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Luxembourg Airport

Luxembourg Airport is the main airport in Luxembourg. Previously called Luxembourg Findel Airport due to its location at Findel, it is Luxembourg's only international airport and is the only airport in the country with a paved runway. It is located 3.25 NM east of Luxembourg City. In 2019, it handled 4.4 million passengers. It is a major cargo airport, ranking as Europe's fifth-busiest by cargo tonnage and the world's 28th-busiest in 2010. Luxair, Luxembourg's international airline, and cargo airline Cargolux have their head offices on the airport property.

Early years
The airport was originally known as "Sandweiler Airport", and was opened in the 1930s as a small grass airfield with a relatively short, 3400 ft runway.

World War II
Neutral Luxembourg was invaded by Germany on 10 May 1940, and on 21 May the Luftwaffe assigned Jagdgeschwader 53 (JG 53), a Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter unit, to the airport. JG 53 was engaged in combat against the French and British Expeditionary Force in France during the Battle of France in May and June. In addition, Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52) operated Bf 109s from Sandweiler during the Blitzkrieg. JG 52 moved into France on 29 May but JG 53 remained in Luxembourg until 18 August when it moved closer to the English Channel to take part in the Battle of Britain.

Sandweiler Airport then remained unused by the Luftwaffe until September 1944, when Aufklärungsgruppe 123 (AKG 123), a reconnaissance unit which flew the Henschel Hs 126, a two-seat reconnaissance and observation aircraft, was assigned to the airport. AKG 123 moved east into Germany after only a few days when the United States Army moved through Luxembourg and cleared the country of the occupying German forces.

Allied use
United States Army combat engineers arrived at Sandweiler in mid September 1944 and performed some minor reconstruction to prepare the airfield for Ninth Air Force combat aircraft. The airfield was designated as Advanced Landing Ground "A-97" Sandweiler and was opened on 18 September 1944. The Ninth Air Force 363d Tactical Reconnaissance Group operated a variety of photo-reconnaissance aircraft until 29 October 1944 when they also moved east into Germany.

Sandweiler Airport was used by the Americans for the rest of the war as a transport supply airfield and also to evacuate combat casualties to the UK. It was returned to Luxembourgish control on 15 August 1945.

Present
During the late 1960s and 1970s, Icelandair used Findel Airport as their European hub, connecting cities in North America with Europe at Luxembourg. In March 1999, Luxair launched direct flights to Newark using a Boeing 767. The service lasted seven months. In 2002, TAROM routed its flight from Bucharest to New York through Luxembourg in an attempt to increase the number of passengers.

Luxembourg Airport has constructed a high-security zone far away from most airport activities in order to attract the business of transporting valuable goods such as art and jewels. According to Hiscox, there is a "massive demand" for such a hub for precious cargo. Planes taxi away from main airport facilities before loading.

In 2015, the airline with the largest share of the airport's total passenger volume was still Luxair with 1.69 million passengers at a 63% share. Luxembourg Airport was closed to all passenger traffic for a week from 23 March to 29 March 2020 as a public health measure during the COVID-19 pandemic. In December 2023, China Southern Airlines began service to Zhengzhou.

Terminal A
Built in 1975, the building was the only terminal of the airport for 30 years, until terminal B opened in 2004. The terminal was getting overcrowded especially during the summer period, and only contained four shops, a post office and a restaurant. The terminal started to be demolished at the end of 2011 and was complete by March 2012; this was to make way for a footbridge connecting terminal B to the new terminal A. Construction of the new Terminal A started in 2005 and it was inaugurated in May 2008.

Terminal B
Terminal B opened in 2004. The building is unique as it only has gates and no check-in counters or arrivals hall. It was built for small planes with a maximum capacity of 50 people. It can handle up to 600,000 passengers a year. The Terminal reopened in the summer of 2017 after some arrangements to handle aircraft with a capacity of up to 110 passengers and a total of 1 million passengers annually.

Passenger
The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights at Luxembourg Airport:

Ground transportation
The airport can be reached via autoroute A1 (Luxembourg City - Trier) and is also connected with the surrounding areas by public bus transport route 29 and 223, which also reaches Luxembourg railway station, and bus route 6 and 16, as well as by a cross-border coach service to nearby Trier in Germany. It is planned that a tram line will reach the airport at the beginning of 2025.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 22 December 1969, Vickers Viscount LX-LGC of Luxair was damaged beyond economic repair when it ran off the runway and the nose wheel collapsed.
 * On 29 September 1982, Aeroflot Flight 343 ran off the runway on landing.
 * On 6 November 2002, Luxair Flight 9642, Fokker 50 (registration LX-LGB) from Berlin, Germany crashed in a field near the village of Niederanven during its final approach. 20 passengers and crew were killed.
 * On 21 January 2010, Cargolux Flight 7933, a Boeing 747-4R7F flying from Hong Kong to Luxembourg via Azerbaijan and Spain, collided with a van while attempting to land on runway 24. The aircraft suffered minor damage while the van sustained substantial damage with the driver only sustaining minor injuries. A subsequent investigation determined that errors from air traffic control caused both vehicles to be on a collision course.

 * On April 15, 2023, a Cargolux Boeing 747-400 registered as LX-ECV, suffered damage after a hard landing during a flight from Dubai's Al Maktoum International Airport. The airplane landed hard on its left wing, then did a go-around before landing, with damage to their number 2, or left wing's inner, engine. No one was injured in the incident.
 * In May 2023, another Cargolux Boeing 747 crash landed at the airport a short while after taking off; the landing gear would not retract after take off and the decision was made to land the aircraft. The main landing gear separated from the aircraft during landing.

Claims of language discrimination
In 2021, it was announced that public announcements in Luxembourgish (and in German as well) at Luxembourg Airport would cease after many decades of use; it would only be using French and English for future public announcements. Actioun Lëtzebuergesch declared itself to be hugely upset by this new governmental measure, citing that other airports in the world seem to have no problems making public announcements in multiple languages; according to a poll conducted by AL, 92.84% of people in Luxembourg wished to have public announcements to be made in Luxembourgish at Luxembourg Airport.

All written signs at Luxembourg Airport are only in French and English. This non-use of Luxembourgish and German (two official languages of Luxembourg) have fueled claims of linguistic discrimination, some pointing out that other airports seem to have no difficulties using up to 4 different languages in written signs. (Palma de Mallorca Airport for example uses Catalan, English, Spanish and German, the latter not even being an official language of the country)

title: Luxembourg Airport


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Mississippi Delta

The Mississippi Delta, also known as the Yazoo–Mississippi Delta, or simply the Delta, is the distinctive northwest section of the U.S. state of Mississippi (and portions of Arkansas and Louisiana) that lies between the Mississippi and Yazoo rivers. The region has been called "The Most Southern Place on Earth" ("Southern" in the sense of "characteristic of its region, the American South"), because of its unique racial, cultural, and economic history.

The Delta is 200 mi long and 87 mi across at its widest point, encompassing about 4415000 acre, or, almost 7,000 square miles of alluvial floodplain. Originally covered in hardwood forest across the bottomlands, it was developed as one of the richest cotton-growing areas in the nation before the American Civil War (1861–1865). The region attracted many speculators who developed land along the riverfronts for cotton plantations; they became wealthy planters dependent on the labor of people they enslaved, who composed the vast majority of the population in these counties well before the Civil War, often twice the number of whites.

As the riverfront areas were developed first and railroads were slow to be constructed, most of the bottomlands in the Delta were undeveloped, even after the Civil War. Both Black and White migrants flowed into Mississippi, using their labor to clear land and sell timber in order to buy land. By the end of the 19th century, Black farmers made up two-thirds of the independent farmers in the Mississippi Delta.

In 1890, the white-dominated state legislature passed a new state constitution effectively disenfranchising most blacks in the state. In the next three decades, most blacks lost their lands due to tight credit and political oppression. African Americans had to resort to sharecropping and tenant farming to survive. Their political exclusion was maintained by the whites until after the gains of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s.

The majority of residents in several counties in the region are still Black, although more than 400,000 African Americans left the state during the Great Migration in the first half of the 20th century, moving to Northeastern, Midwestern, and Western industrial cities.

As the agricultural economy does not support many jobs or businesses, the region has attempted to diversify. Lumbering is important and new crops such as soybeans have been cultivated in the area by the largest industrial farmers.

At times, the region has suffered heavy flooding from the Mississippi River, notably in 1927 and 2011.

Geography
Despite the name, this region is not the delta of the Mississippi River. The shifting river delta at the mouth of the Mississippi on the Gulf Coast lies some 300 miles south of this area, and is referred to as the Mississippi River Delta. Rather, the Mississippi Delta is part of an alluvial plain, created by regular flooding of the Mississippi and Yazoo rivers over thousands of years. The climate is humid subtropical, with short mild winters, and long, hot and wet summers.

The land is flat and contains some of the most fertile soil in the world. It is two hundred miles long and seventy miles across at its widest point, encompassing approximately 4,415,000 acres, or, some 7,000 square miles of alluvial floodplain. On the east, it is bounded by bluffs extending beyond the Yazoo River.

The Delta includes all or part of the following counties: Washington, Western DeSoto, Humphreys, Carroll, Issaquena, Western Panola, Quitman, Bolivar, Coahoma, Leflore, Sunflower, Sharkey, Tate, Tunica, Tallahatchie, Western Holmes, Western Yazoo, Western Grenada, and Warren.

Demographics
In the 21st century, about one-third of Mississippi's African American population resides in the Delta, which has many black-majority state legislative districts. Much of the Delta is included in Mississippi's 2nd congressional district, represented by Democrat Bennie Thompson.

Chinese immigrants began settling in Bolivar County and other Delta counties as plantation workers in the 1870s, though most Delta Chinese families migrated to the state between the 1900s and 1930s. Most of these immigrants worked to leave the fields, becoming merchants in the small rural towns. As these have declined, along with other Delta residents ethnic Chinese have moved to cities or other states. Their descendants represent most of the ethnic Asian residents of the Delta recorded in censuses. While many descendants of the Delta Chinese have left the Delta, their population has increased in the state.

The Mississippi Delta received waves of immigration from three areas which have provided many of America's immigrants: China, Mexico, and Italy. The Italians of the Mississippi Delta brought with them elements of Italian cuisine to the region, and possibly most importantly, elements of Southern Italian music such as the mandolin, which became a part of the music of the Mississippi Delta Blues. Mexican immigrants to the Mississippi Delta greatly influenced the cuisine of the Mississippi Delta, leading to the development of one of the Deltas most famous culinary inventions, the Delta-style tamale, also known as the hot tamale.

Plantations
For more than two centuries, agriculture has been the mainstay of the Delta economy. Sugar cane and rice were introduced to the region by European settlers from the Caribbean in the 18th century. Sugar and rice production were centered in southern Louisiana, and later in the Arkansas Delta.

Early agriculture also included limited tobacco production in the Natchez area and indigo in the lower Mississippi. French yeomen settlers, supported by extensive families, had begun the back-breaking process of clearing the land to establish farms. European settlers in the region attempted to enslave local Native Americans for labor, though this proved unsuccessful as they frequently escaped. By the 18th century, the settlers had switched to importing enslaved Africans instead as a source of labor. In the early years of European colonization, enslaved African laborers brought critical knowledge and techniques for the cultivation and processing of both rice and indigo. Hundreds of thousands of Africans were captured, sold and transported as slaves from West Africa to North America.

The invention of the cotton gin in the late 18th century made profitable the cultivation of short-staple cotton. This type could not be grown in the upland areas of the South, leading to the rapid development of King Cotton throughout what became known as the Deep South. The demand for labor drove the domestic slave trade, and more than one million African American slaves were forced by sales into the South, taken in a forced migration from families in the Upper South. After continued European-American settlement in the area, Congressional passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 extinguished Native American claims to these lands.

The Five Civilized Tribes and others were mostly removed west of the Mississippi River, and European-American settlement expanded at a rapid rate in Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas. In the areas of greatest cotton cultivation, whites were far outnumbered by their slaves.

Many slaves were transported to Delta towns by riverboat from slave markets in New Orleans, which became the fourth largest city in the country by 1840. Other slaves were transported downriver from slave markets at Memphis and Louisville. Still others were transported by sea in the coastwise slave trade. By this time, slavery had long been established as a racial caste. African Americans for generations worked the commodity plantations, which they made extremely profitable. In the opinion of Jefferson Davis, typical of that of Mississippian whites of his day, Africans being held in slavery reflected the will of Providence, as it led to their Christianizing and to the improvement of their condition, compared to what it would have been had they remained in Africa. According to Davis, the Africans "increased from a few unprofitable savages to millions of efficient Christian laborers."

By the early 19th century, cotton had become the Delta's premier crop, for which there was high international demand. Mills in New England and New York also demanded cotton for their industry, and New York City was closely tied to the cotton trade. Many southern planters traveled so frequently there for business that they had favorite hotels. From 1822 cotton-related exports comprised half of all exports from the port of New York City. In 1861 Democratic mayor Fernando Wood called for secession of New York City because of its close business ties to the South. Eventually the city joined the state in supporting the war, but immigrants resented having to fight when the wealthy could buy their way out of military service.

Comparing cotton's preeminence then to that of oil today, Historian Sven Beckert called the Delta "a kind of Saudi Arabia of the early nineteenth century."

Demand for cotton remained high until well after the American Civil War, even in an era of falling cotton prices. Though cotton planters believed that the alluvial soils of the region would always renew, the agricultural boom from the 1830s to the late 1850s caused extensive soil exhaustion and erosion. Lacking agricultural knowledge, planters continued to raise cotton the same way after the Civil War.

Plantations before the war were generally developed on ridges near the rivers, which were used for transportation of products to market. Most of the territory of Mississippi was still considered wilderness, needing substantial new population. These areas were covered in a heavy dense growth of trees, bushes and vines.

Following the Civil War, 90 percent of the bottomlands in Mississippi were still undeveloped. The state attracted thousands of migrants to its frontier. They could trade their labor in clearing the land to eventually purchase it from their sale of lumber. Tens of thousands of new settlers, both Black and White, were drawn to the area. By the end of the century, two-thirds of the independent farmers in the Mississippi Delta were Black. But, the extended low price of cotton had caused many to go deeply into debt, and gradually they had to sell off their lands, as they had a harder time getting credit than did White farmers. From 1910 to 1920, the first and second generations of African Americans after slavery lost their stake in the land. They had to resort to sharecropping and tenant farming to survive.

Sharecropping and tenant farming replaced the slave-dependent plantation system. African American families retained some autonomy, rather than working on gangs of laborers. As many were illiterate, they were often taken advantage of by the planters' accounting. The number of lynchings of Black men rose in the region at the time of settling accounts, and researchers have also found a correlation of lynchings to years that were poor economically for the region.

The sharecropping and tenant system, with each family making its own decisions, inhibited the use of progressive agricultural techniques in the region. In the late 19th century, the clearing and drainage of wetlands, especially in Arkansas and the Missouri Bootheel, increased lands available for tenant farming and sharecropping.

Planters needed workers and recruited Italians and Chinese workers in the 19th century to satisfy demand. They quickly moved out of field labor, saving money as communities in order to establish themselves as merchants, often in the small rural towns.

Mechanization and migration
During the 1920s and 1930s, in the aftermath of the increasing mechanization of Delta farms that reduced the need for labor, displaced whites and African Americans began to leave the land and move to towns and cities. Tens of thousands of Black laborers left the Jim Crow south for better opportunities in the Northeast and Midwest in the Great Migration, settling in cities such as St. Louis, Chicago, Cleveland, and New York City. It was not until the Great Depression years of the 1930s and later that large-scale farm mechanization came to the region. The mechanization of agriculture and the availability of domestic work outside the Delta spurred the migration of Delta residents from the region. Farming was unable to absorb the available labor force, and entire families moved together, many going north on the railroad to Chicago. People from the same towns often settled near each other.

The view that mechanization sparked the Great Migration—both Black and White—has been challenged by two of the most prominent recent chroniclers of the event. Isabel Wilkerson characterizes the migration as a flight for freedom from the political terror of lynchings and the hardening of Jim Crow restrictions on Black freedom: "They did what human beings looking for freedom, throughout history, have often done. They left."

Nicholas Lemann notes the onset of the Great Migration coincided with the passage of immigration restrictions that throttled the supply of immigrants who had been willing to take the worst of the jobs of the industrial North, which was relatively free of the suffocating breadth of Jim Crow. Further, Lemann wrote, "it was undeniable that the economic opportunity [in the North] was vastly greater; that moment in the Black rural South was one of the few in American history when virtually every member of a large class of people was guaranteed an immediate quadrupling of income, at least, by simply relocating to a place that was only a long day’s journey away."

In this view, Southern Blacks were the agents of the Great Migration and not passive objects. Instead, they actively fled oppression and sought freedom, especially in the years between World War I and World War II. A slow mechanization of Delta agriculture during the first phase of the Great Migration was the effect of the migration of a workforce, not its cause. It was not until the mid 1940s that the doctrine of White supremacy demanded that Blacks be displaced. By that time, Lemann writes, Delta Whites feared socio-political changes that might be forced on the Delta by the Roosevelt Democratic coalition and the pressure of returning WWII veterans; the Delta was three-quarters Black, so their voting potential was huge. As Delta native Aaron Henry, who was born in 1922, put it, "They wished we’d go back to Africa, but Chicago was close enough."

From the late 1930s through the 1950s, the Delta enjoyed an agriculture boom, as wartime needs followed by reconstruction in Europe and Japan expanded the demand for the Delta region's farm products. As the mechanization of agriculture continued, women left fieldwork and went into service work, while the men drove tractors and worked on the farms. From the 1960s through the 1990s, thousands of small farms and dwellings in the Delta region were absorbed by large corporate-owned agribusinesses, and the smallest Delta communities have stagnated. One company that served the agricultural industry in the region was an aerial crop dusting service that eventually became Delta Air Lines, which is currently a major U.S. based passenger air carrier.

Since the late 20th century, lower Delta agriculture has increasingly been dominated by families and nonresident corporate entities that hold large landholdings. Their operations are heavily mechanized with low labor costs. Such farm entities are capital-intensive, where hundreds and thousands of acres are used to produce market-driven crops such as cotton, sugar, rice, and soybeans.

Diversification
Remnants of the region's agrarian heritage are scattered along the highways and byways of the lower Delta. Larger communities have survived by fostering economic development in education, government, and medicine. Other endeavors such as catfish, poultry, rice, corn, and soybean farming have assumed greater importance. Today, the monetary value of these crops rivals that of cotton production in the lower Delta. Shifts away from the river as a main transportation and trading route to railroads and, more significantly, highways, have left the river cities struggling for new roles and businesses.

Due to the growth of the automobile industry in the South, many parts suppliers have opened facilities in the Delta (as well as on the Arkansas Delta side of the Mississippi River, another area of high poverty). The 1990s state legalization of casino gambling in Mississippi has boosted the Delta's economy, particularly in the areas of Tunica and Vicksburg.

A large cultural influence in the region is its history of hunting and fishing. Hunting in the Delta is primarily for game such as whitetail deer, wild turkey, and waterfowl, along with many small game species (squirrel, rabbit, dove, quail, raccoon, etc.) For many years, the hunting and fishing have also attracted visitors in the regional tourism economy. The Delta is one of the top waterfowl destinations in the world because it is in the middle of the Mississippi Flyway (the largest of all the migratory bird routes in America).

Political environment
Delta politics was dominated by Democrats during the post-Civil War era, though areas of resistance from blacks and whites remained throughout the era. Some of these Southern Democrats resorted to using fraud, violence, and intimidation to regain control of the state legislature in the late 19th century. Civic groups such as the Red Shirts in Mississippi were active against Republicans and blacks, sometimes using violence to suppress their voting for state candidates. But many blacks continued to be elected to local offices, and there was a biracial coalition between Republicans and Populists that briefly gained state power in the late 1880s.

To prevent this from happening again, in 1890 the Mississippi state legislature passed a new constitution which effectively disenfranchised most blacks by use of such devices as poll taxes, literacy tests and grandfather clauses, which withstood court challenges. If one method was overturned by the courts, the state would come up with another to continue exclusion of blacks from the political system. Unable to vote, they could not participate on juries. The state passed legislation to impose racial segregation and other aspects of Jim Crow.

This system of oppression was maintained with violence and economic boycotts into the years of increasing activism for civil rights, as blacks worked to regain their constitutional rights as citizens. The Delta counties were sites of fierce and violent resistance to change, with blacks murdered for trying to register to vote or to use public facilities. African Americans were not able to exercise their constitutional rights again until well after their successes in the Civil Rights Movement and gaining passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Music
The Delta is strongly associated as the place where several genres of popular music originated, including Delta blues and rock and roll. The mostly Black sharecroppers and tenant farmers had lives marked by poverty and hardship but they expressed their struggles in music that became the beat, rhythm and songs of cities and a nation.

Gussow (2010) examines the conflict between blues musicians and Black ministers in the region between 1920 and 1942. The ministers condemned blues music as "devil's music". In response, some blues musicians satirized preachers in their music, as for example in the song, "He Calls That Religion", by the blues group Mississippi Sheiks. The lyrics accused Black ministers of engaging in and fomenting sinful behavior. The Black residents were poor, and the musicians and ministers competed for their money. The Great Migration to northern cities, beginning before World War I, seriously depleted Black communities and churches, but the musicians sparked off each other in the industrial cities, with blues in Chicago and St. Louis.

Festivals
Following is a list of various festivals in the Delta:

 * February:
 * Mississippi River Marathon (Greenville)
 * Stafford's Lawn Mower Mardi Gras Parade (Drew)

 * March:
 * Italian Festival of Mississippi (Cleveland)

 * April:
 * Rivergate Festival (Tunica)
 * World Catfish Festival (Belzoni)
 * Leland Crawfish Festival (Leland)
 * Crosstie Arts & Jazz Festival (Cleveland)
 * Juke Joint Festival (Clarksdale)
 * Riverfest (Vicksburg)
 * Dragon Boat Festival (Greenville)

 * May:
 * Deep Delta Festival (Rolling Fork)
 * River to the Rails Festival (Greenwood)
 * Mainstream Arts & Crafts Festival (Greenville)
 * Summerfest (Hollandale)
 * Showfest (Tunica) As of 2010
 * Webb Day Festival (Webb)

 * June:
 * B.B. King Homecoming Festival (Indianola)
 * Highway 61 Blues Festival (Leland)
 * Delta Jubilee (Clarksdale)

 * July:
 * First Friday Jazz Festival (Greenville)

 * August:
 * Sunflower River Blues Festival (Clarksdale)

 * September:
 * September Festival (Mound Bayou)
 * Delta Air and Balloon Festival (Greenwood)
 * Mississippi Delta Blues and Heritage Festival (Greenville)
 * Charleston Day Reunion (Charleston)
 * Gateway To The Delta Festival (Charleston)
 * Delta State University Pig Pickin' (Cleveland)

 * October:
 * Great Delta Bear Affair
 * Octoberfest (Cleveland)
 * The Great Ruleville Roast
 * The King Biscuit Blues Festival (Helena, AR)
 * Frog Fest (Leland)
 * Mighty Mississippi Music Festival (Greenville)
 * Delta Hot Tamale Festival (Greenville)
 * Delta Fest (Shaw)
 * Delta Wings Festival and MS State Duck Calling & Duck Gumbo Championships (Drew)

 * November:
 * Electroacoustic Juke Joint (Cleveland)

 * December:
 * Roy Martin Delta Band Festival (Greenwood)

Food
Hot tamales are a Delta-endemic derivation of the tamale. It is up for debate as to their origins, but it is strongly suggested they arrived in the Delta with migrant Mexican laborers in the early twentieth century and are attested to around that time period in blues music centering around the dish. While their most common filling is pork they differ from the traditional tamale in that they are made from corn meal rather than masa and boiled rather than steamed. Today the dish is associated mainly with African American chefs despite originating from different cultural foodways.

Fried Catfish is a staple of the Mississippi Delta. There exist a number of catfish farms throughout the region which supply fresh and local fish to kitchens across the Delta. The meal consists of catfish filets which are breaded and fried. Many sides exist for the dish and are nonessential. One such side, hushpuppies, is common to fried catfish plates in the Delta.

Chow Mein arrived to the Delta as it did in many different parts of the United States, with Chinese immigrants arriving around the turn of the century.

Hoover Sauce is a twist on traditional Cantonese duck sauce introduced by the Hoover family in the mid-20th century. The sauce is usually served with meat such as locally hunted duck or steak. It is unique to the Delta.

Soul Food broadly is found sold and cooked throughout the Delta. The region's large African American population and historical roots make this cuisine of the Delta's truly endemic food traditions. Many dishes such as fried okra, mashed potatoes, black-eyed peas, fried chicken, cornbread, and others are associated with soul food in the Delta.

Encompassed towns

 * Anguilla
 * Belzoni
 * Charleston
 * Clarksdale
 * Cleveland
 * Drew
 * Greenville
 * Greenwood
 * Gunnison
 * Holcomb
 * Indianola
 * Itta Bena
 * Leland
 * Marks
 * Mayersville
 * Moorhead
 * Mound Bayou
 * Rolling Fork
 * Rosedale
 * Ruleville
 * Shaw
 * Shelby
 * Tippo
 * Tunica
 * Vicksburg
 * Winterville
 * Yazoo City

Government and infrastructure
The Mississippi Department of Corrections operates the Mississippi State Penitentiary (Parchman, MSP) in unincorporated Sunflower County, within the Mississippi Delta. John Buntin of Governing magazine said that MSP "has long cast its shadow over the Mississippi Delta, including my hometown of Greenville, Mississippi".

Universities

 * Delta State University
 * Mississippi Valley State University

Community colleges

 * Coahoma Community College
 * Mississippi Delta Community College

Primary and secondary schools
As of 2005, the majority of students in public schools in the Mississippi Delta are Black, and the majority of private school students are White. This de facto racial segregation is related in part to economics, as few African American parents in the poor region can pay to send their children to private schools. Suzanne Eckes of The Journal of Negro Education wrote, "Although de facto segregation in schools exists throughout the country, the de facto segregation that exists in the Mississippi Delta region is somewhat unique."

During the years of segregation, public school systems did not know how to classify the minority Chinese students, initially requiring them to attend schools with blacks. Their socioeconomic status affected their classification and, as their parents became merchants and filed legal suits, in some areas they gained entrance for their children to White schools, before the schools were integrated beginning in the late 1960s.

Media and publishing
Newspapers, magazines and journals
 * Belzoni Banner (published weekly)
 * Deer Creek Pilot (published weekly)
 * Delta Magazine (published bi-monthly)
 * Delta Business Journal (published monthly)
 * Clarksdale Press Register (published daily)
 * Cleveland Bolivar Commercial (published daily)
 * Greenville Delta Democrat Times (published daily)
 * Greenwood Commonwealth (published daily)
 * The Leland Progress (published weekly)
 * The Enterprise-Tocsin (published weekly)
 * The Tunica Times (published weekly)

Television
 * WABG (Greenwood)
 * WFXW (Greenville)
 * WXVT-LD (Cleveland)
 * WNBD-LD (Grenada)

The Northern Delta is also served by The Commercial Appeal and The Daily News newspapers based in Memphis, Tennessee, plus several radio and TV stations also based there.

The Clarion-Ledger, based in Jackson, covers events in the Delta.

Transportation

Air transportation
 * Tunica Municipal Airport (Tunica)
 * Mid Delta Regional Airport (Greenville)
 * Greenwood-Leflore Airport (Greenwood)
 * Cleveland Municipal Airport (Cleveland)
 * Indianola Municipal Airport (Indianola)
 * Yazoo County Airport (Yazoo City)
 * Fletcher Field Airport (Clarksdale)
 * Ruleville-Drew Airport (Drew and Ruleville)

Highways
 * U.S. Route 82 runs from Alamogordo, New Mexico to Brunswick, Georgia
 * U.S. Route 278 runs from Wickes, Arkansas to Hilton Head Island, South Carolina
 * U.S. Route 49 runs from Piggott, Arkansas to Gulfport, Mississippi
 * U.S. Route 61 runs from Wyoming, Minnesota to New Orleans, Louisiana

Passenger rail
 * Amtrak's City of New Orleans route serves three Delta cities, Yazoo City, Greenwood, and Marks.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mississippi Delta


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Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology

Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology (DA-IICT), is a private self-financed university/institute located in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. It is named after the Gujarati entrepreneur and Reliance Group founder Dhirubhai Ambani. It is run by the Dhirubhai Ambani Foundation and is promoted by the Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group. The Institute ranked first in IIRF Ranking 2023 for private universities.

Academics
DA-IICT began admitting students in August 2001, with an intake of 240 undergraduate students for its Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech.) program in Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Since then, it has expanded to include postgraduate courses such as Master of Technology (M.Tech.) in ICT, Master of Science (M.Sc.) in Data Science, Master of Science (M.Sc.) in Information Technology, Master of Science (M.Sc.) in Agriculture and Rural Development, Master in Design (M. Des.) and a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), a Doctorate program. The duration of the bachelor's program is 4 years. The first batch of DA-IICT post-graduates graduated in 2004 and the first batch of graduates in 2005. Fees are nominal when compared to other private institutions in India.

The Institute is also equipped with a state of the art Resource Centre with a rich and diverse collection of more than 31020 books, 11230 e-books, 5674 e-journals, 78 print journals, 10 databases, 663 theses, and 3913 audio visual material in the ICT, social science and humanities. It serves as a creative and innovative partner in supporting the teaching, learning, scholarship and research activities of the Institute.

Admission

Admission is based on Joint Entrance Examination - Main as well as gujarat state exam through ACPC. A few seats are reserved for Non-Residential Indians (NRIs) and Foreign Nationals (FNs), who are admitted through the Direct Admission of Foreign Student (DAFS) channel.

Student achievements

 * DAIICT has been ranked 11th in the world for student developers among universities in year 2016 by HackerRank
 * Team of 2 students from DA-IICT won the GNLU Debate 2016 in the Novice category
 * 17 students from DA-IICT selected for the prestigious Google Summer Of Code, 2013
 * Team DA-Developers represented DA-IICT at the Imagine Cup 2013 National Finals and stood third in India for Imagine Cup World Citizenship contest with their app "Read For Blind"
 * Team of 4 students stood third at the National Finals for "Samsung USID Design Challenge", 2012 for their app "Location Alarm"
 * 17 students selected for Google Summer of Code, 2012, the highest number in India and third highest in the world
 * A student won Innovate4Women Award of the Microsoft Imagine Cup 2010 and One of its team were National Finalist in Microsoft Imagine Cup India
 * Team of 4 students won the Unlimited Potential Multipoint Education Award of the Microsoft Imagine Cup 2009, World Finals. The same team stood third in the National Finals in the Software Design category of the Microsoft Imagine Cup 2009, India Finals
 * Two students won Google Women Engineering Award in year 2009 and 2010
 * Two of its teams were winners at the Microsoft, High Performance Computing Scholars Program 2008
 * Teams of four students each won the Microsoft Imagine cup for two consecutive years in 2006 and 2007
 * Student teams won the TI DSP Design Competition in 2005, 2006 and 2007

In 2004, three MSc (IT) students of DA-IICT challenged in the Gujarat High Court, the IIMA decision to not offer admission interviews to them citing their eligibility criteria (AIU or AICTE affiliation was needed at that time). The judgement was passed in the favor of students and the CAT eligibility criteria were subsequently modified.


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Pocky

Pocky (ポッキー) is a Japanese sweet snack food produced by the Ezaki Glico food company. Pocky was first sold in 1966, and was invented by Yoshiaki Koma. It consists of coated biscuit sticks. It was named after the Japanese onomatopoeic word pokkiri (ポッキリ), which is supposed to resemble the sound of the snack being cracked.

The original chocolate-coated Pocky was followed by an almond-coated variant in 1971, and a strawberry coating in 1977. Today, the product line includes variations in the flavored coatings, such as milk, mousse, matcha (green tea), honey, banana, cookies and cream, strawberry and coconut, and themed products such as "Decorer Pocky", with colorful decorative stripes in the coating, and "Men's Pocky", a "mature" dark (bittersweet) chocolate version.

World distribution

Pocky is a very popular treat in Japan, especially among teenagers. In bars, it is sometimes served with a glass of ice water or milk. It also has a significant presence in other Asian countries, such as China, South Korea, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, Laos, Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, India, Burma, Brunei and Vietnam. In Malaysia, Pocky was sold under the name "Rocky" for five decades. It was rebranded under the name "Pocky" in 2014, along with a new package design and slogan. Commercials featuring Malaysian singer Yuna, also began to air in 2015 in order to give brand recognition and a sales boost.

In Europe, Pocky is produced under license by Mondelēz International and sold under the name "Mikado" in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Ireland, Luxembourg, Spain, Switzerland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. "Mikado" can be found at most supermarkets and many international food stores.

In the United States and Canada, Pocky can be found in Asian supermarkets and the international section of most large supermarkets; such retailers include World Market, H-E-B, Wegmans, Kroger, Jungle Jim's International Market, Costco, Walmart (in the Asian foods aisle), some Target stores, some Walgreens, Meijer, Fiesta, Barnes & Noble, and anime convention dealers' rooms. In the United States, Pocky is marketed both by LU (in chocolate and peanut butter flavors), and by Ezaki Glico's American division, Ezaki Glico USA Corporation (in chocolate and strawberry flavors).

In Australia and New Zealand, it is usually sold in Asian convenience markets, along with other Asian foods and products. Like the United States and Canada these are also widely available in the international sections on the Asian food aisles of most supermarket chains. Specialty importers also exist in Australia and New Zealand.

In Turkey, Pocky is produced by Ülker and Şölen, under Biskrem Bi'stik and Biscolata Stix name.

Flavors and variations
Pocky can be found in dozens of varieties such as chocolate, strawberry, and almond. Some of the more unusual flavors include the seasonal flavors of honey (spring) and kiwifruit mango (summer). The bittersweet version of chocolate Pocky is known as Men's Pocky. Regional flavors of Pocky include grape (Nagano), yūbari melon (Hokkaidō), giant mikan (tangerine, sold in the Kyūshū region), powdered tea azuki bean (Kyoto), Kobe wine (Kobe), and five-fusion berry (Goka). Also, flavors such as banana, lychee, coffee, caramel, marble royal milk tea, melon, Daim bar (sold in the UK), milk, honey and milk, cream cheese, berry, sweet potato, coconut, crush (crunchy cracker pieces in chocolate), corn on the cob, pineapple, pumpkin, kurogoma (black sesame), kinako (soybean flour), marron, Brazilian pudding, cherry, tomato, orange, mikan, blueberry, apple yogurt, hazelnut, mixed berry and green tea are available.

The latest flavors are special editions, 2 two-tone flavors in a larger box than chocolate or strawberry Pocky provides ( Special Editions: 2.47 oz. [70 g], Normal Pocky: 1.41 oz. [40 g]). The 2 newest flavors are cookies and cream and banana chocolate. Both have brown biscuit sticks (in the chocolate banana Pocky case, the biscuit is the chocolate and banana cream.) The cookies and cream consists of blended chocolate biscuit cookies with a slight chocolaty flavor of the biscuit.

Special variations of Pocky include Decorer Pocky (which features extra decorative icing) and Mousse Pocky (which features extra-thick, "creamy" mousse-like icing and is more exclusive). Unlike other Pocky variations, Mousse Pocky packages contain only nine per pack, fewer pieces than regular Pocky.

Dessert Pocky features Pocky sticks covered in a generous helping of cream. These flavors include Double Chocolate, Tiramisu, Chocolate Banana, Marron White, Chestnut, Strawberry Shortcake, and Orange. Dessert Pocky usually comes with five packets in a box with three in each sleeve.

Another variation of Pocky is the My Calorie Pocky (マイ カロリー ポッキー), which has one-fourth the calories of regular chocolate Pocky.

Other variations include Pocky G (marketed as being "hard and rich"), Giant Pocky (strawberry- and chocolate-flavored; each box contains 20 individually wrapped sticks with real dried strawberry; each stick is about 10" long, and about three times the diameter of a normal Pocky stick), Giant Dream Pocky (box of 20 individually wrapped 10" sticks; each stick is in one of the five featured flavors of melon, grape, green tea, strawberry or standard chocolate), Sakura Pocky (limited edition that is part of the Luxury Chocolatier sub-group; each stick is coated with pink cherry blossom essenced chocolate sprinkled with a bit of salt), Reverse Pocky (cracker on the outside with the filling in the middle), Fortune-Telling Pocky (each stick contains a "fortune"), and Pocky Cake (a literal cake shaped to look like a Pocky stick. Each cake contains, according to its packaging, raisins, chocolate cream, orange peel, and an Italian cake batter).

A recent Limited Edition Pocky is called Otona no Kohaku or "Adult Amber" Pocky, which is bitter chocolate slightly salted, and meant to be used as an aperitif paired with whiskey. These are sold in a cylindrical canister containing six packages.

A product related to Pocky is Pretz, which is an unglazed version of Pocky, featuring flavors like tomato, pizza, and salad, as well as sweet flavors such as cocoa and French toast.

Glico Morinaga case
In 1984, following threats by the Monster with 21 Faces to poison Glico confections and the resulting mass withdrawal of Glico products from shelves, a man wearing a Yomiuri Giants baseball cap was caught placing Glico chocolate on a store shelf by a security camera. This man was believed to be the mastermind behind the Monster with 21 Faces. The security camera photo was made public after this incident.

Melamine contamination
On September 30, 2008, Hong Kong authorities announced that melamine had been detected in Pocky Men's coffee cream-coated biscuit sticks made in China. Ezaki Glico had no immediate comment on the reported contamination. The melamine contamination level was found to be 43 ppm (the legal limit is 2.5 ppm). On October 17, 2008, Pocky Men's coffee cream-coated biscuit sticks were banned in Sri Lanka by the country's health ministry alongside 59 other products containing melamine.

The name
The name of the European version “Mikado” comes from the game of the same name. It is played with thin & long sticks, hence the name.

title: Pocky


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User talk:Look upon my works, ye Mighty, and despair!

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia.

You might find these links helpful in creating new pages or helping with the above tasks: How to edit a page, How to write a great article, Naming conventions, Manual of Style. You should read our policies at some point too.

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

UtherSRG 18:47, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)

you can sign your name using three tildes, like. If you use four, you can add a datestamp too.

Couldn't help mentioning that I think the username "Ozymandias" is still available. ;) - Hephaestos 18:52, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * on* not *upon* BTW

I beg your pardon? Look upon my works, ye Mighty, and despair! 08:49, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * *upon* doesnt scan!

Please don't touch my user page. Denelson83  08:40, 21 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Lists of Presidents of the United States by place of birth listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Lists of Presidents of the United States by place of birth. Since you had some involvement with the Lists of Presidents of the United States by place of birth redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. -  C HAMPION  (talk) (contributions) (logs) 07:04, 25 November 2016 (UTC)


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Thomas Wriothesley, 1st Earl of Southampton

Thomas Wriothesley, 1st Earl of Southampton (21 December 1505 – 30 July 1550 ), KG was an English peer, secretary of state, Lord Chancellor and Lord High Admiral. A naturally skilled but unscrupulous and devious politician who changed with the times, Wriothesley served as a loyal instrument of King Henry VIII in the latter's break with the Catholic church. Richly rewarded with royal gains from the Dissolution of the Monasteries, he nevertheless prosecuted Calvinists and other Protestants when political winds changed.

Early life
Thomas Wriothesley (pronounced 'Reeseley'), born in London 21 December 1505, was the son of York Herald William Wriothesley, whose ancestors had spelled the family surname "Wryth", and Agnes Drayton, daughter and heiress of James Drayton of London. Thomas had two sisters, Elizabeth, born in 1507, and Anne, born in 1508, and a brother, Edward, born in 1509. Thomas's father and uncle were the first members of his family to use the "Wriothesley" spelling of the family surname.

Wriothesley received his early education at St Paul's School, London. In 1522 he was admitted to Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he was taught law by Stephen Gardiner. Although Wriothesley did not take a degree, he and Gardiner remained lifelong friends. In 1524, at the age of nineteen, he entered a career at court and came to the attention of Thomas Cromwell. Before 4 May 1530 he was appointed joint Clerk of the Signet under Gardiner, by then secretary to King Henry VIII, a post Wriothesley held for a decade while continuing in Cromwell's service. One historian has described the young lawyer as "able, enterprising, tenacious and ruthless, yet insufferably overconfident and egotistic."

A useful courtier
A member of the royal secretariat, Wriothesley and William Brereton were charged with helping secure an annulment for the king against Katherine of Aragon from the Pope to allow Anne Boleyn to assume her royal position; they were sent out to get members of the nobility to sign written statements indicating assent to the annulment.

Wriothesley was at Windsor with the Court when the series of protests known as the Pilgrimage of Grace broke out in reaction to the religious changes brought in by the crown and its advisors. The Clerk of the Signet admired the King but probably learnt lessons of cruelty from the treatment of Robert Aske in 1536. "It was upon such men that the King relied at times of crisis". Wriothesley's services were richly rewarded at the Dissolution of the Monasteries. He was granted extensive lands between Southampton and Winchester, once belonging to the abbeys of Beaulieu and Titchfield. Even with the retrospection of later life he was able to 'forget' the excesses of the 1530s, Wriothesley was still able to exaggerate his fidelity to his "benign and pleasant' King, whom he knew only in the febrile atmosphere of the Court.

Until May 1539, he was Henry VIII's ambassador in Brussels. In late 1539, Anne of Cleves was due to come from the German principality to England, and Wriothesley was to lead the naval escort. On 27 December the Princess arrived at Deal in Kent, from whence she was shown to Dover Castle. On New Years Day the party reached Rochester Castle. Wriothesley continued to support Norfolk's Catholic party, but only when it suited him at court, as parties emerged between the reformists and conservatives. In the absence of a predominant figure the Council became more conciliar towards the end of the reign. Having been sent on diplomatic errands abroad, in 1540 Sir Thomas Wriothesley was made one of the king's principal secretaries (a position he held jointly with Sir Ralph Sadler), acting as Secretary to the Privy Council. Dividing the duties, Sadler's responsibility was as personal secretary to the King, whereas Wriothesley's were purely political. Wriothesley was rewarded with the dissolved abbey of Titchfield for good service to the king. He rapidly converted it into a country house, which became the family's ancestral seat. Wriothesley's noble parentage and strong personality enabled him to dominate the commoner Sadler. Knighted in 1540, Wriothesley made friends with Sir Anthony Browne of the refounded Gentleman Pensioners, who acted as an armed bodyguard of the King pursuant to the Greenwich Ordinances.

The expansion of the Pensioners from 50 to 350 members signalled the resurgence of the conservative noble faction at court during the 1540s. Wriothesley, having earned his place at court as a faithful attendant to Thomas Cromwell, betrayed Cromwell in 1540, telling the king that Cromwell was indiscreet about Henry's inability to consummate his marriage to Anne of Cleves. This news, coupled with the Cleves alliance threatening war with Emperor Charles V, proved Cromwell's undoing. Wriothesley happily lied to the Council and betrayed his master, in order to take his place beside the king.

Queen Catherine Howard's conviction and execution for adultery signalled that the political pendulum was swinging away from Norfolk once more. On 13 November 1541, Secretary Wriothesley was sent to announce the bad news to members of the Queen's Household at Hampton Court; all her chamber were dismissed and sent home. In 1542 it was said that Wriothesley governed almost everything in England. He sought to bring about an alliance between England and Spain in 1543. Wriothesley was one of the Council led by Catholic Bishop Gardiner, who ordered the imprisonment of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey for being drunk and disorderly. He supported Gardiner's crackdown against Lutheran opinions, threatening the lives of reformers Miles Coverdale and Hugh Latimer, presaging the reign of 'Bloody' Mary. All Protestants were rooted out of the royal household, with those of the new extreme Puritan sect Calvinism being treated with especial prejudice. The Council even intimidated Archbishop Cranmer, who was protected by the King himself. Sir Ralph Sadler was ousted as the principal secretary to the King, to be replaced by the more judicious and discreet William Paget. But the rise of the conservatives meant Wriothesley had eventually to go, in January 1544, in favour of the openly Catholic Sir William Petre. Fortunately for Cranmer and others, the King was not prepared to turn the clock back to the 1530s, and Catherine Parr, with her experience in two previous marriages, impressed Wriothesley by offering Henry stability in his old age. Furthermore, as Governess to Princess Elizabeth, bringing the children to court at Christmas 1543, Parr showed off what Wriothesley had accurately predicted to be Elizabeth's promise as a future leader.

A confident counsellor
Wriothesley disliked the arrogant, swaggering Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford; they had long been enemies. Wriothesley and Secretary Paget tried to effect a necessary reconciliation, which prompted the former to step down. Hertford was sent north to fight the Scots when on 22 April 1544, Lord Audley died, leaving Wriothesley to be appointed Lord Chancellor the next month, at a time when Gardiner's power was waning. Ever the unscrupulous schemer, Wriothesley was purposely chosen to keep both papists and reformists at bay. The King relied heavily on his aristocratic friends Suffolk and Wriothesley to secure a balance of power in the Privy Chamber. So the King prepared an invasion of France, much to the nobility's approval. Wriothesley was created Baron Wriothesley of Titchfield in 1544. But as Lord Chancellor he became notorious for torturing Anne Askew, a self-confessed Protestant, personally operating the wheel on the rack. The Catholic faction was determined to root out heresy, suspecting Queen Catherine's influence over the royal children. When Gardiner tried to arrest Surrey's friends with Wriothesley's support, the earl was severely reprimanded by the King. On 6 July 1546 the King moved to Greenwich Palace; with the conservatives holding the Secretaryship, Chancellor, and with leading privy councillors, they tried to make further arrests. Wriothesley secured the royal warrant for Catherine's arrest but when he went to present it to the king, he was despatched by the King as "Arrant knave! Beast! Fool!", a humiliation especially damaging given that his faction was already in decline. By September 1546 they were outnumbered by the reformists; his hatred for Hertford had deepened. Privy Council meetings broke out into fisticuffs. The Lord Chancellor conducted French Lord Admiral Claud d'Annebaut to Hampton Court for a royal audience. He accompanied the royal progress and joined the hunting at Windsor, but Wriothesley had lost control of the Privy Chamber. Speechless and overcome with grief, Lord Chancellor Wriothesley could do nothing to prevent Hertford from taking control in defiance of the late King's will.

Under Edward VI
He was one of the executors of Henry's will, and in accordance with the dead King's wishes he was created Earl of Southampton on 16 February 1547 and was a member of the Regency Council that would rule collectively during King Edward VI's minority. He was one of the few members of the council to oppose the rise of the king's maternal uncle, Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, to the position of Lord Protector. Wriothesley objected to Somerset's assumption of monarchical power over the Council. In March 1547, he then found himself abruptly dismissed from the chancellorship on charges of selling off some of his offices to delegates. Also he lost his seat on the Privy Council.

Later he was readmitted to the Council, and he took a leading part in bringing about the fall of the Duke of Somerset, but he had not regained his former position when he died on 30 July 1550. His successor in the earldom was his son, Henry.

Marriage and issue
Southampton married Jane Cheney (d. 15 September 1574) in 1533, the daughter and heiress of William Cheney of Chesham Bois, Buckinghamshire, by Emma Walwyn, daughter of Thomas Walwyn, by whom he had three sons and five daughters:
 * William Wriothesley (died young).
 * Anthony Wriothesley (died young).
 * Elizabeth Wriothesley (c.1535 - buried 16 January 1555), who married, as his first wife, Thomas Radcliffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex.
 * Mary Wriothesley (c.1537 - d. December 1561), who married firstly, Richard Lyster, a son of Margery Lyster and grandson of Sir Richard Lyster, and secondly, William Shelley of Michelgrove;
 * Katherine Wriothesley, born c.1539, who was contracted to marry Sir Matthew Arundell, but instead married Sir Thomas Cornwallis.
 * Anne Wriothesley, born c. 1541, who was contracted to marry Sir Henry Wallop, but who died before the marriage could take place
 * Mabel Wriothesley, born c.1543, who married Sir Walter Sandys.
 * Henry Wriothesley, 2nd Earl of Southampton (21 April 1545 – 4 October 1581), who married Mary Browne.

In fiction

 * He was played by Patrick Godfrey in the BBC tv-series The Six Wives of Henry VIII
 * Wriothesley is a character in Hilary Mantel's novels on Thomas Cromwell, Wolf Hall, Bring Up the Bodies and The Mirror & The Light (nicknamed "Call-Me Risley" for the pronunciation of his name); he is played by Joel MacCormack in the television adaptation Wolf Hall. He will be played by Harry Melling in the television adaptation of The Mirror & The Light, Wolf Hall: The Mirror and the Light.
 * He is a character in Margaret George's novel The Autobiography of Henry VIII and C.J. Sansom's novel Lamentation.
 * In the British/UK/Canadian BBC mini-series The Tudors he is played by Frank McCusker, an actor from Northern Ireland.
 * Wriothesley is a central character in the "Tudor Crimes" series of historical novels by Anne Stevens, and he is portrayed as a knave, who will do anything to advance himself.
 * Wriothesley is a major character and villain in three novels based on Thomas Cromwell, Frailty of Human Affairs and Shaking the Throne, and No Armour Against Fate, by Caroline Angus.
 * He is an important character in Paul Doherty's The Last of Days, in which Henry's fool, Will Somers, witnesses the last few months of Henry's reign.
 * Wriothesley is a character in the videogame Genshin Impact, and is portrayed as a prison warden for the Fortress of Meropide.


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User talk:Seren~enwiki

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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Seren. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Seren~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 18:42, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Seren~enwiki


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Tsesarevich

Tsesarevich (цесаревич, ) was the title of the heir apparent or presumptive in the Russian Empire. It either preceded or replaced the given name and patronymic.

Usage
It is often confused with the much more general term tsarevich, the title for any son of any tsar, including non-Russian rulers such as those of Crimea, Siberia, and Georgia.

Normally, there was only one tsesarevich at a time (an exception was Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich, who was accorded the title until death, even though law gave it to his nephew), and the title was used exclusively in Russia.

The title came to be used invariably in tandem with the formal style "Successor" (наследник), as in "His Imperial Highness the Successor Tsesarevich and Grand Prince". The wife of the Tsesarevich was the tsesarevna (цесаревна).

History
In 1721 Peter the Great discontinued use of "tsar" as his main title, and adopted that of imperator (emperor), whereupon the title of tsarevich (and "tsarevna", retained for life by Ivan V's daughters) fell into disuse. The Emperor's daughters were henceforth referred to as "tsesarevna" (Peter had no living son by this time). In 1762, upon succeeding to the imperial throne, Peter III accorded his only son Paul Petrovich (by the future Catherine the Great) the novel title of tsesarevich, he being the first of nine Romanov heirs who would bear it. However, at the time the title was conferred, Paul was recognised as Peter's legal son, but not as his legal heir. Nor would he be officially recognised as such by his mother after her usurpation of the throne.

More often he was internationally referred to by his other title of "Grand Duke" (actual meaning in Russian language is "Grand Prince"), which pre-dated tsesarevich, being a holdover from the Rurikid days before the grand dukes of Muscovy adopted the title of tsar. When Paul acceded to the throne in 1796, he immediately declared his son Aleksandr Pavlovich tsesarevich, and the title was confirmed by law in 1797 as the official title for the heir to the throne (incorporated into Article 145 of the Fundamental Laws). In 1799 Paul I granted the title tsesarevich to his second son Constantine Pavlovich, who, oddly, retained the title even after he renounced the throne in 1825 in favor of their younger brother, Nicholas I.

Thenceforth, each Emperor's eldest son bore the title until 1894, when Nicholas II conferred it on his brother Grand Duke George Aleksandrovich, with the stipulation that his entitlement to it would terminate upon the birth of a son to Nicholas, who was then betrothed to Alix of Hesse. When George died in 1899, Nicholas did not confer the title upon his oldest surviving brother Michael Aleksandrovich, although Nicholas's only son would not be born for another five years. That son, Alexei Nikolaevich (1904–1918), became the Russian Empire's last tsesarevich.

Tsesarevna of Russia
The wife of an heir-tsesarevich bore the title Tsesarevna (Цесаревна) – Grand Duchess. In first years of Russian Empire the female heirs of Peter I of Russia bore this title: his daughters Elizabeth of Russia (born 1709), Anna Petrovna (1708–1728) and Natalia Petrovna (1718–1725). This word is not to be confused with Tsarevna, used before 18th century for all the Tsar's daughters and daughters-in-law.

Many princesses from Western Europe, who converted to Orthodox Christianity and changed their given names accordingly, were given the patronymic Fyodorovna not because their fathers were named "Theodore", but as an allegory based on the name of Theotokos of St. Theodore, the patron icon of the Romanov family.

Post-monarchy
After claiming the Russian throne in exile in 1924 Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich designated his son, Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich, Tsesarevich. Since 1997 the title has been attributed to Vladimir's grandson, George Mikhailovich Romanov, whose mother, Maria Vladimirovna, conferred it on him in her capacity as pretender to the throne. Those who refer to him by a dynastic title, however, more usually address him as "grand duke".

Until the end of the empire most people in Russia and abroad, verbally and in writing continued to refer to the Sovereign as "tsar". Perhaps for that reason the title of tsesarevich was less frequently used to refer to the heir apparent than either "tsarevich" or "grand duke".

title: Tsesarevich


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User talk:Swampfox

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

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snoyes 18:52, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)

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Talk:Mississippi Delta

Title
This article is perfect the way it is- 'the delta' in this case is not a geographic phenomenon but a cultural one. It is a term frequantly used in Mississippi to describe this very specific region and its culture (for instance, "Delta Blues" originated in this region). Maybe the title of the article should be "Mississippi Delta (Culture)" or something like that. Its funny, because I happen to live in Southern Louisiana (which is technically the "delgeographical sense) yet it is not referred to as such. Only in Northwest Mississippi.  You were completely right in considering the phrase "The Delta" as a cultural one, because as a person who was born and raised there, I can attest to the cultural phenomena that has occurred in this small area that should always be comfortably called "The Mississippi Delta". Whether it is literally the delta of the river or not, the title carries connotations, whether good or bad, that give this special area an identity.

Is this right? Part of my family lives in Southern Illinois and I would never consider parts of Illinois, Kentucky, Missouri, and Tennessee as "the Delta". Just further south. Rmhermen 18:52, Dec 13, 2003 (UTC)

 * I have no idea, I was curious and found the definitions on the linked National Parks Service site (http://www.cr.nps.gov/delta/volume2/natural.htm). ( 18:57, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * That page can no longer be found. This seems like a confusing and unwarranted extension of this clearly defined term delta. Anyone want to work on this before Hurrican Ivan floods it? Wetman 21:20, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

 * Yeah, it's confusing. I'd call this "Mississippi River Valley" or "Mississippi River basin", but delta is more particularly the lower parts near Louisiana and Mississippi, I would think. --Delirium 06:29, Jan 13, 2005 (UTC)

 * In Mississippi, "The Delta" refers to areas along the Mississippi River noted for very flat land with extremely fertile soil in Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee, while the "Mississippi River Valley" refers to states along the entire course of the river. Jimwilliams57 06:35, Jan 15, 2005 (UTC)
 * What about the specific counties that make up the Delta?Ktardy (talk) 05:33, 30 August 2018 (UTC)ktardy

Its my understanding that alluvial plains are perched at the base of mountains, and in the openings of canyons between mountains. I'm not quibbling about the Mississippi Delta (as opposed to the Mississippi River Delta) being a cultural region... that works for me. I'm just saying it isn't clear that "alluvial plain" is the right word. Maybe. But if we think in geological terms instead of human ones, isn't the region even that far north part of the area where the river channel flips and flops before entering the gulf? That makes it a delta in geo speak, I think, as opposed to an alluvial plain. http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:bQP2UMCUnwYJ:ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/NSSC/Soil_Survey_Handbook/629_glossary.pdf+geological+terms+delta+%22alluvial+plain%22&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESh9JRqm244x3gZAZmzYYm07-170vwX9-03F7_6_NvDKVTzR68DOIJqlI84E3vzzYfBQxmQ4wQV0_SAeV1KlJMo1fox49MUWZe40khtW1_c77ZhliFBMcIp28YLhmSX6rNrHs-Pg&sig=AHIEtbQhq0HsO7WM92sx2fwOLz83By07Ng —Preceding unsigned comment added by NewsAndEventsGuy (talk • contribs) 20:06, 12 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Alluvial plain says otherwise — it's just a place where alluvium gets deposited. It doesn't have to be immediately downstream from the place the sediment was picked up by the stream.
 * —WWoods (talk) 02:56, 13 May 2011 (UTC)

 * This geology glossary may be helpful. ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/NSSC/Soil_Survey.../629_glossary.pdf  In the primary meaning of the term, its used for huge landforms that are near their source, as the Great Plains are near the Rockies.  The glossary frowns on use of "alluvial plain" for broad flood plains.  Regarding "delta" some believe originally it was a reference to the delta of the Yazoo river, where it joins the Mississipppi.  http://www.southernspaces.org/2010/bioregional-approach-southern-history-yazoo-mississippi-delta NewsAndEventsGuy (talk) 02:20, 18 May 2011 (UTC)

Memphis Has Always Been the "Capital" Of the Delta
I find this article to be -- what would the word be? Misleading? Memphis, Tennessee has ALWAYS been the capital of The Delta. This is from an Anthony Bourdain piece on CNN:

"2. The Mississippi Delta's unofficial capital is in Tennessee. "Memphis, which stands on a bluff just across the Mississippi state line, was built on the cotton fortunes from the rich farmland to the south. It's the logical place to begin a Delta adventure."

My roommate for four years at university was from the Delta -- he told me Memphis is the capital of the Delta. One of my closest friends after college was from the Delta. He told me Memphis is the capital of the Delta.

Just search MEMPHIS and DELTA and you'll find hundreds of references to this. If the article doesn't say that Memphis is the region's unofficial capital, it will mention Memphis as being part of the Delta. Here is the National Park Service article on the Lower Delta in which Memphis is mentioned TWENTY TIMES.

This article is misleading, in my opinion. --Montju (talk) 14:24, 4 July 2021 (UTC)

Mississippi Embayment
Vote to Merge this section to the other page. I created the Mississippi Delta (disambiguation) according to the different definitions I've seen (though I'm not a resident of the area). This page is one that definitely uses the term Mississippi Delta to refer to the area extending all the way up to Illinois, so it's fine to link to a Mississippi River Valley page from this one, but it should definitely be distinct from what's refered to by the Delta in Delta Blues. Furthermore, I vote for renaming Mississippi embayment to Mississippi River Valley, if for no other reason than I can't figure out what embayment means or why it applies to the Illinois section of the river (and even if it is technically correct, River Valley is more immediately meaningful to the random reader). --Interiot 05:29, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

 * The Mississippi River valley refers to the entire area from Minnesota to the Gulf that is drained more or less directly by the Mississippi. I don't think it's accurate (show me if I'm wrong) that "Mississippi river valley" is ever used to refer to just that part up to Cairo – that's the embayment region only.  The Mississippi embayment is a specific and significant named physiographic feature that deserves its own article. I don't know about the "cultural" Mississippi Delta reaching to Memphis; I'll take the word of the author of that article that it's so.  The Mississippi River Delta article was definitely needed to focus on the delta itself.  I've modified teh disambiguation page to say "embayment", not "valley".

 * Speaking of which, shouldn't Mississippi Delta be the disambiguation page, with the current content moved to Mississippi Delta (cultural)?  -- Kbh3rd 17:00, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Cotton farming
It would be nice to include some information about the history of The Delta. At the least, it seems like everyone agrees that the Mississippi/Yazoo Delta was the heart of Cotton farming in the south at one point, due to the extremely fertile land in the flood plain. This in turn had other trickle-down effects on its history (slavery, poverty, but I'm not knowledgable enough to write a good paragraph or two on this).

Robert Johnson
The Robert Johnson paragraph seems a bit of a non-sequitor here... no? --RobHutten 20:47, 6 November 2005 (UTC)
 * If he's really really notable in the region (eg. vicksburg was historically very important on the Mississippi River, so it's briefly mentioned in that article), then maybe it fits. I'm not a local though, so I don't know whether he's of such importance that the brief blurb should be kept.  --Interiot 14:13, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

 * According to an article on the web site of the Mississippi Historical Society (http://mshistory.k12.ms.us/features/feature43/), Robert Johnson was "the most potent legend in the blues." This statement indicates to me that he does deserve mention in this article, although it would be good to mention a few other notable Blues singers (such as Muddy Waters) as well. --Jimwilliams57 01:08, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

Copyvios
The recent text added seems to be a copyvio of several pages, including http://www.blueshighway.org/. The text from http://www.cr.nps.gov/delta/volume2/history.htm might be able to be kept. Some of the other text (and links) may be salvagable. Unfortunately I have pressing issues and can't process this right now, but it's clear enough that some amount of the text is a copyvio. --Interiot 00:27, 12 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I've restored some of the links and text that did not seem to be a copyright violation. Text was also copied from http://www.pbs.org/theblues/roadtrip/deltahist.html (as noted in the article) and http://www.thingstodo.com/states/MS/delta.htm.  I've kept the text from the National Park Service, per PD-USGov.  I removed the list of museums, because the descriptions were certainly copyvios, but I kept the other lists because I don't think short lists (without dscriptive text) are copyvios.
 * The text that was removed had quite a few internal links in them, so optimally someone can rewrite the text so as to make it not a copyvio, or otherwise find ways to reincorporate the valuable links. --Interiot 13:50, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

Ole Miss
Ummm, correct me if I'm wrong, but isn't Ole Miss in Oxford? I know that Oxford is not in the Delta. Is there a branch somewhere in the Delta? Jimwilliams57 04:31, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

There's a branch in Southaven, which is just off The Delta. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.227.2.128 (talk) 05:52, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

WHERE IS THE HISTORY OF AFRICAN SLAVERY???
Why are you purposfully vague on the historic origins of the Missippi Delta blues and the genre of music it created? This music was created by BLACK SLAVES and they should be credited. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.229.102.208 (talk) 20:42, 19 September 2008 (UTC)

How on earth, in this day and age, you think you can get away with omitting the history of African slavery, and its direct economic, social and cultural impact in helping to establish the economic foundation of America and Europe? Why are you white-washing this history? This article is a travesty! You ought to be a shame of yourself! No wonder students who quote Wikipedia are FAILING on their term papers!--74.229.102.208 (talk) 20:57, 19 September 2008 (UTC)

I dont understand where the quote of Africans bringing critical farming technics came from. Cotton and rice were farming was perfected hundreds of years before they were purchased from there starving tribes. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.63.124.4 (talk) 15:14, 8 December 2010 (UTC)

Too many lists
The article needs more narrative, especially its history, including after the Civil War. There are too many lists. A separate page should be set up for "List of Notable people from the Delta" so that more than musicians and politicians can be included. There have been many nationally known writers, too.--Parkwells (talk) 19:54, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

Oprah Winfrey
Oprah Winfrey was born and lived in Attala County, Mississippi which is near (about 50 miles away), but not in the Delta. I could find no references to her ever living in the Delta. -- Jimwilliams57 (talk) 15:12, 25 March 2010 (UTC)

Source
"Mississippi Delta: the land economic recovery never visits." McClatchy Company. Sunday April 11, 2010. WhisperToMe (talk) 13:51, 20 September 2010 (UTC)

Needs category: Mississippi Delta region
Given that all or part of 17 counties are included in the Delta region, it deserves a category so they can easily be identified together. Parkwells (talk) 16:13, 8 May 2012 (UTC)

Agriculture and the Delta Economy
Fourth paragraph; "In the opinion of Jefferson Davis and others later living in Mississippi, their being imported into slavery reflected the will of Providence, as it led to their Christianizing and to the improvement of their condition, compared to what it would have been had they remained in Africa.[8] According to Davis, the Africans "increased from a few unprofitable savages to millions of efficient Christian laborers"

Can anyone defend the relevance of these two sentences? It seems like thinly veiled mitigation of the evils of slavery, with no real importance to either the overall article or the particular sub-topic. — Preceding unsigned comment added by ViolentNewContinent (talk • contribs) 16:49, 6 June 2015 (UTC)
 * The quotation has representative of the thoughts & values of the men who owned the land and slaves in the Delta, and indicates they were proud of what they did and did not have any special guilt feelings. I think that the consensus of historians indicates the quotations are an accurate reflection of what those people thought. As far as mitigating different evils, that's POV & is not the job of Wikipedia one way or the other. Rjensen (talk) 18:28, 6 June 2015 (UTC)

This article is a mess. It's as if the author confused the Delta region of the state of Mississippi, with the Mississippi river basin as a whole. The Delta region has not been settled for more than two centuries, as the article states; nor was it a big part of the slave economy of the antebellum era. It wasn't even open for settlement until 1820. What's more, the Jefferson Davis quote is wholly out of place. Davis wasn't a resident of the Delta. Lorzu (talk) 06:35, 17 January 2019 (UTC)

External links modified
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Demographics
I am removing the statement "From 1900 to 1930 planters recruited Chinese immigrants as field hands..." which is false and is misquoting Vivian Wong's essay (https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/25163098?uid=3739760&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21102707780097). Wong says "The majority of Chinese who settled in the Mississippi Delta arrived between the years 1910 and 1930." She doesn't say they were field hands. The Delta Chinese had mostly abandoned the plantations by the end of the 1870s. John Jung book  and many of the online articles have interviewed individual families, so we know they were mostly laundrymen, workers, and store-owners from other U.S. states who moved to Mississippi in the early 20th century. Even Wong's statement is misleading because most Delta Chinese were born in Mississippi. It is more accurate to say the majority of Chinese families arrived between 1910 and 1930. Winston Ho 何嶸 (talk) 20:35, 28 July 2019 (UTC)

I am making a similar correction to the "Agriculture and the Delta economy" section. Someone should really add something about the Italian and Jewish populations in the Delta. Winston Ho 何嶸 (talk) 20:39, 28 July 2019 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Black Foodways in the United States
— Assignment last updated by Mantaray2 (talk) 18:24, 23 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mississippi Delta


text:
Minoru Ōta

Minoru Ōta (大田 実) was an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II, and the final commander of the Japanese naval forces defending the Oroku Peninsula during the Battle of Okinawa.

Biography
Ōta was a native of Nagara, Chiba. He graduated 64th out of 118 cadets from the 41st class of the Imperial Japanese Navy Academy in 1913. Ōta served his midshipman duty on the cruiser JAPANESE CRUISER Azuma on its long-distance training voyage to Honolulu, San Pedro, San Francisco, Vancouver, Victoria, Tacoma, Seattle, Hakodate and Aomori. After his return to Japan, he was assigned to the battleship JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Kawachi, and after he was commissioned an ensign, to the battleship JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Fusō. After promotion to lieutenant in 1916, he returned to naval artillery school, but was forced to take a year off active service from November 1917 to September 1918 due to tuberculosis. On his return to active duty, he completed coursework in torpedo school and advanced courses in naval artillery. After brief tours of duty on the battleships JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Hiei and Fusō, he returned as an instructor at the Naval Engineering College.

Ōta also had experience with the Japanese Special Naval Landing Forces (SNLF, the Japanese equivalent of the Royal Marines), as he had been assigned command of a battalion of SNLF forces in the 1932 First Shanghai Incident. He was promoted to commander in 1934. In 1936, he was named executive officer of the battleship JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Yamashiro, and was finally given his first command, that of the oiler Tsurumi in 1937. He was promoted to captain in December the same year.

World War II
In 1938, with the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Ōta was assigned to command the Kure 6th SNLF. In 1941, he was assigned to the command of the SNLF under the Japanese China Area Fleet at Wuhan in China. He returned to Japan the following year, and was assigned to command the 2nd Combined Special Naval Landing Force that was earmarked for the seizure of Midway in the event of a Japanese victory over the United States Navy at the Battle of Midway. Although this never came to pass, he was promoted to rear admiral and commanded the 8th Combined Special Naval Landing Force at New Georgia against the American First Raider Battalion. He then served in various administrative capacities until January 1945, when he was reassigned to Okinawa to command the Japanese Navy's forces as part of the Japanese reinforcement effort prior to the anticipated invasion by Allied forces.

In Okinawa, Ōta commanded a force with a nominal strength of 10,000 men. However, half were civilian laborers conscripted into service with minimal training, and the remainder were gunners from various naval vessels with little experience in fighting on land. Allied sources are contradictory on his role as commander of the naval elements in Okinawa. Some cite Ōta as able to organize and lead them into an effective force, which fought aggressively against the Allied forces, "withdrawing slowly back to the fortified Oroku Peninsula." But Naval elements, except for outlying islands were headquartered on the Oroku peninsula from the beginning of the battle. Operations Planning Colonel Hiromichi Yahara of the Japanese 32nd Army describes a miscommunication occurring in the order for Ota's Naval elements to withdraw from the Oroku Peninsula to support the army further south. What actually happened is clear: Ōta began preparations on or around 24 May, for the withdrawal of all Naval elements to the south in support of the Army. He destroyed most heavy equipment, stocks of ammunition and even personal weapons. While in mid-march to the south, 32nd Army HQ ordered Ōta back into the Oroku peninsula citing that a mistake had been made in timing (explanations vary). Naval elements returned to their former positions with no heavy weapons and about half the troops had no rifles. The Americans, who had not noticed the initial withdrawal attacked and cut off the peninsula by attacks from the north on land, and one last seaborne landing behind the Navy's positions. Naval elements then committed suicide with whatever weapons possible, with some leading a last charge out of the cave entrances. According to the museum for the underground Naval Headquarters in Okinawa, "many soldiers committed suicide" inside the command bunker, including Ōta. On June 6, Commanding Officer Ota sent out a telegram to the Navy Vice admiral. On 11 June 1945, the U.S. 6th Marine Division encircled Ōta's positions, and Ōta sent a farewell telegram to the IJA 32nd Army Headquarters at 16:00 on 12 June. On 13 June, Ōta committed suicide with a handgun. He was posthumously promoted to vice admiral.

Telegraph to the Navy Vice Admiral

(There are illegible parts.)

From the commander of Okinawa military To the vice minister of Navy ministry

Please pass this telegram to vice minister (illegible).

Sent at 20:16 on the 6th of June, 1945:

"Regarding the actual situation of Okinawa citizens, the prefectural governor should report it. But the prefectural office has already lost communication means and the 32nd Army Headquarters does not seem to have the excess communication capacity neither. So I will inform you of the situation in lieu of the governor although it was not requested from the prefectural governor to the Navy Headquarters. I simply can not overlook the current situation as it is.

Since the enemy began to attack the main island of Okinawa, the Navy and the Army devoted themselves to defensive warfare and could hardly look after the prefecture's people.

However, as far as I can tell, among the prefectural people, all the young and middle-aged males responded fully to the defensive convocation altogether. Old men, children and women who were left behind to fend for themselves are now forced to lead starved miserable lives exposed to natural elements. They initially hid themselves in small air shelters dug in areas originally thought to be free from military operations after they had lost all their belongings, living quarters and household items, due to repetitive naval shelling and air raids. But these shelters also have been bombarded and so they have been forced to flee.

Despite the hardship, young women have taken the initiative to devote themselves to the military: many as nurses and cooks and some even offered to carry cannonballs and even serve in the sword-waving attack units.

Local civilians expect the ominous outcome once the enemy lands:, the old men and children shall be killed, and women shall be taken away to the enemy's territory for nefarious purposes. So some parents have decided to leave their young daughters at the gates of military camps seeking military protection for them.

I should add the devotion of young female local nurses: they continue to help the seriously injured soldiers left behind after the military movement and medics are no longer available. The dedication of these nurses is very serious and I do not believe it is driven by an ephemeral feeling of sympathy.

Furthermore, I have seen people without transport means walk in the evening rain without complaints at all when a sudden and drastic change of the military strategy dictated that these civilians relocate to a far away place at short notice at night.

To sum up, despite consistent heavy burden of labor service and lack of goods all the time since the Imperial Navy and Army proceeded to establish the front line in Okinawa, (despite some bad rumors of a few parties) the local citizens devoted themselves to the loyal service as Japanese (illegible) without giving (illegible) Okinawa Islands will become scorched land where no single plant will remain unburned.

It is said that food shall be sufficient only up to the end of June.

The Okinawa citizens fought this way. I would humbly request your esteemed preferred consideration to the prefectural people in the future".

title: Minoru Ōta


text:
Jean Victor Audouin

Jean Victor Audouin (27 April 1797 – 9 November 1841), sometimes Victor Audouin, was a French naturalist, an entomologist, herpetologist, ornithologist, and malacologist.

Biography
Audouin was born in Paris and was educated in the field of medicine. In 1824 he was appointed assistant to Pierre André Latreille, professor of entomology at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, where in 1833 he became Latreille's successor. In 1838 he became a member of the French Academy of Sciences.

His principal work, Histoire des insectes nuisibles à la vigne (1842), was completed after his death by Henri Milne-Edwards and Émile Blanchard. Many of his papers appeared in the Annales des sciences naturelles, which, with Adolphe Theodore Brongniart and Jean-Baptiste Dumas, he founded in 1824, as well as in the proceedings of the Société entomologique de France, of which he was one of the founders in 1832. In 1833, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Audouin also contributed to other branches of natural history. With Brongniart and Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent, he was co-author of the Dictionnaire Classique d'Histoire Naturelle, and with Henri Milne-Edwards, he collaborated on a study of marine animals found in French coastal waters. He also completed Marie Jules César Savigny's ornithological section of Description de l'Egypte (1826). Audouin also studied amphibians and reptiles, and from 1827 to 1829 he described four new species of lizards and one new species of frog.

In 1843, mycologist David Gruby named the fungal species Microsporum audouinii after him. Audouin's gull (Larus audouinii) is an ornithological species named in his honor, as is the red alga Audouinella, and in the French language, the term poche copulatrice d'Audouin (the copulatory pouch of Audouin) is another name for the spermatheca.

Publications

 * Histoire des insectes nuisibles à la vigne et particulièrement de la Pyrale qui dévaste les vignobles des départements de la Côte-d'Or, de Saône-et-Loire, du Rhône, de l'Hérault, des Pyrénées-Orientales, de la Haute-Garonne, de la Charente-Inférieure, de la Marne et de Seine-et-Oise, avec l'indication des moyens qu'on doit employer pour la combattre... Paris, Fortin, Masson, 1842

title: Jean Victor Audouin


text:
Talk:Divination

"-mancy" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect -mancy and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 August 11 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. CycloneYoris talk! 08:53, 11 August 2022 (UTC)

First paragraph is uncited and most likely incorrect
(Note: this edit is in support of a listing in WP:YWAB and to Talk:Dream interpretation.)

The lead currently reads:

"Divination (from Latin divinare 'to foresee, foretell, predict, prophesy, etc.') is the attempt to gain insight into a question or situation by way of an occultic, standardized process or ritual"

with a dead link to "Lewis and Short's Latin Lexicon via the Perseus Project (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu)". Searching perseus.tufts.edu for "Divination" brings me to:

https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2007.01.0043

"There is an ancient belief, handed down to us even from mythical times and firmly established by the general agreement of the Roman people and of all nations, that divination of some kind exists among men; this the Greeks call μαντική—that is, the foresight and knowledge of future events. A really splendid and helpful thing it is—if only such a faculty exists—since by its means men may approach very near to the power of gods. And, just as we Romans have done many other things better than the Greeks, so have we excelled them in giving to this most extraordinary gift a name, which we have derived from divi, a word meaning 'gods,' whereas, according to Plato's interpretation, they have derived it from furor, a word meaning 'frenzy'."

The above comes from De Divinatione (Latin, "Concerning Divination"), a philosophical dialogue about ancient Roman divination written in 44 BC by Marcus Tullius Cicero.

Two problems:

First, the citation says nothing about any sort of "standardized process". It is pretty clear that different diviners used different methods and zero evidence that there was a "standardized process" of divination. Second, something written in Latin in 44 AD is not a good source for the meaning of a 2023 English word that happens to have latin roots.

I encourage someone who knows this topic well to rewrite and properly cite the lead section. Otherwise, unless someone objects, I will change "by way of an occultic, standardized process or ritual" to "by way of an occultic ritual" and replace the cite to Cicero with " [ Citation Needed ] ". --Guy Macon Alternate Account (talk) 03:36, 13 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Two weeks with no response, so I made the change. --Guy Macon Alternate Account (talk) 14:14, 26 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Then again, while uncited, the first paragraph does not seem in any way misleading. For does it not give a reasonable outline of Divination? If not, are there not many quotes that make the same point? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.110.75.94 (talk) 16:19, 27 October 2023 (UTC)

 * The first paragraph is most likely correct (without the "standardized process" bit, which someone appears to have pulled out of their hat). But on Wikipedia being correct isn't enough. Click on WP:V and read why. Do you have a source that defines the term? Hopefully something newer than 44 AD which defines the English word, not the Latin word it came from. --Guy Macon Alternate Account (talk) 22:56, 27 October 2023 (UTC)

 * This is now correct and sourced. See [ https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Divination&diff=1182355980&oldid=1182013837 ]. Unwatching page now; please ping me if my input is needed on something. --Guy Macon Alternate Account (talk) 13:03, 9 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Divination


text: User talk:80.90.43.136

title: User talk:80.90.43.136