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Washington State Department of Corrections

The Washington State Department of Corrections (WADOC) is a department of the government of the State of Washington. WADOC is responsible for administering adult corrections programs operated by the state. This includes state correctional institutions and programs for people supervised in the community. Its headquarters are in Tumwater, Washington.

History
The modern Washington Department of Corrections is a relatively young state agency. Agency oversight of correctional institutions in Washington State went through several transitions during the 20th century before the WADOC's creation in 1981.

Prior to the 1970s, state correctional facilities were managed by the Washington Department of Institutions. governor Daniel J. Evans consolidated the Department of Institutions, Department of Public Assistance & Vocational Rehabilitation, and other related departments into the Washington State Department of Social and Health Services (DSHS) in the 1970s.

On July 1, 1981, the Washington State Legislature transferred the administration of adult correctional institutions from the Washington State Department of Social and Health Services, Division of Adult Corrections (DSHS) to the newly created Washington State Department of Corrections as part of the 1981 Corrections Reform Act.

Organizational structure
The Washington Department of Corrections organizational structure includes six major divisions:
 * Women’s Prisons
 * Men’s Prisons
 * Community Corrections
 * Administrative Operations
 * Health Services
 * Reentry

Each division has an assistant secretary who oversees the division's operations.

The secretary of corrections is the executive head of the department. The secretary is appointed by the governor with the consent of the state Senate.

Prisons
The department currently operates 12 adult prisons, of which 10 are male institutions and two are female institutions. The department confines over 12,000 people in these facilities, with each varying in size and mission across the state.

Work releases
The department currently has 12 work release facilities. All but two of these facilities are operated by contractors, who manage the daily safety and security and have oversight of the facilities full-time (24 hours a day, 7 days per week). Department staff are located on site to assist in supervision, monitoring, and case management of those under supervision, as well as monitoring of the contracts.

Formerly incarcerated people housed in work release facilities have progressed from full confinement to partial confinement, and are required to seek, secure, and maintain employment in the community, as well as pay for their room and board. This model is designed to provide some foundation for employment and housing when the formerly incarcerated are released to communities. However, a 2015 Washington Supreme Court Minority and Justice Commission symposium revealed that reentry resources for formerly incarcerated people in Washington State are still severely underfunded and disconnected.

Field offices
Community Supervision occurs at 86 varied locations in the community to include: field offices, community justice centers, Community Oriented Policing (COP) Shops and outstations. Activities of supervised people in the community are monitored, which includes home visits, by a Community Corrections Officer to ensure compliance with court, or known as the Indeterminate Sentence Review Board, which was the Washington State Board of Prison Terms and Paroles (ISRB), only those individuals who have been deemed rehabilitated by the ISRB are placed on Parole and department conditions of supervision, such as Community Supervision and/or Community Custody.

Death row
In 2014, Governor Jay Inslee announced a moratorium on carrying out the death penalty in Washington State. According to Inslee, "Equal justice under the law is the state's primary responsibility. And in death penalty cases, I'm not convinced equal justice is being served. The use of the death penalty in this state is unequally applied, sometimes dependent on the budget of the county where the crime occurred." The moratorium means that if a death penalty case comes to the governor's desk for action, he will issue a reprieve. However, this action does not commute the sentences of those on death row or issue any pardons. The majority of Washington's death penalty sentences are overturned and those convicted of capital offenses are rarely executed, indicating questionable sentencing in many cases. Since 1981, the year Washington State's current capital laws were put in place, 32 defendants have been sentenced to die. Of those, 18 have had their sentences converted to life in prison and one was set free.

Prior to Inslee's moratorium, Washington's capital punishment law required that capital punishment imposed by the state's courts be carried out at the Washington State Penitentiary in Walla Walla. Procedures for conducting executions are supervised by the Penitentiary Superintendent. Washington utilizes two methods of execution: lethal injection and hanging. Lethal injection is used unless the inmate under sentence of death chooses hanging as the preferred execution method.

Within 10 days of a trial court entering a judgment and sentence imposing the death penalty, male defendants under sentence of death are transferred to the Penitentiary, where they remain in a segregation unit [Intensive Management Unit North (IMU-N) at the prison] pending appeals and until a death warrant is issued setting the date for the execution. Female defendants under sentence of death are housed at the Washington Corrections Center for Women in Gig Harbor before being transferred to the Penitentiary no later than 72 hours prior to a scheduled execution, also housed in IMU North, although the execution chamber is located in Unit 6.

78 persons have been executed in Washington since 1904, the most recent being Cal Coburn Brown, in 2010.

Correctional Industries
The Washington Department of Corrections revenue-generating, industry job training, and factory food production branch is Washington State Correctional Industries. It is a member of the National Correctional Industries Association.

Correctional Industries began centralizing food production at the Airway Heights Correctional Center in 1995. In the years since, freshly cooked food for incarcerated people in Washington prisons has gradually and in large part been replaced by factory processed, prepackaged food.

Private prisons
On May 21, 2015, The GEO Group announced the signing of a contract with the Washington Department of Corrections for the out-of-state housing of up to 1,000 prisoners at the company-owned North Lake Correctional Facility in Baldwin, Michigan, with a contract term of five years inclusive of renewal option periods.

Food vendors
Under the Washington state Food Umbrella Contract, WA DOC's Correctional Industries procures products from Food Services of America, Liberty Distributing, Medosweet Farms, Spokane Produce, Terry Dairy's, Triple "B" Corporations, and Unisource. WA DOC also contracts with Evergreen Vending, Coca-Cola, and other private food vendors for its facility vending machines.

Communications
WA DOC contracts with JPay, a private company that charges the incarcerated and their families for electronic mail, photo-sharing, money transfer, and video visiting services. Phone services for the incarcerated and their families are through WA DOC's contract with Global Tel Link.

Secretary of Corrections
The secretary of corrections in Washington State is a cabinet level position appointed by the state governor. This position differs from the historical director of the Washington Department of Institutions in its educational requirements. In the 1950s and 1960s, Washington law mandated that directors of the Department of Institutions were required to hold graduate degrees. The modern Washington Department of Corrections has no such requirements for its secretary of corrections.

Amos Reed
Amos Reed, appointed by Governor John Spellman, served as the first Washington state secretary of corrections from 1981 to 1986.

Prior to his position as secretary, Reed served as an administrator in the Oregon Department of Corrections from 1969 to 1975.

Chase Riveland
Chase Riveland was appointed Secretary of Corrections by Governor Booth Gardner in 1986. He retired in 1997. Riveland drew criticism from Republican lawmakers who felt he was not harsh enough on incarcerated people. However, his cautions against politically-driven policies have proven prescient in the mass incarceration decades that followed his time as secretary. By 2008, the number of people incarcerated in Washington had more than tripled since the time Riveland first came to WADOC.

Joseph D. Lehman
Joe Lehman was a graduate of St. Martin's College and Pacific Lutheran University. He spent 21 years as a probation and parole officer and deputy secretary in Washington's prison system. Lehman was appointed secretary of Corrections by Governor Gary Locke in 1997, and served until 2005. Prior to serving as WADOC secretary, Lehman oversaw Pennsylvania's largest prison expansion in state history and then worked for the Maine correctional system. In 1994, Lehman won the Association of State Correctional Administrators Francke Award. Lehman's starting salary as WADOC secretary was $93,659 He oversaw WADOC at a time when the department had a budget of $765 million, with 12,825 incarcerated people and 6,300 employees]

Harold Clarke
Harold Clarke, appointed by Governor Christine Gregoire, served as Secretary of Corrections from 2005 until his resignation in late 2007. Prior to his appointment, he directed the Nebraska Department of Corrections, where he had climbed through the ranks for over twenty years. He resigned as WADOC secretary amid controversy over probation supervision to take a position as commissioner of the Massachusetts Department of Corrections.

Eldon Vail
Eldon Vail returned from retirement after 31 years with WADOC to serve as Acting Secretary of Corrections until his formal appointment as Secretary by Governor Christine Gregoire in 2008. Vail resigned amid controversy over an affair with a subordinate in 2011.

Bernard Warner
Bernard Warner was appointed by Governor Christine Gregoire as Secretary of Corrections in 2011. Warner resigned in 2015 to take a position at a private Salt Lake City corrections industry.

Dan Pacholke
Governor Jay Inslee appointed Dan Pacholke Secretary of Corrections in 2015. Pacholke began his career in WADOC in 1982 as a correctional officer at McNeil Island Corrections Center. He worked his way through the ranks until he was appointed secretary. Pacholke resigned after a short tenure amid controversy over a WADOC computer glitch that caused the somewhat early release of approximately 3,000 incarcerated people over more than a decade. Some formerly incarcerated people who had established new lives upon early release were reincarcerated in response to public and political outcry over the early releases. The early release scandal became an expression of more complex political relationships in anticipation of the 2016 Washington State election season. In a resignation email to Senator Mike Padden—one of the most conservative members of the Washington State Senate's Law and Justice Committee—Pacholke wrote, "I notify you now of my resignation. I hope it helps meet your need for blood.  I hope it gives you fodder for the press and fulfills your political needs so you can let this agency, our agency, heal." Former secretary of corrections Bernie Warner told the media he did not know about the computer glitch until notified by Governor Jay Inslee's general counsel. However, Pacholke told the media that Warner's assistant secretary knew of the mistaken early release of prisoners as early as 2012. At least two people were killed in homicides linked to prisoners who had mistakenly been released early, and families of the deceased in each of those cases went on to file wrongful death lawsuits against the agency. One of those lawsuits resulted in a $3.25 million settlement paid out by the DOC.

Since leaving WADOC, Pacholke has become the co-director at Segregation Solutions. He co-authored a report with Sandy Felkey Mullins on segregation practices for the U.S. Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Assistance titled "More Than Emptying Beds: A Systems Approach to Segregation Reform".

Richard Morgan
Richard "Dick" Morgan returned from retirement after more than three decades of employment with WA DOC to be appointed by Governor Jay Inslee as acting secretary, effective March 14, 2016. He served in the role of secretary until January 12, 2017. Morgan had previously served as a member of the Indeterminate Sentence Review Board and of the Washington Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty.

Jody Becker-Green
Former Washington State Department of Social and Health Services employee Jody Becker-Green was appointed by Governor Jay Inslee as acting secretary from January 10, 2017 to April 25, 2017, becoming the first woman to serve in this role.

Stephen Sinclair
Stephen Sinclair was appointed WA DOC secretary by Governor Jay Inslee on April 25, 2017. He began his career at the agency as a correctional officer and gained progressively greater responsibilities as investigator, sergeant, associate superintendent, superintendent and assistant secretary.

As superintendent of the Washington State Penitentiary, Sinclair created the Sustainable Practices Lab. In addition to his role as secretary, he was the DOC co-director of the Sustainability in Prisons Project at The Evergreen State College.

Cheryl Strange
On April 29, 2021, Washington State Governor Jay Inslee appointed Cheryl Strange as the Washington DOC's first permanent female secretary. Prior to her appointment, Strange was Secretary of the Washington State Department of Social and Health Services. She had previously served as the CEO of Western State Hospital.

Paramilitary culture
WADOC is a paramilitary organization and values respect for chain of command and seniority. The department recruits much of its correctional staff from Joint Base Lewis–McChord career fairs.

Labor union
Non-management positions in the Washington Department of Corrections are negotiated by the Teamsters Local 117 labor union. and the Washington Federation of State Employees.

Honor guard
WADOC Honor Guard protocols are governed by WADOC Policy 870.440. Individual WADOC correctional facilities are not required to maintain an Honor Guard. As of 2013, only five of WADOC's 12 facilities maintained an active Honor Guard. Facility superintendents and Chiefs of Emergency Operation are responsible for selecting Honor Guard members and approving Honor Guard participation in local events.

Line of duty deaths
The most well-known line of duty death in recent WADOC history was that of Jayme Biendl in 2011. This incident has been called "the Washington Department of Corrections 9/11", as it resulted in dramatic changes to WADOC security protocols and programs for incarcerated people. An annual Behind the Badge memorial run is held in honor of Biendl's service.

Key issues
In 2012, WADOC correctional officers advocated for improved uniforms in keeping with the standards of uniforms of other Washington law enforcement agencies. Prior to 2012, correctional officer uniforms were made by incarcerated people in industry job positions. This provided 100 jobs for incarcerated people, as well as eight supervisory correctional officer positions. Officer Carl Beatty was a public spokesman for a shift to professional uniforms made by outside manufacturers with significant savings to the State of Washington in cost, with the result that House Bill 2346 passed during the 2012 Washington State Regular Legislative Session. This bill removed the requirement that correctional officer uniforms come from Correctional Industries. WA DOC Policy 870.400 lists detailed requirements for staff uniforms.

Ombudsman
In 2007, the Washington Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) spearheaded legislative efforts to create an independent ombudsman position that would provide an alternative avenue of mediation between WADOC, WADOC staff, incarcerated people, and family members of the incarcerated. The resulting bill, SB 5295—sponsored by state Senators Jim Kastama, Dan Swecker, Karen Fraser, Jeanne Kohl-Welles, Chris Marr, Debbie Regala, Marilyn Rasmussen, and Rosemary McAuliffe —was not successful. In the years since, many other community groups have added their support for these legislative efforts. Annual attempts to pass an independent ombudsman bill began in 2013 with SB 5177, sponsored by Senators Mike Carrell and Steve Conway. In 2014, Senators Conway, Jeannie Darneille, Steve O'Ban, Jeanne Kohl-Welles, and Annette Cleveland sponsored SB 6399. In 2015, Senators Jeannie Darneille, Rosemary McAuliffe, Jeanne Kohl-Welles, Steve O'Ban, Maralyn Chase, Bob Hasegawa, Karen Keiser, Kirk Pearson, Steve Conway, and David Frockt sponsored SB 5505, with Representatives Luis Moscoso, Roger Goodman, Eric Pettigrew, Sherry Appleton, Tina Orwall, Timm Ormsby, and Laurie Jinkins sponsoring companion bill HB 2005.

In the 2016 legislative session, Senators Mark Miloscia, Christine Rolfes, Kirk Pearson, Steve O'Ban, Steve Conway, and Rosemary McAuliffe sponsored unsuccessful SB 6154, with Representatives Luis Moscoso, Eric Pettigrew, Sherry Appleton, Tina Orwall, David Sawyer, Cindy Ryu, Derek Stanford, Gerry Pollet, Teri Hickel, Steve Bergquist, and Sharon Tomiko Santos sponsoring companion HB 2817.

In the 2017-2018 legislative session an ombudsman bill, HB 1889, passed both chambers of the legislature.

WADOC opposed these legislative efforts. In 2016, WADOC created its own internal ombudsman position. Carlos Lugo, who had previously worked on a special WADOC project concerning visitation access for Latino incarcerated people, was hired as the first WADOC ombudsman.

Contraband
The WADOC Intelligence and Investigations Unit asked the FBI to become involved in the investigation of employee contraband smuggling at WADOC's Monroe Correctional Complex smuggling in December 2015. A correctional officer was arrested on September 29, 2016. FBI agents determined the officer was accepting bribes of up to $1,000 to smuggle contraband into the prison.

In August 2016 a 23-year-old incarcerated man at Monroe Correctional Complex died from a drug overdose, causing renewed concerns statewide about contraband entering WADOC prisons.

Sustainability in Prisons Project
At Cedar Creek Corrections Center in 2003, the Washington State Department of Corrections and The Evergreen State College founded the Sustainability in Prisons Project (SPP). Dan Pacholke was Cedar Creek Correctional Center's superintendent at the time, and started composting and water catchment programs to save money and create meaningful work for the men incarcerated at the minimum security facility. Dr. Nalini Nadkarni, a member of the faculty at Evergreen, asked for incarcerated people to join her in a study to grow native mosses, and Cedar Creek welcomed her proposal. From here, the partnership between Evergreen and WADOC strengthened and expanded. In the decade plus since, SPP has expanded to several other WADOC prisons. Incarcerated people raise endangered species and carry out impressive composting operations using recycled construction materials.

Timeline of key events

 * 1981 - New Department of Corrections is created to oversee correctional institutions previously overseen by Department of Social and Health Services.
 * 1984 - Sentencing Review Act (SRA) overhauls state's criminal code.
 * 1995 - Correctional Industries centralized factory food production begins at Airway Heights Correctional Center.
 * 2000s - Incarcerated people are required to order food packages from a few select contract vendors instead of local grocery stores.
 * 2003 - DOC and Evergreen State College collaborate to found the Sustainability in Prisons Project
 * 2009 - Incarcerated people are required to wear uniforms instead of personal clothing.
 * 2011 - Line of duty death of Officer Jayme Biendl brings increased attention to security.
 * 2015 - State Senate passes SB 5650, establishing a medical subaccount exempt from WADOC deductions to incarcerated people's personal accounts.
 * 2016 - WADOC hires an internal ombudsman. Secretary Dick Morgan publicly states that the WADOC will phase out the use of the word "offender".


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Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)

The Progressive Democratic Party (الحزب الديمقراطي التقدمي, al-Ḥizb ad-Dīmuqrāṭī at-Taqaddumī; Parti démocrate progressiste), also referred to by its acronym PDP, was a secular liberal political party in Tunisia.

History and profile
The Progressive Democratic Party was founded under the name of Progressive Socialist Rally in 1983, gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988 and was renamed Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led by Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party.

The Progressive Democratic Party had a newspaper, Al-Mawqif.

Under the Ben Ali rule
In its beginnings, the Progressive Socialist Rally (now PDP) gathered a broad range of currents from Marxists and pro-democracy activists to progressive Muslims. During the Ben Ali rule, Najib Chebbi and the PDP were harassed by the police for years, and verbally attacked by state-run media. After unsuccessfully participating in elections from 1989 to 1999, the party decided to boycott the elections of 2004 and 2009. Therefore, it was unrepresented in the Tunisian parliament. After the Ben Ali administration announced to force the party to move their headquarters from Tunis, its leaders Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi engaged in a 20-day hunger strike, which earned the party attention and prompted the administration to revoke their decision.

After the Tunisian revolution
Following the 2010–2011 Tunisian protests, shootings outside PDP's headquarters were reported on 16 January 2011. The next day, on 17 January, party leader Najib Chebbi, was named Regional Development Minister in the interim government. Ahead of the Constituent Assembly election, the PDP evolved into a main exponent of the centre-left secular camp and rival of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. In the run-up to the elections, the Progressive Democrats have received quite an amount of financial support which enabled the party for a lavish campaign. Critics claim that an important part of the funding came from businesspeople close to the old Ben Ali power elite.

In the election for a constituent assembly, the PDP won 3.9% of the popular vote and 16 of 217 seats in the National Constituent Assembly, putting it at the fifth place. As the party had categorically ruled out any collaboration with the victorious Islamist Ennahda Movement, the Progressive Democrats went into opposition and belong to the outspoken critics of the governing coalition of the Islamists with the secular CPR and Ettakatol parties. After the electoral defeat, the PDP launched talks with other secularist and liberal parties to form a "big party of the centre". The merger was realised on the PDP's fifth congress on 9 April 2012. The new party is called the Republican Party and comprises, in addition to the PDP, the Afek Tounes party, several extra-parliamentary parties and independents.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)


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Ad-Dawr

Ad-Dawr (الدور) is a small agricultural town in Saladin Governorate, Iraq, near Tikrit. It includes a great number of people from four tribes, al-Shuwaykhat, al-Mawashet, al-Bu Haydar and al-Bu Mdallal. Al-Mawashet tribe is famous for supporting Saddam Hussein.

Structures
Ad-Dawr is home to a housing complex called "Saad 14", which was built in the 1980s by Hyundai Engineering & Construction, a major South Korean construction company.

Iraq War
In May 2003, the 4th Battalion, 42nd Field Artillery, a part of the United States Army's 4th Infantry Division, along with the 534th Signal Company, established a Forward Operating Base just south of the town, called FOB Arrow. On May 15, 2003, troops from the U.S. Army's 4th Infantry Division raided the town, arresting more than 260 suspected Ba'ath Party supporters.

The vast majority were soon released but five Iraqi special security forces officers were reported captured, including two Iraqi army generals and a general from Saddam's security forces who had disguised himself as a shepherd.

On August 13, 2003, a U.S. Army soldier was killed near FOB Arrow when his vehicle hit an anti-tank mine.

An attack by insurgents near ad-Dawr killed three American soldiers and injured three on September 18, 2003.

The 4th Battalion 42nd Field Artillery, along with 3rd Platoon 534th Signal Company, adopted Nasiba Primary School for Girls in the town and completed its refurbishment in November 2003.

On December 13, 2003, the 4th Infantry Division's 1st Brigade Combat Team conducted Operation Red Dawn and found Saddam Hussein hiding in a spider hole in front of a hut occupied by a man believed to be his former cook, Qais Namuk.

Notables from ad-Dawr
• Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri

• One of the most well-known Arab historical scholars, Professor-Doctor Abdul Aziz Al-Douri (b. 1918 – d. 2010), was a native of ad-Dawr; he served as the chancellor of Baghdad University during the 1960s.

Links and references

 * Aldor map coordinates: 34.4575°N, 43.79889°W

title: Ad-Dawr


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Suzuki sporadic group

In the area of modern algebra known as group theory, the Suzuki group Suz or Sz is a sporadic simple group of order
 * 213 · 37 · 52 · 7 · 11 · 13 = 448345497600 ≈ 4.

History
Suz is one of the 26 Sporadic groups and was discovered by as a rank 3 permutation group on 1782 points with point stabilizer G2(4). It is not related to the Suzuki groups of Lie type. The Schur multiplier has order 6 and the outer automorphism group has order 2.

Complex Leech lattice
The 24-dimensional Leech lattice has a fixed-point-free automorphism of order 3. Identifying this with a complex cube root of 1 makes the Leech lattice into a 12 dimensional lattice over the Eisenstein integers, called the complex Leech lattice. The automorphism group of the complex Leech lattice is the universal cover 6 · Suz of the Suzuki group. This makes the group 6 · Suz · 2 into a maximal subgroup of Conway's group Co0 = 2 · Co1 of automorphisms of the Leech lattice, and shows that it has two complex irreducible representations of dimension 12. The group 6 · Suz acting on the complex Leech lattice is analogous to the group 2 · Co1 acting on the Leech lattice.

Suzuki chain
The Suzuki chain or Suzuki tower is the following tower of rank 3 permutation groups from, each of which is the point stabilizer of the next.

 * G2(2) = U(3, 3) · 2 has a rank 3 action on 36 = 1 + 14 + 21 points with point stabilizer PSL(3, 2) · 2
 * J2 · 2 has a rank 3 action on 100 = 1 + 36 + 63 points with point stabilizer G2(2)
 * G2(4) · 2 has a rank 3 action on 416 = 1 + 100 + 315 points with point stabilizer J2 · 2
 * Suz · 2 has a rank 3 action on 1782 = 1 + 416 + 1365 points with point stabilizer G2(4) · 2

Maximal subgroups
found the 17 conjugacy classes of maximal subgroups of Suz as follows:

title: Suzuki sporadic group


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Higman–Sims group

In the area of modern algebra known as group theory, the Higman–Sims group HS is a sporadic simple group of order
 * 29⋅32⋅53⋅7⋅11 = 44352000
 * ≈ 4.

The Schur multiplier has order 2, the outer automorphism group has order 2, and the group 2.HS.2 appears as an involution centralizer in the Harada–Norton group.

History
HS is one of the 26 sporadic groups and was found by. They were attending a presentation by Marshall Hall on the Hall–Janko group J2. It happens that J2 acts as a permutation group on the Hall–Janko graph of 100 points, the stabilizer of one point being a subgroup with two other orbits of lengths 36 and 63. Inspired by this they decided to check for other rank 3 permutation groups on 100 points. They soon focused on a possible one containing the Mathieu group M22, which has permutation representations on 22 and 77 points. (The latter representation arises because the M22 Steiner system has 77 blocks.) By putting together these two representations, they found HS, with a one-point stabilizer isomorphic to M22.

HS is the simple subgroup of index two in the group of automorphisms of the Higman–Sims graph. The Higman–Sims graph has 100 nodes, so the Higman–Sims group HS is a transitive group of permutations of a 100 element set. The smallest faithful complex representation of HS has dimension 22.

independently discovered the group as a doubly transitive permutation group acting on a certain "geometry" on 176 points.

Construction
GAP code to build the Higman-Sims group is presented as an example in the GAP documentation itself.

The Higman-Sims group can be constructed with the following two generators:

$(1,50,65)$ $(2,89,62,52,88,25)$ $(3,46,57,18,74,55)$ $(4,45,10,70,56,39)$ $(5,97,77)$ $(6,84,8,48,99,67)$ $(7,26,92,28,20,100)$ $(9,30,79,66,49,95)$ $(11,72)$ $(12,94,98,27,83,93)$ $(13,31,61,59,40,47)$ $(14,51,68,44,16,34)$ $(15,38)$ $(17,82,87)$ $(19,76,73,71,63,32)$ $(21,37,58,69,75,35)$ $(22,53,81)$ $(23,33,54)$ $(24,43,80,78,29,86)$ $(42,64)$ $(60,90,96)$ $(85,91)$

and

$(1,65,44,13,34,57)$ $(2,10,39,54,42,84)$ $(3,15,69,63,37,11)$ $(5,21,79)$ $(6,89,49,64,46,80)$ $(7,70,93,29,8,38)$ $(9,81,17,23,77,59)$ $(12,68,66,75,96,82)$ $(14,18,95,43,76,32)$ $(16,33,99,26,92,48)$ $(19,50)$ $(20,97,83)$ $(22,88,85,53,24,56)$ $(25,62,67)$ $(27,98)$ $(28,55)$ $(30,58,71,86,94,90)$ $(31,87,52,78,100,60)$ $(35,61,51)$ $(36,73,72)$ $(40,74)$ $(41,45,47)$

Relationship to Conway groups
identified the Higman–Sims group as a subgroup of the Conway group Co0. In Co0 HS arises as a pointwise stabilizer of a 2-3-3 triangle, one whose edges (differences of vertices) are type 2 and 3 vectors. HS thus is a subgroup of each of the Conway groups Co0, Co2 and Co3.

(p. 208) shows that the group HS is well-defined. In the Leech lattice, suppose a type 3 point v is fixed by an instance of Co3. Count the type 2 points w such that the inner product v·w = 2 (and thus v-w is type 3). He shows that their number is 11,178 = 2⋅35⋅23 and that this Co3 is transitive on these w.

$|HS| = |Co_{3}| / 11,178 = 44,352,000.$

In fact, $|HS| = 100 |M_{22}|$, and there are instances of HS including a permutation matrix representation of the Mathieu group M22.

If an instance of HS in Co0 fixes a particular point of type 3, this point is found in 276 triangles of type 2-2-3 that this copy of HS permutes in orbits of 176 and 100. This fact leads to Graham Higman's construction as well as to the Higman–Sims graph. HS is doubly transitive on the 176 and rank 3 on the 100. A 2-3-3 triangle defines a 2-dimensional subspace fixed pointwise by HS. The standard representation of HS can thus be reduced to a 22-dimensional one.

A Higman-Sims graph
(p. 210) gives an example of a Higman-Sims graph within the Leech lattice, permuted by the representation of M22 on the last 22 coordinates:
 * 22 points of shape (1, 1, −3, 121)
 * 77 points of shape (2, 2, 26, 016)
 * A 100th point (4, 4, 022)

Differences of adjacent points are of type 3; those of non-adjacent ones are of type 2.

Here, HS fixes a 2-3-3 triangle with vertices x = (5, 123), y = (1, 5, 122), and z the origin. x and y are of type 3 while x-y = (4, −4, 022) is of type 2. Any vertex of the graph differs from x, y, and z by vectors of type 2.

Two classes of involutions
An involution in the subgroup M22 transposes 8 pairs of co-ordinates. As a permutation matrix in Co0 it has trace 8. It can shown that it moves 80 of the 100 vertices of the Higman-Sims graph. No transposed pair of vertices is an edge in the graph.

There is another class of involutions, of trace 0, that move all 100 vertices. As permutations in the alternating group A100, being products of an odd number (25) of double transpositions, these involutions lift to elements of order 4 in the double cover 2.A100. HS thus has a double cover 2.HS, which is not related to the double cover of the subgroup M22.

Maximal subgroups
found the 12 conjugacy classes of maximal subgroups of HS as follows:

Conjugacy classes
Traces of matrices in a standard 24-dimensional representation of HS are shown. Listed are 2 permutation representations: on the 100 vertices of the Higman–Sims graph, and on the 176 points of Graham Higman's geometry.

Generalized Monstrous Moonshine
Conway and Norton suggested in their 1979 paper that monstrous moonshine is not limited to the monster group, but that similar phenomena may be found for other groups. Larissa Queen and others subsequently found that one can construct the expansions of many Hauptmoduln from simple combinations of dimensions of sporadic groups. For HS, the McKay-Thompson series is $$T_{10A}(\tau)$$ where one can set a(0) = 4 ,

 * $$\begin{align} j_{10A}(\tau) &= T_{10A}(\tau) + 4 \\

&= \left( \left( \frac{ \eta(\tau) \; \eta(5\tau) }{ \eta(2\tau) \; \eta(10\tau) } \right)^{2} + 2^2 \left( \frac{ \eta(2\tau) \; \eta(10\tau) }{ \eta(\tau) \; \eta(5\tau) } \right)^{2} \right)^2 \\ &= \left( \left( \frac{ \eta(\tau) \; \eta(2\tau) }{ \eta(5\tau) \; \eta(10\tau) } \right)    +  5  \left( \frac{ \eta(5\tau) \; \eta(10\tau) }{ \eta(\tau) \; \eta(2\tau) } \right)     \right)^2 - 4 \\ &= \frac{1}{q} + 4 + 22q + 56q^2 + 177q^3 + 352q^4 + 870q^5 + 1584q^6 + \cdots \end{align}$$

title: Higman–Sims group


text:
Sun Wen (footballer)

Sun Wen (born 6 April 1973) is a Chinese former professional footballer who played as a forward. She previously captained the China national team and the Atlanta Beat of the Women's United Soccer Association (WUSA).

In 2000, she won the FIFA Female Player of the Century along with Michelle Akers. Sun won both the Golden Ball (top player) and Golden Boot (top scorer) for her performance at the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup. She is considered one of the all-time greats of the women's game.

Early life
Sun began playing football around the age of ten. Her father, Sun Zonggao, was a recreational football player who took Sun with him to watch matches in the Chinese men's league. Sun credits him for influencing her foray into the sport.

Sun studied Chinese literature at the University of Shanghai.

Shanghai SVA
Sun played for the Shanghai team in the Chinese women's league.

Atlanta Beat
Sun played for the Atlanta Beat of the Women's United Soccer Association from 2001 to 2002. She was the first overall pick of the WUSA's Inaugural Draft, but a knee and ankle injury limited her first season with the Beat to 13 games with five starts. During the league's semifinal match against the Philadelphia Charge, the Beat were down 2–0; however, Sun scored on a penalty kick and then provided the assist on the equalizer goal with a corner kick headed in by Cindy Parlow. The Beat would go on to win the match 3–2. She then notched the Beat's third goal in the Founders Cup, helping the team to an eventual 3–3 tie during regulation. The San Jose CyberRays won the title in a penalty kick shootout.

During the 2002 season, Sun played in 18 games, making 10 starts. She scored four goals as the Beat earned another chance at the playoffs, but the Beat were eliminated in the semifinals.

Sun announced her retirement from the WUSA in January 2003 to return to China in preparation for the 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup.

International
Sun appeared on China's national squad at the age of 17 and went on to appear in four FIFA Women's World Cup tournaments for China and became one of three women to have played all of China's 15 matches in its three World Cup appearances. In 1999, she had 10 goals in her World Cup career, leaving her tied for second place on an all-time scoring list.

Sun helped the national team win the Asian Cup in 1991, 1993, 1995 and 1997.

Sun led China to a silver medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Athens, Georgia. During the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup, Sun scored seven goals and earned the Golden Ball (top player) and Golden Boot (top scorer) at the tournament.

She returned to the Chinese women's team from a two-year retirement on 15 December 2005. Due to injury reasons, Sun retired again after winning AFC Women's Asian Cup in 2006.

Matches and goals scored at World Cup and Olympic tournaments
Sun played 28 matches and scored 16 goals in 4 world cup tournaments and 2 Olympics: China 1991, Sweden 1995, Atlanta 1996, USA 1999, Sydney 2000, USA 2003; she played and started every match for China. Sun Wen, with her China teams, won a silver medal at Atlanta 1996 Olympics, and finished second at USA 1999 world cup.

Honors and awards
A strong striker with great skills and passing abilities, Sun won both the Golden Boot (which she shared with Sissi, of Brazil) and the Golden Ball for the 1999 Women's World Cup, and became the first woman to be nominated for the Asian Football Confederation player of the year award.

In 2002, she received the FIFA Internet Award in the FIFA Female Player of the Century voting. While the overall award was won by American Michelle Akers, Sun received the most internet votes on the FIFA-website.

title: Sun Wen (footballer)


text:
McLaughlin group

McLaughlin group may refer to:
 * McLaughlin group (mathematics), a sporadic finite simple group
 * The McLaughlin Group, a weekly public affairs program broadcast in the United States

title: McLaughlin group


text:
User talk:Ambarish

Hi!

Welcome to wikipedia. Are you ex-IITM? -- Arvindn 07:45, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Good to see you remember me. Wasn't I your hostel senior too? I see your trail on the WWW everywhere - /., k5, the works! Keep up the good work (read "karma whoring") :-) So, aren't you in your 4th year now? -- Ambarish 09:09, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Fifth, actually: I'm in dual degree. I'm just getting done with the long and painful apping process, so I expect to be doing even more karma whoring in the future ;^) -- Arvindn 15:22, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * All the best, then, with your apping. -- Ambarish 22:15, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

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West Virginia Division of Corrections and Rehabilitation

The West Virginia Division of Corrections and Rehabilitation is an agency of the U.S. state of West Virginia within the state Department of Homeland Security that operates the state's prisons, jails and juvenile detention facilities. The agency has its headquarters in the state's capital of Charleston. The state incarcerates 273 women per 100,000 population, the highest rate of female incarceration in the world, ahead of all other states and foreign nations.

History
On January 1, 1986 a two-day riot began at the West Virginia State Penitentiary resulted in three inmate deaths.

The Eastern Regional Jail and Corrections Facility in Martinsburg, the first of the state's 10 regional jails opened in May 1989. The regional jails would gradually replace the 55 county jails.

The former Salem Industrial Home for Youth was converted into an adult prison, the Salem Correctional Center, in 2015.

All of the division's facilities are overcrowded and understaffed. Press reports in late 2017 indicated the division was short three hundred correctional officers. Press reports in early 2018 showed that pay for correctional officers in the state ranked 49th in the nation. New correctional officers started at $24,664, about twelve dollars an hour.

From February to July 2018, National Guard troops supplemented the overworked officers. At the end of that period, the Fire Marshal's Office continued to support the division.

Until July 1, 2018, the agency was simply the "West Virginia Division of Corrections" and only operated the adult prisons. On July 1, 2018 the agency absorbed the former West Virginia Division of Juvenile Services and the former West Virginia Regional Jail Authority and assumed its current name.

Fallen officers
Seven officers have died in the line of duty.

One by Assault

One by Automobile Crash

One by Gunfire

Four by Stabbing

6 Males

1 Female


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Democrats of the Left

The Democrats of the Left (Democratici di Sinistra, DS) was a social-democratic political party in Italy. Positioned on the centre-left, the DS, successor of the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS) and the Italian Communist Party, was formed in 1998 upon the merger of the PDS with several minor parties. A member of The Olive Tree coalition, the DS was successively led by Massimo D'Alema, Walter Veltroni, and Piero Fassino, and merged with Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy and a number of minor centre-left parties to form the Democratic Party in October 2007.

History
At its 20th congress in 1991, the Italian Communist Party (PCI) was transformed into the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS), responding to the Revolutions of 1989 in eastern Europe by re-orienting the party towards the European democratic socialist tradition. Under the leadership of Massimo D'Alema, the PDS merged with some minor centre-left movements (Labour Federation, Social Christians, Republican Left, Movement of Unitarian Communists, Reformists for Europe, and Democratic Federation) on 13 February 1998.

The DS' symbol lacked the hammer and sickle, which was present in the PDS' one and was instead replaced by the red rose of European social democracy as used by the Party of European Socialists (PES). Massimo D'Alema became Prime Minister of Italy in October 1998, the first former Communist to hold the post. D'Alema was replaced as the leader of DS by Walter Veltroni. During the party's first national congress in January 2000, Veltroni received the support of the 79.9% of delegates, while the left wing of the party, at the time led by three women (Anna Finocchiaro, Fulvia Bandoli, and Pasqualina Napoletano), had the support of 20.1% of delegates.

Leadership of Piero Fassino
During the party's second national congress in November 2001, Piero Fassino, a mainstream social democrat, was elected secretary with 61.8% of party members' votes. In the event, Giovanni Berlinguer, endorsed by left-wingers, democratic socialists, and the Italian General Confederation of Labour (CGIL) trade union, gained 34.1%, while Enrico Morando, from the liberal right-wing, got 4.1%. Contextually, D'Alema was elected president. During the third national congress in February 2005, Fassino was re-elected with 79.0% of the vote. While no one stood against Fassino, left-wing candidates ran for congressional delegates: the DS Left – returning to win motion/list won 14.6% of the vote; DS Left for Socialism, 4.0%; and the Ecologist Left, 2.4%.

2006 general election
In the 2006 Italian general election, the DS endorsed Romano Prodi for Prime Minister and were part of The Olive Tree electoral list, along with Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy (DL) and the European Republicans Movement (MRE), for the Chamber of Deputies, while fielding its own list for the Senate of the Republic. The DS–DL–MRE joint list obtained 31.2% of the vote and 220 deputies, while the DS list 17.2% and 62 senators. The party's dismal result and the razor-thin win of The Union coalition over the centre-right House of Freedoms coalition prompted a discussion on the party's future. By the end of 2006, the party leadership was committed to a merger with DL. Nine Ministers of the Prodi II Cabinet were affiliated to the DS, notably including D'Alema who served as Deputy Prime Minister of Italy and Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs. Giorgio Napolitano, another DS member, was elected President of Italy in May 2006 and re-elected in April 2013 for a second term.

Fourth national congress and split
The party's fourth national congress was held in 19–21 April 2007. During local congresses, Fassino and his motion named For the Democratic Party, backed by most leading members (D'Alema, Pier Luigi Bersani, and Antonio Bassolino, among others), received the support of 75.6% by party members. The left wing of Fabio Mussi, Cesare Salvi, Fulvia Bandoli, and Valdo Spini (To the Left. For European Socialism) scored 15.0%; this motion was instead opposed to the merger of the DS with DL. A third motion (For a New, Democratic and Socialist Party), signed by Gavino Angius, Mauro Zani, and originally Giuseppe Caldarola, took 9.3% of the vote; its members (gathered in the new Socialists and Europeans faction) supported the creation of a new party only within the PES, which was opposed by the DL. As a result, the DS approved the formation of a Democratic Party, along with DL and minor parties. Most supporters of the two motions which had opposed the merger left the DS right after the congress and launched the Democratic Left on 5 May 2007, which aimed to unite the heterogeneous Italian left.

The Democratic Party (PD) was formed in October 2007 and its first secretary was Walter Veltroni, a former DS leader who was elected leader of the new party through a leadership election, which saw the participation of over 3,5 million Italian voters in which Veltroni won 75.8% of the vote.

Factions
Inside the DS, there was often a somewhat simplistic distinction between reformists (riformisti) and radicals (radicali), indicating respectively the party's mainstream and its left wing. The party also included several organised factions. The social-democratic majority was loosely organised, while including several organised movements: the Labourites – Liberal Socialists and Sicily's Reformist Movement, both splinter groups of the Italian Socialist Party; Reformist Europe, a splinter group of the Democratic Union led by Giorgio Benvenuto (previously named Reformists for Europe); the Social Christians, which had emerged from the left wing of Christian Democracy; the Republican Left, from the left wing of the Italian Republican Party; and the Liberal Left, from the left wing of the Italian Liberal Party. A dissident group left the Labourites in order to launch Socialists and Europeans as a vehicle to oppose the party's merger with DL. On the party's right, the Liberal DS had a moderate Third Way or radical centrist political agenda and joined the party's majority in latter years.

Before the party's last congress in 2007, the left-wing opposition was led by the DS Left – Returning to win, a democratic-socialist grouping, with other smaller groups including DS Left – for Socialism and the Ecologist Left. Before that, some DS leading members, including Pietro Ingrao, Achille Occhetto, and Pietro Folena, had left the party in order to join the Communist Refoundation Party, which at its sixth congress held in January 2005 moved toward a more heterogeneous, non-sectarian, and strongly pacifist variety of leftism.

Popular support
The electoral results of DS (PDS until 1998) in general (Chamber of Deputies) and European Parliament elections from 1992 to 2006 are shown in chart below. The result for the 2006 general election refers to the election for the Senate (the DS contested the election for the Chamber of Deputies in a joint list with the DL).

The electoral results of the DS (PDS until 1998) in the 10 most populated regions of Italy are shown in the table below.

Leadership

 * Secretary: Massimo D'Alema (1998), Walter Veltroni (1998–2001), Piero Fassino (2001–2007)
 * Coordinator: Marco Minniti (1998), Pietro Folena (1998–2001), Vannino Chiti (2001–2004), Vannino Chiti / Maurizio Migliavacca (2004–2006), Maurizio Migliavacca (2006–2007)
 * Organizational Secretary: Pietro Folena (1998), Franco Passuello (1998–2001), Maurizio Migliavacca (2001–2004), Marina Sereni (2004–2006), Andrea Orlando (2006–2007)
 * President: Massimo D'Alema (2000–2007)
 * Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies: Fabio Mussi (1998–2001), Luciano Violante (2001–2006), Marina Sereni (deputy-leader of the Olive Tree's group, 2006–2007)
 * Party Leader in the Senate: Gavino Angius (1998–2006), Anna Finocchiaro (leader of the Olive Tree's group, 2006–2007)
 * Party Leader in the European Parliament: Renzo Imbeni (1998–1999), Pasqualina Napoletano (1999–2004), Nicola Zingaretti (2004–2006), Giovanni Pittella (2006–2009)

title: Democrats of the Left


text:
Whisky a Go Go

The Whisky a Go Go (informally nicknamed The Whisky) is a historic nightclub in West Hollywood, California, United States. It is located at 8901 Sunset Boulevard on the Sunset Strip, corner North Clark Street, opposite North San Vicente Boulevard, northwest corner. The club has been the host for musicians and bands including Taj Mahal, Otis Redding, Hugh Masekela, Alice Cooper (who all recorded live albums there between 1966 and 1969), The Doors, The Ramones, The Byrds, Three Dog Night, The Mothers of Invention, Buffalo Springfield, Led Zeppelin, The Kinks, Love, The Stooges, Parliament-Funkadelic, Metallica, Cheap Trick, Guns N' Roses, System of a Down, The Flying Burrito Brothers, Chicago, Germs, Elton John, Mötley Crüe, Steppenwolf, Van Halen, Rush, Johnny Rivers, X, Iron Butterfly, Shark Island, Fleetwood Mac, KISS, No Doubt, Death, AC/DC, Golden Earring, Linkin Park, Nirvana, The Beach Boys, Stryper, Oasis, Everclear and Phil Seymour.

History
In 1958, the first Whisky a Go Go in the United States opened in Chicago, Illinois, on the corner of Rush and Chestnut streets. It has been called the first real American discothèque. A franchise was opened in 1966 on M Street in the Georgetown section of Washington, D.C., by restaurateur Jacques Vivien.

It owes its name to the first discothèque, the Whisky à Gogo, (à gogo, meaning, in French, "in abundance", "galore"), established in Paris in 1947 by Paul Pacini (d. 2017), which itself took the name from the movie Whisky Galore! based on the British novel Whisky Galore which was released in France as Whisky a Gogo.

The Sunset Strip Whisky was founded by Elmer Valentine, Phil Tanzini, Shelly Davis, and attorney Theodore Flier and opened on January 16, 1964. In 1966, Valentine, Lou Adler, and others founded The Roxy Theatre. In 1972, Valentine, Adler, Mario Maglieri and others started the Rainbow Bar & Grill on the Sunset Strip. Lou Adler bought into the Whisky in the late 1970s. Valentine sold his interest in the Whisky a Go Go in the 1990s but retained an ownership in the Rainbow Bar & Grill and the Roxy Theatre until his death in December 2008.

Although the club was billed as a discothèque, suggesting that it offered only recorded music, the Whisky a Go Go opened with a live band led by Johnny Rivers and DJ Rhonda Lane, spinning records between sets from a suspended cage at the right of the stage. Shortly after opening, the club began booking live rock groups upon suggestion from their publicist, Ronnie Haran. Haran eventually hired The Doors as the Whisky house band, where they performed seven nights a week. In September 1969, the group Gypsy took over as the house band at the club until April 1971.

The Whisky a Go Go was one of the places that popularized go-go dancing. Elmer Valentine, in a 2006 Vanity Fair article, recalled arranging to have a female DJ play records between Rivers' sets so patrons could continue dancing. But because there was not enough room on the floor for a DJ booth, he had a glass-walled booth mounted high above the floor. A contest was held for the female DJ job but when the young winner called Valentine on the night of the opening and tearfully said her mother forbade her from doing it, Valentine recruited the club's cigarette girl, Patty Brockhurst. Valentine quickly hired two more female dancers, one of whom, Joanna Labean, designed the official go-go-girl costume of fringed dress and white boots.

Rivers rode the Whisky-born go-go craze to national fame with records recorded partly Live at the Whisky. In addition, The Miracles recorded the song "Going to a Go-Go" in 1966 (which was covered in 1982 by The Rolling Stones), and Whisky a Go Go franchises sprang up all over the country. Arguably, the rock and roll scene in Los Angeles was born when the Whisky started operation; because of its status as a historic music landmark, the venue was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2006.

The Whisky played an important role in many musical careers, especially for bands based in Southern California. The Byrds, Buffalo Springfield, Smokestack Lightnin', and Love were regulars, and The Doors were the house band for a while. Van Morrison's band Them had a two-week residency in June 1966, with The Doors as the opening act. On the last night they all jammed together on "Gloria." Frank Zappa's The Mothers of Invention got their record contract based on a performance at the Whisky. The Turtles performed there when their newest (and biggest-selling) single "Happy Together" was becoming a hit, only to lose their new bassist, Chip Douglas (who had arranged the song), to The Monkees; guitarist Michael Nesmith invited him to become their producer (he returned to the Turtles a year later, to produce them). Neil Diamond also played at the Whisky on occasion. Metallica bassist Cliff Burton was recruited by the band after they watched him play a show there with his band Trauma. At one point, singer and actress E.G. Daily had a residency at the Whisky. On February 15, 1977, the Ramones played for the first time on this stage.

Arthur Lee of Love immortalized the Whisky in the song "Maybe the People Would Be the Times or Between Clark and Hilldale". "Here they always play my songs," he would sing on the side-two opener of Forever Changes. The Whisky was located on the strip between the streets Clark and Hilldale. British rockers Status Quo also referenced the venue in their 1978 song "Long Legged Linda" with the lines, "Well, if you're ever in Los Angeles and you've got time to spare / Take a stroll up Sunset Boulevard, you'll find the Whisky there." Loggins and Messina sang about the club in their tune "Whiskey", found on their 1972 album Loggins and Messina.

In 1966, the Whisky was one of the centers of what fans call the Sunset Strip police riots. In the mid-1970s, the Whisky hosted stage presentations, including the long-running show The Cycle Sluts. During the early 1990s, the Whisky hosted a number of Seattle-based musicians who would be a part of the grunge movement, including Soundgarden, Mudhoney, Melvins, Fitz of Depression and 7 Year Bitch. Tracks recorded from a February 12, 1992 concert of Hole appear on their EP, Ask for It (1995). In 1994, Oasis played a controversial set at the Whisky, with frontman Liam Gallagher visibly intoxicated. Immediately following the gig, lead songwriter Noel Gallagher temporarily left the group out of frustration, fleeing to San Francisco, where he penned the song "Talk Tonight". In 1997, System of a Down played at the Whisky. The band were unsigned at the time, and played songs from their early demo tapes, in particular containing the band's only live performance of the song "Blue".

Today

On September 12, 2016, Whisky a Go Go launched an official TV channel on the Roku Connected TV platform. The Whisky a Go Go channel opens the Whisky's doors to a global audience with live music videos, full concerts and related content spanning its 60-year history.

Honors
A gene that codes for a subunit of a common potassium ion channel was named for the establishment in the 1960s by William D. Kaplan and William E. Trout. The human Ether-à-go-go-Related Gene (hERG) was so named because when Drosophila flies with mutations in the Ether-à-go-go gene are anaesthetised with ether, their legs start to shake, like the dancing at the Whisky a Go Go nightclub.

In popular culture
The 2013 videogame Grand Theft Auto V features a nightclub known as Tequi-la-la, which is based on Whisky a Go Go.

The 2019 song "Kiss the Go-Goat" by Ghost is named so because the band's fictional history consists of the band performing the song at the Whiskey a Go Go in 1969.

The 2008 song “Down at the Whisky” by Mötley Crüe memorialized The Whisky and the 1980’s rock and roll scene on the Sunset Strip.

title: Whisky a Go Go


text:
Talk:List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number

Hydrophone
Where or by whom is this "hydrophone" class "under consideration"? --Camembert

 * That was me, I'll attempt to find where I read that. I read it while attempting to verify that instruments which produce sound in the water are called hydrophones (after reading a mention by Alvin Lucier?). Hyacinth 17:52, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * I believe electronic microphones or loudspeakers for use under water are known as hydrophones. Might this be the origin? I can't really think of a way in which an instrument could actually produce sound using water (bear in mind that, say, a chordophone is still a chordophone when underwater, since it's not the water that causes the sound), and I haven't heard of such an instrument. EldKatt 22:05, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Obviously they would produce sound by manipulating the flow of water, much as an aerophone produces sound by manipulating the flow of air. But as you start to say, does anyone know an example of such an instrument? -- Smjg 11:07, 17 May 2005 (UTC)

 * You're right; theoretically it's quite possible. But unless it can be verified that the classification exists, or even that there are such instruments, I think it ought to go. --EldKatt 17:11, 17 May 2005 (UTC)

 * That seems to be like saying "If you don't have a wife, you should stop beating her." -- Smjg 09:17, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm afraid I have no idea what you mean by that. --EldKatt 08:36, 19 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Basically that one cannot get rid of what is already non-existent. If (as suspected) the current Hornbostel-Sachs system doesn't have a Hydrophone category, then nobody can remove it from the system.  If OTOH you meant it ought to go from this article, then I'm not sure.  I guess it makes sense to note the fact that the category has been/is being considered for the system. -- Smjg 10:17, 19 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah, I see. Yes, I did mean from the article. If it is being considered for the system, I can't see why the page shouldn't say so. The question, I guess, is if it actually is. --EldKatt 14:19, 19 May 2005 (UTC)

 * A google search pointed me to little but this German text, apparently a critical article on the Hornbostel-Sachs system, which mentions the term, but I don't know German well enough to understand much of it. --EldKatt 17:11, 17 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I tried a Google translation, but it just gave up halfway through. BabelFish does a little better .  But my guess would be that the category would be added to the system when and if such an instrument is invented/discovered. -- Smjg 09:17, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

Bagpipes
I have added several types of bagpipe to the list. Although I could think of more, I suspect there are simply too many distinctly different types to list. A more urgent problem occurred to me, though. As of now, the bagpipes are categorised by the type of reed (single or double). However, most bagpipes have at least two pipes, occasionally fitting into both of these categories. The Great Highland Bagpipe, Uilleann Pipe, and probably many other types have a double-reed chanter and single-reed drones, and the opposite might exist (although it probably doesn't, for technical reasons). For now, I'm certain that they're all categorised by the reed of the chanter, but there might be a better way to deal with it. Does anyone know if the Hornbostel-Sachs system has its own way of dealing with this? --EldKatt 13:39, 9 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, there are special ways of dealing with instruments such as these which might reasonably be put in more than one category (I touched on it at Hornbostel-Sachs, but didn't go into any detail because... well, I must've felt lazy that day). Exactly how it works I can't remember off the top of my head - I'll check some time later this week and we'll see what can be done. --Camembert

Rhodes Piano
Surely a Fender Rhodes is an Ideophone not an Electrophone as the electro-magnetic pick-up only amplifies and does not actually produce the sound. As the tine produces the sound and each one is specifically tuned to resonante at a difeerent pitch, should it not be a 'Struck Ideophone' just as an electric guitar is a 'Plucked Chordophone'? --Beliefspace 16:11, 3 Feb 2007 (UTC)

 * Agree. There seems to be an ongoing project at MIMO to update HS, see Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Percussion/Lists of percussion instruments. Andrewa (talk) 14:15, 23 March 2012 (UTC)

Wobble board
What kind of idiophone would this be, although it's shaken it's not indirectly struck. -- Regregex (talk) 17:54, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20031224225631/http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/appendix/instruments/instrumentmain.html to http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/appendix/instruments/instrumentmain.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20031127200708/http://www.vnstyle.vdc.com.vn/vim/english/music_instument/chordophone.html to http://www.vnstyle.vdc.com.vn/vim/english/music_instument/chordophone.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20031223223421/http://trumpet.sdsu.edu/M345/Knowledge_Webs/2Arab_MusicY/chordophone.htm to http://trumpet.sdsu.edu/M345/Knowledge_Webs/2Arab_MusicY/chordophone.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20031212223922/http://www.acslink.aone.net.au/christo/inlist2/inl20002.htm to http://www.acslink.aone.net.au/christo/inlist2/inl20002.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:53, 31 December 2017 (UTC)

Requested move 10 September 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Moved all. Closing early as it doesn't look controversial, and main article is already at Hornbostel–Sachs. — Amakuru (talk) 21:50, 10 September 2018 (UTC)

– Per MOS:ENDASH; this is two people. HandsomeFella (talk) 19:31, 10 September 2018 (UTC)
 * List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number → List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number
 * List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number: 11 → List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 11
 * List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number: 31 → List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 31
 * List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number: 32 → List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 32
 * List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number: 111 → List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 111
 * List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number: 111.1 → List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 111.1
 * List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number: 112 → List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 112
 * List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number: 311.121.221 → List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 311.121.221
 * List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number: 311.121.222 → List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 311.121.222
 * List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number: 311.221 → List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 311.221
 * List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number: 311.222 → List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 311.222
 * List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number: 312.11 → List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 312.11
 * List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number: 312.22 → List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 312.22
 * List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number: 314.122 → List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 314.122
 * List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number: 321.21 → List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 321.21
 * List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number: 321.22 → List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 321.22
 * List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number: 321.31 → List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 321.31
 * List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number: 321.33 → List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 321.33
 * List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number: 321.311 → List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 321.311
 * List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number: 321.312 → List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 321.312
 * List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number: 321.313 → List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 321.313
 * List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number: 321.321 → List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 321.321
 * List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number: 321.322 → List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 321.322
 * List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number: 322.11 → List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 322.11
 * List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number: 322.12 → List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 322.12
 * List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number: 322.211 → List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 322.211
 * List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number: 322.212.1 → List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 322.212.1
 * List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number: 322.221 → List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number: 322.221

 * Support per nom - per MOS:ENDASH and for WP:CONSISTENCY with the existing main page, "Hornbostel–Sachs". Paintspot Infez (talk) 20:15, 10 September 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.


text:
Workers' Party (Tunisia)

The Workers' Party (حزب العمال; Parti des travailleurs) is a communist party in Tunisia. Legalized only in 2011, it participates in the Popular Front coalition, which is represented in the Assembly of the Representatives of the People. The party's long-term leader is general secretary Hamma Hammami.

Founded in 1986, the party was known as the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party (حزب العمال الشيوعي التونسي; Parti communiste des ouvriers de Tunisie, PCOT) until 2012. After the rename it remained a member of the Hoxhaist International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle).

History
The party was outlawed until the Tunisian Revolution, when in a failed attempt to shore up the state framework it and another banned parties were invited to participate in a national unity government. Subsequently, the party and other opposition elements refused this attempt to co-opt the ongoing revolution by installing a government composed at its senior levels by associates of the former regime.

It was founded on 3 January 1986 and has a youth wing the Union of Communist Youth of Tunisia (UJCT).

Amnesty International reports that in 1998 five students were charged with belonging to PCOT and given 4-year prison sentences after student demonstrations.

After their involvement in the uprising against Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, PCOT held their first conference as a legal party on 22–24 July, with up to 2000 attending. Removing the word "communist" from the party's name was among the topics debated. In the end, party spokesperson Abed Jabbar Bdouri stated the party decided "not to make any changes since we're currently too busy with the electoral campaign".

In the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, the candidates of PCOT's electoral formation ran by the name "Revolutionary Alternative" (البديل الثوري ; Alternative révolutionaire) and won 3 of the 217 seats, in Sfax, Kairouan and Siliana. Member Chrif Khraief has stated the party was dissatisfied with the result, as "3 seats in the CA doesn't reflect at all the real weight of the party on the streets"; PCOT issued a statement condemning the use of political donations and electoral violations during the campaign.

In July 2012, the PCOT decided to remove the word "communist" from its name to avoid the stereotype associated with this term.

title: Workers' Party (Tunisia)


text:
List of Alabama state prisons

This is a list of state prisons in Alabama. It does not include federal prisons or county jails located in the state of Alabama.

Work releases, work centers, and camps

 * Alex City Work Release Center
 * Atmore Work Release Center (CLOSED)
 * Birmingham Work Release Center
 * Bullock Work Release Center
 * Camden Work Release Center
 * Childersburg Boot & Work Camp
 * Childersburg Work Release Center
 * Davis Correctional Facility
 * Decatur Work Release Center (RENAMED - North Alabama Work Release Center)
 * Elba Work Release Center
 * Farquhar Cattle Ranch
 * Frank Lee Youth Center
 * Hamilton Work Release Center
 * Loxley Community Work Camp
 * Loxley Work Release Center
 * Mobile Work Release Center
 * Montgomery Women's Facility
 * Red Eagle Honor Farm

Former

 * Wetumpka State Penitentiary, established in 1841 as the Alabama State Penitentiary

title: List of Alabama state prisons


text:
Tom Shippey

Thomas Alan Shippey (born 9 September 1943) is a British medievalist, a retired scholar of Middle and Old English literature as well as of modern fantasy and science fiction. He is considered one of the world's leading academic experts on the works of J. R. R. Tolkien about whom he has written several books and many scholarly papers. His book The Road to Middle-Earth has been called "the single best thing written on Tolkien".

Shippey's education and academic career have in several ways retraced those of Tolkien: he attended King Edward's School, Birmingham, became a professional philologist, occupied Tolkien's professorial chair at the University of Leeds, and taught Old English at the University of Oxford to the syllabus that Tolkien had devised.

He has received three Mythopoeic Awards  and a World Fantasy Award. He participated in the creation of Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, assisting the dialect coaches. He featured as an expert medievalist in all three of the documentary DVDs that accompany the special extended edition of the trilogy, and later also that of The Hobbit film trilogy.

Early life
Thomas Alan Shippey was born in 1943 to the engineer Ernest Shippey and his wife Christina Emily Kjelgaard in Calcutta, British India, where he spent the first years of his life. He studied at King Edward's School in Birmingham from 1954 to 1960.

Like J. R. R. Tolkien, Shippey became fond of Old English, Old Norse, German and Latin, and of playing rugby. He gained a B.A. from Queens' College, Cambridge, in 1964, his M.A. in 1968, and a PhD in 1970.

Medievalist
Shippey became a junior lecturer at the University of Birmingham, and then a Fellow of St John's College, Oxford, where he taught Old and Middle English. In 1979, he was elected to the Chair of English Language and Medieval English Literature at Leeds University, a post once held by Tolkien. In 1996, after 14 years at Leeds, Shippey was appointed to the Walter J. Ong Chair of Humanities at Saint Louis University's College of Arts and Sciences, where he taught, researched, and wrote books. He has been a visiting professor at Harvard University, the University of Texas, and Signum University.

He has published over 160 books and articles, and has edited or co-edited scholarly collections such as the 1998 Beowulf: The Critical Heritage and in 2005 The Shadow-walkers: Jacob Grimm's Mythology of the Monstrous. Among several influential articles on the Old English poem Beowulf are an analysis of its principles of conversation, a much-cited discussion of the "obdurate puzzle" of the "Modthrytho Episode" (Beowulf 1931b–1962), which seems to describe a cruel irrational queen who then becomes a model wife, and an analysis of "Names in Anglo-Saxon and Beowulf", with special reference to those elsewhere unrecorded. He has also written on Arthurian legend, including its reworkings in medieval and modern literature. His medieval studies have extended as far as to write a book on the lives and deaths of the great Vikings "as warriors, invaders and plunderers", exploring their "heroic mentality", with special reference to the pervasive Norse Bad Sense of Humour.. The Swedish author Lars Lönnroth commented that nothing like Shippey's "eminently readable book" had been attempted since Thomas Bartholin's 1677 history of Danish antiquity, even if Shippey's use of legendary sources meant that the materials used could not be relied upon as history, only as indications of a shared mindset. See further "Vikings: Legend, History, Mindset", online at academia.edu

Since his retirement and his return to England, he has continued his research His retirement in 2008 was marked by a festschrift, Constructing Nations, Reconstructing Myth, edited by Andrew Wawn, Graham Johnson and John Walter, with contributions from former students and former colleagues. His Tolkien scholar colleagues including Janet Brennan Croft, John D. Rateliff, Verlyn Flieger, David Bratman, Marjorie Burns, and Richard C. West marked his 70th birthday with a further festschrift, Tolkien in the New Century, while another volume of essays by former colleagues and students, Literary Speech Acts of the Medieval North: essays inspired by the works of T.A. Shippey, came out in 2020, edited by Eric Bryan and Alexander Ames.

Modern fantasy and science fiction
A fan and follower of science fiction from teenage years, in the early 1980s Shippey worked with Brian Aldiss with the concept of world-building in his Helliconia trilogy.

Under the pseudonym of "John Holm", he was the co-author, with Harry Harrison, of The Hammer and the Cross trilogy of alternate history novels, consisting of The Hammer and the Cross (1993), One King's Way (1995), and King and Emperor (1996). For Harrison's 1984 West of Eden, Shippey helped with the constructed language, Yilanè.

Shippey has edited both The Oxford Book of Science Fiction Stories, and The Oxford Book of Fantasy Stories. For ten years he reviewed science fiction for The Wall Street Journal, and still contributes literary reviews to the London Review of Books. In 2009, he wrote a scholarly 21-page introduction to Flights of Eagles, a collection of James Blish's works. He has given many invited lectures on Tolkien and other topics. In 2008 he brought out a collection of articles on SF and fantasy, Hard Reading: Learning from Science Fiction, freely available from academia.edu.

Tolkien scholarship
Shippey's interest in Tolkien began when he was 14 years old and was lent a copy of The Hobbit. Shippey comments on his interest in Tolkien that

"Purely by accident, I followed in Tolkien's footsteps in several respects: as a schoolboy (we both went to King Edward's School, Birmingham), as rugby player (we both played for Old Edwardians), as a teacher at Oxford (I taught Old English for seven years at St. John's College, just overlapping with Tolkien's last years of retirement), and as Professor of English Language at Leeds (where I inherited Tolkien's chair and syllabus).'"

On 11 November 1969, he delivered a lecture on "Tolkien as philologist" at a Tolkien day organised by the Adult Education Department at the University of Birmingham. Joy Hill, Tolkien's private secretary, was in the audience and afterward, she asked him for the script, for Tolkien to read. On 13 April 1970, Shippey received a letter from Tolkien in response; he records that it took him 30 years to decode the "specialised politeness-language of Old Western Man" in which Tolkien replied to Shippey's interpretations of his work, even though, Shippey writes, he speaks the same language himself. Tolkien wrote, hinting that Shippey was "nearly" (italics supplied by Shippey) always correct but that Tolkien had not had the time to tell him about his design as it "may be found in a large finished work, and the actual events or experiences as seen or felt by the waking mind in the course of actual composition [i.e. Tolkien's then-unpublished legendarium]"; Shippey used the phrase "Course of actual composition" as the title of the final chapter of The Road to Middle-earth.

Shippey and Tolkien met later in 1972 when Shippey was invited for dinner by Norman Davis, who had succeeded Tolkien as the Merton Professor of English Language. When he became a Fellow of St. John's College that same year, Shippey taught Old and Middle English using Tolkien's syllabus.

Shippey's first printed essay on Tolkien, "Creation from Philology in The Lord of the Rings", expanded on his 1970 lecture. In 1979, he was elected into a former position of Tolkien's, the Chair of English Language and Medieval English Literature at Leeds University. He noted that his office at Leeds, like Tolkien's, was just off Woodhouse Lane, a name that in his view Tolkien would certainly have interpreted as a trace of the woodwoses, the wild men of the woods "lurking in the hills above the Aire".

His first Tolkien book, The Road to Middle-earth, was published in 1982. In this he attempted to set Tolkien in the tradition of comparative philology, a discipline founded by Jacob Grimm, which he regarded as the major source of Tolkien's inspiration. In 2000, however, he published Tolkien: Author of the Century, in which he attempted also to set Tolkien in the context of his own time: "writing fantasy, but voicing in that fantasy the most pressing and most immediately relevant issues of the whole monstrous twentieth century – questions of industrialised warfare, the origin of evil, the nature of humanity". This would include writers affected by war like Kurt Vonnegut, William Golding, and George Orwell. An enlarged third edition of Road to Middle-earth was published in 2005; in its preface Shippey states that he had assumed (wrongly) that the 1982 book would be his last word on the subject, and in the text he sets out his view, stated at more length in Author of the Century, that "the Lord of the Rings in particular is a war-book, also a post-war book", comparing Tolkien's writing to that of other twentieth-century authors. Road rigorously refutes what was then the long-running literary hostility to Tolkien, and explains to instinctive lovers of Lord of the Rings why they are right to like it. It has been described as "the single best thing written on Tolkien", and "the seminal monograph". The book has received over 900 scholarly citations. Both Road and Author have been often reprinted and translated. In 2000, Michael Drout and H. Wynne looked back at Shippey's books as landmarks in Tolkien research; they comment that "The real brilliance of Road was in method: Shippey would relentlessly gather small philological facts and combine them into unassailable logical propositions; part of the pleasure of reading Road lies in watching all these pieces fall into place and Shippey's larger arguments materialize out of the welter of interesting detail."

As an acknowledged expert on Tolkien, Shippey served for a while on the editorial board of Tolkien Studies: An Annual Scholarly Review. Gergely Nagy, reviewing Shippey's festschrift, wrote that Shippey "has been (and still is) an enabler for all of us in Tolkien Studies: author of the seminal The Road to Middle-earth (first published in 1983) and countless insightful articles, he is the veritable pope of the field."

Family life
Shippey married Susan Veale in 1966; after that marriage ended, he married Catherine Elizabeth Barton in 1993. He has three children. He retired in 2008, and now lives in Dorset.

Film and television
Shippey has appeared in several television documentaries, in which he spoke about Tolkien and his Middle-earth writings:

 * 1984: Tolkien Remembered
 * 1996: J.R.R.T.: A Film Portrait of J.R.R. Tolkien
 * 1998: An Awfully Big Adventure: J.R.R. Tolkien

See again tomshippey.com for a further list of youtube and other appearances, at least one of them attracting several million viewers.
 * 2002: Page to Screen: The Lord of the Rings
 * 2003: J.R.R. Tolkien: Origins of Middle-Earth

He participated in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, for which he assisted the dialect coaches. He was featured on all three of the documentary DVDs that accompany the special extended edition of The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, and later also that of The Hobbit film trilogy. He summarized his experiences with the film project as follows:

"'The funny thing about interviews is you never know which bits they're going to pick. It always feels as if they sit you down, shine bright lights in your eyes, and ask you questions until you say something really silly, and that's the bit they choose. At least they didn't waterboard me. But it was good fun, and I'd cheerfully do it again.'"

Publications
Apart from his published books, Shippey has written a large number of scholarly articles.

 * Books written
 * Old English Verse (London: Hutchinson, 1972, ISBN 978-0091110314).
 * Poems of Wisdom and Learning in Old English (Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 1976; 2nd ed., 1977 ISBN 0-091-11030-0).
 * Beowulf. Arnold's Studies in English Literature series (London: Edward Arnold, 1978, ISBN 978-0-71316-147-2).
 * The Road to Middle-earth (London: Allen & Unwin, 1982; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1983), 2nd ed. (London: HarperCollins, 1993), Revised and Expanded edition (London: HarperCollins, 2005 ISBN 978-0-26110-275-0).
 * J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century (London: HarperCollins, 2001, ISBN 978-0-26110-401-3).
 * Roots and Branches: Selected Papers on Tolkien (Zurich and Berne: Walking Tree Publishers, Cormarë Series 11, 2007, ISBN 978-3-905703-05-4).
 * Hard Reading: Learning from Science Fiction (Liverpool University Press, 2016, ISBN 978-1-78138-261-5).
 * Laughing Shall I Die: Lives and Deaths of the Great Vikings (Reaktion Books, 2018, ISBN 978-1-780239-09-5).
 * Beowulf and the North Before the Vikings (Arc Humanities Press, 2022, ISBN 978-1-80270-013-8).

 * Books edited
 * Fictional Space: Essays on Contemporary Science Fiction, (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991, ISBN 0-631-17129-0).
 * The Oxford Book of Science Fiction Stories, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-19-214204-6).
 * Fiction 2000: On Cypberpunk and the Future of Narrative, with George Slusser, (U Georgia Press, 1993).
 * The Oxford Book of Fantasy Stories, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994 ISBN 0-19-214216-X).
 * Beowulf: The Critical Heritage, with Andreas Haarder (New York: Routledge, 1998 ISBN 978-1-13800-910-3).
 * Medievalism in the Modern World: Essays in Honour of Leslie J. Workman, with Richard Utz (Turnhout: Brepols, 1998), ISBN 2-503-50166-4,.
 * The Shadow-Walkers: Jacob Grimm's Mythology of the Monstrous, (Turnhout: Brepols, 2005 ISBN 978-2-50352-094-0).
 * Old English Philology: Studies in Honour of R.D. Fulk, with Leonard Neidorf and Rafael J. Pascual (Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 2016 ISBN 978-1-84384-438-9).

Awards and distinctions

 * 1984 – Mythopoeic Award, Mythopoeic Scholarship Award for Inkling Studies, The Road to Middle-earth
 * 2001 – Mythopoeic Award, Mythopoeic Scholarship Award for Inkling Studies, J.R.R. Tolkien: Author of the Century
 * 2001 – World Fantasy Award, Special Award Professional, J.R.R. Tolkien: Author of the Century

 * 2008 – Mythopoeic Award, Mythopoeic Scholarship Award for Myth and Fantasy Studies, The Shadow-Walkers: Jacob Grimm's Mythology of the Monstrous
 * 2008 -- Festschrift edited by Andrew Wawn, Graham Johnson and John Walter, Constructing Nations, Reconstructing Myth.
 * 2014 – Festschrift edited by John Wm. Houghton, Janet Brennan Croft, Nancy Martsch, John D. Rateliff, and Robin Anne Reid, Tolkien in the New Century: Essays in Honor of Tom Shippey
 * 2020 - Festschrift, edited by Eric Shane Bryan and Alaexander Ames, Literary Speech Acts of the Medieval North: Essays inspired by the works of T A Shippey,

title: Tom Shippey


text:
Talk:Index set

Phrasing

 * In mathematics, an index set I is another name for a function domain.

This statement seems to me to exemplify a deficiency in the way mathematicians think. Currently accepted canons of logical rigor will bless this assertion, but nonetheless mathematicians are thinking about something differently when they call it an index set than when they call it a domain of a function. Everyone can explain the difference if they think about it, but only when speaking "informally". Michael Hardy 20:32, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Hardly 'brilliant prose', I'd agree. And just the same point as could be made about sequence, I guess. I'd deny it is a problem with thinking, though.

Charles Matthews 21:09, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I think there is a difference, and it is inappropriate to call any index set a function domain, because IMHO, not any family is a function. Families can have their elements in categories (see coproduct) or still elsewhere, where a union does not make sense, IMHO. MFH 00:37, 10 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I agree with Hardy that defining an index set as a function domain, while technically correct, is very unilluminating. I tried to rewrite this article so that it makes more sense. -- Fropuff 18:14, 2005 May 26 (UTC)

I couldn't figure out what an index set was until I read the statement above; it really solidified it for me. Though, I'm no mathematician. I do think the statement could help those of us who don't already know set theory, even if the statement isn't entirely true. -- Toper

Using {Ai} for families
A family and the set of all elements of the family are certainly distinct. The first one is ordered (at least if the index set is ordered) and the second one is not. So I don't think it's a good idea to use the same notation for both.

Ai is the i-th element, {Ai | i∈I} is the unordered set of elements and (Ai)i∈I is the ordered family.

Though I have seen lots of books using {Ai} for a family it's confusing and unnecessary.

Furthermore the title and the disambiguation page are misleading, this page is mainly not about the index set but about the indexed set or family. Markus Schmaus -- 21:56 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

confusion
In the notation (Ai), the symbol A is the mapping, and not the codomain of the mapping. I'll change the article. Bo Jacoby 08:44, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

typo?
In the first example, should it be "$$f:J \rarr S$$ is the particular enumeration of S" instead?

Merger Proposal

 * Oppose This is self contained section and contains useful information. So, not a good idea to merge them. Phoe6 (talk) 23:38, 25 April 2011 (UTC)

Here is problem with part denoted "indicator function", such that function here described corresonds to comparing of two elements in the set, but this function does not says anything abou appearance of some element of set in the (some) its subset in any case. Please fix this ambiguity — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jiri 1984 (talk • contribs) 19:36, 11 October 2011 (UTC)

Is an "index set" the same as an "indexed set", or is this an error?
I noticed that index set and indexed set link to different articles on Wikipedia. Is this correct, or is it an error? Jarble (talk) 14:55, 27 November 2012 (UTC)
 * No, it's not an error. It's like the difference between a lessor and a lessee: they're at opposite ends of a relationship. — Quondum 15:16, 27 November 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Index set