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Turner Ashby

Turner Ashby Jr. (October 23, 1828 – June 6, 1862) was a Confederate cavalry commander in the American Civil War.

In his youth, he organized an informal cavalry company known as the Mountain Rangers, which became part of the 7th Virginia Cavalry ("Ashby's Cavalry"). On the outbreak of the Civil War, Ashby and his troopers were assigned to the Virginia Militia command of Colonel Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson. Although Jackson's Valley campaign owed much to Ashby's reconnaissance and screening, Ashby was criticized by Jackson for the lax training and discipline of his men. By the time Ashby was killed, leading his men at the Battle of Good's Farm near Harrisonburg, he had received his general’s star. However, Ashby's official rank is contested as the promotion was not confirmed until after his death.

Early years
Turner Ashby Jr. was born at Rose Bank Plantation near Markham in Fauquier County, Virginia, to Turner Ashby Sr. and Dorothea Green Ashby. As a child he often played in the waters of nearby Goose Creek, and had a pet wolf named "Lupus" that neighbors demanded he get rid of. His father died when he was young, so his mother hired Mr. Underwood as a tutor for Turner and his brother, then sent him to Major Ambler's school nearby, but Ashby preferred wandering the countryside rather than classes. In later years, he bought a residence near his childhood home and named it Wolfe's Crag. An accomplished horseman at an early age, Ashby often participated in tournaments, and won many, including once dressed as an Indian chief and riding with neither bridle nor saddle.

With Mr. Sommerville as partner, Ashby ran a mill on his father's property until his mother sold it to neighbor Edward Carrington Marshall of the Manassas Gap Railroad. Ashby enjoyed modest success at both business and farming.

Virginia militiaman
Knowing that his father had fought as a colonel in the War of 1812, and his grandfather Jack Ashby served as a captain during the American Revolutionary War, Ashby while in his 20s organized a cavalry company of his friends that became known as the "Mountain Rangers," initially to keep order among laborers on the Manassas Gap Railroad, some of whom tended to get into drunken brawls. Among the Rangers were E.C. Marshall's nephews Thomas Marshall, James Jones Marshall and Lewis Fielding Marshall (all grandsons of Chief Justice John Marshall, who mostly resided in Richmond, Virginia or Washington, D.C., but spent the summers at his Oak Hill plantation in Fauquier County run by his son and later this grandson Thomas Marshall, also a member of the Rangers and who would die in battle in late 1864). Upon learning of John Brown's raid at Harpers Ferry, the Mountain Rangers met at Harper's Ferry, where some performed guard duty at Charles Town during Brown's trial and execution and the unit was formally absorbed into the Virginia Militia. Ashby later told his friend Major Lewis A. Armistead that the Civil War really began with John Brown's insurrection, and that those behind Brown would keep on until they forced the South to secede.

Ashby avidly followed politics and ran for the state legislature, but as a Whig (the minority party in Fauquier County) and follower of Henry Clay, he failed to win election. After the start of the Civil War, though he'd disapproved of secession, when it became obvious that Virginia would secede, Ashby told his Mountain Rangers to again meet at Harper's Ferry. This time they became Company A of the 7th Virginia Cavalry, also known as "Ashby's Brigade" or the "Laurel Brigade" after a common plant in Virginia's Mountains. Ashby soon persuaded Governor John Letcher to order the militia to capture the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry. When secession was approved, Ashby made his move, but U.S. forces burned most of the arsenal buildings and 15,000 small arms before he could arrive.

Civil War
At Harpers Ferry, Ashby was assigned to the Virginia Militia command of Colonel Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson, whom he had met at Harpers Ferry and Charles Town in 1859. Ashby was initially assigned to guard fords across the Potomac River and bridges from Harpers Ferry to Point of Rocks, Maryland. He became known for visiting his pickets on long horseback rides (50-miles while guarding the Potomac, later 70 miles when guarding Stonewall Jackson's rear during the Valley Campaign), as well as for interfering with scouting operations of various Union forces. Ashby's men assisted Maryland men with Confederate sympathies to pass into Virginia, and they disrupted railroad traffic on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad as well as interfered with the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal (including blowing up Dam No. 5 upon Jackson's orders when others had failed). Ashby's brother Richard was killed skirmishing with a Union patrol along the Potomac in June 1861. Hearing rumors that his brother had been bayoneted while trying to surrender, Ashby examined the corpse, came to hate Northerners and became obsessed with revenge.

On July 23, 1861, Brigadier General Joseph E. Johnston appointed Ashby lieutenant colonel of the 7th Virginia Cavalry. Due to the illness of the regimental commander, Col. Angus McDonald, Ashby had effective control of half of the regiment, which he operated separately. When the commander retired in February 1862, Ashby assumed command of the entire regiment on March 12. Ashby organized the first Confederate horse artillery, named Chew's Battery, as part of this regiment. The 7th did not participate directly in the First Battle of Manassas, arriving on July 22, but Ashby aided the Confederate cause by screening the movement of Johnston's army to the Manassas area. The Union had hoped that Johnston's forces would be pinned down by Major General Robert Patterson, but Ashby's screen allowed Johnston to move freely without Patterson's interference. In October 1861, Ashby led an attack on Harpers Ferry, the armory having returned to Union control, but lost to Union forces led by Colonel John W. Geary in what became known as the "Battle of Bolivar Heights".

By the spring of 1862, the 7th Virginia Cavalry had reached the enormous size of 27 infantry and cavalry companies, much larger than a typical Civil War regiment, plus Ashby lacked staff officers and had lax discipline despite his tireless patrols of the long picket lines. Stonewall Jackson, in overall command of the Shenandoah Valley, tried to strip Ashby of his cavalry forces, ordering them to be assigned to two infantry brigades. When Ashby threatened to resign in protest, Jackson backed down. Jackson continued to resist Ashby's promotion to brigadier general, due to his informal military training and lax discipline. Nevertheless, Ashby's promotion came through on May 23, 1862, and he received his promotion and general's star in a ceremony at the Taylor Hotel in Winchester, Virginia.

Ashby's vigorous reconnaissance and screening were factors in the success of Jackson's Valley campaign in the Shenandoah Valley in 1862. However, Ashby failed Jackson in some instances. At the First Battle of Kernstown, Jackson attacked a retreating Union column that Ashby had estimated to be four regiments of infantry, about the size of Jackson's force. It turned out to be an entire division of 9,000 men, and Jackson was forced to retreat. At the First Battle of Winchester, as Union forces under Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks were retreating, Ashby failed to cut off their retreat because his troopers were plundering captured wagons.

As Jackson's army withdrew from the pressure of Maj. Gen. John C. Frémont's superior forces, moving from Harrisonburg toward Port Republic, Ashby commanded the rear guard. On June 6, 1862, near Harrisonburg, the 1st New Jersey Cavalry attacked Ashby's position at Good's Farm. Although Ashby defeated the cavalry attack, the following infantry engagement resulted in his horse being shot, so Ashby charged ahead on foot. After only a few steps, he was shot through the heart, killing him instantly. (The origin of the fatal shot remains unclear. Soldiers of the 13th Pennsylvania Reserve Infantry, the "Bucktails", claimed credit, but some accounts blame it on friendly fire.) His last words were "Charge, men! For God's sake. Charge!" waving his sword, when a bullet pierced him in the breast and he fell dead."

He had been appointed brigadier general just two weeks before his death. Although he is sometimes referred to as a general and his name often appears in lists of Confederate generals, his appointment as brigadier general was never confirmed by the Confederate Senate. He died two weeks after his appointment and the Confederate Senate did not act to confirm the appointment during that time.

Legacy

Stonewall Jackson's report of the engagement sums up the man (although considering Jackson's resistance to Ashby's promotion, the eulogy might be an exaggeration in favor of the young man):

"As a partisan officer I never knew his superior; his daring was proverbial; his powers of endurance almost incredible; his tone of character heroic, and his sagacity almost intuitive in divining the purposes and movements of the enemy."

Ashby was buried at the University of Virginia Cemetery, but in October 1866, his body was reinterred at the Stonewall Cemetery in Winchester, Virginia, next to the body of his younger brother Richard Ashby, who was killed in Hampshire County in a skirmish with Union soldiers in 1861. The Turner Ashby Monument can be found in Harrisonburg, Virginia, at the spot where Ashby was fatally shot in the Battle of Harrisonburg at Chestnut Ridge.

In 1914 the Neale Publishing Company published Life of Turner Ashby, a biography of Ashby by his kinsman Thomas Ashby.

Turner Ashby High School, in Bridgewater, Virginia, is named after the general.

title: Turner Ashby


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Crypto (book)

Crypto: How the Code Rebels Beat the Government Saving Privacy in the Digital Age is a book about cryptography written by Steven Levy, published in 2001. Levy details the emergence of public key cryptography, digital signatures and the struggle between the National Security Agency and the "cypherpunks". The book details the creation of Data Encryption Standard (DES), RSA and the Clipper chip.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Crypto (book)


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Battle of Winchester

Battle of Winchester may refer to:

 * First Battle of Winchester, on May 25, 1862 of Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign during the American Civil War
 * Second Battle of Winchester, on June 13–15, 1863 as part of the Gettysburg Campaign during the American Civil War
 * Third Battle of Winchester, on September 19, 1864, during the Valley Campaigns of 1864, also known as the Battle of Opequon or Battle of Opequon Creek

title: Battle of Winchester


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Spline

Spline may refer to:

Mathematics

 * Spline (mathematics), a mathematical function used for interpolation or smoothing
 * Smoothing spline, a method of smoothing using a spline function

Devices

 * Spline (mechanical), a mating feature for rotating elements
 * Flat spline, a device to draw curves
 * Spline drive, a type of screw drive
 * Spline cord, a type of thin rubber cord used to secure a window screen to its frame
 * Spline (or star filler), a type of plastic cable filler for CAT cable

Other

 * Spline (alien beings), in Stephen Baxter's Xeelee Sequence novels

title: Spline


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User:Alain Caraco

Who am I?
Please, see my page on the French Wikipedia.

What do I do?
Often, I write in the French Wikipedia

Sometimes, I:
 * translate articles from the English to the French Wikipedia
 * make links between English and French Wikipedia (and others WP too)
 * correct articles in the English Wikipedia

title: User:Alain Caraco


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Achilles tendon

The Achilles tendon or heel cord, also known as the calcaneal tendon, is a tendon at the back of the lower leg, and is the thickest in the human body. It serves to attach the plantaris, gastrocnemius (calf) and soleus muscles to the calcaneus (heel) bone. These muscles, acting via the tendon, cause plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle joint, and (except the soleus) flexion at the knee.

Abnormalities of the Achilles tendon include inflammation (Achilles tendinitis), degeneration, rupture, and becoming embedded with cholesterol deposits (xanthomas).

The Achilles tendon was named in 1693 after the Greek hero Achilles.

History
The oldest-known written record of the tendon being named for Achilles is in 1693 by the Flemish/Dutch anatomist Philip Verheyen. In his widely used text Corporis Humani Anatomia he described the tendon's location and said that it was commonly called "the cord of Achilles." The tendon has been described as early as the time of Hippocrates, who described it as the "tendo magnus" (Latin for "great tendon") and by subsequent anatomists prior to Verheyen as "chorda Hippocratis" (Latin for "Hippocrates' string").

Verheyen referred to the mythological account of Achilles being held by the heel by his mother Thetis when she dipped him in the River Styx as a baby to render his body invulnerable. As the heel by which she held him was not touched by the water, it was his one vulnerable spot (hence the expression "Achilles' heel") and he was eventually killed by a poison dart to the heel. The name thus also refers to the particularly disabling and painful effect of an injury to this tendon. The first closed rupture was described by Ambroise Pare in the sixteenth century.

The Achilles tendon is also known as the "tendo calcaneus" (Latin for "calcaneal tendon"). Because eponyms (names relating to people) have no relationship to the subject matter, most anatomical eponyms also have scientifically descriptive terms. The term calcaneal comes from the Latin calcaneum, meaning heel.

Structure

The Achilles tendon connects muscle to bone, like other tendons, and is located at the back of the lower leg. The Achilles tendon connects the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles to the calcaneal tuberosity on the calcaneus (heel bone). The tendon begins near the middle of the calf, and receives muscle fibers on its inner surface, particularly from the soleus muscle, almost to its lower end. Gradually thinning below, it inserts into the middle part of the back of the calcaneus bone. The tendon spreads out somewhat at its lower end so that its narrowest part is about 4 cm above its insertion.

The tendon is covered by the fascia and skin, and stands out prominently behind the bone; the gap is filled up with areolar and adipose tissue. A bursa lies between the tendon and the upper part of the calcaneus. It is about 15 cm long.

Along the side of the muscle, and superficial to it, is the small saphenous vein. The sural nerve accompanies the small saphenous vein as it descends in the posterior leg, traveling inferolateral to it as it crosses the lateral border of the Achilles tendon. The tendon is the thickest tendon in the human body. It can receive a load stress 3.9 times body weight during walking and 7.7 times body weight when running.

The blood supply to the Achilles tendon is poor, and mostly via a recurrent branch of the posterior tibial artery, and some through arterial branches passing through surrounding muscles.

Function
Acting via the Achilles tendon, the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles cause plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle. This action brings the sole of the foot closer to the back of the leg. The gastrocnemius also flexes the leg at the knee. Both muscles are innervated by the tibial nerve. Because the fibres of the tendon spiral about 90 degrees, fibres from the gastrocnemius tend to attach to the outer part of the bone, whereas fibres from the soleus tend to attach closer to the midline.

Vibration of the tendon without vision has a major impact on postural orientation. Vibration of the tendon causes movement backwards and the illusion of a forward body tilt in standing subjects. This is because vibrations stimulate muscle spindles in the calf muscles. The muscle spindles alert the brain that the body is moving forward, so the central nervous system compensates by moving the body backwards.

Inflammation
Inflammation of the Achilles tendon is called Achilles tendinitis. Achilles tendinosis is the soreness or stiffness of the tendon, particularly worse when exercising, and generally due to overuse. The most common symptoms are sharp achy pain and swelling around the affected tendon. The pain is typically worse at the start of exercise and decreases thereafter. Stiffness of the ankle may also be present. Onset is generally gradual.

It commonly occurs as a result of overuse such as running. Other risk factors include trauma, a lifestyle that includes little exercise, high-heel shoes, rheumatoid arthritis, and medications of the fluoroquinolone or steroid class. Diagnosis is generally based on symptoms and examination.

While stretching and exercises to strengthen the back are often recommended for prevention, evidence to support these measures is poor. Treatment typically involves rest, ice, non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents (NSAIDs), and physical therapy. A heel lift or orthotics may also be helpful. In those in who symptoms last more than six months despite other treatments, surgery may be considered. Achilles tendinitis is relatively common.

Degeneration
Achilles tendon degeneration (tendinosis) is typically investigated with either MRI or ultrasound. In both cases, the tendon is thickened, may demonstrate surrounding inflammation by virtue of the presence of paratenonitis, retrocalcaneal or retro-achilles bursitis. Within the tendon, increased blood flow, tendon fibril disorganisation, and partial thickness tears may be identified. Achilles tendinosis frequently involves the mid portion of the tendon but may involve the insertion, which is then known as enthesopathy. Though enthesopathy may be seen in the context of advancing age, it is also associated with arthritis such as gout and the seronegative spondyloarthritides. Achilles tendinosis is a known risk factor for calf muscle tears.

Rupture
Achilles tendon rupture is when the Achilles tendon breaks. Symptoms include the sudden onset of sharp pain in the heel. A snapping sound may be heard as the tendon breaks and walking becomes difficult.

Rupture typically occurs as a result of a sudden bending up of the foot when the calf muscle is engaged, direct trauma, or long-standing tendonitis. Other risk factors include the use of fluoroquinolones, a significant change in exercise, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, or corticosteroid use. Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and examination and supported by medical imaging. Achilles tendon rupture occurs in about 1 per 10,000 people per year. Males are more commonly affected than females. People in their 30s to 50s are most commonly affected.

Prevention may include stretching before activity. Treatment may be by surgery or casting with the toes somewhat pointed down. Relatively rapid return to weight bearing (within 4 weeks) appears okay. The risk of re-rupture is about 25% with casting. If appropriate treatment does not occur within 4 weeks of the injury outcomes are not as good.

Xanthomas
Tendon xanthomas are cholesterol deposits that commonly develop in the Achilles tendon of people with lipid metabolism disorders such as familial hypercholesterolemia.

Neurological exam
The Achilles tendon is often tested as part of a neurological examination. In this examination, the tendon is hit with a tendon hammer. This tests the S1 and S2 spinal nerves: a normal response is plantar flexion (downward movement) of the foot.

Level or portion of tendon affected:

 * Paratendinopathy: The inflammation of a connective tissue sleeve which surrounds the tendon and protects it from friction, irritation, and repeated trauma
 * Insertional: Eminently overuse-injury which frequently occurs in running and jumping athletes. Patients affected by insertional Achilles tendinopathy complain of pain on the posterior aspect of the heel and may have morning stiffness, swelling with activity and tenderness at the tendon insertion level. If this condition becomes chronic, calcific deposits at the Achilles insertional level may be developed (due to microfractures and healing of the osteotendinous union) which can degenerate, if it persists over time, in the abnormal bony prominence on the posterior aspect of heel, condition known as Haglund deformity, which can be painful and difficult close-shoes fitting due to friction and irritation.
 * Mid-portion: Occurs approximately 2–7 cm proximal from the Achilles insertion into the calcaneus. Characterized by a combination of pain and swelling at this level. It has associated a remarkable impaired performance.

Other animals
The Achilles tendon is short or absent in great apes, but long in arboreal gibbons and humans. It provides elastic energy storage in hopping, walking, and running. Computer models suggest this energy storage Achilles tendon increases top running speed by >80% and reduces running costs by more than three-quarters. It has been suggested that the "absence of a well-developed Achilles tendon in the nonhuman African apes would preclude them from effective running, both at high speeds and over extended distances."

title: Achilles tendon


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User:Nikola Smolenski/Mimy

 * 1) Opste: http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/GREECE/SPARTA.HTM
 * 2) Detaljnije: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta
 * 3) Kultura, ukljucujuci zene: http://www.geocities.com/theancientworld/greece/sparta
 * 4) Detaljno o raznim stvarima, ukljucujuci zene: http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/sparta.html
 * 5) Isto: http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Aegean/7849/

title: User:Nikola Smolenski/Mimy


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Johan Bernhard Hjort

Johan Bernhard Hjort (25 February 1895 – 24 February 1969) was a Norwegian supreme court lawyer. He is known for co-founding Nasjonal Samling in 1933, his later resistance work against Nazi Germany, including his work to help Scandinavian prisoners, as well as for his role as one of the country's leading defense attorneys after the war.

Hjort joined Harald Nørregaard's law firm in 1932 and after 1945 continued the firm as Advokatfirmaet Hjort. He was deputy leader of Nasjonal Samling from 1933, and from 1935 he served as the leader of Hirden, the party's paramilitary wing. However, he broke with the party in 1937 and was arrested by the Gestapo in 1941. He was then sent to Germany, where he was interned at the Gross Kreutz estate together with Didrik Arup Seip, and carried out resistance work that saved the lives of many Scandinavian prisoners. Among other things, the group at Gross Kreutz collected lists of names of Scandinavian prisoners, and these formed the basis for the rescue operation with the white buses.

After the war, he was notable as a defender of homosexual rights and as a defender of controversial artists' freedom of expression, as in the so-called Red Ruby controversy. From 1961 until his death, he was chairman of Riksmålsforbundet. As a public figure, he stood for a liberal worldview, sharply criticizing the Labor Party governments of the 1950s and 1960s.

Family and background
He was the son of marine biologist, oceanographer, and director of fisheries, Johan Hjort and his wife Wanda Maria von der Marwitz. His mother was of Prussian nobility. During Johan's childhood, the family lived in Bergen, and his parents divorced when he was in his teens. The children moved with their mother to Bestum in Oslo.

In 1920, he married Anna Cathrine Holst. His two sisters Astrid and Wanda soon after married German men: the two brothers Rüdiger and Georg Conrad Graf von der Goltz, and moved to Germany. Astrid's husband, Rüdiger von der Goltz, was from 1936 a member of the Reichstag for the NSDAP. The sisters' father-in-law was the prominent General Rüdiger von der Goltz, who led the Freikorps in the Baltic States and the German intervention in the Finnish Civil War.

Hjort had six children with his wife: social worker and resistance member Wanda Hjort Heger, Supreme Court lawyer Johan Hjort, doctor, professor and politician Peter F. Hjort, engineer Helge Hjort, pianist Kirsti Hjort and psychologist Haldis Hjort. He is the grandfather of publisher Anders Heger and district court judge Kim Heger.

Early life and career
Hjort began studying law and graduated in 1919 with a cand.jur., equivalent to a master's degree. Shortly after graduating, Hjort was employed by the law firm Bredal, Fougner and Schjødt, which at the time was one of Oslo's leading firms. After a year, he was asked to leave in order to gain more experience as a temporary judge. Hjort then worked for a year in Aker before joining the Union of Norwegian Cities (Norges Byforbund, now KS) as a legal consultant.

Following the First World War, Norway experienced significant economic troubles. Through his position at the Union of Norwegian Cities, Hjort gained in-depth knowledge of the poor finances of the municipalities and the state. Together with his friend Trygve Hoff (later editor of Farmand), Hjort prepared an alternative state budget in 1923 to improve the budget overview. As a result, he was eventually tasked with an investigation assignment for Johan Egeberg Mellbye in the Farmers' Party and a position as an advisor for the Lykke government under Finance Minister Fredrik Ludvig Konow.

As Hjort prepared his economic reports, focused on the state's poor finances and the politicians' inability to balance the budget deficit, his confidence in the existing non-socialist parties weakened. In 1927, Hjort joined the Fatherland League and was elected to the Aker county council for the Conservative Party. In the 1930 parliamentary elections, Hjort campaigned for a non-socialist victory, and attacking revolutionary aspects of the Labour Party. Responding to an article by Edvard Bull Sr. (Labor Party politician and later Foreign Minister) in the journal Vor Verden, Hjort argued that one could not give power to an admitted revolutionary party even if it won the election, as this would be tantamount to "bolshevism by parliamentary means" ("bolsjevismen ad parlamentarisk vei").

Though the non-socialists won the election in 1930, the economic crisis (now global in the form of the Great Depression) was becoming increasingly serious and unemployment was rising. In the spring of 1931, this led to a major lockout by employers. The crisis and what Hjort perceived as a weak response from the establishment parties lead him towards the more radical right-wing.

In 1932, Hjort was admitted as a partner in Harald Nørregaard's law firm, which was subsequently renamed Nørregaard & Hjort. Nørregaard was regarded as one of Norway's leading supreme court lawyers of his time. Hjort's biographer, Ivo de Figueiredo, writes: "In Nørregaard he found a role model. The elderly lawyer was known for his eloquence in court. It was said of him that he dominated the courtroom with his presence, and that his warm voice wrapped itself around the Court of Appeal like velvet." Nørregaard died after six years of partnership in 1938. Nørregaard and Hjort had a somewhat distant family relationship - Nørregaard's grandmother was married to Hjort's great-grandfather.

Beginning
Hjort was in contact with a circle of concerned establishment figures, to which Vidkun Quisling had also been invited. From the spring of 1930, they met for dinner at Frederik Prytz's house at Hafrsfjordsgaten 7. In May 1931, Quisling was appointed Minister of Defense in Peder L. Kolstad's government, formed by the Farmers' Party. During the throne speech in April 1932, Quisling gave a speech in the Storting in which he accused the two socialist parties (the Labor Party, DNA, and the Communist Party of Norway, NKP) of treasonous connections with the Soviet Union. The circle around Prytz attempted to use the speech to promote Quisling's political position and weaken the socialist parties.

In May 1932, the circle from Hafrsfjordsgate formed an informal group called "Polkom"; from Hjort's office, this group worked to exploit Quisling's accusations and information against the two socialist parties. This marked the start of Hjort's period of close collaboration with Quisling. Polkom's work was aimed at getting the non-socialist parties to declare DNA and NKP illegal, as they aimed to overthrow the system. During the summer and fall, Hjort developed a plan, based on constitutional theory, for a coup d'état carried out by the government against the Storting. Under this plan, parliamentarism was to be abolished and the threat from the socialists neutralized.

Hjort's basis for taking such drastic action was his sense of crisis. As Hjort saw it, the plan was constitutionally legitimate, and he saw a unifying anti-socialist leader in Vidkun Quisling. To showcase the constitutional legality of the coup d'état plan, Hjort referred to 1814, 1884 and 1905; three major years in Norwegian political history. However, the success of the plan depended on broad support, and to ensure this, a meeting was held on 26 October 1932 at the home of landowner Carl Otto Løvenskiold at Bærums Verk.

Present at this meeting were the leaders of various non-socialist parties and organizations. The meeting later became known as the "Wednesday meeting". Hjort introduced and presented the plan, but it was negatively received by the old Conservative prime minister Jens Bratlie, and it also led to prominent supporter Johan Throne Holst (noteworthy industrialist and CEO of Freia) withdrawing. Over the course of the fall and winter, the plan collapsed as Quisling and new Prime Minister Jens Hundseid clashed over the pacifist Captain Kullmann in what became known as the "Kullmann case". This was the first blow to Hjort's faith in Quisling.

Founding of Nasjonal Samling
Jens Hundseid's government fell in March 1933, and Polkom - in which Hjort played a central role - explored the possibility of a broad non-socialist coalition that would include the Farmers' Party, the Fatherland League, and others. However, a lack of interest in this front meant that on 17 May, in the newspaper Tidens Tegn, Quisling presented a program for a separate party, Nasjonal Samling. As de facto deputy leader of the new party, Hjort threw himself into the election campaign for the 1933 general election, in which his wife Anna Cathrine also participated.

The newly founded party did not get any MPs. Hjort lamented about Quisling's leadership style, which he felt was unclear and amateurish. In the spring of 1934, NS made a new attempt at non-socialist cooperation, led by Hjort. However, these negotiations were unsuccessful, and in March 1935 the Labor Party formed a government with the support of the Farmers' Party.

In addition to his legal practice, Hjort continued to work organizationally for NS. He also investigated how laws and the Constitution must be amended to meet "the demands of the new era". He also put forward a proposal in the spring of 1935 to reintroduce the "Jew clause" (a historical ban excluding Jews from Norway) in the Constitution. Despite the fact that Hjort was a co-founder and de facto deputy leader of NS, his ideas about the organization of the state were in theory within the limits of democracy. Hjort was also not a supporter of a planned economy, and he distanced himself from German National Socialism.

In March 1935, Hjort took over the leadership of Hirden, who partly acted as security guards at NS meetings, but whose primary task was to discipline and educate its members. Hirden was modeled after the German Sturmabteilung  (SA). With his Prussian background, sergeant training from the Armed Forces and natural authority, Hjort was made for the role. Hirden was the activist core of NS, with a couple hundred members. At a meeting in Gjøvik on Ascension Day 1936, Hjort addressed several thousand attendees and opened with "Countrymen, traitors, monkeys and others". The meeting ended in chaos and street fighting, the so-called Torgslaget.

Internal struggle and break with NS
Johan Bernhard Hjort had little patience with people he regarded as "fools" or amateurish, and he believed there were many of them in NS. In addition, Hjort was an able organizer, and a good speaker. Quisling's lack of these qualities was very problematic for the party. A battle for the leadership of NS was therefore inevitable.

In the summer of 1936, Hjort traveled to Germany to seek support for NS. Probably with the help of his German brothers-in-law, he met Heinrich Himmler, among others. He was well received, but received no financial support. However, Himmler offered to link NS to the German SS, which Hjort is said to have rejected.

Back in Norway, he became involved in the NS action against Trotsky. Hirden broke into Konrad Knudsen's house in Hønefoss, where Trotsky lived, and took a number of documents that Hjort handed over to the police. The case attracted enormous attention and was for NS a successful provocation. NS's fight against communism and Judaism took center stage, and Trotsky was eventually expelled.

In the election campaign before the 1936 general election, Hjort gave everything. At the same time, he was under pressure from internal intrigues in NS and the knowledge that he was neglecting his family in favor of politics. However, NS had a poor showing in the election and was once again left without MPs. In the internal dispute that followed, Hjort proposed far-reaching organizational changes. Hjort's proposals were rejected, and in the fall of 1936 the conflict between him and NS intensified. In February 1937, he left the party, and several other key figures left NS at this time as well.

Prelude to war
On 14 June 1937, Himmler visited the lawyer Rüdiger von der Goltz (Hjort's brother-in-law) to meet Hjort and be briefed on the National Socialist movement in Norway.

The years of hectic political activity had a negative effect on Hjort's law practice; his finances had been supported by his wife's uncle Johan Throne Holst, a debt he now had to work to pay off. Hjort kept in contact with other NS breakaways, and he wrote for the right-wing, nationalist and NS-critical journal Ragnarok.

The Kristallnacht of 9 November 1938 shocked Hjort; "Germany's friends are looking for an honorable defense and a reasonable motive for all this. They refuse to believe that German order and discipline have come to an end and that the German state must give the people this kind of circus performance for the sake of domestic peace." At the same time, Hjort had accepted the Nuremberg Laws and argued in the autumn of 1938 that a race war was looming, with the "Nordic tribe in the world decreasing in numbers, while other races multiply like rats".

In September 1939, World War II broke out, and in November the Winter War began with the Soviet Union's attack on Finland. Germany had signed a non-aggression pact with the Soviets and therefore remained passive, which was a hard blow for Hjort. Several of Hjort's friends, including his father, traveled to Finland as volunteers. He considered going himself, but decided against it for the sake of his family. Up until 1940, Hjort was engaged in strengthening the armed forces, and he and his two sons received voluntary military training themselves.

German invasion
On 9 April 1940, Germany invaded Norway. Hjort was a conscripted sergeant and reported for duty, but like so many others, he was told to wait. In the evening, he heard his former colleague Vidkun Quisling declare on the radio that a new national government had taken over. Greatly provoked, Hjort contacted other pro-German Norwegians: Victor Mogens, Per Imerslund, Albert Wiesener, Otto Sverdrup Engelschiøn and Hans S. Jacobsen. Hjort's plan was to contact the Germans to stop Quisling's coup attempt.

On 14 April, the Administrative Council was established, and Quisling's coup attempt had failed. During the spring, Hjort began working to help and release the Norwegian prisoners of war. By the end of May 1940, 11,000 Norwegian prisoners of war had been released. However, the work came at a price, as the officers had to swear an oath not to take up arms against the occupying forces. Hjort was later criticized for this, and a number of officers, led by Otto Ruge, chose captivity instead. Hjort was also an active writer in Tidens Tegn. He was most outspoken in Ragnarok, where he wrote that one had to be optimistic and build the country; as "then both Norway's independence and a friendly relationship with our kindred people in the south will come as a matter of course."

In the unclear situation after the invasion, Hjort was well suited as a middleman as he was both a respected Supreme Court lawyer and fluent in German. Hjort also dealt with finding work for the released prisoners and with insurance settlements after the fighting through the War Injury Insurance Fund. During the summer of 1940, Hjort was constantly involved in the various negotiations between the German and Norwegian sides. These culminated in Terboven's proposal for a Riksråd. Hjort was open to a position on this council, but withdrew when Terboven demanded that NS be represented.

As late as August 1940, Hjort attempted to bring the major parties together, and he had meetings with representatives of the Conservative Party, the Labor Party, the Liberal Party and the Farmers' Party. He was not alone in his desire to make the best of the situation. Einar Gerhardsen had similar ideas, but they were quickly torpedoed by the Germans when Terboven declared on 25 September that Nasjonal Samling was Norway's only legal political party.

Imprisonment
With clear lines drawn after Terboven's speech, Hjort withdrew from party politics for the last time and devoted all his time to law. With his knowledge of German affairs, he was a resource for other Norwegian lawyers. There were many cases when Norwegian resistance fighters needed defence counsel. It was a legal voyage through increasingly troubled waters; the Supreme Court was dismissed, and the occupation forces were constantly pushing for lawyers to adapt to the new conditions. He also held lectures in the German-controlled Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation, alongside individuals like Albert Wiesener, Jonas Lie, and Ranik Halle.

In January 1941, the Norwegian Bar Association was pressured to include an article in the Norwegian Legal Gazette on "The development of constitutional law in Norway" by Rudolf Schiedermair, Terboven's legal adviser. Hjort took it upon himself to write a response with the assistance of other Norwegian lawyers and Frede Castberg. Hjort's response was diplomatic in form, but nevertheless ruthless when Hjort concluded that the Germans had violated international law by their conduct during the occupation, and that Quisling had committed a coup d'état.

Hjort must have known what such public criticism of the occupying forces would lead to, and he was arrested on 21 October 1941. Hjort was first detained at Møllergata 19 (Oslo's main police station at the time) and then transferred to the Grini prison camp in December 1941. The time in solitary confinement at Møllergata 19 was a difficult period for Hjort, but the community at Grini with many acquaintances made his imprisonment easier. In fact, many of the most important of the Norwegian social elite were at Grini. After the liberation, it was seen as a badge of honor to have been imprisoned there. From then on, Johan Bernhard Hjort was definitely considered to have been on "the right side" of the war.

In Germany, his brothers-in-law tried to get him released, and Rüdiger was allowed to meet Terboven in November 1941. But the German Reichskommissar was outraged and stated: "The pig sits down and writes an article" ("Das Schwein setzt sich nieder und schreibt einen Artikel".) Hjort's attempts to speak out against the occupation forces were not taken kindly. At the same time, his arrest was also linked to his brother-in-law Johan Holst's escape to Sweden.

On 6 February 1942, Hjort was sent to Germany on the prison ship "Donau" and placed in the prison at Alexanderplatz in Berlin. Hjort's brother-in-law Rüdiger approached Himmler, and the SS commander was open to an agreement that resulted in Hjort being released, but having to stay in Germany with his family until the end of the war.

In May, Rüdiger was allowed to meet Hjort to explain the conditions, but Hjort's family in Norway, Anna Cathrine and the six children were reluctant to settle in Germany.

Anna Cathrine Hjort was allowed to meet her husband in Berlin, but she and the children were equally dismissive. There were rumors and many people believed that Hjort was now willing to cooperate with the occupiers. Hjort was released, but in so-called civilian internment. Rüdiger got him a job as a legal consultant in the oil company Continentale Oehl Gesellschaft in Berlin. By October, after strong German pressure, the family had given in and settled on the Gross Kreutz estate in the village of the same name 20 km west of Potsdam. The estate was owned by Hjort's cousin Bodo von der Marwitz.

Resistance work
While they were in their "open captivity" as civilian internees in Germany, the Hjort family tried to make the best of the situation. In consultation with the Norwegian seaman priests in Hamburg, Arne Berge and Conrad Vogt-Svendsen, their daughter Wanda took the initiative to visit Norwegian prisoners. She began with a visit to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. Prison camps were visited, and the prisoners were given parcels, and messages and names were smuggled out.

The first prisoner Wanda visited was Didrik Arup Seip, who was eventually released and interned on the same terms as Hjort. He moved with his family to the Gross Kreutz estate near Potsdam, where Hjort and his family also lived and joined in the work for the prisoners.

From January 1944, the family established contact with the Norwegian diplomat Niels Christian Ditleff in Stockholm. Through Swedish diplomatic channels, they sent him around 50 reports with lists of names. Seip and his children were the leaders in this prisoner work, but Hjort himself also became involved as a defender of Norwegian prisoners in Germany. Among the prisoners he assisted were members of the Wollweber group.

On 26 October 1944, Ditleff received a memo from Hjort requesting that the Norwegian prisoners be taken to Sweden, and shortly afterwards Ditleff sent a memo reporting German plans to liquidate all prisoners before the end of the war. These notes were crucial to the Swedish rescue operation known as the White Buses. It is estimated that this operation saved 15,345 prisoners from death in concentration and prisoner camps; of these, 7,795 were Scandinavian. In particular, 423 Danish Jews were saved from the Theresienstadt concentration camp inside German-occupied territory of Czechoslovakia, contributing significantly to the fact that the casualties among Danish Jews during the Holocaust were among the lowest of the occupied countries of Europe.

In February 1945, Folke Bernadotte came to Berlin to meet German leaders, including Himmler. This initiative was intended to rescue the Scandinavian prisoners, and Bernadotte also met with the circle from Gross Kreutz. Hjort and Vogt-Svendsen had made sketches of the camps and a note on how the collection of the prisoners in Neuengamme could be done in practical terms, and Bernadotte used this as a basis for his action.

By the end of April, most of the Norwegian prisoners had been transported home, but Johan Bernhard Hjort and his son Helge remained at Gross Kreutz. They would not leave Germany until the last Norwegian prisoners were out. There were still 1,100 Norwegian officers left; Hjort had already met them in February and promised General Ruge to act as liaison until the prisoners could be sent home. The Hjort family's overview of the Norwegian prisoners was the basis for the repatriation office in Hamburg (under the leadership of Bulukin) to pick up General Ruge and other Norwegian officers from Luckenwalde around 12 May 1945. The Norwegian officers were transferred from Schildberg to Luckenwalde in February 1945. Luckenwalde was captured by Soviet forces in April 1945 and General Ruge was sent to Moscow.

Liberation and purge
Soviet forces reached Gross Kreutz at the end of April or beginning of May. The German farm manager was beaten to death by the Eastern European forced laborers on the estate. After Germany's capitulation, the Soviet forces decided that the Norwegian officers should be sent home via Murmansk, but Hjort and other Norwegians found the prisoners and ensured that they were sent directly home to Norway. In early June, Hjort himself was back in Norway after almost three years in Germany.

The return home was hardly exactly what Johan Bernhard Hjort had imagined. The period after liberation proved to be difficult for him. Despite his great efforts on behalf of Norwegian prisoners, his own imprisonment and his defiant article in the Norwegian Legal Gazette, many people were still skeptical about other aspects of his past. Hjort's actions up until 25 September 1940 could be interpreted as an attempt to find a third way, between Quisling's treason and the London government's resistance to the German occupiers. The mood after the liberation was not sympathetic, and several of his supporters from 1940 were convicted in the treason trial. Hjort vigorously defended himself against accusations of a lack of "national attitude". He wrote about the articles from 1940 that they had to be seen in the light of the special situation.

Because of his past in the NS and his connection to the administrative council, he had to withdraw from a proposed position in the bar association. Hjort's friend Gustav Heiberg was appointed chairman of the "Commission of Inquiry of 1945" (Undersøkelseskommisjonen av 1945), and Hjort asked Heiberg for a statement in his favor. Heiberg first acknowledged Hjort's work for the resistance, but then wrote about the election in the lawyers' association:

"As far as you are concerned, it would be enough for me not to vote for you that you had been a member of NS as late as 1937 and that you had still been so German-oriented (by which I do not mean odious) in the early days of the war as your statements in Tidens Tegn indicated." ("For deres vedkommende vilde det for meg være nok til ikke å stemme på Dem at De overhodet hadde vært medlem av NS såpass sent som i 1937 og at De endnu i krigens første tid hadde vært såpass tyskorientert (dermed mener jeg ikke odiøst) som Deres uttalelser i Tidens Tegn gav uttrykk for.")

Johan Bernhard Hjort was not convicted, but on the contrary was given full redress by the Lawyers' Association. But something remained: His actions before the war and in 1940. As late as 1954, he spoke out in Verdens Gang, where he wrote about his past in NS: "Is it not written somewhere that there should be greater joy over one sinner who repents than over many who never had the need for repentance?". In his view of the settlement, Hjort was in line with Johannes Andenæs and the newspaper Morgenbladet in what became known as the "silk front".

Post-war career
After the war, Hjort fought as a supreme court lawyer for the artistic freedom of controversial artists and for the natural legal rights of homosexuals. In 1957, in one of the most famous and widely debated court cases in Norwegian post-war history, Hjort was the defense lawyer for novelist Agnar Mykle, who was accused of immoral and obscene writing in his books. Hjort was a long-term leader of Riksmålsforbundet, an association that fought for the free evolution of the Norwegian language, in the direction of Riksmål. He was a prolific writer and lecturer and a frequent contributor to public debate. Among his books are Justismord (1952), Dømt med rette? (1958), and Demokrati og statsmakt (1963). He also translated Kipling's Just So Stories into Norwegian.

title: Johan Bernhard Hjort


text:
Achilles' heel

An Achilles' heel (or  Achilles heel ) is a weakness despite overall strength, which can lead to downfall. While the mythological origin refers to a physical vulnerability, idiomatic references to other attributes or qualities that can lead to downfall are common.

Although the death of Achilles was predicted by Hector in Homer’s Iliad, it does not actually occur in the Iliad, but was described in later Greek and Roman poetry and drama concerning events after the Iliad, later in the Trojan War. In the myths surrounding the war, Achilles was said to have died from a wound to his heel, ankle, or torso, which was the result of an arrow—possibly poisoned—shot by Paris. The Iliad may purposefully suppress the myth to emphasise Achilles' human mortality and the stark chasm between gods and heroes.

Classical myths attribute Achilles's invulnerability to his mother Thetis having treated him with ambrosia and burned away his mortality in the hearth fire except on the heel, by which she held him. Peleus, his father, discovered the treatment and was alarmed to see Thetis holding the baby in the flames, which offended him and made her leave the treatment incomplete. According to a myth arising later, his mother had dipped the infant Achilles in the river Styx, holding onto him by his heel, and he became invulnerable where the waters touched him—that is, everywhere except the areas of his heel that were covered by her thumb and forefinger.

As expression
As an expression meaning "area of weakness, vulnerable spot," the use of "Achilles' heel" dates only to 1840, with implied use in Samuel Taylor Coleridge's "Ireland, that vulnerable heel of the British Achilles!" from 1810 (Oxford English Dictionary).

Anatomy
The oldest-known written record of the Achilles tendon being named after Achilles is in 1693 by the Flemish/Dutch anatomist Philip Verheyen. In his widely used text Corporis Humani Anatomia he described the tendon's location and said that it was commonly called "the cord of Achilles."

The large and prominent tendon of the gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris muscles of the calf is called the tendo achilleus or Achilles tendon. This is commonly associated with the site of Achilles's death wound. Tendons are avascular, so such an injury would be unlikely to be fatal if the arrow were not poisoned.

title: Achilles' heel


text:
Talk:Queen bee

Queen bee nutrition
This article describes recent findings according to which it is not the presence of royal jelly in the diet that makes a bee a queen, but the absence of honey and pollen in her diet: "It turns out, it’s the other way around. Not feeding an immature queen pollen and honey is what makes her royal, not her exclusive access to royal jelly." https://www.wired.com/2015/09/royal-jelly-isnt-makes-queen-bee-queen-bee/ Hopefully someone with expert knowledge can verify/update this (I just happened to find it, and am by no means knowledgeable enough to verify it). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.52.7.11 (talk) 02:24, 30 October 2016 (UTC)

Untitled I
References -

The link for "Bees Gone Wild" takes you to a site advertising building your own web site, which must be in error. Do you mean the Bees Gone Wild Apiaries, in Derry, PA? If so the link should be: http://mysite.verizon.net/vzeod3nx/id1.html

As a side issue, I'd like to find a link, article, or publication dealing with how to retrieve the queen from a swarm that has left the hive and taken up residence elsewhere. This must be a very specialized, difficult thing to do. There is a brief portion in this video that describes someone who rescues a swarm (queen plus workers who have swarmed with her)and sets up a new hive: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ekoeQodrVoM but it doesn't give much information.

Thanks. M.W.MW (talk) 14:20, 31 March 2014 (UTC)

Untitled II
I have actually heard the piping of queen bees. It sounds like the peep of a peeper frog or the sound of a rather high-pitched whistle or harmonica.

Research in the 60s (?) indicated that the body of the queen produces a hormone that inhibits queen-rearing behavior on the part of worker bees. She can only produce a certain amount. So the more bees there are in a colony the lower the concentration of this hormone. When it falls below a critical value, then the queen-rearing behavior is released for normal swarming. Should the queen be killed the concentration of the hormone falls quickly to zero and the workers select several of the recently laid eggs to rear as queens.

I think that the article should reflect this fact.

Who will be first to fill in the taxonomy? RedWolf 06:20, Nov 27, 2003 (UTC)

Surely there is an article on the honeybee. Presumably the taxonomy stuff would go there.

Patrick0Moran 07:18, 27 Nov 2003 (UTC)

I added the links back because of two reasons: 1) people who work on articles of colors can look what links there and add this to the information about uses of colors, and 2) it enables colorblind people to actually read the article. I hope it's aestethically pleasing as well :) Nikola 08:11, 29 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Incorporating other articles into this article
I'm looking for information on bees. I found the information about one aspect of the bee colony, ie the queen scattered around on four seperate page entitled

 * 1) Queen bee
 * 2) Virgin queen (with a disambig. from Elizabeth I of England)
 * 3) Piping queens (describing the noise angry females of the species make)
 * 4) Supersedure (describing the process by which one queen replaces another)

Why spread all this stuff around when it can be neatly and conveniently placed in one article? Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not a dictionary. Anyone looking up bees wants the info in one place. To have different articles for hives, swarms, piping queens etc etc etc is superfluous.

I'm not suggesting that any of the information is superfluous, just the superfluity of seperate articles. If anyone objects, they can put it all back. I'll leave the other pages where they are for a few days, but will transfer any discussion pertaining to the other three topics listed above to this page. Unfortunately, the history of the editting will be lost.

--Amandajm 07:50, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Piping note

 * The piping sound is a G sharp or A natural.

Couldn't this vary from species to species? (A larger queen might produce a lower note, for instance?) - furrykef (Talk at me) 21:31, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

Maximum temperature for Raw Honey
I understand to be called raw, honey must not be heated above a certain temperature. I don't know what those limits are, but I am under the impression it has something to do with destroying enzymes in the honey. Does anyone know the limits?

transferred by --Amandajm 07:54, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

There have been articles and discussions in bee journals for years on the subject. As far as I know there is no official standard, at least not in the US. "Raw" means whatever you like it to mean. Since the bees heat the hive to about 95 F or so and since all liquid honey is at least coarsely filtered to get out chunks of wax and dead bee parts, and since there is no official designation about how finely fliltered and how high a temperature constitutes raw, the term by itself doesn't mean anything. Of course if you know your honey producer personally you can ask what they do, or in this case, don't do to your honey.

Michael Bush (talk) 20:13, 6 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I found an article on the net here which gives some temperatures (in Fahrenheit) to match the temperature in a honey super in Summer. Honey in storage does (mine does) crystalize over time, and when you need to bottle some more it helps to have a honey heater to bring it back to liquid form. Sting au  Buzz Me...   22:37, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

Edit history of Virgin queen

 * (cur) (last) 04:54, 27 May 2006 XC0000005 (Talk | contribs) (Reword some unclear sentences, expand (minorly))
 * (cur) (last) 22:00, 4 May 2006 Swatjester (Talk | contribs) m (Reverted edits by 151.37.129.122 (talk) to last version by XC0000005)
 * (cur) (last) 21:59, 4 May 2006 151.37.129.122 (Talk)
 * (cur) (last) 18:06, 15 December 2005 XC0000005 (Talk | contribs) (Reword to fix description of virgin queens (mingling with other bees doesn't make them harder to find, it's the fact that they skitter off that does it.).)
 * (cur) (last) 17:45, 11 October 2005 Keenan Pepper (Talk | contribs) m (grammar & style)
 * (cur) (last) 13:00, 5 October 2005 Appleseed (Talk | contribs) (tweak category)
 * (cur) (last) 00:28, 26 August 2005 68.39.174.230 (Talk) (Work)
 * (cur) (last) 05:07, 16 August 2005 Leonard G. (Talk | contribs)
 * (cur) (last) 03:21, 15 May 2005 Nameneko (Talk | contribs) m (sp)
 * (cur) (last) 20:34, 9 May 2005 71.99.220.87 (Talk)
 * (cur) (last) 06:40, 25 April 2005 68.39.174.150 (Talk) (Rearrainge)
 * (cur) (last) 19:32, 15 April 2005 Shoefly (Talk | contribs)
 * (cur) (last) 09:20, 14 April 2005 Allard (Talk | contribs) m
 * (cur) (last) 05:40, 20 March 2005 Shoefly (Talk | contribs)
 * (cur) (last) 02:29, 14 February 2005 Pollinator (Talk | contribs) (flesh out article)
 * (cur) (last) 03:54, 1 February 2005 Shoefly (Talk | contribs)

Edit history of Piping queens

 * (cur) (last) 00:50, 28 June 2006 NeonMerlin (Talk | contribs) m (sp)
 * (cur) (last) 22:27, 26 May 2006 XC0000005 (Talk | contribs) (Revised, added supersedure to reasons why there's be multiple queens)
 * (cur) (last) 13:00, 5 October 2005 Appleseed (Talk | contribs) (tweak category)
 * (cur) (last) 16:59, 26 September 2005 MacsBug (Talk | contribs) m (Fixed spelling error in top section)
 * (cur) (last) 03:05, 9 September 2005 Kjkolb (Talk | contribs) (wikified further as possible and removed tag)
 * (cur) (last) 03:47, 2 September 2005 Kent Wang (Talk | contribs) m (copy edit)
 * (cur) (last) 00:32, 26 August 2005 68.39.174.230 (Talk) (Some work)
 * (cur) (last) 00:29, 26 August 2005 68.39.174.230 (Talk) (Added template)
 * (cur) (last) 00:05, 26 August 2005 68.39.174.230 (Talk) (Again)
 * (cur) (last) 00:05, 26 August 2005 68.39.174.230 (Talk) (Fix bad link)
 * (cur) (last) 00:05, 26 August 2005 68.39.174.230 (Talk) (Some work, needs more)
 * (cur) (last) 01:06, 16 May 2005 Shoefly (Talk | contribs) (→See also)
 * (cur) (last) 01:00, 16 May 2005 Shoefly (Talk | contribs)
 * (cur) (last) 20:50, 14 May 2005 Shoefly (Talk | contribs)
 * (cur) (last) 03:43, 14 May 2005 Shoefly (Talk | contribs)

Edit History of Supersedure

 * (cur) (last) 17:00, 12 June 2006 Larsinio (Talk | contribs) m
 * (cur) (last) 01:02, 20 May 2006 Bryan Derksen (Talk | contribs) (replace overly broad see also list with just those entries that seem most relevant to the article)
 * (cur) (last) 23:01, 23 March 2006 Mirv (Talk | contribs) (xref)
 * (cur) (last) 18:25, 18 March 2006 Bluebot (Talk | contribs) (bold formatting title using AWB)
 * (cur) (last) 04:03, 6 December 2005 Shoefly (Talk | contribs)
 * (cur) (last) 02:07, 12 November 2005 Shoefly (Talk | contribs) m (Supercedure moved to Supersedure)
 * (cur) (last) 10:26, 11 November 2005 158.36.44.66 (Talk) ("supercession" and "supercedure" changed because word does not exist (verb is latin "sedere" to sit))
 * (cur) (last) 02:29, 26 August 2005 Leonard G. (Talk | contribs) (rm unsatisfied links)
 * (cur) (last) 01:27, 25 August 2005 Shoefly (Talk | contribs)
 * (cur) (last) 04:35, 23 August 2005 Leonard G. (Talk | contribs)
 * (cur) (last) 04:30, 23 August 2005 Leonard G. (Talk | contribs) (Forced supercedure, balling the queen)
 * (cur) (last) 05:22, 16 August 2005 Leonard G. (Talk | contribs)
 * (cur) (last) 06:28, 2 April 2005 FirstPrinciples (Talk | contribs) (update link)
 * (cur) (last) 04:10, 10 March 2005 Shoefly (Talk | contribs)

Moving of histories
These histories are inactive, but at least reveal who has contributed to the articles. --Amandajm 08:10, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Virgin Queens sting rivals
The article indicates that a virgin queen will kill potential rivals by stinging them. But I had heard that queens have no stingers - that part having been modified for egg laying. So do they sting, or possibly bite their rivals?

Paul epalb@honey.email.ne.jp
 * Whoever told you that queens have no stingers was incorrect. I can't speak for every species of bee but honeybee queens certainly have stingers.  It is part of the ovipositor but that does not preclude it's use as a stinger.  It is different from the worker bee's stinger in that it is smooth instead of barbed but that's about it.  Rossami (talk) 20:07, 27 October 2006 (UTC)
 * That reminds me of someone who confidently told me on the basis of his own experience that carpenter bees do not have stingers. I caught a female carpenter bee and identified a very large and efficient looking stinger. I told my friend that he probably had been playing with a drone. P0M 21:40, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

Question about "queen substance"
The last time I read anything in book form on the subject it was affirmed that the pheromone that workers lick from the body of the queen not only inhibits workers from laying eggs, but it also inhibits them from making queen cells. If the queen dies or the population grows so large that the pheromone is too diluted by the time it is shared out among all the bees, then workers will start to make queen cells. Have researchers revised this finding? P0M 21:40, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

That's my understanding also - the presence of Q substance inhibits Q cell building. Dublinblue (Simon in Dublin) (talk) 19:00, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

See page 11 of Wisdom of the hive by Tom Seeley: "the queen's pheromones are neither necessary nor sufficient for inhibiting worker's ovaries. Instead, they strongly inhibit the workers from rearing additional queens. It is now clear that the pheromones that provide the proximate stimulus for workers to refrain from laying eggs come mainly from the brood, not from the queen (reviewed in Seeling 1985; see also Willis, Winston, and Slessor 1990)."

Michael Bush (talk) 18:35, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

Beekeeping?
There are a lot of interjections in this article about beekeeping - I imagine that a lot of the editing of this article is done by beekeepers. However, I think it somewhat distracts from the flow of the article. Tiki2099 (talk) 22:53, 2 September 2008 (UTC)

Queen killing worker bees?
I saw a documentary on bees that stated how if a worker bee lays an egg and the queen discovers it, by detection of pheromones on the egg, she will kill the egg and also the bee that laid it. I was wondering if anyone has a reference for this behaviour by the queen bee. It seems like something that should be included in the article. Alialiac (talk) 06:50, 29 January 2012 (UTC)

Workers will sometimes lay eggs in the absence of a queen or if she's failing. I've not heard of an existing queen killing the worker though? There is a wiki article here Laying_worker_bee about laying workers. Typically the eggs are all male (drones). 107.4.200.112 (talk) 19:11, 16 April 2012 (UTC)

Supersedure ≠ Emergency cell
Supersedure cells (including insurance cups) are formed while the original queen is still alive and possibly still laying. Emergency cells are created when there is "no" queen. Additionally, "balling" is not the only method a previous queens are deposed. Old queens often produce insufficient pheromones, so the attendant bees stop feeding them - and in turn they dies of starvation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.87.238.194 (talk) 15:06, 24 July 2014 (UTC) The picture does look like emergency cells, not supersedure cells. Tried to edit to correct but I think I messed it up for worse. Now it is correct "supersedure cell", but for an emergency cell, and the file name is still wrong. Someone with a bit more of Wiki savvy please correct. Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.87.238.194 (talk) 15:14, 24 July 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Nonsense, corrections and additions
I read this article a few years ago. Since then a few things were changed and added. Some of the stuff I read is incorrect.

1. "All of the healthy male bees mate with the queen, and she spends the warm season laying eggs."

It'a not true that all drones mate with the queen. The strongest and at most 20 of them mate with the queen. Also, the queen does not mate with her own drones, something that is not clear in the article.

2. "Eggs that are strong and up to the queen bee's standards are given extra hormones, and are put into what are known as "queen cups" for further development. There will be several eggs dosed with the queen pheromones, but only one will grow strong enough to hatch."

Eggs are not fed hormones. They are fed royal jelly if the eggs need to turn into queens. Also, eggs are not moved/put into queen cups. Queen cups are built around the regular fertilized eggs.

3. "When the new queen is born, the old queen flies away from the hive like the male bees, and dies."

This is not true because the queen that flies away settles with about half of the colony she was leading into a new place and continues to lead the colony until she is replaced. The queen does not automatically die after swarming.

4. "As many as 21 virgin queens have been counted in a single large swarm.[citation needed]"

Unless somebody provides a source this smells to me like nonsense that should be removed.

5. "The queens of Africanized bees produce more vigorous and frequent bouts of piping.[citation needed]"

Unless somebody provides a source this smells to me like nonsense that should be removed.

6. "Thelytoky occurs in the Cape bee, Apis mellifera capensis, and has been found in other strains at very low frequency."

This is true and "less than 1% of worker-laid eggs are diploid in other honey bee races" (see https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/IN/IN91600.pdf).

7. "Although the name might imply it, a queen bee does not directly control the hive. Her sole function is to serve as the reproducer."

This is not true because the queen does a lot of work with pheromones in order to direct the colony and balance/assign tasks to worker bees based on the needs of the colony (see http://vri.cz/docs/vetmed/56-6-265.pdf). It can be argued that the queen works harder than the worker bees. In fact, "workers spend more time resting and patrolling the nest than they do anything else." (see https://americanbeejournal.com/the-tasks-of-a-worker-honey-bee).

ICE77 (talk) 07:33, 18 March 2019 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the comments. It's been lying around a while, and most were already taken care of - I took the liberty to address the last few comments that you left. effeietsanders 21:42, 27 June 2020 (UTC)

effeietsanders, thanks for the update. ICE77 (talk) 23:24, 27 June 2020 (UTC)

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Life expectancy?
The replacement of an aging queen is discussed but not its life expectancy… Some sites say 1-2 years, some longer time periods. I suppose this depends on species and climate? David.Monniaux (talk) 08:08, 2 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Queen bee


text:
Load testing

Load testing is the process of putting demand on a structure or system and measuring its response.

Physical load testing
Many types of machinery, engines, structures, and motors are load tested. The load may be at a designated safe working load (SWL), full load, or at an aggravated level of load. The governing contract, technical specification or test method contains the details of conducting the test. The purpose of a mechanical load test is to verify that all the component parts of a structure including materials, base-fixings are fit for task and loading it is designed for.

Several types of load testing are employed
 * Static testing is when a designated constant load is applied for a specified time.
 * Dynamic testing is when a variable or moving load is applied.
 * Cyclical testing consists of repeated loading and unloading for specified cycles, durations and conditions.

The Supply of Machinery (Safety) Regulation 1992 UK state that load testing is undertaken before the equipment is put into service for the first time. Performance testing applies a safe working load (SWL), or other specified load, for a designated time in a governing test method, specification, or contract. Under the Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 UK load testing after the initial test is required if a major component is replaced, if the item is moved from one location to another or as dictated by the competent person.

Car charging system
A load test can be used to evaluate the health of a car's battery. The tester consists of a large resistor that has a resistance similar to a car's starter motor and a meter to read the battery's output voltage both in the unloaded and loaded state. When the tester is used, the battery's open circuit voltage is checked first. If the open circuit voltage is below spec (12.6 volts for a fully charged battery), the battery is charged first. After reading the battery's open circuit voltage, the load is applied. When applied, it draws approximately the same current the car's starter motor would draw during cranking. Based on the specified cold cranking amperes of the battery, if the voltage under load falls below a certain point, the battery is bad. Load tests are also used on running cars to check the output of the car's alternator.

title: Load testing


text:
List of chancellors of the University of Cambridge

The following is a list of chancellors of the University of Cambridge from c.1215 to the present day. Chancellors were elected annually until 1514, and thereafter were elected for life.


text:
Student Pugwash USA

Student Pugwash USA is the U.S. affiliate of International Student/Young Pugwash, and the US student affiliate of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, recipients of the 1995 Nobel Peace Prize.

As an educational nonprofit organization, SPUSA does not adopt advocacy positions on policy or political issues or candidates, but seeks to foment student leadership and incubate groups of committed activists who go on to take action separate from SPUSA activities. The organization posits that, in order to create effective social change, students must first understand the issues at stake, then contemplate their ethical and moral responsibility to themselves and to society as a whole. Its stated purpose is not to advance a particular ethical viewpoint regarding scientific and technological issues, but rather to encourage students to consider ethics when thinking about the role of science and technology in society. SPUSA is open to all viewpoints and approaches to these discussions, but with a firm commitment to accurate science and factual information. For example, early SPUSA panel debates were held regarding the causes of climate change, before there was consensus in the scientific community; afterwards, that debate was considered resolved and no longer appropriate, but events continue discussing which approaches to take in response to current information.

Activities
Activities have included regional, national and international conferences, speaker events at campuses through a national chapter network, and compilation of issue briefs on scientific and technical issues of social importance.

title: Student Pugwash USA


text:
Talk:Game Developer (magazine)

Just thought I'd mention that the word Magazine isn't actually in the title of the magazine itself. But in my experience, most people call it that anyway -- no need to change. --Mrwojo 18:25, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Good point. If someone wants to, they can move the page to Game Developer (magazine) . And I think it should be that exactly, as just Game Developer could be confused with a person who makes games. —Frecklefoot 17:32, 1 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Free for industry?
The article says it is free for the industry...but I can't find any information on their site regarding this. Honestly doesn't make sense to me if they give it away for free to the demographic they are aiming for...

--68.4.135.195 (talk) 05:21, 8 August 2011 (UTC)

Added a link to External Links (http://edge.halldata.com/site/CMP002695GDnew). Had to speak someone on the phone to get it ... near as I can tell, the link doesn't exist anywhere else. --Catgofire (talk) 23:22, 17 August 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Game Developer (magazine)


text:
User talk:Dann

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Copyright problem: Myra Sklarew
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Gunston Cove
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text:
Janko group

In the area of modern algebra known as group theory, the Janko groups are the four sporadic simple groups  J1,  J2,  J3 and  J4 introduced by Zvonimir Janko. Unlike the Mathieu groups, Conway groups, or Fischer groups, the Janko groups do not form a series, and the relation among the four groups is mainly historical rather than mathematical.

History
Janko constructed the first of these groups, J1, in 1965 and predicted the existence of J2 and J3. In 1976, he suggested the existence of J4. Later, J2, J3 and J4 were all shown to exist.

J1 was the first sporadic simple group discovered in nearly a century: until then only the Mathieu groups were known, M11 and M12 having been found in 1861, and M22, M23 and M24 in 1873. The discovery of J1 caused a great "sensation" and "surprise" among group theory specialists. This began the modern theory of sporadic groups.

And in a sense, J4 ended it. It would be the last sporadic group (and, since the non-sporadic families had already been found, the last finite simple group) predicted and discovered, though this could only be said in hindsight when the Classification theorem was completed.

title: Janko group


text:
Talk:Student Pugwash USA

Conclusions from Fall 2003 Discussion
The consensus of the several people participating in deliberations here in fall 2003 regarding how Student Pugwash USA's mission should be adjusted in Wikipedia article was that the following should be highlighted:

The mission of Student Pugwash USA is to promote the socially responsible application of science and technology.

title: Talk:Student Pugwash USA


text:
User talk:Inti~enwiki

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Renamed
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text:
Benito Juárez, Guerrero

 Benito Juárez  is a municipality in the Mexican state of Guerrero. The municipal seat lies at San Jerónimo de Juárez. The municipality covers an area of 284.9 km2. The municipality is located at 17.18333°N, -100.5°W, on the Pacific coast between Acapulco and Zihuatanejo. It is drained by the Río Atoyac.

As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 14,444.

It was named in honour of 19th-century president and patriot Benito Juárez.

title: Benito Juárez, Guerrero


text:
User talk:AltMazter

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snoyes 18:42, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Qenna
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Qenna, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. If you agree with the deletion of the article, and you are the only person who has made substantial edits to the page, please add  to the top of Qenna. Toddst1 (talk) 17:21, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

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text:
Ivo of Chartres

Ivo of Chartres, Can.Reg., also Ives, Yves, or Yvo; Ivo Carnutensis; c. 1040 – 23 December 1115), was a French canon regular and abbot who then served as the Bishop of Chartres from 1090 until his death. He was an important authority in Catholic canon law during the Investiture Crisis of that era. He is honored as a saint in the Catholic Church.

Three extensive canonical works, namely Tripartita, Decretum, and Panormia, are attributed to him. He corresponded extensively. His liturgical feast is observed on 23 December.

Early Life
Ivo was born in the village of Auteil, near Beauvais, in the region of Picardy, circa 1040 to a family of relatively low social status. He is claimed to have studied first in Paris, then at the Abbey of Bec in Normandy, where, according to Robert of Torigni, he studied under Lanfranc along with Anselm of Canterbury.

Not much is known of Ivo until some time after he was admitted to the clergy. His first benefice was at Nesle in Picardy. In 1067 his bishop, Gui of Beauvais, asked him to become the provost (termed abbot) of the Collegiate Church of Saint-Quentin. Under his leadership and program of reform, the community of secular canons established there accepted religious life under the Rule of St. Augustine, thereby becoming canons regular. As superior, he was skeptical of religious excess and always stressed moderation in practice.

Ivo remained at the abbey for twenty years and established himself as one of the best teachers in France. His abbey came to be known as a great school of theology. Lambert of Guines, and John of Warneton both studied canon law under Ivo.

Bishop
In 1090 Ivo's knowledge of canon law, both as a lawyer and cleric, most probably earned him the office of Bishop of Chartres. His predecessor, Geoffrey, had been removed from office by Pope Urban II. Geoffrey's relatives and supporters initially opposed Ivo's appointment, but with the backing of Pope Urban II, King Philip, and the influential Countess Adela of Blois, Ivo was eventually grudgingly accepted. In light of the events preceding his appointment to the office, his strong opposition to the practice of simony may have been the impetus to his episcopal elevation.

During his twenty-five year episcopacy at Chartres, Ivo was involved in conflicts with many magnates including King Philip I of France, Archbishop Richer of Sens, the papal legate Hugh of Die, and several local nobles. The most famous case concerned the marriage of King Philip, who in the early 1090s tried to repudiate his wife Bertha of Holland in order to marry Bertrade of Anjou. Local baron Hugh Le Puiset took advantage of the situation to seize episcopal lands and imprison the bishop for a short time.

Ivo was an acquaintance of Countess Adele of Normandy, who helped him reform the Abbey of St. Jean-en-Vallée. In addition, on several occasions he defended her decisions, most notably during the events regarding Rotrou III of Perche, when he refused to assert ecclesiastical sanctions against him.

Around 1114, Ivo granted to Bernard of Abbeville land in Thiron-Gardais, where Bernard established the monastery that would become the Abbey of the Holy Trinity of Tiron.

During his episcopacy Ivo wrote the majority of his extant works, for which he later became famous and considered among the greatest scholars of the mediaeval era.

Works
Ivo was a prolific writer but is most known for his canonical works: the Decretum of seventeen books; the Tripartita, of very substantial material, divided in three parts, and attributed to him; and the Panormia of eight books attributed to him. All three are primarily works of canon law. The Prologue to the Decretum deals with the interpretation of canon law, and specifically argues that caritas was the solution for sin, and not harsh punishment without contrition. "He was called to teach. His lesson was love. It was all that mattered.".

Ivo is also famous for his 288 letters of correspondence. These letters often dealt with liturgical, canonical, and dogmatic questions and, much like his major works, are from the perspective of caritas. Several of his extant sermons, totaling 25, treat of the same topics as his other writings and letters.

It has also been suggested that his doctrines influenced the final agreement of the Concordat of Worms in 1122.

Subsequent influence and veneration
Ivo's writings had considerable influence in the twelfth century and beyond. Many of his letters and sermons circulated already in his lifetime, and were copied widely especially in the mid-twelfth century. The same is true for the canonical collections attributed to him; they were copied frequently and used in the making of other collections. For example, Gratian’s Concordia Discordantium Canonum (commonly denominated Decretum Gratiani) draws on both the Tripartita and the Panormia. Alger of Liège was strongly influenced by Ivo's Prologus and quoted from his Decretum. Peter Abelard in his Sic et Non used the Prologue, too, and apparently quoted both from Ivo's Decretum and from the Panormia.

Although it is not known when he was canonized, 23 December is his present liturgical memorial. Before 1570 it was observed on 20 May.

The parish of Maintenon is under his patronage as the Paroisse de Saint-Yves des Trois Vallées.

Literature

 * Barker, Lynn K. "MS Bodl. Canon. Pat. Lat. 131 and a Lost Lactantius of John of Salisbury: Evidence in Search of a French Critic of Thomas Becket." Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies, Vol. 22, No. 1 (Spring, 1990), pp. 26
 * Izbicki, Thomas M. "Review of Prefaces to Canon Law Books in Latin Christianity: Selected Translations, 500–1247. by Robert Somerville ; Bruce Brasington." The Sixteenth Century Journal, Vol. 30, No. 1 (Spring, 1999), pp. 314.
 * Livingstone, Amy. "Kith and Kin: Kinship and Family Structure of the Nobility of Eleventh- and Twelfth Century Blois-Chartres." French Historical Studies, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Summer, 1997), pp. 435, 452.
 * Rolker, Christof. "The earliest work of Ivo of Chartres: The case of Ivo's Eucharist florilegium and the canon law collections attributed to him." Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte, kanonistische Abteilung 124 (2007), pp. 109–127.
 * Wormald, Patrick. The Making of the English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century. [city unknown]: Blackwell Publishing, 1999. pp. 471.
 * Rolker, Christof. "The earliest work of Ivo of Chartres: The case of Ivo's Eucharist florilegium and the canon law collections attributed to him." Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte, kanonistische Abteilung 124 (2007), pp. 109–127.
 * Wormald, Patrick. The Making of the English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century. [city unknown]: Blackwell Publishing, 1999. pp. 471.
 * Rolker, Christof. "The earliest work of Ivo of Chartres: The case of Ivo's Eucharist florilegium and the canon law collections attributed to him." Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte, kanonistische Abteilung 124 (2007), pp. 109–127.
 * Wormald, Patrick. The Making of the English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century. [city unknown]: Blackwell Publishing, 1999. pp. 471.
 * Wormald, Patrick. The Making of the English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century. [city unknown]: Blackwell Publishing, 1999. pp. 471.
 * Wormald, Patrick. The Making of the English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century. [city unknown]: Blackwell Publishing, 1999. pp. 471.
 * Wormald, Patrick. The Making of the English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century. [city unknown]: Blackwell Publishing, 1999. pp. 471.

title: Ivo of Chartres


text:
User talk:Faught

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

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If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

snoyes 18:47, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Surely you know by now
that "he told me so himself" is not considered to be adequate sourcing for anything here, though I am happy with assuming good faith in this case. The fact is (another phrase for in my opinion) people lie all the time, both to editors and editors to wikipedia. Einar aka Carptrash (talk) 06:06, 27 July 2016 (UTC)

 * Right, that's why I looked for sources. But note that the other entries in that section don't have citations at all. Faught (talk) 06:36, 27 July 2016 (UTC)
 * We can't control other edits, just our own. Carptrash (talk) 06:43, 27 July 2016 (UTC)
 * PS, are you an alum of that school? I am looking for some info about it, which is why it was on my watch list. Carptrash (talk) 06:45, 27 July 2016 (UTC)
 * No, I'm not. I can get in touch with Jerry if there's something he could help with. I wrote about it briefly here - https://swalchemist.wordpress.com/2016/07/24/jerrys-story-an-aspiring-auto-mechanic-changes-course/ and I have a few relevant comments that aren't published yet.

 * I assume that this discussion regards the addition of Gerald Weinberg to the notable-alumni section of Omaha Central High School (diff). I'm afraid that I have to agree with Carptrash: "He told me so" is original research, which is strictly verboten.
 * I haven't checked the 1950 yearbook, which was cited in support of this assertion: without a page number, I'd have had to go through the whole thing. I suspect, however, that it only proves that someone named Gerald Weinberg or Jerry Weinberg attended Central.  Unfortunately, the name isn't so unique that we can assume he was the notable Weinberg.  We need a reliable source that definitively states that the author of Psychology of Computer Programming is a Central alumnus.  I've done Google searches like (weinberg "psychology of computer programming" "high school") and (weinberg "psychology of computer programming" "omaha central"), but haven't been able to find any such source.
 * I note that on Weinberg's page at Dorset House, we're given "[B]orn and raised in Chicago", with no mention of Omaha. Given that, I think that we have to remove him from the Central list, unless and until we find a reliable source to support his inclusion.  If we can come up with one, I'd suggest that the fact and the citation be incorporated into the Weinberg article. — Ammodramus (talk) 15:36, 27 July 2016 (UTC)
 * You can disregard the "he told me so" comment. I'm curious - are you going to delete everyone else off the list that don't have a citation? I'm still trying to get the gist of what's allowed, and compared to what was already on the page, I thought I was doing more than what was required. Faught (talk) 15:52, 27 July 2016 (UTC)

 * Going through and checking up on all the entries on the notable-people lists for all the towns and schools on my watchlist would be a fairly Augean task, and one that I'm not ready to undertake. My approach is: use the watchlist to check up on new edits, and remove old problem edits as I happen onto them.  If you wanted to go through the list for Central and remove the inadequately sourced entries, I'd certainly not object.
 * I don't think it's necessary to include a citation for each entry in the notable-alumni list, as long as it links to a WP article in which the individual's connection to the school is adequately sourced. For example, there's no citation for Edward Zorinsky's inclusion in the list; but the Zorinsky article calls him a 1945 Central grad, and provides a citation.  (This is my own interpretation of the spirit of the rules, not strict Wikipolicy: if another editor wanted to insist that all entries be supported by citations, I don't think I could make a strong argument against their position.)
 * I don't think Jerry would want to put his high school in his bio. If I can manage to get the biography I'm writing published, that should suffice. I'm going to crawl back into my hole now.
 * If you've got Weinberg's ear, could you suggest that he include his time at Central in his Dorset House bio or on his own website? That would give us a good source for the fact. — Ammodramus (talk) 16:24, 27 July 2016 (UTC)

I also only get into these sorts of lists if something strikes me as odd. I would not suggest removing anything from the list but keep plugging away at getting better citations. Carptrash (talk) 17:43, 27 July 2016 (UTC)
 * Ok, I found a published book written by Weinberg that mentions the affiliation with this high school. So it's not independent verification, but it is a published reference. Is that sufficient?
 * I'd say that someone's own book or website is a reliable source for non-controversial information like their high school. Again, could I suggest that you add the fact to the Weinberg article?  And, if you're citing a book, please give the page number(s), so that other editors can more easily check the information. — Ammodramus (talk) 19:16, 10 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Okay, I added it to the Weinberg page. Faught (talk) 00:14, 12 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Cool—and thanks for the page number on the citation. Just a couple of suggestions: Wikilink Omaha Central, and include a brief explanatory "in Omaha, Nebraska", so that readers will know that he didn't attend a school called Omaha Central in the Chicago area.  If he graduated from Central and the information's available, you might want to include the year.  (I can't do this with a clean conscience myself, since I don't have access to Weinberg on Writing; and one of my pet peeves on Wikipedia is the editor who slips some new facts in under a citation, even if the source cited doesn't support them.) — Ammodramus (talk) 21:55, 13 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Ok. He told me that he graduated and when, but I didn't include that information because he didn't say this in the book. By the way, you can find the relevant text by searching Google Books. Faught (talk) 22:06, 13 August 2016 (UTC)

Nomination of Brian Marick for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Brian Marick is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Brian Marick until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Closeapple (talk) 02:25, 25 November 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Faught


text: Talk:Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills