text:
Paul Sturrock

Paul Whitehead Sturrock (born 10 October 1956) is a Scottish former football coach and former player.

As a player, Sturrock spent his entire senior career with Dundee United, making more than five hundred appearances between 1974 and 1989. He won the Scottish Football League title with United in 1982–83 and the Scottish League Cup twice, in 1979 and 1980. He was named the SFWA Footballer of the Year in 1982. At international level, Sturrock played twenty times for Scotland and appeared at the 1982 and 1986 World Cups. Sturrock's managerial career began with St Johnstone in 1993, where he went on to win the Scottish First Division title in 1996–97 before returning to Dundee United as manager. Since 2000, Sturrock has worked as a manager in English football, initially with Plymouth Argyle where he helped the club to win two promotions before moving on to a brief spell with Southampton. He has subsequently also managed Sheffield Wednesday, Swindon Town and Southend United as well as returning to Plymouth for a second spell. He became Yeovil Town manager in April 2015, but left the club eight months later. According to an analysis by the Financial Times he was among the country's best ever managers, even though he has mostly managed clubs at Championship level and below.

He is known by fans as Luggy (from the Scots language word lugs, Eng: ears). Sturrock announced in July 2008 that he was suffering from a mild form of Parkinson's disease. His son, Blair, was also a professional footballer.

Early life
Sturrock was born in Ellon, Aberdeenshire, and grew up in Pitlochry, Perthshire, where he was educated at the local primary and secondary schools and played for amateur side Grandtully Vale. In 1972, he joined Vale of Atholl of the Perthshire Amateur First Division (where he returned as coach in his latter days with Dundee United), and in the 1972–73 season he scored approximately 100 goals. He then moved on to Bankfoot Athletic, and in the 1973–74 season he scored 53 goals as they finished 2nd in the Scottish Junior FA First Division. He had trials with Morton and St Johnstone, but was signed for Dundee United by then manager Jim McLean on 1 July 1974.

Club career
Sturrock made his debut in the European Cup Winners' Cup match v Juil Petrosani of Romania on 18 September 1974 and his league debut on 28 December 1974 as a substitute against Motherwell.

In his first season at Tannadice he made nine League appearances and came on from the substitutes' bench for three more and in the process he scored six goals. His first goal for Dundee United was one of two he scored in a 2–2 draw with Rangers at Tannadice on 5 April 1975. Dundee United finished fourth in the League that year. In the following season, he made 18 League appearances, eight as sub, and scored three times. He was also played as a substitute in two of the three Scottish Cup ties and was on from the start in five out of six League Cup games and scored once. He also started in three of the four UEFA Cup games netting one in that competition, too.

1976–77 not only saw Dundee United consolidate their Premier League position but throughout the campaign Sturrock was an ever-present, playing in all 36 League games and scoring 15 times. Adding that total to one each in the Scottish Cup and League Cup he was top scorer at the Club that year. He played in United's only Scottish Cup tie, a 4–1 defeat at St Mirren. He also appeared four times plus once as sub out of the six League Cup ties. In a short-lived Anglo Scottish Cup campaign he was brought on as sub in one leg of the tie against Aberdeen.

In 1982–83, Dundee United won the Scottish League Championship, losing only four League games during the season. Sturrock contributed to this success with eight goals in his 28 appearances. He also set up Ralph Milne for his fourth-minute opener against Dundee in the final League game. The Scottish Cup that year had been yet another early exit at the hands of St Mirren. Sturrock scored seven in the nine games he turned out in on the way to a League Cup quarter-final exit. He also played in seven of the eight games and scored once in a UEFA Cup run that ended with an exit in Prague.

His playing career came to an end in 1989, with his final goal for United occurring on 8 April 1989 in a 2-1 victory against local rivals Dundee. Over the course of his playing career from 1974 to 1989, he made 385 league appearances for the club and scored 109 goals. When considering all competitions, he amassed a total of 171 goals in 576 games, which places him as the second-highest goal scorer in Dundee United's history. Following his playing career, Sturrock remained at Tannadice for the next five years in a coaching role. After twenty years of continuous service, he eventually departed the club in 1993.

In addition, Sturrock finished runner-up to Alan Rough for the Scottish Writers' award in 1981.

International career
Sturrock made his first appearance for the Scotland under-21 team on 12 October 1976, in a goalless draw with Czechoslovakia. Four months later, he scored in a 3–2 win against Wales under-21s on 9 February 1977.

Sturrock made his full international debut for Scotland against Wales on 16 May 1981, and on 8 November 1981, he scored his first goal for Scotland in the 2–1 World Cup qualifier defeat against Portugal in Lisbon. Sturrock won 20 caps for his country, scoring three goals. He was a non-playing member of the Scotland squad for the 1982 World Cup finals in Spain and appeared twice in Mexico in 1986.

Managerial career
In a 2012 study by Stefan Szymanski, economics professor at the University of Michigan, Sturrock was rated as one of the best managers in English football.

St Johnstone
In 1993, Sturrock became the manager of Premier Division team St Johnstone. The team were relegated to the First Division at the end of the 1993–94 season. It took a while for Sturrock to improve the club's fortunes, as they lost 4–0 to Stenhousemuir in the 1994–95 Scottish Cup, and he then collapsed in the dugout at Tannadice while managing St Johnstone against Dundee United during the 1995–96 season. While he was recovering in hospital from the collapse, Sturrock was called by his former international manager Alex Ferguson. Ferguson warned Sturrock that he was "trying to make bad players into good players" and to just get rid of the "bad pros" in his squad. Sturrock guided Saints to promotion back to the Premier Division in 1996–97, winning the First Division by 20 points. In their first season back in the Premier Division, St Johnstone finished in fifth place in 1997–98.

Dundee United
In September 1998 Sturrock was appointed manager at Dundee United. He made a bright start to his time as manager at Tannadice, where he was feted by the fans for his excellent spell as a player. His United team failed to recover from the sale of top scorer Billy Dodds in December 1999, when they were lying third in the table. The team scored few goals following Dodds's departure, and Sturrock resigned after two games of the 2000–01 season.

Plymouth Argyle
In October 2000 Sturrock joined Plymouth Argyle, a club which had reached the lowest ebb in its history, struggling in the English Football League Third Division. A shake-up at boardroom level took place, Sturrock began to build his own squad. The following season, he guided them to the Third Division title breaking numerous records in the process, including a club and league points total of 102. In October 2003, Sturrock had successfully taken Argyle back to the top of the Football League Second Division and left when Plymouth had just 12 games to play in what would prove to be another season when they would finish as divisional champions and return to the Football League Championship, formerly known as the First Division. As a result of his success at Home Park he was named as the manager of Argyle's Team of the Century in a BBC Devon poll.

Southampton
Sturrock was named as the successor to Gordon Strachan as manager of Southampton on 4 March 2004. On 23 August 2004 it was announced that Sturrock was leaving the club 'by mutual consent', after a disappointing run of form and rumours of player unrest and boardroom dissatisfaction with his management.

Sheffield Wednesday
Sturrock was then appointed by League One club Sheffield Wednesday languishing in 14th place on 23 September 2004, and he guided the club to the League One play-offs. After beating Brentford in the semi-final with an aggregate score of 3–1, Sturrock took Wednesday to the play-off final at the Millennium Stadium and beat Hartlepool United 4–2 after extra-time, winning promotion to the Championship. Despite numerous injuries to key players he helped Wednesday to finish 10 points clear of relegation in their first season back in The Championship.

A slow start to the 2006–07 season sparked rumours that Wednesday were about to sack Sturrock, but this speculation looked to be false when he agreed a new four-year contract on 14 September. But he was sacked on the evening of 19 October, just five weeks and three games after agreeing this new deal. The new contract was agreed while the club were at the bottom of the League, while he was sacked when they were fourth from bottom.

Swindon Town
In late October 2006, Swindon Town allowed their management team of Dennis Wise and Gustavo Poyet to join Leeds United. Swindon pounced at the opportunity to acquire the services of Sturrock and on 7 November 2006 Sturrock was confirmed as manager with Kevin Summerfield and John Blackley following him from Wednesday. Sturrock's first season in charge at Swindon was a success, achieving promotion from League Two to League One.

Swindon made a decent start to the 2007–08 season, maintaining their position in the top half of the league table after the first 8 games.

Return to Plymouth
On 27 November 2007, Sturrock resigned his post as Swindon Town manager after just over a year with the club to rejoin previous club Plymouth Argyle. Sturrock also brought back to the club assistants Kevin Summerfield and John Blackley, who were previously with him during his first successful spell as manager. Sturrock then proceeded to take the club to its highest league position in 20 years: tenth in the Championship. However, the team subsequently struggled and finished five points and one place outside the Championship relegation zone in the 2008–09 season. On 10 December 2009, Sturrock was removed as Plymouth Argyle manager and put into a business support role by chairman Sir Roy Gardner. On 22 April 2010, the Plymouth board confirmed that Sturrock had left his role within the club to pursue other managerial opportunities. Following Sturrock's departure, it emerged that the board had mis-managed the finances of the club and Argyle entered administration.

Southend United
On 5 July 2010, Sturrock was confirmed as manager of League Two Southend United. Former Salisbury City manager Tommy Widdrington was named as Sturrock's assistant manager while one of Sturrock's former players at Plymouth Argyle and Sheffield Wednesday, who served as captain at the latter, Graham Coughlan was soon appointed as a player-coach.

Sturrock faced the tough task of rebuilding the Southend side with only five first team players available for selection at one stage of pre-season, with only Anthony Grant, Matt Paterson and Scott Spencer surviving. He soon appointed new signing Craig Easton, who he had previously managed at Swindon Town, as captain while another player from one of Sturrock's old clubs, Chris Barker, was later appointed as vice-captain, having initially been signed on loan, and then permanently on deadline day. It was not an easy task for Sturrock as his assistant, Tommy Widdrington left for "footballing reasons" on Wednesday 15 December 2010. After a mid table finish in his first season, he enjoyed more success during the 2011–12 season where Southend led League Two for most of the campaign. Sturrock was named Manager of the Month for September 2011 by the Football League.

Sturrock was sacked as manager of Southend United on 24 March 2013 although it was agreed that he could lead out the players in the final of the Football League Trophy to be held at Wembley on 7 April. Sturrock declined the offer.

Yeovil Town
After a brief spell as an advisor to Conference Premier side Torquay United, he departed just four days after taking the job, after being appointed manager of Football League One side Yeovil Town on 9 April 2015, with the club all but relegated.

Following a poor start to the season, Yeovil announced on 1 December 2015 that they had parted company with Sturrock.

Post-retirement
Following his retirement from professional management, Sturrock returned to live in the South West of England. He remained involved in local football, being given an advisory role at non-League club Plymouth Parkway. He also writes a regular column for local newspaper, the Plymouth Evening Herald.

On 8 March 2018, Sturrock renewed his involvement with Dundee United when he was appointed as the club's chief scout in England. Later in March, Sturrock was added to the United coaching staff. He left United during the 2018–19 season.

International

 * Scores and results list Scotland's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Sturrock goal.

Managerial record
Research by football economists Simon Kuper and Stefan Szymanski found Sturrock to be among the highest performing managers in English football. The measure was based on game success after allowing for the clubs' wage bills.

As a player
Dundee United
 * Scottish Football League Premier Division: 1982–83
 * Scottish League Cup: 1979–80, 1980–81; runner-up: 1981–82, 1984–85
 * UEFA Cup runner-up: 1986–87
 * Scottish Cup runner-up: 1980–81, 1984–85, 1986–87, 1987–88

Scotland
 * The Rous Cup: 1985

As a manager
St Johnstone
 * Scottish League First Division (second tier): 1996–97

Plymouth Argyle
 * Football League Third Division: 2001–02
 * Football League Second Division: 2003–04

Sheffield Wednesday
 * Football League One play-offs: 2004–05

Swindon Town
 * Football League Two promotion: 2006–07

Individual
 * Football League Third Division Manager of the Year: 2001–02
 * Football League Second Division Manager of the Year: 2003–04
 * LMA Managers Performance League: January 2004

Awards
 * Scottish Football Hall of Fame inductee: 2019

Books
His autobiography was published in 2015, Luggy: The Autobiography of Paul Sturrock.

title: Paul Sturrock


text:
User:Codernaut

Hello, my name is Anthony L, and I joined Wikipedia on December 4th, 2003. I don't contribute much, but I'm still around.

You may contact me at either by leaving a message on my talk page, or using the "E-mail this user" link on the left. There's lots of other ways online as well.

Thanks!

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Codernaut


text:
Ariodante

Ariodante (HWV 33) is an opera seria in three acts by George Frideric Handel. The anonymous Italian libretto was based on a work by Antonio Salvi, which in turn was adapted from Canti 4, 5 and 6 of Ludovico Ariosto's Orlando Furioso. Each act contains opportunities for dance, originally composed for dancer Marie Sallé and her company.

The opera was first performed in the Covent Garden Theatre, London, on 8 January 1735. Ariodante opened Handel's first season at Covent Garden and successfully competed against the rival Opera of the Nobility, supported by the Prince of Wales. Handel had the tacit and financial support of the King and Queen and, more vocally, of the Princess Royal. The opera received 11 performances during its premiere season at Covent Garden.

Like Handel's other works in the opera seria genre, Ariodante, despite its initial success, fell into oblivion for nearly two hundred years. An edition of the score was published in the early 1960s, from the Hallische Händel-Ausgabe. In the 1970s, the work began to be revived, and has come to be considered one of Handel's finest operas. On 29 March 1971, the Handel Society of New York performed the American premiere of the work in a concert version with mezzo-soprano Sophia Steffan in the title role and Judith Raskin as Ginevra.

Charles Cudworth has discussed the influence of French dance music in the opera. Winton Dean has noted that Act 2 of the opera, in its original version, is the only act in a Handel opera which ends with accompanied recitative.

Background
The German-born Handel had brought Italian opera to London stages for the first time in 1711 with his opera Rinaldo. An enormous success, Rinaldo created a craze in London for Italian opera seria, a form focused overwhelmingly on solo arias for the star virtuoso singers. Handel had presented new operas in London for years with great success. One of the major attractions in Handel's operas was the star castrato Senesino whose relationship with the composer was often stormy and who eventually left Handel's company to appear with the rival Opera of the Nobility, set up in 1733. Handel moved to another theatre, Covent Garden, and engaged different singers. The new theatre at Covent Garden, run by impresario John Rich, added the attraction of a troupe of dancers led by the celebrated Marie Sallé, so Handel's two new operas for 1735, "Ariodante" and "Alcina" both include dance sequences, for the first time in Handel opera for London. The singers for whom Handel wrote "Ariodante" included a young soprano, Cecilia Young, whom he had not worked with before, considered by contemporary musicologist Charles Burney to be the finest English soprano of the day, and the virtuoso castrato Carestini, whose astonishing technique and huge vocal range Handel made full use of, especially in the scena "E vivo ancora? E senza il ferro? oh Dei! ... Scherza infida in grembo al drudo" and in the jubilant and bravura "Dopo notte, atra e funesta".

Synopsis
Medieval Scotland. Ginevra, daughter of the King, is in love with and betrothed to Prince Ariodante. She rejects the amorous advances of the Duke of Albany, Polinesso, who then cruelly tricks Ariodante and Ginevra's father into believing that Ginevra has been unfaithful. Ariodante attempts suicide and Ginevra is condemned, but after a challenge to a duel by Lurcanio, Ariodante's brother, the dying Polinesso admits his plot and the lovers are reunited.

Act 1
The royal cabinet, in the palace

Princess Ginevra, in front of her mirror, is adorning herself to make herself beautiful for her beloved. (Aria:Vezze, lusinghe). Polinesso, Duke of Albany, bursts into the room and, thinking that having the king's daughter as his sweetheart would advance his prospects, declares his love for her. Ginevra indignantly rejects him (Aria:Orrida a gl'occhi miei) and leaves. Dalinda, who is secretly in love with Polinesso, advises him that his rival is Prince Ariodante but also advises him that all he has to do is open his eyes to see someone else who loves him (Aria:Apri le luci). Left alone, Polinesso can see that Dalinda is in love with him and plans to use her to thwart his rival and win Ginevra for himself (Aria: Coperta la frode).

The royal gardens

Ariodante sings of how all nature speaks to him of love (Aria:Quì d'amor). Ginevra joins him and they pledge their love (Duet: Prendi, prendi da questa mano). The King joins the lovers, gives them his blessing, and orders his courtier Odoardo to make the preparations for the wedding (Aria: Voli colla sua tromba). Alone, Ariodante swears to be faithful to Ginevra (Aria:Con l'ali di costanza). Polinesso hatches his plot – he tells Dalinda that if she will dress as Ginevra that evening and invite him into her apartments, he will be hers (Aria:Spero per voi). Lurcanio, Ariodante's brother, then appears to Dalinda and declares his love for her (Aria:Del mio sol vezzosi rai) but she has totally lost her heart to Polinesso (Aria:Il primo ardor).

A delightful valley

Ariodante and Ginevra enjoy the beauties of nature and each other's company (Duet: Se rinasce nel mio cor). They are joined by shepherds and shepherdesses (Duet with chorus:Si godete al vostro amor) who dance to entertain them (Ballet).

Act 2
By ancient ruins, within sight of Ginevra's apartments; moonlight

Polinesso and Ariodante meet; Polinesso feigns astonishment when Ariodante tells him he is betrothed to Ginevra, insisting that Ginevra loves him. Ariodante refuses to believe it. This is all being observed by Lurcanio, who is hidden. Polinesso tells Ariodante to watch as "Ginevra", really Dalinda wearing Ginevra's clothes, admits Polinesso into her bedroom for the night. Ariodante is in despair and wants to die (Aria:Tu preparati a morire) but Lurcanio comes from the shadows and advises Ariodante to live, and seek revenge (Aria:Tu vivi). Ariodante sadly bewails his beloved's (supposed) infidelity (Aria:Scherza infida). As day breaks, Polinesso and Dalinda emerge from the palace. Polinesso promises he will reward her, to her delight (Aria:Se tanto piace al cor) and, alone, Polinesso exults in how well his plot is proceeding (Aria:Se l'inganno).

A gallery in the palace

As the King is making the final arrangements for his daughter's wedding, the courtier Odoardo brings him bad news – Ariodante has been seen committing suicide by leaping into the sea. The King is heartbroken (Aria:Invida sorte avara). Ginevra appears, having a premonition of some approaching calamity (Aria:Mi palpita il core). When her father gives her the terrible news, she swoons and is carried away. Lurcanio now appears before the King, who attempts to comfort him on the loss of his brother. The furious Lurcanio, however, hands the King a letter telling him he saw Ginevra admit Polinesso into her bedroom for the night, which caused his brother to kill himself, and Lurcanio now is bent on revenge (Aria:Il tuo sangue). The King disowns his daughter and condemns her as a harlot. When Ginevra hears this, she collapses into delirium (Aria:Il mio crudel martoro) and all Dalinda's attempts to console her fail. Ginevra falls into a fitful, disturbed sleep (Ballet of Good and Bad Dreams). She awakes in distress (Recitativo accompagnato:Che vidi? oh Dei! misera me!)

Act 3
A wood near the sea

Ariodante survived, and he now bitterly rebukes the gods for condemning him to live (Arioso:Numi! lasciarmi vivere). Hearing cries, Ariodante finds Dalinda, who is being held by thugs hired by Polinesso, with orders to kill her, as she is the only witness to his plot to discredit Ginevra. Ariodante drives Polinesso's henchmen away, and Dalinda reveals the truth to him – it was she, disguised as Ginevra, who let Polinesso into her bedroom. Ariodante rails against the treachery that caused him to doubt his beloved (Aria:Cieca notte). Alone, Dalinda expresses her remorse (Aria:Neghittosi or voi che fate?).

The royal gardens

The King announces that he will never see his daughter again unless a champion appears to defend her honour. Polinesso steps forward and offers to challenge Lurcanio to a duel (Aria:Dover, giustizia, amor). Ginevra, condemned to death for sexual irregularity, appears before her father begging to be allowed to kiss his hand (Aria:Io ti bacio). Her father clasps her to her bosom, saying that a champion has appeared to defend her – Polinesso. She does not like this idea, but he insists (Aria:Al sen ti stringo e parto). Ginevra prefers death to the loss of her honour (Aria:Sì, morrò). Lurcanio again offers his love to Dalinda, and she indicates that she is now inclined to accept it (Duet: Dite spera, e son contento).

The duelling ground, the King on his throne

Polinesso and Lurcanio fight, Lurcanio mortally wounds Polinesso who is carried away by Odaordo. A new champion appears with his visor down. He reveals himself as Ariodante, to the astonishment of all, and declares Ginevra innocent. Dalinda admits her part in the plot. Odoardo returns with the news that Polinesso, as he died, also admitted his guilt. The King pardons Dalinda and goes to find his daughter. Ariodante jubilantly hails a new bright day dawning after nights of darkness (Aria:Dopo notte).

The room where Ginevra is imprisoned

Ginevra looks death in the face (Arioso:Manca, oh Dei!). But her father and the others appear and declare her vindicated. She is reunited with her beloved Ariodante (Duet:Bramo aver mille vite).

''The great hall of the palace. A large staircase supported by columns; on the upper part of the stairs musicians playing wind instruments. The King, Lords and Ladies descend the staircase. He begins the chorus, as the Lords and Ladies dance.''

Ogn'uno acclami bella virtute (Chorus) ... Ballo (Gavotte—Rondeau—Bourrée) ... Sa trionfar ognor virtute in ogni cor (Chorus).

Musical features
The music for the leading soprano, Ginevra, is "outstanding", according to Paul Henry Lang, moving from joy to despair and back again to happiness. Also of note is the "exquisite" duet for her with Ariodante, "Prendi, prendi da questa mano" and the beautiful pastoral music that concludes the first act. Among a series of remarkable arias for the title role, sung in the first performance by the castrato Carestini, are the mournful aria with bassoon obbligato "Scherza infida", "one of Handel's greatest arias" and the joyful "Dopo notte" with astonishing vocal acrobatics and huge range. For Charles Burney, the opera "abounds with beauties and the strokes of a great master."

Reception and performance history
Ariodante was given eleven performances in its original run, a mark of success for the time, and was revived by Handel for his 1736 season. It then went unperformed until a revival in Stuttgart in 1926. Two performances in Birmingham, England, in May 1964, with Janet Baker in the title role and Anthony Lewis conducting, brought the opera into the modern repertory, since when it has been performed on many of the world's stages.

Among other performances, a four-way co-production between the Festival d'Aix-en-Provence, the Canadian Opera Company, Dutch National Opera in Amsterdam, and Lyric Opera of Chicago premiered at Aix in 2014. This updated the setting to the 1960s and altered the ending so that Ginevra departs the celebration, heartbroken.

The English Concert gave semi-staged performances in 2017 in the U.S. and Europe, including at Carnegie Hall, where the event was filmed, and at the Barbican Centre. The Salzburg Whitsun Festival presented a new production by Christof Loy on 2 June 2017 featuring Cecilia Bartoli as Ariodante, Kathryn Lewek as Ginevra, Sandrine Piau as Dalinda, Christophe Dumaux as Polinesso, Rolando Villazón as Lurcanio and Nathan Berg as the King.

title: Ariodante


text:
Hanslope

Hanslope is a village and civil parish in the unitary authority area of the City of Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England. The village is about 4 mi west northwest of Newport Pagnell, about 4 mi north of Stony Stratford and 8 mi north of Central Milton Keynes. The northern parish boundary is part of the county boundary with Northamptonshire.

The West Coast Main Line between London Euston and Glasgow passes through the western part of the parish, just over 1 mi west of the village.

Toponymy
The name of the village has evolved over the centuries. In the 11th century, it was variously spelt Hammescle, Hanslepe or Anslepe. In the 13th century, it was Hameslepe or  Hamslape, and the latter form continued in use into the 14th century. It was Hanslopp in the 15th century and Hanslap or Anslope in the 16th century. Anslap, Anslapp and Hanslapp were used early in the 18th century and Hanslape was used in the 19th century. The toponym's etymology is from the Old English for a slippery or muddy place belonging to Haema, or possibly "hemmed-in land at the slope".

History
Hanslope was included in the grant of land to the Norman Maudit (or Mauduit) family by William the Conqueror following the Norman Conquest and the family's seat was Hanslope Castle, which later became Castlethorpe. In the Domesday Book of 1086, the manor was assessed 10 hides and held by Winemar. On 28 November 1215, the castle was captured after William Maudit had started a rebellion against King John and was defeated in battle by the king's men, who were led by Falkes de Bréauté.The castle building has been lost but the grassy mounds of the motte and bailey earthworks survive. After King John's death, Maudit reclaimed his seat and founded a great park in the parish, remnants of which still survive in Hanslope. Isabel Mauduit was the mother of William de Beauchamp, 9th Earl of Warwick (1237–98). From 1293 the Earl was chartered to have a weekly market in Hanslope on Thursdays and a three-day annual market on the eve, day and morrow of the feast of St. James the Great (24, 25 and 26 July).

In the Middle Ages the parish was part of Salcey Forest and Hanslope Park was originally a medieval deer park. Much later, the park was landscaped by Humphry Repton before 1794.

Hanslope was a centre of Buckinghamshire lacemaking in the 19th century. Early in the 19th century, Hanslope lace was noted as being particularly fine, and in 1862 about 500 women and children in the parish were employed making pillow lace.

Listed buildings and structures
The parish has one scheduled ancient monument, one grade I listed building, and 33 at grade II.

Governance
Hanslope has been part of the Borough (now City) of Milton Keynes since 1973, which has been a unitary authority since 1997. This gives Milton Keynes City Council the responsibility for the provision of most local government services. Voters registered in Hanslope are represented on MK City Council, which has (since 2014) been divided into 19 wards each carrying 3 councillors with Hanslope being part of the Newport Pagnell North and Hanslope ward. Between 2002 and 2021, the ward of Newport Pagnell North and Hanslope had a single representative that was voted in every four years and always returned a Conservative councillor.

At the parish level, Hanslope has a parish council based at the village's Recreation Ground on Castlethorpe Road.

For the purposes of representation in the House of Commons, Hanslope was part of the Milton Keynes North East constituency from 1992 until its abolition in 2010 and Hanslope has since sat within the Milton Keynes North constituency.

Geology
Hanslope is conveniently close to quarries for Great Oolite limestone, which has been used in the parish's traditional vernacular architecture.

Parish church
The Church of England parish church of St. James the Great was originally a Norman building, established as a dependent chapelry of Castlethorpe. Later St. James the Great became the parish's principal church, with Castlethorpe as its dependent chapel.

The Perpendicular Gothic church spire is a prominent feature of the village and surrounding landscape. It was originally built early in the 15th century and was 200 ft high. In 1804 it collapsed after being struck by lightning and afterwards it was rebuilt to the slightly lesser height of 186 ft. However, it is still the tallest in Buckinghamshire. The church has an open day each summer, when the tower is open to the public.

The spire can be seen for long distances across the low-lying countryside. In 1722, when the spire was 200 feet high, the antiquarian Thomas Hearne, who was a friend of John Knibb, wrote that Knibb "...told me he hath seen Anslapp spire in Bucks from Brill...". This is a distance of just over 22 mi.

William Newcome was ordained as a Church of England priest and became curate at Hanslope in Buckinghamshire until 1846, when he was appointed rector of Boothby Pagnell in Lincolnshire.

One notable incumbent was James Mayne MA who was rector from 1841 to 1851, previously curate of St Matthew's, Bethnal Green. In series 5 of the Who Do You Think You Are? television programme, Patsy Kensit discovered that he was one of her ancestors and was shown his grave during a visit to the church.

The church is a Grade I listed building, the highest level of designation.

Hanslope Park
About half a mile south-east of the village is Hanslope Park. Once the manorial estate of the village, it is now owned by the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office, and is home to His Majesty's Government Communications Centre.

Road
Hanslope is served by the 33 bus which has Northampton and Central Milton Keynes as opposite ends of its routes and also passes through Wootton, Quinton, Roade, Ashton, Hartwell, Castlethorpe, Haversham, Wolverton and Bradwell, running approximately hourly from Monday to Saturday and does not run on Sundays or public holidays.

Rail
Hanslope does not have its own railway station. Until 1964, it was served by Castlethorpe railway station, about 2 mile away. At present, the nearest stations are Wolverton and Milton Keynes Central.

Hanslope Junction
The four-track West Coast Main Line passes about 1 mi south-west of the village, northwest-/southeast-bound. To the north of Hanslope, just north of the former Roade railway station, the line divides. Two tracks go directly to Rugby and the other two form the Northampton Loop Line to Northampton. Most fast [intercity] trains are on the Rugby route and can continue without changing tracks; the same is true of slower commuter trains taking the Northampton route.

Hanslope Junction (at 52.1183°N, -0.86028°W, roughly midway between Roade and Castlethorpe) is the point where trains may cross between the mainline and the loop tracks, under signal control. In the chainage notation traditionally used on the railway, its location on the line is 56 mi from Euston.

Notable people
In 1316, the Crown official and judge Adam de Harvington was given the living of Hanslope. He became England's Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1327. In 1697 the distinguished clockmaker Joseph Knibb (1640–1711) retired from London to Hanslope, acquiring Green End Farm with a total of about 230 acre of land. Despite his retirement, he continued at Hanslope to make clocks, some of which survive. His will, proved in 1712 left his Hanslope property to his younger brother John Knibb (1650–1722), who was a notable clockmaker in Oxford. However, John kept his business in Oxford and only one clock marked "John Knibb Hanslapp" is known. Green End Farmhouse predated the Knibbs' ownership of the farm and was a scheduled monument under the Town and Country Planning Act 1947. Despite this protection its last owner demolished the historic house in 1954.

In 1714, Gervase Pierrepont, 1st Baron Pierrepont was made Baron Pierrepont of Hanslope in the County of Buckingham, in the Peerage of Great Britain, with this creation giving him an automatic seat in the House of Lords. On his death on 22 May 1715, the barony became extinct, but the title Baron Pierrepont has been used twice since in other parts of the country.

Walter Drawbridge Crick was born in Hanslope on 15 December 1857. He was an English businessman (shoemaker), amateur geologist and palaeontologist who published with Charles Darwin. He was the grandfather of Francis Crick, the molecular geneticist.

title: Hanslope


text:
Outline of probability

Probability is a measure of the likeliness that an event will occur. Probability is used to quantify an attitude of mind towards some proposition whose truth is not certain. The proposition of interest is usually of the form "A specific event will occur." The attitude of mind is of the form "How certain is it that the event will occur?" The certainty that is adopted can be described in terms of a numerical measure, and this number, between 0 and 1 (where 0 indicates impossibility and 1 indicates certainty) is called the probability. Probability theory is used extensively in statistics, mathematics, science and philosophy to draw conclusions about the likelihood of potential events and the underlying mechanics of complex systems.

Introduction

 * Probability and randomness.

Basic probability
(Related topics: set theory, simple theorems in the algebra of sets)

Events

 * Events in probability theory
 * Elementary events, sample spaces, Venn diagrams
 * Mutual exclusivity

Elementary probability

 * The axioms of probability
 * Boole's inequality

Meaning of probability

 * Probability interpretations
 * Bayesian probability
 * Frequency probability

Calculating with probabilities

 * Conditional probability
 * The law of total probability
 * Bayes' theorem

Independence

 * Independence (probability theory)

Probability theory
(Related topics: measure theory)

Measure-theoretic probability

 * Sample spaces, σ-algebras and probability measures
 * Probability space
 * Sample space
 * Standard probability space
 * Random element
 * Random compact set
 * Dynkin system
 * Probability axioms
 * Event (probability theory)
 * Complementary event
 * Elementary event
 * "Almost surely"

Independence

 * Independence (probability theory)
 * The Borel–Cantelli lemmas and Kolmogorov's zero–one law

Conditional probability

 * Conditional probability
 * Conditioning (probability)
 * Conditional expectation
 * Conditional probability distribution
 * Regular conditional probability
 * Disintegration theorem
 * Bayes' theorem
 * Rule of succession
 * Conditional independence
 * Conditional event algebra
 * Goodman–Nguyen–van Fraassen algebra

Discrete and continuous random variables

 * Discrete random variables: Probability mass functions
 * Continuous random variables: Probability density functions
 * Normalizing constants
 * Cumulative distribution functions
 * Joint, marginal and conditional distributions

Expectation

 * Expectation (or mean), variance and covariance
 * Jensen's inequality
 * General moments about the mean
 * Correlated and uncorrelated random variables
 * Conditional expectation:
 * law of total expectation, law of total variance
 * Fatou's lemma and the monotone and dominated convergence theorems
 * Markov's inequality and Chebyshev's inequality

Independence

 * Independent random variables

Some common distributions

 * Discrete:
 * constant (see also degenerate distribution),
 * Bernoulli and binomial,
 * negative binomial,
 * (discrete) uniform,
 * geometric,
 * Poisson, and
 * hypergeometric.
 * Continuous:
 * (continuous) uniform,
 * exponential,
 * gamma,
 * beta,
 * normal (or Gaussian) and multivariate normal,
 * χ-squared (or chi-squared),
 * F-distribution,
 * Student's t-distribution, and
 * Cauchy.

Some other distributions

 * Cantor
 * Fisher–Tippett (or Gumbel)
 * Pareto
 * Benford's law

Functions of random variables

 * Sum of normally distributed random variables
 * Borel's paradox

Generating functions
(Related topics: integral transforms)

Common generating functions

 * Probability-generating functions
 * Moment-generating functions
 * Laplace transforms and Laplace–Stieltjes transforms
 * Characteristic functions

Applications

 * A proof of the central limit theorem

Convergence of random variables
(Related topics: convergence)

Modes of convergence

 * Convergence in distribution and convergence in probability,
 * Convergence in mean, mean square and rth mean
 * Almost sure convergence
 * Skorokhod's representation theorem

Applications

 * Central limit theorem and Laws of large numbers
 * Illustration of the central limit theorem and a 'concrete' illustration
 * Berry–Esséen theorem
 * Law of the iterated logarithm

Some common stochastic processes

 * Random walk
 * Poisson process
 * Compound Poisson process
 * Wiener process
 * Geometric Brownian motion
 * Fractional Brownian motion
 * Brownian bridge
 * Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process
 * Gamma process

Markov processes

 * Markov property
 * Branching process
 * Galton–Watson process
 * Markov chain
 * Examples of Markov chains
 * Population processes
 * Applications to queueing theory
 * Erlang distribution

Stochastic differential equations

 * Stochastic calculus
 * Diffusions
 * Brownian motion
 * Wiener equation
 * Wiener process

Time series

 * Moving-average and autoregressive processes
 * Correlation function and autocorrelation

Martingales

 * Martingale central limit theorem
 * Azuma's inequality

title: Outline of probability


text:
Macadam

Macadam is a type of road construction pioneered by Scottish engineer John Loudon McAdam around 1820, in which crushed stone is placed in shallow, convex layers and compacted thoroughly. A binding layer of stone dust (crushed stone from the original material) may form; it may also, after rolling, be covered with a cement or bituminous binder to keep dust and stones together. The method simplified what had been considered state-of-the-art at that point.

Pierre-Marie-Jérôme Trésaguet
Pierre-Marie-Jérôme Trésaguet is sometimes considered the first person to bring post-Roman science to road building. A Frenchman from an engineering family, he worked paving roads in Paris from 1757 to 1764. As chief engineer of road construction of Limoges, he had opportunity to develop a better and cheaper method of road construction. In 1775, Tresaguet became engineer-general and presented his answer for road improvement in France, which soon became standard practice there.

Trésaguet had recommended a roadway consisting of three layers of stones laid on a crowned subgrade with side ditches for drainage. The first two layers consisted of angular hand-broken aggregate, maximum size 3 in, to a depth of about 8 in. The third layer was about 2 in thick with a maximum aggregate size of 1 in. This top level surface permitted a smoother shape and protected the larger stones in the road structure from iron wheels and horse hooves. To keep the running surface level with the countryside, this road was put in a trench, which created drainage problems. These problems were addressed by changes that included digging deep side ditches, making the surface as solid as possible, and constructing the road with a difference in elevation (height) between the two edges, that difference being referred to interchangeably as the road's camber or cross slope.

Thomas Telford
Thomas Telford, born in Dumfriesshire, Scotland, was a surveyor and engineer who applied Tresaguet's road building theories. In 1801 Telford worked for the Commission of Highland Roads and Bridges. He became director of the Holyhead Road Commission between 1815 and 1830. Telford extended Tresaguet's theories but emphasized high-quality stone. He recognized that some of the road problems of the French could be avoided by using cubical stone blocks.

Telford used roughly 12 x partially shaped paving stones (pitchers), with a slight flat face on the bottom surface. He turned the other faces more vertically than Tresaguet's method. The longest edge was arranged crossways to the traffic direction, and the joints were broken in the method of conventional brickwork but with the smallest faces of the pitcher forming the upper and lower surfaces.

Broken stone was wedged into the spaces between the tapered perpendicular faces to provide the layer with good lateral control. Telford kept the natural formation level and used masons to camber the upper surface of the blocks. He placed a 6 in layer of stone no bigger than 6 cm on top of the rock foundation. To finish the road surface he covered the stones with a mixture of gravel and broken stone. This structure came to be known as "Telford pitching." Telford's road depended on a resistant structure to prevent water from collecting and corroding the strength of the pavement. Telford raised the pavement structure above ground level whenever possible.

Where the structure could not be raised, Telford drained the area surrounding the roadside. Previous road builders in Britain ignored drainage problems and Telford's rediscovery of drainage principles was a major contribution to road construction. Notably, around the same time, John Metcalf strongly advocated that drainage was in fact an important factor in road construction and astonished colleagues by building dry roads even through marshland. He accomplished this by incorporating a layer of brushwood and heather.

John McAdam
John Loudon McAdam was born in Ayr, Scotland, in 1756. In 1787, he became a trustee of the Ayrshire Turnpike in the Scottish Lowlands and during the next seven years his hobby became an obsession. He moved to Bristol, England, in 1802 and became a Commissioner for Paving in 1806. On 15 January 1816, he was elected surveyor general of roads for the Bristol turnpike trust and was responsible for 149 miles of road. He then put his ideas about road construction into practice, the first 'macadamised' stretch of road being Marsh Road at Ashton Gate, Bristol. He also began to actively propagate his ideas in two booklets called Remarks (or Observations) on the Present System of Roadmaking, (which ran nine editions between 1816 and 1827) and A Practical Essay on the Scientific Repair and Preservation of Public Roads, published in 1819.

McAdam's methods
McAdam's method was simpler yet more effective at protecting roadways: he discovered that massive foundations of rock upon rock were unnecessary and asserted that native soil alone would support the road and traffic upon it, as long as it was covered by a road crust that would protect the soil underneath from water and wear. An under-layer of small angular broken stones would act as a solid mass. Keeping the surface stones smaller than the width of a wheel made for a good running surface. The small surface stones also provided low stress on the road, so long as it could be kept reasonably dry.

Unlike Telford and other road builders of the time, McAdam laid his roads almost level. His 30 ft road required a rise of only 3 in from the edges to the centre. Cambering and elevation of the road above the water table enabled rain water to run off into ditches on either side.

Size of stones was central to McAdam's road building theory. The lower 20 cm road thickness was restricted to stones no larger than 7.5 cm. The upper 5 cm layer of stones was limited to stones 2 cm in diameter; these were checked by supervisors who carried scales. A workman could check the stone size himself by seeing if the stone would fit into his mouth. The importance of the 2 cm stone size was that the stones needed to be much smaller than the 4 in width of the iron carriage wheels that travelled on the road.

McAdam believed that the "proper method" of breaking stones for utility and rapidity was accomplished by people sitting down and using small hammers, breaking the stones so that none of them was larger than 6 oz in weight. He also wrote that the quality of the road would depend on how carefully the stones were spread on the surface over a sizeable space, one shovelful at a time.

McAdam directed that no substance that would absorb water and affect the road by frost should be incorporated into the road. Neither was anything to be laid on the clean stone to bind the road. The action of the road traffic would cause the broken stone to combine with its own angles, merging into a level, solid surface that would withstand weather or traffic.

North America
The first macadam road built in the United States was constructed between Hagerstown and Boonsboro, Maryland, and was named at the time Boonsborough Turnpike Road. This was the last section of unimproved road between Baltimore on the Chesapeake Bay to Wheeling on the Ohio River. Stagecoaches travelling the Hagerstown to Boonsboro road in the winter took 5 to 7 hours to cover the 10 mi stretch.

This road was completed in 1823, using McAdam's road techniques, except that the finished road was compacted with a cast iron roller instead of relying on road traffic for compaction. The second American road built using McAdam principles was the Cumberland Road which was 73 mi long and was completed in 1830 after five years of work.

McAdam's influence
McAdam's renown is his effective and economical construction, which was a great improvement over the methods used by his generation. He emphasised that roads could be constructed for any kind of traffic, and he helped to alleviate the resentment travellers felt toward increasing traffic on the roads. His legacy lies in his advocacy of effective road maintenance and management. He advocated a central road authority with trained professional officials who could be paid a salary that would keep them from corruption. These professionals could give their entire time to these duties and be held responsible for their actions.

Water-bound macadam
McAdam's road building technology was applied to roads by other engineers. One of these engineers was Richard Edgeworth, who filled the gaps between the surface stones with a mixture of stone dust and water, providing a smoother surface for the increased traffic using the roads. This basic method of construction is sometimes known as water-bound macadam. Although this method required a great deal of manual labour, it resulted in a strong and free-draining pavement. Roads constructed in this manner were described as "macadamized."

Tar-bound macadam

With the advent of motor vehicles, dust became a serious problem on macadam roads. The area of low air pressure created under fast-moving vehicles sucked dust from the road surface, creating dust clouds and a gradual unraveling of the road material. This problem was approached by spraying tar on the surface to create tar-bound macadam. In 1902 a Swiss doctor, Ernest Guglielminetti, came upon the idea of using tar from Monaco's gasworks for binding the dust. Later a mixture of coal tar and ironworks slag, patented by Edgar Purnell Hooley as tarmac, was introduced.

A more durable road surface (modern mixed asphalt pavement), sometimes referred to in the U.S. as blacktop, was introduced in the 1920s. Instead of laying the stone and sand aggregates on the road and then spraying the top surface with binding material, in the asphalt paving method the aggregates are thoroughly mixed with the binding material and the mixture is laid all together. While macadam roads have been resurfaced in most developed countries, some are preserved along stretches of roads such as the United States' National Road.

Because of the historic use of macadam as a road surface, roads in some parts of the United States (such as parts of Pennsylvania) are referred to as macadam, even though they might be made of asphalt or concrete. Similarly, the term "tarmac" is sometimes colloquially applied to asphalt roads or aircraft runways.

title: Macadam


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Probability

Specification
This section includes the discussion of the specification to help authors write the entries on the distributions while maintain a maximum amount of harmony between the different distributions. The actual specification will be presented on the main page.

Capitalization
We should decide on whether to capitize the names of the distributions when we refer to them in passing. e.g Do we talk about the Gamma distribution or the gamma distribution. I have been using capitalizations because it seems like a proper name. Acuster 07:54, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * We generally have to go with what's most common in the relevant literature. If there are several equally common alternatives, I'm generally in favor of preserving the case of any conventional piece of notation that the distribution may be named for. I personally write "Gamma distribution", and "Beta distribution", but "chi-squared distribution" and "zeta distribution", because the first two involve upper-case Greek letters and the last two lower-case Greek letters.  For other distributions it's pretty clear: "F-distribution", "t-distribution"; "Cauchy distribution", "Wishart distribution" (based on proper names); "binomial distribution", "exponential distribution" (not based on proper names). I tend to hesitate when it comes to "normal distribution" vs. "Normal distribution". --MarkSweep 08:55, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes - see talk pages on Gamma distribution and chi-squared distribution. PAR 09:14, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Inline math
A question: how do we add inline math so it's elegant? I've tried adding it with 'math' tags but it looks goofy: e.g. $$\gamma$$. Acuster 08:01, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * That's a complex issue. I'd say what you did was perfectly fine for inline math. If you prefer TeX's Computer Modern typeface for all math formulas, you can switch on mandatory PNG rendering in your user preferences. --MarkSweep 08:57, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * We had a discussion on this, but I can't remember the page. (MarkSweep, do you remember the page?) I've tried to summarize the results in the section on inline math. PAR 09:14, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Prototype Layouts and Contents for Reference
I'd suggest using the Normal distribution as our prototype of the continuous because it's the most complete and elegant page currently and possibly the most important distribution overall certainly it has the most text both here and on mathworld. Acuster 07:57, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

I'd additionally recommend the article on the exponential distribution, since it includes a discussion of Bayesian estimation. A discussion of (semi-)conjugate priors for the normal mean and variance/precision is currently missing from the article on the normal distribution. --MarkSweep 08:45, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Working Layout
This section should be a working space for hashing out ideas on the layout and the specification on the previous page can be used when we have concensus. Acuster 07:05, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I think that the talk page is for carrying on a discussion and the project page is for laying out an editable list of specifications - MarkSweep, is that right? PAR 12:20, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * It doesn't matter much to me: We can have a discussion about the specification first, and then move it to the project page later. --MarkSweep 21:06, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

== Overview == == ?Examples? ==  A section to provide the non-technical public with examples of the distribution and its use. Would such a section be useful and possible to create? == History == == Specification of the normal distribution == === Probability density function === === Cumulative distribution function === === Generating functions === ==== Moment generating function ==== ==== Characteristic function ==== == Properties == === Moments === === Generating normal random variables === === The central limit theorem === === Infinite divisibility === === Standard deviation === ==Related distributions== === ?Generalizations of the distribution? ===  This section would present and link to distributions which are more general forms of the distribution presented on the page. For the exponential, this would include the Erlang and Gamma. For the Gamma this would include the several "generalized gamma". == Occurrence == === E.g. 1 === === E.g. 2 === == Estimation of parameters == === Maximum likelihood estimation of parameters === === Unbiased estimation of parameters === === Bayesian estimation of parameters === == See also == == References== == External links ==

We need to make sure that we give enough background in the lead paragraphs and in the first couple of sections. I seem to recall that "Overview" sections are deprecated and that a summary and/or high-level overview should go into the lead paragraph (before the first section heading). --MarkSweep 21:06, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

Specification of the distribution: Notation for discrete PMFs
As I see it, there are basically three choices of notation for discrete probability mass functions. Consider a one-parameter family like the Zeta distribution, whose parameter is called s. We try to use k as the main argument:

 * 1) Vector notation (advocated initially by PAR) would write the probability as $$f_k(s)$$ with $$(\forall s) \sum_k f_k(s)=1.$$ I call this "vector notation" because $$f(s)$$ can thought of as column vector (or even a stochastic matrix), and k indexes the kth component of that vector.
 * 2) Unary function notation (advocated, apparently, by Michael Hardy) would write the probability as $$f_s(k)$$ with $$(\forall s) \sum_k f_s(k)=1.$$ There are plenty of precedents for writing function parameters as subscripts, but the disadvantage is that this may become hard to read with several parameters.
 * 3) General function notation (advocated by yours truly) would write the probability as $$f(k\mid s)$$ with $$(\forall s) \sum_k f(k\mid s)=1.$$ This is exactly the same as the conventions currently used for continuous distributions, and it has the advantage that several parameters are easily accommodated.

The problem with options 1 and 2 is that they are easy to confuse. Option 3 is unambiguous. --MarkSweep 17:59, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Ok, after thinking about it, I like the third choice. Its similarity to the continuous notation is a plus, and rational number subscripts in the first choice worry me even though they are countable. The second is worse because it is hard to specify a particular instance using a real number as a subscript and they are not countable. PAR 18:32, 18 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I made these changes, just to keep up to date.PAR 09:15, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I also prefer the third option with a caveat. I use pipe's to denote conditionals and semi-colons to denote parameters.  So $$N(x; \mu, \sigma)$$ instead of $$N(x | \mu, \sigma)$$ because it's entirely possible to have a conditional with parameters (such as $$N(x; \sigma | \mu)$$ or $$N(x | \mu ; \sigma)$$, though I only recall doing such for Bayesian stuff). Cburnett 20:33, August 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * I tend to do the opposite: The primary separator for me is the pipe, and I use semicolons pretty much like commas, except that they suggest some sort of grouping. I think the rationale for the pipe is that everything to its left jointly sums/integrates to unity. --MarkSweep 21:12, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * At first I had no preference between the semicolon and the bar, but I have looked it up in my main two books, "Data Reduction..." by Bevington and Robinson, and "Statistical Theory" by Lindgren. Both use the semicolon, Lindgren uses f(x;a,b,c), Bevington uses PB(x;a,b,c). The bottom line is, I now favor the semicolon with f and F or p and P. PAR 21:36, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't have strong feelings either way when it comes to pipe vs. semicolon. I'd like to point out, though, that the pipe seems to be more widely used on Wikipedia already, so it would be less work to standardize on pipes. However, since you seem to be prepared to make all those changes, I won't stop you. ;-) If you do make any changes, maybe point to this discussion in your edit summary. Since these conventions and guidelines are all very recent, people may not be aware of them, or may want to voice an opinion, plus it's a good chance to get more editors involved. --MarkSweep 02:55, 26 August 2005 (UTC)

At this point, I just think some standard notation should be used. For the most part, any choice in notation is arbitrary. If it jives with book A & B but not C & D, then so be it... Cburnett 22:10, August 31, 2005 (UTC)

Science pearls
Hello, Please notice this project. I hope that the List of publications in statistics will be adopted by the probability project. Thanks,APH 06:51, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

Glossary
I made a Glossary of probability and statistics, any suggestions as to how to better integrate it into the other pages on this topic ?

I'm also interested for the WikiProject:General Audience - having a glossary makes things easier to understand. Flammifer 15:43, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

Gambler's fallacy
Capitalistroadster 09:37, 19 December 2005 (UTC)
 * A reader has sent an e-mail to the Wikimedia help desk raising concerns about this article and has left a message at the bottom of the discussion page explaining his reasons. I would be grateful if someone could have a look at it.

 * The article is fine, the reader is confused. I answered in Talk:Gambler's fallacy. PAR 16:20, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

Articles for the Wikipedia 1.0 project
Hi, I'm a member of the Version_1.0_Editorial_Team, which is looking to identify quality articles in Wikipedia for future publication on CD or paper. We recently began assessing using these criteria, and we are looking for A-class, B-class, and Good articles, with no POV or copyright problems. Can you recommend any suitable articles? Please post your suggestions here. Cheers, Shanel 20:36, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

as a user
As a nonspecialist who nonetheless uses bibliometric and other probability distributions, I suggest that "An important note is that WikiProject Probability is not concerned with writing articles for an audience who is trying to learn probability theory, except as is appropriate for encyclopedic articles. Writing content with a primarily pedagogical intent is the province of Wikibooks. However, in time WikiProject Probability may develop into a project to write a Wikibook on the subject" might be a little elitist, depending on the interpretation.

Some knowledge of probability occurrs in many fields, and some reference to it in many articles. The articles have to explain what they are talking about in terms that are both comprehensible to the reader of that article, and also accurate within the limits of what those readers can comprehend. The example that led me here is Zipf's law-- which does need an exact discussion, but also needs enough of a discussion that its relationship to the other bibliometric distributions can be understood. It is possible to write at such a level--I mention the papers of Stephen J Bensman in JASIST and elsewhere. These explanations could be written by two different groups of people--those like myself, who may get it wrong but know what the audience can hope to understand, o people like those on the project here. If they can write them for us to use, or write the first part of the article in a way we can use, I think it would be better than the alternative (to avoid conflict with the articles here, they'd have different names as sees to be frequently done--seee Bradford's law.) I ask for advice and opinion. I think previous conventional encyclopedias have not done this very well, and we might hope for better. (my mental model is the parallel probability and statistics courses given at universities aimed at different audiences. In terms of the needs of my subject field, if the mathematicians can not teach or write so the library students will cunderstand, the librarians teach the subject themselves. -- I've been doing just that, and it make me uncomfortable because I am aware I do not know enough. DGG 08:30, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

Is this project still active?
Things seem kind of quiet around here, is anybody active? --Salix alba (talk) 23:03, 28 September 2006 (UTC)
 * apparently not, for my request for assistance (above) was not replied to. DGG 02:10, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

Project directory
Hello. The WikiProject Council has recently updated the WikiProject Council/Directory. This new directory includes a variety of categories and subcategories which will, with luck, potentially draw new members to the projects who are interested in those specific subjects. Please review the directory and make any changes to the entries for your project that you see fit. There is also a directory of portals, at User:B2T2/Portal, listing all the existing portals. Feel free to add any of them to the portals or comments section of your entries in the directory. The three columns regarding assessment, peer review, and collaboration are included in the directory for both the use of the projects themselves and for that of others. Having such departments will allow a project to more quickly and easily identify its most important articles and its articles in greatest need of improvement. If you have not already done so, please consider whether your project would benefit from having departments which deal in these matters. It is my hope that all the changes to the directory can be finished by the first of next month. Please feel free to make any changes you see fit to the entries for your project before then. If you should have any questions regarding this matter, please do not hesitate to contact me. Thank you. B2T2 00:21, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia Day Awards
Hello, all. It was initially my hope to try to have this done as part of Esperanza's proposal for an appreciation week to end on Wikipedia Day, January 15. However, several people have once again proposed the entirety of Esperanza for deletion, so that might not work. It was the intention of the Appreciation Week proposal to set aside a given time when the various individuals who have made significant, valuable contributions to the encyclopedia would be recognized and honored. I believe that, with some effort, this could still be done. My proposal is to, with luck, try to organize the various WikiProjects and other entities of wikipedia to take part in a larger celebrartion of its contributors to take place in January, probably beginning January 15, 2007. I have created yet another new subpage for myself (a weakness of mine, I'm afraid) at User talk:Badbilltucker/Appreciation Week where I would greatly appreciate any indications from the members of this project as to whether and how they might be willing and/or able to assist in recognizing the contributions of our editors. Thank you for your attention. Badbilltucker 18:18, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

Infinite monkey theorem in popular culture nominated for deletion
Infinite monkey theorem in popular culture has been nominated for deletion. Please express opinions at Articles for deletion/Infinite monkey theorem in popular culture. Michael Hardy 05:40, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

Please opine here
Infinite monkey theorem in popular culture was deleted in an irregular way when this WikiProject had not been notified of the proposal for deletion. Please express opinions here: Deletion_review/Log/2007_August_6. Michael Hardy 22:57, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

Will "infinite monkey theorem in popular culture" ever get restored
(See infinite monkey theorem and infinite monkey theorem in popular culture.)

The discussion is continuing, and it's been moved to Deletion review/Infinite monkey theorem in popular culture. So far 16 favor "relisting" the article, which could result in restoring it, and 16 endorse its deletion.

The predominant argument for endorsing deletion, as nearly as I can tell, is that since Wikipedia's math community irresponsibly neglected to offer its assistance in the deliberations originally, it should be punished by being forbidden to help later. POV: Frankly, I think that argument disregards the actual intended purpose of the process, which is to serve the interest of improving Wikipedia. Punishing the math community for not helping originally but forbidding it to help later is being made the purpose of the process instead. Michael Hardy 05:04, 10 August 2007 (UTC)

infinite monkey process continues....
Articles for deletion/Infinite monkey theorem in popular culture (second nomination)

The long process continues. Now it is necessary for everyone who has an opinion on whether the article should be kept, to post their views at Articles for deletion/Infinite monkey theorem in popular culture (second nomination). Click on that link and write either
 * Keep for this reason and this reason and this reason...
 * or

 * Delete for this reason and this reason and this reason...
 * Michael Hardy 04:55, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

Update: By my quick count, 17 "keep", 25 "delete" so far, plus various gradations such as "trim" or "merge" or "trim and merge", etc. Anyone with an opinion should speak up now before this closes. Michael Hardy 22:43, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

Hazard ratio
Could a statistician clarify hazard ratio a bit, or at least put in an example? I'm coming across it in medical studies and the article here is too mathematically dense to parse properly - it delves into limit equations without taking the time to explain what the ratio itself actually means. --Firien need help? 12:09, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

Revised navigational template
After some discussion at Template talk:ProbDistributions I've drafted a revised navigational template to replace ProbDistributions, which has grown too large. For the moment the draft version is at User:Qwfp/tempprobdist. To keep all the conversation in one place, please post comments at Template talk:ProbDistributions not here. Thanks, Qwfp (talk) 15:33, 24 February 2008 (UTC).

Inline "math" tags?
I was surprised to read this: I disagree. I'll be back to argue the point later. I think this sort of thing should fit in with WP:MOSMATH. Michael Hardy (talk) 16:08, 8 January 2009 (UTC)
 * In-line math - should be done with tags.

Statistics portal at Featured portal candidates
Portal:Statistics is being considered for featured quality status, at the Featured portal candidates process. Comments would be appreciated at Wikipedia:Featured portal candidates/Portal:Statistics. — G716  <T·C> 01:28, 9 June 2009 (UTC)

Bhatia–Davis inequality
I've just written a short article titled Bhatia–Davis inequality. I could use work both on itself and on links to it from other articles. Michael Hardy (talk) 18:12, 18 August 2009 (UTC)

Attempt to re-activate
I have followed the advice given for attemting to reactivate a project, by reducing the old content of the project page. I have also copied across some of the useful content from the Statistics project page. There was (and still is, but now on a subpage) some useful material on structuring articles on probability distribution articles. Would this be better elsewhere? I hope others will join in this effort to improve the Probability project. Melcombe (talk) 15:47, 24 June 2010 (UTC)

Renaming discussion regarding article Copula (statistics)
The proposed renaming being discussed at Talk:Copula (statistics) may be of interest to members of this WikiProject. Favonian (talk) 08:21, 2 August 2011 (UTC)

Comment on the WikiProject X proposal
Hello there! As you may already know, most WikiProjects here on Wikipedia struggle to stay active after they've been founded. I believe there is a lot of potential for WikiProjects to facilitate collaboration across subject areas, so I have submitted a grant proposal with the Wikimedia Foundation for the "WikiProject X" project. WikiProject X will study what makes WikiProjects succeed in retaining editors and then design a prototype WikiProject system that will recruit contributors to WikiProjects and help them run effectively. Please review the proposal here and leave feedback. If you have any questions, you can ask on the proposal page or leave a message on my talk page. Thank you for your time! (Also, sorry about the posting mistake earlier. If someone already moved my message to the talk page, feel free to remove this posting.) Harej (talk) 22:47, 1 October 2014 (UTC)

WikiProject X is live!

Hello everyone!

You may have received a message from me earlier asking you to comment on my WikiProject X proposal. The good news is that WikiProject X is now live! In our first phase, we are focusing on research. At this time, we are looking for people to share their experiences with WikiProjects: good, bad, or neutral. We are also looking for WikiProjects that may be interested in trying out new tools and layouts that will make participating easier and projects easier to maintain. If you or your WikiProject are interested, check us out! Note that this is an opt-in program; no WikiProject will be required to change anything against its wishes. Please let me know if you have any questions. Thank you!

Note: To receive additional notifications about WikiProject X on this talk page, please add this page to WikiProject X/Newsletter. Otherwise, this will be the last notification sent about WikiProject X.

Harej (talk) 16:56, 14 January 2015 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Probability


text:
Portesham

Portesham, sometimes also spelled Portisham, is a village and civil parish in the county of Dorset in southwest England, situated in the Dorset Council administrative area approximately 6 mi northwest of Weymouth, 6 mi southwest of the county town Dorchester, and 2 mi northeast of the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site at Chesil Beach. The parish is quite large, covering several outlying hamlets and what were once their manors. In the 2011 census it had a population of 685 in 316 households and 342 dwellings.

Description
In 1905 Sir Frederick Treves described the village's site as being "in a hollow among the downs" so that it was "too low to command a view of the sea", but nevertheless "in a south-westerly gale the roar of the breakers on the Chesil Beach can be heard in the village." The houses in Portesham comprise a mix of old grey stone cottages and more modern buildings in various styles. A stream runs alongside the main street.

History
The area around Portesham is rich in prehistoric remains. On the hills to the north of the village are several Bronze Age barrows and a Neolithic chambered long barrow called the Hell Stone, which may have been used as a resting place for people awaiting burial in the nearby Valley of Stones.

In 1024 Portesham was granted as a manor by King Canute, firstly to one of his servants, and then to the monastery of Abbotsbury. In 1086 at the time of the Domesday Book the village had 34 households, 24 acre of meadow and 9 ploughlands. It was in Uggescombe Hundred and the lords and tenants-in-chief were Abbotsbury Abbey and Hawise, wife of Hugh son of Grip.

At the Dissolution of the Monasteries the manor was granted to William Paulet, Lord St. John. It was later held by the Trenchards and then the Ricards, before coming to John, Lord Berkeley of Stratton by marriage.

Running through the parish is an outcrop of Purbeck limestone, which was formerly quarried. Portesham quarry operated in the 19th and early 20th centuries, producing stone that was used in domestic and ecclesiastical buildings within the local area, including Abbotsbury Abbey. A limekiln was sited within the quarry.

A week-long fair was held in early August every year in Portesham until the First World War. Known as "Possum Fes' Wik", the event included all-night dancing.

Portesham had a railway station sited across fields to the south of the village, on a branch line between Abbotsbury (the neighbouring village to the west) and Upwey (between Dorchester and Weymouth). The line and station closed in 1952.

Portesham has one public house (Kings Arms) and one shop (Ducks Farm Shop), a combined farm shop and cafe.

Governance
Portesham is in the Chesil Bank electoral ward, which also includes the neighbouring settlements of Abbotsbury, Litton Cheney and Rodden. The total ward population at the 2011 census was 2,094. The ward is one of 32 that comprise the West Dorset parliamentary constituency, which is currently represented in the UK national parliament by the Conservative Oliver Letwin.

Vice-Admiral Hardy
Captain Thomas Hardy, one of Lord Nelson's commanders at the Battle of Trafalgar, lived in the village. He was born a few miles away at Kingston Russell House, lived in Portesham as a boy, and again as an older man at Portesham House. He affectionately referred to the village as "Possum" and is commemorated by the Hardy Monument, a tower 21 m high, erected above the village in 1844 on the top of Black Down and visible over half the county.

Parish church
The parish church of St Peter is part of the Dorset Wildlife Trust's "Living Churchyard Project" and manages the churchyard for the benefit of wildlife. The grass remains uncut at times, to allow wild flowers to flourish: more than 70 species have been identified. In 2011 the church won Best New Entry in the Living Churchyards competition, and was runner-up in this category in 2012. In 2013 it won the Bishop's Prize.

In 1897, the 13th century St Bartholomew's Chapel at Corton was consecrated as a chapel of ease to St Peter's.

title: Portesham


text:
Subgrade

In transport engineering, subgrade is the native material underneath a constructed road, pavement or railway track (US: railroad track). It is also called formation level.

The subgrade provides support to the subbase level and acts as an integral load-bearing layer. Failure of the subgrade can cause depressions and rutting of the upper base and surface courses. These in turn can lead to water pooling in deformations and cause vehicle aquaplaning among other issues.

The term can also refer to imported material that has been used to build an embankment.

Construction
Subgrades are commonly compacted before the construction of a road, pavement or railway track. This is to ensure their ability to absorb the loads being transferred down from the upper layers, increasing the life and wear of the surface courses.

title: Subgrade


text:
Burcott, Bierton

Burcott is a hamlet in the civil parish of Bierton, in Buckinghamshire, England. Until 2020 it was in Bierton with Broughton parish.

Its name is common one England, and refers to a fortified cottage. This is probably the stronghold referred to in the place name of Bierton. Adversely Bierton is now the larger place while Burcott has hardly grown at all.

Today the hamlet has been completely swallowed up by the growth of Bierton village, though it is still marked on modern maps. The playing field on which stands Bierton Scout hut marks the boundary between the village and the hamlet.

title: Burcott, Bierton


text:
Rush (gridiron football)

Rushing is an action taken by the offense, usually the running back, but it can also be the quarterback, that means to advance the ball by running with it, as opposed to passing, or kicking.

Running
Rushing, on offense, is running with the ball when starting from behind the line of scrimmage with an intent of gaining yardage. While this usually means a running play, any offensive play that does not involve a forward pass is a rush - also called a run. It is usually done by the running back after a handoff from the quarterback, although quarterbacks and wide receivers can also rush. The quarterback will usually run when a passing play has broken down – such as when there is no receiver open to catch the ball – and there is room to run down the field. A team with a quarterback who is fast and skilled at running may regularly call intentional running plays for that quarterback, but this is rare due to the increased risk of injury. A wide receiver can act as a rusher on several kinds of plays, such as on a reverse, on an end-around, or on a lateral pass behind the line of scrimmage, which is a type of screen pass. However, a wide receiver screen play is usually intended to be a forward pass so that if the receiver drops the ball it is an incomplete pass instead of a fumble.

A rushing attempt may also be referred to as a carry, with any yards gained referred to as rushing yards, as in "the running back had 20 carries for 100 rushing yards."

title: Rush (gridiron football)


text:
Talk:Portesham

Untitled
Shouldn't the hardy stuff be at Blackdown if that's where the monument is? quercus robur 00:21, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Blackdown is not a village but the hill above Portesham. The Hardy stuff should be at Thomas Masterman Hardy and Hardy Monument.  Joe D (t) 22:02, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)

The Hardy connection is a notable thing about the village and merits a mention in this article, particularly as many guides do not mention Blackdown Hill, merely saying that Hardy was a Portesham man or that the monument is on a hill near, or overlooking, the village. I have also removed the Blackdown link from the previous post as it refers to a place in Warwickshire, some distance from the article village in Dorset. Britmax 13:53, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

Description of village size
An anonymous editor (or, perhaps, editors) has repeatedly changed the introductory description of Portesham from being a "village" to a "small village". The table below, compiled from data provided by Dorset County Council here, lists all the parishes within the West Dorset administrative district and ranks them according to the size of their populations. It illustrates why I believe the description of "small village" should be reverted, which I have done. Out of 138 parishes, Portesham is the 27th largest. If all parishes which are described as towns are removed, Portesham is the 21st largest out of 132. If Bradpole, Bothenhampton and Allington are also removed due to their being part of the built-up area of Bridport, Portesham parish has the 18th largest population out of 129 stand-alone villages and hamlets, placing it in the top 14%. Seeing as the description "small" only has value when used comparatively, it doesn't make sense to use it here. PaleCloudedWhite (talk) 05:46, 10 July 2013 (UTC)

 * An excellent, thorough and clear analysis. I'm not really sure how it can be made any clearer that this village is not small !! Unless maybe Winterborne Herringston is a city. Martinevans123 (talk) 15:57, 14 July 2013 (UTC)

Record of edits

 * I had previously considered these IP edits to be the actions of a local resident who wasn't looking at the wider picture, hence my construction of the above table and my numerous attempts on the different IP talk pages to direct the editor to this page. A closer look at the article history however reveals something more disruptive. The first insertion of "small" was made by a registered editor on 25 July 2012 (here). An inspection of that editor's own talk page is illuminating, as is the edit they made here. Back to the history of this article, on 16 April 2013 an IP editor who geolocates to Calne in Wiltshire at first changed the 2001 Census population figure from 708 to 4 (see here), then almost immediately completely removed the whole sentence about the village's population (here). Subsequently a number of different IPs, geolocating to several towns in Wiltshire or Hampshire, have repeatedly inserted "small" and sometimes also removed the sourced sentence about the parish of Portesham being quite large:
 * 5 May 2013: Diff IP geolocates to Winchester, Hampshire.
 * 11 June 2013: Diff IP geolocates to Marlborough, Wiltshire.
 * 13 June 2013: Diff and Diff IP geolocates to Winchester, Hampshire.
 * 14 June 2013 Diff Same IP as for 13 June
 * 20 June 2013 Diff IP geolocates to Marlborough, Wiltshire.
 * 22 June 2013 Diff IP geolocates to Salisbury, Wiltshire. This edit also changed "West Dorset administrative district" to "South Dorset administrative district", which doesn't actually exist.
 * 24 June 2013 Diff IP geolocates to Calne, Wiltshire.
 * 6 July 2013 Diff IP geolocates to Salisbury, Wiltshire.
 * 7 July 2013 Diff IP geolocates to Calne, Wiltshire.
 * 14 July 2013 Diff IP geolocates to Calne, Wiltshire.
 * 16 July 2013 Diff Same IP as for 14 July.
 * 17 July 2013 Diff IP geolocates to Calne, Wiltshire.
 * 20 July 2013 Diff Same IP as for 17 July.
 * 23 July 2013 Diff Same IP as for 17 July.
 * 2 August 2013 Diff IP geolocates to Calne, Wiltshire.
 * 11 August 2013 Diff IP geolocates to Calne, Wiltshire.
 * 14 August 2013 Diff Same IP as for 11 August.
 * 15 August 2013 Diff Same IP as for 11 August.
 * 15 August 2013 Diff Same IP as for 11 August.
 * 22 August 2013 Diff IP geolocates to Calne, Wiltshire. Also delighted us with this edit.
 * 22 February 2014 Diff IP geolocates to Calne, Wiltshire. Also seems to have made these recent contributions

 * Seeing as several of those IP edits geolocate to Calne, which is where those early vandalising edits geolocate to, I'm inclined now to view these edits as vandalism, particularly as the edit on 16 July was made after I'd posted a note on that IP's talk page, suggesting they discuss the issue here, which so far they have failed to do. PaleCloudedWhite (talk) 07:57, 17 July 2013 (UTC)
 * So looks like a simple range block will not work here? Maybe article protection is needed. And also looks like we have Wiltshire/Dorset gypsy who's also a keen wiki-vandal! Martinevans123 (talk) 08:32, 17 July 2013 (UTC)
 * 17 July 2013: Diff IP geolocates to Calne, Wiltshire. This edit was made on the BT network, not sure about all the others. Martinevans123 (talk) 17:33, 17 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Hm. Well, the thing is that I feel that it would be a shame to semi-protect an article over something that the IP is doing in good faith (albeit annoyingly persistently). Y'all have a well-established case for your version, but this is, in a sense, a content issue, and admins aren't really supposed to use protection, blocking, etc. to decide content issues. That said, I'm not totally averse to protecting in this instance; it's a low-traffic article, and the signal-to-noise ratio is very low on IP edits, judging by the article history, so collateral damage should be at a minimum. How about this: we put up a big edit notice on the page for a week or two, inviting the IP to come to the talk page to discuss it. (You can look at [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Writ_Keeper&action=edit the edit notice on my user page] for the kind of thing I have in mind.) If we still get multiple edits like this, we can move on to temporary semi-protection (while keeping the edit notice). How does that sound? Writ Keeper ⚇♔ 20:48, 17 July 2013 (UTC)
 * That sounds very reasonable to me. Without ever seeming any kind of edit summary or talk thread in defence of these edits, it seems to border on vandalism to me. If anything good has come of this it is the very useful table above constructed by PCW. He has put a lot of effort not defending this "small" article. I'd be very interested to see any kind of argument and/or sources from the IP. Martinevans123 (talk) 21:23, 17 July 2013 (UTC)
 * It seems worth a try, even if it will make the article look a bit odd for a while. (Maybe the IP has tried to post here but hasn't worked out how to do it; maybe they're waiting for the introduction of "Flow" before they indulge in these baffling Wikipedia shenanigans, which we call talk pages....) PaleCloudedWhite (talk) 07:53, 18 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Update: the IP added "small" again this morning, having one minute earlier made this edit to an article about a nearby settlement. This can only be seen as disruptive vandalism, and I now favour some kind of page protection. PaleCloudedWhite (talk) 08:19, 20 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Seems he or she has no sources or arguments to offer and yes, it's just mindless vandalism. Martinevans123 (talk) 22:24, 22 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes, in which case reverting them is acceptable, albeit a little bit tedious. If the editor persists, perhaps making another request for page protection is the way to go? Either that or just report them as a vandal and/or disruptive editor? (although of course they use various different IP addresses, which complicates that approach) PaleCloudedWhite (talk) 23:09, 22 February 2014 (UTC)
 * I'm unfamiliar with the murky back-streets of the great metropolis, so I fear unilateral vigilante action is out of the question, even from the safety of my Bournemouth taxi. Martinevans123 (talk) 23:35, 22 February 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Portesham


text:
Burcott, Wing

Burcott is a hamlet in the civil parish of Wing, in Buckinghamshire, England. Burcott is a common place name in the English language. The place name is Old English and refers to a fortified cottage.

Today the hamlet of Burcott has been almost swallowed up by the growth of Wing, though it is still marked on modern maps, and on the road sign as you enter Wing from the Soulbury road. It is distinguishable by those who know the village well, as being that part of Wing that is on the hill on the north side of the village, separated by an allotment.

Most of the houses in Burcott stand on the "High Street", which is a crescent shaped road that joins Soulbury Road at each end. Ivy Lane and Mount Pleasant Road both branch off the High Street.

title: Burcott, Wing