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Thomas Cook

Thomas Cook (22 November 1808 – 18 July 1892) was an English businessman. He was best known for founding the travel agency Thomas Cook & Son. He was also one of the initial developers of the "package tour" including travel, accommodations, and the like.

Early life
Thomas Cook was born on 22 November 1808, to John and Elizabeth Cook, who lived at 9 Quick Close in the village of Melbourne, Derbyshire. At the age of 10, Cook started working as an assistant to a local market gardener on Lord Melbourne's estate. In 1828, he became a Baptist missionary and toured the region as a village evangelist and distributing pamphlets and, in the 1830s, he became involved in the temperance movement.

On 2 March 1833, Cook married Marianne Mason (1807–1884) at the parish church in Barrowden in Rutland. A son, John Mason Cook, was born on 13 January 1834. A daughter, Annie Elizabeth, born on 21 June 1845, died in a bath aged 35 after inhaling poisonous fumes from a faulty water heater.

Cook's first excursions
With the opening of the extended Midland Counties Railway, he arranged to take a group of temperance campaigners from Leicester Campbell Street railway station to a teetotal rally in Loughborough, eleven miles away. On 5 July 1841, Thomas Cook escorted around 485 people, who paid one shilling each for the return train journey, on his first excursion. This is sometimes reported as the world's first railway excursion; however this is incorrect as Grosmont church (Whitby) had already organised an excursion as a fund raiser in 1839.

On 4 August 1845 he arranged for a party to travel from Leicester to Liverpool. In 1846, he took 350 people from Leicester on a tour of Scotland. In 1851 he arranged for 150,000 people to travel to the Great Exhibition in London. Four years later, he planned his first excursion abroad, when he took two groups on a 'grand circular tour' of Belgium, Germany and France, ending in Paris for the Exhibition.

The Thomas Cook statue outside Leicester Railway Station, London Road, Leicester was unveiled on 14 January 1994 by his great-great-grandson Thomas Cook. It was sculpted by James Butler RA.

He was awarded the Serbian Order of Saint Sava.

Thomas Cook & Son
Thomas Cook acquired business premises on Fleet Street, London in 1865. The office also contained a shop which sold essential travel accessories, including guide books, luggage, telescopes and footwear. In 1872, he formed a partnership with his son, John Mason Andrew Cook, and renamed the travel agency as Thomas Cook & Son.

In accordance with his beliefs, he and his wife also ran a small temperance hotel above the office. Their business model was refined by the introduction of the 'hotel coupon' in 1868. Detachable coupons in a counterfoil book were issued to the traveller. These were valid for either a restaurant meal or an overnight hotel stay provided they were on Cook's list.

Conflicts between father and son were resolved when the son persuaded his father, Thomas Cook, to retire at the end of 1878. Thomas Cook moved back at Thorncroft, Knighton, Leicester, where he died on 18 July 1892, having been afflicted with blindness in his declining years. He was buried there on 22 July 1892.

Legacy – Thomas Cook and mass tourism

Thomas Cook was a frontrunner of establishing tourism systems and thus made mass tourism possible in Italy. First, the circular tickets could be used on almost all Italian railways. These tickets allowed travel by train for a preset number of days along predetermined routes. Second, Cook designed a series of hotel coupons to complement circular tickets, which could be exchanged for lodging and meals at designated accommodations. Last, he introduced the circular notes which could be changed at designated hotels, banks, and tickets agents for Italian lira at a predetermined exchange rate. Cook's introduction of tourism-specific currency facilitated easier and effective trips within Italy. Also, by introducing a widely dispersed coupon system, Cook "helped to stabilize the burgeoning Italian economy not only by increasing the revenues from tourism but also by expanding the circulation of Italy's new currency, the lira." The coupon system spread rapidly and was well accepted throughout Italian cities. Furthermore, thanks to this system, middle class Italians could afford to travel more frequently and more easily.

General sources

 * Usherwood, Stephen. "Travel Agents Extraordinary." History Today (Sep 1972), Vol. 22 Issue 9, pp. 649–655; online; coverage of father and son to 1899.
 * Usherwood, Stephen. "Travel Agents Extraordinary." History Today (Sep 1972), Vol. 22 Issue 9, pp. 649–655; online; coverage of father and son to 1899.
 * Usherwood, Stephen. "Travel Agents Extraordinary." History Today (Sep 1972), Vol. 22 Issue 9, pp. 649–655; online; coverage of father and son to 1899.

title: Thomas Cook


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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ambition

The first half of this page is an archived delete debate that refers to content on the Ambition page about a card game. It was decided to revert to an old version. The reasons for that are shown below. For the latest discussion regarding the deletion of Ambition (card game), see below.

 * Mike Church and his card game Ambition (that should be reverted to its form as a redirect). Dont seem very popular. Muriel Victoria 16:08, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Keep. Delete his name if you want. Keep the card game. That's what this is encyclopedia is for, connecting ideas, old and new.
 * Keep. I am a professor at Amherst College and have seen students playing Ambition, last November. They play it by that name and use exactly Church's rules. Mike Church is not a student at Amherst and therefore it is unlikely that this is just a "local" card game. Evidently it has some level of a fan base and the page should not be deleted.
 * Also, while I think the Ambition card game page should definitely be kept, watch the Mike Church page. It looks as if these pages were written by outside authors (i.e. not Mike Church). That being-- or seeming to be-- the case, I don't see anything too inappropriate about the Church page-- it simply provides a small bit of info. about the author of a moderately well-known card game (which I have not heard of, but my wife has). If Church or someone else should, in the future, make it into a self-inflating "look at me!" page, delete it.
 * I didn't believe for a moment that the three comments above weren't all written by the same person, so I checked (see below). Sign in future, please Mike. Onebyone 19:47, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Specifically, the first was added 16:16 by 195.56.187.125. The second and third were added by 62.112.223.199 at 16:48 and 17:00, and a typo in the first fixed during one of those edits. 195.56.187.125 has edited Mike Church and wrote the current text of Ambition. Onebyone 20:54, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Delete both, on the principle that no wrthwhile artical needs life breathd inot it by a sock puppet. -- Finlay McWalter 18:45, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * I wrote the Ambition and Mike Church articles (I'm 195.56.187.125) as well as the first vote. After a phone call this morning with Church (a personal acquaintance of mine) Ambition's creator, I register a vote for the deletion of the Mike Church page. The man was glad to hear that his game was getting further publicity, but displeased with the existence of a page with his name on it, and expressed a desire for its removal. However, I still maintain that Ambition ought to stay.
 * When the above comment was made, the dates on other comments where changed. My comment beginning "Specifically..." was altered from 19:54 to 20:54, and Finlay McWalter's from 22.45 to 18.45. I don't know what was hoped to be achieved, but it makes it look as though he commented before me, when in fact it was after. The typos in Finlay McWalter's comment were added then as well. The text of my "Specifically..." comment was also changed, but not in a terribly significant way. All done by 195.56.187.125. Very strange. Mike (or his mate, I don't know which) - didn't you realise that the edit history of the file is visible? Onebyone 17:55, 14 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Oops, no, it was my first comment that was changed, not the "specifically" one. The change might make it look as though I now do believe that the comments were by the same person, whereas in fact I'm still not entirely convinced, even though they came from different IP addresses. Onebyone 19:06, 14 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * I'm with Finlay. Delete both. Comments for keeping apparently cannot be trusted - Marshman 18:15, 14 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Delete both. False Keep votes and messing with other users' comments are a big enough reason. Alfio 20:20, 14 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * [link removed]?? LOL... Muriel Victoria 15:31, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * I hope I am using this webpage correctly. It took half an hour for me to figure out how to post here and sign an edit, and hopefully I'll get it right. I am the inventor of the card game Ambition, and I'm sorry that it has created such a controversy. A personal acquaintance of mine has been "advertising" the hot new game in several public settings, partially at my request. Because his method of publicity has often been inappropriate, I have since asked him to cease. I will not identify the individual responsible, since his identity would be meaningless here, except to say that he does, indeed, live in Hungary (as do I, currently) and that he was one of several individuals who assisted me in playtesting Ambition. He recieved, along with others involved with the Ambition project, an email from myself, dated last Thursday: "I am in the final stages of the playtesting of (Ambition). Within three months the number of Ambition players, on two continents, has grown from zero to over 500, and all game designers who have been following its development agree that it is very promising. Therefore, I now want the concept to be pushed, forcefully, through all public media." Unfortunately, he and others involved with my effort got a little too enthusiastic, creating a mess in multiple public fora. Having written the email, last Thursday, that impelled him toward this controversial action, I must take responsibility and apologize for the controversy created. I want both pages to be Deleted. I want the page with my name on it removed because I am uncomfortable with its existence. I want the Ambition page deleted because, when I read the page history this afternoon, I saw that copyrighted material had been disseminated in an earlier edition. The only "permission" I give for this material to be disseminated is the implicit permission in the fact that I allow my game rules to be distributed, royalty-free, in any medium that will not expose it to uncompensated commercial use. I did not give specific permission for my material to be released in this or any other given site in particular. Therefore, I submit the wish that both pages shall be deleted. I myself will write a new, more appropriate Ambition page at a later date. Thank you for your time and consideration. 81.182.50.148 16:19, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * (This was written after the deletion of the item.) Thank you for the speedy deletion of the article. The promised "new, more appropriate Ambition page" appears as Ambition (card game) instead of just Ambition, so as to not interfere with the redirect to the Forty-Nine Charismatic Virtues. 81.182.49.50 16:59, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Ambition (card game)
This section is an archive of the discussion surrounding the proposed deletion of Ambition (card game).

Further comments should be made on the talk page rather than here as this page is kept as an historic record.

The result of the debate was to keep the page.

 * This has reappeared. We agreed to revert to a redirect last time, but it wasn't actually deleted - hence listing here and being cautious. Secretlondon 17:57, Dec 17, 2003 (UTC)
 * For reference the original delete discussion was archived at Talk:Ambition/Delete - note that Mike Church, the writer of the new article and inventor of the game has commented there (both before and after the deletion of the original article). The new article is well-written and is in the right place... its a shame the game isn't more widely known just yet... I am open to persuasion to deletion or to keep. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 18:05, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Undecided, but erring towards keep. Francs2000 18:26, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Delete, sets a dangerous precedent. If the game ever becomes popular re-ad (with an explanation of how it became so). -- stewacide 02:21, 19 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * pop·u·lar (adj.) 1. Widely liked or appreciated: a popular resort ... 5. Accepted by or prevalent among the people in general: a popular misunderstanding of the issue ... -- stewacide
 * Keep. This seems to be a serious effort to develop a new game of cards (I read the authors previous notes to us about it). Since I do not believe the author stands to gain monitarily (I could be wrong?) it is not an advert., and if it becomes popular we will have lost our article. Keep and see if it DOES NOT take off. Delete in 5 years if no one has heard of it then. - Marshman 03:00, 19 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Keep. Mike Church here. (By the way, I should explain now that I am writing in a public lab, frequented by a previous poster in the old Ambition debate. I am a different person from him, though the IPs may coincide. Also, I apologize if I am in violation of any standing rules or etiquette by posting such a long comment. I have parsed it into paragraph-like pieces for "flow" purposes.
 * The original Ambition article was deleted for the following reasons: 1> It interfered with an existing redirect. 2> I, inventor of the card game, requested for its speedy deletion for several reasons, the foremost being copyright-related (there was copyrighted information in the page history). 3> The individual who had written that page, an acquaintance of mine not exactly known for his maturity, had committed several serious breaches of posting ethics in the deletion debate. 4> Some argued that Ambition was not popular enough for inclusion in Wikipedia. Reasons 1-3 do not apply to the current article, which I myself wrote. As for the fourth, I believe that to be a very poor argument for an article's deletion. General interest-- Yes. Popularity-- No. After all, how many people here have heard of the sedenions? Yet I maintain that the article should be kept-- it's useful information on a legitimate mathematical topic. (Also, hypercomplex numbers are just really cool.) My point is that if everything that were not a "household name" were deleted, if present popularity were to be the metric of what deserves to stay, Wikipedia would have to purge a lot of really awesome stuff.
 * I also dispute the "dangerous precedent" comment. Ambition is not some improvised card game designed by 7th graders. (I'm a 20-year-old mathematics major who's been developing games since grade school, if anyone's counting.) It's a professional-quality product, developed and tested over months by several people. Given the enthusiasm that Ambition has thus far been recieved, I can say with utmost confidence that it has enough general interest to be worthy of inclusion at Wikipedia. A professor of mine (a card game aficionado, as well as a leading algebraist) said that Ambition is among the best games he's ever played, second only to Hungarian Tarokk (played with Tarot cards and considered to be the best card game in the world). Ambition would set a "dangerous precedent" if the game were some half-developed concept with no general interest, but this is not the case.
 * In support of Marshman's comment, the article is not an advert. Perhaps it's a plug in the sense that I'm obviously proud of the success that my Ambition project has shown so far, and want to share it for others to enjoy. I don't expect it to make me a dime, since there's nothing for me to sell (the sole physical component is the standard 52-card deck of cards). I only keep a hawkish eye on my copyrights because, in the event that Microsoft were to include Ambition in Windows 2008, I would want compensation. I encourage all noncommercial use and distribution of Ambition and its rules, royalty-free. I wrote Ambition not to make me a fortune, which I doubt it ever will, but to create a great game. I believe I have succeeded to the latter end.
 * Thank you all for your time and consideration. Any who wish to continue this discussion in private (since I think I've said enough here) should contact me at churchm@carleton.edu. Cheers! 62.112.223.199 17:27, 19 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Keep, but needs a rewrite. We should focus on a brief description of those features of the rules that make this particular game distinctive. This can be done so as not to infringe copyright, and it shouldn't be a complete copy of the rules. (Reading the note on copyright on the website that does list the rules, I'm not convinced that a complete copy on Wikipedia would infringe copyright, but IMO we don't want it anyway. So I'd delete the author's comment in the article that the rules don't appear for copyright reasons, that is completely wrong.) Andrewa 22:08, 20 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Mike Church again. Thank you for the pointers on the rewrite. What I put up recently I only intended as a first draft. As I tweak the rules, learn more about the game, I intend on rewriting the page several times for purposes both of updating and improving clarity. As a writer, I'm never satisfied with my stuff till I draft it 4-5 times, and that goes even for emails. :) Copyright: My understanding-- and I could be wrong here-- is that, under the GNU FDL, anything submitted here is released for all noncommerical and commercial use. The latter is why I'm reluctant to post the entire set of rules here and keep a watch on the copyright. I want people to distribute, play, and enjoy my game through any medium that doesn't expose it to possible uncompensated commercial use. I don't expect a cent for any noncommercial use of the game, but if my game(s) were to be used by a casino (probably not an issue w/ Ambition) or coded up and sold as a computer game, I'd want compensation. Granted, a lot of those concerns are pre-emptive right now; I doubt any game company would steal my idea, which is completely new, when there are hundreds of proven games in the public domain. Thank you for your comment. 205.188.208.133 01:06, 22 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Hmmm. Interesting point. The GFDL releases material for commercial use provided that the resulting material is also under the GFDL, and not otherwise. Any other uses still need to be negotiated with the copyright owner. So assuming you have some kind of right to charge a casino a fee (IANAL) I don't see how you'd lose this right by putting the rules on Wikipedia. Andrewa 10:44, 1 Jan 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Slim Harpo

Slim Harpo (born James Isaac Moore; January 11, 1924 – January 31, 1970) was an American blues musician, a leading exponent of the swamp blues style, and "one of the most commercially successful blues artists of his day". He played guitar and was a master of the blues harmonica, known in blues circles as a "harp". His most successful and influential recordings included "I'm a King Bee" (1957), "Rainin' in My Heart" (1961), and "Baby Scratch My Back" (1966), which reached number one on Billboard ' s R&B chart and number 16 on its broader Hot 100 singles chart.

Life and career
Moore was born in Lobdell, Louisiana, the eldest child in his family. After his parents died he worked as a longshoreman and construction worker in New Orleans in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Influenced in style by Jimmy Reed, he began performing in Baton Rouge bars using the name "Harmonica Slim", and also accompanied his brother-in-law Lightnin' Slim in live performances.

He started his recording career in March 1957, working with the A&R man and record producer J. D. "Jay" Miller in Crowley, Louisiana. To differentiate himself from another performer called Harmonica Slim he took his wife's suggestion and adopted the name Slim Harpo. His first solo release, for Excello Records, based in Nashville, Tennessee, was "I'm a King Bee", backed with "I Got Love If You Want It" in 1957. Harpo played guitar in his live shows, but he usually used other guitarists when recording. The record was a regional hit, but failed to make the national charts. He followed up with several more singles for Excello before having his first chart hit, "Rainin' in My Heart", in early 1961. The record reached number 17 on Billboard ' s R&B chart and number 34 on its Hot 100, and it was followed soon after with an album of the same name and additional singles. Many of his songs were co-written with his wife, Lovelle Moore, although she never received credit.

Never a full-time musician, Harpo owned a trucking business during the 1960s. According to writer Ryan Whirty, "Harpo and his band needed to tour constantly and play as much as possible; times were frequently lean financially, and the men had to scrape up whatever they could get." But, by 1964, several of his songs had been released on albums and singles in the UK, and British rock bands began to include versions of his songs in their early repertoires. British Merseybeat/R&B group The Moody Blues reportedly took their name from an instrumental track of Slim's called "Moody Blues". Critic Cub Koda wrote of his appeal: "Harpo was more adaptable than [Jimmy] Reed or most other bluesmen. His material not only made the national charts, but also proved to be quite adaptable for white artists on both sides of the Atlantic... A people-pleasing club entertainer, he certainly wasn't above working rock & roll rhythms into his music, along with hard-stressed, country & western vocal inflections... By the time his first single became a Southern jukebox favorite, his songs were being adapted and played by white musicians left and right. Here was good-time Saturday-night blues that could be sung by elements of the Caucasian persuasion with a straight face."

He had his biggest commercial success in 1966, when the predominantly instrumental "Baby Scratch My Back" reached number one on the R&B chart and number 16 on the broader chart. Harpo described it as "an attempt at rock & roll for me" and was again produced by Miller. However, disagreements with Miller and a change in the record company's ownership led to two follow-ups, "Tip On In" and "Tee-Ni-Nee-Ni-Nu", being recorded in Nashville with new producer Robert Holmes. Both made the R&B charts.

He recruited Lightnin' Slim for his touring band in 1968, and toured widely in the late 1960s, mainly reaching rock audiences. With his first scheduled tour of Europe and recording sessions already planned, "one of the cleanest living bluesmen of his era"  died suddenly of a heart attack in Baton Rouge in January 1970 just 20 days after his 46th birthday. He was buried in Mulatto Bend Cemetery in Port Allen, Louisiana.

Influence
Music critic Cub Koda noted that his songs "also proved to be quite adaptable for white artists on both sides of the Atlantic, including the Rolling Stones, Yardbirds, Kinks, Dave Edmunds with Love Sculpture, Van Morrison with Them, Sun rockabilly singer Warren Smith, Hank Williams, Jr., and the Fabulous Thunderbirds". The Slim Harpo Music Awards, awarded annually in Baton Rouge, are named in his honor. Proceeds from the awards benefit the "Music in the Schools" outreach program.

A biography, titled Slim Harpo: Blues King Bee of Baton Rouge, by UK blues scholar Martin Hawkins was published in 2006. David Fricke of Rolling Stone magazine described the book as "a passionate, encyclopedic triumph, bringing the enigmatic Harpo to life and tracing his remarkable mainstream ascension – from the rich central-Louisiana blues scene to gigs at the Fillmore East – with deep local research and detailed portraits of the singer's peers, sidemen and record-business associates."

Singles

 * 1957 - "I'm a King Bee" / "I Got Love if You Want It" (Excello 2113)
 * 1958 - "Wondering and Worryin'" / "Strange Love" (Excello 2138)
 * 1959 - "You'll Be Sorry One Day" / "One More Day" (Excello 2162)
 * 1960 - "Buzz Me Babe" / "Late Last Night" (Excello 2171)
 * 1960 - "Blues Hang-Over" / "What a Dream" (Excello 2184)
 * 1961 - "Rainin' in My Heart" / "Don't Start Cryin' Now" (Excello 2194) - R&B chart #17, US pop chart #34
 * 1963 - "I Love the Life I'm Living" / "Buzzin'" (Excello 2239)
 * 1964 - "I Need Money (Keep Your Alibis)" / "My Little Queen Bee (Got a Brand New King)" (Excello 2246)
 * 1964 - "Still Rainin' in My Heart" / "We're Two of a Kind" (Excello 2253)
 * 1964 - "Sittin' Here Wondering" / "What's Goin' on Baby" (Excello 2261)
 * 1965 - "Harpo's Blues" / "Please Don't Turn Me Down" (Excello 2265)
 * 1966 - "Baby Scratch My Back" / "I'm Gonna Miss You (Like The Devil)" (Excello 2273) - R&B chart #1, US pop chart #16
 * 1966 - "Shake Your Hips" / "Midnight Blues" (Excello 2278)
 * 1966 - "I'm Your Bread Maker, Baby" / "Loving You (The Way I Do)" (Excello 2282)
 * 1967 - "Tip On In (Part 1)" / "Tip On In (Part 2)" (Excello 2285) - R&B chart #37
 * 1967 - "I'm Gonna Keep What I've Got" / "I've Got To Be With You Tonight" (Excello 2289)
 * 1968 - "Te-Ni-Nee-Ni-Nu" / "Mailbox Blues" (Excello 2294) - R&B chart #36
 * 1968 - "Mohair Sam" / "I Just Can't Leave You" (Excello 2301)
 * 1969 - "That's Why I Love You" / "Just For You" (Excello 2305)
 * 1969 - "Folsom Prison Blues" / "Mutual Friend" (Excello 2306)
 * 1969 - "I've Got My Finger on Your Trigger" / "The Price Is Too High" (Excello 2309)
 * 1970 - "Rainin' in My Heart" (reissue w/over-dubs) / "Jody Man" (Excello 2316)

Albums

 * 1960 - Tunes to Be Remembered (one track; various artists - Excello LPS-8001)
 * 1961 - Rainin' in My Heart (Excello LPS-8003) (CD release: Hip-O/MCA 40135, 1998 - with 3 bonus tracks)
 * 1963 - Authentic R & B (three tracks; various artists - Stateside SL-10068)
 * 1964 - The Real R & B (three tracks; various artists - Stateside SL-10112)
 * 1964 - A Long Drink of Blues (six tracks...all of side 2; compilation album shared with Lightnin' Slim - Stateside SL-10135)
 * 1966 - Baby Scratch My Back (Excello LPS-8005)
 * 1968 - Tip On In (Excello LPS-8008)
 * 1968 - Saturday Night Function: Rural Blues, Vol. 2 (two tracks; various artists - Imperial LM-94001)
 * 1969 - The Best of Slim Harpo (compilation album - Excello LPS-8010)
 * 1969 - The Real Blues (one track; various artists - Excello LPS-8011)
 * 1970 - Slim Harpo Knew the Blues (Excello LPS-8013)
 * 1970 - He Knew the Blues (Blue Horizon 7-63854; UK version of Excello LPS-8013 with two extra tracks: "Shake Your Hips" and "I'm Your Bread Maker Baby")
 * 1971 - Trigger Finger (Blue Horizon/Polydor 2431 013)
 * 1972 - The Excello Story (three tracks; various artists - Excello LPS-8025) 2LP
 * 1976 - Slim Harpo...Knew the Blues (Vol. 2) (Excello/Nashboro 28030) 2LP/25 tracks compilation of LPS-8008, LPS-8013, and four singles: Excello 2301, 2305, 2306, 2309; plus one previously unreleased track: "Stick Your Chest Out Baby".
 * 1978 - Slim Harpo...He Knew the Blues (Sonet SNTF-769) single LP/14 tracks sampler of Excello 28030.

Compilation albums

 * 1989 - I'm a King Bee (Flyright FLYCD-05)
 * 1989 - The Best of Slim Harpo (The Original King Bee) (Rhino R2-70169)
 * 1993 - The Best of Slim Harpo (Ace Records CDCHM-410)
 * 1994 - I'm a King Bee (The Early Swamp Blues Classics) (Ace CDCHD-510)
 * 1995 - Hip Shakin': The Excello Collection (Excello/AVI 2001) 2CD
 * 1995 - Shake Your Hips (Ace CDCHD-558) includes the 4 songs Harpo recorded for Imperial in 1968.
 * 1996 - Tip On In (Ace CDCHD-606)
 * 1996 - The Scratch: Rare and Unissued, Volume 1 (Excello/AVI 3015)
 * 1997 - Sting It Then! (Ace CDCHD-658) note: live recording from 1961.
 * 1997 - The Best of Slim Harpo (Hip-O/MCA 40072)
 * 2003 - The Excello Singles Anthology (Hip-O/UMe B0000583 02) 2CD
 * 2011 - Slim Harpo Rocks (Bear Family BCD-17129)
 * 2015 - Buzzin' the Blues: The Complete Slim Harpo (Bear Family BCD-17339) 5-CD box set
 * 2015 - I'm A King Bee 1957-1961 (Jasmine #JASMCD-3047)
 * 2015 - Buzz Me Babe: Excello Sides 1957-1962 (Soul Jam #600866)

title: Slim Harpo


text:
User talk:Adam Carr/Saddam Hussein

Adam, I think this is excellent, clear, well written and as balanced as possible. But will it last 10 minutes once it goes live? I smell the smell of Mother Teresa all over, I fear. Bmills 15:50, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

One must persist :) Adam 16:12, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

In reply to Jerzy, I wrote this as a Word file and some of the italics marks have become "italics" instead. The whole thing doubtless still contains many small errors like that. Adam 16:15, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Tnx, Adam; that was my guess, didn't mean to seem sarcastic, but figured it was worth the smaller possible change in case, to give you the chance to explicitly clarify. --Jerzy 18:04, 2003 Dec 16 (UTC)

In sec'n Rise to Power:
 * ... involved in the attempted assassination of Prime Minister Qassim. Saddam was shot in the leg, but managed to flee to Syria, from where he later moved to Egypt. He was sentenced to death, in absentia.

Do we know when he was sentenced? --Jerzy 18:04, 2003 Dec 16 (UTC) In sec'n Saddam in power:
 * If while in Egypt, add "While there, ".
 * If not, move it: "assassination of Prime Minister Qassim (for which he was eventually sentenced ...

 * These members were labelled "disloyal"

and
 * After the list was read

Sounds like "read without interruption". Is it know whether he made a speech labelling them disloyal, or the group took their cue to do so (either tacitly or bcz some had been given in advance roles to play)? Were individuals simply listed, and described as a group having disloyalty as their common failing, or individually accused of specific disloyalties, or described as a conspiracy, with or without individual roles in the conspiracy being attributed?

At the risk of being ghoulish (Arabic ghul, also the source of the star "al Gol" or Algol), did some on the list denounce those who came earlier on it? (Great TV-movie-of-the-week fare, if so, which IMO goes with the Stalinesque sense of drama. IIRC, Beria was shot in the first Central Committee meeting following Stalin's death, a choice i assume was not entirely based on considerations of physical tactics.) --Jerzy 18:04, 2003 Dec 16 (UTC)

 * called the “Tikrit mafia.”

Do Iraqis use a transliteration of "Mafia"? An Arabic term that originated to describe a Mafia-like Arab organization, that is best rendered in English as "mafia"? IMO, keep "Tikrit mafia", but make clear which of these is the case, e.g. "called even in Arabic ..." or "called by a term that amounts to ...".

Re
 * Until the collapse of the Soviet Union

and
 * In the later years of his rule

This stops just short of suggesting (or denying) that his change of ideological direction followed Soviet collapse. IMO we need more research if we don't know, and once clear should chronologize the acct where feasible and where not, make that clear (e.g., "these two sets of changes overlapped, and their causal relationship is a matter of disputed opinion"). --Jerzy 18:04, 2003 Dec 16 (UTC) (In new sec'n, but formerly in sec'n Saddam in Power)
 * brandishing a rifle over his head

Were his rifles identifiable as AK-47s, i.e., suggesting the Soviet-propaganda model of USSR as inherantly the best friend of Third-World "revolutionary" movements like Saddam's, and justifying his alliance with them? If so, was this in both periods? --Jerzy 18:04, 2003 Dec 16 (UTC)

Jerzy, I can't answer most of those questions, because I did this version of the article as an editor, not as a researcher in primary sources. I kept those parts of the old article which seemed to me to be relevant to a biographical article, but I cannot vouch for the accuracy of every point. On the point relating to the Soviet Union, I do think that Iraq changed its political colour following the fall of the SU, as did many others. This was both for ideological reasons (Stalinism had failed as a role model) and practical ones (there was no more Soviet aid). Saddam then began to turn towards Islamism as the only other possible ideological cover for his authoritarian rule, and also so that he could suck up to the Saudis and other fundies in the hope they would protect him against the Americans. Adam 23:52, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Tnx, Adam; in light of that, i certainly don't think my questions should hold up yr project; perhaps someone will enhance the article with that info in the longer run. --Jerzy 02:40, 2003 Dec 17 (UTC)

I propose that this page be moved to Saddam Hussein/temp. I believe that to be the usual procedure for projects such as this. -Smack 23:32, 21 Dec 2003 (UTC)

The present situation seems to be suiting everyone at the moment. Note that most of the debate on this draft is actually taking place at Talk:Saddam Hussein. Adam 03:20, 22 Dec 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Adam Carr/Saddam Hussein


text:
Battle of Ticonderoga (1759)

The Battle of Ticonderoga of 1759 was a minor confrontation at Fort Carillon (later renamed Fort Ticonderoga) on July 26 and 27, 1759, during the French and Indian War. A British military force of more than 11,000 men under the command of General Sir Jeffery Amherst moved artillery to high ground overlooking the fort, which was defended by a garrison of 400 Frenchmen under the command of Brigadier General François-Charles de Bourlamaque.

Rather than defend the fort, de Bourlamaque, operating under instructions from General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm and New France's governor, the Marquis de Vaudreuil, withdrew his forces, and attempted to blow up the fort. The fort's powder magazine was destroyed, but its walls were not severely damaged. The British then occupied the fort, which was afterwards known by the name Fort Ticonderoga. They embarked on a series of improvements to the area and began construction of a fleet to conduct military operations on Lake Champlain.

The French tactics were sufficient to prevent Amherst's army from joining James Wolfe at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham. However, they also tied up 3,000 of their own troops that were not able to assist in Quebec's defense. The capture of the fort, which had previously repulsed a large British army a year earlier, contributed to what the British called the "Annus Mirabilis" of 1759.

Background
The French and Indian War, which started in 1754 over territorial disputes in what are now western Pennsylvania and upstate New York, had finally turned in the favor of the British in 1758 following a string of defeats in 1756 and 1757. The British were successful in capturing Louisbourg and Fort Frontenac in 1758. The only significant French victory in 1758 came when a large British army commanded by James Abercrombie was defeated by a smaller French force in the Battle of Carillon. During the following winter, French commanders withdrew most of the garrison from Fort Carillon (called Ticonderoga by the British) to defend Quebec City, Montreal and French-controlled forts on the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River.

Carillon, located near the southern end of Lake Champlain, occupied a place that was strategic in importance even before Samuel de Champlain discovered it in 1609, controlling access to a key portage trail between Champlain and Lake George along the main travel route between the Hudson River valley and the Saint Lawrence River. When the war began, the area was part of the frontier between the British province of New York and the French province of Canada, and the British had stopped French advances further south in the 1755 Battle of Lake George. However, the fort was constructed in a difficult location: in order to build on rock, the French had sited it relatively far from the lake, while it was still below nearby hilltops.

British planning
For the 1759 campaign, British secretary of state, William Pitt, ordered General Jeffery Amherst, the victor at Louisbourg, to lead an army into Canada by sailing north on Lake Champlain, while a second force under James Wolfe, who distinguished himself while serving under Amherst at Louisbourg, was targeted at the city of Quebec via the Saint Lawrence. Instructions were sent to the governors of the Thirteen Colonies to raise up 20,000 provincial militia for these campaigns. About 8,000 provincial men were raised and sent to Albany by provinces as far south as Pennsylvania and New Jersey. New York sent 3,000 men and New Jersey sent 1,000. Massachusetts mustered 6,500 men; about 3,500 went to Albany, while the remainder were dispatched for service with Wolfe at Quebec or other service in Nova Scotia. The balance of the provincial men came from the other New England provinces and Pennsylvania. When Quaker Pennsylvania balked at sending any men, Amherst convinced them to raise men by threatening to withdraw troops from forts in the Ohio River Valley on the province's western frontier, which were regularly subjected to threats from Indians and the French.

When Amherst learned through Sir William Johnson that the Iroquois League was prepared to support British efforts to drive the French out of their frontier forts, he decided to send an expedition to capture Fort Niagara. He sent 2,000 of the provincials west from Albany along with 3,000 regular troops under Brigadier General John Prideaux in May. He led the remainder of the provincials, consisting primarily of Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Connecticut men, north to Fort Edward, where they joined 6,000 regular troops (about 2,000 Royal Highlanders, as well as the 17th, 27th, and 53rd regiments of foot, the 1st Battalion of the 60th Foot, about 100 Royal Artillery, 700 of Rogers' Rangers, and 500 light infantry under Thomas Gage).

French planning
In the 1759 campaign, French war planners directed most of their war resources into the European theater of the Seven Years' War. In February, France's war minister, Marshal Belle-Isle, notified General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm, who was responsible for the defense of Canada, that he would not receive any significant support from France, due in large part to English naval domination of the Atlantic and the risks associated with sending a large military force under those circumstances. Belle-Isle impressed on Montcalm the importance of maintaining at least a foothold in North America, as the territory would be virtually impossible to retake otherwise. Montcalm responded, "Unless we have unexpected luck, or stage a diversion elsewhere within North America, Canada will fall during the coming campaign season. The English have 60,000 men, we have 11,000."

Montcalm decided to focus French manpower on defending the core territory of Canada: Montreal, the city of Quebec, and the Saint Lawrence River Valley. He placed 3,000 troops from the la Reine and Berry regiments under Brigadier General François-Charles de Bourlamaque for the defense south of Montreal, of which around 2,300 were assigned to Fort Carillon. He knew (after his own experience in the previous year's battle there) that this force was too small to hold Carillon against a determined attack by a force with competent leaders. Instructions from Montcalm and New France's governor, the Marquis de Vaudreuil, to de Bourlamaque were to hold Carillon as long as possible, then to destroy it, as well as the nearby Fort St. Frédéric, before retreating toward Montreal.

British advance and French retreat
Although General Amherst had been ordered to move his forces "as early in the year, as on or about, the 7th of May, if the season shall happen to permit", Amherst's army of 11,000 did not leave the southern shores of Lake George until July 21. There were several reasons for the late departure. One was logistical; Prideaux's expedition to forts Oswego and Niagara also departed from Albany; another was the slow arrival of provincial militias. When his troops landed and began advancing on the fort, Amherst was pleased to learn that the French had abandoned the outer defenses. He still proceeded with caution, occupying the old French lines from the 1758 battle on July 22, amid reports that the French were actively loading bateaux at the fort. His original plan had been to flank the fort, denying the road to Fort St. Frédéric as a means of French escape. In the absence of French resistance outside the fort, he decided instead to focus his attention on the fort itself.

For the next three days, the British entrenched and began laying siege lines to establish positions near the fort. This work was complicated by the fact there was little diggable ground near the fort, and sandbags were required to protect the siege works. During this time, the French gun batteries fired, at times quite heavily, on the British positions. On July 25, a detachment of Rogers' Rangers launched some boats onto the lake north of the fort and cut a log boom the French had placed to prevent ships from moving further north on the lake. By July 26, the British had pulled artillery to within 600 ft of the fort's walls.

Bourlamaque had withdrawn with all but 400 of his men to Fort St. Frédéric as soon as he learned that the British were approaching. The cannon fire by this small force killed five and wounded another 31 of the besieging British. Captain Louis-Philippe Le Dossu d'Hébécourt, who had been left in command of the fort, judged on the evening of July 26 that it was time to leave. His men aimed the fort's guns at its walls, laid mines, and put down a powder trail to the overstocked powder magazine. They then lit the fuse and abandoned the fort, leaving the French flag flying. The British were notified of this action by the arrival of French deserters. General Amherst offered 100 guineas to any man willing to enter the works to find and douse the fuse; but no one was willing to take up the offer. The entire works went off late that evening with a tremendous roar. The powder magazine was destroyed, and a number of wooden structures caught fire due to flying embers, but the fort's walls were not badly damaged. After the explosion, some of Gage's light infantry rushed into the fort and retrieved the French flag. Fires in the fort were not entirely extinguished for two days.

Aftermath
The British began occupying the fort the next day. In one consequence of the French forces' hasty departure from Carillon, one of their scouting parties returned to the fort, believing it to still be in French hands; forty men were taken prisoner.

The retreating French destroyed Fort St. Frédéric on July 31, leaving the way clear for the British to begin military operations on Lake Champlain (denying the British access to Champlain had been the reason for the existence of both forts). However, the French had a small armed fleet, which would first need to be neutralized. The time needed to capture and effect some repairs to the two forts, as well as the need to build ships for use on Lake Champlain, delayed Amherst's forces further and prevented him from joining General Wolfe at the siege of Quebec. Amherst, worried that Bourlamaque's retreat might be leading him into a trap, spent August and September overseeing the construction of a small navy, Fort Crown Point (a new fort next to the ruins of Fort St. Frédéric), and supply roads to the area from New England.

On October 11, Amherst's army began to sail and row north on Lake Champlain to attack Bourlamaque's position at the Île-aux-Noix in the Richelieu River. Over the next two days, one of the French ships was captured; the French abandoned and burned the others to prevent their capture. On October 18, he received word of Quebec's fall. As there was an "appearance of winter" (parts of the lake were beginning to freeze), and provincial militia enlistments were set to end on November 1, Amherst called off his attack, dismissed his militia forces, and returned the army to winter quarters.

The British definitively gained control of Canada with the surrender of Montreal in 1760. Fort Carillon, which had always been called Ticonderoga by the British (after the place where the fort is located), was held by them through the end of the French and Indian War. Following that war, it was manned by small garrisons until 1775, when it was captured by American militia early in the American Revolutionary War.

title: Battle of Ticonderoga (1759)


text:
O scale

O scale (or O gauge) is a scale commonly used for toy trains and rail transport modelling. Introduced by German toy manufacturer Märklin around 1900, by the 1930s three-rail alternating current O gauge was the most common model railroad scale in the United States and remained so until the early 1960s. In Europe, its popularity declined before World War II due to the introduction of smaller scales.

O gauge had its heyday when model railroads were considered toys, with more emphasis placed on cost, durability, and the ability to be easily handled and operated by pre-adult hands. Detail and realism were secondary concerns, at best. It still remains a popular choice for those hobbyists who enjoy running trains more than they enjoy other aspects of modeling, but developments in recent years have addressed the concerns of scale model railroaders making O scale popular among fine-scale modellers who value the detail that can be achieved.

The size of O is larger than OO/HO layouts, and thus is a factor in making the decision to build an O gauge layout.

Collecting vintage O gauge trains is also popular and there is a market for both reproduction and vintage models.

History
The name for O gauge and O scale is derived from "0 [zero] gauge" or "Gauge 0" being smaller than Gauge 1 and the other then-existing standards. It was created in part because manufacturers realized their best selling trains were those built in the smaller scales.

In the United States, manufacturers such as the Ives Manufacturing Company, American Flyer, and Lionel Corporation used O gauge for their budget line, marketing either Gauge 1 or 'Wide gauge' (also known as 'standard gauge') as their premium trains. One of the Lionel Corporation's most popular trains, the 203 Armoured Locomotive, was O gauge and ran on tracks with rails spaced 1.25 inches apart. The Great Depression wiped out demand for the expensive larger trains, and by 1932, O gauge was the standard, almost by default.

Because of the emphasis on play value, the scale of pre–World War II O gauge trains varied. The Märklin specifications called for 1:43.5 scale. However, many designs were 1:48 scale or 1:64 scale. Early Marx Trains and entry-level trains, usually made of lithographed tin plate, were not scaled at all, made to whimsical proportions about the same length of an HO scale ("half O") piece, but about the same width and height of an O scale piece. Yet all of these designs ran on the same track, and, depending on the manufacturer(s) of the cars, could sometimes be coupled together and run as part of the same train.

After World War II, manufacturers started paying more attention to scale, and post-war locomotives and rolling stock tended to be larger and more realistic than their earlier counterparts. This has been reflected in the change of name from O gauge to O scale: gauge describes merely the distance between the rails, while scale describes the size ratio of a model as it relates to its real-world prototype.

Since the early 1990s, O scale manufacturers have begun placing more emphasis on realism, and the scale has experienced a resurgence in popularity, with manufacturers including Lionel, MTH, Atlas, and Williams by Bachmann making O gauge model trains at 1:48 scale.

In the United Kingdom the dominant O gauge manufacturer before World War II was Meccano Ltd. who from 1920 produced a range of clockwork and electric models under the "Hornby" name.

Standards
The differences in the various O gauge and O scale standards can be confusing. O gauge model railroad tracks typically have their rails spaced apart with the United States National Model Railroad Association (NMRA) standard allowing spacings between 31.75 mm and 32.64 mm.

Scale and gauge
Scale refers to the size of the model relative to the actual full-sized object being represented, while gauge is the width of the model track. Most commercially produced model track is a compromise between appearance and a trouble-free running surface.

Scale
Scale is the ratio of a model dimension to the real life dimension. O Scale in the UK is commonly 1:43.5 or 7 mm to the foot, in continental Europe it is commonly 1:45 or 1:43.5 is also used particularly in France, and in the USA 1:48. The NMRA and the MOROP maintain detailed standards for a variety of scales to help model makers create interoperable models.

Gauge
Gauge refers to the distance between the inside edges of the load-bearing rails. Various sizes of track gauge exist around the world and the normal O gauge track represents the Standard gauge of. "O gauge" refers to tracks that are nominal according to older standards of NMRA, current standards of BRMSB and NEM. apart current standards of NMRA. When used as a narrow-gauge track, O gauge allows scales such as 1:32 representing gauge track. 1:20 representing narrow-gauge railways.

Regional model manufacturers design their O-scale rolling stock with minor regional scale differences—manufacturers support their rolling stock with track made to the same regional scales, so there is no universal width for O-gauge model track. Models could represent the real-world standard gauge track spacing of by choosing various spacings such as  at 1:48 scale,  at 1:45.2 scale,  at 1:44.8 scale,  at 7 mm:1 ft scale, and  at 1:43.5 scale. Model makers choose their scale based on many considerations including the existing marketplace, aesthetic concerns and compatibility with existing models.

Wide- or narrow-gauge track
Some O-scale modelers choose to model prototypes at other than standard gauge and follow wide gauge (also known as broad-gauge) or narrow-gauge railroads. There is no standard for wide- or narrow-gauge model track, and modelers wishing to portray such railway track either build their own, or more commonly accept the shortcomings of appropriately wider or narrower gauge model track. , and  are the more popular track widths used by indoor enthusiasts modeling narrow gauge. Differences in regional scales give different prototype gauges to these different model track widths.

For example, using specially manufactured gauge track, scaled at 7 mm to the foot (with appropriately spaced, larger sleepers, etc.) underneath:
 * 1) UK O scale rolling stock (1:43.5), it becomes a narrow-gauge track of, and is referred to as "O 16.5". Modelers portray gauges between  and.
 * 2) European O scale rolling stock (1:45 or 1:43.5 in France), it becomes a narrow-gauge track of, and is referred to as "Oe" portraying a ,  and  prototype. Modelers portray gauges between 650 mm and 800 mm prototype.
 * 3) United States O scale rolling stock (1:48), it becomes a narrow-gauge track of, and is referred to as "On 2½" (or On30, as in 30 inches).

Om gauge

The Om gauge (O-22.5 gauge) includes the actual narrow-gauges from 850 to 1250 mm and with it the metric gauge. This applies to both 1:43.4 and 1:45 scale model trains. Metric model railroaders generally use the 0m scale with a gauge of 22.5 mm. The starting point is the NEM standards concerning 0m gauge that were created at the end of the 1950s.

O-27 gauge
O-27 gauge is variant whose origins are slightly unclear. Some historians attribute its creation to A. C. Gilbert Company's American Flyer, but Ives Manufacturing Company used O-27 track in its entry-level sets at least a decade before Gilbert bought Flyer.

The modern standard for O-27, however, was formalized after 1938 by Gilbert, who scaled the locomotives and rolling stock to 1:64 scale. After World War II, this practice was continued by Louis Marx and Company, who used it throughout its product line, and Lionel, who used it for its entry-level trains. O-27 track is spaced at the same width as regular O gauge track, but is slightly shorter in height and has thinner rails than traditional O gauge track. A shim underneath the O-27 track enables the use of O and O-27 track together.

The O-27 name comes from the size of the track's curves. A circle made of eight pieces of standard 45-degree curved O gauge track will have a 31 in diameter. A circle made of 8 pieces of 45-degree curved O-27 track is smaller, with a 27 in diameter. Full-sized O cars sometimes have difficulty negotiating the tighter curves of an O-27 layout.

Although the smaller, tin lithographed cars by American Flyer, Marx, and others predate the formal O-27 standard, they are also often called O-27, because they also operate flawlessly on O-27 track. Marx may have dedicated its entire line to O-27, but only the Lionel Corporation remains to produce O-27 track and trains. Its tubular rail is a standard of the tinplate era.

Super-O gauge
"Super-O gauge" is a variant whose origin stems from Lionel's desire to create a more realistic looking track and improve sagging sales in the late 1950s.

Exact scale standards
Dissatisfaction with these standards led to a more accurate standard for wheels and track called Proto:48 This duplicates to exact scale the AAR track and wheel standards. In the United Kingdom a similar ScaleSeven system exists.

The track gauge normally used for O of 32 mm or the near-approximation $1 1/4$ inch is for Standard gauge approximately equivalent to  at 1:48 scale,  at 1:45 and  at 1:43.5.

Possibly because of the large size of American railroad systems, accurate scale modeling in standard gauge O gauge is rare in the United States, though narrow-gauge modeling is much more common.

Four common narrow-gauge standards exist, and the differences among On3, On2, On30, and On18 are frequent sources of confusion. On3 is exact-scale 1:48 modeling of gauge prototypes, while On30 is 1:48 modeling of  gauge prototypes, On2 is 1:48 modeling of  gauge prototypes, and On18 is 1:48 modeling of  gauge prototypes. On30 is also sometimes called On2½.

Because On30's gauge closely matches that of HO track, On30 equipment typically runs on standard HO scale track. While many On30 modelers scratchbuild their equipment, commercial offerings in On30 are fairly common and sometimes very inexpensive, with Bachmann Industries being the most commonly found manufacturer.

Hobbyists who choose to model in any of these O gauge standards nevertheless end up building most, if not all, of their equipment either from kits or from scratch.

Power supply
Models that are either built to 1:43 scale, 7 mm:1 foot (1:43.5), 1:45 scale, or 1:48 scale can run on realistic-looking two-rail track using direct current (Commonly known as 2-Rail O), or on a center third power rail or a center stud supply system. If modeling such a system, an external third rail or overhead supply may be employed.

While two-rail O has traditionally been more popular in Europe, and alternating current powered three-rail more popular in the United States, two-rail O is currently experiencing a resurgence in popularity in the United States, due to increased availability of ready-to-run models from several manufacturers. The recent development of Digital Command Control (DCC) power systems with built in sound have also increased the popularity of two rail O scale models.

Die-cast metal models compatible with O scale
Many manufacturers produce die-cast models of trucks, cars, buses, construction equipment and other vehicles in scales compatible with or similar to O scale model trains. These are available in 1:43 scale, 1:48 scale and 1:50 scale. Manufacturers include Conrad, NZG, Corgi, TWH Collectibles. Ertl, and many others. These are popular with collectors and easy to find.

Continental Europe
0 scale is one of the scales defined by the NEM as 1:43,5 and 1:45 scale. However, for historical reasons they use the number "zero" rather than the letter as the name for the scale.

A situation similar to that in Britain exists in continental Europe, although the market revolves less around kits and more around expensive hand-built metal models for the deep-pocketed collector. Additionally, Czech Republic–based Electric Train Systems started manufacturing and selling lithographed tin 1:45 scale trains in 1991, citing O gauge's advantages over smaller sizes for non-permanent floor layouts and outdoor layouts. The Spanish company Paya produces a smaller line of tinplate trains, based on designs dating back to 1906.

In Germany a narrow-gauge train set is produced by Fleischmann, running on track, this scale is called "0e" ( prototype). The trains are marketed as children's toy trains (Magic Train), but are accurately built after Austrian prototypes and increased the interest in building narrow-gauge layouts in Germany and Austria significantly. Since 2006 there are again some reasonably priced O-scale plastic models available, manufactured by DCC developer Lenz.

In the 1970s both Italian branches of Rivarossi and Lima produced large quantities of "0" models, mainly Italian and German trains, later on coaches and wagons from Switzerland. In the late 1970s hand made models of the Orient Express could be found in several German hobby stores, along with other highly detailed accessories. Special brands for high procession were Lemaco, Fulgurex, Euro Train, Markscheffel & Lennartz, making models in small quantities.

Former Soviet Union
Between 1951 and 1969, a limited number of O gauge train sets were manufactured in the Soviet Union. Utilizing the same track and voltage as their U.S. counterparts, the colorful locomotives and cars resembled pre-World War II designs from U.S. manufacturers Lionel and American Flyer and the couplers were nearly identical to those of pre-war American Flyer. Some differences in U.S. and Soviet railroading were evident from comparing the Soviet sets with U.S. sets, particularly in the design of the boxcar, which looked like an American Flyer boxcar with windows added, reflecting the Soviets' use of box cars to haul livestock, as well as merchandise.

Much like their U.S. counterparts, Soviet O gauge trains were toys, rather than precision-scaled models.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, O gauge equipment is produced at a scale of 1:43.5, which is 7 mm to the foot (using the common British practice of modelling in metric prototypes originally produced using Imperial measurements). It is often called 7 mm scale for this reason.

Although toy trains were historically produced to this scale, O gauge's popularity across the whole of Europe reduced after World War II, and the standard is rarer than in the United States. Modelling in O gauge almost died out in Britain but enjoyed a resurgence in the 1990s as modellers developed a new appreciation for the level of accurate detailing possible in this scale. Some ready to run models are produced in this scale but most are available only as kits for assembly by the modeller or a professional model-builder. O gauge is considered an expensive scale to model in although the necessarily smaller scope of a larger-scaled layout mitigates this to some extent. The two dominant British manufacturers, Bassett-Lowke and Hornby, ceased production of O gauge trains in 1965 and 1969, respectively. However, ACE Trains and for a while a revived Bassett-Lowke are once again producing tinplate O gauge sets, many of them reproductions of classic Hornby and Bassett-Lowke designs, and Heljan also recently joined the market producing O gauge Diesel locomotives.

A true-to-prototype version of British 7 mm O gauge exists, called ScaleSeven (S7) which uses 33 mm gauge to represent British standard gauge in a scale of 1:43.5.

The British 1:43.5 rail scale gave birth to series of die cast cars and model commercial vehicles of the same scale which gradually grew in popularity and spread to France, the rest of Europe and North America at the same time that the rail models were becoming less popular.

7 mm scale is also popular for modelling narrow-gauge railways, a section of the hobby supported by the 7mm Narrow Gauge Association.

United States
In the United States, O gauge is defined as 1:48 (0.25 inches to the foot, "quarter inch scale" - 1/4 inch equals one foot). This is also a common dollhouse scale, giving more options for buildings, figures, and accessories. Many O gauge layouts are also accessorized with 1:43.5 scale model cars.

While 1:48 is a very convenient scale for modeling using the Imperial system (a quarter-inch equals one scale foot), the discrepancy between O gauge in the United States and O gauge in Europe is attributed to Lionel misreading the original Märklin specifications.

Although Lionel is the most enduring brand of O gauge trains, a variety of manufacturers made trains in this scale. Prior to World War I, the majority of toy trains sold in the United States were German imports made by Märklin, Bing, Fandor, and other companies. World War I brought a halt to these German imports, and protective tariffs after the war made it difficult for them to compete.

In between the two world wars, shorter-lived companies such as Dorfan, Hafner, Ives, and Joy Line competed with Lionel, Louis Marx and Company, American Flyer and Hornby. Many of these pre-war trains operated by clockwork or battery power and were made of lithographed tin. The sizes of the cars varied widely, as the standard for O gauge was largely ignored. Dorfan went out of business in 1934, while Ives was bought by Lionel, and Hafner and Joy Line were bought by Marx. Hornby withdrew from the U.S. market in 1930 after selling its U.S. factory to the A. C. Gilbert Company.

As early as 1938, the survivors Lionel, Marx, and American Flyer faced competition from Sakai, a Tokyo-based Japanese toy company who sold trains priced at the low end of the market. The product designs most closely resembled Lionel, but with Märklin-like couplers and detail parts that appeared to be copied from Ives. Seki, another Japanese company, was an entirely different and independent company.

Between 1946 and 1976, the primary U.S. manufacturers of O gauge trains were Lionel and Marx, with American Flyer switching to the more-realistic S scale and the rest of the companies out of business.

Toy maker Unique Art produced a line of inexpensive O gauge trains from 1949 to 1951, but found itself unable to compete with Marx. Marx continued to make clockwork and battery-powered trains and lithographed cars into the 1970s, along with more realistic offerings that were sometimes difficult to distinguish from Lionel.

Sakai re-entered the U.S. market after World War II, selling trains that were often nearly identical to Marx designs and sometimes undercutting Marx's prices, from 1946 to 1969.

A company called American Model Toys brought out a line of realistic, detailed cars beginning in 1948. In 1953 it released a budget line. It ran into financial difficulty, reorganized under the name Auburn Model Trains, and ended up selling its line to Nashville, Tennessee–based Kusan, a plastics company who continued its production until 1961. The tooling was then sold to a small company run by Andrew Kriswalus in Endicott, New York, who operated as Kris Model Trains, or KMT. Kriswalus only produced the box, stock, and refrigerator cars from the Kusan dies, and on some of these cars he mounted die-cast trucks from the Kusan tooling. After Kriswalus' death, the tooling was sold to K-Line and Williams Electric Trains, who continued to use it to produce parts of their budget lines.

From O gauge's beginnings up until the mid-1970s, the various manufacturers' trackside accessories would interoperate with one another, but the train cars themselves used couplers of differing designs, often making it difficult or impossible to use different manufacturers' cars together. The post-War consolidation did little to improve matters: Marx used three different standards, depending on the product line, and Lionel used two, so frequently the companies' own entry-level products were incompatible with their high-end products, let alone with the competition. Hobbyists who wanted differing standards to interoperate had to resort to replacing couplers.

After Marx went out of business in 1978, K-Line bought much of Marx's tooling and entered the marketplace. K-Line's early offerings changed little from the old Marx designs, other than a new brand name and a Lionel-compatible coupler, making K-Line's offerings completely interoperable with Lionel.

As O gauge regained popularity in the 1990s it also started to regain manufacturers, and as of late 2003, no fewer than six companies market O gauge locomotives and/or cars, all theoretically interoperable with one another.

Lionel equipment retains a large collector following. Equipment from shorter-lived manufacturers prior to World War II is also highly sought after, while American Flyer and Marx are less so. Post-War Marx is gaining in popularity after years of being derided by serious collectors. There is little collector interest in Sakai today, possibly because of difficulty identifying the equipment and because the brand is much less widely known than its U.S. counterparts.

The biggest makers of American O scale trains today include Lionel, MTH, Atlas, and Williams by Bachmann.

In popular culture
This scale and gauge was used to model the Skarloey Railway locomotives and rolling stock for series 4 of Thomas & Friends. However, the construction of the engines resulted in difficulties during filming. Series 5 introduced new models of the engines and rolling stock, which were bigger than the gauge 1 standard gauge engines and stock but still ran on O gauge track. They were used up until series 12 before the move to CGI animation. The small scale models occasionally still appeared, usually when interacting with gauge 1 standard gauge engines in series 5, 7 (stock footage), 9 and 10 and Calling All Engines!.

title: O scale


text:
Stuttgart (disambiguation)

Stuttgart is a city in Germany, capital of the state Baden-Württemberg.

Stuttgart may also refer to:

Places

 * Stuttgart (region), an administration district (Regierungsbezirk) in Germany
 * Stuttgart Region, a region around Stuttgart
 * Stuttgart, Arkansas, United States
 * Stuttgart, Kansas, United States

Other uses

 * Stuttgart (soil), a type of soil in the United States
 * VfB Stuttgart football club
 * Stuttgart Observatory, astronomical observatory
 * SMS Stuttgart, German Königsberg-class light cruiser

title: Stuttgart (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Battle of Ticonderoga (1759)

Stub article
This is a very short article, and I want to explain why. The other major actions at Ticonderoga (1758, 1775, 1777) all have enough info to need their own articles. Once I'm satisfied with those three, I'll remove individual battle descriptions from the Fort Ticonderoga Artcle. Leaving this one as a stand alone article just seems to balance or complete the set. Lou I 15:58, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Now contains most of Amherst's 1759 campaign.  Magic ♪piano 19:22, 30 March 2009 (UTC)

Map origin
Documentation concerning the creation of the map (File:Ticonderoga attack plan2.jpg).

The map is signed May 29, 1759, by William Brasier, a draftsman in the British Army. Brasier reported to Lt. Thomas Sowers, who reported to Colonel James Montresor, Amherst's chief engineer. Field research was performed by Dietrick/Diedrich/Diederich Brehm/Breem/Brheem/Bhreem, a lieutenant in the 1st battalion 60th foot under Captain George Etherington, who reported to Colonel Frederick Haldimand, in command at Fort Edward. (For chain of command, see the regimental chronicle of the 60th foot.)

Timeline sources:
 * Montresor's journal
 * Report on Canadian Archives
 * NE historical and genealogical register, v 37 (contains a biographic profile of Brehm)
 * Fort Ticonderoga Bulletin, Vol 11 (1962) (snippet view only; contains Brehm's journal)
 * FTB Vol 9 (1993)
 * Journal of Robert Rogers

Timeline:
 * February 23, 1759: Thomas Gage (Albany) writes Haldimand (Fort Edward): "I very much approve of your proposal that a party from the forces under your command should accompany the Indians in their intended scout towards Ticonderoga, and that we should seize such an opportunity to send some skillful officer to examine the enemy's works ... I know of no person so proper for such a piece of service as Lieutenant Brehm, have just sent for him to propose this business to him ... I desire also that Rogers, with as many Rangers as can be spared, may be of this party." (FTB vol 11, pp. 35-36)
 * March 3, 1759: Robert Rogers leads scouting expedition from Fort Edward, Brehm in party (Rogers journal)
 * Brehm's orders include: (FTB vol 11, p. 37)
 * comment on 1758 works
 * examine road from landing to sawmill to fort for obstructions
 * do mountains on east side command entrenchments and fort, at what distance
 * potential siting of roads to conceal movements
 * "he is to correct the plan given to him" [MP-this is probably Matthew Clerk's plan]
 * Brehm's report: (FTB vol 11, pp. 38-42)
 * includes his own drawing (missing at time of publication, 1963) with lettered annotation, although only M,N,O appear to describe the same thing that appears on the Brasier map
 * March 10, 1759: Rogers and company return to Fort Edward from scout (Rogers journal)
 * Rogers' report: (FTB vol 11, pp. 46-48)
 * depart March 3, reach landing place 5th at 8pm (p46)
 * Rogers, Brehm, party go to "isthmus" overlooking fort to observe works
 * Brehm, 10 men go into entrenchments near works that night "having done his business to [Brehm's] satisfaction"
 * begin return on 6th 3am (p47)
 * March 12, 1759: Gage to Haldimand, congratulating on successful scout (Report on Canadian Archives)
 * March 15, 1759: Gage to Haldimand, Brehm has arrived in Albany (Report on Canadian Archives)
 * April 3, 1759: Amherst shows Montresor Brehm's plan (in NYC); Montresor suggests additions: mentions carrying boats "across the two necks", presumably referencing the carries to map locations D and I. (Montresor journal)
 * April 16, 1759: Montresor writes to Lt Sowers (no details, but may concern Oswego/Niagara planning) (Montresor journal)
 * April 22, 1759: "Brazier" arrives from Boston (Montresor journal)
 * April 28, 1759: Amherst departs NYC for Albany (Montresor journal)
 * May 12, 1759: Amherst and Montresor meet in Albany re Oswego/Niagara planning (Montresor journal)
 * May 13, 1759: Montresor says he "gave [Amherst] also my Project for Ticonderoga". (Montresor journal) This probably refers to something Brasier eventually copied to make the map reproduced here, or to another manuscript (see item #512, this map is #509).
 * June 3, 1759: Amherst departs Albany for Fort Edward (Montresor journal)
 * June 5, 1759: Montresor wrote to "Mr. Frederick with a plan of the attack of Ticonderoga" (Montresor journal)
 * June 13, 1759: Montresor orders "Brazier" to Fort Edward (Montresor journal)
 * June 15, 1759: Montresor, Gage, other officers depart Albany for Fort Edward (Montresor journal)

Brehm discusses defenses with Rogers (includes author's commentary comparing it to Matthew Clerk's analysis in 1758):

Synthesized narrative:

Frederick Haldimand, commander at Fort Edward, proposed a scouting expedition toward Carillon for reconnaissance and intelligence gathering. Gage approved the request, ordering Rogers to head the scout, and adding the suggestion that engineer Brehm accompany the scout to examine the enemy works. Gage and Haldimand issue orders to Brehm and Rogers, who left Fort Edward on March 3 in a party of 358. By the evening of March 5 they reached landing at the northern end of Lake George. Rogers, Brehm, and a supporting party climbed to a place (probably Mount Defiance) with a view of Carillon that evening, and discussed what they saw. Brehm made detailed drawings of the area. Later that evening Brehm and a party of 10 entered the outer entrenchments to inspect them more closely. On completion of this work, a party of about 100 went around to the east shore of Champlain where they surprised a French work crew, taking prisoners and killing much of the crew. Pursued by a party from the fort, they quickly retreated, reaching Sabbathday Point (50 miles of hiking through sometimes deep snow) later that day. By March 8 they had returned to Fort Edward.

Brehm delivered his report to Gage in Albany, who forwarded them to Amherst in NYC. Amherst discussed the plan with Montresor on April 3, when they agreed, with modest changes, to Brehm's plan. After Amherst approved the final plan on May 13, Montresor ordered copies made. The copy which is the source of this image was made by William Brasier at Albany, and completed May 29, in time for the army command's departure for Fort Edward in early June.

This content will be sporadically updated; contributions or discussion are welcome.  Magic ♪piano 21:26, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

File:Ticonderoga attack plan2.jpg to appear as POTD soon
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title: Talk:Battle of Ticonderoga (1759)


text:
Bedburg

Bedburg is a town in the Rhein-Erft-Kreis, North Rhine-Westphalia of Germany with 25,000 residents. Since 2014, Sascha Solbach is the mayor of Bedburg. The town is documented as existing as early as 893.

Sons and daughters

 * Arnold von Harff (1471–1505), knight and adventurer
 * Katharina Molitor (born 1983), javelin thrower and volleyball player

People with connection to Bedburg

 * Wilhelm von Mirbach-Harff (1871–1918), German diplomat and ambassador; lived in Bedburg and did his Abitur there
 * Peter Stumpp (c. 1525–1589), 16th Century possible serial killer known as "The Werewolf of Bedburg"

title: Bedburg


text:
Edward Lansdale

Edward Geary Lansdale (February 6, 1908 – February 23, 1987) was a United States Air Force officer until retiring in 1963 as a major general before continuing his work with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Lansdale was a pioneer in clandestine operations and psychological warfare. In the early 1950s, Lansdale played a significant role in suppressing the Hukbalahap Rebellion in the Philippines. In 1954, he moved to Saigon and started the Saigon Military Mission, a covert intelligence operation which was created to sow dissension in North Vietnam. Lansdale believed the United States could win guerrilla wars by studying the enemy's psychology, an approach that won the approval of the presidential administrations of both Kennedy and Johnson.

Early life
Lansdale was born in Detroit, Michigan, on February 6, 1908, and later raised in Los Angeles. He was the second of four sons of Sarah Frances (née Philips; 1881–1954) and Henry Lansdale (1883–1959). Lansdale attended school in Michigan, New York and California before attending UCLA where he earned his way largely by writing for newspapers and magazines. Lansdale struggled in learning foreign languages while at UCLA and told a biographer he retained almost nothing except Spanish curse words and French phrases he had memorized in kindergarten. Lansdale's difficulty meeting the foreign language requirement for his degree and lack of obvious career path prompted him to drop out of UCLA several credits short of graduation. He later moved on to better-paying work in advertising in Los Angeles and San Francisco.

Philippines
Lansdale served with the Office of Strategic Services in World War II, ultimately being promoted to major. He extended his tour to remain in the Philippines until 1948, helping the Philippine Army rebuild its intelligence services and resolve the cases of large numbers of prisoners of war. With most of Lansdale's prior Army intelligence officer experience being with U.S. Army Air Forces units, he transferred to the U.S. Air Force and was commissioned as a captain when it was established as an independent service in 1947. After leaving the Philippines in 1948, he served as an instructor at the Strategic Intelligence School at Lowry Air Force Base, Colorado, where he received a temporary promotion to lieutenant colonel in 1949.

In 1950, President Elpidio Quirino personally requested that Lansdale be transferred to the Joint United States Military Assistance Group, Philippines, to assist the intelligence services of the Armed Forces of the Philippines in combating the Communist Hukbalahap. Lansdale was an early practitioner of psychological warfare. Adopting a tactic previously used in the Philippines by the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II, Lansdale spread rumors that Aswangs, blood-sucking demons in Philippine folklore, were loose in the jungle. His men then captured an enemy soldier and drained the blood from his body, leaving the corpse where it could be seen and making the Hukbalahap flee the region.

Lansdale became friends with Ramon Magsaysay, then the secretary of national defense, and with his help Magsaysay eventually became President of the Philippines on December 30, 1953. Lansdale is said to have run Magsaysay's campaign for the CIA in the 1953 Philippines General Election. Lansdale helped the Philippine Armed Forces develop psychological operations, civic actions, and the rehabilitation of Hukbalahap prisoners.

Vietnam
After the end of the left-wing Huk insurgency in the Philippines and after building support for Magsaysay's presidency, CIA director Allen Dulles instructed Lansdale to "do what you did in the Philippines [in Vietnam]." Lansdale had previously been a member of General John W. O'Daniel's mission to Indo-China in 1953, acting as an advisor to French forces on special counter-guerrilla operations against the Viet Minh. From 1954 to 1957, he was stationed in Saigon as the head of the Saigon Military Mission. During this period, he was active in the training of the Vietnamese National Army (VNA), organizing the Caodaist militias under Trình Minh Thế in an attempt to bolster the VNA, a propaganda campaign encouraging Vietnam's Catholics to move to the south as part of Operation Passage to Freedom, and spreading claims that North Vietnamese agents were making attacks in South Vietnam.

Operation Passage to Freedom changed the religious balance in Vietnam. Before the war, the majority of Vietnamese Catholics lived in North Vietnam, but after the operation the South held the majority, 55% of which were refugees from the North. Lansdale accomplished that by dropping leaflets in the Northern hamlets stating that "Christ has gone to the South" and other leaflets showing maps with concentric circles emanating from Hanoi suggesting an imminent nuclear bomb strike on the Northern capital.

During his time in Vietnam, Lansdale quickly ingratiated himself with Ngo Dinh Diem, the leader of South Vietnam. Diem, typically suspicious of anyone not in his immediate family, invited Lansdale to move into the presidential palace after which they became friends. In October 1954, Lansdale foiled a coup attempt, cutting General Nguyễn Văn Hinh's communication off from his top lieutenants by moving them to Manila.

Lansdale mentored and trained Phạm Xuân Ẩn, a reporter for Time magazine who was actually a highly placed North Vietnamese spy. In 1961, he helped to publicize the story of Father Nguyễn Lạc Hoá, the "fighting priest" who had organized a crack militia, the Sea Swallows, from his village of anticommunist Chinese Catholic exiles. In 1961, Lansdale recruited John M. Deutch to his first job in government, working as one of Robert McNamara's "Whiz Kids". Deutch would go on to become the Director of Central Intelligence for the CIA. Lansdale during this time traveled to Vietnam with a young Daniel Ellsberg who would work in the U.S. Embassy there.

Anti-Castro campaign
From 1957 to 1963, Lansdale worked for the Department of Defense in Washington, serving as Deputy Assistant Secretary for Special Operations, Staff Member of the President's Committee on Military Assistance, and Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations. During the early 1960s, he was chiefly involved in clandestine efforts to topple the government of Cuba, including proposals to assassinate Fidel Castro. Much of this work was under the aegis of "Operation Mongoose", which was the operational name for the CIA plan to topple Castro's government. According to Daniel Ellsberg, who was at one time a subordinate to Lansdale, Lansdale claimed that he was fired by President Kennedy's Defense Secretary Robert McNamara after he declined Kennedy's offer to play a role in the overthrow of the Diem regime.

Late career and personal life
Lansdale retired from the Air Force on November 1, 1963. Yet from 1965 to 1968, he was back in Vietnam where he worked in the United States Embassy, Saigon, with the rank of minister. The scope of his delegated authority was vague, however, and he was bureaucratically marginalized and frustrated. His 1972 memoir, ''In the Midst of Wars. An American's Mission to Southeast Asia'', covers his time in the Philippines and Vietnam up to December 1956.

Lansdale's biography, The Unquiet American, was written by Cecil Currey and published in 1988; the title refers to the common, but incorrect, belief that the eponymous character in Graham Greene's novel The Quiet American was based on Lansdale. According to Norman Sherry's authorized biography of Greene The Life of Graham Greene (Penguin, 2004), Lansdale did not officially enter the Vietnam arena until 1954, while Greene wrote his book in 1952 after departing Vietnam. It is more likely that he was the inspiration for the character Colonel Hillandale in Eugene Burdick's and William Lederer's joint novel The Ugly American published in 1958. Many of Lansdale's private papers and effects were destroyed in a fire at his McLean home in 1972. In 1981, Lansdale donated most of his remaining papers to Stanford University's Hoover Institution.

Lansdale died of a heart ailment on February 23, 1987. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery. He was twice married and had two sons from his first marriage.

Books

 * In the Midst of Wars: An American's Mission to Southeast Asia, with a foreword by William E. Colby. New York: Fordham University Press (1991). ISBN 978-0823213146.

Correspondence

 * Memo to Wesley R. Fishel (Sep. 6, 1955).
 * Memo to Wesley R. Fishel (Dec. 19, 1954).
 * Letter to Wesley R. Fishel (May 1, 1961).

title: Edward Lansdale


text:
Greendale

Greendale may refer to:

Australia

 * Greendale, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney
 * Greendale, Victoria

Canada

 * Greendale, Chilliwack, British Columbia
 * Greendale Subdivision, Alberta

Ireland

 * Greendale Community School, Kilbarrack, Dublin

New Zealand

 * Greendale, New Zealand

Singapore

 * Greendale Secondary School, a secondary school in Punggol

United Kingdom

 * Greendale, Cheshire, a location in the U.K.

United States

 * Greendale, Indiana, a city in southeast Indiana
 * Greendale, Fort Wayne, Indiana, a neighborhood in Fort Wayne
 * Greendale, Missouri
 * Greendale, Ohio
 * Greendale, Wisconsin, a southern suburb of Milwaukee
 * Greendale High School
 * Greendale, a village located in northern Worcester, Massachusetts
 * Greendale Mall, in the village
 * Greendale Township, Michigan

Zimbabwe

 * Greendale, Harare, a suburb of Harare

Fictional places

 * Greendale, the setting for the comic strip Sabrina the Teenage Witch
 * Greendale, the setting for the British children's television series Postman Pat
 * Greendale, the setting for the 1985 film Better Off Dead
 * Greendale, Colorado, the setting for the American television comedy series Community, 2009–2016
 * Greendale Community College, the series' titular community college
 * Greendale, the setting for the stories sang by Neil Young in the concept album of same name

Other

 * Greendale (album), an album and a movie, both made in 2003, by Neil Young and Crazy Horse

title: Greendale


text:
User talk:Megafonico~enwiki

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Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral
Your source wont open.... I can believe that the church was built before the Cathedral (there are a number of churches that are older) but the Mexico City was the first to get cathedral status. Find me a reliable source that says that the Merida's church got cathedral status before Mexico City and Ill stop reversing your edit.Thelmadatter (talk) 14:45, 18 February 2010 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Megafonico~enwiki


text:
USS Bonefish

Two submarines of the United States Navy have been named USS Bonefish, after the bonefish.

 * USS Bonefish (SS-223) became lost during World War II.
 * USS Bonefish (SS-582) became damaged (beyond repair) by a fire at sea in 1988.

title: USS Bonefish