text:
Political family

A political family (also referred to as political dynasty) is a family in which multiple members are involved in politics — particularly electoral politics. Members may be related by blood or marriage; often several generations or multiple siblings may be involved.

A royal family or dynasty in a monarchy is generally considered to not be a "political family," although the later descendants of a royal family have played political roles in a republic (such as the Arslan family of Lebanon). A family dictatorship is a form of hereditary dictatorship that operates much like an absolute monarchy, yet occurs in a nominally non-monarchic state.

United States
In the United States, many political families (having at least two generations serving in political office) have arisen since the country's founding.

Presidential
Several presidential families produced multiple generations of members who devoted at least part of their working lives to public service. Note 1: President Lincoln's great-grandmother, Abigail Harrison, was a member of the Shenandoah Valley branch of the Harrison family and was related to the James River branch that produced Presidents William Henry Harrison and Benjamin Harrison.
 * The Adams family: John Adams, second U.S. president (1797–1801); his son, John Quincy Adams, sixth U.S. president (1825–1829); John Quincy's son, Charles Francis Adams Sr., member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts (1859–1861) and U.S. envoy to the United Kingdom (1861–1868); Charles Francis' son, John Quincy Adams II, Massachusetts state representative (1866–67, 1868–69, 1871–72, 1874–75); John Quincy II's son, Charles Francis Adams III, mayor of Quincy, Massachusetts (1896–97) and U.S. secretary of the Navy (1929–1933).
 * The Harrison family: Benjamin Harrison V, governor of Virginia (1781–1784) and a signer of the Declaration of Independence; his son, William Henry Harrison, ninth U.S. president (1841); William's son, John Scott Harrison, member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio (1853–1857); John Scott's son, Benjamin Harrison, 23rd U.S. president (1889–1893) (the only grandson of a president to become president); Benjamin's son, Russell Benjamin Harrison, Indiana state legislator (1921–1933) and diplomat (1908–1927); Russell's son, William Henry Harrison III, member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Wyoming (1951–1955, 1961–1965, 1967–1969).
 * The Lincoln family: Abraham Lincoln, postmaster of New Salem, Illinois (1833), Illinois state House of Representatives (1834–1842), U.S. House of Representatives from Illinois (1847–1849), 16th U.S. president (1861–1865); his cousin-in-law, John Todd Stuart, U.S. House of Representatives from Illinois (1839–1843, 1863–1865), Illinois state Senate (1848–1852); President Lincoln's son, Robert Todd Lincoln, South Chicago Board of Supervisors (1876–77), U.S. secretary of War (1881–1885), U.S. minister to Great Britain (1889–1893).

Note 2: President Lincoln and Levi Lincoln were fourth cousins; their great-great-grandfathers were brothers. Levi Lincoln served as a Massachusetts state legislator 1797–98, member of the U.S. House of Representatives 1800–01, U.S. attorney general and acting secretary of State in the Jefferson administration, lieutenant governor of Massachusetts 1807–08, and governor of Massachusetts 1808–09.
 * The Taft family: Alphonso Taft, U.S. secretary of War (1876) and U.S. attorney general (1876–77); his sons, Charles Phelps Taft, U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio (1895–1897), and William Howard Taft, 27th U.S. president (1909–1913) and U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice (1921–1930); Charles and William Howard's cousin, Royal C. Taft, governor of Rhode Island (1888–1889); William Howard's sons, Robert A. Taft, U.S. Senate from Ohio (1939–1953), and Charles Phelps Taft II, mayor of Cincinnati (1955–1957); Robert's son, Robert Taft Jr., U.S. House of Representatives (1963–1965, 1967–1971) and U.S. Senate (1971–1976) from Ohio; Charles II's son, Seth Taft, Cuyahoga County commissioner (1971–1978); Robert Jr.'s son, Bob Taft, governor of Ohio (1999–2007).
 * The Roosevelt family: 26th U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909) and 32nd U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945), fifth cousins by blood (their great-great-great-grandfathers were brothers) and uncle-in-law and nephew-in-law by marriage. TR and FDR each served as U.S. assistant secretary of the Navy and as governor of New York before serving as president. FDR's wife and Theodore's niece, Eleanor Roosevelt, served as adviser to the president (1933–1945), chair of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights (1946–1952), chair of the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women (1961–62). TR's descendants: His son, Theodore Roosevelt Jr., governor of Puerto Rico (1929–1932) and the Philippines (1932–33); Theodore Jr.'s son, Theodore Roosevelt III, Pennsylvania secretary of Commerce (1949–1951). FDR and Eleanor's sons: Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr., U.S. House of Representatives from New York (1949–1955), U.S. undersecretary of Commerce (1963–1965); James Roosevelt, secretary to the President (1937–38), chairman of the California Democratic Party (1946–1948), U.S. House of Representatives from California (1955–1965); Elliott Roosevelt, mayor of Miami Beach, Florida (1965–67); James's sons, James Roosevelt, co-chair of the Rules and Bylaws Committee of the Democratic National Committee (1995 -), and Hall Delano Roosevelt, Long Beach, California, City Council (1996–2000).
 * The Kennedy family: Patrick Joseph Kennedy, Massachusetts state legislator (1884–1895); his son, Joseph P. Kennedy Sr., chair of the U.S. Maritime Commission (1934–35) and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (1937–38), and U.S. ambassador to Great Britain (1938–1940. Joseph and Rose Kennedy's children included John F. Kennedy, 35th U.S. president (1961–1963), U.S. House of Representatives (1947–1953) and U.S. Senate (1953–1961) from Massachusetts; Robert F. Kennedy, U.S. attorney general (1961–1964) and U.S. Senate from New York (1965–1968); Ted Kennedy, U.S. Senate from Massachusetts (1962–2009); and Jean Kennedy Smith, U.S. ambassador to Ireland (1993–1998). Ted Kennedy's widow, Victoria Reggie Kennedy, is U.S. ambassador to Austria (2022–). Joseph and Rose Kennedy's grandchildren include Joseph P. Kennedy II, U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts (1987–1999); Patrick J. Kennedy, U.S. House of Representatives from Rhode Island (1995–2011); Caroline Kennedy, U.S. ambassador to Japan (2013–2017) and Australia (2022–); Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, lieutenant governor of Maryland (1995–2003); Mark Shriver, Maryland House of Delegates (1995–2003); Edward M. Kennedy Jr., Connecticut state senator (2015–2019); and Bobby Shriver, City Council member and mayor of Santa Monica, California (2004–2012). Maria Shriver was First Lady of California (2003–2011) and founded the California Museum (her husband, Arnold Schwarzenegger, was governor). Joseph and Rose Kennedy's great-grandchildren include Joe Kennedy III, U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts (2013–2021) and U.S. envoy to Northern Ireland (2022 - ).
 * The Bush family: Prescott Bush, U.S. Senator from Connecticut (1952–63); his son, George H. W. Bush, 41st U.S. president (1989–93), U.S. vice president (1981–89), director of Central Intelligence Agency (1976–77), U.S. ambassador to the United Nations (1971–73), U.S. House of Representatives from Texas (1967–71); George H.W.'s sons, George W. Bush, 43rd U.S. president (2001–09) and governor of Texas (1995–2000), and Jeb Bush, governor of Florida (1995–2007); Jeb's son, George P. Bush, Texas Land Commissioner (2015–23).
 * The Clinton family: Bill Clinton, 42nd U.S. president (1993–2001) and governor of Arkansas (1979–81, 1983–92); his wife, Hillary Clinton, U.S. senator from New York (2001–09), U.S. secretary of State (2009–17), and Democratic nominee for President of the United States (2016); President Clinton's uncle, Roy Clinton, Arkansas state House of Representatives (1950s).
 * The Trump family: Donald Trump, 45th U.S. president (2017–21); his daughter Ivanka Trump and son-in-law Jared Kushner, senior presidential advisers (2017–21); his daughter-in-law Lara Trump, Co-chair of the Republican National Committee (2024–present); his sister, Maryanne Trump Barry, U.S. district and appeals court judge (1983–2019); his fourth cousin, John Heinz, U.S. House of Representatives (1971–77) and U.S. Senate (1977–91) from Pennsylvania (their great-grandfathers were first cousins and originated from Kallstadt, Germany).
 * The Biden family: Joe Biden, 46th U.S. president (2021–), 47th U.S. vice president (2009–17), U.S. senator from Delaware (1973–2009); his son, Beau Biden, state attorney general of Delaware (2007–15). President Biden's great-grandfather, Edward Francis Blewitt, served as a Pennsylvania state senator (1907–10).

Two other presidents were related by blood: James Madison and Zachary Taylor were second cousins. Other presidents were related by marriage: George Washington's nephew, George Steptoe Washington, was Madison's brother-in-law. Dwight Eisenhower's grandson, David Eisenhower, married Julie Nixon, a daughter of Richard Nixon.

Other
The following political families are in the United States. For an extensive alphabetical list, see the article List of United States political families.
 * The Ashcroft family: John Ashcroft, governor of Missouri (1985–93), U.S. Senate from Missouri (1995–2001), U.S. attorney general (2001–05); his son, Jay Ashcroft, secretary of state of Missouri (2017–).
 * The Bayh family: Birch Bayh, Indiana state House of Representatives (1954–62), U.S. Senate from Indiana (1963–81); his son, Evan Bayh, governor of Indiana (1989–97), U.S. Senate from Indiana (1999–2011).
 * The Beshear family: Steve Beshear, attorney general (1979–83), lieutenant governor (1983–87) and governor of Kentucky (2007–15); his son, Andy, attorney general (2016–19) and governor of Kentucky (2019–).
 * The Blunt family: Roy Blunt, U.S. House of Representatives (1997–2011) and U.S. Senate (2011–) from Missouri; his son, Matt Blunt, governor of Missouri (2005–09).
 * The Brown family: Pat Brown, governor of California (1959–67); his son, Jerry Brown, governor of California (1975–83, 2011–19), and mayor of Oakland (1999–2007); Jerry's sister, Kathleen Brown, member of the Los Angeles Board of Education, California State Treasurer (1991–95); Edmund Jr. and Kathleen's cousin, Hal Brown, Marin County Board of Supervisors.
 * The Brzezinski family: Zbigniew Brzezinski, U.S. National Security Advisor (1977–81); his son, Mark Brzezinski, U.S. ambassador to Sweden (2011–15), U.S. ambassador to Poland (2022–).
 * The Casey family: Bob Casey Sr., Pennsylvania Senate (1963–68), Auditor General of Pennsylvania (1969–77), governor of Pennsylvania (1987–95); his son, Bob Casey Jr., Auditor General of Pennsylvania (1997–2005), treasurer of Pennsylvania (2005–07), U.S. Senate from Pennsylvania (2007–)
 * The Celebrezze family: Frank D. Celebrezze, safety director for the City of Cleveland (1942–47), municipal court judge (1947–53); his brother, Anthony, mayor of Cleveland (1954–61), U.S. secretary of Health, Education and Welfare (1961–65), federal judge (1965–98); Frank's sons, Frank Jr., chief justice of the Ohio Supreme Court (1978–86), and James, Ohio state House of Representatives (1967–74); Anthony's son, Anthony Jr., Ohio state Senate (1975–78), secretary of state (1978–83), attorney general (1983–91); Frank Jr.'s son, Frank III, appeals court judge, Ohio Supreme Court justice; James's daughter, Leslie, judge, Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas (2009 – ); James' son, Nicholas, Ohio state House of Representatives (2012–19).
 * The Cheney family: Dick Cheney, U.S. House of Representatives from Wyoming (1979–89), U.S. secretary of Defense (1989–93), and 46th U.S. vice president (2001–09); his daughter, Liz Cheney, U.S. House of Representatives from Wyoming (2017–23).
 * The Cuomos: Mario Cuomo, governor of New York (1983–94); his son, Andrew Cuomo, U.S. secretary of Housing and Urban Development (1997–2001), governor of New York (2011–21).
 * The D'Alesandro/Pelosi family: Thomas D'Alesandro Jr., mayor of Baltimore, Maryland (1947–59), U.S. House of Representatives from Maryland (1939–47); his daughter, Nancy Pelosi, U.S. House of Representatives from California (1987–), speaker of the House (2007–11, 2019–23); her brother, Thomas D'Alesandro III, mayor of Baltimore (1967–71); Nancy's brother-in-law, Ronald Pelosi, San Francisco Board of Supervisors (1968–80); Ronald's nephew, Gavin Newsom, mayor of San Francisco (2004–11), lieutenant governor of California (2011–19), governor of California (2019–).
 * The Daley family: Richard J. Daley, mayor of Chicago (1955–76), widely considered one of the nation's most powerful mayors at the time; his sons, Richard M. Daley, mayor of Chicago (1989–2011); John P. Daley, Illinois state representative, state senator, and Cook County commissioner; William M. Daley, U.S. secretary of Commerce (1997–2000), White House chief of staff (2011–12).
 * The DeWine family: Mike DeWine, U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio (1983–91), U.S. Senate from Ohio (1995–2007), governor of Ohio (2019–); his son, Pat DeWine, justice of the Ohio Supreme Court (2017–).
 * The Dingell family: John Dingell Sr., U.S. House of Representatives from Michigan (1933–55); his son, John Dingell, U.S. House of Representatives from Michigan (1955–2015); John's wife, Debbie Dingell, U.S. House of Representatives from Michigan (2015–) (the same seat has been represented by a member of the Dingell family continuously since 1933); John's son, Christopher D. Dingell, Michigan state senator (1987–2003); Michigan circuit court judge.
 * The Ellison family: Keith Ellison, U.S. House of Representatives from Minnesota (2007–19), Minnesota attorney general (2019–); his son, Jeremiah Ellison, Minneapolis City Council (2018–).
 * The Ford family: John Ford, Tennessee state Senate (1974–2005); his sister, Ophelia Ford, Tennessee state Senate (2005–14); brother, Emmitt Ford, Tennessee state House of Representatives (1975–81); brother, Harold Ford Sr., Tennessee state House of Representatives (1971–75), U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee (1975–97); Harold's son, Harold Ford Jr., U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee (1997–2007).
 * The Gaetz family: Don Gaetz. Florida state Senate (2006–2016), Florida Senate president (2014–2016); his son Matt Gaetz, U.S. House of Representatives from Florida (2015–present)
 * The Gilligan family: John J. Gilligan, U.S. House of Representatives (1965–67), governor of Ohio (1971–75); his daughter, Kathleen Sebelius, governor of Kansas (2003–09), U.S. secretary of Health and Human Services (2009–14).
 * The Gore family: Albert Gore Sr., U.S. House of Representatives (1939–53) and U.S. Senate (1953–71) from Tennessee; his son, Al Gore, U.S. House of Representatives (1977–85) and U.S. Senate from Tennessee (1985–93), 45th U.S. vice president (1993–2001).
 * The Gorsuch family: Anne Gorsuch, Colorado state House of Representatives (1976–1980), EPA Administrator (1981–1983); her son Neil Gorsuch, U.S. Supreme Court Justice (2017–present)
 * The Hanna family: Mark Hanna, U.S. Senate from Ohio (1896–1904), chairman of the Republican National Committee (1897–1904); his daughter Ruth Hanna McCormick, U.S. House of Representatives from Illinois (1929–31).
 * The Huckabee family: Mike Huckabee, lieutenant governor (1993–96) and governor (1996–2007) of Arkansas; his daughter, Sarah Huckabee Sanders, White House press secretary (2017–19), governor of Arkansas (2023–).
 * The Jones family: Walter B. Jones Sr., Democrat, U.S. House of Representatives from North Carolina (1966–1992); his son, Walter B. Jones Jr., Republican, U.S. House of Representatives from North Carolina (1995–2019).
 * The Key family: Annie L. Key, Ohio state House of Representatives (2001–06); her daughter, Stephanie Howse, Ohio state House of Representatives (2015–22), Cleveland City Council (2022–).
 * The Kyl family: John Henry Kyl, U.S. House of Representatives from Iowa (1959–65, 1967–73); his son, Jon Kyl, U.S. House of Representatives (1987–95) and U.S. Senate from Arizona (1995–2013, 2018).
 * The Landrieu family: Moon Landrieu, Louisiana state House of Representatives (1960–66), mayor of New Orleans (1970–78), U.S. secretary of Housing and Urban Development (1979–81); his daughter, Mary Landrieu, Louisiana state House of Representatives (1980–88), Louisiana state treasurer (1988–96), U.S. Senate from Louisiana (1997–2015); her brother, Mitch Landrieu Louisiana state representative (1988–2004), lieutenant governor of Louisiana (2004–10), mayor of New Orleans (2010–18), senior adviser to President Biden for infrastructure coordination (2021–2024).
 * The LaTourette family: Steve LaTourette, U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio (1995–2013); his daughter, Sarah LaTourette, Ohio state House of Representatives (2015–19).
 * The Levin family: Sander Levin, U.S. House of Representatives from Michigan (1983–2019); his brother, Carl Levin, U.S. Senate from Michigan (1979–2015); Sander's son, Andy Levin, U.S. House of Representatives from Michigan (2019–2023).
 * The Lippitt/Chafee family: Henry Lippitt, governor of Rhode Island (1875–77); his sons, Charles W. Lippitt, governor of Rhode Island (1895–97), and Henry F. Lippitt, U.S. Senate from Rhode Island (1911–17); Henry F.'s son, Frederick Lippitt, Rhode Island state House of Representatives (1961–83); the elder Henry's great-grandson, John Chafee, governor of Rhode Island (1963–69), U.S. secretary of the Navy (1969–72), U.S. Senate from Rhode Island (1976–99); John's son, Lincoln Chafee, mayor of Warwick, Rhode Island (1993–99), U.S. Senate from Rhode Island (1999–2007), governor of Rhode Island (2011–15).
 * The Lodge family: Henry Cabot Lodge, U.S. House of Representatives (1887–93) and U.S. Senate (1893–1924) from Massachusetts; his grandson, Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., U.S. Senate from Massachusetts (1947–53), U.S. ambassador to the United Nations (1953–60), South Vietnam (1963–64, 1965–67), West Germany (1968–69), Vatican City (1970–77); Henry Jr.'s brother, John Davis Lodge, U.S. House of Representatives from Connecticut (1947–51), (governor of Connecticut (1951–55), and U.S. ambassador to Spain (1955–61), Argentina (1969–73), Switzerland (1983–85).
 * The Long family: Huey Long, governor of Louisiana (1928–32), U.S. Senate from Louisiana (1932–35); his widow, Rose McConnell Long, U.S. Senate from Louisiana (1936–37); his brother, Earl Long, lieutenant governor (1936–39) and governor (1939–40, 1948–52, 1956–60) of Louisiana; brother, George S. Long, U.S. House of Representatives from Louisiana (1953–58); Huey Long's son, Russell B. Long, U.S. Senate from Louisiana (1948–87). See Long family.
 * The Lujan family: Eugene David Lujan, associate justice, New Mexico Supreme Court (1945–59); his granddaughter, Michelle Lujan Grisham, governor of New Mexico (2022–); Eugene's second cousin, Ben Luján, member (1975–2012) and speaker (2001–12), New Mexico state House of Representatives; Ben's son, Ben Ray Luján, U.S. Senate from New Mexico (2021–); Eugene's fifth cousin, Manuel Lujan Sr., mayor of Santa Fe (1942–48). Manuel's son, Manuel Lujan Jr., U.S. House of Representatives from New Mexico (1969–89), U.S. Secretary of the Interior (1989–1993).
 * The Mack family: Connie Mack III, U.S. House of Representatives (1983–89) and U.S. Senate (1989–2001) from Florida; his son, Connie Mack IV, Florida state House of Representatives (2001–03) and U.S. House of Representatives from Florida (2005–13); Mary Bono, Connie IV's then-wife, member of the U.S. House of Representatives from California (1998–2013).
 * The Mathews family: George Mathews, governor of Georgia (1787–88, 1793–96), U.S. House of Representatives from Georgia (1789–91); his brothers, Sampson and Archer, served in the Virginia General Assembly. Their descendants served as governors, judges and legislators in five states.
 * The Menendez Family: Bob Menendez, U.S. House of Representatives from New Jersey (1993–2006}, U.S. Senate (2006–); his son Rob Menendez, U.S. House of Representatives from New Jersey (2023–)
 * The Moore/Capito family: Arch A. Moore Jr., U.S. House of Representatives (1957–1969), governor of West Virginia (1969–1977; 1985–1989); his daughter Shelley Moore Capito, U.S. House of Representatives (2001–2015), U.S. Senate (2015–); her son Moore Capito, West Virginia House of Delegates (2016–); his cousin Riley Moore, West Virginia House of Delegates (2017–2019), West Virginia state treasurer (2021–)
 * The Murkowski family: Frank Murkowski, U.S. Senate from Alaska (1981–2002), governor of Alaska (2002–06); his daughter, Lisa Murkowski, Alaska state House of Representatives (1999–2002), U.S. Senate from Alaska (2002–).
 * The O'Neill family: Thomas O'Neill, Cambridge, Massachusetts City Council; his son, Tip O'Neill, Massachusetts House of Representatives (1937–53), U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts (1953–87), Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (1977–87); Tip's son Thomas P. O'Neill III, lieutenant governor of Massachusetts (1975–83).
 * The Paul family: Ron Paul, U.S. House of Representatives from Texas (1976–77, 1979–85, 1997–2013); his son. Rand Paul, U.S. Senate from Kentucky (2011 -).
 * The Payne/Bolton family: Henry B. Payne, Ohio state Senate (1849–52), U.S. House of Representatives (1875–77) and U.S. Senate (1885–91) from Ohio; his son, Nathan P. Payne, mayor of Cleveland (1875–76); Henry's granddaughter, Frances P. Bolton, U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio (1940–69); her husband, Chester C. Bolton, U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio (1929–37); their son, Oliver P. Bolton, U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio (1953–57, 1963–65).
 * The Pence family: Mike Pence, 48th U.S. vice president (2017–21), governor of Indiana (2013–17), U.S. House of Representatives from Indiana (2001–13); his brother, Greg Pence, U.S. House of Representatives from Indiana (2019–).
 * The Rockefeller family: Nelson Rockefeller, 41st Vice President of the United States (1974–77), Governor of New York (1959–73); his brother, Winthrop Rockefeller, Governor of Arkansas (1967–71); their nephew, Jay Rockefeller, governor of West Virginia (1987–85), U.S. Senate from West Virginia (1985–2015); Winthrop's son, Winthrop Paul Rockefeller, lieutenant governor of Arkansas (1996–2006).
 * The Romney family: George W. Romney, governor of Michigan (1963–69), U S. secretary of Housing and Urban Development (1969–73); his son, Mitt Romney, governor of Massachusetts (2003–07), Republican Party nominee for U.S. president (2012), U.S. Senate from Utah (2019–); Mitt's niece, Ronna McDaniel, chair of the Republican National Committee (2017–2024), delegate to Republican National Convention (2016), chair of the Michigan Republican Party (2015–17).
 * The Rooney family: Dan M. Rooney (Pittsburgh Steelers owner and Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee), U.S. ambassador to Ireland (2009–12); his nephews, Tom Rooney, U.S. House of Representatives from Florida (2009–19), and Patrick Rooney Jr., Florida state House of Representatives (2010–16).
 * The Scalia family: Antonin Scalia, U.S. Supreme Court Justice (1986–2016); his son, Eugene Scalia, U.S. Secretary of Labor (2019–21).
 * The Suarez family: Xavier Suarez, mayor of Miami, Florida (1985–1993); his son Francis Suarez, mayor of Miami (2017–present); his nephew Alex Mooney, Maryland state senator (1999–2011), U.S. House of Representatives (2015–present)
 * The Sununu family: John H. Sununu, governor of New Hampshire (1983–89), White House chief of staff (1989–91); his sons John E. Sununu, U.S. House of Representatives (1997-03) and U.S. Senate (2003–09) from New Hampshire, and Chris Sununu, New Hampshire Executive Council (2011–17), governor of New Hampshire (2017–).
 * The Sykes family: Vernon Sykes, Ohio state Senate (2017–), Ohio state House of Representatives (1983–2000, 2007–14), Akron City Council (1970s–83); his wife, Barbara Sykes, Ohio state House of Representatives (2001–06), Akron City Council (1990s–2001); their daughter, Emilia Sykes, Ohio state House of Representatives (2015–2022), U.S. House of Representatives (2023–).
 * The Udall family: David King Udall Sr., representative to the Arizona Territorial Legislature (1899). His sons: Jesse Addison Udall, Arizona state House of Representatives (1931–38), chief justice of the Arizona Supreme Court (1964); John Hunt Udall, mayor of Phoenix, Arizona (1936–38); Don Taylor Udall, Arizona state House of Representatives (1941–42); Levi Stewart Udall, Arizona Supreme Court (1947–60), chief justice (1951–53, 1957–59). Levi's sons: Stewart Udall, U.S. House of Representatives from Arizona (1955–61), U.S. Secretary of the Interior (1961–69); Mo Udall, U.S. House of Representatives from Arizona (1961–91). Next generation: John Nicholas Udall, son of John, mayor of Phoenix, Arizona (1948–52); Tom Udall, son of Stewart, U.S. House of Representatives (1999–2008), U S. Senate from New Mexico (2009–21), U.S. ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa (2021–); Mark Udall, son of Mo, U.S. House of Representatives (1999–2009) and U.S. Senate from Colorado (2009–15), Colorado state House of Representatives (1997–99).
 * The Zone family: Michael Zone, Cleveland City Council (1960–74); his wife, Mary Zone, Cleveland City Council (1974–86); their son, Matt Zone, Cleveland City Council (2001–); their son-in-law, Lee Fisher, Ohio state House of Representatives (1981–82), Ohio state Senate (1983–90), Ohio state attorney general (1991–95), lieutenant governor of Ohio (2007–11); their nephew, Joseph Zone, Cleveland Municipal Court judge.

United Kingdom

 * The Pitt family: both William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham and his son William Pitt the Younger were Prime Ministers of Great Britain.
 * The Cavendish family: William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire was prime minister from 1756 to 1757. His great-great-granddaughter, Dorothy Macmillan, was married to Harold Macmillan, who served as prime minister from 1957 to 1963.
 * The Chamberlain family: Joseph Chamberlain served as President of the Board of Trade, Secretary of State for the Colonies, and (briefly in 1906) Leader of the Opposition. He had two sons by different wives, who both served in public office: the elder, Austen Chamberlain, served first as Chancellor of the Exchequer and later as Foreign Secretary; while the younger, Neville Chamberlain, was prime minister from 1937 to 1940.
 * The Churchill family: Lord Randolph Churchill served as Leader of the House of Commons and Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1886–87. His son Winston Churchill held numerous political posts including President of the Board of Trade, Chancellor of the Exchequer and Foreign Secretary before finally becoming prime minister (1940–1945 and 1951–1955). Winston's son Randolph and grandsons Winston and Nicholas were also politicians.
 * The Foot family: Isaac Foot was an MP from 1922 to 1935. Three of his sons also followed him into politics: the eldest son, Dingle, was Solicitor General for England and Wales under Harold Wilson; the third son, John, stood unsuccessfully as a Liberal candidate; and the fourth son, Michael, was Leader of the Opposition from 1979 to 1983,
 * The Hogg family: Both Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham and his son Quintin Hogg, 2nd Viscount Hailsham & Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone served as Lord Chancellor. Quintin's son Douglas Hogg, 3rd Viscount Hailsham is a politician and he is married to the political advisor Sarah Hogg, Baroness Hogg.
 * The Kinnock family: Current Labour MP Stephen Kinnock is the son of Neil Kinnock, Leader of the Opposition from 1983 to 1992. Stephen is also married to Helle Thorning-Schmidt, former prime minister of Denmark.
 * The Paisley family: Reverend Ian Paisley and his wife Eileen Paisley were both Democratic Unionist MPs, as is their son, Ian Paisley Jr.
 * The Johnson family: Stanley Johnson was a Member of the European Parliament from 1979 until 1984. Two of his sons followed him into politics: the eldest, Boris, was Mayor of London from 2008 to 2012 and prime minister from 2019 to 2022; while the youngest, Jo, also served as an MP.
 * The Hoyle family: Doug Hoyle was chair of the Parliamentary Labour Party from 1992 to 1997 and later sat in the House of Lords. His son, Sir Lindsay, is the current speaker of the House of Commons.

India

 * In India, three members of the Nehru–Gandhi family (Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi) have served as Prime Minister of India. Rajiv's wife Sonia Gandhi and son, Rahul Gandhi served as the President of Indian National Congress.
 * Three members of the Abdullah Family of Kashmir have served as the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir.
 * Two members of the Yadav Family (Mulayam Singh Yadav and Akhilesh Yadav) of Uttar Pradesh have served as Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh and many have held positions as ministers in the UP state government and the Indian government.
 * Two members of the M. Karunanidhi family have served as Chief Minister, including his son M.K. Stalin and many more, including children, grandchildren and other relatives have held various ministerial positions in both state and central government.

Other countries
Hoping to prevent political dynasties, the Indonesian parliament, which represents the third largest democracy in the world, passed a law barring anyone holding a major office within five years of a relative.
 * In Azerbaijan, President Ilham Aliyev is the son of the late Heydar Aliyev, who also served as the president from 1993 to 2003. Ilham's wife Mehriban is also the vice president of Azerbaijan and the first person to hold the position following its creation in 2017.
 * In Brazil, Jair Bolsonaro served as president from 2019 to 2023 and also served as federal deputy from 1991 to 2018. Flavio Bolsonaro, his firstborn son, serves as Senator since 2019, and has also served as state deputy for Rio de Janeiro from 2003 till 2018. Eduardo Bolsonaro, second son, serves as Federal Deputy since 2015. His third son, Carlos Bolsonaro serves in the Rio de Janeiro city council since 2001. His ex-wife, Ana Cristina Valle, ran for office in 2018, but was not elected.
 * In Canada, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau is the son of the late Pierre Trudeau, who also served as prime minister.
 * In Canada, New Brunswick Member of Legislative Assembly Ted Flemming shares the same name as his grandfather, Hugh John Flemming, who also served as a Member of Legislative Assembly as well as a member of the Parliament of Canada.
 * In Chile, the Alessandri and Frei families have held significant political influence from the 20th century onwards, each one with a father and son having served as president; Arturo and Jorge, and Eduardo and Eduardo, respectively.
 * In Estonia, Prime Minister Kaja Kallas is the daughter of Siim Kallas, who also served as prime minister from 2002 to 2003.
 * In Gabon, President Omar Bongo was succeeded by his son Ali Bongo Ondimba. Two commanders-in-chief of the Gabonese Republican Guard, Grégoire Kouna and Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema, are cousins of Ali Bongo. Brice Oligui took control after the coup d'état in 2023.
 * In Greece, 3 families have been predominant figures in Greek politics since the end of World War II. Current Prime Minister (since 2019) Kyriakos Mitsotakis is the son of former prime minister Konstantinos Mitsotakis, brother of former Minister of Foreign Affairs Dora Bakoyannis, and uncle of current Mayor of Athens Kostas Bakoyannis. The Mitsotakis family are also related to former prime minister Eleftherios Venizelos by marriage. Another important political family is the Papandreou family. Georgios Papandreou served three terms as prime minister, starting in 1944, on a political career that spanned five decades. His son, Andreas Papandreou, also served three terms as prime minister, starting in 1981. George Papandreou, Andreas' son and Georgios' grandson, served in the same role from 2009 to 2011. Another important political family is the Karamanlis family. Konstantinos Karamanlis was Greece's longest serving prime minister and helped the country enter the EU in 1981. His nephew Kostas Karamanlis also served as prime minister from 2000 to 2004 and another nephew Kostas Karamanlis served as minister of Infrastructure and Transport in 2019 to 2023.
 * The French Front National Party is led by Marine Le Pen, who succeeded her father Jean-Marie Le Pen in early 2011. Other members of the Le Pen family include current former MP Marion Maréchal (niece of Marine Le Pen) and Jordan Bardella (partner of the niece of Marine Le Pen).
 * In Indonesia, Sukarno and his daughter Megawati both served as presidents. Megawati's daughter, Puan Maharani is currently serving as the Speaker of the People's Representative Council. Recently, President Joko Widodo has been accused of dynastic politics in Indonesia by proposing his first son Gibran Rakabuming Raka as vice president of Indonesia in the 2024 election with Prabowo Subianto. Previously, Gibran was the mayor of Surakarta who was still serving even though he is participating in the 2024 presidential election. Apart from that, the second son of President Joko Widodo is the chairman of the Indonesian Solidarity Party and his son-in-law Bobby Nasution is the mayor of Medan.
 * In the Republic of Ireland, it is common for several members of a family to hold political office; see Families in the Oireachtas for a full list. This is particularly present in the two establishment centre-right parties, Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael.
 * In Jamaica, Michael Manley, who served as prime minister from 1972 to 1980 and again from 1989 to 1992, is the son of Norman Manley, who served as premier from 1959 to 1962. Norman was also related to prime minister Alexander Bustamante (1962-1967) via a common grandmother.
 * In Japan, various families dominate the political scene, several of which have occupied the prime ministership. Such instances include Shinzo Abe, who served from 2012 to 2020 and from 2006 to 2007, and who is the grandson of Nobusuke Kishi, who served from 1957 to 1960, and the great-nephew of Eisaku Sato, who served from 1964 to 1972. Additionally, both Kishi and Sato are brothers. There are other notable examples including Yukio Hatoyama (2009–2010), grandson of Ichiro Hatoyama (1954–1956), Morihiro Hosokawa (1993–1994), grandson of Fumimaro Konoe (1937 – 1939 & 1940 – 1941), Taro Aso (2008–2009), grandson of Shigeru Yoshida and (1946 – 1947, 1948 – 1954) and son-in-law of Zenko Suzuki (1980–1982) and Yasuo Fukuda (2007–2008), son of Takeo Fukuda (1976–1978).
 * In Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev served as president of Kazakhstan from 1991 to 2019, while his daughter Dariga served as Chair of the Senate from 2019 to 2020 and leader of her father's political party Nur Otan in the Senate from 2014 to 2015.
 * Uhuru Kenyatta served as president of Kenya from 2013 to 2022. He is the son of Jomo Kenyatta, the first president of the Republic of Kenya, who left office in 1978.
 * In Latvia, Guntis Ulmanis, who served as president from 1993 to 1999, is the great-nephew of Kārlis Ulmanis, who also served as president.
 * In Lebanon, Saad Hariri, who served as prime minister of Lebanon from 2009 to 2011 and from 2016 to 2020, is the son of Rafic Hariri, who also served as prime minister from 1992 to 1994 and from 2000 to 2004. The Gemayel family also plays a prominent role in the Lebanese politics. Bachir and Amine Gemayel, both of whom were elected presidents of Lebanon, are sons of Pierre Gemayel, the founder of the Kataeb Party.
 * In Lithuania: Vytautas Landsbergis, leader of the State in 1990–1992, is the son of Vytautas Landsbergis-Žemkalnis, a member of the government in the 1940s. Grandson Gabrielius Landsbergis is the current leader of the Conservative Party and the Minister of Foreign Affairs. Other example is Gentvilas family: Eugenijus Gentvilas served as mayor of Klaipėda, prime minister and minister of economy in 2001; his sister Virginija Baltraitienė (née Gentvilaitė) served as mayor of Kėdainiai district and minister of agriculture; his son Simonas Gentvilas is serving as minister of environment.
 * In Malaysia, Abdul Razak Hussein served as prime minister from 1970 to 1976, and his son Najib Razak, who was later convicted of corruption and sentenced to prison, served as prime minister from 2009 to 2018.
 * In Mauritius, out of five prime ministers, two have been the sons of former office holders. Navinchandra Ramgoolam is the son of the country's first prime minister, Seewoosagur Ramgoolam while Pravind Jugnauth is the son of Anerood Jugnauth. Other prominent political dynasties include the Duvals, Boolells and the Mohammeds
 * In Mexico, former president Enrique Peña Nieto, who served from 2012 to 2018, is a cousin of Alfredo Del Mazo Maza, governor of the State of Mexico, who is at the same time a son of former governor Alfredo del Mazo González. President Peña Nieto is also related to former governor Salvador Sánchez Colin and former governor Arturo Montiel Rojas. Prominent Mexican politician Luis Calderón Vega, founder of the National Action Party, is father of former senator Luisa María Calderón and former president Felipe Calderón, who is married to former congresswoman and presidential candidate Margarita Zavala, who is herself cousin of congresswoman Mariana Gómez del Campo. Former presidents Miguel de la Madrid and Miguel Alemán Valdés also had sons who held prominent political positions, Enrique de la Madrid served as Secretary of Tourism under president Enrique Peña Nieto, while Miguel Alemán Velasco served as senator and governor of Veracruz. However the most notable political family in Mexico is perhaps the Ruiz Massieu-Salinas Family. Former senator and Minister of Urban Development, Raúl Salinas Lozano is father to Carlos Salinas de Gortari who served as President of Mexico between 1988 and 1994, Raúl Salinas de Gortari, former director of CONASUPO, and Adriana Salinas de Gortari, who was herself married to former governor and PRI General Secretary, José Francisco Ruíz Massieu, killed in 1994. Ruíz Massieu's daughter, Claudia Ruíz Massieu would go on to become Mexico's Secretary of Tourism and Secretary of Forgein Affairs.
 * In Nigeria, members of the Ransome-Kuti family have been prominent. Olikoye Ransome-Kuti served as the health minister under President Ibrahim Babangida while his brother, Fela Kuti, founded and led the Movement of the People political party. Their mother, Chief Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, was a founding mother of Nigeria who served as a lawmaker and party leader in the country's colonial era.
 * In Palau, former President Thomas Remengesau Jr. is the son of the 2nd President Thomas Remengesau Sr.
 * In the Philippines, two members of the Aquino family (originating from Tarlac) had served as president, Corazon Aquino (who served from 1986 – 1992) and her son Benigno Aquino III (who served from 2010 – 2016). The Macapagal family also had two members who served as president, Diosdado Macapagal (who served from 1961 – 1965) and his daughter Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (who served from 2001 – 2010). Later the Marcos family, known for its kleptocratic rule, would have two presidents: Ferdinand Sr. (who served from 1965 until his removal in 1986) and his namesake son, Ferdinand Jr., widely known as "Bongbong", who has currently been serving since 2022. The family also produced a senator, Ferdinand Sr.'s daughter Imee who has been serving since 2019.
 * In Portugal, the minister of welfare state is married to a member of parliament involved in a scandal related with an ONG financed by the welfare state; The daughter of the same minister is the presidency minister; The interior minister is married with the sea minister; the justice minister husband was nominated for a public commission by a co-minister.
 * In Singapore, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong is the son of the first Prime Minister of Singapore Lee Kuan Yew.
 * In South Africa, the last State President, F. W. de Klerk, is the son of Jan de Klerk who served as acting State President in April 1975.
 * In South Korea, both Park Geun-hye and her father, Park Chung Hee, were Presidents of South Korea.
 * In Sri Lanka, the Rajapaksa family has had 2 presidents and 1 prime minister. Also, the family has many of their extended relatives in the parliament. Additionally, the Bandaranaike family has had 1 president and 3 prime ministers with S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike, Sirimavo Bandaranaike and Chandrika Kumaratunga all serving in the Prime Minister's capacity with Chandrika Kumaratunga serving as president.
 * In Taiwan, Chiang Kai-shek and Chiang Ching-kuo both served as President
 * In Thailand, siblings Thaksin and Yingluck Shinawatra both served as Prime Minister
 * In Turkmenistan, Serdar Berdimuhamedow, who was elected as president of Turkmenistan in 2022, is the son of Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, who served as president from 2007 to 2022.
 * In Iran, the Davidkhanian family has been prominent in Persian politics and diplomacy, giving the country numerous cabinet ministers, advisors to the Shah, and politicians since the establishment of the Qajar dynasty. Markar Khan Davidkhanian served as the Minister of Finance (1804–1848) and advisor to Fath-Ali Shah Qajar during the Great Game. Set Khan Astvatsatourian (1780–1942) served as a political advisor to Abbas Mirza and Ambassador to Britain. Tsatur Khan (1820–1905) served as advisor to Mozaffar-ad-Din Qajar, envoy to Russia, and de facto Minister of Foreign Affairs. During the Pahlavi era, Meguertitch Khan Davidkhanian (1902–1983) served as Governor of Khorramshahr.
 * In Uruguay, the Batlle family have held significant political influence from the 19th century onwards, with four of its members serving as presidents.

title: Political family


text:
Damietta

Damietta (دمياط  ; ⲧⲁⲙⲓⲁϯ) is a port city and the capital of the Damietta Governorate in Egypt. It is located at the Damietta branch, an eastern distributary of the Nile Delta, 15 km from the Mediterranean Sea, and about 200 km north of Cairo. It was a Catholic bishopric and is a multiple titular see. It is also a member of the UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities.

Etymology
The modern name of the city comes from its Coptic name Tamiati (ⲧⲁⲙⲓⲁϯ Late Coptic: ), which in turn most likely comes from Ancient Egyptian   (, "mooring, port, town") and  , a determinative used for towns and cities, although al-Maqrizi suggested a Syriac etymology.

History
Mentioned by the 6th-century geographer Stephanus of Byzantium, the city was called Tamíathis (Ταμίαθις) in the Hellenistic period.

Under the Rashid caliph Umar (579–644), the Arabs took the city and successfully resisted the attempts by the Byzantine Empire to recover it, especially in 739, 821, 921 and 968. The Abbasid Caliphate used Alexandria, Damietta, Aden and Siraf as entry ports to India and Tang China. Damietta was an important naval base during the Abbasid, Tulunid and Fatimid periods. This led to several attacks by the Byzantine Empire, most notably the sack and destruction of the city in May 853.

Damietta was again important in the 12th and 13th centuries during the Crusades. In 1169, a fleet from the Kingdom of Jerusalem, with support from the Byzantine Empire, attacked the port, but the besiegers returned home without any success to capture the port, which was defended by Saladin.

During preparations for the Fifth Crusade in 1217, it was decided that Damietta should be the focus of attack. Control of Damietta meant control of the Nile, and from there the Crusaders believed they could conquer Egypt. From Egypt, they could then attack Ayyubid-ruled Palestine and recapture Jerusalem. After the siege of Damietta of 1218–19, the port was occupied by the Crusaders. The siege devastated the population of Damietta. After the crusaders captured Damietta in November 1219, they looted the city.

Earlier that year, Francis of Assisi had arrived to negotiate with the Muslim ruler peaceably. In 1221 the Crusaders attempted to march to Cairo, but were destroyed by the combination of nature and Muslim defenses.

Damietta was also the object of the Seventh Crusade, led by Louis IX of France. His fleet arrived there in 1249 and quickly captured the fort, which he refused to hand over to the nominal king of Jerusalem, to whom it had been promised during the Fifth Crusade. However, having been taken prisoner with his army in April 1250, Louis was obliged to surrender Damietta as ransom.

Hearing that Louis was preparing a new crusade, the Mamluk sultan Baybars – given the importance of the city to the Crusaders – destroyed it in 1251 and rebuilt it with stronger fortifications a few kilometers from the Nile in the early 1260s, making the mouth of the Damietta branch impassable for ships.

Ecclesiastical history
Hellenistic Tamiathis became a Christian bishopric, a suffragan of the metropolitan see of Pelusium, the capital of the Roman province of Augustamnica Prima, to which Tamiathis belonged. Its bishop Heraclius took part in the Council of Ephesus in 431. Helpidius was a signatory of the decree of Patriarch Gennadius of Constantinople against simony in 459. Bassus was at the Second Council of Constantinople (553). In a letter from Patriarch Michael I of Alexandria read at the Photian Council of Constantinople (879), mention is made of Zacharias of Tamiathis, who had attended a synod that Michael had convened in support of Photius. Later bishops too of Tamiathis are named in other documents. In 1249, when Louis IX of France captured the city, it became for a short time the seat of a Latin Church bishop. The Latin bishopric, no longer residential, is today listed by the Catholic Church twice as a titular see under the names Tamiathis (Latin) and Damiata (Curiate Italian), each at time of episcopal or archiepiscopal rank, of the Latin and Melkite Catholic Churches, for the Catholic Church, having been until the early 20th century an important centre for that church.

Titular Latin see
The diocese was nominally restored in the 17th century when established as Latin titular archbishopric of Damietta of the Romans (Tamiathis or Tomiathianus Romanorum; Damiata in Curiate) and had the following incumbents of the intermediary archiepiscopal rank :
 * Bernardino Spada (later Cardinal) (1623.12.04 – 1626.01.19)
 * Cardinal Cesare Facchinetti (1639.09.05 – 1672.11.14)
 * Neri Corsini (later Cardinal) (1652.08.12 – 1664.01.14)
 * Angelo Maria Ranuzzi (later Cardinal) (1668.04.30 – 1678.04.18)
 * Ercole Visconti (1678.07.18 – ?)
 * Marco Antonio Ansidei (later Cardinal) (1724.06.12 – 1726.12.16)
 * Raffaele Cosimo De Girolami (later Cardinal) (1728.03.08 – 1743.09.09)
 * Paul Alpheran de Bussan, Sovereign Military Order of Malta (O.B.E.) (1746.09.19 – 1757.04.20)
 * Vincenzo Maria de Francisco e Galletti, Dominican Order (O.P.) (1757.12.19 – 1769.07.19)
 * Bonaventura Prestandrea, Conventual Franciscans (O.F.M. Conv.) (1769.12.18 – 1777.12.21)
 * Bartolomeo Pacca (later Cardinal) (1785.09.26 – 1801.02.23)
 * Giovanni Francesco Compagnoni Marefoschi (1816.04.29 – 1820.09.17)
 * Giovanni Giacomo Sinibaldi (1821.08.13 – 1843.01.27) (later Patriarch)*
 * Vincenzo Gioacchino Pecci (later Pope Leo XIII) (1843.01.27 – 1846.01.19)
 * Diego Planeta (1850.01.07 – 1858.06.05)
 * Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano (later Cardinal) (1866.05.04 – 1873.12.22)
 * Eugène-Louis-Marie Lion, O.P. (1874.03.13 – 1883.08.08)
 * Eugenio Lachat, Missionaries of the Precious Blood (C.PP.S.) (1885.03.23 – 1886.11.01)
 * Ignazio Persico (德斯馬曾), O.F.M. Cap. (later Cardinal) (1887.03.14 – 1893.01.16)
 * Andrea Aiuti (later Cardinal) (1893.06.12 – 1903.06.22)
 * Edoardo Carlo Gastone Pöttickh de Pettenegg, Teutonic Order (O.T.) (1904.11.14 – 1918.10.01)
 * Sebastião Leite de Vasconcellos (1919.12.15 – 1923.01.29)
 * Luigi Pellizzo (1923.03.24 – 1936.08.14)

Demoted in 1925 as Titular bishopric, it has been vacant for decades, having had the following incumbents, all of the episcopal (lowest) rank:
 * Guglielmo Grassi (1937.01.13 – 1954.09.14)
 * Eugenio Beitia Aldazabal (1954.10.30 – 1962.01.27)
 * Marco Caliaro, Scalabrinians (C.S.) (1962.02.10 – 1962.05.23)
 * Antonio Cece (1962.08.06 – 1966.03.31)

Titular Melkite see
Established in 1900 as titular bishopric of Damietta of the Melkite Greeks (Tamiathis or Tomiathianus Graecorum Melkitarum; Damiata), it was suppressed in 1935, after a single incumbent of this episcopal (lowest) rank:
 * Titular Bishop Paul-Raphaël Abi-Mourad (1900.07.02 – 1935.08.08)

Restored in 1961 as Titular archbishopric, it has had the following incumbents of the archiepiscopal (intermediary) rank:
 * Titular Archbishop Antonio Farage (1961.03.07 – 1963.11.09)
 * Titular Archbishop Nicolas Hajj (1965.07.30 – 1984.11.03)
 * Titular Archbishop Joseph Jules Zerey (2001.06.22 – ... ), protosyncellus of Jerusalem of the Greek-Melkites (Palestine)

Climate
Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot desert (BWh), but blowing winds from the Mediterranean Sea greatly moderate the temperatures, typical to the Egypt's north coast, making its summers moderately hot and humid while its winters mild and moderately wet where sleet and hail are also common.

Port Said, Kosseir, Ras El Bar, Baltim, Damietta and Alexandria have the least temperature variation in Egypt.

Economy
Damietta is very famous for its furniture industry. In addition to the Egyptian market, its furniture is sold in Arab countries, Africa, Europe, the United States, and almost all over the world. Today, there is a canal connecting it to the Nile, which has made it an important port once again. Containers are transported through the new Damietta Port. The Damietta governorate has a population of about 1,093,580 (2006). It contains the SEGAS LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) plant, which will ultimately have a capacity of 9.6 million ton/year through two trains. The plant is owned by Segas, a joint venture of the Spanish utility Unión Fenosa (40%), Italian oil company Eni (40%) and the Egyptian companies EGAS and EGPC (10% each). The plant is unusual since it is not supplied from a dedicated field, but is supplied with gas from the Egyptian grid. , EMethanex, the Egyptian division of Methanex Corporation, a Canadian owned company, was building a 3600 MTPD methanol plant. Damietta also has a woodworking industry and is also noted for its White Domiati cheese and other dairy products and Pâtisserie and Egyptian desserts. It is also a fishing port.

Main sights

 * Mosques
 * Amr ibn al-As Mosque (Damietta), the second mosque to be built in Egypt and Africa by the Arabs after entering Egypt. It was twice converted to a church during the city's occupation by the Crusaders. Louis IX of France's son, John Tristan, was baptized by a legate of the pope in this mosque.
 * Al-Bahr Mosque, dating to the Ottoman rule era.
 * Al-Hadidy Mosque in Faraskour, 200 years old.
 * Al-Maainy Mosque, dating to the reign of al-Naser Mohammed ibn Qalawon.
 * Al-Matbuly Mosque, dating to the Mamluk era.
 * Al-Radwaniya Mosque, dating to the Mamluk era.

 * Other
 * Tabiet Ahmed Urabi, ruins of Damietta Fort at Ezbet El-Borg.
 * The Old Bridge, dating to the early 20th century.
 * Souk al-Hesba, the old city centre, dating to the Abbasid rule era.

Notable people

 * Kamal al-Din Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Damiri, (1344–1405), writer on canon law and natural history
 * Refaat Al-Gammal (Raafat el-Haggan), Egyptian spy
 * Professor Aisha Abd al-Rahman (Bent Al Shatea), journalist and Muslim philosopher
 * Latifa al-Zayyat, activist and writer
 * Professor Abdel Rahman Badawi, professor of philosophy
 * St. Sidhom Bishay, Coptic martyr
 * Rifaat El-Fanagily, football player
 * Mohamed Fahim ElGindy, who established and developed the furniture industry during 20th century in Damietta
 * Rifaat el-Mahgoub, former Head of the Egyptian Parliament and a member of the ruling National Democratic Party
 * Besheer El-Tabei, football player
 * Mohammed Hassan El-Zayyat, former minister of foreign affairs.
 * Farag Foda, secular writer shot to death in his office on 8 June 1992 by two Islamic fundamentalists from the Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya group.
 * Zahi Hawass, Egyptologist
 * Yusuf Idris, writer and psychiatrist
 * Zaki Naguib Mahmoud, writer and philosopher
 * Ali Moustafa Mosharafa, physicist and contributor to the theory of relativity
 * Farouk Shousha, poet; previously head of Egyptian Radio (El Soaraa village)
 * Essam El Hadary, football player

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Damietta


text:
Reader-response criticism

Reader-response criticism is a school of literary theory that focuses on the reader (or "audience") and their experience of a literary work, in contrast to other schools and theories that focus attention primarily on the author or the content and form of the work.

Development
Although literary theory has long paid some attention to the reader's role in creating the meaning and experience of a literary work, modern reader-response criticism began in the 1960s and '70s, particularly in the US and Germany. This movement shifted the focus from the text to the reader and argues that affective response is a legitimate point for departure in criticism. Its conceptualization of critical practice is distinguished from theories that favor textual autonomy (for example, Formalism and New Criticism) as well as recent critical movements (for example, structuralism, semiotics, and deconstruction) due to its focus on the reader's interpretive activities.

Classic reader-response critics include Norman Holland, Stanley Fish, Wolfgang Iser, Hans-Robert Jauss, and Roland Barthes. Important predecessors were I. A. Richards, who in 1929 analyzed a group of Cambridge undergraduates' misreadings; and Louise Rosenblatt, who, in Literature as Exploration (1938), argued that it is important for the teacher to avoid imposing any "preconceived notions about the proper way to react to any work".

Reader-response theory recognizes the reader as an active agent who imparts "real existence" to the work and completes its meaning through interpretation. Reader-response criticism argues that literature should be viewed as a performing art in which each reader creates their own, possibly unique, text-related performance. The approach avoids subjectivity or essentialism in descriptions produced through its recognition that reading is determined by textual and also cultural constraints. It stands in total opposition to the theories of formalism and the New Criticism, in which the reader's role in re-creating literary works is ignored. New Criticism had emphasized that only that which is within a text is part of the meaning of a text. No appeal to the authority or intention of the author, nor to the psychology of the reader, was allowed in the discussions of orthodox New Critics.

Types
There are multiple approaches within the theoretical branch of reader-response criticism, yet all are unified in their belief that the meaning of a text is derived from the reader through the reading process. Lois Tyson classified the variations into five recognized reader-response criticism approaches whilst warning that categorizing reader-response theorists explicitly invites difficulty due to their overlapping beliefs and practices. Transactional reader-response theory, led by Louise Rosenblatt and supported by Wolfgang Iser, involves a transaction between the text's inferred meaning and the individual interpretation by the reader influenced by their personal emotions and knowledge. Affective stylistics, established by Fish, believe that a text can only come into existence as it is read; therefore, a text cannot have meaning independent of the reader. Subjective reader-response theory, associated with David Bleich, looks entirely to the reader's response for literary meaning as individual written responses to a text are then compared to other individual interpretations to find continuity of meaning. Psychological reader-response theory, employed by Norman Holland, believes that a reader's motives heavily affect how they read, and subsequently use this reading to analyze the psychological response of the reader. Social reader-response theory is Stanley Fish's extension of his earlier work, stating that any individual interpretation of a text is created in an interpretive community of minds consisting of participants who share a specific reading and interpretation strategy. In all interpretive communities, readers are predisposed to a particular form of interpretation as a consequence of strategies used at the time of reading.

An alternative way of organizing reader-response theorists is to separate them into three groups. The first involves those who focus upon the individual reader's experience ("individualists"). Reader-response critics in the United States such as Holland and Bleich are characterized as individualists due to their use of psychology as starting point, focusing on the individual identity when processing a text. Then, there are the "experimenter" group, who conduct psychological experiments on a defined set of readers and those who assume a fairly uniform response by all readers called "uniformists". The classifications show reader-response theorists who see the individual reader driving the whole experience and others who think of literary experience as largely text-driven and uniform (with individual variations that can be ignored). The former theorists, who think the reader controls, derive what is common in a literary experience from shared techniques for reading and interpreting which are, however, individually applied by different readers. The latter, who put the text in control, derive commonalities of response, obviously, from the literary work itself. The most fundamental difference among reader-response critics is probably, then, between those who regard individual differences among readers' responses as important and those who try to get around them.

Individualists
In the 1960s, David Bleich's pedagogically inspired literary theory entailed that the text is the reader's interpretation of it as it exists in their mind, and that an objective reading is not possible due to the symbolization and resymbolization process. The symbolization and resymbolization process consists of how an individual's personal emotions, needs and life experiences affect how a reader engages with a text; marginally altering the meaning. Bleich supported his theory by conducting a study with his students in which they recorded their individual meaning of a text as they experienced it, then response to their own initial written response, before comparing it with other student's responses to collectively establish literary significance according to the classes "generated" knowledge of how particular persons recreate texts. He used this knowledge to theorize about the reading process and to refocus the classroom teaching of literature.

Michael Steig and Walter Slatoff have, like Bleich, shown that students' highly personal responses can provide the basis for critical analyses in the classroom. Jeffrey Berman has encouraged students responding to texts to write anonymously and share with their classmates writings in response to literary works about sensitive subjects like drugs, suicidal thoughts, death in the family, parental abuse and the like. A kind of catharsis bordering on therapy results. In general, American reader-response critics have focused on individual readers' responses. American magazines like Reading Research Quarterly and others publish articles applying reader-response theory to the teaching of literature.

In 1961, C. S. Lewis published An Experiment in Criticism, in which he analyzed readers' role in selecting literature. He analyzed their selections in light of their goals in reading. As early as 1926, however, Lewis was already describing the reader-response principle when he maintained that "a poem unread is not a poem at all". Modern reader-response critics have drawn from his idea that one cannot see the thing itself but only the image conjured in his mind as induced by stimulated sense perceptions.

In 1967, Stanley Fish published Surprised by Sin, the first study of a large literary work (Paradise Lost) that focused on its readers' experience. In an appendix, "Literature in the Reader", Fish used "the" reader to examine responses to complex sentences sequentially, word-by-word. Since 1976, however, he has turned to real differences among real readers. He explores the reading tactics endorsed by different critical schools, by the literary professoriate, and by the legal profession, introducing the idea of "interpretive communities" that share particular modes of reading.

In 1968, Norman Holland drew on psychoanalytic psychology in The Dynamics of Literary Criticism to model the literary work. Each reader introjects a fantasy "in" the text, then modifies it by defense mechanisms into an interpretation. In 1973, however, having recorded responses from real readers, Holland found variations too great to fit this model in which responses are mostly alike but show minor individual variations.

Holland then developed a second model based on his case studies: 5 Readers Reading. An individual has (in the brain) a core identity theme (behaviors then becoming understandable as a theme and variations as in music). This core gives that individual a certain style of being—and reading. Each reader uses the physical literary work plus invariable codes (such as the shapes of letters) plus variable canons (different "interpretive communities", for example) plus an individual style of reading to build a response both like and unlike other readers' responses. Holland worked with others at the State University of New York at Buffalo, Murray Schwartz, David Willbern, and Robert Rogers, to develop a particular teaching format, the "Delphi seminar," designed to get students to "know themselves".

Experimenters
The type of reader-response critics who conduct psychological experiments on a defined set of readers are called experimenters. The experiments often involve participants free associating during the study, with the experimenters collecting and interpreting reader-responses in an informal way. Reuven Tsur in Israel has developed in great detail models for the expressivity of poetic rhythms, of metaphor, and of word-sound in poetry (including different actors' readings of a single line of Shakespeare). Richard Gerrig in the U.S. has experimented with the reader's state of mind during and after a literary experience. He has shown how readers put aside ordinary knowledge and values while they read, treating, for example, criminals as heroes. He has also investigated how readers accept, while reading, improbable or fantastic things (Coleridge's "willing suspension of disbelief"), but discard them after they have finished.

In Canada, David Miall, usually working with Donald Kuiken, has produced a large body of work exploring emotional or "affective" responses to literature, drawing on such concepts from ordinary criticism as "defamiliarization" or "foregrounding". They have used both experiments and new developments in neuropsychology, and have developed a questionnaire for measuring different aspects of a reader's response.

There are many other experimental psychologists around the world exploring readers' responses, conducting many detailed experiments. One can research their work through their professional organizations, the International Society for the Empirical Study of Literature and Media, and International Association of Empirical Aesthetics, and through such psychological indices as PSYCINFO.

Two notable researchers are Dolf Zillmann and Peter Vorderer, both working in the field of communications and media psychology. Both have theorized and tested ideas about what produces emotions such as suspense, curiosity, surprise in readers, the necessary factors involved, and the role the reader plays. Jenefer Robinson, a philosopher, has recently blended her studies on emotion with its role in literature, music, and art.

Uniformists
Wolfgang Iser exemplifies the German tendency to theorize the reader and so posit a uniform response. For him, a literary work is not an object in itself but an effect to be explained. But he asserts this response is controlled by the text. For the "real" reader, he substitutes an implied reader, who is the reader a given literary work requires. Within various polarities created by the text, this "implied" reader makes expectations, meanings, and the unstated details of characters and settings through a "wandering viewpoint". In his model, the text controls. The reader's activities are confined within limits set by the literary work.

Two of Iser's reading assumptions have influenced reading-response criticism of the New Testament. The first is the role of the reader, who is active, not passive, in the production of textual meaning. The reader fills in the "gaps" or areas of "indeterminacy" of the text. Although the "text" is written by the author, its "realization" (Konkritisation) as a "work" is fulfilled by the reader, according to Iser. Iser uses the analogy of two people gazing into the night sky to describe the role of the reader in the production of textual meaning. "Both [may] be looking at the same collection of stars, but one will see the image of a plough, and the other will make out a dipper. The 'stars' in a literary text are fixed, the lines that join them are variable." The Iserian reader contributes to the meaning of the text, but limits are placed on this reader by the text itself.

The second assumption concerns Iser's reading strategy of anticipation of what lies ahead, frustration of those expectations, retrospection, and reconceptualization of new expectations. Iser describes the reader's maneuvers in the negotiation of a text in the following way: "We look forward, we look back, we decide, we change our decisions, we form expectations, we are shocked by their nonfulfillment, we question, we muse, we accept, we reject; this is the dynamic process of recreation."

Iser's approach to reading has been adopted by several New Testament critics, including Culpepper 1983, Scott 1989, Roth 1997, Darr 1992, 1998, Fowler 1991, 2008, Howell 1990, Kurz 1993, and Powell 2001.

Another important German reader-response critic was Hans-Robert Jauss, who defined literature as a dialectic process of production and reception (Rezeption—the term common in Germany for "response"). For Jauss, readers have a certain mental set, a "horizon" of expectations (Erwartungshorizont), from which perspective each reader, at any given time in history, reads. Reader-response criticism establishes these horizons of expectation by reading literary works of the period in question.

Both Iser and Jauss, along with the Constance School, exemplify and return reader-response criticism to a study of the text by defining readers in terms of the text. In the same way, Gerald Prince posits a "narratee", Michael Riffaterre posits a "superreader", and Stanley Fish an "informed reader." And many text-oriented critics simply speak of "the" reader who typifies all readers.

Objections
Reader-response critics hold that in order to understand a text, one must look to the processes readers use to create meaning and experience. Traditional text-oriented schools, such as formalism, often think of reader-response criticism as an anarchic subjectivism, allowing readers to interpret a text any way they want. Text-oriented critics claim that one can understand a text while remaining immune to one's own culture, status, personality, and so on, and hence "objectively."

To reader-response based theorists, however, reading is always both subjective and objective. Some reader-response critics (uniformists) assume a bi-active model of reading: the literary work controls part of the response and the reader controls part. Others, who see that position as internally contradictory, claim that the reader controls the whole transaction (individualists). In such a reader-active model, readers and audiences use amateur or professional procedures for reading (shared by many others) as well as their personal issues and values.

Another objection to reader-response criticism is that it fails to account for the text being able to expand the reader's understanding. While readers can and do put their own ideas and experiences into a work, they are at the same time gaining new understanding through the text. This is something that is generally overlooked in reader-response criticism.

Extensions
Reader-response criticism relates to psychology, both experimental psychology for those attempting to find principles of response, and psychoanalytic psychology for those studying individual responses. Post-behaviorist psychologists of reading and of perception support the idea that it is the reader who makes meaning. Increasingly, cognitive psychology, psycholinguistics, neuroscience, and neuropsychoanalysis have given reader-response critics powerful and detailed models for the aesthetic process. In 2011 researchers found that during listening to emotionally intense parts of a story, readers respond with changes in heart rate variability, indicative of increased activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Intense parts of a story were also accompanied by increased brain activity in a network of regions known to be involved in the processing of fear, including the amygdala.

Because it rests on psychological principles, a reader-response approach readily generalizes to other arts: cinema (David Bordwell), music, or visual art (E. H. Gombrich), and even to history (Hayden White). In stressing the activity of the reader, reader-response theory may be employed to justify upsettings of traditional interpretations like deconstruction or cultural criticism.

Since reader-response critics focus on the strategies readers are taught to use, they may address the teaching of reading and literature. Also, because reader-response criticism stresses the activity of the reader, reader-response critics may share the concerns of feminist critics, and critics of gender and queer theory and postcolonialism.

title: Reader-response criticism


text:
White book

White book may refer to:

 * The German White Book claiming the causes of the 1914 war
 * White paper, a type of official government publication
 * The C Programming Language, by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie
 * White Book of Rhydderch, manuscript of Welsh folklore
 * White Book of Sarnen, a Swiss collection of medieval manuscripts
 * White Book – German Occupation of Poland, an Extract of Note Addressed to The Allied and Neutral Powers
 * White Book (CD standard), a standard for video compact discs.
 * The Little White Book a short collection of creeds by Ben Klassen, founder of the Creativity sect
 * White Booklet, alternative spelling list of the Dutch language
 * The White Book, a 2016 Korean novel

title: White book


text:
Evgeny Kissin

Evgeny Igorevich Kissin (Евге́ний И́горевич Ки́син, יעווגעני קיסין; born 10 October 1971) is a Russian-born concert pianist and composer. He became a British citizen in 2002 and an Israeli citizen in 2013. He first came to international fame as a child prodigy. He has a wide repertoire and is especially known for his interpretations of the works of the Romantic era, particularly those of Franz Schubert, Frédéric Chopin, Robert Schumann, Franz Liszt, Johannes Brahms, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Modest Mussorgsky and Ludwig van Beethoven. He is commonly viewed as a great successor of the Russian piano school because of the depth, lyricism and poetic quality of his interpretations.

Early life and education
Kissin was born in Moscow to Jewish parents. Recognized as a child prodigy at age six, he began piano studies at the city's Gnessin Music School where he became a student of Anna Kantor (1923–2021), who was to remain his only piano teacher.

At age ten he made his performing debut with Mozart's Piano Concerto No. 20 with the Ulyanovsk Symphony Orchestra. A year later he gave his first recital, in Moscow. His talents were revealed outside Russia after 27 March 1984 when, still only twelve, he recorded for Melodiya both of Chopin's piano concertos with Dmitri Kitayenko and the Moscow Philharmonic at the Moscow Conservatory.

Concert pianist
Kissin's first appearances outside Russia were in 1985 in Eastern Europe, followed a year later by his first tour of Japan.

In 1987, at age sixteen, he made his West European debut at the Berlin Festival as well as his United Kingdom debut, alongside conductor Valery Gergiev and violinists Maxim Vengerov and Vadim Repin, at The Lichfield Festival. In 1988 he toured Europe with the Moscow Virtuosi and Vladimir Spivakov and also made his London debut with the London Symphony Orchestra under Valery Gergiev. In December of the same year he played Tchaikovsky's Piano Concerto No. 1 with Herbert von Karajan at the Berlin Philharmonic's New Year's Eve Concert which was broadcast internationally, with the performance repeated the following year at the Salzburg Easter Festival. In September 1990, he made his North American debut playing Chopin's two piano concertos with the New York Philharmonic under Zubin Mehta and the first piano recital in Carnegie Hall's centennial season.

In 1997, he gave the first solo piano recital in the history of The Proms in London.

Kissin made regular recital tours of Europe, America and Asia. He has performed with nearly all the leading orchestras of the world, under such conductors as Claudio Abbado, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Daniel Barenboim, Myung-Whun Chung, Sir Colin Davis, Vladimir Fedoseyev, Valery Gergiev, Carlo Maria Giulini, Mariss Jansons, Herbert von Karajan, Dmitri Kitaenko, Jan Latham-Koenig, Emmanuel Krivine, James Levine, Sir Andrew Davis, Lorin Maazel, Zubin Mehta, Riccardo Muti, Andris Nelsons, Seiji Ozawa, Sir Antonio Pappano, Sir Simon Rattle, Sir Georg Solti, Vladimir Spivakov, Yevgeny Svetlanov and Yuri Temirkanov. He has also performed chamber music with Martha Argerich, Mikhail Pletnev, Gidon Kremer, James Levine, Mischa Maisky, Thomas Quasthoff, Isaac Stern, Itzhak Perlman, Karita Mattila, Dmitry Hvorostovsky, Joshua Bell, Leonidas Kavakos, Natalia Gutman, Yuri Bashmet, Vladimir Spivakov, the Emerson String Quartet and others.

Poetry
In addition to classical music, Kissin has given recitations of Russian and Yiddish poetry and discussed his admiration for the Yiddish language in interviews about his life. Three CDs of Kissin's recitals from the classical and contemporary Yiddish poetry have been issued by the Forward Association.

Writing
In 2018 Kissin's autobiography was published under the title of Memoirs and Reflections. In 2019, his book of poems, short stories and translations in Yiddish was published under the title "A Yiddisher Sheygets". In 2021, his book of short stories and diaries in Yiddish was published under the title "Bloyz etlekhe minut gang" ("Only a few minutes by foot").

Compositions
Kissin has composed numerous musical works which have been published by Henle Verlag, including Four Piano Pieces, Op. 1 and Violoncello Sonata, op. 2.

His String Quartet, Op. 3 (2016) was recorded by the Kopelman Quartet on Nimbus Records and received its UK premiere on 26 February 2019 performed by the Endellion Quartet.

Personal life
On 10 March 2017, Kissin married Karina Arzumanova, a childhood friend, in Prague, where they live.

Kissin has also been an outspoken critic of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. In 2022, Kissin and other Russian artists signed a letter against the invasion. The piano trio he composed in response to the invasion was premiered in Amsterdam on 14 October 2022. Kissin was declared a foreign agent by the Russian government in July 2024.

Awards and accolades
Many musical awards and tributes from around the world have been bestowed upon Kissin. In 1987 he received the Crystal Prize of the Osaka Symphony Hall for the best performance of the year in 1986 (his first performance in Japan). In 1991 he received the Musician of the Year Prize from the Chigiana Academy of Music in Siena, Italy. He performed at the 1992 Grammy Awards Ceremony, where he played the finale of Liszt's Spanish Rhapsody. That same year his Carnegie Hall debut album was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist Performance, though he lost to pianist Alicia de Larrocha. He became Musical America's youngest Instrumentalist of the Year in 1995. In 1997 he received the Triumph Award for his outstanding contribution to Russia's culture, one of the highest cultural honors to be awarded in the Russian Republic, and again, the youngest-ever awardee. He was the first pianist to be invited to give a recital at the BBC Proms (1997), and, in the 2000 season, was the first concerto soloist ever to be invited to play in the Proms opening concert.

In May 2001 Kissin was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music by the Manhattan School of Music. In December 2003 in Moscow, he received the Shostakovich Award, one of Russia's highest musical honors. In June 2005 he was awarded an Honorary Membership of the Royal Academy of Music in London. In March 2009 he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Letters from the University of Hong Kong.

 * 1995: Musical America, Instrumentalist of the Year
 * 1997: Triumph Award, Outstanding Contribution to Russia's Culture (he is the youngest awardee)
 * 2001: Honorary Doctorate of Music, Manhattan School of Music, New York
 * 2005: Honorary Membership of the Royal Academy of Music
 * 2005: Herbert von Karajan Award, Baden-Baden, Germany (2005)
 * 2006: Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist Performance – for recordings of Sonatas by Alexander Scriabin and Nikolai Medtner and Three Movements from Pétrouchka by Igor Stravinsky
 * 2007: Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli Award, Brescia, Italy
 * 2009: Doctor of Letters honoris causa, The University of Hong Kong
 * 2009: Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist(s) Performance (with orchestra) – for recordings of the Second and Third Piano Concertos of Sergei Prokofiev with the Philharmonia Orchestra, conducted by Vladimir Ashkenazy
 * 2010: Honorary Doctorate, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
 * 2010: Second Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist(s) Performance (with orchestra)
 * 2021: Honorary Doctorate, National Academy of Music (Bulgaria)

title: Evgeny Kissin


text:
Decimal system

Decimal system may refer to:

 * Decimal (base ten) number system, used in mathematics for writing numbers and performing arithmetic
 * Dewey Decimal System, a subject classification system used in libraries
 * Decimal currency system, where each unit of currency can be divided into 100 (or 10 or 1000) sub-units

title: Decimal system


text:
User talk:Grrrubber~enwiki

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

snoyes 04:33, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Grrrubber. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Grrrubber~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:19, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 13:27, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Grrrubber~enwiki


text:
DQ

DQ may stand for:

In arts and entertainment

 * Dragon Quest, a series of console role-playing games created by Enix (now Square Enix)
 * Dragon Quest (Video Game), The first game in the series originally released for the Famicom in 1986
 * DragonQuest, a 1980 role-playing game created by SPI

Businesses

 * Dairy Queen, a fast food chain
 * Coastal Air Transport (IATA code DQ)

People

 * DQ (artist), Danish singer, participant in Eurovision Song Contest 2007
 * Dan Quayle, American politician
 * Dulquer Salmaan, Indian actor and singer
 * Dan Quinn (American football), football coach

In science and technology

 * HLA DQ, a human leukocyte antigen type protein
 * Data quality, various measures in information science
 * Design qualification, part of verification and validation
 * Digital Intelligence Quotient, a form of intelligence that combines knowledge in information technology and the socio-emotional ability to interact effectively through this medium
 * Double-ended queue, a data type in computer science

In sport

 * Disqualification (boxing)
 * Disqualification (professional wrestling)
 * Disqualification (tennis)

Other uses

 * DQ code, used in telephone directory assistance in the UK
 * Jarvis Island (FIPS PUB 10-4 territory code DQ)

title: DQ


text:
D. H. Lehmer

Derrick Henry "Dick" Lehmer (February 23, 1905 – May 22, 1991), almost always cited as D.H. Lehmer,  was an American mathematician significant to the development of computational number theory. Lehmer refined Édouard Lucas' work in the 1930s and devised the Lucas–Lehmer test for Mersenne primes. His peripatetic career as a number theorist, with him and his wife taking numerous types of work in the United States and abroad to support themselves during the Great Depression, fortuitously brought him into the center of research into early electronic computing.

Early life
Lehmer was born in Berkeley, California, to Derrick Norman Lehmer, a professor of mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley, and Clara Eunice Mitchell.

He studied physics and earned a bachelor's degree from UC Berkeley, and continued with graduate studies at the University of Chicago.

He and his father worked together on Lehmer sieves.

Marriage
During his studies at Berkeley, Lehmer met Emma Markovna Trotskaia, a Russian student of his father's, who had begun with work toward an engineering degree but had subsequently switched focus to mathematics, earning her B.A. in 1928. Later that same year, Lehmer married Emma and, following a tour of Northern California and a trip to Japan to meet Emma's family, they moved by car to Providence, Rhode Island, after Brown University offered him an instructorship.

Career
Lehmer received a master's degree and a Ph.D., both from Brown University, in 1929 and 1930, respectively; his wife obtained a master's degree in 1930 as well, coaching mathematics to supplement the family income, while also helping her husband type his Ph.D. thesis, An Extended Theory of Lucas' Functions, which he wrote under Jacob Tamarkin.

Movements during the Depression
Lehmer became a National Research Fellow, allowing him to take positions at the California Institute of Technology from 1930 to 1931 and at Stanford University from 1931 to 1932. In the latter year, the couple's first child Laura was born.

After being awarded a second National Research Fellowship, the Lehmers moved on to Princeton, New Jersey between 1932 and 1934, where Dick spent a short time at the Institute for Advanced Study.

He worked at Lehigh University in Pennsylvania from 1934 until 1938. Their son Donald was born in 1934 while Dick and Emma were at Lehigh.

The year 1938–1939 was spent in England on a Guggenheim Fellowship visiting both the University of Cambridge and the University of Manchester, meeting G. H. Hardy, John Edensor Littlewood, Harold Davenport, Kurt Mahler, Louis Mordell, and Paul Erdős. The Lehmers returned to America by ship with second child Donald just before the beginning of the Battle of the Atlantic.

Lehmer continued at Lehigh University for the 1939–1940 academic year.

Berkeley
In 1940, Lehmer accepted a position back at the mathematics department of UC Berkeley. Lehmer was chairman of the Department of Mathematics at University of California, Berkeley from 1954 until 1957. He continued working at UC Berkeley until 1972, the year he became professor emeritus.

ENIAC and computer science
From 1945 to 1946, Lehmer served on the Computations Committee at Aberdeen Proving Grounds in Maryland, a group established as part of the Ballistics Research Laboratory to prepare the ENIAC for utilization following its completion at the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Electrical Engineering; the other Computations Committee members were Haskell Curry, Leland Cunningham, and Franz Alt. It was during this short tenure that the Lehmers ran some of the first test programs on the ENIAC—according to their academic interests, these tests involved number theory, especially sieve methods, but also pseudorandom number generation. When they could arrange child care, the Lehmers spent weekends staying up all night running such problems, the first over the Thanksgiving weekend of 1945. (Such tests were run without cost, since the ENIAC would have been left powered on anyway in the interest of minimizing vacuum tube failures.) The problem run during the 3-day Independence Day weekend of July 4, 1946, with John Mauchly serving as computer operator, ran around the clock without interruption or failure. The following Tuesday, July 9, 1946, Lehmer delivered the talk "Computing Machines for Pure Mathematics" as part of the Moore School Lectures, in which he introduced computing as an experimental science, and demonstrated the wit and humor typical of his teaching lectures.

Lehmer would remain active in computing developments for the remainder of his career. Upon his return to Berkeley, he made plans for building the California Digital Computer (CALDIC) with Paul Morton and Leland Cunningham. In September 1949, he presented the pseudorandom number generator now known as the Lehmer random number generator.

D. H. Lehmer wrote the article "The Machine Tools of Combinatorics," which is the first chapter in Edwin Beckenbach's Applied Combinatorial Mathematics (1964). It describes methods for producing permutations, combinations, etc. This was a uniquely valuable resource and has only been rivaled recently by Volume 4 of Donald Knuth's series.

The Lehmers also assisted Harry Vandiver with his work on Fermat's Last Theorem, using the Standards Western Automatic Computer to do many calculations involving Bernoulli numbers.

McCarthy era
In 1950, Lehmer was one of 31 University of California faculty fired after refusing to sign a loyalty oath, a policy initiated by the Board of Regents of the State of California in 1950 during the Communist scare personified by Senator Joseph McCarthy. Lehmer took a post as Director of the National Bureau of Standards' Institute for Numerical Analysis (INA), working with the Standards Western Automatic Computer (SWAC). On October 17, 1952, the State Supreme Court proclaimed the oath unconstitutional, and Lehmer returned to Berkeley shortly thereafter.

Later years
Lehmer continued to be active for many years. When John Selfridge was at Northern Illinois University he twice invited Lehmer and Emma to spend a semester there. One year Selfridge arranged that Erdős and Lehmer taught a course together on Research Problems in the Theory of Numbers. Lehmer taught the first eight weeks and then Erdős taught the remainder. Erdős didn't often teach a course, and he said, "You know it wasn't that difficult. The only problem was being there."

Lehmer had quite a wit. On the occasion of the first Asilomar number theory conference, which became an annual event (now called West Coast Number Theory), Lehmer, as the organizer, was inspecting the facilities of the Asilomar Conference Grounds—basically a wooden building on the beach. Someone said they couldn't find a blackboard and Lehmer spotted some curtains in the middle of the wall. Moving the curtains aside revealed a very small blackboard, whereupon Lehmer said "Well, I guess we won't be doing any analytic number theory!"

Lasting impact
In addition to his significant contributions to number theory algorithms for multiprecision integers, such as factoring, Euclid's algorithm, long division, and proof of primality, he also formulated Lehmer's conjecture and participated in the Cunningham project.

Death
Lehmer died in Berkeley on May 22, 1991.

title: D. H. Lehmer


text:
Talk:Character descriptions for Their Eyes Were Watching God

Why can't this information be folded into the Their Eyes Were Watching God article? RickK 04:53, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC)


text:
Balochi

Balochi, sometimes spelt in various other ways, may refer to:

 * Balochi language, a language of Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan
 * an adjective for something related to the Baloch people, an ethnic group of Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan
 * an adjective for something related to any of the other entities known as Baloch (disambiguation)
 * Baluchi (disambiguation), several places with the name in Iran and Afghanistan

title: Balochi