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Prince Edward Viaduct

The Prince Edward Viaduct System, commonly referred to as the Bloor Viaduct, is the name of a truss arch bridge system in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, connecting Bloor Street East, on the west side of the system, with Danforth Avenue on the east. The system includes the Rosedale Valley phase (a smaller structure, referred to as the Rosedale Valley Bridge, carrying Bloor Street over the Rosedale Ravine) and the Sherbourne Phase, an embankment built to extend Bloor Street East to the Rosedale Ravine from Sherbourne Street. The Don Valley phase of the system, the most recognizable, spans the Don River Valley, crossing over (from west to east) the Bayview Avenue Extension, the Don River, and the Don Valley Parkway.

The roadway has five lanes (three eastbound and two westbound) with a bicycle lane in each direction. The subway level connects Broadview Station in the east with Castle Frank and Sherbourne Stations to the west.

History
Referendums on the construction of the Prince Edward Viaduct were held in Toronto in every year from 1910 to 1913, with residents voting against its construction in 1912 by 59 votes and in favour in 1913 by 9236 votes. The projected cost of its construction increased from CA$759,000 in 1910 to CA$2.5 million in 1913; its final cost was CA$2,480,349.05 ($ in dollars). Upon its completion in 1918, it was named for Prince Edward, Prince of Wales (later King Edward VIII).

The viaduct was designed to facilitate mass transit; its upper deck accommodated streetcars, while both the Don Valley phase and the Rosedale Valley phase included a lower deck for rail transport, controversial at the time because of its high additional cost. The bridge's designer and the commissioner of public works, R.C. Harris, were able to have their way and the lower deck eventually proved to save millions of dollars when the Toronto Transit Commission's Bloor–Danforth subway opened in 1966. The Rosedale Valley phase was not used for the subway, as the curve between each phase, as well as the curve to the west at Parliament Street, was considered too sharp for the subway. For this reason, a separate concrete bridge was built over the Rosedale Valley, just west of Castle Frank station.

The Prince Edward Viaduct resulted in more rapid development of those portions of Toronto lying on the east side of the Don Valley.

Design
Designed by Edmund W. Burke, the Prince Edward Viaduct is a three hinged concrete-steel arch bridge with a total span of 494 metres (1,620 feet), at 40 metres (131 feet) above the Don Valley. The bridge consists of a deck made of transverse beams and I-girders, which transfer load to column supports. The column supports then transfer the load to the trusses within the arches, which transfer the load to the arches themselves. Finally, the arches transfer their load through large hinges to a concrete pier and eventually to the ground. Steel was provided by Dominion Bridge Company.

In addition to the Don River, the Don Valley Parkway, and Bayview Avenue, two railway lines, an electrical transmission line and a bicycle trail all pass under the bridge spans.

Luminous Veil
Over time, the Prince Edward Viaduct became a magnet for suicide, falling bodies posing risk to the traffic underneath. With nearly 500 suicides by 2003, the viaduct ranked as the most fatal standing structure in Canada and the second most in North America, after the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco. At its peak in 1997, the suicide rate averaged one person every 22 days. In 1957, a child also climbed onto the railing and fell accidentally while walking along it but survived.

The suicides and safety risks prompted the construction of a barrier in 2003, though it was first approved by Toronto City Council in 1998 and delayed because of concerns about funding; during that time, the viaduct was the site of an estimated 48 to 60 suicides. The council originally approved a CA$2.5 million budget. However, the minimum bid for construction was CA$5.5 million. Council eventually endorsed a fundraising campaign to raise the remainder of the money. Construction was completed in 2003 at the cost of CA$5.5 million, with CA$2.5 million coming from taxpayers. The barrier was called the Luminous Veil. Designed by architect Dereck Revington and engineers at Halcrow Yolles and completed in 2003, the Luminous Veil consists of over 9,000 steel rods, 12.7 cm apart and 5 m high, stretched to cantilevered girders. The tensile structure was difficult to analyze and required several tests at the University of Toronto. Initially, cost prohibited the planned lighting to be installed on the top horizontal member. The lighting installation was completed in July 2015. The Luminous Veil received in 1999 a Canadian Architect Award of Excellence.

A 2010 study found that though the barrier prevented suicide attempts from the viaduct, overall rates of suicide by jumping for the City of Toronto have not changed since its construction. However, a 2017 study with the same lead author found that "over the long term, suicide-by-jumping declined in Toronto after the barrier with no associated increase in suicide by other means".

Popular culture
The bridge was shut down for three days to allow the filming of Resident Evil: Apocalypse (2004), where in the film it represented the only way out of Racoon City.

title: Prince Edward Viaduct


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Ryton-on-Dunsmore

Ryton-on-Dunsmore is a village and civil parish in the Borough of Rugby, Warwickshire, England. It is situated 6 miles (8.8 km) southeast of Coventry and 8 miles (12.1 km) west of Rugby. The 2001 Census recorded a population of 1,672 in the parish, increasing to 1,813 at the 2011 Census. The A45 dual carriageway bissects Ryton, and nearby villages include Bubbenhall, Stretton-on-Dunsmore and Wolston. Garden Organic, the leading organic growing charity in the United Kingdom, has a 10 acre demonstration garden dedicated to organic gardening in the village. Ryton Pools Country Park is about a mile south-west of the village.

Car plant
The former factory (also known as the Ryton plant) was a key feature of the village for more than sixty years. It was situated between the A45 (on the north east) and the A423 (on the south west) in Warwickshire. The south east of the factory site bordered with Ryton-on-Dunsmore village. The factory was originally constructed by the Rootes Group in 1940 to build aircraft engines during World War II. After the war it became the headquarters of the Rootes Group, but when the organisation entered financial difficulties in the 1960s, the company (in stages) and thus the plant was taken over by the American car manufacturing giant Chrysler.

Chrysler itself entered financial difficulties, and sold the plant for a symbolic US$1.00 to PSA Peugeot Citroën in 1978, and from this stage, all cars produced at the plant were badged as Talbots, reviving an old brand name to replace the Chrysler brand in Britain, and the Simca name on the continent. Peugeot started building its 309 there on 28 October 1985, and by the end of 1987, it had been joined by the 405. This followed a decision by Peugeot in 1985, to phase out the Talbot brand, but to retain the old Rootes Group and Simca factories, for the production of Peugeot badged cars.

Peugeot 309 production was switched to France in 1989, with the plant briefly becoming a one model plant for production of the 405, but the 306 joined in the end of 1992, and for a while was the mainstay of production after the 405's demise in the autumn of 1995. The estate model was not axed until 1997, but had always been produced in France, and Peugeot had decided to produce the 405's successor (the 406) in France. The second production line was revived over the summer of 1998, with the commencement of production of the 206, and the 206 was the only car produced at the plant, after the end of production of the 306 in the spring of 2001. Peugeot had also decided to produce the new 307 in France rather than at Ryton.

In January 2004, Peugeot decided not to manufacture the 207 in Ryton, thus leaving the factory in danger of being shut down. In February 2004, the 1,000,000th 206 rolled off the production line. In April 2006, Peugeot decided that the Ryton plant would close during July 2007. In October 2006, however, Peugeot announced it will close its plant six months sooner than expected. In the event, it closed on 12 December 2006, and the 140 acre site was sold to developer Trenport Investments Ltd for industrial use in March 2007. Demolition of the plant began on 12 November 2007. In October 2012, Network Rail acquired the site from Prologis, and constructed a haulage distribution centre. The centre opened the following year, and serves as a hub for the National Delivery Service for Network Rail.

Sports
The Academy of Coventry City F.C., the Sky Blues Lodge, is based on the Leamington Road in the village.

Notable people
The cyborg scientist Kevin Warwick grew up in the village in the 1960s, and attended the local junior school.

Notable organisations
The National Vehicle Crime Intelligence Service is based in the village. The College of Policing headquarters is located here.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ryton-on-Dunsmore


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User talk:Garble snarky

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. Enjoy editing!

Jwrosenzweig 00:14, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC)

you can sign your name using three tildes, like. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.

title: User talk:Garble snarky


text:
User:The Kurgan

I am an immortal. I gleefully raped and killed my way through the eras of human history until 1986, when Connor 'The Highlander' MacLeod beheaded me, depriving me of both life and Prize.

title: User:The Kurgan


text:
User talk:The Kurgan

Actually, I'm just a sock puppet. I exist to provide Cyan with harmless amusement when he's feeling bored. -- The Kurgan

title: User talk:The Kurgan


text:
User:Alexandros (usurped)/sandbox

''This is the sandbox of Alexandros. It is for pasting text which cannot be pasted into IRC for various reasons. (too long, funny charactars, etc.).''

title: User:Alexandros (usurped)/sandbox


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DI unit

A DI unit (direct input or direct inject) is an electronic device typically used in recording studios and in sound reinforcement systems to connect a high output impedance unbalanced output signal to a low-impedance, microphone level, balanced input, usually via an XLR connector and XLR cable. DIs are frequently used to connect an electric guitar or electric bass to a mixing console's microphone input jack. The DI performs level matching, balancing, and either active buffering or passive impedance matching/impedance bridging. DI units are typically metal boxes with input and output jacks and, for more expensive units, “ground lift” and attenuator switches.

DI boxes are extensively used with professional and semi-professional PA systems, professional sound reinforcement systems and in sound recording studios. Manufacturers produce a wide range of units, from inexpensive, basic, passive units to expensive, sophisticated, active units. DI boxes may provide numerous features and user-controllable options (e.g., a user-selectable 0dB, 20dB or 40dB pad and/or a "ground lift" switch). They may come in different types of enclosures, usually a metal chassis that helps to protect against electrical interference. Some bass amplifiers have built-in DI units, so that the bass amp's output signal can be connected directly to a mixing board in a sound reinforcement/live show or recording context.

Terminology
DI units are also referred to as a DI box, direct box, or simply DI, with each letter pronounced, as in "Dee Eye." The term is variously claimed to stand for direct input, direct injection, direct induction or direct interface.

History
Passive direct boxes first appeared in the United States in the middle 1960s, most notably in Detroit at radio stations and recording studios like Motown, United Sound Systems, Golden World Records, Tera Shirma Studios and the Metro-Audio Capstan Roller remote recording truck. These DIs were custom made by engineers like Ed Wolfrum with his "Wolfbox" and by concert sound companies to help amplify electric musical instruments.

These boxes typically contained an audio transformer with a turns ratio from approximately 8:1 to 12:1 to help with impedance bridging from the high output impedance of an instrument's pickup to the relatively lower input impedance of a typical mixing console's microphone preamp. For example, the Triad A-11J used in the Wolfbox has a turns ratio of 10:1 and thus an impedance ratio of 100:1. The typical console preamp input impedance of 1,500 ohms would appear to the electronic instrument as a high input impedance of 150,000 ohms.

The passive direct box was suitable for most electronic musical instruments but it negatively colored the sound of instruments with weaker output signals, such as Fender Rhodes pianos and Fender Precision Basses with single-coil pickups. To accommodate these instruments, active direct boxes were designed containing powered electronic circuitry which increased the input impedance to above 1,000,000 ohms. In 1975, a 48-volt phantom powered active direct box was designed for Leon Russell's recording studio, its circuitry published in the April 1975 edition of dB, the sound engineering magazine. The sound company Tycobrahe, known for supporting large rock festivals such as California Jam, offered an active direct box for sale in 1977 capable of +9 dBm line level output with a built-in attenuator to compensate for various input levels.

Purpose
There are two related purposes for a direct box: audio and electrical. The audio purpose is to deliver a clean, unaltered instrument signal to a mixing console or recording device, where it may be processed using other devices (equalization, compression, modulation, reverberation, etc.) to meet the needs of the audio production. Without a direct box, an instrument or microphone needs to be connected to an amplifier, which might then be connected to a speaker, another microphone, and then to the mixing console. These electronic stages and cables can color the sound in ways that some audio engineers and musicians find undesirable. Of course the reverse is true—many times musicians and audio engineers seek this coloring because it fits the style of music or recording.

The electrical purpose of a direct box is to bridge the impedance of the input and output. Most electronic instruments and microphones cannot be plugged directly into the pre-amplifier inputs of mixing boards or recording devices because of impedance mismatch. Instruments are typically high impedance, whereas microphone inputs are low impedance.

The direct box takes a high impedance, unbalanced signal and converts it to a low impedance, balanced signal. This allows the signal to be sent over long cable runs without signal loss, and greater rejection of interference due to the benefit of common mode rejection in a balanced signal. Furthermore, it allows the low impedance signal to be sent to the input preamp of a mixing console which is designed to accept input from low impedance microphones.

Because all cables are capacitive, long cables used in live sound and recording can become a low‑pass filter which reduces the high end frequencies when used with high-impedance source. Another advantage of DI units is that the DI contains a transformer to provide galvanic isolation that can eliminate a ground‑loop hum.

Passive units

A passive DI unit consists of an audio transformer used as a balun. The term "passive" indicates that the unit does not require a power source (such as batteries or phantom power) to operate. This makes passive DIs less expensive, but it also means that they cannot amplify signal power. The turns ratio on a passive DI is typically chosen to convert a nominal 50 kΩ signal source (such as the magnetic pickup of an electric guitar or electric bass) to the 100–200 Ω expected by the mic input of an audio mixer. Typical turns ratios are in the range of 10:1 to 20:1. Less commonly, a passive DI unit may consist of a resistive load, with or without capacitor coupling. Such units are best suited to outputs designed for headphones or loudspeakers.

The less expensive passive DI units are more susceptible to hum, and passive units tend to be less versatile than active; however, they require no power source, are simpler to use, and the better units are extremely reliable when used as designed. The lack of batteries in passive DIs means that users do not have to worry about batteries losing their power in the middle of a live show or recording session.

Some models have no settings or switches, while others can have a ground lift switch (to avoid ground loop problems or hums), a pad switch (to accommodate different source levels and attenuate too-strong signals) and a passive filter/equalization switch for coloring the sound or tone.

Active units
An active DI unit contains a preamplifier. Active DI units can therefore provide gain, and are inherently more complex and versatile than passive units. Active DI units require a power source, which is normally provided by batteries or a standard AC outlet connection, and may contain the option for phantom power use. Most active DI units provide switches to enhance their versatility. These may include gain or level adjustment, ground lift, power source selection, and mono or stereo mode. Ground lift switches often disconnect phantom power. Some active DI units also have electronic effects units.

A pass-through connector is a second jack, sometimes simply paralleled to the input connector, that delivers the input signal unchanged, to allow the DI unit to be inserted into a signal path without interrupting it. This allows a user, such as an electric bass player, to plug their bass into a DI unit, which routes the bass signal to the mixing board, and at the same time plug the bass into an onstage bass amp for monitoring purposes. Pass-through is also commonly referred to as a bypass. True-bypass occurs when the signal goes straight from the input jack to the output jack with no circuitry involved and no loading of the source impedance. False bypass (or simply 'bypass') occurs when the signal is routed through the device circuitry with buffering and no other intentional change to the signal. However, due to the nature of electrical designs there is almost always some slight change in the signal. The extent of change and how noticeable it may be can vary from unit to unit.

Preamplifiers
A number of companies make combination preamplifier-DI units for electric bass, double bass, or for acoustic instruments which use piezoelectric pickups (e.g., a violin, acoustic guitar, mandolin, etc.). These units may be housed in a "stompbox" pedal format, in a small rackmount unit (often less than a full rack space), or in units designed to be clipped to a belt or attached to an instrument.

Preamplifiers for electric bass typically contain gain knobs, sometimes including an overdrive effect unit, equalizer knobs and, for some higher-end units, multiple channels (e.g., a "clean" channel and a "dirty" channel, with the latter containing an overdrive effect).

Preamp-DI units for double bass and other acoustic instruments often omit the overdrive features, but add additional features that help to produce a good sound and tone for acoustic instruments, such as an audio compression effect, a phase inverter switch and a notch filter (the latter two features designed to help reduce unwanted audio feedback "howls"). Preamp-DIs for acoustic instruments often include two channels and a simple mixer, to enable the player to use both a pickup and a condensor microphone. Some preamp-DIs provide phantom power, in case this is required to power a condenser microphone. Preamp-DI units may be battery powered, have an AC mains plug, or both.

Typical applications
Direct boxes are typically used with electric instruments or other electronic musical devices that only contain an unbalanced 1/4" phone output which needs to be connected to an XLR input of a mixing board. Multiple direct box circuits can be mounted inside one housing. These are used for multiple unbalanced outputs, such as for a bank of electronic keyboards.

Acoustic or electric instruments
DI boxes can be used on instruments with electronic circuitry and pickups that do not contain an XLR balanced output. An example of this application would be an electric keyboard that needs to be connected to a mixing board, either directly or through an audio snake. Another example would be an acoustic guitar with pickups, an electric guitar or bass guitar, or a double bass with piezoelectric pickups. These instruments could be plugged into a DI box, and the DI signal would be mixed through a mixing console into a main or monitor mix.

Instrument amplifiers
Some instrument amplifiers, particularly bass amplifiers, contain built-in DI units, and can be connected to a mixing console directly without needing an external direct box. This would be a typical setup for a bassist who wanted to connect their instrument through a public address system (PA system) or sound reinforcement system at a live show, while keeping the unique sound of the amplifier's preamplifier and equalizer circuitry and the custom settings. In comparison, if an external DI box is used, with the bassist plugging their bass into the DI box and sending the signal to their bass amp, the DI box signal would be the direct signal from the bass' pickups. With the external DI box approach, the sound shaping added to the bass' signal on the amplifier (e.g. boosting the preamplifier, adding overdrive, or adjusting the equalization to change the tone) would not be present in the external DI box signal. Some instrument amplifiers have the ability to turn off the amplifier's equalizer (EQ) through a pre-eq/post-eq switch. This can be used if a "clean" direct output from the amplifier is desired, which does not contain the tone shaping created by the bassist's adjustment of the EQ controls.

It is common to use both a DI signal and a microphone in front of the speaker cabinet or combo amp, in both live sound and recording settings. One method is to connect a bass guitar amplifier's speaker level output (via a pad, to attenuate the signal) to a DI and then run it to one channel of the mixing console, and run a miked guitar speaker cabinet signal into another channel of the mixing console. Another method is to connect a DI between the guitar and the amplifier. The DI signal and mic'd guitar speaker can then be selectively blended, with the DI providing a more immediate, present, bright, un-equalized sound, and the microphone providing a more 'live' sound, with instrument amplifier and speaker enclosure characteristics and some room ambience (natural reverb).

Examples of use
Direct-input tracking is used on almost every electric bass part on Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, most prominently on "Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds", "When I'm Sixty-Four", "Lovely Rita", and "A Day in The Life", as well as "Only A Northern Song", "I Me Mine", and the lead-guitar introducing "Revolution". Other examples include Dave Matthews Band's "So Much To Say" and Adele's "Daydreamer". The main guitar riff on Led Zeppelin's "Black Dog" was recorded directly through a mic-preamp and fed through a pair of 1176 Peak Limiters. Byrds frontman and guitarist Roger Mcguinn achieved his famous jangly guitar sound in the studio by recording his 12-string Rickenbacker direct-in through a compressor to emphasize the treble.

title: DI unit


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Talk:Starpath

Untitled
Could someone check up on the RAM-addition feature of that Supercharger thing? There seems to be some confusion of the RAM vs audio cassette (viz, ROM) capabilities of that peripheral. Wernher 00:40, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC)

-It's RAM. Once the power is cut off, poof, you gotta reload it. The tapes contain the game data, which is loaded onto the Supercharger's RAM, which is then read by the game system. It doesn't give the 2600 any new capabilities, which is what we typically think of when it comes to RAM expansion, but does allow for larger games. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2606:A000:71C5:2800:5C7:B124:F065:4314 (talk) 13:04, 5 July 2018 (UTC)

Just an opinion
I think the description of the RAM capability is missing the point. Game cartridges stored the game code in ROM and executed the game from ROM, so the 128 bytes RAM was only required for "variables". To load games from cassette there needed to be RAM to store the game code. Futher typically a game cartridge may be equipped with more or less ROM to accomodate a specific game. OTOH if a game did need more RAM then this would have had to be built into the cartridge pushing up costs 80.229.249.36 (talk) 19:01, 3 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Starpath


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Talk:I Love the '80s (American TV series)

Didn't VH1 copy the show format from the BBC? --TMC1221 00:41, Nov 14, 2003 (UTC)

Yes. They give credit to the BBC in the closing credits of every episode.

Grammar/Language
There has to be a better way to say "Michael Jackson gets his head set on fire during a Pepsi commercial"

Version difference
I actually think the VH1 version gives a nod to the BBC 'idea' of the show - but I don't believe the two shows actually share the same content in any amount at all. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 12.227.174.88 (talk) 02:48, 2 February 2007 (UTC).

Jennifer Aniston?
"Jennifer Aniston Became an actress in the 1980s, after being a "geek" at school, she found her place to shine. She started her career with a stint in the popular show, "i love lucy" she was then known as a hot commodity and moved on and became the most successfull actress in the modern era." How is this pertinent to "I Love The 80's'?198.179.227.59 15:24, 2 May 2007 (UTC)Natsthename

Merge
All the individual episodes should be merged into this page since they're all stubs, have little potential of being expanded, and this page is also a stub. I'm marking the various other decades/seasons as well. Æµ§œš¹ [aɪm ˈfɻɛ̃ⁿdˡi] 20:05, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

 * They can be expanded. Just add in the commercial bumpers. --PAK Man Talk 23:29, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

Reception?
Any articles or reviews on how old, new, & former VH1 fans recieved the show. They've changed so much since the early 90s that the show itself seems like a redeaming quality. MTV needs an eqivelant. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.160.77.255 (talk) 16:08, 10 November 2008 (UTC)

Talking Head Commentators
Mo Rocca, Tommy Davidson, Michael Ian Black, Mo Collins, Donal Logue, Doug E. Fresh, Sebastian Bach, Dee Snider, Cheryl Hines, Henry Rollins, "Weird Al" Yankovic, Juliette Lewis, Anderson Cooper, Jason Statham, Jillian Barberie, Hal Sparks, Bonnie Hunt, Darius Rucker, Faith Hill, Lionel Richie, Bret Michaels, Dan Savage, Tiffany Darwish, Ron Jeremy, Traci Lords, Apollonia Kotero, Mariska Hargitay, Mark McGrath, Wallace Langham, Sammy Hager, Ice-T, Joe Elliott, Alice Cooper, Wycelf, Lisa Loeb, Meredith Brooks, Lisa Ling, Alfonso Ribeiro, Daryl "Chill" Mitchell, Judy Gold, Daisy Fuentes, Leah Remini, Soleil Mooe Frye and more...


text:
Talk:Starpath Supercharger

Untitled
Please see Talk:Starpath about possible RAM/ROM confusion. Wernher 00:42, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Starpath Supercharger


text:
Talk:Gallery of sovereign state flags/Archive 4

Ratios
The widths of images in the table are calculated to make all flags 80px in height. If a flag is taller or shorter than other flags, it is likely that the image file has a wrong aspect ratio. In that case, please correct the image file and not the width of the image in the table. Zocky 03:00, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

Almost all flag images now seem to have proper ratios. Only Kiribati, Macedonia and Solomon Islands need to be resized, or rather we need proper 1:2 images of these flags. Where can we get them? Zocky 04:33, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * FOTW website. I have a template with the (c) information on them that we can use for these images ((FOTWpic)). Zscout370 11:20, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * We're down to just Kiribati at this moment. BTW, do we have all flags on the Commons now? Are there standard-height thumbnails? Didn't someone say that the French have them? Zocky 03:00, 25 May 2005 (UTC)
 * The flags on the Commons are all at 300 pixel size, but they are usually taken from the CIA (like most of the flags we have now on this Wiki). I am creating a few flags and uploaded some of the Commons. If you want the list of the flags that I used and put on the Commons, let me know and I will post it here and at the List. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 03:08, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

My Commons Images
Ok, here is the list. It is small, but it will grow.
 * Image:Flag_of_Belarus.png
 * Image:Flag_of_Vatican_City.png
 * Image:Flag_of_Uruguay.png
 * Image:Flag_of_Hong_Kong_SAR.png
 * Image:Flag_of_Palestine.png
 * Image:Flag_of_the_United_States.png
 * Image:Flag of Finland.png
 * Image:Flag of Mongolia.png
 * Image:Flag_of_Kazakhstan.png

Enjoy. If you want other flags not listed here, like your sporting/scouting/historical flags, let me know. Zscout370 (Sound Off) 03:17, 25 May 2005 (UTC)

Right hand flagpole
Each flag is depicted as if the flagpole is positioned on the left of the flag (except the flag of Western Sahara). What about Iran, Iraq or Saudi Arabia, or others with Arabic or similar writing? --Henrygb 9 July 2005 18:14 (UTC)
 * On flags such as those of Iran, Iraq and Saudi Arabia, the arabic writing is always shown properly, so as to be readable, on both sides of the flag. The front and back are not mirror images of each other, and the flag would look the same whether the flagpole was on the right or the left.  In the case of Western Sahara, the symbol in the center of the flag is only shown on one side: the side seen when the flagpole is on the right. MiLo28 01:17, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Cleanup August 2005
This article needs to match the entries in List of sovereign state flags which matchs the List of sovereign states --Philip Baird Shearer 12:41, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Unrecognized countries
===>This discussion has already occured In a debate over Palestine, and consensus was reached. Now, without any consensus, Abkhazia is being added, with the terse response that this article is being brought into line with List of sovereign state flags. I checked the talk page there, and consensus was not reached regarding the addition of these so-called states. My main points of contention are as follows:
 * 1) The legitimacy of an article like this is immediately in question once unrecognized secessionist groups are included. Once micronations like Sealand or Seborga are included (as they logically would be), the article becomes accuracy bankrupt.
 * 2) The inclusion is, I suspect, largely politically-motivated. I would personally like it if, say, West Papua was internationally recognized as independent, but I would not include it in a list of independent states, as it is neither independent nor a state.
 * 3) The very idea of making this article conform to the list of sovereign state flags is itself not apparently logical. Why shouldn't that article conform to these standards? Since no consensus was reached, there is no reason to assume that this one should change.
 * 4) If a country is unrecognized, it is not a state, and has no place on this list. There is already the article "Flags of non-recognized nations" for such entities. If someone wishes to add a footnote or "see also" section, by all means do. Justin (koavf) 03:27, August 22, 2005 (UTC)

I Reverted your edit. Make you arguments on Talk:List of sovereign states. If the List of sovereign states changes so should this article as this article is just a list of flags of the states under List of sovereign states. Philip Baird Shearer 16:41, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Links to commons:National insignia
There should be an effort here to improve the organisation of Wikipedia by trying to use some standardization and also to provide better multilingual resources. I would suggest to replace all the links in this table with those to National insignia. I suppose that some more cleanup would be necessary e.g. regarding infoboxes in coutry articles etc.
 * Commons:Categoy:SVG flags also works too. Zach (Sound Off) 22:07, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

Why no Tibetan flag ?
Sorry if this newbie missed out on the discussion, but is there a good reason (other than not provoking the Chinese !) why Tibet has been left out of this jolly flag parade ? Robma 21:43, 27 December 2005 (UTC)
 * While I know that there are movements to have a "Free Tibet," but I am not sure if there is a Tibet Government that is trying to actively defy the PRC, like how Taiwan is doing. But, there are many flags that are not included on here. Zach (Smack Back) 22:36, 27 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Tere is a goverment in exile! It sits in McCloud-Ganj, India and fights in non-violent and peaceful ways. 212.116.172.181

Background
I suggest you change background colour for some flags to be seen, e.g. Russian flag. --193.2.154.98 12:47, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

Western Sahara
Why is this flag backwards? Rmpfu89 21:34, 25 March 2006 (UTC)
 * According to the Flags of the World website, the symbol in the center of the flag of Western Sahara is only shown on one side of the flag. The obverse or "front" of the flag in "right-to-left" language countries would be considered the side shown with the hoist on the viewers right, and the symbol in the center of the WS flag is on this side only.  The flag is shown this way on this page in order to show the crescent and star as one would see it on a flagpole. MiLo28 01:12, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

Rename =
I know some may consider this trivial; but I propose a small change in the name of this article, from "Gallery of sovereign state flags" to "Gallery of sovereign-state flags". These are flags of sovereign states; they're not sovereign flags of states. I'll let this sit for a while for reaction, and then may rename the article. President Lethe 20:07, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Agree. This page should be renamed. Either the TRNC, Transnistria etc. have to go, or the page should be renamed accordingly. "Sovereign states" = internationally recognized states. Valentinian (talk) 09:37, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I think my point didn't come across to Valentinian. The only thing I advocated was putting a hyphen into the name, because the words "sovereign state" act together to modify "flag". The argument about which states to include is something I'm not getting into right now. Anyway, I've seen no objection in almost two weeks, and so am renaming the article today. President Lethe 15:49, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

Sovereign states = states that are sovereign, i.e. they control their own territory. The list of countries which should be on this page is at List of sovereign states, as the top of the page says. If TRNC is included on htat page, it should be included here, otherwise it shouldn't.

Another thing, content disputes are not vandalism, but calling somebody a vandal when they aren't is quite a nasty personal attack. Zocky | picture popups 11:08, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

Gallery
I cannot see many of the flags on this list, simple because my Internet provider, IE, doesn't show them. I know other people experience this problem too. what can we do about it? Reywas92 19:35, 31 August 2006 (UTC)
 * IE isn't your "internet provider", but we know what you mean. The page displays fine for me in IE. What version are you running? You could always switch to Firefox, which would be a good idea anyway... —Chowbok 20:21, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

Samoa
The flag of Samoa needs to be moved. It is cut off when printed. Also, should it not be under W for Western Samoa? 119.12.187.100 (talk) 07:05, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

England
Though the flag of the UK is present the flag of England is not there. I do realise that they are part of the same governmewnt and they are basically the same nation, but England uses a different flag when it is not part of the UK. e.g. Sporting Events such as The Ashes. The Flag should be admitted on this page. Amzon Tuesday January 9 2007 —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 124.180.2.189 (talk) 04:42, 9 January 2007 (UTC).
 * The title of the page is 'Gallery of sovereign-state flags'. England is not a sovereign-state and hence its flag is not represented on this page. -JoeTalk!Work 06:24, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

Lesotho
✅ I don't think this is the current flag of Lesotho. It may be an older one, but when I look in any up-to-date almanach they show a different flag for Lesotho. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 88.73.103.141 (talk) 09:56, 15 February 2007 (UTC).

Which flags?
A key question that does not seem to have been openly addressed here is which version of a flag should be used? More specifically, should we be showing civil or state flags? I am taking state in the title of the article as being compounded with sovereign, not with flag, which leaves the matter open to contention. Kevin McE 12:00, 24 June 2007 (UTC)
 * If the article is to be accurate, this needs addressing: in the case of Ecuador, at least, there is a difference between the civil and state flags. Kevin McE 22:09, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

Alphabetizing East Timor
✅ East Timor is under the T section, I'm guessing because it's also called Timor-Leste. But it is pretty confusing to see it there instead of under E. Can we either move it or change the name that is listed? Recury 20:12, 27 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I believe that is the official name of the country, Timor-Leste. However, with the scheme of the template, the SVG image was put as East Timor before the name change. I would support a move to change the flag image to Flag of Timor-Leste.svg and I got the software to make the change happen. User:Zscout370 (Return Fire) 20:44, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

Assistance with Georgia
This is posted here and at Template talk:Flag entry Can any of you fix the entry for Georgia (country), which presently leads to the disambiguation page Georgia? -Justin (koavf)·T·C·M 04:36, 8 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Something similar needs to be done for the Republic of Macedonia. Marijuanarchy (talk) 21:08, 18 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I fixed the entry here to use lower-level parameters that override the higher-level "Country" one; I think this is preferable to hard-coding special cases into Template:Flag entry (as has been done for Georgia). --ScottMainwaring (talk) 08:06, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

Iraq Flag Update
✅ Someone needs to change the flag of Iraq as the country has a new flag. Azalea pomp (talk) 02:44, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

Criteria for "Other States"
By what criteria do flags appear in the "Other States" category? It seems inconsistent to include South Ossetia and not Chechnya, though I'd assume the same criteria could apply to both. International recognition?--Eddylyons (talk) 04:40, 1 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Please see the list upon which this is based. Quizimodo (talk) 04:49, 1 February 2008 (UTC)
 * To stay consistent with that list, I renamed "Sovereign states" to "Internationally recognized sovereign states". This helps avoid disputes about why some of the states under "other states" aren't listed with the other sovereign states. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Readin (talk • contribs) 15:22, 7 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Great. Now take it out of the table of contents. --Eddylyons (talk) 02:16, 19 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Instead of staying consistent with this narrow list, why don't we stay consistent with the rest of wikipedia? Rename this page, and include the partially-recognized and unrecognized countries in it (maybe in a separate section of the same article), instead of leaving it in a separate article.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Skalskal (talk • contribs) 17:42, 15 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Chechnya does not have a sovereign government or the capacity to enter into relations with other states as Nagorno-Karabakh does.

KOSOVA
✅ Kosova is a recognized state by at least 35 nations and growing, so it clearly does belong in this article, partial recognition is only considered when a country is recognized by its mother land or relay close allies:(E.i. North Cyprus by Turkey), Kosova is not a partially recognized state, it is currently recognized by over 35 countries world wide and less than 10 countries have said they will not recognize it which means most of the other countries on earth have stated that they are in the process of recognition. The Kosova state is very similar to the Israel state both are recognized by some and not by other, for example non of the Muslim/Arab states recognize Israel but its still considered a sovereign state, Kosova is in the same situation and is considered a sovereign state even though countries like Serbia, Russia & Cyprus have said they will not recognize it.

Thanx 82.45.201.125 (talk) 08:26, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Big difference - Israel is a full member of the UN. Two of the countries not recognizing Kosovo (specifically Russia and China) have veto power.  Thus for the forseeable future Kosovo will not have general international sovereign state status.  (not that it seems to matte though, because at the time of writing, Kosovo (along with Abkhazia and South Ossetia) is on the main list anyway. LINK3 (talk) 16:29, 7 November 2009 (UTC)

Propose a vote on renaming
Propose a vote on whether this should be renamed to "Gallery of country flags" and include flags such as those of Taiwan and Kosovo. Please give reasons for or against your vote to Rename or to Keep name.

 * Rename: There are many many wikipedia articles listed by country, whereas there are only a few listed by "sovereign state".  Since the intention here seems to be to prevent a duplication of effort, I propose we go with the far-more useful and common version. Skalskal (talk) 16:41, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

Definition of "sovereign state"
Just a reminder, here is the exact quote of the definition of a sovereign state, per the referenced page, with my bolding:

...................

Criteria for inclusion

This list derives its definition of a sovereign state from Article 1 of the Montevideo Convention of 1933. According to the Convention, a sovereign state should possess the following qualifications: (a) a permanent population, (b) a defined territory, (c) government, and (d) capacity to enter into relations with the other states. In respect of the last qualification, the role of recognition by other states can often be crucial since it implies acceptance into the international community.[2] The list includes all states that satisfy these criteria and claim independence; however, the aforementioned qualifications are not absolute and permit variations.

On the basis of the above criteria, this list includes the following 203 entities:

193 sovereign states with general international recognition:

192 member states of the United Nations

One state with general international recognition but not UN membership, governed by the Holy See (a UN permanent observer): Vatican City

10 sovereign states lacking general international recognition:

Four entities lacking general international recognition, none of which are UN members, that may be defined as states in the body of customary international law: the Republic of China (Taiwan), the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Kosovo, and the Palestinian territories.

Six entities lacking general international recognition, none of which are UN members, that have declared independence and have limited or no international recognition: the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (only recognized by Turkey), Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Transnistria, Somaliland, and South Ossetia.

...................

If you would like this list to include only UN-recognized sovereign states, then we should change the title. Otherwise, be consistent with the title you're sticking to so adamantly!!! Skalskal (talk) 18:14, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

 * To those editing to a different standard: the title of this article is "Gallery of sovereign-state flags", and it directly references the list of sovereign states, which includes 203 entries, including Kosovo & Taiwan. While you may personally disagree with this classification, the article has been clearly named as including "sovereign states", and NOT named as "UN-recognized states".  If you believe that a separate article is necessary, please feel free to start one.  Here's a start for you:  Gallery of UN-recognized sovereign-state flags.  Have at it, but do not edit out this list.Skalskal (talk) 16:50, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Well, just talking to myself I guess, as the other editor does not seem to be willing to explain his rationale for continuing to change the article. The above rationale is, I think, quite clear and logical, and goes to the underlying name and purpose of this article: "sovereign states", as defined by Wikipedia.  Skalskal (talk) 02:10, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

Let me tell you guys a little something. Kosovo, Palestine, Taiwan(Republic of China) and Western Sahara are not even sovereign states. They are partially recognized territories. While only Palestine has an observer status at the United Nations(UN), Kosovo, Taiwan and Western Sahara are not even UN members or observers. So please remove the flags of Kosovo, Palestine, Taiwan and Western Sahara from this are. Even the BBC World service doesn't even recognize Kosovo as an independent State!! Rather it is an unrecognized territory. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Koov (talk • contribs) 02:34, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Ahh, finally a justification! Yes, you do have a point, and if this were the BBCWorldService-ipedia, you would be right.  Unfortunately, according to Wikipedia's list of sovereign states, they are.  Would you care to address that?  That is the question we should be discussing, because that is the definition of this Wikipedia page!  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Skalskal (talk • contribs) 02:40, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Here's the real point (or pointlessness) of editing out flags because "they just aren't!!" Have you read the top of the page here?  It says:
 * Note: This page includes the same flags as the list of sovereign state flags. This talk page is used only for the discussion of formatting and such matters; inclusion of individual sovereign states is discussed at talk:sovereign state.
 * Now what's hard about the idea that if you object to Kosovo, you go over there and get agreement with your position? Otherwise removing the info here over and over and over is simply not playing by the rules, and will be recognized as such. Stop deleting, start convincing, but not here,  there. Shenme (talk) 02:50, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Amen, brother! This list should match the other, as long as we stick to this name (which is a separate issue).  Problems with "sovereignty" should be dealt with on the appropriate page.  If you make headway there, then your argument here is much stronger. Skalskal (talk) 02:54, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm not the repeat page-changer, I just came across the page and thought I'd add my tuppence worth. (Also as this is about a year after the discussions here, I acknowledge things may have changed on both pages.  I find the cited Montevideo Convention outdated.  The first 3 can easily be achieved and the 4th is glib to say the least.  Nevertheless, I can't be bothered to discuss abstract notions, so I  suggest separating the partially recognised states as has been done on the 'list of sovereign state flags' page. LINK3 (talk) 16:48, 7 November 2009 (UTC)

Any suggestions on how to get the repeat page-changer to instead come over to the discussion page and argue his points civilly? Thanks in advance. Skalskal (talk) 17:56, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm not the person you're talking about (I only edited once), but according to the History section I'm not exactly helping in your eyes. I would think fewer people would mistakenly edit this list if they knew what a mistaken edit was; i.e., a self-evident notice (preferably in a pretty gray box)at the beginning of the article stating its ties to the list of sovereign states, and how that page should be checked before making any drastic changes. At this point the connection is only implicit, which (hard as it is to believe :P ) not everyone will pick up on. DerekMBarnes (talk) 00:42, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

Lock?
✅ With the amount and frequency of vandalism on this page, why is it not locked? WikiDegausser (talk) 05:53, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

In thıs gallery, Taiwan and Western Sahara flags show as sowereign countries. But Northern Cyprus dont. Is it true? --193.140.180.223 (talk) 13:17, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

Should make the list match its title ("list of sovereign countries"), then lock. 75.179.163.175 (talk) 18:52, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

Taiwan is a country?
✅ That's ridiculous. No government or international organization recognized that Taiwan is a country. So please don't connive Taiwan independence movement. Apollo Augustus Koo (talk) 01:58, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

On the contrary, 23 (not zero) governments officially recognize Taiwan as a country, and most others (such as the US) have unofficial recognition, where the only reason they do not recognize Taiwan independence is so they do not anger China, not because they oppose Taiwanese statehood. But more importantly, Taiwan is a sovereign state in the list of sovereign states, and that's what the definition is for this page.

While you may have an opinion one way or the other about whether Taiwan should be independent, more important right now is that they are independent, and have relations with many other countries.

Thanks for bringing the discussion to the talk page! 155.188.247.6 (talk) 14:25, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

 * 23 governments officially recognize the ROC not Taiwan as a country. Either in the PRC or the ROC, Taiwan is a province. Taiwan ≠the ROC. Can't you understand? Apollo Augustus Koo (talk) 11:47, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

 * So why exactly are you deleting Kosovo as well, then?? You appear to have a political motivation.  I will move Taiwan to ROC and restore Kosovo, will you stop your destructive editing then? Skalskal (talk) 14:20, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

Costa Rica
Why are you not using the Costa Rican coat of arms on the flag? In Costa Rica the flag always uses the coat of arms. MFC888 (talk) 16:08, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

Abkhazia
Since you have a section for partially recognised states, Abkhasia should be in it. It is only recognised by a small minority of states, just like the others in that class. I will remove it soon, unless some very good justification is produced here: IceDragon64 (talk) 18:50, 14 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I removed flags for Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Taiwan, Western Sahara and Kosovo, but these have been systematically reverted by other editors. Other editors have re-added Kosovo (for example), but omitted Abkhazia and South Ossetia, and I have added those two back in based upon the Kosovo precedent. All 5 need to be removed from this article, however, I will not agree to the removal of A & SO only without the removal of the other 3. --Russavia Dialogue Stalk me 00:12, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Per the definition of the page, the only criteria for inclusion of the flag is, and I quote: This gallery of sovereign-state flags shows the flags of sovereign states in the list of sovereign states.  That list clearly includes Abkhazia (I will quote again):
 * On the basis of the above criteria, this list includes the following 203 entities:
 * 193 sovereign states with general international recognition:
 * 192 member states of the United Nations
 * One state with general international recognition but not UN membership, governed by the Holy See (a UN permanent observer): Vatican City
 * 10 sovereign states lacking general international recognition:
 * Six entities lacking general international recognition, none of which are UN members, that may be defined as states in the body of customary international law: Abkhazia, the Republic of China (Taiwan), the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Kosovo, the Palestinian territories and South Ossetia.
 * Four entities lacking general international recognition, none of which are UN members, that have declared independence and have limited or no international recognition: the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (recognized only by Turkey), Nagorno-Karabakh, Transnistria, Somaliland.
 * Therefore, I will restore it. Please do not remove it again, the page is essentially slaved to the other page.  If you have an argument with the list, take it to the list of sovereign states page.  Once you remove the country from there successfully, we will gladly remove the flag as well.  But until then, you must remain consistent, and your individual definition (or that of the UN or that of the BBC) does not meet the proper criteria.  Thank you.155.188.247.5 (talk) 15:54, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

Could Abkhazia be removed again?Yman88 (talk) 18:51, 15 November 2008 (UTC)

Central America
✅ Why are the flags of El Salvador, Guatemala, and Panama not included? 76.123.208.229 (talk) 13:13, 5 November 2008 (UTC)

Flag of Northern Cyprus
If, as is currently the case, the article includes the flags of partially recognised states, it should then include the above for consistency. Some one with the technnical skills might add it in. Otherwise all partially recognised states should be taken out (my preference). Regards. Redking7 (talk) 12:00, 15 November 2008 (UTC)

 * You mean "The Turkish Republic of Cyprus", which is only recognised by turkey? Hanii (talk) 19:59, 29 April 2009 (UTC)
 * South Ossetia and Abkhazia are only recognized by Russia and Nicaragua, but their flags are still included. The flag of Northern Cyprus should certainly be included. I'll add it. Vanjagenije (talk) 13:11, 9 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Why is the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus listed under C not T? East Timor was moved from T to be under E so how is this consistent? 119.12.187.100 (talk) 07:05, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

Azad Kashmir
What about Azad Kashmir — it's recognised by Pakistan. — Hellerick (talk) 03:47, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) is a self-governing state under Pakistani control. The chairman/chief executive of the Azad Jammu and Kashmir Council is the president of Pakistan. It is in a similar situation to a protectorate rather than a sovereign state.119.12.187.100 (talk) 07:05, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

Australia vs. New Zealand
Are the blue textures of Australian and New Zealand flag's different? They look slightly different and I am not sure if they should be the same. Thanks, Miguel.mateo (talk) 02:09, 4 November 2009 (UTC)

The Republic of China
The government of Taiwan, aka. the Republic of China is not the representative of a sovereign state, therefore the flag should be taken off. 16:12, 30 November 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.53.244.232 (talk)

Nagorno-Karabakh
There appears to be a slight link error with this flag - clicking Nagorno Karabakh directs you to the article on the province, as opposed to the page of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic (ie it directs you to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh, as opposed to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_Republic). I tried to change it, although realised I was unsure of how to. If anyone knows how to correct this, please feel free to do so! Starom (talk) 22:23, 7 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I see what you mean, it has to do with the file name. The file is named simply for Nagorno Karabakh not the Nagorno Karabakh Republic. Unfortunately there is no file under this name. Is there such thing as a file redirect? Outback the koala (talk) 00:47, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

Flag of Nagorno-Karabkh
How Nagorno-Karabakh could be a sovereign-state? It was not even recognized by Republic of Armenia which is the guarantee of Nagorno-Karabakh region after occupation. Quzeyli 19:11, 12 March 2010 (UTC) Quzeyli —Preceding unsigned comment added by Quzeyli (talk • contribs)
 * See the List of states with limited recognition page for details. Outback the koala (talk) 05:29, 13 March 2010 (UTC)

Abkhazia, etc.
If this page is going to cite List of sovereign states as its source, then it should follow the organizational scheme of that page, with real countries first, and doubtful states in a sulky little heap at the end.

Right? Varlaam (talk) 07:19, 26 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree. Make it so. :-) In the absence of dissent, go right ahead (also BOLD and all that stuff). Killiondude (talk) 06:01, 30 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Fine by mine. User:Zscout370 (Return Fire) 07:38, 30 September 2010 (UTC)

transnistria?
to my knowledge, transnistria isn't a sovereign state but an unrecognized territory, so maybe its flag shouldn't be listed in the gallery —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.186.21.17 (talk) 15:33, 24 February 2011 (UTC)
 * It has declared itself independent, and so by the Declarative theory of statehood they are a sovereign state. There is a reason it is placed at the bottom, with other states with limited recognition. Chipmunkdavis (talk) 15:45, 24 February 2011 (UTC)

Libyan Republic/National Transitional Council?
The flag of the Libyan Republic (2011) is this. Should we add it now, considering it has diplomatic recognition from several nations, many of which recognize it as the sole representation of the Libyan people.

On a related note, should we move the flag of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, the Gaddafi government?

So what should we do? Both? One? Neither? Wait for the Libyan Civil War to end (and it doesn't look like that's going to happen, as it's increasingly becoming a stalemate)? MAINEiac4434 (talk) 22:13, 19 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Keep the Gaddafi flag where it is now, but maybe add the TNC flag at the very bottom (where Kosovo, PMR and others are at). User:Zscout370 (Return Fire) 22:49, 19 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Okay, I'll do that. MAINEiac4434 (talk) 23:22, 19 July 2011 (UTC)
 * It looks like that was reverted without discussion. List of sovereign states identifies both governments in the "L" section, something that won't work on this page.  List of current heads of state and government puts the National Transitional Council leaders at the bottom with the partially-recognized states, the same solution suggested above.  It makes sense, since the red-black-green flag is flown by the government of Libya that now is recognized by a large number of sovereign states.  Simply having the green flag on this page does not reflect the current situation.  Fishal (talk) 20:19, 1 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Because it was a stalemate and only 30+ recognized. With the recent changes in the past 2 weeks, the flag could be changed very, very soon. User:Zscout370 (Return Fire) 21:08, 1 September 2011 (UTC)
 * With "30+ recognized," why would it not belong in the "limited or no recognition" section? Fishal (talk) 04:32, 2 September 2011 (UTC)
 * It was there, but removed. I would suggest to add it back. User:Zscout370 (Return Fire) 04:34, 2 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Done. Fishal (talk) 13:45, 2 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Look, they control 90 percent of the country and are recognized by the UN, its the reality, we need to change flags,--J intela (talk) 20:24, 16 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Maybe switch the positions? Have the green banner at the bottom and the royal banner in the main list?  Night w   06:03, 17 September 2011 (UTC)
 * UN recognition clinches it, if you ask me. Certainly "limited or no recognition" now applies better to Gaddafi's government than to the NTC.  The positions of the flags should be changed.  Reuters' article on the UN recognition would be good to add as a source. Fishal (talk) 01:56, 20 September 2011 (UTC)

The Sami
I wonder if the Sami people should be included into the list of the flags. Many Sami people actually consider their region a territory. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.251.178.141 (talk) 23:34, 19 August 2011 (UTC)
 * A sovereign state? If so, please provide a source.  Night w   02:04, 20 August 2011 (UTC)

Peoples Republic of China (Taiwan)?
Any particular reason it's not in the gallery?

 * It is in the gallery, the "Republic of China" Chipmunkdavis (talk) 19:35, 3 November 2011 (UTC)

Niue is a sovereign state but no flag is listed
The list of sovereign states shows Niue but it's flag is not included in this article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mcnux (talk • contribs) 22:54, 16 June 2012 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Stomp box

Should this be merged with "Effects unit"?
Should this be merged with effects unit? I'm of two minds on this. Andrewa 00:46, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * I think this should be left as is, to differentiate from rack-mounted effects units. Theanthrope 20:14, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * What about effects pedal? That seems like a pretty similar topic, at least to the unitiated like myself.--Joel 18:17, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

 * There should be a merge. Effects unit is a more general term, but Effects pedal and Stomp box are the same.  Friday 21:35, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Stomp boxes are sources of sound, like an instrument it is at the beginning of the signal chain. An Effects pedal accepts a source input like a Guitar, and modifies it in some way. ST (talk) 16:58, 30 March 2008 (UTC).

 * yes agree stompboxes are an instrument and create the source of the sound, and are therefore not an effects unit, nor and effects peddle.

 * Just now, my american friend was very surpriced, when he take a look at this site. We were discussing about electric guitar, so he took look here to know what is stompbox. Foe guitarists, just metal box with some effect is know as stompbox not this wooden one. Take a lok at google images and see, how many effects pedals is there (and how many percussion ones).I also checked guitar-amp companies such as Bos, Digitech etc. All of them talk about stompbox=guitar effect pedal ...
 * En.infernal 09:18, 28 August 2009 (CET)

 * The term "stomp box" has two different meaning. One is a foot-controlled effects processor, typically used with guitar. That's not what this article is about. It's about something different: a musical instrument. This article, about this foot-operated percussion instrument, is not relevent to the effects box article, except that it's appropriate in both articles to reference the other, as a different defenition. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 139.68.134.1 (talk) 14:48, 9 April 2012 (UTC)

Redundant at best
I'd like to know how Stomp box is not redundant with Trigger pad. As well, both presently show a small wooden device that is meant to be stepped on.

Anyone who has spent any time outside of US/UK pop music knows that feet have often been used as accompaniment. John Hartford would put a microphone down by the floor to amplify the sound of his dancing around as he played. Some musicians have used a kick drum; there's at least one 3 Mustaphas 3 track where someone is rhythmically kicking a bass-drum case (correcting: actually, it was an accordion case —WD), and others have used a box, whether wood or corrugated cardboard.

Significantly, the emphasis is on plug-in devices that are presently available for sometimes exorbitant prices, rather than something that can be had at little or no cost.

With that in mind, how is a "stomp box" significantly different from a small, limited purpose cajón? As THAT aricle already exists AND is more than an unsourced stub, maybe that is where this ought be appended.

For what it's worth, stomp box has been used for at least 45 years to mean ONLY a floor-based electronic effects pedal, specifically for guitar. That NEEDS to be discussed — nobody gets to simply walk up and claim a word as though it's a trademark, and Wikipedia certainly is NOT a tool for such purpose. Lacking a credible historical source, the usage as in this article does not have primacy and therefore no authority. At best, there MUST be some attempt made to demonstrate earlier uses of the term in the context claimed. Presently, Line 6 (company) sells the M9 and M13 Stompbox Modelers.

I suspect that one or more of the cited sellers launched this "article," and a few more joined in. That would make this a pool advertisement — a mob effort, but nevertheless advertising. Most are charging $100 to $250 for what often looks a lot like the $40 box from SX — not presented here, likely (my guess) because the seller didn't choose to abuse WP.

This is a very poor article. Because it has so many proponents, I am going to mark up its flaws for them to fix. Weeb Dingle (talk) 14:01, 23 September 2017 (UTC)

 * I will be briefly running through the "Notable Users" list. If no mention is made in their article of using a device such as being promoted here, I will delete the claim as original research. Weeb Dingle (talk) 15:13, 23 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Having pared back that list, I've left some that are dubious at best. For instance, I really doubt that John Lee Hooker ever used such a device, rather known for sometimes kicking a pallet. If he belongs here, then so does John Hartford, who never used such a device but brought along plywood squares AND put microphones at his feet. And about half that list retains names where no outside source is cited for verification; these I may later cut as well. Weeb Dingle (talk) 15:56, 23 September 2017 (UTC)

Aside from my previous statements, I know little about the finer points of these devices, and so am inadequate to provide proper repairs, though I can easily identify specious logic. As user Lgnlint — apparently much more familiar than me with the topic — has seen fit to remove my "cluttering tags" without even pretending to be an editor by maybe fixing something, I will accept that as a go-ahead to remove unsubstantiated claims. Weeb Dingle (talk) 16:43, 8 April 2018 (UTC)

 * @Weeb Dingle
 * according to the article cajón a cajón is without any electronics and hollow and much bigger than a stomp box; a stomp box is solid (not hollow, except for the one necessary hole for the connection) and is connected to and needs some electronics.

 * As for the pool advertisement (I'm not part of the music business in any way):
 * These stomp boxes seem to be a unique class of devices and as such deserve a separate article. Showing one (or two or three) image(s) for each manufacturer is not what I consider advertisement, as long as the information is true and substantial. Advertisement has its very typical phrasings and wordings.

 * Ping welcome, Steue (talk) 01:05, 17 March 2021 (UTC)

no credibility to claim about material
a simple percussion instrument consisting of a small wooden box… except, of course, for those made from milled aluminum… or stamped steel… or cast plastic… as shown in the Gallery section. I mean, criminies. Weeb Dingle (talk) 15:05, 23 September 2017 (UTC)

prove it or lose it
I've tagged a bunch of names logged by fanboys in the usual Notable users list. Either the WP articles about them do not support the pants-wetting "he uses a stompbox!!" contention, or the source for that conjecture doesn't support the claim. Find better — quickly .

And anyone who simply removes these tags without fixing the problem should be aware that such action means I'll simply cut the name(s). Cool? Weeb Dingle (talk) 16:59, 19 June 2019 (UTC)

Example of shoddiness: turns out that Ash Grunwald, having in the past "used a million different stompbox, kick drum and trigger combos" more recently has converted to a Farmer FootDrum, as made clear in the offsite link offered to back the "stompbox!!" claim. FAIL. Weeb Dingle (talk) 17:10, 19 June 2019 (UTC)

philosophical problem
This article begins by defining a stomp box as a small box that is tapped with the foot to make bass-drum sounds. The implication is that it's a simple mechanical device, but then this quickly morphs to include boxes with inbuilt microphones.

What then is to be done with electronic devices like the Roland SPD::ONE Kick? Is this a stompbox? If not, what is it? Weeb Dingle (talk) 21:22, 1 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stomp box


text:
Talk:List of rivers of Africa

Comments
I don't think the grouping by part of Africa is particularly helpful. For one thing, if I'm looking for an African river by name but don't know its region, I have to look through each region's list to find it. Also, some rivers are in multiple regions, such as the Nile, whose upper reaches are in "East Africa". Finally, the boundaries are vague - the Ogooue is in "West Africa" even the Congo's mouth is just a few miles to the south? Stan 00:50, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * BLAH BLAH BLAH BLAH* — Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.234.104.80 (talk) 19:57, 1 December 2014 (UTC)

Big Lists
That's the problem with "Big Lists" (Casu Marzu 02:12, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC)).

The Ogooue is definitely is named after the latin name for Santa Claus which is Opauoe. But aside from that, geographical "big lists" are always faced with a choice between one big alphabetical list with no structure, and a list with arbitrary divisions which will never satisfy everyone.

I defnitely disagree with one of Stan's arguments. It's a phenomenon common to all "big lists": If you wanted to look for an item in the list by name, you wouldn't come to the "big list" -- instead, you'd search for it. In order for a "big list" to be worth the effort, it must (IMHO) do something a built-in system function (such as the search function) can't. And so, a list article should (again IMHO) have some structure.

There are a couple of elaborations, which aren't necessarily mutually exclusive:
 * 1) Label each section with the landmarks or countries that define it.  Thus, "West Africa" could refer to the stretch of coast from Dakar to Victoria, Cameroon, or a specific set of countries.
 * 2) Have a few entries (such as the biggest rivers) appear in the list more than once.  This would work especially well if the sections were divided up by the biggest rivers.  I dislike it for aesthetic reasoons, though.

You should see the List of rivers not in Africa!209.102.127.144 01:20, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * The discussion has cropped up elsewhere; searching doesn't work that well in WP - too many matches, too many out-of-date. In the end, there should be a list of rivers by name and list of rivers by continents; lists of people is an example of a more highly-evolved set of indexes that many other categories will eventually grow into. Grouping by arbitrary divisions has its uses, but it requires some thought; the regional divisions of Africa don't "play well" for rivers, because so many cross those regions. Stan 04:33, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * I've seen some lists of rivers (in Europe, I think) arranged directionally. IOW: start with the Nile and work west, south, east, south some more, and easterly a bit before north a long ways. It's almost regional. Xaxafrad 08:03, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of rivers of Africa


text:
Machining

Machining is a manufacturing process where a desired shape or part is created using the controlled removal of material, most often metal, from a larger piece of raw material by cutting. Machining is a form of subtractive manufacturing, which utilizes machine tools, in contrast to additive manufacturing (e.g. 3D printing), which uses controlled addition of material.

Machining is a major process of the manufacture of many metal products, but it can also be used on other materials such as wood, plastic, ceramic, and composites. A person who specializes in machining is called a machinist. As a commercial venture, machining is generally performed in a machine shop, which consists of one or more workrooms containing primary machine tools. Although a machine shop can be a standalone operation, many businesses maintain internal machine shops or tool rooms that support their specialized needs. Much modern-day machining uses computer numerical control (CNC), in which computers control the movement and operation of mills, lathes, and other cutting machines.

History and terminology
The precise meaning of the term machining has changed over the past one and a half centuries as technology has advanced in a number of ways. In the 18th century, the word machinist meant a person who built or repaired machines. This person's work was primarily done by hand, using processes such as the carving of wood and the writing-forging and hand-filing of metal. At the time, millwrights and builders of new kinds of engines (meaning, more or less, machines of any kind), such as James Watt or John Wilkinson, would fit the definition. The noun machine tool and the verb to machine (machined, machining) did not yet exist.

Around the middle of the 20th century, the latter words were coined as the concepts they described evolved into widespread existence. Therefore, during the Machine Age, machining referred to (what we today might call) the "traditional" machining processes, such as turning, boring, drilling, milling, broaching, sawing, shaping, planing, abrasive cutting, reaming, and tapping. In these "traditional" or "conventional" machining processes, machine tools, such as lathes, milling machines, drill presses, or others, are used with a sharp cutting tool to remove material to achieve a desired geometry.

Since the advent of new technologies in the post–World War II era, such as electrical discharge machining, electrochemical machining, electron beam machining, photochemical machining, and ultrasonic machining, the retronym "conventional machining" can be used to differentiate those classic technologies from the newer ones. Currently, "machining" without qualification usually implies the traditional machining processes.

In the decades of the 2000s and 2010s, as additive manufacturing (AM) evolved beyond its earlier laboratory and rapid prototyping contexts and began to become standard throughout all phases of manufacturing, the term subtractive manufacturing became common retronymously in logical contrast with AM, covering essentially any removal processes also previously covered by the term machining. The two terms are effectively synonymous, although the long-established usage of the term machining continues. This is comparable to the idea that the verb sense of contact evolved because of the proliferation of ways to contact someone (telephone, email, IM, SMS, and so on) but did not entirely replace the earlier terms such as call, talk to, or write to.

Machining operations
Machining is any process in which a cutting tool removes material from the workpiece (the workpiece is often called the "work"). Relative motion is required in traditional machining between the device and the work to remove material; non-traditional machining processes use other methods of material removal, such as electric current in EDM (electro-discharge machining). This relative motion is achieved in most machining operations by moving (by lateral rotary or lateral motion) either the tool, or the workpiece. The shape of the tool, the relative motion, and its penetration into the work, produce the desired shape of the resulting work surface.

Machining operations can be broken down into traditional, and non-traditional operations. Within the traditional operations, there are two categories of machining based on the shape they machine; being circular shapes that includes; turning, boring, drilling, reaming, threading and more, and various/straight shapes that includes; milling, broaching, sawing, grinding and shaping.

Cutting tool
A cutting tool has one or more sharp cutting edges and is made of a harder material than the work material. The cutting edge serves to separate the chip from the parent work material. Connected to the cutting edge are the two surfaces of the tool:
 * The rake face; and
 * The flank.

The rake face, which directs the flow of the newly formed chip, is oriented at a certain angle and is called the rake angle "α." It is measured relative to the plane perpendicular to the work surface. The rake angle can be positive or negative. The flank of the tool provides a clearance between the tool and the newly formed work surface, thus protecting the surface from abrasion, which would degrade the finish. This angle between the work and flank surfaces is called the relief angle. There are two basic types of cutting tools:
 * Single point tool; and
 * Multiple-cutting-edge tool

A single-point tool has one cutting edge for turning, boring, and planing. During machining, the device's point penetrates below the work part's original work surface. The fact is sometimes rounded to a certain radius, called the nose radius.

Multiple cutting-edge tools have more than one cutting edge and usually achieve their motion relative to the work part by rotating. Drilling and milling use turning multiple-cutting-edge tools. Although the shapes of these tools are different from a single-point device, many elements of tool geometry are similar.

Circular machining operations

 * Turning operations involve rotating the exterior of the workpiece against a non rotating cutting tool that is moved into the workpiece. The rotation of the workpiece is the method of producing a relative motion against the tool. Lathes are the principal machine tool used in turning.
 * Boring involves the machining of an internal surface of a hole to increase it diameter, this can be performed by either turning the workpiece on a lathe (also called internal turning), or a mill where a tool is rotated around the circumference of the hole.
 * Drilling operations are those in which holes are produced or refined by bringing a rotating cutting tool (often using a drill bit) with cutting edges on the lower face and edge, that is brought into contact axially with the workpiece. Drilling operations can be performed on a lathe, mill or drill press, or even by hand.
 * Threading or tapping involves the cutting of defined helix (thread) into a hole (tapping or threading), or onto shaft (threading), with a constant pitch, and specific geometry designed to accept the opposite thread and object in a turning motion to fasten items together (e.g. a nut and bolt)

Various shape machining

 * Sawing aims to create smaller cut lengths of bar stock material, using a saw, or cut off machine that passing a spinning (circular saw) or linear (band saw) toothed blade against the material to cut a kerf (thickness) from the material until it is cut in two. Depedning on the material, a certain blade speed (in metres per minute, or feet per minute)measured as the linear speed of the teeth, may be required, between as low as 200 or 1000 feet per minute.
 * Milling operations are operations where the cutting tool with cutting edges along its cylindrical face are brought against a workpiece to remove material in the profile of the spinning tools shaft and lower edge. Milling machines are the principal machine tool used in milling. Advanced CNC machines may combine lathe and milling operations.

 * Broaching can refer to two operations, linear broaching, where a multi toothed tool is pressed through a hole to cut a desired shape (e.g. a spline, square, or hex shape) or along a surface by taking increasingly larger cuts by the increasing sized teeth of the broach; or rotary broaching, where a drafted tool is rotated in a special toolholder that rocks the tool around and offset axis, the tool and workpiece and mated together during machining in order to cut the desired shape. When performed in a lathe the workpiece and cutting tool rotate together, while the toolholder remains static in the tail-stock; when milling the cutting tool stops once in contact with the workpiece, only rocking around the offset axis, with the toolholder rotating in the mill.
 * Shaping operations are those which remove material from a workpiece through the linear movement of a non rotating cutting tool, that is pushed along the surface of a workpiece, and designed to cut flat geometry. A shaper often uses High Speed Steel tooling similar in shape and geometry to lathe tooling. Shaping is similar to turning, in a linear axis as opposed to a circular one. Shaping operations are performed using a Shaper machine, that strokes back and forth, but cuts only in one direction. A clapper box is used to raise the tool up from the work piece so that it can move backwards.
 * Grinding operations involve the passing a fast moving/rotating abrasive material, such as stone, aluminium oxide, or diamond against a workpiece to remove material via grinding the material away using the abrasive surface of the tool.

Non-traditional machining

 * Plasma beam machining
 * Waterjet machining involves the cutting of workpiece by use of a jet of water (usually also included with an abrasive material like garnet) to cut all the way through the thickness the workpiece. A waterjet cutter may be 2-axis to produce 2-dimensional shapes, or 5-axis, to produce almost any 3-dimensional shape.
 * Electrical discharge machining (EDM) operations involve the removal of material from a workpiece using an electrically charge metal rod, or wire (wire EDM), that vaporizes the material from the workpiece. This may be used to machine holes, or cut out a specific shape from another piece. An advantage of EDM is that it can have a very small kerf, and the wire can be passsed through a whole, allowing intricate shapes to be cut from a piece without cutting through the edge of the workpiece, allowing the machine of a plug and socket that fit together perfectly.

An unfinished workpiece requiring machining must have some material cut away to create a finished product. A finished product would be a workpiece that meets the specifications set out for that workpiece by engineering drawings or blueprints. For example, a workpiece may require a specific outside diameter. A lathe is a machine tool that can create that diameter by rotating a metal workpiece so that a cutting tool can cut metal away, creating a smooth, round surface matching the required diameter and surface finish. A drill can remove the metal in the shape of a cylindrical hole. Other tools that may be used for metal removal are milling machines, saws, and grinding machines. Many of these same techniques are used in woodworking.

Machining requires attention to many details for a workpiece to meet the specifications in the engineering drawings or blueprints. Besides the obvious problems related to correct dimensions, there is the problem of achieving the right finish or surface smoothness on the workpiece. The inferior finish found on the machined surface of a workpiece may be caused by incorrect clamping, a dull tool, or inappropriate presentation of a device. Frequently, this poor surface finish, known as chatter, is evident by an undulating or regular finish of waves on the machined surfaces of the workpiece.

Cutting conditions
Relative motion is required between the tool and work to perform a machining operation. The primary action is at a specific cutting speed. In addition, the device must be moved laterally across the work. This is a much slower motion called the feed. The remaining dimension of the cut is the penetration of the cutting tool below the original work surface, reaching the cut's depth. Speed, feed, and depth of cut are called the cutting conditions. They form the three dimensions of the machining process, and for certain operations, their product can be used to obtain the material removal rate for the process:

 * $${R}_{MR} = vfd\,\!$$

where
 * $${R}_{MR}\,\!$$ – the material removal rate in mm3/s, (in3/s),
 * $$v\,\!$$ – the cutting speed in mm/s, (in/min),
 * $$f\,\!$$ – the feed in mm, (in),
 * $$d\,\!$$ – the depth of cut in mm, (in).

 * Note: All units must be converted to the corresponding decimal (or USCU) units.

Stages in metal cutting
Machining operations usually divide into two categories, distinguished by purpose and cutting conditions:
 * Roughing cuts
 * Finishing cuts

Roughing cuts are used to remove a large amount of material from the starting work part as rapidly as possible, i.e., with a significant Material Removal Rate (MRR), to produce a shape close to the desired form but leaving some material on the piece for a subsequent finishing operation. Finishing cuts complete the part and achieve the final dimension, tolerances, and surface finish. In production machining jobs, one or more roughing cuts are usually performed on the work, followed by one or two finishing cuts. Roughing operations are done at high feeds and depths – feeds of 0.4–1.25 mm/rev (0.015–0.050 in/rev) and depths of 2.5–20 mm (0.100–0.750 in) are typical, but actual values depend on the workpiece materials. Finishing operations are carried out at low feeds and depths – dinners of 0.0125–0.04 mm/rev (0.0005–0.0015 in/rev) and depths of 0.75–2.0 mm (0.030–0.075 in) are typical. Cutting speeds are lower in roughing than in finishing.

A cutting fluid is often applied to the machining operation to cool and lubricate the cutting tool. Determining whether a cutting fluid should be used and, if so, choosing the proper cutting fluid is usually included within the scope of the cutting condition.

Today other forms of metal cutting are becoming increasingly popular. An example of this is water jet cutting. Water jet cutting involves pressurized water over 620 MPa (90 000 psi) and can cut metal and have a finished product. This process is called cold cutting, which eliminates the damage caused by a heat-affected zone, as opposed to laser and plasma cutting.

Relationship of subtractive and additive techniques
With the recent proliferation of additive manufacturing technologies, conventional machining has been retronymously classified, in thought and language, as a subtractive manufacturing method. In narrow contexts, additive and subtractive methods may compete with each other. In the broad context of entire industries, their relationship is complementary. Each method has its advantages over the other. While additive manufacturing methods can produce very intricate prototype designs impossible to replicate by machining, strength and material selection may be limited.

title: Machining


text:
Mohammad Daud

Mohammad Daud is the name of:

 * Mohammed Daoud Khan (1909–1978), overthrew the last King of Afghanistan
 * Mohammed Daud Daud (1969–2011), Afghan soldier and politician
 * Mohammad Daud Sultanzoy (1952–2015), Afghan politician
 * Mohammad Daud Miraki (born 1967), Afghan writer and politician
 * Mohammad bin Daud (born 1943), Brunei nobleman and politician

title: Mohammad Daud


text:
Fundamental Baptist Fellowship Association

The Fundamental Baptist Fellowship Association (FBFA) is an association of independent fundamentalist African-American Baptist churches.It is based in Kansas City, Kansas. The FBFA was formed in 1962 when Reverends Richard C. Mattox and Robert Hunter, of Cleveland, Ohio, led conservative-fundamentalist black ministers and congregations to form the Fundamental Baptist Fellowship Association. The association meets annually and provides fundamentalist black Baptist churches a means of fellowship in the areas of evangelism and foreign missions. Each congregation is independent and autonomous.

A number of churches in the Fundamental Baptist Fellowship Association hold dual affiliation with the General Association of Regular Baptist Churches. In the area of Christian education, the FBFA partners with Cedarville University in Cedarville, Ohio.

The FBFA is sometimes confused with the predominantly white Fundamental Baptist Fellowship International, whose strength is in the Southeast. The FBFA is predominantly black and most of its churches are located in the Midwestern states.


text:
Travel survey

A travel survey (or travel diary or travel behavior inventory) is a survey of individual travel behavior. Most surveys collect information about an individual (socio-economic, demographic, etc.), their household (size, structure, relationships), and a diary of their journeys on a given day (their start and end location, start and end time, mode of travel, accompaniment and purpose of travel).

Major travel surveys are conducted in metropolitan areas typically once a decade. Some regions, notably metropolitan Seattle, Washington conduct a panel survey, which interviews the same people year after year, to see how their particular behavior evolves over time.

Recent or continuous city-wide travel surveys
Auckland, New Zealand - A travel survey was conducted in 2006 and involved 6,000 households in the greater Auckland region.

Brisbane, Australia - The South East Queensland Travel Survey collects travel data in the Greater Brisbane region and the neighbouring areas of Gold Coast and Sunshine Coast. The continuous survey commenced in 2003 and surveys around 6,000 households every two years.

Hobart, Australia - The Greater Hobart Household Travel Survey collects information from 200 households each month.

London, United Kingdom - The London Travel Demand Survey covers 8,000 households annually. Data is collected via face to face interviews.

Sydney, Australia - The continuous Household Travel Survey collects travel data annually for approximately 3,500 households in the Sydney Greater Metropolitan Region.

Washington, United States - The Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments conducted a 10,000 household survey in 2007.

Recent or continuous regional travel surveys
Greater Golden Horseshoe, Canada - the Transportation Tomorrow Survey (TTS) has been conducted every five years since 1986, surveying approximately 5% of households across the region. The 2016 TTS is one of the largest and most comprehensive travel surveys in North America, comprising a dataset of 162,708 surveys conducted online and by phone.

Recent or continuous country-wide travel surveys
Denmark's most recent National Travel was initiated in 2006 and has been going on continuously since then. The interviews are conducted using the internet and telephone interviews.

Germany is conducting its National Travel Survey since 1994 on a yearly basis. Each household member fills in a travel diary in which he records each trip made during the course of one week. Despite this yearly survey there is another non regular scheduled survey which is conducted again in 2008. 25,000 households are expected to participate.

The Netherlands National Travel Survey surveyed around 34,500 households in 2003. The survey has been conducted yearly since 1985, but with some changes in methodology. Survey forms are mailed out, with follow-up motivational phone calls.

In New Zealand the Ministry of Transport annually surveys 4,600 households for a two-day period. Data is collected via face to face interviews.

The United Kingdom Department for Transport conducts the National Travel Survey

The United States last conducted the National Household Travel Survey in 2017.

South Africa conducted its first National Household Travel Survey in 2003. Successful interviews were held with 45,000 households.

Sweden's most recent National Travel Survey (RES) was conducted in 2006-06.

title: Travel survey


text:
Pollinium

A pollinium (: pollinia) is a coherent mass of pollen grains in a plant that are the product of only one anther, but are transferred, during pollination, as a single unit. This is regularly seen in plants such as orchids and many species of milkweeds (Asclepiadoideae). Usage of the term differs: in some orchids two masses of pollen are well attached to one another, but in other orchids there are two halves (with two separate viscidia) each of which is sometimes referred to as a pollinium.

Most orchids have waxy pollinia. These are connected to one or two elongate stipes, which in turn are attached to a sticky viscidium, a disc-shaped structure that sticks to a visiting insect.

Some orchid genera have mealy pollinia. These are tapering into a caudicle (stalk), attached to the viscidium. They extend into the middle section of the column.

The pollinarium is a collective term that means either (1) the complete set of pollinia from all the anthers of a flower, as in Asclepiadoideae, (2) in Asclepiadoideae, a pair of pollinia and the parts that connect them (corpusculum and translator arms), or (3) in orchids, a pair of pollinia with two viscidia and the other connecting parts.

Milkweed pollinia are housed within a stigma chamber at the bottom of anther slits of its flower. A pollinating insect often stumbles in such a way that its legs fall down the slits, then pull up the pollinia as it tries to free its legs; the pollinia can be carried to another flower and dropped down the latter's slits to achieve pollination. However, the insect sometimes fails to retract its legs from the slits and is trapped there until it dies.

title: Pollinium


text:
Metropolitan Travel Survey Archive

The U.S. Metropolitan Travel Survey Archive is a project to store, preserve, and make publicly available, via the internet, travel surveys conducted by metropolitan areas, states and localities.

As of 2007, the archive held 58 surveys comprising 2,718,329 trip records, 516,108 person records, 219,097 household records, 173,354 vehicle records, and 528,847 location records. Similar to this U.S. archive, an international archive of travel survey date has been suggested so that this service is expanded into more countries.

The motivation behind the archive is to forestall the loss of electronic files and documentation of surveys, which has befallen previous surveys. These surveys are both costly to conduct, and irreplaceable as it is impossible to reconstruct past records of human travel behavior. The archive was established with funding from the United States Department of Transportation.

title: Metropolitan Travel Survey Archive


text:
HTM

HTM may refer to:

Computing

 * .htm or .html, file extension for HTML
 * Hierarchical temporal memory, a machine learning mode

Other uses

 * Held to maturity, an accounting term
 * HTM Personenvervoer, The Hague, Netherlands, public transport company
 * Khatgal Airport, Mongolia, IATA code

title: HTM