text:
Talk:'Salem's Lot

Title
Please note that this article's name has been debated in the past. The official name for the book is 'salem's Lot. The ' at the start should be there, along with the lowercase S. This is due to the fact that this is not Salem as in the MA city, but 'salem as in a shortening of Jerusalem. -- LGagnon

 * Sofa, could you please point me to the discussion of the title? While I understand your arguement, I disagree with it. I'd like to see the discussion before launching a new one. UtherSRG 14:04, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I see you've changed your name, but haven't answered my question. UtherSRG 19:27, 14 Dec 2003 (UTC)

The discussion was in a few User Talk pages of the contributors to this page. I believe you commented in one of them. -- LGagnon

 * I can't remember which page that was, but I do recall seeing something of it. It basically said what you said above. That's not a discussion, that's a decree, and it's wrong. The first letter of the title of a novel is capitalized. Period. UtherSRG 20:54, 14 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Capitalized
Excerpt from Stephen's Kings website. http://www.stephenking.com/pages/works/salems_lot/

Synopsis One of my high school classes was Fantasy and Science Fiction, and one of the novels I taught was Dracula. I was surprised at how vital it had remained over the years; the kids liked it, and I liked it, too. One night over supper I wondered aloud what would happen if Dracula came back in the twentieth century, to America. "He'd probably be run over by a Yellow Cab on Park Avenue and killed," my wife said. That closed the discussion, but in the following days, my mind kept returning to the idea. It occurred to me that my wife was probably right…if the legendary Count came to New York, that was. But if he were to show up in a sleepy little country town, what then? I decided I wanted to find out, so I wrote 'Salem's Lot, which was originally titled Second Coming.

Capitalized.

 * I guess that outranks the book itself, then, since in the book the place is referred to as 'salem's Lot, without the capital. Then again, it's not really something major enough to raise a fuss over I think.  It doesn't hurt the article regardless of which capitalization is used, at least in my opinion. Errick 03:03, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, come to think of it, there are a few references to the nickname of the town in the article that maybe shouldn't be capitalized. Refences to the title of the book I'm pretty sure should be, but what about references to the town itself?Errick 03:06, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Jerusalem's Lot
Why does 'Jerusalem's Lot' redirect to this article? 'Salem's Lot and Jerusalem's Lot are two completely different and unrelated stories by King. Trau

 * Since there's not an article on "Jerusalem's Lot" (the other story), this article is probably the only place it's mentioned, therefore the redirect. Plus, ''salem's lot' is short for 'jerusalem's lot'. (this is my best guess) Lachatdelarue (talk) 01:03, 15 May 2005 (UTC)

Deleted Scenes and Whatnot
I have no idea what the editor was thinking or if he had any clue of what he was editing, but I reverted the edits that put the uncut book under the media adaptations and stating that the deleted scenes are from the 2004 movie...I mean, I'm all for assuming good faith, but come on...--CyberGhostface 03:52, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Characters
I've noted that Father Callahan has his own page, no doubt due to his involvement in the Dark Tower series. However, I was wondering if it would be good (allowed?) to make a character page for Salem's Lot and describe all the characters there, which I would have no problem doing. However, I'd like to know if this is appropriate, or if I should just add a section and describe them all here, which could end up running long. And then there's the final possibility that they shouldn't be added at all. Opinions?

PeteShanosky 01:39, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Well I guess no one has much to say. I'm going to go ahead and create the page, hopefully in the next few days, and give descriptions of the major characters. If anybody actually does come here, leave any concerns on this page or my user page. Thanks.

PeteShanosky 21:28, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Endless Sleep
In one of the book's section headings, King puts this quote:

"I heard a voice, crying from the deep: Come join me, baby, in my endless sleep -old rock'n roll song"

I've looked for the song he refers to and had no luck, the closest being a Billy Idol song composed after the book was written. Does anybody know what this song is? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 216.40.87.210 (talk) 08:01, 17 March 2007 (UTC). The name of the song is "Endless Sleep" by Jody Reynolds. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.124.193.192 (talk) 13:34, 10 July 2009 (UTC)

Cleaning Woman Sweeping Up Her Own Shadow
I read somewhere in the book a quote about a cleaning woman sweeping up her own shadow. I went back to find the quote or mention of this line and cannot find it. Can anyone help me locate it? sleguek@cs.com —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 207.15.10.10 (talk) 17:33, 26 March 2007 (UTC).
 * I don't recall this taking place in Salem's Lot. Maybe you got it confused with something else?--CyberGhostface 19:42, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

The passage you are referring to is located in Part III: The Deserted Village, The Lot (IV), Page 336 in the New English Library edition(1989) John shaft1980 03:53, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Salemslottrade.jpg
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If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 22:39, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Salemslothardcover.jpg
Image:Salemslothardcover.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 22:39, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://bookpoi.com/salem_s_lot_by_stephen_king_first_edition_identification.html
 * In 'Salem's Lot on 2011-05-20 21:16:55, 404 Not Found
 * In 'Salem's Lot on 2011-05-31 04:07:54, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 04:08, 31 May 2011 (UTC)

Trivia v. Necessary Info
I recently did some clean-up, mostly moving things around so they were where they made sense (e.g. putting info on the working title in the background section). I tried to make the information flow better, because within each section there didn't seem to be much of an organizing principle, rather just a bunch of things people thought were interesting, but with no transitions or connections between one and the next.

I think there's a bit too much focus on trivia. We don't need a paragraph of technical details on the illustrated edition. A sentence or two with an external link would be more useful to the average reader. Likewise, things like specifying the specific age range that Ben Mears lived in 'salem's Lot as a child, listing characters who were turned into vampires despite these characters appearing nowhere else in the plot summary, etc., are trivial. Assuming that the people who read this article aren't avid fans of the novel, listing names that mean nothing to them is confusing, not informative. I'd like some feedback before removing such detail, though. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mtkahn (talk • contribs) 23:00, 16 August 2015 (UTC)

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Repeated info
Does the article really need to repeat the exact same paragraph about the Castle Rock TV show references, a few lines from each other? --Kumagoro-42 (talk) 05:15, 19 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:'Salem's Lot


text:
Talk:Obelia

This page should probably be moved to a page titled "Hydroid" to be technically in line with the Tree of Life Project. However, this genus is often referred to by just the genus name. Any thoughts? --Mperkins 07:04, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Invertebrate Zoology
— Assignment last updated by GrillinBubbles (talk) 14:55, 19 October 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Obelia


text:
Hong Kong Progressive Alliance

The Hong Kong Progressive Alliance (HKPA) was a pro-Beijing, pro-business political party in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. It was established in 1994 and was merged into the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong (DAB) in 2005. The DAB then renamed as the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong.

Stances
The party was composed of mainly businessmen and professionals. The party was considered a pro-business conservative and pro-Beijing one. It assured another voting block in support of Beijing's interest. The basic platform of the party was to defend "One country-two systems" and the Basic Law, the mini-constitution of Hong Kong. It advocated handling political and social issues in a moderate, pragmatic and harmonious manner, and the 'progressive' development of democracy, emphasising 'stability, prosperity and progress'.

Party members maintained close relationships with Mainland China authorities. A number of them were deputies to the National People's Congress and members of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference of the People's Republic of China.

History
In July 1994, solicitor Ambrose Lau founded the 52-member Hong Kong Progressive Alliance in the direction of the New China News Agency which consisted of mostly pro-business factor of the CCP's united front, the Hong Kong Chinese Reform Association, the Federation for the Stability of Hong Kong and the New Hong Kong Alliance in preparation for the 1995 Legislative Council Election. Ambrose Lau became the only member won the seat in the election through the Election Committee. It merged with the Liberal Democratic Federation (LDF) in 1997, another pro-business party formed in 1990.

The party won 5 seats in the 1998 election of the Legislative Council, of which 2 were from functional constituencies and 3 were from the election commission. In the 2000 LegCo election, the party won 4 seats (excluding Choy So-yuk who had joined the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong (DAB) in the election). These included 1 seat each from geographical and function constituencies and 2 from election committee.

With the abolition of the election committee LegCo seats in 2004 election, the HKPA had an internal dispute on whether the party should send members for geographical direct elections. David Chu Yu-lin intended to run for a seat in New Territories East, and began canvassing, but suddenly decided to quit in late July. Tang Siu-tong also declined to run for re-election.

After that the party decided to let Tso Wung-wai to run for the election in New Territories East only, though there was a rumour that an independent candidate in New Territories West, Chow Ping-tim, was actually a member of HKPA. However, some outsiders think that HKPA was insincere in participating in direct elections and the dispute shows the party came to a decline. The party lost all the seats in the Legislative Council in the election.

HKPA merged with the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong (DAB) on 16 February 2005.

Members of the party in the Legislative Council

 * Choy Kan-pui
 * Choy So-yuk (also a DAB member)
 * David Chu Yu-lin
 * Hui Cheung-ching
 * Ambrose Lau Hon-chuen
 * Tang Siu-tong
 * Tso Wong Man-yin
 * Wong Siu-yee
 * Henry Wu
 * Charles Yeung

title: Hong Kong Progressive Alliance


text:
Lucas number

The Lucas sequence is an integer sequence named after the mathematician François Édouard Anatole Lucas (1842–1891), who studied both that sequence and the closely related Fibonacci sequence. Individual numbers in the Lucas sequence are known as Lucas numbers. Lucas numbers and Fibonacci numbers form complementary instances of Lucas sequences.

The Lucas sequence has the same recursive relationship as the Fibonacci sequence, where each term is the sum of the two previous terms, but with different starting values. This produces a sequence where the ratios of successive terms approach the golden ratio, and in fact the terms themselves are roundings of integer powers of the golden ratio. The sequence also has a variety of relationships with the Fibonacci numbers, like the fact that adding any two Fibonacci numbers two terms apart in the Fibonacci sequence results in the Lucas number in between.

The first few Lucas numbers are
 * 2, 1, 3, 4, 7, 11, 18, 29, 47, 76, 123, 199, 322, 521, 843, 1364, 2207, 3571, 5778, 9349, ... .

which coincides for example with the number of independent vertex sets for cyclic graphs $$C_n$$ of length $$n\geq2$$.

Definition
As with the Fibonacci numbers, each Lucas number is defined to be the sum of its two immediately previous terms, thereby forming a Fibonacci integer sequence. The first two Lucas numbers are $$L_0=2$$ and $$L_1=1$$, which differs from the first two Fibonacci numbers $$F_0=0$$ and $$F_1=1$$. Though closely related in definition, Lucas and Fibonacci numbers exhibit distinct properties.

The Lucas numbers may thus be defined as follows:

L_n := \begin{cases} 2              & \text{if } n = 0; \\ 1              & \text{if } n = 1; \\ L_{n-1}+L_{n-2} & \text{if } n > 1. \end{cases} $$ (where n belongs to the natural numbers)

All Fibonacci-like integer sequences appear in shifted form as a row of the Wythoff array; the Fibonacci sequence itself is the first row and the Lucas sequence is the second row. Also like all Fibonacci-like integer sequences, the ratio between two consecutive Lucas numbers converges to the golden ratio.

Extension to negative integers
Using $$L_{n-2}=L_{n}-L_{n-1}$$, one can extend the Lucas numbers to negative integers to obtain a doubly infinite sequence:
 * ..., −11, 7, −4, 3, −1, 2, 1, 3, 4, 7, 11, ... (terms $$L_n$$ for $$-5\leq{}n\leq5$$ are shown).

The formula for terms with negative indices in this sequence is
 * $$L_{-n}=(-1)^nL_n.\!$$

Relationship to Fibonacci numbers
The Lucas numbers are related to the Fibonacci numbers by many identities. Among these are the following:
 * $$L_n = F_{n-1}+F_{n+1} = 2F_{n+1}-F_n$$
 * $$L_{m+n} = L_{m+1}F_{n}+L_mF_{n-1}$$
 * $$F_{2n} = L_n F_n$$
 * $$F_{n+k} + (-1)^k F_{n-k} = L_k F_n$$
 * $$2F_{2n+k} = L_{n} F_{n+k} + L_{n+k} F_{n}$$
 * $$L_{2n} = 5 F_n^2 + 2(-1)^n = L_n^2 - 2(-1)^n$$, so $$\lim_{n\to\infty} \frac{L_n}{F_n}=\sqrt{5}$$.
 * $$ \vert L_n - \sqrt{5} F_n \vert = \frac{2}{\varphi^n} \to 0 $$
 * $$L_{n+k} - (-1)^k L_{n-k} = 5 F_n F_k$$; in particular, $$F_n = {L_{n-1}+L_{n+1} \over 5}$$, so $$5F_n + L_n = 2L_{n+1}$$.

Their closed formula is given as:
 * $$L_n = \varphi^n + (1-\varphi)^{n} = \varphi^n + (- \varphi)^{-n}=\left({ 1+ \sqrt{5} \over 2}\right)^n + \left({ 1- \sqrt{5} \over 2}\right)^n\, ,$$

where $$\varphi$$ is the golden ratio. Alternatively, as for $$n>1$$ the magnitude of the term $$(-\varphi)^{-n}$$ is less than 1/2, $$L_n$$ is the closest integer to $$\varphi^n$$ or, equivalently, the integer part of $$\varphi^n+1/2$$, also written as $$\lfloor \varphi^n+1/2 \rfloor$$.

Combining the above with Binet's formula,

 * $$F_n = \frac{\varphi^n - (1-\varphi)^{n}}{\sqrt{5}}\, ,$$

a formula for $$\varphi^n$$ is obtained:

 * $$\varphi^n = {{L_n + F_n \sqrt{5}} \over 2}\, .$$

For integers n ≥ 2, we also get:

 * $$ \varphi^n = L_n - (- \varphi)^{-n} = L_n - (-1)^n L_n^{-1} - L_n^{-3} + R $$

with remainder R satisfying

 * $$ \vert R \vert < 3 L_n^{-5} $$.

Lucas identities
Many of the Fibonacci identities have parallels in Lucas numbers. For example, the Cassini identity becomes

 * $$L_n^2 - L_{n-1}L_{n+1} = (-1)^{n}5$$

Also

 * $$\sum_{k=0}^n L_k = L_{n+2} - 1$$

 * $$\sum_{k=0}^n L_k^2 = L_nL_{n+1} + 2$$

 * $$2L_{n-1}^2 + L_n^2 = L_{2n+1} + 5F_{n-2}^2$$

where $$\textstyle F_n=\frac{L_{n-1}+L_{n+1}}{5}$$.

 * $$ L_n^k = \sum_{j=0}^{\lfloor \frac{k}{2} \rfloor} (-1)^{nj} \binom{k}{j} L'_{(k-2j)n} $$

where $$L'_n=L_n$$ except for $$L'_0=1$$.

For example if n is odd, $$L_n^3 = L'_{3n}-3L'_n$$ and $$L_n^4 = L'_{4n}-4L'_{2n}+6L'_0$$

Checking, $$L_3=4, 4^3=64=76-3(4)$$, and $$256=322-4(18)+6$$

Generating function
Let

 * $$\Phi(x) = 2 + x + 3x^2 + 4x^3 + \cdots = \sum_{n = 0}^\infty L_nx^n$$

be the generating function of the Lucas numbers. By a direct computation,

 * $$\begin{align}

\Phi(x) &= L_0 + L_1x + \sum_{n = 2}^\infty L_nx^n \\ &= 2 + x + \sum_{n = 2}^\infty (L_{n - 1} + L_{n - 2})x^n \\ &= 2 + x + \sum_{n = 1}^\infty L_nx^{n + 1} + \sum_{n = 0}^\infty L_nx^{n + 2} \\ &= 2 + x + x(\Phi(x) - 2) + x^2 \Phi(x) \end{align}$$

which can be rearranged as

 * $$\Phi(x) = \frac{2 - x}{1 - x - x^2}$$

$$\Phi\!\left(-\frac{1}{x}\right)$$ gives the generating function for the negative indexed Lucas numbers, $$\sum_{n = 0}^\infty (-1)^nL_nx^{-n} = \sum_{n = 0}^\infty L_{-n}x^{-n}$$, and

 * $$\Phi\!\left(-\frac{1}{x}\right) = \frac{x + 2x^2}{1 - x - x^2}$$

$$\Phi(x)$$ satisfies the functional equation

 * $$\Phi(x) - \Phi\!\left(-\frac{1}{x}\right) = 2$$

As the generating function for the Fibonacci numbers is given by

 * $$s(x) = \frac{x}{1 - x - x^2}$$

we have

 * $$s(x) + \Phi(x) = \frac{2}{1 - x - x^2}$$

which proves that

 * $$F_n + L_n = 2F_{n+1},$$

and

 * $$5s(x) + \Phi(x) = \frac2x\Phi(-\frac1x) = 2\frac{1}{1 - x - x^2} + 4\frac{x}{1 - x - x^2}$$

proves that

 * $$5F_n + L_n = 2L_{n+1}$$

The partial fraction decomposition is given by

 * $$\Phi(x) = \frac{1}{1 - \phi x} + \frac{1}{1 - \psi x}$$

where $$\phi = \frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{2}$$ is the golden ratio and $$\psi = \frac{1 - \sqrt{5}}{2}$$ is its conjugate.

This can be used to prove the generating function, as

 * $$\sum_{n = 0}^\infty L_nx^n = \sum_{n = 0}^\infty (\phi^n + \psi^n)x^n = \sum_{n = 0}^\infty \phi^nx^n + \sum_{n = 0}^\infty \psi^nx^n = \frac{1}{1 - \phi x} + \frac{1}{1 - \psi x} = \Phi(x)$$

Congruence relations
If $$F_n\geq 5$$ is a Fibonacci number then no Lucas number is divisible by $$F_n$$.

$$L_n$$ is congruent to 1 modulo $$n$$ if $$n$$ is prime, but some composite values of $$n$$ also have this property. These are the Fibonacci pseudoprimes.

$$L_n-L_{n-4}$$ is congruent to 0 modulo 5.

Lucas primes
A Lucas prime is a Lucas number that is prime. The first few Lucas primes are
 * 2, 3, 7, 11, 29, 47, 199, 521, 2207, 3571, 9349, 3010349, 54018521, 370248451, 6643838879, ....

The indices of these primes are (for example, L4 = 7)
 * 0, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 13, 16, 17, 19, 31, 37, 41, 47, 53, 61, 71, 79, 113, 313, 353, 503, 613, 617, 863, 1097, 1361, 4787, 4793, 5851, 7741, 8467, ....

, the largest confirmed Lucas prime is L148091, which has 30950 decimal digits. , the largest known Lucas probable prime is L5466311, with 1,142,392 decimal digits.

If Ln is prime then n is 0, prime, or a power of 2. L2m is prime for m = 1, 2, 3, and 4 and no other known values of m.

Lucas polynomials
In the same way as Fibonacci polynomials are derived from the Fibonacci numbers, the Lucas polynomials $$L_{n}(x)$$ are a polynomial sequence derived from the Lucas numbers.

Continued fractions for powers of the golden ratio
Close rational approximations for powers of the golden ratio can be obtained from their continued fractions.

For positive integers n, the continued fractions are:
 * $$ \varphi^{2n-1} = [L_{2n-1}; L_{2n-1}, L_{2n-1}, L_{2n-1}, \ldots] $$
 * $$ \varphi^{2n} = [L_{2n}-1; 1, L_{2n}-2, 1, L_{2n}-2, 1, L_{2n}-2, 1, \ldots] $$.

For example:
 * $$ \varphi^5 = [11; 11, 11, 11, \ldots] $$

is the limit of
 * $$ \frac{11}{1}, \frac{122}{11}, \frac{1353}{122}, \frac{15005}{1353}, \ldots $$

with the error in each term being about 1% of the error in the previous term; and
 * $$ \varphi^6 = [18 - 1; 1, 18 - 2, 1, 18 - 2, 1, 18 - 2, 1, \ldots] = [17; 1, 16, 1, 16, 1, 16, 1, \ldots] $$

is the limit of
 * $$ \frac{17}{1}, \frac{18}{1}, \frac{305}{17}, \frac{323}{18}, \frac{5473}{305}, \frac{5796}{323}, \frac{98209}{5473}, \frac{104005}{5796}, \ldots $$

with the error in each term being about 0.3% that of the second previous term.

Applications
Lucas numbers are the second most common pattern in sunflowers after Fibonacci numbers, when clockwise and counter-clockwise spirals are counted, according to an analysis of 657 sunflowers in 2016.

title: Lucas number


text:
User:Paragonmm

The Neopopulist Party.

title: User:Paragonmm


text:
Contemporary architecture in Cluj-Napoca

Since 1989, modern skyscrapers and glass-fronted hotels have altered the skyline of Cluj-Napoca, a city in the Transylvanian region of Romania.

Banks
The Cluj-Napoca regional headquarters of the Banca Română pentru Dezvoltare (BRD) (Romanian Bank for Development) was completed in 1997 after 4 years of work. It is the second tallest building in Cluj-Napoca (the tallest one being West City Tower), 50 m or 164 feet. Its 12 stories house offices for the bank and for divisions of several other companies, including insurance and oil companies. Another architecturally interesting building is the unfinished headquarters of the Banca Agricole (Agricultural Bank), held in the custody of the city due to the failure of that bank and its subsequent purchase by the Reiffeisen Bank. Work ceased in 2000; all that was finished was the exterior, built by the Abatech firm. The city government proposed that the building be completed and transformed into the Casa Europei ("House of Europe"), but funds were not obtained to complete work. In 2006, it was announced that the building will completed as a City Business Center, and work resumed. Today the building is functional and bears the nickname "Clădirea biscuite".

Another building in similar straits is the more recently started behind Palatul Telefoanelor (Telephone Palace; a building of the same name exists in Bucharest), built by Romtelecom (the national, public phone company), who could not afford to finish the building and auctioned it off. It was bought by Banca Transilvania for 3 million euros. The financial institution announced it will be used as a banking café (Romanian: cafenea bancară), the first of its kind in Cluj (however, since the announcement a rival bank, Banc Post, opened such a café).

Other banks that have constructed modern buildings in Cluj-Napoca include Banca Transilvania, Banca Comercială Română, Banc Post, Banca Țiriac, ABN Amro Bank, and UniCredit.

Other buildings
In the more recent years real estate developers have built more buildings as the city experienced economic growth. Iulius Mall opened a big commercial center with a business tower on top in 2007. In 2014 United Business Center was built near Iulius Mall and in Marasti neighborhood a large office complex started being built with the name simply "The Office" which had its phase one completed in 2014 and the entire complex is expected to be finished in 2016.

Many residential buildings started to appear mainly on the city outskirts and in Florești. The most notable area where this is taking place is in Bună Ziua neighborhood.

Government buildings
Besides banks, Cluj-Napoca features several modern buildings constructed under the aegis of the local government. The most recent is the Octavian Goga Library Building, which also houses information centers for the European Union and NATO. This building was started in 2000 and completed in 2003. Other post-Communist-era government buildings include the Avram Iancu Firehouse, Cluj-Napoca International Airport, and the Cluj-Napoca branch of DistriGaz.

Schools
Being an academic center, home of six government universities (Babeş-Bolyai University, Academia de Arte Vizuale "Ion Andreescu", Universitatea de Ştiinţe Agronomice şi Medicină Veterinară, Universitatea Tehnică, Universitatea de Medicină si Farmacie, Academia de Muzică "Gheorghe Dima") and several private ones as well (Universitatea Bogdan Vodă, Universitatea Creştină Dimitrie Cantemir), Cluj-Napoca also features several modern university buildings such as the Department of Political Science at UBB, the Department of Management at UBV, and the Law Department of UCDC.


text:
Gateway HandBook

The HandBook was a very small and lightweight subnotebook originally introduced by Gateway 2000 in 1992. It quickly achieved critical acclaim and a cult-like following, especially in Japan.

It was designed by IQV and Tottori Sanyo and manufactured by Tottori Sanyo in Japan. The lead engineer on the product was Howard Fullmer and other significant contributors included Bob Burnett and Rick Murayama.

The product was only 9.7 in wide, 5.9 in deep, and 1.6 in high, and weighed less than 3 lb. While it used a Chips and Technologies 8680 microprocessor, it was marketed as having 286-level performance. The C&T chip set included hardware emulation of the Intel 80186 processor and the HandBook used a special feature of the chip set called SuperSet whereby 80286 instructions were trapped and then emulated in software. This same feature was used to emulate the 8051 keyboard controller, serial port and numerous other I/O functions. Intel worked closely with IQV to include similar capabilities in the SL chip sets which were introduced in the mid-90s.

The HandBook had 640 KB of RAM, a 20 MB hard drive, and a monochrome blue-white CGA-compatible display. The unit could be powered by a rechargeable NiMH battery or six AA batteries in a special battery pack. The rechargeable batteries were unusual in that they are able to be charged without actually being in the laptop. A floppy disk was attached through a proprietary parallel port connector. A tremendous engineering effort went into the design of the HandBook's keyboard. It featured 17.8 mm center-to center key spacing and 2 mm travel for a firm feel.

After the success of the original Gateway HandBook, Gateway came out with a 486 model. The HandBook 486 (as it was called) was originally available as two models: A 486SX/25 and a 486DX/40 model. Gateway later on came out with HandBook 486 models utilizing a 486SX/33 or 486DX/50 processor. All of these handbooks used a grayscale 640x480 VGA display. Because of the small size of the unit, the display was distorted — what appear as circles on other displays come out as ovals on the HandBook 486.

The built-in hard disk for the HandBook 486 was usually 120 MB in size. The HandBook 486 was produced between 1993 and 1995. The HandBook 486 had 4 MB of built-in RAM, which can be expanded to 20 MB. As of 2005, it is still possible to buy memory for the HandBook 486, although one should test the memory with memtest since memory for older computers is more likely to be defective.

It was possible to install Linux or OpenBSD on these computers; the HandBook 486 is probably the earliest Linux-compatible subnotebook released. It was even possible to run the X Window System after the memory was expanded. The HandBook 486 has a PCMCIA II interface. While Modern Cardbus cards do not work with this interface, most older PCMCIA II cards (as long as they use no more than 250 mA of power) work fine. The HandBook 486 also has a pointing device similar to the IBM trackpoint located on the right hand side of the keyboard just above the enter key.

The Gateway HandBook remains one of the smallest laptops ever produced and was a precursor to Netbooks such as the Asus Eee PC, the Dell Inspiron Mini Series, and the Acer Aspire One. The Acer Aspire One is about the same size as the HandBook, and exists in a Gateway-branded form as the Gateway LT1004u.

title: Gateway HandBook


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Todd Blackadder

Todd Blackadder (born 20 September 1971) is a retired New Zealand rugby union player and professional rugby coach. He captained the national team, the All Blacks, 14 times playing a total of 25 games and 12 tests. Blackadder captained the Crusaders to three Super Rugby titles during his time with the franchise while also winning two NPC titles with Canterbury. Blackadder coached the Crusaders for 9 seasons, without winning a title.

Blackadder began his career as a blindside flanker but changed to lock in 1998.

Early years
Blackadder was born in Rangiora, New Zealand, where he grew up working on his grandfathers farm. Blackadder was introduced into rugby by his father and uncles but left Rangiora College early without making the 1st XV. After leaving school, Blackadder took up a welding apprenticeship which moved him north to Collingwood where he left his mark with the Nelson Bays age-group selectors before being eventually selected for the New Zealand Under 19 tour of Australia. Blackadder left his welding apprenticeship to return to the farm where he worked for his future father-in-law, Brian McKay. Blackadder and McKay's daughter married and returned to Rangiora before working as a security guard and buying a courier.

Playing career
Blackadder made his senior representative debut for Nelson Bays against Marlborough in 1990.

NPC
Blackadder made his debut for Canterbury in 1991 when he returned to the province with his wife. In 1997 Blackadder led Canterbury to its first NPC title in 14 years when they defeated Counties Manukau 44–13 in the final. Blackadder also won the Ranfurly Shield on several occasions including defeating Waikato in 1994 while he was also present when Canterbury ended Waikato's three-year stranglehold on the shield in 2000. Blackadder played 126 games for Canterbury over his 11 years for the province. His final game for Canterbury was the 2001 NPC final against Otago which Canterbury won 30–19.

Super Rugby
Blackadder was part of the inaugural Crusaders team in 1996 and would go onto lead the side to its first Super Rugby title in 1998 after they defeated the Blues in the final 20–13. Blackadder would go onto lift the trophy again the following year in 1999 and again in 2000 as the Crusaders became the most successful franchise in Super Rugby history.

International debut
Blackadder played at the inaugural Rugby World Cup Sevens in 1993 after he was called in to the side as an injury replacement for Marc Ellis.

Blackadder was first selected for the All Blacks in 1995 and made his test debut against England at Dunedin on 20 June 1998. Blackadder spent several years outside the team including missing the 1999 Rugby World Cup which New Zealand lost to France in the semi-finals which resulted in coach John Hart resigning from the side. Following Harts departure, Wayne Smith was appointed head coach of the All Blacks and promptly named Blackadder captain succeeding Taine Randell. The decision was met with fanfare by some who liked Blackadders simple uncomplicated approach. However, his locking ability and subsequently position leading the All Blacks was often under the microscope although All Blacks great Jonah Lomu stated that he was one of the finest captains he ever played under. Following one season captaining the All Blacks, Blackadder was replaced by hooker Anton Oliver as he failed to make the 30-man squad in the lead up to the Tri-Nations before departing for Scotland.

Scotland
Believing in the need for a change of scenery Blackadder departed New Zealand at the end of 2001 joining Scottish side Edinburgh Gunners. Blackadder would eventually move into a coaching role with the side.

Coaching career
Blackadder was first named as assistant forwards coach of Scotland's first foreign head coach Matt Williams, and became the forwards coach of the Edinburgh Gunners under Frank Hadden before Hadden replaced Williams and Blackadder was named as Edinburgh's head coach for the remainder of the 2005 season.

Blackadder, who made a significant impact both playing and coaching in Edinburgh and Scotland confirmed his departure from Edinburgh to return to New Zealand in 2006.

Tasman
On return to New Zealand, Blackadder took up a role as the Director of Rugby for the Tasman Rugby Union as Nelson Bays and Marlborough amalgamated to form Tasman while also offering assistance to Robbie Deans and the Crusaders.

In 2007 Tasman coach Dennis Brown stepped down with Blackadder replacing him coaching the side for the 2008 Air New Zealand Cup. In only their second year Tasman finished the 2008 season with 4 wins, 1 draw and 6 losses.

Crusaders
Following the departure of former coach Robbie Deans from the Crusaders, Blackadder was named as the sides new head coach ahead of the 2009 Super 14 Rugby Season. Blackadder led the Crusaders to the semi-finals in his first year in charge losing to eventual champions the Bulls in Pretoria despite winning only one out of their first five matches at the start of the season. In his second year in charge, the Crusaders again fell to the Bulls in South Africa, this time 39–24. The 2011 season was a tough one for the side following the devastating Christchurch earthquakes which aside from causing loss of life and severely damaging the city, the earthquakes also wrecked their home ground at Jade Stadium. Amazingly the Crusaders managed to make the final that year after taking games throughout the wider Crusaders catchment area, New Zealand and even to Twickenham, however, the side fell tantalisingly close to a deserved victory as the Reds won their first title 18–13. In 2012 the Crusaders were knocked out by eventually champions the Chiefs 20–17 in the semi-finals before the Chiefs, on route to their second title, beat the Crusaders again in the semi-finals by the tighter margin of 20–19. In 2014, the Crusaders returned to the final but again fell short 33–32 against the Waratahs due to a last minute controversial penalty goal struck by Bernard Foley. In 2015 the Crusaders failed to make the finals, the first time Blackadder had not made them although the Crusaders extended his contract for another year. In late 2015 it was announced that the 2016 Super Rugby Season would be Blackadder's last coaching the Crusaders after eight years at the helm. In his final year the Crusaders were knocked out by beaten finalists the Lions 42–25 in Johannesburg.

During his time coaching the Crusaders, Blackadder guided the side to two Grand Finals firstly in 2011 against the Reds and then again in 2014 against the Waratahs.

Bath
Blackadder was appointed Director of Rugby at Bath Rugby ahead of the 2016–17 Premiership Rugby season together with Crusaders assistant coach Tabai Matson who was appointed head coach. While Matson was forced to return home to New Zealand due to a family illness, Blackadder attempted to return the club to its former glory but ultimately could only manage consecutive top six finishes before, on 17 April 2019, it was announced that he would be leaving the club at the end of the 2018–19 season.

Toshiba
On his release from his final year of his contract with Bath, Blackadder announced that he would be joining the Toshiba Brave Lupus in the Japanese Top League as their new head coach.

Personal life
Todd's son Ethan Blackadder currently plays for the Crusaders after making his debut for the franchise in 2018.

On 3 July 2021 Ethan followed on from his father when he was selected to play for the All Blacks against Tonga at Eden Park.

title: Todd Blackadder


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Scope creep

Scope creep (also called requirement creep, or kitchen sink syndrome) in project management is continuous or uncontrolled growth in a project's scope, generally experienced after the project begins. This can occur when the scope of a project is not properly defined, documented, or controlled. It is generally considered harmful. It is related to but distinct from feature creep, because feature creep refers to features, and scope creep refers to the whole project.

Poorly defined project scope
Ineffective project management communication between a client and the project manager is a leading effect of project scope creep. An assignment that is not understood correctly will turn out to be completely different from clients vision. With that being said clients can also be to blame as they may not see a clear vision of what they want.

Failure to capture all requirements
Properly defining project scope requires thorough investigation by the project manager during the initial planning phase of a project. Failure to gather all information from all relevant stakeholders is a common reason for incomplete scope statements and missing requirements, which can frequently and easily lead to scope creep later in the project. It is essential that everyone on the team understands the project requirements thoroughly -- and that the project sponsor and relevant stakeholders have signed off on those requirements -- before execution of the project begins.

Lack of project management practices
Adoptions and adhering to project management practices and project management processes are confirmed methods of preventing scope creep from dismantling the project.

Addition of unnecessary features
Sometimes project teams tend to start adding additional features in order to impress the client. This may not work and tend to cause more work for such project and throw off the scope.

The communication gap between project stakeholders
Another huge cause of scope creep is the communication gap between the stakeholders. Clients may not respond quickly enough to the project managers causing the project to run into a bottleneck.

These aspects can affect the operational efficiencies of companies, especially when involved in long-term relationships. Scope creep is a risk in most projects. Most megaprojects fall victim to scope creep (see Megaprojects and Risk). Scope creep often results in cost overrun. A "value for free" strategy is difficult to counteract and remains a difficult challenge for even the most experienced project managers.

title: Scope creep


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Map–territory relation

The map–territory relation is the relationship between an object and a representation of that object, as in the relation between a geographical territory and a map of it. Mistaking the map for the territory is a logical fallacy that occurs when someone confuses the semantics of a term with what it represents. Polish-American scientist and philosopher Alfred Korzybski remarked that "the map is not the territory" and that "the word is not the thing", encapsulating his view that an abstraction derived from something, or a reaction to it, is not the thing itself. Korzybski held that many people do confuse maps with territories, that is, confuse conceptual models of reality with reality itself. These ideas are crucial to general semantics, a system Korzybski originated.

The relationship has also been expressed in other terms, such as "the model is not the data", "all models are wrong", and Alan Watts's "The menu is not the meal." The concept is thus quite relevant throughout ontology and applied ontology regardless of any connection to general semantics per se (or absence thereof). Its avatars are thus encountered in semantics, statistics, logistics, business administration, semiotics, and many other applications.

A frequent coda to "all models are wrong" is that "all models are wrong (but some are useful)," which emphasizes the proper framing of recognizing map–territory differences—that is, how and why they are important, what to do about them, and how to live with them properly. The point is not that all maps are useless; rather, the point is simply to maintain critical thinking about the discrepancies: whether or not they are either negligible or significant in each context, how to reduce them (thus iterating a map, or any other model, to become a better version of itself), and so on.

"A map is not the territory"
The expression first appeared in print in "A Non-Aristotelian System and Its Necessity for Rigour in Mathematics and Physics", a paper that Alfred Korzybski gave at a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in New Orleans, Louisiana on December 28, 1931. The paper was reprinted in Science and Sanity, 1933, pp. 747–761. In this book, Korzybski acknowledges his debt to mathematician Eric Temple Bell, whose epigram "the map is not the thing mapped" was published in Numerology.

"A map the territory it represents, but, if correct, it has a to the territory, which accounts for its usefulness."

- Alfred Korzybski

The Belgian surrealist artist René Magritte illustrated the concept of "perception always intercedes between reality and ourselves" in a number of paintings such as The Treachery of Images, which consists of a drawing of a pipe with the caption, Ceci n'est pas une pipe ("This is not a pipe").

In Understanding Media, Marshall McLuhan expanded this argument to electronic media with his introduction of the phrase "The Medium is the Message" (and later in the book titled The Medium is the Massage). Media representations, especially on screens, are abstractions, or virtual "extensions" of what our sensory channels, bodies, thinking and feeling do for us in real life.

This concept occurs in the discussion of exoteric and esoteric religions. Exoteric concepts are those which can be fully conveyed using descriptors and language constructs, such as mathematics. Esoteric concepts are those which cannot be fully conveyed except by direct experience. For example, a person who has never tasted an apple will never fully understand through language what the taste of an apple is without actually eating an apple.

Lewis Carroll, in Sylvie and Bruno Concluded (1893), made the point humorously with his description of a fictional map that had "the scale of a mile to the mile". A character notes some practical difficulties with such a map and states that "we now use the country itself, as its own map, and I assure you it does nearly as well."

Jorge Luis Borges's one-paragraph short story "On Exactitude in Science" (1946) describes a map that has the same scale as its territory.

Isa Robertson's short story "The Map and the Territory" (Sci Phi Journal 2024/1) explores the loss of map-territory distinction.

Laura Riding, in her poem The Map of Places (1927), deals with this relation: "The map of places passes. The reality of paper tears."

The economist Joan Robinson (1962): "A model which took account of all the variegation of reality would be of no more use than a map at the scale of one to one."

Korzybski's argument about the map and the territory also influenced the Belgian surrealist writer of comics Jan Bucquoy for a storyline in his comic Labyrinthe: a map can never guarantee that one will find the way out, because the accumulation of events can change the way one looks at reality.

Author Robert M. Pirsig uses the idea both theoretically and literally in his book Lila when the main character/author becomes temporarily lost due to an over-reliance on a map, rather than the territory that the map describes.

In 2010, French author Michel Houellebecq published his novel, La carte et le territoire, translated into English as The Map and the Territory. The title was a reference to Alfred Korzybski's aphorism. The novel was awarded the Prix Goncourt, a French literary prize.

The map-territory distinction is emphasized by Robert Anton Wilson in his book Prometheus Rising.

Author James A. Lindsay made the idea that the map is not reality a primary theme of his 2013 book Dot, Dot, Dot: Infinity Plus God Equals Folly. In it, he argues that all of our scientific theories, mathematics, and even the idea of God are conceptual maps often confused "for the terrain" they attempt to explain. In a foreword to the book, physicist Victor J. Stenger expresses agreement with this point of view.

Ralph Rumney (5 June 1934 – 6 March 2002), English artist, and member of the Situationist International titled one of his autobiographical memoirs The Map is not the Territory.

Relationship
Gregory Bateson, in "Form, Substance and Difference", from Steps to an Ecology of Mind (1972), argued the essential impossibility of knowing what any actual territory is. Any understanding of any territory is based on one or more sensory channels reporting adequately but imperfectly:

"We say the map is different from the territory. But what is the territory? Operationally, somebody went out with a retina or a measuring stick and made representations which were then put on paper. What is on the paper map is a representation of what was in the retinal representation of the man who made the map; and as you push the question back, what you find is an infinite regress, an infinite series of maps. The territory never gets in at all. ... Always, the process of representation will filter it out so that the mental world is only maps of maps, ad infinitum."

Elsewhere in that same volume, Bateson argued that the usefulness of a map (a representation of reality) is not necessarily a matter of its literal truthfulness, but its having a structure analogous, for the purpose at hand, to the territory. Bateson argued this case at some length in the essay "The Cybernetics of 'Self': A Theory of Alcoholism" (1971).

To paraphrase Bateson's argument, a culture that believes that common colds are transmitted by evil spirits, that those spirits fly out of people when they sneeze, can pass from one person to another when they are inhaled or when both handle the same objects, etc., could have just as effective a "map" for public health as one that substituted microbes for spirits.

Another basic quandary is the problem of accuracy. Jorge Luis Borges' "On Exactitude in Science" (1946) describes the tragic uselessness of the perfectly accurate, one-to-one map:

"In time, those Unconscionable Maps no longer satisfied, and the Cartographers Guild drew a Map of the Empire whose size was that of the Empire, coinciding point for point with it. The following Generations, who were not so fond of the Study of Cartography saw the vast Map to be Useless and permitted it to decay and fray under the Sun and winters.

In the Deserts of the West, still today, there are Tattered Ruins of the Map, inhabited by Animals and Beggars; and in all the Land there is no other Relic of the Disciplines of Geography."

A more extreme literary example, the fictional diary of Tristram Shandy is so detailed that it takes the author one year to set down the events of a single day – because the map (diary) is more detailed than the territory (life), yet must fit into the territory (diary written in the course of his life), it can never be finished. Such tasks are referred to as "supertasks".

In his short story "Magias parciales del Quijote" (“Partial Magic of the Quixote” ), Borges paraphrases Josiah Royce describing a further conundrum of infinite regress arising when the map is contained within the territory:

"The inventions of philosophy are no less fantastic than those of art: Josiah Royce, in the first volume of his work The World and the Individual (1899), has formulated the following: 'Let us imagine that a portion of the soil of England has been levelled off perfectly and that on it a cartographer traces a map of England. The job is perfect; there is no detail of the soil of England, no matter how minute, that is not registered on the map; everything has there its correspondence. This map, in such a case, should contain a map of the map, which should contain a map of the map of the map, and so on to infinity.' Why does it disturb us that the map be included in the map and the thousand and one nights in the book of the Thousand and One Nights? Why does it disturb us that Don Quixote be a reader of the Quixote and Hamlet a spectator of Hamlet? I believe I have found the reason: these inversions suggest that if the characters of a fictional work can be readers or spectators, we, its readers or spectators, can be fictions."

- Jorge Luis Borges

Neil Gaiman retells the parable in reference to storytelling in Fragile Things (it was originally to appear in American Gods):

"One describes a tale best by telling the tale. You see? The way one describes a story, to oneself or the world, is by telling the story. It is a balancing act and it is a dream. The more accurate the map, the more it resembles the territory. The most accurate map possible would be the territory, and thus would be perfectly accurate and perfectly useless. The tale is the map that is the territory."

The development of electronic media blurs the line between map and territory by allowing for the simulation of ideas as encoded in simulacra, a copy without a real, a semiotic assemblage of references as Baudrillard argues in Simulacra and Simulation (1994, p. 1):

"Today abstraction is no longer that of the map, the double, the mirror, or the concept. Simulation is no longer that of a territory, a referential being or substance. It is the generation by models of a real without origin or reality: A hyperreal. The territory no longer precedes the map, nor does it survive it. It is nevertheless the map that precedes the territory—precession of simulacra—that engenders the territory."

The philosopher David Schmidtz draws on this distinction in his book Elements of Justice, apparently deriving it from Wittgenstein's private language argument.

The fundamental trade-off between accuracy and usability of a map, particularly in the context of modelling, is known as Bonini's paradox, and has been stated in various forms, poetically by Paul Valéry: "Everything simple is false. Everything which is complex is unusable."

Historian of religion Jonathan Z. Smith concluded his eponymous essay collection, Map is not Territory with a rejoinder to scholars that echoes the Borgesian analysis (1978, p. 309):

"We need to reflect on and play with the necessary incongruity of our maps before we set out on a voyage of discovery to chart the worlds of other men. For the dictum of Alfred Korzybski is inescapable: 'Map is not territory'––but maps are all we possess."

title: Map–territory relation


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John Carver (governor)

John Carver was one of the Pilgrims who made the Mayflower voyage in 1620 which resulted in the creation of Plymouth Colony in America. He is credited with writing the Mayflower Compact and was its first signer, and was also the first governor of Plymouth Colony.

Life in Leiden
Little is known about Carver's ancestry or early family life. Jeremy Bangs notes that Carver and his wife Mary were members of the Walloon church in Leiden, Holland on February 8, 1609. The Flemish Walloon community was fleeing religious persecution in their homeland (then part of the Spanish Netherlands, now split between Belgium and France), as were the Puritan separatists who came to Holland from England around 1607.

Carver was a deacon in Leiden about 1609 at about age 25, and he is believed to have been born sometime before 1584. Leiden records of St. Pancras Church state that Carver buried a child on July 10, 1609. Sometime shortly after the death of the child, his wife Mary died. He later married Katherine White who was a prominent member of the Leiden English separatist church, though the exact date is not known. She was originally of Sturton in Nottinghamshire, eldest daughter of Alexander White. Carver became much more involved in the Leiden church after marrying Katherine, making a close association with Puritan pastor John Robinson, husband of Katherine's younger sister Bridget.

Preparing for the New World
Carver and Robert Cushman began negotiations with officials of the Virginia Company in London in 1617 for land in the Colony of Virginia where they could live and be self-governing. They came in contact with Sir Edwin Sandys, an acquaintance of church elder William Brewster and a leading member of the Virginia Company. They had to put together seven articles for the Council for Virginia, signed by all the senior Puritan church members, which acknowledged the supremacy of the king and the Church of England.

To fund the Mayflower voyage, the Leiden congregation turned to Thomas Weston and the Merchant Adventurers, London businessmen interested in supporting the voyage in hopes of profit. Carver had the task of organizing the voyage and negotiating funding with Weston and the Adventurers along with Cushman as the chief agent. In 1620, they were in Aldgate, London where they negotiated with Weston for financial backing. Weston hired the Mayflower, and it sailed from London to Southampton to rendezvous with the Speedwell, which was carrying the Pilgrims from Leiden in Holland. Carver was in Southampton in June 1620 purchasing supplies for the Mayflower voyage, along with Christopher Martin. Carver was very wealthy and provided much of his personal fortune to invest in the joint-stock company and in the Mayflower voyage itself.

Mayflower voyage

Carver and his wife Katherine boarded Mayflower with five servants  and seven year-old Jasper More, one of the four children of the More family who were sent in the care of the Pilgrims. Carver seems to have been elected governor of the Mayflower for the duration of the Atlantic crossing.

The Mayflower anchored off Cape Cod in November, 1620, and the Mayflower Compact was signed aboard ship on November 11; it became the first governing document for Plymouth Colony. Carver may have been the author of the Compact, and was definitely its first signer. He was subsequently chosen to be governor of Plymouth Colony.

Life in Plymouth
The first winter in Plymouth Colony was exceedingly difficult, as the colonists suffered greatly from lack of shelter, diseases such as scurvy, and general conditions on board ship. Nearly half the Mayflower passengers died in the course of a few months. The first will drawn up in New England was that of William Mullins, and it was written on his behalf by Carver while Mullins was on his deathbed. It was signed as the last will and testament of Mullins by Carver, Mayflower's captain Christopher Jones, and the ship's surgeon Giles Heale. This is the only known copy of Carver's signature.

On March 22, 1621, Governor Carver and Wampanoag leader Massasoit worked out a treaty of peace and mutual protection. This treaty lasted for more than half a century.

Carver died in April or May 1621, aged 56 years, and his wife died five or six weeks later.

Family
John Carver married Mary de Lannoy sometime before February 8, 1609. She was a Walloon (Huguenot) of L’Escluse, France. She may have been related to Philip de Lannoy (Delano), who came to Plymouth on the Fortune in November 1621. The couple buried a child at St. Pancras in Leiden on July 10, 1609; Mary died soon after in July 1609.

He married Katherine (White) Leggatt sometime before May 22, 1615. She was the widow of George Leggatt. Mayflower genealogist Robert S. Wakefield spells her name as Catherine, but seventeenth century documents use Katherine. She died sometime in May 1621, some 5–6 weeks after Carver's death. John and Katherine buried a child at St. Pancras in Leiden November 11, 1617. He had no known surviving descendants.

Death
Carver had been working in his field on a hot day in April 1621 when he complained of a pain in his head. He returned to his house to lie down and soon fell into a coma, and he died within a few days, not long after April 5, 1621. William Bradford was chosen to replace him as governor; Bradford was recovering from illness, so Isaac Allerton was chosen to be his assistant. After all the secret burials that were performed all winter, the settlers wished to bury the governor with as much ceremony as possible. Bradford wrote in April 1621: "He was buried in the best manner they could, with some vollies of shot by all that bore armes; and his wife, being weak, died within five or six weeks after him."

title: John Carver (governor)


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April Fifth Action

April Fifth Action is a Hong Kong left-wing group named after the first Tiananmen incident of 5 April 1976. While the organization's Chinese name translates as "April Fifth Action", English-language media in Hong Kong usually refer to it as the April Fifth Action Group (AFAG).

Beliefs
The April Fifth Action Group was formed on the basis of the Trotskyite vanguard party Revolutionary Marxist League which was disbanded in 1990. Legislative Council members "Longhair" Leung Kwok-hung and Leung Yiu-chung were the founding members of the April Fifth Action Group.

The group believes that without a democratic China, it would be impossible to have a democratic Hong Kong. The group is aligned with the pro-democracy camp in its opposition to the governments of China and the HKSAR.

The group calls for universal suffrage in Hong Kong, opposes unemployment and poverty, eliminates pro-government parties, terminates one-party dictatorship in China, sets up unemployment benefits and minimum wage and strives for the right to hold plebiscites in Hong Kong. It also calls for release of all dissidents in mainland China and accountability for the Tiananmen massacre of 1989.

Protests
The group is well known for its aggressive and civil disobedience-style actions to protest against the governments of China and Hong Kong during celebrations and visits of state leaders, often resulting in confrontations with the Hong Kong police. They usually carry a coffin as their trademark protest prop. Its members have also been prosecuted for disrupting meetings of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (LegCo).

The group was one of the major supporters of the Tiananmen Square protest of 1989 in Hong Kong. Its members went to the New China News Agency Hong Kong branch demanding the PRC government open dialogue with students on democratic reform and rule of law in late April. It condemned the bloody suppression of the protest. The members were prosecuted with the Summer Offences Ordinance after their demonstrations outside a reception hosted by the New China News Agency on 29 September 1989 to mark the National Day of the People's Republic of China. That raised concern that the British administration might be using out-of-date and repressive colonial laws for the political appeasing the People's Republic of China government after Beijing accusations that the British Hong Kong administration was allowing Hong Kong to be used as a base for subversion of the People's Republic of China.

In a protest on 1 June 1997 just a month before the handover of Hong Kong which drew a crowd of 5,000 people in Hong Kong going from Chater Garden to the New China News Agency. The group was blocked off by the Hong Kong police, and did not succeed in presenting a petition to the news office. While the event led Hong Kong news headlines, China's main CCTV station promoted the opposite propaganda on the mainland by featuring children in Wan Chai waiving PRC flags. Critics have questioned the effectiveness of the group, since Beijing has continued to censor news of the group's activities entirely in the mainland.

Elections
The group's most famous member, Leung Kwok-hung, unsuccessfully contested both the 2000 LegCo election and 2003 District Council elections. He considered the latter battle a victory because of the number of votes he got in the Kam Ping constituency which traditionally supports pro-Beijing candidates. He finally succeeded in the 2004 LegCo election and became the first member of the April Fifth Action in the Legislative Council. His election was widely viewed as a protest vote against the unpopular administration of then Chief Executive Tung Chee-hwa.

Leung attracted controversy by refusing to take the standard oath required for all legislators, instead reciting his own expanded version. Leung Kwok-hung gained most of his voter popularity owing to his relatively radical stance on various issues, criticising the indecision and inefficiency that paralysed the Hong Kong government due to weak leadership under Tung Chee-hwa. Leung was re-elected with an increased majority in 2008 under the League of Social Democrats banner, becoming the candidate with the most votes in his constituency.

title: April Fifth Action


text:
Alice Cary

Alice Cary (April 26, 1820 – February 12, 1871) was an American poet, and the older sister of fellow poet Phoebe Cary (1824–1871).

Biography
Alice Cary was born on April 26, 1820, in Mount Healthy, Ohio, off the Miami River near Cincinnati. Her parents lived on a farm bought by Robert Cary in 1813 in what is now North College Hill, Ohio. He called the 27 acre Clovernook Farm. The farm was 10 mi north of Cincinnati, a good distance from schools, and the father could not afford to give their large family of nine children a very good education. But Alice and her sister Phoebe were fond of reading and studied all they could.

While the sisters were raised in a Universalist household and held political and religious views that were liberal and reformist, they often attended Methodist, Presbyterian, and Congregationalist services and were friendly with ministers of all these denominations and others. According to Phoebe,

"Though singularly liberal and unsectarian in her views, [Alice] always preserved a strong attachment to the church of her parents, and, in the main, accepted its doctrines. Caring little for creeds or minor points, she most firmly believed in human brotherhood as taught by Jesus; and in a God whose loving kindness is so deep and so unchangeable that there can never come a time even the vilest sinner, in all the ages of eternity, when if he arises and go to Him, his Father will not see him afar off, and have compassion upon him."

When Alice was 17 and Phoebe 13, they began to write verses, which were printed in newspapers. Their mother had died in 1835, and two years afterward their father married again. Their stepmother was wholly unsympathetic regarding the literary aspirations of Alice and Phoebe. For their part, while the sisters were ready and while willing to aid to the full extent of their strength in household labor, they persisted in a determination to study and write when the day's work was done. Sometimes they were refused the use of candles to the extent of their wishes, and the device of a saucer of lard with a bit of rag for a wick was their only light after the rest of the family had retired.

Alice's first major poem, "The Child of Sorrow", was published in 1838 and was praised by influential critics including Edgar Allan Poe, Rufus Wilmot Griswold, and Horace Greeley. Alice and her sister were included in the influential anthology The Female Poets of America prepared by Rufus Griswold. Griswold encouraged publishers to put forth a collection of the sisters' poetry, even asking John Greenleaf Whittier to provide a preface. Whittier refused, believing their poetry did not need his endorsement, and also noting a general dislike for prefaces as a method to "pass off by aid of a known name, what otherwise would not pass current". In 1849, a Philadelphia publisher accepted the book, Poems of Alice and Phoebe Cary, and Griswold wrote the preface, left unsigned. By the spring of 1850, Alice and Griswold were often corresponding through letters which were often flirtatious. This correspondence ended by the summer of that year.

The anthology made Alice and Phoebe well known, and in 1850 they moved to New York City, where they devoted themselves to writing and garnered much fame. There, they also hosted receptions on Sunday evenings that drew notable figures including P. T. Barnum, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, John Greenleaf Whittier, Horace Greeley, Bayard Taylor and his wife, Richard and Elizabeth Stoddard, Robert Dale Owen, Oliver Johnson, Mary Mapes Dodge, Mrs. Croly, Mrs. Victor, Edwin H. Chapin, Henry M. Field, Charles F. Deems, Samuel Bowles, Thomas B. Aldrich, Anna E. Dickinson, George Ripley, Madame Le Vert, Henry Wilson, Justin McCarthy; in short, all the noted contemporary names in the different departments of literature and art might fairly be added to the list.

Alice wrote for the Atlantic Monthly, Harper's, Putnam's Magazine, the New York Ledger, the Independent, and other literary periodicals. Her articles, whether prose or poetry, were gathered subsequently into volumes which were received well in the United States and abroad. She also wrote novels and poems which did not make their first appearance in periodicals. Among her prose works were The Clovernook Children and Snow Berries, a Book for Young Folks.

In 1868, Horace Greeley wrote a brief joint biography of Alice and Phebe (as he spelled her name).

Alice died of tuberculosis in 1871 in New York at age 50. The pallbearers at her funeral included P. T. Barnum and Horace Greeley. Alice Cary is buried alongside her sister Phoebe in Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, New York.

The Cary Home stands today on the east side of Hamilton Avenue (US 127), on the campus of the Clovernook Center for the Blind and Visually Impaired in North College Hill.

Remembrance
The first volume of History of Woman Suffrage, published in 1881, states, “THESE VOLUMES ARE AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED TO THE Memory of Mary Wollstonecraft, Frances Wright, Lucretia Mott, Harriet Martineau, Lydia Maria Child, Margaret Fuller, Sarah and Angelina Grimké, Josephine S. Griffing, Martha C. Wright, Harriot K. Hunt, M.D., Mariana W. Johnson, Alice and Phebe Carey, Ann Preston, M.D., Lydia Mott, Eliza W. Farnham, Lydia F. Fowler, M.D., Paulina Wright Davis, Whose Earnest Lives and Fearless Words, in Demanding Political Rights for Women, have been, in the Preparation of these Pages, a Constant Inspiration TO The Editors”.

Works

 * Poems of Alice and Phoebe Cary (1849)
 * A Memorial of Alice and Phoebe Cary With Some of Their Later Poems, compiled and edited by Mary Clemmer Ames (1873)
 * The Last Poems of Alice and Phoebe Cary, compiled and edited by Mary Clemmer Ames (1873)
 * Ballads for Little Folk by Alice and Phoebe Cary, compiled and edited by Mary Clemmer Ames (1873)

Note: In early volumes, "Cary" was spelled "Carey" in and on Phoebe and Alice Cary's books, and later editions and volumes changed the spelling to "Cary".

title: Alice Cary


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U.S. presidential IQ hoax

The U.S. presidential IQ hoax was a mid-2001 e-mail and internet hoax that purported to provide a list of estimated IQs of the U.S. presidents from Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush.

The hoax
The hoax email showed Bill Clinton having the IQ 182, and George W. Bush 91. However, the numbers claimed in the email were fabricated, and the sociologists and institutions (e.g., the "Lovenstein Institute") quoted in the article do not exist. The techniques purportedly used to measure the IQ of the presidents are not recognized means of measuring IQs. The hoax also contains other factual errors. When the hoax was debunked, it appeared that Bush's IQ and college entrance test scores were never released.

Coverage
Perhaps because some pundits and politicians claimed George W. Bush had low intelligence, the hoax was widely unquestioned. The British newspaper The Guardian, for example, quoted the report in its diary section of July 19, 2001, and used it to belittle Bush, although the paper published a retraction two days after the Associated Press drew attention to the error. Other media outlets to fall for the hoax included Bild (Germany), Pravda (Russia), and the Southland Times (New Zealand) as well as a few U.S. newspapers.

The IQ hoax was revived in March 2007 in Spanish-language media when the news agency EFE distributed a piece referring to it. Dozens of outlets (primarily in their online versions) reproduced EFE's text. Among the newspapers publishing the hoax were El País (Spain's leading newspaper), ABC, La Vanguardia, and El Mercurio (Chile's leading newspaper).

IQ estimations by academics
In 2001, political psychologist Aubrey Immelman made an IQ estimation of G. W. Bush based on the SAT Reasoning Test results of Bush (1206) and Al Gore, who achieved IQ scores of 133 and 134 in his school years, and an SAT of 1355: "It's tempting to employ Al Gore's IQ:SAT ratio of 134:1355 as a formula for estimating Bush's probable intelligence quotient—an exercise in fuzzy statistics that predicts a score of 119."

A 2006 study analyzing presidential IQs by Dean Keith Simonton of U.C. Davis appeared in the journal Political Psychology. Simonton's study analyzed the results of varied and often subjective historical material using the tools of historiometry. It estimated IQs for all US presidents, and validated the headline of the hoax, which stated Bush's was the lowest of any president in the last 50 years, though it estimates his IQ considerably higher (by more than two standard deviations) than the 91 suggested in the hoax report. It rated G.W. Bush second to last since 1900, with an estimated IQ of 119 (the estimates ranged from 111 to 139). Bush's estimated IQ was less than those estimated for Grant (120), Monroe (124), and Harding (124). The same study estimated president Bill Clinton's IQ at 149, behind only those of Kennedy (151), Jefferson (154) and John Quincy Adams (169).

Simonton's 2006 study follows earlier studies done on this subject, including a 1926 study by Catharine Cox Miles. This study concluded that there is a statistically significant correlation of 0.56 between a U.S. president's IQ and his perceived amount of success. It is worth noting that other sources and/or studies might have different results for the IQs of United States presidents. For instance, John F. Kennedy's IQ has also been estimated to have been significantly lower than in this 2006 study (Chester Arthur biographer Thomas C. Reeves refers to an actual IQ test by Kennedy with a score of 119 ), while Richard Nixon's IQ has also been estimated to have been significantly higher than in this study.

title: U.S. presidential IQ hoax


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Option time value

In finance, the time value (TV) (extrinsic or instrumental value) of an option is the premium a rational investor would pay over its current exercise value (intrinsic value), based on the probability it will increase in value before expiry. For an American option this value is always greater than zero in a fair market, thus an option is always worth more than its current exercise value. As an option can be thought of as 'price insurance' (e.g., an airline insuring against unexpected soaring fuel costs caused by a hurricane), TV can be thought of as the risk premium the option seller charges the buyer—the higher the expected risk (volatility $$\cdot$$ time), the higher the premium. Conversely, TV can be thought of as the price an investor is willing to pay for potential upside.

Time value decays to zero at expiration, with a general rule that it will lose $1/3$ of its value during the first half of its life and $2/3$ in the second half. As an option moves closer to expiry, moving its price requires an increasingly larger move in the price of the underlying security.

Intrinsic value
The intrinsic value (IV) of an option is the value of exercising it now. If the price of the underlying stock is above a call option strike price, the option has a positive intrinsic value, and is referred to as being in-the-money. If the underlying stock is priced cheaper than the call option's strike price, its intrinsic value is zero and the call option is referred to as being out-of-the-money. An out-of-the-money option can nevertheless have an overall positive monetary value prior to expiry due to its time value. If an option is out-of-the-money at expiration, its holder simply abandons the option and it expires worthless. Hence, a purchased option can never have a negative value. This is because a rational investor would choose to buy the underlying stock at the market price rather than exercise an out-of-the-money call option to buy the same stock at a higher-than-market price.

For the same reasons, a put option is in-the-money if it allows the purchase of the underlying at a market price below the strike price of the put option. A put option is out-of-the-money if the underlying's spot price is higher than the strike price.

As shown in the below equations and graph, the intrinsic value (IV) of a call option is positive when the underlying asset's spot price S exceeds the option's strike price K.

 * Value of a call option: $$\max[ (S-K), 0 ]$$, or $$(S-K)^{+}$$
 * Value of a put option: $$\max[ (K-S), 0 ]$$, or $$(K-S)^{+}$$

Option value
Option value (i.e.,. price) is estimated via a predictive formula such as Black-Scholes or using a numerical method such as the Binomial model. This price incorporates the expected probability of the option finishing "in-the-money". For an out-of-the-money option, the further in the future the expiration date—i.e. the longer the time to exercise—the higher the chance of this occurring, and thus the higher the option price; for an in-the-money option the chance of being in the money decreases; however the fact that the option cannot have negative value also works in the owner's favor. The sensitivity of the option value to the amount of time to expiry is known as the option's theta. The option value will never be lower than its IV.

As seen on the graph, the full call option value (IV + TV), at a given time t, is the red line.

Time value
Time value is, as above, the difference between option value and intrinsic value, i.e.

More specifically, TV reflects the probability that the option will gain in IV — become (more) profitable to exercise before it expires. An important factor is the underlying instrument's volatility. Volatility in underlying prices increase the likelihood and magnitude of a gain in IV, thus enhancing the option's value and stimulating option demand. Numerically, this value depends on the time until the expiration date and the volatility of the underlying instrument's price. TV of American option cannot be negative (because the option value is never lower than IV), and converges to zero at expiration. Prior to expiration, the change in TV with time is non-linear, being a function of the option price.

title: Option time value


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Talk:Pseudocoelomate

reference for the molecular data to come once I re-find the paper. --Mperkins 07:50, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

merge suggestion
I agree. Just remember to track down redirects. Also note: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm recently merged into germ layer. TheLimbicOne 22:14, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pseudocoelomate


text: Talk:U.S. presidential IQ hoax

title: Talk:U.S. presidential IQ hoax


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Eyebrowed thrush

The eyebrowed thrush (Turdus obscurus) is a member of the thrush family Turdidae. It breeds in dense coniferous forest and taiga eastwards from Siberia and Mongolia to Japan. It is strongly migratory, wintering south to China and Southeast Asia. It is a rare vagrant to western Europe.

Taxonomy
The eyebrowed thrush was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the thrushes in the genus Turdus and coined the binomial name Turdus obscurus. The scientific name comes from Latin Turdus meaning "thrush" and obscurus meaning "dark" or "dusky". Gmelin based his account on the "Dark thrush" that had been described in 1783 by the English ornithologist John Latham in his multi-volume work A General Synopsis of Birds. Latham noted that "This is Sibirian species and found in the woods beyond Lake Baikal" but did not explain the source of his information. The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.

Description
This is an attractive thrush, with a grey back and head, the latter having a black eyeline, bordered white above and below. The breast and flanks are orange, and the belly white. The sexes are fairly similar, but immatures have a browner back.

The male has a simple whistling song, similar to the related mistle thrush.

Behaviour
It nests in trees, laying 4-6 eggs in a neat nest. Migrating birds and wintering birds often form small flocks. It is omnivorous, eating a wide range of insects, earthworms and berries.

In 2007 an eyebrowed thrush was sighted at the Jerusalem Bird Observatory in Jerusalem. This is the second recorded sighting in Israel; the first was at Eilat in October 1996.

In 2011, an eyebrowed thrush was sighted in Australia, near Malanda in Queensland. This is possibly the first confirmed sighting of the species on the Australian mainland.

Fossil record
In 2017, an assessment of late Pleistocene Indonesian passerines found a fossil of this species.

title: Eyebrowed thrush


text:
User:The Cunctator/Be in Charge and Be Humble

Ah, remember when this was true?

 * How are these policies enforced?

 * You are a Wikipedia editor. Wikipedia lacks an editor-in-chief or a central, top-down mechanism whereby the day-to-day progress on the encyclopedia is monitored and approved. Instead, active participants monitor recent changes and make copyedits and corrections to the content and format problems they see. So the participants are both writers and editors.


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Esso (disambiguation)

Esso is a trading name for the oil and gas company ExxonMobil.

Esso or ESSO may also refer to:

 * Esso (village), a village in Kamchatka Krai, Russia
 * Eric Esso (born 1994), Ghanaian footballer
 * Joseph Esso, (born 1996), Ghanaian footballer
 * Laurent Esso (born 1942), Cameroonian politician
 * Solitoki Esso (fl. from 1979), Togolese politician

title: Esso (disambiguation)


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Mellon College of Science

The Mellon College of Science (MCS) is part of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US. The college is named for the Mellon family, founders of the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research, a predecessor of Carnegie Mellon University.

The college offers various bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees. It also awards the Dickson Prize in Science. From 2016 to August 2023, its dean was Rebecca Doerge. Since August 2023, MCS's interim dean has been Curtis A. Meyer.

History
The Mellon College of Science was founded in 1967, when the Carnegie Institute of Technology merged with the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research to form Carnegie Mellon University. The scientific faculty and staff of both institutions became part of the new college, then named the Mellon College of Engineering and Science. As the college grew and scientific research advanced, the Carnegie Mellon College of Engineering was split off in 1970, and the Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science split off in 1988.

Facilities
The administration of MCS, as well as most of its biological sciences and chemistry faculty and research labs, and the college's library, are based in the Mellon Institute, which was constructed in 1937. The neoclassical building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, and was designated as a National Historic Chemical Landmark in 2013 by the American Chemical Society. The college's physics and mathematical sciences departments are based in Carnegie Mellon's main campus in Wean Hall, a Brutalist building constructed in 1971.

Organization
The Mellon College of Science houses four academic departments: Chemistry, Biological Sciences, Physics, and Mathematical Sciences, each of which grants a variety of undergraduate and graduate degrees. In addition, the college also oversees or is affiliated with a number of interdisciplinary research centers, including the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center.

Notable people

 * Ada Yonath (Post-doctoral fellow, 1969; Honorary Doctorate in Science and Technology, 2018), 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
 * Krzysztof Matyjaszewski (Professor), discoverer of atom transfer radical polymerization
 * Clarence Zener (Professor, 1968–1993), theoretical physicist, discoverer of Zener effect
 * John Pople (Professor, 1964–1993) 1998 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
 * Walter Kohn (Professor, Carnegie Institute of Technology, 1950–1960) 1998 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
 * Shafi Goldwasser (BS, 1979; Honorary Doctorate in Science and Technology, 2018) 2012 Turing Award
 * Clifford Shull (BS, Carnegie Institute of Technology, 1937) 1994 Nobel Prize in Physics
 * Paul Flory (Executive Director of Research, Mellon Institute of Industrial Research, 1957–1961) 1974 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
 * Otto Stern (Professor, Carnegie Institute of Technology, 1933–1945) 1943 Nobel Prize in Physics
 * Clinton Davisson (assistant professor, Carnegie Institute of Technology, 1911–1917) 1937 Nobel Prize in Physics
 * John Nash (BS, MS, Carnegie Institute of Technology, 1948) 1994 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, inspiration for A Beautiful Mind
 * John L. Hall (BS, MS, PhD, Carnegie Institute of Technology, 1956, 1958, 1961) 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics
 * Paul Lauterbur (research associate, Mellon Institute of Industrial Research, 1951–1953, 1955–1963) 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

title: Mellon College of Science