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Jeremy Hardy

Jeremy James Hardy (17 July 1961 – 1 February 2019) was an English comedian. Born and raised in Hampshire, Hardy studied at the University of Southampton and began his stand-up career in the 1980s, going on to win the Perrier Comedy Award at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in 1988. He is best known for his appearances on radio panel shows such as the News Quiz and I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue.

Early life
Hardy was born in Aldershot, Hampshire, the fifth and youngest child of rocket scientist Donald D. Hardy (1925–2016) and Sheila Stagg (1924–2012). He attended Farnham College and studied modern history and politics at the University of Southampton. He subsequently failed to obtain a place on a journalism course, and considered becoming an actor or poet.

Career
Hardy started scriptwriting before turning to stand-up comedy in London in the early 1980s, funded in part by the Enterprise Allowance Scheme. He won the Perrier Comedy Award in 1988 at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe.

He made his television debut in the late 1980s, featuring regularly as Jeremy the boom operator in the Rory Bremner-led comedy show Now – Something Else on BBC Two, along with guest appearances on programmes including the BBC One talk show Wogan. He went on to feature in various comedy shows including Blackadder Goes Forth (1989), and presented a television documentary about the political background to the English Civil War as well as an edition of Top of the Pops in 1996. He was one of the two team captains on the BBC Two game show If I Ruled the World that ran for two series in 1998–1999. Kit Hollerbach featured alongside him in the BBC radio sitcoms Unnatural Acts and At Home with the Hardys.

Hardy worked extensively on BBC Radio 4, particularly on The News Quiz, I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue and his long-running series of monologues Jeremy Hardy Speaks to the Nation. His excruciatingly off-key singing was a long-running joke on the radio panel show I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue — on which he appeared regularly — as well as the spin-off radio series You'll Have Had Your Tea: The Doings of Hamish and Dougal. He appeared in the Radio 4 sitcom Linda Smith's A Brief History of Timewasting, and he also appeared as a panellist on the first and second series of QI. His experiences in Palestine during the Israeli army incursions of 2002 became the subject of a feature documentary Jeremy Hardy vs. the Israeli Army (2003), directed by Leila Sansour. A four-episode series entitled Jeremy Hardy Feels It was broadcast on Radio 4 in December 2017 to January 2018.

Hardy wrote a regular column for The Guardian until 2001. He then wrote a column in the London Evening Standard's magazine. His first book, When Did You Last See Your Father, was published by Methuen in 1992. My Family and Other Strangers, based on his research into his family history, was published by Ebury Press on 4 March 2010.

An anthology of Hardy's writing, Jeremy Hardy Speaks Volumes, was published in February 2020. It was edited by his wife Katie Barlow and his long-time radio producer David Tyler.

Political views
Hardy was a committed socialist, and a supporter of the Labour Party. He performed at Labour Party rallies and Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn considered him a "dear, lifelong friend". His comedy embodied his radical politics, including outspoken opposition to former Labour leader Tony Blair – he was conflicted during the Blair and Gordon Brown leadership period, quoted as saying "To me, voting Labour is like wiping your bottom: I can't say I like doing it but you've got to – because you're in a worse mess if you don't." Hardy was banned from voting in Labour internal elections in 2015 because he had also raised funds for the Green Party. He strongly supported Corbyn in the leadership election of 2015. He was also an outspoken opponent of the Trident programme.

Hardy supported Irish nationalist Róisín McAliskey, the then-pregnant daughter of Bernadette Devlin McAliskey, when the former was accused of involvement in an IRA mortar attack in Germany, and put up part of the bail money to free her. He also supported the campaign to free Danny McNamee, whose conviction for involvement in the Provisional Irish Republican Army's (IRA) Hyde Park bombing on 20 July 1982 was quashed in 1999, after several years of prison.

In an edition of Jeremy Hardy Speaks to the Nation on BBC Radio 4 "How to be Afraid", broadcast in September 2004, Hardy said during one of his comedy routines that "if you just took everyone in the BNP and everyone who votes for them and shot them in the back of the head, there would be a brighter future for us all." This sparked complaints and caused Burnley Borough Council to cancel a show in the town over fears that it could be "disruptive" in an area with a recent history of racial tension.

In September 2016 Hardy performed at the Keep Corbyn rally in Brighton in support of Jeremy Corbyn's campaign in the Labour Party leadership election. On Hardy's death, Corbyn said "He always gave his all for everyone else and the campaigns for social justice."

Personal life
In 1986 Hardy married the actress and comedian Kit Hollerbach and in 1990 they adopted a daughter, Elizabeth Hardy. He later married the photographer and filmmaker Katie Barlow.

Hardy was a close friend of the comedian Linda Smith; when she died of ovarian cancer on 27 February 2006 he publicly eulogised her in many media outlets and wrote her obituary in The Guardian.

Hardy died of cancer on 1 February 2019, at the age of 57. Julia McKenzie, the head of Radio team at BBC Studios, said of Hardy "I will remember him as someone who could convulse an audience with laughter at a comic image whilst at the same time making a point of substance that reverberated on a much deeper level and spoke to his principles and unflinching concern for the less fortunate." Miles Jupp, then-host of The News Quiz and a longtime friend, wrote his obituary in The Guardian.

Collections
The University of Kent holds a collection of Hardy's work as part of the British Stand-Up Comedy Archive. The archive is composed of audio-visual material from Hardy's career, including recordings of live performances.

Television

 * Helping Henry (1988) – the voice of Henry
 * Blackadder Goes Forth (1989) ("Corporal Punishment") – Corporal Perkins
 * Jack and Jeremy's Real Lives (1996) (with Jack Dee)
 * If I Ruled the World (1998)
 * QI (2003)
 * Grumpy Old Men (2004)
 * Mock the Week (2005)
 * Countdown (2007) (Dictionary Corner)
 * The Voice (2008)

Radio

 * The News Quiz
 * I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue
 * Just a Minute
 * Jeremy Hardy Speaks to the Nation
 * Unnatural Acts
 * At Home with the Hardys
 * You'll Have Had Your Tea: The Doings of Hamish and Dougal
 * Chain Reaction
 * Comic to Comic
 * The Unbelievable Truth
 * Jeremy Hardy Feels It (2018)

Film

 * Hotel (2001)
 * Jeremy Hardy vs. the Israeli Army (2003)
 * How to Be (2008)

title: Jeremy Hardy


text:
Histoplasmosis

Histoplasmosis is a fungal infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum. Symptoms of this infection vary greatly, but the disease affects primarily the lungs. Occasionally, other organs are affected; called disseminated histoplasmosis, it can be fatal if left untreated.

H. capsulatum is found in soil, often associated with decaying bat guano or bird droppings. Disruption of soil from excavation or construction releases infectious spores that can be inhaled by humans. H. capsulatum has a one to two week incubation period within human lungs before symptoms arise. The disease is common among AIDS patients due to their immunosuppression.

From 1938 to 2013 in the US, 105 outbreaks were reported in a total of 26 states plus Puerto Rico. In 1978 to 1979 during a large urban outbreak in which 100,000 people were exposed to the fungus in Indianapolis, victims had pericarditis, rheumatological syndromes, esophageal and vocal cord ulcers, parotitis, adrenal insufficiency, uveitis, fibrosing mediastinitis, interstitial nephritis, intestinal lymphangiectasia, and epididymitis. Histoplasmosis mimics colds, pneumonia, and the flu, and can be shed by bats in their feces.

Signs and symptoms
If symptoms of histoplasmosis infection occur, they start within 3 to 17 days after exposure; the typical time is 12–14 days. Most affected individuals have clinically silent manifestations and show no apparent ill effects. The acute phase of histoplasmosis is characterized by nonspecific respiratory symptoms, often cough or flu-like. Chest X-ray findings are normal in 40–70% of cases. Chronic histoplasmosis cases can resemble tuberculosis;  disseminated histoplasmosis affects multiple organ systems and is fatal unless treated.

While histoplasmosis is the most common cause of mediastinitis, this remains a relatively rare disease. Severe infections can cause hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and adrenal enlargement. Lesions often left calcification nodules as they are healed.

Presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome causes chorioretinitis, where  the choroid and retina of the eyes are scarred, resulting in a loss of vision not unlike macular degeneration. Despite its name, the relationship to Histoplasma is controversial. Distinct from POHS, acute ocular histoplasmosis may rarely occur in immunodeficiency.

Complications
In absence of proper treatment and especially in immunocompromised individuals, complications can arise. These include recurrent pneumonia, respiratory failure, fibrosing mediastinitis, superior vena cava syndrome, pulmonary vessel obstruction, and progressive fibrosis of lymph nodes. Fibrosing mediastinitis is a serious complication and can be fatal. Smokers with structural lung disease have higher probability of developing chronic cavitary histoplasmosis.

After healing of lesions, hard, calcified lymph nodes can erode the walls of the airway, causing hemoptysis.

Mechanisms
H. capsulatum grows in soil and material contaminated with bird or bat droppings (guano). The fungus has been found in poultry-house litter, caves, areas harboring bats, and bird roosts (particularly those of starlings). The fungus is thermally dimorphic; in the environment, it grows as a brownish mycelium, and at body temperature (37 °C in humans), it morphs into a yeast. Histoplasmosis is not contagious but is contracted by inhalation of the spores from disturbed soil or guano. The inoculum is represented principally by microconidia. These are inhaled and reach the alveoli. In the alveoli, macrophages ingest these microconidia. They survive inside the phagosome. As the fungus is thermally dimorphic, these microconidia are transformed into yeast. They grow and multiply inside the phagosome. The macrophages travel in lymphatic circulation and can spread the disease to different organs.

Within the phagosome, the fungus has an absolute requirement for thiamine. Cell-mediated immunity for histoplasmosis develops within 2 weeks. If the patient has strong cellular immunity, macrophages, epithelial cells, and lymphocytes surround the organisms and contain them, and eventually calcify. In immunocompromised individuals, the organisms disseminate to different organs such as bone, spleen, liver, adrenal glands, and mucocutaneous membranes, resulting in progressive disseminated histoplasmosis. Chronic lung disease can manifest.

Diagnosis
Clinically, a wide spectrum of disease manifestations occurs, making diagnosis somewhat difficult. More severe forms include the chronic pulmonary form, often occurring in the presence of underlying pulmonary disease, and a disseminated form, which is characterized by the progressive spread of infection to extrapulmonary sites. Oral manifestations have been reported as the main complaint of the disseminated forms, leading the patient to seek treatment, whereas pulmonary symptoms in disseminated disease may be mild or even misinterpreted as flu. Histoplasmosis can be diagnosed by samples containing the fungus taken from sputum (via bronchoalveolar lavage), blood, or infected organs. It can also be diagnosed by detection of antigens in blood or urine samples by ELISA or polymerase chain reaction. Antigens can cross-react with antigens of African histoplasmosis (caused by Histoplasma duboisii), blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, and talaromycosis infection. Histoplasmosis can also be diagnosed by a test for antibodies against Histoplasma in the blood. Histoplasma skin tests indicate whether persons have been exposed, but do not indicate whether they have the disease. Formal histoplasmosis diagnoses are often confirmed only by culturing the fungus directly. Sabouraud agar is one agar growth medium on which the fungus can be cultured. Cutaneous manifestations of disseminated disease are diverse and often present as a nondescript rash with systemic complaints. Diagnosis is best established by urine antigen testing, as blood cultures may take up to 6 weeks for diagnostic growth to occur and serum antigen testing often comes back with a false negative before 4 weeks of disseminated infection.

Types
Histoplasmosis may be divided into these types:

 * Primary pulmonary histoplasmosis
 * Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis
 * Primary cutaneous histoplasmosis
 * African histoplasmosis

Prevention
Testing or decontaminating most sites that may be contaminated with H. capsulatum is impractical, but the sources below list environments where histoplasmosis is common, and precautions to reduce a person's risk of exposure, in the three parts of the world where the disease is prevalent. Precautions common to all geographical locations would be to avoid accumulations of bird or bat droppings.

The US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health provides information on work practices and personal protective equipment that may reduce the risk of infection.

A review paper includes information on locations in which Histoplasma has been found in Africa (in chicken runs, on bats, in the caves bats inhabit, and in soil), and a thorough reference list including English, French, and Spanish language references.

Treatment
In the majority of immunocompetent individuals, histoplasmosis resolves without any treatment. Antifungal medications are used to treat severe cases of acute histoplasmosis and all cases of chronic and disseminated disease. Typical treatment of severe disease first involves treatment with amphotericin B, followed by oral itraconazole.

Liposomal preparations of amphotericin B are more effective than deoxycholate preparations. The liposomal preparation is preferred in patients who might be at risk of nephrotoxicity, although all preparations of amphotericin B have risk of nephrotoxicity. Individuals taking amphotericin B are monitored for renal function. Liposomal amphotericin B is better at treating people with progressive disseminated Histoplasmosis and underlying HIV when compared to deoxycholate amphotericin B. Meanwhile, fluconazole performs poorly when compared to other azoles.

Treatment with itraconazole must continue for at least a year in severe cases, while in acute pulmonary Histoplasmosis, 6 to 12 weeks treatment is sufficient. Alternatives to itraconazole are posaconazole, voriconazole, and fluconazole. Individuals taking itraconazole are monitored for hepatic function.

Prognosis
About 90% of patients with normal immune systems regain health without any intervention. Less than 5% need serious treatments.

Epidemiology
H. capsulatum is found throughout the world. It is endemic in certain areas of the United States, particularly in states bordering the Ohio River valley and the lower Mississippi River. The humidity and acidity patterns of soil are associated with endemicity. Bird and bat droppings in soil promote the growth of Histoplasma. Contact with such soil aerosolizes the microconidia, which can infect humans. It is also common in caves in Southern and East Africa. Positive histoplasmin skin tests occur in as many as 90% of the people living in areas where H. capsulatum is common, such as the eastern and central United States.

In Canada, the St. Lawrence River Valley is the site of the most frequent infections, with 20–30% of the population testing positive. A review of reported cases in 2018 showed disease presence throughout Southeast Asia, In India, the Gangetic West Bengal is the site of most frequent infections, with 9.4% of the population testing positive. H. c. capsulatum was isolated from the local soil proving endemicity of histoplasmosis in West Bengal.

In non-endemic countries, 40-50% of histoplasmosis cases are diagnosed in immunocompromised patients (HIV/AIDS, transplanted patients, cancer patients).

Histoplasmosis in Workplaces
H. capsulatum is commonly found across the United States. The fungus can grow in any materials corrupted with bird and bat droppings, but particularly manifests in soils. Histoplasma can present itself as an occupational hazard through causation of the infection Histoplasmosis. Workers in a variety of fields can be exposed to the fungus as spores can be released into the air through any activities which disturb soil. Due to this, occupations at a higher risk for exposure include construction and demolition, landscaping, mining, quarrying, oil and gas extraction, agriculture and forestry industries. Common symptoms in workers are similar to the ones from the exposed general public, such as nonspecific respiratory symptoms like a cough. However, workplace exposures tend to lead to larger outbreaks than non-occupational histoplasmosis, and scientific reviews have shown that occupational histoplasmosis accounts for approximately one third of all documented outbreaks. Though the disease is usually not severe, there have been instances of outbreaks among workers leading to death.

These occurrences emphasize the importance of protective measures for workers. The CDC advises that those who work in potentially hazardous environments reduce their exposure as much as possible following the Hierarchy of hazard controls. They recommend that any build up of bird and bat droppings should be avoided if possible, but if it is unpreventable various engineering, administrative controls and personal protective equipment can be implemented in the workplace. The CDC also suggests that workplaces should be responsible for administrative controls such as developing a safety plan, posting notice of the risk of exposure, disposing of any potentially contaminated materials, and providing proper education on the dangers associated with histoplasma. Adequate personal protective equipment includes a respirator, hooded coveralls, shoe coverings, gloves, and eye protection.

History
Histoplasma was discovered in 1905 by Samuel T. Darling, but only in the 1930s was it discovered to be a widespread infection. Before then, many cases of histoplasmosis were mistakenly attributed to tuberculosis, and patients were mistakenly admitted to tuberculosis sanatoria. Some patients contracted tuberculosis in these sanatoriums.

Society and culture

 * Johnny Cash included a reference to the disease, even correctly noting its source in bird droppings, in the song "Beans for Breakfast".
 * Bob Dylan was hospitalized due to histoplasmosis in 1997, causing the cancellation of concerts in the United Kingdom and Switzerland.
 * In episode 21 of season three of the television series House M.D., a patient was diagnosed with histoplasmosis.
 * In episode 4 of season one of the television series New Amsterdam, a critically ill patient was diagnosed with histoplasmosis which he was denying to visit hospital because he was homeless.
 * In episode five of season one of the television series Dexter, Vince Masuka gets worried about getting histoplasmosis from the dust in the air and the hair of the rats.
 * In episode 5 of season 5 of Monsters Inside Me, "There's a Worm Crawling In My What?" (aired November 13, 2014), a video game programmer, Cody Fry was infected with the disease. He survived his initial bout with disease up to the premiere of the episode, but unfortunately, would die from the illness less than a year after the episode premiered, on October 23, 2015.
 * In the BBC drama Call The Midwife's 9th season, a character is diagnosed with the disease after initial confusion regarding whether his symptoms were more indicative of tuberculosis. He contracts it from the droppings of pet pigeons he keeps in his home.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

authors: د. توانا ع. بەرزنجی

title: Histoplasmosis


text:
Austin Steward

Austin Steward (c. 1793 – February 15, 1869) was an African-American abolitionist and author. He was born a slave in Virginia then moved at age 7 with the Helm household to New York State in 1800. The household settled in the town of Bath, New York, in 1803. He escaped slavery at about age 21, settling in Rochester, New York, and then British North America. His autobiography, Twenty-Two Years a Slave, was published in 1857.

Life
Austin Steward was born in Prince William County, Virginia, in about 1793 to Robert and Susan Steward. He had a sister, Mary. They were enslaved by planter Capt. William Helm. Steward was seven years old when he was assigned his first duties as a house servant to Helm. Steward taught himself to read in secrecy, but he was discovered and severely beaten.

Helm moved his family and the Stewards to New York in 1800. Although it was a free state, it had a gradual abolition approach and slavery was still permitted. After continued abuse when hired out to a brutal taskmaster, Steward determined to escape, which he did in 1814 at about age 21.

Steward made his way to Rochester, New York. Initially he worked for Darius Comstock, president of the Manumission Society, and took classes to increase his education. Before his escape, he had consulted about pursuing legal manumission but was discouraged that it would take too long. In 1817 he started what became a successful business in Rochester, opening his own meat market and general store. He gradually acquired considerable property. According to his autobiography, he gave a speech on July 5, 1827, the celebration of final emancipation of slaves in New York, and gained press coverage of the event.

In 1831, Steward went to British North America, devoting himself to aiding fugitive slaves. He was interested in a new settlement, the Wilberforce Colony (named in honor of William Wilberforce), located north of present-day London, Ontario. The Colony had been founded in 1829 by African-Americans fleeing the Ohio Black Codes, as well as rioting in Cincinnati. Almost immediately upon his arrival, Steward was named president of the Colony's board of managers. Wilberforce Colony struggled, however, with internal divisions and financial difficulties, and he eventually returned, nearly destitute, to Rochester in 1837.

His memoir, Twenty-Two Years a Slave, and Forty Years a Freeman, was published by William Alling in 1857. It is considered a slave narrative, detailing his early life of enslavement and escape, as well as his years of freedom and work at Wilberforce Colony. In the years before the American Civil War, such books sometimes became bestsellers in the North, and abolitionists drew from them in their arguments against the cruelties of slavery.

Steward died of typhoid fever on February 15, 1869, and was buried in Canandaigua, New York.

title: Austin Steward


text:
List of multinational festivals and holidays

This is an incomplete list of multinational festivals and holidays.

January

 * Christianity
 * Feast of the Circumcision: 1 January
 * Twelfth Night (Epiphany Eve): 5 January
 * Epiphany: 6 January – the arrival of the Three Magi
 * Armenian Apostolic Christmas: 6 January
 * Orthodox Christmas: 7 January – in churches using the Julian calendar. Until the year 2100, 7 January in the Julian Calendar is equivalent to 25 December in the Gregorian calendar.
 * Secular
 * Saint Basil's Day: 1 January – In Greece, traditionally he is the Father Christmas figure.
 * New Year's Day: 1 January – First day of the Gregorian Year.
 * Old New Year: 14 January – New Year's Day according to the "old" Julian calendar. Includes a winter ritual of strolling and singing that was later incorporated into the Christmas carol.
 * Burns Supper. 25 January – Celebration of the life and poetry of Robert Burns, along with Scottish food and drink such as haggis and Scotch whisky.
 * Sikhism
 * Lohri/Bhogi: 13 January
 * Telugu, Karnataka, Gujarat and Maharashtra
 * Makar Sankranti: 14 January
 * Tamil Nadu
 * Pongal: 14 January
 * Punjab
 * Lohri: 14 January

February

 * Tibetan Buddhism
 * Losar: Sometime in February (Moveable)
 * Christianity
 * Candlemas: 2 February – Feast of the Presentation of the Lord; 40 days after Christmas; end of Christmas/Epiphany Season.
 * Paganism
 * Imbolc: 1 February – first day of spring in the Celtic calendar.
 * Satanism
 * Lupercalia: 15 February – A TST Satanic celebration of bodily autonomy, sexual liberation, and reproduction; based on the Roman end-of-winter festival of the same name.
 * Secular
 * Groundhog Day: 2 February
 * Darwin Day: 12 February
 * Saint Valentine's Day: 14 February

March
Islam
 * Paganism
 * Ostara, Spring equinox: 21 March
 * Christianity
 * Lent: typically in March, but sometimes in February – the six weeks preceding Easter, starting with Ash Wednesday. See "Movable"
 * Judaism
 * Purim: typically in March, but sometimes in February. See "Movable"
 * Secular
 * Saint David's Day: 1 March – the fixed date to honor Saint David, patron saint of Wales, celebrated by Welshmen and women everywhere throughout the world.
 * International Women's Day: 8 March
 * World Kidney Day: second Thursday of March
 * Ramadan: 10 March, 2023 See "moveable".

Secular and multiple religions
 * Saint Patrick's Day: 17 March – the fixed date to honor Saint Patrick has sometimes been moved by Church if it coincides with Holy Week, but the secular world generally always celebrates it on 17 March.
 * World Down Syndrome Awareness Day - 21 March

 * Nowruz/Newroz (نه‌ورۆز/نوروز) : spring equinox (on or near 21 March) – originally the Iranian New Year, celebrated as a secular holiday in Iran and many neighbouring countries and as a religious holiday by Alawites, Alevis, Baháʼís, Bektashis, Zoroastrians, and most Shi'a Muslims.
 * Maithil
 * Sapta-Bipta (Maithil worship festival Sapta Mai worship)
 * Hinduism
 * Holi (Hindu holiday in honor of Lord Vishnu)
 * Dhulendi: 6 March
 * Ram Navami: 28 March - Birthday of Lord Rama is celebrated all over India. The epic Ramayana is recited in temples and homes.

April

 * Judaism
 * Pesach/Passover: late March or in April. See "movable"
 * Buddhism
 * Hanamatsuri: 8 April – Celebrated in Japan as Buddha's Birthday.
 * Islam
 * Eid-Ul-Fitr: 9 April, 2024
 * Secular
 * April Fools' Day: 1 April
 * World Autism Awareness Day: 2 April
 * Children's Day: 4 April
 * South and Southeast Asian solar New Year: roughly 14 April, including Cambodian New Year, Lao New Year, Sinhalese New Year, Songkran (Thailand), Thingyan (Myanmar), and Water-Sprinkling Festival (Dais in Sipsongpanna in Yunnan, China)
 * 420: 20 April, celebrated within cannabis culture
 * Earth Day: 22 April
 * Anzac Day: 25 April
 * Christianity
 * Good Friday: the Friday preceding Easter Sunday, see "movable"
 * Holy Saturday: also called Easter Eve, the Saturday preceding Easter Sunday, see "movable"
 * Easter: typically in April, but sometimes in March or May, see "movable"
 * Saint George's Day: 23 April. The date to honor Saint George is moved by Church if it coincides with the week before or after Easter Day but the secular world may not take any notice of this.
 * Hinduism
 * Rama Navami: birth of the god Rama
 * Hanuman Jayanti: typically a week after Rama Navami, in honour of the birth of Hanuman
 * Gangaur: occurring in April, in honour of the victory of Goddess Mahagauri
 * Maithil: occurring in April, Joor-seetal First day of Mithila calendar
 * Satanism
 * Hexennacht: 30 April – A TST Satanic occasion solemnly honoring those who fell victim to superstition and pseudoscience, whether by witch hunt, Satanic panic, or other injustices.

May

 * Judaism
 * Yom HaShoah
 * Lag BaOmer
 * Shavuot: usually in May, but sometimes in June. See "Movable"
 * Paganism
 * May Day: 1 May – a traditional spring holiday in many cultures.
 * Buddhism
 * Vesak: Buddha's Birthday – celebrated on Vesak Full Moon by most buddhists.
 * Secular
 * International Workers' Day: 1 May
 * Star Wars Day: May the 4th
 * Cinco de Mayo "May 5"
 * Matariki: The "Maori new year" festival running between a week and month from late May, celebrated by kite flying and a range of artistic activities.
 * Yom HaZikaron
 * Maithil
 * Raib-Shain Paavein Worship of Sun and Saturn god

June

 * Inti Raymi: late June – festival of the Sun in Quechua, winter solstice festival in areas of the former Inca Empire, still celebrated every June in Cusco.
 * We Tripantu
 * Hinduism
 * Ratha Yatra: procession of Vishnu
 * Islam
 * Eid al-Fitr: 24 May 2020
 * Secular
 * World Environment Day: 5 June
 * Bloomsday: 16 June – celebration of the life and writings of James Joyce
 * World Humanist Day: 21 June
 * Midsummer: 21 June

July

 * Yulefest/Midwinter Christmas: late June or July – Australian/New Zealander winter 'Christmas/Yuletide'
 * Matariki: late June or early July – Polynesian New Year. In Hawai'i this begins the four month season of Makahiki. In New Zealand this is marked as a public holiday on the Friday closest to the last quarter period of the lunar month of Pipri in the Māori lunar calendar.
 * Buddhism
 * Asalha Puja: Dhamma Day, celebrating the Buddha's first sermon. Held on the first full moon in Ashadha.
 * Hinduism
 * Guru Purnima: a reverential day in honour of all teachers and instructors.
 * Devshayani Ekadashi: solemnity of the repose of Vishnu, coincides with the first day of the highly inauspicious Chaturmas season.
 * Islam
 * Eid al-Adha: 20 July
 * Satanism
 * Unveiling Day: 25 July – A TST Satanic celebration of religious plurality and shedding archaic superstition; celebrated on the date upon which The Satanic Temple's Baphomet statue was unveiled in 2015, an icon of modern Satanism created with "respect for diversity and religious minorities" in mind.

August

 * Christianity
 * Assumption of Mary: 15 August
 * Saint Bartholomew's Day: 24 August
 * Hinduism
 * Raksha Bandhan: a festival commemorating filial love.
 * Krishna Janmashtami: birth anniversary of Krishna.
 * Onam: a festival of Kerala, India.
 * Secular
 * International Friendship Day: 2 August
 * International Lefthanders Day: 13 August

September

 * Judaism
 * Rosh Hashanah: usually September, sometimes early October see "Moveable"
 * Yom Kippur: late September, early October see "Moveable"
 * Sukkot: sometimes late September, usually October see "Moveable"
 * Secular
 * Labor Day/Labour Day: first Monday of September (US/Canada)
 * International Talk Like a Pirate Day: 19 September
 * World Peace Day: 21 September
 * Hinduism
 * Ganesh Chaturthi: Commemorating the birth of Hindu god Ganesha

October

 * Judaism
 * Simchat Torah
 * Buddhism
 * Dhammachakra Pravartan Din: a Buddhist festival in India that celebrates the Buddhist conversion of B. R. Ambedkar and his followers.
 * Hinduism
 * Navratri: celebrates the conquest of Goddess Durga
 * Diwali: mid-October–mid-November – see "movable"
 * Kartik Purnima: An additional commemoration of the Celestial Diwali, or the "Diwali of the Gods"; hence the Sanskrit appellation "Dev Diwali", in honour of Vishnu, Kartikeya and Goddess Ganga.
 * Paganism
 * Samhain: 31 October–1 November – first day of winter in the Celtic calendar (and Celtic New Year's Day)
 * Secular
 * Gandhi Jayanti: an indoctrinated festival; the birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, falls on 2 October.
 * Halloween: 31 October – also known as Allhalloween, All Hallows' Eve, or All Saints' Eve, is a celebration observed in many countries on 31 October, the eve of the Western Christian feast of All Hallows' Day.

November

 * Christianity
 * All Saints'/Souls' Day: 1-2 November – in Western Christian churches.
 * Dia de los muertos (Day of the Dead): 1-2 November – Celebrated in mostly Catholic Mexico but with origins that predate European contact.
 * Nativity Fast: forty days leading to Christmas – also Saint Philip's fast, Christmas fast, or winter Lent or fast (Eastern Christianity).
 * Secular
 * International Pianist Day: 8 November: celebrates the mastery of playing piano
 * Armistice Day (also Remembrance Day or Veterans Day): 11 November: memorial day honoring the war dead
 * International Men's Day: 19 November
 * Thanksgiving Day: fourth Thursday of November (US); second Monday of October (CAN)
 * Hinduism
 * Diwali: mid-October–mid-November – see "movable"
 * Mandala Vratham: mid-November to mid-January – see "movable": 48 days of fasting in honour of the deity Ayyappan begins.

December

 * Buddhism
 * Bodhi Day: 8 December – Day of Enlightenment, celebrating the day that the historical Buddha (Shakyamuni or Siddhartha Gautama) experienced enlightenment (also known as Bodhi).
 * Christianity
 * Advent: starts four Sundays before Christmas Day and ends on Christmas Eve
 * Saint Barbara's Day: 4 December – The Feast of St. Barbara is celebrated by Artillery regiments across the Commonwealth and some western Catholic countries.
 * Krampusnacht: 5 December – The Feast of St. Nicholas is celebrated in parts of Europe on 6 December. In Alpine countries, Saint Nicholas has a devilish companion named Krampus who punishes the bad children the night before.
 * Saint Nicholas Day: 6 December
 * Feast of the Immaculate Conception: 8 December – The day of Virgin Mary's Immaculate Conception is celebrated as a public holiday in many Catholic countries.
 * Saint Lucy's Day: 13 December – Church Feast Day. Saint Lucy comes as a young woman with lights and sweets.
 * Las Posadas: 16–24 December – procession to various family lodgings for celebration and prayer and to re-enact Mary and Joseph's journey to Bethlehem
 * Longest Night: A modern Christian service to help those coping with loss, usually held on the eve of the Winter solstice.
 * Nikoljdan: 19 December - the most common slava, St. Nicholas's feast day.
 * Christmas Eve: 24 December – In many countries e.g. the German speaking countries, but also in Poland, Hungary and the Nordic countries, gift giving is on 24 December.
 * Christmas Day: 25 December and 7 January – celebrated by Christians and non-Christians alike.
 * Anastasia of Sirmium feast day: 25 December
 * Twelve Days of Christmas: 25 December–6 January
 * Saint Stephen's Day: 26 December – In Germany, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Ireland a holiday celebrated as Second Day of Christmas.
 * Saint John the Evangelist's Day: 27 December
 * Holy Innocents' Day: 28 December
 * Saint Sylvester's Day: 31 December
 * Hinduism
 * Kathika Deepam: 6 December is a festival of lights that is observed mainly by Hindu Tamils, and also by adherents in the regions of Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, and Sri Lanka. Celebrated in Tamilakam since the ancient period,[1] the festival is held on the full moon day of the Kartika (கார்த்திகை) month, called the Kartika Pournami, falling on the Gregorian months of November or December.[2] It is marked on the day the full moon is in conjunction with the constellation of Kartika.
 * Pancha Ganapati: a modern five-day Hindu festival celebrated from 21 through 25 December in honor of Ganesha.
 * Vaikuntha Ekadashi: Mid December - Mid January: see "moveable".
 * Historical
 * Mōdraniht: or Mothers' Night, the Saxon winter solstice festival.
 * Saturnalia: 17–23 December – An ancient Roman winter solstice festival in honor of the deity Saturn, held on 17 December of the Julian calendar and expanded with festivities through to 23 December. Celebrated with sacrifice, a public banquet, followed by private gift-giving, continual partying, and a carnival.
 * Dies Natalis Solis Invicti (Day of the birth of the Unconquered Sun): 25 December – late Roman Empire
 * Humanism
 * HumanLight: 23 December – Humanist holiday originated by the New Jersey Humanist Network in celebration of "a Humanist's vision of a good future."
 * Judaism
 * Hanukkah: usually falls anywhere between late November and early January. See "movable"
 * Paganism
 * Yule: Pagan winter festival that was celebrated by the historical Germanic people from late December to early January.
 * Koliada: Slavic winter festival celebrated on late December with parades and singers who visit houses and receive gifts.
 * Wassailing winter celebration that lands on the first full moon of December. Celebrations include gift giving and feasts.
 * Persian
 * Yalda: 21 December – The turning point, Winter Solstice. As the longest night of the year and the beginning of the lengthening of days, Shabe Yaldā or Shabe Chelle is an Iranian festival celebrating the victory of light and goodness over darkness and evil. Shabe yalda means 'birthday eve.' According to Persian mythology, Mithra was born at dawn on 22 December to a virgin mother. He symbolizes light, truth, goodness, strength, and friendship. Herodotus reports that this was the most important holiday of the year for contemporary Persians. In modern times Persians celebrate Yalda by staying up late or all night, a practice known as Shab Chera meaning 'night gazing'. Fruits and nuts are eaten, especially pomegranates and watermelons, whose red color invokes the crimson hues of dawn and symbolize Mithra.
 * Satanism
 * Sol Invictus: 25 December – A TST Satanic celebration of being unconquered by superstition and consistent in the pursuit and sharing of knowledge.
 * Secular
 * World AIDS Day: 1 December
 * International Day of Disabled Persons: 3 December
 * Human Rights Day: 10 December
 * Salgirah: 13 December - celebration of Shia Ismaili Muslims of their Imam (Aga Khan IV)
 * Zamenhof Day: 15 December – Birthday of Ludwig Zamenhof, inventor of Esperanto; holiday reunion for Esperantists
 * Soyal: 21 December – Zuni and Hopi
 * Winter Solstice or Summer Solstice: on or about 21 December
 * Dongzhi Festival – a celebration of Winter
 * Festivus: 23 December – a secular holiday created by Daniel O'Keefe and then made popular by his son Dan O'Keefe, a writer on the comedy television series Seinfeld, as an alternative to Christmas
 * Newtonmas: 25 December – As an alternative to celebrating the religious holiday Christmas, some atheists and skeptics have chosen to celebrate 25 December as Newtonmas, due to it being Isaac Newton's birthday on the old style date.
 * Boxing Day: 26 December
 * Kwanzaa: 26 December–1 January – Pan-African festival celebrated in the US
 * New Year's Eve: 31 December – last day of the Gregorian year
 * Ōmisoka:31 December – Japanese traditional celebration on the last day of the year
 * Hogmanay: night of 31 December–before dawn of 1 January – Scottish New Year's Eve celebration
 * Watch Night: 31 December
 * Unitarian Universalism
 * Chalica: first week of December – A holiday created in 2005, celebrated by some Unitarian Universalists.
 * Fictional or parody
 * Erastide: In David Eddings' Belgariad and Malloreon series, Erastide is a celebration of the day on which the Seven Gods created the world. Greetings ("Joyous Erastide") and gifts are exchanged, and feasts are held.
 * Feast of Winter Veil: 15 December–2 January – A holiday in World of Warcraft. This holiday is based on Christmas. Cities are decorated with lights and a tree with presents. Special quests, items and snowballs are available to players during this time. The character of "Greatfather Winter", who is modeled after Santa Claus, appears. Germanic tribes used to celebrate the Winter Solstice as a time to be thankful for the blessings given to them to survive harsh winters.  The term "Weil", incorrectly translated to "veil", means abundance in German.
 * Feast of Alvis: in the TV series Sealab 2021. "Believer, you have forgotten the true meaning of Alvis Day. Neither is it ham, nor pomp. Nay, the true meaning of Alvis day is drinking. Drinking and revenge."–Alvis
 * Hogswatch: a holiday celebrated in the fictional Discworld. It is very similar to the Christian celebration of Christmas.
 * Frostvale: the winter holidays in the Artix Entertainment universe
 * Decemberween: 25 December – a parody of Christmas that features gift-giving, carol-singing and decorated trees. The fact that it takes place on 25 December, the same day as Christmas, has been presented as just a coincidence, and it has been stated that Decemberween traditionally takes place "55 days after Halloween". The holiday has been featured in the Homestar Runner series.
 * Wintersday, the end-of-the-year celebration in the fictional universe of the Guild Wars franchise, starts every year mid December and ends the next year on early January.
 * IES Competition Time, Don's Event questions on the number of trips he took all over the world and in return offering prizes for the person who can guess closest. Follows this up with everyone's favourite Andrew Award presentation.
 * Winter's Crest: the winter celebration held on the continent of Tal'Dorei in the world of Exandria, as featured in the RPG show Critical Role.
 * Candlenights: pan-religious, pan-sexual, personal pan pizza winter holiday created by Justin, Travis, and Griffin McElroy. Featured on the podcasts My Brother, My Brother, and Me, and Adventure Zone.
 * Snowdown: A celebration observed in Runetera, The world in which League of Legends is set. During snowdown, starting in December and ending in January "Frost-chilled days give way to colder nights, but the warmth of Snowdown calls together kindred spirits and foes alike." During this time, winter game modes, winter cosmetic map changes, and new Snowdown skins are released, as well as the previous years' Snowdown skins being made available again.
 * Life Day: Wookiee celebration of life, featured in the Star Wars Holiday Special, in which Wookiees gather with family, wear long red robes, sing under sacred The Tree of Life and reminisce.
 * The Dawning: A celebration of the Light of the Traveler, and a time to spread cheer and give gifts to help keep The Darkness at bay during the long days of the winter months. Celebrated in the Destiny franchise of video games.

Movable date
The following festivals have no fixed date in the Gregorian calendar, and may be aligned with moon cycles or other calendars.

 * Chinese/Vietnamese/Korean/Mongolian/Tibetan
 * Lunar New Year: late January–mid February – considered the end of winter in the traditional Lunar calendar
 * Persian

 * Sadeh: A mid-winter feast to honor fire and to "defeat the forces of darkness, frost and cold". Sadé or Sada is an ancient Iranian tradition celebrated 50 days before Nowruz. Sadeh in Persian means "hundred" and refers to one hundred days and nights left to the beginning of the new year celebrated at the first day of spring on 21 March each year. Sadeh is a midwinter festival that was celebrated with grandeur and magnificence in ancient Iran. It was a festivity to honor fire and to defeat the forces of darkness, frost, and cold.
 * Chahar Shanbeh Suri: Festival of Fire, Last Tuesday of the Iranian Calendar year. It marks the importance of the light over the darkness, and arrival of spring and revival of nature. Chahārshanbe–Sūri (Persian: چهارشنبه‌سوری), pronounced Chārshanbe–Sūri (Persian: چارشنبه‌سوری) is the ancient Iranian festival dating at least back to 1700 BCE of the early Zoroastrian era.[1] The festival of fire is a prelude to the ancient Norouz festival, which marks the arrival of spring and revival of nature. Chahrshanbeh Soori, is celebrated the last Tuesday night of the year.
 * Mandaeism

 * Parwanaya: Five days that Hayyi Rabbi created the angels and the universe. The 5 epagomenals (extra days) inserted at the end of every Šumbulta (the 8th month) constitute the Parwanaya intercalary feast.
 * Dehwa Daimana: Birthday of John the Baptist.
 * Kanshiy u-Zahly: New Year's Eve
 * Dehwa Rabba: New Year's Day
 * Dehwa d-Šišlam Rabba or Nauruz Zūṭa : Little New Year, on the 6th-7th days of Daula, corresponding to Epiphany in Christianity. The Night of Power takes place on the night of the 6th day (similar to Qadr Night), during which the heavenly gates of Abatur are open to the faithful. Priests visit Mandaean households and give them myrtle wreaths to hang on their houses for the rest of the year to protect against evil. The households also donate alms to the priests.
 * Dehwa Hanina or Dehwa Ṭurma: the Little Feast, begins on the 18th day of Taura. This holiday commemorates the ascension of Hibil Ziwa from the underworld to the Lightworld. The feast lasts for three days. On the first day, Mandaean families visit each other and have a special breakfast of rice, yogurt, and dates. Baptisms are performed, and the dead are commemorated with lofani (ritual meals).
 * Ead Fel: (Memorial Day) Crushed dates with roasted sesame seeds are eaten.
 * Ashoriya (Ashuriyah): Day of remembrance for the drowned people of Noah's flood. Grains and cereals are eaten. Mandaeans believe that on this day, Noah and his son Sam made the food of forgiveness of sins for the souls of those who died in the flood. The food of forgiveness consists of seven grains representing the seven days of the week, and from the grounding of these seven grains came the name Abu Al-Harees. (See Ashure or Noah's pudding)
 * Islam
 * Ramadan: During this holy time, the ninth month of the Islamic calendar year, Muslims do not eat, drink, or smoke from sunrise to sunset for an entire month. Instead, they spend their days in worship, praying in mosques. At the end of Ramadan, people celebrate with a festival known as Eid al-Fitr.
 * Eid al-Fitr is the earlier of the two official holidays celebrated within Islam (the other being Eid al-Adha). The religious holiday is celebrated by Muslims worldwide because it marks the end of the month-long dawn-to-sunset fasting of Ramadan. The day is also called Lesser Eid, or simply Eid
 * Eid al-Adha is the latter of the two official holidays celebrated within Islam (the other being Eid al-Fitr). The day is also sometimes called Big Eid or the Greater Eid.
 * Islamic New Year, also called the Hijri New Year or Arabic New Year, is the day that marks the beginning of a new lunar Hijri year, and is the day on which the year count is incremented.
 * Ashura is an Islamic holiday that occurs on the tenth day of Muharram, the first month in the Islamic lunar calendar.
 * Mawlid Mawlid an-Nabi ash-Sharif or Eid Milad un Nabi is the observance of the birthday of the Islamic prophet Muhammad[6] which is commemorated in Rabi' al-awwal, the third month in the Islamic calendar.
 * Isra and Mi'raj are the two parts of a Night Journey that, according to Islam, the Islamic prophet Muhammad (570–632) took during a single night around the year 621. The journey and ascent are marked as one of the most celebrated dates in the Islamic calendar.
 * Mid-Sha'ban also Bara'at Night, is a Muslim holiday observed by Muslim communities on the night between 14 and 15 Sha'ban (the same night as Shab-e-barat)
 * Day of Arafah is an Islamic holiday that falls on the 9th day of Dhu al-Hijjah of the lunar Islamic Calendar. It is the holiest day in the Islamic calendar (the holiest night being The Night of Power), the second day of the Hajj pilgrimage, and the day after is the first day of the major Islamic holiday of Eid al-Adha.
 * Judaism

 * Pesach: late March or in April Festival celebrating the Hebrews captivity in Egypt at the time when God commanded Moses to ask for the Hebrew people to be released. As a result of being denied, 10 plagues came upon Egypt.  One being the Angel of death coming and the first born son of each home dying.  But God commanded the Hebrews to apply lambs blood to the door posts as a sign for the Angel to pass that house.
 * Shavuot: mid May to mid June
 * Rosh Hashanah: usually September, sometimes early October
 * Yom Kippur: late September, early October
 * Sukkot: sometimes late September, usually October
 * Hanukkah – Ḥănukkāh, usually spelled חנוכה, pronounced [χanuˈka] in Modern Hebrew; a transliteration also romanized as Chanukah), also known as the Festival of Lights or the Feast of Dedication, is an eight-day Jewish holiday commemorating the re-dedication of the Holy Temple (the Second Temple) in Jerusalem at the time of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire of the 2nd century BC. Hanukkah is observed for eight nights and days, starting on the 25th day of Kislev according to the Hebrew calendar, which may occur at any time from late November to late December in the Gregorian calendar.
 * Purim: late February, early March
 * Hinduism
 * Diwali: mid-October–mid-November – known as the Festival of Lights, this Hindu holiday celebrates the victory of good over evil. The five-day festival is marked by ceremonies, fireworks and sweets.
 * Navratri: The great nine nights of the Goddess Durga, commemorating Her victory against the demon Mahishasura.
 * Kartik Purnima
 * Onam
 * Janamashtami
 * Rama Navami
 * Maha Shivaratri
 * Sharad Purnima / Lakshmi Puja / Kali Puja
 * Vasant Panchami
 * All Hindu festivals except Gandhi Jayanti.
 * Slavic

 * Malanka caps off the festivities of the Christmas holidays
 * Maslenitsa in Slavic mythology, a celebration of the imminent end of the winter
 * Christian
 * Shrove Tuesday: one day before Ash Wednesday, 47 days before Easter
 * Easter:  the first Sunday after the Paschal full moon/the first full moon after the vernal equinox—shortly after Passover; typically in April, but sometimes in March or May
 * Good Friday: Good Friday is a Christian religious holiday commemorating the crucifixion of Jesus Christ and his death at Calvary. The holiday is observed during Holy Week as part of the Paschal Triduum on the Friday preceding Easter Sunday, and may coincide with the Jewish observance of Passover. It is also known as Holy Friday, Great Friday, Black Friday, or Easter Friday, though the last term properly refers to the Friday in Easter week.
 * Advent: Advent is the preparation season for Christmas, when the first candle is lit on the Advent wreath and decorations go up. It starts on the first of four Sundays that precede Christmas. It can be as early as 27 November or as late as 3 December, depending on which day of the week Christmas falls. It will start on 1 December if Christmas is on a Wednesday.
 * Pastafarian
 * Holiday: Around the time of Christmas, Hanukkah and Kwanzaa (generally known as the Christmas and holiday season), Pastafarians celebrate a vaguely defined holiday named "Holiday". Holiday does not take place on a specific date so much as it is the Holiday season itself. There are no specific requirements for Holiday, and Pastafarians celebrate Holiday however they please. They also celebrate Pastover and Ramendan.
 * Religion

Many religions whose holidays were formulated before the worldwide spread of the Gregorian calendar have been assigned to dates either according to their own internal religious calendar, or moon cycles, or otherwise. Even within Christianity, Easter is a movable feast and Christmas is celebrated according to the older Julian calendar instead of the Gregorian by some sects of the religion.


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Encephalopathy

Encephalopathy (from ἐνκέφαλος "brain" + πάθος "suffering") means any disorder or disease of the brain, especially chronic degenerative conditions. In modern usage, encephalopathy does not refer to a single disease, but rather to a syndrome of overall brain dysfunction; this syndrome has many possible organic and inorganic causes.

Types
There are many types of encephalopathy. Some examples include:
 * Mitochondrial encephalopathy: Metabolic disorder caused by dysfunction of mitochondrial DNA. Can affect many body systems, particularly the brain and nervous system.
 * Acute necrotizing encephalopathy, rare disease that occurs following a viral infection.
 * Glycine encephalopathy: A genetic metabolic disorder involving excess production of glycine.
 * Hepatic encephalopathy: Arising from advanced cirrhosis of the liver.
 * Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy: Permanent or transitory encephalopathy arising from severely reduced oxygen delivery to the brain.
 * Static encephalopathy: Unchanging, or permanent, brain damage, usually caused by prenatal exposure to ethanol.
 * Uremic encephalopathy: Arising from high levels of toxins normally cleared by the kidneys—rare where dialysis is readily available.
 * Wernicke's encephalopathy: Arising from thiamine (B1) deficiency, usually in the setting of alcoholism.
 * Hashimoto's encephalopathy: Arising from an auto-immune disorder.
 * Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: An auto-immune encephalitis.
 * Hyperammonemia: A condition caused by high levels of ammonia, which is due to inborn errors of metabolism (including urea cycle disorder or multiple carboxylase deficiency), a diet with excessive levels of protein, deficiencies of specific nutrients such as arginine or biotin, or organ failure.
 * Hypertensive encephalopathy: Arising from acutely increased blood pressure.
 * Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: A progressive degenerative disease associated with repeated head trauma, often linked to contact sports.
 * Lyme encephalopathy: Arising from Lyme disease bacteria, including Borrelia burgdorferi.
 * Toxic encephalopathy: A form of encephalopathy caused by chemicals and prescription drugs, often resulting in permanent brain damage.
 * Toxic-metabolic encephalopathy: A catch-all for brain dysfunction caused by infection, organ failure, or intoxication.
 * Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy: A collection of diseases all caused by prions, and characterized by "spongy" brain tissue (riddled with holes), impaired locomotion or coordination, and a 100% mortality rate. Includes bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease), scrapie, and kuru among others.
 * Neonatal encephalopathy (hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy): An obstetric form, often occurring due to lack of oxygen in bloodflow to brain-tissue of the fetus during labour or delivery.
 * Salmonella encephalopathy: A form of encephalopathy caused by food poisoning (especially out of peanuts and rotten meat) often resulting in permanent brain damage and nervous system disorders.
 * Encephalomyopathy: A combination of encephalopathy and myopathy. Causes may include mitochondrial disease (particularly MELAS) or chronic hypophosphatemia, as may occur in cystinosis.
 * Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD; transmissible spongiform encephalopathy).
 * HIV encephalopathy (encephalopathy associated with HIV infection and AIDS, characterized by atrophy and ill-defined white matter hyperintensity).
 * Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (this type can occur in the setting of apparent sepsis, trauma, severe burns, or trauma, even without clear identification of an infection).
 * Epileptic encephalopathies:
 * Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (acquired or congenital abnormal cortical development).
 * Early myoclonic epileptic encephalopathy (possibly due to metabolic disorders).
 * Gluten encephalopathy: Focal abnormalities of the white matter (generally area of low perfusion) are appreciated through magnetic resonance. Migraine is the most common symptom reported.
 * BRAT1 Encephalopathy: An ultra-rare autosomal recessive neonatal encephalopathy.

Toxicity from chemotherapy
Chemotherapy medication, for example, fludarabine can cause a permanent severe global encephalopathy. Ifosfamide can cause a severe encephalopathy (but it can be reversible with stopping use of the drug and starting the use of methylene blue). Bevacizumab and other anti–vascular endothelial growth factor medication can cause posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome.

Signs and symptoms
The hallmark of encephalopathy is an altered mental state or delirium. Characteristic of the altered mental state is impairment of the cognition, attention, orientation, sleep–wake cycle and consciousness. An altered state of consciousness may range from failure of selective attention to drowsiness. Hypervigilance may be present; with or without: cognitive deficits, headache, epileptic seizures, myoclonus (involuntary twitching of a muscle or group of muscles) or asterixis ("flapping tremor" of the hand when wrist is extended).

Depending on the type and severity of encephalopathy, common neurological symptoms are loss of cognitive function, subtle personality changes, and an inability to concentrate. Other neurological signs may include dysarthria, hypomimia, problems with movements (they can be clumsy or slow), ataxia, tremor. Other neurological signs may include involuntary grasping and sucking motions, nystagmus (rapid, involuntary eye movement), jactitation (restlessness while in bed), and respiratory abnormalities such as Cheyne-Stokes respiration (cyclic waxing and waning of tidal volume), apneustic respirations and post-hypercapnic apnea. Focal neurological deficits are less common.

Wernicke encephalopathy can co-occur with Korsakoff alcoholic syndrome, characterized by amnestic-confabulatory syndrome: retrograde amnesia, anterograde amnesia, confabulations (invented memories), poor recall and disorientation.

Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is the most common autoimmune encephalitis. It can cause paranoid and grandiose delusions, agitation, hallucinations (visual and auditory), bizarre behavior, fear, short-term memory loss, and confusion.

HIV encephalopathy can lead to dementia.

Diagnosis
Blood tests, cerebrospinal fluid examination by lumbar puncture (also known as spinal tap), brain imaging studies, electroencephalography (EEG), neuropsychological testing and similar diagnostic studies may be used to differentiate the various causes of encephalopathy.

Diagnosis is frequently clinical. That is, no set of tests give the diagnosis, but the entire presentation of the illness with nonspecific test results informs the experienced clinician of the diagnosis.

Treatment
Treatment varies according to the type and severity of the encephalopathy. Anticonvulsants may be prescribed to reduce or halt any seizures. Changes to diet and nutritional supplements may help some people. In severe cases, dialysis or organ replacement surgery may be needed.

Sympathomimetic drugs can increase motivation, cognition, motor performance and alertness in persons with encephalopathy caused by brain injury, chronic infections, strokes, brain tumors.

When the encephalopathy is caused by untreated celiac disease or non-celiac gluten sensitivity, the gluten-free diet stops the progression of brain damage and improves the headaches.

Prognosis
Treating the underlying cause of the disorder may improve or reverse symptoms. However, in some cases, the encephalopathy may cause permanent structural changes and irreversible damage to the brain. These permanent deficits can be considered a form of stable dementia. Some encephalopathies can be fatal.

Terminology
Encephalopathy is a difficult term because it can be used to denote either a disease or finding (i.e., an observable sign in a person).

When referring to a finding, encephalopathy refers to permanent (or degenerative) brain injury, or a reversible one. It can be due to direct injury to the brain, or illness remote from the brain. The individual findings that cause a clinician to refer to a person as having encephalopathy include intellectual disability, irritability, agitation, delirium, confusion, somnolence, stupor, coma and psychosis. As such, describing a person as having a clinical picture of encephalopathy is not a very specific description.

When referring to a disease, encephalopathy refers to a wide variety of brain disorders with very different etiologies, prognoses and implications. For example, prion diseases, all of which cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, are invariably fatal, but other encephalopathies are reversible and can have a number of causes including nutritional deficiencies and toxins.

title: Encephalopathy


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Sisters of Loreto

The Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary, whose members are commonly known as the Loreto Sisters, is a Roman Catholic religious congregation of women dedicated to education founded in Saint-Omer by an Englishwoman, Mary Ward, in 1609. The congregation takes its name from the Marian shrine at Loreto in Italy where Ward used to pray. Ward was declared Venerable by Pope Benedict XVI on 19 December 2009. The Loreto Sisters use the initials I.B.V.M. after their names.

Although education was its primary work, today the congregation is engaged in a wide variety of ministries: literacy programmes, spiritual direction, counselling, managing shelters for homeless women as well as several aspects of the movement for greater justice and peace in the world. The Loreto Sisters operate some 150 schools worldwide, educating over 70,000 pupils.

Foundation

Ward was born in Mulwith, North Yorkshire in 1585. She entered a monastery of Poor Clares at Saint-Omer in the then Spanish Netherlands as a lay sister in 1606, and the following year founded a new monastery of the Order specifically for English women at nearby Gravelines. Mary Ward was inspired by the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola (referred to as Ignatian spirituality). She had a vision for a different, new and modern mode of religious life for women. She envisioned women living a life in companionship and discernment, inspired by the Gospel and engaging with the world without the constraints of the traditional cloister, nor an established 'rule' placing them under the governance of the local bishop. These ideas contradicted the norms established by the Council of Trent and presented great difficulty for the leadership of the Church of that period.

Ward also believed that women were equal to men in intellect and should be educated accordingly. She travelled through Europe, mainly on foot, establishing schools in Belgium, Bavaria, Austria and Italy. Houses were founded in Angers, Cologne, Rome, Paris, and the Netherlands. A novitiate was established in Liège. The circumstances of the time and the widespread suspicion of Jesuits did not allow her to succeed with the foundation of a religious institute according to her vision. Indeed, although the Institute experienced significant success after its foundation in 1609, it was suppressed in 1631.

Development
On the suppression of Mary Ward's first congregation, styled by its opponents the "Jesuitesses", a greater number of the members returned to the world or entered other religious orders. A certain number, however, who desired still to live in religion under the guidance of Ward, were sheltered with the permission of Pope Urban VIII in the Paradeiser Haus, Munich, by the Elector of Bavaria, Maximilian I. The Institute continued to survive mainly in Germany, Austria, and England, but had no official status as a religious congregation and nor official title. Gradually it came to be known on the European continent as "the English Ladies". Some of the younger members were transferred at the pope's desire to Rome, there to live with Mary Ward and be trained by her in the religious life. Her work, therefore, was not destroyed, but reconstituted with certain modifications of detail.

In 1639, with letters of introduction from Pope Urban to Queen Henrietta Maria, Mary returned to England and established herself in London. In 1642 she journeyed northward with her household and established a convent at Heworth, near York, where she died in 1645. It was not until 1703 that what is termed the Second Institute received papal approval for its rule from the then pope, Clement IX, and then canonical recognition as a religious institute by Pope Pius IX.

Bar Convent
In 1669, Frances Bedingfeld, superior of the mother house of the order in Munich, went to England at the request of Queen Catherine of Braganza, wife of Charles II, to establish a house in London. With a group of the English members, she set up a school for young women, first at St. Martin's Lane, then at Hammersmith. In England, she wore secular garb, and was known as Mrs. Long.

From this community, she founded Bar Convent in York in 1677 at the invitation of Sir Thomas Gascoigne. This was the first convent to be opened in England since the dissolution of the monasteries in 1536. A boarding school for Catholic girls was followed in 1699 by a free day school. Suspected of harboring Catholic priests, both houses experienced frequent harassment by local magistrates. One of the sisters of the Bar Convent was Mother Mary Loyola, an internationally bestselling author of Catholic books.

Ireland
In the early 19th century, the Loreto sisters developed as a distinct community in Ireland. Under the guidance of Sister Frances Mary Teresa Ball, Mary Ward's Institute developed in and from Ireland. Their role in developing education was central to their work, including the advancement of women in third-level education under the guidance of such superiors as Mother Mary Eucharia Ryan. In 1841 Sister Delphine Hart began the foundation in India. Foundations followed in Mauritius, England, Spain, South Africa, Kenya, Canada, the USA and Peru.

North America and beyond
At the invitation of Bishop Michael Power of Toronto, five Loreto Sisters under Mother Teresa Ellen Dease arrived in the city in 1847 and founded their first school. Since the 1920s their motherhouse has been at Loretto Abbey (Hoggs Hollow), which housed a girls' secondary school: Loretto Abbey Catholic Secondary School. In 1987 management of the school was turned over to the Toronto Catholic District School Board. The Sisters also founded Loretto College School on Brunswick Avenue in 1915 and started a college and residence for women at St. Michael's College in the University of Toronto. The sisters also established many other schools across Canada, both at the elementary and secondary levels.

In 1880, the first community was established in the United States at Joliet, Illinois. In 1892 the IBVMs expanded their ministry into the city of Chicago and suburbs. Because of the difficulties in overseas communication and the different directions of the North American versus European education systems, the Canadian and United States communities suggested that a North American Generalate would best serve the needs of the times, and as a result, a North American Branch was officially created in 1881.

The Loreto Sisters arrived in Australia in 1875 in response to a request by the Bishop of Ballarat, Bishop O'Connell. The group from Ireland, led by Mother Gonzaga Barry, set up a convent in Ballarat, Victoria and their first school, Loreto College, Ballarat, was originally known as "Mary's Mount". In New South Wales in 1892 a day school was established in Randwick, and in 1897 Loreto Normanhurst began as a boarding school. The Randwick day school moved to Milson's Point in 1901 to begin what is now known as Loreto Kirribilli. The IBVM in Australia also has schools in Brisbane (Loreto College, Coorparoo), Adelaide (Loreto College, Marryatville), Melbourne (Loreto Mandeville Hall) and Perth (Loreto Nedlands Primary School).

The 19th century saw the establishment of Loreto schools and colleges in India which became some of the most highly regarded places of education for women. The same century saw sisters from Ireland establishing a mission in South Africa in 1878. The first years of the 20th century (1904) saw the establishment of a convent in Spain by the Sisters who had a convent in Gibraltar.

Mother Teresa was part of the congregation from 1928 till 1950, during which she founded the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta.

Today
Today, Sisters of the institute are found worldwide. It had historically been divided into three main groups known as the Roman Branch, the Irish Branch and the North American Branch. This situation changed in September 2003, when the Sisters of the Irish and North American Branches voted to reunite. From this, confirmed by papal decree, a new entity has been forged, now referred to as The Loreto Branch. The Roman Branch received permission from the Vatican to change its name, to reflect more closely Mary Ward's vision of a Jesuit order for women. The Roman Branch is now Congregatio Jesu or the Congregation of Jesus.

In Ireland, the Sisters run a number of day-schools for girls, and until recently ran a girls' boarding school at Rathfarnham, Dublin.

The Sisters established a number of girls' schools in England and Northern Ireland, although a number have gone coeducational. Most have joined the state sector with many run as private schools under the trusteeship of the order. Loreto High School in Chorlton, Manchester is the first Loreto school in the country to be coeducational from its inception.

The South African Province has apostolates in Pretoria, Witbank and Cape Town all of which focus on marginalised women; the Sisters also have a mission in Zambia which was established in 2006.

Like the Sisters in other provinces, those of the Spanish Province, though small in number, work primarily with disadvantaged women and children.

The Sisters of the Australian Province work in Aboriginal welfare, rural communities and care for the aged as well as having outreach in Vietnam and East Timor. There are seven Loreto Colleges spread across five states, the oldest being the school in Ballarat, Victoria.

In North America, the Sisters have communities in Texas,California, Arizona, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and throughout Canada. Although the North American Sisters are involved in many aspects of education, they are also involved in many community outreach programs. This includes Mercy Home for Boys and Girls (Chicago), Marianjoy Rehabilitation Hospital (Wheaton), Pillars Community Services (Hickory Hills), the Loreto Center (Wheaton) and Wellspring Women's Center (Sacramento).

In South America the Congregation of Jesus has three private schools in Brazil (Instituto de Educação Beatíssima Virgem Maria - IEBVM, Colégio Santa Maria and Colégio Mary Ward) and three schools in Chile. The Brazilian Sisters often go on missionary travels to Piauí, one of the poorest states in Brazil.

United States
Loretto Academy, El Paso Texas

Canada

 * Loretto Abbey, Toronto
 * Loretto College School, Toronto
 * Mary Ward Catholic Secondary School, Toronto
 * Mary Ward Catholic Elementary School, Niagara Falls, Ontario

Ireland
There are also eight primary schools in Ireland:

Northern Ireland

 * Loreto College, Coleraine
 * Loreto Grammar School, Omagh

Gibraltar

 * Loreto Convent School

Mauritius

 * Loreto College of Port Louis, Mauritius
 * Loreto College of Rose-Hill, Mauritius
 * Loreto College of Curepipe, Mauritius
 * Loreto College of Saint Pierre, Mauritius
 * Loreto College of Quatre-Bornes, Mauritius
 * Loreto College of Mahebourg, Mauritius
 * Loreto College of Bambous Virieux, Mauritius

Kenya

 * Loreto Kiambu Girls' High School, Kenya
 * Loreto Convent Mombasa
 * Loreto High School, Limuru, Kenya
 * Loreto Convent Msongari, Lavington, Kenya
 * Loreto Convent Valley Road, Bishops Road, Kenya
 * Loreto High School, Matunda, Kenya
 * Loreto Convent Matunda, Eldoret, Kenya

South Africa

 * Loreto School, Queenswood, South Africa
 * Loreto Primary School, Strand, South Africa
 * Loreto Convent School, Pretoria, South Africa

South Sudan

 * Loreto Primary School - Rumbek, South Sudan
 * Loreto Girls Secondary School - Rumbek, South Sudan
 * Loreto Primary Health Care Unit - Rumbek, South Sudan

title: Sisters of Loreto


text:
Talk:List of multinational festivals and holidays

Orthodox Christmas is not January 6th
Orthodox Christmas is not January 6th. In Russia they celebrate Christmas on January 7th but that is only because December 25th in the Julian Calendar, the calendar the Russians and some other Orthodox use for religious purposes, falls on January 7th. But Orthodox Christmas is the 25th of December on both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. If you use the Julian calendar however Christmas will fall on the 7th of January on the Gregorian calendar as I already said. The Orthodox Church does not have a seperate Christmas from the 25th of December.did you know christmas is the day Jesus was born and died

POV
Apart from the spelling mistake in the title, I think this is a hopelessly POV page. -- Tarquin 15:28, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I think this page might be better served by being called, for example, "Festivals that occur near the Winter Solstice" or something of the sort. Christmas itself would then be included. - Montréalais 17:55, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * So I moved it. Montréalais
 * What's it for? Some of those Christian holidays (circumcision) are not "winter festivals" per se, though they occur during the winter. Evertype 13:54, 2004 Dec 24 (UTC)
 * For a user's POV in the POV discussion, I landed to this page after scouring the English wikipedia for "I have a colleague who follows religion X in (non-western) country Y, please give me an idea of whether there is something appropriate I can wish them (including if they even have 'holidays' at this time of year)". This service is not provided by Christmas worldwide as it describes how big an event the thing called Christmas is in a given country for a subset of them. Christmas and holiday season barely gets out of North America in its analysis (but links to this page in "see also", at least), and Christmas controversy discusses the history of gripes only, with a big box on the bottom on how Christmas specifically is celebrated. I found this article to be incomplete but still partially useful for my purpose, and compared to the others I dug through it seems the most appropriate location for the information as well. Sini Ruohomaa (talk) 11:42, 22 December 2011 (UTC)

Yule is not a celtic festival?
It's not a Celtic word, anyway. It's Germanic. Evertype 13:53, 2004 Dec 24 (UTC)

Non-Winter Non-Festival Holidays?
So why are All Saints Day (December 1) and St. Nicholas' Day (December 6) listed here when they are only nominally holidays, rather than celebrated with festivals, and they occur in the Fall? Winter starts on or about December 21 each year. You might as well list Saint Swithin's Day (July 15). 71.254.253.7 (talk) 00:53, 25 December 2010 (UTC)

Winter-Een-Mas
Does anyone actually celebrate this? If not, I suggest a "fictional" catagory, to which I can add Hogswatchnight 8-). Daibhid C 18:48, 17 December 2005 (UTC)
 * We could add the Pastafarian 'Holiday' here as well, if need be. -EarthRise33 (talk) 13:43, 4 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Did it. -EarthRise33 (talk) 04:58, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

Beaglemas
On 27 December 1831 Charles Darwin set forth in the HMS Beagle. This was an "On this day" article for 2006-12-27. I mentioned to a friend that it was yet another Winter festival... Googling does yield a few instances of Beaglemas greetings. Enough to list it here as a secular holiday? :-) -- Evertype·✆ 13:35, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

Protection
Mh.. I protected the page beacuse it was ongoing vandalism. I semiprotected first but the anonymous kpet vandalizing... sorry if this was wrong... but as you can see from the history the vandalism was going on even with the semi-protection --Legion fi 08:54, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Ok, I've succesfuly restored the article and moved it to semi-protect... hope the vandal is gone. --Legion fi 08:58, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Possible inclusions
Shouldn't Kwanzaa be included? Luis Dantas (talk) 16:26, 24 December 2007 (UTC)

Weird wording found

 * "Yuletide", in the Secular category, talks about two names but supplies only one. Luis Dantas (talk) 16:26, 24 December 2007 (UTC)

Halloween a winter festival?
From what I understand Halloween is a fall festival, not a winter festival. So what is it doing on this list? Can anybody clarify it's purpose for being here? Nomardll769 (talk) 00:37, 13 November 2010 (UTC)

Chalica
Chalica is listed under fictional holidays. It may be a newly created holiday but it is NOT fictional. It was created by real people in the real world, and is celebrated by real people in the real world. I'd move it myself, but I'm not sure where it should go. PLEASE fix this! musicalmeg20 (talk) 05:59, 23 December 2010 (UTC)

Groundhog Day
Groundhog day is assuredly a winter festival. It seems to be a modern evolution from Candlemas day. See the movie, it is great. I will add it later when I have a bit more time. --Marcwiki9 (talk) 22:51, 23 December 2010 (UTC)

Christmas
Hmm..I would include Christmas as a secular holiday as well (unless the intent of the article is to have mutually exclusive celebrations, which also doesn't seem right). Many secular or non-religious people celebrate Christmas in a secular way (Christmas tree, Christmas lights, presents, mythology of Santa etc).Buzzbo (talk) 03:34, 24 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm not on any team watching this page, but you have a very good point that may be simple enough to address. What if under the Christian category, it can say "(celebrated as the birth of Jesus)" after "Christmas", and under the Secular category, it can say "(celebrated as a winter holiday)" or something to that effect after. Just a thought. musicalmeg20 (talk) 07:26, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

Hallowe'en not secular?
It is clearly stated on the Halloween page that Hallowe'en originates from all hallows ever which is the night before All Saints Day, which should thus make it religious holiday rather than secular. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.98.145.5 (talk) 06:35, 25 June 2011 (UTC)

Rookiemark (talk) 19:38, 22 November 2015 (UTC)I do not agree. All Saints day is November 1 which is a religious holiday or Holy day. All hallows eve is not based on religion and is not a "holy day" making it a secular event. It not a day when regular work activities are suspended so it is not "holiday" either. It is just a fun day. In contrast, Thanksgiving day is a day when regular work activities are suspended as a holiday. No religious events are associated with it. It is a day when people gathered to give thanks to people, hard-work and grace of their God. Thus one could argue it is a secular holiday where people of all faiths gather to be thankful for what they have (and not regretful or jealous of what they do not have).Rookiemark (talk) 19:38, 22 November 2015 (UTC)

Secular label causes confusion
As just mentioned, Halloween, Christmas, and Thanksgiving could be argued as being secular or not. Under the thanksgiving page, no where is the word secular even mentioned. It's silly to have a secular label, because every holiday can be celebrated in a secular way. I would suggest removing the secular label and defining a more precise labeling system. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 18.82.8.0 (talk) 18:49, 21 December 2011 (UTC)

List of 'winter' festivals?
I'm thinking that maybe this article should be renamed to something along the lines of "List of holidays and festivals", as it is being expanded to include non-winter Festivals.

--82.34.243.21 (talk) 21:32, 24 November 2012 (UTC)

"In many English-speaking countries"
"In many English-speaking countries, the period of time around the winter solstice is known as the holiday season". What absolute nonsense. In the UK and Ireland it is called "Christmas", even by atheists. In Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, winter is nowhere near most of the festivals listed in this article, so it's hardly holiday season. Essentially, "many English-speaking countries" should be replaced by "the United States and possibly Canada". Bazonka (talk) 18:50, 22 February 2013 (UTC)

Agnostica
Should this: http://www.agnostica.com/ be added?... (probably to secular rather than fictional, since I think there are actually people who celebrate it to some extent...) Tamtrible (talk) 00:56, 13 December 2013 (UTC)

redirect?
I tried to make a redirect request here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_creation/Redirects/2013-12#Redirect_request:_December_holidays_.2C_end_of_year_holidays_.2C_winter_holidays and it got ignored. This seems like... a particularly timely redirect request, as people may be trying right now to figure out things like "My friend is of X religion, what holiday can I wish her a nice one of?"... Tamtrible (talk) 18:19, 16 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Doesn't seem unreasonable. Is there any reason you haven't just created these yourself? You can, you know... Yunshui 雲  水  08:50, 20 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Don't entirely know how... Tamtrible (talk) 15:56, 20 December 2013 (UTC)

This article doesn't know what it's about
This article has become basically a completely arbitrarily collected list of festivals from all around the calendar year, ranging from the Northern Hemisphere's harvest-timed festivals to its winter solstice-timed festivals, then it has the Southern Hemisphere festivals in July, and also a strange "Winter festivals in popular culture" section, which is really just fictionalized versions of Christmas from TV shows, a common trope as noted at TVTropes.org. And the "Other calendars" section is just a mess.

Either this article should just be renamed to "List of festivals and holidays" and expand to include virtually all festivals and holidays, or be more specific and include either only festivals around the winter solstice, during the winter season, during the harvest season, or whatever users here want to decide. Maybe it could be separated into various articles. The current state of the article with its current title and current listings just doesn't make any sense. I'd love to have talk about this with others here before making any changes, but if no one joins the discussion I will take the bold initiative to do something about it one way or another. Crumpled Fire (talk) 14:47, 13 September 2014 (UTC)

 * A reasonable thing to do might be to rename it to "list of festivals and holidays", then group it in sections seasonally (eg: fall/harvest, winter, spring), with an additional section for "roving" holidays, and fictional holidays grouped under their appropriate season. Tamtrible (talk) 00:14, 14 September 2014 (UTC)

 * Mostly that sounds like a good idea, but remember that the seasons are different depending on whether you're in the Northern Hemisphere or the Southern Hemisphere. A good example of a problem would be that Christmas is celebrated on December 25 in both Europe and Australia, and this date falls during winter in Europe, but summer in Australia. I do agree with your idea that listing all holidays here seems to be the best idea, but maybe the best categorization is by Month, then subsection by religion/culture/country. I think the fictional holidays can still all be in one section, but rename it to something other than the current ridiculous "Winter festivals in popular culture". And we can get rid of the "Other calendars" section and just move those holidays to their respective category by Month/Religion/etc. I might start work on it now, and you can leave feedback and we can adjust accordingly. Crumpled Fire (talk) 19:19, 14 September 2014 (UTC)

 * I also wanted to add that I think "List of multinational festivals and holidays" is the best choice for a title, because List of holidays by country already exists, so we need to distinguish the two and not include any nation-specific holidays in the list here. Crumpled Fire (talk) 19:22, 14 September 2014 (UTC)

 * There is no definition of a 'major religion'. Does a religion need to be theistic? What is major?  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.68.84.62 (talk) 18:32, 14 December 2020 (UTC)

Can someone add the major Jewish holidays
And Easter, too. They'd all go in the "moveable" section, most likely, though if they always or almost always fall within the same month, you can place them appropriately (donno, not Jewish).

And, the last bit in the "moveable" section... doesn't quite seem in keeping with the rest of the list.

I think the major Islamic holidays are missing, too (like Ramadan). Tamtrible (talk) 06:36, 10 November 2014 (UTC)

Easter isn't in Winter, very often, and neither are a lot of the religious festivals on here - Winter starts generally in December (1st or 21st) and finishes Feb 28/9 or March 21st - so why loads of festivals from October-Nov are on here I don't know Dharkus (talk) 09:38, 25 December 2017 (UTC)

 * Because this is no longer "List of winter holidays", it is "List of multinational festivals and holidays". Tamtrible (talk) 01:29, 27 December 2017 (UTC)

Should we remove some of the "winter festival" holdovers that aren't multinational
Freezing Man, at least, seems inappropriate. Some of the rest I can see keeping (because of immigration, if nothing else--probably better to err on the side of not being too strict, probably better to have too much information than not enough), but there are a few others that could reasonably be argued. Tamtrible (talk) 00:17, 10 December 2014 (UTC)

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We need to do something more consistent with the movable holidays.
Most/all of the "movable" holidays happen at *roughly* the same time of year (at least, the ones we have listed seem to). Some are listed only in "movable", some are listed only in the general month list, some are listed both places.

We really ought to do, at least roughly, the same thing with all of them.

The options, as I see them: A. Any that have an approximate month, list only in that month, with the range listed. Use "movable" only for holidays that, eg, precess throughout the year because they're on a lunar calendar that never gets corrected to match the seasons (I think Ramadan's like that)

B. List in both places if applicable, with a full description in the month and a brief note in "movable".

C. List in both places if applicable, with a brief note in the month and a full description in movable

D. List them only in "movable", though perhaps breaking it into winter/spring/summer/fall/unfixed rather than leaving all "movable" holidays grouped only by religion/source culture.

Opinions? Tamtrible (talk) 10:31, 22 April 2017 (UTC)

If someone doesn't state some kind of opinion on this topic, I'm going to pick one. Probably C. Tamtrible (talk) 06:39, 8 June 2017 (UTC)

false information
Yom HaAtzmaut, Yom HaShoah and YomHaZikaron are not jewish holidays. They are holidays in Israel. — Preceding unsigned comment added by HarelKarni (talk • contribs) 08:18, 12 December 2017 (UTC)

Secular Day of Awareness
Dec. 1 is World AIDS Day — Preceding unsigned comment added by Crow60 (talk • contribs) 01:47, 2 December 2020 (UTC)

 * feel free to add it... Tamtrible (talk) 04:21, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

Shouldn't Boxing Day be categorized under Christianity rather than Secular?
Judging from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_Day
 * "Boxing Day is a holiday celebrated the day after Christmas Day, thus being the second day of Christmastide."
 * "In parts of Europe, such as Romania, Hungary, Germany, Poland, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, Catalonia and Scandinavia, 26 December is celebrated as a second Christmas Day."
 * "It is sometimes believed to be in reference to the Alms Box placed in the narthex of Christian churches to collect donations to the poor. The tradition may come from a custom in the late Roman/early Christian era wherein alms boxes placed in churches were used to collect special offerings tied to the Feast of Saint Stephen, which in the Western Christian Churches falls on the same day as Boxing Day, the second day of Christmastide." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.109.84.66 (talk) 21:56, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

Mid-Autumn Or Moon Festival
I think that Mid-Autumn Festival should be included given that it is the second most important East Asian festival after Lunar New Year according to its wikipedia page. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Autumn_Festival

It would be under moveable since it follows the Lunar calendar and usually falls in September or October.

24.38.252.13 (talk) 03:02, 18 January 2021 (UTC)Justin Gomez

 * Feel free to add it... Tamtrible (talk) 08:05, 21 January 2021 (UTC)

Some cleanup we probably need
1. How aggressive should we be about removing non-multinational holidays? And can someone confirm for me whether or not these actually are non-multinational?

The ones I see so far:

Juneteenth : 19 June (US-only, afaik)

Columbus Day: 12 October or the second Monday in October (likewise)

Indigenous Peoples' Day: the second Monday in October (likewise)

Calan Gaeaf: 1 November – the first day of winter in Wales (is this celebrated anywhere besides Wales?)

Guy Fawkes Night: 5 November – celebrated in the UK commemorating the anniversary of the Gunpowder Plot (UK-only, afaik)

Maaveerar Naal: 27 November: Remembrance day observed by Sri Lankan Tamils in honour of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. (sounds pretty uninational to me)

Yom Ha'atzmaut: Israeli Independence Day (again, single nation)

2. Can someone please try to add dates to the dateless entries, and properly flag the "movable" ones? The problem children I see:

Losar: Sometime in February (Moveable) (not listed in the "moveable", presumably because it's only in February, but if that's the case, it shouldn't have the "moveable" tag)

Sapta-Bipta (Maithil worship festival Sapta Mai worship) (also has bad links)

Holi (Hindu holiday in honor of Lord Vishnu)

Rama Navami: birth of the god Rama

Hanuman Jayanti: typically a week after Rama Navami, in honour of the birth of Hanuman

Gangaur: occurring in April, in honour of the victory of Goddess Mahagauri

Maithil: occurring in April, Joor-seetal First day of Mithila calendar

Yom HaShoah

Lag BaOmer

Vesak: Buddha's Birthday – celebrated on Vesak Full Moon by most buddhists. (some indication of where that falls on the Julian calendar would be good...)

Yom HaZikaron

Yom Ha'atzmaut: Israeli Independence Day

Raib-Shain Paavein Worship of Sun and Saturn god (also, bad link)

We Tripantu

Ratha Yatra: procession of Vishnu

Asalha Puja: Dhamma Day a Day When First Time Buddha gave Dhamma (updesh) To his First Five Sermons It Celebrate on full moon Day of Ashaldh

Guru Purnima: a reverential day in honour of all teachers and instructors.

Devshayani Ekadashi: solemnity of the repose of Vishnu, coincides with the first day of the highly inauspicious Chaturmas season.

Raksha Bandhan: a festival commemorating filial love.

Krishna Janmashtami: birth anniversary of Krishna.

Onam: a festival of Kerala, India.

Simchat Torah

Navratri: celebrates the conquest of Goddess Durga

Kartik Purnima: An additional commemoration of the Celestial Diwali, or the "Diwali of the Gods"; hence the Sanskrit appellation "Dev Diwali", in honour of Vishnu, Kartikeya and Goddess Ganga.

Mōdraniht: or Mothers' Night, the Saxon winter solstice festival.

Dongzhi Festival – a celebration of Winter

Navratri: The great nine nights of the Goddess Durga, commemorating Her victory against the demon Mahish Navratri: The great nine nights of the Goddess Durga, commemorating Her victory against the demon Mahishasura.

Kartik Purnima

Onam

Janamashtami

Rama Navami

Maha Shivaratri

Sharad Purnima / Lakshmi Puja / Kali Puja

Vasant Panchami

Malanka caps off the festivities of the Christmas holidays

Maslenitsa in Slavic mythology, a celebration of the imminent end of the winter

Anyone feel up to tackling these? Tamtrible (talk) 19:22, 7 December 2021 (UTC)

Also, all of the Mandaeism entries are under "moveable", but they're on a 365 day calendar, so they should probably have associated Gregorian calendar dates, or at least approximate months (does their calendar have leap days?...) Tamtrible (talk) 23:06, 15 January 2022 (UTC)

 * It having been a year since I first posted this, and seeing no objections, I'm removing the non-multinational holidays that I listed above. Tamtrible (talk) 05:20, 20 February 2023 (UTC)

There are a bunch of "Saint X" days listed as secular...
Should they be? The only ones that I know are generally treated as secular holidays are Valentine's and St. Patrick's. The rest should, presumably, be listed as "Christian" rather than "Secular". Tamtrible (talk) 22:00, 18 August 2022 (UTC)

West
West 2600:1700:E580:2160:B880:F3E:5408:3154 (talk) 01:56, 26 August 2022 (UTC)