text:
List of authors by name: P

The following is a List of authors by name whose last names begin with P:

Abbreviations: ch = children's; d = drama, screenwriting; f = fiction; nf = non-fiction; p = poetry, song lyrics

A – B – C – D – E – F – G – H – I – J – K – L – M – N – O – P – Q – R – S – T – U – V – W – X – Y – Z

Pa
• Piet Paaltjens (1835–1894, Netherlands, p/f/nf), pseudonym of François Haverschmidt

• Arto Paasilinna (1942–2018, Finland, f/nf/p)

• Kalle Päätalo (1919–2000, Finland, f)

• Titinga Frédéric Pacéré (born 1943, Burkina Faso, p/nf)

• José Emilio Pacheco (1939–2014, Mexico, p/f/nf)

• Luiz Pacheco (1925–2008, Portugal, nf)

• Manuel A. Alonso Pacheco (1922–1989, Puerto Rico, p/nf)

• Jovan Pačić (1771–1849, Hungary, p/nf)

• José Emilio Pacheco (1939–2014, Mexico, p/nf/f)

• Ruth Padel (born 1946, England, p/f/nf)

• Ron Padgett (born 1942, US, p/nf/f)

• Heberto Padilla (1932–2000, Cuba/US, p/f)

• Adrián Paenza (born 1949, Argentina, nf)

• Nebojša Pajkić (born 1951, Yugoslavia/Serbia, d)

• Edward Packard (born 1931, US, ch)

• Joy Packer (1905–1977, S Africa, f/nf)

• ZZ Packer (born 1973, US, f)

• Julián Padrón (1910–1954, Venezuela, f/d)

• Geoff Page (born 1940, Australia, p/nf)

• Lynda Page (born 1950, England, f)

• P. K. Page (1916–2010, Canada, p/nf/ch)

• R. I. Page (1924–2012, England, nf)

• John Paget (1808–1892, England/Austria-Hungary, nf)

• Stephen Paget (1855–1926, England, nf/ch)

• Thomas Paget (1689–1742, England, p)

• Dan Pagis (1930–1986, Romania/Israel, p/nf/ch)

• Boris Pahor (1913–2022, Austrian E/Italy, f)

• Pai Hsien-yung (白先勇, born 1937, China, f)

• Roopa Pai (living, India, nf/ch)

• Barry Pain (1864–1928, England, p/nf/f)

• Thomas Paine (1737–1807, England/US, nf)

• William Painter (c. 1540–1595, England, nf/f)

• Paisius of Hilendar (1722–1773, Ottoman E, nf)

• Chuck Palahniuk (born 1962, US, f)

• Maria Palaiologina, Queen of Serbia (died 1355, Serbia, nf)

• Peter K. Palangyo (1939–1993, Tanzania, f)

• Greg Palast (born 1952, US, nf)

• Alexandru Paleologu (1919–2005, Romania, nf)

• Theodor Paleologu (born 1973, Romania, nf)

• Octavian Paler (1926–2007, Romania, nf)

• Frederick Apthorp Paley (1815–1888, England, nf)

• Grace Paley (1922–2007, US, f/p/nf)

• Francis Turner Palgrave (1824–1897, England, nf/p)

• Michael Palin (born 1943, England, d/nf)

• Dibyendu Palit (1939–2019, India, p/f)

• Palladas (fl. 4th c. CE, Egypt, p)

• Azarías Pallais (1884–1954, Nicaragua, p/nf)

• Johannes Hendricus van der Palm (1763–1840, Netherlands, p/nf)

• Ricardo Palma (1833–1919, Peru, nf)

• Connie Palmen (born 1955, Netherlands, f)

• Bernard Palmer (1914–1998, US, ch/f)

• Charles John Palmer (1805–1882, England, nf)

• Charlotte Palmer (c. 1762 – post-1834, England, f)

• Diana Palmer (born 1946, US, f), pseudonym of Susan Spaeth Kyle

• Helen Palmer (1917–1979, Australia, nf)

• Michael Palmer (born 1943, US, p/nf)

• Nettie Palmer (1885–1964, Australia, p/nf)

• Raymond A. Palmer (1910–1977, US, f/nf)

• Robert Palmer (1945–1997, US, nf)

• Vance Palmer (1885–1959, Australia, f/d/p)

• Hermann Pálsson (1921–2002, Iceland, nf)

• Sigurður Pálsson (1948–2017, Iceland, nf/d)

• Joanikije Pamučina (1810–1870, Ottoman E, nf)

• Orhan Pamuk (born 1952, Turkey, f/d)

• Lynn Pan (born 1945, China/Singapore, nf)

• Nayan Raj Pandey (born 1966, Nepal, f/d)

• Sima Pandurović (1883–1960, Serbia/Yugoslavia, p/nf)

• Edgar Pangborn (1909–1976, US, f)

• Oskar Panizza (1853–1921, Germany, d/f/nf)

• Anthony Panizzi (1797–1879, England, nf)

• Sylvia Pankhurst (1882–1960, England/Ethiopia, nf)

• Anton Pann (1790s – 1854, Ottoman E/Wallachia, p/nf)

• Janus Pannonius (1434–1472, Hungary, p)

• Anton Panov (1906–1967, Ottoman E/Yugoslavia, d)

• Alexei Panshin (born 1940, US, f/nf)

• Cory Panshin (born 1947, US, f/nf)

• Sumitranandan Pant (1900–1977, India, p)

• Jane Ellen Panton (1847–1923, England, nf/f)

• William Williams Pantycelyn (c. 1717–1791, Wales, p/nf)

• Francisco Matos Paoli (1915–2000, Puerto Rico, p/nf)

• Christopher Paolini (born 1983, US, f/d)

• Hortensia Papadat-Bengescu (1876–1955, Romania, f)

• Alexandros Papadiamantis (1851–1911, Greece, f/p)

• Mākereti Papakura (1873–1930, N Zealand, nf)

• Franz von Papen (1879–1969, Germany, nf)

• Papias of Hierapolis (c. 60 – c. 130 CE, Greece, nf)

• Žarana Papić (1949–2002, Yugoslavia/Serbia, nf)

• George Papashvily (1898–1978, Russian E/US, nf)

• Aristides Paradissis (1923–2006, China/Australia, p/f)

• Paragu (1921–2011, Burma/Myanmar, nf)

• Isaac Pardo (fl. 18th c., Bosnia/Herzegovina, nf)

• Jacob Pardo (fl. 18th c., Ragusa, nf/ch)

• Jacob Vita Pardo (1822–1843, Austrian Empire/Ragusa, nf)

• Joseph Pardo (hazzan) (c. 1624–1677, Netherlands/England, nf)

• Moses Pardo (died 1888, Palestine/Egypt, nf/f)

• Julia Pardoe (1804–1862, England, p/f/nf)

• Miguel Donoso Pareja (1931–2015, Ecuador, f/nf)

• Jean Jacques Clark Parent (born 1951, Haiti, f/p/d)

• Ratko Parežanin (1898–1981, Austria-Hungary/Germany, nf)

• Edith Pargeter (1913–1995, England, f/nf), pseudonym Ellis Peters

• Harald Parigger (born 1953, Germany, f/p/ch)

• Parijat (1937–1993, Nepal, f/p/nf), pseudonym of Bishnu Kumari Waiba

• Peggy Parish (1927–1988, US, ch)

• Susan Parisi (born 1958, Canada/Australia, f)

• Barbara Park (1947–2013, US, ch)

• Linda Sue Park (born 1960, US, f/ch)

• Ruth Park (1917–2010, N Zealand/Australia, f/ch)

• Park Yong-rae (박용래, 1925–1980, Korea/S Korea, p)

• Dorothy Parker (1893–1967, US, p/f/nf)

• Emma Parker (fl. 1809–1817, Wales, f)

• Gilbert Parker (1862–1932, Canada/England, f/p)

• Jane Marsh Parker (1836–1913, US, ch/f/nf)

• K. Langloh Parker (1856–1940, Australia, nf)

• Una-Mary Parker (1930–2019, England, nf/f)

• Frank Kobina Parkes (1932–2004, Gold Coast/Ghana, nf/p)

• Nii Parkes (born 1974, England, p/nf), pseudonym K. P. Kojo

• Amy Parkinson (1855–1938, England/Canada, p)

• Adele Parks (living, England, f)

• Stella Parks (living, US, nf)

• Tim Parks (born 1954, England, f/nf)

• Parmenides (late 6th or early 5th c. BCE, Greece, nf)

• Peter Parnall (born 1936, US, ch)

• Thomas Parnell (1679–1718, Ireland/England, p/nf)

• Évariste de Parny (1753–1814, Isle of Bourbon/France, p)

• Milan Paroški (born 1957, Yugoslavia/Serbia, nf)

• Delia Parr (living, US), pseudonym of Mary Lechleidner

• Harriet Parr (1828–1900, England, f/ch/nf), pseudonym Holme Lee

• Nicanor Parra (1914–2018, Chile, p)

• Teresa de la Parra (1889–1936, Venezuela, f)

• Violeta Parra (1917–1967, Chile, p/nf)

• Anne Parrish (1888–1957, US, f/ch)

• Anne Spencer Parry (1931–1985, Australia, f)

• Gwenlyn Parry (1932–1991, Wales, d)

• John Parry (Bardd Alaw) (1776–1851, Wales, nf/p)

• Lorae Parry (born 1955, N Zealand, d)

• R. Williams Parry (1884–1956, Wales, p)

• Robert Parry (1540–1612, Wales, p/f)

• Sarah Winifred Parry (1870–1953, Wales/England, f)

• Thomas Parry (1904–1985, Wales, nf)

• Amy Parry-Williams (1910–1988, Wales, p/f/d)

• T. H. Parry-Williams (1887–1975, Wales, p/nf)

• Shahrnush Parsipur (born 1946, Iran/US, f/nf/ch)

• Eliza Parsons (1739–1811, England, f)

• James Parsons (1705–1770, England, nf)

• Alicia Partnoy (born 1955, Argentina/US, p/nf)

• James Parton (1822–1891, England/US, nf)

• Blaise Pascal (1623–1662, France, nf)

• Jacqueline Pascarl (born 1963, Australia, nf)

• Teixeira de Pascoaes (1877–1952, Portugal, p)

• Giovanni Pascoli (1855–1912, Italy, p)

• Anwar Pasha (1928–1971, India, f)

• Atena Pashko (1931–2012, Ukraine, p)

• Viktor Paskov (1949–2009, Bulgaria, p/f/d)

• Fernando del Paso (1935–2018, Mexico, f/nf/p)

• Joaquín Pasos (1914–1947, Nicaragua, p/nf)

• Josefina Passadori (1900–1987, Italy/Argentina, nf/ch)

• Gunter Silva Passuni (born 1977, Peru, f)

• Ámbar Past (born 1949, US/Mexico, p)

• Boris Pasternak (1890–1960, Russia/Soviet Union, f/nf)

• Leon Pasternak (1910–1969, Austria-Hungary/Poland, p/nf)

• Mrs Henry de la Pasture (1866–1945, England, f/d/ch)

• Kenneth Patchen (1911–1972, US, p/f)

• Raj Patel (born 1972, England/US, f/nf)

• Ravji Patel (1939–1968, India, p/f)

• Shailja Patel (living, Kenya, p/d/nf)

• Shenaz Patel (born 1966, Mauritius, f/d)

• Banjo Paterson (1864–1941, Australia, p/f)

• Craig Paterson (born 1959, Scotland, nf)

• Don Paterson (born 1963, Scotland, p/d/nf)

• Katherine Paterson (born 1932, China/US, ch)

• Surender Mohan Pathak (born 1940, India, f)

• Raphael Patkanian (1830–1892, Russian E, p)

• Coventry Patmore (1823–1896, England, p/nf)

• Gladys Lomafu Pato (born 1930, Swaziland, f)

• Alan Paton (1903–1988, S Africa, f/nf)

• Justin Paton (born 1972, N Zealand, nf)

• William Roger Paton (1857–1921, Scotland/Greece, nf)

• Brian Patten (born 1946, England, p)

• James Patterson (born 1947, US, f/nf)

• Eliot Pattison (born 1951, US, f/nf)

• Jenny Pattrick (born 1936, N Zealand, f)

• Evelyn Patuawa-Nathan (living, N Zealand, f/p)

• Lekhnath Paudyal (1885–1966, Nepal, p)

• Caroline Paul (born 1963, US, f/nf)

• Elliot Paul (1891–1958, US, nf/d)

• Paul I, Prince Esterházy (1635–1713, Hungary, p)

• Jean Paul (1763–1825, Germany, f), pseudonym of Johann Paul Friedrich Richter

• Gary Paulsen (1939–2021, US, ch/d)

• Dora Pavel (born 1946, Romania, f/nf/p)

• Michelle Paver (born 1960, England, f/ch)

• Cesare Pavese (1908–1950, Italy, f/p/nf)

• Milorad Pavić (1929–2009, Yugoslavia/Serbia, f/p/nf)

• Stel Pavlou (born 1970, England, d/f)

• Milivoje Pavlović (born 1947, Yugoslavia/Serbia, nf)

• Milorad Pavić (1929–2009, Yugoslavia/Serbia, f/p/nf)

• Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska (1891–1945, Poland/England, p/d)

• Stel Pavlou (born 1970, England, d/f)

• Konstantin Pavlov (1933–2008, Bulgaria, d/p)

• Miodrag Pavlović (1928–2014, Yugoslavia/Germany, p/nf/d)

• Slaviša Pavlović (born 1982, Yugoslavia/Serbia, f/p)

• Živojin Pavlović (1933–1998, Yugoslavia/Serbia, f/d)

• Milena Pavlović-Barili (1909–1945, Serbia/US, p)

• Božin Pavlovski (born 1942, Bulgaria/Australia, f/nf)

• Lois Paxton (1916–2002, Scotland/England, f), pseudonym of Lois Dorothea Low

• Rachel Cosgrove Payes (1922–1998, US, f/ch)

• James Payn (1830–1898, England, f)

• David William Paynter (1791–1823, England, f/d/nf)

• Roberto Payró (1867–1928, Argentina, nf/f)

• José María Paz (1791–1854, Argentina, nf)

• Marcela Paz (1902–1985, Chile, ch/f)

• Octavio Paz (1914–1998, Mexico, p/nf)

• Parween Pazhwak (born 1967, Afghanistan, p/f)

• Péter Pázmány (1570–1637, Transylvania/Hungary, nf)

Pe–Ph
• Hla Pe (1913–2007, Burma/Myanmar, nf)

• Ohn Pe (c. 1917–2008, Burma/Myanmar, nf)

• David Peace (born 1967, England, f/nf)

• Thomas Love Peacock (1785–1866, England, f/p)

• Isabel Peacocke (1881–1973, N Zealand, n)

• Mervyn Peake (1911–1968, China/England, f/p/ch)

• A. J. Pearce (born 1964, England, f)

• Joseph Pearce (born 1961, England/US, nf)

• Philippa Pearce (1920–2006, England, f/nf/ch)

• Frances Mary Peard (1835–1923, England, f/ch)

• Patrick Pearse (1879–1916, Ireland, p/nf)

• Bill Pearson (1922–2002, N Zealand, f/nf)

• Diane Pearson (1931–2017, England, f)

• Hesketh Pearson (1887–1964, England, nf)

• James Larkin Pearson (1879–1981, US, p)

• Kit Pearson (born 1947, Canada, f/ch)

• Ridley Pearson (born 1953, US, f/ch)

• T. R. Pearson (born 1956, US, f/nf)

• Allan Pease (born 1952, Australia, nf/f)

• Howard Pease (1894–1974, US, f)

• F. David Peat (1938–2017, England/Italy, nf)

• Vid Pečjak (1929–2016, Yugoslavia/Slovenia, nf/f/ch)

• Dale Peck (born 1967, US, f/nf/ch)

• Robert Newton Peck (1928–2020, US, ch)

• Winifred Peck (1882–1962, England, f/nf)

• Allasani Peddana (fl. 15th – 16th c. CE, Vijayanagara E, p)

• Margaret Pedler (1877–1948, England, f)

• Ethel Pedley (1859–1898, England/Australia, ch/nf)

• Erica Pedretti (1930–2022, Czechoslovakia/Switzerland, nf/f)

• Inês Pedrosa (born 1962, Portugal, f/ch/d)

• Mary Louise Peebles (1833–1915, US, ch), pseudonym Lynde Palmer

• John Peel (born 1954, England, f/d)

• Bill Peet (1915–2002, US, ch)

• Charles Péguy (1873–1914, France, p/nf)

• Annette Pehnt (born 1967, Germany, nf)

• Kira Peikoff (born 1985, US, f)

• Hayford Peirce (1942–2020, US, f)

• Kathleen Peirce (born 1956, US, p)

• Alvarenga Peixoto (1744–1793, Brazil, p)

• José Luís Peixoto (born 1974, Portugal, f/p/ch)

• Borislav Pekić (1930–1992, Yugoslavia, f)

• Vasa Pelagić (1833–1899, Ottoman E/Serbia, nf)

• Elin Pelin (1877–1949, Ottoman E/Bulgaria, fp)

• Judith Pella (living, US, f)

• Charles Pellegrino (born 1953, US, nf/f)

• Nicky Pellegrino (born 1964, N Zealand, f)

• William Dudley Pelley (1890–1965, US, d/f)

• Carlos Pellicer (1897–1977, Mexico, p)

• Rowan Pelling (born 1968, England, nf)

• Ulrich Peltzer (born 1956, Germany, f)

• Luisa Peluffo (born 1941, Argentina, p/f/nf)

• Dave Pelzer (born 1960, US, nf)

• H. Pemberton (fl. 1860s – 1870s, England, f/nf), perhaps Helen Crookshank (1830–1877)

• Horacio Peña (born 1936, Nicaragua, p)

• Martins Pena (1815–1848, Brazil, d)

• Gabino Coria Peñaloza (1881–1975, Argentina, p)

• Nathan Penlington (living, England, p/nf)

• Ian Penman (born 1959, England, nf)

• Jessie Penn-Lewis (1861–1927, Wales/England, nf)

• Daniel Pennac (born 1944, Morocco/France, ch/f)

• Meirion Pennar (1944–2010, Wales, p/f)

• Edmund Penning-Rowsell (1913–2002, England, nf)

• Michael Pennington (born 1943, England, nf)

• Sarah, Lady Pennington (c. 1720–1783, England, nf)

• Anne Penny (1729–1784, Wales/England, p)

• Nicholas Penny (born 1949, England, nf)

• Ethel Penrose (1857–1938, Ireland, ch)

• John Penry (1563–1593, Wales/England, nf)

• Louise Pentland (born 1985, England, nf)

• Ernst Penzoldt (1892–1955, Germany, f/nf/ch)

• Pepetela (born 1941, Angola, f), pseudonym of Artur Carlos Maurício Pestana dos Santos

• Emily Pepys (1833–1877, England, nf)

• Henry Pepys (1783–1860, England, nf)

• Samuel Pepys (1633–1703, England, nf)

• Anna Percival (1906–1993, England, f), pseudonym of Eleanor Burford Hibbert

• Elizabeth Percy, Duchess of Northumberland (1716–1776, England, nf)

• Walker Percy (1916–1990, US, f/nf)

• Georges Perec (1936–1982, France, f/nf)

• José de Fontes Pereira (1838–1891, Angola, nf)

• Sam Pereira (living, US, p)

• Benjamin Péret (1899–1959, France, p)

• I. L. Peretz (1852–1915, Poland, f/d)

• Galo René Pérez (1923–2008, Ecuador, nf/p)

• Arturo Pérez-Reverte (born 1951, Spain, f/nf)

• Louis Pergaud (1882–1915, France, f/p)

• Bonaventure des Périers (c. 1500–1544, France, nf/p)

• Lucia Perillo (1958–2016, US, p/f)

• Emily Perkins (born 1970, N Zealand, f)

• Lucy Fitch Perkins (1865–1937, US, ch)

• Lynne Rae Perkins (born 1956, US, ch)

• Sarah Maria Clinton Perkins (1824–1905, US, ch)

• William Perkins (1558–1602, England, nf)

• Néstor Osvaldo Perlongher (1949–1992, Argentina, p/nf)

• Perpetua and Felicity (fl. 3rd c., Carthage, nf)

• Charles Perrault (1628–1703, France, ch)

• E. du Perron (1899–1940, Dutch East Indies/Netherlands, p/f)

• Anne Perry (1938–2023, England, f)

• Grace Perry (1927–1987, Australia, p/d)

• Grayson Perry (born 1960, England, nf)

• Sarah Perry (born 1979, England, f)

• Steve Perry (born 1947, US, d/f)

• Lakshmi Persaud (1939–2024, Trinidad/England, f)

• Saint-John Perse (1887–1975, Guadeloupe/France, p)

• Synnøve Persen (born 1950, Norway, p)

• Persius (34–62 CE, Rome, p), full name Aulus Persius Flaccus

• Malte Persson (born 1976, Sweden, f/p)

• Leo Perutz (1882–1957, Austrian E/Austria, f)

• Vesna Pešić (born 1940, Yugoslavia/Serbia, nf)

• Camilo Pessanha (1867–1926, Portugal/Macau, p)

• Fernando Pessoa (1888–1935, Portugal, p/nf)

• Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746–1827, Switzerland, nf)

• Michael Alfred Peszke (1932–2015, Poland/US, nf)

• Basildon Peta (born c. 1972, Zimbabwe/S Africa, nf)

• Alice E. Heckler Peters (1845–1921, US, nf/p)

• Lenrie Peters (1932–2009, Gambia/Senegal, f/p)

• Maureen Peters (1935–2008, Wales/England, f/nf)

• Robert Peters (1924–2014, US, p/nf/d)

• Marie Bjelke Petersen (1874–1969, Denmark/Australia, f)

• Len Peterson (1917–2008, Canada, d/f)

• Pascale Petit (born 1953, France/Wales, p)

• András Petőcz (born 1959, Hungary, p/nf/f)

• Sándor Petőfi (1823–1849, Hungary/Transylvania, p)

• Stephen Petranek (living, US, nf)

• Petrarch (1304–1374, Italy, p/nf), full name Francesco Petrarca

• Camil Petrescu (1894–1957, Romania, d/f/p)

• Cezar Petrescu (1892–1961, Romania, f/ch)

• Julius Richard Petri (1852–1921, Germany, nf)

• György Petri (1943–2000, Hungary, p)

• Nevenka Petrić (1927–2015, Yugoslavia/Serbia, nf/p)

• Ioane Petritsi (fl. 11th–12th cc., Georgia, nf)

• Kata Szidónia Petrőczy (1659–1708, Hungary, nf/p)

• Petronius (c. 27–66 CE, Rome, f), full name Titus Petronius Niger

• Marine Petrossian (born 1960, Armenia, p/nf)

• Valeri Petrov (1920–2014, Bulgaria, p/d), pseudonym of Valeri Nisim Mevorah

• Goran Petrović (born 1961, Yugoslavia/Serbia, f/nf/d)

• Rastko Petrović (1898–1949, Serbia/US, p/f)

• Uroš Petrović (born 1967, Yugoslavia/Serbia, f)

• Veljko Petrović (1884–1967, Austria-Hungary/Yugoslavia, p/f)

• Zoran Petrović (1954–2018, Yugoslavia/Serbia, p/f/ch)

• Mirko Petrović-Njegoš (1820–1867, Montenegro, p)

• Petar II Petrović-Njegoš (1813–1851, Montenegro, p/nf)

• Pande Petrovski (1943–2006, Yugoslavia/N Macedonia, nf)

• Mario Petrucci (born 1958, England, p/nf)

• Mihail Petruševski (1911–1990, Ottoman E/Yugoslavia, nf)

• Per Petterson (born 1952, Norway, f)

• Dianne Ruth Pettis (1955–2008, N Zealand, f/nf)

• Brynjólfur Pétursson (1810–1851, Iceland, nf)

• Hallgrímur Pétursson (1614–1672, Iceland, p/nf)

• Hannes Pétursson (born 1931, Iceland, p/f/nf)

• K. M. Peyton (1929–2023, England, ch)

• Ludwig Pfau (1821–1894, Germany, p)

• Hoa Pham (living, Australia, f/ch/d)

• LeUyen Pham (born 1973, Vietnam/US, ch)

• Anna Augusta Von Helmholtz-Phelan (1890–1964, US, nf/p)

• James Clancy Phelan (born 1979, Australia, f/ch/nf)

• Nancy Phelan (1913–2008, Australia, f/nf)

• Pherecydes of Athens (fl. c. 465 BCE, Greece, nf)

• Nathaniel Philbrick (born 1956, US, nf)

• Rodman Philbrick (born 1951, US, ch/f)

• St John Philby (1885–1960, Ceylon/Lebanon, nf)

• Ambrose Philips (1674–1749, England, p)

• Katherine Philips (1631/1632–1664, England, p/nf), pseudonym The Matchless Orinda

• Tracy Philipps (1888–1959, England, nf)

• Robert Phillimore (1810–1885, England, nf)

• April Phillips (living, England/N Zealand, d)

• Carly Phillips (born 1965, US, f)

• Caryl Phillips (born 1958, Saint Kitts and Nevis/US, f/d/nf)

• David Graham Phillips (1867–1911, US, f/nf)

• Eluned Phillips (1914–2009, Wales, f)

• Susan Elizabeth Phillips (born 1948, US, f)

• Philo (c. 20 BCE – c. 50 CE, Egypt, nf)

• René Philombé (1930–2001, Cameroon, p/f/d), pseudonym of Philippe Louis Ombedé

• Geoffrey Philp (born 1958, Jamaica, f/d)

• Joan Phipson (1912–2003, Australia, ch)

• Desmond Dudwa Phiri (1931–2019, Nyasaland/Malawi, nf/d)

• Savitribai Phule (1831–1897, India, nf/p)

Pi–Pl
• Pi O (born 1951, Greece/Australia, p)

• Pi Rixiu (皮日休, c. 834–883, China, p)

• Hajasoa Vololona Picard (born 1956, Mozambique/Réunion, nf/f/p)

• Menotti Del Picchia (1892–1988, Brazil, p/nf)

• Anita Pichler (1948–1997, Italy, f/nf)

• Karoline Pichler (1769–1843, Austria, f)

• Tom Pickard (born 1946, England, p)

• Jodi Picoult (born 1966, US, f)

• Phyllis Piddington (1910–2001, Australia, f/p)

• Tamora Pierce (born 1954, US, f/ch)

• Clara D. Pierson (1868–1962, US, ch)

• Nicolaas Pierson (1839–1909, Netherlands, nf)

• Cosmo Pieterse (born 1930, SW Africa/Namibia, d/p/nf)

• Arturo Uslar Pietri (1906–2001, Venezuela, f/p/nf)

• Pedro Pietri (1944–2004, Puerto Rico, p/d)

• David Pietrusza (born 1949, US, nf/ch)

• Ricardo Piglia (1941–2017, Argentina, f)

• Felipe Pigna (born 1959, Argentina, nf)

• Leonie Pihama (born 1962, N Zealand, nf)

• Christopher Pike (born 1955, US, ch)

• Phumlani Pikoli (1988–2021, Zimbabwe/S Africa, f/nf)

• Rosamunde Pilcher (1924–2019, England/Scotland, f)

• János Pilinszky (1921–1981, Hungary, p)

• Dav Pilkey (born 1966, US, ch)

• Mary Pilkington (1761–1839, England, f/p/ch)

• Ion Pillat (1891–1945, Romania, p)

• Rodolfo Pérez Pimentel (born 1939, Ecuador, nf)

• Rui de Pina (1440–1522, Portugal, nf)

• João de Pina-Cabral (born 1954, Portugal, nf)

• Sarah Pinborough (born 1972, England, f/ch/d)

• Elizabeth Pinchard (fl. 1791–1820, England, ch)

• Ivy Pinchbeck (1898–1982, England, nf)

• Pindar (c. 518–438 BCE, Greece, p), full name Pindaros

• Gisèle Pineau (born 1956, France/Guadeloupe, f)

• Claudia Piñeiro (born 1960, Argentina, f/d)

• Virgilio Piñera (1912–1979, Cuba, p/nf)

• Miguel Piñero (1946–1988, Puerto Rico, d)

• Daniel H. Pink (born 1964, US, nf)

• Steven Pinker (born 1954, Canada/US, nf)

• Percy Edward Pinkerton (1855–1946, England, p)

• Jerry Pinkney (1939–2021, US, ch/d)

• Daniel Pinkwater (born 1941, US, ch/f/nf)

• Nélida Piñon (1937–2022, Brazil, f)

• Robert Pinsky (born 1940, US, p/nf)

• Harold Pinter (1930–2008, England, d)

• Fernão Mendes Pinto (c. 1509–1583, Portugal, nf)

• Roxana Pinto (living, Costa Rica, p/f/nf)

• Ziraldo Alves Pinto (born 1932, Brazil, f/nf/ch)

• Heinz Piontek (1925–2003, Germany, p/nf)

• H. Beam Piper (1904–1964, US, f)

• Myfanwy Piper (1911–1997, England, p/d/nf)

• Luigi Pirandello (1867–1936, Italy, d/f/p)

• Farhad Pirbal (born 1961, Iraq, f/nf)

• Willibald Pirckheimer (1470–1530, Germany, nf)

• José Cardoso Pires (1925–1998, Portugal, f/d/nf)

• Tomé Pires (c. 1465–1524 or 1540, Portugal, nf)

• Mark Pirie (born 1974, N Zealand, p/nf)

• Saviour Pirotta (born 1958, Malta/England, ch)

• Robert M. Pirsig (1928–2017, US, f/nf)

• Zoya Pirzad (born 1952, Iran, f)

• Marie Pitt (1869–1948, Australia, p)

• Sarah Pitt (fl. 1881–1900, England, ch)

• José Luis Rodríguez Pittí (born 1971, Panama, f/nf)

• Doris Piserchia (1928–2021, US, f)

• Vladimir Pištalo (born 1960, Yugoslavia/US, f/nf)

• Peter Pišťanek (1960–2015, Czechoslovakia/Slovakia, f/nf)

• Annabel Pitcher (born 1982, England, ch)

• Sergio Pitol (1933–2018, Mexico, f/nf)

• Sarah Pitt (fl. 1880s, England, ch)

• Ruth Pitter (1897–1992, England, p)

• José Luis Rodríguez Pittí (born 1971, Panama, f/p/nf)

• Denis Pitts (1930–1994, England, nf/f)

• Christine de Pizan (1364 – c. 1430, Italy/France, f/nf), full name Cristina da Pizzano

• Daniel Samper Pizano (born 1945, Colombia, nf)

• Alejandra Pizarnik (1936–1972, Argentina)

• Yolanda Arroyo Pizarro (born 1970, Puerto Rico, f/nf)

• Marjorie Pizer (1920–2016, Australia, p)

• Mato Pižurica (born 1942, Yugoslavia/Serbia, nf)

• Erin Pizzey (born 1939, England, f/nf)

• Helgi Pjeturss (1872–1949, Iceland, nf)

• Tamri Pkhakadze (born 1957, USSR/Georgia, f/d/ch)

• Josefina Plá (1903–1999, Canary Islands/Paraguay, p/d/nf)

• Sol Plaatje (1876–1932, S Africa, nf)

• Jean Plaidy (1906–1993, England, f), pseudonym of Eleanor Burford Hibbert

• Belva Plain (1915–2010, US, f)

• Nigel Planer (born 1953, England, f/d)

• August von Platen-Hallermünde (1796–1835, Germany/Italy, p/d)

• Sylvia Plath (1932–1963, US/England, p/f)

• Plato (c. 427 – c. 347 BC, Greece, nf)

• Karen Platt (living, England, nf)

• Kin Platt (1911–2003, US, d/ch)

• Agneta Pleijel (born 1940, Sweden, f/p/d)

• Ulrich Plenzdorf (1934–2007, Germany, f/d)

• Andrei Pleșu (born 1948, Romania, nf)

• José Pliva (born 1966, Benin, d)

• Jean Pliya (1931–2015, Benin/Ivory Coast, d/f)

• Luise von Ploennies (1803–1872, Germany, p/d)

• William Plomer (1903–1973, S Africa/England, f/p/nf

• Vivienne Plumb (born 1955, N Zealand, p/d/f)

• Amélie Plume (born 1943, Switzerland, f/nf)

• Edward Plunkett, 18th Baron of Dunsany (1878–1957, England/Ireland, f/d/p)

• Plutarch (46–119 CE, Greece/Roman E, nf)

Po
• Ivy Pochoda (born 1977, US, f)

• Michael Podro (1931–2008, England, nf)

• Jacek Podsiadło (born 1964, Poland, p/nf)

• Tešan Podrugović (1775–1815, Ottoman E/Austrian E, p)

• Edgar Allan Poe (1809–1849, US, f/nf/p)

• Suman Pokhrel (born 1967, Nepal, p/d)

• Frederik Pohl (1919–2013, US, f)

• Peter Pohl (born 1940, Germany/Sweden, f)

• Suman Pokhrel (born 1967, Nepal, p/d)

• Wincenty Pol (1807–1872, Austrian E, p/nf)

• Gillian Polack (born 1961, Australia, f/nf)

• Marcella Polain (born 1958, Singapore/Australia, p/f)

• Thomas Pole (1753–1829, US/England, nf)

• Stephen Poliakoff (born 1952, England, d)

• Daniel Poliquin (born 1953, Canada, f)

• Branko Ve Poljanski (1898–1947, Austria-Hungary/Germany, p)

• Leonora Polkinghorne (1873–1953, Australia, f/p/nf)

• Albert Pollard (1869–1948, England, nf)

• Josephine Pollard (1834–1892, US, p/ch)

• Margaret Steuart Pollard (1904–1996, England, p)

• Velma Pollard (born 1937, Jamaica, p/f)

• Edward Pollock (1823–1858, US, p)

• Sharon Pollock (1936–2021, Canada, d)

• Elizabeth Polwhele (c. 1651–1691, England, d)

• Richard Polwhele (1760–1838, England, p/nf)

• Rafael Pombo (1833–1912, Colombia, p)

• John Pomfret (1667–1702, England, p)

• Raul Pompeia (1863–1895, Brazil, f/nf)

• Juan García Ponce (1932–2003, Mexico, f/d)

• Francis Ponge (1899–1988, France, nf/p)

• Elena Poniatowska (born 1932, France/Mexico, nf/f)

• Hana Ponická (1922–2007, Czechoslovakia/Slovakia, d/nf)

• Ramesh Ponnuru (born 1974, US, nf)

• Marie Ponsot (1921–2019, US, p/nf)

• Giovanni Pontano (1426–1503, Italy, nf/p)

• George Ayliffe Poole (1809–1883, England, nf)

• Hannah Pool (born 1974, Eritrea/England, nf)

• Thomas Poole (1765–1837, England, nf)

• Clare Pooley (living, England, f/nf)

• Vasko Popa (1922–1991, Yugoslavia/Serbia, p)

• Alexander Pope (1688–1744, England, p)

• Cora Scott Pond Pope (1856 – post-1932, US, f)

• Dudley Pope (1925–1997, England/Saint Martin, f/nf)

• Robert J. Pope (1865–1945, N Zealand, p/nf)

• Dumitru Radu Popescu (1935–2023, Romania, f/d/p)

• Alek Popov (born 1966, Bulgaria, f/nf/d)

• Fani Popova-Mutafova (1902–1977, Bulgaria, f)

• Bogdan Popović (1863–1944, Serbia/Yugoslavia, nf)

• Danko Popović (1928–2009, Yugoslavia/Serbia, f/d)

• Jovan Popović (1905–1952, Austria-Hungary/Yugoslavia, nf)

• Jovan Sterija Popović (1806–1856, Austrian E, d/p)

• Koča Popović (1908–1992, Serbia/Yugoslavia, nf)

• Pavle Popović (1868–1939, Serbia/Yugoslavia, nf)

• Petar Popović (1904–1995, Serbia/Yugoslavia, p)

• Titus Popovici (1930–1994, Romania, d)

• Zoran T. Popovski (born 1962, Yugoslavia/N Macedonia, nf)

• Antonio Porchia (1885–1968, Italy/Argentina, p)

• Judith Pordon (born 1954, US, p/nf)

• Aída Cartagena Portalatín (1918–1994, Dominican Rep., p/f/nf)

• Juan Carlos Portantiero (1934–2007, Argentina, nf)

• Ena Lucía Portela (1972, Cuba, f)

• Anna Maria Porter (1780–1832, England, p/f)

• Delia Lyman Porter (1858–1933, US, ch/f/nf)

• Dorothy Porter (1954–2008, Australia, p/nf/ch)

• Eleanor H. Porter (1868–1920, US, ch/f)

• George Porter (1920–2002, England, nf)

• Hal Porter (1911–1984, Australia, f/d/p)

• Jane Porter (1776–1850, England/Scotland, 1776–1850, f/d)

• Katherine Anne Porter (1890–1980, US, nf/f)

• Marie Porter (born 1939, Australia, nf)

• Peter Porter (1929–2010, Australia/England, p/nf)

• Sheena Porter (born 1935, England, ch)

• Tracey Porter (living, US, ch)

• Charles Portis (1933–2020, US, f/nf)

• Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo (1906–1979, Brazil, p/d/f)

• Posidippus (316 – c. 250 CE, Greece, p)

• Abel Posse (1934–2023, Argentina, f/nf/p)

• Laurens van der Post (1906–1996, Orange Free State/England, f/nf)

• Jacob Post (1774–1855, England, nf)

• Sue-Ann Post (born 1964, Australia, nf)

• John Postgate (1820–1821, England, nf)

• John Postgate (1922–2014, England, nf)

• John Percival Postgate (1853–1926, England, nf)

• Oliver Postgate (1925–2008, England, d/ch)

• Raymond Postgate (1896–1971, England, nf/f)

• Halina Poświatowska (1935–1967, Poland, p/nf)

• Roma Potiki (born 1958, N Zealand, p/d)

• Jan Potocki (1761–1815, Polish-Lithuanian C/Russian E, nf/f)

• Wacław Potocki (1621–1696, Poland, p/nf)

• Beatrix Potter (1866–1943, England, ch)

• Dennis Potter (1935–1994, England, d)

• Ellen Potter (born 1960s, US, ch/f)

• Robert Potter (1721–1804, England, nf)

• Anna M. Longshore Potts (1829–1912, US, nf)

• Mahananda Poudyal (1931 – post-1988, Nepal, f/p)

• Louis-Marie Pouka (fl. mid-20th c., Cameroon, p)

• Jacques Poulin (born 1937, Canada, f)

• Ezra Pound (1885–1972, US/Italy, p/nf)

• Jerry Pournelle (1933–2017, US, nf/f)

• Anthony Powell (1905–2000, England, f)

• Craig Powell (born 1940, Australia, p)

• Patricia Powell (born 1966, Jamaica, f)

• Violet Powell (1912–2002, England, nf)

• Eileen Power (1889–1940, England, nf)

• Rhoda Power (1890–1957, England, ch)

• J. F. Powers (1917–1999, US, f)

• Tim Powers (born 1952, US, f)

• Eve Pownall (1901–1982, Australia, ch/nf)

• John Cowper Powys (1872–1963, England/Wales, p/f/nf)

• T. F. Powys (1875–1953, England, f/nf)

• Heather Graham Pozzessere (born 1953, US, f), pseudonym Shannon Drake

Pr–Py
• James Van Praagh (born 1958, US, nf)

• Alishetty Prabhakar (1954–1993, India, p)

• Manuel González Prada (1844–1918, Peru, nf)

• Tapan Kumar Pradhan (born 1972, India, p)

• Adélia Prado (born 1935, Brazil, p/nf)

• Rosa Campbell Praed (1851–1935, Australia, f/p/ch)

• Winthrop Mackworth Praed (1802–1839, England, p/nf)

• Johannes Praetorius (1537–1616, Bohemia/Germany, nf)

• Jaishankar Prasad (1889–1937, India, f/d/p)

• Terry Pratchett (1948–2015, England, f)

• Vasco Pratolini (1913–1991, Italy, d/f)

• E. J. Pratt (1883–1964, Newfoundland/Canada, p)

• Marin Preda (1922–1980, Romania, f)

• Dušan Prelević (1948–2007, Yugoslavia/Serbia, f/nf)

• Premchand (1880–1936, India, f/nf), pseudonym of Dhanpat Rai Srivastava

• Paula von Preradović (1887–1951, Austria/Yugoslavia, p/f)

• H. F. M. Prescott (1896–1972, England, f/nf)

• France Prešeren (1800–1849, Austrian E, p)

• ArLynn Leiber Presser (born 1960, US, f)

• Steven Pressfield (born 1943, US, f/nf/d)

• Thomas Peckett Prest (c. 1810 – c. 1869, England, f)

• Richard Preston (born 1954, US, nf/f)

• Thomas Preston (1537–1598, England, d/p)

• Ron Pretty (1940–2023, Australia, p/nf)

• Paul Preuss (born 1942, US, f/nf)

• Otfried Preußler (1923–2013, Czechoslovakia/Germany, ch)

• Jacques Prévert (1900–1977, France, p/d)

• Abbé Prévost (1697–1763, France, f/nf)

• Angharad Price (born 1972, Wales, nf/f)

• Evadne Price (1888–1985, Australia, f/ch/nf)

• Nicholas A. Price (born 1962, US)

• Richard Price (1723–1791, Wales, England, nf)

• Richard Price (born 1966, Scotland/England, p/f)

• Thomas Price (Carnhuanawc) (1787–1848, Wales, nf)

• Willard Price (1887–1983, Canada/US, nf/f)

• Caradog Prichard (1904–1980, Wales/England, p/f)

• James Cowles Prichard (1886–1948, England, nf)

• Katharine Susannah Prichard (1883–1969, Fiji/Australia, f/d/p)

• Rhys Prichard (1579–1644, Wales, p)

• Christopher Priest (born 1943, England, f)

• Robert Priest (born 1951, England/Canada, p/ch)

• J. B. Priestley (1894–1984, England, f/d/nf)

• Joseph Priestley (1733–1804, England/US, nf)

• Rebecca Priestley (living, N Zealand, nf)

• Diane di Prima (1934–2020, US, p/nf)

• Elise Primavera (born 1955, US, ch)

• Paskoje Primojević (fl. 1482–1527, Ragusa, p)

• Alison Prince (1931–2019, England/Scotland, ch/d)

• F. T. Prince (1912–2003, S Africa/England, p/nf)

• John Critchley Prince (1808–1866, England, p)

• Eric Pringle (1935–2017, England, d/ch)

• Matthew Prior (1664–1721, England, p)

• John Prise (1501 or 1502–1555, Wales, nf)

• Harri Pritchard-Jones (1933–2015, England/Wales, p/nf/f)

• V. S. Pritchett (1900–1997, England, f/nf)

• Bryan Procter (1787–1874, England, p)

• Jaša Prodanović (1867–1948, Serbia/Yugoslavia, nf)

• Raul Proença (1884–1941, Portugal, nf)

• Lilli Promet (1922–2007, Estonia, f/nf)

• Propertius (c. 50–56 – post-15 BCE, Rome, p), full name Sextus Propertius

• Perch Proshian (1837–1907, Russian E, nf)

• Protagoras (c. 490 – c. 420 BCE, Greece, nf)

• E. Annie Proulx (born 1935, US, f/nf)

• Marcel Proust (1871–1922, France, f)

• Guiot de Provins (died post-1208, France, p)

• Anne Provoost (born 1964, Belgium, f/nf)

• Alf Prøysen (1914–1970, Norway, ch/p/d)

• Kevin Prufer (born 1969, US, p/nf)

• Janko Prunk (born 1942, Yugoslavia/Slovenia, nf)

• Bolesław Prus (1847–1912, Poland, f/nf)

• Hans Prutz (1843–1929, Germany, nf)

• Robert Prutz (1816–1872, Germany, p/f/nf)

• Myfanwy Pryce (1890–1976, Wales, f)

• J. H. Prynne (born 1936, England, p)

• William Prynne (1600–1669, England, nf)

• Edmund Prys (1542 or 1543–1623, Wales, p)

• Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer (1865–1940, Austria-Hungary/Poland, p/f/d)

• Zenon Przesmycki (1861–1944, Russian E/Poland, p/nf)

• Jeremi Przybora (1915–2004, Poland, p)

• Stanisław Przybyszewski (1868–1927, Germany/Poland, f/d/p)

• Kathryn Ptacek (born 1952, US, f)

• Ptolemy ( c. 100 – c. 170 CE, Egypt, nf)

• Pu Songling (皮日休, 1640–1715, China, f)

• Medo Pucić (1821–1882, Austrian E, p)

• Niko Pucić (1820–1883, Austrian E, nf)

• Hermann, Fürst von Pückler-Muskau (1785–1871, Germany, nf), pseudonym Semilasso

• John Pudney (1909–1977, England, p/nf/ch)

• William Owen Pughe (1759–1835, Wales, nf)

• Manuel Puig (1932–1990, Argentina, f/d)

• Adriana Puiggrós (born 1941, Argentina, nf)

• Erenora Puketapu-Hetet (1941–2006, N Zealand, nf)

• Luigi Pulci (1432–1484, Italy, p)

• Georgi Pulevski (1817–1895, Ottoman E/Bulgaria, nf)

• Christine Pullein-Thompson (1925–2005, England, ch)

• Diana Pullein-Thompson (1925–2015, England, ch)

• Josephine Pullein-Thompson (1924–2014, England, ch)

• Philip Pullman (born 1946, England, ch)

• Alice Pung (born 1981, Australia, f/ch/nf)

• John Purchas (1823–1872, England, nf/d/p)

• Al Purdy (1918–2000, Canada, p/nf/f)

• Alexander Pushkin (1799–1837, Russia, p/d)

• Bosiljka Pušić (born 1936, Yugoslavia, ch/p/f)

• Mary Jo Putney (living, US, f)

• Gwilym Puw (c. 1618 – c. 1689, Wales, p)

• Mario Puzo (1920–1999, US, f/d/nf)

• John Pye-Smith (1774–1851, England, nf)

• Howard Pyle (1853–1911, US, ch)

• Barbara Pym (1913–1980, England, f)

• Hugh Pym (born 1959, England, nf)

• Thomas Pynchon (born 1937, US, f/nf)

• Pythagoras (c. 570 – c. 495, Greece, nf)

title: List of authors by name: P


text:
T. R. Pearson

Thomas Reid Pearson (born 1956) is an American writer. Pearson also writes crime fiction under the pen name Rick Gavin.

Biography
Pearson was born in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. He was a student at North Carolina State University, where he gained a BA and MA in English. He went on to teach at Peace College in Raleigh, North Carolina. He started work on a PhD in Pennsylvania but soon returned to North Carolina, where he worked as a carpenter and a housepainter while he began writing his first two novels, A Short History of a Small Place and Off for the Sweet Hereafter. Neither was published until 1985, when he moved to New York City, where both books were issued by Linden Press.

His novels are set in the South, in the imaginary small town of Neely, near Winston–Salem, or, in his recent novels, in the Appalachian areas of Virginia, where he now lives. His writing captures a uniquely Southern social order, outlook, and voice and has been compared to the work of Mark Twain and William Faulkner.

A Short History of a Small Place, Off for the Sweet Hereafter, The Last of How It Was, Cry Me a River, Polar and Blue Ridge were New York Times Notable Books.

Pearson collaborated with John Grisham on early drafts of the screenplays for The Rainmaker (1997) and Runaway Jury (1998), films based on two of Grisham's novels.

Under the pen name Rick Gavin, Pearson wrote a series of three crime novels, set in the Mississippi Delta, featuring repo man Nick Reid and his best friend, Desmond.

Pearson lives in North Carolina.

Neely trilogy

 * A Short History of a Small Place (Linden Press, 1985)
 * Off for the Sweet Hereafter (Linden Press, 1986)
 * The Last of How It Was (Linden Press, 1987)

Ray Tatum Mysteries

 * Cry Me a River (Henry Holt, 1993)
 * Blue Ridge (Viking, 2000)
 * Polar (Viking, 2002)
 * Warwolf (Barking Mad Press, 2011)
 * First in Flight (Barking Mad Press, 2015)
 * Brigade (Barking Mad Press, 2018)

Nick Reid and Desmond series (as Rick Gavin)

 * Ranchero (Minotaur Books, 2011)
 * Beluga (Minotaur Books, 2012)
 * Nowhere Nice (Minotaur Books, 2013)

Standalone novels

 * Call and Response (Linden Press, 1989)
 * Gospel Hour (William Morrow, 1991)
 * True Cross (Viking, 2003)
 * Glad News of the Natural World (Simon & Schuster, 2005)
 * Red Scare: A Novel of Venomous Intrigue (Barking Mad Press, 2008)
 * Jerusalem Gap (Barking Mad Press, 2010)
 * East Jesus South (Barking Mad Press, 2014)
 * Low Lords (Barking Mad Press, 2016)
 * Theory of the Case (Barking Mad Press, 2017)
 * Eaglesworth (Barking Mad Press, 2018)
 * Serpent of Old (Barking Mad Press, 2019)
 * Sleepaway (Barking Mad Press, 2019)
 * Confederate States (Barking Mad Press, 2020)
 * Devil Up (Barking Mad Press, 2021)

Non-fiction

 * Seaworthy: Adrift with William Willis in the Golden Age of Rafting (Crown, 2006) — Biography of adventurer William Willis.
 * Augie's Quest: One Man's Journey from Success to Significance (Bloomsbury USA, 2007) with Augie Nieto
 * Year of Our Lord: Faith, Hope and Harmony in the Mississippi Delta (Mockingbird Publishing, 2010) — Text by Pearson, photographs by Langdon Clay
 * Top of the Rock (Random House, 2012) with Warren Littlefield

As editor

 * I'll Sleep When I'm Dead: The Dirty Life and Times of Warren Zevon, by Crystal Zevon (HarperCollins, 2009)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: T. R. Pearson


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User:Jerzy/Master Index-table to List of people by name

My Stuff - - Shows actual & planned non-redirects -- Ligatures represent Prefix-Spanning name-pages Tbl  a  b  c  d  e  f  g  h  i  j  k  l  m  n  o  p  q  r  s  t  u  v  w  x  y  z A -- Aa Ab Ac Ad Ae Af Ag Ah Ai Aj Ak Al Am An Ao Ap Aq Ar As At Au Av Aw Ax Ay Az Al - Ala Alb Alc-Ald Ale Alf-Alk All Alm-Alz B -- Ba BbBd Be BfBh Bi Bj-Bk BlBn BoBq Br Bs-Bt Bu BvBx By-Bz Ba - Baa---Baj Bak--Baq Bar BasBaz Be - Bea---Bem Ben Beo-Bez Bo - Boa-Bok Bol Bom Bon Boo-Boq Bor Bos-Bou Bov-Boz Br - Bra Brb-Brd BreBri BrjBrn Bro Brp--Brt Bru BrvBrz C -- Ca Cb Cc Cd Ce Cf Cg Ch Ci Cj ck Cl cm cn Co Cp-Cq Cr Cs-Ct Cu CvCx Cy Cz Ca - Caa-Cal CamCaq Car CasCaz Ch - Cha Chb-Chd Che Chf-Chh Chi Chj---Chn Cho p--q Chr s--t Chu Chv---Chz Co - Coa-Cok Col Com-Con Coo---Coz D -- Da---Dd De DfDh Di Dj--Dn Do Dp--Dt Du Dv Dw DxDz E -- Ea Eb Ec Ed Ee Ef Eg Eh Ei-Ej Ek El Em En Eo Ep-Eq Er Es Et Eu Ev Ew ExEz F -- Fa---Fd Fe ff fg fh Fi fj fk Fl Fm fn Fo fp fq Fr fs ft Fu-Fz G -- Ga- Ge GfGh Gi GjGl Gm-Gn GoGq Gr Gs-Gt Gu Gv Gw-Gx Gy Gz H -- Ha hbhd He---Hh Hi--Hm Hn Ho Hp Hq Hr Hs Ht Hu Hv Hw Hx Hy Hz Ha Haa HabHaf g---h Hai--Hak HalHamHan Hao-Haq Har s--t u---v w---x y---z Har Hara-Harq Harr Hars-Harz He -- Hea-Hem Hen Heo-Heq Her Hes-Hez I -- Ia Ib Ic Id Ie-If Ig Ih IiIk Il Im In Io Ip-Iq Ir Is It Iu-Iv Iw IxIz J -- Ja JbJd Je JfJh Ji Jj--Jn Jo Jp--Jt Ju Jv--Jz Jo--Joa--Jog Joh JoiJom Jon JooJorJos Jot--Joz K -- Ka KbKd Ke Kf-Kg Kh Ki Kj kk Kl km Kn Ko Kp-Kq Kr Ks-Kt Ku Kv--Kz L -- La LbLd Le Lf-Lg Lh Li lj lk Ll Lm-Ln Lo Lp--Lt Lu LvLx Ly lz M -- Ma mb Mc-Md Me---Mh Mi Mj Mk Ml Mm-Mn Mo Mp--Mt Mu Mv--Mz Mama-a---b Mac Mad-Mam Man Mao-MaqMar MasMat Mau--Max y--z Mimi a---b Mic Mid---Mik Mil Mim---Miz N -- Na Nb-Nc Nd Ne NfNh Ni Nj Nk---Nn No Np--Nt Nu Nv---Ny Nz O -- OaOk Ol---Oo OpOz P -- Pa---Pd Pe Pf-Pg Ph Pi Pj--Pn Po PpPr Ps Pt Pu Pv--Pz Q -- Qa-Qz Q nQ Qa---Qt Qu Qv--Qz R -- Ra RbRd Re Rf-Rg Rh Ri Rj--Rn Ro Rp--Rt Ru RvRx Ry Rz Ro -- Roa Rob Roc-Ror Ros Rot-Roz S -- Sa-Sb Sc Sd Se Sf-Sg Sh Si-Sj Sk Sl Sm Sn So Sp-Sq Sr-Ss St Su Sv Sw-Sx Sy Sz St - Sta Stb-Std Ste Stf-Sth Sti Stj---Stn Sto p--q Str s--t Stu Stv---Stz T -- Ta-Tb Tc-Td Te TfTh Ti Tj Tk---Tn To TpTr Ts-Tt Tu Tv Tw-Tx Ty Tz U -- Ua-Uz V -- Va---Vd Ve---Vh ViVk VlVn VoVq VrVt Vu---Vx Vy-Vz W -- WaWc Wd WeWg Wh Wi Wj--Wn WoWq WrWt Wu Wv--Wz X -- Xa-Xz Y -- Ya-Yz Z -- Za Zb-Zc Zd Ze Zf-Zg Zh Zi Zj--Zn Zo Zp--Zt Zu Zv Zw ZxZz a b  c  d  e  f  g  h  i  j  k  l  m  n  o  p  q  r  s  t  u  v  w  x  y  z

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Hat Trick Productions

Hat Trick Productions Limited is an independent British production company that produces television and radio programmes, mainly specialising in comedy, based in London. The company's logo is depicted as a rabbit pulling a man out of a hat instead of the other way around.

History
Hat Trick Productions was founded in 1986 by Rory McGrath, Jimmy Mulville, and Denise O'Donoghue. Its first commission was Chelmsford 123, a situation comedy for Channel 4. Two years later, Geoffrey Perkins became company director, and helped to produce shows such as Father Ted, Whose Line Is It Anyway?, and Have I Got News for You. Perkins left the organisation in 1995, to become head of comedy for BBC Television.

Hat Trick International struck a first look deal with Cardiff Productions and has a joint venture with British television writer Jed Mercurio called HTM Television, with this production company responsible for dramas such as Bloodlands with James Nesbitt and the forthcoming DI Ray with Parminder Nagra.

Current programmes

 * Have I Got News for You (BBC Two 1990–2000, BBC One 2000–present)
 * Mastermind (BBC Two 2019–present)
 * Rich House Poor House (British television show, Channel 5 2017–present)
 * Trigger Point (ITV 2022–present)
 * Whose Line Is It Anyway? USA (ABC & ABC Family 1998–2007, The CW 2013–present, imported by Dave in 2021/22)

Former programmes

 * The Armstrong & Miller Show (BBC One 2007–2010)
 * Ballot Monkeys (Channel 4 2015)
 * Bedtime (BBC One 2001–2003)
 * The Big One (Channel 4 1992)
 * Bike Squad (ITV 2008)
 * Bloodlands (BBC One 2021–2022)
 * Bodies (BBC Three 2004–2006)
 * Boomers (BBC One 2014–2016)
 * Boyz Unlimited (Channel 4 1999)
 * The Brain Drain (BBC Two 1992–1993)
 * Bromwell High (Channel 4 (Episodes 1-6) August 2005, DVD (Episodes 7-13) 2006, The Detour On Teletoon February 2005)
 * The Bubble (BBC Two 2010)
 * Case Sensitive (ITV 2011–2012)
 * Chartjackers (BBC Two 2009)
 * Cheap Cheap Cheap (Channel 4 2017)
 * Chelmsford 123 (Channel 4 1988–1990)
 * Chopratown (BBC One 2005)
 * Critical (Sky1 2015)
 * Derry Girls (Channel 4 2018–2022)
 * Dinner Date (ITV 2010–2012, ITVBe 2014–2023)
 * Doctor Thorne (ITV 2016)
 * Drop Dead Gorgeous (BBC Three 2006–2007)
 * Drop the Dead Donkey (Channel 4 1990–1998)
 * Episodes (BBC Two 2011–2018, Showtime 2011–2017)
 * Facejacker (Channel 4 2010–2012)
 * Fairy Tales (BBC One 2008)
 * The Fake News Show (Channel 4 2017)
 * Father Ted (Channel 4 1995–1998)
 * Flack (POP TV and Showtime On Demand 2019–2020)
 * Fonejacker (E4 2006–2012)
 * Game On (BBC Two 1995–1998)
 * Game Show in My Head (CBS 2009)
 * God on Trial (BBC Two 2008)
 * Great Night Out (ITV 2013)
 * Harry Enfield's Television Programme (BBC Two 1990–1992)
 * Horrible Science (CITV 2015)
 * Hypothetical (Dave 2019–2022)
 * If I Ruled The World (BBC Two 1998–1999)
 * In Denial of Murder (BBC One 2004)
 * It's Only a Theory (BBC Four 2009)
 * Jeffrey Archer: The Truth (BBC One 2002)
 * Kate & Koji (ITV 2020–2022)
 * Kröd Mändoon and the Flaming Sword of Fire (BBC Two 2009, Comedy Central 2009)
 * The Kumars at No. 42 (BBC Two 2001–2004, BBC One 2005–2006, Sky1 2014)
 * Life Isn't All Ha Ha Hee Hee (BBC One 2005)
 * Miss Marie Lloyd – Queen of The Music Hall (BBC Four 2007)
 * Mutual Friends (BBC One 2008)
 * Never Mind the Horrocks (Channel 4 1996)
 * News Knight with Sir Trevor McDonald (ITV 2007)
 * Norbert Smith – a Life (Channel 4 1989)
 * Outnumbered (BBC One 2007–2014; 16)
 * The Omid Djalili Show (BBC One 2007–2009)
 * Paul Merton: The Series (Channel 4 1991–1993)
 * The Peter Principle (BBC One 1995–2000)
 * Power Monkeys (Channel 4 2016)
 * Revolting (BBC One 2017)
 * The Revolution Will Be Televised (BBC Three 2012–2015)
 * Room 101 (BBC Two 1994–2007, BBC One 2012–2018)
 * Round the Bend (CITV 1989–1991)
 * The Royal Bodyguard (BBC One 2011–2012)
 * The Secret (ITV 2016)
 * The Slow Norris (CITV 1995–1999)
 * Small Potatoes (Channel 4 1999–2001)
 * Some Girls (BBC Three 2012–2014)
 * Spy (Sky1 2011–2012)
 * Stephen (ITV 2021)
 * Stuck (BBC Two 2022)
 * The Suspicions of Mr Whicher (ITV 2011–2014)
 * This is David Lander (Channel 4 1988)
 * Trevor's World of Sport (BBC One 2003)
 * Turn Back Time (BBC One 2006)
 * The Waiting Game (BBC One 2001–2002)
 * Warren (BBC One 2019)
 * Whose Line is it Anyway? (Channel 4 1988–1999)
 * Whistle Through the Shamrocks (2021)
 * Worst Week (CBS 2008–2009)
 * The Worst Week of My Life (BBC One 2004–2006)

title: Hat Trick Productions


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History of Kashmir

The history of Kashmir is intertwined with the history of the broader Indian subcontinent in South Asia with influences from the surrounding regions of Central, and East Asia. Historically, Kashmir referred to only the Kashmir Valley of the western Himalayas. Today, it denotes a larger area that includes the Indian-administered union territories of Jammu and Kashmir (which consists of Jammu and the Kashmir Valley) and Ladakh, the Pakistan-administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan, and the Chinese-administered regions of Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract.

In the first half of the 1st millennium, the Kashmir region became an important centre of Hinduism and later—under the Mauryas and Kushanas—of Buddhism. Later in the ninth century, during the rule of the Karkota Dynasty, a native tradition of Shaivism arose. It flourished in the seven centuries of Hindu rule, continuing under the Utpala and the Lohara dynasties, ending in mid-14th century.

The spread of Islam in Kashmir began during the 13th century, accelerated under Muslim rule during the 14th and 15th centuries, and led to the eventual decline of the Kashmir Shaivism in Kashmir.

In 1339, Shah Mir became the first Muslim ruler of Kashmir, inaugurating the Shah Mir dynasty. For the next five centuries, Muslim monarchs ruled Kashmir, including the Mughal Empire, who ruled from 1586 until 1751, and the Afghan Durrani Empire, which ruled from 1747 until 1819. That year, the Sikhs, under Ranjit Singh, annexed Kashmir. In 1846, after the Sikh defeat in the First Anglo-Sikh War, the Treaty of Lahore was signed and upon the purchase of the region from the British under the Treaty of Amritsar, the Raja of Jammu, Gulab Singh, became the new ruler of Kashmir. The rule of his descendants, under the paramountcy (or tutelage) of the British Crown, lasted until 1947, when the former princely state became a disputed territory, now administered by three countries: India, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China.

Etymology
According to folk etymology, the name "Kashmir" means "desiccated land" (from the Sanskrit: ka = water and shimīra = desiccate). In the Rajatarangini, a history of Kashmir written by Kalhana in the mid-12th century, it is stated that the valley of Kashmir was formerly a lake. According to Hindu mythology, the lake was drained by the great rishi or sage, Kashyapa, son of Marichi, son of Brahma, by cutting the gap in the hills at Baramulla (Varaha-mula). When Kashmir had been drained, Kashyapa asked Brahmins to settle there. This is still the local tradition, and in the existing physical condition of the country, there is some ground for the story which has taken this form. The name of Kashyapa is by history and tradition connected with the draining of the lake, and the chief town or collection of dwellings in the valley was called Kashyapa-pura, which has been identified with Kaspapyros of Hecataeus (apud Stephanus of Byzantium) and Kaspatyros of Herodotus (3.102, 4.44). Kashmir is also believed to be the country meant by Ptolemy's Kaspeiria. Cashmere is an archaic spelling of Kashmir, and in some countries it is still spelled this way.

Historiography
Nilamata Purana (complied c. 500–600 CE) contains accounts of Kashmir's early history. However, being a Puranic source, it has been argued that it suffers from a degree of inconsistency and unreliability. Kalhana's Rajatarangini (River of Kings), all the 8000 Sanskrit verses of which were completed by 1150 CE, chronicles the history of Kashmir's dynasties from earlier times to the 12th century. It relies upon traditional sources like Nilmata Purana, inscriptions, coins, monuments, and Kalhana's personal observations borne out of political experiences of his family. Towards the end of the work mythical explanations give way to rational and critical analyses of dramatic events between 11th and 12th centuries, for which Kalhana is often credited as "India's first historian".

During the reign of Muslim kings in Kashmir, three supplements to Rajatarangini were written by Jonaraja (1411–1463 CE), Srivara, and Prajyabhatta and Suka, which end with Akbar's conquest of Kashmir in 1586 CE. The text was translated into Persian by Muslim scholars such as Nizam Uddin, Farishta, and Abul Fazl. Baharistan-i-Shahi and Haidar Mailk's Tarikh-i-Kashmir (completed in 1621 CE) are the most important texts on the history of Kashmir during the Sultanate period. Both the texts were written in Persian and used Rajatarangini and Persian histories as their sources.

Early history
Earliest Neolithic sites in the flood plains of Kashmir Valley are dated to c. 3000 BCE. Most important of these sites are the settlements at Burzahom, which had two Neolithic and one Megalithic phases. First phase (c. 2920 BCE) at Burzahom is marked by mud plastered pit dwellings, coarse pottery and stone tools. In the second phase, which lasted until c. 1700 BCE, houses were constructed on ground level and the dead were buried, sometimes with domesticated and wild animals. Hunting and fishing were the primary modes of subsistence though evidence of cultivation of wheat, barley, and lentils has also been found in both the phases. In the megalithic phase, massive circles were constructed and grey or black burnish replaced coarse red ware in pottery. During the later Vedic period, as kingdoms of the Vedic tribes expanded, the Uttara–Kurus settled in Kashmir. In 326 BCE, Porus asked Abisares, the king of Kashmir, to aid him against Alexander the Great in the Battle of Hydaspes. After Porus lost the battle, Abhisares submitted to Alexander by sending him treasure and elephants.

During the reign of Ashoka (304–232 BCE), Kashmir became a part of the Maurya Empire and Buddhism was introduced in Kashmir. During this period, many stupas, some shrines dedicated to Shiva, and the city of Srinagari (Srinagar) were built. Kanishka (127–151 CE), an emperor of the Kushan dynasty, conquered Kashmir and established the new city of Kanishkapur. Buddhist tradition holds that Kanishka held the Fourth Buddhist council in Kashmir, in which celebrated scholars such as Ashvagosha, Nagarjuna and Vasumitra took part. By the fourth century, Kashmir became a seat of learning for both Buddhism and Hinduism. Kashmiri Buddhist missionaries helped spread Buddhism to Tibet and China and from the fifth century CE, pilgrims from these countries started visiting Kashmir. Kumārajīva (343–413 CE) was among the renowned Kashmiri scholars who traveled to China. He influenced the Chinese emperor Yao Xing and spearheaded translation of many Sanskrit works into Chinese at the Chang'an monastery.

The Alchon Huns under Toramana crossed over the Hindu Kush mountains and conquered large parts of western India including Kashmir. His son Mihirakula (c. 502–530 CE) led a military campaign to conquer all of North India. He was opposed by Baladitya in Magadha and eventually defeated by Yasodharman in Malwa. After the defeat, Mihirakula returned to Kashmir where he led a coup on the king. He then conquered of Gandhara where he committed many atrocities on Buddhists and destroyed their shrines. Influence of the Huns faded after Mihirakula's death.

Hindu Dynasties
A succession of Hindu dynasties ruled over the region from the 7th-14th centuries. After the seventh century, significant developments took place in Kashmiri Hinduism. In the centuries that followed, Kashmir produced many poets, philosophers, and artists who contributed to Sanskrit literature and Hindu religion. Among notable scholars of this period was Vasugupta (c. 875–925 CE) who wrote the Shiva Sutras which laid the foundation for a monistic Shaiva system called Kashmir Shaivism. Dualistic interpretation of Shaiva scripture was defeated by Abhinavagupta (c. 975–1025 CE) who wrote many philosophical works on Kashmir Shaivism. Kashmir Shaivism was adopted by the common masses of Kashmir and strongly influenced Shaivism in Southern India.

In the eighth century, the Karkota Empire established themselves as rulers of Kashmir. Kashmir grew as an imperial power under the Karkotas. Chandrapida of this dynasty was recognized by an imperial order of the Chinese emperor as the king of Kashmir. His successor Lalitaditya Muktapida lead a successful military campaign against the Tibetans. He then defeated Yashovarman of Kanyakubja and subsequently conquered eastern kingdoms of Magadha, Kamarupa, Gauda, and Kalinga. Lalitaditya extended his influence of Malwa and Gujarat and defeated Arabs at Sindh. After his demise, Kashmir's influence over other kingdoms declined and the dynasty ended in c. 855–856 CE.

The Utpala dynasty founded by Avantivarman followed the Karkotas. His successor Shankaravarman (885–902 CE) led a successful military campaign against Gurjaras in Punjab. Political instability in the 10th century made the royal body guards (Tantrins) very powerful in Kashmir. Under the Tantrins, civil administration collapsed and chaos reigned in Kashmir until they were defeated by Chakravarman. Queen Didda, who descended from the Hindu Shahis of Udabhandapura on her mother's side, took over as the ruler in second half of the 10th century. After her death in 1003 CE, the throne passed to the Lohara dynasty. Suhadeva, last king of the Lohara dynasty, fled Kashmir after Zulju (Dulacha), a Turkic–Mongol chief, led a savage raid on Kashmir. His wife, Queen Kota Rani ruled until 1339. She is often credited for the construction of a canal, named "Kutte Kol" after her, diverting the waters of the Jhelum to prevent frequent flooding in Srinagar.

During the 11th century, Mahmud of Ghazni made two attempts to conquer Kashmir. However, both his campaigns failed because he could not take by siege the fortress at Lohkot.

Prelude and Kashmir Sultanate (1346–1580s)
Historian Mohibbul Hasan states that the oppressive taxation, corruption, internecine fights and rise of feudal lords (Damaras) during the unpopular rule of the Lohara dynasty (1003–1320 CE) paved the way for foreign invasions of Kashmir. Rinchana was a Tibetan Buddhist refugee in Kashmir, who had established himself as the ruler after Zulju. Rinchana's conversion to Islam is a subject of Kashmiri folklore. He was persuaded to accept Islam by his minister Shah Mir, probably for political reasons. Islam had penetrated into countries outside Kashmir and in absence of the support from Hindus, who were in a majority, Rinchana needed the support of the Kashmiri Muslims. Shah Mir's coup on Rinchana's successor secured Muslim rule and the rule of his dynasty in Kashmir.

In the 14th century, Islam gradually became the dominant religion in Kashmir. With the fall of Kashmir, a premier center of Sanskrit literary creativity, Sanskrit literature there disappeared. Islamic preacher Sheikh Nooruddin Noorani, who is traditionally revered by Hindus as Nund Rishi, combined elements of Kashmir Shaivism with Sufi mysticism in his discourses. The Sultans between 1354 and 1470 CE were tolerant of other religions with the exception of Sultan Sikandar (1389–1413 CE). Sultan Sikandar imposed taxes on non–Muslims, forced conversions to Islam, and earned the title But–Shikan for destroying idols. Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (c. 1420–1470 CE) invited artists and craftsmen from Central Asia and Persia to train local artists in Kashmir. Under his rule the arts of wood carving, papier-mâché, shawls and carpets weaving prospered. For a brief period in the 1470s, states of Jammu, Poonch and Rajauri which paid tributes to Kashmir revolted against the Sultan Hajji Khan. However, they were subjugated by his son Hasan Khan who took over as ruler in 1472 CE. By the mid 16th century, Hindu influence in the courts and role of the Hindu priests had declined as Muslim missionaries immigrated into Kashmir from Central Asia and Persia, and Persian replaced Sanskrit as the official language. Around the same period, the nobility of Chaks had become powerful enough to unseat the Shah Mir dynasty. Mughal general Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat, a member of ruling family in Kashgar, invaded Kashmir in c. 1540 CE on behalf of emperor Humayun. Persecution of Shias, Shafi'is and Sufis and instigation by Suri kings led to a revolt which overthrew Dughlat's rule in Kashmir.

Mughals (1580s–1750s)
Kashmir did not witness direct Mughal rule until the reign of Mughal emperor Akbar the Great, who took control of Kashmir and added it to his Kabul Subah in 1586. Shah Jahan carved it out as a separate subah (imperial top-level province), with seat at Srinagar. During successive Mughal emperors many celebrated gardens, mosques and palaces were constructed. Religious intolerance and discriminatory taxation reappeared when Mughal emperor Aurangzeb ascended to the throne in 1658 CE. After his death, the influence of the Mughal Empire declined.

In 1700 CE, a servant of a wealthy Kashmir merchant brought Mo-i Muqqadas (the hair of the Prophet), a relic of Muhammad, to the valley. The relic was housed in the Hazratbal Shrine on the banks of Dal Lake. Nadir Shah's invasion of India in 1738 CE further weakened Mughal control over Kashmir.

Durrani Empire (1752–1819)
Taking advantage of the declining Mughal Empire, the Afghan Durrani Empire under Ahmad Shah Durrani took control of Kashmir in 1752. In the mid-1750s the Afghan-appointed governor of Kashmir, Sukh Jiwan Mal, rebelled against the Durrani Empire before being defeated in 1762. After Mal's defeat, the Durrani engaged in the oppression of the remaining Hindu population through forced conversions, killings, and forced labor. Repression by the Durrani extended to all classes, regardless of religion, and a heavy tax burden was levied on the Kashmiri populace.

A number of Afghan governors administered the region on behalf of the Durrani Empire. During the Durrani rule in Kashmir, income from the region constituted a large part of the Durrani Empire's revenue. The empire controlled Kashmir until 1819, after which the region was annexed by the Sikh Empire.

Sikh rule (1820–1846)

After four centuries of Muslim rule, Kashmir fell to the conquering armies of the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh of Punjab after the Battle of Shopian in 1819. As the Kashmiris had suffered under the Afghans, they initially welcomed the new Sikh rulers. However, the Sikh governors turned out to be hard taskmasters, and Sikh rule was generally considered oppressive, protected perhaps by the remoteness of Kashmir from the capital of the Sikh Empire in Lahore. The Sikhs enacted a number of anti-Muslim laws, which included handing out death sentences for cow slaughter, closing down the Jamia Masjid in Srinagar, and banning the azaan, the public Muslim call to prayer. Kashmir had also now begun to attract European visitors, several of whom wrote of the abject poverty of the vast Muslim peasantry and of the exorbitant taxes under the Sikhs. High taxes, according to some contemporary accounts, had depopulated large tracts of the countryside, allowing only one-sixteenth of the cultivable land to be cultivated. However, after a famine in 1832, the Sikhs reduced the land tax to half the produce of the land and also began to offer interest-free loans to farmers; Kashmir became the second highest revenue earner for the Sikh empire. During this time Kashmiri shawls became known worldwide, attracting many buyers especially in the west.

Earlier, in 1780, after the death of Ranjit Deo, the kingdom of Jammu (to the south of the Kashmir valley) was also captured by the Sikhs and made a tributary. Ranjit Deo's grandnephew, Gulab Singh, subsequently sought service at the court of Ranjit Singh, distinguished himself in later campaigns and got appointed as the Raja of Jammu in 1820. With the help of his officer, Zorawar Singh, Gulab Singh soon captured for the Sikhs the lands of Ladakh and Baltistan.

Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu (Dogra Rule, 1846–1947)
In 1845, the First Anglo-Sikh War broke out, and Gulab Singh "contrived to hold himself aloof until the battle of Sobraon (1846), when he appeared as a useful mediator and the trusted advisor of Sir Henry Lawrence. Two treaties were concluded.  By the first the State of Lahore (i.e. West Punjab) handed over to the British, as equivalent for (rupees) ten million of indemnity, the hill countries between Beas and Indus; by the second the British made over to Gulab Singh for (Rupees) 7.5 million all the hilly or mountainous country situated to the east of Indus and west of Ravi" (i.e. the Vale of Kashmir). The Treaty of Amritsar freed Gulab Singh from obligations towards the Sikhs and made him the Maharajah of Jammu and Kashmir. The Dogras' loyalty came in handy to the British during the revolt of 1857 which challenged British rule in India. Dogras refused to provide sanctuary to mutineers, allowed English women and children to seek asylum in Kashmir and sent Kashmiri troops to fight on behalf of the British. British in return rewarded them by securing the succession of Dogra rule in Kashmir. Soon after Gulab Singh's death in 1857, his son, Ranbir Singh, added the emirates of Hunza, Gilgit and Nagar to the kingdom.

The Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu (as it was then called) was constituted between 1820 and 1858 and was "somewhat artificial in composition and it did not develop a fully coherent identity, partly as a result of its disparate origins and partly as a result of the autocratic rule which it experienced on the fringes of Empire." It combined disparate regions, religions, and ethnicities: to the east, Ladakh was ethnically and culturally Tibetan and its inhabitants practised Buddhism; to the south, Jammu had a mixed population of Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs; in the heavily populated central Kashmir valley, the population was overwhelmingly Sunni Muslim, however, there was also a small but influential Hindu minority, the Kashmiri brahmins or pandits; to the northeast, sparsely populated Baltistan had a population ethnically related to Ladakh, but which practised Shi'a Islam; to the north, also sparsely populated, Gilgit Agency, was an area of diverse, mostly Shi'a groups; and, to the west, Punch was Muslim, but of different ethnicity than the Kashmir valley.

Despite being in a majority the Muslims were made to suffer severe oppression under Hindu rule in the form of high taxes, unpaid forced labor and discriminatory laws. Many Kashmiri Muslims migrated from the Valley to Punjab due to famine and policies of Dogra rulers. The Muslim peasantry was vast, impoverished and ruled by a Hindu elite. The Muslim peasants lacked education, awareness of rights and were chronically in debt to landlords and moneylenders, and did not organize politically until the 1930s.

1947
Ranbir Singh's grandson Hari Singh, who had ascended the throne of Kashmir in 1925, was the reigning monarch in 1947 at the conclusion of British rule of the subcontinent and the subsequent partition of the British Indian Empire into the newly independent Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan. An internal revolt began in the Poonch region against oppressive taxation by the Maharaja. In August, Maharaja's forces fired upon demonstrations in favour of Kashmir joining Pakistan, burned whole villages and massacred innocent people. The Poonch rebels declared an independent government of "Azad" Kashmir on 24 October. Rulers of Princely States were encouraged to accede their States to either Dominion – India or Pakistan, taking into account factors such as geographical contiguity and the wishes of their people. In 1947, Jammu and Kashmir's population was "77% Muslim and 20% Hindu". To postpone making a hurried decision, the Maharaja signed a standstill agreement with Pakistan, which ensured continuity of trade, travel, communication, and similar services between the two. Such an agreement was pending with India. Following huge riots in Jammu, in October 1947, Pashtuns from Pakistan's North-West Frontier Province recruited by the Poonch rebels, invaded Kashmir, along with the Poonch rebels, allegedly incensed by the atrocities against fellow Muslims in Poonch and Jammu. The tribesmen engaged in looting and killing along the way. The ostensible aim of the guerilla campaign was to frighten Hari Singh into submission. Instead the Maharaja appealed to the Government of India for assistance, and the Governor-General Lord Mountbatten agreed on the condition that the ruler accede to India. Once the Maharaja signed the Instrument of Accession, Indian soldiers entered Kashmir and drove the Pakistani-sponsored irregulars from all but a small section of the state. India accepted the accession, regarding it provisional until such time as the will of the people can be ascertained. Kashmir leader Sheikh Abdullah endorsed the accession as ad hoc which would be ultimately decided by the people of the State. He was appointed the head of the emergency administration by the Maharaja. The Pakistani government immediately contested the accession, suggesting that it was fraudulent, that the Maharaja acted under duress and that he had no right to sign an agreement with India when the standstill agreement with Pakistan was still in force.

Post-1947
In early 1948, India sought a resolution of the Kashmir conflict at the United Nations. Following the set-up of the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan (UNCIP), the UN Security Council passed Resolution 47 on 21April 1948. The UN mission insisted that the opinion of people of J&K must be ascertained. The then Indian Prime Minister is reported to have himself urged U.N. to poll Kashmir and on the basis of results Kashmir's accession will be decided. However, India insisted that no referendum could occur until all of the state had been cleared of irregulars.

On 5 January 1949, UNCIP (United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan) resolution stated that the question of the accession of the State of Jammu and Kashmir to India or Pakistan will be decided through a free and impartial plebiscite. As per the 1948 and 1949 UNCIP Resolutions, both countries accepted the principle, that Pakistan secures the withdrawal of Pakistani intruders followed by withdrawal of Pakistani and Indian forces, as a basis for the formulation of a Truce agreement whose details are to be arrived in future, followed by a plebiscite; However, both countries failed to arrive at a Truce agreement due to differences in interpretation of the procedure for and extent of demilitarisation one of them being whether the Azad Kashmiri army of Pakistan is to be disbanded during the truce stage or the plebiscite stage.

In the last days of 1948, a ceasefire was agreed under UN auspices; however, since the plebiscite demanded by the UN was never conducted, relations between India and Pakistan soured, and eventually led to three more wars over Kashmir in 1965, 1971 and 1999. India has control of about half the area of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir; Pakistan controls a third of the region, governing it as Gilgit–Baltistan and Azad Kashmir. According to Encyclopædia Britannica, "Although there was a clear Muslim majority in Kashmir before the 1947 partition and its economic, cultural, and geographic contiguity with the Muslim-majority area of the Punjab (in Pakistan) could be convincingly demonstrated, the political developments during and after the partition resulted in a division of the region. Pakistan was left with territory that, although basically Muslim in character, was thinly populated, relatively inaccessible, and economically underdeveloped. The largest Muslim group, situated in the Valley of Kashmir and estimated to number more than half the population of the entire region, lay in Indian-administered territory, with its former outlets via the Jhelum valley route blocked."

The UN Security Council on 20 January 1948 passed Resolution 39 establishing a special commission to investigate the conflict. Subsequent to the commission's recommendation the Security Council, ordered in its Resolution 47, passed on 21 April 1948 that the invading Pakistani army retreat from Jammu & Kashmir and that the accession of Kashmir to either India or Pakistan be determined in accordance with a plebiscite to be supervised by the UN. In a string of subsequent resolutions the Security Council took notice of the continuing failure by India to hold the plebiscite. However, no punitive action against India could be taken by the Security Council because its resolution, requiring India to hold a Plebiscite, was non-binding. Moreover, the Pakistani army never left the part of the Kashmir, they managed to keep occupied at the end of the 1947 war. They were required by the Security Council resolution 47 to remove all armed personnels from the Azad Kashmir before holding the plebiscite.

The eastern region of the erstwhile princely state of Kashmir has also been beset with a boundary dispute. In the late 19th- and early 20th centuries, although some boundary agreements were signed between Great Britain, Afghanistan and Russia over the northern borders of Kashmir, China never accepted these agreements, and the official Chinese position did not change with the communist revolution in 1949. By the mid-1950s the Chinese army had entered the north-east portion of Ladakh.: "By 1956–57 they had completed a military road through the Aksai Chin area to provide better communication between Xinjiang and western Tibet. India's belated discovery of this road led to border clashes between the two countries that culminated in the Sino-Indian war of October 1962." China has occupied Aksai Chin since 1962 and, in addition, an adjoining region, the Trans-Karakoram Tract was ceded by Pakistan to China in 1965.

In 1949, the Indian government obliged Hari Singh to leave Jammu and Kashmir and yield the government to Sheikh Abdullah, the leader of a popular political party, the National Conference Party. Since then, a bitter enmity has been developed between India and Pakistan and three wars have taken place between them over Kashmir. The growing dispute over Kashmir and the consistent failure of democracy also led to the rise of Kashmir nationalism and militancy in the state.

In 1986, the Anantnag riots broke out after the CM Gul Shah ordered the construction of a mosque at the site of a Hindu Temple in Jammu and Gul Shah made an incendiary speech. Hindu-Muslim riots (a reaction to the opening of Babri Masjid to Hindu worshippers) were a national event, taking place in seven other states as well. Following the 1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election that were widely perceived to have been rigged, disgruntled Kashmiri youth such as the so-called 'HAJY group' – Abdul Hamid Shaikh, Ashfaq Majid Wani, Javed Ahmed Mir and Mohammed Yasin Malik – joined the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front(JKLF) as an alternative to the ineffective democratic setup that was prevalent in Kashmir. This led to gain in the momentum of the popular insurgency in the Kashmir Valley. The year 1989 saw the intensification of conflict in Jammu and Kashmir as Mujahadeens from Afghanistan slowly infiltrated the region following the end of the Soviet–Afghan War the same year. Pakistan provided arms and training to both indigenous and foreign militants in Kashmir, thus adding fuel to the smouldering fire of discontent in the valley.

In August 2019, the Government of India repealed the special status accorded to Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 of the Indian constitution in 2019, and the Parliament of India passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, which contained provisions to dissolve the state and reorganise it into two union territories – Jammu and Kashmir in the west and Ladakh in the east. These changes came into effect from 31 October 2019.

Historical demographics of Kashmir
In the 1901 Census of the British Indian Empire, the population of the princely state of Kashmir was 2,905,578. Of these 2,154,695 were Muslims, 689,073 Hindus, 25,828 Sikhs, and 35,047 Buddhists. The Hindus were found mainly in Jammu, where they constituted a little less than 50% of the population. In the Kashmir Valley, the Hindus represented "only 524 in every 10,000 of the population (i.e. 5.24%), and in the frontier wazarats of Ladhakh and Gilgit only 94 out of every 10,000 persons (0.94%)." In the same Census of 1901, in the Kashmir Valley, the total population was recorded to be 1,157,394, of which the Muslim population was 1,083,766, or 93.6% of the population. These percentages have remained fairly stable for the last 100 years. In the 1941 Census of British India, Muslims accounted for 93.6% of the population of the Kashmir Valley and the Hindus constituted 4%. In 2003, the percentage of Muslims in the Kashmir Valley was 95% and those of Hindus 4%; the same year, in Jammu, the percentage of Hindus was 67% and those of Muslims 27%.

Among the Muslims of the Kashmir province within the princely state, four divisions were recorded: "Shaikhs, Saiyids, Mughals, and Pathans. The Shaikhs, who are by far the most numerous, are the descendants of Hindus, but have retained none of the caste rules of their forefathers. They have clan names known as krams ..." It was recorded that these kram names included "Tantre", "Shaikh", "Bat", "Mantu", "Ganai", "Dar", "Damar", "Lon", etc. The Saiyids, it was recorded, "could be divided into those who follow the profession of religion and those who have taken to agriculture and other pursuits. Their kram name is 'Mir.' While a Saiyid retains his saintly profession Mir is a prefix; if he has taken to agriculture, Mir is an affix to his name." The Mughals who were not numerous were recorded to have kram names like "Mir" (a corruption of "Mirza"), "Beg", "Bandi", "Bach" and "Ashaye". Finally, it was recorded that the Pathans "who are more numerous than the Mughals, ... are found chiefly in the south-west of the valley, where Pathan colonies have from time to time been founded. The most interesting of these colonies is that of Kuki-Khel Afridis at Dranghaihama, who retain all the old customs and speak Pashtu." Among the main tribes of Muslims in the princely state are the Butts, Dar, Lone, Jat, Gujjar, Rajput, Sudhan and Khatri. A small number of Butts, Dar and Lone use the title Khawaja and the Khatri use the title Shaikh the Gujjar use the title of Chaudhary. All these tribes are indigenous of the princely state which converted to Islam from Hinduism during its arrival in region.

Among the Hindus of Jammu province, who numbered 626,177 (or 90.87% of the Hindu population of the princely state), the most important castes recorded in the census were "Brahmans (186,000), the Rajputs (167,000), the Khattris (48,000) and the Thakkars (93,000)."

Historiography

 * covers 1846 to 1997
 * covers 1846 to 1997
 * covers 1846 to 1997
 * covers 1846 to 1997

title: History of Kashmir


text:
Nikāya

Nikāya (निकाय) is a Pāli word meaning "volume". It is often used like the Sanskrit word āgama (आगम) to mean "collection", "assemblage", "class" or "group" in both Pāḷi and Sanskrit. It is most commonly used in reference to the Pali Buddhist texts of the Tripitaka namely those found in the Sutta Piṭaka. It is also used to refer to monastic lineages, where it is sometimes translated as a 'monastic fraternity'.

The term Nikāya Buddhism is sometimes used in contemporary scholarship to refer to the Buddhism of the early Buddhist schools.

Text collections
In the Pāli Canon, particularly, the "Discourse Basket" or Sutta Piṭaka, the meaning of nikāya is roughly equivalent to the English collection and is used to describe groupings of discourses according to theme, length, or other categories. For example, the Sutta Piṭaka is broken up into five nikāyas:
 * the Dīgha Nikāya, the collection of long (Pāḷi: dīgha) discourses
 * the Majjhima Nikāya, the collection of middle-length (majjhima) discourses
 * the Samyutta Nikāya, the collection of thematically linked (samyutta) discourses
 * the Anguttara Nikāya, the "gradual collection" (discourses grouped by content enumerations)
 * the Khuddaka Nikāya, the "minor collection"

In the other early Buddhist schools the alternate term āgama was used instead of nikāya to describe their Sutra Piṭakas. Thus the non-Mahāyāna portion of the Sanskrit-language Sutra Piṭaka is referred to as "the Āgamas" by Mahāyāna Buddhists. The Āgamas survive for the most part only in Classical Tibetan and Chinese translation. They correspond closely with the Pāḷi nikāyas.

Monastic divisions
Among the Theravāda nations of Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka, nikāya is also used as the term for a monastic division or lineage; these groupings are also sometimes called "monastic fraternities" or "frateries". Nikāyas may emerge among monastic groupings as a result of royal or government patronage (such as the Dhammayuttika Nikāya of Thailand), due to the national origin of their ordination lineage (the Siam Nikāya of Sri Lanka), because of differences in the interpretation of the monastic code, or due to other factors (such as the Amarapura Nikāya in Sri Lanka, which emerged as a reaction to caste restrictions within the Siam Nikāya). These divisions do not rise to the level of forming separate sects within the Theravāda tradition, because they do not typically follow different doctrines or monastic codes, nor do these divisions extend to the laity.

In Burma, nikaya monastic orders have emerged in response to the relative conservativeness with which the Vinayas are interpreted, and the hierarchical structure within the nikaya. Since 1980, no new nikayas have been allowed, and there are a total of nine legally recognized monastic orders in Burma today under the 1990 Law Concerning Sangha Organizations. The largest of these is the Thudhamma Nikaya, which was founded in the 1800s during the Konbaung dynasty.

title: Nikāya


text:
Benjamin Lincoln

Benjamin Lincoln (January 24, 1733 (O.S. January 13, 1733) – May 9, 1810) was an American army officer. He served as a major general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. Lincoln was involved in three major surrenders during the war: his participation in the Battles of Saratoga (sustaining a wound shortly afterward) contributed to John Burgoyne's surrender of a British army, he oversaw the largest American surrender of the war at the 1780 siege of Charleston, and, as George Washington's second in command, he formally accepted the British surrender at Yorktown.

Lincoln served from 1781 to 1783 as the first United States Secretary of War. While Secretary of War, Lincoln became an original member of The Society of the Cincinnati of the state of Massachusetts and was elected as the first president of the Massachusetts Society on June 9, 1783. After the war, Lincoln was active in politics in his native Massachusetts, running several times for lieutenant governor but only winning one term in that office. In 1787, Lincoln led a militia army (privately funded by Massachusetts merchants) in the suppression of Shays' Rebellion, and was a strong supporter of the new United States Constitution. He was for many of his later years the politically influential customs collector of the Port of Boston. He has no direct relation to Abraham Lincoln.

Early life
Benjamin Lincoln was born on January 24, 1733, in Hingham, Province of Massachusetts Bay, the sixth child and first son of Colonel Benjamin Lincoln and his second wife Elizabeth Thaxter Lincoln. Lincoln's ancestors were among those who first settled in Hingham, beginning with Thomas Lincoln 'the cooper,' who was among several Lincolns who settled in Hingham when it was part of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Lincoln's father, one of the wealthiest men in Suffolk County, served as a member of the governor's council from 1753 until 1770, and occupied many other civic posts before his death in 1771. Lincoln's maternal grandfather, Col. Samuel Thaxter, one of the most prominent and influential citizens in Hingham, became Colonel in a regiment and one of those commissioned to settle the boundary between Massachusetts and Rhode Island in 1719.

In his early life, Lincoln worked on the family farm, and attended the local school. He followed his father into government, becoming town constable at 21, and in 1755 he joined the 3rd Regiment of the Suffolk County militia (where his father was colonel) as an adjutant. In 1756, at the age of 23, Lincoln married Mary Cushing, daughter of Elijah Cushing of Pembroke, Massachusetts, whose ancestors were also among the founders of Hingham. They had eleven children, seven of whom survived to adulthood. In 1757, he was elected the town clerk of Hingham, a post he held for twenty years. He continued to be active in the militia during the French and Indian War, but saw no action, and was promoted to major by the end of the conflict in 1763.

Lincoln was elected a Hingham town selectman in 1765, a post to which he held for six years. During this tenure political opposition rose in the province to Parliamentary tax measures, polarizing the political landscape of the colony. Lincoln sided with the opposition, eventually becoming a leading force among Hingham's Patriots. In 1770, in a list of resolutions passed by the inhabitants of Hingham, Lincoln outlined the measures urged by residents towards the non-importation of British goods, and he condemned the Boston Massacre. In 1772, Lincoln was promoted to lieutenant colonel of the 3rd Regiment of the Suffolk militia. That same year he won election as a representative of the town to the provincial assembly.

American Revolution
With the arrival of General Thomas Gage as governor of the colony in 1774, the provincial assembly was dissolved, but reformed itself into the Massachusetts Provincial Congress. Lincoln continued to win election to this body, and was placed on committees overseeing militia organization and supply, a position that came to be of utmost importance when the American Revolutionary War broke out with the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775. He was then appointed to the congress' committee of safety, and also was elected to its executive council, which exercised executive authority over the province outside besieged Boston. He was deeply involved in ensuring that supplies of all sorts reached the nascent Continental Army outside Boston, procuring supplies from blankets to gunpowder.

Defense of New York
In January 1776, Lincoln was promoted to major general of the Massachusetts militia, overseeing the coastal defenses of the state. After the British evacuated Boston, he and Continental Army General Artemas Ward oversaw attempts to improve the state's coastal fortifications, and he was ordered to hold the state's militia brigades in readiness in case the British returned. In May 1776 he directed the state forces that successfully drove the last Royal Navy ships from Boston Harbor.

Despite his lack of combat experience, Lincoln began lobbying state representatives to the Continental Congress for a Continental Army officers commission, anticipating that the aging and ill General Ward might soon step down. The idea was generally well received, with one representative writing that Lincoln was "a good man for a Brigadier General" and "a man of abilities", even though he had not "had much experience". While a Continental commission was not immediately forthcoming, Lincoln was placed in command of a brigade of militia the state sent to join General George Washington at New York Town in September 1776.

When Lincoln reached southwestern Connecticut, Washington first ordered him to prepare an expedition across Long Island Sound to raid British positions on Long Island. The expedition was aborted when Washington began to retreat from New York after the Battle of Long Island (Brooklyn) in August 1776, and Lincoln was ordered to bring two regiments to join Washington's army as it later retreated northward from New York Town. Lincoln's troops secured the Continental retreat to White Plains, New York, and were in the main Continental formation during the subsequent Battle of White Plains in October 1776; this portion of the troops saw no action in the battle. The enlistment terms of his men expiring, Lincoln returned briefly to Massachusetts to take command of new recruits for the coming year's campaigns. Based on a recommendation from General Washington as "a gentleman well worthy of notice in the Military Line", Congress commissioned Lincoln a major general in the Continental Army on February 14, 1777.

Lincoln's first command was that of a forward outpost at Bound Brook, New Jersey, only 3 mi from British sentries outside New Brunswick. He established his headquarters at the nearby Van Horne House. After months of skirmishing, his post was the target of a surprise attack on April 13, 1777. In the Battle of Bound Brook he was defeated by a much larger force under the command of Lord Cornwallis, barely escaping capture.

Saratoga
In July 1777, Washington dispatched three of his best officers, Colonel Morgan, General Arnold and General Lincoln north to assist Philip Schuyler, and afterward Schuyler's replacement Horatio Gates, in the defense of upstate New York against the advance of General John Burgoyne's expedition from Quebec. Lincoln was ordered to coordinate the activities of the New England militia being recruited for the effort. General Schuyler asked Lincoln, from a base in southern Vermont, to harass the British supply line as the British moved south from Fort Ticonderoga toward Albany. Lincoln's job was complicated by New Hampshire's militia leader John Stark, who categorically refused to put his forces under Lincoln's command. Stark had previously held a Continental commission and resigned over a promotion snub, and had only agreed to serve in his native New Hampshire if he was not under Continental authority. Stark led his forces to victory in the Battle of Bennington in mid-August, which led to the capture or deaths of 1,000 Hessian soldiers from Burgoyne's army, while Lincoln's force was still growing.

By early September Lincoln had 2,000 men under his command, and launched several detachments at the British supply line. One of those detachments, led by Colonel John Brown, successfully harassed British positions outside Fort Ticonderoga, freeing American prisoners and even making an unsuccessful attempt to capture the fort in late September. By this time General Gates, who had taken command from Schuyler in August, had ordered Lincoln's force to join him near Stillwater, New York. Lincoln arrived on September 22, three days after the strategically conclusive Battle of Freeman's Farm where Colonel Morgan's sharpshooters killed most of the officers and three quarters of the artillerymen, resulting in the capture of 6 of the 10 British cannons. There Lincoln's militia were to hold the eastern shore of the Hudson River.

Lincoln's militia played no role in the American victory at the October 7 Battle of Bemis Heights, since the action took place on the western side of the river, but Lincoln was in command of the American right in the battle. These forces saw little action, which was concentrated on the American left. American forces, led by Generals Benedict Arnold and Enoch Poor, successfully breached the British defenses, undoing the small gains the British had made at Freeman's Farm and compelling Burgoyne to retreat a short distance. That evening Gates ordered Lincoln to perform reconnaissance; the British left fell back as Lincoln and his 1,500 man force probed them, and Lincoln was able to occupy the former British lines. In council that evening Lincoln recommended that the ford at Fort Edward be fortified against the possibility that Burgoyne would attempt to reach it and cross the river in an attempt to return to Ticonderoga. Gates agreed with the plan, and ordered Lincoln's militia to do so. During these movements Lincoln encountered a British company; in the ensuing skirmish Lincoln's right ankle was shattered by a musket ball, much like General Arnold was hit in the leg during his charge during the Battle of Bemis Heights, even though General Gates had already relieved Arnold of command due to insubordination in Arnold's manner of disagreement with Gates' battle plans.

Lincoln was transported to Albany, where he was treated, and where he learned of Burgoyne's October 17 surrender. His son helped him return to Hingham in February 1778, where he convalesced for several months. The injury left his right leg two inches shorter than the left, and for many years the ankle wound was prone to reopening and the danger of infection. During his recovery Lincoln learned that General Arnold's seniority had been restored, reducing Lincoln to the lowest-ranked major general. Although he considered resignation over the slight, Washington and supporters in the Continental Congress assured him of his value to the army.

Southern theater (1778–1781)

Lincoln rejoined Washington outside New York in August 1778, and was appointed commander of the Southern department in September. Washington sent Lincoln, Lafayette and Lee (Henry "Light Horse Harry") to the Southern Department to oppose the British army under Clinton and Cornwallis. Lincoln participated in the unsuccessful French-led siege of Savannah, Georgia in October 1779, after which he retreated to Charleston, South Carolina. He took command of the garrison of Charleston. In March 1780, the city was surrounded by a sizable British force dispatched from New York. After a relatively brief siege, Lincoln was forced to surrender more than 5,000 men to Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton on May 12, 1780, but did so in a way that allowed the South Carolina militia to escape as well as some Continental forces, that annoyed the British toward Lincoln.

Lincoln, desperate for more troops, had pleaded with the South Carolina legislature to arm 1,000 enslaved African Americans to ward off the approaching British. Rather than see armed slaves, the legislature began negotiations with the British commanders to allow the British forces to pass through South Carolina.

The loss of the southern army at Charleston was one of the worst Continental defeats of the war. He was denied the honors of war in surrendering, due to the British annoyance at his facilitating the escape of South Carolina militia units and some Continental forces, such as those with Lafayette and Lee, which deeply rankled Lincoln. Lincoln was paroled, and in the court of inquiry no charges were ever brought against him.

After being exchanged for the British Major General William Phillips in November 1780, Lincoln returned to Washington's main army. He led a large portion of the Army south from Head of Elk Maryland to Hampton, Virginia, to march to the west to Yorktown where the British were encamped. Lincoln played a major role in the siege of Yorktown and the surrender of Lord Cornwallis on October 19, 1781. Cornwallis plead illness, and so did not attend the surrender ceremony, choosing instead to send his second-in-command, the Irish General Charles O'Hara. General Washington refused to accept Cornwallis' sword from O'Hara, directing O'Hara to present it instead to Lincoln, Washington's own second-in-command.

Secretary at War (1781–1783)
From 1781 to late 1783, Lincoln served as the first United States Secretary at War. He was appointed by the Confederation Congress under the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, adopted 1781. He was succeeded in the post by Continental Army artillery chief, Major General Henry Knox, (who later continued in the position as the first United States Secretary of War from 1789 to 1795 under the new Federal Constitution of 1787, during George Washington's two terms as the first President of the United States). He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1781.

While Secretary at War, Lincoln was admitted as an original member of The Society of the Cincinnati in the state of Massachusetts and was elected as the first president of the Massachusetts Society on June 9, 1783, subsequently supporting the election of George Washington as the first President General of The Society of the Cincinnati on June 19.

Post-war politics
In early 1787, Lincoln helped put an end to an uprising of western Massachusetts farmers opposed to increased taxation and government coercion in their trade, known as Shays' Rebellion; Lincoln commanded 3,000 privately funded militia to disperse the opposition, and captured over one hundred. The uprising with the near-capture of a federal arsenal by rebels caused a national uproar, and it was an important part of the national crisis that justified calling the Constitutional Convention. The next year, as a Suffolk County, Hingham delegate, Lincoln voted to support the United States Constitution at the Massachusetts Federal Convention, which ratified 187 to 168 on February 6, 1788.

On February 4, 1789, Lincoln was one of only 12 men who received electoral votes during the first election for President and Vice President of the United States, receiving the vote of an unrecorded elector from the State of Georgia.

Lincoln also served as one of the first trustees of Derby Academy, founded in Hingham by Sarah Hersey Derby, widow of a wealthy Salem shipping magnate.

He stayed active in public life in various capacities, including a term as Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts and many years as the Collector of the Port of Boston. In 1806, Lincoln attempted to resign as Collector but President Thomas Jefferson requested he stay until he appointed a successor. This act led to Representative Josiah Quincy III to attempt to have Jefferson impeached in January 1809, even though Jefferson was set to leave office in March of that year. He retired from public life in 1809 and died in Hingham on May 9, 1810.

Legacy
Lincoln is buried in the Old Ship Burying Ground behind the Old Ship Church in Hingham. Among the pallbearers at Lincoln's funeral were John Adams, Cotton Tufts, Robert Treat Paine, Richard Cranch and Thomas Melvill. In Lincoln's honor, the bells at Boston and other places were tolled for an hour; the flags of vessels, and those at Fort Independence and Fort Warren, as well as those at the Charlestown Navy Yard were lowered to half-mast.

He was one of the few men to have been involved in the three major surrenders of the American Revolutionary War: twice as a victor (at Yorktown and Saratoga), and once as the defeated party (at Charleston). In spite of the major role he played during the war, he tends to be less well-remembered than many of his contemporaries in the Continental Army.

He was a founding member of The Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture (M.S.P.A.) one of the earliest agricultural societies in the United States. The Society was incorporated by an act of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts on March 7, 1792.

While there are a few exceptions, places named "Lincoln" in the American South tend to be named after Benjamin Lincoln rather than Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President. Counties and/or towns in Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Missouri, North Carolina, and Tennessee are named in his honor, as are communities in North Carolina (Lincolnton), Georgia (Lincolnton), Vermont (Lincoln), and Maine (Lincolnville). Streets in Columbia, South Carolina, and Savannah, Georgia (Lincoln Street), bear his name, as does Lincoln Hall at the United States Coast Guard Training Center in Yorktown, Virginia.

Lincoln's lifelong home still stands. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1972, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Benjamin Lincoln is believed to have married Mary Cushing.

title: Benjamin Lincoln


text:
Room 101 (British TV series)

Room 101 is a BBC comedy television series based on the radio series of the same name, in which celebrities are invited to discuss their pet hates and persuade the host to consign those hates to oblivion in Room 101, a location whose name was inspired by the torture room in George Orwell's 1949 novel Nineteen Eighty-Four which reputedly contained "the worst thing in the world". Orwell himself named it after a meeting room in Broadcasting House where he would sit through tedious meetings. It was produced independently for the BBC by Hat Trick Productions.

Nick Hancock hosted the first three series of the show from 1994 until 1997. He was succeeded by Paul Merton, who hosted the show from 1999 till the show's original run came to an end in 2007. Frank Skinner hosts the revamped incarnation that started on 20 January 2012.

The 1994–2007 incarnation of the show was that of a one-on-one interview between the host and guest. Consignment of the nominated items, persons or concepts to Room 101 (theoretically banishing them from the world forever) was the decision of the host, sometimes after soliciting the opinion of the studio audience. The 2012 revamp introduced a panel format with three guests competing to have their pet hates consigned to Room 101, a decision made by the host. Guests included Ricky Gervais, Spike Milligan, Stephen Fry, Boris Johnson, Ben Miller and Ian Hislop (the only person to appear twice on the show in its original format). Fry went as far as to put Room 101 itself into Room 101.

A Dutch version of Room 101 started on 24 February 2008, but was short-lived. An Israeli version of the show was broadcast between 2010 and 2013. An Australian version of the show hosted by Paul McDermott began in 2015.

History
The radio series was originally broadcast on BBC Radio 5 in 1992, where it was hosted by Nick Hancock. Hancock was also the first presenter when the series transferred to television two years later. The first ever guest on the TV version was comedian Bob Monkhouse who cast the French into Room 101.

In 1999, Hancock was replaced as host by Paul Merton (who was also the first ever guest on the original radio version). Merton's first guest was Nick Hancock and his last was his fellow regular team captain on Have I Got News for You, Ian Hislop. Usually, there were five nominations discussed in each show – represented by several surreal props. The last item usually goes in, sometimes for a forfeit.

Following Merton's departure in 2007, it was announced that a replacement would be sought; however, it was not until 2012 that a twelfth series, now fronted by Frank Skinner, was aired.

In July 2018, Skinner announced that, after 24 years, the show had been cancelled by the BBC.

The show returned as a radio series on BBC Radio 4 in summer 2023, in the original single-guest format and with Paul Merton returning as host.

title: Room 101 (British TV series)