Hemer anymore and thus had no chance yet to take them. But it is definitely on my ToDo list, we need many more pictures in the articles.
 * About the cyrillic vs. russian issue. IIRC in the first article I added the cyrillic letters I wrote cyrillic, as I know these letters are used not only in Russia. But then I saw others write russian in that place, and then continued to do so - as it was in my beginnings here I did not dare yet to change it to the IMHO correct value - so you're welcome to change to back to cyrillic. And then other projects then the russian spaceflight became priority, so it stayed that way then. I have so many topics I want to write about I cannot make them all :-) so it's good if you spend some time in the Soyuz now. That reminds me - I have two photos of Soyuz capsules from museums, I will upload them soon I guess...
 * I did see the Hipparchos oddity once already, but decided to keep out of the fire of the dispute as I prefer to create article then to argue about them. -- andy 10:55 24 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Hi Andy, glad to see you back. Am I right, that all old style maps have been replaced by newer versions? Or is anything left? If the section "maps to be deleted" is complete now, we may place a link on the Votes for deletion page now. -- Cordyph 12:21 22 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Yes, vacation is sadly over already. Were are nearly done with the maps (now the german 'pedia has at least templates for every district I will create all the remaining maps the next days for the german site) - but there are still a few old map left in Brandenburg at least, I will change those tonight. -- andy 12:30 22 Jul 2003 (UTC)
 * OK, done, I think now all old maps should be replaced. -- andy 20:35 22 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Hi, I like the new Somaliland and Somalia maps. They do lack the names of the two countries (unrecognized and recognized), though, which seems odd. If you're able to add labels (similar to what the CIA maps have), then it might be a good addition. Daniel Quinlan 13:14, Jul 31, 2003 (UTC)

 * It seems like in all CIA maps the country which is highlighted isn't named by a label - anyhow, how to call the part "Somalia without Somaliland"? That name isn't much nice, and anything stressing the NPOV would be even longer, thus not fitting into the map. Any better idea? -- andy 21:12, 3 Aug 2003 (UTC)

- When you list a page on Votes for deletion you must say "Listed on Votes for deletion" on the page you are listing. Otherwise the page will not get deleted. --mav 23:37, 16 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Oh, I didn't noticed that note in the Votes for deletion before - so far I only nominated copyright violation, where that sentence is already included in the boilerplate. So next time I will do better. -- andy 19:11, 17 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Sysop status granted
Congratulations, you have just been made a sysop! You have volunteered for boring housekeeping activities which normal users sadly cannot participate in. Sysops basically can't do anything: They cannot delete pages arbitarily (only obvious junk like "jklasdfl,öasdf JOSH IS GAY"), they cannot protect pages in an edit war they are involved in, they cannot ban signed in users. What they can do is delete junk as it appears, ban anonymous vandals, remove pages that have been listed on Votes for deletion for more than a week, protect pages when asked to by other members, and help keep the few protected pages there are, among them the precious Main Page, up to date.

Note that almost everything you can do can be undone, so don't be too worried about making mistakes. You will find more information at Administrators, please take a look before experimenting with your new powers. Drop me a message if there are any questions or if you want to stop being a sysop (could it be?). Have fun!—Eloquence 02:43, Aug 19, 2003 (UTC)

I'm glad to see you've become a sysop, Andy. Long may your work on Thailand continue. Use your powers wisely. Regards, -- Heron 20:40, 1 Sep 2003 (UTC)

copyvios

 * Please could you list them on Votes_for_deletion/copyvio, so that I can proceed with my masterplan to take over the world? :) Martin 13:12, 25 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Whoops. I think I added a deletion notice to Andy Latimer just after you deleted it. You may want to delete it again. DJ Clayworth 22:43, 26 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * OK, gone again. I deleted the obvious nonsense directly on sight. andy 22:56, 26 Aug 2003 (UTC)

warbeck here: got your message about the Buchaille. I am so new to Wikipedia (one week) I shall take your word on the house style. I did correct the spelling of the Buchaille in the original Glencoe page that got me started though!

Hi Andy, I just returned from vacation and realised that you have become an admin in the meantime. Congratulations. I will now have a look, how many districts are to be done. I fear that it is still a lot of work. -- Cordyph 12:50, 3 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * Welcome back. Well, Bavaria is still a lot of work left. I finished Saxony-Anhalt in the meantime, now working on Saxony, but didn't made it to the one-district-a-day rate. My Thailand project also needed time, I discovered the articles on the states of Brazil being in a terrible state - one never runs out of work here. andy 12:57, 3 Sep 2003 (UTC)

I believe everything on US govt websites (unless otherwise specified) is public domain. Your picture is better anyways. Delete the one I uploaded? --Jiang 21:44, 4 Sep 2003 (UTC)

You might want to correct an article rather than deleting it. Hands Across America could be transformed from graffiti into the beginnings of a decent article with about 10 minutes work on your part. Just do a search on Google, read a web page or two, and summarize what you find.

Fixing is usually better than deleting, although I do commend your vigilance in ridding the 'pedia of graffiti! --Uncle Ed 14:17, 5 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * Normally when I am on Graffiti Watch I don't have the time (or mood) to do more then just the quick browsing through the recent changes, and do more then quick wikification or if necessary deletion. Then unless I know the topic well and thus can provide a decent stub immidiatly I just delete the nonsense right away. And I think we already have way to many one sentence stubs, so I prefer to concentrate on writing longer articles... andy 14:42, 5 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Hi Andy, thanks for the information on fixing trash articles :-). I'd like to be an Admin so I can just delete them for myself, but alas, I must wait until I am more recognized in the world of Wiki...

Qaless 17:43 Sep 6 2003

Picture
Its a fake? Looks pretty real to me, but even if it isn't, it still is showing the area where it happens, it gives a better impression than the others do
 * Yes, it is a fake - e.g. at http://www.nasawatch.com did explain it. The area of the blockout is way too black. I think we can keep it (I doubt the original author will ever claim copyright as he then have to expose his faking), but it needs think warning that it is fake. andy 22:00, 7 Sep 2003 (UTC)

I appreciate your concern, but I was mainly adding nationalities to some of the list of people by name pages. If I have accidentally added faulty information, please point it out. - 81.197.8.235 06:08, 9 Sep 2003 (EDT)
 * Don't worry about it. I have made minor edits from a semi-public net cafe which does change its IP irregularly. I have also blanked couple of comments just like the one you mentioned... 81.197.8.235 06:40, 9 Sep 2003 (EDT)

so... Do you have an answer to what i said?

 * I moved your question and answered it at Talk:Alcoa. andy 08:09, 9 Sep 2003 (EDT)

Hi Andy! Yes, the Eurythmics article is the correct one. I mistenly thought that Eurhythmics was the same word with another meaning, i.e. the origin of the band name minus one 'h'!!! I put it in VfD. -- sugarfish 07:44, 10 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Could I have some advice please. I have just received an email from User:68.214.46.183 who I blocked for his constant copyvios after he had three warnings. He is now claiming the following:

Hi Angela,

I just received a notice that you have blocked some of my submissions. The material I am submitting today is my personal original material. I realize that some of this material is available on other websites, but it is my material and has been freely shared with them as well and is not subject to copyright by anyone except myself. Could you unblock my submississions?

What's your opinion on this based on the work of his that you looked at earlier? Am I supposed to just accept it? I have taken the block off temporarily. Angela 21:06, Sep 14, 2003 (UTC)

 * I doubt this very much. The only thing he added to the text from the golfers hall of fame were the wiki-links. He even copied the typo "eamings" instead of "earnings" in Julius Boros - I guess that one is no longer a copyvio now I made it complete sentences? andy 21:14, 14 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * He has e-mailed me again after I asked for further clarification and said that he is James M. Lane, who is listed as the author on the websites I checked. He says he has given several websites permission to use the material, including the US Golf Teachers Federation. I think I will remove the copyvio boilerplate for now but e-mail Jimbo just to be on the safe side. Angela 21:35, Sep 14, 2003 (UTC)

 * I got an email from him now as well in which he was a bit angry about us not checking more deeply about the copyvio. I answered with a long explanation, I guess the issue is settled now. andy 07:52, 15 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * He'd have been more angry if it had been someone else submitting his work without his permission and we hadn't bothered to try and stop them. Angela

 * Guess what I wrote him in my email :-) andy 17:48, 15 Sep 2003 (UTC)

A stupa is NOT a pagoda. Please wait till I get more proof. Please don't add anything until this is resolved. There is no hurry,its better for the page to remain blank for a short time rather than have fundamentally disputed/ wrong information- KRS 17:56, 16 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * I am not 100% sure either as I know only about the SE Asia versions and not about the indian ones, but as far as I know the only difference between a stupa and a pagoda is the architecture style. Same as a Khmer prang isn't the same as a Thai chedi and the difference can be noted easily, they are so similar in religious meaning a separate article isn't necessary at the moment. However I wonder why you only blanked the redirect, while you did not remove the stupa from the pagoda article. BTW: the author who wrote the same article in the german wikipedia also added the stupa to the pagoda variants. andy 18:05, 16 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * Before I verify the facts, I just want to tell you that as far as I know right now, historically a stupa is a domical structure that has relics of Buddha underneath. A pagoda is more like a crowning element and is pyramidal and stepped. I think there is a theory that it could have evolved from sloped roof structures, probably from India/other South Asian countries. Even if the pagoda has evolved from the stupa, definitely they can't be synonymous.Buddhism,and hence the stupa, originated in India, and there is a whole history of the evolution of stupas in India[And I didn't read the pagoda article at all, just noticed the redirect]-KRS 18:17, 16 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * Well, the Thai chedis also often contain relics of Buddha. And the shapes can vary a lot - Khmer style look like a phallus, Thai style usually more bell-shaped, and so on. The book "A guide to Khmer temples in Thailand & Laos" says Most Khmer temples derive from Indian models, and the more complex constructions owe much to those of the Chola dynasty in southern India. But if you write a good article about the stupa alone, then it will be no problem to remove the stupa in pagoda and instead write that the stupa was the original design. But I also don't know enough about the buddhist architecture yet to write more than I already did. andy 18:23, 16 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Hi - while you're here, would you consider putting a block on 138.88.148.224 for repeated NPOV violations (he's already been warned). I don't want to do it since it's been me (and Wik) reverting his stuff. Evercat 21:31, 16 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * Seems like he's gone from that IP already, and now back as 152.163.252.69. But I will be gone in a minute now (time for bed here), so I cannot monitor that IP enough anymore to do the block. andy 21:54, 16 Sep 2003 (UTC)

I believe that was Michael joining in. I think he's taken to reverting in any edit wars that happen to be going on when he's around. Evercat 21:56, 16 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Less than ideal deletion

Please see Village pump for comments on the Presidential trivia deletion.

Hi there. I see you recently reverted an edit to Welsh language -- I can't see why you did as the amendment actually makes more sense than what you reverted to. Strictly speaking a paned or panaid is a cup of tea, so referring to coffee was wrong anyway! I've re-reverted it, please leave me a note if you want to dispute it :) Arwel 21:17, 19 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * I reverted it because it looked a bit like vandalism - the old text was existing long time already, the anonymous contributor did not give any summary. But as I don't speak welsh I of course accept your explanation, so it seems like my reversion was a bit to hasty. andy 21:21, 19 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Hi - Thanks for helping revert pages by the vandal on Girl Scouts of America and Fluorine. Guppy 14:44, 25 Sep 2003 (UTC)

copied from User_talk:Angela

Just FYI, Brion has temporarily disabled notification for anonymous user talk pages for performance reasons.—Eloquence 21:18, Sep 25, 2003 (UTC)

Just passing on a message. :) --Angela 21:43, 25 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Yes, I know, I read it in the mailing list earlier. But I hate to block an IP without warning - even if the user can only find it in the recent changes... andy 21:46, 25 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Ahoerstemeier, how dare you remove my material on George Bush, someone I know a great deal about. I don't see any evidence that you have any expertise in the field of modern American political history. (History professor here.)

 * The more extreme the claims, the more sound must be the proofs. If you claim that George Bush senior did have anything to do with the assasination of JFK you need to proof it very soundly - and you cannot as otherwise George Bush would be on trial already. What you can add is a sentence like "Some conspiracy theorists claim that George Bush had relations to the assassination of JFK". andy 08:27, 29 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Out of curiosity, how can I present simple biographical information about Graham Hancock, books, dates, etc. without having a copyright violation? Can I paraphrase the biography from his website? DRH PS thx for the redirect on legends, I had assumed we had something on that, will have to fill in more later

 * Of course you can use the official biography from his website as the basis for the biographical data, but you need to write it in your own words. What is also not too good is to do the rewriting sentence-by-sentence and just replace some words using a thesaurus. andy 21:33, 30 Sep 2003 (UTC)

I noticed you adding the townships in -- for somereason they were removed in this revision -- checking there might speed your efforts. -- Bcorr 19:05, 1 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the notice - I am goinf through the orphaned article list, and then add those rambot articles listed there into the fitting county pages. I already notice the ones found there are mostly from a few counties - it's strange they seem to be intentionally removed by User:Ram-Man. I will ask him if he can still remember the reason. andy 19:29, 1 Oct 2003 (UTC)

photo copyright

 * how can one tell if a photo, picture or an image is under a copyright? Is it checked by Google search or other means? kt2 09:14, 2 Oct 2003 (UTC)

I guess you talk about the Ayutthaya art picture, right? Well, at first it's the feeling that it don't look like a free picture - it more looks like a poster of an art exhibition. While we have many good free pics here already, the better looking the more suspect is an image. As I searched that one previously with the google picture search and didn't find anything then, this time I tried http://www.alltheweb.com - and found it in the picture search (searching "Ayutthaya"), only the URL on the site had changed since alltheweb last indexed it. And I also tried to look at the text search for "Ayutthaya art", and that helped me to find the second place. But text copyright violation are much easier to find then images, even though images might pose the bigger copyright violation risk. andy 09:36, 2 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Hello andy, RE: your comments on taxonomic and common names: the term "Driver ant" is loosely used to describe other ant subfamilies in addition to the dorylinae. I was intending to link these, once added to the "driver ant" page. Doryline ants alone have no unique common name (apart from the rather predictable "Doryline ants"!), so listing them under a name the also applies to other, different ants strikes me as unnecessarily inacurate. However, I take you point about common names being used when available, so unless you have a better suggestion, I will use taxonomic names when common names are ambiguous/used for several different taxa, but common names when they are specific. 80.255 16:41, 2 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Thanks for fixing my Troll link! I was having trouble with it!2toise 08:53, 6 Oct 2003 (UTC)

re: deletion. Try to avoid putting any formatting in your deletion comments - it gets copied into the deletion log verbatim, and screws things up. The "content was X" auto-comment is dangerous for this kinda thing. Martin 19:28, 11 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Hello, would you consider protecting the Poznan article to stop the edit war there. AFAIK you have not been engaged in that struggle. Thanks. -- Cordyph 08:23, 17 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * Too late, Hephaestos already did it... andy 08:35, 17 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Thanks for unvandalising Winged Victory of Samothrace, but I would like to know how to do it myself. My articles seem to attract vandals. Adam 10:28, 20 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Howdy Andy. I've translated the page which was on VfD list and I hope it will help that the page will be removed from it. See at Nebojsa Bozalo. I also realized that it should be moved to appropriate user page. But if Nebojsa is relevant to wikipedia, than it should stay in it. Best regards and thank you for the note. --XJamRastafire 16:24, 24 Oct 2003 (UTC)

I moved your image to images for deletion. Martin

title: User talk:Ahoerstemeier/Archive 2


text:
Talk:Tetraethyllead

Ozone
Why does this page not mention the impact of tetraethyl on the atmosphere, in particular the ozone layer? This seems a rather glaring omission. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ozoney11 (talk • contribs) 07:15, 5 January 2015 (UTC)
 * I'm unaware of any connection. Do you have a source? Also, you should move this comment to the bottom of the talk page so it will be seen. Kendall-K1 (talk) 16:23, 6 January 2015 (UTC)

History
I noticed an error in the history section.

I worked for Ethyl Corp for 12 years.

Ethyl Corp was not formed by Dupont and General Motors. It was formed by General Motors and Standard Oil of New Jersey (ESSO). General Motors had the "use patent" for TEL as an antiknock, based on the work of Midgley and ESSO had the patent for the manufacture of TEL. Since the patents affected the marketing of TEL, General Motors and ESSO formed Ethyl Corp and each owner 50%. Since neither company had chemical plant experience, they hired Dupont to operate the manufacturing facilities. After patents ran out, Dupont started manufacture of TEL on their own and Ethyl started running their own operations. Some competition to those major producers came around 1960, but this was rather minor. --[User: Retired54) 8 June, 2007

Fuel economy
I did not find any proof that the addition of TEL improved fuel economy to the degree indicated. Sources?

Leaded gasoline is not as illegal as you might think. While I don't think leaded gas is sold at the (automobile) pump anymore, genuine tetra-ethyl lead is available as an additive quite legally (although expensively) for those running old cars. In addition, AVGAS contains lead. I suspect some racing fuel might. In the United Kingdom I understand leaded four-star is still available at some petrol stations.

Some racing fuel, at least in the U.S., does contain lead.68.231.184.217 (talk) 14:30, 8 May 2011 (UTC)

 * 110 octane rated leaded gasoline is available at the pump for off road vehicle use only- it isn't cheap as I purchased three gallons for my quad for $20.00.  Haamerhed (talk) 16:08, 30 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I own a car built for 100 octane leaded gas with a 10:1 compression ratio. It's a pain.  Octane-boosting additives dont' work as well as advertised. --Morven 11:33, 27 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * tetra-ethyl lead is available -- This article uses the terms "phase-out" and "ban" many times so as to create the false impression their is no tetraethyl lead anymore. Only if you read the small section about avgas do you notice that the article contains this contradiction.  As for fuel economy I have not looked for a source but if you increase the power of a fuel it should take less to do the same amount of work. Breedentials (talk) 13:32, 31 August 2015 (UTC)

 * I changed this in a couple places to try to make this more clear. As for fuel economy, petrol plus TEL contains the same amount of energy as plain petrol, maybe slightly less. The improvement in economy would come from the higher compression ratio, presumably giving a higher thermal efficiency, but I don't have a source for this either. Kendall-K1 (talk) 14:24, 31 August 2015 (UTC)

 * Tetraethyllead does not improve fuel economy by itself. It only allows higher compression ratios to be used, and that improves fuel economy. (Even today, people should not buy high-octane fuel if their cars don't ping on the lower octane fuel.) Eric Kvaalen (talk) 13:33, 8 June 2017 (UTC)

I'm sorry, this is wrong; ("Even today, people should not buy high-octane fuel if their cars don't ping on the lower octane fuel" User:Eric Kvaalen.) One should buy the fuel specified as recommended or required in the OWNER'S MANUAL. BrianAlex (talk) 00:25, 20 August 2021 (UTC)

Neurotoxicity / affect on IQ
I am deleting the following until there is a citation or other backup: "Some neurologists have speculated that the lead phaseout may have caused average IQ levels to rise by several points in the United States (by reducing cumulative brain damage throughout the population, especially in the young)." If someone can back it up, then by all means move it back. But until it's backed up, it actually weakens the article to insert excited statements like this without a citation.

how about this:

Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Jul;113(7):894-9.

Low-level environmental lead exposure and children's intellectual function: an international pooled analysis.

Lanphear BP, Hornung R, Khoury J, Yolton K, Baghurst P, Bellinger DC, Canfield RL, Dietrich KN, Bornschein R, Greene T, Rothenberg SJ, Needleman HL, Schnaas L, Wasserman G, Graziano J, Roberts R.

Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039, USA. bruce.lamphear@cchmc.org

Lead is a confirmed neurotoxin, but questions remain about lead-associated intellectual deficits at blood lead levels < 10 microg/dL and whether lower exposures are, for a given change in exposure, associated with greater deficits. The objective of this study was to examine the association of intelligence test scores and blood lead concentration, especially for children who had maximal measured blood lead levels < 10 microg/dL. We examined data collected from 1,333 children who participated in seven international population-based longitudinal cohort studies, followed from birth or infancy until 5-10 years of age. The full-scale IQ score was the primary outcome measure. The geometric mean blood lead concentration of the children peaked at 17.8 microg/dL and declined to 9.4 microg/dL by 5-7 years of age; 244 (18%) children had a maximal blood lead concentration < 10 microg/dL, and 103 (8%) had a maximal blood lead concentration < 7.5 microg/dL. After adjustment for covariates, we found an inverse relationship between blood lead concentration and IQ score. Using a log-linear model, we found a 6.9 IQ point decrement [95% confidence interval (CI), 4.2-9.4] associated with an increase in concurrent blood lead levels from 2.4 to 30 microg/dL. The estimated IQ point decrements associated with an increase in blood lead from 2.4 to 10 microg/dL, 10 to 20 microg/dL, and 20 to 30 microg/dL were 3.9 (95% CI, 2.4-5.3), 1.9 (95% CI, 1.2-2.6), and 1.1 (95% CI, 0.7-1.5), respectively. For a given increase in blood lead, the lead-associated intellectual decrement for children with a maximal blood lead level < 7.5 microg/dL was significantly greater than that observed for those with a maximal blood lead level > or = 7.5 microg/dL (p = 0.015). We conclude that environmental lead exposure in children who have maximal blood lead levels < 7.5 microg/dL is associated with intellectual deficits.

PMID: 16002379 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Can't see where to insert this comment, so putting it here. It's sted ' In Europe, Professor Derek Bryce-Smith was among the first to highlight the potential dangers of TEL and became a leading campaigner for removal of lead additives from petrol' yet the UK is not on the list of countries with dates when it was removed from petrol. Derek Bryce-Smith was British by the way. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.125.227.141 (talk) 10:10, 24 June 2013 (UTC)

untapped resources?
http://www.radford.edu/%7ewkovarik/ethylwar/#myths

This page has a lot about tetra-ethyl lead (the link jumps directly to the section Ten Myths About Leaded Gasoline).

At the very top of that page there is a link to another resource: http://www.radford.edu/%7ewkovarik/ethylwar/IJOEH.pdf
 * Link above no longer works. This journal article can be found at, and an archived copy is at.

This is a rather damning piece by William Kovarik about the role of industries in the whole tetra-ethyl lead thing.

134.173.57.118 (talk) 05:11, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

Synthesis
The synthesis section states that TEL is produced by reactive a sodium-lead alloy with ethyl chloride. However, the formula given (4 NaPb + 4 CH3CH2Cl →...) implies the existence of a sodium lead compound (NaPb). Could someone check the reference given, and possibly explain how sodium and lead form a simple 1:1 compound? I'd expect to find oxygen in there too.--Rossheth | Talk to me 21:13, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Remind us why Na and Pb are not supposed to make an alloy or a compound? Looks fine to me. There is no oxygen in this material, in fact oxygen would poison the material. One lead is Zintl phase.--Smokefoot (talk) 23:07, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * So it is a compund, not an alloy? I'll change the article then.--Rossheth | Talk to me 17:42, 30 January 2008 (UTC)
 * It is not unusual to denote stoichiometry in alloys with notation like NaPb or Na4Pb. (It is not a compound, like GaAs, for example.) The notation "Na/Pb" would not indicate the 1:1 stoichiometry. Read the reference, the article is really amazing. They tried practically every other possible way to synthesize TEL, without success, before it was banned. --Vuo (talk) 15:37, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

Engine knock
Explanation of engine knock is erroneous. Engine knock actually takes place during compression and ignition, rather than during the exhaust stroke. Refer to the wiki on ENGINE KNOCK. 198.190.156.119 (talk) 20:11, 11 March 2008 (UTC)
 * The Organometallics article very specifically states that the uncontrolled ignition, or engine knock, was a problem during the exhaust stroke in Midgley's engine. Either the Organometallics author misunderstood something or then it was really during exhaust stroke. I don't doubt that preignition could also be a problem. --Vuo (talk) 17:50, 18 March 2008 (UTC)
 * The Organometallics author misunderstood something fundamental about how a 4-stroke engine operates. The only phase during which knock can occur is when both of the valves (intake and exhaust) are closed and the piston is at or approaching Top Dead Centre. If an intake valve is open when the fuel charge spontaneously ignites, we get a backfire or spitback. If an exhaust valve is open when the fuel charge spontaneously ignites, we get an exhaust tract explosion. Neither is at all similar to knock, which occurs only in a completely enclosed cylinder. —Scheinwerfermann (talk) 19:31, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

Nomenclature
The use of the hyphen in "Tetra-ethyl lead" seems awkward here, especially as the article title. As noted in this article, IUPAC does not use the hyphen (although I do not recommend their "tetraethyllead" here). The most natural nomenclature for this compound in this context would be "tetraethyl lead". Within the current vs. of the article there are at least five (5) inconsistencies in naming the titled compound, including a section heading. Primary sources cited in this article also use the suggested nomenclature. The American Chemical Society, a very influential and large publisher, does not recommend the use of hyphenated prefixes such as "tetra-", as is seen here. So I would suggest that the Wiki article title be recast to reflect a more commom usage, esp. as this compound was created and promoted right here in the USA.Jack B108 (talk) 12:05, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

 * First, Wikipedia is not a tool of the USA! Second, the A.C.S. is neither ignored nor obeyed here.  Now, with regards to the title: good point and Wikipedia struggles with nomenclature.  Titles arise for reasons of accessibility, legacy (who created the article), the rules (IUPAC), and idiosyncratic aspects of the computer code.--Smokefoot (talk) 12:32, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

OK. I am not picking up strong opposition to moving (renaming) the page to "Tetraethyl lead". I propose to do this in a few days. Thanks for your input, Smokefoot.Jack B108 (talk) 02:25, 20 August 2009 (UTC)\

Wow, that was impolite, Rifleman 82. You renamed the entire page, a major change for which you made no notice whatsoever and made no attempt to even gather an opinion. In addition, the article content is now inconsistent with the new title of "tetraethyllead". You are using nomenclature that is not that of the country of origin of the compound or of the original manufacturer. I would urge you to revert these changes ASAP. Jack B108 (talk) 17:43, 25 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Wasn't it you (Jack) who gave notice in your last post; I'm certain that the introductory post of this section attempts to gather an opinion. What do you mean by: "...the article content is now inconsistent with the new title of 'tetraethyllead'"? What do you mean by: "...nomenclature that is not that of the country of origin of the compound or of the original manufacturer." This statement is akin to trademarking water, just because you find a novel way to produce it, doesn't mean that every one has to call it by whatever name you give it, be it burnt hydrogen or something. Besides, the name change is nearly the same as your proposed name change, albeit with a space removed between lead and tetraethyl. Tetraethyllead is an additively constructed IUPAC name and tetraethylplumbane is a substitutively constructed IUPAC name. The latter is the PIN as it takes precedence according to the decision table, which can also be found on IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005. So the name change is technically correct as both of these names are acceptable varients of the same thing. I support Rifleman on his decision on the page move.--Plasmic Physics (talk) 23:18, 25 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I prefer "tetraethyllead" over the alternatives. It's consistent with many of our other articles on similar substances, for example butyllithium, phenylmagnesium bromide, dimethylmercury, diethylzinc, triethylaluminium, tributyltin, hexamethyltungsten, and so on.

 * Ben (talk) 01:38, 26 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your reminding me about the inconsistencies; I have since fixed them. The previous article title was just weird and inconsistent with chemical nomenclature; a lengthy debate is not required. With regard to the two possibilities, "tetraethyllead" and "tetraethyl lead", as an complex, there should be no space between the ligands and the metal. Once again, I don't see the need for a lengthy debate or poll. --Rifleman 82 (talk) 07:45, 26 June 2010 (UTC)

Since the simple utility for renaming this page no longer works for me (apparently as both "tetraethyl lead" and "tetraethyllead" pages now exist), I am going to request that an administrator restore it to "tetraethyl lead", or the original and yes, awkward hyphenated form of that appellation. Getting rid of the hyphen was an improvement. However, WP:MOVE policy guidelines and just plain common courtesy were violated. Rifleman 82 was not just made the boss of this page: this is Wikipedia. At least there is article consistency now, apparently, now, judging from the edit history. Jack B108 (talk) 14:06, 26 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Well, it is your right to request a move and all. Let's see how it plays out then. As a technical writer in the field of chemistry, I expect that you would be familiar with the current nomenclature. I'm just reading the two essays by Dietmar Seyferth in OM (2003, doi: 10.1021/om030245v & doi: 10.1021/om030621b), and surprise surprise, Seyferth doesn't use the incorrect form of the name. I'm totally unapologetic about the move, since I fixed an embarrassing mistake in its name, and was in accordance with an accepted naming convention. --Rifleman 82 (talk) 14:40, 26 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Since nomenclature requires certain contextual knowledge, I've pointed out this discussion at WT:CHEMICALS. --Rifleman 82 (talk) 14:44, 26 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Tetraethyllead, as per Ben, and thus I too think the article is now at the correct place. Chris (talk) 06:36, 27 June 2010 (UTC)
 * If Wikipedia is going to call it tetraethyllead (all one word) please can someone add a reference for this being correct. The IUPAC is tetraethylplumbane so surely that should be the primary title? I would personally (UK) say lead tetraethyl or tetraethyl lead. 2A00:23C4:15B7:EB01:A008:6D8C:EFAC:7CA3 (talk) 21:01, 2 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Britannica has 'tetraethyl lead'; Oxford reference has 'lead(IV) tetraethyl (tetraethyl lead)'; Merriam Webster 'tetraethyl lead'.
 * Are they really all wrong? 2A00:23C4:15B7:EB01:A008:6D8C:EFAC:7CA3 (talk) 21:17, 2 September 2023 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

No consensus to move. Vegaswikian (talk) 18:54, 4 July 2010 (UTC)

Tetraethyllead → — On June 25, the page "Tetra-ethyl lead" was abruptly renamed, a major change. The new name is not the common name and is also inconsistent with the name used in other WP articles, such as Ethyl Corporation and Thomas Midgely. Jack B108 (talk) 14:20, 26 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Of all the possible spellings (and names: lead tetraethyl has also been used, and tetraethylplumbane is correct but nobody uses it), we should go with the one which confirms to the rules of chemical nomenclature, that is tetraethyllead. Physchim62 (talk) 15:08, 26 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Although not ideal, removing the space is an improvement. The ideal title would be the PIN, which is tetraethylplumbane. I don't expect PINs to be used by wikipedia, so tetraethyllead is the best that I should expect.--Plasmic Physics (talk) 21:00, 26 June 2010 (UTC)

 * PINs don't exist yet, but it's a fair bet that the PIN will be tetraethylplumbane when the final rules are published. And no, nobody (not even IUPAC) expects Wikipedia to use PINs for article titles (although we will list them in the infoboxes when they're finalized). Physchim62 (talk) 22:58, 27 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Oppose as per discussion above. Chris (talk) 06:37, 27 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Oppose. It does not matter that much.  --Smokefoot (talk) 19:32, 27 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Support Wikipedia does not use chemical nomenclature to determine page titles, but uses the most common term encountered in English prose, as set out in Naming conventions (chemistry).  That is difficult to determine by a Google search, as Google fails to detect the word break.  However, a quick look at the Google results indicates that Tetraethyl lead has a clear lead, even discounting Wikipedia mirrors.  Incidentally, the majority of the links from the article use tetraethyl lead: only the American links use tetraethyllead.  Is this a national varieties of English thing, in which case the page should revert to whatever version it was originally written in?  Skinsmoke (talk) 20:34, 27 June 2010 (UTC)

 * The sentence from WP:NCCHEM is "Some articles on Wikipedia have non-standard titles through consensus that this is the most commonly used name (in scientific circumstances) for the compound concerned, whatever IUPAC or the other rules suggest." Note the concepts of "some articles" and "consensus". I don't think this is a UK/US difference, although it might be a difference between industrial and academic usage. Physchim62 (talk) 22:58, 27 June 2010 (UTC)

This is Wikipedia, the world's most popular and acccesible encyclopedia. It isn't the journal of Organometallics or other journal meant for experts, it is a place where someone with an eighth grade education can look up something, say "tetraethyl lead", and learn about it. If WP doesn't hold firm and publish entries by their common name, then IMHO it is not doing its readers a service. I think it is quite clear that "tetraethyl lead" (or the "tetra-ethyl" variant) is the common name in use around the world, and I haven't heard one person here dispute that claim. As it should, WP most generally publishes entries by the common name, and I firmly believe we should continue to do so here. I might add that the vs. I am arguing for is the one the Webster's College dictionary, used by the AP, ACS Publications (LOL), etc., uses to index this compound. This is an important entry for the general use of the public. Jack B108 (talk) 21:51, 27 June 2010 (UTC)

 * If some eighth-grader types in tetraethyl lead or tetra-ethyl lead, they will find our article! If someone wants to use those spellings in another article and links to them, the links will work. There's simply no point in not having the article at the correctly spelt name, given that other versions are so very close. Physchim62 (talk) 22:58, 27 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Totally agree with PC. Redirects are cheap after all. If it were some complicated molecule with a complicated name, such as trans-chlorocarbonylbis(triphenylphosphine)iridium(I), I would agree that the common name, Vaska's complex, should be used. Similarly for complexes whose non-systematic names are established. However, in this case, the systematic name and the alternative are only separated by a space. That being the case, the choice is clear that we should take the systematic name. See our example of n-butyllithium. --Rifleman 82 (talk) 03:05, 28 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I really doubt that ACS uses a dictionary to index compounds, unless I am misunderstanding your comments. CAS indexes this compound as follows:

 * Substance Details
 * CAS Registry Number:                   78-00-2
 * CA Index Name:                   Plumbane, tetraethyl-
 * http://www.commonchemistry.org/ChemicalDetail.aspx?ref=78-00-2

 * While WP should try to use common terms wherever possible, we should also avoid sloppy nomenclature even if it's common. For example, salt nomenclature: dimethyl sulfoxide vs. dimethylsulfoxide? Do note that even suppliers get it wrong. --Rifleman 82 (talk) 03:11, 28 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Support per WP:COMMONNAME. In the Corpus of Contemporary American English there are 11 occurrences of tetraethyl lead, 1 of tetra-ethyl lead and 0 of tetraethyllead. If we used the rules of chemical nomenclature to decide article titles, we'd have hydrogen oxide. ― A._di_M.3rd Dramaout (formerly Army1987) 22:02, 28 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Erm, no we wouldn't, the correct parent hydride name is oxidane... but facetious examples aside, this is not a question of WP:COMMONNAME, it is a question of spelling. Nobody is suggesting moving Aspirin to 2-acetyloxybenzoic acid, after all. Just as misspelt dimethylsulfoxide is a redirect to the correct dimethyl sulfoxide, then the misspelt tetraethyl lead is a redirect to the correct tetraethyllead. Are you really suggesting that our readers cannot tell that they refer to the same thing? Or maybe you think we should mollycoddle our readers in their comfort zone of ignorance rather than supplying them with information. Physchim62 (talk) 22:34, 28 June 2010 (UTC)

 * The correct spelling of an English word is the one native English speakers use except for typos and other unintentional mistakes, by definition, even when that doesn't comply with a systematic scheme (e.g. the past of pay is not spelt payed). That all of the eleven occurrences on the COCA (and all of the about 7,950 hits on Google Scholar) were typos which somehow survived copy editing, or mistakes by someone who didn't know the spelling and guessed, is quite implausible. ― A._di_M.3rd Dramaout (formerly Army1987) 23:29, 28 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I'll remember that one, next time some random physicist complains that I am spelling "relative atomic mass" wrongly as "atomic weight"! As for "mistakes by someone who didn't know the spelling and guessed" being "quite implausible", it is, unfortunately, quite plausible: "well, they wouldn't put a double ell there, would they..." Physchim62 (talk) 00:06, 29 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I'm inclined to support the common name as well - the lack of the space seems jarring and will likely be annoying to readers, plus Google Scholar shows over twice as many uses of the spaced version. But a question: you mention that "dimethylsulfoxide" is a misspelling of "dimethyl sulfoxide", while on the other hand we have this case where in the correct spelling there is no space. Is there a rhyme or reason to these chemical spellings and spaces? I'm more inclined to retain "tetraethyllead" if it is based on moving towards some rational consideration. II  | (t - c) 00:42, 29 June 2010 (UTC)

 * (Reply to II)

 * The short answer is that the presence or absence of spaces is one indicator of the type of chemical nomenclature being used. There are four major types of nomenclature, as shown in the table to the right. "Dimethyl sulfoxide" is an example of a functional class name; "dimethylsulfoxide" (without the space) would be a substitutive name, except that it can't be, because there is no neutral parent compound called "sulfoxide" which can be substituted (the preferred substitutive name is "methanesulfonylmethane", although "dimethyl-λ4-sulfanone" is also possible).

 * "Tetraethyl lead" (with a space) must be either a functional class name (organic) or a compositional name (inorganic: an example of a compositional name is "sodium chloride"). It can't be a functional class name, because there is no functional class called "lead", so it must be a compositional name. Now the use of compositional names for organometallic compounds is almost obsolete, except for a few common exceptions such as nickel tetracarbonyl or tributyltin hydride, but there's an even bigger problem here: the compositional name is the wrong way round! The correct compositional name would be "lead tetraethyl", with the more metallic component given first: "tetraethyl lead" is about as correct a compositional name as "chloride sodium"!

 * The solution is simple: if you take out the space, then abracadabra (in this case) it magically becomes a correct additive name, "tetraethyllead". And additive nomenclature is the normal method of naming organometallic compounds (see ), in real life as well as on Wikipedia (see Ben's examples above). You can construct a substitutive name for the same compound: it's "tetraethylplumbane", and that's what Chemical Abstracts does, and what IUPAC would prefer everyone to do (but most people don't). WP:COMMONNAME requires that we choose "tetraethyllead" over "tetraethylplumbane", but it doesn't require that we use an incorrect name for an article about a chemical compound when the correct name is so very similar: it is really no different from having an article at Antonín Dvořák instead of Antonin Dvorak. Physchim62 (talk) 10:57, 29 June 2010 (UTC)

 * That one person misspells a name by mistake is not implausible, but that 7,950 not only do that but manage to get the article published in a journal indicized by Google Scholar without anyone ever spotting the typo until the publication is much less likely. The "atomic mass" vs "atomic weight" thing is about historical vs modern usage, but "tetraethyl lead" gives more Google Scholar hits than "tetraethyllead" by a factor of 7 even if I restrict the search to articles published since 2009. ― A._di_M.3rd Dramaout (formerly Army1987) 08:56, 29 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Given the number of people who use "atomic mass" when they mean "atomic weight" (and, occasionally, vice versa), it doesn't surprise me at all: you yourself seem unaware that they refer to different concepts (for all but 20 mononuclidic elements). I like to point out this nomenclature error (it should be "nickelate", not "niccolate"), because the lead author of the article is a distinguished member of the IUPAC commission on inorganic nomenclature (he was at the time of the paper, and he still is 20 years later), and so really should have known better. Physchim62 (talk) 11:13, 29 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Again, I didn't say that's implausible that one person makes one typo which passes unnoticed; what's implausible is that several thousand people do that, whereas only few hundred people which use the "correct" spelling. If in the literature niccolate were more frequent than nickelate by over an order of magnitude, that would mean that niccolate is the correct spelling despite the systematics, much like it's sulfate and not sulfurate, phosphate not phosphorate, etc. ― A._di_M.3rd Dramaout (formerly Army1987) 09:26, 3 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Going by salt nomenclature, where "dimethyl" is the "cation" and "sulfoxide" is the anion, the two parts should be distinct. Same as methyl chloride, not methylchloride. As to why suppliers get it wrong, many suppliers are German, or supply to Germany. In their language, many fewer spaces are used, e.g. de:dimethylsulfoxid or de:methylchlorid. Perhaps that's the reason for all those misspellings.

 * In chemistry, especially inorganic and organometallic chemistry, there should not be a space between the ligands and the metal. Regardless of whether or not the metal fragment is anionic, cationic, or neutral. Indeed, a space is used to separate the cationic and anionic fragments of the compound - which is obviously not the case here. Tetraethyllead is the complete, neutral fragment; it is not a "cationic" tetraethyl fragment, with an anionic lead fragment.

 * There are other naming rules and conventions, but this is sufficient for our discussion. See the IUPAC recommendations 1999 for OM, especially the first three pages. PC is the expert with regard to nomenclature hereabouts.

 * In our case here, I am not asking that brandnames, proper names, etc. be replaced with a systematic name. I am asking that a poorly constructed systematic name be corrected. Once again, I draw everyone's attention to Ben's examples of correctly named compounds:

 * "I prefer 'tetraethyllead' over the alternatives. It's consistent with many of our other articles on similar substances, for example butyllithium, phenylmagnesium bromide, dimethylmercury, diethylzinc, triethylaluminium, tributyltin, hexamethyltungsten, and so on."

 * Why should this compound be named differently? Just because the original author or manufacturer named it so? Then where is the progress and harmonization of chemical nomenclature? We will still be calling oxygen "dephlogisticated air". --Rifleman 82 (talk) 04:40, 29 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Interestingly, the latest draft recommendations for preferred IUPAC names use tetraethyllead as an example of additive, coordination-type name. See page 361. --Rifleman 82 (talk) 05:37, 29 June 2010 (UTC)

 * It's not whether a naming convention exists, it's whether it has stuck in the real world. We don't call 1 fm one femtometre because that's what you get by following the SI rules; we call it one fermi because it's how everyone else calls it. ― A._di_M.3rd Dramaout (formerly Army1987) 09:26, 3 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Do they? I've never used the term "fermi" in my life to refer to a femtometre... Physchim62 (talk) 10:04, 3 July 2010 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Procedural issue note on outcome of the page name change issue: Someone comes along, obviously having little concern what other opinions might be regarding this entry, and renames the page. Technically (to my limited knowledge), this edit can't simply be reverted by a regular user (like it can be with other edits). Then someone else (me) complains, and we have a "debate". WP admin, don't you think the playing field for the debate was set up unfairly? This page name should have immediately been reverted to its original name B4 the major change with no notice or discussion, and then the debate should have occurred over that move. I don't know if the outcome would have been different, but it would have been a lot more on the "up and up". I would note that it is the general policy of WP to use common names for article indexing. Now we no longer have the common name, not even close, and this entry is now inconsistent with the other linked WP entries (T. Midgley and Ethyl Corp., to start). Bad editing and form, IMHO. Jack B108 (talk) 20:35, 4 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Addendum to my above comments: FROM WP:COMMONNAME, Names should be Recognizable – Using names and terms commonly used in reliable sources, and so likely to be recognized, for the topic of the article. Easy to find – Using names and terms that readers are most likely to look for in order to find the article (and to which editors will most naturally link from other articles). Precise – Using names and terms that are precise, but only as precise as is necessary to identify the topic of the article unambiguously. Concise – Using names and terms that are brief and to the point. (Even when disambiguation is necessary, keep that part brief.) Consistent – When other criteria do not indicate an obvious choice, consider giving similar articles similar titles. Or this gem, Common usage in reliable sources is preferred to technically correct but rarer forms, whether the official name, the scientific name, the birth name, the original name or the trademarked name. If WP spends the time to post these policies, and editors don't follow then, admins don't enforce them, then what's the point?

Jack B108 (talk) 20:35, 4 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Hear, hear! --Thnidu (talk) 00:34, 21 January 2016 (UTC)

Toxicity section sentence and ref
I went to this current TEL article reference (ref 6 today),

"Blood Lead Levels in Young Children--United States and Selected States, 1996--1999 (2000). (U.S.) Centers for Disease Control. Retrieved on 8-17-2009." http://www.cdc.gov/mmwR/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4950a3.htm#tab1

scanned it, and found little reason to support the formation of this statement from the study:

"In a 2000 U.S. study, the highest blood lead levels were about 27 μg/dL (county averages)."

Unless I have read the CDC report wrongly, I would suggest the sentence and reference be removed, as the sentence appears to have erroneous information in it (27 micrograms/deciliter??? No, it is 27 percent (%) for highest county percentage, from Figure 1).Jack B108 (talk) 17:04, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

Used as Octane Booster?
It is incorrect to say alcohol absorbs water from the air; "causing fuel system corrosion". Unless very saturated with water, alcohol forms a miscible azeotrope with it. It can then pass freely thru the fuel system, not impeding flow. Fuel drying agents contain Methanol for that exact purpose.

Also, what Is the octane rating of Tetraethyl Lead? I assume it can't be burned directly, like iso-octane, but can't the percentages used to raise octane be  extrapolated to calculate this?68.231.184.217 (talk) 14:39, 8 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Ask again in WP:Reference desk/Science Plasmic Physics (talk) 01:14, 9 May 2011 (UTC)

 * I don't know if "alcohol" causes corrosion, either directly or indirectly, in a fuel system. Whether (methyl) alcohol and water are miscible (they are) has virtually nothing to do with whether an alcohol-water mixture is corrosive - and even less to do with whether an alcohol-water-fuel mixture is corrosive. Miscibility is, by definition a property of two (or more) compounds to be soluble in one another in all proportions (that is from →zero to →100%). IOW "Miscible azeotrope" is meaningless. Finally, Lead burns. TEL burns. What temperature is required for self-supporting combustion, IDK. (And, I admit it's unlikely that TEL could be used, neat, in an internal combustion engine as fuel.) All this is to say the above comments are worse than wrong.98.21.68.176 (talk) 23:24, 24 May 2024 (UTC)

Africa
This article states that leaded gas is still available in Algeria, yet is totally banned continent-wide in Africa. Which is it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.150.172.40 (talk) 23:52, 28 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Addressed. Thanks for pointing it out. —<span style="font:bold 11px Arial;display:inline;border:#151B8D 1px solid;background-color:#FFFF00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;">Scheinwerfermann T·C 00:43, 29 August 2011 (UTC)

Not quite gone in Algeria yet, supposed to be soon.

http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/africa-adopts-continent-wide-sustainable-transport-agenda 67.249.140.141 (talk) 20:55, 18 March 2015 (UTC)

Too bad this article is a mass mess of contradictory claims. I don't know and don't really care too much if TEL is still being used as an anti-knock agent. I'd guess that unless all (Internal Combustion) engines that need it are banned, that it is being used. (It's also pretty simple to make.) TEL isn't just used in gasoline, but that widely used substance was the main vector for it contaminating the Earth's surface and waters. The article needs to be rewritten and contradictions removed. It seems nobody cares enough to bother, I know I don't.98.21.68.176 (talk) 23:31, 24 May 2024 (UTC)

Valve seat or seal
[//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetraethyllead&diff=499792349&oldid=499520279 This edit] changed the word "seat" to "seal." Is this correct, given that the item in question is commonly known as a valve seat? SoledadKabocha (talk) 01:10, 29 June 2012 (UTC)

on 01:53, 12 June 2013 by anonymous. 75.208.167.64 (talk) 01:09, 9 July 2013 (UTC)

Lung cancer
There are several problems here. One is the the lead, or opening section, summarizes the body of the article. So the lung cancer would go in the body first, then if it seems important enough, would be summarized in the lead. Second, your source says the "EPA has determined that lead is a probable cancer-causing agent." It doesn't mention lung cancer in connection to Tetraethyllead. It also attributes this to EPA, which we would also need to do. Finally, your ref wasn't properly formatted, but I'd be happy to fix that for you. Kendall-K1 (talk) 04:29, 29 January 2015 (UTC)

Ethanol
I don't see any reason to mention ethanol in the intro, so I moved it. If it does need to be mentioned in the intro, we need to get our story straight in the body, then summarize it in the intro. Right now it almost looks like we're contradicting ourselves ("corrosive to the steel"? unspecified "commercial reasons"?). Kendall-K1 (talk) 12:50, 24 March 2015 (UTC)

Carcinogen
Please discuss here before adding information about TEL being a carcinogen. The source being cited does not even mention TEL. Kendall-K1 (talk) 19:12, 12 June 2015 (UTC)

Unleaded vs Regular
I took out the part about "When both leaded and unleaded fuels were available at a given service station, the unleaded type was commonly labeled as 'regular' in the US and 'unleaded' elsewhere." This is not true. In the US, the choices were "Regular" (leaded) and "Unleaded". You can see the choice of fuel types in this photo from 1972: Kendall-K1 (talk) 15:22, 11 January 2016 (UTC)

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leaded fuel is not banned in norway
it have never been illegal in norway. it have however lost popularity and very few places sells it these days. i heard that they were going to make cars that uses leaded fuel more expensive to own. i never heard of a ban and i have lived in norway since before the date that is listed. the sentence about leaded fuel being banned in norway should therefore be removed as it is not true.84.212.111.156 (talk) 09:48, 14 October 2017 (UTC)

Tetraethyl lead
The suggestion that tetraethyl lead was adopted because it was more profitable then ethanol is a rather biassed view. At that time, the USA didn't produce enough grain to make sufficient alcohol to act as an anti knock additive for gasoline. Alcohol has to be added in large quantity to effectively raise the octane rating of gasoline. Tetraethyl lead is added in very small quantities and, at the time, was the best option. At the time everyone knew that alcohol was effective as an anti-knock agent. Anyone could have used it but they didn't because the fuel consumption would rise dramatically as alcohol has a lower calorific value than gasoline. There were great protests about the toxicity at the time, but it came into use and not many died, to protests declined. Latterly toxicity was again raised as an issue and better gasoline formulations were derived that overcame the need to use lead.
 * It does seem to be a claim that needs better sourcing (the current source is an article in a political publication that is presenting one particular point of view), so I have removed the claim for now. -- Ed (Edgar181) 20:19, 24 April 2018 (UTC)

Patent motivations
The current source for the statement "TEL offered the business advantage of being commercially profitable because its use for this purpose could be patented." is quite poor. It mentions "patent" only once in the body text, and it's a reference to the patent text predicting future changes in anti-knock approaches. This article from the Organometallics journal appears to be a much better source, as it extensively covers the activity around the patents. However, I don't know the best way to make this change; citations have changed a lot since I last edited frequently. davidstrauss (talk) 07:18, 18 September 2019 (UTC)

Phase Out sections / possible merge.
There are 2 sections within this article mentioning 'phase-out' with a potential doubling up of information within this article.

I was considering doing a CE and merging the sections 'Phase out and ban" and "Controversy and phase out".

Any thoughts on this proposal?

Textualism (talk | contribs) 13:03, 31 August 2021 (UTC)

Chemical agents
It looks like, this has got the "Chemical agents" category or whatever you'd call it on it, which appears to be a list of chemical warfare agents, but there's no mention in the main text of the article of it ever having been used as a chemical weapon and from a quick Web search I can't find any mention of it ever having been used as one - maybe someone misread what the "Chemical agents" category was for. Wombat140 (talk) 02:13, 7 December 2023 (UTC)

Awful article
This article contains a series of contradictions. It's bad, really bad. The toxicity section claims 6 ml of TEL is "enough to induce severe lead poisoning". I'm not sure if its more laughable or pathetic. First of all, while it's reasonable to assume the claim refers to humans, I'm betting 6 ml injected into the brain of a 1 day old infant would have significantly different results than 6 ml delivered via a rectal suppository to a 200 pound adult. What do you think, is route of administration important? Hey, how about this: why not pretend to try to conform to the standards of toxicology? Species, route, dose PER KILOGRAM for a start. 98.21.68.176 (talk) 23:42, 24 May 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Tetraethyllead


text:
Kotka

Kotka (lit. '"eagle"') is a town in Finland, located on the southeastern coast of the country at the mouth of the Kymi River. The population of Kotka is approximately 0, while the sub-region has a population of approximately 0. It is the most populous municipality in Finland, and the 16th most populous urban area in the country.

Kotka is situated in the southern part of the Kymenlaakso province of Finland. Kotka is a major port and industrial city situated on the coast of the Gulf of Finland. Kotka is a culturally diverse city with a variety of schools. It was previously a part of the former Kymi parish. Kymi, Haapasaari island, and Karhula, which was once a separate market town, were later incorporated into Kotka. Kotka's neighboring municipalities are Hamina, Kouvola, and Pyhtää. The neighboring municipalities of Kotka are Hamina, Kouvola, and Pyhtää. Kotka is situated in the Kotka-Hamina subdivision and, along with Kouvola, is one of the main centres of the Kymenlaakso region.

The city centre of Kotka is located on an island in the sea called Kotkansaari ("Island of Kotka"). The main road in Kotka is the Finnish national road 7 (E18), which runs west through Porvoo to Helsinki, the capital of Finland, and extends east to St. Petersburg, Russia. The Port of Kotka is a major Finnish seaport serving both Finnish and Russian foreign trade. The municipality is officially unilingually Finnish, with NaN% being native Finnish speakers, NaN% Swedish, and NaN% speaking some other language.

Heraldry
The description of the older coat of arms read that "the upper field of the split shield is blue, the lower field silver, and in the center of the shield a natural stone with a golden eagle, and in the lower field the anchor and caduceus diagonally crossed, both blue," while the current coat of arms is described as follows: "In a blue field, the wings of a golden natural eagle are raised, standing with a crossed anchor and caduceus, both of which are silver." The first coat of arms of the city of Kotka was confirmed in 1881. However, the Kotka City Council had to renew the old coat of arms in 1954 because it did not meet heraldic requirements. The new coat of arms was designed by Olof Eriksson in 1957, Eriksson kept the new coat of arms as the main emblem of Kotka referring to the name of the city. From the images of the current coat of arms, the anchor reflects the importance of Kotka as a port town and caduceus in trade, industry and maritime traffic.

History
On 16 April 1878, the Senate of the Grand Duchy of Finland issued a declaration establishing a city on the southern part islands from the old Kymi parish, so in 1879 the islands of Kotkansaari and Hovinsaari were separated from Kymi and the city of Kotka was established.

The Second All-Russian Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party was held in Kotka, on 21–23 July (3–5 August) 1907.

Historically, Swedish was the official language in the city until 1902. From 1902 until 1906, the city was officially bilingual. Kotka has a Swedish speaking minority (see: Swedish-speaking population of Finland), which in the 1890s accounted for 16% of the city population and 3% in the 1950s. Today around 1% of the city's population are Swedish speakers. There is one school in Kotka where Swedish is the language of instruction, Kotka Svenska Samskola, which was founded in 1885.

Kotka region was one of the first heavily industrialized regions of Finland. Paper and pulp mills remain important employers. In the last decades several factories have undergone restructuring which has led to an increasing unemployment. Since the 1980s the population of Kotka has been slowly decreasing, mostly due to domestic migration to Helsinki region.

Population
The city of Kotka has 0 inhabitants, making it the most populous municipality in Finland. The Kotka-Hamina region has a population of 0. In Kotka, 10.9% of the population has a foreign background, which is above the national average.

Languages
Kotka is a monolingual Finnish-speaking municipality. The majority of the population - 0 people or NaN% - speak Finnish as their first language. In Kotka, 0 people, or NaN% of the population, speak Swedish. NaN of the population of Kotka have a mother tongue other than Finnish or Swedish. As English and Swedish are compulsory school subjects, functional bilingualism or trilingualism acquired through language studies is not uncommon.

At least 30 different languages are spoken in Kotka. The most common foreign languages are Russian (5.2%), Estonian (0.7%), Ukrainian (0.6%), Arabic (0.4%) and English (0.4%).

Immigration
, there were 5,503 persons with a migrant background living in Kotka, or 10.9% of the population. The number of residents who were born abroad was 5,071, or 10.0% of the population. The number of persons with foreign citizenship living in Kotka was 3,151. Most foreign-born citizens came from the former Soviet Union, Russia, Estonia and Iraq.

The relative share of immigrants in Kotka's population is above the national average. Moreover, the city's new residents are increasingly of foreign origin. This will increase the proportion of foreign residents in the coming years.

Religion
In 2023, the Evangelical Lutheran Church was the largest religious group with 59.9% of the population of Kotka. Other religious groups accounted for 3.0% of the population. 37.2% of the population had no religious affiliation.

Economy
Kotka's three largest employers at the beginning of 2018 were the City of Kotka, the Social and Health Services in Kymenlaakso (Kymsote), and Steveco. The largest livelihoods in 2004 were social services (31.7%) and local industry (21.9%). In 2006, the city's total expenditure was just over EUR 370 million and municipal tax revenue amounted to EUR 141.3 million with an income tax rate of 18.75%. At the end of 2015, the unemployment rate in Kotka was 22.2%, which is one of the highest and largest cities in Finland. In 2005, the unemployment rate in Kotka was 14.4% and in 2006 12.9%. In 2010, the relative number of unemployed in the city started to rise and at the end of 2012 the rate was 17.1%.

Structures
Maritime Centre Vellamo is home to the Maritime Museum of Finland, the Museum of Kymenlaakso, the Coast Guard Museum, Information Centre Vellamo and the Kotka Cultural Centre. In addition to this, the building holds classrooms, seminar rooms, a 200-seat auditorium, Restaurant Laakonki with 100 seats, and Museum Shop Plootu.

The Kymenlaakso Museum operates at the Kantasatama Harbour in Kotka, at Maritime Centre Vellamo. The museum building, which has aroused much attention, was designed by the architect Ilmari Lahdelma. The area of operation of the Kymenlaakso museum, which is maintained by the City of Kotka, covers seven municipalities. The museum information services and the work of the regional archaeologist cover the entire region of Kymenlaakso. In building research, the museum serves as a public authority, with duties such as the issuing of opinions in building protection matters. The collections of Kymenlaakso museum have been compiled since the 1920s. Alongside collections of museum items, the museum has an extensive archive of photographs. The collections are located at Metsola in Kotka.

Langinkoski Imperial Fishing Lodge (Langinkosken keisarillinen kalastusmaja) is a museum and fishing lodge in the valley of River Kymijoki. Kymijoki is one of the biggest rivers in Finland with a drainage basin with 11% of the area of Finland. Emperor Alexander III of Russia first visited Langinkoski in 1880 as Crown Prince. During his second visit to Langinkoski, he stated that he wanted a small fishing lodge near rapids. Construction of the house began in the summer of 1888 and was inaugurated the following year. The museum is visited annually by about 14,000 visitors a year.

Maretarium Aquarium opened in 2002, is located on Kotka Island, on the shore of the Gulf of Sapokka. It focuses on the presentation of Finnish fish species and water bodies. There are about 60 native and established fish species from Finland. The Maretarium was created in collaboration between the City of Kotka, the University of Helsinki and the Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute. In addition to aquariums, there are also facilities for researchers and the nature school. There is also the Maritime Theater, Meri Café Kristina and a souvenir shop.

The Church of St Nicholas is located in Isopuisto Park in Kotka city centre. Based on designs by Jakov Perrin, the neoclassical church was constructed between 1799–1801, and it is the oldest building in Kotka today. Facade consists of pillars for three entries, the bell tower and a cross dome.

Parks
The numerous well-maintained parks and green areas make the centre of Kotka can be visited with a walk of about five kilometers, which can reach these park sites: Sapokka Watergarden, Katariina Seaside Park, Sibelius Park, Isopuisto ("Big Park"), Sculpture Promenade, Palotornivuori Park, Redutti-Kotka herb garden, Fuksinpuisto Park and Toivo Pekkanen Park.

 * Sapokka Watergarden, awarded with numerous international prizes, is a real green oasis in the middle of Kotka. In addition to the variety of plants, the main elements of this park are water, stone and special lighting.
 * Katariina Seaside Park is an extensive outdoor recreation area of more than 20 hectares, which grew up on the site of the oil loading port.
 * Sculpture Promenade is Finland's largest outdoor gallery. The new works have been acquired for the sculpture promenade almost every year.

Food
In the 1980s, Baltic herring, salmon soup, head cheese, turnip potatoes called "lanttujyrkkö", and groat pie ("ryynipiirakka") were named Kotka's traditional parish dishes. Deep-fried doughnuts called "Posso (doughnut)" are also considered traditional pastries in Kotka.

Sports
The local football team is KTP. Founded in 1927, KTP has long, and successful football history. KTP won the Finnish football championship in 1951 and 1952, and Finnish Cup 4 times, in years 1958, 1961, 1967, and 1980. Currently the club plays in the Finnish second league Ykkönen.

KTP-Basket plays in Korisliiga. There is also rugby club Griffins RFC.

Notable people
• Paavo Aaltonen (1919–1962), gymnast and Olympic champion

• Sari Baldauf (born 1955), businesswoman

• Jyri Häkämies (born 1961), politician

• Pentti Hämäläinen (1929–1984), boxer

• Juha Hirvi (born 1960), sport shooter

• Tapani Kansa (born 1949), singer

• Veikko Kokkola (1911–1974), politician

• Awak Kuier (born 2001), basketball player

• Rasmus Kupari (born 2000), ice hockey player

• Veikko Lavi (1912–1996), singer, songwriter and author

• Lasse Lehtinen (born 1947), politician

• Toivo Pekkanen (1902–1957), author

• Teemu Pukki (born 1990), professional footballer

• Jaana Saarinen (born 1955), actress

• Niilo Sevänen (born 1979), musician and director of culture in Kotka

• Taisto Sinisalo (1926–2002), communist politician

• Pentti Tiusanen (1949–2018), politician and surgeon

• Arto Tolsa (1945–1989), footballer

• Juha Vainio (1938–1990), lyricist, singer, composer and teacher

Twin towns — Sister cities
Kotka is twinned with:

title: Kotka


text:
Selfridges

Selfridges, also known as Selfridges & Co., is a chain of upscale department stores in the United Kingdom that is operated by Selfridges Retail Limited, part of the Selfridges Group of department stores. It was founded by Harry Gordon Selfridge in 1908.

The historic Daniel Burnham-designed Selfridges flagship store at 400 Oxford Street in London is the second-largest shop in the UK (after Harrods) and opened on 15 March 1909. Other Selfridges stores opened in Stretford at the Trafford Centre (1998), in Manchester at the Exchange Square (2002), and in Birmingham at the Bullring (2003).

During the 1940s, smaller provincial Selfridges stores were sold to the John Lewis Partnership, and in 1951, the original Oxford Street store was acquired by the Liverpool-based Lewis's chain of department stores. Lewis's and Selfridges were then taken over in 1965 by the Sears Group, owned by Charles Clore. Expanded under the Sears Group to include branches in Manchester and Birmingham, the chain was acquired in 2003 by Canada's Galen Weston for £598 million. In December 2021, the Weston family agreed to sell the majority of Selfridges Group for around £4 billion to a joint venture between Thai conglomerate Central Group and Austria's Signa Holding. The acquisition was completed on 23 August 2022.

History
The basis of Harry Gordon Selfridge's success was his relentlessly innovative marketing, which was elaborately expressed in his Oxford Street store. Originally from America himself, Selfridge attempted to dismantle the idea that consumerism was strictly an American phenomenon. He tried to make shopping a fun adventure and a form of leisure instead of a chore, transforming the department store into a social and cultural landmark that provided women with a public space in which they could be comfortable and legitimately indulge themselves. Emphasizing the importance of creating a welcoming environment, he placed merchandise on display so customers could examine it, and moved the highly profitable perfume counter front-and-centre on the ground floor.

Either Selfridge or Marshall Field is popularly held to have coined the phrase "the customer is always right".

In 1909, after the first cross-Channel flight, Louis Blériot's monoplane was put on display at Selfridges, where it was seen by 150,000 people over a four day period. John Logie Baird made the first public demonstration of moving silhouette images by television from the first floor of Selfridges from 1 to 27 April 1925.

In the 1920s and 1930s, the roof of the store hosted terraced gardens, cafes, a mini golf course and an all-girl gun club. The roof, with its extensive views across London, was a common place for strolling after a shopping trip and was often used for fashion shows.

During the Second World War, the store's basement was used as an air-raid shelter and during raids employees were usually on the lookout for incendiary bombs and took watch in turns.

A Milne-Shaw seismograph was set up on the Oxford Street store's third floor in 1932, attached to one of the building's main stanchions, where it remained unaffected by traffic or shoppers. It successfully recorded the Belgian earthquake of 11 June 1938, which was also felt in London. In 1947, it was given to the Science Museum.

The huge SIGSALY scrambling apparatus, by which transatlantic conferences between American and British officials (most notably Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt) were secured against eavesdropping, was housed in the basement from 1943 on, with extension to the Cabinet War Rooms about a mile away.

In 1926, Selfridges set up the Selfridge Provincial Stores company, which had expanded over the years to include sixteen provincial stores, but these were sold to the John Lewis Partnership in 1940. The Liverpool-based Lewis's chain of department stores acquired the remaining Oxford Street Shop in 1951, expanding the brand by adding Moultons of Ilford, purchased from rival chain R H O Hills and renaming the store Selfridges. In 1965 the business was purchased by the Sears Group, owned by Charles Clore. Under the Sears group, branches in Ilford and Oxford opened, with the latter remaining Selfridges until 1986, when Sears rebranded it as a Lewis's store. In 1990, Sears Group split Selfridges from Lewis's and placed Lewis's in administration a year later. In March 1998, Selfridges introduced new branding in tandem with the opening of the Manchester Trafford Centre store and Selfridges' demerger from Sears.

In September 1998, Selfridges expanded and opened its first department store outside London. A 200000 sqft anchor store at the newly opened Trafford Centre in Greater Manchester. Following its success, Selfridges announced they would open an additional store in Greater Manchester. A 126000 sqft store in Exchange Square, Manchester city centre. The Exchange Square store opened in 2002 as Manchester city centre started to return to normal following the 1996 Manchester bombing.

A 150000 sqft store soon followed in 2003 at Birmingham's Bull Ring.

Plans for expansion and additional stores continued soon after. Desired locations included Leeds, Liverpool, Dublin and Glasgow. The company purchased a site in Glasgow in 2002 and announced a new 200,000 sq ft Scottish flagship store was due to open in 2007. The following year all expansion plans were put on hold as the company began negotiations to sell the business. The Glasgow site was eventually sold off in 2013 and no plans to open any future stores has been announced - as of 2023.

In 2003, the chain was acquired by Canada's Galen Weston for £598 million and some of his other investments, which included Brown Thomas and Arnotts in Ireland, Holt Renfrew in Canada and de Bijenkorf in the Netherlands, became part of Selfridges Group. Weston, a retailing expert who is the owner of Loblaw Companies in Canada, chose to invest in the renovation of the Oxford Street store—rather than to create new stores in British cities other than Manchester and Birmingham.

In October 2009, Selfridges revived its rooftop entertainment with the pop up "The Restaurant on the Roof" restaurant. In July 2011, Truvia created an emerald green boating lake (with a waterfall, a boat-up cocktail bar and a forest of Stevia plants). In 2012 the Big Rooftop Tea and Golf Party featured "the highest afternoon tea on Oxford Street" and a nine-hole golf course with "the seven wonders of London" realised in cake as obstacles.

In August 2020, during a difficult time for UK retail, Selfridges offered luxury pieces for hire to millennial and socially conscious clients. The store partnered with HURR, an online fashion rental platform, offering hire of 100 items from over 40 fashion brands for up to 20 days at a time.

The Weston family put the Selfridges business up for auction in July 2021, with an estimated value of £4 billion. The sale includes all stores including the flagship Oxford Street store and worldwide outlets. In early December 2021, the family was reported to be finalising the chain's sale to Central Group.

On 24 December 2021, it was announced that the majority of Selfridges Group had been sold to a joint venture between Thai conglomerate Central Group and the Austrian Signa Holding for around £4 billion.

Architecture
Selfridge stores are known for architectural innovation and excellence, and are tourist destinations in their own right. The original London store was designed by Daniel Burnham, who also created the Marshall Field's main store in his home town of Chicago. Burnham was the leading American department store designer of the time and had works in Boston (Filenes's), New York (Gimbel's, Wanamaker's), and Philadelphia (Wanamaker's, his magnum opus).

The London store was built in phases. The first phase consisted of only the nine-and-a-half bays closest to the Duke Street corner, and is an example of one of the earliest uses of steel cage frame construction for this type of building in London. This circumstance, according to the report of a contemporary London correspondent from the Chicago Tribune, was largely responsible for making possible the eventual widespread use of Chicago’s steel frame cage construction system in the United Kingdom:

"“Under the pressure of [Mr. Selfridge] and the interests allied with him, the councilors admitted the soundness of American building methods and framed a bill which will be pressed at once in parliament [sic] to permit these methods to be used here.”"

Also involved in the design of the store were American architect Francis Swales, who worked on decorative details, and British architects R. Frank Atkinson and Thomas Smith Tait. The distinctive polychrome sculpture above the Oxford Street entrance is the work of British sculptor Gilbert Bayes.

The Daily Telegraph named Selfridges in London the world's best department store in 2010.

The Birmingham store, designed by architects Future Systems, is covered in 15,000 spun aluminium discs on a background of Yves Klein Blue. Since it opened in 2003, the Birmingham store has been named every year by industry magazine Retail Week as one of the 100 stores to visit in the world.

Windows
Selfridges' windows have become synonymous also with the brand, and to a certain degree have become as famous as the company and Oxford Street location itself. Selfridges has a history of bold art initiatives when it comes to the window designs. Selfridge himself likened the act of shopping to the act of attending the theatre and encouraged his customers to make this connection as well by covering his show windows with silk curtains before dramatically unveiling the displays on opening day. Just as they do today, the window designs served as the opening act of the entire play of the Selfridge experience and helped capture the public’s attention to transform customers into true shoppers. Later, when the building was undergoing restoration, the scaffolding was shrouded with a giant photograph of stars such as Sir Elton John by Sam Taylor-Wood. For Christmas 2014, the window displayed a Kate Moss-designed Paddington Bear statue—themed "Goldie Bear"—which was auctioned to raise funds for the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC).

Since 2002, the windows have been photographed by London photographer Andrew Meredith and published in magazines such as Vogue, Dwell, Icon, Frame, Creative Review, Hungarian Stylus Magazine, Design Week, Harper's Bazaar, The New York Times, WGSN as well as many worldwide media outlets, including the world wide press, journals, blogs and published books.

Opening day and marketing
The long lasting influence that Harry Selfridge would have on shopping and department stores became immediately clear with Selfridges' opening day. The store’s opening to much fanfare on 15 March 1909 laid the foundation for the success of the entire lifestyle that Selfridge aimed to promote. Even before the unveiling of the window displays, innovative marketing techniques set up the momentous occasion and the store for great success.

Harry Selfridge developed close relationships with the media to ensure that his store and its opening were properly publicized. The opening week ad campaign relied mainly on unpaid promotions in the form of news articles in newspapers, magazines, and journals. As time progressed, Selfridge took the more traditional form of marketing by writing daily columns under the pen name Callisthenes. Overall, however, one of the most effective marketing tools proved to be the opening week cartoons focusing on the grand event. Selfridge enlisted the help of thirty-eight of London’s top illustrators to draw hundreds of full page, half page, and quarter page advertisements for eighteen newspapers.

The marketing continued on opening day itself. Touted as “London’s Greatest Store,” Selfridges immediately became a cultural and social phenomenon. From the store's soft lighting to the general absence of price tags to live music from string quartets, every detail of the opening was purposeful to draw people into the entire shopping experience and make each shopper feel unique. At Selfridges, shoppers entered another world in which they became "guests," as the store referred to them, and could purchase unique items that differed from the material goods sold in other stores.

Controversies

 * After protests by animal welfare advocates,  in November 2009 Selfridges agreed to stop selling foie gras (a delicacy made from the livers of forcibly fattened ducks and geese).
 * In July 2010, Selfridges apologized publicly after its Manchester store displayed an Alexander McQueen garment hanging from a gallows-like structure, just months after the designer committed suicide by hanging.
 * In September 2013, the store suspended a shop assistant who refused to serve a friend of Tommy Robinson.
 * In February 2015, one of Selfridges' stores in Manchester installed so-called anti-homeless spikes.

In culture
ITV and Masterpiece produced a series entitled Mr Selfridge, first airing on ITV beginning in January 2013 (in ten parts), and later on PBS starting on 30 March 2013 (in eight parts). ITV began airing ten additional episodes in January 2014. The fourth series began in 2016 with the first episode airing on 8 January 2016.

Selfridges was also featured in the 2017 movie Wonder Woman as the shop where Steve Trevor takes Diana Prince to give her a more contemporary appearance to blend in.

The brand has worked with artists like Jaden Smith and others throughout its history.

title: Selfridges


text:
Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges

The Hungerford Bridge crosses the River Thames in London, and lies between Waterloo Bridge and Westminster Bridge. Owned by Network Rail Infrastructure Ltd (who use its official name of Charing Cross Bridge) it is a steel truss railway bridge flanked by two more recent, cable-stayed, pedestrian bridges that share the railway bridge's foundation piers, and which are named the Golden Jubilee Bridges.

The north end of the bridge is Charing Cross railway station, and is near Embankment Pier and the Victoria Embankment. The south end is near Waterloo station, County Hall, the Royal Festival Hall, and the London Eye. Each pedestrian bridge has steps and lift access.

History
The first Hungerford Bridge, designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, opened in 1845 as a suspension footbridge. It was named after the then Hungerford Market, because it went from the South Bank, specifically a northern point of Lambeth, soon close to London Waterloo station to that place on the north side of the Thames, specifically to the market (later Charing Cross Station) about 200 yards or metres east of Trafalgar Square partly in the parish of Saint Martin in the Fields, Westminster, the spire of which can be seen from the bridge.

In 1859 the original bridge was bought by the railway company extending the South Eastern Railway into the newly opened Charing Cross railway station. The railway company replaced the suspension bridge with a structure designed by Sir John Hawkshaw, comprising nine spans made of wrought iron lattice girders, which opened in 1864. The chains from the old bridge were re-used in Bristol's Clifton Suspension Bridge. The original brick pile buttresses of Brunel's footbridge are still in use, though the one on the Charing Cross side is now much closer to the river bank than it was originally, due to the building of the Victoria Embankment, completed in 1870. The buttress on the South Bank side still has the entrances and steps from the original steamer pier Brunel built on to the footbridge. To compensate for the removal of the footbridge, walkways were added on each side, with the western one later being removed when the railway was widened. Another walkway was temporarily added in 1951 when an Army Bailey bridge was constructed for the Festival of Britain. In 1980 a temporary walkway was erected on the western side while the eastern railway bridge and walkway were refurbished. It is one of three bridges in London to carry pedestrians and rolling stock; the others being Fulham Railway Bridge and Barnes Bridge.

The footbridge gained a reputation for being narrow, dilapidated and dangerous; it was the scene of a murder in 1999. In the mid-1990s a decision was made to replace the footbridge with new structures on either side of the existing railway bridge, and a competition was held in 1996 for a new design.

Further justification for new footbridge structures on the west flank and east flank was that the brittle wrought iron support pillars of Sir John Hawkshaw's railway bridge were vulnerable to impact from riverboats. It was felt, especially following the Marchioness disaster, that these should be clad in concrete at water level; but the bridge's owners, Railtrack, could not afford the work. The Golden Jubilee Bridges achieved this protection at no cost to Railtrack.

The new footbridges
The concept design for the new footbridges was won by architects Lifschutz Davidson Sandilands and engineers WSP Group. Detailed design of the two bridges was carried out by consulting engineers Gifford, now Ramboll UK. The steelwork for the new footbridges was fabricated by Butterley Engineering Ltd. of Ripley, Derbyshire.

Their construction was complicated by the need to keep the railway bridge operating without interruptions, the Bakerloo line tunnels passing only a few feet under the river bed, and the potential danger of unexploded World War II bombs in the Thames mud. Despite extensive surveys of the riverbed, London Underground was unwilling to accept these risks and preliminary works were stopped in 2000. The design was modified so that the support structure on the north side, which would have been within 15 m of the tube lines, was moved out of the river bed and onto Victoria Embankment. Excavation near the tube lines was carried out when the tube was closed, and foundations were hand-dug for additional security.

The two new 4 m wide footbridges were completed in 2002. They were named the Golden Jubilee Bridges, in honour of the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II, although in practice they are often still referred to as the "Hungerford Footbridges".

The 300 m long decks were raised using an innovative method called incremental launching, in which each 50 m long section was pulled across the river using a 250 m long steel truss weighing 300 tonnes. This process was repeated five times until each deck spanned the river, supported by six temporary piers made of steel and concrete. The seven 25-tonne pylons were then raised over the subsequent two weeks. Once the pylons had been installed, the decks were jacked up to enable their connection with the cable stays suspended from the pylons. The concrete deck was then lowered into its final position and the temporary piers and supports were dismantled.

The design of the bridges is complex. Each of the two decks is supported by inclined outward-leaning pylons. The decks are suspended from fans of slender steel rods called deck stays—there are 180 on each deck, made up of over 4 km of cable—and are held in position by other rods called backstays. Because the pylons lean the back stays are under tension. The deck is secured in place by steel collars fitted around (although not supported by) the pillars of the railway bridge; the collars are themselves attached to the bridge's foundations by tie-down rods. The entire structure is thus held in place by exploiting the tensions between the pylons and the various stay rods and struts.

The new bridges won the Specialist category in the Royal Fine Art Commission Building of the Year Award in 2003. It gained a Structural Achievement Award commendation in the 2004 Institution of Structural Engineers awards, and has won awards from the Civic Trust and for its lighting design.

In 2014, the planning application for the now cancelled Garden Bridge, revealed in its assessment of pedestrian movement across the Thames that the footbridges are the busiest in London, with an estimated footfall of 8.5 million each year.

In fiction

 * "Hungerford Bridge" by Elizabeth Hand, Conjunctions 52, 2009.
 * "The Woman Who Fell In Love With The Hungerford Bridge" by Lavie Tidhar, Ambit 2014.