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Ethiopian Airlines

Ethiopian Airlines (የኢትዮጵያ አየር መንገድ), formerly Ethiopian Air Lines (EAL), is the flag carrier of Ethiopia, and is wholly owned by the country's government. EAL was founded on 21 December 1945 and commenced operations on 8 April 1946, expanding to international flights in 1951. The firm became a share company in 1965 and changed its name from Ethiopian Air Lines to Ethiopian Airlines.

The airline has been a member of the International Air Transport Association since 1959 and of the African Airlines Association (AFRAA) since 1968. Ethiopian is a Star Alliance member, having joined in December 2011. The company slogan is 'The New Spirit of Africa.' Ethiopian's hub and headquarters are at Bole International Airport in Addis Ababa, from where it serves a network of 155 passenger destinations—22 of them domestic—and 68 freighter destinations. The airline has secondary hubs in Togo and Malawi. Ethiopian Airlines is Africa's largest airline in terms of passengers carried, destinations served, fleet size, and revenue. Ethiopian Airlines is also the world's fourth-largest airline by the number of countries served.

The 1940s: early years
After the liberation of Ethiopia, Emperor Haile Selassie I asked the United States, the United Kingdom, and France to help him establish an airline as part of his modernization effort. According to the BBC News it is possible that the Emperor intended the creation of a quality national airline to help dispel impressions of Ethiopian poverty. In 1945, the Ethiopian government began negotiations with both Transcontinental Air Transport and Western Air Express (later merged into TWA). On 8 September 1945, TWA signed an agreement with the American historian and foreign affairs advisor to Ethiopia John H. Spencer to establish a commercial aviation company in Ethiopia.

The carrier, originally called Ethiopian Air Lines (EAL), was founded on 21 December 1945, with an initial investment of ETB 2,5 million, divided in 25,000 shares that were entirely held by the government. The company was financed by the Ethiopian government but managed by TWA. At the beginning, it relied upon American pilots, technicians, administrators and accountants; even its General Managers were from TWA. Minister of Works and Communications Fitawrari Tafasse Habte Mikael became EAL first president and chairman, whereas H. H. Holloway —who was American— was appointed by TWA as general manager. The board held the first meeting on 26 December 1945, with a key point of the agenda being the deposit of E£75,000 in a bank in Cairo for the acquisition of aircraft and spare parts. Shortly afterwards, the airline negotiated for landing rights with Aden, Egypt, French Somaliland, Saudi Arabia and Sudan, and five Douglas C-47s were bought; these aircraft were flown to Addis Ababa in February 1946.

The new airline's maiden flight to Nairobi carried a shipment of East African currency equivalent to US$3.7 million in February 1946, but the first revenue scheduled service was on 8 April 1946; it travelled the Addis Ababa–Asmara–Cairo route using one of five Douglas C-47 Skytrains acquired from the US Government. This route later operated on a weekly basis. The Skytrains were initially intended for military use, although Ethiopian operated them in a mixed passenger-cargo configuration. Soon afterwards, the carrier launched services to Aden and Djibouti, as well as a domestic flight to Jimma. The main five routes in the early years were Addis Ababa–Asmara, Addis Ababa–Djibouti–Aden, Addis Ababa–Khartoum, Addis Ababa–Cairo (routed via Jeddah or Khartoum) and Asmara–Khartoum.

Henry Bruce Obermiller replaced Holloway as a general manager in June 1946. In July the same year, four more Skytrains joined the fleet. New scheduled services to Sheikh Othman and Nairobi were launched in July 1946 and June 1947, respectively. In 1947, Waldon Gene Golien became the general manager, and the company started operating charter flights to Jeddah during the Hajj season. That year in February, three more Douglas C-47s were acquired to operate new international routes. A service to Mukalla was inaugurated in June 1947. In September, Port Sudan was added to the route network (it was previously a technical stop en route to Cairo), Lydda was incorporated as a scheduled destination in October and charter flights to Bombay were launched in November. Services to Lydda and Mukalla were discontinued in February and April 1948, respectively. In September, the route to Bombay became a scheduled route, with EAL flying as far as Aden, and BOAC operating the Aden–Bombay sector. The route also included stops at Mesirah Island in Oman and Karachi. For a brief period until April 1948, Mesirah Island was used as a refuelling stop; since then, services to French Somaliland and Aden started on a twice-weekly basis. EAL was allowed to fly to Aden using Sheik 'Othman Airport, located 16 km away from the city, whereas BOAC used the Khormaksar Airport facilities, just 3 mi from the city. Aden was under British rule at the time as was Sudan, and the British Empire denied EAL landing rights at Khartoum, forcing the airline to move the refuelling stop on the Aden route to Port Sudan. The carrier recorded a £40,000 profit for 1949.

The 1950s: start of long-haul routes
Services to Bombay were withdrawn in July 1950. Also this year, a US$1000000 1950 loan granted from the Ex-Im Bank enabled the carrier to incorporate Convair CV-240s, aimed at operating international routes. Two CV-240s, named "Eagle of Ethiopia" and "Haile Selassie I", entered the fleet in December 1950; starting January 1951, these aircraft were subsequently deployed on the Addis Ababa–Cairo, Addis Ababa–Nairobi, and Addis Ababa–Jeddah–Dhahran–Karachi routes, with Dhahran and Sharjah being incorporated to the route network on 20 February. In April 1952, the airline was appointed general sales agent for TWA in Kenya, Tanganyka, Uganda and Zanzibar, and by May the same year the fleet consisted of two Convair-Liner 240s and nine Douglas DC-3s or their subtypes, operating a route network that was 7000 mi long. Services to India and Sharjah were discontinued in 1953. On 14 July, a new agreement with TWA that succeeded the original one was signed. Unlike other companies, the airline's preamble stated that it was "the ultimate aim that EAL shall eventually be operated entirely by Ethiopian personnel".

A new service to Athens via Khartoum and Wadi Halfa was launched on 3 April 1954. A third Convair CV-240 ("The Spiritual Power") was purchased from Sabena in 1955 for US$560000 1955. These aircraft were equipped with rocket-assisted take-off devices. This was a common practice for a small number of airlines in the World that EAL had abandoned by April 1956. Also in 1955, Ethiopian inaugurated a self-owned maintenance facility. That year, Vic Harrell succeeded Swede Golien as general manager of the company. The carrier was in need of newer and larger aircraft, and three different aircraft types —two from the Lockheed Corporation, the Constellation and the Electra, and the Douglas DC-6— were considered for the fleet renewal programme. Two Douglas DC-6Bs were eventually ordered in 1956 for US$4 million, including spares; an option for a third machine was also taken. Another loan obtained from the Ex-Im Bank, a GB£8,5 million one dating back to 1955, was partly used to finance the two purchased aircraft.

Benghazi was briefly served between 7 November 1956 and 15 January 1957. In 1957, a third DC-6B was purchased. Likewise, that year the airline had been asked to take a Lockheed L-749 that had been given as a gift to the Emperor, who declined it. Ethiopian paid US$1.6 million for this airframe, and it was incorporated into the fleet on 4 June; the aircraft was destroyed by fire on 10 Jul in an accident in Sudan. Two Yemeni cities, Hodeida and Taiz were first served on 1 September 1957. On May 23, 1958, flights to Wadi Halfa were terminated. The incorporation of three Douglas DC-6Bs took place between May and July, and EAL started a new link between Addis Ababa and Athens, via Cairo, using these recently delivered aircraft. On 21 Jun, the route was extended both to the north and to the south so that Frankfurt and Nairobi became linked by the same corridor, operated with DC-6Bs. By this time, the Convairs were redeployed to serve domestic and regional routes. Given that radio operators were no longer required as part of flight crews, they were assigned other tasks with the airline. Swissair handled the pilot training for the DC-6B aircraft at Zürich. The suspension of fifth freedom rights between Djibouti and Aden prompted the discontinuance of the route that linked them. EAL joined the International Air Transport Association (IATA) on 1 January 1959. During the year, two Boeing 720Bs were ordered and scheduled for delivery in December 1961, two more DC-6Bs entered the fleet, services to Nairobi were suspended once more and the airline list of domestic destinations saw the incorporation of Bulchi, Dodollo, Lalibela and Masawa.

The 1960s and 1970s: the jet age
Port Sudan was removed from the list of destinations on March 1, 1960. The airline had its first fatal accident on 15 July when a DC-3 crashed en route from Bulchi to Jimma, killing the pilot. A Convair 240 was sold to Allied Stores of Israel on 18 July. On 12 August, an order with Boeing for two Boeing 720B aircraft was placed. EAL general manager had already brought the idea of acquiring two jet aircraft for long-haul operations up already in February, suggesting the Boeing 720B. The Sud SE-210 Caravelle, the de Havilland D.H.106 Comet 4 and the Boeing 720B were all taken into account. Hot and high condition of some EAL operations made the Caravelle inappropriate, whereas the Comet was considered obsolete. The first east–west link made by an African airline started on 8 November, when the Addis Ababa–Accra–Lagos–Monrovia route was launched using DC-6B equipment.

The second fatal accident took place on 5 September 1961 when another DC-3 crashed shortly after takeoff from Sendafar; a flight attendant and four passengers lost their lives in the accident. The event urged the Civil Aviation Department to investigate the accidents. It was found that the lack of infrastructure at many airfields, marginal even for DC-3 operations, was a major contribution. Landing sites at Gore, Mizan Teferi and Tippi were included in the list of airfields that would require closure. On 13 January 1962, the crew and passengers lost their lives in another accident involving a DC-3—registration ET-T-1, EAL first aircraft of the type—this time the crash taking place at Tippi while the aircraft was taking off. The event prompted the government to decide to close the airfields at both Mizan Teferi and Tippi. In March 1962, more DC-3s were acquired, and registered ET-ABE and ET-ABF. During the year, the "ET-T-" registration would change to simply "ET-". Jack B. Asire became general manager in April 1962.

It was also decided to build a new airport to replace the Lideta Airfield, which was unable to accommodate the Boeing 720 jetliner the company intended to acquire. This was the birth of Bole International Airport, where the company set its headquarters.

In December 1962, the arrival of Boeing 720s ordered directly from Boeing marked the carrier entrance into the jet age. These two aircraft were registered ET-AAG and ET-AAH and were named the "Blue Nile" and "White Nile", respectively. The first jet service took place on 15 January 1963 when one of these aircraft was deployed on the route to Nairobi. The following day, a new service to Madrid was flown using the new jet equipment, with Frankfurt joining the jet network soon afterward. On 1 April, the Boeing 720 replaced the DC-6B on the Addis Ababa–Athens route; during that month, the West African corridor also benefited from jet operations. The airline entered into a pool agreement with Aden Airways and Sudan Airways on the Khartoum–Asmara–Aden service. A new flight to Conakry was launched on 8 May 1963. Kano, which had been served since 18 March 1962, was removed from the list of destinations that day. On 30 November 1963, the airline lost another DC-3 (ET-AAT) in a test flight at Addis Ababa; the crew of suffered minor injuries. Rome was served for the first time on 5 June 1964 on a weekly basis; the flight was routed via either Khartoum or Athens as part of a pool agreement with Alitalia.

Also in the early 1960s, the carrier provided some initial aviation support to the Ethiopia-United States Mapping Mission in its operation to acquire topographic maps of Ethiopia. The firm changed from a corporation to a share company in 1965 and changed its name from Ethiopian Air Lines to Ethiopian Airlines.

By 1966, the contractual relationship with TWA was adjusted to reflect the transfer of management with the appointment of an Ethiopian deputy general manager, and Col. Semret Medhane was appointed to the post. Two Boeing 720s were in operation and a Boeing 707-320C was due to be phased in by March 1968, when the carrier ordered a second -320C.

In 1970, the fifth renewal of the original 1945 contract changed TWA's role from manager to adviser. On its 25th anniversary in 1971, the company was ready to continue without foreign assistance. Since then, Ethiopian Airlines has been managed and staffed by Ethiopian personnel. The first Ethiopian General Manager was Col. Semret Medhane, appointed in 1971. Two Boeing 720Bs were acquired from Continental Airlines in 1973. In 1975, the carrier ordered five Dash 7s. By then, Ethiopian Airlines had ended its 30-year relationship with TWA. The airline became a new customer for the Boeing 727 in 1978, ordering two. The 727s arrived in the late 1970s as a replacement for the oldest Boeing 720s.

The 1980s and 1990s
The DHC-5 Buffalo entered Ethiopian's fleet in the early 1980s. In 1982, Ethiopian became the first African carrier in ordering the Boeing 767, as well as the first airline to order the Boeing 767-200ER. On 1984-6-1, the first of these aircraft set a new distance record for a twinjet, flying 7500 mi non-stop from Washington, D.C. to Addis Ababa, on delivery to the company. The Boeing 767-200ERs came to replace the remaining Boeing 720s. ATR 42s and Twin Otters were incorporated into the fleet in the mid-1980s, with the first of six Twin Otters entering the fleet in early 1985. The Boeing 737-200 joined the fleet in late 1987.

In 1990, Ethiopian became the first passenger airline in taking delivery of the Boeing 757 Freighter, receiving the first of five Boeing 757-200s a year later. By 1996 the airline was flying to Bangkok, Beijing, Durban and Johannesburg; routes to Ivory Coast and Senegal were also being operated. Furthermore, the Fokker 50 entered the fleet to operate domestic routes; actually, Ethiopian became the last company in taking delivery of this aircraft in 1997, just after the collapse of Fokker due to financial problems. In the late 1990s the carrier saw the incorporation of Copenhagen and Maputo to its international network, as well as New York City and Washington, D.C. as transatlantic destinations; the frequent-flyer program, named "Sheba Miles" after the legendary Queen of Sheba, was launched too. In 1998, the airline disrupted their flights to the Eritrean capital Asmara after a war erupted between the two countries.

2000 – present
A fleet renewal started in the early 2000s, with the incorporation of the Boeing 737-700 and the Boeing 767-300ER; The airline discontinued its service to Newark in favour of serving Washington, D.C. in 2004. In the late 2000s the airline announced it would be the launch customer of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, and placed orders to acquire brand new Airbus A350-900s, Boeing 777-200LRs and Bombardier equipment.

In late September 2010, Ethiopian Airlines was officially invited to join Star Alliance under the mentoring of Lufthansa. The carrier became a member of the alliance in December 2011, the third Africa-based carrier in doing so—following EgyptAir and South African Airways—and the 28th member worldwide.

Management and ownership
The current CEO is Mesfin Tasew, who was appointed by the airline's board of directors on 24 March 2022. Mesfin has been working at Ethiopian Airlines since 1984. He also was the CEO of Asky Airlines, a strategic partner of Ethiopian Airlines. Before that, Tewolde GebreMariam served as the airline's Group CEO from 2011 until his resignation in March 2022. The airline, which is wholly owned by the Government of Ethiopia, has traditionally been unfettered by government intervention, even during times of significant turmoil and domestic hardship. Whereas many African state-owned airlines were and remain often poorly run, with staffings often serving nepotistic purposes, and business decisions being made on political grounds, Ethiopian Airlines remained professionally run and managed, leading The Christian Science Monitor to term it in 1988 a "capitalist success in Marxist Ethiopia".

The Derg, after expanding the airline's workforce, which had resulted in a decline in service quality and revenues, allowed the airline to be run on a "strictly commercial basis". Captain Mohammed Ahmed was appointed CEO in 1980 and slashed the workforce by 10%. The airline continued the acquisition of Western, rather than Soviet aircraft, despite the links between the communist government and the Soviet Union, purchasing the Boeing 727 in 1979 and the Boeing 767 in 1984. Despite famine, unfavorable exchange rates, and general economic disarray, the airline managed to retain its reputation, particularly in the provision of maintenance and training. The Financial Times noted that it managed to remain one of the most profitable airlines in Africa throughout the decade.

Despite the violent overthrow of the communist government by the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front in 1991, the airline managed to post a profit for the fiscal year. In 1994, 40 top executives including the general manager Capt. Zelleke Demissie were fired after they signed a letter rebuking a government report, and a new general manager from outside the industry, Dr. Ahmed Kellow, was appointed. The airline would regain operational independence when longtime company veteran Bisrat Nigatu was appointed to the top post in 1997, and remained fiscally sound, despite disruptions caused by the Eritrean-Ethiopian War.

In 2018 it was announced that the Ethiopian government would partially or wholly privatize several state-owned enterprises, amongst them Ethiopian Airlines, although it would retain a majority stake in key firms, including the airline. In October 2020, the Ministry of Finance postponed the planned privatization of the state-owned airline.

Organization
The Ethiopian government reorganized the airline as a fully owned aviation holding group in July 2017. The aim was to maximize efficiency, enhance customer service to a global standard, and ease of longterm planning. The initial group consisted of: The Ethiopian Airports Enterprise (EAE), the Passenger Airline company, Cargo Airline, and Logistics Company, Ethiopian Aviation Academy, Ethiopian In-flight Catering Services, Ethiopian MRO Services, and Ethiopian Hotel and Tourism Services. The MRO Services is the largest such operation serving the continent and the Med-Eastern region; fully accredited by FAA and EASA. The Cargo and Logistical division are expanding to increase annual capacity to 1.5 million tons. Ethiopian Aviation Academy (now upgraded to Aviation University) inaugurated a second campus for pilot training in Hawassa city in 2023.

Head office
Ethiopian Airlines currently has its head office at Bole International Airport, Addis Ababa, but intends to build a new head office facility. A contest for the design was held in 2009, but none of those plans were proceeded with. On 16 February 2011, it held a second round, and in September 2011 it was announced that BET Architect Plc won the contest. The airline stated that the estimated Br300 million complex will be constructed on a 50000 m2 plot at Bole International Airport. The company that received 4th place in the competition's second round has threatened to take legal action, accusing the airline of not giving due consideration to the proposed design.

Business trends
Performance figures for the government-owned Ethiopian Airlines are available in their Annual Reports and occasional press reports. Available recent trends are (as at year ending 30 June):

Strategic ambitions and landmarks
The airline was featured by The Economist as an example of excellence in late 1987, and economist Paul B. Henze recognized it in 2000 as being "one of the most reliable and profitable airlines in the Third World". In July 2011, Ethiopian was named Africa's most profitable airline for the year 2010 by Air Transport World, and it has also been praised by AFRAA for its sustained profitability over recent years.

As a long-term company policy, in addition to the carrier's main activities, revenues are also generated by providing aircraft maintenance to foreign airlines, and specialist training for both Ethiopian and foreign trainees. Every year, pilots and technicians graduate from both the Pilot School, inaugurated in 1964, and the Aviation Maintenance Technician School, established in 1967. The American Federal Aviation Administration accredited the airline's maintenance division with licence No. ETIY 102F.

Ethiopian Airlines started Vision 2010 in 2005, which aimed to increase passenger traffic to 3 million, revenue to US$1 billion and employees to 6,000 by 2010. By 2010, Ethiopian had exceeded all goals set in Vision 2010, and the company's net profit for the fiscal year ended 2010-6-30 was US$121.4 million. The results were attributed in part to an aggressive marketing campaign and major cost-cutting measures.

In 2010, Ethiopian adopted Vision 2025, a 15-year development strategy, under which the airline anticipated increasing its fleet to 120, the number of destinations to 90, carrying more than 18 million passengers and 720000 t of cargo, with 17,000 employees. Vision 2025 also considered a fourfold expansion of the capacity building for trainees in the airline's aviation academy. Ethiopian achieved its vision 2025 well ahead of time in 2018, with an average growth rate of 25% throughout the decade, a fleet size of 126, and 127 destinations during the 2019/2020 FY. Its net profit in the 2018/19 financial year rose to 260 million USD, while its operating revenue rose to 4 billion USD – figures unmatched by any other carrier on the continent. Tewolde GebreMariam, the then Group CEO, told The Africa Report "Some of the targets we set in 2010 to be achieved by 2025, we achieved by 2016." In 2021/22 FY, the airline posted a revenue of 5 billion USD — a 79% growth compared to the previous year and achieved a 90% growth in profit, culminating in a total of 937 million USD "despite the headwinds of worsening global economic outlook, rising fuel cost and global pandemic".

Having met its 15-year strategic plan Vision 2025 ahead of time, Ethiopian has charted out a more ambitious strategic roadmap called Vision 2035 to further bolster its continuous growth. With this new roadmap, Ethiopian plans to nearly double the fleet size from 145 to 271, and to increase from 133 to 207 international destinations. It aims to increase its passenger traffic from 14 million in 2022 to 65 million passengers in 2035. It has also planned to grow its cargo from 723,000 tons in 2022 to 3 million tons/year. The airline aims to generate 25 billion USD in revenue by the end of the roadmap as compared to 6.1 billion USD in 2022 FY. The overarching goal of Vision 2035 is to position Ethiopian Airlines among the top 20 aviation groups globally.

The airline announced in 2020, its plans to build a new 6 billion dollars mega-airport with the capacity to handle 100 million passengers a year. The new airport will be built in Bishoftu, 38 km south of Addis Ababa. Though existing Bole International Airport in Addis Ababa has undergone massive expansion in 2019, from just 7 million to a capacity of 22 million passengers per year, it is still significantly below the airline's projected capacity demands. Therefore, the new airport is needed to take the pressure off the existing airport as passenger travel grows. Addis Ababa Bole International Airport has taken the crown from Dubai International Airport, in 2018, as the gateway to and from Africa travel.

Ethiopian ordered 67 Boeing aircraft Including 737 MAX & 787 Dreamliners at the Dubai Air Show, in 2023 making it the largest-ever purchase of Boeing airplanes in African history. The order is consistent with the airlines' Vision 2035 roadmap. It has also committed to buy 11 additional Airbus A350-900s with six more purchase rights. The 737 MAX aircraft order came nearly five years after one of the airline's fatal 2019 MAX aircraft crash that led to the grounding of the global fleet. Group CEO of Ethiopian Airlines Mesfin Tasew stated; "We have renewed our confidence in that aircraft. We believe we have checked and confirmed that the design defect of that aircraft has been fully corrected by Boeing." A 2023 report from Brand Finance, a global brand valuation and strategy consultancy firm, listed Ethiopian Airlines as one of the world's top 50 most valuable and strongest airline brands ahead of Juneyao Air, Hawaiian Airlines, Jetstar and Spring Airlines. The firm named Ethiopian Airlines "the fastest-growing airline brand globally, (brand value up 79% to US$498 million)" and "Africa's largest airline brand" with Qatar Airways as its significant challenger (brand value up 23% to US$2.5 billion).

Forging strategic partnerships
Ethiopian signed in July 2013 a deal for the acquisition of 49% of the Malawian carrier. The new airline was named Malawi Airlines. The remaining 51% shareholding held by the government of Malawi and private Malawian investors. Malawi Airlines started operations in January 2014. For the operation year 2013–14, Ethiopian Airlines was ranked the most profitable airline in Africa and the 18th most profitable airline in the world with a profit of $228 million.

In January 2018, Ethiopian signed a strategic partnership agreement with the Zambian government to assist in the relaunch of Zambia Airways. The airline has a 45% stake in the airline; the rest of the shares are held by the Zambian government. This move is aimed at developing Lusaka as an aviation hub for Southern Africa and fits with the airline's multiple hub strategy outlined in its 15-year Vision 2025 strategic plan.

In February 2018, Ethiopian and its Togo-based regional airline partner ASKY Airlines formed a strategic partnership with the Guinean government to establish a startup carrier Guinea Airlines by June. This partnership is in line with the airline's 15-year Vision 2025 strategic plan to establish strategic partnerships with many African countries, enabling them to regain market share for travel. It is also in line with the recently launched African Single Air Transport Market.

Ethiopian Cargo and Logistics Services has formed a joint venture entity with DHL, DHL-Ethiopian Airlines Logistics Services S.C. in 2018. The focus of the new company will be providing ground logistics to and from airports, seaports, and the rapidly expanding industrial parks of the region. The company is based in Ethiopia and carries out business all over Africa. The company has opened a container freight station, an 800 sqm facility at Modjo Dry Port, close to the capital, Addis Ababa. Ethiopian Cargo, the largest air cargo service provider in Africa, is building Africa's largest and first of its kind e-commerce hub at $50 million cost at its facility in Addis Ababa Bole International Airport. Upon completion, the e-commerce hub will be equipped with an automated sortation system and electronic transport vehicles (ETV) to handle up to 23 million parcels per annum (150,000 tons per year) of shipments ranging from small parcels to boxes, skids, and built-up units. The airline has also partnered with postal firm MailAmericas, a Latin American company, to develop cross-border e-commerce services within Africa and the Middle East using Addis Ababa as a hub. The tie-up will see Ethiopian Airlines offer MailAmericas its air transport services for carrying goods across its network. As part of the partnership, Ethiopian Airlines will gain access to all bilateral agreements and private networks of MailAmericas, enabling it to offer services to customers in Africa, Latin America, Europe, the Middle East, and other parts of the world.

The business growth continued with an announcement, in April 2018, of a planned aerospace manufacturing facility. There is a small existing unit, under Ethiopian MRO Services, that manufactures wire harnesses for Boeing. The new division, a joint venture with Aerosud of South Africa, will be capable of designing, and manufacturing, aircraft parts for plane makers. Negotiations are underway with Boeing, Honeywell, Airbus, and Bombardier Aerospace among others in search of clients. Accreditation will be sought from the FAA and EASA. The needed human resources will be groomed from the local technical schools and higher learning institutions. In July 2018, Ethiopian Airlines signed an agreement with German ACM Aerospace to set up a facility that will manufacture and supply aircraft seat covers, safety belts, carpets, and other interior parts. In 2023, The airline has signed a deal with the Ethiopian Investment Commission (EIC) and the Ethiopian Industrial Parks Development Corporation (IPDC) to build a new hangar in Addis Ababa for aircraft parts manufacturing through a joint venture with Boeing. The facility will be used to manufacture aerospace parts, including aircraft thermo-acoustic insulation blankets, electrical wire harnesses, and other parts. Ethiopian airlines had inaugurated a manufacturing facility in Addis Ababa in September 2022, to produce insulation blankets for Boeing 737 MAX aircraft in a joint venture with Italy's Geven-SkyTecno. Ethiopian Airlines holds 51% and SkyTecno 49% of the new Joint venture company called "Ethiopian Sky Technologies" which intends to make the aerospace manufacturing company one of the key strategic business units of the airline alongside Ethiopian International flights, Ethiopian Express (domestic), Ethiopian Cargo and Logistics services, Ethiopian MRO, Ethiopian Aviation University, Ethiopian In-flight Catering, Ethiopian Skylight Hotel, Ethiopian airports, and Ethiopian Ground Services.

In 2021, the Ethiopian MRO facility in collaboration with Israel Aerospace Industries established a Passenger to Freighter Conversion Site for Boeing 767-300 Aircraft. The conversion site is to provide solutions in the field of converting passenger aircraft to cargo configuration, aircraft maintenance, and overhaul, staff training and guidance, as well as assistance in acquiring certification and licenses. The site, the largest and the first of its kind in the continent, completed its Boeing B767 freighter conversion in 2022, the first of the airline's three similar aircraft due to be converted. After the start of the Covid pandemic, Ethiopian temporarily converted around 25 of its widebody passenger aircraft into freighters using its in-house MRO capability. The initiative boosted its cargo operations and enabled it to transport around 1bn doses of the COVID-19 vaccine worldwide.

Ethiopian Airlines launched a Mozambican subsidiary, Ethiopian Mozambique Airlines, in December 2018. The carrier competed with LAM Mozambique Airlines and Fastjet in the country's domestic market. However, in May 2021, Ethiopian Mozambique Airlines ceased operations indefinitely citing as reason a drastic drop in domestic travel demand due to COVID-19 pandemic.

In January 2021, Ethiopian Airlines signed an interline agreement with South African carriers CemAir and Airlink to allow passengers to travel with a single ticket and lower fare tickets between points within the carriers' networks.

Destinations
, the carrier served 133 international, 22 domestic passenger destinations, and 68 cargo destinations. Ethiopian serves 63 destinations in Africa, more than any other airline. , the carrier's five densest routes were Addis Ababa–Dubai, Addis Ababa–Johannesburg, Addis Ababa–Guangzhou, Addis Ababa–Nairobi and Addis Ababa–Beijing.

In late April 2012, the airline said it planned to start serving the Latin American market but no firm dates were disclosed. In August that year, Abuja, Accra, Douala, Dubai, Entebbe, Frankfurt, Johannesburg, Harare, Kilimanjaro, Lagos, Lomé, London, Luanda, Lusaka, Malabo, Maputo, Mombasa, Mumbai, Nairobi and Rome would be served on a rotational basis with the first Boeing 787 Dreamliner, and that upon delivery of the second aircraft of the type these would be assigned on fixed scheduled routes.

In February 2013, unofficial reports disclosed the carrier plans to launch new services to Ho Chi Minh City, Manila and Seoul starting in June the same year, as well as the company's intention to start flying the 9899 nmi São Paulo–Lomé–Addis Ababa–Guangzhou run in July 2013. In June 2013, unofficial sources reported that the launch of flights to both Ho Chi Minh City and Manila were cancelled, and that they will be replaced with a flight to Singapore starting in September 2013; as announced, flights to Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo commenced in July the same year. Flights to Singapore were launched in December 2013. A new link to Shanghai was launched in March 2014, while new services to Vienna started in June 2014 and to Doha in December the same year.

Tokyo-Narita was added on 20 April 2015. Other new destinations are Los Angeles (the carrier point to be served in the Americas) and Dublin. A new service to Manila was launched in July 2015. The Addis Ababa–Lomé–Newark run commenced on 3 July 2016.

Buenos Aires became the second stop for the airline in the continent starting on 8 March 2018 as an addition to the existing Addis Ababa-São Paulo run. The list of cargo destinations has grown with the recent addition of: Los Angeles, Mexico City, and three additional cities in Africa. The daily uplift now stands at 650 tons. The plan, by 2025, is to grow the service points to 57 with a fleet of 18 aircraft, having the capacity to uplift 1.5 million tons annually.

Nosy-Be became the second stop, after Antananarivo, in Madagascar starting on 27 March 2018. The thrice-weekly service will be an outbound extension of the existing connection to the Comoros with a direct return to Addis Ababa. On the same day Kisangani and Mbuji Mayi, in the DRC, joined the Ethiopian network; bringing the total points served in Africa to 58.

As part of normalising relations between Ethiopia and Eritrea, the carrier restored service to the latter's capital Asmara on 18 July 2018.

Alliances
In October 2007, Ethiopian Airlines' frequent flyer programme ShebaMiles and Lufthansa's Miles & More entered into partnership, allowing members of each programme to earn and spend miles on both airlines' networks. In July 2008, the carrier entered a strategic partnership with Lomé-based start-up airline ASKY Airlines, in which Ethiopian holds a 40% stake. Ethiopian Airlines is responsible for aircraft maintenance and operational management. The plan is to turn Lomé into Ethiopian Airline's regional hub for the West African market. ASKY started operations in January 2010 and became profitable after a few months. Ethiopian officially joined Star Alliance in December 2011.

Codeshare agreements
Ethiopian Airlines has codeshare agreements with the following airlines:

 * Aegean Airlines
 * Air Canada
 * Air China
 * Air Côte d'Ivoire
 * Air Europa
 * Air India
 * All Nippon Airways
 * Asiana Airlines
 * ASKY Airlines
 * Austrian Airlines
 * Azul
 * EgyptAir
 * El Al
 * Flynas
 * ITA Airways
 * Kuwait Airways
 * LAM Mozambique Airlines
 * Lufthansa
 * Malawi Airlines
 * Malaysia Airlines
 * Oman Air
 * RwandAir
 * Saudia
 * Scandinavian Airlines
 * Shenzhen Airlines
 * Singapore Airlines
 * South African Airways
 * SriLankan Airlines
 * TAP Air Portugal
 * Turkish Airlines
 * United Airlines

Recent developments
In February 2005, Ethiopian Airlines signed a preliminary agreement to buy up to ten Boeing 787 Dreamliners (five firm orders plus five options), becoming the first African carrier to order 787s. On 31 May 2005, Boeing announced that Ethiopian had exercised its purchase rights and confirmed a firm order for ten aircraft. The carrier was the first African airline to order and to operate the Boeing 777-200LR. and took possession of its first (the 900th delivered 777 model) in November 2010. Ethiopian Airlines was also the first African airline to begin operating the Airbus A350 aircraft in 2016. On 14 November 2023 at the Dubai Airshow, Ethiopian Airlines ordered 31 Boeing aircraft, including 20 737 MAXs and 11 787-9s. On 15 November 2023 at the Dubai Airshow, Ethiopian Airlines ordered 11 more Airbus A350s to its fleet, expanding its current order for this type to 33 aircraft. On 5 March 2024, Ethiopian Airlines and Boeing announced an agreement for the purchase of eight 777-9 passenger aircraft, with the option for an additional 12. The agreement secures its position as the launch customer for the Boeing 777X in Africa. Overall, Ethiopian's combined aircraft fleet, made up of its several high-value models, is valued at $5.25 billion as of 2023. That makes Ethiopian comprise about 32% of Africa's total fleet value.

Services
Cloud Nine and Economy Class are the two classes available on most of Ethiopian Airlines' flights, but not on all-economy-layout Dash 8s.

Food and drinks
On all flights, passengers are provided with food and complimentary beverages onboard, in both classes. The food service consists of hot meals, hot or cold snacks, or light refreshments, depending on the length of the flight and the time of the day. The choice of acquiring special drinks at an extra cost is available too. The airline also offers assorted menus for passengers having special meal requirements.

Cloud Nine
Ethiopian Airlines' business class is named Cloud Nine. Passengers travelling in this class are provided with onboard amenities and a wide variety of reading material. On routes operated with Boeing 777-200LR equipment passengers are provided with sleeper seats and on-demand audio and video services, with 85 channels on 15.4 inch IFE screens.

Economy Class
A variety of meals —ranging from light snacks to hot dishes— and amenities are provided to passengers flying on this class, both depending upon the length of the flight. Reclining seats and on-demand audio and video, with 80 channels and 8.9-inched screens, are available on Boeing 777-200LR services.

Lounges
Ethiopian Airlines passengers are offered two lounges at Bole International Airport. Cloud Nine passengers can wait for the departure of flights at the Cloud Nine Lounge, where they are provided with a wide variety of amenities, as well as personal computers or wireless connection. Likewise, ShebaMiles cardholders with Gold or Silver status can make use of the Sheba Miles Lounge facilities. Customer service agents are available at both lounges in order to assist passengers with any query regarding their flights.

Accidents and incidents
According to the Aviation Safety Network records for Ethiopian Airlines, the airline has had 61 accidents and incidents since 1965, plus six more for Ethiopian Air Lines, the airline's former name. , these occurrences resulted in 494 deaths. On 10 March 2019, Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302, a 4-month-old Boeing 737 MAX 8 crashed shortly after takeoff from Addis Ababa en route to Nairobi, killing all 157 people on board from more than 30 different nations. Prior to the 2019 accident, a hijacking was the carrier's deadliest accident, when an aircraft crashed into the Indian Ocean due to fuel starvation in 1996. The third-deadliest accident occurred in 2010, when an aircraft crashed into the Mediterranean Sea shortly after it departed Beirut–Rafic Hariri International Airport, killing all 90 people on board. The crash of a Boeing 737-200 in 1988 led to 35 fatalities and is the fourth deadliest accident experienced by the company.

Ethnic profiling allegations
In November and December 2020, Ethiopian Airlines was accused of banning or placing on leave those who are ethnic Tigrayans a minority, in relation to the Tigray War. The company denied the allegation, stating no employee was "suspended or terminated due to their ethnic background". A December 2020 article in The New York Times claimed the airlines' CEO, Tewolde Gebremariam, who is of Tigrayan origin, was also banned from leaving Ethiopia after the Tigray War started. Tewolde has been seen and interviewed at international events in October 2021.

CNN allegations of military activities
A CNN investigation alleged that cargo aircraft belonging to the airline transported weapons to airports in Eritrea during the Tigray War. The airline billed Ethiopia's Ministry of Defense at least six times in November 2020. The article's reporter claimed that using civil aircraft to "smuggle" military weapons violates international aviation law. However, CNN aviation analyst Mary Schiavo explained in a subsequent interview that it is not a violation of international law for commercial airlines to provide cargo services to governments in times of war. Ethiopian Airlines denied transporting weapons for the war and stated the goods transported were "food stuff and refill". On 7 October 2021, a since-deleted post on Ethiopian Airlines' Facebook page quoted the CEO as saying the airline had started an investigation of "treasonous" employees and that the airline "will continue fulfilling demands of the government. The airline later stated that the Facebook account was temporarily compromised and the posted statement was fake.

Government possible involvement regarding China-Airline stake
Recently, Girma Wake, the airlines's current chairman and former CEO of the airlines: has resigned, and has been replaced by current Ethiopian Airforce Marshal Yilma Merdassa. This has been speculated that Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed replaced such a key airline figure because Mr. Wake denied the PM's purpose to sell the airline's cargo department to China. The matter is still ongoing, and other details can be unravelled. When asked regarding the replacement of civilian board chairman by a military officer, the Ethiopian GCEO said "that would not change how the airline conducts its business. Ethiopian Airlines executive management is intact, We don't anticipate any change. The new chairman will not alter that. We'll work with him; he's a pilot, and he knows about aviation, but from the military side. We don't expect the Air Force chief to intervene or interfere in our day-to-day management."

title: Ethiopian Airlines


text:
FUDOFSI

FUDOFSI (Fédération Universelle des Ordres, Fraternités et Sociétés Initiatiques), headed by Constant Chevillon (1880–1944), was a federation of independent esoteric orders similar to FUDOSI, but strongly opposed to the other group.

History
FUDOFSI was established in defense of the Orders of Lyon and other societies that were not involved with FUDOSI. FUDOFSI was strongly opposed to FUDOSI, Harvey Spencer Lewis and his organisation Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis (AMORC). Very little information is known about FUDOFSI since neither the organisation or its leader survived the Second World War (in 1944, Constant Chevillon, the head of FUDOFSI, was murdered by the Gestapo).

First meeting
The first meeting of FUDOFSI took place in Paris in February 1939.

List of people present:
 * Constant Chevillon
 * Reuben Swinburne Clymer
 * Count Jean de Czarnomsky
 * Henri Dubois
 * Henri-Charles Dupont
 * Andre Fayolle
 * Raoul Fructus (former member of the FUDOSI)
 * Camille Savoir
 * Alfred I. Sharp

Hans Rudolf Hilfiker-Dunn and Arnoldo Krumm-Heller joined FUDOFSI later.

Organisations represented in the first convention of 1939

 * Ancient and Primitive Rite of Memphis-Misraïm
 * Brotherhood of the Illumined Brethren of the Rose-Croix
 * Eglise Gnostique Universelle
 * Fraternitas Rosae Crucis
 * Fraternitas Rosicruciana Antiqua
 * Order of Knight Masons Elus Cohen of the Universe
 * Ordre de Saint Graal
 * Ordre Kabbalistique De La Rose Croix
 * Ordre Martiniste-Martineziste de Lyon
 * Rite Ecossais Rectifie

Dissolution
FUDOFSI ceased to exist at some point during World War II. However, in 1947 some of its members contacted each other and tried to establish a new organisation. Hans-Rudolf Hilfiker and R. Swinburne Clymer (1878–1966) tried to create a Worldwide Alliance of Rosicrucian Orders. In Rio de Janeiro, Clymer successfully merged his organisation with Krumm-Heller's. Hilfiker and Clymer had a meeting on May 7, 1947 and also on June 5, 1948, in Zürich, Switzerland at the hotel Baur au Lac. The Fraternitas Rosae Crucis official biography of Emerson Myron Clymer, son of R. S. Clymer, describes him as Supreme Grand Master of FUDOFSI after his father's death, so it is possible that the Fraternitas Rosae Crucis considers FUDOFSI to have survived later.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: FUDOFSI


text:
User:Thdenney

My articles
Ethiopian Airlines December 9, 2003. Created to fill in wanted articles gap.

title: User:Thdenney


text:
Talk:Timon & Pumbaa (TV series)

Untitled
Dear Administrators:

Please Tune Your TV To Toon Disney In The US and Family Channel In Canada, if there is any episode or character I did miss, add it.

Sincerely, Jack Zhang

Text here:

Those large pictures are really excessive, aren't they? And what is their copyright status? RickK 05:11, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

There Are Possibly 2 More Episodes in Season 2 (The Unrevealed Season), If You Find The Two, Place Their Names In Alphabetical Order Below and I Will Add The Episodes To The Guide Jack Zhang 06:53PM, 15 Dec (LST)

Episodes Here:

DVD
In what country is there a DVD? I know there's no DVD in the US and I can't find mention of one in various European Amazon.coms. This article makes reference to it, but as far as I've ever been able to find there is just the hanful of VHS releases, and those didn't contain more than a handful of episodes total. JRP 14:52, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

It's just waiting to be created, perhaps maybe after The Lion King II: Simba's Pride Special Edition is released. after that, they might consider it. --Jack Zhang 04:46, Jul 31, 2004 (UTC)

Timon and pumbaa still airs
Timon and Pumbaa is still airing on toon disney,I've personally seen it.

 * Not for long. Today is the last airing for Timon and Pumbaa. It won't be seen on Disney XD. User:BuddyBoy600

Petition for DVD release of this show now up
Hopefully you'll be kind enough to have this here, if not, then suggest places on the web where I could make this public. Jack Zhang 21:18, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

Timon & Pumbaa = Ren & Stimpy
Timon & Pumbaa are very similar to Ren & Stimpy:

 * Timon and Ren's main colors are light-brown.
 * Pumbaa and Stimpy's main colors are red.
 * Timon & Ren occasionally make fun of people around them. I.e.: Ren: "You eediot!" Timon: "You mook!"

I bring more soon. --Plainnym 18:46, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

Meaning Of Name
Is anyone sure that his name means "careless?" I was sure it was "simpleton." -WarthogDemon 20:45, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

Hakuna Mattata?
I thought this series was named 'Hakuna Mattata', or a series involving Puumba, Timone and Simba during their time together!

I cam remember seeing a series titled Hakuna Mattata featuring Simba, Timone, and Puumba and it sure wasn't the lion king movie!

Is this 'Hakuna Mattata series' real, or is it a five minuet short?

This Show Is Canon In The Lion King. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.167.60.7 (talk) 02:53, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

The Fart Song
Sorry to use such a ...direct... phrase here, but I've been searching high and low for some kind of authoritative answer, and words like these tend to attract less than desirable context. I ran across the above-named song a few years ago, and it seems like it's been floating around since long before that. The song starts out with the prerequisite flatulence gag, after which Timon and Pumbaa exchange a singing dialog describing, in part, what drove them to hang out together, to the tune most people probably refer to as the Mexican Hat Dance.

When I first ran across it, I tried in vain to find an authoritative answer indicating the source of the song, but came up with next to nothing. There was a vague claim by one site, saying that it was an unreleased track made by Nathan Lane and Ernie Sabella while "off the set". I restarted my search a couple of days ago, and after a couple of solid hours digging, I have come up with even less relevant info than before. The best lead I've found actually came from a neighbor's 13 year old daughter, who claims it to be from the "Timon and Pumbaa" TV series, hence the reason I post this question here. She could not name an episode nor an official song title.

So, is this a spoof/joke track by some random fan of the franchise, some odd unreleased track by the two actors, or something else entirely? Maybe something from one of the video games or an audio book? Vanessaezekowitz (talk) 09:17, 31 October 2008 (UTC)

Vanessa: I think that song comes from the episode "Once Upon a Timon", which tells the story of how Timon and Pumbaa first met. 96.248.229.128 (talk) 20:00, 5 June 2010 (UTC)

Rerun cancellation announcement video
This video is an announcement for the rerun cancellation. I made it myself.  L D E J R u f f  ( see what I've contributed ) 17:58, 12 February 2009 (EDT)

Oprean and Rinda?
There are two lion characters named Oprean and Rinda in the character section of the Timon and Pumbaa TV series page. I've never heard of those two characters, and a web search I did on them only revealed variations on their descriptions on this page and unanswered questions about what episode they appeared in. Since this matter has puzzled me a bit, I might as well ask the same thing: Which Timon and Pumbaa episode(s) featured these two characters?

96.248.229.128 (talk) 10:08, 4 June 2010 (UTC)

Voice of Timon
So, Timon is "voiced in early episodes by Nathan Lane, then by Kevin Schon and/or Quinton Flynn". Does anyone know which episodes have each one of these three voice actors? --Newblackwhite (talk) 15:17, 19 October 2013 (UTC)

Unsourced Stuff
I've repeatedly tried to remove a bunch of unsourced stuff, yet I'm getting faced with the prospect of being banned? If there's sources for it, it's fine, but for now, it just needs to be removed. There were a few other things (the use of the word "guy", some factual errors) that needed to be removed, yet I'm getting it shoved in my face that it's wrong. Please explain why! 98.247.228.61 (talk) 17:16, 7 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Do you deny that you changed that the fact that the series take place during the original film when actually took place after the original film? — FilmandTVFan28 (talk) 00:13, 8 January 2015 (UTC)

Does it? Scar is alive in the series. 98.247.228.61 (talk) 02:17, 8 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes it does. — FilmandTVFan28 (talk) 02:35, 8 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Not only that, you also changed the fact that this show had five seasons when it actually had three seasons. — FilmandTVFan28 (talk) 21:25, 7 February 2015 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:22, 15 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Timon & Pumbaa logo.png

Requested move

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Consensus is that COMMONNAME applies. (non-admin closure)  Bait30   Talk 2 me pls? 20:39, 24 February 2024 (UTC)

Timon & Pumbaa (TV series) → The Lion King’s Timon & Pumbaa – I believe the show should be referred to by its full name The Lion King’s Timon & Pumbaa, as opposed to simply Timon & Pumbaa, which is just the shortened form of the title. Thoughts? Rmidy1993 (talk) 17:28, 17 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose I don't think the move is necessary. The mostly commonly used name (WP:COMMONNAME) to refer to the series is the short form Timon & Pumbaa, what the series is most known as. The full name is in the article intro, but the article title should stay as is. Geraldo Perez (talk) 17:22, 17 February 2024 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:Timon & Pumbaa (TV series)


text:
Criminal code

A criminal code or penal code is a document that compiles all, or a significant amount of, a particular jurisdiction's criminal law. Typically a criminal code will contain offences that are recognised in the jurisdiction, penalties that might be imposed for these offences, and some general provisions (such as definitions and prohibitions on retroactive prosecution).

Criminal codes are relatively common in civil law jurisdictions, which tend to build legal systems around codes and principles which are relatively abstract and apply them on a case-by-case basis. Conversely they are not as common in common law jurisdictions.

The proposed introduction of a criminal code in England and Wales was a significant project of the Law Commission from 1968 to 2008. Due to the strong tradition of legal precedent in the jurisdiction and consequently the large number of binding legal judgements and ambiguous 'common law offences', as well as the often inconsistent nature of English law, the creation of a satisfactory code became very difficult. The project was officially abandoned in 2008 although as of 2009 it has been revived.

A statutory Criminal Law Codification Advisory Committee for Irish criminal law met from 2007 to 2010 and its Draft Criminal Code and Commentary was published in 2011.

In the United States, a Model Penal Code exists which is not itself law but which provides the basis for the criminal law of many states. Individual states often choose to make use of criminal codes which are often based, to a varying extent, on the model code. Title 18 of the United States Code is the criminal code for federal crimes. However, Title 18 does not contain many of the general provisions concerning criminal law that are found in the criminal codes of many so-called "civil law" countries.

Criminal codes are generally supported for their introduction of consistency to legal systems and for making the criminal law more accessible to laypeople. A code may help avoid a chilling effect where legislation and case law appears to be either inaccessible or beyond comprehension to non-lawyers. Alternatively critics have argued that codes are too rigid and that they fail to provide enough flexibility for the law to be effective.

Jurisdictions of many countries, such as Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, India, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Kingdom and the United States, use different penal codes.

By country

 * 🇩🇿 Criminal Code of Algeria
 * 🇦🇷 Penal Code of Argentina
 * 🇦🇺 Australian criminal codes
 * 🇦🇹 Criminal Code of Austria
 * 🇧🇾 Criminal Code of Belarus
 * 🇧🇷 Penal Code of Brazil
 * British Virgin Islands Criminal Code
 * 🇨🇦 Criminal Code (Canada)
 * 🇨🇱 Criminal Code of Chile
 * 🇨🇳 Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China (zh)
 * 🇨🇿 Criminal Code of the Czech Republic (2009)
 * 🇩🇰 Danish Penal Code (Denmark)
 * 🇪🇬 Egyptian Penal Code
 * 🏴 English Criminal Code, a draft has existed since 1989 but, though debated since 1818, has never been enacted
 * 🇫🇮 Criminal Code of Finland
 * 🇫🇷 French Penal Code
 * 🇩🇪 German Criminal Code
 * 🇭🇺 Hungarian Penal Code in English, status of 18 August 2005 ; Operative Hungarian Penal Code
 * 🇮🇸 General Penal Code (Iceland)
 * 🇮🇳 Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (Indian Justice Code)
 * 🇮🇩 Indonesian Criminal Code (Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana)(Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana)
 * 🇮🇱 Israeli Penal Law, 5737-1977
 * 🇮🇷 Iranian Criminal Code
 * 🇮🇶 Iraqi Penal Code
 * 🇮🇹 Italian Penal Code
 * 🇯🇵 Penal Code of Japan
 * Penal Code of Macau
 * 🇲🇾 Penal Code (Malaysia), enacted in 1936.
 * 🇲🇻 Maldives Penal Code, enacted in 1968. Revised on 16 July 2015.
 * 🇲🇹 Criminal Code of Malta, enacted in 1854.
 * 🇲🇽 Mexican Penal Code, enacted on August 14, 1931.
 * 🇲🇲 Myanmar Penal Code, enacted on 1 May 1861
 * 🇳🇵 General Code of Nepal
 * 🇳🇱 Penal Code of the Netherlands (Wetboek van Strafrecht)
 * 🇳🇿 New Zealand Crimes Act 1961
 * 🇳🇬 Nigerian Criminal Code
 * 🇳🇴 Norwegian Criminal Code
 * 🇵🇰 Pakistan Penal Code
 * 🇵🇭 Revised Penal Code of the Philippines
 * 🇵🇱 Polish Penal Code
 * 🇵🇹 Penal Code of Portugal
 * 🇷🇴 Penal Code of Romania
 * 🇷🇺 Criminal Code of Russia
 * 🇸🇦 Criminal Code of Saudi Arabia
 * 🇰🇷 Penal Code of South Korea
 * 🇱🇰 Penal Code of Sri Lanka
 * 🇸🇬 Penal Code of Singapore
 * 🇿🇦 Penal Code of South Africa
 * 🇪🇸 Spanish Criminal Code, enacted for the first time in 1822. Current version dates back to 1995.
 * 🇨🇭 Swiss Criminal Code
 * Syrian Penal Code
 * 🇹🇭 Criminal Code of Thailand
 * 🇹🇷 Turkish Penal Code (also see its articles 301 and 312)
 * 🇺🇦 Criminal Code of Ukraine
 * 🇺🇸 Title 18 of the United States Code
 * 🇺🇸 Model Penal Code by the American Law Institute
 * 🇺🇸 List of U.S. state statutory codes
 * Vietnamese Penal Code, first enacted in 1985

title: Criminal code


text:
Fontanelle (album)

Fontanelle is the second studio album by the American punk rock band Babes in Toyland, released on August 11, 1992, by Reprise Records. It was the band's first release on a major label, and their first recording to feature Maureen Herman on bass.

Recording
After extensive touring throughout 1991, the band entered the studio to record their major label follow-up to their debut album, Spanking Machine. Bassist Michelle Leon left the group in December 1991, shortly before the recording of Fontanelle began, due to the murder of Joe Cole, her then boyfriend. Maureen Herman was recruited as her replacement.

The album was co-produced by frontwoman and guitarist Kat Bjelland with Lee Ranaldo of Sonic Youth heading production. Brian Paulson was also studio engineer and the final product was mixed by Dave Ogilvie. The cover photo — an image of a naked doll held up in front of a mirror — was taken for the album by photographer Cindy Sherman.

The band has explained the album's name as referring to the soft spot on the top of a baby's skull, as well as to a little fountain used by fairies. It is also the name of a magician consulted by Gilles de Rais, the real-life murderer who inspired the fairy tale "Bluebeard".

The process of recording the album is described in the book Babes in Toyland: The Making and Selling of a Rock and Roll Band, by Neal Karlen. Recording took place at Pachyderm Studio in Cannon Falls, Minnesota, and at Sorcerer Sound Recording Studios in New York City.

Reception
Fontanelle is Babes in Toyland's most critically and commercially successful album, selling 220,000 copies approximately in the United States alone. Reviews of the album were very positive, with Steve Huey from AllMusic noting: "Measured by any standard, Fontanelle is a frighteningly primal record, one whose sheer ferocity Babes in Toyland never quite captured this convincingly anywhere else."

The album's success also prompted them to tour more and were eventually offered a place on the Lollapalooza tour in 1993, playing alongside such acts as Tool, Primus, Alice in Chains, Dinosaur Jr. and Rage Against the Machine. During dates at Lollapalooza, the band released their third and final EP, Painkillers, in June 1993, which consisted of a re-recording of one of their most notable songs "He's My Thing", and outtakes from Fontanelle.

Personnel
All personnel credits adapted from the album's liner notes.

 * Babes in Toyland
 * Kat Bjelland – vocals, guitar
 * Maureen Herman - bass
 * Lori Barbero – drums, vocals (6)

 * Technical personnel
 * Lee Ranaldo – producer, engineer
 * Kat Bjelland – producer
 * Brian Paulson – engineer
 * John Armstrong – assistant engineer
 * John Azelvandre – assistant engineer
 * Eric S. Anderson – assistant engineer
 * Howie Weinberg – mastering
 * Dave Ogilvie – mixing

 * Design personnel
 * Tom Recchion – art direction, design
 * Cindy Sherman – photography (front cover)
 * Michael Lavine – photography (inlay)
 * Fredrik Nilsen – photography (inlay)

title: Fontanelle (album)


text:
USS Lexington (1776)

The first USS Lexington of the Thirteen Colonies was a brig purchased in 1776. The Lexington was an 86-foot two-mast wartime sailing ship for the fledgling Continental Navy of the Colonists during the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783).

History
Originally named the Wild Duck, Abraham van Bibber purchased her for the Maryland Committee of Safety, at St. Eustatius in the Dutch West Indies in February 1776. She soon got underway for the Delaware Capes and reached Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 9 March with a cargo of sorely needed gunpowder for the patriot forces. Four days later the Marine Committee purchased Wild Duck, renamed her Lexington after the Battle of Lexington (the first battle of the war), and turned her over to Wharton and Humphry for fitting out.

Commanded by Capt. John Barry, Lexington dropped down the Delaware River 26 March and slipped through the British blockade 6 April. The following day she fell in with British sloop Edward, a tender to the frigate HMS Liverpool (1758). After a fierce fight which lasted about an hour Edward struck her colors. Lexington took her prize into Philadelphia and as soon as the ship was back in fighting trim, Barry put to sea again. On 26 April Lexington encountered Sir Peter Parker's fleet sailing to attack Charleston, South Carolina. Two of the British ships gave chase on 5 May off the Delaware Capes. HMS Roebuck and HMS Liverpool (1758) chased Lexington for eight hours and came close enough to exchange fire with the American ship before Barry managed to elude his pursuers and reach Philadelphia safely.

Lexington and USS Reprisal (1776) dropped down the Delaware to Cape May on the 20th, there joining USS Wasp (1775) and USS Hornet (1775). Liverpool stood off the Delaware Capes preventing the American ships from escaping to sea. On 28 June Pennsylvania's brig Nancy arrived in the area with 386 barrels of powder in her hold and ran aground while attempting to elude British blockader Kingfisher. Barry ordered the precious powder rowed ashore during the night leaving only 100 barrels in Nancy at dawn. A delayed action fuse was left inside the brig, which exploded the powder just as a boatload of British seamen boarded Nancy. This engagement became known as the Battle of Turtle Gut Inlet.

On 10 July Lexington slipped to sea. On the 27th she captured Lady Susan, a ship of Lord Dunmore's Tory Fleet which operated out of the Chesapeake Bay. This privateer was commanded by William Goodrich, a member of the notorious Tory family which had plagued the shipping of Virginia and Maryland. (Richard Dale, one of seven members of the Lady Susan crew who signed on Lexington, later won fame under John Paul Jones.) Early in September, Lexington took another sloop, Betsy. About a fortnight later lightning struck Lexington forcing the brigantine home for repairs. Lexington anchored off Philadelphia 26 September, and two days later Barry relinquished command.

With repairs completed, Lexington, Capt. William Hallock in command, got underway for Cape Francois to obtain military cargo. On the return voyage, British frigate HMS Pearl (1762) overhauled the brigantine just short of the Delaware Capes 20 December and captured her. The commander of the frigate removed Lexington's officers, but left 70 of her men on board under hatches with a prize crew. But by luring their captors with a promise of rum, the Yankee sailors recaptured the ship and brought her to Baltimore.

Lexington, now with Capt. Henry Johnson in command, sailed for France 20 February 1777 and took two prizes before reaching Bordeaux in March. In France, the brigantine joined Reprisal and USS Dolphin (1777) for a cruise seeking the Irish linen fleet scheduled to leave Dublin early in June. The American ships, commanded by Capt. Lambert Wickes, got underway 28 May and were carried far to westward by heavy winds. Approaching Dublin from the north they entered the north channel 18 June and hove to off the Mull of Kintyre. During the next four days they captured nine prizes, sinking three, releasing one, and retaining five. Heading south again on the 22nd, they took and scuttled a brig before arriving off Dublin Bay. The next morning they took another brig and released a ship bringing sugar, rum, and cotton from Jamaica. After placing prize crews on both vessels, they resumed their voyage around Ireland. On the 24th they stopped and released a smuggler and the next day took their last prize, a snow.

When they sighted ship-of-the-line HMS Burford (1757) near Ushant on the 26th, the American ships scattered and made their way individually to safety in France. Lexington remained at Morlaix, a Brittany fishing village, throughout the summer, hemmed in by British warships. However, France, under strong British diplomatic pressure, ordered the American ships out of French waters 12 September. Lexington got underway the next morning but made little headway because of light wind. She lay becalmed near Ushant on the morning of 19 September when British 10-gun cutter HMS Alert (1777), commanded by John Bazely, came into view. In the ensuing fight, Lexington's rigging was seriously damaged precluding flight. When the American brigantine ran out of powder Captain Johnson reluctantly struck his colors.

title: USS Lexington (1776)


text:
1965 in Canada

Events from the year 1965 in Canada.

Crown

 * Monarch – Elizabeth II

Federal government

 * Governor General – Georges Vanier
 * Prime Minister – Lester B. Pearson
 * Chief Justice – Robert Taschereau (Quebec)
 * Parliament – 26th (until September 8) then 27th (from December 9)

Lieutenant governors

 * Lieutenant Governor of Alberta – John Percy Page
 * Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia – George Pearkes
 * Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba – Errick Willis (until November 1) then Richard Spink Bowles
 * Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick – Joseph Leonard O'Brien (until June 9) then John B. McNair
 * Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland – Fabian O'Dea
 * Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia – Henry Poole MacKeen
 * Lieutenant Governor of Ontario – William Earl Rowe
 * Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island – Willibald Joseph MacDonald
 * Lieutenant Governor of Quebec – Paul Comtois
 * Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan – Robert Hanbidge

Premiers

 * Premier of Alberta – Ernest Manning
 * Premier of British Columbia – W.A.C. Bennett
 * Premier of Manitoba – Dufferin Roblin
 * Premier of New Brunswick – Louis Robichaud
 * Premier of Newfoundland – Joey Smallwood
 * Premier of Nova Scotia – Robert Stanfield
 * Premier of Ontario – John Robarts
 * Premier of Prince Edward Island – Walter Shaw
 * Premier of Quebec – Jean Lesage
 * Premier of Saskatchewan – Ross Thatcher

Commissioners

 * Commissioner of Yukon – Gordon Robertson Cameron
 * Commissioner of Northwest Territories – Bent Gestur Sivertz

Events

 * January 1 – Trans-Canada Airlines is renamed Air Canada.
 * January 9 – The Hope Slide, the largest landslide ever recorded in Canada, kills four.
 * January 16 – The Canada-United States Automotive Agreement is signed
 * January 28 – The Queen issues a royal proclamation, effective February 15, making the Maple Leaf flag the National Flag of Canada.
 * February 15 – Canada adopts the maple leaf for the national flag.
 * March 2 – Lucien Rivard escapes from a Montreal area jail
 * March 7 – Canadian Roman Catholic churches celebrate mass in the vernacular for the first time due to the reforms of Vatican II
 * March 20 – Peter Lougheed is elected leader of the Alberta Progressive Conservative Party
 * April 2 – Lester Pearson gives a speech at Temple University in the United States that calls for a stop to the bombing of North Vietnam, infuriating President Lyndon Johnson
 * May 16 – Cross Country Checkup debuts on radio
 * June 7 – Navy, army, and air force commands are replaced by six functional commands
 * July 8 – A crash of a Canadian Pacific Airlines flight in British Columbia kills 52.
 * September 9 – The Fowler Report is released. It advocates creation of the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC)
 * September 13 - The new Toronto City Hall is opened.
 * November 8 – Federal election: Lester Pearson's Liberals win a second consecutive minority
 * November 9 – A failure at an Ontario power station causes the 1965 Blackout that stretches from Florida to Chicago and all of southern Ontario.
 * November 29 – Alouette 2 is launched.

Full date unknown

 * Eligibility age for pensions is lowered from 70 to 65

New books

 * George Grant: Lament for a Nation
 * John Newlove: Moving in Alone
 * Robert Kroetsch: But We Are Exiles
 * Farley Mowat: West Viking
 * Gilles Archambault: La vie à trois
 * Hubert Aquin: Prochain épisode

Awards

 * Gordon R. Dickson's Soldier, Ask Not wins a Hugo Award
 * See 1965 Governor General's Awards for a complete list of winners and finalists for those awards.
 * Stephen Leacock Award: Gregory Clark, War Stories
 * Vicky Metcalf Award: Roderick Haig-Brown

Music

 * Karel Ančerl replaces Seiji Ozawa as artistic director of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra

Film

 * October 13 – The Canadian Film Development Agency is formed
 * Christopher Plummer stars as Captain von Trapp in The Sound of Music
 * William Shatner stars in Incubus

Sport

 * March 11 – The NHL admits the California Seals, Los Angeles Kings, Minnesota North Stars, Philadelphia Flyers, Pittsburgh Penguins, and the St. Louis Blues into the league through expansion
 * March 13 - Manitoba Bisons won their First University Cup be defeating the St. Dunstan's Saints 9 to 2, the Final game was played the Winnipeg Arena
 * May 1 - The Montreal Canadiens won their Thirteenth Stanley Cup by defeating the Chicago Black Hawks 4 games to 3. The deciding Game 7 was played at the Montreal Forum. Trois-Rivières, Quebec's Jean Beliveau is awarded the First Conn Smythe Trophy as the 1965 Playoffs MVP
 * September 10 - Future hall of fame baseball player Ferguson Jenkins plays his first major league game for the Philadelphia Phillies in Connie Mack Stadium
 * May 11 - Ontario Hockey Association's Niagara Falls Flyers won their First Memorial Cup by defeating the Central Alberta Hockey League's Edmonton Oil Kings 4 games to 0. All games were played at Edmonton Gardens
 * November 20 - Toronto Varsity Blues defeated the Alberta Golden Bears 14–7 in the 1st Vanier Cup played at Varsity Stadium in Toronto
 * November 27 - The Hamilton Tiger-Cats won their 4th Grey Cup by defeating the Winnipeg Blue Bombers 22–16 in the 53rd Grey Cup in Toronto's CNE Stadium.

January to March

 * January 8
 * Wendy Fuller, diver
 * Eric Wohlberg, racing cyclist
 * January 21 – Brian Bradley, ice hockey player
 * January 23 – Tim Berrett, race walker
 * January 27 – Ross MacDonald, sailor and Olympic silver medallist
 * January 28
 * Stéphane Bergeron, politician
 * Lynda Boyd, actress
 * Tom Ponting, swimmer and double Olympic silver medallist
 * January 31 – Ofra Harnoy, cellist
 * March 1 – Stewart Elliott, jockey
 * March 7 - Alison Redford, politician, and the 14th Premier of Alberta
 * March 15 – Marcel Gery, swimmer and Olympic bronze medallist
 * March 23 – Daren Puppa, ice hockey player

April to June

 * April 11 – Chris Pridham, tennis player
 * April 21 – Ed Belfour, ice hockey player
 * April 22 – Peter Zezel, ice hockey player (d. 2009)
 * May 7 – Owen Hart, wrestler (d. 1999)
 * May 9 – Steve Yzerman, ice hockey player
 * May 10 – Linda Evangelista, supermodel
 * May 19 – James Bezan, politician
 * June 19 – Gary Vandermeulen, swimmer
 * June 25 – Julie Daigneault, swimmer
 * June 26 – Gaye Porteous, field hockey player

July to September

 * July 11 – Michael Wayne McGray, serial killer
 * July 17 – Ken Evraire, television journalist, host and former professional footballer
 * July 26 – Michael Rascher, rower and Olympic gold medallist
 * August 4 – James Tupper, actor
 * August 11 – Marc Bergevin, ice hockey player
 * August 22
 * Patricia Hy-Boulais, tennis player
 * David Reimer, Canadian man, born male but reassigned female and raised as a girl after a botched circumcision
 * August 28 – Shania Twain, singer-songwriter
 * September 8 – Mark Andrews, swimmer
 * September 9 - Eric Tunney, comedian (Kids in the Hall: Brain Candy) (d. 2010)
 * September 27
 * Bernard Lord, politician and 30th Premier of New Brunswick
 * Peter MacKay, lawyer, politician and Minister

October to December

 * October 1 – Cliff Ronning, ice hockey player
 * October 5
 * Mario Lemieux, ice hockey player
 * Patrick Roy, ice hockey player
 * October 23 – David Bédard, diver
 * October 29 – Christy Clark, politician and 35th Premier of British Columbia
 * November 5 – Andrew Crosby, rower and Olympic gold medallist
 * November 13 - Rick Roberts, actor
 * November 20 – John Graham, track and field athlete
 * November 21 – Jon Kelly, swimmer
 * November 24 – Brad Wall, politician and 14th Premier of Saskatchewan
 * November 27 – Kathleen Heddle, rower and triple Olympic gold medallist (d. 2021)
 * December 1 – Jamie Pagendam, boxer
 * December 10 – Jennifer Wyatt, golfer
 * December 18 – Brian Walton, road and track cyclist and coach
 * December 29 - Manon Perreault, politician

Full date unknown

 * Emanuel Jaques, murder victim (d. 1977)

Deaths

 * January 17 – Austin Claude Taylor, politician (b.1893)
 * April 1 – Harry Crerar, General (b.1888)
 * June 7 – John Stewart McDiarmid, politician and Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba (b.1882)
 * July 19 - Franklin D. McDowell, author
 * August 23 – George Black, politician (b.1873)
 * August 28 – Jacob Penner, politician (b.1880)
 * September 10 – S. E. Rogers, politician (b.1888)
 * September 20 - Madge Macbeth, author
 * October 8 - Thomas B. Costain, historian (b.1885)
 * November 25 - Gwethalyn Graham, author (b.1913)

title: 1965 in Canada


text:
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title: User talk:MarkMcDermott