text:
Red Hand Defenders

The Red Hand Defenders (RHD) is an Ulster loyalist paramilitary group in Northern Ireland. It was formed in 1998 by loyalists who opposed the Belfast Agreement and the loyalist ceasefires. Its members were drawn mostly from the Ulster Defence Association (UDA) and Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF). The name had first been used by Red Hand Commandos dissident Frankie Curry in 1996 and he was the leading figure in what was a somewhat unstructured organization until he was killed in 1999. It is named after the Red Hand of Ulster.

The RHD emerged when it claimed responsibility for a blast bomb attack on 7 September 1998 during a loyalist protest in Portadown. Loyalists had been protesting against the decision to ban the Orange Order from marching through the town's mainly Catholic and Irish nationalist quarter (see Drumcree conflict). The attack killed a Catholic Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) officer. Since then, the RHD has claimed responsibility for killing a further ten people. It has also claimed responsibility for many pipe bomb attacks, mostly on the homes of Catholics. One of the RHD's most notable attacks was the assassination of human rights lawyer Rosemary Nelson on 15 March 1999. She had represented alleged Irish republican paramilitaries, the family of Robert Hamill, and the Garvaghy Road Residents Association. Of the eleven people the RHD claimed to have killed, nine were civilians, one was a former UDA member and one was an RUC officer.

The RHD are a Proscribed Organisation in the United Kingdom under the Terrorism Act 2000.

Links with the wider loyalist movement
It has been alleged that the name "Red Hand Defenders" is merely a covername for members of the Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF) and Ulster Defence Association (UDA) so the organizations can claim on the surface to have honoured their ceasefire agreements. Similar accusations have been made regarding the name "Orange Volunteers", another loyalist paramilitary group that emerged in 1998. Claims of responsibility by the RHD for certain attacks have overlapped with those of the Orange Volunteers. The Council on Foreign Relations indicates the membership of the RHD, LVF and Orange Volunteers likely overlap. These organizations are generally composed of young Ulster Protestant males from Northern Ireland.

McDonald (2001) characterizes the LVF and UDA ceasefire agreements as "official fiction". The LVF denies these claims, stating that its armed campaign has ended. LVF members were aware that any breach of the ceasefire could result in the return to jail for those paramilitary prisoners freed as part of the Good Friday Agreement of April 1998. This essentially served as an incentive for the groups to create a cover name. As a result, the actual existence of the RHD has consistently been called into question. Jim Cusack and Henry McDonald have argued that the RHD and the Orange Volunteers are both overseen by a Christian fundamentalist preacher they identify only as the Pastor. The Pastor, a former associate of William McGrath, John McKeague and George Seawright and a long-established British intelligence agent, is said by the authors to provide his own form of fundamentalist, anti-Catholic Protestantism to the two groups' fluid membership of young men, most of whom are also UDA or LVF members.

Ideology and modus operandi
The Red Hand Defenders use violence toward the goal of maintaining British control in Northern Ireland. Like other loyalist groups, the RHD is an adversary of Irish nationalists who seek to remove Northern Ireland from the United Kingdom and create a united Ireland. In essence, (mostly) Irish Catholic nationalists aspire to be part of the Republic of Ireland, while (mostly) Protestant unionists wish to remain united with Great Britain. The resulting long-term conflict in Northern Ireland was often referred to as "the Troubles". However, unlike the two biggest loyalist paramilitary groups—the Ulster Defence Association and Ulster Volunteer Force—the group fully opposes the peace process and peace agreements, including the Good Friday Agreement.

Their tactics include shootings, bombings and arson, with victims usually being Catholic civilians. Although the victimization of Catholics is based on their perceived politics rather than religion, the religious emphasis nonetheless exacerbates the underlying political problems. The group's civilian targets have included Catholic schools and Catholic postal workers. The weapons used by RHD members include pipe bombs, handguns and grenades. The group does not appear to receive aid from outside the UK.

Notable attacks
The RHD emerged when it claimed responsibility for a blast bomb attack on 7 September 1998 during a loyalist protest in Portadown. The loyalists had been protesting against the decision to ban the Orange Order from marching through the town's mainly Irish Catholic and Irish nationalist quarter (see Drumcree conflict). The attack killed a Catholic Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) officer. Since then, the RHD has claimed responsibility for killing a further ten people. Of the eleven people the RHD claimed to have killed, nine were civilians, one was a former UDA member and one was an RUC officer. The group admitted shooting to death a Catholic man, Brian Service, while he was walking home in North Belfast on 31 October 1998, and to an attack on a pub in West Belfast earlier that day. One of the RHD's most notable attacks was the assassination of human rights lawyer Rosemary Nelson on 15 March 1999. She had represented alleged Irish republican paramilitaries, the family of Robert Hamill, and the Garvaghy Road Residents Association. Nelson had been working with Prime Minister Tony Blair toward resolving the conflict in Northern Ireland. She had also testified in Washington, D.C. about the plight of attorneys who were subjected to harassment and threats for representing Irish nationalists. Nelson further informed that she and her family had received death threats. The killing of Nelson was a significant setback to the peace process due to a fear of the need for retaliation. Moreover, this killing was the first high-profile assassination since the 1998 Good Friday Agreement. In August 2001, the RHD claimed responsibility for an attempted pipe-bomb attack on a Sinn Féin Member of Parliament and an attempted car bomb attack at a fair shortly thereafter where streets were filled with civilians, though both plots were thwarted by police. The RHD also claimed responsibility for the murder of a journalist named Martin O’Hagan in September 2001, who was shot dead while walking home from a pub with his wife. O’Hagan had previously been threatened by Ulster Volunteer Force brigadier Billy Wright, who became the leader of the LVF and was subsequently killed in the Maze Prison. The attack may have stemmed from the journalist's report on alleged collusion between loyalist paramilitaries and security forces in Northern Ireland.

According to the U.S. Department of State, the RHD claimed responsibility for killing a total of five individuals in 2001. In 2002, the RHD claimed responsibility for the murders of a Catholic teenager and a Catholic postman (with the UDA and the Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF) also subsequently claiming responsibility for the attacks), and also bombed the home of a prison officer. On 16 January 2002, the RHD allegedly made a statement agreeing to "stand down" at the request of the UDA/UFF after threatening Catholic postal workers and teachers. The sincerity of the statement was immediately called into question. The RHD resumed its campaign a few months later with a nail-bomb attack on a well-known republican. The RHD successfully separated itself from the UDA in February 2003 with the murder of UDA member John Gregg, who had attempted to kill Sinn Féin president Gerry Adams almost 20 years before. The attack on Gregg may have stemmed from disapproval with the RHD that had been expressed by the UFF. The RHD is believed to have engaged in periodic bombings and shootings in 2003, and further claimed responsibility for an attack in September 2004.

1998

 * 5 Sep: The RHD claimed responsibility for a blast bomb attack during a riot on Charles Street, Portadown. A Catholic Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) officer was wounded and died on 6 October 1998.
 * 31 Oct: The RHD claimed responsibility for shooting dead a Catholic civilian as he walked along Alliance Avenue, Belfast.
 * 17 Dec: The RHD claimed responsibility for a blast bomb attack on a pub on Ballyganniff Road near Crumlin, County Antrim.

1999

 * 26 Jan: The RHD claimed responsibility for an attempted pipe bomb attack on the home of a Catholic family near Carrickfergus. The family lived in a mainly Protestant estate. It failed to explode.
 * 28 Jan: The RHD claimed responsibility for a pipe bomb attack on the home of a Catholic family in Dungannon.
 * 2 Feb: There was a grenade attack on St Joseph's Catholic Church in Antrim. It is believed the RHD were responsible.
 * 24 Feb: The RHD claimed responsibility for a pipe bomb attack on a house in Rosapenna Street, Belfast. The pipe bomb was found in the back garden of the house, which was beside a peace line.
 * 15 Mar: The RHD claimed responsibility for killing Catholic human rights lawyer Rosemary Nelson. A booby-trap bomb exploded under her car in Lurgan.
 * 31 Mar: The RHD claimed responsibility for an attempted pipe bomb attack on the car of a Catholic civilian in Dungannon. It failed to explode.
 * 31 Mar: The RHD claimed responsibility for an attempted pipe bomb attack on a house on Gray's Lane, Belfast. It was made safe by the British Army.
 * 19 Apr: The RHD claimed responsibility for an attempted pipe bomb attack on the home of a Catholic family on Serpentine Park, Belfast. It failed to explode.
 * 21 May: Shots were fired at a Catholic youth worker as he escorted a Protestant girl to her home on Shankill Road, Belfast. He claimed that he had been threatened by RUC officers six months earlier. He claimed the officers wanted information on IRA members otherwise he would be killed by the RHD. The RUC denied the claims.
 * 5 June: A Protestant civilian was killed in a pipe bomb attack on her home at Corcrain Drive, Portadown. It was thrown through the window and exploded as she tried to take it outside. She was married to a Catholic man and lived in a mainly Protestant area. A blast bomb also exploded at another Catholic-owned home nearby. The RHD and the LVF were blamed but the LVF denied responsibility.
 * 7 June: A pipe bomb was found and defused outside St Mary's (Catholic) primary school in Ballymena. It is believed that the RHD were responsible.
 * 4 Oct: The RHD claimed responsibility for throwing a pipe bomb at a Catholic taxi driver as he drove through the Peter's Hill area of Belfast. It failed to explode.
 * 15 Oct: The RHD claimed responsibility for planting a hoax bomb at a Catholic-owned house in north Belfast. A family member said, "It's just to try and intimidate Catholics out of the area".
 * 27 Oct: The RHD claimed responsibility for planting a pipe bomb at the home of a republican in west Belfast. It failed to explode.

2001

 * 24 Jan: The RHD claimed responsibility for firing shots at the home of prominent republican Martin Óg Meehan (son of Sinn Féin MLA Martin Meehan) in Ardoyne, Belfast. On 29 Jan it claimed responsibility for firing shots at the home of Martin Óg Meehan's brother on the same street.
 * 5 Feb: The RHD claimed responsibility for an attempted pipe bomb attack on the home of a Catholic family in Ardoyne, Belfast. The man who lived there was a former republican prisoner. It failed to explode.
 * 19 Jun: The RHD issued a death threat to husband and wife Sinn Féin councillors Breige and Martin Meehan.
 * 4 Jul: The RHD claimed responsibility for shooting dead a Catholic civilian as he waited for a lift to work in Antrim. The attack was a drive-by shooting by gunmen on a motorbike. In a call to a newspaper, a RHD spokesman said the teenager had been shot in "direct response to the Catholic people of Antrim voting in two Sinn Féin [councillors]. They are going to have to pay the price for it. God Save Ulster".
 * 20 Jul: The RHD claimed responsibility for firing shots into Ashton Community Centre in the nationalist Ardoyne area of Belfast. There were staff and children inside at the time. In a statement, the RHD said: "all nationalist people [are] hostile and legitimate targets".
 * 29 Jul: The RHD claimed responsibility for shooting dead a Protestant civilian as he stood outside St Enda's Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) club in Newtownabbey. The attack was a drive-by shooting on a group of people. Brett was hit by automatic fire as he stood with his Catholic friends.
 * 30 Jul: The RHD claimed responsibility for two pipe bombs that exploded outside the Golden Thread theatre at a community centre in north Belfast. Over 250 people were watching a youth theatre production inside. One woman was hospitalized for shock.
 * 22 Aug: The RHD claimed responsibility for a string of bomb alerts across Northern Ireland. A suspect device was found under a van in Armagh; a pipe bomb was found at a Sinn Féin office in Cookstown; a pipe bomb was found at a GAA club in Garvagh; and a pipe bomb exploded at a GAA club in Gulladuff.
 * 23 Aug: The RHD claimed responsibility for two pipe bomb attacks on the home of a Catholic family at Deerpark Parade, Belfast. It also claimed responsibility for an attempted pipe bomb attack on a GAA club in Desertmartin.
 * 28 Aug: The RHD claimed responsibility for an attempted car bomb attack in the middle of Ballycastle. Thousands of people were in the town to celebrate the yearly Auld Lammas Fair. The bomb was found by the RUC and defused by the British Army.
 * 29 Aug: The RHD claimed responsibility for two pipe bomb attacks on the home of a Catholic family in Ballynahinch. It also claimed to have left bombs at five pubs in Belfast and a pub and hotel in Ballycastle.
 * 30 Aug: The RHD claimed responsibility for shooting a man in Coalisland.
 * 5 Sep: The RHD claimed responsibility for throwing a blast bomb at a group of Catholic schoolchildren as they walked to Holy Cross Primary School on Ardoyne Road, Belfast. Local loyalists had been protesting outside the school for the past three days. Four RUC officers and a civilian were injured. The next day, it was announced that the RHD had threatened to kill the parents if they tried to bring their children to the school. See Holy Cross dispute for more information.
 * 15 Sep: The RHD claimed responsibility for firing shots at a Catholic taxi driver as he drove through Parkmount Terrace, Belfast. The shots hit the car but missed the driver.
 * 28 Sep: The RHD claimed responsibility for shooting dead Catholic journalist Martin O'Hagan as he walked near his home in Lurgan. He worked for the Sunday World newspaper. The RUC Chief Constable said he believed that it was carried-out by members of the LVF, which was then on ceasefire. O'Hagan had written stories about LVF activities and had been threatened by loyalists a number of times. The RHD statement said that he had been killed "for crimes against the loyalist people".
 * 1 Oct: The RHD claimed responsibility for planting a bomb outside the home of republican Eddie Copeland in Ardoyne, Belfast.
 * 3 Dec: The RHD claimed responsibility for shooting dead a Catholic civilian as he sat in a car on Upper Crumlin Road, Belfast.
 * 12 Dec: The RHD claimed responsibility for shooting dead former UDA member William Stobie outside his home on Forthriver Road, Belfast. It was claimed he was an informer.
 * 18 Dec: The RHD claimed responsibility for attempting to shoot a Catholic man at Brompton Park, Belfast. He ran off before the gun could be fired. He had recently been warned that his name was on a loyalist death list.

2002

 * 6 Jan: The RHD claimed responsibility for a pipe bomb attack on the home of a prison officer at Westway Park, Belfast. The man's wife and daughter were wounded. The RHD said it was in response to the alleged harassment of loyalist prisoners in Maghaberry Prison.
 * 11 Jan: The RHD issued a death threat against all teachers and staff working at Catholic schools in north Belfast.
 * 12 Jan: The RHD claimed responsibility for shooting dead a Catholic civilian as he arrived for work at a postal sorting office in Newtownabbey. It also issued a statement saying that all Catholic postal workers were now "legitimate targets". However, the UDA later admitted that its members had been involved in the killing.
 * 15 Jan: The UDA/UFF called for the RHD to stand down within fourteen days.
 * 17 Apr: The RHD claimed responsibility for shooting dead a Catholic civilian as he sat in his taxi in Donaghmore, County Tyrone.
 * 26 Apr: The RHD claimed responsibility for a nail bomb attack on the home of a Sinn Féin councillor.
 * 22 Jul: The RHD claimed responsibility for shooting dead a Catholic civilian as he walked home on Floral Road, Belfast. Earlier in the evening, a Protestant had been shot and wounded on Alliance Avenue. The RHD said the killing of Lawlor was a "measured response" to that attack. However, the UDA/UFF later admitted that its members had been involved in the killing.
 * 4 Aug: The RHD issued a death threat against Catholic workers at the Mater Hospital in Belfast and Ulster Hospital in Dundonald.
 * 20 Aug: In a statement to a newspaper, the RHD threatened that "if there is one more brick thrown by Catholics at houses in Glenbryn, every resident on the upper half of Alliance Avenue will be forcibly removed from their homes".
 * 24 Oct: The RHD claimed responsibility for throwing a pipe bomb into the back yard of a Catholic-owned home on Alliance Avenue, Belfast. It claimed the man who lived there was a "senior republican".
 * 19 Dec: The RHD claimed responsibility for throwing a pipe bomb at the home of a Catholic family in north Belfast.

2003

 * 6 Jan: The RHD claimed responsibility for planting a pipe bomb at the gates of Holy Cross Catholic Primary School in Belfast. It warned the school to shut permanently within one week.
 * 19 May: The RHD claimed responsibility for planting an explosive device outside a Republican Sinn Féin office in west Belfast. It was defused by the British Army.
 * 11 Nov: The RHD claimed responsibility for planting an explosive device outside a Catholic-owned house in north Belfast. It said it was targeting a spokesperson for the Parents of Holy Cross Primary School.

2005

 * 13 Feb: The RHD claimed responsibility for killing a Catholic civilian. He was found unconscious with head wounds on Jamaica Road, Belfast. However, it is not certain if the RHD were responsible as no code-word was given when the claim was made.

2006

 * 4 Mar: The RHD claimed responsibility for the attempted killing of a taxi driver in north Belfast. A man who got into the taxi pressed a handgun to the driver's head and pulled the trigger, but the gun jammed and he managed to flee.

2013

 * 21 May: Four men linked with the Red Hand Defenders were jailed for two years and eight months for sending death threats to a couple in County Armagh back in February and March 2011. The loyalist gang demanded £15,000 from the couple and threatened paramilitary attacks if the couple did not pay them, but were arrested shortly after receiving £5,000 from the couple in Portadown.
 * 6 September: RHD reportedly threatened attacks on Catholic schools in North Belfast.

title: Red Hand Defenders


text:
Jordi Sabater Pi

Jordi Sabater Pi (2 August 1922 – 5 August 2009) was a Spanish primatologist and worldwide specialist in ethology, the study of animal behavior. Sabater was known for describing the cultural behaviors of several species, including the use of tools by chimpanzees. During the 1960s, he purchased Snowflake, a very rare albino gorilla, and transported him to Barcelona Zoo, where he lived until his death in 2003.

Sabater Pi was born in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. He was professor of ethology at the Faculty of Psychology at the University of Barcelona and pioneered the study of animal behaviour and primatology in Spain. His line of work has been continued inside and outside the University of Barcelona by several of his disciples, such as Joaquim J. Veà Baró, Matthew Escobar Aliaga, and Montserrat Colell Mimó.

As a sign of his commitment to chimpanzees, and prompted by the finding of their proximity (both genetically and behavioural) with humans, and the threats hanging over their habitats, Sabater Pi once said that the decline in population and, in the case of some subspecies, their near extinction, was comparable to genocide among human beings. Since the initial years of the 21st century, Sabater Pi took sides in favour of the protection and conservation of primates, supporting projects such as the Proyecto Gran Simio in Spain or Fundación Mona in Girona.

A nature enthusiast, Jordi Sabater Pi was very passionate about his work. One of his pleasures was going out on expeditions to draw; he was known for producing numerous paintings which focused on animals and nature.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jordi Sabater Pi


text:
Talk:Rainbow (rock band)

Untitled
I think this page needs renaming. I could not find it. A search for "Rainbow" took me straight to a page on Rainbows (the things in the sky). I had to go to Deep Purple and backtrack. What makes this inconsistent, is that if I search for something like the work "Thunderbird", I get a page with links about cars, newsreaders and more...

 * Try to find any band that has a common word for a name. When searching for a band always include "(band)" in your search.

Anyone want to re-arrange this page so it's easier to find? I don't want to break things.... I agree with these gyus. This page sucks...try to do some better page of rainbow PLEASE.

 * There is a disambiguation page for the word Rainbow, accessible from the page Rainbow (the thing in the sky) which is indeed the first to appear when searching for Rainbow. The first page to show up should be the disambiguation page anyway, but I don't know how to modify that. But I agree this page isn't as good as it should be for a legendary band such as Rainbow. And I always thought Rainbow was a heavy metal band, not a hard rock band... am I wrong? I mean, Ronnie James Dio (and some of the other vocalists of Rainbow too) is definitely a heavy metal singer to me... --IronChris 18:17, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

Band?
Can Rainbow really be classed a band when they never had the same line-up from one year to the next? I mean why not just release the next album as Guns'n'Roses? People only know them for their one hit "Since You Been Gone" and that was written by Russ Ballard who writes for everyone. AlfredG 24jun06

Of course they can. Many bands went through numerous changes in line-up. In fact, I think the fact that the band is really called "Richie Blackmore's Rainbow" tells us it is the barinchild of Blackmore. That's no biggie though. Candy 16:23, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

'People only know them for their one hit "Since You Been Gone"...' Correction = the mainstream radio and hard rock community know them only for that one single. The heavy metal community knows them for having the lead guitarist of Deep Purple, one of heavy metal's pioneering bands. Rainbow's first three albums, along with germany's Scorpions(in their 70's era with Uli Jon Roth), would pave the way for mixing heavy metal with influences from classical music. This produced such classic as "Gates Of Babylon", "Stargazers", "Kill The King", "Man On The Silver Mountain", etc.. all sung by Ronnie James Dio, a hugely popular name in metal to this day. He would replace Ozzy Osbourne in Black Sabbath with great success, and later form solo-band Dio, which had its own share of hits in the 80s. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.56.119.37 (talk) 08:09, 6 March 2010 (UTC)

Progressive metal?
What makes Rainbow a progressive metal band? Besides, it says progressive metal in the introduction, but not in the infobox, which isn't very logical. Iron C hris |  (talk) 19:05, 8 July 2006 (UTC) Rainbow isn't progressive metal.--Neo139 03:52, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

 * No idea why they have the preposterous title "progressive metal". Blackmore's band is simply a rock band. I wouldn't even call them heavy metal at all. Candy 16:24, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

Dio - No instrument
"Although Dio never played a musical instrument on any Rainbow album, he is credited with writing and arranging the music with Blackmore in addition to writing all the lyrics himself." Doh! What's the voice but and instrument? Someone change this before I do next week. Candy 16:25, 20 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Please do not enter it. It will be removed. I haven't checked the history of the article (yet), but most people would agree that an instrument is a tangible object. Tirolion 15:48, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

(Un)Discography
Why isn't Final Vinyl mentioned in the "official" discography? Even if it's a compilation of tracks -- ie there was no specific studio date for the recordings -- there are loads of compilations that are deemed official releases. Led Zeppelin's Coda, Nirvana's Incesticide, the Dead Kennedys Give Me Convenience Or Give Me Death, et cetera, et cetera. Tirolion 15:48, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

It's listed under Live albums. I know, I did a lot of revamping on the album pages. --Vazor20X6 02:34, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

The "Down to Earth" album was also left out of the discography! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.197.213.11 (talk) 09:26, 6 December 2009 (UTC)

Incorrect picture
can someone remove the picture? this is not Rainbow but circa 1991 Deep Purple !! 82.37.36.93 17:29, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

Power Metal
Rainbow are generally considered to be one of the founders of the power metal genre, yet it isn't listed as a genre, nor is it even mentioned in the article. --E tac 07:20, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

 * No, rainbow is not generally considered to be a founder of power metal. Perhaps some people do, but most people consider it to be simply hard rock or heavy metal. When comparing Rainbow to other hard rock bands, it does share some more characteristics with power metal than they do, but these characteristics are also shared with many bands of the NWOBHM. Basically, if you call rainbow power metal, you'd have to include many NWOBHM-bands into power metal aswell. 81.235.136.245 19:33, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I am not saying that they should be listed as a straight power metal band, but that at least something about their influence on the power metal genre should be included.--E tac 20:10, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

 * There's also the fact that Rainbow is not NWOBHM. Even if they can't be unique, they can definitely be first.  They also featured Blackmore's neoclassical guitar style, focal in many power metal bands but completely lacking in NWOBHM.  ASWilson 04:32, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

There's a difference between Power Metal and just Neo Classical Metal. Power Metal has parts thrash metal in its guitar style and the subgenre starts with Manowar, end of story. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.56.119.37 (talk) 08:16, 6 March 2010 (UTC)

 * There is absolutely no way that Power Metal starts with Manowar. If you have to pick one band it's probably Helloween.  Rainbow definitely helped to create the blueprint though, along with Deep Purple, Judas Priest, Iron Maiden and Accept.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.26.169.70 (talk) 18:07, 9 August 2013 (UTC)

Listen to Stargazer, Gates of Babylon, Tarot Woman, and Kill the King. They have neo-classical guitar playing, operatic vocals, medieval lyrics, and symphonic overtones. How is it not power metal? 174.229.66.84 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 04:51, 3 February 2014 (UTC)

Street of Dreams
It says that "Street of Dreams" was banned by MTV (quoting from a bio) but MTV must have played this video 5 times a day for months in 1983. -Opalxx 22:00, 4 February 2007
 * Agreed, I had never heard of Rainbow before MTV put that video in rather heavy rotation. -- Gyrofrog (talk) 20:36, 21 January 2008 (UTC)
 * The claim does cite a reference, though I would question whether it's a reliable source. An embedded comment adjoining the references says: "This website is the Official Bio of Ritchie Blackmore (the Guitarist for Rainbow) and it states that in 1983, 'The video for the single, "Street of Dreams," would be banned from the newly-formed MTV as it visually demonstrates hypnosis'".  It might be the official website but, frankly, I think it also makes for good publicity.  (If Bill Clinton published a claim that he was the best president ever, would we take his word for it and cite it?)  I've added the  tag.  Meanwhile, another source would seem to contradict Blackmore's assertion, as it criticizes MTV for airing the video. -- Gyrofrog  (talk) 23:02, 13 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Actually, I have gone ahead and updated the article with the source I found. I left the part about it being banned on MTV, but made clear that this is Blackmore's claim. -- Gyrofrog  (talk) 23:21, 13 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Also note that the Blackmore link had been tagged with (by me, I think) until someone replaced the tag with, which wasn't really applicable. -- Gyrofrog  (talk) 23:39, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

Ritchie Blackmore's Rainbow
Well, it's the name of their first LP and also frequently used when somebody needs to be extra-specific, but why is it shown on the cover of the last LP Stranger In Us All as if it were the actual name? "Blackmore left Deep Purple in 1993 and formed a new Ritchie Blackmore's Rainbow." This would suggest something in connection with the new lineup, but the first reference, "Roy Davies, Rainbow Rising - The Story of Ritchie Blackmore's Rainbow" seems to say otherwise (doubt that they wrote a book about Rainbow 1993-97). As the name variation finds so much parallel usage, maybe it should be mentioned somehow (if official info is available)? I T A L  19:36, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

Editorial Influence?
This whole article does not entirely read like a balanced encyclopedia entry. In many places it sounds more like the views and opinions of someone with an "anti-Blackmore" axe to grind.

For example:

"In 1974, Blackmore became infuriated..."

"Blackmore fired everybody except..."

"Blackmore subsequently decided that Bain was substandard and fired him..."

"Blackmore disliked his playing so much that he fired Clarke on the spot..."

"Blackmore attempted to replace Dio with Ian Gillan, but Gillan turned him down..."

"Blackmore had instigated the sacking of Glover from Deep Purple..."

Some or all of the above may be factually accurate, but without any references to back these statements up they come across as "sour grapes" and detract from an otherwise excellent article.

I would respectfully suggest more moderate wording, and/or references or quotes to substantiate what currently comes across as being very one-sided presentation of a major historical rock influence.81.154.76.27 (talk) 11:42, 24 February 2009 (UTC)

Roger Glover joining the band
Glover was originally hired only as a producer and songwiter, because he had just had a few hits with other bands. This was when Dio was still in the band. All of this documented and can be found in several interviews, both by Dio and Glover. Check out the "Rainbow Rising: The Story of Ritchie Blackmore's Rainbow" book, for instance. Dio soon realized that he didn't belong in the new, more commercial, direction and quit. The band was still searching for a full time bass player but, after a while, Cozy Powell convinced Glover (who, in the meantime, was jamming with them as a "placeholder" while writing songs with Blackmore) that all of that didn't make any sense, and that he should join the band permanently. Please, don't change those corrections I've made. --Purple74 (talk) 14:36, 23 September 2009 (UTC)

Over The Rainbow
I think that it should be it's own page, as Blackmore owns the Rainbow name, and has no part in this new band. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Muttdog (talk • contribs) 15:36, 28 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure if they are notable enough for their own page, but if they do meet the criteria go for it. J04n(talk page) 16:12, 28 October 2009 (UTC)

I removed it. Skuld (talk) 16:55, 1 November 2009 (UTC)

Commercial Success
I'm assuming that no-one connected with this article is from the UK as the single 'I Surrender' isn't even mentioned (it is now). This was definitely their most successful single over here, only prevented from reaching the top spot by Ultravox and Joe Dolce.--Ykraps (talk) 19:12, 28 September 2010 (UTC)

JLT Rhythm Guitar
In this article Joe Lynn Turner is listed as contributing vocals and rhythm guitar. While I'm aware that he plays guitar, did he ever actually contribute guitar parts to Rainbow either live or in the studio? I've yet to see a live Rainbow performance with him on guitar, nor is he listed as a guitarist in any of Rainbow's studio albums (not to mention I can't imagine a control freak like Blackmore to allow anyone else near the six string)

Jobson
Is that true that Rainbow attempted to hire Jobson in 1977? Various sources claim it was in 1975, before Tony Carey joined the band. 1977 was a year when Jobson worked with Zappa and then left him to form UK. 92.36.99.38 (talk) 21:28, 26 August 2012 (UTC)Gregory Durnovo, 27.08.12

Genre
imho the reference genres are 1) hard rock, 2) heavy metal 3) AOR. in '81 - '83 era they got definitely into AOR, being among the pioneers of that genre. i would add AOR in the template.  --Nabi.rules (talk) 22:09, 26 October 2012 (UTC)

Requested Move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved per request. Favonian (talk) 11:17, 11 May 2013 (UTC)

Rainbow (band) → Rainbow (English band) – Incomplete disambiguation; "(band)" is ambiguous because of Rainbow (South Korean band). Powers T 22:52, 3 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Support. Since there's no claim for WP:PRIMARY since they're both subordinate to rainbow anyway, sure. Red Slash 23:55, 3 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. The current title should redirect to the disambiguation page -- 65.94.76.126 (talk) 00:05, 4 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. well spotted. In ictu oculi (talk) 01:10, 4 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:PRIMARYTOPIC and WP:TWODABS.   First, this use is clearly the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC of Rainbow (band), consistently getting 1500-2000 views per month, while Rainbow (Korean band) gets a few hundred a month.  Second,  if this move is made, what happens to  Rainbow (band)?  Does it become a redirect to Rainbow (English band) (then why move?), or a two-entry dab page, which would be contrary to WP:TWODABS? Either way, leaving this title as it is is the best solution.  --B2C 21:30, 7 May 2013 (UTC)
 * A redlinked Rainbow (band) will either be deleted or head to Rainbow (disambiguation), that's what we always do with redundant dabs. In ictu oculi (talk) 06:34, 8 May 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Move back already?
(British band) seemed weird to me, so I came to request a move. Seems you just had one. How about naming the other "band" Rainbow (girl group) and this one back? The group plays no instruments and is only referred to as a "band" twice in their entire article. This band is called that four times in the lead alone.

Separating them by where they're from rather than what they are is needlessly complex and wordy, and also misleading. Makes one think there's an actual band from another country named Rainbow. And if you search for "Rainbow (band)", you're now redirected to a page of things that unquestionably aren't bands (Edward Rainbowe didn't rock or dance a day in his life, I'll bet).

Madness, I tell ya. Who'll stop it? InedibleHulk (talk) 07:07, 24 August 2013 (UTC)

 * I spotted this one after doing some edits and suddenly noticing DPL bot complained about me linking to Rainbow (band). Now I know we shouldn't bow to systematic bias, but the South Korean band called Rainbow seems to have a lot of primary and self published sources. Mind you, the Rainbow with Ritchie Blackmore is currently languishing in C-class, which doesn't help. If I had a decent Blackmore biography, I'd take it to GA status, which would hopefully tip the argument very strongly in one direction. Oh - as for "British Band", since when have Ronnie Dio, Tony Carey, David Stone and Joe Lynn Turner been British? Ritchie333  (talk)  (cont)   11:06, 30 August 2013 (UTC)

Requested move 2

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Move to Rainbow (rock band). There is a rough consensus that the current disambiguation is off, but that just "(band)" is insufficient to distinguish the article from the one on the South Korean group. Rainbow (rock band) is the alternative with the most support. Cúchullain t/ c 03:25, 9 September 2013 (UTC)

Rainbow (British band) → Rainbow (band) – There are several bands called "Rainbow" (notable and otherwise), but I believe this version remains the most important.
 * 1) The main alternative article, Rainbow (South Korean band) suffers from puffery by citing primary sources and personal blogs. Interestingly, neither band appears particularly high in web searches.
 * 2) A search for reliable sources on "rainbow band" and "rainbow music"  returns many hits on many things, but when considering notable bands on Wikipedia, the 70s - 90s group is the only one to have any hits in the first 5 pages, vis Doogie White, Lyrics Freak, Metal Archives, AllMusic. A book search is similar -   and so is a news search ,
 * 3) A search for "what links here" in article space on this band returns 577 hits. The same on the other contender  returns 91.
 * 4) Previous RM had minimal participation, and !votes did not cite any policy beyond WP:PERNOM and WP:ILIKEIT
 * 5) Previous RM also resulted in articles now linking to disambig pages. A search for these currently brings up Riot (band), List of Hammond organ players, Stigmata (Tarot album), Mandy Lion and Jeffrey Kollman. All refer to this band.
 * 6) Current name is misleading. Although Ritchie Blackmore was born in Britain, the band was never based there, and two key members, who helped with songwriting, Ronnie James Dio and Joe Lynn Turner were American. If consensus is against this proposal, Ritchie Blackmore's Rainbow or Rainbow (rock band) might be alternatives. Ritchie333  (talk)  (cont)   12:12, 30 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose WP:NCM the proposed title is insufficiently disambiguous, as you say, there are multiple bands called "Rainbow"; this is not the primary topic of "Rainbow", so should sit at a more disambiguated title. The alternately suggested Rainbow (rock band) works for me. or Blackmore's Rainbow per the article. -- 76.65.128.222 (talk) 13:21, 30 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Support The current name may be disambiguous, but it is not natural, which is also important. Rainbow (rock band) works better for me than Blackmore's Rainbow, since it was not really known by that name for most of the band's career.--  SabreBD  (talk ) 13:53, 30 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:PDAB.  Lugnuts  Dick Laurent is dead 16:17, 30 August 2013 (UTC)
 * That policy is still under dispute. --George Ho (talk) 16:59, 30 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Move to Rainbow (1970s band)? If not, then I recommend "procedural closure" based on problems with notability of the South Korean band and nominate that article for deletion. --George Ho (talk) 16:59, 30 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Oppose per WP:PDAB. "Most important" is not a reason to leave the disambiguator ambiguous.  I do not at all understand what is the motivation behind move requests of this sort.  How is leaving out "British" in any way improving the article or the user experience of readers?  What motivates such requests?  Dicklyon (talk) 20:28, 30 August 2013 (UTC)
 * In my case, I was looking for this band, so typed in the most obvious choice and didn't go where I wanted to be. Leaving out "British" allows for more natural searching and Wikilinks. InedibleHulk (talk) 03:24, 31 August 2013 (UTC)
 * And in my case, as mentioned above, I was notified by DPL bot that Rainbow (band) was a disambig, and scratched my head wondering where the article that had sat at that location for the previous ten years had gone. Just citing WP:PDAB, a disputed guideline, isn't really enough. All that says is you might not be able to just use "(band)" or "(album)" on its own, but says nothing about when that is appropriate or not. By your logic, we should rename Nirvana (band) to Nirvana (US band) and Oasis (band) to Oasis (British band) - but we don't, because one term is multiple orders of magnitude more notable than all the others. Which is what we have here Ritchie333  (talk)  (cont)   07:29, 31 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Oppose - WP:NCM (recently restated in WP:PDAB) rules out "primary band," no benefit from ambiguating a parenthetical disambiguator. In ictu oculi (talk) 01:10, 31 August 2013 (UTC)
 * The phrase "primary band" does not appear in the text of WP:NCM. All I can see is "Use further disambiguation only when needed" (my emphasis). Ritchie333  (talk)  (cont)   07:29, 31 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Support The Korean "band" is a girl group, which may be a band by some definition, but probably not how most people use it (that article notes a distinction from all-female band). Change that one to Rainbow (girl group), and we're fine. (There's a requested move there, if anyone's interested.) InedibleHulk (talk) 03:17, 31 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Oppose per User:In ictu oculi and WP:GEOBIAS. The Korean girl group has had numerous top ten singles and albums — more than the Anglo-American band.  If there's a problem with the sources, get to work and find some better ones.  As for alternatives ot the current name, I support Rainbow (rock band) if others prefer it and oppose other titles such as Blackmore's Rainbow or Rainbow (1970s band) as both of those are largely inaccuarate.  —  AjaxSmack   00:43, 1 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Per Ajaxsmack Rainbow (rock band) sounds like the best solution here. (British band) is semi-accurate, (band) fails WP:NCM and WP:DAB, (1970s band) and (Blackmore's rainbow) are also only semi-accurate. In ictu oculi (talk) 00:56, 1 September 2013 (UTC)
 * NCM says "use further disambiguation only when needed". No need here. No matter which country the other Rainbow is from, or how many awards they win, we have a distinction between girl group and all-female band. They're a girl group, Blackmore's is a band. Bands have musicians, at least in the common usage. Calling the group a band is semi-accurate, and requires these long qualifiers. Also, wouldn't it be odd to have one Rainbow defined by its nationality, and one by its style? InedibleHulk (talk) 06:12, 1 September 2013 (UTC)
 * "The Korean girl group has had numerous top ten singles and albums — more than the Anglo-American band" - you'll need a reliable source to verify that assertion, particularly when this Allmusic source would seem to contradict it. Ritchie333  (talk)  (cont)   13:35, 2 September 2013 (UTC)
 * "You'll need a reliable source to verify that assertion". No, I won't.  I'm not adding said assertion to the article.  My source was the relevant sourced Wikipedia articles and, if you think they are wrong, you are welcome to edit them.
 * The count I got was 5 Top 10 UK albums and 3 Top 10 UK singles (No top 10s in the US) for a total of 8 Top 10s from the Anglo-American band (taken from the Rainbow discography) versus 2 Top 10 Korean albums, 1 Top 10 Japanese album, 3 Top 10 Korean EPs, 3 Top 10 Korean singles, and 3 Top 10 Japanese singles for a total of 12 Top 10s from the Korean girl group (taken from the Rainbow (South Korean band) discography). —  AjaxSmack  03:28, 3 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Comment Can we agree to at least not close this discussion till the move request at the Korean band is closed? At that time, the issue of which "band" is primary may be mooted. InedibleHulk (talk) 03:31, 3 September 2013 (UTC)
 * I don't see why. There is no such thing as "primary" for bands, we have no guideline WP:PRIMARYBAND and the idea is specifically barred by WP:NCM anyway. The reason why it is barred is evident here where (assuming Rainbow the weather phenomenon didn't exist) the hypothetical question "which band is primary" would depend on whether the wp reader is a 20-something from Asia or a 50-something from the US or Britain. Given that (band) is impossible as a dab without changing the definition en.wp uses for (band). In ictu oculi (talk) 08:01, 3 September 2013 (UTC)
 * I'll just gently throw into the mix that Blackmore's Rainbow spent a lot of time touring Japan and were commercially successful there too  so it's not just a straight question of being notable in different regions. (And, for the record, don't think I'm a particularly big fan of Blackmore just because I've got the same name as him - I think he's an asshole, though he might have mellowed in the last 20 years or so....).  Ritchie333  <sup style="color:#7F007F;">(talk)  <sup style="color:#7F007F;">(cont)   09:33, 3 September 2013 (UTC)
 * I think you misunderstand me, oculi. I mean, if the Korean group is no longer listed as a band, at that time, the question of primacy (whether or not it's a valid question) won't matter. There may be only one band named Rainbow, and one girl group (or pop group, if that's less sexist). So no need to distinguish further. If we close this one first, we might end up with (British band) for no more reason than we'd need (British rock band). InedibleHulk (talk) 10:18, 3 September 2013 (UTC)
 * And when I say "may", I mean it in a theoretical way, not an allowance way. That may help. InedibleHulk (talk) 10:21, 3 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Comment there is a related requested move at Talk: Rainbow (South Korean band) -- 70.24.244.158 (talk) 09:02, 4 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Can I just gauge consensus on the alternative Rainbow (rock band). I proposed it, and a number of others on both sides of the debate did too. Ritchie333  <sup style="color:#7F007F;">(talk)  <sup style="color:#7F007F;">(cont)   14:56, 8 September 2013 (UTC)
 * I'd still prefer just "band", but it beats "British band". InedibleHulk (talk) 15:05, 8 September 2013 (UTC)
 * The lesser evil for me.--  SabreBD  (talk ) 22:54, 8 September 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Progressive Rock and Pop Rock
Should progressive and pop rocks be added to their profile? The Dio era had a strong prog rock influence, while the Bonnet and Turner eras had a more pop rock influence. I would say yes, but who knows!?

 * Do you have any reliable sources that support those genre's ?  Mlpearc  ( open channel ) 22:15, 16 April 2015 (UTC)

Also consider whether to keep arena rock. I've removed it, since it doesn't seem like a distinctive genre. Throw any rock band into an arena, they suddenly become something else? I don't think so, but if most of us do, that's cool. InedibleHulk (talk) 17:23, 18 June 2015 (UTC)
 * I agree, its not a genre in the sense that heavy metal or hard rock are.--  SabreBD  (talk ) 17:27, 18 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Or that progressive rock is, for that matter. I'm not exactly sure how to define it, aside from "more complex than the old 4/4 verse-choruse-verse stuff". Rainbow seems to sometimes fit that shoe, and we've got a quote from Tony Carey here calling the shows around Rising "really progressive rock".
 * That album also has the genre in its infobox, for what that's worth. InedibleHulk (talk) 17:41, 18 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Well if there is a reliable source then it may be reasonable. Personally I would not define their sound as prog and they do not even seem to appear in major texts like Macan, so something that describes them in this way in general may be needed.--  SabreBD  (talk ) 18:35, 19 June 2015 (UTC)

Timeline
This revert of an earlier edit of mine was undone by, for which I thank them. I doubt that the IP editor, who never gave an explanation anyway, will come here to discuss, but I'll make my case anyway: since we already have a list of members (with years), and a chronologically organized line-up, we hardly need yet a third way to display the band members. (One could joke and say that it's just Ritchie Blackmore with a backing band, but not everyone thinks that's funny, including me.) Enough is enough--if anyone feels the need to improve the article, let them improve the article. Drmies (talk) 22:53, 10 September 2015 (UTC)

 * No timeline, please. It was first introduced here in 2010 by Aramil Meliamne when there was not the lineups-by-year section, so it made more sense then. It made a lot less sense after the lineups by year were composed.
 * I generally don't like graphic timelines, as they typically contain more date precision than the sources provide, making them into many little violations of WP:NOR and WP:V. In this case, the timeline has a big blank section in the middle, so it's silly looking. And it is not needed because the lineups by year provide the needed information in a manner that can be seen easily on mobile device screens. Binksternet (talk) 05:32, 11 September 2015 (UTC)

Mark Clarke
It is claimed both here and in his own article that Mark Clarke was a member of Rainbow for a short time in 1977, but no sources have been provided. Jah77 (talk) 10:29, 25 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Added a cite from Dio's autobiography, which should be reliable enough. <b style="color:#7F007F">Ritchie333</b> <sup style="color:#7F007F">(talk) <sup style="color:#7F007F">(cont)  14:01, 9 December 2022 (UTC)

Covers of The Temple of the King
Ritchie Blackmore's Rainbow was debut album of Rainbow. It had "The Temple of the King" song. I saw German and Spanish covers in this page. But, I didn't see Turkish one. So, I added with references. It was covered by Müslüm Gürses, was Turkish arabesque singer on his album Aşk Tesadüfleri Sever (Love likes coincidences in Turkish), released in 2006, as Affet (''Forgive in Turkish). However, my addition was unfairly deleted by User:Doctorhawkes and User:FlightTime due to it wasn't found by them according to WP:SONGCOVER and WP:IPC. I don't share their opinions and think deletion of it was big mistake. Please, you fix this injustice. For listening Turkish cover of "The Temple of the King" by Müslüm Gürses: Cemsentin1 (talk) 23:29, 7 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rainbow (rock band)


text:
Stanislav Grof

Stanislav "Stan" Grof (born July 1, 1931) is an American psychiatrist. Grof is one of the principal developers of transpersonal psychology and research into the use of non-ordinary states of consciousness for purposes of psychological healing, deep self-exploration, and obtaining growth and insights into the human psyche.

Early life and education
Stanislav Grof was born July 1, 1931 in Prague, Czechoslovak Republic. Grof received his M.D. from Charles University in Prague in 1957 and then completed his Ph.D. in medicine at the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in 1965, training as a Freudian psychoanalyst at this time.

Career
Czechoslovakia was the centre of psychedelic research behind the Iron Curtain during the 1950s and 1960s. Grof’s early research in the clinical uses of psychedelic substances was conducted at the Psychiatric Research Institute in Prague, where he was principal investigator of a program that systematically explored the heuristic and therapeutic potential of LSD and other psychedelic substances.

In 1967, he received a scholarship from the Foundations Fund for Research in Psychiatry in New Haven, Connecticut, and was invited by Joel Elkes to be a Clinical and Research Fellow at Henry Phipps Clinic, a part of Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore, United States. In 1969, he went on to become Chief of Psychiatric Research for the Spring Grove Experiment at the Research Unit of Spring Grove State Hospital (later part of the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center where he worked with Walter Pahnke. In 1969, Grof also became Assistant Professor of Psychiatry at the Johns Hopkins University.

In 1973 he was invited to the Esalen Institute in Big Sur, California, and lived there until 1987 as a Scholar-in-Residence, developing his ideas and conducting month-long workshops. In 1977, Grof was the founding president of the International Transpersonal Association, serving as president for several subsequent decades. He went on to become distinguished adjunct faculty member of the Department of Philosophy, Cosmology, and Consciousness at the California Institute of Integral Studies, a position he remained in until 2018.

In May 2020, he launched, with his wife Brigitte Grof, a new training in working with holotropic states of consciousness, the international Grof Legacy Training.

Psychedelics and breathwork
Grof's early studies were of LSD and its effects on the psyche—the field of psychedelic therapy. Building on his observations while conducting LSD research and on Otto Rank's theory of birth trauma, Grof constructed a theoretical framework regarding prenatal and perinatal psychology and transpersonal psychology. In Grof's view, LSD sessions reveal the psychopathology of an individual to reflect their experience of the stages of birth. He describes four stages: (1) embryonic peace and transpersonal connection, (2) inundation with bodily matter during fetal growth, (3) the stress of the prenatal period, and (4) the release of birth. Various neuroses are mapped to traumas at particular stages, e.g. ennui could be caused by Caesarean section, resulting in an individual feeling like they have little reason to exert effort. Suicidal ideation is explained by the deep memory of prenatal suffering being terminated by release from the womb (transposed to an escape from life itself). Chemical addiction could stem from the use of anesthesia during birth. Religious belief (e.g. identification with the crucifixion of Jesus) is also linked to birth, with reincarnation explaining transpersonal experiences.

Grof called a developed form of his theory an "expanded cartography of the human psyche". Following the suppression of legal LSD use in the early 1970s, Grof pursued this therapeutic direction without drugs, by codeveloping with his wife, Christina Grof, a combination of deep and rapid breathing, evocative music, focused bodywork, and mandala drawing. Originally termed "Holotropic Breathwork", he now uses the trademark Grof Breathwork to describe this technique.

Interplay of hylotropic and holotropic impulses in the psyche
Grof distinguishes between two modes of consciousness: the hylotropic and the holotropic. The hylotropic mode relates to "the normal, everyday experience of consensus reality". In contrast, holotropic is characteristic of non-ordinary states of consciousness such as meditative, mystical, or psychedelic experiences. According to Grof, contemporary psychiatry often categorizes these non-ordinary states as pathological. Grof connects the hylotropic to the Buddhist conception of namarupa ("name and form"), the separate, individual, illusory lower self. He connects the holotropic to the Hindu conception of Atman-Brahman.

Hypothesis on near-death experiences
In the late 1970s Grof proposed a psychological hypothesis to explain the near-death experience (NDE). According to Grof the NDE reflects memories of the birth process with the tunnel representing the birth canal. Susan Blackmore wrote that the hypothesis is "pitifully inadequate to explain the NDE. For a start the newborn infant would not see anything like a tunnel as it was being born." The psychologist Chris French has written "the experience of being born is only very superficially similar to the NDE" and the hypothesis has been refuted as it is common for those born by caesarean section to experience a tunnel during the NDE. Michael Shermer also criticized the hypothesis "there is no evidence for infantile memories of any kind. Furthermore, the birth canal does not look like a tunnel and besides the infant's head is normally down and its eyes are closed." An article in the peer-reviewed APA journal Psychology of Consciousness suggested that Grof's patients may have experienced false memories of birth and before birth.

Influence on other researchers
Grof's collaboration with Richard Tarnas began in the early 1970s, when Tarnas moved to the Esalen Institute in Big Sur to write his dissertation on psychedelic therapy under the auspices of Grof. They would eventually research a new way of understanding the timing and content of experiences encountered in holotropic states of consciousness, which Tarnas refers to as "archetypal cosmology".

Accolades
In 1993, Grof received an Honorary Award from the Association for Transpersonal Psychology for major contributions to and development of the field of transpersonal psychology, given at the occasion of the 25th Anniversary Convocation held in Asilomar, California. He also received the VISION 97 award granted by the Foundation of Dagmar and Václav Havel in Prague on October 5, 2007. In 2010, he received the Thomas R. Verny Award from the Association for Pre- and Perinatal Psychology and Health.

Documentaries
In 1962, Grof was in a short documentary about LSD called Looking for Toxin X.

Grof was featured in the film Entheogen: Awakening the Divine Within, a 2006 documentary about rediscovering an enchanted cosmos in the modern world.

The 2018 documentary Bufo Alvarius: The Underground Secret features Grof talking in detail about the effects of 5-MeO-DMT on the brain and consciousness.

In 2020, the documentary The Way of the Psychonaut was released, which explores Grof's lifework and contributions to transpersonal psychology.

Works

 * Realms of the Human Unconscious: Observations from LSD Research. New York: The Viking Press (1975).
 * The Human Encounter with Death. New York: E. P. Dutton (1977).
 * Dimensions of Dying and Rebirth. (1977).
 * LSD Psychotherapy. Hunter House (1980).
 * Beyond Death: The Gates Of Consciousness with Christina Grof. (1981).
 * East & West: Ancient Wisdom And Modern Science. (1985).
 * Beyond the Brain: Birth, Death And Transcendence In Psychotherapy. (1985).
 * Human Survival And Consciousness Evolution, edited with Marjorie L. Valier. (1988).
 * The Adventure of Self-Discovery: Dimensions of Consciousness and New Perspectives in Psychotherapy and Inner Exploration. Albany: SUNY Press (1988). ISBN 978-0887065408.
 * Spiritual Emergency: When Personal Transformation Becomes A Crisis, with Christina Grof. (1989).
 * The Stormy Search For The Self: A Guide To Personal Growth Through Transformative Crisis, with Christina Grof. (1990).
 * The Holotropic Mind: The Three levels Of Human Consciousness And How They Shape Our Lives, with Hal Zina Bennet. New York: Harper Collins (1993).
 * Books Of The Dead: Manuals For Living And Dying. (1994).
 * The Cosmic Game: Explorations Of The Frontiers Of Human Consciousness. (1998).
 * The Consciousness Revolution: A Transatlantic Dialogue, with Peter Russell and Ervin Laszlo. (1999).
 * Psychology Of The Future: Lessons From Modern Consciousness Research. (2000).
 * The Call of the Jaguar. (2002).
 * Caterpillar Dreams, with Melody Sullivan. (2004).
 * When The Impossible Happens: Adventures In Non-Ordinary Reality. (2006).
 * The Ultimate Journey: Consciousness And The Mystery Of Death. (2006).
 * LSD: Doorway to the Numinous: The Groundbreaking Psychedelic Research into Realms of the Human Unconscious. (2009).
 * ''Holotropic Breathwork: A New Approach to Self-Exploration and Therapy. (2010).
 * Healing Our Deepest Wounds: The Holotropic Paradigm Shift. (2012).
 * Modern Consciousness Research and the Understanding of Art: Including the Visionary World of H. R. Giger. Santa Cruz: Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (2015). ISBN 9780979862298.
 * The Way of the Psychonaut: Encyclopedia for Inner Journeys (Volume One). Santa Cruz; Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (2019). ISBN 9780998276595.
 * The Way of the Psychonaut: Encyclopedia for Inner Journeys (Volume Two). Santa Cruz: Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (2019). ISBN 9780998276557.
 * The Experience of Death and Dying: Psychological, Philosophical, and Spiritual Aspects. Spirituality Studies 1 (2): 3-31 (2015).
 * Ken Wilber’s Spectrum Psychology: Observations from Clinical Research. Spirituality Studies 2 (2): 2-19 (2016).
 * Psychology for the Future: Lessons form Modern Consciousness Research. Spirituality Studies 2 (1): 3-36 (2016).

title: Stanislav Grof


text:
Berechiah ha-Nakdan

Berechiah ben Natronai Krespia ha-Nakdan (ברכיה בן נטרונאי הנקדן; fl. 12th–13th century) was a Jewish exegete, ethical writer, grammarian, translator, poet, and philosopher. His best-known works are Mishlè Shu'alim ("Fox Fables") and Sefer ha-Ḥibbur (The Book of Compilation).

Biography
Little is known for certain about Berechiah's life and much discussion has taken place concerning his date and native country. He is thought to have lived sometime in the 12th or 13th century, and is likely to have lived in Normandy and England, with some placing him about 1260 in Provence. It is possible that he was a descendant of Jewish scholars of Babylonia. He also knew foreign languages and translated and adapted several books into Hebrew.

Berechiah's appellation ha-Nakdan ("the punctuator") suggests that Berechiah punctuated Hebrew books. Hermann Gollancz, on the other hand, conjectured that he had a brother, a French Tosaphist, called Samuel ha-Nakdan who is mentioned for the year 1175 and that Berechiah was not so much a punctuator of the Bible himself but hailed from a family of Nakdanim.

Joseph Jacobs argued that Berechiah lived in England toward the end of the 12th century. This was confirmed by Adolf Neubauer's discovery that, in the preface to his fables, Berechiah mentions the "turning of the wheels of fate to the island of the sea (England) for one to die and the other to live," a reference to the English massacres of 1190. There is evidence that he was the same person as the Benedictus le Puncteur mentioned in a late-twelfth century Oxford document who presented a gift to Richard I in 1194, as Berechiah means "blessed" (benedictus) and ha-Nakdan means "the punctuator" (le puncteur).

Berechiah's son, Elijah, who lived in Dreux, was a copyist and grammarian. In those of his texts which have survived he expresses his feeling of honour at his father's respected position and refers to him as a "tanna and pedant."

Fox Fables
Berechiah is known chiefly as the author of Mishle Shu'alim (משלי שועלים, 'Fox Fables'), a set of over a hundred fables in rhymed prose, some of his own invention and some reworked from Aesop's Fables, the Talmud, and Eastern sources. Most were probably translated from the French fable collection Ysopet by Marie de France (though uncertainties about the exact dates of both authors preclude any final decision about which of them was the source for the other). Other likely sources include the Latin translations of Aesop by Romulus and Avianus and of the Panchatantra. Berechiah's work adds a layer of Biblical quotations and allusions to Aesop's tales, adapting them as a way to teach Jewish ethics.

The following fable (entitled The Wolf and the Animals) is one paralleled by Marie de France (no. 73), and derives from an Eastern source, probably the Vaka Jataka:

"The Wolf, the Lion's prince and peer, as the foe of all flesh did appear; greedy and grinding, he consumed all he was finding. Birds and beasts, wild and tame, by their families urged to the same, brought against him before the Lion an accusation, as a monster worthy of detestation. Said His Majesty, 'If he uses his teeth as you say, and causes scandal in this terrible way, I'll punish him in such a way as to save his neck, if I may, and yet prevent you becoming his prey.' Said Lion to Wolf, 'Attend me to-morrow, see that you come, or you'll come to much sorrow.' He came, sure enough, and the Lion spoke to him harsh and rough. 'What by doing this do you mean? Never more raven the living, or live by ravening. What you shall eat shall be only dead meat. The living you shall neither trap nor hunt. And that you may my words obey, swear me that you'll eat no flesh for two years from to-day, to atone for your sins, testified and seen: 'tis my judgment, you had better fulfil it, I ween.' Thereat the Wolf swore right away no flesh to eat for two years from that day. Off went Sir Wolf on his way, King Lion stopped at court on his throne so gay. Nothing that's fleshy for some time did our Wolf eat, for like a gentleman he knew how his word to keep. But then came a day when he was a hungered and he looked hither and thither for meat, and lo, a fat sheep fair to look on and goodly to eat (Gen. iii. 6). Then to himself he said, 'Who can keep every law?' and his thoughts were bewildered with what he saw. He said to himself, 'It overcomes me the longing to eat, for two yearsday by day must I fast from meat. This is my oath to the king that I swore, but I've thought how to fulfil it as never before. Three sixty-five are the days in a year. Night is when you close your eyes; open them, then the day is near.' His eyes he opened and closed straightway. It was evening and it was morning, one day (Gen. i. 6). Thus he winked until he had numbered two years, and his greed returned and his sin disappears. His eyes fix the goat (sic) they had seen and he said, 'See beforehand I have atoned for my sin,' and he seized the neck of the goat, broke it to pieces, and filled up his throat as he was wont to do before, and as of yore his hand was stretched out to the beasts, his peers, as it had been in former days and years."

Manuscripts exist at the Bodleian and Munich Libraries (written before 1268). The first published edition appeared in Mantua in 1557; another with a Latin version by M. Hanel followed from Prague in 1661. An English translation titled Fables of a Jewish Aesop appeared in 1967 and has since been republished.

Other works
Sefer ha-Ḥibbur (ספר החיבור) is Berechiah's best-known philosophical work, wherein he develops on the works of Saadia Gaon, Bahya ibn Pakuda, and Solomon ibn Gabirol. Berechiah was also the author of an ethical treatise entitled Sefer Matzref, divided into thirteen chapters. In it he quotes Rabbi Abraham ibn Daud (died c. 1198) without the formula for the dead, so that it is quite probable that the book was composed before 1180. In these essays he invented several Hebrew terms for philosophical concepts.

In addition to these, Berechiah wrote a commentary on the Book of Job. He was acquainted with most of the grammarians of the 11th and 12th centuries, and his "Uncle Benjamin," whom he quotes, has been identified with Benjamin of Canterbury.

Berechiah was also a translator, his version being extant of Adelard of Bath's Quæstiones Naturales, entitled Dodi ve-Nekhdi or Ha-She'elot. He also wrote Ko'aḥ Avanim, a translation-adaption of a Latin lapidary containing a description of sixty-three species of stones and their magical properties. Besides these works, Berechiah is also said by Zunz to have contributed to the Tosafot, and, as his name implies, was probably an expert in Hebrew grammar, for which reason he is quoted by Moses ben Issac ha-Nessiah of London, in his Sefer ha-Shoham. As this work was probably written before 1215, these references confirm the date and place suggested above.

title: Berechiah ha-Nakdan


text:
Assemble

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title: Assemble