text:
Tadeusz Reichstein

Tadeusz Reichstein (20 July 1897 – 1 August 1996), also known as Tadeus Reichstein, was a Polish-Swiss chemist and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine laureate (1950), which was awarded for his work on the isolation of cortisone.

Early life
Reichstein was born into a Polish-Jewish family at Włocławek, Russian Empire. His parents were Gastawa (Brockmann) and Izydor Reichstein. He spent his early childhood at Kiev, where his father was an engineer. Due to the violent pogroms occurring all over the Russian Empire in 1905, his father began to explore emigration options for the family. Tadeus began his education at boarding-school in Jena, Germany and arrived in Zürich, Switzerland two years later (1907) at the age of 10.

Career
Reichstein studied under Hermann Staudinger during the latter's brief stint at the Technical University of Karlsruhe. It was here that he met Leopold Ruzicka, also a doctoral student.

In 1933, working in Zürich, Switzerland, at the ETHZ chemical laboratories of Ruzicka, Reichstein succeeded, independently of Sir Norman Haworth and his collaborators in the United Kingdom, in synthesizing vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in what is now called the Reichstein process. In 1937, he was appointed Associate Professor at ETHZ.

In 1937, Reichstein moved to the University of Basel where he became Professor of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and then, from 1946 until his retirement in 1967, of Organic Chemistry.

Together with Edward Calvin Kendall and Philip Showalter Hench, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1950 for their work on hormones of the adrenal cortex which culminated in the isolation of cortisone. In 1951, he and Kendall were jointly awarded the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh.

In later years, Reichstein became interested in the phytochemistry and cytology of ferns, publishing at least 80 papers on these subjects in the last three decades of his life. He had a particular interest in the use of chromosome number and behavior in the interpretation of histories of hybridization and polyploidy, but also continued his earlier interest in the chemical constituents of the plants.

Retirement and death
Reichstein died at the age of 99 in Basel, Switzerland. The principal industrial process for the artificial synthesis of vitamin C still bears his name. Reichstein was the longest-lived Nobel laureate at the time of his death, but was surpassed in 2008 by Rita Levi-Montalcini.

title: Tadeusz Reichstein


text: Talk:Monasticism

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Monasticism


text:
Talk:Imidacloprid effects on bees

Question
It would be helpful if there was an study or mention of the level present in honey. If nectar contains 1.5ppb then when concentrated into honey what is the level. The second question becomes what level of pesticide would consumers prefer to be ingesting.Wfarler 18:25, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Good question! I wish I knew. Please see also http://civileats.com/2010/10/15/sorry-new-york-times-the-bee-die-off-case-is-not-closed Ginger Conspiracy (talk) 03:52, 17 October 2010 (UTC)

FYI The EPA says that 3000 PPB is their standard for residue on strawberries. 1770 PPB for water. 1 PPB is so small you cannot even come close to imagining it.Treeguyenvironmentalist (talk) 15:37, 10 March 2012 (UTC)

Bayer-kills-bees.com
http://www.bayer-kills-bees.com/ is an advocacy site which I am planning to add to the external links anyway because it gets updated frequently with some news items that probably need to be in the 2011 section. 99.39.5.103 (talk) 00:06, 24 April 2011 (UTC)

Editing Document
I am having problems with a certain editor who is reverting this document without discussing on the talk page. I am willing to defend my statements and references on a point by point basis if there is any question about what I wrote. Currently, there is no consensus in the scientific community that viruses or parasitic flies are the cause of CCD. Furthermore, I have questions about whether this is relevant to a discussion of imidacloprid and bees, the topic of the page. JSimpson55 (talk) 16:55, 22 February 2012 (UTC)

I will get my sources listed,. This material is not to blame for the collapse of man made bee hives. Check the research. There is certainly no consensus that neonicatonoids are the cause either as you insinuate. What is your expertise in this material and situation?

So let's discuss and see if we can agree. But if you are going to make imidacloprid into the cause then we will need to get someone to referee this. it is clearly not the cause. I will get you a list of citations this weekend and document all my info.

If you would like to do the same I will read them. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 166.147.104.152 (talk) 22:33, 22 February 2012 (UTC)

The same highly exaggerated and inflammatory description is here. Let's get this page balanced like the imidacloprid page. Kept in mode of action. Took out description as a neurotoxin. Simpson. I ask who you are and what is your agenda? Tcprosser (talk) 10:33, 10 March 2012 (UTC)

This is about bees. Not half truths about water that is designed to make this look bad. This should keep on topic and if made about water. Then also put in that Canada and the EPA both say it is safe if used properly. It does not bioaccuumulate so the half sentence that lists a partial description is not true. This article should be marked NOT NEUTRALTcprosser (talk) 10:41, 10 March 2012 (UTC)

Added very relevant information about treating ash trees with this highly effective and important tool and how this use does not expose bees. If you have an issue with this please explain here before changingTcprosser (talk) 11:02, 10 March 2012 (UTC)

Binkerstein - You have an agenda and and are not legitimate when you put random sentences in from a journal that are misleading. Also - All sides of the story need to be told. I am not going away. You will not destroy the reputation of this product with your misleading half truthsTreeguyenvironmentalist (talk) 15:45, 10 March 2012 (UTC)

Also - I too care about this and bees. Who are you Birkenstein? If you are a concerned homeowner as you said before - then you are not qualified to create a balanced rational pageTreeguyenvironmentalist (talk) 15:48, 10 March 2012 (UTC) Bythe way this is tcprosser i changed my signatureTreeguyenvironmentalist (talk) 15:48, 10 March 2012 (UTC)

 * You do not have any right to grill me about who I am. You also do not have the right to use text copied straight from a study; that is a copyright violation. Finally, the text you chose from the Hahn et al study was cherry-picked for its positive character. Hahn is very clear that imidacloprid is fatal to bees. Binksternet (talk) 15:53, 10 March 2012 (UTC)

I personally know him and while we are all clear about bees dying. It's notcausedby treating ash trees. This page is about bees and imidacloprid not water. Dont take out my factual quotes. I included ALL the text aboutbeesin that document. You are clearly wrong here. I am putting this page in dispute. Your one sidedness will be exposed. Your agenda is misguided or dishonest.Treeguyenvironmentalist (talk) 17:25, 10 March 2012 (UTC)

Tcpro; Tcprosser; TcTreeguyenvironmentlist: one who is so adamant in demanding to know the identity/occupation/qualification of another, ought to lead by example by first revealing their own identity/occupation/qualifications and conflicts of interest. 70.171.44.124 (talk) 10:35, 9 October 2013 (UTC)BGriffin
 * He has--he works with this product and is concerned that customers may read this article and become alarmed about the environmental effects. Gandydancer (talk) 13:42, 9 October 2013 (UTC)

Mode of action on insect nervous system
Added a more accurate and scientifically descriptive depiction on how this material kills the insect and its selectivity to insects. Calling it a neurotoxin is not scientifically accurate as it is too broad a statement.Tcpro52 (talk) 15:08, 17 March 2012 (UTC)

This article has been taken over by people who refuse to look at the complexity of the world and thus ignore facts. Facts that could actually lead them to their cause in solving this issue. You must account for the fact that Imidacloprid was used widely in this country for 10 years before Colony Collapse Disorder became an issue. Despite banning it in France - It is STILL A PROBLEM!! By chasing the wrong and incorrect cause, you demonize something that is actually very highly beneficial for our society. If you spray any insecticide on some bees even in small amounts they will likely be affected. if its on the foliage or on the flower because it is sprayed, they will also get some. The one factor that is present in more than 97% of all cases that have been investigated has the occurrence of the Varroa mite. That should be the focus of attention and resources. Stop spraying the hives with floramite or other mitacides. Tcpro52 (talk) 03:29, 10 April 2012 (UTC)

 * In Germany public and scientific opinion is since 2010, that the Varroa mite is main cause of CCD, see The German bee monitoring project: a long term study to understand periodically high winter losses of honey bee colonies and German article. --Cvf-ps (talk) 18:12, 12 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Tcprosser, please provide a citation for the statement that CCD is continuing in France. –  mono lemma  t  – 06:09, 19 April 2012 (UTC)

Long section on neonicotinoid page
I'm working on adding detailed explanations of neonicotinoid mode of action (molecular basis of effectiveness on insects, as well as molecular basis of noneffectiveness on mammals) to Neonicotinoid. It's a biologically subtle selectivity, and some secondary/tertiary sources on the matter are incorrect.

There's a very long section on that page about Imidacloprid effects on bees. I'd appreciate it if an editor of this page could try to integrate any information that's in Neonicotinoid but not in Imidacloprid effects on bees into this page, as well as reducing that section in Neonicotinoid to 1-2 paragraphs. TIA!

– mono lemma   t  – 19:32, 12 April 2012 (UTC)

Seed treatment ?
"In 1999, the French Minister of Agriculture suspended the use of imidacloprid on sunflower seeds and appointed a team of expert scientists to examine the impact of imidacloprid on bees. In 2003, the panel of expert scientists called the Comite Scientific et Technique issued a 108-page report, which concluded that imidacloprid poses a significant risk to bees.[7] In 2004, the French Minister of Agriculture suspended the use of imidacloprid as a seed treatment for maize (corn)."

Is imidacloprid a "seed treatment" ? Imidacloprid needs to be applied to growing plants, so that it is distributed by the plants' internal fluid flows to all parts of the plant,  where it poisons insects that eat the plant, or suck the plants' fluids. A seed treatment usually is to prevent the seed being eaten while it is still a seed, or to inhibit fungal attack on the germinating seed. I don't think imidacloprid would work as a seed treatment.Eregli bob (talk) 08:08, 15 April 2012 (UTC)

 * It's definitely used as a seed treatment. Mode of action studies I've read indicate that imidacloprid enters the seedling as the seed coat breaks down and remain in the upper plant tissue for long enough to be effective. I don't recall offhand exactly where I read this, but if you want a ref, let me know and I'll try to find it. –  mono lemma  t  – 05:16, 19 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Here's a 2012 study in PLoS One about clothianidin coated maize: link. The authors state that "virtually all" of the corn planted in the United States is coated with a neonicotinoid. They specifically mention that one benefit of neonicotinoids is that they are translocated by plants. This 2011 study (abstract) states that neonicotinoids are found in high concentration in guttation fluid of plants grown from coated seed. –  mono lemma  t  – 06:06, 19 April 2012 (UTC)

Neurotoxic
For NPOV, I am removing the statement that Imidacloprid is a "Neurotoxin". It's acute oral LD50 puts it in a "moderately toxic" range. The wikilink included for Neurotoxin leads to a page dealing with mammalian neural systems only. The word is being used outside of a standard toxicological definition.83.70.170.48 (talk) 13:34, 21 December 2012 (UTC)
 * I replaced the word with sourcing that seems acceptable.Gandydancer (talk) 13:51, 21 December 2012 (UTC)

Balance
Where did the balance go from this article? Has anyone with half a clue given up fighting the wave of anti-insecticide publicity? Lithopsian (talk) 10:58, 15 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia does not "fight the wave", it rides the wave. We describe the newsworthy press and the scholarly studies. Binksternet (talk) 12:11, 15 May 2013 (UTC)

 * What do you mean by balance? The title of the article is "Imidacloprid effects on bees", not "Does imidacloprid have an effect on bees?" PaleCloudedWhite (talk) 21:44, 15 May 2013 (UTC)

Merger proposal
This is not a good Wikipedia article. It is out of date, with little information after 2012. It does not represent a balanced point of view. Most importantly, its content overlaps substantially with other Wikipedia pages including Imidacloprid, Colony collapse disorder, Pesticide toxicity to bees, and Neonicotinoids. I propose that the existing content is merged into Pesticide toxicity to bees. Hanjaf1 (talk) 06:32, 22 July 2021 (UTC)
 * In the absence of voices to the contrary, I have edited some relevant content to Pesticide toxicity to bees and replaced the page with a redirect. Hanjaf1 (talk) 21:17, 20 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Imidacloprid effects on bees


text:
Volga-Dnepr Airlines

Volga-Dnepr Airlines, LLC (ООО «Авиакомпания «Волга-Днепр») is an airline based in Ulyanovsk, Russia. It specializes in providing air charter services through all-cargo aircraft certified for global operations. Volga-Dnepr Airlines serves governmental and commercial organizations in the petrochemical, energy, aerospace, agriculture, and telecommunications industries well as humanitarian and emergency service organizations with its services through its 17 aircraft fleet. Its main base is Ulyanovsk Vostochny Airport (ULY), Ulyanovsk and it has a hub at Krasnoyarsk Yemelyanovo Airport (KJA), Krasnoyarsk. The airline also operates an operations base in Houston, Texas, USA at George Bush Intercontinental Airport.

Formation through 2000
In August 1990, the airline was created as a joint stock company by its major shareholders: aircraft manufacturer Aviastar, aircraft manufacturer Aviant (now known as Antonov Serial Production Plant), aircraft design bureau Antonov Aeronautical Scientific-Technical Complex (now known as Antonov State Company), and aircraft engine manufacturer Progress Design Bureau (now known as Motor Sich). It started operations in October 1991, when it carried 120-ton cargo from Amsterdam to Almaty.

In April 1995, the airline hosted a meeting of companies involved in the design, manufacturing, and operation of the An-124, creating a Joint Coordination Council to plan and implement improvements for that aircraft model.

In November 1996, Volga-Dnepr began scheduled passenger service between Ulyanovsk and Moscow, using Yakovlev Yak-40 aircraft. In the following year, Volga-Dnepr expanded its scheduled passenger service to include St. Petersburg and Sochi, as well.

Aviastar sold its 34% holding in the airline to Russian insurance firm NIK in 1999.

In April 2000, the privately owned Russian defense industry investor Kaskol Group acquired a 16% stake in the airline, of which the majority was from the Ukrainian state property fund. Kaskol later raised its stake to 49% of the airline. At the end of 2005, Kaskol sold its stake in the airline, due to its discontent with the company's management's strategy.

2001 to present
The airline terminated its joint venture with HeavyLift on 1 February 2001, with the stated reason to enable the airline to attract the investment that it needed to expand its fleet. The airline also set up marketing subsidiaries in London, UK and Houston, Texas.

Shortly afterward, HeavyLift joined its UK competitor, Air Foyle, which was the worldwide sales agent of Volga-Dnepr Airlines' Ukrainian competitor, Antonov Airlines, to form a new joint venture, Air Foyle HeavyLift.

In 2001, the Volga-Dnepr Group was formed, with Volga-Dnepr Airlines being its first company and the key element of its chartered cargo subgroup. In 2004, the Group created AirBridgeCargo to be the key element in the Group's scheduled cargo services subgroup.

In 2002, the airline suspended funding of an An-124-100M being produced by Aviastar due to a dispute between Aviastar and local politicians in Ulyanovsk in which the local government seized the aircraft. According to Volga-Dnepr, the founder of Aviastar refused to bribe local politicians and businessmen to secure their cooperation. Volga-Dnepr threatened to move its headquarters from Ulyanovsk at the time, saying that the airline was well known for having "a clear accounting system and good business reputation", and that it would move "from Ulyanovsk in order to preserve these qualities". The dispute was resolved and the airline resumed funding production of the aircraft.

The airline began flying chartered missions for the US Air Force Air Mobility Command in 2003, eventually ferrying thousands of tons of vital military equipment to U.S. operating forces in Iraq and Afghanistan. In 2005, the airline established a subsidiary in Houston, Texas that committed to making An-124 aircraft available to Air Mobility Command in the event of a national emergency, qualifying Volga-Dnepr to bid for cargo charters from Air Mobility Command and other US government agencies.

In 2005, the airline and its Ukrainian competitor, Antonov Airlines, formed a partnership, Ruslan SALIS, which signed a three-year contract with NATO to provide strategic airlift services to the alliance's Strategic Airlift Interim Solution (SALIS). The contract was renewable through 2012 and required Ruslan to maintain two An-124 aircraft in a ready state in Leipzig, Germany, with an additional four An-124 aircraft available if needed.

Antonov Airlines terminated its joint venture with Air Foyle HeavyLift on June 30th, 2006, to pursue a joint marketing venture with its competitor, Volga-Dnepr Airlines. This venture was named Ruslan International, and it aimed to build on the success of their previous Ruslan Salis collaboration.

In 2007, Volga-Dnepr and its Irish subsidiary were debarred from U.N. contracting after it surfaced during the trial of Vladimir Kuznetsov, formerly the highest-ranking Russian diplomat at the United Nations, that bribes were paid to Alexander Yakovlev, a U.N. procurement official, and laundered by Kuznetsov. Kuznetsov was found guilty and Yakovlev pled guilty, and testified against Kuznetsov, for crimes of fraud and money-laundering related to the bribes. Both were imprisoned as a result. Yakovlev claimed to provide consulting services and billed in excess of US$700,000 to Volga-Dnepr in order to help them win tenders. The Office of Internal Oversight Services Procurement Task Force found that, between March 2000 and November 2004, Yakovlev received funds exceeding US$1.8 million into an off-shore bank account from Volga-Dnepr and ICT, a company working on contract procurement for Volga-Dnepr at the time. The report found that the actual sum received could be even higher, as the sources for substantial other sources of funds could not be identified. In a response letter to the report, Volga-Dnepr admits to making payments to Yakovlev, but insists Yakovlev was a paid consultant, and the company was unaware of involvement or influence over the bidding process. In the same period, The UN contracted over US$134 million to Volga-Dnepr. The World Bank has listed Yakovlev and Kuznetsov as corruption case asset recovery targets for the Stolen Asset Recovery Initaitive. As of 2019, following years of sustained effort to institute extensive measures (e.g., external annual audits and a strong Code of Ethics) to address and ensure proper employee conduct in procurement matters. Volga Dnepr was awaiting UN action on its request for reinstatement as a UN vendor.

In December 2012, Ruslan Salis' NATO contract was extended through the end of 2014, having previously been extended in 2008 and 2010. Prior to the annexation of Crimea, it appeared likely that the contract would be extended for yet another two-year term.

In early 2015, without notice to the company or affording the company an opportunity to be heard, US TRANSCOM removed privately owned Volga Dnepr from its approved airlift vendor list together with several government-owned Russian flag air carriers. Despite a FOIA action which it eventually abandoned, Volga-Dnepr never received a United States Department of Defense explanation for its removal from the TRANSCOM vendor list. From the redacted reports obtained by journalists, however, it was heavily implied, but never proven, that Volga-Dnepr was blacklisted by the US military for delivering Russian-built fighter aircraft on behalf of Rosoboronexport to Vietnam in December 2014. Notably, during that same year, the U.S. Army took delivery from Rosoboronexport of the last lot of Russian-built Mi-17 helicopters (45 in all) which it had purchased for transfer to Afghanistan, and U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry lifted U.S. sanctions against Vietnam.

In August 2015, Volga-Dnepr paid $11,250 for a speaker's fee for Michael T. Flynn's appearance at a Washington, D.C. event on economic security in the Middle East it co-hosted with another American company. Danny Yatom, former director of the Israeli Mossad, was also a distinguished guest at that event. The event was held nearly 6 months after Volga-Dnepr was removed from the TRANSCOM vendor list. Because of Volga-Dnepr's crucial airlift role in the U.S. war effort in Iraq and Afghanistan, the company had become acquainted with a wide variety of senior U.S. military and diplomatic officials, active and retired. Indeed, a serving U.S. Air Force general officer who later served as Air Force Chief of Staff actually took the controls and piloted a Volga-Dnepr An-124-100 in flight during a mission to Scott Air Force Base. Michael Flynn's appointment as national security adviser came long after Volga-Dnepr's removal from the TRANSCOM airlift list and long after Flynn's retirement. As the company later explained: "At that time General Flynn was a retired military officer, not a member of President Trump's election team, and his nomination as National Security Adviser more than a year after the conference was not a factor in his being invited as a speaker".

In July 2021, Volga-Dnepr stated that it is preparing to place its first bond issue worth up to US$96.4 million to refinance its existing debt.

Notable missions
According to Moscow Defense Brief, the company has transported excavators and yachts, missile launchers, airplanes, helicopters, elephants, whales, mini-factories and power plants, Beaujolais Nouveau wine, and unique museum collections over the past 18 years. Deliveries of equipment for the heavy machine building, oil and gas, and aerospace sectors are most in demand. In 2008, Volga-Dnepr transported Kibo, the Japanese Experiment Module for the International Space Station (ISS), from Japan to the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. It is the largest single ISS module.

In 2008, ExxonMobil PNG Limited asked Volga-Dnepr to assist in building a gas conditioning plant as part of the PNG LNG Project in Papua New Guinea, which is estimated to deliver nine trillion cubic feet of gas over a 30-year period. Due to the mountainous nature of the terrain and 350 inches of rainfall a year, this task was extremely difficult to accomplish using conventional means. Exxon considered an "air bridge" option to transport very heavy and delicate equipment that simply could not come to the site via the road. Volga-Dnepr specialists helped to design a new airfield in Komo to handle An-124-100 flights by providing advice on the airport's optimal location and the technical characteristics of its runway, which is 3200 m in length and 45 m wide. In 2012, Volga-Dnepr won the tender to deliver equipment for the PNG LNG Project's Hides Gas Conditioning Plant to the Komo site, and in 2013 the company operated 88 cargo flights carrying over 6,000 tons of equipment and materials in the space of 103 days.

On 18 May 2020, a wrapped up for shipment, the first stage of the Atlas V rocket that will launch NASA's Perseverance rover arrived at Cape Canaveral aboard a Ukrainian-built Antonov An-124 cargo plane.

In July, 2020, Volga-Dnepr Airlines partnered with freight forwarder Geodis to complete 48 An-124 flights delivering medical supplies to France.

On February 18, 2022, Arianespace released a video on YouTube about OneWeb-18's behind the scenes, where it showed that Volga-Dnepr's An-124 always deliver OneWeb satellites to Kourou, French Guiana.

Military missions
The airline began flying chartered missions for the US Air Force Air Mobility Command in 2003 and opened a US-based subsidiary in Houston, Texas in 2005, further committing resources to Air Mobility Command in the event of a national emergency. Through its Ruslan Salis joint venture with its Ukrainian competitor, Antonov Airlines, the airline provided strategic airlift services to NATO's Strategic Airlift Interim Solution (SALIS) since 2005.

Former passenger operations
Volga-Dnepr formerly operated a small passenger service connecting Moscow with various destinations (Ulyanovsk-Moscow Vnukovo Airport flights in 1996 ) which were all domestic destinations along the Volga river. Service was offered using the airline's small fleet of Yakovlev Yak-40's to Nizhniy Novgorod, Penza and Ulyanovsk.

Sanctions
In the spring of 2023, the Canadian government imposed sanctions against Volga-Dnepr, accusing the company of participating in Russian invasion of Ukraine and servicing the Russian PMC Wagner. An An-124-100-150 aircraft belonging to the company (tail number RA-82078) was seized at Toronto Airport. The authorities plan to confiscate the plane and transfer it to Ukraine. In November 2023, Volga-Dnepr sued the Canadian government. The company claims that the decision was made in error and that the accusations are groundless.

Current fleet
The Volga-Dnepr Airlines fleet includes the following aircraft (as of January 2018):

Fleet development
The airline's first upgraded Ilyushin Il-76TD-90VD, fitted with Stage IV compliant PS90 engines, was delivered in June 2006 and has been heavily used on cargo charter flights to Europe, North America, Australia, and Japan, from where the freighter had previously been banned due to changes in environmental and noise legislation.

In July 2018, the airline ordered an additional 5 Boeing 747-8F aircraft and issued a letter of intent for 29 Boeing 777 Freighter aircraft. Those aircraft eventually went to AirBridge Cargo, another airline owned by the Volga-Dnepr Group. In July 2021, it was announced that Volga-Dnepr might become the possible launch customer of the Irkut MC-21-200 freighter version, if produced.

Accidents and Incidents

 * On 24 July 1992, a Volga-Dnepr Antonov 12BK flight was damaged beyond repair after straying off course while trying to circumnavigate a thunderstorm, 26 km SE of Skopje Airport, Macedonia The airplane impacted a mountain near Lisec village; there were eight fatalities.
 * On 31 March 2007, an Antonov An-124 Ruslan operated by Volga-Dnepr Airlines inbound from Greer, South Carolina, landed on runway 03/21 at Gander International Airport but failed to stop and ran off the runway.
 * On 13 August 2012, a Volga Dnepr Ilyushin Il-76 overran the runway on landing in St. John's, Newfoundland. The occurrence aircraft landed with a tail wind that far exceeded the aircraft manufacturer limitations.
 * On 26 February 2013, a Volga-Dnepr Antonov An-124 cargo plane arrived at Kazan International Airport (KZN) following a flight from Ulyanovsk (ULY). While taxiing to its stand, the left wing tip of the An-124 struck the top of the fuselage of a parked Yakovlev 42 belonging to Tulpar Air.
 * In November 2019, an Antonov An-124 made a hard landing while delivering a General Electric GE9X engine for the Boeing 777X program from GE Aviation to Boeing, damaging the delivered engine in the process.
 * On 13 November 2020, An-124-100 RA-82042 operating Volga-Dnepr Airlines Flight 4066 suffered damage from a runway excursion at Novosibirsk Airport on an emergency landing after the No. 2 engine suffered an uncontained failure. On 25 November, the airline grounded its entire fleet of An-124 aircraft, but one An-124 returned to service on 29 December.

title: Volga-Dnepr Airlines


text:
Odalisque

An odalisque (اوطه‌لق, odalık) was a chambermaid or a female attendant in a Turkish seraglio, particularly the court ladies in the household of the Ottoman sultan. In western European usage, the term came to mean the harem concubine, and refers to the eroticized artistic genre in which a woman is represented mostly or completely nude in a reclining position, often in the setting of a harem. It was part of a fascination with Orientalism, particularly in Great Britain and France.

Etymology
The word "odalisque" is French in form and originates from the Turkish odalık, meaning "chambermaid", from oda, "chamber" or "room". It can also be transliterated odahlic, odalisk, and odaliq.

Joan DelPlato has described the term's shift in meaning from Turkish to English and French:

The English and French term odalisque (rarely odalique) derives from the Turkish 'oda', meaning "chamber"; thus an odalisque originally meant a chamber girl or attendant. In western usage, the term has come to refer specifically to the harem concubine. By the eighteenth century the term odalisque referred to the eroticized artistic genre in which a nominally eastern woman lies on her side on display for the spectator.

Origin as the Turkish odalık
An odalik was a maid who tended to the harem, but she could eventually become a concubine. She was ranked at the bottom of the social stratification of a harem, serving not the man of the household, but rather his concubines and wives as their personal chambermaid. Odalıklar were usually slaves given as gifts to the sultan by wealthy Turkish men. Generally, an odalık was never seen by the sultan, but instead remained under the direct supervision of his mother, the Valide sultan.

If an odalık was of extraordinary beauty or had exceptional talents in dancing or singing, she would be trained as a possible concubine. If selected, an odalık trained as a court lady would serve the sultan sexually. Only after such sexual contact would she change in status, becoming thenceforth one of the consorts of the sultan.

Later Western usage of the term
W. S. Gilbert refers to the "Grace of an odalisque on a divan" in Colonel Calverley's song "If You Want a Receipt for That Popular Mystery" from the Gilbert and Sullivan opera Patience.

The word odalisque may also refer to a mistress, concubine or paramour of a wealthy man.

During the 19th century, odalisques became common figures in the artistic movement known as Orientalism, being featured in many erotic paintings from that era.

By the later 19th century, Turkish writers such as Melek Hanum used the word odalisque to refer to slave-concubines when writing in English: If any lady possesses a pretty-looking slave, the fact soon gets known. The gentlemen who wish to buy an odalisque or a wife, make their offers. Many Turks, indeed, prefer to take a slave as a wife, as, in such case, there is no need to dread fathers, mothers, or brothers-in-law, and other undesirable relations.

In 2011, the Law Society of British Columbia brought a disciplinary hearing against an unnamed lawyer for referring to another lawyer's client as living with an odalisque. The Law Society found that the word's use, though an extremely poor choice, did not rise to the level of professional misconduct: "[28] … A lawyer, more than anyone, should be aware of the importance of using words carefully, alive to their nuances. Whether his failure to do so is the product of naïveté, as suggested by his counsel, stupidity or lack of care, it is at least unintelligent and certainly inexcusable."

title: Odalisque


text:
Talk:Odalisque

Untitled
Note: Part of this article is taken from the public domain 1913 edition of Webster's Dictionary. -- Karada 16:09, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Concubine or not?
An odalisque was a female slave or concubine in the Ottoman Seraglio […] An odalisque was not a concubine of the harem Ian Spackman 09:12, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

Images
Currently there are two images, both depicting the European orientalist erotic fantasy version of the odalisque. This seems out of balance considering how controversial and discredited this form of bourgeois pornography has become, gorgeous though the paintings are. Surely a single image of such a painting would be more appropriate, ideally set against another image representing a very different point of view. Ireneshusband 18:51, 24 September 2006 (UTC)
 * The pictures don't seem to show 'court ladies' servicing higher ranking women. Jonpatterns (talk) 12:41, 6 December 2018 (UTC)

Law Society of British Columbia paragraph
The final paragraph of the article contributes very little to the subject. But it, and its cited source, are so funny that I hope it is retained. Maproom (talk) 21:53, 6 August 2013 (UTC)

Definition
The quote from Joan DelPlato is used twice. First it is taken almost verbatim in the initial definition, then given again a few lines later as an illustration of the shift in meaning. It seems OK in the second usage, but is not correct and precise enough for a definition: the nudity of the subject is missing from the definition, the subject is not always on her side (counter-examples in the illustrations) and is not necessarily meant to be Eastern. I changed the definition accordingly.

Alestane (talk) 03:11, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Odalisque


text:
User talk:Florence tong

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

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snoyes 16:09, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Florence tong


text:
User talk:Joge

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

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snoyes 16:10, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Joge


text:
User talk:Tom perrett

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

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snoyes 16:13, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Your picture
Thanks for uploading Image:Sjg.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) Thanks so much,    – Quadell (talk) (help)   01:46, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)

File source problem with File:FurleyAmbWagon1880's.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:FurleyAmbWagon1880's.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, please add a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a brief restatement of that website's terms of use of its content. However, if the copyright holder is a party unaffiliated from the website's publisher, that copyright should also be acknowledged.

If you have uploaded other files, consider verifying that you have specified sources for those files as well. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged per Wikipedia's criteria for speedy deletion, F4. If the image is copyrighted and non-free, the image will be deleted 48 hours after 05:46, 30 March 2010 (UTC) per speedy deletion criterion F7. If you have any questions or are in need of assistance please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.  F ASTILYsock (T ALK ) 05:46, 30 March 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Tom perrett


text:
Talk:Cohen the Barbarian

zany nonense based on Conan the Barbarian

 * Actually, it's Pterry originated stuff. I've redirected to the appropriate larger article. Martin 16:15, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * ...which just points you back here, so I've added some proper information. —Paul A 02:53, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I don't think we need an entire article on a fairly minor character in his books. However, that's never stopped anyone before - go for it. Martin 02:45, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * As he appeared as a major character in Interesting Times and as the major character in The Last Hero, Cohen is no longer a minor character and deserves an article. --IYY 00:02, 4 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Might be worth mentioning that the name "Cohen" is probably in homage to the co-author of the Science of Discworld books, Jack Cohen.
 * I doubt that it is, given Cohen appeared in The Colour of Magic in 1983, while the first of the Science of Discworld books was published in 1999. GeeJo  (t) (c) •  14:52, 18 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually he first appeared in The Light Fantastic, 1986, but the point stands. Daibhid C 19:35, 23 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Hmm, if that's true, then the sidebox needs to be edited. I don't have a copy of the book to hand though. GeeJo  (t)⁄(c) • 14:48, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

Is there any connection with Genghis Cohen from Pynchon's The Crying of Lot 49? Dagonet 02:38, 25 November 2006 (UTC)

The Silver Horde: The "Silver Shields" served as the personal bodyguard of Philip of Macedon and later his son Alexander the Great, were all genuine old soldiers, the youngest being in their fifties, with many in their sixties and seventies, and a few even older. http://www.strategypage.com/cic/docs/cic148a.asp

 * I've added some references and removed the unreferenced tag

 * "it was in this book that we learnt Cohen's first name" - this referred to Interesting Times...now I can't be 100% sure without the book here, but I have a feeling we actually found it out in The Light Fantastic Adonai-aus- 01:24, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm positive it's the Light Fantastic. I have the book here. Sandmouse 01:28, 13 August 2007 (UTC)

 * So do I, and I'm not seeing the name "Genghiz" anywhere. I recall "Genghiz Cohen" being mentioned in a footnote in Lords and Ladies, but it wasn't established this was the same Cohen until Interesting Times. Daibhid C 21:48, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

Jack Cohen again
I removed this:

In The Science of Discworld by Ian Stewart and Jack Cohen, Steward also describes the Kohanim as an inspiration to Cohen; his name probably comes from Jack Cohen.

The second bit is discussed above, and the first bit simply isn't true; Cohen is used as a convenient lead-in to a peice about the heritage of the Kohanim without any suggestion there's a deliberate connection. Daibhid C 21:48, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cohen the Barbarian


text:
User talk:John Trapp

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

 * How to edit a page
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If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Tip: you can sign your name with ~

snoyes 16:15, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Nice work on the athletic conference articles. RickK 05:11, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)

List of North American birds
The people who have actually written the species accounts for this article (notably Big iron are happy with the title as defined, and the availability of dependable (ie printed) sources is important. Of course, if you are intending to write species accounts for those Mexican and central America species which are not on the ABA list, that might be a different matter.

jimfbleak 18:30, 7 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Accipitriformes
In theory, bird taxonomy in Wikipedia follows HBW and HANZAB, simply to have a onsistent standard, with reference to alternatives where appropriate. Falconiformes is what HBW uses. However, the division of diurnal raptors into two orders is (or was) common in Europe. I have no problems with Falconiformes, but there have been a number of major revisions to raptor topics, and I think that Tannin and Big iron in particular may have an opinion on this. Jim

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

New category
Hi. I thought I would let you know that I've created a new category, Journals and magazines relating to birding and ornithology, as you've created articles which would fit that quite well. SP-KP 17:39, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

Saying hello
Hi John. Just wanted to say hello to a fellow naturalist. I've been playing around the bird articles attempting to work through the unfinished ABA species. Been here only 1 month. Interesting concept to become involved with. Any advice would be appreciated. Thanking you in advance...... pmeleski 9/21/2006

A tag has been placed on Passenger Pigeon (journal), requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article seems to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable, that is, why an article about that subject should be included in Wikipedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert notability may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, and if you can indicate why the subject of this article is notable, you may contest the tagging. To do this, please add  on the top of the page and leave a note on the article's talk page explaining your position. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm its subject's notability under the guidelines.

For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. — P ilotguy (ptt) 18:06, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of MailMax
A tag has been placed on MailMax requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about about a person, organization (band, club, company, etc.) or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable. You may also wish to consider using a Wizard to help you create articles - see the Article Wizard.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. Jezhotwells (talk) 02:52, 20 December 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of MailMax

The article MailMax has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Doesn't appear to be notable

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing  will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. — Malik Shabazz Talk/Stalk 04:08, 20 December 2009 (UTC)

Michigan Project
John I saw your made a change to the Cass County Michigan page correcting some spelling error, first thank you. Second, I started looking at some of your edits and saw that you have done a lot with making Michigan Articles better. But I did not see you listed on the Michigan Project. So I wanted to know if you knew about the project and were interested in becoming a member of the project. I ask because I am looking to form an education task force to try and clean up a lot of the bad articles that are on wiki of Michigan schools. Take a look at the project page WikiProject MichiganJsgoodrich (talk) 11:43, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

Welcome!
 Hi, and welcome to the Birds WikiProject ! As you've probably guessed, we're a group of editors working to improve Wikipedia's coverage of bird-related topics.

A few features that you may find helpful:

 * Our navigation box points to most of the useful pages within the project.
 * Most important discussions take place on the project's main discussion page; it is highly recommended that you [ watchlist it].
 * The project has several departments, which handle article quality assessment, detailed article and content review, outreach, and other tasks.
 * If you're looking for something to work on, there are many articles that need attention.
 * Read our current newsletter, and sign up for (or opt out) of future issues.

If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to ask any experienced member of the project; we'll be happy to help you. Again, welcome! We look forward to seeing you around! MeegsC | Talk 11:26, 12 May 2010 (UTC)

Whitefish Point
Please see Talk: Whitefish Point Bird Observatory for comments on the refuge name at Whitefish Point.--Wpwatchdog (talk) 01:15, 13 May 2010 (UTC)

Wikipedia Ambassador Program at MSU
Hi! I'm leaving you this message because you're listed as a Wikipedian associated with Michigan State University. The Wikipedia Ambassador Program is currently looking for Campus Ambassadors to help with Wikipedia assignments at MSU, which will be participating in the Public Policy Initiative for the Spring 2011 semester. The role of Campus Ambassadors will be to provide face-to-face training and support for students on Wikipedia-related skills (how to edit articles, how to add references, etc.). This includes doing in-class presentations, running workshops and labs, possibly holding office hours, and in general providing in-person mentorship for students.

Prior Wikipedia skills are not required for the role, as training will be provided for all Campus Ambassadors (although, of course, being an experienced editor is a plus).

If you are interested in being a Wikipedia Campus Ambassador, or know someone in the East Lansing area who might be, please email me or leave a message on my talk page.--Sage Ross - Online Facilitator, Wikimedia Foundation (talk) 20:26, 1 December 2010 (UTC)

Article for Deletion: Michigan State Miracle
Hello! There is an article that has been nominated for deletion regarding the Michigan State football team. I noticed you were an alumni, so I thought I would let you know in case you have any interest in participating with the discussion. If so, please just click on the Title as I have linked it straight to the page's deletion review. If you wish to see the article itself, it is titled Michigan State Miracle. Any thoughts, ideas, or edits that would help improve the page itself would also be appreciated! Thanks! Stubbleboy 17:12, 18 October 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

NAIA Independent Schools
Hello John,

The page you created about NAIA Independent Schools in not accurate. All NAIA schools either belong to an athletic conference or belong to the Association of Independent Institutions. I made some corrections on it but it still is not correct. It is my job at the NAIA to track members and make sure the public information is correct. Can we work together to get this corrected?JEMcCollum (talk) 21:17, 20 May 2016 (UTC)

Wikipedia:WikiProject United States/The 50,000 Challenge
--MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 02:41, 8 November 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:John Trapp


text:
Physical oceanography

Physical oceanography is the study of physical conditions and physical processes within the ocean, especially the motions and physical properties of ocean waters.

Physical oceanography is one of several sub-domains into which oceanography is divided. Others include biological, chemical and geological oceanography.

Physical oceanography may be subdivided into descriptive and dynamical physical oceanography.

Descriptive physical oceanography seeks to research the ocean through observations and complex numerical models, which describe the fluid motions as precisely as possible.

Dynamical physical oceanography focuses primarily upon the processes that govern the motion of fluids with emphasis upon theoretical research and numerical models. These are part of the large field of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (GFD) that is shared together with meteorology. GFD is a sub field of Fluid dynamics describing flows occurring on spatial and temporal scales that are greatly influenced by the Coriolis force.

Physical setting

Roughly 97% of the planet's water is in its oceans, and the oceans are the source of the vast majority of water vapor that condenses in the atmosphere and falls as rain or snow on the continents. The tremendous heat capacity of the oceans moderates the planet's climate, and its absorption of various gases affects the composition of the atmosphere. The ocean's influence extends even to the composition of volcanic rocks through seafloor metamorphism, as well as to that of volcanic gases and magmas created at subduction zones.

From sea level, the oceans are far deeper than the continents are tall; examination of the Earth's hypsographic curve shows that the average elevation of Earth's landmasses is only 840 m, while the ocean's average depth is 3800 m. Though this apparent discrepancy is great, for both land and sea, the respective extremes such as mountains and trenches are rare.

Temperature, salinity and density

Because the vast majority of the world ocean's volume is deep water, the mean temperature of seawater is low; roughly 75% of the ocean's volume has a temperature from 0° – 5 °C (Pinet 1996). The same percentage falls in a salinity range between 34 and 35 ppt (3.4–3.5%) (Pinet 1996). There is still quite a bit of variation, however. Surface temperatures can range from below freezing near the poles to 35 °C in restricted tropical seas, while salinity can vary from 10 to 41 ppt (1.0–4.1%).

The vertical structure of the temperature can be divided into three basic layers, a surface mixed layer, where gradients are low, a thermocline where gradients are high, and a poorly stratified abyss.

In terms of temperature, the ocean's layers are highly latitude-dependent; the thermocline is pronounced in the tropics, but nonexistent in polar waters (Marshak 2001). The halocline usually lies near the surface, where evaporation raises salinity in the tropics, or meltwater dilutes it in polar regions. These variations of salinity and temperature with depth change the density of the seawater, creating the pycnocline.

Circulation
Energy for the ocean circulation (and for the atmospheric circulation) comes from solar radiation and gravitational energy from the sun and moon. The amount of sunlight absorbed at the surface varies strongly with latitude, being greater at the equator than at the poles, and this engenders fluid motion in both the atmosphere and ocean that acts to redistribute heat from the equator towards the poles, thereby reducing the temperature gradients that would exist in the absence of fluid motion. Perhaps three quarters of this heat is carried in the atmosphere; the rest is carried in the ocean.

The atmosphere is heated from below, which leads to convection, the largest expression of which is the Hadley circulation. By contrast the ocean is heated from above, which tends to suppress convection. Instead ocean deep water is formed in polar regions where cold salty waters sink in fairly restricted areas. This is the beginning of the thermohaline circulation.

Oceanic currents are largely driven by the surface wind stress; hence the large-scale atmospheric circulation is important to understanding the ocean circulation. The Hadley circulation leads to Easterly winds in the tropics and Westerlies in mid-latitudes. This leads to slow equatorward flow throughout most of a subtropical ocean basin (the Sverdrup balance). The return flow occurs in an intense, narrow, poleward western boundary current. Like the atmosphere, the ocean is far wider than it is deep, and hence horizontal motion is in general much faster than vertical motion. In the southern hemisphere there is a continuous belt of ocean, and hence the mid-latitude westerlies force the strong Antarctic Circumpolar Current. In the northern hemisphere the land masses prevent this and the ocean circulation is broken into smaller gyres in the Atlantic and Pacific basins.

Coriolis effect
The Coriolis effect results in a deflection of fluid flows (to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and left in the Southern Hemisphere). This has profound effects on the flow of the oceans. In particular it means the flow goes around high and low pressure systems, permitting them to persist for long periods of time. As a result, tiny variations in pressure can produce measurable currents. A slope of one part in one million in sea surface height, for example, will result in a current of 10 cm/s at mid-latitudes. The fact that the Coriolis effect is largest at the poles and weak at the equator results in sharp, relatively steady western boundary currents which are absent on eastern boundaries. Also see secondary circulation effects.

Ekman transport
Ekman transport results in the net transport of surface water 90 degrees to the right of the wind in the Northern Hemisphere, and 90 degrees to the left of the wind in the Southern Hemisphere. As the wind blows across the surface of the ocean, it "grabs" onto a thin layer of the surface water. In turn, that thin sheet of water transfers motion energy to the thin layer of water under it, and so on. However, because of the Coriolis Effect, the direction of travel of the layers of water slowly move farther and farther to the right as they get deeper in the Northern Hemisphere, and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. In most cases, the very bottom layer of water affected by the wind is at a depth of 100 m – 150 m and is traveling about 180 degrees, completely opposite of the direction that the wind is blowing. Overall, the net transport of water would be 90 degrees from the original direction of the wind.

Langmuir circulation
Langmuir circulation results in the occurrence of thin, visible stripes, called windrows on the surface of the ocean parallel to the direction that the wind is blowing. If the wind is blowing with more than 3 m s−1, it can create parallel windrows alternating upwelling and downwelling about 5–300 m apart. These windrows are created by adjacent ovular water cells (extending to about 6 m deep) alternating rotating clockwise and counterclockwise. In the convergence zones debris, foam and seaweed accumulates, while at the divergence zones plankton are caught and carried to the surface. If there are many plankton in the divergence zone fish are often attracted to feed on them.

Ocean–atmosphere interface
At the ocean-atmosphere interface, the ocean and atmosphere exchange fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum.

The important heat terms at the surface are the sensible heat flux, the latent heat flux, the incoming solar radiation and the balance of long-wave (infrared) radiation. In general, the tropical oceans will tend to show a net gain of heat, and the polar oceans a net loss, the result of a net transfer of energy polewards in the oceans.
 * Heat

The oceans' large heat capacity moderates the climate of areas adjacent to the oceans, leading to a maritime climate at such locations. This can be a result of heat storage in summer and release in winter; or of transport of heat from warmer locations: a particularly notable example of this is Western Europe, which is heated at least in part by the north atlantic drift.

Surface winds tend to be of order meters per second; ocean currents of order centimeters per second. Hence from the point of view of the atmosphere, the ocean can be considered effectively stationary; from the point of view of the ocean, the atmosphere imposes a significant wind stress on its surface, and this forces large-scale currents in the ocean.
 * Momentum

Through the wind stress, the wind generates ocean surface waves; the longer waves have a phase velocity tending towards the wind speed. Momentum of the surface winds is transferred into the energy flux by the ocean surface waves. The increased roughness of the ocean surface, by the presence of the waves, changes the wind near the surface.

The ocean can gain moisture from rainfall, or lose it through evaporation. Evaporative loss leaves the ocean saltier; the Mediterranean and Persian Gulf for example have strong evaporative loss; the resulting plume of dense salty water may be traced through the Straits of Gibraltar into the Atlantic Ocean. At one time, it was believed that evaporation/precipitation was a major driver of ocean currents; it is now known to be only a very minor factor.
 * Moisture

Planetary waves

 * Kelvin Waves

A Kelvin wave is any progressive wave that is channeled between two boundaries or opposing forces (usually between the Coriolis force and a coastline or the equator). There are two types, coastal and equatorial. Kelvin waves are gravity driven and non-dispersive. This means that Kelvin waves can retain their shape and direction over long periods of time. They are usually created by a sudden shift in the wind, such as the change of the trade winds at the beginning of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation.

Coastal Kelvin waves follow shorelines and will always propagate in a counterclockwise direction in the Northern hemisphere (with the shoreline to the right of the direction of travel) and clockwise in the Southern hemisphere.

Equatorial Kelvin waves propagate to the east in the Northern and Southern hemispheres, using the equator as a guide.

Kelvin waves are known to have very high speeds, typically around 2–3 meters per second. They have wavelengths of thousands of kilometers and amplitudes in the tens of meters.

 * Rossby Waves

Rossby waves, or planetary waves are huge, slow waves generated in the troposphere by temperature differences between the ocean and the continents. Their major restoring force is the change in Coriolis force with latitude. Their wave amplitudes are usually in the tens of meters and very large wavelengths. They are usually found at low or mid latitudes.

There are two types of Rossby waves, barotropic and baroclinic. Barotropic Rossby waves have the highest speeds and do not vary vertically. Baroclinic Rossby waves are much slower.

The special identifying feature of Rossby waves is that the phase velocity of each individual wave always has a westward component, but the group velocity can be in any direction. Usually the shorter Rossby waves have an eastward group velocity and the longer ones have a westward group velocity.

Climate variability
The interaction of ocean circulation, which serves as a type of heat pump, and biological effects such as the concentration of carbon dioxide can result in global climate changes on a time scale of decades. Known climate oscillations resulting from these interactions, include the Pacific decadal oscillation, North Atlantic oscillation, and Arctic oscillation. The oceanic process of thermohaline circulation is a significant component of heat redistribution across the globe, and changes in this circulation can have major impacts upon the climate.

La Niña–El Niño
and

Antarctic circumpolar wave
This is a coupled ocean/atmosphere wave that circles the Southern Ocean about every eight years. Since it is a wave-2 phenomenon (there are two peaks and two troughs in a latitude circle) at each fixed point in space a signal with a period of four years is seen. The wave moves eastward in the direction of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current.

Ocean currents
Among the most important ocean currents are the:
 * Antarctic Circumpolar Current
 * Deep ocean (density-driven)
 * Western boundary currents
 * Gulf Stream
 * Kuroshio Current
 * Labrador Current
 * Oyashio Current
 * Agulhas Current
 * Brazil Current
 * East Australia Current
 * Eastern Boundary currents
 * California Current
 * Canary Current
 * Peru Current
 * Benguela Current

Antarctic circumpolar
The ocean body surrounding the Antarctic is currently the only continuous body of water where there is a wide latitude band of open water. It interconnects the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans, and provide an uninterrupted stretch for the prevailing westerly winds to significantly increase wave amplitudes. It is generally accepted that these prevailing winds are primarily responsible for the circumpolar current transport. This current is now thought to vary with time, possibly in an oscillatory manner.

Deep ocean
In the Norwegian Sea evaporative cooling is predominant, and the sinking water mass, the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW), fills the basin and spills southwards through crevasses in the submarine sills that connect Greenland, Iceland and Britain. It then flows along the western boundary of the Atlantic with some part of the flow moving eastward along the equator and then poleward into the ocean basins. The NADW is entrained into the Circumpolar Current, and can be traced into the Indian and Pacific basins. Flow from the Arctic Ocean Basin into the Pacific, however, is blocked by the narrow shallows of the Bering Strait.

Also see marine geology about that explores the geology of the ocean floor including plate tectonics that create deep ocean trenches.

Western boundary
An idealised subtropical ocean basin forced by winds circling around a high pressure (anticyclonic) systems such as the Azores-Bermuda high develops a gyre circulation with slow steady flows towards the equator in the interior. As discussed by Henry Stommel, these flows are balanced in the region of the western boundary, where a thin fast polewards flow called a western boundary current develops. Flow in the real ocean is more complex, but the Gulf stream, Agulhas and Kuroshio are examples of such currents. They are narrow (approximately 100 km across) and fast (approximately 1.5 m/s).

Equatorwards western boundary currents occur in tropical and polar locations, e.g. the East Greenland and Labrador currents, in the Atlantic and the Oyashio. They are forced by winds circulation around low pressure (cyclonic).

The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension, North Atlantic Current, is a powerful, warm, and swift Atlantic Ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico, exits through the Strait of Florida, and follows the eastern coastlines of the United States and Newfoundland to the northeast before crossing the Atlantic Ocean.
 * Gulf stream

The Kuroshio Current is an ocean current found in the western Pacific Ocean off the east coast of Taiwan and flowing northeastward past Japan, where it merges with the easterly drift of the North Pacific Current. It is analogous to the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic Ocean, transporting warm, tropical water northward towards the polar region.
 * Kuroshio

Heat storage
Ocean heat flux is a turbulent and complex system which utilizes atmospheric measurement techniques such as eddy covariance to measure the rate of heat transfer expressed in the unit of or petawatts. Heat flux is the flow of energy per unit of area per unit of time. Most of the Earth's heat storage is within its seas with smaller fractions of the heat transfer in processes such as evaporation, radiation, diffusion, or absorption into the sea floor. The majority of the ocean heat flux is through advection or the movement of the ocean's currents. For example, the majority of the warm water movement in the south Atlantic is thought to have originated in the Indian Ocean. Another example of advection is the nonequatorial Pacific heating which results from subsurface processes related to atmospheric anticlines. Recent warming observations of Antarctic bottom water in the Southern Ocean is of concern to ocean scientists because bottom water changes will effect currents, nutrients, and biota elsewhere. The international awareness of global warming has focused scientific research on this topic since the 1988 creation of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Improved ocean observation, instrumentation, theory, and funding has increased scientific reporting on regional and global issues related to heat.

Sea level change
Tide gauges and satellite altimetry suggest an increase in sea level of 1.5–3 mm/yr over the past 100 years.

The IPCC predicts that by 2081–2100, global warming will lead to a sea level rise of 260 to 820 mm.

Tides
The rise and fall of the oceans due to tidal effects is a key influence upon the coastal areas. Ocean tides on the planet Earth are created by the gravitational effects of the Sun and Moon. The tides produced by these two bodies are roughly comparable in magnitude, but the orbital motion of the Moon results in tidal patterns that vary over the course of a month.

The ebb and flow of the tides produce a cyclical current along the coast, and the strength of this current can be quite dramatic along narrow estuaries. Incoming tides can also produce a tidal bore along a river or narrow bay as the water flow against the current results in a wave on the surface.

Tide and Current (Wyban 1992) clearly illustrates the impact of these natural cycles on the lifestyle and livelihood of Native Hawaiians tending coastal fishponds. Aia ke ola ka hana meaning. . . Life is in labor.

Tidal resonance occurs in the Bay of Fundy since the time it takes for a large wave to travel from the mouth of the bay to the opposite end, then reflect and travel back to the mouth of the bay coincides with the tidal rhythm producing the world's highest tides.

As the surface tide oscillates over topography, such as submerged seamounts or ridges, it generates internal waves at the tidal frequency, which are known as internal tides.

Tsunamis
A series of surface waves can be generated due to large-scale displacement of the ocean water. These can be caused by sub-marine landslides, seafloor deformations due to earthquakes, or the impact of a large meteorite.

The waves can travel with a velocity of up to several hundred km/hour across the ocean surface, but in mid-ocean they are barely detectable with wavelengths spanning hundreds of kilometers.

Tsunamis, originally called tidal waves, were renamed because they are not related to the tides. They are regarded as shallow-water waves, or waves in water with a depth less than 1/20 their wavelength. Tsunamis have very large periods, high speeds, and great wave heights.

The primary impact of these waves is along the coastal shoreline, as large amounts of ocean water are cyclically propelled inland and then drawn out to sea. This can result in significant modifications to the coastline regions where the waves strike with sufficient energy.

The tsunami that occurred in Lituya Bay, Alaska on July 9, 1958 was 520 m high and is the biggest tsunami ever measured, almost 90 m taller than the Sears Tower in Chicago and about 110 m taller than the former World Trade Center in New York.

Surface waves
The wind generates ocean surface waves, which have a large impact on offshore structures, ships, Coastal erosion and sedimentation, as well as harbours. After their generation by the wind, ocean surface waves can travel (as swell) over long distances.

title: Physical oceanography


text:
List of Quebec writers

This is a list of authors from the Canadian province of Quebec.

A

 * José Acquelin
 * Donald Alarie
 * Francine Allard
 * Ginette Anfousse
 * François Réal Angers
 * Emmanuel Aquin
 * Hubert Aquin
 * Nelly Arcan
 * Gilles Archambault
 * Olivar Asselin
 * Bernard Assiniwi
 * Aude
 * Edem Awumey

B

 * Victor Barbeau
 * Robertine Barry
 * Yves Beauchemin
 * Honoré Beaugrand
 * Victor-Lévy Beaulieu
 * Saul Bellow
 * Christophe Bernard
 * Jovette Bernier
 * Louky Bersianik
 * Claudine Bertrand
 * Gérard Bessette
 * Lise Bissonnette
 * Neil Bissoondath
 * Marie-Claire Blais
 * Maxime Raymond Bock
 * France Boisvert
 * Paul-Émile Borduas
 * Jacques Brault
 * Lysette Brochu
 * Nicole Brossard
 * Chrystine Brouillet
 * Françoise Bujold

C

 * Pierre du Calvet
 * Lisa Carducci
 * Jean-François Caron
 * Roch Carrier
 * George-Étienne Cartier
 * Henri-Raymond Casgrain
 * Éric Chacour
 * Catherine Chandler
 * William Chapman
 * Pierre Francois Xavier de Charlevoix
 * Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau
 * Évelyne de la Chenelière
 * Adrienne Choquette
 * Leonard Cohen
 * Laure Conan
 * Arlette Cousture
 * Octave Crémazie
 * Ross Cuthbert

D

 * Jean-Marc Dalpé
 * Anne Dandurand
 * Diane-Monique Daviau
 * Nicholas Dawson
 * Claire Dé
 * Monique Deland
 * Esther Delisle
 * Dominique Demers
 * Denise Desautels
 * Jean-Paul Desbiens
 * Louis-Antoine Dessaulles
 * Aurore Dessureault-Descôteaux
 * Ann Diamond
 * Nicolas Dickner
 * Hélène Dorion
 * Réjean Ducharme
 * Fernand Dumont
 * Louise Dupré

E

 * Bernard Émond
 * Louis Émond

F

 * Alain Farah
 * Trevor Ferguson
 * Jacques Ferron
 * Naomi Fontaine
 * Arlette Fortin
 * Louis-Honoré Fréchette
 * Christiane Frenette

G

 * Madeleine Gagnon
 * Mavis Gallant
 * François-Xavier Garneau
 * Hector de Saint-Denys Garneau
 * Phillipe-Ignace François Aubert du Gaspé
 * Philippe-Joseph Aubert de Gaspé
 * Claude Gauvreau
 * Gratien Gélinas
 * Karoline Georges
 * Antoine Gérin-Lajoie
 * Jean-Claude Germain
 * Jacques Godbout
 * David Gow
 * Alain Grandbois
 * Taras Grescoe
 * Lionel Groulx

H

 * Pauline Harvey
 * Anne Hébert
 * Louis Hémon
 * Claire Holden Rothman
 * Nicole Houde

J

 * Suzanne Jacob
 * Roland-Benoît Jomphe
 * Gilles Jobidon

K

 * Naim Kattan

L

 * Dany Laferrière
 * Michèle Lalonde
 * Kevin Lambert
 * Claire de Lamirande
 * Serge Lamothe
 * Suzanne Lamy
 * Monique LaRue
 * Pierre de Sales Laterrière
 * Mona Latif-Ghattas
 * Félix Leclerc
 * Roger Lemelin
 * Robert Lepage
 * Rosanna Eleanor Leprohon
 * Samantha Leriche-Gionet
 * Pierre Leroux

M

 * Blanche Lucile Macdonell
 * Michèle Mailhot
 * Andrée Maillet
 * Antonine Maillet
 * Jovette Marchessault
 * Fleury Mesplet
 * Stéfani Meunier
 * Gaston Miron
 * Jeffrey Moore
 * Wajdi Mouawad

N

 * Émile Nelligan
 * Pierre Nepveu

O

 * Francine Ouellette
 * Madeleine Ouellette-Michalska
 * Hélène Ouvrard

P

 * Philippe Panneton
 * Alice Parizeau
 * Louise Penny
 * Bryan Perro
 * Joseph-Octave Plessis
 * Anique Poitras
 * Aline Poulin
 * Jacques Poulin
 * Yves Préfontaine
 * Monique Proulx

Q

 * Joseph Quesnel
 * Pascale Quiviger

R

 * Mordecai Richler
 * Louis Riel
 * Dominique Robert
 * Suzanne Robert
 * Esther Rochon
 * Adolphe-Basile Routhier
 * Maryse Rouy
 * André Roy
 * Gabrielle Roy

S

 * Félix-Antoine Savard
 * Marie Savard
 * Jocelyne Saucier
 * Aki Shimazaki
 * Jaspreet Singh
 * Sonja Skarstedt
 * Gaétan Soucy
 * Olivier Sylvestre

T

 * Jules-Paul Tardivel
 * Ruth Taylor
 * France Théoret
 * Yves Thériault
 * Michaël Trahan
 * Clarisse Tremblay
 * Larry Tremblay
 * Lise Tremblay
 * Michel Tremblay
 * Roland Michel Tremblay
 * Marie-Rose Turcot
 * Élise Turcotte

U

 * Marie Uguay

V

 * Lise Vaillancourt
 * Pierre Vallières
 * Élisabeth Vonarburg

Y

 * Ying Chen

title: List of Quebec writers


text:
User talk:Paul G

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

 * How to edit a page
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If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Tip: you can sign your name with ~

snoyes 16:21, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Thanks for that. I think what you found on Wiktionary must have been quite old. Exploding Boy 13:35, Mar 22, 2004 (UTC)

Hollywood Jam
The material contained in the article Hollywood Jam is a complete and utter fabrication. See User:Morwen/Cartoon and Template:VfD-debate Hollywood Jam. I don't know how things work over at Wiktionary, but that user that posted it needs an immediate moderately long-term ban. His most recent address on en is currently in the middle of a one month block because shorter blocks didn't seem to deter him. -- Cyrius|✎ 13:40, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * This applies to Tiny Toon Adventures The Baby-Sitters Club as well. You need to check all contributions by that user and will probably need to delete or revert them all. -- Cyrius|✎ 13:47, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks Cyrius. See the discussion on my Wiktionary user page and your Wikipedia page.  The user posted anonymously.  I will bring this up on Wiktionary.  Thanks for pointing this out. — Paul G 15:12, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Tore Uppström
Since you moved this article from Wiktionary, I wonder if you could please check who originally posted it there. / u◦p◦p◦l◦a◦n◦d 12:10, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I have had a look and the entry has been deleted. There is no entry without the diaeresis either.  Neither entry has a history or "View deleted edits?" link.  I'm sorry.  When transferring material from Wiktionary to Wikipedia in future, I'll make a note of who the original poster was.  — Paul G 12:46, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Jeremy Corbyn
You put in a request for an article on Jeremy Corbin. This already exists (as a stub) under the correctly-spelled name. Would be nice to expand it though as it is a bit thin. David | Talk 11:47, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

Template:Wiktionarypar
You, along with several other editors, suggested replacing {{wiktionary}} with {{wiktionarypar}} a while ago, which is gradually being done. Netoholic is now repeatedly redirecting Template:Wiktionarypar. Please read the prior discussion of this (which I've reminded Netoholic of) at Template talk:Wiktionary and contribute. You may want to put  Template:Wiktionarypar on your watchlist. Uncle G 08:47, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

AfD Nomination: Donal Blaney
An article that you have been involved in editing, Donal Blaney, has been listed at Articles for deletion/Donal Blaney. Please look there to see why this is, if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you.

Re-booting Magic WikiProject
Following various discussions and posts on the project talk page I've drafted a new version of the project page. In particular it seeks to clarify aspects of the structure of the project and guidelines regarding publication of magic methods. I'm contacting you to ask for your opinion because you recently made a helpfulcomment on one of the articles I'd edited. The draft is posted at WikiProject Magic/draft magic project page. Despite linking off the project talk page and posting an announcement on the Community bulletin board there doesn't seem to have been any response yet. Any comments from you would be valued. Circusandmagicfan 16:07, 14 April 2007 (UTC)Circusandmagicfan

RE: editing wikitionary username papges
Hi Paul G, you sent me a message to ask me to stop editing wikitionary user pages, I have done no such thing to the best of my knowledge and it may be another user with the same name as me on the wikitionary site. Could you please link to the offending material. Thanks

Pluke 09:18, 29 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Replied to on OP's page. — Paul G 09:20, 2 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Hi Paul, Seems that I did edit your user page all that time ago! Sorry for the inconvenience, I was quite new back then. Pluke 13:32, 2 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Replied to on OP's page again. — Paul G 11:29, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

Cinesite
You may want to go to WP:DRV to have the deletion appealed. In the meantime, set up a subpage with your new version of the article so that it can be approved.  bibliomaniac 1 5  BUY NOW! 16:22, 4 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks - I've posted a request on WP:DRV. — Paul G 17:06, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

Ingo Molnár
A template has been added to the article Ingo Molnár, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice explains why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. If you endorse deletion of the article, and you are the only person who has made substantial edits to the page, please tag it with db-author. mms 16:39, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Not my article. I only fixed a double redirect. — Paul G 14:49, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Jeffrey Abrahams
A template has been added to the article Jeffrey Abrahams, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice explains why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. If you endorse deletion of the article, and you are the only person who has made substantial edits to the page, please tag it with db-author. Dali-Llama 02:15, 18 August 2007 (UTC)

"Linux" pronunciation
I have found this helpful page http://www.safalra.com/science/linguistics/linux-pronunciation/ which describes three ways of pronouncing "Linux". Particularly note the second pronunciation given, which is similar to the one you just removed. Would you be able to incorporate the alternative pronunciations into the Linux article? (I am not familiar with the IPA so I am wary of doing it myself.)

Also note that the Manual of Style (pronunciation) states "Pronunciation transcriptions based on traditional English spelling are deprecated. Forms such as pro-NUN-see-AY-shun may be misinterpreted by people who speak a different dialect or whose first language isn't English. They can however be used in addition to the IPA version so that it's easy for people who don't know the IPA to understand them. A key can be linked from Help:Pronunciation respelling key, to make the transcription more universal across Wikipedia. It may also be helpful to add comments such as "rhymes with..." or "stress on the first syllable"."

Thanks. --121.45.229.21 (talk) 03:11, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks for that. However, the source you mention gives the vowel in the second syllable as /ʌ/, the vowel in "up" as pronounced in English as spoken in southern England. I have never heard this used. I have only heard /ə/, the vowel in the first syllable of "about". The vowel used in the web page is /ʊ/, which is the vowel in "cook". This is distinct from /ə/, but some US English accents merge the two. There is a dispute between "long" and "short" i in the first syllable, but I would go as far as to say that the source you mention is mistaken when it uses /ʌ/. Certainly /ɤ/ is incorrect - the writer uses it to represent "oo" (whatever sound that is), but in IPA, this represents a consonant (resembling "g") — Paul G (talk) 13:15, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

I have tried to find a more reliable source for Linux's IPA pronunciation and The Canadian Oxford Dictionary (which hopefully uses IPA; I'm not entirely certain about it) says it should be pronounced ˈlɪnəks, ˈlainəks, or ˈli:nəks. If you can obtain access to Oxford Reference Online (apparently "available in almost all public libraries in England"), the entry is available here. It looks like you have tried to change the pronunciation, but the article got truncated so your edit was reverted. What do you think about these alternative pronunciations, and could you please make the necessary changes? --121.45.229.21 (talk) 06:17, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your research. The Canadian dictionary is in agreement with what I have been trying to input; namely that the vowel in the second syllable is a schwa. /ai/ should be /aI/, at least in UK English - maybe that's a transcription error on your part, or maybe Canadian does use /ai/. I don't have access to the Oxford website, at least, not immediately, and "Linux" is not in the second edition of the (printed) OED. I'll try again to make the changes to the article. — Paul G (talk) 09:42, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

Looks good. I have double-checked the online Canadian Oxford and the ɪ/i is printed as I have shown above. What do you think about Linus Torvalds' pronunciations in these audio files? Is this accurately depicted by /ˈlɪnʊks/ (English) and (/ˈlɪːnɤks/ (Swedish)? --121.45.229.21 (talk) 21:19, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

An anonymous user has reversed your changes claiming that ˈlɪnʊks is the correct IPA pronunciation according to Linus. I would like to have ˈlɪnəks kept on the article seeing as it is actually written in the Canadian Oxford whereas I cannot yet find a reliable source for ˈlɪnʊks. If you could listen to the audio files I linked to in my previous comment and tell me if ˈlɪnəks or ˈlɪnʊks is a reasonable interpretation of his pronunciation I would greatly appreciate it. --121.45.229.21 (talk) 04:55, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks for letting me know. The thing is, Linus is not a native English speaker, so he can't make claims on how "Linux" should be pronounced in English. — Paul G (talk) 08:38, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Digeri Dingo
I have nominated Digeri Dingo, an article you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Digeri Dingo. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time. TTN (talk) 22:14, 2 October 2008 (UTC) TTN (talk) 22:14, 2 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I didn't create this page. — Paul G (talk) 15:19, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Tchibo
An editor has nominated one or more articles which you have created or worked on, for deletion. The nominated article is Tchibo. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also Notability and "What Wikipedia is not").

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You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 17:26, 12 February 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Paul G