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Crystal Palace F.C.

Crystal Palace Football Club (commonly referred to as simply Palace) is a professional football club based in Selhurst in the Borough of Croydon, South London, England. The club competes in the Premier League, the top tier of English football.

Although formally created as a professional outfit in 1905 at the Crystal Palace Exhibition building, the club's origins can be traced as far back as 1861. The club used the FA Cup final stadium situated inside the grounds of the Palace for their home games between 1905 and 1915, when they were forced to leave due to the outbreak of the First World War. In 1924, they moved to their current home at Selhurst Park.

Palace spent their early years as a professional club playing in the Southern League, winning various regional titles. They were elected to the Football League in 1920, and have overall mainly competed in the top two tiers of English football during their league history. Since 1964, Palace have only dropped below the second tier once for three seasons between 1974 and 1977. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Palace became a force in the top flight and challenged Arsenal and Liverpool for the English league title in 1990–91, but eventually ended the season in third place, the club's highest league finish to date. Palace only missed out on qualification for the UEFA Cup at the end of that season due to the limited number of European places available to English clubs after the lifting of the UEFA ban caused by the Heysel Stadium disaster. It was also around this time that Palace reached the FA Cup final in 1990, narrowly losing to Manchester United after a replay, and they became founder members of the Premier League.

Following their relegation from the Premier League in 1998, Palace went into decline after suffering financial problems which resulted in the club going into administration twice. But Palace recovered and were promoted back to the Premier League in 2013, where they have remained ever since and reached another FA Cup final in 2016, again finishing runners-up to Manchester United. The club are currently on their longest continuous run in the top flight, achieving twelve consecutive seasons at the start of the 2024–25 campaign.

The club's kit colours were claret and blue until 1973, when they changed to the red and blue vertical stripes worn today. Palace have a long-standing and fierce rivalry with Brighton & Hove Albion, and also share strong rivalries with fellow South London clubs Millwall and Charlton Athletic.

The Crystal Palace Company (1854–1905)
In 1854, the Crystal Palace Exhibition building had been relocated from Hyde Park, London and rebuilt in an area of South London next to Sydenham Hill. This area was renamed Crystal Palace which included the Crystal Palace Park that surrounded the site where various sports facilities were built. The Crystal Palace Company who owned the exhibition building founded the Crystal Palace Club in 1857 to play cricket before turning their attention to football. It had been lobbied by existing members of the cricket club to provide a continuation of sporting activities during the winter months. The company formed an amateur Crystal Palace football club in 1861. Many of its original players were members of the cricket club, and they shared the same pitch within the Crystal Palace Park.

The amateur club became one of the original founder members of the Football Association in 1863, and competed in the first FA Cup competition in 1871–72, reaching the semi-finals where they lost to the Royal Engineers. They played in the FA Cup over the next four seasons, but disappeared from historical records after a match against Barnes F.C. on 18 December 1875. In 1895, the Football Association found a new permanent venue for the FA Cup final at the sports stadium situated inside the Palace grounds. Some years later the Crystal Palace Company, who were reliant on tourist activity for their income, sought fresh attractions for the venue, and decided to form a new professional football club to play at the stadium. The owners wanted a club to play there and tap into the vast crowd potential of the area.

Birth of the professional club and playing at the FA Cup Final venue (1905–1920)
The professional Crystal Palace football club was formed on 10 September 1905 under the guidance of Aston Villa assistant secretary Edmund Goodman. The club applied for election to the Football League, but were rejected and instead found itself in the Southern League Second Division for the 1905–06 season. Palace were successful in their inaugural season achieving promotion to the Southern League First Division, crowned as champions. They also played in the mid-week United League, finishing runners-up to Watford, and it was in this competition that the club played their first match, winning 3–0 away to New Brompton.

Palace remained in the Southern League up until 1914, their one highlight the 1907 shock First Round victory over Newcastle United in the FA Cup. The outbreak of the First World War led to the Admiralty requisitioning the Crystal Palace and its grounds, which meant the club was forced to leave and they moved to the home of nearby West Norwood F.C. at Herne Hill Velodrome. Three years later they moved again to the Nest following the demise of Croydon Common F.C.

1913 FA Cup final bombing
The Palace stadium was almost destroyed in an attempted terrorist bombing of the 1913 FA Cup final, when the suffragettes of the Women's Social and Political Union, plotted to blow up the stands. This was part of the suffragette bombing and arson campaign, in which the suffragettes carried out a series of politically motivated bombing and arson attacks nationwide, as part of their campaign for women's suffrage.

Into the Football League (1920–1958)
The club became founder members of the new Football League Third Division in the 1920–21 season, finishing as champions and gaining promotion to the Second Division. This achievement meant they joined Preston North End, Small Heath, Liverpool, and Bury as the only clubs at that time to have won a championship in their first season as a league club. Palace then moved to a new stadium Selhurst Park in 1924, where the club still play their home games today.

The opening fixture at Selhurst Park was against The Wednesday, with Palace losing 0–1 in front of a crowd of 25,000. Finishing in twenty-first position, the club were relegated to the Third Division South. Before the Second World War, Palace made good efforts at promotion, mostly finishing in the top half of the table and were runners-up on three occasions. During the war years, the Football League was suspended, and the club won two Wartime Leagues. After the war, Palace were less successful in the league, their highest position being seventh, and conversely on three occasions the club had to apply for re-election.

Historic Real Madrid visit and promotion to the top flight (1958–1973)
The club remained in the Third Division South up until the end of the 1957–58 season, after which the league was restructured with clubs in the bottom half of the Third Division South merging with those in the bottom half of the Third Division North to form a new Fourth Division. Palace had finished fourteenth – just below the cut – and were consigned to the basement of English football. Their stay was only brief. Palace chairman Arthur Wait appointed the ex-Tottenham manager Arthur Rowe in April 1960, and his exciting style of football was a joy to watch for the Palace fans. The 1960–61 season saw Palace gain promotion and they also achieved distinction in 1962 when they played the great Real Madrid team of that era in an historic friendly match. This was the first time that the Spanish giants had ever played a match in London and was only two weeks before they were due to play Benfica in the European Cup final. A full strength Madrid team beat Palace 4–3. Although Rowe resigned for health reasons towards the end of 1962, the promotion proved a turning point in the club's history. Dick Graham and then Bert Head guided Palace to successive promotions in 1963–64 and 1968–69, taking the club through the Second Division and into the heights of the First Division.

Palace stayed in the top flight from 1969 until 1973, and achieved some memorable results, arguably the best was a 5–0 home win against Manchester United in the 1972–73 season. Arthur Wait stepped down as chairman during that season and was replaced by Raymond Bloye who appointed Malcolm Allison as manager in March 1973, with Bert Head moving upstairs to become general manager. Unfortunately the managerial change came too late to save the club from relegation back to the Second Division.

Bouncing between the divisions (1973–1984)
After the disappointment of demotion from the top flight, the next season was to prove even worse for the club. Under the management of Allison, Palace suffered a second consecutive relegation, and found itself back in Division Three for the 1974–75 season. It was also under Allison that the club changed its nickname from "The Glaziers" to "The Eagles", and ended its association with claret and blue kit colours by changing to the red and blue vertical stripes worn today. Palace enjoyed a run to the semi-finals of the 1975–76 FA Cup, beating Leeds and Chelsea along the way, but lost 0–2 in the semi-final at Stamford Bridge to the eventual winners, Southampton. Allison resigned at the end of the 1975–76 season after failing to get the club out of the third tier, and it was under Terry Venables' management that Palace moved back up to the top flight with promotions in 1976–77 and 1978–79; the latter saw the club crowned as Division Two champions.

That team from 1979 was dubbed the "Team of the Eighties", because it included a number of very talented young players who had emerged from the youth team which won the FA Youth Cup in 1976–77 and 1977–78, and they were briefly top of the whole Football League in the early part of the 1979–80 season. However, financial difficulties suffered by the club caused the break-up of that group of players, and this ultimately led to Palace being unable to maintain its position in the top flight. Palace were relegated from the First Division in 1980–81, coinciding with Ron Noades's takeover of the club. They struggled back in the second tier and Noades even appointed the ex-Brighton manager Alan Mullery, which was very unpopular with the Palace fans.

Steve Coppell years (1984–1993)
On 4 June 1984, former Manchester United and England player Steve Coppell who had recently retired from the game due to injury was appointed as manager, and he rebuilt the club steadily over the next few years which resulted in the Eagles achieving promotion back to the top flight via the play-offs in 1988–89. Palace followed this up by reaching the 1990 FA Cup final, drawing 3–3 with Manchester United after extra-time in the first match, but losing the replay 0–1. The club were able to build on this success and the 1990–91 season saw Palace challenge Arsenal and Liverpool for the English league title, but eventually ended the season in third place to achieve their highest league finish to date. Palace only missed out on a European place at the end of that season partly due to the UEFA ban on English clubs caused by the Heysel Stadium disaster. Though by that time the ban had been lifted, it resulted in England being unranked in the UEFA coefficient rankings used that season, which meant the English top flight was only entitled to one European place in the UEFA Cup, and this went to the runners-up Liverpool. The club also returned to Wembley and won the Full Members Cup, beating Everton 4–1 after extra-time in the final. During the following season, star striker Ian Wright left the club to join Arsenal. Palace finished tenth, and became a founding member of the new Premier League in 1992–93.

The club then sold their other top striker Mark Bright to Sheffield Wednesday, and struggled to score goals throughout the next season. Palace ended up relegated with a total of 49 points, which is still a Premier League record for the highest number of points for a relegated club. Coppell resigned and Alan Smith, his assistant at the club, took over as manager.

The yo-yo years (1993–1998)
Alan Smith's first season as manager saw Palace win the First Division title and gain promotion back to the Premier League. Their stay on this occasion proved both eventful and controversial. On 25 January 1995, Palace played Manchester United at Selhurst Park in which United forward Eric Cantona was sent off. He was taunted by Palace fan Matthew Simmons, and retaliated with a flying kick. Cantona was sentenced to two weeks in jail, reduced to 120 hours community service on appeal. Simmons was immediately banned from Selhurst Park, and later found guilty on two charges of threatening Cantona. More was to follow in March, when Palace striker Chris Armstrong was suspended by the FA for failing a drugs test. On the field, Smith guided the club to the semi-finals of both the FA Cup and League Cup, but their form in the league was inconsistent and Palace once again found themselves relegated, finishing fourth from bottom as the Premier League was reduced from 22 to 20 clubs.

Smith left the club and Steve Coppell returned as technical director in the summer of 1995, and through a combination of the first-team coaching of Ray Lewington and latterly Dave Bassett's managership, Palace reached the play-offs. They lost the 1996 First Division play-off final in dramatic fashion when Steve Claridge scored in the last minute of extra-time for Leicester City to win 2–1. The following season saw Coppell take charge as first-team manager when Bassett departed for Nottingham Forest in early 1997. The club reached the play-offs for the second year running and this time achieved promotion back to the Premier League, when they defeated Sheffield United 1–0 in the final at Wembley.

Their stay in the Premier League was no more successful than the previous two, and in true yo-yo club fashion, Palace were relegated back to the First Division at the end of the 1997–98 season. The club also had a new owner when recruitment tycoon Mark Goldberg completed his takeover in June 1998.

Financial crisis (1998–2010)
Terry Venables returned to Palace for a second spell as manager and the club competed in European competition during the summer when they played in the UEFA Intertoto Cup. Palace then went into administration in 1999, when owner Mark Goldberg was unable to sustain his financial backing of the club. Venables left and Steve Coppell took over again as manager. The club emerged from administration under the ownership of Simon Jordan, and Coppell was replaced as manager by Alan Smith for a second time. Palace were almost relegated to the third tier in Jordan's first season, in 2000–01. Smith was sacked in April and long-serving coach Steve Kember took over as caretaker manager and he managed to win the two remaining fixtures that would guarantee Palace survival, with Dougie Freedman scoring the winner in the 87th minute on the final day of the season, securing a 1–0 victory over Stockport County. Former Manchester United captain Steve Bruce was appointed manager for the 2001–02 season. A good start to the season gave Palace hope for a promotion challenge, but Bruce attempted to walk out on the club after just four months in charge following an approach from Birmingham City to become their new manager. After a short spell on gardening leave, Bruce was eventually allowed to join Birmingham, and was succeeded by Trevor Francis, who had been his predecessor at the West Midlands club.

Under Francis, Palace finished mid-table for two successive seasons, but he was then sacked, and replaced by Steve Kember, who became permanent manager. The club won their opening three games of the 2003–04 season under Kember, which put them at the top of the table, but he was sacked in November after a terrible loss of form saw Palace slip towards the relegation zone. Former Palace striker Iain Dowie was appointed manager and guided the club to the play-off final, securing promotion with a 1–0 victory over West Ham. Again Palace could not maintain their place in the top tier and were relegated on the last day of the season after drawing at local rivals Charlton Athletic.

Following that relegation, Simon Jordan was unable to put the club on a sound financial footing over the next few years, and in January 2010, Palace were once again placed in administration, this time by a creditor. Due to the Football League's regulations, the club were deducted ten points, and the administrators P&A Partnership were forced to sell key players including Victor Moses and José Fonte. Neil Warnock had also departed as manager in the early part of 2010. He had been appointed in 2007, replacing the former Palace favourite Peter Taylor who had a brief spell as manager. Paul Hart took over as caretaker manager for the final weeks of the season. Survival in the Championship was only secured on the final day of the season after a memorable 2–2 draw at Sheffield Wednesday, which was itself relegated as a result.

During the close of that season, CPFC 2010, a consortium consisting of several wealthy fans, successfully negotiated the purchase of the club. They were led by Steve Parish, the vocal representative for the consortium of four that also included Stephen Browett, Jeremy Hosking and Martin Long. Crucially, the consortium also secured the freehold of Selhurst Park, and paid tribute to a fans' campaign which helped pressure Lloyds Bank into selling the ground back to the club.

Established back in the Premier League (2010–present)
The CPFC 2010 consortium swiftly installed George Burley as the new Palace manager. However a poor start to the following season saw the club hovering around the bottom of the table by December. On 1 January 2011, after a 0–3 defeat to Millwall, Burley was sacked and his assistant Dougie Freedman named caretaker manager. Just over a week later Freedman was appointed manager on a full-time basis. Palace moved up the table and by securing a 1–1 draw at Hull City on 30 April, the club was safe from relegation with one game of the season left. After another year and a half as manager, Freedman departed to manage Bolton Wanderers on 23 October 2012.

In November 2012, Ian Holloway became the new Palace manager. He guided the club back to the Premier League after an eight-year absence by defeating Watford 1–0 in the Championship play-off final at the new Wembley, but resigned in October 2013. Following a brief spell under Tony Pulis, and an unsuccessful second tenure for Neil Warnock, former Palace player Alan Pardew was confirmed as the new manager in January 2015. In his first full season, Pardew led the club to the 2016 FA Cup final, their first for 26 years. Palace met Manchester United who they had lost to in the 1990 final, and the Eagles suffered disappointment again losing 1–2 after extra-time. In December 2016, Pardew was sacked and replaced by Sam Allardyce, who kept the club in the Premier League, but resigned unexpectedly at the end of the season. On 26 June 2017, Palace appointed Frank de Boer as their first permanent foreign manager. He was dismissed after only 77 days in charge, with the club having lost their first four league games at the start of the 2017–18 season while failing to score in any of them. Former England manager Roy Hodgson was appointed as the club's new manager the next day. Palace finished in eleventh-place in the Premier League in Hodgson's first season, twelfth in the 2018–19 season and fourteenth the following season.

On 18 May 2021, the club announced Hodgson would be leaving at the end of the 2020–21 season, upon the expiration of his contract, having achieved a second consecutive fourteenth-place finish in his last season at the club. On 4 July 2021, Palace appointed the former Arsenal captain Patrick Vieira as their new manager on a three-year contract. Despite guiding the club to an FA Cup semi-final and a twelfth-place league finish in his first season, Vieira was sacked the following season on 17 March 2023, after a winless run of 12 games left the club three points above the relegation zone.

On 21 March 2023, Hodgson was re-appointed Palace manager until the end of the season. He guided the club to safety, finishing comfortably in eleventh place at the end of the 2022–23 season. On 3 July, Hodgson was appointed permanent manager for a second time, though he stepped down from the role prematurely on 19 February 2024. He was replaced by former Eintracht Frankfurt and VfL Wolfsburg manager Oliver Glasner. The club achieved a strong finish at the end of the 2023–24 season under Glasner, equalling their highest Premier League finish of tenth place, and highest points total of 49. Subsequently, four Palace players (Ebere Eze, Marc Guéhi, Dean Henderson and Adam Wharton) were named in the English national team for Euro 2024, more than any other Premier League club for England at the tournament.

Colours and crest
The original amateur club wore blue and white hooped shirts with blue shorts, although there were variations on this, it is thought their first kit in 1861 was light blue and white halves. When the professional Crystal Palace club was created in 1905, its choice of colours were originally claret and blue shirts paired with white shorts and socks tending to be claret. This was a result of the important role in the club's formation played by Edmund Goodman, an Aston Villa employee who later became Palace manager. The club kept to this formula fairly consistently until 1938, when they decided to abandon the claret and blue and adopt white shirts and black shorts with matching socks. They returned to claret and blue from 1949 to 1954, but in 1955 the club reverted to white and black, using claret and blue trim.

There were variations on this theme until 1963, when the club adopted the away strip of yellow shirts as its home colours. In 1964, the club changed to an all-white strip modelled on Real Madrid whom Palace had played recently in a friendly, before they returned to claret and blue jerseys with white shorts in 1966. The club continued with variations on this theme up until Malcolm Allison's arrival as manager in 1973. Allison overhauled the club's image, adopting red and blue vertical stripes for colours and kit, inspired by FC Barcelona. Palace have played in variations of red and blue ever since, bar the centenary season of 2005 which saw them wear a version of their 1971–72 claret, blue and white kit. The club was relatively late in establishing a crest. Although the initials were embroidered on the shirt from the 1935–36 season, a crest featuring the façade of The Crystal Palace did not appear until 1955. This crest disappeared from the shirt in 1964, and the team's name appeared embroidered on shirts, between 1967 and 1972. A round badge was then adopted in 1972, with the club's initials and nickname the "Glaziers" before Allison changed this too. The club's nickname became the "Eagles", inspired by Portuguese club Benfica, with the badge showing the image of an eagle holding a ball. This emblem remained until 1987 when the club married the eagle with the Crystal Palace façade, and although updated in 1996 and again in 2012, the crest retains these features. In June 2022, the club changed the year of its crest from 1905 to 1861, reflecting when the original Crystal Palace Football Club was established.

From mid-2010 to 2020, the club made use of an American bald eagle, called Kayla, as the club mascot, with the bird flying from one end of the stadium to the other at every home game. The bird died in June 2020.

Kit manufacturers and sponsors
Since 2022, Crystal Palace's kit has been manufactured by Macron. Previous manufacturers include Umbro (1975–77), Admiral (1977–80, 1987–88, 2003–04), Adidas (1980–83, 1996–99), Hummel (1984–87), Bukta (1988–93), Ribero (1992–94), Nutmeg (1994–96), TFG Sports (1999–2001), Le Coq Sportif (2001–03), Diadora (2004–07), Erreà (2007–09), Nike (2009–12), Avec (2012–14), Macron (2014–18, 2022–present), and Puma (2018–22). .

The club's shirts are currently sponsored by NET88 (2024–present). Previous sponsors have been Red Rose (1983–84), Top Score (1985–86), AVR (1986–87), Andrew Copeland (1987–88), Fly Virgin (1988–91), Tulip Computers (1991–93), TDK (1993–99), Churchill Insurance (2000–06), GAC Logistics (2006–14), Neteller (2014–15), Mansion.com (2015–17), ManBetX (2017–20), W88 (2020–22) and cinch (2022–24).

The club signed its first sleeve sponsor with All Football, a Chinese football-based social media application in 2017.

In 2023, Crystal Palace and Kaiyun Sports announced their joint partnership for the company to become the club's official new sleeve sponsor.

Stadium
In 1905, the Crystal Palace Company who owned the FA Cup final venue situated inside the grounds of The Crystal Palace, wanted a professional club to play there and tap into the vast crowd potential of the area. They formed a new professional Crystal Palace football club to play at the stadium. When the First World War broke out, the Palace and grounds were seized by the armed forces, and in 1915 the club were forced to move by the Admiralty. They found a temporary base at the Herne Hill Velodrome. Although other clubs offered the use of their grounds to Palace, the club felt it best to remain as close to their natural catchment area as possible. When Croydon Common F.C. were wound up in 1917, Palace took over their old stadium located at the Nest. In 1919, they began the purchase of the land on which they would eventually build Selhurst Park, their current home.

The renowned stadium architect Archibald Leitch was employed to draw up plans, and the construction of Selhurst Park was completed in time for the 1924–25 season. The stadium remained relatively unchanged, with only the introduction of floodlights and some maintenance improvements until 1969, when the Arthur Wait Stand was built. The Main Stand became all-seater in 1979 and more work followed in the early 1980s when the Whitehorse Lane End was redeveloped to allow for a Sainsbury's supermarket, club offices and a club shop. The Arthur Wait Stand became all-seater in 1990, and in 1994 the Holmesdale Terrace was replaced with a new two tier stand. Selhurst Park's record attendance was set in 1979, with an official total of 51,482. After all the redevelopments to the ground and safety requirements due to the Taylor Report, the ground's current capacity is 25,486. In 2011, proposals were put forward to move the club back to their original home at the Crystal Palace National Stadium, but after the club gained promotion to the Premier League in 2013, there has been a renewed focus on redeveloping Selhurst Park into a 40,000 seater stadium. Revised plans for a new 13,500-seater Main Stand (extending overall stadium capacity to 34,000) were approved at a Croydon Council meeting on 19 April 2018.

Supporters
Crystal Palace have a fan base predominantly from the local area which draws on South London, Kent, and Surrey. Their original home at the Crystal Palace was on the boundary with Kent, while Selhurst Park was located within the borders of Surrey, until the London Government Act 1963 saw Greater London encompass Croydon. The club's passionate support at home games emanates from the Holmesdale Road Stand, in which the ultras group the Holmesdale Fanatics have been based since 2005.

The fans have established at least two other supporters groups. The Palace Independent Supporters' Association was set up to raise supporter concerns with the club, while the Crystal Palace Supporters' Trust was originally established to enable fans to purchase the club during the administration of 2000 and remained in existence up to the end of 2023.

A number of fanzines have been produced by the supporters over the years. Eagle Eye was launched in 1987 and ran until 1994, with a number of contributors producing the replacement Palace Echo in 1995, which continued until 2007. The Eastern Eagles, So Glad You're Mine and One More Point were also published by fans in the 1990s. When One More Point ceased publication, Five Year Plan was launched in its place, and maintains an online presence. Supporters also engage in debate on two internet forums, The BBS and Holmesdale.net which the club use as channels to communicate with the fans.

Because Crystal Palace are a London club, they compete against a number of other local clubs for the attention of supporters, but it does have a recognisably large catchment area of 900,000. When the new owners took control in 2010, they sought the fans' input into future decisions. They consulted on a new badge design, and when their chosen designs were rejected, the club instead opted for a design based on a fans' idea from an internet forum. The club have strengthened their ties with the local community, and through the Crystal Palace F.C. Foundation, they work with the local London Boroughs of Croydon, Bromley and Sutton to provide sports and educational programmes which they also hope will continue to develop their supporter and geographical base. The Foundation's work was recognised by the Football League in August 2009 with their Silver Standard Community Scheme Award.

The club also enjoys a sizeable celebrity support. Kevin Day and Jo Brand host an annual comedy night for Comic Relief and the Palace Academy, and fellow comedians Eddie Izzard and Mark Steel are also staunch Palace fans. The actor Neil Morrissey developed Palace Ale, a beer on sale in the ground, while fellow actor Bill Nighy is patron of the Crystal Palace Children's Charity (CPSCC). Radio DJ David Jensen is chairman of the Crystal Palace Vice Presidents Club, and acted as spokesman for the CPFC 2010 consortium during their takeover bid for the club. Actor, writer and producer John Salthouse was on the books of Palace as a player from 1968 to 1970 under the name of John Lewis, and was also a mascot for the club as a child. He incorporated the club into his role as Tony in Abigail's Party. The television presenter Susanna Reid revealed her love of Palace while taking part in Strictly Come Dancing, and visited Selhurst Park for inspiration.

Rivalries
Due to their location in the capital, Crystal Palace are involved in a number of local derbies, mostly across South London. They enjoy rivalries with both Millwall and former tenants Charlton Athletic. The club have a long-standing and fierce rivalry with Brighton & Hove Albion which developed after Palace's relegation to the Third Division in 1974, reaching its height when the two teams were drawn together in the first round of the 1976–77 FA Cup. The tie went to two replays, but the second replay ended in controversy after referee Ron Challis ordered a successful Brighton penalty to be retaken because of reported encroachment by a Brighton player, although other sources also claim that this was due to contact from a Crystal Palace player. The retake was saved, Palace won the tie 1–0 and a fierce rivalry was born.

Ownership
The Crystal Palace Company formed both the amateur and professional clubs. The first chairman of the professional Crystal Palace club was Sydney Bourne who was found by club secretary Edmund Goodman after he had examined records of FA Cup final ticket purchasers. Goodman noted his name as one that had bought a number of tickets every year, and so met with Bourne and found him very agreeable to the idea of the new club. Bourne was invited onto the board of directors and elected chairman at the club's first meeting. He remained chairman until his death in 1930.

After Bourne's death, there were a number of short-term chairmanship appointments: Louis Bellatti (1930–1935), R.S. Flew (1935), Carey Burnett (1935–36), E.T. Truett (1936–1939), before Percy Harper's reign (1939–1950). Local builder Arthur Wait established a consortium of seven other businessmen to purchase the club in 1949, and took over from Harper in 1950, initially rotating the chairmanship. In 1958, Wait became the permanent chairman, lasting until 1972 when Raymond Bloye took over. Bloye's ownership lasted until 26 January 1981, when property developer Ron Noades and his consortium took control of the club. Noades eventually sold the club to Mark Goldberg on 5 June 1998, becoming the second-longest serving Palace chairman behind Sydney Bourne. However, Noades did maintain ownership of Selhurst Park, leasing it to the club to use. Goldberg's tenure of the club was not a success and Palace entered administration in March 1999. Although the fans established a group called the Crystal Palace Supporters' Trust in a bid to gain control of the club, millionaire and lifelong fan Simon Jordan negotiated a deal with creditors and the administrator, and a new company, CPFC 2000 took control. This company entered administration in January 2010, and it was not until June of that year that a takeover was completed by a consortium of four wealthy fans known as CPFC 2010.

CPFC 2010 was established by a consortium of four businessmen, Steve Parish, Martin Long, Stephen Browett and Jeremy Hosking, with each owning a 25% share of the company. The four successfully negotiated a takeover with the administrator Brendan Guilfoyle from the P&A Partnership and a company voluntary arrangement was formally accepted by company creditors on 20 August 2010. The consortium also purchased back Selhurst Park from Lloyds Bank after a demonstration by fans put pressure on the bank to agree terms.

In December 2015, American investors Josh Harris and David Blitzer each bought an 18% stake in the club as general partners for a total of £50 million, although the stake is now estimated to be 10%. In August 2021, another American investor John Textor bought a 40% stake worth £87.5 million, increasing to 45% in 2023. Parish remains chairman with ownership around 10% equity. Robert Franco and other investors own the remaining 9%.

Statistics and records
Jim Cannon holds the record for the most Crystal Palace appearances in all competitions, having played 660 first-team matches between 1973 and 1988. The defender also holds the record for the most league appearances, making 571. Striker Peter Simpson holds the record for the most goals scored in a season, 54 in the 1930–31 season in Division Three (South) and is also the top scorer over a career – 165 goals between 1929 and 1935. Goalkeeper Wayne Hennessey holds the club record for most international caps.

Crystal Palace were inaugural champions of the newly formed Third Division in 1920–21, which was also their first season in the Football League and so became one of only a small group of clubs to have achieved the feat of winning a Football League Division at the first time of asking. Their average league attendance of 19,092 in the 1960–61 season and the attendance of 37,774 for the Good Friday game at Selhurst Park between Palace and Millwall the same season are Fourth Division attendance records. Palace's official record home attendance is 51,482 for a Second Division match against Burnley on 11 May 1979. The club's biggest victory margin in the league was the 9–0 home win against Barrow in the Fourth Division in 1959, while their heaviest defeat in the league was by the same scoreline away to Liverpool in the First Division in 1989.

The highest transfer fee received for a Crystal Palace player is £50 million from Manchester United for Aaron Wan-Bissaka in June 2019, while the highest transfer fee paid by the club to date is £32 million for Christian Benteke from Liverpool in August 2016.

The club's highest ever league finish so far is third place in the old Football League First Division, which is now called the Premier League, achieved in the 1990–91 season. Palace hold the record for the most points for a relegated Premier League club with 49 (although that was in a 42-game season in 1992–93). They are also the only club ever to be relegated from the Premier League, even though they finished fourth from bottom, as it had been decided at the end of the 1994–95 season, that the bottom four clubs would be relegated in order to accommodate the league being reduced from 22 to 20 clubs for the 1995–96 season; Palace's points total that season of 45 is also the second-highest points total in Premier League history for a relegated club. Palace hold the record for the most play-off final wins (4) resulting in promotion to the top flight. Each of these play-off final wins occurred at a different location: Selhurst Park in 1989 (the first leg of the two-legged final was played at Ewood Park in Blackburn), old Wembley Stadium in 1997, Millennium Stadium in Cardiff in 2004, and new Wembley in 2013.

Notable former players

 * Players with over 100 appearances for Crystal Palace can be found here
 * All past (and present) players who are the subjects of Wikipedia articles can be found here

Crystal Palace "Centenary XI"
To celebrate Crystal Palace F.C.'s centenary in 2005, the Palace fans were asked to vote for a "Centenary XI" from a shortlist of ten players per position provided by the club.
 * 🏴 Nigel Martyn (1989–96)
 * 🏴 Paul Hinshelwood (1974–83)
 * 🏴 Chris Coleman (1991–95)
 * 🏴 Jim Cannon (1972–88)
 * 🏴 Kenny Sansom (1975–80)
 * 🏴 John Salako (1986–95)
 * 🏴 Geoff Thomas (1987–93)
 * 🏴 Andy Gray (1984–87, 1989–92)
 * 🇮🇹 Attilio Lombardo (1997–99)
 * 🏴 Andrew Johnson (2002–06, 2014)
 * 🏴 Ian Wright (1985–91)

Managers

 * Statistics are complete up to and including the match played 19 May 2024. Not including caretaker managers. All competitive matches are counted.

Honours
League
 * Second Division / First Division / Championship (level 2)
 * Champions: 1978–79, 1993–94
 * Runners-up: 1968–69
 * Play-off winners (4) (record): 1989, 1997, 2004, 2013
 * Third Division / Third Division South (level 3)
 * Champions: 1920–21
 * Runners-up: 1928–29, 1930–31, 1938–39, 1963–64
 * Fourth Division (level 4)
 * Runners-up: 1960–61

Cup
 * FA Cup
 * Runners-up: 1989–90, 2015–16
 * Full Members Cup
 * Winners: 1990–91

Wartime Titles
 * Football League South
 * Champions: 1940–41
 * Wartime South D League
 * Champions: 1939–40

Regional Competitions
 * Southern Football League Division One
 * Runners-up: 1913–14
 * Southern Football League Division Two
 * Champions: 1905–06
 * United League
 * Champions: 1906–07
 * Runners-up: 1905–06
 * Southern Professional Floodlit Cup
 * Runners-up: 1958–59
 * London Challenge Cup
 * Winners: 1912–13, 1913–14, 1920–21
 * Runners-up: 1919–20, 1921–22, 1922–23, 1931–32, 1937–38, 1946–47
 * Surrey Senior Cup
 * Winners: 1996–97, 2000–01, 2001–02
 * Kent Senior Shield
 * Winners: 1911–12
 * Runners-up: 1912–13

In popular culture
In the 1999 film Wonderland, the scenes of the character Dan and his son at a football match were filmed at Selhurst Park during Crystal Palace's 1–1 draw against Birmingham City on 6 February 1999. In the stage and television play Abigail's Party, its character Tony mentions that he used to play professionally for Crystal Palace, but it "didn't work out", something actor John Salthouse brought to the character in rehearsals based on his own life. Salthouse also incorporated the club into the children's television series he wrote, Hero to Zero, in which the father of the main character once played for Palace reserves. In the first series of the TV Comedy Only Fools and Horses, a Crystal Palace scarf could be seen on the coat rack, placed there by producer Ray Butt, even though its character Rodney's middle name was Charlton, as his brother Del revealed on Rodney's wedding day: their mother was a fan of "Athletic" not "Heston". Headmaster Keith Blackwell, who played Palace mascot "Pete the Eagle" in the late nineties, fronted a series of Coca-Cola advertisements in 1996. Blackwell spoke about his role and the embarrassment it brought to his family, and clips of him in costume were used in the campaign.

The 2008 episode of The IT Crowd, "Are We Not Men?", used Selhurst Park to film the crowd scenes.

The Apple TV series Ted Lasso filmed its stadium scenes at Selhurst Park.

After the Dave Clark Five performed "Glad All Over" at Selhurst Park in 1968, the song became synonymous with the club, and the Palace fans sing it at every match.

Crystal Palace F.C. was the subject of an Amazon Prime Video five-part series released in 2021 called When Eagles Dare, which documented the club's 2012–13 season, when they achieved promotion to the top flight via the Championship play-offs.

The DJ and presenter of Palace TV; the official Television channel of Crystal Palace Football club, is Jay Knox.

Crystal Palace Women
Crystal Palace F.C. (Women) is a women's football club founded in 1992, which is affiliated to the men's equivalent. They currently compete in the Women's Super League and play their home games at Gander Green Lane, Sutton, London.

Crystals cheerleaders
The "Crystals" or "Crystal Girls" are the official cheerleading squad of Crystal Palace F.C. which is the only club in English football that has NFL-style cheerleaders. They were established in 2010 and perform before each home match and during half-time. The squad also perform at charity events as ambassadors for the club.

title: Crystal Palace F.C.


text:
Anders Linder

Anders Hjalmar Linder (born 27 August 1941 in Solna, Sweden) is a Swedish actor and jazz musician. His father is Erik Hjalmar Linder and his son is Olle Linder. He is mainly known from the children's programs Ville, Valle och Viktor, Vintergatan, Björnes magasin and Kapten Zoom.

Linder is a trained architect from the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, but only worked half-time as an architect for two years before his stage career took over entirely.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Anders Linder


text:
Gladesville Bridge

Gladesville Bridge is a heritage-listed concrete arch road bridge that carries Victoria Road over the Parramatta River, linking the Sydney suburbs of Huntleys Point and Drummoyne, in the local government areas of Canada Bay and Hunter's Hill, in New South Wales, Australia. Despite its name, the bridge is not in Gladesville.

The Gladesville Bridge is a few kilometres upstream of the famous Sydney Harbour Bridge. When it was completed in 1964, Gladesville Bridge was the longest single span concrete arch ever constructed. Gladesville Bridge is the largest of a complex of three bridges, including Fig Tree Bridge and Tarban Creek Bridge, designed to carry traffic as part of the North Western Expressway. The bridge was the first phase of this freeway project that was to connect traffic from the via /Lane Cove, then through / to connect into the city. Due to community action the freeway project was abandoned by the Wran Government in 1977, leaving the Gladesville Bridge connecting the existing arterial roads.

The Gladesville Bridge was designed by Anthony Gee, G. Maunsell & Partners and Eugène Freyssinet and built from 1959 to 1964 by Reed & Mallik (Engineers, England) and Stuart Bros (Builders, Sydney). The property is owned by Transport for NSW. The bridge was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 1 October 2014.

History
Europeans first settled in the Gladesville/Drummoyne area of Sydney soon after landfall at Sydney Cove. In the 1790s, Crown grants of 30 acre lots were made available in the vicinity of Gladesville to encourage agricultural pursuits in the area. The future suburb of Gladesville remained isolated and rural until the 1850s when the earlier land grants were subdivided into large urban building blocks for the development of 'gentlemen's residences' for the wealthier colonists of NSW.

1881 bridge
To provide better access to Sydney, a wharf was soon erected on the Parramatta River at Gladesville and a two-lane steel lattice truss girder bridge with swing span was built across the river between Drummoyne and Huntleys Point. Remnants of the sandstone abutments of the original bridge still exist on the river banks to the south-west of the present bridge. This bridge carried a tramline and road traffic but did not accommodate pedestrians. This bridge, called the Gladesville Bridge, and also known as the Parramatta River Bridge, was opened on 1 February 1881.

The old Gladesville Bridge was constructed as part of a series of bridges built during the 1880s, which also saw the construction of the Fig Tree Bridge and the Iron Cove Bridge. It was the only crossing of the Parramatta River east of Parramatta at the time of construction, with punts and ferries (steamers) providing the main methods of crossing the river. The closest crossing to the bridge was the Bedlam Punt, which operated from 1829 through to 1881 between Punt Road in the present-day Gladesville and the Great North Road in present-day. This bridge was also constructed per agitation by the community on providing a tram service from Ryde to the city.

The 1881 Gladesville Bridge was about 300 m to the west of the modern bridge. This original bridge only carried one lane of traffic in each direction as well as a tramway. It featured a swing section on the southern end of the bridge that could be opened to permit sailing ships and steamers with high funnels to pass. 'Sixty miler' colliers from Newcastle would require the bridge to be opened to gain access to the Australian Gas Light Company (AGL) gasworks site at, (now redeveloped as ). The bridge stood on iron cylinders with a sandstone pier at each end of the bridge. The sandstone piers are all that remain today of the original bridge, with the northern pier adjacent to the Huntleys Point ferry wharf, and the southern in Howley Park in Drummoyne.

Current bridge
By the 1950s, due to a rapid growth in private car ownership and road freight transport in Sydney during the interwar and post World War 2 period, the traffic crossing the old Gladesville Bridge was becoming increasingly congested. With consistent interruptions and delays from the tramline and from shipping transportation along the Parramatta River, it was soon realised that a new bridge was required to alleviate the problem.

In the late 1950s, the Department of Main Roads (DMR) intended the replacement Gladesville Bridge to be a conventional steel truss of its own design. However, an alternative approach, prepared by English civil engineering firm G. Maunsell & Partners, was soon submitted by another English firm, Reed & Mallik Ltd which had teamed up with Sydney-based builders Stuart Brothers.

Civil engineer Guy Maunsell, having recently split from his professional business partners and seeking new international engineering opportunities, recognised that a concrete arch bridge would be a much better suited and economical solution for the new Gladesville Bridge than the steel truss the DMR had designed. However, winning the bridge contract was perhaps considered a long shot by the firm's partners and scarce resources were invested into the project from the outset. The firm's first graduate recruit, 22-year-old Anthony Gee, was given the task of developing Maunsell's preliminary drawings into a viable design from which Reed & Mallik Ltd and Stuart Brothers, could formulate a price. Due in part to the unprecedented nature of the design, the proposal was independently reviewed by internationally revered engineer, and pioneer of pre-stressed concrete methods, Eugene Freyssinet. Among the last works of Freyssinet's life, the proposed 910 ft, six-lane, high level concrete arch bridge was soon extended to 1000 ft, the design accepted and the contract to build was issued.

DMR intended the new $6.3 million Gladesville Bridge to be part of the North Western Expressway, a larger program of road works that would act as a main artery to link Sydney with the northern suburbs, and through to Newcastle. Although the strategic project was finally abandoned in the 1970s, the new Gladesville Bridge started in December 1959, and took nearly five years to complete. It was officially opened by Princess Marina on 2 October 1964. The bridge was originally opened with six traffic lanes, but the extra-wide outer lanes enabled a later reconfiguration to take place. The bridge now has three northbound lanes and four southbound lanes, separated by a concrete median.

Design and construction
At the time when the bridge was planned, it was anticipated that extremely large vessels would need to pass underneath it in the years to come. This, as well as the topography of the site, explains why the bridge was designed with a high 61 metre (200 ft) clearance.

The construction of the new Gladesville Bridge was a noteworthy engineering achievement for its time and, being both daring and untried, its innovative design and construction set several new standards on the international stage. In many ways the construction echoed the Roman method of building arches using segmented units built over a temporary formwork. In Gladesville's case, these were hollow precast concrete blocks which were hoisted up from barges on the river, then moved down a railway on the top of the formwork into position. Every few blocks, special inflatable rubber gaskets were inserted. When all of the blocks in the arch (there are four parallel arches altogether, not seen in the picture) were in place, the gaskets were 'inflated' using synthetic hydraulic fluid, expanding the entire arch and lifting it away from the formwork to support its own weight. Once adjusted to the correct position, the gaskets were filled with liquid concrete, driving out the oil and setting to form a permanent solid arch. The formwork was then moved sideways and the next arch constructed in the same fashion. Once all four arches were erected, the deck was laid on top built from further precast concrete units. The arches bed into solid sandstone bedrock on either side of the river.

The bridge as originally tendered for this location was a rather conventional steel cantilever bridge, but one of the contractors tendered the alternative catenary arch design, recognising it was pushing the envelope of existing bridge-building knowledge. The contractor's designer was G Maunsell & Partners of London. Their alternative was accepted after submission to the famous bridge engineer Eugène Freyssinet, who approved the design with recommendations. The inflatable gasket method for example had been pioneered by Freyssinet on much earlier designs.

Gladesville Bridge was the first 1000 ft span concrete bridge in the world and had a substantial number of engineering and technical elements that made it a world-leading bridge design and construction achievement. It was also the first bridge, if not one of the first bridges, to utilise computer programming in its construction. As there was no suitable proprietary engineering software available at that time, the bridge designer (Anthony Gee of G. Maunsell & Partners) also wrote a suite of five computer programs for analysis and detailed design to guide its construction.

Having eclipsed Sweden's Sando Bridge (built in 1943 at 866 ft) to become the longest concrete arch span bridge in the world, the new Gladesville Bridge was an unprecedented success that attracted world-wide attention and interest. Measuring 1000 ft in length, 200 ft above the water level, and 72 ft wide, with 6 ft wide pathways on either side, the scale of the new Gladesville Bridge established it as one of the landmark engineering achievements of the world.

In the 1970s, the roadway of Gladesville Bridge was widened from six to seven-lanes (without structural modification) to accommodate increased traffic flow. This widening was achieved by narrowing the generous width of the pedestrian walkways on either side of the roadway. Aside from this, the bridge has remained relatively unchanged since its completion in 1964.

Gladesville Bridge was named an Engineering Heritage International Marker upon its 50th anniversary on 1 October 2014; and was named an International Historic Civil Engineering Landmark on 15 December 2015.

Description
The Gladesville Bridge connects the suburbs of Gladesville (located on the northern bank of the Parramatta River) and Drummoyne (located on its southern and eastern sides). Gladesville Bridge is a four-box pre-stressed concrete arch with a span of 1000 ft. Its total length (including approaches) is 579.4 m. The roadway across the bridge is includes seven roadway lanes with pathway on either side.

The arch of the bridge is supported by concrete thrust blocks embedded into sandstone foundations on either side of Parramatta River. The bridge was constructed as four arches, each made from precast concrete box sections. Each rib of blocks was erected on a falsework system supported on piles. When the four arches were in place, they were stressed together (using the Freyssinet stressing system) by transverse cables passing through diaphragms.

On completion of the arch, the piers (stressed vertically using the Lee McCall system) were constructed on both the arch and approaches. These supported the deck which is a waffle construction of eight longitudinal pre-cast and pre-stressed "T" beams with four intermediate cast-in-place transverse beams per span, and with cast in place fillers between the "T" beams. At its northern end, the deck flares out from its six lanes to accommodate the diverging traffic lanes feeding both Victoria Road and Burns Bay Road.

Gladesville Bridge is the furthest east (downstream) of the crossings on Parramatta River. A short distance further east, Parramatta River enters Port Jackson, and the next crossing on Port Jackson is Sydney Harbour Bridge.

Condition
Still in active operation and serving heavy inner-city road traffic on a daily basis, the Gladesville Bridge appears to be in good physical condition due to regular maintenance works.

Modifications and dates
In the 1970s, the roadway of Gladesville Bridge was widened from six to seven-lanes (without structural modification) to accommodate an increased traffic flow over the bridge. This widening was achieved by taking in some of the generous width of the pedestrian walkways on either side of the roadway. Fencing along the north eastern side of the Gladesville Bridge appears to have been a later addition.

Bicycle and pedestrian access
The bridge has a footpath on both sides of the bridge. The path on the west side is under a metre wide, much too narrow to cycle on. The path on the east side is listed as a shared cycle path, but it is also only 1.7 m wide bound between a low barrier with a steel hand rail on the road side and a 2 m fence on the drop side. These barriers make the effective path approximately 1 m wide for two way cycle and pedestrian traffic.

Access from the northern end is via a pedestrian tunnel off Huntleys Point Road, directly under the bridge, with stairs. The bridge is not wheelchair accessible.

Heritage listing
As at 19 December 2013, Gladesville Bridge has state heritage significance as the longest concrete arch span bridge in the world at the time of its completion in 1964, being 1000 ft. One of only two of its type in NSW, Gladesville Bridge is considered to be a leading example of technical and engineering achievement on the international stage. An innovative design that set new global standards for design and construction, Gladesville Bridge was one of the first bridges in the world (if not, the first) to utilise computer programming in its construction. With particular social significance and an important association with a number of internationally acclaimed engineers and engineering firms (including G. Maunsell & Partners and Eugene Freyssinet), Gladesville Bridge is one of the landmark engineering achievements of the world. Gladesville Bridge was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 1 October 2014 having satisfied the following criteria.

The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.

Gladesville Bridge has state heritage significance as the longest concrete arch span bridge in the world at the time of its completion in 1964 (at 1000 feet, this record was held for 15 years until 1980). Considered to be a leading example of technical and engineering achievement, the Gladesville Bridge was an innovative design that set new standards for design and construction on the international stage. One of the landmark engineering achievements of the world, Gladesville Bridge was one of the first bridges in the world (if not, the first) to utilise computer programming in its construction.

The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.

Gladesville Bridge has state heritage significance for its association with a number of internationally acclaimed engineers and engineering firms. Designed by English firm G. Maunsell & Partners, the vision of the new Gladesville Bridge being a concrete arch bridge, rather than a more standard steel truss bridge, is attributed to Guy Maunsell. Maunsell was a revered British engineer and early developer of pre-stressed concrete. In the mid-20th century, at the time of the construction of Gladesville Bridge, G. Maunsell & Partners were applying their creative methods to building iconic bridges across the world. Gladesville Bridge is also associated with the celebrated French engineer, Eugene Freyssinet who reviewed the innovative and unprecedented design. A pioneer in using pre-stressed concrete in bridge construction, Freyssinet's contribution to the design of Gladesville Bridge was among the last works of his life.

The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales. Gladesville Bridge has state heritage significance for its aesthetic and technical significance. Upon its construction in 1964, Gladesville Bridge was the longest concrete arch span bridge in the world and its innovative design set new standards for design and construction on the international stage. An internationally leading example of technical and engineering achievement, Gladesville Bridge was considered to be one of the landmark engineering achievements of the world. Built in an era when aesthetic qualities were given high priority, particularly on high-profile infrastructure projects, Gladesville Bridge is an impressive and visually distinctive structure that serves as an inner-city landmark from the road and river.

The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

Gladesville Bridge has state heritage significance for its social value to the community of NSW. The replacement of the 1881 Gladesville Bridge, and the development of the unrealised North-Western Expressway, was a major Department of Main Roads project that was instigated by, and responded directly to, the demands of the Sydney community. The crossing of Parramatta River at this point was considered to be a critical connection between the city and the northern suburbs. A critical link in the planned expressway to Newcastle, the new Gladesville Bridge was to alleviate traffic congestion and provide better access for the new residential suburbs and communities that were developing in the post-war period. Today, Gladesville Bridge is a landmark structure that continues to be a major arterial roadway servicing the Sydney community.

The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.

Gladesville Bridge has state heritage significance for its technical significance and, as such, may have potential to reveal information about its world-class standards of design and construction that led to the structure being considered a leading example of technical and engineering achievement.

The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.

Gladesville Bridge has state heritage significance as a rare example of a concrete arch span bridge in NSW. Gladesville Bridge is one of only two of its type in the state-the other is the nearby Tarban Creek Bridge which is a 300-foot bridge, built in 1965 as part of the same unrealised North-Western Expressway project that was also responsible for the construction of Gladesville Bridge. Although both were built by the same team, both Gladesville Bridge and Tarban Creek Bridge are distinctly different in their structural specifications and construction methods. The longest concrete arch span bridge in the world upon its construction (a record held for 15 years), Gladesville Bridge is now the seventh longest bridge of its type (in excess of 1000 feet) in the world. Eclipsed by the1280 foot Krk Bridge in Croatia (built in 1980), Gladesville Bridge continues to be the longest concrete arch span bridge in Australia.

The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.

Gladesville Bridge is a representative example of the technological advancement of bridge design and construction in NSW. From the peak of the arch, one can witness the evolution of bridge engineering in Sydney - from the Sydney Harbour Bridge (1932), to the Gladesville Bridge (1964) to the Anzac Bridge (1995). Replacing an earlier 1881 swing bridge and ferry service, Gladesville Bridge is also a representative example of a critical transport crossing across the Parramatta River.

Engineering heritage awards
The bridge received an Engineering Heritage International Marker from Engineers Australia as part of its Engineering Heritage Recognition Program and was designated as an International Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers.

title: Gladesville Bridge


text:
Sound (geography)

In geography, a sound is a smaller body of water usually connected to a sea or an ocean. A sound may be an inlet that is deeper than a bight and wider than a fjord; or a narrow sea channel or an ocean channel between two land masses, such as a strait; or also a lagoon between a barrier island and the mainland.

Overview
A sound is often formed by the seas flooding a river valley. This produces a long inlet where the sloping valley hillsides descend to sea-level and continue beneath the water to form a sloping sea floor. These sounds are more appropriately called ria. The Marlborough Sounds in New Zealand are good examples of this type of formation.

Sometimes a sound is produced by a glacier carving out a valley on a coast then receding, or the sea invading a glacier valley. The glacier produces a sound that often has steep, near vertical sides that extend deep underwater. The sea floor is often flat and deeper at the landward end than the seaward end, due to glacial moraine deposits. This type of sound is more properly termed a fjord (or fiord). The sounds in Fiordland, New Zealand, have been formed this way.

A sound generally connotes a protected anchorage. It can be part of most large islands.

In the more general northern European usage, a sound is a strait or the narrowest part of a strait. In Scandinavia and around the Baltic Sea, there are more than a hundred straits named Sund, mostly named for the island they separate from the continent or a larger island.

In contrast, the Sound is the common international short name for Øresund, the narrow stretch of water that separates Denmark and Sweden, and is the main waterway between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea. It is also a colloquial short name, among others, for Plymouth Sound, England.

In areas explored by the British in the late 18th century, particularly the northwest coast of North America, the term "sound" was applied to inlets containing large islands, such as Howe Sound in British Columbia and Puget Sound in the U.S. state of Washington. It was also applied to bodies of open water not fully open to the ocean, such as Caamaño Sound or Queen Charlotte Sound in Canada, or broadenings or mergings at the openings of inlets, like Cross Sound in Alaska and Fitz Hugh Sound in British Columbia. Along the east coast and Gulf Coast of the United States, a number of bodies of water that separate islands from the mainland are called "sounds". Long Island Sound separates Long Island from the eastern shores of the Bronx, Westchester County, and southern Connecticut. Similarly, in North Carolina, a number of large lagoons lie between the mainland and its barrier beaches, the Outer Banks. These include Pamlico Sound, Albemarle Sound, Bogue Sound, and several others. The Mississippi Sound separates the Gulf of Mexico from the mainland, along much of the gulf coasts of Alabama and Mississippi.

Etymology
The term sound is derived from the Anglo-Saxon or Old Norse word sund, which also means "swimming".

The word sund is also documented in Old Norse and Old English as meaning "gap" (or "narrow access"). This suggests a relation to verbs meaning "to separate", such as absondern and aussondern (German), söndra (Swedish), sondre (Norwegian), as well as the English noun sin, German Sünde ("apart from God's law"), and Swedish synd. English has also the adjective "asunder" and the noun "sundry', and Swedish has the adjective sönder ("broken").

In Swedish and in both Norwegian languages, "sund" is the general term for any strait. In Swedish and Nynorsk, it is even part of names worldwide, such as in Swedish "Berings sund" and "Gibraltar sund", and in Nynorsk "Beringsundet" and "Gibraltarsundet". In German "Sund" is mainly used for place names at the Baltic Sea like Fehmarnsund, Strelasund, and Stralsund.

title: Sound (geography)


text:
Talk:Hors d'oeuvre

Ligature and final s
This has been discussed and consensus reached here: Talk:Hors_d%27oeuvre/Archive_1. Captainllama (talk) 11:07, 6 August 2019 (UTC)

Removed italicisation
'Hors d'oeuvre ', though adopted into English from French, has likely assimilated enough into common use in English for it not to warrant italics anymore. Hors d'oeuvre appears in Merriam-Webster Online—which is described in MOS:FOREIGNITALIC as a good rule of thumb for deciding which words may or may not need to be italicised—suggesting that it may now be a loanword of English than a foreign French one.

Italicisation of hors d'oeuvre has been removed from the article to reflect this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by I'llbeyourbeach (talk • contribs) 21:24, 31 July 2020 (UTC)

Needs some basic editing to read well
Hey, I don't have time to do this myself right now but this just doesn't read well at a superficial level. Someone should just go through this and do some basic editing. Nothing wrong with the content just needs some touch-up. 94.191.152.207 (talk) 10:22, 26 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Hmmm, I see  what you mean...but there is a lot of interesting stuff here.  Like little door mice snacks..yum, yum!!!   I only did one  thing  and  that was a photo improvement to one of the  links...  Sectionworker (talk) 11:16, 26 May 2022 (UTC)

Pronunciation
For the IPA and example of pronunciation in the lead, should we add the spelling pronunciation "horse doover," which is commonly used in parts of America? I fear by not including actual usage we're leaning towards a problematic degree of proscriptivism. 2601:405:4400:9420:1D37:2240:AF1D:C590 (talk) 15:30, 19 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Do you have a reliable source showing that this is a widespread pronunciation? --Macrakis (talk) 16:28, 19 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Wiktionary seems to consider it legitimate and have a number of supporting quotes. I'd say we should trust a sister project on this and use whatever sources they cite. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/horse%27s_doovers
 * 2601:405:4400:9420:58D9:A28F:4A12:F414 (talk) 08:36, 20 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Again, source please? Otherwise quit wasting our time.  People say that when they are purposely mocking the word.  Sectionworker (talk) 11:59, 20 July 2022 (UTC)
 * a) Wiktionary is not in itself a reliable source, though its cited sources can be.
 * b) Wiktionary does not in fact give "horse's doovers" as a pronunciation of hors d'oeuvres, but as a "Fanciful corruption", complete with a separate entry under a different spelling. --Macrakis (talk) 13:54, 20 July 2022 (UTC)

Can it with the trolling, IP. You’re being too cute by half and assuming nobody saw you said “proscriptivism”. Anybody in the U.S. with family members from the mid-20th century knows this is basically a Dad Joke specifically utilized to get laughs at a Marx Brothers level. (If anybody from WikiEd is reading this, THIS is the kind of student research project that would potentially be of encyclopedic value, versus innumerable meaninglessly noodling expansions of sustainable fashion. Just saying.)  Julietdeltalima   (talk)  20:49, 20 November 2022 (UTC)

Requested move 7 December 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Not Moved - No clear consensus or compelling arguments to make this move. While both Hors d'oeuvre and Appetizer are synonymous in some cases they are not in others which is clearly demonstrated in the various arguments. Mike Cline (talk) 13:34, 15 December 2022 (UTC)

Hors d'oeuvre → Appetizer – Pretty much no one calls it "Hors d'oeuvre". Most people call it Appetizer. In fact, I didn't even know about the term "Hors d'oeuvre" before I came across this article. Also, take a look at this: hors doeuvre, appetizer - Explore - Google Trends. "Appetizer" is WAY more commonly searched. Lina211 Follow your dreams 00:27, 7 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:COMMONNAME. Rreagan007 (talk) 03:25, 7 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Support. Also, is there any difference between this and entrée (non-American usage)? Perhaps the two articles should be merged, and entrée made into a disambiguation page (given the totally different American meaning). W. P. Uzer (talk) 07:27, 7 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:ENGVAR and WP:RETAIN. The article is written in American English. It should use American terms. Shwcz (talk) 07:33, 7 December 2022 (UTC)
 * @Shwcz the article itself says to use British English. YorkshireExpat (talk) 07:37, 8 December 2022 (UTC)
 * It says on the talk page it is American English, so which is it? Shwcz (talk) 07:49, 8 December 2022 (UTC)
 * The original language seems to be British with “appetiser” but was changed to American. Shwcz (talk) 07:58, 8 December 2022 (UTC)
 * The article did begin by using British English as shown by the creation edit made in Oct. 2002, then it was made official by editor in Dec. 2019 with . The AE banner was placed here on this talk page by editor  in Dec. 2015 with . The talk page banner has been changed to the correct BE, which reflects the beginning of this article in 2002.  P.I. Ellsworth  ,  ed.  put'r there 08:35, 8 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose Appetizer may be common in American usage, but hors d'oeuvre is the international term. And the general term for this type of small dish.  It is not exactly the same thing.  Something is called an 'appetizer' when served at the beginning of a meal.  Which is not always the case, as they can be served by themselves.  e.g. you serve hors d'oeuvre at a cocktail party, you do not call them appetizers, as there is no subsequent meal. Walrasiad (talk) 11:54, 7 December 2022 (UTC)
 * If you look at the Google Trends link, you'll see that "Appetizer" is commonly searched worldwide. 64.130.95.32 (talk) 00:07, 8 December 2022 (UTC)
 * The article current defines it as served before a meal. Which makes sense etymologically. Without a meal, what is the oeuvre? In my dialect, small dishes served before a meal are appetizers and small dishes served without any accompanying main meal are hors d'oeuvre. Srnec (talk) 03:53, 8 December 2022 (UTC)
 * In my dialect, the former would be starters and the latter canapés. -- Necrothesp (talk) 10:10, 8 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Common term worldwide. This is not American Wikipedia. In fact, we'd call it a starter in British English (appetizer being quite rare), but that too is probably more country specific. WP:COMMONALITY applies here. And yes, this article and Entrée should probably be merged. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:32, 7 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Good point! And starter blitzes the others ;) YorkshireExpat (talk) 19:35, 7 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Split between the concept of finger foods served on trays at a reception or event, and the menu section at a mid-level family restaurant inevitably populated with fried cheese and taquito bites. BD2412  T 15:05, 7 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Canapés probably being the commonest term for the former. I should point out that in my experience starters are found in all restaurants at all levels of poshness. -- Necrothesp (talk) 16:09, 7 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Strong oppose per Walrasiad. Tim O'Doherty (talk) 15:06, 7 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Support Other editors stated that "Appetizer" is specifically the American version, but this article is written in American English, so it should use American terms. 206.190.231.82 (talk) 16:30, 7 December 2022 (UTC)
 * That's not how article titling works. Nobody is suggesting we should move to a term specific to another English-speaking country, but that we should move to a generic title used and understood in multiple countries. -- Necrothesp (talk) 16:35, 7 December 2022 (UTC)
 * The actual article says to use British English. YorkshireExpat (talk) 17:06, 7 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose per common term worldwide. There's a redirect, that's plenty for letting people in the US find this. Valereee (talk) 16:41, 7 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Support move to appetizer There should be a Wikipedia article titled "appetizer" and right now, this one has the content to fill that role. I am not opposed to a split to make separate articles for "hors d'oeuvre" and "appetizer", but if those two concepts both land to this content, then the title should be appetizer. While "appetizer" may be an American term, American English is also closer to International English than British English, as it uses simpler terms with fewer borrowed words from other languages. The many people who have English as a second language will not recognize the spelling or pronunciation of "hors d'oeuvre" as the primary name for this familiar concept. Simpler word choices are preferred over tradition without great evidence of a single best choice, and no such evidence is yet presented in favor of French here.  Bluerasberry   (talk)  16:56, 7 December 2022 (UTC)
 * American English is also closer to International English than British English. What utter rubbish! In any case, Hors d'oeuvre is no more British English than it is American English. We'd say "starter", which is even simpler than "appetizer". There is absolutely no reason to move this article to an American English title that is not commonly used outside North America. -- Necrothesp (talk) 10:08, 8 December 2022 (UTC)
 * The country with the most English speakers is India so we could do it their way, which seems to be "appetizer" and not "starter" or "hors d'oeuvre"
 * https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/appetizer
 * https://www.indiatoday.in/search/appetizer
 * https://pipingpotcurry.com/indian-appetizers/
 * https://someindiangirl.com/indian-appetizers/
 * https://ministryofcurry.com/recipes/appetizers/
 * https://www.veganricha.com/cucumber-hummus-sesame-seed-mint/
 * "Hors d'oeuvre" is not something that English speakers in India would easily be able to read, write, or pronounce.
 * WP:ENGVAR should not apply because this is not a simple choice of two equal words; it is a matter of readability. WP:COMMONNAME favors "appetizer" or "starter" because most English speakers are not native English speakers, and the European tradition of incorporating French words where there is an English equivalent is not the international norm.
 * I would like to ask the opposition to consider English language in India and places using international English.  Bluerasberry   (talk)  15:17, 8 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Interesting strategy. So now we use Indian English as a determinant of Wikipedia usage. Presumably unless (as in most cases) Indian English follows British English usage, when I'm guessing we favour American English? -- Necrothesp (talk) 16:09, 8 December 2022 (UTC)
 * I think Indian English is a good indication of how English works as a second language. India has many native speakers but also does a lot to support English as an additional language, and publications there use simpler terms to increase clarity. I think the links above are supporting evidence that "hors d'oeuvre" is not the COMMONNAME for this term in that English language community. The general rule that I would apply here is that international Category:Dialects of English tend to avoid borrowed words from other languages when there is a popular equivalent English term, and both "appetizer" and "starter" work for in this case.  Bluerasberry   (talk)  15:55, 9 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Oppose per Walrasiad. YorkshireExpat (talk) 17:04, 7 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose, see WP:ENGVAR and WP:NWFCTM. 162 etc. (talk) 17:11, 7 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Support  for reasons stated by OP. 64.130.95.32 (talk) 00:04, 8 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose. This article began by using British English, so if a page move succeeds, then it should be to Appetiser per MOS:RETAIN. However, the current title, Hors d'oeuvre, should remain in place per editors above and below who have cited policy and guidelines such as COMMONNAME, COMMONALITY, ENGVAR and NWFCTM.  P.I. Ellsworth  , ed.  put'r there 08:48, 8 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Support: Wikipedia articles are not "owned" by anyone, so an article can have its English variant changed at any time if needed. I consider that the community would find the decision to change its that article's "birth English variant" from British English to Amercian English, of which the American English variant is far more recognizable and much less niche. Also, I never heard of a "hors d'oeuvre" being said by anyone, but I did hear "appetizer" in various media such as an episode from SpongeBob SquarePants (specifically "Squilliam Returns"). Qwertyxp2000 (talk | contribs) 00:52, 9 December 2022 (UTC) Qwertyxp2000 (talk | contribs) 00:54, 9 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Is there a Spongebob Squarepants policy now? YorkshireExpat (talk) 12:20, 9 December 2022 (UTC)
 * No, the point of talking about SpongeBob was to assert the presence of "appetizer" in popular American media and not "hors d'oevre". Qwertyxp2000 (talk | contribs) 21:10, 9 December 2022 (UTC)
 * But this is not American English Wikipedia. YorkshireExpat (talk) 22:04, 10 December 2022 (UTC)
 * If there is disagreement with the community consensus in MOS:RETAIN, then that is a discussion for WT:MOS and has no bearing on individual move requests.  P.I. Ellsworth  , ed.  put'r there 12:37, 9 December 2022 (UTC)
 * As has already been pointed out, Hors d'oeuvre is not British English! Almost nobody in Britain would call it an hors d'oeuvre. British editors here are not arguing for a retention of a British English term but for the retention of a universal term that is neither American nor British English. Some American editors, on the other hand, are arguing for a switch from a universal term to an American English term. That's not how Wikipedia article titling works, hence WP:COMMONALITY. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:12, 9 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Support but redirect "Starter" is common in other places, I know, but this title is much, much less common. This should be moved and then redirected to appetizer, or to starter, I don't really care either way, but whatever we move it to, make sure that the other name which we didn't move it becomes a redirect, along with this page. Among Us for POTUS (talk) 00:25, 10 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Oppose: "Appetizers" are different from hors d'oeuvres. "Appetizers" are served in the context of a two-course meal (three if you include dessert) and are frequently intended to be shared by a group of diners; hors d'oeuvres are served individually. I agree with the suggestions for a separate "appetizer" article to exist regarding its own subject matter. "Starter" is coarse unencyclopedic slang not deserving of an article. (Don't even get me started on "apps.")  Julietdeltalima   (talk)  00:32, 10 December 2022 (UTC)
 * No, "starter" is not "coarse unencyclopedic slang" but standard British English. If you went into a British restaurant and asked for an "appetizer" or an "hors d'oeuvre" you would get some very strange looks. We would call both the things you describe above "starters". Don't assume that anything other than American English is incorrect or you start to meet the stereotype of the arrogant American. And don't get me started on "dessert"... -- Necrothesp (talk) 15:00, 12 December 2022 (UTC)
 * And don't get me started on "dessert"... Too right, it's clearly 'pudding'. YorkshireExpat (talk) 16:49, 12 December 2022 (UTC)
 * ...but, but, but...but what if it's not pudding? What if it's cake, pie, ice cream or even Jello?  P.I. Ellsworth  , ed.  put'r there 18:15, 12 December 2022 (UTC)
 * As usual Wikipedia is way ahead of me. See here: in the United Kingdom, pudding is used as a synonym for dessert. Also I think you mean gelatin pudding ;) YorkshireExpat (talk) 18:56, 12 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Well, of course... that clears it up !>)  P.I. Ellsworth  , ed.  put'r there 19:04, 12 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Oppose My circle of friends and I use the term hors d'oeuvres.  They are presented to be served individually, like on toothpicks, etc.  When eating out one might order an appetizer plate to share while waiting for food.  I'm an American.  Sectionworker (talk) 01:02, 10 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Split Toomuchcuriosity (talk) 18:34, 14 December 2022 (UTC) In my idiolect, hors d'oeuvres is only in the contexts of a reception before a formal meals at celebratory occasions. It can also be used to describe an event (not just the food itself) where to small dishes served by waitstaff before seating for formal meal. The canap%C3%A9 page does not encapsulate this use of this term in this manner since it describes a type of food. I've used the term appetizer to describe any food dish served before a main course (for instance, at a restaurant). It seems as though some others make this distinction as well, indicating the need for two pages. However, as seen in the disagreement above, this distinction may not apply to other people's use of the terms. Regardless of the outcome, I think the page should clarify that different people may use these terms in different ways per WP:DIVIDEDUSE. Toomuchcuriosity (talk) 18:34, 14 December 2022 (UTC)
 * support per WP:COMMONNAME in WP:USEENGLISH. —usernamekiran (talk) 06:43, 15 December 2022 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:Hors d'oeuvre


text:
Joakim Thåström

Sven Joakim Eriksson Thåström (born 20 March 1957), better known as Thåström, is a Swedish singer and songwriter, mostly known for the bands Ebba Grön and Imperiet. He has moved between a number of genres, from punk to rock, industrial and autobiographical singer-songwriter music.

Early career and Ebba Grön
Thåström grew up on Skebokvarnsvägen in Högdalen, south of Stockholm. He formed his first band "Helt sonika" with Thomas Svanljung, Lars Elffors, Lennart "Elton" Hellgren, Bosse Steinholtz and Lars Bremer. The band played around Stockholm in youth centers, clubs and outdoor festivals. Lennart Eriksson (or Fjodor as he was known) lived in Rågsved. Together with Gunnar "Gurra" Ljungstedt, they formed a band first called The Haters. The Haters changed their name after only three days to Ebba Grön, which originates from a police code in connection with the so-called Operation Leo, where the German terrorist Norbert Kröcher planned to kidnap the Swedish Minister for Immigration Anna-Greta Leijon. "Ebba röd" was the police code of the operation to arrest Kröcher. When the arrest was accomplished the police called out "Ebba grön" on the radio. Thåström was the singer and guitarist of punk band Ebba Grön from 1977 to 1983.

1982–1989: Rymdimperiet and Imperiet
When Ebba Grön went in hiatus in 1981 due to bassist Lennart "Fjodor" Eriksson having to serve time in jail for refusing military service, the three remaining members (Thåström, drummer Gunnar "Gurra" Ljungstedt and keyboardist Anders "Stry Terrarie" Sjöblom) formed side-project Rymdimperiet (Galactic Empire).

When Ebba Grön officially disbanded in 1983, Rymdimperiet was renamed Imperiet (The Empire). With a then-modern sound firmly set in the 80s and a more focused leftist political stance combined with easily accessible songs, Imperiet became one of the biggest Swedish bands of the 1980s.

In an attempt to cross over to international audiences, Imperiet also recorded an album with some of their songs translated to English.

1989–1997: First solo releases and Peace Love & Pitbulls
In 1989 Thåström started a solo career as a rock singer-songwriter with progg influences. He began his solo career with the release of two solo albums, the self-titled 'Thåström' in 1989 and then "Xplodera mig 2000" (Xplode Me 2000) in 1991. The later was extremely computer-based and led to the development of the band Peace Love & Pitbulls.

In 1992, he started the heavy industrial rock band Peace Love & Pitbulls, with lyrics in English. The band existed until 1997 and released three studio albums.

1999–2005: Focus on solo career
The Swedish audience longed for a new rock album so when Thåström in 1999 released the album Det är ni som e dom konstiga, det är jag som e normal (You're the Strange Ones, I am the One Who's Normal) it became a very big success. Once again with Swedish lyrics and less computerized music Thåström had gone back to his original rock'n'roll-roots.

In 2002 Thåström released the album "Mannen som blev en gris" (The Man Who Became a Pig) which was a dark and 'filthy' album with a lot of dusty sounds.

In late 2005 Thåström released the album "Skebokvarnsv. 209" (Skebokvarn Street 209). The title refers to Thåström's childhood home address. The album is the most biographical album Thåström has ever released. It contains several songs with extremely personal lyrics and the music is mostly based on acoustic guitars.

2007–present: Sällskapet and recent work
In 2007, Thåström presented a new band called Sällskapet. The band had been kept a secret since 2003 and was revealed together with their self-titled debut album. Sällskapet is commonly seen upon as a one time thing and in 2008 Thåström announced that he's working on a new solo album and that he is going to share two shows with the Swedish band Kent, play at the Peace & Love-festival in Borlänge and also play at the Beatday-festival in Copenhagen in the beginning of August.

On 13 March 2009 he released a new album called Kärlek är för dom (Love is for them [or those]).

On 15 February 2012 his seventh album was released, Beväpna dig med vingar (Arm yourself with wings), and he went on tour in Sweden supporting this release. A large portion of the proceeds from the merchandise sold on this tour was donated to the cause of the homeless people in Sweden. In November that year, Thåström released his first live-DVD: "Som jordgubbarna smakade...".

Thåström released Den Morronen (That Morning) 2015.

In 2017, he released his ninth album Centralmassivet (The Massif Central).

In 2021 he released his tenth album entitled "Dom som skiner" (Those who beam) to critical acclaim.

Back-up band

 * Current members
 * Pelle Ossler – guitar, backing vocals
 * Niklas Hellberg – keyboards, organ
 * Ulf Rockis Ivarsson – bass guitar
 * Mikael Nilzen – keyboards
 * Nikolas Janco – drums

 * Former members
 * Tomas Hallonsten – keyboards
 * Anders Hernestam – drums
 * Conny Nimmersjö – guitar
 * Chips Kiesbye – guitar, backing vocals
 * Jörgen Wall – drums
 * Heikki Kiviaho – bass
 * Per Hägglund – keyboards

Studio albums

 * Thåström (1989)
 * Xplodera mig 2000 (1991)
 * Singoalla (1998)
 * Det är ni som e dom konstiga, det är jag som e normal (1999)
 * Mannen som blev en gris (2002)
 * Skebokvarnsv. 209 (2005)
 * Kärlek är for dom (2009)
 * Beväpna dig med vingar (2012)
 * Den morronen (2015)
 * Centralmassivet (2017)
 * Dom som skiner (2021)

Live albums

 * Thåström på Röda sten (2003)
 * Som jordgubbarna smakade... (2012)

Compilation albums

 * Solo Vol 1 (2006)
 * Be-bop-a-lula hela jävla dan (2009)

With other bands

 * Ebba Grön
 * We're Only In It For The Drugs (1979)
 * Kärlek & Uppror (1981)
 * Ebba Grön (1982)

 * Rymdimperiet
 * Alltid Attack (1981)
 * Vad Pojkar Vill Ha (1981)
 * Felrättsnettheltfelrättsnett (1982)

 * Imperiet
 * Rasera (1983)
 * Blå himlen blues (1985)
 * 2:a Augusti`85 (1985)
 * Synd (1986)
 * Imperiet (1988)
 * Tiggarens tal (1988)
 * Live/Studio (1988)
 * Kickar (1990)
 * Greatest hits (1995)
 * Klassiker (2007)

 * Peace, Love and Pitbulls
 * Peace, Love and Pitbulls (1992)
 * Red sonic underwear (1994)
 * 3 (1997)
 * War in my livingroom 92–97 (2007)

 * Sällskapet
 * Sällskapet (2007)

 * Other work
 * Fiendens musik – Mer eller mindre (1979)
 * Micke Hagström & Cosmic Cowboys – Price you pay (1981)
 * Micke Hagström & Cosmic Cowboys – Gangster (1982)
 * Pink Champagne – Vakra Pojke (1982)
 * Zetterberg & Co – Zetterberg & Co (1982)
 * Tant Strul – Amazon (1983)
 * Stig Vig & Dom 40 röjarna – Presenterar Kapten Sörensen (1984)
 * Per Cussion Everybodys Talking (1986)
 * Lolita Pop – Bang your Head (1987)
 * Eldkvarn – Karusellkvällar (1989)
 * Fleshquartett – Flow (1993)
 * Just D – Sug på den/Tre amigos (1996)
 * Pugh Rogefeldt – Vår kommunala man/Marathon (1999)
 * Superia – Permission (2000)
 * Ossler – Dålig mage, öronsus och törst (2001)
 * Magnus Carlson – Va med mej, Nu skiner solen/Allt är bara du, du, du (2001)
 * Bob Hansson – Mobile world, Europa/ Kör solen kör (2005)
 * Kajsa Grytt – Bara vi står ut/ Brott och straff (2006)
 * Regina Lund – Förlåt! Nej, jag menar aj. (2006)
 * Fleshquartet – T.K.K/Voices of eden (2007)
 * Ossler – Ett Brus (2008)
 * Garmarna – "Öppet hav" from the album 6 (2016)

title: Joakim Thåström


text:
Jean Louisa Kelly

Jean Louisa Kelly (born March 9, 1972) is an American actress and singer. After making her film debut as Tia Russell in Uncle Buck (1989) alongside John Candy, she appeared in a wide range of other films including The Fantasticks (1995) and Mr. Holland's Opus (1995). From 2000 to 2006, she portrayed Kim Warner on the CBS sitcom Yes, Dear.

Career
Her first professional paying job was as a kid, starring in "Annie" at the Theater by the Sea in Mantunuck, Rhode Island. She reprised her "Annie" role the following summer at the Candlewood Playhouse in Fairfield, Connecticut. Before attending college, she already had roles in the original Broadway cast of Sondheim's Into the Woods (as Snow White) at the age of 15 and understudy to Rapunzel and Little Red Ridinghood, and as Tia Russell in the film Uncle Buck with John Candy. She also took roles in college productions, including with the Barnard College Gilbert and Sullivan Society.

In the mid-1990s, after graduating from Columbia University, Kelly became well known for a series of television commercials she did for MCI long distance, in which she played a telephone operator who challenged AT&T. In 1995, she starred as Luisa in the musical film The Fantasticks with Joey McIntyre and Joel Grey, although the film was shelved until 2000. The same year, she appeared as Rowena Morgan, the muse for the title character of Mr. Holland's Opus. In the 1990s, other films followed, including "Origin of the Species," "The Day Lincoln was Shot" and Landfall (2001). Kelly appeared Off Broadway at the York Theatre in the title role in Paul McKibbins and B.T. McNicholl's The It Girl, based on the 1927 movie It. She also appeared in the York's "Musicals in Mufti" series as Lois Lane in It's a Bird, It's a Plane, It's Superman.

In 1996, Kelly voiced the title role in the second season of the animated series Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders. After several made-for-TV movies, Kelly's broadest exposure came from her roles in situation comedies, first guest starring in such shows as Mad About You, and then as a cast member of the short-lived NBC version of Cold Feet. From 2000 to 2006, she starred as Kim Warner on the long-running sitcom Yes, Dear. In 2006 she guest starred in the ABC drama Grey's Anatomy. After her series ended, she guest starred on numerous television shows and starred in movies of the week. She recurred as Bernice Pope in the Yahoo production of Sin City Saints.

She played opposite William Fichtner in the movie "The Neighbor" and opposite John Diehl in "Out of the Wild" in 2015. In 2019 she played opposite Bradley Whitford in "Call of the Wild," and played Jane Doe/Serena May in the James Wan movie "Malignant."

She released an album of children's music called Color of Your Heart in 2013. In 2015, she released a five-song EP called Willing, and in 2017 she released an album titled "For My Folks", which features a collection of standards.

Kelly appears as Sarah Kazansky - wife of Val Kilmer's character Tom "Iceman" Kazansky - in the 2022 action drama movie Top Gun: Maverick.

Personal life
Kelly was born in Worcester, Massachusetts, the daughter of J. Joseph Kelly III and Wendy Kelly. Her father was a high school English teacher, and her mother taught piano. She grew up on Linden Street, off Central Street, in Boylston, MA, eventually moving to Maryland when she was a junior in high school, and attended Easton High School in Easton, Maryland. In 1994, Kelly graduated from Columbia University's Columbia College with a Bachelor of Arts in English.

In 1997, she married James Pitaro. They have two children.

She is close friends with Jennifer Garner, having hosted the baby shower for Garner's daughter and interviewed Garner for Self magazine in 2005.

title: Jean Louisa Kelly