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Ilfracombe

Ilfracombe is a seaside resort and civil parish on the North Devon coast, England, with a small harbour surrounded by cliffs.

The parish stretches along the coast from the 'Coastguard Cottages' in Hele Bay toward the east and 4 mi along the Torrs to Lee Bay toward the west. The resort is hilly and the highest point within the parish boundary is 'Hore Down Gate', 2 mi inland and 860 feet (270 m) above sea level.

The landmark of Hillsborough Hill dominates the harbour and the site of an Iron Age fortified settlement. In the built environment, the architectural-award-winning Landmark Theatre has a distinctive double-conical design. The 13th century parish church, Holy Trinity, and the St Nicholas's Chapel (a lighthouse) on Lantern Hill, have been joined by Damien Hirst's statue of Verity as points of interest.

History
Ilfracombe has been settled since the Iron Age, when the Dumnonii (the Roman name for the inhabitants of the South-West) established a hill fort on the dominant hill, Hillsborough (formerly Hele's Barrow). The origin of the town's name has two possible sources. The first is that it is a derivative of the Anglo-Saxon Alfreinscoma - by which name it was noted in the Liber Exoniensis of 1086. The translation of this name (from Walter William Skeat of the department of Anglo Saxon at Cambridge University) means the "Valley of the sons of Alfred". The second origin is that the name Ilfracombe was derived from Norse illf (bad), Anglo-Saxon yfel (evil ford) and Anglo-Saxon cumb (valley) perhaps from a Celtic source (compare Welsh cwm), thus 'The valley with the bad ford'.

The manor house at Chambercombe in east Ilfracombe was recorded in the 1086 Domesday Book as being built by a Norman knight Champernon (from Chambernon in France) who landed with William of Normandy. It is also said to be haunted.

Ilfracombe comprised two distinct communities; a farming community around the parish church called Holy Trinity, parts of which date from the 12th century, and a fishing community around the natural harbour formed between Capstone, Compass and Lantern Torrs. It is recorded that the lands by the church were part of the estate owned by Champernowne family, while those by the harbour belonged to the Bouchier family: Earls of Bath.

Because of the natural layout of the harbour, Ilfracombe became a significant safe port (registered port of refuge) on the Bristol Channel. It also had trade routes between Kinsale and Tenby, which made the port stronger. In 1208 it was listed as having provided King John with ships and men to invade Ireland; in 1247 it supplied a ship to the fleet that was sent to conquer the Western Isles of Scotland; 6 ships, with 79 men were sent to support the siege of Calais. Ilfracombe was the last disembarkation point for two large forces sent to subdue the Irish. The building which sits on Lantern Hill by the harbour, known as St Nicholas's Chapel (built 1361) is reputed to be the oldest working lighthouse in the UK; a light/beacon has been there for over 650 years.

The town was also home to the Bowen family. James Bowen was sailing master of HMS Queen Charlotte (1790), the flagship of Richard, Earl Howe at the 1794 "Glorious First of June" battle. James Bowen was commissioned by Howe for his leadership in the battle. He rose through the levels - commander of HMS Argo (1781), Dreadnought, and in Georgian England titled "defender of Madeira", led the fleet which rescued the British Army at Corunna in the Peninsular War. For his skill in saving the Peninsula army from Napoleon's forces, he was presented to a joint meeting of the Upper and Lower Houses of Parliament to receive the rare honour of record of "grateful thanks of the nation". He retired as a Rear Admiral and Commissioner of the Royal Navy. Captain Richard Bowen (1761–97) James Bowen's younger brother, a commander on HMS Terpsichore (1785), served under Lord Nelson and was killed at the Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797). John Bowen (1780–1827), son of Admiral James Bowen, was a naval officer and colonial administrator. He founded the first settlement of Tasmania at Risdon Cove in 1803 - the settlement that later became known as Hobart. Captain John Bowen married Queen Charlotte's niece.

Lieutenant A E Down was initially posted to Ilfracombe to lead a protection ship for HM Customs and Excise. He married a local girl and rose through the officers’ ranks to retire as Vice Admiral. His son joined the navy aged 14 (his first navy kit is on display at National Maritime Museum, Greenwich). In 1802 James Meek married Down's daughter and settled in the town; James Meek was appointed the Comptroller of Victuals to the Royal Navy in 1832. He was knighted and died in Ilfracombe in 1852. (Gentlemen's Gazette)

There was a battlemented castle overlooking the harbor; of this nothing remains except contemporary records and the area designated Castle Hill off Portland Street/Montepellier Terrace.

The novelist Frances Burney stayed in Ilfracombe in 1817. Her diary entries (2 July – 5 October) record early 19th-century life in Ilfracombe: a captured Spanish ship; two ships in distress in a storm; the visit of Thomas Bowdler; and her lucky escape after being cut off by the tide. A few years later in the 1820s, a set of four tunnels were hand-carved by Welsh miners to permit access to the beaches by horse-drawn carriage as well as on foot. Previously access was gained by climbing the cliffs, rounding the point by boat, swimming or at the lowest tides clambering around the rocks of the point. These tunnels led to a pair of tidal pools, which in accordance with Victorian morals, were used for segregated male and female bathing. Whereas women were constrained to a strict dress code covering up the whole body, men generally swam naked. The tunnels are still viewable and are signposted as Tunnels Beaches. In 1856, writer Mary Ann Evans (pen-name George Eliot) accompanied George Henry Lewes to Ilfracombe to gather materials for his work Seaside Studies published in 1858. Actor Peter Sellers lived in the town when his parents managed the Gaiety Theatre; he first stepped on the stage there and reputedly played the drums. Another actor, Terry Thomas visited the town frequently to stay with his sister, and in the same period, Joan Collins and Jackie Collins were schooled here and boarded in the town. In the last two decades, the town has been home to many artists including locally Damien Hirst, and George Shaw a runner up for the Turner Prize. There is an annual art festival when local artists open their homes for visitors to see their work and 7 to 10 permanent art galleries. The town's first lifeboat was bought in 1828 but a permanent service was not available until the Royal National Lifeboat Institution built a lifeboat station at the bottom of Lantern Hill near the pier in 1866. The present station at Broad Street dates from 1996. In 1911, the Irish nationalist Anna Catherine Parnell (sister of Charles Stewart Parnell) drowned at Ilfracombe and is buried in the churchyard at Holy Trinity.

Alice Frances Louisa Phillips (b. 26 January 1891 at 85 High Street, Ilfracombe) and her father Escott Robert Phillips (b. 1869 Cardiff) held 2nd class ticket No. 2 on the Titanic, and set sail from Southampton on 10 April 1912 heading for New Brighton, Pennsylvania. Alice was rescued in boat 12, but her father was lost in the disaster.

Governance
There are three tiers of local government covering Ilfracombe, at parish (town), district and county level: Ilfracombe Town Council, North Devon Council (based in Barnstaple) and Devon County Council (based in Exeter). Ilfracombe Town Council is based at the Ilfracombe Centre at 44 High Street, which also serves as an area office for North Devon Council.

Ilfracombe was an ancient parish. It was also an ancient borough in the middle ages, but its borough status lapsed and it was subsequently run by its parish vestry, in the same way as most rural areas. Urban forms of local government were re-established in 1851 when a local board was created for the parish. The local board built a town hall at 20 High Street to serve as its headquarters, which was formally opened in 1863.

Local boards were reconstituted as urban district councils in 1894. Ilfracombe Urban District Council was based at the town hall until 1931, when it converted the west wing of the Ilfracombe Hotel on Wilder Road to become its offices and meeting place and sold the town hall. The urban district of Ilfracombe was abolished in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, with the area merging with neighbouring districts to become the new North Devon district. A successor parish was created covering the former urban district, with its council taking the name Ilfracombe Town Council. In 1997 the town council established a new headquarters at 44 High Street, which had been built in 1935 as the offices of the Ilfracombe Gas Company, naming it the Ilfracombe Centre.

The town lies within the Parliamentary constituency of North Devon. It had Liberal Democrat representation from 1992 to 2015 with MP Nick Harvey. Since 2015 it has been a Conservative seat, first represented by Peter Heaton-Jones from 2015 to 2019, and since 2019 by Selaine Saxby.

The town is also twinned with Ifs in France.

Geography
Ilfracombe overlies slates formed from sedimentary rock that underwent geological stress (creating faults and folds), towards the end of the Carboniferous Period, around 300 million years ago. These are known as the Ilfracombe slates. Ilfracombe lies within the North Devon Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty which is renowned for its dramatic coastal cliffs and landscape. Hillsborough, lying close to the town centre is a local nature reserve, and around the town are many other havens for wildlife, notable including the Cairn. The coast itself is part of the North Devon Voluntary Marine Conservation area because of its diverse and rare species.

Economy
Until the mid-19th century Ilfracombe's economy was based around maritime activities: importing lime and coal from Wales; fishing for herring; and international trade, including to West Africa and the West Indies. In George III and the Regency period the town, population then 1800,

The town gradually developed into a tourist resort served by ferries along the Bristol Channel. The opening of the railway accelerated this development. The population grew until the First World War, then stabilised at 9,200, now 11,000. The economy suffered throughout the 1960s as UK holiday patterns changed, and suffered further through the closure of the railway line in 1970.

In the last 25 years, major investment by private 'light engineering' companies has added to the economy. These companies include: Pall Europe - a filtration manufacturer, the European headquarters TDK-Lambda, a subsidiary of the TDK Corporation, which manufactures industrial & medical power supplies. A number of light engineering firms provide additional employment and operate within a couple of miles of the town centre at Mullacott Cross. There are 3 deep-sea fishing boats which sail from the port and several inshore boats which farm the local lobster, crabs and whelks. There are many private charters, sea cruise and coastal tour boat operators sailing from the harbour.

Road
Ilfracombe is at the southern end of the A361, the longest 3-digit A-road in England which finishes on the A5 at Kilsby on the Northamptonshire-Warwickshire border near Rugby and is the town's main connection with the South West England motorway, the M5.

Bus and railway
From 1874, Ilfracombe was served by the Ilfracombe railway line that ran from Barnstaple, but this closed in 1970. Now, the nearest National Rail railway station is in Barnstaple and buses provide the public transport link from there to Ilfracombe. There are a number of regular bus services operating from Ilfracombe. These include:
 * Stagecoach 21/21A: Ilfracombe - Braunton - Barnstaple - Fremington - Bideford - Westward Ho!
 * Taw & Torridge 31: Ilfracombe - Woolacombe - Morthoe
 * Filers Travel 301: Barnstaple - North Devon Hospital - Ilfracombe - Combe Martin

There are also several smaller routes around the town run by the local operator Independent Coach Company.

Ferry
The first steam packets arrived at Ilfracombe in 1823, and soon a regular service between Bristol and between Swansea developed. On 16 May 1873, a wooden promenade pier was opened to allow the pleasure steamers to berth at all tides. On 23 June 1894, it was reported in the Ilfracombe Chronicle that over 2,500 people arrived in no less than seven boats, it describes them as 'commodious and well-appointed vessels with an excellent reputation for speed and comfort.' As well as holidaymakers, the boats carried workers, live and dead stock and other merchandise to and from the town.

The PS Waverley (1885) arrived in Ilfracombe in 1887, after her owners P & A Campbell brought her to Bristol, initially on a charter, as their first pleasure steamer to work the Bristol Channel, and was based there until 1917. Deterioration of the wooden pier and part demolition during the Second World War mean that a new pier was required. The wood was replaced with reinforced concrete and car parking space was increased. The new pier was opened on 6 July 1952.

A seasonal passenger ferry, operated by MS Oldenburg, connects the harbour to Lundy Island. Pleasure boats, including MV Balmoral and PS Waverley, operate seasonal cruises from Ilfracombe, including crossings to Porthcawl. However, due to rising fuel costs these services are under threat. A catamaran-based ferry service from Ilfracombe to Swansea was developed, however this service did not commence, reportedly because adequate landing and berthing facilities in Swansea have not been forthcoming.

Education
The town's educational needs are served by three schools: an infants school, a junior school and the Ilfracombe Academy. Each of these schools are amongst the largest of their type in Devon. The Ilfracombe Academy serves the needs of Ilfracombe residents and those across the coastal North Devon area as far as Lynton and Lynmouth on the Somerset county border. It is a nationally recognised centre for Media Studies and was in 2004 awarded Media Arts Status. Upon completion of a new art block in 2007, the school's specialist status became simply arts. Further educational courses and vocational courses are run by the school.

Ilfracombe Museum was opened in 1932 in Ilfracombe Hotel's Victorian laundry and contains attractions from around the world including pickled bats and the two-headed kitten. It also contains items and photographs of local railway interest including one of the concrete name boards from the now closed local railway station, which can be seen on the front wall of the museum; and a collection of pieces of Victorian wedding cakes. It also has oak panels salvaged from the wreck of HMS Montagu.

Ilfracombe also has a library located on the Residential Candar Retirement Development.

Landmarks
Ilfracombe has a wide variety of architectural styles dating from the 13th Century to 21st Century. The town has ancient streets leading to the harbour; on higher ground there are Georgian and Regency period terraces and mansions. The period from 1830 to 1900 was a time of great development and has been the subject of several books by J Bates the architecture of Ilfracombe which gives the town a Victorian flavour visible in many buildings. The latest style of architecture can be seen in the award-winning design of the Landmark Theatre.

Religious sites
Ilfracombe has Christian churches of various denominations. The main Anglican church is the parish church, Holy Trinity, which is the mother church to St Peter's on Highfield Road. Several other churches identify themselves as Evangelical, but differ in denominational background. These include: St Philip and St James Church whose background is Anglican; three free churches - Brookdale Evangelical Church and Ilfracombe Christian Fellowship Church, of which the latter is the more charismatic and Ilfracombe Baptist Church of the Baptist tradition on the High Street. There is also the Roman Catholic Our Lady Star of the Sea Church in Runnacleave Road, the Methodist/United Reformed Emmanuel Church on Wilder Road, and the Salvation Army Corps church on Torrs Park, by Bath Place. There is a Jehovah's Witness meeting place in Victoria Road.

Lighthouse
Since at least the mid-17th century a light has been displayed from the 14th-century chapel atop Lantern Hill, to guide ships entering the harbour. The light remains operational, and is said to be Britain's oldest lighthouse. The current lantern was installed by Trinity House in 1819; the date is shown on a fish-shaped weather vane. The light was owned and overseen by the Lord of the Manor of Ilfracombe; in the mid-19th century it was gas-powered (it used three gas burners with silvered reflectors) and displayed a fixed red light.

The light is presently operated by the harbour authority and the Grade I listed building is owned by the North Devon Council. Regular worship in the chapel ceased at the Reformation, and for a time the building served as a cottage for lighthouse keepers before falling into some dilapidation. It was restored in 1962, however, by the local Rotary Club, under whose auspices the chapel is open to visitors in the summer months.

Sports and leisure activities
Ilfracombe Rugby Union Club was founded in 1877 and welcomes players from 16 to 61.

Ilfracombe Golf Club (located just beyond Hele Bay) was founded in 1892.

The Ilfracombe cricket club play at Brimlands, a site shared with the town's rugby club.

Ilfracombe Running Club was formed in 2013. They meet at Ilfracombe Town F.C. on Thursday evenings.

Ilfracombe Town Football Club, who play at Marlborough Park near The Ilfracombe Academy, compete in the Premier Division of the Western Football League.

A tennis club is based at Bicclescombe Park which contains six tennis courts.

Maritime activities include a popular yacht club and a Gig boat club with three boats which now competes in the world championships.

The South West Coast Path connecting Minehead in Somerset to Dorset, via Land's End, passes through the town from Hele Bay to Lee Bay via Ilfracombe Harbour.

The first person to swim the 30½ nautical miles (56.5 km; 35.1 mi) from Ilfracombe to Swansea was Gethin Jones, who achieved the record on 13 September 2009, taking nearly 22 hours. In 2016 Sian Clement became the first female and achieved a new fastest crossing at 14 hours 1 minute.

Development
From 2001 there was an economic regeneration programme led by the Ilfracombe & District Community Alliance MCTI, a community interest company designed to encourage social entrepreneurship. After widespread community consultation this programme developed a community economic strategy for the next twenty years published in 2005. The town council working with and North Devon District Council is formulating plans for the town's economic and physical structures. Proposed developments are: the enhancement of the harbour area; A large extension (500 dwellings) to the town on high ground to the south. There is long-term development of the derelict bus station site based on plans developed by Terence O'Rourke; and the creation of better youth support and recreation facilities at the Larkstone eastern side of the harbour area.

Culture

Each year, the residents and schoolchildren of Ilfracombe celebrate their heritage. These celebrations include six carnivals – a May Day, led by a "green" man walking celebration, it is a successor to the May Day events held for centuries until suppressed by the church in the 19th century because of riotous, licentious and drunken behaviour; Ilfracombe Victorian Celebration, a week-long programme of events held annually in June to celebrate a time of the town's prosperity; a large street carnival procession during August, organised by Ilfracombe Lions; the "sea ilfracombe" festival in September and the Lighting of the Lights held during November; and at Christmas, a Christingle.

The town hosts 10 small art galleries, including the exhibitions displayed by the Art Society in their gallery in the Arcade on the seafront, the foyer of the Landmark Theatre, the Quay and in "Number Eleven, The Quay" within which there are many Damien Hirst works.

Two other charitable events are organised each summer by Ilfracombe Round Table. Both make use of Ilfracombe Pier as a display area. The first of these is the annual "South West Birdman" contest which involves entrants seeking to 'fly' from the pier in home-made flying machines. The second event is "Rescue Day", an opportunity for members of the public to learn about the activities of the emergency services.

Performing arts
Small Pond Productions is the main theatrical group in Ilfracombe, since its inception in 2002. It produces musicals, concerts and plays throughout the year. In 2007 the group created and performed the first stage production of the Vicar of Dibley by arrangement with Richard Curtis and Tiger Aspect productions. Most recently they have produced large scale musicals at the town's Landmark Theatre.

Other
During the early 1990s, the team of the popular English reality TV show Challenge Anneka relocated the redundant old wooden library from the Hermitage site, to "Burnside" in the heart of the Slade Valley estate for use as a community-owned centre.

Ilfracombe's fires
The Great Fire of Ilfracombe started at 12:40 a.m. on the night of 28 July 1896 in the basement of Mr William Cole's ironmongers and furniture shop on the corner of Portland Street and Fore Street. The local volunteer fire brigade had it under control by the following morning. The fire brigade's entire equipment was a manual Merryweather engine, a hose-reel cart and one telescopic ladder on wheels. In total thirty five houses and business premises and their contents were destroyed. Later that year the fire brigade crew were presented with medals and £2 each at a dinner in their honour at the Royal Clarence Hotel. The damage was estimated at the times at between £80,000 and £100,000.

The same area of the town was struck by fire twice during the 1980s. On 12 December 1981, Draper's paint store in the upper story of the building on the corner of Portland Street and Fore Street, this fire was contained quickly, however fumes from the burning paint meant much of the local area was evacuated during the night. The second much larger fire started at 2:30 am on the night of 2 September 1983 in the shopping arcade under the Candar Hotel. In this fire one life was lost. The Candar Arcade site became the Candar sheltered residential apartments (the opening of Candar apartments was the last public engagement performed by Charles and Diana, as the Prince and Princess of Wales in 1992.

Shortly before 7:00 BST on Wednesday, 8 August 2006, a fire broke out at the derelict Montebello Hotel in Fore Street, Ilfracombe. Twenty fire engines were required to put out the blaze including a number rushed to the scene from Woolacombe, Barnstaple and the bordering county of Somerset. Specialist equipment was brought in from as far afield as Exeter. The fire spread to three neighbouring properties and showered debris over a wide area. The six-storey hotel was completely gutted, with only the front wall, chimney stacks and remains of the lift shaft frame surviving the blaze, and the fire was still being damped-down the following day. Fore Street was closed for some period due to the difficulties of demolition. The building was eventually demolished when it was determined that the fire had left it structurally unsound.

title: Ilfracombe


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Warren Street tube station

Warren Street is a London Underground station, located at the intersection of Tottenham Court Road and Euston Road and named after adjoining Warren Street. It is served by the Northern and Victoria lines and although it is relatively used less than a number of neighbouring stations, it provides an interchange between these two lines as well as access to University College Hospital.

The station opened in 1907 as Euston Road, and was designed by Leslie Green. It was refurbished in the 1930s by Charles Holden, when escalators were first installed. An extensive refurbishment took place in the late 1960s to accommodate the Victoria line, when it briefly acted as a temporary terminus. It was the first station on the underground to have a dedicated Wi-Fi surface in 2012.

Name and location
The premises adjoins Warren Street, Euston Road and Tottenham Court Road; Warren Street is named after the 18th-century naval officer Sir Peter Warren. The station is on the branch of the Northern line between Euston and Goodge Street stations, and on the Victoria line between Oxford Circus and Euston stations. It is in Travelcard Zone 1 and is the nearest tube station to University College Hospital, being opposite the main building. It is also a 0.1 mile walk to on the Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines, which is at the other side of the hospital building.

London Buses routes 18, 24, 27, 29, 30, 73, 134, 205 and 390 and night routes N5, N20, N29, N73, N205, N253 and N279 serve the station.

The station has a relatively low footfall for Victoria line stations in the area. In 2020, the annualised total for Warren Street was around 7.7 million, lower than Euston (8.8 million), Green Park (9.4 million), Oxford Circus (14.6 million), Kings Cross St Pancras (18.8 million) and Victoria (23 million).

Northern line
The station was part of the original Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway, running from Charing Cross to Camden Town. Work started on the station in 1902, designed by Leslie Green. It was opened along with the rest of the line on 22 June 1907 by the President of the Board of Trade, David Lloyd George, under the name "Euston Road". This name can still be seen in the Northern line platform tiling. The station's name changed to "Warren Street" the following year, on 7 June 1908.

In the early 1930s, Charles Holden designed a refurbishment for the station, including the surface building. In September 1933, the station was rebuilt, with escalators installed in place of the original lifts. Tripod gates were fitted to the station entrance in July 1968.

Victoria line
Warren Street was not in the original proposals for the Victoria line, but was added by the time work began in 1962. This was done to break up a lengthy section of tube between Euston and Oxford Circus, and provide an additional public transport access point to the local area.

The Victoria platforms opened on 1 December 1968 as a temporary southern terminus of the line. Trains ran into the southbound platform and reversed; the northbound platform was not originally used. The interchange with the Northern Line was cumbersome as it involved a staircase and two escalators. The extension southwards towards Victoria officially opened on 7 March 1969, though through trains had been running since 24 February. Along with other Victoria line stations, the new complex was originally decorated with tiles showing an illustration relating to the station's name – in this case, a maze (signifying a warren).

Later history
On 27 April 2012, Warren Street station became the first London Underground Wi-Fi enabled tube station.

Incidents
On 23 November 1984, a fire broke out in a maintenance compound near Oxford Circus. The Victoria line was part-suspended, with trains terminating at Warren Street. The line reopened on 17 December. The fire was believed to be caused by a discarded cigarette, which led to a smoking ban on all below-ground components of the Underground, including trains, platforms and stations.

On 23 July 2018, a woman died after being hit by a train at the station. The police did not believe there were any suspicious circumstances.

Cultural references
The Northern line northbound platform of the station was used for location filming in the 1972 horror film Death Line, featuring a group of cannibals living underground.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Warren Street tube station


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Goodge Street tube station

Goodge Street is a London Underground station on Tottenham Court Road in Fitzrovia, in the London Borough of Camden. It is on the Charing Cross branch of the Northern line between Warren Street and Tottenham Court Road stations, and is in Travelcard Zone 1.

Location
The station is on the western side of Tottenham Court Road, a short distance north of the junction with Goodge Street.

History
It was opened on 22 June 1907 as Tottenham Court Road by the Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway, but changed to the present name on 9 March 1908 before an interchange was built between the previously separate (and differently named) Northern line and Central line stations at the present Tottenham Court Road station. Goodge Street is named after John Goodge, who developed the land in the early 18th-century.

Deep-level air-raid shelter
Goodge Street has a Second World War deep-level air-raid shelter underneath it, and is one of eight such stations. From August 1943 until the end of the Second World War the Goodge Street shelter was used by the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) as an alternative headquarters to Norfolk House and the offices on Grosvenor Square, to be used in the event of successful bombing or rocket attack on those locations. The shelter has two entrances, one on Chenies Street (pictured below) and the other on Tottenham Court Road next to the American International Church.

In the invasion preparations, Goodge Street station was used only as a signals installation by the United States Army Signal Corps. It was one of a number of signals installations for communications in and around London. Among these installations were SHAEF headquarters at 20 Grosvenor Square and the basement of the Selfridges department store on Oxford Street; both buildings exist today.

After the war the shelters were used as a hostel that could accommodate up to 8,000 troops. Goodge Street continued in use as an army transit centre until it was damaged by fire on the night of 21 May 1956. The fire coincided with Parliamentary consideration of a Government Bill seeking power to take over the shelters (The Underground Works [London] Bill) and the Minister of Works assured the Commons they would not again be used for human occupation in peacetime (although no one was killed, the fire had caused some alarm and proved difficult to put out). Another fire, on 21 June 1981, caused by burning rubbish, killed a man and injured 16 people, and resulted in a recommendation of a smoking ban on the Underground. There was a tardy response with London Transport finally introducing a one-year trial smoking ban on 9 July 1984. Almost halfway through the trial a major fire occurred at Oxford Circus, resulting in a full smoking ban on all subterranean stations and Underground trains.

Design
It is one of the few tube stations that still rely on lifts rather than escalators to transport passengers to and from street level. In addition, it is one of the few such tube stations that still use the original scheme of separate exit and entrance areas. Alternatively, passengers can use the 138-step staircase to get down to the platforms. The surface building was designed by the Underground Electric Railways Company of London's (UERL's) architect Leslie Green.

Services and connections
Train frequencies vary throughout the day, but generally operate every 3–7 minutes in both directions.

London Buses routes 24, 29, 73, 390 and night routes N5, N20, N29, N73, N253 and N279 serve the station, with routes 24 and 390 providing 24-hour service.

In popular culture
The station appeared in the 1942 feature film Gert and Daisy's Weekend. The former shelter is the setting for much of the 1968 Doctor Who serial The Web of Fear. Dialogue in the story mentions the shelter's former use in the Second World War, and the exit in Chenies Street.

The station is the setting of the song "Sunny Goodge Street", from the 1965 album Fairytale by singer-songwriter Donovan. The station exterior also appeared in the 2005 music video for "Believe" by The Chemical Brothers.

title: Goodge Street tube station


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Morden tube station

Morden is a London Underground station in Morden in the London Borough of Merton. The station is the southern terminus for the Northern line and is the most southerly station on the Underground network, despite being on the Northern Line. The next station towards north is. The station is located on London Road (A24), and is in Travelcard Zone 4. Nearby are Morden Hall Park and Morden Park.

The station was one of the first modernist designs produced for the London Underground by Charles Holden. Its opening in 1926 contributed to the rapid development of new suburbs in what was then a rural part of Surrey with the population of the parish increasing nine-fold in the decade 1921–1931.

History
In the period following the end of First World War, the Underground Electric Railways Company of London (UERL) began reviving a series of prewar plans for line extensions and improvements that had been postponed during the hostilities. Finance for the works was made possible by the government's Trade Facilities Act 1921, which, as a means of alleviating unemployment, provided for the Treasury to underwrite the value of loans raised by companies for public works.

One of the projects that had been postponed was the Wimbledon and Sutton Railway (W&SR), a plan for a new surface line from Wimbledon to Sutton over which the UERL's District Railway had control. The UERL wished to maximise its use of the government's time-limited financial backing, and, in November 1922, presented bills to parliament to construct the W&SR in conjunction with an extension of the UERL's City and South London Railway (C&SLR) south from through Balham, Tooting and Merton.

The C&SLR would connect to the W&SR route south of Morden station and run trains to Sutton and the District Railway would run trains between Wimbledon and Sutton. Under these proposals, the station on the C&SLR extension would have been named "North Morden" and the station on the W&SR route would have been called "South Morden" (the current Morden South station is in a different location). The proposals also included a depot at Morden for use by both District Railway and C&SLR trains.

The Southern Railway objected to this encroachment into its area of operation and the anticipated loss of its passenger traffic to the C&SLR's more direct route to central London. The UERL and SR reached an agreement in July 1923 that enabled the C&SLR to extend as far as Morden in exchange for the UERL giving up its rights over the W&SR route. Construction of the C&SLR extension was rapidly carried out and Morden station was opened on 13 September 1926.

Once the station was opened, the UERL established Morden station, the southernmost on the system, as the hub for numerous bus routes heading further into suburban south London and northern Surrey. These routes had a significant impact on the Southern Railway's main line operations in the area, with the SR estimating in 1928 that it had lost approximately four million passengers per year. The UERL though was able to demonstrate that its passenger numbers on its buses to Sutton station were actually more than double those for Morden. Across the road from the station, the UERL opened its own petrol station (the first of its kind in the country) and garage where commuters with cars, or bicycles, could leave their vehicles during the day. The opening of the C&SLR and the Wimbledon to Sutton line led to rapid construction of suburban housing throughout the area. The population of the parish of Morden, previously the most rural of the areas through which the lines passed, increased from 1,355 in 1921 to 12,618 in 1931 and 35,417 in 1951.

A post-war review of rail transport in the London area produced a report in 1946 that proposed many new lines and identified the Morden branch as being the most overcrowded section of the London Underground, needing additional capacity. To relieve the congestion and to provide a new service south of Morden, the report recommended construction of a second pair of tunnels beneath the northern line's tunnels from Tooting Broadway to Kennington and an extension from Morden to North Cheam. Trains using the existing tunnels would start and end at Tooting Broadway with the service in the new tunnels joining the existing tunnels to Morden. The extension to North Cheam would run in tunnel. Designated as routes 10 and 11, these proposals were not developed by the London Passenger Transport Board or its successor organisations.

Station building
Morden in 1926 was a rural area and the station was built on open farmland, giving its architect, Charles Holden, more space than had been available for the majority of the stations on the new extension which were located in already built-up areas. The stations on the Morden extension were Holden's first major project for the Underground. He was selected by Frank Pick, general manager of the UERL, to design the stations after he was dissatisfied with designs produced by the UERL's own architect, Stanley Heaps.

In a letter to his friend Harry Peach, a fellow member of the Design and Industries Association (DIA), Pick explained his choice of Holden: "I may say that we are going to build our stations upon the Morden extension railway to the most modern pattern. We are going to discard entirely all ornament. We are going to build in reinforced concrete. The station will be simply a hole in the wall, everything being sacrificed to the doorway and some notice above to tell you to what the doorway leads. We are going to represent the DIA gone mad, and in order that I may go mad in good company I have got Holden to see that we do it properly."

Built with a range of shops to both sides, the modernist design of the entrance vestibule takes the form of a double-height box clad in white Portland stone with a three-part glazed screen on the front façade divided by columns of which the capitals are three-dimensional versions of the Underground roundel. The central panel of the screen contains a large version of the roundel. The ticket hall beyond is octagonal with a central roof light of the same shape. The ticket hall originally had a pair of wooden ticket booths (passimeters) from which tickets were issued and collected, but these were removed when modern ticketing systems made them redundant.

The main structure of the station and the shops to each side was designed with the intention of taking upward development on its roof, though this did not come until around 1960 when three storeys of office building were added.

Unlike the other stations built for the extension, the station's platforms are not in tunnels, but in a wide cutting with the tunnel portals a short distance to the north. Three tracks run through the station to the depot, and the station has three platforms, two of which are island platforms with tracks on each side. The platforms are accessed by steps down from the ticket hall and are numbered 1 to 5 from east to west; the island platforms have different numbers for each face (2/3 and 4/5). To indicate departures, the platforms are usually referred to as 2, 3 and 5. The tunnel portals are one end of the longest tunnel on the London Underground running 27.8 km to via the Bank branch.

Refurbishment and improvement works completed in 2007 included new and reconstructed cross bridges between platforms and the installation of lifts for mobility impaired passengers. Cosmetic improvements carried out at the same time included the reinstatement of pole-mounted roundels on the sides of the entrance vestibule. Other work in the 2000s at the station includes the construction of a substantial air rights building spanning across the cutting.

The station is locally listed by Merton Council as being of architectural interest, though not statutorily listed like the others on the Morden extension.

Services and connections
The station sits at the southern end of the Northern line in London fare zone 4. It is the southernmost station on the whole London Underground network. The next station to the north is South Wimbledon. Train frequencies vary throughout the day, but generally operate every 2–5 minutes between 05:15 and 00:05.

London Bus routes 80, 93, 118, 154, 157, 163, 164, 201, 293, 413, 470 and K5, and night routes N133 and N155 serve the station.

Future
If built, a planned extension to the Tramlink light rail system would create a new tram interchange close to Morden, offering tram services to Sutton via St Helier.

title: Morden tube station


text:
Hammersmith tube station (District and Piccadilly lines)

Hammersmith is a London Underground station in Hammersmith. It is on the District line between Barons Court and Ravenscourt Park, and on the Piccadilly line between Barons Court and Acton Town or Turnham Green at very early morning and late evening hours. The station is in Travelcard Zone 2.

The Hammersmith & City line's and Circle line's station of the same name is a separate station to the north-west. The two stations are separated by Hammersmith Broadway.

The lifts at this station, which were replaced towards the end of 2013, provide step-free access between the platforms and the main entrance on Hammersmith Broadway.

History
The station was opened on 9 September 1874 by the District Railway (DR, now the District line) as the western terminus of the railway when it was extended from Earl's Court. In 1877, Hammersmith became a through station when the DR was extended west to meet the London and South Western Railway (L&SWR) at Ravenscourt Park and services over the L&SWR tracks started to Richmond.

On 5 May 1878, the Midland Railway began running a circuitous service known as the Super Outer Circle from St Pancras to Earl's Court via Cricklewood and South Acton on the Dudding Hill Line. It operated over a now disused connection between the North London Railway and the L&SWR Richmond branch. The service was not a success and was ended on 30 September 1880.

On 15 December 1906, the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway (GNP&BR, now the Piccadilly line) opened with Hammersmith as its western terminus.

The opening of the western extension of the Piccadilly line from 4 July 1932 required the reconstruction of the station at track level to increase the number of platforms to four and much of the station was rebuilt behind the Harry W Ford designed station building on Hammersmith Broadway. Charles Holden designed a secondary entrance for Queen Caroline Street virtually identical to one he designed at the same time for Highgate (now Archway) station, since demolished.

In the early 1990s, the station buildings were demolished along with the neighbouring bus garage and incorporated into a modern shopping centre and Underground and bus interchange. During the redevelopment the designers commissioned to undertake the station's re-design, Minale Tattersfield, salvaged parts of the tiling from the Harry W Ford façade showing the station name and the lines serving it and preserved them. They now form a frame to a decorative mosaic of Hammersmith Bridge in the station's north ticket hall.

The station is situated in a cutting below Hammersmith Bus station, covered by a glass roof.

2003 derailment
On 17 October 2003, a Piccadilly Line train derailed in a tunnel just outside the station, when the wheels of the second-to-last carriage left the tracks. There were no injuries, but there was some damage to rails and sleepers. A report from the subsequent investigation, with input from maintenance contractors Metronet, London Underground, rail unions and rail consultants, determined that the direct cause was a broken rail, and suggested that this resulted from outdated specifications for track inspection, resourcing and equipment.

The rail that snapped was on the outside of a curved section of track. It had been turned around by London Underground in 2001, because of corrosion on its inner face, so that what had been its running side was positioned on the outside of the curve. This meant that what had been the running side – the corroded section – was then put under tension.

The combination of corrosion and the forces exerted on it by trains led to the rail snapping. Ultrasonic inspection equipment specified for track inspections was unable to detect outside face cracks of the type thought to have led to the break. Metronet indicated that it would respond to the incident by using different ultrasound detection equipment, increasing the frequency of track inspections, and preferentially replacing rails rather than turning them around.

Connections
London Buses day and night serve the station from Hammersmith bus station, part of which is above Hammersmith Broadway.


text:
Pear Tree House

Pear Tree House was the former Civil Defence control centre for South-East London. It is a block of council flats in the Central Hill Estate of Upper Norwood with eight two-bedroom flats and the control centre in the basement.

History
In the early 1960s the Metropolitan Borough of Lambeth was grouped with the neighbouring boroughs of Southwark and Camberwell to make up civil defence region 53a. Negotiations took place between them for a site to build a control centre for the area during the heightened atmosphere in the era of the Cuban Missile Crisis. A large area of Gipsy Hill in Lambeth was designated for a new housing estate and, as it was in the extreme south of the borough and well protected by the local hills, a site at the junction of Lunham Road and Hawke Road in SE19 was chosen.

Whilst the two-storey bunker was being designed and approved the structures of civil defence and London government were changing. Work on Pear Tree House started in 1963, but it was now merely going to be a borough control centre; the existing borough control in St Matthews Road, Brixton was to become a sub-control. It cost £31,850 of which the Home Office paid 75% (£23,250). The 18-room bunker and flats were completed in 1966 and the bunker went into care and maintenance when civil defence was stood down two years later.

In 1971 London was designated a civil defence region again and in 1973 the GLC set up emergency planning teams looking at the future structures of civil defence in the capital. It was decided that London would be split into five groups of boroughs each having its own control centre. The GLC selected the Pear Tree House bunker as the South East group war HQ and although not ideal it was converted in 1979.

Because of its location Pear Tree House received a lot of attention in the 1980s. It was a focus of local CND marches, its blast doors were fly posted and it was open to the public for a week in 1982 for CND's Hard Luck campaign which coincided with the dates of the cancelled Hard Rock exercise. Speakers during that week included Duncan Campbell and Bruce Kent.

In the late 1980s the arrangement to rent the bunker from Lambeth expired and 'nuclear-free' Lambeth threatened the London Fire and Civil Defence Authority with eviction. Another site was looked for but an agreement was made and it remained the South East group emergency centre until 1993. It was later used as a social services store and is now empty.

title: Pear Tree House


text:
Dinotopia

Dinotopia is a series of illustrated fantasy books, created by author and illustrator James Gurney. It is set in the titular Dinotopia, an isolated island inhabited by shipwrecked humans and sapient dinosaurs who have learned to coexist peacefully as a single symbiotic society. The first book was published in 1992 and has "appeared in 18 languages in more than 30 countries and sold two million copies." Dinotopia: A Land Apart from Time and Dinotopia: The World Beneath both won Hugo awards for best original artwork.

Since its original publication, over twenty Dinotopia books have been published by various authors to expand the series.

A live-action television miniseries, a short-lived live-action TV series, a 2005 animated film, and several video games have also been released.

Background
Gurney's assignments for National Geographic required him to work with archaeologists to envision and paint ancient cities that no one alive today has ever seen. This inspired him to imagine his own, so he painted "Waterfall City" and "Dinosaur parade". These were originally done as art prints for collectors. He later decided to create an imaginary island based on these paintings.

Rather than digital tools, Gurney used "plein-air studies, thumbnail sketches, models photographed in costume and original cardboard or clay maquettes" to create 150 oil paintings for his 2007 Dinotopia book. He called the series "Dinotopia": a portmanteau of "dinosaur" and "utopia".

Series overview
Dinotopia began as an illustrated children's book called Dinotopia: A Land Apart from Time. It was a cross-over success, appealing to both children and adult readers, which led James Gurney to write and illustrate three more books called Dinotopia: The World Beneath, Dinotopia: First Flight and Dinotopia: Journey to Chandara. They all deal with the adventures of Arthur and Will Denison to one degree or another. These are considered the main books of the series and establish the fictional world in which the others are set. Gurney keeps abreast with recent paleontological discoveries and has written then-newly discovered dinosaurs into his books, for example, including Giganotosaurus in The World Beneath and Microraptor in Journey to Chandara

A children's flip-up version of the first book was also issued. The Dinotopia Digest series consists of sixteen young adult novels penned by several different authors. These books feature other characters who are not specifically involved with the events of the main books, although characters from the main books (particularly the Denisons) have appeared in minor or cameo roles. Two full-length adult fantasy novels were also issued with Gurney's authority, written by Alan Dean Foster: Dinotopia Lost and The Hand of Dinotopia.

Several video games, as well as a TV miniseries, a short-lived TV series, and an animated children's movie, were also produced. These are also set in the Dinotopia universe, but do not tie in directly with the main series. Most of them take place in the modern era, unlike the books, which are mostly set in the mid-19th century.

Main characters

 * Arthur Denison – An American scientist and the main protagonist of the books. Following the death of his wife Rachel in 1860 he and his son Will left their home Boston on a voyage of discovery. Then in 1862 they were both washed up on the island of Dinotopia after being shipwrecked.
 * Will Denison – The son of Arthur Denison and the second main protagonist of the books. During his time on the island he met and fell in love with local Dinotopian girl, Sylvia Romano and eventually trained to be a Skybax Rider and was partnered with a Skybax named Cirrus.
 * Bix – A Protoceratops multilingual who is an ambassador and the good friend and traveling partner of Arthur Denison, having accompanied him to the World Beneath and Chandara.
 * Sylvia Romano – A Dinotopian girl who lives in the Hatchery with her parents Giorgio and Maria. Eventually she became a Skybax Rider with Will and was partnered with a Skybax named Nimbus.
 * Lee Crabb – The main antagonist of the books. He was washed up on Dinotopia in 1853, however Crabb despised the island and ever since had been plotting a means of escape.
 * Oriana Nascava – A musician who lives in Waterfall City who accompanied Arthur during his return trip to the World Beneath. At the end of the book she and Arthur are implied to have become romantically linked.
 * Nallab – The assistant librarian of the library of Waterfall City.
 * Brokenhorn – A well respected Triceratops elder who is the son of the famous Greyback the Wise.
 * Oolu – Oolu is the chief Skybax instructor at Sky City, where he trains Skybax Riders.
 * Gideon Altaire – The main protagonist of the third Dinotopian book, The First Flight. He lived on the island of Poseidos during the Age of Heroes.

Main books
The plot of the main Dinotopia books concerns Arthur Denison and his son, Will, and the various people they meet in their travels in Dinotopia. In the fashion of authors such as Edgar Rice Burroughs, the first and fourth books are written as if they were Arthur's journals, with Gurney going so far as to explain in the introductions how he happened to come across the old, waterlogged volumes.

A Land Apart from Time
In Dinotopia: A Land Apart from Time (1992), the Denisons are shipwrecked near Dinotopia and, after making it ashore, are found by the people of the Hatchery. The Hatchery is a place where dinosaurs are born, tended by both dinosaurs and humans. The Denisons then set out to explore the island, hoping to find a means of returning to their old lives.

Arthur and Will undergo a broad journey, circling the island, as they endeavor to learn the customs and culture of their new neighbors. Arthur in particular develops an interest in the scientific accomplishments of the natives, which far exceed that of any human culture. Among the subjects he studies are the flora of the island, the partnership of its inhabitants, and the existence of a place known as the World Beneath. This World Beneath is an explanation for Dinotopians surviving the saurian extinction; according to the story, most of the Earth's dinosaurs were destroyed, whilst a few hid in vast caverns. These few became the original Dinotopians. No one has entered the World Beneath for centuries, but Arthur intends to do so.

His son Will, on the other hand, has chosen to train as a messenger of the sky; a Skybax rider, who lives in symbiosis with his mount, the great Quetzalcoatlus (nicknamed Skybax), a species of pterosaur. Training alongside Will is a girl called Sylvia, with whom Will falls in love. Arthur, for his part, travels into the World Beneath, at the same time that Will and Sylvia are learning to fly with the Skybax. When he returns, he is fascinated by the ancient relics found there and is convinced that they may be key in enabling him to leave or explore the island. Will is at the time too young to marry Sylvia, but it is promised that they will. Arthur recognizes that his son has grown up, and they each accept the changes that are results of their new lives on the island.

The World Beneath
The first sequel, Dinotopia: The World Beneath (1995) focuses mainly on Arthur Denison's return expedition to the World Beneath and opens with Will fly testing an invention of his father, the Dragoncopter – a steam engine ornithopter modeled on the dragonfly. The Dragoncopter fails and Will is narrowly saved by Cirrus, his Skybax mount, before the Dragoncopter plummets into a waterfall.

After returning from his first expedition in A Land Apart From Time, Arthur presents two items he discovered – a sunstone and half of a key – to the council at Waterfall City in an attempt to get a second expedition into the World Beneath.

First Flight
Dinotopia: First Flight (1999) was a prequel published by Gurney and included a board game.

The main protagonist of the story is Gideon Altaire, a flight school student living in the capital city of Poseidos off the Dinotopian mainland, in which all organic life (save for humans) has been replaced by mechanical counterparts. After discovering an injured Scaphognathus named Razzamult, Gideon discovers that the city is planning to launch an attack on the mainland and conquer all of Dinotopia and that they have stolen the ruby sunstone from the pterosaur home of Highnest. Gideon is presented as the first ever Skybax rider, although the species he rode wasn't a Quetzalcoatlus northropi.

Journey to Chandara
A fourth Dinotopia book by James Gurney, Dinotopia: Journey to Chandara, was published in October 2007. In it, Hugo Khan, the mysterious and reclusive emperor of Chandara, an empire long since isolated from the rest of Dinotopia, has heard of Arthur Denison and Bix's exploits and sends them a personal invitation to his court.

Other books in the series
From 1995, James Gurney worked with a number of other authors on a series of short novels for children using the Dinotopia characters and themes, published by Random House:

 * 1) Windchaser by Scott Ciencin (ISBN 978-0-7857-9959-7)
 * 2) River Quest by John Vornholt (ISBN 978-0-09-965931-0)
 * 3) Hatchling by Midori Snyder (ISBN 978-0-679-86984-9)
 * 4) Lost City by Scott Ciencin (ISBN 978-0-375-81018-3)
 * 5) Sabertooth Mountain by John Vornholt (ISBN 978-0-679-88095-0)
 * 6) Thunder Falls by Scott Ciencin (ISBN 978-0-679-88256-5)
 * 7) Firestorm by Gene De Weese (ISBN 978-0-679-88619-8)
 * 8) The Maze by Peter David (ISBN 978-0-679-88264-0)
 * 9) Rescue Party by Mark A. Garland (ISBN 978-0-679-89107-9)
 * 10) Sky Dance by Scott Ciencin (ISBN 978-0-375-80417-5)
 * 11) Chomper by Don Glut (ISBN 978-0-679-89109-3)
 * 12) Return to Lost City by Scott Ciencin (ISBN 978-0-375-81018-3)
 * 13) Survive! by Brad Strickland (ISBN 978-0-375-81108-1)
 * 14) The Explorers by Scott Ciencin (ISBN 978-0-375-81396-2)
 * 15) Dolphin Watch by John Vornholt (ISBN 978-0-375-81562-1)
 * 16) Oasis by Cathy Hapka (ISBN 978-0-375-82295-7)
 * 17) Dinotopia Lost by Alan Dean Foster (ISBN 978-0-441-00921-3)
 * 18) The Hand of Dinotopia by Alan Dean Foster (ISBN 978-0-06-051851-6)

TV miniseries
A 2002 four-hour TV miniseries produced by Hallmark Entertainment was also based on James Gurney's work, and was advertised as the first "mega-series" (3-night series). The show featured new characters such as Zippo (changed to Zippeau for the TV series to avoid legal issues with the lighter maker Zippo), a Stenonychosaurus who is said to have worked with Sylvia; the sunstones, a technology restricted to the lost city of Poseidos in the books, are commonplace in the miniseries. The failure both of the sunstones and of Dinotopian officials to adhere to the underlying meanings of their culture's philosophy caused several discontented people – a leader-in-training, Zippeau himself, and two twentieth-century Dolphinbacks, Karl and David – to embark on a quest that led ultimately to the World Beneath. The series is presented as a sequel of sorts to the books: Will Denison's daughter followed her father into the Skybax corps (an order acknowledged to be founded by Gideon Altaire), Oriana's granddaughter is the female protagonist, the character Zippo is said to have been the dinosaur partner of Sylvia (here the Nursery overseer and not a Skybax rider), and Lee Crabb's son Cyrus features as the antagonist.

TV series
A TV series of thirteen episodes was produced later in 2002 as a result of the success of the miniseries, but none of the cast of the miniseries reprised their roles. In the later TV series, a group of people known as Outsiders live outside the laws of Dinotopia and pose an additional danger aside from the featured antagonists, which include Pteranodon, Tyrannosaurus, and Postosuchus.

ABC originally planned to launch the series in September 2002, but decided to wait until Thanksgiving. ABC was somewhat disappointed by the initial 5.7 million viewers and the poor ratings, but continued to air the series for a little while longer, pointing out that it had been an "odd viewing night overall." The series was finally canceled in December. Only six of the thirteen episodes were aired on ABC, but all thirteen were broadcast the following year in Europe and were released onto a three-disc DVD box set.

Science-fiction veteran David Winning directed two episodes of the series, and location shooting lasted for three months near Budapest, Hungary. Georgina Rylance played Marion Waldo, and Lisa Zane portrayed her old friend LeSage, the leader of the Outsiders. Michael Brandon, Jonathan Hyde, and Erik von Detten also star in the series. The series ended with a cliffhanger.

DVD releases
Artisan Entertainment released the complete series on DVD in Region 1 for the first time on 20 January 2004. This release has been discontinued and is out of print. On 15 March 2016, Mill Creek Entertainment re-released the complete series on DVD in Region 1.

Film
A traditionally animated movie called Dinotopia: Quest for the Ruby Sunstone was published in 2005. It featured Alyssa Milano as 26, Malcolm McDowell as Ogthar, Jamie Kennedy as Spazz, Michael Clarke Duncan as Stinktooth, Kathy Griffin as Rhoga, Wayne Knight as Thudd, George Segal as Albagon, Diedrich Bader as John, Tara Strong as Mara, and Alec Medlock as Kex Bradley. It was also the first and only acting role of hip-hop artist Rollin Woodford (Ro Morikawa).

Many have claimed that some scenes in the film Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (particularly those in the city of Theed on Naboo) unfairly copy images from Gurney's books. Gurney acknowledges the resemblance but has remained positive about it. In 1994, director George Lucas had met with producers to discuss some of the concepts and visuals behind a Dinotopia movie that was never made.

Video games
A number of Dinotopia video games have been produced:
 * Dinotopia (PC: 1995)
 * Dinotopia Game Land Activity Center (PC/Mac: 2002)
 * Dinotopia: The Timestone Pirates (Game Boy Advance: 2002)
 * Dinotopia: The Sunstone Odyssey (GameCube/Xbox: 2003)

title: Dinotopia


text:
Talk:Norman yoke

I have deleted this sentence: "Sometimes the doctrine was linked to the concept of the English being a chosen people destined to restore Christianity with a new covenant." It should be reinstated if a 17th century connection between these two concepts can actually be found and quoted. Wetman 19:51, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Very interesting. I've come across an Englishman referring to England as the 'yoke' in Ireland in c. 1583 so I'd be surprised if the Normans were not referred to as the 'yoke' before the 17th century.193.203.136.185 (talk) 18:10, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

Hey I wrote the paragraph starting "Even before..." I can't figure out how to cite my paragraph. I got my information from pages 57-60 in a book titled "Puritanism and Revolution" by Christopher Hill. It was published by Schocken Books in New York in 1958. Could someone cite this for me? Sorry, I am doing this for a school project but I am not too familiar with Wikipedia. —Preceding unsigned comment added by DCBSL41 (talk • contribs) 01:02, 10 April 2010 (UTC)

"The arguments were also taken up in a more radical way by the likes of Francis Trigge, John Hare, John Lilburne, John Warr and Gerrard Winstanley of the radical Diggers even calling for an end to primogeniture and for the cultivation of the soil in common."

I think there's clear water between what the Levellers (e.g. Lilburne) believed and what the Diggers (e.g. Winstanley) believed when it came to property rights. See the second paragraph of for an instance of this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 146.90.96.196 (talk) 16:52, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

"The allegedly oppressive aspects of feudalism in England" ...Allegedly? Did a Norman write this article? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.149.16.180 (talk) 04:14, 30 November 2020 (UTC)

Norman and BABYLONIAN yoke
The byword “Babylonian” needs to blued/highlighted. 2A00:23C7:2B13:9001:D08C:4A38:6A85:8EE6 (talk) 10:50, 22 November 2022 (UTC)

J. R. R. Tolkien
I added a line in "Revival of interest" about the concept of the Norman Yoke in relation to JRR Tolkien and his hobbits as an idyllic agrarian pre-norman society. I have to assume that as someone who taught Anglo-saxon studies and who's writing had such obvious parallels to the theory he probably would have made direct reference to it at some point but I couldn't find any direct references in my searching :( so I kept the language vague on purpose and only referenced people discussing Tolkien and theory tangentially. If someone wants to dig around for any more direct writing/thoughts from Tolkien on this topic please be my guest!! Zappymaxine (talk) 08:12, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Norman yoke


text:
Talk:List of towns in England

Cities
Just out of interest why are cities being included in this list, I thought they had their own list G-Man 19:54, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Yes, included in List of cities in the United Kingdom. I suppose including them here is easier than constantly removing them when added by mistake ( 20:00, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * I don't think a town necessarily ceases to be such when it's included in a city. UK cities are administrative areas that may contain multiple towns.  ( 20:03, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * They don't expand the list much, some of the cities are quite surprising (Wells?), and its nice to have them all in one place. I was pondering adding the remaining London Boroughs and so on to the list as well, but perhaps that would be going too far.  I could see a case for adding Sutton Coldfield though, perhaps. Morwen 20:05, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Entity
What exactly is the entity that receives the status of "town"? Is it typically a borough, or just a vaguely defined urban area? Is St Albans still a town? ( 20:10, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * It depends whether the town charters get revoked, I guess. But I think its ok to call things towns that aren't by law towns, just as long as there is sufficient town-ness. Morwen 20:19, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Legally, it needs a Royal charter, which historically was granted so that the place could hold a market or a fair. Therefore is any large inhabited place has a regular market, it's most likely that it's a town (if not a city).  If the place no longer holds a market however it may be the case that it still has Royal consent to hold one, as in the case of Brill which hasn't had one for years, yet is still considered a town because it still has royal charter to do so. -- Graham  :) 14:19, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Village
When exactly does a village become large enough to be considered a town. For instance Southam and Towcester both have populations of around 5-6,000, and so could be considered large villages rather than towns, I've heard Southam refered to as a village before. Are there any solid rules for this G-Man 10:03, 18 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * They both have town councils, so they must surely be towns. But for instance, Cranleigh with a population of over 11,000 is a village, while Moretonhampstead or Winchelsea with around 2,000 people are universally considered towns.  So other than looking at common usage, or town councils, mayors, town halls, etc, there are no hard and fast rules. Warofdreams 12:48, 18 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Apparently both Cranleigh and Kidlington claim to be England's biggest village. Shepshed also had that claim, but has since acquired town status.  But does anyone have any idea when this happened? -- Stewart 15:37, 13 Jan 2003 (UTC)

Names
Just wondering, should we list towns by their official names or by their common names. For example Leamington Spa which is currently filed under L is officially known as Royal Leamington Spa although hardly anyone calls it by its official title with the 'Royal' bit. So should it be left as it is under L or should it be called its official title and filed under R ? G-Man 12:40, 2 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Brighton and Hove
Is Brighton and Hove a town?, I dont think so, shouldent Brighton and hove be listed individually? G-Man 15:13, 18 Mar 2004 (UTC)
 * It is a city. A recent change.
 * This is an oddity of city status applying to the corporate body, rather than the place itself. Neither Brighton or Hove are cities by themselves, but together they are. In the current list Brighton is listed in bold, but Hove isn't. Perhaps they both should be emboldened with a footnote stating that they only hold this status when considered together. Owain 13:59, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Expanding the list
Please, before adding more places to this list, check that they are towns. While the list is not currently comprehensive, it is not improved by adding random places which are moderately large and perhaps feel like they should be towns. If they have a town council, evidence of an extant town charter or are very commonly refered to as towns, please include them.

For instance, Barnt Green, recently added is a suburb of Birmingham. Googling for Barnt Green town does not return any articles about Barnt Green as a town. So I've removed it.

Cambourne (in Cambs., not to be confused with Camborne in Cornwall) was added. From the official website: "It’s one large settlement split into three smaller villages — Lower, Great and Upper Cambourne." i.e., it's not a town. It has no town council, no charter, no mayor and no market. So I've removed it. Warofdreams 13:28, 15 Jun 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of towns in England


text:
Talk:History of Quebec

New start
I believe I have completed a good division of the subject in heads; there is now a structure to help us cover every period of Quebec's history. The equivalent article on the French wiki (Histoire du Québec) has a corresponding heading structure. As much as possible, we should try to keep both sides in sync. -- Mathieugp 14:01, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * You're kidding. This is overkill for a new article. At best I would expect to fill in the major subheads. --Dhartung | Talk 18:22, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * It is not a new article. The history page will reveal that after a hot edit war, people stopped editing the article and the Timeline of Quebec history was started instead. The timeline has been in good shape for a while, so now we are trying to get back to collaboratively editing the History of Quebec. Of course it looks pretty empty right now! :-) -- Mathieugp 20:19, 12 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * Yeah I was thinking as I was writing part of this...isn't it a bit too much like a timeline? The stuff I added I will try to format into complete sentences and paragraphs later on so it's more encylopedic and less note like. Bremen 16:11, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

Hey I just updated some of the History of Quebec page. what do you think?

Ice Hockey/New England
It seems to me that the invention of ice hockey could be mentioned. And certainly the Montreal Canadiens NHL team, also known as Les Habs. As a hockey player myself I know this is not a small thing, and would support the article tremendously. And, as a New Englander, I know that Quebec has a big interest in this area, including Woonsocket RI, many cities in MA, and most parts of NH and ME including Portsmouth and Lewiston. After having been to Montreal, I noticed a definite difference in the feeling of Quebec's influence when comparing New York City and New England. There are very many Quebecois and Quebecois business interests in New England. As the US is an important trading partner with Canada, and as the cultural differences between Canada and the US are ever more important, and are increasingly featured in mainstream media vis SNL, Conan O'Brien, and in similar Canadian media like Kids In The Hall, 22 Minutes and I don't know what else, 'New England as Quebec's Important Neighbor' might be an appropriate presence in the article somewhere down the line. McDogm--McDogm 06:56, 2 May 2005 (UTC)

Entertainment perhaps?
It seems like the whole article's about Quebec's exploration and its politics. Should we include something like '67 Expo or '76 Olympics? WB 06:33, May 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * Maybe these would better fit in the History of Montreal article? These were important events, but they pertain more to the social and cultural history of Montreal and Quebec. It's only a question of scope. In the Talk page of the French History of Quebec article, I proposed various article names for more specific aspects of Quebec history. The same could be done in English:

National history

 * History of Quebec (general)
 * History of New France
 * Social history of Quebec
 * Political history of Quebec
 * Economic history of Quebec
 * History of the Patriotes movement
 * History of modern Quebec

Regional and municipal history

 * History of Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean
 * History of Gaspésie
 * History of the Laurentians
 * History of Montreal
 * History of Quebec City
 * History of Trois-Rivières

-- Mathieugp 17:37, 7 May 2005 (UTC)

I was thinking of doing something on L'Anse Amour for the archaic period, does anyone know if there were similar sites in Quebec --Lastexpofan 07:18, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

More recent political history ??
I'm not sure how to merge it in, but I was thinking of writing more about:

 * 1) The laws passed in the 1970's for the protection for the French language, and speakers of the french language, and their effect on both sides.

 * 1) Many wealthy people from Quebec aquiring second homes (and safe deposit boxes) in the American Villages right across the border from Montreal.  Many large companies moved executive offices out of Montreal.

 * 1) Just before the vote that defeated the separatists in 1980, the very visible moving of the gold reserves from Montreal to Ottowa (commentators thought that the convoy of armored vehicles impressed on the Quebec residents what being a separate country would really mean). Morris 14:01, May 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * I think the recent history, in all aspects, will have to be covered eventually. However, dealing with recent political history is sure to undermine our efforts to collaborate. Not that what you want to add is not interesting, but it will reopen the subject that is most likely to bring back edit wars to this article. As I suggested above, I think this article should give us the great lines of the general history of Quebec, and for the other types of history, we can start other articles such as Political history of Quebec, Social history of Quebec etc. What do you think? -- Mathieugp 14:42, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

Congrats
Congratulations for all of us who have participated during this article's COTW period. We had about 100 edits during the period! I hope we can all contribute to this article even after the COTW. Congrats! WB 00:00, May 9, 2005 (UTC)

I tried a few things on this article. It is one that is close to my heart because I visited Quebec when I was in my teens. Beautiful place. Coming from Alberta I wasn't sure what to expect but I had a good time. The people were very very nice to me. So I would like to help. Give me some suggestions on what to improve. Bremen 06:50, 10 May 2005 (UTC)

Detailed dates of Quebec's political transformations
I would like to see the detailed dates in the Summary of Quebec's political transformations, but I'm not sure if this level of detail is too great to be added in the encyclopedia. I'd apreciate if someone could review my proposal. I'm not an historian. I've tried to keep the format consistent with the current one, but some of my data actually diverts from the current content.

 * 24 June 1534 - 7 September 1760: New-France, a French colony. The current content claims New France started in 1608.
 * 8 September 1760 - 9 February 1763: New-France, a French colony. The territory is under British military rule. As the Seven Years' War continues, New France is divided in three districts: Quebec City, Trois-Rivieres and Montreal. The current content has no data for this period.
 * 10 February 1763 - 6 October 1763: a British colony. The Treaty of Paris (1763) officially cedes New France to Great Britain. Pending the British Royal Proclamation of 1763, the territory remains divided in three districts: Quebec City, Trois-Rivieres and Montreal.
 * 7 October 1763 - 25 December 1791: Quebec, a British colony. The three districts are merged into the Province of Quebec.
 * 26 December 1791 - 9 February 1841: Lower Canada, a British colony.
 * 10 February 1841 - 30 June 1867: Canada, a British colony. The Act of Union (1840) defines the Province of Canada.
 * 1 July 1867 - 16 April 1982: Quebec, Dominion of Canada.  The word dominion was used until the 1950's. As Canada increasingly acquired political autonomy from Britain, the federal government increasingly simply used Canada on state documents. The current content does not mention the word dominion.
 * 17 April 1982 - present: Quebec, Canada. The Canada Act 1982 only refers to Canada.

Sources:

Multi j 23:53, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I realize that this was over two years ago, but nevertheless. The idea of detailing is good in itself. However, the first problem is that some references are Wikipedia, which is not recommended. Second, there are errors.

-- Mathieugp (talk) 23:04, 12 January 2009 (UTC)
 * 1) First, Great Britain conquered Canada and all its dependencies, as per the 1763 Treaty of Paris, not New France as a whole. New France was dismantled as a consequence of the conquest of Canada. Parts of it went to Great Britain, other parts to Spain, and France only kept the Saint-Pierre et Miquelon Islands.
 * 2) Second, the territory of New France is not divided into three districts under British rule. The British military rulers only assumed the pre-existing administrative divisions. Under French rule, the three districts of Canada are already there. Nothing changes, not even the borders.
 * 3)  There is no merger of the Quebec, Trois-Rivieres and Montreal districts following the British Royal Proclamation of 1763, only the drawing of borders.
 * 4) If we are going to detail the transformations, we need to mention the Special Council of Lower Canada as a regime too, before the forced legislative Union.

New Template
I've been working on a new template for the Histories of the Provinces. See here:

Do you think we need it? And is this the right format for it? Thanks. Kevlar67 02:41, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

No mention of "feelings" of Quebec During French Revolution
No mention of any actions, of Qubecquis during French Reolution?Knowing Quebec was under British rule at time. Wondeing if there were Independence movements/ actions at the time of French Reolution? Thanks!(DatedMorn,AMThurs.Aug27,2009@1qstcentbyDr.EdsonAndre'JohnsonDDULC>"X")ANDREMOI (talk) 15:59, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

 * The most visible actions were those involving Montreal-born Henry-Antoine Mézière and the French ambassador to the USA Edmond-Charles Genêt. One guy (I forget his name and I am not sure if he was a French or a Quebecer, Basset I think) submitted a memoir to the French government to reconquer Quebec. In terms of military actions, there was not much beyond conspiracy.

 * You can read about this and more in La Révolution française au Canada français. -- Mathieugp (talk) 18:20, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

Need references
This article has recently appeared on the list of large articles lacking references - this is not good. Not sure what has been added recently (looks like alot) - Is it possible to get refs for all this new/copied stuff. I will try over the next week to find refs and in the process delete any info I cant reference.Moxy (talk) 23:58, 16 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Will try. It was put together as a series of tables, basically bullet-point format. I copy edited it into prose, then expanded with material translate from French Wikipedia. Unfortunately, they don't use in-line citations, so I'll have to track down sources for info. Shouldn't be impossible though.OttawaAC (talk) 00:34, 17 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Sounds good to me ..good job. I will see what I can find.Moxy (talk) 22:56, 17 October 2012 (UTC)

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Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Prehistory of Quebec which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 13:38, 8 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of Quebec


text:
Talk:Supermarine Spitfire

Use of various editions of Price Spitfire Story
Article is using four editions of Price (mix of editions and reprints?). Probably best to use only after the revised edition from 1995 and one edition of that to make life easier on the readers GraemeLeggett (talk) 18:35, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Supermarine Spitfire