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Phase detector

A phase detector or phase comparator is a frequency mixer, analog multiplier or logic circuit that generates a signal which represents the difference in phase between two signal inputs.

The phase detector is an essential element of the phase-locked loop (PLL). Detecting phase difference is important in other applications, such as motor control, radar and telecommunication systems, servo mechanisms, and demodulators.

Types
Phase detectors for phase-locked loop circuits may be classified in two types. A Type I detector is designed to be driven by analog signals or square-wave digital signals and produces an output pulse at the difference frequency. The Type I detector always produces an output waveform, which must be filtered to control the phase-locked loop voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). A type II detector is sensitive only to the relative timing of the edges of the input and reference pulses and produces a constant output proportional to phase difference when both signals are at the same frequency. This output will tend not to produce ripple in the control voltage of the VCO.

Analog phase detector
The phase detector needs to compute the phase difference of its two input signals. Let α be the phase of the first input and β be the phase of the second. The actual input signals to the phase detector, however, are not α and β, but rather sinusoids such as sin(α) and cos(β). In general, computing the phase difference would involve computing the arcsine and arccosine of each normalized input (to get an ever-increasing phase) and doing a subtraction. Such an analog calculation is difficult. Fortunately, the calculation can be simplified by using some approximations.

Assume that the phase differences will be small (much less than 1 radian, for example). The small-angle approximation for the sine function and the sine angle addition formula yield:
 * $$ \alpha - \beta \approx \sin(\alpha-\beta) = \sin \alpha \cos\beta - \sin \beta \cos \alpha $$

The expression suggests a quadrature phase detector can be made by summing the outputs of two multipliers. The quadrature signals may be formed with phase shift networks. Two common implementations for multipliers are the double balanced diode mixer, diode ring and the four-quadrant multiplier, Gilbert cell.

Instead of using two multipliers, a more common phase detector uses a single multiplier and a different trigonometric identity:
 * $$\sin \alpha \cos \beta = {\sin(\alpha - \beta) \over 2} + {\sin(\alpha + \beta) \over 2} \approx {\alpha - \beta \over 2} + {\sin(\alpha + \beta) \over 2} $$

The first term provides the desired phase difference. The second term is a sinusoid at twice the reference frequency, so it can be filtered out. In the case of general waveforms the phase detector output is described with the phase detector characteristic.

A mixer-based detector (e.g., a Schottky diode-based double-balanced mixer) provides "the ultimate in phase noise floor performance" and "in system sensitivity." since it does not create finite pulse widths at the phase detector output. Another advantage of a mixer-based PD is its relative simplicity. Both the quadrature and simple multiplier phase detectors have an output that depends on the input amplitudes as well as the phase difference. In practice, the input amplitudes of input signals are normalized prior to input into the detector to remove the amplitude dependency.

Digital phase detector

A phase detector suitable for square wave signals can be made from an exclusive-OR (XOR) logic gate. When the two signals being compared are completely in-phase, the XOR gate's output will have a constant level of zero. When the two signals differ in phase by 1°, the XOR gate's output will be high for 1/180th of each cycle — the fraction of a cycle during which the two signals differ in value. When the signals differ by 180° — that is, one signal is high when the other is low, and vice versa — the XOR gate's output remains high throughout each cycle. This phase detector requires inputs that are symmetrical square waves, or nearly so.

The XOR detector compares well to the analog mixer in that it locks near a 90° phase difference and has a pulse wave output at twice the reference frequency. The output changes duty cycle in proportion to the phase difference. Applying the XOR gate's output to a low-pass filter results in an analog voltage that is proportional to the phase difference between the two signals. The remainder of its characteristics are very similar to the analog mixer for capture range, lock time, reference spurious and low-pass filter requirements.

Digital phase detectors can also be based on a sample and hold circuit, a charge pump, or a logic circuit consisting of flip-flops. When a phase detector based on logic gates is used in a PLL, it can quickly force the VCO to synchronize with an input signal, even when the frequency of the input signal differs substantially from the initial frequency of the VCO. Such phase detectors also have other desirable properties, such as better accuracy when there are only small phase differences between the two signals being compared and superior pull-in range.

Phase frequency detector
A phase frequency detector (PFD) is an asynchronous circuit originally made of four flip-flops (i.e., the phase-frequency detectors found in both the RCA CD4046 and the motorola MC4344 ICs introduced in the 1970s). The logic determines which of the two signals has a zero-crossing earlier or more often. When used in a PLL application, lock can be achieved even when it is off frequency.

The PFD improves the pull-in range and lock time over simpler phase detector designs such as multipliers or XOR gates. Those designs work well when the two input phases are already near lock or in lock, but perform poorly when the phase difference is too large. When the phase difference is too large (which will happen when the instantaneous frequency difference is large), then the sign of the loop gain can reverse and start driving the VCO away from lock. The PFD has the advantage of producing an output even when the two signals being compared differ not only in phase but in frequency. A phase frequency detector prevents a false lock condition in PLL applications, in which the PLL synchronizes with the wrong phase of the input signal or with the wrong frequency (e.g., a harmonic of the input signal).

A bang-bang charge pump phase frequency detector supplies current pulses with fixed total charge, either positive or negative, to the capacitor acting as an integrator. A phase detector for a bang-bang charge pump must always have a dead band where the phases of inputs are close enough that the detector fires either both or neither of the charge pumps, for no total effect. Bang-bang phase detectors are simple but are associated with significant minimum peak-to-peak jitter, because of drift within the dead band.

In 1976 it was shown that by using a three-state phase frequency detector configuration (using only two flip-flops) instead of the original RCA/Motorola four flip-flops configurations, this problem could be elegantly overcome. For other types of phase-frequency detectors other, though possibly less-elegant, solutions exist to the dead zone phenomenon. Other solutions are necessary since the three-state phase-frequency detector does not work for certain applications involving randomized signal degradation, which can be found on the inputs to some signal regeneration systems (e.g., clock recovery designs).

A proportional phase detector employs a charge pump that supplies charge amounts in proportion to the phase error detected. Some have dead bands and some do not. Specifically, some designs produce both up and down control pulses even when the phase difference is zero. These pulses are small, nominally the same duration, and cause the charge pump to produce equal-charge positive and negative current pulses when the phase is perfectly matched. Phase detectors with this kind of control system don't exhibit a dead band and typically have lower minimum peak-to-peak jitter when used in PLLs.

In PLL applications it is frequently required to know when the loop is out of lock. The more complex digital phase-frequency detectors usually have an output that allows a reliable indication of an out-of-lock condition.

Electronic phase detector
Some signal processing techniques such as those used in radar may require both the amplitude and the phase of a signal, to recover all the information encoded in that signal. One technique is to feed an amplitude-limited signal into one port of a product detector and a reference signal into the other port; the output of the detector will represent the phase difference between the signals.

Optical phase detectors
In optics phase detectors are also known as interferometers. For pulsed (amplitude modulated) light, it is said to measure the phase between the carriers. It is also possible to measure the delay between the envelopes of two short optical pulses by means of cross correlation in a nonlinear crystal. And it is possible to measure the phase between the envelope and the carrier of an optical pulse, by sending a pulse into a nonlinear crystal. There the spectrum gets wider and at the edges the shape depends significantly on the phase.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Phase detector


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Talk:Phase detector

Untitled
a signal changes its phase by 2 pi multiplied its frequency. phase detector can be realised by sequencial as well as analog circuit by didode or cmos for high speed. normally a charge pump is required before filtering the dc ouput by low pass filter, a charge pump gives constant current output which is nothing but a three pole switch. many software is availave for pll simulation from which code loader is the modarate freeware from naional semiconductor.

Phase difference
phase difference only makes sense when comparing two signals with the same frequency. When you have the phase detector working in say the PLL, it manages to find the "phase difference" between two signals of unequal frequency. I think this article needs a section explaining how this works. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Aditya8795 (talk • contribs) 15:16, 29 November 2018 (UTC)

 * This is explained in the Phase-locked_loop. ~Kvng (talk) 20:24, 27 June 2022 (UTC)

4046
''The following was contributed by. Interesting but uncited and definitely doesn't belong in the lead. ~Kvng (talk) 14:16, 1 July 2020 (UTC)

The 4046 popular IC is well known to have a centralised dead band on one phase comparator when both inputs are in phase at zero degrees difference. In fact it has been observed that the detector malfunctions. In this condition the output should not change state at all, although a small "glitch" would be acceptable. However all possible output changes have been observed between the three states! The reason for this is probably inadequate delay between outputs and resets, with erratic clears resulting. The elegant equivalent is to use two D type flip flops, one for each input. An input edge clocks its flipflop high. When both are high, an AND gate with both flipflops as inputs goes High and with a small delay incorporated clears both flip-flops. The outputs go to a differential amplifier, which acts like an exclusive OR, with no output shift when both phase comparator outputs are the same. There is no dead band and no error, the only limit being the original clock rate. This comparator is expandable. Another similar stage can sense if there has been a "mixed clock" is an extra clock edge that has been missed, store said information and use it. More simply, such a phase frequency comparator acts like an up down counter, where the loop attempts to keep it at any chosen count. If one assumes a decimal 0 to 9 counter, normally set to 5 with up down clocks as the phase inputs, the noise immunity expands up to 5 sequential pulses on one input.

Clarification on statement made in derivation
Instead of using two multipliers, a more common phase detector uses a single multiplier and a different trigonometric identity:
 * $$\sin \alpha \cos \beta = {\sin(\alpha - \beta) \over 2} + {\sin(\alpha + \beta) \over 2} \approx {\alpha - \beta \over 2} + {\sin(\alpha + \beta) \over 2} $$

The first term provides the desired phase difference. The second term is a sinusoid at twice the reference frequency, so it can be filtered out. In the case of general waveforms the phase detector output is described with the phase detector characteristic.

'In the above section, where I have put bold and underlined of the statement "The second term is a sinusoid at twice the reference frequency", I believe this is not the case unless alpha = beta which is not stated. It is indeed generally larger and able to be filtered, however I am not sure that we can say it is at twice the frequency? ' Midoriimo (talk) 00:23, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Phase detector


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Ventura

Ventura (Italian, Portuguese and Spanish for "fortune") may refer to:

Places

 * Brazil
 * Boa Ventura de São Roque, a municipality in the state of Paraná, southern Brazil
 * Boa Ventura, Paraíba, a municipality in the state of Paraíba, in the northeast region of Brazil

 * United States
 * Ventura, California A medium size city in southern California
 * Ventura County, California A county located in southern California, next to Los Angeles County
 * Ventura Boulevard, in the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles, California
 * Buenaventura Lakes, Florida, a census-designated place (CDP) in northern Osceola County, Florida
 * Ventura, Iowa, a city in Cerro Gordo County, Iowa
 * Ventura Village, Minneapolis, a neighborhood within the Phillips community in Minneapolis
 * Ventura, Minnesota, former name of St. Augusta, Minnesota
 * Ventura, New Mexico, a census-designated place in Luna County, New Mexico, United States.

People

 * Surname
 * Amy Austria-Ventura (born 1961), Filipino film and television actress
 * Andrew da Silva Ventura (born 2001), Brazilian football goalkeeper
 * Andrey da Silva Ventura (born 1993), Brazilian football goalkeeper
 * Angiolino Giuseppe Pasquale Ventura (1919–1987), Italian actor who starred mainly in French films
 * Antoni Reig Ventura (born 1932), Spanish Escala i corda Valencian pilota variant player
 * Battista de Ventura (died 1492), Italian Roman Catholic Bishop of Avellino e Frigento
 * Bella Clara Ventura, Colombian-Mexican novelist and poet
 * Carlos Eduardo Ventura (born 1974), Brazilian retired football forward or right-winger
 * Cassie Ventura, American recording artist, dancer, actress and model, known mononymously as Cassie
 * Charlie Ventura (1916–1992), tenor saxophonist and bandleader from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
 * Denis Ventúra (born 1995), Slovak football midfielder
 * Elsa Margarida Meira Ventura, Portuguese football midfielder
 * Elys Saguil-Ventura (born 2001), New Zealand tennis player
 * Felipe Ventura dos Santos (born 1984), Brazilian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Uberlândia Esporte Clube, known as Felipe
 * Feliu Ventura (born 1976), Spanish singer-songwriter
 * Francisco "Paco" C. Ventura, one of the pioneers in establishing motor racing in the Philippines in the 1960s
 * František Ventura (1894-1969), Czech equestrian
 * Gastone Ventura (1906-1981), Italian aristocrat
 * Gian Piero Ventura (born 1948), Italian football manager and former player
 * Gilberto Ventura Ceballos (born 1975), Dominican serial killer
 * Gioacchino Ventura (dei Baroni) di Raulica (1792–1861), Italian Roman Catholic pulpit orator, patriot, philosopher and writer
 * Giorgio Ventura (also Zorzi Ventura), Italian mannerist painter of the Venetian school
 * Giovanni de Ventura, municipal plague doctor for the town of Pavia
 * Giovanni Ventura Borghesi (1640–1708), Italian painter of the Baroque period, active mainly in Rome
 * Guglielmo Ventura (1249/50–c.1322), Italian merchant, public official and chronicler of Asti
 * Hamilton Ventura da Conceicao (born 1983), Brazilian amateur boxer
 * Héctor Ventura (born 1944), Mexican former field hockey player
 * Héctor Hugo Olivares Ventura (born 1944), Mexican politician from the Institutional Revolutionary Party
 * Hugo Ventura Ferreira Moura Guedes (born 1988), Portuguese football goalkeeper
 * Iñaki Astiz Ventura (born 1983), Spanish football central defender
 * Isabel Ortega Ventura (born 1954), Bolivian Aymara-Quechua politician
 * Jair Zaksauskas Ribeiro Ventura (born 1979), known as Jair Ventura, Brazilian retired football forward
 * Jean-Baptiste Ventura (1794–1858), Italian soldier, mercenary in India and early archaeologist of the Punjab region of the Sikh Empire
 * Jesse Ventura (born 1951), American media personality, former politician and retired professional wrestler
 * João Pedro Ventura Medeiros (born 1994), Portuguese footballer
 * Joaquín Alonso Ventura (born 1956), retired Salvadoran football player
 * Joaquín Ferrándiz Ventura (born 1963), an incarcerated Spanish abductor, rapist and (later) serial killer
 * Johnny Ventura (1940–2021), Dominican singer and band leader
 * José María Ventura Casas (1817-1875), Spanish musician and composer who consolidated the long sardana and reformed the cobla
 * José Ramón Machado Ventura, M.D. (born 1930), Cuban revolutionary and politician, the First Vice President of the Council of State
 * Julián Ventura Valero (born 1966), Mexican diplomat, who currently serves as Deputy Secretary of Foreign Affairs of Mexico
 * Lino Ventura (1919–1987), Italian actor who starred mainly in French films
 * Lucas de Souza Ventura (born 1998), simply known as Nonoca, Brazilian professional football midfielder
 * Luigi Ventura (born 1944), Italian Roman Catholic apostolic nuncio to France since 2009
 * Manuel Mateus Ventura (1921-2018), Brazilian biophysicist, biochemist, and educator
 * Maria Ventura (1888-1954), Romanian-French actress and theatre director
 * Marlon Ventura Rodrigues (born 1986), or simply Marlon, Brazilian central defender
 * Michael Ventura (born 1945), American novelist, film director, and cultural critic
 * Miguel Ventura Terra (1866–1919), Portuguese architect
 * Montserrat Carulla i Ventura (1930–2020), Catalan actress
 * Moses Ventura (called also Ventura of Tivoli and Ventura of Jerusalem), rabbi of Silistria, Bulgaria, in the latter half of the 16th century
 * Orlando Ventura (born 1948), Mexican former field hockey player
 * Paolo Ventura (born 1968), Italian photographer, artist and set designer
 * Ray Ventura (1908-1979), French jazz bandleader
 * Reinaldo Miguel Silva Ventura (born 1978), Portuguese roller hockey player
 * Robbie Ventura (born 1971), American former professional racing cyclist
 * Robert Costa Ventura (born 1994), Spanish football central defender
 * Roberto Ventura (born 1957), Uruguayan neuropsychologist, psychiatrist, activist, musician, author and professor
 * Robin Ventura (born 1967), American former professional baseball third baseman and manager
 * Rosmery Mamani Ventura (born 1985), Bolivian artist
 * Santiago Ventura Bertomeu (born 1980), retired tennis player from Spain
 * Santiago Ventura Morales (born 1968), Mexican social worker
 * Simona Ventura (born 1965), Italian television presenter, actress and singer
 * Susana Ventura (born 1950), American performance artist, actress, and playwright
 * Vince Ventura (1917–2001), American professional baseball left fielder
 * Yolanda Ventura (born 1968), Spanish actress and singer
 * Yordano Ventura (1991–2017), Dominican professional baseball pitcher
 * Zé Ventura (born 1996), Angolan football midfielder
 * Zuenir Ventura (born 1931), Brazilian journalist and writer

 * Given name
 * Ventura Alonzo (1904–2000), Mexican-born American musician
 * Ventura Alvarado Aispuro (born 1992), American soccer player
 * Ventura Benassai (died 1511), Italian Roman Catholic Bishop of Massa Marittima
 * Ventura Blanco y Calvo de Encalada (c.1782–1856), Chilean political figure
 * Ventura Bufalini (died 1504), Roman Catholic Bishop of Terni (1499–1504) and Bishop of Città di Castello
 * Ventura Díaz (born 1937), former Spanish cyclist
 * Ventura García Calderón, or Francisco García Calderón (1834-1905), lawyer and Provisional President of the Republic of Peru
 * Ventura Gassol (1893-1980), Catalan poet, playwright and politician
 * Ventura Mazza, or Mazzi or Marzi or Mazi or Magi (c.1560-1638), Italian painter of the late-Renaissance
 * Ventura Miguel Marcó del Pont (1768-1836), Spanish merchant and treasurer for the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
 * Ventura Monge Domínguez (1914–1937), an infantry officer of the General Staff of the Spanish
 * Ventura Pons Sala (born 1945), Spanish movie director
 * Ventura Rodríguez (1717–1785), Spanish architect and artist
 * Ventura Ruiz Aguilera (1820–1881), Spanish lyric poet, called "the Spanish Béranger.”
 * Ventura Tenario (1911–1984), with ring name of Chief Little Wolf, American professional wrestler

Transportation

 * Ventura Freeway, a highway connecting downtown Los Angeles with Ventura County, CA
 * Lockheed Ventura, World War II aircraft
 * Moyes Ventura, an Australian hang glider design
 * MV Ventura, a cruise ship
 * Pontiac Ventura, automobile produced by General Motors
 * Ventura Bus Lines, Australian bus and coach company
 * Ventura Intercity Service Transit Authority, a public transit agency providing bus service in Ventura County, California

Fictional entities

 * Ace Ventura, a fictional pet detective in Warner Bros comedy films
 * Las Venturas, San Andreas, a fictional city in Grand Theft Auto series of video games
 * Luke Ventura, a character from the TV series Married... with Children
 * Marisa Ava Marie Ventura, fictional character of the American romantic comedy-drama Maid in Manhattan
 * Sharon Ventura, also known as She-Thing, a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics

Music

 * La-Ventura, Netherlands-based Gothic/melodic metal band
 * Desmadrados Soldados de Ventura, a psychedelic music ensemble formed in Manchester
 * Ventura (Phish album)
 * Ventura (Anderson Paak album)
 * Ventura (Los Hermanos album)
 * "Ventura", a song by Thomas Bangalter from the Irréversible soundtrack, 2002
 * "Ventura Highway", a 1972 song by the band America

Other uses

 * Ventura (Japanese guitars), a brand of stringed instruments imported from Japan by C. Bruno and Company during the 1960s and 1970s
 * Ventura (horse), American race horse
 * Corel Ventura, software package from Corel Corporation
 * Paxman Ventura, diesel engine
 * PortAventura World, an entertainment resort in Salou and Vila-seca, Tarragona, on the Costa Daurada in Catalonia, Spain
 * Ventura Black Widows, a women's tackle football Tier 3 team, was founded in 2008 by Ahmad Newton of Los Angeles, CA
 * Ventura Oil Field, a large and currently productive oil field in the hills north of Ventura, in southern California
 * Ventura Oilers, a California League baseball team based in Ventura
 * Ventura Farms, a ranch featured in a number of Western films, located in the Hidden Valley in Thousand Oaks, California
 * Ventura Film Festival, an international film festival held each year in Ventura, California
 * Ventura Lambrate, an international design show, held annually in April in Milan, Italy
 * macOS Ventura, the 2022 release of Apple's desktop operating system macOS

title: Ventura


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UK Unionist Party

The UK Unionist Party (UKUP) was a small unionist political party in Northern Ireland from 1995 to 2008 that opposed the Good Friday Agreement. It was nominally formed by Robert McCartney, formerly of the Ulster Unionist Party, to contest the 1995 North Down by-election and then further constituted to contest the 1996 elections for the Northern Ireland Forum. McCartney had previously contested the 1987 general election as an independent using the label Real Unionist.

Ideology
In contrast to other unionist parties, the UK Unionist Party was an integrationist party which believed that Northern Ireland should be governed from London with no regional home rule government and parliament. The UKUP was outspoken in its opposition to the Republic of Ireland having any participative role in the governance of Northern Ireland.

It was also highly critical of the British Labour government of Tony Blair agreeing to Sinn Féin's participation in the Northern Ireland Executive prior to the Provisional IRA fully disarming. The party also opposed the re-organising of policing in Northern Ireland, which saw the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) being replaced by the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI).

History
The party secured a particular coup in 1996 when it was joined by Conor Cruise O'Brien, a former government minister in the Republic of Ireland. O'Brien's hostility to militant Irish republicanism was well-known, and the adherence of such a prominent supporter from the Republic helped reinforce the UKUP's claims to be a non-sectarian party.

McCartney and O'Brien, along with Cedric Wilson, won seats on the 1996 Forum. The UKUP (and the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP)) refused to accept US Senator George Mitchell as chairman of the multi-party talks and tried to obstruct his work. In July 1996, the UKUP withdrew from the multi-party talks in protest at the way in which the Drumcree conflict was handled, but later re-joined them. When Sinn Féin entered the talks in September 1997, the UKUP again left them in protest, along with the DUP.

At the 1997 general election, McCartney was re-elected as the Member of Parliament for North Down. The party opposed the April 1998 Belfast Agreement and campaigned against the establishment of a Northern Ireland Assembly, in which they were unsuccessful. It did contest the election for the Assembly, however, and won five seats.

During 1998, the party suffered a significant amount of internal turmoil. O'Brien published an article in which he called for unionists to consider and embrace the idea of a United Ireland (to challenge the growth in popularity of Sinn Féin) – an idea that was anathema to most in the UKUP. He subsequently resigned from the party. In December the party split over the issue of Sinn Féin taking up its seats in the power-sharing executive without prior Provisional Irish Republican Army decommissioning of weapons. McCartney proposed that if this should happen, the five UKUP members should resign their seats in protest, but this was opposed by the other assembly members. At a party meeting at which the other four were absent, McCartney censured his Assembly colleagues over this split. The two sides both argued that they had the support of the grassroots members of the party. On 5 January 1999, all four left the UKUP to form the Northern Ireland Unionist Party (NIUP), leaving McCartney as the sole UKUP representative in the assembly.

At the 2001 general election, McCartney lost his seat in the House of Commons to the Ulster Unionist Party, which in addition to putting considerable resources into taking the seat, benefited from the withdrawal of the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland due to McCartney's opposition to the Good Friday Agreement. In the 2003 Assembly election, he was only narrowly re-elected to the Assembly. The party suffered a substantial decline in the election, holding only one seat. The NIUP also lost all of its seats.

In 2005, the UKUP did not contest any seats in the Westminster election. In the local elections, its two members of North Down Borough Council lost their seats.

In the 2007 Assembly election, the UKUP fielded candidates in thirteen of Northern Ireland's eighteen constituencies, but failed to win any seats. Leader McCartney personally stood in six constituencies and former DUP MLA George Ennis also stood on the UKUP ticket. The party stood on a platform opposing plans by the DUP to enter into devolved government with Sinn Féin after the election and on other issues including rates, water charges and education. The UKUP was seen as the main channel for DUP members disaffected with plans to share power with Sinn Féin.

Following McCartney's defeat in North Down in the 2007 Assembly elections, the UKUP was left without elected representatives at any level. McCartney announced his retirement from politics following the loss of his assembly seat in North Down to Brian Wilson of the Green Party. As of September 2008, the UKUP is no longer listed as a registered party in the Northern Ireland Register of Political Parties maintained by the UK Electoral Commission.

title: UK Unionist Party


text:
GMB (trade union)

The GMB is a general trade union in the United Kingdom which has more than 560,000 members. Its members work in nearly all industrial sectors, in retail, security, schools, distribution, the utilities, social care, the National Health Service (NHS), ambulance service and local government.

Structural history
GMB originates from a series of mergers, beginning when the National Amalgamated Union of Labour (NAUL), National Union of General Workers (NUGW) and the Municipal Employees Association (MEA) in 1924 joined into a new union, named the National Union of General and Municipal Workers (NUGMW). Although the new union was one of the largest in the country it grew relatively slowly over the following decades; this changed in the 1970s when David Basnett created new sections for staff, and hotel and catering workers, and changed the union's name to the General and Municipal Workers' Union (GMWU) in 1974.

In 1982, following a merger with the Amalgamated Society of Boilermakers, Shipwrights, Blacksmiths and Structural Workers (ASBSBSW), the union was renamed the General, Municipal, Boilermakers and Allied Trade Union (GMBATU). This was sometimes shortened to "GMB", which in 1987 became the official name of the union. For several years following the highly contested merger boilermaker members retained a distinct identity in GMB's Craft Section.

The union has absorbed the following smaller unions:

 * 1924: Chatham Government Labourers' Union, St Helens Sheet Glass Flatteners' Trade Protection Society
 * 1929: Cumberland Iron Ore Miners and Kindred Trades Association
 * 1931: Cleveland Ironstone Quarrymens' Association, North Yorkshire and Cleveland Miners' Association
 * 1933: Saw Grinders Trades Protection Society of Sheffield
 * 1934: Amalgamated National Union of Quarryworkers and Settmakers
 * 1935: Southern Counties Agricultural and Rural Workers
 * 1936: National Society of Woolcombers and Allied Trades, Welsh Artisans' United Association
 * 1938: Saw Handle Makers' Trade Society of Sheffield
 * 1946: Aircraft Inspectors' Association, National Edge Tool Trade Society
 * GMB Union banner at a demonstration in 2018.jpg New Deal demonstration in 2018]]1955: South Durham and North Yorkshire Salt Makers' Union
 * 1957: National Cutlery Union
 * 1958: British Airways Administrative Staffs Association
 * 1962: Elastic Web Weavers' Union
 * 1964: Amalgamated Union of File Trades, Ulster Transport and Allied Operatives Union
 * 1965: Stoke Prior Salt Makers', Mechanics' and General Labourers' Union
 * 1966: HM Stationery Staff Machine Association
 * 1968: Scottish Metal Workers' Union, Scottish Operative Glaziers' Society, Wool, Yarn and Warehouse Workers' Union
 * 1969: Union of Salt, Chemical and Industrial General Workers, Winsford Salt Makers
 * 1972: Manchester Warehouse Employees Association, National Union of Waterworks Employees
 * 1974: BSR Staff Association, National Pen Workers' Federation, United Rubber, Plastic and Allied Workers' Union
 * 1975: Scottish Football Players' Union
 * 1979: Coopers and Allied Workers' Federation of Great Britain
 * 1982: Amalgamated Society of Boilermakers, Shipwrights, Blacksmiths and Structural Workers, Northern Ireland Professional Footballers' Association
 * 1983: Scottish Lace and Textile Workers' Union
 * 1986: Amalgamated Textile Warehouse Operatives (two branches), Amalgamated Textile Workers' Union (plus eight affiliates)
 * 1988: Greater London Staff Association
 * 1989: Association of Professional, Executive and Computer Staff, Association of Professional Music Therapists
 * 1990: Legal Aid Staff Association, National Union of Labour Organisers
 * 1991: Furniture, Timber and Allied Trades Union, National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers
 * 1998: British Gas Managers' Association
 * 2000: Managerial and Professional Officers
 * 2002: International Union of Sex Workers
 * 2007: General Union of Loom Overlookers
 * 2008: Ambulance Service Union
 * 2010: Community and District Nursing Association
 * 2015: Unity

In 1992, the GMB for the first time allocated all of its members to one of eight industrial sections: clothing and textiles; commercial services; construction, furniture and allied; energy and utilities; engineering; food and leisure; process; and public services.

The GMB's sections were rationalised in 2006, with the union since then consisting of GMB Commercial Services, GMB Manufacturing, and GMB Public Services.

Thorne Credit Union
Thorne Credit Union Limited is a savings and loans co-operative established by the trade union for its members in 1998. Trading as TCU Money, it began life as GMB Lancashire Region Credit Union and was rolled out nationwide in 2000. TCU is named after Will Thorne, founder of NUGW forerunner, the National Union of Gas Workers and General Labourers and one of the first Labour Members of Parliament. The credit union is authorised by the Prudential Regulation Authority and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority and the PRA. Ultimately, like the banks and building societies, members' savings are protected against business failure by the Financial Services Compensation Scheme.

Landmark Uber employment tribunal case

On 28 October 2016, in a landmark ruling if not overturned on appeal, the Central London Employment Tribunal ruled that Uber drivers are "workers" entitled to the minimum wage, paid holiday, sick leave and other normal worker entitlements, rather than self-employed. Two Uber drivers had brought the case to the employment tribunal with the assistance of the GMB Union on 20 July 2016, as a test case on behalf of a group of 19 drivers. As a consequence, The Pensions Regulator is considering if the ruling obliges Uber to create a workplace pension scheme. The ruling could have implications wider than just Uber, throughout the so-called gig economy. On 10 November 2017 the Employment Appeal Tribunal upheld the first tribunal's ruling. Uber indicated that it would appeal further.

The law firm Leigh Day started the legal action against Uber on behalf of 25 members of the GMB union, which initially included J. Farrar and Y. Aslam, although the two pursued this latest case with a different union, the Independent Worker's Union of Great Britain.

On 10 February 2017 a similar case involving Pimlico Plumbers was confirmed at the Court of Appeal. A worker who had suffered a heart attack was found to have been unfairly or wrongfully dismissed.

Another similar case against parcel delivery company Hermes Group, supported by the GMB through lawyers Leigh Day, had a similar outcome at an employment tribunal in Leeds on 25 June 2018. Hermes are considering an appeal. The GMB stated the ruling was likely to affect 14,500 Hermes couriers. General Secretary, Tim Roache, described it as: "another nail in the coffin of the exploitative, bogus self-employment model which is increasingly rife across the UK ... Bosses can’t just pick and choose which laws to obey. Workers' rights were hard won, GMB isn’t about to sit back and let them be eroded or removed by the latest loophole employers have come up with to make a few extra quid."

Political activity
GMB is one of the three largest affiliates of the Labour Party. It is a significant financial contributor to the Party's national and local organisation. GMB gives Labour up to £2m a year in affiliation fees and other funds, making it the third largest union donor to the party.

In 1991, GMB was the first British trade union to set up an office in Brussels and has been particularly engaged in seeking to influence European Union legislation that sets minimum standards for workers and for health and safety across the EU single market.

In 2008, GMB Congress voted to withdraw local funding from around a third of the 108 Labour MPs whose constituencies received support from GMB, due to the perception that some MPs within the party were treating workers with "contempt" and generally not working in the interests of the working class and GMB members. Despite this the Congress opposed disaffiliation from the party.

In the 2010 Labour Leadership Election, GMB endorsed Ed Miliband over his competitor and brother David Miliband.

In 2013, GMB announced it was cutting its affiliation fund from £1.2m to £150,000 by reducing the number of members it affiliates from 420,000 to 50,000.

In 2013, GMB Congress, the lay member ruling body, adopted a 14-point plan to encourage GMB members to become active in the Labour Party and to stand as Labour candidates for public office (Parliament and local government). GMB has two representatives on the National Executive Committee (NEC) of the Labour Party, Kathy Abu-Bakir and Gavin Sibthorpe. In Ireland, GMB is affiliated to the Irish Labour Party.

While in the 2015 Labour leadership election GMB did not endorse a candidate, in the 2016 Labour leadership election, the union endorsed Owen Smith against incumbent leader Jeremy Corbyn.

Under the leadership of Jeremy Corbyn, the GMB clashed with the party over the issues of Trident renewal and fracking, both of which are opposed by Corbyn.

In the 2020 Labour leadership election, the GMB endorsed Lisa Nandy, who subsequently finished third.

Leadership
The GMB is led by a general secretary and treasurer. In 2005 Paul Kenny was appointed the acting general secretary, in place of Kevin Curran who stepped down after being suspended on full pay during an inquiry into ballot-rigging during the union's leadership election. The episode was seen as a power struggle between the national office and powerful regional heads, led by Kenny, who opposed centralisation. Kenny had lost the 2003 vote to Curran. In May 2006, Kenny was elected unopposed as general secretary.

Tim Roache was elected as general secretary and treasurer in November 2015, receiving 56.7% of the vote on a turnout of 4.2%, beating the one other candidate, Paul McCarthy. Roache took up the post in 2016, but resigned in April 2020 after allegations of harassment.

General Secretaries

 * 1924: Will Thorne
 * 1934: Charles Dukes
 * 1946: Tom Williamson
 * 1962: Jack Cooper
 * 1973: David Basnett
 * 1986: John Edmonds
 * 2003: Kevin Curran
 * 2005: Paul Kenny
 * 2016: Tim Roache
 * 2021: Gary Smith

Deputy General Secretaries
This post was known as "assistant general secretary" until 1935.
 * 1924: Peter Tevenan and Ralph Spence
 * 1933: Ralph Spence
 * 1935: Post abolished
 * 1991: Tom Burlison
 * 1996: Steve Pickering
 * 2003: Debbie Coulter
 * 2008: Post vacant

Presidents
This position was known as "Chair of the Executive" or "National Chairman" from 1938 until the early 1990s.

 * 1924: J. R. Clynes
 * 1938: Fred Marshall
 * 1946: Thomas William Kerry
 * 1949: William E. Hopkin
 * 1952: Jack Cooper
 * 1962: Bernard Swindell
 * 1964: Charles Smith
 * 1970: Alex M. Donnet
 * 1976: Derek Gladwin
 * 1982: Dick Pickering
 * 1987: James Morrell
 * 1988: Olga Mean
 * 1992: Dick Pickering
 * 1997: Mary Turner
 * 2018: Barbara Plant

2020 internal inquiry
In 2020, following the resignation of general secretary Tim Roache and subsequently receiving anonymous allegations, the union conducted a barrister-led internal inquiry. This concluded that bullying, misogyny, cronyism and sexual harassment were "endemic" within the union. More specifically the report stated "The GMB is institutionally sexist. The General Secretaries and all regional secretaries are, and always have been, men. Women are underrepresented throughout the GMB’s ranks", concluding that culture must change for the GMB to become a safe and rewarding place for women. The report made 27 recommendations for change, on which the union's National President, Barbara Plant, promised to act.

Sports sponsorship
The GMB sponsors the Nottingham Panthers ice hockey team and the Castleford Tigers rugby league team.

Until May 2011 it sponsored Swindon Town Football Club, but when Paolo Di Canio was appointed manager the GMB terminated the relationship because of Di Canio's political views. A GMB spokesman said: "He has openly voiced support for Mussolini so it beggars belief that Swindon could have appointed him, especially given the multi-ethnic nature of the team and the town." The union sponsored Port Vale for the 2013–14 football season.

title: GMB (trade union)


text:
GMB

GMB may refer to:

Arts and media

 * GMB (album), 2012, by hip-hop trio Pac Div
 * Good Morning Britain (2014 TV programme)
 * Good Morning Britain (1983 TV programme)

Africa

 * The Gambia, by ISO 3166 alpha-3 country code
 * Gambela Airport, Ethiopia, by IATA code

Europe

 * Gardermoen Line (Gardermobanen), a high-speed railway
 * Graduates Memorial Building, at Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
 * Grimsby Town railway station, England, by GBR code

Other uses

 * GMB (trade union), UK
 * Grand Bauhinia Medal, Hong Kong honour
 * Martin GMB, 1918 US bomber aircraft
 * Great Master of the Order of the Bath

title: GMB


text:
Unison

In music, unison is two or more musical parts that sound either the same pitch or pitches separated by intervals of one or more octaves, usually at the same time. Rhythmic unison is another term for homorhythm.

Definition
"Two pitches that are the same or two that move as one."

Unison or perfect unison (also called a prime, or perfect prime) may refer to the (pseudo-)interval formed by a tone and its duplication (in German, Unisono, Einklang, or Prime), for example C–C, as differentiated from the second, C–D, etc. In the unison the two pitches have the ratio of 1:1 or 0 half steps and zero cents. Although two tones in unison are considered to be the same pitch, they are still perceivable as coming from separate sources, whether played on instruments of a different type: ; or of the same type:. This is because a pair of tones in unison come from different locations or can have different "colors" (timbres), i.e. come from different musical instruments or human voices. Voices with different colors have, as sound waves, different waveforms. These waveforms have the same fundamental frequency but differ in the amplitudes of their higher harmonics. The unison is considered the most consonant interval while the near unison is considered the most dissonant. The unison is also the easiest interval to tune. The unison is abbreviated as "P1".

However, the unison was questioned by Zarlino as an interval for lacking contrast and compared to a point in geometry:"Equality is never found in consonances or intervals, and the unison is to the musician what the point is to the geometer. A point is the beginning of a line, although, it is not itself a line. But a line is not composed of points, since a point has no length, width, or depth that can be extended, or joined to another point. So a unison is only the beginning of consonance or interval; it is neither consonance nor interval, for like the point it is incapable of extension."

Performance ensembles
"Several singers singing a melody together."

In orchestral music unison can mean the simultaneous playing of a note (or a series of notes constituting a melody) by different instruments, either at the same pitch; or in a different octave, for example, cello and double bass (all'unisono). Typically a section string player plays unison with the rest of the section. Occasionally the Italian word divisi (meaning divided, abbrev. div.) marks a point where an instrumental section, typically the first violins, is to be divided into two groups for rendering passages that might, for example, include full chords. Thus, in the divisi first violins the "outside" players (nearer the audience) might play the top note of the chord, while the "inside" seated players play the middle note, and the second violins play the bottom note. At the point where the first violins no longer play divisi, the score may indicate this with unison (abbrev. unis.).

When an entire choir sings the main melody, the choir usually sings in unison. Music in which all the notes sung are in unison is called monophonic. In a choir with two or more sections, such as for different vocal ranges, each section typically sings in unison. Part singing is when two or more voices sing different notes. Homophony is when choir members sing different pitches but with the same rhythm. Polyphony is when the chorus sings multiple independent melodies.

Synthesizer
On synthesizers, the term unison is used to describe two or more oscillators that are slightly detuned in correspondence to each other, which makes the sound fatter. This technique is so popular that some modern virtual analog synthesisers have a special oscillator type called "super saw" or "hyper saw" that generates several detuned sawtooth waves simultaneously.

title: Unison


text:
Northern Ireland Women's Coalition

The Northern Ireland Women's Coalition (NIWC) was a minor cross-community political party in Northern Ireland from 1996 to 2006.

The NIWC was founded by Catholic academic Monica McWilliams and Protestant social worker Pearl Sagar to contest elections to the Northern Ireland Forum, the body for all-party talks which led to the Belfast (Good Friday) Agreement.

The party campaigned principally around the fact that it was led by women, declining to take a position on whether Northern Ireland should be part of the United Kingdom or a United Ireland. It did not identify as feminist.

Creation and growth
The creation of the NIWC is usually traced back to a meeting over dinner between Avila Kilmurray, a former trade union official and former director of the Community Foundation for Northern Ireland, and McWilliams in April 1996. The pair discussed ways in which women could be "written into, rather than out of" the Northern Ireland peace process. Working with the Northern Ireland Women's European Forum, they unsuccessfully lobbied the Northern Ireland Office to require parties to submit gender-balanced lists for the Northern Ireland Forum elections. Having failed, the NIWC was hastily assembled to contest the election.

Around 150 women attended the first NIWC meeting, and subsequent meetings regularly attracted up to 60 people. Meetings were held in Belfast on a fortnightly and later weekly basis to debate positions, facilitated by rotating chairs. After a year, the NIWC developed a constitution that provided for the election of a 12–15 member executive committee to make policy decisions: two representatives from each county, plus the party's elected representatives as ex officio members. Additional members could be co-opted to maintain the cross-community balance. Monthly meetings continued to be open to the full membership.

In the 1996 Forum elections, McWilliams, Sagar and eight other Coalition candidates secured 7,731 votes (1.03%). They did not win any constituency seats, but under a 'top-up' mechanism to ensure the representation of minor parties, they were awarded two seats, taken by McWilliams and Sagar. They attended the negotiations dominated by the other 108 representatives and supported (but did not, as often reported, sign) the ensuing intergovernmental Good Friday Agreement. The NIWC successfully introduced amendments on mixed housing, the inclusion of women in public life, special initiatives for young people affected by the conflict, recognition of the links between reconciliation and mixed housing and integrated education, and the promotion of a culture of tolerance. The NIWC also advocated the creation of a Civic Forum for Northern Ireland, which was included in the Agreement and set up in 2000.

Post-Agreement political involvement
The NIWC fielded three candidates in the 1997 United Kingdom general election, collecting a total of 3,024 votes. In the 1998 Northern Ireland Assembly election, the NIWC secured 13,018 votes (1.6%) and McWilliams, representing South Belfast, and Jane Morrice, representing North Down, were elected to the inaugural Northern Ireland Assembly. Some academics have speculated that the NIWC's existence forced other party leaders to pay more attention to women's interests in their campaigning during the election. The main parties put forward higher numbers of women in response to the advent of the NIWC, motivated by fear that votes for female candidates would go to the NIWC.

In the 2001 Northern Ireland local elections, the party secured 3,301 votes (0.4%) and one council seat. McWilliams stood unsuccessfully as a candidate in the 2001 United Kingdom general election, securing 2,968 votes in South Belfast (7.8%).

Decline and dissolution
At its 2002 conference, the NIWC boasted of being "the only women's party in the world that has elected representatives – that is quite some achievement". By 2003, however, both NIWC MLAs had lost their seats in the 2003 Assembly elections, where the party's vote fell to 5,785 votes (0.8%). The party subsequently held "a frank, honest and constructive discussion" about whether to continue, eventually resolving that it would not wind up. Its electoral fortunes did not recover. The party's last remaining elected representative lost her seat on North Down Borough Council in 2005, where the NIWC secured 0.1% of the Northern Ireland vote.

The party never contested another election. On 11 May 2006, the Women's Coalition was formally wound up at a function held in Belfast.

title: Northern Ireland Women's Coalition


text:
Roseburg, Indiana

Roseburg is the name of two places in the State of Indiana in the United States of America:

 * Roseburg, Grant County, Indiana
 * Roseburg, Union County, Indiana

title: Roseburg, Indiana


text:
Fillmore

Fillmore may refer to:

Canada

 * Fillmore, Saskatchewan
 * Rural Municipality of Fillmore No. 96, Saskatchewan

United States

 * Fillmore, California
 * Fillmore District, San Francisco, California
 * Fillmore, Louisiana
 * Fillmore, Illinois
 * Fillmore Township, Montgomery County, Illinois
 * Fillmore, Indiana
 * Fillmore Township, Iowa County, Iowa
 * Fillmore, Kentucky
 * Fillmore Township, Michigan
 * Fillmore, Minnesota
 * Fillmore County, Minnesota
 * Fillmore Township, Fillmore County, Minnesota
 * Fillmore, Missouri
 * Fillmore County, Nebraska
 * Fillmore, New York
 * Fillmore, Ohio
 * Fillmore, Oklahoma
 * Fillmore, Utah
 * Fillmore, Wisconsin

Venues

 * Fillmore Auditorium (Denver), Colorado
 * The Fillmore (Fillmore Auditorium), San Francisco, California promoter Bill Graham's original West Coast concert location
 * Fillmore East in New York City, New York, Bill Graham's East Coast concert location (1968 to 1971)
 * Fillmore West in San Francisco, California, Bill Graham's subsequent West Coast concert location (1968 to 1971)
 * The Fillmore Detroit in Detroit, Michigan
 * Irving Plaza, known as "The Fillmore New York" in the late 2000s
 * Theatre of Living Arts (TLA) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, briefly known as The Fillmore at TLA and referred to locally as The Fillmore Philadelphia
 * The Fillmore Philadelphia, a separate venue in the Fishtown neighborhood of Philadelphia that opened in late 2015
 * The Fillmore Silver Spring, a venue in Silver Spring, Maryland
 * The Fillmore Miami Beach, a venue in Miami Beach, Florida
 * AvidxChange Music Factory, home to a venue named the Fillmore Charlotte in Charlotte, North Carolina

Fictional characters

 * Fillmore (Cars), a character from Cars
 * Fillmore, a character in Sherman's Lagoon
 * Fillmore, a bear in Hoppity Hooper
 * Fillmore, a pimp in The Warriors

Other uses

 * Fillmore (film), a 1971 music documentary
 * Fillmore!, an animated television program
 * Fillmore Block, a place in Wright County, Iowa
 * Fillmore High School, a high school in Fillmore, California

People with the surname

 * Charles Fillmore (Unity Church) (1854–1948), one of the founders of the Unity Church
 * Charles J. Fillmore (1929–2014), linguist, (co-)inventor of Case Theory and Construction Grammar
 * Frederick A. Fillmore (1856-1925), American composer and music publisher
 * Henry Fillmore (1881–1956), American bandmaster and band composer
 * Millard Fillmore (1800–1874), thirteenth president of the United States
 * Abigail Fillmore (1798–1853), first wife of Millard Fillmore
 * Caroline Fillmore (1813–1881), second wife of Millard Fillmore
 * Nathaniel Fillmore (1771–1863), farmer and father of Millard Fillmore
 * Walter Fillmore (1933–2017), Brigadier General, USMC Ret.

title: Fillmore


text:
Communication Workers Union (United Kingdom)

The Communication Workers Union (CWU) is the main trade union in the United Kingdom for people working for telephone, cable, digital subscriber line (DSL) and postal delivery companies. It has 110,000 members in Royal Mail as well as more in many other communication companies.

Formed in 1995 by the merger of the Union of Communication Workers and National Communications Union, its current general secretary is Dave Ward.

Sectors
CWU members work for Royal Mail, the Post Office, BT, O2, Sky, Accenture HR Services, EE, Virgin Media and other communication companies. Members' expertise includes engineering, computing, clerical, mechanical, driving, retail, financial and manual skills.

In 2020 United Tech and Allied Workers was formed as a branch of the CWU to represent workers in the technology industry.

2007
The basis of the strike was a disagreement over pay and pensions. On 7 June 2007, the union's postal members voted by 77.5% to strike after a 2.5% pay rise coupled with £350 million every year for five years (totalling £1.5 billion) of cuts was offered. They took their first one-day strike on 29 June 2007, and the second on 12 July and 13 July. The action then progressed to a series of rolling strikes.

2009
Further industrial action was taken in 2009. An overwhelming three to one vote in favour backed the dispute and two days of national strike action were called in October 2009. This followed significant periods of local strike action in London, Bristol and areas of Scotland. Following the national days of action, the TUC were involved in brokering an "interim agreement" that provided a "period of calm" for the union and Royal Mail to negotiate a full and final agreement on the introduction of modernisation and relevant working practices. Following the interim agreement, strike action was suspended and talks held under the auspices of Acas.

In December 2009, a national agreement was struck and a ballot of the membership on an agreement on pay and working conditions was carried out. This agreement was overwhelmingly supported by CWU members in January 2010. The agreement increased pay and changed working arrangements, particularly in delivery. The agreement was headed "business transformation" and discussions and implementation arrangements continued nationally and in each workplace on the detail of the agreement. As a result, both the union and Royal Mail claimed to have agreed a fully funded modernisation plan.

2010 BT industrial dispute
In early 2010 the CWU balloted all of its BT employed members for strike action over a pay claim for 2010. The ballot result was never announced due to legal challenges but following extensive negotiations CWU reached an agreed settlement on pay with BT. A national ballot of members overwhelmingly agreed the pay deal.

2021 RPE industrial dispute and strike
On 24 February 2021, 170 BT Openreach employees commenced a total of three weeks strike action in opposition to the companies unagreed changes to their Terms & Conditions, along with proposals that could impact taxpayer expenditure for public funded projects.

CWU Deputy General Secretary, Andy Kerr commented that "the fact that management’s total intransigence on the issue has resulted in the first industrial action anywhere in BT Group for 22 years tells its own story."

The staff involved were Repayment Project Engineers (RPE). Their job involved diverting and/or protecting BT cables during major building works, including local authority and government schemes.

To date, the industrial dispute has not been settled and is still debated at executive level.

2022 BT and Openreach industrial dispute and strike
In June 2022, the CWU conducted its first company-wide industrial action ballot in BT Group since 1987. In Openreach, where 28,425 CWU members were entitled to vote, participants recorded a 95.8% ‘yes’ vote for industrial action on a 74.8% turnout. In BT, where 10,353 were issued with ballot papers, another ‘yes’ vote of 91.5% was recorded on a 58.2% turnout.

The CWU hoped that such an overwhelming demonstration of workforce anger would persuade management back to the negotiating table were, however, met with BT categorically refusing to re-open 2022 pay negotiations.

As a result, the first national industrial action in BT Group for three and a half decades took place on 29 July and 1 August – with the all-out strike days being solidly observed by members in both BT and Openreach.

Two further all-out strike days took place on Tuesday 30 and Wednesday 31 August.

Following this, another four days of strike action was announced for Thursday 6 October, Monday 10 October, Thursday 20 October and Monday 24 October.

The dispute, which involves more than 40,000 CWU members working for BT and Openreach, was triggered by BT’s unilateral imposition of real-terms pay cuts for all CWU-represented grades.

Labour Party
The CWU has long been affiliated with the Labour Party; for example Alan Johnson, a previous General Secretary, later became a Labour Member of Parliament (MP) and ultimately held a number of Cabinet posts including Home Secretary. Since 2001, the CWU has donated over £9million to the Labour Party but relationships became strained over Labour plans to privatise Royal Mail in 2007 and Dave Ward, the CWU's representative on the Labour Party's National Executive Committee announced he was stepping down from this role because he believed it conflicted with the interests of union members. He was replaced by Andy Kerr.

At the CWU Annual Conference 2008 there was much debate about the union's relationship with Labour. It was agreed, and remains union policy that a ballot would be held to cease funds to the party if privatisation of postal services took place. As the privatisation proposal from the Labour government in 2009, the Postal Services Bill, was defeated through the unions campaign, led by the left wing Labour loyalist and long term General Secretary Billy Hayes, with the support of Labour backbenchers, affiliation has remained in place.

Since the election of the Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition government the union has sought to re-define its relationship with the Labour Party. In July 2010 the union's National Executive Committee agreed to nominate and support Ed Balls MP for Labour leader in the 2010 leadership ballot. In turn, Ed Balls MP supported the unions Keep The Post Public campaign in the summer of 2010 in opposition of the planned coalition government's intention to privatise Royal Mail.

In September 2015, CWU endorsed Jeremy Corbyn's campaign in the Labour Party leadership election.

In August 2017, it was announced that the organisation will formally affiliate to Momentum after its ruling executive voted unanimously in favour to join the organisation. General secretary Dave Ward, told the New Statesman that "the general election showed the value of Momentum as part of the wider labour movement", and that the body, which emerged from Corbyn's 2015 leadership campaign, was now "a major political force in the UK", saying it had a "key role to play in securing a transformative Labour government".

1st Class Credit Union
1st Class Credit Union Limited was formed in 1992, as Glasgow District Postal Workers Credit Union, it became the Scottish Postal Workers Credit Union in 1998, before adopting the present name in 2007. A member of the Association of British Credit Unions Limited, it is open to members and employees of the CWU.

The credit union is authorised by the Prudential Regulation Authority and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority and the PRA. Ultimately, like the banks and building societies, members’ savings are protected against business failure by the Financial Services Compensation Scheme.

In 2016, it was awarded a large grant of £60,000 by the Lloyds Banking Group Credit Union Development Fund to strengthen its capital asset ratio.

Leadership
The following people have served as General Secretary of the Communication Workers Union:
 * 1995: Alan Johnson (UCW) and Tony Young (NCU) jointly
 * 1997: Derek Hodgson and Tony Young
 * 1998: Derek Hodgson
 * 2001: Billy Hayes
 * 2015: Dave Ward

The second most senior official is the Senior Deputy General Secretary:
 * 1998: Tony Young
 * 2001: Tony Kearns


text:
Talk:2004

Millie Bobby Brown
The addition doesn't technically violate WP:RY, but there are no other birth entries in WP:Recent years where the person was not notable at birth. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 21:43, 24 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Your point? The Rambling Man (talk) 21:51, 24 July 2017 (UTC)
 * WP:IAR and the local consensus established in WT:RY suggests exclusion. Unlike certain other editors, I realize WP:RY  is a guideline, and I am requesting consensus here to override the guideline in this instance.  — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 22:25, 24 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes, yes, as you keep saying, and we'll deal with your personal attacks at another venue, but you haven't actually said why this individual should be included. The Rambling Man (talk) 06:21, 25 July 2017 (UTC)
 * She's definitely not the only person who wasn't notable at birth in recent year articles; she's not even the only one in 2004 (Francesca Capaldi in 2004, Pierce Gagnon in 2005, Jacob Tremblay in 2006, and Aubrey Anderson-Emmons in 2007, not to mention all the ones in 2002 and 2003). What is the local consensus for exclusion that you're referring to? If the guideline is be interpreted as only people whose births were notable, then we would have to make that more explicit in the guideline itself. -- Irn (talk) 17:07, 25 July 2017 (UTC)
 * I was opposed to inclusion, as I don't consider her "internationally significant". But, without another point in the guideline or guideline discussion against her, I don't want to encourage arguments of the form:  "She isn't internationally known."  "She is."  "Isn't."  "Is." ....  If noone else comes forward to agree with me that a specific clause of the guideline WP:RY applies, I'll withdraw the request.  — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 19:52, 25 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Why aren't you responding to the ANI request? The Rambling Man (talk) 19:54, 25 July 2017 (UTC)
 * As I told you, I cannot easily copy diffs. (If I could, I would have pointed you to the three diffs where I told you that.)  If you do not hide this discussion, I'll add it to the list of diffs where you are intentionally disruptive.  — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 22:46, 25 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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Forrest Wheeler
Well, he does have an article, but both WP:NACTOR and WP:BLP1E suggest he shouldn't. I'm posting here to suggest that even if the article is retained, he may not have sufficient notability for this article. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 01:06, 16 February 2018 (UTC)

Eclipses
See WT:YEARS for a matter relevant to this page. Arthur Rubin (alternate) (talk) 23:09, 26 June 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:21, 3 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Zayed-bin-Sultan-Al-Nahyan.jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 05:05, 27 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Marlon Brando (cropped).jpg

Collage thoughts
Please let me know if anyone has any disagreements on the images included in the collage, and I will put it up for vote. Thanks The ganymedian (talk) 22:46, 8 October 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 00:36, 19 November 2022 (UTC)
 * 2004 Events Collage.png

Nintendo DS
If anyone can find a good source about the launch of the Nintendo DS, PLEASE ADD IT. Cause it is 2nd best selling game console ever. (The first being the PS2, which came out in 2000.) And that is for sure something significant. NintendoTTTEfan2005 (talk) 21:23, 3 December 2022 (UTC)

 * This shouldn't be included in the main article, it should be included in 2004 in video gaming instead, but I think this could be included in the collage if it is possible. MarioJump83 (talk) 17:04, 18 April 2023 (UTC)

Regarding some events
I have removed these events previously in this article as they are domestic, but also the ones that shouldn't be considered in the article as they are related to the sporting events, which are rarely included besides Olympics or World Cup, and/or television. MarioJump83 (talk) 17:08, 18 April 2023 (UTC)

"January 7, 2004" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=January_7,_2004&redirect=no January 7, 2004] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. TartarTorte 14:28, 3 July 2023 (UTC)

Collage depreciation
At Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Years, a discussion on whether to depreciate collages in general in going on. Please share your thoughts. Koopinator (talk) 07:40, 24 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:2004


text: User talk:152.157.208.5

title: User talk:152.157.208.5


text:
Slavoljub Eduard Penkala

Slavoljub Eduard Penkala (20 April 1871 – 5 February 1922) was a Slovak-Croatian engineer and inventor.

Biography
Eduard Penkala was born in Liptószentmiklós (now Liptovský Mikuláš in Slovakia), then part of Austria-Hungary, to Franciszek Pękała, who was of Polish heritage, and Maria Pękała (née Hannel), who was of Dutch descent. He attended the University of Vienna and Royal Saxon Polytechnic Institute, graduating from the latter on March 25, 1898, and going on to earn a doctorate in organic chemistry. During his studies, he attended violin lessons where he met his future wife, pianist Emily Stoffregen. He then moved with his wife to Zagreb (which was then in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia). To mark his loyalty to his new homeland, he took on the Croatian name Slavoljub (Croatian for "slavophile"), becoming a naturalized Croat.

He became renowned for further development of the mechanical pencil (1906) - then called an "automatic pencil" - and the first solid-ink fountain pen (1907). On 24 January 1906 he registered the patent for an automatic pencil. Collaborating with an entrepreneur by the name of Edmund Moster, he started the Penkala-Moster Company and built a pen-and-pencil factory that was one of the biggest in the world at the time. As the business grew, a second factory was set up in Berlin. The company, now called TOZ Penkala, still exists today.

He also constructed the first Croatian aircraft to fly in the country, the Penkala 1910 Biplane, flown by Dragutin Novak, who was also the first Croatian pilot. He constructed and invented many other products and devices, and held a total of 80 patents.

Among his patented inventions were:

 * a hot water bottle - his first patented invention, the "Termofor"
 * a type of bluing detergent
 * a rail-car brake
 * an anode battery

He also founded another company called the Elevator Chemical Manufacturing Company, which produced various chemicals such as detergents, sealing wax, and "Radium Vinovica", a patent-medicine – like product that was billed as curing rheumatism.

He had four children with his wife, Emily.

Penkala died in Zagreb at the age of 50, after catching pneumonia on a business trip. He was buried at the Mirogoj Cemetery.

title: Slavoljub Eduard Penkala


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Camperdown, Dundee

Camperdown is an area of Dundee, Scotland, best known for Camperdown Park, which is the largest park in the city.

The name is Dutch in origin, being the English version of Kamperduin, a village of the North Holland province (north of Haarlem) on the North Sea coast of the Netherlands. This is because Adam Duncan (1 July 1731 – 4 August 1804), defeated the Dutch fleet off there on 11 October 1797 in the Battle of Camperdown. His home, Camperdown House, was in turn named after this, and then gave its name to the area.

The Dundee Ice Arena is located in the area, on the north side of the Kingsway (A90) ring road. If completed according to 2022 plans (revised in 2023), Dundee F.C.'s new stadium to replace Dens Park would also be sited there.

Camperdown Country Park
Camperdown Country Park, often known as just Camperdown Park, is a public park in the Camperdown area of Dundee. The park is the location of Camperdown House, a wildlife centre and many other recreational facilities. It is the largest park in Dundee, stretching to 400 acre. Over 190 species of tree are found in the park. It is located three miles north-west of Dundee city centre.

title: Camperdown, Dundee


text:
Transport and General Workers' Union

The Transport and General Workers' Union (TGWU or T&G) was one of the largest general trade unions in the United Kingdom and Ireland – where it was known as the Amalgamated Transport and General Workers' Union (ATGWU) to differentiate itself from the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union – with 900,000 members (and was once the largest trade union in the world). It was founded in 1922 and Ernest Bevin served as its first general secretary.

In 2007, it merged with Amicus to form Unite the Union.

History
At the time of its creation in 1922, the TGWU was the largest and most ambitious amalgamation brought about within trade unionism. Its structure combined regional organisation, based on Districts and Areas, with committee organisation by occupation, based on six broad Trade Groups. Trade groups were not closely linked to trades, but were elected by activists. Officials of the union were grouped by region, and could be asked to serve each or any trade group.

Docks Group
The Docks Group was created in 1922 to represent members of the following unions:
 * Dock, Wharf, Riverside and General Labourers' Union of Great Britain and Ireland
 * Labour Protection League (London, est. 1889)
 * National Amalgamated Coal Porters' Union of Inland and Seaborne Coal Workers (London, est. 1889)
 * National Amalgamated Labourers' Union of Great Britain and Ireland (Cardiff, est. 1889)
 * North of England Trimmers' and Teemers' Association (est. 1871)

The group originally had a subsection for coal shipping. In 1928, it had 96,000 members, but over time, membership of the group declined along with employment on the docks, dropping to 56,000 in 1966, and had 51,153 in 1980.

Waterways Group
The Waterways Group was created in 1922 to represent members of the Amalgamated Society of Watermen, Lightermen and Bargemen. Always one of the smallest sections, it had only 8,000 members in 1928, and 16,000 in 1966. In 1970, it was merged into the Docks Group.

Administrative, Clerical and Supervisory Group
The Administrative, Clerical and Supervisory Group was created in 1922 to represent members of the following unions:
 * National Association of Ships' Clerks, Grain Weighers and Coalmeters
 * National Union of Docks, Wharves and Shipping Staffs

There was often ambiguity in the TGWU over the actual name of its white-collar section. From the 1960s it was generally known as ACTS (Administrative, Clerical, Technical and Supervisory) but also sometimes as the ACTSS (Association of Clerical, Technical and Supervisory Staff) and enamel union badges bearing both sets of initials were produced for members. It was noted for an enquiry by the Certification Office in 2006 into board members who had joined the union within six months of being elected to senior posts.

The group grew significantly over time, having only 5,000 members in 1928, but 62,000 by 1966, and 149,801 members in 1980.

Road Transport (Passenger and Commercial) Groups
The Road Transport group was created in 1922 to represent members of the following unions:
 * Amalgamated Association of Carters and Motormen (Leeds, est. 1916)
 * Amalgamated Carters, Lurrymen and Motormen's Union (Bolton, est. 1890)
 * Associated Horsemen's Union (Greenock, est. 1894)
 * National Union of Vehicle Workers
 * North of Scotland Horse and Motormen's Association (Dundee, 1911)
 * United Vehicle Workers

Later in 1922, the group was split into Road Transport (Passenger) and Road Transport (Commercial) groups. The Passenger group had 79,000 members in 1928 and 181,000 in 1966, but by 1980, the renamed Passenger Services group had dropped to only 44,501 members. The Commercial Services group rose from 37,000 members in 1928 to 219,000 in 1966, and 226,290 in 1980.

General Workers Group
The General Workers Group was created in 1922 to cater for all workers in jobs which did not fall into another group. Initially, it had subsections for workers in metal and chemical trades. Once it was considered that a particular field had enough members to justify its own trade group, it was split out. These decisions were made at the Biennial Delegate Conference, and although there were many applications to form new trade groups, most were unsuccessful. The group had 68,000 members in 1928, and it then doubled in size when the Workers' Union merged into the TGWU. By 1966, it had 338,000 members and, despite the splitting out of further groups in 1970, by 1980 it still had 269,845 members.

The first groups to be split out were:
 * Power Workers, formed in 1926 from the National Amalgamated Union of Enginemen, Firemen, Mechanics, Motormen and Electrical Workers. It had 20,000 members in 1928, rising to 41,000 by 1966.
 * Engineering, formed in 1931, principally from members of the Workers' Union. By 1966, it had 269,000 members.
 * Government, formed in 1943, with 58,000 members by 1966.
 * Municipal, formed in 1945, with 44,000 members by 1966.
 * Agricultural, formed in 1945, with 13,000 members by 1966.
 * Building, formed in 1953, with 53,000 members by 1966.
 * Chemical, formed in 1953, with 61,000 members by 1966.

Later mergers
The Scottish Union of Dock Labourers and National Union of Dock, Riverside and General Workers in Great Britain and Ireland initially voted not to amalgamate, but a new voted changed their position, and they joined before the end of 1922, along with the Amalgamated Carters, Lurrymen and Motormen's Union, Greenock Sugar Porters' Union, Dundee Flax and Jute Stowers' Society, National Union of British Fishermen, and Belfast Breadservers' Association. Some of these unions retained a great deal of autonomy and in many ways effectively functioned as separate unions, even being registered separately with the Registrar of Friendly Societies. The biggest merger was with the Workers' Union in 1929, the union being fully integrated into the TGWU in 1931.

Campaigns
The Transport and General Workers' Union spearheaded the campaign for the registration of Gangmasters in the UK, sponsoring an Act of Parliament which received the Royal Assent on 8 July 2004.

Merger with Amicus
During 2005 discussions started between the TGWU, Amicus and the GMB about the possibility of merging the three unions into one organisation with potentially 2.5 million members covering almost every sector of the economy. On 14 June 2006 the GMB Conference voted not to continue with discussions although the other two unions are proceeding, with delegates approving the proposed 'Instrument of Amalgamation' at a special conference on 18 December 2006. The ballot of both unions' membership during February and early March 2007, also approved the merger. The result of the ballot was announced on 8 March 2007: 86.4 per cent of T&G members and 70.1 per cent of Amicus members voted to support the merger, from a turnout of 27% at a time of low membership consultation. The press release announced that the resulting union had the working title "New Union" and the name would be decided by a ballot of the membership. However, on 2 April 2007, The Times reported that the name Unite had been chosen. and that full merger of rule books and governing bodies may soon follow the existing merger of personnel and finance departments

Affiliations
Regions – particularly Region One which covered London, the South East and Eastern England, also had a tradition of donating to other causes, as did branch committees, which controlled a substantial proportion of membership income.
 * Labour Party (UK)
 * Labour Party (Republic of Ireland)
 * Trades Union Congress (TUC)
 * Irish Congress of Trade Unions (ICTU)
 * Scottish Trades Union Congress (STUC)
 * International Transport Workers' Federation (ITF)
 * International Metalworkers' Federation (IMF)
 * Union Network International (UNI)
 * International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers' Association (IUF)
 * Public Services International (PSI)
 * International Federation of Building and Woodworkers (IFBW)
 * International Textile, Garment and Leather Workers' Federation (ITLGW)
 * International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers' Unions (ICEM)

General Secretaries

 * 1922: Ernest Bevin
 * 1945: Arthur Deakin (acting from 1940)
 * 1955: Jock Tiffin
 * 1956: Frank Cousins
 * 1964: Harry Nicholas (acting)
 * 1969: Jack Jones
 * 1978: Moss Evans
 * 1985: Ron Todd
 * 1992: Bill Morris
 * 2003: Tony Woodley

Deputy General Secretaries

 * 1974: Harry Urwin
 * 1980: Alec Kitson
 * 1986: Bill Morris
 * 1992: Jack Adams
 * 1999: Margaret Prosser
 * 2002: Tony Woodley
 * 2003: Jack Dromey

Assistant General Secretaries

 * 1924: John Cliff
 * 1935: Arthur Deakin
 * 1945: Harold Clay
 * 1948: Jock Tiffin
 * 1955: Frank Cousins
 * 1956: Harry Nicholas
 * 1968: Harry Urwin
 * 1974: Vacant
 * 1985: Eddie Haigh and Larry Smith
 * 1988: Eddie Haigh
 * 1991: Vacant?
 * 1999: Barry Camfield and Jimmy Elsby

Amalgamations
The list of TGWU amalgamations highlights the scale of the TGWU policy of mergers, amalgamations and transfers of engagements, which contributed to its membership growth and the spread of its membership base.

title: Transport and General Workers' Union