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Law School Admission Test

The Law School Admission Test (LSAT ) is a standardized test administered by the Law School Admission Council (LSAC) for prospective law school candidates. It is designed to assess reading comprehension and logical reasoning. The test is an integral part of the law school admission process in the United States, Canada (common law programs only), the University of Melbourne, Australia,  and a growing number of other countries.

The test has existed in some form since 1948, when it was created to give law schools a standardized way to assess applicants in addition to their GPA. The current form of the exam has been used since 1991. The exam has five total sections that include three scored multiple choice sections, an unscored experimental section, and an unscored writing section. Raw scores on the exam are transformed into scaled scores, ranging from a high of 180 to a low of 120, with a median score typically around 150. Law school applicants are required to report all scores from the past five years, though schools generally consider the highest score in their admissions decisions.

Before July 2019, the test was administered by paper-and-pencil. In 2019, the test was exclusively administered electronically using a tablet. In 2020, due to the pandemic, the test was administered using the test-taker's personal computer. Beginning in 2023, candidates have had the option to take a digital version either at an approved testing center or on their computer at home.

Function
The purpose of the LSAT is to aid in predicting student success in law school. Researchers Balin, Fine, and Guinier performed research on the LSAT's ability to predict law school grades at the University of Pennsylvania. They found that the LSAT could explain about 14% of the variance in first year grades and about 15% of the variance in second year grades.

History
The LSAT was the result of a 1945 inquiry of Frank Bowles, a Columbia Law School admissions director, about a more satisfactory admissions test that could be used for admissions than the one that was in use in 1945. The goal was to find a test that would correlate with first year grades rather than bar passage rates. This led to an invitation of representatives from Harvard Law School and Yale Law School who ultimately accepted the invitation and began to draft the first administration of the LSAT exam. NYU, in correspondence by memorandum, was openly unconvinced "about the usefulness of an aptitude test as a method of selecting law school students," but was open to experimenting with the idea, as were other schools that were unconvinced. At a meeting on 10 November 1947, with representatives of law schools extending beyond the original Columbia, Harvard, and Yale representatives, the design of the LSAT was discussed. At this meeting the issue of a way to test students who came from excessively "technical" backgrounds that were deficient in the study of history and literature was discussed but ultimately rejected. The first administration of the LSAT followed and occurred in 1948.

From the test's inception until 1981, scores were reported on a scale of 200 to 800; from 1981 to 1991, a 48-point scale was used. In 1991, the scale was changed again, so that reported scores range from 120 to 180.

Online test
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, The Law School Admission Council created the LSAT-Flex. The LSAT-Flex is an online proctored test that was first administrated during May 2020. While the normal LSAT test consisted of four sections plus an experimental section (1 section of logic games, 1 section of reading comprehension, 2 sections of logical reasoning, and an additional random section), the LSAT-Flex consists of three sections (1 section of logic games, 1 section of reading comprehension, and 1 section of logical reasoning). Though the LSAT-Flex contains one less section than the normal LSAT test, the LSAT-Flex is scored on the normal 120–180 scale. After June 2021, the name LSAT-Flex was dropped and the test was again referred to as just the LSAT, though the format continued to be used through the testing cycle that ended in June 2022. Beginning with the August 2022 administration, LSAC reintroduced an experimental section, having the test consist of three sections plus an experimental section (1 section of logic games, 1 section of reading comprehension, 1 section of logical reasoning, and an additional random section). The writing section is also administered online.

Former Analytical Reasoning Section
Prior to August 2024, the LSAT contained an analytical reasoning section, commonly referred to as Logic games. The section was removed following a 2019 legal settlement between the LSAC and two blind LSAT test takers who claimed that the section violated the Americans with Disabilities Act because they were unfairly penalized for not being able to draw the diagrams commonly used to solve the questions in the section. As part of the settlement, the LSAC agreed to review and overhaul the section within four years. In October 2023, it announced that the section would be replaced by a second logical reasoning section in August 2024.

Administration
The LSAC previously administered the LSAT four times per year: June, September/October, December and February. However, in June 2017, it was announced that the LSAC would be increasing the number of tests from four to six, and would instead be administering it in January, March, June, July, September, and November.

There were 129,925 LSATs administered in the 2011–12 testing year (June 2011 – February 2012), the largest percentage decline in LSATs administered in more than 10 years, and a drop of more than 16% from the previous year, when 155,050 LSATs were administered. The number of LSATs administered fell more than 25% over a two-year period (from the 2009–10 testing year to the 2011–12 testing year). The October 2012 administration reflected a 16.4% drop in volume from its 2011 counterpart. LSAT numbers continued to drop over the next two cycles but to a lesser degree, with 13.4% and 6.2% drops, respectively, for the 2012–13 and 2013–14 cycles. February 2014 showed the first increase in test takers (1.1%) since June 2010.

In December 2018, LSAC announced that the Microsoft Surface Go tablet will be used exclusively to administer the LSAT beginning in 2019 when the test transitions to a digital only format. However, following the COVID-19 pandemic, candidates are able to sit for the test remotely with their own computer. The writing sample section will be separate from the LSAT starting with the 3 June 2019 test administration. Candidates will be automatically eligible to complete the writing section as early as 10 days prior to test day and up to one year thereafter. Candidates only need to complete the writing sample section once every 5 years, even if candidates re-test before then.

Test composition
The LSAT consists of four 35-minute multiple-choice sections (one of which is an unscored experimental section) followed by an unscored writing sample section that can be taken separately. Modern tests have 75–76 scored items in total. Several different test forms are used within an administration, each presenting the multiple-choice sections in different orders, which is intended to make it difficult to cheat or to guess which is the experimental section.

Logical reasoning
As of 2021, the LSAT contains one (although previously two) logical reasoning ("LR") sections, commonly known as "arguments", designed to test the taker's ability to dissect and analyze arguments. LR sections each contain 24–26 questions. Each question begins with a short argument or set of facts. This is followed by a prompt asking the test taker to find the argument's assumption, to select an alternate conclusion to the argument, to identify errors or logical omissions in the argument, to find another argument with parallel reasoning, or to choose a statement that would weaken or strengthen the argument.

In October 2023, the LSAC announced that the analytical reasoning (logic games) section would be replaced by a second logical reasoning section in August 2024 pursuant to the implementation of a 2019 settlement agreement with blind LSAT test takers.

Reading comprehension
The LSAT contains one reading comprehension ("RC") section consisting of four passages of 400–500 words, and 5–8 questions relating to each passage. Complete sections contain 26–28 questions. Though no real rules govern the content of this section, the passages generally relate to law, arts and humanities, physical sciences, or social sciences. The questions usually ask the examinee to determine the author's main idea, find specific information in the passage, draw inferences from the text, and/or describe the structure of the passage.

In June 2007, one of the four passages was replaced with a "comparative reading" question. Comparative reading presents two shorter passages with differing perspectives on a topic. Parallels exist between the comparative reading question, the SAT's critical reading section, and the science section of the ACT.

Unscored variable section
The current test contains one experimental section which is referred to as the "variable section". It is used to test new questions for future exams. The performance of the examinee on this section is not reported as part of the final score. The examinee is not told which section of the exam is experimental, since doing so could skew the data. Previously, this section has always been one of the first three sections of any given test, but beginning with the administration of the October 2011 LSAT, the experimental section can be after the first three sections. LSAC makes no specific claim as to which section(s) it has appeared as in the past, and what section(s) it may appear as in the future.

Writing sample
The writing sample appears as the final section of the exam. The writing sample is presented in the form of a decision prompt, which provides the examinee with a problem and two criteria for making a decision. The examinee must then write an essay arguing for one of the two options over the other. The decision prompt generally does not involve a controversial subject, but rather something mundane about which the examinee likely has no strong bias. While there is no "right" or "wrong" answer to the writing prompt, it is important that the examinee argues for his/her chosen position and also argues against the counter-position.

LSAC does not score the writing sample. Instead, the essay is sent to admission offices along with the LSAT score. Some admissions officers regard the usefulness of the writing sample to be marginal. Additionally, most schools require that applicants submit a "personal statement" of some kind. These factors sometimes result in admission boards disregarding the writing sample. However, only 6.8% of 157 schools surveyed by LSAC in 2006 indicated that they "never" use the writing sample when evaluating an application. In contrast, 9.9% of the schools reported that they "always" use the sample; 25.3% reported that they "frequently" use the sample; 32.7% responded "occasionally"; and 25.3% reported "seldom" using the sample.

Preparation
LSAC recommends advance preparation for the LSAT, due to the importance of the LSAT in law school admissions and because scores on the exam typically correspond to preparation time. The structure of the LSAT and the types of questions asked are generally consistent from year to year, which allows students to practice on question types that show up frequently in examinations.

LSAC suggests, at a minimum, that students review official practice tests, called PrepTests, before test day to familiarize themselves with the types of questions that appear on the exams. LSAC offers one free test that can be downloaded from their website. For best results, LSAC suggests taking practice tests under actual time constraints and representative conditions in order to identify problem areas to focus on in further review.

For preparation purposes, only tests after June 1991 are considered modern, since the LSAT was significantly modified after this date. Each released exam is commonly referred to as a PrepTest. There are over 90 PrepTests in circulation, the oldest being the June 1991 LSAT numbered as PrepTest 1 and the newest being a July 2020 LSAT numbered as PrepTest 94+. Certain PrepTests are no longer published by LSAC (among them 1–6, 8, 17, 39, and 40), despite the fact that they were in print at one time. However, these tests have been made available through some of the test preparation companies, which have licensed them from LSAC to provide only to students in their courses. For a few years, some prep companies sold digital copies of LSAT PrepTests as PDFs, but LSAC revised its licensing policy in 2016, effectively banning the sale of LSAT PDFs to the general public.

Some students taking the LSAT use a test preparation company. Students who do not use these courses often rely on material from LSAT preparation books, previously administered exams, and internet resources such as blogs, forums, and mobile apps.

Scoring
The LSAT is a standardized test in that LSAC adjusts raw scores to fit an expected norm to overcome the likelihood that some administrations may be more difficult than others. Normalized scores are distributed on a scale with a low of 120 to a high of 180.

The LSAT system of scoring is predetermined and does not reflect test takers' percentile. The relationship between raw questions answered correctly (the "raw score") and scaled score is determined before the test is administered, through a process called equating. This means that the conversion standard is set beforehand, and the distribution of percentiles can vary during the scoring of any particular LSAT.

Adjusted scores lie in a bell curve, tapering off at the extremes and concentrating near the median. For example, there might be a 3–5 question difference between a score of 175 and a score of 180, but the difference between a 155 from a 160 could be 9 or more questions—this is because the LSAT uses an ordinal grading system. Although the exact percentile of a given score will vary slightly between examinations, there tends to be little variance. The 50th percentile is typically a score of about 151; the 90th percentile is around 165 and the 99th is about 173. A 178 or better usually places the examinee in the 99.9th percentile.

Examinees have the option of canceling their scores within six calendar days after the exam, before they get their scores. LSAC still reports to law schools that the student registered for and took the exam, but releases no score. Test takers typically receive their scores online between three and four weeks after the exam. There is a formal appeals process for examinee complaints, which has been used for proctor misconduct, peer misconduct, and occasionally for challenging a question. In very rare instances, specific questions have been omitted from final scoring.

University of North Texas economist Michael Nieswiadomy has conducted several studies (in 1998, 2006, and 2008) derived from LSAC data. In the most recent study, Nieswiadomy took the LSAC's categorization of test-takers in terms of their undergraduate college and university academic major study areas, and grouped a total of 162 major study areas into 29 categories, finding the averages of each major:

 * 1) Mathematics/Physics 160.0
 * 2) Economics and Philosophy and Theology (tie) 157.4
 * 3) International relations 156.5
 * 4) Engineering 156.2
 * 5) Government/service 156.1
 * 6) Chemistry 156.1
 * 7) History 155.9
 * 8) Interdisciplinary studies 155.5
 * 9) Foreign languages 155.3
 * 10) English 155.2
 * 11) Biology/natural sciences 154.8
 * 12) Arts 154.2
 * 13) Computer science 154.0
 * 14) Finance 153.4
 * 15) Political science 153.1
 * 16) Psychology 152.5
 * 17) Liberal arts 152.4
 * 18) Anthropology/geography 152.2
 * 19) Accounting 151.7
 * 20) Journalism 151.5
 * 21) Sociology/social work 151.2
 * 22) Marketing 150.8
 * 23) Business management 149.7
 * 24) Education 149.4
 * 25) Business administration 149.1
 * 26) Health professions 148.4
 * 27) Pre-law 148.3
 * 28) Criminal justice 146.0

Use of scores in law school admissions
The LSAT is considered an important part of the law school admissions process, along with GPA. Many law schools are selective in their decisions to admit students, and the LSAT is one method of differentiating candidates.

Additionally the LSAC says the LSAT (like the SAT and ACT at the undergraduate level) serves as a standardized measure of one's ability to succeed during law school. Undergraduate grade points can vary significantly due to choices in course load as well as grade inflation, which may be pervasive at an applicant's undergraduate institution, but almost nonexistent at that of another. Some law schools, such as Georgetown University and the University of Michigan have added programs designed to waive the LSAT for selected students who have maintained a 3.8 undergraduate GPA at their schools.

LSAC says its own research supports the use of the LSAT as a major factor in admissions, saying the median validity for LSAT alone is .41 (2001) and .40 (2002) in regard to the first year of law school. The correlation varies from school to school, and LSAC says that test scores are more strongly correlated to first year law school performance than is undergraduate GPA. LSAC says that a more strongly correlated single-factor measure does not currently exist, that GPA is difficult to use because it is influenced by the school and the courses taken by the student, and that the LSAT can serve as a yardstick of student ability because it is statistically normed. However, the American Bar Association has waived the requirement for law schools to use the LSAT as an admission requirement in select cases. This may be due to the fact that an emphasis on LSAT scores is considered by some to be detrimental to the promotion of diversity among applicants. Others argue that it is an attempt by law schools to counteract declining enrollment.

Most admission boards use an admission index, which is a formula that applies different weight to the LSAT and undergraduate GPA and adds the results. This composite statistic can have a weaker correlation to first year performance than either GPA or LSAT score alone, depending on the weighting used. The amount of weight assigned to LSAT score versus undergraduate GPA varies from school to school, as almost all law programs employ a different admission index formula.

Multiple scores
Starting in September 2019, students may take the LSAT up to three times in a single LSAC year (1 June – 31 May), up to five times within the current and five past testing years (the period in which LSAC reports scores to law schools), and up to seven times over a lifetime. These restrictions will not apply retroactively; tests taken prior to September 2019 do not count toward a student's totals. Also, LSAC will implement an appeals process to grant exceptions to these restrictions under extenuating circumstances. Furthermore, starting in September 2019, no student who has obtained a perfect LSAT score of 180 within the current and five past testing years will be allowed to take the LSAT. This rule, unlike the other new rules, will be retroactive: a score of 180 obtained prior to September 2019 (but within the past five years) will preclude another attempt.

Between 2017 and July 2019, students could take the LSAT as many times as it was offered. Prior to 2017, only three attempts were allowed in a two-year period.

Every score within five years is reported to law schools during the application process, as well a separate average of all scores on record. When faced with multiple scores from repeat test takers, users of standardized assessments typically employ three indices—most recent, highest, and average scores—in order to summarize an individual’s related performance.

How the law schools report the LSAT scores of their matriculants to the American Bar Association (ABA) has changed over the years. In June 2006, the ABA revised a rule that mandated law schools to report their matriculants' average score if more than one test was taken. The current ABA rule now requires law schools to report only the highest LSAT score for matriculants who took the test more than once. In response, many law schools began considering only the highest LSAT score during the admissions process, as the highest score is an important factor in law school rankings such as those published by U.S. News & World Report. Many students rely heavily upon the rankings when deciding where to attend law school.

Use of scores in admissions to intellectual clubs
High LSAT scores are accepted as qualifying evidence for intellectual clubs such as American Mensa, Intertel, the Triple Nine Society and the International Society for Philosophical Enquiry. The minimum scores they require depend on the selectivity of each society and time period when the test was administered. After 1982, Mensa has required students to score in the 95+ percentile rank on the LSAT for membership, while Intertel has required an LSAT score of 172 for admission since 1994, and Triple Nine has required an LSAT score of 173 for acceptance since 1991.

Fingerprinting controversy
Starting October 1973, those taking the LSAT were required to have fingerprints taken, after some examinees were found to have hired impostors to take the test on their behalf.

A controversy surrounding the LSAT was the requirement that examinees submit to fingerprinting on the day of testing. Although LSAC does not store digital representations of fingerprints, there is a concern that fingerprints might be accessible by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. At the behest of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada, the LSAC implemented a change as of September 2007 which exempts Canadian test takers from the requirement to provide a fingerprint and instead requires that Canadian test-takers provide a photograph. Starting with the June 2011 admission of the LSAT, LSAC expanded this policy to include test-takers in the United States and Caribbean; LSAC therefore no longer requires fingerprints from any test takers, and instead requires that they submit a photograph.

LSAT─India
LSAC started administering the LSAT for Indian law schools in 2009. The test is administered twice a year by a Pearson on behalf of LSAC. There are around 1300 law schools in India, however LSAT─India scores are accepted by only about 10-15 private law schools in the country. These scores are not accepted anywhere else in South Asia, and as a result participation in the LSAT─India has been low.

title: Law School Admission Test


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Ira D. Sankey

Ira David Sankey (August 28, 1840 – August 13, 1908) was an American gospel singer and composer, known for his long association with Dwight L. Moody in a series of religious revival campaigns in America and Britain during the closing decades of the 19th century. Sankey was a pioneer in the introduction of a musical style that influenced church services and evangelical campaigns for generations, and the hymns that he wrote or popularized continued to be sung well into the 21st century.

Sankey, born in Pennsylvania, was an amateur singer and church worker when he was recruited by Moody in 1870 after the latter heard him sing at a convention. Until Moody died in 1899 the two campaigned together, Moody preaching while Sankey sang both old and new hymns, inspired by writers such as Fanny Crosby and Philip Bliss. Sankey also became a prolific composer of hymn tunes, and a compiler and editor of popular hymn collections, in particular Sacred Songs and Solos and Gospel Hymns and Sacred Songs. The proceeds from these publishing ventures were used for a range of charitable purposes.

After Moody's death, Sankey attempted to carry on the work alone but was defeated by ill-health and the eventual loss of his eyesight. He died in 1908. He was inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 1980.

Background and early years
Sankey was born in Edinburg, Pennsylvania, on August 28, 1840, one of nine children of David Sankey and his wife Mary Leeper Sankey. The family's ancestry was English on the father's side and a mix of Scottish and Irish on the mother's. David Sankey was a banker, a former state senator and a Methodist lay preacher. As a young boy Ira displayed a love of music that was encouraged by his parents, who typically spent evenings with him at home, singing hymns. At the age of eight, he began attending Sunday school.

When he was 19, Ira underwent an experience of religious conversion at a revivalist meeting held at a nearby church, King's Chapel. A year later the family moved to New Castle, where the young Sankey joined the local Methodist Episcopal Church. His enthusiasm and talents were quickly recognized and led to his appointment as Sunday school superintendent and choirmaster.

In 1861, at the start of the American Civil War, Sankey answered President Lincoln's call for volunteers and joined the Twelfth Pennsylvania Regiment. He served between 1861 and 1863. In the army he continued his religious and singing activities, forming a choir and assisting the chaplain. When his period of enlistment was over he returned to New Castle, where his father had been appointed by Lincoln as a Collector of Internal Revenue. In 1863 Sankey joined his father in government service and, that same year, married Fanny Edwards,  a member of his choir.

Early campaigns
Back in New Castle, Sankey developed a local reputation as a singer, much in demand in churches and revival meetings. In 1867, when a local branch of YMCA was formed, Sankey became its secretary and later its president. As president, in 1870 he was a delegate at a national conference held in Indianapolis, where he encountered the noted preacher Dwight L. Moody for the first time. Moody was instantly impressed as Sankey demonstrated his ability to enliven an audience rendered soporific by inactivity and overlong prayers by giving an impromptu rendering of the hymn "There is a fountain filled with blood". Meeting Sankey at the end of the session, Moody demanded that the young man join him in his mission work: "I have been looking for you for the last eight years". Unable to decide on the spur of the moment, Sankey returned to New Castle and pondered Moody's challenge for six months before deciding to return to Chicago for a week's trial with Moody. Before the week was up he resigned his government post and threw in his lot with Moody's mission, thus beginning their lifelong partnership.

Within the Moody–Sankey mission, Moody preached and Sankey sang. Late in 1871, mission work was interrupted by the Great Chicago Fire, which destroyed 18,000 buildings, killed around 300 people, and left a third of the city's population homeless. Sankey watched the conflagration from a small boat in which he rowed out into Lake Michigan. The fire destroyed Moody's church, and Sankey returned temporarily to New Castle. However, he soon received a message from Moody asking him to come back to Chicago and resume the partnership. He did so and worked with Moody in the revival of churches in Chicago, Springfield and elsewhere. In October 1872 Sankey moved his family permanently to Chicago.

British campaign 1873–1875 and aftermath

Moody made plans to visit the British Isles in 1873 for a series of missions. He did not initially intend to take Sankey as his musical associate, preferring the services of the more experienced gospel singers Philip Phillips or Philip Bliss. Neither was available, so Sankey was taken. The tour got off to a slow start; barely 50 people attended the first rally, held in York, and this congregation was unused to the kind of gospel songs – "human hymns" – that Sankey introduced. Gradually, however, the British public was won over, halls were filled, and Sankey's "singing the gospel" became a popular feature of the services. To familiarise the congregations with the words of new hymns by Bliss, Fanny Crosby and others, Sankey published a short collection of the favorite numbers, under the title Sacred Songs and Solos. The collection was much expanded in later editions, eventually comprising 1,200 pieces. While in Scotland, Sankey composed his first gospel song, a setting of Horatius Bonar's hymn "Yet There is Room". The tour extended over two years, with meetings in most of the main British cities. When it reached London, congregations included many of the most prominent in the land, including Queen Victoria, the Princess of Wales, and the statesman William Ewart Gladstone.

Moody and Sankey returned home in the summer of 1875, to considerable acclaim after their successful British tour, and quickly established themselves as the leading revivalists of their times. Beginning with a rally in Moody's hometown of Northfield, Massachusetts, revival meetings were held during the following years in towns and cities the length and breadth of the United States, with excursions over the borders into Canada and Mexico. Meetings in the southern states were subject to racial segregation. Concerning a meeting in Meridian, Mississippi, Sankey noted: "we have one side of the [tabernacle] for blacks. D.L. has them sing alone, sometimes just to show the white people how to sing".

Later campaigns
The campaign made a second visit to Britain in 1881. The schedule was similar to that which had been followed on the first British tour, involving mass rallies in a large number of cities. This time, the pair's popularity and renown assured them of full houses wherever they went. One innovation was the construction of a portable tabernacle, capable of seating up to 5,000 people, which was transported from city to city. Towards the end of the tour Sankey's voice broke down and he was forced to return to the United States, where he and his family bought a house in Brooklyn, New York. For the next few years, he spent his winters there and the summers with Moody, either in Northfield or on campaigns. A third British tour took place in 1891, involving meetings in 99 towns. Again, Sankey overstrained himself and had to return home early.

In 1893 Moody and Sankey conducted a major campaign in Chicago, as part of the World's Columbian Exposition. Once more the strain on Sankey's voice was too great, causing his temporary withdrawal. But despite ill health he continued to work with Moody, at a lower degree of intensity,  until the time of the latter's death in December 1899. Their final campaign together was in Kansas City, a month before Moody's death. As a tribute to his long-time partner, Sankey wrote and composed the hymn "Out of the Shadowlands" for Moody's funeral.

Final years and death
In 1898, accompanied by family and friends, Sankey traveled to Egypt and Palestine on an extended trip which, on the return journey, included visits to Constantinople, Athens and Rome. In Jerusalem, Sankey ascended the Tower of David, where he sang Psalm 121 to a bemused Ottoman guard. The following year, after Moody's death, he embarked on his final visit to Britain and addressed a meeting of 20,000 in London, but as the tour progressed his health failed him and he returned to his home in Brooklyn. He continued to do editorial work, but by 1903 he had lost his eyesight to glaucoma. Despite this, he managed to complete a book of memoirs, My Life and Sacred Songs, which was published in 1906. Sankey died at Brooklyn on August 13, 1908, just short of his 68th birthday. His funeral took place at the LaFayette Avenue Presbyterian Church, which he had joined in his final years, and he was buried in Brooklyn's Greenwood Cemetery. At Fanny Sankey's request a memorial window, depicting "The Ninety and Nine", was placed in New Castle's First Methodist Church; the window was retained when the church was rebuilt in the 1990s.

Singing
In Sankey's view, he and Moody were both preachers; the only difference, he said, was that "[Moody] reaches men's hearts with words that are spoken, while I reach them with words that are sung." Sankey lacked formal voice training; the only tuition that he received was likely during his attendance at a 12-week session run by George Frederick Root, Lowell Mason, and William Bradbury, which prepared potential music teachers and choirmasters for their work. Nevertheless, he possessed a sound vocal technique; a contemporary description refers to "an exceptionally strong baritone", while a newspaper review of the times wrote that "he expresses the gospel message with exquisite skill and pathos ... but the secret of Mr. Sankey's power lies not in his gift of the song but in the spirit of which the song is only the expression". According to Sankey: "Before I sing, I must feel, and the hymn must be of such kind as I know I can send home what I feel into the hearts of those who listen". His technique for communicating this feeling involved the clearest possible enunciation, with careful use of pauses for dramatic effect: "You've got to make them hear every word and see every picture ... Then you'll get that silence of death, that quiet before God".

For his solos, Sankey would accompany himself on a small portable reed organ. An important part of the song ministry was the congregational singing, always a significant feature of campaign meetings. Sankey chose hymns with accessible tunes that were easy to learn and insisted that the accompanying music be played softly, to emphasize the message of the words. Sankey's methods had a marked effect on church music and were widely adopted by later generations of revivalist singers.

In the secular world, not every listener was captivated by Sankey's singing style. A.N. Wilson, in his social history of the Victorian era, quotes a contemporary pamphlet from an anonymous "London Physician" which is dismissive of both Moody and Sankey. Having characterized Moody as a ranter and "a third-rate star", the writer goes on: "As for Mr. Sankey ... his voice is decidedly bad, and, like all worn-out singers he endeavors to conceal this by startling alternations of high and low notes". Against this judgment is that of a newspaper published towards the end of the first British tour: "Music in his hands is ... the handmaid of the gospel and the voice of the heart."

Composing
Sankey began to compose hymn tunes during the first Moody-Sankey tour of Britain in 1873–1875. On a few occasions he wrote his own words, but more commonly he used verses provided by well-known hymn writers. The "1200" version of Sacred Songs and Solos includes nearly 200 of Sankey's settings of hymns by writers such as Horatius Bonar, Fanny Crosby, Elizabeth C. Clephane, Robert Lowry, John Greenleaf Whittier, Frances Ridley Havergal and many others. These hymns include "The Ninety and Nine", "Beneath the Cross of Jesus", "Hiding in Thee", "A Shelter in the Time of Storm" and "While the days are going by".

Sankey's settings are eminently recognizable, characteristic features being simple melodies combined with strong and vigorous rhythms that reflected the popular music of the time, and which according to the British poet John Betjeman, invoked "that well-known principle of denying the devil all the best tunes". His compositional method was heavily dependent upon what he termed "inspiration"; he carried a notebook in which he would jot down snatches of melody that came to him during the day's activities, and would develop them later when time allowed. Sometimes he would improvise a melody; one of his best-known hymns, "The Ninety and Nine", was composed in this way. He found Elizabeth Clephane's poem in a newspaper while traveling on a train in Scotland during the first British tour. At the meeting that evening, when Moody requested that he sing, "I had nothing suitable in mind ... At this moment I seemed to hear a voice saying "Sing the hymn you found on the train": "I lifted my heart in prayer, asking God to help me so to sing so that the people might hear and understand. Laying my hands upon the organ I struck the chord of A flat and began to sing. Note by note the tune was given, which has not changed from that day to this. As the singing ceased a great sigh seemed to go up from the meeting, and I knew that my song had reached the hearts of my Scottish audience."

Publishing
The publishing successes in Britain with Sacred Songs and Solos prompted Sankey to make a similar venture in the United States. In 1876, in collaboration with Bliss, he published a gospel song collection Gospel Hymns and Sacred Songs, consisting of 131 numbers. Over the next 15 years, working with various associates, he produced five supplements to this work, and a complete edition of all six parts in 1894, this last containing 794 numbers. These collections, which included the hymns of Bliss, Crosby and many other writers, were very successful commercially. In 1895 Sankey assumed the presidency of Biglow & Main, America's leading publisher of Sunday school music.

Legacy
Sankey's career as a gospel singer contradicts the commonly held assumption that gospel music originated within the black communities in the southern states. Rather, as Mel R. Wilhoit points out, its source is found "in the context of Northern, urban, white revivalism of the nineteenth century" in which Sankey was a principal figure. Although new musical idioms developed in the later 20th century and subsequently, Sankey's influence persists, particularly in southern evangelical churches, well into the 21st century. The revivalist model that Moody and Sankey introduced established a paradigm for the conduct of rallies and services in evangelical churches for generations.

From the sales of his various hymn collections, which totaled over 50 million copies, Sankey acquired a considerable fortune, much of which he used for benefactions. These included a new YMCA building in New Castle, a building plot for the erection of a new Methodist Episcopal Church there, and large donations to the Moody schools in Northfields.

The centenary of Sankey's birth was celebrated in New Castle in 1940. Choirs from over 30 churches participated, and Sankey's portable organ was used as accompaniment. The 150th anniversary of his birth in 1990 was also marked in New Castle, where massed choirs performed a retrospective of Sankey's songs. In 1980 Sankey was honored by induction into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ira D. Sankey


text:
User:Kamakura

&zh-min-nan:User:Kamakurazh:User:Kamakura

I come from Japan.I want to write these things.

 * Japanese history
 * Battles of Bunroku and Keicho
 * Manchukuo
 * Taiwan
 * china
 * Palau
 * computer game
 * kamakura

title: User:Kamakura


text:
User talk:Kamakura

Hello Kamakura, welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have a lot of fun here. There are lots of resources around to help guide you. be sure to check out:

 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you want add any images check out:

 * image use policy
 * How to keep image file sizes as small as possible

If you need any help try:

 * Help
 * Village pump
 * Or ask me at my talk page User_talk:Theresa knott

Don't be afraid of making the odd mistake, there are any number of others eagerly waiting for a chance to correct it!

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:14, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kamakura


text:
Yao Airport

Yao Airport (八尾空港) is a general aviation airport in Yao, Osaka Prefecture, Japan. Located 8.1 NM southeast of Ōsaka Station, it is also an airbase for the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force.

Several small carriers offer sightseeing and charter flights from Yao, including Asahi Airlines and Hankyu Airlines.

Yao is the only second class airport in Japan that does not have scheduled airline services.

History
The airport started as Hanshin Aviation School in 1938. Two years later the airfield was seized by the army as the Taishō Airfield and expanded. After World War II, the occupation forces called it the Hanshin Airfield before it was returned to Japanese control.

Self-Defense Forces
The Japan Ground Self-Defense Force operates a base at the airport, JGSDF Camp Yao (八尾駐屯地). Units based at Camp Yao include:

 * Middle Army Aviation Group (中部方面航空隊) units (other than 5th Anti-Tank Helicopter Group (第５対戦車ヘリコプター隊) which is based in Mie Prefecture):
 * Middle Army Aviation Group HQ (中部方面航空隊本部付隊)
 * Middle Army Helicopters (中部方面ヘリコプター隊) - UH-1 and OH-1 transport/observation helicopters
 * Middle Army Air Traffic Control and Weather (中部方面管制気象隊)
 * Middle Army Air Fleet Maintenance (中部方面航空野整備隊)
 * 3rd Aviation Group (第３飛行隊) - UH-1 and OH-6 transport/observation helicopters

Osaka Prefecture
The Osaka Prefectural Fire Department operates two Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin helicopters from Yao. They are primarily used for firefighting within Osaka, but were dispatched overseas to assist with the 1991 Bangladesh cyclone and the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.

title: Yao Airport


text:
User talk:Chrism

).
 * Put new text under old text. [ Click here to start a new topic].
 * New to Wikipedia? Welcome! Ask questions, get answers.

 * Be polite
 * Assume good faith
 * Avoid personal attacks
 * Be welcoming

Feel free to add your comments below the line. I'll get back to you whenever I remember to read this page.

Requested moves
Hi, Chrism, I've removed your mass nomination of articles for moves from the WP:RM page. I did this because I think it's a little premature. The Barack Obama case is still under discussion. See how that one goes, first. If that move gets approved, then I would just go ahead and BOLDly move the others without going through WP:RM. If that move is rejected, then I would say there's no point in nominating the others. Also, this is clearly a case where consistency is desired across a series of articles, so having individual discussions on each article's talk page is not going to result in the desired outcome. Once the Obama inauguration discussion is settled, then you can move the other articles to match its name format.--Aervanath (talk) 16:41, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

"So Help Me God"

 * I responded to your query on "So Help Me God" change to question form. See the talk site pleaseArodb (talk) 00:11, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

Baroness Cox
I request your intervention. Baroness Cox has not been involved with Christian Solidarity Worldwide since 2003. She successfully sued the Evening Standard for the false article that you now reference. It is a subjective statement to say the film was anti-Islamic. Check out www.worldcommittee on Disability, all of her disability work has been removed. This is libel!!!

The opening paragraph should read:

Caroline Ann McNeill Love Cox, Baroness Cox FRCN (born 6 July 1937) is a cross-bench member of the British House of Lords, and campaigner for many humanitarian causes and issues relating to disability. —Preceding unsigned comment added by CofJ (talk • contribs) 18:22, 18 February 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by CofJ (talk • contribs)

Speedy Tags
Be careful with these, The club penguin show doesn't fit under G1, and a mistagged article can be bitey to newbies. But keep up the good work on new page patrolling! Regards, ƒingers on  Roids  01:54, 17 April 2009 (UTC)

Contested deletion
Hi ChrisM,

Im Alex Irwin Randy and i want to ask why are you doing a speedy deletion?! please do not delete it because i am a singer because i sang with T-Pain, kite, Rihanna, David Guetta, Ed Sheeren and D. Prince for real i am there best friends so thanks for reading.--AlexanderPark1 (talk) 17:46, 21 July 2011 (UTC)

AlexanderPark1

help please
Chrism, I'm really trying to get this right. I'm working on the page for Christopher Tenzis and I believe he is credible and noteworthy enough to be on this site. Can you tell me exactly what I'm doing wrong or how I should clean up this page? I've read over lots of the help pages, and I'm doing my best, but I feel like I must be getting the formatting wrong or something. I've sited everything I could think of. Thank you for your time. I'm sure you get lots of this. :( Piesandcakes343 (talk) 02:02, 18 April 2009 (UTC)

No problem
Haha, no problem. Δnnuit Cœptis  17:09, 26 April 2009 (UTC)

Famous Evertonians
Hey, well done! I have been interested in this section and you have done a remarkable job. Though have to add Freddie Starr (very well known, FA Cup Final 1984 especially outside team hotel). If complete I will look for more WITH source Babydoll9799 (talk) 16:11, 2 May 2009 (UTC)

No necessity to move
Again moving theses articles. No necessity to move. According the RFEF and LFP, the official name is Segunda División B Play-Off ..... I will revert your changes. There are not discussion about this. --Raymond Cruise (talk) 15:33, 9 May 2009 (UTC)
 * This has been the title since the creation of playoffsin 1990. In Spain, the play-offs have other name and different system from England. Since the play-offs creation in 1990, always has carried the same name. All people and journalists in Spain calls this as Segunda División Play-Offs and Segunda División Play-Offs. Do not you know you? --Raymond Cruise (talk) 16:01, 9 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Don't feel bad Chrism. The play-off between those clubs that finished 16th is actually a relegation play-in with the winners remaining in the Segunda B while the losers are relegated to the Tercera! It's just the fact these clubs were from the Segunda B so it does make sense that section is under Segunda B play-offs Raul17 (talk) 20:44, 9 May 2009 (UTC)

Re: Rollback
No problem, we've all been there! – Juliancolton  | Talk 00:31, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

Thanks
For reverting the Jennette McCurdy vandalism. Jeneral28 (talk) 18:16, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

Vandalism on Copyright
Can't you simply put a block on entry of edits from that IP address? PraeceptorIP (talk) 19:25, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

Everton F.C.
A source is provided for Shkodran Mustafi's squad number on the Everton article, it's the UEFA link. Cheers, Mattythewhite (talk) 20:28, 31 August 2009 (UTC)

Invitation to participate in SecurePoll feedback and workshop
As you participated in the recent Audit Subcommittee election, or in one of two requests for comment that relate to the use of SecurePoll for elections on this project, you are invited to participate in the SecurePoll feedback and workshop. Your comments, suggestions and observations are welcome. For the Arbitration Committee, Risker (talk) 08:04, 12 November 2009 (UTC)

Mick Rathbone
Hello. Not sure why you replaced the Category:Everton F.C. with Category:Everton F.C. players? AFAIK, he never played for them. Category:Everton F.C. non-playing staff would be better, if anyone could be bothered to create one. cheers, Struway2 (talk) 18:07, 21 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Minor brain freeze, I think I've confused his article with another one I had open at the time. Mea culpa. - Chrism would like to hear from you 19:16, 21 January 2010 (UTC)
 * No worries. It pushed me into creating the appropriate category, anyway :-) cheers, Struway2 (talk) 20:26, 21 January 2010 (UTC)

Main news page vandalism
Can you have an admin revert the main current events page: Someone wrote "I am the king of the World." Thanks!

--66.167.15.50 (talk) 10:59, 29 April 2010 (UTC)

Reversing Edit on 2010 FIFA World Cup
Hi, I saw you reversed my entry. Not entirely sure why; couldn't quite get the whole point but basically it seems like you are saying that there are allowed to be opinions in articles. Although I agree with this you can not link to a article that is not written by someon well known and it should be in reference directly to that person. If you are able to link any opinion article you are going to end up having complete untrue things being said. Some of what this article says and is used in the 2010 page is also factually incorrect as the 2010 page states: "the natural sounds of people in the stands are drowned out" This is referenced from the article and is incorrect. Even at the games with the most Vuvuzelas (South Africas matches) you can hear the crowd singing Shosholoza and also cheers when there are goals over the Vuvuzelas. I have also had this on the Discussion page for 3 days and there were no complaints so I changed it. The point that they are irritating to some is also clearly shown by the preceding article that talks about the footballers opinions with all the statements/opinions being linked to their names. Would be unfair of me not hear the other side of the story but this is my point and reasoning behind the edit. Also here was my post on the discussion board:

Vuvuzelas

I find a huge problem with Reference 114 linking to a hugely opinionated and biased opinion column. It is also untrue that the Vuvuzelas drown out the crowd as you can clearly hear chants and cheers by spectators during goals and exiting moments. Also in one match you could clearly hear the beat of a drum echoing around the stadium. Often the sound of the ball kicked is also heard so I think the "Others watching on television have complained that the ambient audio feed from the stadium only contains the sounds of the Vuvuzelas and the natural sounds of people in the stands are drowned out.[114]" comment should be removed; along with the 114 reference. --Tanka8 (talk) 23:35, 19 June 2010 (UTC) Sorry it keeps changing as people edit. The reference is the one to the New York Post. "Valenti, Elio (13 June 2010). "Buzz off, vuvuzelas!". New York Post. http://www.nypost.com/p/sports/more_sports/buzz_off_vuvuzelas_FPa9BYlmlRWJMsF1W65cyJ?CMP=OTC-rss&FEEDNAME=." --Tanka8 (talk) 13:12, 20 June 2010 (UTC)

Thanks --Tanka8 (talk) 16:15, 22 June 2010 (UTC)

inre Articles for deletion/Raghupati Raghava Rajaram
I agree that the article Raghupati Raghava Rajaram should be deleted, specially as it does not have the coverage to merit being one of those rare exceptions to WP:NFF. However, as it is one in a series of recent problems for director Shaji Kailas, I went ahead and added one sourced sentence to Shaji Kailas, mentioning Raghupati Raghava Rajaram in context to his other recent setbacks as a director. Might you agree that after deletion, and as readers might still search for the cancelled film by name, that a redirect to the director's section will serve? I also believe a redirect will help prevent an inappropriate recreation of this article. -- Schmidt,  MICHAEL Q. 22:25, 4 September 2010 (UTC)

Act of Settlement 1701
Hi Chrism,

Sorry. I'm not too experienced in editing Wikipedia articles but it seems to me you brought back word "Roman" (which I deleted a day earlier) in the sentence "descendants who had not married a Roman Catholic; those who were Roman Catholic, and those who married a Roman Catholic,"

I would like to point out what is written above is simply not true. If (theoreticaly) Prince William gets married with lady who is member of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (not a Roman Catholic!!!!!) can he still become a king? No, because the Act of settlement says "That all and every Person and Persons that then were or afterwards should be reconciled to or shall hold Communion with the See or Church of Rome or should professe the Popish Religion or marry a Papist should be excluded and are by that Act made for ever" Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church is in full communion with the Holy See, so if Prince William gets married with such a lady unfortunately he has to forget, even though she is not Roman Catholic.

The clause in the Act is about ALL Catholics both Roman Catholics and members of ALL Eastern Catholic Churches in communion with Rome (Ukrainian is only an example)

Best regards Tomasz 62.73.148.164 (talk) 16:39, 22 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Response on user's talk page. -  Chrism  would like to hear from you 17:37, 23 September 2010 (UTC)

Your reverting of my edits re Israel & US support
I don't see why you removed my reference to the fact that this offer relates to alleged Israeli war-crimes and occupied West Bank - these are verificable points of fact, not a POV.
 * Aa42john (talk) 21:59, 18 November 2010 (UTC)

Thanks for your response. I agree an Israeli settler may respond as you suggest. But Nazi invaders of Moravia or their sympathisers may have regarded that as part of Germany. Are we therefore not allowed to refer to "Occupied Czechoslovakia"?

The report I saw specifically referred to 'war crimes': are we also not allowed to refer to that? (I did say 'alleged war crimes' which should cover the alleged criminals.)

Editing seems careful to protect the Israeli POV, but not the Palestinians' POV - they get called 'terrorist' without even the 'alleged' prefix. It all seems rather biassed to me, and your edit seems part of it.

Sorry!
 * Aa42john (talk) 13:49, 19 November 2010 (UTC)

Just a heads up!
Just a friendly heads up to alert you to Portal:Current events/2010 December 5. You seemed to have inadvertantly removed " |} " from the bottom of the page. The hidden comment isn't so important, but the rest of it ensures that the collapsable box ends at that point. If the bracket is not present, the entire page it's transcluded on (in this case WP:ITN/C) becomes enclosed within the collapsable box! -- Dorsal  Axe  17:32, 5 December 2010 (UTC)

User:Chrism/1950 BEA Viking incident
Hi, just a request to add a colon before "Category" so as to prevent the cats becoming live until such time as you move the article to mainspace, at which point the colons can be removed. Mjroots (talk) 09:59, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

Capitalisation of the word Act
I have noticed your recent edit to Act of Settlement 1701.

WP:MOSCAPS is not applicable because there is no consensus that capitalization is not necessary in this case. James500 (talk) 23:00, 20 July 2011 (UTC)

There needs to be consensus that MOSCAPS is applicable per WP:BURO and common sense. WP:MOSCLEAR is not applicable because this is a case where there is a specific focus, and in any event, the outcome of the specific discussion about this "trumps" WP:MOSCLEAR, because it proves that there is no consensus in favour of that either. The discussion of this is here

Thank you for your message.

It would be manifestly absurd to insist that a guideline (it is not even a policy) should apply to a specific case when it had been positively established that there was no consensus to apply to that case. That is what I mean by common sense.

As far as I can see, WP:BURO creates a presumption against policies that has to be defeated by an actual consensus. It has been established that none exists in this case.

As far as I can see, the Manual of Style is written by a vocal minority and actually has minimal support. There is, as far as I can see, certainly a consensus that the Manual of Style has serious problems. I remember a discussion on its talk page to that effect and it is of course still locked from editing.

I do not think it is fair to suggest that I am in favour of capitalizing the word "because I feel like it". In this case there is very strong evidence (I am tempted to call it overwhelming) that the rules of grammar are in fact to capitalize the word in this context, and the sources that were adduced against that proposition lack legal credentials and are not reliable.

James500 (talk) 11:36, 21 July 2011 (UTC)

Short titles
Please provide a source for this. Since the short title is prescribed by statute, it really needs to be a case on the construction the generic clauses that create these citations. I have had this discussion before at User talk:Andrew Gwilliam. I can identify pieces of legislation and textbooks that indicate that the definite article is part of the short title. James500 (talk) 16:46, 19 November 2011 (UTC)

And the title of that Act is "An Act to replace section 16(2)(a) of the Theft Act 1968 with other provision against fraudulent conduct; and for connected purposes." James500 (talk) 16:52, 19 November 2011 (UTC)

Your message
Even if it is correct for Canada (I observe that it cites no cases), the Canadian source does not claim to apply to the United Kingdom.

Legislation.gov.uk contains errors. In particular, for example, they omit the words of enactment of certain early Acts because these were not included in The Statutes of the Realm from which Statutes In Force was compiled. They also, for example, refer to the subdivisions of Schedules of Acts as "sections" instead of as "paragraphs" which not correct either.

If you look at secondary legislation (i.e. statutory instruments) on that website, you will find that the heading of the page always includes the definite article (which causes me to think that the omission from Acts is probably just a mistake that they have not corrected, possibly because they don't have time). You will also find that the titles of Church Assembly Measures (I looked at the Interpretation Measure 1925) are being printed in block capitals, which is plainly nonsense.

In fact, where do they say on that website that the heading of the page is supposed to be a citation? Where, for example, the calendar year is not part of the short title an Act, they sometimes put it in brackets at the end.

I do not think that paragraph 9.31 of the cabinet office's guide proves anything since it does not say why they are omitting the definite article. For all I know, it might be a mistake, or the product of intellectual laziness, or someone's personal opinion, which, unlike section 7(1) of the Theft Act 1978, does not have the force of law.

If you want a source that has the definite article as part of the short title, try the Schedule of repeals at the end of the Criminal Law Act 1967 or the Courts Acts 1971.

For the avoidance of doubt, the correct citation of an Act is a question of law. It not determined by common usage.

James500 (talk) 18:22, 20 November 2011 (UTC)

 * I came here to refer Chrism to the previous discussion I had with James500 regarding this and a related issue on my talk page (specifically here, here, and here). Unfortunately an unrelated external reason forced me to pull out abruptly from that discussion before a proper conclusion.  As such, I will confine myself for now to pointing out that James500 is wrong where he states above:
 * "Legislation.gov.uk contains errors. In particular, for example, they omit the words of enactment of certain early Acts because these were not included in The Statutes of the Realm from which Statutes In Force was compiled."
 * Firstly, Statutes in Force was based on the third edition of the Revised Edition of the statutes. Secondly, The Statutes of the Realm, the ultimate source for the first edition of the Revised Edition, does not omit the words of enactment.  Thirdly, all these various editions (incl. legislation.gov.uk) have been published under the authority or superintendence of the Controller of HMSO, and are thus legally authoritative.  Fourthly, I think I'm right in saying that the Statute Law Revision Act 1948 also gave express authority for the omission of words of enactment from any Revised Edition.
 * Andrew Gwilliam (talk) 00:45, 21 November 2011 (UTC).
 * I am unable to comment on this. I was repeating what someone else told me. James500 (talk) 02:17, 21 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I have struck that passage as I think you may well be right. James500 (talk) 04:57, 21 November 2011 (UTC) I apologise if I have made a mistake. James500 (talk) 05:00, 21 November 2011 (UTC)

Your message on my talk page
Paragraph 9.31 of Guide to Making Legislation says nothing about Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It refers to Bills. [It would be an original synthesis to assume that it applies to Acts]. (words inserted at 00:32, 22 November 2011 (UTC))

Legislation.gov.uk does not say that the Act can be cited as "Theft Act 1978" or that it cannot be cited as "the Theft Act 1978". James500 (talk) 02:27, 21 November 2011 (UTC) The heading "Theft Act 1978" is not a sentence and consequently does not assert anything to be a fact. At best, it is a suggestive juxtaposition. It would be an original synthesis to draw inferences from something like that.

The references in the three Acts that you offered cannot be assumed "trump" the references in the two Acts that I offered. That would be an original synthesis.

Your suggestion that the non-capitalisation of the definite article in printed copies of section 7(1) means something is WP:OR.

The Canadian example does not mention Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It would be an original synthesis to assume that it applied to those Acts (quite apart from the fact that the Canadian legislation to which it refers is foreign, bilingual, italicises the short title in both its English and French versions, has a very different form in its French version, and is secondary legislation).

I think that answers all of your points, so I am going to revert the article back to its original state with the rationale "original synthesis". James500 (talk) 00:32, 22 November 2011 (UTC)

Re.: Falklands War - linebreaks
Good call. I failed to notice that, and unfortunately I believe I did the same in some other articles. Doh! -- Mecanismo | Talk 20:54, 15 February 2012 (UTC)

Hi
Could you let me know why you have deleted the entry for thames valley police on the Police ele ctions page? Regards — Preceding unsigned comment added by LJWillicombeUK (talk • contribs) 14:45, 15 April 2012 (UTC)

Category:Essex Senior Cup
Category:Essex Senior Cup, which you created, has been nominated for possible deletion, merging, or renaming. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the Categories for discussion page. Thank you. Tim! (talk) 20:09, 8 May 2013 (UTC)

Category:Liverpool Senior Cup
Category:Liverpool Senior Cup, which you created, has been nominated for possible deletion, merging, or renaming. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the Categories for discussion page. Thank you. Tim! (talk) 20:10, 8 May 2013 (UTC)

Premier League
Thanks for tidying up (and, I think, improving) what I wrote re non-English clubs in the PL. Just one question/suggestion for the moment: Should the section be titled 'Foreign club participation in the Premier League' (to distinguish it from foreign players and managers)? I realise it's already within the Clubs section, but this may not be immediately obvious to the casual reader, or the casual editor. I'll leave the decision up to you, as I don't want to make any more changes myself for the time being, as I'm simply exhausted by previous arguments on the subject, and fairly sick of it at present. I do have a couple of other fairly minor matters that I might want to bring up eventually, but I'll leave them until if and when I feel willing to put up a fight to defend them. Tlhslobus (talk) 15:13, 24 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Hi. The problem with talking about "foreign clubs" is that most of the talk revolves around Welsh and, to a lesser extent, Scottish participation. It's rather inaccurate I'd argue for clubs from one part of the UK to be regarded as "foreign" in another part of the same country. -  Chrism  would like to hear from you 18:20, 25 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your reply (as above, copied by me from my Talk Page), Chris. That was why I called the section "Non-English", not "foreign". I simply assumed it was you who had changed it to "foreign" and I didn't want an argument about it. If you want to change it back to "Non-English" (with or without "club"), you would have my full support on that. (I'm posting this on both our Talk pages, to be sure you don't miss it - if you want to continue the conversation, please let me know which Talk page you prefer; I'm putting your Talk page on my watchlist, if I haven't done so already). Tlhslobus (talk) 08:16, 26 May 2013 (UTC)

 * If you don't like "non-English", "Celtic" might do instead, though it has its own problems (such as Cornish clubs, and because in theory the section should be available for anybody wishing to report on any future actual or hypothetical proposals to add Continental clubs, such as already happens in Rugby Union (2 Italian clubs in the Celtic League) and Rugby League (where the Catalans play in an otherwise all UK top tier league), or for any editor simply wishing to briefly point out the absence of such proposals in the PL in contrast to those other leagues). But I'm not really bothered, as, by and large, no such wording deprives the reader of any important info, nor supplies it either.Tlhslobus (talk) 08:47, 26 May 2013 (UTC)

 * I now see you had already made the change to 'Non-English clubs'. Thanks, and please ignore the stuff about "Celtic" above as out-of-date Tlhslobus (talk) 10:13, 26 May 2013 (UTC)

June 2013
Hello, I'm BracketBot. I have automatically detected that [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=560473324 your edit] to Intermediate dispute may have broken the syntax by modifying 2 "[]"s. If you have, don't worry, just [ edit the page] again to fix it. If I misunderstood what happened, or if you have any questions, you can leave a message on [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=edit&preload=User:A930913/BBpreload&editintro=User:A930913/BBeditintro&minor=&title=User_talk:A930913&preloadtitle=BracketBot%20-%20&section=new my operator's talk page].
 * List of unpaired brackets remaining on the page:

Thanks, BracketBot (talk) 16:59, 18 June 2013 (UTC)
 * The dispute was principally led by the Glasgow Junior Football (GJL). The GJL was the strongest Junior league in Scotland, having provided

Levi Leipheimer images
Saw you'd made recent edit(s) to Levi Leipheimer. Not sure what is your degree of interest in the subject, but if any, would you please check the article talk page and provide feedback on rationalizing image selection and layout for the article? It would be most appreciated. Thanks.  Azx2  23:12, 7 August 2013 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:The Commonwealth
Template:The Commonwealth has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Lfdder (talk) 10:52, 30 August 2013 (UTC)

NEOPLANO BEDDING
Instead of mark it for deletion after 2 seconds from creation, can you help me out on the article?

Thanks! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Miky765 (talk • contribs) 19:59, 12 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Miky765 has been indefinitely blocked as a blatant sockpuppet. JamesBWatson (talk) 20:14, 12 September 2013 (UTC)

Speedy deletion contested: Serhii Bondarchuk
Hello Chrism, and thanks for patrolling new pages! I am just letting you know that I contested the speedy deletion of Serhii Bondarchuk, a page you tagged for speedy deletion, because of the following concern: A7: A former member of parliament is considered notable automatically. You may wish to review the Criteria for Speedy Deletion before tagging further pages. Thank you. Eastmain (talk • contribs) 15:20, 4 October 2013 (UTC)

October 2013
Hello, I'm BracketBot. I have automatically detected that [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=579289383 your edit] to Christian democracy may have broken the syntax by modifying 2 "{}"s. If you have, don't worry: just [ edit the page] again to fix it. If I misunderstood what happened, or if you have any questions, you can leave a message on [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=edit&preload=User:A930913/BBpreload&editintro=User:A930913/BBeditintro&minor=&title=User_talk:A930913&preloadtitle=BracketBot%20–%20&section=new my operator's talk page].
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Thanks, BracketBot (talk) 15:03, 29 October 2013 (UTC)
 * progressive]] and to some degree influenced by liberation theology. cite journal |first=Tad |last=Szulc |title=Communists, Socialists and Christian Democrats |journal=[

Tom Baker
Your edit was undone. Do NOT delete a piece of information because it was incorrectly attributed, especially when you are aware of the source. That is a dick move. Next time, simply add the attribute. Rtm135 (talk) 23:29, 23 December 2013 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for January 17
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FA Cup league tier in brackets format
Just thought I'd mention that I've replied to your comment in the talk page of the 2012–13 FA Cup article. Feudonym (talk) 04:07, 1 April 2014 (UTC)

August 2014
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 * of Lords has varied greatly throughout its history. From about 50 members in the early 1700s, cite web |first=Darren |last=Hughes |publisher=Electoral Reform Society |title=The Supersized House

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Parliament of the UK
Hello Chrism, it looks as if an "edit war" is developing over the size of an image in Parliament of the United Kingdom. Please don't continue reverting without discussion - even if your version appears clearly better. As we always say "please take it to the talk page". I've warned the other editor Noyster (talk),  07:21, 28 May 2015 (UTC)

Recent edits to Space Bio Charge
Hello, and thank you for your recent contributions. I appreciate the effort you made for our project, but unfortunately I had to undo your edits because I believe the article was better before you made that change. Feel free to contact me directly if you have any questions. Thank you! <font color="#01796E">—M@sssly <font color="#FF0000">✉ 10:39, 11 June 2015 (UTC)

Deletion of biography page
Hello Chrism, Thanks for reviewing the article on Mirza Ghulam Qadir Beg. Mr. Beg played a pivotal role in the Kashmir freedom struggle prior to the independence of India. This wikipedia article is the first attempt at documenting his contributions to social and political causes in the state of Jammu and Kashmir (India). This is my first article on Wikipedia and I welcome your feedback. Best--Samabeg (talk) 18:26, 12 August 2015 (UTC)S

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Re: Los Angeles River
My bad on the "quotes" - sorry. WCCasey (talk) 16:23, 26 January 2016 (UTC)

everton honours
Hi, you recently reverted a change made to the everton honours list, implying that linking some of the awards under the section "others" implies they are foreign. I disagree as it simply implies they are seperate from national domestic and european honours, which they are (all small local competitions). I don't think anyone would think that the LIVERPOOL senior cup was foreign at all. More importantly though, it is the distinction provided by the sourcing that brought these into the honours list at all. Our job here is to reflect the sources and that is what they show. If that is how the club distinguishes them, so must we. Davefelmer (talk) 04:25, 13 March 2016 (UTC)

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Everton F.C.
Please note that not only are you on the verge of an edit war which may well get you blocked, and a quick review of English premier league clubs would reveal a clear consensus to use the singular in the opening paragraph (I stopped when I got to Middlesbrough and hadn't found a single instance of "are"). You ask another editor to adhere to BRD and seek consensus, but as far as I can see it is you who are editing against consensus. Please don't revert to "are" without seeking wider input. Fenix down (talk) 12:41, 16 August 2016 (UTC)

List PR listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect List PR. Since you had some involvement with the List PR redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. Steel1943 (talk) 00:44, 23 September 2016 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:British politics/party colours/Alliance
Template:British politics/party colours/Alliance has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Frietjes (talk) 17:50, 3 November 2016 (UTC)

Everton FC
The cited source for Everton honours clearly distinguishes what it regards as "honours" (as shown in the highlighted box) and stuff like the county cups which are not listed in the section for "honours". Furthermore, the links for the cups themselves show that teams such as Everton have fielded reserve sides for the competitions over the years. You are not seriously implying that Lakaku, Barkley and co. won the Liverpool and Lancashire Senior Cups last season are you? Yes, big clubs did play their strongest teams in the earliest stages of the competition but for a vast part of its history they haven't. The equivalent of such cups are listed in the reserve sections of teams like Man Utd and Liverpool so the consistency is to put them there, since that is the team that has won them most often. They are not considered senior honours. And on top of all that, I'm not sure which is the official Everton site but this source which is evertonfc.com shows an honours list that doesn't include the county cups: (http://www.evertonfc.com/content/history/honours-and-records). Davefelmer (talk) 19:58, 31 May 2017 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Suttontrustlogo.png
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That try listed at Redirects for discussion
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Please consider leaving descriptive edit summaries
I appriciate that you've been here a long time, and have done a lot of work, but I am very tired and ask that you forgive the slight terseness of my request; edit summaries are a vital method by which editors can quickly grasp what has happened in watchlists and histories (among many other places), but you have made 14,967 edits on en.wiki with no summary. That's 78.8% (as of just now) of your mainspace edits with no indication of what was done. Every time you edit without leaving a description of the work, other editors like me have to navigate to the diffs and parse everything by eye just to establish what you did. That gets quite laborious and very frustrating. Please get into the habit of leaving descriptive edit summaries for your fellow editors. Thank you. If you'd like to respond, please do so here (I am watching; no need to ping). 16:33, 15 August 2019 (UTC)

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Chris Forse Edith Thompson
Hi Chris, So sorry, but I restored the FORSE PP talk on Edith Thompson - I hope you don't mind. It is bona fide research, a U3A Mirthy lecture which struck me as thorough and well-informed. A sort of Radio 4 meets LBC talk but rather more sharply analytical than most. If you feel strongly, maybe move the URL into a footnote? Thanks. All best wishes, uclerew Uclerew (talk) 19:57, 23 February 2023 (UTC)

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Ways to improve National Health Service (Scotland) Act 1972
Hello, Chrism,

Thank you for creating National Health Service (Scotland) Act 1972.

I have tagged the page as having some issues to fix, as a part of our page curation process and note that:

"Hello Chrism, great job. But what are you referencing in this article? The citations says Part I, II, s. 19, etc, what are the references? Are you referencing the act itself?"

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Vanderwaalforces (talk) 09:11, 3 May 2024 (UTC)

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I have sent you a note about a page you started
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<b style="color: #0000cc;">North8000</b> (talk) 12:19, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chrism