text:
Talk:God the Father

Trinity
Shouldn't there be a reference to the Nicene Creed which was largely influential to the idea of the trinity and eventually became standard Christian doctrine?Superbuttons (talk) 19:31, 3 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, and there is. Johnbod (talk) 12:31, 4 July 2013 (UTC)

"God the Father" in Judaism
Is the term "God the Father" really used as much in Judaism as the article currently suggests? I would have assumed that it would be a term that most Jews would avoid, given its strong associations with the Christian concept of the Trinity. Using the term "God the Father" would usually be seen as implying that God has a (divine) son, which is a no-no for non-Christians. It would be good if someone with more knowledge of the subject could weigh in. 124.148.65.8 (talk) 13:31, 18 December 2016 (UTC)

Yes,the Jewish people doaddress God as Father.--Splashen (talk) 19:33, 30 March 2021 (UTC)

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God Father
Would it make sense for God Father to redirect to Godfather instead of here? Kendall-K1 (talk) 23:55, 20 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes, but this page should be included there too. Johnbod (talk) 00:47, 21 July 2017 (UTC)

Overview section
I don't get the point of the Overview section. For example, for Bahá'í we have exactly one hatnote and one sentence, yet these two items are in two different places. Shouldn't they be together? I'm going to be bold and merge Overview into the appropriate sections. Revert and discuss if you disagree. Kendall-K1 (talk) 02:45, 21 July 2017 (UTC)

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God the Father is referred to as the Lord.
He is Adonai and Lord or Jehovah or Yahwen in different religions. 112.201.14.188 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 07:50, 21 April 2019 (UTC)

Do you refer to God the Father as the Lord?
Do you refer to God the Father as the Lord in responsorial psalm? 112.201.9.127 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 14:50, 18 February 2020 (UTC)

There is only one religion with the title "God the Father"
It is clear from the text that only Christianity uses the article title "God the Father" for God. The other religions cited may refer to a god (or the god) as "father" but that is not the capitalised title of this article. So the article either needs to acknowledge that in the lede or the title should be changed to something like "Father (god)" or better still create a new article with the latter title and move the "other religions" section to it. As the article currently stands, it suggests that there are multiple religions using the title "God the Father" which appears from the text to be untrue. Bermicourt (talk) 22:02, 9 June 2020 (UTC)

More verses
Can we include Isaiah 64:8, Deuteronomy 32:6, Jeremiah 3:19, and Malachi 2:10? Temp0000002 (talk) 17:37, 26 November 2022 (UTC)

Dubious
"God the Father" is not a title of God. God the Father is a Person of the Trinity. He is God, but "God the Father" is not a title of God in the same way that, for example, "Yahweh" or "Creator" or "Lord" are names/titles of God. You can say "God the Father is Yahweh" or "God the Father is the Creator" or "God the Father is the Lord" or "Jesus is Yahweh" or "Jesus is the Creator" or "Jesus is the Lord" or "The Holy Spirit is Yahweh" or "The Holy Spirit is the Creator" or "The Holy Spirit is the Lord," but you cannot say "Jesus is God the Father" or "The Holy Spirit is God the Father." ("God the Father is God the Father" is, of course, a tautology.) Thus, the first sentence is incorrect. 184.21.204.5 (talk) 21:31, 21 March 2023 (UTC)

 * While I'm not an expert on the subject, I think I understand what you're saying ("God the Father" is not a title that can be used interchangeably like "Creator", but refers to a single, specific, aspect). Still, I think your proposed correction to "Person of the Trinity" is too technical for an intro sentence (did you notice the phrase is in the second sentence?). God the Father is a different kind of title, as you said yourself (one that is not interchangeable). For ease of reading, the first sentence should remain. MaribelGame (talk) 03:04, 28 March 2023 (UTC)

Do we refer to God the Father Himself as the Lord?
Lord of Heaven and Earth? Spirit, Knowledge, Presence, and Knowledge of the Lord of Heaven and Earth. 114.108.202.223 (talk) 12:29, 5 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:God the Father


text:
Dancesport

Dancesport is competitive ballroom dancing, as contrasted to social or exhibition dancing. In the case of Para dancesport, at least one of the dancers is in a wheelchair.

Dancesport events are sanctioned and regulated by dancesport organizations at the national and international level, such as the World DanceSport Federation.

The name was invented to help competitive ballroom dancing gain Olympic recognition. The physical demand of dancesport has been the subject of scientific research.

History
The first unofficial world championship took place in 1909, and the first formation team was presented in 1932 by Olive Ripman at the Astoria Ballroom, London. Dancesport was first broadcast on TV in 1960.

Styles
The term dancesport applies to the International Style as well the as American Style of competitive ballroom. It includes the following categories:
 * International Standard
 * International Latin
 * American Smooth
 * American Rhythm

These categories apply to both individual couples and formation dance.

World Dance Council
The World Dance Council (WDC) is a registered limited company, and the legal successor to the International Council of Ballroom Dancing (ICBD), which was formed in 1950 in Edinburgh. The WDC operates through a general council and two committees:
 * The World Dance Sport Committee regulates professional dancesport at the international level.
 * The World Social Dance Committee "deals with all matters of the dance profession that relate to the activities of Dance Schools and Dance Teachers". It does not regulate social dance directly – that is the business of individual organisers, the dance teacher organisations, such as the Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing, and the chains of dance teaching schools in the United States.

In 2007 the WDC Amateur League was created. This organisation runs a number of competitions and has its own world ranking system for amateur dancers.

Each member country in the WDC has its own national organisation, such as the British Dance Council, which acts as a forum for the many interested parties in that country. The national bodies decide on their delegates to the WDC.

World DanceSport Federation
The World DanceSport Federation (WDSF), formerly the International DanceSport Federation (IDSF), is the international governing body of dancesport, as recognised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC).

Founded in 1957 as the International Council of Amateur Dancers (ICAD), it took up the name International DanceSport Federation in 1990. In 2011 it changed its name to World DanceSport Federation to emphasise the organization's global character.

In the past, the IDSF's focus was on administering amateur dancers and competitions. However, in 2010 the IDSF Professional Division was created (formerly known as the IPDSC), which extended this focus to professional dancesport.

WDSF members are only allowed to dance in competitions that are on the WDSF's official competition calendar, unless the member has obtained the WDSF's written permission to compete in an event that is not on the WDSF's calendar.

Competitions
There are a wide variety of dance competitions. They range from the well known Blackpool Dance Festival, an event open to all, to competitions conducted exclusively for university students, such as those hosted by the Inter Varsity Dance Association in the UK.

Amateur competitions commonly include events that group dancers by age, experience, or both. For example, events might group young dancers by age, such as: juvenile (<12yrs), junior (12-16yrs), and youth (16-19yrs). Events may sometimes cover a wide range of ages, with groupings such as: under 21yrs, adult, senior I (over 35yrs), senior II (over 45yrs), senior III (over 55yrs), and senior IV (over 65yrs).

Competitors may also be grouped by experience level, with categories such as Beginner, Novice, Intermediate, Pre-Amateur and Amateur. These generally correspond to the number of the dances to be performed in the competition, with Beginners performing one dance, and those at Amateur level performing five. In some competitions these are categorized into grades from A to E, with "A" the equivalent of the Amateur level, and "E" corresponding to the "Beginner" level.

WDSF minimum competition dance area size standard
WDSF governing bodies in different countries have the flexibility to decide on the dance area size for competitions held in the country.

In December 2011, the WDSF Open and the Australian Nationals were held at the Hisense Arena located within the Olympic park in Melbourne. The floor was at 84 by 37.7 meters which was 7.61 times the size of what WDSF requires.

Rules
The World Dance Council (WDC) rules for international competitions are lengthy and detailed. The music for competitions is kept confidential until the event. The music always follows a strict tempo and, for a couples competition, it will have a duration of no less than 90 seconds, and no more than two minutes.

Some elementary competitions are restricted to "basic" steps, but international competitions are open as to choreography, within the limits of the traditional style of the individual dances. Only the Viennese waltz has defined choreography: it is limited to seven well-specified figures. Lifts are not permitted, except for Show Dance titles. The tempo for each dance is defined. In the finals, couples are marked under the skating system and judged by timing, footwork, rise and fall, alignment, direction and floor craft. Competitors must meet World Anti-Doping Agency rules.

Dancesport as an Olympic event
After a long campaign, the World DanceSport Federation (WDSF), formerly IDSF, was recognized by the International Olympic Committee as the sole representative body for dancesport, on September 5, 1997. At that point, many dance organisations changed their titles to incorporate the word sport. This recognition gives the IDSF, potentially, a unique status. The WDSF website shows letters and certificates from the IOC that recognise dancesport as an eligible sport for inclusion pursuant to rule 29 of the Olympic Charter.

On its website, the IDSF gives an upbeat appraisal of the chances of dancesport being included in a future summer Olympic Games. However, dancesport has not been included as an official event at the Olympics since its recognition, and there are many who doubt that it ever will. The 2008 Beijing Olympics did not include ballroom dancing and neither did the 2012 London Olympics. However, it was announced in December 2016 that breakdancing would form part of the programme for the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics under the "dancesport" label, with men's, women's and mixed-team events included in a one-on-one battle format.

Physical demands
Over the years, competitive ballroom dancing has evolved so much in its choreography, requiring a higher level of athleticism. Many individuals that spectate or dance socially often underestimate the physical attributes and demands of dancesport competitive dancing. In order to compete at a world level, elite competitive dancers undergo rigorous training to help and enhance their competition performance. These dancers seem to perform at such a high level of energy expenditure that a deeper understanding of these energy demands may help build specific training programs used to sustain a high quality dance performance consistent over a few rounds of a competition.

In 1988, an Australian study was conducted to determine the heart rate and estimated energy expended during ballroom dancing. Professors Blanksby and Reidy of the Department of Human Movement and Recreation Studies at the University of Western had ten competitive ballroom dance couples simulate a dancesport competition, dancing their competitive routines in either the Latin American or Standard division. After administrating all required laboratory tests (in order to record their height, weight, body fat percentage, fat free mass and the resting/maximal heart rate and VO2 values), the couples danced a five-dance final, given a 15 to 20 second break between each dance. Throughout the final their heart rates were telemetered and recorded. The purpose of this study was to estimate the energy requirements from heart rates acquired during competition simulation and previously recorded measures of VO2 and HR.

The average heart rate for male dancers in Standard was 170 beats min−1 and 168 beats min−1 in the Latin American. Females elicited 179 beats min−1 and 177 beats min−1 respectively. Astrand and Rodahl (1977) classify any exercise being extremely heavy if it results in a heart rate above 150 beats min−1. They also classify an exercise as extremely heavy if oxygen consumption is higher than 2.0L min−1. All but the females in the Standard dance sequence did not exceed an oxygen consumption level of 2.0L min−1. Finally, the energy expenditure for male athletes was estimated to be 54.1 ± 8.1 kJ min−1 for Standard and 54.0± 9.6kJ min−1 in the Latin American dances. For females it was 34.7 ± 3.8 kJ min−1 and 36.1 ± 4.1 kJ min−1 respectively.

Two other similar experiments were conducted exhibiting very similar results and analyses. In all three of the experiments, significant differences in the energy expenditure between the male and female athletes were noticed. Generally males had a higher energy expenditure than their female counterparts. This is evident due to the anthropometric differences between the two sexes and the oxygen transport capacity.

Comparing the mean gross energy expenditures (in kJ min−1) between ballroom dancing and other sports, it is evident that competitive dancing is equally as demanding in comparison to other sporting activities such as basketball (35.83 kJ min−1) or cross-country running (44.37kJ min−1) (Consolazioetal, 1963), and that competitive ballroom dancing requires a cardiovascular system that can work at a high energy level in order to match the given physiological strain.

Para Dance sport
Previously known as Wheelchair Dance sport until it was rebranded in 2016, Para dance sport consists of couples can competing in two kinds of events: combi (one standing partner and one wheelchair partner) or duo (both dancers are in wheelchairs). Disciplines contested in Para dance sport are: standard, Latin, singles and freestyle. Disciplines in couples events are combi standard, combi Latin, combi freestyle, duo standard, duo Latin and duo freestyle. The Freestyle and singles disciplines were introduced in 2014. Both were contested for the first time at a World Championship in 2015 in Rome, Italy.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dancesport


text:
Boris Derjaguin

Boris Vladimirovich Derjaguin (or Deryagin; Бори́с Влади́мирович Деря́гин) (9 August 1902 in Moscow – 16 May 1994) was a Soviet and Russian chemist. As a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, he laid the foundation of the modern science of colloids and surfaces. An epoch in the development of the physical chemistry of colloids and surfaces is associated with his name.

Derjaguin became famous in scientific circles for his work on the stability of colloids and thin films of liquids which is now known as the DLVO theory, after the initials of its authors: Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek. It is universally included in text books on colloid chemistry and is still widely applied in modern studies of interparticle forces in colloids. In particular, the Derjaguin approximation is widely used in order to approximate the interaction between curved surfaces from a knowledge of the interaction for planar ones.

Derjaguin was also briefly involved in polywater research during the 1960s and early 1970s. This field claimed that if water was heated then cooled in quartz capillaries, it took on astonishing new properties. Eventually, the scientists who were involved in polywater admitted it did not exist, claiming they were misled by poorly designed experiments (Derjaguin rejected polywater in 1973 ).

He is also known for having hotly rejected some of the then-new ideas of adhesion as presented by the Western bloc in the 1970s. His model came to be known as the DMT (after Derjaguin, Muller and Toporov) model, while the model presented by Western bloc scientists came to be known as the JKR (after Johnson, Kendall and Roberts) model for adhesive elastic contact. This rejection proved to be instrumental in the development of the Tabor and later Maugis parameters that quantify which contact model (of the JKR and DMT models) represent adhesive contact better for specific materials.

title: Boris Derjaguin


text:
Callander

Callander (Calasraid) is a small town in the council area of Stirling, Scotland, situated on the River Teith. The town is located in the historic county of Perthshire and is a popular tourist stop to and from the Highlands.

The town serves as the eastern gateway to the Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park, the first National Park in Scotland, and is often referred to as the "Gateway to the Highlands".

Dominating the town to the north are the Callander Crags, a visible part of the Highland Boundary Fault, rising to 343 m at the cairn. Ben Ledi (879 m) lies north-west of Callander. Popular local walks include Bracklinn Falls, The Meadows, Callander Crags and the Wood Walks. The Rob Roy Way passes through Callander. The town sits on the Trossachs Bird of Prey Trail. The River Teith is formed from the confluence of two smaller rivers, the Garbh Uisge (River Leny) and Eas Gobhain about 1/3 mi west of the bridge at Callander.

A 19th-century Gothic church stands in the town square, named after Saint Kessog, an Irish missionary who is said to have preached in the area in the sixth-century. The church closed in 1985 and between 1990 and 2006 the building, after undergoing substantial interior alterations, was home to a visitor centre and audio-visual attraction telling the story of local outlaw, Rob Roy MacGregor. The church building was occupied by The Clanranald Trust for Scotland between 2015 and 2018, but it now lies empty.

Founded in 1892, McLaren High School educates pupils aged 11 to 18 from a wide catchment area extending as far as Killin, Tyndrum and Inversnaid.

In 2018 Callander was named Scotland's First Social Enterprise Place, due to the amount of social enterprise activity within the town. This includes Callander Community Hydro Ltd., a community owned renewable energy project which distributes funds to a variety of local projects.

Toponym
The name Callander was first recorded, perhaps erroneously, as Callander in 1238, and Kallandrech in 1438, and the etymology is uncertain. William J Watson had the derivation as Gaelic Calasraid, meaning "harbour-street" or "ferry-street" in 1913. By 1926, Watson stated "Callander on Teith…is a transferred name from Callander near Falkirk", and indeed, it is probable that from at least the 16th century, Callander was influenced by that spelling. Early forms with Calen- may relate to the original name of the estate, which may have straddled the Teith. Calendrate may have been a subdivision of this estate, and the sraid element may relate to a Roman road. Some of the early forms contain –drate, which might be Gaelic drochaid "bridge".

Calender may also be of Brittonic origin, and derived from *caleto-dubro- (Welsh caled-dŵr), meaning "hard-water". The -n in the name Callander is intrusive. It may originally have been a river-name, perhaps that of the present River Teith. A name of the Calder type, Callander may share an etymology with the Callater Burn in Aberdeenshire, as well as the English names Calder in West Yorkshire, and Kielder in Northumberland.

History
A neolithic settlement situated south of the river was excavated in 2001 finding evidence of a timber building 25 m in length along with neolithic pottery. The Auchenlaich Cairn, a neolithic chambered cairn which at 322 m in length is the longest in Britain, is situated near Keltie Bridge just east of Callander. The remains of an ancient hillfort can be seen at Dunmore overlooking Loch Venachar, near Kilmahog. This fort was likely a large defended structure visible from some distance and excavations have revealed a well and signs of vitrified stonework. Nearby, the remains of Roman ramparts constructed during the campaigns of Agricola in the first century AD are visible at Bochastle Farm.

Saint Kessog, a disciple of Columba of Iona, preached and taught in this area in the early sixth century. A small mound by the River Teith is named in pseudo-Gaelic as "Tom na Chessaig", meaning "the Hill of Kessog". This man-made mound is circular with a level top approximately 10 m in diameter. It is reputed to have been constructed as a memorial to the Saint or even to be the remains of Callander's original church (situated close to the old graveyard). The structure has actually been identified as a medieval motte, although no excavation has confirmed this. Historians record that an annual market called "Feill ma Chessaig" (festival of Kessog) was held here until the early 19th century.

A medieval tower house, Callander Castle, once stood south of the river, which is said to have been "a square tower of considerable height". This belonged to the Livingstons of Callendar House near Falkirk. The only remains of the castle are some masonry and a possible datestone inscribed 1596, which is now incorporated within the old St Kessog's Manse on the same site.

In 1645, during the campaigns of Montrose, a battle was fought at Callander between the Campbells of Argyll and the Atholl men. The Campbells were harassing the McGregors and the McNabs for their allegiance to Montrose. While besieging Castle Ample, the news came of the advance of 700 Atholl men under Inchbrakie. A retreat was made southwards, but, as the Campbells were crossing a ford to the east of the village of Callander, they were overtaken and compelled to give battle. Inchbrakie, advancing part of his force to attack the defenders, quietly marched another detachment towards a ford higher up near the present bridge. A crossing was soon effected, and the Campbells, being unexpectedly attacked on the rear, broke and fled, leaving eighty of their men dead on the field.

Although it is not known when the area was first settled, Callander is mentioned in parish records since at least the 15th century. The Medieval Parish of Callander was a patchwork of estates, settlements and farms and some of these survive in the present street names, such as Murdiestoun, Balgibbon and East Mains. The area around Callander was cleared for sheep before 1800 as part of the early phases of the Highland Clearances.

Scottish Gaelic was once widely spoken. In 1803, William Wordsworth and his sister, Dorothy, visited Callander and the Trossachs and recorded everyday encounters with Gaelic language and culture. In the 1840s sermons were delivered in both Gaelic and English, and Gaelic was taught in at least two schools in the area. By the 1880s most locals were speaking a mixture of Gaelic, Scots and English. In the 1900s, Celtic scholar, William J. Watson, documented, "four Gaelic-speaking men born near Callander, two of whom were over 80 and had excellent knowledge of the place-names." However, one 19th century writer (Alexander MacGibbon) took objection to the local dialect, stating, "The true Gaelic is a noble language, worthy of the fire of Ossian, and wonderfully adapted to the genius of a warlike nation; but the contemptible language of the people about Callander, and to the east, is quite incapable of communicating a noble idea."

Callander was served by rail from 1 July 1858 as the terminus of a branch line from Dunblane. A second Callander railway station was opened about 1/2 mi to the west, behind the Dreadnought Hotel, on 1 June 1870 when the railway was extended to Killin en route to Oban, and closed on 5 November 1965. Sections of this former Callander and Oban Railway line, between Callander and Strathyre and between Balquhidder and Killin Junction, are now part of the National Cycle Network (route 7) and the Rob Roy Way. Track from the dismantled Callander and Oban Railway was used in the construction of the transit system for the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City.

Notable residents

 * Very Rev Andrew Nisbet Bogle DD (1868-1957) Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1930.
 * John Michael Baillie-Hamilton Buchanan, the current Chief of Clan Buchanan and the first Chief in over 330 years.
 * Francis Buchanan-Hamilton (1762–1829), physician and biologist, was born in Callander
 * Helen Duncan, from Callander, was the second to last person to be tried and imprisoned for the crime of Witchcraft in the UK, during World War Two.
 * Saul Davies, James' guitarist, moved to Callander with his young family in 2013.
 * Archibald Kay RSA RSW (1860-1935), landscape artist, lived in Callander

Callander in popular culture
Callander achieved prominence during the 1960s as the fictional setting "Tannochbrae" in the BBC television series Dr. Finlay's Casebook.

In the fictional world of the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero franchise, the character Destro was born in Callander.

The fictional teenager, Adrian Mole, while on holiday at Loch Lubnaig walks to Callander to buy a Mars bar and play Space Invaders (The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, Aged 13¾ by Sue Townsend).

Annual events

 * Official Opening of Salmon fishing on the River Teith, Callander (February)
 * Callander Summerfest (July)
 * Callander Highland Games (July)
 * Trossachs Beer Festival (August/September)
 * Callander Jazz & Blues Festival (September/October)
 * Callander Winterfest (December)

title: Callander


text:
Levirate marriage

Levirate marriage is a type of marriage in which the brother of a deceased man is obliged to marry his brother's widow. Levirate marriage has been practiced by societies with a strong clan structure in which exogamous marriage (i.e. marriage outside the clan) is forbidden.

Etymology
The term levirate is derived from the Latin levir, meaning "husband's brother".

Background and rationale
Levirate marriage can, at its most positive, serve as protection for the widow and her children, ensuring that they have a male provider and protector. Levirate marriage can be a positive in a society where women must rely on men to provide for them, especially in societies where women are under the authority of, dependent on, in servitude to or regarded as possessions of their husbands, and to ensure the survival of the clan. The practice of levirate marriage is strongly associated with patriarchal societies. The practice was extremely important in ancient times (e.g., Ancient Near East), and remains so today in parts of the world. Having children enables the inheritance of land, which offers security and status.

A levirate marriage might only occur if a man died childless, in order to continue his family line. The anthropologist Ruth Mace also found that the practice of widow inheritance by younger brothers, common in many parts of Africa, serves to reduce population growth, as these men will be forced to marry older (and hence, less fertile) women.

Judaism
In the Hebrew Bible, a form of levirate marriage, called yibbum, is mentioned in, under which the brother of a man who dies without children is permitted and encouraged to marry the widow. Either of the parties may refuse to go through with the marriage, but both must go through a ceremony, known as halizah, involving a symbolic act of renunciation of a yibbum marriage. Sexual relations with one's brother's wife are otherwise forbidden by Leviticus 18 and Leviticus 20.

Jewish custom has seen a gradual decline of yibbum in favor of halizah, to the point where in most contemporary Jewish communities, and in Israel by mandate of the Chief Rabbinate, yibbum is prohibited.

This started already in time of Mishnah, "The opinion of Abba Shaul, who said, 'The mitzvah of ḥalitza takes precedence over the mitzvah of levirate marriage'" (Yevamot 3a). "Now that they do not have intent for the sake of fulfilling the mitzvah, the Sages say, The mitzvah of performing ḥalitza takes precedence over the mitzvah of consummating the levirate marriage" (Babylonian Talmud, Yevamot 39b). In Yemen, however, the practice of Levirate marriage was observed by the Jewish community there until their immigration to the Land of Israel.

Islam
Islamic law (sharia) clearly lays down rules for marriage, including who may marry whom, and although the Quran does not prohibit a man from marrying his brother's widow, it does insist that if it were to be done, it should be treated as a normal marriage with the wife's consent and a mahr.

"O you who have believed, it is not lawful for you to inherit women by compulsion. And do not make difficulties for them in order to take [back] part of what you gave them unless they commit a clear immorality. And live with them in kindness. For if you dislike them – perhaps you dislike a thing and Allah makes therein much good."

Scythia
The levirate custom was revived in Scythia if there were shaky economic conditions in the decedent's family. Khazanov, citing [Abramzon, 1968, p. 289 - 290], mentions that during World War II, the levirate was resurrected in Central Asia. In these circumstances, adult sons and brothers of the deceased man held themselves responsible to provide for his dependents. One of them would marry the widow and adopt her children, if there were any.

Central Asia and Xiongnu
The levirate custom survived in the society of Northeastern Caucasus Huns until the 7th century CE. The Armenian historian Movses Kalankatuatsi states that the Savirs, one of Hunnish tribes in the area, were usually monogamous, but sometimes a married man would take his brother's widow as a polygynous wife. Ludmila Gmyrya, a Dagestani historian, asserts that the levirate survived into "ethnographic modernity" (from the context, probably 1950s). Kalankatuatsi describes the form of levirate marriage practised by the Huns. As women had a high social status, the widow had a choice whether to remarry or not. Her new husband might be a brother or a son (by another woman) of her first husband, so she could end up marrying her brother-in-law or stepson; the difference in age did not matter. Hungarians also practiced levirate marriages. Koppány's rebellion against the Christian king Stephen I and claim to marry Sarolt, the widow of his relative Géza, was qualified as an incestuous attempt by 14th-century Hungarian chronicles, but was fully in line with the pagan custom.

India
In 2017, the Indian Army removed a rule which restricted payment of monetary allowances to widows of gallantry awardees if she marries someone other than the late husband's brother. Previously, the payment of an allowance was continued until her death or until she re-married, unless the new husband was the late husband's brother.

Indonesia
According to the adat (customary practice) of the Karo people in North Sumatra, Indonesia, polygyny is permitted. A study of Kutagamber, a Karo village in the 1960s, noted one instance of the practice, as a result of levirate. The Indonesian term for it is "turun ranjang" (lit.: get down off one's bed).

Japan
The Japanese had a custom of levirate marriage called aniyome ni naosu (兄嫁に直す) during the Meiji period.

Kurds
Levirate marriages among the Kurds are very common and also among the Kurds in Turkey, especially in Mardin. Levirate is practised in Kurdistan: a widowed woman stays with her husband's family. If she is widowed when her children are young, she is obliged to marry her deceased husband's brother. This form of marriage is called levirate. Sororate marriage is another custom: When a man loses his wife before she bears a child or she dies leaving young children, her lineage provides another wife to the man, usually a younger sister with a lowered bride price. Both levirate and sororate are practiced to guarantee the well being of children and ensure that any inheritance of land will stay within the family.

Kirghiz
"The Kirghiz practice levirate whereby the wife of a deceased male is very often married by a younger sibling of the deceased." "Kirghiz ... followed levirate marriage customs, i.e., a widow who had borne at least one child was entitled to a husband from the same lineage as her deceased spouse."

Korea
The Korean kingdom of Goguryeo also had a custom of levirate marriage. An example of this was king Sansang of Goguryeo marrying the queen of Gogukcheon of Goguryeo, who was his older brother's wife.

Manchu
The existence of levirate marriage is supported by the case of Korean Princess Uisun who was brought to the Later Jin dynasty to marry the Manchu prince Dorgon and married his nephew after he died.

Central African Republic
Levirate marriage is commonly practiced among Goula who mostly live in northern part of Central African Republic.

Cameroon
Among the Mambila of northern Cameroon, in regard to "Inheritance of wives: both levirates are practised throughout the tribe".

Kenya
As among the Maragoli of western Kenya, likewise "in the Luo case widows become mostly remarried to the deceased husband's brother".

In the highlands of Kenya, it is "Nandi custom for a widow to be 'taken over' ... by a brother ... of her deceased husband." "According to customary law, it is tantamount to adultery for a widow to be sexually involved with a man other than a close agnate of her late husband."

Nigeria
In some parts of Nigeria, it is a common practice for a woman to marry her late husband's brother if she had children. This enabled the children to retain the father's family identity and inheritance. Although less common today, it is still practiced: "Levirate marriage is considered a custom of the Yoruba, the Igbo, and the Hausa-Fulani ... . ... levirate marriages ... are commonest among the [I]gbo ... . ... Under customary law among the Yoruba, ... A brother or son of the deceased husband ... was traditionally allowed to inherit the widow as a wife ... . The inheritance of the youngest wife of the deceased by the eldest son ... continues to be practiced in Yoruba land ... . ... Under Igbo customary law, ... a brother or son of the deceased Igbo husband ... was traditionally allowed to inherit the widow as a wife. Levirate marriage is also considered in the tradition of the Urhobo people, a major ethnic group in the Delta State."

Somalia
In Somalia, levirate marriage is practiced and is called Dumaal, and provisions are made under Somali customary law or Xeer with regard to bride price (yarad). The widow is usually given a choice in the matter. In the past few decades since the start of the Somali Civil War, this type of marriage has fallen out of favor due to strict Islamic interpretations that have been imported to Somalia.

South Sudan
Levirate marriages are very common among South Sudan's Nilotic peoples, especially among the Dinka and Nuer people.

An alternate form, the ghost marriage, occurs when a groom dies before marriage. The deceased groom is replaced by his brother who serves as a stand in to the bride; any resulting children are considered children of the deceased spouse.

Zimbabwe
In Zimbabwe, levirate marriage is practiced amongst the Shona people, and provisions are made under Zimbabwe customary law, with regard to bride price (roora). The widow is usually given a choice in the matter, as well as the widower. In the past few decades, this type of marriage has fallen out of favor due to increased rural-to urban migration as well as improved literacy for women and girls.

Pre-colonial Inca civilization
Spanish chronicler, Juan de Betanzos, described the practice of levirate marriage which he saw observed in Peru in the early 16th-century by the people ruled by the Inca: "If the first husband of a woman died and the woman wanted to marry, she would be married to the closest relative of her husband. If children remained from her first husband, she should rear them as her own. If the first husband left no children, the second should be from the same lineage and the lineage would continue and the blood of those of Cuzco would not be mixed with that of some other nation or disappear."

In popular culture
Levirate marriages serve as a plot-element in various works of fiction:
 * The plot of Holy Matrimony (1994) is based on a levirate marriage, but the real-life Hutterites don't have such custom.
 * In the TV series Deadwood, Seth Bullock is married to his brother's widow. This is a plot point used to mitigate guilt in the adulterous affair between Alma (another widow), and Seth (2005).
 * In the Tamil novel Arukattuthurai (2006), Aruldas, (younger brother of Samuel) marries his sister-in-law Samuthiravalli, nearly three years after Samuel goes missing.
 * In A Song of Ice and Fire, Lord Eddard Stark marries his brother Brandon's betrothed, Catelyn Tully after the death of Brandon.
 * In Hell on Wheels (2011–2016), it makes mention of Eva's late husband Gregory Toole having killed himself, his brother having tradition to marry her as his brother's widow.

title: Levirate marriage


text:
Coldstream

Coldstream (An Sruthan Fuar) is a town and civil parish in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland. A former burgh, Coldstream was where the Coldstream Guards, a regiment in the British Army, originated.

Description
Coldstream lies on the north bank of the River Tweed in Berwickshire, while Northumberland in England lies to the south bank, with Cornhill-on-Tweed the nearest village. At the 2001 census, the town had a population of 1,813, which was estimated to have risen to 2,050 by 2006. The parish, in 2001, had a population of 6,186.

History
Coldstream is the location where Edward I of England invaded Scotland in 1296. In February 1316 during the Wars of Scottish Independence, Sir James Douglas defeated a numerically superior force of Gascon soldiery led by Edmond de Caillou at the Skaithmuir to the north of the town. In 1650 General George Monck founded the Coldstream Guards regiment (a part of the Guards Division, Foot Guards regiments of the British Army). It is one of two regiments of the Household Division that can trace its lineage to the New Model Army. Monck led the regiment to London, helping to enable the Restoration of King Charles II.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, Coldstream was a popular centre for runaway marriages, much like Gretna Green, as it lay on a major road (now the A697). A monument to Charles Marjoribanks (1794–1833), MP for Berwickshire, whose ancestral home was in nearby Lees, stands at the east end of the town, near the Coldstream Bridge. Alec Douglas-Home (1903–95), who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from October 1963 to October 1964, is buried in the churchyard of the ruined Lennel parish church, just outside the village.

Notable buildings in the town include the marriage house, where weddings were conducted, The Hirsel, which is the family seat of the Earls of Home, and Coldstream Town Hall, which is used as a library and registration office.

Each year, during the first week of August, Coldstream hosts a traditional "Civic Week" where it includes historical aspects of the town's history such as the Torchlight procession and horse-rides to the Battle of Flodden battlefield.

Coldstream Priory
The Priory of St Mary was founded before 1166 by Gospatric III, Earl of Lothian. Never wealthy or powerful, the monastery nevertheless occurs frequently in the history of the border lands, being targeted several times by English forces. The monastery is the only one from the period where any charters survive thanks to the good sense of the prioress, having them copied. The house was used by both the English and Scots to gather information on each other, thanks to its location, the prioress treading a tightrope to ensure the survival of the monastery. It became a favourite of Margaret Tudor, wife of James IV, Margaret using it several times during the troubled times of the Regency.

After the Battle of Flodden, the prioress had all the bodies of the Scottish casualties (apart from James IV’s, which was taken to England) brought to the monastery for burial - an event commemorated annually even today, by a procession & service, involving cutting a sod of grass from the battle field and it being carried back to Coldstream; since the priory is completely lost today, the sod is symbolically ‘buried’ on the Tweed Green. The last prioress signed away her community and it ceased to exist as a legal entity in 1621, although no new novices had been permitted since the 1560 Reform Parliament. No reliable record of the number of nuns living in the house have survived. Isabella Hoppringle (1460–1538) was the prioress of Coldstream from 1505 until her death. She was succeeded by her relative, Janet Pringle, the last ‘real’ prioress of the house.

Bughtrig House
In February 2020, the Scottish Borders Council announced plans to build a museum at the family home of Vice-Admiral Bertram Home Ramsay, who masterminded Operation Dynamo, the evacuation of Dunkirk. "A former garden store will be converted at Bughtrig House in Coldstream to create the museum in his honour," BBC News reported.

The Ba Green
The border between Scotland and England runs down the middle of the River Tweed, however between the villages of Wark and Cornhill the Scottish border comes south of the river to enclose a small riverside meadow of approximately 2 to 3 acres (or about a hectare). This piece of land is known as the Ba Green. It is said locally that every year the men of Coldstream would play the men of Wark (south of the river) at ba, and the winning side would claim the Ba Green for their country. As Coldstream grew to have a larger population than Wark, the men of Coldstream always defeated those of Wark at the game, and so the land became a permanent part of Scotland.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC Scotland and ITV Border. Television signal are received from the Selkirk TV transmitter. BBC North East and Cumbria and ITV Tyne Tees can also be received from the Chatton TV transmitter.

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Scotland on 93.5 FM, BBC Radio Newcastle can also be received on 96.0 FM and Greatest Hits Radio Scottish Borders and North Northumberland on 96.8 FM.

The Border Telegraph and Southern Reporter are the town's local newspapers.

title: Coldstream


text:
Culross

Culross (/ˈkurəs/) (Scottish Gaelic: Cuileann Ros, 'holly point or promontory') is a village and former royal burgh, and parish, in Fife, Scotland.

According to the 2006 estimate, the village has a population of 395. Originally, Culross served as a port city on the Firth of Forth and is believed to have been founded by Saint Serf during the 6th century.

The civil parish had a population of 4,348 in 2011.

Founding legend
A legend states that when the Brittonic princess (and future saint) Teneu, daughter of the king of Lothian, became pregnant before marriage, her family threw her from a cliff. She survived the fall unharmed, and was soon met by an unmanned boat. She knew she had no home to go to, so she got into the boat; it sailed her across the Firth of Forth to land at Culross, where she was cared for by Saint Serf; he became foster-father of her son, Saint Kentigern (or Mungo).

West Kirk and Abbey
The parish appears to have originally centred further west. The original church, later known as the "West Kirk" perhaps dates to the 11th century but was abandoned around 1500 and, therefore, did not come into play in 1560 at the time of the Reformation; however, it continued to be used for burials into the 20th century, being a long-established burial ground.

The Cistercian Abbey, dedicated to the Virgin Mary and Saint Serf, was built around a mile to the east in 1217, being founded by Malcolm, Earl of Fife. Part of this became the parish church in 1560 and was restored in 1905. A Chapel of St. Mungo (now wholly lost) was erected in 1503 by Robert Blackadder, Archbishop of Glasgow.

The first recorded minister was John Dykes (1567). He was replaced in 1593 by Robert Colville, of Linlithgow, who ministered until 1629, when replaced by his assistant Robert Melville. John Duncan MA took over in 1632. Duncan was pensioned off in 1642 but is recorded as joining the camp of General Leslie at Newcastle 1646–47 during the English Civil War.

In the 17th century, its most notable minister was the Covenanter James Fraser of Brea, who took over in 1689.

Industry
During the 16th and 17th centuries, the town was a centre of the coal-mining industry. Sir George Bruce of Carnock, who built Culross Palace and whose elaborate family monument stands in the north transept of the Abbey church, established a coal mine at Culross in 1575. In 1590, he constructed the Moat Pit at Culross, the first coal mine in the world to extend under the sea. The mine worked what is now known as the Upper Hirst coal seam, with ingenious contrivances to drain the constant leakage from above. This mine was considered one of the marvels of the British Isles in the early 17th century, described by one visitor, John Taylor, as "a wonder ... an unfellowed and unmatchable work", until the Moat Pit was destroyed in a storm on 30 March 1625.

Culross's secondary industry was salt panning. There were seven salt pans at Culross in 1573. The Privy Council of Scotland allowed the proprietors, led by John Blaw and Alexander Eizatt, to export salt and they undertook to pay a duty in silver to the Scottish royal mint. In 1574, Regent Morton revoked licences to export salt because of a shortage of salt in Scotland.

There was a considerable export trade by sea in the produce of these industries, and the prevalence of red roof tiles in Culross and other villages in Fife is thought to be a direct result of collier ships returning to Culross with Dutch roof tiles as ballast. The town was also known for its monopoly on the manufacture of girdles, a colloquial name for flat iron plates for baking over an open fire.

In the late 18th century, Archibald Cochrane, 9th Earl of Dundonald, established kilns for extracting coal tar using his patented method.

The town's role as a port declined from the 18th century, and by Victorian times it had become something of a ghost town. The harbour was filled in and the sea cut off by the coastal railway line in the very early part of the 20th century. The outer pier has recently been the subject of restoration work.

Heritage
Notable buildings in the burgh include Culross Town House, formerly used as a courthouse and prison, the 16th-century Culross Palace, 17th-century Study, and the remains of the Cistercian house of Culross Abbey, founded 1217. The tower, transepts and choir of the Abbey Church remain in use as the parish church, while the ruined claustral buildings are cared for by Historic Environment Scotland.

The West Kirk fell out of use before 1633, when it was noted as no longer serving as the parish church. The West Kirk was also the site where four women executed for witchcraft in 1675 were alleged to have congregated.

Just outside the town is the 18th-century Dunimarle Castle, built by the Erskine family to supersede a medieval castle.

Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald, spent much of his early life in Culross, where his family had an estate. A bust in his honour, the work of Scott Sutherland, can be seen outside the Town House. He was the first Vice Admiral of Chile.

The war memorial was erected in 1921 to a design by Sir Robert Lorimer.

During the 20th century, it became recognised that Culross contained many unique historical buildings, and the National Trust for Scotland has been working on their preservation and restoration since the 1930s.

Administration
Prior to the 1890s, the parish of Culross formed an exclave of Perthshire. It is within the Dunfermline and West Fife Westminster Parliamentary constituency.

Culross as a location for filming
Several motion pictures have used Culross as a filming location, including Kidnapped (1971), The Little Vampire (2000), A Dying Breed (2007), The 39 Steps (2008) and Captain America: The First Avenger (2011). In September 2013, the Starz television series Outlander started filming in Culross for its premiere in August 2014.

Notable people

 * George Bruce of Carnock (1550–1625), Lord Bruce
 * Christian Cavendish, Countess of Devonshire, (1595–1675), daughter of Edward Bruce, 1st Lord Kinloss (1548-1611), owner of Culross Abbey House
 * Thomas Cochrane (1775–1860), naval officer, mercenary and politician, spent much of his early life in Culross, where his family had an estate.
 * Bishop Leighton, Archbishop of Glasgow
 * Elizabeth Melville, "Lady Culross" (c.1578–c.1640), Scotland's earliest-known published female poet
 * Stewart McPherson (1822–1892), recipient of the Victoria Cross
 * Revd. Robert Pont (1525–1606) radical church figure during the Reformation, five times Moderator of the Church of Scotland
 * Gilbert Primrose (d. 1616) surgeon to James VI
 * Jackie Sinclair (1943–2010), Scottish international footballer

Twin towns and sister cities
Culross is twinned with Dutch town of Veere, which was formerly the port through which its export goods entered the Low Countries.

title: Culross


text:
Cumnock

Cumnock (Scottish Gaelic: Cumnag) is a town and former civil parish located in East Ayrshire, Scotland. The town sits at the confluence of the Glaisnock Water and the Lugar Water. There are three neighbouring housing projects which lie just outside the town boundaries, Craigens, Logan and Netherthird, with the former ironworks settlement of Lugar also just outside the town, contributing to a population of around 13,000 in the immediate locale. A new housing development, Knockroon, was granted planning permission on 9 December 2009 by East Ayrshire Council.

The town is home to the Robert Burns Academy, a new educational campus housing the main Robert Burns Academy secondary school following the merger of Cumnock Academy and Auchinleck Academy, Lochnorris Primary School and Cherry Trees Early Childhood Centre. The campus is the largest educational establishment in Scotland.

The 2011 UK Census revealed that the Ayr, Carrick and Cumnock constituency, of which Cumnock is part, had an above-average unemployment rate at 5.6% compared to the Scottish average of 4.8%, with a significant proportion of residents living in local authority housing at 20.2% compared to the Scottish average of 13.2%. The constituency also had a high proportion of retired people and Church of Scotland Protestants at the Census relative to elsewhere in Scotland, with 19% of those living in the constituency retired (14.9% across Scotland) and 43.3% of constituents recognising their religion as Church of Scotland (32.4% across Scotland). 90% of residents identified their ethnicity as White British, with 99% recognising their ethnicity as White. On indicators such as health, educational attainment, income and social class however the area is more deprived than the national average.

Etymology
The origin of the name "Cumnock" has been debated over the years and several interpretations have been offered.
 * Com-cnoc, (hollow of the hills)
 * Com-oich, (meeting of the waters)
 * Cam-cnoc, (crooked hill)
 * Cumanag, (little shrine)

Early history
This part of Ayrshire has seen human settlement for over 5,000 years. There are many Bronze Age burial sites around the nearby area.

Medieval history
The patron saint of Cumnock is Saint Conval. It is believed that a place of worship has existed in Cumnock's Square for over 1,100 years, although the records do not begin until about 1275. James IV created the Burgh of Cumnock. Three castles existed in the parish of Old Cumnock, namely Borland, Terringzean and Lefnories or Lochnorris. Lefnories was the largest and was replaced as a dwelling by Dumfries House, with only the below ground foundations remaining, excavated by the Marquess of Bute in the late 19th century.

William Wallace allegedly spent three months in the seat of Patrick Dunbar ((New) Cumnock or Cumno in 1296), according to the poem The Wallace, by Blind Harry. Robert the Bruce, Robert I, was in Cumnock in 1307 being pursued by two of Edward I's men: Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, and John MacDougall of Lorn. The latter used Bruce's own bloodhound to track him. Bruce evaded capture and the bloodhound lost the scent when Bruce waded into a stream.

Industrial Cumnock
The town has a strong socialist heritage due to its history as a mining centre. The father of the Labour Party, James Keir Hardie, lived in the town for a large part of his life, and his statue sits outside Cumnock Town Hall. The left-wing politician Emrys Hughes was local MP for a time in the mid-20th century, and also lived in the town.

Modern history
Whilst many traditional industries in Cumnock have declined, such as coal mining, common in many parts of East Ayrshire, the area has seen some revival to its economy. The development of Knockroon was expected to continue over a 25-year period, creating construction jobs in the local area, and was backed by The Prince's Foundation for the Built Environment, and is being designed on green principles. The first houses in the development were built by Hope Homes Scotland and ZeroC. Prince Charles has expressed a personal interest in the development. Construction started in April 2011.

In February 2019 The Scotsman reported that only 31 of the planned 770 homes had been built.

Emergency One, one of the largest producers of fire engines in the UK, is located in Cumnock, and is a major employer in the Cumnock and the surrounding areas. Like most communities affected by the decline in coal mining, Cumnock has shifted towards a more skilled base and services economy.

Local government
In East Ayrshire Council, the local government, Cumnock is represented as Cumnock and New Cumnock, whereby it elects four councillors to represent the area. Following the most recent 2022 East Ayrshire Council election, the four councillors elected to the ward were Billy Crawford (Scottish Labour Party), Neill Watts (Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party), Jim McMahon (Scottish National Party) and June Kyle (Scottish Labour Party).

Scottish Parliament
Cumnock is represented in the Scottish Parliament as Carrick, Cumnock and Doon Valley, currently represented by Elena Whitham MSP (Scottish National Party), elected in the 2021 Scottish Parliament election and replaced Jeane Freeman.

The Carrick, Cumnock and Doon Valley constituency was created following the re-establishment of the Scottish Parliament in 1999, and since then has been represented by the following MSPs.

UK Parliament
In the House of Commons, the UK Parliament, Cumnock is represented as Ayr, Carrick and Cumnock, currently represented by Allan Dorans MP (Scottish National Party). The constituency was created in the 2005 United Kingdom general election following the boundary review which saw the constituency created from the former constituencies of Ayr and Carrick, Cumnock and Doon Valley.

Churches
The town has six churches, five Protestant churches, the Congregational Church, Old Cumnock Old Parish Church, St Andrew's United Free Church, Cumnock Trinity Church, Cumnock Baptist Church, and the Roman Catholic St John the Evangelist Church (1878–1880), by architect William Burges for the third Marquess of Bute.

Education
Cumnock is home to the largest educational campus in Scotland, the Robert Burns Academy, a new educational campus housing the main Robert Burns Academy secondary school following the merger of Cumnock Academy and Auchinleck Academy, Lochnorris Primary School and Cherry Trees Early Childhood Centre.

One other primary school is located within the town at Netherthird Primary School. Barshare Primary School closed and was demolished in 2021 following the merger of Barshare and Greenmill Primary School to form the new Lochnorris Primary School located within the Barony Campus.

Nearby Dumfries House offers a variety of educational programmes and apprenticeships through the Dumfries House Educational Programme created by The Prince's Trust. The programme offers vocational training and education in the fields of Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths (STEM), textiles, outdoor and resilience building, hospitality and horticulture amongst others. When Prince Charles, Duke of Rothesay's, bought the estate of Dumfries House in 2007, he created the educational programme at Dumfries House in an attempt to see young people undertake learning experiences and training that promote confidence, personal development and offer training in real life skills.

Further education is provided at Ayrshire College, with its nearest campus in Kilmarnock, and university education at University of the West of Scotland located at the Ayr campus.

Transport
Cumnock has its own bus terminal, Cumnock Bus Station, which is operated by both Stagecoach West Scotland and Strathclyde Partnership for Transport. In July 2020, redevelopment of the bus station was completed with new shelters and CCTV being provided.

The original Cumnock railway station opened on 20 May 1850. The station was renamed to Cumnock on 10 January 1955, and closed to passengers on 6 December 1965.

A second, and to date, last Cumnock railway station opened to passengers on 1 July 1872, and closed on 10 September 1951. The second Cumnock railway station was originally part of the Annbank to Cronberry Branch on the Glasgow and South Western Railway.

Cumnock is connected to nearby settlements including Kilmarnock, the principal town in East Ayrshire, and other smaller settlements such as Mauchline by the A76 road. The A70 also connects Cumnock to other large towns including Ayr.

Sports
The local football team is Cumnock Juniors, who compete in the and play their home matches at Townhead Park. The team has a bitter rivalry with local neighbours Auchinleck Talbot. The town also has an athletics park and rugby club Cumnock RFC, as well as a modern sports centre containing fitness gym and swimming pool.

Notable residents

 * Mark Bennett, Scottish international rugby player
 * James MacMillan, composer
 * George Burley, former footballer mostly playing for Ipswich Town, and manager for Ipswich Town, Derby County, Scotland and others
 * Craig Burley, former footballer mostly playing for Celtic, Chelsea and Derby County, now a pundit on ESPN FC; nephew of George Burley
 * Rachel Shankland, Scotland international rugby player
 * Lorraine McIntosh, Scottish vocalist with Deacon Blue, and actress

title: Cumnock


text:
Doune

Doune (from Scottish Gaelic: An Dùn, meaning 'the fort') is a burgh within Perthshire. The town is administered by Stirling Council. Doune is assigned Falkirk postcodes starting "FK". The village lies within the parish of Kilmadock and mainly within the area surrounded by the River Teith and Ardoch Burn.

In the 2001 Scottish census, 2.75% residents of Doune could speak Scottish Gaelic.

Doune has a small primary school with 183 pupils on the roll (June 2016), drawn from a catchment area which extends outside the town, especially to the north. It is located on the site of Doune Roman fort. Gaelic is taught in Primary 1–7 and Spanish is now taught from P5 upwards.

History
The town is dominated by Doune Castle, built in the late 14th century. Architecturally it is a mixture of fortress and manor house.

Bonnie Prince Charlie passed through Doune in 1745.

Doune was also famous for its manufacture of pistols, but this eventually ceased due to the competition of manufacturers in, for example, Birmingham where production was cheaper. Today, these pistols are collected and can be found in major museums, including the Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh. Allegedly a Doune pistol fired the first shot of the American War of Independence.

Throughout the parish the names most often met with are Campbell, Stewart, Ferguson, Morrison, McAlpine, McLaren, MacDonald, Mathieson and Cameron.

Land east of Doune was owned by the Stirling of Keir family (who still own a lot of the land around Keir House, but sold the house itself), and the current owner of the Keir Estates is the politician Archie Stirling. One member of the family, SAS founder David Stirling, is memorialised at a monument on the Keir land near Doune known as the 'Hill o' Rou'.

Sports
The local amateur football team Doune Castle A.F.C. play in the Caledonian Amateur Football League. The local cricket team play in the Strathmore & Perthshire Cricket Union.

Archaeology

Doune is well known for its pistols and Roman remains, but the Doune area has been inhabited a lot longer and many burial mounds and standing stones supporting this are clearly evident and plentiful. To the rear of Doune where the ponds and the Doune Riggs housing development now sits was known locally as Currachmore. This area contained the bluebell wood, an area popular with walkers; it was also part of the Doune Golf course. This area was quarried and the sand coming from here was used in the construction of Longannet. Also lost to the quarrying was a mound measuring 150 yd long, 100 yd wide and 30 ft high, known locally as the Round Wood. At the time of quarrying, a stone cist or coffin was uncovered and in it were remains of a small boy aged 6, with a small stone axe. He was identified as one of the Beaker people of the early Bronze Age, c. 1800 BC.

The remains of a Roman fort were excavated by Headland Archaeology. Three ditches and the base of a rampart were investigated comprising part of the defence works. Set into the back of the rampart five circular stone bread ovens were located. Running behind the ovens a gravel track was interpreted as the intervallum way (one of the internal roads of the fort). The foundations of a building that it is thought served as the fort’s hospital were also uncovered and an iron-smelting shaft furnace, a first for Roman Scotland. Fragments of samian ware and amphorae were recovered dating to the Flavian period and the first Roman incursion into Scotland (from 79 AD to the mid-80s AD). The remains of the Roman fort are a scheduled monument.

Folklore
Like in other Celtic lands, Doune also has tales of fairies. One such place is Ternishee, a small wood east of the Annat chapel, above Doune Lodge, 1+1/2 mi from Doune. Its name comes from the. Fairy dancing parties are recounted on the Fairy Knowe, a hillock on the right bank of the Ardoch, 1/2 mi east of Doune. Also near the Bridge of Teith, on the low road to Callander, a burial mound called Tullochanknowe is said to be a favourite haunt of the fairies.

Other information
Doune Speed Hillclimb is the most prestigious hillclimb motorsport course in Scotland, and hosts a round of the British Hill Climb Championship each year.

The town used to be served by Doune railway station.

Doune has often been used as a filming location, most famously for Monty Python and the Holy Grail which was filmed at Doune Castle. The castle has also been used for major TV series, most notably Ivanhoe, Game of Thrones and Outlander.

title: Doune


text:
Talk:Gustave Whitehead

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:59, 22 January 2018 (UTC)

Article quality
, did you intend to restore Darvarich said he was stoking the aircraft's boiler aboard the craft and was badly scalded in the accident, requiring several weeks in a hospital. to the article? --John (talk) 18:48, 15 August 2018 (UTC)
 * No; indeed, I never even edited that section. If I restored it, it was by accident in attempting to undo some other edits. I have no opinions whatsoever on that statement, simply because I have not yet read the subsection it's in. My apologies if I have inadvertently affected something that I've not even read. —Dilidor (talk) 18:54, 15 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes, you restored it. Please be more careful. --John (talk) 19:35, 15 August 2018 (UTC)

Missing Details
Important details should be added to the article. One important detail that needs to be written about (in the article) is, even if there was 'powered flight' as such by Whitehead, then was it 'controlled' powered flight? KorgBoy (talk) 02:48, 25 March 2020 (UTC)
 * The article introduction explains that mainstream historians dismiss the Whitehead claims of flight; they don't believe he flew. In the subsection '1901' under the heading 'Claims of powered flight', the article describes Whitehead's alleged method of control, as reported by the Bridgeport Herald newspaper. In the subsection '1902', the article describes the method of control that Whitehead claimed he used. DonFB (talk) 03:47, 25 March 2020 (UTC)

Neutrality
As discussed elsewhere (e.g Talk:Whitehead No. 21 and at WP:FTN, Wikipedia seems to be giving undue credibility to claims regarding Whitehead's supposed feats in aviation, despite such claims being dismissed by pretty well every academic/aviation historian source which considers them worth mentioning. This article needs considerable work to comply with policy. AndyTheGrump (talk) 21:08, 24 November 2022 (UTC)
 * The controversy is discussed in sufficient RS to establish some notability. Some RS has offered guarded support for Whitehead. One cannot dismiss say Jane's All the World's Aircraft because of one notorious editorial; quite the reverse, the case it makes should be refuted using other RS. Nothing in this article is biased towards accepting the minority claim. The OP has already been having this out elsewhere, as linked to above, and their complaints have not made headway there. One can add their Flying car attempt to that list. The OP even linked to my own web page on Whitehead vs. the Smithsonian in an attempt to discredit me and my arguments. So having failed at least three times, the OP tries the same old complaints yet again here. This obsession is becoming WP:DISRUPTIVE. — Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 09:43, 25 November 2022 (UTC)
 * If you consider my attempts to ensure that supporters of fringe aviation pseudohistory don't use Wikipedia to promote Whitehead's fantasy claims to be 'disruptive', good. That is my intention. Wikipedia's coverage of Whitehead is contrary to core Wikipedia principles. It deserves to be disrupted. I fully intend to continue this 'disruption' until the coverage does what it is supposed to - report fairly and accurately the overwhelming consensus amongst reputable aviation sources that Whitehead never made any sustained flights in any powered aircraft ever. AndyTheGrump (talk) 13:44, 25 November 2022 (UTC)
 * This has grown past cleanup of fringe content. This is POV pushing.  You are WP:CHERRYPICKING sources which do not 110% comply with your idea of "overwhelming consensus".  The overwhelming consensus is that there is no proof that Whitehead flew his No.21 aircraft.  Whitehead's supporters may not have provided sufficient evidence that it flew, but it's also true that no one has been able to definitively prove that it did not fly.  Sure, some have speculated that the aircraft could not have achieved flight due to various reasons, but even those are based on photos or drawings which may or may not have accurately depicted the aircraft in its final configuration for the alleged 1901 flight.  Your failure or refusal to recognize these factors leads me to believe that you are unable to contribute neutrally to this topic. -  ZLEA  T \ C 18:47, 25 November 2022 (UTC)
 * that no one has been able to definitively prove that it did not fly? Do you even have a clue just how utterly ridiculous that statement is? Wikipedia contributors are under absolutely no obligation to 'prove' anything. Instead, we are obliged, per multiple core Wikipedia policies, to reflect the mainstream academic consensus in articles. Such consensus being that Whitehead didn't fly. End of story. If you want to argue with core policy and permit articles to be based on contributors' own vacuous speculation, this isn't the place top do it. And if you want to accuse me of being 'unable to contribute neutrally to this topic' this isn't the place to do so either. Feel free to take it to ANI (or ARBCOM for that matter - we may well end up there if this blatant fringe POV pushing continues), but expect your own behaviour to come under scrutiny too. I've only just stated looking into this topic, but seems that this policy-violating Whitehead-boosterism has been going on for years. People may well ask why, and how it was permitted to go on for so long? AndyTheGrump (talk) 18:59, 25 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't feed the POV troll any more than necessary, if I were you. It always comes back with more of the same, usually with empty threats which may be veiled to a greater or lesser extent. You just received a typical blast, likely I will receive one for posting this. Unsurprisingly, it has proved toothless on several recent occasions. I'd leave it there if I were you and just focus on its article edits. — Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 19:07, 25 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gustave Whitehead


text:
Talk:Otto Pollak

Untitled
Note: the only pages that currently link here are two redirects, both alternative names for the book mentioned (Criminality of Women and The Criminality of Women). Neither of these pages are linked to by any other, making this an orphan! Someone link it! --Sam 19:24, 18 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Page needs
This page has 1 reference and the link is broken.

____ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:4C4:C200:45F0:A17A:B876:B6CC:CAC8 (talk) 17:52, 18 November 2023 (UTC)

I found info on Otto Pollak from U. Penn. He was a neutral point of view sociologist, and The Criminality of Women is just a report. In 1950, it was shocking. Since then, crimologists have taken his work for granted, and the courts now don't look a blessed thing like they did in 1950. Anyway, we still need birth and death dates. He died in 1998, but I haven't found a bio. (The ANB is by subscription.) Geogre 12:50, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I added the birth and death dates. I obtained them from the Family History Library website.  StudierMalMarburg 21:32, 20 December 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Otto Pollak


text:
Duns, Scottish Borders

Duns is a town in the Scottish Borders, Scotland. It was the county town of the historic county of Berwickshire.

Early history
Duns Law, the original site of the town of Duns, has the remains of an Iron Age hillfort at its summit. Similar structures nearby, such as the structure at Edin's Hall Broch, suggest the area's domestic and defensive use at a very early stage.

Middle ages
The first written mention of Duns is prior to 1179, when a 'Hugo de Duns' witnessed a charter of Roger d'Eu, of a grant of the benefice of the church of Langton to Kelso Abbey. The town is further mentioned when a 'Robert of Douns' signed the Ragman Roll in 1296. The early settlement was sited on the slopes of Duns Law, close to the original Duns Castle built in 1320 by the Earl of Moray, nephew of Robert the Bruce. The town was frequently attacked by the English in border raids and as they headed north to the Lothians. In 1318 at Duns Park, the Earl of Dunbar, Sir James Douglas, and Sir Thomas Randolph met with their respective forces, prior to the retaking of Berwick by the Scots. In 1333 the Guardian of Scotland, Sir Archibald Douglas, mustered an army in Duns to march on Berwick, which at that time was under siege by the English. The Scots troops were heavily defeated at the Battle of Halidon Hill.

1377 saw the Earl of Northumberland invade Scotland. Camped at Duns, his army's horses were alarmed at night by the rattles used by the inhabitants to scare birds from their crops. The disarrayed English force was routed by the townsmen. The event is known as the Battle of Duns, and is the source of the town's motto, Duns Dings A!

In 1513, some 6 mi to the north of the town at Ellemford, James IV of Scotland mustered his army, prior to his campaign that would lead to the disastrous Battle of Flodden.

Early modern
The town was created a Burgh of Barony in 1490 by James IV heritably for John and George Hume of Ayton, and the townsfolk were given the right to hold a market every Wednesday, and to hold a week-long annual fair between Pentecost and Trinity Sunday. Duns suffered badly in cross-border raiding and feuding, and was burned to the ground three times within 14 years, in 1544, 1545 and 1558 during the war of the Rough Wooing.

By 1588, the town had relocated from the top of Duns Law to its present location at its foot. The burgh's ruined original location has since been known as the Bruntons (a corruption of Burnt-town). In the autumn of 1517, Duns Market Cross was also the destination of the head of the Sieur de la Bastie, the French Ambassador and Warden of the Eastern March, following his murder at Preston, by Home of Wedderburn. "'Bautie, tha heidet, and in the toun of Dunce his heid affixt on a staik, that all men mycht se it, September xix.'"

In 1630, Duns was home to a Margaret Lumsden, who was supposedly the victim of demonic possession. She was brought to Edinburgh to be investigated by John Maitland, 1st Earl of Lauderdale and the Privy Council of Scotland, and arrangements were made to have her and her immediate family lodged in the Canongate Tolbooth. Lauderdale's son John Maitland, 1st Duke of Lauderdale recounted the story in a letter to Richard Baxter which he published in his work, The certainty of the World of Spirits. Margaret Lumsden was said to be a poor uneducated woman, yet when spoken to in Latin by the local minister, John Weemes, she is said to have replied in better Latin than he had himself.

In 1639, during the First Bishops' War, Duns became the mustering point for the Covenanting army led by General Leslie, gathered there to face King Charles I's English host encamped at Berwick. Leslie took up residence in the Castle and ordered a redoubt to be constructed on Duns Law. The opposing armies did not engage but on 18 June, the Pacification of Berwick was signed. The remains of Leslie's fortifications are still evident on top of Duns Law.

Oliver Cromwell put a garrison into the town after the Battle of Dunbar on 3 September 1650.

By 1670, the town and the estate were bought by Sir John Cockburn of Cockburn from the Homes of Ayton, who had a regrant of the Burgh charter. The estate was then sold in 1696 to John Hay, 1st Marquess of Tweeddale who granted to his son the Lord William Hay following his marriage to Elizabeth Seton, a daughter of Alexander Seton, 1st Viscount of Kingston.

In the peace following the end of the Jacobite rebellion in 1746, Duns began to expand and many of the administrative functions of Berwickshire were carried out in the town. In 1903, a bill first introduced by the Secretary for Scotland in 1900 was passed confirming Duns as the county town of Berwickshire when nearby Greenlaw lost that status the following year.

Within living memory, Duns had a Tolbooth or town hall on its Market Square. This was used for the administration of the burgh and for dealing with malefactors: the first such structure was built in 1328, presumably in the old town at Duns Law; the second was built following Cockburn's rechartering of the burgh in 1680. The 1680 building was badly damaged by fire in 1795, and was replaced by a third building designed by the architect James Gillespie Graham in 1816. The structure was demolished in 1966.

County town
After Berwickshire's original county town of Berwick-upon-Tweed was finally ceded to English control in 1482, Duns and Lauder initially shared the role of county town between them (principally hosting the sheriff court), until 1596 when Greenlaw was declared the county town. Duns was made county town again in 1661, but lost the role back to Greenlaw in 1696. By the mid-nineteenth century it was felt that Duns was the more important town than Greenlaw, which remained a small village. In 1853 an Act of Parliament was passed allowing the courts and meetings of the county's Commissioners of Supply to be held at Duns as well as at the County Hall in Greenlaw. County Buildings was subsequently built at 8 Newtown Street in Duns in 1856.

Elected county councils were established in 1890 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889, taking over most of the functions of the commissioners. Berwickshire County Council held its first meeting on 22 May 1890 at County Hall in Greenlaw, when it decided by 18 votes to 12 that all subsequent meetings should be held at Duns. The county council therefore based itself at the County Buildings in Duns, sharing the premises with its continuing use as a sheriff court. The county council subsequently established additional offices in various converted houses along Newtown Street. A modern extension was added to County Buildings in 1967.

Greenlaw was still considered the official county town after 1890, despite the county council meeting in Duns and courts being held at both towns. An Act of Parliament in 1903 finally revoked Greenlaw's status as county town and declared Duns to be the county town for all purposes. The County Buildings on Newtown Street served as the headquarters of Berwickshire County Council until 1975, then became the offices of Berwickshire District Council from 1975 until 1996. It also served as the county's sheriff court until 2015.

Today
Duns has the largest shopping facilities in a radius of 15 mi and until 28 January 2015 housed the Berwickshire Sheriff Court, it no longer has any principal offices of the Scottish Borders Council, but merely retains a Registry Office. Since the early 1990s Duns and its immediate vicinity have seen substantial housing development, some controversial. A development near the golf club on the road to Longformacus just outside Duns is one such example, as it was built upon greenfield sites.

Opposite the old Berwickshire High School a new modern High School has been constructed to replace the mid-1950s buildings in which the school was previously housed. The new High School opened in February 2009.

The old high school is now being redeveloped into a primary school, with the rugby and football club using the old playing fields.

Castle
The Hay family were responsible for the present Gothic Revival structure; prior to that, it had been a substantial Peel tower built in 1320 by the Earl of Moray who had been granted the estate by Robert I.

Country houses
The surrounding area once had a considerable number of notable country houses. Those surviving include:

 * The Edwardian mansion Manderston House (rebuilt in 1903), the home of a Liberal Peer, Lord Palmer, just outside the burgh on the A6105 road to Berwick-upon-Tweed.
 * The early 18th century Edrom House (after architect James Smith), 2 mi east of Manderston and formerly the home of the model,Stella Tennant who is buried in Edrom Cemetery in the grounds of Edrom Church adjacent to her home.
 * About a mile east of Edrom stands Blanerne Castle, an ancient seat of the Lumsden family, rebuilt by architect William Burn in 1895 following a fire. Its ruined mediaeval Pele Tower stands nearby.
 * Nisbet House (c. 1630) with its great tower (1774) is about 1.5 mi south of the town, now restored as a family home.
 * Cairnbank House (c. 1787) is a Category B-listed house built by Robert Ainslie of Laws. It has been in the Pate family since 1913.
 * Wedderburn Castle (1771–1775, by architects Robert and James Adam) is 2 mi east of Duns and is built on the site of the earlier Tower house. It is the seat of the Homes of Wedderburn.
 * Further south lies Kimmerghame House, a Scottish Baronial mansion completely rebuilt in 1851 by architect David Bryce, almost destroyed by fire in 1938 but again much rebuilt. It is now the seat of a former Lord Lieutenant of Berwickshire, Major-General Sir John Swinton (father of the actress Tilda Swinton).

The Jim Clark Motorsport Museum
The town hosts the Jim Clark Motorsport Museum. The Clark family lived on a farm by Chirnside, near Duns. Among his many achievements, Jim Clark was Formula 1 World Champion in 1963 and 1965, with 72 Grand Prix starts, 25 Wins, and 33 Pole Positions. Originally opened in 1969 as a Memorial Room, the building was expanded and the museum opened in 2019 and displays his Lotus race car, a rally car, overalls worn by Clark, and over 100 trophies. Other ephemera include numerous archive material from newspapers, books, magazines and films.

Polish War Memorial

During the Second World War, the Scottish Borders was home to many Polish soldiers, who had come here to form new regiments prior to returning south to go the front in Europe. Duns, and the surrounding area, was home to the First and Second Armoured Regiments of the Polish Army, who learned and practised their armoured warfare skills on the moors of Berwickshire. It was as a tribute to the 127 men of these regiments who died in the conflict, that Polish ex-soldiers and the people of Duns, jointly, paid for the erection of this monument. It was unveiled in 1981 by their former Commanding Officer, General Maczek.

As well as this a memorial to Wojtek, a Syrian brown bear which was adopted by the Polish army in 1943, can be found in the Market Square. The memorial was gifted by the twin town of Żagań in Poland and was unveiled in 2016.

Transport
Duns was historically connected to the railway network by the Berwickshire Railway but that closed to passengers on 10 September 1951, and to goods traffic during the Beeching closures on 7 November 1966.

Two A roads pass through the town; the A6105 which runs west to east from Earlston to Berwick on Tweed and the A6112 which runs south to north from Coldstream to Grantshouse.

The town is served by the regular Perryman's 60 service between Galashiels and Berwick-upon-Tweed. It is also served by Travelsure service 34 to Eyemouth and Berwick-upon-Tweed, and Travelsure service 260 and Wait's service 18 which both serve Chirnside, Berwick-upon-Tweed and Tweedmouth.

Education
Duns primary school, previously located near the town centre in a Victorian building, moved to refurbished premises in the old Berwickshire High School in 2017. The new Berwickshire High School opened in 2009 and is located to the west of the town on the A6105 and provides higher education not only for pupils from Duns but also the many surrounding villages and wider rural community. Borders College also has a small campus in the town.

The Ba game of Duns
This is a kind of medieval football. Three balls or "Bas" were required for this game; the first was gold, the second silvered, and the third coloured or spotted. A fourth was provided in case of mishap, and if not needed was presented to the subscriber whose entertainment had been most hospitable, the Hay family at Duns Castle usually being the recipients.

At mid-day the honour of throwing up the ball would be auctioned in the Kirkyard. The throw would invariably be performed by a member of the Duns Castle family. At 1 o'clock the game began, the Ba being thrown up in the Market Square. The goal for the married men was the pulpit of the church; if a goal was scored then the church bell would rung by the victors. The goal of the bachelors was the hopper of any of the grinding mills in the district, the nearest being over a mile (1500 m) away. If a bachelor won the Ba he would be dusted with flour and receive a meal of pork and dumplings from the miller.

The game was revived in 1949 as part of the Duns Summer Festival. The goals are now at opposite corners of the Market Square, by the White Swan hotel and the old Post Office.

The game of Hand Ba' takes place at various places throughout the Scottish Borders: Duns, Jedburgh, Denholm, Hobkirk and it is known to take place as far afield as the Orkney Islands - there is a documentary archived of such an event.

Notable people

 * Sir Whitelaw Ainslie (1767–1837) surgeon and medical author
 * Louise Aitken-Walker (b. 1960), racing driver
 * Reverend Thomas Boston (1676–1732), theologian and Presbyterian minister
 * John Black (1783–1855), journalist and editor of the Morning Chronicle
 * John Brown (1735–1788), physician
 * Dr Samuel Cockburn (1823–1915), medical doctor and homeopath, outspoken defender of homeopathy and critic of the medical establishment
 * Cadwallader Colden (1688–1776), colonial governor of New York
 * Andrew Cowan (1936-2019), rally driver and team manager
 * Cecil Dixon, cricketer
 * Rev Prof John Duns FRSE DD (1820-1910) Professor of Natural Science at Edinburgh University 1864-1903
 * John Fordyce (1819–1902), missionary
 * Robert Fortune (1812–1880), botanist, introduced tea from China to India
 * James Grainger (1721–1766), poet and doctor
 * James Gray (c.1770-1830), poet, linguist, and clergyman
 * Alexander Hislop (1807–1865), author of The Two Babylons
 * Robert Hogg (1818–1897), botanist
 * Walter Hume Kerr FRSE (1861-1936), archaeologist
 * Tom Lockie (1906–1977), footballer and manager
 * Reverend Thomas M'Crie (1772–1835), historian and divine
 * William MacLeod, Anglican priest
 * Pat Nevin (b. 1963), Scottish international football player
 * Abraham Robertson (1751–1826), mathematician
 * Blessed John Duns Scotus (c. 1266 – 1308), theologian, scholar and logician
 * Jock Wightman (1912–1964), footballer
 * Euan Thorburn (b. 1986), rally driver (2013 BTRDA Gold star champion)
 * Garry Pearson (b. 1991), rally driver (2021 Scottish Rally Champion)
 * Alexander Wilson (d. 1922), photographer

Twin towns

 * 🇵🇱 Żagań, Poland

title: Duns, Scottish Borders


text:
Fortrose

Fortrose is a town and former royal burgh in Highland, Scotland, United Kingdom. It is located on the Black Isle, a peninsula on the Moray Firth. It is about 6 mi northeast of Inverness. The burgh is a popular location for trying to spot bottlenose dolphins (see Chanonry Point) in the Moray Firth. The town is known for its ruined 13th century cathedral, and as the home of the Brahan Seer.

Names
The origin of the name Fortrose is uncertain. One possibility is that it came from nearby Chanonry Point and originally meant the headland (ros) of the Fortriu, a local ethonym. Compare the etymology of Montrose in Angus. The locals pronounce the name, with the stress on the first syllable.

The former name of the place was Channery, an anglicization of the Scottish Gaelic A' Chananaich and Scots Chainry, likewise from Chanonry Point.

History
Archaeological investigations, by Headland Archaeology, in 2013, as part of a planning condition for the creation of a housing development found domestic activity dating from the Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age. There was evidence of cereal production and the gathering of wild resources. The archaeologists also found that funerary practices change on the peninsula during that time from stone cist burials to cremation burials.

In the Middle Ages it was the seat of the bishopric of Ross, and formerly called Chanonry, for being the Chanory of Ross. Fortrose owes its origins to the decision by Bishop Robert in the 13th century to build a new Cathedral of Ross there. This was to replace the Church of St Peter in nearby Rosemarkie. The cathedral was largely demolished in the mid-seventeenth century by Oliver Cromwell to provide building materials for a citadel at Inverness. The vaulted south aisle, with bell-tower, and a detached chapter house (used as the tollbooth of Fortrose after the Reformation) remain. These fragments, though modest in scale, display considerable architectural refinement, and are in the care of Historic Scotland (no entrance charge).

Fortrose was a parliamentary burgh, combined with Inverness, Forres and Nairn, in the Inverness Burghs constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708 to 1801 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1918. The constituency was abolished in 1918 and the Fortrose component was merged into the then new constituency of Ross and Cromarty.

Fortrose Academy
Fortrose Academy is the only secondary school on the Black Isle. It feeds in pupils from the respective primary schools of Avoch, Cromarty, Culbokie, Munlochy, North Kessock, Resolis, and Tore. There are around 640 pupils enrolled. Notable former teachers include Mr A. Tait, who won the Teacher of the Year Award in Scotland, 2006. The previous rector of the school is Jacquie Ross.

Fortrose Library
Built into the school is Fortrose library, which is part of the Highland Libraries group. The library is regularly used by pupils in Fortrose Academy, for which the younger years take out books to participate in the "power readers" scheme, which involves pupils getting rewards for reading a certain number of books, and passing on to the next level. Due to the library's small size, the stock is always changing.

Black Isle Leisure Centre
Situated next to the school is the Black Isle Leisure Centre. It consists of a gym, and one single indoor court which has space for four badminton courts, four small basketball courts or one full sized basketball court. It also has goals at either end for football. Pupils of Fortrose Academy regularly have PE lessons in the Leisure Centre.

Transport
The A832 runs through the town.

There is a bus service from Inverness that runs half-hourly weekdays (with a few gaps for schools traffic). The buses continue hourly to Cromarty.

There was a railway station at Fortrose, which closed in 1951. The line it was situated on closed in 1960.

People from Fortrose

 * Eliza Junor

title: Fortrose


text:
Social Democratic Pole of Romania

The Social Democratic Pole of Romania (Polul Democrat-Social din România, PDSR) was an electoral alliance in Romania ruling from 2000 to 2003 in a coalition government.

Formation
It was founded by the Party of Social Democracy in Romania (PDSR), and of two smaller parties, the Romanian Social Democratic Party (PSDR) and the Humanist Party of Romania (PUR).

2000 legislative election
In the 2000 legislative election, they gained 155 of 346 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, and 65 of 143 seats in the Senate. In 2001, the PDSR and PSDR merged into the Social Democratic Party (PSD).

Dissolution
The two remaining parties dissolved the alliance in 2004, ahead of the local elections, in which they competed against each other. The PUR even attacked the PSD heavily for its system of "local barons". For the parliamentary election in November, they still managed to set up a new alliance, called National Union PSD+PUR to counter the center-right Justice and Truth Alliance (DA).

Legislative elections
Notes:

1 Social Democratic Pole of Romania members: PDSR (59 senators and 139 deputies), PSDR (2 senators and 10 deputies), and PUR (4 senators and 6 deputies).

title: Social Democratic Pole of Romania