text:
Michael Bliss

John William Michael Bliss (1941–2017) was a Canadian historian and author. Though his early works focused on business and political history, he also wrote biographies of physicians Frederick Banting, William Osler and Harvey Cushing. Bliss was a frequent commentator on political events and issues. He was an Officer of the Order of Canada.

Early life
Michael Bliss was born on January 18, 1941, in Leamington, Ontario, Bliss was raised in nearby Kingsville, Ontario. His father, Quartus Bliss, was a Kingsville-based physician who encouraged Michael to enter the medical field. In an autobiographical essay, Bliss explained that his aspirations were shattered when watching his father suture a drunk's face:

"[T]here was a Sunday afternoon when Dad’s and my Scrabble game was interrupted by the appearance at the office door of a policeman with a drunk in tow, the drunk having been in a fight and suffering a badly slashed face. Dad had to sew him up, suturing both inside and outside the cheek, and invited me to watch what would be a demonstration of his surgical skill ... with blood and alcohol fumes everywhere, reflecting on my own complete disinterest in and lack of manual skills, I decided that this was not what I wanted to do in life. And that was the end of my ambition to be a doctor."

Academic pursuits
Bliss entered the University of Toronto in 1958, and received his Bachelor of Arts, Master of Arts, and Doctor of Philosophy degrees there. He was appointed to the faculty in 1968 and by the time of his retirement in 2006 had attained the elite rank of University Professor.

His doctoral dissertation, which was supervised by Ramsay Cook, was a social history of Canadian business, an analysis of the "thoughts and dreams" of businessmen in Canada during the National Policy years. It was published under the title A Living Profit. In 1978 he published a major biography of Sir Joseph Flavelle, "A Canadian Millionaire", and in 1987 the first history of business in Canada, "Northern Enterprise".

In 1982, he began a mid-career transition to medical history with his book "The Discovery of Insulin". This 1982 book was the basis for the award-winning Glory Enough for All, a 1988 Canadian television movie. He has published biographies of two Canadians, the discoverer of insulin Sir Frederick Banting and the famous physician Sir William Osler. In 2005, he published a biography of the American neurosurgeon Harvey Cushing, himself also a biographer of Osler.

Like J. L. Granatstein, his criticism of excessively specialized social history has made him a controversial figure in Canadian historiography.

Bliss has been a frequent commentator on Canadian politics for newspapers, magazines, and television, and has lectured widely in North America and Europe.

In a 2005 profile for the National Post, former student John Turley-Ewart writes: "In the 1990s, when I worked as his teaching assistant, it was not unusual to see 300 people from all walks of life – full-time students, business people, civil servants, journalists – packed into his evening lectures." He was nominated by Turley-Ewart as Canada's "leading public intellectual", part of a series that ran in National Post.

Awards and distinctions
In 1998, he was made a Member of the Order of Canada and was promoted to Officer in 2013. His books have won various prizes, including the Welch Medal of the American Association for the History of Medicine, the Tyrrell Medal of the Royal Society of Canada, three Jason Hannah Medals of the Royal Society of Canada, the Garneau, Macdonald, and Ferguson prizes of the Canadian Historical Association, and the National Business Book Award. His book on Osler was shorted for the Governor General's Award. He was an honorary member of the Harvey Club of London, the oldest medical club in Canada, for his historical biographical contributions on Banting, another honorary member of the Harvey Club. He is an honorary fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada and holds honorary degrees from the University of Prince Edward Island, McMaster University, McGill, the University of British Columbia, and the University of Toronto. In 2008 his students published a festschrift, "Essays in Honour of Michael Bliss: Figuring the Social". In 2016 he became the first historian inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame.

In 2011, he received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Osler Society in 2010

Political commentary
Bliss frequently commented on current events, contributing essays to various magazine and newspapers, including The Globe and Mail. He opposed the Meech Lake Accord and the Charlottetown Accord and the 1999 NATO bombing of Kosovo and he advocated for the abolition of the Canadian monarchy. He also strongly criticized Stephen Harper's 2006 move to recognize the Québécois as a nation.

Death
Michael Bliss died on May 18, 2017, in Toronto, Ontario, at the age of 76.

Works

 * 1974: A Living Profit: studies in the social history of Canadian business 1883-1911
 * 1975: Confederation, 1867: The Creation of the Dominion of Canada
 * 1978: A Canadian Millionaire: The Life and Business Times for Sir Joseph Flavelle ISBN 978-0770516574
 * 1982: The Discovery of Insulin ISBN 978-0226058986
 * 1984: Frederick Banting: A Biography
 * 1987: Northern Enterprise: Five Centuries of Canadian Business 2018 edition ISBN 978-1-77244-151-2
 * 1991: Plague: A Story of Smallpox in Montreal(nominated for Governor General's Award) ISBN 978-0006378907
 * 1994: Right Honourable Men: the descent of Canadian politics from Macdonald to Mulroney, HarperCollins ISBN 978-0-00-255071-0
 * 1999: William Osler: a Life in Medicine ISBN 978-0-19-532960-5 (nominated for Governor General's Award)
 * 2005: Harvey Cushing: a Life in Surgery  ISBN 0-8020-8950-X
 * 2010: The Making of Modern Medicine: Turning Points in the Treatment of Disease ISBN 978-0226059013
 * 2011: Writing History: A Professor's Life ISBN 978-1525237416 (a first-person memoir)

title: Michael Bliss


text:
Henry II, Count of Champagne

Henry II of Champagne (or Henry I of Jerusalem) (29 July 1166 – 10 September 1197) was Count of Champagne from 1181 to 1197, and King of Jerusalem jure uxoris from 1192 to 1197 by virtue of his marriage to Queen Isabella I of Jerusalem.

Early life
Henry was the elder son of Count Henry I of Champagne and Marie, daughter of King Louis VII of France and Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine. His aunt Adela of Champagne was Louis VII's third wife. In 1171, Henry was betrothed to Isabella of Hainault. When she married Philip II of France instead, his father, aunt and other members of his family were angered. It made Queen Adela's faction hostile to Isabella's family and so caused tension at the French court. Henry's father died in 1181, and his mother ruled, as regent, until 1187.

Crusade
In 1190 Henry left for the East, after having his barons swear to recognize his younger brother Theobald as his successor should he fail to return. He joined the Third Crusade, arriving ahead of his uncles, Kings Philip II of France and Richard I of England. Initially, he was one of the leaders of the French contingent at the siege of Acre before Philip's arrival. He is said to have been a member of the group involved in the abduction of Queen Isabella I of Jerusalem, to get her to consent to a divorce from Humphrey IV of Toron so that she could be married to Conrad of Montferrat. Henry was related to Conrad through both his maternal grandparents. According to Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad, he was wounded at Acre on 15 November.

Later on in the campaign, Henry shifted his allegiance to Richard who, in April 1192, sent Henry as his representative from Acre to Tyre, to inform Conrad of Montferrat of his election as king of Jerusalem. Henry then returned to Acre. A few days later, Conrad was murdered by two Assassins. Henry came back to Tyre two days later, ostensibly to help organise Conrad's coronation, but found that a funeral was being prepared instead. He was immediately betrothed to the newly widowed—and pregnant—queen of Jerusalem. They were married just eight days after Conrad's death.

The marriage was glossed romantically by some of the chroniclers: that Isabella was so taken with Henry's physical attractions (he was 20 years younger than Conrad) that she asked him to marry her. Since she was already known to be pregnant with Conrad's child, Maria of Montferrat, the marriage was considered scandalous by some, but it was politically vital for her to acquire another husband to defend the kingdom. However, some consultation with the High Court might have been expected. The couple went on to have two daughters, Alice and Philippa.

Henry asked for permission from his uncle Richard, who gave it promptly: however, since Richard was suspected of Conrad's murder, this raises further questions about the whole episode. Indeed, Henry, who was known to the Arabs as "al-kond Herri", later sought an alliance with the Hashshashin, and was invited to visit their fortress stronghold, al-Kahf. To demonstrate his authority, the grand master of the Hashshashin beckoned to two adherents, who immediately flung themselves from the ramparts to their deaths. The Hashshashin then offered to commit a murder for Henry, as an honour to their guest. Henry demurred, concluded the treaty, and departed. Patrick A. Williams has suggested Henry himself as a suspect in Conrad's murder, although it would have been a risky undertaking without his uncle's support.

Henry died in 1197, falling from a window, one floor off the ground, at his palace in Acre. There are varying accounts in different manuscripts of the Old French Continuation of William of Tyre, also known as The Chronicle of Ernoul. The majority suggest that a window-lattice or balcony gave way as he leaned against it. A servant, possibly a dwarf named Scarlet, also fell, after trying to save him by catching hold of his hanging sleeve - he weighed too little to pull the king (who was tall and strongly built) back. Another version suggests that Henry had been watching a parade from the window, when a party of Pisan envoys entered the room. Turning to greet them, he stepped backwards and overbalanced. Whatever the exact circumstances, Henry was killed outright; the servant, who suffered a fractured femur, raised the alarm, but later died of his injury. Some accounts suggest that Henry might have survived if his servant had not landed on top of him.

Legacy
His widow Queen Isabella remarried soon after his death. Her fourth (and last) husband was Aimery of Lusignan, king of Cyprus. Henry's heir-general was his elder daughter Alice who was soon married to her stepbrother King Hugh I of Cyprus and whose heirs represent the senior line of counts of Champagne.

Henry left behind several difficulties for Champagne. He had borrowed a great deal of money to finance his expedition to Jerusalem, and for his marriage; and the succession to the county of Champagne would later be contested by his daughters. In 1213, supporters of his nephew Theobald IV of Champagne alleged to a papal legate that the annulment of Isabella's marriage to Humphrey of Toron (who was still alive during her marriage to Henry) was invalid, and therefore the girls were illegitimate. However, this was questionable: the legitimacy of Isabella's daughter by Conrad, Maria, and the right of her descendants to the throne of Jerusalem was never challenged, and if Maria was legitimate, so too were Isabella's daughters by Henry. Theobald eventually had to buy off both Alice and Philippa at considerable cost.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Henry II, Count of Champagne


text:
Talk:Disney California Adventure

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Rb1157a. Peer reviewers: Bienfaisance.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 19:35, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

New Sources for this Article
These are the new sources I plan to use to edit this article and bring it into 2018 "Pixar Pier to Bring New Incredicoaster and More to Disney California Adventure Park Summer 2018". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved 2018-02-21. Jump up ^ "Working Model of Pixar Pier Shows Newly Themed Areas Coming Summer 2018 to Disney California Adventure Park". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved 2018-02-21. Jump up ^ Forgione, Mary. "Summer openings: Toy Story Land at Disney Hollywood Studios, Pixar Pier at California Adventure Park". latimes.com. Retrieved 2018-02-21. Jump up ^ "Disneyland announces an opening date for its new Pixar Pier". Orange County Register. 2018-02-12. Retrieved 2018-02-21. Rb1157a (talk) 21:41, 21 February 2018 (UTC)

Grizzly Peak
Is it just me or does Grizzly Peak look a lot like Vasquez Rocks?

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Disney California Adventure. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://www.mouseplanet.com/archive/update43.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20151018203544/http://www.aecom.com/deployedfiles/Internet/Capabilities/Economics/_documents/Theme%20Index%202011.pdf to http://www.aecom.com/deployedfiles/Internet/Capabilities/Economics/_documents/Theme%20Index%202011.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150604105413/http://www.teaconnect.com/.../files/TEA_103_49736_150603.pdf to http://www.teaconnect.com/.../files/TEA_103_49736_150603.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:07, 13 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Disney California Adventure. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-carsland-open-20120616%2C0%2C3669975.story
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130513014843/http://waterparks.org/otherArticles/TEAERAattendance_report2006.pdf to http://waterparks.org/otherArticles/TEAERAattendance_report2006.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:46, 19 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Disney California Adventure. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160723044715/http://www.teaconnect.org/images/files/TEA_160_611852_160525.pdf to http://www.teaconnect.org/images/files/TEA_160_611852_160525.pdf/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101223172407/http://ocresort.ocregister.com/2010/12/20/big-changes-coming-to-disney-california-adventure/64914/ to http://ocresort.ocregister.com/2010/12/20/big-changes-coming-to-disney-california-adventure/64914/
 * Added tag to http://www.teaconnect.org/sites/default/files/misc/files/2012_theme_index_05052013.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:17, 28 April 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 00:51, 17 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Pixar Pier 2019.jpg

title: Talk:Disney California Adventure


text:
Ahmad Saeed

Chaudhry Ahmad Saeed (11 January 1941 – 28 September 2018) was a Pakistani politician and businessman who served as the chairman of the Pakistan International Airlines from 2001 to 2005. He owned Servis Industries Limited and served as the chairman of its philanthropic arm, Shalamar Hospital.

Early life and education
Chaudhry Ahmad Saeed was born to Chaudhry Muhammad Hussain, who served as a chairman of the Pakistan Cricket Board and co-founded Service Industries Limited. He was educated at Forman Christian College.

Career
Ahmad Saeed began his career in politics in 1975. In 1977, he was elected as a member of the Punjab Assembly from Gujrat, affiliated with Pakistan Peoples Party. In 1988, he was appointed as the chairman of the Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan by Benazir Bhutto government, where he served until 1990. In the early 1990s, he quit politics due to differences with his brother Ahmad Mukhtar.

In 2000, Saeed was appointed as the managing director and later chariman of the Pakistan International Airlines by his college friend, Pervez Musharraf, where he served until 2005.

During his career, Saeed also served as a president of Pakistan Cycling Federation, Pakistan Bodybuilding Federation, and Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited.

Personal life
His wife's name is Nighat Saeed. Both his sons (Arif Saeed and Omar Saeed) continue his business, while his daughter, Asma Ramday, owns well-known restaurants: The Polo Lounge and "The Pantry." He also has two daughters Zara Ahmed and Amna Amin. He has thirteen grandchildren namely, Shamsher Aslam, Hussain Aslam, Sarah Aslam, Natalia Saeed, Nafisa Saeed, Hamza Saeed, Ahmad Saeed, Noor Saeed, Ayesha Saeed, Asfandyar Ramday, Amnaan Ramday, Zenab Ahmed, and Faraz Ahmed.

His brother Chaudhry Ahmad Mukhtar was cabinet member from Pakistan Peoples Party. His son in law Amer Ali Ahmed was the Former Deputy Commissioner and former Chief Commissioner Islamabad. His second son-in-law, Mustafa Ramday has served as Advocate general of Punjab, his other son-in-law being Malik Amin Aslam, served as an advisor to Imran Khan.

Saeed died on 28 September 2018.

Awards and recognition

 * Sitara-i-Imtiaz (Star of Excellence) Award by the President of Pakistan in 2006
 * Honorary doctorate degree was awarded to him by Forman Christian College for his services to that college in 2012

title: Ahmad Saeed


text:
Eleanor Powell

Eleanor Torrey Powell (November 21, 1912 – February 11, 1982) was an American dancer and actress. Best remembered for her tap dance numbers in musical films in the 1930s and 1940s, she was one of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's top dancing stars during the Golden Age of Hollywood. Powell appeared in vaudeville, on Broadway, and most prominently, in a series of movie musical vehicles tailored especially to showcase her dance talents, including Born to Dance (1936), Broadway Melody of 1938 (1937), Rosalie (1937), and Broadway Melody of 1940 (1940). She retired from films in the mid-1940s but resurfaced for the occasional specialty dance scene in films such as Thousands Cheer. In the 1950s she hosted a Christian children's TV show and eventually headlined a successful nightclub act in Las Vegas. She died from cancer at 69. Powell is known as one of the most versatile and athletic female dancers of the Hollywood studio era.

Early life
Powell was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, to Clarence Gardner Powell and Blanche Torrey Powell. Her father left her and her mother when she was two years old. She was raised by her mother with the help of her maternal grandparents (who also lived with them). Eleanor Powell was a painfully shy child, not even able to greet guests who would come into her family’s own house.

Introduction to dance
Powell's mother, Blanche, sent Eleanor to dance lessons at age 11, in hopes that it would combat her shyness. She trained locally with Ralph McKernan (also the teacher of dancer/choreographer Robert Alton) in classical ballet and "interpretive" modern dance. Powell also trained extensively in acrobatics. She immediately showed a natural aptitude for movement and was discovered by Gus Edwards (of the "Vaudeville Kiddie Review") while performing acrobatics on a beach in Atlantic City, NJ. She subsequently began working her first paid gigs for Edwards at the age of 12, during her summer holidays. Powell's first gig was in Atlantic City at the Ritz Grill, located in the Ambassador Hotel. She performed an acrobatic "specialty" act, and was by no means a star in the show; however, her consistently favorable reviews led to other paid performance opportunities, and eventually, more featured spots. Jack Benny and Eddie Cantor, who frequented Atlantic City and saw her perform, and her teacher, McKernan, are credited with having suggested to Powell that she set her sights on Broadway.

New York City: introduction to tap
In 1927, Powell took a break from her schooling and moved with her mother to New York City. She was signed by William Grady at the William Morris Agency, and although she managed to book jobs almost immediately dancing in clubs, vaudeville and at private parties, her acrobatic specialty which had impressed in Atlantic City was not enough for a career on Broadway. Realizing that in order to be marketable as a dancer on Broadway at that time one had to be able to tap dance, Powell began a package of ten tap lessons at a school run by Jack Donahue and Johnny Boyle – these lessons would be the only formal tap training she would ever have. Powell disliked tap at first and had to be coaxed in order to return after her first lesson. She is quoted as saying "in about the seventh lesson it all came together. Just like an algebra problem – you have a tutor teaching you and all of a sudden you say, 'oh, now I see!'".

In training Powell, Donohue and Boyle used an unconventional method: in order to counteract her tendency toward pulling away from the floor and working through her feet, as one does in classical ballet and acrobatics, they had her wear an army surplus belt during her lessons, which had one sandbag attached on either side. This was intended to weigh her down, help her to feel the floor in a different way, and engage with it – to "play" the floor as if it were an instrument. This not only served to help Powell "find her legs" in tap dance, it also was to be a catalyst in the development of her uniquely grounded and smooth tap style.

Powell, now 16 years of age, booked tour on the vaudeville circuit, where she shared a bill with, among others, the renowned tap dance duo Buck & Bubbles. She was strongly influenced by John "Bubbles" Sublett in particular, who was a highly inventive and creative tap dancer. Hailed as the "Father of Rhythm Tap," he is known for bringing tap dance down into the heels, and incorporating unexpected rhythms that broke out of the more predictable meter of the time. Bill "Bojangles" Robinson had popularized an extremely Irish-influenced tap style, barely leaving the balls of his feet – it was bouncy and buoyant. Sublett "got down into the floor" and his style and inventiveness were a huge inspiration to Eleanor, who had recently "found the floor" herself. Powell named John "Bubbles" Sublett as one of her main influences, and it shows in her grounded, syncopated footwork (what is now thought of as "hoofing," even though in that era, hoofing really referred to any vaudeville tap act, tap improviser, or tapping chorus member – and a hoofer did not use their arms, instead dancing from the waist-down and letting their upper body stay free and loose).

Dance style
Eleanor Powell developed a dance style that fused her ballet and acrobatic abilities with her grounded taps. She moved smoothly and effortlessly through fast, complex footwork, barely leaving the floor, even to perform tap steps that take place while airborne, such as double pullbacks (sometimes tapping in a "hoofing" style, with natural, loose arms, and other times with a more technical, placed port de bras). This was contrasted with energetic turn sequences, high-flying, buoyant leaps, such as grand jeté en tourants, and grande battements, which further showed her technique and flexibility. She incorporated Hula for the film Honolulu, which then infiltrated her choreography for years to come.

Broadway
When she was 17, she brought her graceful, athletic style to Broadway, where she starred in various revues and musicals, including Follow Thru (1929), which represented her first Broadway success, Fine and Dandy (1930), and At Home Abroad (1935). During this time, she was dubbed "the world's greatest female tap dancer" due to her machine-gun footwork. In the early 1930s, she appeared as a chorus girl in a couple of early minor musical films.

Road to Hollywood
In 1935, Powell made the move to Hollywood and showcased her talent in a specialty number in her first major film, George White's 1935 Scandals. However, she later described this experience as a disaster because she was accidentally made up to resemble an Egyptian. This incident left her unimpressed with Hollywood, and when Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) approached her with offers of a contract, she initially turned them down. Powell reportedly attempted to dissuade the studio by making what she believed were unreasonable salary demands. Surprisingly, MGM agreed to her demands and she eventually accepted the contract. The studio then guided her towards stardom, making only minimal changes in her makeup and conduct.

Film stardom
Powell was well received in her first starring role in 1935 Broadway Melody of 1936 (in which she was supported by Jack Benny and Frances Langford), and delighted 1930s audiences with her endless energy and enthusiasm, not to mention her stunning dancing. According to dancer Ann Miller, quoted in the "making-of" documentary That's Entertainment! III, MGM was headed for bankruptcy in the late 1930s, but the films of Eleanor Powell, particularly Broadway Melody of 1936, were so popular that they made the company profitable again. Miller also credits Powell for inspiring her own dancing career, which would lead her to become an MGM musical star a decade later.

Powell would go on to star opposite many of the decade's top leading men, including James Stewart, Robert Taylor, Fred Astaire, George Murphy, Nelson Eddy, and Robert Young. Among the films she made during the height of her career in the mid-to-late 1930s were Born to Dance (1936), Rosalie (1937), Broadway Melody of 1938 (1937), Honolulu (1939), and Broadway Melody of 1940 (1940). All of these movies featured her amazing solo tapping, although her increasingly huge production numbers began to draw criticism. Her characters also sang, but Powell's singing voice was usually (but not always) dubbed. (This would also happen to one of Powell's successors, Cyd Charisse.) Broadway Melody of 1940, in which Powell starred opposite Fred Astaire, featured an acclaimed musical score by Cole Porter.

Together, Astaire and Powell danced to Porter's "Begin the Beguine", which is considered by many to be one of the greatest tap sequences in film history. According to accounts of the making of this film, including a documentary included on the DVD release, Astaire was somewhat intimidated by Powell, who was considered the only female dancer ever capable of out-dancing Astaire. In his autobiography Steps in Time (1959), Astaire remarked, "She 'put 'em down like a man', no ricky-ticky-sissy stuff with Ellie. She really knocked out a tap dance in a class by herself." In his introduction to the clip, featured in That's Entertainment, Frank Sinatra said, "You know, you can wait around and hope, but I tell ya, you'll never see the likes of this again."

Decline in popularity
Following Broadway Melody of 1940 Powell was sidelined for many months following a gall stone operation and things changed somewhat for the worse, at least as far as Powell's movie career was concerned. Lady Be Good (1941) gave Powell top billing and a classic dance routine to "Fascinatin' Rhythm," but the main stars were Ann Sothern and Robert Young. Ship Ahoy (1942) and I Dood It (1943), in which Powell starred with Red Skelton, are considered lesser efforts, although in Ship Ahoy her character nonetheless played a central role in the story, and Powell's dance skills were put to practical use when she managed to tap out a Morse code message to a secret agent in the middle of a dance routine. In another routine from Ship Ahoy, she danced to the Tommy Dorsey Orchestra with Buddy Rich on drums and the two performed a great musical partnership with the number "Tallulah". She was signed to play opposite Dan Dailey in For Me and My Gal in 1942, but the two actors were removed from the picture during rehearsals and replaced by Gene Kelly and Judy Garland. Later, production of a new Broadway Melody film that would have paired Powell with Kelly was also cancelled.

Powell parted with MGM in 1943 after her next film, Thousands Cheer, in which she appeared only for a few minutes to perform a specialty number (as part of an all-star cast), and the same year married actor Glenn Ford. She danced in a giant pinball machine in Sensations of 1945 (1944) for United Artists, but the film was a critical and commercial disappointment. Her performance was overshadowed by what was to be the final film appearance of W. C. Fields. She then retired to concentrate on raising her son, Peter Ford, who was born that year. She appeared in a couple of documentary-style short subjects about celebrities in the late 1940s. Overseas audiences did get to see one additional Powell dance performance in 1946, however: the compilation The Great Morgan included a number that had been cut from Honolulu.

In 1950, Powell returned to MGM one last time in Duchess of Idaho, starring Esther Williams. Appearing as herself in a nightclub scene, a hesitant Powell is invited to dance by bandleader Dick Layne (Van Johnson). She begins with a staid, almost balletic performance until she is chided by Layne for being lazy. She then strips off her skirt, revealing her famous legs, and performs a "boogie-woogie"-style specialty number very similar to the one she performed in Thousands Cheer seven years earlier. Williams, in her autobiography The Million Dollar Mermaid, writes of being touched, watching Powell rehearsing until her feet bled, in order to make her brief appearance as perfect as possible.

Later career: TV and stage
After Duchess of Idaho, Powell returned to private life. In May 1952, she emerged as a guest star on an episode of All Star Revue with Danny Thomas and June Havoc. Around this time, she was ordained a minister of the Unity Church and later hosted an Emmy Award-winning Sunday morning TV program for youth entitled The Faith of Our Children (1953–1955). Her son, Peter Ford, was a regular on this show and would later find his own success as a rock and roll singer and as an actor. In 1955, Powell made her last film appearance when she appeared in Have Faith in Our Children, a three-minute short film produced for the Variety Club of Northern California in which Powell asked viewers to donate to the charity. The short, which other than its title had no relation to the TV series, marked the only time Powell appeared on screen with Glenn Ford.

Powell divorced Ford in 1959, and that year, encouraged by Peter, launched a highly publicized nightclub career, including performances in Las Vegas and appearances at Lou Walters' Latin Quarter in Boston. The athleticism which characterised her dance style remained with her well into middle age. Her live performances continued well into the 1960s. During the early 1960s she made several guest appearances on variety TV programs, including The Ed Sullivan Show and The Hollywood Palace. She made her final public appearance in 1981 at a televised American Film Institute tribute to Fred Astaire, where she received a standing ovation.

Death
Eleanor Powell died February 11, 1982, of ovarian cancer, aged 69, and is interred in the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Hollywood in the Cathedral Mausoleum, Foyer Niche 432, Tier 3.

Reintroduction
Powell was reintroduced to audiences in the popular That's Entertainment! documentary in 1974, and its sequels That's Entertainment, Part II (1976) and That's Entertainment! III (1994) and the related film That's Dancing! (1985) which spotlight her dancing from films such as Broadway Melody of 1940, Lady Be Good, and Born to Dance. She is one of only a few performers to be the subject of spotlight segments (as opposed to being included in a montage with other performers) in all four films. ''That's Entertainment! III is notable for including behind-the-scenes footage of her "Fascinatin' Rhythm" routine from Lady Be Good''.

Powell's films continue to be broadcast on television regularly by Turner Classic Movies, with most released in the VHS video format in 1980s and 1990s. North American DVD release of her work has been slower in coming. Aside from clips from her films being included in the aforementioned That's Entertainment! trilogy, plus clips that were featured in other releases such as the 2002 special edition DVD release of Singin' in the Rain, it wasn't until the 2003 DVD release of Broadway Melody of 1940 that a complete Powell film was released in the format. In February 2007, Warner Home Video announced plans to release a boxed DVD set of Eleanor Powell's musical films by year end. This did not occur; instead, on April 8, 2008 Warner released a third boxed set in the Classic Musicals from the Dream Factory series, with nine films, four of which star Powell: Broadway Melody of 1936, Born to Dance, Broadway Melody of 1938, and Lady Be Good. The films are expected to be released in individual two film sets (the two Broadway Melody films in one set, Born to Dance/Lady Be Good on the other) later in the year. Since 2007 several other Powell films have emerged on DVD, including Rosalie, I Dood It (1943) and Sensations of 1945 (1945).

Trivia

 * Eleanor Powell was inspired by certain forms of the Hula, a Polynesian dance, and learned some hula technique in order to incorporate it into her dance numbers in the film Honolulu (1939). This influence remained as part of her repertoire and hints of it can be seen in some subsequent (non Hawaiian-style) numbers of hers, for example, during the introductory (legato) section of her boogie woogie tap feature in Duchess of Idaho (1950).
 * Eleanor Powell was friends with Bill "Bojangles" Robinson early on in her career, when they both worked in New York and danced at private parties. Powell would accompany Robinson through back entrances and in freight elevators, as due to segregation, he was not allowed to enter through the front. Invariably, the host would offer her a glass of water, and she would answer "Yes, and I'm sure Mr. Robinson would like one, too." (And, always, after finishing his glass of water, Robinson would deliberately break his glass, and then pay for the damage, knowing it was unlikely that, after a black man had drunk from it, the glass would be used again.)
 * Eleanor Powell was a contributor to Dance Magazine in the United States, even contributing a monthly column for the magazine in 1937.
 * During 1935, Powell was a regular on radio, where she sang and danced (radio shows had live audiences then), and had her own show that aired weekly on CBS Radio. It was called "The Flying Red Horse Tavern."
 * Powell choreographed her own numbers. She collaborated with the likes of Fred Astaire for duets with him, but for her solos, she was the creative voice for her own movement and rhythm.
 * She was heavily involved in the editing process of her musical numbers, and took the time to learn about the technical side, particularly post-production. She would insist on cutting her films with the in-house editor, as she believed that one must understand dance to understand how it should be shown to an audience most effectively.
 * She was one of the only leading ladies in the Golden Age of Hollywood who, even when partnered with a man, was not secondary to him – she held her own, and even when in ballroom-style holds, often led (as in the "Italian Cafe Routine," also known as the "Jukebox Dance," in Broadway Melody of 1940). But most often, she was side by side, as an equal.
 * According to Jake McNiece, Powell honored a request for 13 unique signed cheesecake pictures of her which his unit then used to get around the rule that only a single picture of a relative could be displayed in barracks. Each man claimed she was related to him in a different way, from sister, to aunt, to grandmother. She was thereby the Queen of the Filthy Thirteen. McNiece said some of the men jumped into combat with her picture inside of their helmet.

Features

 * Queen High (1930)
 * George White's 1935 Scandals (1935)
 * Broadway Melody of 1936 (1935) as Eleanor Powell
 * Born to Dance (1936)
 * Broadway Melody of 1938 (1937)
 * Rosalie (1937)
 * Honolulu (1939)
 * Broadway Melody of 1940 (1940)
 * Lady Be Good (1941)
 * Ship Ahoy (1942)
 * Thousands Cheer (1943)
 * I Dood It (1943)
 * Sensations of 1945 (1944)
 * Duchess of Idaho (1950)

Short films

 * Screen Snapshots Series 15, No. 12 (1936)
 * Screen Snapshots: Famous Hollywood Mothers (1947)
 * Screen Snapshots: Hollywood Holiday (1948)
 * Have Faith in Our Children (1955)

title: Eleanor Powell


text:
Marie of Champagne

Marie of Champagne (c. 1174 – 29 August 1204 Alberic of Trois-Fontaines, Chronica s.a. 1204 (= L. Weiland (ed.), ''Monum. German. Histor.: Scriptores XXIII, Hannover, 1874, p. 884 ), Ralph of Coggeshall, Chronicon Anglicanum s.a. 1204 (= Monum. German. Histor.: Scriptores XXVII, Hannover, 1885, p. 354 ), Renier of St Laurent, Annales s.a. 1204 (= G.H. Pertz (ed.), Monum. German. Histor.: Scriptores XVI, Hannover, 1858, p. 658 ), Sigebert of Gembloux, Continuatio Bergensis s.a. 1203 (= G.H. Pertz (ed.), Monum. German. Histor.: Scriptores VI, Hannover, 1844, p. 438 ), Flandria generosa (Continuatio Claromariscensis) 12 (= L.C. Bethmann (ed.), Monum. German. Histor.: Scriptores IX, Hannover, 1861, p. 330 ), Liber Obituum Ecclesie Beati Petri Insulensis'' (= É. Hautcœur (ed.), Documents liturgiques et nécrologiques de l'église collégiale de Saint-Pierre de Lille, Lille - Paris, 1895, p. 177), Necrologium Ecclesiæ Collegiatæ Beati Petri Insulensis (= É. Hautcœur (ed.), Documents liturgiques et nécrologiques de l'église collégiale de Saint-Pierre de Lille, Lille - Paris, 1895, p. 313). Philippe Mouskes, Chronique rimée, edited by Frédéric Auguste Ferdinand Thomas de Reiffenberg, vol. 2 (Brussels, 1838), vv. 20375–20380, p. 305). ) was the first Latin Empress of Constantinople by marriage to Emperor Baldwin I. She acted as regent of Flanders during the absence of her spouse from 1202 until 1204.

Life
Marie was a daughter of Henry I, Count of Champagne, and Marie, daughter of King Louis VII of France and Eleanor of Aquitaine.

According to the chronicle of Gislebert of Mons, on 13 May 1179 Marie was officially bethrothed to Baldwin, son of the count of Flanders and Hainaut, to whom she was already promised to be wed in 1171. Her betrothed was Baldwin VI, son of Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut and Margaret I, Countess of Flanders.

Countess of Flanders
On 6 January 1186, Marie and Baldwin were married at Valenciennes.

The young countess consort issued charters in her own name and seems to have a soft spot for the cities in Flanders. In 1200 she and her husband also released the Ninove and Bohéries Abbey from every toll on their territory.

In 1200 she and her husband took the cross in Bruges. On 14 April 1202 her husband left Flanders to join the Fourth Crusade. During her husband's absence, Marie acted as regent for Flanders for two years.

Marie herself left Flanders to join her husband in Outremer. According to Geoffrey of Villehardouin and other authors she could not join him in the crusade earlier as she was pregnant at the time of his departure. After delivery of the child, Margaret and sufficient recovery, she set forth to join him.

Latin Empress
Her husband's Crusade was diverted to Constantinople, capital of the Roman Empire, where the crusaders captured and sacked the city. Then the Crusaders and Venetian established the Latin Empire of Romaniae in place of the fallen one. On 9 May 1204, Baldwin was elected its first Emperor, making Marie the Empress.

She set sail from the port of Marseille and landed in Acre.Geoffrey of Villehardouin, De la Conquête de Constantinople CXXX (= Paulin Paris (ed.), La Conquête de Constantinople, Paris, 1838, pp. 104-105; F.T. Marzials (trad.), Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople, London, 1908). Cfr. Alberic of Trois-Fontaines, Chronica s.a. 1204 (= L. Weiland (ed.), Monum. German. Histor.: Scriptores XXIII, Hannover, 1874, p. 884 ), Flandria generosa (Continuatio Claromariscensis) 12 (= L.C. Bethmann (ed.), Monumenta Germania Historica, Scriptores IX, Hannover, 1861, p. 330 ), Baldwin of Avesnes, Chronicon Hanoniense quod dicitur Balduini Avennensis (= J. Heller (ed.), Monum. German. Histor.: Scriptores XXV, Hannover, 1880, p. 448 -449 ). It was only when she arrived in Outremer that the news reached her of the fall of Constantinople and the election of Baldwin as the new Emperor of the East. There as an Empress of Constantinople she received the homage of the Prince Bohemond IV of Antioch. She wanted to set sail for Constantinople but fell sick and died in the Holy Land.

News of her death reached Constantinople through Crusading reinforcements from Syria. Baldwin was reportedly afflicted by the death of his wife. Villehardouin reports that Marie "was a gracious and virtuous lady and greatly honoured".

Children
They had two known children:

 * Joan, Countess of Flanders (1199/1200 – 5 December 1244).
 * Margaret II, Countess of Flanders (2 June 1202 – 10 February 1280).

Historical sources

 * Alberic of Trois-Fontaines, Chronica Alberici Monachi Trium Fontium.
 * Gislebert of Mons, Chronicon Hanoniense (Chronicle of Hainaut).
 * Geoffrey of Villehardouin, De la Conquête de Constantinople

title: Marie of Champagne


text:
Robert Schuman

Jean-Baptiste Nicolas Robert Schuman (29 June 1886 – 4 September 1963) was a Luxembourg-born French statesman. Schuman was a Christian democratic (Popular Republican Movement) political thinker and activist. Twice Prime Minister of France, a reformist Minister of Finance and a Foreign Minister, he was instrumental in building postwar European and trans-Atlantic institutions and was one of the founders of the European Communities, the Council of Europe and NATO. The 1964–1965 academic year at the College of Europe was named in his honour. In 2021, Schuman was declared venerable by Pope Francis in recognition of his acting on Christian principles.

Early life
Schuman was born in June 1886 in Clausen, Luxembourg, inheriting his father's German citizenship. His father, Jean-Pierre Schuman (d. 1900), who was a native of Lorraine and was born a French citizen, had become a German citizen when Lorraine was annexed by Germany in 1871, and he left to settle in Luxembourg, not far from his native village of Evrange.

His mother, Eugénie Suzanne Duren (d. 1911), was a Luxembourger and even though Robert Schuman would later become involved in French politics, he grew up and attended school in Luxembourg City, speaking Luxembourgish as his mother tongue.

Schuman's secondary schooling from 1896 to 1903 was at Athénée de Luxembourg, followed in 1904 by the Lycée impérial in Metz. From 1904 to 1910, he studied law, economics, political philosophy, theology and statistics at the Universities of Berlin, Munich, Bonn and Strasbourg, and received a law degree with the highest distinction from Strasbourg University. In 1904, Schuman joined the Catholic student association Unitas in Bonn.

In 1912, Schuman set up practice as a lawyer in Metz and joined the L'Union Populaire Catholique. When the war broke out in 1914, he was called up for the auxiliary troops by the German army in Metz but was excused from military service on health grounds. From 1915 to 1918, he served in the administration of the Boulay district.

Interwar period
After the First World War, Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France, and Schuman became a French citizen in 1918.

Schuman became active in French politics. In 1919, he was first elected as a member of the Chamber of Deputies on a regional list and later served as the deputy for Thionville (Moselle) until 1958, with an interval during the war. He made a major contribution to the drafting and the parliamentary passage of the reintroduction of the French Civil and Commercial Codes by the French parliament, when the Alsace-Lorraine region, then under German rule and thus German law, returned to France. The harmonisation of the regional law with the French law was called "Lex Schuman". Schuman also investigated and patiently uncovered postwar corruption in the Lorraine steel industries and in the Alsace and the Lorraine railways, which were bought for a derisory price by the powerful and influential de Wendel family in what he called in the Parliament "a pillage".

World War II
In 1940, because of his expertise on Germany, Schuman was called to become a member of Paul Reynaud's wartime government to be in charge of the refugees. He kept that position during the first Pétain government. On 10 July, he voted to give full power to Marshal Philippe Pétain, who supported the armistice with Germany, but refused to continue to be in the government. On 14 September, he was arrested in Metz for acts of resistance and protest against Nazi methods. He was interrogated by the Gestapo but the intervention of a German lawyer stopped him from being sent to Dachau concentration camp. Schuman was placed then under house arrest in Neustadt but was able to escape to the unoccupied zone of France in August 1942. Between 1942 and 1944 he also stayed several times at various monasteries such as the En-Calcat Abbey whose liturgical hours he followed.

French minister
After the war, Schuman rose to great prominence. He initially had difficulties because of his 1940 vote for Petain and for being one of his ministers. In September 1944, General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, the commander of the French First Army, sought him out to become a political advisor in the affairs of Alsace-Lorraine, the minister of war, Andre Diethelm, demanded shortly later that "this product of Vichy be immediately kicked out". Schuman had been a former minister of Pétain and a parliamentarian who had voted to grant him full powers and so, under the ordinance of 26 August 1944, he was considered ineligible for public office, stricken with indignité nationale. On 24 July 1945, Schuman wrote to Charles de Gaulle to ask him to intervene. De Gaulle answered favourably, and on 15 September, Schuman regained his full civic rights, becoming able to again play an active role in French politics.

Schuman was Minister of Finance in 1946 and Prime Minister from 1947 to 1948. He assured parliamentary stability during a period of revolutionary strikes and attempted insurrection. In the last days of his first administration, his government proposed plans that later resulted in the Council of Europe and the European Community single market. Becoming Foreign Minister in 1948, he retained the post in different governments until early 1953. When Schuman's first government had proposed the creation of a European Assembly, it made the issue a governmental matter for Europe, not merely an academic discussion or the subject of private conferences, like The Hague Congress of the European Movements earlier in 1948. (Schuman's was one of the few governments to send active ministers.) The proposal saw life as the Council of Europe and was created within the tight schedule that Schuman had set. At the signing of its Statutes at St James's Palace, London, on 5 May 1949, the founding states agreed to defining the borders of Europe based on the principles of human rights and fundamental freedoms that Schuman enunciated there. He also announced a coming supranational union for Europe that saw light as the European Coal and Steel Community and other such Communities within a union framework of common law and democracy:

As Foreign Minister, he announced in September 1948 and the next year, before the United Nations General Assembly, France's aim to create a democratic organisation for Europe, which a post-Nazi and democratic Germany could join. In 1949 and 1950, he made a series of speeches in Europe and North America about creating a supranational European Community. This supranational structure, he said, would create lasting peace between Member States.

On 9 May 1950, the principles of supranational democracy were announced in what has become known as the Schuman Declaration. The text was jointly prepared by Paul Reuter, the legal adviser at the Foreign Ministry and his aide Bernard Clappier and Jean Monnet and two of his team members, Pierre Uri and Étienne Hirsch. The French government agreed to the Schuman Declaration, which invited the Germans and all other European countries to manage their coal and steel industries jointly and democratically in Europe's first supranational Community, with its five fundamental institutions. On 18 April 1951, six founder members signed the Treaty of Paris, which formed the basis of the European Coal and Steel Community. They declared that date and the corresponding democratic, supranational principles to be the 'real foundation of Europe'. Three communities have been created so far. The Treaties of Rome (1957) created the Economic Community and the nuclear non-proliferation Community, Euratom. Together with intergovernmental machinery of later treaties, they eventually evolved into the European Union. The Schuman Declaration was made on 9 May 1950 and since then, 9 May is designated to be Europe Day.

As Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Schuman was instrumental in the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Schuman also signed the North Atlantic Treaty for France. The defensive principles of NATO's Article 5 were also repeated in the European Defence Community Treaty, which failed since the French National Assembly declined to vote its ratification. Schuman also supported an Atlantic Community.

European politics
Schuman later served as Minister of Justice before becoming the first President of the European Parliamentary Assembly (the successor to the Common Assembly), which bestowed on him by acclamation the title 'Father of Europe'. He is considered one of the founding fathers of the European Union. He presided over the European Movement from 1955 to 1961. In 1958, he received the Karlspreis, an Award by the German city of Aachen to people who contributed to the European idea and European peace, commemorating Charlemagne, the ruler of what is now both France and Germany, who lived in and is buried at Aachen. Schuman was also made a knight of the Order of Pius IX.

Schuman was intensely religious and a Bible scholar. He commended the writings of Pope Pius XII, who condemned both fascism and communism. He was an expert in medieval philosophy, especially the writings of Thomas Aquinas, and he thought highly of the philosopher Jacques Maritain, a contemporary.

Cause of beatification and canonization
Schuman demonstrated a monkish asceticism in his daily life and believed that democracy owed its existence to Christianity.

On 9 June 1990, the Bishop of Metz, Pierre Raffin, authorized the opening of the beatification process. Schuman was proclaimed a Servant of God in May 2004, with the conclusion of the diocesan process. The documents were sent to the Vatican, where the Congregation for the Causes of Saints is studying the dossier.

On June 19, 2021, in an audience granted to Cardinal Marcello Semeraro, Pope Francis authorized the Congregation for the Causes of Saints to promulgate the decree concerning the heroic virtues of Robert Schuman, who can thus be defined as Venerable. The promulgation of the decree is a first step towards canonization by the Roman Catholic Church.

Memorials

The Schuman District of Brussels (including a metro/railway station and a tunnel, as well as a square) is named in his honour. Around the square ("Schuman roundabout") can be found various European institutions, including the Berlaymont building which is the headquarters of the European Commission and has a monument to Schuman outside, as well as key European Parliament buildings. In the nearby Cinquantenaire Park, there is a bust of Schuman as a memorial to him. The European Parliament awards the Robert Schuman Scholarship for university graduates to complete a traineeship within the European Parliament and gain experience within the different committees, legislative processes and framework of the European Union.

A Social Science University named after him lies in Strasbourg (France) along with the Avenue du President Robert Schuman in that city's European Quarter. In Luxembourg there is a Rond Point Schuman, Boulevard Robert Schuman, a school called Lycée Robert Schuman and a Robert Schuman Building, of the European Parliament. In Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg, there is a Rue Robert Schuman. The house where he was born was restored by the European Parliament and can be visited, as can his home in Scy-Chazelles just outside Metz.

In 1952 Schuman was awarded with an honorary doctorate in the Netherlands, at the Katholieke Economische Hogeschool Tilburg, at present Tilburg University.

In Aix-en-Provence, a town in Bouches-du-Rhone, France, there is an Avenue Robert Schuman, which houses the three university buildings of the town and in Ireland there is a building in the University of Limerick named the "Robert Schuman" building.

The European University Institute in Florence, Italy, is home to the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies (RSCAS), focusing on "inter-disciplinary, comparative, and policy research on the major issues on the European integration process".

The Robert Schuman Institute in Budapest, Hungary, a European level training institution of the European People's Party family is dedicated to promoting the idea of a united Europe, supporting and the process of democratic transformation in Central, Eastern and South Eastern Europe and the development of Christian Democratic and centre right political parties also bears the name of Robert Schuman.

In 1965, the Robert Schuman Mittelschule in the St. Mang suburb of the city of Kempten in southern Bavaria was named after him.

First ministry (24 November 1947 – 26 July 1948)

 * Robert Schuman – President of the Council
 * Georges Bidault – Minister of Foreign Affairs
 * Pierre-Henri Teitgen – Minister of National Defense
 * Jules Moch – Minister of the Interior
 * René Mayer – Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs
 * Robert Lacoste – Minister of Commerce and Industry
 * Daniel Mayer – Minister of Labour and Social Security
 * André Marie – Minister of Justice
 * Marcel Edmond Naegelen – Minister of National Education
 * François Mitterrand – Minister of Veterans and War Victims
 * Pierre Pflimlin – Minister of Agriculture
 * Paul Coste-Floret – Minister of Overseas France
 * Christian Pineau – Minister of Public Works and Transport
 * Germaine Poinso-Chapuis – Minister of Public Health and Population
 * René Coty – Minister of Reconstruction and Town Planning

Changes:
 * 12 February 1948 – Édouard Depreux succeeds Naegelen as Minister of National Education.

Second ministry (5–11 September 1948)

 * Robert Schuman – President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs
 * René Mayer – Minister of National Defense
 * André Marie – Vice President of the Council
 * Jules Moch – Minister of the Interior
 * Christian Pineau – Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs
 * Robert Lacoste – Minister of Commerce and Industry
 * Daniel Mayer – Minister of Labour and Social Security
 * Robert Lecourt – Minister of Justice
 * Tony Revillon – Minister of National Education
 * Jules Catoire – Minister of Veterans and War Victims
 * Pierre Pflimlin – Minister of Agriculture
 * Paul Coste-Floret – Minister of Overseas France
 * Henri Queuille – Minister of Public Works, Transport, and Tourism
 * Pierre Schneiter – Minister of Public Health and Population
 * René Coty – Minister of Reconstruction and Town Planning

title: Robert Schuman


text:
Mimi Rogers

Miriam Rogers (née Spickler; born January 27, 1956) is an American actress.

Her notable film roles are Gung Ho (1986), Someone to Watch Over Me (1987), Desperate Hours (1990), and Full Body Massage (1995). She garnered the greatest acclaim of her career for her role in the religious drama The Rapture (1991), with critic Robin Wood declaring that she "gave one of the greatest performances in the history of the Hollywood cinema." Rogers has since appeared in Reflections on a Crime (1994), The Mirror Has Two Faces (1996), Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery (1997), Lost in Space (1998), Ginger Snaps (2000), The Door in the Floor (2004), and For a Good Time, Call... (2012).

Her work in television includes Paper Dolls (1984), Weapons of Mass Distraction (1997), The Loop (2006–2007), and recurring roles on The X-Files (1998–1999), Two and a Half Men (2011–2015), Wilfred (2014), Mad Men (2015), Bosch (2014–2021), and Bosch: Legacy (2022).

Early life
Rogers was born Miriam Ann Spickler at General Hospital in Coral Gables, Florida. She is the daughter of Philip C. Spickler, a civil engineer, and Kathy Talent, a former dance and drama major. Rogers's father was Jewish and her mother Episcopalian. Her father became involved with Scientology before she was born, and the organization was part of her upbringing.

The family lived in Virginia, Arizona, Michigan, and England before settling in Los Angeles. At the age of fourteen, Rogers finished her formal education and graduated from high school. She later worked in a hospital for incapacitated patients outside Palo Alto, California, and for six years she worked part-time as a social worker involved in substance-abuse counseling.

At the beginning of their acting careers, Rogers and Kirstie Alley lived together.

Career
After her first marriage ended, Rogers moved to Los Angeles to embark on an acting career. She studied acting with Milton Katselas for nine months and then sought an agent. She screen tested for the lead role in Body Heat which eventually went to Kathleen Turner. Her early television roles included guest spots on Hill Street Blues (1981) as a love interest for officer Andy Renko (Charles Haid), as well as Magnum, P.I. (1982), and Hart to Hart (1983). In 1982, Rogers starred in the made-for-TV-movie Hear No Evil as Meg. She made her feature film debut in the sports comedy Blue Skies Again (1983). Between 1983 and 1984, she worked extensively in television as a series regular on The Rousters and as supermodel Blair Harper-Fenton in Paper Dolls. In 1986, she starred alongside Michael Keaton in Gung Ho.

In 1986, Rogers auditioned for the female lead in Fatal Attraction which went to Glenn Close. However, Rogers got her breakthrough role when she was cast opposite Tom Berenger in Someone to Watch Over Me (1987). Rogers played Claire Gregory, a socialite who is protected after she witnesses a murder. In 1989, she was in The Mighty Quinn starring Denzel Washington. In 1990, she appeared in Desperate Hours.

In 1991, Rogers starred as the protagonist in The Rapture about a woman who converts from a swinger to a born-again Christian after learning that a true Rapture is upon the world. She received an Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead nomination for her role in the film. Slant Magazine praised her "spectacular performance, which seems in part inspired by the physical splendors and feral glances of Bette Davis or Barbara Stanwyck."

Rogers posed nude for the March 1993 edition of Playboy magazine, and also appeared on that issue's cover. She later explained "Playboy had been after me for years, and finally I agreed to pose when they gave me complete approval over the shoot. It was done in a tasteful way, and since I knew that I wanted to have children soon, I thought it might be nice to have a permanent record of my body in its prime."

In 1994, Rogers starred as a woman on death row in the prison thriller Reflections on a Crime and received the Best Actress prize for the film at the Seattle International Film Festival. New York Magazine praised Rogers's "typically terrific performance" in the film.

Rogers later joined an ensemble cast in the critically acclaimed comedy-drama Trees Lounge (1996). She also had a supporting role alongside Barbra Streisand and Lauren Bacall in The Mirror Has Two Faces (1996). Her next film was the beginning of what would become a major franchise, when she appeared as Mrs. Kensington in Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery (1997).

In 1998, she co-starred in Lost in Space. A year later, she co-produced and co-starred in the Holocaust drama The Devil's Arithmetic. Together with her fellow producers, Rogers received a Daytime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Children's Special for the film. Between 1998 and 1999, Rogers also had a recurring role on The X-Files playing Diana Fowley for seven episodes. In 2000, she starred in the critically acclaimed Canadian horror film Ginger Snaps. She was also a series regular on the short-lived ABC series The Geena Davis Show (2000–01).

Rogers later made television appearances on Dawson's Creek (2003) as the mother of Jen Lindley (Michelle Williams) and in Las Vegas (2003). She also appears in the comedy prequel Dumb and Dumberer: When Harry Met Lloyd (2003). In 2004, she starred alongside Jeff Bridges and Kim Basinger in the drama The Door in the Floor. Between 2006 and 2007, Rogers was a series regular on the Fox comedy The Loop playing Meryl. In 2010, Rogers had a guest voice role on King of the Hill and served as a producer on Unstoppable.

In 2010, she performed at the Geffen Playhouse in Love, Loss, and What I Wore. In 2011, she was cast in the recurring role of Robin Schmidt, a primatologist and Ashton Kutcher's mother on Two and a Half Men. Rogers resumed the role in the season 10 premiere episode. In 2012, she made a guest appearance on The Client List, and appeared in the films For a Good Time, Call... and, alongside Meryl Streep, in Hope Springs.

In 2012, she was cast alongside Chad Michael Murray in the ABC pilot Scruples, as Harriet, a "powerful and vindictive magazine editor". In 2015, she appeared on AMC's Mad Men playing a bisexual photographer.

From 2014 to 2021, she had a recurring role in Bosch. Rogers appears as Honey Chandler, an attorney at odds with the titular character portrayed by Titus Welliver. She has since reprised the role as Honey Chandler in the Amazon Freevee (recently rebranded from IMDb TV) spin-off Bosch: Legacy, which premiered in 2022.

Other ventures
Having played poker as a teenager, Rogers took up competitive poker in 2003 and finished in the money in her first major tournament at the World Poker Tour's 240 player Shooting Stars' main event No-Limit Texas hold 'em tournament in San Jose, California, on March 4, 2004. She is on the board of directors of the World Poker Tour. In July 2006, she finished in the money (33rd place) at the $1000 Ladies' No-Limit Hold 'em World Series of Poker event.

Personal life
Rogers has been married three times. She married Jim Rogers on August 21, 1976, and assumed his surname; they divorced in September 1980. She then had a relationship with Emilio Estevez. On May 9, 1987, she married actor Tom Cruise in Bedford, New York; the marriage broke down at the end of 1989, and a divorce was finalized in February 1990. Rogers received a settlement of $4 million, and is believed to have introduced Cruise to Scientology.

In a 1993 Playboy interview, Rogers discussed her split from Cruise and said that he had been considering becoming a monk, which affected their intimacy. Rogers later retracted the comments and claimed she had been misinterpreted.

In April 1990, Rogers met her present husband, producer Chris Ciaffa, on the set of Ivan Passer's made-for-cable film Fourth Story. The couple has a daughter, Amazon Studios creative executive Lucy Ciaffa (born November 20, 1994) and a son, ASU baseball player Charlie Ciaffa (born July 30, 2001). They married on March 20, 2003, at the Beverly Hills courthouse. During an interview on The Late Late Show with Craig Kilborn, Rogers joked that the marriage – after 13 years living together and two children – was just so they would be eligible for a country club membership.

Rogers has made campaign contributions to the Democratic Party.

Scientology
Rogers's father became interested in Dianetics in 1952 and later became a prominent Mission Holder with the Church of Scientology and friend of its founder, L. Ron Hubbard. Rogers also reportedly became a highly trained "auditor" with the church. Prior to her acting career, she opened a "field auditing" practice, the Enhancement Center, with her first husband, Jim Rogers. According to Sonny Bono, Rogers was his "auditor" for dianetics. Tom Cruise was also a client before being directed towards a Celebrity Centre.

In an interview given to the Los Angeles Times in 1991, Rogers said about Scientology: "that philosophy was simply part of my upbringing and I liked it. And, I think it was an excellent system of belief to grow up with because Scientology offers an extremely pragmatic method for taking spiritual concerns and breaking them down into everyday applications."

Rogers has left the Church of Scientology and has been described in media reports as a former member of the church.

Cruise biographer Andrew Morton alleged that Rogers's father had been declared a suppressive person after leaving the church in the early 1980s, during a cull of Mission Holders.

According to 2012 article in Vanity Fair, Rogers held an unfavorable view of the church's controversial leader, David Miscavige. In Going Clear: Scientology, Hollywood, and the Prison of Belief, published in 2013, author Lawrence Wright alleged that Miscavige had pushed Rogers out of her marriage with Cruise so the latter could pursue Nicole Kidman.

title: Mimi Rogers


text:
Dyrehavsbakken

Dyrehavsbakken (lit. 'Deer Park Hill'), commonly referred to as Bakken (lit. 'The Hill', to distinguish it from Dyrehaven, a royal deer park with public access) is an amusement park in Lyngby-Taarbæk, Denmark, near Klampenborg and approximately 10 km north of central Copenhagen. It is located in the southern part of Dyrehaven, around 600 meters away from a public transport connection to the center of Copenhagen (Klampenborg S-train Station).

It opened in 1583 and is the world's oldest operating amusement park.

With 2.5–2.9 million visitors per year, it is the second most popular attraction in Denmark, after the more widely known Tivoli Gardens amusement park. Access to the area is free, and admissions are purchased separately for the individual attractions, unlike Tivoli.

History
The origins of Dyrehavsbakken can be traced back to 1583 when Kirsten Piil discovered a natural spring in what is now known as Jægersborg Dyrehave or Dyrehaven, a large forest park north of Copenhagen. Residents of Copenhagen were attracted to the spring water due to the poor water quality in central Copenhagen during this period. Many believed the natural spring to have curative properties, and therefore Piil's discovery drew large crowds, especially in the springtime. These large crowds attracted entertainers and hawkers, whose presence are the origins of the amusement park today.

For a period the area that the spring was located on was not open to the public, due to it being on royal hunting grounds. In 1669, King Frederick III decided to set up an animal park in the area, and his son Christian V expanded the park to 3–4 times its original size after becoming king in 1670. The area was named Jægersborg Dyrehave, its present name, in 1671. The park was off-limits to the public until 1756, under Frederick V.

Open to the general public once again, Dyrehavsbakken began to flourish. Entertainers, hawkers, and innkeepers returned to the area, and Bakken's growing reputation throughout Europe attracted other entertainers and artists, including Pjerrot, a clown who still is a fixture at the park today. The park continued to grow even throughout the Napoleonic Wars. Its popularity was later aided by easier accessibility due to the development of steamships in 1820 and railroads in 1864, as well as publicity from poets and authors.

As the popularity of Bakken grew, its conditions worsened. As a result, some of the business owners, or tent owners as they are still called today, created the Dyrehavsbakken Tent Owners' Association of 1885. The association improved garbage collection, restroom facilities, water supply, publicity, and helped bring electricity to the park. The association is still around today, and all businesses operating in the park are required to join.

The entertainment options also improved over time. Cabarets such as Sansouci, which opened in 1866, and Bakkens Hvile, which opened in 1877, became increasingly popular. The 20th century brought other ventures, such as the Circus Revue and automated moving rides. Over time, more modern rides and entertainment options have been introduced.

Rides
Bakken may have started as a place to get clean spring water, but today it is a thriving amusement park filled with modern rides and amenities. Bakken is home to five roller coasters, the most famous of which is Rutschebanen (lit. 'Roller coaster'), a wooden roller coaster open since 1932. It was deemed a Coaster Classic by the American Coaster Enthusiasts (ACE) until the end of the 2009 season, after which the trains were updated and the brakemen who rode along to control the speed were retired, leading ACE to rescind its Classic status. The park is also home to dozens of other amusements and smaller rides suited for all ages.

Other rides
Each of the rides requires a certain number of coupons:
 * Afro Cups – spinning cups (4 coupons)
 * Bumper Cars – bumper cars (81)
 * Crazy Theater – indoor laser shoot-out (6 coupons)
 * Græshoppen – a KMG Move It 24, installed for the 2021 season
 * Enterprise – enterprise spinner (5 coupons)
 * Extreme – giant swing (6 coupons)
 * 5D Cinema – shows 4 different movies, each about 10–12 minutes long (8 coupons)
 * Ghost Train – indoor ghost train (5 coupons)
 * Hullabaloo – funny house (4 coupons)
 * Jungle Boats – boats and water shooting (4 coupons)
 * Polyp – polyp spinner (5 coupons)
 * Rodeobanen – on track go carts
 * Safari – dark ride laser shoot out (5 coupons)
 * Samba Tower – air carousel (4 coupons)
 * Spinning Car – hovercraft ride (4 coupons)
 * SRV – simulator ride (4 coupons)
 * Swan Station – aerial swan ride
 * Tidsmaskinen – a Zamperla NebulaZ, installed for the 2021 season
 * Tower Thrill – a 30m-tall drop tower (6 coupons)
 * Water Cannon – water shoot out on boats (5 coupons)
 * Viking Ship Dragon – swinging Viking ship (5 coupons)
 * Water Slide – a log flume ride. Travels a 390m-long course and has two drops on the way (5 coupons)

Children's rides

 * Bin Express – roundabout (4 coupons)
 * Børne Ferris Wheel – mini Ferris wheel (4 coupons)
 * Carousel – children's carousel (3 coupons)
 * Hip Hop – mini drop tower (4 coupons)
 * Jeep – on track jeep ride (3 coupons)
 * Klatrejungle – challenge course
 * Little Trains – mini train ride (4 coupons)
 * Mini Dumpo – circular ride (3 coupons)
 * Santa's Obstacle Course – play area

Shows

 * Bakkens Hvile – cabaret show
 * Circus Revue – revue show from 19 May to 27 August
 * Pjerrot the Clown – the park's mascot
 * Bakken Animals – animal show

Other attractions
Bakken contains many other entertainment options in addition to rides. This includes seven different gaming halls that have carnival-style games, slot machines, and dancing. The park's mascot, Pjerrot the clown, performs every day for young children. The park is also home to Bakkens Hvile music hall, where cabarets are common, as well as the Circus Revue, a live circus-style performance. There are also live music performances in lounges and bars across the park on a regular basis.

The park is home to dozens of restaurants of several types and price ranges. The style of the restaurants ranges from street food vendors, to buffets, to fancier restaurants. The type of food represented ranges from standard amusement park fare, such as hamburgers and cotton candy, to traditional Danish cuisine, such as Pølser (Danish hot dogs), Æbleskiver (Danish popovers), and Smørrebrød (open-faced sandwiches), to many other types of international cuisine. Bakken also contains numerous bars and lounges, where popular Danish beers such as Carlsberg and Tuborg are served.

Operation
Bakken is open daily from the end of March through the end of August. Entrance into the park area is free of charge, but rides and attractions require payment. Prices depend on the ride or attraction. Discounted coupons, wristbands, and season passes can also be purchased.

title: Dyrehavsbakken


text:
Caspian plover

The Caspian plover (Anarhynchus asiaticus) is a wader in the plover family of birds. The specific asiaticus is Latin and means "Asian", although in binomials it usually means the type locality was India.

This plover breeds in western and central Asia and migrates southward to eastern and southern Africa to escape the northern winter.

Description
This plover is slightly larger than ringed plover, and it recalls greater sandplover and lesser sandplover in appearance. It is slimmer and longer-legged than the sandplovers, and has a much stronger white supercilium, and a long thin bill. It also lacks white tail sides and a weak wing bar.

Summer males have grey-brown backs and a white face and belly. The breast is chestnut, bordered black below. Other plumages have a grey-brown breast band, although the summer female may show a hint of chestnut. The call is a sharp chip.

Distribution and habitat
The Caspian plover breeds in western Asia in the area of the Caspian Sea. Its range includes southern Russia, Turkey, Iran, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Afghanistan. Its habitat is steppes, desert verges, saltpans and saline soils amongst sparse shrubby vegetation up to an altitude of about 800 m. After breeding, it migrates to eastern and southern Africa, going as far as the Zambezi River. Its winter quarters are usually dry grassland, coastal dunes, saltmarshes, dry floodplains and sometimes cultivated land. This plover is a very rare vagrant to western Europe. It is also a rare vagrant to Australia.

Biology
It breeds on open grassland in central Asia, mainly to the north and east of the Caspian Sea. It breeds in loose colonies, with three eggs being laid in a nest on the bare ground or among short vegetation.

It feeds in a similar way to other plovers picking beetles, termites, ants, grasshoppers, small snails and other small prey mainly from the ground. It sometimes eats the seeds of grasses.

Status
The Caspian plover has a very wide range. The number of birds may be declining slowly due to degradation of its breeding range, especially in Europe, however the IUCN lists it as being of ''Least Concern" because it does not consider the rate of decline justifies putting it in a more threatened category.

It is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.

title: Caspian plover


text:
29th Annual Grammy Awards

The 29th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 24, 1987, at Shrine Auditorium, Los Angeles, California. They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year.

Paul Simon won Album of the Year for Graceland, and Burt Bacharach and Carole Bayer Sager won Song of the Year for "That's What Friends Are For".

Performers

 * Whitney Houston - The Greatest Love of All
 * Simple Red - Money's Too Tight (to Mention)
 * Luther Vandross - Give Me the Reason
 * Steve Earle - Guitar Town
 * Randy Travis - Diggin' Up Bones
 * Dwight Yoakam - Guitars, Cadillacs
 * Willie Dixon - I Just Want to Make Love to You
 * Albert King & B.B. King - Let the Good Times Roll
 * Sandi Patty - Let There Be Praise
 * Billy Idol - To Be a Lover
 * Anita Baker - God Bless the Child
 * Bobby McFerrin - Round Midnight
 * Kathleen Battle - Ave Maria (Schubert)
 * Janet Jackson - What Have You Done For Me Lately
 * Ben E. King, Whitney Houston, Mick Hucknall & Luther Vandross - Stand By Me

Presenters

 * Bob Geldof & The Bangles - Best Pop Vocal Performance Male
 * Robert Palmer & Peter Cetera - Best Pop Vocal Performance Female
 * The Fabulous Thunderbirds & Kenny Loggins - Best New Artist
 * Ben E. King & Gregory Abbott - Best R&B Vocal Performance Male and Female
 * Michael McDonald & Brian Wilson - Producer of the Year
 * The Judds & The Gatlin Brothers - Best Country Vocal Performance Male
 * Carol Bayer Sager - Introduces That's What Friends Are For
 * Olivia Newton-John & Julio Iglesias - Song of the Year
 * John Denver - Introduces the Grammy Hall of Fame
 * Al Green & Ricky Skaggs - Best Gospel Performance
 * Kim Carnes & James Ingram - Presented awards earlier
 * The Beastie Boys - Best Rock Vocal Performance Male
 * Ruben Blades & Miles Davis - Best Male Jazz Vocal Performance
 * Larry Blackwell & Kris Kristofferson - Record of the Year
 * Don Johnson & Whoopi Goldberg - Album of the Year

Award winners
Record of the Year Album of the Year Song of the Year Best New Artist
 * "Higher Love" – Steve Winwood
 * Russ Titelman & Steve Winwood, producers
 * "Sledgehammer" – Peter Gabriel
 * Peter Gabriel & Daniel Lanois, producers
 * "Greatest Love of All" – Whitney Houston
 * Michael Masser, producer
 * "Addicted to Love" – Robert Palmer
 * Bernard Edwards, producer
 * "That's What Friends Are For" – Dionne Warwick & Friends; Elton John, Gladys Knight & Stevie Wonder
 * Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager, producers
 * Graceland – Paul Simon
 * Paul Simon, producer
 * So – Peter Gabriel
 * Peter Gabriel & Daniel Lanois, producers
 * Control – Janet Jackson
 * Janet Jackson, Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis, producers
 * The Broadway Album – Barbra Streisand
 * Peter Matz, producer
 * Back in the High Life – Steve Winwood
 * Russ Titelman & Steve Winwood, producers
 * "That's What Friends Are For"
 * Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager, songwriters (Dionne Warwick & Friends; Elton John, Gladys Knight & Stevie Wonder)
 * "Sledgehammer"
 * Peter Gabriel, songwriter (Peter Gabriel)
 * "Addicted to Love"
 * Robert Palmer, songwriter (Robert Palmer)
 * "Higher Love"
 * Steve Winwood & Will Jennings, songwriters (Steve Winwood)
 * "Graceland"
 * Paul Simon, songwriter (Paul Simon)
 * Bruce Hornsby & the Range
 * Glass Tiger
 * Nu Shooz
 * Simply Red
 * Timbuk3

Blues

 * Best Traditional Blues Recording
 * Albert Collins, Johnny Copeland & Robert Cray for Showdown!

Children's

 * Best Recording for Children
 * Jim Henson, Kathryn King & Geri Van Rees (producers) for The Alphabet performed by the Sesame Street cast

Classical

 * Best Classical Orchestral Recording
 * Michael Haas (producer), Georg Solti (conductor) & the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for Liszt: A Faust Symphony
 * Best Classical Vocal Soloist Performance
 * André Previn (conductor), Kathleen Battle & the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra for Kathleen Battle Sings Mozart
 * Best Opera Recording
 * Elizabeth Ostrow (producer), John Mauceri (conductor), James Billings, Joyce Castle, Maris Clement, David Eisler, Jack Harrold, John Lankston, Erie Mills, Scott Reeve & the New York City Opera Orchestra for Bernstein: Candide
 * Best Choral Performance (other than opera)
 * James Levine (conductor), Margaret Hillis (choir director) & the Chicago Symphony Orchestra & Chorus for Orff: Carmina Burana
 * Best Classical Performance - Instrumental Soloist or Soloists (with or without orchestra)
 * Vladimir Horowitz for Horowitz - The Studio Recordings, New York 1985
 * Best Chamber Music Performance
 * Emanuel Ax & Yo-Yo Ma for Beethoven: Cello Sonata No. 4; Variations
 * Best Contemporary Composition
 * Witold Lutosławski (composer) & Esa-Pekka Salonen (conductor) for Lutosławski: Symphony No. 3
 * Best Classical Album
 * Thomas Frost (producer) & Vladimir Horowitz for Horowitz - The Studio Recordings, New York 1985

Comedy

 * Best Comedy Recording
 * Bill Cosby for Those of You With or Without Children, You'll Understand

Composing and arranging

 * Best Instrumental Composition
 * John Barry (composer) for Out of Africa
 * Best Arrangement on an Instrumental
 * Patrick Williams (arranger) for "Suite Memories" performed by Bill Watrous & Patrick Williams
 * Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocals
 * David Foster (arranger) for "Somewhere" performed by Barbra Streisand

Country

 * Best Country Vocal Performance, Female
 * Reba McEntire for "Whoever's in New England"
 * Best Country Vocal Performance, Male
 * Ronnie Milsap for Lost in the Fifties Tonight
 * Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal
 * The Judds for "Grandpa (Tell Me 'Bout the Good Ol' Days)"
 * Best Country Instrumental Performance (orchestra, group or soloist)
 * Ricky Skaggs for "Raisin' the Dickens"
 * Best Country Song
 * Jamie O'Hara (songwriter) for "Grandpa (Tell Me 'Bout the Good Old Days)" performed by The Judds

Folk

 * Best Traditional Folk Recording
 * Doc Watson for Riding the Midnight Train
 * Best Contemporary Folk Recording
 * Al Bunetta, Dan Einstein & Hank Neuberger (producers) for Tribute to Steve Goodman performed by various artists

Gospel

 * Best Gospel Performance, Female
 * Sandi Patti for Morning Like This
 * Best Gospel Performance, Male
 * Philip Bailey for Triumph
 * Best Gospel Performance by a Duo or Group, Choir or Chorus
 * Deniece Williams & Sandi Patti for "They Say"
 * Best Soul Gospel Performance, Female
 * Deniece Williams for "I Surrender All"
 * Best Soul Gospel Performance, Male
 * Al Green for "Going Away"
 * Best Soul Gospel Performance by a Duo or Group, Choir or Chorus
 * The Winans for Let My People Go

Historical

 * Best Historical Album
 * Aziz Goksel & Bob Porter (producers) for Atlantic Rhythm and Blues 1947-1974, Vols. 1-7 performed by various artists

Jazz

 * Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Female
 * Diane Schuur for Timeless
 * Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Male
 * Bobby McFerrin for "Round Midnight"
 * Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Duo or Group
 * 2+2 Plus for Free Fall
 * Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Soloist
 * Miles Davis for Tutu
 * Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Group
 * Wynton Marsalis for J Mood
 * Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Big Band
 * Doc Severinsen for The Tonight Show Band with Doc Severinsen
 * Best Jazz Fusion Performance, Vocal or Instrumental
 * Bob James & David Sanborn for Double Vision

Latin

 * Best Latin Pop Performance
 * José Feliciano for "Le Lo Lai"
 * Best Tropical Latin Performance
 * Rubén Blades for Escenas
 * Best Mexican-American Performance
 * Flaco Jiménez for Ay Te Dejo en San Antonio y Más!

Musical show

 * Best Cast Show Album
 * Thomas Z. Shepard (producer) & the original 1986 cast for Follies in Concert

Music video

 * Best Music Video, Short Form
 * Dire Straits for "Dire Straits - Brothers in Arms"
 * Best Music Video, Long Form
 * Michael Apted (video director) & Sting for Bring on the Night

New Age

 * Best New Age Recording
 * Andreas Vollenweider for Down to the Moon

Packaging and notes

 * Best Album Package
 * Eiko Ishioka (art director) for Tutu performed by Miles Davis
 * Best Album Notes
 * Andrew Sarris, Frank Conroy, Gary Giddins, Jonathan Schwartz, Murray Kempton, Stephen Holden & Wilfrid Sheed for The Voice - The Columbia Years 1943-1952 performed by Frank Sinatra

Polka

 * Best Polka Recording
 * Eddie Blazonczyk for Another Polka Celebration performed by Eddie Blazonczyk's Versatones
 * Jimmy Sturr for I Remember Warsaw performed by Jimmy Sturr & His Orchestra

Pop

 * Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female
 * Barbra Streisand for The Broadway Album
 * Best Pop Vocal Performance, Male
 * Steve Winwood for "Higher Love"
 * Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal
 * Dionne Warwick, Elton John, Gladys Knight & Stevie Wonder for "That's What Friends Are For"
 * Best Pop Instrumental Performance, (Orchestra, Group or Soloist)
 * Harold Faltermeyer & Steve Stevens for "Top Gun Anthem"

Production and engineering

 * Best Engineered Recording, Non-Classical
 * Jason Corsaro and Tom Lord-Alge (engineers) for Back in the High Life performed by Steve Winwood
 * Best Engineered Recording, Classical
 * Paul Goodman (engineer) & Vladimir Horowitz for Horowitz - The Studio Recordings, New York 1985
 * Producer of the Year (Non-Classical)
 * Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis
 * Classical Producer of the Year
 * Thomas Frost

R&B

 * Best R&B Vocal Performance, Female
 * Anita Baker for Rapture
 * Best R&B Vocal Performance, Male
 * James Brown for "Living in America"
 * Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal
 * Prince and The Revolution for "Kiss"
 * Best R&B Instrumental Performance (Orchestra, Group or Soloist)
 * Yellowjackets for "And You Know That"
 * Best Rhythm & Blues Song
 * Anita Baker, Gary Bias & Louis A. Johnson (songwriters) for "Sweet Love" performed by Anita Baker

Reggae

 * Best Reggae Recording
 * Peter Tosh for No Nuclear War

Rock

 * Best Rock Vocal Performance, Female
 * Tina Turner for "Back Where You Started"
 * Best Rock Vocal Performance, Male
 * Robert Palmer for "Addicted to Love"
 * Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal
 * Eurythmics for "Missionary Man"
 * Best Rock Instrumental Performance (Orchestra, Group or Soloist)
 * Art of Noise & Duane Eddy for "Peter Gunn"

Spoken

 * Best Spoken Word or Non-musical Recording
 * Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis, Chips Moman, Ricky Nelson, Roy Orbison, Carl Perkins & Sam Phillips for Interviews From the Class of '55 Recording Sessions

title: 29th Annual Grammy Awards


text:
33rd Annual Grammy Awards

The 33rd Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 20, 1991. They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year. Quincy Jones was the night's biggest winner winning a total of six awards including Album of the Year.

Presenters

 * Sting & Gloria Estefan – Best Pop Vocal Performance Male
 * Young MC & Bobby Brown – Best Rap Solo Performance
 * Regina Belle & Michael Bolton – Best R&B Vocal Performance Male
 * En Vogue & Take 6 – Best New Artist
 * Richard Gere – Presents Lifetime Achievement Award to John Lennon. Yoko Ono accepts the award on his behalf.
 * Bonnie Raitt & Don Henley – Album of the Year
 * James Ingram & Natalie Cole – Song of the Year
 * The Judds – Best Country Vocal Performance Male
 * Randy Travis & Vince Gill – Best Country Performance by Duo or Group
 * The Kentucky Headhunters & Lisa Stansfield – Best Rock Vocal Performance Male
 * Maria Conchita Alonso & Edward James Olmos – Best Tropical Latin Performance
 * Bernadette Peters & Tommy Tune – Best Musical Cast Show Album
 * Vanilla Ice & Debbie Gibson – Best Pop Vocal Performance Female
 * Jack Nicholson – Presents Lifetime Achievement Award to Bob Dylan
 * Stanley Jordan & Quincy Jones – Best Jazz Vocal Performance Male
 * Cyndi Lauper & The B-52s – Best Hard Rock Performance and Best Rock Performance by Duo or Group
 * Quincy Jones – Presents the President of the Recording Academy
 * Graham Nash & Johnny Gill – Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group
 * Diana Ross & Jon Bon Jovi – Record of the Year

General

 * Record of the Year
 * "Another Day in Paradise" – Phil Collins
 * Hugh Padgham & Phil Collins, producers
 * "Vision of Love" – Mariah Carey
 * Rhett Lawrence & Narada Michael Walden, producers
 * "U Can't Touch This" – MC Hammer
 * MC Hammer, producer
 * "From a Distance" – Bette Midler
 * Arif Mardin, producer
 * "Nothing Compares 2 U" – Sinéad O'Connor
 * Sinéad O'Connor & Nellee Hooper, producers

 * Album of the Year
 * Quincy Jones (producer & artist) for Back on the Block
 * Song of the Year
 * Julie Gold (songwriter) for "From a Distance" performed by Bette Midler

 * Best New Artist
 * Mariah Carey
 * Lisa Stansfield
 * The Black Crowes
 * The Kentucky Headhunters
 * Wilson Phillips

Alternative

 * Best Alternative Music Album
 * Sinéad O'Connor for I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got

Blues

 * Best Traditional Blues Recording
 * B.B. King for Live at San Quentin
 * Best Contemporary Blues Recording
 * Jimmie Vaughan & Stevie Ray Vaughan for Family Style

Children's

 * Best Recording for Children
 * Alan Menken (composer) & Howard Ashman (lyricist) for The Little Mermaid performed by various artists

Classical

 * Best Orchestral Performance
 * Leonard Bernstein (conductor) & the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for Shostakovich: Symphonies Nos. 1 & 7
 * Best Classical Vocal Performance
 * Zubin Mehta (conductor), José Carreras, Plácido Domingo, Luciano Pavarotti, & the Orchestra Del Maggio Musicale for Carreras, Domingo, Pavarotti in Concert
 * Best Opera Recording
 * Cord Garben (producer), James Levine (conductor), Siegfried Jerusalem, Christa Ludwig, Kurt Moll, James Morris, Jan Hendrik Rootering, Ekkehard Wlaschiha, Heinz Zednik & the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra for Wagner: Das Rheingold
 * Best Choral Performance (other than opera)
 * Robert Shaw (conductor) & the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra & Chorus for Walton: Belshazzar's Feast/Bernstein: Chichester Psalms; Missa Brevis
 * Best Classical Performance, Instrumental Soloist (with orchestra)
 * Zubin Mehta (conductor), Itzhak Perlman & the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra for Shostakovich: Violin Concerto No. 1 in A Minor/ Glazunov: Violin Concerto in A Minor
 * Best Classical Performance, Instrumental Soloist (without orchestra)
 * Vladimir Horowitz for The Last Recording
 * Best Chamber Music or Other Small Ensemble Performance
 * Daniel Barenboim & Itzhak Perlman for Brahms: The Three Violin Sonatas
 * Best Contemporary Composition
 * Leonard Bernstein (composer), Judy Kaye & William Sharp for Bernstein: Arias & Barcarolles
 * Best Classical Album
 * Hans Weber (producer), Leonard Bernstein (conductor) & the New York Philharmonic for Ives: Sym. No. 2; Gong on the Hook and Ladder; Central Park in the Dark; The Unanswered Question

Comedy

 * Best Comedy Recording
 * Peter Schickele for P. D. Q. Bach: Oedipus Tex and Other Choral Calamities

Composing and arranging

 * Best Instrumental Composition
 * Pat Metheny (composer) for "Change of Heart" performed by Roy Haynes, Dave Holland & Pat Metheny
 * Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television
 * Alan Menken (composer) & Howard Ashman (lyricist) for "Under the Sea" performed by various artists
 * Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television
 * James Horner (composer) for Glory performed by James Horner & the Boys Choir of Harlem
 * Best Arrangement on an Instrumental
 * Jerry Hey, Quincy Jones, Ian Prince & Rod Temperton (arrangers) for "Birdland" performed by Quincy Jones
 * Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocal(s)
 * Glen Ballard, Jerry Hey, Quincy Jones & Clif Magness (arrangers) for "The Places You Find Love" performed by Siedah Garrett & Chaka Khan

Country

 * Best Country Vocal Performance, Female
 * Kathy Mattea for "Where've You Been"
 * Best Country Vocal Performance, Male
 * Vince Gill for "When I Call Your Name"
 * Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal
 * The Kentucky Headhunters for Pickin' on Nashville
 * Best Country Vocal Collaboration
 * Chet Atkins & Mark Knopfler for "Poor Boy Blues"
 * Best Country Instrumental Performance
 * Chet Atkins & Mark Knopfler for "So Soft, Your Goodbye"
 * Best Country Song
 * Don Henry & Jon Vezner (songwriters) for "Where've You Been" performed by Kathy Mattea
 * Best Bluegrass Recording
 * Alison Krauss for I've Got That Old Feeling

Folk

 * Best Traditional Folk Recording
 * Doc Watson for On Praying Ground
 * Best Contemporary Folk Recording
 * Shawn Colvin for Steady On

Gospel

 * Best Pop Gospel Album
 * Sandi Patti for Another Time... Another Place
 * Best Rock/Contemporary Gospel Album
 * Petra for Beyond Belief
 * Best Traditional Soul Gospel Album
 * Tramaine Hawkins for Tramaine Hawkins Live
 * Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album
 * Take 6 for So Much 2 Say
 * Best Southern Gospel Album
 * Bruce Carroll for The Great Exchange
 * Best Gospel Album by a Choir or Chorus
 * James Cleveland (choir director) for Having Church performed by the Southern California Community Choir

Historical

 * Best Historical Album
 * Lawrence Cohn & Stephen Lavere (producers) for Robert Johnson - The Complete Recordings

Jazz

 * Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Female
 * Ella Fitzgerald for All That Jazz
 * Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Male
 * Harry Connick Jr. for We Are in Love
 * Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Soloist
 * Oscar Peterson for The Legendary Oscar Peterson Trio Live at the Blue Note
 * Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Group
 * The Oscar Peterson Trio for The Legendary Oscar Peterson Trio Live at the Blue Note
 * Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Big Band
 * Frank Foster for "Basie's Bag"
 * Best Jazz Fusion Performance
 * Quincy Jones for "Birdland"

Latin

 * Best Latin Pop Performance
 * Jose Feliciano for "¿Por Qué Te Tengo Que Olvidar?"
 * Best Tropical Latin Performance
 * Tito Puente for "Lambada Timbales"
 * Best Mexican-American Performance
 * The Texas Tornados for "Soy de San Luis"

Musical show

 * Best Musical Cast Show Album
 * David Caddick (producer) & cast members with Gary Morris for Les Misérables - The Complete Symphonic Recording

Music video

 * Best Music Video, Short Form
 * Sharon Oreck (video producer), Candice Reckinger, Michael Patterson (video directors) & Paula Abdul for "Opposites Attract"
 * Best Music Video, Long Form
 * John Oetjen (video producer), Rupert Wainwright (video director) & M.C. Hammer for Please Hammer, Don't Hurt 'Em: The Movie

New Age

 * Best New Age Performance
 * Mark Isham for Mark Isham

Packaging and notes

 * Best Album Package
 * Jeffrey Gold, Len Peltier & Suzanne Vega (art directors) for Days of Open Hand performed by Suzanne Vega
 * Best Album Notes
 * Dan Morgenstern (notes writer) for Brownie - The Complete Emarcy Recordings of Clifford Brown performed by Clifford Brown

Polka

 * Best Polka Recording
 * Jimmy Sturr for When It's Polka Time at Your House

Pop

 * Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female
 * Mariah Carey for "Vision of Love"
 * Best Pop Vocal Performance, Male
 * Roy Orbison for "Oh Pretty Woman"
 * Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal
 * Aaron Neville & Linda Ronstadt for "All My Life"
 * Best Pop Instrumental Performance
 * Angelo Badalamenti for "Twin Peaks Theme"

Production and engineering

 * Best Engineered Recording, Non-Classical
 * Bruce Swedien (engineer) for Back On the Block performed by Quincy Jones
 * Best Engineered Recording, Classical
 * Jack Renner (engineer), Robert Shaw (conductor) & the Robert Shaw Festival Singers for Sergei Rachmaninoff: Vespers
 * Producer of the Year, (Non-Classical)
 * Quincy Jones
 * Classical Producer of the Year
 * Adam Stern

R&B

 * Best R&B Vocal Performance, Female
 * Anita Baker for Compositions
 * Best R&B Vocal Performance, Male
 * Luther Vandross for "Here and Now"
 * Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal
 * Ray Charles & Chaka Khan for "I'll Be Good to You"
 * Best Rhythm & Blues Song
 * M.C. Hammer, Rick James & Alonzo Miller (songwriters) for "U Can't Touch This" performed by M.C. Hammer

Rap

 * Best Rap Solo Performance
 * M.C. Hammer for "U Can't Touch This"
 * Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group
 * Big Daddy Kane, Ice-T, Kool Moe Dee, Melle Mel, Quincy D. III & Quincy Jones for "Back on the Block"

Reggae

 * Best Reggae Recording
 * Bunny Wailer for Time Will Tell: A Tribute to Bob Marley

Rock

 * Best Rock Vocal Performance, Female
 * Alannah Myles for "Black Velvet"
 * Best Rock Vocal Performance, Male
 * Eric Clapton for "Bad Love"
 * Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal
 * Aerosmith for "Janie's Got a Gun"
 * Best Rock Instrumental Performance
 * Vaughan Brothers for "D/FW"
 * Best Hard Rock Performance
 * Living Colour for Time's Up
 * Best Metal Performance
 * Metallica for "Stone Cold Crazy"

Spoken

 * Best Spoken Word or Non-musical Recording
 * George Burns for Gracie - A Love Story

Special merit awards

 * Bob Dylan was given a lifetime award presented by Jack Nicholson and sang "Masters of War" on the night of the first US invasion of Iraq.
 * John Lennon was granted a posthumous lifetime achievement award, one year after his partner, Paul McCartney.
 * The Chairman's Merit Award to Harry Everett Smith for the Anthology of American Folk Music

MusiCares Person of the Year

 * David Crosby

Reception
In a contemporary review, Variety described the telecast was "one of the most unmemorable in memory" and that "This year's telecast was doomed from the moment Sinead O'Connor, the artist behind the year's most compelling record, announced that she would boycott the show because the awards celebrate commercialism." The review critiqued the performers stating that Garth Brooks stage set up resembled a "Noël Coward play", Billy Idol changed a lyric of "Cradle of Love" to state "This song is so cheesy" and that MC Hammer appeared to be wrapped in aluminium foil.

The review spoke positively about performance of En Vogue and Take 6 and the a cappella performance by Tracy Chapman.

title: 33rd Annual Grammy Awards