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Reggaeton

Reggaeton, is a modern style of popular music that originated in Puerto Rico during the late 1990s. It rose to prominence in the late 1990s and early 2000s through a plethora of Puerto Rican musicians. Reggaeton has been influenced by Panama's Spanish reggae, and which rose to prominence in the late 1990s and early 2000s through a plethora of Puerto Rican musicians. It has been popularized and dominated by artists from Puerto Rico since the early 1990s.

It has evolved from dancehall, with elements of hip hop, Latin American, and Caribbean music. Vocals include toasting/rapping and singing, typically in Spanish.

Reggaetón, today, is regarded as one of the most popular music genres, worldwide; it is the top music genre among the Spanish-speaking Caribbean nations and one of the primary modern genres within the Spanish-language music industry. Seemingly endless artists from the Caribbean have risen to fame (Puerto Rico, Panamá, Dominican Republic, Cuba, Colombia). Argentina has seen a modern surge in young artists inspired by the reggaetón style, fusing their music with Spanish rap verses, trapetón and R&B-style vocals (such as the “Los Del Espacio”, including LIT killah, Tiago PZK, Duki, Emilia, and María Becerra, as well as Argentine pop star Tini).

Several established, world-famous performers—notably Puerto Rican-American Jennifer Lopez and Shakira from Colombia—have embraced the style, recording numerous duets and collaborations with top reggaetoneros. Several other emerging international artists are seeing success in the genre as well, including Catalán-Spanish singer Bad Gyal (from Barcelona) and trilingual Brazilian star Anitta (from Rio de Janeiro). Mexican-American singer Becky G (from Los Angeles, California) has experienced huge success in recent years, as a Latino American artist in the reggaetón genre. In 2004, Daddy Yankee released his smash single “Gasolina”, regarded by many as the first globally-successful reggaetón song; Daddy Yankee is credited with bringing the style to western pop music listeners. By the 2010s, the genre had seen increased popularity across Latin America, as well as modern acceptance within mainstream Western music; during the 2010s, several new award categories (focusing on reggaetón and Latin music) were unveiled at various American music awards shows, notably the English-language American Music Awards, Billboard Music Awards, Grammy Awards, and MTV Video Music Awards.

Etymology
There are several versions about the origin of the word reggaeton. El General's representative Michael Ellis is said to have originated the term, adding the -ton suffix to "make the word big." One of them states that the word reggaeton emerged in 1994 when Daddy Yankee mentioned it for the first time while freestyling on the mixtape "Playero 34." Another version suggests that it appeared the following year when DJ Erick released the album titled "Reggaetón Live Vol.1," abbreviating the words reggae and maratón (marathon).

The spellings reggaeton and reggaetón are common, although prescriptivist sources such as the Fundéu BBVA and the Academia Puertorriqueña de la Lengua Española recommend the spelling reguetón, as it conforms more closely with traditional Spanish spelling rules.

1980s-2000s: Emergence
Often mistaken for Reggae or reggae en Español, reggaeton is a younger genre that originated in the late 1980s in Panama and was later popularized in Puerto Rico. It had its origins in what was known as rap y reggae "underground" music, due to its circulation through informal networks and performances at unofficial venues. DJ Playero and DJ Nelson were inspired by hip hop and dancehall to produce "riddims", the first reggaeton tracks. As Caribbean and African-American music gained momentum in Puerto Rico, reggae rap in Spanish marked the beginning of the Boricua underground and was a creative outlet for many young people. This created an inconspicuous-yet-prominent underground youth culture which sought to express itself. As a youth culture existing on the fringes of society and the law, it has often been criticized. The Puerto Rican police launched a campaign against underground music by confiscating cassette tapes from music stores under penal obscenity codes, levying fines and demonizing rappers in the media. Bootleg recordings and word of mouth became the primary means of distribution for this music until 1998, when it coalesced into modern reggaeton. The genre's popularity increased when it was discovered by international audiences during the early 2000s. The new genre, simply called "underground" and later "perreo", had explicit lyrics about drugs, violence, poverty, friendship, love and sex. These themes, depicting the troubles of inner-city life, can still be found in reggaeton. "Underground" music was recorded in marquesinas (or carports) and at public housing complexes such as Villa Kennedy, and Jurutungo, often by creators using second-hand recording equipment. Despite that, the quality of the cassettes was good enough to help increase their popularity among Puerto Rican youth. The cassettes were sold or distributed on the streets from the trunks of cars. The availability and quality of the cassettes led to reggaeton's popularity, which crossed socioeconomic barriers in the Puerto Rican music scene. The most popular cassettes in the early 1990s were DJ Negro's The Noise I and II and DJ Playero's 37 and 38. Gerardo Cruet, who created the recordings, spread the genre from the marginalized residential areas into other sectors of society, particularly private schools.

By the mid-1990s, "underground" cassettes were being sold in music stores. The genre caught on with middle-class youth, then found its way into the media. By this time, Puerto Rico had several clubs dedicated to the underground scene; Club Rappers in Carolina and PlayMakers in Puerto Nuevo were the most notable. Bobby "Digital" Dixon's "Dem Bow" production was played in clubs. Underground music was not originally intended to be club music. In South Florida, DJ Laz and Hugo Diaz of the Diaz Brothers were popularizing the genre from Palm Beach to Miami.

Underground music in Puerto Rico was harshly criticized. In February 1995, there was a government-sponsored campaign against underground music and its cultural influence. Puerto Rican police raided six record stores in San Juan, hundreds of cassettes were confiscated and fines imposed in accordance with Laws 112 and 117 against obscenity. The Department of Education banned baggy clothing and underground music from schools. For months after the raids local media demonized rappers, calling them "irresponsible corrupters of the public order."

In 1995, DJ Negro released The Noise 3 with a mockup label reading, "Non-explicit lyrics". The album had no cursing until the last song. It was a hit, and underground music continued to seep into the mainstream. Senator Velda González of the Popular Democratic Party and the media continued to view the movement as a social nuisance.

During the mid-1990s, the Puerto Rican police and National Guard confiscated reggaeton tapes and CDs to get "obscene" lyrics out of the hands of consumers. Schools banned hip hop clothing and music to quell reggaeton's influence. In 2002, Senator González led public hearings to regulate the sexual "slackness" of reggaeton lyrics. Although the effort did not seem to negatively affect public opinion about reggaeton, it reflected the unease of the government and the upper social classes with what the music represented. Because of its often sexually-charged content and its roots in poor, urban communities, many middle- and upper-class Puerto Ricans found reggaeton threatening, "immoral, as well as artistically deficient, a threat to the social order, apolitical".

Despite the controversy, reggaeton slowly gained acceptance as part of Puerto Rican culture — helped, in part, by politicians including González who began to use reggaeton in election campaigns to appeal to younger voters in 2003. Puerto Rican mainstream acceptance of reggaeton has grown and the genre has become part of popular culture, including a 2006 Pepsi commercial with Daddy Yankee and PepsiCo's choice of Ivy Queen as musical spokesperson for Mountain Dew. Other examples of greater acceptance in Puerto Rico are religiously- and educationally-influenced lyrics; Reggae School is a rap album produced to teach math skills to children, similar to School House Rock. Reggaeton expanded when other producers, such as DJ Nelson and DJ Eric, followed DJ Playero. During the 1990s, Ivy Queen's 1996 album En Mi Imperio, DJ Playero's Playero 37 (introducing Daddy Yankee) and The Noise: Underground, The Noise 5 and The Noise 6 were popular in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. Don Chezina, Tempo, Eddie Dee, Baby Rasta & Gringo and Lito & Polaco were also popular.

The name "reggaeton" became prominent during the early 2000s, characterized by the dembow beat. It was coined in Puerto Rico to describe a unique fusion of Puerto Rican music. Reggaeton is currently popular throughout Latin America. It increased in popularity with Latino youth in the United States when DJ Joe and DJ Blass worked with Plan B and Sir Speedy on Reggaeton Sex, Sandunguero and Fatal Fantasy.

2004: Crossover
In 2004, reggaeton became popular throughout the United States and Europe. Tego Calderón was receiving airplay in the U.S., and the music was popular among youth. Daddy Yankee's El Cangri.com became popular that year in the country, as did Héctor & Tito. Luny Tunes and Noriega's Mas Flow, Yaga & Mackie's Sonando Diferente, Tego Calderón's El Abayarde, Ivy Queen's Diva, Zion & Lennox's Motivando a la Yal and the Desafío compilation were also well received. Rapper N.O.R.E. released a hit single, "Oye Mi Canto". Daddy Yankee released Barrio Fino and a hit single, "Gasolina", opening the door for reggaeton globally. Tego Calderón recorded the singles "Pa' Que Retozen" and "Guasa Guasa". Don Omar was popular, particularly in Europe, with "Pobre Diabla" and "Dale Don Dale". Other popular reggaeton artists include Tony Dize, Angel & Khriz, Nina Sky, Dyland & Lenny, RKM & Ken-Y, Julio Voltio, Calle 13, Héctor el Father, Wisin & Yandel and Tito El Bambino. In late 2004 and early 2005, inspired by the success of "Gasolina", Shakira collaborated with Alejandro Sanz to record "La Tortura" and "La Tortura – Shaketon Remix" for her album, Fijación Oral Vol. 1, further popularizing reggaeton. Four reggaeton songs were sung at the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards: by Don Omar ("Dile"), Tego Calderón, Daddy Yankee, and Shakira with Sanz – the first time any reggaeton song was performed on that stage.

Musicians began to incorporate bachata into reggaeton, with Ivy Queen releasing singles ("Te He Querido, Te He Llorado" and "La Mala") featuring bachata's signature guitar sound, slower, romantic rhythms and emotive singing style. Daddy Yankee's "Lo Que Paso, Paso" and Don Omar's "Dile" are also bachata-influenced. In 2005 producers began to remix existing reggaeton music with bachata, marketing it as bachaton: "bachata, Puerto Rican style".

2006–2017: Topping the charts
In May 2006, Don Omar's King of Kings was the highest-ranking reggaeton LP to date on the U.S. charts, debuting atop the Top Latin Albums chart and peaking at number seven on the Billboard 200 chart. Omar's single, "Angelito", topped the Billboard Latin Rhythm Radio Chart. He broke Britney Spears' in-store-appearance sales record at Downtown Disney's Virgin music store.

That same year, Shakira's "Hips Don't Lie", featuring Wyclef Jean of the Fugees, became "the most popular song in the genre's history", with "the dembow beat in the background, the trumpet sample of Jerry Rivera's "Amores como el nuestro" in the chorus, the obvious salsa influence."

In June 2007, Daddy Yankee's El Cartel III: The Big Boss set a first-week sales record for a reggaeton album, with 88,000 copies sold. It topped the Top Latin Albums and Top Rap Albums charts, the first reggaeton album to do so on the latter. The album peaked at number nine on the Billboard 200, the second-highest reggaeton album on the mainstream chart.

The third-highest-ranking reggaeton album was Wisin & Yandel's Wisin vs. Yandel: Los Extraterrestres, which debuted at number 14 on the Billboard 200 and number one on the Top Latin Albums chart later in 2007. In 2008 Daddy Yankee soundtrack to his film, Talento de Barrio, debuted at number 13 on the Billboard 200 chart. It peaked at number one on the Top Latin Albums chart, number three on Billboard's Top Soundtracks and number six on the Top Rap Albums chart. In 2009, Wisin & Yandel's La Revolución debuted at number seven on the Billboard 200, number one on the Top Latin Albums and number three on the Top Rap Albums charts.

By 2008, Reggaeton was the "biggest-selling genre of Latin music" and one of its artists, Tego Calderon, was using it to describe and encourage black pride.

Since 2017: "Despacito" effect

In 2017, the music video for "Despacito" by Luis Fonsi featuring Daddy Yankee reached one billion views in less than three months. From January 2018 to November 2020, the music video was the most viewed YouTube video of all-time. With its 3.3 million certified sales plus track-equivalent streams, "Despacito" became one of the best-selling Latin singles in the United States. The success of the song and its remix version led Daddy Yankee to become the most listened-to artist worldwide on the streaming service Spotify on 9 July 2017, being the first Latin artist to do so. He later became the fifth most listened-to male artist and the sixth overall of 2017 on Spotify. In June 2017, "Despacito" was cited by Billboard's Leila Cobo as the song that renewed interest in the Latin music market from recording labels in the United States. Julyssa Lopez of The Washington Post stated that the successes of "Despacito" and J Balvin's "Mi Gente" is "the beginning of a new Latin crossover era." Stephanie Ho of Genius website wrote that "the successes of 'Despacito' and 'Mi Gente' could point to the beginning of a successful wave for Spanish-language music in the US." Ho also stated that "as 'Despacito' proves, fans don't need to understand the language in order to enjoy the music", referring to the worldwide success of the song, including various non-Spanish-speaking countries.

"Te Boté" and the minimalist dembow
In April 2018, "Te Boté" was released by Nio Garcia, Casper Magico, Darell, Ozuna, Bad Bunny and Nicky Jam. It reached number one on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart. It currently has over 1.8 billion views on YouTube. Many artists began to mark strong commercial trends in a market dominated by mixing Latin trap and reggaeton followed by a new minimalist dembow rhythm. For example, songs such as "Adictiva" by Daddy Yankee and Anuel AA, "Asesina" by Brytiago and Darell, "Cuando Te Besé" by Becky G and Paulo Londra, "No Te Veo" by Casper Magico and many other songs have been made in this style.

Rhythm
The dembow riddim was created by Jamaican dancehall producers during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Dembow consists of a kick drum, kickdown drum, palito, snare drum, timbal, timballroll and (sometimes) a high-hat cymbal. Dembow's percussion pattern was influenced by dancehall and other West Indian music (soca, calypso and cadence); this gives dembow a pan-Caribbean flavor. Steely & Clevie, creators of the Poco Man Jam riddim, are usually credited with the creation of dembow. At its heart is the 3+3+2 (tresillo) rhythm, complemented by a bass drum in 4/4 time.

The riddim was first highlighted by Shabba Ranks in "Dem Bow", from his 1991 album Just Reality. To this day, elements of the song's accompaniment track are found in over 80% of all reggaeton productions. During the mid-1980s, dancehall music was revolutionized by the electronic keyboard and drum machine; subsequently, many dancehall producers used them to create different dancehall riddims. Dembow's role in reggaeton is a basic building block, a skeletal sketch in percussion.

In Reggaeton 'dembow' also incorporates identical Jamaican riddims such as Bam Bam, Hot This Year, Poco Man Jam, Fever Pitch, Red Alert, Trailer Reloaded and Big Up riddims, and several samples are often used. Some reggaeton hits incorporate a lighter, electrified version of the riddim. Examples are "Pa' Que la Pases Bien" and "Quiero Bailar", which uses the Liquid riddim.

Since 2018 a new variation of the Dembow rhythm has emerged; Starting with Te Bote, a sharper minimalist Dembow has become a stable of Reggaeton production which has allowed for more syncopated rhythmic experiments.

Lyrics and themes
Reggaeton lyrical structure resembles that of hip hop. Although most reggaeton artists recite their lyrics rapping (or resembling rapping) rather than singing, many alternate rapping and singing. Reggaeton uses traditional verse-chorus-bridge hip hop structure. Like hip hop, reggaeton songs have a hook which is repeated throughout the song. Latino ethnic identity is a common musical, lyrical and visual theme.

Unlike hip-hop CDs, reggaeton discs generally do not have parental advisories. An exception is Daddy Yankee's Barrio Fino en Directo (Barrio Fino Live), whose live material (and with Snoop Dogg in "Gangsta Zone") were labeled explicit. Snoop Dogg and Daddy Yankee filmed the video for "Gangsta Zone" in Torres Sabana housing projects in Carolina, Puerto Rico on January 27, 2006. Shot in grayscale, Daddy Yankee said the video depicts "the real way we live on the island".

Artists such as Alexis & Fido circumvent radio and television censorship by sexual innuendo and lyrics with double meanings. Some songs have raised concerns about their depiction of women. Although reggaeton began as a mostly-male genre, the number of women artists has been a slowly increasing and include the "Queen of Reggaeton", Ivy Queen, Mey Vidal, K-Narias, Adassa, La Sista and Glory.

Dance
Sandungueo, or perreo, is a dance associated with reggaeton which emerged during the early 1990s in Puerto Rico. It focuses on grinding, with one partner facing the back of the other (usually male behind female). Another way of describing this dance is "back-to-front", where the woman presses her rear into the pelvis of her partner to create sexual stimulation. Since traditional couple dancing is face-to-face (such as square dancing and the waltz), reggaeton dancing initially shocked observers with its sensuality but was featured in several music videos. It is also known as daggering, grinding or juking in the English-speaking areas of the U.S.

Latin America
Over the past decade, reggaeton has received mainstream recognition in the Spanish-speaking Caribbean, where the genre originated from, including Puerto Rico, Cuba, Panama, the Dominican Republic, Colombia and Venezuela, where it is now regarded as one of the most popular music genres. Reggaeton has also seen increased popularity in the wider Latin America region, including in Mexico, Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Ecuador and Peru.

In Cuba, reggaeton came to incorporate elements of traditional Cuban music, leading to the hybrid Cubaton. Two bands credited with popularizing Cubaton are Máxima Alerta (founded in 1999) and Cubanito 20.02. The former is notable for fusing Cubaton with other genres, such as son Cubano, conga, cumbia, salsa, merengue, and Cuban rumba, as well as styles and forms such as rap and ballads, whereas the latter's music is influenced more by Jamaican music. The government of Cuba imposed restrictions on reggaeton in public places in 2012. In March 2019, the government went a step further; they banned the "aggressive, sexually explicit and obscene messages of reggaeton" from radio and television, as well as performances by street musicians.

The first name of reggaeton in Brazil was the Señores Cafetões group, who became known in 2007 with the track "Piriguete" - which at the time was mistaken by Brazilians for hip hop and Brazilian funk because reggaeton was still a genre almost unknown in the country. In Brazil, this musical genre only reached a reasonable popularity around the middle of the decade of 2010. The first great success of the genre in the country was the song "Yes or no" by Anitta with Maluma. One of the explanations for reggaeton has not reached the same level of popularity that exists in other Latin American countries is due to the fact that Brazil is a Portuguese-speaking country, which has historically led it to become more isolationist than other Latin American countries in the musical scene. The musical rhythm only became popular in the country when it reached other markets, like the American. The genre is now overcoming the obstacle of language. Some of the biggest names in the Brazilian music market have partnered with artists from other Latin American countries and explored the rhythm.

United States
The New York–based rapper N.O.R.E., also known as Noreaga, produced Nina Sky's 2004 hit "Oye Mi Canto", which featured Tego Calderón and Daddy Yankee, and reggaeton became popular in the U.S. Daddy Yankee then caught the attention of many hip-hop artists with his song "Gasolina", and that year XM Radio introduced its reggaeton channel, Fuego (XM). Although XM Radio removed the channel in December 2007 from home and car receivers, it can still be streamed from the XM Satellite Radio website. Reggaeton is the foundation of a Latin-American commercial-radio term, hurban, a combination of "Hispanic" and "urban" used to evoke the musical influences of hip hop and Latin American music. Reggaeton, which evolved from dancehall and reggae, and with influences from hip hop has helped Latin-Americans contribute to urban American culture and keep many aspects of their Hispanic heritage. The music relates to American socioeconomic issues, including gender and race, in common with hip hop.

Europe
As in Latin America, reggaeton is a fairly widespread genre within Spain. For years it has topped the list as the most listened to musical genre in the Iberian country. Reggaeton arrived in Spain due to the large immigration flows of the 2000s and today it is a genre that is quite integrated into Spanish society, which also has its own exponents of the genre such as Enrique Iglesias, Rosalía, Ana Mena, Lola Índigo and Juan Magán. In the rest of Europe, Reggaeton is less popular in Europe than in Latin America, however it attracts Latin American immigrants. A Spanish media custom, "La Canción del Verano" ("The Song of the Summer"), in which one or two songs define the season's mood, was the basis of the popularity of reggaeton songs such as "Baila Morena" by Héctor & Tito and Daddy Yankee's "Gasolina" in 2005.

Asia
In the Philippines, reggaeton artists primarily use the Filipino language instead of Spanish or English. One example of a popular local reggaeton act is Zamboangueño duo Dos Fuertes, who had a dance hit in 2007 with "Tarat Tat", and who primarily uses the Chavacano language in their songs.

In 2020, Malaysian rapper Namewee released the single and music video "China Reggaeton" featuring Anthony Wong. It is the first time reggaeton was sung in the Chinese languages of Mandarin and Hakka and accompanied by traditional Chinese instruments like the erhu, pipa and guzheng, creating a fusion of reggaeton and traditional Chinese musical styles.

LGBTQ Influence
Reggaeton has traditionally been male dominated and heteronormative, known to "reinforce the most unpleasant aspects of machismo". The genre began to accept queer and trans artists into the mainstream after Bad Bunny publicly voiced his allyship to the queer community through challenging gender norms and homophobic notions. New generation artists like Villano Antillano, Young Miko, La Cruz and others have been challenging the stereotypes and values traditionally associated with the genre.

In 2022 Villano Antillano, a trans-femme rap/reggaeton artist from Puerto Rico, broke the record as "the first transwoman to hit number 50 on Spotify" with Villano Antillano: Bzrp Music Sessions, Vol. 51 in collaboration with producer Bizarrap. She began her music career as a male-presenting person under the artist name "Villano Antillano" and later decided to "step into [her] femininity" and transition. She has since kept her original artist name, but identifies as non-binary and is referred to as her legal name "Villana". Villana has spoken on her experience confronting the barriers for queer and trans people in the reggaeton and urban industry; she says, "all of these cis male artists, who are very close, aren't going to collaborate with a trans woman. There are very few. We can count them on one hand."

In 2023 Young Miko, a queer trap and reggaeton artist from Puerto Rico, charted in the Billboard Hot 100 with her single "Classy 101". In the same year, she was featured on Spanish rapper Bad Gyal's "Chulo Pt2", along with Tokischa, a queer Dembow singer; as of October 2023, the song has over 100 million views on YouTube. In the start of her career, Young Miko grew a local following in Puerto Rico releasing music independently on SoundCloud, but gained national visibility after Bad Bunny invited her on stage during his Un Verano Sin Ti tour.

In June 2023, reggaeton artist, La Cruz, from Venezuela released a music video for his single "TE CONOCI BAILANDO", which featured several homoerotic images including several shirtless men, locker room interactions and guys twerking in front of urinals. He challenged what is expected from traditional reggaeton music visuals by having gay men be the object of desire rather than women. The music video has amounted 2 million views on YouTube as of October 2023.

Criticism
Despite the great popularity of the genre as a whole, reggaeton has also attracted criticism due to its constant references to sexual and violent themes, similar to those of hip-hop. Mexican singer-songwriter Aleks Syntek made a public post on social media complaining that such music was played at Mexico City's airport in the morning with children present. By 2019, other singers who expressed dismay over the genre included vallenato singer Carlos Vives and Heroes Del Silencio singer Enrique Bunbury. That same year, some activists stated that reggaeton music gives way to misogynistic and sadistic messages.

Some reggaeton singers have decided to counteract such accusations. One notable example is singer Flex, who in 2009 committed himself to singing songs with romance messages, a subgenre he dubbed "romantic style".

title: Reggaeton


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Jinan County

Jinan County (Jinan-gun) is a county in Jeonbuk State, South Korea.

Introduce
Famous as the "sacred peak" or the "center-piece" of the southwestern provinces, the mysterious Maisan Mountain forms the watershed of the Geumgang River and Seomjingang River in Jinan-gun, where kind-hearted people thrive on the nation's granary land. The high-altitude land is well suited to the cultivation of Jinan's special products: ginseng, deodeok(lanceolate) root, shiitake mushrooms, black pigs, and delicious top-grade hot peppers.

Jinan 8 Scenic Beauties
Mai Mountain

The 100 million year old mystery is pleasing to the senses. Mai Mountain! was easily overlooked with the simple story that the mountain looks like a horse's ear without acknowledging its mysteries, legends and histories of nature kept in it. Mai Mountain, the only double peaked mountain in the world, is at the center of Jinan Heights on the boundary of the Noryeong Mountains, approximately 32 km to the east of Jeonju and 3 km to the southeast of Jinan-Eup. The whole mountain consists of the sedimentary rocks. The female Mai peak of 673m and the male Mai peak of 667m form the backbone of the Geumgang and Seomjingang rivers.

Gubong Mountain

Gubong Mountain is unique because you can see all noted mountains in Jeolla-Do in every direction when you arrive at Janggunbong Peak (919 m), the top of Gubong Mountain. The mysterious appearance of the mountain with dominant rock peaks as the mountain name, 6 km from Wunjang Mountain toward the northeast, indicates us that it is the noted mountain that we can't easily see. You can clearly see Myeongdobong Peak, Myeongdeokbong Peak and Daedun Mountain forming the Wunilam and Banilam Valley on the north. You have a bird's eye view of Bokdubong Peak and Wunjang Mountain connected in the shape of the letter to the west and appreciate the Oknyeobong Peak, the Bugui Mountain and the Mandeok Mountain on the south. Furthermore, the grandiose appearance of Deokyu Mountain and Jiri Mountain enters your line of sight on the southeast.

Mai Mountain Stone Pagoda Group

If the culmination of mystery made by the nature is Ai Mountain, the summit of mystery made by the people will be Cheonjitap and stone pagodas made of natural stone. The pagoda group under the cliff south of the female Maibong Peak was built by arranging the stones by Paljindobeop drawing in accordance with the harmony of Yin and Yang. The pagodas show the culmination of harmony, sophisticated like an awl and elegant like a big mountain and stand row after row with the main pagoda, Cheonjitap Pagoda, as the summit. The Cheonjitap Pagoda is also a couple pagoda. The pagodas were built based on the Yin and Yang philosophy. The construction of Yin and Yang pagodas on the Yin and Yang Mountain includes a mystery that can't be called an accident.

Yongdamho Lake

Yongdamho LakeYongdamho Lake is the artificial lake created by Yongdam Dam. Yongdam Dam is the grand freshwater lake formed by submersing 1 Eup and 5 Myeons such as Yongdam-Myeon, Ancheon-Myeon, Jeongcheon-Myeon, parts of Jucheon-Myeon, Sangjeon-Myeon and part of Jinan-Eup. Yongdam Dam is a concrete rockfill dam, 70m high and 498m long. The freshwater dimension is 30km2, the total volume is 815 million tons and the effective volume reaches to 682 million tons. Yongdam Dam uses the diversion scheme method. It was built to supply water to the residents in the Jeonju region, Jeollabuk-Do by supplying 1.35 million tons of water per day from the upper Geumgang River to the upper Mangyeonggang River in Sohyang-Ri Gosan-Myeon Gwanju-Gun through the 3.2m diameter and 21.9 km long water conduction tunnel. As the freshwater began to be supplied with the completion of dam construction, Yongdamho Lake became a noted tourists' site not to be missed in Jinan. The route linking Jeongcheon-Myeon, Yongdam-Myeon and Bondaem along the new relocated road around the dam makes for a fantastic drive in harmony with the superb view of the lake. The route linking Ancheon-Myeon and Bondaem is not inferior to the route above.

Using the rivers of Jucheon, Ancheon, Jeongcheon and Sangjeon, the clean and clear mountain areas in northeast Jeollabuk-Do, flowing in around Yongdam, Yongdam Dam was built to supply water to the residents all over Jeollabuk-Do including Jeonju, Gunsan and Iksan. Yongdam Dam project has been a long-cherished project of Jeollabuk-Do. We can't deny that we may have losses even though the construction of dam controls flooding around Geumgang River. As about of Jinan is submersed, the sorrow of people whose hometown was in the dam area before submersion will constantly remain.

Wunilam Banilam

Wunilam BanilamThe marvelous harmony of fantastic rocks and cliffs, clear water and green mountains, heaven and earth, create the scenic masterpiece of Wunilam and Banilam. Run 24 km via Jeongcheon from Jinan-Eup toward the north, and you will arrive at Jucheon-Myeon. Go up about 2 km along the upper Jujacheon River toward the Wunjang Mountain, and you will see the marvelous scene of Wunilam and Banilam. The Jujacheon River valley, about 5m between Myeongdeokbong Peak (845.5m) and Myeongdobong Peak (863m) on the northeast of Wunjang Mountain is called Wunilam and Banilam. There were only the passing cloud, the sky, the stone and the tree because there was only the steep cliff about 70 years ago

Recreation Forest of Wunjang Mountain

The marvelous harmony of fantastic rocks and cliffs, clear water and green mountains, heaven and earth, create the scenic masterpiece of Wunilam and Banilam. Run 24 km via Jeongcheon from Jinan-Eup toward the north, and you will arrive at Jucheon-Myeon. Go up about 2 km along the upper Jujacheon River toward the Wunjang Mountain, and you will see the marvelous scene of Wunilam and Banilam. The Jujacheon River valley, about 5m between Myeongdeokbong Peak (845.5m) and Myeongdobong Peak (863m) on the northeast of Wunjang Mountain is called Wunilam and Banilam. There were only the passing cloud, the sky, the stone and the tree because there was only the steep cliff about 70 years ago.

Wunjang Mountain

Wunjang Mountain is the dividing ridge of Geumgang River and Mangyeonggang River. Set on the northwestern side of Jinan Heights, it is the oldest peak in the southwestern part of Korea, with the plateau at a height of 1,126m stretching over Dongsang-Myeon of Wangju-Gun, Jeongcheon, Bugui and Jucheon. On the east side stands the Gubong Mountain. With the Gubong Mountain, the Wunjang Mountain achieves great fame as the great mountain with the extraordinary mountain. The Wunjang Mountain has three peaks. The middle peak? called Sangbong Peak, between the east and west peaks, is the highest. It takes about 3 to 4 hours in general but 5 to 6 hours in winter to go around the ridge of pampas grass and small bamboo field.

Punghyeol-Naengcheon(Wind Hole and Cold Spring)

Go about 10 km from the south to the west of Mai Mountain, and you will find the Punghyeol-Naengcheon on the foot of Daedu Mountain in Yanghwa Village, Seongsu-Myeon. The wind path that was said to have ice even in summer long ago keeps the temperature inside the 67m2 cave? at about 4 by letting the cold wind of 4 out from the gap of Daam rocks. It was used as the agar plant and silkworm eggs storage house during Japanese rule. It is currently used for the residents to keep Kimchi in summer. It is like a refrigerator made by the nature.

Twin towns – sister cities
Jinan is twinned with:

 * 🇰🇷 Eunpyeong-gu, South Korea
 * Huanren, China

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jinan County


text:
Intercultural relations

Intercultural relations, sometimes called intercultural studies, is a field of social science. It is a multi-disciplinary academic field designed to train students to understand, communicate, and accomplish specific goals outside their own cultures. Intercultural relations involves, at a fundamental level, learning how to see oneself and the world through the eyes of another. It seeks to prepare students for interaction with cultures both similar to their own (e.g. a separate socioeconomic group in one's own country) or very different from their own (e.g. an American businessman in a small Amazon tribal society). Some aspects of intercultural relations also include, their power and cultural identity with how the relationship should be upheld with other foreign countries.

Nature
The study of intercultural relations incorporates many different academic disciplines. As a field, it is most closely tied to anthropology and sociology, although a degree program in intercultural relations or intercultural studies may also include the study of history, research methods, urban studies, gender studies, public health, many various natural sciences, human development, political science, psychology, religion, missiology, and linguistics or other language training. Often, intercultural programs are designed to translate these academic disciplines into a practical training curricula. Graduate programs will also prepare students for academic research and publication. Especially in today's global and multicultural world, students of intercultural relations can use their training in many fields both internationally and domestically, and often pursue careers in social work, law, community development, religious work, and urban development. Intercultural relations offers the opportunity to direct you in experiencing and learning about the diverse relations within our world.

History
The origins of the practical use of multi-field intercultural relations can be traced back to Christian missionaries seeking to relate the Christian gospel to other cultures in effective, ethical and culturally sensitive ways. Many intercultural studies programs are offered at religious institutions as training for missionaries and religiously motivated international development workers, and therefore often include some training in theology and evangelism. However, in an increasingly globalized world, the broader discipline attracts persons from many backgrounds with many different career goals. Bachelor's, master's, and doctorate degrees are offered in the discipline.

Topics
Some of the main topics of study are:
 * Anthropology and Sociology
 * Culture Theory
 * Development of cultural competence
 * Analyzing cultural patterns around the world
 * World Religions
 * Gender Studies
 * Strategies for adapting
 * Intercultural communication
 * Teaching social skills to reduce cultural misunderstandings
 * Research methodology in order to produce academic works and increase access to a culture
 * Linguistics
 * Intercultural relationships
 * Interethnic relationships
 * Interracial relationships
 * Interreligious relationships

title: Intercultural relations


text:
User:Pontauxchats

fr:Utilisateur:Pontauxchats

Hi ! I'm a french wikipedian/sysop. You can join me there : My page on french Wikipedia.

Attempt of translation of the french page :

 * Born in Mulhouse in 1977
 * Living in Paris, France, EU
 * Education : History, sociology, town planning
 * Profession : town planner
 * Discover of Wikipedia on 08.23.2003

La place du Pont-aux-Chats is a nice place in the center of Krutenau, nice district of the old Strasbourg.

title: User:Pontauxchats


text:
Talk:Neighborhood watch (disambiguation)

A copyright notice was posted after my forming of the initial stub. I wrote the text myself and I see little similarity with the page I alledgedly copied it from. Please explain on my user page -- Ppe42

sORRY. pUT ON WRONG PAGE.

Thats cool, no problem.

I will start a new page, "Neighrbourhood Watch (story)" for the short story. Should have done this originally, sorry, I'm still newbie'ing. :-) Ppe42 15:02, Dec 9, 2003 (UTC)


text:
Treaty of Tientsin

The Treaty of Tientsin, also known as the Treaty of Tianjin, is a collective name for several unequal treaties signed at Tianjin (then romanized as Tientsin) in June 1858. The Qing dynasty, Russian Empire, Second French Empire, United Kingdom, and the United States were the parties involved. These treaties, counted by the Chinese among the unequal treaties, opened more Chinese ports to foreign trade, permitted foreign legations in the Chinese capital Beijing, allowed Christian missionary activity, and effectively legalized the import of opium. They ended the first phase of the Second Opium War, which had begun in 1856 and were ratified by the Emperor of China in the Convention of Peking in 1860, after the end of the war.

Dates
The Xianfeng Emperor authorized negotiations for the treaty on May 29, 1858. His chief representatives were the Manchu Guiliang and the Mongol Huashana. The Russian treaty was negotiated by Yevfimiy Putyatin and finalized on June 13; the American treaty was negotiated by William Bradford Reed and finalized on June 18; the British treaty was negotiated by James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin, and finalized on June 26; and the French treaty was negotiated by Jean-Baptiste-Louis Gros and finalized on June 27.

American involvement
Following the pattern set by the great powers of Europe, the United States took on a protectionist stance, built up its navy, and tried to create a mercantile empire. The United States was one of the leading "treaty powers" in China, forcing open a total of 23 foreign concessions from the Chinese government. While it is often noted that the United States did not control any settlements in China, it shared British land grants and was actually invited to take land in Shanghai but refused because the land was thought to be disadvantageous.

Major points

 * 1) Russia, which had previously been limited to trading at designated border posts, received the right to trade with the treaty ports by sea. Most-favored nation clauses in each treaty    further ensured that all concessions were shared by the four powers.
 * 2) Guangzhou and the four treaty ports opened to foreign trade and residence by the Treaty of Nanjing were joined by Tainan, Haikou, Shantou, Haicheng, Penglai, Tamsui, and (notionally) Nanjing. The ports at Haicheng and Penglai being found inadequate for European vessels, their status was later extended to nearby Yantai and Yingkou, effectively opening another two ports.
 * 3) China was forbidden from considering Russian Orthodox, Protestant, and Roman Catholic Christianity, whether practiced by foreigners or Chinese converts, to be a harmful superstition. All laws, regulations, and practices limiting its observance became null and void everywhere in the country.
 * 4) The extraterritoriality of American citizens and Russian, British, and French subjects was reaffirmed. They further received the right to travel throughout the Qing Empire for pleasure or business so long as they possessed a valid passport,  but the Qing Empire was able to prevent them from lawfully residing in the interior with extraterritoriality.
 * 5) The Qing Empire permitted foreign vessels to navigate on the Yangtze River but established that no legal trade would be permitted with areas held by the Taiping Rebellion until their reconquest.  Foreign trade was to be limited to Zhenjiang, pledged to be opened within the year, and a further three ports to be opened after the suppression of the Taipings. This clause was later used to establish treaty ports at Wuhan and Jiujiang.
 * 6) The four nations gained the right to station permanent diplomatic legations in Beijing, which had previously been a closed city. The Russians' ecclesiastical mission in Beijing was also exempted from its previous restrictions.
 * 7) China was forbidden from using the character  (understood to mean "barbarian") in official documents to refer to officials, subjects, or citizens of the four nations.
 * 8) China was forbidden from establishing or permitting any further monopolies or cartels over its domestic trade.
 * 9) Addenda to the treaties settled China's duties and tariffs on terms advantageous to the victors and pledged the Qing Empire would pay an indemnity of 6,000,000 taels of silver: 2 million to France, 2 million to Britain for military expenses, and 2 million as compensation to British merchants.

Definitions
The Treaties of Tientsin use several words that have somewhat ambiguous meanings. For example, the words "settlement" and "concession" can often be confused. The term "settlement" refers to a parcel of land, leased to a foreign power, which is composed of both foreign and national peoples, and governed by locally elected foreigners. The term "concession" refers to a long-term lease of land to a foreign power, under which the foreign nation has complete control of the land, which is governed by consular representatives.

title: Treaty of Tientsin


text:
Welle:Erdball

Welle:Erdball (often abbreviated as W:E) is a German band whose sound is distinguished by their intensive use of the Commodore 64's SID sound chip.

The band name literally means "Wave:Earthball" or "Wave:Globe" and is inspired by a Weimar republican radio play titled "Hallo! Hier Welle Erdball!". The band's logo displays a rotated version of the Eastern German motor company VEB Sachsenring, the former producer the world-famous Trabant car.

Welle:Erdball have been part of the demoscene and produced several musicdisks as well as other formats over the years. They have also performed live at the Breakpoint 2006.

In addition to his work as Welle:Erdball, Honey was involved in the project called "Das Präparat" from 2003 to 2005. Honey (a.k.a. Dr. Georg Linde) and "Plastique" have launched a side project called "homo~futura".

Members

 * Hannes "Honey" Malecki - lyrics, vocals (1990-)
 * MissMoonlight - percussion, vocals (2019-)
 * M.A. Peel - percussion, vocals (2019-)
 * c0zmo - music, programming (2019-)

Former members

 * Isa - Vocals, Tones (1993-1995)
 * Xenia G-punkt – Vocals, Percussion (1995-1999)
 * KayCat – Percussion (2000–2002)
 * Soraya.vc – Vocals, Percussion (2000–2004)
 * Zara – Percussion (2004–2005)
 * Fräulein Plastique - Vocals, percussion (2005-2013)
 * Alf "A.L.F." Behnsen - music, programming (1990-2019)
 * Fräulein Venus - percussion, vocals (2003-2019)
 * Lady Lila - percussion, vocals (2013-2019)

Albums

 * Der Sinn des Lebens (The meaning of life, 1992 as Honigmond)
 * Es ist an der Zeit (It is about time, 1993)
 * Frontalaufprall (Head-on impact, 1994)
 * Alles ist möglich (Everything is possible, 1995)
 * Tanzpalast 2000 (Dancing palace 2000, 1996)
 * Der Sinn des Lebens (The meaning of life, 1998)
 * Horizonterweiterungen (Expansion of the horizon, only Vinyl 12", 2004)
 * Die Wunderwelt der Technik (The wonderworld of technology,CD 2002 / Vinyl 12", 2005)
 * Chaos Total (CD 2006 / Picture-Vinyl 12", 2009)
 * Cmdr. Laserstrahl (radio play, 2009)
 * Operation: Zeitsturm (2010)
 * Der Kalte Krieg (The Cold War, 2011)
 * Tanzmusik für Roboter (Dance Music for Robots, 2014)
 * Gaudeamus Igitur (2017)
 * Film, Funk und Fernsehen (2022)

Singles and EPs

 * Nyntändo-Schock (Nyntändo-Shock, 1993)
 * W.O.L.F. (1995)
 * Telephon W-38 (1996)
 * Deine Augen / Arbeit Adelt! (Your eyes / Work ennobles!, 1998)
 * Starfighter F-104G (2000)
 * VW-Käfer & 1000 Tage (VW Käfer and 1000 days, 2001)
 * Super 8 (2001)
 * Nur tote Frauen sind schön (Only dead women are beautiful, 2003)
 * Ich bin aus Plastik – Vinyl (2008)
 * Ich bin aus Plastik – CD (With extra tracks than Vinyl) (2008)
 * Die Singles 1993–2010 – 10 cd box (2010)
 * Computerklang (Computer Sound) (2013)
 * Ich rette dich (I will save you) (2014)
 * 1000 Engel (1000 angels) (2015)

DVD

 * Operation: Zeitsturm Movie-DVD (2010)
 * Der Kalte Krieg Live-DVD (2011)

Solo- or Sideprojects

 * The Screeching MiEW (1994, Honey and Xenia G.)
 * 1994: Awakening of the Animals (Cassette album, 2003 Re-release of song Speak for the Future on the W:E EP Nur tote Frauen sind schön)

 * Das Präparat (2003 to 2005 Honey)
 * 2004: Tanz' mit Deinem Gefühl (MCD)

 * homo~futura (2005, Honey [alias Dr. Georg Linde], Plastique, K. Gross und F. Enstein)
 * 2011: Der Neue Mensch

 * The Girl & The Robot (2009, Plastique and Deadbeat)
 * 2010: The Beauty of Decay
 * 2011: Silence ⋆ Borderline (EP)

 * Die Funkhausgruppe (Welle:Erdball, Die Perlen, Sonnenbrandt and Hertzinfarkt)
 * 2011: Mono-Poly

title: Welle:Erdball


text:
Muju County

Muju County (Muju-gun), is a county in North Jeolla Province (Jeollabuk-do), South Korea. Muju is known for its Muju Firefly Festival and is a tourist area.

History
During the era of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, Mupung (the present name) in Byeonjin belonged to Silla and was called Musanhyeon, and Jugye area (current Muju-eup) in Mahan belonged to Baekje and was called Jeokcheonhyeon. It is known that Musan was renamed as Mupung and Jeokcheon as Dancheon after the Era of Unified Silla (668~917).

After Goryeo (918~1392) was founded, Mupung did not change its name whereas Dancheon was renamed as Jugye, and as Joseon rearranged administrative districts in 1414 (the 14th year of Taejong), Mupung and Jugye were incorporated into one district.

It was named as Muju through the combination of the first letters of the two areas, Mupung and Jugye, after they were incorporated into one administrative district.

Geography
Muju-gun is situated near four provinces, including Chungbuk, Chungnam, Gyeongbuk and Gyeongnam. Historically and geographically, the area has served as a transitional ground between the east and west part of the southern peninsula and is a site for cultural exchange. It is located in the central part of the country.

Climate
Muju has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dwa), but can be considered a borderline humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa) using the -3 C isotherm. It has a mountainous climate in which temperature is drastically different in the day and at night. Annual average temperature is 10.8 °C, and the highest temperature of the year is 35 °C and the lowest -17 °C. Annual average precipitation is 1,251 mm, and Namdae Stream, a branch stream of Geum River, is flowing through Muju-eup.

Countyscape
In the spring, Gucheon-dong Cherry Blossom Road starting at Rajetongmun located in Seolcheon-myeon is notable for its scenery along with the royal azaleas that line a 28-km-long road in Deokyu Mountain.

Clean fresh water in Gucheon-dong is popular in the summer. Rafting is available in the Geum River, and there are sandy beaches and Naedori (in Muju-eup), an inland islet blessed with fantastic rocks and stones.

Maple leaves at Deokyu Mountain (National Park) and Jeoksang Mountain can be seen during the fall. In particular, Jeoksang Mountain that is cited as one of the 100 most beautiful views in Korea is blessed with Gibong Summit, Hyangrobong Summit, Cheonil Fall, Jangdo Rock, Janggun Rock and Anryeomdae. In addition, Yangsu Power Generator at the summit, a mountaintop lake and such historic sites as Jeoksang Sanseong and Anguksa Temple make the area more valuable.

Muju is compared to a beautiful painting in the winter. Since Muju Resort where a silver snowfield unfolds in the winter is equipped with large ski facilities, hotels, performing stages, saunas, swimming pools and amusement parks, it is loved by many wanting to enjoy a romantic winter.

Economy
Service and other industries take up about 50 percent of the industrial structure of North Jeolla Province, while the remainder is taken up by the order of mining, manufacture, agriculture, forestry, fishery, construction, electric and gas industries. For the industrial structure of Muju-gun, primary industry accounts for 52%, secondary industries 2%, and tertiary industries 46%. Upon construction of the Taekwondo Park, tourism, leisure and enterprise city, and Danone Co Ltd's Muju plant, the industrial structure of Muju underwent a dramatic transformation.

Highways and National roads
Highway #35, which connects Daejeon Metropolitan City and Tongyeong, Gyeongnam, goes through Muju-gun, as well as National Road #19, #30 and #37. Located at the center of Korea, Muju-gun has an excellent transportation system. From downtown Muju, it takes about four hours to Seoul, an hour to Daejeon Metropolitan City, an hour and fifty minutes to Daegu Metropolitan City, an hour to Jeonju, two hours and ten minutes to Gwangju Metropolitan City and three hours to Busan. (Destination based on the city halls of each city).

Railroad
Currently, there is no railroad directly passing through Muju-gun. However, the government plans to construct a railroad connecting Saemangeum (west coast of North Jeolla Province) and Gimcheon through Muju-gun. In addition, as other railroads pass through the background area of Muju-gun, including Daejeon Metropolitan City and the Yeongdong region of North Chungcheong Province, Muju-gun is readily accessible via these railroads. From Deokyusan I.C., it takes about fifty minutes (66 km) through Highway #35 to reach Daejeon station, where the high-speed KTX, general train service and freight train service are available. It takes about fifty minutes (50 km) via Highway #35 and National Road #19 to reach Yeongdong station in Chungbuk, where both general and freight train service are available.

Air
From downtown Muju, it takes about three hours (283 km) to reach Incheon International Airport, two hours (156 km) to Daegu International Airport and two hours (165 km) to Gwangju International Airport.

Sea
From downtown Muju, it takes about two hours to Gunsan Port in Gunsan, Jeonbuk, and two hours and forty minutes to Busan Port.

Tourism
Since December 2006, Muju-gun has been visited by as many as 4.2 million persons, and the number of visitors is increasing every year.

Firefly Festival
Muju Firefly Festival is a Korea's representative environmental festival held on the theme of Firefly, Natural Treasure No. 322, every June. Firefly is an environment indicator insect that lives only in the clean environment, and Muju-gun is raising awareness about the seriousness of environmental contamination that is getting worse by linking firefly to a festival. Since 1997 when the festival was initiated, it was selected as Korea's excellent festival for 11 years in a row.

Taekwondo Park
The construction of Taekwondo Park that is expected to grow into the sacred ground for 70 million Taekwondo lovers in 188 countries will be initiated on Taekwondo Day, September 4, 2009, and completed in 2013. The park established in area covering 2,314,049 m2 will include Taekwondo Stadium, Exhibition Hall, Experience Hall and Accommodations. Currently, an observatory is established in the site of Taekwondo Park in Seolcheon-myeon, Muju-gun drawing Taekwondo lovers and tourists all across the world.
 * World taekwondo expo took place in Muju and Jeonju area in July, 2008.

Bandi Land Insect Museum
Bandi Land established in a habitat of firefly in Seolcheon-myeon, Muju-gun includes Insect Museum, School of the Nature, Youth Camp and Natural Resort Forests providing many tourists with an opportunity to experience the mystery of the nature. At the entrance of Insect Museum, representative fossils ranging from the paleozoic era to the Cenozoic era were restored to help appreciate the ancient mystery of the nature, and specimens of 13,500 rare insects of 2,000 species including fireflies are exhibited in the Insect Hall and 150 tropical plants are on display in Botanical Hall. It also includes the Korea's largest insect specimens and a 3-D movie theater equipped with Dome Screen in addition to an ecological restoration site, insect trees and a natural history site helping families appreciate and experience the preciousness of the nature.

Bandi Observatory
Bandi Observatory, a 3-story building established in area covering 752 m2, is located in Bandi Land and equipped with Exhibition Room, Video Room and Observation Room. It is also equipped with 13 small telescopes including a 305mm RC Telescope enabling visitors to experience telescopes, and the Korea's first 800mm satellite tracking and monitoring telescope enables visitors to observe planets including the Sun, nebula and a cluster of stars.

Mt. Deokyu National Park
Deokyu Mountain is one of the 12 most beautiful mountains in Korea and centers around Hyangjeok Summit that stands 1,614m above the sea level. Deokyu Summits that starts at Sambong Mountain in Mupung and reaches South Deokyu creates a 40 km-long ridge dividing Youngnam Area and Honam Area. Crystal water flows from the Hyangjeok Summit to create the 33 most beautiful sceneries in Gucheon-dong in addition to Muju Resort in Buksa-myeon and Chilyeon Valley in the southwest attracting a lot of visitors. The valleys of the mountain are filled with red royal azaleas in the spring, and green forests draw visitors in the summer. Red autumn leaves tint the mountain in the fall, and there is snow in the winter.

Mt. Jeoksang
Jeoksang Mountain, surrounded with rocky cliffs, is known for its autumn leaves. Jeoksang which means a red skirt stemmed from its autumn leaves. It stands 1,034m above the sea level and has a summit lake for the Yangsu Power Generator and historic sites including Jeoksangsanseong (Jeollabuk-do Regional Monument No. 88) and Anguksa Temple.

Muju Deogyusan Resort
Less than a 3-hour drive from Incheon International airport, Muju Deogyusan Resort is a mountain resort in Korea that is 688 ha in area and located in Mt. Deokyu National Park. Muju Deogyusan Resort claims to be a four-season resort, and it is known in Korea chiefly for its ski area.

title: Muju County


text:
Sunchang County

Sunchang County (순창군, Sunchang-gun) is a county in North Jeolla Province, South Korea. It is located in a mountainous region of the province and is connected to the city of Jeonju by a modern double-lane free-way that was completed in 2011.

Sunchang's claim to fame is its red pepper paste, or gochujang, which is supposed to be distinct from other recipes. The governor of the county puts his personal seal of approval on it to make it authentic Sunchang Gochujang.

Famous people from Sunchang include Unification Minister Chung Dong-young, who was born there.

History
As a world-famous longevity town and famous producer of traditional soybean pastes including hot pepper paste, the green and citizen-friendly town, Sunchang was once called 'Okcheon' and 'Osan' during the Mahan Period. It was called 'Sunhwa' during the unified Shilla Period and then 'Sunchang-hyeon' during the Goryeo Period. Sunchang was elevated from hyeon to gun (County) when the Buddhist monk Jeongo, who came from the town, took the honorable duty as the Monk of the State in 1319 (the 1st year of King Choongsook's reign).

Sunchang Fermented Soybean Product Festival
The biggest and foremost festival of Sunchang was organized to globalize its fermented soybean products, promote the county as the Mecca of the industry with the designation as Korea's first special fermented soybean product district. It is designed to enhance the brand reputation of the Sunchang hot pepper paste and to promote its excellence in and outside of the country. A festival where visitors can see the origins of Korean hot pepper paste (gochujang), soybean paste (doenjang), soy sauce (ganjang), and other traditional ingredients and fermented foods made from soybean.

Sunchang Traditional Hot Pepper Paste Folk Village
Sunchang-gun organized the Sunchang Traditional Hot Pepper Paste (Gochujang) Folk Village in order to vitalize the traditional fermented soybean product industry and to uphold its reputation as a main producer of traditional hot pepper paste as well as traditional production methods. It took three years to construct the village that was opened in 1997.

The county gathered the hot pepper paste masters from various areas at Baeksan-ri, Sunchang-eup, at the foot of Mt. Ami. They organized the village and made it as a tourist spot.

The sanitation requirements proved by the modern science technology and the secrets of the masters in taste and ingredients are combined to produce the original and traditional taste of the hot pepper paste.

 * Location: Minsokmaeul-gil, Sunchang-eup, Sunchang-gun, Jeollabuk-do
 * Village size: 84,404 m2 54 households (42 enterprises in operation)
 * Project period: 1994–1997 (4 years)
 * Project expenses: 15.2 billion KRW (900 million KRW from the central government, 1.4 billion KRW from the province, 4.8 billion KRW from the county, 8.1 billion KRW from the private sector)
 * Main facilities: Soybean product research center, soybean product museum, soybean product experience, video PR center, Chonbuk National University, lifelong education center, Sunchang branch office, native food restaurants
 * Product list: traditional hot pepper paste, soybean paste, soybean sauce, fast-bean fermented paste, pickled vegetables, etc.

Twin towns – sister cities
Sunchang is twinned with:
 * 🇰🇷 Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea
 * 🇰🇷 Changnyeong, South Korea
 * 🇯🇵 Minamikyūshū, Japan

title: Sunchang County


text:
Adolf Wölfli

Adolf Wölfli (February 29, 1864 – November 6, 1930) (occasionally spelled Adolf Woelfli or Adolf Wolfli) was a Swiss artist who was one of the first artists to be associated with the Art Brut or outsider art label.

Early life
Wölfli was born in Bern. He was abused both physically and sexually as a child, and was orphaned at the age of 10. He thereafter grew up in a series of state-run foster homes. He worked as a Verdingbub (indentured child laborer) and briefly joined the army. He was charged with the attempted sexual abuse of minors and was sentenced to a prison term. In 1895, following another similar arrest, he was admitted to the Waldau Clinic, a psychiatric hospital in Bern where he would live out the rest of his life. He was very disturbed and sometimes violent upon admission, leading to him being kept in isolation during his early time at the hospital. He experienced psychosis, which led to intense hallucinations.

Creative works
At some point after his admission Wölfli began to draw. His first surviving works (a series of 50 pencil drawings) are dated from between 1904 and 1906.

Walter Morgenthaler, a doctor at the Waldau Clinic, took a particular interest in Wölfli's art and his condition, later publishing Ein Geisteskranker als Künstler (A Psychiatric Patient as Artist) in 1921 which first brought Wölfli to the attention of the art world.

Morgenthaler's book detailed the works of a patient who seemed to have no previous interest in art and developed his talents and skills independently after being committed for a debilitating condition. In this respect, Wölfli was an iconoclast and influenced the development and acceptance of outsider art, Art Brut and its champion Jean Dubuffet.

Wölfli produced a huge number of works during his life, often working with the barest of materials and trading smaller works with visitors to the clinic to obtain pencils, paper or other essentials. Morgenthaler closely observed Wölfli's methods, writing in his influential book:

"Every Monday morning Wölfli is given a new pencil and two large sheets of unprinted newsprint. The pencil is used up in two days; then he has to make do with the stubs he has saved or with whatever he can beg off someone else. He often writes with pieces only five to seven millimetres long and even with the broken-off points of lead, which he handles deftly, holding them between his fingernails. He carefully collects packing paper and any other paper he can get from the guards and patients in his area; otherwise he would run out of paper before the next Sunday night. At Christmas the house gives him a box of coloured pencils, which lasts him two or three weeks at the most."

The images Wölfli produced were complex, intricate and intense. They worked to the very edges of the page with detailed borders. In a manifestation of Wölfli's "horror vacui", every empty space was filled with two small holes. Wölfli called the shapes around these holes his "birds".

His images also incorporated an idiosyncratic musical notation. This notation seemed to start as a purely decorative affair but later developed into real composition which Wölfli would play on a paper trumpet.

In 1908, he set about creating a semi-autobiographical epic which eventually stretched to 45 volumes, containing a total of over 25,000 pages and 1,600 illustrations. This work was a mix of elements of his own life blended with fantastical stories of his adventures from which he transformed himself from a child to 'Knight Adolf' to 'Emperor Adolf' and finally to 'St Adolf II'. Text and illustrations formed the narrative, sometimes combining multiple elements on kaleidoscopic pages of music, words and colour.

After Wölfli died at Waldau in 1930, his works were taken to the Museum of the Waldau Clinic in Bern. Later, the Adolf Wölfli Foundation was formed to preserve his art for future generations. Its collection is now on display at the Museum of Fine Arts in Bern.

Music and audio recordings
Wölfli's work has inspired many composers. Danish composer Per Nørgård, after viewing a Wölfli exhibition in 1979, embarked on a schizoid style lasting for several years; among the works of this time are an opera on the life of Wölfli called The Divine Circus. The chamber opera Wölfli Szenen (Wölfli Scenes), which premiered in Graz, Austria, in 1981, featured music by Georg Friedrich Haas, the Austrian composer of spectral music, Gösta Neuwirth, Anton Prestele and Wolfgang Rihm.

On their web site, The Adolph Wölfli Foundation poses the following question:

"Naturally enough, the question whether Wölfli's music can be played is asked again and again. The answer is yes, with some difficulty. Parts of the musical manuscripts of 1913 were analyzed in 1976 by Kjell Keller and Peter Streif and were performed. These are dances – as Wölfli indicates – waltzes, mazurkas, and polkas similar in their melody to folk music. How Wölfli acquired his knowledge of music and its signs and terms is not clear. He heard singing in the village church. Perhaps he himself sang along. There he could see song books from the eighteenth century with six-line staffs (explaining, perhaps, his continuous use of six lines in his musical notations). At festivities he heard dance music, and on military occasions he heard the marches he loved so well. More important than the concrete evaluation of his music notations is Wölfli's concept of viewing and designing his whole oeuvre as a big musical composition. The basic element underlying his compositions and his whole oeuvre is rhythm. Rhythm pervades not only his music but his poems and prose, and there is also a distinctive rhythmic flow in his handwriting."

In 1978, "Adolf Wölfli: Gelesen Und Vertont", the first recording of Wölfli's work ever to be published, was released by the Adolf Wölfli Foundation, Museum of Fine Arts, Bern. Since that time, a number of German musicians have released adaptations of Wölfli's work. A comprehensive list of these artists can be found at The Adolph Wölfli Foundation's music page.

In 1987, musician and composer Graeme Revell released an LP entitled Necropolis, Amphibians & Reptiles: The Music of Adolf Wolfli. This was on his own Musique Brut label in London, UK in 1987. This audio compilation was based on the works of Wölfli and incorporated digital renditions of Wölfli's compositions, with additional sound effects and ambient soundscapes added to the songs, by Revell, based on the artwork surrounding Wölfli's musical notations. The LP was a collection of musical interpretations by Revell as well as DDAA, & Nurse With Wound. This LP came with a booklet with a biography and images of Wolfli's works. Tracks 8 and 9 are combined into one track. This record was later re-released as The Musique Brut Collection on CD by the Grey Area record label, a sub-label of UK-based Mute Records, under the parent label EMI UK. This audio compilation also includes the other Musique Brut LP release The Insect Musicians. The CD release also contains a small booklet containing pictures of Wölfli's artwork, information about his history, and a brief write-up on Revell's process of converting Wölfli's lithographs into songs.

In 1992, Terry Riley composed and performed a two-hour opera entitled The Saint Adolf Ring based on Wölfli's life.

In 2010, Baudouin De Jaer released a record entitled The Heavenly Ladder with compositions by Wölfli.

title: Adolf Wölfli


text:
Akeley, Buckinghamshire

Akeley is a village and civil parish in north-west Buckinghamshire, England. The village is on the A413 road, between Lillingstone Dayrell and Maids Moreton, and around 2.5 mi north of Buckingham. The 2011 Census recorded the population of the parish as 514, down from 545 at the 2001 Census.

Village background
The village name is derived from the Old English for "Oak Field". The Domesday Book of 1086 recorded it as Achelei.

The village was controlled by the Cluniac priory of nearby Newton Longville on behalf of the priory of Saint Faith in Longueville in northern France. The parish church of St. James the Apostle was built in Akeley in 1154. It was rebuilt to designs by the Gothic Revival architect John Tarring in 1854 and restored in 1901. By the mid 20th century St. James' had fallen into disrepair and in 1982 it was demolished. Akeley presently does not have its own parish church; it is part of the North Buckingham ecclesiastical parish.

Akeley once had a medieval deer park, and a school where poor children were taught to make lace.

Amenities
The village is a small primary school St James Church of England School, and outside the village the large Cognita run private Akeley Wood School.

The village has a pub (Bull & Butcher) and opened a new village hall in 2006.

Akeley hosts an annual horticultural show, which has been run since 1976.

Stockholt
The ancient hamlet of Stockholt once lay within the parish boundary. It has been amalgamated with the modern village.

title: Akeley, Buckinghamshire


text:
Wanju County

Wanju County is a county in North Jeolla province, South Korea. It almost entirely surrounds the city of Jeonju.

Ancient
In the Three Han period it was part of the Mahan confederacy, and in 555 (Wideok 2) Jeonju week was installed but in 565 Jeonju week was abolished. After the Baekje kingdom collapsed in 660 (Uija 20), the area was conquered by the kingdom of Silla and was incorporated into it in 685 (Sinmunwang 5). The city of Jeonju became one of nine chu, the provincial capitals of the kingdom. It was changed to Jeonju in 757 (Gyeongdeok 16). The Jeonju feeling was installed and was highly regarded as the center of the military. In 892 (Jinseong of Silla 6), Kyŏn Hwŏn established the Later Baekje kingdom in Wanju, and the area remained part of that country for 45 years until it collapsed in 936 (Taejo of Goryeo 19).

Goryeo
In 936, the 19th year of the reign of King Taejo of Goryeo, Jeonju was changed to Annamdaedoho-bu and in 940 (Taejo of Goryeo 23) it was restored back to Jeonju. In 993, Jeonju was changed to Seunghwa and put Jeoldoanmusa, and in 995, it was named Sunui-gun that belong to Gangnamdo when dividing the nation into 10 do 12 ju. In 1005 (Mokjong 8) Jeoldosa of Jeonju was dispatched, and in 1018 (Hyeonjong 9) was promoted to Annamdaedoho-bu during the nationwide district system reform, but in 1022 it was renamed back to Jeonju-mok. In 1355 (Gongmin 4) although Jung Ji-Sang which was an Allyeong-sa of Jeolla Province was degraded to Bugo by the incident when he imprisoned Yasabulhwa who was a Wonuisasin, the year after he was raised back to Jeonjubu.

Joseon
The Joseon dynasty was founded in the county in 1392 (the 1st year of Taejo of Joseon), and the county was promoted to Jeonjuyusu-bu due to its importance as Taejo's hometown. In 1403 (Taejo of Joseon 3) it was renamed Jeonju-bu and unchanged until the end of Joseon, but its territory was reduced compared to the Goryeo era.

Modern
In 1914 Gosan-gun was merged with Jeonju-gun, and in 1935 Jeonju-eup was promoted to Jeonju-bu. Jeonju-gun was renamed Wanju-gun and covered 15 myeon.

South Korea
In 1956 Samnye-myeon was promoted to an eup, and in 1957 Chopo and part of Ujeon-myeon and Jochon Yongjin were added to Jeonju. In 1983, part of Sanggwan-myeon was transferred to Jeonju. Part of Chopo-myeon was transferred to Samnye-up and Yongjin-myeon, and part of Ujeon-myeon was transferred to Gui-myeon. In 1966 the Gyeongcheon branch office was built in Unju-myeon, and in 1973 Bongdong-myeon was promoted to an eup, Iksan-gun Onsuri Volcano Village was transferred to Samnye-eup, and Samnye-ri and part of Sanjeong-ri of Yongjin-eup were transferred to Jeonju Ua-dong. In 1983, Sanggwan-myeon Daeseong-ri, Saekjang-ri and part Sanjeong-ri of Yongjin-myeon were transferred to Jeonju, and part of Dodeok-ri of Baekgu-myeon in Gimje-gun was transferred to Jochon-myeon. In 1985 Jochon-myeon was promoted to an eup, and transferred to Jeonju in 1987, and in 1989 the Gyeongcheon branch office of Unju-myeon was promoted to Gyeongcheon-myeon. In 1990, part of Iseo-myeon (Jung-ri and Sangnim-ri) was transferred to Jeonju. In 1994 part of Geumpyeong-ri of Yongji-myeon in Gimje-gun was transferred to Iseo-myeon.

Tourism

 * Daedunsan Cable Car is a cable car with a rail of about 1 km at an angle of about 20 degrees. The time required is about 5 minutes.

Art Museum
Jeonbuk Museum of Art, a provincial art museum that opened in October 2004, is located in Imsil-eup.
 * Jeonbuk Museum of Art

Wild Food Festival
The Wild Food Festival is a festival which is focused around reconnecting with nature and eating local food. The festival happens every September or October in the Gosan Recreational Forest.

Samnye Strawberry Festival
Since Samnye strawberries are renowned nationwide for their high quality, the festival is crowded with people who come to sample them at the end of every March at the Youth Training Center in Samnye-eup. Promotional events including experiencing the strawberry harvest, making strawberry cake and strawberry injeolmi, and planting strawberries in flowerpots are held, and environmentally-friendly strawberries can be tasted and bought.

Twin towns and sister cities
Wanju is twinned with:
 * 🇰🇷 Seodaemun-gu, South Korea
 * 🇰🇷 Seocho-gu, South Korea
 * 🇰🇷 Chilgok, South Korea
 * 🇰🇷 Gunpo, South Korea
 * Huai'an, China

title: Wanju County


text:
User talk:Tokyoeyes~enwiki

Beautiful, mystical eyes.

Your account will be renamed
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Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Tokyoeyes. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Tokyoeyes~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
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title: User talk:Tokyoeyes~enwiki


text:
Peace Pilgrim

Peace Pilgrim (July 18, 1908 – July 7, 1981), born Mildred Lisette Norman, was an American spiritual teacher, mystic, pacifist, vegetarian activist and peace activist. In 1952, she became the first woman to walk the entire length of the Appalachian Trail in one season. Starting on January 1, 1953, in Pasadena, California, she adopted the name "Peace Pilgrim" and walked across the United States for 28 years, speaking with others about peace. She was on her seventh cross-country journey when she died.

A transcript of a 1964 conversation with Peace Pilgrim from a broadcast on KPFK radio in Los Angeles was published as "Steps Toward Inner Peace". She stopped counting miles in that year, having walked more than 25,000 mi for peace.

Early life
Mildred Lisette Norman was born on a poultry farm in Egg Harbor City, New Jersey, in 1908, the oldest of three children. Her mother, Josephine Marie Ranch, was a tailor, and her father, Ernest Norman, a carpenter. Although poor, the Norman family was admired in a community of German immigrants, whose relatives originally settled the area after escaping Germany in 1855.

In 1933 she eloped with Stanley Ryder and moved to Philadelphia in 1939. They divorced in 1946. She became a vegetarian for ethical reasons, stating that as she could not kill any living creature. She believed that meat eating was poisonous to the body and lived on a diet of fruits, nuts, vegetables, wholegrains and dairy products.

Pilgrimage
In the book, "Peace Pilgrim: Her Life and Work in Her Own Words," she related that her physical journey began after having experienced a "spiritual awakening," following a long period of meditation practice. She said that this awakening was a direct, mystical experience of the "creator's" love. She claimed that this spurred her to then start her decades-long walking journey for peace.

Her pilgrimage spanned almost three decades beginning January 1, 1953, in Pasadena, California. The Korean War was in progress. She continued walking for 28 years, spanning the American involvement in the Vietnam War and beyond. Peace Pilgrim was a frequent speaker at churches, universities, and local and national radio and television.

Expressing her ideas about peace, she referred to herself only as "Peace Pilgrim." Peace Pilgrim's only possessions were the clothes on her back and the few items she carried in the pockets of her blue tunic which read "Peace Pilgrim" on the front and "25,000 miles on foot for peace" on the back. She had no organizational backing, carried no money, and would not even ask for food or shelter. When she began her pilgrimage she had taken a vow to "remain a wanderer until mankind has learned the way of peace, walking until given shelter and fasting until given food."

On July 7, 1981, while being driven to a speaking engagement near Knox, Indiana, Peace Pilgrim was killed in an automobile accident. The accident occurred on Indiana State Road 23, around 100 meters south of the bridge crossing Eagle Creek about 1.6 miles north of Indiana State Road 23's intersection with Indiana State Road 8. A marker is in the front lawn on the west side of the highway.

At the time of her death, she was crossing the United States for the seventh time. After her death, her body was cremated, and her ashes were interred in a family plot near Egg Harbor City, New Jersey.

Legacy
Friends of Peace Pilgrim is an all-volunteer non-profit organization dedicated to making information about the life and message of Peace Pilgrim available freely to all who ask. Since 1983 they have published and distributed over 400,000 copies of the book, Peace Pilgrim: Her Life and Work in Her Own Words, and over 1.5 million copies of the booklet, Steps Toward Inner Peace. Books and booklets have been sent to over 100 countries. The book has been translated into 12 languages and the booklet into over 20 languages. In 2005 Peace Pilgrim Park was created in her hometown of Egg Harbor City, New Jersey on part of the site of the former Neutral Water Health Resort Sanitarium. Since 2007 an annual Peace Pilgrim Celebration has been observed in the park and at sites throughout Egg Harbor City on September 20–22.

In 2017 she was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame. The same year, she was inducted into the Appalachian Trail Hall of Fame.

Awards

 * Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award
 * Inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame (2017)
 * Appalachian Trail Hall of Fame (2017)

title: Peace Pilgrim


text:
Salasaca

Salasaca is a community and an indigenous people located in the Tungurahua Province in the center of Ecuador, halfway along the road from Ambato to Baños. The Salasaca speak Spanish and their traditional language of Quichua. Their main economic activities are agriculture, livestock-raising, and handcrafts.

A market in the central plaza of Salasaca is called "Plaza of the Arts." Local craftsmanship includes items such as tapestries, which are woven by hand on looms of very ancient technology. Many of the designs depict different aspects of their lives. Pigments are often derived from the female cochineal of the Dactylopius family which are crushed to make red colors. Salasca women wear a woolen garment around the shoulders, personalized by choosing a different shade of red. After pressing the insects into cakes, they use the dried cakes to dye the garments three at a time. One is left crimson, one is soaked in lemon juice to turn it scarlet, and the third is rubbed with wood ashes to turn it purple.

The Quichua Salasaca perform traditional music using a flute and drum. In the 21st century, the Quechua Salasaca have been incorporating other sounds that complement their traditional melodies.

In June, Salasaca people celebrate the Inca new year festival called Inti Raymi, an ancient festival of the sun, which is celebrated in all Quechua communities of the Highlands (Sierra). In the Salasaca festival circuit, the Varayuk or Mayor, who carries a wand that represents power and authority within the community, is the main personality.

title: Salasaca


text:
Battle of Klushino

The Battle of Klushino, or the Battle of Kłuszyn, was fought on 4 July 1610, between forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia during the Polish–Russian War, part of Russia's Time of Troubles. The battle occurred near the village of Klushino (Kłuszyn) near Smolensk (Polish: Smoleńsk). In the battle the outnumbered Polish-Lithuanian force secured a decisive victory over Russia, due to the tactical competence of hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski and the military prowess of Polish hussars, the elite of the army of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. The battle is remembered as one of the greatest triumphs of the Polish-Lithuanian cavalry and an example of excellence and supremacy of the Polish-Lithuanian military at the time.

Background
In 1610, in response to the Polish-Lithuanian advance on Russia, Russia and Sweden formed an alliance, and launched an operation known as the De la Gardie Campaign. A Russian army under Prince Dmitry Shuisky was heading towards the besieged fortress of Smolensk, but was intercepted by Polish-Lithuanian forces. In the meantime, Shuisky divided his forces into several smaller units.

The Polish-Lithuanian forces of about 12,000 under hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski encountered the advance Russian force of 8,000 under Grigory Valuyev and attempted to attack it soon after dawn on 24 June, but the Russians were able to fortify their positions at Tsaryovo-Zaymishche camp. The Russian troops found themselves encircled and trapped in their camp, but the main force under Shuisky, of about 35,000, was only days away. Russia, however, did not know the real strength of the Polish-Lithuanian forces, and how greatly they outnumbered them. Further, the besieged advance unit failed to notify Shuisky that it had encountered the Polish-Lithuanian army. On the other hand, Żółkiewski was confident in his powerful hussars, and decided to press with the attack. On 3 July he decided to leave part of his forces besieging the camp, and take the most mobile units against Shuisky's troops. The ruse was successful, as the besieged troops never realized that the bulk of the Polish-Lithuanian army was temporarily engaged elsewhere, and neither was Shuisky aware of the Polish-Lithuanian movements nor expecting a major engagement.

Opposing forces
The Polish-Lithuanian forces numbering about 6,500 –6,800 men (of which about 5,500, or about 80 percent, were the famous "winged" hussars) under Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski faced a numerically superior force of about 30,000 Russians under Princes Dmitry Shuisky, Andrey Galitzine, and Danilo Mezetsky, as well as about 5,000 mercenary units temporarily allied to Russia, under the command of Jacob De la Gardie, composed of Flemish, French, Irish, German, Spanish, English, and Scottish soldiers. Including the forces that did not take part in combat (remained in camp, reserve, or were delayed), the numbers were 12,300 Polish-Lithuanian soldiers against 48,000 soldiers under Russian command. The Polish-Lithuanian army was supported by two cannons (some sources say four), and the Tsardom of Russia by 11.

Battle
According to a description based on the work of Leszek Podhorecki, although the Poles were more aware that the battle was about to take place, the forces encountered one another in the darkness of the night, and Żółkiewski decided to organize his army rather than engaging immediately, which also gave the Tsardom of Russia time to prepare. According to Mirosław Nagielski, however, the Poles under Żółkiewski purposefully chose to engage the opponent at that time, hoping to catch them asleep.

The Russian army was divided into foreign mercenary regiments on the right (north-west) flank, and the main Russian army on the center and left (south-east) flank. The Russian battle line consisted of infantry (pikemen, musketeers, arquebusiers), mostly behind the village fences, with a second line of cavalry to the rear and on the left wing (where there were fewer fences). The Russian artillery, left in the camp, played no role in the battle. Polish-Lithuanian units consisted primarily of cavalry, namely the Polish hussars, with about 400 Cossack infantry on the left wing. Another 200 infantry and two cannons would arrive later, and did not participate in the first part of the battle.

The battlefield, a flat agricultural field, was crossed by a high village picket fence, reinforced by improvised fieldworks, which allowed the Polish-Lithuanian hussars to charge only through a narrow gap.

The battle began before dawn. The first part of the battle consisted of Polish hussars repeatedly charging the fortified Russian positions, attempting to break them. The Polish-Lithuanian forces continued to make ferocious attacks, and Samuel Maskiewicz, a witness from one hussar company, claimed that his unit charged eight or ten times. The Polish-Lithuanian hussars' attacks on the infantry, hidden behind the fences, and using firearms, were not successful.

Hoping to take advantage of Polish-Lithuanian exhaustion, Shuiski ordered a reiter unit to counterattack the hussars. However, their attempt to employ caracole tactics ended disastrously when the Polish-Lithuanian cavalry instead closed into melee after discharging their firearms. As this Russian cavalry counterattack was mauled by the Poles, the left flank of the Russian army was broken and, in the ensuing confusion, Russian ranks broke and they were pushed back towards their camp gates.

While the center of the Russian army disintegrated, Russian regiments continued to hold on the right wing until they were overpowered, and the mercenary troops continued to put up strong resistance for several hours on the left wing. Eventually when the Polish-Lithuanian infantry and cannons arrived, the mercenaries were forced to abandon their positions. A large portion of the foreign troops managed to retreat under the protection of their long infantry pikes in good order to the safety of their fortified camp (which was separate from the Russian camp).

The Polish-Lithuanian forces now surrounded the two enemy camps. Further, the mercenaries who took positions in the forest were surrounded as well. However, the Russian fortified camp, filled with some still unbloodied troops (outnumbering the exhausted Polish-Lithuanian force) was a serious obstacle.

Żółkiewski decided to attempt negotiations with the enemy, with significant success. Abandoned by the Russians, the foreign mercenaries entered negotiations with the Polish-Lithuanian troops and eventually surrendered, having reached satisfactory conditions. The mercenaries were allowed to withdraw under the condition that they would not enlist with the Tsardom of Russia against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth again. Additionally, several hundred mercenaries chose to switch sides, enlisting with the Polish-Lithuanian army.

Aftermath
The main Russian army was then allowed to retreat, as Shuisky preferred not to reengage in hostilities – despite the advice of his other commanders to the contrary. Meanwhile, the Polish-Lithuanian forces were exhausted and more interested in looting the camp and (according to Podhorecki) did not attempt to stop the Russians. According to another account by Nagielski, they pursued the retreating Russians, inflicting several thousand casualties. The Poles took much loot and trophies, from luxury goods (gold, silver, furs) to military equipment (including all 11 Russian artillery pieces) to war trophies (several command flags and banners).

Overall, the battle lasted about five hours. Shuisky's losses were about 5,000; Żółkiewski's, about 400 (including 100 hussars).

The battle is seen by modern historians as a decisive victory in the war, although contemporary accounts were less clear on this issue, and some tried to stress the importance of the Siege of Smolensk, commanded by the Polish-Lithuanian king Sigismund III Vasa, and downplay Żółkiewski's victory. Regardless, following the battle, Żółkiewski then turned back towards the Russians at Tsaryovo-Zaymishche, commanded by Valuyev, who after learning about the defeat of their relief force at Kluszyno decided to surrender. Soon after the battle, Tsar Vasili IV was ousted by the Seven Boyars and Żółkiewski entered Moscow with little opposition. The Seven Boyars then proclaimed the Polish-Lithuanian prince of the Commonwealth Władysław IV Waza as the new Tsar of Russia. He claimed the Tsar's title from 1610 to 1634 but never assumed the throne, as his father and Commonwealth king, Zygmunt III Waza, failed to negotiate a lasting agreement with the boyars; the Polish-Lithuanian garrison in Moscow was soon besieged and would surrender a year later.

The Battle of Klushino is commemorated on the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw, with the inscription "KŁUSZYN – MOSKWA 2 VII – 28 VIII 1610".

title: Battle of Klushino


text:
Talk:Peace Pilgrim

Title
If Mildred Lisette Norman is worth a biographical entry, this might be a detail. Wetman 13:28, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I think Wetman implies a switch of title. I disagree that current evidence supports this.

 * I knew someone who knew her daily-life name (MLN) when she was active as PP, but my friend considered that rare enuf to remark on it: PP made a point of being known only as PP, in order (my impression was) to make the statement "my individuality is insignificant to my message; my significance is that if i can do this without being a big-time activist, anyone can speak out for peace if they care enough to do so, and anyone who isn't should be asking themself what's keeping them from caring enough".

 * PP got press coverage, i think local mainstream press, when she was "walking for peace" in a given area, during Viet war. (My recollection was that she would walk many tens of miles from town to town in the course of a bout of "walking for peace".) I have never heard of her book; that doesn't imply she is unworthy of listing as MLN, but:
 * IMO she may deserve listing as PP on the basis of past press coverage;
 * If MLN deserves listing, someone needs to find evidence of it. (I assume no one knows the MLN name except from personal contact, reading a little known book, or noticing her obit (i did) and making note of the name MLN (i didn't).)

 * IMO, listing as MLN is appropriate only if her writing is well enuf known to serve as a basis for listing her; in that case, make PP the redir to MLN. Otherwise, make "MLN" text (not link) in PP article, or possibly delete. --Jerzy 17:35, 2004 Jan 2 (UTC)

Birth Name
My term "earlier name" reflected my ignorance of whether MLN is a married name. If we have evidence it wasn't, i suggest it be mentioned here on Talk:Peace Pilgrim --Jerzy 19:37, 2004 Jan 3 (UTC)

This needs fleshing out
Speaking as someone who is completely ignorant of this person and her actions and her importance, this article is much too sketchy to be of much use. I hope to learn more as this page grows. Paul, in Saudi 17:41, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * In progress. —Viriditas | Talk 23:24, 27 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Article needs a complete rewrite. —Viriditas | Talk 01:58, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

Spiritual Teacher & Writer
More than anything, she was a spiritual teacher and spiritual writer/author. This was even a larger role than her activism. She described herself this way as well in her writings. This should be in the opening of the article.64.134.223.188 (talk) 03:06, 21 April 2013 (UTC)

How many times across the US?
Opening paragraph: She also walked across the United States at least eight times, and likely more than 20 times. Later in the article (no source): At the time of her death, she was crossing the United States for the seventh time. Which is correct? Banaticus (talk) 18:43, 8 February 2016 (UTC)

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forrest gump
any info/news/etc about the Peace Pilgram being the inspiration for the section in the movie film "Forrest Gump", when he decided to run across the USA ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gizziiusa (talk • contribs) 11:02, 8 November 2016 (UTC)

Removal of vegetarian category
@Sundayclose

Peace Pilgrim was a well known vegetarian activist, I would like to point out the word "vegetarian activist" is currently in the direct lead for the Wikipedia article as of 19/01/2023, and this has been on the article since 2005 (!). I merely added the vegetarianism activist category because the lead of her article says "vegetarian activist". As said, that information is still in the direct lead and has been there since 2005. So you are happy to leave that information in the lead, but remove a category for the same thing? Makes no sense.

It's not hard to find sources that Pilgrim was a vegetarian, i.e., ,. There are sources calling her a "vegetarian activist".

From her published biography, "I have extended my pacifism to include non-harming of creatures as well as non-harming of human beings. Therefore for many years I have not eaten flesh— not meat, fowl, or fish. I also don’t use furs or feathers, leather or bone. I realize that some people are vegetarians merely for health reasons, and are not necessarily opposed to war. Some people may miss the eating of flesh, but I do not." (Peace Pilgrim: Her Life and Work, page 113).

You only need to do a few minutes research to see I am right about this. Psychologist Guy (talk) 01:51, 19 January 2023 (UTC)

 * In regard to this edit "No indication in her article that she was vegan or vegetarian", not true because as stated above it says it directly in the lead. I never added the "vegetarianism" template, I agree that should be removed. Psychologist Guy (talk) 02:02, 19 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Additional reference from the National Women's History Alliance "Peace Pilgrim was a non-denominational spiritual leader, pacifist, and vegetarian activist." Psychologist Guy (talk) 02:34, 19 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peace Pilgrim


text:
Ascott, Buckinghamshire

Ascott is a hamlet and country house in the parish of Wing, Buckinghamshire, England. The hamlet lies completely within the boundary of the Ascott Estate; it is home to many of the estate and house staff.

Prior to the Norman Conquest there was an abbey at Ascott, that had been given by a royal to a Benedictine convent in Angiers. In 1415 however, the same year as the Battle of Agincourt, the convent was seized by the English church because it belonged to the French and awarded to the Convent of St Mary du Pre, near St Albans.

In the early 16th century the abbey (along with the manor of Wing) was seized by the Crown and given to Cardinal Wolsey, however not long after it was seized once again in the Dissolution of the Monasteries and given to Robert Dormer. In 1554 William Dormer entertained Princess Elizabeth at the house, when she was on the road to London under arrest as a Protestant because her sister Mary had just taken the throne. Anne of Denmark visited in 1612, and James VI and I was entertained at Ascott by Anne, Lady Dormer, in 1620.

The former abbey, now a house, once featured additions that were attributed to Inigo Jones. The house fell into decay following the death without heirs of Charles Dormer, 2nd Earl of Carnarvon in 1709. In 1727 the house and estate were broken up, the deer sold and all the timber cut down and sold off. In the late 19th century members of the Rothschild banking family began to acquire estates in the area, including Ascott. In 1873 a farm house in the parish known as Ascott Hall was bought by Baron Mayer de Rothschild he gave it to his nephew Leopold de Rothschild who employed the architect George Devey to enlarge the property into a substantial country house. Today this is the National Trust property known as Ascott House or sometimes known more simply as just "Ascott".

title: Ascott, Buckinghamshire