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USS Wahoo (SS-238)

USS Wahoo (SS-238) was a Gato-class submarine, the first United States Navy ship to be named for the wahoo. Construction started before the U.S. entered World War II, and she was commissioned after entry. Wahoo was assigned to the Pacific theatre. She gained fame as an aggressive and highly successful submarine after Lieutenant Commander Dudley Walker "Mush" Morton became her skipper. She was sunk by Japanese aircraft in October 1943 while returning home from a patrol in the Sea of Japan.

Construction

Wahoo's keel was laid down 28 June 1941 at the Mare Island Navy Yard, Vallejo, California. She was launched on 14 February 1942 (sponsored by Mrs. William C. Barker, Jr.), and commissioned on 15 May 1942 with Lieutenant Commander (LCDR) Marvin G. "Pinky" Kennedy (Class of 1929) in command. Lieutenant Richard O'Kane joined the precommissioning crew and served as her executive officer (XO) on five war patrols under Kennedy and Morton (O'Kane later received a Medal of Honor for his service in USS Tang (SS-306)).

Following fitting out and initial training along the California coast (which took her as far south as San Diego), Wahoo departed Mare Island on 12 August for Hawaii. She arrived at Pearl Harbor on 18 August and underwent exercise training until 21 August.

First patrol, August – October 1942
On 23 August 1942 Wahoo got underway for her first war patrol, seeking Japanese shipping in waters west of Truk, particularly in the area between the Hall Islands and the Namonuito Atoll. On 6 September, her third day in the area, Wahoo fired three Mark 14 torpedoes at her first target, a lone freighter; all missed, and the ship turned toward Wahoo, apparently with the intent to ram. The submarine dodged, fearful of counterattack from the air.

She continued to patrol the Truk area until 20 September, when she decided to leave the southwest part of the patrol area and explore south of the Namonuito Atoll. Under a bright moon and clear sky, the submarine sighted a freighter and her escort. Wahoo fired three torpedoes; all missed. A fourth hit the target, which was thought to take a port list and settled by the stern. Four minutes later, a series of three underwater explosions wracked the freighter. Wahoo was chased by the escort but escaped by radically changing course in a rain squall. Though credited at the time with a freighter of 6400 LT, postwar analysis of Japanese shipping records by JANAC showed no sinking at this time or place.

Wahoo continued her patrol and sighted several airplanes, a patrol boat, and a tender but was unable to close on any possible targets. On 1 October 1942, the submarine extended her patrol to Ulul Island, where she sighted several fishing boats. Within the next few days, Wahoo missed two of her best targets of the war. The first was JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Chiyoda (listed as a seaplane tender, she was in fact a mother ship to midget submarines), sailing without escort; Wahoo proved unable to reach a firing position. On 5 October, she sighted an aircraft carrier, believed to be JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Ryūjō, escorted by two destroyers. (In fact, Ryūjō had been sunk six weeks earlier in the Solomon Islands). Due to an approach lacking aggressiveness and skill, the target sailed away untouched. Two days later, Wahoo departed the patrol area. On 16 October, she made rendezvous with her escort and proceeded to Pearl Harbor, where she ended her first patrol on 17 October 1942.

She commenced refit the following day alongside submarine tender USS Sperry (AS-12). Wahoo then shifted to Submarine Base Pearl Harbor for overhaul. There, a 4 in gun and two 20 mm guns were installed. Overhaul was completed on 2 November and, after three days' training, Wahoo was again ready for sea.

Second patrol, November – December 1942
On 8 November 1942, Wahoo got underway for her second war patrol, with Lieutenant Commander Dudley Walker "Mush" Morton also aboard for his prospective commanding officer (PCO) patrol. She arrived at her assigned area in the Solomon Islands, keeping Bougainville and Buka Island in sight. On 30 November, the submarine spotted smoke at a distance of 8000 yd; it was a lightly loaded freighter or transport with an escorting destroyer on the port bow. Wahoo's approach was unsuccessful, and she proceeded east of Cape Hanpan.

Having patrolled the Buka-Kilinailau Channel for 17 days, on 7 December, Kennedy decided to patrol the direct route between Truk and the Shortland Islands for a few days. This proved fruitless, and Wahoo returned to her former hunting grounds, the Buka-Kilinailau Channel. On 10 December, while making her return trip, Wahoo ran across a convoy of three heavily loaded cargo ships escorted by a destroyer. She chose the destroyer as the first target, but proved unable to attain a firing position. Instead, she fired a spread of four torpedoes at the largest tanker, from a range of 700 yd. Although three hit, it took two hours for Kamoi Maru (5300 LT) to sink. The destroyer got too close and Wahoo started down before another attack could be launched. The destroyer dropped approximately 40 depth charges, none close. Rather than use the new SJ radar to mount a second attack, which might well sink the freighter (then stopped to pick up survivors), and possibly even the destroyer, Wahoo let them go on a northeasterly course and moved into a new area.

Four days later, a hospital ship was sighted headed for the Shortland Islands. Shortly after, Wahoo claimed to have sunk a submarine that Kennedy (mistakenly) identified as JSUB I-15. On 15 December, Wahoo left the area and looked into Kieta Harbor, Buka Island, and passed Moreton Light on 26 December for entrance into Brisbane, Australia, where she commenced refit the following day. On 31 December 1942, Lt. Cmdr. Kennedy was relieved as commanding officer; Morton replaced him.

Third patrol, January – February 1943
Prior to his first patrol as Wahoo 's commanding officer, Morton gave a brief but legendary address to the crew. He declared the Wahoo to be expendable, and that any crew member who wanted to remain in Brisbane had half an hour to notify the yeoman for a transfer. There would be no negative word said about anyone who stayed behind. None of the crew accepted the offer to stay behind.

Wahoo was ready for sea again on 16 January 1943. She performed sonar tests in Moreton Bay with the destroyer USS Patterson (DD-392) before beginning her third war patrol. Three days later, the submarine passed into Vitiaz Strait en route to her patrol area. Wahoo's orders were to reconnoiter Wewak, a Japanese supply base on the north coast of New Guinea between Kairiru Island and Mushu Island. There was one large problem: Wahoo had no charts of the harbor. However, it turned out that Motor Machinist's Mate Dalton "Bird Dog" Keeter had bought a cheap school atlas while in Australia. It had a map of New Guinea with a small indentation labeled "Wewak". With that as a reference, a blowup of the Navy chart was made.

On 24 January 1943, Wahoo dove 2 nmi north of Kairiru Island and proceeded around the western end to penetrate Victoria Bay. She sighted the Japanese destroyer JAPANESE DESTROYER Harusame with RO-class submarines nested alongside. The destroyer was getting underway, so Wahoo fired a spread of three torpedoes at the moving target from 1200 yd; all missed aft. Another torpedo was fired, which the destroyer avoided by turning away, continuing through 270 degrees of a circle and headed straight for Wahoo, whose position was marked by the wakes of the steam torpedoes. At a range of 800 yd she fired her last bow torpedo. This hit amidships, breaking the destroyer's back. "Apparently her skipper had lost his nerve when he saw our last torpedo heading toward him and put the rudder over to try to miss it, and by swinging himself broadside to it he signed the destroyer's death warrant." Wahoo had no difficulty escaping from the area. Despite heavy damage, Harusame was beached and repaired.

The next day, Wahoo changed course for Palau. On 26 January, the submarine sighted the smoke of two ships. Wahoo obtained a position, launched two torpedoes at the leading ship and, 17 seconds later, two at the second ship. The first two torpedoes hit the Fukuei Maru. The third passed ahead of the second freighter, the fourth hit. Upon observing the damage, Wahoo discovered there were two more ships; a huge transport, Buyo Maru, and a tanker. Fukuei Maru was listing badly to starboard and sinking by the stern; the second ship was headed directly for Wahoo, at a slow speed. Ignoring this, Wahoo fired a three-torpedo spread at the transport; the second and third hit and stopped her.

Turning her attention to the second target, which was still headed for her, Wahoo fired two bow tubes "down the throat" to stop her. The second torpedo hit, but the target kept coming and forced the submarine to turn hard to port at full speed to avoid being rammed. There followed so many explosions that it was hard to tell what was happening. Returning to periscope depth, Wahoo observed Fukuei Maru had sunk; the second target was still moving, evidently with steering trouble; and Buyo Maru was stopped but still afloat.

Wahoo headed for the transport and fired a bow tube; the torpedo passed directly under the middle of the ship but failed to explode. The sub then fired another torpedo which headed right for the stack and blew the target apart midships. The submarine then headed for the crippled freighter, which had formed up with a tanker, and both ships were moving away. Wahoo decided to let these two ships get over the horizon, while she surfaced to charge her batteries and attack the shipwrecked Japanese now sitting in about twenty lifeboats. Controversy still attaches to this action in that troops in the water may have been deliberately targeted by Wahoo. Vice Admiral Charles A. Lockwood, then COMSUBPAC, asserts that the survivors were army troops and turned machinegun and rifle fire on Wahoo while she maneuvered on the surface, and that such resistance was common in submarine warfare. Richard O'Kane stated that the fire from Wahoo was intended to force the troops to abandon their boats and no troops were deliberately targeted. Clay Blair states that Morton opened fire first and the shipwrecked returned fire with handguns.

The report for Patrol Three described the events as follows: At 1115 ...Decided to let these two ship[s] get over the horizon while we surfaced to charge batteries and destroy the estimate[d] twenty troop boats now in the water. These boats were of many types, scows, motor launches, cabin cruisers and other nondescript varieties.

At 1315 made battle surface and manned all guns. Fired 4" gun at largest scow loaded with troops. Although all troops in this boat apparently jumped in the water our fire was returned by small caliber machine guns.  We then opened fire with everything we had... Whatever the case, Wahoo had misidentified the survivors as Japanese. In fact, they were mainly Indian POWs of 2nd Battalion, 16th Punjab Regiment, plus escorting forces from the Japanese 26th Field Ordnance Depot. Of 1,126 men aboard Buyo Maru, 195 Indians and 87 Japanese died in all, including those killed in the initial sinking. The low number suggests O'Kane's defense, that Morton fired only on the boats, may be correct. It proved a rare occurrence in any event.

After some time, Wahoo moved away to intercept the two fleeing ships. She decided to attack the tanker first since she was as yet undamaged. With only four torpedoes left, the submarine fired two at the tanker, the second hitting her just abaft of midships, breaking her back; she went down almost instantly. Wahoo then turned her attention to the freighter and fired her last two torpedoes without a spread. They both hit. Fifteen minutes later, the freighter sank, having absorbed four hits from three separate attacks. Wahoo then set a course for Fais Island. Postwar, JANAC credited Wahoo with only three sinkings: the transport, Buyo Maru (5,300 tons), Fukuei Maru (2000 LT), and an unknown maru (4000 LT).

On 27 January 1943, Wahoo made contact with a convoy of eight ships, including two freighters and a tanker. Morton proposed a novel attack. The tanker was unarmed and appeared to be having trouble maintaining convoy speed. Morton decided to surface astern of this ship, which would panic the convoy and cause it to scatter. After the convoy broke up, Wahoo would use her deck gun to sink the tanker.

Morton's plan worked, up to a point. She surfaced and the convoy scattered, but before Morton could have the deck gun manned a Japanese destroyer escort charged out of a rain squall onto the scene, forcing Wahoo to run for it. The submarine had no option but to retreat since she had previously expended all torpedoes. After coming into firing range and opening fire on Wahoo, forcing her under, the persistent destroyer escort dropped six depth charges, none close. It was on this occasion that Morton transmitted the famous message: "Another running gun battle today. Destroyer gunning, Wahoo running".

The next day, Wahoo sighted Fais Island, and her plan to shell a phosphorite refinery was scrapped due to the untimely appearance of an inter-island steamer.

The submarine left station and arrived at Pearl Harbor on 7 February, only 23 days after leaving Brisbane (most patrols were in the 60‑ to 75‑day range). Prior to entering the naval base, Wahoo donned topside embellishments to celebrate her victory. A straw broom was lashed to her periscope shears to indicate a clean sweep. From the signal halyard fluttered eight tiny Japanese flags, one for each Japanese ship believed to have been sunk by Wahoo to that point in the war.

Wahoo commenced refit by a tender relief crew and the ship's crew. On 15 February, refit was completed, and the submarine was declared ready for sea on 17 February. She then conducted two days of training and was drydocked at the Submarine Base, Pearl Harbor, on 21 February.

Fourth patrol, February – April 1943
On 23 February 1943, Wahoo got underway for Midway Island, where she arrived four days later, topped off her fuel tanks, and headed for her patrol area. For Wahoo's fourth patrol, Morton was assigned to the extreme northern reaches of the Yellow Sea, in the vicinity of the Yalu River and Dairen, an area never before patrolled by U.S. submarines. One reason for this was the water was shallow, averaging 120 ft. While en route to her patrol area, she conducted training dives, fire control drills, and battle surface drills. She had the unique experience of making the entire passage to the East China Sea without sighting a single aircraft, thus making most of the trip surfaced. On 11 March, Wahoo arrived in her assigned area along the Nagasaki-Formosa and Shimonoseki-Formosa shipping routes.

On 19 March 1943, the shooting began with a freighter identified as Zogen Maru. A single torpedo hit broke the target in two; the aft end sank immediately, and the bow sank two minutes later. There were no survivors. Four hours later, Wahoo sighted another freighter, Kowa Maru, and launched two torpedoes. The first hit under the target's foremast with a terrific blast, leaving a tremendous hole in her side, but the bow remained intact. The second torpedo hit amidships, but it was a dud and did not explode. Two more torpedoes were fired, but the freighter maneuvered to avoid them.

Wahoo then patrolled off the Korean coast, just south of Chinnampo. On 21 March, she sighted a large freighter identified as Hozen Maru. She launched three torpedoes; the third hit the target amidships. She went down by the bow, sinking in four minutes, leaving approximately 33 survivors clinging to the debris.

Four hours later, Wahoo sighted the freighter Nittsu Maru. The submarine fired a spread of three torpedoes; two hit, one under the bridge and the other under the mainmast. The ship went down in three minutes. Wahoo surfaced and ran over one of the lifeboats, knocking the survivors into the frigid waters. A deck gun was used to kill the swimmers. Four survivors ignored all efforts to rescue them. After collecting a few souvenirs from the scattered wreckage, Wahoo commenced a surfaced patrol, heading for Shantung Promontory. On 22 March, the submarine headed for the Laotiehshan Promontory, close to Port Arthur.

The following day, as Wahoo patrolled Laotiehshan Channel (also known as "Sampan Alley"), she found herself surrounded by targets. Wahoo sighted a medium-size ship, apparently a freighter, the collier Katyosan Maru, and launched one torpedo. This hit the target just under her bridge, immediately enveloping the target in a screen of coal dust. The maru settled fast and slowed down, vanishing in 13 minutes.

Wahoo set course for a point to the northeast of Round Island, in Korea Bay, 50 km southeast of Dairen. In the vicinity of the approaches to this port, the deepest water is about 300 ft, with an average depth of only 120 ft.

At 12:47 on 24 March, Wahoo sighted smoke and began to make her approach. At 19:49, she fired a spread of three torpedoes at a large tanker (identified as Takaosan Maru) which was fully loaded with fuel oil. The first two torpedoes exploded prematurely, and the third one missed. Wahoo fired a fourth torpedo which also missed. The target commenced firing deck guns at the American warship. The submarine surfaced after 14 minutes of ducking shots, gained position ahead, and dove. She fired another three-torpedo spread. One hit the engine room and sank the ship in four minutes.

The next day, Wahoo sighted the freighter Satsuki Maru. She launched two torpedoes; when both exploded prematurely, Wahoo "battle surfaced" to use her deck guns. She closed the target, raked her with 20 mm shells and struck her with almost 90 rounds of four-inch shells. The target caught fire in several places and sank in about one hour.

Wahoo left the following morning to investigate a ship on the horizon. This target proved to be a small diesel-driven freighter. The submarine commenced firing with her 20 mm and four-inch deck guns. The freighter tried to ram her, but Wahoo maneuvered clear, and then continued firing at the target, setting her ablaze from stem to stern, and leaving her dead in the water. The crew took turns looking through the periscope as the freighter sank.

Later that day, Wahoo sighted a 100 LT trawler "Bonshu Maru 95" and again attacked with her deck guns. When all three of her 20 mm guns jammed, the Wahoo went alongside the riddled trawler and the sailors of Wahoo hurled homemade Molotov cocktails (gifts from the U.S. Marines at Midway Atoll) onto the trawler. Wahoo departed, leaving the fishing boat wrecked, spouting flame and smoke. On 28 March, while on the surface astride the Shimonoseki-Formosa shipping route, Wahoo opened fire with two 20 mm guns on two motor sampans. The targets did not sink but they were also left in a wrecked condition.

On the following day, Wahoo sighted the freighter Yamabato Maru and fired two of her stern torpedo tubes. The first torpedo hit at the point of aim under the mainmast and completely disintegrated everything abaft her stack. The forward section sank in two minutes. The second torpedo was aimed at the foremast, but it missed because the first torpedo stopped the freighter in her tracks.

Wahoo surfaced, transited the Collnett Strait, and headed home, concluding a war patrol which topped the record to date in number of ships sunk. The American submarine command in Pearl Harbor reported that the "Japanese think a submarine wolf pack operating in Yellow Sea. All shipping tied up."

Meanwhile, the United States mounted its offensive against Attu, and Admiral Mineichi Koga returned his major units from Truk to Tokyo Bay via a sortie to Alaska. Forewarned by American codebreakers that the Japanese intended to counter the invasion of Attu by a major sortie of the I.J.N. fleet, COMSUBPAC sent his top sub, Wahoo, to the Kuril Islands to intercept it.

On 6 April 1943, Wahoo arrived at Midway, and she commenced a refit on the following day. On 21–22 April, she conducted training underway and was declared ready for sea on 25 April.

Fifth patrol, April – May 1943
Wahoo began her fifth war patrol on 25 April, departing Midway under air escort for patrol areas via the Kuril Islands. The following day, she patrolled the surface and reconnoitered Matsuwa, taking photographs of the enemy installations, exploring southwest along the island chain and finding the islands barren and completely covered with snow and ice.

On 4 May, Wahoo proceeded to reconnoiter the northeast tip of Etorofu Island; she found nothing and changed course to the southeast. Morton positioned the boat to intercept the seaplane tender JAPANESE SEAPLANE TENDER Kimikawa Maru. The submarine submerged and fired a spread of three torpedoes. The first hit between the stack and bridge; the other two missed. Kimikawa turned away and was making 11 kn, with a slight list. The ship is sometimes misidentified as JAPANESE SEAPLANE TENDER Kamikawa Maru. Wahoo continued on an easterly course, surfaced and continued her patrol of the Kurils southward.

Three days later, Wahoo sighted two ships hugging the shoreline on a northerly course, 12 nmi off the Benten Saki coast, and dove. She launched two torpedoes at the leading ship, followed immediately by a spread of four at the escort. The first torpedo hit the leading ship, Tamon Maru #5, under the stack and broke her back; the second missed ahead. The escort successfully avoided all four torpedoes fired at her and then escaped. The Tamon Maru (5260 LT) sank, and Wahoo proceeded down the coast.

The submarine submerged 1 nmi off Kobe Zaki and sighted a three-ship convoy consisting of two escort vessels and a large naval auxiliary. Wahoo fired a spread of three torpedoes; two exploded prematurely, the third failed to explode. This ship got away, and Wahoo was forced down by the escorts.

On the night of 9 May 1943, Wahoo proceeded up the coast with the intention of closing Kone Saki. Radar picked up two targets, soon identified as a large tanker and a freighter in column, evidently making the night run between ports without an escort. The submarine fired a spread of three torpedoes at the tanker and immediately thereafter a three torpedo spread at the freighter. Wahoo had two successful hits, and both ships went down; Takao Maru (3200 LT) and Jinmu Maru (1200 LT).

Wahoo cleared the area to the northeast in order to patrol the Tokyo-Paramushiro route; on 12 May, she sighted two freighters. She dove to gain position for a "two ship" shot where they would come by in column. She launched four torpedoes from 1200 yd, but got only one hit. Morton fired his last two torpedoes. Nothing was seen of the first. The second hit under the bridge with a dull thud, much louder than the duds heard only on sonar but lacking the "whacking" noise which accompanies a wholehearted explosion. The other freighter opened fire with their deck guns and charged Wahoo. Both ships got away. Wahoo cleared the area to the east and set course for Pearl Harbor.

Wahoo's fifth war patrol was again considered outstanding in aggressiveness and efficiency. In ten action-packed days Wahoo delivered ten torpedo attacks on eight different targets. However, faulty torpedo performance cut positive results by as much as one-half.

In these last three patrols, Wahoo established a record not only in damage inflicted on the enemy for three successive patrols, but also for accomplishing this feat in the shortest time on patrol: a total of 93281 LT sunk and 30880 LT damaged in only 25 patrol days.

Wahoo arrived at Pearl Harbor on 21 May 1943. The next day, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, the CINCPAC, came on board and presented awards. Two days later, the submarine departed for the Mare Island Navy Yard, where she arrived 29 May to commence overhaul. From 11–20 July, the submarine underwent intensive post-repair trials and training. On 20 July, squadron commander Captain John B. Griggs, Jr., came aboard and presented more awards. On the following day, Wahoo departed for Pearl Harbor, furnishing services for surface and air forces while en route. She arrived at Hawaii on 27 July 1943 and departed on 2 August for her patrol area. Four days later, Wahoo arrived at Midway Island, but she left on the same day.

Sixth patrol, August 1943
On 13 August, Wahoo entered the Sea of Okhotsk, having completed the passage through the Etorofu Strait. She arrived in the Sea of Japan the following day and sighted three medium freighters headed south. The submarine launched one torpedo at the trailing ship; it missed. The next day (15 August), while still on the trail of those three freighters, Wahoo sighted a large freighter on a northerly course. Deciding to attack the larger, single target, the submarine broke off the pursuit of the three freighters, surfaced, and commenced tracking the new target, diving to make a submerged approach. Wahoo launched one torpedo; it hit at the point of aim but was a dud. She fired two more torpedoes. Both missed. Wahoo then swung around to bring her stern torpedo tubes to bear and headed directly for the target. The submarine fired another torpedo which missed and must have broached and exploded before the end of the run. Wahoo soon sighted an Otori-class torpedo boat and commenced evasive action, letting the large freighter escape. She decided to move over on the Hokkaidō-Korea shipping route and spend the night and the following day transiting to that area.

On 16 August, Wahoo sighted a freighter headed south, but made another contact in a better position for attack. Shifting targets, she launched one torpedo at a medium-sized freighter. It missed. The next day, the scene was repeated with the same results. No pursuit was undertaken, in hopes of a loaded target heading south. However, Wahoo sighted a freighter heading north in ballast and commenced a submerged approach. Morton launched one torpedo which missed. Just as the torpedo left its tube, a southbound freighter passed close aboard this target, but the torpedo missed. Wahoo then surfaced and chased the southbound freighter. While pursuing this ship, the submarine sighted another target well ahead and away from the coast, so she again shifted targets. While tracking this new target, she passed two small northbound ships – one looked like a tug and the other resembled a tanker. Wahoo made a submerged approach and launched a torpedo at the medium-sized freighter. It was a miss. She fired again; still a miss, but this torpedo, probably broaching, exploded. The submarine surfaced and headed further out to sea.

Within four days, twelve Japanese vessels were sighted; nine were hunted down and attacked to no avail. Ten torpedoes broached, made erratic runs, or were duds. In light of the poor torpedo performance, ComSubPac ordered Wahoo to return to base.

On 19 August, the submarine sighted a ship and commenced tracking, but she withheld her fire when her crew recognized the flag as Soviet (an ally of the United States at the time). Wahoo made for La Perouse Strait. The next day, she sighted a sampan and fired warning shots across the bow. When the sampan failed to stop, the submarine opened up on it with her 20 mm and four-inch guns. The sampan was soon a wreck. Six Japanese fishermen surrendered and were taken on board as prisoners of war. Eight hours later, Wahoo opened fire on two more sampans, enveloping them in flames. Members of the crews jumped overboard but showed no desire to be rescued. Wahoo completed the passage of Etorofu Strait, and then arrived at Midway on 25 August. She immediately got underway for Pearl Harbor, and she arrived there on 29 August.

Seventh patrol and loss, September–October 1943
Morton, smarting from that last luckless patrol, asked to return to the Sea of Japan, and permission was granted. He elected to take a full load of the newly arrived Mark 18 electric torpedo rather than take the risk that further production runs of the Mark 14 steam torpedoes might still be defective. Wahoo got underway from Pearl Harbor, topped off fuel and supplies at Midway on 13 September, and headed for La Perouse Strait. The plan was to enter the Sea of Japan first, on or about 20 September, with USS Sawfish (SS-276) following by a few days. At sunset on 21 October, Wahoo was supposed to leave her assigned area, south of the 43rd parallel, and head for home. She was instructed to report by radio after she passed through the Kurils. Nothing further was ever heard from Wahoo.

On 25 September 1943 the Taiko Maru was torpedoed in the Sea of Japan; mistakenly credited to the USS Pompano (SS-181), it was apparently sunk by Wahoo.

On 5 October, the Japanese news agency Domei announced to the world that a steamer, the 8000 LT Konron Maru, was sunk by an American submarine off the west coast of Honshū near Tsushima Strait, with the loss of 544 lives. The victims included two Japanese congressmen of the House of Representatives, Choichi Kato and Keishiro Sukekawa. Postwar reckoning by JANAC showed Wahoo sank three other ships for 5,300 tons, making a patrol total of four ships of about 13,000 long tons. The sinking of Konron Maru enraged the Japanese navy, and the Maizuru Naval District ordered a 'search and destroy' operation for US submarines.

Japanese records also reported that on 11 October, the date Wahoo was due to exit through La Pérouse Strait in the morning, Wahoo was bombarded from Cape Sōya. An antisubmarine aircraft (likely an Aichi E13A floatplane) sighted a wake and an apparent oil slick from a submerged submarine. The Japanese initiated a combined air and sea attack with numerous bombs and depth charges throughout the day. Sawfish had been depth-charged by a patrol boat while transiting the strait two days before, and the enemy's antisubmarine forces were on the alert; their attacks fatally holed Wahoo, and she sank with all hands. She was declared overdue on 2 December 1943 and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 6 December 1943.

After the loss of Wahoo, no US submarines ventured into the Sea of Japan until June 1945, when special mine-detecting equipment became available.

Wahoo earned six battle stars for World War II service.

The search for and discovery of Wahoo
Wahoo had long been believed to be resting in the Soya (La Pérouse) Strait between Hokkaidō, Japan and Sakhalin, Russia. Beginning in 1995, the Wahoo Project Group (an international team of Americans, Australians, Japanese, and Russians, and led by a relative of Commander Morton) searched for her based on the available evidence. Japanese Vice Admiral Kazuo Ueda, working with the Wahoo Project Group, examined the historical record and correctly predicted the location of Wahoo in 2006.

In 2005, electronic surveys in the region yielded what turned out to be a U.S. Gato-class submarine in the Strait; in July 2006, the Russian team "Iskra" investigated the site which contributed further evidence of location of Wahoo.

On 31 October 2006, the U.S. Navy confirmed that the images provided by the "Iskra" team are of Wahoo, the wreckage lying intact in about 213 ft of water in the La Pérouse (Soya) Strait. The submarine was sunk by a direct hit from an aerial bomb near the conning tower.

On 8 July 2007, the U.S. Navy conducted a wreath-laying ceremony at sea for the crew of Wahoo. The ceremony was held on the confirmed site of the sinking of the submarine as a joint exercise with the Navy of the Russian Federation.

On 11 October 2007, the U.S. Navy held an official remembrance ceremony for the crew of Wahoo, conducted at the USS Bowfin (SS-287) Submarine Museum and Park at Pearl Harbor, and followed by a presentation of the history of Wahoo search and discovery by the Wahoo Project Group.

In May 2024, the Russian Geographical Society demonstrated a video of the wreckage of the submarine and installed a commemorative underwater plaque, as well as a wreath with the inscription "Russians remember".

Awards

 * United States Navy Presidential Unit Citation ribbon.svg Navy Presidential Unit Citation
 * Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal with six battle stars
 * World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg World War Two Victory Medal

title: USS Wahoo (SS-238)


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Talk:Crème anglaise

(Comments)
Is "sauce" the correct word? How much of each ingredient do you use? What would you use it for? Tualha 22:27, Nov 14, 2003 (UTC)

Sauce is correct; in montreal it's usually poured over cakes, fresh fruit and french toast.

Crème anglaise is eaten in France both as a sauce over cakes etc., and as a cream on its own, specially in Île flottantes. David.Monniaux 10:36, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

A recent edit added "It can also be used as a base for desserts such as icecream or crème brûlée." I believe this is mistaken: though ice cream can have a custard base and crème brûlée must have a custard base, I do not believe it is correct to call them crème anglaise in particular, which is a sauce. Comments? --Macrakis 04:07, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

 * It strikes me that creme anglaise would be much too runny for creme brulee. but perhaps this just reflects my limited familiarity with each.

 * But as I understand, it counts as creme anglaise in virtue of being made from milk, nor cream, having more sugar, and being thinner than heavy custard or pastry custard. I don't think it stops being anglaise when it winds up under a crust of sugar.

 * In any case, the article just says it can be used as a base for creme brulee. This could just mean that you make anglaise, and then use it to make creme brulee--regardless of whether it still anglaise at that point.

Any person with any knowlege of British cuisine (cuisine is a french word) usually balks at restaurant menus that describe a dish containing "creme anglaise" which actually just contain custard. There is nothing wrong with this page, but the "francais" page contains no mention of the word "custard"! This "English Creme" of which we speak could come into one of two categories:

1) A "lighter pouring" of custard, which would be rubbish on top of a treacle sponge if you ask me, and..

2) custard

I'm not elequent enough in French enough to write an appropriate addition to the French version of the page, but I'm sure the average French culinaire would be interested to hear that even we English describe our much loved invention in French terminology due to the French chauvanism of cookery schools!

I'm sure that the French would appreciate the more "rustique" word "custard" when used to refer to that much loved yellow gloopy substance that you can walk on (it's got similar properties as quicksand) that we all grew up on!

 * Not so much rustique as scientifique, if you mean the industrial concoction of cornflour and yellow dye --garryq 12:11, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

To add to this, the "custard" page doesn't have a French version!

 * Please check the custard page, where there is some info about the physical properties of custard. In short, the quicksand-like stuff you can walk on is not custard at all, just uncooked starch-water suspension. I am not sure what your issue is about '"crème anglaise" which actually just contain custard' -- creme anglaise is just a thin pouring custard.

 * Then there's imitation custard (e.g. Bird's custard) which isn't thickened with eggs....

 * The problem with the French word "crème" is that it covers a whole range of foods from whipped cream and buttercreams through light custard sauces, pastry creams, and all the way to thick custards. Of course there are precise names for all these things, too. --Macrakis 18:20, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

 * All I want to know is, how come the Dessert Sauces section can have separate entries for Brandy Butter and Hard Sauce, but when it comes to yellow, somewhat eggy sauces, all we get is this thin imitation and no mention _at all_, save an inline link, of the (at least, from my nation's POV!) much more common, er, common custard? 193.63.174.10 (talk) 19:50, 7 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Not sure I understand the problem. What is the "thin imitation" you're talking of?  What are you referring to as "common custard" and is it not covered in the custard article or (for the ersatz version without eggs) in the custard powder article? --Macrakis (talk) 20:57, 7 July 2010 (UTC)

Larousse
Rewrote "Larousse Gastronomique calls it 'crème à l'anglaise' and 'crème française'", as these terms do not appear in my version of Larousse--garryq 12:18, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for checking. They were in the 1st English edition (which I assume is a faithful translation of the 1st French edition); I've put in a full source ref. --Macrakis 18:12, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Odd technique in article
I would never claim that there is only one right way to do to something, esp. with out trying alternatives, but I understand and practice a different technique. I'm not able to restructure the article right now, but here is my explanation of the classic technique.

1. start heating milk (and/or cream) 2. wisk sugar into the egg yolks until pale - this is called a slurry 3. when milk product is nearly scalding, temper the eggs by adding about 1/3 of the milk to the eggs and mix quickly to avoid coagulation 4. incorporate the warmed slurry back into the milk and heat carefully until reach the nappe stage at which the final product thickens enough (to coat the back of a spoon)

It should be noted that creme anglais is also used to make rich ice cream. Just chill, add flavorings and churn.

--Rosenbluh 09:25, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

Vanilla
I believe vanilla a key ingredient in this recipy aswell.

I want to poit out that ccrème anglaise and custard aren't necessary same thing. Custard is translates as "crème patissière" in French. When we use crème anglaise it creates floating islands that look like the islands of Britain which is why we call it that name.--Costagne (talk) 04:38, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

Temprature
My recipe says that if the sauce reaches 64 deg. celsius the eggs coagulate(bad spelling, soz) if you add a litle starch, potato or corn it will handle 67degrees. So if my book is rightm wich it usally is and one follows this "wikipedia recipe" one ends up dissapointed —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.100.231.16 (talk) 22:39, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

Addiontal Details
Added, information regarding historical origins, as well as additional cooking information. Naemly, if it curdles it can be salvaged. Added additional references as well.

Mshenay (talk) 15:33, 23 February 2012 (UTC)

Merge with Custard?
Creme anglaise is just French for what we English call custard - I'd suggest merging this short article with Custard, which not only has more information about custards, but also includes info about creme anglaise as a name. Seems kinda pointless having two articles for two names for the same thing. Gymnophoria (talk) 19:10, 23 March 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Crème anglaise


text:
Jacobean embroidery

Jacobean embroidery refers to embroidery styles that flourished in the reign of King James I of England in first quarter of the 17th century.

The term is usually used today to describe a form of crewel embroidery used for furnishing characterized by fanciful plant and animal shapes worked in a variety of stitches with two-ply wool yarn on linen. Popular motifs in Jacobean embroidery, especially curtains for bed hangings, are the Tree of Life and stylized forests, usually rendered as exotic plants arising from a landscape or terra firma with birds, stags, squirrels, and other familiar animals.

Origins
Early Jacobean embroidery often featured scrolling floral patterns worked in colored silks on linen, a fashion that arose in the earlier Elizabethan era. Embroidered jackets were fashionable for both men and women in the period 1600-1620, and several of these jackets have survived.

Designs
Often based on tree of life imagery, curving branches with large flowers were a typical design. Early crewel embroideries exclusively used wool thread on linen (modern crewel embroidery encompasses a broader range with the only requirement being extensive use of crewel stitch variations).

Legacy
Jacobean embroidery was carried by British colonists to Colonial America, where it flourished. The Deerfield embroidery movement of the 1890s revived interest in colonial and Jacobean styles of embroidery.

title: Jacobean embroidery


text:
Acetazolamide

Acetazolamide, sold under the trade name Diamox among others, is a medication used to treat glaucoma, epilepsy, acute mountain sickness, periodic paralysis, idiopathic intracranial hypertension (raised brain pressure of unclear cause), heart failure and to alkalinize urine. It may be used long term for the treatment of open angle glaucoma and short term for acute angle closure glaucoma until surgery can be carried out. It is taken by mouth or injection into a vein. Acetazolamide is a first generation carbonic anhydrase inhibitor and it decreases the ocular fluid and osmolality in the eye to decrease intraocular pressure.

Common side effects include numbness, ringing in the ears, loss of appetite, vomiting, and sleepiness. It is not recommended in those with significant kidney problems, liver problems, or who are allergic to sulfonamides. Acetazolamide is in the diuretic and carbonic anhydrase inhibitor families of medication. It works by decreasing the formation of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate from carbon dioxide and water.

Acetazolamide came into medical use in 1952. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Acetazolamide is available as a generic medication.

Medical uses
It is used in the treatment of glaucoma, drug-induced edema, heart failure-induced edema, epilepsy and in reducing intraocular pressure after surgery. It has also been used in the treatment of altitude sickness, Ménière's disease, increased intracranial pressure and neuromuscular disorders. Acetazolamide is also used in the critical care setting to stimulate respiratory drive in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as an off-label indication.

In epilepsy, the main use of acetazolamide is in menstrual-related epilepsy and as an add on to other treatments in refractory epilepsy. Though various websites on the internet report that acetazolamide can be used to treat dural ectasia in individuals with Marfan syndrome, the only supporting evidence for this assertion exists from a small study of 14 patients which was not peer-reviewed or submitted for publication. Several published cases of intracranial hypotension related to Marfan syndrome would warrant caution in using acetazolamide in these patients unless there is a clear indication, as it could lower intracranial pressure further. A 2012 review and meta-analysis found that there was "limited supporting evidence" but that acetazolamide "may be considered" for the treatment of central (as opposed to obstructive) sleep apnea.

It has also been used to prevent methotrexate-induced kidney damage by alkalinizing the urine, hence speeding up methotrexate excretion by increasing its solubility in urine. There is some evidence to support its use to prevent hemiplegic migraine.

High altitude sickness
Acetazolamide is also used for the treatment of acute mountain sickness. In the prevention or treatment of mountain sickness, acetazolamide inhibits the ability of the kidneys to reabsorb bicarbonate, the conjugate base of carbonic acid. Increasing the amount of bicarbonate excreted in the urine leads to acidification of the blood. Because the body senses CO2 concentration indirectly via blood pH (increase in CO2 causes a decrease in pH), acidifying the blood through decreased renal reabsorption of bicarbonate is sensed as an increase in CO2. This, in turn, causes the body to increase minute ventilation (the amount of air breathed per minute) in order to "breathe off" CO2, which in turn increases the amount of oxygen in the blood. Acetazolamide is not an immediate cure for acute mountain sickness; rather, it speeds up (or, when taking before traveling, forces the body to early start) part of the acclimatization process which in turn helps to relieve symptoms. Acetazolamide is still effective if started early in the course of mountain sickness. As prevention, it is started one day before travel to altitude and continued for the first two days at altitude.

Pregnancy and lactation
Acetazolamide is pregnancy category B3 in Australia, which means that studies in rats, mice and rabbits in which acetazolamide was given intravenously or orally caused an increased risk of fetal malformations, including defects of the limbs. Despite this, there is insufficient evidence from studies in humans to either support or discount this evidence.

Limited data are available on the effects of nursing mothers taking acetazolamide. Therapeutic doses create low levels in breast milk and are not expected to cause problems in infants.

Side effects
Common adverse effects of acetazolamide include the following: paraesthesia, fatigue, drowsiness, depression, decreased libido, bitter or metallic taste, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, black stool, polyuria, kidney stones, metabolic acidosis and electrolyte changes (hypokalemia, hyponatremia). Whereas less common adverse effects include Stevens–Johnson syndrome, anaphylaxis and blood dyscrasias.

Contraindications
Contraindications include:
 * Hyperchloremic acidosis
 * Hypokalemia (low blood potassium)
 * Hyponatremia (low blood sodium)
 * Adrenal insufficiency
 * Impaired kidney function
 * Hypersensitivity to acetazolamide or other sulphonamides.
 * Marked liver disease or impairment of liver function, including cirrhosis because of the risk of development of hepatic encephalopathy. Acetazolamide decreases ammonia clearance.

Interactions
It is possible that it might interact with:
 * Amphetamines, because it increases the pH of the renal tubular urine, hence reducing the clearance of amphetamines.
 * Other carbonic anhydrase inhibitors—potential for additive inhibitory effects on carbonic anhydrase and hence potential for toxicity.
 * Ciclosporin, may increase plasma levels of ciclosporin.
 * Antifolates such as trimethoprim, methotrexate, pemetrexed and raltitrexed.
 * Hypoglycemics, acetazolamide can both increase or decrease blood glucose levels.
 * Lithium, increases excretion, hence reducing therapeutic effect.
 * Methenamine compounds, reduces the urinary excretion of methenamines.
 * Phenytoin, reduces phenytoin excretion, hence increasing the potential for toxicity.
 * Primidone, reduces plasma levels of primidone. Hence reducing anticonvulsant effect.
 * Quinidine, reduces urinary excretion of quinidine, hence increasing the potential for toxicity.
 * Salicylates, potential for severe toxicity.
 * Sodium bicarbonate, potential for kidney stone formation.
 * Anticoagulants, cardiac glycosides, may have their effects potentiated by acetazolamide.

Mechanism of action
Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, hence causing the accumulation of carbonic acid. Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme found in red blood cells and many other tissues that catalyses the following reaction:

 * H2CO3 ⇌ H2O + CO2

hence lowering blood pH, by means of the following reaction that carbonic acid undergoes:

 * H2CO3 ⇌ HCO3− + H+

which has a pKa of 6.3.

The mechanism of diuresis involves the proximal tubule of the kidney. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase is found here, allowing the reabsorption of bicarbonate, sodium, and chloride. By inhibiting this enzyme, these ions are excreted, along with excess water, lowering blood pressure, intracranial pressure, and intraocular pressure. A general side effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors is loss of potassium due to this function. By excreting bicarbonate, the blood becomes acidic, causing compensatory hyperventilation with deep respiration (Kussmaul breathing), increasing levels of oxygen and decreasing levels of carbon dioxide in the blood.

In the eye this results in a reduction in aqueous humour.

Bicarbonate (HCO3−) has a pKa of 10.3 with carbonate (CO32−), far further from physiologic pH (7.35–7.45), and so it is more likely to accept a proton than to donate one, but it is also far less likely for it to do either, thus bicarbonate will be the major species at physiological pH.

Under normal conditions in the proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney, most of the carbonic acid (H2CO3) produced intracellularly by the action of carbonic anhydrase quickly dissociates in the cell to bicarbonate (HCO3−) and an H+ ion (a proton), as previously mentioned. The bicarbonate (HCO3−) exits at the basal portion of the cell via sodium (Na+) symport and chloride (Cl−) antiport and re-enters circulation, where it may accept a proton if blood pH decreases, thus acting as a weak, basic buffer. The remaining H+ left over from the intracellular production of carbonic acid (H2CO3) exits the apical (urinary lumen) portion of the cell by Na+ antiport, acidifying the urine. There, it may join with another bicarbonate (HCO3−) that dissociated from its H+ in the lumen of the urinary space only after exiting the proximal convoluted kidney cells/glomerulus as carbonic acid (H2CO3) because bicarbonate (HCO3−) itself can not diffuse across the cell membrane in its polar state. This will replenish carbonic acid (H2CO3) so that it then may be reabsorbed into the cell as itself or CO2 and H2O (produced via a luminal carbonic anhydrase). As a result of this whole process, there is a greater net balance of H+ in the urinary lumen than bicarbonate (HCO3−), and so this space is more acidic than physiologic pH. Thus, there is an increased likelihood that any bicarbonate (HCO3−) that was left over in the lumen diffuses back into the cell as carbonic acid, CO2, or H2O.

In short, under normal conditions, the net effect of carbonic anhydrase in the urinary lumen and cells of the proximal convoluted tubule is to acidify the urine and transport bicarbonate (HCO3−) into the body. Another effect is excretion of Cl− as it is needed to maintain electroneutrality in the lumen, as well as the reabsorption of Na+ into the body.

Thus, by disrupting this process with acetazolamide, urinary Na+ and bicarbonate (HCO3−) are increased, and urinary H+ and Cl− are decreased. Inversely, serum Na+ and bicarbonate (HCO3−) are decreased, and serum H+ and Cl− are increased. H2O generally follows sodium, and so this is how the clinical diuretic effect is achieved, which reduces blood volume and thus preload on the heart to improve contractility and reduce blood pressure, or achieve other desired clinical effects of reduced blood volume such as reducing edema or intracranial pressure.

History
An early description of this compound (as 2-acetylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-sulfonamide) and its synthesis has been patented.

Research
Smaller clinical trials have also shown promising results in the treatment of normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH).

title: Acetazolamide


text:
Body language

Body language is a type of communication in which physical behaviors, as opposed to words, are used to express or convey information. Such behavior includes facial expressions, body posture, gestures, eye movement, touch and the use of space. The term body language is usually applied in regard to people but may also be applied to animals. The study of body language is also known as kinesics. Although body language is an important part of communication, most of it happens without conscious awareness.

Body language differs from sign language, which are languages with complex grammar systems and exhibiting the fundamental properties considered to exist in all true languages. Body language, on the other hand, does not have a grammar system and must be interpreted broadly, instead of having an absolute meaning corresponding with a certain movement. It is, technically, not a language. Body language more so refers to the often unconscious reactions we tend to have in relation to observed stimuli.

Within a society, consensus exists regarding the accepted understandings and interpretations of specific behaviors. There also is controversy on whether body language is universal. Body language, a subset of nonverbal communication, complements verbal communication in social interaction. In fact, some researchers conclude that nonverbal communication accounts for the majority of information transmitted during interpersonal interactions. It helps to establish the relationship between two people and regulates interaction, yet it can be ambiguous. The interpretation of body language tends to vary in different cultural contexts.

Facial expressions
Facial expression is a part of body language and the expression of emotion. An accurate interpretation of it relies on interpreting multiple signs in combination – such as the movement of the eyes, eyebrows, lips, nose and cheeks – in order to form an impression of a person's mood and state of mind; it should always be additionally considered in regard to the context in which it is occurring and the person's likely intention.

While facial body language can be interpreted as a sign of genuine emotion, a lack of it may suggest a lack of sincerity. For example, a lack of wrinkles around the eyes may suggest a potentially fake smile. At one point, researchers believed that making a genuine smile was nearly impossible to do on command. More recently, however, a study conducted by researchers at Northeastern University found that people could convincingly fake a Duchenne smile, even when they were not feeling especially happy.

The action of the pupil corresponds to mood, and it can communicate the mood of a person when it is observed. For instance, the research found that the person has no control over his pupils and they expanded when someone was interested in another person, or when they were looking at something. Normally, one's eyes need to instinctively blink at around 20 times per minute, but merely looking at a person the viewer finds attractive can make this rate faster.

Studies and behavioral experiments have shown that facial expressions and bodily expressions are congruent in terms of conveying visible signs of a person's emotional state. This means that the brain processes the other's facial and bodily expressions simultaneously. Subjects in these studies judged emotions based on facial expressions with a high level of accuracy. This is because the face and the body are normally seen together in their natural proportions and the emotional signals from the face and body are well integrated.

Head and neck postures and signals
Nodding of the head is generally considered a sign of saying 'yes'. When used in conversation it may be interpreted as a sign of approval and encourage the speaker to go on. A single nod of the head is a sign of acknowledging another person in a respectful manner. In this manner, it can be regarded as similar to the Asian practice of bowing to a person as a sign of respect. Shaking the head is usually interpreted as meaning 'no'. In India, a head bobble is the tilting of the head from side to side, whose interpretation can be ambiguous and context-dependent.

A tilting of the head to the side can be an expression of interest in what the other person is communicating. It may be a sign of curiosity, uncertainty, or questioning. If the head is propped up by the hand when the head is tilted then this may indicate disinterest or be a sign of thinking about something. A head that is tilted forwards slightly while being pulled backward may indicate being suspicious.

The angle of facing and positioning of a person's head can be indicative of their mood—this should be considered in conjunction with patterns of muscular tension that occur concurrently with it, such as that of the face and neck. When the head is tilted up this may demonstrate what some academics refer to as 'superiority emotions' such as self-assurance, pride, or contempt. When it is tilted down, this may indicate 'inferiority emotions' such as shame, shyness, or respect. When other factors are incorporated, such as the intensity of the feeling or gender, for example, the most accurate interpretation can change. Joy, for instance, is a superior emotion that is typically found in conjunction with a head tilted up. Contentment, which may be considered to be on the same spectrum as joy but at a lesser intensity, may instead feature the head being angled down somewhat.

As a person's vocal chords are influenced physically by the tilt of their head and the respective pattern of muscle tension, it is possible to discern their head tilt by listening to how they talk.

General body postures

Emotions can also be detected through body postures. Research has shown that body postures are more accurately recognized when an emotion is compared with a different or neutral emotion. For example, a person feeling angry would portray dominance over the other, and their posture would display approach tendencies. Comparing this to a person feeling fearful: they would feel weak, and submissive and their posture would display avoidance tendencies.

Sitting or standing postures also indicate one's emotions. A person sitting still in the back of their chair, leaning forward with their head nodding along with the discussion implies that they are open, relaxed and generally ready to listen. On the other hand, a person who has their legs and arms crossed with the foot kicking slightly implies that they are feeling impatient and emotionally detached from the discussion. This being said, interpretation of said behavior can vary cross culturally

In a standing discussion, a person standing with arms akimbo with feet pointed towards the speaker could suggest that they are attentive and interested in the conversation. However, a small difference in this posture could mean a lot. In Bali standing with arms akimbo is considered rude and may send signals of aggression.

Chest
In general terms, the relative fullness or shallowness of the chest, especially around the sternum, can be a key indicator of both mood and attitude. When the body language of the chest is assessed in everyday circumstances, it involves an instinctive assessment of these factors of shape and volume. When the posture of the chest is fuller, and it is positioned relatively forward, then this is a sign of confidence. If it is thrusting prominently forward, then this may be an indication that the person wants to be socially prominent and make a statement of physical confidence. When the chest is pulled back then this can indicate a less confident attitude.

If a person positions their chest closer towards another person it may be a sign of paying closer attention to them as part of a conversation, or, in other circumstances, it may be a sign of physical assertion and aggression.

Gestures
Gestures are movements made with body parts (example hands, arms, fingers, head, legs) and they may be voluntary or involuntary. Arm gestures can be interpreted in several ways. In a discussion, when one stands, sits or even walks with folded arms, it is normally not a welcoming gesture. It could mean that they have a closed mind and are most likely unwilling to listen to the speaker's viewpoint. Another type of arm gesture also includes an arm crossed over the other, demonstrating insecurity and a lack of confidence. Hand gestures often signify the state of well-being of the person making them. Relaxed hands indicate confidence and self-assurance, while clenched hands may be interpreted as signs of stress or anger. If a person is wringing their hands, this demonstrates nervousness and anxiety.

Finger gestures are also commonly used to exemplify one's speech as well as denote the state of well-being of the person making them. In certain cultures, pointing using one's index finger is deemed acceptable. However, pointing at a person may be viewed as aggressive in other cultures – for example, people who share Hindu beliefs consider finger pointing offensive. Instead, they point with a palm up open hand. Likewise, the thumbs up gesture could show "OK" or "good" in countries like the United States, South Africa, France, Lebanon and Germany. But this same gesture is insulting in other countries like Iran, Bangladesh and Thailand, where it is the equivalent of showing the middle finger in the US.

It is difficult to distinguish a behavior motivated by an out-group bias—a negative response to a member of a different group—from one fueled by stereotype effect—a cognitive association between members of a specific out‐group and a culturally held belief (Hamilton, 1981).

Handshakes
Handshakes are regular greeting rituals and commonly used when meeting, greeting, offering congratulations, expressing camaraderie, or after the completion of an agreement. Studies have categorized several handshake styles, including the finger squeeze, the bone crusher (shaking hands too strongly), the limp fish (shaking hands too weakly), etc. Handshakes are popular in the United States and are appropriate for use between men and women. However, in Muslim cultures, men may not shake hands or touch women in any way and vice versa. Likewise, in Hindu cultures, Hindu men may never shake hands with women. Instead, they greet women by placing their hands as if praying.

A firm, friendly handshake has long been recommended in the business world as a way to make a good first impression, and the greeting is thought to date to ancient times as a way of showing a stranger you had no weapons.

Breathing
Body language related to breathing and patterns of breathing can be indicative of a person's mood and state of mind; because of this, the relationship between body language and breathing is often considered in contexts such as business meetings and presentations.

Oculesics
Oculesics, a subcategory of body language, is the study of eye movement, eye behavior, gaze, and eye-related nonverbal communication. As a social or behavioral science, oculesics is a form of nonverbal communication focusing on deriving meaning from eye behavior. Oculesics is culturally dependent. For example, in traditional Anglo-Saxon culture, avoiding eye contact usually portrays a lack of confidence, certainty, or truthfulness. However, in the Latino culture, direct or prolonged eye contact means that you are challenging the individual with whom you are speaking or that you have a romantic interest in the person. Also, in many Asian cultures, prolonged eye contact may be a sign of anger or aggression.

Haptics
Research has also shown that people can accurately decode distinct emotions by merely watching others communicate via touch.

Heslin outlines five haptic categories:
 * Functional/professional: This expresses task-orientation. Donald Walton stated in his book that touching is the ultimate expression of closeness or confidence between two people, but not seen often in business or formal relationships. Touching stresses how special the message is that is being sent by the initiator. "If a word of praise is accompanied by a touch on the shoulder, that's the gold star on the ribbon," wrote Walton.
 * Social/polite: This expresses ritual interaction. A study by Jones and Yarbrough regarded communication with touch as the most intimate and involving form which helps people to keep good relationships with others. For example, Jones and Yarbrough explained that strategic touching is a series of touching usually with an ulterior or hidden motive thus making them seem to be using touch as a game to get someone to do something for them.
 * Friendship/warmth: This expresses idiosyncratic relationship.
 * Love/intimacy: This expresses emotional attachment. Public touch can serve as a 'tie sign' that shows others that your partner is "taken". When a couple is holding hands, putting their arms around each other, this is a 'tie sign' showing others that they are together. The use of 'tie signs' are used more often by couples in the dating and courtship stages than between their married counterparts according to Burgoon, Buller, and Woodall.
 * Sexual/arousal: This expresses sexual intent.

The amount of touching that occurs within a culture is also culturally dependent.

Proxemics
Another notable area in the nonverbal world of body language is that of spatial relationships, which is also known as proxemics. Introduced by Edward T. Hall in 1966, proxemics is the study of measurable distances between people as they interact with one another. In the book, Body Language, Julius Fast mentioned that the signals that we send or receive to others through body language are reactions to others' invasions of our personal territories.

Hall also came up with four distinct zones in which most people operate:

Intimate distance for embracing, touching or whispering
 * Close phase – less than 6 inches (15 cm)
 * Far phase – 6 to 18 inches (15 to 46 cm)

Personal distance for interactions among good friends or family members
 * Close phase – 1.5 to 2.5 feet (46 to 76 cm)
 * Far phase – 2.5 to 4 feet (76 to 122 cm)

Social distance for interactions among acquaintances
 * Close phase – 4 to 7 feet (1.2 to 2.1 m)
 * Far phase – 7 to 12 feet (2.1 to 3.7 m)

Public Distance used for public speaking
 * Close phase – 12 to 25 feet (3.7 to 7.6 m)
 * Far phase – 25 feet (7.6 m) or more.

In addition to physical distance, the level of intimacy between conversants can be determined by "socio-petal socio-fugal axis", or the "angle formed by the axis of the conversants' shoulders".

Changing the distance between two people can convey a desire for intimacy, declare a lack of interest, or increase/decrease domination. It can also influence the body language that is used. For example, when people talk they like to face each other. If forced to sit side by side, their body language will try to compensate for this lack of eye-to-eye contact by leaning in shoulder-to-shoulder.

As with other types of body language, proximity range varies with culture. Hall suggested that "physical contact between two people ... can be perfectly correct in one culture, and absolutely taboo in another".

Tone of voice
One of the reasons for this is that when a person's mood changes so does their breathing pattern. This influences their body language, and also their intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) which is a direct influence on, and discernible in, their tone of voice. For example, if a person is feeling confident, then their breathing pattern will deepen, their IAP will increase, and their tone of voice will sound fuller and stronger. If they are feeling anxious, their breathing will become too shallow, their IAP will decrease, and their voice will sound thinner and weaker. Thus, based upon a person's mood being reflected in their breathing pattern – which is a fundamental influencing factor to both tone of voice and body language – their tone of voice will tend to convey the same sense of mood as their body language, and vice versa. Notably, hands-free devices which use a digital voice, such as Amazon's Alexa, tend to omit or limit the sound of IAP from the digital voice. The voice therefore lacks a human-like fullness of tone and sounds more robotic.

Certain body postures can significantly influence the tone of voice. For instance, if someone is speaking while sitting in a chair with a hunched back, then this obstructs the breathing system, including the throat, and may muffle the tone of voice and convey the impression of being deenergised, unhappy or bored. Whereas if they were sitting up straight, this would allow the breathing system to be unobstructed and the tone of voice to be clearer, more energetic and focused.

Attitude

"Human communication is extremely complex and one must look at the whole in order to make any determination as to the attitudes being expressed."

Body language is a major contributor to the attitude a person conveys to others. Albert Mehrabian maintains that during a conversation dealing with feelings and attitudes (i.e., like-dislike), 7% of what is communicated is via what is said, 38% is via tone of voice, and the majority, 55%, is via body language. This is also referred to as the '7%–38%–55% Rule', and is often considered in studies of human communications. While there is a wider debate about the percentage share which should be attributed to each of the three contributing factors, it is generally agreed upon that body language plays a fundamental role in determining the attitude a person conveys.

A person may alter their body language in order to alter the attitude they convey; this may in turn influence the rapport they have with another person. Whether a formal or informal attitude is conveyed may influence the other person's response. For instance, if an interviewer conveys a formal attitude, then this gives a more business-like impression, which may encourage the interviewee to give more serious answers. This may develop a more professional rapport overall between them. Alternatively, if the interviewer conveys an informal attitude, then this conveys a more open and casual impression. This may be used to elicit a more open response from the interviewee, encourage them to give more revealing answers, and potentially develop a more personal rapport.

Trust
"It doesn't matter if it's a friendship or a business relationship, there has to be a certain level of trust between people. Understanding body language will help you to build trust and rapport."

Trust is fundamental to all positive relationships between people. Body language which expresses trust will usually convey a sense of openness and warmth. Contrarily, mistrusting body language will appear relatively closed and cold. Body language which conveys a sense of trust can vary depending on the nature of the relationship. For example, for business, friendships, and intimate relationships there may be similarities in the body language used but it can also be significantly different.

Business
Body language which conveys trust in a business context is done so in a formal manner. This is in keeping with business etiquette in general where people present themselves in a professional and focused manner which also overtly recognises that the relationship has boundaries. A businessperson-like approach signals to another person that they can trust that business will be the main focus of the conversation and not anything else. The handshake is used commonly in business at the start of a meeting or negotiation. It shows that each person is willing to trust the other. It may be accompanied by a warm smile, but it would not usually be accompanied by more familiar, less formal body language such as a broad grin or pat on the shoulder. Business body language specifically attempts to avoid body language that conveys mistrust. For example, if someone crosses their arms or legs while speaking in a business context, it can give the impression of a barrier being presented to the other person. That person may then think that the person speaking does not trust them or is hiding something. Because barrier type body language may signal mistrust, it is avoided in business contexts.

Friendship
Body language between friends is typically more expressive and informal than body language in business. Trust within a friendship is conveyed in numerous different expressive forms. Like in business a handshake may be used on meeting but this may also involve clasping two hands around one hand or placing a hand on the shoulder etc. Body language which conveys trust between friends may also be significantly more expressive and physical than in business. Giving someone a pat on the back or a hug for example.

People's natural willingness to act openly and warmly with their friends who they know well can appear more genuine when compared with how strangers present themselves as trustworthy in a business context. This is because friends can read each other's body language and facial expressions more easily. This means that they are surer of what the other person means and find it easier to respond accordingly. The interaction is therefore able to be more open and this can be seen when observing friends interact. The communication whether in terms of body language or speech is freer and less constrained by a sense of formal etiquette.

Intimate relationships
The body language of trust in intimate relationships such as courtship and marriage is very open and often highly personalised, even if it is not necessarily as physically dynamic as that found in a friendship for example. In Western contexts holding hands is a common sign between intimate partners that expresses their affection and trust in each other. It is a gentle act which may extend over several minutes or more. In contrast, a handshake between friends may be quite exuberant and last for a few seconds. Trust is also conveyed in intimate relationships through people caressing and kissing each other. These actions are designed to convey openness and warmth in a highly personalised way. Each partner is communicating to the other that they are attracted to them and also that they trust them and are allowing them to touch them in a more intimate way than would otherwise be acceptable. Such body language may be established gradually over a period of courtship. The body language of intimate relationships cannot be used acceptably in non-intimate relationships.

When people are in an intimate relationship, they often position themselves closer to each other than if they were in a different kind of relationship. Even though it may only be a small distance closer together, an observer can interpret this additional closeness to mean that they are in an intimate relationship. For example, spouses may sit, stand, and walk in each other's intimate space, whereas business colleagues may maintain more of a distance and outside of each other's intimate space. As the spouses are in an intimate relationship, they do not feel the need to maintain the same distance as the business colleagues. Other signs that people who are in an intimate relationship may give include an impression that they feel at ease in each other's company, are committed to each other, and a sense of naturalness.

Readiness
"When you get onto a basketball court, all your teammates beside you, pumped up and ready to go, you form impressions of the other side, their strength and unity, their mood and body language. Of course the physicality element is stronger in sport, but something similar happens in politics, where you can read the mood of one side or the other simply by looking at them, sitting there all together."

Body language can convey the impression of a readiness to take action. While this is always observable in the physical sense it can be further categorised as being 'readiness for physical exertion' or 'readiness for social interaction'. Noting that a person will typically be ready for both at any given time, and such categorisations are based upon which course of action they are primarily ready for at that moment. Such states of readiness influence the person's whole body, tone of voice, and what impression they convey through their body language. A state of increased readiness may also be referred to as being in a state of high energy or intensity. Relative to states of unreadiness, most states of readiness typically involve a deeper breathing pattern, increased excitation of the nervous system, and an increased heart rate. Such physiological effects also influence the person's skin and its fullness of appearance. In relative terms, a person's skin will usually look fuller and more taut while in a state of readiness, and thinner and more flaccid in a state of unreadiness. A readiness for physical exertion typically means that these effects are increased further in terms of their intensity and visual prominence.

Readiness for physical exertion
This is when a person prepares themself for significant physical exertion. For example, before a sportsperson begins to play, they have prepared themself by warming up their body and psychologically focusing on the task ahead. They are thereby in a state of readiness to exert themself. To an observer they appear to be 'pumped up'. Their body language is suggestive that they are about to move quickly and more energetically, they appear physically larger, and their movements are often bigger.

Readiness for social interaction
A body language warm up routine consisting of power poses may also be used by people to prepare themselves for a social engagement. Harvard professor Amy Cuddy suggested in 2010 that two minutes of power posing – "standing tall, holding your arms out or toward the sky, or standing like Superman, with your hands on hips" – could increase confidence, but retracted the advice and stopped teaching it after a 2015 study was unable to replicate the effect.

Universal vs. culture-specific
Scholars have long debated on whether body language, particularly facial expressions, are universally understood. In Darwin's (1872) evolutionary theory, he postulated that facial expressions of emotion are inherited. On the other hand, scholars have questioned if culture influences one's bodily expression of emotions. Broadly, the theories can be categorized into two models:

Cultural equivalence model
The cultural equivalence model predicts that "individuals should be equally accurate in understanding the emotions of ingroup and outgroup members" (Soto & Levenson, 2009). This model is rooted in Darwin's evolutionary theory, where he noted that both humans and animals share similar postural expressions of emotions such as anger/aggression, happiness, and fear. These similarities support the evolution argument that social animals (including humans) have a natural ability to relay emotional signals with one another, a notion shared by several academics (Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1974; Linnankoski, Laakso, Aulanko, & Leinonen, 1994). Where Darwin notes similarity in expression among animals and humans, the Cultural Equivalence Model notes similarity in expression across cultures in humans, even though they may be completely different.

One of the strongest pieces of evidence that supports this model was a study conducted by Paul Ekman and Friesen (1971), where members of a preliterate tribe in Papua New Guinea reliably recognized the facial expressions of individuals from the United States. Culturally isolated and with no exposure to US media, there was no possibility of cross-cultural transmission to the Papuan tribesmen.

Cultural advantage model
On the other hand, the cultural advantage model predicts that individuals of the same race "process the visual characteristics more accurately and efficiently than other-race faces". Other factors that increase accurate interpretation include familiarity with nonverbal accents.

There are numerous studies that support both the cultural equivalence model and the cultural advantage model, but reviewing the literature indicates that there is a general consensus that seven emotions are universally recognized, regardless of cultural background: happiness, surprise, fear, anger, contempt, disgust, and sadness.

Recently, scholars have shown that the expressions of pride and shame are universal. Tracy and Robins (2008) concluded that the expression of pride includes an expanded posture of the body with the head tilted back, with a low-intensity face and a non-Duchenne smile (raising the corner of the mouth). The expression of shame includes the hiding of the face, either by turning it down or covering it with the hands.

Applications
Fundamentally, body language is seemed as an involuntary and unconscious phenomenon that adds to the process of communication. Despite that, there have been certain areas where the conscious harnessing of body language – both in action and comprehension – have been useful. The use of body language has also seen an increase in application and use commercially, with large volumes of books and guides published designed to teach people how to be conscious of body language, and how to use it to benefit them in certain scenarios.

The use of body language can be seen in a wide variety of fields. Body languages has seen applications in instructional teaching in areas such as second-language acquisition and also to enhance the teaching of subjects like mathematics. A related use of body language is as a substitution to verbal language to people who lack the ability to use that, be it because of deafness or aphasia. Body language has also been applied in the process of detecting deceit through micro-expressions, both in law enforcement and even in the world of poker.

Second-language acquisition
The importance of body language in second-language acquisition was inspired by the fact that to successfully learn a language is to achieve discourse, strategic, and sociolinguistic competencies. Sociolinguistic competence includes understanding the body language that aids the use of a particular language. This is usually also highly culturally influenced. As such, a conscious ability to recognize and even perform this sort of body language is necessary to achieve fluency in a language beyond the discourse level.

The importance of body language to verbal language use is the need to eliminate ambiguity and redundancy in comprehension. Pennycook (1985) suggests to limit the use of non-visual materials to facilitate the teaching of a second language to improve this aspect of communication. He calls this being not just bilingual but also 'bi-kinesic'.

Enhancing teaching
Body language can be a useful aid not only in teaching a second language, but also in other areas. The idea behind using it is as a nonlinguistic input. It can be used to guide, hint, or urge a student towards the right answer. This is usually paired off with other verbal methods of guiding the student, be it through confirmation checks or modified language use. Tai in his 2014 paper provides a list of three main characteristic of body language and how they influence teaching. The features are intuition, communication, and suggestion.
 * The intuitive feature of body language used in teaching is the exemplification of the language, especially individual words, through the use of matching body language. For example, when teaching about the word "cry", teachers can imitate a crying person. This enables a deeper impression which is able to lead to greater understanding of the particular word.
 * The communicative feature is the ability of body language to create an environment and atmosphere that is able to facilitate effective learning. A holistic environment is more productive for learning and the acquisition for new knowledge.
 * The suggestive feature of body language uses body language as a tool to create opportunities for the students to gain additional information about a particular concept or word through pairing it with the body language itself.

Law enforcement
Despite the absence of evidence indicating that non-verbal lie detection works, and its rejection by the scholarly community as an effective way to detect lies, law enforcement still relies on it. Numerous Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Law Enforcement Bulletins have addressed body language as a purported tool for "evaluation truthfulness and detecting deception."

The body language of the members of law enforcement might influence the accuracy of eyewitness accounts.

Poker
The game of poker involves not only an understanding of probability, but also the competence of reading and analyzing the body language of the opponents. A key component of poker is to be able to bluff opponents. To spot bluffing, players must have the ability to spot the individual "tics" of their opponents, known in poker as their "tells". Players also have to look out for signs that an opponent is doing well.

Visual arts
Body language is often used to achieve a humorous effect in comedy productions. This may involve using body language which is exaggerated, repetitious, inappropriate for the circumstances or for the character, and any combination of these. Two or more characters can be used to emphasise each other's body language. Their gestures and mannerisms may be very similar, and in this manner amplify their comedic effect. Or they may be very different and thereby highlighted by way of contrast. Comedy double acts standardly use such methods of complementary comedic body language.

Kinesics
Kinesics is the study and interpretation of nonverbal communication related to the movement of any part of the body or the body as a whole; in layman's terms, it is the study of body language. However, Ray Birdwhistell, who is considered the founder of this area of study, never used the term body language, and did not consider it appropriate. He argued that what can be conveyed with the body does not meet the linguist's definition of language.

"Birdwhistell pointed out that 'human gestures differ from those of other animals in that they are polysemic, that they can be interpreted to have many different meanings depending on the communicative context in which they are produced'. And, he 'resisted the idea that 'body language' could be deciphered in some absolute fashion'. He also indicated that 'every body movement must be interpreted broadly and in conjunction with every other element in communication'."

Despite that, body language is still more widely used than kinesics. Dr. Maziar Mir in his book Body Language of Iran, has defined body language as follows: to all gestures, postures, movements, human behaviour, body gestures, and even model and gesture of speaking, or all postures of making sounds without making a sound that is based on the age, sex, height, weight, and social or geographical status of human beings are referred to as body language or non-verbal communication.

title: Body language


text:
List of hospitals in Canada

This is a list of hospitals in Canada.

Alberta
For a list sorted by facility name see List of hospitals in Alberta

 * Banff
 * Banff Mineral Springs Hospital
 * Bassano
 * Bassano Health Centre
 * Calgary
 * Alberta Children's Hospital (ACH)
 * Foothills Medical Centre (FMC)
 * Peter Lougheed Centre (PLC)
 * Rockyview General Hospital (RGH)
 * Sheldon M. Chumir Centre
 * South Health Campus (SHC)
 * Tom Baker Cancer Centre (TBCC)
 * Canmore
 * Canmore General Hospital
 * Edmonton
 * Alberta Hospital Edmonton
 * Cross Cancer Institute
 * Devon General Hospital
 * Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital
 * Grey Nuns Community Hospital & Health Centre
 * Leduc Community Hospital & Health Centre
 * Misericordia Community Hospital
 * Northeast Community Health Centre
 * Royal Alexandra Hospital
 * University of Alberta Hospital
 * Stollery Children's Hospital
 * Lethbridge
 * Chinook Regional Hospital
 * Lloydminster
 * Lloydminster Hospital (in Saskatchewan)
 * Medicine Hat
 * Medicine Hat Regional Hospital
 * Milk River
 * Milk River Health Centre
 * Stony Plain
 * WestView Health Centre
 * Vulcan
 * Vulcan Community Health Centre
 * Whitecourt
 * Whitecourt Healthcare Centre

British Columbia
For a list sorted by facility name see List of hospitals in British Columbia

 * Abbotsford
 * Abbotsford Regional Hospital and Cancer Centre
 * Burnaby
 * Burnaby Hospital
 * Chilliwack
 * Chilliwack General Hospital
 * Coquitlam
 * Riverview Hospital
 * Delta
 * Delta Hospital
 * Hope
 * Fraser Canyon Hospital
 * Kamloops
 * Royal Inland Hospital
 * Kelowna
 * Kelowna General Hospital
 * Langley
 * Langley Memorial Hospital
 * Maple Ridge
 * Ridge Meadows Hospital
 * Mission
 * Mission Memorial Hospital
 * Nanaimo
 * Nanaimo Regional General Hospital
 * New Westminster
 * Royal Columbian Hospital
 * North Vancouver
 * Lions Gate Hospital
 * Oliver
 * South Okanagan General Hospital
 * Parksville
 * Port Moody
 * Eagle Ridge Hospital
 * Richmond
 * Richmond Hospital (RGH)
 * Saanich
 * Saanich Peninsula Hospital
 * Surrey
 * Surrey Memorial Hospital
 * Terrace
 * Mills Memorial Hospital
 * Vancouver
 * BC Cancer Agency
 * British Columbia's Children's Hospital & Sunny Hill Health Centre for Children
 * B.C. Women's Hospital & Health Centre
 * G. F. Strong Centre
 * Mary Pack Arthritis Centre
 * Mount Saint Joseph Hospital
 * St. Paul's Hospital
 * Vancouver Hospital and Health Sciences Centre
 * Vancouver General Hospital
 * Vernon
 * Vernon Jubilee Hospital
 * Victoria
 * Royal Jubilee Hospital
 * Victoria General Hospital
 * White Rock
 * Peace Arch Hospital

Manitoba

 * Brandon
 * Brandon Regional Health Centre
 * Steinbach
 * Bethesda Hospital
 * Portage la Prairie
 * Portage District General Hospital
 * Winnipeg
 * The Children's Hospital of Winnipeg
 * Concordia Hospital
 * Deer Lodge Centre
 * Grace Hospital
 * Health Sciences Centre
 * Misericordia Health Centre
 * Riverview Health Centre
 * Saint Boniface General Hospital
 * Seven Oaks General Hospital
 * Victoria General Hospital

Newfoundland and Labrador

 * St. John's
 * Janeway Children's Health and Rehabilitation Centre

Northwest Territories

 * Hay River Regional Health Centre
 * Inuvik Regional Hospital
 * Stanton Territorial Hospital

Nova Scotia

 * Canso
 * Eastern Memorial Hospital

 * Cumberland County
 * Cumberland Regional Health Care Centre, Upper Nappan

 * Digby
 * Digby General Hospital

 * Glace Bay
 * Glace Bay Hospital

 * Guysborough
 * Guysborough Memorial Hospital

 * Halifax Regional Municipality
 * Dartmouth
 * Dartmouth General Hospital
 * East Coast Forensic Hospital
 * Nova Scotia Hospital
 * Halifax Peninsula
 * IWK Health Centre
 * Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre
 * Middle Musquodoboit
 * Musquodoboit Valley Memorial Hospital
 * Musquodoboit Harbour
 * Twin Oaks Memorial Hospital

 * Hants County
 * Hants Community Hospital

 * Inverness
 * Inverness Consolidated Memorial Hospital

 * Kentville
 * Valley Regional Hospital

 * Lunenburg
 * Fishermen's Memorial Hospital

 * Middleton
 * Soldiers Memorial Hospital

 * New Glasgow
 * Aberdeen Hospital

 * Sheet Harbour
 * Eastern Shore Memorial Hospital

 * Springhill
 * All Saints Springhill Hospital

 * Sydney
 * Cape Breton Regional Hospital

 * Sydney Mines
 * Harbourview Hospital
 * Tatamagouche
 * Lillian Fraser Memorial Hospital
 * Yarmouth
 * Yarmouth Regional Hospital

Nunavut

 * Iqaluit
 * Qikiqtani General Hospital

Ontario

 * Ajax
 * Lakeridge Health Ajax and Pickering
 * Alliston
 * Stevenson Memorial Hospital
 * Barrie
 * Royal Victoria Regional Health Centre
 * Bowmanville
 * Lakeridge Health Bowmanville
 * Brampton
 * Brampton Civic Hospital
 * Brampton Memorial Hospital Campus
 * Brantford
 * Brantford General Hospital
 * Burlington
 * Joseph Brant Hospital
 * Campbellford
 * Campbellford Memorial Hospital
 * Cambridge
 * Cambridge Memorial Hospital
 * Cobourg
 * Northumberland Hills Hospital
 * Collingwood
 * Collingwood General and Marine Hospital
 * Deep River
 * Deep River and District Hospital
 * Georgetown
 * Georgetown Hospital
 * Grimsby
 * West Lincoln Memorial Hospital
 * Hamilton
 * Hamilton Health Sciences
 * Hamilton General Hospital
 * Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre
 * McMaster University Medical Centre
 * McMaster Children's Hospital
 * St. Peter's Hospital
 * St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton
 * West 5th campus
 * Charlton campus
 * Kingston
 * Kingston Health Sciences Centre (KHSC)
 * Kingston General Hospital (Integrated into KHSC, 2017)
 * Hotel Dieu (Integrated into KHSC, 2017)
 * Providence Continuing Care Centre (PCCC)
 * Kirkland Lake
 * Kirkland and District Hospital
 * Kitchener
 * Grand River Hospital
 * St. Mary's General Hospital
 * London
 * London Health Sciences Centre
 * Children's Hospital at London Health Sciences Centre
 * University Hospital
 * Victoria Hospital
 * Markdale
 * Grey Bruce Health Services
 * Meaford
 * Grey Bruce Health Services
 * Milton
 * Milton District Hospital
 * Mississauga
 * Credit Valley Hospital
 * Mississauga Hospital
 * Niagara Falls
 * Greater Niagara General Hospital (NHS - Niagara Falls Site)
 * North Bay
 * North Bay Regional Health Center
 * Oakville
 * Oakville-Trafalgar Memorial Hospital
 * Orangeville
 * Headwaters Health Care Centre
 * Orillia
 * Soldiers Memorial Hospital
 * Oshawa
 * Lakeridge Health Oshawa
 * Ottawa (see also: List of hospitals in Ottawa)
 * Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO)
 * Montfort Hospital
 * National Defence Medical Centre
 * The Ottawa Hospital
 * Civic Hospital
 * General Hospital
 * Riverside Hospital
 * Queensway Carleton Hospital
 * University of Ottawa Heart Institute
 * Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre
 * Owen Sound
 * Grey Bruce Health Services
 * Peterborough
 * Peterborough Regional Health Centre
 * Port Perry
 * Lakeridge Health Port Perry
 * Quinte West
 * Trenton Memorial Hospital
 * Sarnia
 * Bluewater Health
 * Sault Ste. Marie
 * Sault Area Hospital
 * St. Catharines
 * St. Catharines General Hospital (Niagara Health System)
 * Hotel Dieu Shaver Health and Rehabilitation Centre
 * Sudbury
 * Health Sciences North
 * Thunder Bay
 * Thunder Bay Regional Health Sciences Centre
 * Toronto (see also: List of hospitals in Toronto)
 * Baycrest Health Sciences
 * Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
 * Etobicoke General Hospital
 * Hospital for Sick Children
 * Humber River Regional Hospital
 * Michael Garron Hospital
 * North York General Hospital
 * Queensway Health Centre
 * Scarborough Health Network
 * Birchmount Hospital
 * Centenary Hospital
 * Scarborough General Hospital
 * Sinai Health System
 * Bridgepoint Active Healthcare
 * Mount Sinai Hospital
 * St. John's Rehab Hospital
 * St. Joseph's Health Centre
 * St. Michael's Hospital
 * Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
 * Toronto Grace Health Centre
 * University Health Network
 * Princess Margaret Cancer Centre
 * Toronto General Hospital
 * Toronto Rehabilitation Institute
 * Toronto Western Hospital
 * Women's College Hospital
 * Uxbridge
 * Uxbridge Cottage Hospital
 * Welland
 * Welland County General Hospital (NHS - Welland Site)
 * Wiarton
 * Wiarton Hospital
 * York Region
 * Cortellucci Vaughan Hospital
 * Mackenzie Richmond Hill Hospital
 * Markham Stouffville Hospital
 * Shouldice Hernia Centre
 * Southlake Regional Health Centre

Prince Edward Island

 * Charlottetown
 * Hillsborough Hospital
 * Queen Elizabeth Hospital
 * Summerside
 * Prince County Hospital

Quebec

 * Laval
 * Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital
 * Longueuil
 * Hôpital Charles-LeMoyne (affiliated to Université de Sherbrooke)
 * Centre hospitalier Pierre-Boucher

 * Montreal
 * McGill University Health Centre
 * Royal Victoria Hospital
 * Montreal Children's Hospital
 * Shriners Hospital for Children
 * Montreal Chest Institute
 * Montreal General Hospital
 * Allan Memorial Institute
 * Montreal Neurological Hospital
 * Hôpital de Lachine
 * Lakeshore General Hospital
 * Jewish General Hospital
 * St. Mary's Hospital
 * Douglas Mental Health University Institute
 * Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal
 * Hopital Notre-Dame
 * Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont
 * Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal
 * Centre hospitalier universitaire Sainte-Justine
 * Institut de cardiologie de Montréal
 * Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal
 * Institut Philippe-Pinel de Montréal
 * Hôpital Santa-Cabrini
 * Hôpital de Verdun
 * Hôpital de LaSalle
 * Hôpital Jean-Talon
 * Hôpital Rivière-des-Prairies

 * Saint-Hyacinthe
 * Centre hospitalier Honoré-Mercier
 * Quebec City
 * Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec (CHUQ)
 * Hôtel-Dieu de Québec
 * Hôpital Saint-François d'Assise
 * Centre hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUL)
 * Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ)
 * Sherbrooke
 * Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS)

Saskatchewan

 * Humboldt
 * Humboldt District Hospital
 * Regina
 * Pasqua Hospital
 * Regina General Hospital
 * Wascana Rehabilitation Centre
 * Saskatoon
 * Royal University Hospital
 * Saskatoon City Hospital
 * St. Paul's Hospital
 * Jim Pattison Children's Hospital

Yukon

 * Whitehorse General Hospital

title: List of hospitals in Canada