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Newberry Volcano

Newberry Volcano is a large, active, shield-shaped stratovolcano located about 20 mi south of Bend, Oregon, United States, 35 mi east of the major crest of the Cascade Range, within the Newberry National Volcanic Monument. Its highest point is Paulina Peak. Newberry is the largest volcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc, with an area of 1200 sqmi when its lava flows are taken into account. From north to south, the volcano has a length of 75 mi, with a width of 27 mi and a total volume of approximately 120 cumi. It was named for the geologist and surgeon John Strong Newberry, who explored central Oregon for the Pacific Railroad Surveys in 1855.

The volcano contains a large caldera, 4 x in diameter, known as the Newberry Caldera. Within the caldera are two lakes: Paulina Lake and East Lake. The volcano and its vicinity include many pyroclastic cones, lava flows and lava domes; Newberry has more than 400 vents, the most of any volcano in the contiguous United States. Glaciers may have once been present at the volcano, though this remains contested. The area has a dry climate with low precipitation levels and little surface runoff.

The origin of the volcano remains somewhat unclear; while some scientists believe it originated from an independent hotspot, most evidence indicates that it formed from the subduction of the oceanic Juan de Fuca and Gorda tectonic plates under the continental North American Plate. Eruptive activity at Newberry Volcano began about 600,000 years ago and has continued into the Holocene, the last eruption taking place 1,300 years ago. Unlike other shield-shaped volcanoes, which often erupt basaltic lavas only, Newberry Volcano has also erupted andesitic and rhyolitic lavas. A popular destination for hiking, fishing, boating, and other recreational activities, the volcano lies within 19 mi of 16,400 people and within 62 mi of nearly 200,000 people, and it continues to pose a threat to life. Still considered an active volcano, it could erupt and produce lava flows, pyroclastic flows, lahars (volcanically induced mudslides, landslides, and debris flows), ashfall, earthquakes, avalanches, and floods. To track this threat, the volcano and its surroundings are closely monitored with sensors by the United States Geological Survey.

Geography
The center of Newberry Volcano lies 20 mi to the south of the city of Bend, at the intersection of Deschutes, Klamath and Lake counties in Oregon, where it is one of the most accessible volcanoes in the state. It is the largest volcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc at 620 sqmi, and has roughly the same area as the state of Rhode Island at 1200 sqmi if its lava flows are included. Newberry lies 60 km east of the major crest of the Cascade Range in the High Lava Plains region, rising 3500 ft above its surroundings. From north to south, the volcano runs for a length of 75 mi, with a width of 27 mi and a total volume of about 600 km3. Because of its enormous size and topographic prominence, it is often confused for an entire mountain range.

Newberry Volcano has a somewhat dry climate due to its location in the rain shadow of the Cascade Range. Climate data for the Newberry National Volcanic Monument are collected at the Lava Butte cinder cone, which had an average annual precipitation of 455 mm from 2002 to 2012. Summer temperatures average from 73 to 82 F, dipping to average minimum and maximum temperatures of -18.8 to 20.5 C during the winter season. Spring has average temperatures of 60 F, while fall temperatures average 67 F. Each year, total precipitation consisting of winter snow and summer rain varies from 25 to 75 cm in the highest parts of the region, and surface runoff rarely occurs even during heavy rain showers. Only one stream appears on Newberry's entire surface, and it remains unclear whether the volcano has ever been able to support glaciers on its slopes, since the mountain lacks cirques (amphitheater-like valleys formed by glacial erosion) or evidence of contact between lava and ice. However, displaced glacial erratics have been found far from their native areas, moraine sediment has been deposited on the eastern and northeastern slopes of the volcano, and the mountain's various cone features have "boat" shapes that indicate glacial alteration. The precise history of glaciers on the volcano is debated, but dry channels and dry waterfalls on the eastern and western slopes are evidence that the volcano once held water.

The volcano has two crater lakes, Paulina Lake and East Lake, which are filled by precipitation and percolation of ground water. Paulina Lake occupies an area of 1530 acre and reaches a maximum depth of 250 ft, and it is separated from East Lake by a narrow isthmus, which is composed of rhyolite lava. East Lake has a smaller area of 1050 acre with a maximum depth of 180 ft. The lakes have historically flooded channels surrounding the volcano. A large flood between 4,000 and 2,300 years ago released up to 12,000 acre feet (0.0148 km3) in volume from Paulina Lake, filling the valley floor above the Paulina Prairie, which surrounds the lake. It was possibly caused by the failure of a rock ledge 5 ft in height, rather than eruptive activity. Another flood took place in 1909 on the Deschutes River downstream from where it meets its tributary the Little Deschutes River.

Ecology
The Newberry National Volcanic Monument forms part of the northern section of the Mazama Ecological Province, which has soil comprised by aeolian pumice and volcanic products over basalt bedrock. Flora within the Newberry Volcano area includes forests of juniper, whitebark pine, ponderosa pine (including Oregon's largest ponderosa pine tree), lodgepole pine, jack pine, and white fir, in addition to other plants like Indian paintbrush, purple penstemon, bitterbrush, manzanita, and snowbrush. Infestations by mountain pine beetles have killed many lodgepole pines in the area. Animals near Newberry Volcano include burrowing owls, kangaroo rats, lizards, bats, rattlesnakes, eagles, porcupines, otters, bobcats, mule deer, Roosevelt elk, ducks, and American pika.

Lava flows from Newberry display varied vegetation cover, and there are variable levels of flora between flows, though the level of vegetation and species diversity generally increase with elevation. Dominant plant species on lava flows include oceanspray and wax currant, with rabbitbrush also common. Though forbs are not widespread on the lava flows, where they do occur Davidson's penstemon and hotrock penstemon dominate. Above elevations of 1490 m, roundleaf alumroot is common, particularly near the edges of lava flows. All lava flows support patches of grasses such as Idaho fescue, especially on north-facing slopes. One lava flow at Lava Butte is barren except for scattered, dense patches of greenleaf manzanita.

The Lava Cast Forest is a group of trees molded by lava from an eruption 6,000 years ago. Today, the surrounding site lies within the Newberry National Volcanic Monument and includes 11 kīpukas, plots of land surrounded by one or more younger lava flows. These habitat islands range from 0.3 to 113 ha in area and sustain forests that have not been significantly altered by humans other than nearby fire suppression and land management efforts. Consisting of pure and mixed forest stands, these forests include ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, and grand fir/white fir hybrid trees, which are supported by young soils derived from Mazama pumice.

Geology
Newberry-Yellowstone tracks.png to Newberry and Yellowstone calderas (red circles: MC, NC, & YC). Numbers are ages in millions of years.

KBML = Klamath–Blue Mountains Lineament HLP = High Lava Plains EDZ = Eugene–Denio Zone BFZ = Brothers Fault Zone SMF = Steens Mountain Fault VF = Vale Fault NNR = North Nevada Rift

White arrow shows direction of North American plate. Edge of the craton is approximately along the Oregon–Idaho border. Triangles are Cascades volcanoes.|alt=The diagram displays the movement of the North American tectonic plate with an arrow moving from right to left, with ovular shapes indicating the age progression of centers of rhyolitic (silicic) lavas. From right to left, three major volcanic centers are indicated with concentric circles, Yellowstone Caldera to McDermitt Caldera to Newberry Caldera]]

Overlapping with the northwestern corner of the Basin and Range Province, also known as the High Lava Plains, Newberry Volcano lies within a Cenozoic highland marked by normal faults known as the Brothers Fault Zone. It is situated at the intersection of the Brothers Fault Zone with the north–northwest-trending Sisters and northeast-trending Walker Rim fault zones. In the mantle under Newberry Volcano, P and S seismic waves exhibit an unusually low wave velocity. The Earth's crust thins from 50 km at the nearby Three Sisters volcano complex to 35 km near Newberry, where it has a high Poisson's ratio.

The oldest rocks in this region include silicic (rich in silica) lava domes from the late Miocene or early Pliocene, which lie near the province's eastern and southern borders, respectively. Volcanism in this area suggests a progression of silicic eruptions, known as the Newberry Trend, that moves in a northwest-trending direction from the Harney Basin to Newberry Volcano and the rest of the Cascade Range. Newberry Volcano's origins are somewhat controversial; some scientists think it originated from an independent hotspot, but overwhelming evidence suggests that it is part of the Cascades Arc and was produced by the subduction of the oceanic Juan de Fuca and Gorda tectonic plates under the continental North American Plate. However, Newberry Volcano has been transformed by tectonic processes, possibly related to subductive mechanisms that enhance melting of the Juan de Fuca tectonic plate. The High Lava Plains Trend, or the Newberry Trend, moves at an oblique angle to the underlying North American tectonic plate, for which subduction counterflow, gravitational flow along the lithosphere's base, faulting, and extension of the Basin and Range Province have all been proposed as possible mechanisms. At Newberry, the subducting plate has a depth that is 20 to 50 km shallower than elsewhere in the major crest of the Cascades, accounting for its unique magmas. Newberry Volcano is likely fed by a magma chamber 3 to 5 km under the large, cauldron-like caldera at its summit. This caldera has dimensions of 6.5 by and formed about 75,000 years ago.

Newberry Volcano first formed about 600,000 years ago and has since been built up by several thousand eruptions. About 500,000 years ago, Mount Newberry attained an elevation of 14000 ft. The caldera-forming event occurred about 75,000 years ago from a major explosive eruption. It formed the crater lakes and Paulina Peak—which is the highest point on the volcano, at 7989 ft.

As a result of its caldera-forming eruption, Newberry has a horizontal profile, which is typical of a shield volcano. However, it is also considered a composite volcano, made up of a matrix of lava flows and pyroclastic deposits. Unlike more typical composite volcanoes in the Cascades, it formed from several eruption types including more traditional explosive eruptions and more fluid effusive events; thus it is usually classified as a "shield-shaped composite volcano", or shield-shaped stratovolcano. The volcano has a caldera at its summit, which has a diameter of 4 by and features two crater lakes: Paulina Lake and East Lake. This caldera, known as the Newberry Crater, is forested, with small parts of its surface covered with lava flows and pumice deposits. Before the caldera's creation, the mountain's summit was 500 to 1000 ft greater in height than its current elevation. The caldera has reformed several times throughout the volcano's history, burying the caldera floor to a depth of 1640 ft and creating concentric calderas, each smaller than its predecessor. The first caldera—the volcano's largest caldera, forming approximately 300,000 years ago—was produced by the eruption of 2.5 cumi of pyroclastic ejecta, which created the Tepee Draw tuff and ash deposits that cover the volcano's eastern flank. The last crater formed after an explosive eruption about 80,000 years ago, which ejected up to 2.5 cumi of pyroclastic materials. Throughout this progression, the volcano shifted from rhyodacitic pumice to basaltic ash flows, the latter producing the Black Lapilli tuff that covers the western side of the volcano. Since the last caldera-forming eruption 80,000 years ago, the volcano has undergone silicic eruptions at the caldera and produced basaltic and basaltic andesite lava flows that extended down its outer flanks. The tephra and ash from the Black Lapilli tuff by the caldera formed agglutinates around its rim. Newberry Volcano is cut by several fault scarps, small step offsets on the ground surface where one side of a fault has moved vertically with respect to the other.

At the center of the isthmus that separates Newberry Volcano's two crater lakes is the central volcanic cone, named Central Pumice cone, which reaches 700 ft above East Lake. With a broad, flat top, it formed during an explosive eruption about 7,000 years ago, and sits in the center of the caldera.

Compositionally, lava from the Newberry Volcano has varied from primitive basalts with high magnesium levels to more evolved tholeiitic and calc-alkaline deposits (based on the major element characteristics of the lavas). Primitive lavas exhibit high abundances of chromium and nickel as well as variable concentrations of fluid-mobile elements like barium and strontium. Tholeiitic and calc-alkaline lavas display overlap in magnesium, calcium oxide, and aluminum oxide levels but differ in that the tholeiites have lower contents of silica and potassium oxide and higher iron(II) oxide, titanium dioxide, and sodium oxide. There is also much overlap in isotopic composition, though the tholeiitic lavas mark the low point for 87Sr/86Sr and the high point for 143Nd/144Nd and 176Hf/177Hf. Examination of Newberry lavas with olivine-plagioclase hygrometry shows that tholeiites are anhydrous (less than 0.5 percentage by weight water) and thus distinct from calc-alkaline deposits (2–4 percentage by weight water); both have different fractional crystallization sequences that derive from primitive magmas, which had their compositions influenced by equilibrium with peridotite in the mantle. By volume, basaltic andesite is the principal lava type at Newberry Volcano, with large volumes of silicic lava among older ash flow tuff deposits.

Subfeatures

Vents at the volcano follow north-east and north-west trends influenced by extension of the Basin and Range Province. With more than 400 vents, Newberry has more individual subfeatures than any other volcano in the contiguous United States. These include cinder cones, lava domes, and various other lava edifices, with at least 25 vents on the volcano's flanks and summits becoming active within the past 10,000 years. Most of the cinder cones on the volcano's edifice vary from 200 to 400 ft in elevation, though a number of them reach heights above 500 ft with diameters greater than 1/2 mi. Most of these exhibit saucer-like summit depression landforms, with notable exceptions at Lava Top and North Kawak Buttes, which have craters that are 200 to 300 ft in depth. Basaltic and basaltic andesite lava flows have penetrated the bases of many of these cinder cones, forming a matrix of connected flows, and a veneer of pāhoehoe and ʻaʻā lavas can be found on Newberry volcano's northern and southern sides. The northern flank holds three distinct lava tube systems that formed out of pāhoehoe lava: the Horse Lava Tube System (also known as the Horse System), Arnold Lava Tube System, and the Lava Top Butte basalt.

About 7,000 years ago, at Newberry's Northwest Rift Zone, lava fountains erupted from a fissure with a length of 1.5 mi, yielding basaltic and andesitic lava flows. Strombolian eruptions (which eject incandescent cinder, lapilli, and lava bombs) produced tephra that formed Lava Butte, a cinder cone near Newberry with a height of 500 ft, a base diameter of 700 m, and a crater depth of 50 m. With a lopsided shape where the northeastern rim is 25 m taller than the southwestern counterpart, this cinder cone sits 10 mi south of Bend.

The nearby Badlands shield volcano, which formed out of a rootless vent to produce a large basaltic lava flow at Newberry, has a diameter of 8 mi. It has pāhoehoe lava throughout its surface, with tumuli (mounds of earth and stones) and a pit crater.

Dacite and rhyodacite domes can be found on the middle and upper flanks, and Newberry also features twenty rhyolitic lava domes and lava flows among its western, eastern, and southern flanks. These include East Butte and China Hat at the eastern base of the volcano, which date to 850,000 and 780,000 years ago, and therefore predate Newberry. The McKay Butte, found on the volcano's western side, formed 580,000 years ago. Other Holocene eruptions have produced rhyolite lava that remained close to the summit, including Paulina Peak, which has a width of one mile and reaches within 3 mi of the wall of the caldera.

Hot springs can be found at Paulina Lake and East Lake, along with one fumarole gas vent at Lost Lake, located near the Big Obsidian lava flow. These discharge gases like water vapor and carbon dioxide and give off a rotten smell, though the composition has few noxious components.

Eruptive history

During the late Pleistocene, Newberry Volcano produced a number of voluminous lava flows, made of basalt, which originated from several vents on its northern flank and reached the modern areas of Bend and Redmond. They filled canyons that served as precursors for the Deschutes and Crooked rivers–since eroded–and extended tens of miles from the volcano. Lava from the last of these eruptions about 78,000 years ago covered the Bend area, surrounded the Pilot Butte cinder cone, and filled the Deschutes River bed.

In addition to its production of large lava flows, Newberry Volcano has also produced a number of Plinian eruptions similar to the eruption of Vesuvius that destroyed Pompeii and Peléan eruptions like the 1902 explosion of Mount Pelée. These include a number of caldera-forming eruptions, producing ash flow deposits including the Tepee Draw tuff and Black Lapilli tuff, and rising 20 mi or more into the stratosphere. The last of these eruptions covered tens of thousands of square miles with ash, extending to the San Francisco Bay Area in California nearly 500 mi to the southwest. Here, it reaches a thickness of one centimeter. Additionally, Newberry has produced multiple, voluminous explosive eruptions, with certain studies estimating up to 60 eruptive events of rhyolite and dacite tephra that reach Idaho, Utah, and northern California. These include the eruption that produced the Paulina Creek tephra between 55,000 and 50,000 years ago, and the eruption from 20,000 years ago responsible for the Wono tephra, which extends into western Nevada and east-central California. As a result of compositional zoning within the magma chamber that feeds the volcano, its ash deposits may show different chemical and mineralogical makeups. The last of these tephra eruptions yielded the Newberry pumice just before 1,300 years ago, reaching several hundred miles to the east.

Between the last Ice Age about 12,000 years ago and 7,700 years ago, the volcano erupted at least 12 times. Mount Mazama erupted 7,700 years ago, producing volcanic ash and pumice that accumulated to a thickness of up to 6 ft on the Newberry Volcano, covering many of the lava flows on its slopes. During three eruptive periods at Newberry over the past 7,500 years, the caldera has seen rhyolitic eruptions from seven individual vents. About 7,000 years ago, eruptions occurred along the rift zone northwest of Newberry Volcano's caldera, yielding 12 lava flows that encompassed an area of 23 sqmi. At about the same time, the Central Pumice cone was produced by eruptions that also formed the Interlake and Game Hut obsidian flows from a vent on the cone's southern flank. An eruption from a fissure zone at East Lake, 3,500 years ago, yielded tephra and formed the East Lake obsidian lava flows.

The volcano underwent its most recent eruptions 1,300 years ago, producing the Big Obsidian flow. A silicic deposit, it is made up of rhyolite and features a number of lava blocks. Although it is frequently cited as the largest Holocene obsidian formation in the United States, its area of 1.09 sqmi and volume of 0.031 cumi actually place it fifth in the nation. The eruptions, which were both explosive and effusive, began with a Plinian explosion of pumice and tephra that covered the caldera's eastern half and reached several hundred miles to the east. This deposit, called the Newberry pumice, reaches a thickness of 12 ft up to 5.5 mi from the vent that produced it, which is located at the southern flank of the caldera, and a thickness of 10 in up to 40 mi from the volcano. Because of strong westerly winds, tephra reached as far east as Idaho. This eruption also produced pyroclastic flows that left volcanic bombs in Paulina Lake.

Recent activity and current threats
Though Newberry Volcano is currently quiet, the United States Geological Survey considers it an active volcano with a "very high" threat level. Hot springs within the caldera remain active, and small earthquakes have occurred within recent local history. Any future eruptions would likely show similar characteristics to eruptions from the past 15,000 years, ranging from effusive production of lava flows to explosive eruptions ejecting pumice and ash. If future lava flows from Newberry Volcano are of comparable size to its late Pleistocene eruptions, they would bury settlements throughout the Central Oregon region. They would also likely destroy segments of U.S. Route 97, disabling transportation in the area, in addition to likely ruining gas pipelines and power lines that extend electricity to California, both of which would be accompanied by serious economic consequences.

Flank lava flows, which would likely be basaltic in origin, might form lava fountains that could scatter cinders and lava for several thousand meters, building cinder cones or initiating forest fires. While the flows themselves move at rates of 30 ft per minute, and thus could be escaped by animals and humans, they would destroy stationary structures in their paths. Pyroclastic flows, on the other hand, travel at speeds of 20 to 200 mph, and their violent force could incinerate or pulverize objects in their path, or asphyxiate living things.

If another caldera-forming eruption of similar magnitude to previous ones at the volcano occurred, pyroclastic flows could devastate the area surrounding the volcano for up to 30 mi. However, pyroclastic flows have been rare at Newberry. Tephra from explosive eruptions would short-circuit electric transformers and power lines, clog engine filters, produce clouds that might yield lightning, and pose a hazard to aircraft overhead. It would also pose health hazards because ash particles can irritate eyes, and when ingested, lungs, among other health issues. Because of water from the two crater lakes, eruptions at Newberry Volcano may become more explosive and more likely to produce pyroclastic flows. Moreover, if pyroclastic flows mix with snow or water overflowing from the crater lakes, they could spawn lahars, volcanically induced mudslides, landslides, and debris flows that could devastate the Paulina Creek valley and reach the La Pine valley within 30 minutes. Threats from the volcano pose hazards to about 16,400 people who live within 30 km and more than 180,000 people living within 100 km.

In addition to threats from volcanic activity, at least one flood has taken place at Newberry Volcano in the past, though it may not have been a result of eruptive activity. If lava flows from an eruption blocked the Deschutes River, they might generate floods upstream by increasing water level and downstream once the blockage clears. Earthquakes unrelated to volcanic activity also take place in Oregon, though they are usually less than 2.5 on the Richter magnitude scale. Volcanoes can also cause earthquakes reaching magnitudes up to 5 on the Richter scale, which sometimes occur as swarms. These clusters of tremors cause shaking of houses, walls, and windows and can crack plaster or walls in older buildings but rarely cause major damage. Powerful earthquakes close to magnitude 7 would cause damage independently, but they would not cause Newberry Volcano to erupt unless it were already on the verge of activity. Additional threats exist for rockfalls and avalanches.

If Newberry Volcano were to erupt, it should be possible to detect increased seismic activity, while increased production of volcanic gas would likely kill trees near the volcano, which scientists would quickly recognize before notifying emergency management agencies. Before 2011, Newberry was monitored by just one seismic station that had been installed in 1987 and had only detected seven earthquakes within 12 mi of the volcano. In 2011, scientists from the Cascades Volcano Observatory installed eight more seismic and deformation monitors in the volcano's vicinity, which has seen the number of detectable earthquakes rise to 10–15 per year. The volcano continues to be closely monitored by the United States Geological Survey, which monitors a seismometer network with the geophysics program at the University of Washington and regularly conducts leveling surveys to check for deformation that could suggest impending activity, in addition to sampling geothermal areas. There are GPS instruments installed within the volcano's vicinity to monitor any swelling that occurs as a result of underground movement of magma. Despite historical uplift at the volcano, deformation has remained continuously low in recent years.

Human history

The area around Newberry Volcano has been inhabited by Native American peoples for more than 10,000 years, though only intermittently as a result of eruptive activity at the volcano and in the surrounding area. During an archaeological excavation near Paulina Lake in 1992, researchers discovered remnants of a central hearth and a housing structure with support posts and linear rock arrangements with dimensions of 13 by. Radiocarbon dating of charcoal samples from the site were dated to 11,000 years ago. The mountain's caldera was used to harvest obsidian, which they used to sharpen arrowheads and tools and traded throughout the Pacific Coast region for several thousand years.

The first recorded European to visit the volcano was Peter Skene Ogden, a trapper who reached the crater in 1826. In 1855, the volcano's namesake, John Strong Newberry, a surgeon and geologist for the Williamson and Abbot survey party, visited central Oregon while mapping the local area for the Pacific Railroad, but never visited the volcano. Paulina Lake, Paulina Creek, and Paulina Peak are named after Paulina, a Snake Indian chief who headed raiding parties against whites during the 1850s and 1860s before he was pursued and shot by settler Howard Maupin. Near the end of the 19th century, the Lava River Cave was used by the hunter Leander Dillman to store perishable foods. The name Mount Newberry was proposed by Israel Russell, who visited the area in 1903, though the name did not come into use. Instead, it was known as Newberry Crater until it was renamed to the Newberry Volcano in the 1930s by geologist Howel Williams, a name which was formally accepted in 2003 when geologist Larry Chitwood supported it through the official geographic naming process.

Because of the efforts of Hollis Dole, head of the Oregon Department of Geology, to promote the area, in 1963 NASA scientists became interested in using lava fields at Newberry to prepare for the United States' first Moon landing. NASA used the area in October 1964 and July 1966 to geologically train the Apollo Astronauts in recognizing volcanic features, such as cinder and pumice cones, lava flows, ash and obsidian flows, and a lava tube. Astronauts who would use this training on the Moon included Apollo 11's Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, Apollo 12's Alan Bean, Apollo 14's Edgar Mitchell, Apollo 15's James Irwin, and Apollo 16's Charlie Duke. Notable geologist instructors included Aaron Waters.

The Newberry National Volcanic Monument was established in November 1990 by the United States Congress. With an area of more than 54000 acre, it forms a near-circular shape around the summit caldera and then a long corridor from the mountain's northwestern side to the Deschutes River that includes a rift zone. The Monument lies within the Deschutes National Forest, which is managed by the United States Forest Service. As of 1997, the caldera area of Newberry holds seven campgrounds, two resort areas, and six summer houses.

Mining and geothermal energy
Because Newberry has had recent eruptive activity, has remained active for a long time, and has a shallow heat source feeding hot springs, it represents a source of geothermal energy. An investigation conducted by the United States Geological Survey in 1981 drilled a well 3057 ft in depth at a location to the east of the Big Obsidian flow, finding temperatures of 509 F under the surface there. An energy company drilled two holes with a depth of 10000 ft in 1995 and 1996, but they were unable to find fluids, so they lacked a mechanism to drive turbines and opted to end the project at Newberry. According to many scientists, Newberry Volcano represents the best geothermal energy candidate in the Pacific Northwest; in 2012, a deep well was built to determine whether water directed into the hole might be heated and returned to the surface in order to yield energy.

Recreation

Newberry Volcano is visited by 250,000 people each year, who come to go fishing for trout in East Lake, to camp on Paulina Lake, or go mountain biking around the 22 mi loop that surrounds the crater. The lakes are also popular for boating. At the Newberry National Volcanic Monument, camping, fishing, and hiking are popular, including on the Trail of the Molten Land, which follows a 7,000-year-old lava flow from Lava Butte, and the Trail of the Whispering Pines, which traverses a ponderosa pine forest. Horse riding is also possible in a section of the Peter Skene Ogden Trail, 3 mi long, which runs through the monument area; snowmobiling and cross-country skiing are also popular.

The Lava Lands Visitor Center within the Monument has an exhibit on the area's geology and culture and offers a paved path that runs for 5.5 mi. A shuttle leaves from the center every 20 minutes during the peak season from Memorial Day through Labor Day, costing $2 per traveler. The area can also be accessed by personal motorized vehicles during off season with a permit from the visitor center, and the center's parking area remains open year-round. The area offers eight campgrounds operated by the United States Forest Service.

The last lava flow from Newberry during the Pleistocene formed the Lava River Cave, 12 mi to the south of Bend. This feature is the state's longest continuous lava tube, which can be hiked for more than one mile to the north and west and has an arching ceiling with a thickness of 45 ft. This trail represents the monument's most popular attraction and can be hiked between May and mid-September with a recreation day pass that costs $5. Jackets are recommended, as the temperature within the cave is usually 40 F. The Lava Cast Forest, a group of trees molded by lava from an eruption 6,000 years ago, covers an area of 5 sqmi and can be observed from a paved, narrow, and steep one-mile trail. The area was designated as the Lava Cast Forest Geological Area in April 1942 by the United States Forest Service, which included 5120 acre of land in the region. Known to the American public since 1928, by the mid-1940s the Lava Cast Forest was visited by thousands of tourists each year. In the mid-1970s, the region had 150,000 tourist visitors annually, with the Lava Lands Visitors Center built by the Forest Service in September 1975.

The trail to the volcano's summit at Paulina Peak lasts 15.5 mi from Highway 97, with an easy paved road to the caldera and four rest stops, though it grows steep and twisty near the end. The winding trail near the end is made of gravel and lasts for three miles, offering views of Mount Hood, Mount McLoughlin, and the Three Sisters volcanoes.

title: Newberry Volcano


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User talk:Danutz

Romania
There should be some articles about Romania, that are not to find in the English Wikipedia. Please see Gutza's talk page on the Romanian Wikipedia --Danutz 9 Dec 2003 21:00 (UTC)

Yes, I've seen the list. I already took on the article on the Romanian Constitution & I just finished the one on Henri Coandă. I'll plow through the others later this month; I'm doing some work on some Seattle material next. -- Jmabel 08:16, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Unverified image
Thanks for uploading the image I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the image and I'll tag it for you. Thanks, Kbh3rd 03:47, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Image:Ursus.jpg

Image:BRD Cluj small.gif
Can you transcode your better copy to PNG format and then upload it to the commons? Burgundavia (✈ take a flight?) 03:25, May 27, 2005 (UTC)

I don´t have any program to do so, but so far I know jpeg is the best format for pictures (not graphics). The big version one can find at ro:Imagine:BRD_Cluj.gif (actually http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ro/c/c1/BRD_Cluj.gif ). --Danutz 11:54, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

Danutz Danutz cel harnicut :)
Danutz cel harnicut, sa nu cedezi! esti foarte tare! --168.167.253.97 13:46, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

oops
Sorry about that IP business, you can ask a user such as Jayjg or someone else that has oversight capabilities to remove the edit if you want. La revedere. — Khoikhoi 22:29, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

Answer
Perhaps I should create template "Hungarian speaking states" and list Transylvania in it? Yet, there are much more Hungarians in Transylvania than Romanians in Vojvodina. What you think about that? PANONIAN  (talk)  23:48, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

 * "But Hungarian is not official in Romania at any level"

O, yes it is, it is quite official, see: Hungarian Autonomous Province. Quote: "The Romanian law enables the usage of the language of an ethnic minority which forms at least 20% of the population of a municipality in relation with the administration, and the state provides education and public signage in the language of the respective ethnic minority." You see that Hungarian is official in Transylvania on local level and you also can see that infoboxes of the cities of Transylvania with more than 20% Hungarians have also Hungarian names in it: Târgu-Mureş, Oradea, etc. So, I ask you again: should we create the template I proposed. There are two more problems: 1. Vojvodina have 6 official languages and you cannot post such template ONLY for Romanian language. It is nothing but POV pushing. If you create templates for ALL SIX languages of Vojvodina then we could at least start a seriuos discussion about this. 2. Romanian is not official in Moldova, so template is totally wrong. PANONIAN  (talk)  12:02, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

Danutz:
 * 1. You did not answered my argument about EQUALITY of official languages of Vojvodina. A simple question: why you insist that Romanian is MORE EQUAL than other? If you continue your POV pushing, you will force me to create same templates for other 5 official languages (Serbian speaking states, Hungarian speaking states, Slovak speaking states, etc).
 * 2. If I create these new templates, the Hungarian speaking states template will definitelly contain Transylvania. It is really not important whether Hungarian is official in Transylvania or not. There is no rule that such templates should contain only territories where language is official. They could contain territories where language is spoken too. See this as an example: Celtic nations. You see that Brittany and Cornwall and listed as Celtic nations, no matter that Celtic languages ARE NOT OFFICIAL there. If Brittany and Cornwall are listed as Celtic nations, then by all mean we could list Transylvania as Hungarian nation. There is no single difference here. PANONIAN   (talk)  12:54, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I totaly agree that such templates should be created, but you should list Romania not Transilvanya as Transylvania only exists as a historical region. And you should say states with significant Hungarian minorities (because "Hungarian-speaking is missleading as you said"). Maybe the problem actualy was that the template said Romanian-speakins states, it should say states (teritories) that have Romanian as an official language. I think that should sound better. --Danutz

Well, then, since there is nothing implying that "territory" as a concept in your template relies on international recognition, then please clarify by turning it into "internationally-recognized territories" (as you have been kind enough to add such specifications to the template before). Of course, some specification is needed for "organizations" as well, but I'm sure you will add that as well in due time. Dahn 13:30, 24 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, states are. Territories are not. And, if there is a single organization involved, the "organizations" part is a misnomer... The template serves no purpose. The template is vague. The template relies on what you had in mind when you created it. The template is minuscule. Frankly, the only way in which it may stand for something is if you rename it to "A template that includes Romania, Moldova, Vojvodina, and the Latin League" - of course, this just before it gets deleted. Dahn 13:41, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually a template that lists places where Romanian is official. --Danutz
 * No. Because it is not official in Moldova. Dahn 13:55, 24 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Nu prea, prietene. Pentru că interpretarea unei legi nu este legea însăşi. Pe de altă parte, mi se pare elocvent că o persoană care adresează injurii "din glumă" a putut ajunge administrator pe wikipedia română. La revedere. Dahn 14:08, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

Nu prietene, nimeni nu e prieten cu tine. Esti o minoritate ratata si izolata. Esti izolat. La revedere pentru tine. De altfel orice anti-roman va avea aceeasi soarta. Era cazul sa avem admini romani nu anti-romani ca tine. Sau numai cei ca tine pot fi buni? du-te si pupa-l in cur pe Coicoiul tau sau pe mikkalaievici. Tradator de neam si de tara, esti un ratat! --168.167.253.97 14:15, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Totuşi fără atacuri de genul acesta, sunt destul de urâte (minoritate ratata si izolata). Lăsând gluma şi injuriile la o parte toţi încercăm să facem din conţinutul Wikipediei unul mai bun şi ar trebui să existe un minim de respect între noi. Şi cam depăşim limita cu calificative din acestea. --Danutz
 * It's good that you lecture me on common efforts and collaboration after you have speculated about how I am "anti-Romanian" because somebody must have beaten me during childhood. It is a valuable lesson I am learning about the "the minimal respect" from you, after you have implied that I am "decayed", and that, by way of consequence, you "allow yourself these jokes with me". Did I allow them, or does this not fall within the scope of "minimal respect"? Yes, we are indeed crossing a line just now, after you, an administrator on ro:wiki, have allowed a cascade of personal attacks aimed at me and voiced on your talk page over there: Bonaparte crosses the line now that he tells me to kiss user:Khoikhoi's or user:Mikkalai's ass, but he sure did not cross it when he called me "stupid", "illiterate", "failure", "mutt", "coward", and "two-timer" on that very page.
 * I do not contribute to wikipedia in order to generate scandals, and I gather no pleasure from getting myself involved in disputes such as this one. I have been active in removing the Moldovenist POV on the Moldova page, as well as on the Moldovans one. You have heard a version of what I do here as rendered by a person who has dragged my name through mud on several pages; you have chosen to believe it, without checking the facts: that, I cannot ever respect. You back a template which is, IMO, both useless and POV; when I have argued my opinion, you have joined others in calling me "anti-Romanian", without having presented any semblance of proof for what is otherwise a very serious accusation (albeit one which has been thrown around so many times by now that it must carry no more meaning). Instead of asking other Romanian users why they erase your template from articles where you post it, you could ask them about my contributions and the compromise that was reached on several pages involved in this dispute.
 * Thank you for your time. That is indeed all. Dahn 15:03, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

Orphaned fair use image (Image:Logo_Latin_Union.gif)
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About TAROM destinations
Hi, Danutz. About the TAROM destination OTP-CLJ... According to the WikiProject_Airlines a flight should be listed just once; imagine how the article would look if someone would add all the return flights to OTP... Cristibur 14:47, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

Romanians in Vojvodina
I moveprotected the article. Protection is not endorsement of current title. I don't intend to take sides further, but the article has a talk page. I had to delete your copy-paste move, because it screwed the edit history per WP:CPMV. Duja ► 11:49, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (Image:Localizare.png)
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 * Hi, sorry but I'll replace that image again with the Italian/Linux one. No slight against Romanian intended, believe me. It's just that a screenshot of Windows programs is not free of copyright, whereas a screenshot of Linux is free, so we must use that instead. Image policies. Fut.Perf. ☼ 20:55, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

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This should be clear to you by now
The admin that you are should be able to understand that a person would demean himself/herself by even taking into consideration a message containing a sentence like the one you introduced yours with. Should be, but you manifestly aren't. So consider this my final attempt to make you aware of that. Feel free to erase this message as I did to yours, but make sure you note that the next time you insult me I'll bring it up a notch and present your paradox to AN/I. Have a good day, and say hello to your friend Bonaparte from me. Dahn 10:18, 21 July 2007 (UTC)
 * bla-bla.. Bonaparte  talk  &  contribs
 * I'm not playing this game. I sincerely doubt that, as an admin on ro:wiki, you don't know what WP:NPA is by now. If you honestly don't know, then... well, let's just say the obvious mediocrity of ro:wiki has found its rational explanation. Dahn 10:27, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

1. What part of the sources allows you to rephrase the text already in the article? Especially when you replace it with bewildering sentences such as "This however, does not mean that Serbian government have official position whether Vlach and Romanian are separate languages" and the word "finaly" (which is both not in English and POV) 2. What does the official law say? I don't see a direct quote, merely paraphrases, and this is a problem of definition (i.e. "the term used", not "the term deduced") 3. No, I do not particularly care what [other] languages you claim to speak, I just care about maintaining a basic standard of orthography and grammar. 4. I would take the "blog" argument from someone who does not go around filling pages with POV and samples of his personal art. But the fact that you brought it up is probably indicative that you realized what is and isn't condoned/expected, so I suppose you have chosen to part with the Bonaparte road. That can only be for the best. On the other hand, implying that I, like you, edit the page motivated by a particular POV is ridiculous.

I don't care as much about that article as to tag it for NPOV and cleanup, but I'll make sure that, in case the tag is added by someone, it stays there until it begins to look like a proper text. And, as I have already indicated, I'll also be watching and reporting any attempt to delete it or POV it - even if the concept may become outdated (and there is no indication that it will), the article will still be relevant (just like the ones on various canards or Nazi eugenics should not be deleted only because the concepts are proven to be wrong). Dahn 16:42, 18 August 2007 (UTC)

 * You could have spared yourself that by noting that: a. a read the articles; b. I said that the articles in question paraphrased the law (it would not matter that you did, but you paraphrased a paraphrase). Since this is about the terms used, and the implications they have, one would have to assume that the law was read correctly and fully - and we can do better than assume. See my point? Furthermore, the BBC article is indeed reliable, and the Gardianul one might be (although it clearly has a stated bias, and although another article from a Romanian newspaper that you quoted in the past proved that it read "horse" and understood "donkey"). Noting this, I have to ask, have you compared the articles? Because what the BBC seems to say is that the Serbia will acknowledge Romanian as the language of Vlachs, by default, without however indicating that Vlach is no longer given some official recognition, and without indicating that Vlach and Romanian are the same. Again, you and I may postulate that they are the same, but I hope you note that this should add nothing. Dahn 18:31, 18 August 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Steag Unilat.png)
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Romanian spelling in Moldova
With this edit, the Romanian language article states that in 2001 the official spelling in Moldova has become identical to that in Romania. The only proof given for this statement is a book, Dicţionarul ortografic al limbii române. This, however, does not mean that the new spelling has become official in the country. Do you have any more specific reference? — Adi Japan ☎  07:31, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

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Abusive edits
Please don't call my edits abusive, there are edits like any other edits, and they were resulting from the GA review, nobody else took notice I did whatever I thought is good, you are free to re-add whichever picture you consider important, but please abstain from calling good-faith edits "abusive". -- AdrianTM 22:17, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

Disputed fair use rationale for Image:11120.jpg
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Your recent edits
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Image copyright problem with Image:Poster TIFF 2007.jpg
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Cluj-Napoca
Servus Danutz, am vazut ca tu ai facut mult in pagina pt Cluj-Napoca. E bine si sunt fericit ca oameni acuma au mai multi de informatii in privinta cu orasul. Sunt un englez si locuesc in Cluj. Am schimbat catva de ce tu ai scris - sper poti sa accepti alterarile mei. Daca nu esti de acord, putem sa discutam. Am experienta cu limba englezi dar inca nu mult de talent cu limba romana, scuze! Cu stima --Frankieparley (talk) 07:11, 13 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Foarte promiţător, însă dat fiind că majoritatea criticilor s-au legat de limbă îmi este tare greu să mă ocup de copy-editing. Îmi place să cred că vorbesc bine engleză, dar nu la nivelul la care să fiu la fel de fluent ca un nativ (iar pentru un articol de calitate ai nevoie să scrii ca un nativ talentat). Cred că va trebui să te bazezi pe ajutorul unor nativi sau al unor români care stau de suficient timp într-o ţară anglofonă încât să nu le mai scape stângăcii. --Gutza T T+ 11:09, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Clujeanul front page.jpg)
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Etimologie Cluj-Napoca
Vezi că ţi-am lăsat un mesaj pe pagina ta de discuţii de la wiki-ro, legat de etimologia Clujului. -- R O   A M A  T  A A  | msg  17:49, 17 March 2008 (UTC)
 * OK, zi-mi unde mai ai nevoie de surse şi/sau completări. Am luat de la biblioteca câteva cărţi despre Cluj şi acum pot specifica cu titlul cărţii, respectiv pagina. -- R O   A M A  T  A A  | msg  07:48, 18 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Ok, în regulă. -- R O   A M A  T  A A  | msg  20:07, 18 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Ţi le-am pus pe pagina ta de discuţii de la rowiki. Dacă acel citat incomodează, îl scoatem şi gata. Nu am vrem acum să stau în sala de bibliotecă, altfel aş putea documenta cu mai multe surse serioase afirmaţia. -- R O   A M A  T  A A  |<font style="color:blue;background:yellow;"> msg  19:30, 19 March 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Iuliu Maniu Street, Cluj-Napoca
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Voting
Hi! Here is a voting about Bendery/Bender/Tighina: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Bender%2C_Moldova#Statement_of_Title_Solution —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.142.252.220 (talk) 18:22, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

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Orphaned non-free image File:Poster TIFF 2007.jpg
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File source problem with File:Banner 468 60 cu brodura.jpg
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WikiProject Dacia
<div style="border: 1px solid #c0c090; background-color: #f8eaba; width: 80%; margin: 4px auto; padding: .2em;"> Hi! From your edits, it looks like you might be interested in ancient Dacia. Would you like to join the WikiProject Dacia? It is a project aimed to better organize and improve the quality and accuracy of the articles related to these topics. We need help expanding and reviewing many articles, and we also need more images. Your input is welcomed! Thanks and best regards! --Codrin.B (talk) 03:37, 1 February 2011 (UTC)

Have you thought about reading some Lucian Boia? Why don't you include the fact in some of your articles that in the 19th century the Romanian language was purged of Slav words, words which were replaced by French words to make the language appear more Latin. And where were the Dacians between AD 271 and the 13th century? History is based on written records, do you have any? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.49.140.80 (talk) 06:50, 6 June 2011 (UTC)

WikiProject Romania
--Codrin.B (talk) 14:35, 26 January 2012 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (File:Logo jolidon.jpg)
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Proposed deletion of Strada Piezișă

The article Strada Piezișă has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Couldn't establish WP:NOTABILITY

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Disambiguation link notification for March 11
Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited Moldovan language, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Romanian (check to confirm | fix with Dab solver). Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.

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Reference Errors on 11 March
Hello, I'm ReferenceBot. I have automatically detected that an edit performed by you may have introduced errors in referencing. as follows: Please check this page and fix the errors highlighted. If you think this is a false positive, you can [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=edit&preload=User:A930913/RBpreload&editintro=User:A930913/RBeditintro&minor=&title=User_talk:A930913&preloadtitle=ReferenceBot%20–%20&section=new report it to my operator]. Thanks, ReferenceBot (talk) 00:39, 12 March 2014 (UTC)
 * On the Moldovan language page, [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=599121457 your edit] caused an unnamed parameter error (help) . ([ Fix] | [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Help_desk&action=edit&section=new&preload=User:ReferenceBot/helpform&preloadtitle=Referencing%20errors%20on%20%5B%5BSpecial%3ADiff%2F599121457%7CMoldovan language%5D%5D Ask for help])

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Proposed deletion of Radio Cluj

The article Radio Cluj has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Couldn't find any sources."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Septrillion (talk) 19:03, 2 May 2018 (UTC)

Nomination of Radio Cluj for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Radio Cluj is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Radio Cluj until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Septrillion (talk) 17:37, 5 May 2018 (UTC)

Your article Piața A-Z
Welcome, and thank you for contributing the page Piața A-Z to Wikipedia. While you have added the page to the English version of Wikipedia, the article is not in English. We invite you to translate it into English. It has been listed at Pages Needing Translation, but if it is not translated within two weeks, the article will be listed for deletion. Thank you. Naraht (talk) 17:12, 21 May 2018 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Piața A-Z

The article Piața A-Z has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "not notable"

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Note that this listing is independent of the notice just above, which has to do with the language of the article, while this notice has to do with the notability of the topic of the article, irrespective of language. Thanks, Mathglot (talk) 05:21, 22 May 2018 (UTC)

August 2018
Welcome to Wikipedia. We appreciate your contributions, but in one of your recent edits to Romania, it appears that you have added original research, which is against Wikipedia's policies. Original research refers to material—such as facts, allegations, ideas, and personal experiences—for which no reliable, published sources exist; it also encompasses combining published sources in a way to imply something that none of them explicitly say. Please be prepared to cite a reliable source for all of your contributions. Thank you. Tgeorgescu (talk) 11:10, 13 August 2018 (UTC)

I have retracted the warning, but it is time to ponder your own actions: your edit had all the red flags of being a fake edit (as explained at my talk page and including you complaining about being reverted at the same article, in the past). Everything about your edit was wrong, except the figures. No wonder that you have been reverted in the past: you actions come over as extremely clumsy. This is not an attack, but an opportunity to learn and improve. Tgeorgescu (talk) 18:29, 19 August 2018 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Danutz