text:
Fachhochschule

A Fachhochschule (plural Fachhochschulen), abbreviated FH, is a university of applied sciences (UAS), in other words a German tertiary education institution that provides professional education in many applied sciences and applied arts, such as engineering, technology, business, architecture, design, and industrial design.

Fachhochschulen were first founded in Germany and were later adopted in Austria, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, Cyprus, and Greece. An increasing number of Fachhochschulen are abbreviated as Hochschule, the generic term in Germany for institutions awarding academic degrees in higher education, or expanded as Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften (HAW), the German translation of "universities of applied sciences", which were primarily designed with a focus on teaching professional skills. This is reflected in the fact that the ratio of the number of students to the number of professors is significantly better than at traditional universities. However, there are also a number of subjects, such as social work or the legal sub-discipline of social law, which are traditionally underrepresented at traditional universities. In these areas, universities of applied sciences make a significant contribution to research. UAS professors are also increasingly attracting national and international third-party funding. To support their research activities, they can apply for a significant reduction in their teaching load. Swiss law calls Fachhochschulen and universities "separate but equal". In terms of student numbers, universities of applied sciences are on average smaller than traditional universities. However, there are also a number of HAW, such as TH Köln or UAS Frankfurt, which can keep up with large universities in this respect.

Due to the Bologna process, universities and Fachhochschulen award legally equivalent bachelor's and master's degrees. Excepting research-intensive institutions in Hesse, Saxony Anhalt, Baden-Württemberg, North Rhine-Westphalia and Bavaria Fachhochschulen do not award doctoral degrees themselves but sometimes in cooperation with award-granting partner universities. In the meantime, however, some professors at HAW also have additional habilitations and can therefore directly supervise doctoral students at their home university. This and the rule that they give priority to hiring professors with a professional career of at least three years outside the university system additional to the doctoral degree are the two major ways in which they differ from traditional universities.

Impact of the Bologna process
Due to the Bologna process, most German Universitäten and Fachhochschulen have ceased admitting students to programs leading to the traditional German Diplom (FH), but now apply the new degree standard of Bachelor's and Master's degrees. In line with the Bologna process, bachelor's and master's degrees awarded by both types of universities (Universitäten and Fachhochschulen) are legally equivalent.

With a Master's from either, one can now enter a doctoral degree program at a Universität, but a graduate with a bachelor's degree from either is normally unable to proceed directly to a doctoral degree program in Germany. Also, with the master's degree of either of the institutions a graduate can enter the höheren Dienst (higher service) career for civil servants.

In Germany
The Fachhochschule or University of Applied Sciences and Arts is a type of German institution of higher education that emerged from the traditional Engineering Schools and similar professional schools of other disciplines. It differs from the traditional university (Universität) mainly through its more practical orientation. Subjects taught at Fachhochschulen include engineering, computer science, business and management, arts and design, communication studies, social service, and other professional fields.

The traditional degree awarded at a Fachhochschule was the Diplom (FH). Coursework generally totaled six semesters (three years) of full-time study, with various options for specialization. In addition, there were one or two practical training semesters to provide hands-on experience in real working environments. The program concluded, usually after 3.5 – 4 years, with the final examination and a thesis (Diplomarbeit) which is usually an extensive project on a current practical or scientific aspect of the profession.

In an effort to make educational degrees more compatible within Europe, the German Diplom degrees were mostly phased out by 2010 and replaced by the European bachelor's and master's degree.

The Fachhochschule represents a close relationship between higher education and the employment system. Their practical orientation makes them very attractive to employers.

Today, Fachhochschulen also conduct research. Research projects are either publicly funded or sponsored by industry. Nevertheless, in Germany the right to confer doctoral degrees is still generally reserved to Universitäten. In 2016, however, Fulda University of Applied Sciences became the first Fachhochschule to be conferred this right for its graduate center for social sciences. Several Fachhochschulen run doctoral programs where the degree itself is awarded by a partner university in Germany or abroad (similar to the doctoral programs in German research institutes, such as the Fraunhofer Society or the Max Planck Society).

There are a few universities, such as Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt and Bundeswehr University Munich, which run Fachhochschule courses in addition to their normal courses. It is also important to note that in the 1990s, some universities of applied sciences were developed from former GDR universities with the right to award doctoral and post-doctoral degrees in order to cut costs. These include, for example, the Zittau/Görlitz University of Applied Sciences. In these institutions, the classic university spirit lives on to this day.

In Austria
The Austrian government decided to establish Fachhochschulen (FH) in 1990. In the academic year of 2010/11, there were twenty-one institutions officially considered as Fachhochschulen plus a number of other providers of Fachhochschulstudiengängen with a total of over 27,000 students. About a third of the 136 Fachhochschulstudiengänge are organized as part-time courses of studies.

In Switzerland
The Swiss Universities of Applied Sciences UAS are vocational universities established in Switzerland in 1995 following the model of the German Fachhochschulen. They are called Fachhochschule in German, Haute école specialisée in French and scuola universitaria professionale (SUP) in Italian. The Swiss Universities of Applied Sciences offer third level education, continuing education, services businesses and institutions, and produce applied research activities. In 2013 there are seven public UAS approved by the Swiss Federal Council in 1998 and two private UAS approved by the Federal Council in 2005 and 2008. The public UAS are run by one or more cantons.

UAS have the institutional mandate to provide degree programmes (Bachelor's degrees and Master's degrees), continuing education and training, to conduct applied research and to offer services to companies and institutions. Students with a finished apprenticeship and a Fachmatura (subject Matura) and students with the Matura and a practical year in a company can access further education within the Universities for Applied Science. The UAS and their Bachelor's and Master's degrees are federally accredited.

The Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research (EAER) and is in charge of the accreditation of the UAS which are requested to meet the federal legislative requirements. The UAS are supported by the cantons, the Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research (EAER), the State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) and by the Rector's Conference of Swiss Universities (swissuniversities).

title: Fachhochschule


text:
Talk:Bacon number

"Notably, Bacon is not the most linkable actor. That honour (as of December 30, 2004) goes to Rod Steiger. The average Steiger number in the acting community is 2.679. By contrast, the average Bacon number is 2.955."

"Using one of the actors with the highest known finite Bacon number (7), William Rufus Shafter as the centre of the acting universe instead of Bacon, we can find two actors with a Rufus Shafter number of 15."

As of 2016 Willam Rufus Shafter has a bacon number of 4 https://oracleofbacon.org/

The entire cast of the 2004 film Primer no longer have have infinite Bacon numbers - "Samantha Thomson was in World Without Waves (2001) with ..."

I agree with Tolo - Kevin Bacon isn't famous because of the game - it's famous because of him. I have edited the opening sentence to reflect this.Tellkel 23:25, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Forgive me, but is Kevin Bacon only famous because of this Trivia (as the page currently says)? Personally, I doubt it. Possibly reword? Tolo 08:42, Sep 5, 2004 (UTC)

I was just wondering... What is the significance of the Bacon number? Does it only have to do with the game "Six Degrees Of Kevin Bacon", or is there some other application for it? thefamouseccles 08:02 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)

"we can find two actors with a Rufus Shafter number of 15." Nice, but I don't see the connection to the Bacon Number. Is the article trying to say that using Rufus Shafter numbers, we can find people with a higher finite number?

"By contrast, the average Bacon number is 2.943." How can the average be around 3000 with 8 being the highest finite number known?

62.45.129.214 11:49, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * That's a decimal point, not a thousands separator. --Angr/(comhrá) 23:01, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Can someone reword/explain what is written bellow. "record largest finite bacon number by year"? What does that mean? Why is 1998 "all 7s"? but 1997 is just 7? A bacon number of 7?

Actors with record largest finite Bacon number by year Year 	Record 1996 	7 1997 	7 1998 	all 7s 1999 	8 2000 	all 8s Dec 2000 	9, 10 Jul 2003 	all 8s

(Quoting the article) "Relaxing the definition of Bacon number to include crew, however, yields an Bacon number of 3 for Erdős. N is a number had original music by Mark Adler, who also provided music for The Rat Pack, which co-starred Joe Mantegna, who appeared with Bacon in Queens Logic." I still don't see how this connects Paul Erdős to Kevin Bacon. Someone needs to connect Erdős to Adler. Jxyama 18:27, 29 May 2006 (UTC)
 * My bad. I see it now. Jxyama 18:31, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

Fun stuff
Some specific noteworthy people of interest:

Ronald Reagan has a Kevin Bacon number of 2:
 * 1) Ronald Reagan was in Young Doctors, The (1961) with Eddie Albert
 * 2) Eddie Albert was in Big Picture, The (1989) with Kevin Bacon

Adolf Hitler has a Kevin Bacon number of 3.
 * 1) Adolf Hitler was in Ewige Jude, Der (1940) with Curt Bois
 * 2) Curt Bois was in Great Sinner, The (1949) with Kenneth Tobey
 * 3) Kenneth Tobey was in Hero at Large (1980) with Kevin Bacon

Pope John Paul II has a Kevin Bacon number of 4.
 * 1) Pope John Paul II was in Padre Pio - Tra cielo e terra (2000) with Giovanni Lombardo Radice
 * 2) Giovanni Lombardo Radice was in Gangs of New York (2002) with Martin Scorsese
 * 3) Martin Scorsese was in Bringing Out the Dead (1999)  with Arthur J. Nascarella
 * 4) Arthur J. Nascarella was in In the Cut (2003) with Kevin Bacon

thought someone might find this interesting... ALKIVAR ™ 01:16, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

I'd suggest William Rufus Shafter has a Bacon Number of 7:

1 William Rufus Shafter - Surrender of General Toral - Joseph Wheeler

2 Joseph Wheeler - General Wheeler and Secretary of War Alger at Camp Wikoff - Russell Alexander Alger

3 Russell Alexander Alger - President McKinley's Inspection of Camp Wikoff - William McKinley

4 William McKinley - Fifty Years Before Your Eyes - Charles Chaplin

5 Charles Chaplin - The Great Dictator - Don Brodie

6 Don Brodie - Murphy's Law - David Hayman

7 David Hayman - Where the Truth Lies - Kevin Bacon

Lidless

Note: The entire cast of the 2004 film Primer have infinite Bacon numbers
 * The Pope and William Rufus Shafter have infinite Bacon numbers if you stick to the purist way of only connecting by movies (excluding TV and documentaries). - 87.211.75.45 (talk) 15:36, 25 September 2013 (UTC)

Reeve vs. Steiger
The page has been edited to indicate that Christopher Reeve, not Rod Steiger, is the best center in IMDb - a claim also appearing on the page for Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon. I assume this information comes from IMDbPro, which calculates Bacon numbers and perhaps similar statistics for other actors. Can anyone verify that Reeve currently has the lowest number? This seems odd, since he doesn't even make the top 1000 best centers on the Oracle of Bacon list. --Ben Zimmer 19:03, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I was unable to confirm the info using IMDb, IMDbPro, Google. So I've removed it for now.    IMDbPro does not appear to compute data concerning "centers", only the standard Bacon number.   Because of this, I find the claim that the info was on IMDb somewhat suspect.  I also removed the IMDbPro link, as I couldn't see anything relevant to the article that wasn't already available (freely) from the Oracle of Bacon site.  --C S (Talk) 01:16, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I've also changed the info at Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon, where the info apparently originated. I will ask the editor who added the info where he got it.  --C S (Talk) 01:29, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I find it hard to believe Rod Steiger is better connected than Christopher Lee. My understanding was that Lee is the best connected actor (he would anecdotally appear to have appeared in more films, in a greater variety of roles with more actors from both European and American cinema).

 * It's not about being better connected. It's about being connected to more people who are connected to more people who are better connected. At present, Lee and Steiger are at about the same point, with Dennis Hopper slightly ahead of them in the number one spot. I typed in the top 20 of their out of date top 1000 list, and Hopper was the clear winner. You can type any name in yourself to see, though I imagine it will continue to change over time. The calculator is at .--Parableman 02:50, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Oops, I forgot to write about the response I got to my query:"Write to me, why don't you? 11:04, 25 April 2006 (UTC)" So that's what happened.  --C S (Talk) 02:22, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

[copied over from Talk: Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon by User:C S] That would be Christopher Lee, not Christopher Reeve. Reeve isn't close. The current leader, though, is Dennis Hopper. The place to type in someone's name is. The 1000 best centers list that has Steiger on top is. Dennis Hopper is currently ahead of everyone else in the top 20 of that list. I didn't bother to go beyond that. I'm not sure how to cite that as a source. Is that supposed to count as original research and thus off-limits? If I posted it on my blog, I could cite it as me claiming this is true, but I don't know the general convention on that sort of thing here. --Parableman 02:33, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I think the best thing is to just to name the top center on the list of best centers and note the date of the list. I'm sure they will update the list sometime.  Doing your own research and posting on your blog so as to cite it, is heavily frowned upon.  But it might be ok to just say the information was retrieved on such and such date; in principle, it should be verifiable as the UVA people, I'm sure, keep good records.  That might be a little controversial though.  Probably, even then, the only thing you can really say is that Steiger is behind Hopper on such-and-such date.  BTW, it seems a lot of good stuff, like this stuff about centers, has been removed from the article.  It doesn't seem to me that's an improvement.  --C S (Talk) 02:22, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

Primer
I removed the following from the "Notable Bacon numbers" section because at least one of the cast (David Sullivan (IX)) seems to have appeared in other films alongside other actors, and so would quite likely have a finite Bacon number.
 * The entire cast of the 2004 film Primer (Bacon number: infinite/undefined), as none of them has yet appeared in any other films (as of 2004).

--A bit iffy 14:43, 18 June 2006 (UTC)

 * See for (David Sullivan (IX))'s Bacon number. It's 3. That makes everyone else in the movie at least as close as 4. --Parableman 02:48, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

Additional Facts
George W. Bush has a Bacon number of 2.

George W. Bush was in Counting Condi (2008) with Devin Ratray (I)

Devin Ratray (I) was in RIPD (2013) with Kevin Bacon

This article in the Wikipedia store
I've made some merchandise for the Wikipedia store based on this article: [www.cafepress.com/wikipedia/2585635 Bacon number] section. Let me know what you think on the meta page. Tlogmer ( talk / contributions ) 01:04, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

Six Degrees of Separation-Talk: Bacon number: Source is undesireable(s), such as Dungeons & Dragons games, blame for historical pocs/plagues on "smelly cat" identity, movement itself in six degrees to one(s) at cusp or "rim", noting grasses through all "behind" can speech/oracle. The most fun is at this point is where mathmatical philosophy begins games. The Oracle Kevin Bacon wishing for positive, superior, unsurmountables to permeate "rim" does not constitute more of the previous/exist for grasses. In front of speech/oracle is game... example squares game, which is very similar to a chess board light squares hexigoning black squares, or, color game, which is very similar to Barney Generational (1989-1994 birthed)'s Mighty Morphine Power Rangers. As a parental, I am Mighty Morphine Power Ranger Orange-game. It is not an overrun of grasses as they do not participation. Remaining at the cusp/"rim" entry to the game(s) requires "serve" of game by one, such as myself, in play, and caring to come near enough to "rim" to return and selective to serve, or not, to grasses; very good positive forward attitude. Anything else about my Unipolar individuality, such as stone/Christian does not matter in the decision to "return"; I maintain it is about the woman. In this endorsing, USA Iwant custody of my children/I want my child(ren), in my case, only. It is similar to grasses getting a boat and going upon FIRST Intelligence/FIRST Nation of People's of Earth's ocean(s) (noting not plankton) and/or Eretheral Intelligence/Eretheral Nation of People's air/atmosphere. In grasses the boat has been removed as Fusion Citizen in Cube Country is possible, has been found, in fact, in oracles, such as Kevin Bacon. Annie —Preceding unsigned comment added by Anniekapn (talk • contribs) 17:19, 30 July 2009 (UTC)

Calculating a Bacon Number
I'm trying to calculate my own Bacon Number. The best link seems to be Nick Jameson but he's not listed in the Oracle of Bacon. He definitely does have a Bacon Number since people in "Robin Hood: Men in Tights" do. How does one reasonably do this calculation? Frotz 18:13, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

Dilbert
Shouldn't the Dilbert cartoon where Ratbert was making a joke based on this system be mentioned? He didn't directly apply the Bacon number system, but he linked someone to someone named Kevin, who eats bacon (referring to the person in a similar way). I can't remember where I saw it, but I'm sure I've seen that comic somewhere in Scott Adam's work.

Self-referencing Definition
The definition uses the term "Bacon number" to define "Bacon number". This is somewhat like defining "square root" as "the square root of a number" without explaining all of the steps in computing the square root. I suggest that the definition needs intermediate steps in the explanation of the algorithm, as follows:

The computation of a Bacon number for X is a "shortest path" algorithm. It involves computing the Bacon number for all film actors who X has acted with:
 * If X has appeared in a movie with Bacon, X's Bacon number is 1
 * If X does not have a Bacon number of 1 (hasn't appeared in a Bacon movie) but has appeared in a movie with someone who has, X's Bacon Number is 2
 * If X does not have a Bacon number of 2, the computation continues, examining all actors with whom X has been in a movie. The Bacon number of X is 1 plus the lowest Bacon number of all actors who have appeared in a movie with X.

Note that N is 0 if X is Kevin Bacon.

-- Gekritzl 19:54, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Proposed merge with the Six Degrees of Bacon article
The result was merge into Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon. -- Tevildo (talk) 13:19, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

I'm in favor of this merge and will probably do it myself in a couple of days unless someone objects and has a compelling argument as to why it shouldn't be a subsection of the other article. Rray 02:06, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

Agree, there's a lot of redundancy and I don't think there's too much information or too broad a topic for it to necessitate two articles. Gregory j 14:48, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

Agree, as above, same stuff on both pages. Until people are saying "bacon number" in pop culture then there's no need for this page.Kansaikiwi 08:55, 14 November 2007 (UTC) {{Discussion

Hitler has Bacon Number 2 according to Google
If you Google 'bacon number adolf hitler' you get: Adolf Hitler's Bacon number is 2 Adolf Hitler and Michael Fassbender appeared in Blood Creek. Michael Fassbender and Kevin Bacon appeared in X-Men: First Class.

Michael Fassbender was born after Hitler died and I haven't seen Blood Creek so I was confused by this. Ultimately I figured out from reading the movie's IMDB page that it features archive audio and/or footage of Adolf Hitler, uncredited.

Should this count? I guess this doesn't directly have much to do with the Wikipedia article now that I think of it, but I guess I just don't know where else to mention this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.189.236.119 (talk) 23:17, 6 July 2017 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Bacon number


text:
Kronecker

Kronecker is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Hugo Kronecker (1839–1914), German physiologist, brother of Leopold
 * Leopold Kronecker (1823–1891), German mathematician

title: Kronecker


text:
User talk:SaddamHussein~enwiki

F-F-F-F-F-FRESH

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called SaddamHussein. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name SaddamHussein~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:48, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 18:23, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:SaddamHussein~enwiki


text:
Almería

Almería is a city and municipality of Spain, located in Andalusia. It is the capital of the province of the same name. It lies in southeastern Iberia on the Mediterranean Sea. Caliph Abd al-Rahman III founded the city in 955. The city grew wealthy during the Islamic era, becoming a world city throughout the 11th and 12th centuries. It enjoyed an active port that traded silk, oil, and raisins. Being adjacent to a small desert, Almería has an exceptionally dry climate by European standards.

Etymology
The name "Almería" comes from the city's former Arabic name, Madīnat al-Mariyya, meaning "city of the watchtower". As the settlement was originally the port or coastal suburb of Pechina, it was initially known as Mariyyat al-Bajjāna (Bajjāna being the Arabic name for Pechina).

History
The origin of Almería is connected to the 9th-century establishment of the so-called Republic of Pechina (Bajjana) some kilometres to the north, which was for a time autonomous from the Cordobese central authority: the settlement of current-day Almería initially developed as a humble trading port of Pechina known as Al-Mariyya Bajjana. Pechina and its maritime port experienced divergent fortunes, and while the former progressively depopulated, the latter became the base of the Caliphal navy after 933, during the rule of Abd-ar-Rahman III. Furthermore, in 955, Abd-ar-Rahman III decided to erect the walls. A silk industry consisting of hundreds of looms and feeding itself from the mulberry trees planted in the region, fostered Almería's economy. Almería also became an important slave trade hub during the caliphal period.

In the wake of the collapse of the Caliphate of Córdoba in the early 11th century, Almería detached from Cordobese authority towards 1014 and became ruled as an independent taifa under Slavic kinglets. It submitted to the Taifa of Valencia in 1038, yet it soon became independent as a new taifa, ruled by the Arab Banu Sumadih until 1091, when it fell to Almoravid control. This allowed the city's economy to insert itself into the trade networks of the Almoravid empire. Building upon the previous development during the caliphal period, Almería reached a degree of historical relevance unmatched in the rest of its history throughout the 11th and 12th centuries, becoming the third-largest city of Al-Andalus. Almería imported indigo dye and wool from the Maghreb and linen from Egypt, while it exported copper to Fez and Tlemcen as well as its highly sought textiles.

Contested by the emirs of Granada and Valencia, Almería experienced many sieges, including one especially fierce siege when Christians, called to the Second Crusade by Pope Eugene III, were also encouraged to counter the Muslim forces on a more familiar coast. On that occasion Alfonso VII, starting on 11 July 1147, at the head of mixed armies of Catalans, Genoese, Pisans and Franks, led a crusade against the rich city, and Almería was captured on 17 October 1147, marking the breakup of the city's period of splendor in the Middle Ages.

Within a decade, in 1157, Almería had passed to the control of Muslim Almohad rulers. Almería soon passed by the temporary overarching control of rebel Murcian emir Ibn Mardanish (1165–1169), hindering the early efforts of recovery in the city, that under the decade of Christian occupation reportedly had been left depopulated and, by and large, quite destroyed. During Almohad rule, the city did not return to its previous splendor, although the port remained trading with the Crown of Aragon and the Italian republics.

Following the rebellion against Almohad rule heralded by the likes of the Banu Hud and the Banu Mardanis, Almería submitted to the authority of Ibn Hud, who had raised the black banner and pledged nominal allegiance to Abbasid authorities by 1228. After Ibn Hud's assassination in Almería in 1238, the bulk of the remaining Muslim-controlled territories in the Iberian Peninsula passed to the control of rival ruler Ibn al-Aḥmar (sultan since 1232), who had set the capital of his emirate in Granada by 1238, constituting the Emirate of Granada, to which Almería belonged from then on. While relatively languishing throughout the Nasrid period, Almería still remained a key strategic port of the emirate together with Málaga, as well as a haven for pirates and political dissidents. It sustained intense trading relations with Aragon and the African port of Honaine. Almería endured a brutal siege by Aragonese forces in 1309 that, while eventually unsuccessful, left the city battered.

The city submitted to the sovereignty of the Catholic Monarchs on December 22, 1489. Relatively isolated and within the range of attacks from Barbary pirates, the hitherto mercantile city entered modernity by undergoing a process of heavy ruralization that imperiled its very same continued existence as a city.

Historically, there was a Jewish community in Almería dating to the 10th century, where members of the community mostly engaged in maritime trade. When the Jews were expelled in 1492, many living in Almería fled to North Africa.

The 16th century was for Almería a century of natural and human catastrophes; for there were at least four earthquakes, of which the one in 1522 was especially violent, devastating the city. The people who had remained Muslim were expelled from Almería after the War of Las Alpujarras in 1568 and scattered across the Crown of Castile. Landings and attacks by Barbary pirates were also frequent in the 16th century, and continued until the early 18th century. At that time, huge iron mines were discovered and French and British companies set up business in the area, bringing renewed prosperity and returning Almería to a position of relative importance within Spain. During the Spanish Civil War the city was shelled by the German Navy, with news reaching the London and Parisian press about the "criminal bombardment of Almería by German planes". Almería surrendered in 1939, being the last Andalusian main city to fall to Francoist forces.

In the second half of the 20th century, Almería witnessed spectacular economic growth due to tourism and intensive agriculture, with crops grown year-round in massive invernaderos – plastic-covered "greenhouses" – for intensive vegetable production.

After Franco's death and popular approval of the new Spanish Constitution, the people of southern Spain were called on to approve an autonomous status for Andalusia region in a referendum. The referendum were approved with 118,186 votes for and 11,092 votes against in Almería province, which represented 42% of all registered voters.

Main sights

 * The Alcazaba, a medieval fortress that was begun in the 10th century but destroyed by an earthquake in 1522. It includes a triple line of walls, a majestic keep and large gardens. It commands a city quarter with buildings dressed in pastel colors, of Muslim-age aspect. It is the second largest among the Muslim fortresses of Andalusia, after the Alhambra.
 * Almería air raid shelters, underground galleries for civilian protection during the Spanish Civil War, currently the longest in Europe open for tourists.
 * The Cathedral has a fortress-like appearance due to its towers, merlons and protected paths, created to defend it from Mediterranean pirates. Originally designated as a mosque, it was later converted into a Christian church, before being destroyed in the 1522 earthquake. In the 16th century it was rebuilt in the Renaissance style, whilst keeping some of its defensive features.
 * Renaissance church of Santiago, built in 1533, with tower and portal decorated with reliefs.
 * Chanca, a group of houses carved into rocks.
 * Castle of San Cristobal, now in ruins. It is connected to the Alcazaba by a line of walls.
 * Museum of Almería. Includes findings from Prehistoric, Iberic, Roman, Greek ages and Muslim objects, mostly from the Alcazaba.
 * Paseo de Coches, a modern seaside promenade with gardens and palms.
 * Cable Inglés (English Pier), 1904 iron railway pier built to transfer iron ore, copper, and silver produced by British- and French-run mines in Granada from trains to waiting cargo ships.

People and culture

Famous natives of Almería include Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso, who in 1873 was the third president of the First Spanish Republic, as well as several musicians, including the composer José Padilla Sánchez, whose music was declared of "universal interest" by Unesco in 1989, the popular folk singer Manolo Escobar, renowned Flamenco guitar player José Tomás "Tomatito" and Grammy Award winner David Bisbal; the champion motorcyclist Antonio Maeso moved to Almería as a child.

The Irish folk-rock group The Pogues paid tribute to Almería in "Fiesta", a song on the band's third album, If I Should Fall from Grace with God.

In 1989, English electronic band Depeche Mode filmed the video for their song "Personal Jesus" in Almería.

Tourism increased and hotels were all occupied from January to February during the filming of the sixth season of the TV series Game of Thrones.

Sports
Almería hosted the Mediterranean Games in 2005. The city has two football teams: UD Almería, which was promoted to La Liga, the top tier of Spanish football, in 2022, and CP Almería, which plays in the División de Honor, the sixth tier.

The Plaza de toros de Almería is the main bullring in Almería. It has a capacity of 10,000 and it opened in 1882.

Economy

Intensive agriculture has been the most important economic sector of Almería for the last 50 years. Nowadays, greenhouse's production, handling and commercialisation of vegetables, and the supply industry of the sector, represent almost 40% of Almería's GDP. Directly, agricultural production accounts for 18.2% of the provincial GDP. In Andalusia, the average contribution is 6.6% and in Spain it is only 2.9%.

This situation is the result of a great dynamic model, which can continually incorporate new technologies: using soil sanding, plastic covers, drip irrigation systems, hybrid seeds, soil-less cultivation, irrigation programs, new greenhouse structures, and so on. They all allowed to improve production and increase commercialisation calendars, assuring the profitability and quality of the crops and the competitiveness of the markets. Moreover, Almería's economy has an important exporting function: 75% of production was sold abroad in 2018, with a value of 2.400 million euros.

This development is explained by familiar investment, as subsidies have been limited or non-existent. In this sense, the horticultural sector receives the least European aids from the Common Agricultural Policy: 1.9% of total income. This figure is much lower than that received by other sectors such as olive groves (33%) or cereals (53%).

The production of this area is based on a fair competition with officially a just remuneration of employees, with similar salaries than the ones in the same sector in Europe: 8% higher than Italy and 11% than Belgium. This avoids the social dumping exerted by non-EU countries, like Morocco, with salaries up to 90% lower than those of Almería. However, there is well-documented widespread exploitation of workers from North Africa who work and live in terrible conditions, earning much lower than the minimum wage.

From a social point of view, Almería and Granada are an example of family-owned and smallholder agriculture, with small farms and little concentration of land. This social nature generates high equity in the level of income and welfare, that is, social cohesion is produced, and inequality is reduced. Concretely, Almería is made up of 12,500 farms with an extension of 2,5 hectares and a 30% of familiar labour. It is also important the high education levels of the farmers, who shows an innovative and receptive character when it comes to continuing learning: 81,2% have some type of official academic training.

At the same time, a commercial system based on social economy enterprises has been developed, e.g. as cooperative societies. These companies represent the 62% of production and sales. They assure the access to the market in optimal conditions, because they increase its position inside the agri-food supply chain, facilitate financing, technical advice, and incorporation of technology. Moreover, local ties increase environmental sustainability.

Transport
By land, Almería can be reached by the A-7 Mediterranean Highway, which connects the Mediterranean area with the Spanish A-92 that unites it with the rest of Andalusia. Almería railway station is served by Renfe Operadora with direct rail services to Granada, and Madrid Atocha using a branch off the Alcázar de San Juan–Cádiz railway; the Linares Baeza–Almería railway. In the future, high-speed rail AVE services will link Almería to Madrid via Murcia. The central railway station has been closed for several months and it is not known exactly when it will re-open. Passengers currently start their journey by being bussed a few kilometres to Huercal de Almería station.

By sea, the port of Almería has connections to Melilla, Algeria, Morocco, and tourist cruises in the Mediterranean. It also has a marina with moorings for pleasure boats. Currently the port of Almería is being expanded with new docks and transformed into a container port to take large-scale international shipping and thereby increase its freight traffic. It normally connects with the following destinations:
 * Acciona: Ghazaouet (Algeria), Oran (Algeria), Nador (Morocco) and Melilla.
 * Comarit: Nador.
 * Comanav: Nador.

By air, Almería is served by Almería Airport, the fourth largest in Andalusia. The winter timetable includes flights to Madrid, Barcelona, Melilla, London, and Seville, with international connections to Manchester, Birmingham, Brussels, Dublin and Swiss, German and other EU airports being added during the summer.

Geography
Due to its arid landscape, numerous Spaghetti Westerns were filmed in Almería and some of the sets still remain as a tourist attraction. These sets are located in the desert of Tabernas. The town and region were also used by David Lean in Lawrence of Arabia (1962), John Milius in The Wind and the Lion (1975) and others.

One of Almería's most famous natural spots is the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park. This park is of volcanic origin, and is the largest and most ecologically significant marine-terrestrial space in the European Western Mediterranean Sea. The Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park runs through the municipal areas of Níjar, Almerimar and Carboneras. Its villages, previously dedicated to fishing, have become tourism spots. The beaches of Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park are also an attraction.

Almería has one islet that it administers as a part of its territory in the Alboran Sea, Alboran Island. The island has a small cemetery, a harbor, and a lighthouse, built in the 19th century.

Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification, Almería has a transitional climate between hot semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSh) and a hot desert climate (Köppen BWh). Almería is the driest city in Europe and it is the only one with a hot desert climate, starting in the south-eastern outskirts of the city (still inside the municipality of Almería) until the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park located east of the city.

The BWh climate is present in the city of Almería, in nearby areas of Almería province (such as the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park, the Andarax/Almanzora river valleys), the only region in Europe to have this climate. This arid climatic region spreads along the coastline around Almería to Torrevieja, in the northeast. The nearby Faro del Cabo in the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park, has the lowest annual precipitation on the European continent (156mm). Almería enjoys about 3,000 hours of sunshine with over 320 sunny days per year on average (6 hours of sunshine in January and 12 in July) so it is one of the sunniest cities in Europe.

Almería is the only city in Continental Europe that has never registered any temperature below freezing in its recorded weather history. The coldest temperature recorded was 0.1 C at the airport in January 2005. Before that, the previous record was 0.2 C on 9 February 1935. Settled snow is unknown since 1935, although during the 20st century, light flurries (without settling) occurred on few occasions. The most important settled snowfall event occurred in 1926 and the snow arrived even at the coastline of the city. The last event with settled snowfall happened on 9 February 1935.

During the winter, daily maximum temperatures tend to stay around 17 - 18 C. At night, the minimum temperature is usually around 8 –. This makes the city of Almería one of the warmest in winter in Spain. The city only receives yearly precipitation of just 200 mm and 26 days of precipitation annually; so while no month could be described as truly wet, there are strong seasonal differences in terms of precipitation and temperature, with coastal parts of the city (such as the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park) receiving a precipitation amount of 156 mm, and an annual temperature of 19.1 C, while mountainous areas (such as the Tabernas Desert) receive a precipitation amount of 220 mm per year, and an average temperature of 17.9 C, so it would be classified as a cold desert climate (BWk) bordering a cold semi-arid climate (BSk).

Inland areas of the Almería province are believed to have reached temperatures above 45 C in summer. Though temperatures above 40 C are very rare in the city of Almería.

During the summer, the skies are usually sunny and almost no rainfall occurs. The typical daily temperatures are around 30 C during the day while the minimum temperatures stay around 22 °C during July and August. As is the case for most of coastal Iberia, heatwaves in Almería are much less common than in the interior because of its coastal location; The hottest temperature recorded was 42.0 °C in August 2022. The highest minimum temperature ever recorded was 33.2 C on 31 July 2001, which is also the highest ever recorded in Spain and Iberian Peninsula.

Crystal cave
In 2000, a team of geologists found a cave filled with giant gypsum crystals in an abandoned silver mine near Almería. The cavity, which measures 8 x, may be the largest geode ever found. The entrance of the cave was blocked by five tons of rocks, and was under police protection (to prevent looters from entering). According to geological models, the cave was formed during the Messinian salinity crisis 6 million years ago, when the Mediterranean sea evaporated and left thick layers of salt sediments (evaporites). The site is currently open for tourists under guided tours.

Festivities
The festive events that occur in the municipality are listed below:

 * Carnival
 * Holy Week
 * Cruces de mayo
 * Saint Joan's Eve

Notable people

 * Said al-Andalusi (1029–1070), mathematician, astronomer and philosopher
 * José Tomás "Tomatito" (born 1958), flamenco guitar player
 * Lita Baron (1923–2015), actress, singer and dancer, born in Almería
 * David Bisbal (born 1979), Grammy Award winner
 * Francisco Losada (1612–1667), composer
 * Nieves Navarro (born 1938), actress
 * Manuel Lao Hernández, founder of Cirsa, Spain's largest casino operator
 * Rosa García-Malea López (born 1981), first female fighter pilot in the Spanish Air Force
 * Juan Martínez Oliver (born 1964), road bicycle racer
 * Eduardo del Pino Vicente, journalist and writer
 * Chus Lampreave (1930–2016), actress who died in Almería
 * Jimena Quirós (1899–1983), Spanish scientist, considered the first female oceanographer in the country and the first female staff scientist of the Spanish Institute for Oceanography (IEO)

title: Almería


text:
SableVM

SableVM was a clean room implementation of Java bytecode interpreter implementing the Java virtual machine (VM) specification, second edition. SableVM was designed to be a robust, extremely portable, efficient, and fully specifications-compliant (JVM spec, Java Native Interface, Invocation interface, Debug interface, etc.) Java Virtual Machine that would be easy to maintain and to extend. It is now no longer being maintained.

The implementation was a part of the effort in the early 2000s to break the Java ecosystem free from Sun Microsystems's control.

Overview
The core engine is an interpreter which used ground-breaking techniques to deliver performance that can approach that of a "naive" just-in-time (JIT) compiler, while retaining the software engineering advantages of interpreters: portability, maintainability and simplicity. This simplicity makes SableVM's source code very accessible and easy to understand for new users/programmers.

SableVM is Free Software — it is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL). It also makes use of GNU Classpath (copyrighted by the FSF) which is licensed under the GNU General Public License with linking exception.

SableVM is the first open-source virtual machine for Java to include the support for JVMDI (Java Virtual Machine Debugging Interface) and JDWP (Java Debug Wire Protocol). These standard Java debugging interfaces are used for example by Eclipse to provide a rich and user-friendly Java development environment.

Java Intermediate Language
Some versions of the SableVM use Java Intermediate Language, an intermediate language (which is a subset of XML) representing the type structure of a Java program. The language was proposed by the team of SableVM in McGill University in January 2002 to aid the analysis of a Java program with the goals of scalability and good performance. The language has not been widely adopted.

Consider the following piece of Java code.

This piece can be expressed in the language, as follows:

title: SableVM


text:
Talk:Kenning

Quotation format
The plural of kenning is kenningar. Since kenning is not an English word, plurals should be corrected accordingly (kenningar instead of kennings)

Long example
I admit I constructed the "battle" kenning right from my head. I remember seeing a rather long ancient example involving sea-gull, wind, sail, ship, sea and something else. Does anyone remember? Mikkalai 08:22, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I added an example from the skald Öyvind Finnsson which shows how kennings are based on knowing Norse mythology and why Snorri Sturluson composed the younger Edda.--Wiglaf 17:30, 1 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Um...isn't the Game Of Kings usually a reference to horse racing, not tennis? I'm changing it to that, but if someone more knowledgeable changes it back, I won't contest it.

Modern kennings
Some of these are a little... obscure. Or at least in my experience. And can it really be said that any modern poetic way of saying something is a kenning? I'm not familiar enough with this term to know for sure. RobertM525 18:50, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree, in my opinion this is silly and should go. Kenning is not a very meaningful term outside of Germanic poetry. Haukur 19:17, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Would "Boom-Stick" be a Keening for Shotgun? Army of Darkness fans want to know.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 159.53.78.142 (talk) 21:02, 28 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Modern German languages still use them. Der Dativ ist dem Genitiv sein Tod is a great book lamenting among other things, Kennings, Anglicisms in German, etc. The chapter on Kennings (called "Die Sucht nach Synonymen" The Yearning/Search/Addition for Synonyms), where he discusses the (German) media's obsession with replacing proper nouns with kennings. (In an Anglo-American context, that would be beginning sentences with "The former Governor", "The Connecticutian", etc., to describe George W. Bush, rather than saying "Bush" "the President", or "he" over and over again may become painful.) One chapter I remember "renamed" Frankfurt "the German Wallstreet", "Main-hattan", "the financial capital", etc. I'm thinking such a mention would merit a sentence in the English article. I'll be putting a similar comment on the German talkpage. See what they say, too. samwaltz 13:31, 7 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Ergh. Working on a translation from German to English in the background, and I keep coming across more and more kennings. The author uses capital cities to refer to governments ("Washington's decision", instead of "the decision of the US government", when neither the city's 500,000 residents, nor their mayor had any say in the matter}. "The transatlantic security community" rather than "NATO". And on. And on. And on. samwaltz 13:53, 7 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Those aren't actually kennings. They're called false titles, and in the case of "Washington's decision" metonymy. LokiClock (talk) 07:58, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Well, how about these (humorous) modern German metaphors?
 * Stubentiger ('living-room tiger') 'cat' (very common)
 * Dachhase ('roof hare') 'cat' (somewhat old-fashioned)
 * Glimmstengel ('glowing stalk') 'cigarette' (very common)
 * Nasenfahrrad ('nose bicycle') 'optical glasses' (also relatively well-known)
 * Gänsewein ('goose-wine') 'water'
 * Rasenschach ('lawn-chess') 'association football'
 * Andenpuder ('Andine powder') 'cocaine'
 * Rechenknecht ('calculating slave') 'electronic computer'
 * Stromklavier ('electric current piano') 'synthesizer keyboard'
 * Dampfroß ('steam horse') '(steam) locomotive'
 * Hopfenblütentee ('hop flower tea') 'beer'
 * Hippiekraut ('hippy herb') 'cannabis'
 * (used at German medieval markets, the European counterpart to American Renaissance faires, to denote modern implements that are blatantly anachronistic in the context of the pseudo-medieval ambience:)
 * Taschendrache ('pocket dragon') 'cigarette lighter'
 * Zeiteisen ('time iron') 'watch'
 * Horchknochen ('bone for listening') 'mobile phone'
 * These will even be productively formed on occasion, mostly for variety (in journalistic pieces), disparagement or mere amusement in informal language. The more I think about this and search the web, the more such compounds come up. There are whole compilations of purported current German "youth slang" (even websites devoted to the topic), which contain many such colourful and imaginative paraphrases (e. g. Teppichratte or Teppichporsche for a little dog, Zappelbunker for a discotheque, Pornobalken for a moustache), supposedly used to confuse adults, and while these collections are certainly amusing, I'm under the impression that many such coinings aren't particularly frequently used or already older than teenagers might think.
 * There are also comparable expressions in English, but they seem less frequent to me, for example boob tube for a TV set (in German Flimmerkiste is commonly used), or three-finger salute for the Ctrl+Alt+Del keystroke, which in German might be called, among other things, Affengriff ('monkey grip'), which is also quite vivid I'd say.
 * Don't you think these strongly resemble at least the simpler, Old English form of kennings? --Florian Blaschke (talk) 22:12, 30 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Don't forget about some of Shakespeare's insults (particularly in the exchange between Falstaff and Hal in Henry IV part I):

 * HAL I'll be no longer guilty of this sin; this sanguine
 * coward, this bed-presser, this horseback-breaker,
 * this huge hill of flesh,--
 * FALSTAFF 'Sblood, you starveling, you elf-skin, you dried
 * neat's tongue, you bull's pizzle, you stock-fish! O
 * for breath to utter what is like thee! you
 * tailor's-yard, you sheath, you bowcase; you vile
 * standing-tuck,--
 * (Henry IV part I, Act II, scene 4)

 * This includes the simpler kennings (with the initial noun in both the nominative and the genitive forms), and complex kennings ("dried neat's tongue", "huge hill of flesh"). And this is only one example! Terrencereilly (talk) 17:39, 1 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Erm, how are these expressions kenningar? They don't stand in metaphorically for other, simpler words; they aren't paraphrases at all. They're simply fanciful insults in the form of compounds. Something quite common in German and some other languages I'm familiar with, especially where the exchange of insults is practised in an elaborate way that makes quarreling and verbal fighting almost an art form.
 * Another example for a humorous German kenning that's so common that you may never really think about that it is a metaphor: Drahtesel, literally "wire donkey", for "bicycle". --Florian Blaschke (talk) 13:07, 19 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Would the usage of things in stereotypically bad romance novels such as "meat-stick" and the likes count as kenning in modern usage, since it's like "wound-hoe" for sword? Anafyral (talk) 12:28, 2 September 2016 (UTC)

Quotation format
A lot of this article looks like it comes out of someone's research paper-- which is fine, except that they aren't using the right quotation format. Muncadunc (talk) 14:21, 12 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Could you please give some concrete examples? The quotation format and referencing looks fine to me. –Holt (T•C) 14:49, 12 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Who is that "someone"? The name that crops up most in the references is Faulkes, but no one text by Faulkes predominates, and a lot of these are references to Old Norse texts edited by him, rather than a single paper. Dependent Variable (talk) 13:45, 11 August 2010 (UTC)

There (are) so (many) parenthesis (in (this) article). It doesn't read clearly, at least to me, and certainly doesn't look at all like other Wikipedia pages. Citations should be linked to the bottom of the page. Adding parenthetical explanations and translations--including, confusingly, translations into into third and fourth languages, rather than translations into English--make the page not as good as it could be. I'd love to help edit the page, but frankly I frequently couldn't tell which parenthetical note was of what type: citation, translation, et cetera. 184.90.189.138 (talk) 16:30, 26 July 2016 (UTC)

Pseudonym?
Hi, I stumbled onto this page from Sleipnir and before I got here I was 90% sure that 'relative of sleipnir' for Loki being a kenning would (based on the scottish 'ken = to know') have a meaning similar to - "known as", "pseudonym", "alias", "synonym", "descriptive nickname" "apellido" and for that matter "aka".

If that's correct, I'd like to add something along the lines of the following to clarify the lead (I don't imagine most people know the meaning of the verb 'to ken' something). Telling them lots about the construction of the literary trope before they even grasp the word's meaning might be tricky. A Kenning (Old Norse: kenning, Modern Icelandic pronunciation: [cʰɛnːiŋk], meaning "known") is a

Incidentally why is the modern Icelandic pronunciation of the work kenning relevant to the article (I note that the modern english pronunciation isn't included)? Perhaps this (below) would be clearer?

A Kenning (Old Norse: kenning, meaning "known") is a type of literary trope

I now wonder whether things like Iron Lady and Coeur de Lion would be a kenning, or The Scottish Play, or things like 'the Card shark' (if applied in a sentence with no name) would count?

If you happen to be rather more familiar with Kennings, you might want to look at those articles and consider adding kenning to the "see also" section. EdwardLane (talk) 09:09, 13 July 2011 (UTC)

 * The Scottish Play or Old Nick are circumlocutions or periphrases (used for taboo avoidance in these cases, which makes them euphemisms). The kenning is a subtype of circumlocution (used for stylistic variation), as explained in the lede, which has the form of a compound. Your examples are not all compounds, and Iron Lady and Cœur de Lion are epithets or bynames (Iron Lady is a nickname or sobriquet, while Cœur de Lion is a necessary epithet, as it is used for disambiguation – many people are called Richard, including kings: bynames are the origin of our modern surnames) rather than circumlocutions. Of course, all these concepts are closely related and not always clearly separable. Card shark is simply a technical term; I can't think of a more common or shorter alternative expression that it could be said to periphrase. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 16:37, 26 November 2011 (UTC)
 * By the way, the modern English pronunciation of kenning is really obvious – just use the intuitive pronunciation. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 17:33, 26 November 2011 (UTC)

What's with the red text?
Is there a good reason why text is in red in the "Old Norse kennings in context" section? Red makes it look like a broken template or some other kind of error on the page. Can it not be in any other colour? Simon Peter Hughes (talk) 09:19, 10 August 2014 (UTC)
 * The font formatting in the section "Old Norse kennings in context" is extremely unusual and demands an explanation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2605:A601:438:5E01:DD73:DF7B:79FA:2A64 (talk) 13:38, 18 April 2015 (UTC)
 * I changed the formatting so the text appears more normal. This is not a subject I know much about, so I apologize if it has been made more difficult to understand. The quotation is written in italics without the kennings marked. Then I placed the literal translation with the kennings in bold, followed by the paraphrase. Last comes the explanation of the kennings. Each one is stated in bold italics and immediately followed by the meaning of the kenning. The meanings of the individual words, if they were in the article previously, have been formatted with the original in italics and the English translation in quotation marks.

 * The explanations previously used the root forms of the words rather than the forms used in the source text. I copied the source text for each kenning, leaving the inflected forms intact. The uninflected forms follow, along with the English meanings. Roches (talk) 06:10, 3 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kenning


text:
San Serriffe

San Serriffe is a fictional island nation invented for April Fools' Day 1977 by Britain's The Guardian newspaper. It was featured in a seven-page hoax supplement, published in the style of contemporary reviews of foreign countries. It commemorated the tenth anniversary of the island's independence, complete with themed advertisements from major companies. The supplement provided an elaborate description of the nation as a tourist destination and developing economy, but most of its place names and characters were puns and plays on words relating to printing (such as "sans-serif" and names of common fonts). The original idea was to place the island in the Atlantic Ocean near Tenerife, but because of the ground collision of two Boeing 747s there, a few days before publication it was moved to the Indian Ocean, near the Seychelles islands. Because of this, the authors made San Serriffe a moving island – a combination of coastal erosion on its west side and deposition on the east cause it to move towards Sri Lanka, with which it will eventually collide.

San Serriffe was one of the most famous and successful hoaxes of the 20th century; it has become part of the common cultural heritage of literary humour, and a secondary body of literature has been derived from it. The nation was reused for similar hoaxes in 1978, 1980 and 1999. In April 2009, the geography, history and culture of San Serriffe featured heavily in the paper's cryptic crossword.

Background
The idea for the hoax came from The Guardian's Special Reports Manager Philip Davies. In a 2007 interview, he said "The Financial Times was always doing special reports on little countries I'd never heard of. I was thinking about April Fool's Day 1977 and I thought, why don't we just make a country up?" Special Reports editor Stuart St Clair Legge suggested the name San Serriffe. Geoffrey Taylor designed the semicolon-shaped map of the island, based on a shrunken version of New Zealand.

Initially, the supplement featuring the fictitious archipelago was to be a single page. The newspaper then realised that a larger review would generate greater revenue by running themed advertising alongside the text. These included a request for submissions to a photography competition sponsored by Kodak: "If you've got a photograph of San Serriffe, Kodak would like to see it."

Reception
In an era before the widespread use of desktop publishing and word processing software, much of the terminology was little-known, the jokes were easily missed, and many readers were fooled. Many others recognised the joke and became part of it. The Guardian received hundreds of letters from readers describing memorable holidays to the islands. It also received a letter from the "San Serriffe Liberation Front" critical of the pro-government slant to the supplement.

Editor Peter Preston received letters of complaint from airlines and travel agents due to the disruption caused by customers who refused to believe the islands did not exist.

Legacy
A large body of secondary work about San Serriffe has been written since 1977. A Friends of San Serriffe club was established, with its "life president" writing annual April Fools' Day letters to the paper. Bird & Bull Press published several books about esoteric subjects relating to the country, including Booksellers of San Serriffe, First Fine Silver Coinage of the Republic of San Serriffe and The World's Worst Marbled Papers.

Donald Knuth offers a reward to anyone finding a mistake in one of his publications; from October 2008 onwards, this has been in the form of a "certificate of deposit" from the fictitious Bank of San Serriffe.

title: San Serriffe


text:
Calvary Chapel Association

Calvary Chapel is an international association of charismatic evangelical churches, with origins in Pentecostalism. It maintains a number of radio stations around the world and operates many local Calvary Chapel Bible College programs.

Beginning in 1965 in Southern California, this fellowship of churches grew out of Chuck Smith's Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa.

History
The association has its origins in the founding of a Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa (California) in 1965 by pastor Chuck Smith of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel with 25 people. In 1968 they broke away from Foursquare Church. Prior to Smith, Costa Mesa members spoke of their own vision of becoming part of a massive church movement.

In 1969 Calvary Chapel became a hub in what later became known as the Jesus movement when Smith's daughter introduced him to her boyfriend John Higgins Jr., a former hippie who had become a Christian, and who went on to head the largest Jesus freak movement in history, the Shiloh Youth Revival Centers (1968-1989). John Higgins introduced Smith to Lonnie Frisbee, the "hippie evangelist" who became a key figure in the growth of both the Jesus Movement and Calvary Chapel. Frisbee moved into Smith's home, and he would minister to other hippies and counter-culture youth on the beaches. At night he would bring home new converts, and soon Smith's house was full. Frisbee became leader in a rental home for the steadily growing crowd of Christian hippies and he named the commune "House of Miracles"; other Houses of Miracles would develop throughout California and beyond. As Calvary Chapel grew "explosively", a tent was erected during the construction of a new building.

The converts included musicians who began writing music for praise and worship. This became the genesis for Jesus music and Christian rock concerts. Maranatha! Music eventually formed to publish and promote the music. The services led by Frisbee usually resembled rock concerts more than any worship services of the time. Frisbee featured in national television-news reports and magazines with images of him baptizing hundreds at a time in the Pacific Ocean. The network of House of Miracles communes/crash pads/coffee houses began doing outreach concerts with Smith or Frisbee preaching, Frisbee calling forth the Holy Spirit and the newly forming bands playing the music. By the early 1970s Calvary Chapel was home to ten or more musical groups that were representative of the Jesus people movement.

In 1982 John Wimber, a Calvary Chapel pastor, and the Calvary Chapel leadership mutually agreed to part ways. Tension had been mounting over Wimber's emphasis on spiritual manifestations, leading Wimber to withdraw from Calvary Chapel and to affiliate with a network of churches that would become the Association of Vineyard Churches.

In 2012, Pastor Chuck Smith founded the Calvary Chapel Association (CCA) to unite all of the movement's churches around the world.

On October 3, 2013, Pastor Smith died after a long battle with lung cancer. Smith remained as the senior pastor at Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa during his battle with cancer; this included preaching at three services on the Sunday before his death.

Statistics
According to a 2022 census of the association, it had 1,800 churches.

Beliefs
Chuck Smith's "Calvary Chapel Distinctives" summarize the tenets for which Calvary Chapel stands. Calvary Chapels place great importance on the practice of expository teaching, a "verse by verse, chapter by chapter, book by book" approach to teaching the Bible. Typically, Calvary Chapels operate under a senior pastor-led system of church government, also known as the "Moses" model.

It presents itself as a "fellowship of churches" rather than being a denomination.

Affiliates of Calvary Chapel believe in the doctrines of evangelical Christianity, which include the inerrancy of the Bible and the Trinity. Within evangelical Christianity, they say that they stand in the "middle ground between fundamentalism and Pentecostalism in modern Protestant theology". While they share with a belief in the inerrancy of the Bible, they accept charismatic spiritual gifts. However, they feel that Pentecostalism values experience at the expense of the word of God.

Calvinism and Arminianism
According to Calvary Chapel literature, the association strives to "strik[e] a balance between extremes" when it comes to controversial theological issues such as Calvinism's and Arminianism's conflicting views on salvation. Calvary Chapels hold the following views on the five points of Calvinism:
 * 1) Regarding total depravity, Calvary Chapel affirms that "apart from God's grace, no one can be saved," and that "mankind is clearly fallen and lost in sin."
 * 2) Regarding unconditional election, Calvary Chapel affirms that God, "based on his foreknowledge, has predestined the believer," and that "God clearly does choose, but man must also accept God's invitation to salvation."
 * 3) Regarding limited atonement, Calvary Chapel affirms that Jesus died "for the whole world" and that the "atoning sacrifice of Jesus Christ was clearly sufficient to save the entire human race."
 * 4) Regarding irresistible grace, Calvary Chapel affirms that "God's grace can either be resisted or received by the exercise of human free will".
 * 5) Calvary Chapels "believe in the perseverance of the saints (true believers) but are deeply concerned about sinful lifestyles and rebellious hearts among those who call themselves 'Christians'."

Spiritual gifts
Although Calvary Chapel believes in the continuing efficacy of the gift of tongues, it does not recognize uninterpreted tongues spoken in a congregational setting as necessarily inspired (or at least directed) by the Holy Spirit because of its understanding of. Calvary Chapel accepts that the Bible affirms interpreted tongues and modern prophecy. Practicing tongues in private occurs more commonly. Calvary Chapel does not teach that the outward manifestation of every Christian counts as speaking in tongues.

Similar to other Pentecostal or Charismatic movements, Calvary Chapel holds that the baptism of the Holy Spirit does not take place during conversion, but is available as a second experience. It is their understanding that there are three distinct relationships with the Holy Spirit. The first is that which is experienced prior to conversion. In this relationship the Holy Spirit is convicting the person of his sin. In the second relationship the Holy Spirit indwells believers during conversion for the purpose of sanctification. The third relationship is the baptism of the Holy Spirit which Calvary Chapel believes is for the purpose of being a Christian witness.

Baptism and Communion
Calvary Chapels practice believer's baptism by immersion. Calvary Chapel does not regard baptism as necessary for salvation, but instead sees it as an outward sign of an inward change. As a result, the Chapels do not baptize infants, although they may dedicate them to God. Calvary Chapel views Communion in a symbolic way, with reference to.

Eschatology
Calvary Chapels strongly espouse pretribulationist and premillennialist views in their eschatology (the study of the end times). They believe that the rapture of the Church will occur first, followed by a literal seven-year period of Great Tribulation, followed by the second coming of Jesus Christ, and then finally a literal thousand-year reign of Jesus Christ on earth called the Millennial Kingdom. Calvary Chapel also rejects supersessionism, and instead believes that the Jews remain God's chosen people and that Israel will play an important part in the end times.

Interest in one event during the Tribulation—the building of a Third Temple in Jerusalem—led in the early 1980s to associations between some in Calvary Chapel (including Chuck Smith) and Jewish groups interested in seeing the temple rebuilt.

Return of Christ in 1981
During the late 1970s and early 1980s, Chuck Smith wrote and published a prophetic timeline that declared the imminent return of Christ.

In the book Snatched Away!, published in 1976, Smith wrote:

"the generation that was living in May 1948 shall not pass until the second coming of Jesus Christ takes place and the kingdom of God be established upon the earth."

In a 1978 book, Smith wrote:

"I believe that the generation of 1948 is the last generation. Since a generation of judgment is forty years and the Tribulation period lasts seven years, I believe the Lord could come back for His Church any time before the Tribulation starts, which would mean any time before 1981."

The reasoning had to do with the idea that the seven-year Tribulation would end in 1988, forty years after the establishment of the state of Israel. In his 1978 book, Smith reasoned that Halley's Comet in 1986 would result in problems for those left behind:

"The Lord said that towards the end of the Tribulation period the sun would scorch men who dwell upon the face of the earth (Rev. 16). The year 1986 would fit just about right! We're getting close to the Tribulation and the return of Christ in glory. All the pieces of the puzzle are coming together."

Disappointment resulting from the prophecy not materializing in 1981 caused some to leave the church.

Practices
Calvary Chapel pastors tend to prefer expositional sermons rather than topical ones, and they will often give their sermons sequentially from Genesis to Revelation in the Bible. They believe that expository preaching allows the congregation to learn how all parts of the Bible address issues as opposed to topical sermons which they see as allowing preachers to emphasize certain issues more than others. Another advantage, they say, is that it makes difficult topics easier to address because members of the congregation won't feel like they are being singled out. It sees expository teaching as providing consistent teaching that, over time, brings the "perfecting of the saints" which is part of their general philosophy for the Church. In teaching expositorily through scripture sequentially, Calvary Chapel believes God sets the agenda, not the pastor.

Calvary Chapels believe that most churches have a "dependent, highly organized, [and] structured" environment, but that most people want an "independent and casual way of life". Calvary churches typically have a casual and laid-back atmosphere. As a practical implication of this philosophy, people may wear informal clothes to church. Praise and worship usually consists of upbeat contemporary Christian music though many of the churches also sing hymns. The style of worship generally reflects the region and the specific make-up of the congregation.

Calvary Chapel does not have a formalized system of church membership. Calling a Calvary Chapel one's church usually means regularly attending church services and becoming involved in fellowship with other "members" of the church.

Organization
The form of church government practiced by Calvary Chapel does not conform to any of the three historical forms. They do not employ congregational polity, believing that God's people collectively made poor decisions in the Old Testament, citing as an example. They also criticize presbyterian polity because when "the pastor is hired by the board and can be fired by the board," they fear that "the pastor becomes a hireling". Although Calvary Chapel's governance shares a similarity with episcopal polity in that the congregation has no direct authority over the pastor, it does not have the formal hierarchy characteristic of episcopal polity.

The majority of Calvary Chapels have adopted models of government based on their understanding of the theocracy that God established in the Old Testament they sometimes call the "Moses model". In this system, God was head of his people and under God's authority was Moses, who led the Israelites as God directed him. Moses also had a priesthood and seventy elders providing him support. Calvary Chapel has adapted this order believing their pastors have a role like Moses and their boards of elders function in supporting roles.

Calvary Chapels are independent and self-governing churches. They do not have church membership apart from pastors recognized through their affiliate program. The Calvary Chapel Association has the responsibility of affiliating churches with Calvary Chapel. A church that affiliates with Calvary Chapel often (but not always) uses the name "Calvary Chapel". Three requirements for becoming affiliated exist:
 * 1) the pastor must "embrace the characteristics of the Calvary Chapel movement as described in Calvary Chapel Distinctives"
 * 2) the church must have the characteristics of a church (as opposed to a less-developed home fellowship)
 * 3) an applicant must express willingness to spend the time to fellowship with other Calvary Chapels

The requirements do not include a seminary degree. In accordance with Calvary's interpretation and understanding of the Bible (see 1 Timothy 3:2 and 1 Timothy 3:12), Calvary Chapel does not ordain women or sexually-active homosexuals as pastors.

Regional lead pastors exercise a measure of accountability. Since no legal or financial ties link the different Calvary Chapels, only disaffiliation can serve as a disciplinary procedure.

The Calvary Chapel trademark is owned by Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa, the flagship church of the Calvary Chapel Global Network. The Calvary dove logo is also a "trademark-protected property of Calvary Chapel of Costa Mesa."

Controversies
Various criticisms of the organization and of the pastorate role in the organization exist. For example, Chuck Smith has been criticized for drawing connections between disasters (e.g., earthquakes, the September 11 attacks) and divine wrath against homosexuality and abortion.

Calvary Chapel leaders, including Smith, were the subject of a lawsuit alleging that they knew or should have known that a minister named Anthony Iglesias was prone to sexual abuse when they moved him from ministry positions in Diamond Bar, California, to Thailand, to Post Falls, Idaho. Iglesias was convicted of molesting two 14-year-old boys in California in 2004, and the lawsuit stemmed from events in Idaho, but all alleged abuse occurred in or before 2003. The church was dismissed as a defendant in the lawsuit.

As a result of what he saw as micromanaging church elders and board members, Chuck Smith used "an independent board of elders" when he took the senior pastor role at Calvary Chapel. Smith subsequently wrote that "senior pastors should be answerable to God, not to a denominational hierarchy or board of elders". Christianity Today says that Smith's "Moses Model", in which senior pastors do not permit their authority to be challenged, can lead to churches that are often resistant to accountability. In response, Smith says he is following the authority structure that God used when Israel was under the rule of Moses.

According to one article, "Smith's book Calvary Chapel Distinctives teaches that senior pastors should be answerable to God, not to a denominational hierarchy or board of elders." Critics say this 'Moses model' produces pastors who do not permit their authority be challenged. Calvary Chapel suggests that some churches are led astray by the management of their boards and that a biblical board of elders should aid the ministry and give wise counsel, not control the affairs of the church.

In November 2016, Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa left the Calvary Chapel Association and formed the Calvary Chapel Global Network. The latter continues to count the association's 1,700 churches as members unless they opt out.

Bible college
Calvary Chapel Bible College (CCBC) in Twin Peaks, California is the flagship of at least 50 affiliated campuses throughout the world. The college recently returned to a newly renovated site after about three decades in Murrieta, California. Founded in 1975, it originally offered a "short, intensive study program", but became a college awarding Certificates of Completion, Associate in Theology degrees (for high-school graduates), and Bachelor of Biblical Studies degrees (to students who have an Associate of Arts from an approved college). The college as a whole is pursuing accreditation; and students can transfer CCBC credits to some major accredited colleges such as Azusa Pacific, Biola University, Liberty University, Veritas International University, etc. The college was initially reluctant on seeking accreditation, stating that this allows Calvary Chapel Bible College to keep tuition costs lower and offer courses taught by instructors without master's degrees. But C.C.B.C. has reversed course and is currently seeking accreditation.

Harvest Crusades
Harvest Crusades operate as a ministry of Harvest Christian Fellowship (a former Calvary Chapel in Riverside, California). They carry out an evangelistic ministry similar to Billy Graham's. They meet in stadiums and have Christian music bands play followed by an evangelical message normally given by Greg Laurie. They estimate three million people have attended since its inception in 1990.

Broadcasting
Calvary Chapel churches operate several radio stations, including:
 * KBLD in Kennewick, Washington
 * KKJC in McMinnville, Oregon
 * KLYT in Albuquerque, New Mexico
 * KQIP-LP in Chico, California
 * KWTH 91.3 in Barstow, California
 * KWTW in Bishop, California (with its partner KWTD)
 * KWVE-FM in Costa Mesa, California (near Los Angeles)
 * KXGR FM 89.7 in Loveland, Colorado
 * WAYG-LP 104.7 FM in Miami, Florida
 * WJCX in Pittsfield, Maine
 * WLGS-LP in Lake Villa, Illinois
 * WLMP-LP in Fredericksburg, Virginia
 * WRDR in Freehold Township, New Jersey (near New York City)
 * WTWT/WYVL in Russell, Pennsylvania (in the Twin Tiers of Pennsylvania and New York)
 * WXMB-LP 101.5 FM in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina
 * WZXV in Farmington, New York
 * KSGR 91.1 Corpus Christi, Texas
 * KDVW-LP 100.9 Montrose, Colorado

In addition, a Calvary Chapel in Twin Falls, Idaho founded the CSN International (originally known as the "Calvary Satellite Network") and Effect Radio networks; though CSN still carries a significant number of programs from several Calvary Chapels, the networks and the church (subsequently known by the name "The River Christian Fellowship") severed their official ties with the Calvary Chapel as part of a 2007 legal settlement. In 2010, Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa sold 11 stations and 20 translators in the midwestern United States to the Calvary Radio Network.

Pastors

 * Chuck Smith (died October 3, 2013), founder of the Calvary Chapel movement in the 1960s; senior pastor of Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa in Santa Ana, California, until his death.
 * Bob Coy, founder of Calvary Chapel Fort Lauderdale. Resigned in 2014 over an adultery scandal.
 * Lonnie Frisbee (died 1993), hippie evangelist in the 1960s, the key figure of the Jesus Movement: "The first Jesus freak." Pastor in Calvary Chapel until 1971.
 * Skip Heitzig, senior pastor of Calvary of Albuquerque
 * Greg Laurie, Senior Pastor, since 1979, of Harvest Christian Fellowship in Riverside.
 * Jack Hibbs, Senior Pastor & founder of Calvary Chapel Chino Hills, alongside the Real Life network. A key figure in the teaching of the bible, end times prophesy & along with Amir Tsarfati, leads the popular Happening Now program.
 * Mike MacIntosh, pastor of Horizon Christian Fellowship in San Diego.
 * Chuck Missler (died May 1, 2018), author and teacher.
 * Paul LeBoutillier, Senior Pastor & of Calvary Chapel Ontario since 1990, and popular online teacher.

Musicians

 * Dennis Agajanian, alumnus of the "Guinness Book of World Records" as the fastest flat-picker
 * Alejandro Alonso, contemporary Christian-Latin artist
 * Jeremy Camp, contemporary Christian artist
 * Paul Clark, contemporary Christian artist
 * Daniel Amos, Christian rock and alternative rock band
 * Phil Danyew, contemporary Christian artist and touring member of Foster the People
 * Richie Furay, folk rock artist
 * Chuck Girard, folk rock artist
 * Love Song, Jesus music band
 * Mustard Seed Faith, folk rock band
 * P.O.D., alternative rock band
 * Tony Stone, Christian hip-hop producer
 * Switchfoot, alternative rock band
 * Brian "Head" Welch, alternative Christian artist
 * Phil Wickham, contemporary Christian artist
 * Kelly Willard, contemporary Christian artist

title: Calvary Chapel Association


text:
Talk:Ethnic Macedonian music

why?
why the ethnic group Macedonia and not the music in the whole country? why rejecting internationaly acclaimed artists such as Esma Redzepova (roma ethnicity) for instance? however i do agree that an article like this is needed, cause ethnic macedonian music is not created solely in RoM but also in the diaspora and the neighbouring Balkan countries. Im in doubt. Let me know about your opinions

Please explain changes
Dzole: Please explain why you got rid of the links explaining larger musical styles, added links that were already included, and created un-differentiated lists (the one of music) that were simply moved below for a more easily readable and accessible system. I will revert this changes if I don't hear from you soon. Thanks! --LKAdriaan (talk) 22:11, 22 November 2007 (UTC) Dzole: I do not believe I did remove a reference to Tanec. Instead, I moved it to the "Music outside of the Republic of Macedonia" section, as folk groups tend to work on restoring and continuing ethnic pride and traditions outside of the "homeland." I moved it there because the Tanec page said "It is considered as an ambasador of the Macedonian folklore tradition worldwide." in its basic description, so the traditional music outside of political borders seemed more related than within political borders. Please explain the other changes, especially the music list that was deleted from below and included in non-list form above and the deletion of relevant Wikipedia links. Thanks!--LKAdriaan (talk) 23:30, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

 * LKAdriaan- Tanec is a folklore association formed and based in Republic of Macedonia. Its not from the ethnic Macedonia diaspora (Australia, Canada, US etc.), neither its from the ethnic minority in the neighbouring countries. Its not just an entertainment group, but a serious ethnologist and folklorist institution and an important part of the culture of the Republic of Macedonia. it definetly does not belong to the "Outside Republice of Macedonia" section, I dont understand why you insist on putting it there?? The fact that the group performed all around the world doesnt mean that they are from Australia or Congo. The music list is back there in the audio clips section if you were asking about that --Dzole (talk) 06:29, 23 November 2007 (UTC)

 * also im afraid im misunderstanding something here:

 * what did you mean by that line about some links "explaining larger musical styles"? did you mean links like rock music, pop music? --Dzole (talk) 06:35, 23 November 2007 (UTC)
 * and btw who was removing Boris Trajanov from the classical music section?! what is this, a war of ego's between the opera singers or what?? I may not be Trajanov's fan but he is definetly one of the most notable opera singers in the country and he is a UNESCO Artist for Peace --Dzole (talk) 06:42, 23 November 2007 (UTC)
 * a) Sorry about Tanec. Didn't know from the cursory reading I did of the page on it. I figured they belonged to outside because they seem to concentrate on spreading/encouraging appreciation of Macedonian culture, the "ambassador" line. And I meant links like "lyric" and "epic" song. Rather than just have "lyric" there, why not link to lyric poetry to explain the general themes and styles of lyric verse? And I have no idea who Mr. Trajanov is. If I accidentally deleted him, sorry. If not, I have no clue. I don't remember really affecting that section, but I may be wrong. Thanks for clearing up the info on Tanec. Please make sure, when you are adding things, that the grammar/style edits are kept. Some of the sentences were very unwieldy and hard to follow. Thanks!--LKAdriaan (talk) 07:24, 23 November 2007 (UTC)

 * ok,ok I agree about the lyric poetry and epic poetry, yes they can be connected. About Trajanov no I didnt accuse you personally I though there may be an "ego war" going on between opera singers (between their fans) and like, someone considers Trajanov as "not good enough" to be mentioned, and just deletes him?? awful behaviour really. Although, again, Im not a fan of him at all, nothing "POV". --Dzole (talk) 23:37, 23 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ethnic Macedonian music


text:
Talk:Marcel Cerdan

Pre-merge histories of the two talk pages
History of Talk:Marcel Cerdan
 * 07:41, 2004 Jul 13 82.120.73.77
 * 21:40, 2003 Dec 11 216.86.116.25
 * 02:27, 2003 Jan 17 64.228.30.17

History of Talk:Sendmail
 * 09:00, 2003 Dec 2 213.44.90.203

I am about to merge the histories, and then the content, of these two pages. --Jerzy(t) 19:30, 2004 Aug 18 (UTC)

Piaf; crash
I put in proper dates and birthplace & cemetery. Plus, I removed false info on Edith Piaf. No matter how much the Marcel Cerdan fan who wrote this would wish it, they were not married and she did not have his child....DW
 * [Per history, entered 02:27, 2003 Jan 17 by User:64.228.30.17]

The following was entered on Talk:Sendmail, from where it likely had no effect on readers of this page's article; i moved it here in the last few hours. --Jerzy(t) 21:03, 2004 Aug 18 (UTC)
 * How can the great box champion Marcel cerdan have died in a Caravelle Plane, as he died un oct. 1949 and the first Caravelle french plane flew only in 1955!!
 * He died in the Açores island in an older plane, not in a jet!!!
 * People on the web write silly things, no matter what...
 * Lili

[Originally entered on 09:00, 2003 Dec 2 by User:213.44.90.203, on the page described above.]

You are right, Marcel a Edith were not married but were very much involved as lovers. Another thing I was in another web-site re: Marcel Cerdan and it claimed that Marcel was killed in his own plane en-route to the States to fight Jake LaMotta,wrong. All 48 passengers on Air France were killed when the plane flew into a mountain in Sao Miguel, Azores and Marcel was to fight LaMotta in Spain. Ironically Jake LaMotta's son was killed in the Swissair crash in 1998.
 * [Per history, added 21:40, 2003 Dec 11 User:216.86.116.25 ]

More on marcelcerdan.com
 * [Per history, added 07:41, 2004 Jul 13 User:82.120.73.77]

Please don't describe Edith Piaf as a legend "in her own right". This phrase is offensive to women. She was a legend - period.

 * On the Edith Piaf page Cerdan is described as a "legend in France in his own right", I don't see this phrase as offensive to women.

Accuracy
According to www.marcelcerdan.com, he beat Omar Kouidri in 1937, not 1938

"many boxing experts and fans to be France's as well as Europe's greatest boxer." Whoever wrote that has given no evidence whatsoever. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.243.25.221 (talk) 09:58, 25 May 2008 (UTC)

DURING THE LAST WORLD WAR (1939 to 1945)THERE WAS A 'FREE FRENCH' NAVAL CAMP SITUATED AT A VILLAGE CALLED WESTBOURNE IN WEST SUSSEX, ENGLAND. MY FATHER WAS A WELL KNOWN NEWS JOURNALIST AND INVITED 3 OF THE MEN OVER TO OUR HOUSE IN HAVANT, HAMPSHIRE. THEY BECAME FAIRLY REGULAR VISITORS AND I HAVE A PHOTOGRAPH, TAKEN BY MY FATHER OF ALL THREE OF THEM. MY FATHER ALWAYS TOLD ME THAT THERE WAS A CONNECTION WITH ONE OF THEM WITH MARCEL, IN FACT I WAS LED TO BE BELIEVE THAT HE WAS IN FACT ONE OF THE THREE IN THE PHOTOGRAPH.!! IS THIS POSSIBLE ?? IF SO I WOULD BE PLEASED TO POST THIS TO ANYONE INTERESTED.

REGARDS JOHN MOLLOY

johnmolloy58@talktalk.net —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.146.253.109 (talk) 19:06, 6 May 2011 (UTC)

Perhaps One Of The Greatest Middle Weight Ever.
In 1947 when I was a boarder at a very rough school in India Marcel Cerdan became my hero. Those days in the forties there were no such things as Youtubes and videos and all the electronic facilities of the modern times. However I would see the brief Movietone news in the cinemas, and view a round or two of Marcel Cerdan's triumph over Tony Zale. I also remember that year in 1947 his return to the welcome he received as the champion of the world on his arrival to France after this great achievement in bringing a world title for France. I started buying the Ring magazine issues as often as I could, and I use to read up all about this great boxer. Over the years champions have come and gone, some forgotten and some remembered, today boxing enthuiasts will always remember, and recall the great middle weights of the years past,Sugar Ray Robinson,Tony Zale,Rocky Graziano, Sugar Ray Leonard, Gene Hagler. Going back even further enthuiasts will recall Micky Walker tagged as "The Toy Bull Dog". Marcel Cerdan will always be remembered as one of the best ever in the middle weight division. I am so happy that he is now in the American Hall Of Fame. It is my opinion that Marcel Cerdan would have regained his title from LaMotta with no disrespect to the American. Today my hero is one and only Muhammad Ali, but, considering the world war and the hard times compared to now, how Marcel Cerdan notched 110 fights, and 106 wins is amazing. What defeated Marcel Cerdan was fate. He will always remain in the top of my middle weight rankings. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Vispy banaji (talk • contribs) 10:58, 8 March 2013 (UTC)

Not clear
'Cerdan campaigned heavily in the French territories of Algeria and Morocco during that part of his career, as well as in metropolitan France'.
 * Campaigned for what? Valetude (talk) 17:38, 16 October 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 one external links on Marcel Cerdan. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100802013602/http://www.marcelcerdan.com:80/BioCombats.aspx to http://www.marcelcerdan.com/BioCombats.aspx
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081230053250/http://www.ibhof.com:80/cerdan.htm to http://www.ibhof.com/cerdan.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081219164338/http://www.eastsideboxing.com:80/news.php?p=17714&more=1 to http://www.eastsideboxing.com/news.php?p=17714&more=1

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 12:04, 14 September 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Marcel Cerdan


text:
User:Mydogategodshat/navigating the business and economics pages

 * list of marketing topics
 * list of management topics
 * list of economics topics
 * list of finance topics
 * list of human resource management topics
 * list of accounting topics
 * list of information technology management topics
 * list of international trade topics
 * list of business law topics
 * list of production topics
 * list of business ethics, political economy, and philosophy of business topics
 * list of business theorists
 * list of economists
 * list of corporate leaders
 * list of companies

 * List of all business and economics articles in alphabetical order There are 965 of them as of Jan 30, 2004. This excludes the articles on business theorists, economists, business leaders, and companies.


text:
Central Saint Martins

Central Saint Martins is a constituent college of the University of the Arts London, a public art university in London, England. The college offers full-time courses at foundation, undergraduate and postgraduate levels, and a variety of short and summer courses.

It was formerly known as Central Saint Martins College of Arts and Design, and before that as Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design.

History
Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design was formed in 1989 from the merger of the Central School of Art and Design, founded in 1896, and Saint Martin's School of Art, founded in 1854. Since 1986 both schools had been part of the London Institute, formed by the Inner London Education Authority to bring together seven London art, design, fashion and media schools. The London Institute became a legal entity in 1988, could award taught degrees from 1993, was granted university status in 2003 and was renamed University of the Arts London in 2004. It also includes Camberwell College of Arts, Chelsea College of Arts, the London College of Communication, the London College of Fashion and Wimbledon College of Arts.

The Drama Centre London, founded in 1963, joined Central Saint Martins in 1999 as an integral school, maintaining its name and teaching approaches. The Byam Shaw School of Art, founded in 1910, was merged into Central Saint Martins in 2003.

Central School of Art and Design

The Central School of Art and Design was established as the Central School of Arts and Crafts in 1896 by London County Council. It grew directly from the Arts and Crafts movement of William Morris and John Ruskin. The first principal, from 1896 until 1911, was William Richard Lethaby; a blue plaque in his memory was erected in 1957. The school was at first housed in Morley Hall, rented from the Regent Street Polytechnic. It moved to purpose-built premises in Southampton Row, in the London Borough of Camden, in 1908. In the same year the Royal Female School of Art, established in 1842, was merged into the school. Central became part of the London Institute in 1986, and merged with Saint Martin's in 1989.

Saint Martin's School of Art
Saint Martin's School of Art was established in 1854 by Henry Mackenzie, vicar of the church of St Martin-in-the-Fields. It became independent from the church in 1859. Frank Martin became head of the sculpture department in 1952; he brought in young sculptors and recent graduates of the department as teachers. Among these, Anthony Caro was particularly influential. The group around him came to be known as the New Generation of British sculptors and the sculpture department of Saint Martin's became, in the words of Tim Scott: "the most famous in the art world". Saint Martin's became part of the London Institute in 1986, and merged with Central in 1989.

Drama Centre London
The Drama Centre London was founded in 1963 by a breakaway group of teachers and students from the Central School of Speech and Drama, led by John Blatchley, Yat Malmgren and Christopher Fettes. The school was a member of Drama UK and its undergraduate acting course was accredited by Drama UK. The Drama Centre London merged with Central Saint Martins in 1999. The University of the Arts London decided in 2020 to close it.

Byam Shaw School of Art
Byam Shaw School of Art was founded by the artists John Byam Shaw and Rex Vicat Cole in 1910 as a school of drawing and painting. It was originally located in Campden Street, Kensington, and moved to larger premises in Archway in 1990. It was subsumed by Central Saint Martins in 2003.

Awards and assessment
In 1998 the London Institute received a Queen's Anniversary Prize for the "massive contribution" of Central Saint Martins College of Art & Design to the growth of the fashion industry in Britain. The University of the Arts London received a Queen's Anniversary Prize in 2013, for the contribution of CSM industrial and product design graduates to commerce, industry and the design profession.

CSM does not receive independent assessment in the Complete University Guide league tables, but is ranked as part of the University of the Arts London. In 2014 the university received an overall ranking of 67 out of 124 institutions, with a rank of 102 for graduate prospects and 123 for student satisfaction with teaching. In 2018 it was placed 83rd out of 129 universities, with a rank of 125 for student satisfaction.

Schools and location
Teaching at Central Saint Martins is organised into nine programmes, which include acting, art, design, fashion, graphics and jewellery and textiles, as well as foundation courses.

Central Saint Martins moved to a converted warehouse complex on Granary Square at King's Cross in 2011. Most of the college is housed there, but it also uses the former Byam Shaw building in Elthorne Road, Archway, and premises in Richbell Place, Holborn.

Staff and alumni
Among the alumni of the school are the Turner Prize winner Laure Prouvost, the musician Jarvis Cocker, and many fashion designers, including John Galliano, Stella McCartney, Alexander McQueen, Zac Posen and Riccardo Tisci.

In 2022 Rathna Ramanathan became head of the college, succeeding Jeremy Till who had been in the post since 2012.

title: Central Saint Martins


text:
User:Phil Boswell/Books to add to Wikipedia

 * 1) by Author
 * 2) ;Steven Brust        :Dragaera
 * 3) ;Lois McMaster Bujold :Miles Vorkosigan
 * 4) ;Pamela Dean         :Hidden Country trilogy
 * 5) ;David Eddings       :The Belgariad:The Malloreon
 * 6) ;Brian J.Ford        :Nonscience—ISBN 0-72340449-6
 * 7) ;Robert Jordan       :The Wheel of Time
 * 8) ;Mercedes Lackey     :Velgarth:Elves on the Road
 * 9) ;Sharon Lee & Steve Miller (writer) :Liaden universe ®
 * 10) ;Elizabeth Peters :Amelia Peabody:Vicky Bliss
 * 11) ;Terry Pratchett :Discworld
 * 12) ;David Weber :Honor Harrington
 * 13) ;Tad Williams :Memory, Sorrow & Thorn:Otherland
 * 14) by Series
 * 15) ;Myth Adventures :Robert Asprin et al


text:
User:Alain Narinx

Thanks for visiting my Wikipedia-page. Any remarks are welcome on my talk page.

title: User:Alain Narinx