text:
Talk:Wahhabism

Exploits
The beings of wahahbism are extremist and still are the exploits and sayings of Muhammed ibn wahahb as a terrorist and radical should be known by everyone and that the only country following this is the Saudi Arabia and Saudi family before the Saudi family, Muhammed ibn wahahb should be know as the one who caused the wars that we see today terrorist plots.

Everyone should know first and foremost He attacked and murdered Muslims first, calling them non believers when most of the Muslim world is 80%-95% Sunni Muslims they have three tiers of wahahbism the original extremists, the moderately extremists and what you see today in the world the Quran is dangerous if not Interpreted properly wahahbism group also believes that the use of technology is biddah so when you see these Muslim YouTubers broadcasting their hatred and incorrect teachings threw technology it's hypocritical as they are using the Internet and phones and computers wahahbism would have been stamped out if the ottomans or mughal empires were still around to deal with the problem the fact is the Western world allowed this kind of behaviour and dangerous teachings which is still affecting the world today Fuxxy1 (talk) 16:19, 17 June 2021 (UTC)

 * There is NO wahhabism. They only label us as 'Wahhabis' to scare People and make us look like terrorists. The truth is, salafis do not say using technology for dawah is bid'ah and kill Muslims unlawfully. We do not believe in actions that will harm the muslims, as in we do not revolt against leaders where in the end, innocent people die. That is the ideology of the khawarij:terrorists, extremists with no care for human life. That's why people killed uthman bin affan and ali bin Abi talib. They claimed them as non Muslims for silly reasons and killed them in that way. ISIS lured people by saying "if you don't join Islamic state you are non muslim".
 * A good example of this is when Ahmad bin hanbal was tormented and imprisoned by mutaizilah-muslims who deny Allah's affirmed attributes and claim the Qur'an was created. "The Qur'an is the speech of Allah" he said and he forbid his followers from revolting for fear of the rest of the Muslims
 * bin
 * Being harmed. The only time revolting against the ruler is allowed is it the ruler apostates, and it must be from a trustworthy source.
 * People mainly label us as we refute innovated actions in the religion.there are many ayat in the Qur'an that say not to innovate ideas and split the religion. I would
 * ll reference an ayah but I'm sure where it's from. Allah states(something like this along the same lines):" do not be of the disbelievers. Of those who split their religion and became sects, each sect in what they innovated rejoicing. " may Allah forgive me if my translation was wrong.
 * The person who sprouted terrorism nowadays is sayyid qutb, leader of Muslim brotherhood, an ideology where they will accept any innovated beliefs and use that tolerance to gain power.
 * Check where you gain information from. There are terrorists who will say ' Im salafi ' but they are so deviated that they worship Allah on the edge of a cliff, below which is the hellfire. Religious Conspiracy Theorist (sus) (talk) 19:51, 9 May 2023 (UTC)
 * thank you for explaining that more clearly. 108.24.1.166 (talk) 01:43, 11 October 2023 (UTC)

Requested move 19 December 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Per consensus. (closed by non-admin page mover) – robertsky (talk) 14:15, 3 January 2023 (UTC)

Wahhabism → Wahhabi movement – Consistency in nomenclature as per the page titles of Salafi movement, Barelvi movement and as per proposed title change at Deobandi by. Shadowwarrior8 (talk) 09:23, 19 December 2022 (UTC) — Relisting. – robertsky (talk) 06:38, 27 December 2022 (UTC) ─ shadowwarrior8   (talk)  09:18, 19 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Oppose: I agree that consistency is a good thing in principle, but it does not override basic common name concerns. Wahhabism is very dominant . Iskandar323 (talk) 10:46, 19 December 2022 (UTC)

@Iskandar323

You are right on that when you compare between "Wahhabism" and "Wahhabi movement". But when you contrast between "Wahhabi" and "Wahhabism" ,, "Wahhabi" is far more common.

Encyclopaedic entries also get titled Wahhabi. Eg: Oxford Dictionary of Islam pg 331 Shadowwarrior8 (talk) 13:41, 19 December 2022 (UTC)

 * That is true, but it is because the words are used for different things. Just "Wahhabi" as an adjective could appear in front of any numbers of different nouns, such as 'Wahhabi cleric', 'Wahhabi mosque', etc., so that comparison is not serving to usefully distinguish between usage of "Wahhabism" and "Wahhabi movement" as set phrases. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam today uses "Wahhabis" plural (so another collective term), while all other Oxford Dictionaries use "Wahhabhism" . Wahhabism incidentally has it own consistency with Salafism and other "ism" words. Iskandar323 (talk) 14:05, 19 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Relisting comment: For a clearer consensus. – robertsky (talk) 06:38, 27 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Islam has been notified of this discussion. – robertsky (talk) 06:39, 27 December 2022 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose per the Ngram already cited by Iskandar323 and per Google Scholar vs . Only whole proposed article names should be compared ('Wahhabi' has a myriad usages outside of the name of the movement, which naturally inflates the numbers for hits of 'Wahhabi' by itself), and we go by what is most common in reliable sources. ☿  Apaugasma  ( talk  ☉) 19:00, 29 December 2022 (UTC)

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 20:06, 23 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Muhammad bin Abd al-Wahhab.jpg
 * محمد بن سعود.jpg

Splitting sections
Iskandar323, criticism section can be expanded in the other article. Criticism sections of religious movements and ideologies are given seperate articles. Comparison with other Salafi movements can also have a seperate. In the history section, some texts can be summarised to shorten the points but thats probably it. Most the events described are relevant to the main article.

Or one must take the tedious task of summarising the entire history section in this article, while making a seperate history section article. Also note that to reduce core sections while maintaining the criticism section, while it has its own seperate article; leads to WP:BIAS; which is another reason to have a seperate article for it.

shadowwarrior8 (talk) 20:06, 23 January 2023 (UTC)

 * @Shadowwarrior8: Hi, ok, so the facts are these: the article is currently 150kB of readable prose, 50% more than the recommended length at which WP:SPLIT states an article: "Almost certainly should be divided". And the only two sections that are so large that their removal would be able to make a major dent in the size of the article are "History" and "Views". Now the main function of an article about a religious branch /group /movement is to outline what that group is, its believe, views and practices, so "Views" is absolutely essential to the core subject of the article. That leaves us with history, for which there is a longstanding Wikipedia practice of creating "History of X" child articles to achieve precisely the kind of page size reduction that we needs here, and I do not personally find the idea of summarizing the history section all that daunting. I find it is far easier to be selective when it is known that the material is preserved in full elsewhere. On the contrary, for reasons already mentioned, I disagree with the use of removing the criticism section. This would simply create two unbalanced articles, here and the child. Here, there would be support and no criticism, and in the child there would be criticism, but not counter-criticism. Here, on the other hand, the balance can never be fundamentally ruptured so long as there are both support and criticism sections operating together in tandem. Iskandar323 (talk) 17:31, 24 January 2023 (UTC)

Ok, I mostly agree. I would also like to point out that "Comparison with other Salafiyya movements" can also be summarised and made into a seperate article. @Iskandar323 Shadowwarrior8 (talk) 06:32, 25 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Yes, perhaps, or simply just better summarized - there are a lot of lengthy paragraphs in that section with just a single reference located at the end. Whether these are single-sourced or just partially unsourced, the representation is undue. Iskandar323 (talk) 07:06, 25 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Ok, so - since you are responsible for most of this article, shall I leave it to you to copy the history across to "History of Wahhabism" (currently a redirect) and take credit for that page's creation? I will then assist with summarizing here. Iskandar323 (talk) 07:11, 25 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Since this will be a big split, care needs to be taken to follow WP:PROPERSPLIT and properly attribute this article as the source for the content and the place to go to understand the attribution and history of the copied content/sources. Iskandar323 (talk) 07:14, 25 January 2023 (UTC)
 * I have moved the relevant contents to History of Wahhabism. The article prosesize is reduced to 92 KB. Now we need to summarize the History section Shadowwarrior8 (talk) 17:50, 25 January 2023 (UTC)
 * There are just a couple of broken refs to deal with, but I'll try and fix them. Iskandar323 (talk) 18:12, 25 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Done ... it's kinda nuts that it's still only just below the 100kB theshold. Iskandar323 (talk) 18:19, 25 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Sure Shadowwarrior8 (talk) 15:32, 25 January 2023 (UTC)

Wahhabism is a incorrect western term
first of all his name is Muhammad and his father is wahhabi. To be correct you should call them Muhammadi. Buy that's not correct either. The correct term is salafism. Because salafi literally means pious predecessor and it's derived from the name for 3 generations of the companions of the prophet Mohammad saw namely salaf al salih that means the pious predecessors. So if you're against this you're automatically against the prophet Mohammad saw and the companions Ra. Salafism is not only in Saudi it's all over the world. Everybody that follows the way of Muhammad saw and of the companions Ra they're salafi's. The other sects follow their desires and want to give it their spin to it. But the Sunnah contradicts their believes. And the we the traditionalists, salafi's, the people that adhere to the Sunnah of the prophet Mohammad saw and the companions Ra we confront them with the truth and they don't like it. Because they're innovators that are committing idolatry which is forbidden in islam. It will take you out of the fold of Islam. So people don't let yourselfs get fooled. Do your research. Don't let them demonise our pious predecessors and scholars. May Allah guide you all. 196.77.249.186 (talk) 01:10, 15 April 2023 (UTC)

 * may Allah reward you and aid us salafis. Jazakallahu khairan for helping clarity the truth. Religious Conspiracy Theorist (sus) (talk) 21:15, 9 May 2023 (UTC)

Still a bit long
@Shadowwarrior8: If you have some spare energy, it would be good to build on the progress we made with the splitting off of the history section. I don't necessarily think anything else needs to be split, but I think that quite a lot of sections with their own existing child articles could potentially be better summarized/trimmed of the more undue, overly detailed or poorly supported content. Iskandar323 (talk) 09:32, 13 June 2023 (UTC)

 * @Iskandar323 I shall trim that particularly large "Militant & Political Islam" sub-section in International influence and propagation and move it to a seperate section in International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism article. Shadowwarrior8 (talk) 11:40, 13 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I think we also need to do something about "Definitions and etymology" - it's fairly of control. Iskandar323 (talk) 11:55, 13 June 2023 (UTC)

Definitions
This section needs to be sorted through and turned into a useful, prose summary. The list that currently exists in place of this is just the sourcing, the first part of the job, with the write-up left incomplete. Iskandar323 (talk) 06:30, 18 August 2023 (UTC)

Demande d'édition semi-protégée le 31 octobre 2023
Le Le terme Wahhabisme est attribué auShaykh Muhhammad AbdulWahhab car il fut l'un de ceux qui ont revivifié l'appel au tawhid (l'unicité) dans la moitié du 12ème siècle après l'hégire (1750). Il fut épaulé dans cette revivification par le prince, l'imam Muham-mad Ibn Saud,. L'affiliation au Wahhabisme est utilisée par les ennemis de l'islam, les ennemis du tawhid, les ennemis de la sounnah, et ce jusqu'à ce que chaque ennemi de la sounnah et du tawhid traite les gens du tawheed et de la sounnah de wahhabites, et ceci en référence au terme wahhabisme. De même ce qualificatif ne lui a jamais été attribué par les savants de la da'wah (l'appel) de son vivant, ni attribué à ses enfants, petits enfants et frères dans la da'wah et ce jusqu'à notre époque. Et personne n'utilise ce terme si ce n'est les gens des superstitions, les gens des innovations, les gens du shirk. Ils sont ceux qui attribuent les gens de la sounnah à ceci...De plus,la croyance du Sheikh Muhammad ibn abd el wahhab n'est autre que la croyance SALAFIYYAH qui n'est pas TERRORISTE,le terrorisme n'a rien à voir avec la salfiyyah ,les terroristes ont eux une croyance DEXAGERATION qui n'est pas la croyance de la salafiyyah.

Le Minhaj as Salafi repose sur le Coran et la Sounnah authentique. C'est la religion de l'Islam pure, libérée de tout ajout, diminution ou altération. C'est adhérer à la voie du Messager (Mohammed e)et des vrais croyants, les pieux prédécesseurs (As-Salaf us-Salih).

As-Salaf est un terme général se référant aux pieux prédécesseurs de l'Islam et à tous ceux qui suivent leurs pas dans leur croyance, actes et morale.

La description de « Salafi » s'applique à toute personne qui se cramponne vraiment aux Salafs. Ce n'est pas l'attachement à une personne singulière ou à un groupe de personnes, c'est l'attachement à une voie qui ne se détournera jamais du chemin du Prophète (Mohammed), de ses compagnons et de ceux qui les suivent vraiment. De plus la Salafia ne repose pas sur le fait de suivre un Cheikh en particulier ou un imam, c'est une adhésion au Coran et à la Sounnah authentique comme l'ont compris et pratiqués l'ensemble des pieux prédécesseurs (as-Salaf us-Salih).

Le véritable Salafi met en valeur le TAWHID qui est le fait de vouer tous nos actes d'adoration à Allah exclusivement : dans l'invocation, dans la demande du secours, dans l'appel au refuge dans la facilité et la difficulté, dans l'immolation, dans le serment, dans la crainte, dans l'espoir, dans la confiance totale en Lui ... Le véritable Salafi cherche activement à réprouver le CHIRK (polythéisme) par tous les moyens. Il sait que la victoire est impossible sans le Tawhid et que le Chirk ne peut se combattre par lui même (c'est-à-dire : ce n'est pas avec une forme de Chirk que l'on peut combattre le Chirk). Le véritable Salafi adhère à la Sounnah du Prophète (Paix et bénédiction d'Allah sur lui) et de ses compagnons après lui. 197.244.10.246 (talk) 18:12, 31 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Also, this is the English Wikipedia, so you should write in English in most cases. If you want to suggest an edit to the French version of this article, please make the request at the talk page on the French Wikipedia. Liu1126 (talk) 17:17, 1 November 2023 (UTC)

Relevance of this page relative to Salafi movement
As is mentioned in the article, "Wahhabism" does not seem to refer to any kind of distinct movement or philosophy within Islam or among its followers. Is it really justified for this page to even exist, since all the things described actually pertain to Salafism? In my opinion having this whole page for what is essentially an exonym is not only confusing, but actually problematic. It also seems to have been the opinion a few contributors on this page have tried to get through, albeit in a very engaged way. On the Salafism and International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism pages they seem to be used almost interchangeably. Is there an historical distinction that has disappeared, or am I fundamentally misunderstanding something there? If it's the former then this page should probably be way shorter and focus on that in my opinion. Choucas Bleu (talk) 15:19, 16 January 2024 (UTC)

Opposition to new, shorter, to-the-point lede
As-Salamu Alaykum,

Without edit warring and attacking a newcomer who spent time re-working the lede, please inform me what is wrong with the new lede, so that we can make changes if need be. Please also explain why you removed copious amounts of sourced material I added in. (contribs) אב דהן (talkpage) 16:39, 23 April 2024 (UTC)

 * @AvDahan
 * Firstly, do not change anything to the lede without consulting with me and Iskandar323. We both have been working on this page and there was a consensus to the current version of the lede.
 * Secondly, do not engage in personal attacks. Focus on content, not the contributor. I pointed out discrepencies with your edit, not your personality.
 * Thirdly, do not engage in edit war.
 * Now coming back to the content, mention clearly what content you want to insert or remove from the current lede. There is nothing lengthy about a 4 para lede.
 * "a lead section should contain no more than four well-composed paragraphs and be carefully sourced as appropriate."
 * You also engaged in removal of sourced content from the lede, without re-instating that content in the body. We can have a discussion on this, and if it is found appropriate, we shall insert or remove content from the lede or in the body. Shadowwarrior8 (talk) 19:21, 23 April 2024 (UTC)
 * You still  seem to have a love for biting the newcomer it seems! Not surprising for an editor who seems to engage in many edit wars and disputes, judging by your contributions. Your gatekeeping the lede with imperatives like "do not" is quite interesting, it is as if you believe you and the other editor own it. Perhaps you simply forgot to write, "Firstly, please do not change anything in the lede" - or have manners left us? Dear me.
 * Pointing out that you are a biter and lack civility is not a personal attack - or else you would be guilty of it yourself by accusing me thus.
 * I have engaged in an edit war have I? I believe you edited my change back just hours after I made it instead of discussing it on here first. Regardless, I will try not fall into 3RR myself, though the guilt of edit warring lies squarely with yourself. Unless one does count my one re-instating that took place weeks after you reverted my original edit, I have no history of edit warring whatsoever, whereas in your contributions we find many.
 * Perhaps, we got off on the wrong foot and need to change the tone of our language from barking orders as if we own the place and biting the newcomer, to being more collegial?
 * This would set a good environment in which to have a frank discussion on the lede.
 * What say you, brother? (contribs) אב דהן (talkpage) 03:22, 24 April 2024 (UTC)
 * @AvDahan I think maybe you should avoid having bad faith assumptions about other editor's actions and communication styles. I did not issue any "orders" to you. I did not accuse you of editwarring either, I warned you from knowingly or unknowingly engaging in editwars, since you are a newcomer.
 * While I discuss in a civil manner, I prefer to be a bit sharp and to-the-point in my conversation style, inorder to stay focused on the content and avoid turning talk page discussions into a forum. Shadowwarrior8 (talk) 17:32, 24 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm going to have to ask: are you actually a newcomer or have you had previous accounts? Because this is an awful lot of knowledge of terms and detailed speech based on our behavioural policy. Most 50-edit editors wouldn't be waxing quite so lyrical about such things. Iskandar323 (talk) 19:39, 24 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Whenever making sweeping changes to a stable-ish lead, regardless of how merited or not it is, it's always helpful to put a little effort into explaining the perceived issues and proposed alterations on talk, esp. if there's pushback. Iskandar323 (talk) 20:27, 23 April 2024 (UTC)
 * At least this was a more polite response.
 * I am happy to discuss the changes in redaction and new sourced material in depth, and why the new lede is superior, and if it is deemed necessary, I am sure between the three of us we can tweak it to produce something superior.
 * First, let me bring both of them to compare. <b style="color:#FFFFFF;background:#0038b8">(contribs)</b> <b style="color:#0038b8; background:#FFFFFF">אב דהן</b> <b style="color:#FFFFFF;background:#0038b8">(talkpage)</b> 03:28, 24 April 2024 (UTC)

Current
"Wahhabism (Arabic: ٱلْوَهَّابِيَّة, romanized: al-Wahhābiyya) is a reformist religious movement within Sunni Islam, based on the teachings of 18th-century Hanbali cleric Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab (c. 1703–1792).[1][a] The term "Wahhabism" is primarily an exonym; it was not used by Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab himself or his followers, who typically refer themselves as "Salafi", "Sunni" or "Muwahhidun".[b] The movement was initially established in the central Arabian region of Najd and later spread to other parts of the Arabian Peninsula,[c] and is today followed primarily in Saudi Arabia and Qatar.

Wahhabi movement opposed rituals related to the veneration of Muslim saints and pilgrimages to their tombs and shrines, which were widespread amongst the people of Najd. Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab and his followers were highly inspired by the influential Hanbali scholar Ibn Taymiyyah[d] (1263–1328 C.E/ 661 – 728 A.H) who advocated for a return to the purity of the first three generations (Salaf) to rid Muslims of inauthentic outgrowths (bidʻah), and regarded his works as core scholarly references in theology. While being influenced by Hanbali doctrines, the movement repudiated Taqlid to legal authorities, including oft-cited scholars such as Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim (d. 1350 C.E/ 751 A.H).[3]

Wahhabism has been variously characterized by historians as "orthodox", "puritan(ical)", or "revolutionary",[e] while its adherents describe it as an Islamic "reform movement" to restore "pure monotheistic worship". Socio-politically, the movement represented the first major Arab-led revolt against the Turkish, Persian and foreign empires that dominated the Islamic world since the Mongol invasions and the fall of Abbasid Caliphate in the 13th century; and would later serve as a revolutionary impetus for 19th-century pan-Arab trends.[f] In 1744, Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab formed a pact with a local leader, Muhammad bin Saud,[4] establishing a politico-religious alliance with the Saudi monarchy that lasted for more than 250 years. Wahhabi movement gradually rose to prominence as an influential anti-colonial reform trend in the Islamic world that advocated the re-generation of the social and political prowess of Muslims. Its revolutionary themes inspired several Islamic revivalists, scholars, pan-Islamist ideologues and anti-colonial activists as far as West Africa.[g]

For more than two centuries, Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab's teachings were championed as the official creed in the three Saudi States. As of 2017, changes to Saudi religious policy by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman have led to widespread crackdown on Islamists in Saudi Arabia and rest of the Arab world. By 2021, the waning power of the religious clerics brought forth by the social, economic, political changes, and Saudi government's promotion of a nationalist narrative that emphasize non-Islamic components he led to what has been described as the "post-Wahhabi era" of Saudi Arabia.[h] Saudi Arabia's annual commemoration of its founding day on 22 February since 2022, which marked the establishment of Emirate of Dir'iyah by Muhammad ibn Saud in 1727 and de-emphasized his pact with Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab in 1744, has led to the official "uncoupling" of the religious clergy by the Saudi state.[i]"

Proposed
"Wahhabism (Arabic: ٱلْوَهَّابِيَّة, romanized: al-Wahhābiyya) is a Islamic reform movement, based off of the teachings of the eponymous 18th-century savant and theologian Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab,[1][a] that lays an exclusive claim to representing the pure, orthodox (Sunni) and uncorrupted Islam.[b]

In particular, the movement champions the teaching that going to graves to seek blessings or saying "Ya Muhammad" is blasphemous polytheism (shirk) that makes one an infidel (Kafir) rather than being merely sinful.[3][4] It further teaches descriptions in the Quran of God's ascension, coming, having hands, face, eyes etc. are to be interpreted literally.[5][6][7] It further opposes rituals related to the veneration of Muslim saints and pilgrimages to their tombs and shrines, and many of the practices of Sufism that are popular in the Muslim world.[c] Whilst being influenced by Hanbali doctrines, the movement repudiates Taqlid (blind-following) of legal authorities, including oft-cited scholars such as Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim (d. 1350 C.E/ 751 A.H).[8]

Established in Najd, the movement is especially popular in Saudi Arabia and Qatar.[d] For more than two centuries through to the present, Ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab's teachings were championed as the official form of Islam and the dominant creed in three Saudi states. As of 2017, changes to Saudi religious policy by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman have led to widespread crackdown on Sahwa movement extremist scholars in Saudi Arabia and rest of the Arab world. By 2021, the waning power of the religious clerics brought forth by the social, religious, economic, political changes, and a new educational policy asserting a "Saudi national identity" that emphasize non-Islamic components have led to what has been described as the "post-Wahhabi era" of Saudi Arabia.[e] The decision to celebrate the "Saudi Founding Day" annually on 22 February since 2022, to commemorate the 1727 establishment of Emirate of Dir'iyah by Muhammad ibn Saud, rather than the past historical convention that traced the beginning to the 1744 pact of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, have led to the official "uncoupling" of the religious clergy by the Saudi state.[f]"

Discussion
Ok, I have added in both ledes, to allow for quick comparison. <b style="color:#FFFFFF;background:#0038b8">(contribs)</b> <b style="color:#0038b8; background:#FFFFFF">אב דהן</b> <b style="color:#FFFFFF;background:#0038b8">(talkpage)</b> 03:36, 24 April 2024 (UTC)

Some initial points of difference between the two:
 * It is not my intention to remove any source material, and I believe I haven't.
 * However, I have reworded some statements to better reflect source material, including new sources added.
 * Main problem with current lede it is far too long and off-putting to get into the article. Guidance may state "four paragraphs", however these are chunky and off-putting paragraphs.
 * There is also a lot of waffle and mention of subsidiary points that are supposed to be mentioned in the article below. (I moved some stuff on exonyms to the main article.)
 * First paragraph: I (reader) need to know what immediately "Wahhabism" is, or at least what Wikipedia is claiming it to be. What defines it and then makes (supposedly) makes it different to any other theological trend or group? Two things: (westerners/outisders) define it as a "reformist movement" and the "adherants" view themselves simply as Sunni Muslims, to the exclusion of others who claim to be Sunnis. Done. No waffle about history or "term" is an exonym, that goes in the body, or perhaps a brief mention later on in the lede.
 * Second paragraph: what are the actual beliefs that the movement restores/champions, that sets it apart from other Sunni-claimants? This can be immediately stated, succintly as I have done without waffle. This is new, sourced content for some part, though I re-worked some sources into here too.
 * Third paragraph: a criticism of the current lede is the repetition. At the beginning we mention Saudi, last paragraph mentions Saudi again; we have repitition of Islamism in 3 and 4. No! Just state briefly the geographic locale of the start of Ibn AbdulWahhab's dawah, and some brief history there. If the reader is then interested further they can... read the article!
 * No fourth paragraph, not needed, and just look how quickly you will finish reading those three!
 * Current lede is incoherent in ideas of the main paragraph. Is the third paragraph about external characterisation or about history or what? It is all a bit of an incoherent mess.
 * New lede is very structured, readable and coherent with 3 paragraphs with three clear ideas: 1) What is so-called "Wahhabism" in a nutshell. 2) What beliefs does the movement champion. 3) Brief intro to history. DONE.

Hope I have been detailed enough in this introductory statement of why the newer lede is superior. Now if there are specific points you would like to tweak or discuss, then we can do so and hopeful work towards instituting the newer, shorter and more coherent to-the-point lede. <b style="color:#FFFFFF;background:#0038b8">(contribs)</b> <b style="color:#0038b8; background:#FFFFFF">אב דהן</b> <b style="color:#FFFFFF;background:#0038b8">(talkpage)</b> 03:58, 24 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Firstly, the lede is a summary of the body of the article. The current version was agreed upon after re-structuring the previously un-organized page and carefully summarizing the most important points present in the body of the page. We also edited in the lede in such a way that is consistent with the lede section of other religious movements like Deobandism.
 * So to be brief,
 * 1st para of the lede gives a brief description of the movement in 1 sentence, gives a summary of the etymology of the term "Wahhabi" (which is extensively dealt in the body of the page) and informs the readers about the regions where the movement is prevelant. This is exactly what is appropriate in the opening paragraph. You removed the latter two sentences and altered the first sentence. You further added a contentious claim in the lead sentence that the movement "lays an exclusive claim to representing the pure, orthodox (Sunni) and uncorrupted Islam." Well, this directly contradicts the body of the page which explains about the extensive religious and political alliances between the Wahhabis and other religious movements such as the Ahl-i Hadith, the Arab Salafi movement, etc. It is also well-known that Wahhabis have co-operated with the Deobandi movement, the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood, etc. during the 20th century. Such a framing expressed in your version is also inappropriate for the lead sentence.
 * 2nd para gives a brief summary of the doctrines of the movement and mentions about the key influence of Ibn Taymiyya's thought on the Wahhabi scholarship. (which is also extensively explained in the body of the page) However, you removed the latter in your edit. You also wrote: "the movement champions the teaching that going to graves to seek blessings or saying "Ya Muhammad" is blasphemous polytheism (shirk) that makes one an infidel (Kafir) rather than being merely sinful." However, this is just a repetition of the sentence "Wahhabi movement opposed rituals related to the veneration of Muslim saints and pilgrimages to their tombs and shrines, which were widespread amongst the people of Najd." You also wrote: "It further teaches descriptions in the Quran of God's ascension, coming, having hands, face, eyes etc. are to be interpreted literally." However, this is incorrect, since the early Wahhabi movement didnt adhere to Ibn Taymiyya's stance on Divine Attributes and was mainly focused on opposing rituals they regarded as grave-worship or idol-worship. It was only after Wahhabi co-operation with other Ibn Taymiyya-influenced revivalist movements (particularly the Arab Salafi movement) that they began focusing on championing Ibn Taymiyya's stance on Divine Attributes. This is also academically sourced and explained in the body of the page.
 * 3rd para gives an important historical summary of the movement. I dont know why that section was outright deleted. Again, just check other articles like the Deobandi movement, Sufism, etc. They all have four paras in the lede section. Also, the "Wahhabism" page has more than 13,500 words. Four paragraphs constitute the appropriate lead length in this page.
 * 4th para summarizes the current status of the movement. I dont think you have a disagreement with the 4th para.
 * So I hope the rationale behind the lede structure has been clarified publicly. The current discussion is only regarding the structure of the lede, and is ofcourse different from inserting reliably sourced contents into the body of the page. Shadowwarrior8 (talk) 17:05, 24 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I have a couple of initial observations. One merited point is that the "exonym" discussion is not really appropriate for the first paragraph of the lead. This is correct. It is an inappropriate amount of detail too early on. On some of the introductions to the first paragraph, I'm not convinced by words like "savant" are regularly used to describe the movement's founder (or mentioned in the body), or if its theology is expressly exclusive. Also bear in mind that the lead should reflect both then and now, and should reflect the movement's position today more than in the past. Do adherents for sure still think that they are exclusively correct? These are some big questions raised by just the changes in the first couple of sentences. The choice of words matters considerably in the context. Incidentally, in the second paragraph, phrases like "in particular", "it further", etc., are editorialisations that should be avoided. It's important to resist the urge to flow the copy to create a narrative style on Wikipedia. Iskandar323 (talk) 17:29, 24 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Valid points.
 * Frankly, I felt the "savant" wording to be quite an orientalist and Euro-centric term in that situation. The common wording is "cleric", "scholar", etc. In this case, attributing Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab as a "Hanbali cleric" would be the most appropriate wording in the lead sentence. (this is also in line with the sources in the body)
 * Regarding the exonym topic, I do feel like there should be a mention of it in the lede, since it is discussed in the page. I dont find the current trimmed version to be inappropriate. Do you think that it is better to insert that information inside an appropriate note? Shadowwarrior8 (talk) 17:50, 24 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Moving it to a note would be better in my opinion (maybe after the main name). The first paragraph should be very straightforward and to the point, and "exonym" is first-off a bit too jargon-y to serve that purpose, while the whole sentence is generally a bit of a detour away from the intro detail. Iskandar323 (talk) 19:54, 24 April 2024 (UTC)
 * @Iskandar323 Done. I have moved it into a note after the first term.
 * In my opinion, I dont find that sentence to be in-appropriate for the opening para because it summarized how the followers of Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab described themselves. I think that's an important piece of information that could be beneficial to the readers, if put in the lede. (for matters of precision and distinction)
 * Recently, the page that used to be titled "Calvinism" was changed to "Reformed Christianity". (despite "Calvinism" being a very common name in english language academic sources) The rationale of various editors who supported that move was that the term "Calvinism" should be restricted only to the religious beliefs of John Calvin. Apparently, Calvin and his followers objected to labelling their movement "Calvinist". Shadowwarrior8 (talk) 07:05, 26 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wahhabism


text:
2003 Governor General's Awards

The 2003 Governor General's Awards for Literary Merit: Finalists in 14 categories (70 books) were announced October 20, the four children's literature winners announced and presented November 10, other winners announced and presented November 12. Each winner received a cheque for $15,000.

The separate announcement and presentation of children's literature awards – four, recognizing text and illustration in English- and French-language books – was a novelty in 2003 (continued for at least a few years). The event at Rideau Hall, the Governor General's residence in Ottawa, was scheduled to begin at 10:00 on a Monday morning. "Children from across the National Capital Region will be invited to attend the event, which will also include readings and workshops related to children's literature."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 2003 Governor General's Awards


text:
18th Army Group

The 18th Army Group was an Allied formation in the Second World War. It was formed on 20 February 1943 when British Eighth Army advancing from the east and British First Army advancing into Tunisia from the west came close enough to require coordinated command during the Tunisia Campaign.

History
The 18th Army Group was commanded by General Sir Harold Alexander and came under General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Commander-in-Chief Allied Forces Headquarters (AFHQ).

Its principal formations were the British Eighth Army, under Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery and the British First Army under Lieutenant-General Kenneth Anderson. Eighth Army had three British Army corps under its command which contained a variety of forces from the British Empire. They were British X Corps, British XIII Corps and British XXX Corps. They had fought across virtually the whole North African shore to the east of Tunisia after winning a victory at the Second Battle of El Alamein in November 1942. First Army had four corps under its command, but the corps themselves were far more varied in national origin. Two were of British origin; V Corps and IX Corps. The other corps were U.S. II Corps and French XIX Corps. First Army controlled the forces that had landed in Morocco and Algeria in November 1942 in the first of the great Allied amphibious assaults of the war, Operation Torch.

18th Army Group was faced by two German Armies, Panzer Army Afrika under Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel and 5th Panzer Army under Generaloberst Hans-Jürgen von Arnim. The two German commanders disliked each other, and so often strategy was not coordinated.

Both the First Army and Eighth Army had enjoyed very quick initial success in their campaigns after November 1942. Once they reached Tunisia two things halted them. One was overextension of lines of communication and the other was the greater concentration of German troops that the smaller defended area produced. First Army in particular received stinging blows from Rommel at the Battle of Kasserine Pass. Rommel's veteran formations slammed into II Corps and the green American troops did not perform well. It was only after reinforcements of more experienced troops and quantities of artillery had been rushed in that the situation was stabilised.

Following the Kasserine Pass engagement and an Allied consolidation, a fresh attack was launched. First Army led the main attack, with Eighth Army providing support along the eastern coast of Tunisia. That attack lead eventually in May 1943 to the surrender of Axis forces in Africa. 250,000 men were taken prisoner, a number equal to that at Stalingrad on the Eastern Front earlier in the year.

General Alexander sent the message, "We are masters of the North African shore." 18th Army Group was disbanded in Tunisia on 15 May 1943.

title: 18th Army Group


text:
American Tobacco Company

The American Tobacco Company was a tobacco company founded in 1890 by J. B. Duke through a merger between a number of U.S. tobacco manufacturers including Allen and Ginter, Goodwin & Company, and Kinney Brothers. The company was one of the original 12 members of the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 1896. The American Tobacco Company dominated the industry by acquiring the Lucky Strike Company and over 200 other rival firms. Federal Antitrust action begun in 1907 broke the company into several major companies in 1911.

The American Tobacco Company restructured itself in 1969, forming a holding company called American Brands, Inc., which operated American Tobacco as a subsidiary. American Brands acquired a variety of non-tobacco businesses during the 1970s and 1980s and sold its tobacco operations to Brown & Williamson in 1994. American Brands subsequently renamed itself "Fortune Brands".

Origins
James Buchanan Duke's entrance into the cigarette industry came about in 1879 when he elected to enter a new business rather than face competition in the shredded pouched smoking tobacco business against the Bull Durham brand, also from Durham, North Carolina.

In 1882, two years after W. Duke, Sons & Company entered into the cigarette business, James Bonsack invented a cigarette-rolling machine. It produced over 133 cigarettes per minute, the equivalent of what a skilled hand roller could produce in one hour, and reduced the cost of rolling cigarettes by 50%. It cut each cigarette with precision, creating uniformity in the cigarettes it rolled. Public stigma was attached to this machine-rolled uniformity, and Allen & Ginter rejected the machine almost immediately.

The first Bonsack machine was installed in the Durham Duke tobacco plant on April 30, 1884. Duke set a deal with the Bonsack Machine Company when he installed his machine. Duke agreed to produce all cigarettes with his two rented Bonsack machines and in return, Bonsack reduced Duke's royalties from $0.30 per thousand cigarettes to $0.20 per thousand. Duke also hired one of Bonsack's mechanics, resulting in fewer breakdowns of his machines than his competitors’. This secret contract resulted in a competitive advantage over Duke's competitors; he was able to lower his prices further than others could.

In the 1880s, while Duke was beginning to machine-roll all his cigarettes, he saw that growth rates in the cigarette industry were declining. His solution was to combine companies and found “one of the first great holding companies in American history.” Duke spent $800,000 on advertising in 1889 and lowered his prices, accepting net profits of less than $400,000, forcing his major competitors to lower their prices and, in 1890, join his consortium by the name of the American Tobacco Company. The five constituent companies of American Tobacco: W. Duke & Sons, Allen & Ginter, W.S. Kimball & Company, Kinney Tobacco, and Goodwin & Company – produced 90% of the cigarettes made in 1890, the first year the American Tobacco Company was listed on the NYSE. Within two decades of its founding, the American Tobacco company absorbed about 250 companies and produced 80% of the cigarettes, plug tobacco, smoking tobacco, and snuff produced in the United States. With Duke's market control, American Tobacco grew its equity from $25,000,000 to $316,000,000.

The "Tobacco Trust"
American Tobacco Company quickly became known as the “Tobacco Trust” upon its founding. Duke controlled the cigarette market, and his trust caught the attention of legislators in the United States, a country with historical aversion to monopolies.

American Tobacco Company focused solely on making and selling cigarettes, leaving growing of tobacco and retail distribution to independent North Carolina farmers. Nonetheless, Duke aimed to eliminate inefficiencies and middlemen through vertical consolidation. Vertical consolidation is the act of buying companies that perform services or produce goods on different parts of the supply chain. The American Tobacco Company began to expand to Great Britain, China, and Japan. The company also maintained an interest in producing other tobacco products in case trends within the cigarette market shifted. Duke wanted to be sure that he would be prepared with a multitude of tobacco styles. While Duke did gain a sort of monopoly over the tobacco industry, the Tobacco Trust's international expansion in conjunction with its consolidation of all types of tobacco “ultimately made the Trust so vulnerable to regulation and judicial dissolution”.

The Sherman Antitrust Act was passed in 1890, and in 1907, the American Tobacco Company was indicted in violation of it. In 1908, when the Department of Justice filed suit against the company, 65 companies and 29 individuals were named in the suit. The Supreme Court ordered the company to dissolve in 1911 on the same day that it ordered the Standard Oil Trust to dissolve. The ruling in United States v. American Tobacco Co. stated that the combination of the tobacco companies “in and of itself, as well as each and all of the elements composing it whether corporate or individual, whether considered collectively or separately [was] in restraint of trade and an attempt to monopolize, and a monopolization within the first and second sections of the Anti-Trust Act.”

Dissolution
Dissolution proved complicated. The American Tobacco Company had combined many prior companies and processes. One department would manage a certain process for the entire organization, producing brands previously owned by other companies. “Plants had been assigned specific products without regard for previous ownership.” Over the course of eight months, a plan for the dissolution, meant to assure competition among the new companies, was negotiated.

The trust needed to dissolve in such a way that no manufacturer had a monopoly on any type of tobacco product. Investors, holding millions of dollars of securities, also needed to be considered. A large question was how to distribute trademarks and brands between the resulting companies.

The American Tobacco Company's assets were split off into: American Tobacco Company, the existing R. J. Reynolds, Liggett & Myers, and Lorillard. The monopoly became an oligopoly. The main result of the dissolution of American Tobacco Trust and the creation of these companies was an increase in advertising and promotion in the industry as a form of competition.

Liggett & Myers
Liggett & Myers kept control of these plants: Liggett and Myers, St. Louis; Spaulding and Merrick, Chicago; Allen and Ginter, Richmond; smoking tobacco factory in Chicago; Nall and Williams, Louisville; John Bollman Company, San Francisco; Pinkerton Company, Toledo; W. R. Irby, New Orleans; two cigar factories in Baltimore and Philadelphia, and the Duke-Durham branch of the American Tobacco Company.

P. Lorillard
P. Lorillard retained the Lorillard properties in addition to S. Anargyos; the Luhrman and Wilburn Tobacco Company; plants in Philadelphia, Wilmington, Brooklyn, Baltimore, and Danville; and the Federal Cigar Company.

More recent history
At the same time as the antitrust action in 1911, the company's share in British American Tobacco (BAT) was sold. In 1994, BAT acquired its former parent, American Tobacco Company (though reorganized after antitrust proceedings). This brought the Lucky Strike and Pall Mall brands into BAT's portfolio as part of BAT's American arm, Brown & Williamson. B&W later merged with R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company in 2004.

American Tobacco left Durham in the late 1980s. Brown & Williamson took over the Reidsville, North Carolina operation in 1995 and closed it, costing 1000 people their jobs, but Commonwealth Brands took it over in a deal completed in October 1996, when the plant had 311 employees, and kept 100 of them. ITG Brands announced November 1, 2018 that the plant would close in 2020.

Redevelopment
In 2004, the previously abandoned American Tobacco Campus (ATC) in Durham was reopened as a complex of offices, shops, and restaurants. The American Tobacco Campus had been the headquarters of the American Tobacco Company. Developed by Capitol Broadcasting and reopened as the American Tobacco Historic District, phase 1 consisted of the Fowler, Crowe, Strickland, Reed, and Washington Buildings, and included the construction of two new parking garages and a waterfall feature through the center of the campus designed by Smallwood, Reynolds, Stewart, Stewart of Atlanta, Georgia and constructed by W. P. Law, Inc. based in Lexington, South Carolina. Phase 2, consisting of the remaining buildings and expansion of the water feature at the north end of the site, was under construction as of late 2006. Many office spaces in the ATC are now used by Duke University. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 as the American Tobacco Company Manufacturing Plant. The nearby Watts and Yuille Warehouses were listed in 1984 and the Smith Warehouse in 1985.

The American Tobacco Trail, named for the company, is a multi-use rail-trail that begins just south of the Durham complex and runs 22 mi towards Chatham and Wake Counties. It follows the route of the railroad (Norfolk Southern Railway (former) Durham Branch) that once served the factories, but was later abandoned when these facilities were shut down.

Advertising
In 1925 George Washington Hill's father died and he became the new president of the company. A year later Lucky Strike accounted for one fifth of U.S. cigarette sales, and the brand was among the five best-selling US-consumed cigarettes. In 1927 Hill began directing his marketing efforts toward women, which was the first female targeted advertising of cigarettes at this time. The success of the advertising campaign, which used movie actors and singers to promote the brand, can be attributed to Albert Lasker of the Lord & Thomas agency, and Edward Bernays, both of whom were hired by Hill. Lucky Strike soon accounted for 38 percent of U.S. cigarette sales. During the Great Depression the company remained successful and Hill's salary exceeded $2,000,000. He made a substantial investment in advertising and sponsored Your Hit Parade and the Jack Benny Show. He also sponsored Frank Sinatra, Ethel Smith and Lawrence Tibbett. In the golden age of radio, as well as early television, American Tobacco was known for advertisements featuring a fast-talking tobacco auctioneer named L. A. "Speed" Riggs. His rapid-fire and song-like patter would always end with the exclamation, "Sold, American!" Another famous tobacco auctioneer, F. E. Boone, was often heard in tandem with Riggs. These cigarette advertisements in conjunction with the cultural change that occurred for women in the United States during the 1920s, made cigarette consumption increasingly prevalent. In fact, not only was the public open to the idea of women smoking cigarettes, but manufacturers boldly advertised and encouraged feminine usage of the cigarette through cigarette cards. The advertising budgets of important cigarette manufacturers such as the American Tobacco Company rapidly expanded until the 1930s when they began to be somewhat moderated by the government.

Cigarette cards
From the 1870s to the 1940s, cigarette companies often included collectible trading cards with their packages of cigarettes. Cigarette card sets document popular culture from the turn of the century, often depicting the period's actresses, costumes, and sports, as well as offering insights into mainstream humor and cultural norms.

American Tobacco commercialised its cards through several brands, such as Recruit, Mecca, Fatima, Ramly, Turkey Red. Old Judge. Old Mill, among others

Duke & Son's card series

title: American Tobacco Company


text:
Denis Devlin

Denis Devlin (15 April 1908 – 21 August 1959) was, along with Samuel Beckett, Thomas MacGreevy and Brian Coffey, one of the generation of Irish modernist poets to emerge at the end of the 1920s. He was also a career diplomat.

Early life and studies
He was born in Greenock, Scotland of Irish parents, and his family returned to live in Dublin in 1918. He studied at Belvedere College and, from 1926, as a seminarian for the Roman Catholic priesthood at Clonliffe College. As part of his studies he attended a degree course in modern languages at University College Dublin (UCD), where he met and befriended Brian Coffey. Together they published a joint collection, Poems, in 1930.

In 1927, Devlin abandoned the priesthood and left Clonliffe. He graduated with from UCD his BA in 1930 and spent that summer on the Blasket Islands to improve his spoken Irish. Between 1930 and 1933, he studied literature at Munich University and the Sorbonne in Paris, meeting, amongst others, Beckett and Thomas MacGreevy. He then returned to UCD to complete his MA thesis on Montaigne.

His niece went on to become writer Denyse Woods.

Diplomatic career and later writings
He joined the Irish Diplomatic Service in 1935 and spent a number of years in Rome, New York and Washington. During this time he met the French poet St. John Perse, and the Americans Allen Tate and Robert Penn Warren. He went on to publish a translation of Exile and Other Poems by St-John Perse, and Tate and Warren edited his posthumous Selected Poems.

Since his death, there have been two Collected Poems published; the first in 1964 was edited by Coffey and the second in 1989 by J.C.C. Mays.

His personal papers are held in University College Dublin Archives.

title: Denis Devlin


text:
Talk:Graded ring

Graded school
I have removed the disambiguation link to Graded School since the latter is a nick-name for a school in Brazil, and is not referred to in any way as "Graded algebra". The article does not even mention the term algebra. The concept is unrelated to that of this article, and is unlikely to be a useful disambiguation. This disambiguation smacks of internal spam, and I need to see some clear evidence that some significant number of Wikipedia readers might be confused before I am willing to see this disambiguation added. For more details, I would encourage editors to see the Wikipedia disambiguation guidelines for when disambiguation should be performed. Silly rabbit (talk) 22:09, 9 February 2008 (UTC)

Homogeneous parts?
"... is homogeneous if for every element a ∈, the homogeneous parts of a are also contained in..." Homogeneous parts need to be defined. Rschwieb (talk) 01:11, 1 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Yes, that is confusing. Is it clear now? ᛭ LokiClock (talk) 05:26, 11 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Yep, those edits were helpful. Rschwieb (talk) 21:15, 11 November 2012 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was moved. While I'll see to double redirects and such, I'll leave the lede rewriting to you. It's Greek to me. --BDD (talk) 16:15, 25 July 2013 (UTC)

Graded algebra → Graded ring – A more standard, in my humble opinion. -- Taku (talk) 00:31, 18 July 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Homogeneous Ideals
Shouldn't homogeneous ideal be a separate entry? Currently it redirects here. Wishcow 12:22, 8 September 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wishcow (talk • contribs)

 * It's only defined for graded rings, so not unless the information found here about homogenous ideals outgrows the article. ᛭ LokiClock (talk) 14:50, 8 September 2013 (UTC)

 * The following discussion is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Proposed Merge
Supposedly there has been a proposal to merge Graded Ring and Supercommutative Algebra. I say "supposedly" since I see no evidence that any serious proposal was made. A serious proposal would include a clear argument for the change. Furthermore, the 2014 proposal seems to have resulted in a 2013 discussion: lacking time travel, there is no reason to take this seriously. My two cents is to vote NO. My reasoning is exemplefied in the ledes of the two articles: the first sentences of the GR lede:"In mathematics, in particular abstract algebra, a graded ring is a ring that is a direct sum of abelian groups R_i such that R_i R_j \subset R_{i+j}. The index set is usually the set of nonnegative integers or the set of integers, but can be any monoid or group." While the first sentence of the Supercommutative Algebra is:"In mathematics, a supercommutative algebra is a superalgebra (i.e. a Z2-graded algebra) such that for any two homogeneous elements x, y we have  yx = (-1)^{|x| |y|}*xy." Clearly, the two concepts are related but not the same. Even if we grant that a "superalgebra" is identical to a Z_sub2 - graded algebra, imposing the requirement that its commutation properties obey the above equation seem to make it enough of a specialization as to merit its own article.imho72.172.11.204 (talk) 16:19, 14 October 2014 (UTC)

 * The superalgebra is a special case No, the algebra need not be a ring. --Mathmensch (talk) 07:03, 1 October 2016 (UTC) . In my opinion there should be no merger, but the concept should be mentioned on the page regarding the graded ring, in the "examples" section . --Mathmensch (talk) 06:51, 1 October 2016 (UTC)

 * As I understand, a superalgebra is precisely a graded ring over the index set Z/2Z (as opposed to Z or N.) Note a graded ring in this article is not required to be commutative. Since the article "Supercommutative algebra" is short, it makes sense to merger it to this article. When the section becomes larger, we can alway split it off. -- Taku (talk) 00:25, 25 November 2016 (UTC)
 * A supercommutative algebra is not necessarily associative, see Superalgebra. Thus, if a merge should occur, it should be with Superalgebra. I suggest
 * adding here a section on Z2 grading, with a link to Superalgebra
 * merging Supercommutative algebra into Superalgebra; this is supported by the fact that notation of Supercommutative algebra is not defined in the article, but only in Superalgebra.
 * possibly merging Supercommutative algebra and Superalgebra into Lie superalgebra; this is motivated by the fact that is seems to me that the only superalgebras that have been studied under this name are Lie superalgebras.
 * D.Lazard (talk) 10:38, 25 November 2016 (UTC)
 * I know but they only discuss associative ones (e.g., exterior algebra) and not Lie algebra; so, in terms of materials, the merger makes. I do agree we should have a more extensive treatment of Z/2-case. -- Taku (talk) 21:27, 27 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Ok, the main issue seems that there is no article on "graded non-associative algebra"; I don't know if there should be such an article. -- Taku (talk) 23:00, 27 November 2016 (UTC)

 * The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

I'm probably being thick...
I'm probably being thick but I don't see how a ring can be defined to be a direct sum of abelian groups. That takes care of the ring addition, but what of its multiplication? 86.185.161.165 (talk) 18:17, 1 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Clarified. D.Lazard (talk) 18:57, 1 March 2020 (UTC)

Grading of the product
This article does not breath a sigh about the grading of the (associative) product itself. I'm not sure why. This becomes an issue when the algebra has two distinct products: the "ordinary" associative product, and also a Lie bracket or a Poisson bracket which may or may not be super-brackets. For these cases, a careful distinction is then made, so as to differentiate between a Poisson superalgebra and a Gerstenhaber algebra. Both of these algebras have a degree-zero ordinary (associative) product:
 * $$|ab| = |a|+|b|$$

where $$|a|=\deg a$$ is the grading of a pure element $$a$$. Sounds good, right? Most commonplace products behave like that: e.g. the plain old ordinary tensor product, or the plain-old alternating product of differential forms.

The two algebras above differ in how they treat their Lie-bracket product: in one case, the bracket itself has degree zero:
 * $$|[a,b]| = |a|+|b|$$

In the other, it has degree -1:
 * $$|[a,b]| = |a|+|b|-1$$

and that's fine, too. The second form is used in defining the Gerstenhaber algebra, used in both BRST quantization and in the Batalin–Vilkovisky formalism. No problem here, either. However, it is pretty easy to get cross-eyed while walking through all the super-grading wiki pages, and the sore spot for this article is that the ring product in this article can be validly understood as either the "normal associative product" or the "Lie-bracket product", and when there's two, it can be either, and then the grading of the product itself begins to matter. What I'm asking for is some clever words that can say something like "products can have gradings, too, and it is not necessarily the case that the grading is zero, and here are examples." Of course, lack of references on my part, and lack of patience, prevents my tackling this.

Perhaps I'm being childish; the article already says that
 * $$R_mR_n \subseteq R_{m+n}$$

which can be interpreted as saying $$|ab| \le |a|+|b|$$ because $$a\in R_m$$ and $$b\in R_n$$ and $$ab\in R_{m+n}$$ and so nothing is violated. The issue is, I guess, notational conventions across ,ul;tiple articles, and examples where $$\subseteq$$ is a strict $$\subset$$ rather than strict equality.

Also FYI, take a look at Talk:Graded Lie algebra where it is explained that gradings can be abelian algebras and not just integers. Thanks to Deligne. 67.198.37.16 (talk) 22:57, 24 May 2024 (UTC)

 * This article is about graded rings and graded associative algebras; this was ambiguous in section, and I just fixed the first sentence of the setion, which was nonsensical if "algebra" includes algebras that are not rings. The above post is about structures that have several products, one of them being a Lie algebra structure. So, this discussion should appear either in Graded structure or in Lie algebra. D.Lazard (talk) 09:00, 25 May 2024 (UTC)
 * In fact, the opening post seems to be more about filtered algebra that are graded as vector spaces, and not about graded algebras (strictly speaking). There are several possible definitions of a graded algebra; they may be graded vector spaces with bilinear product that is either "graded" or "filtered". More precisely, a graded vector space is a direct sum of vector space that is indexed by the naturel numbers: $$A=\bigoplus_{n=0}^\infty A_n.$$ Such a graded vector space is also a filtered vector space, filtered by the $$F_n=\bigoplus_{i=0}^n A_i.$$ I say that a product is "graded" if $$A_mA_n\subseteq A_{m+n}$$ and "filtered" if $$A_mA_n\subseteq F_{m+n}.$$ Both imply that $$F_mF_n\subseteq F_{m+n}.$$ The above formula $$|[a,b]| = |a|+|b|-1$$ suggest that it concerns a graded vector space with a filtered product that has the further property that the Lie bracket decreases the degree. As such a structure is rather common, it has certainly a name, but I ignore it. Certainly, Wikipedia should have an article that discusses the different sorts of graded or filtered algebras. This could be in a section of Algebra over a field or in a stand alone article possibly name Graded and filtered algebras. In any case, the redirect  must be retargetted to this new content. D.Lazard (talk) 14:42, 25 May 2024 (UTC)
 * OK, thanks. Err, um, "yes but". Multiple issues.
 * There are just enough different kinds of gradings, between Lie superalgebra and Poisson superalgebra and another 3-5 super-articles, that one can get easily lost as to which grading is which, and it takes effort to find one's bearings. I feel like some super-overview is needed for all the different gradings.
 * All of these different articles link to graded algebra and that redirect lands here, so its mildly disappointing to find "ring" in the title. There are an assortment of physics articles that all land here. See Special:WhatLinksHere/Graded_algebra.
 * Yes, one can go from filtered to graded and vice-versa, but linking to filtered feels like overkill if one is just lost in the super-gradings. Yes, filters and flags are adjacent to all this, but it kind-of adds more noise to an already noisy picture. Though, I suppose a good article could be gracefully written.
 * FYI, it gets worse, and I know you don't want to hear it, but the folks that visit places like geometric algebra are working hard to wreck things for the rest of us. They have two gradings, one from Clifford algebra and another that is supersymmetric $$(\varepsilon^2=0)$$ and they are proud of using that formula without using the prefix "super-". They point at deformation theory instead. Woo-hah. (In case you don't know, that's the friggin tip of the iceberg called "quantum".)
 * Graded structure is a veritable cornucopia!
 * I'm being Chatty Cathy here. My apologies. I have no plans to fix grading-anything just right now. My continuing mission is to explore strange new worlds, to seek out new life forms and to boldly go where no man has gone before. Specifically, Talk:Supersymmetric theory of stochastic dynamics. It hasn't fired it's phasers at graded algebra only by dint of pure luck. 67.198.37.16 (talk) 08:04, 30 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Graded ring


text:
The Good Soldier Švejk

The Good Soldier Švejk is an unfinished satirical dark comedy novel by Czech writer Jaroslav Hašek, published in 1921–1923, about a good-humored, simple-minded, middle-aged man who appears to be enthusiastic to serve Austria-Hungary in World War I.

The Good Soldier Švejk is the abbreviated title; the original Czech title of the work is Osudy dobrého vojáka Švejka za světové války, literally The Fateful Adventures of the Good Soldier Švejk During the World War. The book is the most translated novel of Czech literature, having been translated into over 50 languages.

Publication
Hašek originally intended Švejk to cover a total of six volumes, but had completed only three (and started on the fourth) upon his death from heart failure on January 3, 1923.

The novel as a whole was originally illustrated (after Hašek's death) by Josef Lada and more recently by Czech illustrator Petr Urban.

The volumes are:
 * 1) Behind the Lines (V zázemí, 1921)
 * 2) At the Front (Na frontě, 1922)
 * 3) The Glorious Licking (Slavný výprask, 1922)
 * 4) The Glorious Licking Continues (Pokračování slavného výprasku, 1923; unfinished)

Following Hašek's death, journalist Karel Vaněk was asked by the publisher Adolf Synek to complete the unfinished novel. Vaněk finished the fourth book in 1923 and in the same year also released the fifth and the sixth volumes, titled Švejk in Captivity (Švejk v zajetí) and Švejk in Revolution (Švejk v revoluci). Novels were published until 1949. In 1991 volumes 5 and 6 were again released as Švejk in Russian Captivity and Revolution (Švejk v Ruském zajetí a v revoluci), in two volumes or combined.

Themes
The novel is set during World War I in Austria-Hungary, a multi-ethnic empire full of long-standing ethnic tensions. Fifteen million people died in the war, one million of them Austro-Hungarian soldiers, including around 140,000 who were Czechs. Hašek participated in this conflict and examined it in The Good Soldier Švejk.

Many of the situations and characters seem to have been inspired, at least in part, by Hašek's service in the 91st Infantry Regiment of the Austro-Hungarian Army. The novel also deals with broader anti-war themes: essentially a series of absurdly comic episodes, it explores the pointlessness and futility of conflict in general and of military discipline, Austrian military discipline in particular. Many of its characters, especially the Czechs, are participating in a conflict they do not understand on behalf of an empire to which they have no loyalty.

The character of Josef Švejk is a development of this theme. Through (possibly feigned) idiocy or incompetence, he repeatedly manages to frustrate military authority and expose its stupidity in a form of passive resistance: the reader is left unclear, however, as to whether Švejk is genuinely incompetent, or acting quite deliberately with dumb insolence. These absurd events reach a climax when Švejk, wearing a Russian uniform, is mistakenly taken prisoner by his own side.

In addition to satirising Habsburg authority, Hašek repeatedly sets out corruption and hypocrisy attributed to priests of the Catholic Church.

Plot summary
The story begins in Prague with news of the assassination in Sarajevo that precipitates World War I.

Švejk displays such enthusiasm about faithfully serving the Austrian Emperor in battle that no one can decide whether he is merely an imbecile or is craftily undermining the war effort. He is arrested by a member of the state police, Bretschneider, after making some politically insensitive remarks, and is sent to prison. After being certified insane he is transferred to a madhouse, before being ejected.

Švejk gets his charwoman to wheel him (he claims to be suffering from rheumatism) to the recruitment offices in Prague, where his apparent zeal causes a minor sensation. He is transferred to a hospital for malingerers because of his rheumatism. He finally joins the army as batman to army chaplain Otto Katz. Katz was well able to avoid being sent to the front, managing to have a soft military job in Prague. However, Katz loses Švejk in a bet over a game of cards to Senior Lieutenant Lukáš, whose batman he then becomes — which would eventually lead him to the front.

Lukáš is posted with his march battalion to barracks in České Budějovice, in Southern Bohemia, preparatory to being sent to the front. After missing all the trains to Budějovice, Švejk embarks on a long anabasis on foot around Southern Bohemia in a vain attempt to find Budějovice, before being arrested as a possible spy and deserter (a charge he strenuously denies) and escorted to his regiment.

The regiment is soon transferred to Bruck an der Leitha, a town on the border between Austria and Hungary. Here, where relations between the two nationalities are somewhat sensitive, Švejk is again arrested, this time for causing an affray involving a respectable Hungarian citizen and engaging in a street fight. He is also promoted to company orderly.

The unit embarks on a long train journey towards Galicia and the Eastern Front. Close to the front line, Švejk is taken prisoner by his own side as a suspected Russian deserter, after arriving at a lake and trying on an abandoned Russian uniform. Narrowly avoiding execution, he manages to rejoin his unit. The unfinished novel breaks off abruptly before Švejk has a chance to be involved in any combat or enter the trenches, though it appears Hašek may have conceived that the characters would have continued the war in a POW camp, much as he himself had done.

The book includes numerous anecdotes told by Švejk (often either to deflect the attentions of an authority figure or to insult them in a concealed manner) which are not directly related to the plot.

Selected characters
The characters of The Good Soldier Švejk are generally either used as the butt of Hašek's absurdist humour or represent fairly broad social and ethnic stereotypes found in the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the time. People are often distinguished by the dialect and register of Czech or German they speak, a quality that does not translate easily. Many German- and Polish-speaking characters, for example, are shown as speaking comedically broken or heavily accented Czech, while many Czechs speak broken German; much use is also made of slang expressions.

Some characters are to varying degrees based on real people who served with the Imperial and Royal 91st Infantry Regiment, in which Hašek served as a one-year volunteer. (Much research has been conducted into this issue and the results are part of the catalog of all 585 people, both real and fictitious, that appear in the novel.)

 * Josef Švejk: The novel's hero: in civilian life a dealer in stolen dogs. Based partly on František Strašlipka, the young batman to Oberleutnant Rudolf Lukas, Hašek's company commander.
 * Palivec: The foul-mouthed landlord of Švejk's local pub – the "U Kalicha" ("At the Chalice") on Na Bojišti street, Prague. Despite refusal to discuss any politics ("it smells of Pankrác") Palivec is eventually arrested by Bretschneider (see below) after commenting that flies shit on the portrait of Franz Joseph in the pub.
 * Police Agent Bretschneider: A secret policeman who repeatedly tries to catch Švejk and others out on their anti-monarchist views. He is eventually eaten by his own dogs, after buying a succession of animals from Švejk in an attempt to incriminate him.
 * Staff Warder Slavík: A cruel and corrupt prison official (revealed to have himself ended up in prison under the Republic of Czechoslovakia).
 * Military chaplain Otto Katz: Has a fondness for drinking, especially communion wine, and gambling. Švejk seems fond of Katz, but the latter loses the services of Švejk to Lieutenant Lukáš in a game of cards.
 * Oberleutnant Lukáš: Švejk's long-suffering company commander. A Czech from South Bohemia, Lukáš is something of a womanizer but is depicted in a broadly sympathetic manner by Hašek (the records of the real-life 91st Regiment show an Oberleutnant Rudolf Lukas – the same rank as the character – at the time of Hašek's service; Hašek admired Lukas and even wrote him a number of poems. Lukas was Hašek's company commander. ) Though Švejk's actions eventually lead to Lukáš' being labelled as a notorious philanderer in the Hungarian national press, he starts to miss Švejk after the latter is promoted to company orderly.
 * Colonel Friedrich Kraus von Zillergut: An idiotic Austrian officer with a penchant for giving his colleagues long-winded, moronic explanations of everyday objects (such as thermometers and postage stamps) and situations; run over by a cart while attempting to demonstrate what a pavement is. Kraus's dog is stolen by Švejk as a gift for Lukáš; the enraged colonel subsequently arranges Lukáš's transfer to the front.
 * Captain Ságner: One of the regiment's professional officers and commander of Švejk's march battalion; an ambitious careerist, he is later revealed to have been a closet Czech patriot in his youth. A Captain Vinzenz Sagner served in the 91st Regiment, where he was Hašek's battalion commander.
 * Colonel Schröder: The bad-tempered colonel of Švejk's regiment, and a caricature of typical German-speaking senior officers of the Austrian army.
 * Jurajda: The battalion's spiritualist cook; before military service he had edited an "occultist" journal. Spends time attempting to avoid frontline service through letters he is writing to his wife, in which he details meals he is intending to cook for senior officers.
 * 2nd Lieutenant Dub: Dub is a Czech schoolmaster, reserve officer, and commander of the battalion's 3rd company: he has strongly monarchist views. As a conservative, pro-Habsburg Czech, Dub is the subject of some of Hašek's most vicious satire. Repeatedly placed in humiliating situations, such as being found drunk in a brothel or falling off a horse. (In all Slavonic languages the word dub ("oak") itself is a common synonym for a dull, idiotic person.) He is said to have been based on a lieutenant of the reserve, Mechálek, who served in Hašek's regiment. The novel is ended by words of Lieutenant Dub: "With the district governor, we always said: Patriotism, loyalty to duty, self-overcoming, these are the real weapons in war! I remember this especially today, when our troops will cross the border in the foreseeable future."
 * Quartermaster Sergeant-Major Vaněk: Another recurring character, Vaněk (a chemist from Kralupy nad Vltavou in civilian life) is an example of an easy-going but self-serving senior NCO, whose main concern is to make his own existence as comfortable as possible. A Jan Vaněk served in Hašek's regiment, and has some traits in common with the figure from the novel (domicile and occupation).
 * Volunteer Marek: The character of one-year volunteer Marek is to some degree a self-portrait by the author, who was himself a one-year volunteer in the 91st. For example, Marek – like Hašek – was fired from the editorship of a natural history magazine after writing articles about imaginary animals. Marek is appointed the battalion historian by Ságner and occupies himself with devising memorable and heroic deaths in advance for his colleagues.
 * First-Class Private Vodička: A sapper friend of Švejk noted mainly for his extreme hatred of Hungarians, which leads to an unfortunate incident in Bruck an der Leitha.
 * Lieutenant Biegler (Cadet Biegler): Biegler is a young junior officer with pretensions to nobility, despite being the middle-class son of a furrier. Biegler takes his military duties so seriously that he is ridiculed even by his senior officers, and is mistakenly hospitalised as a "carrier of cholera germs" after medical staff misdiagnose (for army PR reasons) a cognac-induced hangover. Cadet Biegler also had a real-life model in the 91st regiment (Cadet Johann Biegler, later lieutenant).
 * Captain Tayrle: The brigade adjutant and a particularly disgusting example of a headquarters officer, whose interests appear to lie mainly in crude jokes and sampling of local prostitutes.
 * General Fink von Finkenstein: An aristocratic, vicious and near-insane senior Austrian officer and commander of the garrison fort of Przemyśl, Fink treats his men with extreme brutality. He almost succeeds in having Švejk executed after the latter is taken prisoner by his own side. His name and look in 1958 film is based on Prussian general Karl Fink von Finkenstein.
 * Chaplain Martinec: A chaplain plagued by drink-induced spiritual doubts, whose attempt to provide spiritual consolation to Švejk ends in disaster.
 * "Sergeant Teveles": A man in possession of a silver Military Merit Medal, purchased from a Bosnian, and claiming to be a Sergeant Teveles, who had previously disappeared along with the entire 6 March Company during fighting in Belgrade.
 * Private Baloun: A miller from Český Krumlov in civilian life, and Švejk's successor as Lukáš's batman, Baloun is a glutton and is regularly punished for stealing Lukáš's food. He eats raw dough, sausage skins, etc., when nothing else is available.

Literary significance and criticism
A number of literary critics consider The Good Soldier Švejk to be one of the first anti-war novels, predating Erich Maria Remarque's All Quiet on the Western Front. Joseph Heller said that if he had not read The Good Soldier Švejk, he would never have written his novel Catch-22.

Sue Arnold, writing in The Guardian, stated "Every harassed negotiator, every beleaguered political wife and anyone given to ever-increasing moments of melancholy at the way things are should keep a copy of Hasek's classic 'don't let the bastards get you down' novel to hand. It's anti-war, anti-establishment, anti-religion and - praise indeed - even funnier than Catch-22."

Broader cultural influence
The seeming idiocy and suspected subversion of Švejk has entered the Czech language in the form of words such as švejkovina ("švejking"), švejkovat ("to švejk"), švejkárna (situational and systemic absurdity), etc. The name has also entered the English dictionary, in the form of Schweik, "A person likened to the character of Schweik, pictured as an unlucky and simple-minded but resourceful little man oppressed by higher authorities," and the derivative forms to Schweik, Schweikism, and Schweikist.

In the British television documentary Hollywood (1979), a history of American silent films, director Frank Capra claimed the screen character of comedian Harry Langdon, which Capra helped to formulate, was partially inspired by The Good Soldier Švejk.

At Prague's NATO summit in 2002, a man dressed as the Good Soldier and using Svejk's typical crutches to support himself, appeared at an anti-alliance protest, shouting at the top of his voice: "To Baghdad, Mrs Muller, to Baghdad...", showing just how deep the character is etched on the Czech psyche.

Adaptations and sequels
Švejk is the subject of films, plays, an opera, a musical, comic books, and statues, even the theme of restaurants in a number of European countries. The novel is also the subject of an unpublished operetta by Peter Gammond. Švejk has many statues and monuments, for example, at Humenné in Slovakia; Przemyśl and Sanok in Poland; St. Petersburg, Omsk, and Bugulma in Russia and Kyiv, Lviv, and Donetsk in Ukraine. In Kraków, there is a plaque on a building where the author was imprisoned for 7 days for vagrancy by the Austrian authorities. There has been speculation that Hašek got the idea for Švejk at that time, based on one of his fellow prisoners in the jail. The first statue of Švejk in the Czech Republic was unveiled in August 2014, in the village of Putim in South Bohemia.
 * 1927–1928: Piscatorbühne, Nollendorfplatz, Berlin. The Adventures of the Good Soldier Schwejk stage play adapted from Hašek's novel by Max Brod, Hans Reimann, Erwin Piscator, Felix Gasbarra, and Bertolt Brecht, with sets by George Grosz.
 * 1935: Arthur Koestler mentions in his autobiography that in 1935 he was commissioned by Willy Münzenberg, the Comintern propagandist, to write a novel called The Good Soldier Schweik Goes to War Again. He adds that the project was cancelled by the Communist Party when half the book had been written due to what they termed the book's "pacifist errors". Writing in 1954, Koestler stated that "about a hundred pages of the manuscript survive, and are in parts quite funny, in a coarsely farcical manner". However, Koestler – by then a staunch anti-Communist – never tried to get it published.
 * 1943: Bertolt Brecht writes Schweik in the Second World War, a play which continues the adventures of Švejk into World War II.
 * 1958: Robert Kurka's The Good Soldier Schweik premieres at the New York City Opera.
 * 1965: BBC 60 minute television adaptation The Good Soldier Schweik starring Kenneth Colley, John Collin and Felix Felton.
 * 2002: Sotha of the Café de la Gare writes a play, Le Brave Soldat Chvéïk s'en va au Ciel (The Good Soldier Schweik goes to Heaven), based on novel.
 * 2008: BBC Radio 4 broadcasts a two-part radio adaptation starring Sam Kelly.
 * 2017–2018: "The Good Soldier Schwejk", a stage play, United Kingdom, written and direct by Christine Edzard, produced by Sands Films

Film

 * 1931: Martin Frič films a black-and-white comedy based on the novel, starring Saša Rašilov as Švejk.
 * 1943: It Started at Midnight, alternative title Schweik's New Adventures, directed by Karel Lamac.
 * 1955: The Czech animator Jiří Trnka adapts the novel as the animated film The Good Soldier Schweik (1955 film), consisting of three episodes, with Jan Werich starring as the narrator.
 * 1956–57: The Good Soldier Schweik (1956 film) – The most famous film adaptation. Czech film director Karel Steklý depicts the adventures of Švejk in two color films, starring Rudolf Hrušínský as the title character. It was nominated for the 1957 Crystal Globe Awards.
 * 1960: In West Germany the book was adapted to black-and-white film The Good Soldier Schweik (1960 film) starring Heinz Rühmann.
 * 1962: Velká cesta ('The Long Journey') is a Czechoslovak-Soviet black-and-white co-production film, made at Mosfilm studios in Moscow, recounting parts of Hašek's life that inspired much of The Good Soldier Švejk. It stars Josef Abraham as Jaroslav Hašek and is directed by Jurij Ozerov.
 * 1967–68: In Finland the book was adapted for television as a ten-part black-and-white series called Kunnon sotamies Švejkin seikkailuja (The Adventures of the Good Soldier Švejk), starring Matti Varjo in the eponymous role.
 * 1972: A 13-part Austrian TV series in color, Die Abenteuer des braven Soldaten Schwejk (The Adventures of the Good Soldier Schwejk), directed by Wolfgang Liebeneiner, is made and broadcast by the Austrian state TV (ORF). The title role is played by Fritz Muliar.
 * 1986: Czechoslovak puppetoon version Osudy dobrého vojáka Švejka (The Fateful Adventures of the Good Soldier Schweik) appears.
 * 2009: The Good Soldier Shweik, animated film, United Kingdom/Ukraine, written by Robert Crombie and directed by Rinat Gazizov and Manyk Depoyan.
 * 2018: The Good Soldier Schwejk (2018 film), British film, made at Sands Films, directed by Christine Edzard.

Translations
It is the most translated novel of Czech literature (58 languages in 2013). Excerpts from the first chapter, translated into German by Max Brod as Der Brave Soldat Schwejk, were published two days after Hašek's death in the Prague German language paper Prager Tagblatt on January 5, 1923. Following Max Brod's first steps toward a German translation, he introduced the book to Grete Reiner, executive editor of the anti-fascist magazine Deutsche Volkszeitung. Her translation of Švejk into German in 1926 was largely responsible for the speedy dissemination of Švejk's fame across Europe. It was one of the books burned by the National Socialists in 1933. Her translation was said to be one of Bertolt Brecht's favourite books. Reiner was murdered in Auschwitz on 9 March 1944. After the war, many other translations followed and Švejk became the most famous Czech book abroad.

Three English-language translations of Švejk have been published:

 * The Good Soldier Schweik, tr. Paul Selver, 1930.
 * The Good Soldier Švejk and His Fortunes in the World War, tr. Cecil Parrott, 1973; reprints: ISBN 0-14-018274-8.
 * The Fateful Adventures of the Good Soldier Švejk During the World War, tr. Zdeněk "Zenny" Sadloň (and Book One collaborator Emmett Joyce), in three volumes: in 1997 Book One (ISBN 1585004286) and in 2009 Book Two (ISBN 1438916701) and Book Three & Four (ISBN 1438916779).

The first English translation, by Paul Selver, was heavily abridged, reducing the novel to about two thirds of its original length. Selver's translation also bowdlerized the original text, omitting paragraphs and occasionally pages that may have seemed offensive; despite this he has been praised for preserving some of the tension in the work between Literary and Common Czech. Cecil Parrott, former British ambassador to Czechoslovakia, produced the first unabridged translation of the work. The translation by Sadloň (and Book One collaborator Joyce) is the latest, an American translation by a native Czech speaker.

title: The Good Soldier Švejk


text:
Catch-22 (disambiguation)

Catch-22 is a 1961 post-modernist satirical novel by Joseph Heller.

Catch-22 or CATCH-22 may also refer to:

Film and television

 * Catch-22 (film), the 1970 film adaptation of the novel Catch-22
 * Catch-22 (miniseries), 2019 American-British-Italian TV adaptation of the novel Catch-22
 * "Catch-22" (Lost), an episode of television series Lost

Music

 * Catch 22 (band), an American ska-punk band

Albums

 * Catch 22 (Hypocrisy album)
 * Catch 22 (Tinchy Stryder album)
 * Katch-22, side A of the Alien Sex Fiend album Curse

Songs

 * "Catch 22" (song), a song by Illy featuring Anne-Marie from Two Degrees
 * "Catch 22", a song by the Haunted from Unseen
 * "Catch-22", a song by P!nk from Missundaztood
 * "Catch 22", a 1982 song by Billy Squier from Emotions in Motion

Other uses

 * Catch-22 (logic), a type of logical conundrum illustrated by situations in the novel
 * Catch22 (charity), a UK young people's charity
 * Catch-22 (play), the 1971 Broadway adaptation of the novel
 * Catch-22 (video game), a 2012 iOS game
 * CATCH-22, a mnemonic describing symptoms of the genetic disorder 22q11.2 deletion syndrome

title: Catch-22 (disambiguation)


text:
Eduard Hanslick

Eduard Hanslick (11 September 1825 – 6 August 1904) was an Austrian music critic, aesthetician and historian. Among the leading critics of his time, he was the chief music critic of the Neue Freie Presse from 1864 until the end of his life. His best known work, the 1854 treatise Vom Musikalisch-Schönen (On the Musically Beautiful), was a landmark in the aesthetics of music and outlines much of his artistic and philosophical beliefs on music.

Hanslick was a conservative critic and championed absolute music over programmatic music for much of his career. As such, he sided with and promoted the faction of Robert Schumann and Johannes Brahms in the so-called "War of the Romantics", often deriding the works of composers such as Franz Liszt and Richard Wagner.

Life and career
Eduard Hanslick was born in Prague (then in the Austrian Empire), the son of Joseph Adolph Hanslik, a bibliographer and music teacher from a German-speaking family, and one of Hanslik's piano pupils, the daughter of a Jewish merchant from Vienna. At the age of eighteen Hanslick went to study music with Václav Tomášek, one of Prague's renowned musicians. He also studied law at Prague University and obtained a degree in that field, but his amateur study of music eventually led to writing music reviews for small town newspapers, then the Wiener Musik-Zeitung and eventually the Neue Freie Presse, where he was music critic until retirement. Whilst still a student, in 1845, he met with Richard Wagner in Marienbad; the composer, noting the young man's enthusiasm, invited him to Dresden to hear his opera Tannhäuser; here Hanslick also met with Robert Schumann.

In 1854 he published his influential book On the Beautiful in Music. By this time his interest in Wagner had begun to cool; he had written a disparaging review of the first Vienna production of Lohengrin. From this point on, Hanslick found his sympathies moving away from the so-called 'music of the Future' associated with Wagner and Franz Liszt, and more towards music he conceived as directly descending from the traditions of Mozart, Beethoven and Schumann — in particular the music of Johannes Brahms (who dedicated to him his set of waltzes opus 39 for piano duet). In 1869, in a revised edition of his essay Jewishness in Music, Wagner attacked Hanslick as 'of gracefully concealed Jewish origin', and asserted that his supposedly Jewish style of criticism was anti-German. It is sometimes claimed that Wagner caricatured Hanslick in his opera Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg as the carping critic Beckmesser (whose name was originally to be Veit Hanslich).

Hanslick's unpaid lectureship at the University of Vienna led in 1870 to a full professorship in history and aesthetic of music and later to a doctorate honoris causa. Hanslick often served on juries for musical competitions and held a post at the Austrian Ministry of Culture and fulfilled other administrative roles. He retired after writing his memoirs, but still wrote articles on the most important premieres of the day, up to his death in 1904 in Baden.

Views on music
Hanslick's tastes were conservative; in his memoirs he said that for him musical history really began with Mozart and culminated in Beethoven, Schumann and Brahms. He is best remembered today for his critical advocacy of Brahms as against the school of Wagner, an episode in 19th century music history sometimes called the War of the Romantics. The critic Richard Pohl, of the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik, represented the progressive composers of the "Music of the Future".

Being a close friend of Brahms from 1862, Hanslick possibly had some influence on Brahms's composing, often getting to hear new music before it was published. Hanslick saw Wagner's reliance on dramatics and word painting as inimical to the nature of music, which he thought to be expressive solely by virtue of its form, and not through any extra-musical associations. On the other hand, he referred to extra-musicality when he asked, "When you play Chopin's mazurkas, do you not feel the mournful and oppressive air of the Battle of Ostroleka?" (Hanslick 1848, p. 157). The theoretical framework of Hanslick's criticism is expounded in his book of 1854, Vom Musikalisch-Schönen (On the Beautiful in Music), which started as an attack on the Wagnerian aesthetic and established itself as an influential text, subsequently going through many editions and translations in several languages. Other targets for Hanslick's heavy criticism were Anton Bruckner and Hugo Wolf. Of Tchaikovsky's Violin Concerto, he accused both Tchaikovsky and the soloist, Adolph Brodsky, of putting the audience "through hell" with music "which stinks to the ear"; he was also lukewarm towards the same composer's Sixth Symphony.

Hanslick is noted as one of the first widely influential music critics. While his aesthetics and his criticism are typically considered separately, they are importantly connected. Hanslick was an outspoken opponent of the music of Liszt and Wagner, which broke down traditional musical forms as a means of communicating something extra-musical. His opposition to "the music of the future" is congruent with his aesthetics of music: the meaning of music is the form of music. It is along these lines that Hanslick became one of Brahms's champions and often pitted him against Wagner.

Works (German editions)

 * Eduard Hanslick, "Vom Musikalisch-Schönen". Leipzig 1854 (online version)
 * Eduard Hanslick, "Geschichte des Konzertwesens in Wien", 2 vol. Vienna 1869–70
 * Eduard Hanslick, "Die moderne Oper", 9 vol. Berlin 1875–1900
 * Eduard Hanslick, "Aus meinem Leben", 2 vol. Berlin 1894
 * Eduard Hanslick, "Suite. Aufsätze über Musik und Musiker". Vienna 1884

title: Eduard Hanslick