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Eastwood, Nottinghamshire

Eastwood is a former coal mining town and civil parish in the Broxtowe district of Nottinghamshire, England, 8 mi northwest of Nottingham. Mentioned in Domesday Book, it expanded rapidly during the Industrial Revolution. The Midland Railway was formed here and it is the birthplace of D. H. Lawrence.

History
"Eastwood" is a hybrid place-name, formed from Old English Est, for "East", and Old Norse Þveit, for "meadow", "cleared meadow", or "clearing in a wood." This is a common element in English place-names, often found as "Thwaite". "Eastwood" might mean eastern clearing, possibly originating as a Viking-age clearing in Sherwood Forest.

There is some evidence to suggest that the land around Eastwood was occupied in the Middle and Late Palǣolithic periods.

The location of the settlement is due primarily to the availability of rich agricultural land, the proximity of the River Erewash and—most importantly—the extensive and easily mined coal deposits. It is mentioned in Domesday Book as Estewic, part of the fee of William Peverel:

During The Anarchy, the 12th century civil war between Stephen of Blois and supporters of Matilde, the mother of the eventual king, Henry II, Peveral's son, William Peverel the Younger, forfeited these to the Crown in 1155. The estate, called the Peverel Honour, was eventually divided, and much of the land around Eastwood was granted to the Greys of Codnor Castle.

Tenant farming prevailed throughout the Middle Ages, whilst common pasture was mainly used for grazing. When King James VI of Scotland became King James I of England in 1603, Eastwood had a population of about 170, and it remained a small village until the 18th century when, in 1779, the Trent Navigation Company opened the Erewash Canal. This was one of the first man made waterways in England, with locks at Beeston linking Eastwood to the River Trent and Nottingham, and its arrival led to a rapid expansion of the local coal mining industry. Other industries soon followed, including framework knitting, corn milling, pottery, brewing, rope making and brick making.

The town expanded rapidly during the Industrial Revolution, and in the 19th century it experienced the greatest increase in population density of any parish in Nottinghamshire. By 1880 the population had increased to 4,500. Factories were built to accommodate the new industries, land becoming available for them as the rural population moved to urban areas. This industrialisation of the countryside was only restricted from the early 19th century, when, somewhat belatedly, the effect of the Enclosures began to be felt in Nottinghamshire. In a local manifestation of this period of upheaval, marchers of the Pentrich Revolution of 1817 passed through the town, and were met by soldiers at nearby Giltbrook: the residents of Eastwood boarded up their houses and hid in the woods.

In 1832, a historic meeting took place at the Sun Inn (built 1750), which resulted in the creation of the Midland Counties Railway, and the construction of a line from Pinxton to Leicester. Industrialisation continued with the opening in 1868 of Moorgreen Colliery, and in 1875 the demand for coal resulted in a railway station in Eastwood, with services to Nottingham on the Great Northern Railway.

D. H. Lawrence was born in Eastwood in 1885. Although the local area is mentioned in many of his novels, it is especially featured in The White Peacock, against a backdrop of industrialisation. There were ten coal mines, or "pits", within easy walking distance of Lawrence's home, and the overwhelming majority of the local male population were colliers. Although the coal boom ended during Lawrence's childhood, Eastwood continued to expand, Nottingham Road and its feeder streets became established as a shopping area, and in 1908 the local Urban District Council opened its offices. However, few jobs remained outside what remained of the coal industry. Most women were housewives, and boys were desperate to reach the age of fourteen, when they could start working in the mines. In the early 20th century, trams provided a new means of transport between Nottingham, Ripley and Heanor. Lawrence lived next to the line, and described it as the most dangerous tram service in England.

Eastwood coal, metal castings, rope, wire and agricultural products made valuable contributions to Britain's war effort during the two world wars. In the Second World War, Eastwood supplied soldiers to the Sherwood Foresters Regiment. A memorial on Nottingham Road commemorates Eastwood residents who gave their lives in both world wars.

In 1946, the coal industry was nationalised, and the new National Coal Board acquired Eastwood Hall as their Area Office. This later became their National Office, and served as the crisis meeting location during the national Miners' Strike of the 1980s,it is now a hotel. At the height of its production in 1963, Moorgreen Colliery alone produced one million tons of coal, but the last coal mine in the area closed in 1985.

In recent years, tourism has become increasingly important. Lawrence's birthplace is now a museum, and a painted line on the pavement, called the "Blue Line Trail," guides visitors around eleven sites of local interest including three of Lawrence's homes. The trail was the first of its kind in England, the concept being based on the Freedom Trail in Boston, United States.

Governance
The Urban District Council for Eastwood became part of Broxtowe District Council in 1974. In 1977 the Council was granted "borough" status, becoming the Borough of Broxtowe. The current mayor is Jackie Williams.

Local government
Two-tier local authority services in Broxtowe are provided by the Broxtowe Borough Council and Nottinghamshire County Council.

Broxtowe Borough Council currently has 44 councillors, representing 21 wards, each returning one, two, or three councillors, according to the population size of the ward. During the local elections held in 2007, councillors were elected as follows: Since boundary changes in 2015, the wards were renamed to:
 * Eastwood South ward: 3 Labour councillors – Milan Radulovic, Doug Wilcockson, and Jim Kenny.
 * Eastwood North and Greasley (Beauvale) ward: Elected two Liberal Democrat councillors – Bob Charlesworth and Charles Edward Robb, but in 2010 Charles Edward Robb joined Labour.
 * Greasley (Giltbrook and Newthorpe) ward: 3 Conservative councillors – Mick Brown, Martin Wright, and Margaret Handley.

 * Eastwood Hall (electing 1 councillor)
 * Eastwood Hill Top (2 councillors)
 * Eastwood St Mary's (2 councillors)
 * Greasley

Parliamentary constituencies
The Eastwood wards are in the Ashfield constituency. The current MP is Lee Anderson, who was elected in 2019 replacing Gloria De Piero who had been MP for Ashfield since 2010.

The ward of Greasley is shared between the Ashfield and Broxtowe constituencies. The current MP is Darren Henry, who was elected in 2019.

Parish councils
Parish councils include Eastwood Town Council and Greasley Council.

European Parliament
Prior to the United Kingdom's departure from the European Union, the Borough of Broxtowe was in the European Parliament East Midlands constituency. MEPs were elected by proportional representation and so all East Midlands MEPs shared responsibility for Broxtowe's residents.

Geography
Surrounded by gently rolling countryside, Eastwood is 8 miles to the Northwest of the City of Nottingham in Nottinghamshire and close to the county boundary with Derbyshire.

The area contains coal measures, with shale, mudstone, and sandstone, overlain by yellow clay. Alluvial deposits from the River Erewash run roughly north-south.

The town is centred on Nottingham Road, which runs along a north west-south east ridge. This road contains many shops, uphill to the east, it leads to the A610 to Nottingham, the M1 motorway, and Giltbrook Retail Park, which is home to a large IKEA store, and various projected developments (see Future plans). At the western end of Eastwood is a gyratory system, consisting of an ancient crossroads converted into a traffic island, around the Sun Inn public house. A large Morrisons supermarket is here, and roads lead from the gyratory system north to Brinsley, west to Heanor, and south through Church Street, the location of several listed buildings, into New Eastwood.

The town is still surrounded by farmed land, woods and fields, and just half a mile (1 km) to the west, the River Erewash forms the boundary between Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire. Alongside the river, the Erewash Canal leads to the River Trent.

A large hill, visible when looking north from the town, is known locally as "dot hill", "dirt hill", or "bum hill." This land has been reclaimed from a former slag heap.

Demography
At the 2001 UK census, the town of Eastwood including wards outside the core civil parish had a total population of 18,732.

Population change can be tracked accurately from the 1911 census until the 1971 census, as Eastwood Urban District was a Local Government District from 1896 until 1974.

In the 1951 census, approximately 11.5% of the total population listed their occupation as Mining & Quarrying. By the 2001 survey, this had fallen to 0.15%.

In the 2001 census, over 98% of the population selected the ethnicity White: British. The national average for England was 87%.

At the 2011 census the civil parish population was 10,695 and this increased to 10,927 residents for the 2021 census.

Landmarks

The Buildings is a housing estate, consisting of some 300 terraced miners' cottages, built in the 1860s. They were saved from demolition by a council scheme, which won an EEC habitat award in 1977. It was also used to illustrate the European Community's Urban Renaissance competition in 1980.

Colliers' Wood is a 14 hectare community woodland, part of the Greenwood Community Forest, created in 1996/97 to reclaim some of the woodland and fields destroyed by the mining developments. Over 17,500 trees and hedgerows were planted, and two ponds created. The footpath is made from reclaimed shale. Habitats cater to a wide variety of birds, including mute swans, goldfinches, lesser redpoll, skylarks, and willow warblers.

A war memorial was unveiled in 1921, inscribed "to the men of Eastwood, who fell in the Great War 1914–1918." Later, World War II dedications were added, and it was moved to its present location at Plumptre Way. It is in the shape of an obelisk, made of Italian marble with a base of Whatstandwell stone. The Library, opened in 1975, includes an extensive collection of books by and about D H Lawrence. Also on view is Lawrence's desk, and the headstone from his grave in Vence, France.

Greasley Castle (c. 1341) was founded by Nicholas de Cantilupe. The remains are now covered by Greasley Castle Farmhouse (c. 1800), which incorporates fragments of medieval masonry.

The Blue Line Trail – painted along the pavement – guides visitors around the areas connected with the author D.H. Lawrence and include the D.H. Lawrence Birthplace Museum, established as a working class Victorian House, Durban House Heritage Centre with Lawrence exhibition, The Rocking Horse Bistro and art gallery all now closed and the three other houses in which Lawrence lived.

Eastwood Hall was the headquarters of British Coal. It is now a hotel and conference centre.

The Man in Space public house was built in the 1960s. It appeared briefly in the film Carry on at Your Convenience. But has since closed and been converted to a Sainsburys Local. Since 27 November 2020 it has been and still is a co-op store

Transport
The M1 motorway runs close to Eastwood (junctions 26 and 27).

Eastwood is served by the operators Trent Barton and Nottingham County Council. In the past, it has been served by A&S Coaches, Centrebus & Notts + Derby

The current routes are as follows:
 * 33: Ilkeston – Heanor – Eastwood – Kirkby – Sutton – Mansfield (Trent Barton)
 * 34: Ilkeston – Heanor – Eastwood – Kimberley – Hucknall (Trent Barton)
 * Rainbow One: Nottingham – Kimberley – Eastwood – Heanor and Ripley or Jacksdale/Selston and Alfreton (Trent Barton)
 * 532: Eastwood – Moorgreen – Selston (Notts County Council)
 * 535: Eastwood circular (Notts County Council)

Journeys to Nottingham on the Rainbow One take 40 mins. Journeys to Hucknall on the 34 take 30 mins.

The nearest railway station is at Langley Mill, which has connections to Nottingham, Sheffield, Chesterfield and Manchester.

The East Midlands Airport is 13 miles away, 19 by road.

Education
There are five primary schools in the area, including Florence Nightingale Academy, Greasley Beauvale Primary School (which D.H Lawrence attended), Lawrence View Primary School, The Priory Catholic Primary School and Springbank Academy (formerly known as Eastwood Infant and Junior School).

Most older local students attend Hall Park Academy which was formerly known as Eastwood Comprehensive School.

Eastwood Skills Shop offers courses including IT, Arts & Crafts, Spanish and Interior Design.

Eastwood Library, in the centre of the town, provides traditional book loans, but also has free internet access, CDRoms and a range of information services.

Eastwood Community Sports Centre has a four-court sports hall, and 2 junior and 2 full sized football pitches.

Religious sites
St Mary's Parish Church has an open evangelical style of worship. There has been a church on the site since 1250, and there are some remains of the original structure. It was enlarged in 1826, largely replaced in 1858, and almost destroyed by fire in 1963. Only the tower remained; the rest of the present building was added in 1967, and consecrated on 25 September.

Beauvale Priory was founded in 1343 by Nicholas de Cantelupe. One of nine Carthusian English houses which owed allegiance to the Grande Chartreuse, the monks' rules were similar to those of Benedictine Order. The monastery was suppressed in 1539, but it lives on in Lawrence's White Peacock as "the Abbey."

Other churches in the area include;
 * Assemblies of God Church, Nottingham Rd
 * Our Lady of Good Counsel RC Church, Nottingham Rd
 * Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, Derby Rd
 * Eastwood Baptist Church, Percy St
 * Eastwood Church of Christ, Seymour Road

Sports
Eastwood has its own non-league football club, Eastwood C.F.C. founded in 2014, who currently play in the at Coronation Park.

Eastwood Town Cricket Club plays in the Gunn & Moore South Notts League.

Nottinghamshire pool team play in the EPA county structure. Their home venue is Phoenix Cue Sports, Mansfield Road.

Eastwood Antz Basketball Club play at Eastwood Sports Centre, Mansfield Road

Notable people

 * D. H. Lawrence (11 September 1885 – 2 March 1930), author, was born in Eastwood. His birthplace and residences now attract visitors from all over the world. Many of his best-known novels describe Eastwood and its culture. Among his works are poems written in the local dialect.
 * Jeffrey (Jeff) Astle (13 May 1942 – 19 January 2002), born in Eastwood, was an English footballer. He played for West Bromwich Albion and England.
 * Tony Woodcock was born in Eastwood in 1955. He received 42 caps, scoring 16 goals for England, and won both the European Cup and the League Cup with Nottingham Forest in 1979.
 * Several cricket players were born in the area, including Thomas Limb and William Rigley.
 * William A. Pickering (9 June 1840 – 26 January 1907), the first Protector of the Chinese Straits settlement, also began life in Eastwood.

Recent developments
The Giltbrook retail park, 1.5 miles (2.5 km) south-west of Eastwood, is a £70m shopping complex that opened on 14 October 2008. The site covers 240000 sqft, of which 150000 sqft is retail alongside 80000 sqft of employment units. The site is dominated by a large IKEA store with 2,350 car parking spaces. Other shops include Boots, Pets at Home, Next, Next Home, Wilkos, Decathlon, Fabb Sofas, Laura Ashley, Mamas & Papas, Starbucks, Subway, Screwfix, Blue Monkey Brewing and Frankie & Benny's.

Culture and community
Eastwood Collieries' Male Voice Choir formed in 1919. They appeared on BBC television in 1963, and are one of the oldest surviving colliery choirs in the United Kingdom.

Eastwood Arcadians are a local marching band.

The local newspaper is the Eastwood and Kimberley Advertiser.

Eastwood Theatre is home to local, national and international theatre. Its programme showcases dance, music and drama from professional and amateur performers.

title: Eastwood, Nottinghamshire


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Talk:National Diet Library

Untitled
Could someone explain exactly what a 'Diet' is in this context, please? Having realised it's not about weight loss, I don't want to add a European definition of Diet. DJ Clayworth 16:40, 20 Nov 2003 (UTC)

In Japan, the Diet is their legislature. I assume this is equivalent to the U.S. Library of Congress. (?) orthogonal 16:44, 20 Nov 2003 (UTC)

"the largest national library of Japan located in Tokyo": this can be read to mean it's Japan's largest nation library within Tokyo, implying that their are several such libraries in Tokyo, of which this one is the largest, and that there are other national libraries outsode Tokyo, which may be larger than this one. Unless that's really what is meant, I 'd suggest amending to: "the largest national library of Japan; it is located in Tokyo" orthogonal 19:21, 20 Nov 2003 (UTC)

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Marc Antony and Pussyfoot

Marc Anthony and Pussyfoot are animated characters in four Warner Bros. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies shorts. Three cartoons focus on the dog and kitten pair: Feed the Kitty (1952), Kiss Me Cat (1953) and Cat Feud (1958). They also appear in one Claude Cat cartoon, Feline Frame-Up (1954).

Description
Marc Antony is a burly bulldog that is usually brown with a tan belly and black ears, though his coloration varies in some shorts. He bears a close resemblance to Hector the Bulldog, but with thinner back legs and minus the outer fangs. Pussyfoot/Cleo, in contrast, is a petite and extremely cute, blue-eyed black-and-white tuxedo cat to whom Marc Antony is utterly devoted with motherly passion. The characters seem to be named as an allusion to Mark Antony and Cleopatra, who were lovers detailed in Plutarch's Parallel Lives. Chuck Jones, the creator, has discussed the efforts to maximize the kitten's sheer adorableness. All head and eyes, she is black with a white face and belly and a white tip on her fluffy tail.

Influence
Pussyfoot has appeared in some Warner Bros. merchandising and the pair have been featured in various Warner Bros. productions, such as the third segment of Twilight Zone: The Movie (1983) and a Looney Tunes comic book story called "Bringing Up Baby" that was published in 1999. Tiny Toon Adventures featured a similar character named Barky Marky, who was a comparatively minor character on the show. The pair were also an inspiration for the characters Buttons and Mindy that were featured in the successor to Tiny Toon Adventures, Animaniacs. In the Buttons and Mindy short "Cat on a Hot Steel Beam", the cat that Mindy follows throughout the cartoon is Pussyfoot. Additionally, the kitten makes a very brief cameo appearance in the Chuck Jones short Another Froggy Evening (1995).

Jones would later revisit the idea of a cute kitten having an unlikely protector in the MGM Tom and Jerry short The Unshrinkable Jerry Mouse (1964), with Jerry becoming a kitten's friend and protector against a selfish and jealous Tom (the plot of which was borrowed from Feline Frame-Up (1954)). In Feline Frame-Up, Claude Cat attempts to convince their human owner that Marc Antony wants to harm Pussyfoot.

A segment of Feed the Kitty in which an apparently "inconsolable" Marc Antony believes that Pussyfoot has been turned into a cookie (and unaware that the kitten is actually perfectly safe), was the subject of a homage in the 2001 Pixar film Monsters, Inc. in which Sulley believes that a little human girl he is protecting has fallen into a trash compactor, and reenacts the scene with Marc Antony nearly shot-for-shot.

A reference is also made to Feed the Kitty in the South Park episode "Mysterion Rises" with Eric Cartman acting as Pussyfoot and Cthulhu as Marc Antony in his "cute kitten" routine.

In Archer, the relationship between Archer and his daughter A.J. was inspired by their cartoons according to series creator Adam Reed.

Feed the Kitty is available on DVD, appearing on the compilations Looney Tunes Golden Collection Volume 1, disc 3 and Looney Tunes Spotlight Collection, and on Blu-ray, on Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 1.

Alternate names
Marc Antony is referred to as "Marc Anthony" on his food dish in Feed the Kitty and therefore his name should be spelled "Marc Anthony" throughout this article. Pussyfoot is sometimes called "Kitty" or "Cleo" in some WB animation history books. She was later renamed "Pouncy" for her appearances in Bugs Bunny Builders.

Classic shorts

 * Cheese Chasers (1951, Marc Antony only, unnamed)
 * Feed the Kitty (1952)
 * Kiss Me Cat (1953)
 * Feline Frame-Up (1954)
 * Cat Feud (1958)

Marc Antony also makes a cameo appearance in No Barking (1954), and Pussyfoot makes one in Another Froggy Evening (1995).

Other media

 * Films
 * Who Framed Roger Rabbit (Marc Antony cameo only, colored gray)
 * Space Jam (as two of the background characters)
 * Looney Tunes: Back in Action (cameos at the end)
 * Tweety's High-Flying Adventure (Pussyfoot only)

 * Television series
 * Animaniacs (Pussyfoot only in "Cat on a Hot Steel Beam")
 * Toon Marooned (Marc Antony cameo at "Fowl By Comin' Round the Mountain")
 * Parallel Porked (Marc Antony cameo)
 * Baby Looney Tunes (Marc Anthony cameo as a puppy in the song “Paws and Feathers”)
 * New Looney Tunes
 * Looney Tunes Cartoons (starring in "Boarding Games"; cameo at "Happy Birthday Bugs Bunny!")
 * Bugs Bunny Builders (Pussyfoot only, renamed as "Pouncy")

 * Video games
 * The Bugs Bunny Crazy Castle 2
 * Bugs Bunny Crazy Castle 3

title: Marc Antony and Pussyfoot


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Exmouth

Exmouth is a port town, civil parish and seaside resort situated on the east bank of the mouth of the River Exe, 11 mi southeast of Exeter.

In 2011 it had a population of 34,432, making Exmouth the 5th most populous settlement in Devon.

History
Byzantine coins with the mark of Anastasius I, dating back to c. 498–518, were retrieved from the beach in 1970. More recent human occupation of Exmouth Point can be traced back to the 11th century, when it was known as Lydwicnaesse, "the point of the Bretons".

The two ecclesiastical parishes, Littleham and Withycombe Raleigh, that make up the town of Exmouth today can be traced to pre-Saxon times. The name of the town derives from its location at the mouth of the River Exe estuary, which ultimately comes from an ancient Celtic word for fish. For centuries, the parishes were within East Budleigh Hundred.

In 1240 an area known as Pratteshuthe (Pratt’s landing place) was sold to the mayor and citizens of Exeter. This was the site of the estuary’s ferry dock and over time the name evolved first into Pratteshide, then Mona Island. The original site is marked by a seating area outside the Glenorchy United Reformed Church close to the Magnolia Shopping Centre.

For some centuries, commercial trade through the port was limited in part by the shallow waters on the approach to the quay, but mainly by the power of Exeter, which owned the dock and controlled all estuary traffic. The roads in and out of the area were in a poor state and only occasionally repaired by the parishes through which they ran. A more permanent dock was built in 1825, replacing a series of apparently seasonal docks first noted on maps from 1576 as "The Docke". New docks designed by Eugenius Birch were opened in 1868, and a short line connected them to the railway goods yard. The area adjacent to the docks once housed a thriving community of some 125 chalets built on the shoreline. These have been replaced by a residential marina complex known as Exmouth Quay.

Human habitation was restricted by the harsh exposed position on the estuary – civilisation took a hold in a greater and more permanent way in the more comfortable outer lying rural areas. The town began to develop in the 13th century. Morin Uppehille owned the land, granting part of it to John the Miller who in turn built a windmill, and earned his living on the exposed point, aided by the prevailing south-west winds. The windmill, the ferry dock and a small settlement of farms began to develop into Exmouth.

Sir Walter Raleigh (born 1544) sailed on many of his voyages from Exmouth Harbour.

In the mid 17th century the area suffered from the ravages of "Turkish pirates" (actually Algerian rovers), who raided the Devon and Cornwall coastlines, attacking shipping and attempting to capture sailors and villagers for sale as slaves in North Africa.

The town established itself during the 18th century and is regarded as the oldest holiday resort in Devon. Visitors prevented from visiting Europe by the revolutionary turmoil in France were attracted by the views and medicinal salt waters which were then fashionable. Exmouth was renowned as a destination for the wealthy to recover their health. Notable visitors in this time included Lady Byron and her daughter Ada Lovelace. Exmouth was also the residence of Lady Nelson, the estranged wife of Lord Nelson. She is buried in Littleham Churchyard.

High class tourism remained steady for a number of years. This changed when the first railway line into Exmouth was built in 1861, bringing with it mass tourism. It is from this "golden age" for Exmouth that the present form of the town can be traced.

Architecture
Exmouth has a wide range of architecture, ranging from small cob cottages in parts of the town that were once villages and are now incorporated into it, such as Withycombe, to the Georgian, Victorian and Edwardian town houses. The seafront has a traditional promenade. High above the promenade is the Beacon terrace, which first became fashionable in Georgian times.

The majority of buildings in Exmouth were constructed during the Victorian era with the arrival of the railway. The area to the west of Exeter Road is land that was reclaimed by the railway, Exeter Road originally being part of the seafront. Some houses near to the station in Littleham were constructed for the workers on the railway.

Demography and economy
In addition to its substantial summer tourist trade, Exmouth serves as a regional centre for leisure industries, particularly water sports such as sailing, kite sailing, paddleboarding, jet-skiing, and wind-surfing, and outdoor activities such as bird-watching, cycling and walking. The Exe Estuary is a Site of Special Scientific Interest and is noted in particular for its wading and migrating birds. A large part of the estuary lies within a nature reserve. Exmouth marks the western end of the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site, which stretches eastwards along the coast to Poole, in Dorset; the South West Coast Path allows for walking along this coast. The town is also at the western end of the East Devon Way path that leads to Lyme Regis.

Education
The town has eight primary schools, one secondary school and a school for the deaf.

Primary schools:
 * Bassett's Farm Primary School
 * Brixington Primary School
 * Exeter Road Community Primary School
 * Littleham Church of England Primary School
 * Marpool Primary School
 * St Joseph's Catholic Primary School
 * The Beacon CofE (VA) Primary School
 * Withycombe Raleigh Church of England Primary School

Secondary school:
 * Exmouth Community College

In 2013, Exmouth Community College (formerly Exmouth School) had 2,615 pupils, aged 11 to 18.

The Deaf Academy is an independent special school run by Exeter Royal Academy for Deaf Education, a registered charity. It provides education for deaf pupils aged 5 to 16 years with Further Education post-16 and has residential places. Exeter Royal Academy for Deaf Education bought the site in 2016 and began developing it into a state-of-the-art Deaf Education centre. In 2020, newly re-branded as the Deaf Academy, the school completed the move from Exeter to Exmouth.

The site had earlier been Rolle College, opened in 1946, and later became the Exmouth campus of the University of Plymouth. In 2008 the University of Plymouth decided to close the College. East Devon MP Hugo Swire discussed the College's closure in Parliament.

Geography
The town is defined by the sea and river frontages (each about a mile long), and stretches around 2.5 miles (4 km) inland, along a north-easterly axis. The docks lie at the western corner of this rectangle, where the river passes through a narrow passage into the sea, the mouth of the estuary being nearly closed by Dawlish Warren on the opposite shore of the river. Dawlish Warren is a natural sand spit and is home to rare wildlife and plants, part of which is a nature reserve and restricted access. The sea frontage forms a sandy two mile long beach; at its eastern end, the town is limited by the cliffs of the High Land of Orcombe, a National Trust-owned open space which rises to a peak at Orcombe Point.

Geologically, the low hill known as "The Beacon", in the centre of the present town, is formed of breccias that are an outcrop of a similar formation on the west side of the Exe estuary. The rising land on which the town has grown is formed of New Red Sandstone. This solid land is surrounded by mudflats and sandspits, some of which have been stabilised and now form part of the land on which the town is built, and some of which remain as tidal features in the estuary and off the coast. The outflow from the river flows eastwards, parallel to the beach for some distance, limited by sandbanks that are exposed at low tide. Many of the buildings on the reclaimed land are fitted with pumps to extract water from their basements during high tide.

Government
Administratively Exmouth lies within the East Devon district, along with neighbouring coastal towns east of the Exe. It has its own town council, presided over by a mayor who is elected each year by the councillors. It is based at Exmouth Town Hall. The Council consists of 25 town councillors across the Town's five wards, supported by a team of 13 staff, headed up by the Town Clerk, who is the council's senior paid officer. The Town Council is responsible for the delivery of a wide range of services and assets in the town.

Landmarks
The 16-sided 18th century house called A La Ronde, now in the ownership of the National Trust, lies on the northern outskirts of the town. At the eastern end of Exmouth is the Barn, a late 19th century house in Arts and Crafts style.

The National Coastwatch Institution Tower on the seafront has been a familiar feature of the Exmouth beach skyline in family photos and postcards for over 100 years. The red brick building was completed and opened in 1896 as a race observation tower for the then Exmouth Yacht Club, offering enviable views on race days along the beach and toward the estuary mouth. Since then it has changed hands over the course of the 20th century and had many and varied uses including a bathing house, a private home and in 1935 it became a convalescent home as a part of the Princess Elizabeth Orthopaedic Hospital. It was requisitioned in the 40’s and served as a part of the war effort as a defence lookout station watching over our coastline and in peacetime it was reopened as the Harbour View Café (summer 1946) as which it has been trading ever since. Its lookout days did not end during the war however, since 1998 it has been staffed by the National Coastwatch Institute volunteers, keeping an eye on our coast alongside the Coastguard and RNLI. As one of over 50 stations around the UK coast they act as eyes and ears, monitoring the coastline and radio channels on alert for anyone in difficulty and any hazards in the waters.

Lifeboats
Exmouth's first lifeboat was provided in 1803. A boathouse was built near Passage House but was washed away in a storm in 1814. The Royal National Lifeboat Institution revived the lifeboat station in 1858. A new boathouse was built near the beach, although the lifeboat had to be taken across the road before it could be launched. This boathouse was demolished and a new one built on the same site in 1903 to accommodate a larger lifeboat. From 1961 the lifeboat was kept afloat in the river near the entrance to Exmouth Docks. A boarding boat was kept on a davit that was lowered into the water to ferry the crew to the lifeboat. The old lifeboat station by the beach was retained as a fund-raising display centre and, from 1966, was the base for an inshore lifeboat. The building used by crews at the docks was demolished in 1996 and replaced by temporary portable buildings. On 21 November 2009 both lifeboats were transferred to a new lifeboat station on Queen's Drive at the eastern end of the beach. Within the building is a sign from the now-demolished Volunteer Inn once run by Will Carder. On Christmas Day 1956 he was swept overboard and drowned during a mission on the Maria Noble to save the crew of the Dutch ship MV Minerva 4 miles south east of Orcombe Point. It is regarded as the worst tragedy in the history of Exmouth RNLI.

From this station the Royal National Lifeboat Institution operates a Shannon Class all-weather lifeboat (ALB) R and J Welburn (previously a Mersey-class All Weather Lifeboat (ALB) named Margaret Jean) and D-class Inshore Lifeboat (ILB) named George Bearman. The latter was replaced in 2017 by the D-Class Inshore Lifeboat George Bearman II.

The old boathouse was retained as a base for the RNLI lifeguards until 2014, when it became the headquarters of the Exmouth Rowing Club.

Regeneration
, £3 million has been spent on the regeneration of the Strand, which has seen the removal of much of the grass, flower beds and many of the trees. The new features include an additional seating area and bicycle storage; the area has also been completely pedestrianised. The Strand was partially open for Remembrance Sunday 2010 with the war memorial area complete.

Religion
Exmouth has a number of active churches. About Holy Trinity Church, a parish of the Church of England, an 1850 reference work says this:

"The Church [Holy Trinity] is a chapel of ease under the parish church of Littleham, and was erected by the late Lord Rolle, at the cost of £13,000 in 1824-25. It is a handsome structure, in the perpendicular style, standing on the Beacon hill, and having a tower 104 feet high, containing a clock and one bell. The whole length of the building is 140 feet, and its breadth 84. The interior is handsomely fitted up, and has sittings for 1,500 hearers. It has a fine toned organ, and over the altar table is a fine canopy of Beer stone, in the florid Gothic style, ornamented with crockets, pinnacles, & c. The curacy has a small endowment, given by the noble founder and is annexed to the vicarage of Littleham. Until the erection of this church, Exmouth was without an episcopal place of worship; for though a small ancient chapel, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, was standing in 1412, all traces of it disappeared some centuries ago."

Other active churches include Christ Church Exmouth, Hope Church, Glenorchy United Reformed Church, Tower Street Methodist Church, Ichthus Community Church, Holy Ghost Roman Catholic Church, Exmouth Baptist Church, and Exmouth Salvation Army.

Sport and Leisure
Exmouth Town F.C. is the leading football team in the town, and play in the Western League. Exmouth has two rugby union teams, Exmouth RFC and Withycombe RFC. East Devon Eagles rugby league team were based in Exmouth and played until 2011 in the South West Division of the Rugby League Conference. Exmouth is also home to the Polesanders Beach Rugby Club who were established in 2014. Devon County Cricket Club play their Minor Counties Championship matches at the Maer Ground, the homeground of Exmouth Cricket Club (est.1843), whom have achieved multiple championship titles in the Devon Cricket League. Exmouth also has a large indoor leisure centre.

Media
Local TV coverage is provided by BBC South West and ITV West Country. Television signals are received from either the Beacon Hill or Stockland Hill TV transmitters.

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Devon on 104.3 FM, Heart West on 97.0 FM, Greatest Hits Radio South West on 105.5 FM and East Devon Radio, a community based radio station which broadcast to the town on 106.4 FM.

Exmouth's local newspaper, the Exmouth Journal, is published on Thursdays.

Transport
Exmouth railway station is the terminus of the Avocet Line to Exeter St David's station although the trains run through to Paignton and Barnstaple alternately through the day. A cycleway has been built alongside the railway as far as Exeter and beyond. The Exmouth to Starcross Ferry is a passenger ferry that operates during the summer months across the Exe estuary to Starcross, where the pumping station for Brunel's Atmospheric Railway can be seen.

There have been three railway stations at Exmouth. The line first reached Exmouth from Exeter in 1861. In the first five days 10,000 people travelled on the line and property prices increased overnight. By the 1880s commuter traffic to Exeter was considerable. In 1903 a link to Budleigh Salterton was opened the line going eastward over a viaduct which went from Exeter Road to Park Road where it entered a cutting continuing onto Littleham Cross where there was also a station (now a private residence), and from there to Budleigh Salterton, there turning north to rejoin the main London and South Western Railway line. Exmouth Station was rebuilt in 1926. When the line to Budleigh was lifted the viaduct was left in place for many years, with its final destruction in the late 1980s. Housing marks its position now.

The route of the line continued behind Phear Park, which was once the grounds of a large house belonging to the Phear family, used during the Second World War to station US soldiers. Shortly after the war the house was burnt down and left derelict; eventually it too was demolished, and its grounds were given to the town by the Phear family to become a park. The old railway line behind Phear Park was just left as a bare trackbed for many years. At its far end there was a deep cutting to Littleham, which was filled in when the line was closed. The trackbed has now been tarmacked and now forms an off-road cycle way and footpath from Exmouth to Knowle, close to Budleigh Salterton.

The latest station was built in 1981 beside the bus station and is a single platform station. It also has a pay and display car park for rail users.

Stagecoach South West operate several, frequent bus services in and around the town, including the 57 Stagecoach Gold service to Brixington in one direction, and Lympstone, Topsham, and Exeter in the other direction. This service runs every 15 minutes. Another popular Stagecoach service is the 95 summer service to Sandy Bay Holiday Park. This is usually operated by an open top bus, and runs every hour.

Notable people

 * Alex Wade, author
 * Antonio Corbisiero, (born 1984), footballer
 * Brian Sedgemore (born 1937), politician
 * Charles Gifford (born 1821), Canadian politician
 * Collett Leventhorpe (1815–1889), Confederate general
 * Conrad Humphreys (born 1973), sailor
 * Ed "Stewpot" Stewart (1941-2016), radio DJ and entertainer
 * Francis Danby (16 November 1793 – 9 February 1861) Irish born painter of the Romantic era.
 * Graham Hurley (born 1946), author
 * Hugh Davies (1943–2005), composer (born in the town)
 * John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough (1650–1722), military leader
 * John Nutt (fl. 1620–1623), pirate
 * Pam St. Clement (born 1942), actress, (attended Rolle College)
 * Patricia Beer (1919–1999), poet
 * Pauline Collins (born 1940), actor
 * Pearl Carr (born 1923), entertainer (born in the town)
 * Percy James Grigg (1890–1964), politician
 * Pete Lee-Wilson, actor
 * Peter Knight (1917–1985), composer (born in the town)
 * R. F. Delderfield (1912–1972), author (moved to Exmouth in 1923 when his father purchased the "Exmouth Chronicle")
 * Rebecca Newman (born 1981), singer-songwriter
 * Robert Dawson (born 1970), cricketer
 * Robin Bush (1943-2010), historian and author
 * Spud Rowsell (born 1944), sailor
 * William Francis de Vismes Kane (1840–1918), Irish entomologist
 * William Kyd (1430–1453), pirate
 * Xia Vigor (born 2009), child actress and model

title: Exmouth


text:
Fowey

Fowey (Fowydh, meaning 'Beech Trees' ) is a port town and civil parish at the mouth of the River Fowey in south Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The town has been in existence since well before the Norman invasion, with the local church first established some time in the 7th century; the estuary of the River Fowey forms a natural harbour which enabled the town to become an important trading centre. Privateers also made use of the sheltered harbourage. The Lostwithiel and Fowey Railway brought China clay here for export.

Early history
The Domesday Book survey at the end of the 11th century records manors at Penventinue and Trenant, and a priory was soon established nearby at Tywardreath. c. 1300 the prior granted a charter to people living in Fowey itself. This medieval town ran from a north gate near Boddinick Passage to a south gate at what is now Lostwithiel Street; the town extended a little way up the hillside and was bounded on the other side by the river where merchants had their houses backing onto the waterfront. The natural harbour allowed trade to develop with continental Europe and local ship owners often hired their vessels to the king to support various wars, although the town also developed a reputation for piracy, as did many others at this time. A group of privateers known as the 'Fowey Gallants' were given licence to seize enemy vessels during the Hundred Years' War. In the 14th century the harbour was defended by 160 archers; after these were withdrawn, two blockhouses were built, one on each side of the harbour entrance. Despite these defences the town was attacked by Breton pirates in 1457. Place House, by the church, was successfully defended against the French but subsequently strengthened. This building still exists, but much remodelled. A small castle was built on St Catherine's Point, the western side of the harbour entrance, around 1540. The defences proved their worth when a Dutch attack was beaten off in 1667.

The people of Fowey generally sided with the Royalists during the English Civil War, but in 1644 the Earl of Essex brought a Parliamentarian army to Lostwithiel and occupied the peninsula around Fowey. In August, a Royalist army surrounded Essex's troops and King Charles I himself viewed Fowey from Hall Walk above Polruan, where he came close to being killed by a musket shot. On 31 August, the Parliamentarian cavalry forced their way through the Royalist lines and retreated towards Saltash, leaving the foot soldiers to be evacuated by sea from Fowey. Essex and some officers did indeed escape, but the majority of the force surrendered a few days later near Golant and were then marched to Poole, but most died before reaching there.

Later history
The fortunes of the harbour became much reduced, with trade going to Plymouth and elsewhere instead. Fishing became more important, but local merchants were often appointed as privateers and did some smuggling on the side. Tin, copper and iron mines, along with quarries and china clay pits became important industries in the area, which led to improvements at rival harbours. West Polmear beach was dug out to become Charlestown harbour circa 1800, as was Pentewan in 1826. Joseph Austen shipped copper from Caffa Mill Pill above Fowey for a while before starting work on the new Par harbour in 1829. Fowey had to wait another forty years before it saw equivalent development, but its natural deep-water anchorage and a rail link soon gave it an advantage over the shallow artificial harbours nearer to the mines and china clay works. Meanwhile, a beacon tower was erected on the Gribben Head by Trinity House to improve navigation into Fowey and around Par bay.

The Fowey Harbour Commissioners were established by an Act of Parliament in 1869, to develop and improve the harbour. On 1 June in that year, the broad gauge Lostwithiel and Fowey Railway was opened to new jetties situated above Carne Point, and in 1873, the  standard gauge Cornwall Minerals Railway (CMR) opened a line from Newquay and Par to further jetties between Caffa Mill Pill and Carne Point. Both of these railways initially carried just goods, but on 20 June 1876, a passenger station was opened on the CMR on land reclaimed from Caffa Mill Pill. The Lostwithiel line closed at the end of 1879 but was reopened by the CMR as a standard gauge line in 1895, and the short gap between the two lines at Carne Point was eliminated. Passenger trains from Par were withdrawn after 1934 and from Lostwithiel in 1965. The Par line was subsequently converted to a dedicated roadway for lorries bringing china clay from Par after which all trains had to run via Lostwithiel.

The Royal National Lifeboat Institution established Fowey Lifeboat Station near the Town Quay in 1922 to replace an earlier station at Polkerris. This was replaced in 1997, by a new facility in Passage Street. Two lifeboats are stationed at Fowey: Maurice and Joyce Hardy, a Trent Class all weather boat that is kept afloat opposite the lifeboat station, and Olive Two, an IB1 inshore lifeboat kept inside the station and launched by davit. Fowey was the main port for loading ammunition for the US 29th Division that landed on Omaha Beach on D Day during the Second World War. There was a munitions siding at Woodgate Pill just north of Fowey, originally built for the Great War conflict.

Governance
The seal of the borough of Fowey was On a shield a ship of three masts on the sea her topsail furled with the legend "Sigillum oppidi de Fowy Anno Dom. 1702". Fowey Town Hall, on the Town Quay, was completed in 1787.

Fowey elected two members to the unreformed House of Commons until the Reform Act 1832 stripped it of its representation as a rotten borough, it having lost its borough corporation a few years before. It was restored as a municipal borough in 1913, and then was merged with the nearby and much larger St Austell in 1968 to form the borough of St Austell with Fowey. This was itself in 1974 replaced with the Restormel Borough, which was replaced by Cornwall Council in 2009.

In local government terms, Fowey is now a civil parish with a town council and a mayor. Local government responsibilities are shared by the town council and Cornwall Council. Besides the town of Fowey itself, the parish includes the coastal area between the mouth of the River Fowey and St Austell Bay, including Gribben Head and the small settlements of Menabilly, Polkerris, Polmear and Readymoney.

The parish of Fowey lies within the St Austell and Newquay constituency of the United Kingdom Parliament. Prior to Brexit in 2020, it was in the South West England constituency of the European Parliament.

Geography
Fowey is a small town, civil parish and cargo port at the mouth of the River Fowey in south Cornwall, England. It is at the entrance to a large flooded valley created after the last ice age by the melt waters that caused the sea level to rise dramatically, creating a large natural harbour which is navigable for its last seven miles. Fowey is in the South Coast (Eastern Section) of the Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. It lies at the end of the Saints' Way and has ferries across the river to Polruan (foot) and Bodinnick (vehicle). There are many historic buildings in the town, including the ruins of St Catherine's Castle, while Readymoney Cove possesses a local beach.

At the time of the 2001 census, Fowey had a population of 2,273. This had increased slightly at the 2011 census to 2,395. The Fowey electoral ward had a population of 4,690 in 2011.

Religious sites
Popular legend has it that Jesus visited Fowey as a child, along with Joseph of Arimathea who was a merchant visiting local tin mines in which he had a commercial interest. At the entrance to the River, on the eastern side below the cliffs to the south-west of St Saviour's Point, there is a cross to commemorate this supposed visit. This cross is marked on very early charts and was maintained by monks from Tywardreath. The cross is known locally as "Punches Cross", supposedly derived from the name of Pontius Pilate.

One hundred yards west of the lighthouse on the west of the harbour entrance, about thirty feet below the top of the cliff edge and broadly concealed, is a small grass area known as "Johnny May's Chapel". This name is believed to be that of a Methodist preacher at the time when Nonconformism was persecuted.

The Church of St Fimbarrus, Fowey, also known as Fowey Parish Church, is a grade I listed building. It was built in the early 14th century and rededicated in 1336, replacing a previous Norman church. It is belongs to the Church of England's Diocese of Truro.

Economy
Fowey has thrived as a port for hundreds of years, initially as a trading and naval town, then as the centre for china clay exports. Today Fowey is busy with trawlers and yachts. Tourism is also an important source of income, contributing £14m to the local economy and accounting for more than half of the jobs in the town.

Transport
Although Fowey railway station closed to passengers in 1965, the Lostwithiel to Fowey branch line remains open for goods traffic, carrying bulk china clay to the jetties at Carne Point. The nearest passenger station is at Par, whence there are trains to Penzance, Newquay, Plymouth, Bristol and London Paddington. First Kernow operate regular bus services, numbered 24 and Transport for Cornwall operate services numbered 25 (also service 24 early, late and Sundays), between Fowey, Par station and St Austell. The combined frequency varies from one bus per 1.5 hour on Sundays to two buses per hour on weekdays. From St Austell bus station connecting buses operate to other places in Cornwall. Town Bus is a frequent and regular service running from outside the church in the town centre to the main car park on Hanson Drive.

Both vehicle and foot ferry services cross the river to Bodinnick and Polruan. A ship to shore water taxi service operates from Easter until the end of October and a foot ferry to the fishing village of Mevagissey runs from 1 May to 1 October, weather permitting.

Education
Fowey has two schools: Fowey Primary School and Fowey River Academy, both of which are in Windmill Road. Fowey Grammar School, for which its architect Silvanus Trevail received a silver medal, was demolished in 1999.

Culture
Fowey has been the inspiration for many authors, including Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch ('Q'), who lived in the town in retirement, and Daphne du Maurier. The du Maurier Festival Society runs the Fowey Festival of Arts and Literature each May, the month of her birth.

Various visual artists have had close connection with Fowey and lived there, including Fred Yates (painter), Andrew Litten Amanda Hoskin who primarily paints the local coastline. and Mabel Lucie Attwell. Fowey holds an annual Christmas craft market.

An engraving of a painting by Thomas Allom entitled Fowey Harbour, St. Saviour's Chapel & Polruan Castle together with a poetical illustration by Letitia Elizabeth Landon, which recounts the repelling of the French 'out of her house' (that is, Place House) in Fowey by the wife of 'Thomas Treury, the 2d' in her husband's absence, around the time of Henry 6th, was published in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1832.

Sports
The surrounding coastline of Fowey is popular with fishermen and spear-fishermen. Many sea creatures can be seen all around the Cornish shoreline, including mullet, bass, mackerel, lobsters and cuttlefish. Many of the species can be seen in the Fowey Aquarium in the heart of the town, which includes a very rare Albino Bull Huss.

The Royal Fowey Yacht Club is based on the harbour front. A Pilot Gig Rowing Club races in and around Cornwall, with an event at Fowey being held the same week as the Regatta. The club launches from Caffa Mill slip. Fowey Golf Club was founded in 1894 and continued until the late 1940s.

Cornish wrestling
Cornish wrestling tournaments, for prizes, were held in Fowey at the Fowey Grammar School sports ground.

Public services
A doctors' surgery called the 'Fowey River Practice' is situated in Rawlings Lane, and is part of a group including two other surgeries in the Fowey River Practice group, which are situated at Par and Polruan.

Notable people

 * Charles Fitzgeoffrey an Elizabethan poet and clergyman was the son of the Rector of Fowey.
 * Hugh Peters (or Peter), a 17th-century preacher, was born at Fowey.
 * Mary Bryant (born 1765) was born in Fowey before being transported as a convict to the colony of New South Wales, where she became one of the first escapees.
 * John Whitehead Peard (1811–1880), a British soldier renowned as 'Garibaldi's Englishman'
 * Kenneth Grahame (1859–1932) most famous for The Wind in the Willows (1908) lived for part of the year in Fowey during the 1890s and into the early part of the 20th century.
 * Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch (1863–1944) settled in Fowey in 1891 and remained there for the rest of his life. Quiller-Couch was an author and professor of English literature primarily recalled for his influential literary criticism.
 * Mabel Lucie Attwell (1879–1964) was a British illustrator. She was known for her cute, nostalgic drawings of children, based on her daughter, Peggy. Her drawings are featured on many postcards, advertisements, posters, books and figurines. She settled in Fowey, dying here in 1964.
 * Leo Walmsley (1892 – 1966) was an English writer. He died in Fowey, Cornwall, on 8 June and his house 21 Passage Street was named Bramblewick after his popular book series.
 * Clarence F. Leary a United States Navy officer and Navy Cross winner was born here on 11 January 1894.
 * Margot Marshall (1918-2010), British Army officer in WWII.
 * Daphne du Maurier (1907–1989) English author and playwright; lived in Fowey. Her works include Rebecca, an adaptation of which won the best Picture Oscar in 1941, Jamaica Inn and numerous short stories including The Birds and Don't Look Now that were turned into films.
 * Antony Hewish (1924–2021), co-recipient of the 1974 Nobel Prize for Physics, was born here.
 * Gordon Waller (1945-2009), of the singing duo Peter and Gordon, resided in Cornwall for eight years during his children's youth. His family maintains a lifelong association with the village.
 * Noël Goodwin (1927–2013), music and dance critic.
 * Dawn French (born 1957), actress and comedian, lived at Fowey with her second husband until selling her property there in 2021.

A number of entertainers have primary and secondary residences around the town including: Richard Madeley and Judy Finnigan, Gloria Hunniford, and former Blue Peter presenter Janet Ellis.

title: Fowey


text:
Organización de Telecomunicaciones de Iberoamérica

The Organización de Telecomunicaciones de Iberoamérica in Spanish and Organização das Telecomunicações Ibero-americanas in Portuguese (acronym OTI), formerly known as Organización de Televisión Iberoamericana / Organização da Televisão Ibero-americana, is an organization of Spanish and Portuguese-language television networks in Ibero-America –comprising Latin America, Portugal, and Spain; as well as Canada, Equatorial Guinea, Netherlands Antilles, and the United States–. Its mission is to foster relations between television networks in the region to share their knowledge and experience. Among other activities, it shares news, cultural, educational, and sports programming among its members.

Between 1972 and 2000, OTI organized the Festival OTI de la Canción, an international song competition between its member broadcasters that was transmitted live via satellite to all of them, and which gave many famous artists and hit songs in the countries in which it was broadcast.

Between 1977 and 1983, Televisión Española (TVE) with the support of OTI, produced the weekly magazine 300 millones. This variety show, with musical performances, cultural and news reports, interviews, and contests, was broadcast in Spain and transmitted to the Spanish-language OTI member broadcasters via satellite.

OTI also secured the television broadcasting rights for its members in their countries of major international events such as the Olympic Games, FIFA World Cups, Copa América, etc.

Members
Featured as in the OIT's members list

Soccer broadcasting rights

 * FIFA World Cup
 * Copa América
 * UEFA European Championship
 * UEFA Champions League
 * UEFA Europa League
 * UEFA Europa Conference League
 * Copa CONMEBOL Libertadores
 * Copa CONMEBOL Sudamericana
 * CONCACAF Champions League
 * CONCACAF League
 * Argentine Primera División
 * Paraguayan Primera División
 * Uruguayan Primera División


text:
Tobit

Tobit may refer to

 * The Book of Tobit, a book of scripture that is part of the Catholic and Orthodox biblical canon, or its principal character
 * Tobit model, an econometric model for censored endogenous variables proposed by James Tobin
 * Tobit Raphael, American actor
 * Tobi Brown, known as TBJZL (born 1993), English YouTuber

title: Tobit


text:
Old Greek

Old Greek is the Greek language as spoken from Late Antiquity (c. 400 AD) to c. 1500. Greek spoken during this period is usually split into:
 * Late Greek (c. 400 AD)
 * Medieval Greek (c. 800)

"Old Greek" (OG) is also the technical term for the presumed initial Greek translations of the Hebrew Bible for books other than the Pentateuch.

Old Greek might also be understood to include a preceding period, Koine Greek, as well – also referred to as "the common dialect" or "Alexandrian dialect", "common Attic" or "Hellenistic Greek" – the universal dialect spoken throughout post-Classical antiquity (c. 300 BC – 300 AD).

title: Old Greek


text:
Eastwood

Eastwood may refer to:

Businesses

 * EastwoodCo, an automotive restoration retailer
 * Eastwood Guitars, a guitar manufacturer

Australia

 * Eastwood, New South Wales
 * Eastwood railway station
 * Electoral district of Eastwood
 * Eastwood, South Australia

Canada

 * Eastwood, Ontario
 * Eastwood, Edmonton, Alberta, a neighborhood

England

 * Eastwood, Essex
 * Eastwood, Herefordshire
 * Eastwood, Nottinghamshire
 * Eastwood, West Yorkshire
 * Eastwood (L&Y) railway station

Scotland

 * Eastwood, Strathclyde, historic local government district
 * Eastwood (UK Parliament constituency), a former constituency
 * Eastwood (Scottish Parliament constituency), a constituency of the Scottish Parliament
 * Eastwood, Glasgow, neighbourhood

Settlements

 * Eastwood, California
 * Eastwood, Florida
 * Eastwood, Louisiana
 * Eastwood, Michigan
 * Eastwood, Missouri
 * Eastwood, New Jersey, a borough between 1894 and 1896
 * Eastwood, Ohio

Neighborhoods

 * Eastwood, Louisville, Kentucky
 * Eastwood, Syracuse, New York
 * Eastwood, Dallas, Texas
 * Eastwood, Houston, Texas

Elsewhere

 * Eastwood, Pretoria, a suburb in South Africa
 * Eastwood City, Philippines

Other uses

 * Eastwood (surname), people so named
 * Eastwood School (disambiguation)
 * Eastwood (album), 2003, by Cuban Boys

title: Eastwood


text:
Talk:Triangle

Add External link
Jesus S. [TrianCal http://triancal.x10.bz], Triangles Solver

All prime angled triangles / what are they called?
7 years ago I found out these triangles that were made of prime numbers as its three angles. There is only six of them and they look like shards. They are made of the prime numbers 2 and several other prime numbers as angles. I wrote about them here https://blog.centroid.eu/c?article=1471335755. My question is has anyone found these before? What are they called? 2003:D2:570D:ED00:155B:5A07:2CE3:37AE (talk) 04:48, 20 August 2023 (UTC)

 * For an angle, being an integer or being a prime number depends on the choice of an angle unit. If you consider angles in degree, this amounts to decompose 178 into a sum of two primes. This is a special case of Goldbach's conjecture. As these few triangles have no other remarkable property, I doubt that they have ever got a specific name. D.Lazard (talk) 08:39, 20 August 2023 (UTC)

missing subtopic: needle triangle
There is an additional type of triangle that should be dealt-with in this article: the often-used meta-term: 'needle triangle'. Here is the link to an article ('Spherical Parameterization and Remeshing') on the web that uses the term: https://hhoppe.com/sphereparam.pdf Kontribuanto (talk) 21:20, 13 April 2024 (UTC)

 * This article defines the term without using it (the word "needle" appears only two times in the article, in the same paragraph). I have encounered another definition, as a triangle with a very small angle. These definitions are not equivalent although one implies the other in the case of plane triangles. For mentioning the term in the article, we need sources that provide an evidence that there is a commonly accepted definition. D.Lazard (talk) 10:52, 2 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Triangle


text:
George Bentham

George Bentham (22 September 1800 – 10 September 1884) was an English botanist, described by the weed botanist Duane Isely as "the premier systematic botanist of the nineteenth century". Born into a distinguished family, he initially studied law, but had a fascination with botany from an early age, which he soon pursued, becoming president of the Linnaean Society in 1861, and a fellow of the Royal Society in 1862. He was the author of a number of important botanical works, particularly flora. He is best known for his taxonomic classification of plants in collaboration with Joseph Dalton Hooker, his Genera Plantarum (1862–1883). He died in London in 1884.

Life
Bentham was born in Stoke, Plymouth, on 22 September 1800. His father, Sir Samuel Bentham, a naval architect, was the only brother of Jeremy Bentham to survive into adulthood. His mother, Mary Sophia Bentham, was a botanist and author. Bentham had no formal education but had a remarkable linguistic aptitude. By the age of seven, he could speak French, German and Russian, and he learned Swedish during a short residence in Sweden while still a child. The family made a long tour through France, staying two years at Montauban, where Bentham studied Hebrew and mathematics in the Protestant Theological School. They eventually settled near Montpellier where Sir Samuel bought a large estate.

While studying at Angoulême, Bentham came across a copy of A. P. de Candolle's Flore française, and became interested in the analytical tables for identifying plants. He immediately tested them on the first plant he saw. The result was successful and he applied it to every plant he came across. In London in 1823, he met English botanists. His uncle pushed him to study law at Lincoln's Inn. He was called to the bar and in 1832 held his first and only legal brief. However, his interest in botany never flagged and he became secretary of the Horticultural Society of London from 1829 to 1840.

In 1832, he inherited the property of his uncle, Jeremy Bentham. Having inherited his father's estate the previous year, he was now sufficiently well off to do whatever he wanted, which was botany, jurisprudence and logic.

Bentham married Sarah Jones (1798–1881), daughter of Sir Harford Jones Brydges, on 11 April 1833; they did not have children.

Bentham died at his London home on 10 September 1884, aged 83. He was interred in Brompton Cemetery.

Views on evolution
Bentham's life spanned the Darwinian revolution, and his young colleague Joseph Dalton Hooker was Darwin's closest friend and one of the first to accept Darwin's ideas. Until then, Bentham unquestioningly believed that species were fixed. In 1874 he wrote that "Fifteen years have sufficed to establish a theory of evolution by natural selection". Bentham's conversion to the new line of thought was complete, and included a change from typology in taxonomy to an appreciation that "We cannot form an idea of a species from a single individual, nor of a genus from a single one of its species. We can no more set up a typical species than a typical individual."

Honours and awards
Bentham was awarded the Royal Medal of the Royal Society in 1859 and elected a Fellow in 1862. He served as president of the Linnean Society of London from 1861 to 1874. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1866. He was appointed CMG (Companion of St Michael & St George) in 1878. His foreign awards included the Clarke Medal of the Royal Society of New South Wales in 1879.

Works
Bentham's first publication was his Catalogue des plantes indigènes des Pyrénées et du Bas Languedoc (Paris 1826), the result of a careful exploration of the Pyrenees in company with G. A. Walker Arnott (1799–1868), afterwards professor of botany in the University of Glasgow. In the catalogue Bentham adopted the principle from which he never deviated, of citing nothing at second-hand. This was followed by articles on various legal subjects: on codification, in which he disagreed with his uncle, on the laws affecting larceny and on the law of real property. But the most remarkable production of this period was the Outline of a New System of Logic: With a Critical Examination of Dr. Whately's Elements of Logic (1827). In this the principle of the quantification of the predicate was first explicitly stated. This Stanley Jevons declared to be undoubtedly the most fruitful discovery made in abstract logical science since the time of Aristotle. Before sixty copies had been sold the publisher became bankrupt and the stock went for wastepaper. The book passed into oblivion, and it was not until 1873 that Bentham's claims to priority were finally vindicated against those of Sir William Hamilton by Herbert Spencer.

In 1836 he published his Labiatarum genera et species. In preparing this work he visited, between 1830 and 1834, every European herbarium, several more than once. The following winter was passed in Vienna, where he produced his Commentationes de Leguminosarum generibus, published in the annals of the Vienna Museum. In 1842 he moved to Pontrilas in Herefordshire. His chief occupation for the next few years was his contributions to the Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis, which was being carried on by his friend, A. P. de Candolle. In all these dealt with some 4,730 species.

In 1844, he provided the botanical descriptions for The Botany of the Voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur. The editor, Richard Brinsley Hinds, had been surgeon on HMS Sulphur 1835-41 while she explored the Pacific coast of the Americas.

In 1854 he found the maintenance of a herbarium and library too expensive. He, therefore, offered them to the government on the understanding that they should form the foundation of such necessary aids to research in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. At the same time, he contemplated the abandonment of botanical work. However, he yielded to the persuasion of Sir William Jackson Hooker, John Lindley and other scientific friends. In 1855 he took up his residence in London, and worked at Kew for five days a week, with a brief summer holiday, from this time onwards until the end of his life.

In 1857, the government sanctioned a scheme for the preparation of a series of Floras or descriptions in the English language of the indigenous plants of British colonies and possessions. Bentham began with the Flora Hongkongensis in 1861, which was the first comprehensive work on any part of the little-known flora of China and Hong Kong, including Hong Kong croton. This was followed by the Flora Australiensis, in seven volumes (1863–1878), the first flora of any large continental area that had ever been finished. His greatest work was the Genera Plantarum, begun in 1862, and concluded in 1883 in collaboration with Joseph Dalton Hooker. His most famous work, however, was the Handbook of the British flora, begun in 1853 and first published in 1858. This was used by students for over a century, running into many editions. After his death, it was edited by Hooker, and was known simply as Bentham & Hooker. He is most famous for his extensive and excellent classification of plants, especially angiosperms, along with Hooker, forming the "Bentham & Hooker system", which was published in three volumes as Genera Plantarum between 1862 and 1883.

Legacy
The following plants have been named in his honour:

Genera

 * Benthamia A.Rich.
 * Benthamiella Speg.

Species

 * Acanthocephalus benthamianus Regel
 * Andropogon benthamianus Steud.
 * Gardenia benthamianus F.Muell.
 * Croton benthamianus Müll.Arg.
 * Distemonanthus benthamianus Baill.
 * Garcinia benthamiana (Planch. & Triana) Pipoly
 * Nicotiana benthamiana Domin
 * Pinus ponderosa ssp. benthamiana Hartw.
 * Thelymitra benthamiana Rchb.f.
 * Verbascum sinaiticum

title: George Bentham


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Francesco Matraire

Francesco Matraire was a printer in Turin, notable as the designer and producer of the earliest postage stamps of Sardinia and later Italy.

Little is known of his life; his family is believed to have been from Nice originally, and his correspondence is mostly written in French.

In 1850, when Piedmont decided to adopt the use of stamps to prepay for postal service, their first thought was to inquire in Paris about how stamps were designed and manufactured. But the report included a mention of an ongoing dispute over appropriate fees for engravers, so with only a couple months left before the stamps were to go on sale, the authorities turned to a local resource in the form of Matraire, whose prior experience was in labels for patent medicines and the general printing needs of Turin.

Matraire did not have facilities for recess printing, so his first stamps were produced by lithography, later (1855) switching to letterpress. The authorities being concerned about forgery, he proposed the embossing that was used in the stamps of 1853 and thereafter.

The last stamp produced by Matraire was the 15c blue issued in February 1863. Thereafter he mostly disappears from history, although he was known to be alive in 1884.

title: Francesco Matraire


text:
Geological Society of London

The Geological Society of London, known commonly as the Geological Society, is a learned society based in the United Kingdom. It is the oldest national geological society in the world and the largest in Europe, with more than 12,000 Fellows.

Fellows are entitled to the postnominal FGS (Fellow of the Geological Society), over 2,000 of whom are Chartered Geologists (CGeol). The Society is a registered charity, no. 210161. It is also a member of the Science Council, and is licensed to award Chartered Scientist to qualifying members.

The mission of the society is: "Making geologists acquainted with each other, stimulating their zeal, inducing them to adopt one nomenclature, facilitating the communication of new facts and ascertaining what is known in their science and what remains to be discovered".

History
The Society was founded on 13 November 1807 at the Freemasons' Tavern, Great Queen Street, in the Covent Garden district of London. It was partly the outcome of a previous club known as the Askesian Society. There were 13 founder members: William Babington, James Parkinson, Humphry Davy, George Bellas Greenough, Arthur Aikin, William Allen, Jacques Louis, Comte de Bournon, Richard Knight, James Laird, James Franck, William Haseldine Pepys, Richard Phillips, and William Phillips. It received its royal charter on 23 April 1825 from George IV.

Since 1874, the Society has been based at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London. This building houses the Society's library, which contains more than 300,000 volumes of books and journals. It is a member of the UK Science Council.

In 1907 a decision was made by the Society to admit women as Associates, under the condition they distinguished themselves as geological investigators or submitted their own original research. Women were first allowed to become Fellows of the Society in 1919. Margaret Crosfield became the first, due to alphabetical primacy, of the first eight women to be elected Fellows of the Society, on 21 May 1919.

In 1991, it merged with the Institution of Geologists, which had been formed in 1977 to represent the geological profession.

The Society is a member of the European Federation of Geologists.

The Society celebrated its bicentenary in 2007. It ran programmes in the geosciences in Britain and abroad, under the auspices of the science writer and palaeontologist Professor Richard Fortey, the president that year.

Specialist and regional groups
The Society has 24 specialist groups and 15 regional groups which serve as an opportunity for those with specific interests to meet and discuss their subject or region. They are all free for members to join and some are open to non-members.

The Regional Groups are: • Central Scotland

• East Anglian

• East Midlands

• Home Counties North

• Hong Kong

• North West

• Northern

• Northern Ireland

• Solent

• South East

• South West

• Southern Wales

• Thames Valley

• West Midlands

• Western

• Yorkshire

The Specialist Groups are: • British Geophysical Association

• British Sedimentological Research Group

• British Society for Geomorphology

• Contaminated Land Group

• Earth Systems Science Group

• Energy Group

• Engineering Group

• Forensic Geoscience Group

• Geochemistry Group

• Geological Curators' Group

• Geological Society Business Forum

• Geological Society Discussion Group

• Geological Remote Sensing Group

• Geoscience Information Group

• History of Geology Group

• Hydrogeological Group

• Marine Studies Group

• Metamorphic Studies Group

• Mineral Deposits Studies Group

• Near Surface Geophysics Group

• Quaternary Research Association

• Tectonic Studies Group

• Volcanic & Magmatic Studies Group

Publications
The society publishes two of its own journals, the (formerly Quarterly) Journal of the Geological Society and the Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology & Hydrogeology. It also publishes the magazine Geoscientist for Fellows, and has a share in Geology Today, published by Blackwell Science.

It also co-publishes journals and publishes on behalf of other organisations. These include Petroleum Geoscience with the European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers; Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis with the Association of Applied Geochemists; Journal of Micropalaeontology for The Micropalaeontological Society; Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society for the Yorkshire Geological Society; and Scottish Journal of Geology for the Geological Societies of Edinburgh and Glasgow.

Past presidents
The society counts many famous geologists amongst its past presidents. These include pioneers of geology William Buckland, Adam Sedgwick, Roderick Impey Murchison, Charles Lyell, Henry Thomas De la Beche, Thomas Henry Huxley, Joseph Prestwich, Archibald Geikie, Jethro Teall, and Charles Lapworth. Later well-known names include Alfred Harker, Arthur Elijah Trueman, Herbert Harold Read, Frederick Shotton, and Janet Watson.

Scientific awards and funds
In 1831, it began issuing an annual scientific award for geology, known as the Wollaston Medal. This is still the Society's premier medal, which in 2006 was awarded to James Lovelock, the originator of the Gaia hypothesis.

Medals awarded by the Society

 * Aberconway Medal
 * Bigsby Medal
 * Dewey Medal
 * Distinguished Service Award
 * Lyell Medal
 * Major John Sacheverell A'Deane Coke Medal
 * Major Edward D'Ewes Fitzgerald Coke Medal
 * Murchison Medal
 * President's Awards
 * Prestwich Medal
 * R. H. Worth Award
 * Sue Tyler Friedman Medal
 * William Smith Medal
 * Wollaston Medal

Funds administered by the Society

 * Lyell Fund
 * Murchison Fund
 * Wollaston Fund
 * William Smith Fund

title: Geological Society of London


text:
User talk:Kbeer

Welcome to Wikipedia
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Noldoaran 17:22, Nov 20, 2003 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of John Blankenbaker
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Concern regarding Draft:John V. Blankenbaker
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title: User talk:Kbeer


text:
User talk:DrachenFyre

Welcome to Wikipedia!
Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Noldoaran 17:23, Nov 20, 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:DrachenFyre


text:
William Aiton

William Aiton (1731 – 2 February 1793) was a Scottish botanist. Aiton was born near Hamilton. Having been regularly trained to the profession of a gardener, he travelled to London in 1754, and became assistant to Philip Miller, then superintendent of the Chelsea Physic Garden. In 1759 he was appointed director of the newly established botanical garden at Kew, where he remained until his death. He effected many improvements at the gardens, and in 1789 he published Hortus Kewensis, a catalogue of the plants cultivated there. He is buried at nearby St. Anne's Church, Kew.

A second and enlarged edition of the Hortus was brought out in 1810–1813 by his eldest son, William Townsend Aiton.

Aiton is commemorated in the specific epithet aitonis.

In 1789, he classified the Sampaguita plant to the Jasminium genus and also named it as Arabian Jasmine because it was believed that the plant originated from The Arabian Peninsula although the plant didn't originate from Arabia.

title: William Aiton


text:
Jijamata Udyaan

Jijamata Udyaan, also known as the Byculla Zoo and formerly Victoria Gardens, is a zoo and garden covering 50 acres located at Byculla, in the heart of Mumbai, India. It is the oldest public garden in Mumbai. After Indian independence, it was named after Jijamata, the mother of Shivaji, the first Maratha emperor.

In 1835, British administration granted a large plot of land in Sewri to the Agro Horticultural Society of Western India for a botanical garden known as Victoria Gardens after Queen-Empress Victoria. That land was later acquired for a European burial ground. In 1861, construction of a new garden was commenced on 33 acres in the Mount Estate, Mazgaon (now included in Byculla). The flora from Sewri garden was transferred to this new garden named Jijamata Udyaan which was formally opened to the public by Lady Frere on 19 November 1862. Agro Horticultural Society of Western India continued to maintain Victoria Gardens till 1873 when the society's end led to the municipal corporation taking over the garden's upkeep. In 1890 the garden was extended by 15 acres especially for the zoo.

The garden also houses the Dr. Bhau Daji Lad Museum, a staff building in Greco-Roman style erected in the memory of Lady Frere, an equestrian statue of King Edward VII of England made of black marble (originally installed near the University of Mumbai) known as Kala Ghoda and the David Sassoon clock tower.

Updates
Just before few months 3 crocodiles and 2 alligators have been kept in these enclosures. A viewing gallery of approximately 1,500 square feet size has been set up in the zoo and from this platform, tourists and commoners can observe them on surface and underwater movements of the reptiles .Japanese & butterfly garden are also opened now .Snakes & lion are coming soon.

title: Jijamata Udyaan


text:
Victoria Gardens

Victoria Gardens may refer to:

Locations

 * Victoria Gardens (Rancho Cucamonga), a retail center in Rancho Cucamonga, California, United States
 * Victoria Gardens, Neath, a park in Neath, Wales
 * Victoria Gardens, Portland, a park on the Isle of Portland, Dorset, England
 * Victoria Gardens Shopping Centre, a shopping mall in Richmond, Victoria, Australia
 * Jijamata Udyaan, formerly known as Victoria Gardens, a zoo and a garden in Byculla, Mumbai, India
 * The original name of White Hart Field, Bromley, London

Music

 * "Victoria Gardens", a song by the group Madness from the 1984 album Keep Moving

title: Victoria Gardens


text:
Stanley Rossiter Benedict

Stanley Rossiter Benedict (17 March 1884 – 21 December 1936) was an American chemist best known for discovering Benedict's reagent, a solution that detects certain sugars.

Personal life
Stanley Rossiter Benedict was born on March 17, 1884, to a big family of six children in Cincinnati. His father, Wayland Richardson Benedict was a professor of Philosophy and Psychology at the University of Cincinnati. His mother, Anne Kendrick Benedict, was a writer and a teacher and his maternal grandmother, a Professor of Greek, Latin and Sanskrit at the University of Rochester and was an editor of the King James Version of the Bible.

In 1914, Stanley R. Benedict married Ruth Fulton. However, their marriage was strained by their inability to have children, Ruth's writing career and her secret love affair with her female friend and colleague Margaret Mead which led to a separation in 1930.  The Bo-Cu Plant , written by Ruth Benedict is an illustration of her married life with Stanley. During World War I (1914-1918), Stanley had an accident and was gassed while working on a government project concerning poisonous gas which had a negative impact on his health.

Education and career
Benedict went to the Cincinnati public schools and University of Cincinnati. His plan was to enroll into medical school after his graduation. However, Stanley gave up the medical school for a career in Biochemistry and metabolism after working with Dr J.F. Snell, an expert in Biochemistry and Nutrition at the University of Cincinnati. He received his B.A. degree in Chemistry in 1906 at the University of Cincinnati and his PhD two years after (1908) in Physiological Chemistry at Yale University by working with Russel H. Chittenden and Lafayette Benedict Mendel.

Stanley became famous through Otto Folin's work after the latter published the volume 13 of American Journal of Physiology. Folin described in the Journal some methods on how to analyze qualitatively and quantitatively some elements in the urine such as urea, uric acid, ammonia, creatine, and creatinine. Benedict was also interested into how to quantify the rate of sugar in blood and urine, so he came up with a more efficient, simple methods which practically replace all of Folin's ones. After his doctorate, he taught Chemistry for one year at the University of Syracuse and Biological Chemistry the following year at Columbia University. From 1910 to 1936, Benedict taught Biochemistry at the medical school of Cornell University while at the same time running the Journal of Biological Chemistry as an editor in chief.

Scientific Societies
Stanley Benedict was part of many Chemistry societies. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Society of Biological Chemists (President 1919-1920), American Physiological Society, Phi Beta Kappa, Corresponding Member of the Societe Biologie de Paris, Sigma Xi, Alpha Omega Alpha, The Harvey Society, Associate Fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine.

Death
Stanley Benedict died of heart attack at the age of 52 in Elmsford, New York, on December 21, 1936.

title: Stanley Rossiter Benedict