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Memorial University of Newfoundland

Memorial University of Newfoundland, also known as Memorial University or MUN, is a public research university in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, based in St. John's, with satellite campuses in Corner Brook, elsewhere in Newfoundland and in Labrador, Saint Pierre, and Harlow, England. Memorial University offers certificate, diploma, undergraduate, graduate, and post-graduate programs, as well as online courses and degrees.

Founded in September 1925 as a living memorial to Newfoundlanders and Labradorians who died in the First World War, Memorial is the largest university in Atlantic Canada and Newfoundland and Labrador's only university. As of 2018, there were a reported 1,330 faculty and 2,474 staff, supporting 18,000 students from nearly 100 countries.

Founding
At its founding, Newfoundland was a dominion of the United Kingdom. Memorial University began as Memorial University College (MUC), which opened in September 1925 at a campus on Parade Street in St. John's. It was founded to honour the war dead from World War I, to provide a way of educating school teachers for the local religious schools, and to offer students higher education locally. Before that, there was no high-ranking post-secondary education in the dominion; students often went to Canada, the United Kingdom, or the United States. Students were first admitted into a non-degree program in 1925. The original location on Parade Street in St. Johns was established with the help of a grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York.

The college was established as a memorial to the Newfoundlanders who had lost their lives on active service during the First World War. It was later rededicated also to encompass the province's war dead of the Second World War.

The first president was J. L. Paton. It offered the first two years of university studies. MUC's initial enrollment was 57 students, which peaked at over 400 in the 1940s. In 1933, it merged with the adjacent Normal School and took responsibility for teacher training.

Early period
The period from the founding in 1925 until 1949 in Newfoundland was chaotic, reflecting Newfoundland's shifting economic and political situation, from the last flowering of independence to depression and life on the dole. The 1940 discovery of Newfoundland as a strategic military asset brought a new period of prosperity. Enrolment at the university went through ups and downs during this period, reflecting the shifting fortunes of Newfoundland.

Newfoundland gave up dominion status in 1934, ending self-government in exchange for British Commission of Government rule as a crown colony. Newfoundland remained a crown colony until it joined Canada as a province in 1949.

The post-Confederation government elevated the status of Memorial University College to full university status in August 1949, renaming the institution to Memorial University of Newfoundland. Memorial University was established by the Memorial University Act.

The enrolment in Memorial's first year was 307 students.

Expansion
In 1959, Memorial pioneered the Extension Service as a model for field education and community development.

In 1961, enrolment increased to 1400, and Memorial moved from Parade Street to its present location on Elizabeth Avenue (St. John's Campus).

On 8 March 1965, the government of Newfoundland announced free tuition for first-year students enrolled at Memorial University in St. John's. The Faculty of Medicine of Memorial University of Newfoundland was established in 1967, and the first students were admitted in 1969. It admits approximately 80 students into the M.D. program each year and also offers MSc and PhD programs.

Memorial maintains a campus in Harlow, England which opened to students in 1969. This campus has been a popular location for internships in education, and now offers credit courses, work terms, and internships in a number of areas. The campus accommodates approximately 50 students.

Memorial established the Institut Frecker in St. Pierre in 1973, to offer one-semester French immersion programs. It was housed in a building provided by the Archdiocese of St. Pierre until 2000. Now known as the Program Frecker, it is currently run from the FrancoForum, a language teaching facility owned by the government of St. Pierre. The program is partially supported by the governments of Canada and Newfoundland and Labrador.

In September 1975, a campus was opened in Corner Brook; it was first renamed Sir Wilfred Grenfell College in 1979 and renamed again in 2010 as Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland. Currently, 1300 students attend Grenfell, which offers full degree programs in several disciplines, including Fine Arts, and partial programs, which can be completed at the St. John's campus, in many other subjects.

In 1977, the Memorial University of Newfoundland Educational Television Centre implemented the Telemedicine project.

In 1992, the Institute of Fisheries and Marine Technology in St. John's became affiliated with Memorial University as the Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland. Today, it is named the Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland. It offers both degree and non-degree programs and has a high place in international ranking systems.

The modern day
In 2008, the university's hiring process for incoming presidents came under scrutiny for political interference by the province's education minister, Joan Shea.

In May 2021, the Board of Regents of Memorial University recommended that the institution should proceed with officially changing its name to Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador. However, changing the university's legal name will require an act of the province's House of Assembly, and has not yet taken effect.

In September 2019, the Memorial University Senate voted unanimously to create a degree-granting campus in Labrador. Memorial University subsequently established the School of Arctic and Sub-Arctic Studies in 2020. A campus in Happy Valley-Goose Bay (renovated from the former provincial courthouse on Hamilton River Road) was expected to offer courses in fall 2022.

In October 2023, a report by the Auditor-General found several concerns with the University's operations and expenses.

Presidents

 * John Lewis Paton (1925 to 1933)
 * Albert Hatcher (1933 to 1952)
 * Raymond Gushue (1952 to 1966)
 * Moses Morgan (pro tempore, 1966 to 1967)
 * The Rt. Hon. The Lord Taylor of Harlow (1967 to 1973)
 * Moses Morgan (1973 to 1981)
 * Leslie Harris (1981 to 1990)
 * Arthur May (1990 to 1999)
 * Axel Meisen (1999 to 2007)
 * Eddy Campbell (pro tempore, 2008 to 2009)
 * Chris Loomis (pro tempore, 2009 to 2010)
 * Gary Kachanoski (2010 to 2020)
 * Vianne Timmons (2020 to 2023)
 * Neil Bose (pro tempore, 2023 to present)

Chancellors

 * Viscount Rothermere of Hemsted (1952 to 1961)
 * Lord Thomson of Fleet (1961 to 1968)
 * G. Alain Frecker (1971 to 1979)
 * Paul G. Desmarais (1979 to 1988)
 * John Crosbie (1994 to 2008)
 * Rick Hillier (2008 to 2012)
 * Susan Dyer Knight (2012 to 2022)
 * Earl Ludlow (2022 to present)

Motto, shield, and arms
The university's motto is Provehito in Altum, 'to launch forth into the deep.' The arms of the university, designed by Alan Beddoe, have as their charges a cross moline, three books, and waves representing the sea, and were registered with the Canadian Heraldic Authority on 10 September 1992.

Schools and faculties
Memorial has seven faculties (Business Administration, Education, Engineering, Humanities and Social Sciences, Medicine, Nursing, and Science) and seven Schools (Artic and Subarctic Studies, Fine Arts, Graduate Studies, Music, Pharmacy, Human Kinetics and Recreation, and Social Work). These offer a wide variety of undergraduate and graduate degree programs.

Memorial's Faculty of Business Administration is recognized as a leader in Canadian business education with a high ranking, offering programs at undergraduate and graduate levels, including a bachelor of commerce, international bachelor of business administration, bachelor of business administration, master of business administration, master of employment relations and Ph.D. degrees.

Students can choose to specialize in the following engineering disciplines: Civil Engineering, Computer Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Ocean and Naval Architectural Engineering (combined degree), Engineering Management, and Process Engineering.

The St. John's campus is home to the Faculty of Medicine, co-located with the Newfoundland Health Science Center General Hospital. The Faculty of Medicine grants undergraduate and graduate degrees in medicine while also providing residential and advanced training. It is one of only four medical schools in Atlantic Canada (the others are Dalhousie University Faculty of Medicine, University of New Brunswick Medical Training Centre and Université de Moncton Medical Training Centre.

The Department of Biochemistry has a dietetic program accredited by the Dietitians of Canada, and the university's graduates may subsequently become registered dietitians.

Queen's College, an affiliated College of Memorial University, offers diploma and degree studies in theology, pastoral studies, church history, and related programs. It is an associate member of the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada with 166 students.

The university operates the Bonne Bay Marine Station in Gros Morne National Park.

Research
Research at Memorial University spans six faculties and six schools on the St. John's campus, three at the Grenfell Campus, and three at the Marine Institute, covering a broad range of basic, interdisciplinary, and applied research topics. It also includes specialized centres in marine learning that study ocean technology, aquaculture, sustainable fishery, and offshore safety. Over 40% of Memorial's research is ocean-related (68% in the Faculty of Science alone).

Memorial University recently joined with Dalhousie University and the University of Prince Edward Island to form the Ocean Frontier Institute, a collaborative research initiative aimed at harnessing the vast potential of the world's oceans. Memorial University is a member of the University of the Arctic, an international cooperative network of universities, colleges, and other organizations concerned with education and research in Arctic region. Memorial is also a member of the International Association of Universities, Universities Canada, Association of Commonwealth Universities, Canadian Virtual University, and the Canadian Bureau for International Education.

In 2009, Memorial University launched Yaffle to provide researchers and community partners an opportunity to connect and exchange ideas, expertise, research interests, and publicly engaged activities in an open and accessible way. Yaffle is managed by the Leslie Harris Centre of Regional Policy and Development at Memorial University.

Research impact
Out of 50 universities in Canada, Research Infosource ranked Memorial University the 20th most research-intensive for fiscal year 2016, with a sponsored research income of $91.178 million, averaging $93,500 per faculty member. Times Higher Education ranked Memorial University 17th among Canadian universities for subject-normalised total citations.

According to Memorial University's President's Report 2017, Memorial's total research funding for the fiscal year 2016-17 was over $100 million. Memorial is the seat of 20 active Canada Research Chairs and 13 sponsored research chairs.

Research centres and institutes
Memorial University operates and manages over 30 research units. Some fall under the direct authority of their respective faculties or schools, while others have a pan-university mandate or multi-organization consortium. Below is a sampling of the more prominent units:

 * Aging Research Centre – Newfoundland and Labrador
 * Autonomous Oceans Systems Laboratory
 * Bonne Bay Marine Station
 * Boreal Ecosystem Research Initiative, Grenfell Campus
 * Bruneau Centre for Excellence in Choral Music
 * Centre for Applied Ocean Technology, Marine Institute
 * Centre for Aquaculture and Seafood Development (CASD), Marine Institute
 * Centre for Fisheries Ecosystems Research, Marine Institute
 * Centre for Marine Simulation (CMS), Marine Institute
 * Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Resources (CSAR), Marine Institute
 * Craig L. Dobbin Genetics Research Centre
 * Digital Research Centre for Qualitative Fieldwork
 * eHealth Research Unit
 * English Language Research Centre
 * Environmental Policy Institute, Grenfell Campus
 * Folklore and Language Archive (MUNFLA)
 * Health Research Unit
 * Hibernia Enhanced Oil Recovery Laboratory
 * Institute of Social and Economic Research
 * Janeway Pediatric Research Unit
 * Lewisporte Regional Fisheries and Marine Centre
 * Maritime History Archive
 * Newfoundland and Labrador Centre for Applied Health Research
 * North West River Research Station, Labrador Institute
 * Nursing Research Unit
 * Ocean Engineering Research Centre (OERC)
 * Ocean Frontier Institute (OFI)
 * Ocean Sciences Centre
 * Offshore Safety and Survival Centre (OSSC), Marine Institute
 * Primary Healthcare Research Unit
 * Research Centre for the Study of Music, Media, and Place (MMaP)
 * SafetyNet
 * Support for People and Patient-Oriented Research and Trials (SUPPORT) Unit
 * The Centre for Risk, Integrity and Safety Engineering (CRISE)
 * The J.R. Smallwood Foundation for Newfoundland and Labrador Studies

Exchange programs
Presently, Memorial has 134 student programs, exchanges, and research partnership agreements in 40 countries. The Internationalization Office, formerly the International Student Advising Office, assists international students with housing, health insurance, academics, immigration, and career options. Memorial also has a British campus in Harlow, Essex, and is one of only two universities in Canada with a foothold in the United Kingdom.

Rankings
In Maclean's 2023 Canadian university rankings, Memorial University of Newfoundland placed seventh in the magazine's comprehensive university category. The university has also placed in several global university rankings. In 2022 Academic Ranking of World Universities, the university ranked 701–800 worldwide. The 2024 QS World University Rankings ranked the university 601-649 in the world. 2023 Times Higher Education World University Rankings placed the university 601–800 in the world. In the U.S. News & World Report 2022–23 ranking, the university placed 698th in the world.

Campuses and facilities
Memorial University has the following campuses: St. John's Campus on Elizabeth Avenue, Signal Hill, St. John's, Grenfell Campus, Corner Brook, Bonne Bay Marine Station, Holyrood Marine Base, Labrador Institute, Happy Valley-Goose Bay, Ocean Sciences Centre, Institut Frecker on the French island of St-Pierre, off Newfoundland's south coast, and in Harlow, England. The largest campus in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador is split by Prince Philip Drive. The university also operates the Memorial University of Newfoundland Botanical Garden.

St. John's campus
The largest campus is located in St. John's. Prince Philip Drive runs east–west through the St. John's campus, with Westerland Road bordering it to the west, Elizabeth Avenue to the south, and Allandale Road to the east. The majority of the academic buildings are located south of Prince Philip Drive: the Arts and Administration Building, the Science Building, Chemistry and Physics, Mathematics, Music, Education, Physical Education, and the Bruneau Centre for Research and Innovation. The University Centre is home to the food court, bookstore, campus bar ("Breezeway"), and the CHMR-FM campus radio station.

Libraries and archives
The Memorial University Libraries contain collections of university Archives, Fine Arts from the 1880s to present; Human History and Natural Sciences. Memorial University of Newfoundland Folklore and Language Archive collection consists of manuscripts, tapes, records, photographs and artifacts pertaining to Maritime Provinces, specifically Newfoundland and Labrador. The Queen Elizabeth II Library contains 1,072,588 monographs, 104,587 maps, 5,655 audio-visual titles and 9,081 journal titles. The Commons, located on the main floor of the library, has computers available for students and a digital media centre.

Marine Institute
The Marine Institute is a marine polytechnic institution located on Ridge Road in St. John's within Pippy Park, north of the city. It has unique facilities such as a full ship's bridge simulator and the world's largest flume tank. It offers degrees, diplomas, certifications and industry training for the maritime sector.

Grenfell Campus
Grenfell Campus is a 185 acre site in Corner Brook. It has approximately 1400 students, 156 faculty, and 235 staff and offers Arts, Fine Arts, Business, Science, and Nursing programs. It was formerly known as Sir Wilfred Grenfell College until 10 September 2010.

Harlow
The Harlow Campus, located in Old Harlow, Essex, England consists of the Maltings, which can accommodate 30 students, and Cabot House which can accommodate ten students. A former schoolhouse and a teacher's cottage have been converted into a lecture facility and an apartment and a former shop has been converted into apartments. Memorial's Harlow Campus is not a school unto itself. Instead, professional schools and academic departments at Memorial use the Harlow Campus to deliver unique programs. Harlow offers courses in Biology, Business, Drama & Performance, English Cultural Landscape, Fine Arts (both Theatre and Visual Arts), Faith, Love & Lore, and History & Political Science.

Signal Hill Campus
In 2013, Memorial University purchased the former Battery Hotel, located on Signal Hill, overlooking St. John's harbour. The hotel was a landmark property with a long history in the province's cultural life. To transform the space from a hotel to a university campus, several necessary upkeep and maintenance jobs were performed. At the same time, Memorial conducted a province-wide public consultation to seek input from the Memorial University community and its public partners.

Signal Hill Campus opened to the public in September 2018. A large portion of the campus, the Emera Innovation Exchange, serves as Memorial's innovation and public engagement hub to facilitate university-community collaboration. The campus houses several public-facing university organizations, a large conference centre, and graduate student living accommodations. Current tenants are the Harris Centre, Gardiner Centre, Genesis, Office of Public Engagement, Office of Strategic Operations (Signal Hill Campus) and Conference Services, MUN Pensioners' Association, Newfoundland Quarterly, and Business & Arts NL. The Conference Centre on Signal Hill Campus is a convening space within the Emera Innovation Exchange. It houses several distinct convening spaces, each with full AV connectivity. The Conference Hall overlooks St. John's harbour and can be divided into three separate venues or combined as one larger venue with the capacity to host up to 450 people. The Atrium, a multifunctional event space spread over two levels and connected by a seated staircase, was designed to serve as a venue for public events and presentations. YAFFLE Connect, a space operating as a physical manifestation of the Yaffle application, Memorial's online connecting tool, was designed with small meetings, co-working sessions, dialogues and debates in mind. There are also eight meeting rooms on the lower level of the Atrium and a dining room with a built-in kitchen for private lunches or small dinner receptions. The Harbour Wing and Tower areas of Signal Hill Campus are dedicated to graduate student living accommodations. There are 87 furnished rooms available, each single occupancy with a private washroom. The kitchen and lounge facilities on each floor are common areas shared between about 15 students.
 * Emera Innovation Exchange
 * Conference Centre
 * Accommodations

Botanical Garden
The collection includes perennial and annual plants, aquatic plants, spruce, fir, and alder trees. The garden, founded in 1972, is located at Oxen Pond along Mount Scio Road. The park has adopted the Twinflower (Linnaea borealis) as its emblem.

Student body and campus life
There are over 19,000 students currently enrolled in full and part-time studies at Memorial University. This number includes both undergraduate and graduate students. Approximately 85% of students are from Newfoundland and Labrador.

International students
There are currently 2,744 full-time and part-time international students enrolled at Memorial, hailing from 119 countries around the world pursuing high-quality education with high ranking as well. International students comprise 15 percent of the student population, and are served by the Internationalisation Office, headquartered at Corte Real.

Campus housing
Student Residences provides on-campus housing at the St. John's campus in three residential complexes: Paton College, Macpherson College, and Burton's Pond Apartments. There is a dining hall for students in residence, R. Gushue Hall, serviced by Aramark. A meal plan is mandatory for students in Paton College and Macpherson College.

The Paton College dormitories offer traditional dormitory-style accommodations for approximately 1000 students in nine residences, called Houses, and named after persons associated with the university or Newfoundland and Labrador: Barnes, Blackall, Bowater, Burke, Curtis, Doyle, Hatcher, Rothermere, and Squires.

The newer Macpherson College consists of two similarly named Halls: Shiwak and Cluett, which house 250 students each and were officially opened in 2013.

The five Courts of Burton's Pond apartments accommodate a total of 640 students (inclusive of any dependents) in four-bedroom apartments and provide a more independent lifestyle on campus. They are, in alphabetical order, Baltimore, Cabot, Cartier, Gilbert, and Guy.

Sports, clubs, and traditions
Memorial's sports teams, the Memorial Sea-Hawks (formerly The Beothuks), are part of the Atlantic University Sport (AUS) league of U Sports. There are varsity teams in men's and women's basketball, cross-country, soccer, swimming, and women's volleyball. Curling, track and field and wrestling are also available as club sports. The university also has student media, including a radio station, CHMR-FM, and a newspaper, The Muse.

Postage stamp
On 1 January 1943 and again on 21 March 1946, 'Memorial University College' stamps were issued based on a design by Herman Herbert Schwartz. The 2¢ / 30¢ stamps were perforated 12 and were printed by the Canadian Bank Note Company, Limited.

Sponsors
Memorial University's Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science and Faculty of Science are major sponsors of Women in Science and Engineering Newfoundland and Labrador (WISE NL). MUN has supported WISE NL's Student Summer Employment Program, Aboriginal Youth Conference, and the WinSETT Leadership Program - St. John's series.

Hudson & Rex
The Canadian crime comedy/drama series Hudson & Rex, based on the Austrian show Inspector Rex, is filmed at Memorial University regularly. The Bruneau Centre stands in for the headquarters of the fictional St. John's Police Department, while the rest of the campus has been used to portray the equally fictional Heritage University of Newfoundland and Labrador.

title: Memorial University of Newfoundland


text:
Eleni Bakopanos

Eleni Bakopanos, (born May 10, 1954 in Argos, Greece) is a Canadian politician.

Bakopanos was a member of the Liberal Party of Canada in the House of Commons of Canada, representing the riding of Ahuntsic from 1997 to 2006, and Saint-Denis from 1993 to 1997 and is the first Greek-born woman to be elected to Parliament. Bakopanos has been an executive, and a policy adviser. Formerly Assistant Deputy Chairman of Committees of the Whole, and a former Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada (1997–1999). Bakopanos was named Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Social Development with special emphasis on Social Economy on July 20, 2004. Bakopanos has served as Chair of the Standing Committee on Citizenship and Immigration and as Vice-Chair of the Standing Committee on Canadian Heritage.

In the spring 2004, Bakopanos wrote a booklet titled Political Recruiting and Women in the Political Process. She argues that women continue to face serious obstacles to full participation in public life. She suggests that women bring a different character to the policy making process and they should be encouraged to enter politics in greater numbers.

Bakopanos holds a Bachelor of Arts with honours in political science and history from McGill University, where she also studied law. She is married and is the mother of two daughters.

Bakopanos sought a return to parliament in the 2008 federal election, but was unsuccessful.

She ran in the provincial riding of Crémazie in the 2012 election for the Quebec Liberal Party but was defeated.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Eleni Bakopanos


text:
User talk:MediaWiki default

Welcome
Hello there MediaWiki default, welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page or how to format them visit our manual of style. Experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. If you ever think a page or image should be deleted, please list it at the votes for deletion page. There is also a votes for undeletion page if you want to retrieve something that you think should not have been deleted. Κσυπ Cyp  18:51, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Gee, thanks for the welcome, Cyp. But I'm really only interested in creating about 500 short pages on each wiki, perhaps with the occasional reversion. I don't think I'll have much need for VFD. -- MediaWiki default (User:Tim Starling)

You should be aware that you should not be protecting pages that you have edited. Also, you have been creating many pages without bolding the titles. You may want to review our policies in more detail. :) Pakaran 23:09, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Why do you show up when I tell wikipedia to only show anonymous users? Perl 03:41, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Because my user ID is zero. In many places in MediaWiki, it is assumed that a user ID of zero means anonymous. However, it is convenient for automated scripts such as myself and my good friend Conversion script to use a user ID of zero, that way we don't have to set up entries in the user table. -- MediaWiki default (User:Tim Starling) 14:27, Feb 28, 2004 (UTC)

 * o_o;; --- RockMFR 23:06, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

 * ACK IT'S TIM STARLING AS AN IMPOSTER OF THE SCRIPT 66.224.229.18 16:35, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

Why did you edit a bunch of random pages outside of the MediaWiki namespace, back in July? Ashibaka (tock) 19:15, 29 October 2005 (UTC)
 * As far as I understand, it was an error in the bot. – rotemliss – Talk 07:50, 9 April 2006 (UTC)
 * See this old thread entitled "Mystery history" and T4559. Graham 87 05:59, 22 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Also see my response in the recent technical village pump thread about this issue. Graham 87 18:22, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

barnstar

 * That's pointless, as this contributor is already, by default, an administrator (not at the moment, though) - it's an alternate account of User:Tim Starling, as seen above. :) Valtoras (talk) 07:30, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

This is a automated to all bot operators
Please take a few moments and fill in the data for your bot on Bots/Status Thank you Betacommand (talk • contribs • Bot) 19:41, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

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Thanks
Thanks MediaWiki default, for being the best bot possible. You bring defaults to MediaWiki. --Onekopaka 00:51, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of List of magical items in Jackie Chan Adventures
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TfD nomination of Template:Tooltip-article
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 * It was deleted as a mistake by the bot Templates_for_deletion/Log/2007_November_18 132.205.44.5 (talk) 02:32, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

 * See also Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/MediaWiki:Tooltip-article 132.205.44.5 (talk) 02:36, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Top tier (fighting games)
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Top tier (fighting games), suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process  because of the following concern:
 * A neologism, with little coverage outside a couple of fourms, urban dictionary. No RS, certainly.

All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page.

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How are the edit buttons generated?
Hi MediaWiki default! I think understand what you are (some sort of Agent Smith superbot?)... But anyway, you deleted MediaWiki:Bold tip, MediaWiki:Italic tip, etc. about two years ago. You stated that these messages are "No longer required" – out of interest, can I ask what replaced them? I was thinking that a few of the buttons could do with a tweak (altering the caption "embedded file" into something a bit more intuative like "insert photograph or diagram"), but I have no idea how the text or the image file is summoned. Could you point me in the right direction? -- Anxietycello (talk) 01:53, 3 December 2009 (UTC)
 * For the record, they were deleted because the current versions matched the software's (MediaWiki's) default. They can still be changed (by an admin clicking Edit then making the needed changes) if there is consensus to do so. Superm401 - Talk 18:22, 22 April 2013 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello MediaWiki default! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 2 of the articles that you created  are tagged as Unreferenced Biographies of Living Persons. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to insure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. if you were to bring these articles up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the articles are adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the list:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 21:39, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Harriet Sansom Harris -
 * 2) Johnny Kim -

AfD nomination of Johnny Kim
An editor has nominated one or more articles which you have created or worked on, for deletion. The nominated article is Johnny Kim. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also Notability and "What Wikipedia is not").

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Please note: This is an automatic notification by a bot. I have nothing to do with this article or the deletion nomination, and can't do anything about it. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 01:11, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

MfD nomination of MediaWiki:Disambiguationspage
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Your account will be renamed
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title: User talk:MediaWiki default


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MS Chi-Cheemaun

MS Chi-Cheemaun is a Canadian passenger and vehicle ferry in Ontario, Canada, which traverses Lake Huron between Tobermory on the Bruce Peninsula and South Baymouth on Manitoulin Island. The ferry connects the two geographically separate portions of Highway 6 and is the vessel that replaced MS Norgoma and SS Norisle in 1974. The ferry service runs seasonally from mid-May to mid-October. As of 2022 she is the third largest passenger vessel sailing the Great Lakes after the expedition cruise liner Viking Octantis and the US ferry SS Badger, although several larger vessels previously serving the Great Lakes are still in service in other parts of the world.

Literally translated, "chi-cheemaun" (in folk orthography or chi-jiimaan in the more standard Fiero double vowel spelling) means "big canoe" in Ojibwe.

History
A trip aboard Chi-Cheemaun is a long standing Great Lakes tradition dating back to the 1930s when a small, wooden vessel, Kagawong, first ferried vehicles across the Georgian Bay between Tobermory and South Baymouth. It features a drive-on, drive-off bow and stern loading and unloading through a visored bow system and a square door stern section. The ship is 111 m long with a 19 m beam and has capacity for 648 passengers and 143 vehicles, including room for large highway vehicles such as buses and transport trucks.

Chi-Cheemaun was initially powered by two Ruston 3500 hp diesel engines and an 800 hp bow thruster engine for improved handling of the vessel at slow speeds. During the 2006–2007 winter layover period, her Ruston engines were replaced with four Caterpillar V8 diesels. The addition of two mezzanine decks in 1982 increased the ship's vehicle carrying capacity.

Like her predecessors on Lake Huron, Chi-Cheemaun is owned by Owen Sound Transportation Company Limited, an agency of the Ontario Ministry of Transportation (MTO)

Chi-Cheemaun makes the 40 km trip in about one hour and 45 minutes, three times each day during peak season and twice a day (with an extra trip Fridays) during May/June and September/October.

From 1989 to 1992, her sister ship, MS Nindawayma, ran the same route, but was retired because of service problems leading to public dissatisfaction and sat rusting in Owen Sound, Ontario. It was finally broken up in 2012 at Purvis Marine in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario.

Information radio
Two low power radio stations, CHEI-FM (89.9 FM in South Baymouth) and CHEE-FM (89.9 FM in Tobermory) broadcast tourist notices and schedule information for travellers on the ferry.

title: MS Chi-Cheemaun


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University of Warwick Students' Union

Warwick Students' Union, also known as Warwick SU, is the students' union for the University of Warwick, in Coventry, England.

History
The Students' Union developed in tandem with the University and has existed since 1965. In its first few decades, it was heavily involved with the protests, rent strikes, and occupations which earned the University the nickname of 'Red Warwick'. In 1974, one Warwick student Kevin Gately was killed during the Red Lion Square disorders. More recently, in 2009, many Students' Union officers were active in the occupation of a lecture theatre in the Social Studies (S0.21) building to express solidarity with Gaza.

One of its on-campus successes was its campaign for its own building, which finally succeeded in 1975 after lengthy opposition from large parts of the University establishment. Some of its early activism was carried out in partnership with sympathetic elements of the academic staff of the university, with one incident being chronicled in the book Warwick University Ltd., edited by the eminent historian E. P. Thompson.

The Union is also a shareholder in the NUS Services Ltd (NUSSL).

Warwick Occupy
On Tuesday 19 November 2019, a collective of students known as Warwick Occupy led an occupation of three rooms in Warwick SUHQ for 30 days to protest allegations of institutional racism within Warwick SU. The collective were made up of several liberation groups and societies on campus including Warwick Anti-Racism Society, Warwick Anti-Sexism society, Warwick Pride and Warwick Labour.

The initial protests that sparked the occupation began when retired Israeli Defense Force Colonel Eyal Dror was invited by the Warwick Jewish Israeli Society and Stand With Us UK to speak on campus. The event took place on 19 November. A statement with more than 250 signatures had called for the cancellation of the event. During the colonel's talk, protestors linked arms and the protest eventually culminated in the occupation of three rooms in the SU headquarters.

Free education
In the Autumn of 2011, Warwick Students' Union passed policy against tuition fees which stated its position in defence of free education.

In October 2014, a campaign group emerged, called Warwick for Free Education. The group rose to prominence after a sit-in at the University's Senate House was broken up by the police, who had been called in to deal with an assault of a university staff member. The police were accused of using excessive force, and video footage appears to a show a police officer using CS spray on students. This led to an investigation by the Independent Police Complaints Commission. In July 2015, one protester was found guilty of common assault, while another was found guilty of causing fear and provoking violence.

In response to his handling of the situation and other issues, Warwick Students' Union passed a Vote of No Confidence against Nigel Thrift, Vice-Chancellor of the University. A two-hour panel debate was held on the student protests, at which Thrift faced further criticism for calling students yobs. University Registrar, Ken Sloan, said that Thrift's response was "very human" claiming that Thrift had been victim to a student campaign of targeted intimidation, and had been verbally abused and spat at near his home. The Warwick for Free Education Campaign group denied any association with such attacks but claimed they "further highlight the widespread dissatisfaction and anger towards Nigel Thrift and his behaviour as VC".

Fossil fuel divestment
On 8 July 2015, the university committed to divesting from fossil fuels, and placing its investments elsewhere when an opportunity becomes available. This came in the wake of a successful student campaign, and union referendum at which 65% of voters supported divestment. At the time of the decision, the university held no direct investments in any of the 200 largest fossil fuel companies, but did hold indirect investments, which it pledged to eliminate.

Disaffiliation from, and subsequent reaffiliation to, the National Union of Students (NUS)
In February 2023, the student body voted to leave the National Union of Students in the Spring 2023 All Student Vote, a group of generally binding referenda put forward by students to be voted on by the student body. The primary arguments made for leaving were over allegations of antisemitism within the body and the £30,000/year membership costs. The vote was 42.1% in favour, with 35.9% voting against and 22% abstaining.

It subsequently voted to reaffiliate in the Autumn 2023 term's All Student Vote, with the primary arguments for reaffiliating being that the prior vote to disaffiliate "received only 42.1% of votes in favour, with a large proportion (more than 20%) of students abstaining", the fact the NUS was "the formal national body for representing students", that "its lobbying secured £243 million for university hardship funds during the cost of living crisis", that the disaffiliation campaign was heavily criticised for its treatement of Jewish students and the Jewish Society, with the President of the Society calling its treatment of JSoc and Jewish students "reductive and exploitative", and that it had not called for Students Unions to disaffiliate over the findings of the recent antisemitism report. The vote to reaffiliate passed with higher turnout than previously, an increase of 16.7%, with 64.1% voting in favour, 16.1% voting against and 19.7% abstaining.

Warwick Conservative Society Controversy

In June 2024, the Sunday Times broke a story about the University of Warwick Conservative Association's (UWCA) Chairman's Dinner. Video evidence from the event shows members and attendees dancing to Erika, a Nazi-era German marching song. According to the article, some members later chanted "Kill the Hughs", apparently substituting the word "Jews" with the first name of recently departed association chairman Hugh Herring, and declared: "Heil the chairman."

Warwick Students' Union subsequently suspended the UWCA for up to 90 days pending an external investigation by the University, after widespread condemnation in the media and by student groups who coordinated a collective statement calling for action, including the disbandment of the UWCA.

Students' Union building

The Union consists of Union South (largely food, drink and entertainment) and Union North (mostly administration, offices and meeting rooms).

The Students' Union got its first building, Union South, in 1975, after a long struggle with the University under Vice-Chancellor Jack Butterworth, who said to Will Fitzgerald (President of the Union in 1970-1): "the Students' Union will never have its own building." Union North was added in the 1990s and, until recently, was linked to Union South by the 'link corridor.'

Union South rebuild
The Union South building underwent a £11 million refurbishment in spring 2008, which was completed in January 2010. The new facilities included a club and gig venue, The Copper Rooms, a pub, The Dirty Duck, a sandwich bar, The Bread Oven, a drinks bar, The Terrace Bar, a tea room, Curiositea, branches of Santander and Barclays banks, a pharmacy, a travel agent, spaces for societies and a pool room.

Union companies
The Union has four subsidiary companies:

 * Student Union Services Warwick Limited (Registered company number: 02197761 )
 * Membership Solutions Limited (Registered company number: 05525449 )
 * Warwick Students Union Services Limited, (Registered company number: 01187495 ) (mostly dormant and retained due to contracts held in its name)
 * Students' Union Warwick Events Limited (Registered company number: 06371766 )

In the style of the University of Warwick itself, the Union has an entrepreneurial strategy. Unlike many other British universities, which have privatised halls of accommodation and catering facilities, Warwick provides all of these in-house through its many subsidiaries. With Warwick SU, the entrepreneurial strategy is manifest through Membership Solutions Limited, an IT company that currently provides website and other solutions for membership organisations across the UK.

Student Voice and Impact Awards
The Student Voice and Impact Awards recognise and celebrate students who advocate and create change for the student experience, including Course Reps, Execs, Activists & Campaigners.

Notable people

 * Lord Kerslake, former Head of the Home Civil Service, served as General Secretary from 1977 to 1978.
 * The Conservative MP David Davis stood for the position of President during his attendance at Warwick, but failed to win. He also founded Radio Warwick, the student radio station.
 * Claire Horton, served as Chief Executive from 2002 to 2008.

title: University of Warwick Students' Union


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Trimaran

A trimaran (or double-outrigger) is a multihull boat that comprises a main hull and two smaller outrigger hulls (or "floats") which are attached to the main hull with lateral beams. Most modern trimarans are sailing yachts designed for recreation or racing; others are ferries or warships. They originated from the traditional double-outrigger hulls of the Austronesian cultures of Maritime Southeast Asia; particularly in the Philippines and Eastern Indonesia, where it remains the dominant hull design of traditional fishing boats. Double-outriggers are derived from the older catamaran and single-outrigger boat designs.

Terminology
The word "trimaran" is a portmanteau of "tri" and "(cata)maran", a term that is thought to have been coined by Victor Tchetchet, a pioneering, Ukrainian-born modern multihull designer. Trimarans consist of a main hull connected to outrigger floats on either side by a crossbeam, wing, or other form of superstructure—the traditional Polynesian terms for the hull, each float and connector are vaka, ama and aka, respectively (although trimarans are not traditionally Polynesian, since they instead use single-outrigger and catamaran configurations).

History
The first double-outrigger boats were developed by the Austronesian people and are still widely used today by traditional fishermen in maritime Southeast Asia. It developed from the more ancient single-outrigger boats as a way to deal with the problem of the instability of the latter when tacking leeward. Double-outrigger boats, however, did not develop among Austronesians in Micronesia and Polynesia (although it exists in western Melanesia), where single-outrigger boats and catamarans are used instead.

Warships with double-outriggers were used widely in Maritime Southeast Asia since ancient times up until the early modern period, with examples like the karakoa, lanong kora kora,  knabat bogolu, and the Borobudur ships. These were often referred to by Europeans during the colonial era as "proas", a general term which can also refer to single-outriggers and even to native ships without outriggers.

20th century
Recreational sailing catamarans and trimarans gained popularity during the 1960s and 1970s. Amateur development of the modern sailing trimaran started in 1945 with the efforts of Victor Tchetchet, a Ukrainian émigré to the US, who built two trimarans made of marine plywood, which were about 24 ft long. He is credited with coining the term, "trimaran." In the 1950s and 60s, Arthur Piver designed and built plywood kit trimarans, which were adopted by other homebuilders, but were heavy and not sea-kindly by modern standards. Some of these achieved ocean crossings, nonetheless. Other designers followed, including Jim Brown, Ed Horstman, John Marples, Jay Kantola, Chris White, Norman Cross, Derek Kelsall and Richard Newick, thus bringing the trimaran cruiser to new levels of performance and safety.

Following the homebuilt movement, production models became available. Some trimarans in the 19 - 36 ft are designed as "day-sailers" which can be transported on a road trailer. These include the original Farrier – Corsair folding trimarans, such as the F-27 Sport Cruiser – and original John Westell swing-wing folding trimaran (using the same folding system later adopted also on Quorning Dragonfly) and like trimarans. Modern western-built trimarans typically do not use Austronesian rigging like tanja or crab claw sails. Instead they use a standard Bermuda rig. Trimarans are also typically significantly wider. In addition, trimaran floats are much more buoyant than those of outrigger canoes to support a large sailplan. They contribute to drag when heavily immersed, and their level of immersion indicates when to reef. In terms of performance, an objective comparison by Doran (1972) in terms of maximum progress against the wind, maximum speed, and speed downwind concluded that both the traditional double-outrigger vinta of the Philippines and the single-outrigger wa of the Caroline Islands, respectively, are still superior to the modern trimaran.

Folding trimarans
Several manufacturers build trimarans in which the floats can be removed, repositioned, or folded near to the main hull. This allows them to be trailerable and/or to fit in a normal monohull space in a marina. Several mechanisms allow the amas or outriggers to be stored compactly:

 * Demountable fixed tubes that are assembled before launching.
 * Telescoping tubes
 * Hinge and latch system that allows the amas to fold over the main hull to reduce width for trailing.
 * Vertical folding that lifts the amas upwards and over the main hull.
 * Horizontal articulation that moves the amas forward or backwards at the same level as the hull.
 * Horizontal folding of the amas towards the main hull.

Safety
Trimaran safety features include amas with multiple sealed partitions, controls that all run to the cockpit, a collision bulkhead, partial or full cockpit coverings or windshields, and drain holes in the cockpit that can adequately drain the cockpit quickly, among other things.

Trimaran capsizes are more likely to be of the pitchpole type than a roll to one side due to their higher sideways stability and speeds. Capsized trimarans are harder to turn upright after they have turtled than monohull boats. While some capsized trimarans righted by sideways rotation may suffer heavy damage to mast and rigging, many modern and ancient trimarans are explicitly designed for this method of righting. Harnesses pulling on the stern toward the bow, or from the bow toward the stern of capsized trimarans have been shown to be able to successfully turn them end-over-end. Several design features reduce the chance of pitch-pole capsize; these include having wing nets with an open weave designed to reduce windage and decks and nets that shed water easily. The best way to avoid capsize is to reduce sail in heavy weather.

Competition and records
Thomas Coville holds the world record of 49 days and 3 hours for sailing solo around the world in the trimaran Sodebo Ultim, finishing on December 25, 2016. The previous record was set by Francis Joyon on January 20, 2008. The 51-year-old Frenchman circled the planet alone in 57 days, 13 hours, 34 minutes, 6 seconds in a trimaran. He beat British sailor Ellen MacArthur's record set in February 2005 for which she spent just over 71 days at sea.

Francis Joyon and a crew of five in the maxi trimaran IDEC SPORT set the absolute (wind or mechanically powered) time for the fastest maritime circumnavigation, in 40 days 23 hours 30 minutes 30 seconds of sailing between Dec 2016 and Jan 2017. Their average speed was 26.85 knots (30.71 MPH) over a total distance of 26,412 nmi. In early 2020, the same boat won a race retracing the tea clipper route from Hong Kong to London in just under 32 days – one-third the time it took the clippers to sail the route.

Hydroptère, an experimental sailing hydrofoil trimaran, briefly reached 56.3 kn near Fos-sur-Mer, but capsized and turtled shortly thereafter.

33rd America's Cup
Competing with a giant trimaran the BMW Oracle Racing team won the 2010 America's Cup for the Golden Gate Yacht Club on February 14, 2010, off Valencia, Spain. The team beat the giant catamaran Alinghi 2–0 in the best-of-three series, becoming the first American syndicate to win the cup since 1992. The large rigid wing sail of the USA 17 trimaran provided a decisive advantage and the trimaran won the America's Cup by a considerable margin in each race.

Powerboat
Earthrace broke the world record for circumnavigating the globe in a motorized boat in 2008 in just under 61 days.

Trimaran ships
The trimaran configurations has also been used for both passenger ferries and warships. The Australian shipbuilding company, Austal, investigated the comparative merits of trimaran ships, catamarans and monohulls. It found that there was an optimum location for the outer hulls in terms of minimizing wave generation and consequent power requirements for operating at high speeds with a payload of 1,000 tonnes. It further found that such a trimaran configuration was superior to a catamaran for roll and lateral force in a beam sea and superior in suppressing motion sickness resulting from a head sea.

The negative considerations for trimarans, compared with catamarans or monohulls are:

Between 2005 and 2020, Austal had built 14 aluminum high-speed trimaran ships, 11 of which were for the US Navy. In 2020, they had 11 trimarans under construction or under order. In addition to shipyards in Australia and the US, the company had shipyards in Vietnam and the Philippines.
 * A more complicated and consequently more expensive hull structure for the payload, making them more suited for low-density cargo or passengers.
 * More complicated geometry and large size per unit of cargo carried, which makes docking more difficult than for a catamaran or monohull.

In 2005 Austal delivered the 127 m Benchijigua Express to Spanish ferry operator Fred Olsen, S.A. for service in the Canary Islands. Capable of carrying 1,280 passengers and 340 cars, or equivalents, at speeds up to 40 knots, this boat was the longest aluminum ship in the world at the time of delivery. A modern warship, the RV Triton was commissioned by British defence contractor QinetiQ in 2000. In October 2005, the United States Navy commissioned for evaluation the construction of a General Dynamics litoral combat ship trimaran designed and built by Austal.

High-speed ferries

High-speed craft are governed by a code that applies to those designed for international passenger voyages that are shorter than four hours from a port of refuge, or cargo craft of 500 gross tonnage no more than eight hours from a port of refuge. All passengers are provided with a seat and there are no enclosed sleeping berths.

The demand for high-speed ferries started in the late 1970s for ferries built mostly in Norway. Ultimately, two Australian shipyards came to prominence, Incat and Austal. They were initially built by many shipyards, but by the turn of the century only two companies were still building larger vessels of over 70 metres and 3,000 Gross Tons. While Incat has specialized in wave-piercing catamarans, Austal has developed high-speed trimarans.

In 2010 Austal built the 102 metre Hull 270, although they were unable to find a buyer for the ship until it was sold to Condor Ferries in 2015 when it was named HSC Condor Liberation and began operating to the Channel Islands. Prospects for trimaran ferries picked up in 2017 when Fred. Olsen Express ordered two 118-metre trimarans for their Canary Islands services, named Bajamar Express and Bañaderos Express. In 2018 a Japanese company ordered an 83-metre trimaran ferry.

Naval ships
The first use of trimaran hull designs in modern navies was in the RV Triton, a Research Vessel for the Royal Navy. She was built as a technology demonstrator ship for the Royal Navy's Future Surface Combatant, and has been used to prove the viability of the hull form. Since 2007 the ship has been used by the Australian Customs and Border Protection Service's Customs Marine Unit.

Littoral combat ships built by General Dynamics at Bath Iron Works are of a trimaran design. USS Independence (LCS-2) is the first of these ships. Littoral combat ships built by Lockheed are of a monohull design.

First launched on August 31, 2012, at Bali Strait, 63M Carbon Fibre Composite Trimaran Fast Missile Boat (Indonesian: Kapal Cepat Rudal [KCR]) named Klewang-class fast attack craft (Klewang- means a traditional Indonesian single edge sword), was the first stealth trimaran of the Indonesian Navy built by North Sea Boats at Banyuwangi, East Java, Indonesia. Designed by New Zealand Naval Architects LOMOcean Marine this ship combined a number of existing advance technologies into a single, unique platform; a wave-piercer trimaran hull from, constructed exclusively of infused vinylester carbon fibre cored sandwich materials for all structural elements, with external "stealth" geometry and features intended to reduce detection. The KRI Klewang (625) caught fire because of an electrical short-circuit in the engine room during a maintenance period on September 28, 2012, and was a total loss.

43-meter Ocean Eagle  trimarans from CMN wharf with design from Nigel Irens und Prolarge based on the Ocean Adventurer concept will provide coastal protection for Mozambique.

title: Trimaran


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Mass meeting

In parliamentary law, a mass meeting is a type of deliberative assembly or popular assembly, which in a publicized or selectively distributed notice known as the call of the meeting - has been announced:

 * as called to take appropriate action on a particular problem or toward a particular purpose stated by the meeting's sponsors, and
 * as open to everyone interested in the stated problem or purpose (or to everyone within a specified sector of the population thus interested).

Participants
To the extent that persons in the invited category are clearly identifiable - as, for example, registered voters of a particular political party, or residents of a certain area - only such persons have the right to make motions, to speak, and to vote at the meeting, and none others need be admitted if the sponsors so choose. Attendees at a mass meeting are there under the implied understanding that the sponsors (who have engaged the hall and assumed the expenses of promoting the meeting) have the right to have the proceedings confined to the overall object they have announced. The assembled group of persons who are attending has the right to determine the action to be taken in pursuit of the stated object. "Membership" consists of all persons in the invited category who attend. If no qualification was placed in the call of the meeting, anyone who attends is regarded as a member and has the same rights as members in other assemblies - to make motions, to speak in debate, and to vote.

Organization

 * Call of the meeting - The announcement of a mass meeting should specify the date, hour, and place of the meeting, its purpose, and who should attend.
 * Advance Preparation - Sponsors calling for the mass meeting should decide:
 * whom they prefer for its chairman;
 * who shall call the meeting to order and nominate their choice of chairman;
 * who shall be nominated for secretary and by whom;
 * what rules-if any-shall be proposed for adoption; and
 * who shall make the initial talk explaining the purpose of the meeting.
 * Opening of the Meeting - The election of a chair and a secretary should be done right after the meeting is called to order.
 * Transactions in the Meeting
 * The purpose of the meeting is announced (usually by the secretary reading the call of the meeting.)
 * Resolutions are offered to accomplish the purpose of the meeting -- these may either be prepared in advance or a committee can be appointed to draft resolutions and to make a report back to the assembly.
 * Adjournment - If a place and time are not set for the next meeting, adjournment dissolves the organization.

When it is desired to form a permanent society, the organizers proceed in much the same way as for a mass meeting, except that the meetings while the organization is being formed should usually be carefully limited to persons whose interest in the project is known. For this reason, it may be desirable to solicit attendance for these meetings by personal contact or by letter, rather than by public announcement. A series of meetings is usually held when organizing a permanent society.

title: Mass meeting


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Sabbatical officer

In the United Kingdom, a sabbatical officer is a full-time officer elected by the members of a students' union (or similar body such as students' association, students' representative council or guild of students), commonly at a higher education establishment such as a university. Sabbatical officers are usually trustees of their students' union, in its capacity as a charity, and may also sit on or form the board of directors of the union.

Sabbatical officers (or 'sabbs') are normally elected annually, for a one-year term, i.e. a 'sabbatical year'. Some students' unions allow their sabbatical officers stand for re-election for a second year. Terms of more than two years are not permitted in the UK, under the Education Act 1994. Typically, the primary requirement for candidacy (and election) is that a candidate be a member of the body of the relevant association at the time of their candidacy.

Sabbatical years are either taken in between years of study (for example between year two and three of a typical degree, sitting the third year twelve months later than would have normally been the case) or else immediately after graduation. They are almost always paid positions, with funds coming from the students' union itself, or directly from the educational institution. The officer generally retains student status during their time in office.

A university students' union may have one or more sabbatical officers, with as many as eight being not unheard of. Each generally has a specific job description and title, such as President, Education Officer, Societies Officer, Sports Officer (often both Sports and Societies are overseen by one Students Activities Officer), Services Officer, Welfare Officer or Communications Officer. Together they form all or part of the "executive" or "executive committee" (or equivalent) of their organisation. They are generally supported by unpaid part-time officers who fulfil their roles while continuing their studies. In some cases, sabbaticals may work for separate bodies within a larger students' association at their institution; for example a sabbatical president of an athletics union when there are other officer working for the main students' union.

Some Further Education colleges also have small numbers of sabbatical officers but these are rare, partly due to funding restrictions. Often the executive members of the students' association of these bodies will do the job whilst still studying.

Student organisations outside of individual educational institutions, such as the National Union of Students of the United Kingdom, sometimes have their own sabbatical officers drawn from one of their member institutions.

title: Sabbatical officer


text:
EuroBillTracker

EuroBillTracker (EBT) is a website designed for tracking euro banknotes. It was inspired by the US currency bill tracking website Where's George? The aim is to record as many notes as possible to know details about their distribution and movements, follow it up, like where a note has been seen in particular, and generate statistics and rankings, for example, in which countries there are more tickets. EuroBillTracker has registered over 220 million notes with a combined total value of more than €4 billion as of September 2023.

Characteristics
EuroBillTracker is an international non-profit volunteer team dedicated to tracking euro notes around the world. The site is made up of people who simply enter the information from the notes in their possession. Each user enters the serial numbers and location information for each note they obtain into EuroBillTracker. A user can then see any comments from other people who have had that note. From this information, the site extracts:
 * Diffusion information: Each euro country has its own range of note serial numbers and from this information EBT can generate diffusion graphs that tell us how the notes travel to other countries. See the Diffusion section for more information.
 * Tracking information: When a note is re-entered, the users who previously entered it are notified via email. These hits can be seen in the statistics section.
 * Statistics and rankings: Who enters the most notes, which are the top countries? Where are the notes currently situated?

Euro banknotes and coins were put into circulation on 1 January 2002 and EBT has been tracking notes since then. The site was initially created by Philippe Girolami (giro). Anssi Johansson (avij) has been assisting with running the site since mid-2003. Site translation and various other tasks are handled by a group of active EBT users.

EuroBillTracker is not affiliated with the European Union, European Central Bank, national central banks or other financial institutions. Using EBT is completely free. Unlike Where's George?, EuroBillTracker requires users to register an account before they can enter details of banknotes.

From February 2008 onwards, the website is supposed to be run by a non-profit organization based in France, and called the European Society for EuroBillTrackers or Association des Eurobilltrackers. This organisation, operating generally similar to the Wikimedia Foundation, will be in charge of protecting the EuroBillTracker database and ensuring it is free of charge. Proceedings for the founding of the association are under way as of January 2008; they were launched after disagreements between the founder of the website and other webmasters caused a split of EuroBillTracker into two different sites on 24 December 2007. The two sites reunited in early 2008.

Core figures
As of 1 January 2023:
 * Number of users: over 200,500
 * Number of banknotes: over 215,200,000
 * Total value of all notes: over €3,900,000,000
 * Number of interesting hits: over 1,244,000
 * Number of bills by country:

Community
The growing popularity of EuroBillTracker has led to the development of a community of trackers, especially in countries with a higher usage of the website, such as Finland, the Benelux countries and Slovenia. On the contrary, the percentage of users with respect to the national population is especially low in some south European countries such as France, Spain or Greece, and also in Republic of Ireland

Since 2004, the community has been organising a pan-European yearly meeting during summer. After the 2008 meeting in Ljubljana, the EBT users also decided to organise a winter pan-European meeting.

 * The 2020 Winter meeting will take place in Luxembourg during the weekend of 28–29 March.

Curiosities:
 * The Winter Meeting in 2010 was the first where the name of the country was attributed to the meeting instead of the host city;
 * The city of 🇩🇪 Frankfurt am Main was the host of the Winter 2012 Meeting, where the 10th Anniversary of EuroBillTracker was celebrated;
 * The Summer 2016 Meeting was the first with a repeat host (in 🇲🇹 Malta, which also hosted the 2010 Winter Meeting);

Apart from the yearly meeting, national communities have been organising local gatherings at various levels; most notably, the German-speaking community was once hosted at the European Central Bank headquarters in Frankfurt am Main in April 2007. The visit was repeated in April 2012, during an international meeting.

title: EuroBillTracker


text:
James Outram (mountaineer)

James Outram (13 October 1864 – 12 March 1925) was a British clergyman, who made many first ascents in the Canadian Rockies in the early 1900s.

Biography
Outram was born in London, England, the son of Sir Francis Boyd Outram, Bart. of India fame. He was educated at Haileybury College and Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he gained his degree of Master of Arts. He came to the Canadian Rockies in 1900, and devoted himself to Alpine pursuits for some years, making his headquarters in Calgary. He ascended the hitherto unclimbed Mount Assiniboine in 1901. He contested for first ascents of the highest summits of the Rockies with J. Norman Collie, including the pursuit of the mythical giants Hooker and Brown.

His climbing accomplishments include:
 * 1900 - ascent of Cascade Mountain (2998 m)
 * 1901 - first ascents (guided) of Mount Assiniboine (3,618 m), Mount Vaux (3,310 m), Chancellor Peak (3,266 m), and Cathedral Mountain (3,189 m).
 * 1902 - first ascents guided by Christian Kaufmann of Mount Bryce (3507 m), Mount Columbia (3,747 m), Mount Forbes (3,612 m), and Mount Wilson (3,260 m).

Outram wrote a book about his adventures called In the Heart of the Canadian Rockies, first published in 1905, and several magazine articles, all dealing with mountaineering.

In 1920, Mount Outram in Banff National Park was named in his honour.

In 1921 he married a daughter of the late Joseph Balfour. He had no children. He was a member of the Anglican Church, in the congregation of St. Stephens, Calgary.

Outram was a dedicated Orangeman and a member of the Vermilion, Alberta, Loyal Orange Lodge Number 2078 in 1915. In 1916 he was elected the Worshipful Master of that lodge and in 1917 and 1918 he was elected the Worshipful Master for Victoria County, Alberta. In 1918 he was elected the Right Worshipful Grand Master of the Grand Orange Lodge of Alberta, and again re-elected in 1919 and 1920. He was also a member of the Vermilion lodge of the Ladies Orange Benevolent Association.

Outram also belonged to another Protestant fraternal organization known as the Royal Black Knights of the Camp of Israel where he served as Grand Registrar of the Grand Black Chapter of Alberta for 1921–1925. He was a knight in the Mannville Royal Black Preceptory, Number 948.

Outram died in Victoria, British Columbia on 12 March 1925 after several months of illness.

title: James Outram (mountaineer)


text:
Florencio Flores Aguilar

Colonel Florencio 'Chito' Flores Aguilar (c. 1931 – 28 March 2020) was a Panamanian army officer.

Flores served as Commander of the Panamanian National Guard following the death of General Omar Torrijos on 31 July 1981. Colonel Flores assumed command of the Panamanian military, but unlike his predecessor or his successors, he did not exercise his power as a military leader of Panama. He was displaced in March 1982 by Colonel Rubén Darío Paredes.

title: Florencio Flores Aguilar


text:
User talk:Jameyhammock

Cicero?
Hi there, noticed you on the Georgia Wikipedians page. You wouldn't happen to have any relation to Atlanta mayor Cicero C. Hammock, would you? He served in the Mexican War and was in the real estate business after the American Civil War. Just curious. Jolomo

title: User talk:Jameyhammock


text:
Rubén Darío Paredes

Rubén Darío Paredes del Río (born 11 August 1933) is a Panamanian army officer who was the military ruler of Panama from 1982 to 1983.

Colonel Paredes came to power after the displacement of Colonel Florencio Flores, due to the instability of Panamanian National Guard after the death of Omar Torrijos. He was educated at the military academy in Nicaragua. Paredes' tenure as National Guard commander was from March 1982 to August 1983. Paredes was promoted to the rank of general on March 3. In August 1983, Paredes resigned over a dispute concerning the government's attitude towards the United States involvement in Nicaragua. He retired from the Panamanian National Guard after making a deal with Manuel Noriega that would make Paredes president. However, after his resignation, Noriega reneged on the deal and had him arrested. He ran unsuccessfully as president in the 1984 election as a candidate.

Paredes is retired and lives in Panama City, Panama. His uncle, Rigoberto Paredes, was a member of the National Assembly in the 1980s and was alleged to be one of Noriega's closest allies. Rigoberto hosted a talk radio show on Radio BB in Panama City. Rigoberto Paredes died in 2007.

title: Rubén Darío Paredes


text:
This Hour Has 22 Minutes Direct Hits

This Hour Has 22 Minutes Direct Hits is a videocassette compilation of the best bits from the Canadian television series, This Hour Has 22 Minutes, from the years of 1993–99. The compilation features Rick Mercer "Talking to Americans", and eating burgers and fries with then-Prime Minister Jean Chrétien; Marg Delahunty (Mary Walsh) as she "smites" Mike Harris, Lucien Bouchard and Sheila Copps as "Marg, Princess Warrior"; Cathy Jones' blooper about a "Massitusits" case; Jerry Boyle (Greg Thomey) at Parliament Hill; classic ad parodies, sketch comedy, and more.

22 Minutes Direct Hits 1993–99 was produced by Salter Street Films.

title: This Hour Has 22 Minutes Direct Hits


text:
User:Rholton/test

User:Rholton

title: User:Rholton/test


text:
Particle system

A particle system is a technique in game physics, motion graphics, and computer graphics that uses many minute sprites, 3D models, or other graphic objects to simulate certain kinds of "fuzzy" phenomena, which are otherwise very hard to reproduce with conventional rendering techniques – usually highly chaotic systems, natural phenomena, or processes caused by chemical reactions.

Introduced in the 1982 film Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan for the fictional "Genesis effect", other examples include replicating the phenomena of fire, explosions, smoke, moving water (such as a waterfall), sparks, falling leaves, rock falls, clouds, fog, snow, dust, meteor tails, stars and galaxies, or abstract visual effects like glowing trails, magic spells, etc. – these use particles that fade out quickly and are then re-emitted from the effect's source. Another technique can be used for things that contain many strands – such as fur, hair, and grass – involving rendering an entire particle's lifetime at once, which can then be drawn and manipulated as a single strand of the material in question.

Particle systems are defined as a group of points in space, guided by a collection of rules defining behavior and appearance. Particle systems model phenomena as a cloud of particles, using stochastic processes to simplify the definition of dynamical system and fluid mechanics with that are difficult to represent with affine transformations.

Typical implementation
Particle systems typically implement the following modules:
 * An emission stage, which provides a location and generates new particles.
 * A simulation stage, which update parameters and simulates how particles evolve.
 * A rendering stage, which specifies how to render a particle.

Emission stage
An emitter implements a spawning rate (how many particles are generated per unit of time), the particles' initial velocity vector (the direction they are emitted upon creation). When using a mesh object as an emitter, the initial velocity vector is often set to be normal to the individual face(s) of the object, making the particles appear to "spray" directly from each face but this is optional.

Simulation stage
During the simulation stage, the number of new particles that must be created is calculated based on spawning rates and the interval between updates, and each of them is spawned in a specific position in 3D space based on the emitter's position and the spawning area specified. Each of the particle's parameters (i.e. velocity, color, etc.) is initialized according to the emitter's parameters. At each update, all existing particles are checked to see if they have exceeded their lifetime, in which case they are removed from the simulation. Otherwise, the particles' position and other characteristics are advanced based on a physical simulation, which can be as simple as translating their current position, or as complicated as performing physically accurate trajectory calculations which take into account external forces (gravity, friction, wind, etc.). It is common to perform collision detection between particles and specified 3D objects in the scene to make the particles bounce off of or otherwise interact with obstacles in the environment. Collisions between particles are rarely used, as they are computationally expensive and not visually relevant for most simulations.

Rendering stage
After the update is complete, each particle is rendered, usually in the form of a textured billboarded quad (i.e. a quadrilateral that is always facing the viewer). However, this is sometimes not necessary for games; a particle may be rendered as a single pixel in small resolution/limited processing power environments. Conversely, in motion graphics particles tend to be full but small-scale and easy-to-render 3D models, to ensure fidelity even at high resolution. Particles can be rendered as Metaballs in off-line rendering; isosurfaces computed from particle-metaballs make quite convincing liquids. Finally, 3D mesh objects can "stand in" for the particles — a snowstorm might consist of a single 3D snowflake mesh being duplicated and rotated to match the positions of thousands or millions of particles.

Particle System Taxonomy
In 1983, Reeves defined only animated points, creating moving particulate simulations — sparks, rain, fire, etc. In these implementations, each frame of the animation contains each particle at a specific position in its life cycle, and each particle occupies a single point position in space. For effects such as fire or smoke that dissipate, each particle is given a fade out time or fixed lifetime; effects such as snowstorms or rain instead usually terminate the lifetime of the particle once it passes out of a particular field of view.

In 1985, Reeves extended the concept to include rendering the entire life cycle of each particle simultaneously, the result transforms particles into static strands of material that show the overall trajectory, rather than points. These strands can be used to simulate hair, fur, grass, and similar materials. The strands can be controlled with the same velocity vectors, force fields, spawning rates, and deflection parameters that animated particles obey. In addition, the rendered thickness of the strands can be controlled and in some implementations may be varied along the length of the strand. Different combinations of parameters can impart stiffness, limpness, heaviness, bristliness, or any number of other properties. The strands may also use texture mapping to vary the strands' color, length, or other properties across the emitter surface.

In 1987, Reynolds introduces notions of flocking, herding or schooling behaviors. The boids model extends particle simulation to include external state interactions including goal seeking, collision avoidance, flock centering, and limited perception.

In 2003, Müller extended particle systems to fluidics by simulating viscosity, pressure and surface tension, and then rendered surfaces by interpolating the discrete positions with Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics.

Developer-friendly particle system tools
Particle systems code that can be included in game engines, digital content creation systems, and effects applications can be written from scratch or downloaded. Havok provides multiple particle system APIs. Their Havok FX API focuses especially on particle system effects. Ageia - now a subsidiary of Nvidia - provides a particle system and other game physics API that is used in many games, including Unreal Engine 3 games. Both GameMaker Studio and Unity provide a two-dimensional particle system often used by indie, hobbyist, or student game developers, though it cannot be imported into other engines. Many other solutions also exist, and particle systems are frequently written from scratch if non-standard effects or behaviors are desired.

title: Particle system


text:
User talk:Conversion script

Articles for deletion nomination of Vegetarian
I have nominated Vegetarian, an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Vegetarian. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. —  Dæ dαlusContribs 03:52, 29 August 2009 (UTC)

Real user
Clearly, this bot appeared to be an actual real human user. See this edit for example. It clearly comes from a human person sitting behind this indefinitely blocked account, claiming itself to be a bot. It is impossible for a bot to make an edit like that. Also, this bot created many new articles, which also reveal that it was a REAL user. / Hey Mid  (contributions) 21:07, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

 * No, see the user page. Graham 87 06:06, 21 September 2010 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Winad

The article Winad has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "'Winad' is not mentioned at either entry: this page and the linked redirect Winad (disambiguation) should both be deleted."

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Nomination of Retention for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Retention is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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Nomination of Amiga Enhanced Chip Set for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Amiga Enhanced Chip Set is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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"DeconstructionIsm" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DeconstructionIsm&redirect=no DeconstructionIsm] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Aaron Liu (talk) 21:29, 1 December 2023 (UTC)

Nomination of Knowbot for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Knowbot is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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Proposed deletion of Transport in the Netherlands Antilles

The article Transport in the Netherlands Antilles has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fails WP:GNG"

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"First Gulf War" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Gulf_War&redirect=no First Gulf War] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Elli (talk | contribs) 17:32, 29 April 2024 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of WiMAX

The article WiMAX has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "This article is misleading, failing to mention that this is obsolete technology that ultimately lost a format war to 4G and 5G networks. It's haphazardly structured, reads like an advertisement in places, and more concerningly, has had update templates saying it's overly jargon-heavy since 2010 (14 years!!) and needs update since 2019 (5 years ago). Many of the sources are from the 2000s and it's full of references to future deployments which almost certainly don't exist. It could be a candidate for rewriting rather than deletion, but frankly, I suspect it's so much work it'd be faster to start again from scratch."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

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''' This bot DID NOT nominate any of your contributions for deletion; please refer to the history of each individual page for details. ''' Thanks, FastilyBot (talk) 10:01, 24 June 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Conversion script


text:
User:R3m0t

Also likes to go on Wikibooks.

Barnstars
For your scripts, which are infinitely useful, you get a Barnstar. Remember to wax it daily for that shine!User:Luigi30 (Υσηρ ταλκ ΛυηγηΛ) 16:18, 1 Jun 2005 (UTC)

For using your creative programming to Wikipedia's benefit, while maximizing the skills of its human contributors, I give you another barnstar! (I hope you don't mind me putting them in a gallery for you...) — Catherine\talk 23:57, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

title: User:R3m0t


text:
Caustic

Caustic most commonly refers to:

 * Causticity, the property of being able to corrode organic tissue
 * Sodium hydroxide, sometimes called caustic soda
 * Potassium hydroxide, sometimes called caustic potash
 * Calcium oxide, sometimes called caustic lime

Caustic may also refer to:

 * Caustic (band), an American industrial/powernoise band
 * Caustic (mathematics), the envelope of rays reflected or refracted by a manifold
 * Caustic (optics), optic phenomenon due to light rays reflecting/refracting through curved surfaces/objects
 * Caustic Graphics, a graphics technology developer, part of Imagination Technologies
 * Caustic Window, an alias of Aphex Twin (electronic musician Richard D. James)
 * A playable character in the battle royale game Apex Legends

title: Caustic