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Talk:Grover Cleveland Alexander

Name
"Grover Cleveland" was not his real name, Pete was, therefore it is only proper that the nickname appear in quotes...yes? vudu 23:48, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Grover Cleveland is his real name, after the president. 'Pete' is the nickname.User:Varitek

 * Can you validate that? I've seen references going either way. vudu 16:08, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * [ http://z.lee28.tripod.com/sbnslegends/id24.html]. I don't believe I've ever seen anything suggesting that Grover Cleveland was the nickname. Varitek 00:24, 27 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Well, color me red. I stand corrected. Thanks for the validation. vudu 04:02, 27 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Honored Americans Project
Can anyone check out the Honored Americans project at Talk:George Washington?? Is this person an honor of Grover Cleveland?? Calmypal is gone, and somebody needs to start putting more in. No one has added Grover Cleveland in this project yet; can anyone do so?? 66.245.86.226 15:36, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Drink and Lazzeri
It's often written thay Alexander had been drinking in the bullpen when called upon to strike out Lazzeri. Is there any documentary evidence for this legend? -- GWO

 * I've read that myself, although I don't know where. I'll look into it. Darwin's Bulldog 07:02, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

Granted epilepsy was little known or understood during Old Pete's career, it was cruel at the time to assume he was drunk or hung over, and it is an insult to the intelligence of the average baseball maven to assert that the seasoned manager Rogers Hornsby would be foolish enough to substitute Haines with Alexander, if Old Pete HAD been on the sauce or sleeping one off. (It's an insult to Hornsby too.) I think there's some Frank Merriwell-type wishful thinking involved here, by people who want to believe that a half-drunk pitcher could subdue Lazzeri as Alex did. Incidentally, "Poosh 'Em Up" Lazzeri was an epileptic himself! Nobody called HIM a drunkard. Dougie monty (talk) 05:44, 2 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Times were different then, but you're right, Hornsby wouldn't have taken the risk if he thought Alex was too hung over or whatever. This is off the track a bit, but in the 2001 Series, when Game 6 winner Randy Johnson came trudging in from the bullpen to relieve Schilling in Game 7, to a historian it was like deja vu, back to 1926. I think Johnson was cold sober, though, as surely he knew there was a possibility of being called in... as, I would think, Alex knew in 1926 also. There are all kinds of stories of ballplayers excelling while hung over (Ruth was famous for it). It might be that their headache just forces them to concentrate all the more. Sometimes pain can be distracting, other times it can make you focus. Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 06:02, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 16:33, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

why was he named after Grover Cleveland?
Why? Kingturtle (talk) 21:36, 11 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't know that I've ever seen an explanation, and since it was 1887, no one's talking. However, Cleveland was a popular President (maybe even in Nebraska), and parents were known for naming their kids after public figures. Some ballplayers that come to mind are George Washington Bradley, Abraham Lincoln Bailey, William Jennings Bryan Herman, and Jack Roosevelt Robinson (who was named for Teddy, not Franklin). Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? 05:58, 2 May 2008 (UTC)

There is likely no primary source that can tell us why he was called "Grover Cleveland," outside of him being born during the first term of the US President of the same name. In fact, given the time "Pete" was born, 1887, no primary sources may exist to exactly determine Mr. Alexander's exact first name. At the time, there were likely no birth, baptismal, or conformation records that can confirm his exact name. This is a common problem in American geneology prior to the early 20th century.

All we know is, when he signed his contract he (or his parents) stated that his name was "Grover Cleveland Alexander," but somehow before he every played baseball, people normally called him "Pete." —Preceding unsigned comment added by Squonk64 (talk • contribs) 21:52, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

The article should probably reference Grover Cleveland, as some people are not aware of the 22/24th president. It seems unlikely that the name was common or a random event.Geo8rge (talk) 21:06, 26 October 2010 (UTC)
 * It already does, and has so for at least a year. It's down in the "Names/Nicknames" section, as it's not important enough to be in the lead. He had no connection with Grover Cleveland other than the name. I have relatives named after Presidents. It was not unusual in the olden days. In fact, if you look at findagrave.com, you'll see several others from that era with the exact same name as the hall-of-famer, so no doubt there were many kids named for Cleveland. FYI, I checked both ancestry.com and findagrave.com, and there is no direct evidence posted for a birth certificate. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 22:45, 26 October 2010 (UTC)

1911 LOC Grover Cleveland "Pete" Alexander Photo
There is a nice picture of "Pete" on the Library of Congress's FLICKR page. See Grover Cleveland Alexander. But being a newbie at Wikipedia, I don't know about Wiki formatting (I know CSS, HTTP, PHP, but Wiki??) so I will let the experts decide if the photo is worthy and, maybe, add the photo to "Pete's" page.

I particularly like the picture because it shows "Pete," in his rookie season, wearing a 1911 Phillies sweater over his regular uniform. It seems the sweater had bold, thinly spaced "pinstripes," almost a seersucker pattern, 39 years before the Phils debuted the pinstripe uniform in 1950. But then again, it may be an effect created by the black and white photo on a highly textured cloth.

I will also post the pictures in Wikimedia, if I can figure that out. The picture is free of copyright because it is more than 75 years old, owned by the United States Government, etc. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Squonk64 (talk • contribs) 21:50, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

Grandfather was Glover Cleveland's Catcher in Nebraska
During the early 1900's Glover Cleaveland Alexander played on Town Baseball teams in Central Nebraska. My Grandfather Lloyd Matthew Cox was Glover Cleveland's Catcher. They played ball and drank, they were game for anything. While they were in a small town playing a "Town team", a Scout from St. Louis was in the bleachers to watch Cleveland pitch. After the game was over he approached Grover Cleveland, said he'd like to have Grover Cleveland come and pitch in St. Louis....... GROVER CLEVELAND, laughed and said "Hell Boys, I can make more money working on the railroad ! As the dealing went on Cleaveland told the Scout, the only way I'd go is that you'd have to take my Catcher Lloyd Matthew Cox from Central City, Nebraska........ The Scout wasn't getting anywhere. When the Scout talked decided talk to my Grandfather,(he was a hell of an athlete I was told by my Uncles and Mother) Grandpa "Laughed at them and said, Boys, I can make more money working for the Railroad. History knows that Glover Cleveland did go to St. Louis, and did win the Series for St. Louis. In the stands were my Grandfather, Grandmother, my Mother and her three brothers, Glover Cleveland had sent the Lloyd Cox family tickets for the Series.

Walt Doty (61 yr old Grandson,of Lloyd Cox, Council Bluffs, Ia.) My Grandfather was one that was always messing around setting up Boxing matches, Baseball game etc. in Council Bluffs, Iowa during the early 1900's. He retired from Union Pacific RR in 1955 after 50 yrs service in Council Bluffs. I heard he was a "hell of an Alhlete W. Doty III —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.168.218.201 (talk) 00:57, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

Drafted or volunteered?
Can anyone show a reliable source of him being drafted during World War I? My book says he volunteered. They are most certainly not the same thing. :) Rockfang (talk) 20:47, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

N.L. Record for Wins
I believe that Christy Mathewson's win total (last win in 1916) was incremented by historical research in the 1940s or 1950s: some sports writer (maybe Joe Reichler) found a game in which he should have been credited with the win but was not, and official record was eventually amended from 372 wins to 373. (The same sort of thing as with Hack Wilson's 191st RBI in 1930.)

This would suggest that after his 373rd win, in 1929, Alexander was considered the all-time National League leader, and Mathewson only "caught up" via the historical correction.

I'd read one Alexander bioghraphy -- I think it was in one of Bill James' The Baseball Book volumes -- that painted a picture of old Alex laboring throughout 1930 to break the tie without success. But if the facts are as I stated, this would be nonsense.

This would certainly be a good thing to add to the article (as well as Mathewson's). Did contempoprary accounts credit Alexander with the record for several decades? WHPratt (talk) 13:23, 8 July 2010 (UTC)

 * When Alex got his 373rd win, writers at the time thought he had broken Mathewson's career record. It was apparently 1946 before Matty's figure was changed to 373. As noted here Alex pitched in 9 games in 1930 and was apparently released by the Phillies after his May 28th game, so he didn't really labor "throughout 1930". It might be fair to say he labored throughout 1929, when he went 9-8 for the Cardinals, and according to The Scrapbook History of Baseball, contemporary accounts say that when he got number 373, on August 10, 1929, it broke Mathewson's record of 372. In fact, he got that win in relief, and had only one more game that season, a week later. Mathewson, of course, was unaware of all this discussion, having died in 1925. I found this item  that says Mathewson's career total was upped to 373 in 1946. They say the extra win came in 1902. I don't see where it identifies that game, but from the career summary cited, I would guess it was the May 21 game, as Mathewson was brought into relieve in the late innings and gave up the tying run, nullifying Taylor's decision under current rules. However, the official scorer might have awarded Taylor the win anyway, on the grounds that he pitched more effectively. More research needed. :) ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 13:57, 8 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Bingo. Go to page 25 of this item and read all about it. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 14:03, 8 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks for doing the actual work. I'm glad that we were able to get that on the record. WHPratt (talk) 16:22, 8 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I added a quick point to the article where it talks about his wins record. Someone can elaborate and/or post citations if they want to. :) ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 17:53, 8 July 2010 (UTC)

Earliest mention of Old Pete nickname
I was able to track down an earlier mention of his nickname that what was cited in his page, in the Chicago Tribune on 17 Apr 1926. No article that I found explained why it was his nickname. BMW (talk) 19:40, 10 August 2019 (UTC)

"Cut his career short"
It says that "drinking cut his career short" when he pitched his last season in 1930. The man was born in 1887 and pitched until he was 43 years old, how can you say his career was cut short? Pitching with epilepsy, PTSD and drinking to numb it, i'd say he had one of the greatest careers for longevity in history, really. Christy Matthewson couldnt even stand a little bit of fatal mustard gas complications to keep playing, much less keep pitching at a high level. Yes, that last comment is sarcastic but it does put into frame the kind of things they were dealing with.

Seems very silly. Ba18070 (talk) 23:50, 31 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Grover Cleveland Alexander


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Lemmon Valley, Nevada

Lemmon Valley is a census-designated place (CDP) in Washoe County, Nevada, United States. The population was 5,040 at the 2010 census. It is a northern suburb of the city of Reno and is part of the Reno–Sparks Metropolitan Statistical Area. Prior to 2010 it was listed by the U.S. Census Bureau as part of the Lemmon Valley–Golden Valley CDP.

Geography
Lemmon Valley is located at 39.66389°N, -119.82694°W (39.6638, -119.8270), some 10 mi north of downtown Reno. Golden Valley is adjacent to the south.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 47.6 km2, of which 44.5 sqkm is land and 3.1 sqkm, or 6.57%, is water, consisting mainly of the Swan Lake Nature Study Area, a small wetland conservation area home to many bird species.

Notable People

 * Johanna Burton, Director of the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lemmon Valley, Nevada


text:
Inner London

Inner London is the name for the group of London boroughs that form the interior part of Greater London and are surrounded by Outer London. With its origins in the bills of mortality, it became fixed as an area for statistics in 1847 and was used as an area of local government from 1855 to 1965 principally as the County of London or earlier as the Metropolitan Board of Works Area (metropolis). It now has two common definitions. The first is the statutory definition delineated in the London Government Act 1963, coming into force on 1 April 1965, comprising twelve Inner London boroughs and almost identical to the County of London that was abolished at the same time. The second is the definition used by the Office for National Statistics comprising eleven of the statutory Inner London boroughs and two of the statutory Outer London boroughs, as well as the City of London.

Inner London is smaller than Outer London both in terms of population and area, but the population density is more than double that of Outer London. Inner London is officially the wealthiest area in Europe with the most expensive street in Europe: GDP per capita is more than €80,000 while the UK GDP per capita is around €27,000.

Background
The area that is now Inner London was defined by the Registrar General as a collection of parishes called "London" and appeared in the 1851 Census. At the time the metropolitan area—commonly called the Metropolis—had its origins in the area of the Bills of mortality that had expanded from the tiny City of London into three surrounding counties over the previous several hundred years. The area become fixed in 1847 with the addition of Lewisham Poor Law Union and the parish of Hampstead. In 1855 the Registrar General area, with the addition of Penge, was used to define the district of the Metropolitan Board of Works. The Metropolis was also described as Inner London from the 1881 Census. In 1889 this area became the County of London. The area was adjusted in 1900 when Penge was transferred to Kent and South Hornsey was gained from Middlesex.

London Government Act 1963
The "Inner London boroughs" were defined by the London Government Act 1963. The Inner London boroughs occupied the same area as the County of London that was abolished as they were created. North Woolwich was an anomaly as it was part of the County of London, but became part of an Outer London borough.

The main difference between Inner and Outer London boroughs between 1965 and 1990 was that the councils of the inner boroughs were not local education authorities and there was a single Inner London Education Authority for the area, including the City of London. The inner borough councils became local education authorities on 1 April 1990.

The statutory definition is used as part of the grant settlement used to finance local government.

The statutory Inner London boroughs are:

 * Camden
 * Greenwich
 * Hackney
 * Hammersmith and Fulham
 * Islington
 * Kensington and Chelsea
 * Lambeth
 * Lewisham
 * Southwark
 * Tower Hamlets
 * Wandsworth
 * Westminster

Newham London Borough Council argues that the municipality should be treated as part of Inner London for statutory purposes, as it is for statistical purposes (see below). This would benefit the borough financially. Only the North Woolwich area of Newham fell within the former County of London, however, and the council's advocacy has not borne fruit.

The City of London was not designated as an Inner London borough, but the Corporation of London is usually classed as an inner London local authority.

Statistics
The Office for National Statistics and Eurostat define Inner London differently, explicitly including the City of London, adding Haringey and Newham, but excluding Greenwich. The land area is 319 km2 and the population at the 2021 Census was 3,404,300.

Ethnicity
Figures before 1971 have been reconstructed by the Office for National Statistics based on past censuses in order to fit the 2001 limits. Figures from 1981 onward are ONS midyear estimates (revised as of 2010).

After centuries of increase, the population of Inner London reached its peak of 4,998,237 in 1911. The area's population from World War I began a steady decline as that of Outer London continued to increase. The census of 1951 showed the damage inflicted by the 1940s Blitz as the population of Greater London switched into decline which was reversed in Outer London with house building and territory expansion whereas in Inner London continued. The war damage and early 20th century slums had physical and psychological hence property price effects and focus on New Towns and suburban development reflected a drive among urban planners for greener, less dense settlements. Inner London reached a post-War nadir, a population not seen since the early 19th century in 1981 having 2,550,100 residents, after which an upward trend ensued and Inner London residents numbered 3,231,901 in 2011 — 1,766,336 short of the 1911 peak.

Strategic planning
For the purposes of the London Plan planning document produced by the Mayor of London, Inner London consists of the City of London, all the statutory Inner London boroughs, and Newham.

Other definitions
The area covered by the London postal district is sometimes referred to as "Inner London". However it is not coterminous with other definitions of Inner London as its area is somewhat larger and covers 624 km2. The southern part of the London Borough of Lewisham as well as a small part of the Royal Borough of Greenwich fall outside its boundaries whilst 44 of its 119 districts are in Outer London and its irregular shape stretches to the Greater London boundary at Mill Hill and Scratch Wood and beyond it at Sewardstone.

From 1990 to 2000 London used two separate telephone dialling codes with one code designated for Inner London, however the area covered by this code was widely different from all of the above definitions and most of Greater London is now covered by a single 020 dialling code.

Economy
There are approximately 200,000 businesses with around 2,000,000 employees in Inner London. 56% of all private sector jobs in Greater London are located in Inner London. There is significant commuting of workers from Outer London and from outside Greater London. Much of the commercial activity is focused on Central London and Canary Wharf. 10% of public sector employment is focused on Westminster around the Government of the United Kingdom.

title: Inner London


text:
List of cities in Bhutan

This is a list of cities and towns in Bhutan.

List

 * Chhukha
 * Daga
 * Damphu
 * Gasa
 * Gelephu
 * Ha
 * Jakar
 * Lhuntshi
 * Mongar
 * Paro
 * Pemagatsel
 * Phuntsholing
 * Punakha
 * Samtse
 * Samdrup Jongkhar
 * Thimphu
 * Trashigang
 * Tongsa
 * Wangdue Phodrang
 * Zhemgang

title: List of cities in Bhutan


text:
Zephyr Cove, Nevada

Zephyr Cove is a community and census-designated place (CDP) in Douglas County, Nevada, United States. The population was 565 at the 2010 census. Prior to 2010 it was part of the Zephyr Cove–Round Hill Village CDP.

History
Before Zephyr Cove was established, the Native American Washoe people lived around the area. The first Anglo-American settlers to encounter the area were Kit Carson and John Fremont in 1844.

In 1862, Anglo-Americans settled around the community. They named the community Zephyr Cove, which was named after the Washoe Zephyr.

A post office called Zephyr Cove has been in operation since 1930. The name of the post office popularized the term and it soon became the name of the community.

On March 1, 1964, Paradise Airlines Flight 901A crashed near Zephyr Cove, killing all 85 people aboard.

Geography
Zephyr Cove is located on the east shore of Lake Tahoe at 39.00028°N, -119.9525°W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 5.8 sqkm, of which 5.5 sqkm is land and 0.3 sqkm, or 5.47%, is water.

Education
Kingsbury Middle School was a grade 6–8 middle school located in Zephyr Cove, part of the Douglas County School District. Due to the declining student population in the area, the school closed in 2008 with the property being offered for sale in 2012.

Zephyr Cove Elementary School and George Whittell High School absorbed the student population from Kingsbury Middle School.

Zephyr Cove has a public library, a branch of the Douglas County Public Library.

title: Zephyr Cove, Nevada


text: User talk:209.232.158.20

title: User talk:209.232.158.20


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Outer London

Outer London is the name for the group of London boroughs that form a ring around Inner London. Together, the inner and outer boroughs form London, the capital city of the United Kingdom. The population at the 2021 Census was 5,395,500, which means over 60% of the population of Greater London lives in Outer London.

History
Outer London consists of areas that were not part of the County of London and became formally part of London when Greater London was created 1965. An exception is North Woolwich, which was in the County of London but was transferred to Newham in 1965.

London Government Act 1963
The twenty Outer London boroughs were defined by the London Government Act 1963. The main difference between Inner and Outer London boroughs between 1965 and 1990 was that the outer boroughs were local education authorities. The statutory Outer London boroughs are:

• Barking and Dagenham

• Barnet

• Bexley

• Brent

• Bromley

• Croydon

• Ealing

• Enfield

• Haringey

• Harrow

• Havering

• Hillingdon

• Hounslow

• Kingston upon Thames

• Merton

• Newham

• Redbridge

• Richmond upon Thames

• Sutton

• Waltham Forest

ONS definition (statistics)
The Office for National Statistics and the decennial UK Census use a different definition of Outer London, excluding Haringey and Newham (which are defined as Inner London), and including Greenwich. This is reflected in the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) classification. Under this classification, Outer London consists of the nineteen London boroughs of Barking and Dagenham, Barnet, Bexley, Brent, Bromley, Croydon, Ealing, Enfield, Greenwich, Harrow, Havering, Hillingdon, Hounslow, Kingston upon Thames, Merton, Redbridge, Richmond upon Thames, Sutton, and Waltham Forest.

Population
Figures here are for the Office for National Statistics defined Outer London (in its 2001 limits), whose land area is 1,254 km2. Figures before 1971 have been reconstructed by the Office for National Statistics based on past censuses in order to fit the 2001 limits.

Outer London continued to grow as population moved from Inner London, surpassing the Inner London population in 1951 at 4,517,588. The population of Greater London as a whole then started to decline, and the Outer London population fell from the 1951 peak to 4,230,000 in 1991. Since 1991 the Outer London population has been increasing again, surpassing the 1951 peak with a population of 4,942,040 in 2011. The population at the 2021 Census was 5,395,500. Over 60% of the population of Greater London lives in Outer London.

Economy
In 2002 there were 1.64 million jobs located in Outer London, which accounted for 42% of total jobs in London. Heathrow Airport and Croydon are the most significant locations for employment in Outer London.

Strategic planning
For the purposes of the London Plan planning document produced by the Mayor of London, Outer London consists of the statutory Outer London boroughs, with the exception of Newham.

Other definitions
From 1990 to 2000 London used two telephone area codes with separate codes for 'Inner London' and 'Outer London' (originally 071 and 081 respectively, becoming 0171 and 0181 in 1995). The area covered by the 'Outer London' code was widely different from all of the above definitions. In 2000, London returned to using a single 020 area code and all official distinctions between 'inner' and 'outer' London numbers ceased at this time.

title: Outer London


text:
List of cities in Laos

This is a list of cities in Laos, a country in Asia.

title: List of cities in Laos


text:
Gerlach, Nevada

Gerlach, Nevada is a census-designated place (CDP) in Washoe County, Nevada, United States. The population was 130 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Reno–Sparks Metropolitan Statistical Area. Prior to 2010, Gerlach was part of the Gerlach–Empire census-designated place. The town of Empire is now a separate CDP. The next nearest town, Nixon, is 60 mi to the south on a reservation owned by the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe. The Fly Geyser is located near Gerlach.

History
Gerlach was founded in 1906 during the construction of the Western Pacific Railroad Feather River Route.

Gerlach was named for the Gerlach Land and Cattle Company, owned by Louis Gerlach.

In 1997, the town and its homes and bars were used by the British team of the Thrust SSC supersonic car, as they pursued their goal of being the first to go faster than the speed of sound, which was achieved on October 15, 1997. The record still stands today. The Black Rock Saloon in the town kept track of the progress, given at the same time, Craig Breedlove attempted his own pursuit of the sound barrier. In 2017, several members of the former Thrust team revisited Gerlach for a reunion to mark the 20th anniversary.

In 2009, the Space Chair was lofted to near space north of Gerlach.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Gerlach CDP has a total area of 8.0 sqkm, all land. Its elevation is 3944 ft. Gerlach is approximately 100 mi north of Reno, Nevada.

Climate
Gerlach has a steppe climate (Bsk).

Economy
The economy of Gerlach focuses on tourism in the nearby Black Rock Desert, and hunting. Gypsum mining was the historic staple of the local economy. Nearby Empire was a company town of the United States Gypsum Corporation (USG) until the plant closed on January 31, 2011, eliminating 95 jobs. In 2016, the town of Empire was purchased by the Empire Mining Company, who have re-opened gypsum mining operations, and have begun to rehabilitate the houses in town.

The other major industries are a Union Pacific switching station in Gerlach and public services of Washoe County, which includes its roads department and a K–12 public school owned by the Washoe County School District; the future of the Gerlach K–12 School is uncertain, as it is estimated after the gypsum plant closed in 2011, only around a dozen children remained in Gerlach. Many of the inhabitants of Gerlach are elderly retirees. Many people in Gerlach also have small private businesses. Many businesses are Internet-based, due to the town's remote Nevada location. Hunters from all over the west travel to Gerlach to hunt a wide variety of game such as chukar, geese, deer, antelope, etc.

Since 1990, Burning Man, a week-long countercultural festival attended by 68,000, has been held nearby. The event is responsible for around 25% of the yearly sales at the few commercial establishments in the area, which include the closest permanent fuel and grocery stops to the Burning Man event site. As of 2023, the Burning Man Project owned about half the commercial property in Gerlach. The Black Rock Desert is also the site of many other recreational activities throughout the year.

Government
Gerlach previously had a volunteer fire department, but in 2015 the entire department resigned. The county had plans to establish fire services.

Transportation
Primary highway access to Gerlach is provided by State Route 447. It can also be accessed via three former state highways: State Route 34, State Route 48, and State Route 49 (also known as Jungo Road).

Gerlach has an airfield, simply a graded dirt strip, which is no longer usable. It should not be used unless under emergency.

The California Zephyr inter-city rail service was routed through Gerlach from its inception in 1949 until the end of its pre-Amtrak incarnation in 1970, providing direct service from Oakland, California to Chicago.

In popular culture
Gerlach was one of the film locations for the film Far From Home (1989). Gerlach was also the site for Gary Cooper's first (credited) film, The Winning of Barbara Worth (1926).

Media
Gerlach has two non-profit community-based radio stations. KFBR 91.5 was run by Friends of Black Rock/High Rock,. In 2022, KFBR was sold to the Burning Man Project for $6000. KLAP 89.5 is run by Open Sky Radio Corp and broadcast from a studio located at 395 Main Street in the old Gerlach Gas Station and Garage Building Office.

Education
Washoe County School District operates Gerlach K-12 School.

Ernest M. Johnson School, initially an elementary school in Empire, moved to the Gerlach High School site in Gerlach in 2001. By 2000 the school's address was already in Gerlach. Johnson became a K-12 school in 2011.

Gerlach High, a grade 6-12 school, opened in 1931, and got a new building in 1955 as the original building was destroyed by a fire. The fire occurred in January 1955.

Gerlach has a public library, a branch of the Washoe County Library System, on the school property.

title: Gerlach, Nevada


text:
List of commercial nuclear reactors

This is a list of all the commercial nuclear reactors in the world, sorted by country, with operational status. The list only includes civilian nuclear power reactors used to generate electricity for a power grid. All commercial nuclear reactors use nuclear fission. As of April 2024, there are 416 operable power reactors in the world, with a combined electrical capacity of 374.6 GW. Additionally, there are 61 reactors under construction and 92 reactors planned, with a combined capacity of 68 GW and 90 GW, respectively, while 343 more reactors are proposed. For non-power reactors, see List of nuclear research reactors. For fuel plants see List of nuclear reprocessing plants. Where not otherwise specified, all information is sourced from the Power Reactor Information System (PRIS) of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

In the following tables, the capacity (expressed in megawatt, MW) refers to the net capacity, or the maximum electricity output under reference ambient conditions, after deducting the losses within the system including the energy transformers.

title: List of commercial nuclear reactors


text:
Empire, Nevada

Empire is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Washoe County, Nevada, with a population estimated at 65 (2021). Prior to the 2010 census it was part of the Gerlach–Empire census-designated place, it is now part of the Reno–Sparks Metropolitan Statistical Area. The nearest town, Nixon, is 60 mi to the south on a reservation owned by the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe.

For 63 years, from 1948 to 2011, Empire was a company town of the US Gypsum Corporation, a manufacturer of gypsum based construction sheetrock, and once had a population of more than 750 people. US Gypsum closed the mine and the town in 2011; the mine and town were bought in 2016 by the Empire Mining Company (EMC), a manufacturer of gypsum based agricultural and construction additives. In 2016, the town again became a company town under the new auspices of EMC. Since that date both the town and the mine have been partially reopened by the new owners.

History
In 1907, Alex Ranson discovered gypsum near what later became Empire. In late 1909, Alex Ranson, Nick Curnow, E. H. Cowles and James Raser filed a patent for a selenite placer mining claim. In 1911, the mine was sold to unnamed buyers, rumored to be the plaster or gypsum trust from the eastern U.S. The sale was for between US$50000 1911 and US$100000 1911. In 1922, the Pacific Portland Cement company started construction of a mill at what is now known as Empire. In 1924, the Pacific Portland Cement company completed the move of their mill to the current location of Empire from a location near Mound House, Nevada near what was then known as Empire and the Carson River mills. The company called the new plant Empire. U.S. Gypsum bought the town in 1948. Empire reached a maximum population of 750 in the early 1960s.

Amid a slump in the construction industry, the gypsum plant in Empire closed its doors on January 31, 2011, eliminating 95 jobs. Residents with children were allowed to continue inhabiting their company homes through June 20, 2011, the end of the school year. After that date, Empire had empty homes and a large shuttered plant that made it seem almost like a ghost town. The ZIP Code, 89405, was also discontinued. During the years that the mill and town were both closed (2011 - 2016), U.S. Gypsum first erected a large fence around the entire town and plant complex; it then retained two employees to patrol and maintain the property. It also brought two llamas onto the property to keep the grass trimmed.

In mid-2016, U.S. Gypsum sold the town and the mine to the Empire Mining Company, thus workers began to move back into the town to work under the new mine owners. Since 2016, both the mine and the town have been partially reopened by the new owners of the mine, with a total population of 65 (2021).

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Empire CDP has a total area of 13.3 sqkm, all land. Its elevation is 4040 ft above sea level.

Economy
Gypsum mining is the staple of Empire's economy. After the recent reopening of the town, Empire has returned to being a classic company town, though smaller than before. Once again, all residents of Empire are associated with the mining operations of the town. Until its temporary closure in 2011, the Empire gypsum mine was one of the longest continually operating mines in the U.S., operating for 88 years from 1923 to 2011. While many mines were shut down during World War II as resources were diverted to the war effort, gypsum was determined to be an "essential" resource and the mine was never closed during that period.

During its heyday under U.S. Gypsum, the town had a church, a public pool, a nine-hole golf course, an airport, and a post office. There was also a day-care facility for the employees of Empire, and a convenience store with a gas station, the only store for more than 50 mi. Since EMC reopened the town in 2016, the store and gas station have been re-opened by EMC. The Catholic Church of Empire also holds services on a monthly basis.

The economy of Empire includes serving tourists heading to the nearby Black Rock Desert and hunting. Since 1991, Burning Man, a week-long experimental festival with 78,850 participants, has been held nearby. The event is responsible for around 20% of the sales at the few commercial establishments in the area, which include the closest permanent fuel and grocery stops to the event site. The Black Rock Desert is also the site of many other recreational activities throughout the year. After the closure of the plant in 2011, the grocery store remained the only source of provisions within 100 mi of the Black Rock Desert.

Transportation
Primary highway access to Empire is provided by State Route 447.

Empire Airport is a dirt airfield suitable only for light planes.

Education
Washoe County School District is the area school district. Gerlach K-12 School is the local school. It includes a branch of the Washoe County Library System.

Ernest M. Johnson Elementary School in Empire opened in 1958. Circa 2000, it had 62 students. By 2000, the school's address was already in Gerlach. The school moved to an addition at the Gerlach High School site in Gerlach in 2001. In 2011, Gerlach High was converted into the Johnson Elementary School for K-12.

In popular culture
The award-winning 2020 film Nomadland, based loosely on a true story, was partly filmed in Empire, and carefully documents some of the difficulties and adventures faced by a former Empire resident, Fern, after the closure of the town's gypsum plant. The main character is played by Frances McDormand. Fern was also a former employee at the town's Gypsum mill. Due to the plant closure, Fern, now age 62, is forced to leave town, and she starts a nomadic lifestyle, living out of her van, and taking on odd jobs along the way. The film is set in 2011 and 2012, and its script intentionally omits any reference to the 2016 re-opening of the town, ending the film's story line apparently sometime before the 2016 re-opening.

title: Empire, Nevada


text:
Verdi, Nevada

Verdi is a census-designated place (CDP) in Washoe County, Nevada, United States. It is on the western side of the Reno–Sparks Metropolitan Statistical Area, near Interstate 80 and stretches eastward towards its neighborhood-exclave of Lawton, Nevada surrounded by Reno, Nevada west of Mae Anne Avenue. The CDP of Verdi, California lies immediately adjacent across the state line. Both are in the shadow of California's Verdi Range. In 2010, the population was 1,415. Prior to 2010, the community was listed by the U.S. Census Bureau as part of the Verdi-Mogul CDP.

History
Originally known as O'Neils Crossing, for the man who built a bridge there in 1860.

Name
The town of Verdi was named after Giuseppe Verdi by Charles Crocker, founder of the Central Pacific Railroad, when he pulled a slip of paper from a hat and read the name of the Italian opera composer in 1868. The name is pronounced by the local population as VUR-dye.

1870 train robbery
On the 4th of November 1870, five men robbed a train travelling from San Francisco to Virginia City near Verdi after blocking the track. The train was carrying approximately $60,000 of gold and silver, and the robbers were able to get away with approximately $41,000. The same train was robbed for a second time near Pequop, Nevada in Elko County.

Geography

Verdi is located at 39.51833°N, -119.98861°W (39.5183, -119.9887) on the western border of Nevada, adjacent to the California state line.

The CDP has a total area of 9.0 sqkm, of which 8.7 sqkm is land and 0.3 sqkm, or 3.35%, is water.

2008 earthquake swarm
In February 2008 an earthquake swarm began, and ended in June 2008. The total number of earthquakes in the census-designated place reached over 5,000 and ranged in magnitude from 0.7 to 4.7 on the Richter magnitude scale.

Demographics
As of the 2010 census, there were 1,415 people in the CDP. The population density was 416.2 PD/sqmi. There were 686 housing units at an average density of 201.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 95.5% White, 0.2% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.9% Asian, 0.8% Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, 0.5% some other race, and 1.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.6% of the population.

There were 641 households, out of which 20.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.9% were headed by married couples living together, 4.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.2% were non-families. 26.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.3% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.21, and the average family size was 2.66.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 14.4% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 17.3% from 25 to 44, 41.6% from 45 to 64, and 19.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 52.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.3 males.

For the period 2007–2011, the estimated median annual income for a household in the CDP was $79,324, and the median income for a family was $96,518. Male full-time workers had a median income of $51,464 versus $77,000 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $87,680. About 3.3% of families and 4.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.0% of those under age 18 and 0% of those age 65 or over.

Education
The Verdi area is served by the Washoe County School District.

Economy
Verdi is home to two of the closest Nevada casinos and RV parks to California on I-80: Terrible's Gold Ranch Casino, now known simply as Gold Ranch Casino, at Exit 2 and the Boomtown Reno at Exit 4. Nearby is the closest Cabela's to California.

title: Verdi, Nevada


text:
Ian Brown

Ian George Brown (born 20 February 1963) is an English musician. He was the lead singer and the only continuous member of the alternative rock band the Stone Roses from their formation in 1983. Following the band's initial split in 1996, he began a solo career, releasing seven studio albums, a greatest hits compilation, a remix album, an 11-disc box set titled Collection, and 19 singles. He returned to singing for the Stone Roses in 2011, although this did not spell the end of his solo endeavours, releasing First World Problems through Virgin/EMI Records on 25 October 2018.

Early life and education
Brown was born in Warrington on 20 February 1963 and grew up on Forster Street, Orford, until the age of about six. His father, George, was a joiner, and his mother, Jean, worked as a receptionist in a paper factory. He then moved with his family, including a brother (David) and sister (Sharon) to Sylvan Avenue in Timperley, Altrincham.

He attended Park Road County Primary Infant and Junior School and then Altrincham Grammar School for Boys, leaving aged 16. In 2015 and 2017, he testified against a former teacher at Altrincham Grammar, Fred Talbot, who was found guilty of sexually abusing pupils in the 1970s.

Brown's interest in music was inspired by the punk movement, specifically the bands Sex Pistols, the Clash, and Manchester-based Slaughter & the Dogs. He was also an early follower of psychobilly music and was a regular at many scooter rallies in the north of England. Brown and original Stone Roses bassist Pete Garner attended the recording of the Clash single "Bankrobber" in Manchester.

The Stone Roses
Brown's music career began in 1980, playing bass guitar in a band with John Squire and Simon Wolstencroft. They eventually became the Patrol, with Andy Couzens on vocals. The band soon split up, with Brown selling his bass to buy a scooter. Brown moved to Hulme and attended Northern soul "all-nighters" across Northern England in the early 1980s as the scene faded. Around this time, Brown met soul legend Geno Washington, who told him, "You should be a star." In 1983, Brown joined the Waterfront, the band that would evolve into the Stone Roses, as co-vocalist.

The Stone Roses rose to prominence in the late 1980s and early 1990s, with their debut album voted the best British album of all time in 2004. The band's second album, Second Coming, received a mixed reaction, and after several changes of line-up, the band split up in October 1996.

On 17 October 2011, Brown alluded to a Stone Roses reunion via text message, saying, "We are going to rule the world again. It's happening." On the following day, a reunion was announced for the band with performances planned for June 2012 in Manchester. In a press conference interview, the members of the Stone Roses have said that a new album is planned.

On 2 December 2011, Ian Brown and John Squire performed together live for the first time since 1995. They joined Mick Jones from The Clash, The Farm, and Pete Wylie at the Manchester Ritz in a concert in aid of the Justice for Hillsborough campaign. They performed "Elizabeth My Dear" as a duo before being joined by Mick Jones and The Farm for renditions of the Clash's "Bankrobber" and "Armagideon Time", with Ian Brown taking on lead vocals for the three songs.

The Stone Roses reunited in 2011 and went on a reunion tour in 2012. They continued to tour until 2017 when the band disbanded for a second time.

Solo career
After a break from music in Morocco, Brown established his solo career with the debut solo single "My Star", which was released in the UK on 12 January 1998. The debut album Unfinished Monkey Business followed on 2 February 1998. The album was produced and financed by Brown and featured ex-Roses members Mani, Nigel Ipinson, Aziz Ibrahim, and Robbie Maddix. The album sold over 300,000 copies.

Brown toured in summer 1998 with a band that included Aziz Ibrahim (guitar), Inder "Goldfinger" Matharu (tabla/percussion), Simon Moore (drums), and Sylvan Richardson (bass), including performances at the Glastonbury Festival and the V Festival. Brown was arrested after a flight back from his live show in Paris and later sentenced to four months in prison for using threatening behaviour towards an airline stewardess and captain, a charge he denied, causing his tour to be rescheduled. His bandmate Aziz Ibrahim condemned the sentence, saying that Brown was "just being cheeky". He had threatened to cut off the hands of the stewardess and hammered on the cockpit door, as the plane came in to land. A few weeks before, he had threatened a magazine critic, who had given his album a one-star review, to a "good kicking".

While in Strangeways Prison, Brown wrote the lyrics for "Free My Way", "So Many Soldiers", and "Set My Baby Free". He was released on parole after two months.

His second album, Golden Greats, was released by Polydor Records in 1999. It featured more electronic instrumentation and earned critical acclaim. For his third studio album, Music of the Spheres, Brown sought outside production help for the first time, hiring the services of songwriter and producer Dave McCracken, who would go on to become a regular collaborator. He toured the US for the first time as a solo artist in support of the album.

Brown's fourth solo album, Solarized, was released in the UK on 13 September 2004 and was the first to be released under the revived Polydor imprint Fiction Records. When his new Fiction A&R Jim Chancellor was asked in HitQuarters what contribution he makes to Brown's records, he said, "There's not as much to do. Ian is very much the master of his own records."

Since the break-up of the Stone Roses in 1996, Brown has released six solo albums and fourteen UK Top 40 singles. He has sold out seven UK tours and appeared three times at the Glastonbury Festival, including headlining the Other Stage in 2005. He has appeared five times at V Festival since 1998, along with regular appearances at T in the Park and Oxegen festivals, and played the Move festival in 2002 at Old Trafford Cricket Ground as well as two tours of Australia in 2006 and 2008.

At the 2006 NME awards, Brown was presented with the "Godlike Genius" award and in 2007, was given the Q "Legend" Award.

In September 2007, Brown released his fifth studio album, The World Is Yours. The album represented a more political approach in his music, particularly the anti-war track "Illegal Attacks", which featured Sinéad O'Connor. The album also featured former Smiths bassist Andy Rourke, Paul Ryder of Happy Mondays, and Steve Jones and Paul Cook of The Sex Pistols.

My Way, his sixth solo album, was released in September 2009. It was recorded at London's Battery Studios with producer Dave McCracken; the first single, "Stellify", was released 21 September 2009. Brown played Manchester Arena for the third time in December 2009 and in 2010, made his third appearance in Moscow and second in Beijing, China. Since turning solo in 1998, Brown has played shows in 45 countries.

Brown has collaborated several times with UNKLE, appearing on "Be There" in 1999 and on "Reign" on the 2003 album Never, Never, Land, which was also released as a single.

On 25 October 2018, he released his first solo material in nine years with the single "First World Problems". His seventh studio album, Ripples, was then released on 1 February 2019.

On 18 September 2020, Brown announced the release of new song "Little Seed, Big Tree" through his Twitter account. The song appears to refer to the COVID-19 pandemic, and express anti-lockdown and anti-vaccine sentiment. Brown later complained that it was taken off Spotify. A Spotify spokesman stated that the platform "prohibits content on the platform which promotes dangerous false, deceptive, or misleading content about COVID-19".

In September 2022 he made the first appearance of a UK tour, with a sold-out performance in Leeds. His use of backing tracks in place of a live band was met with a negative reaction by some attendees.

Film and television
Brown had a cameo role in the 2004 film Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban as a wizard magically stirring his drink while reading Stephen Hawking's A Brief History of Time at the Leaky Cauldron. In 2010, Brown had a cameo role as a police officer in Shane Meadow's series This is England '86 based on the film of This is England.

Awards and achievements
Ian Brown has won several awards and magazine polls in his career, in recognition of his work as a solo artist and his work with the Stone Roses. The awards he has won are as follows:

 * The Stone Roses
 * 1997 The Stone Roses reached No. 5 in The Guardian's 100 Best Albums Ever poll
 * 1998 The Stone Roses reached No. 4 in Q magazine's 100 Best Albums Ever poll
 * 2004 The Stone Roses reached No. 1 in The Observer's 100 Best British Albums Ever poll
 * 2006 The Stone Roses reached No. 1 in the NME writers 100 Best British Albums Ever poll
 * 2006 The Stone Roses reached No. 7 in NME fans 100 Best Albums Ever poll

 * Solo
 * 2002 Muso Awards Best Single ("Whispers")
 * 2002 NME Awards Best Solo Artist
 * 2006 NME Awards Godlike Genius Award
 * 2007 Q Awards Legend Award
 * 1999, 2000, 2002, 2006, 2009 – nominated for Best British Solo Artist at the Brit Awards

Discography
In the UK, Ian Brown as solo artist has sold over 500,000 albums.

Personal life
Brown is a teetotaler, claiming that he has not had a drink of alcohol since 1999.

Brown was married to Fabiola Quiroz, a model from Mexico. They divorced in 2011. He has three children, one with Quiroz, the other two from a previous relationship.

Brown is a lifelong supporter of Manchester United F.C. and is a season ticket holder. For the 2005–06 season, Brown was the shirt sponsor of London Commercial Division football team Chiswick Homefields, the players wearing an "IB – The Greatest" logo on their chests.

Legal issues
In October 1998, Brown was arrested and sentenced to four months in jail for threatening a British Airways attendant on a flight to Manchester from Paris. He spent two months in jail. In June 2005, Brown was arrested in San Francisco after an altercation with a fan who tackled Brown on stage. However, no charges were pressed against Brown. In 2011, Brown was given a driving ban following three speeding violations. He was fined over £1,900.

Views
Brown believes in God, but does not subscribe to any organized religion.

During the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom, Brown promoted conspiracy theories that contributed to COVID-19 misinformation, and criticised lockdowns, the use of masks and the COVID-19 vaccine. In July 2021, Brown received a two-week Twitter ban for posting false claims that the vaccine was not effective. He pulled out of a festival headline slot as he disagreed with its vaccine passport for entry policy, calling it the "new nazi normal". His anti-lockdown song "Little Seed, Big Tree", which featured lyrics alluding to conspiracy theories about the COVID-19 vaccine, was taken down from Spotify.

title: Ian Brown


text:
Odd Job Jack

Odd Job Jack is a Canadian adult animated sitcom starring Don McKellar, playing the main character of the series named Jack Ryder and his misadventures in temporary employment. Seen on and produced for The Comedy Network, a cable specialty channel, and once available on iTunes, Adult Swim and MuchMusic in Latin America, 2x2 in Russia, Hulu in the United States, and MusiquePlus in the French speaking Canada. A total of 52 episodes were produced over four seasons. Reruns also aired in winter 2013 on MTV2.

Production
Odd Job Jack was created by Smiley Guy Studios in Toronto, Ontario. The show was originally developed as a web-based cartoon and based off of an early short the creators made called "The Seen", which released in 1997, but quickly moved to cable television distribution. The producers of the show pay homage to their web roots by maintaining a web site that contains unique interactive content to support each episode, largely consisting of Flash games. They advertised this connection as being a "sit.com". An advertising deal with Molson Canadian helped fund the move to television.

On July 14, 2006 in an email to subscribers, Smiley Guy Studios announced FreeJack, an initiative under which they have started releasing the master files of every character, prop, and background from every episode for the upcoming season under a non-commercial share-friendly license. However, in 2007, after the fourth season the show definitely ended production.

Every episode is structured by the opening theme, the full episode and the closing credits. The series featured an experimental form of described video, wherein rather than a neutral narrator, the actors would describe visual sequences in-character.

Plot
The eponymous character, Jack Ryder, graduates from university with a degree in sociology and becomes a temporary employee at an agency called Odd Jobs which specializes in filling difficult and unusual positions. Each episode ends with Jack adding a chapter to a book which he is writing about his experiences on his laptop.

When not working, Jack often hangs with his eccentric friends, Leopold "Leo" Trench, an agoraphobic computer hacker who, like one of the characters in McKellar's earlier comedy series, Twitch City, is unable to leave his apartment but nonetheless leads a complex and bizarre life, and Bobby Lee, an Asian kid who works in the family store by day, and is a club disc-jockey and masked hero by night.

Jack also spends some time at the beginning and end of each episode at the agency where he attempts to develop a rapport with Betty Styles, the female assignment "associate" while under electronic surveillance from the gruff, imperious, and decidedly unpleasant, manager/owner (Mr. Fister) who is often involved in some way in the bizarre conspiracies, sordid sexual escapades, and crimes which lurk behind the workaday appearances of Jack's assignments.

Mr. Fister never appears in season three, but makes a final appearance in season four, while at the conclusion of season three Betty, after stealing the company jet to rescue Jack from African kidnappers, runs away to a distant country. Instead Jack is greeted in each season four episode with a new assignment associate, each with a personality defect. The first season also featured Jacques, a French Canadian doppelgänger to Jack who serves as an office nemesis.

Season One
Among the unusual situations in which Jack finds employment during the show's first season are mortuary worker; rodent wrangler on the set of a James Bond-like movie produced entirely with rodents; tree-planter in Bigfoot country; waiter in a chi-chi restaurant where something is definitely not right in the kitchen; security guard in a high-tech firm; Eighties-style business executive in a take-over firm; and Christian theme-park employee. None of these assignments are as straightforward as they seem. Jack's co-workers and employers can only be described as contentedly psychotic.

In the rodent wrangler episode, McKellar plays and parodies himself as a stereotypical vain, role-hungry and superficial actor, as well as voicing the anti-hero, Jack, and is the subject of a self-deprecatory episode based on Being John Malkovich in which a tunnel is dug from Jack's kitchen into McKellar the actor's ego.

There are also a number of sly allusions in the episode to McKellar's movies, including The Red Violin (1998) and Highway 61 (1991).

Cast

 * Don McKellar as Jack Ryder
 * Matthew Ferguson as Bobby Lee
 * Jeremy Diamond as Leopold Trench

Guests
The show features voice work by a number of often Canadian celebrities, especially after the first season: celebrities appear occasionally on the second season, and the third season has a special celebrity guest star for each episode, who either play themselves or voice one of the show's eccentric, if not mad, characters. Celebrities in the first season were Dave Foley, Troy Hurtubise and Gary Farmer. The second season featured the Barenaked Ladies, Jeff Tweedy of Wilco, John O'Hurley, Megan Follows, Christopher Plummer, Rick Mercer, Kenny Hotz, Catherine O'Hara and Don Knotts. And the third season sees Tom Arnold, Scott Thompson, James Woods, Tom Green, Leslie Nielsen, Will Arnett, Samantha Bee, and John Goodman accompany Jack on his adventures in the weird world of work.

Reception
Odd Job Jack was nominated for the Gemini Awards in 2006 for best "Best Cross Platform Project" and the Canadian Comedy Awards in 2007 in the "Writing Series" category, while winning the CFTPA Indie Awards in 2008 for "Best Convergent New Media",  and the Banff World Television Award for "Interactive Program Enhancements". The series achieved over three million views within its first year on Hulu. Writing for TheGATE.ca critic W. Andrew Powell wrote that "“Odd Job Jack” is also pretty damn funny. It’s charm is that it’s extremely funny, without half of the insanity or depravity of shows like “South Park“. Sure, people get chopped up & eaten, dead people get up and dance, and famous people get made fun of, but it’s surprisingly fresh without being utterly offensive." Andrew Ryan for The Globe and Mail noted of the season three premiere that "Odd Job Jack is still sharply written and crudely animated, which is part of its appeal. Be grateful some things remain resistant to change."

title: Odd Job Jack


text:
Urim and Thummim

In the Hebrew Bible, the Urim ( ʾŪrīm, "lights") and the Thummim ( Tummīm, "perfection" or "truth") are elements of the hoshen, the breastplate worn by the High Priest attached to the ephod, a type of apron or garment. The pair are used frequently in the Old Testament, in Exodus 28:30 through God's instruction to Aaron on how to adorn his breastplate worn in the holy place; in 1 Samuel 14:41 by King Saul to determine who was at fault for breaking the army's fast; and Ezra 2 to determine whether those who claimed to be the descendants of the priests of Israel were truly of that class. The Urim and Thummim are sometimes connected by scholars with cleromancy (with divination by casting lots), although it is equally likely no casting was physically done, and the participants of Lights and Perfection waited for a sign to answer a question or reveal the will of God.

Name and meaning
Urim traditionally has been taken to derive from a root meaning "lights"; these derivations are reflected in the Neqqudot of the Masoretic Text. In consequence, Urim and Thummim has traditionally been translated as "lights and perfections" (by Theodotion, for example), or, by taking the phrase allegorically, as meaning "revelation and truth" or "doctrine and truth." It appears in this form in the Vulgate, in the writing of St. Jerome, and in the Hexapla. The latter use was defended in modern Catholic interpretations by connecting Urim and Thummim to the roots ירה "to teach" and אׇמַן "be true".

Thummim is widely considered to be derived from the consonantal root  (t-m-m) "innocent". Many scholars now believe that Urim simply derives from the Hebrew  (Arrim) "curses" and thus that Urim and Thummim essentially means "cursed or faultless", in reference to the deity's judgment of an accused person; in other words, Urim and Thummim were used to answer the question "innocent or guilty".

Assyriologist William Muss-Arnolt connected the singular forms—ur and tumm—with the Babylonian terms ūrtu and tamītu, meaning "oracle" and "command", respectively. According to his theory, the Hebrew words use a pluralis intensivus to enhance their apparent majesty, not to indicate the presence of more than one. Along these lines, the Urim and Thummim are hypothesized to derive from the Tablets of Destiny worn by Marduk on his breast according to Babylonian religion.

Form and function
is regarded by biblical scholars as key to understanding the Urim and Thummim; the passage describes an attempt to identify a sinner by repeatedly splitting the people into two groups and identifying which group contains the sinner. In the version of this passage in the Masoretic Text, it describes Saul and Jonathan being separated from the rest of the people, and lots being cast between them; the Septuagint version, however, states that Urim would indicate Saul and Jonathan, while Thummim would indicate the people. In the Septuagint, a previous verse uses a phrase which is usually translated as "inquired of God", which is significant as the grammatical form of the Hebrew implies that the inquiry was performed by objects being manipulated; scholars view it as evident from these verses and versions that cleromancy was involved, and that Urim and Thummim were the names of the objects being cast.

The description of the clothing of the Hebrew high priest in the Book of Exodus portrays the Urim and Thummim as being put into the sacred breastplate, worn by the high priest over the Ephod. Where the biblical text elsewhere describes an Ephod being used, scholars presume that it is referring to use of the Urim and Thummim in conjunction with the Ephod, as this seems to be intimately connected with it; similarly where non-prophets are portrayed as asking God for guidance, and the advice is not described as given by visions, scholars think that Urim and Thummim were the medium implied. In all but two cases ( and ), the question is one which is effectively answered by a simple "yes" or "no"; a number of scholars believe that the two exceptions to this pattern, which give more complex answers, were originally also just sequences of "yes" or "no" questions, but became corrupted by later editing.

There is no description of the form of the Urim and Thummim in the passage describing the high priest's vestments, and a number of scholars believe that the author of the passage, which textual scholars attribute to the priestly source, was not actually entirely aware of what they were either. Nevertheless, the passage does describe them as being put into the breastplate, which scholars think implies they were objects put into some sort of pouch within it, and then, while out of view, one (or one side, if the Urim and Thummim was a single object) was chosen by touch and withdrawn or thrown out; since the Urim and Thummim were put inside this pouch, they were presumably small and fairly flat, and were possibly tablets of wood or of bone. Considering the scholars' conclusion that Urim essentially means "guilty" and Thummim essentially means "innocent", this would imply that the purpose of the Urim and Thummim was an ordeal to confirm or refute suspected guilt; if the Urim was selected it meant guilt, while selection of the Thummim would mean innocence.

According to classical rabbinical literature, in order for the Urim and Thummim to give an answer, it was first necessary for the individual to stand facing the fully dressed high priest, and vocalise the question briefly and in a simple way, though it was not necessary for it to be loud enough for anyone else to hear it. Maimonides explains that the High Priest would stand facing the Ark of the Covenant with the inquirer behind him, facing the Priest's back. After the inquirer asked his question, the Holy Spirit would immediately overcome the Priest and he would see the letters protruding in a prophetic vision. The Talmudic rabbis argued that Urim and Thummim were words written on the sacred breastplate. Most of the Talmudic rabbis, and Josephus, following the belief that Urim meant "lights", argued that the rituals involving Urim and Thummim involved questions being answered by great rays of light shining out of certain jewels on the breastplate; each jewel was taken to represent different letters, and the sequence of lighting thus would spell out an answer (though there were 22 letters in the Hebrew alphabet, and only 12 jewels on the breastplate);  two Talmudic rabbis, however, argued that the jewels themselves moved in a way that made them stand out from the rest, or even moved themselves into groups to form words.

History of use
The first reference to Urim and Thummim in the Bible is the description in the Book of Exodus concerning the high priest's vestments; the chronologically earliest passage mentioning them, according to textual scholars, is in the Book of Hosea, where it is implied, by reference to the Ephod, that the Urim and Thummim were fundamental elements in the popular form of the Israelite religion, in the mid 8th century BC. Consulting the Urim and Thummim was said to be permitted for determining territorial boundaries, and was said to be required, in addition to permission from the king or a prophet, if there was an intention to expand Jerusalem or the Temple in Jerusalem;   however, these rabbinical sources questioned, or at least tried to justify, why Urim and Thummim would be required when a prophet was also present. The classical rabbinical writers argued that the Urim and Thummim were only permitted to be consulted by very prominent figures such as army generals, the most senior of court figures, and kings, and the only questions which could be raised were those which were asked for the benefit of the people as a whole. To uncover the sin of Achan the sacred Lots were used by Joshua. Abiathar joined David, who was then in the cave of Adullam (1 Sam. 22:20–23, 23:6). He remained with David, and became priest of the party of which he was the leader (1 Sam. 30:7). When David ascended the throne of Judah, Abiathar was appointed High Priest (1 Chr. 15:11; 1 Kings 2:26) and the "king's counselor" (1 Chr. 27:33–34). Meanwhile, Zadok, of the house of Eleazar, had been made High Priest. According to the Jewish Encyclopedia Abiathar was deposed from office when he was deserted by the Holy Spirit without which the Urim and Thummin could not be consulted.

Although Josephus argues that the Urim and Thummim continued to function until the era of the Maccabees, Talmudic sources are unanimous in agreeing that the Urim and Thummim stopped functioning much earlier, when Jerusalem was sacked by the Babylonians. In a passage from the part of the Book of Ezra which overlaps with the Book of Nehemiah, it is mentioned that individuals who were unable to prove, after the Babylonian captivity had ended, that they were descended from the priesthood before the captivity began, were required to wait until priests in possession of Urim and Thummim were discovered; this would appear to confirm the statements in the Talmud that the Urim and Thummim had by then been lost. Indeed, since the priestly source, which textual scholars date to a couple of centuries prior to the captivity, does not appear to know what the Urim and Thummim looked like, and there is no mention of the Urim and Thummim in the deuteronomic history beyond the death of David, scholars suspect that use of them decayed some time before the Babylonian conquest, probably as a result of the growing influence of prophets at that time.

Maimonides states that in the Second Temple the Urim and Thummim actually existed but no longer functioned in the practical sense since the priests no longer possessed the Holy Spirit. Rabbi Abraham ben David disagrees and maintains that during that era, the Urim and Thummim were completely absent.

Latter Day Saint movement
Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, said that he used interpreters in order to translate the Book of Mormon from the golden plates. In early accounts, Smith described the interpreters as "spectacles", described as two transparent stones set in silver bows. The earliest association of the spectacles with the biblical term "Urim and Thummim" occurred in 1833 and Smith appears to have adopted the term in subsequent descriptions. The Urim and Thummim were said to have been found with the golden plates, a breastplate (to which the silver bows were attached in some descriptions), and the Sword of Laban. Smith's mother, Lucy Mack Smith, described these Urim and Thummim as being like "two smooth three-cornered diamonds." Smith and others also referred to individual seer stones also associated with Smith's dictation of the Book of Mormon as Urim and Thummim, although his wife, Emma Smith, in her later accounts distinguished between the seer stones and the Urim and Thummim.

Smith also said he used the Urim and Thummim to assist him in receiving other divine revelations, including some of the sections of the Doctrine and Covenants and portions of the Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible. Only Oliver Cowdery is claimed to have attempted to use them to receive his own revelation. Many Latter Day Saints believe that Smith's Urim and Thummim were functionally identical to the biblical Urim and Thummim.

Smith extended the use of the term "Urim and Thummim" to describe the dwelling place of God, the earth in a future state, and the white stone mentioned in the Book of Revelation.

In popular culture

In accordance with the belief that Urim and Thummim translates to "Light and Truth", the Latin equivalent Lux et Veritas has been used for several university mottoes. For example, Lux et Veritas is the motto of Indiana University and the University of Montana. Similarly, Northeastern University's motto is Lux, Veritas, Virtus ("Light, Truth, Virtue"). Urim and Thummim itself is emblazoned in Hebrew across the open book pictured on the Yale University coat of arms, and the translation Lux et Veritas appears below on a banner.

The Urim and Thummim are also mentioned in some modern fiction:
 * Urim and Thummim were the names given to two objects of mystical technology in the Prosopopeia transmedia series, culminating in the International Emmy Award-winning participatory drama series The Truth About Marika by SVT and The company P.
 * In the television series Dig, the breastplate that is a part of the mystery is said to be the breastplate of the High Priest of the Temple in Jerusalem and used to communicate with God.
 * In Paulo Coelho's 1988 novel The Alchemist, Urim and Thummim are black and white fortune-telling stones that Melchizedek gives to Santiago, with their colors representing “yes” and “no” answers to questions.
 * In John Bellairs’ young adult novel The Revenge of the Wizard’s Ghost, the two main characters go in search of the Urim and Thummim, imagined as stones with healing powers.
 * In The Object – The Urim and Thummim (2007), a documentary directed by Jacob Young, "The story of a musician's fascinating discovery of an ancient relic, as he attempts to seek its mysterious significance and share the artifact with the world."

title: Urim and Thummim