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Earl of Stockton

Earl of Stockton is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 24 February 1984 for Harold Macmillan, the former Conservative prime minister (from 1957 to 1963), less than three years before his death in 1986. At the same time he received a subsidiary title Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden, of Chelwood Gate in the County of East Sussex and of Stockton-on-Tees in the County of Cleveland, also in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The viscountcy is used as a courtesy title by the earl's heir apparent.

the titles are held by the first holder's grandson, being the second earl, who succeeded in 1986 on his grandfather's death (namely Alexander Macmillan, 2nd Earl of Stockton, son of Maurice Macmillan, Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden, only son of the first earl, who died in 1984). The earldom and viscountcy are the most recent hereditary peerages created outside of the royal family and, with the Thatcher baronetcy, the only such titles which survive of the few created since 1965.

The family seat was Birch Grove, near Chelwood Gate, East Sussex, but it was sold by the 2nd Earl in 1989.

Earl of Stockton (1984)

 * (Maurice) Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton (1894–1986)
 * Maurice Victor Macmillan, Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden (1921–1984)
 * Alexander Daniel Alan Macmillan, 2nd Earl of Stockton (born 1943)

The heir apparent is the present holder's only son, Daniel Maurice Alan Macmillan, Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden (b. 1974).

Line of succession

 * Coronet of a British Earl.svg (Maurice) Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton (1894–1986)
 * Maurice Victor Macmillan, Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden (1921–1984)
 * Coronet of a British Earl.svg Alexander Daniel Alan Macmillan, 2nd Earl of Stockton (b. 1943)
 * (1)  Daniel Maurice Alan Macmillan, Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden (b. 1974)
 * Hon. Adam Julian Robert Macmillan (1948–2016)
 * (2)  Frederick Maurice Brian Macmillan (b. 1990)
 * (3)  Joshua Gabriel P. Macmillan (b. 1995)
 * (4)  Hon. David Maurice Benjamin Macmillan (b. 1957)
 * (5)  Finn Joshua Marcus Macmillan (b. 1995)

title: Earl of Stockton


text:
W. Eugene Smith

William Eugene Smith (December 30, 1918 – October 15, 1978) was an American photojournalist. He has been described as "perhaps the single most important American photographer in the development of the editorial photo essay." His major photo essays include World War II photographs, the visual stories of an American country doctor and a nurse midwife, the clinic of Albert Schweitzer in French Equatorial Africa, the city of Pittsburgh, and the pollution which damaged the health of the residents of Minamata in Japan. His 1948 series, Country Doctor, photographed for Life, is now recognized as "the first extended editorial photo story".

Life and early work
William Eugene Smith was born in Wichita, Kansas, on December 30, 1918, to William H. Smith and his wife Nettie (née Lee). Growing up, Smith had become fascinated by flying and aviation. When Smith was 13, he asked his mother for money to buy photographs of airplanes. His mother instead lent him her camera and encouraged him to visit a local airfield to take his own photos. When he returned with his exposed film, she developed the pictures for him in her own improvised darkroom.

By the time he was a teenager, photography had become his passion; he photographed sports activities at Cathedral High School and at the age of 15 his sports photos were published by Vigil Cay, sports editor at the Wichita Press. On July 25, 1934, The New York Times published a photo by Smith of the Arkansas River dried up into a plate of mud, evidence of the extreme weather events that were devastating the Midwest. These weather conditions had a disastrous effect on agriculture. Smith's father, who was a grain dealer, saw his business head towards bankruptcy and he committed suicide.

Smith graduated from the Wichita North High School in 1936. His mother used her Catholic church connections to enable Smith to obtain a photography scholarship which helped to fund his tuition at the University of Notre Dame, but at the age of 18 he abruptly quit university and moved to New York City. By 1938 he had begun to work for Newsweek where he became known for his perfectionism and thorny personality. Smith was eventually fired from Newsweek; he later explained Newsweek wanted him to work with larger format negatives but he refused to abandon the 35 mm Contax camera he preferred to work with. Smith began to work for Life magazine in 1939, quickly building a strong relationship with then picture editor Wilson Hicks.

War work
In September 1943, Smith became a war correspondent for Ziff-Davis Publishing and also supplied photos to Life magazine. Smith took photos on the front lines in the Pacific theater of World War II. He was with the American forces during their island-hopping offensive against Japan, photographing U.S. Marines and Japanese prisoners of war at Saipan, Guam, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa. Smith's awareness of the brutality of the conflict sharpened the focus of his ambition. He wrote "You can't raise a nation to kill and murder without injury to the mind... It is the reason I am covering the war for I want my pictures to carry some message against the greed, the stupidity and the intolerances that cause these wars and the breaking of many bodies." Ben Maddow wrote: "Smith's photographs of 1943 through 1945 show his swift development from talent to genius." In 1945, Smith was seriously injured by mortar fire while photographing the Battle of Okinawa.

In 1946, he took his first photograph since being injured: a picture of his two children walking in the garden of his home which he titled The Walk to Paradise Garden. The photograph became famous when Edward Steichen used it as one of the key images in the exhibition The Family of Man, which Steichen curated in 1955. After spending two years undergoing surgery, Smith continued to work at Life until 1955.

1950s
Between 1948 and 1954 Smith photographed for Life magazine a series of photo essays with a humanist perspective which laid the basis of modern photojournalism, and which were, in the estimate of Encyclopædia Britannica, "characterized by a strong sense of empathy and social conscience."

In August 1948 Smith photographed Dr. Ernest Ceriani in the town of Kremmling, Colorado, for several weeks, covering the doctor's arduous work in a thinly populated western environment, grappling with life and death situations. (One of the most vivid images shows Ceriani looking exhausted in a kitchen, having performed a Caesarean section during which both mother and baby died.) The essay Country Doctor was published by Life on September 20, 1948. It has been described by Sean O'Hagan as "the first extended editorial photo story".

In late 1949, Smith was sent to the UK to cover the General Election, when the Labour Party, under Clement Attlee, was re-elected with a tiny majority. Smith also travelled to Wales where he photographed a series of studies of miners in South Wales Valleys. Critics have compared Smith's work to similar studies made by Bill Brandt. In a documentary made by BBC Wales, Dai Smith located a miner who described how he and two colleagues had met Smith on their way home from work at the pit and had been instructed on how to pose for one of the photographs published in Life.

From Wales, Smith travelled to Spain where he spent a month in 1950, photographing the village of Deleitosa, Extremadura, focusing on themes of rural poverty. Smith attracted the suspicion of the local Guardia Civil, until he finally made an abrupt exit across the border to France. A Spanish Village was published in Life on April 9, 1951, to great acclaim. Ansel Adams wrote Smith a letter of praise, which Smith carried in his pocket for three years, unable to write a reply.

In 1951, Smith persuaded Life editor Edward Thompson to let him do a photo-journalistic profile of Maude E. Callen, a black nurse midwife working in rural South Carolina. For weeks Smith accompanied Callen on her exhausting schedule, rising before dawn and working into the evening. The essay Nurse Midwife was published in Life on December 3, 1951. It was well received and resulted in thousands of dollars in donations to create the Maude Callen Clinic, which opened in Pineville, South Carolina in May 1953, with Smith present at the ceremony.

In 1954, Smith photographed an extensive photo-essay about the work of Albert Schweitzer at his clinic at Lambaréné in Gabon, West Africa. It was later revealed that one of his most famous images had been extensively manipulated. Smith made many layouts of his Schweitzer pictures which he submitted to Life, but the final layout of the story published on November 15, 1954, entitled A Man of Mercy, angered Smith because editor Edward Thompson used fewer pictures than Smith wanted, and Smith thought the layout crude. He sent a formal 60-day notice of resignation letter to Life in November 1954.

After leaving Life magazine, Smith joined the Magnum Photos agency in 1955. There he was commissioned by Stefan Lorant to produce a photographic profile of the city of Pittsburgh. The project was supposed to take him a month and to produce 100 images. It ended up occupying more than two years and producing 13,000 photographic negatives. The intended book was never delivered to Lorant, and Smith's obsessive work was bailed out by money from Magnum, causing strain between Smith and the photo-journalist collective.

Jazz Loft Project
In 1957, Smith left his wife Carmen and their four children in Croton-on-Hudson and moved into a loft space at 821 Sixth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan which he shared with David X. Young, Dick Cary, and Hall Overton. Smith laid down an intricate network of microphones and obsessively took photographs and recorded jazz musicians playing in the loft space, including Thelonious Monk, Zoot Sims and Rahsaan Roland Kirk. From 1957 to 1965, Smith made approximately 4,000 hours of recordings on 1,740 reel-to-reel tapes and nearly 40,000 photographs in the loft building in Manhattan's wholesale flower district. The tapes also contain recorded street noise in the flower district, late-night radio talk shows, telephone calls, television and radio news programs, and random loft dialogues among musicians, artists, and other Smith friends and associates. The Jazz Loft Project, devoted to preserving and cataloging the works of Smith, is directed by Sam Stephenson at the Center for Documentary Studies at Duke University, in co-operation with the Center for Creative Photography at the University of Arizona and the Smith estate.

In August 1970, at the age of 51, Smith met Aileen Sprague, who would later become his wife. She served as a translator for Smith when he was interviewed in a Fujifilm commercial. Aileen was the daughter of a Japanese mother and an American father, raised in Tokyo before they moved to the United States when she was 11. At the time of meeting Smith she was 20 years old and went to Stanford University. Only a week after meeting, Smith asked her to become his assistant and live with him in New York. Aileen agreed, dropped out of university and began living with Smith.

Japan and Minamata
In the fall of 1970, Kazuhiko Motomura, a friend of Smith, moved to the United States. He proposed to Smith and Aileen to visit Japan and cover the Minamata disease. They accepted the invitation and arrived in Japan on August 16, 1971, where they married 12 days later.

Between September 1971 and October 1974, they rented a house in Minamata, both a fishing village and a "one company" industrial city in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan. There, they created a long-term photo-essay on Minamata disease, the effects of mercury poisoning caused by a Chisso factory discharging heavy metals into water sources around Minamata.

In January 1972, Smith accompanied activists who were meeting representatives of the Chisso trade unionists at Chiba, to ask why union workers were used by the company as bodyguards. The group was attacked by Chisso Company employees and members of the union local who beat Smith up, badly damaging his eyesight. Smith and Aileen continued to work together to complete the Minamata project, despite the fact that Aileen informed Smith she was divorcing him as soon as the book was finished. They were supported by the publisher Lawrence Schiller and finished the book in Los Angeles.

The book was published in 1975 as Minamata, Words and Photographs by W. Eugene Smith and Aileen M. Smith. Its centerpiece photograph and one of his most famous works, Tomoko and Mother in the Bath, taken in December 1971, drew worldwide attention to the effects of Minamata disease. The photograph shows a mother cradling her severely deformed daughter in a traditional Japanese bath house. The photograph was the centerpiece of a Minamata disease exhibition held in Tokyo, in 1974. In 1997, Aileen M. Smith withdrew the photo from circulation in accordance with Tomoko's parents' wishes.

In 2020, the film Minamata dramatized the story of Smith's documentation of the pollution and the ensuing protests and campaign in Japan. Johnny Depp played W. Eugene Smith and Minami played Aileen.

Move to Arizona and death
Smith returned from his stay in Minamata, Japan, in November 1974, and, after completing the Minamata book, he moved to a studio in New York City with a new partner, Sherry Suris. Smith's friends were alarmed by his deteriorating health and arranged for him to join the teaching faculty of the Art Department and Department of Journalism at the University of Arizona. Smith and Suris moved to Tucson, Arizona in November 1977. On December 23, 1977, Smith suffered a massive stroke, but made a partial recovery and continued to teach and organize his archive. Smith suffered a second stroke and died on October 15, 1978. He was cremated and his ashes interred in Crum Elbow Rural Cemetery, Hyde Park, New York.

Legacy
Summarizing Smith's achievements, Ben Maddow wrote:"'His vocation, he once said, was to do nothing less than record, by word and photograph, the human condition. No one could really succeed at such a job: yet Smith almost did. During his relatively brief and often painful life, he created at least fifty images so powerful that they have altered the perception of our history.'"

Writing in The Guardian in 2017, Sean O'Hagan described Smith as "perhaps the single most important American photographer in the development of the editorial photo essay."

According to the International Center of Photography, "Smith is credited with the developing the photo essay to its ultimate form. He was an exacting printer, and the combination of innovation, integrity, and technical mastery in his photography made his work the standard by which photojournalism was measured for many years."

In 1984 Smith was posthumously inducted into the International Photography Hall of Fame and Museum.

The Big Book
The Big Book (The Walk to Paradise Garden) is a conceptual photobook that Smith worked on from 1959 until his death, intending to serve as retrospective sum of his work as well as a reflection of his life philosophies. Considered "unviable and non-commercial" at the time, due to having 380 pages and 450 images in two volumes, it was unpublished in his lifetime but was finally published in a facsimile reproduction in 2013 by the University of Texas Press with an added third volume of essays and texts. The work includes two of Smith's original volumes which present his imagery not according to story, as they would have been published at the time of their creation, but rather according to Smith's own creative process. The University of Texas publication comes with a third book included in the slip-case, offering contemporary essays and notes.

W. Eugene Smith Memorial Fund
The W. Eugene Smith Memorial Fund promotes "humanistic photography". Since 1980, the fund has awarded photographers for exceptional accomplishments in the field.

Notable photographs and photo-essays

 * 1944 photograph in which a wounded infant is found by an American soldier on Saipan.
 * 1945 photograph in which Marines blow up a Japanese cave on Iwo Jima, published on the cover of Life, April 9, 1945.
 * "The Walk to Paradise Garden" (1946) – single photograph of his two children walking hand in hand towards a clearing in woods. It was the closing image in the 1955 Museum of Modern Art exhibition, The Family of Man, organized by Edward Steichen with 503 photographs, by 273 photographers from 68 countries.
 * Country Doctor (1948) – photo essay on Ernest Ceriani in the small Colorado town of Kremmling. It was described by Sean O'Hagan as "the first extended editorial photo story".
 * "Dewey Defeats Truman" (1948) - single photograph of Harry S. Truman on the back of the presidential train in Saint Louis holding up a day old copy of the Chicago Daily Tribune with the prominent (and incorrect) headline "Dewey Defeats Truman"
 * Spanish Village (1950) – photo essay on the small Spanish town of Deleitosa.
 * Nurse Midwife (1951) – photo essay on midwife Maude E. Callen in South Carolina.
 * A Man of Mercy (1954) – photo essay on Albert Schweitzer and his humanitarian work in French Equatorial Africa.
 * "Pittsburgh" (1955–1958) – three-year-long project on the city, hired initially by photo editor Stefan Lorant for a three-week assignment.
 * Haiti 1958–1959 – photo essay on a psychiatric institute in Haiti.
 * "Tomoko and Mother in the Bath" (1971) – the centerpiece photograph in Minamata, a long-term photo essay on Minamata disease. The photograph depicts a mother cradling her severely deformed, naked daughter in a traditional Japanese bathing chamber.

Publications

 * Michael E. Hoffman, Minor White (eds.): W. Eugene Smith: His Photographs and Notes. An Aperture Monograph. New York: Aperture, 1973. ISBN 0-912334-09-6. Afterword by Lincoln Kirstein.
 * W. Eugene Smith and Aileen M. Smith: Minamata. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1975.
 * William S. Johnson (ed.): W. Eugene Smith: Master of the Photographic Essay. New York: Aperture, 1981. ISBN 0-89381-070-3. Foreword by James L. Enyeart.
 * Ben Maddow: Let Truth Be the Prejudice: W. Eugene Smith, His Life and Photographs. New York: Aperture, 1985. ISBN 0-89381-179-3. Illustrated biography, exhibition catalogue. With an afterword by John G. Morris.
 * Jim Hughes: W. Eugene Smith: Shadow & Substance: the Life and Work of an American Photographer. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989. ISBN 0-07-031123-4.
 * Gilles Mora, John T. Hill (eds.): W. Eugene Smith: Photographs 1934–1975. New York: Abrams, 1998. ISBN 0-8109-4191-0. With texts by Mora, "W. Eugene Smith: the Arrogant Martyr", Serge Tisseron, "What Is a Symbolic Image?", Alan Trachtenberg, "W. Eugene Smith's Pittsburgh: Rumours of a City", Gabriel Bauret, "The Influences of a Legend", and Hill, "W. Eugene Smith: His Techniques and Process". The texts by Mora, Bauret and Tisseron were translated from the French by Harriet Mason (French edition by Seuil, Paris).
 * Simultaneous UK edition: W. Eugene Smith: The Camera as Conscience. London: Thames & Hudson 1998. ISBN 0-500-54225-2.
 * Sam Stephenson (ed.): The Jazz Loft Project: Photographs and Tapes of W. Eugene Smith from 821 Sixth Avenue, 1957–1965. New York: Knopf 2009. ISBN 978-0-226-82700-1.
 * The Big Book. Two facsimiled volumes of the original marqettes, additional third volume with essays and texts. Tucson: Center for Creative Photography, University of Texas 2013. ISBN 0-292-75468-X,.

Films

 * W. Eugene Smith: Photography Made Difficult (Home Vision, 1989) – 87 minutes. Produced by Kirk Morris, directed by Gene Lasko and written by Jan Hartman. ISBN 9780780007680. Originally broadcast as a segment of American Masters.
 * The Jazz Loft According to W. Eugene Smith. Written, produced and directed by Sara Fishko. New York: WNYC/Lumiere 2015.
 * The 2020 feature film Minamata focuses on Smith (portrayed by Johnny Depp) and his involvement in documenting the Minamata disease in 1971.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: W. Eugene Smith


text:
Waterloo Bridge

Waterloo Bridge is a road and foot traffic bridge crossing the River Thames in London, between Blackfriars Bridge and Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges. Its name commemorates the victory of the British, Dutch and Prussians at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. Thanks to its location at a strategic bend in the river, the bridge offers good views of Westminster, the South Bank and the London Eye to the west, and of the City of London and Canary Wharf to the east.

First bridge

The first bridge on the site was designed in 1809–10 by John Rennie for the Company of Proprietors of The Strand Bridge (the Strand Bridge Company). The Strand Bridge Company built the bridge privately, in return for charging tolls to cross it.

Originally named 'the Strand Bridge', following the victory of the Battle of Waterloo, the bridge was renamed in 1816 (before its opening) to 'the Waterloo Bridge'. The bridge company was at the same time renamed 'The Company of Proprietors of The Waterloo Bridge'. It opened in 1817 as a toll bridge.

The granite bridge had nine arches, each of 120 ft span, separated by double Doric stone columns, and was 2456 ft long, including approaches–1240 ft between abutments–and 42 ft wide between the parapets.

During the 1840s the bridge gained a reputation as a popular place for suicide attempts. In 1841, the American daredevil Samuel Gilbert Scott was killed while performing an act in which he hung by a rope from a scaffold on the bridge. In 1844 Thomas Hood wrote the poem "The Bridge of Sighs", which concerns the suicide of a prostitute there.

The bridge was depicted by the French Impressionist Claude Monet in his series of 41 works from 1900 to 1904, and by the English Romantic John Constable, whose painting depicting its opening is displayed at Anglesey Abbey in Cambridgeshire.

The bridge was nationalised in 1878 and placed under the control of the Metropolitan Board of Works, which removed the toll from it.

Michael Faraday tried in 1832 to measure the potential difference between each side of the bridge caused by the ebbing salt water flowing through the Earth's magnetic field using magnetohydrodynamics.

Serious problems were found in Rennie's bridge piers from 1884 onward, after scour from the river flow (which had increased following the demolition of Old London Bridge) damaged their foundations. By the 1920s the problems had increased, and settlement at pier five necessitated the closure of the whole bridge while some heavy superstructure was removed and temporary reinforcements were put in place.

In 1925, a temporary steel framework was built on top of the existing bridge and then placed next to it for the use of southbound vehicles (the postcard image shows this, and the settlement especially to the left of the fifth pier).

Second bridge

In the 1930s, London County Council decided to demolish the bridge and replace it with a new structure designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott. The engineers were Ernest Buckton and John Cuerel of Rendel Palmer & Tritton. The project was placed on hold due to the Second World War.

Scott, by his own admission, was no engineer, and his design, with reinforced concrete beams (illustrated) under the footways, leaving the road to be supported by transverse slabs, was difficult to implement. The pairs of spans on each side of the river were supported by beams continuous over their piers, and these were cantilevered out at their ends to support the centre span and the short approach slabs at the banks. The beams were shaped "to look as much like arches as ... beams can". They are clad in Portland stone, which is cleaned by rain. To guard against the possibility of further subsidence from scour, each pier was given a number of jacks that can be used to level the structure.

Construction of the new bridge began in 1937 and it was partially opened on Tuesday 11 March 1942 and "officially opened" in September 1942. However, it was not fully completed until 1945. It is the only Thames bridge to have been damaged by German bombers during the Second World War.

The building contractor was Peter Lind & Company. At the outbreak of war, despite an immediate order being issued by the Ministry of Transport, that the bridge construction was of national importance, the supply of male labour to execute the heavy works became acute. From the start of the war through to the bridge completion, women became the preponderant members of the construction workforce. This resulted in the project being referred to for many years as "The Ladies' Bridge". Lind used elm wood from the old bridge for the dining room floor of Hamstone House, his house that he commissioned and built in 1938 at St George's Hill in Surrey.

Georgi Markov, a Bulgarian dissident, was assassinated on Waterloo Bridge on 7 September 1978 by agents of the Bulgarian secret police, the Committee for State Security, possibly assisted by the Soviet security agency, the KGB. He was killed with a poisoned pellet possibly fired from an umbrella.

Reuse of original parts
Granite stones from the original bridge were subsequently "presented to various parts of the British world to further historic links in the British Commonwealth of Nations". Two of these stones are in Canberra, the capital city of Australia, sited between the parallel spans of the Commonwealth Avenue Bridge, one of two major crossings of Lake Burley Griffin in the heart of the city. Stones from the bridge were also used to build a monument in Wellington, New Zealand, to Paddy the Wanderer, a dog that roamed the wharves from 1928 to 1939 and was befriended by seamen, watersiders, Harbour Board workers and taxi drivers. The monument, built in 1945, is on Queens Wharf, opposite the Wellington Museum. It includes a bronze likeness of Paddy, a drinking fountain, and drinking bowls below for dogs.

Another piece of the stone is situated under the sundial in the Wellington Boat Harbour Park, next to Clyde Quay Marina, an area of historical significance in Wellington Harbour. Several stone balusters from the demolished bridge were sent in the late 1930s by the author Dornford Yates to be used in his French home 'Cockade', but the Fall of France in 1940 interrupted this project. They were shipped after the war to his new house in Umtali, Rhodesia (now Mutare, Zimbabwe).

Recovered timbers from the bridge were used for shelves and wall panels in the library at Anglesey Abbey.

Geography
The south end of the bridge is in the area known as the South Bank, which includes the Royal Festival Hall, London Waterloo, Queen Elizabeth Hall and the Royal National Theatre, as well as the BFI Southbank, which is directly beneath the bridge.

The north end of the bridge passes above the Victoria Embankment where the road joins the Strand and Aldwych alongside Somerset House. This end housed the southern portal of the Kingsway Tramway Subway until the late 1950s.

The entire bridge was given Grade II* listed structure protection in 1981.

The nearest London Underground station is Temple, the nearest National Rail station is London Waterloo.

In popular culture

 * Robert E. Sherwood's play Waterloo Bridge (1930), the story of a soldier who falls in love and marries a woman he meets on the bridge in an air raid during the First World War, was made into films released in 1931, 1940 and 1956. The second of these film versions starred Vivien Leigh and Robert Taylor.
 * "After the Lunch", a poem by Wendy Cope about two lovers parting on Waterloo Bridge, now forms the lyric of the song "Waterloo Bridge" by Jools Holland and Louise Marshall.
 * The bridge features in the film A Window in London (1940). The hero, played by Michael Redgrave, is a crane driver who is working on the construction of the bridge. Images can be seen of the incomplete rebuilding work in progress.
 * The bridge features in scenes at the beginning and end of the film Alfie (1966), starring Michael Caine. In the final scene of the film the title character is seen crossing the bridge followed by a stray dog.
 * The song "Waterloo Sunset" by the British band The Kinks tells of living in London and watching life from Waterloo Bridge.
 * A scene in "The Great Game", an episode of the BBC television series Sherlock, takes place beneath the bridge's northern side, where members of Sherlock's network of homeless informants congregate.
 * The bridge features in the closing scene of the 1996 film Trainspotting.
 * The bridge, when still a toll-bridge, and its toll-keeper feature in Dickens's essay 'Down with the Tide' (1853).
 * It is featured in the Mario Kart games Mario Kart Tour and Mario Kart 8 Deluxe as part of the London Loop racecourse.

title: Waterloo Bridge


text:
Broughty Castle

Broughty Castle is a historic castle on the banks of the River Tay in Broughty Ferry, Dundee, Scotland. It was completed around 1495, although the site was earlier fortified in 1454, when George Douglas, 4th Earl of Angus, received permission to build on the site. His son, Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus, was coerced into ceding the castle to the crown. The main tower house forming the centre of the castle with four floors was built by Andrew, 2nd Lord Gray, who was granted the castle in 1490.

The Rough Wooing

The castle saw military action during the 16th-century War of the Rough Wooing. After the battle of Pinkie in September 1547, it was surrendered by purchase to the English by its owner, Lord Gray of Foulis. A messenger from the castle, Rinyon (Ninian) Cockburn, who spoke to the English supreme commander the Duke of Somerset before the castle was rendered was given a £4 reward. The Scottish keeper, Henry Durham, was rewarded with an English pension, income from the fishing, and an import/export licence. Durham later lent the English commander £138. William Patten, the English writer who accompanied Somerset, noted the castle's strategic importance;"'it standeth in such sort at the mouth of the river Tay, that being gotten, both Dundee and St. John's Town (Perth), and many other towns else shall become subject to this hold or be compelled to forgo their use of the river.'"

The position of the old castle itself was advantageous to modern warfare, as it was discovered that the swift river current made naval bombardment impractical. Soon after taking possession, the English garrison further fortified Broughty by building a ditch across the landward side of the castle's promontory. Edward Clinton began the refortification, on the advice of an Italian engineer, Master John Rossetti, and left 100 men guarded by three ships. William Bruce of Earlshall feared the English would build an outpost on the south say of the Tay. The garrison was first led by Sir Andrew Dudley, the Duke of Northumberland's brother, who hoped to distribute Tyndale's Bible in Dundee. Andrew Dudley wrote in October 1547; "as for soldiers, there was never man had so weak a company, given all to eating and drinking and slothfulness", although, "the house stands well." His garrison included Italian and Spanish soldiers, and he hoped that Grey of Wilton would send him an expert French surgeon. The town of Dundee agreed to support the garrison and resist the Governor of Scotland, Regent Arran on 27 October 1547. The Constable of Dundee, John Scrimgeour, and the baillies and council signed the agreement, although under the duress of Dudley's two gunships.

The Earl of Argyll tried to capture the castle on 22 November 1547 and again in January 1548 with 150 men led by the soldier Duncan Dundas, without success. Thomas Wyndham brought two more ships in December 1547 and burnt Balmerino Abbey on Christmas Day. On 12 January 1548, one hundred matchlock guns were delivered from Berwick, with powder flasks, matches, touch boxes, and bullet moulds. Sir Thomas Palmer and the Italian military engineer "Master John", Giovanni di Rossetti, who was made master of ordnance at Broughty, made plans to improve the fortifications, noting that the castle was overlooked by a nearby hill. In February 1548, 100 workmen were sent from Berwick and new armaments including falcon guns, cannonballs for demi-culverins, bows, bills, pikes, cresset lights, cables and anchors. Palmer set to work fortifying the hill in February and also considered ambitious plans to build a citadel in Dundee with the demolition of the church and tolbooth. Andrew Dudley waited for lead to make a new platform (probably for artillery) on the castle tower in March 1548.

Andrew Dudley was succeeded by John Luttrell who had been the commander at Inchcolm. On 11 May 1548, the English commander at Haddington, Grey of Wilton wrote to Luttrell that he could not expect more supplies because of the expected French fleet. Grey of Wilton warned him against Scottish assassins in June, and Somerset required him to dismiss the German mercenaries in his command. There was some relief for Luttrell, as Lord Methven took away the guns of the Scottish counter-battery for redeployment at the Siege of Haddington on 6 June 1548.

Meanwhile, Luttrell had been ordered to build a new fortification on an adjacent site. In November he wrote to Somerset describing the progress of this work explaining that the ramparts made from turf were unstable and could not be strengthened. Luttrell said his enemies would not need guns; "for theye shall fynde hytt fallen downe redy to ther handys." In December 1548, Patrick, Lord Gray of Foulis, was summoned to account for his treasons against the Government of Scotland, and although the French commanders argued for his execution, he was eventually pardoned at Regent Arran's command.

In February 1549 Luttrell was joined by Pedro de Negro and his band of Spanish soldiers. In July Luttrell complained that the Spanish soldiers had not yet received pay or clothing.

Thomas Wyndham and his nephew Luttrell's activities on the Forth were called into question in November 1549, and the Earl of Rutland was required to investigate whether one of the ships they had seized was a lawful prize. On Christmas Day 1549, Mary of Guise held a conference at Stirling Castle with her guests, and they agreed that more French guns could be brought to besiege Broughty. Robert Hamilton of Briggis directed labourers called "pioneers" to dig entrenchments for the guns.

Twelve English ships arrived to support the defenders and it was 12 February 1550 before the French and Scots managed to recapture Broughty. Mary of Guise watched the successful assault on 6 February 1550 from a vantage point across the Tay. Paul de Thermes led the French troops, 240 were injured and 50 killed. The garrison surrendered six days later at midnight. James Dog of Dunrobin claimed Luttrell as his prisoner and his papers were captured. His ransom of £1000 Scots was raised on 16 May 1550 as an exchange for the sons of George Douglas of Pittendreich and the Master of Semple who were prisoners in England. (George Douglas's son would later rule Scotland as Regent Morton.) Luttrell was promptly re-arrested for debts to a Dundee merchant, Robert Craig, but Regent Arran paid the merchant in September, and Luttrell was allowed home.

War of the Three Kingdoms
The castle was attacked again, in 1651, by General Monck and his Parliamentary army during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. On this occasion the Royalist defenders fled without a fight. After 1666, when the Gray family sold the castle, it gradually became more ruinous.

Military and modern use
In 1846 the castle was bought by the Edinburgh and Northern Railway Company in order to build an adjacent harbour for their railway ferry. In 1855 the castle was acquired by the War Office with the intention of using it to defend the harbour from the Russians. In 1860 renewed fears of a French invasion led the War Office to rebuild and fortify the site. The site was rebuilt according to the designs of Robert Rowand Anderson. The walls of the main courtyard were rebuilt and new wings and courtyards were added to the tower. A caponier was added along the south-east side of the courtyard. Emplacements for nine large guns were also constructed. A small enclosure on the west side of the courtyard was also built. During the First World War, the castle battery mounted two 4.7-inch Quick Firing guns.

From 1886 to 1887 a range was built to house submarine miners to the east of the castle. In an emergency these would lay mines in the Tay Estuary to damage enemy shipping. In 1889–1891 a magazine was built within the western enclosure which also led to a major remodelling of the gun emplacements. The castle remained in military use until 1932, and again between 1939 and 1949. The last defence-related alteration was made in the Second World War when a defence post was built within the top of the main tower.

In 1969 the castle opened as a museum operated by Dundee city council. The museum is free of charge but is not wheelchair accessible. Its steep spiral staircase also renders it problematic to the elderly.

The structure is designated a scheduled ancient monument.

title: Broughty Castle


text:
Westminster Bridge

Westminster Bridge is a road-and-foot-traffic bridge over the River Thames in London, linking Westminster on the west side and Lambeth on the east side.

The bridge is painted predominantly green, the same colour as the leather seats in the House of Commons which is on the side of the Palace of Westminster nearest to the bridge, but a natural shade similar to verdigris. This is in contrast to Lambeth Bridge, which is red, the same colour as the seats in the House of Lords and is on the opposite side of the Houses of Parliament.

In 2005–2007, it underwent a complete refurbishment, including replacing the iron fascias and repainting the whole bridge. It links the Palace of Westminster on the west side of the river with County Hall and the London Eye on the east and was the finishing point during the early years of the London Marathon.

The next bridge downstream is the Hungerford Bridge & Golden Jubilee Bridges and upstream is Lambeth Bridge. Westminster Bridge was designated a Grade II* listed structure in 1981.

==History==

For over 600 years (at least 1129–1729), the nearest Thames bridge to London Bridge was at Kingston. From late Tudor times congestion in trading hours at London Bridge (for road goods and carriages from Kent, Essex, much of Surrey, Middlesex and beyond) often amounted to more than an hour. A bridge at Westminster was proposed in 1664, but opposed by the Corporation of London and the watermen. Further opposition held sway in 1722. However an intervening bridge (albeit in timber) was built at Putney in 1729 and the scheme received parliamentary approval in 1736. Financed by private capital, lotteries and grants, Westminster Bridge was built between 1739–1750, under the supervision of the Swiss engineer Charles Labelye. The bridge opened on 18 November 1750.

The City of London responded to Westminster Bridge and the population growth by removing the buildings on London Bridge and widening it in 1760–63. With Putney Bridge, the bridge paved the way for four others within three decades: Blackfriars Bridge (1769, built by the City), Kew Bridge (1759), Battersea Bridge (1773), and Richmond Bridge (1777) by which date roads and vehicles were improved and fewer regular goods transported by water.

The bridge assisted the expanding West End to the developing South London as well as goods and carriages from the more estuarine counties and the East Sussex and Kentish ports. Without the bridge, traffic to and from the greater West End would have to negotiate streets often as congested as London Bridge, principally the Strand/Fleet Street and New Oxford Street/Holborn. Roads on both sides of the river were also built and improved, including Charing Cross Road and around the Elephant & Castle in Southwark.

By the mid-19th century the bridge was subsiding badly and expensive to maintain. The current bridge was designed by Thomas Page and opened on 24 May 1862. With a length of 250 m and a width of 26 m, it is a seven-arch, cast-iron bridge with Gothic detailing by Charles Barry (the architect of the Palace of Westminster). The bridge carried a tram line for much of the first half of the twentieth century, from 1906 until 1952. On 5 July that year the last tram made a ceremonial journey across the bridge. Since the removal of Rennie's New London Bridge in 1967 it is the oldest road structure which crosses the Thames in central London.

On 22 March 2017, a terrorist attack started on the bridge and continued into Bridge Street and Old Palace Yard. Five people – three pedestrians, one police officer, and the attacker – died as a result of the incident. A colleague of the officer (who was stationed nearby) was armed and shot the attacker. More than 50 people were injured. An investigation into the attack was conducted by the Metropolitan Police.

In popular culture

 * In the 1964 Doctor Who serial The Dalek Invasion of Earth, the Daleks are seen moving across it in the 22nd Century.
 * In 1807 the famous poem Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802 by William Wordsworth, written while standing on Westminster Bridge, was published in the "Collection of Poems" in two volumes.
 * In the 2002 British horror film 28 Days Later, the protagonist awakes from a coma to find London deserted and walks over an eerily empty Westminster Bridge whilst looking for signs of life.
 * Westminster Bridge is the start and finish point for the Bridges Handicap Race, a traditional London running race.
 * The bridge was the site of a Pit Stop during the fourth season of the Israeli version of The Amazing Race.
 * In the finale of the 24th James Bond film Spectre, Blofeld's helicopter crashes into Westminster Bridge.

title: Westminster Bridge


text:
Young Scientist and Technology Exhibition

The BT Young Scientist and Technology Exhibition, commonly called the Young Scientist Exhibition, is an Irish annual school students' science competition that has been held in the Royal Dublin Society, Dublin, Ireland, every January since the competition was founded by Tom Burke and Tony Scott in 1965.

The competition
The purpose of the competition is to encourage interest in science in secondary schools. For the 51st year of the competition in 2016, there were over 2,000 entries, from 396 schools which was the highest number ever, 550 of which were selected for the Exhibition at the RDS.

Students apply to participate in the competition. Their science project entries are evaluated by judges and about one-third of applicants are accepted to participate in the public exhibition. Students are allocated exhibition stands in an exhibition hall where they set up their projects for viewing by the public. Competing projects are judged during the three days of the exhibition, and prizes are awarded.

Projects are awarded in five categories: biology, physics, social and behavioural sciences, health and wellbeing and technology. Health and wellbeing is the newest category, only being added in 2023 to celebrate the 60th anniversary and to lower admissions to social and behavioural sciences. Three levels of entry are accepted, junior, intermediate and senior. In each category three main prizes are awarded; other prizes include a display award, highly commended rosettes, and a cancer awareness award. The winners of the BT Young Scientist and Technology Exhibition advance to participate in prestigious international events such as the European Union Contest for Young Scientists.

John Monahan was the inaugural winner of the Young Scientist Exhibition in 1965; then a student of Newbridge College, his project was an explanation of the process of digestion in the human stomach. He went on to establish a NASDAQ-listed biotech company in California after attending University College Dublin.

Aer Lingus sponsored the competition for the first 33 years. 2021 marked the 21st year in which the Exhibition was sponsored by BT Ireland. It has produced at least one author, Sarah Flannery, and one billionaire, Patrick Collison. Many of the past winners have gone on to establish international companies in the technology they developed. One of the most notable was Baltimore Technologies.

Tom Burke, who co-founded the exhibition with physicist Tony Scott, died in March 2008. An award at the event (a bursary offered to senior participants) was named in his memory.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the first ever virtual Young Scientist & Technology Exhibition was held in January 2021 with over 1,000 students representing more than 200 schools taking part.

Winners by age
The youngest winners are listed first.


text:
Baldwin I, Margrave of Flanders

Baldwin I (probably 830s – 879), also known as Baldwin Iron Arm (Boudewijn met de IJzeren Arm; the epithet is first recorded in the 12th century), was the first margrave of Flanders, which evolved into the County of Flanders.

He was reputedly the son of Odoacer. Odoacer was the son of Enguerrand delle Fiandre. Enguerrand delle Fiandre was the son of Liederik.

Elopement with princess
At the time Baldwin first appears in the records he was already a count, presumably in the area of Flanders, but this is not known. Count Baldwin rose to prominence when he eloped with Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald, king of West Francia. Judith had previously been married to Æthelwulf and Æthelbald, kings of Wessex, but after the latter's death in 860, she returned to France.

Around the Christmas of 861, at the instigation of Baldwin and with her brother Louis's consent, Judith escaped the custody into which she had been placed in the city of Senlis, Oise after her return from England. She fled north with Count Baldwin. Charles had given no permission for a marriage and tried to capture Baldwin, sending letters to Rorik of Dorestad and Bishop Hungar, forbidding them to shelter the fugitive.

After Baldwin and Judith had evaded his attempts to capture them, Charles had his bishops excommunicate the couple. Judith and Baldwin responded by travelling to Rome to plead their case with Pope Nicholas I. By 23 November 862, their plea was successful in that they had won the support of Pope Nicholas. In June 863 Rodoald, Bishop of Porto in Italy and John, Bishop of Cervia were sent by Pope Nicholas to pressure King Charles into consenting to Judith and Baldwin's marriage. Later that year they were allowed to return to Francia and get married in the cathedral in Auxerre. Charles the Bald refused to attend either the betrothal or the marriage, but he restored Baldwin to all his previous honors.

King Charles appointed Baldwin Margrave of Flanders, responsible for repelling the Viking invasions. Some theorize Charles did this in the hope that Baldwin would be killed. Baldwin was very successful in the position and used it to build his domain. By 870, in addition to Flanders, Baldwin had acquired the lay-abbacy of Saint Peter's Abbey in Ghent and is assumed to have also acquired the county of Waasland, or parts thereof by this time.

Issue
Baldwin I and Judith had:
 * Charles, who was named after his maternal grandfather but died at a young age
 * Baldwin II (c. 866 – 918), who succeeded as margrave of Flanders
 * Ralph (c. 869 – murdered 896), who became count of Cambrai around 888; he and his brother joined King Zwentibold of Lotharingia in 895, attacked Vermandois and captured Arras, Saint-Quentin and Peronne, and ended up captured and killed by Herbert I of Vermandois
 * Guinidilda, who married Wilfred I the Hairy, Count of Barcelona.

Career
Baldwin developed himself as a very faithful and stout supporter of Charles and played an important role in the continuing wars against the Vikings. He is named in 877 as one of those willing to support the emperor's son, Louis the Stammerer. During his life, Baldwin expanded his territory into one of the major principalities of Western Francia. He died in 879 and was buried in the Abbey of St-Bertin, near Saint-Omer.

title: Baldwin I, Margrave of Flanders


text:
Talk:Solar flare

Stellar flares
Flares have long been observed from stars other than the Sun (see flare stars) but we have no stand-alone article on xxx, xxx being flares or chromospheres or coronas or transition regions or any of the magnetically-linked atmospheric phenomena, in other stars ... the links to these phenomena are all to the "Solar xxx" articles. This hampers a badly-needed overhaul of stellar atmosphere which should at least mention these things more generally; as well as missing these subjects in their own right. — Preceding unsigned comment added by BSVulturis (talk • contribs) 20:51, 22 February 2019 (UTC)

Wrong distance in "Classification" ?
In the Classification section there seems to be a mix-up of distances. It says:

"as measured by the GOES spacecraft at the Sun-Earth distance from the Sun of 2.7×1017 km."

But the Sun-Earth distance is: Mean distance from Earth = 1 AU ≈ 1.496×108 km

It seems that someone used the: Mean distance from Milky Way core	≈ 2.7×1017 km ≈ 29,000 light-years

The two values differ by a 109 factor. Rps (talk) 13:40, 29 October 2021 (UTC)

List of telescopes
Is the list of flare-observing telescopes really necessary here? I think it all should be moved to Solar telescope, however, I'd like to hear others' thoughts on this before I move them. CoronalMassAffection (talk) 21:31, 19 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Since no one has raised any objections, I have moved the info that was previously in the list to List of solar telescopes, Talk:List of solar telescopes, and to their respective articles if the info was not already there. CoronalMassAffection (talk) 03:45, 24 December 2021 (UTC)

Flashes in flare videos
Hi all. I have removed all four videos present in the article due to concerns over whether or not they conform to the W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.2, specifically about seizures and physical reactions. The videos in question are: These flashes are produced as a result of SDO/AIA's automatic exposure-control algorithm, which avoids overexposure during flares by alternating between long and short exposures (noted in, for example, Schrijver et al 2011). Displaying successive photos that were taken with different exposure times in the form of a video (as is done in the aforementioned files) will produce flashes, which is both a potential hazard and misleading to the viewer as to the nature of flares. I believe the former concern falls under WCAG 2.2 Success Criterion 2.3.1 Three Flashes or Below Threshold, which requires the following.
 * File:The Best Observed X-class Flare.ogv (see onward from 0:35)
 * File:X-class flare Aug. 9, 2011.ogv
 * File:NASA's Fermi Detects the Highest-Energy Light from a Solar Flare.ogv (see clip starting at 0:50)
 * File:AR1515 Releases X1.1 Class Flare.ogv
 * "Web pages do not contain anything that flashes more than three times in any one second period, or the flash is below the general flash and red flash thresholds."

Therefore, I have WP:BOLD removed the videos from the article and given my justification here, as it was too lengthy for the edit summary. Perhaps I am overreacting, but I think it is better to be safe than sorry when handling something like this.

Going forward, this flashing can be eliminated by normalizing by exposure time, and I hope to get to uploading some of these in the future. CoronalMassAffection (talk) 18:33, 29 December 2023 (UTC)

Wavelengths
" at all wavelengths, from radio waves to gamma rays "

Which is it? all wavelengths or from radio waves to gamma rays? If it IS all wavelengths, the flare couldn't have a wavelength larger than the sun.

sorry if this is pedantic, I'm genuinely confused. proud advocate of pirate speak wikipedia (talk) 02:22, 24 May 2024 (UTC)

 * I agree that "at all wavelengths" is too ambiguous and have removed it (dif). CoronalMassAffection (talk) 01:50, 25 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Solar flare


text:
County Hall, London

County Hall (sometimes called London County Hall) is a building in the district of Lambeth, London that was the headquarters of London County Council (LCC) and later the Greater London Council (GLC). The building is on the South Bank of the River Thames, with Westminster Bridge being next to it, to the south. It faces west toward the City of Westminster and is close to the Palace of Westminster. The nearest London Underground stations are and. It is a Grade II* listed building.

History
The building was commissioned to replace the mid 19th-century Spring Gardens headquarters inherited from the Metropolitan Board of Works. The site selected by civic leaders was previously occupied by four properties: Float Mead (occupied by Simmond's flour mills), Pedlar's Acre (occupied by wharves and houses), Bishop's Acre (occupied by Crosse & Blackwell's factory) and the Four Acres (occupied by workshops and stables).

The main six storey building was designed by Ralph Knott. It is faced in Portland stone in an Edwardian Baroque style. The construction, which was undertaken by Holland, Hannen & Cubitts, started in 1911 and the building was opened by King George V in 1922. The North and South blocks, which were built by Higgs and Hill, were added between 1936 and 1939. The Island block was not completed until 1974.

In 1945, the World Trade Union Conference took place at the hall.

The Island Block was built on what was then a roundabout (now a peninsula) between County Hall, St Thomas' Hospital and Waterloo Station. It was notable to the passing public for three main reasons: it was of a completely different architectural character to any of the other nearby buildings, it had no entrances at ground level (though there were emergency exits), being accessible only by a bridge and a tunnel both from the SE County Hall building, and it had orange sunshades, designed to be lowered and raised together automatically when the sun shone, rather than by local control which would look less pleasing on the outside. The controls quickly malfunctioned, leaving the unwanted "random" effect while also causing excess heat and glare inside the building which the occupants could not control. Disliked by many Londoners, it was nonetheless considered "distinguished" by its architect and some other experts, and noted as an early example of open-plan office interior, which should have been listed.

For 64 years County Hall served as the headquarters of local government for London. During the 1980s the then powerful Labour-controlled GLC led by Ken Livingstone was locked in conflict with the Conservative national government of Margaret Thatcher. The façade of County Hall frequently served as a billboard for opposition slogans which could be seen from the Palace of Westminster.

When the government of Margaret Thatcher abolished the GLC in 1986, County Hall lost its role as the seat of London's government. Talk soon became of what was to happen to the building, and there were plans to relocate the London School of Economics to the site which did not proceed. The building remained in use by the Inner London Education Authority (ILEA) until its abolition in 1990 when the building was transferred to the London Residuary Body and eventually sold to Shirayama Shokusan, a Japanese investor. On 21 October 2005, the High Court of England and Wales upheld a bid by the owners of the building, Shirayama Shokusan, to have the Saatchi Gallery evicted on grounds of violating its contract, particularly using space outside of the rented area for exhibits. The Island Block was demolished in 2006 to make way for a hotel, the Park Plaza Westminster Bridge. The building, also known as No 1 Westminster Bridge Road, had been disused since 1986 and had been described as an eyesore.

A blue plaque commemorates the LCC, GLC and the Inner London Education Authority at County Hall.

Attractions
Today, County Hall is the site of a number of leisure attractions including a hub for Merlin Entertainments whose Sea Life London Aquarium, London Dungeon, Shrek's Adventure! and The London Eye are all based in and around the building.

Since October 2017, the old council chamber has also been the home to a site-specific production of Agatha Christie's Witness for the Prosecution.

Hotels
There are two hotels located in County Hall:

 * Premier Inn, Premier Inn London County Hall hotel

 * Marriott, London Marriott Hotel County Hall

title: County Hall, London


text:
Talk:DMOZ/Archive 2

Talk:Open Directory Project Talk:Open Directory Project/Archive 1 Talk:Open Directory Project/Temp

discussion
Hi guys. I'm willing to act as a moderator in this dispute if all parties are willing. I edit two tiny ODP categories: my hometown and one for UFO photo galleries (er... don't ask...), but I don't have particularly strong opinions about the ODP either way. Are you willing to have me as a moderator? -- Stephen Gilbert 21:40 17 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Since I suggested you as a moderator, I will be happy to defer to your decisions. -- NetEsq 21:46 17 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Acceptable from my side -- The "Invisible Friend"

No need to defer, exactly. I'll serve as a mediator to help all parties develop their own solution, not an arbitrator who hands down a decision. -- Stephen Gilbert

 * I stand corrected. In any event, I would welcome the intercession of a third party, such as yourself, who might help end the current edit war.  To that end, I will defer to any solutions you might propose, be they procedural or substantive.  -- NetEsq 00:37 18 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Ok, let's get started. I've archived all of the debate at Talk:Open Directory Project/Archive 1, and I request that discussion over article specifics cease until we can determine the basic conflict. I suggest a couple of ground rules:

 * 1) A ceasefire in the edit war: no editing the article until we reach a solution. We'll set up a copy of the article at Open Directory Project/Temp to work on.
 * 2) An assumption of good faith: assume that all parties involved in this dispute are trying to improve this article and have good intentions. Don't post insults or accusations.

Reviewing the debate, I think it boils down to this. Ambivalenthysteria, Liftarn and "Invisible Friend" believe that Netesq is slanting the article towards an anti-ODP position. Netesq believes that these people are removing criticisms of the ODP that need to be covered. Stemming from this main conflict are sub-issues such as article structure, the nature of Netscape, and so on.

If all parties agree on the ground rules, I'll lock the article temporarily with an explanation at the top of the page and set up the draft copy. Then we can step through the problems one by one. -- Stephen Gilbert 04:12 19 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I'm in. Let's do it. -- NetEsq 04:22 19 Jul 2003 (UTC)

As said, accepted from my side, but just for note: Delirium also believes that "This has turned into basically an anti-ODP rant" and Alpdpedia thinks "the version recently posted by 212.202.3.5 is far better than earlier versions, and the one that netesq has reverted to." Angela also made NPOV attemps. -- The "Invisible Friend" 09:47 19 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Noted. Both Delirium and Angela have both said that they prefer not to get into it, but they're welcome to change their minds.

I've protected the article and set up the draft. I think the best way to proceed would be to set up an article outline and then tackle each section one at a time. Point/counter-point is a poor option; it's jarring to read and people often feel the need to write counter-counter-points. A better option is to introduce the subject sympathetically -- in this case, write about the uncontroversial facts of the ODP (it's a web directory, etc) and what it claims -- and mention that there is controversy involved without going into great detail. A specific section is then dedicated to examining the criticisms and controversy of the project. As with all Wikipedia articles, if the subsections get too long, we can spin them off into separate articles. Scientology is a good example of this structure.

I have to go for now. If someone could suggest an outline (introduction and history are two good starting sections) we can gofrom there. -- Stephen Gilbert 14:35 19 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Wouldn't it make more sense to carry out this discussion on the Talk page for the new draft? -- NetEsq 14:59 19 Jul 2003 (UTC)

It makes much more sense: Talk:Open Directory Project/Temp. -- Stephen Gilbert 21:02 19 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Ok, mediated discussion is over. Play nice! -- Stephen Gilbert 06:52, 20 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * And already there have been some controversial things added under the "Allegations that ODP editors are removed for criticizing ODP's policies" heading... Things like "editors who openly dissent often find their editing privileges removed". Also the section about The Cunctator is written so it may sound like the two events described are somehow connected. // Liftarn

 * I have reverted to the mediated version implemented by Stephen Gilbert. Everyone had plenty of time to object to this version while the regular article was locked, so if you wish to make any changes now, those changes should be agreed upon here on the talk page before they are implemented in the actual article.  Alternatively, we can lock the live article and return to a mediated discussion. -- NetEsq 16:07, 20 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * As you can see above the mediated discussion is over and we are all (including you) asked to "play nice". The changes I've made are all small and uncontroversial [1]. // Liftarn

The changes suggested were:

"links owned by AOL Time Warner" was changed to "links run by Netscape Corporation (owned by AOL Time Warner)". This was already discussed and agreed upon, but it somehow got overlooked. See http://dmoz.org/help/geninfo.html#runs

Under "License and Requirements" I added the text "because they are based on the draft standard and work on making it standard compliant progresses slowly." to explain why they are "corrupted".

Under "Allegations of abusive editing practices" I added ", altough little evidence of this has been shown.". Even if it's true it may be a bit POV so it may be left out.

"high level editing access at ODP." was changed to "high level editing access at ODP in an effor to boost the number of links.". Also this is an uncontroversial change.

I also removed "purportedly" from "grass roots principles on which ODP was purportedly based.". Either it is or it isn't.

Under "Editor Removal Procedures" I added the old text from ODPSS.

Under "Size of the directory and number of editors" I made some minor changes and NPOVing. For instance ODP never claim the directory is maintained by NN editors.

Under "Software" I added "That ODP's software isn't open sourced is because it relies on third party software that isn't open source.". Come to think of it it should perhaps be noted that some part of ODPs softare indeed has been open sourced.

I don't expect that Netesq will ever answer this as he now have no use for discussion as it's bussiness as usual here. // Liftarn

 * Is the addition of the NPOV label really necessary? What is it you are claiming is not NPOV?

 * Yes, I think it's necessary. The article is ofcourse a lot better now when compared to when Netesq ruled supreme, but it's still POV in may ways. // Liftarn

Marking a page with a dispute notice is: (a) a temporary measure, and (b) a note stating that there is an ongoing conflict over the article. The article still needs to be improved, but that doesn't merit a notice. Just work on the article and AssumeGoodFaith, Liftarn. -- Stephen Gilbert 06:30, 25 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * As you may or may not be aware of there is a certain user that doesn't allow anybody else to do any editing in the article so between the POV message and an edit war I choose the message mainly because I don't have the time to get into a pointless edit war. // Liftarn

What you have to realize is that both of you have strong biases on each side of this subject. This means that it will take a lot of discussion if either of you wants to do major work on article. If you feel you don't have time for this, you both should avoid this page and work on something less controversial, and let less passionate parties work on this one. -- Stephen Gilbert

 * The difference is that I really try to write an unbiased article that gives views from all sides while Netesq is only interested in using it as a platform for his crusade against ODP. Earlier attempts to reach an agreement with him has been fruitless. He simply will not discuss changes unless he is forced to do so. // Liftarn

 * I just reverted the changes made by Liftarn. They were not agreed upon prior to implementation, and they did nothing to improve the article.  Moreover, all of the changes proposed by Liftarn have been discussed previously, which is how the mediated version of this article came into existence, and claims to the contrary that are made in bad faith cannot form the basis for further discussion.  To wit, "Netesq is only interested in using [the article] as a platform for his crusade against ODP."  It is impossible for me to interpret such an assertion as anything but a personal attack, and I am unable to respond in kind without violating Wikiquette. -- NetEsq 10:44, 5 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * I have noticed that you are more interested in continuing an edit war and pushing your agenda rather than trying to get the article neutral. The changed I have made have been discussed earlier and many of them agreed upon even if they didn't make it into the final article. However the mediated article is a basis for further development. I have tried to discuss the changes, but you have always ignored my invitations and instead have focosed your effort in keeping up an edit war. Why you are interested in the article if blindingly obvious for anyone who know where you come from. // Liftarn

title: Talk:DMOZ/Archive 2


text:
Sarah Flannery

Sarah Flannery (born 1982, County Cork, Ireland) was, at sixteen years old, the winner of the 1999 Esat Young Scientist Exhibition for her development of the Cayley–Purser algorithm, based on work she had done with researchers at Baltimore Technologies during a brief internship there. The project, entitled "Cryptography – A new algorithm versus the RSA", also won her the EU Young Scientist of the Year Award in 1999.

Biography
Flannery's education included a primary all-girls school and secondary education at Scoil Mhuire Gan Smál in Blarney.

Following the competition win, in 2001 Flannery co-authored In Code with her father, mathematician David Flannery. It tells the story of the making and breaking of the Cayley-Purser algorithm, as well as the enjoyment she got from solving mathematical puzzles while growing up. She dedicates many of her accomplishments in the fields of mathematics and cryptography to her father's support during her childhood.

She studied computer science at Peterhouse, a college of the University of Cambridge, graduating in 2003, and, as of 2006, worked for Electronic Arts as a software engineer. She worked at TirNua as a "Chief Scientist". She developed the virtual economy in a game and the back-end web services that powered the game features. She has also worked at RockYou, and several other institutions involved in software development and computer science.

Before working at TirNua, Flannery was software engineer working directly with then Electronic Arts Worldwide Chief Technology Officer, Scott Cronce, and, later, with many fellow Tirnua founders on her first virtual world.

At EA, she successfully set up the EA Open Source program using the Essential Project. Flannery created data visualizations on software architecture and game content creation which were used to directly impact the quality of both. She also successfully ran and turned around the virtual economy within EA-Land (formerly The Sims Online).

Previously, she worked on the technical and scientific computing software product Mathematica for Wolfram Research.

The lights on St. Patrick's Street, one of the main thoroughfares of Flannery's home city of Cork, are named after her.

Flannery is the sister of the singer and songwriter Mick Flannery.

title: Sarah Flannery


text:
Mount Athabasca

Mount Athabasca is in the Columbia Icefield of Jasper National Park in Canada. The mountain was named in 1898 by J. Norman Collie, who made the first ascent on August 18 of that year. Athabasca is the Cree language name for "where there are reeds", which originally referred to Lake Athabasca. Mount Athabasca is unusual, in that water flows to the Pacific Ocean from the western slope, the Arctic Ocean from the northeastern slope, and to Hudson Bay from the southeastern slope.

Routes
There are several climbing routes, including:
 * North Glacier (Normal Route) II
 * Silverhorn II
 * AA Col II
 * Regular North Face III 5.8
 * North Ridge III 5.5
 * The Hourglass 300m, III, AI3-4

One of the most prominent features of Mount Athabasca is a horned-shaped tip near the top called the "Silverhorn". The Silverhorn is one of the easier routes to the summit but requires more caution and ability than the normal route because of blue ice and falling ice from other parties. Although not apparent from the typical roadside view of the mountain, the south side of Silverhorn contains a scrambling route but one must still cross the north glacier to get to it. From the top of the Silverhorn, the summit is a rather easy 15-minute plod in good summer weather over the narrow snow-covered summit ridge.

title: Mount Athabasca