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Fort Parker massacre

The Fort Parker massacre, also known as the Fort Parker raid, was an event in which a group of Texan colonists were killed in an attack by a contingent of Comanche, Kiowa, Caddo, and Wichita raiders at Fort Parker on May 19, 1836. During the attack, Cynthia Ann Parker, then approximately nine years old, was captured and spent most of the rest of her life within the Comanche Nation, later marrying Chief Peta Nocona and giving birth to three children, including a son, Quanah Parker, who became a prominent leader of the Comanches and a war leader during the Red River War of 1874–75. Cynthia’s brother John Richard Parker was also captured and remained with the Comanches for six years before his release was negotiated. He was unable to readapt to Western society and chose to return to the Comanche Nation.

Background
Fort Parker was established about 2 mi north of present-day Groesbeck, Limestone County, Texas, United States, by John Parker, his sons, Benjamin, Silas and James, with other members of the Pilgrim Predestinarian Baptist Church of Crawford County, Illinois. Led by John and Daniel Parker, they came to Texas in 1833. Daniel's party first settled in Grimes County, then later moved to Anderson County near present-day Elkhart and established Pilgrim Church. Elder John Parker's group settled near the headwaters of the Navasota River, and built a fort for protection against Native Americans. It was completed in March 1834. Fort Parker's 12 ft log walls enclosed 4 acre. Blockhouses were placed on two corners for lookouts, and six cabins were attached to the inside walls. The fort had two entrances, a large double gate facing south, and a small gate for easy access to the spring. Most of the residents of the fort were part of the extended family of John and Sarah Parker.

Massacre
Soon the settlers were making their homes and farming the land. Several had built cabins on their farms, and used the fort for protection. Peace treaties were made with surrounding Native American chiefs. Following the massacre of Anglos at the Alamo, the Comanche and other local tribes were emboldened to retake their lost lands.

On May 19, 1836, a large party of Native Americans, including Comanches, Kiowas, Caddos, and Wichitas, attacked the inhabitants of Fort Parker. In her memoir, Rachel Plummer wrote that "one minute the fields (in front of the fort) were clear, and the next moment, more Indians than I dreamed possible were in front of the fort."

One of the Indians approached the fort with a white flag. No one believed the flag was genuine. Silas Parker wanted the five men present to man the walls and fight as best they could. Benjamin Parker felt that by going out he could buy time for the majority of the women and children to flee out the back (small) gate. He felt that there was simply no way that five men would be able to hold the Indians out more than a second or two, as they could use ropes to scale the walls. He felt that the war party would then kill everyone in the fort, and the unsuspecting men in the fields. He argued with Silas that they had to barter their lives for time for everyone else. Their father agreed with Benjamin.

Benjamin knew he was going to be killed. According to Rachel Plummer's account, Benjamin returned to the fort, after his first talk with the war party, and told his brother and father that he believed they would all be killed, and that they should run swiftly to the woods. Silas again argued with him, telling him they should push the big gate shut, and man the walls. Ben pointed out, rightly, Rachel said, that there was no time, and their "course was decided." He told her, "run little Rachel, for your life and your unborn child, run now and fast!" She said he then straightened up and went back outside. She recounted how Silas told her to watch the front gate, after Benjamin had gone out to talk to the Indians the second time, when she herself wanted to flee, while he ran for his musket and powder pouch. "They will kill Benjamin," she reported her Uncle Silas saying, "and then me, but I will do for at least one of them, by God." At that moment, she said she heard whooping outside the fort, and then Indians were inside.

The 3–5 minutes bought enough time that the majority of the women and children did get away. Rachel Plummer, who was pregnant, was afraid she would not be able to keep up while carrying her two-year-old son, and so she stayed in the fort. She began running after seeing the Indians come into the fort, holding her little boy's hand, while behind her she said she saw Indians stabbing Benjamin with their lances, and then she heard "Uncle Silas shout defiance as though he had a thousand men with him. Alas, he was alone, and soon dead." Lucy Parker, who also had a small child, stopped to argue with her husband Silas, begging him to come with her. Elizabeth Duty Kellogg stopped to gather up their savings, $100 in coins, before she attempted to escape.

Benjamin Parker was killed, and before the fort's gates could be closed, the raiders rushed inside. Silas Parker, who was outside with his brother, was killed before he was able to get back inside the gate. Samuel Frost and his son Robert were killed inside the gate, as they attempted to flee. John Parker was castrated and then scalped. His wife came out of the woods when she saw his torture and was captured. Lucy Parker and her youngest two children were initially captured but were rescued by David Faulkenberry as he ran up to the fort from the fields. Her two oldest children, however, along with Rachel and her son, and Elizabeth Kellogg were successfully kidnapped.

In all, five men were killed, some were left for dead, two women and three children were captured, and the rest escaped into the wilderness.

Fort Parker inhabitants on 19 May 1836

 * Elder John Parker (aged 77 years 8 months, killed) and second wife, Sarah Pinson Duty
 * Benjamin F. W. Parker (aged 48 years, killed)
 * Isaac Parker (aged 43 years 1 month)
 * James William Parker (aged 38 years 10 months) and wife, Martha Duty
 * Sarah Parker (aged 18 years 9 months) and husband, Lorenzo Dow Nixon
 * Rachel Parker (aged 17 years 2 months, captured) and husband, Luther Martin Thomas Plummer (aged approximately 24 years 11 months)
 * James Pratt Plummer (aged 1 year 4 months, captured)
 * James William Parker (aged 6 years 10 months)
 * Francis Marion Parker (aged 4 years 5 months)
 * Silas Mercer Parker (aged 32 years, killed) and wife, Lucinda Duty (aged approximately 34 years 11 months)
 * Cynthia Ann Parker (aged 8 years 7 months, captured)
 * John Richard Parker (aged approximately 5 years 11 months, captured)
 * Silas Mercer Parker (aged approximately 1 year 11 months)
 * Orlena Parker (aged approximately 11 months)
 * Elizabeth Duty Kellogg (aged approximately 39 years, captured)
 * Elisha Anglin
 * Abram Anglin
 * Seth Bates
 * Silas Bates
 * George E.Dwight and wife Malinda Frost Dwight
 * Elizabeth Dwight
 * David Falkenbury
 * Evan Falkenbury
 * Samuel Frost (killed) and wife
 * Robert Frost (killed)
 * Other Frost children
 * Oliver Lund

Note: Killed were Samuel Frost, Robert Frost, John Parker, Benjamin Parker and Silas Parker. Captured were Elizabeth Kellogg, Cynthia Parker, John Parker, Rachel Plummer and James Plummer; all of them were later ransomed or freed. Their captivity took several years, except Mrs. Kellogg, who was ransomed within 3 months.

Cynthia Ann Parker

One of the captives was a nine-year-old girl, Cynthia Ann Parker, daughter of Silas and Lucinda Duty Parker. Cynthia Ann lived with the Comanches for nearly 25 years. She married Comanche chief Peta Nocona and was the mother of three children, including Quanah Parker. In 1860, she was among a Native American party captured by Texas Rangers at the Battle of Pease River. Ironically, Cynthia Parker was the victim of two massacres which destroyed her life. The first, the attack on Fort Parker in 1836, killed her father and left her among the Comanche for nearly 25 years. The second, a massacre of the Comanche Band of her husband, the Noconis, at the Battle of Pease River left her a prisoner among the whites. She was identified by her uncle, Isaac Parker, and returned to his home in Texas. Cynthia Ann never readjusted to the Anglo society, and died at the age of 43 in 1870 after starving herself to death after her daughter, Prairie Flower, had caught influenza and died from pneumonia. She was originally buried in Poyner, Henderson County, Texas, but her son, Quanah, had her reburied next to his future grave at his home, the Star House, in Cache, Oklahoma. In 1957 the State of Oklahoma moved their graves to Old Post Cemetery in Fort Sill, Commanche County, Oklahoma, on what is known as Chief's Knoll. In 1965 the state of Texas had Prairie Flower moved from her grave in Edom, Van Zandt County, Texas to join her mother and brother.

John Richard Parker
Cynthia Ann's brother John Richard Parker was ransomed back in 1842 along with his cousin, James Pratt Plummer. He was unable to adapt to white society and ran back to the Comanche. He later was left to die after he contracted smallpox during a Comanche raid into Mexico. The war party left a captive Mexican girl to care for him, and he restored her to her family after recovering, and spent the remainder of his life in Old Mexico after marrying her. During the American Civil War, he served in a Mexican Company within the Confederate Army. He later lived as stockman and rancher in Mexico, where he died in 1915.

Rachel Plummer
Rachel Plummer, the 17-year-old wife of Luther Plummer, daughter of James Parker, and cousin to Cynthia Parker and her brother John, was held captive by the Comanche for two years before being ransomed by her father. Her book on her captivity, Rachael Plummer's Narrative of Twenty-One Months' Servitude as a Prisoner Among the Comanchee Indians, was issued in Houston in 1838. This was the first narrative about a captive of Texas Indians published in the Republic of Texas, and it was a sensation not just there, but throughout the United States and even abroad. Rachel died in 1840, in childbirth, a year after being ransomed.

James Pratt Plummer
James Pratt, son of Luther Martin Thomas Plummer and Rachel Parker Plummer, was separated from his mother (who never knew about his further fate) and was soon given away to another Comanche band. Late in 1842 he was ransomed and in 1843 reunited with his grandfather James W. Parker. Parker refused to return his grandson to his father, claiming that Luther Plummer had not even paid any money for his family's ransom. Even when the latter appealed successfully to the Governor of Texas, Parker refused to return his grandson. Luther Plummer later remarried and fathered another child, and then didn't pursue the matter any further. James Pratt Plummer married twice and had four children. He enlisted in the Confederate Army during the Civil War and died from pneumonia in 1862 after suffering from typhoid.

Elizabeth Duty Kellogg
In late May 1836, Elizabeth Kellogg was taken by a band of Kichai Indians, which she took for "Kitchawas". In summer, Delaware Indians purchased Mrs. Kellogg and sold her to her brother-in-law James W. Parker in August 1836 for 150 dollars (the money was sent by Sam Houston). She was reunited with her sister Martha Duty on September 6, 1836.

James W. Parker
James W. Parker, who was working in the fields when the raid began, spent much of the rest of his life, and most of his fortune, searching for his daughter Rachel, his grandson James, his niece Cynthia, and his nephew John Richard. After many near-death escapes, he finally settled with his family. John Wayne's character Ethan Edwards, in the John Ford Western The Searchers, was modeled by author Alan Le May after Parker and others affected by child abductions.

Former Dallas Morning News columnist Frank X. Tolbert in his book An Informal History of Texas entitled one of his book's chapters "Was Uncle James (Parker) The Villain" which expressed an entirely different take on the reverend. James W. Parker was Cynthia Ann Parker's uncle, Rachel Plummer's father, and Rachel's son James Pratt Plummer's grandfather. Sam Houston responded to "Luther" Thomas Martin Plummer in a letter that: "Reverend Parker had quite a bad reputation with most all he ever had business dealings." Houston did not trust the judgement of Parker and as that chapter of Tolbert's book relates Houston just could not believe that Reverend Parker would not return James Pratt Plummer to his natural father.

Quanah Parker
Quanah Parker, son of Cynthia Ann Parker, became a leader among the Quahadi Comanches. After most of the Comanches and other tribes on the Staked Plains were defeated, Parker and his group surrendered to authorities and were forced to an Indian reservation in Oklahoma Territory. The Quahadis were the very last tribe left on the Staked Plains. Quanah Parker was made chief of all the Comanche tribes on the reservation. Shortly before his own death in 1911, he arranged for the disinterment of his mother and sister and had them reburied in a plot next to his own at the Post Oak Cemetery near Cache, Oklahoma. Congress passed a special allotment to fund the reburial. The three were moved in 1957 to the Old Post military cemetery in Fort Sill, Oklahoma.

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Talk:Fort Parker massacre

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I considered naming the article "Fort Parker" instead of "Fort Parker Massacre", but decided "Fort Parker Massacre" would be less ambiguous. Also, the greatest significance of the fort was probably created by the raid. Needs a lot more work, but at least this gets something started. Rlvaughn 22:48, 1 Dec 2003 (UTC)

"American Indians" is the proper nomenclature... please!
To use the term "Native Americans" in this context is improper. Native Americans include Polynesians/Hawaiaans and Eskimo/Aleutians clearly making 'Native American too broad a definition to use in this description, and therefore problematic.

There is nothing racially insensitive to using the term American-Indian, and as a member of the Crow Indian tribe I can attest to the fact that we do in fact prefer being properly identified as American Indians.

First of all, sign your comments. Second, Polynesians are not considered Native American, nor do they consider themselves Native American. Third of all, the term is "Inuit-Aleut," not "Esk*mo." Fourth of all, based on your countless blatantly racist vandalizations of various pages on individuals, including those of Native Americans, (For examples of your racism:, , , , ) as well as homophobic, sexist, white-nationalist, and alt-right vandalisms, and the nonsensical repeat vandalism of converting the scientific standards of CE and BCE to the no-longer accepted and very inaccurate AD and BC. So finally, I don't believe that you are truthful, nor do I believe you should edit wikipedia. Cynthia-Coriníon 19:02, 8 July 2020 (UTC)

Update: Yes, American Indian is the proper term in this context. However, you are not mature enough to be given attention. I will see it changed, but not because of you. Cynthia-Coriníon 02:43, 10 July 2020 (UTC)

One-sided Massacres
Depending on the political correctness of an author relevent to early 19th century American history on the plains, one usually reads that when Whites attack Indian encampments, the action is termed a "massacre", coloring the event as if the Indians are solely women and children and/or are unarmed/underarmed. It is refreshing to note that in this one article, at least, Indian attacks undertaken for the sole purpose of slave taking and warrior killings and similar behavior are also described as massacres, and not whitewashed with the word "raids" or similar benign terms. 2600:387:F:4C32:0:0:0:3 (talk) 21:17, 7 April 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Coscoroba swan

The coscoroba swan (Coscoroba coscoroba) is a species of waterfowl in the subfamily Anserinae of the family Anatidae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay, and the Falkland Islands.

Taxonomy and systematics
The coscoroba swan's placement within the family Anatidae is not fully agreed upon, with a 2014 genetic study positing a phylogenetic relationship between this species and the Cape Barren goose (Cereopsis novaehollandiae). BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World has adopted this approach and places the coscoroba swan and Cape Barren goose together in the tribe Cereopsini, which it places as basal to Cygnus and all other geese. However, the South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society, the International Ornithological Committee (IOC), and the Clements taxonomy treat the Cape Barren goose as basal to other geese, which themselves precede the coscoroba and other swans in a linear sequence. Even those three systems differ, with the IOC placing the coscoroba before Cygnus and the other two after it in their lists.

The coscoroba swan is the only member of the genus Coscoroba and has no subspecies.

Description
The coscoroba swan is a medium-large sized waterfowl, but smaller than the true swans, at 90 to 115 cm long with a wingspan of about 155 cm. Males weigh 3.8 to 5.4 kg and females 3.1 to 4.5 kg. Their appearance is considered to be slightly unusual, being intermediate between that of geese and true swans. They have completely feathered faces—unusual for true swans—and their feet are located directly under their bodies, enabling the coscoroba swan to walk more efficiently than the “waddling” of most waterfowl. Physically, coscoroba swans have been compared to the American Pekin duck, albeit larger and with darker, redder bills and feet (Pekin ducks have bright orange bills and feet). The sexes have the same plumage; upon hatching, the chicks have blue-grey bills and feet and black striping running down the length of their bodies (to aid in camouflage from predators), with this eventually fading by about eight months of age. The adults are completely white, except for black tips to the outer six primary feathers, though this black is often barely visible on the closed wing unless the bird is in flight.

Distribution and habitat
The coscoroba swan is a year-round resident of central Argentina and along the Uruguay-southern Brazil coast. It also breeds but does not winter from southern Chile and Argentina south to Tierra del Fuego and occasionally to the Falkland Islands. In winter its range extends north to central Chile, northern Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, and southern Brazil. It has been recorded as a vagrant in Bolivia and at several locations in Brazil north of its usual limit. The coscoroba swan inhabits well-vegetated lagoons, freshwater swamps, and sometimes human-made reservoirs. It is mainly a bird of the lowlands, though there are scattered records as high as 1300 m and at least one at 2000 m.

Feeding
The coscoroba swan's diet has not been studied in detail, but it apparently feeds on aquatic and some terrestrial plants, small aquatic invertebrates, and small fish. It forages mainly while swimming or wading in shallow water and in contrast to other swans seldom upends. It also grazes on land. It often feeds with black-necked swans (Cygnus melanocoryphus).

Breeding
The coscoroba swan breeds in the local spring, which is May to October in northern Argentina, July to December in Chile, and July and August in southern Brazil. The species forms long-term pair bonds. Its nest is a mound of vegetation lined with soft grass constructed by both members of a pair on a small islet, partially floating in a reedbed or long grass close to water. The clutch size is four to nine oval eggs that weigh about 167 g with dimensions of about 88 by. Males guard females during the incubation period of about 35 days. Both parents care for the young through fledging at 14 weeks and beyond, sometimes until they are a year old. In captivity, coscoroba swans can live 20 years.

Vocalization
The coscoroba swan makes an onomatopoeic "cos-cor-oo", usually as a threat to intruders. They also make a "monosyllabic hooting note" as a contact call between mates. Immature birds make "loud chirps and trills".

Status
The IUCN has assessed the coscoroba swan as being of Least Concern. It has a large range and its estimated population of 6700 to 17,000 mature individuals is believed to be stable. No immediate threats have been identified. The species' population varies dramatically at different parts of its range, being fairly common in Argentina, uncommon in Paraguay and Uruguay, rare in Chile, and uncertain in Brazil. The "[g]reatest threat seems to be loss of temperate marsh habitats due to urbanization and agricultural developments".

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Herbert Baxter Adams

Herbert Baxter Adams (April 16, 1850 – July 30, 1901) was an American educator and historian who brought German rigor to the study of history and social science in America. He was a professor at Johns Hopkins University.

He was a founding member of the American Historical Association, and one of the earliest educators using the seminar for teaching history. With a fresh PhD from the Heidelberg University in Germany, Johns Hopkins University brought Adams in as a teaching fellow in history during their inaugural year. Adams stayed with Johns Hopkins until his health failed.

Adams was instrumental in organizing the American Historical Association. A leading organizer of American graduate schools, he contributed to various reform efforts. He has been characterized as a His legacy is honored through various awards and professorships at Johns Hopkins University.

Early life
Adams was born to lumber merchant Nathaniel Dickinson Adams and Harriet (Hastings) Adams in Shutesbury, Massachusetts, on April 16, 1850.

On his mother's side, he was a descendant of Thomas Hastings who came from the East Anglia region of England to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1634.

Herbert B. Adams received his early training in the Amherst, Massachusetts public schools followed by Phillips Exeter Academy. He graduated from Amherst College, with an AB in 1872 and AM in 1875.

In 1873 Adams traveled to Europe to study and write. In 1874 he moved to Heidelberg, Germany, to pursue, two years later, the PhD degree in political science. There he was influenced by Johann Gustav Droysen and Johann Kaspar Bluntschli, the latter also becoming his mentor. Heidelberg did not then require a thesis from its doctoral candidates, instead it required an oral examination, for which he chose political science for his major field (Hauptfach), with two minors (Nebenfächer) in public and international law and in political and cultural history. Adams passed the oral examination on July 13, 1876, summa cum laude.

Career
The new Johns Hopkins University, which opened in 1876, wanted to bring German-style graduate education to the United States. Adams was hired as fellow in history from 1876 to 1878, associate from 1878 to 1883, and was appointed associate professor in 1883. He is credited with bringing the study of history into the realm of the social sciences: "Adams, with his German training, was determined to inaugurate through the seminar system the scientific study of history based on careful, critical examination of the sources. He hoped to make the study of history an independent professional pursuit rather than a mere branch of literature."

From 1878 to 1881 Adams was also a lecturer in history at Smith College. He was then a member of the New England Historic Genealogical Society, from 1881 to 1886.

At Johns Hopkins, in 1880, Adams began his famous seminar in history, where a large proportion of the next generation of American historians trained. Among his students were Woodrow Wilson, Thomas Dixon, Jr., and Charles McLean Andrews. In 1882 Adams founded the "Johns Hopkins Studies in Historical and Political Science," the first such series. He was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1881. He brought about the organization in 1884 of the American Historical Association, for which he was secretary until 1900, when he resigned and was made first vice president. His historical writings introduced scientific methods of investigation that influenced many historians, including Frederick Jackson Turner and John Spencer Bassett. He authored Life and Writings of Jared Sparks (2 vols., 1893) and many articles and influential reports on the study of the social sciences.

His principal writings are:
 * The Germanic Origin of the New England Towns
 * Saxon Tithing-Men in America
 * Norman Constables in America
 * Village Communities
 * Methods of Historical Study and,
 * Maryland's Influence upon Land Cessions to the United States

All these papers are published in the Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, edited by Prof. Adams, 4 vols. (Baltimore, 1883–1986). Although less known for his contributions to the history of education, Adams was essential to its early development. He edited the circular series titled, Contributions to American Educational History which was printed and distributed by the U.S. Bureau of Education.

A new class of experts needed new modes of training, and those were provided by the new American graduate schools, built along German models. Adams was a leading organizer. He was a Mugwump who promoted reform at Johns Hopkins and nationally. Under his direction, the faculty and advanced students worked for numerous reforms, including civil service reform in the Pendleton Act (1883), municipal reform with the New Charter of Baltimore (1895), the training of professional social workers, and efforts to solve labor unrest. Raymond Cunningham, argues that his reformism shows that the Mugwumps movement could attract affirmative and optimistic experts, rather than just suspicious or cautious patricians.

Last years
Adams was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1886. He received the degree LL.D. from the University of Alabama in 1891, and from Amherst in 1899.

Adams made a report to the U.S. Bureau of Education on summer schools in Europe in 1896, and resigned the chair of American and institutional history at Johns Hopkins University in December, 1900, to take effect in February, 1901, and then visited Florida.

Returning to his home in Amherst, Massachusetts, Adams died on July 30, 1901, and was buried next to his parents and older brother in Wildwood Cemetery.

Honors

 * Adams House, an undergraduate dormitory at Johns Hopkins University, is named for him.
 * The American Historical Association's Herbert Baxter Adams prize was named for him.
 * The Herbert Baxter Adams Professorship at Johns Hopkins University was created in his honor.

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Talk:Philip Kearny

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Not trying to start an edit war or anything, it just happened that my edit happened same time as yours. I have two reliable sources that say Kearny's birthday is 6-2 1815, and I'll change back the side of the picture. Those two sources both say Columbia university (those sources being civilwarhome.com and the 1911 Encyclopedia). ugen64 21:59, Dec 1, 2003 (UTC)

I'm no fan of edit wars either. Sorry for almost getting into one. :)
 * 1) Columbia College and Columbia University are the same thing, but it didn't become a university until 1896.
 * 2) The left margin on the image I think we agree on already.
 * 3) This will be the second major thing I've found really iffy about the info on civilwarhome, I'm starting to not trust them so much. I originally got the date from Webster's American Biographies, and have so far verified it on,  and , who probably ought to know. - Hephaestos 22:06, 1 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Is this how regular talks go between users, replying on other users' names? I've never had to do it, but I suppose this is how... anyway, says 1815 (which was your second example), so... what is up with his birthdate :-\ ugen64 22:09, Dec 1, 2003 (UTC)

 * I don't think there's any set way of replying, it's usually up to the individual. I like this way because it gives the notification at the top (usually).
 * This is quite weird with the date; I could see there being some possible controversy between the first and second of June, since they're close together, but one would think the year at least would be unambiguous. I'm guessing it's an error that got copied down repeatedly, but I'm not sure how to tell which one's right. - Hephaestos 22:18, 1 Dec 2003 (UTC)

OK, I hit upon something that I can't swear is accurate, but I guess it's the best we can do at the moment until something more definitive comes up. I checked "Philip Kearny" (in quotes) with some dates in quotes on Google. "June 1, 1814" gives five hits, "June 2, 1815" gives nineteen. "June 2, 1814" and "June 1, 1815" each give zero hits. So I guess the best thing is to go with June 2, 1815 at least for the time being. - Hephaestos 22:52, 1 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * All right, that works. It's really a minor thing, I dunno. ugen64 01:28, Dec 2, 2003 (UTC)

Promotion to major general
At first I thought the posthumous promotion reference may be a mistake, confusing him with Isaac Stevens who was also killed at the Battle of Chantilly, as several descriptions of that battle have Kearny as a Major General during the action. But the 1911 Encyclopedia does mention him not receiving his commission by the time he died, so I looked around some more and came across this documentation in an old biography of Kearny: MY DEAR SIR: In reply to your note of the 2d instant, I have had the records examined, and find the following answers for your questions in relation to General KEARNY:
 * 1) When General KEARNY was appointed Major-General of Volunteers, he stood number six on the list of Brigadier-Generals.
 * 2) His commission as Brigadier-General of Vols. was dated 7 Aug., 1861, to rank from 17 May, 1861.
 * 3) He was appointed, during the recess of the Senate, Major-General of Vols.; the letter of appointment was dated July 25, 1862, to rank from July 4,1862. His commission, prepared after his death, bears date of March 13, 1863. The records do not show that the services, on account of which the rank of Major-General was conferred were stated in either the letter of appointment or the commission.
 * 4) At the date of his death, he stood number thirty on the list of Major-Generals of Vols. GEN'L:DEPEYSTER, Tivoli, N. Y.

Very truly yours, E. D. TOWNSEND, then Asst. Adjt.-General, now Adjt.-General U. S. A.

Philip Kearny was not confirmed as Major-General of Volunteers until March 9th, 1863, nor was the order, says Brevet-Maj. G. E.H ~ —, announcing his promotion as Major-General, received by his old, then Birney's division, until November, 1862.

I certainly don't know enough of the technicalities of rank promotion to say... was he in fact promoted to Major General in July 1862 and not posthumously (just with the details not complete), or does that in fact mean he was not promoted until after his death? Carl Lindberg 07:47, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

 * One of the reasons that Wikipedia promotes the use of secondary sources is so that we do not have to be involved in the minutiae of such matters. The Eicher reference, which is used by many of the ACW generals' bios, states that he was promoted posthumously. If there are alternative secondary sources that make claims about dates (rather than printing verbatim letters from the War Department without comment), those sources should be included. We also generally do not take notice of Senate confirmation for promotions unless they are denied, nor of the detailed difference between dates of commission versus dates of rank. Hal Jespersen 15:11, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

Okay, thanks. I'll keep looking and post more soon, though a number of things lead me to think that he was in fact promoted before his death, and the posthumous reference is either a mistake or coming from the perspective of the Senate confirmation being the critical date. Not sure why I'm so interested in this little factoid, but, well, there you go :-) Carl Lindberg 05:19, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

I guess the main thing that piqued my curiosity was that on their commemorative plaques at Ox Hill Battlefield Park, both Kearny and Stevens are named as Major General. On the county plan for the park (page15), it specifically notes that Stevens was posthumously promoted (which he was) but does not say the same about Kearny (the panel had a local historian on it, so I was thinking it was at least an informed omission). The Chantilly Union order of battle, which comes from one of the books on the battle, lists Stevens as brigadier general but Kearny as major general, indicating in that author's opinion he had already been promoted. The bit I quoted earlier is from an 1869 biography, Personal and military history of Philip Kearny, major-general United States volunteers by John Watts DePeyster. The last paragraph is the author's summary; it was a footnote explaining why Kearny's commission was listed in an 1863 newspaper article, along with other generals (including Stevens) who were promoted posthumously. The 1911 encyclopedia bio mentions the delayed commission, but does not say the promotion itself was posthumous, which is consistent with the above info. In fact, with online searching at least, I can't find any page (other than those derived from the wikipedia article) which does mention a posthumous promotion. Back to DePeyster's book, he prints a few other things: A note from Birney on Sept 4, where he references "Major-General Kearny", and a portion of Pope's battle report that references "Brigadier-General Stevens" but "Major-General Kearny", both of which seem to indicate Kearny had already been promoted (while Stevens had not). This website on the battle consistently makes the distinction as well. Given all that, it seems as though the posthumous reference is either a mistake — a confusion with Stevens, or because the commission was confirmed alongside several promotions which were posthumous — or a different perspective on what constituted promotion. If other authors had the same opinion, I guess I would expect that it would be mentioned at least somewhere else :-) Do you know of any other references which say it was posthumous? Carl Lindberg 06:55, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Your arguments are persuasive. In my (relatively limited) library, I could find no references to a posthumous promotion other than Eicher. I have modified the article with a footnote that highlights this discrepancy. Thanks for your diligence. Hal Jespersen 15:51, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * No problem, and thanks for making the change. The footnote is a very good way to handle it. Carl Lindberg 06:01, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

Tack Terminology
I can buy the idea of a rider holding the reins in his teeth, but the bridle? Literal application of that description raises a quizzical picture--if the general had the bridle in his mouth, what did the horse have?

Terry J. Carter (talk) 20:38, 12 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I did a little web search and was amazed to find that well over a dozen sites accessible by Google are using this exact same phrase, presumably copied from the Wikipedia article. The quotation originally came from either Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography or De Peyster's Personal and Military History of Philip Kearny, Major-general United States Volunteers, both 19th century works and you would assume that people in that era knew more about tack than that. Since there is an earlier reference in the same article about reins in the teeth, I deleted this quotation. Thanks for catching. Hal Jespersen (talk) 01:30, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

Parentage
Phil is listed as having the same parents as Stephen W. Kearny, but Stephen is said to be his granduncle. This needs to be cleared up.Ealtram (talk) 17:57, 7 July 2015 (UTC)

There's a similar problem with the reference to Robert Anderson playing Kearny in the 1966 episode "The Firebrand". Philip Kearny was not in California at that time and the character of "General Kearny" is most certainly referring to Philip's uncle, Stephen W. Kearny. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Beanbag82 (talk • contribs) 17:16, 19 August 2016 (UTC)

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Demise and disposition of the body
This needs a bit of re-writing due to lacking correct chronology. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:306:CF99:2080:682B:8AD6:2419:55AD (talk) 16:22, 20 December 2017 (UTC)

Command of the Army of the Potomac claim
I am a little concerned about the statement in the article that at the time Kearny died "there were rumors in Washington that President Abraham Lincoln was contemplating replacing George B. McClellan" with Kearny (I am assuming this means as Commander of the Army of the Potomac. There are two issues here. 1) There is a lack of a citation for this claim 2) Even if this was a rumor does it have any relevance? The problem as I see it is the story seems questionable, in so far as it seems a bit implausible that a Division Commander would be promoted to head the Union's main army over the heads of several corps commanders. Of course if it is the case that Lincoln did not seriously make such a consideration, this does not mean there was not such a rumor, but it does considerably alter its context. As it reads at the moment (to me at any rate) it looks like there was a serious possibility Kearny was about to succeed McClellan. If this was not the case, but there was still a rumor, then I think this needs to be made clear, and also justification for the rumor being included as such speculation would not usually be seen as encyclopedic. For instance if it is being argued that the rumor showed that Kearny was held in high regard by the Northern public and press then it is obviously worth including, but this should be made clear. Dunarc (talk) 21:31, 3 November 2019 (UTC) Amended by Dunarc (talk) 23:49, 10 January 2020 (UTC)

Grant’s description of Kearny’s action in the battle in Mexico City
This is what Grant says of Kearny’s actions in the taking of Mexico City –

 * “The enemy outside the city outnumbered our soldiery quite three to one, but they had become so demoralized by the succession of defeats this day, that the City of Mexico could have been entered without much further bloodshed. In fact, Captain Philip Kearney—afterwards a general in the war of the rebellion—rode with a squadron of cavalry to the very gates of the city, and would no doubt have entered with his little force, only at that point he was badly wounded, as were several of his officers. He had not heard the call for a halt.”

This does not jibe with the narrative in the article. Alcmaeonid (talk) 08:17, 16 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Can you provide a source and page number for this? BusterD (talk) 10:55, 16 May 2021 (UTC)

Personal Memoirs of U.S.Grant, Complete Volume 1 CHAPTER XI. ADVANCE ON THE CITY OF MEXICO—BATTLE OF CONTRERAS—ASSAULT AT CHURUBUSCO—NEGOTIATIONS FOR PEACE—BATTLE OF MOLINO DEL REY—STORMING OF CHAPULTEPEC—SAN COSME—EVACUATION OF THE CITY—HALLS OF THE MONTEZUMAS. Sorry I can’t give a page number because I only have the eBook. Alcmaeonid (talk) 16:11, 16 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks. It's an interesting quote, and likely an accurate account from Grant's viewpoint. My concern is that as a memoir discussing friends and compatriots, it would considered a primary source. Per WP:PRIMARY, we are discouraged from using primary sources unless we can find reliable secondaries which support any interpretation, such as your assertion "this does not jibe with...". BusterD (talk) 17:49, 16 May 2021 (UTC)

 * More corroborating sources (secondary):

 * "The cavalry charge was headed by Captain Kearny, of the First Dragoons, having, in squadron, with his own troop, that of Captain MCREYNOLDS, of the Third—making the usual escort to general headquarters; but, being early in the day attached to general service, was now under Colonel HARNEY'S orders. The gallant Captain, not hearing the recall that had been sounded, dashed up to the San Antonio gate, sabering in his way all who resisted. Of the seven officers of the squadron, KEARNY lost his left arm, MCREYNOLDS and Lieutenant LORIMER GRAHAM were both severely wounded, and Lieutenant IL S. EWELL) who succeeded to the command of the escort, had two horses killed under him. Major F. D. MILLS, of the Fifth Infantry, a volunteer in this charge, was killed at the gate."
 * Major-General Scott's Official Report, Ibid., No. 82, page 315.

 * "My only difficulty was in restraining the impetuosity of my men and officers, who seemed to vie with each other who should he foremost in the pursuit. Captain Kearny gallantly led his squadron into the very entrenchments of the enemy, and had the misfortune to lose an arm from a grape-shot fired from a gun at one of the main gates of the capital. Captain McReynolds and Lieutenant Graham were also wounded, and Lieutenant EWELL had two horses shot under him."
 * Colonel William S. Harney's Official Report, Ibid, page 347.

 * According to these sources - which agree with Grant's observation - he was gravely wounded and lost his arm at the San Antonio gate of Mexico city. ~ Alcmaeonid (talk) 07:07, 17 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Thank you for these. I would encourage you to edit boldly and make the section changes you think necessary based on the sources you found. If there's disagreement from any other editor, we can discuss it here. Ideally such reports, which do meet the standard for reliable secondary sources, would be supported over time with sources independent of the army. I'm certain we can find some scholarly support on JSTOR. I'll go looking. BusterD (talk) 07:20, 17 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Philip Kearny


text:
Guelph Gryphons

The Guelph Gryphons are the athletic teams that represent the University of Guelph in Guelph, Ontario, Canada. The university's varsity teams compete in the Ontario University Athletics conference of the U Sports (OUA's), and, where applicable, in the west division. The university teams are often referred to as the Gryphs, which is short for the school's mascot, Gryph, the gryphon.

Varsity teams
Guelph Gryphons teams compete in:
 * Baseball (m)
 * Basketball (m/w)
 * Cross Country Running
 * Field hockey (w)
 * Figure Skating (w)
 * Ice hockey (m/w)
 * Football (m)
 * Golf
 * Lacrosse (m/w)
 * Nordic Skiing
 * Rowing
 * Rugby (m/w)
 * Soccer (m/w)
 * Swimming
 * Track & Field
 * Volleyball (m/w)
 * Wrestling

Baseball
Established in 1998, the baseball team is not one of the school's most well known programs. Although the team does produce a varsity team, it does not receive the same recognition as the football, or even basketball teams. Much like football, the team has an early season starting from the first week of September for a month straight until October. Since it is a short schedule of 21 games and only one month for play, the league often schedules two games per day. University baseball in the OUA is growing and currently eight universities compete, four of which qualify for the playoffs and championship. However, unlike many varsity sports the baseball team does not compete in the CIS. The team does, however, try to compete in the CIBA (Canadian Intercollegiate Baseball Association). In 2012, the Gryphons baseball team established a new team wins record by obtaining 14 wins in regular season play. The Gryphons finished second in the OUA standings and it meant that the team would advance to the OUA playoffs for the first time since 2004. In the playoffs, the Gryphons started strong by defeating Western before dropping the next to Toronto in a nail biter for a chance at a place in the final. The team would lose the semi-final to Brock to close out the season in third place.

Men's basketball
Garney Henley took over as head coach for the Basketball team in the 1965-66 season taking it from an intramural program to a varsity contender. In the 1973-74 season, the team entered the CIAU National Basketball championship as a wild card team. The team won the National Basketball Game for the first time in the school's history beating St. Mary's University with the final score of 74-72.

The team competes in the OUA West division along with the university's longtime rival, the University of Western Ontario. The team plays its games from October to February of the following year. Generally, the team is hand-picked by scouts from various high schools trying to fill a 16-man roster. However, tryouts may be held at the beginning of the school year for the last spot on the team. Pre-season practices, workouts, and tryouts often happen prior to the start of the season, which is held in late October. During the off-season, the team competes in various exhibition games and tournaments against college teams in Ontario, and sometimes teams from the National Collegiate Athletic Association.

Women's basketball
The women's basketball team was established in 1971 (or earlier) and competes in the Ontario University Athletics (OUA) west division. The team's season runs from November to February, playing over thirty games within this period.

Field hockey
The women's field hockey team was established in 1979. There are nine teams that compete in this sport and only one division exists. The team plays from September to November. 25 games are played within this time, and only fourteen of these games are officially recorded by the OUA.

Men's ice hockey
The men's ice hockey team dates back to the early days of collegiate hockey in North America. The team was originally known as the Ontario Agricultural College hockey team. As the OAC, the team competed as early as the 1899-1900 Ontario Hockey Association Intermediate season and transitioned to the University of Guelph Gryphons while sitting out the 1963-64 season. The Gryphons won the University Cup in 1997, emblematic of Canadian scholastic hockey supremacy. The Gryphons have also won league titles in 1976, 1979, 1980, 1994, 1997 and 2015.

Women's ice hockey
The women's ice hockey team was established in 1979. There are currently 11 teams that compete in the OUA and thus only one division exists. The team plays from September to February. 26 OUA games are played within this time, with several exhibition games played before and sometimes during the regular season. In the 2016/17 season, the Gryphons repeated as OUA champions, with a convincing 6-1 win on home ice over the Nipissing Lakers, to lift the McCaw Cup.

Football
The Guelph Gryphons football team has been in competition since 1950 and is considered to be the biggest sport at the university. The football team has a nine-week schedule which starts in late August to the last week of October, followed by the OUA playoffs which run within the first three weeks of November. Unlike other sports, there are only 11 schools that compete in OUA football, so there is only one division. The team usually has 60 to 80 varsity athletes however, not all will have the opportunity to play for the team. The recruitment process is very similar to other major sports at the University of Guelph. Players are generally hand-picked by coaches and scouts while they play for their respective high school teams.

Men's lacrosse
The University of Guelph's men's lacrosse team participates in the Canadian University Field Lacrosse Association (CUFLA). They have won the championship, known as the Baggataway Cup, five times - in 1995, 2000, 2008, 2013 and 2014.

The Baggataway Cup is not affiliated with the OUA.

Women's lacrosse
In 1997, the University of Guelph put together their first women's lacrosse team. The lacrosse team competes from September to November. Within this time the team plays fifteen games, with only twelve of these recorded by the OUA.

Women's rugby
The women's rugby team formed in 1994. The team competes in the Ontario University Athletics (OUA) Shiels division. The team's season spans from September to November. The team plays twelve games each season, but only five are recorded in the OUA standings. The Gryphons women's rugby team finished the 2008-2009 year with a perfect 5-0 record. The Guelph Gryphons have been working towards a National Gold metal for the past four years earning Bronze at the CIS championships between 2007-2010. Finally finishing their 2011-2012 season with Gold, they returned from the national University 7's tournament in BC receiving their second Gold for the 2011-2012 season.

Men's soccer
The men's soccer team started in 1979. The current team consists of a total of 23 players, one coach, four assistants, two trainers, one manager, and one sports informer. The season has 14 games from September to October, with the post-season lasting through November. The OUA has 17 participating schools around Ontario. In 1990, the Gryphons won their first OUA title defeating the Toronto Varsity Blues 1–0 in the championship game at Alumni Stadium. After defeating Mount Allison in the CIAU Semis, the Gryphons met the defending champion, UBC Thunderbirds, in the CIAU final but dropped a 2–1 decision before a record crowd at home.

In the 2016/2017 season, the Guelph Gryphons Men's Soccer team were crowned OUA champions in a 3-1 win over the rival York Lions. This represents their first OUA title since 1990.

Men's volleyball
The men's volleyball team at the University of Guelph had its first year of in the OUA in 1979. The 2010 team consists of 18 men from all around Canada, one coach, four assistants, one trainer, and one sports informer. The team's season consists of 20 games and runs from October to February while playoffs last until the end of February. The OUA currently contains 11 competing teams from universities all over Ontario. Some highlights throughout the years has been in 2003–2004 where the Gryphons finished with a 13–5 record for 2nd place and were ranked as high as 8th in the CIS. This marked their best finish since 1982–83 when Guelph finished second in the OUA West Division. The Gryphs won their semi-final series against Western in two straight matches but later lost to the Toronto Varsity Blues. In the 2016/2017 season, the Guelph Gryphons achieved a bronze medal.

Women's volleyball
The women's volleyball team was established in 1979 at the University of Guelph. They compete in the Ontario University Athletics (OUA) West Division. The team's season runs from September to February, including approximately eight tournaments and twenty matches. They have yet to win an OUA championship.

Awards and honors

 * 2019 OUA Male Athlete of the Year: Jace Kotsopoulos, Soccer
 * 2019 OUA Female Coach of the Year: Rachel Flanagan, Ice Hockey
 * 2019 OUA Female Team of the Year: Guelph Gryphons women's ice hockey

Varsity clubs

 * Artistic Swimming
 * Badminton
 * Cheerleading
 * Dance Pak
 * Dragon Boat
 * Equestrian
 * Fastpitch
 * Fencing
 * Figure Skating
 * Karate
 * Nerf
 * Ninjutsu
 * Quidditch
 * Ringette
 * Rock Climbing
 * Squash
 * Table Tennis
 * Tap Pak
 * Tennis
 * Ultimate
 * Underwater Hockey
 * Urban Hip Hop
 * Waterpolo

title: Guelph Gryphons


text:
Aurel Vlaicu

Aurel Vlaicu (19 November 1882 – 13 September 1913) was a Romanian engineer, inventor, airplane constructor, and early pilot.

Early years and education

Aurel Vlaicu was born in the village of Binținți in Transylvania, Austria-Hungary. In 1925, by then part of Romania, it was renamed Aurel Vlaicu, and is now part of Geoagiu town. He attended a Calvinist high school in Orăștie (renamed Aurel Vlaicu High School in his honor in 1919) and took his baccalaureate in Sibiu in 1902. He was a high school colleague of Petru Groza, and in Sibiu became friends with Octavian Goga. Vlaicu furthered his studies at Technical University of Budapest and Technische Hochschule München in Germany, earning his engineer's diploma in 1907.

Between 1907 and 1908 Vlaicu served in the Austro-Hungarian Navy, and on September 1, 1908, he took an engineer's position with the Opel car factory in Rüsselsheim.

Aviation career

Vlaicu left Opel in March 1909 and returned to Binţinţi, where, together with his brother, Ion, he built a glider which first flew in the summer of 1909. In October 1909, on the advice of Octavian Goga, he moved to the Kingdom of Romania, where with help from Romanian-Transylvanian expatriates, he obtained financial support to build his first powered airplane, following a number of demonstration flights with rubber-powered models in front of Romanian government officials and journalists.

On November 1, 1909, he began the construction of his first powered airplane, the A. Vlaicu Nr. I at the Army Arsenal in Bucharest with funding from the Romanian Ministry of War and on a 300 lei monthly stipend from the Minister of Public Education. ''A. Vlaicu Nr. I'' flew for the first time on June 17, 1910, over Cotroceni airfield.

On September 28, 1910, as a part of the fall military exercises, Vlaicu flew his airplane from Slatina to Piatra Olt carrying a message, an early instance of an airplane being used for military purposes.

The construction of ''A. Vlaicu Nr. II'' was started in December 1910 on a budget of 16,000 lei and first flew in April 1911. Between 23 and 30 June 1912 Vlaicu competed with it at the International Flight Week in Aspern-Vienna (Die internationale Flugwoche in Wien), against 42 other aviators, including Roland Garros. Vlaicu won prizes totaling 7,500 Austro-Hungarian krone for precision landing, projectile throwing and tight flying around a pole. On this occasion, he was issued the FAI pilot license number 52. On return from Aspern he flew demonstration flights throughout Transylvania.

''A. Vlaicu Nr. III'' was a two-seat monoplane having a fully cowled 80 hp Gnome Gamma engine. Built on contract for the Marconi Company for experiments with aerial radio, at the time of Vlaicu's death it was only partially finished. It was completed by his friends and several short test flights were made during 1914 by military pilot Petre Macavei. Further tests were hindered by the unusual controls. In 1916, during the German occupation of Bucharest, the aircraft was seized and shipped to Germany, and it was last seen in 1942 at an aviation exhibition in Berlin by Romanian military officers, though no mention of it is made in references on the Berlin exhibition.

Vlaicu airplanes design

During his short career, Aurel Vlaicu designed and built one glider and three airplanes of his own design.

He perfected his design on rubber band powered models he began experimenting with while a student in Munich.

Vlaicu's three powered airplanes had one central aluminium tubing, the flight controls in front, two counter-rotating propellers, one mounted ahead of the nacelle, and the other to the rear of the wing up high, partially counteracting each other's torque. They employ tricycle-landing gears with independent trailing arm suspension, had brakes on the rear wheel, and were equipped with Gnome rotary engines.

His airplanes lacked ailerons, relying on just rudder and elevators for control, via a steering wheel mounted on a tiller. The wheel controlled the elevators while sideways motion of the tiller controlled the rudder. The wheel could be temporarily locked with the help of two dowels. The low center of gravity provided by the parasol wing allowed for the lateral stability that this type of control system requires.

Death

Aurel Vlaicu died on September 13, 1913, near Câmpina, on the outskirts of Bănești commune crashing his now aged ''A. Vlaicu Nr. II'' while attempting to be the first to fly across the Carpathian Mountains. He was expected to participate in the ASTRA festivities in Orăștie, near Binținți.

He was buried on September 17, 1913, in Bellu Cemetery, in Bucharest. At his funeral he was awarded the Military Virtue Medal. In 1948, he was posthumously elected to the Romanian Academy.

The cause of Vlaicu's crash remains unknown. Vlaicu's friends Giovanni Magnani and Constantin Silisteanu dismissed claims of sabotage, the two being among the first to inspect the wreckage as they were following him in an automobile. The most plausible cause of Vlaicu's death was that the airplane stalled while landing with the engine off (as it was common practice at the time, landings were made with the engine off, however this made it difficult for the pilot to abort a misjudged landing).

Legacy

17 June, the day of Aurel Vlaicu's first powered flight, is celebrated as The National Aviation Day of Romania.

His name is listed second on the Romanian Airmen Heroes Memorial in Bucharest, after Gheorghe Caranda and before his friend and fellow pilot, Gheorghe Negel, who died in an aircraft crash one month after Vlaicu, on October 11, 1913.

A museum was established in his home village, now named Aurel Vlaicu. and a monument was erected near Bănești where he crashed his plane.

The second largest airport in Romania, a TAROM Airbus A318-111 and the Aurel Vlaicu University, a public university founded in 1991 in Arad are all named after him.

The 50 Romanian lei banknote has a portrait of Vlaicu on the obverse, and on the reverse a drawing of one of his airplanes and a cross-section of the airplane's engine.

A commemorative 50 bani coin was issued by the Romanian National Bank in 2010.

A Bucharest Metro train station, Aurel Vlaicu metro station is named in memory of him.

His life was the subject of the novels "Maistorașul Aurel, ucenicul lui Dumnezeu: Cronica vremii și vieții lui Vlaicu" by Victor Ion Popa (published in 1939) and "Flăcăul din Binținți" by Constantin Ghiban (published in 1953), and of a movie by Mircea Drăgan (released in 1978).

In 2010 a museum in Deva ordered several hundreds mugs to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Vlaicu's first powered flight. The mug designers used a pictured uploaded to Wikipedia showing another Romanian aviation pioneer, Traian Vuia, which was wrongly labelled as Aurel Vlaicu (Wikipedia upload picture name Aurel Vlaicu avionul). As of May 2018, the incorrect picture is still used on several websites.

title: Aurel Vlaicu


text:
Henri Lavedan

Henri Léon Emile Lavedan (9 April 1859 – 4 September 1940), French dramatist and man of letters, was born at Orléans, the son of Hubert Lavedan, a well-known Catholic and liberal journalist.

Lavedan contributed to various Parisian papers a series of witty tales and dialogues of Parisian life, many of which were collected in volume form. In 1891 he produced at the Théâtre Français Une Famille, followed at the Vaudeville in 1894 by Le Prince d'Aurec, a satire on the nobility, afterward renamed Les Descendants.

He had a great success with Le Duel (Comédie-Française 1905), a powerful psychological study of the relations of two brothers, which was turned into a movie—The Duel—on which he was a co-writer. It was translated into English by Louis N. Parker and performed in New York in 1906 at the Hudson Theatre.

Lavedan was admitted to the Académie française in 1898.

Works

 * Les Deux noblesses (1897)
 * Catherine (1897)
 * Le nouveau jeu (1898)
 * Le Vieux marcheur (1899)
 * Le Marquis de Priola (1902)
 * Varennes (1904), written in collaboration with G. Lentre
 * Le bon temps (1906)
 * L’assassinat du duc de Guise (1908)

title: Henri Lavedan


text:
Acadia Axemen and Axewomen

The Acadia Axemen and Axewomen are the men's and women's athletic teams that represent Acadia University in Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada. The on-campus sports facilities used by Axemen teams include Raymond Field for various field sports and Andrew H. McCain Arena for ice hockey.

Varsity teams
Acadia Axemen teams compete in:
 * Basketball (m/w)
 * Cross Country Running (w)
 * Football (m)
 * Ice Hockey (m)
 * Rugby (w)
 * Soccer (m/w)
 * Swimming (m/w)
 * Volleyball (w)

Football
The Acadia Axemen football team has been in operation since 1957 and has won 15 conference championships and two national championships.

Ice hockey
The Acadia Axemen ice hockey team has played in the final of the David Johnston University Cup four times, winning the championship in 1993 and 1996:

In addition, two Axemen have been honoured with the Major W.J. ‘Danny’ McLeod award as the University Cup's Most Valuable Player: forward George Dupont in 1993 and forward Greg Clancy in 1996.

title: Acadia Axemen and Axewomen


text:
Alberta Golden Bears and Pandas

The Alberta Golden Bears and Pandas are the sports teams that represent the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Alberta athletics teams have won a total of 101 national championships, including 84 in U Sports sanctioned sports, making it one of the most successful programs in the country.

History
The University of Alberta has featured varsity teams since the school's inception in 1908, notably with the men's ice hockey team first playing a season of six games during that school year. The school's colours of evergreen and gold were approved as the varsity teams' official colours on October 13, 1908. The football team adopted the name "Golden Bears" for the 1935 season with the men's basketball team following suit in 1936 and all other male varsity programs soon after. After World War II ended and teams resumed play, the women's varsity teams first began playing under the "Pandas" moniker which was adopted by all of the school's women's teams.

Currently, Alberta's athletics program fields 24 teams in 14 different sports administered by U Sports in the Canada West conference. The football and soccer teams play their home games at Foote Field, and the basketball and volleyball teams' home is the Saville Community Sports Centre. The ice hockey teams play at Clare Drake Arena, named after long-time coach Clare Drake. Professor W. G. Hardy coached the men's team from 1922 to 1926, and played a leading role in getting the first ice hockey rink built at the university campus in 1927.

Golden Bears football
The Golden Bears football program has been in competition since 1910. The Golden Bears have won three Vanier Cup national championships, in 1967, 1972 and most recently in 1980. The program has also won 16 Hardy Cup conference titles, which is the third most championships won in the conference. The program has also had three players win the Hec Crighton Trophy, with Mel Smith winning in 1971, Bryan Fryer winning in 1975, and most recently Ed Ilnicki winning the award in 2017.

Golden Bears ice hockey
The U Sports men's ice hockey program has been competing since 1908, in the same year that the University of Alberta was first established. The Golden Bears have won the most David Johnston University Cup championships with 16 wins, most recently in 2018. The program has also featured 55 conference championship teams, including a recent period of domination where Golden Bear teams have won 16 out of 20 Canada West championships from 2000 to 2020. The team's head coach, Ian Herbers, returned to the team in 2018 following a stint with the Edmonton Oilers after previously being the team's head coach for three seasons from 2012 to 2015.

Pandas ice hockey
The University of Alberta has featured a women's ice hockey program since at least 1913, near the beginning years of the school's creation in 1908. Since U Sports women's ice hockey became a nationally sanctioned sport in 1997, the Pandas have been the most prolific program in the country with eight national championships won, with the most recent victory occurring in 2017. The program has also been dominant in Canada West play as Panda teams have won 14 conference championships, including seven in a row from 2001 to 2008. The team has been led by head coach Howie Draper since the inaugural season in 1997–98.

Golden Bears volleyball
The Golden Bears men's volleyball first began intercollegiate play in the 1955–56 season and has competed in the Canada West conference since the 1971–72 season. The Golden Bears first won a U Sports men's volleyball championship in 1981 and have won nine national championships in total, including the most recent in 2024, which is tied for the most out of all of the U Sports men's volleyball programs. The program has also featured 17 Canada West conference champions, most recently in 2024. Golden Bears players have won the U Sports Men's Volleyball Player of the Year award 11 times, the most in the country, with Terry Danyluk winning the first two.

Pandas volleyball
The Pandas women's volleyball program first began in the 1950s where the team won their first Western Canadian Intercollegiate Athletic Union championship in 1953. The Pandas first qualified for the U Sports women's volleyball championship tournament in 1993 under the direction of then-second year head coach Laurie Eisler and soon won the first national championship in team history in 1995. The Pandas then repeated as champions five times to tie the U Sports women's volleyball record with six consecutive national championships won. The team won their seventh and most recent national championship in 2007, with their seven wins second only to the UBC Thunderbirds. The Pandas have also won 18 conference titles with their most recent occurring in 2017. Eisler continues to serve as the team's head coach and has won the Marilyn Pomfret Award as the U Sports Coach of the Year three times. Five Pandas players have won the Mary Lyons Award with Miroslava Pribylova winning in 1996 and 1997, Jenny Cartmell winning in 1999 and 2000, Tiffany Dodds winning in 2007, Meg Casault winning in 2017, and Kory White winning most recently in 2022.

Pandas rugby
The Pandas women's rugby program began in the 1970s and had significant successes between 1999 and 2006. Matt Parrish is the current Head Coach.

Golden Bears awards and standings
The Golden Bears are considered a strong school team in Canada in multiple sports. The hockey and volleyball teams, in particular, are frequent challengers in U Sports national championships.

In addition to their success over Canadian competition, the Golden Bears host the annual Husky Energy Can-Am Challenge of Champions tournament, where they frequently spearhead the Canadian contingent's success. This tournament sees four top teams from both Canada and the USA competing for supremacy, with the Canadian teams holding the overall title, having won 9 of the 13 tournaments.

Athletes of the Year
The female athlete of the year is awarded the Bakewell Trophy while the Wilson Challenge Trophy is presented to the male athlete of the year.

Canada West Hall of Fame

 * Janine Helland, Soccer: Canada West Hall of Fame - 2019 Inductee

title: Alberta Golden Bears and Pandas


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Bjarne Riis

Bjarne Lykkegård Riis (born 3 April 1964), nicknamed The Eagle from Herning (Ørnen fra Herning), is a Danish former professional road bicycle racer who placed first in the 1996 Tour de France. For many years he was the owner and later manager of the Oleg Tinkov associated Russian UCI WorldTeam. Other career highlights include placing first in the Amstel Gold Race in 1997, multiple Danish National Championships, and stage wins in the Giro d'Italia. On 25 May 2007, he admitted that he placed first in the Tour de France using banned substances, and he was no longer considered the winner by the Tour's organizers. In July 2008, the Tour reconfirmed his victory but with an asterisk label to indicate his doping offences.

Career
Born in Herning, Riis began cycling at local club Herning CK. When he was not selected for the 1984 Summer Olympics, former cyclist Kim Andersen advised Riis to start his professional career not in Italy, but in Luxembourg. His professional career started in 1986, his first result was a fifth-place finish in the GP Wallonie that year. Following a few years with no personal wins, he had yet to impress when his contract ran out in 1988.

At the 1988 Tour of European Community race, while riding for the Toshiba team, Riis and fellow Danish rider Kim Eriksen were contacted by the former Tour de France winner Laurent Fignon from the Système U team. Fignon was leading the Tour of European Community race, but he needed a few riders to help him secure the victory. In the hope of earning a contract with Système U, Riis helped Fignon achieve the victory and in December 1988 he moved to sports director Cyrille Guimard's Système U team as a support rider for Fignon. For the next three years Riis rode as Fignon's eternal helper in both flat and mountainous terrain, and they became close friends. Riis helped Fignon win the 1989 Giro d'Italia, while Riis himself won his first professional victory as he secured the 9th stage of the Giro.

Tour de France success
When Fignon left Guimard in 1992, Bjarne Riis contacted fellow Danish rider Rolf Sørensen, who got him a job as a rider for Italian team Ariostea under sporting director Giancarlo Ferretti. Riis won stage 7 of the 1993 Tour de France and also wore the polka dot jersey as leader of the mountains classification for a day. He finished 5th place overall, which was the best Danish result in Tour history at the time, bettering former World Champion Leif Mortensen's 6th-place finish in the 1971 Tour de France. Riis was ill during the 1994 Tour de France but went on a break-away and then racing solo for the last 30 km of the day. With the sprinter teams chasing him, he placed first on the stage by just a few seconds. Riis finished 3rd at the 1995 Tour de France, the first Dane to reach the podium in Paris. For the 1996 season, Riis was brought on to the Telekom team as team captain. Following his excellent showing in the high climbs of the 1995 Tour, Riis was confident that he was capable of winning. He asked his new teammates to support him, and convinced them that if they worked for him he could bring the yellow jersey to Team Telekom. By the start of the Tour he was in superb condition, winning the Danish Road Racing Championship the week before the prologue. As a result of snow on both the Col de l'Iseran and the Col du Galibier, the scheduled 190 km stage 9 from Val-d'Isère to Sestriere in Italy was truncated and reduced to a 46 km sprint from Le-Monetier-les-Bains which was claimed by Riis, opening a 44-second gap over his teammate Jan Ullrich. By the Tour's end Riis had placed first in the General classification, with a lead of 1:41 over his young teammate Ullrich. In so doing he ended the string of five successive victories won by Tour great Miguel Indurain. The win by Riis was instrumental in turning Telekom from a second tier cycling team which struggled just to be invited into the 1995 Tour, into one of the biggest teams in road racing. It also had a huge positive effect on the development of cycling in both Denmark and Germany, massively increasing spectator interest and participation in the sport as well.

In 1997, he placed first in the spring classic Amstel Gold Race, with a great effort, riding solo from a long way out, in pouring rain. Bjarne Riis was the favourite at the 1997 Tour de France, but instead it was his young German teammate Jan Ullrich, who won the overall competition, with Riis finishing 7th. On his way to the startup at stage 2 of the 1999 Tour de Suisse, Bjarne Riis hit the curb and crashed. The sustained injuries to his elbow and knee ultimately forced him to retire in the spring of 2000 at the age of 36.

Doping allegations
In the aftermath of the performance-enhancing drugs crisis in cycling following the 1998 Tour de France, Riis acquired the nickname of Mr. 60%, a suggestion that he has used doping. The 60% is an allusion to a high hematocrit (red blood cell) level, an indication of EPO usage. It has been published, but never proven, that Riis had a hematocrit level of 56% during one test in July 1995; well above typical natural levels, as well as his published reading of 41% in the offseason earlier that year. The earliest mention of the nickname can be traced to interviews with riders of Festina in 1998–2000, who apparently suggested that if they had been doped above 50%, then Riis must have been doped to at least 60%, since he was able to win the Tour de France in 1996 ahead of the Festina rider Richard Virenque: in Willy Voet's book Breaking the Chain, he mentions that Festina's team doctor would not allow EPO to be administered if a rider's hematocrit level was near 55%. Bjarne Riis never tested positive as a rider, though no EPO test existed at that time. Reports have noted, however, that police in Italy found evidence that Riis may have been among riders treated with EPO in 1994 and 1995 by medical researchers under Professor Francesco Conconi at the University of Ferrara, which resulted in prosecutions against Conconi and also involved Michele Ferrari. Files used in the court case apparently showed fluctuations in Riis' hematocrit from 41% to 56.3%.

Speculations about Bjarne Riis's doping use was further fuelled by his ambiguous denials. When asked whether he used doping he repeatedly stated that "I have never tested positive," a statement that falls short of an outright denial.

Admission
At the end of April 2007, former Riis' soigneur Jeff d'Hont wrote a book about the doping practices of Riis and other riders during his time in the cycling business. On 21 May 2007, Riis' former Telekom teammate Bert Dietz admitted that he had used doping during his Telekom-time. This prompted other former teammates, Christian Henn and Udo Bölts, and two former team doctors, to admit their involvement in doping. On 24 May, three other teammates Rolf Aldag, Erik Zabel and Brian Holm confessed.

Following this series of confessions, on 25 May 2007 Riis issued a press release that he also had made "mistakes" in the past, and in the following press conference confessed to taking EPO, growth hormone and cortisone for 6 years, from 1993 to 1998, including during his victory in the 1996 Tour de France. Riis said that he bought and injected the EPO himself, and team coach Walter Godefroot turned a blind eye to the drug use on the team. He denied a passage of Jeff d'Hont's book, where it is related that his hematocrit level was once tested by the team and registered 64%. He said if someone wanted to take his yellow jersey they could do so, it meant nothing to him. Riis was removed from the official record books of Tour de France, but in July 2008 he was written back into the books, along with additional notes about his use of doping.

The reactions on Riis's admission have been mixed. Some critics have called him a cheater, and that the results he achieved in his career were worthless. Others have labelled him as a victim of the doping culture that was rampant in professional road cycling, and have insisted that he should not be scapegoated for a wider problem.

In November 2010 Riis published a book about his career as a rider, emphasizing that doping throughout the time he had competed was not considered by the peloton as "cheat", but simply as a part of the "normal preparation" for a professional rider. He described he had started to dope only with corticosteroids in the 80s, and then as he previously had confessed upgraded his doping with EPO in 1993–98. Riis states the last time he doped as a rider was in July 1998. He states he quit during the 1998 Tour de France when he was nearly caught by the police. As part of the probe into the Festina doping scandal, police were on their way to search the rooms of his Telekom teammates. Riis offered the following comment on the episode: “In my room I didn’t have a choice. My vials of doping products had to disappear quickly. In just a few minutes I gathered all my doses of EPO and threw them down the toilet”.

Team manager
Following his retirement, a new life opened up. Bjarne Riis had from the start been one of the people behind Danish cycling team, which became the first Danish team competing in the Tour de France. Following doping allegations and suspension of Home-Jack & Jones rider Marc Streel in 1999, Home withdrew its sponsorship. Bjarne Riis bought the majority of the team through its controlling company Professional Cycling Denmark (PCD), and he became the team manager. In 2001, the team changed sponsor to CSC/World Online, then CSC/Tiscali, and in the seasons 2003 to 2007 the American IT company CSC was the sole sponsor of Team CSC. In season 2008 CSC shared the sponsorship with the Danish bank Saxo Bank which as of season 2009 has been the sole team sponsor. The team later got the name Team Saxo Bank Sungard and is now known as Team Saxo Bank-Tinkoff Bank. Riis renamed PCD to Riis Cycling A/S in 2003. Before the 2005 season, Team CSC had financial problems and some of the riders were asked to take a wage cut. Riis used his own money to keep the team running throughout his first years as team manager, an expenditure he later vowed never to repeat when a new sponsor deal was signed during the 2005 Tour de France.

As a team manager, his team has been involved in some doping cases, with no rider being convicted for using doping while on his team. However, in Tyler Hamilton's book, "The Secret Race," is described how Riis actively encouraged the use of doping on the CSC team. Also, Ivan Basso, who was Team CSC's 2006 Tour de France general classification contender was removed from the team prior to the beginning of the Tour according to the UCI ProTour rules due to his possible involvement in the Operación Puerto doping case, an involvement confirmed by Basso himself in April 2007. Basso's contract with Team CSC has since ended.

The story of team CSC during the 2004 Tour de France has been captured in a documentary titled "Overcoming".

His best results as a manager in Grand Tours were winning the 2006 Giro d'Italia with Ivan Basso, the 2008 and 2010 Tour de France with Carlos Sastre and Andy Schleck respectively, and the 2012 Vuelta a España with Alberto Contador.

In December 2013 it was confirmed that team sponsor Oleg Tinkov had bought the team from Riis, for a reported sum of approximately €6 million, with Riis continuing as team manager on a three-year deal worth €1 million per year. Tinkov had previously criticised Riis and Contador for their performances during 2013 via social media.

In March 2015 the team confirmed that Riis had been removed from active duty due to differences between Riis and Tinkov. Media reports had initially indicated that Riis had been suspended when he did not appear at the 2015 Milan–San Remo as planned, and that this was due to a disappointing start to the season for the team. On 29 March, it was announced that Riis had been released by the team. News reports cited the "tumultuous relationship" and "difference in character" between Riis and Tinkov as the reason for Riis's departure.

In July 2016 Riis and former Saxo Bank CEO Lars Seier announced that they had taken over the Danish UCI Continental team and renamed it, with the intention of it functioning as the development team for a planned UCI WorldTeam.

In January 2020 Riis was appointed as manager of the NTT_Pro_Cycling team.

Major results

 * 1984
 * 2nd Overall Flèche du Sud
 * 1st Stages 1 & 2

 * 1986
 * 5th Grand Prix de Wallonie

 * 1988
 * 8th Grand Prix de Wallonie

 * 1989
 * 1st Stage 9 Giro d'Italia
 * 1st Stage 2 Tour de l'Avenir
 * 1st Stage 2 (TTT) Tour de France
 * 2nd Grand Prix de la Libération

 * 1990
 * Tour de l'Avenir
 * 1st Stages 7 & 9
 * 6th Overall Tour de Luxembourg
 * 10th Grand Prix d'Isbergues

 * 1991
 * 6th Road race, UCI Road World Championships

 * 1992
 * 1st MaillotDinamarca.svg Road race, National Road Championships
 * 4th Paris–Brussels
 * 8th Giro della Romagna

 * 1993
 * 1st Stage 7 Giro d'Italia
 * 5th Overall Tour de France
 * 1st Stage 7
 * 9th Road race, UCI Road World Championships
 * 9th Omloop van de Vlaamse Scheldeboorden
 * 9th Grand Prix Eddy Merckx

 * 1994
 * 1st Stage 13 Tour de France
 * 2nd GP Industria & Artigianato di Larciano
 * 5th Züri-Metzgete
 * 6th Overall Ronde van Nederland
 * 6th Giro del Veneto
 * 6th Milano–Vignola
 * 7th Giro di Lombardia
 * 7th Giro dell'Emilia
 * 7th Grand Prix Eddy Merckx
 * 9th Road race, UCI Road World Championships

 * 1995
 * 1st MaillotDinamarca.svg Road race, National Road Championships
 * 1st jersey yellow.svg Overall Danmark Rundt
 * 1st Stage 3b (ITT)
 * 2nd Circuit de l'Aulne
 * 3rd Overall Tour de France
 * 1st Stage 3 (TTT)
 * 5th Grand Prix Eddy Merckx

 * 1996
 * National Road Championships
 * 1st MaillotDinamarca.svg Road race
 * 1st MaillotDinamarca.svg Time trial
 * 1st Jersey yellow.svg Overall Tour de France
 * 1st Stages 9 & 16
 * 1st Coppa Sabatini
 * 1st GP Herning
 * 2nd Grand Prix des Nations
 * 3rd Overall Danmark Rundt
 * 3rd Grand Prix of Aargau Canton
 * 3rd Giro dell'Emilia
 * 3rd Telekom Grand Prix (with Jan Ullrich)
 * 4th Rund um den Henninger-Turm
 * 5th Overall Grand Prix du Midi Libre
 * 6th Classique des Alpes
 * 9th Grand Prix Eddy Merckx
 * 10th Road race, UCI Road World Championships

 * 1997
 * 1st Amstel Gold Race
 * 1st GP Herning
 * 1st Colliers Classic
 * 1st Stage 4a Grand Prix Guillaume Tell
 * 2nd Time trial, National Road Championships
 * 2nd Rund um den Henninger-Turm
 * 4th Overall Danmark Rundt
 * 5th Overall Euskal Bizikleta
 * 7th Overall Tour de France
 * 7th Grand Prix of Aargau Canton
 * 10th Grand Prix de Wallonie

 * 1998
 * 1st GP Herning
 * 1st Stage 5 Euskal Bizikleta
 * 5th Overall Peace Race

title: Bjarne Riis


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Incheon International Airport Expressway

The Incheon International Airport Expressway (, Incheon Gukje Gonghang Gosok Doro) is an expressway in South Korea connecting Incheon International Airport to Goyang, Gyeonggi.

History

 * December 1995: Construction Begin.
 * 20 November 2001: Opens to traffic.
 * 27 June 2013: Cheongna IC opens to traffic.

Lanes

 * 6-8 Lanes

Length

 * 36.55 km

Speed Limit

 * 100 km/h

List of facilities

 * IC: Interchange, JC: Junction, SA: Service Area, TG:Tollgate


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McMaster Marauders

The McMaster Marauders are the athletic teams that represent McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Athletics at McMaster is currently managed by the university's student affairs, under their athletics & recreation department. The university's 39 varsity teams compete in the Ontario University Athletics conference of U SPORTS. The Marauder's official colours are maroon and grey.

While technically not considered a varsity team, McMaster has a university ringette team which competes annually in the Canadian national University Challenge Cup.

History
Soccer was the university's first major sport. In 1889, a group of alumni from the Toronto Baptist College and Woodstock College played an exhibition game against one another, sparking an early intercity rivalry (when McMaster University was based in Toronto). A full-fledged hockey club was later organized during the winter of 1896–1897. In 1897, the university had made all athletics, physical activity and sports under the jurisdiction of a central executive committee.

In 1906, McMaster University, along with the University of Ottawa, Royal Military College and University of Trinity College had joined the Canadian Intercollegiate Athletic Union (CIAU), the first formal organization of intercollegiate athletics in Canada and the forerunner of the present day Canadian Interuniversity Sport. The varsity teams have been known as the McMaster Marauders since 1948. The name, the Marauders had been credited to Bill Cline, who on 26 November 1948, had his suggestion for the nickname of the university's men's basketball team published on the school's student newspaper, The Silhouette.

Facilities
The Marauders currently use the sports facilities located in the northeast corner of the main campus of McMaster. The university has a number of sports facilities including the Ron Joyce Stadium for football, the Ivor Wynne Centre for indoor sports, and Back Tens Field for soccer and rugby. Ron Joyce Stadium fields a full sized Canadian football field and FIFA sized soccer pitch. The stadium is also equipped with permanent seating for 5,500. The David Braley Athletic Centre, another sports venue at McMaster, is also used by the Marauders.

The Marauders football team on occasion used Ivor Wynne Stadium, the now-demolished home of the Hamilton Tiger-Cats.

Football
The McMaster football team has been competing in organized play since 1901 and currently plays in the Ontario University Athletics conference in Canadian Interuniversity Sport. The program has won eight Yates Cup conference championships and one Vanier Cup national championship, in 2011. As of the end of the 2011 CFL season, 51 McMaster Marauder alumni have played professionally in the Canadian Football League, including eight that currently play in the CFL.

Championships
The Marauders have won several championships since they began competitive play in their provincial conference, as well as within the national league they are in. The following is a table of the number of championships won by the Marauders men's teams and individual competitors since the Canadian Interuniversity Athletic Union was formed in 1961 as well as the number of championships won by Marauders women's teams and individual competitors since the Ontario Women's Interuniversity Athletic Association was formed in 1971.

The men's water polo team has won the Ontario University Athletics championship 25 times, making it the most successful team at the provincial level. The men's wrestling team has been the most successful team at the national level, winning the CIS championship four times.

title: McMaster Marauders