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The Final Cut (album)

The Final Cut is the twelfth studio album by the English rock band Pink Floyd, released on 21 March 1983 through Harvest and Columbia Records. It comprises unused material from the band's previous studio album, The Wall (1979), alongside new material recorded throughout 1982.

The Final Cut is the last Pink Floyd album to feature founding member Roger Waters, who departed from the band in 1985. It is also the only Pink Floyd album not to feature founding member and keyboardist Richard Wright, who had left the band under pressure from Waters after the Wall sessions. The recording was plagued by conflict; the guitarist, David Gilmour, felt many of the tracks were not worthy of inclusion, but Waters accused him of failing to contribute material himself. The contributions from the drummer, Nick Mason, were limited mostly to sound effects.

Waters planned the album as a soundtrack for the 1982 film adaptation of The Wall. With the onset of the Falklands War, he rewrote it as a concept album exploring what he considered the betrayal of his father, who died serving in the Second World War. Waters provided lead vocals for all but one track, and he is credited for all songwriting. The album was accompanied by a short film released in the same year.

The Final Cut received mixed reviews, though retrospective reception has been more favourable. Though it reached number one in the UK and number six in the US, it was the lowest-selling Pink Floyd studio album worldwide since their sixth album, Meddle (1971).

Background
The Final Cut was conceived as a soundtrack album for Pink Floyd – The Wall, the 1982 film based on Pink Floyd's previous studio album The Wall (1979). Under its working title Spare Bricks, it would have featured new music rerecorded for the film, such as "When the Tigers Broke Free". Bassist, vocalist, and primary songwriter Roger Waters also planned to record a small amount of new material, expanding The Wall's narrative.

As a result of the Falklands War, Waters changed direction and wrote new material. He saw British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's response to Argentina's invasion of the islands as jingoistic and unnecessary, and dedicated the new album—provisionally titled Requiem for a Post-War Dream—to his father, Eric Fletcher Waters. A second lieutenant of the 8th Royal Fusiliers, Eric Waters died during the Second World War at Aprilia in Italy, on 18 February 1944, when Roger was five months old. Waters said:

Waters had conflicting feelings about how his generation was tackling issues that greatly affected his father's generation. In an interview in 1987, he confessed: "It says something about a sense, I suppose for me personally, a sense that I may have betrayed him. He died in the last war and I kind of feel that I personally may have betrayed him, because we haven’t managed to improve things very much. That the economic cycles still over-ride everything, with the best intentions, the cycle of economic recession followed by resurgence still governs our actions."Guitarist David Gilmour disliked Waters' politicising, and the new creative direction prompted arguments. Five other tracks not used on The Wall ("Your Possible Pasts", "One of the Few", "The Final Cut", "The Fletcher Memorial Home", and "The Hero's Return") had been set aside for Spare Bricks, and although Pink Floyd had often reused material, Gilmour felt the songs were not good enough for a new studio album. He wanted to write new material, but Waters remained doubtful as Gilmour had lately contributed little new music. Gilmour said:

"I'm certainly guilty at times of being lazy, and moments have arrived when Roger might say, 'Well, what have you got?' And I'd be like, 'Well, I haven't got anything right now. I need a bit of time to put some ideas on tape.' There are elements of all this stuff that, years later, you can look back on and say, 'Well, he had a point there.'  But he wasn't right about wanting to put some duff tracks on The Final Cut. I said to Roger, 'If these songs weren't good enough for The Wall, why are they good enough now?'"

The title The Final Cut is a reference to William Shakespeare's Julius Caesar: "This was the most unkindest cut of all". "When the Tigers Broke Free" was issued as a single titled "Pink Floyd: The Wall: Music from the Film" on 26 July 1982, with the film version of "Bring the Boys Back Home" on the B-side; the single was labelled "Taken from the album The Final Cut" but was not included on that album until the 2004 CD reissue.

Concept
The Final Cut is an anti-war concept album that explores what Waters regards as the betrayal of fallen British servicemen—such as his father—who during the Second World War sacrificed their lives in the spirit of a post-war dream. This post-war dream was that their victory would usher in a more peaceful world, whose leaders would no longer be so eager to resolve disputes by resorting to war. The album's lyrics are critical of Thatcher, whose policies and decisions Waters regarded as an example of this betrayal. She is referred to as "Maggie" throughout the album.

The opening track, "The Post War Dream", begins with a recorded announcement that the replacement for the Atlantic Conveyor, a ship lost during the Falklands campaign, will be built in Japan. Waters' lyrics refer to his dead father, the loss of Britain's shipbuilding industry to Japan, and Margaret Thatcher, before moving on to "Your Possible Pasts", a rewritten version of a song rejected for The Wall. In "One of the Few", another rejected song, the schoolteacher from The Wall features as the main character of the Final Cut short film, presented as a war hero returned to civilian life. He is unable to relate his experiences to his wife, and in "The Hero's Return" is tormented by the loss of one of his aircrew. "The Gunner's Dream" discusses the post-war dream of a world free from tyranny and the threat of terrorism (a reference to the Hyde Park bombing). It is followed in "Paranoid Eyes" by the teacher's descent into alcoholism.

The second half deals with various war issues. While "Southampton Dock" is a lament to returning war heroes and other soldiers heading out to a likely death, "Not Now John" addresses society's ignorance of political and economic problems. "Get Your Filthy Hands Off My Desert" deals with Waters' feelings about war and invasion, and "The Fletcher Memorial Home" (the title is a nod to Waters' father) reflects a fantastical application of "the final solution" on a gathering of political leaders including Leonid Brezhnev, Menachem Begin and Margaret Thatcher. The album's titular song deals with the aftermath of a man's isolation and sexual repression, as he contemplates suicide and struggles to reconnect with the world around him. The album ends with "Two Suns in the Sunset", which portrays a nuclear holocaust: the final result of a world obsessed with war and control.

Recording
American composer Michael Kamen, who had contributed to The Wall, co-produced, oversaw the orchestral arrangements, and mediated between Waters and Gilmour. He also stood in for keyboardist Richard Wright, who had left the band under pressure from Waters during the recording of The Wall. James Guthrie was studio engineer and co-producer, while Mason's drumming was supplemented by Ray Cooper on percussion; when Mason was unable to perform the complex time changes on "Two Suns in the Sunset", he was replaced by session musician Andy Newmark. Mason also suggested the repeated reprises of "Maggie, what have we done" be rendered instrumental rather than sung. Raphael Ravenscroft was hired to play the saxophone. Recording took place in the latter half of 1982 across eight studios, including Gilmour's home studio at Hook End Manor, and Waters' Billiard Room Studios at East Sheen. The other studios were Mayfair Studios, Olympic Studios, Abbey Road Studios, Eel Pie Studios, Audio International and RAK Studios.

Tensions soon emerged, and while Waters and Gilmour initially worked together, playing the video game Donkey Kong (1981) in their spare time, they eventually chose to work separately. Engineer Andy Jackson worked with Waters on vocals; Guthrie with Gilmour on guitars. They would occasionally meet to discuss the work that had been completed; while this method was not in itself unusual, Gilmour began to feel strained, sometimes barely maintaining his composure. Kamen too felt pressured; Waters had never been a confident vocalist and, on one occasion, after repeated studio takes, Waters noticed him writing on a notepad. Losing his temper, he demanded to know what Kamen was doing, only to find that Kamen had been writing, "I Must Not Fuck Sheep" repeatedly. Waters said that "a lot of that aggravation came through in the vocal performance, which, looking back, really was quite tortured."

Like previous Pink Floyd albums, The Final Cut used sound effects combined with advances in audio recording technology. Mason's contributions were mostly limited to recording sound effects for the experimental Holophonic system, an audio processing technique used to add an enhanced three-dimensional effect to the recordings; The Final Cut is the second album ever to feature this technology. The technique is featured on "Get Your Filthy Hands Off My Desert", creating a sound of a rocket flying by and exploding which surrounds the listener. Sound effects are reused from the Pink Floyd albums Meddle (1971), The Dark Side of the Moon (1973), Wish You Were Here (1975), Animals (1977) and The Wall (1979).

After months of poor relations, and following a final confrontation, Gilmour was removed from the credit list as producer, but was still paid production royalties. Waters later said that he was also under significant pressure and that early in production believed he would never record with Gilmour or Mason again. He may have threatened to release the album as a solo record, although Pink Floyd were contracted to EMI and such a move would have been unlikely. Mason kept himself distant, dealing with marital problems. In an August 1987 interview, Waters recalled The Final Cut as an "absolute misery to make", and that the band members were "fighting like cats and dogs". He said the experience forced them to accept that they had not worked together as a band since their ninth studio album Wish You Were Here (1975).

Packaging
Storm Thorgerson, a founder member of Hipgnosis (designers of most of Pink Floyd's previous and future artwork), was passed over for the cover design. Instead, Waters created the cover himself, using photographs taken by his brother-in-law, Willie Christie. The front cover shows a Remembrance poppy and four Second World War medal ribbons against the black fabric of the jacket or blazer on which they are worn. From left to right, the medals are the 1939–1945 Star, the Africa Star, the Defence Medal, and the Distinguished Flying Cross.

The poppy is a recurring design theme. The interior gatefold features three photographs, the first depicting an outdoor scene with an outstretched hand holding three poppies and in the distance, a soldier with his back to the camera. Two more photographs show a welder at work, his mask emblazoned with the Japanese Rising Sun Flag, and a nuclear explosion (a clear reference to "Two Suns in the Sunset"). The album's lyrics are printed on the gatefold. Side one of the vinyl disc carries an image of a poppy field, and on side two, a soldier with a knife in his back lies face down amongst the poppies, a dog beside him.

The back cover features a photograph of an officer standing upright and holding a film canister, with a knife protruding from his back: the film canister and knife may reflect Waters' tumultuous relationship with The Wall film director Alan Parker.

Film
The Final Cut was accompanied by a short film. It features the songs "The Gunner's Dream", "The Final Cut", "The Fletcher Memorial Home" and "Not Now John". Produced and written by Waters and directed by his brother-in-law Willie Christie, it features Waters talking to a psychiatrist named A. Parker-Marshall. The character name was meant to be a dig at both Pink Floyd: The Wall director Alan Parker and Alan Marshall, the film's producer. Alex McAvoy, who played the teacher in Pink Floyd – The Wall, also appears. The film was released on Betamax and VHS in July 1983 and was one of EMI's first "video EPs".

Release and sales
The Final Cut was released in the UK on 21 March 1983. It reached number one in the UK, surpassing The Dark Side of the Moon and The Wall. It was less successful in America, peaking at number six on the Billboard album charts. Issued as a single, "Not Now John" reached the UK Top 30, with its chorus of "Fuck all that" bowdlerised to "Stuff all that".

With over 1,000,000 units shipped in the United States, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified The Final Cut Platinum in May 1983. It was given double Platinum certification in 1997. However, The Final Cut was the lowest-selling Pink Floyd studio album in the United States and worldwide since Meddle. Gilmour claimed that this relative commercial failure supported his assertion that much of the material was weak. Waters responded that it was "ridiculous" to judge a record by its sales, and that he had been approached by a woman in a shop whose father had also been killed in World War II and told him The Final Cut was "the most moving record she had ever heard". In 1983, Gilmour said The Final Cut was "very good but it's not personally how I would see a Pink Floyd record going".

The Final Cut was released on CD in 1983. A remastered and repackaged CD was issued by EMI in Europe and on Capitol Records in the US in 2004; this included an extra song, the previously released "When the Tigers Broke Free". In 2007, a remastered version was released as part of the Oh, by the Way box set, packaged in a miniature replica of the original gatefold LP sleeve.

Critical reception
The Final Cut received mixed reviews. Melody Maker deemed it "a milestone in the history of awfulness", and the NME's Richard Cook wrote: "Like the poor damned Tommies that haunt his mind, Roger Waters' writing has been blown to hell ... Waters stopped with The Wall, and The Final Cut isolates and juggles the identical themes of that elephantine concept with no fresh momentum to drive them." Robert Christgau wrote in The Village Voice: "it's a comfort to encounter antiwar rock that has the weight of years of self-pity behind it", and awarded the album a C+ grade.

More impressed, Rolling Stone's Kurt Loder viewed it as "essentially a Roger Waters solo album ... a superlative achievement on several levels". Dan Hedges of Record also approved, writing: "On paper it sounds hackneyed and contrived – the sort of thing that was worked into the ground by everyone from P. F. Sloan to Paul Kantner. In Pink Floyd's case, it still works, partially through the understatement and ingenuity of the music and the special effects ... but mostly through the care Waters has taken in plotting out the imagery of his bleak visions."

Aftermath and legacy
With no plans to tour in support of the album, Waters and Gilmour instead turned to solo projects. Gilmour recorded and toured his second solo studio album About Face in 1984, using it to express his feelings on a range of topics from the murder of musician John Lennon to his relationship with Waters, who also began to tour his debut solo studio album, The Pros and Cons of Hitch Hiking that same year. Mason released his second solo studio album, Profiles, in August 1985.

In 1985, faced with a potentially ruinous lawsuit from his record company and band members, Waters resigned. He believed that Pink Floyd was a "spent force". He applied to the High Court to prevent the Pink Floyd name from ever being used again. His lawyers discovered that the partnership had never been formally confirmed, and Waters returned to the High Court in an attempt to gain a veto over further use of the band's name. Gilmour's team responded by issuing a press release affirming that Pink Floyd would continue; he told a Sunday Times reporter that "Roger is a dog in the manger and I'm going to fight him".

Waters wrote to EMI and Columbia declaring his intention to leave the group, asking them to release him from his contractual obligations. With a legal case pending, he dispensed with manager Steve O'Rourke and employed Peter Rudge to manage his affairs. He later contributed to the soundtrack for When the Wind Blows (1986) and recorded a second solo studio album, Radio K.A.O.S. (1987)

Owing to the combination of Pink Floyd's partial break-up and Waters' dominance on the project, The Final Cut is sometimes viewed as a de facto Waters solo album. The personal quality assigned to the lyrics are related to Waters' struggle to reconcile his despair at the changing social face of Britain, and also the loss of his father during the Second World War. Gilmour's guitar solos on "Your Possible Pasts" and "The Fletcher Memorial Home" are, however, sometimes considered the equal of his best work on The Wall. More recent reviews of the album have weighed its importance alongside the band's break-up. Writing for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine said "with its anger, emphasis on lyrics, and sonic textures, it's clear that it's the album that Waters intended it to be. And it's equally clear that Pink Floyd couldn't have continued in this direction." Stylus Magazine wrote: "It's about pursuing something greater even when you have all the money that you could ever want. And either failing or succeeding brilliantly. It's up to you to decide whether this record is a success or a failure, but I'd go with the former every time." Rachel Mann of The Quietus said "flawed though it is, The Final Cut remains a tremendous album" and "still has something fresh to say". Mike Diver of Drowned in Sound was less generous: "Rays of light are few and far between, and even on paper the track titles – including 'The Gunner's Dream' and 'Paranoid Eyes' – suggest an arduous listen."

Track listing

 * Notes
 * All releases of the album from 2004 onwards have "When the Tigers Broke Free" added between "One of the Few" and "The Hero’s Return".

Personnel

 * Numbers noted in parentheses below are based on the original tracklist and CD track numbering, which does not include "When The Tigers Broke Free", included as the 4th track of the album from 2004's releases onwards.

Pink Floyd Additional musicians
 * Roger Waters – lead vocals (all tracks), bass guitar (all tracks except 7), acoustic guitar (2-4, 6, 7, 9-12), synthesisers (3, 4, 10, 11), twelve-string guitar (11), tape effects, production, sleeve design
 * David Gilmour – lead (all tracks) and rhythm guitars (1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10-12), co-lead vocals (11), additional backing vocals
 * Nick Mason – drums (1, 2, 4-6, 8, 10-12), tape effects
 * Michael Kamen – piano (5, 6, 8-10, 12), electric piano (2, 5), harmonium (1, 10), production
 * Andy Bown – Hammond organ (2, 6, 11, 12), piano (5), electric piano (4)
 * Ray Cooper – percussion (6)
 * Andy Newmark – drums (12)
 * Raphael Ravenscroft – tenor saxophone (5, 12)
 * Doreen Chanter – backing vocals (11)
 * Irene Chanter – backing vocals (11)
 * National Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted and arranged by Michael Kamen (1, 5-10)

Production
 * James Guthrie – production, engineering
 * Andrew Jackson – engineering
 * Andy Canelle – assistant engineer
 * Mike Nocito – assistant engineer
 * Jules Bowen – assistant engineer
 * Willie Christie – photography
 * Artful Dodgers – sleeve design
 * Zuccarelli Labs ltd – holophonics
 * Doug Sax – mastering
 * James Guthrie, Joel Plante – 2004 and 2011 remastering at das boot recording

title: The Final Cut (album)


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List of sound chips

Sound chips come in different forms and use a variety of techniques to generate audio signals. This is a list of sound chips that were produced by a certain company or manufacturer, categorized by the sound generation of the chips.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of sound chips


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Kew Bridge

Kew Bridge is a wide-span bridge over the Tideway (upper estuary of the Thames) linking the London Boroughs of Richmond upon Thames and Hounslow. The present bridge, which was opened in 1903 as King Edward VII Bridge by King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra, was designed by John Wolfe-Barry and Cuthbert A Brereton. Historic England listed it at Grade II in 1983.

Location
Kew Bridge crosses the west of the Tideway between the Kew Green neighbourhood of Kew on the south bank and Brentford on the north bank. Its southern approach adjoins the Royal Botanic Gardens; the northern adjoins the former Grand Junction Waterworks Company buildings and reservoirs (the remnant of which is the London Museum of Water & Steam).

The bridge forms a primary route joining the South Circular and North Circular roads to the west of London, and can be very congested.

On the eastward Kew bank is Kew Pier, which serves tourist ferries operating under licence from London River Services.

History

 * (Taken from notes from small centenary display at Museum of Richmond, October 2003)

The Museum of Richmond has an engraving by John Barnard, architect of the design for the first Kew Bridge, dedicated to George, Prince of Wales and his mother Augusta and dated 1759. Bernard describes it as the Bridge over the River of Thames from Kew in the County of Surry to the opposite shore in the County of Middlesex. Kew and the area around the bridge was significant to George as his father Frederick took a lease on Kew House, now part of the Royal Botanic Gardens from 1731 and rebuilt the house to designs by William Kent. George's mother Augusta started the botanic gardens and created many of the garden buildings.

The first bridge was built by Robert Tunstall of Brentford who previously owned the ferry on the site. The bridge was inaugurated on 1 June 1759 by the Prince of Wales driving over it with his mother and a number of other royals, and was opened to the public three days later. Such was the excitement that over 3,000 people crossed in one day. Tolls ranged from 1 penny for each pedestrian to one shilling and six pence for a coach and four horses (these are equivalent to p and £ in ).

The first bridge was constructed with two stone arches at each end and seven timber arches in between, which proved costly to maintain and as a consequence the bridge only lasted 30 years. In 1782 Robert Tunstall, son of the builder of the first bridge, obtained consent to replace the bridge and work began on 4 June 1783, the anniversary date of the first bridge opening to the public. The new bridge was designed by James Paine who had previously been responsible for Richmond Bridge. The cost was £16,500 (equivalent to £ million in ) which was raised by means of a tontine.

The second bridge was built alongside the first, to avoid hindrance to traffic during construction work, and this time was built entirely of stone. It was again opened, on 22 September 1789, by George, who by this time had become King George III, crossing with a great concourse of carriages. The tolls were a half penny per pedestrian and 6 pence for each horse (these are equivalent to p and £ in ). The bridge was sold by auction to a Mr Robinson for £23,000 in 1819 (equivalent to £ million in ) and again in 1873, to the City of London Corporation and the Metropolitan Board of Works for £57,300 (equivalent to £ million in ). The exhibition included a copy of a J. M. W. Turner sketch of the second bridge from Brentford Ait circa 1805/6 with barges on the left.

The tollbooths were at the Brentford end of the bridge and were originally planned as pavilions with Doric porticos. To save on the cost rather simpler Italianate booths were built instead of brick and stucco. Tolls were abolished on 8 February 1873 and a triumphal arch was built at the Brentford entrance to the bridge. The gates were removed and paraded on a brewer's dray through Brentford and around Kew Green.

By the 1890s it was clear that the second bridge could not really cope with the weight of traffic and in any case the approach was too narrow and steep on the Brentford side. The engineer Sir John Wolfe Barry was invited to assess the bridge in 1892 and recommended building a new bridge rather than modifications to the second one.

The  (61 & 62 Vict. c. clv) paved the way and the third bridge was commissioned jointly by the Middlesex and Surrey county councils at a cost of £250,000 (equivalent to £ million in ). The engineers were Barry and Brereton and the building contractors were Easton Gibbs and Son. The third bridge is 1,182 ft long, and the largest of its three arches has a span of 133 ft. The roadway is 56 ft wide (compared to 18 ft on the second bridge), and the pavements 9 ft compared to 3 ft. It was built of granite from Kemnay Quarry.

A temporary wooden bridge was put in place upstream of the second bridge before demolition during October to December 1899. The third bridge was completed for an official opening on 20 May 1903 by King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra who processed through Kensington, Hammersmith, Chiswick and Brentford on the way to the ceremony, returning via Mortlake and Barnes and re-crossing the Thames at Putney Bridge.

The centre of the bridge was provided with a tented pavilion 60 yards long and spanning its whole width. A special temporary balcony, projecting from this, was installed so that the crowds on the banks and on the water could see the royal visitors. The king laid the last coping stone with a silver trowel and declared the bridge open. He and the queen were given a number of gifts including bouquets, a bound history of the bridge and various other commemorative items including a silver-mounted prehistoric flint axe found during construction work, another axe with part of its haft remaining and a fine silver spirit level made in the shape of the bridge itself. Later the Mayor of Richmond presented a chair with the ladders in its back carved in the shape of the three bridges. The inhabitants of Brentford and Chiswick presented a 1721 silver tankard.

After the departure of the royals a huge party took place on the lawns at Kew Gardens and 1,000 children were entertained to tea in a marquee on Kew Green, an event hosted by Cuthbert Brereton.

During the silent era of film, a Kew Bridge Studios operated along part of the northern approach. The site was later used by the Q Theatre.

Kew Bridge in art
A drawing made in 1759 by Paul Sandby, showing the first Kew Bridge built in 1758–1759 by John Barnard, and Old Kew Bridge, London by James Webb, an oil painting dating from 1876 to 1885, are held at the Museum of London.

The oil painting Kew Bridge by Henry Muhrman (1854–1916) was painted in about 1898, when the artist was living in Gunnersbury. It is now in the Tate Gallery's collection.

The Tate also holds J. M. W. Turner's pen and ink sketch The Thames at Kew with Kew Bridge (1805) and his oil painting The Thames Glimpsed between Trees, possibly at Kew Bridge c.1806-7.

Myles Birket Foster (1825–1899) painted Kew Bridge from Strand on the Green.

Landscapist Lewis Pinhorn Wood (1848–1918), who lived in Chiswick between 1897 and 1908, painted Arrival of a Steamer at the Old Kew Bridge, portraying passengers embarking from the river transport service at Kew Pier in front of the second bridge.

Chiswick Local Studies Library has a painting Kew Bridge and Strand-on-the-Green attributed to Smyth Watson and also Strand-on-the-Green and Kew Bridge by an unknown artist.

Hounslow Local Studies Library has Kew Bridge by James Isaiah Lewis, painted in about 1900.

title: Kew Bridge


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New Jersey Route 171

Route 171 is a state highway in New Jersey, United States. It runs just under 1 mi as an extension of U.S. Route 130 (US 130) past its northern terminus at US 1 in North Brunswick Township. The state highway ends along Georges Road near the border of North Brunswick Township and the city of New Brunswick. The route formerly extended into downtown New Brunswick ending at an intersection with Route 27, though the route was mostly unsigned inside New Brunswick. The route is a major thoroughfare in North Brunswick. The route originated as an alignment of pre-1927 Route 1 and later of US 130. After US 130 was truncated, the alignment, which had also been designated Route 25M, was later re-designated as Route 171.

Route description
Route 171 begins at an interchange with US 130 and US 1 in North Brunswick (the official beginning being at the ramp from southbound US 1). The route, which continues as a right-of-way for US 130, heads northward along Georges Road as a four-lane road (two lanes in each direction) passing retail and office buildings and an apartment complex. At an intersection with Cranbury Cross Road, Route 171 turns to the northeast. The route heads northward, passing the Brunswick Shopping Center and intersects County Route 606 (CR 606; Milltown Road). The route continues to the northwest through North Brunswick narrowing to one lane in each direction with a center turn lane. Route 171 passes some retail businesses, the Van Liew Cemetery, and a residential neighborhood. After an intersection with Nassau Street, the road passes Elmwood Cemetery. Around the location where the center turn lane ends, state maintenance of Georges Road ends, therefore terminating the Route 171 designation, however the road continues into the city of New Brunswick.

History
The highway dates back to the alignment of Route 1, assigned in the early 1920s. The designation remained in place until the 1927 New Jersey State highway renumbering, when New Jersey Route 25 was designated onto the alignment of U.S. Route 130, which was also designated in 1927. Route 25 was aligned on the entire alignment of Route 171, but by 1930, the route was realigned onto U.S. Route 1. The alignment of U.S. Route 130 remained along the alignment of Route 171 for several years, and by 1940, the northern alignment of Route 171 was designated as Route 25M. In the 1953 renumbering, Route 25M was redesignated Route 171, when Route 25 was decommissioned.

Prior to the truncation of Route 171 to North Brunswick by 2019, the Route 171 was carried along the county and city-maintained Georges Road, Commercial Avenue (renamed to Paul Robeson Boulevard in 2019 ), Suydam Street, Livingston Avenue, and George Street (the final street concurrent with CR 527) before ending at Albany Street (Route 27). With a small extension to the US 130 ramp to US 1 north at its southern end, the total length of the original route was 3.10 mi. No signage for Route 171 appeared along the New Brunswick segments of the route though one sign for it appeared at its intersection with Route 27 in July 2016.

title: New Jersey Route 171


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Talk:Robert Bolt

Sayles?
where is Sayles, Manchester? Do you mean Sale, Manchester? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.255.36.18 (talk) 18:23, 8 November 2003 (UTC)

Long illness
"He died in Petersfield, Hampshire, England following a long illness aged 70." How do you know how old his long illness was?................OH! you mean he died aged 70 following a long illness!! Have altered the article to reflect what I assume you mean. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.177.152.156 (talk) 18:32, 21 June 2005 (UTC)

Inspiration for The Mission
Does anybody know what source he used for The Mission? I'm just wondering is there a book that is the basis of that film? Thanks. 193.1.172.163 15:55, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

Date of death
There seems a lot of disagreement between sources as to when Bolt died. 12 February, 20 February and 21 February all appear in Google searches. We’re currently saying 12 February.

The NTY obit says he died "Monday". This obit was published 23 Feb 1995, a Wednesday, which makes the date of “Monday” 21 February 1995. ImdB and Britannica both say 20 February, but they’re both known for sometimes getting it wrong. It’s far more likely that it was either the 20th or the 21st than the 12th. I’m going to trust the NYT on this one, and change the article to 21 February 1995. Perhaps the editor meant to type "21" but transposed the numbers. -- JackofOz (talk) 07:55, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

Ann Zane
In the early 1980s, he had a short-lived third marriage, to Ann Zane, former Marquess of Queensbury, before remarrying Sarah Miles in 1988, with whom he remained until his death in 1995.

 * Two points.
 * It's Queensberry, not Queensbury.
 * (a) How could a woman ever have been the Marquess of anything, and (b) how does anyone become a "former Marquess"? Was she perhaps the ex-wife of the Marquess, and thus "the former Marchioness"?  --  JackofOz (talk) 08:11, 22 October 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Robert Bolt


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Reaper

A reaper is a farm implement or person that reaps (cuts and often also gathers) crops at harvest when they are ripe. Usually the crop involved is a cereal grass. The first documented reaping machines were Gallic reapers that were used in Roman times in what would become modern-day France. The Gallic reaper involved a comb which collected the heads, with an operator knocking the grain into a box for later threshing.

Most modern mechanical reapers cut grass; most also gather it, either by windrowing or picking it up. Modern machines that not only cut and gather the grass but also thresh its seeds (the grain), winnow the grain, and deliver it to a truck or wagon, called combine harvesters or simply combines, which are the engineering descendants of earlier reapers.

Hay is harvested somewhat differently from grain; in modern haymaking, the machine that cuts the grass is called a hay mower or, if integrated with a conditioner, a mower-conditioner. As a manual task, cutting of both grain and hay may be called reaping, involving scythes, sickles, and cradles, followed by differing downstream steps. Traditionally all such cutting could be called reaping, although a distinction between reaping of grain grasses and mowing of hay grasses has long existed; it was only after a decade of attempts at combined grain reaper/hay mower machines (1830s to 1840s) that designers of mechanical implements began resigning them to separate classes.

Mechanical reapers substantially changed agriculture from their appearance in the 1830s until the 1860s through 1880s, when they evolved into related machines, often called by different names (self-raking reaper, harvester, reaper-binder, grain binder, binder), that collected and bound the sheaves of grain with wire or twine.

Hand reaping

Hand reaping is done by various means, including plucking the ears of grains directly by hand, cutting the grain stalks with a sickle, cutting them with a scythe, or a scythe fitted with a grain cradle. Reaping is usually distinguished from mowing, which uses similar implements, but is the traditional term for cutting grass for hay, rather than reaping cereals. The stiffer, dryer straw of the cereal plants and the greener grasses for hay usually demand different blades on the machines.

The reaped grain stalks are gathered into sheaves (bunches), tied with string or with a twist of straw. Several sheaves are then leant against each other with the ears off the ground to dry out, forming a stook. After drying, the sheaves are gathered from the field and stacked, being placed with the ears inwards, then covered with thatch or a tarpaulin; this is called a stack or rick. In the British Isles a rick of sheaves is traditionally called a corn rick, to distinguish it from a hay rick ("corn" in British English retains its older sense of "grain" generally, not "maize"). Ricks are made in an area inaccessible to livestock, called a rick-yard or stack-yard. The corn-rick is later broken down and the sheaves threshed to separate the grain from the straw.

Collecting spilt grain from the field after reaping is called gleaning, and is traditionally done either by hand, or by penning animals such as chickens or pigs onto the field.

Hand reaping is now rarely done in industrialized countries, but is still the normal method where machines are unavailable or where access for them is limited (such as on narrow terraces).

The more or less skeletal figure of a reaper with a scythe – known as the "Grim Reaper" – is a common personification of death in many Western traditions and cultures. In this metaphor, death harvests the living, like a farmer harvests the crops.

Mechanical reaping
A mechanical reaper or reaping machine is a mechanical, semi-automated device that harvests crops. Mechanical reapers and their descendant machines have been an important part of mechanized agriculture and a main feature of agricultural productivity.

Mechanical reapers in the U.S.
The 19th century saw several inventors in the United States claim innovation in mechanical reapers. The various designs competed with each other, and were the subject of several lawsuits.

Obed Hussey in Ohio patented a reaper in 1833, the Hussey Reaper. Made in Baltimore, Maryland, Hussey's design was a major improvement in reaping efficiency. The new reaper only required two horses working in a non-strenuous manner, a man to work the machine, and another person to drive. In addition, the Hussey Reaper left an even and clean surface after its use.

The McCormick Reaper was designed by Robert McCormick in Walnut Grove, Virginia. However, Robert became frustrated when he was unable to perfect his new device. His son Cyrus asked for permission to try to complete his father's project. With permission granted, the McCormick Reaper was patented by his son Cyrus McCormick in 1834 as a horse-drawn farm implement to cut small grain crops. This McCormick reaper machine had several special elements: Cyrus McCormick claimed that his reaper was actually invented in 1831, giving him the true claim to the general design of the machine. Over the next few decades the Hussey and McCormick reapers would compete with each other in the marketplace, despite being quite similar. By the 1850s, the original patents of both Hussey and McCormick had expired and many other manufacturers put similar machines on the market.
 * a main wheel frame
 * projected to the side a platform containing a cutter bar having fingers through which reciprocated a knife driven by a crank
 * upon the outer end of the platform was a divider projecting ahead of the platform to separate the grain to be cut from that to be left standing
 * a reel was positioned above the platform to hold the grain against the reciprocating knife to throw it back upon the platform
 * the machine was drawn by a team walking at the side of the grain.

In 1861, the United States Patent and Trademark Office issued a ruling on the invention of the polarizing reaper design. It was determined that the money made from reapers was in large part due to Obed Hussey. S.T. Shubert, the acting commissioner of patents, declared that Hussey's improvements were the foundation of their success. It was ruled that the heirs of Obed Hussey would be monetarily compensated for his hard work and innovation by those who had made money from the reaper. It was also ruled that McCormick's reaper patent would be renewed for another 7 years.

Although the McCormick reaper was a revolutionary innovation for the harvesting of crops, it did not experience mainstream success and acceptance until at least 20 years after it was patented by Cyrus McCormick. This was because the McCormick reaper lacked a quality unique to Obed Hussey's reaper. Hussey's reaper used a sawlike cutter bar that cut stalks far more effectively than McCormick's. Only once Cyrus McCormick was able to acquire the rights to Hussey's cutter-bar mechanism (around 1850) did a truly revolutionary machine emerge. Other factors in the gradual uptake of mechanized reaping included natural cultural conservatism among farmers (proven tradition versus new and unknown machinery); the poor state of many new farm fields, which were often littered with rocks, stumps, and areas of uneven soil, making the lifespan and operability of a reaping machine questionable; and some amount of fearful Luddism among farmers that the machine would take away jobs, most especially among hired manual labourers.

Another strong competitor in the industry was the Manny Reaper by John Henry Manny and the companies that succeeded him. Even though McCormick has sometimes been simplistically credited as the [sole] "inventor" of the mechanical reaper, a more accurate statement is that he independently reinvented aspects of it, created a crucial original integration of enough aspects to make a successful whole, and benefited from the influence of more than two decades of work by his father, as well as the aid of Jo Anderson, a slave held by his family.

Reapers in the late 19th and 20th century
After the first reapers were developed and patented, other slightly different reapers were distributed by several manufacturers throughout the world. The Champion (Combined) Reapers and Mowers, produced by the Champion Interest group (Champion Machine Company, later Warder, Bushnell & Glessner, absorbed in IHC 1902) in Springfield, Ohio in the second half of the 19th century, were highly successful in the 1880s in the United States. Springfield is still known as "The Champion City".

Generally, reapers developed into the 1872 invented reaper-binder, which reaped the crop and bound it into sheaves. By 1896, 400,000 reaper-binders were estimated to be harvesting grain. This was in turn replaced by the swather and eventually the combine harvester, which reaps and threshes in one operation.

In Central European agriculture reapers were – together with reaper-binders – common machines until the mid-20th century.

title: Reaper


text:
User:KeithH

KeithH has been a Wikipedian since October 2003. Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, and raised in nearby Kailua, he has lived in Hawaii all his life, except for four years when he attended Lewis & Clark College in Portland, Oregon.

He is a contributing member of WikiProject Hawaii and has actively edited and created articles pertaining to the Aloha State. He also participates in general spelling and grammar cleanup and recent changes patrol.

When not involved with Wikipedia, he is an technical support at a major health insurer in Honolulu. He also enjoys long distance running and choral music, among other things.

My toolbox
WP:AIV WP:UTM WP:MOS WP:VAND

Wikipedia
/Rail transit in Honolulu

fr:Utilisateur:KeithH

title: User:KeithH


text:
New Jersey Route 440

Route 440 is a state highway in New Jersey, United States. It comprises two segments, a 5.15 mi freeway in Middlesex County linking Interstate 287 (I-287) and the New Jersey Turnpike (I-95), in Edison to the Outerbridge Crossing in Perth Amboy and an 8.18 mi four-lane divided highway in Hudson County running from the Bayonne Bridge in Bayonne to U.S. Route 1/9 Truck (US 1-9 Truck) in Jersey City. These two segments are connected by New York State Route 440 (NY 440), which runs across Staten Island. The freeway portion in Middlesex County is six lanes wide and interchanges with the Garden State Parkway and US 9 in Woodbridge.

What is now Route 440 was designated as two different routes in 1927: the Middlesex County portion between Route 4 (now Route 35) and the proposed Outerbridge Crossing was designated Route S4 (a spur of Route 4) while the Hudson County portion was designated as a part of Route 1. In 1953, Route 440 replaced Route S4 as well as Route 1 south of Communipaw Avenue; the number was chosen to match NY 440. A freeway was built for the route in Middlesex County between 1967 and finished in 1972. A freeway was also proposed for the route in Hudson County to fill in the gap between the Bayonne Bridge and 63rd Street; however, it was never built. In 2001, Route 440 replaced Route 169 along the Bayonne waterfront.

Middlesex County
The Route 440 freeway begins in Edison Township at an interchange with the southern terminus of Interstate 287 and the New Jersey Turnpike (Interstate 95); from Route 440's southern terminus, the road becomes northbound Interstate 287. Within this interchange, Route 440 also has access to County Route 514. It continues to the east as a six-lane road through wooded surroundings and enters Woodbridge Township at the underpass of King Georges Post Road. Here, the route interchanges with County Route 656 (Smith Street) before intersecting the Garden State Parkway and U.S. Route 9 at a large interchange. Within this interchange, the route passes under Conrail Shared Assets Operations' (CSAO) Raritan Industrial Track line. From here, the freeway turns northeast and passes under CSAO's Perth Amboy Running Track line before it enters Perth Amboy at the point where it crosses under County Route 616 (New Brunswick Avenue). Route 440 passes near homes before coming to the next interchange for County Route 501 and Route 184. At this point, County Route 501 joins the Route 440 freeway for a concurrency, and the road comes to an interchange with Route 35 a short distance later. The road continues east-southeast, with an exit for County Route 653 (Amboy Avenue) before it passes through more residential neighborhoods. The final exit on the Middlesex County portion of Route 440 serves County Route 611 (State Street). Past this interchange, Route 440 becomes the Outerbridge Crossing, a four-lane bridge maintained by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ). It passes over NJ Transit’s North Jersey Coast Line and State Street before crossing over the Arthur Kill onto Staten Island. At the New Jersey-New York state line on the middle of the bridge, the southern segments of Route 440 and County Route 501 end and become New York State Route 440. An extension of Route 440 also intersects with Route 35 right after the Victory Bridge crossing in Perth Amboy (around Shoprite)

Hudson County
After New York State Route 440 runs 12.73 mi through Staten Island, it enters New Jersey again via the Bayonne Bridge, a four-lane bridge over Kill Van Kull that is also maintained by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Upon entering Bayonne in Hudson County, the road becomes the northern segment of Route 440 and County Route 501 and continues north into residential sections of the city. Continuing north as a four-lane freeway maintained by the New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT), County Route 501 splits from the route by heading north on Kennedy Boulevard at an interchange. Meanwhile, Route 440 turns to the east, with CSAO's Avenue A Industrial Track and NJ Transit's Hudson–Bergen Light Rail line parallel to the north, before heading northeast and passing through industrial areas as a four-lane expressway, crossing under a CSAO railroad line. It heads north-northeast as it passes between neighborhoods and the parallel CSAO Bayonne Industrial Track and NJ Transit's Hudson–Bergen Light Rail lines to the west and port areas to the east, including the former Military Ocean Terminal.

The route crosses into Jersey City, where it comes to an interchange with the Newark Bay Extension of the New Jersey Turnpike (Interstate 78) that provides access to the Jersey City and Hoboken waterfronts and the Holland Tunnel. Following this, Route 440 reaches an interchange with Route 185. Here, the mainline becomes Route 185 and Route 440 exits onto another four-lane expressway. From here, Route 440 continues northwest, crossing under Interstate 78 and passing over CSAO's Bayonne Industrial Track and NJ Transit's Hudson–Bergen Light Rail lines before closely paralleling the north side of Interstate 78 and the south side of CSAO's National Docks Branch line. The route interchanges with Avenue C before reentering Bayonne and crossing over County Route 501 (Kennedy Boulevard) without an interchange. Past this intersection, Route 440 makes a sharp turn to the south and passes under the Newark Bay Bridge (Interstate 78). After making a hairpin turn back to the north, it passes under the Newark Bay Bridge another time and runs along the eastern shore of Newark Bay, crossing under CSAO's National Docks Branch line. The route interchanges with West 63rd Street before crossing back into Jersey City and passing residences to the east. Route 440 becomes a four-lane arterial road before intersecting County Route 602 (Danforth Avenue) as the road heads into business sectors farther to the east of Newark Bay. The road heads past industrial establishments before running through commercial areas again, passing to the east of the Hudson Mall. Route 440 ends at an intersection with U.S. Route 1/9 Truck and County Route 612 (Communipaw Avenue), where the road continues north as part of U.S. Route 1/9 Truck.

History
In the 1927 New Jersey state highway renumbering, what is now Route 440 was defined as two separate routes. The Middlesex County portion from Route 4 (now Route 35) to the present location of the Outerbridge Crossing was legislated as Route S4, a spur of Route 4. Meanwhile, the Hudson County portion of the route was legislated as a part of Route 1, a route that was to run from Bayonne to the New York border in Rockleigh. Route S4 was eventually extended west to the Garden State Parkway. This route followed Pfeiffer Boulevard and the one-way pair of Lawrence Avenue and Grove Street. Meanwhile, Route 1 only existed as a state-maintained highway north of 63rd Street in Bayonne; south of there, traffic used Hudson Boulevard to access the Bayonne Bridge. A road carrying Route 1 was proposed to be built on landfill in the Passaic River; however, it was never constructed. In the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering, both Route S4 between the Garden State Parkway and the Outerbridge Crossing as well as Route 1 between 63rd Street and Communipaw Avenue became Route 440 in order to match New York State Route 440.

In 1959, an additional piece of Route 440 was legislated to run from the Bayonne Bridge to 63rd Street to complete the route, running over the waters of the Newark Bay; this was never built. In the mid-1950s, a freeway alignment was proposed for Route 440 in Middlesex County. This route, to be called the Middlesex Freeway, was to connect the New Jersey Turnpike and Interstate 287 to the Outerbridge Crossing. Construction began on the freeway in 1967 and it was completed in 1974. The old alignment of Route 440 along Pfeiffer Boulevard between the Garden State Parkway and Route 35 became Route 184. A freeway was also proposed in the 1960s for Route 440 in Hudson County connecting the Bayonne Bridge to Interstate 78 and filling in the gap in the route. In 1976, Route 440 was proposed along with Route 169 in a plan to redevelop the waterfront area of Bayonne. However, the NJDOT shelved the project a year later due to low traffic volumes and feared environmental impact to the Newark Bay. Route 169 was later constructed as a four-lane arterial completed in 1992. In 2001, Route 169 was redesignated as Route 440 in order to complete the gap in the route.

On January 8, 2008, Gov. Jon Corzine announced plans for a new 35-cent toll on the Middlesex County portion of Route 440, in addition to increases on existing toll roads, to help raise funds to reduce New Jersey's outstanding debt. However, he dropped the idea to toll Route 440 a month later after mounting opposition to the idea. Between 2015 and 2018 the New Jersey Turnpike Authority reconstructed Exit 14A between Interstate 78 and Route 440. Construction began in 2017 to replace the overpass carrying Route 440 over the Garden State Parkway and U.S. Route 9 and it was completed in 2019.

In anticipation of a general increase of activity in Port of New York and New Jersey and new development on West Side and Hackensack Riverfront in Jersey City studies are being conducted to transform the roadway into a multi-use urban boulevard that includes possible grade separations, medians, and a new traffic circle at its northern terminus.

By Joint Resolution No. 4, approved July 3, 1997, the New Jersey Legislature designated the portion of Route 440 in the city of Perth Amboy as the Edward J. Patten Memorial Highway. Democrat Edward J. Patten, a former Mayor of Perth Amboy, New Jersey, later served as Secretary of State of New Jersey and represented New Jersey's 15th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives.

title: New Jersey Route 440


text:
The Canadian Rockies Trail Guide

The Canadian Rockies Trail Guide by Brian Patton and Bart Robinson, describes 225 hiking and backpacking trails in the Canadian Rockies, including in Banff National Park and Jasper National Park. The first edition was published in 1971, with subsequent editions in 1978, 1986, 1990, 1992, 1994, 2000, 2007, 2011, and 2022 (10th edition). The book is published by Summerthought Publishing of Banff, Alberta. Trail updates are supplied by the book's authors on their Canadian Rockies hiking blog.

The Trail Guide is one of the best-selling non-fiction books in Canada, often referred to as a "bible" by hikers. Its first seven editions sold more than 230,000 copies.

For the first edition, the two authors hiked 108 trails with a custom-built trail odometer, which allowed them to measure trail distances more accurately than the Parks Canada trail signs.

For each trail, the book lists:
 * the length of time normally required to complete the trail
 * the amount of elevation gain or loss, in metres and feet
 * the maximum elevation in metres and feet
 * the topographic map(s) covering the area
 * how to get to the trailhead including GPS
 * distances, in kilometres, to notable features along the way
 * detailed description

The Whyte Museum hosted a retrospective exhibit for the book's fortieth anniversary in 2011.

title: The Canadian Rockies Trail Guide


text:
Unary

Unary may refer to:
 * Unary numeral system, the simplest numeral system to represent natural numbers
 * Unary function, a function that takes one argument; in computer science, a unary operator is a subset of unary function
 * Unary operation, a kind of mathematical operator that has only one operand
 * Unary relation, a mathematical relation that has one argument
 * Unary coding, an entropy encoding that represents a number n with n − 1 ones followed by a zero

title: Unary


text:
User talk:KeithH

Hello KeithH, welcome to Wikipedia. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian. You can learn more on the how to edit page. The naming conventions and style guide pages are also useful. There is a sandbox which you can use to experiment in. If you have any questions, see the help pages or add a question to the village pump. (Text by Angela) Cheers, Kosebamse 18:40, 8 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Kosebamse, great to be part of all this! KeithH 20:06, 8 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Hi, welcome to Wikipedia. Just saw your comment at Creole language. The state seems to think that it's Hawaii, not Hawai'i : http://www.state.hi.us/. RickK 04:37, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, I went ahead and changed it (the word was spelled like that from before). But, FWIW, even within Hawaii, it's really not consistent, and there's no real consensus as to which is correct...you'll see Hawai'i (spelled with the glottal stop) as often as you'll see it spelled without.  It's been discussed at length on the Talk:Hawaii page.  But thanks for pointing it out.  KeithH 04:59, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Doing a good job on the neighborhoods of Honolulu! Keep going! - Marshman 16:52, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Hawaii Tax
Hi. Thank you for verifying that stastic, Keith. I reverted en-masse that user's contributions because I suspected him or her of submitting false or unverifiable and obscure true information to test our procedures. I hope this has not been an inconvenience for you. - Mark 11:33, 6 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Running
This article really changed the direction of my training. I recommend it. Ground 01:42, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Hawaiian royalty naming conventions
Hello, I'd like to solicit your input. I'm trying to initiative a conversation on developing naming conventions for Hawaiian royals at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Hawaii/Manual of Style and would appreciate your views on the subject. Mahalo nui loa, 青い(Aoi) 04:52, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

Aloha Flight 243
Back in January and May, you made some edits to this article which seem to have attracted some attention. Nothing wrong with you, but since it (at least) peripherally has to do with your contributions, I figured you might want to know about it. See

 * Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard#Possible plagiarism by newspaper
 * User:TenOfAllTrades/Aloha Dupe

for details.

--Calton | Talk 18:03, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

Howzit
Hey, is this Keith Higa from Punahou? Small world! :) --JereKrischel 10:10, 26 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Guilty as charged. :)  KeithH 18:51, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Diamond Head, Hawaii
One of the pictures on the Diamond Head, Hawaii article is up for nomination to become a featured picture! You can see the picture. Please add a supporting vote on its nomination page here or, more specifically,, if you feel it's worthy. Thanks for your help! Cathryn 16:03, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

Haupia
I've added the "prod" template to the article Haupia, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia, or, if you disagree with the notice, discuss the issues at Talk:Haupia. You may remove the deletion notice, and the article will not be deleted, but note that it may still be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached, or if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria. Oo7565 18:09, 24 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Point taken. I'm going to refer this to the folks at WikiProject Hawaii and see if they can add stuff on to it.  KeithH 01:46, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

Wikinews question
Aloha,

I noticed you weren't so active on Wikinews lately... you're still listed as a member of the Welcommittee... We're trying to clear that list of any inactive users, so people would ask questions to those most likely to answer quickly (see this discussion: n:Wikinews_talk:Welcommittee). If you still want to be listed, could you add your name to the NEW list on that talk page?

Thanks, --Steven Fruitsmaak (Reply) 16:33, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Bo' Selecta! "vandalism"
Hey. Just a quick message to ask exactly why my Bo' Selecta! edits where considered vandalism...I merely changed an incorrect Mel B quote on the page to one she DOES say. Do you even watch the show? 82.12.125.231 23:09, 24 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Sorry, my mistake. I put back the edits and struck out the warning.  But keep in mind that blanking your own talk page to remove warnings can be considered an attempt to circumvent counter-vandalism efforts (that's what I caught at first).  Best to address them on your talk page as well.  Thanks for checking with me.  KeithH 23:13, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

Heh, no problem, I understand you were just doing your job. Its an easy mistake to make, especially when Bo' has, most of the time, perpetually filthy quotes, incorrect or not. Oh, and about the blanking of my talk page, sorry, but I only done that because I kept on getting the "You have new messages" alert constantly flashing up, when in fact...I didn't... :/ 82.12.125.231 23:19, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

Thank you...
For reverting vandalism to my userpage! - Hdt83  |  Talk  23:33, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

Thanks for the note
I'll try to "assume good faith" from now on, I was a little upset at seeing perfectly good references deleted.

They probably should have been "reverted" rather than added back by myself by hand; in the future, how do I go about "reverting" changes, or having an editor do it, if that's required? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 216.231.50.177 (talk) 07:15, 28 March 2007 (UTC).
 * No problem. You can do it yourself; WP:REVERT gives a full description on how to do it.  Be careful when reverting when angry, though...there is the three revert rule.  Cheers, KeithH 07:20, 28 March 2007 (UTC)

Succession boxes
Thanks for undoing Quadus's revision of my use of the one to two succession boxes. He's had it in for me ever since I had the category on the movement to impeach Goerge H.W. Bush successfuly removed.--Dr who1975 18:34, 14 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, I'll let you work it out with Quadpus (or not). It doesn't much matter to me, as long as the information is factually correct.  KeithH 22:02, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

Long rice
Thank you for adding information about Hawaiian "long rice." However, you appear, as many people do, to have confused cellophane noodles (which are clear and made from mung bean starch) with rice vermicelli (which are white and made from rice). I am fairly certain that "long rice" is the latter. Can you make this change, moving the information from the cellophane noodles article to the rice vermicelli article? Thank you, Badagnani 08:08, 26 April 2007 (UTC)
 * First off, with all due respect, I was born, raised, and live in Hawaii. I've been to many first-birthday luaus and Hawaiian food places, and I'm certain that "long rice" refers to cellophane noodles.  This page has a pic of chicken long rice; notice that the noodles are transparent.  And I should also point out that our local paper wrote a story on cellophane noodles/long rice (read ref #1).  Thanks for asking, though.  KeithH 08:18, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

From the sources, apparently others have had this confusion. . Most importantly, why would anyone call it long "rice" if the noodles are not made from rice? I'd like to have your input about this. Because this confusion will need to be addressed on both the cellophane noodles and rice vermicelli noodles pages, I believe. Badagnani 08:52, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Taro question
I see you know a lot about taro and Hawaiian foods in general. I asked this question at the Poi article but didn't get a response. I expect you know the answer: "Do Native Hawaiians eat taro without mashing it first? Is poi the only traditional way Native Hawaiians eat/ate taro? Poi making is so labor intensive (using those stone pounding tools of various sizes), and taro so delicious cut into slices and steamed or boiled, or fried until golden brown, I wonder why poi seems to be the only way Hawaiians ate it." Badagnani 09:06, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Hawaiian diacritics
Don't know if you've seen this, but as a member of WikiProject Hawaii, you might want to comment on the current proposal in the Wikiproject Hawaii MOS ; User:Erudy has posted a "modest proposal" to basically eliminate all diacritics from Hawaiian articles, except for a citation at the beginning. Right now there are only 4 comments, evenly split. As far as I can tell all of those supporting it haven't contributed to Hawaiian articles, so it would be disturbing if they claimed victory when hardly anyone who is actually from or connected to Hawaii has put in their voice. KarlM 11:51, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

Coconut bar/Haupia
Hi, the photo at Haupia looks exactly like the standard Cantonese dessert dim sum item Coconut bar. Can you confirm that they are the same item? Badagnani 04:36, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

Hawaii WikiProject Newsletter - Issue I - April 2008
Aloha. The April 2008 issue of the Hawaii WikiProject newsletter has been published. To change your delivery options or unsubscribe, visit this link. Mahalo nui loa. WikiProject Hawaii 15:23, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

Hawaii WikiProject Newsletter - Issue II - May 2008
Aloha. The May 2008 issue of the Hawaii WikiProject newsletter has been published. To change your delivery options or unsubscribe, visit this link. Mahalo nui loa. WikiProject Hawaii 17:39, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

Hawaii WikiProject Newsletter - Issue III - June 2008
Aloha. The June 2008 issue of the Hawaii WikiProject newsletter has been published. To change your delivery options or unsubscribe, visit this link. Mahalo nui loa. WikiProject Hawaii 04:05, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

Kamehameha Schools
Hey. Wondered if you had read or heard of Broken Trust? The timeline in there describing the history of the trust (and the ongoing malfeasance) might be enough to start a small article on the trust itself (which I noticed redirects to Kamehameha Schools). What is your opinion on the general POV of the book (if you've read it)? Was there originally an article on the trust? Any thoughts? Protonk (talk) 02:40, 1 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I've heard of the book; never read it though. I don't think that there is a need for a separate article though, as Kamehameha Schools and Bishop Estate are one and the same. The malfeasance described in the book and the resulting turnover is summarized under Kamehameha_Schools.  You're of course free to add to it. Hope this helps.  KeithH (talk) 00:14, 2 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Ok, thanks. A portion of the book is history (how the estate got started, how it was organized, etc).  I'll put it on my to-do list.  If it looks like it will be too long, I'll start a new article on the history of the trust itself. Protonk (talk) 00:23, 2 July 2008 (UTC)

Hawaii WikiProject Newsletter - Issue IV - July 2008
Aloha. The July 2008 issue of the Hawaii WikiProject newsletter has been published. To change your delivery options or unsubscribe, visit this link. Mahalo nui loa. WikiProject Hawaii 13:06, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

Hawaii WikiProject Newsletter - Issue V - August 2008
Aloha. The August 2008 issue of the Hawaii WikiProject newsletter has been published. To change your delivery options or unsubscribe, visit this link. Mahalo nui loa. WikiProject Hawaii 13:22, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

Hawaii WikiProject Newsletter - Issue VI - September 2008
Aloha. The September 2008 issue of the Hawaii WikiProject newsletter has been published. To change your delivery options or unsubscribe, visit this link. Mahalo nui loa. WikiProject Hawaii 14:27, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

Hawaii WikiProject Newsletter - Issue VII - October 2008
Aloha. The October 2008 issue of the Hawaii WikiProject newsletter has been published. To change your delivery options or unsubscribe, visit this link. Mahalo nui loa. WikiProject Hawaii 17:17, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

Hawaii WikiProject Newsletter - Issue VIII - November 2008
Aloha. The November 2008 issue of the Hawaii WikiProject newsletter has been published. To change your delivery options or unsubscribe, visit this link. Mahalo nui loa. WikiProject Hawaii 07:00, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello KeithH! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 2 of the articles that you created  are tagged as Unreferenced Biographies of Living Persons. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to insure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. if you were to bring these articles up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the articles are adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the list:

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 * Thanks. The picture is mine. I edited the description to clarify. KeithH (talk) 23:00, 6 April 2010 (UTC)

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AfD and PROD notifications
Hi KeithH,

Back in December, you got either an AfD or PROD notification, which was part of the template testing project's experiments. If you could go here and leave us some feedback about what you think about the new versions of the templates we tested (there are links to the templates), that would be very useful. (You can also email me at mpinchuk@undefinedwikimedia.org if you want.) Thanks! Maryana (WMF) (talk) 20:46, 17 February 2012 (UTC)

Oahu Wiknic on June 23rd
Aloha! I am planning to set up an Oahu Wikinic for June 23, as described at Wiknic

My Wikipedia user name is Peaceray, I started about 15 months ago, & I have about 2,500 edits on en.wikipedia.org. I have been hankering to meet with some fellow local Wikipedians, especially since a few of us live in Kailua. To that end, I am sending email to or posting on the user Talk pages of 19 of us from the WikiProject Hawaii/Participants page who I could identify as possibly living on Oahu.

Please see Meetup/Oahu/1 & Wikipedia talk:Meetup/Oahu/1

I am open to any of the locations mentioned in the post, or other alternatives. I am like-to-operate-by-consensus type of guy, any workable location on which we could soon decide would be great!

Mahalo, Peaceray (talk) 23:11, 19 May 2012 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Customs and etiquette in Hawaii

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Hawaii edit-a-thon!
Hello. I'm interested in attempting to put together an edit-a-thon for Hawaiian cultural topics something during the Makahiki festival perhaps around the month of November. The hope is that our lackluster coverage of Hawaiian mythology could be improved with help from the Bishop Museum, Hawaii Pacific University, and the Honolulu public library. I am in the process of making initial contacts with these organizations as well as Wikimedia DC's GLAM project. If this sounds like something you might be interested in participating in, or perhaps helping to coordinate, could you please add your name to 2014 Makahiki Edit-a-thon?--v/r - TP 21:22, 9 June 2014 (UTC)

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Looking for editors to help with an Asian Pacific American edit-a-thon in Honolulu
Aloha!

Last summer I moved to the Seattle area after 14 years in Kailua on Oahu. I immediately fell in with the Cascadia Wikimedians User Group as it formed, joined its board and became its first president as well as the GLAM representative for Washington State.

Recently, Adriel Luis, Curator (Digital & Emerging Media) at the Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Center, contacted me about setting up an edit-a-thon like the previous Wikipedia APA edit-a-thon. In addition to discussing one for Seattle, he wrote:

It's awesome to learn about your past in Honolulu - I'm actually going to be there for another SmithsonianAPA project mid September, and thinking that this could be an opportunity to do an event there as well! I have lots of contacts with UH and the museums, but do you know of any contacts on the Wikimedia side out there?

As I was working two jobs while I lived on Oahu, I did not have the opportunity to meet your or any other Wikipedians at the time. Hence, the reason why I am contacting you now.

If you would like to help, please contact me through one of these methods:
 * Email me directly at [mailto:peaceray@cascadia.wiki peaceray@cascadia.wiki]
 * Use Special:EmailUser/Peaceray to email me
 * Leave a message for me on my talk page.

Mahalo,

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Discussion at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Hawaii § Campaign to upload Lāhainā photographs
You are invited to join the discussion at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Hawaii § Campaign to upload Lāhainā photographs.

title: User talk:KeithH


text:
Talk:Quince

Pronunciation of Quince
A pronunciation guide for the word would be nice. I've never heard it used in conversation, so I don't know if it's /kwins/ or /kEEns/. 65.5.3.112 19:33, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I have heard it pronounced as Kwins.

This is easily found at Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Pronunciation: 'kwin(t)s. But OED lists /kwɪns/ (note: no /t/) for both the American and British pronunciation.--ABehrens (talk) 07:54, 9 May 2010 (UTC)

Content
The reference to a cough remedy made from quince pits is interesting, but the bit about the remedy's being alcohol free and 100% natural is unneeded editorializing. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.255.22.38 (talk) 22:35, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

image is blocking text
This image [mini png map] is blocking text: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:2005pear_and_quince.PNG TemporaryOne —Preceding unsigned comment added by TemporaryOne (talk • contribs) 16:01, 3 July 2008 (UTC)

Bible
I was always told that it was really a quince and not an apple in the story about Adam and Eve, that apple was a mistranslation. There is a mention in this article about the Song of Solomon and that the reference in it may have been to a quince instead of an apple, so is it true about the story of Adam and Eve, does anyone know the Hebrew words for quince and apple and which word is really in the bible? Are apples even native to the Middle East? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.182.142.254 (talk) 22:09, 16 August 2008 (UTC)

 * As far as I know there isn't even mention of what fruit it is. It was just later assumed that it was an apple. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ericius (talk • contribs) 17:07, 7 October 2008 (UTC)

 * The Biblical Hebrew word is תפוח tappuaħ, but that doesn't occur in Genesis at all (only in Joel 1:12, Song of Songs 2:3, 2:5, 7:9, and 8:5, and Proverbs 25:11). One traditional Jewish interpretation was that the Genesis story was referring to a fig... AnonMoos (talk) 07:21, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I've heard that the fruit was probably a pomegranate. But I guess we'll never know for sure...

Please be aware of the following
http://scholar.google.com/scholar?as_q=Cydonia+oblonga+Taxonomy&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=title&as_sauthors=&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en&lr=lang_en&newwindow=1 --222.64.30.94 (talk) 07:37, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=lang_en&newwindow=1&q=allintitle%3A+Cydonia+oblonga+classification&btnG=Search --222.64.30.94 (talk) 07:37, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

I'm not sure if it is relevant http://www.springerlink.com/content/u11x82m136hm4726/ --222.64.30.94 (talk) 07:41, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

http://scholar.google.com/scholar?as_q=Cydonia+oblonga+Toxicology&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=title&as_sauthors=&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en&lr=lang_en&newwindow=1 --222.64.30.94 (talk) 07:42, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

http://scholar.google.com/scholar?as_q=Cydonia+oblonga+Toxic&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=title&as_sauthors=&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en&lr=lang_en&newwindow=1 --222.64.30.94 (talk) 07:44, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

I'm not sure if it is relevant http://www.yeskisti.net/yesKISTI/InfoSearch/ReadDB01.jsp?CNO=JAFO000044013357 --222.64.30.94 (talk) 07:47, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

The cultivar info.....
http://www.fao.org/agris/search/display.do?f=./1997/v2301/SI9610484.xml;SI9610484 --222.67.216.140 (talk) 05:07, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

and

http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&newwindow=1&q=allintitle%3A+Cydonia+oblonga+cultivars&btnG=Search --222.67.216.140 (talk) 05:08, 6 June 2009 (UTC)

A topic of ....
Salacia oblonga has been added based on the topic of Salacia (genus)--124.78.215.100 (talk) 12:08, 8 June 2009 (UTC)

Removed link
I've removed a link that was just added: The information on that page is not up to Wikipedia's standard. The most glaring problem is the picture of "flowering quince" that is some other genus entirely. Perhaps if that page improves the link could be re-added. Nadiatalent (talk) 14:20, 31 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Comprehensive Guide to Growing Quince Tree on Agriculture Guide

Why it turns red
Anyone know the chemistry? Why does quince turn red? Please no hearsay. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.244.163.200 (talk) 12:49, 7 June 2010 (UTC)

Leeks
From the article: and even combining them, unexpectedly, with leeks.

Why is this unexpected? Isn't it normal to prepare for example curry sauce with apples or mango and onions or leeks?

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.139.82.82 (talk • contribs) 11:48, 10 January 2016

→ subscription true
((U|Nihiltres}}, as always I appreciate you cleaning up after me. But tell me: why this? → subscription true.

I add to a source on purpose to indicate to the majority of readers that this unfortunately (!) is not open access. why do you make it disappear?--Wuerzele (talk) 08:05, 12 May 2016 (UTC)

English variant
Someone went through and changed the variant of english from US to British a bit ago. Just changing it back

External links modified
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title: Talk:Quince


text:
Southwark Bridge

Southwark Bridge is an arch bridge in London, for traffic linking the district of Southwark and the City across the River Thames. Besides when others are closed for temporary repairs, it has the least traffic of the Thames bridges in London.

History
A previous bridge, designed by John Rennie the Elder, opened on the site in 1819. On the 1818 Cary map of London, it was labelled as Queen Street Bridge. All subsequent maps label it as Southwark Bridge. The bridge consisted of three large cast-iron spans supported by granite piers. The bridge was notable for having the longest cast iron span, 240 ft, ever made. Unsurprisingly, it became known colloquially as "The Iron Bridge" as mentioned inter alia in Charles Dickens' "Little Dorrit". The iron spans were cast in Masbrough, Rotherham. It was a commercial tolled operation which was trying to compete with the toll free Blackfriars and London bridges nearby, but the company became bankrupt and its interests were acquired by the Bridge House Estates which then made it toll free in 1864.

A new bridge on the site was designed by Ernest George and Basil Mott. It was built by Sir William Arrol & Co. and opened on 6 June 1921.

Halfway along the bridge on the Western side is a plaque which is inscribed: Re-built by the Bridge House Estates Committee of the Corporation of London 1913-1921 Opened for traffic by their Majesties King George V and Queen Mary 6th June 1921 Sir Ernest Lamb CMG, JP Chairman Basil Mott, CB Engineer Sir Ernest George RA Architect

The bridge provides access to Upper Thames Street on the north bank and, due to the ring of steel, there is no further road access to the City and the north. The bridge is owned and maintained by Bridge House Estates, a charitable trust overseen by the City of London Corporation. The current bridge was given Grade II listed structure status in 1995.

Nearby
At the north-west side is Vintners' Court, a 1990s office block which has a classical façade of columns and pediment; this was developed on the site owned by the Worshipful Company of Vintners whose hall is behind it on Upper Thames Street.

The south end is near the Tate Modern, the Clink Prison Museum, the Globe Theatre, and the Financial Times and Ofcom buildings. Below the bridge on the south side are some old steps, which were once used by Thames watermen as a place to moor their boats and wait for customers.

Below the bridge on the south side is a pedestrian tunnel, part of the Queen's Walk Embankment, containing a frieze depicting the Thames frost fairs.

Cycle Superhighway 7 runs along the bridge.

Popular culture

 * Southwark Bridge appears in many films, including Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007).
 * The cream painted houses on the south side of the bridge, Anchor Terrace, just after the FT building, were used for the exterior shots of the shared house in This Life.
 * The 1819-1920 "Iron Bridge" is mentioned in the first sentence of "Our Mutual Friend" by Charles Dickens, and several times in his "Little Dorrit", where in Chapter 24 he identifies the toll as being one penny.
 * In the 1964 Disney film Mary Poppins, the Banks family mistakenly think that George W. Banks has committed suicide by jumping off the bridge after he is fired from his job at the bank.
 * DCI Luther and Alice Morgan meet at Southwark Bridge in the season 3 finale of the BBC crime drama Luther.
 * The bridge appears in the final scene of Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels with Tom leaning over the bridge with his cell phone in his mouth set to drop antique guns in the Thames River.

title: Southwark Bridge


text:
Thierry, Count of Flanders

Theoderic (Diederik, Thierry, Dietrich; c. 1099 – 17 January 1168), commonly known as Thierry of Alsace, was the fifteenth count of Flanders from 1128 to 1168. With a record of four campaigns in the Levant and Africa (including participation in the Second Crusade, the failed 1157–1158 siege of the Syrian city Shaizar, and the 1164 invasion of Egypt), he had a rare and distinguished record of commitment to crusading.

Countship
Theoderic was the youngest son of Duke Theoderic II of Lorraine and Gertrude, daughter of Count Robert I of Flanders. After the murder of his cousin, Charles the Good, in 1127, Theoderic claimed the County of Flanders, but another cousin, William Clito, became count instead with the support of King Louis VI of France. William's politics and attitude towards the autonomy of Flanders made him unpopular, and by the end of the year Bruges, Ghent, Lille, and Saint-Omer recognized Theoderic as a rival count. Theoderic's supporters came from the Imperial faction of Flanders.

Louis VI of France had Raymond of Martigné, the Archbishop of Reims, excommunicate Theoderic. Louis VI then besieged Lille, but was forced to retire when Henry I of England, William Clito's uncle, transferred his support to Theoderic. However, Theoderic was defeated at Axspoele and fled to Bruges. He was forced to flee Bruges as well, and went to Aalst, where he was soon under siege from William, Godfrey I of Leuven, and Louis VI. The city was about to be captured when William was found dead on 27 July 1128, leaving Theoderic as the only claimant to the seat.

Theoderic set up his government in Ghent and was recognized by all the Flemish cities as well as King Henry, who had his Flemish lords in England swear fealty to him. Theoderic himself swore homage to Louis VI after 1132, in order to gain the French king's support against Baldwin IV, Count of Hainaut, who had advanced his own claim on Flanders.

Pilgrimage and Second Crusade
In 1132, his wife, Suanhilde, died, leaving only a daughter. In 1139, he went on pilgrimage to the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, and married Sibylla of Anjou, daughter of King Fulk of Jerusalem and the widow of William Clito; a very prestigious marriage. This was the first of Theoderic's four pilgrimages to the Holy Land. While there he also led a victorious expedition against Caesarea Phillippi, and fought alongside his father-in-law in an invasion of Gilead. He soon returned to Flanders to put down a revolt in the Duchy of Lower Lotharingia, ruled at the time by Godfrey III of Leuven.

Theoderic joined the Second Crusade in 1147. He led the crossing of the Maeander River in Anatolia and fought at the Battla of Attalya in 1148, and after arriving in the crusader Kingdom he participated in the Council of Acre, where the ill-fated decision to attack Damascus was made.

Theoderic participated in the Siege of Damascus, led by his wife's half-brother Baldwin III of Jerusalem, and with the support of Baldwin, Louis VII of France, and Conrad III of Germany, he lay claim to Damascus. However, the native crusader barons preferred one of their own nobles, Guy I Brisebarre, lord of Beirut. According to William of Tyre, the resulting dispute contributed to the final failure of the siege: 'for the local barons preferred that the Damascenes should keep their city rather than to see it given to the count', and so did all they could to ensure the siege collapsed. Therefore, William continues, many contemporaries blamed Theoderic for the ultimate failure of the Second Crusade (though it is notable that William himself declines to say whether he believed Theoderic responsible).

During his absence, Baldwin IV of Hainaut invaded Flanders and pillaged Artois; Sibylla reacted strongly and had Hainaut pillaged in response. The Archbishop of Reims intervened and a treaty was signed. When Theoderic returned in 1150, he took vengeance on Baldwin IV at Bouchain, with the aid of Henry I, Count of Namur and Henry II of Leez, Bishop of Liège. In the subsequent peace negotiations, Theoderic gave his daughter Marguerite in marriage to Baldwin IV's son, the future Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut.

Return to Holy Land
In 1156, Theoderic had his eldest son married to Elizabeth of Vermandois, daughter and heiress of Raoul I of Vermandois. In 1156, he returned to the Holy Land, this time with his wife accompanying him. He participated in Baldwin III's siege of Shaizar in 1157, but the fortress remained in Muslim hands when a dispute arose between Theoderic and Raynald of Châtillon over who would possess it should it be captured. He returned to Flanders 1159 without Sibylla, who remained behind to become a nun at the convent of St. Lazarus in Bethany. Their son Philip had ruled the county in their absence, and he remained co-count after Theoderic's return. In 1164, Theoderic returned once more to the Holy Land. He accompanied King Amalric I, another half-brother of Sibylla, to Antioch and Tripoli. He returned home in 1166, and adopted a date palm as his seal, with a crown of laurels on the reverse.

Death
Thierry died on 17 January 1168 and was buried in the Abbey of Watten, between Saint-Omer and Gravelines. His rule had been moderate and peaceful; the highly developed administration of the county in later centuries first began during these years. There had also been great economic and agricultural development, and new commercial enterprises were established; Flanders' greatest territorial expansion occurred under Theoderic.

Family
Theirry's first wife, Margaret of Clermont (or Swanhilde), died in 1132, leaving only one daughter:

 * 1) Laurette of Flanders, who married four times: Iwain, Count of Aalst; Henry II, Duke of Limburg; Raoul I of Vermandois, Count of Vermandois; and Henry IV of Luxembourg. Laurette finally retired to a nunnery, where she died in 1170.

Theoderic secondly married Sibylla of Anjou, daughter of Fulk V of Anjou and Ermengarde of Maine, and former bride of William Clito. Their children were:

 * 1) Philip of Flanders (died 1191)
 * 2) Matthew of Alsace (died 1173), married Countess Marie I of Boulogne
 * 3) Margaret I of Flanders (died 1194), married Ralph II, count of Vermandois and Valois (died 1167, son of Ralph I), and then she married Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut
 * 4) Gertrude of Flanders (died 1186), married Humbert III of Savoy
 * 5) Matilda of Flanders, abbess of Fontevrault
 * 6) Peter of Flanders (died 1176), Bishop of Cambrai

title: Thierry, Count of Flanders