text:
Jasper Tsang

Jasper Tsang Yok-sing (born 17 May 1947) is a Hong Kong politician. He is the founding member of the largest pro-Beijing party the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (DAB) from 1992 to 2003 and the 2nd President of the Legislative Council from 2008 to 2016.

Graduated from the University of Hong Kong, Tsang chose to teach in the leftist Pui Kiu Middle School and became its principal before he stepped into politics in the 1980s. In 1992 he founded the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong and first contested in the 1995 Legislative Council election in which he lost the race. He was elected in Kowloon West in the first Legislative Council election after the handover of Hong Kong in 1998. He was also the member of the Executive Council from 2002 to 2008.

He became the President of the Legislative Council in 2008. Due to his relatively fair and accommodating presiding styles and his relatively liberal image within the pro-Beijing camp, he enjoyed high popularity within his last years before his retirement from the Legislative Council in 2016. He also expressed interest in running in the 2012 and 2017 Chief Executive elections but did not stand eventually.

Early life and education
Tsang was born in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China on 17 May 1947. Tsang's father, Tsang Chiu-kan was a clerk at the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce, a pro-Beijing business organisation in the colony. He moved to Hong Kong when he was two years old and grew up in Sai Wan's Academic Terrace. Tsang received his primary and secondary education at St. Paul's College run by the Hong Kong Anglican Church. He studied mathematics at the University of Hong Kong, graduating with first class honours.

Tsang grew his patriotic sentiments and interest in Marxism by reading the leftist newspaper Wen Wei Po which his father brought home from work everyday and worshipped Qian Xuesen, a renowned scientist who returned to the mainland from the United States in the 1950s. In 1966, he went back to Guangzhou with his mother and was impressed by the socialist life there. He proclaimed himself a Marxist and studied works of Karl Marx and Mao Zedong with like-minded classmates at a time when the majority of the students at the University of Hong Kong supported the colonial rule and had negative views on the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).

1967 riots and teaching life
He joined several university students in making donations to the leftist unions through Wen Wei Po following the industrial dispute at the Hong Kong Artificial Flower Works in April 1967 which later escalated to large-scale riots. He joined the demonstrations in Central and founded a student journal called New HKU to launch a counter-propaganda against The Undergrad, the official publication of the Hong Kong University Students' Union which was critical of the riots. His brother, Tsang Tak-sing, was arrested, tried and convicted for distributing anti-government leaflets at school, and was imprisoned for 18 months. In the wake of his brother's event, Tsang gave up the plans to further his studies abroad although he had been accepted by four prominent universities in the United States.

After graduating from the University of Hong Kong, Tsang gave up his supposedly bright future as a university graduate and joined the leftist Piu Kiu Middle School as a teacher under the patronage of principal Ng Hong-mun, at the time the pro-CCP leftists were marginalised by the colonial government. After the downfall of Gang of Four in 1976, Tsang began to question his own socialist beliefs. He obtained a Graduate Diploma of Education in 1981 and a Master of Education at the University of Hong Kong in 1983. He went on to become the principal of the Piu Kiu Middle School in 1986 until he left his position to become a full-time politician. He became the supervisor of the school and was also the supervisor of a newly established direct-subsidised school, the Pui Kiu College.

Stepping into politics
Despite the events of Gang of Four and the political instability, Tsang remained faithful to the Chinese Communist Party. Due to his good education background, Tsang became a high-flyer within the leftist camp. He stepped into the politics in 1976 when he was appointed a member of the Guangdong provincial committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC). He later became a member of the CPPCC National Committee in 1993.

In the mid-1980s, Tsang was actively involved in the discussion of the drafting of the Basic Law of Hong Kong, the mini-constitution after the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong in 1997. He was one of the members of the "Group of 38" proposal consisting of educators with leftist background led by Basic Law Consultative Committee member Cheng Kai-nam which put forward a middle-of-the-ground proposal between the uncompromising rift of the pro-business conservative "Group of 89" and the pro-democracy liberal "Group of 190" proposals.

During the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, Tsang called for the support of the teachers and students of the Pui Kiu Middle School to support the Tiananmen students and their cause for a democratic China. After the massacre on 4 June, he told the reporters that he was "shocked and sad". However he and other leftists soon reiterated their position on the event and were recalled under Beijing's command.

DAB Chairman
After the defeat of the traditional leftist candidates in the first direct election of the Legislative Council by the pro-democracy candidates of the United Democrats of Hong Kong in the wake of the pro-democracy sentiment after the Tiananmen incident in 1991, Tsang and other leftists founded the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong under the call of director of the Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office Lu Ping to gear up the "patriotic force" in the territory. Tsang became the first chairman of the party. He was subsequently appointed to the Preparatory Committee for the establishment of Hong Kong.

In the 1995 Legislative Council election, he ran in Kowloon Central but was defeated by the less known candidate Liu Sing-lee from the pro-democracy Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood (ADPL). He received around 16,000 votes, 43 per cent of the total vote share. He was subsequently elected to the Provisional Legislative Council in 1996 by the Beijing-controlled Selection Committee.

Tsang was first directly elected to the Legislative Council in the first post-handover election in 1998, representing the Kowloon West constituency. In 2002 he was appointed to the Executive Council by Chief Executive Tung Chee-hwa. In 2002 the fifth anniversary of the Special Administrative Region, he was awarded the Gold Bauhinia Star (GBS) by the government.

As the ally of the Tung administration, the DAB suffered criticisms with the unpopular government. During the controversy surrounding the enactment of the national security bill in Hong Kong, Tsang drew criticism for his party's support of the government's legislative initiatives. Following the 1 July 2003 protests and disappointing performance of his party in the 2003 District Council election, he resigned from the party's chairmanship in December 2003.

Legislative Council President
He gave up his Kowloon West seat and ran in the Hong Kong Island in the 2008 Legislative Council election. After the election, he was elected to the presidency of the Legislative Council, replacing the retired Rita Fan. He is widely assumed to be a member of the Chinese Communist Party, in part because, when asked directly, he has stated only that, "Since the foundation of the DAB, I have been asked whether I am a Communist Party member many times. And I can say frankly, I have never answered this question. The reason is, Hong Kong people's attitude to the concept of the Communist Party is very negative." He resigned from the Executive Council after being elected the President.

Tsang was also criticised for the manner in which he presided over Legislative Council meetings, which led to walkout protests, though he was generally perceived to be fair and accommodating and enjoyed friendly relations with both pro-Beijing and pan-democratic members. He softened his early years' staunch pro-Beijing image during his presidency in the Legislative Council and became increasingly sympathetic with the pro-democracy cause. On the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests, which he referred to as "suppressing students was surely wrong." In the run-up to the 2012 Chief Executive election, he was noted for his relatively liberal views on issues such as universal suffrage, and initially expressed interest in putting himself forward as a candidate, before later backing out.

After the legislative vote of the 2015 Hong Kong electoral reform in which the pro-Beijing legislators undertook a controversial and embarrassing walkout, the Oriental Daily published leaked messages in which Tsang was seen to have discussed voting strategy with a pro-Beijing legislator in a WhatsApp group before the electoral reform package and suggesting the legislators delay their speeches so that the pan-democrats could not control the timing of the vote. The pan-democrats questioned Tsang's neutrality in the chamber, seeing the text messages as "clear evidence" that he was colluding with the rest of the government's allies and planned to mull a no-confidence vote against him. He apologised to the legislators but refused to resign.

In annual polls conducted by the University of Hong Kong Public Opinion Programme, Tsang was voted "Hong Kong’s most popular Legislative Councillor" for each of the last 13 years he was in office, 2004-2016 inclusive. In 2016, his support rating was 63.1 percent, ahead of, in order, Regina Ip with 49.6 percent, Alan Leong with 48.2 percent and Starry Lee with a 45.6 percent. On 1 July 2015, Tsang was awarded the Grand Bauhinia Medal, the SAR's highest honour, in recognition of his public service, particularly his presidency of the Legislative Council.

After Legislative Council
In July 2016, after announcing the end of his Legislative Council career, Tsang announced that he was ready to stand in the 2017 Chief Executive election, just as he had publicly toyed with the idea in the 2012 process. He said he would stand against incumbent Leung Chun-ying, expected to seek a second term, in order "to offer a genuine choice". However, two or three months later he was told privately by the Beijing government not to join the process, he later revealed, and so he publicly distanced himself from any run at the Chief Executive role, describing it as “not a good position to be in” and adding that it required one to serve “two bosses” – Hong Kong society and Beijing.

Family and personal life
In 2009, Tsang married Ng Kar-man. He was previously married to Young Sun-yee.

In February 2017, Tsang was revealed to have had a critical heart condition and underwent angioplasty surgery. Speaking shortly afterwards, he said, "I have narrowly escaped death."

title: Jasper Tsang


text:
Lassie

Lassie is a fictional female Rough Collie dog and is featured in a 1938 short story by Eric Knight that was later expanded to a 1940 full-length novel, Lassie Come-Home. Knight's portrayal of Lassie bears some features in common with another fictional female collie of the same name, featured in the British writer Elizabeth Gaskell's 1859 short story "The Half Brothers". In "The Half Brothers", Lassie is loved only by her young master and guides the adults back to where two boys are lost in a snowstorm.

Knight's novel was filmed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1943 as Lassie Come Home, with a dog named Pal playing Lassie. Pal then appeared with the stage name "Lassie" in six other MGM feature films through 1951. Pal's owner and trainer, Rudd Weatherwax, then acquired the Lassie name and trademark from MGM and appeared with Pal (as "Lassie") at rodeos, fairs, and similar events across America in the early 1950s. In 1954, the television series Lassie debuted and, over the next 19 years, a succession of Pal's descendants appeared on the series. The "Lassie" character has appeared in radio, television, film, toys, comic books, animated series, juvenile novels, and other media. Pal's descendants continue to play Lassie today.

Elizabeth Gaskell short story
An early depiction of Lassie is found in British writer Elizabeth Gaskell's 1859 short story "The Half-brothers". In the story, Lassie is described as a female collie with "intelligent, apprehensive eyes" who rescues two half-brothers who are lost and dying in the snow. When the younger brother can no longer carry on, elder brother Gregory, Lassie's master, ties a handkerchief around Lassie's neck and sends her home. Lassie arrives home, and leads the search party to the boys. When they arrive Gregory is dead, but his younger half-brother is saved. Thus, Gaskell apparently originated the character Lassie and, at the same time, defined the "Lassie saves the day" storyline that is the essence of subsequent Lassie tales.

World War I incident
According to writer Nigel Clarke in the "Shipwreck Guide to Dorset and South Devon", the original Lassie that inspired so many films and television episodes was a rough-haired crossbreed who saved the life of a sailor during World War I.

Half collie, Lassie was owned by the landlord of the Pilot Boat, a pub in the port of Lyme Regis. On New Year's Day in 1915 the Royal Navy battleship HMS Formidable (1898) was torpedoed by a German submarine off Start Point in South Devon, with the loss of more than 500 men. In a storm that followed the accident, a life raft containing bodies was blown along the coast to Lyme Regis. In helping to deal with the crisis, the local pub in Lyme Regis, called the Pilot Boat, offered its cellar as a mortuary.

When the bodies had been laid out on the stone floor, Lassie, a crossbred collie owned by the pub owner, found her way down amongst the bodies, and she began to lick the face of one of the victims, Able Seaman John Cowan. She stayed beside him for more than half an hour, nuzzling him and keeping him warm with her fur. To everyone's astonishment, Cowan eventually stirred. He was taken to hospital and went on to make a full recovery. He visited Lassie again when he returned to thank all who saved his life.

When the officers heard the story of Lassie and what she did to rescue Cowan, they told it again and again to any reporter who would listen as it was inspirational and heart-warming. Hollywood got hold of the story, and so a star was born.

Eric Knight short story and novel
The fictional character of Lassie was created by English author Eric Knight in Lassie Come-Home, first published as a short story in The Saturday Evening Post in 1938 and later as a full-length novel in 1940. Set in the Depression-era England, the novel depicts the lengthy journey a rough collie makes to be reunited with her young Yorkshire master after her family is forced to sell her for money.

Movies and television
In 1943, the novel was adapted into a feature film, Lassie Come Home, by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) that starred Roddy McDowall and Elizabeth Taylor. The movie was a hit and enjoyed favorable critical response. MGM followed this with several additional films, including a sequel entitled Son of Lassie (1945), starring Peter Lawford and June Lockhart, and Courage of Lassie with Elizabeth Taylor. A radio series, Lassie Radio Show, was also created, airing until 1949.

Between 1954–1973, the television series Lassie was broadcast, with Lassie initially residing on a farm with a young male master. In the eleventh season, it changed to U.S. Forest Service rangers as her companions, then the collie was on her own for a season before ending the series with Lassie residing at a ranch for orphaned children. The series was the recipient of two Emmy Awards before it was canceled in 1973. Lassie won several PATSY Awards (an award for animal actors). A second series followed in the 1980s. In 1997, Canadian production company Cinar Inc. produced a new Lassie television series for the Animal Planet network in the U.S. and YTV in Canada. It ran until 1999.

In 2005, a remake of the original Lassie Come Home movie was produced in the United Kingdom. Starring Peter O'Toole and Samantha Morton, Lassie was released in 2006.

Additionally, two animated TV series featuring the canine were produced. The first was Lassie's Rescue Rangers, created by Filmation Associates, which aired on ABC from 1973 to 1975. Nearly four decades later, a new animated series titled The New Adventures of Lassie was co-produced by Superprod and Classic Media, in which Lassie was owned by the Parker family and lived in a national park. The series was primarily a traditionally animated (2D hand-drawn animated) TV series, though it also used some CGI animation. It was first seen in the United States starting in 2020 via the CBS All Access streaming service, then carried over to successor service Paramount+.

Lassie continues to make personal and TV show appearances as well as marketing a line of pet food and a current pet care TV show, Lassie's Pet Vet on PBS stations in the United States. Lassie is one of only four animals (and one of very few fictional characters, such as Mickey Mouse, Kermit the Frog, and Bugs Bunny) to be awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame—the others being silent-film stars Rin Tin Tin, Uggie and Strongheart. In 2005, the show business journal Variety named Lassie one of the "100 Icons of the Century"—the only animal star on the list.

Art
Lassie is featured in Our Nation's 200th Birthday, The Telephone's 100th Birthday (1976) by Stanley Meltzoff for Bell System.

Books

 * Lassie Come-Home
 * Lassie: The Prize
 * Forest Ranger Handbook
 * Lassie: A Boy's Best Friend & Buried Treasure
 * Lassie: Party Nightmare & Water Watchdog
 * Lassie: Skateboard Stunt & Danger Zone

Seafarer Books

 * Lassie and the Lost Little Sheep
 * Lassie's Forest Adventure

Whitman Cozy-Corner

 * Lassie: Rescue in the Storm

Whitman Novels

 * Lassie and the Mystery of Blackberry Bog
 * Lassie and the Secret of the Summer
 * Lassie: Forbidden Valley
 * Lassie: Treasure Hunter by Charles S. Strong
 * Lassie: the Wild Mountain Trail
 * Lassie and the Mystery of Bristlecone Pine
 * Lassie and the Secret of the Smelter's Cave
 * Lassie: Lost in the Snow
 * Lassie: Trouble at Panter's Lake

Big Little Books

 * Lassie: Adventure in Alaska
 * Lassie and the Shabby Sheik
 * Lassie: Old One Eye

Golden Books

 * The Adventures of Lassie
 * Lassie and Her Day in the Sun
 * Lassie and Her Friends
 * Lassie and the Big Clean-Up Day
 * Lassie and the Daring Rescue
 * Lassie and the Lost Explorer
 * Lassie Shows the Way
 * Lassie: The Great Escape

Tell-a-Tale Books

 * Hooray for Lassie!
 * Lassie and the Cub Scout
 * Lassie and the Deer Mystery
 * Lassie and the Firefighters
 * Lassie and the Kittens
 * Lassie Finds a Friend
 * Lassie's Brave Adventure
 * Lassie: The Busy Morning

Tip-Top Books

 * Lassie: The Sandbar Rescue

Wonder Books

 * Lassie's Long Trip

Marian Bray

 * Lassie to the Rescue
 * Lassie: Hayloft Hideout
 * Lassie Under the Big Top
 * Lassie: Treasure at Eagle Mountain
 * Lassie: Danger at Echo Cliffs

The New Lassie

 * The Puppy Problem
 * Digging Up Danger
 * The Big Blowup
 * Water Watchdog
 * Skateboard Dare
 * Dangerous Party

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lassie


text:
First Battle of the Stronghold

The First Battle of the Stronghold (January 17, 1873) was the second battle in the Modoc War of 1872–1873. The battle was fought between the United States Army under Lieutenant Colonel Frank Wheaton and a band of the Native American Modoc tribe from Oregon and California, led by Captain Jack (Kintpuash in Modoc).

The US Army forces tried to dislodge the Modoc from the natural fortress, now called Captain Jack's Stronghold, in the lava beds along the south shore of Tule Lake in northeastern California. They had illegally left the Klamath Reservation in Oregon, to which they had been relocated from their territory in order to enable European Americans to settle in the area. The Modoc soundly defeated the Army, inflicting numerous casualties and forcing it to retreat. Factors aiding the Modoc included their excellent defensive position, steady patience, and a thick fog that obscured portions of the battlefield.

Background
Immediately after the inconclusive November 27, 1872 Battle of Lost River in Oregon, the Modoc escaped to the lava beds in what is now Lava Beds National Monument, California. Their band included women and children. There they joined a Modoc band led by Shacknasty Jim from Hot Creek, who had not been involved in the Lost River action. The Modoc were encamped at a natural fortress of caves and trenches 300 yd wide and 2 mi long in the lava beds, which they had improved to make more defensible. The Modoc had captured about 100 head of cattle which they relied on as a food supply.

The Army moved units from across the Department of the Columbia to the south end of Tule Lake, where the units established two encampments, the larger at Van Brimmer's Ranch, about 10 miles west of the Stronghold, and a smaller force at Louis Land's Ranch, 12 mi to the east.

Modoc
The Modoc bands numbered about 160 people, 53 of whom were warriors. The leaders of the group were Captain Jack, Shaknasty Jim, Scarfaced Charley, Hooker Jim, and John Schonchin.

United States
The US Army force in the field consisted of about 400 men. Lieutenant Colonel Frank Wheaton was in command, and had his headquarters at Van Brimmer's Ranch. Major John Green commanded the force in the west, and Captain Reuben Bernard was in command of the forces in the east.

The west force, under Major Green, consisted of the 21st Infantry under Major Edwin Mason; two companies of the Oregon militia under General John E. Ross; 1st Cavalry, Troop F, under Captain David Perry; a company of California volunteers under Captain John O. Fairchild, and one section of two 12-pounder (5 kg) mountain howitzers under 2nd Lieutenant W. H. Miller.

Captain Bernard's much smaller force consisted of 1st Cavalry, Troop B under Captain James Jackson and Troop G under 2nd Lieutenant John Kyle; and a company of Klamath scouts under Dave Hill.

Preparation for attack
Colonel Wheaton planned a two-pronged attack. The main force in the west would launch the primary attack, with a secondary attack from the east to prevent the Modoc escaping. The two forces were to spread out and meet in the middle of the lava fields, south of the Stronghold, trapping the Modoc against Tule Lake. The howitzers were to provide support for the western attack. All men were to proceed on foot.

The units left their camps on January 16 to move into position. Major Green's units arrived at the southwest corner of Tule Lake at 1 pm; the artillery, which had traveled a longer, though flatter route, arrived after dark. Their camp was at the top of a bluff, overlooking the lava beds, about 3 miles west of the Stronghold.

Captain Bernard's group also advanced on the 16th, their objective being Hospital Rock, two miles east of the Stronghold. However, a thick fog obscured their view and the forces came within a mile of the Stronghold. At this point Bernard ordered a withdrawal, but the Modoc had already observed them and gave chase. They began firing on Bernard's left flank and pack train, before being run off. Three of Bernard's men were wounded in the exchange. Bernard's force withdrew to Hospital Rock, and prepared for the next day's battle.

Battle
On the morning of January 17, the battlefield was covered with a thick fog and the weather was damp. In the west Major Green formed a skirmish line, with the 21st Infantry battalion and California volunteers on the left flank, next to the lake, and the Oregon militia on the right flank. He held a detachment of the 21st Infantry and 1st Cavalry, F Troop, in reserve to defend the howitzers. In the east, Bernard's force formed up with the Klamath Scouts and B Troop on the left flank, and G troop on the right flank, next to the lake.

The battle orders called for the howitzers to fire three shots as a signal for Bernard to begin the attack, then they were to pause for 15 minutes before resuming firing to give the Modoc a chance to move their women and children out of the Stronghold. However, due to the fog, the howitzer crews could not determine where their shots were landing, and they did not resume firing after the signal shots for fear of hitting their own forces.

Green's force advanced on the Stronghold, and after covering 1.5 mi, reformed with F Troop taking the extreme right flank, to attempt to join up with Bernard's force. At about this time the western force first began taking fire from the Modoc, who had left the Stronghold to attack the Army in the lava beds. Green's advance was slowed to almost nothing as the rough terrain and the enemy fire combined to make advance difficult. The Modoc, concealed by the fog and hiding in the rock formations, shot any target presented to them as they slowly gave ground, causing many casualties among the Army. At about 2 pm, Green's force came to a "very deep chasm", which stopped their advance.

In the east, after advancing to about 500 yd from the Stronghold, Bernard's force also came under fire from the Modoc; they charged the enemy as the ground on the east was much easier than on the west. However, after advancing 100 yd, they encountered a deep gully which they determined to be impassable, and withdrew 150 yd. Here Bernard's force began building crude fortifications out of the available rock.

At this point, Colonel Wheaton abandoned the plan to join the two forces south of the Stronghold. Major Green suggested that they instead attempt to join the units along the lake shore, north of the Stronghold. Orders were shouted to Bernard, who accepted the change in plans. However, Bernard's force, behind their makeshift walls, were unwilling to renew the attack. The east force did maintain their position and drew the enemy's fire.

With the exception of the Oregon militia, who claimed to be stopped by a ravine, Green's force began to move to the north along the shore. The California volunteers, 21st Infantry, and F Troop advanced behind the Stronghold, and were within 50 yd north of the Stronghold when they were pinned down on the shore by overwhelming Modoc fire. Major Green was wounded when he stood up and urged his men forward, an act for which he later received the Medal of Honor. F Troop and half the 21st Infantry eventually made it to Bernard's force, but the rest of the Infantry and the California volunteers were pinned down along the lake shore and were ordered to remain in place until dark. At 5 pm, Colonel Wheaton realized he had failed to capture the Stronghold, and signaled Green and Bernard to retreat. The forces withdrew to their camps, a process that was not completed until after nightfall on January 18. The US soldiers the Modoc had killed were left on the battlefield, which provided the Modoc with additional rifles and ammunition.

The US lost 37 men killed or wounded; the Modoc suffered no casualties. Given the fog and rock cover, no Army survivors reported having seen a Modoc during the battle. The Modoc's spiritual leader, Curley Headed Doctor, took credit for raising the fog through his rituals.

Aftermath
The defeat of the Army at the First Battle of the Stronghold strengthened the Modoc position. The United States began peace negotiations from a position of weakness. The Modoc also gained confidence in their ability to defend their position against a superior force.

Lt. Col. Wheaton was relieved of command, and replaced by Col. Alvan Gillem, a veteran of the Seminole War. The US Army brought reinforcements to Tule Lake from San Francisco, Nevada, and Oregon. It recruited additional scouts from the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, while the Oregon militia and California volunteers left the field.

During the peace conferences that followed the battle, Major General Edward Canby, commanding officer of the Department of the Columbia, came to the lava beds to lead the peace effort. Mistakenly thinking that killing leaders would encourage the Army to leave the Modoc alone, on Good Friday, April 11, 1873, Captain Jack and some of his men ambushed and killed General Canby and Reverend Eleazer Thomas, and wounded two more. This act ended the peace talks. The Army initiated the Second Battle of the Stronghold starting April 15.

title: First Battle of the Stronghold


text:
Talk:Index of physics articles

Untitled
Article List of physics topics needs to be broken into at least 3 pieces; will this ruin the way current users use it? --Jerzy 11:07, 2003 Dec 10 (UTC)

NB the list of mathematics topics was broken into eight, when it reached about 120K.

Charles Matthews 11:10, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I don't see how breaking it up would ruin anything. theresa knott 11:15, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)~

 * It means that we can't use it to monitor activity in the field anymore, via "related changes". How about we make the original format available as well? -- Tim Starling 03:33, Dec 13, 2003 (UTC)

Tim, guess i didn't wait long enuf before acting. Don't hesitate on my acct from just reverting it; i have no need for the short-pages version, but proposed it on general principles as i understand them. But maybe this needs to be added to a list of places where the 32K limit is a problem (here, and VfD that i'm aware of), to be thot about together. Hmm, what if the list of 32K problems goes over 32k [wink]? --Jerzy 05:18, 2003 Dec 13 (UTC)

length of these lists
These lists are getting quite long. Wouldn't it be better to format the mmore like the lists at list of mathematics topics to save on space? Karol 17:11, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedia talk:Verifiability
There's a discussion on what the reference requirements for lists like this one. The Transhumanist (talk) 01:35, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

Sortable tables...
...should make it easier to read, use and maintain. -- F = q(E + v × B) 14:07, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Forget it - didn't realize there is a bug with them... =( -- F = q(E + v × B) 16:10, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

new format
I would propose to list using numbers, in columns of 25 at a time to keep track of the number of articles. Its not easy to read if they're all mashed up in just a few lines... for instance:

 * A

 * 1) Abbe number
 * 2) Absolute zero
 * 3) Accelerating universe
 * 4) Acceleration
 * 5) Acoustic theory
 * 6) Action (physics)
 * 7) Active laser medium
 * 8) Adiabatic process
 * 9) Aether theory
 * 10) Agrophysics
 * 11) Aharonov–Bohm effect
 * 12) Alcubierre metric
 * 13) Alembert, Jean le Rond d'
 * 14) Alferov, Zhores Ivanovich
 * 15) Alfvén, Hannes Olof Gösta
 * 16) Alpha particle
 * 17) Alpher–Bethe–Gamow theory
 * 18) Alvarez, Luis Walter
 * 19) Amagat's law
 * 20) Amorphous silicon
 * 21) Ampere
 * 22) Ampere model of magnetization
 * 23) Ampère's law
 * 24) Angular frequency
 * 25) Angular momentum

 * 1) Angular velocity
 * 2) Annihilation operator
 * 3) Antenna theory
 * 4) Antiferromagnetism
 * 5) Antimatter
 * 6) Antiparticle
 * 7) Application of tensor theory in engineering science
 * 8) Applied mathematics
 * 9) Applied physics
 * 10) Archimedes' "mechanical method"
 * 11) Area
 * 12) Argand, Aimé
 * 13) Argand, Jean-Robert
 * 14) Arrhenius, Svante
 * 15) Arrow of time
 * 16) Aston, Francis William
 * 17) Astronomy
 * 18) Astrometry
 * 19) Astrophysics
 * 20) Atkinson, Robert
 * 21) Atom
 * 22) Atomic clock
 * 23) Atomic electron transition
 * 24) Atomic force microscopy
 * 25) Atomic mass unit

 * 1) Atomic nucleus
 * 2) Atomic number
 * 3) Atomic physics
 * 4) International Atomic Time
 * 5) Atomic units
 * 6) Atomic weight
 * 7) Atomic, Molecular, and Optical physics
 * 8) Avogadro, Amedeo

Any objections? F = q(E+v×B) ⇄ ∑ici 20:29, 30 May 2012 (UTC)

Why the template?
The new TOCs in the lists of physics articles work well. So well, I don't see the need for Index of physics articles. Why not just put in another TOC? RockMagnetist (talk) 19:38, 6 February 2013 (UTC)
 * RockMagnetist, I'm going to T3 that template in a moment. It's not necessary anymore. Steel1943 (talk) 04:38, 7 February 2013 (UTC)
 * It looks great now! RockMagnetist (talk) 04:55, 7 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks! Cheers! Steel1943 (talk) 05:00, 7 February 2013 (UTC)

Untitled 2
Isn't this what categories are for? PhantomTech (talk) 03:59, 7 February 2013 (UTC)
 * This is an alphabetical index that was too large to be contained on three articles. If you need reference to how this is being done, please look at Index of physics articles. Due to the fact that these list articles were almost a tenth of a megabyte in site, they needed to be broken down. Steel1943 (talk) 04:21, 7 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Also, I am just editing the already long list that is there. If you see an issue with this, please bring this conversation to Talk:Index of physics articles instead. This will get more attention there. Steel1943 (talk) 04:23, 7 February 2013 (UTC)

More why's
Why the split? OK, I can see that, the old lists were just too long and it looks much nicer now. But then, what are they actually doing apart from looking nice? Why the list? I was occasionally using it (or the three sub-lists we had the last months) to monitor activity via 'Related changes'. This use was also mentioned in the old thread at the top, but now this is not possible any more. Is there any other use for the lists? Would anybody looking for an article use or even find them, instead of just looking up the article directly in the search box? —  H HHIPPO  07:58, 7 February 2013 (UTC)
 * I wonder that myself. I have created a couple of indices for projects, and my sole motivation was to provide a source for "Related changes". WikiProject Mathematics even automates that process. If someone would create a similar tool for other projects to use, it would be so much easier to monitor activity! RockMagnetist (talk) 16:33, 12 March 2013 (UTC)
 * There was an RfC on indexes a few months ago, but in an obscure location. RockMagnetist (talk) 16:38, 12 March 2013 (UTC)
 * By the tool used by WikiProject Mathematics, do you mean WikiProject Mathematics/Current activity? The 'recent edits' links there at the top are actually broken. I made a set of shortcuts for monitoring our indices on my user page, but it's cumbersome with so many links. There's also the WP physics watchlist on the toolserver, but I prefer the functionality (and the response time) of MediaWiki's related changes.
 * Thanks for the RfC link, will have a look. —  H HHIPPO  20:27, 12 March 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Index of physics articles


text:
French Academy of Sciences

The French Academy of Sciences (French: Académie des sciences, ) is a learned society, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV at the suggestion of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, to encourage and protect the spirit of French scientific research. It was at the forefront of scientific developments in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, and is one of the earliest Academies of Sciences.

Currently headed by Patrick Flandrin (President of the academy), it is one of the five Academies of the Institut de France.

History
The Academy of Sciences traces its origin to Colbert's plan to create a general academy. He chose a small group of scholars who met on 22 December 1666 in the King's library, near the present-day Bibliothèque Nationale, and thereafter held twice-weekly working meetings there in the two rooms assigned to the group. The first 30 years of the academy's existence were relatively informal, since no statutes had as yet been laid down for the institution.

In contrast to its British counterpart, the academy was founded as an organ of government. In Paris, there were not many membership openings, to fill positions there were tenacious elections. The election process was at least a 6-stage process with rules and regulations that allowed for chosen candidates to canvas other members and for current members to consider postponing certain stages of the process if the need would arise. Elections in the early days of the academy were important activities, and as such made up a large part of the proceedings at the academy, with many meetings being held regarding the election to fill a single vacancy within the academy. That is not to say that discussion of candidates and the election process as a whole was relegated to the meetings. Members that belonged to the vacancy's respective field would continue discussion of potential candidates for the vacancy in private. Being elected into the academy did not necessarily guarantee being a full member, in some cases, one would enter the academy as an associate or correspondent before being appointed as a full member of the academy.

The election process was originally only to replace members from a specific section. For example, if someone whose study was mathematics was either removed or resigned from his position, the following election process nominated only those whose focus was also mathematics in order to fill that discipline's vacancy. That led to some periods of time in which no specialists for specific fields of study could be found, which left positions in those fields vacant since they could not be filled with people in other disciplines.

The needed reform came late in the 20th century, in 1987, when the academy decided against the practice and to begin filling vacancies with people with new disciplines. This reform was not only aimed at further diversifying the disciplines under the academy, but also to help combat the internal aging of the academy itself. The academy was expected to remain apolitical, and to avoid discussion of religious and social issues. On 20 January 1699, Louis XIV gave the Company its first rules. The academy received the name of Royal Academy of Sciences and was installed in the Louvre in Paris. Following this reform, the academy began publishing a volume each year with information on all the work done by its members and obituaries for members who had died. This reform also codified the method by which members of the academy could receive pensions for their work.

The academy was originally organized by the royal reform hierarchically into the following groups: Pensionaires, Pupils, Honoraires, and Associés.

The reform also added new groups not previously recognized, such as Vétéran. Some of these role's member limits were expanded and some roles even removed or combined throughout the course of academy's history. The Honoraires group establish by this reform in 1699 whose members were directly appointed by the King was recognized until its abolishment in 1793.

Membership in the academy the exceeded 100 officially-recognised full members only in 1976, 310 years after the academy's inception in 1666. The membership increase came with a large-scale reorganization in 1976. Under this reorganization, 130 resident members, 160 correspondents, and 80 foreign associates could be elected.

A vacancy opens only upon the death of members, as they serve for life. During elections, half of the vacancies are reserved for people less than 55 years old. This was created as an attempt to encourage younger members to join the academy.

The reorganization also divided the academy into 2 divisions:

One division, Division 1, covers the applications of mathematics and physical sciences,

the other, Division 2, covers the applications of chemical, natural, biological, and medical sciences.

On 8 August 1793, the National Convention abolished all the academies. On 22 August 1795, a National Institute of Sciences and Arts was put in place, bringing together the old academies of the sciences, literature and arts, among them the Académie française and the Académie des sciences.

Also in 1795, The academy determined these 10 titles (first 4 in Division 1 and the others in Division 2) e to be their newly accepted branches of scientific study:

 * 1) Mathematics
 * 2) Mechanics
 * 3) Astronomy
 * 4) Physics
 * 5) Chemistry
 * 6) Mineralogy
 * 7) Botany
 * 8) Agriculture
 * 9) Anatomy and Zoology
 * 10) Medicine and Surgery

The last two sections are bundled since there were many good candidates fit to be elected for those practices, and the competition was stiff. Some individuals like Francois Magendie had made stellar advancements in their selected fields of study, that warranted a possible addition of new fields. However, even someone like Magendie that had made breakthroughs in Physiology and impressed the academy with his hands-on vivisection experiments, could not get his study into its own category. Despite Magendie being one of the leading innovators of his time, it was still a battle for him to become an official member of the academy, a feat he would later accomplish in 1821. He further improved the reverence of the academy when he and anatomist Charles Bell produced the widely known "Bell-Magendie Law".

From 1795 until 1914, the first world war, the French Academy of Science was the most prevalent organization of French science. Almost all the old members of the previously abolished Académie were formally re-elected and retook their ancient seats. Among the exceptions was Dominique, comte de Cassini, who refused to take his seat. Membership in the academy was not restricted to scientists: in 1798 Napoleon Bonaparte was elected a member of the academy and three years later a president in connection with his Egyptian expedition, which had a scientific component. In 1816, the again renamed "Royal Academy of Sciences" became autonomous, while forming part of the Institute of France; the head of State became its patron. In the Second Republic, the name returned to Académie des sciences. During this period, the academy was funded by and accountable to the Ministry of Public Instruction. The academy came to control French patent laws in the course of the eighteenth century, acting as the liaison of artisans' knowledge to the public domain. As a result, academicians dominated technological activities in France. The academy proceedings were published under the name Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences (1835–1965). The Comptes rendus is now a journal series with seven titles. The publications can be found on site of the French National Library.

In 1818 the French Academy of Sciences launched a competition to explain the properties of light. The civil engineer Augustin-Jean Fresnel entered the competition by submitting a new wave theory of light. Siméon Denis Poisson, one of the members of the judging committee, studied Fresnel's theory in detail. Being a supporter of the particle-theory of light, he looked for a way to disprove it. Poisson thought that he had found a flaw when he demonstrate that Fresnel's theory predicts that an on-axis bright spot would exist in the shadow of a circular obstacle, where there should be complete darkness according to the particle-theory of light. The Poisson spot is not easily observed in every-day situations and so it was only natural for Poisson to interpret it as an absurd result and that it should disprove Fresnel's theory. However, the head of the committee, Dominique-François-Jean Arago, and who incidentally later became Prime Minister of France, decided to perform the experiment in more detail. He molded a 2-mm metallic disk to a glass plate with wax. To everyone's surprise he succeeded in observing the predicted spot, which convinced most scientists of the wave-nature of light. For three centuries women were not allowed as members of the academy. This meant that many women scientists were excluded, including two-time Nobel Prize winner Marie Curie, Nobel winner Irène Joliot-Curie, mathematician Sophie Germain, and many other deserving women scientists. The first woman admitted as a correspondent member was a student of Curie's, Marguerite Perey, in 1962. The first female full member was Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat in 1979.

Membership in the academy is highly geared towards representing common French populace demographics. French population increases and changes in the early 21st century led to the academy expanding reference population sizes by reform in the early 2002.

The overwhelming majority of members leave the academy posthumously, with a few exceptions of removals, transfers, and resignations. The last member to be removed from the academy was in 1944. Removal from the academy was often for not performing to standards, not performing at all, leaving the country, or political reasons. In some rare occasions, a member has been elected twice and subsequently removed twice. This is the case for Marie-Adolphe Carnot.

Government interference
The most direct involvement of the government in the affairs of the institute came in the initial nomination of members in 1795, but as its members nominated constituted only one third of the membership and most of these had previously been elected as members of the respective academies under the old regime, few objections were raised. Moreover, these nominated members were then completely free to nominate the remaining members of the institute. Members expected to remain such for life, but interference occurred in a few cases where the government suddenly terminated membership for political reasons. The other main interference came when the government refused to accept the result of academy elections. The academies control by the government was apparent in 1803, when Bonaparte decided on a general reorganization. His principal concern was not the First class but the Second, which included political scientists who were potential critics of his government. Bonaparte abolished the second class completely and, after a few expulsions, redistributed its remaining members, together with those of the Third class, into a new Second class concerned with literature and a new Third class devoted to the fine arts. Still this relationship between the academy and the government was not a one-way affair, as members expected to receive their payment of an honorarium.

Decline
Although the academy still exists today, after World War I, the reputation and status of the academy was largely questioned. One factor behind its decline was the development from a meritocracy to gerontocracy: a shift from those with demonstrated scientific ability leading the academy to instead favoring those with seniority. It became known as a sort of "hall of fame" that lost control, real and symbolic, of the professional scientific diversity in France at the time. Another factor was that in the span of five years, 1909 to 1914, funding to science faculties considerably dropped, eventually leading to a financial crisis in France.

Present use
Today the academy is one of five academies comprising the Institut de France. Its members are elected for life. Currently, there are 150 full members, 300 corresponding members, and 120 foreign associates. They are divided into two scientific groups: the Mathematical and Physical sciences and their applications and the Chemical, Biological, Geological and Medical sciences and their applications. The academy currently has five missions that it pursues. These being the encouraging of the scientific life, promoting the teaching of science, transmitting knowledge between scientific communities, fostering international collaborations, and ensuring a dual role of expertise and advise. The French Academy of Science originally focused its development efforts into creating a true co-development Euro-African program beginning in 1997. Since then they have broadened their scope of action to other regions of the world. The standing committee COPED is in charge of the international development projects undertaken by the French Academy of Science and their associates. The current president of COPED is Pierre Auger, the vice president is Michel Delseny, and the honorary president is Francois Gros. All of which are current members of the French Academy of Science. COPED has hosted several workshops or colloquia in Paris, involving representatives from African academies, universities or research centers, addressing a variety of themes and challenges dealing with African development and covering a large field spectrum. Specifically higher education in sciences, and research practices in basic and applied sciences that deal with various aspects relevant to development (renewable energy, infectious diseases, animal pathologies, food resources, access to safe water, agriculture, urban health, etc.).

Current committees and working parties
The Academic Standing Committees and Working Parties prepare the advice notes, policy statements and the Academic Reports. Some have a statutory remit, such as the Select Committee, the Committee for International Affairs and the Committee for Scientists' Rights, some are created ad hoc by the academy and approved formally by vote in a members-only session.

Today the academies standing committees and working parties include:

 * The Academic Standing Committee in charge of the Biennial Report on Science and Technology
 * The Academic Standing Committee for Science, Ethics and Society
 * The Academic Standing Committee for the Environment
 * The Academic Standing Committee for Space Research
 * The Academic Standing Committee for Science and Metrology
 * The Academic Standing Committee for the Science History and Epistemology
 * The Academic Standing Committee for Science and Safety Issues
 * The Academic Standing Committee for Science Education and Training
 * The Academic Standing La main à la pâte Committee
 * The Academic Standing Committee for the Defense of Scientists' Rights (CODHOS)
 * The Academic Standing Committee for International Affairs (CORI)
 * The French Committee for International Scientific Unions (COFUSI)
 * The Academic Standing Committee for Scientific and Technological International Relations (CARIST)
 * The Academic Standing Committee for Developing Countries (COPED)
 * The Inter-academic Group for Development (GID) – Cf. for further reading
 * The Academic Standing Commission for Sealed Deposits
 * The Academic Standing Committee for Terminology and Neologisms
 * The Antoine Lavoisier Standing Committee
 * The Academic Standing Committee for Prospects in Energy Procurement
 * The Special Academic Working Party on Scientific Computing
 * The Special Academic Working Party on Material Sciences and Engineering

Medals, awards and prizes
Each year, the Academy of Sciences distributes about 80 prizes. These include:

 * Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie Polish-French Science Award, created in 2022.
 * the Grande Médaille, awarded annually, in rotation, in the relevant disciplines of each division of the academy, to a French or foreign scholar who has contributed to the development of science in a decisive way.
 * the Lalande Prize, awarded from 1802 through 1970, for outstanding achievement in astronomy
 * the Valz Prize, awarded from 1877 through 1970, to honor advances in astronomy
 * the Richard Lounsbery Award, jointly with the National Academy of Sciences
 * the Prix Jacques Herbrand, for mathematics and physics
 * the Prix Paul Pascal, for chemistry
 * the Louis Bachelier Prize for major contributions to mathematical modeling in finance
 * the Prix Michel Montpetit for computer science and applied mathematics, awarded since 1977
 * the Leconte Prize, awarded annually since 1886, to recognize important discoveries in mathematics, physics, chemistry, natural history or medicine
 * the Prix Tchihatcheff (Tchihatchef; Chikhachev)

People
The following are incomplete lists of the officers of the academy. See also Category:Officers of the French Academy of Sciences.

For a list of the academy's members past and present, see Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences

Presidents
Source: French Academy of Sciences • 1800 Napoleon Bonaparte

• 1906 Henri Poincaré

• 1952 Albert Caquot

• 2001–2002 Hubert Curien

• 2003–2004 Étienne-Émile Baulieu

• 2005–2006 Édouard Brézin

• 2007–2008 Jules Hoffmann

• 2009–2010 Jean Salençon

• 2011–2012 Alain Carpentier

• 2013–2014 Philippe Taquet

• 2015–2016 Bernard Meunier

• 2017–2018 Sébastien Candel

• 2019–2020 Pierre Corvol

• 2021–2022 Patrick Flandrin

Treasurers

 * ?–1788 Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
 * 1788–1791 Mathieu Tillet

General
• Dec 1666 – Apr 1668 Jean-Baptiste Du Hamel

• Apr 1668 – Dec 1669 Jean Gallois

• Jan 1670 – Jan 1697 Jean-Baptiste Du Hamel

• Jan 1697 – Dec 1740 Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle (nominated by king in Jan 1699)

• Jan 1741 – Aug 1743 Jean-Jacques Dortous de Mairan

• Sep 1743 – Jul 1776 Jean-Paul Grandjean de Fouchy

• Aug 1777 – Aug 1793 Nicolas Caritat, marquis de Condorcet

Mathematical Sciences
• 1801–1822 Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre

• 1822–1830 Joseph Fourier

• 1830–1853 François Arago

• 1853–1874 Léonce Élie de Beaumont

• 1874–1900 Joseph Bertrand

• 1900–1917 Gaston Darboux

• 1917–1942 Émile Picard

• 1942–1975 Louis de Broglie

• 1975–1996 Paul Germain

• Currently: Jean Dercourt

• Currently: Odile Macchi

Physical Sciences
• 1795–1803 Bernard Germain de Lacépède

• 1803–1832 Georges Cuvier

• 1832–1833 Pierre-Louis Dulong

• 1833–1868 Pierre Flourens

• 1868–1884 Jean-Baptiste Dumas

• 1884–1886 Jules Jamin

• 1886–1887 Alfred Vulpian

• 1887–1889 Louis Pasteur

• 1889–1907 Marcelin Berthelot

• 1907 Albert de Lapparent

• 1908 Henri Becquerel

• 1908–1914 Philippe van Tieghem

• 1914–1948 Alfred Lacroix

Chemistry and Biology
• 1948–1986 Robert Courrier

• 1986–1991 Alfred Jost

• 1991–2001 François Gros

• 2001–2006 Nicole Le Douarin

• 2006–2011 Jean-François Bach

• currently Catherine Bréchignac

• currently Ilan Marek

Publications

 * Publications of the French Academy of Sciences "Histoire de l'Académie royale des sciences" (1700–1790)

title: French Academy of Sciences


text:
Jiangmen

Jiangmen, alternately romanized in Cantonese as Kongmoon, is a prefecture-level city in Guangdong Province in southern China. It consists of three urban districts (Pengjiang, Jianghai, Xinhui), Heshan, and the more rural Siyi (Xinhui, Taishan, Kaiping, and Enping), which is the ancestral homeland of approximately 4 million overseas Chinese. As of the 2020 census, the entire prefecture has a total population of about 4,798,090 inhabitants; its urban region (Pengjiang, Jianghai, plus Heshan being conurbated) has 2,657,062 inhabitants, which can also be considered part of the Guangzhou–Shenzhen metro conurbation with 65,565,622 inhabitants.

Names
Jiangmen is the pinyin romanization of the Chinese name or, based on its pronunciation in the Mandarin dialect. Its former Wade-Giles spelling was Chiang-men. The Postal Map spelling "Kongmoon" was based upon the same name's Cantonese pronunciation Gong¹-moon⁴. Other forms of the name include Kongmoon, Kongmun, and Kiangmoon.

Jiangmen is also known as Pengjiang. Its rural hinterland is known to the Chinese diaspora as the "Four Counties" (q.v.), although the addition of Heshan to Jiangmen has prompted the remaining locals to begin calling it the "Five Counties" instead.

History
Jiangmen was forced to open up to western trade in 1904, after a 1902 declaration which made it a treaty port. During the subsequent period of western influence, a number of western-style buildings were constructed along the city's waterfront, and currently, the city's government is partaking in a renewal project to restore many of these buildings.

On 6 August 1925, the Guangdong provincial government placed Jiangmen under direct administration of the provincial government. Jiangmen was given a city government on 26 November of the same year. In 1931, this status would be revoked, and the city was placed under the administration of Xinhui County.

The city was incorporated into the People's Republic of China on 23 October 1949, and was proclaimed a city in 1951. The city later became the prefectural seat for the Sze Yup ("Four County") region including Taishan, Kaiping, Xinhui, Enping. In Mainland China but not abroad, the area became known as the "Five Counties" when Heshan was added to Jiangmen's jurisdiction.

In June 1983, the city was upgraded to a prefecture-level city.

In 1996, built the Jiangmen Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone (Jiangmen National-Level High-Tech Industry Development Zone) in Jianghai district.

In 2006, built the bingjiang Zone in pengjiang district.

In 2011, the city banned pet dogs in public after rabies killed 42 people over the preceding 3 years. The city reserved a 13-acre site to allow rural Chinese to adopt the 30,000 dogs, but public outcry led to a softer implementation where violators would be told to leave rather than have the dog confiscated.

In 2017, Jiangmen Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone ranked 64th among national hi-tech zones in China.

In 2020, Jiangmen Station of the West Pearl River Delta Transportation Center, in Southwest China's Guangdong province, opened to the public.

Geography
The city is located on the lower reaches of the Xi River and the, in the western section of the Pearl River Delta in the middle of southern Guangdong Province. It faces the South China Sea in the south and is 100 km away from Guangzhou and Zhuhai by highway. Jiangmen city has an area of 9,535 km², about one quarter the size of the Pearl River Delta.

Climate
The climate is subtropical with monsoonal influences. The annual average temperature is 22.36 °C.

Economy
Jiangmen was selected by the Chinese state as a pilot city for a nationwide information programme. It was also chosen by the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (PECC) as a trial city for the Regional Integration for Sustainable Economics (RISE) project. According to the World Bank's "Report on Investment Environment in China" for 2005, Jiangmen was ranked the sixth most conducive city in China for investment.

The economic development strategies within Jiangmen focus on the three urban districts, and the south, middle and north lines. It is planned to develop four main economic areas: the central urban district of the city, the Yinzhou Lake economic area, and two economic areas along the various transport axes.

In 2018, the city reported a GDP of 290.041 billion Yuan, government revenue totaling 24.393 billion Yuan, and retail sales totaling 140.758 billion Yuan. In 2024, the city reported a GDP of 4022.96 billion Yuan.

Manufacturing industries
Similar to other cities in the western Pearl River Delta, the manufacturing sector plays a significant role in Jiangmen's economy. The chief industries include manufacturing of New energy, machinery, textiles, paper, food products, electronics, and building materials. Other major industries include high-speed rail,motorcycles, household appliances, food processing, synthetic fibers and garments, and stainless steel products. Global brand names with a presence in the city include BP, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Hyundai, Panasonic, Veolia, Hutchison Whampoa, ABB and Tesco. Some worldwide brand which have factories in Jiangmen such include Basf, Asia Pacific Resources International Holdings and Lee Kum Kee foods.

Uranium processing plant
The city was the proposed site of a $6.5 billion, 40 billion renminbi, uranium processing plant which would have supplied about half of the enriched uranium needed by China's nuclear power plants. Announcement of the plant in July 2013 was met by public protests. The proposal was withdrawn out of "respect for public opinion" shortly thereafter.

Jiangmen port
Jiangmen Port is the second largest river port in Guangdong province. The local government plans to develop a harbour industrial zone with heavy industries to include petrochemical and machinery plants, as well as an ocean-based economy.

Culture
Jiangmen is the ancestral homeland of approximately 4 million overseas Chinese, who live in 107 countries and regions throughout the world. Strong oversea connections are especially found in the villages. The dialect spoken in Jiangmen city itself is a Siyi Yue dialect, but is distinct from the Taishanese spoken in Taishan City. Every year, A unique dragon dance is performed in water during Pan Village Lantern Festival in Shuikou Town, Kaiping, Jiangmen, Guangdong.

Tourism
A significant amount of historical heritage survives from the period of mass emigration prior to World War II. The most significant are the fortified multi-story towers found mainly in Kaiping. These are known as "Gold Mountain Towers" or diaolou. A number of natural hotspring resorts has been developed successfully by using its wealthy natural heated ground water resources such as Gudou Hotspring Resort (古兜温泉). Guifeng Mountain, a mountain visited by many tourists, is the peak of Jiangmen with an elevation of 545 meters above sea level.

The local government's economic development strategies emphasize the development of tourism and protection of the environment.

Universities and Colleges
Wuyi University is the only university which is founded within the city, whereby it's one of the member of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao University Alliance (GHMUA). And Guangzhou Huali College Jiangmen campus is also located in the city.

And there are also some Vocational colleges in the city:
 * Jiangmen Polytechnic College, located at Chaolian Island, enrolls about 13,000 students in various technical and humanities programs.
 * Guangdong Jiangmen Chinese Medicine College
 * Guangdong Jiangmen Preschool Normal College
 * Guangdong Nanfang Institute of Technology
 * Guangdong Vocational College of Post and Telecom (Jiangmen Campus)

Secondary Education
The only international school in Jiangmen is Boren Sino-Canadian School, while bilingual schools include WuYi Country Garden Bilingual School and China-Hong Kong English School.

Jiangmen No. 1 Middle School is claimed to be the top middle school in the district. It used to be one of the best middle schools in Guangdong Province in the 1980s and 1990s. However, the quality of its education has been dropping in recent years and within the district of Jiangmen, its status is being constantly challenged by schools such as Xinhui No. 1 Middle School in Xinhui, Kaiqiao (Kaiping Emigrant) Middle School in Kiaping and Heshan No.1 Middle School in Heshan.

Roads and highways
Jiangmen has a mature network of inter-city and intra-city highways and expressways, whose total length has reached 10084.97 km as of 2016. G15 Shenyang–Haikou Expressway travels at the north, connecting downtown Jiangmen to three of its administrative divisions Heshan, Kaiping and Enping, as well as nearby cities Yangjiang, Zhongshan and Foshan. S32 Western Coastal Expressway goes along Jiangmen's coastlines, linking Zhuhai at the east and Yangjiang at the west. G94 Pearl River Delta Ring Expressway, S20 Guangzhou-Zhongshan-Jiangmen Expressway, G2518 Shenzhen-Cenxi Expressway and S47 Guangzhou-Foshan-Jiangmen-Zhuhai Expressway run through northeast Jiangmen. S49 Xinhui-Taishan Expressway connects Taishan and joints S32 at the south.

China National Highway 325 is the only highway in the national trunk road system that goes into Jiangmen. Several provincial highways, such as S273, S274, S276 and S367 link the city's suburb areas to major towns.

Railways
Although the very first railway, Sun Ning Railway, began operation in 1909, it was discontinued in 1938 to deny its use by the Japanese military. The second operational railway is the Jiangmen branch of Guangzhou–Zhuhai intercity railway (opened 2011), which provides frequent service from Jiangmen railway station / Jiangmen East railway station to Guangzhou South Railway Station, where connections to the nation's high-speed railway network are available. Since the late 2012, Jiangmen is also served by the freight-only Guangzhou–Zhuhai Railway. Shenzhen–Zhanjiang high-speed railway, which opened in 2018, connects Jiangmen at Jiangmen railway station and Xinhui railway station, Shuangshuizhen railway station, Taishan, Kaiping South railway station and Enping railway station. Since then, Jiangmen is served by direct trains to Shanghai. Jiangmen railway station of the West Pearl River Delta Transportation Center, opened to the public on 2020 Nov 16.Jiangmen north railway station in the West Pearl River Delta International Logistics Center, Opened in 2021.

Ferries
Making use of the Jiangmen Port facilities, Chu Kong Passenger Transport (CKS) connects Jiangmen with high speed ferry services to Hong Kong (95 nautical miles) taking about 2.5 hours each way.

Coaches
There are 18 coach terminals across Jiangmen as of 2016. 1,137 licensed coaches owned by 23 operators provide inter-county and inter-city bus services to major cities within and outside Guangdong.

Public transportation
Bus service within Pengjiang and Jianghai Districts are provided by Jiangmen Bus Co. Ltd.. Bus routes in Xinhui District were formerly operated by Macao-based Xinfuli Co., but all routes were consolidated into the city-owned bus system run by Jiangmen Automobile Transportation Group Co. Ltd. in 2010. Transit buses in other districts are operated by Jiangmen Automobile Transportation Group and other private companies.

By 2016, there are 1,077 taxicabs in Jiangmen, most of which are operated by local companies.

Notable people
Sorted by family name/surname (as per the English spelling), then by English given name (if applicable) or by Chinese given name (if no English given name is available).
 * Chin Siu Dek, Grandmaster of Kung Fu San Soo
 * Victoria Chung (1897-1966) also known as Zhang Xiaobai, Canadian physician at Jiangmen Central Hospital
 * Li Enliang (1912–2008), Chinese civil engineer and educator
 * Inky Mark (born 1947), Canadian politician, mayor of Dauphin (1994–1997) and Member of Parliament (1997–2004)
 * James Wong Howe (1899–1976), American cinematographer
 * Tony Wong Chun-loong a.k.a Wong Yuk-long, Hong Kong comic artist, moved to Hong Kong from Jiangmen at age 6
 * Tyrus Wong (born 1910), American painter, muralist, ceramicist, lithographer, designer and kite maker
 * Leland Yee (born 1948), California State Senator and accused arms dealer

title: Jiangmen


text:
Talk:Synonymy

I had added the dates as they illustrate that over time new names appear. They are not part of the standard way of scientifically stating a taxon.

A proper name should be like:
 * Acanthocalycium aurantiacum Rausch Kakt. & Sukkulent. xix. 92 (1968)

title: Talk:Synonymy


text:
Chu Kong Passenger Transport

Chu Kong Passenger Transport Co., Ltd. (CKPT; ) is a subsidiary of Chu Kong Shipping Enterprises (CKS) and operates ferry services between Hong Kong and cities in Guangdong province, China, as well as Macau.

It is headquartered in the Chu Kong Shipping Tower (珠江船務大廈) in Central, Hong Kong.

CKS has been assigned the two-letter airline code 3A by IATA, used for routes to/from Hong Kong International Airport only, where passengers must continue to other destinations (or vice versa) by air.

History
The company was established in Hong Kong in July 1985 and is the subsidiary of Hong Kong Chu Kong Shipping Enterprises (Holdings) Company Limited.

Routes and ports
Terminals in Hong Kong:

 * Hong Kong China Ferry Terminal (中港城碼頭)
 * Hong Kong–Macau Ferry Terminal (港澳碼頭)
 * Skypier at Hong Kong International Airport (海天碼頭)

Ports and terminals have full customs and immigration desks, as well as ticket offices. The ports served by CKS outside of Hong Kong include:
 * Macau:
 * Outer Harbour Ferry Terminal
 * Taipa Temporary Ferry Terminal
 * Doumen (斗門), Zhuhai
 * Fuyong next to Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport - Fuyong Ferry Terminal
 * Gaoming (高明), Foshan
 * Gongyi, Taishan (台山公益)
 * Heshan (鶴山), Jiangmen
 * Humen (虎門), Dongguan - Humen Ferry Terminal
 * Jiangmen (江門)
 * Lianhuashan, Panyu (番禺蓮花山), Guangzhou
 * Nanhai, Foshan
 * Sanbu, Kaiping (開平三埠), Jiangmen
 * Shekou (蛇口), Shenzhen - Shekou Passenger Terminal
 * Shunde (順德), Foshan - Shunde Port
 * Xinhui, Jiangmen
 * Xintang, Zengcheng, Guangzhou
 * Zhaoqing. Transfer by bus at the port in Gaoming
 * Zhongshan (中山)
 * Jiuzhou Port, Zhuhai (珠海九洲港)

Fleet
The CKS fleet consists of catamarans built in Australia and China. Most ships are registered in China:

 * Hai Kun: 352 passenger ex-Zhao-Qing delivered in 1997 by Austal Ships of Australia.
 * Hai Liang (海亮)
 * Hai Chi (海弛)
 * Hai Zhu (海珠)
 * Hai Yang (海洋)
 * Hai Bin (海濱)
 * Hai Chang (海昌)
 * Qi Jiang (岐江)
 * Zhong Shan (中山)
 * Yi Xian Hu (逸仙湖)
 * Xing Zhong (興中)
 * Cui Heng Hu (翠亨湖)
 * Shun Dei (順德)
 * Shun Feng (順風)
 * Shun Shui (順水)
 * Shun Jing (順景)
 * Lian Shan Hu (蓮山湖)
 * Lian Gang Hu (蓮港湖)
 * Peng Lai Hu (蓬萊湖)
 * Peng Xing (鵬星)
 * Wu Yi Hu (五邑湖)
 * Tai Jian (太建)
 * Dong Tai An (東太安)
 * Dong Fang Chun (東方春)
 * Gang Zhou (岡州)
 * Xin He Shan (新鶴山)
 * Tai Shan (台山)

title: Chu Kong Passenger Transport


text:
Gray-cheeked thrush

The gray-cheeked thrush (Catharus minimus) is a medium-sized thrush. This species is 15–17 cm in length, and has the white-dark-white underwing pattern characteristic of Catharus thrushes. It is a member of a close-knit group of migrant species together with the veery and Bicknell's thrush; it forms a cryptic species pair with the latter. The gray-cheeked thrush is all but indistinguishable from Bicknell's thrush except by its slightly larger size and different song. The two were formerly considered conspecific. Of all the American spotted thrushes, the gray-cheeked has the most northern breeding range.

Description
The gray-cheeked thrush is slightly larger than other Catharus thrushes, about 16 to 17 cm in height and weighing between 26 and 30g. Wingspan ranges from 12.6-13.4 in (32-34 cm). The bird can be identified by its grayish face, partial pale eyering, drab gray-brown upperside and extensively dusky flanks. The area between the eye and the beak is grayish as well, but the area running from the beak to above the eye is grayish white. The gray-cheeked thrush is nearly identical to the Bicknell's Thrush. There are two subspecies: the northern gray-cheeked thrush (Catharus minimus alicia), and the nominate subspecies, the Newfoundland gray-cheeked thrush (C. m. minimus). C. m. minimus can be distinguished by its overall browner coloration and buffer wash to the breast compared to C. m. alicia. C. m. minimus also has an extensive brighter yellow area at the base of the lower part of the beak. C. m. alicia has a grayish olive upperpart (whereas C. m. minimus has a brownish olive upperpart ) and flanks, a lightly washed cream breast and duller lower part of the beak.

Taxonomy
In addition to being almost identical physically, the gray-cheeked thrush is sister species to the Bicknell's thrush (Catharus bicknelli). The divergence of the two species is very recent since only little genetic divergence separate them. Dr. Henri Ouellet was the first to propose the separation between the Bicknell's and the gray-cheeked thrush in 1996.

Habitat and distribution
The gray-cheeked thrush is a long-distance migrant species with a migration on average of 300 km. They are believed to spend their winter in the Amazon basin and will cross the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico during their spring migration.

They are present in their breeding ground from May to August. They breeding range includes the northern boreal forests from Newfoundland to Alaska in North America and across the Bering Sea to Eastern Siberia associated with dense conifer and broadleaf shrub thickets. C. minimus remains uncommon to rare in most regions of North America but can be spotted in any wooded habitat. The breeding range extends north of the treeline into low Arctic willow and alder beds. Grey-cheeked thrushes prefer low coniferous woods, including young regenerating forests, open canopy old growth forests having a dense growth of shrubs and small conifers in the understory, and dense, stunted spruce and fir on windblown sites and near the tree line.

The subspecies of C. minimus are also separated by their different breeding ranges: C. m. alicia breeds from Labrador west to Siberia, and C. m. minimus breeds on the island of Newfoundland and possibly adjacent portions of southern coastal Labrador.

Vocalizations
The vocalizations of the gray-cheeked thrush are the most reliable way to identify it, compared to the Bicknell's Thrush. It has a complex song of burry flute-like notes, usually inflecting downward at the end. It resembles a descending spiral like the veery (Catharus fuscescens), but higher, thinner, and nasal with stuttering pauses: "ch-ch zreeew zi-zi-zreeee zizreeew". The flight call is a high, penetrating, nasal "queer". It is more likely to hear its nocturnal flight call during spring and fall migration than to observe the species on the ground. The nocturnal flight note a one or two note "whe-eer" dropping in pitch.

Diet
C. minimus consumes mainly insects, such as beetles, weevils, ants, wasps, and caterpillars, in addition to arachnids as well as fruits and berries (wild cherries, blackberries, and raspberries). It also feeds on crayfish, sow bugs, and earthworms.

Their habits of eating berries contribute to the dispersion of seeds.

Reproduction
C. minimus exhibits secretive behaviour during breeding season, and nesting pairs are rarely found in high densities as their territories are well-spaced. They build their nests on the ground or in low shrubs, typically less than 2 meters high. Females build the nest with dried grasses mixed with a supporting layer of mud. There is only one brood per season, although they will lay a second brood if the first nest fails early in the season.

There is an average of 4 eggs per nest, but it may vary between 3 and 5 eggs. The female incubates the eggs for 13 to 14 days. The eggs are greenish blue, marked with light brown dots and oval to short oval in shape. Nestlings fledge 11 to 13 days after hatching and the young are cared for by both parents. Individuals breed at one year of age and are presumed monogamous.

title: Gray-cheeked thrush


text:
Jane Mouton

Jane Srygley Mouton (April 15, 1930 – December 7, 1987) was an American management theorist, remembered in particular for developing the Managerial grid model with Robert R. Blake.

Biography
Mouton was born in Port Arthur, Texas in 1930. Her father, Theodore Quarles Srygley, was an educator and her mother, Grace Stumpe Srygley, was a psychologist. She married an investor, Jackson, C. Mouton, Jr. on December 22, 1953. The Moutons had two daughters named Jane Martha and Jacquelyn Cruse.

Jane Srygley Mouton received her Bachelor of Science in Mathematical Education from the University of Texas at Austin in 1950 and later returned to complete a PhD in 1957 (Contemporary, 2004). She also received a Masters of Science from Florida State University in 1951. She was loyal to the University of Texas at Austin with her working positions including being a research scientist from 1953 to 1957, a social science researcher and instructor from 1957 to 1959, and assistant professor of psychology from 1959 to 1964. She was furthermore vice-president of Scientific Methods Inc. from 1961 to 1981 and presided as president of the company after 1982.

Mouton was a former student of Robert Blake from the University of Texas. Together they are known for their creation of the aforementioned Managerial Grid which was admittedly composed of Mouton's creation and Blake's name (Bokeno, 2007).

The Grid came into existence when Blake and Mouton were hired as consultants by Exxon. It was during this time that their supposedly combined efforts produced the grid as a method of finding a median between McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y workers (Capstone, 2003). Originally, their work was reflected upon the National Training Laboratories (NTL) who they had worked with as a means of bringing their ideas into the organizations (Kleiner, 1996).

Mouton was among the few women to lead one of the NTL's T-Groups (Training Groups) during the 1950s. However, Blake and Mouton's methodology was more focused on treating the organizational issues rather than simply diagnosing them. This was contrary to standard NTL practices. Thus, they separated from the company. Blake had copyrighted the Grid so that only by franchising with him could someone else use the Grid for training, thus ensuring that everyone would use it in the way Blake and Mouton deemed fitting. Therefore, through their work with NTL leading T-Group's and the creation of Mouton's Managerial Grid, Blake and Mouton became famous, eventually co-founding Scientific Methods, Inc. in 1961 (Ultimate, 2003).

Honors

 * Honorary member of the faculty at the Institute of Business Administration and Management in Tokyo, Japan
 * Best Writing Award from the American Society for Training and Development (1961–1962)
 * Book Award from the American College of Hospital Administrators for The New Managerial Grid (1980)
 * Book of the Year Award from the American Journal of Nursing (1982) for Grid Approaches for Managerial Leadership in Nursing
 * Book of the Year Award from the American Management Association (1982) for Productivity: The Human Side

title: Jane Mouton


text:
Anne Waldman

Anne Waldman (born April 2, 1945) is an American poet. Since the 1960s, Waldman has been an active member of the Outriders Poetry Project experimental poetry community as a writer, performer, collaborator, professor, editor, scholar, and cultural/political activist. She has also been connected to the Beat Generation poets.

Personal life
Born in Millville, New Jersey, Waldman was raised on MacDougal Street in New York City's Greenwich Village, and received her B.A. degree from Bennington College in 1966.

Waldman has been quoted, describing growing up in Greenwich Village in the early 1960s: "we benefited from the trials of young women who had struggled to be creative and assertive before us, and we were certainly aware of the exciting artistic and liberal heritage of our New York environs and yet many of us fell into the same retrograde traps. Being dominated by relationships with men— letting our own talents lag, following their lead — which could really result in drug dependencies, painful abortions, alienation from family and friends… I knew interesting and creative women who became junkies for their boyfriends, who stole for their boyfriends, who concealed their poetry and artistic aspirations, who slept around to be popular, who had serious eating disorders, who concealed their unwanted pregnancies raising money for abortions on their own, who put the child up for adoption, who never felt like they owned and appreciated their bodies. I knew women who lived secret or double lives because love and sexual attraction to another woman was an anathema. I knew women in daily therapy because their fathers had abused them, or women who got sent away to mental hospitals or special schools because they'd taken a black lover. Some ran away from home. Some committed suicide."

Waldman has been a fervent activist for social change. In the 1970s, she was involved with the Rocky Flats Truth Force, an organization opposed to the Rocky Flats nuclear weapons facility ten miles to the south of Boulder, Colorado. With Daniel Ellsberg and Allen Ginsberg, she was arrested for protesting outside of the site. She has been a vocal proponent for feminist, environmental, and human rights causes; an active participant in Poets Against the War; and she has helped organize protests in New York and Washington, D. C. Waldman says that her life's work is to "keep the world safe for poetry".

Waldman married Reed Bye in 1980, and their son, Edwin Ambrose Bye, was born on October 21, 1980. The birth of her son proved to be an "inspiring turning point" for Waldman, and she became interested in and committed to the survival of the planet. Her child, she said, became her teacher. Waldman and Ambrose Bye perform frequently, and the two have created Fast Speaking Music and have produced multiple albums together.

Career
During the 1960s, Waldman became part of the East Coast poetry scene, in part through her engagement with the poets and artists loosely termed the Second Generation of the New York School. During this time, Waldman also made many connections with earlier generations of poets, including figures such as Allen Ginsberg, who once called Waldman his "spiritual wife." From 1966 to 1968, she served as assistant director of the Poetry Project at St. Mark's; and, from 1968 to 1978, she served as the Project's Director.

In the early 1960s, Waldman became a student of Buddhism. In the 1970s, along with Allen Ginsberg, she began to study with the Tibetan Chogyam Trungpa Rinpoche. While attending the Berkeley Poetry Conference in 1965, Waldman, with poet Lewis Warsh, was inspired to found Angel Hair, a small press that produced a magazine of the same name and a number of smaller books. It was while she was attending this conference that she first committed to poetry after hearing the Outrider poets.

In 1974, with Trungpa, Ginsberg, and others, Waldman founded the Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics at the Naropa Institute in Boulder, Colorado (now Naropa University), where she remains a Distinguished Professor of Poetics and the Director of Naropa's celebrated Summer Writing Program.

In 1976, Waldman and Ginsberg were featured in Bob Dylan's film, Renaldo and Clara. They worked on the film while traveling through New England and Canada with the Rolling Thunder Revue, a concert tour that made impromptu stops, entertaining enthusiastic crowds with poetry and music. Waldman, Ginsberg, and Dylan were joined on these caravans by musicians such as Joan Baez, Joni Mitchell, Eric Anderson, and Joe Cocker. Waldman reveled in the experience, and she often thought of recreating the poetry caravan.

Although her work is sometimes connected to the Beat Generation, Waldman has never been, strictly speaking, a "Beat" poet. Her work, like the work of her contemporaries in the 1970s New York milieu of which she was a vital part—writers such as Alice Notley and Bernadette Mayer, to name only two—is more diverse in its influences and ambitions. Waldman is particularly interested in the performance of her poetry: she considers performance a "ritualized event in time," and she expresses the energy of her poetry through exuberant breathing, chanting, singing, and movement. Waldman credits her poem "Fast Speaking Woman" as the seminal work that galvanized her idea of poetry as performance. Ginsberg, Kenneth Koch, and Lawrence Ferlinghetti all encouraged her to continue to perform her poetry.

Waldman has published more than forty books of poetry. Her work has been widely anthologized, featuring work in Breaking the Cool (University of Mississippi Press, 2004), All Poets Welcome (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2003), Women of the Beat Generation (Berkeley, CA: Conari Press, 1996), Postmodern American Poetry (New York: W.W. Norton, 1994) and Up Late (Four Walls Eight Windows, New York, 1988) among other publications. Her poems have been translated into French, Italian, German, Turkish, Spanish, and Chinese. Waldman is also the editor of several volumes relating to modern, postmodern, and contemporary poetry. Over the course of her career, Waldman has also been a tireless collaborator, producing works with artists Elizabeth Murray, Richard Tuttle, Meredith Monk, George Schneeman, Donna Dennis, Pat Steir; musicians Don Cherry, Laurie Anderson, and Steve Lacy; dancer Douglas Dunn; filmmaker and husband Ed Bowes; and her son, musician/composer Ambrose Bye.

Waldman has been a Fellow at the Emily Harvey Foundation (Winter 2008) and the Bellagio Center in Italy (Spring 2006). She has also held residencies at the Christian Woman's University of Tokyo (Fall 2004); the Schule für Dichtung in Vienna (where she has also served as Curriculum Director in 1989); the Institute of American Indian Arts in Santa Fe, New Mexico; and the Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, New Jersey (1984). She has served as an advisor to the Prazska Skola Projekt in Prague, the Study Abroad on the Bowery (since 2004), and has been a faculty member in the New England College Low Residency MFA Program (since 2003). She is the recipient of grants from the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) and the Contemporary Artists Foundation, and the Poetry Foundation. With writer and scholar Ammiel Alcalay, she founded the Poetry Is News Coalition in 2002. Waldman also won the International Poetry Championship Bout in Taos, New Mexico twice. In 2011, Waldman was elected a Chancellor of the Academy of American Poets.

Her archive of historical, literary, art, tape, and extensive correspondence materials (including many prominent literary correspondents, such as: William S. Burroughs, Robert Creeley, Diane Di Prima, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Allen Ginsberg, and Ken Kesey) resides at the University of Michigan's Special Collections Library in Ann Arbor, Michigan. A 55-minute film titled Anne Waldman: Makeup on Empty Space, a film by poet Jim Cohn, documents the opening of the Anne Waldman Collection at the University of Michigan.

In an interview with The Wire from the Jaipur Literature Festival in 2017, Waldman was asked about the way her poetry crosses forms and incorporates songs and chants, and how she develops this type of poem. She said, "I've always been interested in a bigger form, one that doesn't just rest quietly on the page. The performative quality is there because there needs to be an extra emphasis. Rather than reading quietly, I feel the physical need to do something bigger. I don't walk around as an angry person all the time, but there are different states of minds. Like in Hinduism, the gods and goddesses embody different states of being and experience. That's the idea. Then, some things are written for protest. They have the need to arise."

Waldman is set to curate “Beat Art Work: Power of the Gaze" as part of the 2024 Outsider Art Fair. The exhibit includes visual art by poets such as William Burroughs, Gregory Corso, Diane di Prima, Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac, and Joanne Kyger.

Books and pamphlets

 * Tendrel: A Meeting of Minds, Trident, 2024
 * Rues du monde / Streets of the World, translated by Pierre Joris and Nicole Peyrafitte with Eline Marx, Editions Apic, Algiers, 2023
 * Bard, Kinetic, Coffee House Press, 2023
 * para ser estrella a medianoche, Arrebato Libros, 2022
 * The Basketball Article Comic Book, with Bernadette Mayer, illustrated by Jason Novak, Franchise, 2021
 * Trickster Feminism, Penguin Books, 2018
 * Extinction Aria, Pied Oxen, 2017
 * Voice's Daughter of a Heart Yet to be Born, Coffee House Press, 2016
 * Dream Book of Fez, The Lune, 2016
 * Empty Set, Overpass Books, 2016
 * The Iovis Trilogy, Coffee House Press, 2011
 * Manatee/Humanity, Penguin Poets, 2009
 * Red Noir (performance pieces) Farfalla, McMillen, Parrish, 2007
 * Outrider, La Alameda Press, 2006
 * Structure of the World Compared to a Bubble, Penguin Poets, 2004.
 * In the Room of Never Grieve: New & Selected Poems 1985–2003, Coffee House Press, 2003.
 * Dark Arcana / Afterimage or Glow, Heaven Bone Press, 2003.
 * [Things] Seen Unseen, 2002.
 * War Crime, Elik Press, 2002.
 * Vow to Poetry: Essays, Interviews, & Manifestos, Coffee House Press, 2001.
 * Marriage: A Sentence, Penguin Poets, 2000.
 * Iovis II, Coffee House Press, 1997.
 * Fast Speaking Woman, 20th Anniversary Edition, City Lights Books, 1996.
 * Kill or Cure, Penguin Poets, 1996.
 * lovis: All Is Full of Jove, Coffee House Press, 1993.
 * Troubairitz, Fifth Planet Press, 1993.
 * Fait Accompli, Last Generation Press, 1992.
 * Lokapala, Rocky Ledge, 1991.
 * Not a Male Pseudonym, Tender Buttons Books, 1990.
 * Helping the Dreamer: New and Selected Poems: 1966–1988, Coffee House Press, 1989.
 * Tell Me About It, Bloody Twin Press, 1989.
 * The Romance Thing, Bamberger Books, 1987.
 * Blue Mosque, United Artists, 1987.
 * Skin Meat Bones, Coffee House Press, 1985.
 * Makeup on Empty Space, Toothpaste Press, 1984.
 * First Baby Poems, Rocky Ledge, 1982, augmented edition, Hyacinth Girls, 1983, republished, BlazeVOX Books, 2008.
 * Cabin, Z Press, 1981.
 * Countries, Toothpaste Press, 1980.
 * To a Young Poet, White Raven, 1979.
 * Shaman / Shamane, White Raven, 1977.
 * Hotel Room, Songbird, 1976.
 * Journals and Dreams, Stonehill, 1976.
 * Fast Speaking Woman and Other Chants, City Lights, 1975 (revised edition, 1978).
 * Sun the Blonde Out, Arif, 1975.
 * Dance Song, No Mountains Poetry Project Broadside Series, 1975
 * Fast Speaking Woman, Red Hanrahan Press, 1974.
 * The Contemplative Life, Alternative Press, c. 1974.
 * Life Notes: Selected Poems, Bobbs-Merrill, 1973.
 * The West Indies Poems, Adventures in Poetry, 1972.
 * Spin Off, Big Sky, 1972.
 * Light and Shadow, Privately printed, 1972.
 * Holy City, privately printed, 1971.
 * No Hassles, Kulchur Foundation, 1971.
 * Icy Rose, Angel Hair, 1971.
 * Baby Breakdown, Bobbs-Merrill, 1970.
 * Giant Night: Selected Poems, Corinth Books, 1970.
 * Up Through the Years, Angel Hair, 1970.
 * O My Life!, Angel Hair, 1969.
 * On the Wing, Boke, 1968.

Poetry collaborations

 * The Velvet Wire (with No Land), Granary Books, 2024.
 * Shortest Century (with Zoe Brezsny), Erudite Fangs/Ode, 2023.
 * A Punch in the Gut of a Star (with Emma Gomis),, 2022.
 * Goslings to Prophecy (with Emma Gomis), The Lune, 2021.
 * all rainbows in a brainstem that we be so contained, Hasla Books (out of print), Nathlie Provosty and Anne Waldman, December, 2020.
 * Empty Set: a Universe of Discourse (with Alexis Myre), Overpass Books, 2016.
 * Fukushima Mon Amour (with Daniel de Roulet, Sylvia Federici, George Caffentzis, & Sabu Kohso), Autonomedia, 2011.
 * The Belladonna Elders Series (with Cara Benson & Jayne Cortez), Belladonna*, 2009.
 * Fleuve Flâneur (with Mary Kite), Erudite Fangs, 2004.
 * Zombie Dawn (with Tom Clark), Skanky Possum Press, 2003.
 * Ai Lit / Holy (with Eleni Sikelianos & Laird Hunt), 2001.
 * Young Manhattan (with Bill Berkson), Smoke Proof Press, 1999.
 * Polemics (with Anselm Hollo & Jack Collom), Autonomedia, 1998.
 * Polar Ode (With Eileen Myles), Dead Duke, 1979.
 * Four Travels (With Reed Bye), Sayonara, 1979.
 * Sphinxeries (With Denyse du Roi), 1979.
 * Self Portrait (With Joe Brainard), Siamese Banana Press, 1973.
 * Memorial Day (With Ted Berrigan), Poetry Project, 1971.

As editor

 * New Weathers: Poetics from the Naropa Archive (with Emma Gomis), Nightboat Books, 2022.
 * Resist Much Obey Little: Inaugural Poems to the Resistance, Spuyten Duyvil Press, 2017.
 * Cross Worlds (with Laura Wright), Coffee House Press, 2014.
 * Beats at Naropa (with Laura Wright), Coffee House Press, 2010.
 * Civil Disobediences: Poetics and Politics in Action (with Lisa Birman), Coffee House Press, 2004.
 * The Angel Hair Anthology: Angel Hair Sleeps With A Boy In My Head (with Lewis Warsh), Granary Books, 2001.
 * The Beat Book, Shambhala Publications, Boston, 1996.
 * Disembodied Poetics: Annals of the Jack Kerouac School, University of New Mexico Press, 1993.
 * Out of This World: An Anthology from The Poetry Project at the St. Mark's Church In-the-Bowery 1966–1991, Crown Publishing Group, 1991.
 * Nice to See You: Homage to Ted Berrigan, Coffee House Press, 1991.
 * Talking Poetics: Annals of the Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics (with Marilyn Salzman Webb), Shambhala, vols. 1 and 2, 1978.
 * Another World, Bobbs-Merrill, 1971.
 * The World Anthology: Poems from the St. Mark's Poetry Project, Bobbs-Merrill, 1969.

Audio recordings

 * Harry's House, Volume 3 (compilation), Fast Speaking Music, 2015.
 * Ghost Dance (Anne Waldman, Thurston Moore, Ambrose Bye - Patti Smith cover), Fast Speaking Music, 2014.
 * Harry's House Archive (compilation), Fast Speaking Music, 2014.
 * Harry's House, Volume 2 (compilation), Fast Speaking Music, 2014.
 * Jaguar Harmonics (music by Devin Brahja Waldman, Ha-Yang Kim, Daniel Carter), Fast Speaking Music, 2014.
 * Comes Through in the Call Hold (Clark Coolidge, Thurston Moore, Anne Waldman), Fast Speaking Music, 2013.
 * Harry's House, Volume 1 (compilation), Fast Speaking Music, 2011.
 * Akilah (compilation), Fast Speaking Music, 2011.
 * The Milk of Universal Kindness (music by Ambrose Bye) 2011
 * Matching Half (music by Ambrose Bye) with Akilah Oliver, 2007.
 * The Eye of The Falcon (music by Ambrose Bye) 2006.
 * In the Room of Never Grieve (music by Ambrose Bye), 2003.
 * By the Side of the Road (with Ishtar Kramer), 2003.
 * Battery: Live from Naropa, 2003.
 * Alchemical Elegy: Selected Songs and Writings, Fast Speaking Music, 2001.
 * Beat Poetry, ABM, London, 1999.
 * Jazz Poetry, ABM, London, 1999.
 * Women of The Beat Generation, Audio-Literature, 1996.
 * Live in Amsterdam, Soyo Productions, 1992.
 * Assorted Singles, Phoebus Productions, 1990.
 * Made Up in Texas, Paris Records (Dallas), 1986.
 * Crack in the World, Sounds True (Boulder), 1986.
 * Uh-Oh Plutonium!, Hyacinth Girls Music (NYC), 1982.
 * Fast Speaking Woman, "S" Press Tapes (Munich), n.d.
 * John Giorno and Anne Waldman, Giorno Poetry Systems Records, 1977.
 * Beauty and the Beast (With Allen Ginsberg), Naropa Institute, 1976.
 * Other recordings on Giorno Poetry Systems compilations: the Nova Convention (1979), Big Ego (1978), Disconnected (1974), The Dial-a-Poem Poets (1972).
 * Rattle Up the Deer (with Bernadette Mayer) Farfalla Press, beat book shop, "So, You're a Poet" 2004, recorded Penny Lane 1989

Filmography and videography
Out There Productions (NYC).
 * Soldateque/Soldiering with Dreams of Wartime, Fast Speaking Music, 2012.
 * Colors In the Mechanism of Concealment, with Ed Bowes, 2004.
 * The Menage (for Carl Rakosi), with Ed Bowes, 2003.
 * Live at Naropa, Phoebus Productions, 1990.
 * Battle of the Bards (Lannan Foundation), Metropolitan Pictures, Los Angeles, 1990.
 * Eyes in All Heads, Phoebus Productions, 1989.
 * "Uh-Oh Plutonium!" (1982), first prize at the American Film Festival, Manhattan Video Project,
 * Cooked Diamonds, Fried Shoes, with Allen Ginsberg, William Burroughs, and Meredith Monk
 * Poetry in Motion, directed by Ron Mann, Sphinx Productions (Toronto).
 * Also performed in Bob Dylan's film Renaldo and Clara (1978), with a recording of the poem "Fast Speaking Woman" included on the sound track.

Awards and grants

 * American Book Award, Lifetime Achievement Award, 2015.
 * Guggenheim Fellowship Award in Poetry, 2013.
 * PEN Center Literary Award in Poetry, 2012.
 * Fellow, The Emily Harvey Foundation, Venice, winter 2007.
 * Atlantic Center for the Arts Residency, 2002.
 * Civitella Ranieri Center Fellow, 2001.
 * Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grant Recipient, 2001.
 * Vermont Studio School Residency, 2001.
 * The Poetry Society of America's Shelley Memorial Award, 1996.
 * National Endowment for the Arts Grant, 1979–80.
 * The National Literary Anthology Award, 1970.
 * The Poets Foundation Award, 1969.
 * The Dylan Thomas Memorial Award, 1967.
 * Two-time winner of the International Poetry Championship Bout in Taos, New Mexico

title: Anne Waldman


text:
Pärnu County

Pärnu County (Pärnu maakond or Pärnumaa; Kreis Pernau) is one of 15 counties of Estonia. It is situated in the south-western part of the country, on the coast of Gulf of Riga, and borders Lääne and Rapla counties to the north, Järva and Viljandi counties to the east, and Latvia to the south. In 2022, Pärnu County had a population of 85,705 – constituting 6.4% of the total population of Estonia.

Pärnu County is the largest county of Estonia in terms of land area.

History
In Pärnu county, there is the oldest known human settlement in Estonia, which is the town of Sindi, and it is 2 km up the Pärnu River, near the village of Pulli. It dates back to 8500 BCE in the Mesolithic historical period.

County government
The administrative reform in Estonia abolished county governments by the end of 2017. Before that, counties were led by a governor, who was appointed by the Government of Estonia for a term of five years.

Previous county governors:
 * 1993–2009: Toomas Kivimägi
 * 2010–2015: Andres Metsoja
 * 2015–2017: Kalev Kaljuste

Tourism
The city of Pärnu is a popular holiday resort for Estonians and increasingly for non-Estonians, e.g., from Sweden, Finland, Germany, and Russia.

Municipalities
The county is subdivided into municipalities. There is one urban municipality (Estonian: linnad – towns) and six rural municipalities (Estonian: vallad – parishes) in Pärnu County.

title: Pärnu County