text:
MediaWiki talk:Unprotectthispage

What's this then? In fact, what are all these MediaWiki: pages (MediaWiki:Faq and so on)? --Camembert

They are supposed contain all the text in Wikipedia. On the test.wikipedia.org, changing one of them actually changes the relevant text everywhere, such as the "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" at the top of all pages. I think the purpose was supposed to be that the interface can be translated to other languages without messing around with php, or whatever the Wikipedia is made of. Κσυπ Cyp    18:44, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Hmmm, the change worked... (See Template:All messages.) It just isn't visible on all protected pages. (Not yet, at least...) Κσυπ Cyp    18:49, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)

It works now. See MediaWiki namespace for more details. Angela. 06:17, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * See MediaWiki namespace -- Tim Starling 06:18, Dec 6, 2003 (UTC)

Thanks all. --Camembert

Why has this been changed to "remove page protection"? I prefer the short version and I liked Cyp's bold version. It made it very obvious that a page was protected. Are there any objections to changing it back? Angela. 02:11, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * No. Maybe add a (big) or (i) or (em) tag, but that can be discussed later.  Pakaran 02:14, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I would object to the text being any bigger. The links should all the same if possible. Angela. 05:25, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I liked the old version better too. Dori | Talk 05:28, Dec 11, 2003 (UTC)

 * Due to objections here and at Wikipedia talk:MediaWiki namespace text, I've reverted to Cyp's version. Angela. 01:09, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I find the bold very ugly. I want to see arguments here. What is the objection against "Remove protection"? It provides the same advantage as "Unprotect this page", namely distinguishing between the two, and it does not break the visual appearance of the page.—Eloquence 08:44, Dec 13, 2003 (UTC)

 * Actually I would like both Protect and Unprotect to be distinguished in some way because you can protect or unprotect a page accidentally (it's only one click). I've done this as I try to open a discussion/page in a new tab since they are just below protect. There is no way to see that you've just protected or unprotected something as there is no message. The bold tag helps somewhat, but it's not enough in my opinion (and without the bold, it's even worse). Perhaps it's more of a usability thing, and linke like Move, Delete, Protect should be grouped by themselves (like the Upload, special, contact, donations are). Dori | Talk 14:30, Dec 13, 2003 (UTC)

 * There should be a confirmation step before protecting pages. We shouldn't clutter our UI to work around usability deficiencies.—Eloquence 04:12, Dec 15, 2003 (UTC)

"Remove protection" is on two lines, and isn't directly parallel to the protection page. A page being protected is an unusual state, and using bold to flag this up is a good thing, in my opinion. Note that protected pages have (last I checked) a bold " Protected Page " for non-sysops, so it makes sense to me to parallel this with a similarly bold text to indicate page protection to sysops too. 81.79.167.205 15:49, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Remove protection isn't on two lines for me. I think bolding the whole of the link might be better than the previous bolding of just the 'un' part? It needs something to make it stand out more. Angela. 17:19, 14 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Outdated
Please delete, or change to new default. --Nemo 12:45, 31 October 2012 (UTC)

title: MediaWiki talk:Unprotectthispage


text:
List of Quebec film directors

This is a list of film directors from the Canadian province of Quebec. Most, although not all, work specifically within the context of Quebec cinema, which operates semi-autonomously from the film industry of English Canada.

A

 * Denys Arcand
 * Louise Archambault

B

 * Frédéric Back
 * Paule Baillargeon
 * Sarah Baril Gaudet
 * Jean Beaudin
 * Louis Bélanger
 * Dan Bigras
 * Jean-Yves Bigras
 * Charles Binamé
 * François Bouvier
 * André Brassard
 * Michel Brault
 * Manon Briand

C

 * Jean-François Caissy
 * Érik Canuel
 * Gilles Carle
 * Marcel Carrière
 * Jean Chabot
 * Danic Champoux
 * Patricia Chica
 * Denis Chouinard
 * Denis Côté
 * Michèle Cournoyer
 * Paul Cowan

D

 * Fernand Dansereau
 * Mireille Dansereau
 * Patrick Demers
 * Rock Demers
 * Sophie Deraspe
 * Denys Desjardins
 * Luc Dionne
 * Xavier Dolan
 * Jacques Drouin
 * Georges Dufaux
 * Christian Duguay
 * Gaëlle d'Ynglemare

E

 * Guy Édoin
 * Anne Émond
 * Bernard Émond

F

 * Philippe Falardeau
 * Pierre Falardeau
 * Robert Favreau
 * Denise Filiatrault
 * André Forcier
 * Claude Fournier
 * Yves Christian Fournier

G

 * Claude Gagnon
 * Gratien Gélinas
 * François Girard
 * Maxime Giroux
 * Jacques Godbout
 * Bernard Gosselin
 * David Gow
 * Daniel Grou
 * Gilles Groulx

H

 * Patricio Henríquez
 * Denis Héroux
 * Christopher Hinton

J

 * Rodrigue Jean
 * Michel Jetté
 * René Jodoin
 * Marie-Ève Juste
 * Claude Jutra
 * Benoît Jutras

K

 * Elza Kephart

L

 * Jean-Claude Labrecque
 * Stéphane Lafleur
 * Arthur Lamothe
 * Micheline Lanctôt
 * Christian Langlois
 * Michel Langlois
 * Stéphane Lapointe
 * Jean-Claude Lauzon
 * Simon Lavoie
 * Caroline Leaf
 * Francis Leclerc
 * Jacques Leduc
 * Jean Pierre Lefebvre
 * Guy A. Lepage
 * Robert Lepage
 * Maurice Leroux
 * Philippe Lesage
 * Arthur Lipsett
 * Jean-Claude Lord
 * Colin Low

M

 * Francis Mankiewicz
 * Jo Martin
 * Korbett Matthews
 * Norman McLaren
 * Mark Morgenstern
 * Stéphanie Morgenstern
 * Robert Morin
 * George Mihalka

N

 * Kim Nguyen

O

 * Alanis Obomsawin

P

 * Pierre Patry
 * Yvan Patry
 * Gabriel Pelletier
 * Yves P. Pelletier
 * Pierre Perrault
 * Aleksandr Petrov
 * Luc Picard
 * Benoit Pilon
 * Sébastien Pilote
 * Anne Claire Poirier
 * Léa Pool
 * Michel Poulette
 * Jean-François Pouliot
 * Raymonde Provencher

R

 * Tahani Rached
 * Mort Ransen
 * Jason Reitman
 * Daniel Robichaud
 * Daniel Roby
 * Sébastien Rose

S

 * Cynthia Scott
 * Ken Scott
 * Mack Sennett
 * Beverly Shaffer
 * Bashar Shbib
 * Yves Simoneau

T

 * Albert Tessier
 * Kevin Tierney
 * Ziad Touma
 * Ricardo Trogi
 * André Turpin

V

 * Jean-Marc Vallée
 * Denis Villeneuve

W

 * Frederick Wallace
 * Mariloup Wolfe

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of Quebec film directors


text:
Stapleton

Stapleton may refer to:

Australia

 * Stapleton Island, Queensland
 * Stapleton, Northern Territory

United Kingdom

 * Stapleton, Bristol
 * Stapleton, Cumbria
 * Stapleton, Herefordshire
 * Stapleton, Leicestershire
 * Stapleton-on-Tees, North Yorkshire
 * Stapleton, Selby, North Yorkshire
 * Stapleton, Shropshire
 * Stapleton, Somerset, a location

United States

 * Stapleton, Alabama
 * Stapleton, Georgia
 * Stapleton, Nebraska
 * Stapleton, Staten Island, a neighborhood in New York City
 * Stapleton (Staten Island Railway station)
 * Central Park, Denver, a neighborhood in Denver, Colorado; formerly known as Stapleton
 * Stapleton International Airport, the former airport serving Denver, Colorado, now being redeveloped as a master-planned New Urbanist community

Other uses

 * Stapleton (surname), including a list of people and characters with the name
 * Stapleton (band), a rock band from Glasgow

title: Stapleton


text:
User:Maf

Matthew Johnson from Rowley Regis

Website Admin for Rowley Regis Online

title: User:Maf


text:
The Streets

The Streets is an English musical project led by vocalist and multi-instrumentalist Mike Skinner. The project was founded in the early 90s, while Skinner was still a teenager; however, no music would formally eventuate until the early 2000s. In the initial run of The Streets, the project released five studio albums: Original Pirate Material (2002), A Grand Don't Come for Free (2004), The Hardest Way to Make an Easy Living (2006), Everything Is Borrowed (2008) and Computers and Blues (2011). The Streets also released a string of successful singles during this time, which reached the Top 40 on the UK Singles chart – including "Has It Come to This?", "Fit but You Know It", "Dry Your Eyes" (the project's only number-one single), "When You Wasn't Famous" and "Prangin' Out". After disbanding The Streets in 2011, Skinner pursued several other musical projects before ultimately reviving the moniker in 2017. A mixtape, None of Us Are Getting Out of This Life Alive, was released in 2020. The Streets' sixth studio album, The Darker the Shadow the Brighter the Light, was released in September 2023.

The Streets is considered one of the most important and influential acts within the trajectory of hip-hop, garage and grime music within the UK. In 2020, Pitchfork described Original Pirate Material as "a landmark for UK rap", while Dazed wrote in 2018 that the album "soundtracked the beginning of a decade – recovering from the Britpop hangover and comedown from New Labour euphoria – but also defined it."

2001–2003: Original Pirate Material
Mike Skinner sent a demo tape to a record shop in north London, run by A&R Nick Worthington. The song developed into Skinner's first single, "Has It Come to This?", and was released under the name The Streets. The song peaked at number 18 on the UK Singles Chart in October 2001.

The Streets' debut album, Original Pirate Material, was released in March 2002. The album was successful both with critics and the general public. In the UK, the album was nominated for the Mercury Prize. Original Pirate Material was nominated for British Album of the Year, and The Streets was nominated for British Urban Act, British Breakthrough Act and British Male Solo Artist at the 2003 BRIT Awards. NME named Original Pirate Material as the third best album of 2002. Subsequent singles from Original Pirate Material include "Don't Mug Yourself", "Weak Become Heroes" and "Let's Push Things Forward".

2004–2005: A Grand Don't Come for Free
In May 2004, Skinner released the single "Fit but You Know It", which peaked at number 4 on the UK Singles Chart. The single was later used by EA Sports as part of the soundtrack for its video game FIFA Football 2005. "Fit But You Know It" appeared on The Streets' second album, A Grand Don't Come for Free. The album entered the UK album charts at number two, but later reached number one after six weeks. The album's second single, "Dry Your Eyes", debuted at the top of the chart in the UK. "Blinded by the Lights", the third single from A Grand Don't Come for Free, peaked at number 10 on the UK Singles Chart in 2004.

2006–2007: The Hardest Way to Make an Easy Living
The Streets' third studio album, The Hardest Way to Make an Easy Living, was released on 10 April 2006. In the UK it debuted the album chart at number one.

2008–2009: Everything Is Borrowed
In September 2008, The Streets released their fourth studio album, Everything Is Borrowed. One song from the album was on Skinner's Myspace page for a while before being replaced by a cover of "Your Song". In a posting on his Myspace blog, Skinner noted that the group's upcoming LP would contain "peaceful, positive vibes" in comparison with 2006's "weird guilt-ridden indulgence" that was The Hardest Way To Make An Easy Living.

In a blurb about the album on Skinner's Myspace, he says, "This album started off life as parables but then I realised that it might get a bit cheesy so I got rid of the alien song and the devil song replaced them with more straight up songs. I've pretty much kept my promise that I made to myself not to reference modern life on any of them though which is hard to do and keep things personal at the same time."

2010–2011: Computers and Blues and Cyberspace and Reds
In November 2010, Skinner announced on the official The Streets website, that he would release what he referred to as a mixtape album called Cyberspace and Reds, consisting of various recordings he had made since he had finished work on the final Streets album, Computers and Blues. Cyberspace and Reds was released in January 2011, initially only for download via the Streets iPhone app. A so-called "deluxe" edition was later made available for general download through the Streets website.

The fifth album Computers and Blues was released on 7 February 2011, the first single being "Going Through Hell".

2017–present
On 22 December 2017, The Streets released two new tracks: "Burn Bridges" and "Sometimes I Hate My Enemies More Than My Friends". It was The Streets' first new music released in six years.

In 2018, The Streets released three singles: "If You Ever Need to Talk I'm not Here" was released on 31 January, "You Are Not the Voice in Your Head..." was released on 30 March, and "Call Me in the Morning" was released on 22 November.

On 1 April 2020, Skinner announced a new single featuring Australian music project Tame Impala, included on a mixtape titled None of Us Are Getting Out of This Life Alive, released 10 July 2020. The track premiered on Annie Mac's BBC Radio 1 show.

In March 2021, following the UK Government's announced COVID-19 restriction easing timetable, The Streets released the single Who's Got the Bag (21st June). Referencing the earliest possible date when nightclubs could reopen and the names of members of government the single was described by Skinner as a "end of lockdown celebratory track".

In October 2023, the first studio album in twelve years, The Darker the Shadow the Brighter the Light, was released.

Band members
Current members
 * Mike Skinner – vocals, arrangement, composition, mixing, keyboards, synthesizers (1994–2011; 2017–present)

Current contributors and live musicians
 * Kevin Mark Trail – vocals, production, composition (1994–2003, 2007–2011, 2018–present)
 * Wayne Bennett – bass guitar, composition, guitar (2007–2011, 2018–present)
 * Rob Harvey – vocals, guitar (2011, 2018–present)
 * Cassell the Beatmaker – drums (2011, 2018–present)

Former contributors and live musicians
 * Johnny "Drum Machine" Jenkins – drums, percussion, orchestration, production (1994–2011)
 * Morgan Nicholls – bass guitar, guitar, percussion, programing piano, synthesizers (2003–2005; 2008)
 * Leo the Lion – vocals (2003–2007)
 * Mike Millrain – synths, soundboard, guitar, bass guitar, production
 * Chris Brown – synths, piano, keyboards
 * Eddie Jenkins – keyboards, piano
 * Stuart Coleman – bass guitar
 * Steve Corley – keyboards
 * Laura Vane – vocals
 * Rich Wheatley - keyboards (2002-2003)

Discography

 * Original Pirate Material (2002)
 * A Grand Don't Come for Free (2004)
 * The Hardest Way to Make an Easy Living (2006)
 * Everything Is Borrowed (2008)
 * Computers and Blues (2011)
 * None of Us Are Getting Out of This Life Alive (2020)
 * The Darker the Shadow the Brighter the Light (2023)

title: The Streets


text:
Dynamite MC

Dynamite MC (born Dominic Smith, 7 October 1973) is an English rapper and MC. He originally gained prominence in jungle/drum and bass, working with Roni Size & Reprazent, but has also released hip hop material.

Career
He started his MCing career on pirate radio station Crush FM, broadcasting in Gloucester, South West England during the early 1990s. He met Roni Size in 1994 and began MCing for the Full Cycle crew. When the Bristol collective formed the live band Reprazent, Dynamite shared vocal duties with singer, Onallee. Their debut album New Forms won the Mercury Music Prize in 1997. Dynamite's role was enhanced for Reprazent's second album, the hip-hop influenced In the Mode (2000).

Solo work
Following this, Dynamite collaborated with a range of artists including The Nextmen, High Contrast, Caspa, Netsky, DJ Skitz, Scratch Perverts, Andy C and DJ Zinc, releasing a solo album The World of Dynamite (2004). In 2006, a remix CD, Big Man Talk was released on the Strong Records label (featuring samples from Enya and Kanye West). A third album, Styles Galore was set to follow in 2006.

Other works
Dynamite MC hosts a two-hour 'Smooth Grooves' show on Kiss 100 every Monday night at 9:00pm (GMT), as well as hosting the Fresh 40 R&B and dance chart across some of the UK's commercial radio stations on Sunday afternoons.

The track "Bounce" is featured on the soundtrack of Madden NFL '07. "Bounce" and "After Party" also feature in the video game, Need for Speed: Carbon. He recently worked with Camo & Krooked for their song "Stand Up" (Camo & Krooked vs Friction feat. Dynamite MC), with Netsky on a track titled "The Whistle Song" for Netsky's album, 2, and with Dyro on "Against All Odds".

Albums

 * The World of Dynamite (2004)
 * Big Man Talk Mixtape (2006)
 * Big Man Talk 2 (2009)
 * Big Man Talk 3 (2011)

Singles

 * "Switch" (1994)
 * "After Party" (1998)
 * "Hey DJ" (Kamanchi feat. Dynamite MC) (2002) – UK No. 85
 * "Hotness" (2003) – UK No. 66
 * "Ride" (2004) – UK No. 54
 * "No More" – UK No. 26
 * "Bounce"
 * "What!" (2008)
 * "Here We Go" (DJ Fumiya feat. Dynamite MC) (2010)
 * "Kawaii" (feat. Missill, Aluna Francis and Rye Rye) (2011)
 * "Prototype" (2018)

title: Dynamite MC


text:
Krust

Kirk Thompson (born 26 July 1968), better known by his stage name Krust, is an English drum and bass producer, DJ and co-owner of the Full Cycle record label. Beyond his roles in the music industry, Thompson is also responsible for two businesses: creative consultancy Disruptive Patterns and Amma Life, a CBD oil company he co-owns with Sophia Ali

He is regarded as one of drum & bass and jungle's founders and pioneers and noted for his unique musical style. Krust has released over 100 tracks and three albums on labels such as Full Cycle, Talkin' Loud and V Recordings. He was a member of Mercury Music Award-winning collective Reprazent and his most prominent releases such as "Warhead" and "Soul in Motion" are cited by peers and press as some of the most highly influential within the genre

Thompson has been active as a recording artist since his debut single with UK top 10 charting Bristol collective Fresh 4 in 1989. His release rate did, however, slow down between 2008 and 2017 as he studied and established himself in other fields such as Neuro-Linguistic Programming and life coaching. While never quitting music entirely, he has been increasingly more active in drum & bass since the re-launch of Full Cycle in 2016. and made a return as a recording artist in 2017 with an Om Unit collaboration called "Underground Cinema"

His first new album in 14 years entitled Edge of Everything was released in November 2020 with lead single "Constructive Ambiguity" picking up single of the month in DJ Magazine.

Early life
Born 26 July 1968 in Bristol England, Krust grew up in Bristol's Knowle West council estate where he embraced the city's burgeoning b-boy culture and learnt to breakdance Inspired by hip hop film Wild Style, he set up his first crew Fresh 4 in school who would perform, host competitions and discos at local youth clubs across Bristol. Key members of the collective alongside Krust were his brother J Flynn and friend Paul Southey (Suv) After leaving school, Fresh 4 established themselves in a squat in Bedminster where they would regularly hold parties.

Early career
Inspired by Bristol's Wild Bunch collective (which comprised members of Massive Attack) Krust's brother Flynn approached Bristol roots reggae and sound system dub music influenced producer Rob Smith with an idea for song which later became "Wishing on a Star"; a cover of the song by Billie Calvin, that sampled Faze O's "Riding High" and James Brown's "Funky Drummer" break. The song featured Lizz E on vocals and charted at number 10 in the UK official charts on 7 October 1989 It was the highest-charting release to come from the musical movement often referred to as the Bristol scene until Portishead charted at number eight with "All Mine" in 1997

Fresh 4 released a follow-up single "Release Yourself" in July 1990. It charted at 81. The band signed an album deal with Virgin Records and worked regularly in London for two years to work on an album but left the label due to artistic differences. The album was eventually released in 2015 as The Lost Tapes on Bristol Archive Records

In 1992 Fresh 4 disbanded as a group and returned to Bristol. Krust continued to work on music while attending raves in the UK south west region. He released two studio productions during this time with Flynn and Suv under the name Hocus Pocus. These early hardcore tracks were released on Twisted Records, a label financed by roots reggae and dub music influenced Smith & Mighty During this time Krust also ran a citywide bicycle courier company called Catch 22 and, alongside Suv and DJ Die, would also host events in the Bedminster area of Bristol in the same squat that the video for Fresh 4's "Wishing on a Star" was filmed in. These squat raves would often hire the Diditek soundsystem run by Carl Williams whose brother, Roni Size, was the engineer

1993–1997: Full Cycle, V Recordings, Dope Dragon, Philly Blunt
Thompson released his first drum & bass productions under his Krust alias in 1993. "The Resister" was released on Full Circle Records, a label set up by Krust and Size that changed its name to Full Cycle after its first release. This marked the most prolific chapter of Thompson's career as a recording artist during which he released a large body of work under a variety of aliases such as Krust, Deceivers, Glamour Gold and Gang Related. He also released numerous collaborations with fellow Full Cycle artists Roni Size, Die and Suv under aliases such as Wings, 3 Way and, later, Kamanchi.

As well as establishing Full Cycle, Krust and Size also launched Dope Dragon, a label established as an experimental outlet for the Bristol collective to have fun and release under different aliases Between these two labels Krust displayed a wide sonic repertoire that ranged from deeper, jazzy tracks such as "Touch" and "Future Talk" to heavier, dub and jungle-oriented club tracks such as "Oh My Gosh" and "Rukus".

Amid these releases were also many appearances on V Recordings, the label run by Jumping Jack Frost and Bryan Gee; the DJ credited for signing Krust and his peers and championing what is often referred to in drum & bass as "the Bristol Sound" V Recordings launched with the Fatal Dose EP by Krust under the alias The Deceivers and consequently released frequent Krust productions. He also appeared many times on its subsidiary, more jungle-defined label Philly Blunt and wrote a considerable amount of remixes as the decade developed ranging from Shy FX ("Funkindemup", 1996) Björk ("So Broken", 1998) to Korn ("Falling Away from Me", 1999)

Krust's output was described by author Peter Shapiro in his book Drum 'n' Bass The Rough Guide as "becoming more progressively apocalyptic as the 1990s developed" Often, but not always, characterised by orchestral elements, cinematic soundscapes and long drawn out bass textures, some of the most documented, influential and popularly played Krust productions were released during this time. These include "Warhead", "Angles", "True Stories" and "Soul in Motion" which has made such an impression on the genre, Need For Mirrors and Bailey named their fortnightly London event after it

During this period Krust releases were notoriously circulated as dubplates upwards of years before their release and many were twice the length of typical five to seven minute drum & bass tracks. Tracks such as "Brief Encounter" and "Ideal World" on his 1996 EP Genetic Manipulation were 13 minutes and 10 minutes respectively, as was "True Stories" which was released in 1998 on Talkin' Loud.

1997–2001: Talkin Loud, Def Jam Records
Thompson's solo productions began to slow down during the late 90s as he became a recording and touring member of Roni Size's Reprazent collective. Signed to Gilles Peterson's Talkin' Loud imprint, the band's debut album New Forms won the UK Mercury Music Prize in 1997 and charted in the UK Official Charts Top 40 six times between 1997 – 2001 with singles such as "Share the Fall", "Heroes", "Brown Paper Bag" and "Dirty Beats". The band were signed to Mercury in the UK and Def Jam in the US and released a second album In the Mode in 2000.

Talkin' Loud was also responsible for many Krust productions during this time including "True Stories", "Future Unknown" and his debut solo album Coded Language in 1999. Rapper and slam poet Saul Williams featured on the title track and the album also included beatless string pieces such as "One Moment" and the vocals of singer Morgan on the track "Re Arrange". It was met with favourable reviews. Coded Language was followed by a remix album Decoded in 2000 which featured remixes by Krust himself, DJ Die and previously unreleased track "Witchcraft". Krust also appeared on Talkin' Loud's soundtrack to UK horror movie Long Time Dead with a cover of David Bowie and Giorgio Moroder's "Cat People"

2000–08: Full Cycle, Kamanchi, Hidden Knowledge
Thompson continued to release music on Full Cycle and V during his time on Talkin' Loud and Def Jam (who released Talkin' Loud in North America). Prominent releases during the early 2000s were new versions of "Warhead"; the Steppa Pt 2 remix and "Warhead 2000" (released on Planet V – The Remixes), a remix of Roni Size's "Snapshot" and the angular, paranoid "Kloakin' Device" which led to a follow-up "Kloakin King" and its b-side "Don't Front" in 2002.

In contrast to the "Kloakin" series, Thompson and DJ Die continued to work together on their funkier, more soulful Kamanchi project. Following the release of "Stay" in 1999 on V Recordings' Planet V and numerous dubplates such as "Warrior Ship" and "Right Now Doing Our Thing", Kamanchi released their only album I Kamanchi in 2003. The album featured live instrumentation and had a heavy vocal presence from singers Tali, Leanne and Keirin Kirby (under the name Violet) and rappers Rodney P, Darrison and Retna. It was described by Dutch dance website Party Scene as one "that underlines that the future of drum 'n' bass lies in the vocals and warmth and not so much in sinister baldness" while US site XLR8R wrote how the album "valiantly finds a balance between the crossover cut and the dancefloor filler."

Following Kamanchi, Krust and Die collaborated under their solo names with Collision Course in 2004. Other collaborations during this time included one with DJ Zinc on Bingo Beats ("Again"  / "New Territory", 2005) and Clipz ("Brainwash" and "Robots Rebellion", 2005) while solo singles such as "Follow Da Vision / Paper Monster" and "Malice / Manipulation" led towards his second solo album Hidden Knowledge.

Released in 2006, the album was described by UK music site The Skinny as capturing "every element that Krust has explored throughout his illustrious production career." Krust has stated in interviews how the album was written during a time of studying philosophy and religion and how tracks such as "Belief System", "Choose Consciousness" and "Human Awareness" were titled to encourage researching their topics

It included a bonus CD with a selection of some of Krust's previous successful tracks such as "Guess", "Soul in Motion", "Jazz Note" and "Last Day". Singles that came off the album included the Hidden Knowledge EP, which featured a DJ Zinc remix of past hit "Follow Da Vision" and an instrumental version of "New Humans" and a 12 inch of "Belief System" / "Mystery School". These were Krust's last official single releases of the 2000s His last release during this era was a retrospective Full Cycle double mix CD Journey thru the Cycle in 2007. Full Cycle ceased business in 2008. Both Krust and Roni have stated in interviews how the label had run its course for that period and how they needed to take time away from music to focus on their families and future

2008–present: Disruptive Patterns, Amma Life and return to music
Thompson moved to London in 2006 and took time out of the music industry in 2008 for a number of years as he "needed to develop in different ways". He studied neurolinguistic programming and his first non-music business venture was Disruptive Patterns, a lifestyle coaching consultancy launched in 2009 and aimed at translating the ideologies of jungle into other industry sectors Disruptive Patterns workshops and seminars involve advice on time management, overcoming personal challenges, creative thinking, wellness and the development of the working mindset and have been held across music colleges and universities across the UK and venues such as The Barbican and Soho House. They also spawned a run of seminars aimed specifically at new producers called Future Minds

Coaching and advice has remained a main drive for Thompson and is evident in various online activities with Disruptive Patterns podcasts, his blog, and his active interactions on crowd sourced question and answer site Quora. He regularly discusses the idea of breaking the rules, unlearning what you know and experimenting with new ideas

In 2014 Thompson also launched Amma Life, a CBD oil company with business partner Sophia Ali who met Kirk through her work as a therapist at Bristol's Relaxation Centre Their company creates a wide range of CBD products. The Amma Life website describes their business ethic as wanting to "support people to live creative, happy, healthy lives and to tap into their unrealised potential to live life to the fullest."

In 2010 Thompson began to gradually make his return to electronic music and bass culture with his band The Rules with fellow Bristol artist Nick Toots. They released "Sign Up" in 2010 with a remix by drum & bass artist Zen It was released on Krust's new imprint Rebel Instinct, a label established as "a breeding ground for revolution" and was followed by a selection of digital releases including a various artists EP entitled Transparency featuring Need For Mirrors and new material from Thompson under both his Krust and Gang Related aliases and an EP by Benjamin One. Rebel Instinct also introduced George Kurts, a new experimental, non-drum & bass alias from Thompson that has so far released and uploaded a small selection of tracks: "Monitor Your Thoughts" (2012), "Big Foot" (2015) and "Mad Paradise" (2015).

In 2014 Krust remixed Claude VonStroke's "Oakland Rope". It was released on the remix edition of Urban Animal. VonStroke had previously stated on his social media that the track was a homage to Krust and the Bristol sound

In 2016 Krust's return to drum & bass developed with the re-launch of Full Cycle with Roni Size. The announcement followed Krust and Roni Size's first DJ gig together in many years at the BBC's 6 Music Festival 2016 in Bristol's Colston Hall Full Cycle launched in March 2016 with "Formulate", a 1996 collaboration with Size that was previously only released on an American label Breakbeat Science and a remix of Krust's "Kloaking Device" by UK artist Fracture. Krust has stated that Full Cycle still celebrates originality and excitement and how the label is working with artists who "share the same vision as us and can expand the next chapter of Full Cycle." Artists to appear on the label since its relaunch include Total Recall, Need For Mirrors and D Product.

2016 also saw Thompson collaborate with London artist Om Unit as he featured on "Underground Cinema", an 8-minute track FACT Magazine described as a "future classic" It was followed in 2017 by the release of two previously unreleased dubplates from the mid 90s on Dom & Roland's Dubs from the Dungeons series: "Ivory Puzzle" and "Flip It".

Thompson then released his first full single release in over 10 years, since the closure of Full Cycle, in January 2018. "The Portal" and "Concealing Treachery" were released on Doc Scott's 31 Records. Scott stated on Twitter about the release: "There have been many moments as a label owner that I can look back on that make me very proud. But this might be my proudest moment of all." Resident Advisor's reviewer Mark Smith also commented that if Krust "can maintain this standard, it'll be one of the strongest comebacks in drum & bass history."

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * Coded Language (1999)
 * Hidden Knowledge (2006)
 * The Edge of Everything (2020)

 * Compilation albums
 * Through the Eyes (2000)
 * Journey Thru the Cycle (2008)

 * EPs
 * Genetic Manipulation (1997)
 * Decoded (2000)
 * Hidden Knowledge (2006)

 * Singles
 * "The Resister" (1993)
 * "Jazz Note" b/w "Burning" (1994)
 * "Touch" (1995)
 * "Quiz Show" b/w "Future Talk" (1995)
 * "Poison" b/w "Set Speed" (1995)
 * "Guess" b/w "Maintain" (1995)
 * "Priorities" b/w "Memories" (1996)
 * "Angles" b/w "Not Necessarily a Man" (1996)
 * "Jazz Note II" b/w "B-Boy Culture" (1997)
 * "Warhead (Steppa Mix)" b/w "Check Dis Out" (1997)
 * "Future Unknown" (1997)
 * "Soul in Motion" (1997)
 * "True Stories" (1998)
 * "Coded Language" (featuring Saul Williams) (1999)
 * "One Moment" b/w "Overture" (1999)
 * "Tribute" (1999)
 * "Kloakin Devices" (2000)
 * "Re-Arrange" (2000)
 * "Kloakin' King" b/w "Don't Front" (2002)
 * "Follow da Vision" b/w "Paper Monster" (2004)
 * "Malice" b/w "Manipulation" (2005)
 * "Belief System" b/w "Mystery School" (2006)
 * "Constructive Ambiguity" b/w "Tree of Life" (2020)

title: Krust


text:
User talk:Pete boon

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them; *How to edit a page *How to write a great article *Naming conventions *Manual of Style If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Alexandros 16:01, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Welcome. Please write in complete sentences. Cheers, -- Infrogmation 16:27, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Hi Pete, I noticed you just created the following articles:

 * 16:57, 5 Dec 2003 Krust (261 bytes) . . Pete boon
 * 16:56, 5 Dec 2003 MC Dynamite (279 bytes) . . Pete boon
 * 16:55, 5 Dec 2003 The Streets (401 bytes) . . Pete boon
 * 16:52, 5 Dec 2003 Martina Topley-Bird (73 bytes) . . Pete boon
 * 16:51, 5 Dec 2003 Soweto Kinch (26 bytes) . . Pete boon
 * 16:41, 5 Dec 2003 UK hip hop (268 bytes) . . Pete boon
 * 16:37, 5 Dec 2003 M.C. Shan (124 bytes) . . Pete boon
 * 16:30, 5 Dec 2003 Gagauzia (148 bytes) . . Pete boon
 * 16:20, 5 Dec 2003 East Coker (336 bytes) . . Pete boon
 * 16:17, 5 Dec 2003 Corscombe (295 bytes) . . Pete boon
 * 16:10, 5 Dec 2003 Miss Van (442 bytes) . . Pete boon

I had a look at them and they need a lot of work. As someone noted above, you need to write in complete sentences -- you know, subject, verb and all that. In their current form, they are not really acceptable as encyclopedia articles, and -- if not improved -- they may be deleted. Thanks. -- Viajero 17:08, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Hello. Please note the highlighting convention: highlight the title word or title phrase at its first appearance; and begin with a complete sentence rather than a dictionary-style definition. (My editing of MC Dynamite is an example.) Michael Hardy 02:45, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)

When uploading an image, please specify: This makes it easier to check whether they are okay regarding copyright status. Andre Engels 17:03, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * The author or source, as far as known
 * The copyright status (public domain, GNU/FDL, whatever)

Hi, Pete.

It looks like you've been adding copyrighted material from various websites in your articles DJ Rap and Altern-8 (and possibly some others) to wikipedia. Please do not do this. Have look at our copyright policy. All contributions either need to be written by you or have express permission from the copyright owner to be licensed under the GFDL. You may remove them yourself, if not, I will have to check all the articles you added to make sure they do not contain copyrighted material, a time-consuming process and one that I'd rather not have to do, so please don't add material from the web unless you wrote it yourself or have explicit permission from the author or the copyright owner(s). --Lexor 20:42, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Unverified images
Hi! Thanks for uploading the following image:

 * mage:Inkeri.jpg

I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GNU Free Documentation License,  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know at my talk page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk, automation script)]] 03:35, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

P.S. You can help tag other images at User:Yann/Untagged_Images. Thanks again.

Unverified images
Hi! Thanks for uploading the following image:

 * Image:Inkeri.jpg

I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GNU Free Documentation License,  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know at my talk page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk, automation script)]] 04:02, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

P.S. You can help tag other images at User:Yann/Untagged_Images. Thanks again.

 * Same with Image:Helicopter-3.jpg. Was it taken from Banksy's site? unfortunately, User:Pete boon seems not to be active now. --Erri4a - Say what? 23:30, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

Image tagging for Image:Gagauzia.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Gagauzia.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the source and creator of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the source and creator of the image on the image's description page, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided source information for them as well.

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 * Image use policy
 * Image copyright tags

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. 08:55, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pete boon


text:
Frankie Knuckles

Francis Warren Nicholls Jr. (January 18, 1955 – March 31, 2014), known professionally as Frankie Knuckles, was an American DJ, record producer, and remixer. He played an important role in developing and popularizing house music, a genre of music that began in Chicago during the early 1980s and subsequently spread worldwide. In 1997, Knuckles won the Grammy Award for Remixer of the Year, Non-Classical. Due to his importance in the development of the genre, Knuckles was often called "The Godfather of House Music".

1970s–1980s
Born in New York City, in the Bronx, Knuckles and his friend Larry Levan began frequenting discos as teenagers. While studying textile design at the FIT, Knuckles and Levan began working as DJs, playing soul, disco, and R&B at two of the most important early discos, The Continental Baths and The Gallery. Their DJing led them to the Loft and the Gallery, with Levan becoming the main DJ at the Continental Baths. Knuckles, initially hesitant about the Baths, eventually began playing there until its closure in 1976.

The Continental Baths, located below the Ansonia Hotel, was an opulent gay bathhouse known for its steam rooms, swimming pool, disco, and more. Levan left in 1974, later establishing the prototype for the Paradise Garage. After Levan's departure, Knuckles became the Baths' resident DJ until its closure.

In the late 1970s, Knuckles moved from New York City to Chicago, where his old friend, Robert Williams, was opening what became the nightclub called Warehouse. When the club opened in Chicago in 1977, he was invited to play on a regular basis. Knuckles accepted the offer and moved to Chicago in 1977, becoming the resident DJ at the Warehouse. The Warehouse, situated in Chicago's west side industrial zone, emerged as a sanctuary for the city's black and gay community, offering a haven for those seeking freedom and salvation through music. Knuckles' DJ sets at the Warehouse were transformative experiences, drawing in crowds of up to 2,000 people, primarily from the black and gay demographic. The club's intense and soulful parties became akin to a religious gathering, where the diverse attendees found unity and spiritual connection.

In the late 1970s, as disco faced challenges, Knuckles sought ways to keep the genre alive in Chicago. He began experimenting with re-edits of songs, extending intros and breaks, and adding new beats to rejuvenate old favorites. These DJ alchemy experiments at the Warehouse laid the foundation for the emergence of house music. While the Warehouse initially faced skepticism from the wider Chicago club scene, it eventually gained recognition as adventurous straight audiences began attending. Wayne Williams, a young DJ from the south side, was among those influenced by Knuckles' music. Williams, inspired by the unique sound, introduced it to his audiences, becoming one of Chicago's most successful DJs and spreading the "house" sound beyond the gay clubs.

House music's name itself originated from the Warehouse, reflecting the exclusive, underground vibe of the club. Initially, "house" referred to an attitude and a feeling associated with cool, underground music. As Knuckles continued to reshape disco tracks and experiment with remixing, the term "house" evolved into a genre of its own.

Knuckles continued DJing at the Warehouse until November 1982, when he started his own Chicago club, The Power Plant.

Around 1983, Knuckles bought his first drum machine to enhance his mixes from Derrick May, a young DJ who regularly made the trip from Detroit to see Knuckles at the Warehouse and Ron Hardy at the Music Box, both in Chicago. The combination of bare, insistent drum machine pulses and an overlay of cult disco classics defined the sound of early Chicago house music, a sound which many local producers began to mimic in the studios by 1985.

When his next club the Powerhouse closed in 1987, Knuckles moved to the UK for four months and DJ-ed at DELIRIUM!, a Thursday night party at Heaven, a gay nightclub in London. Chicago house artists were in high demand and having major success in the UK with this new genre of music. Knuckles also had a stint in New York, where he continued to immerse himself in producing, remixing, and recording. 1988 saw the release of Pet Shop Boys' third album, Introspective, which featured Knuckles as a co-producer of the song "I Want a Dog."

Work with Jamie Principle
In 1982, Knuckles was introduced to then-unknown Jamie Principle by mutual friend Jose "Louie" Gomez, who had recorded the original vocal-dub of "Your Love" to reel-to-reel tape. Louie Gomez met up with Frankie at the local record pool (I.R.S.) and gave him a tape copy of the track. Knuckles played Gomez's unreleased dub mix for an entire year in his sets during which it became a crowd favorite. Knuckles later went into the studio to re-record the track with Principle, and in 1987 helped put Your Love and Baby Wants to Ride out on vinyl after these tunes had been regulars on his reel-to-reel player at the Warehouse for a year.

As house music was developing in Chicago, producer Chip E. took Knuckles under his tutelage and produced Knuckles' first recording, "You Can't Hide from Yourself". Then came more production work, including Jamie Principle's "Baby Wants to Ride", and later "Tears" with Robert Owens (of Fingers Inc.) and (Knuckles' protégé and future Def Mix associate) Satoshi Tomiie.

1990s–2010s
Knuckles made numerous popular Def Classic Mixes with John Poppo as sound engineer, and Knuckles partnered with David Morales on Def Mix Productions. His debut album Beyond the Mix (1991), released on Virgin Records, contained what would be considered his seminal work, "The Whistle Song", which was the first of four number ones on the US dance chart. The Def Classic mix of Lisa Stansfield's "Change", released in the same year, also featured the whistle-like motif. Another track from the album, "Rain Falls", featured vocals from Lisa Michaelis. Eight thousand copies of the album had sold by 2004. Other key remixes from this time include his rework of the Electribe 101 anthem "Talking with Myself" and Alison Limerick's "Where Love Lives".

When Junior Vasquez took a sabbatical from The Sound Factory in Manhattan, Knuckles took over and launched a successful run as resident DJ. He continued to work as a remixer through the 1990s and into the next decade, reworking tracks from Michael Jackson, Luther Vandross, Diana Ross, Eternal and Toni Braxton. He released several new singles, including "Keep on Movin'" and a re-issue of an earlier hit "Bac N Da Day" with Definity Records. In 1995, he released his second album titled Welcome to the Real World. By 2004, 13,000 copies had sold.

Openly gay, Knuckles was inducted into the Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame in 1996.

In 2004, Knuckles released a 13-track album of original material – his first in over a decade – titled A New Reality.

Death
In the mid-2000s, Knuckles developed Type II diabetes. He developed osteomyelitis after breaking his foot snowboarding, and had it amputated after declining to take time off for treatment. On March 31, 2014, he died in Chicago at the age of 59 due to the complications from his diabetes.

Legacy
In April 2015, a year after his death, Defected Records released a retrospective compilation, House Masters Frankie Knuckles; Knuckles had selected the track list before his death. Also, the same month, as a tribute to Knuckles, a version of his song "Baby Wants to Ride" was released by Underworld and Heller and Farley to mark the year anniversary of his death. It went straight to number one on the UK's first ever Official Vinyl Singles Chart. All proceeds went to the Frankie Knuckles Trust/Elton John AIDS Foundation. A year after his death, on April 4, 2015, an in Memoriam Essential Mix on BBC Radio 1 was played containing two previously unreleased Knuckles mixes. Knuckles was featured in the documentary films Maestro (2003), written and directed by Josell Ramos, The UnUsual Suspects: Once Upon a Time in House Music (2005), directed by Chip E. and Continental (2013) about the Continental Baths.

Frankie Knuckles famously referred to house music as "disco's revenge" – a phrase that has been lauded by artists and DJs since his passing.

Frankie Knuckles's role in the creation of Chicago house music was discussed in Episode 3 of the 2024 PBS series Disco: Soundtrack of a Revolution.

Awards and honors
In 1997, Knuckles won the Grammy Award for Remixer of the Year, Non-Classical. In 2004, the city of Chicago – which "became notorious in the dance community around the world for passing the so-called 'anti-rave ordinance' in 2000 that made property owners, promoters and deejays subject to $10,000 fines for being involved in an unlicensed dance party" – named a stretch of street in Chicago after Knuckles, where the old Warehouse once stood, on Jefferson Street between Jackson Boulevard and Madison Street. That stretch of street, called Frankie Knuckles Way, "was renamed when the city declared August 25, 2004, as Frankie Knuckles Day. The Illinois state senator who helped make it happen was Barack Obama." In 2005, Knuckles was inducted into the Dance Music Hall of Fame.

Discography

 * Beyond the Mix (1991)
 * Welcome to the Real World (1995)

title: Frankie Knuckles


text:
User talk:Maf

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Alexandros 16:02, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Maf


text:
University of Iceland

The University of Iceland (Háskóli Íslands ) is a public research university in Reykjavík, Iceland, and the country's oldest and largest institution of higher education. Founded in 1911, it has grown steadily from a small civil servants' school to a modern comprehensive university, providing instruction for about 14,000 students in twenty-five faculties. Teaching and research is conducted in social sciences, humanities, law, medicine, natural sciences, engineering and teacher education. It has a campus concentrated around Suðurgata street in central Reykjavík, with additional facilities located in nearby areas as well as in the countryside.

History
The University of Iceland was founded by the Alþingi on 17 June 1911, uniting three former post-secondary institutions: Prestaskólinn, Læknaskólinn and Lagaskólinn, which taught theology, medicine and law, respectively. The university originally had only faculties for these three fields, in addition to a faculty of humanities. During its first year of operation, 45 students were enrolled. The first rector of the university was Björn M. Ólsen, a professor in the faculty of humanities. The university played an important role in the construction of the Icelandic nation-state and was perceived by Icelanders as an important stepping stone towards full independence. Demands for a national Icelandic university stretch as far back as to the first session of the elected assembly of Althingi in 1845. Icelandic nationalist leaders petitioned Denmark at the time to create a "national school" to achieve cultural and material progress, but also to make sure that the education that Icelanders obtained was sufficiently national in character.

For its first 29 years, the university was housed in the Icelandic Parliament building, Alþingishúsið, in central Reykjavík. In 1933, the university received a special licence from Alþingi to operate a cash-prize lottery called Happdrætti Háskólans. The university lottery, which started in 1934, remains a major source of funding for the construction of new university buildings. In 1940, the university moved into the main building, designed by Icelandic state architect Guðjón Samúelsson. The main building forms the core of the university campus on Suðurgata, where most of the principal buildings of the university are located today.

In recent years, there has been some major restructuring. In 2008, the university was divided into five different schools. Simultaneously, the Iceland University of Education was merged with the University of Iceland to become its School of Education. Increased competition from local colleges has encouraged the university to greatly improve its marketing strategies, which had previously been deemed unnecessary.

On 21 January 2021, a broken main water pipe serving the Vesturbær neighbourhood of Reykjavík flooded the campus with over 2,000 tonnes of water, causing damage to buildings Háskólatorg and Gimli.

School buildings

The university's main campus lies immediately south-west of Tjörnin lake in the centre of Reykjavík. It covers about 10 hectares in total. There are around 30 buildings in total, the oldest of which, Gamli Garður, was built in 1934. The Main Building overlooks a semi-circular lawn, featuring a statue of Sæmundur fróði. In 2007, a new service centre was opened next to the main building and many of the most vital service desks were relocated there. Some lectures take place in Háskólabíó cinema at the northern end of the campus. There are also a gym, several dormitories, and smaller research institute buildings on the grounds. Most buildings are located on the main campus and nearby neighbourhoods. The Faculty of Sport, Leisure Studies and Social Education, on the other hand, is located in the village of Laugarvatn.

Library
In 1994, the university library (formally established in 1940) merged with the national library of Iceland, Landsbókasafn Íslands (est. 1818) to form one large academic library, the National and University Library of Iceland (Landsbókasafn Íslands - Háskólabókasafn). The library main building, Þjóðarbókhlaðan, is situated next to the main campus.

Hospital
Education and research at the University of Iceland are closely tied with the National University Hospital in Reykjavík. The facilities of the School of Health Sciences are therefore largely located on the hospital grounds.

Administration
The University Council is the highest administrative authority within the institution and consists of the Rector and ten other members, including two students and two members endorsed by the University Forum. The University Forum consists of the Rector, faculty heads and various domestic representatives. It does not have any executive powers but works with the Council on the overall strategy of the university. The five academic schools and their faculties are headed by deans and have much control over curricula and day-to-day administration.

Jón Atli Benediktsson is the current Rector of the University of Iceland. He took over from Kristín Ingólfsdóttir in 2015.

Schools and faculties
The University of Iceland is divided into five schools (svið) which are further divided into a total of twenty-five faculties (deildir). Prior to 2008, it was divided into eleven faculties which were then divided into departments (skorir). The largest current school is the School of Social Sciences with over 4,700 students, while each of the other four have around half that number. The university also operates a continuing education centre.

The university consists of the following schools and faculties:

 * School of Social Sciences

 * Faculty of Business Administration
 * Faculty of Economics
 * Faculty of Law
 * Faculty of Social Sciences
 * Faculty of Social Work
 * Faculty of Political Science

 * School of Health Sciences

 * Faculty of Medicine
 * Faculty of Nursing
 * Faculty of Odontology
 * Faculty of Pharmacology
 * Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition
 * Faculty of Psychology

 * School of Humanities

 * Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies
 * Faculty of Language, Literature and Linguistics
 * Faculty of Icelandic and Comparative Cultural Studies
 * Faculty of History and Philosophy

 * School of Education

 * Faculty of Sport, Leisure Studies and Social Education
 * Faculty of Teacher Education
 * Faculty of Educational Studies

 * School of Engineering and Natural Sciences

 * Faculty of Industrial-, mechanical engineering and computer science
 * Faculty of Earth Sciences
 * Faculty of Life and environmental sciences
 * Faculty of Electrical and computer engineering
 * Faculty of Physical sciences
 * Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Institutes
There are over sixty research institutes and seven rural research stations run by the university. Some of the most notable are:

 * Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies
 * Institute of Earth Sciences (includes the Nordic Volcanological Centre)
 * Keldur – Institute for Experimental Pathology
 * Social Science Research Institute
 * Vigdís Finnbogadóttir Institute of Foreign Languages (a UNESCO category 2 institute)

Academics
In addition to the major faculties, there are numerous research institutes attached to the university. With more than 700 tenured teachers, over 2,000 non-tenured teachers and about 300 researchers and administrators, the University of Iceland is the largest single work-place in Iceland.

Some of the resources available at the university are uniquely Icelandic; these include the manuscripts preserved in the Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies, Icelandic census records dating from 1703, exceptionally complete genealogical data and climatological, glaciological, seismic and geothermal records.

Education
The University of Iceland offers studies in more than 160 undergraduate programmes in the humanities, science and social sciences and in professional fields such as theology, law, business, medicine, odontology, nursing, pharmacology and engineering. Postgraduate studies are offered by all faculties, most of them research-based although not exclusively. There are also several multidisciplinary master's programmes available in the fields of health and environmental sciences, some of them in cooperation with other European universities.

The principal language of instruction is Icelandic. Textbooks are mainly in English and Icelandic. Most departments offer courses in English and allow foreign students to take their examinations in English. Icelandic language, medieval studies and environmental sciences are some of the university's strongest specialties, owing to Iceland's unique literary heritage and nature. A growing number of English-taught programmes are offered in these fields and others, attracting a large number of foreign students.

Rankings
In 2011, Times Higher Education included the University of Iceland for the first time, placing it in the 276-300 band globally. The following year it had risen to the 251-275 band on the same list. The 2017 edition of Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) placed it in the 401-500 band globally.

Student funding
The University of Iceland is a public, government-funded university and as such it does not charge tuition (although an enrollment fee of 75,000 króna must be paid). In terms of living expenses, most students at the University of Iceland either work part-time to finance their studies or receive student loans at favourable interest rates from the Icelandic Student Loan Fund.

The Icelandic Ministry of Education, Science and Culture annually offers awards to foreign students for the study of Icelandic language, history and literature at the University of Iceland. Scholarships are usually restricted to students from selected countries each year. Awards are tenable for one academic year and aim to cover board and lodging.

The major source of funding available to foreign graduate students is the Eimskipafélag Íslands University Fund, which is open to both scholars and current or prospective PhD students. Each grant from the fund is approximately 2.5 million ISK per year, for a period of up to three years and is intended to cover living expenses.

Student politics, unions and services
The Students' Council is the official representative of those studying at the university. It handles all kinds of rights issues and relations with internal and external authorities. Elections for the council take place every year. There are three major parties that participate in the student politics. These are Vaka and Röskva. Many local politicians started their careers as members of the council.

There are over 60 student unions in operation within the university. Each union is made up of students of a particular subject or a few related ones. Postgraduate students in some fields have their own unions. Membership is optional. A large part of the unions' function revolves around social activities, the most common of which are the so-called "science trips", a tradition where companies and organizations in the industry invite students in a relevant field over for a presentation and drinks. Some postgraduate student unions also organize small-scale academic seminars.

Félagsstofnun stúdenta is a self-owned institution that runs several services in and around the campus. These include kindergartens, low-rent apartments, cafeterias and a large bookstore.

Current

 * Inga Bergmann Árnadóttir (odontologist)
 * Hrund Ólöf Andradóttir (civil engineer)
 * Vilhjálmur Árnason (philosopher)
 * Steven Campana (fisheries scientist)
 * Brynhildur Davidsdottir (ecological economist)
 * Jóhanna Einarsdóttir (early childhood education)
 * Hannes Hólmsteinn Gissurarson (political scientist)
 * Þorvaldur Gylfason (economist)
 * Gísli Pálsson (anthropologist)
 * Guðbjörg Linda Rafnsdóttir (sociologist)
 * Unnur Anna Valdimarsdóttir (epidemiologist)
 * Þór Whitehead (historian)
 * Hannes Jónsson (theoretical chemist)

Former

 * Sigrún Aðalbjarnardóttir (professor emeritus)
 * Halldór Ásgrímsson (lecturer, 1973–1975)
 * Guðmundur Finnbogason (writer, teacher)
 * Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson (political scientist, former President of Iceland)
 * Þorsteinn Gylfason (philosopher)
 * Erlendur Haraldsson (social scientist)
 * Guðni Th. Jóhannesson (President of Iceland)
 * Sigurður Nordal (Medieval literature scholar)
 * Páll Skúlason (philosopher, 1945-2015)
 * Sigurður Þórarinsson (geologist)

Notable alumni

 * Vigdís Finnbogadóttir (former President of Iceland)
 * Ólafía Einarsdóttir (archaeologist)
 * Arnaldur Indriðason (writer)
 * Arndís Þórarinsdóttir (writer)
 * Ásgeir Ásgeirsson (politician, former President of Iceland)
 * Björn Bjarnason (politician)
 * Davíð Oddsson (politician)
 * Einar Pálsson (literature)
 * Einar Már Guðmundson (writer)
 * Friðrik Sophusson (politician)
 * Guðmundur Finnbogason (writer, teacher)
 * Hreiðar Már Sigurðsson (businessman)
 * Kári Stefánsson (physician and scientist)
 * Kristín Steinsdóttir (writer)
 * Kristín Marja Baldursdóttir (writer)
 * Magnús Scheving (actor)
 * Rannveig Þorsteinsdóttir (lawyer and politician)
 * Sigurjón Sighvatsson (film producer)
 * Stefán Jón Hafstein (writer and statesman)
 * Thor Sigfusson (businessman)
 * Vigdís Grímsdóttir (writer)
 * Þórarinn Eldjárn (writer)
 * Þórður Helgason (writer and educationalist)
 * Össur Skarphéðinsson (politician)
 * Steinunn Helga Lárusdóttir (professor emerita)
 * Páll Logason (powerlifter and strongman)

title: University of Iceland


text:
SPITBOL

SPITBOL (Speedy Implementation of SNOBOL) is a compiled implementation of the SNOBOL4 programming language. Originally targeted for the IBM System/360 and System/370 family of computers, it has now been ported to most major microprocessors including the SPARC. It was created by Robert Dewar and Ken Belcher, who were then at the Illinois Institute of Technology.

Prior to the development of SPITBOL, SNOBOL4 was thought to be slow, memory-intensive, and impossible to compile due to its dynamic nature. While delayed binding prevents everything from being determined at compile time, SPITBOL adopts various strategies for making decisions as early as possible. Recent versions of the SPITBOL compiler are available. Since 2001 the source code for the original SPITBOL 360 compiler has been made available under the GNU General Public License.

MACRO SPITBOL is an implementation of SPITBOL written in the 1970s by Robert Dewar and Anthony P. McCann. MACRO SPITBOL is coded in MINIMAL, an assembly language for an abstract machine. The instruction set is carefully defined to allow some latitude in its implementation, so that hardware operations favorable to string processing can be exploited.

An implementation of MINIMAL that was designed for interpretation on microcomputers was done by translating MINIMAL into MICRAL using a translator that was itself implemented in SPITBOL. The MICRAL version of MACRO SPITBOL, together with the MICRAL interpreter ran in under 40K bytes. This extreme object code compression of MICRAL is achieved using a set of machine code macro substitutions that minimizes the space required for the object code and macro table. The complexity of known algorithms for an optimal solution to this problem are high, but efficient heuristics attain near-optimal results.

The source code for MACRO SPITBOL was released under the GNU General Public License on April 17, 2009.

title: SPITBOL


text:
Dudley Zoo

Dudley Zoo & Castle (previously Dudley Zoological Gardens) is a 40 acre zoo located within the grounds of Dudley Castle in the town of Dudley, in the Black Country region of the West Midlands, England. The Zoo opened to the public on 18 May 1937. It contains 12 modernist animal enclosures and other buildings designed by the architect Berthold Lubetkin and the Tecton Group. The zoo went into receivership in 1977 and was purchased by Dudley Metropolitan Borough Council. Dudley Zoo is now operated by Dudley and West Midlands Zoological Society, founded in 1978 and a registered charity.

History
The owner of Dudley Castle, the Third Earl of Dudley, decided to create a zoo in the castle grounds in the 1930s. The initial Board of the Dudley Zoological Society was made up of the Earl, Ernest Marsh (director of Marsh and Baxter) and Captain Frank Cooper, owner of Oxford Zoo, who wanted to sell his animals and it was Oxford Zoo, which closed in 1936, that supplied Dudley with the majority of its initial collection of animals. The zoo was built between 1935 and 1937, with Dr Geoffrey Vevers, the Superintendent at London Zoo acting as an advisor. Thirteen zoo buildings were designed by Berthold Lubetkin and engineering was carried out by Ove Arup. The steepness of much of the terrain and the presence of caverns produced by limestone mining in previous centuries presented the architects and builders with a number of difficulties. Further constraints were presented by the castle being a scheduled monument, its structure and immediate surroundings being protected by a government department, the Office of Works.

The architects chose a deliberately modern style for the animal enclosures, entrance and visitor refreshment facilities, making no attempt to match the appearance of the castle ruins. The main material chosen for the construction was pre-stressed reinforced concrete which gave the possibility of forming curved structures and projecting platforms. It was decided to avoid cages where possible and to display the animals in a deliberately artificial manner rather than create an imitation of natural surroundings.

The zoo opened on 18 May 1937. The opening day was a success, with over 250,000 people recorded as visiting the zoo on its opening day. 700,000 people visited the zoo in its first year.

The opening weeks of the zoo were not always positive as on 18 June 1937, a Malayan Brown Bear escaped from the zoo, biting a Dudley resident and was struck by a policeman's truncheon. The bear then spent a few hours in local gardens before recapture. Just 3 days later the animal made another escape, this time being shot dead in the castle grounds.

During his reign, King Edward VIII was a regular visitor to the zoo. The King was a close friend of the zoo's co-owner, the Third Earl of Dudley.

Elephant rides were one of the attractions of the zoo since it opened in 1937, as it was reported in April 1937 that two Indian elephants had been brought to Dudley Zoo with that purpose in mind. The zoo continued to have elephants until 9 April 2003 when the zoo’s last two African elephants, Flossie and Flora, were relocated to Planete Sauvage in south-west France.

A miniature railway was added in 1938 with two locomotives constructed by G & S Light Engineering, of Stourbridge. The locomotives ran on a track about 1 mile long, carrying up to 150 passengers.

In 1958 a chair lift was introduced to take visitors from near the entrance up the steep grass bank towards the elephant house. The chair lift was opened on 11 May 1958 by the comedian Richard Hearne. In 2000, the chairlift was put out of use due to safety concerns. It was relaunched in August 2012 following a Heritage Lottery Fund refurbish.

The zoo was bought by the Scotia leisure group in 1970. In 1977, the zoo went into receivership but was bought by Dudley Metropolitan Council. Finally, in 1978, The Dudley and West Midlands Zoological Society charity was set up to run the zoo, although the council still owns the grounds.

In 1979, the Penguin Pool had to be demolished because of damage to the concrete caused by the salty water. This was the one major original animal enclosure to unfortunately be lost.

On 23 October 2018 zoo staff shot dead an 8-year-old snow leopard named Margaash, after he had left his enclosure when a keeper failed to secure it. In a post to its website on 30 November 2018 the zoo confirmed that it was closed with no visitors on site at the time of the incident, and there is no suggestion that Margaash posed any immediate threat to any human. The zoo described the killing as "euthanasia". A backlash and protest followed as local people disagreed with the killing of Margaash, describing it as a "needless killing".

Animals
Dudley Zoo was home to a gorilla named Bonzo from 1962 until his death in 1994. Due to his local fame and connection with the zoo's many visitors, a bust was erected of Bonzo in 2016.

In 2003, in common with other urban zoos, Dudley parted with their two female African elephants so that they could benefit from more spacious surroundings. The elephants were moved to West Midland Safari Park to benefit from a more spacious enclosure. The remaining large animals include giraffes, tigers, lions, reindeer, wallabies, and three snow leopards, the latest being born in May 2013. Primates are well represented, and there are several aviaries and a reptile house.

There was a time where Dudley Zoo housed polar bears and Southern elephant seals. Cuddles, a male orca, was housed at the zoo from 1971, until his death in February 1974. The dolphin and whale pools were modified seal and sea lions pools with the walls being built up to create more depth. However, these plans were in breach of the local planning laws and the zoo was ordered to return the pools to their original state. As the zoo was not prepared to invest in new purpose built pools Cuddles was put up for sale, but died before being moved, from long-term gastro-intestinal problems. The pools were returned to their original design and now house the zoo's sea lions.

Modernist Architecture
The zoo buildings include twelve listed buildings, seven Grade II and five Grade II*, erected in 1937 by Berthold Lubetkin's Tecton Group which employed, among others, structural engineer Ove Arup. Most of the zoo buildings are in the International Style (architecture).

In 2011, the zoo announced refurbishment and renovation plans for the zoo's listed buildings and parts of the zoo itself; totalling £1.15 million. Initial funding for the project was met by the Heritage Lottery Fund.

In January 2013, newly released construction proposals indicated the entrance to the zoo would connect with the Black Country Museum and the Dudley Canal Trust, creating a single entrance for the three attractions. The new entrance was completed in September 2015. Focus will then shift to the bear pits, which zoo officials say will be renovated to provide "a dramatic backdrop in the landscape". This was the subject of an investigation by the Born Free Foundation in 2012.

In November 2018 a £6 million expansion of the zoo was announced, where tunnels running underneath the Castle Hill site from the Second World War could be brought back, so that visitors can glimpse the mining history of Dudley. The zoo's iconic 1930s Tecton buildings could also be refurbished with this £6 million expansion. The work began in 2020.

In February 2019 Dudley Zoo's Director, Derek Grove, announced plans to renovate animal enclosures and improve visitor facilities. These new renovations included; refurbishing the Lemur walk-through exhibit, adding a new indoor adventure playground, extending the Sumatran Tiger exhibit, and bringing back the European Brown Bears.

Listed Lubetkin and Tecton Buildings at Dudley Zoo

 * The Castle Restaurant
 * The Elephant House
 * The Entrance Gateway
 * The Education Centre (formerly the Moat Café)
 * Tropical Bird House
 * Sea lion pools
 * Brown bear ravine
 * Kiosk south of the former brown bear pit
 * Former Station Café, now the Safari Shop
 * Polar Bear Pit and Lion and Tiger Ravines
 * Kiosk east of the former brown bear pit
 * The former reptiliary, now the Meerkat Enclosure

A further Tectron building, The Penguin Enclosure, was demolished in the 1960s.

Artistic connections
A painting by Percy Shakespeare, Tropical Bird House, Dudley Zoo (c. 1939), is in Dudley Museum and Art Gallery.

In 2015, 89-year-old artist Rama Samaraweera, who was inspired to paint while a keeper at Dudley Zoo, donated three original oil paintings to the zoo to express his gratitude. His painting Clouded Leopard was a best-selling print in America in the 1970s.

Castle
Access to Dudley Castle, a Grade I listed building built in the 11th century, is included in the zoo entrance fee.

Chairlift
A visitor chairlift was opened between the zoo's entrance and the castle on 11 May 1958 by Richard Hearne. It was taken out of use in 2000 due to health and safety concerns to the public.

In August 2012 the chairlift was reopened after a 12-week, £117,000 Heritage Lottery Fund restoration which included returning it to its original light cream colour.

title: Dudley Zoo


text:
Albertville (disambiguation)

Albertville is a commune in the Savoie department of south-eastern France.

Albertville may also refer to:

Places

 * Canada
 * Albertville, Quebec
 * Albertville, Saskatchewan

 * Democratic Republic of the Congo
 * Kalemie, formerly known as Albertville

 * United States
 * Albertville, Alabama
 * Albertville, Minnesota
 * Albertville, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
 * Old Albertville, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community

Other uses

 * 1992 Winter Olympics, held at Albertville, France
 * Winnenden school shooting, which took place in a German Realschule called Albertville

title: Albertville (disambiguation)


text:
Dudley Castle

Dudley Castle is a ruined fortification in the town of Dudley, West Midlands, England. Originally a wooden motte and bailey castle built soon after the Norman Conquest, it was rebuilt as a stone fortification during the twelfth century but subsequently demolished on the orders of Henry II of England. Rebuilding of the castle took place from the second half of the thirteenth century and culminated in the construction of a range of buildings within the fortifications by John Dudley. The fortifications were slighted by order of the Parliament of England during the English Civil War and the residential buildings destroyed by fire in 1750. In the nineteenth and early twentieth century the site was used for fêtes and pageants. Today Dudley Zoo is located on its grounds.

Its location, Castle Hill, is an outcrop of Wenlock Group limestone that was extensively quarried during the Industrial Revolution and which now, along with Wren's Nest Hill, is a scheduled monument of the best surviving remains of the limestone industry in Dudley. It is also a Grade I listed building. Localised structural problems lead to it being placed on Historic England's Heritage at Risk register in 2020.

The Dudley Tunnel runs beneath Castle Hill, but not the castle itself.

Medieval
The antiquarian William Camden claimed a castle was constructed at Dudley about the year 700 by a Mercian duke named Dodo or Doddo and some subsequent histories and articles repeated this claim. However, this assertion is not taken seriously by today's historians, who usually date the castle from soon after the Norman Conquest of 1066. It is thought one of the Conqueror's followers, Ansculf de Picquigny, built the first castle in 1070. The Domesday Book records that Ansculf's son, William Fitz-Ansculf, was in possession of the castle when it was recorded at the time of the survey of 1086. The first line of the Domesday entry for Dudley translates as: "the said William held Dudley; and there is his castle". Some of the earthworks from this castle, notably the "motte", the vast mound on which the present castle keep now sits, still remain. However the earliest castle would have been of wooden construction and no longer exists. After Fitz-Ansculf, the castle came into the possession of the Paganel family, who built the first stone castle on the site. This castle was strong enough to withstand a siege in 1138 by the forces of King Stephen. However, after Gervase Paganel joined a failed rebellion against King Henry II in 1173 the castle was demolished (slighted) by order of the king. According to historian Sidney Painter, it was one of at least 21 castles demolished on Henry II's instructions. The Somery's were the next dynasty to own the site when Ralph de Somery I succeeded his uncle, Gervase Paganel in 1194. Roger de Somery II set about rebuilding the castle in 1262. The castle was far from complete on the death of Roger de Somery II in 1272 and construction carried on from this time into the 14th century by Roger's heirs. The keep (the most obvious part of the castle when viewed from the town) and the main gate date from this re-building.

The last of the male line of Somery, John Somery, died in 1321. It is thought that the fortifications were complete by this date. The castle and estates passed to John Somery's sister Margaret and her husband John de Sutton. Subsequently, members of this family often used Dudley as a surname. John and Margaret were only in possession of the castle for a few years before the property was seized by the younger Hugh Despenser, a favourite of Edward II of England. Despenser owned the castle from 1325-1326, being dispossessed when the king fell from power. The castle was returned to John and Margaret in 1327. It was probably during the time of John and Margaret's son and successor John Sutton II that a chapel and great chamber were added within the castle walls. Following the death of John Sutton II, the castle passed to his wife, Isabel, daughter of John de Cherleton who held it until her death in 1397.

Early modern
In 1532 another John Sutton inherited the castle but after having money problems was ousted by a relative, John Dudley, later Duke of Northumberland, in 1537. John Dudley was the great-grandson of John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley and had risen to prominence during the reign of Henry VIII. Starting around 1540, a range of new buildings were erected within the older castle walls by him. The architect was William Sharington and the buildings are thus usually referred to as Sharington Range. According to Historic England, the Sharrington Range represents "one of the earliest known examples of the influence of the Italian Renaissance on the secular architecture of the West Midlands." John Dudley was executed in 1553 for his attempt to set Lady Jane Grey on the throne of England. The castle was returned to the Sutton family by Queen Mary, ownership being given to Edward Sutton. The castle was visited by Queen Elizabeth I in August 1575 and was considered as a possible place of imprisonment for Mary, Queen of Scots. However, the Sutton family were not destined to hold the castle for much longer and Edward Sutton's son, Edward Sutton III was the last of the male line to possess the property. In 1592, this Edward sent men to raid the property of Gilbert Lyttelton, carrying away cattle which were impounded in the Castle grounds. Financial difficulties continued to mount, however, until Edward Sutton III solved the problem by marrying his granddaughter and heir, Frances Sutton, to Humble Ward, the son of a wealthy merchant.

Civil War
During the First English Civil War the castle was held by a Royalist garrison commanded by Colonel Thomas Leveson, a local Catholic who was later one of only 25 former Royalists listed by Parliament in 1651 as subject to 'perpetual banishment and confiscation.'. It was besieged by Parliamentary forces in 1644 and finally surrendered to forces led by Sir William Brereton on 13 May 1646. The castle was partly demolished to prevent it being used again and the present ruined appearance of the keep results from this decision. However some habitable buildings remained and were subsequently used occasionally by the Earls of Dudley although by this time they preferred to reside at Himley Hall, approximately four miles away, when in the Midlands.

Final years and ruin

A stable block was constructed on the site at some point before 1700. This was the final building to be constructed in the castle.

The bulk of the remaining habitable parts of the castle was destroyed by fire in 1750. However, in the nineteenth century, the site found a new use as a 'Romantic Ruin' and a certain amount of tidying up of the site was carried out by the Earls of Dudley. Battlements on one of the remaining towers were reconstructed and two cannon captured during the Crimean Wars were installed. In the nineteenth and early twentieth century the site was used for fêtes and pageants. In 1937, when the Dudley Zoo was established, the castle grounds were incorporated into the zoo.

Location
The castle is located on a hill at one end of Dudley Town centre with the entrance (shared with Dudley Zoo) to the grounds off Castle Hill (the A459). The hill is an outcrop of limestone that was extensively quarried during the Industrial Revolution.

Despite being situated on the edge of Dudley town centre, historically the castle was situated within the borders of Sedgley – which was part of neighbouring Staffordshire rather than Worcestershire as shown by the maps of Christopher Saxton drawn in 1579 and John Speed in 1610. The borders were changed to include the castle and its grounds within the Dudley borough only in 1926, when restructuring of the boundaries took place to allow the development of the Priory Estate.

Motte and bailey
The motte is the oldest remaining structure at the castle site. It originally had a moat at its foot which could have been wet or dry. The motte has a core of limestone rubble encased in clay. It stands around 9 metres high. The oval-shaped bailey, which measures 100 metres north to south and 80 metres east to west is surrounded by a dry moat. In the medieval period, there were probably buildings in an outer court beyond the bailey moat.

The keep
The castle keep dates from the rebuilding that started in 1262. It rests on the motte, constructed in the Norman period but somewhat reduced in height afterwards. The original building was slightly rectangular in plan with approximate dimensions 15 metres north to south and 22 metres east to west. The four drum towers on each corner are 9.8 metres in diameter. After the slighting at the end of the civil war, only the north side of the castle and parts of two of the drum towers remain.

Main gatehouse

A little to the east of the keep is the main gatehouse. Like the keep, it was subject to slighting at the end of the Civil War. Some elements of the Paganell's Norman castle remain in the structure but it mainly dates from the rebuilding carried out after 1262 by the de Somery family. A double gateway with two portcullises was constructed at this time. Under the Suttons, a barbican was added to the outside of the gatehouse so that the whole structure is sometimes called the 'Triple Gate'. Originally the gatehouse was connected to the keep by a thick curtain wall. When built, the gatehouse had three floors with the machinery for operating the portcullises on the first floor and a guard room on the second floor. Above the guard room were the battlements.

Great chamber and chapel block
Probably constructed during the time of John Sutton II but re-modelled in the Tudor era when the Sharington Range was built for John Dudley. The block was in ruins before the fire of 1750.

Sharington range
Constructed for John Dudley, starting around 1540, the three-storey range included a great hall, kitchen, servery, buttery, cellars and bedrooms. A small amount of masonry dating from the early Paganell castle is evident in the ruins. The range was destroyed by the fire of 1750.

Stable block
Once thought to be lodgings, the stable block was one of the last buildings constructed at the castle site, dating from before 1700. The block is situated between the Main Gate and the base of the motte.

Elizabethan gatehouse and east watch tower
In front of the main gate but further down the hill is a gatehouse dating from the Elizabethan era. A wall runs to the east of this gate to a round tower, built at the same time, known as the watch tower.

Cannon
Two Russian cannon brought back as trophies from the Crimean War are installed in prominent positions on the remains of the two south-facing drum towers. The cannon were brought to the castle in June 1857 during one of the Dudley Castle Fêtes.

Visitor centre
The castle visitor centre was opened by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II in June 1994, and amongst other exhibits housed a computer generated reconstruction of the castle as it was in 1550, displayed through hardware that demonstrated an early use of the virtual tour concept.

Claims of haunting
Dudley Castle has the distinction of being haunted. Dudley is believed to be the most haunted castle in England. One of the supernatural presences that has usually been sighted at the site is the Grey Lady, who is believed to be the spirit of Dorothy Beaumont, a woman who died in the Castle, along with her baby, shortly after childbirth. She'd requested to be buried next to her daughter and for her husband to attend the funeral but neither happened and so it's thought she now wanders the castle and its grounds.

The ghost of Dorothy can often be seen near the Castle Keep and in the pub that was named after her on the castle grounds, the Grey Lady Tavern. Since opening, there have been many reports here, mostly of unexplained sounds, alarms going off in the middle of the night without explanation, and extreme drops in temperature that’s often accompanied by a strange blue mist that floats through the bar.

Currently it is believed that the most haunted place in the Castle is its underground Chapel, where there is an ancient stone coffin which is believed to have contained the body of John Somery, one of the lords of the Castle. Many people reported seeing what are believed to be Somery's legs next to the coffin.

List of lords of Dudley Castle
Dudley Castle was the capital of the feudal barony of Dudley, with several lords over its history:

 * Ansculf de Picquigny, a Norman who took part on the Battle of Hastings
 * William Fitz-Ansculf, his son
 * Fulke Paganell (fl.1100-30)
 * Ralph Paganell (fl.1130s-1150s), his son
 * Gervase Paganell (d.1194), his son
 * Ralph de Somery I (d.1210), son of John de Somery and Hawyse sister and heir of Gervase Paganell
 * Ralph de Somery II (c.1193-1216), eldest son of Ralph I
 * William Percival de Somery (d.1222), his brother
 * Nicholas de Somery (d.1229), still a minor
 * Roger de Somery I (d.1225), 3rd son of Ralph I
 * Roger de Somery II (d.1272), his son
 * Roger de Somery III (c.1254-1291), his son
 * Agnes de Somery (d.1309), his widow and guardian of her son
 * John de Somery (1280-1322), their son

On his death the lands of the barony were divided between his two sisters. Weoley Castle went to Joan de Botetourt and her husband John de Botetourt. Dudley Castle passed to her elder sister Margaret, who had married John de Sutton I. John de Sutton II was summoned to Parliament, but none of his successors were until John de Sutton VI
 * John de Sutton I (d.1327) in the right of Margaret
 * John de Sutton II (d.1360), their son
 * Isabel Cherleton de Sutton (d.1397), his widow held Dudley jointly with her son
 * John de Sutton III (d.1369), her son - outlived by his mother
 * John de Sutton IV (1360-1391), his son - outlived by his grandmother
 * John de Sutton V (1380-1406), his son
 * Constance de Sutton (d.1422), his widow
 * John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley 1400-87, their son

For the evolution of the castle and estate until 1740 see Baron Dudley and from the late 17th century until the 20th century as Baron Ward John de Sutton I

title: Dudley Castle


text:
Talk:University of Iceland

Comment
I copied the page for the Univ. of Iceland from our intro page on our webpage(http://www.hi.is). I work at the University of Iceland and take full responsibility for the text being displayed on Wikipedia (my email address is bmz(at)hi.is

I verified it by email. Thus it is not a copyright violation. andy 16:21, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Too much POV -- this reads like a promotion, not a neutral article. I'm going to fix the text. -- User:Palthrow

This entry could really do with a photo of the university Palthrow 19:52, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:HI Seal.jpg
Image:HI Seal.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

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BetacommandBot (talk) 18:01, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

hello iceland
Hello,

My name is Ana Guerrero I live in California, USA and I am 15 years old. I am a 10th grade student at Narbonne High School (http://www.narbonnehigh.org/) in the Los Angeles metropolitan area.

As part of a class project, my History teacher has asked me to contact a school in ICELAND. I am therefore trying to locate a History (or English – in non-English speaking countries) teacher in your school who would be interested in an e-mail exchange between our classes. With Global Warming an increasing concern to all of us, everywhere, I am hoping to find out how this issue is affecting young people in ICELAND.

Could you please put me in touch with a History (or English – in non-English speaking countries) teacher in your school who might be interested in such an exchange? If you would like to contact my teacher, Mr. von Bergman, you can reach him via the school website at http://www.narbonnehigh.org/apps/staff/.

Thank you very much.

Ana Maria GuerreroKrana (talk) 00:46, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

 * You need to go to their website, here, to contact them, this is only Wikipedia. We make articles here, not represent schools or what not. :) --Girdi (talk) 12:44, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 3 external links on University of Iceland. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150906070514/http://www.hi.is/adalvefur/starfsmenn to http://www.hi.is/adalvefur/starfsmenn
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title: Talk:University of Iceland


text:
User talk:JohnnyB~enwiki

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them; *How to edit a page *How to write a great article *Naming conventions *Manual of Style If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Alexandros 16:09, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Streetcar suburb
No, I hadn't seen the article, but thanks for the heads up! Darkcore 01:02, 5 May 2005 (UTC)

CBC
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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called JohnnyB. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name JohnnyB~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 14:33, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:14, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:JohnnyB~enwiki