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Ernie Whitt

Leo Ernest Whitt (born June 13, 1952) is an American former professional baseball catcher. He played 15 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB), including twelve for the Toronto Blue Jays, and was the last player from the franchise's inaugural season of 1977 to remain through 1989. Whitt was inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 1997 and the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame in 2009.

Whitt made his MLB debut for the Boston Red Sox in 1976. For eight consecutive seasons from 1982 to 1989, he reached double figures in home runs and 100 hits in each of five consecutive seasons from 1985 to 1989. He was selected as an All-Star in 1985.

As manager for the Canada national baseball team since 2004, his competitions include the 2004 Summer Olympics, four World Baseball Classic (WBC) tournaments, and the Pan Am Games, where they won two gold medals in 2011 and 2015.

Boston Red Sox (1976)
Whitt was selected in the 15th round of the 1972 amateur draft by the Boston Red Sox, and he made his major league debut on September 12, 1976, pinch hitting for Carlton Fisk in the seventh inning, grounding out. He finished the game as the Red Sox catcher, as Boston defeated the Cleveland Indians 11–3. Whitt recorded his first career hit on September 21, hitting a home run off Jim Colborn of the Milwaukee Brewers in a 3–1 loss. He appeared in eight games with Boston, batting .222 with a home run and 3 RBI. With his path to the majors blocked by future Hall-of-Famer Fisk, he was left unprotected during the expansion draft held after the 1976 season and selected by the Blue Jays.

Toronto Blue Jays (1977–89)
Whitt began the 1977 season in the minors, but after an injury to Rick Cerone, he was called up to the Blue Jays in May to serve as the second-string catcher behind Alan Ashby. However, Whitt saw very little playing time with the Blue Jays in 1977. Appearing in 23 games, he hit .171 with no home runs and 6 RBI. Whitt's major league season ended on August 16, when Cerone was reinstated from the disabled list and resumed working in tandem with Ashby. Whitt was sent back to the minors and was not recalled in September.

In 1978, he spent most of the year in triple-A. Called up in September to Toronto, he played in just two games, going hitless in four at-bats. In 1979, Whitt spent the entire season with the Syracuse Chiefs, the Blue Jays AAA affiliate in the International League. Whitt speculated in his autobiography that Blue Jays manager Roy Hartsfield had a low opinion of his potential, as most of the catching duties went to Alan Ashby and Rick Cerone. With Hartsfield's departure prior to the 1980 season, new manager Bobby Mattick expanded Whitt's role as a player, and Whitt remained with the club for the next ten years.

In 1980, Whitt became the Blue Jays starting catcher, as he appeared in 106 games, hitting .237 with six home runs and 34 RBI. He saw his numbers slip in 1981, as Whitt hit .236 with a home run and 16 RBI in 74 games during the strike-shortened season. On May 15 of the latter year, his fly ball was caught by Cleveland Indian outfielder Rick Manning for the final out of Len Barker's perfect game.

Whitt broke out offensively in 1982. Throughout 105 games, he hit .261 with 11 home runs and 42 RBI for the Blue Jays. His 11 home runs ranked third on the team.

In 1985, Whitt was named to the 1985 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. He appeared in the game in the sixth inning as a defensive replacement for Carlton Fisk and caught teammate Dave Stieb. Whitt also caught in the seventh inning for Donnie Moore of the California Angels before Gary Ward of the Texas Rangers pinch hit for Whitt in the eighth inning. During the season, Whitt hit .245 with 19 home runs and 64 RBI, as he helped the Blue Jays make the playoffs for the first time in team history. In the 1985 ALCS against the Kansas City Royals, Whitt appeared in all seven games, hitting .190 with 2 RBI as the Blue Jays lost the series.

On September 14, 1987, Whitt hit three home runs in a game against the Baltimore Orioles, helping the Blue Jays hit a major league record ten home runs in the game. Toronto defeated the Orioles 18–3. Whitt would have the best season of his career in 1987, as he hit .269 with 19 home runs and 75 RBI in 135 games.

In 1989, Whitt played in 129 games, hitting .262 with 11 home runs, his lowest total in a season since 1982, and his 53 RBI were the lowest total since 1984. In the playoffs, Whitt played in all five games against the Oakland Athletics in the 1989 ALCS, batting .125 with a home run and 3 RBI, as the Blue Jays lost the series.

To make room for young catchers Pat Borders and Greg Myers on the major league roster, on December 17, 1989, the Blue Jays traded Whitt and Kevin Batiste to the Atlanta Braves for Ricky Trlicek. Whitt was the last player from the expansion 1977 team to play for the Blue Jays.

Atlanta Braves (1990)
Whitt joined the Atlanta Braves for the 1990 season, and had a disappointing season, as he hit .172 with two home runs and 10 RBI in 67 games. On October 15, the Braves released Whitt.

Baltimore Orioles (1991)
On April 7, 1991, Whitt returned to the American League, signing with the Baltimore Orioles. In 35 games, Whitt hit .242 with 3 RBI, and he was released by the Orioles on July 5.

Whitt appeared in 1,328 games over his career, 1,218 of them with the Blue Jays. In his career, he recorded 938 hits, and had a batting average of .249 with 134 home runs and 534 RBI. In 12 career playoff games, Whitt hit .162 with one home run and 5 RBI.

Business activities
Whitt invested in and was part owner of the Mother's Pizza chain in southern Ontario in 1983. He would frequently appear at the restaurants and sign autographs for fans. Mother's Pizza featured an "Ernie Whitt Special" pizza on the menu. The chain went bankrupt in 1992.

Honors
Whitt was inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 1997.

On June 20, 2009, it was announced that Whitt, along with former major league right fielder Larry Walker, were inducted into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame.

Managerial and coaching career
Whitt remained active as an ambassador of Canadian baseball following his major league career. In the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, he guided the Canadian team to a fourth-place finish in the baseball tournament. Whitt also managed the Canada national baseball team to a third-place finish in Pool B at the 2006 World Baseball Classic.

Whitt also served as both the Blue Jays' bench coach and first base coach starting in 2005, and was rumoured to be a potential replacement for then-incumbent manager John Gibbons until Gibbons and several coaches were fired midway through the 2008 season. He was the manager of the Clearwater Threshers in the Philadelphia Phillies' minor league system. Whitt continues to be a roaming instructor in the Phillies' organization.

Whitt has managed Team Canada in following World Baseball Classics, World Baseball Cup, and the Pan Am Games. In the 2011 Pan Am Games in Guadalajara, Mexico, Canada won that tournament's gold medal. and a bronze medal in the IBAF World Baseball Cup.

title: Ernie Whitt


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Kraków Voivodeship

Kraków Voivodeship may also refer to:
 * Kraków Voivodeship (14th century – 1795)
 * Kraków Voivodeship (1816–1837)
 * Kraków Voivodeship (1919–1939)
 * Kraków Voivodeship (1945–1975)
 * Kraków Voivodeship (1975–1998)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kraków Voivodeship


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Michael Neubert

Sir Michael Jon Neubert (3 September 1933 – 3 January 2014) was Conservative MP for Romford from 1974 until 1997. His loss in the landslide 1997 general election was considered something of a surprise.

He was educated at Bromley Grammar School and Downing College, Cambridge, and worked as a travel and industrial consultant. He was a local councillor and alderman in Bromley 1960–1974 being council leader for a time and Mayor of Bromley in 1972.

He contested the parliamentary seat of Hammersmith North in 1966, and Romford in 1970, before being elected in February 1974. From 1983 he held several junior government posts, and was Under-Secretary of State for Defence Procurement at the Ministry of Defence 1989–1990.

In April 1990 he visited Gruinard Island to declare the island safe after World War II Anthrax experiments.

Personal life
Neubert and his wife, Sally, had one son. He died on 3 January 2014, at the age of 80, in Cheltenham.

title: Michael Neubert


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Krosno Voivodeship

Krosno Voivodeship (województwo krośnieńskie) was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland in years 1975–1998, superseded by Subcarpathian Voivodeship (except Biecz Commune which is now a part of Lesser Poland Voivodeship). Its capital city was Krosno.

Major cities and towns (population in 1995)

 * Krosno (49,400)
 * Sanok (41,400)
 * Jasło (38,900)

title: Krosno Voivodeship


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Talk:Starchild (comics)

Protected
I've temporarily protected this page while I'm discussing the contents of some previous versions with James A. Owen, author of Starchild.

I believe that much of the information in the article, the information to which Mr. Owen is objecting, is anecdotal in nature. Anyhow, if anyone knows anything about this, please discuss here so we can get to the bottom of this! :-)

Jimbo Wales 05:18, 2 Dec 2003

title: Talk:Starchild (comics)


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RS

RS may refer to:

Businesses and organizations

 * RS Group, entertainment & media company in Thailand
 * RS Group plc, British electronics & industrial distributor in England with brands including RS Components and RS Americas, Inc
 * RS Infotainment, Indian film production and distribution company
 * RS Productions, defunct Australian television and radio production company
 * Relief Society, an official auxiliary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)
 * République solidaire, a French political party
 * Roberval and Saguenay Railway (reporting mark RS)
 * Russian Party (Serbia) (Ruska stranka), a political party in Serbia

Sport

 * RS Sailing, an international designer and builder of sailboats and dinghies
 * Queens Park Rangers F.C., a professional football club from Shepherd's Bush, London, commonly nicknamed 'The Rs'

Places

 * Republic of Serbia (ISO 3166-1 code RS), country
 * Republic of Slovenia, country
 * Republika Srpska, one of the two political entities that compose the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Republika Srpska (1992–1995)
 * Rio Grande do Sul (ISO 3166-2 code BR-RS), Brazilian state

Science and technology

 * R/S classification, of the chirality of a molecule
 * RS, a class of racemic mixture
 * Radio Science, an instrument aboard MESSENGER space probe
 * Remote sensing
 * Risk and Safety Statements (R/S statements), a system of hazard codes and phrases for labeling dangerous chemicals

Biology and medicine

 * Resistant starch, indigestible starches (and sugars from starches)
 * Roemheld syndrome, a complex of gastrocardiac symptoms
 * Stomatal resistance (rs), of leaves
 * rs, prefix of a DbSNP record ID number e.g. rs206437
 * Respiratory syncytial virus, a species of virus

Computing

 * .rs, the internet country code top-level domain for Republic of Serbia
 * .rs, a filename extension for Rust source code
 * Recommended Standard (EIA), e.g. RS-232
 * Record Separator, in the C0 control code
 * Reed–Solomon error correction

Vehicles

 * Rally Sport, a designation applied to rallying cars
 * Rennsport (German for "racing sport"), a designation used for cars such as the Audi RS models
 * Porsche 911 Carrera RS
 * Porsche 911 GT3 RS
 * Ford Team RS, Ford Motor Company's European performance car and motorsport division
 * Renault Sport (R.S.), performance and motorsport division of automobile manufacturer Renault

Other uses

 * Pakistani rupee (plural currency symbol Rs)
 * RS (rapper) (2000–2019), Dutch drill rapper
 * Report Short, a type of US Congressional Research Service Report
 * Retail services specialist, an occupational rating in the U.S. Navy
 * Rolling Stone magazine
 * RuneScape, a fantasy MMORPG by Jagex

title: RS


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Srpska

Srpska, meaning "Serbian" in Serbian, may refer to:

 * Republika Srpska, one of the two major entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, a country in southeastern Europe
 * Serbia, a country in southeastern Europe
 * Serbian republic (disambiguation), the translation of the name of several Serbian administrations
 * Srpska, Montenegro, a village near Podgorica
 * Srpska: The Struggle for Freedom, a 2022 documentary film

title: Srpska


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Serbian republic

Serbian republic or Serb republic may refer to:

 * Serbia or Republika Srbija, a country in Southeastern Europe, and the nation-state of the Serbs
 * Socialist Republic of Serbia or Socijalistička Republika Srbija, a federal unit of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, from 1944 to 1992
 * Republic of Serbia (1992–2006) or Republika Srbija, a federal unit of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1992 to 2003, and of the State Union Serbia and Montenegro from 2003 to 2006
 * Republika Srpska or "Serb Republic", the Serb entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina in its current form
 * Republika Srpska (1992–1995) or "Serb Republic", the unrecognized Serb entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1992 to 1995
 * Republic of Serbian Krajina or Republika Srpska Krajina, war-time Serb breakaway republic in Croatia from 1991 to 1995

title: Serbian republic


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Banja Luka

Banja Luka (Бања Лука, ) or Banjaluka (Бањалука, ) is the second largest city in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the largest city of Republika Srpska, of which it is also the de facto capital. Banja Luka is the traditional centre of the densely-forested Bosanska Krajina region of northwestern Bosnia. , the city proper has a population of 138,963, while its administrative area comprises a total of 185,042 inhabitants.

The city is home to the University of Banja Luka and University Clinical Center of the Republika Srpska, as well as numerous entity and state institutions for Republika Srpska and Bosnia and Herzegovina, respectively. The city lies on the Vrbas river and is well known in the countries of the former Yugoslavia for being full of tree-lined avenues, boulevards, gardens, and parks. Banja Luka was designated European city of sport in 2018.

Name
The name Banja Luka was first mentioned in a document dated to 6 February 1494 by Ladislaus II of Hungary. The name is interpreted as the 'Ban's meadow', from the words ban (a medieval noble title), and luka ('valley' or 'meadow'). The identity of the ban and the meadow in question remains uncertain, and popular etymology combines the modern words banja ('bath' or 'spa'), or bajna ('marvelous') and luka ('port'). A different interpretation is suggested by the Hungarian name Lukácsbánya, in English 'Luke's Mine'. In modern usage, the name is pronounced and occasionally written as one word (Banjaluka).

Overview
Banja Luka covers some 96.2 km2 of land in Bosnia and Herzegovina and is situated on both banks of the Vrbas in the Banja Luka valley, which is characteristically flat within the otherwise hilly region. Banja Luka's centre lies 163 m above sea level.

The source of the Vrbas River is about 90 km to the south at the Vranica mountain. Its tributaries—the Suturlija, the Crkvena, and the Vrbanja—flow into the Vrbas at various points in the city. A number of springs can be found nearby.

The area around Banja Luka is mostly woodland and acre fields, although there are many mountains further from the city, especially south from the city. The most notable of these mountains are Ponir (743 m), Osmača (950 m), Manjača (1,214 m), Čemernica (1,338 m), and Tisovac (1,173 m). These are all part of the Dinaric Alps mountain range.

Settlements
The city of Banja Luka (aside from city proper) includes the following settlements: Agino Selo

Barlovci

Bastasi

Bistrica

Bočac

Borkovići

Bronzani Majdan

Cerici

Čokori

Debeljaci

Dobrnja

Dragočaj

Drakulić

Dujakovci

Goleši

Jagare

Kmećani

Kola

Kola Donja

Krmine

Krupa na Vrbasu

Kuljani

Lokvari

Lusići

Ljubačevo

Melina

Motike

Obrovac

Pavići

Pavlovac

Pervan Donji

Pervan Gornji

Piskavica

Ponir

Potkozarje

Prijakovci

Priječani

Prnjavor Mali

Radmanići

Radosavska

Ramići

Rekavice

Slavićka

Stratinska

Stričići

Subotica

Šargovac

Šimići

Šljivno

Verići

Vilusi

Zalužani

Zelenci

Climate

Banja Luka has a moderate humid subtropical climate with mild winters, infrequent frosts, and warm summers. The warmest month of the year is July, with an average temperature of 22.5 C. The coldest month of the year is January, when temperatures average around 1.3 C.

The annual precipitation for the city is about 1047.5 mm. Banja Luka has an average of 104 rainy days a year. Due to the city's relatively high latitude and inland location, it snows in Banja Luka almost every year during the winter period. Strong winds can come from the north and northeast. Sometimes, southern winds bring hot air from the Adriatic sea.

Highest recorded temperature: 41.8 C on 10 August 2017

Lowest recorded temperature:-23.5 C on 15 January 2003

Roman times

The history of inhabitation of the area of Banja Luka dates back to ancient times. There is substantial evidence of Roman presence in the region during the first few centuries A.D., including the fort "Kastel" (Castra) in the centre of the city. The area comprising Banja Luka was entirely in the kingdom of Illyria and then a part of the Roman province of Illyricum, which split into provinces of Pannonia and Dalmatia of which Castra became a part. Ancient Illyrian maps call the settlement in Banja Luka's present day location as Ad Ladios, a settlement located on the river Vrbas.

Middle Ages
Slavs settled in the Balkans in the 6th century. Mediaeval fortresses in the vicinity of Banja Luka include Vrbas (1224), Župa Zemljanik (1287), Kotor Varoš (1323), Zvečaj (1404), and Bočac (1446). In one document written by king Vladislav II on 6 February 1494 Juraj Mikulasić was mentioned as castellan of Banja Luka. Below the town was a smaller settlement with one Catholic monastery.

Ottoman rule

Banja Luka fell to the Ottomans in 1527. It became the seat of the Sanjak of Bosnia some time prior to 1554, until 1580 when the Bosnia Eyalet was established. Bosnian beylerbeys were seated in Banja Luka until 1639. Ferhad Pasha Sokolović, a relative of Grand Vizier Mehmed-pasha Sokolović, had upon his return to Bosnia in 1574, begun the building of over 200 buildings ranging from artisan and sales shops to wheat warehouses, baths and mosques. Among more important commissions were the Ferhadija and Arnaudija mosques during whose construction plumbing infrastructure was laid out, that served surrounding residential areas. This stimulated the economic and urban development of Banja Luka, which soon became one of the leading commercial and political centres in Bosnia. It was also the central sanjak in the Bosnia Eyalet. In 1688, the city was burned down by the Austrian army, but it quickly recovered. Later periodic intrusions by the Austrian army stimulated military developments in Banja Luka, which made it into a strategic military centre. Orthodox churches and monasteries near Banja Luka were built in the 19th century.

In the 19th century, Sephardic Jews and Trappists migrated to the city and contributed to the early industrialization of the region by building mills, breweries, brick factories, textile factories, and other important structures. The Trappist monastery built in the 19th century lent its name to the neighbourhood of Trappisti and has left a large legacy in the area through its Trappist cheese and its beer production.

In 1835 and 1836, during Ottoman administration, numerous people from Banja Luka emigrated to Lešnica, Lipnica, and Loznica, the villages around Loznica, and to Šabac.

Austro-Hungarian rule
Despite its leading position in the region, Banja Luka as a city was not modernised until Austro-Hungarian occupation in the late 19th century. Railroads, schools, factories, and infrastructure appeared, and were developed, which turned Banja Luka into a modern city.

Yugoslavia

After World War I, the town became the capital of the Vrbas Banovina, a province of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The provincial capital owed its rapid progress to the first Ban Svetislav Milosavljević. During that time, the Banski dvor and its twin sister, the Administration building, the Serbian Orthodox Church of the Holy Trinity, a theatre and a museum were built, the Grammar School was renovated, the Teachers College enlarged, a city bridge was built and the park renovated. 125 elementary schools were functioning in Banja Luka in 1930. The revolutionary ideas of the time were incubated by the "Pelagić" association and the Students' Club. Banja Luka naturally became the organisational centre of anti-fascist work in the region.

World War II
During World War II, Banja Luka was occupied by Axis troops and was included into the Independent State of Croatia, a Nazi puppet-state led by Pavelić's Ustaše. Most of Banja Luka's Serbs and Jews were deported to concentration camps such as Jasenovac and Stara Gradiška. The Jasenovac camp was one of the largest extermination camps in Europe, which was notorious for its high mortality rate and the barbaric practices which occurred in it. On 7 February 1942, Ustaše paramilitaries, led by a Franciscan friar, Miroslav Filipović (aka Tomislav Filipović-Majstorović), killed more than 2,300 Serbs (among them 500 children) in Drakulić, Motike and Šargovac (a part of the Banja Luka municipality).

The city's Cathedral of Christ the Saviour and Orthodox church of the Holy Trinity were totally demolished by the Ustaše, as was the Church of St. George in Petrićevac. The Bishop of Banja Luka, Platon Jovanović, was arrested by the Ustaše on 5 May 1941, and was tortured and killed. His body was thrown into the Vrbanja river. The city was liberated by the Yugoslav Partisans on 22 April 1945.

1969 earthquake
On 26 and 27 October 1969, two devastating earthquakes (6.0 and 6.4 on the Richter scale) damaged many buildings in Banja Luka. Around 20 to 23 people were killed, and over a thousand injured. NOAA National Geographical Data Center, Significant Earthquake Database states that the 15:36 26 October 1969 earthquake was 6.0 magnitude (intensity 8 Mercalli scale) and killed 14 people and causing $50 million damage, whilst the 08:10 27 October 1969 earthquake was 6.4 magnitude (intensity 9 Mercalli scale) and killed 9 people. The earthquake location was 44.9 Lat 17.3 Long on 26 October, and 44.9 Lat 17.2 Long on 27 October. Both had a focal depth of 33.

Observing our environment from space: new solutions for a new millennium, proceedings of the 21st EARSeL Symposium, Paris, France, 14–16 May 2001, edited by Gérard Bégni, pub Taylor & Francis, 2002, p267 claims that the earthquake in the vicinity of Banja Luka in 1969 had a magnitude of 6.4. (Comparison of other earthquakes mentioned shows that this is 6.4 on the Richter scale.) Chronology of Extreme Weather, by Ken Polsson, claims: "magnitude 6.4 earthquake occurs. 20 killed, 150 seriously injured, and 65,000 left homeless."

Sarajevo Rocked by Two Earthquakes BalkanInsight.com 31 March 2009, which claims that: "The biggest earthquake in Bosnia and Herzegovina's history took place in 26 and 27 October 1969... That tremor measured 5.4 on the Richter scale and between 7 and 8 on the Mercalli scale." Gymnasium Banja Luka History claims that the 26 October 1969 earthquake had an intensity of 7.5 on the Mercalli intensity scale, whilst the 27 October 1969 earthquake had an intensity of 8.5 on the Mercalli scale. A large building called Titanik in the centre of the town was razed to the ground, and the area was later turned into a central public square. With contributions from all over Yugoslavia, Banja Luka was repaired and rebuilt. During this period a large Serb population moved to the city from the surrounding villages, and from more distant areas in Herzegovina.

Demographics

The 2013 census in Bosnia indicated a population of 185,042, overwhelmingly Serbs.

Government

Banja Luka plays an important role on different levels of Bosnia and Herzegovina's government structures. Banja Luka is the centre of the government for the Municipality of Banja Luka. A number of entity and state institutions are seated in the city. The Republika Srpska Government and the National Assembly are based in Banja Luka.

The Bosnia and Herzegovina State Agencies based in the city include the Indirect Taxation Authority, the Deposit Insurance Agency as well as a branch of the Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina (formerly the National Bank of Republika Srpska). Austria, Croatia, France, Germany, Serbia, the United Kingdom and the United States maintain diplomatic representation through consulates-general in Banja Luka.

As of 2021, the mayor is Draško Stanivuković of the Party of Democratic Progress, elected in 2020.

Economy

In 1981, Banja Luka's GDP per capita was 97% of the Yugoslav average.

Although the city itself was not directly affected by the Bosnian war in the early 1990s, its economy was. In this period Banja Luka fell behind the world in key areas such as technology, with socially owned technology firms such as SOUR Rudi Čajavec collapsing, resulting in a rather stagnant economy. However, in recent years, the financial services sector has gained in importance in the city. In 2002, the trading began on the newly established Banja Luka Stock Exchange. The number of companies listed, the trading volume and the number of investors have increased significantly. A number of big companies such as Telekom Srpske, Rafinerija ulja Modriča, Banjalučka Pivara and Vitaminka are all listed on the exchange and are traded regularly. Investors, apart from those from Slovenia, Croatia and Serbia, now include a number of investment funds from the EU, and from Norway, the United States, Japan and China.

A number of financial services regulators, such as the Republika Srpska Securities Commission and the RS Banking Agency are headquartered in Banja Luka. This, along with the fact that some of the major banks in Bosnia, the Deposit Insurance Agency and the value-added tax (VAT) authority are all based in the city, has helped Banja Luka establish itself as a major financial centre of the country.

Economic summary
The following table gives a summary of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2018):

Culture

The Museum of Republika Srpska inherited the Ethnographic Museum established in 1930, and broadened its setting with collections of archeology, history, art history and nature. The Museum of Modern Art of Republika Srpska, also called MSURS, the Museum of Contemporary Art, displays exhibitions of both domestic and worldwide artists.

Banja Luka is home to the National Theatre and National Library, both dating from the first half of the 20th century, and of numerous other theatres. The headquarters of the Archives of Republika Srpska is situated in the building known as Carska kuća or Imperial House, built around 1880. It has been in continuous public use longer than any other structure in Banja Luka.

One of the best-known cultural sites in Banja Luka is the cultural centre of "Banski Dvor" (Halls of the Ban), built in the 1930s as the residence for the Bans of the Vrbas Banovina.

There is a number of Cultural Artistic Associations in the city. The oldest is CAA "Pelagić" (founded 1927), one of the oldest institutions of this kind in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Sport

Banja Luka has one major football stadium and several indoor sports halls. The local handball, basketball and football teams bear the traditional name Borac (fighter). There are sixteen football clubs in the city, with the most notable being Luka are Borac Banja Luka (2020–2021 season champions of Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina), BSK Banja Luka, and Omladinac Banja Luka (both in the First League of the Republika Srpska), FK Naprijed Banja Luka and FK Vrbas Banja Luka

FK Borac Banja Luka is one of the most popular football club in the Republika Srpska. The club has won several major trophies in its history such as trophies as a champion of Mitropa Cup, Yugoslav Cup, Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina Football Cup, First League of the Republika Srpska, Republic Srpska Cup. The club has participated in UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League.

The city has a long tradition of handball. RK Borac Banja Luka was the European Champion in 1976, the European Vice-Champion in 1975 and the winner of the IHF Cup in 1991.

The local tennis tournament, "Memorijal Trive Vujića", has become professional and has been awarded ATP status in 2001, with the rank of a Challenger. The Banja Luka Challenger takes place in September each year. In 2006, the Davis Cup matches of the Europe/Africa Zone Group III took place in the city. In April 2023, Banja Luka was host to the 2023 Srpska Open tournament, as part of the 2023 ATP Tour.

Since 2015, the city hosts the Banjaluka Half-marathon.

In 2005 and 2019 the European Championships in Rafting were held on the Vrbas river.

Banja Luka was designated European city of sport in 2018.

Transport

Public transportation within Banja Luka is exclusively operated by the bus services. 23 bus lines stretch across the city, connecting the downtown to the rest of the city and its suburbs. The oldest bus link in the city is line No 1. Taxis are also readily available. The expressway E-661 (locally known as M-16) leads north to Croatia from Banja Luka by way of Gradiška, near the Bosnian/Croatian border. A wide range of bus services are available to most neighbouring and larger towns in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as to regional and European destinations such as Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Germany, France, Italy, Montenegro, The Netherlands, Serbia, Sweden, Switzerland and Slovakia.

Banja Luka is a minor hub of the railway services of Željeznice Republike Srpske, which comprises one half of the railway network of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Services operate to most northern Bosnian towns, and two modern air-conditioned 'Talgo' trains run to Sarajevo every day. However, services are relatively slow and infrequent compared with neighbouring countries.

Banja Luka International Airport (IATA: BNX, ICAO: LQBK) is located 23 km north of Banja Luka. The airport is served by Air Serbia, which operates flights to Belgrade and summer charters to Antalya and Athens, while Ryanair operates flights to Bergamo, Berlin, Brussels, Gothenburg, Stockholm-Arlanda Airport, Memmingen, Frankfurt–Hahn and Vienna. There is also Banja Luka Zalužani Airfield, a small airstrip.

Public transport
Banja Luka overwhelmingly relies on a network of buses for its public transport. The following bus lines exist in the city:
 * 1 - Mađir - Ortopedija - Nova bolnica
 * 3 - Centar (Vodovod) - Vrbanja - Zeleni vir
 * 3B - Centar (Vodovod) - Debeljaci
 * 6 - Autobuska stanica - Lauš - Saračica
 * 7 - Lauš - Paprikovac - Centar - Obilićevo (TO Bema)
 * 8 - Autobuska stanica - Podgora
 * 9 - Česma - Centar - Desna novoselija
 * 9B - Česma - Medeno polje - Centar
 * 10 - Autobuska stanica - Obilićevo
 * 12 - Centar - Paprikovac (vidik)
 * 13 - Lazarevo - Obilićevo
 * 13A - Nova bolnica - Centar - Zalužani
 * 13B - Novo groblje - Lazarevo (Poslovna škola)
 * 13C - Centar - Tunjice - Zalužani
 * 13P - Obilićevo (Krfska ulica) - Petrićevac
 * 14 - Starčevica - Centar - Starčevica
 * 14B - Autobuska stanica - Borik - Starčevica
 * 17 - Obilićevo - Nova bolnica
 * 17A - Starčevica - Nova bolnica
 * 19 - Šargovac - Centar (Vidovdanska)
 * 20 - Autobuska stanica - Centar - Paprikovac (Ul. Ranka Šipke)
 * 39 - Drakulić (Vrtače) - Centar
 * 39A - Drakulić (avion) - Rakovačke bare - Centar

In addition to those, there are 34 suburban lines. A single-use bus ticket costs 2.3 convertible marks, while a day ticket that allows unlimited transfers costs 7.1 marks. Pensioners and citizens older than 65 enjoy free transit. The bus system faces several challenges, including the city government's debt to the private carriers and the vehicles' advanced age.

Twin towns – Sister cities
Banja Luka is twinned with the following cities:

 * 🇷🇸 Belgrade, Serbia, since 2020
 * 🇷🇸 Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia
 * Patras, Greece, since 1995
 * 🇷🇺 Moscow, Russia, since 2003
 * 🇩🇪 Kaiserslautern, Germany, since 2003
 * 🇺🇦 Lviv, Ukraine
 * 🇸🇮 Kranj, Slovenia, since 1965
 * 🇮🇹 Campobasso, Italy
 * 🇮🇹 Bari, Italy
 * 🇮🇹 Bitonto, Italy
 * 🇮🇱 Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut, Israel, since 2010
 * 🇦🇹 Graz, Austria
 * 🇸🇪 Västerås, Sweden, since 1969
 * 🇷🇸 Zemun, Serbia
 * 🇷🇴 Focșani, Romania, since 2012
 * 🇷🇸 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia

Partner cities

 * 🇷🇸 Novi Sad, Serbia, since 2006

Notable people

 * Gorica Aćimović, Serbian-Austrian handballer
 * Srđan Babić, Serbian footballer, World U-20 champion
 * Marijan Beneš, Serbian boxer and poet, European amateur and professional champion, Yugoslav Boxer of the 20th century
 * Mladen Bojinović, Serbian handball player, World Championship bronze medalist
 * Nikola Ćaćić, Serbian tennis player
 * Saša Čađo, Serbian basketball player, Olympic bronze medalist and European champion
 * Adem Čejvan, Bosnian actor
 * Radenko Dobraš (born 1968), Serbian basketball player
 * Nela Eržišnik, Croatian actress and comedian
 * Muhamed Filipović, Bosnian academic, philosopher and writer
 * Slađana Golić, Serbian basketball player, Olympic and World Championships silver medalist
 * Srđan Grahovac, Serbian footballer
 * Anton Josipović, Serbian boxer, Olympic champion
 * Božidar Jović, Serbian handball player
 * Ivan Franjo Jukić, Bosnian writer
 * Nasiha Kapidžić-Hadžić, Bosnian writer and poet
 * Osman Karabegović, politician
 * Milorad Karalić, Serbian handball player, Olympic champion
 * Tomislav Knez, football player, Olympic champion and European Championship silver medalist
 * Aleksandar Knežević, Serbian handball player, European Championship bronze medalist
 * Petar Kočić, Serbian writer
 * Franjo Komarica, Roman Catholic Bishop of Banja Luka
 * Abid Kovačević, retired footballer
 * DJ Krmak, Serbian singer
 * Ivan Ljubičić, Croatian tennis player, World No. 3 and Olympic bronze medalist
 * Saša Lošić, Serbian singer and composer
 * Darko Maletić, Serbian footballer
 * Draženko Mitrović, Serbian athlete, two-time Paralympic silver medalist and European champion
 * Ivan Merz, Catholic lay academic; beatified by Pope John Paul II
 * Zlatan Muslimović, Bosnian footballer
 * Mustafa Nadarević, actor
 * Romana Panić, Serbian singer
 * Nikola Pejaković, Serbian actor and musician
 * Zlatko Saračević, Croatian handball player, Olympic and World champion
 * Marija Šestić, Serbian singer
 * Velimir Sombolac, Serbian football player and manager, Olympic champion
 * Neven Subotić, Serbian footballer
 * Ognjen Vranješ, Serbian footballer
 * Srđan Vujmilović, photographer
 * Sredoje Zekanović, director of Bokserski klub Slavija Banja Luka, director of Yugoslavia national boxing team

title: Banja Luka


text:
Bud Bird

John Williston "Bud" Bird, (born March 22, 1932) is a Canadian businessman who is a former mayor of the city of Fredericton, a Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick member of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick, and a Progressive Conservative Party of Canada member of the House of Commons of Canada.

Business career
In 1958, he founded J. W. Bird and Company Limited, suppliers to the construction industry. In 1975, he acquired William Stairs Son & Morrow Ltd. of Halifax, Nova Scotia, becoming Bird Stairs Limited. The business was sold to employees and today he operates Bird Holdings Ltd. And is majority shareholder of Sunpoke Energy Systems Ltd.

Political offices
Bud Bird served as Mayor of Fredericton from 1969 to 1974. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick in 1978 and served as in the government of Richard Hatfield as Minister of Natural Resources from November 21, 1978, until he resigned from the legislature on June 10, 1982.

Bird ran in the November 21, 1988 Federal election, winning a seat in the 34th Canadian Parliament for the Fredericton riding. He was defeated in the 1993 election.

A sport fisherman and conservationist, Bird is Chairman Emeritus of the Miramichi Salmon Association and has been a Director of both the Atlantic Salmon Federation of Canada and Atlantic Salmon Federation of the United States.

In 2001, Bird was made an Officer of the Order of Canada.

title: Bud Bird


text:
Mark Dresser

Mark Dresser (born September 26, 1952) is an American double bass player and composer.

Career
Dresser was born in Los Angeles, California, United States. In the 1970s, he was a member of Black Music Infinity led by Stanley Crouch and performed with the San Diego Symphony. During the next decade he moved to New York City and became a member of the Anthony Braxton quartet with Marilyn Crispell and Gerry Hemingway. He composed for the Arcado String Trio and Tambastics and for the film, The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari.

As leader

 * Arcado with Arcado String Trio (JMT, 1989)
 * Behind the Myth with Arcado String Trio (JMT, 1990)
 * For Three Strings and Orchestra with Arcado String Trio (JMT, 1992)
 * The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (Knitting Factory, 1994)
 * Invocation (Knitting Factory, 1995)
 * Force Green (Soul Note, 1995)
 * Live in Europe with Arcado String Trio (Avant, 1996)
 * Banquet (Tzadik, 1997)
 * Eye'll Be Seeing You (Knitting Factory, 1998)
 * C/D/E with Andrew Cyrille (Pao, 2000)
 * Marinade (Tzadik, 2000)
 * Later with Fred Frith (Victo, 2000)
 * The Marks Brothers with Mark Helias (W.E.R.F., 2000)
 * Sonomondo with Frances-Marie Uitti (Cryptogramophone, 2000)
 * Duologues with Denman Maroney (Victo, 2001)
 * Reunion Live... at the Guelph Festival with Gerry Hemingway (Intrepid Ear, 2001)
 * Aquifer (Cryptogramophone, 2002)
 * Nine Songs Together with Ray Anderson (CIMP, 2003)
 * Tone Time with Susie Ibarra (Wobbly Rail, 2003)
 * Time Changes with Denman Maroney (Cryptogramophone, 2005)
 * Unveil (Clean Feed, 2005)
 * Airwalkers with Roswell Rudd (Clean Feed, 2006)
 * House of Mirrors with Ed Harkins (Clean Feed, 2008)
 * Duetto with Diane Moser (CIMP, 2008)
 * Starmelodics with Kauffman/Eisenstadt (Nuscope, 2009)
 * Live in Concert with Denman Maroney (Kadima Collective, 2009)
 * Live at Lotus with Vinny Golia (Kadima Collective, 2010)
 * Soul to Soul with Remi Alvarez (Intolerancia, 2010)
 * Guts (Kadima Collective, 2010)
 * Synastry with Jen Shyu (Pi, 2011)
 * Nourishments (Clean Feed, 2013)
 * Code Re(a)d with Gerry Hemingway (Hopscotch, 2014)
 * Sedimental You (Clean Feed, 2016)
 * Modicana (NoBusiness, 2017)
 * Ain't Nothing But a Cyber Coup & You (Clean Feed, 2019)

As sideman
With Ray Anderson
 * Harrisburg Half Life (Moers Music, 1980)
 * It Just So Happens (Enja, 1987)
 * Blues Bred in the Bone (Enja, 1988)
 * What Because (Gramavision, 1990)

With Tim Berne
 * Sanctified Dreams (Columbia 1987)
 * Tim Berne's Fractured Fairy Tales (JMT, 1989)
 * Pace Yourself (JMT, 1991)
 * Diminutive Mysteries (Mostly Hemphill) (JMT, 1993)
 * Nice View (JMT, 1994)

With Jane Ira Bloom
 * The Red Quartets (Arabesque, 1999)
 * Sometimes the Magic (Arabesque, 2001)
 * Chasing Paint (Arabesque, 2003)
 * Like Silver, Like Song (ArtistShare, 2005)

With Bobby Bradford
 * Lost in L.A. (Soul Note, 1984)
 * Live in L.A. (Clean Feed, 2011)
 * Live at the Open Gate (NoBusiness, 2016)

With Anthony Braxton
 * The Coventry Concert (West Wind, 1987)
 * Five Compositions (Quartet) 1986 (Black Saint, 1986)
 * If My Memory Serves Me Right (West Wind, 1987)
 * Quartet (London) 1985 (Leo, 1988)
 * Quartet (Birmingham) 1985 (Leo, 1991)
 * Willisau (Quartet) 1991 (hat ART, 1992)
 * Quartet (Coventry) 1985 (Leo, 1993)
 * (Victoriaville) 1992 (Victo, 1993)
 * Twelve Compositions (Music & Arts, 1994)
 * Quartet (Santa Cruz) 1993 (hat ART, 1997)
 * Quartet (New York) 1993 Set 1 (Braxton Bootleg, 2011)
 * Quartet (New York) 1993 Set 2 (Braxton Bootleg, 2011)
 * Quartet (London) 1991 04.02 Set 1 (Braxton Bootleg, 2013)
 * Quartet (London) 1991 04.02 Set 2 (Braxton Bootleg, 2013)
 * Quartet (London) 1991 04.03 Set 1 (Braxton Bootleg, 2013)
 * Quartet (London) 1991 04.03 Set 2 (Braxton Bootleg, 2013)
 * Quartet (Santa Cruz) 1993 1st Set (hatOLOGY, 2015)
 * Quartet (Santa Cruz) 1993 2nd Set (hatOLOGY, 2015)
 * Quartet (Willisau) 1991 Studio (hatOLOGY, 2018)

With Dave Douglas
 * Parallel Worlds (Soul Note, 1993)
 * Five (Soul Note, 1996)
 * Sanctuary (Avant, 1997)

With Satoko Fujii
 * Looking Out of the Window (Ninety-One, 1997)
 * Kitsune-bi (Tzadik, 1999)
 * Toward To West (Enja, 2000)
 * Junction (EWE, 2001)
 * Bell the Cat! (Tokuma, 2002)
 * Illusion Suite (Libra, 2004)
 * Live in Japan 2004 (Natsat Music, 2005)
 * When We Were There (PJL, 2006)
 * Trace a River (Libra, 2008)

With Gerry Hemingway
 * Demon Chaser (hat ART, 1993)
 * Down to the Wire (hat ART, 1993)
 * The Marmalade King (hat ART, 1995)
 * Slamadam (Random Acoustics, 1995)
 * Perfect World (Random Acoustics, 1996)
 * Johnny's Corner Song (Auricle, 1998)
 * Chamber Works (Tzadik, 1999)
 * Waltzes, Two-Steps & Other Matters of the Heart (GM, 1999)
 * Devils Paradise (Clean Feed, 2003)

With Bob Ostertag
 * Say No More (RecRec Music, 1993)
 * Say No More in Person (Transit, 1993)
 * Verbatim (Rastascan, 1996)
 * Verbatim, Flesh and Blood (Rastascan, 1998)

With John Zorn
 * Spy vs Spy: The Music of Ornette Coleman (Nonesuch, 1988)
 * Kristallnacht (99 Records, 1993)
 * Bar Kokhba (Tzadik, 1996)
 * Cobra: John Zorn's Game Pieces Volume 2 (Tzadik, 2002)

With others
 * Laurie Anderson, Strange Angels (Warner Bros. 1989)
 * Gregg Bendian, Counterparts (CIMP, 1996)
 * Gregg Bendian, Gregg Bendian's Interzone (Eremite, 1996)
 * Salvatore Bonafede, For the Time Being (CAM Jazz, 2005)
 * Eugene Chadbourne, Pain Pen (Avant, 2000)
 * Alex Cline, For People in Sorrow (Cryptogramophone, 2013)
 * Nels Cline, The Inkling (Cryptogramophone, 2000)
 * Tom Cora, It's a Brand New Day (Knitting Factory, 2000)
 * Marilyn Crispell, The Kitchen Concert (Leo, 1991)
 * Marilyn Crispell, Mark Dresser, Gerry Hemingway, Play Braxton (Tzadik, 2012)
 * Stanton Davis, Manhattan Melody (Enja, 1988)
 * Robert Dick, Jazz Standards On Mars (Enja, 1997)
 * Paul Dresher & Ned Rothenberg, Opposites Attract (New World/CounterCurrents 1991)
 * Marty Ehrlich, The Long View (Enja, 2002)
 * Amir ElSaffar, Radif Suite (Pi, 2010)
 * Ellery Eskelin, Vanishing Point (hatOLOGY, 2001)
 * David Garland, Togetherness: Control Songs Vol. 2 (Ergodic, 1999)
 * Osvaldo Golijov Yiddishbbuk (EMI, 2002)
 * Osvaldo Golijov, Upshaw the Andalucian Dogs Ayre & Folk Songs (Deutsche Grammophon, 2005)
 * Sebastian Gramss, Thinking Of (Wergo, 2014)
 * Burton Greene, Peace Beyond Conflict (CIMP, 2002)
 * Francois Houle, In the Vernacular (Songlines, 1998)
 * Jason Hwang, Unfolding Stone (Sound Aspects, 1990)
 * Steve Lehman, Interface (Clean Feed, 2004)
 * Steuart Liebig, Pomegranate (Cryptogramophone, 2001)
 * Frank London, The Debt (Tzadik, 1997)
 * Russ Lossing, Metal Rat (Clean Feed, 2006)
 * Joe Lovano, Flights of Fancy: Trio Fascination Edition Two (Blue Note, 2001)
 * Denman Maroney, Fluxations (New World/CounterCurrents 2003)
 * Raz Mesinai, Cyborg Acoustics (Tzadik, 2004)
 * Sato Michihiro, Rodan (hat ART, 1989)
 * Tisziji Munoz, Auspicious Healing! (Anami Music, 2000)
 * Simon Nabatov, Projections (Clean Feed, 2015)
 * Simon Nabatov, Equal Poise (Leo, 2016)
 * James Newton, Binu (Circle, 1978)
 * Kevin Norton, Integrated Variables (CIMP, 1996)
 * Kevin Norton, Change Dance Troubled Energy (Barking Hoop, 2001)
 * Ivo Perelman, Suite for Helen F. (Boxholder, 2003)
 * Hot Pstromi, With a Little Horseradish On the Side (Global Village Music, 1993)
 * Hank Roberts, Black Pastels (JMT, 1988)
 * Herb Robertson, Elaboration (Clean Feed, 2005)
 * Herb Robertson, Real Aberration (Clean Feed, 2007)
 * Mick Rossi, One Block from Planet Earth (OmniTone, 2004)
 * Ned Rothenberg, Power Lines (New World, 1995)
 * Bernadette Speach, Reflections (Mode, 2002)
 * Yale Strom, Klezmer: Cafe Jew Zoo (Naxos, 2002)
 * Richard Teitelbaum, Blends (New Albion, 2002)
 * Tiziano Tononi, Strange Mathematics (Splasc(H), 2008)
 * Eric Watson, Silent Hearts (Free Flight, 1999)
 * Eric Watson, Full Metal Quartet (OWL, 2000)
 * Matthias Ziegler, Marsyas' Song (Percords, 1992)

title: Mark Dresser


text:
Talk:List of national airlines

US Airways
US Airways' hubs now include Phoenix and Las Vegas, since the America West Merger has been completed, right? --Eklapper 15:11, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

National?
Cathay Pacific's website suggests that its a privately held corporation. --Jiang 05:32, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Is "national" here meaning state-owned (no matter partial or entirely)? — Instantnood 18:43, July 28, 2005 (UTC)
 * A "national airline" dosent mean it has to be state-owned. It means it is the officially designated flag carrer of the said country. Not all states have one....even the USA dosent have one, although some consider all the five major airlines as their flag carrier, although it has never been official. Cathay Pacific has never been designated as a national airline, and this is quite telling in its website. In fact, it even has to explicitely explain why it is a "HK-based airline", considering it was actually formed out of "foreign" interests, and is still run by a directorial board largely composed of "foreigners". Calling it a "national airline" is certainly a long-shot compared to this.--Huaiwei 09:14, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * It's true that many top personnels of the Swire Group, the majority shareholder of Cathay Pacific, are not "locals" of Hong Kong, and the Group is substantially owned by shareholders from the UK, few would see it as a true "foreign" companies in Hong Kong, considering that the focus of development of the Group has been in Hong Kong for over a hundred years. Meanwhile I'd love to hear a bit more on what qualified as "official designation", so as to be listed here. How, if any, does such official designation vary from country to country? Thanks. — Instantnood 09:31, July 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * That is true for most colonial-era leftovers of the HK economy anyway, mirrored by such companies as HSBC, Stanchat, and so on. They hardly fall into the "local companies" in most other normal economies in which they are locally-found, locally managed, and locally owned. Of coz, an increasingly globalised economy means the whole thing is getting more and more murkey, but it is still not difficult to spot the inconsistencies. Just try comparing Singapore Airlines with Cathay, or that of Singapore's largest banks with that of HK. Singaporean companies, like those in most advanced economies, are tying to grap "foreign" talent into their realm. These colonial legacy HK companies, on the other hand, seem to be tring to constantly justify their place in HK! :D Just a personal observation, of coz.--Huaiwei 10:01, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Few companies in Hong Kong are state-owned, or were in the past owned by the colonial government or the British government. There's not even restrictions, with very few exceptions, on the nationalities of shareholders. I'd say it's not quite relevant to talk about nationalities of ownership of companies in Hong Kong.. :-) And not really.. HSBC is defining itself a world's bank with global presence instead of justifying its place in Hong Kong. It rebranded itself from HongkongBank to HSBC. Similarly, Cathay Pacific defines itself as an airline of Asia in its ads (with the slogan "亞洲脈搏亞洲心 Fly Cathay Pacific The Heart of Asia!"), not just Hong Kong. :-) — Instantnood 10:34, July 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Dont really understand what the first two lines are trying to say, but yeah, the very fact that HK was a former colony with a laisezz faire attitude meant there is far less likelihood of governmental intervention to prevent economic dominance by a few companies with huge fiscal pockets, particular those originating from Britain, and in the hands of a few local tycoons. Antitrust laws seems almost non-existant, and if there are any, it is a wonder if they are ever effectively enforced. Many of these colonial-legacy companies are indeed consciousless and actively promoting their attachment to HK. Just look at the annual reports and websites of the HSBC or that of Cathay Pacific. HSBC didnt exactly "rebrand" itself with that name. It recognised that its over-reliance on the HK market was too financially risky, and decided to establish a holding entity based in London to reposition itself as a global entity, largely helped by buying up banks in other continents. Even as it calls itself the "world's local bank", it still finds the need to continue harking back on its HK roots. Cathay Pacific's slogan is hardly unusual when it comes to airlines. Singapore Airlines says it is "making the world a smaller place" with the launch of the world's longest flights, Philippine airlines cant resist constantly reminding everyone that it is "Asia's first airline", and British Airways of coz thinks they are the world's favourite airline. But non of them seem to see a need to also constantly remind shareholders or viewers of their website over where they are actually based in...the way Cathay has to.--Huaiwei 16:08, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Interesting information. :-) For the first two lines I was saying few people would actually perceive the "nationality" of a company by its ownership, in the case of Hong Kong. People from everywhere of the world can own the companies in Hong Kong. — Instantnood 17:38, July 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * You dont really need to offer that information thou. Is "nationality" of a company defined by ownership? It appears to me that you are misreading what I write above. Meanwhile, I suppose you are trying to say that there are no rules which govern ownership of any HK company by any "foreign" entity? Great. Again, that then brings up questions of just what is a "national" entity in HK then.--Huaiwei 18:26, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Isn't ownership a criteria to define the "nationality" of an airline company in common practice? — Instantnood 18:44, July 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * It is? From where did you get this impression? So based on this, is Cathay a HK company?--Huaiwei 19:24, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * From the document of the CARICOM you mentioned . — Instantnood 19:34, July 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * I do wonder if you actually read my comments above, and I do also wonder how familiar are you with the aviation sector. Indeed, I am actually beginning to doubt your comprehension level when it comes to reading English documents. Would you mind telling me which line(s) in that source tells u that ownership is a criteria for nationality definitions today? Even then, I suppose you are basically also telling us that Cathay is not a HK company then?--Huaiwei 19:48, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes I am not quite familiar with civil aviation. The third paragraph of the attachment III says so.. that in traditional practice national airlines were defined in this way. And I supposed that's still the common practice, though not always holds, today. Please let me know if I'm wrong. — Instantnood 18:28, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

 * Anyway, it is true that different governments may use different criteria in designating a "national airline", but what is obviously important is that the designation must be there. Thailand, for example, actually has two designated national airlines: Thai International And Angel Air, and to remain as such, they have to meet specific fiscal and operational criteria. As national flag carriers, they then usually enjoy greater priviledges in air rights negotiations between governments. Of coz, this isnt always true. In Singapore, air rights will be awarded to any entity which can demonstrate better utilisation of available rights, irregardless of their status. Therefore, it is obviously not enough to say an airline is a "national airline" just by meeting the criteria for any one country. The criteria is not important. The official designation is.--Huaiwei 10:01, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Thank you. Mind telling how to look for official designation information? I think it is necessary to include such information in the list, and to define a clear criteria for it. — Instantnood 10:34, July 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * I am still researching on this one, made more difficult by just how fractured information on it is. I am now getting the impression that the evolution of air traffic rights via the ICAO and so on made it "neccesary" to establish and designate "national airlines" for the purpose of negotiations . On the other hand, the United States seems to have come to using the term to refer to airlines with "$100 million to $1 billion of annual revenue and service multiple regions with jets such as the 30-passenger CRJ" . Quite an unconventional definition, and probably the reason why it is not used here or other sources.--Huaiwei 16:08, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Great. I always think that it is the business of the aviation administration of a country, and the airline companies based and registered in that country, to decide on how to allocate among the companies the number of flights of certain routes. — Instantnood 17:38, July 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Wrong. It is usually the business of the aviation administration of a country to make decisions on air rights allocation, and not that of airlines themselves. Or do you have exceptions to highlight?--Huaiwei 18:26, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * That was just my impression. Yes it's the civil aviation administration to make the decision, but the airline companies can bargain. :-) — Instantnood 18:44, July 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * And what an impression it is. Airlines bargaining...erm. That sounds woefully layman. Obviously every single airline on the planet will be demanding for anything which is within their interests, so which airline wont "bargain"? The point being made here, is that it is normally the state which does the actual negotiations on their behalf, and not the airlines themselves.--Huaiwei 19:24, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Well I said it's their business. :-) — Instantnood 19:34, July 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * Well you said it's their (the airlines) business to "decide on how to allocate among the companies the number of flights of certain routes." Or are you now claiming you didnt say this?--Huaiwei 19:48, 29 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah come on.. take a look at the second meaning of the word decide at Cambridge Dictionaries Online. :-D — Instantnood 18:28, July 30, 2005 (UTC)

Sorted by sovereign States
This begins with User:Huaiwei's edit to move Greenland under Denmark. While I don't entirely agree with it, for consistent sake I moved all non-sovereign entities (e.g. Martinique, Cayman Islands) to their corresponding sovereign States. Comments and opinion are welcome on whether they should be sorted by country (the general sense of the meaning of "country"), or by sovereign States, as it is at the time being. — Instantnood 09:40, July 29, 2005 (UTC)
 * See also talk:list of airlines. — Instantnood 10:34, July 29, 2005 (UTC)

Proposed merger
Isn't this list practically the same as the "Listed national flag carriers" at Flag carrier? I brought up this issue at Talk:Flag_carrier, but there seems to be little or no activity in that article. ironcito 22:23, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

 * It is a bit difficult to discern what a "flag carrier” is in the 21st Century. There appears to be a considerable amount of opinion suggesting that there is some sort of official designation that determines whether or not an airline is a “flag carrier.”  If that is the case, then what is the governing board that grants the authority to us the term?  Is there some international authority that selects which airline is to be called “flag carrier”? Too frequently the concept of “national airline” and “flag carrier” is merged in to “national flag carrier.” From the standpoint of the US government (see wording on the WikiPage for “Fly America Act”) any and all airlines registered in the United States are flag carriers of the United States. That means the United States has more than 300 flag carriers. If national airline suggests that the nation owns the company, i.e. the government of the nation possess a majority stake in the airline, then “national” airline is logical. However, common supposition is that the “national” airline is the airline containing the name of the nation – not necessarily the one owned by that nation’s government. This creates a dilemma in locations such as Australia; Qantas was long ago privatized so is it still the “national” airline or the “flag carrier”? There is now an airline in Australia called “Australian Airline” so is that not the   “national” airline or the “flag carrier” rather than the privatized Qantas?  I suggest that both terms are archaic and rendered meaningless in the 21st Century.202.79.62.12 05:34, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

WikiWeakness
WikiWeakness #97 – Compounding incorrect information creates substantiation that is equally as bogus as the original assertion.

This page is riddled with innumerable mistakes, fallacies, and erroneous bits of information. Listing after listing presents things that are either simply incorrect, or are disingenuous – yet contribution after contribution simply add to this long list of fallacies.

 * For example – someone listed Air Srpska as the national airline of Republika Srpska. However, there are two fundamental issues that suggest it is ridiculous to list this entry; 1) according to the WikiPage the carrier has been defunct for seven years, and 2)  Republika Srpska, by the generally accepted definition, is not a nation… it is a political compromise that sits within the nation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

 * For example – Qantas is listed as the national airline of Australia. Why? The government privatized that airline several years ago… so why is it the national airline at this point? Why wouldn’t the relatively new Australian Airline be the national airline?

 * For example – under France there are six airlines listed as the national airline of a French Dependency. How can a dependency, territory, protectorate, or colony have a “national” airline?

 * For example – under Ghana there is an entry for a “former” national airline. Why? This is a list of national airlines… so why include a “former” ? Either it is, or it is not the national airline

 * For example – under Mexico two airlines are listed, both are privately owned companies. So why are they both the national airline?

 * For example – under United Arab Emirates an airline is listed as being the national airline for a city. Why? The city is not a nation, the city is a city. How did it become a national airline of a city?

Ultimately this list is worthless. There is no agreement on what makes a “national airline,” there is no governing body with authority to grant the title to an airline, and it is obvious that the cognitive dissonance generated by conflicting information being placed side by side on this page doesn’t really bother the contributors. Why let facts get in the way of a good, long list?

title: Talk:List of national airlines


text:
Just So Stories

Just So Stories for Little Children is a 1902 collection of origin stories by the British author Rudyard Kipling. Considered a classic of children's literature, the book is among Kipling's best known works.

Kipling began working on the book by telling the first three chapters as bedtime stories to his daughter Josephine. These had to be told "just so" (exactly in the words she was used to) or she would complain. The stories illustrate how animals acquired their distinctive features, such as how the leopard got his spots. For the book, Kipling illustrated the stories himself.

The stories have appeared in a variety of adaptations including a musical and animated films. Evolutionary biologists have noted that what Kipling did in fiction in a Lamarckian way, they have done in reality, providing Darwinian explanations for the evolutionary development of animal features.

Context
The stories, first published in 1902, are origin stories, fantastic accounts of how various features of animals came to be. A forerunner of these stories is Kipling's "How Fear Came", in The Second Jungle Book (1895). In it, Mowgli hears the story of how the tiger got his stripes.

Approach
The Just So Stories began as bedtime stories told by Kipling to his daughter "Effie" (Josephine, Kipling's firstborn); when the first three were published in a children's magazine, a year before her death, Kipling explained: "in the evening there were stories meant to put Effie to sleep, and you were not allowed to alter those by one single little word. They had to be told just so; or Effie would wake up and put back the missing sentence. So at last they came to be like charms, all three of them – the whale tale, the camel tale, and the rhinoceros tale."

(The name Effie does not appear in the text of the stories, where the narrator now and again says O my Best Beloved to his listening child instead.)

Nine of the thirteen Just So Stories tell how particular animals were modified from their original forms to their current forms by the acts of human beings or magical beings. For example, the Whale has a tiny throat because he swallowed a mariner, who tied a raft inside to block the whale from swallowing other men. The Camel has a hump given to him by a djinn as punishment for the camel's refusing to work (the hump allows the camel to work longer between times of eating). The Leopard's spots were painted by an Ethiopian (after the Ethiopian painted himself black). The Kangaroo gets its powerful hind legs, long tail and hopping gait after being chased all day by a dingo, sent by a minor god responding to the Kangaroo's request to be made different from all other animals.

Contents

 * 1) How the Whale Got His Throat – why the larger whales eat only small prey.
 * 2) How the Camel Got His Hump – how the idle camel was punished and given a hump.
 * 3) How the Rhinoceros Got His Skin – why rhinos have folds in their skin and bad tempers.
 * 4) How the Leopard Got His Spots – why leopards have spots.
 * 5) The Elephant's Child/How the Elephant Got His Trunk – how the elephant's trunk became long.
 * 6) The Sing-Song of Old Man Kangaroo – how the kangaroo assumed long legs and tail.
 * 7) The Beginning of the Armadillos – how a hedgehog and tortoise transformed into the first armadillos.
 * 8) How the First Letter Was Written – introduces the only characters who appear in more than one story: a family of cave-people, called Tegumai Bopsulai (the father), Teshumai Tewindrow (the mother), and Taffimai Metallumai, shortened to Taffy, (the daughter), and explains how Taffy delivered a picture message to her mother.
 * 9) How the Alphabet Was Made – tells how Taffy and her father invent an alphabet.
 * 10) The Crab that Played with the Sea – explains the ebb and flow of the tides, as well as how the crab changed from a huge animal into a small one.
 * 11) The Cat that Walked by Himself – explains how man domesticated all the wild animals, even the cat, which insisted on greater independence.
 * 12) The Butterfly that Stamped – how Solomon saved the pride of a butterfly, and the Queen of Sheba used this to prevent his wives scolding him.
 * 13) The Tabu Tale – how Taffy learnt all the taboos. (Missing from most British editions; first appeared in the Scribner edition in the U.S. in 1903).

Illustrations
Kipling illustrated the original editions of the Just So Stories. Later illustrators of the book include Joseph M. Gleeson.

Editions
As well as appearing in a collection, the individual stories have also been published as separate books: often in large-format, illustrated editions for younger children.

Adaptations
Adaptations of Just So Stories have been made in forms such as cartoons, including several in the Soviet Union in the 1930s,  and musicals, including one in 1984 by Anthony Drewe and George Stiles.

Contemporary

H. W. Boynton, writing in The Atlantic in 1903, commented that only a century earlier children had had to be content with the Bible, Pilgrim's Progress, Paradise Lost, and Foxe's Book of Martyrs. But in his day "A much pleasanter bill of fare is being provided for them". Boynton argued that with Just So Stories, Kipling did for "very little children" what The Jungle Book had done for older ones. He described the book as "artfully artless, in its themes, in its repetitions, in its habitual limitation, and occasional abeyance, of adult humor. It strikes a child as the kind of yarn his father or uncle might have spun if he had just happened to think of it; and it has, like all good fairy-business, a sound core of philosophy".

Modern
John Lee described the book as a classic work of children's literature. Sue Walsh observed in 2007 that critics have rigidly categorised Just So Stories as "Children's Literature", and have in consequence given it scant literary attention. In her view, if critics mention the book at all, they talk about what kind of reading is good for children and what they are capable of understanding. The stories are discussed, she argues, by critics such as Elliott Gose "in terms of ideas about the child’s pleasure (conceived of in sensual terms divorced of intellectual understanding) in the oral aspects of the text which are said to prompt an ‘active Participation’ which seems largely to be understood in terms of the ‘oral savouring’ of repetition".

Evolutionary developmental biology
The molecular biologist Walter M. Fitch remarked in 2012 (published posthumously) that the stories, while "delightful", are "very Lamarckian", giving the example of the stretching of the elephant's snout in a tug-of-war, as the acquired trait (a long trunk) is inherited by all the elephant's descendants. Lewis I. Held's 2014 account of evolutionary developmental biology ("evo-devo"), How the Snake Lost its Legs: Curious Tales from the Frontier of Evo-Devo, noted that while Kipling's Just So Stories "offered fabulous tales about how the leopard got its spots, how the elephant got its trunk, and so forth [and] remains one of the most popular children's books of all time", fables "are poor substitutes for real understanding." Held aimed "to blend Darwin's rigor with Kipling's whimsy", naming the many "Curious Tales" such as "How the Duck Got its Bill" in his book in the style of Just So Stories, and observing that truth could be stranger than fiction. Sean B. Carroll's 2005 book Endless Forms Most Beautiful has been called a new Just So Stories, one that explains the "spots, stripes, and bumps" that had attracted Kipling's attention in his children's stories. A reviewer in BioScience suggested that "Kipling would be riveted."

title: Just So Stories


text:
Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)

The Herzegovina uprising (Херцеговачки устанак) was an uprising led by the Christian Serb population against the Ottoman Empire, firstly and predominantly in Herzegovina (hence its name), from where it spread into Bosnia and Raška. It broke out in the summer of 1875, and lasted in some regions up to the beginning of 1878. It was followed by the Bulgarian Uprising of 1876, and coincided with Serbian-Turkish wars (1876–1878), all of those events being part of the Great Eastern Crisis (1875–1878).

The uprising was precipitated by the harsh treatment under the beys and aghas of the Ottoman province (vilayet) of Bosniathe reforms announced by the Ottoman Sultan Abdülmecid I, involving new rights for Christian subjects, a new basis for army conscription and an end to the much-hated system of tax-farming were either resisted or ignored by the powerful Bosnian landowners. They frequently resorted to more repressive measures against their Christian subjects. The tax burden on Christian peasants constantly increased.

The rebels were aided with weapons and volunteers from the principalities of Montenegro and Serbia, whose governments eventually jointly declared war on the Ottomans on 18 June 1876, leading to the Serbian-Ottoman War (1876–78) and Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–78), which in turn led to the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) and Great Eastern Crisis. A result of the uprisings and wars was the Berlin Congress in 1878, which gave Montenegro and Serbia independence and more territory, while Austro-Hungary occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina for 30 years, although it remained de jure Ottoman territory.

Background
In the early 19th century, most of the Balkans was under Ottoman rule. Christian communities of Serbs and Greeks, under Ottoman control for four centuries, rose up and succeeded in obtaining autonomy by means of the Serbian Revolution of 1804–17 and Greek War of Independence of 1821–29, establishing the Principality of Serbia and the Hellenic Republic. The weakened Ottoman central powers was evident in separatist provincial lords (pashas) as seen in Pazvantoğlu, Ali Pasha, Gradaščević (who led a Bosnian bey rebellion in 1831–32) and Muhammad Ali. Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II succeeded in abolishing the problematic Janissaries in 1826, in his reform work. Beginning in the 1830s, the Ottoman Empire seemed to many European observers to be on the verge on collapsing.

The tax-paying lower class (rayah, made up of Christian and Muslim peasants) in the Bosnia Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire experienced harsh economic conditions in the previous century. Bosnian Muslim beys sometimes took as much as half of each peasant's crop annually, besides various taxes on farm products and animals for which Christian peasants were responsible. Furthermore, tax farmers (mütesellim) levied additional taxes on the remaining yield. The failure of the 1874 crop and plight of peasants and external influence in Pan-Slavism and Pan-Serbism and also Austrian aspirations on further South Slavic lands were leading causes of the ensuing rebellion.

Other notable preceding Serb peasant rebellions in the region were the Herzegovina Uprising (1852–62) and Pecija's First Revolt (1858).

In Herzegovina
The Serbian leaders of the people of Herzegovina: Jovan Gutić, Simun Zečević, Ilija Stevanović, Trivko Grubačić, Prodan Rupar and Petar Radović, at the end of August and beginning of September 1874, met and decided to start preparing a rebellion. They began collecting weapons and ammunition and establishing safe-places. With the assistance of Montenegro in the uprising, it was to begin in springtime 1875. The group entered in talks with Montenegrin ruler Nikola I Petrović, but he was unwilling to break and risk the unreadiness of Russia in its war with the Ottomans. The preparations continued; and in Bileća and Trebinje region, serdar Todor Mujičić, Gligor Milićević, Vasilj Svorcan and Sava Jakšić lead the revolt in these regions. Lazar Sočica led the Piva tribe in Old Herzegovina.

The Ottomans heard of the talks between Nikola I and tried to capture the ringleaders, who fled into Montenegro in the winter of 1874. In 1875, Austria was drawn in, who with its interests in Bosnia and Herzegovina, asked the Ottomans to give the ringleaders amnesty. The Ottomans agreed to enter discussions with Austria.

In Bosnia
The preparations started somewhat later than the Herzegovinian and did not manage to coordinate actions of the two regions. In the preparations are Vaso Vidović, Simo and Jovo Bilbija, Spasoje Babić and Vaso Pelagić. The plans began with firstly liberating the villages of Kozara; Prosara and Motajica, then attacking the communications and blocking the cities of the Sava river, later to take over Banja Luka. The start of the uprising was envisaged on 18 August 1875. The Ottomans imprisoned priests in Prijedor, which put further pressure on the people, therefore villagers from Dvorište, Čitluka, Petrinje, Bačvani, Pobrđani and Tavija attacked the Turks in Dvorište on 15 August. The uprising sparked wide; and the leader of the uprising was chosen to be Ostoja Kormanoš.

Gabela
The Catholic population in the Gabela area suffered the difficult living conditions in what was then Turkey. According to some historians, rebellion in the Gabela area started on 19 June 1875, while according to Noel Malcolm it started on 3 July 1875. British consul in Sarajevo, William Holmes, on 9 July 1875 reported that a "band" of rebels, had blocked the bridge over the Krupa river and road between Metković and Mostar. In Trebinje was gathered about 2,000 Catholic and Orthodox participants and they selected Fr. Ivan Musić as leader of the uprising. Dervish Pasha, governor-general of Bosnia and Herzegovina at that time, claim that both Catholics and Orthodox took part in the revolt. According to a correspondent for the Times in Herzegovina, William James Stillman, violence in Herzegovina started as a revolt of "the Catholic population between Popovo and Gabela" who "anticipated an Austrian intervention" and he also observed that Catholics at that time were "the most enthusiastic in the revolt". Soon new conflicts erupted in northern Bosnia and a large number of people fled to Croatia and Montenegro. By the end of 1876, the number of refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina was between 100,000 and perhaps 250,000 people. According to Richard C. Hall, 150,000 people fled to Croatia.

Nevesinje

The leaders returned in 1875 and continued their plans for revolt, the plan was for the liberation of Nevesinje region, then expansion to the rest of Herzegovina. In the meantime, Turks seek hajduk Pera Tunguz, who on 5 July, had attacked a caravan on Bišini mountain. On 9 July, the Turks clashed with the armed villagers of Jovan Gutić on the Gradac hill north of Krekovi. This conflict would be known in Serbian as Nevesinjska puška ("Nevesinje rifle") and marked the beginning of the uprising in all of Herzegovina. Firstly Nevesinje, Bileća and Stolac were involved, then in August, Gacko and the frontier towards Montenegro. Bands (known as četa) of 50–300 people and detachments of 500–2,000 people gathered and attacked Ottoman border posts and bey towers.

The Ottomans had 4 battalions of the regular army (Nizami) with a total of 1,800 soldiers, situated in Mostar, Trebinje, Nikšić, Foča and the border posts, also a larger number of başıbozuk were present all over the province. The Ottoman troops were commanded by Selim Pasha (Selim-paša) who in turn is under Dervish Pasha (Derviš-paša), the commander of the Bosnia Vilayet. After the outbreak of the uprising, the Turks tried to gain time by starting negotiations while reinforcements arrived. The rebels wanted lower taxes, which the Turks refused, and the fighting continued. In August, 4,000 Nizami arrived from Bosnia, and later 4 more battalions by sea through Klek in Trebinje. The rebels had by July and August destroyed the majority of border posts and besieged Trebinje by 5 August. The Turks regained Trebinje by 30 August. In the end of August, fighting broke out in Bosnia, and Serbia and Montenegro promised aid, sparking an intensification of the uprising.

Prince Nikola sent Petar Vukotić, while a large number of Montenegrin volunteers arrived at the command of Peko Pavlović. The Serbian government dared not to publicly assist because of international pressure but secretly sent Mićo Ljubibratić (who took part in the 1852–1862 uprising) among others. There was a conflict between the rebels because of disagreement between the representatives of the Montenegrin and Serbian governments, causing failures in the ongoing uprising.

Many Europeans took part in the uprising with the idea of bringing down Muslim rule over Christians (mainly Italians, former Garibaldinians).

Uprising in Bosnia
According to Herr Fritz, the Serb rebels were "extremely numerous and in some cases well armed" and were divided among following troops and bands:
 * Risovac and Grmeč, in West Bosnia, under the leadership of well-known Golub Babić, Marinković, Simo Davidović, Pop-Karan and Trifko Amelić. The Serbian colonel Mileta Despotović held supreme leadership and had formed 8 battalions out of the scattered bands.
 * Vučjak, in East Bosnia.
 * Pastirevo and Kozara, in North Bosnia, bands led by Marko Djenadija, Ostoja, Spasojević, Marko Bajalica, hegumen Hadzić and Pop-Stevo. The new camp of Brezovac, not far from Novi, was held by Ostoja Vojnović. The former camp of Karađorđevići in Ćorkovac was held by Ilija Sević.

The aim of the Bosnian rebel bands was to prevent any greater concentration of Ottoman troops on the Drina, which was the western frontier of Serbia. As a systemically organised insurrection in Bosnia was impossible, the rebels pursued and drove back the "Turk" (Muslim) population into their towns. The bands protected and helped the exiles into hiding in the woods and leading unarmed men, women and children, to reach the frontier of Austria or Serbia through safe conduct.

According to Mackenzie and Irby who travelled the region in 1877, the state of the common Christian people was serious, and the number of fugitives exceeded 200,000 all round the frontier by January 1877.

The rebels in South Bosnia had cleared the region of Muslims, presently under the command of Despotović, between the Austrian frontier and the Ottoman fortresses of Kulen Vakuf, Ključ and Glamoč.

In August 1877, all Bosnian Muslims men from 15 to 70 were ordered to fight, although there was already 54 battalions, each with 400–700 men.

Aftermath
The uprising was the starting point of the Great Eastern Crisis, the reopening of the "Eastern Question". The unrest rapidly spread among the Christian populations of the other Ottoman provinces in the Balkans (notably the April Uprising in Bulgaria) setting off what would become known as the Great Eastern Crisis. The Ottoman atrocities in suppressing unrest in the Balkan provinces eventually led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78, which ended in Turkish defeat, and the signing of the Treaty of San Stefano in March 1878, followed in July of the same year by the Treaty of Berlin, severely reducing Ottoman territories and power in Europe. The Congress of Berlin decided that Bosnia and Herzegovina, while remaining nominally under Turkish sovereignty, would be governed by Austria-Hungary. Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908. The occupation and annexation enraged Serbs and was a catalyst for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria by the Bosnian Serb nationalist Gavrilo Princip.

Legacy
The Nevesinje municipality has a coat of arms with two rifles, symbolising the revolt. The government of Republika Srpska together with the Nevesinje municipality annually organises the anniversary of the revolt.

In 1963, a Yugoslav film by Žika Mitrović about the Nevesinje rebellion was released, titled in Serbian as Невесињска пушка and in English as Thundering Mountains.

Jovan Bratić (born 1974), a comic artist from Nevesinje, made a cartoon series on the Herzegovina Uprising, titled Nevesinjska puška, the first part released in 2008, and the second part Nevesinjska puška 2: Bitka na Vučjem dolu.

According to historian Edin Radušić "Milorad Ekmečić gave the main word in interpretations of a wide range of issues related to the uprising in domestic historiography, in the 1960s he from Vaso Čubrilović took over the primacy as the main interpreter of the uprising, and since then he had the greatest influence on other historians who have dealt with this thematic framework". Also, "Ekmečić became more openly politically engaged in recent works, openly linking the motives of the 19th century uprising with the insurgent movements from WWII and violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina from the end of the 20th century, with the thesis of religious war as the appearance of the long duration, which has one of its key episodes in the uprising of 1875–1878".

title: Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)


text:
Talk:December 2

Removed

 * 1958 - Benelux Economic Union formed.

Could not be reliably confirmed. --mav 05:43, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Einstein and the Gay Day
Both additions were added recently by an anonimous user. I'm removing them until we find the sources. --romanm (talk) 00:15, 22 November 2005 (UTC)
 * 1) What is the source that claims this:
 * 1915 - Albert Einstein publishes the general theory of relativity.
 * The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Volume 6: The Berlin Years: Writings, 1914-1917 does not mention this date.
 * 1) What is the source that claims that December 2nd is
 * International Day of the Gay
 * Google finds nothing about the "international day of the gay".

Edit request from 72.64.49.144, 2 December 2010
Hello, Please edit birth entry for John Breckinridge to add 5th United States Attorney General

Likewise, please edit the birth entry for Edwin Meese to add 75th United States Attorney General.

Thanks.

72.64.49.144 (talk) 02:23, 2 December 2010 (UTC)

Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Please provide a reliable source. However, note that John Breckinridge's page says he was born on August 7, and Edwin Meese's article says he was born on February 25. So, are you saying both of those article are wrong? Qwyrxian (talk) 13:54, 2 December 2010 (UTC)

Saint Paul’s Cathedral
I cleaned up the entry on Saint Paul’s Cathedral, slightly: by changing the word ‘opened’m, to ‘consecrated’.

They are slightly different

Cuddy2977 (talk) 18:33, 27 November 2013 (UTC)

Unsourced Event Removed
I reluctantly removed the following from the Events section:

 * 1946 – The British Government invites four Indian leaders, Nehru, Baldev Singh, Jinnah and Liaquat Ali Khan to obtain the participation of all parties in the Constituent Assembly.

I can't find a reference for this anywhere. The Constituent Assembly of India article doesn't mention it, nor do the biographical articles for the four leaders. Can anybody provide a link to support this? Alexbook (talk) 04:59, 30 November 2013 (UTC)

Births and Deaths
Continuing the ongoing effort to reduce the size of the Births and Deaths sections to make them manageable, I'm removing some celebrities with few or no articles in other wikipedias, moving the entries to the appropriate Year in Topic article if they were not already present. This is in accordance with the guidelines. See discussions at Wikipedia_talk:Days_of_the_year. Deb (talk) 16:14, 8 December 2015 (UTC)

bonzibuddy release date
well if this probably isnt notable enough! but this was the day that bonzibuddy (the purple gorilla spyware and adware  program by bonzi software that was sued by coppa for a billion and broke coppa regulations at the time atleast in 2004) was released! maybe put it here? its notable for the memes? and also this one video said bonzibuddy was released in december 2nd 1999! so yeah maybe put it here! although its malware but whatever! 24.49.35.94 (talk) 15:00, 18 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:December 2


text:
Łomża Voivodeship

Łomża Voivodeship (województwo Łomżyńskie) was an administrative division and local government in Poland in the years 1975 to 1998, superseded by the Podlaskie Voivodeship.

Its capital city was Łomża.

Cities and towns
Major cities and towns (population in 1998):
 * [[Image:POL Łomża COA.svg|24px]] Łomża – 64,605 (1995 – 63,000)
 * [[Image:POL Zambrów COA.svg|24px]] Zambrów – 23,879 (1995 – 23,600)
 * [[Image:POL Grajewo COA.svg|24px]] Grajewo – 22,966 (1995 – 22,400)
 * [[Image:POL Kolno COA.svg|24px]] Kolno – 11,180

Population

 * 1975 – 320,200
 * 1980 – 325,800
 * 1985 – 338,700
 * 1990 – 346,700
 * 1995 – 353,800
 * 1998 – 352,900

title: Łomża Voivodeship


text:
User talk:Jianshuo~enwiki

Hi, This is Jian Shuo Wang. I live in Shanghai and running my blog at http://home.wangjianshuo.com

Ni hao! Welcome, Jian Shuo Wang! Hope you enjoy contributing to the wikipedia as much as I do :) Yves 06:03, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Hi. I moved the content of the article you wrote about yourself to your User page. We don't have vanity articles on Wikipedia. RickK 16:20, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Jianshuo. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Jianshuo~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:41, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 14:24, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

File permission problem with File:World Finacial Center.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:World Finacial Center.jpg. I noticed that while you provided a valid copyright licensing tag, there is no proof that the creator of the file has agreed to release it under the given license.

If you are the copyright holder for this media entirely yourself but have previously published it elsewhere (especially online), please either
 * make a note permitting reuse under the CC-BY-SA or another acceptable free license (see this list) at the site of the original publication; or
 * Send an email from an address associated with the original publication to permissions-en@wikimedia.org, stating your ownership of the material and your intention to publish it under a free license. You can find a sample permission letter here. If you take this step, add OTRS pending to the file description page to prevent premature deletion.

If you did not create it entirely yourself, please ask the person who created the file to take one of the two steps listed above, or if the owner of the file has already given their permission to you via email, please forward that email to permissions-en@wikimedia.org.

If you believe the media meets the criteria at Non-free content, use a tag such as non-free fair use or one of the other tags listed at File copyright tags, and add a rationale justifying the file's use on the article or articles where it is included. See File copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have provided evidence that their copyright owners have agreed to license their works under the tags you supplied, too. You can find a list of files you have created in [ your upload log]. Files lacking evidence of permission may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described in section F11 of the criteria for speedy deletion. You may wish to read Wikipedia's image use policy. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. --TheImaCow (talk) 20:08, 17 February 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jianshuo~enwiki


text:
Legnica Voivodeship

Legnica Voivodeship (województwo legnickie) was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland in the years 1975–1998, superseded by Lower Silesian Voivodeship. Its capital city was Legnica.

Major cities and towns (population in 1995)

 * Legnica (108,000)
 * Lubin (83,500)
 * Głogów (74,200)
 * Jawor (25,600)
 * Polkowice (21,600)

title: Legnica Voivodeship


text:
Chongming, Shanghai

Chongming District is the northernmost district of the provincial-level municipality of Shanghai. Chongming consists of three low-lying inhabited alluvial islands at the mouth of the Yangtze north of the Shanghai peninsula: Chongming, Changxing, and Hengsha. Following its massive expansion in the 20th century, Chongming is now the 2nd-largest island administered by the People's Republic of China and the 2nd-largest in Greater China, after Hainan. Chongming does not, however, administer all of the island: owing to its continual expansion from sediment deposited by the Yangtze, it has merged with formerly separate islands and now includes Jiangsu province's pene-exclave townships of Haiyong and Qilong. Chongming proper covers an area of 1411 km2 and had a population of 637,921 at the time of the Census 2020.

The county was established in 1396, the second year of the Ming dynasty's Hongwu Emperor. With the completion of the Yangtze and Chongqi Bridges, it is now connected to both the rest of Shanghai and southeastern Jiangsu province along the Hushan Expressway. Further development is now proceeding according to an urban and agricultural master-plan led by Philip Enquist of SOM, although ambitious plans for an ecocity named Dongtan have been shelved since the 2006 ouster of mayor Chen Liangyu and other neighborhoods have swelled with immigration from people relocated from central China following the completion of the Three Gorges Dam.

History
Present-day Chongming first developed as two separate shoals—Xisha and Dongsha—during the Wude Era (AD 618–626) of the Tang dynasty. By the first year of Shenlong (705), a town was established on Xisha which was known as "Chongming". The number, size, and shapes of the islands fluctuated repeatedly over time and with the floods of the Yangtze River. In the 15th year of Jiading (1222) under the Southern Song, the islands were part of Tongzhou Prefecture. These early settlers were mostly fishermen and salt collectors, with its principal saltern at Tianci. In the 14th year of Zhiyuan (1277) under Kublai Khan of the Yuan, Chongming Prefecture was organized within Yangzhou. Owing to the shifting sands of the islands, however, the district seat needed to be repeatedly moved.

During the late Yuan and early Ming, the sparsely-inhabited shoals of the area began to fill with migrants from Pudong and other areas of Songjiang Prefecture. These immigrants introduced cotton cultivation, which spread widely prior to China's opening to international trade in the later Qing. There was small-scale textile production in the area, but most was exported for use in Songjiang, Hangzhou, and other more developed areas of Jiangnan. In the 2nd year of Hongwu (1396) under the Ming, the prefecture was elevated to a county but, shortly afterwards, a major subsidence provoked a mass emigration back to the mainland. This county was later placed in Suzhou and then Taicang Prefectures. The unification of over 30 shoals in 1681 was effectively the creation of the present-day Chongming, although it remained much smaller at the time.

Under the Republic, the county was organized first under the Nantong and then the Songjiang Special Administration District. Nine years after the establishment of the People's Republic of China, it was placed under the municipality of Shanghai in December 1958. Reclamation, particularly large-scale work on the island's northern and eastern tidal flats in the 1960s and '90s, doubled the size of Chongming between 1950 and 2010. Dongtan was a proposed ecocity which was planned to open along with the 2010 World Expo in Shanghai but stalled following the 2006 ouster of Shanghai mayor Chen Liangyu.

In mid-2016 Chongming was approved by the State Council of China to upgrade into a district of Shanghai; the District government was formally established in January 2017.

Landmarks and tour
Dongping National Forest Park is located in the district, as are the Dongtan Nature Reserve, the Chongxi Wetland Park, and the Chongming National Geological Park. With its unspoiled environment, Chongming Island is one-of-a-kind destination great for eco-tours and restorative vacations. Chongming runs two 4A-class attractions and four 3A-class attractions. The tourism of the island focuses on three zones – East Chongming, Central Chongming and West Chongming. East Chongming features Dongtan Wetland Park and agritainment options in Yingdong Village and Nanjiang Village. Central Chongming features Dongping National Forest Park, agritainment options at Qianwei Village, Gaojia Zhuangyuan and Ruihua Orchard, Genbao Football Base, Chongming Xuegong (Chongming Museum), Jinaoshan Park, Shou’an Temple and Sanmin Cultural Village. West Chongming offers Mingzhu Lake Park, Xiling Resort, Xisha Wetland and agritainment at Lugang Village.

Towns
The district government seat and largest settlement of Chongming is the town of Chengqiao on Chongming Island. There are 227 communities and villages in the district, administered as 16 towns and 2 townships.

Changxing Island is administered as a single town, also named Changxing. Other town-level divisions of Chongming include (from northwest to southeast): Xinhai, Lühua, Sanxing, Miao, Dongping, Gangxi, Jianshe, Xinhe, Shuxin, Gangyan, Bu, Xianghua, Zhongxing, Chenjia.

Hengsha Island is administered as a single township, also named Hengsha and Xincun. The other township-level division of Chongming are Qianwei Farm, Dongping Forestry Zone, and Shangshi Contemporary Agricultural Park.

To its southeast along the northern shore is the township of Haiyong; southeast of Haimen is Qilong. Both of these are pene-exclaves of Jiangsu; they are administered from Haimen District and Qidong, respectively.

Culture
Shadi dialect is spoken in the district.

Transportation
Whereas the district was previously only connected to the mainland by ferry service, the Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel now connects Changxing Island with Pudong in Shanghai, while the Shanghai Yangtze Bridge connects it with Chongming Island. Chongming is presently connected with Jiangsu by the Chongqi Bridge and these three bridges and tunnels form part of the Hushan Expressway connecting northern Shanghai with Xi'an in central China. The Chonghai Bridge connecting western Chongming with Haimen in Jiangsu is under construction.

Hengsha Island is connected via ferry. 18 ferries continue to operate in the district. On Chongming, Chengqiao's Nanmen Port offers service to Shidongkou and Baoyang Rd in Baoshan and to Liuhegang in southern Jiangsu; Xinhai's Niupeng Harbor to Qinglonggang in Haimen; and other ports offer connections with Wusong and the two other islands of the county.

The major arteries running along the length of Chongming Island are the Beiyan Highway on the north side and Chenhai Highway on the south. Another 38 highways cross the island. The main artery along the length of Changxing Island is the Panyuan Highway, while Fengle Road runs north and south across central Hengsha Island. There are 41 bus lines in Chongming, connecting over 98% of its 227 communities.

Chongming line of the Shanghai Metro will link station on Line 9 in Pudong to Chongming via Changxing Island. The first phase of the line from to Changxing Island is currently under construction.

Sports
The Tour of Chongming Island International Cycling Race has been held on Chongming Island since 2007. It is held annually and includes a stage race and an UCI Women's Road World Cup race for elite women.

Notable people

 * Li Fengbao (1834-1887) – Qing dynasty diplomat
 * Gong Qiuxia (1918-2004), actress and singer

title: Chongming, Shanghai