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Kaon

Kaon-Decay.svg (2, 1 ) is a process that involves both weak and strong interactions.

Weak interactions : The strange antiquark of the kaon transmutes into an up antiquark  by the emission of a  boson; the  boson subsequently decays into a down antiquark

and an up quark.

Strong interactions: An up quark emits a gluon  which decays into a down quark  and a down antiquark .]]In particle physics, a kaon, also called a K meson and denoted , is any of a group of four mesons distinguished by a quantum number called strangeness. In the quark model they are understood to be bound states of a strange quark (or antiquark) and an up or down antiquark (or quark).

Kaons have proved to be a copious source of information on the nature of fundamental interactions since their discovery in cosmic rays in 1947. They were essential in establishing the foundations of the Standard Model of particle physics, such as the quark model of hadrons and the theory of quark mixing (the latter was acknowledged by a Nobel Prize in Physics in 2008). Kaons have played a distinguished role in our understanding of fundamental conservation laws: CP violation, a phenomenon generating the observed matter–antimatter asymmetry of the universe, was discovered in the kaon system in 1964 (which was acknowledged by a Nobel Prize in 1980). Moreover, direct CP violation was discovered in the kaon decays in the early 2000s by the NA48 experiment at CERN and the KTeV experiment at Fermilab.

Basic properties
The four kaons are :
 * , negatively charged (containing a strange quark and an up antiquark) has mass $493.677 MeV/c2$ and mean lifetime $497.611 MeV/c2$.
 * 1)  (antiparticle of above) positively charged (containing an up quark and a strange antiquark) must  (by CPT invariance) have mass and lifetime equal to that of . Experimentally, the mass difference is $1.238 s$, consistent with zero; the difference in lifetimes is $8.954 s$, also consistent with zero.
 * , neutrally charged (containing a down quark and a strange antiquark) has mass $5.116 s$. It has mean squared charge radius of $1⁄2$.
 * , neutrally charged (antiparticle of above) (containing a strange quark and a down antiquark) has the same mass.

As the quark model shows, assignments that the kaons form two doublets of isospin; that is, they belong to the fundamental representation of SU(2) called the 2. One doublet of strangeness +1 contains the and the. The antiparticles form the other doublet (of strangeness −1).

[*] See Notes on neutral kaons in the article List of mesons, and neutral kaon mixing, below. [§]Strong eigenstate. No definite lifetime (see neutral kaon mixing). [†]Weak eigenstate. Makeup is missing small CP–violating term (see neutral kaon mixing). [‡] The mass of the and  are given as that of the. However, it is known that a relatively minute difference between the masses of the and  on the order of $1⁄2$ exists.

Although the and its antiparticle  are usually produced via the strong force, they decay weakly. Thus, once created the two are better thought of as superpositions of two weak eigenstates which have vastly different lifetimes:
 * The long-lived neutral kaon is called the ("K-long"), decays primarily into three pions, and has a mean lifetime of $493.677 MeV$.
 * The short-lived neutral kaon is called the ("K-short"), decays primarily into two pions, and has a mean lifetime $1.238 s$.Quark structure antikaon.svg

(See discussion of neutral kaon mixing below.)

An experimental observation made in 1964 that K-longs rarely decay into two pions was the discovery of CP violation (see below).

Main decay modes for :
 * Quark structure neutral kaon.svg

Decay modes for the are charge conjugates of the ones above.

Parity violation
Two different decays were found for charged strange mesons:
 * {| border=0

The intrinsic parity of a pion is P = −1, and parity is a multiplicative quantum number. Therefore, the two final states have different parity (P = +1 and P = −1, respectively). It was thought that the initial states should also have different parities, and hence be two distinct particles. However, with increasingly precise measurements, no difference was found between the masses and lifetimes of each, respectively, indicating that they are the same particle. This was known as the τ–θ puzzle. It was resolved only by the discovery of parity violation in weak interactions. Since the mesons decay through weak interactions, parity is not conserved, and the two decays are actually decays of the same particle, now called the.
 * - style="height: 2em;"
 * - style="height: 2em;"
 * }
 * }
 * }

History
"The discovery of hadrons with the internal quantum number 'strangeness' marks the beginning of a most exciting epoch in particle physics that even now, fifty years later, has not yet found its conclusion ... by and large experiments have driven the development, and that major discoveries came unexpectedly or even against expectations expressed by theorists. — Bigi & Sanda (2016)"

While looking for the hypothetical nuclear meson, Louis Leprince-Ringuet found evidence for the existence of a positively charged heavier particle in 1944.

In 1947, G.D. Rochester and C.C. Butler of the University of Manchester published two cloud chamber photographs of cosmic ray-induced events, one showing what appeared to be a neutral particle decaying into two charged pions, and one which appeared to be a charged particle decaying into a charged pion and something neutral. The estimated mass of the new particles was very rough, about half a proton's mass. More examples of these "V-particles" were slow in coming.

In 1949, Rosemary Brown (later Rosemary Fowler), a research student in C.F. Powell's Bristol group, spotted her 'k' track, made by a particle of very similar mass that decayed to three pions. This led to the so-called 'tau–theta' problem: what seemed to be the same particles (now called ) decayed in two different modes, Theta to two pions (parity +1), Tau to three pions (parity −1). The solution to this puzzle turned out to be that weak interactions do not conserve parity.

The first breakthrough was obtained at Caltech, where a cloud chamber was taken up Mount Wilson, for greater cosmic ray exposure. In 1950, 30 charged and 4 neutral "V-particles" were reported. Inspired by this, numerous mountaintop observations were made over the next several years, and by 1953, the following terminology was being used: "L meson" for either a muon or charged pion; "K meson" meant a particle intermediate in mass between the pion and nucleon.

Leprince-Rinquet coined the still-used term "hyperon" to mean any particle heavier than a nucleon. The Leprince-Ringuet particle turned out to be the K$0.032 MeV$ meson.

The decays were extremely slow; typical lifetimes are of the order of $0.11 s$. However, production in pion–proton reactions proceeds much faster, with a time scale of $497.648 MeV$. The problem of this mismatch was solved by Abraham Pais who postulated the new quantum number called "strangeness" which is conserved in strong interactions but violated by the weak interactions. Strange particles appear copiously due to "associated production" of a strange and an antistrange particle together. It was soon shown that this could not be a multiplicative quantum number, because that would allow reactions which were never seen in the new synchrotrons which were commissioned in Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1953 and in the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in 1955.

CP violation in neutral meson oscillations
Initially it was thought that although parity was violated, CP (charge parity) symmetry was conserved. In order to understand the discovery of CP violation, it is necessary to understand the mixing of neutral kaons; this phenomenon does not require CP violation, but it is the context in which CP violation was first observed.

Neutral kaon mixing

Since neutral kaons carry strangeness, they cannot be their own antiparticles. There must be then two different neutral kaons, differing by two units of strangeness. The question was then how to establish the presence of these two mesons. The solution used a phenomenon called neutral particle oscillations, by which these two kinds of mesons can turn from one into another through the weak interactions, which cause them to decay into pions (see the adjacent figure).

These oscillations were first investigated by Murray Gell-Mann and Abraham Pais together. They considered the CP-invariant time evolution of states with opposite strangeness. In matrix notation one can write
 * $$ \psi(t) = U(t)\psi(0) = {\rm e}^{iHt} \begin{pmatrix}a \\ b\end{pmatrix}, \qquad H =\begin{pmatrix}M & \Delta\\ \Delta & M\end{pmatrix} ,$$

where ψ is a quantum state of the system specified by the amplitudes of being in each of the two basis states (which are a and b at time t = 0). The diagonal elements (M) of the Hamiltonian are due to strong interaction physics which conserves strangeness. The two diagonal elements must be equal, since the particle and antiparticle have equal masses in the absence of the weak interactions. The off-diagonal elements, which mix opposite strangeness particles, are due to weak interactions; CP symmetry requires them to be real.

The consequence of the matrix H being real is that the probabilities of the two states will forever oscillate back and forth. However, if any part of the matrix were imaginary, as is forbidden by CP symmetry, then part of the combination will diminish over time. The diminishing part can be either one component (a) or the other (b), or a mixture of the two.

Mixing
The eigenstates are obtained by diagonalizing this matrix. This gives new eigenvectors, which we can call K1 which is the difference  of the two states of opposite strangeness, and K2, which is the  sum. The two are eigenstates of CP with opposite eigenvalues; K1 has CP = +1, and K2 has CP = −1 Since the two-pion final state also has CP = +1, only the K1 can decay this way. The K2 must decay into three pions.

Since the mass of K2 is just a little larger than the sum of the masses of three pions, this decay proceeds very slowly, about 600 times slower than the decay of K1 into two pions. These two different modes of decay were observed by Leon Lederman and his coworkers in 1956, establishing the existence of the two weak eigenstates (states with definite lifetimes under decays via the weak force) of the neutral kaons.

These two weak eigenstates are called the (K-long, τ) and  (K-short, θ). CP symmetry, which was assumed at the time, implies that = K1 and  = K2.

Oscillation
An initially pure beam of will turn into its antiparticle,, while propagating, which will turn back into the original particle, , and so on. This is called particle oscillation. On observing the weak decay into leptons, it was found that a always decayed into a positron, whereas the antiparticle  decayed into the electron. The earlier analysis yielded a relation between the rate of electron and positron production from sources of pure and its antiparticle. Analysis of the time dependence of this semileptonic decay showed the phenomenon of oscillation, and allowed the extraction of the mass splitting between the and. Since this is due to weak interactions it is very small, 10−15 times the mass of each state, namely $+$.

Regeneration
A beam of neutral kaons decays in flight so that the short-lived disappears, leaving a beam of pure long-lived. If this beam is shot into matter, then the and its antiparticle  interact differently with the nuclei. The undergoes quasi-elastic scattering with nucleons, whereas its antiparticle can create hyperons. Quantum coherence between the two particles is lost due to the different interactions that the two components separately engage in. The emerging beam then contains different linear superpositions of the and. Such a superposition is a mixture of and ; the  is regenerated by passing a neutral kaon beam through matter. Regeneration was observed by Oreste Piccioni and his collaborators at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Soon thereafter, Robert Adair and his coworkers reported excess regeneration, thus opening a new chapter in this history.

CP violation
While trying to verify Adair's results, J. Christenson, James Cronin, Val Fitch and Rene Turlay of Princeton University found decays of into two pions (CP = +1) in an experiment performed in 1964 at the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron at the Brookhaven laboratory. As explained in an earlier section, this required the assumed initial and final states to have different values of CP, and hence immediately suggested CP violation. Alternative explanations such as nonlinear quantum mechanics and a new unobserved particle (hyperphoton) were soon ruled out, leaving CP violation as the only possibility. Cronin and Fitch received the Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery in 1980.

It turns out that although the and  are weak eigenstates (because they have definite lifetimes for decay by way of the weak force), they are not quite CP eigenstates. Instead, for small ε (and up to normalization),
 * = K2 + εK1

and similarly for. Thus occasionally the decays as a K1 with CP = +1, and likewise the  can decay with CP = −1. This is known as indirect CP violation, CP violation due to mixing of and its antiparticle. There is also a direct CP violation effect, in which the CP violation occurs during the decay itself. Both are present, because both mixing and decay arise from the same interaction with the W boson and thus have CP violation predicted by the CKM matrix. Direct CP violation was discovered in the kaon decays in the early 2000s by the NA48 and KTeV experiments at CERN and Fermilab.

title: Kaon


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Bohermeen

Bohermeen is a Roman Catholic parish in the Irish Diocese of Meath. Its English name is a corruption of an ancient Irish language name, An Bóthar Mín, which meant the smooth road. Originally one of the five famed ancient roadways that led from the mediaeval capital of Ireland, Tara, approximately 10 miles away cut through the area. The quality of the roadway, in an era of dirt-roads (which still exist today), earned for it the nickname of the smooth road, An Bóthar Mín.

History

For nearly fourteen hundred years the local area went by the name of Ard Braccan or Ardbraccan, meaning the height of Braccan, the hill on which St. Braccan located his mediaeval monastery and which in the 9th century became a diocese with its own bishop. Even when the diocese of Ardbraccan joined with other small dioceses such as Fore and Kells to form the Diocese of Meath, Braccan's hill became the location of the palace of the Bishop of Meath.

Following the establishment of the (Anglican) Church of Ireland Ardbraccan became the seat of the Protestant Lord Bishop of Meath. Anglican bishops continued to live in the area until 1958. When in the nineteenth century the Roman Catholic Church re-established a local parish in the area, it was decided to use a different name to the local Church of Ireland parish of Ardbraccan. 'Bohermeen' became the chosen name. A curate in the parish of Navan, the large town nearby, Dean Cogan, who himself had once served as a curate in Bohermeen, and who wrote the acclaimed History of the Diocese of Meath (2 volumes) in the 1860s bemoaned the choice of the secular Bohermeen (or Bohermien as he wrote it) as the parish name ahead of the more religious Ardbraccan name.

Population and landholdings
The area known as Bohermeen has had a predominantly Roman Catholic population according to every census done. It did however have a sizeable Church of Ireland population (see below), though that dwindled significantly in the 19th and 20th centuries. The population was hit to a minor extent by the Second Great Famine in the mid-19th century. Local folklorists record the disappearance of entire pre-famine settlements in, for example, the townland of Greetiagh within the parish. Though the records of the period are scant, folklore recorded anonymous deaths of parishioners in some of the ancient mediaeval graveyards, notably at Markiestown, where the last burials in the ancient (now destroyed) cemetery were believed to have occurred in the famine era.

The landholdings of the era were recorded as part of Griffith's Valuation, a major land survey carried out in Ireland between 1848 and 1864. The major land reform of the late 19th century changed the landownership pattern. The breakup of the large estates of the gentry saw most parishioners move from being tenant farmers to small landowners in their own right.

As late as the 1930s a project carried out by the Irish Folklore Commission, in which school children were asked to write down their description of their areas, recorded that most houses in the area were thatched cottages. However almost all the traditional thatched houses were knocked down in succeeding decades. The last thatched house in the parish was demolished in the 1990s.

Environment
The parish of Bohermeen contains within its boundaries Faughan Hill, a relatively high hill on the flat plains of Meath, where it was claimed the ancient Irish king Niall of the Nine Hostages was buried. It also contains one of Ireland's most highly regarded Palladian country houses, Ardbraccan House, until 1885 the residence of the Church of Ireland Bishop of Meath.It also contains an ancient tower house known as Durhamstown Castle, which was once owned by the Earl of Essex, Queen Elizabeth I's Lord Deputy in Ireland, and which is still lived in.

St Ultan's Church
The main parish church, St. Ultan's, was first built in the pre-Catholic Emancipation era, in 1817. It was built in cruciform form. The cultural and class divisions of 19th century Ireland were reflected in the usage of the building. In the aftermath of the Roman Catholic revival of the 1850s, Catholic social and gender mores were reflected in the usage of the building, with different sides of the aisle described by the community as men's and women's.

The building underwent periodic renovations. A new roof was added in 1897 while the wooden altar was replaced by a new set of marble altar, altar rails and reredos (all shown in the photograph above). A set of new stained glass windows were installed, notably a window of the crucifixion over the reredos and main altar.

The church was clumsily re-ordered in the aftermath of Vatican II. In the mid-1980s a complete rebuild of the church was undertaken. It was squared instead of remaining cruciform, with its high stained glass windows relocated. The reredos and altar rails were removed, while the tabernacle was re-located. The re-ordering remains somewhat controversial.

Organisation of the parish
Bohermeen parish itself consists of three sub-parishes; Bohermeen itself, Boyerstown and Cortown, each with their own church, St. Ultan's (formerly called St. Cuthbert's), St. Cuthbert's and Christ the King respectively. It covers an area once served by a large number of mediaeval parishes, including Moyaher, Killenagolach (later called Grange) and Markiestown (also called Durhamstown - which over the centuries was spelt variously as 'Dormstown', 'Durmstown' and 'Dorreanstown'). None of these have surviving churches, as all were destroyed during the Reformation and the Penal period. Some old graveyards do survive, notably at Moyaher, which contains rare surviving examples of pre-Irish Great Famine gravestones and their unique carvings. The remains of cemetery at Markiestown, (a large mound in the centre of a very large field) having survived the reformation and the famine, was controversially bulldozed in the 1970s to create land for tillage.

Disestablishment and land reform
The Ardbraccan/Bohermeen area contained a thriving Protestant community until the early twentieth century. However a series of unrelated economic, social and religious changes led to the large-scale disappearance of the Church of Ireland community.

These changes included the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland in 1869 which undermined the financial viability of the Church of Ireland Bishop of Meath's landed estate and led to the laying off of his mainly Protestant staff and the land reforms of the 1880s to the early 1900s, which saw the breakup of the large Protestant estates such as the Waller estate at Allenstown House, and their sale to their Catholic tenantry, again costing many local Protestants their jobs running the estates.

The Great War and Ne Temere
The impact of the First World War, when many Irish Protestant families lost some or all of their sons at Ypres and the Somme left large numbers of families without heirs and Protestant daughters without Protestant potential husbands, had a devastating impact, an impact augmented separately by Pope Pius X's Ne Temere decree, which demanded that all children of Catholic-Protestant marriages be brought up as Catholic (previously, the tradition had been that the boys would be brought up in the religion of their father, the girls in the religion of their mothers). This resulted in a situation where a marriage of a Protestant to a Catholic meant the end of the Protestant line in the family.

In addition, The Troubles during the Irish War of Independence lead many Protestants, who had identified with the ancien regime of British rule in Dublin Castle to move to the United Kingdom. A combination of changing economic structures, changing class structures, changing religious structures, changing political structures, changing marriage patterns and the First World War produced a terminal decline in the numbers of Protestants in the area. Whereas once the Protestant community counted among its number one bishop, two churches, all the landed gentry, many of their staff and a local rector, as well as a local Protestant primary school, all have gone, with the ancient St. Ultan's Church of Ireland in Ardbraccan ceasing to be used for Divine Service in 1981. One of the last members of the Church of Ireland in the locality, the former owner of Durhamstown Castle, Samuel McClelland, died in 2002. Members of his family still reside in Durhamstown to this day.

Today

In the mid-1980s the former owner of Ardbraccan House, Colonel Foster, decided to repair the dangerously decayed roof on the thousand-year-old church spire at the deconsecrated Anglican Church, local timber merchants supplied timber for the work free of charge, along with staff to do the reroofing. When Colonel and Mrs Foster, who had moved into the old schoolhouse at the entrance to the Anglican Church grounds, decided to take on the task of restoring the derelict cemetery, in which both Anglican and Catholic people from the area were buried, the local Catholic parish joined the efforts, offering resources and manpower. The communities sought and received state assistance so that the historic burial ground could be fully restored and preserved.

Just as its nearest town, Navan, has become a dormitory town to Dublin 30 miles away, so it has become a collection of dormitory townlands to Navan, which itself is expected within a generation to reach city size. Whereas most of its employment was once farm-based, over 40% now would in urban centres, Trim, Kells, Navan and Dublin, commuting long distances.

A controversial new M3 motorway linking the towns of Cavan and Kells with Dublin cut through farmland within sight of Ardbraccan House and the ancient monastery site in Ardbraccan, before slicing through the archaeologically sensitive site of Tara, the capital of Ireland under the Árd Rí (High King of Ireland) in mediaeval times.

Though the route of the motorway at Tara has been the subject of an international outcry from academics, historians, environmentalists and others, the Irish government under the then Taoiseach Bertie Ahern and his successor Brian Cowan, publicly supported the plans, and condemned those who criticise them. A legal challenge was planned to try to force the National Roads Authority to select an alternative route.

St. Ultans Ladies Football Club have won the Meath Senior Championship on three occasions. The most recent of these wins came on 28 September 2015 after an epic final replay in Carlonstown against Oldcastle Ladies watched by an estimated 1500 people. To date, it is the largest ever attendance of a ladies club match in Co. Meath.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bohermeen


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Meredith Monk

Meredith Jane Monk (born November 20, 1942) is an American composer, performer, director, vocalist, filmmaker, and choreographer. From the 1960s onwards, Monk has created multi-disciplinary works which combine music, theatre, and dance, recording extensively for ECM Records. In 1991, Monk composed Atlas, an opera, commissioned and produced by the Houston Opera  and the American Music Theater Festival. Her music has been used in films by the Coen Brothers (The Big Lebowski, 1998) and Jean-Luc Godard (Nouvelle Vague, 1990 and Notre musique, 2004). Trip hop musician DJ Shadow sampled Monk's "Dolmen Music" on the song "Midnight in a Perfect World". In 2015, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts by Barack Obama.

Early life
Meredith Monk was born to businessman Theodore Glenn Monk (1909–1998) and singer Audrey Lois Monk (née Audrey Lois Zellman; 1911–2009), in New York City, New York. Her mother, a professional singer of popular and classical music known under the stage name of Audrey Marsh, was herself the daughter of professional musicians: the Russian Jewish bass-baritone Joseph B. Zellman, and Rose (Kornicker) Zellman, a concert pianist of German Jewish background from Philadelphia. Meredith has a sister, Tracy (born 1948). Monk has a bachelor's degree from Sarah Lawrence, where she studied composition with then-graduate student and Alwin Nikolais dancer Beverly Schmidt Blossom.

At the age of three, Monk was diagnosed with strabismus and her mother signed her up to a Dalcroze eurhythmics programme, a technique which integrates music with movement. Monk says that it "has influenced everything I've done. It's why dance and movement and film are so integral to my music. It's why I see music so visually."

Career
Meredith Monk is primarily known for her vocal innovations, including a wide range of extended techniques, which she first developed in her solo performances prior to forming her own ensemble. In December 1961, she appeared at the Actor's Playhouse in Greenwich Village (NYC) as a solo dancer in an off-Broadway children's musical theater adaptation of Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol, entitled Scrooge (music and lyrics by Norman Curtis; directed and choreographed by Patricia Taylor Curtis). In 1964, Monk graduated from Sarah Lawrence College after studying with Beverly Schmidt Blossom, and in 1968 she founded The House, a company dedicated to an interdisciplinary approach to performance. Monk's performances have influenced many artists, including Bruce Nauman, whom she met in San Francisco in 1968.

In 1978, Monk formed The Meredith Monk & Vocal Ensemble (modeled after similar ensembles of musical colleagues, such as Steve Reich and Philip Glass), to explore new and wider vocal textures and forms, which often were contrasted with minimal instrumental textures. Monk began a long-standing relationship with the Walker Art Center of Minneapolis, which continues to showcase her work to this day. During this period Monk recorded Dolmen Music (1979), her first album released on Manfred Eicher's record label ECM, in 1981.

In the 1980s, Monk wrote and directed two films, Ellis Island (1981), and Book of Days (1988). These developed from her idea; "One day during summer of 1984, as I was sweeping the floor of my house in the country, the image of a young girl (in black and white) and a medieval street in the Jewish community (also in black and white) came to me." Monk tells this account in the liner notes of the ECM-recording. Apart from the film, different versions exist of this piece. Two are for the concert hall, and an album, produced by Meredith Monk and Manfred Eicher, is "a film for the ears." In the early 1990s, Monk composed an opera called Atlas, which premiered in Houston, Texas, in 1991. She has also written pieces for instrumental ensembles and symphony orchestras. Her first symphonic work was Possible Sky (2003). It was followed by Stringsongs (2004) for string quartet, which was commissioned by the Kronos Quartet. In 2005, events were held all over the world in celebration of the 40th anniversary of her career, including a concert in Carnegie Hall featuring Björk, Terry Riley, DJ Spooky (who sampled Monk on his album Drums of Death), Ursula Oppens, Bruce Brubaker, John Zorn, and the new music ensembles Alarm Will Sound and Bang on a Can All-Stars, along with the Pacific Mozart Ensemble. Meredith Monk has been composer in residence for Carnegie Hall, concluding in 2015.

In an interview, Monk said that her favourite music includes Brazilian music, especially Caetano Veloso's recordings, the music by Mildred Bailey ("the great jazz singer from the ‘30s and ‘40s"), and Bartók's cycle for piano Mikrokosmos.

Honors and legacy
Monk has won numerous awards, including a MacArthur Fellowship and the Creative Capital Award in the discipline of Performing Arts. She has also been a MacDowell Fellow six times (1987, 1988, 1994, 1996, 2001, Winter 2007). She has been awarded honorary Doctor of Arts degrees from Bard College, the University of the Arts (Philadelphia), the Juilliard School, the San Francisco Art Institute and the Boston Conservatory. In 1979, the Supersisters trading card set was produced and distributed; one of the cards featured Monk's name and picture. In 1985, Monk won an Obie Award for Sustained Excellence for her contributions to the off-Broadway community.

In 2007, she received in Italy the Demetrio Stratos International Award for musical experimentation. On September 10, 2015, US President Barack Obama presented Monk with a National Medal of Arts, the highest honor in the United States specifically given for achievement in the arts. Monk was given The Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize in 2017.

Her music was used in films by David Byrne (True Stories, 1986), the Coen Brothers (The Big Lebowski, 1998), Jean-Luc Godard (Nouvelle Vague, 1990 and Notre musique, 2004), and in The Rapture (1991). Hip hop artist DJ Shadow sampled "Dolmen Music" on the song "Midnight in a Perfect World" (Endtroducing....., 1995). French singer Camille paid an explicit homage to Meredith in her song "The Monk" (Music Hole, 2008) which in its construction also evoked Monk's work. In 2014, her music was also featured in the HBO series True Detective.

Instrumental works

 * Plainsong for Bill's Bojo electric organ (1971)
 * Paris for solo piano (1972)
 * Ellis Island for two pianos (1986)
 * Window in 7's for solo piano (1986)
 * Parlour Games for two pianos (1988)
 * Phantom Waltz for two pianos (1990)
 * St. Petersburg Waltz for solo piano (1994)
 * Steppe Music for solo piano (1997)
 * Clarinet Study #4, for solo clarinet (1999)
 * Cello Study #1 for solo cello and voice (1999)
 * Trumpet Study #1 for solo trumpet (1999)
 * Possible Sky for orchestra and voices (commissioned by Michael Tilson Thomas for the New World Symphony, 2003)
 * Stringsongs for string quartet (commissioned by the Kronos Quartet, 2004)

Vocal works

 * 16 Millimeter Earrings for voice, guitar and tapes (1966)
 * Blueprint: Overload/Blueprint 2 for solo voice, echoplex and tape (1967)
 * Dying Swan with Sunglasses (1967)
 * Blueprint (3), (4) (1968)
 * Co-op (1968)
 * Juice: A Theater Cantata for 85 voices, Jew's harp and two violins (1969)
 * Needle-Brain Lloyd and the Systems Kid for 150 voices, electric organ, guitar and flute (1970)
 * Vessel: An Opera Epic for 75 voices, electronic organ, dulcimer and accordion (1971)
 * Paris for piano, unaccompanied vocal duo (1972)
 * Our Lady of Late for solo voice and wine glass (1972)
 * Education of the Girlchild: an Opera for 6 voices, electric organ and piano (1972–73)
 * Chacon for 25 voices, piano and percussion (1974)
 * Anthology and Small Scroll for solo voice, piano and soprano recorder (1975)
 * Venice/Milan for 15 voices and piano four hands (1976)
 * Quarry: An Opera for 38 voices, 2 pump organs, 2 soprano recorders, tape (1976)
 * Songs from the Hill for unaccompanied solo voice (1976)
 * Tablet for 4 voices, piano four hands, 2 soprano recorders (1976)
 * The Plateau Series for 5 voices and tape (1977)
 * Recent Ruins for 14 voices, piano and 2 electric organs (1979)
 * Dolmen Music for 6 voices, cello, percussion (1979)
 * Turtle Dreams (Waltz) for 4 voices and 2 electric organs (1980)
 * Specimen Days for 14 voices, piano and 2 electric organs (1981)
 * View No. 2 for solo voice and piano (1982)
 * Tokyo Cha-Cha for 6 voices and 2 electric organs (1983)
 * 2 Men Walking for 3 voices and electric organs (1983)
 * The Games for 16 voices, synthesizer, keyboards, Flemish bagpipes, bagpipes, Chinese horn and rauschpfeife (1983)
 * Astronaut Anthem for chorus a cappella (1983)
 * Panda Chant I for 4 voices (1984)
 * Panda Chant II for 8 voices (1984)
 * Graduation Song for 16 voices (1984)
 * City Songs (1984)
 * Book of Days for 25 voices, synthesizer, piano or 7 voices, synthesizer (Chamber Version) (1985) recorded for ECM
 * Scared Song song for solo voice, synthesizer and piano (1986)
 * I Don't Know song for solo voice and piano (1986)
 * Double Fiesta solo voice and 2 pianos (1986)
 * String unaccompanied solo voice (1986)
 * Duet Behavior for 2 voices (1987)
 * The Ringing Place for 9 voices (1987)
 * Cat Song for solo voice (1988)
 * Processional for solo piano and voice (1988)
 * Light Songs for solo voice (1988)
 * Fayum Music for voice, hammered dulcimer, double ocarina (1988)
 * Book of Days (film score) for 10 voices, cello, shawm, synthesizer, hammered dulcimer, bagpipe and hurdy-gurdy (1988)
 * Atlas: An Opera in Three Parts for 18 voices 2 keyboards, clarinet, bass clarinet, sheng, bamboo sax, 2 violins, viola, 2 cellos, French horn, percussion, shawm (1991)
 * Three Heavens and Hells for 4 voices (1992)
 * Volcano Songs (Duet) for 2 voices (1993)
 * St. Petersburg Waltz for solo piano and 2 voices (1993)
 * New York Requiem for solo voice and piano (1993)
 * Volcano Songs (Solo) for solo voice, voice with taped voices and piano (1994)
 * American Archaeology #1: Roosevelt Island for 9 voices, organ, bass, medieval drum and shawm (1994)
 * Star Trek: Envoy for composing/directing/performing in the Den-Kai/Krikiki Ensemble (1995)
 * Nightfall for 16 voices (1995)
 * The Politics of Quiet for 10 voices, 2 keyboards, horn, violin, bowed psaltery (1996)
 * Magic Frequencies for 6 voices, 2 keyboards, percussion, theremin and violin (1998)
 * Cello Study #1 solo cello and voice (1999)
 * Eclipse Variations for 4 voices, esraj, sampler, recorded in surround sound, commissioned by Starkland (2000)
 * Micki Suite for 4 voices (2000)
 * mercy for 7 voices, 2 keyboards, percussion, multiple woodwinds, violin (2001)
 * When There Were Work Songs for vocal ensemble (2002, commissioned by the Western Wind Vocal Ensemble)
 * Last Song for solo voice and piano (2003)
 * impermanence (part 1) for 8 voices, piano, keyboard, marimba, vibraphone, percussion, violin, multiple woodwinds, bicycle wheel (2004)
 * Night for 8 voices, bowed psaltry, chamber orchestra (1996/2005)
 * impermanence (part 2) for 8 voices, piano, keyboard, marimba, vibraphone, percussion, violin, woodwinds and bicycle wheel (2006)
 * Songs of Ascension for vocal ensemble, woodwinds, percussion, shrutis and string quartet (2006, commissioned by the Kronos Quartet, with Ann Hamilton)
 * Basket Rondo for 6 voices (2007), commissioned by the Western Wind Vocal Ensemble
 * Weave for solo voices, chorus and orchestra (2010, commissioned by Grand Center Inc and the Los Angeles Master Chorale)
 * Quilting for 9 voices (2011)
 * On Behalf of Nature for 8 voices, violin, keyboards, French horn, clarinet, bass and contrabass clarinet, wooden flutes, vibraphone, marimba and percussion (2013)

Discography

 * Key (Increase Records, 1971 / Lovely Music, 1977 and 1995)
 * Our Lady of Late (Minona Records, 1973 / wergo, 1986)
 * Songs from the Hill/Tablet (wergo, 1979)
 * Dolmen Music (ECM, 1981)
 * Turtle Dreams (ECM, 1983)
 * Do You Be (ECM, 1987)
 * Book of Days (Meredith Monk album)|Book of Days (ECM, 1990)
 * Facing North (ECM, 1992)
 * Atlas: An Opera in Three Parts (ECM, 1993)
 * Volcano Songs (ECM, 1997)
 * Mercy (ECM, 2002)
 * Impermanence (ECM, 2008)
 * Beginnings (Tzadik, 2009), compositions from 1966 to 1980
 * Songs of Ascension (ECM, 2011)
 * Piano Songs (ECM, 2014)
 * On Behalf Of Nature (ECM, 2016)
 * Nightfall (Noel Akchote, 2016)
 * Memory Game (Cantaloupe, 2020)

Films

 * 1983 — Turtle Dreams - Public access film.
 * 1989 — Book of Days. Director and co-writer with Tone Blevins.
 * 1993 — The Sensual Nature of Sound: 4 Composers – Laurie Anderson, Tania León, Meredith Monk, Pauline Oliveros. Directed by Michael Blackwood.
 * 1983 — Four American Composers "Meredith Monk." Directed by Peter Greenaway.
 * 1996 — Speaking of Dance: Conversations With Contemporary Masters of American Modern Dance. No. 22: Meredith Monk. American Dance Festival. Directed by Douglas Rosenberg.
 * 2020 – ECM50 | 1981 – Meredith Monk: "Dolmen Music", short documentary about Meredith Monk's work for ECM Records, dir. Ingo J. Biermann, 2020, 21 min.

title: Meredith Monk


text:
Cheoljong of Joseon

Cheoljong (25 July 1831 – 16 January 1864), personal name Yi Won-beom, later Yi Byeon , was the 25th monarch of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. After King Heonjong died without any descendants in 1849, Queen Sunwon chose Cheoljong, aged 19, to ascend to the throne, adopting him as the heir of her late husband, King Sunjo.

Cheoljong was a great-great-grandson of King Yeongjo. He grew up in poverty; even after becoming king, he had little political influence, and the power to govern was held mainly by the Andong Kim clan, the paternal family of Queen Sunwon. The Andong Kim clan's monopoly caused nationwide corruption, resulting in a series of peasant revolts in southern Joseon in 1862. As Cheoljong's sons all died in infancy, he was succeeded by a distant relative, Gojong.

Early life

Cheoljong was born Yi Won-beom, the 3rd and youngest son of Yi Gwang (Jeongye Daewongun), a great-grandson of King Yeongjo of Joseon. His mother was a concubine, and she was a daughter of Yeom Seong-hwa, a commoner, descended from the Yongdam Yeom clan.

Prince Euneon was Cheoljong's grandfather and a younger half-brother of Jeongjo of Joseon; in 1786, accused of treason, he and his family was exiled to Ganghwa Island. Prince Euneon was killed during the Catholic Persecution of 1801, as his wife and daughter-in-law became Catholic, which was illegal in Joseon at that time; his children remained in confinement on the island until King Sunjo decided to pardon them in 1822. One of Prince Euneon's sons, Yi Gwang, was in his thirties, thus married a daughter of Choi Su-chang and had a son, Yi Won-gyeong ; he had another two sons, respectively born to different concubines. The family eventually returned to the capital, Hanseong. When Cheoljong was young, he had little education. At the age of four, he studied the Thousand Character Classic; later, he also read some beginning volumes of the Comprehensive Mirror in Aid of Governance and Elementary Learning, but he couldn't remember much content from them, and he stopped studying in following years.

In 1836, Nam Eung-jung attempted to enthrone one of the grandsons of Prince Euneon; the plot was exposed and he was executed. During the death of Queen Hyohyeon (consort of King Heonjong) in 1844, a conspiracy by Min Jin-yong to enthrone Yi Won-gyeong, Cheoljong's oldest half-brother, was exposed and led to Yi Won-gyeong's execution. Yi Won-gyeong's family, guilty by association, was again exiled to Ganghwa Island.

Ascension
King Heonjong died in 1849 and he had no issue, thus the lineage of Jeongjo died out. Some officials suggested that a distant royal, Yi Ha-jeon, could succeed the throne, but he was eight years old, a descendant of Deokheung Daewongun, and merely an 11th cousin once removed to Heonjong. The grandmother of the late king, Queen Sunwon (King Sunjo's widow), preferred to choose the next king herself, from closer relatives. She selected Yi Won-Beom, one of few living descendants of King Yeongjo and a second cousin once removed to Heonjong. She decided to adopt him as the heir and she sent officials to ask his family to return from Ganghwa Island. Yi Won-Beom lived in the countryside as a poor peasant who had no formal education. When he and his family saw the royal messenger coming, they were horrified. The Queen sent the yeonguijeong (Prime Minister) Jeong Won-yong to present the order of the Queen Dowager and persuaded them to move to the Capital. According to the legend, as they were about to cross the Han River, there were flocks of sheep kneeling down as if they were waiting for a monarch, which was regarded as a good omen. When they were about to enter the capital, they were warmly welcomed by the citizens with deafening cheer.

When Yi Won-beom arrived in the palace, he was first made "Prince Deokwan" (덕완군), and descendants of Prince Euneon were again regarded as royalty. During their lifetime, Cheoljong's parents had no royal titles, so they were respectively honored as Jeongye Daewongun and Yongseong Budaebuin. Some other relatives of Cheoljong also received titles, including Prince Hoepyeong (his eldest half-brother), Prince Yeongpyeong (his second half-brother), Prince Punggye (his 4th uncle and half-brother of Jeongye Daewongun), as well as Prince Ikpyeong, the son of Prince Punggye; Han Gak-sin (한각신), an uncle of Cheoljong and the son-in-law of Prince Euneon, was appointed to be the officer-in-charge of Ikreung, the royal tomb of Queen Ingyeong in Gyeonggi Province.

On July 28, 1849, Cheoljong ascended the throne in Changdeok Palace, and Queen Sunwon served as regent for two years. In following years, Cheoljong resumed his studies. As a monarch, he first changed his name from "Won-Beom" to "Yeop" (엽). However, officials found out the name was too close in pronunciation to that of the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty in China. To respect the naming taboo tradition, he was renamed again to Byeon (변). Cheoljong married the daughter of Kim Mun-geun (a third cousin of Queen Sunwon) in 1851, and she was later known as Queen Cheorin. Queen Cheorin had their only son in 1858, named Yung-jun, but the infant died less than a year later in 1859.

Reign
Following the wedding of Cheoljong in 1851, Queen Sunwon ended her regency. However, politics were still controlled by Queen Sunwon's family, the Andong Kim clan. Throughout the 14-year reign, Cheoljong became a puppet monarch vulnerable to their control; Queen Cheorin was also from the Andong Kim clan, allowing them to tighten the manipulation, with many Kim family members becoming prominent officials in the government. He officially start his reign in 1852. Having an experience of the agony of peasant, Cheoljong sympathized the commoners, that he donated 110,000 to the commoners during a serious drought in 1853. In 1856, as the national examination was full of bribery and fraud, Cheoljong criticized the situation and ordered to rectify the chaos, but it was in vain. Meanwhile, the nationwide corruption deteriorated in the field of military and agricultural taxes. A rebellion started in Jinju of the Gyeongsang Province in 1862, and it was repressed, with 13 people executed and 19 exiled. However, the rebellion continued to spread across three southern provinces, as well as Jeju Island. It was discovered the rebellion was a result of the corruption mentioned above, so Cheoljong set an office to carry out a financial reorganization, but the reformation turned out to be ineffective.

Joseon implemented an isolation with interaction to few foreign countries for centuries, and Cheoljong maintained that policy. However, during his reign, vessels from Europe, the United States and Russian Empire, often appeared in Joseon's territorial waters (at least 20 recorded). In 1850, a foreign boat (nationality unknown) appeared in Uljin County of Gangwon Province, and some Joseon officials were killed by its bombardment before it left. In 1851, a French merchant ship with people from the Qing dynasty visited Jeju Island. In 1852, an American whaler stopped by Dongnae District in Gyeongsang Province; at first, the locals couldn't communicate with Americans, and then they found out there were also some Japanese aboard, who were rescued after a shipwreck. In 1854, Russian frigate Pallada entered Tumen River for prospecting, naming Wonsan as "Port Lazarev"; during the process, it was reported that some local residents were shot as the crowd watched the foreign vessel. In 1855, the French sailed a frigate named Virginie along the east Joseon coast from Busan to Tumen River and named some of the islands; another English boat named Sylvia also arrived in Busan in the same year. In 1856, there were hundreds of soldiers from French army not returning to France after the Crimean War; instead, they sacked some coastal cities in Chungcheong Province and Hwanghae Province. In the Second Opium War of 1860, Beijing, the capital of the Qing dynasty was invaded by an Anglo-French force, and the Old Summer Palace was sacked and burnt down. Beijing was close to Joseon, and as the news spread, it caused disturbance in Joseon. Some nobles and officials fled from Hanseong, and people often wore Christian crosses to protect themselves from foreigners. To get further news from China, Cheoljong sent several envoys to visit Xianfeng Emperor, who fled to Chengde Mountain Resort by the time. After the battle, European countries gained several privileges in China; as Joseon was in the tributary system of China, these countries demanded that they should have a same rights in Joseon, only to be rejected. Then Britain, France, the United States and Russian Empire started to pressure Joseon through terrestrial and naval forces.

From the beginning of the 19th century, Catholicism was illegal in Joseon, but during Cheoljong's reign, the persecution was relatively light and the ban was loose. Around 1857, there were about 16.5 thousands of Christians in Joseon. As of 1863, there were twelve Catholic missionaries from France living in Joseon, and within few years, there were over a hundred thousand of Christians around the capital, and some of the court officials became followers. The mother of future Gojong of Korea became a Christian as well. As a reaction to the rapid propagation of Catholicism and the chaotic society, Choe Je-u founded a new religion Donghak to counter foreign influence and gained many followers. Despite the fact that Choe was eventually captured and executed, Donghak continued to spread within Joseon in the remaining century.

As Cheoljong failed to have a male heir for years, other than repressing the revolts, the Andong Kim clan started to persecute royalties. In 1851, Chae Hui-jae (채희재) was executed for attempting to enthrone Yi Myeong-seop (이명섭), a descendant of Crown Prince Sohyeon who was exiled to Chodo (an island now locates near Nampo in North Korea). In 1860, Prince Gyeongpyeong (the heir of Prince Punggye) offended some members of the Andong Kim clan, lost his royal titles and was exiled to Sinjido, almost causing his death many times. In 1862, Kim Sun-seong (김순성) was executed for enthroning Yi Ha-jeon, a distant royalty; Yi Hae-jeon was also implicated, and was exiled to Jeju Island and eventually executed. Yi Ha-jeon was a potential successor to King Heonjong back in 1849, and he showed dissatisfaction toward the imperiousness of the Andong Kim clan, causing them to decide to eliminate him. On the other hand, Prince Heungseon (later Heungseon Daewongun, father of Gojong of Korea) was in poverty like many other royalties, and he was one of the close relatives to Yi Ha-jeon (first cousin-in-law through his wife ). Afraid of being persecuted, Prince Heungseon befriended with people from lower classes and often visited kisaengs, acting frivolously and fawning over the authority; this caused the Kim clan to despise him and to be less cautious about him.

Cheoljong's mother was from the Yongdam Yeom clan, a cadet branch of Paju Yeom clan. A man named Yeom Jong-su (염종수) was from the Paju branch, and he forged his genealogy as well as tampered with the tombstone of Cheoljong's maternal grandfather, Yeom Seong-hwa. As there were no other known descendants of Yeom Seong-hwa, based on the counterfeit, Yeom Jong-su became the heir of Yeom Seong-hwa in 1851, becoming an uncle of Cheoljong and an official in the government. In 1861, a member of Yongdam Yeom clan, named Yeom Bo-gil (염보길), who was Cheoljong's fourth cousin and living in Ganghwa Island, appealed the scam in grievance. As a result, Cheoljong interrogated Yeom Jong-su and had him executed.

Death and succession
According to Ilseongnok ("Diary of Self-examination"), since Cheoljong ascended to the throne, he had a weak digestive system, causing a series of chronic disease throughout his life; Cheoljong also had symptoms of asthma and caught cold quite easily. In order to tone up the body, he took a large amount of herbal medicine for years; on the other hand, some other common treatments by the time, such as acupuncture and moxibustion, rarely appear in the documents. Cheoljong died at the age of 32 on January 16, 1864, without any surviving male heirs; he became the last king descended from King Hyojong. The cause of his death is ambiguous, as there was no clear official record about it. Some suggested that the cause of death of Cheoljong could be liver disease or tuberculosis; according to existing documents, however, it's still hard to give a certain conclusion to date.

It once again became necessary to search far back in the Jeonju Yi clan to find a candidate for accession, which became a dispute within the court. Cheoljong himself favored Yi Jae-hwang, the second son of Prince Heungseon (his seventh cousin) and his wife, Lady Min, to succeed the throne. Claiming that Prince Heungseon was still alive, making Yi Jae-Hwang an inappropriate candidate, most members of the Andong Kim clan disapproved of this succession. However, Kim Byeong-hak, a cousin of Queen Cheorin, strongly agreed because he financially supported Prince Heungseon. Queen Sinjeong, wife of late Ikjong (Crown Prince Hyomyeong) and the mother of King Heonjong, was the most supreme royal family member by the time, and she took way the national seal of Joseon; she decided to adopt Yi Jae-hwang herself and was supported by her family, the Pungyang Jo clan. On the other hand, Queen Cheorin, the widow of Cheoljong, believed that she could adopt the royal heir because of her family's power, so she delivered a royal order, asking Yi Jae-hwang to succeed the throne. Once Yi Jae-hwang arrived at the palace, Queen Sinjeong was overjoyed and she came out to welcome him in person, despite being inappropriate in court manners; she immediately announced that the new king was the heir of Ikjong, instead of Cheoljong. Yi Jae-hwang thus became the new king of Joseon, known as Gojong of Korea. Upon the accession of Gojong, the father of Gojong was honored as Heungseon Daewongun, who repressed the power of the Andong Kim clan and becoming a dictator himself in the next decade.

Legacy
Cheoljong was buried in the Yereung Royal Tomb in 1864, part of the royal tomb Seosamneung Cluster located in Goyang, Gyeonggi Province. Queen Cheorin was also buried in Yereung after her death in 1878. According to the epitaph, there were once that some silverware used in the palace and the shrine of Jeongye Daewongun were stolen; both Cheoljong and Queen Cheorin decided not to pursue who did this, fearing that people may confess under false charges. Cheoljong had 11 children - five sons and six daughters - from his various consorts, but all of them died young. Among them, only the fourth daughter outlived him. She received the title Princess Yeonghye in 1866; as the only living child of Cheoljong, she received much affection from Queen Cheorin. Princess Yeonghye married Park Yung-hyo in 1872 but died in the same year, aged 13 and had no issue.

Upon the death of Cheoljong, there were only two living royalties that were descendants of King Hyojong. One of them was Cheoljong's half-brother, Prince Yeongpyeong (b. 1828); the other one was Yi Jae-seong (이재성, b. 1860), son of Cheoljong's first cousin, Prince Ikpyeong, with his concubine. Because of Queen Sinjeong's decision, both of them couldn't succeed the throne after Cheoljong. Prince Yeongpyeong was also chronically ill like his sibling, so Gojong chose a distant relative (10th cousin to Gojong) to be his heir in 1864. Prince Yeongpyeong had a daughter in 1866, who married Hwang Yeon-su (황연수) and had issue; the prince himself lived for several more decades and died in 1902. Yi Jae-seong, on the other hand, became Prince Gyeongeun (경은군) in 1900, but he lost the royal title in 1907, accused of working together with the anti-Japanese righteous army; he later went missing in 1910. Prince Gyeongeun was the last recorded royalty to be a descendant of Hyojong; while he married twice, he had no known descendants in official records.

According to Homer Hulbert's writings in the early 1900s, Cheoljong made efforts to introduce reforms that would tackle issues that plagued the Joseon dynasty, such as banning merchant monopolies, reducing bribery and corruption, and allowing the families of banished men to follow the men into exile. However, these reforms were often not followed as corruption was rampant by the late Joseon dynasty.

Family
Consort(s) and their respective issue
 * Biological father: Grand Internal Prince Jeongye (21 March 1785 – 2 November 1841)
 * Grandfather: Prince Euneon (29 May 1754 – 30 June 1801)
 * Grandmother: Princess Consort Jeonsan of the Jeonju Yi clan (19 December 1764 – 4 June 1819)
 * Adoptive father: King Sunjo of Joseon (29 July 1790 – 13 December 1834)
 * Biological mother: Grand Internal Princess Consort Yongseong of the Yongdam Yeom clan (20 July 1793 – March 1834)
 * Grandfather: Yeom Seong-hwa (12 July 1795 – ?)
 * Grandmother: Lady Ji of the Sangju Ji clan
 * Adoptive mother: Queen Sunwon of the (new) Andong Kim clan (8 June 1789 – 21 September 1857)
 * Queen Cheorin of the (new) Andong Kim clan (27 April 1837 – 12 June 1878)
 * Prince Royal Yi Yung-jun (22 November 1858 – 25 May 1859), second son
 * Royal Consort Gwi-in of the Miryang Park clan (1827 – 9 May 1889)
 * First son (3 August 1854 – 1855)
 * Royal Consort Gwi-in of the Pungyang Jo clan (1842–1865)
 * Third son (1859–1860)
 * Fourth son (1861–1862)
 * Royal Consort Suk-ui of the Onyang Bang clan (1830–1878)
 * First daughter (1850 – 20 March 1854)
 * Second daughter (1853–1855)
 * Royal Consort Suk-ui of the Geumseong Beom clan (1838 – 23 January 1884)
 * Princess Yeonghye (1859 – 4 July 1872), sixth daughter
 * Royal Consort Suk-ui of the Gimhae Kim clan (1833 – ?)
 * Fourth daughter (1855–1855)
 * Fifth daughter (1858–1859)
 * Palace Lady Yi (1830 – ?)
 * Fifth son (1 October 1862 – 1863)
 * Seventh daughter (1864–1865)
 * Palace Lady Park (1827–1889)
 * Third daughter (1854–1854)

In popular culture

 * Portrayed by Kim Jung-hyun in the 2020 tvN TV series Mr. Queen.
 * Portrayed by Jung Wook in the 2020 TV Chosun TV series Kingmaker: The Change of Destiny.

title: Cheoljong of Joseon


text:
Talk:A Farewell to Arms

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Joshuamichaeldavis.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 13:09, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

'Code Hero'
What is this nonsense about 'code heros' and archetypes? Given the book was semi-autobiographical, it seems more accurate to read the characters as representations of people Hemingway met in the war rather than ciphers for some kind of 'man's man' ubermenschen or shaky Italian sterotypes. 93.96.134.180 (talk)

What about inserting this:

Spoilers follow

Since I have not read the book, I am not sure. But after reading the article I felt stupid. I should have read the book first.

Removed text
I removed this because I felt it belongs in a critique, not an encyclopeadia. Bmills 12:05, 4 Feb 2004 (UTC)

The theme of rain
The motif of rain is an important component in the expression of emotion and feeling. Rain is present at every major event in the story, rain foreshadows future events, and rain acts as a projection of the character’s emotions. After the rain’s significance is established, simply mentioning that the weather is stormy evokes a specific set of emotions for the reader. War, love, life, and death are all attached to rain at some point in the work. In this way, Hemingway is able to join together situations, which at first consideration could have distinctly different meanings and importance, and create a single, powerful experience.

A Farewell to Arms begins with a description of the situation of the war in Italy at the opening of the story. At the end of that short, initial chapter, the rain is first mentioned:

 * “At the start of the winter came the permanent rain and with the rain came cholera. But it was checked and in the end only seven thousand died of it in the army”(Hemingway, 4)

With this first reference to it, rain is already linked to disease, and so powerful is the disease brought upon by rain that seven thousand dead is considered lucky. Next, the rain is connected to the war through Hemingway’s choice of diction. Shells and debris are described as “raining” (Hemingway, 52) in the first battle scene of the book. This is also the scene in which the main character, Lieutenant Henry, is wounded.

Early on in the narrative, the pastoral setting is offered in contrast to the rain. Lieutenant Henry describes the village of Abruzzi, which is “clear…and dry” (Hemingway, 13). When Henry meets Catherine Barkley, his love interest in the novel, “it was a lovely spring morning” (Hemingway, 16). This contrast helps to exaggerate the emotions evoked by the presence of rain. For example, when Henry and Barkley are to be separated for the first time, “it was raining and soon the windows were wet and you could not see out” (Hemingway, 159).

One of the single most important moments in the novel, during which rain is present, is in a dialogue between the two characters. Barkley tells Henry that she is “afraid of the rain because sometimes [she] sees [herself]…[and him] dead in it” (Hemingway, 126). This is a continuation of the rain motif as a harbinger of misfortune, and also a foreshadowing of the climax and end of the novel.

The rain continues through the failure of the military campaign. The retreat is sparked by a wave of enemy attacks. These attacks coincide with the rain: “with the rain coming in sheets there was a bombardment” (Hemingway, 186). The rain turns the roads muddy and the retreat is stalled. It is during this retreat that the rain helps to connect all of the other themes of the book. Henry is missing Catherine and, half-asleep says:

 * "Blow, blow, ye western wind. Well it blew and it wasn’t the small rain, but the big rain down that rained.  It rained all night.  You knew it rained down that rained.  Look at it.  Christ, that my love were in my arms and I in my bed again.  That my love Catherine.  That my sweet love Catherine down might rain.  Blow her again to me.  Well, we were in it.  Everyone was caught in it and the small rain would not quiet it”(Hemingway, 197).

At this moment, rain is directly involved with all aspects of the book. The war is failing; the armies are in retreat in the rain. Henry and Catherine are separated, and in the narratives jumbled sentences, almost appear separated because of the rain. This small passage solidifies the meanings of rain. Failure, tragedy, death, and loss are all evoked by the presence of rain in a scene.

Henry escapes from a mutiny in the army, finds Catherine and they flee to safety in Switzerland, where she is to have their child. Again, the pastoral setting is present, until she goes to deliver the baby. Three times Henry leaves the hospital to have a meal while Catherine is in labor, and each time, the weather progressively worsens. When the baby is still born and she dies of a hemorrhage, Henry “walks back to the hotel in the rain” (Hemingway, 332).

This final scene may appear quite anti-climactic, however, the use of rain throughout the entire novel, in conjunction with death and misery, has given the word ‘rain’ an almost physical quality. The phrase ‘in the rain’ refers to the first battle where Henry is wounded, the retreat, and the way Henry misses Catherine in his sleep, and built into it are all of the corresponding emotions. By using this motif over and over again Hemingway can simply say that Henry walks in the rain, and every emotion in the book is contained in his final sentence.

"They make love for the first time" when?
Currently, article says "They make love for the first time" in Book 2 in the hospital. Don't they have sex in Book 1, when Henry says that he was having the masculine problem of making love very long standing up? 194.230.148.119 (talk) 09:01, 29 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:A Farewell to Arms


text:
Owen Chamberlain

Owen Chamberlain (July 10, 1920 – February 28, 2006) was an American physicist who shared with Emilio Segrè the Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of the antiproton, a sub-atomic antiparticle.

Biography
Born in San Francisco, California, Chamberlain graduated from Germantown Friends School in Philadelphia in 1937. He studied physics at Dartmouth College, where he was a member of Alpha Theta chapter of Theta Chi fraternity, and at the University of California, Berkeley. He remained in school until the start of World War II, and joined the Manhattan Project in 1942, where he worked with Segrè, both at Berkeley and in Los Alamos, New Mexico. He married Beatrice Babette Copper (d. 1988) in 1943, with whom he had four children.

In 1946, after the war, Chamberlain continued with his doctoral studies at the University of Chicago under physicist Enrico Fermi. Fermi acted as an important guide and mentor for Chamberlain, encouraging him to leave behind theoretical physics for experimental physics, for which Chamberlain had a particular aptitude. Chamberlain received his PhD from the University of Chicago in 1949.

In 1948, having completed his experimental work, Chamberlain returned to Berkeley as a member of its faculty. There he, Segrè, and other physicists investigated proton-proton scattering. In 1955, a series of proton scattering experiments at Berkeley's Bevatron led to the discovery of the anti-proton, a particle like a proton but negatively charged. Chamberlain's later research work included the time projection chamber (TPC), and work at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC).

Chamberlain was politically active on issues of peace and social justice, and outspoken against the Vietnam War. He was a member of Scientists for Sakharov, Orlov, and Shcharansky, three physicists of the former Soviet Union imprisoned for their political beliefs. In the 1980s, he helped found the nuclear freeze movement. In 2003 he was one of 22 Nobel Laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto.

Chamberlain was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 1985, and retired from teaching in 1989. He died of complications from the disease on February 28, 2006, in Berkeley at the age of 85.

Chamberlain plays a central role in Jacob M. Appel's Sherwood Anderson Award-winning short story, "Measures of Sorrow".

title: Owen Chamberlain