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Talk:Fantastic (literary genre)

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Peter Gelman wrote about the Fantastic. (gelman_commerce@yahoo.com)

Capitalisation
"Fantastic" is capitalised throughout, as is other genres. This seems unusual. Any thoughts? Notinasnaid 12:28, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

This is very unusual. In my experience 'fantastic' is not capitalised when referring to genre. S.H.C. Etheridge 19:48, 3 Dec 2005 (GMT)

Toderov, Freud
Some reference should really be made to the work of individuals attempting to define the genre, such as Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytical approach and Tzvetan Todorov's more abstract literary-critical approach. S.H.C. Etheridge 20:29, 3 Dec 2005 (UTC)

Fantastic authors or fantastic stories?
The original text is misleading when it says:

 * "Examples of writers of Fantastic literature include E.T.A. Hoffmann, Nikolai Gogol, Oscar Wilde, Mikhail Bulgakov, Abram Tertz, and Bernard Malamud"

This implies that the list that follows is of writers who exclusively or mainly wrote pieces in the fantastic genre. It would be preferable to cite particular works when referring to authors.

This list could also be expanded to include Guy de Maupassant (assorted works), Théophile Gautier (La Cafetière), Alphonse Daudet (L'Homme à la cervelle d'or), Edgar Allen Poe (The Black Cat), and others. S.H.C. Etheridge 20:23, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

Definition
Any thought on including Todorov's definition from his book "The Fantastic"? (paraphrased) "First, the text must force the reader to consider the world of the characters as real and existing, as well as oblige the reader to hesitate between a natural and supernatural explanation of the text's contents. Secondly, the reader must reject allegorical and 'poetic' interpretations of the text.  A third, optional constraint is that the hesitation or ambivalence regarding a real or supernatural explanation of the text's events may be experienced by a character in the text."
 * I second that, I just ordered the book, waiting for it to arrive. --Jahsonic 20:41, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

More examples
I'm not sure so who is, might add the movie Hearts in Atlantis (film) to the list ! Maybe the novel too, but i havent read that.

Hi, Im sorry I never actually edit these things, but I just dont understand why someone would post incorrect information on a resource like this. Anyways, whoever decided to write about Todorov's Fantastic should have read his book Introduction a la litterature fantastique The uncanny does not fall under the genre of the fantastic. Firstly the fantastic, says Todorov, falls on the border of two genres: the marvelous and the uncanny. Secondly, the fantastic is only the fantastic as long as the hesitation exists. The fantastic will always end when the reader makes the decision whether or not he will use an explanation grounded in the laws of nature to account for the phenominality or grounded in new supernatural laws. If he does the former, then it is uncanny (the article says the exact opposite here!). There is much more that needs to be corrected in this article, and I would discourage relying on it. -Amye

 * I totally agree with the comment above. The section referring to Todorov's interpretation of the fantastic is utterly false and misleading. "Todorov compares this with two other ideas: The Uncanny, wherein the phenomenon turns out to have a rational explanation such as in the Gothic works of Ann Radcliffe; or the Marvellous, where there truly is a supernatural explanation for the phenomenon." - is totally incorrect!!! (as Amye points out above) S.H.C. Etheridge 12:43, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

In addition, there is at least one work Todorov himself describes as being truly "fantastic": Turn of the Screw. [jfisher3529] 9:45, 24, April — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jfisher3529 (talk • contribs) 02:46, 25 April 2012 (UTC)

Suggestions for external links
The Temple of Dagon - H.P. Lovecraft and the Cthulhu Mythos http://www.templeofdagon.com

Fantastic Horror - Original Works of Disturbing Imagination http://www.fantastichorror.com —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 208.127.91.153 (talk) 01:56, 5 April 2007 (UTC).

Suggestions for categories
I suggest splitting the fantastic structurally similar to Todorov's novel into separate categories for clarification to the reader. --Toobulkeh (talk) 16:40, 24 February 2010 (UTC)

Inception
Obviously a film in the fantstic genre, as it is obviously a heist film - need to find cast iron refernece as the below is being constantly deleted

 * Inception (film), a 2010 film directed by Christopher Nolan about dreams and reality that leaves us, in the final frame, in a state of hesitation. Kunchan (talk) 00:21, 12 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I don't think anything is "obvious" here. First of all, this is a poorly sourced article about a literary genre, not film.  Second, there are many things wrong with this claim and the use of this barely RS, which is really a blog.  Let's take a look:
 * The reference you give above is "Rhodes, Julia 'An Exploration into the Complexities of the Human Mind Results in the Best Film of 2010' California Literary Review, July 2010." Rhodes appears to be a blogger who posted a review of the film in question here.  Disputed claims require tighter sourcing and highly reliable sources to begin with, but let's took at her claims:
 * Looking at the blog review, we see the word "fantastic" used twice. In (3) and (4) I provide the two examples in full with the word highlighted from the source:
 * Example: "Editor Lee Smith fashioned a movie whose pacing speeds the heart and leaves you breathless; a few jarring cuts may distract the viewer, but that’s purposeful. Hans Zimmer, whose music for The Dark Knight helped cement that film as one of the best in the last decade, returned to create an equally gorgeous and thrumming score that buffets the film’s fantastic events."
 * Example: "Those early filmmakers may not have possessed modern technology, but they understood one thing: film is a fantastic and unreal medium, a place in which the viewer can escape everyday life and enter a whole other world where nothing is impossible."
 * I fail to see how Rhodes is using the word "fantastic" to refer to a literary genre.
 * In the first instance (3) Rhodes uses "fantastic" to mean "extraordinarily good; used especially as intensifiers; exceedingly or unbelievably great; existing in fancy only; extravagantly fanciful or ludicrously odd". I see no direct reference to a genre here.
 * In the second example (4) Rhodes refers to the medium of film as a whole, not to a specific work, which alludes to the allegory of the filmmaker as a dream-maker. I fail to see any reference to Todorov or his literary genre.
 * It is important for editors to use sources explicitly, and to avoid interpretations. A question has been posed: Is the film Inception an example of the literary genre of the "fantastic"?  Unless a good source directly addresses this question, we can't interpret sources to support an answer. Viriditas (talk) 00:59, 12 August 2010 (UTC)

The fantastic is not just a literary genre. The is work by Todorov is not restrained to literature - it is a genre in art as a whole and can be found in painting as well as film, literature and television.. Moreover there are well established Fantastic Film Festivals - Amsterdam (in 26th year http://www.imaginefilmfestival.nl/english), Brussels (www.biff.org), Korean (in 14th year http://www.pifan.com/), and Sitges (http://sitgesfilmfestival.com/eng) Fantastic Film festivals.

I agree with your points about the citation used - which is when considering it I removed it to this discussion page. However I still ascertain that it is within this genre -and if we were to follow this example we would have to remove all the works of literature quoted as they also do not have citations. I think reading the article on the fantastic it is very obvious that the film falls within this genre - but as you are very passionate about this I am happy to leave it here until someone writes the fact in a way that I can use as a citation Kunchan (talk) 01:05, 12 August 2010 (UTC)

BTW I do not think Rhodes uses the word fantastic to mean exceedingly good - this comes from a literary journal - and the author will know of this term. 'Exceedingly good ' events - no that does not make sense. But I suppose neither you nor I will know for sure.
 * (I spell checked your comments for you, check the edit history) Regarding the use of the term, in the former (3) example, she's using it as an attributive adjective.  The "events" she's talking about are discussed in the article, such as the depiction of "stunningly malleable cityscapes and midair fight scenes underscored by throbbing orchestral music".  This is what "fantastic" refers to here (3), and in this context, the "existing in fancy only [and] the extravagantly fanciful or ludicrously odd" makes sense.  The problem with the latter example (4) is that it refers to film as a medium in general, and to early films and filmmakers in particular. Viriditas (talk) 02:01, 12 August 2010 (UTC)

Vandalism
This article has been vandalised, please could an administrator revert it by two versions? The Yowser (talk) 16:28, 22 November 2010 (UTC)

Origin of the term
"The term was originated in the structuralist theory of critic Tzvetan Todorov in his work The Fantastic."

That's ludicrous! It's merely a transcription of the french word "fantastique". See: http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastique

Todorov used the word "fantastique" (not as a noun, though, as I recall; he always used it as an adjective), but he did'nt coined it, it's more than a century old. Did Richard Howard, his american translator, introduce the term in English? Maybe, I don't know. Todorov didn't. "The term was originated in a translation by Richard Howard of Tzvetan Todorov's essay 'Introduction à la littérature fantastique', edited in English as 'The Fantastic: A Structural Approach to a Literary Genre'". That's more it, I think. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.32.111.57 (talk) 19:44, 8 April 2011 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose to merge Fantastic into Fantastique. It would appear that they are equivalent, and that the latter focuses on the French tradition only. Severian79 (talk) 00:39, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Support merging, though I'd prefer to see it merged into Fantastic as academically, the concept is heavily used globally, with an especially strong research ongoing in Latin America that the article currently doesn't cover (ex. Ana María Barrenechea, Ensayo de una tipologia de la literatura fantástica, 1972; Rosalba Campra, Territorios de la ficción – lo fantástico, 2000). The definition of the fantastic was changed and developed a bit from the French original as most of the so-called "magical realist" fiction of LatAm conflicted with Todorov's original definition and fell into a limbo, as Todorov's original theory didn't take it into account. As an English-language wiki, the Fantastic title would be neutral in presenting a global view of the subject, while the french Fantastique would need a higher bar to fit the wiki's policy of following most of the reputable sources's naming, as many academic sources in LatAm use Fantástico or Fantastico, in line with using "Fantastic" in an english wiki article. Regardless, the merge would be highly positive. YuriNikolai (talk) 21:39, 1 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I completely agree, fantastic should be merged into fantastique. The definition of Todorov is not used at all in the English critical tradition. Fantastic has almost the same meaning as fantasy in works like those of Eric Rabkin's The Fantastic in Literature or David Sandner's Fantastic Literature: A Critical Reader. However, the French academic tradition keeps the definition of Todorov (see fantastique). Feirodenn (talk) 17:43, 8 December 2023 (UTC)
 * As this proposal has been made many times before, both in the discussion of this article and of the fantastique article, I merged the article into Fantastique. I've changed it to a disambiguation article to reflect the polysemy of the word and the difference between the French concept of fantastique, and the use of the word in English literary tradition. Feirodenn (talk) 21:00, 9 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fantastic (literary genre)


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Simons Laufer Mathematical Sciences Institute

The Simons Laufer Mathematical Sciences Institute (SLMath), formerly the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (MSRI), is an independent nonprofit mathematical research institution on the University of California campus in Berkeley, California. It is widely regarded as a world leading mathematical center for collaborative research, drawing thousands of leading researchers from around the world each year.

The institute was founded in 1982, and its funding sources include the National Science Foundation, private foundations, corporations, and more than 90 universities and institutions. The institute is located at 17 Gauss Way on the Berkeley campus, close to Grizzly Peak in the Berkeley Hills.

Given its contribution to the nation's scientific potential, the institute is supported by the National Science Foundation and the National Security Agency. Private individuals, foundations, and nearly 100 Academic Sponsor Institutions, including the top mathematics departments in the United States, also provide crucial support and flexibility. Jim Simons, founder of Renaissance Technologies and a Berkeley alumnus, was a long-time supporter of the institute and served on the board of trustees.

History
The institute was founded in September 1982 by three Berkeley professors: Shiing-Shen Chern, Calvin Moore, and Isadore M. Singer. Shiing-Shen Chern acted as the founding director of the institute and Calvin Moore acted as the founding deputy director.

Originally located in Berkeley's extension building at 2223 Fulton Street, the institute moved into its current facility in the Berkeley hills on April 1, 1985. The institute initially paid rent to the university for its "Hill Campus" building, but since August 2000, it has occupied the building free of rent, just one of several contributions by the Berkeley campus.

In May 2022, the institute announced that it received an unrestricted $70 million gift from James and Marilyn Simons and Henry and Marsha Laufer. In honor of the endowment, MSRI was renamed the Simons Laufer Mathematical Sciences Institute.

Governance
SLMath is governed by a board of trustees consisting of up to 35 elected members and seven ex-officio members: the director of the institute, the deputy director, the Chair of the Committee of Academic Sponsors, the co-Chairs of the Human Resources Advisory Committee and the co-Chairs of the Scientific Advisory Committee (SAC).

Unlike many mathematical institutes, SLMath has no permanent faculty or members, and its research activities are overseen by its Scientific Advisory Committee (SAC), a panel of distinguished mathematicians drawn from a variety of different areas of mathematical research. There are ten regular members in the SAC, and each member serves a four-year term and is elected by the board of trustees.

Research activities
SLMath hosts some 85 mathematicians and postdoctoral research fellows each semester and holds programs and workshops that draw approximately 2,000 visits by mathematical scientists throughout the year. The visitors come to SLMath to work in an environment that promotes creativity and the effective interchange of ideas and techniques. SLMath features two focused programs each semester, attended by foremost mathematicians and postdocs from the United States and abroad; the institute has become a world center of activity in those fields.

SLMath takes advantage of its proximity to the Berkeley faculty and to the scientific talent and resources of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; it also collaborates with organizations across the nation, including the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, Citadel LLC, IBM, and Microsoft Research. The institute's prize-winning forty-eight thousand square foot building has views of the San Francisco Bay. After 30 years of activity, the reputation of the institute is such that mathematicians make it a professional priority to participate in the institute's programs.

Education programs
SLMath also serves a wider community through the development of human scientific capital, providing postdoctoral training to young scientists and increasing the diversity of the research workforce. The institute also advances the education of young people with conferences on critical issues in mathematics education. Additionally, they host research workshops that are unconnected to the main programs, such as its annual workshop on K-12 mathematics education Critical Issues in Mathematics Education.

During the summer, the institute holds workshops for graduate students. It also sponsors programs for middle and high school students and their teachers as part of the Math Circles and Circles for Teachers that meet weekly in San Francisco, Berkeley, and Oakland. It also sponsors the Bay Area Mathematical Olympiad (BAMO), the Julia Robinson Mathematics Festival, and the U.S. team of young girls that competes at the China Girls Math Olympiad.

The lectures given at SLMath events are recorded and made available for free on the internet. SLMath has sponsored a number of events that reach out to the non-mathematical public, and its Simons Auditorium also hosts special performances of classical music. Mathematician Robert Osserman has held a series of public "conversations" with artists who have been influenced by mathematics in their work, such as composer Philip Glass, actor and writer Steve Martin, playwright Tom Stoppard, and actor and author Alan Alda. SLMath also collaborates with local playwrights for an annual program of new short mathematics-inspired plays at Monday Night Playground at the Berkeley Repertory Theater, and co-sponsored a series of mathematics-inspired films with UC Berkeley's Pacific Film Archive for the institute's 20th anniversary. It also created a series of mathematical puzzles that were posted among the advertising placards on San Francisco Muni buses.

Mathical Book Prize
The Mathical Award is presented to books "that inspire children of all ages to see math in the world around them." Recipients of the award include John Rocco, Robie Harris, Jeffrey Kluger, Lauren Child, Michael J. Rosen, Leopoldo Gout, Elisha Cooper, Kate Banks, Gene Luen Yang, Steve Light, and Richard Evan Schwartz.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Gordon Memorial College

Gordon Memorial College was an educational institution in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. It was built between 1899 and 1902 as part of Lord Kitchener's wide-ranging educational reforms.

Named for General Charles George Gordon of the British army, who was killed during the Mahdi uprising in 1885, it was officially opened on 8 November 1902 by Kitchener himself.

The first students at the school in 1903 were primary school students. In 1905 secondary education courses for future assistant engineers and land surveyors were added, and in 1906 a four-year course for training primary school teachers was started. By 1913 there were about 500 students in the college. In 1924 the college commenced vocational courses for Sharia, Engineering, Teachers' Training, Clerical Work, Accounting and Science. Post-secondary education courses in Science, Arts, Engineering, Veterinary Science and Law were started in 1938.

There were strong links between courses and Sudan government departments where it was anticipated students would work after graduation. At the beginning of 1945, all these schools were grouped together in a special arrangement with the University of London and secondary education was moved elsewhere. In 1948 there were 262 students at the college.

In 1951, Gordon Memorial College was merged with the Kitchener School of Medicine (founded in 1924) and renamed University College Khartoum with the University of London setting the examinations and awarding the degrees.

In 1956, the University College became the fully independent University of Khartoum. The University of Khartoum claims to be the oldest university in Sudan based on the founding of the Gordon Memorial College in 1902.

The college provided high class education to its students, who were drawn from all backgrounds of Sudanese youth, enabling them to gain the sort of education previously only available in European or American universities.

Graduates of Memorial College
Many of the Sudan's Prime Ministers and generals, including Mohamed Ahmed Mahjoob, Sirr Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa, Babiker Awadalla and Ibrahim Abood Ahmed, studied there.

Ismail al-Azhari, the first prime minister of Sudan, studied at the Gordon Memorial college but graduated from the American University of Beirut.

Palestinian scholar Ihsan Abbas also began teaching at the College and continued on after it became known as the University of Khartoum.

title: Gordon Memorial College


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User:LGagnon

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Battle of Oriskany

The Battle of Oriskany ( or ) was a significant engagement of the Saratoga campaign of the  American Revolutionary War, and one of the bloodiest battles in the conflict between Patriot forces and those loyal to Great Britain. On August 6, 1777, several hundred of Britain's Indigenous allies, accompanied by Loyalists of the King's Royal Regiment of New York (Royal Yorkers) and the British Indian Department, ambushed a Patriot militia column which was marching to relieve the siege of Fort Stanwix. This was one of the few battles in which the majority of the participants were American colonists. Patriots and allied Oneidas fought against Loyalists and allied Iroquois and Mississaugas. No British regulars were involved; however, a detachment of Hessians was present.

The Patriot relief column came up the Mohawk Valley under the command of Brigadier General Nicholas Herkimer and initially numbered about 800 men of the Tryon County militia, plus a party of 60 to 100 Oneida warriors. British commander Brigadier General Barry St. Leger authorized an intercepting force of about 500 men under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Sir John Johnson. Most of Johnson's force were Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga and Mississauga warriors led by Sayenqueraghta, Cornplanter, and Joseph Brant.

The Indigenous and Loyalist force ambushed Herkimer's column in a small valley about six miles (10 km) east of Fort Stanwix, near the Oneida village of Oriska (present-day Oriskany, New York). The Loyalist victory cost the Patriots approximately 465 dead, wounded or captured, versus just over 90 killed and wounded. Herkimer was mortally wounded. Iroquois morale was seriously damaged when they discovered a sortie from Fort Stanwix had ransacked their camp during the battle.

The battle also marked the beginning of a war among the Iroquois, as Oneida warriors under Akiatonharónkwen (Joseph Lewis Cook) and Han Yerry allied with the Patriot cause, as did the Tuscarora. The Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga and Onondaga allied with the British. Each tribe was highly decentralized, and there were internal divisions among bands of the Oneida, some of whom became allies of the British. The battle's location is known in Iroquois oral histories as "A Place of Great Sadness." The site has been designated a National Historic Landmark and is marked by a monument at the Oriskany Battlefield State Historic Site.

Background
In June 1777, the British Army launched a two-pronged attack from Quebec under the command of General John Burgoyne. Burgoyne's objective was to split New England from the other colonies by gaining control of New York's Hudson Valley. The main thrust came south across Lake Champlain under Burgoyne's command; the second thrust was led by St. Leger and was intended to come down the Mohawk Valley and meet Burgoyne's army near Albany.

St. Leger's expedition consisted of about 1,800 men who were a mix of British regulars, Creuzbourg's Jäger Corps, Loyalists from the Royal Yorkers and the British Indian Department, and Indigenous warriors of several tribes, including the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Mohawk, and Mississauga. The main body travelled from Lachine up the Saint Lawrence River and along the shore of Lake Ontario to the Oswego River. At Oswega they were joined by British Indian Department rangers from Fort Niagara under the command of Deputy Superintendent John Butler, and several hundred Indigenous warriors.

The expedition ascended the Oswego River and crossed Oneida Lake to reach the Oneida Carry. Fort Stanwix, a Continental Army outpost at the east end of the portage was besieged beginning August 2.

Prelude
Tryon County's Committee of Safety head Nicholas Herkimer was warned of a possible British attack along the Mohawk River, and he issued a proclamation on July 17 warning of possible military activity and urging the people to respond if needed. Oneida allies warned him on July 30 that the British were just four days from Fort Stanwix, and he put out a call-to-arms. The force raised totaled 800 from the Tryon County militia composed primarily of poorly trained farmers who were chiefly of Palatine German descent. They set out from Fort Dayton on August 4 and camped near the Oneida village of Oriska on August 5. A number of the militia dropped out of the column due to their lack of conditioning, but Herkimer's forces were augmented by a company of 60 to 100 Oneida warriors led by Han Yerry, a strong supporter of the Patriot cause. That evening, Herkimer sent three men toward the fort with messages for the fort's commander Colonel Peter Gansevoort. Gansevoort was to signal the receipt of the message with three cannon shots and then sortie to meet the approaching column. The couriers, however, had difficulty getting through British lines, and they did not deliver the message until late the next morning, after the battle was already underway.

St. Leger learned on August 5 that Herkimer and his relief expedition were on their way from a message that Molly Brant had sent to her brother Joseph Brant, the Mohawk leader who led a portion of St. Leger's Indigenous contingent. St. Leger sent a detachment of light infantry from Sir John Johnson's Royal Yorkers towards Oriska that evening to monitor Herkimer's advance, and Brant and Butler followed early the next morning with about 400 Indigenous warriors and Indian Department rangers. Many of the warriors were armed with muskets, however, others carried only tomahawks and spears.

Battle
Herkimer held a war council on the morning of August 6. He wanted to wait because he had not heard the expected signal from the fort, but his captains pressed him to continue, accusing him of being a Tory because his brother was serving under St. Leger. He was stung by the accusations and relented, ordering the column to march on toward Stanwix.

About six miles (9.6 km) from the fort, the road dipped more than 50 feet (15 m) into a marshy ravine with a stream at the bottom that was about three feet wide. Seneca chiefs Sayenqueraghta and Cornplanter chose this place to set up an ambush; the Royal Yorkers waited behind a nearby rise and the Iroquois concealed themselves on both sides of the ravine. The plan was for the Royal Yorkers to stop the head of the column, after which their Indigenous allies would attack the extended column. At about 10 am, Herkimer's column descended into the ravine, crossed the stream, and began ascending the other side with Herkimer on horseback near the front.

Contrary to the plan, the Indigenous warriors lying in wait opened fire prematurely, however, the Patriots were taken completely by surprise. Colonel Ebenezer Cox was leading the 1st Regiment (Canajoharie district), and he was shot off his horse and killed in the first volley. Herkimer turned his horse to see the action and was struck by a ball that shattered his leg and killed the horse. Several of his officers carried him to a beech tree and urged him to retire from further danger. He defiantly replied, "I will face the enemy", and calmly sat leaning against the tree smoking a pipe and giving directions and words of encouragement to the men nearby.

The trap had been sprung too early, and portions of the column had not yet entered the ravine. Most of these men panicked and fled; some of the attacking warriors pursued them, resulting in a string of dead and wounded that extended for several miles. Between the loss of the column rear and those killed or wounded in the initial volleys, only about one half of Herkimer's men were still fighting 30 minutes into the battle. Some of the attackers who were not armed with muskets waited for the flash of an opponent's musket fire before rushing to attack with the tomahawk. During the battle, Oneida leader Louis Akiatonharónkwen (Joseph Lewis Cook) shot and killed an enemy warrior whose musket fire was devastatingly accurate, noting that "every time he rises up he kills one of our men".

Herkimer's men eventually rallied, fighting their way out of the ravine to the crest to its west. John Johnson was concerned about the militia's tenacity, so he returned to the British camp and requested some reinforcements from St. Leger, returning with 70 men. A thunderstorm caused a one-hour break in the fighting, during which Herkimer regrouped his militia on the higher ground. He instructed his men to fight in pairs; while one man fired and reloaded, the other waited and then only fired if attacked. They were to keep at least one weapon loaded at all times to reduce the effectiveness of the tomahawk attacks.

Butler took time during the thunderstorm to question some of the captives, and thus learned about the three-cannon signal. Reinforcements from the Royal Yorkers arrived, and Butler convinced them to turn their coats inside out to disguise themselves as a relief party coming from the fort. When the fighting resumed, the Royal Yorkers advanced, but the ruse failed when Patriot Captain Jacob Gardinier recognized the face of a Loyalist neighbor. Close combat continued for some time, often hand-to-hand between men who had been neighbors.

Sortie from Fort Stanwix
Herkimer's messengers reached the fort at around 11 a.m., and Colonel Gansevoort organized the requested sortie. Lieutenant Colonel Marinus Willett led 250 men from the fort and raided the nearly deserted enemy camps to the south, driving away the few people left in them (including women) and taking four prisoners along the way. They collected blankets and other personal possessions from the indigenous camps, and they also raided John Johnson's camp, taking his letters and other writings.

One of the warriors guarding the camps ran to the battlefield to alert fellow warriors that their camps were being raided. They disengaged with cries of "Oonah, oonah!", the Seneca signal to retire, and headed for the camps to protect their women and possessions. This forced the smaller number of German and Loyalist combatants to also withdraw.

Patriots
Herkimer was seriously wounded and many of his officers were killed, and the battered remnant retreated to Fort Dayton. His men carried him from the battlefield and his leg was amputated, but the operation went poorly and he died on August 16. The indigenous warriors retrieved most of their dead by the following day, but many dead and wounded Patriots were left on the field. Benedict Arnold's relief column marched through several weeks later, and the men were moved by the stench and grisly scene.

General Philip Schuyler learned of the retreat from Oriskany and immediately organized additional relief to be sent to the area. Arnold's relief column arrived at Fort Stanwix on August 21, and he sent messengers into the British camp who convinced the British and indigenous besiegers that his force was much larger than it actually was. They abandoned their siege and withdrew.

Loyalists
In September 1777, John Butler of the British Indian Department was authorized to raise a provincial regiment that became known as Butler's Rangers. British Indian Department rangers who had fought at Oriskany formed the core of this regiment. After the siege was lifted, many of the Loyalist soldiers returned to Fort Niagara or Montreal, while others joined Burgoyne's campaign on the Hudson, including numerous warriors from various tribes.

Iroquois
Brant and Seneca chief Sayenqueraghta proposed the next day to continue the fighting by pursuing the Patriots downriver toward German Flatts, New York, but St. Leger turned them down. This battle marked the beginning of a war among the tribes in the Iroquois Confederacy, as it was the first time that they had fought against one other. The Mohawks, Senecas, Cayugas, and Onondagas were allied with the British, as were some Oneidas, and the Iroquois in St. Leger's camp met in council and decided to send the Patriot-allied Oneidas a bloody hatchet. Brant's Mohawks raided and burned the Oneida settlement of Oriska later in the siege. In retaliation, the Oneidas plundered the Mohawk strongholds of Tiononderoge and Canajoharie. They later raided the Fort Hunter Mohawks, prompting most of the remaining Mohawks in central New York to flee to Quebec.

A number of Patriots were taken prisoner by Indigenous warriors during the battle. While many of these captives were turned over to the British, some were tortured and killed. In his account of the battle, Patriot prisoner Dr. Moses Younglove accused the British and Loyalists of aiding and abetting the murders, and claimed "the savages" ate two of the prisoners. Canadian historian Gavin Watt, however, has debunked these claims, describing them as "highly coloured" as well as being "extremely suspect."

Assessment
The battle was one of the bloodiest of the war, based on the percentage of casualties suffered. About half of Herkimer's force were killed or wounded, as were about 15 percent of the Loyalist force. The battle may be considered a success for St. Leger because he stopped the Patriot relief column. However, the remnants of the Patriot force remained present on the battlefield after the withdrawal of the Loyalist force when news spread of the sortie against the indigenous camps. News of the Sortie may have averted the complete destruction of Herkimer's force.

The British success was tempered by discontent of their indigenous allies after the battle. When they joined the expedition, they expected British forces would do most of the fighting. However, they were the dominant fighters in this action, and some suffered the loss of their personal belongings taken during the Patriot sortie from the fort. This blow to their morale contributed to the eventual failure of St. Leger's expedition.

Legacy
In an interview many years afterwards, Governor Blacksnake recalled how he "thought at that time the Blood Shed a Stream running down on the decending [sic] ground."

A monument was erected in 1883 to commemorate the battle at 43° 10.6′N 75° 22.2′W, and much of the battlefield is now preserved in the Oriskany Battlefield State Historic Site. The site was recognized as a National Historic Landmark in 1962, and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. The town of Herkimer, New York and Herkimer County, New York were named in Herkimer's honor. The battle was honored by the name of aircraft carrier USS Oriskany (CV-34), launched in 1945, now an artificial reef, and also by the issuance of a postage stamp in 1977.

title: Battle of Oriskany


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United States Deputy Secretary of State

The deputy secretary of state of the United States is the principal deputy to the secretary of state. As of February 2024, the position is held by Kurt M. Campbell, who is serving under United States Secretary of State Antony Blinken. If the secretary of state resigns or dies, the deputy secretary of state becomes acting secretary of state until the president nominates and the Senate confirms a replacement. The position was created in 1972. Prior to July 13, 1972, the under secretary of state had been the second ranking officer of the Department of State.

The State Department is the only federal cabinet-level agency to have two co-equal deputy secretaries. The second deputy secretary of state, the deputy secretary of state for management and resources, serves as the "first assistant" for the purposes of the Vacancies Reform Act, but both deputy secretaries have full delegated authority to act for the secretary, if not otherwise prohibited by law.

Certain deputy secretaries of state went on to become appointed as the secretary of state, such as Lawrence Eagleburger in 1992, Warren Christopher in 1993, and Antony Blinken in 2021.

title: United States Deputy Secretary of State


text:
Joseph Brandt

Joseph Brandt may refer to:

 * Joseph Brant (1743–1807), Mohawk military and political leader
 * Joseph A. Brandt (1899–1985), president of the University of Oklahoma
 * Józef Brandt (1841–1915), Polish painter

title: Joseph Brandt


text:
Martian chess

Martian Chess is an abstract strategy game for two or four players invented by Andrew Looney in 1999. It is played with Icehouse pyramids on a chessboard. To play with a number of players other than two or four, a non-Euclidean surface can be tiled to produce a board of the required size, allowing up to six players.

In his review in Abstract Games Magazine, Kerry Handscomb stated: "The first thing to note about Martian Chess is that it is not a chess-type game at all. Instead, the objective is to accumulate points by capturing pieces. Martian Chess is [...] an original game with novel tactics and strategy."

In 1996, Looney had invented Monochrome Chess, a similar two-player game that uses regular chess pieces where the half of the board determined who controlled a piece. While the king is not royal, the king and rook can castle.

History
Martian Chess was one of four games in the Icehouse: The Martian Chess Set released by Looney Labs in 1999. The set was Looney Labs's first Icehouse release and first to showcase its potential as a game system. The other three games were IceTowers, IceTraders and Zarcana. In 2001, Icehouse: The Martian Chess Set won the Origins Award for Best Abstract Board Game of 2000. The rules to the game were reissued in 3HOUSE booklet in 2007, again by 2013 in Pyramid Primer No. 1  and in 2016 as a part of Pyramid Arcade boxed set.

Initial setup
Each player starts with nine pieces: three small (pawns), three medium (drones), and three large (queens). The color of the pieces is irrelevant to the gameplay. A mix of colors is recommended.

Players initially place their pieces in the corners of the board as shown. In a two-player game, only a half-board is used. The players decide who moves first. Play turns alternate, and pass to the left after each move.

Movement and capturing
The red lines in the diagrams indicate notional canals which divide the board into territories, or quadrant. At any given time a player controls only those pieces that are in his or her territory.

The pieces move as follows:
 * Pawns: one space diagonally in any direction. (Unlike chess pawns, they may move backwards.)
 * Drones: one or two spaces horizontally or vertically, without jumping. (Like chess rooks, but with limited range.)
 * Queens: any distance horizontally, vertically, or diagonally, without jumping. (The same as chess queens.)

As in chess, a square may contain no more than one piece, and a piece is captured when an enemy piece lands on the square it occupies. The capturing player removes the piece and puts it aside for later scoring.

In the two-player game, a player may not immediately reverse an opponent's last move (i.e. may not move the piece across the canal back to its departure square, on the next turn).

End of game and scoring
The game ends when one player runs out of pieces (i.e., their territory becomes empty). Players then compute their scores by adding up the point values of the pieces they captured: queen = 3, drone = 2, pawn = 1. The player or team with the highest total wins the game.

In the four-player game, the players form two teams, with teammates in opposite corners. Teammates play for a combined score. Aside from strategic differences, play is unaffected; it is legal (and sometimes good strategy) to capture your teammate's pieces.

Strategy
Capturing with a queen often allows the opponent to immediately recapture, leading to a back-and-forth battle until one player runs out of pieces in the line(s) of capture. This is more common in two-player games, since other players may interfere in the four-player version. The net point difference is usually minor with two players, but can give the players involved a significant lead over the others in a four-player game.

Moving a pawn or drone into enemy territory can be a good move for several reasons, it can:
 * prevent an opponent from capturing the piece from you
 * ensure the availability of a piece to capture from an opponent
 * block an attack from an enemy queen or drone

title: Martian chess


text:
Nyland

Nyland may refer to:

Places

 * The Swedish-language name for Uusimaa, a region in Finland
 * The Swedish-language name for Uusimaa (historical province), a historical province in Finland
 * Nylands län, the Swedish-language name for Uusimaa Province, a province of Finland from 1831 to 1997
 * Nyland, Somerset, a hamlet in the civil parish of Cheddar, England
 * Nyland, Sweden, a locality in Kramfors Municipality, Sweden
 * Nyland Station, a railway station in Oslo, Norway
 * County of Nyland and Tavastehus
 * Nyland and Tavastehus County Cavalry Regiment
 * Nylands Nation
 * Östra Nyland, the Swedish-language name for Eastern Uusimaa, a former region in Finland
 * Östra Nyland, a Swedish-language newspaper published in Finland

People

 * Bente Nyland (born 1958) Norwegian geologist
 * Bjørn Nyland (born 1962), Norwegian speedskater
 * Bjørn Nyland (born 1979 in Thailand), Norwegian Youtuber a.k.a. TeslaBjørn
 * Diane Nyland (1944-2014) Canadian actress
 * Johan M. Nyland (1931-2007) Norwegian politician
 * Maren Nyland Aardahl (born 1994) Norwegian handball player
 * Margaret Nyland (born 1942) Australian judge
 * William L. Nyland (born 1946) U.S. soldier
 * Ørjan Nyland (born 1990) Norwegian professional footballer

Other uses

 * Nyland Brigade, Finnish Navy marines brigade
 * Nyland Yacht Club, Helsinki, Finland
 * County of Nyland and Tavastehus
 * Nyland and Tavastehus County Cavalry Regiment
 * Nylands Nation
 * Östra Nyland, the Swedish-language name for Eastern Uusimaa, a former region in Finland
 * Östra Nyland, a Swedish-language newspaper published in Finland

title: Nyland


text:
John Manners, Marquess of Granby

Lieutenant-General John Manners, Marquess of Granby (2 January 1721 – 18 October 1770) was a British Army officer, politician and nobleman. The eldest son of John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland, as he did not outlive his father and inherit the dukedom, Manners was known by his father's subsidiary title, Marquess of Granby. He served in the military during the Jacobite rising of 1745 and the Seven Years' War, being subsequently rewarded with the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Forces. Manners was popular with the troops who served under him and many British pubs are still named after him today.

Early life
John Manners was born in Kelham, Nottinghamshire on 2 January 1721. He was the eldest son of John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland and his wife, Lady Bridget Manners (née Sutton). Manners was educated at Eton College, graduating from there in 1732 before attending Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1738. In 1740, Manners travelled through Europe as part of the Grand Tour, visiting Italy and the Ottoman Empire befoore returning in 1742.

Political career
In 1741, he was elected as member of parliament for the pocket borough of Grantham. Though the municipality was a market town, its electorate was relatively small and the affairs of Grantham's council was during the Georgian era sponsored alternately by the Manners, Cust, Thorold and Heathcote families whose family seats were all nearby.

The Jacobite rising
In 1745, Manners assisted his father in establishing up a volunteer regiment in Rutland to assist in suppressing the Jacobite rising of 1745. Although the regiment was limited to garrison duty at Newcastle upon Tyne, it was the only one of its type that raised the full quota of 780 recruits. Manners received a commission as colonel of the regiment. Even though the regiment was never moved northwards beyond Newcastle, the young Marquess of Granby went to the front as a volunteer on the Duke of Cumberland's field staff and saw active service in the last stages of the insurrection, being present at the Battle of Culloden. In Newcastle the regiment mutinied because they had not been paid but Granby paid the money owed out of his own pocket before they were due to be disbanded. Thereafter he left England for Flanders as Intelligence Officer to Cumberland.

Military positions
In 1752, the Government suggested to George II that Granby be appointed colonel of the prestigious Royal Horse Guards (Blues), in order to secure the parliamentary support of his family. The king initially refused to make the appointment. In the meantime, Granby advanced his parliamentary career, and was returned for Cambridgeshire in 1754.

The king came to view him more favourably as he defended the Newcastle ministry in the House of Commons. He was promoted major-general on 18 March 1755, and was at last made Colonel of the Blues on 27 May 1758. On 21 August, Granby arrived at Munster as second in command to Lord George Sackville, as the aged Duke of Marlborough had recently died. The British cavalry were divided into Heavy and Light cavalry and drilled under the strong influence of George Elliot and Granby himself. Accredited as the greatest colonel since the Earl of Oxford, Granby was both courageous and competent as a soldier. He was then appointed overall commander of the expedition, replacing Sackville on 21 August 1759. He became Lieutenant-General of the Ordnance on 15 September 1759.

He was one of the first who understood the importance of welfare and morale for the troops. The character of British soldiering improved and, properly led, the army was unbeatable in war. Nearly all the portraits show him mounting a horse or helping the wounded. On 7 June 1760 he wrote to Viscount Barrington, Secretary at War, receiving a reply ten days later making enquiries as to the Hospital Board accommodation for his wounded men.

Seven Years’ War
Granby was sent to Paderborn in command of a cavalry brigade. While leading a charge at the Battle of Warburg, he is said to "have lost his hat and wig, forcing him to salute his commander without them". This incident is commemorated by the British Army tradition that non-commissioned officers and troopers of the Blues and Royals are the only soldiers of the British Army who may salute without wearing headdress. He was promoted to lieutenant general in 1759 and later that year fought at the Battle of Minden as commander of the second line of cavalry under Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.

Granby's success in commanding the allied cavalry required courage, control and communication, as well as skill in bringing the horse artillery to bear. The victory at the Battle of Warburg in July 1760 over an army three times the size distinguished his generalship, and marked him as a genuine British military hero. His opponent, the duc de Broglie, was so impressed that he commissioned a portrait of Granby by Sir Joshua Reynolds. Further successes came at the Battle of Emsdorf in July 1760, the Battle of Villinghausen in July 1761 and at the Battle of Wilhelmsthal in June 1762.

Political offices
Granby returned to England as a hero: a painting by Edward Penny, The Marquess of Granby Relieving a Sick Soldier, showed him acting as a man of charity rather than as a soldier and this assured his appeal to the people. An interesting anecdote from 1824 also alludes to his generosity shown towards soldier’s wives:

"'Every person who has ever heard or read of the exploits of the late Marquis of Granby knows that his expenditure was most profuse, and his charities almost without limits. In riding along the lines of the British forces, when he was in the chief command of them on the Continent, he used to throw down ducats to every soldier's wife who asked him for them, without discrimination. He not only on these occasions spent all the money he had about his own person, but used to borrow promiscuously of every member of his staff who happened to be near him. His Lordship's generous heart could not bear to keep a person who had asked charity of him a single instant in suspense, and he in consequence drew so lavishly on the pockets of his staff, borrowing of them so hastily, that he used to forget from whom he had received these momentary loans.'"

He sought to steer a path independent of party politics but supported the Treaty of Paris. He trusted George Grenville who promptly appointed him Master-General of the Ordnance under his ministry on 14 May 1763. Granby was also made Lord Lieutenant of Derbyshire on 21 February 1764.

Master-General of the Ordnance
Granby supported the government's issue of general warrants and prosecution of Wilkes, but in 1765 spoke against the dismissal of army officers for voting against the government in Parliament. In May 1765, Lord Halifax attempted to persuade George III to appoint Granby Commander-in-Chief of the Forces, in the hopes that his popularity would help quell the riot of the London silk weavers. The king refused, having promised the reversion of the post to the Duke of Cumberland, but obtained Granby's retention as Master-General of the Ordnance in the new Rockingham ministry, although Granby did not co-operate with the ministry and voted against the repeal of the Stamp Act.

Under the Chatham Ministry, Granby was appointed commander-in-chief on 13 August 1766. Despite rumours of his retirement, he vigorously electioneered during the 1768 season, and increased the Rutland interests seats to seven, at some expense. With the resignation of Chatham, he found himself somewhat isolated in the Grafton Ministry. While he had opposed the attempts of the government to expel Wilkes from his seat in Middlesex, his personal dislike of Wilkes overcame his principles, and he voted in favor of the expulsion on 3 February 1769 and for the seating of Henry Luttrell afterwards. It was to prove a serious political mistake. Junius, a political writer, attacked the ministry accusing Granby of servility towards the court and personal corruption. Granby's great popularity might have let him ride out the affair, but his reversal on Wilkes provided new ammunition. Worse still, a reply to Junius by his friend Sir William Draper, intended in his defence, essentially validated the charge that the hard-drinking and personable Granby was easily imposed upon by less scrupulous acquaintances.

Resignation
Ultimately, it was not the attacks of Junius, but the return of Chatham that brought about his departure from politics. Granby had always respected Chatham, and through the mediation of John Calcraft, was eventually persuaded to break with the ministry. On 9 January 1770, he announced that he had reversed himself once more on the propriety of expelling Wilkes, and shortly thereafter resigned as commander-in-chief and Master-General of the Ordnance, retaining only the colonelcy of the Blues.

Once out of office, Granby found himself hard-pressed by his creditors, and the loss of his official salaries had weakened his financial position. In the summer of 1770, he unsuccessfully campaigned for George Cockburne at the Scarborough by-election.

Death
Granby died in Scarborough, North Yorkshire on 18 October 1770. The outpouring of grief was real and sustained. His friend and associate Levett Blackborne, a Lincoln's Inn barrister and Manners family adviser who frequently resided at Belvoir, was away at the time, visiting a family relation of Manners' and received the disturbing news on his return to Belvoir. He wrote to George Vernon at Clontarf on 12 February 1771, bemoaning Granby's proclivities that had brought him to ruin:

"You are no stranger to the spirit of procrastination. The noblest mind that ever existed, the amiable man whom we lament was not free from it. This temper plunged him into difficulties, debts and distresses; and I have lived to see the first heir of a subject in the Kingdom have a miserable shifting life, attended by a levee of duns, and at last die broken-hearted."

He is probably best known today for being popularly supposed to have more pubs named after him than any other person — due, it is said, to his practice of setting up old soldiers of his regiment as publicans when they were too old to serve any longer. By 1761, at forty years of age, he had already won the title of "the Father of the British Army."

Family
He had two illegitimate children by a mistress Anne Mompesson: This mistress was likely connected to Lincoln's Inn barrister Levett Blackborne, grandson of Sir Richard Levett, Lord Mayor of London, who was one of John Manners's closest advisers, as well as frequently in residence at Belvoir Castle.(see The Manuscripts of His Grace the Duke of Rutland) Following the Marquess of Granby's death, Levett Blackborne wrote to Lord George Vernon, brother of the deceased Marquess of Granby: "Indeed my dear Sir this hath been a terrible stroke to the family.... I had been spending a week with my sister Chaplin at Tathwell when an itinerant clergyman... mentioned at dinner news of what happened at Scarborough the preceding Thursday.... The next morning brought me a letter from Tom Thoroton (Col. Thomas Thoroton, Levett Blackborne's stepbrother) confirming the whole and insisting on my speedy return to Belvoir, where I arrived the night after poor Lord Granby's remains had been deposited at Bottesford." (see again The Manuscripts of His Grace the Duke of Rutland) Other observers also confirmed that a close relationship existed between the families of Thoroton and the Manners, Dukes of Rutland. In her diary, Abigail Gawthem of Nottinghamshire commented that the woman-in-question was "mistress to the old John, Duke of Rutland, and mother to old Mrs. Thoroton of Screveton." The unexplained conjugal connection helps explain the close relationships between the Suttons, Manners, Thorotons, Levetts, Chaplins and other families. Who the woman-in-question was remains to be solved.

ADDENDUM: the mistress of the 3rd Duke of Rutland was 'Mrs Drake' - "The lives of the Thoroton family in the second half of the 18th century were intimately bound up with the family of the Duke of Rutland at Belvoir Castle. Thomas Thoroton (1723-1794) married Roosilia, daughter of the 3rd Duke by his long-term mistress, 'Mrs Drake'. The Duke and Mrs Drake lived together openly for 45 years, and Thomas and Roosilia also usually lived with the Duke at Belvoir Castle or Rutland House. The Duke left estates in Leicestershire and Yorkshire, and Rutland House in London, to his natural son Captain Edward Manners, Roosilia's brother. See "Biography of John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland (1696-1779), and his descendants". Contemporary legal accounts confirm the illegitimacy of at least one of the Manners offspring.(see [https://books.google.com/books?id=NIkwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA419&dq=thoroton+v.+thoroton The Revised reports: being a republication of such cases in the English courts of common law and equity, from the year 1785, as are still of practical utility. 1785-1866, Volume 10)] And the subsequent lawsuit of Thoroton v. Thoroton, which arose over disputed rights of illegitimate heirs, was a landmark of case law in the field.
 * George Manners (1747–1772)
 * Anne Manners (1750-1822) married John Manners-Sutton, their first cousin

Five months after the birth of his illegitimate daughter Anne in Lincoln he married Lady Frances Seymour (1728–1761), daughter of Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset and Lady Charlotte Finch (1693–1773), daughter of 7th Earl of Winchilsea, on 3 September 1750. According to Horace Walpole, "She has above a hundred and thirty thousand pounds. The Duke of Rutland will take none of it, but gives at present six thousand a-year." They had six children:
 * John Manners, Lord Roos (29 August 1751 –2 June 1760, London)
 * Lady Frances Manners (1753 –15 October 1792)
 * Charles Manners, 4th Duke of Rutland (1754 –1787)
 * Lady Catherine Manners, died young
 * Lord Robert Manners (1758 –1782)
 * Lady Caroline Manners, died young

title: John Manners, Marquess of Granby


text:
Bimaculated lark

The bimaculated lark (Melanocorypha bimaculata) breeds in warm temperate countries eastwards from Turkey into Central Asia. It is the eastern counterpart of its relative, the calandra lark.

Taxonomy and systematics
The bimaculated lark was originally placed in the genus Alauda. The current genus name, Melanocorypha is from Ancient Greek melas, "black", and koruphos a term used by ancient writers for a now unknown bird, but here confused with korudos, "lark". "Bimaculate" and the specific bimaculata are from Neo-Latin bimaculatus, "two-spotted". The alternate name calandra lark should not be confused with the species of the same name. The alternate name Eastern calandra lark is also used for a subspecies of the calandra lark.

Description
This is a large, robust lark, 16–18 cm in length. It is an undistinguished looking species on the ground, mainly streaked grey above and white below, and with two small black patches on the breast sides, which give this species its name. It has a white supercilium.

In flight it shows short broad wings, which are grey-brown below, and a short tail with a white tip, but not white edges. The wing and tail patterns are distinctions from its more westerly relative.

The song is like a harder version of that of calandra lark.

Distribution and habitat
The bimaculated lark is found from west-central Turkey to southern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, north-eastern Iran and northern Afghanistan. It is also found in northern Israel, Lebanon, western Syria and northern Iraq. It is mainly migratory, wintering in northeast Africa, and ranges widely throughout the greater Middle East to Pakistan, India and Tibet. It is a very rare vagrant to western Europe.

This is a bird of stony semi-desert and higher altitude cultivation. Its nest is on the ground, with 3-4 eggs being laid. Food is seeds and insects, the latter especially in the breeding season. It is gregarious in winter.

title: Bimaculated lark


text:
Talk:L. K. Advani

Material on resignation
Advani has not stated anywhere that his decision to step down was related to Narendra Modi's elevation. That is clearly speculation by the journalist and does not have sufficient weight to be included on a biography of a living person. — Nearly Headless Nick   {c}  18:51, 13 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Indian 'journalism' obviously plays second-fiddle to BLP here.Pectoretalk 06:06, 17 June 2013 (UTC)

OR tag
I just tagged the "Rise of the BJP"section for OR, because it contains statements about the discontent with the congress and such that have no citations. Vanamonde93 (talk) 11:35, 5 December 2013 (UTC)

Statue of Patel
Is the fact that Advani inaugurated the statue of Patel really necessary? Okay, it is a tall statue, but why is that important to this man's bio? If I do not see a reasonable explanation, I propose to delete said section. Vanamonde93 (talk) 00:06, 10 January 2014 (UTC)

Pictures
Ronanin, we really don't need that many pictures of Advani and various dignitaries. Could you please explain your rationale for adding as many as you have? Vanamonde93 (talk) 19:43, 12 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Ronanin, Precisely why are you ignoring this message? You've edited this page after I posted this. Vanamonde93 (talk) 03:37, 13 January 2014 (UTC)

Controversies
Surely there should be a section related to controversies? Advani is well known to have been implicated in the babri masjid demolition and this page completely avoids this.

 * It is in the Rise of BJP section, but it needs more coverage. Please feel free to expand. -- Kautilya3 (talk) 17:05, 30 September 2016 (UTC)

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Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 6 July 2024
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Genocide and Rioting Allegations
There were police cases filed against Advani when he with his processions across India instigated rioting against Muslims and is blamed for deaths of nearly 5000 people. 35.140.148.155 (talk) 11:09, 16 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:L. K. Advani


text:
User:Jimduck

Welcome message
Hey there!

My name is James. I live in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

title: User:Jimduck


text:
The Role of the Church in the Causation, Treatment and Prevention of the Crisis in the Priesthood

The Role of the Church in the Causation, Treatment and Prevention of the Crisis in the Priesthood, a report submitted to the General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops in Rome in 1971, by Dr Conrad Baars, a Dutch-born Catholic psychiatrist from Minnesota, and based on a study of 1500 priests, suggested that seminary training left priests poorly prepared for a lifetime of celibacy.

Description
This report was published by Franciscan Herald Press in 1972 as How to Treat and Prevent the Crisis in the Priesthood. It was also expected to be published in 2006 by St. Paul's/Alba House as part of a book of essays on the priesthood and religious life.

 * 1) "psychosexual immaturity expressed in heterosexual or homosexual activity was encountered often. Virtually all of these priests were ... suffering from a severe to moderate frustration neurosis”.
 * 2) Less than 15% of priests in Europe and North America were emotionally fully developed;
 * 3) Of the remaining 85%, 20–25% had "serious psychiatric difficulties" that they expressed through alcohol abuse, while 60–70% had less severe degrees of emotional immaturity.

Though the report suggested that immediate corrective action was needed, making ten recommendations, and one of those most active in the Synod was Cardinal Wojtyła, who on October 16, 1978, was elected Pope John Paul II, no implementation of the report's detailed recommendations followed.


text:
Google Shopping

Google Shopping, formerly Google Product Search, Google Products and Froogle, is a Google service created by Craig Nevill-Manning which allows users to search for products on online shopping websites and compare prices between different vendors. Google announced at its Marketing Live event in May 2019 that the new Google Shopping will integrate the existing Google Express marketplace into a revamped shopping experience. In the US, Google Shopping is accessible from the web and mobile apps, available on Android and iOS. Google Shopping is also available in France, accessible from the web only. Like its predecessor, Google Shopping is free and requires a personal Google account in order to purchase from the platform. A colored price tag icon replaces the parachute icon from Google Express.

On the web, shoppers can either go to the Google Search homepage to enter a search query and then select the Shopping tab under the navigation bar, or go directly to the Google Shopping site to search for specific items, browse departments, and see trending items and promotional offers. The Google Shopping mobile app opens directly to the shopping homepage, where shoppers can similarly search or browse, and access their shopping lists, order history and notification settings. Currently, the product inventory available on the app is less robust than what is available on the web, since it currently reflects items shoppers can only buy directly on Google. In addition to shopping from well-known online stores, users can shop with confidence at lesser-known online stores when they choose to buy directly on Google, which includes a Google-backed guarantee. The guarantee includes Google customer support, available 7 days a week, and added assistance if the order is late, if something is wrong with the shipment, and to simplify the return and refund process - regardless of the seller. When on the web, shoppers can identify products they can buy on Google by either looking for the colored cart icon within a product image, or by selecting the Buy on Google filter. Free delivery is available on qualifying orders that meet the store's minimum order amount.

Shoppers can see personalized product recommendations and promotional offers on the Google Shopping homepage depending on their Google account settings. Other features geared to help shoppers find the best prices and places to buy include the ability to track the price of a product, compare the total order cost at online or nearby stores, and access product reviews and related video content.

Over the coming year, additional shopping capabilities will be rolled-out and tied into other Google products and platforms in order to simplify a shopper's buying journey.

Originally, the service listed prices submitted by merchants, and was monetized through AdWords advertising like other Google services. However, in May 2012, Google announced that the service (which was also immediately renamed Google Shopping) would shift in late-2012 to a paid model where merchants would have to pay the company in order to list their products on the service.

In June 2017, Google Shopping was fined a record €2.4 billion by the EU Commission for giving its own online shopping services top priority in search results.

History
Created by Craig Nevill-Manning and launched in December 2002, Froogle was different from most other price comparison services in that it used Google's web crawler to index product data from the websites of vendors instead of using paid submissions. As with Google Search, Froogle was instead monetized using Google's AdWords keyword advertising platform.

With its re-branding as Google Product Search, the service was modified to emphasize integration with Google Search; listings from the service could now appear alongside web search results.

Google prominently featured the service result in Google Search starting in January 2008 in Germany and the United Kingdom. It subsequently extended the practice to France in October 2010, Italy, the Netherlands, and Spain in May 2011, the Czech Republic in February 2013 and Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Norway, Poland and Sweden in November 2013.

Change to paid listings
Alongside the announcement of an immediate re-brand to Google Shopping on May 31, 2012, Google also announced that in late 2012, it would change the service to use a "pay-to-play" model, where merchants would have to pay Google to list their products on the service, with results influenced by both relevance and the bid amounts they pay. Google justified the move by stating that it would allow the service to "deliver the best answers for people searching for products and help connect merchants with the right customers."

The change proved controversial; some small businesses showed concern that they would not be able to compete with larger companies that can afford a larger advertising budget. Microsoft's Bing also attacked the move in an advertising campaign known as "Scroogled," which called Google out for using "deceptive advertising practices" and suggesting that users use its competing Bing Shopping service instead.

Google also revealed plans to integrate Google Catalogs with Google Shopping, to give users "more ways to find ideas and inspiration as you shop and engage with your favorite brand."

In June 2017, Google Shopping was fined a record €2.4 billion by the EU Commission for giving its own online shopping services top priority in search results.

In March 2018, Google introduced Shopping Actions, a commission based model, where customers can shop "on the Google Assistant and Search with a universal cart, whether they're on mobile, desktop, or even a Google Home device"

Initial case studies on the impact of Shopping Actions vs Google Shopping alone show positive results, with higher Average Order Value, increase in basket size, and higher revenue to merchants.

Naming
Google Shopping was originally known as Froogle, a pun on the term "frugal." On April 18, 2007, the product was renamed Google Product Search; the original name was dropped due to concerns surrounding internationalization, people not understanding the pun or understanding what the service was actually about, and concerns related to the company's trademark infringement lawsuit against competing website Froogles. On May 31, 2012, the product was renamed to Google Shopping. The URL "froogle.com" remains as a redirect to Google Shopping's website.

Antitrust fine
On June 27, 2017, the European Commissioner for Competition, Margrethe Vestager, fined Google €2.4 billion for breaching EU antitrust rules. Google was found to have abused its market dominance as a search engine by giving illegal advantages to another Google product, its own comparison shopping service.

According to the European Commission, Google started giving its own Froogle significantly better treatment than rivals as early as 2008. It first began in Germany and the United Kingdom, followed by France, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, then the Czech Republic and finally Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Norway, Poland and Sweden. A total 418 million citizens of the European Economic Area are claimed to have been deprived of the full benefits of competition, genuine choice and innovation.

In 2021, the General Court upheld the fine and an appeal is pending.

Countries
Google Shopping is currently available in 121 countries and territories:

title: Google Shopping


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User:Vikingstad

I am a big supporter of the Wikimedia Commons project, and my general stance is that Wikipedia should stay as open and freely available as possible.

title: User:Vikingstad


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Black lark

The black lark (Melanocorypha yeltoniensis) is a species of lark in the family Alaudidae found in south-eastern Russia and Kazakhstan.

Taxonomy and systematics
The black lark was originally placed in the genus Alauda. The current genus name is from Ancient Greek. Melanocorypha is from melas, "black", and koruphos a term used by ancient writers for a now unknown bird, but here confused with korudos, "lark". The specific yeltoniensis is from Lake Yelton in the Volgograd region of Russia.

Description
This is a large, robust lark, 18 - 20.5 cm in length. The adult male is unmistakable, being all black with some pale feather fringes on its back, and with a yellowish or pink bill. The female is undistinguished in comparison, mainly dark-blotched grey above and paler below. Her legs and underwing are black.

The song is like a frantic version of that of Eurasian skylark.

Distribution and habitat
This is a bird of open steppe, often near water. It is partially migratory, with birds from the northwest of its breeding range moving south-east to winter further into Russia and neighbouring countries, as far as the northern Black Sea coasts in southern Ukraine.

The black lark is a very rare vagrant away from its breeding range, with records during both spring and autumn passage periods, and also in winter; the following is a complete list of European records away from the breeding range and normal wintering range as of 2005.

 * 1803 Italy. A male at Alessandria, Piedmont, on an unknown date in autumn
 * 19th Century Austria. Three males, one shot, at Breitensee, Vienna, on an unknown date between 1857 & 1874
 * 1874 North Sea. A female on Heligoland (then British) on 27 April
 * 1892 North Sea. A male on Heligoland (then German) on 27 July
 * 1897 Moldova. One in March
 * 1900 Romania. One in Dobruja in March
 * 1914 Turkey. One at Küçükçekmece, Istanbul, on 14 October
 * 1929 Malta. One in winter
 * 1930 Greece. One at Athens in spring
 * 1958 Greece A male at Athens on 20 April
 * 1961 Italy. One at Manfredonia, Apulia, on 3 May
 * 1963 Greece. A flock of eight at Lake Koronia on 20 February
 * 1964 Greece. Two at the Axios Delta on 8 February
 * 1981 Czech Republic. A male at Zakupy on 28 November
 * 1984 Great Britain. (England) A male at Spurn, Yorkshire on 27 April
 * 1988 Poland. One at Kosienice on 17 January
 * 1989 Finland. A male at Joensuu on 24 March
 * 1989 Finland. A male at Korpo on 8 April
 * 1993 Sweden. A male at Karlstad on 6 & 7 May
 * 1995 Bulgaria. A female at Cape Kaliakra on 25 May
 * 2003 Great Britain. (Wales) A male at RSPB South Stack, Anglesey from 1 to 8 June

An individual was also recorded on an unknown date (prior to 2003) in Lebanon.

Behaviour and ecology
Its nest is on the ground, with 4–5 eggs being laid. Food is seeds and insects, the latter especially in the breeding season. It is gregarious in winter.

title: Black lark


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Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf

Franz Xaver Josef Conrad von Hötzendorf (after 1919 Franz Conrad; 11 November 1852 – 25 August 1925), sometimes anglicised as Hoetzendorf, was an Austrian general who played a central role in World War I. He served as K.u.k. Feldmarschall (field marshal) and Chief of the General Staff of the military of the Austro-Hungarian Army and Navy from 1906 to 1917. He was in charge during the July Crisis of 1914 that caused World War I.

For years he had repeatedly called for preemptive war against Serbia to rescue the multiethnic Austro-Hungarian Empire, which was, he believed, nearing disintegration. Later on, he came to believe that the Dual Monarchy had taken action at the eleventh hour. The army was also unprepared and he had resorted to politics to further his goals. He was unaware that Germany would relocate the majority of its forces to the Eastern Front, rather than in the Balkans.

Conrad was anxious about invading Russia and when the Tsar's armies had captured the Carpathian mountain passes and were on the verge of invading Hungary, Italy entered the war on the side of the Allies. The Austro-Germans cleared Galicia and Poland during the Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive in the summer of 1915 and later conquered Serbia in October with the help of Bulgaria. From 1915 his troops were increasingly reliant on German support and command. Without support from its German allies the Austro-Hungarian Army was an exhausted force.

In March 1917, Charles I dismissed him as Chief of Staff after Emperor Franz Joseph died and Conrad's Trentino Offensive had failed to achieve its objective; he then commanded an army group on the Italian Front until he retired in the summer of 1918. He died in 1925.

Life
Conrad was born in Penzing, a suburb of Vienna, to an Austrian officers' family. His great-grandfather Franz Anton Conrad (1738–1827) had been ennobled and added to his name the nobiliary particle von Hötzendorf as a predicate in 1815, referring to the surname of his first wife who descended from the Bavarian Upper Palatinate region. His father Franz Xaver Conrad (1793–1878) was a retired colonel of Hussars, originally from southern Moravia, who had fought in the Battle of Leipzig and took part in the suppression of the Vienna Uprising of 1848, wherein he was severely wounded.

Conrad married Wilhelmine le Beau (1860–1905) in 1886, with whom he had four sons.

In the latter part of his life, he was known to hold doubts about his fitness for office and occasionally suffered severe bouts of depression. These worsened after the death of his wife in 1905. In 1907, while attending a dinner party in Vienna, Conrad met Virginia von Reininghaus, an Italian aristocrat, and became quickly enamoured. In the weeks following this, he made many attempts to court Reininghaus, despite the fact that she was already married and with six children, which eventually resulted in the two conducting an affair. This illegitimate pairing continued until their marriage in 1915.

Upon his death in 1925, a journal titled "Diary of my Sufferings" was found. The journal compiled over 3,000 letters written to Reininghaus, some over 60 pages in length, detailing the extent of Conrad's love for her. In order to prevent a scandal breaking out from a potential leak, Conrad kept the letters private and they were never sent to their intended recipient.

Military career
Conrad joined the cadet corps of the Hainburg garrison and was educated at the Theresian Military Academy in Wiener Neustadt. He developed a strong interest in natural science, especially in Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. In 1871, at age 19, he was commissioned as a lieutenant in a Jäger battalion. After graduating from the Kriegsschule military academy in 1876, he was transferred to the General Staff Corps of the Austro-Hungarian Army.

In 1878–1879, upon the Treaty of Berlin, these duties brought him to the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Sanjak of Novi Pazar, when those Ottoman provinces were assigned to the military administration of Austria-Hungary. He was a Captain (Hauptmann) and served as a staff officer during the 1882 insurrection in the Austrian Kingdom of Dalmatia. In 1886, he was appointed Chief of Staff of the 11th Infantry Division at Lemberg, where he showed great ability in reforming field exercise. In the fall of 1888, Conrad was promoted to major and appointed professor of military tactics in the Kriegsschule in Vienna, a position he prepared for by touring the battlefields of the Franco-Prussian War. Conrad proved to be a good teacher who was quite popular among his students.

Return to command and Chief of Staff
In 1892 he requested transfer back to command and took charge of the 93rd Infantry Regiment at Olomouc. From 1895 he commanded the 1st Infantry Regiment Kaiser at Kraków and from 1899 the 55th Infantry Brigade in Trieste, promoted to a Generalmajor. After acting against a major Italian uprising in the city in 1902, he was made Feldmarschalleutnant and took command of the 8th Infantry Division at Innsbruck in 1903.

By the time of his appointment as Chief of Staff for the Austro-Hungarian military forces at the suggestion of the heir to the throne (Thronfolger), Archduke Franz Ferdinand, in November 1906, Conrad had established a reputation as a teacher and writer. Like other Austro-Hungarian officers of his generation, he had little or no direct combat experience, but had studied and written extensively about theory and tactics. His published works on infantry tactics sold well and were printed in multiple editions. He was a tireless campaigner for modernization of the armed forces. He was made General der Infanterie in November 1908.

Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria conferred the noble rank of a Freiherr on Conrad in 1910. Conrad's differences with Foreign Minister Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal, who objected several times to Conrad's suggestion of a preventive war with Italy, ultimately led to Conrad's dismissal as Chief of Staff in 1911, partly under the pretext of objection to Conrad's affair with Virginia von Reininghaus, who later became his wife. After Aehrenthal resigned and died the next year, Archduke Franz Ferdinand urged Conrad's re-appointment, which took place during the Balkan Wars in December 1912.

Although Conrad's ideas had considerable impact in the decision making process of the government, especially in the lead-up to the First World War, historian John Leslie describes him as a "loner" who did not easily win friends or influence people and was politically inept.

Planning
Conrad and his admirers took special pride in his elaborate war plans that were designed individually against various possible opponents, but did not take into account having to fight a two front war against Russia and Serbia simultaneously. His plans were kept secret from his own diplomatic and political leadership—he promised his secret operations would bring quick victory. Conrad assumed far more soldiers than were available, with much better training than they actually had. In practice, his soldiers were inferior to the enemy. His plans were based on railroad timetables from the 1870s, and ignored German warnings that Russia had much improved its own railroad capabilities.

Conrad assumed the war would result in victory in six weeks. He assumed it would take Russia 30 days to mobilize its troops, and he assumed his own armies could be operational against Serbia in two weeks. When the war started, there were repeated delays, which were made worse when Conrad radically changed plans in the middle of mobilization. Russia did much better than expected, mobilizing two thirds of its army within 18 days, and operating 362 trains a day – compared to 153 trains a day by Austria-Hungary.

During the July Crisis upon the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Conrad was the first proponent of war against the Kingdom of Serbia in response. Germany is thought to have requested an immediate invasion of Serbia, but Conrad delayed for over a month. Many Army units were on leave to harvest crops and not scheduled to return until 25 July. To cancel those leaves would disrupt the harvest and the nation's food supply, scramble complex railroad schedules, alert Europe to Vienna's plans, and give the opposition time to mobilize. Meanwhile, Emperor Franz Joseph went on his long-scheduled three week summer vacation.

Victories and defeats
On 12 August 1914, Conrad sent an army of 400,000 men into Serbia where it suffered a humiliating defeat at the hand of the Serbs in the first months of the war. On 22 August he launched an even larger campaign against Russia through Galicia, after early victories at Kraśnik and Komarów which were followed by defeat and the loss of Lemberg. Conrad unexpectedly had to deal with a massive incursion of Imperial Russian troops into Austrian Galicia. His plans had underestimated Russian strength and speed, while ignoring the glaring weaknesses in his own army. His forces did win a great victory at Limanowa in December 1914 saving Kraków.

After the Germans scored major victories especially at Tannenberg, and after the Western front was bogged down in stalemate, Germany had resources to help Austria. Although Conrad was officially in command, the German forces alongside him increasingly took control of the situation. Berlin sent in large armies and together they conquered large parts of Serbia, Montenegro and Romania and stabilised the Italian front.

He urged the new Foreign Minister Stephan Burián von Rajecz to annex the occupied lands, and he continuously intrigued against the Hungarian prime minister István Tisza as well as against the Austrian minister president Count Karl von Stürgkh, whom he considered a fool, though to no avail. In addition, relations with the German Supreme Army Command (OHL) worsened due to the uneasy relationship between Conrad and General Erich von Falkenhayn.

Eased out of power
Following the accession of Emperor Charles I of Austria to the throne in November 1916, Conrad was elevated to the rank of field marshal, one of only three men in Austria-Hungary to hold that rank at the time. While still the heir-apparent, Charles had reported to Emperor Franz Josef that the "mismanagement" in the army's high command could not be cleared out until Conrad was replaced, but admitted that finding someone to take his role would not be easy. Yet under the new emperor, Conrad's powers were gradually eroded. In December, the commander-in-chief Archduke Friedrich of Austria-Teschen was removed from office, which the new emperor assumed himself. Charles took operational control of all combat units in the army and navy and on 1 March 1917 officially dismissed Conrad, who then requested retirement. The emperor personally asked him to remain on active duty, and when Conrad accepted, he was placed in command of the South Tyrolean Army Group.

In the late spring of 1918, the failure of the Austro-Hungarian offensives against the Italians, with costly and bloody assaults led by both Conrad and Boroević, brought condemnation upon the imperial leadership. Further complicating Conrad's image was his identification with those in the government intent on continuing the war. In this atmosphere, Conrad, described as a "broken man", was dismissed on 15 July, perhaps in an effort to deflect further criticism. At the same time he was promoted from Freiherr to the noble rank of a Graf (count) and received the honorific post of a Guard colonel.

Death
After the war, Conrad denied any personal guilt for the outbreak and the results of the war and blamed the Imperial court and politicians for it. Embittered and sickened, he died on 25 August 1925, while taking a cure in Mergentheim, Germany.

When he was buried at Hietzing Cemetery in Vienna on 2 September 1925, more than 100,000 mourners participated in observances. After long discussion, his grave of honor (Ehrengrab) was redesignated a historical grave in 2012.

Ennobled as Freiherr, usually translated as Baron, in 1910 and made a Graf, usually translated as count, in 1918, Conrad became simply Franz Conrad-Hötzendorf in April 1919, when the First Austrian Republic abolished nobility for its citizens.

Strategies and performance
Conrad's legacy as a commander remains controversial, with earlier historians regarding him as a military genius, while more recent works characterize him as an utter failure; at least one military historian considered him to be "probably the best strategist of the war." In military matters, Conrad emphasized the importance of aggressive, well-trained infantry and the strategic and tactical offensive. Historian Gunther E. Rothenberg argued that his unrealistically grandiose plans disregarded the realities of terrain and climate, and that the plans which he drew up frequently underestimated the power of the enemy and the potential of quick-firing artillery forces. Conrad refused to take responsibility for the start of the war, or for Austria-Hungary's defeat, arguing that he had "been 'just a military expert' with no voice in the key decisions".

To his admirers he was a military genius. Soviet general and theorist Boris Shaposhnikov presented Conrad as a model for a good Chief of the General Staff in his 1927 book Mozg Armii. The historian Cyril Falls, in his 1959 book The Great War, argues that Conrad was probably the best strategist of the war and that his plans were brilliant in conception. He argues that German generals in the east based most of their successful offensive operations on Conrad's plans. German general Paul von Hindenburg praised Conrad as a man of superior ability and a bold general, only hindered by the weaknesses of his army.

Conrad's critics contend that his mistakes led to the disastrous first year of war that crippled Austro-Hungarian military capabilities. For example, in the 1914 Serbian Campaign, led by General Oskar Potiorek, the Serbian Army proved far more effective than Conrad had expected despite the Austro-Hungarian manpower advantage. Undefeated in all major battles, it enforced a full-scale retreat of Conrad's troops by the end of the year. The first Austro-Hungarian offensives against Russia were remarkable for their lack of effect, culminating in the lost Battle of Galicia and the disastrous Siege of Przemyśl combined with massive human cost.

Conrad was fully responsible for this disaster, for he had committed too many troops in Serbia, leaving severely outnumbered units to resist the Russian advance. Conrad blamed the German allies, who had driven out the Russian Army from East Prussia in the Battle of Tannenberg, for the lack of military support. The most disastrous defeat came in 1916, in the Russian Brusilov Offensive, one of the most lethal battles in world history, whereby the Austro-Hungarian forces under Conrad's command lost more than 600,000 men, and were never again capable of mounting an offensive without German help.

The disaster was mostly due to Austrian overconfidence as well as Conrad having sent reinforcements to Italy, ignoring the Russian threat. Most of Austria's victories on the eastern front were possible only in cooperation with the German High Command (OHL), on which the Austro-Hungarian army became increasingly dependent. After his defeats of the first year, Conrad was increasingly sidelined by the Germans on the eastern front.

Conrad was a Social Darwinist, and believed life consisted of "an unremitting struggle for existence" in which the offensive was the only effective form of defence. The power of the Magyar elite within Austria-Hungary troubled him, as he believed it weakened and diluted what he saw as an essentially German-Austrian empire. He worried about Italian ambitions in the Balkans. His greatest ambition was for a pre-emptive war against Serbia in order to neutralize the threat that he believed they posed, and at the same time change the political balance within the Dual Monarchy against the Magyars by incorporating more Slavs in a third Yugoslavian component under Austrian control, denying the principle of self-determination. According to Hew Strachan, "Conrad von Hötzendorf first proposed preventive war against Serbia in 1906, and he did so again in 1908–09, in 1912–13, in October 1913, and May 1914: between 1 January 1913 and 1 January 1914 he proposed a Serbian war twenty-five times".

Legacy
For decades, the reputation of the Austro-Hungarian Army and Conrad as one of the greatest military commanders in modern history was a matter of national pride among patriotic circles in post-war Austria—though his policies and tactics had already been criticized by contemporaries like Karl Kraus, who in his satirical drama The Last Days of Mankind portrayed him as a vain poser (I 2). Not until the 1960s, in the course of the renewed controversy over the causes of World War I, did the evaluation of his role shift from hagiography towards a widespread perception as a warmonger and imperialist. The massive casualties his forces took through wave attacks rather than any tactical or strategic acumen has given him a reputation of being a callous and incompetent commander.

Conrad's guard uniform and some of his personal belongings are on display at the Heeresgeschichtliches Museum, Vienna. In 1938 the Wehrmacht barracks of the 1st Mountain Division in Oberammergau, Bavaria were named Conrad-von-Hötzendorf-Kaserne; it is today operated by the Bundeswehr and site of the NATO School. The medical service centre of the Austrian Armed Forces in Innsbruck is named after Field Marshal Conrad. In the Austrian cities of Graz and Berndorf streets were named Conrad-von-Hötzendorf-Straße.

Decorations and awards

 * National
 * Knight of the Imperial Order of the Iron Crown, 1st Class with War Decoration, 1908
 * Grand Cross of the Austrian Imperial Order of Leopold, with War Decoration, 1911
 * Military Merit Cross, 1st Class with War Decoration, 8 December 1914
 * Grand Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa, 1917
 * Gold Military Merit Medal ("Signum Laudis")
 * War Medal
 * Medal for 35 years of military service for officers
 * Bronze Medal for the 50th year of the reign of Franz Joseph

 * Foreign
 * Kingdom of Prussia:
 * Grand Cross of the Order of the Red Eagle
 * Knight of the Royal Order of the Crown, 2nd Class with Star
 * Knight of the Order of Merit of the Prussian Crown, 9 September 1909
 * Pour le Mérite (military), 12 May 1915; with Oak Leaves, 26 January 1917
 * undefined:
 * Grand Cross of the Military Merit Order
 * Grand Cross of the Military Order of Max Joseph, 21 July 1915
 * undefined: Commander of the Military Order of St. Henry, 2nd Class
 * Kingdom of Romania: Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania

title: Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf


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Talk:Anarcho-syndicalism

Green syndicalism?
I keep seeing this same section popping up in a number of articles. Each time it's cited to the same source, that being Jeff Shantz's homonymous 2011 article. This begs the question: does this tendency actually exist or is it just a term coined by this one person that we're giving undue weight to? -- Grnrchst (talk) 09:07, 17 February 2023 (UTC)

Anarcho-syndicalism Sidebar: People
A very notable supporter of anarcho-syndicalism is Jacques Ellul, if someone would mind adding him as well, that would be kind. A. Jean Ness (talk) 16:04, 21 February 2024 (UTC)

List of orgs
Moving the unsourced list here for safekeeping. Please restore if you can add reliable, secondary sources for each group's affiliation with anarcho-syndicalism.

Active

 * Argentine Regional Workers' Federation (Argentina)
 * Autonomous Workers' Confederation (Bulgaria)
 * Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (Spain)
 * Confederation of Revolutionary Anarcho-Syndicalists (Russia)
 * Federación Anarquista Ibérica (Spain)
 * Free Workers' Union (Germany)
 * General Confederation of Labor (Spain)
 * IWA–AIT (International)
 * Norsk Syndikalistisk Forbund (Norway)
 * Priama akcia (Slovakia)
 * SAC Syndikalisterna (Sweden)
 * Solidarity Federation (United Kingdom)
 * Unione Sindacale Italiana (Italy)
 * Workers' Initiative (Poland)
 * Workers' Solidarity Alliance (USA)

Historical

 * Asociación Continental Americana de Trabajadores (Latin America, 1929-1936)
 * Autonomous Workers' Union (Ukraine, 2011-2018)
 * Casa del Obrero Mundial (Mexico, 1912-1916)
 * Confédération Générale du Travail-Syndicaliste Révolutionnaire (France, 1926-1939)
 * Confédération syndicale belge (Belgium, 1908-1910)
 * Dutch Syndicalist Trade Union Federation (Netherlands, 1923-1940)
 * Federation of Resistance Societies of the Spanish Region (Spain, 1900-1907)
 * Federation of Workers of the Spanish Region (Spain, 1881-1888)
 * Free Workers' Union of Germany (Germany, 1918-1933)
 * National Libertarian Federation of Trade Unions (Japan, 1926-1935?)
 * Portuguese Maximalist Federation (Portugal, 1919-1921)
 * Revolutionary Confederation of Anarcho-Syndicalists (Ukraine, 1994-2014)
 * Solidaridad Obrera (Spain, 1907-1910)
 * Syndicalist Group Movement (Sweden, 1958-1970)
 * Syndikalistiska Arbetarefederationen (Sweden, 1928-1938)
 * Union and Solidarity Pact (Spain, 1888-1896)
 * Union of Libertarian Communist Workers (France, 1978-1991)
 * Union of Russian Workers (USA, 1908-1919)

czar 16:40, 23 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anarcho-syndicalism