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FK Partizan

Fudbalski klub Partizan  (Фудбалски клуб Партизан, ; Partizan Football Club), known as Partizan Belgrade in English, is a Serbian professional football club based in Belgrade. It forms a major part of the JSD Partizan multi-sport club. The club plays in the Serbian SuperLiga and has spent its entire history in the top tier of Yugoslav and Serbian football, winning a total of 46 official trophies, finishing in the Yugoslav league all-time table as second. Its home ground is the Partizan Stadium in Belgrade, where the team have played since 1949. Partizan holds records such as playing in the first European Champions Cup match on 4 September 1955, as well as becoming the first club from Southeast Europe to reach the European Champions Cup final, when it did so in 1966. Partizan was the first Serbian club to compete in the group stage of the UEFA Champions League.

The club has a long-standing rivalry with Red Star Belgrade. Matches between these two clubs are known as the Eternal Derby ("Večiti derbi") and rate as one of the greatest cross-town clashes in the world. Partizan also has supporters in some of the former-Yugoslav republics and in the Serbian diaspora.

Their popular nickname 'The Steamroller' (Parni valjak) was originally used in the press report after the 7–1 hammering of Red Star at the 13th Eternal Derby on 6 December 1953. This nickname was later embedded in the lyrics of the club anthem.

Partizan Youth Academy is one of the most renowned and export-oriented in Europe. CIES (University of Neuchâtel International Centre for Sports Studies) Football Observatory report of November 2015 ranks Partizan at the top place of training clubs out of the 31 European leagues surveyed. CIES report of 2019 confirmed Partizan as the most productive training club in Europe, with 75 of their academy graduates currently playing across 31 European top divisions.

Founders and origins
Partizan was founded on 4 October 1945 in Belgrade, as a football section of the Central House of the Yugoslav Army "Partizan", and was named in honour of the Partisans, the communist military formation who fought against fascism during World War II in Yugoslavia. The club was formed and initially managed by the group of young high officers of the Yugoslav People's Army and veterans of the Spanish Civil War. Among them were Koča Popović, Peko Dapčević, Svetozar Vukmanović, Bogdan Vujošević, Mijalko Todorović, Otmar Kreačić, Božo Švarc and Ratko "Čoče" Vujović – elected the first president of the club. Two days after its establishment, Partizan made its first step on the football scene, with the friendly match against selection of Zemun that ended 4–2. Silvester Šereš entered the record books as the first goal scorer in the history of Partizan, while goalkeeper Franjo Glaser was simultaneously the first club manager. Just three weeks later, Partizan went on the first of many international tours, travelling to Czechoslovakia where they beat the selection of Slovak Army with 3–1. At the time, just months after the World War II in Yugoslavia ended, no organized football competition was yet restored, so Partizan played only friendly games and tournaments both home and abroad. The club's first international engagement was a meeting against another army side, CSKA Moscow from what was then Soviet Union, on 6 December 1945 in Belgrade.

Partizan's babies – the first European final (1958–1966)
By the mid-1950s, the first big Partizan generation was well over its peak. Only two titles and four cups in its first 15 years of existence were not enough for a club of Partizan's stature, ambition and popularity. In 1958, the club left way behind 13 years of playing in blue-red kits and adopted the now famous black and white colors. The change in the club's image and appearance was followed by radical changes in the playing squad. The number of young players, offspring of Partizan's own youth ranks known as Partizanove bebe (The Partizan's babies), soon emerged into one of the best generations Europe's ever seen. The rise of the generation began with Milutin Šoškić, Fahrudin Jusufi, Jovan Miladinović, Velibor Vasović, Milan Galić, Ilija Mitić, Zvezdan Čebinac and Vladica Kovačević. Very soon, they were joined by Lazar Radović, Velimir Sombolac, Ljubomir Mihajlović and Mustafa Hasanagić, and finally Ivan Ćurković, Josip Pirmajer, Branko Rašović and Radoslav Bečejac. Managers Illés Spitz, Florijan Matekalo and Stjepan Bobek monitored and guided their development. The decision to rely mostly on talented youngsters scouted from all over the country quickly gave results – Partizan took three consecutive championship titles, in 1961, 1962 and 1963, the first title hat-trick in the Yugoslav First League. Efficient and attractive performances earned the club its popular nickname "Parni valjak" ("The Steamroller"). In 1964–65, the team added the fourth title in five years (interrupted by city rival Red Star during the 1963–64 season). As early as the 1960s, a fierce and intense rivalry grew up between Partizan and Red Star.

The 1965–66 European Cup campaign was the crown of this generation's career. After eliminating French Nantes (2–0, 2–2) and German champion Werder Bremen (3–0, 1–0) in the first two rounds, Partizan were drawn against Sparta Prague in the quarter-finals. In the first leg, held in Prague, Partizan suffered a hard 4–1 defeat. Although they were not given any chances in the return leg in Belgrade, Partizan pulled off a convincing 5–0 win in front of 50,000 spectators, and with aggregate score 6–4 qualified for the semifinals. The semi-finals would see Partizan taking part in an emotional tie that would bring Manchester United, in their first season back in the European Cup after the Munich air disaster, returning to the scene of their final game, at the JNA Stadium, before embarking on that fateful journey home (on the way home from a European Cup quarter-final victory against Red Star, which was played at JNA Stadium, the aircraft carrying the Manchester United players, officials and journalists crashed while attempting to take off after refuelling in Munich).Manchester United, led by George Best and Bobby Charlton, awaited finally them on the last step to the finals. Partizan won the first leg at JNA Stadium 2–0, and resisted the heavy pressure on Old Trafford, conceding only once; with a 2–1 aggregate scoreline, they eliminated the English giants. Partizan's babies achieved the greatest success in history of Partizan, a place in the 1966 European Cup Final against Real Madrid. The final game was played on 11 May at Heysel Stadium, Brussels. Until the 70th minute, Partizan was 1–0 up through a goal by Velibor Vasović, but ultimately lost to the Spaniards 2–1. Partizan may have come close to a famous victory, but they had now missed their chance as the side was immediately broken up with their star players heading west. Still, Partizan became the first club from the Balkans and Eastern Europe to have played in a European Cup final.

The brief return – the first European trophy (1976–1982)
On 11 July 1976, in Ljubljana, Partizan played the last game of the season against Olimpija and needed a win to clinch the title ahead of rivals Hajduk Split. In the last second before the final whistle, Nenad Bjeković scored the winning goal and Partizan won 0–1. The seventh championship trophy was finally won, after full decade of waiting, by the new generation of players, such as Momčilo Vukotić, Bjeković, Rešad Kunovac, Ilija Zavišić, Refik Kozić, Ivan Golac, Radmilo Ivančević, Boško Đorđević, Nenad Stojković. Partizan then won its eighth title in 1977–78, enforced with Nikica Klinčarski, Petar Borota, Slobodan Santrač, Aleksandar Trifunović, Xhevat Prekazi and Pavle Grubješić. That same year, Partizan won its first European trophy, the Mitropa Cup. The Black & Whites finished first in Group A, ahead of Perugia and Zbrojovka Brno and defeated Hungarian side Honvéd in the finals, 1–0. Its manager was Ante Mladinić. Unexpectedly, the following 1978–79 season turned out to be the worst in Partizan history: they finished 15th in the league, barely avoiding relegation with a 4–2 victory against Budućnost in the last fixture. The new crisis was serious, which reflected in the results next season, when Partizan finished 13th. It took a two more seasons, but Partizan eventually recovered.

Memorable years (1982–1991)
When Momčilo Vukotić, Nenad Stojković and Nikica Klinčarski were joined by Ljubomir Radanović, Zvonko Živković, Zoran Dimitrijević and Dragan Mance, another great generation was formed. Partizan became champion for 1982–83 season, in large part due to extraordinary performances of a young Dragan Mance. He helped Partizan win the league by scoring 15 goals, and immediately became a fan favourite. He also led the club in their 1984–85 UEFA Cup second round tie against Queens Park Rangers, one of the most memorable matches in the club's history. QPR won the first leg 6–2, but Partizan advanced after a 4–0 return victory. A goal which Mance scored against the English side is considered one of the most remarkable goals in the history of Partizan. That match was voted 70th among the Top 100 greatest matches in the history of football in a poll organized by Eurosport in September 2009. On 3 September 1985, the players tragically lost their teammate and the fans lost their idol – Mance died in a car crash on Novi Sad-Belgrade highway. He was only 22 years old, and at the peak of his popularity. Even today, Mance is considered to be the greatest club legend by the fans of Partizan. In his honour, the street next to the club's stadium in Belgrade has carried his name since 2011.

In 1985–86, Partizan won the title with a 4–0 win over Željezničar due to better goal difference than second-placed Red Star. However, Yugoslav FA President Slavko Šajber decided that the entire last round of fixtures had to be replayed after accusations that certain results had been fixed. Partizan refused to replay its match, after which the game was awarded 3–0 to Željezničar, and the title was given to Red Star, who thus got to play in 1986–87 European Cup. Because of these events, 12 clubs started the next 1986–87 season with a deduction of six points, Partizan among them. Vardar, who had not been deducted six points, won the title and subsequently participated in 1987–88 European Cup. However, after a sequence of appeals and lawsuits which eventually led to Yugoslav Constitutional Court, the original final table of 1985–86, with Partizan as champions, was officially recognized in mid-1987. Also, the points deduction from 1986–87 season was annulled and the title was given to Partizan, who headed the table without the deduction. These controversial events prevented the generation of Milko Đurovski, Fahrudin Omerović, Zvonko Varga, Vladimir Vermezović, Admir Smajić, Goran Stevanović, Nebojša Vučićević, Miloš Đelmaš, Srečko Katanec, Fadil Vokrri and Bajro Župić from showing their full potential in Europe.

Partizan spent the final years in Yugoslavia undergoing significant organizational changes. In 1989, former goalkeeper Ivan Ćurković became club president while Mirko Marjanović became the president of Partizan's executive board. Most important, Partizan players in these final years were Predrag Mijatović, Slaviša Jokanović, Predrag Spasić, Dragoljub and Branko Brnović, Budimir Vujačić, Vujadin Stanojković, Darko Milanič and Džoni Novak. However, this great generation was overshadowed by their crosstown rival Red Star and its rampage through domestic league, Europe and the world. Partizan only won the 1989 national cup, 32 years after the last victory in that competition. The last trophy won before the breakup of Yugoslavia was the 1989 Yugoslav Super Cup, the first and the only one organized. Also in the same season 1988/89, Partizan won the prestigious international tournament Uhrencup, which is played every year in Switzerland and to this day. That year, Partizan took three trophies which is a club record in one season. In 1987, Partizan signed Chinese national team players Jia Xiuquan and Liu Haiguang and they entered history as they, along Xie Yuxin and Gu Guangming, were the first Chinese footballers ever to have played in Europe.

Dark decade and domestic success (1990s)
After the death of President Josip Broz Tito in 1980, ethnic tension grew in Yugoslavia, with the follow, that in the early 1990s the Yugoslav state began to fall apart, and the civil war broke out. At the end of May in 1992, the United Nations Security Council imposed sanctions against the country, which led to political isolation, economic decline and hyperinflation of the Yugoslav dinar, and finally dislodged Yugoslav football from the international scene. The disintegration of Yugoslavia, the Yugoslav wars from 1991 to 1995, the resulting difficulties, as well as the sanctions had hit all Yugoslav clubs hard. After the breakup of SFR Yugoslavia in 1991, a new Yugoslavia was formed out from Serbia and Montenegro and was named FR Yugoslavia. Notwithstanding, Partizan won during the war two titles in a row, in 1993 and 1994. The next two championships Partizan won came in 1996 and 1997, but after only few years of peace, the Yugoslav clubs stood again before difficult times. Between 1998 and 1999, peace was broken again because the situation in Kosovo worsened with continued clashes between Yugoslav security forces and the Kosovo Liberation Army. The confrontations led to the Kosovo War and finally to the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, which started four days after the 112th Red Star–Partizan derby, and this without a UN Mandate. The bombing campaign was criticized, especially for the number of civilian casualties that resulted from the bombing. By this time, Partizan won in 1999 a further championship title, again during a war.

During these turbulent 1990s, the club won also several national cups, this in 1992, 1994 and 1998. The key man for these trophies was Ljubiša Tumbaković, who became the most successful manager in Partizan's history. In 1997, Partizan was reintroduced to European competitions following the lift of the UEFA ban on clubs from FR Yugoslavia, but while the national team continued where they had stopped in the spring of 1992, the clubs had all their results erased and were treated as the beginners in the European competitions. The decision met with incomprehension among the club officials of the Yugoslav clubs. That decision will have long-term catastrophic consequences for Partizan – instead of enjoying the merits of its own many-year work, they would get harder opponents from the start and the competition would start already in July. This decade has been marked by numerous team changes and the circle of selling the best players to richer European clubs after just a couple of seasons of first-team football and replacing them with fresh young talents. Many players are credited with the successes of the nineties, such as Predrag Mijatović, Slaviša Jokanović, Savo Milošević, Albert Nađ, Dragan Ćirić, Zoran Mirković, Saša Ćurčić, Branko Brnović, Goran Pandurović, Dražen Bolić, Niša Saveljić, Damir Čakar, Budimir Vujačić, Ivan Tomić, Gjorgji Hristov, Đorđe Tomić, Ivica Kralj, Mateja Kežman and many others.

The new beginning (2000–2007)
The new millennium has arrived, but the goals remain the same. In the last 12 years, Partizan has won eight national championships, four cups and managed to qualify two times for the UEFA Champions League and five times for the UEFA Europa League. Led by Ljubiša Tumbaković, the club won two championship titles in a row, in 2001–02 and 2002–03. In Europe, Partizan did not have much success in those seasons, though the next one would become its best season in Europe after 1965–66, where it reached the 1966 European Cup final.

The club's management took the 2003 season very seriously, appointing as its new coach the former World Player of the Year Lothar Matthäus, and brought some top and experienced players like Taribo West from 1.FC Kaiserslautern, Ljubinko Drulović from Benfica and Tomasz Rząsa from Feyenoord. For the first time in its history, the club played in the UEFA Champions League after eliminating Bobby Robson's Newcastle United. In Belgrade, Partizan lost by 0–1, but in rematch at St James' Park, they won by Ivica Iliev's goal in regular time and reached the group stages after a penalty shoot-out. Later on, Partizan was drawn in a tough group with Real Madrid (the previous year's Champions League semi-finalist), Porto (the winner of the 2002–03 UEFA Cup and the eventual winner of the competition) and Marseille (the eventual runners-up of the 2003–04 UEFA Cup). The Partizan Stadium was a tough ground for the opposition and the team did not lose a home game, playing out a 0–0 draw with Real Madrid's famous Galácticos, which included players such as Zinedine Zidane, Ronaldo, Luís Figo, Roberto Carlos, Raúl and David Beckham; a 1–1 draw with Porto, led by coach José Mourinho; and Marseille, with its superstars Fabien Barthez and Didier Drogba, while playing some inspired football in the away match in Madrid (0–1), Marseille (0–3) and Porto (1–2). They are the first Serbian team to qualify for the main draw of this elite European club competition since its inception in 1992.

Playing in Europe was reflected in the championship, and Partizan lost the title. New coach Vladimir Vermezović taken the charge of a team and he superiority won the championship in 2005. Also, he became the only coach who has managed to take the team to the knockout stage of a European competition since new format. That happened in the 2004–05 UEFA Cup, where Partizan reached the round-of-16. Later on, he was eliminated by CSKA Moscow, the eventual winner of the competition. Poor results in domestic and international competitions in 2006 prompted the club's officials to look for a new head coach. First, Jürgen Röber was brought in, then later Miodrag Ješić, though neither succeeded in winning the domestic title. Although Partizan has managed to qualify for the 2006–07 UEFA Cup group stage, that season was viewed as a failure.

Contemporary history (2007–2020)
Former Partizan player Slaviša Jokanović were appointed as Partizan's new head coach, with the club also adding a new sport director in Ivan Tomić. The club strengthened its squad with some foreigners like Juca, Almami Moreira and Lamine Diarra. The 2007–08 and 2008–09 season will remain as one of the most successful in club's domestic history. In 2008–09, the club successfully defended their league and cup double from the 2007–08 season, the first time this occurred its history. But in Europe, Partizan suffered a real shock: UEFA expelled Partizan from the 2007–08 UEFA Cup season and fined the club €30,056 due to crowd trouble at their away qualifying match against Zrinjski Mostar, which forced the match to be interrupted for ten minutes. UEFA judged travelling Partizan fans to have been the culprits of the trouble, but Partizan were allowed to play the return leg while the appeal was being processed. Partizan's appeal, however, was rejected and Zrinjski Mostar qualified for the next round, although Partizan beat them by an aggregate score of 11–1. Next season, the club enforced its squad with Brazilian striker Cléo; Partizan demolished Welsh champions Rhyl with a score of 8–0 (12–0 on aggregate) on 21 July 2009. This score is their largest ever winning margin in European competitions. After relegation from the Champions League, Partizan qualified two times in a row for the second tier of UEFA competition. The Black & Whites played in the 2008 UEFA Cup and 2009 Europa League group stage but as the same in 2007, the club did not advance any further. Unfortunately, even though a good European season was behind them, the club ended the season trophyless.

After Jokanović, the club decided to give a chance to the young coach and former Partizan footballer Aleksandar Stanojević. He became the youngest head coach in the history of Partizan. Stanojević took over the club in very difficult period and managed to win the championship in 2010, although Partizan was 10 points behind from the 1st placed Red Star Belgrade. In the 2011, the club won the double. In UEFA competitions, Partizan qualified for the 2010–11 UEFA Champions League after beating Anderlecht for the second time. At the Partizan Stadium the result was 2–2. In Brussels at the Constant Vanden Stock Stadium result was also 2–2. The key man was Cléo, who scored two goals against the Belgians. After penalty drama, Partizan reached again the UEFA Champions League group stage. Now, the draw for the group phase decided that Partizan will play in group H, alongside Arsenal, Shakhtar Donetsk (the winner of the 2008–09 UEFA Cup) and Sporting Braga (the eventual runner-up of the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League). On the matchday 1, Partizan lost against Shakhtar on Donbass Arena in Donetsk (0–1). Next game Partizan played against Arsenal at Partizan Stadium and lost 1–3 after they played inspired football with a 10-man team in the last 30 minutes of the match. In two matches against Sporting Braga, Partizan failed to score and they lost both games (0–2 in Braga; 0–1 in Belgrade). The last two rounds in the group have also brought inspired football, but unfortunately it wasn't enough so Shakhtar Donetsk and The Gunners defeated Partizan once again, 0–3 in Belgrade and 1–3 at the Emirates Stadium.

In the following season, the elimination during the 2012 Europa League qualifying stage, didn't affect the club in national championship, but after the half-season, Stanojević was released. Partizan then signed former Chelsea manager Avram Grant, who was able to preserve the lead from the half-season. He led Partizan to their fifth consecutive league title but lost three times against fierce rivals Red Star. Grant resigned and former Partizan manager Vladimir Vermezović returned to Belgrade in May 2012. Partizan did not qualify for the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League, but did gain a place in the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League group stage. Because of poor results in the second part of national championship, Vermezović was dismissed and replaced by Vuk Rašović. Following the victory in the eternal derby and in pre-last round, Rašović secured a sixth consecutive title, a total of 25th in history of the club. As a champion of the Serbian SuperLiga for 2012–13 season, Partizan managed to equalize a national record by the number of championship titles won.

In summer of 2013, Partizan eliminated Shirak (1–1, away goal) and lost against Ludogorets Razgrad (1–3 on aggregate). In play-off round for 2013–14 UEFA Europa League, Partizan played with Thun. Partizan beat Thun 1–0 in Belgrade, but lost 0–3 in Thun and failed to get in Europa League. Without a single trophy and group stage of some European competition, the season was the worst in last ten years.

After a year of absence from the European scene, Partizan entered at the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League by beating Neftchi total score 5–3 (3–2 at home and 1–2 away). Partizan is after the draw, placed in Group C with Tottenham Hotspur, Beşiktaş and Asteras Tripolis. Partizan began the Europa League in excellent form and remained undefeated against the English giant Tottenham, but in the next four games, the club were defeated. The 2014–15 season was a successful for Partizan, winning the Serbian championship and securing passage to the group stage of the Europa League.

After falling out of the play–off for the Champions League in the summer of 2015, Partizan has directly entered the 2015–16 UEFA Europa League. The club was placed in Group L alongside Athletic Bilbao, AZ Alkmaar and FC Augsburg. Partizan made three victories in group stage (3–2 at home and 2–1 in away against AZ and 3–1 in Augsburg against same team ), but he failed to get in Round of 32. Partizan failed to defend the title, but won Serbian Cup after five years, without conceding goal. Partizan is first team who managed to win the Serbian Cup without conceding goal in history.

A few days after the sixth double in club history (on the 2016–17 season), coach Nikolić left the club and signed with Hungarian club Videoton. A couple days after Nikolić's departure, Miroslav Đukić returned to Partizan. In the second qualifying round for the 2017-18 UEFA Champions League, Partizan eliminated Budućnost Podgorica (2–0 on aggregate), but in the third round they were eliminated by Olympiacos (3–5 on aggregate). In the play-off round for 2017–18 UEFA Europa League, Partizan played against Videoton and ex coach Marko Nikolić. After a 0–0 draw in Belgrade, Partizan defeated Videoton 4–0 in Felcsút and reached the group stage, where they were drawn in UEFA Europa League's Group B alongside Dynamo Kyiv, Young Boys and Skënderbeu Korçë. Partizan drawn 1–1 with Young Boys in the first match of Group B. Partizan later played against Dynamo Kyiv; after leading 2–0 at half-time, they lost 3–2. The next two Partizan matches were against Skënderbeu Korçë; in Korçë, they drew 0–0, and then won 2–0 in Belgrade. Partizan then beat Young Boys 2–1 at home, and secured a place on the knock-out stage. In the last match of the group, Partizan lost 4–1 to Dynamo Kyiv in Kyiv, although they were already qualified. Partizan ranked second in the group with eight points (two more than Young Boys and five less than Dynamo Kyiv). In the round of 32, Partizan played against Viktoria Plzeň; in Belgrade, they took the lead, but then conceded a late goal, which came from an offside position, thus ending the match with a 1–1 draw. In Plzeň, Viktoria won 2–0, and Partizan were eliminated from UEFA Europa League at the round of 32. The result was 3–1 for Viktoria on aggregate.

At the start of 2019–20 season squad was strengthened with Israeli international Bibras Natcho, Japanese international Takuma Asano and talented Nigerian striker Umar Sadiq. In July and August 2019, Partizan secured their ninth participation in the group stage of UEFA Europa League. Under Savo Milošević's leadership, Partizan knocked out Connah's Quay Nomads F.C. (1–0 and 3–0), Yeni Malatyaspor (3–1 and 0–1) and Molde FK (2–1 and 1–1) in the qualifiers. On 30 August, Partizan was drawn on Group L of the 2019-20 UEFA Europa League alongside Manchester United, FC Astana and AZ Alkmaar. On 19 September, Partizan opened the group stage campaign with a 2–2 home draw against AZ. Due to UEFA sanctions, this game was played behind closed doors with only U15s allowed to attend – official attendance at the game was 22,564. Partizan beat Astana (2–1 away) on matchday 2, but lost the two following games against Manchester United (0–1 in Belgrade and 3–0 in Manchester). They still managed to draw in Alkmaar against AZ (2–2) and beat Astana 4–1 at home on the last two games of the group. However, this was not enough to get through as they finished third in the group just one point behind AZ. In the SuperLiga, Partizan won second place with 14 points less than Red Star. In the Serbian Cup, Partizan defeated Red Star in the semi-finals with a score of 1–0 after the 58-th minute goal by Bibras Natcho. In the final at the Čair Stadium in Niš, they met Vojvodina. After the regular time, it was 2–2, as Partizan equalized in the last moments of the match with a spectacular goal by Strahinja Pavlović. However, Vojvodina was better after the penalty shootout with 4–2, so after a long time, Partizan finished the season without a trophy.

The third decade of the 21st century
The third decade, a new challenge Partizan debuted in the inaugural season of the newly formed competition UEFA Europa Conference League 2021–22. In Second qualifying round Partizan knocked out DAC Dunajská Streda (1–0 and 2–0). The draw for the third qualifying round decided that Partizan would face Sochi. In the first leg played on Fisht Olympic Stadium result was 1–1, in the return leg in Belgrade the two sides once more played a draw this time it was 2–2. Because of the new rule that away goals no longer count after thirty minutes of extra time the match went into penalties which Partizan won 4–2. The last opponent in the qualifying Play-off round was Portuguese Santa Clara, Partizan lost 2–1 in the first game in Ponta Delgada but won 2–0 at home and thus advanced to Group stage. Partizan was placed in Group B together with Gent, Anorthosis Famagusta and Flora. The Serbian team finished second in the group with eight points and secured a place in knockout phase. After the draws in Nyon, Sparta Prague was chosen as Partizan's next opponent, this was the first meeting between the two clubs since 1966. In the first game played on February 17, 2022, Partizan won 1–0 at Stadion Letná with a goal by Queensy Menig. Fantastic ball by Saša Zdjelar. He employed Menig, who escaped the defense and brilliantly lobbed Dominik Holec. In the second leg a week later, Partizan won 2–1 with two goals by Ricardo. And after seventeen years, Partizan reached the Round of 16 in some UEFA competition. In the round of 16, Partizan suffered a heavy defeat against Feyenoord 2–5 and 1–3, who ended up playing in the finals against Roma. In the 2021–22 Serbian SuperLiga season, Partizan finished second to Red Star after leading for most of the season. As a result, Aleksandar Stanojević resigned after two seasons without winning the domestic title.

The following 2022–23 season, Partizan finished 4th in the Serbian Superliga, which happened for the first time since 1990. As many as three coaches were changed (Ilija Stolica, Gordan Petrić, Igor Duljaj), but the results got worse and worse, until The Black & Whites fell to fourth place in a series of desperate results, which started with the unexpected elimination from Sheriff Tiraspol in the knockout phase of the UEFA Europa Conference League. After the club's worst season in the 21st century, Partizan went through a complete squad reconstruction for the 2023–24 season. The club signed eleven new players among others (Aleksandar Jovanović, Matheus Saldanha, Ghayas Zahid and Xander Severina).

Crest and colours
In October 1945, Partizan adopted as their first crest a blue disc with a yellow bordered red five-pointed star in the middle, which symbolized communism, and contained the abbreviation JA (Jugoslovenska Armija, The Yugoslav Army) inside it. Later on, the central circle became white with a red five-pointed star in it. It was surrounded by a larger blue circle in which the words "the Yugoslav Army" were written, while both circles were bordered by a yellow circle with a green wreath over it. At the bottom of the emblem was a shield with red and white lines, and on the top were five torches, each representing one of the five nations of Yugoslavia (Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Macedonians and Montenegrins). This was a clear reference to the National Emblem of Yugoslavia.

In the early 1950s, Partizan was separated from the Yugoslav Army and for the first time the team's name was written in the Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. The inscription of the Yugoslav Army was removed from the crest, along with the green wreath, and was replaced by the words Sportsko Društvo (Sports association). Partizan used this emblem until 1958, although it changed its equipment colors of blue and red to black and white a year before. The crest was also changed to be completely black and white, and Sportsko Društvo was amended into Jugoslovensko Sportsko Društvo (Yugoslav Sports Association), while the five red torches and the five-pointed star remained. It was slightly redesigned after 1963 by adding a sixth torch to reflect the change of the official state emblem, which now included six torches representing six Yugoslav republics, instead of the previous five representing the nations. The crest remained unchanged until the breakup of Yugoslavia. By 1992, with Yugoslavia fragmenting, instead of "Jugoslovensko Sportsko Društvo", the word "Fudbalski klub" ("football club") were inserted and this crest remains in use to this day. The author of the crest was academic painter Branko Šotra. In the 2007–08 season, Partizan won its 20th national championship and added two stars above their crest, symbolizing the 20 titles won. However, there is an alternative crest, which Partizan supporters call the "shovel" but it is never used in official matches.

For most of its history, Partizan has played in black and white striped jerseys, but during its earliest days it used entirely dark red, blue or white jerseys. In 1950, Partizan briefly had an all-white shirt with a blue diagonal stripe, besides an all blue shirt. From 1952, the first red-blue striped and quartered jerseys appeared. In 1957, the club was on tour in South America and after a friendly game with Juventus, a president of the Italian club, Umberto Agnelli, donated the club two sets of black and white jerseys. Since then, Partizan has played mainly in black and white striped shirts, with black or white shorts and socks. But there were exceptions, like in 1974, when they wore a black and white hooped shirt, and 1982, when they have played in a plain white jerseys with a thick black stripe across them. In 1990, the red and blue jersey returned after more than 30 years, in an away match against Hibernians during the UEFA Cup campaign. All this time, the away shirts have been mostly either all white or occasionally red-blue striped, but in recent years an all-black strip is usually used.

Stadium and training ground
The stadium's name is Partizan Stadium, although it was known as JNA Stadium (Стадион Југословенске народне армије, (Yugoslav People's Army Stadium) for most of its history, and even today, a lot of football fans in all countries of the former-Yugoslavia call it by its old name. Partizan supporters sometimes call it "Fudbalski hram" (The Temple of Football).

The stadium is situated in the Savski Venac municipality, in central Belgrade. Designed by architect Mihailo Janković, the ground was built on the site of BSK Stadium. It was officially opened on Day of Yugoslav People's Army on 22 December 1951. The first match ever played was between Yugoslavia and France on 9 October 1949. The stadium had a capacity of 55,000 until it was renovated in 1998 following UEFA security regulations. This led to the conversion of the stadium into an all-seater reducing the capacity to 32.710, currently the second largest stadium in Serbia, behind the Red Star Stadium.

The ground has also been used for a variety of other sport events since 1949. It was used from the mid-fifties until 1987 as the final point of yearly festivities called the Youth Day. Also, it was the host of the 1962 European Athletics Championships, a place for various concerts and it hosted many times the Yugoslav Cup and Serbian Cup final.

Partizan youth school and affiliates
The Partizan youth school, called Youth School Belin – Lazarević – Nadoveza, was founded in the 1950s and named after former Partizan players Bruno Belin, Čedomir Lazarević and Branko Nadoveza. The club is well known for its dedicated work with youngsters. Its training philosophy is not only the development of football players, but also to care of their growth and personality forming, while also teaching the sporting spirit. There are around 400 youngsters classified by age categories. There are six age groups, four compete at the level of the Football Association of Serbia, the U17, U16, U15 and U14, while the U13 and U12 compete at the level of the Football Association of Belgrade. Below U12 level there are no official competitions, but players do play in tournaments and friendly matches.

Partizan is the club with the most league titles and cup wins in youth competition in Serbia. The youth teams also participate in numerous tournaments around Europe and also organize an U17 international tournament with participation of some of the top European clubs. Partizan also organizes football camps for children in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Australia and the United States. Many of the best youth-academy players move directly to the Partizan senior side, or to the affiliate club Teleoptik Zemun.

All of Partizan's youth categories train at the Partizan sports complex named SC Partizan-Teleoptik, along with Partizan's seniors and the players of Teleoptik. Partizan has won several awards for its youth work, including "Best European Youth Work" in 2006, and the club's youth school has been declared the second-best in Europe after that of Ajax. Partizan's academy has produced numerous professional football players or Yugoslav and Serbian internationals. Notable players from the recent past include Saša Ilić, Savo Milošević, Danko Lazović, Stefan Babović, Miralem Sulejmani, Stevan Jovetić, Adem Ljajić, Matija Nastasić, Lazar Marković, Miloš Jojić, Andrija Živković, Nikola Milenković, Aleksandar Mitrović, Strahinja Pavlović and Dušan Vlahović.

Two Partizan youth academy graduates (Dušan Vlahović and Strahinja Pavlović) are featured in UEFA.com 'Fifty for the Future' selection in 2020.

Recently, players born after year 2000 like Filip Stevanović, Marko Milovanović and Samed Baždar (who made it into the Guardian's 'Next Generation 2021' shortlist') are showing class for their age and having great potential.

Supporters

According to a 2008 domestic poll, Partizan is the second popular football club in Serbia, behind Red Star Belgrade. Although fewer, focus groups show that Partizan fans are considered to be more devoted to their club. The club has a large fanbase in Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina (especially in the Serb entity of Republika Srpska). They also have many supporters in all other former-Yugoslav republics like North Macedonia, Slovenia, and among the Serbian diaspora, especially in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Sweden, Canada, Malta, the United States and Australia.

The organized supporters of Partizan are called Grobari ("The Gravediggers" or "Undertakers"), which were formed in 1970 and situated mainly on the south stand of the Partizan Stadium; therefore, they are also known as Grobari Jug ("The Undertakers South"). Even some ordinary Partizan fans often refer to themselves as Grobari. The nickname itself was given by their sporting rivals Delije of Red Star, referring to the club's mostly black colours which were similar to the official uniforms of cemetery undertakers. The other theory is that the name comes from a misinterpretation of the name of the street on which Partizan's stadium is located – "Humska" ("humka" roughly translates as "grave" or "entombment"), when actually the street was named after Serbian medieval land of Hum, nowadays part of Herzegovina and South Dalmatia. The Grobari support all clubs in the Partizan Sports Association and in the course of time they have become recognizable by their noisy and constant cheering as well as their devotion and loyalty to the club. The basis of their cheering is referred in the Serbian fan scene as the principle of "srce, ruke, glas" (heart, hands, voice) or "glas i dlan" (voice and palms), along with songs in distinctive style. The Grobari as a whole maintain a close friendship with the organized supporters of PAOK, CSKA Moscow and CSKA Sofia, which started originally because of the two supporters' common Orthodox faith and similar founding backgrounds. It has been suggested that "many ultras took part in the armed conflicts and carry their scars today, translating the tribal nature of the Yugoslav wars to their clubs and ultras groups".

Grobari have also a traditional friendship with Juventude Leonina, the main ultras group of Portuguese side Sporting Clube de Portugal. The direction boards of both clubs have also good relations which was kept ever since the 1955–56 European Cup edition, which on 4 September 1955, in Lisbon's Estádio Nacional, put head-a-head the two teams in what was considered the opening whistle of the UEFA European club competitions. The game finished with a 3–3 draw, with Sporting later losing in Belgrade in the second hand by 5–2, however the club boards of both teams regularly meet from time to time to mark the occasion of this historic event.

Rivalries
Partizan's biggest rivalry is with Red Star Belgrade. The matches between these rivals have been labeled as the Eternal derby (Serbian: Вечити дерби, Večiti derbi) or Belgrade derby. The rivalry started immediately after the creation of the two clubs. Red Star was founded for Yugoslav youth and Partizan as the football section of the Yugoslav People's Army. The rivalry is also intensified by the fact that both clubs have their stadiums situated only a few hundred metres apart. The Eternal derby is particularly noted for the passion of both supporters groups. The stands of both teams feature fireworks, coloured confetti, flags, rolls of paper, torches, smoke, drums, giant posters and choreographies, used to create visual grandeur and apply psychological pressure on the visiting teams, hence the slogan, "Welcome to Hellgrade". Some fans also use trumpets, similar to the supporters in South America. This creates for the region a typical and distinctive Balkan Brass Band atmosphere. Both sets of supporters sing passionate songs against their rivals, and the stadiums are known to bounce with the simultaneous jumping of the fans.

The duel is regarded by Bleacher Report as one of the greatest football rivalries in the world. Along with the Old Firm, the Rome derby and the Istanbul derby, the Belgrade derby is known as one of the most intense rivalries in European football. The largest attendance at a derby match was about 100,000 spectators (90,142 with paid tickets) on 7 November 1976 at the Red Star Stadium. The biggest win was 7–1 for Partizan on 6 December 1953 at the Partizan Stadium but the club with the most victories is Red Star.

During the Yugoslav era between 1945 and 1991, Partizan maintained a rivalry with other members of the so called "big four". Along with Partizan and Red Star, the "big four" included Dinamo Zagreb and Hajduk Split. Results in the table include domestic championship and cup games Partizan played against other members of the Yugoslav "big four" up to and including the season 1990–91:

Other rivalries include regional rivalry with Vojvodina with whom they contest the Derby of Serbia, minor derby with neighbouring Zemun, and Belgrade derbies with Rad and OFK Belgrade.

Partizan in European football
Partizan's best European performance was in the 1965–66 season, when they reached the final of the European Cup.

UEFA Team ranking
Updated 8 May 2024.

Honours
Overall, Partizan have won 46 official titles including 27 national championships, 16 national cups, 1 national supercup, 1 national champions league and 1 Mitropa Cup.

League – 27

 * Yugoslav First League
 *  Winners (11): 1946–47, 1948–49, 1960–61, 1961–62, 1962–63, 1964–65, 1975–76, 1977–78, 1982–83, 1985–86, 1986–87
 * First League of FR Yugoslavia / First League of Serbia and Montenegro (record)
 *  Winners (8): 1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05
 * Serbian SuperLiga
 *  Winners (8): 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2014–15, 2016–17

Cups – 16

 * Yugoslav Cup
 *  Winners (6): 1946–47, 1951–52, 1953–54, 1956–57, 1988–89, 1991–92
 * FR Yugoslavia Cup
 *  Winners (3):  1993–94, 1997–98, 2000–01
 * Serbian Cup
 *  Winners (7): 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19

Super cups – 1

 * Yugoslav Super Cup
 *  Winners (1): 1989

National Champions League – 1

 * Yugoslav Summer Champions League
 * Winners (1): 1969

International competitions (1)

 * Mitropa Cup
 * Winners (1): 1978
 * European Cup / UEFA Champions League
 * Runners up (1): 1965–1966

Friendly tournaments (12)

 * Kvarnerska Rivijera (4): 1959, 1965, 1966, 1991
 * Trofeo Mohamed V (1): 1963
 * Torneo Pentagonal Internacional de la Ciudad de México (1): 1970
 * Torneo Pentagonal Internacional de la Ciudad de Bogotá (1): 1971
 * Trofeo Colombino de fútbol (1): 1976
 * Lunar New Year Cup (1): 1984
 * 40th Anniversary FK Partizan (1): 1985
 * Uhrencup (1): 1989
 * Blue Stars/FIFA Youth Cup (1): 2007

Club records
Partizan's record-holder by number of appearances is player Saša Ilić. He played 874 games in two turns, from 1996 and 2005 and from 2010 till 2019. The goal-scoring record-holder is striker Stjepan Bobek, with 425 goals. Over 150 footballers from Partizan have played for the Yugoslav and Serbian national football teams. Stjepan Bobek held the Yugoslavian national team record with 38 goals, with second place being shared by Savo Milošević, Milan Galić and Blagoje Marjanović, who scored 37 goals each. Aleksandar Mitrović holds the Serbian national team record with 58 goals as of late 2021, this means four out of five national team top goalscorers have been Partizan players.

Partizan are record-holders of the Yugoslav First League in terms of points acquired during a campaign, with 107, and are the only league-winning team to have gone undefeated during one season (in 2005 and 2010). Partizan became the first champion of Yugoslavia in 1947, the first Yugoslav Cup winner, also in 1947, and therefore also the first double winner in the country. They won three consecutive championship titles, in 1961, 1962 and 1963, the first title hat-trick in the history of the Yugoslav First League. Partizan won the most national championships since the dissolution of Yugoslavia, becoming champions 13 times. They are the only Serbian club ever, since the first nationwide domestic football competition in 1923, to win six consecutive national titles, a feat they achieved between 2007 and 2013.

The club holds records such as playing in the first European Champions Cup match in 1955, becoming the first Balkan and Eastern European club to play in the European Champions Cup final in 1966, and becoming the first club from Serbia to take part in the UEFA Champions League group stages in 2003. The club's greatest victory in European competitions was 8–0 against Welsh champions Rhyl in qualifying for the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League.

Record transfers
*-unofficial fee

Players with multiple nationalities

 * 🇷🇸🇧🇦 Svetozar Marković
 * 🇷🇸🇧🇦 Milan Lazarević
 * 🇷🇸🇲🇪 Aleksandar Jovanović
 * 🇲🇪🇷🇸 Aleksandar Šćekić
 * 🇲🇪🇷🇸 Milan Roganović
 * 🇮🇱🇷🇸 Bibras Natcho
 * 🇬🇭🇷🇸 Ibrahim Zubairu
 * 🇨🇼 Xander Severina
 * 🇫🇷 Aldo Kalulu
 * 🇳🇴🇵🇰 Ghayas Zahid
 * 🇧🇪 Nathan de Medina

Notable players
To appear in this section a player must have played at least 80 matches for the club or made at least one international appearance.

Flags indicate the national teams the players played for. Players that played for two different national teams have the flags of both national teams.

 * Radomir Antić
 * Aleksandar Atanacković
 * 🇷🇸 Stefan Babović
 * Mane Bajić
 * Zoran Batrović
 * 🇷🇸 Samed Baždar
 * Radoslav Bečejac
 * Bruno Belin
 * Nenad Bjeković
 * Stjepan Bobek
 * 🇷🇸 Miloš Bogunović
 * 🇷🇸 Miroslav Bogosavac
 * Dražen Bolić
 * Petar Borota
 * Miroslav Bošković
 * 🇷🇸 Darko Brašanac
 * Branko Brnović
 * Dragoljub Brnović
 * Nenad Brnović
 * Miroslav Brozović
 * Zlatko Čajkovski
 * Damir Čakar
 * Vlado Čapljić
 * Srđan Čebinac
 * Zvezdan Čebinac
 * Ratko Čolić
 * Dragan Ćirić
 * Milivoje Ćirković
 * Saša Ćurčić
 * Ivan Ćurković
 * Milan Damjanović
 * 🇷🇸 Aleksandar Davidov
 * Božidar Drenovac
 * Ljubinko Drulović
 * 🇷🇸 Igor Duljaj
 * Miloš Đelmaš
 * Borivoje Đorđević
 * Nenad Đorđević
 * Svemir Đorđić
 * Vladislav Đukić
 * 🇲🇰 Milko Đurovski
 * 🇷🇸 Ljubomir Fejsa
 * Vladimir Firm
 * Milan Galić
 * Franjo Glazer
 * Ivan Golac
 * Mustafa Hasanagić
 * Jusuf Hatunić
 * Antun Herceg
 * Edvard Hočevar
 * Idriz Hošić
 * 🇷🇸 Brana Ilić
 * 🇷🇸 Radiša Ilić
 * 🇷🇸 Saša Ilić
 * Ivica Iliev
 * 🇷🇸 Đorđe Ivanović
 * Vladimir Ivić
 * Lajoš Jakovetić
 * Miodrag Ješić
 * 🇷🇸 Marko Jevtović
 * Jovan Jezerkić
 * Stanoje Jocić
 * 🇷🇸 Miloš Jojić
 * Slaviša Jokanović
 * Miodrag Jovanović
 * 🇷🇸 Nemanja Jović
 * Fahrudin Jusufi
 * Tomislav Kaloperović
 * 🇸🇮 Srečko Katanec
 * Ilija Katić
 * Mateja Kežman
 * Nikica Klinčarski
 * Božidar Kolaković
 * Vladica Kovačević
 * Refik Kozić
 * Ivica Kralj
 * 🇷🇸 Mladen Krstajić
 * 🇷🇸 Danko Lazović
 * 🇷🇸 Marko Lomić
 * 🇷🇸 Milan Lukač
 * 🇷🇸 Saša Lukić
 * 🇷🇸 Adem Ljajić
 * Dragan Mance
 * Nikola Malbaša
 * 🇷🇸 Lazar Marković
 * 🇷🇸 Svetozar Marković
 * Florijan Matekalo
 * Branislav Mihajlović
 * Ljubomir Mihajlović
 * Prvoslav Mihajlović
 * Predrag Mijatović
 * Jovan Miladinović
 * 🇸🇮 Darko Milanič
 * 🇷🇸 Nikola Milenković
 * 🇷🇸 Nemanja G. Miletić
 * 🇷🇸 Nemanja R. Miletić
 * Goran Milojević
 * 🇷🇸 Savo Milošević
 * 🇷🇸 Milovan Milović
 * 🇷🇸 Aleksandar Mitrović
 * Bora Milutinović
 * Miloš Milutinović
 * 🇷🇸 Aleksandar Miljković
 * Zoran Mirković
 * Albert Nađ
 * 🇷🇸 Nikola Ninković
 * 🇸🇮 Džoni Novak
 * 🇷🇸 Ivan Obradović
 * 🇷🇸 Bojan Ostojić
 * 🇷🇸 Ognjen Ožegović
 * 🇲🇪 Dejan Ognjanović
 * 🇧🇦 Fahrudin Omerović
 * Bela Palfi
 * Goran Pandurović
 * 🇷🇸 Danilo Pantić
 * Milinko Pantić
 * Blagoje Paunović
 * Veljko Paunović
 * Gordan Petrić
 * 🇷🇸 Strahinja Pavlović
 * 🇷🇸 Radosav Petrović
 * Vlada Pejović
 * Josip Pirmajer
 * 🇷🇸 Aleksandar Popović
 * Dževad Prekazi
 * Radovan Radaković
 * Ljubomir Radanović
 * Lazar Radović
 * 🇷🇸 Miroslav Radović
 * Miodrag Radović
 * Branko Rašović
 * Vuk Rašović
 * 🇷🇸 Nemanja Rnić
 * 🇷🇸 Antonio Rukavina
 * Slobodan Santrač
 * Niša Saveljić
 * Božidar Senčar
 * 🇲🇰 Kiril Simonovski
 * 🇧🇦 Admir Smajić
 * 🇷🇸 Milan Smiljanić
 * Velimir Sombolac
 * Predrag Spasić
 * 🇷🇸 Vojislav Stanković
 * 🇲🇰 Vujadin Stanojković
 * 🇷🇸 Alen Stevanović
 * Goran Stevanović
 * 🇷🇸 Filip Stevanović
 * Slavko Stojanović
 * Ranko Stojić
 * Nenad Stojković
 * 🇷🇸 Vladimir Stojković
 * 🇷🇸 Miralem Sulejmani
 * Đorđe Svetličić
 * 🇷🇸 Bojan Šaranov
 * Slađan Šćepović
 * 🇷🇸 Marko Šćepović
 * 🇷🇸 Stefan Šćepović
 * 🇷🇸 Petar Škuletić
 * Milutin Šoškić
 * Franjo Šoštarić
 * Đorđe Tomić
 * Ivan Tomić
 * 🇷🇸 Nemanja Tomić
 * 🇷🇸 Zoran Tošić
 * Aleksandar Trifunović
 * Goran Trobok
 * 🇷🇸 Slobodan Urošević
 * Zvonko Varga
 * Marko Valok
 * Joakim Vislavski
 * Velibor Vasović
 * Vladimir Vermezović
 * Fadil Vokrri
 * 🇷🇸 Dušan Vlahović
 * 🇷🇸🇲🇪 Vladimir Volkov
 * Budimir Vujačić
 * 🇲🇪 Simon Vukčević
 * Milan Vukelić
 * Zvonimir Vukić
 * Todor Veselinović
 * Momčilo Vukotić
 * 🇷🇸 Miroslav Vulićević
 * Ilija Zavišić
 * 🇷🇸 Saša Zdjelar
 * Branko Zebec
 * Miodrag Živaljević
 * 🇷🇸 Andrija Živković
 * Zvonko Živković

Notable foreign players
To appear in this section a player must have played at least 30 matches for the club or made at least one international appearance.

Flags indicate the national teams the players played for. Players that played for two different national teams have the flags of both national teams.

 * 🇧🇦 Branimir Bajić
 * 🇧🇦 Darko Maletić
 * 🇧🇦 Nenad Mišković
 * 🇧🇦 Goran Zakarić
 * 🇧🇦 Siniša Saničanin
 * 🇧🇷 Cléo
 * 🇧🇷 Juca
 * 🇧🇷 Leonardo
 * 🇧🇷 Everton Luiz
 * 🇧🇷 Matheus Saldanha
 * 🇧🇬 Ivan Bandalovski
 * 🇧🇬 Valeri Bojinov
 * 🇧🇬 Ivan Ivanov
 * 🇧🇬 Predrag Pažin
 * 🇨🇲 Pierre Boya
 * 🇨🇲 Aboubakar Oumarou
 * 🇨🇲 Léandre Tawamba
 * 🇨🇻 Ricardo Gomes
 * 🇨🇼 Xander Severina
 * 🇨🇩 Aldo Kalulu
 * 🇬🇭 Prince Tagoe
 * Seydouba Soumah
 * 🇬🇼 Almami Moreira
 * 🇭🇺 Filip Holender
 * 🇮🇱 Bibras Natcho
 * 🇯🇵 Takuma Asano
 * 🇲🇱 Fousseni Diabaté
 * 🇲🇪 Mladen Božović
 * 🇲🇪 Andrija Delibašić
 * 🇲🇪 Nikola Drinčić
 * 🇲🇪 Uroš Đurđević
 * 🇲🇪 Petar Grbić
 * 🇲🇪 Marko Janković
 * 🇲🇪 Stevan Jovetić
 * 🇲🇪 Nebojša Kosović
 * 🇲🇪 Milorad Peković
 * 🇲🇪 Srđan Radonjić
 * 🇲🇪 Stefan Savić
 * 🇲🇪 Aleksandar Šćekić
 * 🇲🇪 Igor Vujačić
 * Queensy Menig
 * 🇳🇬 Ifeanyi Emeghara
 * 🇳🇬 Obiora Odita
 * 🇳🇬 Umar Sadiq
 * 🇳🇬 Taribo West
 * 🇲🇰 Marjan Gerasimovski
 * 🇲🇰 Gjorgji Hristov
 * 🇲🇰 Aleksandar Lazevski
 * 🇲🇰 Milan Stojanoski
 * 🇲🇰 Viktor Trenevski
 * 🇳🇴 Ghayas Zahid
 * 🇵🇱 Tomasz Rząsa
 * 🇸🇳 Lamine Diarra
 * 🇸🇱 Mohamed Kamara
 * 🇸🇮 Gregor Balažic
 * 🇸🇮 Branko Ilić
 * 🇸🇮 Zlatko Zahovič
 * 🇪🇸 Marc Valiente
 * 🇺🇸 Ilija Mitić

For a list of all FK Partizan players with a Wikipedia article, see Category:FK Partizan players.

Affiliated clubs

 * FK Teleoptik
 * 🇧🇦 FK Rudar Prijedor

Managerial history
Below is a list of Partizan managers from 1945 until the present day.

Club presidents
The full list of Partizan's presidents is given below.

Ownership and finances
Partizan operates as a sports association, as part of Partizan Sports Association, which includes 28 clubs in different sports, but it has complete independence regarding organisation, management, finances, material goods and facilities. In 2010, the club's non-consolidated operating revenues amounted to €21.2 million and EBITDA amounted to €3.5 million.

Shirt sponsors and manufacturers

 * Only European and Domestic Cup matches

title: FK Partizan


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Oświęcim

Oświęcim (Auschwitz ; אָשפּיצין; Uośwjyńćim) is a town in the Lesser Poland (Małopolska) province of southern Poland, situated 33 km southeast of Katowice, near the confluence of the Vistula (Wisła) and Soła rivers. The town is known internationally for being the site of the German Nazi-built Auschwitz concentration camp (the camp is also known as KL or KZ Auschwitz Birkenau) during World War II, when Poland was occupied by Nazi Germany.

Name
The name of the town is of Polish/Slavic extraction, possibly derived from the owner of a Slavic gord which existed there in the Middle Ages. Some Medieval spellings of the name are: Oswenin (1217), Osvencin (1280), Hospencin (1283), Osswetem (1290), Uspencin (1297), Oswentim (1302) etc. It has been spelled many different ways and known by many different languages over time, including Czech, German, and Latinised versions.

The town was an important center of commerce from the late Middle Ages onward. Fourteenth-century German-speaking merchants called it Auswintz; by the 15th century, this name had become Auschwitz. From 1772 to 1918 Oświęcim belonged to the Habsburg Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (from 1804 a crownland of the Austrian Empire and 1867 Austria-Hungary), and both Polish and German names were in official use. The town was annexed into Nazi Germany during World War II and the name Auschwitz was used. It became known as Oświęcim after 27 January 1945, when the Wehrmacht was pushed out by the Red Army.

Geography and transport
Oświęcim lies at the intersection of National Road 44 and local roads 933 and 948. Oświęcim's old town is east of the Soła, with the Main Market Square (Rynek Główny) at its center. The railway station is across the river in the northwest part of town; the main museum is on the west side. The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum is in the village of Brzezinka, to the west of the railway station. The chemical works are east of the town.

The main bus station of the town lies in the east of the town, and local bus services are operated by PKS Oświęcim. The PKP railway services are available to Kraków, Katowice and Czechowice-Dziedzice, and internationally to Vienna and Prague. The nearest airport is 60 km away, at Kraków Balice. According to the 2002 data, Oświęcim is 30 km2, of which forests comprise only 1%. The neighbouring boroughs (gmina) are Chelmek, Libiąż, and the gmina of Oświęcim.

Climate
Oświęcim has a warm-summer humid continental climate characterized by four distinct seasons: spring, summer, autumn, and winter. Located in the Oświęcim Basin, the town experiences relatively high precipitation that averages slightly below 1000 mm per year. The precipitation is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, though the spring and summer seasons tend to receive more. Summers are warm and humid, but frequently cloudy due to the influence of polar maritime air masses; winters are cold and windy, with snow cover. Fog is very common throughout the year. Due to its frequency, fog is considered one of the town's trademarks.

History
Oświęcim has a rich history, which dates back to the early days of Polish statehood. It is one of the oldest castellan gords in Poland. Following the Fragmentation of Poland in 1138, Duke Casimir II the Just attached the town to the Duchy of Opole in c. 1179 for his younger brother Mieszko I Tanglefoot, Duke of Opole and Racibórz. The town was destroyed in 1241 during the Mongol invasion of Poland. Around 1272 the newly rebuilt Oświęcim was granted a municipal charter modeled on those of Lwówek Śląski (a Polish variation of the Magdeburg Law). The charter was confirmed on 3 September 1291. In 1281, the Land of Oświęcim became part of the newly established Duchy of Cieszyn, and in c. 1315, an independent Duchy of Oświęcim was established. In 1327, John I, Duke of Oświęcim joined his Duchy with the Duchy of Zator and, soon afterwards, his state became a vassal of the Kingdom of Bohemia, where it remained for over a century. In 1445, the Duchy was divided into three separate entities – the Duchies of Oświęcim, Zator and Toszek. In 1457 Polish King Casimir IV Jagiellon bought the rights to Oświęcim. On 25 February 1564, King Sigismund II Augustus issued a bill integrating the former Duchies of Oświęcim and Zator into the Kingdom of Poland. Both lands were attached to the Kraków Voivodeship, forming the Silesian County. Before 1564, Oświęcim was semi-independent in Poland and enjoyed an extensive degree of autonomy, similarly to Royal Prussia. The town later became one of the centers of Jewish culture in Poland.

Like other towns of Lesser Poland, Oświęcim prospered in the period known as Polish Golden Age. This period came to an abrupt end in 1655, during the catastrophic Swedish invasion of Poland. Oświęcim was burned and afterward, the town declined, and in 1772 (see Partitions of Poland), it was annexed by the Habsburg Empire, as part of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, where it remained until late 1918. After the 1815 Congress of Vienna, the town was close to the borders of both Russian-controlled Congress Poland, and the Kingdom of Prussia. In the 1866 war between Austria and the Prussian-led North German Confederation, a cavalry skirmish was fought at the town, in which an Austrian force defeated a Prussian incursion.

In the second half of the 19th century, Oświęcim became an important rail junction. During the same period, the town burned in several fires, such as the fire of 23 August 1863, when two-thirds of Oświęcim burned, including the town hall and two synagogues; a new town hall was built between 1872 and 1875. In another fire in 1881, the parish church, a school, and a hospital burned down. In 1910, Oświęcim became the seat of a starosta, and in 1917–18 a new district, Nowe Miasto, was founded. In 1915, a high school was opened. After World War I, the town became part of the Second Polish Republic's Kraków Voivodeship (Województwo Krakowskie). Until 1932, Oświęcim was the seat of a county, but on 1 April 1932, the County of Oświęcim was divided between the County of Wadowice, and the County of Biała Krakowska.

World War II
There were approximately 8,000 Jews in the town on the eve of World War II, comprising less than half the population. The Nazis annexed the area to Germany in October 1939 in the Gau of Upper Silesia, which became part of the "second Ruhr" by 1944.

In 1940, Nazi Germany used forced labor to build a new subdivision to house Auschwitz guards and staff, and built a large chemical plant of IG Farben in 1941 on the eastern outskirts of the town. Polish residents of several districts were forced to abandon their houses, as the Germans wanted to keep the area empty around Auschwitz concentration camp. They planned a 40 km2 buffer zone around the camp, and they expelled Polish residents in two stages in 1940 and 1941. All the residents of the Zasole district were forced to abandon their homes. In the Pławy and Harmęże districts, more than 90 percent of the buildings were destroyed and the residents of Pławy were transported to Gorlice to fend for themselves. Altogether, some 17,000 people in Oświęcim itself and surrounding villages were forced to leave their homes, eight villages were wiped off the map, and the population of Oświęcim shrank to 7,600 by April 1941.

The communist soviet Red Army re-invaded the town and liberated the camp on 27 January 1945, and then opened two of their own temporary camps for German prisoners of war in the complex of Auschwitz-Birkenau. The Auschwitz Soviet camp existed until autumn 1945, and the Birkenau camp lasted until spring 1946. Some 15,000 Germans were interned there. Furthermore, there was a camp of Communist secret police (Urząd Bezpieczeństwa) near the rail station in the complex of former "Gemeinschaftslager". Its prisoners were members of the NSDAP, Hitlerjugend, and BDM, as well as German civilians, the Volksdeutsche, and Upper Silesians who were disloyal to Poland.

After World War II
After the territorial changes of Poland immediately after World War II, new housing complexes in the town were developed with large buildings of rectangular and concrete constructions. The chemical industry became the main employer of the town and in later years, the service industry and trade were added. The many visits to the concentration camp memorial sites have become an important source of income for the town's businesses. After the end of communism, by the mid-1990s, employment at the chemical works (named Firma Chemiczna Dwory SA from 1997 to 2007, Synthos SA since then) had dropped from 10,000 in the communist era to only 1,500 people. In 1952, the County of Oświęcim was re-created, and the town until 1975 belonged to Kraków Voivodeship. In 1975–1999, it was part of Bielsko-Biała Voivodeship. In 1979, Oświęcim was visited by Pope John Paul II, and on 1 September 1980, a local Solidarity office was created at the chemical plant. On 28 May 2006, the town was visited by Pope Benedict XVI.

Culture
Oświęcim is culturally regarded as part of Upper Silesia. To this end, names such as 'Oświęcim Silesia' (Śląsk Oświęcimski) were used by Polish and German geographers, and Silesia was defined as the territory from the mouth of the river Warta to the Oder, up to Oświęcim. German nationalists of the 19th and 20th centuries argued that Oświęcim belonged to the German nation, as it is considered a part of Silesia, which led to its annexation directly into Nazi Germany instead of being included in the General Government.

Oświęcim is considered to be the eastern frontier of the Silesian language. As the easternmost point of linguistic Silesia, Silesian speech in Oświęcim is influenced by the Lesser Poland dialect and has distinct features such as partial mazuration (mazurzenie) - there is only one nasal 'a', which loses its nasality by becoming a non-labialised 'o' (rozpocoć – rozpocząć). Linguist Alexander Andrason outlines the linguistic area of Silesian borderland which Oświęcim is a part of, with features that distinguish it from other Silesian dialects as well as the Polish ones - for example, 'ą' and 'ę' are merged into /ɔ̃/ in Oświęcim Silesian.

Local sports
The sports club KS Unia Oświęcim was established in 1946. In 1999, the remaining four departments (ice hockey, swimming, figure skating, and association football) separated into their own clubs: TH Unia Oświęcim (ice hockey), UKŁF Unia Oświęcim (figure skating), UKP Unia Oświęcim (figure skating), Zasole-Unia Oświęcim (football), UKH Unia Oświęcim (youth ice hockey), and UKHK Unia Oświęcim (women's ice hockey). In the past, Unia had boxing, table tennis, volleyball, athletics, cycling, gymnastics, chess, motorcycle racing, lawn tennis, skiing, bridge, handball, and basketball departments. The ice hockey team, TH Unia Oświęcim, was crowned Polish champions 8 times, and finished as runners-up in 2022.

Another sports club with a long tradition is KS Soła Oświęcim, an association football club founded in 1919.

Notable people

 * Łukasz Górnicki (1527–1603), a Polish Renaissance, poet, humanist and political commentator
 * Simon Syrenius (1540–1611), a pre-Linnean Polish botanist and academic.
 * Tadeusz Makowski (1882-1932), a Polish painter who worked in France
 * Tova Berlinski (1915–2022), an Israeli painter
 * Victor Zarnowitz (1919-2009), American economist
 * Shimson Kleuger (1925–2000), known as "The Last Jew in Auschwitz".
 * Henryk Waniek (born 1942), a Polish artist, stage-set designer and author-journalist
 * Benzion Miller (born 1947), cantor; son of Aaron Daniel Miller, also cantor
 * Marian Kasperczyk (FR Wiki) (born 1956), Polish-born French painter,
 * Beata Szydło (born 1963), 16th Prime Minister of Poland
 * Ela Orleans (born 1971), a Polish composer, multi-instrumentalist and singer.
 * Marcin Czarnik (born 1976), film and theatre actor

Sport

 * David Enoch (1901–1949), an Israeli chess player.
 * Arkadiusz Skrzypaszek (born 1968) double gold medallist at the Modern pentathlon at the 1992 Summer Olympics
 * Mariusz Siudek (born 1972), Polish figure skater
 * Dorota Siudek (born 1975), Polish figure skater
 * Piotr Gruszka (born 1977), volleyball player and World Champion
 * Sabina Wojtala (born 1981), Polish figure skater
 * Paweł Korzeniowski (born 1985) (swimmer),

Members of Parliament (Sejm) for this constituency

 * Zbigniew Biernat (PiS),
 * Józef Brynkus (K'15)
 * Ewa Filipiak (PiS),
 * Dorota Niedziela (PO),
 * Marek Polak (PiS),
 * Marek Sowa (PO),
 * Jarosław Szlachetka (PiS),
 * Beata Szydło (PiS),

Twin towns and sister cities
Oświęcim is twinned with:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Oświęcim


text:
Talk:Oświęcim

Something I could not understand: it is stated in the article that the name in Yiddish is "Oshpitizin אָשפּצן".

First point, אָשפּצן is not Oshpitizin but Oshp(e)tz(e)n, which is even wrong as far as Yiddish morphology is concerned, as one would expect one of those two potential "e" at least to be written down (with the letter ע).

Second point, when you search Google for that name in Latin or Hebrew-Yiddish letters or even for the correct Hebrew-Yiddish form of the stated "Oshpitizin" (which would be אשפיטיזין or אשפיטיצין), you don't get any result at all or don't get any result besides... Wikipedia precisely!

(Anonymous, Paris, France)

Interestingly, the Yiddish-language article on the town (not the camp) is entitled: אשפעצין, i.e. none of the above. --Partnerfrance (talk) 14:14, 28 March 2018 (UTC)

Uh-oh, I seem to have seriously messed things up here. I was trying to move this article to the properly-accented title, by copying and pasting the text from the article into the "move" field, and the title got seriously munged in the process. Not sure how to proceed with fixing this. Bryan

Whenever I try doing anything with the article in its current location, such as editing or moving it, Wikipedia instead sends me over to O. To be on the safe side, I'm copying and pasting the text of the article here so that it can be salvaged even if I've done something catastrophic and unrecoverable. Bryan

 * The current software can't handle characters outside of ISO Latin-1 in article titles in the English-language Wikipedia. This is a known limitation, which should be fixed when the UTF-8 convergence occurs. -- Anon.

 * I have painfully learned that now. :) Do you know of any way I might trick Wikipedia into letting me move the original article back here in the meantime? I can fix up the text of the current version to match the old one exactly, but the edit history's gone. Bryan

--

I have uploaded some pictures of Aushwitz concentration camp taken by the winter of January 2004. After a thought i think the belong to Auschwitz concentration camp but i am not sure. Please wikipedia gurus let me know. There is more pictures of Auschwitz and Krakow on :

http://www.chmouel.com/geeklog/gallery/gallery_individual.php/poland/

Chmouel

Talk:OÅ›wiÄ™cim

Oświęcim is a town in Poland with about 43,000 inhabitants (as of 2001), situated some 60 km southwest of Krakow in the Malopolskie voivodship. The German name of the town is Auschwitz, and it is mainly known for the Auschwitz concentration camp built there by Nazi Germany in World War II.

History
The city was first mentioned in 1117. In 1179 it was attached to one of the Silesian duchies. Oświęcim was organized under German law (more precisely, lwówieckie law, which is flavour of Magdeburg law) in 1270. Throughout history, Germans and Poles lived here together peacefully. Since 1315 Oświęcim was the capitol of an independent duchy. In 1327 Oświęcim became vassal of Bohemia. In the 14th century many people moved away. In 1457 the Polish king Casimir IV bought the rights to Oświęcim. Jews, invited by Polish kings to settle in the region, became the majority in the population already in the 15th century. Oświęcim became also one of centres of Protestant culture in Poland. The Polish poet Łukasz Górnicki was born here in 1527.

The town was destroyed by Swedish troops in 1655. When Poland was divided in the late 18th century, Oświęcim became part of Austria in 1772 and was soon close to the borders of Russia and Prussia. After World War I the town returned to Poland.

Poland was occupied by the Germany in World War II, and in 1940 the Germans built the Auschwitz concentration camp by converting Polish military barracks. After the war, the Polish government took possession of the Buna-Werke, a chemical factory owned by IG Farben which had previously used Auschwitz prisoners as slave laborers. The chemical industry became the main employer of Oświęcim; in later times service and trade were emphasized. The concentration camp became a museum.

Sports
The ice hockey team of Oświęcim was repeatedly Polish champion.

pronounciation
I don't really how did anyone get the pronounciation there'd been before I edited it. Listen to the recording. Is there any voiced labio-dental fricative? Nasal vowel? Not likely. The recording is how most people would pronounced it. Being from Poznań, I am supposed to voice the fricative but I don't really do and people in here don't really do it either. But still, it would be a rather dialectal (non-Oswiecimian!) idiosyncrasy - not necessarily a model for foreigners. Zbihniew 01:06, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The pronunciation audio clip is so quick that its impossible to hear clearly. Peter G Werner 06:53, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

Anglicized spelling
How does one spell this town's name in English, without any diacritical marks? Would it be Oswiecim? Flibirigit 20:34, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Exactly.Zbihniew 22:28, 7 April 2007 (UTC)
 * In which case, shouldn't this article be moved to Oswiecim? This has come up recently in discussion of the naming of the Duchy of Oświęcim article, the argument being that the Duchy and town should be similarly named. Andrewa (talk) 17:56, 26 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Oświęcim does not have an English name. The only reason you sometimes see it written as 'Oswiecim', without the diacritics, is because of the limitations of the English keyboard (or, in some cases, laziness). This article should not be renamed, nor should the hundreds, possibly thousands, of other articles on places that have diacritics in their titles. Signalhead (talk) 19:09, 27 December 2007 (UTC)

The title of this article should be written in English. It is the English page. Tokyo is not spelled 東京 on the English page. Follow protocol. 204.210.111.72 (talk) 21:27, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

 * In English, foreign words with diacritics are sometimes written with the diacritics, sometimes without. The form without them can be trivially deduced from the form with them; but the form with them cannot be deduced from the form without them. Therefore, for maximum information, we use the form with diacritics. (Tokyo is a totally different case.)--Kotniski (talk) 21:39, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Tōkyō is a totally different case, really? ;) Just kidding. My actual view is that cities and other places which have earned exonyms in the English language (e.g., Warsaw, Turin, Moscow, Japan, etc.) should be referred to by these exonyms in an English-language encyclopedia. Those less well-known places which have no English exonym should have their local names, retaining any diacritics, as typically rendered in a Roman alphabet. —RVJ (talk) 16:58, 19 October 2008 (UTC)

In a somewhat related move, i have removed the Russian and several other names that are not true exonyms, but only transcriptions. (A real Slavic Russian name would look like Освятимь or something). (Know nothing specifically about Slovak, but there should be a t for the č and certainly no n for it to be something more than a bad phonetical transcription.) ï¿½ (talk) 06:29, 24 June 2014 (UTC)

hmmm
IMHO more than 1mln people were killed in auschwitz... but maybe in UK's books You can learn that... sorry for my bad English, i'm form Poland...

Germany link in the lead section
I have replaced the Germany link in the lead section in the sentence about the concentration camp with a link to Nazi Germany, as this is the country that built the camp and this is what it was called at the time. If anyone objects, please undo it. Cheers, Ouro (blah blah) 13:34, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

Twins?
In "Twin towns — Sister cities" Breisach is listed, but on the Breisach page Oświęcim is not listed. One of these needs to be fixed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.251.155.80 (talk) 15:00, 18 November 2010 (UTC)

Requested move 20 August 2017

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: ❌  Dr Strauss   talk   22:32, 24 August 2017 (UTC)

Oświęcim → Auschwitz, Poland – Auschwitz is the common name in English. Oświęcim is virtually unknown in English. 2605:6000:EC16:C000:F06C:ADB6:9333:C12C (talk) 03:58, 20 August 2017 (UTC)

I understand that there will be sensitivities on this proposal but ... I do believe that "Auschwitz" should still redirect to the concentration camp. But trying to name this article to the Polish name, which is virtually unknown in English, is a violation of WP:COMMONNAME. -- MC
 * Oppose the town is known as Oświęcim, it hasn't been called Auschwitz in English for 60 years. The camp isn't even inside the town. In ictu oculi (talk) 07:10, 20 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Oświęcim Is virtually unknown in English, because the town itself is virtually unknown. Referring to the town as Auschwitz would just confuse everybody.  Gravuritas (talk) 10:56, 20 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose for the reasons cited above. Also, I was not able to find any evidence supporting nom's assertion that Auschwitz is the common name for the town. — MShabazz Talk/Stalk 14:38, 20 August 2017 (UTC)

 * Oppose per User:Gravuritas. —  AjaxSmack  03:31, 21 August 2017 (UTC)
 * I have visited both places, and by now the two words have separated and are no longer synonyms :: "Auschwitz" is the (ex camp, now museum), and "Oświęcim" is the town. "Auschwitz" was a name of the town, way long ago back before Hitler arose. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 05:13, 21 August 2017 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Post-war history of the chemical plant
Just an incentive to expand the post-war history of the chemical plant, since – after the end of genocide and war – it has been a facility of great importance all along. Polish Wikipedia dedicates a whole article to the plant. – Javítgató (talk) 15:37, 18 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Here is a chronology of the chemical plant's institutional names, assembled from the Polish article linked above. Maybe a fellow editor can use it. Impressive in itself and a witness to era changes.

 * 1941–1945 Buna-Werke w Dworach Koło Oświęcimia, under IG Farben
 * 1945–1946 Fabryka Paliw Syntetycznych w Dworach
 * 1946–1948 Państwowe Zakłady Syntezy Chemicznej w Dworach
 * 1948–1949 Zakłady Syntezy Chemicznej w Dworach
 * 1949–1951 Zakłady Chemiczne – Przedsiębiorstwo Państwowe Wyodrębnione w Oświęcimiu
 * ?–? Zakłady Chemiczne „Oświęcim” w Oświęcimiu
 * 1994–1995 "~ sole proprietorship company of the State Treasury"
 * 1995–1997 National Investment Funds and State Treasury being joint shareholders
 * 1997–2007 Firma Chemiczna Dwory SA
 * 2007–present: Synthos SA

– Javítgató (talk) 15:47, 18 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Oświęcim


text:
Herbert C. Brown

Herbert Charles Brown (May 22, 1912 – December 19, 2004) was an American chemist and recipient of the 1979 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work with organoboranes.

Life and career
Brown was born Herbert Brovarnik in London, to Ukrainian Jewish immigrants from Zhitomir, Pearl (née Gorinstein) and Charles Brovarnik, a hardware store manager and carpenter. His family moved to Chicago in June 1914, when he was two years old. Brown attended Crane Junior College in Chicago, where he met Sarah Baylen, whom he would later marry. The college was under threat of closing, and Brown and Baylen transferred to Wright Junior College. In 1935 he left Wright and that autumn entered the University of Chicago, completing two years of studies in three quarters to earn a B.S. in 1936. That same year, he became a naturalized United States citizen, and began graduate studies at Chicago. On February 6, 1937, Brown married Baylen, whom he would later credit with sparking an interest in hydrides of boron that would eventually lead to the work for which he, together with Georg Wittig, would be awarded the Nobel prize in Chemistry in 1979, and the following year received his degree as Ph.D..

Unable to find a position in industry, he decided to accept a postdoctoral position, beginning his academic career. He became an instructor at Chicago in 1939, and held the position for four years before moving to Wayne University in Detroit as an assistant professor. In 1946, he was promoted to associate professor, and the following year became a professor of inorganic chemistry at Purdue University in 1947 and joined the Beta Nu chapter of Alpha Chi Sigma there in 1960. He held the position of Professor Emeritus from 1978 until his death in 2004. The Herbert C. Brown Laboratory of Chemistry was named after him on Purdue University's campus. He was an honorary member of the International Academy of Science, Munich.

During World War II, while working with Hermann Irving Schlesinger, Brown discovered a method for producing sodium borohydride (NaBH4), which can be used to produce boranes, compounds of boron and hydrogen. His work led to the discovery of the first general method for producing asymmetric pure enantiomers. The elements found as initials of his name H, C and B were his working field.

In 1969, he was awarded the National Medal of Science.

Brown was quick to credit his wife Sarah with supporting him and allowing him to focus on creative efforts by handling finances, maintaining the house and yard, etc. According to Brown, after receiving the Nobel prize in Stockholm, he carried the medal and she carried the US$100,000 award.

In 1971, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.

He was inducted into the Alpha Chi Sigma Hall of Fame in 2000.

He died December 19, 2004, at a hospital in Lafayette, Indiana after a heart attack. His wife died May 29, 2005, aged 89.

Research
As a doctoral student at the University of Chicago, Herbert Brown studied the reactions of diborane, B2H6. Hermann Irving Schlesinger's laboratory at the University of Chicago was one of two laboratories that prepared diborane. It was a rare compound that was only prepared in small quantities. Schlesinger was researching the reactions of diborane to understand why the simplest hydrogen-boron compound is B2H6 instead of BH3.

When Brown started his own research, he observed the reactions of diborane with aldehydes, ketones, esters, and acid chlorides. He discovered that diborane reacts with aldehydes and ketones to produce dialkoxyboranes, which are hydrolyzed by water to produce alcohols. Until this point, organic chemists did not have an acceptable method of reducing carbonyls under mild conditions. Yet Brown's Ph.D. thesis published in 1939 received little interest. Diborane was too rare to be useful as a synthetic reagent.

In 1939, Brown became the research assistant in Schlesinger's laboratory. In 1940, they began to research volatile, low molecular weight uranium compounds for the National Defense Research Committee. Brown and Schlesinger successfully synthesized volatile uranium(IV) borohydride, which had a molecular weight of 298. The laboratory was asked to provide a large amount of the product for testing, but diborane was in short supply. They discovered that it could be formed by reacting lithium hydride with boron trifluoride in ethyl ether, allowing them to produce the chemical in larger quantities. This success was met with several new problems. Lithium hydride was also in short supply, so Brown and Schlesinger needed to find a procedure that would allow them to use sodium hydride instead. They discovered that sodium hydride and methyl borate reacted to produce sodium trimethoxyborohydride, which was viable as a substitute for the lithium hydride.

Soon they were informed that there was no longer a need for uranium borohydride, but it appeared that sodium borohydride could be useful in generating hydrogen. They began to look for a cheaper synthesis and discovered that adding methyl borate to sodium hydride at 250° produced sodium borohydride and sodium methoxide. When acetone was used in an attempt to separate the two products, it was discovered that sodium borohydride reduced the acetone.

Sodium borohydride is a mild reducing agent that works well in reducing aldehydes, ketones, and acid chlorides. Lithium aluminum hydride is a much more powerful reducing agent that can reduce almost any functional group. When Brown moved to Purdue University in 1947, he worked to find stronger borohydrides and milder aluminum hydrides that would provide a spectrum of reducing agents. The team of researchers at Purdue discovered that changing the metal ion of the borohydride to lithium, magnesium, or aluminum increases the reducing ability. They also found that introducing alkoxy substituents to the aluminum hydride decreases the reducing ability. They successfully developed a full spectrum of reducing agents.

While researching these reducing agents, Brown's coworker, Dr. B. C. Subba Rao, discovered an unusual reaction between sodium borohydride and ethyl oleate. The borohydride added hydrogen and boron to the carbon-carbon double bond in the ethyl oleate. The organoborane product could then be oxidized to form an alcohol. This two-step reaction is now called hydroboration-oxidation and is a reaction that converts alkenes into anti-Markovnikov alcohols. Markovnikov's rule states that, in adding hydrogen and a halide or hydroxyl group to a carbon-carbon double bond, the hydrogen is added to the less-substituted carbon of the bond and the hydroxyl or halide group is added to the more-substituted carbon of the bond. In hydroboration-oxidation, the opposite addition occurs.

title: Herbert C. Brown


text:
Talk:O

(Mysterious question)
I wonder, there is no meaning of "O" (like in other letters)? Samohyl Jan 15:34, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * I infer a desire on the part of SJ to ask a question. But i have no idea what question was intended, nor in what way finds O to be different from (all or some) other letters. --Jerzy•t 06:22, 9 October 2017 (UTC)

O(1) time?
There isn't anything mentioned on the page about what "O" means with regards to time - for example, saying that something takes O(1) time, or O(n) time, or so on. I'm not sure what this construct is actually called, and even less about what it really means (hence my wanting to look it up in the first place). It would be nice to at least mention this use of O on the page, with a link to the more detailed wiki page on it, whatever it is. :D --Ciaran H 10:47, 15 June 2006 (UTC)
 * After a bit of research, it seems that this is called Big O notation or Landau notation. I'm going to put a link to the first in the article, but it could probably be expanded. --Ciaran H 10:52, 15 June 2006 (UTC)
 * My apologies, it's already there. It would be nice to have it clarified though, maybe with an example of O(1) or something in the text to mean constant. --Ciaran H 10:54, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

Examples
If there is anyone out there who knows what half these IPA letters actually mean, post a few examples please. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.216.22.235 (talk) 00:08, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

O in old typeface with a dot or diamond in the middle
I often see text that is using an typeface, GothicaBastarda for example, pretending to be old, medieval gothic or satanic, and the O and other characters with round space in them has a dot or diamond in the center. Why is this and what is the dot called? Is this similar to the strike though 0 often used in computing? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 158.143.207.201 (talk) 12:04, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

vocative
I know it's not used much these days (or at least rarely distinguished from oh) but there ought to be some mention of O (always capitalized) as a marker for the vocative case. --Trovatore (talk) 22:55, 6 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Inthe interest of reducing the futility of taking talk pages seriously, let me be either the guy who spoils a joke that's too subtle for me to be an insider on, or the malcontent simpleton who won't endorse the universally accepted lies.  Or for that matter, let me ask:
 * Are you satisfied ignoring colleagues too dim or too reckless to clarify, in discussing 0|the article also known as "Zero", why they would start a discussion here about 3 other seemingly distinct topics Oh, O (which, i doubt not, also covers o), and Vocative case?
 * No doubt you will infer that i am not satisfied with that. I may create a WP:essay before i shuffle off this mortal coil. Perhaps i'll come up with a better title than WP:Jerzy's Diatribe. But "gang aft aglay". --Jerzy•t 05:49, 9 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Hmm! Now i'm too exhausted to figure out how i slipped from 0 to O.... --Jerzy•t 06:02, 9 October 2017 (UTC)

Associated
Does "associated" mean "related"? The word "associated" appears in the "Use in other orthographies" section. Speling12345 (talk) 2:38, 13 December 2013 (UTC)

Afaka and Ol Chiki

 * Even alphabets that are not derived from Semitic tend to have similar forms to represent this sound; for example, the creators of the Afaka and Ol Chiki scripts, each invented in different parts of the world in the 20th century, both attributed their vowels for 'O' to the shape of the mouth when making this sound.[original research?]

In Ol Chiki, the letter that looks like O is pronounced /t/. The two for /o/ and /ɔ/ are rounded (like many other letters) but not full circles. —Tamfang (talk) 02:10, 21 August 2023 (UTC)

 * It's been unsourced since at least 2013, so I've removed it. –LaundryPizza03 ( d c̄ ) 22:49, 24 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:O


text:
List of national parks of Spain

There are sixteen national parks in Spain: eleven in the Iberian Peninsula, four in the Canary Islands and one in the Balearic Islands. Twelve of the seventeen autonomous communities of Spain have national parks. Canary Islands has the most with four, followed by Andalusia with three, and Castile-La Mancha and Castile and León with two each. There are five autonomous communities that have no national parks: Basque Country, La Rioja, Murcia, Navarre, Valencian Community.

about 15 million people visited Spain's national parks, with Teide accounting for about 28% of all visitors. The second most visited park was Picos de Europa (17%), followed by Ordesa y Monte Perdido (13%). The least visited parks were Cabrera Archipelago (0.81%) and Cabañeros (0.72%). With more than 2.5 million visitors in 2013, Teide was the most visited national park in Europe that year, and sixth most visited in the world.

title: List of national parks of Spain