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Melusine

Mélusine or Melusine or Melusina is a figure of European folklore, a female spirit of fresh water in a holy well or river. She is usually depicted as a woman who is a serpent or fish from the waist down (much like a lamia or a mermaid). She is also sometimes illustrated with wings, two tails, or both. Her legends are especially connected with the northern and western areas of France, Luxembourg, and the Low Countries.

The Limburg-Luxemburg dynasty (which ruled the Holy Roman Empire from 1308 to 1437 as well as Bohemia and Hungary), the House of Anjou and their descendants the House of Plantagenet (kings of England), and the French House of Lusignan (kings of Cyprus from 1205–1472, and for shorter periods over Cilician Armenia and Jerusalem) are said in folk tales and medieval literature to be descended from Melusine. The story combines several major legendary themes, such as the Nereids, Naiad, water nymph or mermaid, the earth being (terroir), the genius loci or guardian spirit of a location, the succubus who comes from the diabolical world to unite carnally with a man, or the banshee or harbinger of death.

Etymology
The French Dictionnaire de la langue française suggests the Latin melus, meaning "melodious, pleasant". Another theory is that Melusine was inspired by a Poitevin legend of "Mère Lusine," leader of a band of fairies who built Roman edifices throughout the countryside. Melusine's name varies depending on the areas, such as Merlusse in Vosges or Merluisaine in Champagne.

Literary versions
The most famous literary version of Melusine tales, that of Jean d'Arras, compiled about 1382–1394, was worked into a collection of "spinning yarns" as told by ladies at their spinning coudrette (coulrette (in French)). He wrote The Romans of Partenay or of Lusignen: Otherwise known as the Tale of Melusine, giving source and historical notes, dates and background of the story. He goes into detail and depth about the relationship of Melusine and Raymondin, their initial meeting, and the complete story.

The tale was translated into German in 1456 by Thüring von Ringoltingen, which version became popular as a chapbook. It was later translated into English, twice, around 1500, and often printed in both the 15th century and the 16th century. There are also a Castilian and a Dutch translation, both of which were printed at the end of the 15th century. A prose version is entitled the Chronique de la princesse (Chronicle of the Princess).

The story tells how in the time of the Crusades, Elinas, the King of Albany (an old name for Scotland or the Kingdom of Alba), goes out hunting in the forest to cope with the death of his wife with whom he has one son named Nathas. Elinas comes across the Well of Thirst where he meets a beautiful fay named Pressine. The two fall in love and when Elinas proposes to Pressine, she agrees, but only if he swears to never see her when she births or bathes their children; Elinas promises and he and Pressine marry. Later, Pressine gives birth to triplet girls named Melusine, Melior, and Palatine. When Nathas informs his father the news, he breaks his promise, causing Pressine to leave the kingdom with their three daughters and move to the lost Isle of Avalon.

The three sisters grow up in Avalon, their mother bringing them atop a mountain every morning to look at the kingdom that would have been their home. On their fifteenth birthday, Melusine, the eldest, asks her mother why she and her sisters had been taken from Alba. Upon hearing of their father's broken promise, Melusine seeks revenge and convinces her sisters to aid her. Using their magical powers, Elinas' daughters lock him, with his riches, in a mountain called Brandelois. Pressine becomes enraged when she learns what her daughters have done for despite breaking his promise, Elinas was her husband and the triplets' father. To punish her daughters for killing their own father, Pressine imprisons Palatine in the same mountain as Elinas, seals Melior inside a castle for all her life, and banishes Melusine, the instigator, from Avalon and also cursing her to take the form of a two-tailed serpent from the waist down every Saturday. If a man ever marries Melusine, he must never see her on Saturdays: if he keeps the oath, Melusine will live a contented life with him, but if he breaks it and violates her privacy, she will stay a serpent and appear to the Noble House in her monstrous form and spend three days lamenting whenever a descendant dies or the fortress changes hands.

Melusine settles in a forest of Coulombiers by a stream near Poitiers (or Poitou in some versions) in France. The distraught Count Raymondin of Poitiers comes across Melusine after accidentally killing his uncle. Melusine consoles Raymondin and when he proposes to her, she lays down a condition just as her mother had done: that he must never see her on a Saturday. For ten years Raymondin keeps his promise, and Melusine bears him ten sons (which some versions describe as being deformed yet still loved by their parents) and organizes the construction of marvelous castles, giving her husband wealth, land, and power. However, Raymondin is eventually goaded by his family and grows suspicious of Melusine always spending Saturday by herself and never attending Mass. He breaks his promise and peeks into her chamber, where he sees Melusine bathing in half-serpent form. He keeps his transgression a secret, until one of their now-adult sons murders his brother. In front of his court, the grieving Raymondin blames Melusine and calls her a "serpent." She then assumes the form of a dragon, provides him with two magic rings, and flies off, never to be seen again. She returns only at night to nurse her two youngest children, who are still infants.

Analysis
In folkloristics, German folklorist Hans-Jörg Uther classifies the Melusine tale and related legends as its own tale type of the Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index. In the German Folktale Catalogue (German: Deutscher Märchenkatalog), they are grouped under type *425O, "Melusine", part of a section related to tales where a human maiden marries a supernatural husband in animal form (Animal as Bridegroom).

As in tales of swan maidens, shapeshifting and flight on wings away from oath-breaking husbands figure in stories about Mélusine. According to Sabine Baring-Gould in Curious Tales of the Middle Ages, the pattern of the tale is similar to the Knight of the Swan legend which inspired the character "Lohengrin" in Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzival.

Jacques Le Goff considered that Melusina represented a fertility figure: "she brings prosperity in a rural area...Melusina is the fairy of medieval economic growth".

In France
Melusine legends are especially connected with the northern areas of France, Poitou and the Low Countries, as well as Cyprus, where the French Lusignan royal house that ruled the island from 1192 to 1489 claimed to be descended from Melusine. Oblique reference to this was made by Sir Walter Scott who told a Melusine tale in Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border (1802–1803) stating that "the reader will find the fairy of Normandy, or Bretagne, adorned with all the splendour of Eastern description". The fairy Melusina, also, who married Guy de Lusignan, Count of Poitou, under condition that he should never attempt to intrude upon her privacy, was of this latter class. She bore the count many children, and erected for him a magnificent castle by her magical art. Their harmony was uninterrupted until the prying husband broke the conditions of their union, by concealing himself to behold his wife make use of her enchanted bath. Hardly had Melusina discovered the indiscreet intruder, than, transforming herself into a dragon, she departed with a loud yell of lamentation, and was never again visible to mortal eyes; although, even in the days of Brantôme, she was supposed to be the protectress of her descendants, and was heard wailing as she sailed upon the blast round the turrets of the castle of Lusignan the night before it was demolished.

In Luxembourg
The Counts of Luxembourg also claimed descent from Melusine through their ancestor Siegfried. When in 963 A.D. Count Siegfried of the Ardennes (Sigefroi in French; Sigfrid in Luxembourgish) bought the feudal rights to the territory on which he founded his capital city of Luxembourg, his name became connected with the local version of Melusine. This Melusina had essentially the same magic gifts as the ancestress of the Lusignans. The morning after their wedding, she magically created the Castle of Luxembourg on the Bock rock (the historical center point of Luxembourg City). On her terms of marriage, she too required one day of absolute privacy each week. Eventually Sigfrid was tempted by curiosity and entered her apartment on Saturday, when he saw her in her bath and discovered her to be a mermaid. He cried out in surprise, and Melusina and her bath sank into the earth. Melusine remained trapped in the rock but returns every seven years either as a woman or a serpent, carrying a golden key in her mouth. Anyone brave enough to take the key will free her and win her as his bride. Also every seven years, Melusine adds a stitch to a linen chemise; if she finishes the chemise before she can be freed, all of Luxembourg will be swallowed by the rock. In 1997, Luxembourg issued a postage stamp commemorating her.

In Germany
In his Table Talk, Martin Luther mentioned Melusina of Lucelberg (Luxembourg), whom he described as a succubus or the devil. Luther attributed stories like Melusine to the devil appearing in female form to seduce men.

The story of Melusine strongly influenced Paracelsus's writings on elementals and especially his description of water spirits. This, in turn, inspired Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué's novella Undine (1811), and a collaboration on the subject with composer E. T. A. Hoffmann, in which Fouqué wrote the libretto for Hoffman's opera  Undine (1816). Other adaptations and references of Fouqué's story are found in works such as Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tale The Little Mermaid (1837), Antonín Dvořák's opera Rusalka (1901), and Jean Giraudoux's play Ondine (1939).

In a legend set in the forest of Stollenwald, a young man meets a beautiful woman named Melusina who has the lower body of a snake. If he will kiss her three times on three consecutive days, she will be freed. However, on each day she becomes more and more monstrous, until the young man flees in terror without giving her the final kisses. He later marries another girl, but the food at their wedding feast is mysteriously poisoned with serpent venom and everyone who eats it dies.

Other Germanic water sprites include Lorelei and the nixie.

In Britain
Melusine is one of the pre-Christian water-faeries who were sometimes responsible for changelings. The "Lady of the Lake", who spirited away the infant Lancelot and raised the child, was such a water nymph.

A folktale tradition of a demon wife similar to Melusine appears in early English literature. According to the chronicler Gerald of Wales, Richard I of England was fond of telling a tale that he was a descendant of an unnamed countess of Anjou. In the legend, an early Count of Anjou encountered a beautiful woman from a foreign land. They were married and had four sons. However, the count became troubled because his wife only attended church infrequently, and always left in the middle of Mass. One day he had four of his men forcibly restrain his wife as she rose to leave the church. She evaded the men and, in full view of the congregation, flew out of the church through its highest window. She carried her two youngest sons away with her. One of the remaining sons was the ancestor of the later Counts of Anjou, their troublesome nature being the result of their demonic background.

A similar story became attached to his mother Eleanor of Aquitaine, as seen in the 14th-century romance Richard Coer de Lyon. In this fantastical account, Henry II's wife is not named Eleanor but Cassodorien, and she always leaves Mass before the elevation of the Host. They have three children: Richard (presumably the later King Richard I, "The Lionheart"), John (presumably the later King John), and a daughter named Topyas. When Henry forces Cassodorien to stay in Mass, she flies through the roof of the church carrying her daughter, never to be seen again.

Related legends
The Travels of Sir John Mandeville recounts a legend about Hippocrates' daughter. She was transformed into a hundred-foot-long dragon by the goddess Diane, and is the "lady of the manor" of an old castle. She emerges three times a year, and will be turned back into a woman if a knight kisses her, making the knight into her consort and ruler of the islands. Various knights try, but flee when they see the hideous dragon; they die soon thereafter. This appears to be an early version of the legend of Melusine.

The motif of the cursed serpent-maiden freed by a kiss also appears in the story of Le Bel Inconnu.

Arts

 * Melusine is the subject of Halévy's grand opera La magicienne (1858), although the story is greatly altered. Rather than a half-fairy under a curse, Melusine is a witch who has sold her soul to the Devil and is beautiful by day and hideous by night.
 * Johann Wolfgang von Goethe reinterpreted the legend in his short story Die Neue Melusine ("The New Melusine") and published it as part of Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre (1807). In this version, Melusine is a tiny elf who sometimes takes on human size.
 * The playwright Franz Grillparzer brought Goethe's tale to the stage and Felix Mendelssohn provided a concert overture The Fair Melusine (Zum Märchen von der Schönen Melusine), opus 32.
 * Marcel Proust's main character compares Gilberte to Melusine in Within a Budding Grove. She is also compared on several occasions to the Duchesse de Guermantes who was (according to the Duc de Guermantes) directly descended from the Lusignan dynasty. In the Guermantes Way, for example, the narrator observes that the Lusignan family "was fated to become extinct on the day when the fairy Melusine should disappear".
 * The story of Melusine (also called Melusina) was retold by Letitia Landon in the poem "The Fairy of the Fountains" in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book and reprinted in her collection The Zenana. Here she is representative of the female poet. An analysis can be found in.
 * In Our Lady of the Flowers, Jean Genet twice says that Divine, the main character, is descended from "the siren Melusina".
 * Dorothy L. Sayers's short story The leopard lady in the 1939 collection In the teeth of the evidence features a Miss Smith "who should have been called Melusine".
 * Melusine appears to have inspired aspects of the character Mélisande, who is associated with springs and waters, in Maurice Maeterlinck's play Pelléas and Mélisande, first produced in 1893. Claude Debussy adapted it as an opera by the same name, produced in 1902.
 * Margaret Irwin's fantasy novel These Mortals (1925) revolves around Melusine leaving her father's palace, and having adventures in the world of humans.
 * In André Breton's 1928 novel Nadja, the eponymous character evokes the character of Melusina while discussing dreams and her painting outside the Palais-Royal with the author.
 * Charlotte Haldane wrote a study of Melusine in 1936 (which her then husband J.B.S. Haldane referred to in his children's book "My Friend Mr Leakey").
 * Aribert Reimann composed an opera Melusine, which premiered in 1971.
 * The Melusine legend is featured in A. S. Byatt's late 20th century novel Possession. One of the main characters, Christabel LaMotte, writes an epic poem about Melusina.
 * Philip the Good's 1454 Feast of the Pheasant featured as one of the lavish 'entremets' (or table decorations) a mechanical depiction of Melusine as a dragon flying around the castle of Lusignan.
 * Rosemary Hawley Jarman used a reference from Sabine Baring-Gould's Curious Myths of the Middle Ages that the House of Luxembourg claimed descent from Melusine in her 1972 novel The King's Grey Mare, making Elizabeth Woodville's family claim descent from the water-spirit. This element is repeated in Philippa Gregory's novels The White Queen (2009) and The Lady of the Rivers (2011), but with Jacquetta of Luxembourg telling Elizabeth that their descent from Melusine comes through the Dukes of Burgundy.
 * Melusine by Lynne Reid Banks (1997) retells the myth, with a young French girl in trouble taking the role.
 * In The Wandering Unicorn (1965) by Manuel Mujica Láinez, Melusine tells her tale of several centuries of existence, from her original curse to the time of the Crusades.
 * The 2005 song "Mélusine" by French singer-songwriter Nolwenn Leroy retells the myth.
 * In his 2016 novel In Search of Sixpence the writer Michael Paraskos retells the story of Melusine by imagining her as a Turkish Cypriot girl forceably abducted from the island by a visiting Frenchman.
 * In the 2021 novel Matrix by Lauren Groff, the poet Marie de France is said to be descended from the fairy Melusine.
 * The 2023 album Mélusine by Cécile McLorin Salvant uses songs to illustrate the tale.

Video games

 * In Monster Musume, a subspecies of lamia that has a pair of bat wings is named after her.
 * In Fire Emblem Engage, the exclusive class of the villainous character Zephia is named after the melusine.
 * Melusine appears as a card for the Skellige faction in the standalone version of Gwent, from the Witcher franchise.
 * In the Fontaine region of Genshin Impact, the Melusines are an all-female, non-human race; which originated from the beast named Elynas.

Other references

 * In Czech and Slovak, the word meluzína refers to wailing wind, usually in the chimney. This is a reference to the wailing Melusine looking for her children.
 * In June 2019, it was announced that Luxembourg's first petascale supercomputer, a part of the European High-Performance Computing Joint Undertaking (EuroHPC JU) programme, is to be named "Meluxina".
 * The siren or mermaid with two tails and a crown, a heraldic symbol which inspired the Starbucks logo, is frequently identified as a melusine. However, this name and the link to Melusine seems to have originated in the late 19th century.
 * In 2022, the French postal system released a 1.65 euro stamp depicting la fée melusine as part of a series of myths and legends.

Literature

 * Essays on the Roman de Mélusine (1393) of Jean d'Arras.
 * On the many translations of the romance, covering French, German, Dutch, Castilian, and English versions.
 * A scholarly edition of the important medieval French version of the legend by Jean d'Arras.
 * Letitia Elizabeth Landon, Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1835 (1834).
 * Letitia Elizabeth Landon, Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1835 (1834).
 * Letitia Elizabeth Landon, Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1835 (1834).

title: Melusine


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List of valleys on the Moon

There are several large valleys that have been given names on the surface of the Moon. These are listed below. Most of these valleys are named after a nearby crater; see the list of craters on the Moon for more information.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of valleys on the Moon


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Spearthrower Owl

"Spearthrower Owl" (possibly Jatz'om Kuy, translating to "Striker Owl") was a Mesoamerican person from the Early Classic period, who is identified in Maya inscriptions and iconography. Mayanist David Stuart has suggested that Spearthrower Owl was a ruler of Teotihuacan at the start of the height of its influence across Mesoamerica in the 4th and 5th century, and that he was responsible for an intense period of Teotihuacan presence in the Maya area, including the conquest of Tikal in 378 CE.

Name
"Spearthrower Owl" is a name invented by archaeologists to describe the Teotihuacan-originated spear-holding owl symbol, stylised as one or two Maya glyphs usually used to represent his name.

One version of the ruler's name glyph shows a weapon (an atlatl or other type) combined with an owl sign. At Tikal, the name appears written once with phonetic elements, suggesting the Mayan version of the name is Jatz'om Kuy, "striker owl," or "owl that will strike". The weapon-owl version is therefore probably the logographs for JATZ' together with KUY or KUJ.

Various logographs or glyphs depicting an owl and a spear-thrower are documented in Teotihuacan and in the Maya cities of Tikal, Uaxactun, Yaxchilan, and Toniná. They may or may not refer to the same individual, or have other symbolic meanings.

Biography
Maya inscriptions at several sites describe the arrival of strangers from the west, depicted with Teotihuacan-style garments and carrying weapons. These arrivals are connected to changes in political leadership at several of the sites.

Stuart noted that the Marcador monument at the Petén Basin center of Tikal records Spearthrower Owl's ascension to the throne of an unspecified polity on a date equivalent to 4 May 374 CE. Monuments at El Perú, Tikal and/or Uaxactun describe the arrival of a personage Siyaj K'ak' somehow under the auspices of Spearthrower Owl in the month of January 378. The exact date of his arrival in Tikal is identical with the death of the Tikal ruler, Chak Tok Ich'aak I. Tikal Stela 31 describes that in 379, a year after the arrival of Siyaj K'ak' at Tikal, Yax Nuun Ayiin, described as a son of Spearthrower Owl and not of the previous ruler Chak Tok Ich'aak, was installed as king of Tikal. His rule saw the introduction of Teotihuacan-style imagery in the iconography of Tikal. Stela 31 was erected during the reign of Yax Nuun Ayiin's son Siyaj Chan K'awil and describes the death of that ruler's grandfather, Spearthrower Owl, in 439 CE (Maya date 9.0.3.9.18).

Spearthrower Owl was mentioned in later texts; for example, on a door lintel of Temple I where the Tikal ruler Jasaw Chan K'awiil I celebrated the thirteen k'atun (13x20x360 days) anniversary (in 695 CE) of Spearthrower Owl's death when they "conjured the holy one."

Interpretations
The connection of Spearthrower Owl to Teotihuacan as well as the precise nature of Teotihuacan's influence on the Maya has been a hotly debated topic since the hieroglyphic texts first became fully readable in the 1990s. The controversy is related to the general discussion of central Mexican influence in the Maya area which was sparked by the findings of Teotihuacan-related objects in the early Maya site of Kaminaljuyú in the 1930s.

The controversy has two sides. The internalist side argues for limited direct contact between Teotihuacan and the Maya area. This side has been represented by epigraphers such as Linda Schele and David Freidel who have argued that the Maya merely had friendly diplomatic relations with Teotihuacan which caused the Maya elite to emulate Teotihuacano culture and ideology. The externalist side argues that Teotihuacan was an important factor in the development of Maya culture and politics in the Classic period. This viewpoint was first associated with archaeologist William Sanders who argued for an extreme externalist viewpoint. But as more evidence of direct Teotihuacan influence in the Maya area surged at Copán and new hieroglyphic decipherments by epigraphers such as David Stuart interpreted Teotihuacan incursion as a military invasion, the externalist position was strengthened. In 2003, George Cowgill, an archaeologist specialising in Teotihuacan who had formerly espoused a mostly internalist perspective on Teotihuacan-Maya relations, summarised the debate, conceding that Teotihuacan had probably exercised some kind of political control in the Maya area in the early classic period and that left an important legacy into the late and epi-classic periods.

In 2008 an interpretation of Spearthrower Owl-related iconography at Teotihuacan suggested that Spearthrower Owl was an important military god at Teotihuacan that had his given name to both a place known as "Spearthrower Owl Hill" and to the ruler mentioned in the Maya hieroglyphic texts.

title: Spearthrower Owl


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Quaternary numeral system

Quaternary is a numeral system with 4|four as its base. It uses the digits 0, 1, 2, and 3 to represent any real number. Conversion from binary is straightforward.

Four is the largest number within the subitizing range and one of two numbers that is both a square and a highly composite number (the other being thirty-six), making quaternary a convenient choice for a base at this scale. Despite being twice as large, its radix economy is equal to that of binary. However, it fares no better in the localization of prime numbers (the smallest better base being the primorial base six, senary).

Quaternary shares with all fixed-radix numeral systems many properties, such as the ability to represent any real number with a canonical representation (almost unique) and the characteristics of the representations of rational numbers and irrational numbers. See decimal and binary for a discussion of these properties.

Relation to binary and hexadecimal
As with the octal and hexadecimal numeral systems, quaternary has a special relation to the binary numeral system. Each radix four, eight, and sixteen is a power of two, so the conversion to and from binary is implemented by matching each digit with two, three, or four binary digits, or bits. For example, in quaternary,
 * 2302104 = 10 11 00 10 01 002.

Since sixteen is a power of four, conversion between these bases can be implemented by matching each hexadecimal digit with two quaternary digits. In the above example,
 * 23 02 104 = B2416

Although octal and hexadecimal are widely used in computing and computer programming in the discussion and analysis of binary arithmetic and logic, quaternary does not enjoy the same status.

Although quaternary has limited practical use, it can be helpful if it is ever necessary to perform hexadecimal arithmetic without a calculator. Each hexadecimal digit can be turned into a pair of quaternary digits. Then, arithmetic can be performed relatively easily before converting the end result back to hexadecimal. Quaternary is convenient for this purpose, since numbers have only half the digit length compared to binary, while still having very simple multiplication and addition tables with only three unique non-trivial elements.

By analogy with byte and nybble, a quaternary digit is sometimes called a crumb.

Fractions
Due to having only factors of two, many quaternary fractions have repeating digits, although these tend to be fairly simple:

Occurrence in human languages
Many or all of the Chumashan languages (spoken by the Native American Chumash peoples) originally used a quaternary numeral system, in which the names for numbers were structured according to multiples of four and sixteen, instead of ten. There is a surviving list of Ventureño language number words up to thirty-two written down by a Spanish priest ca. 1819.

The Kharosthi numerals (from the languages of the tribes of Pakistan and Afghanistan) have a partial quaternary numeral system from one to ten.

Hilbert curves
Quaternary numbers are used in the representation of 2D Hilbert curves. Here, a real number between 0 and 1 is converted into the quaternary system. Every single digit now indicates in which of the respective four sub-quadrants the number will be projected.

Genetics
Parallels can be drawn between quaternary numerals and the way genetic code is represented by DNA. The four DNA nucleotides in alphabetical order, abbreviated A, C, G, and T, can be taken to represent the quaternary digits in numerical order 0, 1, 2, and 3. With this encoding, the complementary digit pairs 0↔3, and 1↔2 (binary 00↔11 and 01↔10) match the complementation of the base pairs: A↔T and C↔G and can be stored as data in DNA sequence. For example, the nucleotide sequence GATTACA can be represented by the quaternary number 2033010 (= decimal 9156 or binary 10 00 11 11 00 01 00). The human genome is 3.2 billion base pairs in length.

Data transmission
Quaternary line codes have been used for transmission, from the invention of the telegraph to the 2B1Q code used in modern ISDN circuits.

The GDDR6X standard, developed by Nvidia and Micron, uses quaternary bits to transmit data.

Computing
Some computers have used quaternary floating point arithmetic including the Illinois ILLIAC II (1962) and the Digital Field System DFS IV and DFS V high-resolution site survey systems.

title: Quaternary numeral system


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Pope Alexander II of Alexandria

Pope Alexander II of Alexandria (Coptic: ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲟⲥ; died 14 February 729) was the 43rd Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of the See of St. Mark.

He presided over his church during an era of great hardship and oppression.

Consecration
There is little information available on Alexander's early life as a layman prior to becoming a monk at the monastery of the Enaton west of Alexandria. However, at the Enaton he became well known for his chastity, sanctity, and religious scholarship. Upon the death of Simeon of Alexandria in 701, the Patriarchate of Alexdandria remained vacant for approximately four years, while the members of the church sought an appropriate successor. The lack of a patriarch, though, created economic problems for the church, so the secretary of state, or mutawallī al-diwān in Alexandria, a Copt named Athanasius, asked the governor to allow the bishop of al-Qays, Anbā Gregorius, to assume authority over the church's finances until a new patriarch would be elected. The governor, Abd al-Malik agreed, which allowed the selection of a patriarch to take top priority. Athanasius gathered together all the Coptic scribes, clergy, and bishops, and the group unanimously selected Alexander based on his sterling reputation. Alexander was then taken to Alexandria to be consecrated.

Patriarchate
Alexander's patriarchate occurred under several Umayyad caliphs, whose positions on the Copts varied greatly. These included Abd al-Malik, Al-Walid I, Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik, Umar II, Yazid II, and Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik. This period included the Siege of Constantinople, which had a serious economic impact on the economy of Egypt. The failure at Constantinople, coupled with the financial strains brought about by the Al-Zubayr rebellion, made the Caliphs look to Egypt as the closest source of funds from which to prop themselves up economically.

Political problems
The confiscatory taxing started when Abd al-Malik chose to name his son Al-Walid I as his successor. Al-Walid constantly demanded revenues from the Egyptian people. He also employed a native Copt named Benjamin who assisted him in locating where the people had hidden their wealth, which would then be confiscated by the government. He also raised the jizya well beyond any normal rates, and, for the first time in history, imposed it on the monks as well. He also imposed an additional tax of 2000 dinars above the normal rate of kharaj taxation on every bishop. The extreme financial pressures these taxes imposed on the Copts caused many to convert to Islam to escape them. These feigned converts included such figures as Buṭrus, the viceroy of Upper Egypt, Buṭrus' brother Theodosius, and son Theophanes, the governor of Mareotis.

Al-Walid did not limit himself to taxing the Copts' finances; he also taxed their patience. He publicly reviled Jesus and once, during a procession, he even spat in the face of an image of the Virgin Mary. When the Copts protested to the Caliph about the level of taxation he responded with more seizure of property and higher taxes. Such behavior continued under Al-Walid's successors. He went so far as to seize gold and silver utensils used in church services, and even several pillars and carved wood sculptures, from the churches, and use them for profane purposes.

Branding
Things improved, if only financially, for Alexander and the Copts under Umar II, but the accession of Yazid II after him made things even worse than they had been under Al-Walid. Yazid not only reinstated all the earlier taxes, he also ordered the destruction of all crosses and sacred images in churches. He also ordered all his subjects to wear a leaden identification badge around their necks, and required that all Copts who wished to engage in business activity have the mark of a lion branded on their hands. Anyone caught without the mark would have his hand cut off. This ongoing and escalating abuse of the people by their government instilled a rebellious mood in the Copts, and several local revolts broke out against the government.

When the government decided that Alexander, as patriarch, must submit to being branded with the lion as well, he protested and asked that he be allowed to plead his case before the viceroy himself. Alexander was taken to Fustat with a special military bodyguard. However, when he arrived at the capital, the viceroy refused to see him, and Alexander was forced to remain in Fustat.

Death
While in Fustat his health declined. With the help of Anbā Shamūl, the bishop of Awsim, Alexander determined to escape and return to Alexandria by ship. On reaching Tarnūt, with the governor's soldiers in pursuit, Alexander died. When they found the dead patriarch the soldiers seized Anbā Shamūl and took him back to Fustat, where he was found complicit in Alexander's escape and fined 1000 dinars. With the assistance of the Copts, who raised 300 dinars for him, he was able to raise the money and be released.

Alexander's body was taken back to Alexandria, where he was buried with the profound grief of his people.

Veneration
Alexander is regarded as a saint by the Coptic Church, and also has a feast day on February 1 in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.

title: Pope Alexander II of Alexandria


text:
Oekonux

The originally German Oekonux (pronounced "urkonooks") project was founded to research the possibilities of free software to fundamentally change the current political and economic structures.

Oekonux considers that the mode of production of free software represents a new mode of production that has the potential to supersede the capitalist mode of production.

See also Hipatia, a related Spanish language initiative.

History of the project
At the first „Wizards of OS“ conference in July 1999 a spontaneous discussion round was founded after the panel „New Economy?“. Thereupon a mailinglist was created to continue the exchange—Oekonux was founded. A website to publish texts and to access mailinglist archives, and a wiki followed soon.

In April 2001 the first Oekonux conference was organized in Dortmund followed by a second conference in November 2002 in Berlin. The third conference took place in Vienna in May 2004, where Creative Commons Austria was launched. A fourth conference was held in Manchester in March 2009 in cooperation with P2P Foundation.

The project launched a journal entitled „Critical Studies in Peer Production“ in 2011. After releasing one issue, the journal editors separated from Oekonux and relaunched the journal under the name „Journal of Peer Production“.

title: Oekonux


text:
Air France-KLM

Air France-KLM S.A., also known as Air France-KLM Group, is a French holding company with its headquarters in the rue du Cirque, Paris. The group’s three major brands are Air France, KLM and Transavia. Air France-KLM is the result of the merger in 2004 between Air France and KLM. Both Air France and KLM are members of the SkyTeam airline alliance. The group's main hubs are Paris–Charles de Gaulle Airport, Paris Orly Airport and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Air France-KLM Airlines transported 83 million passengers in 2022.

2004: Founding
On 5 May 2004, Air France-KLM was created by the mutually agreed merger between Air France and Netherlands-based KLM. As a result of the deal, the French government's share of Air France was reduced from 54.4% (of the former Air France) to 44% (of the combined airline). Its share was subsequently reduced to 25%, and later to 17.6%. At the time of the merger in May 2004, Air France and KLM combined offered flights to 225 destinations in the world. In the year ending 21 March 2003, the two companies combined transported 66.3 million passengers.

In October 2005, Air France Cargo and KLM Cargo, the two freight subsidiaries of the group, merged their commercial activities. The Joint Cargo Management Team now operates the organisation worldwide from the Netherlands.

In a 2007 opening for a majority takeover of the loss-generating Alitalia, Air France-KLM was one of three bidders, and was favoured by the board of Alitalia. However, on 2 April 2008, it was reported that negotiations have been abandoned. After the acquisition of Alitalia and Air One by Compagnia Aerea Italiana on 12 December 2008, Air France-KLM was interested once again in purchasing a participation in the new merged company. On 12 January 2009, Air France-KLM bought a 25% share in this company for €323 million.

In 2008, it was the largest airline company in the world in terms of total operating revenues, and also the largest in the world in terms of international passenger-kilometres.

2010: Japan Airlines bid
Air France-KLM, along with its partner Delta Air Lines, were in talks about investing with Japan Airlines, which is part of the Oneworld alliance (rival to SkyTeam) but was experiencing financial problems. Air France-KLM, along with Delta and Delta's rival, American Airlines (AMR Corporation, part of Oneworld), discussed investments of $200–300 million to help the financially struggling carrier, which is Asia's largest airline by revenue. The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism of Japan had recommended Air France-KLM and/or Delta for partners because of their "healthy" financial status, compared to AMR Corporation. Delta was also recommended because of its extensive Asian network, acquired through the acquisition of Northwest Airlines. Korean Air, also a SkyTeam member, was also in talks with JAL. Air France, Alitalia, China Airlines, China Southern Airlines, Korean Air, and Vietnam Airlines are SkyTeam members that currently have code-sharing with JAL. On 7 February 2010 several news outlets reported that JAL decided to keep its alliance with American Airlines and end talks with Delta. According to reports, new JAL CEO Inamori and ETIC officials, decided that switching alliances (from Oneworld to SkyTeam) would be too risky and could hinder JAL's ability to turn around the airline quickly. On 9 February 2010, JAL officially announced their decision to strengthen its partnership with American, which included the joint application of antitrust immunity approval on transpacific routes. The airline also planned to fortify its relationship with other partners in the Oneworld alliance.

2010–2019: Stability
In February 2011, Air France-KLM and Delta Air Lines were working together to examine a bid for Virgin Atlantic as Richard Branson had a 51 percent stake and the rest is held by Delta.

In August 2011, Air France-KLM was categorized as one of World's 10 safest airlines.

In December 2013, Air France-KLM sold its subsidiary CityJet to Intro Aviation.

In early April 2016, Alexandre de Juniac, Chairman and CEO since 1 July 2013 resigned and was replaced by Jean-Marc Janaillac on 4 July 2016.

In January 2018, before the French Senate, Jean-Marc Janaillac reported for 2017 a higher revenue due to a rising fleet utilisation and a faster growth to come, and a better operating profit with 6% for the group (Air France 4%, KLM 9%) but lagging the 9% of Lufthansa and 10 to 12% of British Airways, while he deplored Paris-Charles de Gaulle luggage handling and safety waiting lines, obstructing connections, and anticipating a difficult 2018 with rising jet fuel prices and competition from Gulf carriers, Turkish Airlines, Chinese and Asian airlines, and low-cost carriers, either easyJet, Volotea, Ryanair or long haul. At the end of 2018, Air France-KLM will select its medium-haul fleet replacement for Air France, HOP!, KLM and Transavia, operating Boeing 737 NG,  Airbus A320ceo family,  Embraer E-Jets,  Bombardier CRJ700 series and  Embraer 145. After renewing its long-haul fleet with the 787 Dreamliner and the A350 XWB from 2019, specifications will be released in the first trimester, seeking proposals from Airbus, Boeing, Bombardier Aerospace and Embraer, aiming for lower aircraft noise and biofuel usage.

On 4 May 2018, Jean-Marc Janaillac announced that he will be resigning as CEO of Air France-KLM, after employees rejected new salary package.

On 16 August 2018, the Board of Directors of Air France-KLM announced the appointment of Benjamin Smith as new CEO. He took up his duties at Air France-KLM on 30 September 2018.

On 26 February 2019, the Dutch government announced that it had "purchased 12.68 percent of shares in Air France-KLM" and "plans to build up its stake to around 14 percent".

2022–2024: CMA CGM alliance, Scandinavian Airlines investment
In May 2022, Air France-KLM signed a strategic partnership with CMA CGM to develop their air cargo capacities together. CMA CGM is the parent company of CMA CGM Air Cargo which was founded in 2021. As part of the agreement CMA CGM acquired a 9% stake in AF-KLM; however, this agreement was terminated by mutual agreement in January 2024 without change in the capital structure of the group.

On 12 July 2023, Air France-KLM announced a 10-for-1 reverse stock split and an ISIN change on 31 August 2023. In October 2023, Air France-KLM, the Danish state and two investment firms (Castlelake and Lind Invest) invested in Scandinavian Airlines (SAS) following the airline's ongoing Chapter 11 process in the United States, with the carrier taking 19.9% stake (and plans to increase in the future). US Bankruptcy Court approved the investment in March 2024, followed by European Commission on 28 June. Following the investment, SAS exits Star Alliance on 31 August 2024, and entering SkyTeam on 1 September 2024, joining Air France and KLM.

Business trends
In May 2010, Air France-KLM announced increased losses (€1.56 billion for the year to 31 March 2010), and warned that the 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull had caused a further €160 million loss in the current financial year. Air France-KLM is one of the largest airline companies in Europe, with 204.7 billion passenger-km in the year ending 31 March 2011.

Private shareholders own 81.4% of the company with 37% held by former Air France shareholders and 21% held by former KLM shareholders. The Government of France owns the remaining 15.9%.

In June 2008, Air France-KLM agreed to pay $350 million to settle charges of cargo price fixing in an investigation conducted by the U.S. Justice Department. Cathay Pacific, Martinair Holland, and SAS Cargo Group also agreed to fines bringing the total to $504 million. In November 2010, the European Commission fined Air France-KLM €310 million following another price-fixing investigation.

The company spends about a third of its revenue on staff, its biggest expense, while Lufthansa only spends around a quarter, so to save around 800 million euros (app. 1.04 billion US$) annually over the next three years, the company will make a recruitment freeze which will lead to 2,000 job cuts in 2012.

In February 2014, Air-France KLM invested $100 million in Brazilian airline Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes in advance of the 2014 football World Cup.

During 2015, Air France went through a severe business crisis and a pilot's strike, which made the French airline cut almost 3,000 jobs, KLM defer some of its pending 787 deliveries, KLM's cargo subsidiary Martinair to retire six McDonnell-Douglas MD-11 airplanes, and Air France-KLM to suffer as a company.

Ownership
, the shareholding structure of the group is:

Head office
Air France-KLM's head office is located in the Roissypôle complex on the grounds of Charles de Gaulle Airport and in Tremblay-en-France, near Paris. The 130000 sqm complex was completed in December 1995. The French firm Groupement d'Etudes et de Méthodes d'Ordonnancement (GEMO) managed the project. The architect was Valode & Pistre and the design consultants were Sechaud-Boyssut and Trouvin. The project amounted to a cost of 137,000,000 euros.

Fleet
As of March 2024, the Air France-KLM Group operates the following aircraft in its passenger fleet:

Wholly owned
Wholly owned subsidiaries of Air France-KLM include:

 * Air France
 * Air France Cargo
 * Air France Hop
 * Transavia France (96%)
 * Air France Industries
 * KLM
 * KLM Cargo
 * KLM Cityhopper
 * KLM Asia
 * Martinair
 * Transavia (4%)
 * KLM Engineering and Maintenance (KLM E&M) – Including UK Engineering

Until January 2017, Air France-KLM also fully owned Cobalt Ground Solutions the third largest ground handling company based at London Heathrow Airport. The company was formed on 1 April 2009 by merging the two ground services subsidiaries of Air France and KLM in the UK – formerly Air France Services Ltd (AFSL) and KLM Ground Services Ltd (KGS). Cobalt Ground Solutions was sold to Groupe CRIT, who purchased 100% of the company through its subsidiary Groupe Europe Handling.

Air France Services Ltd (AFSL) was one of the major ground handling companies at Heathrow airport. AFSL was created on 15 January 1997 and was in the beginning a partnership between Air France and Servisair Ltd. Servisair then decided to pull out.

The group also owns Cygnific which is one of the biggest Sales & Service Centres of Air France-KLM. Cygnific is a full subsidiary of KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, operating as an independent company with its own business strategy, operational processes and human resources policy. Cygnific serves passengers and travel agents on behalf of KLM, Air France and Delta Air Lines.

Minority interests
Airlines in which Air France-KLM owns a minority interest:

 * Air Corsica 11.95%
 * Air Côte d’Ivoire 20%
 * Air Mauritius 2.78%
 * Air Tahiti 7.48%
 * Kenya Airways 7.95%
 * Air Calédonie 2.09%
 * Gol Transportes Aéreos 1.19%
 * Royal Air Maroc 1.25%
 * Scandinavian Airlines 19.9%
 * NS International (formerly NS Hispeed, high-speed rail connections linking Amsterdam (Schiphol) to Brussels and Paris) 10%

Former subsidiaries

 * Air France Asie
 * Cityjet: Air France-KLM used to own the entire company, until the sale to Intro Aviation, a German aviation holding company.
 * KLM alps
 * KLM exel
 * KLM uk
 * VLM Airlines: Air France-KLM merged the operations of this company with the ones from Cityjet. It was sold at the same time.
 * Joon: Air France-KLM merged the company back into Air France in June 2019

title: Air France-KLM


text:
Talk:Gunpowder Plot

Church of England is not mentioned in the lead
Readers who do not know about the Church of England may be confused. The only line explaining what motivated the revolt is "Catesby may have embarked on the scheme after hopes of securing greater religious tolerance under King James had faded, leaving many English Catholics disappointed." Should we change the first sentence to something like: Kolya Butternut (talk) 15:10, 9 February 2021 (UTC)
 * The Gunpowder Plot of 1605, in earlier centuries often called the Gunpowder Treason Plot or the Jesuit Treason, was a failed assassination attempt against King James I by a group of provincial English Catholics led by Robert Catesby who sought to end persecution of Catholics under the Church of England.

And Guy Fawkes states in its lead that they had "planned to assassinate King James I and restore a Catholic monarch to the throne. Maybe we could say: Kolya Butternut (talk) 15:35, 9 February 2021 (UTC)
 * The Gunpowder Plot of 1605, in earlier centuries often called the Gunpowder Treason Plot or the Jesuit Treason, was a failed assassination attempt against King James I by a group of provincial English Catholics led by Robert Catesby who sought to restore the Catholic monarchy from the Church of England after decades of persecution of Catholics.

"Persecution of Catholics"
, you changed "persecution of Catholics" to "Anglican rule" citing NPOV. The article says "persecution of Catholics" in the body in wikivoice, so it should be fine in wikivoice in the lead as well.... Kolya Butternut (talk) 13:34, 7 June 2021 (UTC)

"but there was none left"
Here, the source infers that this addition is in reference to the gunpowder itself, but it may as well be in reference to the plot, suggesting regret that, alas, there "was none left" to light the fuse. Why would someone in 1952 question the provenance of said gunpowder without providing further proof? Why should none of it have been left? No other source states what was done with it.84.164.194.186 (talk) 18:10, 28 February 2021 (UTC)

 * On topic of the gunpowder, I recall in 1990s Magnus Magnusson presented a documentary about the Plot, arguing possibility of government collusion, mentioning that gunpowder at the time was a government monopoly, thus raising a question as to where the gunpowder intended to be used came from. So the person questioning the gunpowder left behind was perhaps justified in their disbelief if they were aware of the monopoly factor.Cloptonson (talk) 14:37, 4 November 2021 (UTC)

Comment re Doubt (Was the king behind the gunpowder plot?)
As that talk page is now archived (Archive 4) I offer my comment here to answer the question raised over allegations Robert Cecil was behind it. Was not Robert Cecil, as Secretary of State who went to the House of Lords on ennoblement, bound to be attending parliament himself? I certainly agree with the doubt attached to what may have been written by 'Horrible Histories' as these books do not give sources to everything they mention in the ways many histories written for a more adult readership would. I recall (see last talk point) that in the 90s there was a TV documentary that may be archived online that mentioned Cecil's secret agents acted as agent provocateurs to interest Catholics in potential acts of treason so they could subsequently arrest them at opportune times. There is the question there may have been government collusion as Magnus Magnusson pointed out gunpowder was a government monopoly.Cloptonson (talk) 11:40, 10 February 2022 (UTC)

Removal of tags without discussion
Why was the overly detailed tag removed without discussion? The stated justification that it was based on other articles is not convicing. I'm not working on that article. For this article, I don't see the value of including a list of attendees using opaque colloquial titles, some of whom don't appear to be notable enough to have their own articles. I'm not edit warring with you over this (editor who removed the tag), but this manner of removing justified good faith tags added by another editor is not appropriate. Ben Azura (talk) 16:59, 10 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gunpowder Plot


text:
Geometric centre of Slovenia

The Geometric Centre of Slovenia (Geometrično središče Slovenije, GEOSS) is the geometric centre of the country. Its geographic coordinates are 46.11994°N, 14.81533°W and its elevation is 644.842m. It lies in the hamlet of Spodnja Slivna near Vače in the Municipality of Litija. Since 4July1982, it has been marked with a memorial stone designed by the architect Marjan Božič, about 50m away from the given coordinates. A plaque reading Živimo in gospodarimo na svoji zemlji ('We live and prosper upon our land') was added on 14September1989. In 2003, Slovenia adopted the Geometric Centre of Slovenia Act, which is a unique case in Europe.

title: Geometric centre of Slovenia


text:
Talk:Boris Karloff

Amateurish
Very confused and repetitive. Needs thorough revision, especially the early life section. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.144.163.142 (talk) 06:34, 29 June 2024 (UTC)

Clarification
I'm looking for the film that was I believe on PBS Channel 4 in Idaho. Boris Karloff narrated it. It was about meat-eating plants. Do you know where I can get a copy of it. I would like a copy for myself and possibly a copy for our commmunity library (Ada Community Library) in Boise,ID. Any information you can get for me would be appreciated. My regular mailing address is Mary Grover P.O.Box 79  Kuna, ID  83634 or my E-Mail address is mary_dayle51@hotmail.com. Thank-You very Much!! I really enjoyed looking at your web-site.

 * Hey, it's your website, too. --Alcalde 19:12, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I vaguely remember Karloff's voice on this one. Try going thru PBS -- #255 "Death Trap". Meat-eating plants. 60 min.  WBardwin 10:03, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

You're a Mean One (Mr. Grinch)
The actual singer of the Christmas classic "You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch" was actually Thurl Ravenscroft of Tony the Tiger fame, "They're grrrreat!" [unsigned]

Disambiguation needed?
There was also a famous Boris Karloff, who was a Balkan accordionist of considerable fame... [unsigned]

Relatives???
Any other relatives out there???? He was like my great uncle or something. But shout out to Sarah Karloff- Hey I didn't know i was related to you. well, i guess you learn something new everyday. Yesterday it was to not eat dairy products...im afraid im a bit lactosintolerant(i think i spelt that wrong...oh well) -Jenna Pratt

Jenna, this is not a forum to openly invite to discuss with other fans. You're not a relative of his: there are millions of Pratts. Everyone who finds out his real last name claims to be related to him. You're most likely not. Just like there are millions of Smiths and they're not related at all. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 104.288.137.213 (talk) 03:48, 31 October 2019 (UTC)

Eurasians
Having him in the Eurasian category is stretching things somewhat, after all his mother's mother's mother's mother was Bengali from Calcutta but the rest of his family was English - as such he was only 1/16 East Indian, Anna Leonowens his Great Aunt could just about be described as Eurasian being a 1/4 East Indian (both her name and Boris Karloff's name were invented and not their actual names), anything less than a 1/4 and I think it's stretching things somewhat to describe them as Eurasian. --Lord of the Isles 21:44, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Anglo-Indian does not necessarily mean Indian blood. The family could be considered Anglo-Indian with 1/16th Indian blood or even less. But if they did not so consider themselves there is no point in trying to rewrite history. I myself might have a 1/16th Irish ancestry, that does not make me Irish.203.184.41.226 (talk) 21:27, 1 June 2013 (UTC)

"the 8 movies to pair Karloff & Lugosi"
Apparently there were 8 movies to star both Messrs Bela Lugosi and Boris Karloff. This was mentioned in the The Black Cat (1934 film) article. Can someone list these 8 movies, if they are indeed 8? --h_a 23:36, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

 * From the top of my head, I can remember

The Black Cat (1934 film), The Raven (film), The Body Snatcher (film) and The Invisible Ray. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.9.184.140 (talk) 16:09, 31 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Add Son of Frankenstein, Gift of Gab, You'll Find Out and Black Friday (they had no scenes together in this one). CFLeon (talk) 23:35, 8 May 2015 (UTC)

WP:WikiProject Actors and Filmmakers priority assessment
Per debate and discussion re: assessment of the approximate 100 top priority articles of the project, this article has been included as a top priority article. Wildhartlivie (talk) 07:07, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

Boris Karloff and Bela Lugosi
This article claims that Karloff took Frankenstein's monster role upon B%C3%A9la Lugosi's refusal. The wikipedia article on Lugosi points out that this might actually be incorrect, based on Lugosi documents and other records.

Jcgdelgado (talk) 14:35, 4 August 2009 (UTC)

There is a discrepancy in the articles on Boris Karloff and Béla Lugosi as indicated by Jcgdelgado. The well documented Lugosi article states: “It is an erroneous popular belief that Lugosi declined the offer to appear in Frankenstein. Lugosi may not have been happy with the onerous makeup job and lack of dialogue, but was still willing to play the part. Nonetheless, James Whale, the film's director, replaced Lugosi and would do this again in Bride of Frankenstein (Lugosi was supposed to play the role of Dr. Pretorius). Cinematographer Paul Ivano, who shot test footage of Lugosi for the role of the monster, said that Lugosi was happy with the role, and had given him a box of cigars. Ivano and Robert Florey both noted that Lugosi's performance was not dissimilar to that of his replacement, Boris Karloff.” This is in stark contrast to the non-documented Karloff article which repeats the popular belief: “Karloff gave a string of lauded performances in 1930s Universal horror movies, including several with his main rival for heir to the horror throne of Lon Chaney, Sr.: Béla Lugosi, whose refusal to play the monster in Frankenstein made Karloff's subsequent career possible.” I have too much respect for both actors to attempt any changes to either article. There may certainly have been reasons why James Whale was dissatisfied with Lugosi on two occasions -- reasons he may not have wished to become public. However, this is far different from Lugosi’s purported “refusal”. Editors should correct this discrepancy. Wikipedia should be about facts, not popular beliefs. 69.72.52.204 (talk) 11:34, 1 May 2010 (UTC)Argus

 * Considering that there is no citation for the statement about the refusal, I am going to remove it. Tkech (talk) 05:42, 12 May 2010 (UTC)

Lugosi would've played the Monster if he had been forced to, but he was dead set against taking such a non-speaking role in which his face was so obscured by makeup. He even threatened his agent that he would feign illness if he had to, so he definitely objected to playing the part.

Sports - rugby and cricket
From my "Famous Ruggers" article at http://wesclark.com/rrr/famous.html - this should be mentioned in the article, I think, perhaps under "Personal Life":

"...I know he played rugby, and it seems he also had a role in forming the Southern California RFU. When I asked his daughter Sarah, she wrote, "I know my father adored cricket and was a member of the Hollywood Cricket team. He played both rugby and cricket in school in England at Enfield and at Uppingham. I don't have any info on whether or not he was a member of the L.A. rugby football club. Hope this helps." On a later occasion, she wrote, “Thank you for your e-mail. I know my father was one of the founders of the Hollywood Cricket Club and played on the team with Sir Aubrey Smith. He may have played on the rugby team too, but I don't think he had a hand in starting it.” However, Tony Spinella, the historian of the Southern California Rugby Football Union writes, “The SCRFU was formed in 1937. The articles of formation have Boris Karloff on them. If I recall he was a member of the Hollywood Athletic Club rugby team at the time (as were other notables)."

- Wes Clark —Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.207.244.4 (talk) 12:44, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

Source concerning his time in Canada
British Columbia History, vol 39, no 1, p 16 has an article from 2006 by Greg Nesteroff entitled Boris Karloff in British Columbia. Lots of info. -- KenWalker | Talk 02:08, 2 November 2009 (UTC)
 * A better link: https://dx.doi.org/10.14288/1.0190687 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.68.80.249 (talk) 20:07, 23 November 2023 (UTC)

Early Years
That first paragraph about his ancestry is incredibly long winded and confusing. I would edit it myself, but I don't even understand what it's supposed to say - it seems to suggest that two lines of his ancestry were Indian, but I suspect this is just because it is badly written Melaena (talk) 20:54, 6 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I felt the same way when I read it. The identical paragraph is in the Anna Leonowens wikipedia article. I've edited the paragraph in the Karloff article as best as I can, stating the national heritage and the relationship to "Miss Anna". Hopefully it helps. Tkech (talk) 00:15, 17 March 2010 (UTC)

An English actor who went to Canada…???
The way the first sentence is constructed, it makes it appear that his most significant action was to emigrate to Canada; this may be important, it may be an achievement, but does it need to to be mentioned in the very first sentence of the article? It’s not like he spent the greatest part of his life in Canada, or that he is most often mistaken for a Canadian, and this is an attempt at clarification. To me it makes about as much sense to have it there as to say he was an “English actor who was tall…” - yes it tells you something, but not anything that important. Jock123 (talk) 08:13, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

TV career?
If what is in this article is all he really did on TV, how did get a star - for television appearances - on the Hollywood Walk of Fame? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.127.183.15 (talk) 16:35, 10 July 2010 (UTC)

 * One of his last television appearances was on the Jonathan Winters Show in 1968, which I remember watching. I believe it was their Halloween episode.  See IMDB's list for him under performances as Self. 75.172.158.191 (talk) 19:18, 19 May 2011 (UTC)

His TV and Radio work has since been added to the article in detail.

Legacy(?)
The real name of Spike on Buffy the Vampire Slayer, is "William Pratt" does anyone know if Joss Whedon have ever said something about Spike's name is an homeage to Karloff?--coq87rouge —Preceding undated comment added 21:13, 8 April 2012 (UTC).

Karloff name
"Boris" claimed that Karloff was a family name. Perhaps it was. His daughter Sara Karloff "publicly denied any knowledge of Slavic forebears, "Karloff" or otherwise". But who said Karloff was slavic? Notably she did not deny that Karloff was a family name. The name was probably invented, but could have been a family name. We do not know. Is anyone aware of any genealogical work on the Pratt family?203.184.41.226 (talk) 21:30, 1 June 2013 (UTC)\
 * "Dear Boris: The Life of William Henry Pratt a.k.a. Boris Karloff" by Cynthia Lindsay has an appendix concerning the Pratt family genealogy. However, the copyright date is 1974, so it is probably dated. BK's mother's maiden name was 'Millard', and no Karloff could be found in the family tree. CFLeon (talk) 00:36, 12 April 2015 (UTC)

Six wives?
You say he married six times, but only five wives are listed. Valetude (talk) 14:00, 20 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Good catch! I found her. Ckruschke (talk) 03:30, 22 August 2013 (UTC)Ckruschke
 * Still only 5 wives listed. BK was very secretive about his private life- the 5 wives number seems to have come from an interview when he married Dorothy Stine where he just mentioned that he had been married 3 times before. Cynthia Lyndsay could not find any conformation of a newspaper report by a Olive de Wilton (born 1898 Mar 25; died c 1972) who claimed she had been married to him in the years in Canada, and her obituary did not mention a marriage to Karloff either as Karloff or Pratt. To complicate matters, CL did find a record of a marriage licence taken out by WHP aboard ship on 1909 May 07- no name given for the wife and no record of a marriage performed. CFLeon (talk) 00:33, 12 April 2015 (UTC)

Karloff married Olive de Wilton in Canada when they were both young, and soon after the marriage, he went on the road by himself appearing in plays all over Canada, leaving her at home feeling very neglected. They saw so little of each other, that they grew apart and each of them developed love interests with other people soon after, leading to a divorce. So he was married 6 times, not 5.
 * Olive de Wilton was married to Herbert Warren Cluff between 1915 and 1932, so even if she and Karloff went through any ceremonies, there was never a lawful marriage. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.68.80.249 (talk) 20:05, 23 November 2023 (UTC)

References link
The very first References link, #1, leads to an "error" page.

Someone needs to check this out and make whatever correction(s) are needed.

Thank you. 2600:8800:787:F500:C23F:D5FF:FEC5:89B6 (talk) 08:17, 29 May 2017 (UTC)

place of birth?
Details box says "Born	William Henry Pratt 23 November 1887 Camberwell, Surrey, England"

Early life paragraph says "Karloff was born William Henry Pratt on 23 November 1887, at 36 Forest Hill Road, Dulwich, Surrey (now London), England." And an English heritage plaque is shown.

So which one is it, or are these different names of the same place? Laugh Tough (talk) 17:22, 30 March 2020 (UTC)

Without looking it up myself (forbidden as "original research") I merely point out that the published indexes to the English registers of births show the location of the registry office, not the place of birth, for which you need to get (buy) a copy of the actual entry on the register. This is a common source of confusion. NRPanikker (talk) 00:51, 31 October 2020 (UTC)

I think Camberwell is a division of Surrey. If so, they are the same place.
 * This is a curious one as other sources say he was born at 15 Forest Hill Road, this includes the authoritative biography "More Than a Monster" by Stephen Jacobs, published in 2011 and already cited within the article for other claims. His ODNB entry does not give the full address as his birth certificate was not sourced as is normally the case for ODNB. I'll keep researching this one. Crisso (talk) 18:07, 5 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Boris Karloff


text:
List of early Canadian newspapers

This is a list of early Canadian newspapers. This includes newspapers in all the former colonies now a part of Canada, which published prior to the War of 1812. The earliest Canadian newspaper was the Halifax Gazette which first published on 23 March 1752, followed by other newspapers in what are now the Maritimes and Quebec.

Canada East (Quebec)

 * Aylmer
 * Times
 * Ottawa and Pontiac Advertiser
 * Drummondville
 * Reporter
 * Granby
 * Eastern Townships Gazette
 * Montreal
 * Argus
 * Bank-note Reporter
 * Canada Insurance Gazette
 * Canada Temperance Advocate
 * Canadian Mail
 * Canadian Naturalist and Geologist
 * Canadian Presbyterian
 * Canadian Railroad and Steamboat Guide
 * Commercial Advertiser
 * Farmer's Journal
 * Montreal Gazette
 * Grande Ligne Evangelical Register
 * Montreal Herald
 * Journal d'Agriculture
 * Journal de l'Instruction Publique
 * Journal of Education C.E.;Juvenile Presbyterian
 * La Minerve
 * La Patrie
 * L'Avenir
 * Le Pays
 * Liberal Christian
 * Lower Canada Jurist
 * Medical Chronicle
 * Missionary Record
 * Montreal Transcript
 * Montreal Witness
 * New Era
 * Pilot
 * Presbyterian
 * Semeur Canadien
 * True Witness
 * Quebec City
 * Le Canadien
 * Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph
 * Chronicle
 * Colonist
 * Courier du Canada
 * Gazette
 * Journal De Quebec
 * Mercury
 * Military Gazette of Canada
 * Le National
 * Sinclair's Monthly Circular
 * Richmond
 * County Advocate
 * Sorel
 * Gazette de Sorel
 * Stanstead
 * Stanstead Journal
 * St. Hyacinthe
 * Le Courier
 * St. Johns
 * News
 * Frontier Advocate
 * Trois Rivières
 * Ère Nouvelle
 * Inquirer
 * Waterloo
 * Advertiser

Canada West (Ontario)

 * Alliston
 * Herald 1871
 * Arnprior
 * Chronicle 1871
 * Arthur
 * Enterprise News 1862
 * Ayr
 * Observer
 * Aurora
 * Banner 1853
 * Barrie
 * Herald
 * Northern Advance
 * Beaverton
 * Weekly Post
 * Belleville
 * Hastings Chronicle
 * Intelligencer
 * Berlin (Kitchener)
 * Chronicle
 * Der Deutsche Canadier
 * Berliner Journal
 * Telegraph
 * Blenheim
 * Rond Eau News
 * Blenheim News
 * Blenheim World
 * Blenheim Tribune
 * Bowmanville
 * Canadian Statesman
 * Star
 * Bradford
 * Chronicle
 * Brantford
 * Brant County Herald
 * Christian Messenger
 * Courier
 * Expositor
 * Brampton
 * Standard
 * Times
 * Brighton
 * Christian Banner
 * Weekly Flag
 * Brockville
 * Monitor
 * Recorder
 * Caledon
 * Enterprise 1888
 * Caledonia
 * Grand River Sachem
 * Carleton Place
 * Herald
 * Canadian 1876
 * Cayuga
 * Sentinel
 * Chatham
 * Kent Advertiser
 * Planet
 * Provincial Freeman
 * Cobourg
 * Star
 * Sun
 * Colborne
 * Northumberland Pilot
 * Transcript
 * Collingwood
 * Enterprise
 * Cornwall
 * Constitutional
 * Freeholder
 * Dundas
 * Warder
 * Star News 1883
 * Dunville
 * Independent
 * Elora
 * Backwoodsman

The Review c.1893
 * Embrun
 * Le Village
 * Fergus
 * British Constitution
 * Freeholder
 * Forest
 * Forest Free Press
 * Forest Standard
 * Fonthill
 * Welland Herald
 * Galt
 * Dumfries Reformer
 * Reporter
 * Goderich
 * Huron Signal
 * Gravenhurst
 * Banner 1866
 * Guelph
 * Guelph Advertiser
 * Guelph Chronicle
 * Guelph Herald
 * Guelph Weekly Mercury and Advertiser
 * Guelph Advocate
 * Guelph Daily Mercury 1867
 * Hamilton
 * Banner
 * Canada Evangelist
 * Canada Zeitung (German)
 * Canadian Journal of Homeopathy
 * Christian Advocate
 * Journal and Express
 * Spectator c. 1846
 * Huntsville
 * Forester c. 1877
 * Ingersoll
 * Chronicle
 * Kemptville
 * Progressionist
 * Advance
 * Kincardine
 * Western Canadian Commonwealth
 * Bruce Reporter
 * Bruce Review
 * Kincardine Standard
 * Kincardine Review
 * Kingston
 * British Whig
 * Chronicle and News
 * Commercial Advertiser
 * Daily News
 * Morning Herald
 * Lindsay
 * Advocate
 * Listowel
 * Banner c. 1866
 * Standard 1878
 * Atwood Bee 1890-1923
 * London
 * Atlas
 * Canadian Free Press
 * Evangelical Witness
 * Prototype
 * Markham
 * Economist c. 1856 - now Markham Economist & Sun
 * Sun c. 1881
 * Millbrook
 * Messenger
 * Merrickville
 * Chronicle
 * Freemason's Magazine
 * Milton
 * Halton Journal
 * Milverton
 * Sun 1891-1992
 * Mitchell
 * Advocate 1860
 * Napanee
 * Reformer, Standard
 * New Hamburg
 * Neutrale
 * Independent 1878
 * Newburg
 * Index
 * New Castle
 * Recorder
 * Newmarket
 * New Era c. 1853
 * Niagara
 * Gleaner and Niagara Newspaper
 * Mail
 * Upper Canada Guardian; or Freeman's Journal
 * Oakville
 * Sentinel
 * Omemee
 * Warder
 * Orangeville
 * Banner c. 1893
 * Orono
 * Day Dawn
 * Sun
 * Oshawa
 * Christian Offering, Vindicator
 * Ottawa
 * Bytown Gazette
 * Canada Military Gazette
 * Citizen
 * Railway and Commercial Times
 * Tribune
 * Owen Sound
 * Times
 * Paris
 * Star
 * Parry Sound
 * North Star c. 1874
 * Pembroke
 * Observer
 * Penetangore
 * Western Canadian Commonwealth
 * Perth
 * Bathurst Courier c. 1834 - now Perth Courier
 * British Standard
 * Peterborough
 * Examiner
 * Review
 * Picton
 * Gazette
 * Times
 * Port DOver
 * Express
 * Port Hope
 * Atlas
 * Guide
 * Port Perry
 * The Star c. 1866
 * Prescott
 * Conservative Messenger
 * Telegraph
 * Preston
 * Zeitung
 * Renfrew, Ontario
 * Mercury c. 1871
 * Richmond Hill
 * York Ridings Gazette
 * Russell
 * Russell Reader
 * Sandwich
 * British Canadian
 * Voice of the Fugitive
 * Maple Leaf
 * Windsor Herald
 * Sarnia
 * CW
 * Observer
 * Lambton Advertiser
 * Sherbrooke
 * CE
 * Canadian Times
 * Gazette
 * Simcoe
 * Conservative Standard
 * Norfolk Messenger
 * Smith Falls
 * Record News c. 1887
 * Southampton
 * Morning Star
 * Stayner
 * The Sun c. 1877
 * Stratford
 * CW
 * Beacon
 * Examiner
 * Perth County News
 * Weekly Herald 1863
 * Times 1876-1891
 * Streetsville
 * Review
 * St. Catharines
 * CW
 * Constitutional
 * Journal
 * Post
 * St. Marys
 * Argus c. 1857
 * Journal c. 1893
 * St. Thomas
 * Despatch
 * Thornhill
 * Liberal c. 1878
 * Thorold
 * Gazette
 * Toronto
 * Agriculturalist
 * Canada Church Chronicle
 * Canada Gazette
 * Canada Sunday School Advocate
 * Canadian Ecclesiastical Gazette
 * Canadian Independent
 * Canadian Journal
 * Catholic Citizen
 * Christian Guardian
 * Colonial Advocate
 * Colonist (British Colonist)
 * Constitution
 * Der Beobachter (The Observer)
 * Ecclesiastical and Missionary record
 * Echo, and Protestant Episcopal Recorder
 * Gospel Tribune
 * Toronto Globe
 * Journal of Education
 * Toronto Leader
 * Market Review and Weekly Price Current
 * Merchant's Magazine
 * Toronto Mirror
 * Toronto News (Afternoon News)
 * Toronto Patriot
 * Toronto Times
 * Toronto Weekly Message
 * Union Baptist
 * United Presbyterian Magazine
 * Upper Canada Law Journal
 * Walkerton
 * Herald-Times c. 1861
 * Wingham, Ontario
 * Wingham Advance Times c. 1871
 * York Observer
 * Waterloo
 * Farmer's Friend (German)
 * Record c. 1878
 * Whitby
 * Chronicle
 * Commonwealth
 * Ontario Reporter
 * Windsor
 * Churchman's Friend
 * Woodstock
 * Gazetteer
 * Sentinel
 * Times
 * Vankleek Hill

New Brunswick

 * Saint John
 * The Royal St. John Gazette, 1783–1784
 * Nova Scotia Intelligencer, 1783–1784
 * The Royal Gazette, 1785–1814
 * St. John Advertiser, 1785–1814
 * The Saint-John Gazette, 1786–1799
 * The Saint John Gazette, 1803–1807
 * The Time; or True Briton, 1808–1810

Nova Scotia

 * Halifax
 * Halifax Gazette, 1752

title: List of early Canadian newspapers


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Janahb Pakal

Janahb Pakal also known as Janaab Pakal, Pakal I or Pakal the Elder, (died 6 March 612), was a nobleman and possible ajaw of the Maya city-state of Palenque.

Biography
Pakal’s dynastic position is not entirely certain, though he may have been the grandfather or brother of Ajen Yohl Mat. It seems that he never ascended to the high-kingship in his own right. He was the father of Lady Sak K'uk', one of the rare queens regnant of Maya history. His wife or mother was Yohl Ik'nal. During reign of his probable brother Ajen Yohl Mat, Palenque was invaded on April 4, 611 by Scroll Serpent, ruler of the Kaan kingdom (Calakmul). They were dead c. sixteen months later. In later years, he is ascribed a full emblem glyph. He should not be confused with his grandson, K'inich Janaab Pakal I who during a long reign of some 68 years was responsible for the construction or extension of some of Palenque’s most notable surviving inscriptions and monumental architecture.

title: Janahb Pakal


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Antoine of Navarre

Antoine de Bourbon, roi de Navarre (22 April 1518 – 17 November 1562) was the King of Navarre through his marriage (jure uxoris) to Queen Jeanne III, from 1555 until his death. He was the first monarch of the House of Bourbon, of which he was head from 1537. Despite being first prince of the blood, Navarre lacked political influence and was dominated by king Henry II's favourites, the Montmorency and Guise families. When Henri died in 1559, Navarre found himself sidelined in the Guise-dominated government, and then compromised by his brother's treason. When Francis in turn died, Navarre returned to the centre of politics, becoming Lieutenant-General of France and leading the army of the crown in the first of the French Wars of Religion. He died of wounds sustained during the Siege of Rouen. He was the father of Henry IV of France.

Early life
Antoine de Bourbon was born at La Fère, Picardy, France, the second son of Charles de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme (1489–1537), and his wife, Françoise d'Alençon (died 1550). He was the older brother of Louis de Bourbon, prince de Condé, who would lead the Huguenots during the early French Wars of Religion.

Henri II
Antoine found himself in a disadvantageous position in the court of Henri, due to the disgrace that had befallen his house after the defection of Charles III, Duke of Bourbon to Charles V in 1523. Regardless, he was able to secure the kingship of Navarre jure uxoris in 1555. In the same year the critical border governorship of Picardy was removed from him and given to Admiral Coligny arousing significant protest. However, he was bought off with the rich southern governorship of Guyenne. In 1556, upon hearing that Jacques, Duke of Nemours had made his cousin-by-marriage pregnant, he threatened bloody consequences for Savoie and his family, causing the man to take the excuse of a campaign into Italy to leave France. In February 1557, Navarre, Jeanne and their son Henry travelled to the French court in Paris; while there Henri suggested a betrothal between his daughter Margaret and Henry. Desiring to reverse the Spanish occupation of much of his kingdom, he entered into negotiations with Charles V; however these went nowhere and compromised his position at court still further. Navarre demonstrated early sympathy towards the reformation, corresponding with the Genevan pastor Boisnormand as early as 1557, and providing protection to the Huguenot church of Guyenne in 1558 through his capacity as governor. In 1558 he attended the psalm singing at the Pré-aux-Clercs to the considerable fury of Henri. He fought for the crown in the last stage of the Italian wars in 1558. The Huguenot leadership were animated by the prospect of bringing Navarre into their camp causing Calvin and Beza to devote considerable efforts to the project.

Francis II
When in 1559 king Henri died, opponents of the Guise, including Anne de Montmorency flocked to meet Navarre in Vendôme hoping he would establish himself in the government. The Guise were however able to neutralise him by buying him off with the governorship of Poitou and sent him off to escort Elisabeth of Valois to the Spanish border. In 1560, the organisers of the Amboise conspiracy tried to recruit him as a figurehead for their efforts against the Guise government, but Navarre was apathetic. After the failure of Amboise, unrest continued in the south of France; Navarre's brother Condé intrigued concerning an uprising in Lyon, with plans to send 1200 men in support. His letter on the matter was intercepted by the Guise, however, and both brothers were summoned to court in August for an Assembly of Notables. Condé and Navarre were the only grandees not to attend, and thus played no part in that assembly's calling of an estates general. To further isolate Navarre, Condé and the house of Bourbon-Vendôme, the Guise created two super governorships, giving them to their cousins Charles, Prince of La Roche-sur-Yon and Louis, Duke of Montpensier, separating the princes of blood from each other. On 31 August the Guise wrote Navarre they had 40,000 troops ready to move into the south, and to present themselves at court. Navarre and Condé, possessing only around 6000 troops, were unable to resist, and came north without a fight. Upon their arrival Condė was detained and sentenced.

Death of Francis
In December 1560 the young Francis II died and was succeeded by his brother Charles IX. Charles, being too young to rule, required a regent, a position Navarre was entitled to as first prince of the blood. Catherine however possessed considerable leverage over him due to the imprisonment of his brother Condé for treason. The two agreed that in exchange for Catherine being regent, Navarre would become Lieutenant General of the kingdom and Condé would be brought back into favour.

Collapse of the regency
Navarre found himself increasingly in opposition to the religious policy of Catherine's administration, finally breaking with her concerning the Edict of Saint-Germain, writing urgently to Guise to return to court so they could present a united front against the edict. On his way to Paris, Guise's men committed the Massacre of Vassy, plunging France into civil war. Navarre in his role as Lieutenant General would be the supreme commander of the crown's forces in the coming conflict.

First French War of Religion
In May he issued a decree expelling all Protestants from Paris, much to the delight of radicals in the capital. His army and that of Condé faced off against each other in June near Orléans. The sides only came to light skirmishing however, as negotiations between the sides to avoid bloodshed continued. With Condé now retreating, Navarre and the other leaders began retaking rebel towns, capturing Blois, Tours and Amboise. In August the main royal force under Navarre besieged and overcame the rebel garrison in the key town of Bourges. When his wife, Jeanne d'Albret, allowed the Huguenots to sack the chapel and the churches of Vendôme, he threatened to send her to a convent. Having taken Bourges, the royal army was faced with a choice, to march on the Huguenot capital of Orléans immediately, or first strike at the northern town of Rouen, which Aumale was currently unsuccessfully trying to besiege with his small force. Navarre wanted to immediately push on Orlėans, but the plague in the town, the threat of the English, and the hopes of Catherine that he might yet prevail on his brother to abandon rebellion, persuaded the court against this policy. Navarre's army invested the city of Rouen on 28 September and began trying to subdue the town. On 13 October, while inspecting the siege trenches, Navarre was mortally wounded by a musket shot to the shoulder. Despite the efforts of the famed surgeon Ambroise Paré, he could not be saved, and died of his wounds on 17 November. It was rumoured that his last rites were taken in the Lutheran custom, compounding long-held suspicions of his religious unorthodoxy.

Marriage and children
On 20 October 1548, at Moulins, Antoine married Jeanne d'Albret, the daughter of Henry II of Navarre and his wife Marguerite de Navarre. After his father-in-law's death in May 1555, he became King of Navarre, Count of Foix, of Bigorre, of Armagnac, of Périgord, and Viscount of Béarn. It was reported that Jeanne was much in love with him. His reconversion to Catholicism separated him from his wife and he threatened to repudiate her.

Antoine and Jeanne had:

 * Henry (1551–1553), Duke of Beaumont
 * Henry IV of France (1553–1610)
 * Louis (1555–1557), Count of Marle
 * Madeleine (1556–1556)
 * Catherine (1559–1604), married Henry II, Duke of Lorraine in 1599

With his mistress, Louise de La Béraudière de l'Isle Rouhet, Antoine had:
 * Charles, Archbishop of Rouen from 1554 until 1610.

title: Antoine of Navarre


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User:Infortis/Sandbox

This is where I should work on articles before submitting.

title: User:Infortis/Sandbox


text:
The First $20 Million Is Always the Hardest

The First $20 Million Is Always the Hardest is a 2002 film based on the novel of the same name by technology-culture writer Po Bronson. The film stars Adam Garcia and Rosario Dawson. The screenplay was written by Jon Favreau and Gary Tieche.

Plot
Andy Kasper is a marketer who quits his job in search of something more fulfilling. He gets hired at LaHonda Research Institute, where Francis Benoit assigns him to design the PC99, a $99 PC. He moves into a run-down apartment building where he meets his neighbor Alisa, who's an artist, and puts together a team of unassigned employees. The team includes: Salman Fard, a short, foreign man with an accent who is hacking into CIA files when Andy meets him; Curtis "Tiny" Russell, a massively obese, anthropophobic man; and Darrell, a tall, blond, pierced, scary, germaphobic, deep-voiced man with personal space issues who regularly refers to himself in the third person.

The team finds many non-essential parts but cannot come close to the $99 mark. It is Salman's idea to put all the software on the internet, eliminating the need for a hard drive, RAM, a CD-ROM drive, a floppy drive, and anything that holds information. The computer has been reduced to a microprocessor, a monitor, a mouse, a keyboard, and the internet, but it is still too expensive. Having seen the rest of his team watching a hologram of an attractive lady the day before, in a dream Andy is inspired to eliminate the monitor in favor of the cheaper holographic projector. The last few hundred dollars come off when Darrell suggests using virtual reality gloves in place of a mouse and keyboard. Tiny then writes a "hypnotizer" code to link the gloves, the projector, and the internet, and they're done.

But immediately before he finishes, the whole team (except for Tiny, who is still writing the code) quits LaHonda after being told that there are no more funds for their project, but sign a non-exclusive patent waiver, meaning that LaHonda will share the patent rights to any technology they had developed up to that point. After leaving LaHonda, they pitch their product to numerous companies, but do not get accepted, mainly because the prototype emagi (electronic magic) was ugly, and something always seemed to go wrong during the demonstration of their product.

Alisa, whose relationship with Andy has been growing steadily, helps improve the emagi's looks, which helps the team with their callback with executive. They agree to give her 51% of their company in exchange for getting their product manufactured and for getting Andy's Porsche bought back, which he had had to sell in order to raise money to build a new emagi after leaving LaHonda. Unfortunately, she then sells the patent rights to the emagi to Francis Benoit, who plans to sell the emagi at $999 a piece and reap a huge profit.

The team interrupts the meeting in which Benoit is going to introduce the emagi to the world and introduces an even newer computer he and his team developed and manufactured at LaHonda, which was in a state of disaster when they arrived. It was a small silver tube that projected a hologram and lasers which would detect where the hands were, eliminating the need even for virtual reality gloves. Andy then reminds Benoit of the non-exclusive patent waiver, which had been Benoit's idea in the first place.

Cast

 * Adam Garcia as Andy Kasper
 * Rosario Dawson as Alisa
 * Anjul Nigam as Salman Fard
 * Ethan Suplee as Curtis "Tiny" Russell
 * Jake Busey as Darrell
 * Enrico Colantoni as Francis Benoit


text:
Baptist Conference of the Philippines

The Baptist Conference of the Philippines is a Baptist Christian association of churches in the Philippines. It is affiliated with the Baptist World Alliance.

Its headquarters is 910 A.S. Fortuna St., Banilad, Mandaue, Cebu 6014.

History
Work began in 1949 with five Baptist General Conference missionaries in Cebu. In June 1950, the Baptist General Conference (BGC) Foreign Mission Board declared Northern Cebu as the area where the BGC missionary work was to begin. BCP is the direct result of the mission endeavor of the Baptist General Conference in the United States. Agnes Erikson was the first BGC missionary to the Philippines, sailing from San Francisco, California on 9 December 1948. A year later, two missionary families headed by Andrew Nelson and Irwin Bjelland followed, sailing from San Francisco on 30 October 1949 and arriving in Manila on 20 November 1949.

Initial results of their work are as follows: "At the end of February 1950, Andrew Nelson reported 5 services were being conducted on Sundays near Bogo, while Irwin Bjelland reported on May 7, 1950 letter, the first Sunday service had been held." Another group was organized in the town of Catmon marked by k.m 57. The place was situated between Cebu City and Bogo. The couples Eufrosino Ares and Paterna Comain became language teachers who could speak English very well. They assisted the Hughs, Osbrons, Chesbro's and later the Chalmers family who actually lived in the place. Mr. Ares became the first chairman of the newly formed school board of Baptist Bible School tasked to help manage the 24 hec. property for the school site situated in the northern end of Cebu. Although, he did not become a pastor upon invitation due to the large family he had to support, he became involved through his profession as a teacher and his farming skills in the conception of the early missionary endeavour."

The concrete result of the mission work occurred on June 1952, when the first baptismal service was held. B-Etta Mayer gave this report of the event: "The six candidates included a promising preacher and his sister. On the shore were jeering mocking, scornful friends, relatives and casual observers." Of these six, two now are still in active service: Rev. Cresenciano Batuto, Pastor Emeritus of Grace Baptist Church of Gigatangan in Naval, Biliran; and Mrs. Jacinta Batuto Sarcos, the widow of BTC President Rev. Eliseo Sarcos.

In 1954, there were small Baptist churches in Bogo with 54 baptised members, and on 6 June 1954 the three churches entered into fellowship as the Cebu Baptist Association (CBA). In 1965, the CBA constitution was amended, renaming the body to Baptist Conference of the Philippines (BCP). The change was driven by fact that mission work had expanded beyond Cebu island, as churches and mission points have already been established in neighbouring provinces in the Visayas.

The creation of the BCP concretised the identity of a national organisation, which developed from a simple organization into a more complex entity. As the BCP grew in number of churches and members, its area of ministry widened. Leaders too in local churches, districts and the national organization developed. This necessitated a clarification of role in its relationship with the "mother organization", the BGCPM, resulting in a series of consultations, which gave birth to a partnership.

BGCPM and BCP now became partners in working together to accomplish God's purposes. The ultimate goal is always a strong and self-propagating family of Baptist churches. Rev. Marwin Linstedt wrote: "This partnership, however, is constantly updated. Times change. So do people. The original leadership gives way to next generation. The strategies of the 1950s and 1960s serve their purposes and yield to approaches that are more relevant to the 1970s and 1980s. The Philippines is a rapidly urbanizing society. During the nearly forty years covered in this story, the population of the country more than triples. Old values give way to new ones. An entirely new generation of Filipinos moves into leadership in the nation and in the churches."

According to a census published by the association in 2023, it claimed 35,000 members and 430 churches.

The BCP and the Mission-in-Dialogue
"At the end of the decade of the 1960s drew nearer, the need to evaluate the relationship between the BCP and the BGC mission became obvious to all concerned. The BCP would be making its 15th anniversary in 1969. During that year the mission would be 20 years old. By and large, both bodies had been working harmoniously over these years. However, strains and misunderstanding were beginning to appear. In a way this was to be expected. The relationship of the BCP leadership to the missionaries was cross-cultural in nature. In the formative stages of the work, the mission had naturally played a leading role, and the Filipino leadership was willing to cooperate and learn. Most of the pastors and BCP trustees had worked closely with the missionaries, and had been well trained at BTC. The ways and ideas of the missionaries were well known to them, not only strengths but also their weaknesses."

The emerging leadership of the BCP feeling that it was time to do so strongly exerted its right to be heard. This resulted in a series of consultation, resulting in the creation of the Joint Work Program (JWP).

"The JWP was designed to be a mechanism of coordination and administration for the common ministries of the BCP and the BGCPM. The general goals were started to be:
 * 1) Communicating the Gospel to as many as possible
 * 2) Winning souls to Jesus Christ
 * 3) Establishing local churches
 * 4) Strengthening existing churches
 * 5) Training Christians for leadership on all levels
 * 6) Developing a strong and growing BCP

Five areas of cooperating ministry were agreed upon

 * 1) Evangelism and church planting
 * 2) Administration of JWP budget; revolving funds and church grant funds
 * 3) Christian Education
 * 4) Publishing and distributing Christian literature and;
 * 5) The Baptist Theological College

The JWP was originally designed to be a 15-year program in three phases leading to a fully self-sustaining, self-propagating, and missions minded BCP: Phase 1 	– was to last for 5 years, concentrating on promoting church growth Phase 2 	– was to last for 7 years. The emphasis was to train and expand BCP leadership together with continuing growth. Phase 3 	– was to last 3 years, which BCP leadership would be consolidated in preparation for withdrawal of the BGC Mission participation on the board.

"In actual practice, the JWP was in effect only in 1971 to 1977. By 1976, the Joint Policy Council had concluded that Phase 2 and Phase 3 were not necessary as programmed (We need to implement Phase 2 and 3). BCP was growing rapidly and capable leaders were available. The probability that it had passed was considered to be excellent. On the negative side, the administrative machinery of the JWP was cumbersome and time consuming for those served on the boards. A simpler and more flexible working relationship was needed.

In March 1977, a draft of the general agreement between the Baptist Conference of the Philippines and the Baptist General Conference Philippine Mission was ready for the study and action of the two organizations. In essence, this agreement laid down the guidelines by which the BCP and the Mission would "cooperate and work together for the attainment of the purposes, goals and objectives of the BCP as stated in its constitutions." The duration of the agreement came to be known throughout the BCP as "Ten Year Agreement".

The Ten Year Agreement was replaced by the BGC-BGCPM new agreement of 1986. This was approved during the 29th Annual Conference (Fourth Biennial Assembly) held at First Baptist Church, Cebu City on April 15–18, 1986. The new agreement of 1986 featured for the first time all Filipino Board composed of 11 members, 8 of them representing each BCP district. Three were chosen at large. up to the present BCP has a total of 12 districts.

Church Planting Program
The partnership between the BCP and the BGCPM resulted in the formulation of church planting strategies in order to reach the common goals of both organizations. The first church planting program launched was the. ..

"Objective Ten Thousand"
This program visioned a goal of 10,000 members BCP wide, from a base of 3,500 members on December 31, 1980 to December 1985. Record shows that BCP fall short of its goal; however, during this 5-year period 3,859 new members were added while the number of churches reached 126 congregations.

"Double In Four"
This program had a goal of doubling the number of churches in four years time, beginning in 1986 to 1990. Under the all-Filipino leadership, it was not able to take off due to non-functioning of its chairman. Handicapped by the lack of functioning ministries, the program was still implemented through the initiative of local churches, the districts and the national office through the BOT.

"Operation 4-4-4"
This program targets 400 churches in 4 years from 1990 to 1994. This program never took off due to lack of financial resources and personnel in order to implement the program.

Some BCP churches are now involved in cross-cultural missions by sending and supporting 40 missionaries to 12 countries. After 50 years of BCP ministry the era has come for BCP to become a missionary sending denomination instead of being a missionary receiving denomination.

"Decade of Change" BCP is aggressively implementing a church planting movement to reach out the middle class of the Philippine society from 2007 to 2014 with the goal to plant 60 churches.

title: Baptist Conference of the Philippines


text:
Talk:The First $20 Million Is Always the Hardest

Untitled
The following article is incomplete and probably contains inaccurate information, as I cannot recall all the details of the movie. It is poorly constructed, I beg you to fix it, or merge it, if there is already an article about this movie of which I am unaware. 152.163.252.227

Broke off a couple of paragraphs from the huge single one and fixed them up a little, but the rest still needs a lot of work. I haven't seen the film. I think a lot of detail should be dropped. Tualha 01:43, Nov 17, 2003 (UTC)

''And they lived happily ever after, blah blah blah. The end.''

I wrote that? I just realized that I wrote this while logged out! - Woodrow 03:24, 4 Apr 2004 (UTC)