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Soo Locks

The Soo Locks (sometimes spelled Sault Locks but pronounced "soo") are a set of parallel locks, operated and maintained by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, Detroit District, that enable ships to travel between Lake Superior and the lower Great Lakes. They are located on the St. Marys River between Lake Superior and Lake Huron, between the Upper Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan and the Canadian province of Ontario. They bypass the rapids of the river, where the water falls 21 ft. The locks pass an average of 10,000 ships per year, despite being closed during the winter from January through March, when ice shuts down shipping on the Great Lakes. The winter closure period is used to inspect and maintain the locks.

The locks share a name (usually shortened and anglicized as Soo) with the two cities named Sault Ste. Marie, in Ontario and in Michigan, located on either side of the St. Marys River. The Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge between the United States and Canada permits vehicular traffic to pass over the locks. A railroad bridge crosses the St. Marys River just upstream of the highway bridge.

The first locks were opened in 1855. Along with the Erie Canal, constructed in 1824 in central New York State, they were among the great infrastructure engineering projects of the antebellum United States. The Soo Locks were designated a National Historic Landmark in 1966.

United States locks
The U.S. locks form part of a 1.6 mi canal formally named the St. Marys Falls Canal. The entire canal, including the locks, is owned and maintained by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, which provides free passage. The first iteration of the U.S. Soo Locks was completed in May 1855; it was operated by the state of Michigan until transferred to the U.S. Army in 1881.

Locks
The configuration consists of two parallel lock chambers.Starting at the Michigan shoreline and moving north toward Ontario, these are:

 * The MacArthur Lock, built in 1943. It is 800 ft long, 80 ft wide, and 29.5 ft deep. This is large enough to handle ocean-going vessels ("salties") that must also pass through the smaller locks in the Welland Canal. The first vessel through was the SS Carl D. Bradley.
 * The Poe Lock, built in 1896. The first vessel to pass through was the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers tug USS Hancock. The original Poe Lock was engineered by Orlando Poe and, at 800 ft long and 100 ft wide, was the largest in the world when completed in 1896. The lock was re-built in 1968 to accommodate larger ships, after the Saint Lawrence Seaway opened and made passage of such ships possible to the Great Lakes. It is now 1200 ft long, 110 ft wide, and 32 ft deep. It can take ships carrying 72000 ST of cargo. The Poe is the only lock that can handle the large lake freighters used on the Upper Lakes. The first passage after the rebuild was by the Phillip R. Clarke in 1969.

Former locks

 * The State Lock, built between 1853 and 1855. The State of Michigan was given land by the federal government to construct a lock after copper and iron ore was discovered on Lake Superior. The lock consisted of two chambers back-to-back to bridge the difference in water level. This lock was 350 ft long, 60 ft wide, and 12 ft deep. The State Lock was replaced by the original Poe Lock.
 * The Weitzel Lock, was built between 1873 and 1881 directly south of the State Lock, and was the first lock to be operated by the federal government. At 515 ft long, 80 ft wide, and 17 ft deep, it was the longest lock in the world upon its completion. It was decommissioned in 1919, and was eventually replaced by the MacArthur Lock in 1943.
 * The Davis Lock, built in 1914. At the time of its completion, the Davis Lock was the longest lock in the world at 1350 ft long, and was also 80 ft wide and 23 ft deep. It was officially decommissioned in 2010.
 * The Sabin Lock, built in 1919. It was constructed as a twin lock to the Davis Lock, and named after Louis Sabin, who served as the Detroit District Engineer. It was officially decommissioned in 2010 at the same time as the Davis Lock.

New lock
A new lock is under construction and is slated to be completed by 2030. Groundbreaking for the new lock project was held on June 30, 2009. The lock will be equal in size to the Poe Lock and will provide much needed additional capacity for the large lake freighters. The new lock replaces two locks (Davis Lock and Sabin Lock), which were obsolete and used infrequently. In May 2020, construction on Phase One of the replacement of the Sabin Lock was started.

North of the new lock is an additional channel with a small hydroelectric plant, which provides electricity for the lock complex.

Engineers Day
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Detroit District, operates the Soo Locks Visitors Center and viewing deck for the public. On the last Friday of every June, the public is allowed to go behind the security fence and cross the lock gates of the U.S. Soo Locks for the annual Engineers Day Open House. During this event, visitors are able to get close enough to touch ships passing through the two regularly operating locks. Other than on that day, because the locks are United States Federal property under command of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, unauthorized personnel and civilians are restricted from the locks under threat of fines or imprisonment for trespassing.

Canadian lock
The first lock to be built in the St. Marys River was on the Canadian side in 1798 by the Northwest Fur Company to facilitate the fur trade. It was destroyed by the Americans in 1814 during the War of 1812 to disrupt British trade. Currently, a single small lock is operated on the Canadian side of the Soo. Opened in 1895, it was rebuilt in 1987, and is 77 m long, 15.4 m wide and 13.5 m deep. The Canadian lock is used for recreational and tour boats; major shipping traffic uses the U.S. locks.

title: Soo Locks


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John Renshaw Starr

John Ashford Renshaw Starr (6 August 1908 – 1996), code names Emile and Bob, was a British artist and an agent in France of the United Kingdom's clandestine Special Operations Executive (SOE) organization during World War II. He was the organiser (leader) of the Acrobat network (or circuit) which operated in Dijon. The purpose of SOE in occupied France was to conduct espionage, sabotage and reconnaissance. SOE agents allied themselves with French Resistance groups and supplied them with weapons and equipment parachuted in from England.

Starr was wounded and captured by the German SS on 18 July 1943 and imprisoned for the remainder of the war. After World War II, Starr was accused by several other SOE agents of collaboration with the Germans while he was a captive. John Starr's brother George Starr was also an SOE agent.

Early life
Starr was born in Heaton Moor, Lancashire, the son of an American father, Alfred Demarest Starr, a bookkeeper who became a naturalised British subject, and an English mother, Ethel Renshaw, he was a grandson of William Robert Renshaw. He studied art in Paris and in 1934 he married a French woman, Michelle Vergetas, and the couple had one child, Ethel. Starr tried to join the Royal Air Force in 1938 but was rejected because his father was an American. He was in Paris when World War II began in 1939, and in early 1940 joined the King's Own Scottish Borderers and later was assigned to the Field Security Police. He escaped to England when France was overrun by Nazi Germany. He joined the SOE in early 1941.

First Mission
Starr parachuted "blind" (without being met on the ground) near Valence on the night of 27–28 August 1942. His job was to evaluate the food requirements for the CARTE network, a resistance group which claimed that, with SOE support, it could raise an army of 300,000 men to resist the German occupation of France. Starr made his way from Valence to a villa in Cannes where he met SOE agent Peter Churchill and CARTE leader Andre Girard. Starr learned from Churchill and his own experience that CARTE was largely a fantasy of Girard's. He returned to England in November. Oddly enough, as he was boarding a small boat to slip out of France, he encountered his older brother George who was arriving in France as an SOE agent.

Second Mission
Starr was held in high regard by SOE and, along with a wireless operator, John Young, he parachuted into France again on the night of 15–16 May 1943, landing near Blye in the French Alps. He was designated as the organiser (leader) of the Acrobat network, operating around Saint-Étienne and Dijon. Shortly after his arrival, Starr narrowly escaped being captured in Clermont-Ferrand. The Germans had penetrated several SOE networks and captured agents in that area. Starr was joined in Acrobat by saboteur Harry Rée and courier Diana Rowden. Rée soon departed for another network. He did not like Starr's "assertive manner" and believed the network was insecure.

Capture and collaboration
On 18 July 1943 Starr was captured by the Germans after being betrayed by a Frenchman he had recruited. He attempted to escape en route to a prison in Dijon and was shot twice in the thigh and foot. He was placed in the custody of the Sicherheitsdienst (or SD), the intelligence service of the SS. In Dijon, he said the Germans tortured him by beating on his wounded thigh but he didn't reveal any significant information to them. He was transferred to Fresnes Prison in Paris and in late September to SD headquarters at 84 Avenue Foch in Paris.

The head of the Paris SD was an ex-policemen named Hans Kieffer, a man more dedicated to persuasion than torture. Kieffer persuaded Starr to use his artistic talents to redraw a map and some charts of SOE operations in France. In return, Starr was given a private room in the building and dined in the officer's mess which served excellent food. Another SOE prisoner at 84 Avenue Foch was Gilbert Norman who told Starr that the Germans knew everything about SOE and that nothing he said would be news to them. Starr justified his cooperation with the SD by saying he was gathering information on SD operations that would be useful to SOE if he could escape. Along with SOE wireless operator, Noor Inyat Khan, and a French colonel, Leon Faye, he tried to escape in late 1943 by climbing out the skylight of his room onto the roof of the building, but the three were soon recaptured. Kieffer threatened to shoot them, but relented on condition that they gave their word of honor not to attempt another escape. Khan and Faye declined; but Starr gave his word. Khan and Faye were sent to concentration camps in Germany and later executed.

After the escape attempt, Starr again became friendly with the Germans, even going out to restaurants with some of them and on an operation to identify the bodies of British airmen who had been shot down near Paris. He helped the SD send bogus wireless messages by correcting spelling and editing mistakes. The Germans he worked with later described him as "weak and misguided rather than knowingly treacherous."

A German concentration camp
Starr remained at Avenue Foch until August 1944 when, after the Normandy Invasion and with allied armies approaching Paris, he was transported to the concentration camp at Sachsenhausen near Berlin. According to his account he avoided execution in 1945 due to a quarantine resulting from a typhus outbreak within the camp. The opportunity arose to smuggle himself into a group of prisoners who were being transferred to the Mauthausen concentration camp near Linz. By using his ability to pass himself off as a Frenchman, he joined a group of French and Belgian prisoners who were released into the custody of the Red Cross and taken to Switzerland as the war in Europe drew to a close.

Post World War II
Starr testified at the war crimes trial of Josef Kieffer. He said that Kieffer had not mistreated prisoners and that he did not believe that Kieffer would "take part in the deliberate murder of British prisoners." Kieffer was found guilty and hanged.

Stories from other SOE agents who shared his captivity at Avenue Foch resulted in doubts being raised about Starr's loyalty, and his case became the subject of an MI5 investigation, which concluded that although his behaviour was suspicious, there were no grounds for criminal prosecution. After the war, Starr opened a night-club in Hanley, Staffordshire, with Alfred and Henry Newton, SOE agents (and brothers) whom he had met during his training and also at the Avenue Foch. The brothers had been at Buchenwald concentration camp. Starr later returned to live in Paris, then moved to Switzerland where he died in 1996.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Renshaw Starr


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George Reginald Starr

Lieutenant-Colonel George Reginald Starr (6 April 1904 – 2 September 1980), code name Hilaire, was a British mining engineer and an agent of the United Kingdom's clandestine Special Operations Executive (SOE) organisation in World War II. He was the organiser (leader) of the Wheelwright network in southwestern France from November 1942 until the liberation of France from Nazi German occupation in September 1944. The purpose of SOE was to conduct espionage, sabotage and reconnaissance in occupied Europe against the Axis powers. SOE agents in France allied themselves with French Resistance groups and supplied them with weapons and equipment parachuted in from England.

Starr's accomplishments include building up a large network of resistance groups, carrying out a number of sabotage operations in the months leading up to the Normandy invasion on 6 June 1944, rescuing from imprisonment about 50 important resistance leaders and allied airmen shot down over France, and participation as a leader in the liberation of southwestern France from German occupation. By mid-1944 Starr had more than 20 SOE agents working for him, second in numbers only to the earlier (and defunct) Prosper or Physician network.

In the estimation of M.R.D. Foot, the official historian of the SOE, Starr was one of the half-dozen best agents of the SOE in France. He was one of only three SOE agents to be promoted to the rank of Lt. Colonel, along with Richard Heslop and Francis Cammaerts. One of the French agents of the SOE, Philippe de Gunzbourg, compared Starr as a leader to Lawrence of Arabia. Starr's wartime record was not, however, without controversy. He had a confrontation with Charles de Gaulle after the liberation of France, and one of his agents, Anne-Marie Walters, accused him of permitting the torture of captured collaborators.

Starr's brother, John Renshaw Starr, was also an SOE agent.

Early life
He was born in London on 6 April 1904, one of two sons of Alfred Demarest Starr, an American bookkeeper who became a naturalised British subject, and Englishwoman Ethel Renshaw. He was a grandson of William Robert Renshaw. He was educated at Ardingly College, and at the age of 16, undertook a four-year apprenticeship as a coal-miner in Shropshire. After studying mining engineering at the Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, he joined the Glasgow firm of Mather and Coulson Ltd, manufacturers of mining equipment. He worked in several countries in Europe installing mine equipment. Starr's second wife, Pilar Canudas Ristol, who he met in Spain, worked in Spain for SOE during World War II.

Starr was described by his wireless operator, Yvonne Cormeau, as short in stature, five feet six inches in height, very nervous, a heavy cigarette smoker, and a man who took duty and responsibility seriously and would never ask a person to do anything he would not do himself. Cormeau was his closest associate, "confidante and, a few alleged, his lover."

Building a network
Starr was working in Liège Province, Belgium in 1940 when the German invasion began. He escaped back to England with British forces in the Dunkirk evacuation. He joined the British Army, being commissioned on the General List. He was subsequently recruited into the Special Operations Executive (SOE) for his language skills (although his spoken French was described as "atrocious") and given the code name Hilaire.

On 3 November 1942 Starr arrived by boat with several other SOE agents at Port Miou on the Mediterranean coast of Vichy France. A few days later the Germans occupied Vichy which made SOE operations there much more dangerous than previously. Starr was scheduled to go to Lyon to work there, but the Lyon SOE network was penetrated in October 1942 and the agents arrested. SOE agent Henri Sevenet persuaded Starr to go instead to the Gascony region in southwestern France where a resistance movement was forming. His instincts were correct. SOE networks were more secure in rural areas which had a much smaller presence of German soldiers and milice, the pro-German French militia, than large urban areas.

Starr based himself in Castelnau-sur-l'Auvignon, a rural village of 300 persons, without running water or electricity. Local leaders were sympathetic to the resistance and the nearest Germans to the village were in the city of Agen, 35 km distant. Starr posed as a retired Belgian mining engineer who had made a fortune in the Congo. From Castelnau, Starr began to build up a local resistance movement, called by SOE the Wheelwright Network (or Circuit). Starr was very conscious of security, communicating with his contacts only through couriers or the spoken word, never putting words to paper, and building up his network one trusted associate at a time. In January 1943, the SOE in London parachuted weapons and explosives into Castelnau. They were hidden in a medieval dungeon beneath the church in the village. Starr's ability to call on the United Kingdom to provide weapons made him a power among the nascent rural resistance organisations called maquis (whose members were called maquisards). Also, in January 1943, Starr borrowed a wireless operator from another network to facilitate communication with SOE in London.

These initial successes aside, in spring 1943, seemingly forgotten by SOE headquarters in London, Starr was suffering from a skin disease probably caused by stress and contemplating failure and the abandonment of his mission. He sent Denise Bloch, an SOE agent on the run from another part of France, to Spain and hence to England with a written report (violating his own rule against written communication) requesting money and a wireless operator of his own. London's immediate answer was to send an aeroplane to hover over Castelnau to communicate with Starr by short-range S-Phone to determine that he was still alive. Starr affirmed his existence by greeting the pilot with a string of expletives and finally got attention from London. It was soon "raining containers" full of arms and equipment for the maquis. Starr's SOE team would expand to include explosives expert Claude Arnault, wireless operator Yvonne Cormeau, and courier Anne-Marie Walters.

All did not go smoothly, however, in the fractious world of the French Resistance. Starr had setbacks, rivals and enemies, some of whom he managed to marginalise. The Germans arrested several of his trusted associates. Starr was accused of being a "warlord," a law unto himself, and independent of the French Resistance to the German occupation.

Security
M.R.D Foot said that the motto of every successful secret agent was "dubito, ergo sum" ("I doubt, therefore I survive."), and Starr is on a short list of agents who survived by paying careful attention to security. Starr's caution extended to the people he worked with. On the boat which brought him to France in 1942 he complained about being "in charge of three bloody women," Marie-Thérèse Le Chêne, Mary Katherine Herbert, and Odette Sansom, all SOE agents. He took a special dislike to Sansom, who would become one of the most honoured SOE agents. In December 1942, he was suspicious of another SOE agent, Denise Bloch, who was fleeing from the Gestapo. He initially thought her to be a nuisance and contemplated her "liquidation," but learned to trust her, sending her back to the United Kingdom with an appeal for SOE assistance to his network. Starr also broke with Henri Sevenet, the Frenchman who had brought him to southwestern France and helped him become established. Among his complaints about his courier, Anne-Marie Walters, was that she wore "high Paris fashion," thus violating his principle of being inconspicuous.

Sabotage
The maquisards and their leaders wanted to begin harassing Germans as resistance forces were doing elsewhere in France. In December 1943 Starr requested and received permission from SOE headquarters to begin attacking the Gestapo and railroads in his region. On New Year's Eve 1943, Starr reported that the maquisards he had trained had destroyed more than 300 locomotives by carefully placing explosives on the engines.

The National Gunpowder Factory near the city of Toulouse was a high priority for destruction by the allies. However, a daylight bombing raid by the Royal Air Force would kill many of the 6,000 French workers at the factory. London asked Starr to try to destroy the 'factory as an alternative to bombing. In March 1944 Claude Arnault and Anne-Marie Walters smuggled explosives to Toulouse. On 28 March, Arnault sneaked into the plant at night, placed explosives, and destroyed 30 electric motors out of 31 in the 'factory which were used to grind gunpowder. The factory was out of operation for six weeks.

In April and May 1944, the resistance carried out a number of additional sabotage operations against factories and railroads, including a factory near Lourdes which made parts for aeroplanes and armoured vehicles. Arnault repeated his earlier success by sneaking into the factory at night along with three other men and destroying machinery with explosives.

Sabotage successes notwithstanding, the French resistance was impatient in the early months of 1944. The French were beginning to lose confidence that the allies would ever invade France and liberate the country from German occupation. The joke circulated that "the English will fight to the last Frenchman."

Battle of Castelnau
With the Normandy Invasion on 6 June 1944, the SOE wanted the maquisards to convert from being saboteurs to armed fighters directly contesting German forces. Starr began distributing arms to resistance groups. Starr collected 300 men, one-half French and one-half Spanish, at Castelnau sur l'Auvignon and prepared to begin an armed uprising against the Germans. The Spaniards in Starr's forces were former members of the Spanish Republican Army who had fled to France after their defeat in the Spanish Civil War. Many of them were communists. Starr was one of only a few SOE agents who was able to persuade the feuding communists and non-communists to join together to form a single resistance force.

However, the Germans learned that Castelnau was Starr's base and on 21 June an estimated 1,500 soldiers of the German army attacked. Nineteen of the maquisards were killed and the Germans captured the village. A rear guard blew up the explosives left behind during the retreat, destroying most of the village. The Germans completed the destruction. Starr and his surviving maquisards retreated all the way to the hamlet of Lannemaignan, 55 km west of Castelnau. Another eleven maquisards died during the retreat. On 2 July, the Germans attacked Lannemaignan with artillery and bombers. Still on the run, Starr led the maquisards south 20 km to the town of Panjas where he joined forces with his friend, the French resistance leader Maurice Parisot. Starr's men became part of the Armagnac Battalion with Parisot as the commander. Starr became his adviser.

Armagnac Battalion
The Armagnac Battalion was a polyglot collection of 1,900 men of a dozen different nationalities who came together in June 1944 after the Normandy landings. After the battle of Castelnau and other conflict, the men of the various resistance groups making up the battalion, including Starr's, were short of ammunition. Starr was ordered by SOE headquarters to attack German army units, but his pleas for air-drops of ammunition were ignored. Angered, he sent a wireless message to London saying, "I have given orders to the men under my command to manufacture bows and arrows. As soon as this is completed, we will attack and destroy these fucking divisions." The message got London's attention and ammunition supplies began arriving.

The battalion fought a battle with units of the German Das Reich Division at Estang on 2 July, but was forced to abandon its positions by German bombing. On 14 July, 4,000 Germans were advancing on the Armagnac Battalion but, inexplicably, withdrew toward Toulouse. On 12 August, the Armagnacs liberated the village of Aire-sur-l'Adour with little loss and on 20–21 August surrounded and accepted the surrender of 192 Germans, including two colonels, at L'Isle-Jourdain, only 20 km from Toulouse, the largest city in the region, the objective of the Armagnacs, and the stronghold of the remnants of the German army in the region. Starr, long accustomed to the shadows of the war, now donned his British uniform and led columns of men.

On 21 August, Toulouse fell to the French Forces of the Interior, the umbrella organisation of resistance fighters. Starr and Yvonne Cormeau drove into the city, American and British flags on their car. The liberation of southwestern France was complete. However, the leader of the Armagnac Battalion, Maurice Parisot, was killed on 6 September; while an American aeroplane was landing, a propeller broke away from the motor and struck him.

Starr and De Gaulle
The withdrawal of the Germans from southwestern France left the area in political chaos in which "feudal barons," of whom Starr was among the most important, took control. On 16 September 1944, General Charles de Gaulle, head of the Provisional Government of the French Republic, visited Toulouse. De Gaulle had little respect for the Resistance which had varying philosophies among its different groups of how France should be governed post-war. On meeting Starr and other resistance leaders, De Gaulle denounced them as mercenaries. He ordered Starr to leave France. Starr replied that he was in France under the authority of the allies and he did not recognise De Gaulle as his superior officer. De Gaulle threatened to arrest him but Starr stood his ground, and the meeting ended with a handshake. Nine days later, on 25 September, Starr and his wireless operator, Yvonne Cormeau, made a hasty departure from France.

De Gaulle's reaction to Starr and the resistance fighters reflected De Gaulle's "obsession with restoring the authority of the state and allowing no challenges to its – to his – authority."

Allegations of torture
In late July 1944, Starr ordered his youthful courier, Anne-Marie Walters, to leave France accusing her of disobedience. When Walters returned to London, she said that Starr had countenanced torture of French collaborators with the Germans. On 1 November 1944, Starr, who had returned to London, was interviewed by SOE. He recounted "with relish" an incident of torture, causing consternation in the SOE although the interviewers said that he could not be blamed for the tortures committed by the French Resistance. In February 1945, a court of enquiry with testimony from Starr, Walters, and others took place. The part of the transcript of the enquiry containing Walter's testimony has disappeared from the record. On 28 February, the conclusion of the "rather perfunctory court of enquiry" (in the words of M.R.D. Foot), was that "there is no justification whatever for any imputation against Lt. Col. Starr of inhumanity or cruel treatment to any prisoner at any time under his control or under the control or troops or resistance forces under his immediate command or control."

Post-war
After the war, Starr was sent to Essen in the Ruhr district to direct the re-opening of German coal mines. He later returned to his previous employer, Mather and Coulson, as managing director before retiring to live in France.

Starr died in a hospital in Senlis, France on 2 September 1980.

title: George Reginald Starr


text:
Brit

Brit, Brits or BRIT may refer to:

Nicknames

 * British people, people of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, its Overseas Territories and the Crown Dependencies, and their descendants
 * Brit Hume (born 1943), American TV journalist
 * Brit Selby (born 1945), Canadian ice-hockey player
 * Brit Smith (born 1985), American actress, model, singer, and songwriter
 * Britney Spears (born 1981), American singer

Given names

 * Brit Andresen, Norwegian-born Australian architect
 * Brit Bildøen (born 1962), Norwegian poet, novelist, essayist, children's writer and literary critic
 * Brit Hoel (born 1942), Norwegian politician
 * Brit Marling (born 1982), American writer, producer, director and actress
 * Brit McRoberts (born 1957), Canadian retired middle-distance runner
 * Brit Morgan (born 1987), American film and television actress
 * Brit Pettersen (born 1961), Norwegian former cross-country skier
 * Brit Sandaune (born 1972), Norwegian soccer player and pre-school teacher
 * Brit Solli (born 1959), Norwegian archaeologist
 * Brit Stakston (born 1961), Swedish-Norwegian writer, public speaker and media strategist
 * Brit Volden (born 1960), Norwegian orienteering competitor

Family names

 * Cri-Zelda Brits (born 1983), South African cricketer
 * Danie Brits, South African former professional wrestler
 * Gorka Brit (born 1978), Spanish footballer
 * Grant Brits (born 1987), Australian freestyle swimmer
 * Okkert Brits (born 1973), South African former pole vaulter
 * Schalk Brits (born 1981), South African rugby union footballer
 * Stefan Brits (born 1992), South African track and field athlete
 * Tazmin Brits (born 1991), South African cricketer and former javelin thrower
 * Walter Brit (fl. 1390), a fellow of Merton College, Oxford, and the reputed author of works on astronomy and mathematics, as well as a treatise on surgery

Places

 * Brits, North West, a town in the North West province of South Africa, near Pretoria
 * River Brit, a river in Dorset, England
 * Britstown, a small farming town in the Northern Cape of South Africa

Organizations

 * Botanical Research Institute of Texas, a global botanical research institute and learning center in the U.S.
 * Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology, a unit of the Department of Atomic Energy in Navi Mumbai, India
 * Brit + Co., an online DIY community/e-commerce company based in San Francisco
 * Brit plc, an international general insurance and reinsurance group acquired by Fairfax Financial in May 2015
 * BRIT School for Performing Arts and Technology, a British performing arts and technology school in the London Borough of Croydon

Other uses

 * The Brit Awards, the British Phonographic Industry's annual pop music awards
 * Bedford Road Invitational Tournament, a basketball tournament held in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
 * Brit milah, the circumcision of a Jewish baby boy on the eighth day of life
 * Brit (character), an Image Comics superhero and series
 * Brit Stevenson, a character in the film Saw V portrayed by Julie Benz

title: Brit


text:
Wikipedia:Projects of Wikimedia

Wikimedia encompasses encyclopedia projects in several languages, as well as some other sister projects. In order to track changes on all of these projects, listed below are the links to the Recent Changes of such projects.

All active Wikipedia versions (arranged alphabetically based on language codes):

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title: Wikipedia:Projects of Wikimedia


text:
User talk:Sdw25

Hello Sdw25, welcome to Wikipedia! Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Cyan 02:06, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Hi :) Care to give an example in the article re Fuck ? (Personally, I'm curious...) Dysprosia 09:27, 3 Dec 2003 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Sdw25


text:
Pom

Pom or POM may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Pom (comics) (1919–2014), a Belgian comic strip writer and artist
 * Baby Pom, a fictional character in the British television programme Fimbles
 * Pom, a character in the video game Them's Fightin' Herds

Organizations

 * Pepco Holdings (stock symbol)
 * POM Wonderful, a company and brand of pomegranate juice
 * Jacksons International Airport or Port Moresby Airport (IATA code)
 * Presidio of Monterey, California, a US Army installation
 * Working People's Party (Moldova) (Partidului Oamenilor Muncii), a political party in Moldova

Science and technology

 * Pomeranian (dog), a breed of dog
 * Princeton Ocean Model, a model for ocean circulation
 * Prescription-only medicine, a medicine that requires a prescription
 * Particulate organic matter
 * Posterior nucleus, of the thalamus; see Barrel cortex
 * Pom-pom, a type or model of machine-gun.

Chemistry

 * Pivaloyloxymethyl, a functional group in organic chemistry
 * Polyoxometalate, a type of inorganic compound used as catalysts
 * Polyoxymethylene, a common plastic polymer

Computing

 * Parallax occlusion mapping, a computer graphics method to add 3D complexity to textures
 * Pattern-oriented modeling, a technique to validate agent-based models
 * Project Object Model, the central construct of the Apache Maven build management system
 * Probabilistic Ontology Model, a method for ontology learning used in KAON

Other uses

 * Pom (dish), a taro like root based oven dish native to Suriname
 * Pom (slang), a slang term for a British person (see Ten-pound Pom}
 * Pom language
 * Production and Operations Management, a peer-reviewed academic journal
 * Pom-pom or pom, a decorative ball
 * Pom Klementieff (born 1986), French actress
 * Patrouilleur Outre-mer, a type of high-sea patrol vessel

title: Pom


text:
Royal Logistic Corps

The Royal Logistic Corps provides logistic support functions to the British Army. It is the largest Corps in the Army.

History
The Royal Logistic Corps (RLC) was formed on 5 April 1993, by the union of five British Army corps:

 * Royal Engineers Postal and Courier Service
 * Royal Corps of Transport
 * Royal Army Ordnance Corps
 * Royal Pioneer Corps
 * Army Catering Corps

The RLC comprises both Regular and Army Reserve units.

The RLC is the only combat service support corps of the British Army with battle honours, derived from the usage of previous transport elements of the Royal Waggon Train, and their successors as cavalry. The battle honours are:

 * Peninsula
 * Battle of Waterloo
 * Lucknow
 * Taku Forts
 * Peking

Cap badge
The RLC cap badge is an amalgamation of the cap badges of the forming corps:

 * The laurel and garter band is from the Royal Engineers
 * The Indian star is from the Royal Corps of Transport
 * The shield in the centre is from the Royal Army Ordnance Corps
 * The crossed axes are from the Royal Pioneer Corps
 * The motto, "We Sustain", is from the Army Catering Corps

The inscription on the garter band "Honi soit qui mal y pense" can be translated as "Shame on anyone who thinks evil of it". It is the motto of the Order of the Garter.

Headquarters
The Corps Headquarters is at Worthy Down Camp near Winchester. It is headed by a Colonel (Colonel RLC) as the professional head of the Corps. Col RLC is responsible for the Moral Component, regimental infrastructure and support and works to Commander Home Command. Col RLC remains responsible for the Corps of Drums, which often parades with the RLC Band. (AG).

The RLC Band was formed in 1993. It provides musical support while also representing the Royal Logistic Corps, and on occasion, the wider British Army. They are able to produce no more than 12 working ensembles at a time. These include a marching band, big band, fanfare team, and acoustic groups.

Museum
The Royal Logistic Corps Museum was based at Princess Royal Barracks, Deepcut near Camberley in Surrey, but was closed prior to a move to Worthy Down near Winchester, where it re-opened in May 2021.

Specialist sub-units

 * Commando Logistic Support Squadron RLC – part of the Commando Logistic Regiment
 * 383 Commando Petroleum Troop RLC
 * 20 Transport Squadron RLC – part of London District
 * 44 Support Squadron RLC – part of Royal Military Academy Sandhurst
 * 105 Logistic Support Squadron – part of British Army Training Unit Suffield
 * 132 Aviation Support Squadron RLC – part of 7 Aviation Close Support Battalion REME
 * 821 EOD & Search Squadron RLC – part of 33 Engineer Regiment (EOD)
 * Joint Helicopter Support Squadron – part of Joint Helicopter Command
 * 2 Operational Support Group

Master General of Logistics
There is also a ceremonial head (instituted in 2009), who heads the Corps and its wider family such as the Associations and Cadets, known as the Master General of Logistics (MGL). Holders of the post include:

 * General Sir Kevin O'Donoghue (2009–2012)
 * Lieutenant General Sir Mark Poffley (2012–2021)
 * Major General Simon T. Hutchings (2021–2024)
 * Major General Jonathan E. A. Chestnutt (2024–present)

Publications
The Sustainer is the magazine of the RLC Association. The Waggoner remains the Journal of the RASC/RCT Association. The RAOC Gazette that of the RAOC Association and The Pioneer of the RPC Association. The Review is an annual magazine of essays published by the Corps.

Victoria Cross
The RLC has five Victoria Cross holders. All five derive historically from establishments that eventually became the Royal Corps of Transport.
 * Private Samuel Morley VC. Military Train. 15 April 1858.
 * Private (Farrier) Michael Murphy VC (forfeited). Military Train. 15 April 1858.
 * Assistant Commissary James Langley Dalton VC. Commissariat & Transport Department. 22 January 1879.
 * Second Lieutenant Alfred Cecil Herring VC. Army Service Corps. 23 March 1918.
 * Private Richard George Masters VC. Army Service Corps. 9 April 1918.

title: Royal Logistic Corps


text:
Talk:Soo Locks

Untitled
Redirects: American locks, Davis Lock, Sabin Lock, MacArthur Lock, Poe Lock, Canadian lock - What is the correct name of these -Sault locks or Soo locks? The Army corps of engineers which manage them consistenty calles them the Soo Locks. The EPA quotes Coast Guard documents calling them the Sault Locks. Google gives over 8,000 hits for Soo. Only 600 for Sault. We don't even have a redirect yet for the other spelling. Rmhermen 18:47, Nov 21, 2003 (UTC)
 * Redirects already in place, but to answer your question: It's just a language thing.  In French, Saint Mary's Falls is Sault Sainte Marie.  Situated as they are near Canada, it's no surprise that both English and French names exist for various landmarks.  --Abqwildcat 21:55, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Whether spelled Soo or Sault, it is pronounced Soo. I don't know French, but I suspect the French pronunciation of Sault is very close to Soo. --(rds47, 00:34 CST, 10 Aug 2006)

Having used to live in Sault Ste. Marie, I can tell you that the town name is frequently shorted to just "Soo" for convenience. The proper name is more than likely "Sault Ste. Marie Locks", but in practice the natives will call it the "Soo Locks".

Zebra Mussels
The Zebra mussels paragraph is both interesting and important, but what does it have to do with the locks? I think this belongs somewhere else, like in the Great Lakes article. — Johantheghost 22:32, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

The Locks...?
The "locks" section is totally confusing to me. Are these locks in series? Parallel? A diagram would be good, even a simple sketch, but please at least explain in words how they relate to each other. — Johantheghost 22:32, 29 October 2005 (UTC)
 * This page http://www.uscg.mil/d9/sault/gru/vts/history.htm suggests that the order of the US locks from south to north is MacArthur, Poe, Davis, Sabin. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.126.200.232 (talk) 05:48, 6 April 2007 (UTC).
 * Or you could do some research. The locks have been around for over a century. 67.199.215.79 (talk) 23:45, 12 April 2024 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Soo Locks


text:
Talk:Data storage

Article coordination/consolidation
I guess this article should somehow be coordinated with secondary storage, as well as with the computer storage article. --Wernher 02:11, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * I agree. I've flagged it to be merged into computer storage as I don't feel that this article contains any new relevant information that wouldn't belong there as a section.  cpritchett42 21:37, 20 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I also agree; it's better to write fewer, more detailed article anyway in my opinion--Brian1979 13:45, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree. However, Computer Storage seems a general article. Data storage device or even perpherial storage device might be more appropriate. That is, devices that are not require for computer operation. Hard drive is not, memory is.

 * Both articles ignore historic uses of (any of the above). The uses, purposes and reasons have changed over time. For example, CDROM has become a back medium, where before it was diskettes and tapes. As such, this needs to be included somewhere. --meatclerk 23:05, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Disagree - Some of the things on this page are not used exclusivley in computers. Rob.derosa 08:21, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Disagree - Data Storage should be the primary article. Portions of the the Computer storage should be incorporated but many poionts should be reference links to seperate articles. i.e. CD-ROM there is little point in having a massive article that covers all forms of computer storage and that term is really outdated. Data Storage is more appropriate in todays context since there are other devices besides general purpose computers that use data storage mediums..i.e. digital camera's, game consoles, etc. These could arguably be called computers but in the context of the layman general purpose computers are the only thing that fit the description computer. Game consoles and digital camera's are special purpose computing devices that are not considered computers by the general populace even if they were to boot linux or some other computer operating system. 16:26, 03 September 2006 (UTC)

Paper as storage device
Well, we need a new entry on here. "Optical Pattern." Or something like that.

http://papertalk.wiki.taoriver.net/

For example, Nintendo sells data cards for reading in the Gameboy E-Reader. People buy the cards, and scan in programs. Bar code applies as well.

circularly-spinning object?
IBM has a holographic device that uses two moving lasers that pinpoint anywhere in 3D space for a cube shaped hologram. Inconceivable! Storage without the high speed spinning?!?!

DNA
Latest way to store digital information, in the DNA of bateria. -- Kendrick7talk 02:03, 2 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Digitally encoded DNA. Fascinating! I'm wondering if we should mention it in the caption for the DNA photo. Oicumayberight 03:39, 2 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for pointing it out. I have added "DNA" into the caption. Somerandomuser (talk) 03:41, 28 August 2021 (UTC)

This is getting over the top
"Graffiti on a public wall. Public surfaces are being used as unconventional data storage media, often without permission."

No further clarification necessary. --88.193.241.224 11:26, 27 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Ditto, same goes for the stupid paint brush image. I think I could take any arbitrary object, say, a lamp, and say its a binary data storage system(light means value is true, no light means its false)Achilles2.0 02:55, 20 September 2007 (UTC)
 * It wouldn't be too far fetched since early computer displays were made up of light bulbs. But, since the data was stored on punch cards, it wouldn't be the best example. But if a simple light bulb (not connected to a computer) were used to communicate, it would be a volatile data storage device as long as power was supplied.

 * It appears that you expect everyone to subscribe to a narrow definition of "data." Sorry, data and data storage have been around long before computers, or even language for that matter. Granted, paint brushes are not the first thing that comes to a conventional mind when thinking of data storage. However, the scope and significants of reality is not limited by common expectations. Art is a means of communication just as much as any other. Oicumayberight 05:35, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

Statement about trends
There was a statement about trends added to the article. "International Data Corporation estimated that the total amount of digital data was 281 billion gigabytes in 2007, and had for the first time exceeded the amount of storage." I moved it to it's own section because it didn't belong in the terminology section. I'm not sure it even belongs in the article because it appears to be talking more about computer data storage when referring to the "amount of storage" than the broader category of storage devices covered in the article. It should be made clear if it's talking about computer data storage, moved to the computer data storage article, or both. Also the section should be removed if it isn't expanded within the year. Oicumayberight (talk) 06:29, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

physical and logical storage
The phrase "physical and logical storage" currently redirects here to data storage device. Which I find odd, because currently the "data storage device" article says nothing about logical storage. So is there supposed to be something about "logical storage" in this "data storage device" article (perhaps it was accidentally erased)? Or should the redirect be pointed at some article that does mention "logical storage" -- perhaps logical block addressing? --68.0.124.33 (talk) 14:35, 4 July 2008 (UTC)
 * The term was only used in one article, File systems section. From the history of the term on wikipedia, it appears that it pertains more to computer data storage. I redirected the term to that article. Oicumayberight (talk) 19:19, 10 November 2010 (UTC)

removed a sentence
"In a less comprehensive study, the International Data Corporation estimated that the total amount of digital data was 281 exabytes in 2007, and had for the first time exceeded the amount of storage.[4]"

 * - the second part of the sentence does not parse; text appears to be omitted
 * - I actually went to the footnote looking for it and it's a dead link (and pretty ancient anyway).

Elinruby (talk) 03:11, 21 August 2015 (UTC)

PS: Here is the footnote information in case someone else thinks it's important enough to search it down: author=Gantz, John F.|title=The Diverse and Exploding Digital Universe|url=http://www.emc.com/collateral/analyst-reports/diverse-exploding-digital-universe.pdf|publisher=International Data Corporation via EMC|year=2008|accessdate=2009-04-09|display-authors=etal Elinruby (talk) 03:17, 21 August 2015 (UTC)

Requested move 6 June 2017

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Moved. There seems to be consensus that the idea is a good one, and also that we don't really need the dab page, and there isn't much to be salvaged from its history. — Amakuru (talk) 10:11, 15 June 2017 (UTC)

Data storage device → Data storage – At present, Data storage is a two-entry dab page that should be a broad-concept article. (It links to Data storage device and to Computer data storage.) A Data storage article is of vital importance, and Data storage device could serve as its beginning.

Such an article would encompass all types of data storage, as defined by information theory, from particles and molecules, to writing, to electronic media, to neurons, to ecosystems. Although there isn't much content in Data storage device, its scope is essentially the same, and, once renamed, it could easily be copyedited to accord with the Data storage headword. Ringbang (talk) 21:52, 6 June 2017 (UTC)
 * I've had the James Gleick book, The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood sitting around now for six years (it was given to me as a gift). I've just barely started reading it, though the topic is very interesting to me. I really should just take the time to read it. Such a book, and others like it, could help give the overview of the article you describe.
 * But I think we have too much page-history on the title Data storage to just move over the top of it. I'd suggest closing this RM and then putting a template on the article. It's going to take quite a bit of work to produce such an article, and I don't think simply moving the page with the hopes that someone else will write the article is a good idea.
 * In the meantime, I don't think it will take much to convert the disambiguation configuration into a stub, ready for content to be merged into it. wbm1058 (talk) 00:30, 7 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Hi, thanks for commenting. You may want to take a closer look at the history of Data storage. It was a redirect for its first three years; in the 10 years that it's been a disambiguation page, the most salient changes were to the list of links in the "See also" section.Of the two articles, Data storage device has a history much worthier of preservation. Since developing a broad-concept data-storage article would soon make the current contents of Data storage device redundant, and given that Data storage device is already in need of substantial revision, I think using it as the starting point without resorting to copy-paste merging gives us the best outcome.Happily, I wasn't proposing to move Data storage device and then hope that someone else copyedits it; I can copyedit it. —Ringbang (talk) 02:33, 7 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Support. I checked history and there is nothing useful there – it has always been a dab or dabconceptpage, and all edits are either vandalism or expansions of See also. As Ringbang says, the topic is worthy of a broad coverage article, and data storage device history is a good starting point. No such user (talk) 13:22, 14 June 2017 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

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Storage medium redirect
Storage medium redirects here and there are about 50 incoming links through this redirect and similar Storage media. I added boldface to the first occurance of this term in the lead and reverted claiming it was not appropriate because storage medium is not a synonym for data storage. The purpose of the boldface is to orient readers when they land in a new article and, with the potential for so many readers to come in through these paths, I believe the boldface is warranted. I also believe it is supported by the manual of style. But, if I'm doing this wrong, I need to know because I do a lot of lead improvement work. ~Kvng (talk) 13:57, 1 April 2018 (UTC)
 * You rightly mention the MoS clause about orienting readers who follow redirects. We, as editors, try to use good judgement about when and where to apply it. We may ask: Is the reader "disoriented" after following one of these redirects? The lead sentence uses the term storage medium, and establishes its relationship to the headword data storage. Boldface is an anchor for the eye, and therefore a potential starting point. Is it useful to attract the reader's attention to the end of the (short) lead sentence, when their most likely inclination would otherwise be to read that sentence? —Ringbang (talk) 14:51, 1 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes, I think it is useful. I was personally mildly WP:ASTONISHED when I landed here and that's why I added the boldface. It looks like you've abandoned your synonym argument. That's reassuring because I hadn't heard that one before. ~Kvng (talk) 15:02, 1 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Hi Kvng,Per the first paragraph of MOS:BOLD, boldface in the lede is principally for the headword and its synonyms. I mentioned this is in my edit summary since your reasons for adding the boldface were unclear. In my previous comment I shared my perspective on the points you raised. Redirects from subtopic and related words abound, but rarely necessitate boldface for the redirect name. —Ringbang (talk) 15:42, 1 April 2018 (UTC)

I too am suprised to find, for example, information storage redirects to this article. I think the problem may be that this article is too computer data storage specific. Clearly paper, film, records, etc. store information on their media. However I also agree that boldface in the lede is not an appropriate solution to the problem. We proably need a separate article on "Information storage" and should consider merging this article with "Computer data storage." Unfortunately I don't have the time to work on it so maybe we just have to leave it as it is. Tom94022 (talk) 17:25, 1 April 2018 (UTC)
 * I completely agree that we want to go beyond computer data storage. In fact, that's a key reason for this article's existence. To understand why it does not yet have more material about non-electric data storage, have a look at the section "Requested move 6 June 2017". This article is relatively new. It is still missing a huge amount of material and may even need a rewrite; but it is a broad-concept article, and its scope encompasses all forms of data storage, from rock art to DNA. There is a salient difference between data and information, however, and such a change in scope should be supported by rigorous sources. One of the functions of this article should be to distinguish between information and data as best we can. —Ringbang (talk) 17:53, 1 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Actually I mispoke, we should rename this article "Information storage" based in part on James Gleick book, The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood. I don't see enough of a distinction between "data storage" and "computer data storage" to justify two articles and I don't think most people refer to the information in DNA, a book. a record, a microfiche or even an audio CD as data.  Tom94022 (talk) 18:16, 1 April 2018 (UTC)
 * You said that the boldface is not the solution. I assume you prefer we reorganize and expand and have a separate article on Storage medium. That's all well and good but it will take some time to get there. What do you think is a good solution in the interim? Do you want to change where Storage medium redirects? Do you want readers to continue to be WP:ASTONISHED when they land here? Do you read MOS:BOLD the same way   does? ~Kvng (talk) 14:56, 4 April 2018 (UTC)
 * To be precise I agreed with "that boldface in the lede is not an appropriate solution to the problem".  I have no interim solution but I would like to hear from others as to splitting the article.  Tom94022 (talk) 17:26, 4 April 2018 (UTC)
 * A good place to start a separate article on Storage medium could be to use translations of the German pages https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datentr%C3%A4ger and https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datenspeicher PRullmann (talk) 08:36, 22 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Sorry to be stuck on this but I do a lot of work on leads in a lot of articles and want to make sure I'm not making a widespread mess of things. The second sentence of WP:BOLD has not been discussed, This is also done, at the first occurrence in running text, of a term that is redirected to the article or one of its subsections, whether the term appears in the lead or not. These applications of boldface are done in the majority of articles, but are not a requirement., are you resting on the ...are not a requirement piece here in your revert or is there something else I'm still missing. ~Kvng (talk) 18:51, 4 April 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Data storage


text:
Tom Campbell (California politician)

Thomas John Campbell (born August 14, 1952) is an American academic, educator, and politician. He is a professor of law at the Dale E. Fowler School of Law, and a professor of economics at the George Argyros School of Business and Economics, at Chapman University, in Orange, California.

He was Dean of Chapman University School of Law from 2011 to 2016, Director of Finance for the State of California from 2004 to 2005, a former five-term Republican United States Congressman from California's 12th and 15th districts, a former member of the California State Senate, a former professor at Stanford Law School, former dean of the Haas School of Business, and former professor of business administration at the University of California, Berkeley.

In 2000 he retired from his House seat to run for the U.S. Senate but lost decisively to incumbent Dianne Feinstein. On June 8, 2010, he lost his third bid for the United States Senate, campaigning once again for the seat held by Democrat Barbara Boxer but losing the Republican nomination to Carly Fiorina.

Campbell is a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One.

Early life
Born in Chicago, Campbell was the valedictorian of Chicago's St. Ignatius College Prep, Class of 1969. He went on to obtain his B.A. and M.A. degrees from the University of Chicago (1973), a J.D. from Harvard Law School (1976) and then a subsequent Ph.D. in economics from the University of Chicago (1980). He served as a clerk to U.S. Supreme Court Justice Byron White from 1977 to 1978 and, the year before that, for U.S. Court of Appeals Judge George E. MacKinnon. His mentor was Milton Friedman. Tom Campbell's father was the late Hon. William Joseph Campbell, a former Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. While Tom Campbell was raised in a Democratic family, he joined the Republican Party in 1980.

Campbell was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1976 and went into private practice in Chicago. He was a White House Fellow in the offices of the Chief of Staff and Counsel (1980–1981). He then served in the Reagan Administration as Director of the Bureau of Competition in the Federal Trade Commission from 1981 to 1983, the youngest person ever to serve in that position.

Law professor
Campbell became a law professor at Stanford Law School in 1983, receiving tenure as a full professor in 1987.

Congressional and State Senate career
Campbell ran for the Republican nomination in California's 12th Congressional District, which included his home in Campbell and the campus of Stanford University. The 12th had traditionally been a moderate Republican bastion, but had grown increasingly friendly to Democrats over the years. Campbell soundly defeated first-term incumbent Ernie Konnyu in the Republican primary and narrowly defeated his Democratic opponent, San Mateo County Supervisor Anna Eshoo. He served two terms before making an unsuccessful bid for the Republican nomination for the Senate seat being vacated by Alan Cranston. He lost the Republican primary to a considerably more conservative Republican, Bruce Herschensohn, who in turn was defeated by Democratic Congresswoman Barbara Boxer. His political career might have been in jeopardy in any case; his district had been renumbered as the 14th District and had been made considerably more Democratic than its predecessor. Eshoo won the seat and still holds it today; no Republican running in this district (now numbered as the 18th District) has won more than 39 percent of the vote since Campbell left office.

In 1993, California State Senator Becky Morgan stepped down mid-term, and Campbell won a special election to succeed her; the state Senate district overlapped significantly with his old congressional district. In the California state Senate, Campbell was Chairman of the Housing Committee, Vice Chairman of the Education Committee, and served on the Budget Committee. California Journal rated him the Best Problem Solver in the State Senate, the Most Ethical State Senator, and the overall Best State Senator.

In 1995, 15th District Democratic Congressman Norman Mineta, later the Secretary of Commerce under President Bill Clinton and Secretary of Transportation under George W. Bush, unexpectedly resigned. Campbell's home had been re-drawn into this San Jose-based district, and he ran in the special election. Mineta had held the seat since 1975, and it was widely considered a safe Democratic district. Despite the considerable disadvantage in voter registration and Democratic attempts to tie him to Speaker Newt Gingrich, Campbell won the December special election easily. He won a full term almost as easily in 1996 and was handily re-elected in 1998.

During both of his stints in Congress, Campbell was regarded as one of the most moderate House Republicans. Though conservative on fiscal matters, he is socially liberal, being pro-choice on abortion and in favor of gay rights. This was not surprising, as Bay Area Republicans tend to be more moderate on social and environmental matters than their counterparts in the rest of California. He has a decided libertarian streak, and remains popular with libertarian-leaning Republicans. As a fiscal conservative, he was the only Republican in the House to vote against the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997.

Campbell led a group of 17 bipartisan members of Congress who filed a lawsuit against President Clinton in 1999 over his conduct of the war in Kosovo. In the filing, they accused Clinton of not reporting to Congress within 48 hours on the status of the action as required by the 1973 War Powers Resolution and not first obtaining a declaration of war from Congress as required in the Constitution. Congress had voted 427 to 2 against a declaration of war with Yugoslavia and had voted to deny support for the air campaign. A federal judge dismissed the lawsuit, ruling that since Congress had voted for funding after the U.S. was actively engaged in the war with Kosovo, legislators had sent a confusing message about whether they approved of the war. Campbell said afterwards that this was a sidestepping of the law, and lawmakers who disagree with a war should not be forced to cut off funding for troops who are in the midst of it in order to get a judge to order an end to it.

In 2000, Campbell won the Republican nomination to take on Democratic Senator Dianne Feinstein. Although he touted his service as a moderate Republican representing a strongly Democratic district, he was considered a decided underdog. Campbell was badly defeated, losing by over 19 points. He even lost his own district by almost 15 points. Democratic State Assemblyman Mike Honda, a Mineta protege, won Campbell's House seat by 12 points over Republican State Assemblyman Jim Cunneen, a former aide to Campbell. As of 2020, Campbell is the last elected Republican to have represented a significant portion of San Jose above the county level.

In 2008, Campbell wrote in Reason that he would be voting no on Proposition 8, the proposed ballot measure banning same-sex marriage in the state, per his Republican beliefs that "government should be limited. Government has no business making distinctions between people based on their personal lives." Proposition 8 eventually passed by a margin of 52-48%.

Campbell is a supporter of the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact.

Return to legal scholarship
In 2000, Campbell returned to Stanford. He remained there until his appointment at the Haas School of Business at UC Berkeley in 2002. In the intervening years, he began to assemble the material, out of his professional political experiences, for his book The Separation of Powers in Practice with Stanford University Press.

As Dean of the Haas School, Campbell stressed the study of corporate social responsibility and business ethics amid an era of corporate scandals. A full-fledged Center for Responsible Business was established. In September 2004, Campbell was named by California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger to his newly formed Council of Economic Advisors. From 2004 to 2005, Campbell took a leave of absence from his Berkeley post to serve as director of the California Department of Finance in the Schwarzenegger administration.

On August 27, 2007, Campbell announced that he would step down from his position at Haas in the summer of 2008. In mid-2008, Campbell joined the Palo Alto office of Los Angeles-based Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP. Campbell joined the Chapman School of Law for a 2-year visiting appointment which began January 2009, serving as the Fletcher Jones Distinguished Visiting professor at Chapman University School of Law. In February 2011, Chapman announced that Campbell would be its new Dean. Campbell replaced interim Dean Scott Howe, who replaced Dean John C. Eastman, who stepped down to seek the 2010 Republican nomination for Attorney General of California (Campbell had filed paperwork to seek the 2010 Republican nomination for Governor of California the day after stepping down as Dean of Haas before going on to seek the 2010 Republican nomination for U.S. Senator from California; neither Eastman and Campbell won the Republican nomination in their respective races).

Return to politics
In July 2008, Tom Campbell filed the necessary paperwork in order to establish a committee with the intent to raise funds for a prospective race for the Republican nomination to be Governor of California in 2010.

On January 13, 2010, the Wall Street Journal reported that Campbell would run for the United States Senate, instead of for Governor of California. Campbell's Web Site confirmed it. In the primary on June 8, Campbell finished a distant second to former Hewlett-Packard CEO Carly Fiorina, in a race that also included State Assemblyman Chuck DeVore. The primary election received national attention, in part due to a campaign ad released by Carly Fiorina, depicting Campbell as a "Demon Sheep."

2016 U.S. presidential election
In August 2016, Campbell published an op-ed in The Mercury News calling on the Republican National Committee to replace Donald Trump as the nominee for president, and saying Campbell would withdraw from the Republican Party if that did not happen. Campbell wrote:

On Aug. 9, Trump said, "If she gets to pick her judges, nothing you can do, folks. ... Although the Second Amendment people -- maybe there is, I don't know." Trump's campaign explained this meant Second Amendment supporters would defeat Clinton at the ballot box. That, however, is not a logical interpretation of the remark. The context was what can be done if Clinton becomes president; not what can be done to stop her from becoming president. As such, this is a statement of great recklessness, made all the more so by our present environment of violence used to advance extremism.

Trump's words were similar to other calls he has made to ignore the rule of law. He has proposed ordering members of the U.S. military to violate American law regarding torture, assuring us that his orders, rather than the law, would be obeyed. He has encouraged physical violence by individuals against protesters at his rallies, assuring anyone doing so that he would cover their legal costs. He has threatened to use the antitrust laws against a company and an individual because the newspaper that individual owns has criticized him.

Campbell also said he could not support the Democratic nominee, Hillary Clinton, either, due to her involvement in the email controversy. Campbell officially changed his registration to independent shortly thereafter.

In 2016, Campbell wrote a column for the Orange County Register, which, while not endorsing Gary Johnson for president, suggested libertarian-leaning Republicans should consider him. Campbell was later one of 30 former Republican members of Congress who wrote an open letter denouncing Trump's candidacy. Campbell was also included on a list of potential Supreme Court nominees issued by Libertarian Party nominee Gary Johnson. Campbell was speculated to be a possible candidate for the Libertarian nomination in 2020, but instead he endorsed former Judge Jim Gray for the nomination. Campbell proceeded to co-found the centrist Common Sense Party due to what he perceived as a want for such a party among California residents.

Personal life
Campbell married Susanne Martin in 1978.

Awards
2016 Anti-Defamation League Orange County/Long Beach Marcus Kaufman Jurisprudence Award

1998 University of Chicago Alumni Professional Achievement Award

Books

 * Separation of Powers in Practice (2004) ISBN 0-8047-5027-0

title: Tom Campbell (California politician)


text:
Bangor, Gwynedd

Bangor is a cathedral city and community in Gwynedd, North Wales. It is the oldest city in Wales. Historically part of Caernarfonshire, it had a population of 15,100 at the 2021 census. Landmarks include Bangor Cathedral, Bangor University and Garth Pier. The Britannia and Menai Suspension bridges connect the city to the Isle of Anglesey.

History

The origins of the city date back to the founding of a monastic establishment on the site of Bangor Cathedral by the Celtic saint Deiniol in the early 6th century AD. 'Bangor' itself is an old Welsh word for a wattled enclosure, such as the one that originally surrounded the cathedral site. The present cathedral is a somewhat more recent building and has been extensively modified throughout the centuries. While the building itself is not the oldest, and certainly not the biggest, the bishopric of Bangor is one of the oldest in the UK.

In 973, Iago, ruler of the Kingdom of Gwynedd, was usurped by Hywel, and requested help from Edgar, King of England, to restore his position. Edgar, with an army went to Bangor, and encouraged both Iago and Hywel to share the leadership of the realm. Asserting overall control however, Edgar confirmed liberties and endowments of the Bishop of Bangor, granting land and gifts. From 1284 until the 15th century, Bangor bishops were granted several charters permitting them to hold fairs and govern the settlement, later ones also confirming them as Lord of the Manor.

Bangor remained a small settlement until the start of the 18th century, when a political desire to enhance communications between England and Ireland via the London-Holyhead-Dublin corridor saw it designated as a post town in 1718. Growth was spurred by slate mining at nearby Bethesda, beginning in the 1770s by Richard Pennant, becoming one of the largest slate quarries in the world. The route between London and Holyhead was much improved by Thomas Telford building the A5 road, which runs through the centre of the city and over the Menai Suspension Bridge which was also completed by him in 1826. Bangor railway station opened in 1848.

A parliamentary borough was created in 1832 for Bangor, becoming a contributing Caernarfon out borough as its status grew due to further industry such as shipbuilding as well as travel, not just from Telford's road, but through tourism mainly from Liverpool via steamboat. It was also an ancient borough from earlier privileges granted to Bangor in medieval times, but an 1835 government report investigating municipal corporations concluded that this status was defunct and in name only. The borough was reformed in 1883 into a municipal borough.

Friars School was founded as a free grammar school in 1557, and the University College of North Wales (now Bangor University) was founded in 1884. In 1877, the former HMS Clio (1858) became a school ship, moored on the Menai Strait at Bangor, and had 260 pupils. Closed after the end of hostilities of World War I, she was sold for scrap and broken up in 1919.

In World War II, parts of the BBC evacuated to Bangor during the worst of the Blitz. The BBC continue to maintain facilities in the city (see Media).

City status
Bangor has been unique outside of England in using the title of 'city' by ancient prescriptive right, due to its long-standing cathedral and past privileges having been granted making it a borough. Although by the early 1800s the city had a vestry overseeing the few remaining local duties, later government surveys of boroughs had established Bangor's city corporation had become extinct. Instead, the parliamentary borough (consitutency) of Bangor was made a local board district in 1850, with an elected local board to govern the city. Over time the local board gained more powers for managing local affairs. By the 1870s these too were seen to be ineffective and enough local interest stimulated a desire to obtain a charter of incorporation, which was duly granted in 1883, re-establishing a municipal body. This helped to preserve its ancient status; in 1927 a government list was drawn up detailing which settlements were cities, with Bangor being included as the only medieval Welsh city with extant rights. In 1974 the borough was abolished. However, city status was reaffirmed by the Queen to the newly created community council area with new letters patent after local government reorganisation. By means of various measures, it is also one of the smallest cities in the UK. Using 2011 statistics, comparing Bangor to:
 * Population of city council areas in Wales, is third (18,322 residents) with St Davids (1,841) and St Asaph (3,355)
 * City council area size within Wales, is the second smallest city (2.79 sqmi) behind St Asaph (2.49 sqmi)
 * Urban areas within Wales, is third placed (1.65 sqmi) behind St Davids (0.23 sqmi) and St Asaph (0.50 sqmi)
 * City council area size within the UK, is fourth after the City of London (1.12 sqmi), Wells and St Asaph
 * Urban areas within the UK, is fifth placed
 * Population of city council areas within the UK, is sixth.

Geography
Bangor lies on the coast of North Wales near the Menai Strait, which separates the island of Anglesey from Gwynedd, the town of Menai Bridge lying just over the strait. The combined population of the two amounted to 22,184 at the 2011 census. Bangor Mountain at 117 m lies to the east of the main part of the city, but the large housing estate of Maesgeirchen, originally built as council housing, is to the east of the mountain near Port Penrhyn. Another ridge rises to the north of the High Street, dividing the city centre from the south shore of the Menai Strait; this area is known as Upper Bangor (Bangor Uchaf).

The Bangor community area includes the suburbs of Garth and Hirael both immediately north of the city centre; Upper Bangor north west of the centre; West End, Glan-adda, Bryn Llwyd and Coed Mawr to the south west; Y Maes to the south; Glantraeth, Tan-y-bryn and Maesgeirchen are to the east. The suburbs of Penhros-garnedd, Treborth and Minffordd are within the community of Pentir adjoining the city to the south and south west. Port Penrhyn and the tiny estate of Plas-y-coed, adjoin the city within the Llandygai community.

Bangor has two rivers within its boundaries. The River Adda is a largely culverted watercourse which only appears above ground at its western extremities near the Faenol estate, whilst the River Cegin enters Port Penrhyn at the eastern edge of the city. Port Penrhyn was an important port in the 19th century, exporting the slates produced at the Penrhyn Quarry.

Governance
Bangor lies within the Bangor Aberconwy constituency for elections to the UK parliament. Arfon is the constituency for elections to the Senedd.

The City of Bangor Council serves the people of the city, created in 1974 following Bangor assuming city status. Twenty councillors are elected from the eight electoral wards in the city, namely: Deiniol (2), Dewi (3), Garth (2), Glyder (3), Hendre (2), Hirael (2), Marchog (3) and Menai (3). In 2017 half of the seats were won by Plaid Cymru. The city also elects eight county councillors to Gwynedd Council. In 2021, Owen Hurcum was unanimously elected as mayor, making history as the youngest-ever mayor in Wales at 22, as well as the first ever non-binary mayor of any UK city.

In 2012, Bangor was the first city in the UK to impose, throughout its city centre, a night-time curfew on under-16s. The six-month trial was brought in by Gwynedd Council and North Wales police, but opposed by civil rights groups.

Demography
Bangor is ethnically diverse, with 85% of the population identifying as White British, followed by 8% Asian or Arab, 3% Mixed Race, 2% Black and 2% other ethnic. This makes Bangor 85% white and 15% non-white which means the city has one of the highest ethnicity populations in Wales for its population of over 15,000.

In religion, Christianity was followed by 8,816 residents, Islam followed by 892 residents, and 6,526 residents not identifying with any religion or identifying with other religions. Christianity is the most prominent religion but the second largest group followed no religion. In 2021 Muslims in Bangor complained that restrictions imposed in the city had left women unable to worship at the mosque during Ramadan, while in other parts of Wales arrangements such as outdoor prayers had been made.

Transport
Bangor railway station is a stop on the North Wales Coast Line, between Crewe, Chester and Holyhead. Services are operated by Transport for Wales.

Bus services are provided predominantly by Arriva Buses Wales; routes connect the city with Holyhead, Caernarfon and Llandudno.

The A5 runs through the centre of Bangor; it connects Holyhead, Shrewsbury and London. The A55 runs immediately to the south of Bangor, providing a route to Holyhead and Chester.

The nearest airport with international flights is Liverpool John Lennon Airport, which is 83 mi by road.

Bangor lies at the western end of the North Wales Path, a 60 mi long-distance coastal walking route to Prestatyn. Cycle routes NCR 5, NCR 8 and NCR 85 of the National Cycle Network pass through the city.

Heritage and nature conservation
The head office of Gwynedd Archaeological Trust is located on Garth Road. The Trust was established in 1974, and carries out surveys, outreach and education, and excavations across Gwynedd and Anglesey.

The North Wales Wildlife Trust is also based on Garth Road, and manages the nature reserves at Eithinog and Nantporth.

Music and arts
Classical music is performed regularly in Bangor, with concerts given in the Powis and Prichard-Jones Halls as part of the university's Music at Bangor concert series. The city is also home to Storiel (the new name for the Gwynedd Museum and Art Gallery), which is located in Bangor Town Hall. A new arts centre complex, Pontio, the replacement for Theatr Gwynedd, was scheduled for completion in the summer of 2014, but the opening was delayed until November 2015.

Bangor hosted the National Eisteddfod in 1890, 1902, 1915, 1931, 1940 (through the medium of radio), 1943, 1971 and 2005, as well as an unofficial National Eisteddfod event in 1874.

Garth Pier
Garth Pier is the second longest pier in Wales, and the ninth longest in the British Isles, at 1500 ft in length. It was opened in 1893 and was a promenade pier, for the amusement of holiday-makers who could stroll among the pinnacle-roofed kiosks.

In 1914, the pier was struck by a vessel that had broken free of its moorings. The damaged section was repaired temporarily by the Royal Engineers, but when in 1922, a permanent repair was contemplated, it was found that the damage was more severe than had been thought. The repairs were made at considerable cost and the pier remained open until 1974 when it was nearly condemned as being in poor condition. It was sold for a nominal price to Arfon Borough Council who proposed to demolish it, but the County Council, encouraged by local support, ensured that it survived by obtaining Grade II Listed building status for it.

When it was listed that year, the British Listed Buildings inspector considered it to be "the best in Britain of the older type of pier without a large pavilion at the landward end". Restoration work took place between 1982 and 1988, and the pier was re-opened to the public on 7 May 1988. In November 2011, essential repair work was reported to be required, the cost being estimated at £2 million. A grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund was sought but the application was rejected.

Cathedral
The Cathedral Church of St Deiniol is a Grade I Listed building and is set in a sloping oval churchyard. The site has been used for Christian worship since the sixth century but the present building dates from the twelfth century. It has a two-bay chancel, transepts, a crossing tower, a seven-bay nave and a tower at the west end.

Theatre
The 344-seat Theatr Gwynedd was opened on Deiniol Road in 1975 by the university, and closed in 2008. The building was demolished in 2010. Prior to Theatr Gwynedd, Bangor was home to the County Theatre, a converted chapel on Dean Street. The building was altered in 1912 for theatrical productions, and converted to use as a night club in 1986, currently named as "Trilogy Nightclub". The Pontio Arts and Innovation Centre by Bangor University on Deiniol Road, opened in 2015, has a theatre and a one screen cinema.

The Archdeacon's House in Bangor was the setting for act 3, scene I of William Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part 1.

Cinemas
Bangor once housed two cinemas.

The Electric Pavilion – later Arcadia Cinema – stood on the High Street close to the station from about 1910 to 1930. This site was redeveloped for The Plaza Cinema, which operated from 1934 to 2006. A new building was built on the site and is now occupied by Ty Willis student accommodation and a Domino's branch.

The City Cinema opened in 1919, at 130–132, High Street. Building work started in 1914, but was likely delayed because of the war. The cinema closed in 1983, although the building is still there and is now occupied by a dance academy and a snooker club.

A one-screen cinema opened as part of the Pontio building in 2015.

Recreation
Bangor has two King George V fields; these are located on Beach Road and Heol Dewi.

Retail trade
A claim to fame is that Bangor has the longest High Street in Wales at 1.265 km. Bangor has a central shopping area around the High Street, and retail outlets on Caernarfon Road, on the outskirts of the city. One of these is St. David's Retail Park, built on the site of the demolished St David's maternity hospital.

In 1865, Morris Wartski, a refugee from the Tsarist pogroms, first established a jewellery business on Bangor's High Street, and then a drapery store. His son, Isidore, went on to develop the drapery business and to create a large, fashionable, store. He also redeveloped the Castle Inn on High Street in Bangor, which then became the high-class Castle Hotel. Wartski was a very popular mayor of the city and a great patron of local sports and charities. Wartski Fields were bequeathed to the city and people of Bangor by his widow, Winifred Marie, in memory of Isidore Wartski.

Welsh language
Gwynedd is the most Welsh-speaking county in Wales, with 65.4% of people saying they could speak it at the 2011 Census, although Bangor has been significantly more Anglicised than its hinterland and the rest of Gwynedd, mostly because of the large student population. While nearby towns in Gwynedd, such as Bethesda and Caernarfon were still 75–80% Welsh speaking in 2011, Bangor was already only 53.4% Welsh speaking as early as 1971.

In 2011, only 36% of the population of Bangor said they could speak Welsh; a significant decrease from the 46% recorded at the 2001 Census. In 2015, of primary school pupils 5 years and over, the following percentages spoke Welsh fluently at home:
 * Ysgol Ein Harglwyddes – < 3%
 * Ysgol Cae Top – < 3%
 * Ysgol Hirael – 10%
 * Ysgol Glancegin – 14%
 * Ysgol Llandygai – 17%
 * Ysgol Y Faenol – 23%
 * Ysgol Y Garnedd – 61%

The city has long been the most cosmopolitan settlement in Gwynedd, attracting incomers from both England and further afield, with Bangor University being a key institution. At the 2011 Census, 49.3% of Bangor's population was born outside Wales. Nevertheless, Welsh was the majority vernacular of the city in the 1920s and 1930s; at the 1921 Census, 75.8% of Bangor's inhabitants could speak Welsh with 68.4% of those aged 3–4 being able to, indicating that Welsh was being transmitted to the youngest generation in most homes. The 1931 Census showed little change, with 76.1% of the overall population being able to speak Welsh.

Education
Bangor University and Coleg Menai are located in the city. There are a few Secondary schools, these include Ysgol Friars, Ysgol Tryfan and St. Gerard's School. There are also a number of primary and infant schools. Ysgol Y Faenol, Ysgol Y Garnedd and Ysgol Cae Top are all primary schools.

Hospital
Ysbyty Gwynedd is located in Bangor in the suburb of Penrhosgarnedd. It has 403 beds, making it smaller than the other district general hospitals in Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board (after Wrexham Maelor Hospital with 568 beds and Glan Clwyd Hospital near Rhyl with 424 beds.

The former Caernarfon and Anglesey General Hospital operated from 1809 to 1984 in Upper Bangor, on the site now occupied by Morrisons supermarket.

Sport
Bangor has a long-established football team, Bangor City F.C. which currently competes in the Cymru North, the second tier of Welsh football. Bangor City won the Welsh Premier League on three occasions (1994, 1995, 2011) and were continuous members of the league from its inception until 2018. Bangor City have also won the Welsh Cup eight times, most recently in the 2010 competition. Before 1992, they were members of the English football pyramid, peaking with the Northern Premier League title in 1982 and being FA Trophy runners-up in 1984. They have also competed in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup three times (including its final season, 1998–99, before being merged into the UEFA Cup), UEFA Champions League twice, and UEFA Cup five times, though they have not progressed far in any of the European competitions.

Fans wanting to protect football in the city, formed a breakaway club called Bangor 1876 F.C. in the summer of 2019 and on 19 June 2019, the FAW announced the new club had been accepted into the Gwynedd League for the 2019–20 season.

Bangor is also home to rugby union team Bangor RFC who play in the WRU Division Two North league. As well as the city's team, the university boasts a very competitive rugby union team, which won the title in its BUCS league in the 2015-16 season and also undefeated in 2022 and 2023. The university's rugby team shares a performance and development programme with Rygbi Gogledd Cymru (RGC), who are the regional representative club for the North Wales Rugby Development Region.

Media
The Bangor Aye is an independent online news and information service for the city and surrounding area.

Bangor is home to a small BBC broadcasting centre, producing a large amount of output for BBC Radio Cymru. The studios are also the main North-West Wales newsroom for television, radio and on-line. The BBC's Light Entertainment Department moved to Bangor during World War II and many classic programmes (like It's That Man Again) came from Bangor.

Bangor was also previously home to two commercial radio stations, Heart Cymru (now Capital Cymru) (serving Anglesey and Gwynedd) and the now-defunct Heart North Wales Coast (now Capital North West and Wales) (serving the North Wales Coast), which shared studio facilities on the Parc Menai office complex – the studios were closed in August 2010 after the stations were moved to Wrexham.

Bangor University also has its own student radio station called Storm FM, which broadcasts to the Ffriddoedd Site and from their website.

In 1967, The Beatles came to Bangor, staying in Dyfrdwy, one of the halls comprising Adeilad Hugh Owen (Hugh Owen Building), now part of the Management Centre, for their first encounter with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, during which visit they learned of the death of their manager Brian Epstein.

On 24 February 2010 BBC Radio 1's The Chris Moyles Show announced Bangor as the location for Radio 1's Big Weekend concert festival. The morning show was broadcast on location from Bangor, with the announcement as well as a portion of the lineup being revealed. Big international acts such as Rihanna, MGMT, Kesha and Alicia Keys played as well as homegrown British acts like Biffy Clyro, Pixie Lott, Cheryl Cole, Pendulum and Dizzee Rascal.

The town is mentioned in the Fiddler's Dram 1979 hit single "Day Trip to Bangor". The release was shrouded in controversy after reports that the song was actually inspired by a trip to nearby Rhyl, and there were rumours of an outcry among local councillors and businesses in Rhyl about the missed opportunity for tourism which would have been generated. Songwriter Debbie Cook stated that the song was specifically written about Bangor.

Bangor, Pennsylvania
The United States town of Bangor, Pennsylvania in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania draws its name from Bangor, Gwynedd. Bangor, Pennsylvania was settled around 1760 by Robert M. Jones, an emigrant from Bangor, Gwynedd who went on to be influential in the development of the town's slate industry. Slate quarries still exist in the small Pennsylvania town, but only a few are still functioning. A life-sized statue of Jones, dedicated on 24 September 1914, remains in the town centre. The influence of Bangor, Gwynedd is visible in the stone walls, square gardens, flowers, and greenery that mirror those of its Welsh namesake. Also like Bangor, Wales, Bangor, Pennsylvania has piles of slate residue and shale reminiscent of the area.

Notable people

 * See Category:People from Bangor, Gwynedd

 * William Ambrose (1813–1873), bardic name Emrys, poet and preacher.
 * Brenda Chamberlain (1912–1971), a Welsh artist, poet and writer.
 * John Edward Daniel (1902–1962), theologian, college lecturer and war-time chairman of Plaid Cymru.
 * Richard Deacon (born 1949), abstract sculptor, winner of the Turner Prize.
 * Matthew Dent (born 1981), graphic artist and designer of the redesigned 2008 British coinage.
 * Duffy (born 1984), singer-songwriter. First Welsh woman to achieve No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart since 1983.
 * Endaf Emlyn (born 1944), musician, film and TV director.
 * Ren Gill (born 1990), musician.
 * Mary Dilys Glynne (1895–1991), plant pathologist and mountaineer.
 * George Guest (1924–2002), an organist and choral conductor.
 * Owen Hurcum (born 1997), politician, former Mayor of the city of Bangor; openly non-binary.
 * Dylan Jones-Evans (born 1966), professor and newspaper columnist
 * Sian Lloyd (born 1968), Welsh TV news presenter, works for BBC News
 * Angus McDermid (1920–1988), BBC News foreign correspondent.
 * Owain Owain (1929–1993), nuclear scientist, novelist, short-story writer and poet.
 * Harry Parry (1912–1956), jazz clarinetist and bandleader.
 * Ben Roberts (1950–2021), actor, played C.I. Derek Conway in the ITV series, The Bill.
 * Sasha (born 1969), DJ and record producer.
 * Gwilym Simcock (born 1981), pianist and composer, often blurring jazz and classical music
 * Charles Warren (1840–1927), Royal Engineer, archaeologist and Police Chief
 * John Francon Williams (1854–1911), editor, journalist, geographer, historian, cartographer and inventor; born in Llanllechid and lived in Bangor as a child.

Sport

 * Errie Ball (1910–2014), golfer, played in first Masters Tournament in 1934.
 * Nicola Davies (born 1985), former football goalkeeper with 64 caps with Wales women
 * Wayne Hennessey (born 1987), football goalkeeper with over 280 club caps and 108 for Wales.
 * Owain Tudur Jones (born 1984), footballer with 258 club caps and 7 for Wales.
 * Robin McBryde (born 1970), rugby union hooker with 37 caps for Wales
 * Sheila Morrow (born 1947), President of Great Britain Hockey since 2017.
 * Eddie Niedzwiecki (born 1959), football goalkeeper with 247 club caps.
 * Pat Pocock (born 1946), former cricketer, played in 25 Test matches
 * Rachel Taylor (born 1983), rugby union player with 43 caps for and captain of Wales women
 * Alex Thomson (born 1974), record-breaking solo around-the-world sailor.
 * Marc Lloyd Williams (born 1973), footballer, Welsh Premier League's top scorer, with 319 goals.

Twin towns

 * 🇩🇪 Soest, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

title: Bangor, Gwynedd