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Rickmansworth

Rickmansworth is a town in south-west Hertfordshire, England, located approximatly 17 mi north-west of central London, 5 mi south-west of Watford and inside the perimeter of the M25 motorway. The town is mainly to the north of the Grand Union Canal (formerly the Grand Junction Canal) and the River Colne.

Rickmansworth is the administrative seat of the Three Rivers District Council; the confluence of the River Chess and the River Gade with the Colne in Rickmansworth inspired the district's name. The enlarged Colne flows south to form a major tributary of the River Thames.

The town is served by the Metropolitan line of the London Underground and by Chiltern Railways of the National Rail network, between London Marylebone and Aylesbury.

Toponymy
The name Rickmansworth comes from the Saxon name Ryckmer, the local landowner, and worth meaning a farm or stockade. In the Domesday Book of 1086 it was recorded as the Manor of Prichemaresworde. Other spellings include Rykemarwurthe (1119–46), Richemaresworthe (1180), Rykemerewrthe (1248), Richemereworthe (1259), Rikesmareswrth (1287), Rikmansworth (1382), Rikmeresworth (1396) and Rykemerysworth (1418).

History
There was a settlement in this part of the Colne Valley in the Stone Age. Rickmansworth was one of five manors with which the great Abbey of St Albans had been endowed when founded in 793 by King Offa of Mercia. Local tithes supported the abbey, which provided clergy to serve the people until the dissolution of the monasteries in 1539. Around the time of the Domesday Book, the population of "Prichemareworth" may have been about 200.

Cardinal Wolsey, in his capacity as Abbot of St Albans, held the Manor of le More in the valley. The manor house was replaced by the hill-top mansion Moor Park, which eventually became the residence of Admiral Lord Anson, who commissioned Capability Brown to remake the formal gardens, and in 1828 of the Barons Ebury; it is now the Golf Club House. The wider area, including Croxley Green, Moor Park, Batchworth, Mill End, West Hyde and Chorleywood, formed the original parish of Rickmansworth.

In 1851, the population had grown to 4,800, and the parish was divided. St Mary's Church serves the parish concentrated in the town and extending to Batchworth and parts of Moor Park. The town had a population of 14,571 recorded at the 2001 census.

The three rivers, the Colne, Chess and Gade, provided water for the watercress trade and power for corn milling, silk weaving, paper making and brewing, all long gone. Other industries have included leather-tanning, soft drinks, laundry, straw-plaiting and stocking production. Now, the rivers, canal and flooded gravel pits provide for recreation.

West Mill, a water mill, existed at the time of the Domesday Survey. It was leased to the abbot and convent of St Albans by Ralph Bukberd for a term of years ending in 1539. In 1533, they leased it from the end of this term for twenty-six years to Richard Wilson of Watford. He was to keep in repair the mill and also two millstones, 10 in thick, and 4 ft in breadth. The mill was leased in 1544 to William Hutchinson, yeoman of the spicery, and Janet his wife for their lives. It afterwards came to John Wilson, and was granted in 1576–77 to Richard Master. There was also a water-mill called Batchworth Mill, and a fishery called Blacketts Mill in Rickmansworth. Batchworth Mill was later used as a cotton mill, but was bought in 1820 by John Dickinson & Co., and converted into paper mills, now the site of Affinity Water. Scotsbridge Mill was also productive but is now a restaurant with the unusual feature of a salmon run. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries many of the principal inhabitants were described as "clothiers", from which it may be inferred that the manufacture of cloth was at one time carried on in the parish, but this industry has long since ceased. There were also silk and flock mills here, described in 1808 as recently built.

A long-running dispute over water levels in the Batchford area, following construction of the Grand Junction Canal, was resolved in 1825, when an 8 ft obelisk was erected in a pond, to act as a water gauge. It records the agreement made between the canal company, John Dickinson the miller at Batchworth Mill, and R. Williams of Moor Park the landowner.

In July 1860, Lord Ebury obtained powers to construct a 4+1/2 mi single-track railway line, the Watford and Rickmansworth Railway (WRR) between Rickmansworth and Watford. Opening in October 1862, Rickmansworth (Church Street) railway station was opposite the parish church of St Mary, with interchange sidings to the Grand Union Canal. The line had stations at Watford Junction and Watford High Street and a depot in Watford. A further Parliamentary authorisation was obtained a year later to construct an extension from Rickmansworth to connect with the Great Western Railway's Uxbridge branch, but this was never realised.

Despite hopes that the railway would bring economic development and serve the factories and warehouses that had developed along the Grand Union Canal, it was Watford that grew at a faster pace and drew business from Rickmansworth. The railway was dogged with financial problems and a further Act of Parliament in 1863 authorised the issue of further shares to the value of £30,000 (£40,000 worth had already been issued). The service consisted of five trains each way. The line was worked from the outset by the London and North Western Railway (LNWR), which paid the WRR 50% of the gross earnings.

The railway was never financially successful and the Official Receiver was called in four years after opening. The company attempted to remedy its financial problems by opening several freight branches, the most notable being to the Croxley printers and to the Grand Union Canal at Croxley Green. The company was absorbed by the burgeoning LNWR whose station it shared at Watford Junction in 1881.

Rickmansworth grew dramatically during the Victorian era and in the 1920s and 1930s as part of Metro-land, due to the extension of Metropolitan Railway, and became a commuter town.

Railway
Rickmansworth station is served by passenger services on two lines:
 * London to Aylesbury Line, on the National Rail network, from Marylebone station to Aylesbury, via Harrow. Services are operated by Chiltern Railways;
 * Metropolitan line trains on the London Underground network. Services operate between Aldgate and Baker Street to Amersham and Chesham.

Buses
Local bus services are operated primarily by Arriva Shires & Essex; key routes include:
 * 321 Rickmansworth to Watford and Luton
 * 335 Watford to Chorleywood
 * 336 Watford to Amersham
 * 724 Heathrow Airport to Harlow, via St Albans and Ware.

Roads
Junctions 17 and 18 of the M25 motorway are within Rickmansworth's boundaries, giving access to Heathrow Airport and the national motorway network.

Politics and economy
Rickmansworth is a part of the UK Parliament constituency of South West Hertfordshire. Gagan Mohindra has been the Member of Parliament since the December 2019 United Kingdom general election.

The agricultural co-operative, Quality Milk Producers has its headquarters in Scotsbridge House, as do the English Guernsey Cattle Society, the Jersey Cattle Society, the UK Holstein Society, the British Friesian Breeders Club, the Milk Development Council and the Centre for Dairy Information.

Police station
In 1897, a police station opened in the High Street adjoining the fire station. The site of the later police station on Rectory Road was purchased by Lidl in 2013 and the building was demolished. The residents association (RDRA) have opposed the proposal for a store. Rickmansworth police station is now located within Three Rivers House.

Geography
Valley Road in Rickmansworth has a frost hollow. This is caused by the local geography, notably the railway embankment which prevents the natural drainage of cold air from a specific part of the valley. The greatest daily temperature range in England was recorded on 29 August 1936 in Rickmansworth when the temperature climbed from 1.1 °C at dawn to 24.9 °C within 9 hours due to this unusual geographic feature.

Parish
Rickmansworth was an ancient parish. Following the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 the parish was included in the Watford Poor Law Union, established in 1835. When sanitary districts were created in 1872, the parish of Rickmansworth therefore became part of the Watford Rural Sanitary District, which in turn became Watford Rural District in December 1894.

Rickmansworth Urban District (1898–1974)
Shortly after Watford Rural District had been created, the process of creating an urban district for the town of Rickmansworth began. An inquiry was held in February 1896 at the Town Hall in Rickmansworth, considering whether to turn the parish into urban district. The initial conclusion was that the whole parish was not appropriate for becoming an urban district, but that an urban district could perhaps be created for just part of it. It was eventually decided to split the parish of Rickmansworth into three parts. The hamlet of Chorleywood was made into a separate parish, whilst the remainder of Rickmansworth parish was split between a Rickmansworth Urban parish (covering the built-up area including Mill End, Rickmansworth and Croxley Green), and a Rickmansworth Rural parish. The Rickmansworth Rural parish was not one contiguous area, but a number of detached pieces of land around the edges of the original parish. The Chorleywood and Rickmansworth Rural parishes remained in the Watford Rural District, whilst the parish of Rickmansworth Urban became Rickmansworth Urban District. These changes all came into force on 15 April 1898. The first meeting of Rickmansworth Urban District Council was held on 16 April 1898 at the Town Hall at 105 High Street in Rickmansworth. William Culley was elected the first chairman of the council.

In 1930, Rickmansworth Urban District Council bought Basing House at 46 High Street in Rickmansworth, which had once been the home of William Penn. The council converted Basing House to become its offices and meeting place, holding its first meeting there in November 1930.

The Rickmansworth Rural parish was abolished in 1935, with most of its area being added to Rickmansworth Urban District and the remainder to the neighbouring parish of Sarratt with effect from 1 April 1935.

Rickmansworth Urban District Council was granted a coat of arms on 30 October 1953.

Under the Local Government Act 1972, Rickmansworth Urban District was abolished, becoming part of the district of Three Rivers on 1 April 1974.

After 1974
No successor parish was created for Rickmansworth in 1974 and so it became an unparished area, governed directly by Three Rivers District Council.

Two parish councils were subsequently created from parts of the former Rickmansworth Urban District. The civil parish of Croxley Green was created on 1 April 1986, covering the eastern part of the former Rickmansworth Urban District and an adjoining area transferred from the parish of Sarratt.

The civil parish of Batchworth was created on 1 April 2017 covering the two Three Rivers district wards of Rickmansworth Town, and Moor Park and Eastbury. The Batchworth parish therefore covers much of Rickmansworth, including the town centre. The Batchworth and Croxley Green parishes do not cover the whole of the former Rickmansworth Urban District, with two areas remaining unparished: one around Maple Cross and Mill End, and another near Loudwater.

Junior schools

 * Arnett Hills JMI School
 * Rickmansworth Park JMI School
 * Shepherds Primary School
 * St. John's Catholic Primary School
 * St. Mary's C of E Primary School
 * St. Peter's C of E Voluntary Aided Primary School

Secondary schools

 * Rickmansworth School
 * St. Clement Danes School
 * St Joan of Arc Catholic School
 * The Reach Free School

Independent schools

 * The Royal Masonic School for Girls
 * Northwood Prep School
 * York House Prep School

Culture and sport
Watersmeet is a 515-seat theatre complex owned by the Three Rivers District Council in the town centre. Its auditorium can be transformed from a raked theatre to a flat floor for performances in the round, dancing, cabaret, weddings, indoor markets and craft fairs. The Rickmansworth Players (affiliated to NODA) is a well-established amateur dramatics society that performs musicals and plays on a regular basis. Rickmansworth Historical Society meets monthly from September to June in the Cloisters Hall.

Rickmansworth is sometimes shortened to "Ricky", as used in the annual Ricky Week celebrations which occur in May. The town's canal history is remembered at the end of the week with the Rickmansworth Festival organised by Rickmansworth Waterways Trust. The annual Ricky Road Run takes place with more than 500 runners. The annual Victorian Evening, held in the town centre at the end of November, was changed to Starlight Evening in 2011. Inspired by the reference to Rickmansworth on the first page of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams: "And then, one Thursday, nearly two thousand years after one man had been nailed to a tree for saying how great it would be to be nice to people for a change, a girl sitting on her own in a small café in Rickmansworth suddenly realized what it was that had been going wrong all this time, and she finally knew how the world could be made a good and happy place. This time it was right, it would work, and no one would have to get nailed to anything."

Aquadrome
The Aquadrome covers 41 ha and includes the Aquadrome Local Nature Reserve, Batchworth and Bury Lakes, open grassland, areas of woodland, car parking, a café and a children's play area. Its boundaries are the River Colne to the north, the Grand Union Canal to the east and south and Stocker's Lake nature reserve to the west. In July 2009, it received a Green Flag Award for parks and open spaces which meet high standards.

The lakes are old gravel quarries filled with water and stocked with fish but only Batchworth Lake is available for fishing. Some gravel from the site was used to build Wembley Stadium in 1923. Batchworth Lake is popular for water skiing events and hosts the Rickmansworth Water Ski Club.

Bury Lake is home to Bury Lake Young Mariners (BLYM); a sailing club and RYA-recognised teaching establishment.

Sports clubs
Rickmansworth Cricket Club was founded in 1787 and is one of the oldest recorded clubs in England. Its clubhouse was built in 1921 by Sir William Francis Reckitt – a member of the Reckitt and Colman Mustard dynasty. Rickmansworth Sports Club runs five teams in the Saracens Hertfordshire Cricket League. Over the years, other sports clubs have moved into the grounds, including Chess Valley Rugby Football Club and Rickmansworth & Chess Valley Hockey Clubs. Rickmansworth Golf Course is adjacent to Moor Park golf course. Rickmansworth Lawn Tennis Club also hosts Rickmansworth table tennis club matches. Rickmansworth Water Ski Club is located on Batchworth Lake. Rickmansworth hosts a sub-aqua Club. The William Penn Leisure Centre has an indoor swimming pool and sports facilities.

Media
Because of its proximity to London, television signals are received from the Crystal Palace TV transmitter, placing Rickmansworth in the BBC London and ITV London areas.

Local radio stations are BBC Three Counties Radio, Heart Hertfordshire, Tring Radio and Vibe 107.6, a community based station which broadcasts from Watford.

The town is served by the local newspaper, The Watford Observer.

Filming

 * The Adventures of Black Beauty (1972)
 * Grange Hill (1978)
 * Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
 * Withnail and I (1986)
 * Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
 * Double X: The Name of the Game  (1992)
 * Ashes to Ashes (British TV series) (2009)
 * Harry and Paul (2010)
 * The First Men in the Moon (2010)
 * Foyle's War (Lesson in Murder)
 * Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (film) (Pig report scene, filmed at Stockers Farm)
 * Dick Turpin (Starring Richard O'Sullivan, filmed at Stockers Farm)
 * Genevieve (Genevieve 'broke down' at the top of Batchworth Hill, by the gates to Moor Park)
 * Metro-land (Television documentary) (1973)
 * Doctor Who ('The Three Doctors' – 10th anniversary story 1972/1973)
 * Harry Enfield's Television Programme (80's)
 * New Tricks (2014)
 * Children of Men (2006)
 * Silent Witness (2013)
 * Doctor Foster (2015 & 2017 Filming took place in Green Lane, Croxley Green)
 * The Professionals (TV series) Harefield Road & Springwell Lock
 * 28 Weeks Later (2007) Stockers Farm
 * Endeavour (TV series) 2019 Stockers Farm

Notable people

 * Cardinal Wolsey (Manor of the More, 1522–1530
 * Robert Carey, 1st Earl of Monmouth (Moor Park, 1631–1639, buried at Rickmansworth Parish Church)
 * Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford (Moor Park, 1576)
 * Edward Russell, 3rd Earl of Bedford (Moor Park, 1585–1627)
 * William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke (Moor Park, 1627)
 * Franklin baronets (bought Moor Park and Manor of Rickmansworth, 1655)
 * Henry Carey, 2nd Earl of Monmouth (buried at Rickmansworth Parish Church)
 * James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde (Moor Park, 1664)
 * Thomas Butler, 6th Earl of Ossory (made Lord Butler of Moore Park in 1666)
 * William E. Fairbairn (Developed hand-to-hand combat methods)
 * James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth (illegitimate son of Charles II, Moor Park, 1670 – executed 1685))
 * George Anson, 1st Baron Anson (Admiral Lord Anson, Moor Park c1752)
 * Sir Lawrence Dundas, 1st Baronet (Moor Park, 1763)
 * William Penn (founder of Pennsylvania)
 * Thomas Dundas, 1st Baron Dundas (Moor Park, sold 1785)
 * Robert Grosvenor, 1st Marquess of Westminster (Moor Park, 1828–1845)
 * Robert Grosvenor, 1st Baron Ebury (Moor Park, 1846 and The Bury, 1879 to 1893)
 * Robert Grosvenor, 2nd Baron Ebury (Moor Park, 1893–1918)* Harvey Fellows (Cricketer)
 * Guy Calthrop aka Sir Calthrop Guy Spencer Calthrop, 1st Baronet (26 March 1870 – 23 February 1919)
 * Alice Hayes (1657–1720), English Quaker preacher and autobiographer
 * David Urquhart (MP, Russophile and advocate for Turkish Baths)
 * George Eliot (pen-name of Mary Anne Evans – The Elms, 1875)
 * Val Doonican (resided in The Drive, Rickmansworth)
 * Sam Little (golfer)
 * George Orwell (pen-name of Eric Blair, author, who spent some summers in Rickmansworth)
 * Helen Harland, widow of Thomas Andrews, (the naval architect in charge of the plans for the ocean liner Titanic, drowned on her maiden voyage).
 * Barbara Woodhouse (dog trainer, author, horse trainer and television personality)
 * William Stanier (locomotive designer and Chief Mechanical Engineer of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway.)
 * Naga Munchetty (television presenter, newsreader and journalist)
 * Lewis Foreman (musicologist)

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91 (number)

91 (ninety-one) is the natural number following 90 and preceding 92.

In mathematics
91 is:

 * the twenty-seventh distinct semiprime and the second of the form (7.q), where q is a higher prime.
 * the aliquot sum of 91 is 21 33; itself a semiprime, within an aliquot sequence of two composite numbers (91,21,11, 1,0) to the prime in the 11-aliquot tree. 91 is the fourth composite number in the 11-aliquot tree.(91,51,21,18).
 * a triangular number.
 * a hexagonal number, one of the few such numbers to also be a centered hexagonal number.
 * a centered nonagonal number.
 * a centered cube number.
 * a square pyramidal number, being the sum of the squares of the first six integers.
 * the smallest positive integer expressible as a sum of two cubes in two different ways if negative roots are allowed (alternatively the sum of two cubes and the difference of two cubes): 91 = 63 + (−5)3 = 43 + 33. (See 1729 for more details). This implies that 91 is the second cabtaxi number.
 * the smallest positive integer expressible as a sum of six distinct squares: 91 = 12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + 52 + 62.
 * The only other ways to write 91 as a sum of distinct squares are: 91 = 12 + 42 + 52 + 72 and
 * 91 = 12 + 32 + 92.
 * the smallest pseudoprime satisfying the congruence 3n ≡ 3 mod n.
 * a repdigit in base 9 (1119).
 * palindromic in bases 3 (101013), 9 (1119), and 12 (7712).
 * a Riordan number.
 * the smallest number that looks prime but isn't, proven using the Rotten Theorem by John Conway.

The decimal equivalent of the fraction $1/undefined$ can be obtained by using powers of 9.

In science

 * 91 is the atomic number of protactinium, an actinide.
 * McCarthy 91 function, a recursive function in discrete mathematics
 * Messier object M91, a magnitude 11.5 spiral galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices
 * The New General Catalogue object NGC 91, a single star in the constellation Andromeda

In other fields
Ninety-one is also:

 * The code for international direct dial phone calls to India
 * In cents of a U.S. dollar, the amount of money one has if one has one each of the coins of denominations less than a dollar (penny, nickel, dime, quarter and half dollar)
 * The ISBN Group Identifier for books published in Sweden.
 * Psalm 91 is known as the Psalm of Protection.
 * STS-91 Space Shuttle Discovery mission to the International Space Station, June 2, 1998
 * Swedish comic strip 91:an
 * The 91st Missile Wing (91 SW) is a Minuteman (missile) III unit of the United States Air Force, based at Minot Air Force Base, North Dakota
 * The number of the French department Essonne

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 91 (number)


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92 (number)

92 (ninety-two) is the natural number following 91 and preceding 93.

Form
92 is a composite number of the general form p2q, where q is a higher prime (23). It is the tenth of this form and the eighth of the form 22q.

Properties
There are 92 "atomic elements" in John Conway's look-and-say sequence, corresponding to the 92 non-transuranic elements in the chemist's periodic table.

Solids
The most faces or vertices an Archimedean or Catalan solid can have is 92: the snub dodecahedron has 92 faces while its dual polyhedron, the pentagonal hexecontahedron, has 92 vertices. On the other hand, as a simple polyhedron, the final stellation of the icosahedron has 92 vertices.

There are 92 Johnson solids.

Abstract algebra
92 is the total number of objects that are permuted by the series of five finite, simple Mathieu groups $$\mathbb M_{n}$$ (collectively), as defined by permutations based on elements $$n \in \{11, 12, 22, 23, 24\}$$. Half of 92 is 46 (the largest even number that is not the sum of two abundant numbers), which is the number of maximal subgroups of the friendly giant $$\mathbb F_{1}$$, the largest "sporadic" finite simple group.

In different bases
92 is palindromic in other bases, where it is represented as 2326, 1617, 4422, and 2245.

There are 92 numbers $$n$$ such that $$2^{n}$$ does not contain all digits in base ten (the largest such number is 168, where 68 is the smallest number with such a representation containing all digits, followed by 70 and 79).

In science

 * The atomic number of uranium, an actinide.
 * Messier object M92, a magnitude 7.5 globular cluster in the constellation Hercules
 * The New General Catalogue object NGC 92, a magnitude 13.1 peculiar spiral galaxy in the constellation Phoenix, and a member of Robert's Quartet

In other fields
Ninety-two is also:

 * The code for international direct dial phone calls to Pakistan.
 * The numeric code for the Hauts-de-Seine department of France. The number is reflected in the department's postal code, plus the names of at least three local sports clubs, specifically Racing 92 in rugby union and Metropolitans 92 and Nanterre 92 in basketball.
 * In the title of the book Ninety-two in the Shade, by Thomas McGuane.
 * The 92nd Tiger book by Michael Gilbert.
 * The House on 92nd Street, a 1945 film.
 * The model number of the gray Texas Instruments TI-92 graphing calculator.
 * The Beretta 92 series of semi-automatic pistols.
 * The "Illustrious 92" or "Glorious 92": Massachusetts legislators who refused to rescind the Massachusetts Circular Letter soliciting other British colonies' support in resistance to the Townshend Acts prior to the American Revolution. Analogous to the number 45 in reference to the protests of John Wilkes against British corruption.
 * The ISBN Group Identifier for books published by international publishers such as UNESCO.
 * The number which runs through almost every single of British film-maker Peter Greenaway's films. This number has special association with the fictional character of Greenaway's creation, Tulse Luper. It is said the number itself is based on a mathematical error in calculations concerning John Cage's work Indeterminacy. See The Falls for extensive use of this number.
 * "92", a song by Avail from their 1996 album 4am Friday.
 * STS-92 Space Shuttle Discovery mission, on October 11, 2000, to the International Space Station.
 * According to Guinness World Records, Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaurehaeaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu is the longer version of the longest place name in the world, with 92 letters.
 * The 92nd Street Y in Manhattan.

Vehicles
 * The Saab 92 automobile
 * The USS Tacoma (PG-92) gunboat

In sports

 * The 92 Club is a society of association football fans who have attended a home match of all 92 current member clubs of the Premier League and English Football League in England and Wales.

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93 (number)

93 (ninety-three) is the natural number following 92 and preceding 94.

In mathematics
93 is:

 * the 28th distinct semiprime and the 9th of the form (3.q) where q is a higher prime.
 * the first number in the 3rd triplet of consecutive semiprimes, 93, 94, 95.
 * with an aliquot sum of 35; itself a semiprime, within an aliquot sequence (93,35,13,1,0) of three numbers to the Prime 13 in the 13-Aliquot tree.
 * a Blum integer, since its two prime factors, 3 and 31 are both Gaussian primes.
 * a repdigit in base 5 (3335), and 30 (3330).
 * palindromic in bases 2, 5, and 30.
 * a lucky number.
 * a cake number.
 * an idoneal number.

There are 93 different cyclic Gilbreath permutations on 11 elements, and therefore there are 93 different real periodic points of order 11 on the Mandelbrot set.

In other fields
Ninety-three is:
 * The atomic number of neptunium, an actinide.
 * The code for international direct dial phone calls to Afghanistan.
 * One of two ISBN Group Identifiers for books published in India.
 * The number of the French department Seine-Saint-Denis, a Paris suburb with high proportions of immigrants and low-income people, and as such used by many French rappers and those emulating their speech.

In classical Persian finger counting, the number 93 is represented by a closed fist. Because of this, classical Arab and Persian poets around 1 CE referred to someone's lack of generosity by saying that the person's hand made "ninety-three".

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94 (number)

94 (ninety-four) is the natural number following 93 and preceding 95.

In mathematics
94 is:

 * the twenty-ninth distinct semiprime and the fourteenth of the form (2.q).
 * the ninth composite number in the 43-aliquot tree. The aliquot sum of 94 is 50 within the aliquot sequence; (94,50,43,1,0).
 * the second number in the third triplet of three consecutive distinct semiprimes, 93, 94 and 95
 * a 17-gonal number and a nontotient.
 * an Erdős–Woods number, since it is possible to find sequences of 94 consecutive integers such that each inner member shares a factor with either the first or the last member.
 * a Smith number in decimal.

In computing
The ASCII character set (and, more generally, ISO 646) contains exactly 94 graphic non-whitespace characters, which form a contiguous range of code points. These codes (0x21–0x7E, as corresponding high bit set bytes 0xA1–0xFE) also used in various multi-byte encoding schemes for languages of East Asia, such as ISO 2022, EUC and GB 2312. For this reason, code pages of 942 and even 943 code points were common in East Asia in 1980s–1990s.

In astronomy

 * Messier 94, a spiral galaxy in the constellation Canes Venatici
 * The New General Catalogue object NGC 94, a galaxy in the constellation Andromeda

In other fields
Ninety-four is:

 * The atomic number of plutonium, an actinide.
 * The designation of STS-94 Space Shuttle Columbia launched July 1, 1997
 * The code for international direct dial phone calls to Sri Lanka.
 * Part of the model number of
 * AN-94, a Russian assault rifle.
 * M-94, a piece of cryptographic equipment used by the United States army in use from 1922 to 1943.
 * The number of Haydn's Surprise Symphony (Symphony No. 94).
 * Used as a nonsense number by the British satire magazine Private Eye. Most commonly used in spoof articles end halfway through a sentence with "(continued p. 94)". The magazine never extends to 94 pages: this was originally a reference to the enormous size of some Sunday newspapers.
 * Each February, Respiratory Health Association of Metropolitan Chicago hosts Hustle Up the Hancock, a race up 94 floors of the John Hancock Center in Chicago to raise more than $1 million for lung disease research and programs."
 * The 94th Fighter Squadron is a squadron of the United States Air Force, currently part of the 1st Operations Group of the 1st Fighter Wing, and stationed at Langley Air Force Base in Virginia
 * The 94th Infantry Division was a unit of the United States Army in World War II, activated September 15, 1942.
 * Saab 94 was the model number Saab unofficially used for the first generation Saab Sonett
 * Form I-94 is the form used to declare to US Customs Officers by international travelers the items in their possession, purpose of visit, etc.
 * The number of the French department Val-de-Marne

In sports

 * The length of an NBA court is 94 ft and width is 50 ft.
 * Pascal Wehrlein, who drove for Sauber in Formula One in 2017, chose the number 94.

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Phill Jupitus

Phillip Christopher Jupitus (, né Swan; born 25 June 1962) is a retired English stand-up and improv comedian, actor, performance poet, cartoonist and podcaster. Jupitus was a team captain on all but one BBC Two-broadcast episode of music quiz Never Mind the Buzzcocks from its inception in 1996 until 2015, and also appears regularly as a guest on several other panel shows, including QI and BBC Radio 4's I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue.

From around 2018, Jupitus retired from performing and studied art at Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art & Design in Dundee.

Early life
Born Phillip Swan in Newport on the Isle of Wight, he took his stepfather Alexander's surname Jupitus (a corruption of the Lithuanian name Šeputis) when he was 16. Jupitus attended a comprehensive school before winning a place at the boys' grammar school Woolverstone Hall School near Ipswich.

Career
Jupitus worked in Essex at the Manpower Services Commission, part of the Department of Employment, for five years, while he also wrote political poetry and drew cartoons. He resigned from the department in 1984, hoping for a career in the music industry.

Using the moniker Porky the Poet, Jupitus became associated with Anti-Fascist Action and the ranting poetry scene, alongside Seething Wells and Attila the Stockbroker. Jupitus approached local bands to offer himself as a support act for their tours: "I thought it looked easy, I was very cheap. If you got another band to support you, there are probably four of them and roadies and managers. But me—I just turned up and read poems." His first vinyl recordings were part of the live Newtown Neurotics album Kickstarting a Backfiring Nation as Porky the Poet in 1987.

Jupitus toured colleges, universities and student unions, supporting bands such as Billy Bragg, the Style Council and The Housemartins. He supported Billy Bragg once more on the Labour Party-sponsored Red Wedge tour in 1985: "In the early '80s, I got involved with Red Wedge, in which Neil Kinnock got various bands to stage concerts for Labour. The reason I got involved was 20% because I believed in the cause, 30% because I loved Billy Bragg, and 50% because I wanted to meet Paul Weller".

After Red Wedge, he found it difficult to get other bookings, due to the decline of political poetry as a mainstream art. He got a job as a runner for the independent record label Go! Discs, which had signed Billy Bragg and other bands, such as the Housemartins. Bragg said: "We ended up managing to get him a job at Go! Discs, which was brilliant. I was concerned that the cut-throat nature of the record business would make him jaded—underneath that rhino exterior there is quite a sensitive person—but that was before I realised that he was going to come back and do gigs again. Working at Go! Discs got his confidence up."

His performances of two of his poems, "Beano" and "Nobby", were included in the 1986 album Not Just Mandela, alongside tracks by Bragg and Attila the Stockbroker, amongst others. Released on Davy Lamp Records, all proceeds of the record were going to the Anti-Apartheid Movement.

Jupitus became press officer and compère for The Housemartins (appearing in the 1986 music video for "Happy Hour"), using the role to continue being in front of an audience, while also filling support slots for other artists. During this time, he worked as a warm-up act on the Channel 4 TV show The Show. He quit working for Go! Discs in 1989 and fell back on his poetry and competing to try to gain a foothold on the London comedy circuit.

He conceived and directed the Brit Awards-nominated music video for Bragg's "Sexuality" in 1991 and wrote a parody version of that song about bestiality. He also appeared alongside R.E.M. in the music video for Bragg's "You Woke Up My Neighbourhood" and performed in Searchlight magazine's 2006 "Hope Not Hate" campaign tour with Bragg. He has also appeared numerous times at the Glastonbury Festival as a DJ and a compere in The Left Field tent. Jupitus produced the music video for Kirsty MacColl's 1991 single "All I Ever Wanted" from the album Electric Landlady. He appeared at her tribute concert in 2002 as compere, and also sang one of her songs, "Fifteen Minutes".

In 2000, he released the stand-up comedy DVD Phill Jupitus Live: Quadrophobia. In 2001, he appeared as a sports journalist in the film Mike Bassett: England Manager.

Jupitus made a guest appearance on the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band 40th anniversary DVD performing with the band on the tracks "Mr. Apollo" and "Canyons of Your Mind", and has toured with them around the UK. He appears on the Bonzos' 2007 album, Pour l'Amour des Chiens. Also in 2007, he performed with The Blockheads on their 30th anniversary tour. He continued to perform with them sporadically since Ian Dury's death, also appearing in Dury's place for "Drip Fed Fred" during the Madness concert at Wembley Arena shortly before Dury's death. Jupitus performed at the Reading and Leeds Festivals in 2008.

On 13–14 February 2009, Jupitus co-hosted the first BadMovieClub on Twitter. At midnight, over 2,000 Twitter users simultaneously pressed 'Play' on the film The Happening and continued to tweet whilst watching, creating a collective viewing experience that generated 40,000 tweets in under two hours. The first showing took place at 9:00pm, hosted by Graham Linehan. Jupitus was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Essex in South Essex College's congregation ceremony in Southend on 30 September 2010. Jupitus was also awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Kent, Canterbury in 2017, where his daughters had previously attended.

On 6 October 2010, Jupitus, along with Emma Kennedy, hosted a special comedy evening at the Canterbury Animation Festival 'Anifest'.

Jupitus attended the "I Do To Equal Marriage" event which celebrated the introduction of same-sex marriage in England and Wales in March 2014.

Radio
Jupitus began hosting his own radio show on BBC GLR in 1995, a regular job that would last until 2000. After that, he embarked on his first stand-up comedy tour of the UK, Jedi, Steady, Go, performing the Star Wars story in a comedic fashion.

In 2002, Phill Jupitus was a stand-in presenter on BBC Radio 2 for Steve Wright while he was away on holiday.

Jupitus was the breakfast DJ on BBC Radio 6 Music from 2002 until 30 March 2007 (the last song played, by listener request, was "Broadway" by The Clash), and made brief returns to the station during the summer of 2007, sitting in for Stephen Merchant on Sunday afternoon and Liz Kershaw on Saturday mornings. In 2010, he publicly criticised the BBC's announcement that it was to discontinue the station, describing the decision as "not only an act of cultural vandalism, it's also an affront to the memory of John Peel and a slap in the face to thousands of licence-payers." Jupitus has since written a book about his time on 6 Music, entitled Good Morning Nantwich: Adventures in Breakfast Radio. In February 2010, as part of his research for the book, Jupitus presented the breakfast show for one week on Bournemouth University student radio station, Nerve Radio, produced by Mog McIntyre and co-presented by regular student presenters Guy Larsen and Jess Bracey.

On 9 September 2009, Jupitus narrated a half-hour documentary on BBC Radio 4 about the comic strip Calvin and Hobbes created by Bill Watterson.

Jupitus has worked on Radio 4 as a regular contributor to Loose Ends, The News Quiz (where his performances are notable for a range of parody voices), I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue and Just a Minute. He also presented Best Sellers—a series on the life and work of Peter Sellers—and wrote and presented Disneyfied, a documentary on the work of Walt Disney. On 7 June 2020 he presented Pick of the Week.

Jupitus has also appeared in several episodes of the Radio 4 show The Unbelievable Truth and is a regular guest with the Comedy Store Players.

Television
Jupitus was one of the panellists on the first TV episode of the show Loose Talk, which made a brief transition from radio to television in 1994. In 1996, he joined BBC Two's pop quiz show Never Mind the Buzzcocks as a regular team captain – having appeared in every single episode of the original run, except for series 25, episode 6. He was a frequent guest panellist on QI from 2003 until 2020, while his daughter, Emily Jupitus, currently works on the show as a researcher (or 'QI Elf'). He had a history of mimicking the QI host, Stephen Fry, while on the show. In December 1999, he had the lead role in Dark Ages, an ITV sitcom parodying preparations (and fears) for the year 2000, set in Essex in the year 999. Jupitus has played Councillor Cowdrey in CITV children's series Bottom Knocker Street since its first series in summer 2013.

Jupitus has presented several editions of the popular Top Ten series for Channel 4, while also joining another comedy panel game—It's Only TV...but I Like It—as a team captain, alongside Jonathan Ross and Julian Clary.

He has made one appearance in an episode of Holby City as a patient (in "Men are from Mars"). As a voice actor he has provided the voices for Dandelion in an ITV adaptation of Watership Down and also performing a selection of voices for Rex the Runt by Aardman Animations.

Jupitus is a continuity announcer for the UKTV channel Dave during the channel's evening schedule. During 2008, he did the voice over work for the Dave show Batteries Not Included. He also took part in the Dave show Comedy Exchange, where he went to America, while Eugene Mirman came to Britain. Here they each performed different routines in various events. He has appeared in Argumental for the same channel, where team captain Marcus Brigstocke made him laugh so hard he fell off his chair and took a long time to recover. Jupitus and Brigstocke were reunited on the Radio 4 show (hosted by Brigstocke) I've Never Seen Star Wars, in which Jupitus tried out things that he'd never attempted before, such as eating a Findus Crispy Pancake, undergoing a colonic irrigation, and shaving another person's head.

During the 2008 Major League Baseball season, Jupitus presented a feature during the seventh inning stretch of Channel Five's featured Sunday night game. Each week he would read a section or quote from one of his favourite baseball-related books. He is a fan of the Boston Red Sox and has their logo tattooed on his arm.

In December 2008, Jupitus took part as a guest presenter on RTÉ's comical topical discussion show The Panel.

Theatre
Jupitus co-wrote and starred in the play Waiting for Alice with Andre Vincent which had a run at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival. The world premiere took place on 16 July 2007 at the St. Ives Theatre in St Ives, Cornwall.

Jupitus and Marcus Brigstocke appeared together in the UK tour of Totally Looped, performing at the Theatre Royal, Brighton, the Kings Theatre, Southsea and the Victoria Hall, Stoke-on-Trent in spring 2009.

In October 2009, Jupitus joined the West End theatre cast of Hairspray, playing the role of Edna Turnblad at the Shaftesbury Theatre. He joined the 2011 tour of Spamalot, playing the role of King Arthur.

On 16 January 2015, Jupitus was confirmed as starring opposite Jason Manford in the 2015 tour of Mel Brooks' musical The Producers, portraying Franz Liebkind. He has since appeared in Chitty Chitty Bang Bang also alongside Jason Manford on a tour of the UK.

Podcasts
From August 2008 he was the host of The Times football podcast "The Game", replacing the previous co-hosts Gabriele Marcotti and Guillem Balagué, although Marcotti was still a regular pundit on the show and hosted again on Jupitus' departure.

Between September 2008 and June 2011, Jupitus produced a podcast along with Phil Wilding, who produced his BBC 6Music show, called Phill and Phil's Perfect Ten. Initially being released fortnightly, it later became more sporadic due to the pair's work commitments. In April 2009, archive episodes were made available for purchase on Audible and iTunes as audiobook bundles of four with bonus 'perfect ones' attached. Since ending the podcast in June 2011 the pair have indicated that all back-episodes will be released free at some point in the future.

In 2018 Jupitus was interviewed by Jodie Cook for the Clever Tykes podcast: Creating Useful People. The podcast explores the childhood influences that shape future success. In Jupitus' episode he talked about how he developed his ethos for life and work, as well as his mum's dreams for him as a naval merchant.

Art
Early in his career Jupitus drew cartoons which appeared in the NME, Time Out, Radio Times and The Guardian. In 2019 he started studying a degree in fine art at the Duncan of Jordanstone School of Art, Dundee University. He has also curated collections for the Art UK website. He wrote the foreword for the book Leigh Art in which he reminisces about childhood visits to Leigh-on-Sea and his enjoyment for the annual Leigh Art Trail.

Personal life
Jupitus is married with two children and lives in Fife. His daughter Emily is an "Elf" (researcher and writer) for the game show QI.

He is a fan of West Ham United football club and the Boston Red Sox.

Jupitus discussed his arachnophobia with the writer and broadcaster Suzy Klein on the BBC Radio 4 programme I'm Suzy, and I'm a Phobic, which was broadcast in January 2013.

title: Phill Jupitus


text:
95 (number)

95 (ninety-five) is the natural number following 94 and preceding 96.

In mathematics
95 is:

 * the 30th distinct semiprime and the fifth of the form (5.q).
 * the third composite number in the 6-aliquot tree. The aliquot sum of 95 is 25, within the aliquot sequence (95,25,6).
 * the last member in the third triplet of distinct semiprimes 93, 94, and 95.
 * an 11-gonal number.
 * a Thabit number.
 * the lowest integer for which the Mertens function is greater than 1. (The lowest integer producing a Merten's value greater than that of 95 is 218).

In astronomy

 * The Messier object M95, a magnitude 11.0 spiral galaxy in the constellation Leo
 * The New General Catalogue object NGC 95, a magnitude 12.6 peculiar spiral galaxy in the constellation Pisces

In sports

 * NBA record for Most Assists in a 7-game playoff series, 95, Los Angeles Lakers Magic Johnson, 1984
 * NBA record for Most Free Throw Attempts in a 6-game playoff series, 95, Los Angeles Lakers Jerry West, 1965

In other uses
Ninety-five is also:
 * The atomic number of americium, an actinide.
 * The number of theses in Martin Luther's 95 Theses.
 * "95 Poems" by E.E. Cummings (1958)
 * The book The Prince, Utopia, Ninety-Five Thesis by Sir Thomas More
 * The designation of American
 * Interstate 95, a freeway that runs from Florida to Maine.
 * U.S. Highway 95, a freeway that runs through the western part of the United States.
 * Bay Ridge–95th Street subway station, Brooklyn, on the R Train
 * York Mills 95E, a bus route number from the Toronto Transit Commission
 * 95th Street is a major east–west thoroughfare on Chicago's South Side, designated as 9500 South in the address system
 * Part of the name of:
 * CommSuite 95 was a communications software suite of products launched by Delrina in 1995, created for use with Windows 95
 * Dogme 95, a movement in filmmaking developed in 1995
 * Windows 95, a version of the Microsoft Windows graphical interface.
 * The model number of the automobile Saab 95 introduced in 1959, and Saab 9-5 introduced 1997
 * The racing number for Lightning McQueen (voiced by Owen Wilson), the main character in Disney-Pixar's film Cars (2006), is 95. This was used as his racing number because 1995 was the year that Toy Story was released however, his number was actually going to be 57, a reference to the year Pixar's CEO John Lasseter was born.
 * In Toy Story 3 (2010), Woody is seen driving a steam locomotive at the beginning of the film. The steam locomotive's number is 95 in reference to Lightning McQueen's racing number and (again) the year the first Toy Story was released.
 * Part of the designation of:
 * Z-95 Headhunter, a fictitious starfighter from the Star Wars Expanded Universe.
 * Tupolev Tu-95 (NATO reporting name Bear), a strategic bomber and missile carrier from the times of the Soviet Union
 * The number of the French department Val-d'Oise
 * In statistics, a 95% confidence interval is considered satisfactory for most purposes.
 * The movie 95 Miles to Go (2004) starring Ray Romano
 * 95 Worlds and Counting, a 2000 documentary film narrated by John Lithgow
 * 95 South was a Miami bass duo
 * 95th Air Base Wing
 * The 95th Infantry Division was a unit of the U.S. Army in World War II
 * The Nextel i95cl cell phone
 * The Nokia N95 Smartphone
 * Followers of the Baháʼí Faith use prayer beads to repeat the prayer Alláh-u-Abhá (God is most glorious) 95 times.
 * STS-95 Space Shuttle Discovery mission launched October 28, 1998. It was the historic second space flight for Senator John Glenn.
 * ANSI/ISA-95, or ISA-95, is an international standard for developing an automated interface between enterprise and control systems
 * President's signal in Phillips Code. A telegraph "wire signal" used to indicate top priority.
 * +95 is the ITU country code for the Union of Myanmar.

title: 95 (number)


text:
96 (number)

96 (ninety-six) is the natural number following 95 and preceding 97. It is a number that appears the same when turned upside down.

In mathematics
96 is:

 * an octagonal number.
 * a refactorable number.
 * an untouchable number.
 * a semiperfect number since it is a multiple of 6.
 * an abundant number since the sum of its proper divisors is greater than 96.
 * the fourth Granville number and the second non-perfect Granville number. The next Granville number is 126, the previous being 24.
 * the sum of Euler's totient function φ(x) over the first seventeen integers.
 * strobogrammatic in bases 10 (9610), 11 (8811) and 95 (1195).
 * palindromic in bases 11 (8811), 15 (6615), 23 (4423), 31 (3331), 47 (2247) and 95 (1195).
 * an Erdős–Woods number, since it is possible to find sequences of 96 consecutive integers such that each inner member shares a factor with either the first or the last member.
 * divisible by the number of prime numbers (24) below 96.
 * the smallest natural number that can be expressed as the difference of two nonzero squares in more than three ways: $$10^2-2^2$$, $$11^2-5^2$$, $$14^2-10^2$$ or $$25^2-23^2$$.

Skilling's figure, a degenerate uniform polyhedron, has a Euler characteristic $$\chi=-96.$$

Every integer greater than 96 may be represented as a sum of distinct super-prime numbers.

In geography

 * Ninety Six, South Carolina
 * Ninety Six District, a historical judicial and military district of colonial America which extended through North and South Carolina
 * Ninety Six National Historic Site, in Ninety Six, South Carolina, derives its name from the original settlement's distance in miles from a Cherokee village in the Blue Ridge Mountains

In music

 * The song "96 Tears" by garage rock band Question Mark and the Mysterians
 * "96", a song by Uverworld, a Japanese band.
 * "96 Quite Bitter Beings", a song recorded by rock band CKY
 * "96 Degrees In The Shade", a song on an album with the same title (official song title "1865", recorded by Jamaican reggae band Third World.

In science

 * The atomic number of curium, an actinide.
 * Messier 96, a magnitude 10.5 spiral galaxy in the constellation Leo
 * The New General Catalogue object NGC 96, a spiral galaxy in the constellation Andromeda

In other fields

 * An Australian TV soap opera, Number 96 (broadcast 1972–1977)
 * A 1974 film based on the TV series, Number 96
 * Class of '96 was a short-lived Fox drama series which aired in 1993
 * 96 dpi, the standard resolution of the monitor of an IBM-compatible computer running Microsoft Windows
 * The number of surat Al-Alaq in the Qur'an
 * According to Gurdjieff's Fourth Way symbolism, the number of the Moon level
 * The 96th United States Congress met January 1979 to January 1981 during the last two years of President Jimmy Carter's administration
 * The 96th Infantry Division (United States) was a unit of the United States Army in World War II
 * GS U-96 (1940), a German U-boat during World War II and subject of the film Das Boot
 * The Saab 96 car produced from 1960 to 1966
 * STS-96, Space Shuttle Discovery mission launched May 27, 1999
 * Mars 96 was a Russian orbiter launched in 1996
 * The designation of American Interstate 96, a freeway in Michigan
 * U.S. Route 96 is a north–south route in Texas
 * Four New York City Subway stops along 96th Street in Manhattan:
 * 96th Street (IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line), serving the trains
 * 96th Street (IND Eighth Avenue Line), serving the trains
 * 96th Street (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), serving the trains
 * 96th Street (IND Second Avenue Line); under construction
 * 96th Street (Manhattan)
 * A warrior caste divided into 96 clans, Maratha
 * An Indian movie, '96 (film)

title: 96 (number)


text:
97 (number)

97 (ninety-seven) is the natural number following 96 and preceding 98. It is a prime number and the only prime in the nineties.

In mathematics
97 is:
 * the 25th prime number (the largest two-digit prime number in base 10), following 89 and preceding 101.
 * a Proth prime and a Pierpont prime as it is 3 × 25 + 1.
 * the eleventh member of the Mian–Chowla sequence.
 * a self number in base 10, since there is no integer that added to its own digits, adds up to 97.
 * the smallest odd prime that is not a cluster prime.
 * the highest two-digit number where the sum of its digits is a square.
 * the number of primes <= 29.
 * The numbers 97, 907, 9007, 90007 and 900007 are all primes, and they are all happy primes. However, 9000007 (read as nine million seven) is composite and has the factorisation 277 × 32491.
 * an emirp with 79.
 * an isolated prime, since 95 and 99 aren't prime.

In science
Ninety-seven is:
 * The atomic number of berkelium, an actinide.

In astronomy

 * Messier object M97, a magnitude 12.0 planetary nebula in the constellation Ursa Major, also known as the Owl Nebula
 * The New General Catalogue object NGC 97, an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Andromeda

In other fields
Ninety-seven is:
 * The 97th United States Congress met during the Ronald Reagan administration, from January 1981 to January 1983
 * The 10-97 police code means "arrived on the scene"
 * STS-97 Space Shuttle Endeavour mission launched November 30, 2000
 * The 97th Infantry Division was a unit of the United States Army in World War I and World War II
 * Madden NFL 97 was the first John Madden NFL American football game to be created in the 32-bit gaming era
 * Radio stations broadcasting on frequencies near 97, such as Hot 97, New York City and 97X, Tampa, Florida
 * The decimal unicode number representing the Latin lowercase "a"

In music

 * A song "Baby Boy / Saturday Night '97" by Whigfield
 * The number of the Southern Railway train in the Wreck of the Old 97, a ballad recorded by numerous artists, including Flatt and Scruggs, Woody Guthrie, Johnny Cash, Nine Pound Hammer, and Hank Snow.
 * The Old 97's are an alt-country band, which took their name from the song "The Wreck of the Old '97".
 * A song by Alkaline Trio off their self-titled album
 * The Marching 97, marching band of Lehigh University.
 * District 97, a progressive rock band from the Chicago area (named after the elementary school District 97 in Oak Park, Illinois).

title: 97 (number)


text:
98 (number)

98 (ninety-eight) is the natural number following 97 and preceding 99.

In mathematics
98 is:
 * Wedderburn–Etherington number
 * nontotient
 * number of non-isomorphic set-systems of weight 7

In astronomy

 * 98 Ianthe, a main-belt asteroid
 * Messier 98, a magnitude 11.0 spiral galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices.
 * The New General Catalogue object NGC 98, a magnitude 12.7 spiral galaxy in the constellation Phoenix.

In computing

 * Windows 98, a Microsoft operating system for personal computers
 * Microsoft Flight Simulator 98, a flight simulator program

In space travel

 * MPTA-098, the Main Propulsion Test Article built as a systems testbed for the Space Shuttle program
 * Pathfinder (OV-098), a Space Shuttle simulator built by NASA in 1977
 * STS-98, Space Shuttle Atlantis mission launched February 7, 2001

In other fields
Ninety-eight is:

 * The atomic number of californium, an actinide
 * +98, the code for international direct dial phone calls to Iran
 * 98 Degrees, an American adult contemporary boy band
 * 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit is normal body temperature
 * "98.6", a 1967 hit song by Keith
 * 10-98 code in police code means "Assignment Completed"
 * The number of sons of Ater in the census of men of Israel upon return from exile (Bible, Ezra 2:16)
 * Beach 98th Street, often referred as Beach 98th Street–Playland, a station on the New York City Subway's IND Rockaway Line
 * Expo '98, a World's Fair held in Lisbon, Portugal, from May to September 1998
 * Oldsmobile 98, a full-size automobile and the highest-end of the Oldsmobile division of General Motors
 * Power 98 (radio station), an English radio station of So Drama! Entertainment in Singapore
 * Power 98 (film), a 1996 film starring Eric Roberts about a Los Angeles talk radio station.
 * "Power 98", official nickname of radio station WPEG, in Charlotte, North Carolina
 * Saab 98, a project by automaker Saab for a combi coupé based on the Saab 95
 * Spirit of '98, a ship owned by Cruise West built to accommodate 98 passengers
 * The Trail of '98, a 1928 western film

In sports

 * The highest jersey number allowed in the National Hockey League, as 99 was retired by the entire league to honor Wayne Gretzky and major-league sports only allow one- or two-digit uniform numbers.

title: 98 (number)


text:
Rushmore (film)

Rushmore is a 1998 American comedy film directed by Wes Anderson about a teenager named Max Fischer (Jason Schwartzman in his film debut), his friendship with rich industrialist Herman Blume (Bill Murray), and their shared affection for elementary school teacher Rosemary Cross (Olivia Williams). The film was co-written by Anderson and Owen Wilson. The soundtrack features multiple songs by bands associated with the British Invasion of the 1960s. Filming began in November 1997 around Houston, Texas, and lasted 50 days, until late January 1998.

While the box office results were modest, the film had a positive reception among film critics. The film helped launch Schwartzman's career while establishing a "second career" for Murray as a respected actor in independent cinema. At the 1999 Independent Spirit Awards, Anderson won the Best Director award and Murray won Best Supporting Male award. Murray also earned a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture. Starting from Rushmore, both Murray and Schwartzman became two of Anderson's most frequent collaborators, appearing in eight and six subsequent films, respectively. In 2016, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Plot
Eccentric 15-year-old scholarship student Max Fischer participates extensively in extracurricular activities at the prestigious Rushmore Academy in Houston, but struggles academically. Max's middle-class background, which contrasts with the wealthy and privileged lives of most Rushmore students, feeds his determination to make his name known. Headmaster Nelson Guggenheim places him on "sudden death academic probation", warning him that if he fails one more class, he will be expelled. At a school assembly, Max meets Herman Blume, a disillusioned parent and local industrialist who despises his twin sons Ronny and Donny, both students at Rushmore. Herman befriends Max and takes him under his wing.

Upon reading an intriguing written message left in a book he read in the library, Max tracks down the book's previous borrower, Rosemary Cross, a widowed first-grade teacher at Rushmore, and soon becomes obsessed with her. Attempting to woo her, he successfully petitions to have the Latin curriculum kept at Rushmore, and later confesses his love for her; she rejects his affection due to their age difference. Rosemary and others, including Max's younger friend Dirk Calloway, are impressed by Max's tenacity, while other students, including the brash and aggressive Magnus Buchan, resent Max's ability to manipulate authority, seemingly on a whim, to the point where the entire school body is affected. Max then attempts to court Rosemary by building an aquarium on the school's baseball field, noting her interest in marine life due to the fish tanks in her classroom and the library book by Jacques Cousteau they had both read, but is stopped by Guggenheim at the ground-breaking ceremony and subsequently expelled from Rushmore for having never sought the school's approval for the project.

Afterward, Max enrolls at Grover Cleveland High School, a local public school. Classmate Margaret Yang shows interest in him, but he ignores her. Eventually, Max begins to settle in and participate in extracurricular activities again, with Rosemary and Blume supporting him. Blume encourages him to give up pursuing Rosemary but eventually becomes attracted to her himself, and they begin to see each other behind Max's back.

Eventually, Dirk discovers the relationship between Rosemary and Blume and informs him as payback for a rumor Max started about his mother. Max confronts Blume, declaring their friendship over, and they soon begin scrapping. Max informs Blume's wife of her husband's affair, forcing him to move into a hotel. Then he puts bees in Blume's room, leading to his running over Max's bicycle with his car. Max is eventually arrested for cutting the brake lines on Blume's car. He later attempts to get revenge on Rosemary by taking damaging photos of her and Blume together but learns from Guggenheim that she had already resigned.

Max eventually gives up, meeting Blume at the grave of his mother, Eloise, who died of cancer when Max was seven years old. He explains that revenge no longer matters because even if he wins, Rosemary would still love Blume. Max becomes reclusive and begins to skip school to work at his father, Bert's, barbershop. One day, Dirk stops by the shop to apologize, bringing him a Christmas present. He then reveals to Max that Guggenheim suffered a stroke and suggests he visit him at the hospital, knowing Blume will also be there. Max and a washed-up Blume meet and are courteous. Blume tells him that Rosemary broke up with him because she's still in love with her dead husband Edward Appleby, a former Rushmore student, whose death the previous year directly influenced her decision to teach there. Max eventually returns to school and begins to improve his grades.

Taking his final shot at Rosemary, Max pretends to be injured in a car accident, but she sees through his ruse and rebuffs him again. He then decides to help Blume and Rosemary reconcile, first by inviting her to another aquarium groundbreaking ceremony, but she does not show up. Max then invites both of them to attend his Vietnam War-themed play at Grover Cleveland. The performance touches Blume, himself a Vietnam veteran, and he and Rosemary later appear to reconcile. At the after-play party, Max reveals to Blume and Rosemary that he and Margaret are dating. Max and Rosemary then share a dance together.

Cast

 * Jason Schwartzman as Max Fischer
 * Bill Murray as Herman Blume
 * Olivia Williams as Rosemary Cross
 * Seymour Cassel as Bert Fischer
 * Brian Cox as Nelson Guggenheim
 * Mason Gamble as Dirk Calloway
 * Sara Tanaka as Margaret Yang
 * Connie Nielsen as Mrs. Calloway
 * Luke Wilson as Peter Flynn
 * Stephen McCole as Magnus Buchan
 * Kumar Pallana as Mr. Littlejeans
 * Andrew Wilson as Coach Beck
 * Marietta Marich as Mrs. Guggenheim
 * Alexis Bledel as Student

Production
With Rushmore, Wes Anderson and Owen Wilson wanted to create their own "slightly heightened reality, like a Roald Dahl children's book". Like Max Fischer, Wilson was expelled from his preparatory school, St. Mark's School of Texas, in the tenth grade. He also shared Max's ambition, lack of academic motivation, and crush on an older woman. Anderson and Wilson began writing the screenplay for Rushmore years before they made Bottle Rocket. They knew that they wanted to make a film set in an elite preparatory school, much like St. Mark's, which Owen had attended along with his two brothers, Andrew and Luke (Luke being the sole graduate), and St. John's School in Houston, Texas which Anderson had attended. The film featured M. B. Lamar High School. According to the director, "One of the things that was most appealing to us was the initial idea of a 15-year-old kid and a 50-year-old man becoming friends and equals". Rushmore was originally going to be made for New Line Cinema but when they could not agree on a budget, Anderson, Wilson and producer Barry Mendel held an auction for the film rights in mid-1997 and struck a deal with Joe Roth, then-chair of Walt Disney Studios. He offered them a $10million budget. The film was distributed by Touchstone Pictures, and produced by Barry Mendel and Paul Schiff for American Empirical Pictures.

Casting
Anderson and Wilson wrote the role of Mr. Blume with Bill Murray in mind but doubted they could get the script to him. Murray's agent was a fan of Anderson's first film, Bottle Rocket, and urged the actor to read the script for Rushmore. Murray liked it so much that he agreed to work for scale, which Anderson estimated to be around $9,000. The actor was drawn to Anderson and Wilson's "precise" writing and felt that a lot of the film was about "the struggle to retain civility and kindness in the face of extraordinary pain. And I've felt a lot of that in my life". Anderson created detailed storyboards for each scene but was open to Murray's knack for improvisation.

Cast directors considered 1,800 teenagers from the United States, Canada, and Britain for the role of Max Fischer before finding Jason Schwartzman. Macaulay Culkin was considered for the role. In October 1997, approximately a month before principal photography was to begin, a casting director for the film met the seventeen-year-old actor at a party thanks to Schwartzman's cousin, film-maker Sofia Coppola. He came to his audition wearing a preparatory-school blazer and a self-made Rushmore patch. Anderson almost did not make the film when he could not find an actor to play Max but felt that Schwartzman "could retain audience loyalty despite doing all the crummy things Max had to do". Anderson originally pictured Max, physically, as Mick Jagger at age 15, to be played by an actor like Noah Taylor in the Australian film Flirting—"a pale, skinny kid". When Anderson met Schwartzman, he reminded Anderson much more of Dustin Hoffman and decided to go that way with the character. Anderson and the actor spent weeks together talking about the character, working on hand gestures and body language.

Seymour Cassel stars as Bert Fischer, Max's dad. Brian Cox stars as Dr. Nelson Guggenheim, the school's headmaster. Mason Gamble plays Dirk Calloway, Max's friend. Sara Tanaka plays Margaret Yang, the girl who has a crush on Max. Alexis Bledel is an extra as a Grover Cleveland High School student.

Principal photography
Filming began in November 1997 and lasted for 50 days, until late January 1998. On the first day of principal photography, Anderson delivered his directions to Murray in a whisper so that he would not be embarrassed if the actor shot him down. However, the actor publicly deferred to Anderson, hauled equipment, and when Disney denied the director a $75,000 shot of Max and Mr. Blume riding in a helicopter, Murray gave Anderson a blank check to cover the cost, although ultimately, the scene was never shot.

At one point, Anderson toyed with the idea of shooting the private school scenes in England and the public school scenes in Detroit in order to "get the most extreme variation possible," according to the director. Instead, the film was shot in and around Houston, Texas where Anderson grew up. His high school alma mater, St. John's School, was used for the picturesque setting of Rushmore Academy. Lamar High School in Houston was used to depict Grover Cleveland High School, the public school. In real life, the two schools are across the street from each other. Richard Connelly of the Houston Press said that the Lamar building "was ghetto'd up to look like a dilapidated inner-city school." Many scenes were also filmed at North Shore High School. The film's widescreen, slightly theatrical look was influenced by Roman Polanski's Chinatown. Anderson also cites The Graduate and Harold and Maude as cinematic influences on Rushmore.

Initially, the character of Margaret Yang was supposed to have a wooden finger, having been blown off in a science experiment. The idea was abandoned, but later on used in Anderson's The Royal Tenenbaums, where Margot has a wooden finger.

Cinematography
Rushmore uses the unique style of cinematography that Wes Anderson has become well known for. The film has a singular sense of colour, focusing mainly on blues, greens, and reds in order to create a heightened reality. The montage sequence near the beginning of the film is strongly influenced by the rapid transitions used by French New Wave film-makers. The shot of Max in the go-kart also resembles a photograph by Jacques Henri Lartigue. Disney executives almost cancelled the montage sequence as they did not believe that these short singular shots were necessary due to the film's restrictive budget and time frame. Therefore, the sequence was shot quickly whenever the crew were at a suitable location.

Themes
Anderson confirmed that the protagonist Max is a semi-autobiographical version of himself, including his tendency to write school plays, except that Max is not shy. Anderson has come to be known as an auteur for this distinct style and frequent collaborations with the same actors and production members. Devin Orgeron claims that Anderson's auteurship is interesting in his consistent "cinematic and extracinematic confrontation with the very question of auteurship". In Anderson's films, and especially Rushmore, the protagonist is a "flawed but ultimately redeemable" auteur. However, in both the protagonists' and Anderson's ties to their communities, an idea of "collective auteurship" is proffered.

Mark Olsen writes that Anderson observes his characters chasing "their miniaturist renditions of the American Dream" and that "they embody both sides of William Carlos Williams' famous edict that the pure products of America go crazy".

Deborah J. Thomas argues that Rushmore has a certain level of deliberate artifice. She observes a tension between irony and affect, and the clash "between these aesthetic modes destabilises normative assumptions and expectations in relation to character engagement." For her Anderson uses a "series of strategies in relation to framing, camera angles, shot scales, sound and performance that are designed to unsettle the audience's experience of proximity to, and hence intimacy with, the characters".

In the film, Anderson frequently employs the visual device of a stage, or stage curtains, to present the action. Rachel Joseph speculates that there is a link between these "screened stages" and the theme of mourning, for this "framed theatricality ... parallels the grieving process of reenacting and repeating the traumatic". She also draws a connection between this style of presentation and the "cinema of attractions" that Tom Gunning theorised.

Soundtrack
Wes Anderson originally intended for the film's soundtrack to be entirely made up of songs by the Kinks, feeling the music suited Max's loud and angry nature and because Max was initially envisioned to be a British exchange student. However, while Anderson listened to a compilation of other British Invasion songs on the set, the soundtrack gradually evolved until only one song by the Kinks remained in the film ("Nothin' in the World Can Stop Me Worryin' 'Bout That Girl"). According to Anderson, "Max always wears a blazer and the British Invasion sounds like music made by guys in blazers, but still rock 'n' roll". In his review for Entertainment Weekly, Rob Brunner gave the soundtrack record an "A−" rating and wrote, "this collection won't make much sense if you haven't seen the movie. But for anyone who left the theater singing along to the Faces' "Ooh La La", it's an essential soundtrack". Anderson also pays homage to the Charles Schulz/Bill Melendez Peanuts television specials, playing "Hark The Herald Angels Sing" from the famous Charlie Brown Christmas in one of the film's scenes.

Release
Rushmore had its world premiere at the 1998 Toronto International Film Festival on September 17, and also screened at the 25th Telluride Film Festival where it was one of the few studio films to be screened and be well received by both critics and audiences. The film was also screened at the 1998 New York Film Festival and the Toronto International Film Festival where it was a hit with critics. The film opened in New York City and Los Angeles for one week in December in order to be eligible for the Academy Awards.

Home media
Buena Vista Home Entertainment released the film on VHS and DVD on June 29, 1999, the DVD with no supplemental material. This was followed by a special edition DVD on January 18, 2000, by the Criterion Collection with remastered picture and sound, along with various bonus features, including an audio commentary by Wes Anderson, Owen Wilson, and Jason Schwartzman, a behind-the-scenes documentary by Eric Chase Anderson, Anderson and Murray being interviewed on The Charlie Rose Show, and theatrical "adaptations" of Armageddon, The Truman Show, and Out of Sight, staged specially for the 1999 MTV Movie Awards by the Max Fischer Players.

A Criterion Collection Blu-ray was released on November 22, 2011.

Box office
Rushmore opened for a week at single theaters in New York City and Los Angeles on December 11, 1998. In one weekend, it earned a combined US$43,666, selling out 18 of 31 showings. The film opened in wide release on February 5, 1999. It expanded from 103 to 830 theaters by March 5, 1999, grossing $2.45million in its first week. Its domestic total gross was $17,105,219, and its international box office was $1,975,216.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 90% based on 107 reviews and an average rating of 8.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "This cult favorite is a quirky coming of age story, with fine, off-kilter performances from Jason Schwartzman and Bill Murray." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 86 out of 100 based on 32 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.

In his review for the Daily News, film critic Dave Kehr praised Rushmore as "a magnificent work" and picked it as the best movie of the year. USA Today gave the film three out of four stars and wrote that Bill Murray was "at his off-kilter best". Todd McCarthy, in his review for Variety, admired the film's deep-focus widescreen compositions, and felt that it gave the story "exceptional vividness". In his review for Time, Richard Schickel praised Rushmore as a "delightfully droll comedy", but felt it indulges in itself a little too much. He observed the film brought up "many dark and weighty emotional objects", and tried to conclude them in a "satisfying way".

In her review for the New York Times, Janet Maslin wrote that Anderson is smart enough to avoid turning sentimental, observing how Max "starts off on top of the Rushmore world and experiences a wonderfully welcome comeuppance". In his review for The Independent, Anthony Quinn thought Rushmore was different than all the many "high-school flicks every week", describing it as a "adolescent tragi-comedy, neurotic-romantic triangle" and a "study in loss and loneliness". He praised Schwartzman for playing a character who has not emotionally matured yet, and thought Murray gave an "emotional turnaround" performance. In her review for the Washington Post, Rita Kempley praised Schwartzman's performance for winning "sympathy and a great deal of affection for Max, never mind that he could grow into Sidney Blumenthal". Entertainment Weekly gave Rushmore an "A" rating and opined that Anderson used the 1960s British Invasion hits to "further define Max's adolescent dislocation". Jonathan Rosenbaum, in his review for the Chicago Reader, wrote that Anderson and Wilson do not "share the class snobbery" in much of Salinger's work, but still thought that they "harbor a protective gallantry toward their characters" which is, at the same time, the film's greatest strength and weakness.

In Time Out New York, Andrew Johnston called it one of the year's finest films and thought it reminds him of Harold and Maude but also added that the "complexity of Max and the audacity of the film's set pieces place it in a league of its own." Film critic David Ansen ranked Rushmore the 10th best film of 1998.

Some critics did not review the film as positively. In his review for the Los Angeles Times, Kenneth Turan criticized Max's overtly "snooty" personality as "too off-putting to tolerate", which could potentially discourage audiences when identifying with the film. Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of four citing an issue with the film's shift in tone in the final act, stating "the air goes out of the movie" in regards to "stage-setting and character development". He further wrote that the film is torn between being structured like a comedy and having "undertones of darker themes", remarking that he wished the film had "allowed the plot to lead them into those shadows".

A lifelong fan of film critic Pauline Kael, Anderson arranged a private screening of Rushmore for the retired writer. Afterwards, she told him, "I genuinely don't know what to make of this movie". It was a nerve-wracking experience for Anderson but Kael did like the film and told others to see it. Anderson and Jason Schwartzman traveled from Los Angeles to New York City and back on a touring bus to promote the film. The tour started on January 21, 1999, and went through 11 cities in the United States.

Legacy and accolades
Rushmore won two Independent Spirit Awards: Wes Anderson for Best Director, and Bill Murray for Best Supporting Actor. Murray was also nominated in the Best Supporting Actor category for the Golden Globes.

The Los Angeles Film Critics Association named Bill Murray Best Supporting Actor of the year for his performance in Rushmore. Wes Anderson was named the New Generation honoree. The National Society of Film Critics also named Murray as Best Supporting Actor of the year as did the New York Film Critics.

Rushmore is # on Bravo's "100 Funniest Movies". The film was also ranked # on Entertainment Weekly magazine's "The Cult 25: The Essential Left-Field Movie Hits Since '83" list and ranked it # on their Top 25 Modern Romances list. Spin hailed the film as "the best comedy of the year". Empire also named it the 175th greatest film of all time in 2008. Four years later, Slant Magazine ranked Rushmore # on its list of the 100 Best Films of the 1990s, and it was ranked the decade's ninth best film in two polls – one for The A.V. Club and the other for Paste. Time Out included it among the 50 best movies of the 1990s, calling it Anderson's "most perfectly imagined film".

ShortList included the film on their list of "The 30 Coolest Films Ever". Ryan Gilbey of The Guardian listed it as the eighth best comedy film ever made. In November 2015, the film was ranked the 39th funniest screenplay by the Writers Guild of America in its list of 101 Funniest Screenplays.

Murray's career experienced a renaissance after the film, and he established himself as an actor in independent film.

In 2016, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

title: Rushmore (film)


text:
Frank Muir

Frank Herbert Muir (5 February 1920 – 2 January 1998) was an English comedy writer, radio and television personality, and raconteur. His writing and performing partnership with Denis Norden endured for most of their careers. Together they wrote BBC Radio's Take It from Here for over 10 years, and then appeared on BBC radio quizzes My Word! and My Music for another 35. Muir became Assistant Head of Light Entertainment at the BBC in the 1960s, and was then London Weekend Television's founding Head of Entertainment. His many writing credits include editorship of The Oxford Book of Humorous Prose, as well as the What-a-Mess books that were later turned into an animated TV series.

Birth and early life
Muir was the second son of steam tug engineer Charles James Muir (1888–1934), originally from New Zealand, and his wife Margaret, daughter of ship's carpenter Harry Harding. Harry Harding had died young at sea; his widow, Elizabeth Jane (née Cowie) subsequently married Frank Herbert Webber, a former lighthouse inspector and licensee of the Derby Arms Hotel and pub at Ramsgate, Kent. The pub was operated by his widow for 22 years after Webber's death. Muir was born in the pub, and spent part of his childhood in Leyton, London. Charles Muir left his seafaring occupation after marrying, and took up unskilled work such as extending Ramsgate's railway and loading stores onto naval vessels; he finally took a job with a firm at Leyton, supervising their machinery, and died of pneumonia when Frank Muir was a schoolboy. Margaret Muir ran a small sweet-shop across the road from the Derby Arms.

His aunt was Rose Muir (d. 1970), MBE; she and her brother were orphaned at a young age, and when he went to sea she had remained in New Zealand and taken a low-status position at Christchurch Hospital, serving as Matron from 1916 to 1936, and ending up as its Superintendent. In later years, whenever his dignified speech patterns caused listeners to assume that he had received a public school education, Muir would demur: "I was educated in E10, not Eton". He attended Leyton County High School for Boys, though prior to this he was a pupil at Chatham House Grammar School, in Ramsgate, Kent, whose notable alumni include former Conservative Prime Minister Edward Heath. He left school prematurely aged fourteen and a half at his father's death, due to the necessity of earning an income to support the family. Muir claimed that, when interviewed to join the RAF, he was "a weedy 6 feet 6 inches" but that he later "stabilised at a bent 6 feet 4 inches".

Early career
Muir joined the Royal Air Force at the outbreak of the Second World War and spent several years in the photographic technical school taking slow-motion film of parachute jumps on a project intended to decrease the frequency of parachutes failing (sometimes called a 'Roman Candle'). His work provided the manufacturers with the information they needed to improve both the equipment and the training, which was very effective in reducing the number of failures as well as the fatality and injury rate. He was also assigned to take pictures of the agents of the Special Operations Executive (SOE) for identity documents at the training centre at RAF Ringway.

Muir, as a photographic technician, was posted to Iceland, which was then a Danish possession under British occupation, and while there, he did some work for the forces radio station. Also while stationed in Iceland – as he described in his memoirs A Kentish Lad – Muir suffered a medical condition which required the surgical removal of one testicle.

Writing for radio
Upon his return to civilian life, he began to write scripts for Jimmy Edwards. When Edwards teamed up with Dick Bentley on BBC Radio, Muir formed a partnership with Denis Norden, Bentley's writer, which was to last for most of his career. The vehicle created for Bentley and Edwards, Take It From Here, was written by Muir and Norden from 1948 until 1959; the last series in 1960 used other writers. For TIFH, as it became known, they created "The Glums", a deliberately awful family, which was the show's most popular segment. For TIFH, Muir and Norden wrote the phrase, "Infamy, infamy, they've all got it in for me", later used by Kenneth Williams in Carry on Cleo. In his autobiography A Kentish Lad Muir expressed disappointment that he and Norden were never credited for it.

Muir and Norden continued to write for Edwards when he began to work for BBC television with the school comedy series Whack-O and the subsequent 1960 film Bottoms Up!, and in the anthology series Faces of Jim. With Norden, in 1962, he was responsible for the television adaptation of Henry Cecil's comic novel Brothers in Law, which starred a young Richard Briers, and its spin-off Mr Justice Duncannon.

The pair were invited to appear on a new humorous literary radio quiz, My Word!. In the final round Muir and Norden each told a story to "explain" the origin of a well-known phrase. An early example took the quotation "Dead! And never called me mother!" from a stage adaptation of East Lynne by Mrs Henry Wood, which became the exclamation of a youth coming out of a public telephone box which he had discovered to be out of order. In early broadcasts of My Word! the phrases were provided by the quizmaster, but in later series Muir and Norden chose their own in advance of each programme and their stories became longer and more convoluted. This became a popular segment of the quiz, and Muir and Norden later compiled five volumes of books containing some of the My Word! stories.

Frank Muir was also, like Norden, a contestant on the My Word! spinoff, My Music. As a television personality, Muir's unofficial trademark was a crisply knotted pink bow tie.

Later career
In 1954 Muir founded an amateur dramatic society, Thorpe Players, in the village of Thorpe, Surrey where he lived for many years. He was a writer and presenter on many shows, including the 1960s satire programmes That Was the Week That Was and The Frost Report. He was well known to television audiences as a team captain on the long-running BBC2 series Call My Bluff. Muir found unexpected household fame when he undertook voice-overs for advertisements, including Cadbury Dairy Milk Fruit & Nut chocolate ("Everyone's a Fruit and Nut case", to the tune of the Danse des mirlitons from Tchaikovsky's The Nutcracker). Other popular advertising campaigns of the period in which Muir appeared included Batchelors' Savoury Rice ("Every grain will drive them insane!"), a coffee advert in which he used the phrase "impending doom", and Unigate milk Humphreys. In the 1960s Muir was Assistant Head of Light Entertainment at the BBC and in 1969 joined London Weekend Television as Head of Entertainment.

In 1976 Muir wrote The Frank Muir Book: An irreverent companion to social history, which is a collection of anecdotes and quotations collected under various subjects including "Music", "Education", "Literature", "Theatre", "Art" and "Food and Drink". (In the United States, this book is titled "An Irreverent Social History of Almost Everything.") A similar format to The Frank Muir Book was used in his BBC radio series Frank Muir Goes Into..., in which Alfred Marks read the quotations, linked verbally by Muir. He published books based on these series. His The Oxford Book of Humorous Prose, which again uses a similar format with more scholarly aspirations, was published in 1990.

Muir was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire CBE in the 1980 Birthday Honours. In 1992, for Channel 4, he was the host of TV Heaven, a season of evenings dedicated to television programmes from individual years. In 1997, Muir published an autobiography, A Kentish Lad.

Personal life and death
In 1949 Muir married Polly McIrvine (d. 2004). They had two children: Jamie (born 1952), a TV producer, and Sally (born 1954), a successful painter who also co-founded the Muir and Osborne knitwear design company, and is married to the journalist and author Geoffrey Wheatcroft.

Muir died in Thorpe, Surrey, on 2 January 1998 aged 77. In November 1998, ten months after his death, he and Denis Norden were joint recipients of the Writers' Guild of Great Britain Writer of the Year Award. Muir's widow, Polly, died in Surrey on 27 October 2004, aged 79.

title: Frank Muir


text:
101 (number)

101 (one hundred [and] one) is the natural number following 100 and preceding 102.

It is variously pronounced "one hundred and one" / "a hundred and one", "one hundred one" / "a hundred one", and "one oh one". As an ordinal number, 101st (one hundred [and] first), rather than 101th, is the correct form.

In mathematics
101 is:
 * the 26th prime number and the smallest above 100.
 * a palindromic number in decimal, and so a palindromic prime.
 * a Chen prime since 103 is also prime, with which it makes a twin prime pair.
 * a sexy prime since 107 and 113 are also prime, with which it makes a sexy prime triplet.
 * a unique prime because the period length of its reciprocal is unique among primes.
 * an Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part and real part of the form $$3n - 1$$.
 * the fifth alternating factorial.
 * a centered decagonal number.
 * the only existing prime with alternating 1s and 0s in decimal and the largest known prime of the form $$10^{n}+1$$.
 * the number of compositions of 12 into distinct parts.
 * the smallest number that can be expressed as the sum of three distinct nonzero squares in more than two ways: $$9^2+4^2+2^2$$, $$8^2+6^2+1^2$$ or $$7^2+6^2+4^2$$ (see image).

Given 101, the Mertens function returns 0. It is the second prime to have this property after 2.

For a 3-digit number in decimal, this number has a relatively simple divisibility test. The candidate number is split into groups of four, starting with the rightmost four, and added up to produce a 4-digit number. If this 4-digit number is of the form $$1000a+100b+10a+b$$ (where $a$ and $b$ are integers from 0 to 9), such as 3232 or 9797, or of the form $$100b+b$$, such as 707 and 808, then the number is divisible by 101.

On the seven-segment display of a calculator, 101 is both a strobogrammatic prime and a dihedral prime.

In science

 * In mineralogy, a Miller index of 101 is a crystal face that crosses the horizontal axis (a) and 3D vertical axis (c) but does not cross the 2D vertical axis (b).
 * In physics and chemistry, it is the atomic number of mendelevium, an actinide.
 * In astronomy it is the Messier designation given to the Pinwheel Galaxy in Ursa Major.

In books
According to Books in Print, more books are now published with a title that begins with '101' than '100'. They usually describe or discuss a list of items, such as 101 Ways to... or 101 Questions and Answers About.... This marketing tool is used to imply that the customer is given a little extra information beyond books that include only 100 items. Some books have taken this marketing scheme even further with titles that begin with '102', '103', or '1001'. The number is used in this context as a slang term when referring to "a 101 document" what is usually referred to as a statistical survey or overview of some topic.

Room 101 is a torture chamber in the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell.

In education
In American university course numbering systems, the number 101 is often used for an introductory course at a beginner's level in a department's subject area. This common numbering system was designed to make transfer between colleges easier. It can also indicate a course for students not intending to major in the subject; e.g. a student intending to major in English would take English 111 not English 101.

In theory, any numbered course in one academic institution should bring a student to the same standard as a similarly numbered course at other institutions. One of earliest such usages, perhaps the first, was by the University of Buffalo in 1929.

Based on this usage, the term "101" (pronounced ) has gained a slang sense referring to basic knowledge of a topic or a collection of introductory materials to a topic, as in the sentence, "Boiling potatoes is Cooking 101". The Oxford English Dictionary records the usage of "101" in this slang sense from 1986.

In other fields
In public life:

 * In Hinduism, 101 is a lucky number.
 * Bill 101, Charter of the French Language in Quebec, Canada.
 * 101st kilometre, a condition of release from the Gulag in the Soviet Union.
 * 101 is the main Police Emergency Number in Belgium.
 * 101 is the Single Non-Emergency Number (SNEN) in some parts of the UK, a telephone number used to call emergency services that are urgent but not emergencies. 101 is now available across all areas of England and Wales.
 * Highways numbered 101, the longest and most well-known of which are BR-101 and U.S. Route 101.
 * The number of the first check for a new checking account in the US.
 * Lebanese Red Cross EMS Center at Spears is coded 101.

In construction and technics:

 * Taipei 101, the tallest skyscraper in the world from 2004 to 2010.
 * An HTTP status code indicating that the server is switching protocols as requested by the client to do so.
 * A term used to define the number of keys on a standard 101 key computer keyboard
 * iCar 101 is a roadable aircraft design concept.
 * The Zastava 101 is a compact car by the former Yugoslav automaker.

Proper names:

 * Roi Et Province, a province in Thailand. The name is literally 101 in Thai language.
 * 101 Ranch Oil Company
 * "l'ordre des Piliers du 101" is an important student association in Belgium since 1977.

In entertainment:

 * 101, a Depeche Mode album
 * 101 Dalmatians, a 1956 children's novel by Dodie Smith
 * 101 Reykjavík, a 2000 Icelandic film directed by Baltasar Kormákur, 101 being a postcode of Reykjavik
 * The apartment number of Neo in The Matrix
 * Vault 101 is the starting area of the 2008 action role-playing game Fallout 3
 * The Wonderful 101, an action-adventure game for the Wii U
 * Produce 101, a Korean reality girl group survival show
 * TV show Zoey 101
 * The house number of Samson en Gert in the eponymous Belgian kids' television show.

Others:

 * 101 is the identifying number of several infantry units in various militaries across the world, such as the American and Israeli paratrooper brigades.
 * 101 was the tail number of a Polish Air Force Tu-154, which crashed on 10 April 2010 whilst on its final approach to Smolensk North Airport killing all aboard including president Lech Kaczyński and his wife. See 2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash.

title: 101 (number)


text:
102 (number)

102 (one hundred [and] two) is the natural number following 101 and preceding 103.

In mathematics
102 is an abundant number and a semiperfect number. It is a sphenic number.

The sum of Euler's totient function φ(x) over the first eighteen integers is 102.

102 is the first three-digit base 10 polydivisible number, since 1 is divisible by 1, 10 is divisible by 2 and 102 is divisible by 3. This also shows that 102 is a Harshad number. 102 is the first 3-digit number divisible by the numbers 3, 6, 17, 34 and 51.

10264 + 1 is a prime number

There are 102 vertices in the Biggs–Smith graph.

In science

 * The atomic number of nobelium, an actinide.

In other fields
102 is also:

 * The emergency telephone number for police in Azerbaijan, Ukraine and Belarus
 * The emergency telephone number for fire in Israel
 * The emergency telephone number for ambulance in parts of India
 * The emergency telephone number for ambulance in Maldives

title: 102 (number)