text:
Aegean Macedonia

Aegean Macedonia (Егејска Македонија; Егейска Македония) is a term describing the region of Macedonia in Northern Greece. It is currently mainly used in the Republic of North Macedonia, including in the irredentist context of a United Macedonia. The term is also used in Bulgaria as the more common synonym for Greek Macedonia, without the connotations it has in the Republic of North Macedonia. The term has no circulation in Greece, since Aegean usually refers to the Greek islands or to strictly Greek coastal areas with direct access to the Aegean Sea. Although Greek Macedonia does have its coastline along the northern Aegean, the province is more than anything else dominated by its high mountain ranges and broad, grassy plains, rather than by its coastline (with the exception of the Chalkidiki peninsula, which is a popular holiday destination in the southernmost part of central Macedonia and noted for its beaches).

Origins of the term
The origins of the term seem to be rooted in the 1910s; most of its early appearances were in the writings of Bulgarian authors. Since the mid-1940s the term has appeared on maps circulated first in Yugoslavia and especially after 1991 in the independent Republic of North Macedonia which envisioned Greek Macedonia (referred to as "Aegean Macedonia") as part of a "Greater Macedonia", and is regarded as a non-recognition of current European borders, including the legitimacy of Greek sovereignty over the area.

During the Greek Civil War, the Greek government referred to the usage as a "new term" only recently introduced by Josip Broz Tito in Yugoslavia, implying that it considered it part of the Yugoslav campaign of laying claim to Greek Macedonia.

Tito's war-time representative to Yugoslav Macedonia, Svetozar Vukmanović-Tempo, is credited with promoting the usage of the regional names of the Macedonian region for irredentist purposes. On August 26, 1946, the Belgrade newspaper Borba published an article under the title "Aegean Macedonia", it was also published in Skopje's Nova Makedonija with a map of Yugoslav territorial claims against Greece. A month later, on September 22, the premier of the People's Republic of Macedonia, Dimitar Vlahov (speech in Nova Makedonija, on September 26, 1946), announced, "We openly declare that Greece has no rights whatsoever over Aegean Macedonia...". Vlahov then went on to publish, "The Problems of Aegean Macedonia", Belgrade, June 1947.

Post-WWII
By 1950, the term 'Aegean Macedonians' had been officially adopted by the Macedonian refugees in Skopje who began publishing the newspaper The Voice of the Aegeans; it is later found amongst diaspora communities.

In Greece, the Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia, were acknowledged as Slavomacedonians. A native of the region, former exile communist, teacher of Greek in Tashkent and local historian, Pavlos Koufis, says in Laografika Florinas kai Kastorias (Folklore of Florina and Kastoria), that, “[During its Panhellenic Meeting in September 1942, the KKE mentioned that it recognises the equality of the ethnic minorities in Greece] the KKE (Communist Party of Greece) recognised that the Slavophone population was ethnic minority of Slavomacedonians]. This was a term, which the inhabitants of the region accepted with relief. [Because] Slavomacedonians = Slavs+Macedoninas. The first section of the term determined their origin and classified them in the great family of the Slavic peoples.”

The name "Aegean Macedonia" contains on the one hand a reference to a geographical area which, since Homeric times, is historically associated with the Greeks (the Aegean), but, as expressed above, there is also the experience that it is used by irredentist organizations in the Republic of North Macedonia and beyond who support a United Macedonia, contrary to the desires of the people living in the area. Writing in 1953, Lazar Mojsov seems surprised that the Greeks find the term "Aegean Macedonia" insulting, and uses it frequently, noting that "...Politis (former Greek minister of external affairs) didn't miss the opportunity to attack even the very term "Aegean Macedonia", stating that it was "coined by the communist propagandists".

The term is currently used by some scholars, mostly contextualised, along with the sister terms Vardar Macedonia (describing the part of Macedonia region in which the Republic of North Macedonia inhabits) and Pirin Macedonia (describing the part of Macedonia region in which the Blagoevgrad Province of Bulgaria inhabits). The area of the Macedonian region that is part of Albania and Kosovo is often excluded. The term is used more frequently by ethnic Macedonians and has irredentist connotations.

title: Aegean Macedonia


text:
Talk:Aegean Macedonia

Oida oti ouk oida?
I've "fact"-tagged the statement that "the origins of the term are unknown". We shouldn't confuse our state of knowledge as Wikipedia editors with the state of knowledge of scholarship. That sentence, as it stands, implies that scholars have looked into the matter by browsing through the historical archives and come up empty-handed. If that's the case, fine, and it should be referenced. If, however, the sentence only means to say that a few Wikipedia editors have looked into the matter by surfing the web for an hour and have come up empty-handed, it is seriously misleading. Fut.Perf. ☼ 20:36, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Feel free to rewrite it :) - FrancisTyers · 20:53, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

With all due respect and in all humility, the top comment can (i.e. possibly under certain conditions) be seen as totally superfluous in terms of Wikipedia editing because the duration of net surfing has little to do with it. An editor may be an expert in this field with a long standing and professional experience; but his/her conclusions and assesment will be considered POV by wiki standards if the statement cannot be (reasonably?) sourced. That seems like a sound wiki choice and I agree with it. Of course, ill disposed editors can 'suffocate' an article with an overkill of 'sources required'. However, again, no problem, that is the nature of wikipedia and that is why it is not such a reliable tool. It is what it is. Politis 13:03, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Excellent additions and great research! Thanks :) - FrancisTyers · 13:04, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I've converted to references, I hope you don't mind, but I have a request, could you provide translations for the Greek titles and - FrancisTyers · 13:11, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

Term Aegean Macedonia
The term Aegean Macedonia is not a nationalist Macedonian Slav term. It is the name for that area of Macedonia. It is the name of the area in Macedonian. It has been used by western sources to describe the area as well here is an example where Canadian Macedonian Steve Stavro is said to have been born in Aegean Macedonia.

As you can see this term is not a nationalist term. It is used by western sources. Alexander the great1 19:53, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

That is an article by a sports writer, he writes the information he is given. But please send all other the examples you have since I am compiling a catalogue of 'irredentist' language and tracking down the origin of such comments. Thank you very much. Anyway, with that logic, the term 'Western Bulgaria' or 'Whole Bulgaria' to refer to FY/RoM is also not a nationalist term. Politis 15:05, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

San Stephano, I think not
Please provide evidence regarding the presumed appelation 'Aegean Macedonia' since the Treaty of Stephano, up to 1944 or 1945. No Bulgarian, Greek, Engish or French source texts I have seen use that expression. If no evidence is provided, then we must remove that reference until such evidence is provided. Regarding the Bulgarian reference, please can you translate it.

San Stephano Treaty does not even include the terms 'Aegean' or 'Macedonia' Politis 16:16, 1 August 2007 (UTC)

Trend
I think there is an overkill with the whole irrednetism claim about Macedonians. While certainly worth mentioning from a historical perspective, this article in particlular is filled with these claims.

This is just an outdated hangover from 1950s communist era, held onto by some because they lack any real arguements Hxseek 03:30, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

Term
You have a good point; the problem is that if it is just about the 'term', then the article can be just one paragraph. In fact, it was originally created as a form of disambiguation with most of the material provided by Politis (yours truly) and accepted by the then editors. Of course things move on. Politis 12:25, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

 * The article is about the term though. Does the note at the top of the page not say "This article is about the term "Aegean Macedonia" in northern Greece, for a full description of the Macedonian region in Greece, see Macedonia (Greece)"? All I'm questioning is the relevance of the profile of Macedonia (Greece) in this article when it is linked to at the very top of the page. Also, are there any sources about how in Greek "the inclusion of 'Aegean' refers to 'coastal' regions with immediate access to the sea, as opposed to 'in land'"?--NetProfit 12:40, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

I agree that some editing may be required. Even though 'Aegean Macedonia' is a neologism, it strictly refers to the Greek province of Macedonia - hence the explanatory box in the main article. Regarding 'coastal', Plato used the metaphor, "Like frogs around a pond, we [the Greeks] have settled down upon the shores of the Aegean". Politis 13:06, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I disagree. Albion and Blighty refer to the UK, but the profile is not reproduced, as you live in the UK, you should be familiar with those terms. Anyway, "Aegean Macedonia" sometimes includes areas of southeastern Albania ("Mala Prespa and Golo Bardo") so the extent to which it strictly refers to Greek Macedonia is debatable. Finally, even if Plato does use "Aegean" that way, it's original research to try to guess the origin of the term "Aegean Macedonia" here.--NetProfit 13:12, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

The inclusion of Mala Prespa and Golo Bardo in Aegean Macedonia must be a rare exeption. Those people in Skopje who use such territorial interpretations (it is not official policy to do so) clearly distinguish between the Macedonians in Albania, Bulgaria, Greece and former Yugoslavia. Certainly the Greeks do not include it and neither do Slav Macedonians who originate from Greek Macedonia. Even under Tito, AM = Greek province of Macedonia. Regarding Plato, I am not aware of it being original research to quote him with regard to the term Aegean and what it means to the Greeks. Albion and Blighty are historical terms to include a profile; here we are using the profile for Greek Macedonia, not of Greece. Politis 13:35, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't think it's an exception, when claiming United Macedonia, they usually just refer to Aegean, Vardar and Pirin Macedonia (the parts in Greece and Serbia are just included in the terms Aegean and Vardar Macedonia respectively). As long as this article says (in the note at the top) that it's about the term, the profile of Greek Macedonia really has no place here.--NetProfit 13:39, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

Look at the map Macedonia (region). The article and maps were agreed upon by editors from many parts of Europe and south east Europe and it featured as a Today's Article in Wikipedia; AM = Greek Macedonia. For instance, those who used the term since the 1950s and the Aegean Macedonians / Slav Macedonians who published 'Makedonska Iskra' in Australia at the time were from Greek Macedonia, not from Albania. One reason for excluding Albania by Tito was due to their common political ideology at the time. Politis 14:02, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

 * You haven't yet explained why the profile of Greek Macedonia is so absolutely essential in this article. Including it implies it is a legitimate alternative name, which we know it is not (if it was, at Macedonia (Greece), it would say Macedonia, also known as Aegean Macedonia...). Moreover, I think that duplication of information is discouraged.--NetProfit 14:06, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

As a compromise, we could simply include some of the details from the profile. Saddly, I have no idea how to create or edit such boxes. Perhaps someone can help out. Politis 14:11, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Do you think the map of Greek Macedonia will do? How about adding (or replacing it with) a map of "United Macedonia"?--NetProfit 14:20, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

I think the Greek one since this article is strictly about AM; the United Macedonia includes all the others and is a different article.Politis 14:29, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

Sourcing
The following passage from the article displays some confusion about sources:
 * Tito's war time representative to Macedonia, Svetozar Vukmanović-Tempo, is credited with promoting the usage of the new regional names of the Macedonian region for irredentist purposes. Indeed, Tsola Dragoicheva, in her Memoirs, 'Pobadata', Sofia 1979, writes that, "Under pressure from Tempo, the Macedonian HQ issued a Manifesto in October 1943, for the slogan about a 'United Macedonia', which began to crop up in CPY documents. Hitherto, the Yugolsav party leadership only had designs on Vardar Macedonia. Tempo himself wrote that, “The slogan about a united Macedonia first appeared in the Manifesto of the HQ of the Macedonian National Liberation Army, at the beginning of October 1943. There had been no mention of it earlier in any document either in Yugoslavia or in Macedonia”. Tempo also attacked the Greek Communist Party (KKE) because it, "only recognises the Macedonian people of Aegean Macedonia a right to equality in the framework of the Greek State" . The ideological context was always 'anti bourgeois-democratic parties' and in line with communist ideology.

Fut.Perf. ☼ 09:27, 7 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Questions:
 * Where in this paragraph does the passage ascribed to Tsola Dragoicheva end?
 * What's the exact bibliographic reference for "Struggle for the Balkan" (1980), is it a book by Vukmanovic-Tempo himself or a book by someone else quoting him; and if the latter, when and where did Vukmanovic-Tempo write it?
 * Same question about the 1985 book. Who is its author, what is its real title? (Obviously, "O narodnou revolucijiu u Grckoj" isn't a literal translation of "How and why the people's Liberation struggle of Greece met with defeat".)

Especially irredentist
BalkanFever, can you provide a number of sources from FY/ROM where 'Aegean Macedonia' is NOT used in an irredentist manner? Also, please provide irredentist sources. Politis (talk) 12:43, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Does Brittanica support irredentism too?

From Macedonia Region in Britannica Online

"...The ensuing treaty in 1913 assigned the southern half, or “Aegean Macedonia,” to Greece and most of the northern half (“Vardar Macedonia”) to Serbia; a much smaller portion, “Pirin Macedonia,” went to Bulgaria..." Alex Makedon (talk) 23:05, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I think you didn't understand the question - read it again: sources from FY/ROM -- L a v e o l  T 23:25, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

Delete all the antagonistic labelling of the term Aegean Macedonia as "irredentistic" and similar POV
I'd suggest to clear this article from the pollitical millitant propaganda tones and POV's like the continous "irredentistic" labels attached every time the historical term Aegean Macedonia is used. Alex Makedon (talk) 14:35, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

I suggest FYROM irredentists stop referring to the province of Macedonia as "Aegean Macedonia". Not your country or history Alex.... exactly why there is a name dispute. --Crossthets (talk) 08:36, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I suggest Greek nationalists stop referring to the country of Macedonia as "FYROM".  Balkan Fever  08:42, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Actually, the overwhelming majority of Greeks, who don't want "Macedonia" in the name of any neighbouring country, call it Skopje. As for FYROM, that is preferred by such bastions of Greek nationalism as the UN, the EU, NATO, etc. · ΚΕΚΡΩΨ · 16:34, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

tFYROM and all the negotiation process is a sign of good will and understanding Republic of Macedonia is showing by choice, otherwise wtf cares how "Greeks" feel about the name of their neighbouring country, they can feel whatever they like. Alex Makedon (talk) 00:37, 16 November 2008 (UTC)

 * In terms of "wtf" cares, it seems the UN, EU, NATO etc do. And why "Greeks" is in quotes again? I gather this has something to do with Ethiopians?--Avg (talk) 21:35, 16 November 2008 (UTC)
 * UN, EU, NATO etc respect the negotiation process, agreements and the provisional reference the Republic of Macedonia as a sign of good will towards Greece has accepted. UN, EU, NATO don't really give a damn how the "greeks" feel about some states and regions names. Alex Makedon (talk) 10:15, 17 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Will you answer please why you use Greeks in quotes?--Avg (talk) 19:50, 17 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Get over it. It's irrelevant.  Balkan Fever  01:32, 18 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Not only it's not irrelevant, your reply clearly shows where you stand.--Avg (talk) 08:25, 18 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Ooh, I'm scared.  Balkan Fever  08:34, 18 November 2008 (UTC)

Greek article
This is a Greek article of a Greek province. The first reference is to Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The subsequent ones are Republic of Macedonia. They will probably also have to be changed. Editors of all persuations have already gone over this. Politis (talk) 13:07, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

Earlier mentions
We shouldn't probably be doing this ("original research" and all that jazz), but since the article is currently claiming the term was only invented in the 1940s, I've been searching a bit... :

The following are hits on Google books showing usage of the term significantly before 1945:

 * "Bulgarian Govt, [...] denies Greek charges that it fomented disorders within Greece in order to detach Aegean Macedonia:" Source: New York Times Index (1913), p.188 (March 27, 1913)
 * "The Greeko-Serbian [sic] treaty of June 2, 1913, recognized as Bulgarian the entire Aegean Macedonia outside of Salonica." Source: George H. Blakeslee, in Journal of International Relations (1920), p.362.
 * "[...] Aegean Macedonia could only win their liberation within the framework of Yugoslavia". Source: Tribune, 1937

It is true that attestations become significantly more frequent after c.1945 in the context of the Greek Civil War, and there are also a few attestations were outside (Western) sources denounce the term as associated with Titoist territorial claims, but there are also quite numerous examples immediately after 1945 where the term is apparently used by outside western sources with no apparent political overtones whatsoever, as if already a completely established term.

Now, I'm not asking that all of this should be written into the article. What I'm asking is that we shouldn't be doing these kinds of things either way. Either a reliable source tells us when and how the term was introduced, or tells us explicitly that scholars have tried to find out and still don't know; or we have no business talking about the issue.

Fut.Perf. ☼ 19:02, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

 * This search has validity since it gives sources. I would conjecture that, based on the above evidence, we notice that the term AM was mentioned by outsiders. This does not prove (yet) that the term had any history, or any continuity to the 1940s. Perhaps our Bulgarian, Bulgarian-speaking friends have some Bulgarian sources handy? Personally speaking, all sources such as the above are gratfully received. Damn, I feel like an esoteric academic ;-) Politis (talk) 17:57, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Well this is not original research, it is bibliographical research and perfectly acceptable. It seems that the term was coined by Bulgaria during/after the Balkan wars (first mention is in 1913). Could you tell me how did you find the text you quoted for the NYT article, since I only see the result and there's no preview? .--Avg (talk) 00:41, 13 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Actually, I was wondering the same thing as Avg... Politis (talk) 17:35, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

Weasel Words = irredentist
The use of the word "irredentist" is nothing more than Greek POV pushing! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 38.112.96.194 (talk) 15:38, 5 August 2009 (UTC)

Cleanup and merge with Macedonia (Greece)
From Macedonia (Greece): "Since World War II, Greek Macedonia is sometimes called Aegean Macedonia, a term introduced by Tito in 1945 to lay claim on Greek Macedonia and in the build up to the Greek civil war."

Aegean Macedonia is a term used for irredentist purposes and has limited (if not zero) use among native english speakers.

I propose deletion of this article, cleanup of the useful parts and expand a relevant section in Macedonia (Greece). - Thomas —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.66.33.148 (talk) 00:11, 8 August 2009 (UTC)

Used by Bulgarians?
The term is apparently also used by Bulgarians, see the Bulgarian interwiki of Macedonia (Greece) that points to bg:Егейска Македония. Interesting, the Serbian interwiki also points to sr:Егејска Македонија, but not the Serbocroatian one. Andreas (T) 17:14, 20 November 2009 (UTC)
 * As far as I'm aware, Bulgarians use the term "Беломорска Тракия" or "White-sea Thrace" as well as "Западна Тракия" or "Western Thrace," I have yet to see the term you suggested anywhere else. This observation is based on the overlap of the bg article for Western Thrace and Aegean Thrace with the shared term "Belomorska Trakiya." Das  Пиg   talk  19:17, 5 January 2015 (UTC)

Total rewrite needed plus merge into a section on the article: Macedonia (region)
As expected this article was filled with strong nationalist POVs, that were either unsourced or badly sourced, original research on origins of the term based merely by using the earliest date written under Google Book results, and terribly written with terrible sourcing style and unable to verify - several sources have no page numbers at all. I cut out a lot of the POV, but this article still is terribly written and with strong POV tendencies in an accusatory manner pointing at Bulgarians and Slavic Macedonians essentially as people to be held responsible for the existence of the name "Aegean Macedonia".--R-41 (talk) 22:15, 5 February 2013 (UTC)

The material needs a total re-write by editors who do not have an axe to grind on the whole "Macedonia" name issue. I am a non-Balkan person who is interested in Balkan history, suggest that this article should be merged as a section on the Macedonia (region) article.--R-41 (talk) 22:15, 5 February 2013 (UTC)

Sock Puppet?
Well meaning question: Is User:Pozeetronic a sock puppet? He/she came out of nowhere but in full possession of how to challenge an article and did so without engaging in the discussion page. Politis (talk)

Misleading reference
I'm unclear why people keep reinserting the reference I removed to Loring Danforth's book in the first paragraph. A quick look at the book reveals that the reference has been selectively edited and the quotes are taken out of context to misrepresent the book. thanks. 73.134.243.84 (talk) 15:55, 9 April 2020 (UTC)
 * The same issue is confirmed by other references too. For example check: John S. Koliopoulos, Thanos M. Veremis, Modern Greece: A History since 1821; A New History of Modern Europe, John Wiley & Sons, 2009, ISBN 1444314831, p. 121. Thanks. Jingiby (talk) 17:56, 9 April 2020 (UTC)
 * By the way check ethnic Macedonian POV in the same book on p. 45. It confirms the same, Jingiby (talk) 18:19, 9 April 2020 (UTC)

Great updated the reference to the Koliopoulos book. problem solved. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.18.32.70 (talk) 22:02, 13 April 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Aegean Macedonia


text:
Gregorio Martínez Sierra

Gregorio Martínez Sierra (6 May 1881 – 1 October 1947) was a Spanish writer, poet, dramatist, and theatre director, a key figure in the revival of the Spanish theatrical avant-garde in the early twentieth century.

Work as a poet and playwright
Martínez Sierra's literary career began at the age of 17 with the publication of El poema del trabajo ('The Poem of Work', 1898), a volume of poetry in the modernist style. His subsequent books of poetry included Diálogos fantásticos ('Fantastic Dialogues', 1899), Flores de escarcha ('Frost Flowers', 1900) and La casa de primavera ('The House of Spring', 1907).

As a playwright, Martínez Sierra was one of the few progressive dramatists whose productions achieved any measure of commercial success at the time of their composition. His major works include La sombra del padre ('Shadow of the Father', 1909), Primavera en otoño ('Spring in Autumn', 1911), Sólo para mujeres ('For Women Only', 1913), Mamá ('Mama', 1913) and El reino de Dios ('The Kingdom of God', 1916). Canción de cuna ('Cradle Song', 1911), which has been called his "masterpiece", was popular across the Spanish-speaking world, and an English-language adaptation transferred to Broadway in 1927. Several of Martínez Sierra's plays were adapted into films, including Canción de cuna (as Cradle Song, dir. Mitchell Leisen, 1933).

The deft handling of female characters in Martínez Sierra's works has been attributed to the collaboration of his wife, the writer María Lejárraga. Since the publication of her memoir Gregorio y yo ('Gregorio and I', 1953), her authorship of many of his plays has been increasingly recognised by scholars.

Work as a publisher and director
Martínez Sierra's influence was largely as a publisher and director. Through his publishing house, Renacimiento ('Rebirth'), he translated the work of William Shakespeare, Maurice Maeterlinck and Santiago Rusiñol, and introduced the work of European playwrights including George Bernard Shaw and Luigi Pirandello to Spain. The authorship of the translations published under Gregorio's name belongs undoubtedly to his wife, María Lejárraga, who was fluent in several languages (French, English, Italian, Catalan, Portuguese) and she had published translations under her own name before, after and during her attachment to him.

In 1917 he was appointed Director of Madrid's Teatro Eslava and remained there until 1925, transforming the venue into Spain's first Art Theatre. Amongst a series of Spanish and foreign playwrights whose work he produced "in a new, forward-looking style", it was at Martínez Sierra's invitation that Federico García Lorca created and staged, at the Eslava, his first play, El maleficio de la mariposa ('The Curse of the Butterfly'), in 1920.

Filmography

 * Mamá, directed by Benito Perojo (1931, based on the play Mamá)
 * Primavera en otoño, directed by Eugene Forde (1933, based on the play Primavera en otoño)
 * Una viuda romántica, directed by Louis King (1933, based on the play Sueño de Una Noche de Agosto)
 * Cradle Song, directed by Mitchell Leisen (1933, based on the play Canción de cuna)
 * Yo, tú y ella, directed by John Reinhardt (1933, based on the play Mujer)
 * Julieta compra un hijo, directed by Louis King and Gregorio Martínez Sierra (1935, based on the play Julieta compra un hijo)
 * Susana tiene un secreto, directed by Benito Perojo (1935, based on the play Susana tiene un secreto)
 * Canción de cuna, directed by Gregorio Martínez Sierra (Argentina, 1941, based on the play Canción de cuna)
 * , directed by Gregorio Martínez Sierra (Argentina, 1942, based on the novel Tú eres la paz)
 * Los hombres las prefieren viudas, directed by Gregorio Martínez Sierra (Argentina, 1943, based on the play Los hombres las prefieren viudas)
 * El amor brujo, directed by Antonio Román (Spain, 1949, based on the ballet El amor brujo)
 * Canción de cuna, directed by Fernando de Fuentes (Mexico, 1953, based on the play Canción de cuna)
 * Honeymoon, directed by Michael Powell (UK/Spain, 1959, based on the ballet El amor brujo)
 * Canción de cuna, directed by José María Elorrieta (Spain, 1961, based on the play Canción de cuna)
 * Bewitched Love, directed by Francisco Rovira Beleta (Spain, 1967, based on the ballet El amor brujo)
 * El Amor brujo, directed by Carlos Saura (Spain, 1986, based on the ballet El amor brujo)
 * Cradle Song, directed by José Luis Garci (Spain, 1994, based on the play Canción de cuna)

Screenwriter

 * La ciudad de cartón (dir. Louis King, 1934)
 * Dama de compañía (dir. Alberto de Zavalía, 1940)
 * La novia de la Marina (dir. Benito Perojo, 1948)

Director

 * The Trial of Mary Dugan (1931, co-director: Marcel De Sano)
 * Julieta compra un hijo (1935, co-director: Louis King)
 * Canción de cuna (1941)
 *  (1942)
 * Los hombres las prefieren viudas (1943)

title: Gregorio Martínez Sierra


text:
User:Morwen/market

A list of markets

Thailand

 * Chatuchak Weekend Market

United Kingdom

 * Berwick Street Market
 * Borough Market
 * Brick Lane Market
 * Camden Market
 * Columbia Road Flower Market
 * Deptford Market
 * East Street Market
 * Leicester Market
 * New Covent Garden Market
 * Petticoat Lane Market
 * Portobello Road Market
 * Smithfield Market

title: User:Morwen/market


text:
Talk:Taipa

Taipa Fortress
Just edited quickly to fix the link to the relevant page.

氹/凼
If you can't see the first character of the placename, the Unihan for "Dàng/tam" is here: Traditional & Simplified. --Menchi 14:45, 9 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Pinyin of Taipa 氹仔
There are two pronunciation(pinyin) of the Chinese character "仔", which are zǎi and zǐ.But the pronunciation of 氹仔 should be Dànzǎi, not Dàngzǐ. I hope it will be correct soon.

On the other hand, there is only pinyin of the names of place of Macau listed in Wikipedia. I hope Wikipedia add the Jyutping of all the names of place of Macau because Cantonese is the official language in Macau. --HeiChon~XiJun 13:55:06, 2005-07-26 (UTC)
 * That's what I am working on.. adding IPA and Jyutping to some Hong Kong- and Macao-related topics. :-) Let's work on it together. — Instantnood 08:11, July 27, 2005 (UTC)

Taipa as a name
Taipa is also an american native name (Miwok) with meaning "spread wings". You can find it on many different websites for babynames. ---(User of german wikipedia : [| Merlus] ) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.73.138.250 (talk) 19:56, 16 November 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Taipa


text:
Talk:Wired (magazine)

Ian Charles Stewart
An IP added him as a cofounder, but I can't find any evidence of this that didn't come from Stewart himself. Is this actually true? Did he make contributions that rise to the level of cofounding? - Richfife (talk) 22:51, 1 August 2013 (UTC)

The citations supplied to support the statement that Ian Charles Stewart was a co-founder do not verify that he is a co-founder. His name does not appear on the masthead of Wired 1.1, the first issue of the magazine. Nor does it appear in either of these recountings of the making of the first issue: http://www.fimoculous.com/archive/post-3813.cfm and https://www.wired.com/2013/04/wired0101/. (I wrote the latter based on interviews with every living person listed in the masthead of the first issue.) He is not mentioned in Gary Wolf's history of the magazine, "Wired: A Romance" https://www.amazon.com/Wired-Romance-Gary-Wolf-ebook/dp/B000QCS8XS/ref=sr_1_2?crid=3F0DTJSUCFU58&keywords=wired+a+romance&qid=1644687096&s=books&sprefix=wired+a+romance%2Cstripbooks%2C144&sr=1-2 Tdgrnwld (talk) 17:10, 12 February 2022 (UTC)

Similarly, there is no evidence that "the strongest influence on the magazine's editorial outlook came from techno-utopian cofounder Ian Charles Stewart and his associate Kevin Kelly.[3]". The cited article is about the origin of Wired's editorial philosophy. It is factually incorrect (attributing the motivation to start Wired to Nicholas Negroponte, who described his role here https://www.wired.com/2013/04/wired0101/). It does not mention Ian Charles Stewart whose name, as noted above, appears nowhere on the masthead of Wired 1.1, the first issue of the magazine. Tdgrnwld (talk) 18:08, 12 February 2022 (UTC)

Ideology
This article needs to better articulate Wired's ideology, especially in its earlier years (the 90s), which is important for understanding its place and influence. Some resources to start that:

 * By David Karpf, Associate Professor of Media and Public Affairs at George Washington University . Apparently had read all print issues cover-to-cover.
 * 25 Years of WIRED Predictions: Why the Future Never Arrives: https://www.wired.com/story/wired25-david-karpf-issues-tech-predictions/
 * That old WIRED ideology: https://davekarpf.substack.com/p/that-old-wired-ideology
 * On WIRED magazine's startup phase (1993-1997): https://davekarpf.substack.com/p/on-wired-magazines-startup-phase

GretLomborg (talk) 06:50, 25 December 2023 (UTC)
 * The Californian Ideology, https://www.metamute.org/editorial/articles/californian-ideology "The California Ideology is a mix of cybernetics, free market economics, and counter-culture libertarianism and is promulgated by magazines such as WIRED and MONDO 2000 and preached in the books of Stewart Brand, Kevin Kelly and others."

 * I am not sure I understand this personally, but I came here to say they should consider discussing the left wing stance of the magazine. Alexandermoir (talk) 00:24, 27 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wired (magazine)


text:
British American Tobacco

British American Tobacco p.l.c. (BAT) is a British multinational company that manufactures and sells cigarettes, tobacco and other nicotine products including electronic cigarettes. The company, established in 1902, is headquartered in London, England. As of 2021, it is the largest tobacco company in the world based on net sales and the third largest seller of vapes in the UK.

BAT has operations in around 180 countries and its cigarette brands include Dunhill, Kent, Lucky Strike, Pall Mall and Rothmans. Its brands also include Velo, Vuse and Glo.

BAT has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. It has a secondary listing on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. BAT plc ordinary shares are also listed on the New York Stock Exchange in the form of American Depositary Shares.

1902 to 2000
The company was formed in 1902, when the United Kingdom's Imperial Tobacco Company and the United States' American Tobacco Company agreed to form a joint venture, the "British-American Tobacco Company Ltd." The parent companies agreed not to trade in each other's domestic territory and to assign trademarks, export businesses and overseas subsidiaries to the joint venture. James Buchanan Duke became company chairman supported by Hugo Cunliffe-Owen (later Chairman) and Albert Jeffress (later Deputy Chairman); then business was begun in countries as diverse as Canada, China, Germany, South Africa, New Zealand and Australia, but not in the United Kingdom or in the United States.

In China, BAT inherited a factory in the Pudong district of Shanghai from W.D. & H.O. Wills, one of the precursor companies of Imperial Tobacco. Under the management of James Augustus Thomas from Lawsonville, in North Carolina's Rockingham County, by 1919 the Shanghai factory was producing more than 243 million cigarettes per week. Thomas worked closely with the local Wing Tai Vo Tobacco Company, which developed into BAT's principal Chinese partner after its success with the "Ruby Queen" cigarette brand.

In 1911, the American Tobacco Company sold its share of the company. Imperial Tobacco gradually reduced its shareholding, but it was not until 1980 that it divested its remaining interests in the company.

At its peak in 1937, BAT manufactured and distributed 55 billion cigarettes in China. The company's assets were seized by the Japanese in 1941 following their 1937 invasion. In 1949 the company was ejected from China following the foundation of the People's Republic.

In 1976 the Group companies were reorganised under a new holding company, "B.A.T. Industries". In 1994 BAT acquired its former parent, American Tobacco Company (though reorganised after anti-trust proceedings). This brought the Lucky Strike and Pall Mall brands into BAT's portfolio.

In 1999 it merged with Rothmans International, which included a share in a factory in Burma. This made it the target of criticism from human rights groups. It sold its share of the factory in 2003 after an "exceptional request" from the British government.

2000 to present
In 2002, BAT lost a lawsuit about the right to sell cigarettes under the Marlboro brand name in the UK. It had acquired Rothmans, which had previously bought a licence to use the name from Philip Morris. Philip Morris' attorneys invoked a get-out clause for the case of a major change of ownership.

In 2003, BAT acquired Ente Tabacchi Italiani (ETI) S.p.A., Italy's state tobacco company. The important acquisition would elevate BAT to the number two position in Italy, the second largest tobacco market in the European Union. The scale of the enlarged operations would bring significant opportunities to compete and grow ETI's local brands and BAT's international brands.

In August 2003, BAT acquired a 67.8% holding in the Serbian tobacco company Duvanska Industrija Vranje (DIV), allowing local manufacture of its brands, freeing them from import duties. In the longer term, export opportunities are planned as neighbouring countries in south east Europe developed free trade agreements.

In July 2004, the U.S. business of British American Tobacco (Brown & Williamson) was combined with that of R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (R. J. Reynolds), under the R. J. Reynolds name. R. J. Reynolds and Brown & Williamson were the second and third-ranking U.S. tobacco companies prior to the combination. When they combined, R. J. Reynolds became a subsidiary of Reynolds American, with BAT holding a 42% share. In January 2007, BAT closed its remaining UK production plant in Southampton with the loss of over 600 jobs. However, the global research and development operation, and some financial functions, continue on the site.

Then in 2008, BAT acquired Turkey's state-owned cigarette maker Tekel.

In July 2008, BAT acquired the cigarette and snus operations of the Scandinavian Tobacco Group.

BAT acquired 60% of Indonesia's Bentoel Group in 2009 before increasing its stake to 100% the following year.

In May 2011, BAT acquired the Colombian company Productora Tabacalera de Colombia S.A.S. (Protabaco).

In October 2015, BAT acquired the Croatian tobacco company TDR d.o.o. Brands and Factory in Kanfanar.

In October 2016, BAT offered to buy the remaining 57.8 per cent of U.S. cigarette maker Reynolds American in a $47 billion takeover that would create the world's biggest listed tobacco company with brands including Newport, Lucky Strike and Pall Mall. In January 2017, Reynolds agreed to an increased $49.4 billion deal. The deal was completed in July 2017.

In April 2017, the company announced the acquisition of a number of Bulgarian cigarette brands from Bulgartabac for more than €100 million.

In March 2021, the company bought a stake of close to 20% in the Canada-based cannabis producer OrganiGram for about £126 million as part of a diversification strategy.

In May 2023, the company's chief executive, Jack Bowles, resigned with immediate effect. He was replaced by Tadeu Marroco, who had served as finance director for four years.

On 14 September 2023, the company announced the sale of BAT Russia to a consortium led by local management. BAT Russia changed its name to the International Tobacco Marketing Services Group.

Operations
The company offers an extensive range of brands:

Current

Global brands include Dunhill, Kent, North State, Lucky Strike, Pall Mall, Vogue, Rothmans International, Winfield, State Express 555, KOOL, and Viceroy. BAT does not necessarily own the rights to all of these brands in every nation they are marketed.

Local brands owned by British American Tobacco include: Benson & Hedges, John Players Gold Leaf, Dunhill, Lucky Strike, Hollywood, Derby (Bangladesh), State Express 555 (Vietnam), Belmont (Colombia, Chile, Nicaragua and Venezuela), Jockey Club (Argentina), Stradbroke (Australia), Hollywood, Derby, Free, Minister and Plaza (Brazil), du Maurier (Canada), Prince (Denmark), North State (Finland), HB (Germany), Sopianae (Hungary), Wills (India), Ardath, Bentoel, and Tali Jagat (Indonesia), Carrolls, Carrolls Kings, Grand Parade, Black Allen (Germany), Sweet Afton, Major (Ireland), Boots, Alas (Mexico), Gold Leaf (Bangladesh, Pakistan), Jan III Sobieski (Poland), Yava Gold (Russia), Courtleigh, Peter Styvesant (South Africa), Benson & Hedges, Dunhill, Kent, Pall Mall, Perilly's, Peter Stuyvesant, and Rothmans (Malaysia), Parisienne (Switzerland), Kent and Maltepe (Turkey), Xon, Astra and Karvon (Uzbekistan), Craven A (Vietnam and Jamaica) as well as BAT snus, Holiday, Freedom and Park Drive (New Zealand), Royals (UK and Malta), Embassy (Kenya), Viceroy, Newport, Lucky Strike in Dominican Republic and Delta in El Salvador.

On 11 June 2006, R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company announced that it would manufacture Camel brand snus in Sweden in partnership with British American Tobacco; the product would be test-marketed in Portland, Oregon and Austin, Texas by the end of the month.

Former
BAT has diversified into various fields at different times in its history. Its U.S. retail division, BATUS Retail Group, acquired Gimbels, Kohl's, and Saks Fifth Avenue in the 1970s and Marshall Field's and its divisions in 1982. It purchased the United Kingdom retail chain Argos in 1979. The company sold Kohl's grocery stores to A&P in 1983. In 1986, BATUS sold the Kohl's department stores and two Marshall Field's divisions, The Crescent and Frederick & Nelson; BATUS closed Gimbels the same year, with many locations being absorbed by sister division Marshall Field's, as well as Allied Stores' Stern's and Pomeroy's divisions. In 1990, Dayton Hudson Corporation (now Target Corporation) purchased Marshall Field's, Dillard's purchased Ivey's (another Marshall Field's division), Investcorp S.A. purchased Saks Fifth Avenue, and Argos was demerged (Argos was acquired by previous parent company GUS plc in 1998).

The Group was a major financial services company with the acquisitions of Eagle Star (1984), Allied Dunbar (1985) and the Farmers Group, Inc. (1988). Around 1996 British American Tobacco merged its financial operations into a single operating unit, British American Financial Services (BAFS). This division merged with Zurich Insurance Company in 1998 to form the Zurich Financial Services Group.

Corporate affairs
The company's board is chaired by Luc Jobin, appointed in 2021. It's non-executive board members are Holly Keller Koeppel, Kandy Anand, Karen Guerra, Murray Kessler, Véronique Laury, Darrell Thomas and Serpil Timuray.

Other affiliates
British American Tobacco Ghana Limited is a public limited company operated by British American in Ghana. The company is listed (gse: BAT) on the stock index of the Ghana Stock Exchange, the GSE All-Share Index. It was formed in 1999 out of a merger between the Pioneer Tobacco Company and Meridian Tobacco.

Sponsorships
BAT have found many imaginative ways over the years to keep its brands in the public eye. ITC Limited, in which BAT holds a minority share, as recently as 1996 secured an arrangement to sponsor the Cricket World Cup which was branded the "Wills World Cup" and thereby achieved a high level of brand recognition for the Wills cigarette brand in India where young cricket fans were a key target market.

BAT previously sponsored the London Symphony Orchestra.

Furthermore, BAT established The British American Tobacco Internship programme which is designed to help new graduates gain experience in their chosen field of study in a dynamic global organization.

Formula One
In 1997 BAT brought its participation in the sport to new levels with the purchase of the Tyrrell team for approximately £30 million. The team raced as Tyrrell for the 1998 season before being renamed as British American Racing (BAR).

In 2005, a European Union (EU) directive was brought into force which required national governments to legislate to prevent tobacco sponsorship.

In 2004, BAR announced that technology partner Honda had purchased a 45% stake and in September 2005 it announced that Honda would be buying the remaining 55% stake. The team raced as Honda Racing F1 Team in 2006, the last year of the Lucky Strike sponsorship before leaving the sport. For the 2006 season, the team was renamed as Honda F1 Racing Team, with BAT only advertised at a couple of races. All links between the two companies were severed for 2007.

In 2019, McLaren signed a multi-year partnership deal with BAT through its transformation agenda "A Better Tomorrow", bringing the company back into Formula 1 for the first time since Honda succeeded BAR. This was also the second tobacco related deal signed since Formula 1 banned tobacco advertising in 2006. In late 2019, BAT and McLaren announced the signing of an enhanced partnership deal that saw BAT become a principal partner of McLaren with increased branding position. McLaren advertises BAT's New Category product brands Vuse (previously Vype) & Velo (previously Lyft) on their F1 and IndyCar cars. Vuse also partnered with the McLaren F1 Team to race bespoke liveries designed by emerging artists for the 2021 to 2023 Abu Dhabi Grands Prix. In April 2024, McLaren announced a partnership extension with BAT, which includes the partnership being extended to the McLaren Formula E Team.

Ignoring the cancer risks of cigarettes
As far back as 1958, BAT had information that cigarettes cause cancer. Three senior BAT scientists – H.R. Bentley, D.G.I. Felton, and W.W. Reid – travelled to the United States that year and talked to dozens of experts inside and outside of the tobacco industry. According to industry documents, all but one of those consulted believed a connection between cigarettes and cancer had been proved.

Smoking bans
Industry documents from the 1970s to the late 1990s shows that tobacco companies were seriously concerned about fatwas against smoking by Muslim jurists in Muslim majority countries. In 1996, an internal document from British American Tobacco warned that, because of the spread of "extremist views" from fundamentalists in countries such as Afghanistan, the industry would have to "prepare to fight a hurricane".

Nigerian lawsuit
The Nigerian federal government filed a lawsuit against BAT and two other tobacco companies in 2007. Nigeria sought $42.4 billion, $34.4 billion of which the government seeks in anticipation of the future cost of treating Nigerians for tobacco-related illnesses. It also sought $1.04 billion as a fine for the companies' advertising and marketing campaign allegedly targeting Nigerian youth, and has asked the companies to fund an awareness campaign to educate young people about the dangers of their product. Several Nigerian state governments filed similar petitions. The government withdrew its lawsuit in February 2008.

Marketing practices
In 2008, the company was the subject of a BBC Two documentary, in which Duncan Bannatyne investigated the marketing practices of the company in Africa and specifically the way the company targets younger Africans with branded music events, competitions and the sale of single cigarette sticks. Many of the practices uncovered by Bannatyne appeared to break BAT's own code of conduct and company standards. Towards the end of the programme, Bannatyne interviewed Chris Proctor, Head of Science and Regulation, in which Proctor admitted that advertisements targeting children from three African countries were 'disappointing'. In many of these undeveloped countries, the awareness of health risks from smoking is very low or nonexistent.

In September 2001, BAT invested US$7.1 million in North Korean state-owned enterprise called the Korea Sogyong Trading Corporation, which employs 200 people in Pyongyang to produce up to two billion cigarettes a year. The operation is run by BAT's Singapore Division. Brands of cigarettes produced are Kumgansan, Craven A and Viceroy. BAT claims that the cigarettes are produced only for consumption in North Korea, although there are allegations that the cigarettes are smuggled for sale overseas.

British American Tobacco was declared the winner of the 2008 Roger Award, the award for the worst transnational corporation operating in New Zealand.

British American Tobacco spent more than €700,000 lobbying the EU in 2008, up to four times as much as the company declared on the EU's register of interest representatives, according to a report by Corporate Europe Observatory. The report argues that BAT's hidden lobbying activities, which are clearly not in the public interest, should be exposed to public scrutiny.

Canadian class action lawsuit
The three largest Canadian tobacco companies, Imperial Tobacco Canada (a division of British American Tobacco), JTI-Macdonald Corp and Rothmans Benson & Hedges, were the subject of the largest class action lawsuit in Canadian history. The case started on 12 March 2012 in Quebec Superior Court, and the companies face a potential payout of C$27 billion (US$21.6 billion) in damages and penalties. In addition, a number of Canadian provinces are teaming to sue tobacco companies to recover healthcare costs caused by smoking.

On 1 June 2015, Quebec Superior Court Justice Brian Riordan has awarded more than $15 billion to Quebec smokers in a landmark case that pitted them against three Canadian cigarette giants, including JTI-Macdonald Corp.

Australian lawsuit
In 2012, British American Tobacco, along with Philip Morris International and Imperial Tobacco, sued the Australian Commonwealth government. At the High Court of Australia, they argued that the Commonwealth's plain packaging legislation was unconstitutional because it usurped the companies' intellectual property rights and good will on other than just terms. However, the challenge was unsuccessful.

HMRC fine for oversupply
In November 2014, Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs (HMRC) fined BAT £650,000 after it determined that the company glutted the Belgian market with tobacco products with the likelihood these products would illegally find themselves back into the UK, with UK excise taxes not paid. The event highlighted a tobacco-smuggling issue that many anti-tobacco activists have been attempting to bring to light for years. Following several investigations, HMRC reportedly seized more than 1.4 billion cigarettes and 330 tons of hand rolling tobacco in 2013–2014. BAT denied all claims and described the allegation and fine as "unjustified".

Bribery and threats in Africa
In late November 2015, an episode of BBC's Panorama program alleged that BAT was bribing officials in Rwanda, Burundi and Kenya in exchange for their limiting the implementation of the WHO's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in their respective countries. The episode showed documents provided by whistleblower Paul Hopkins, who worked for BAT in Kenya for 13 years. BAT denied the claims.

In 2017, it was reported that BAT and other tobacco companies used a mixture of threats and bullying behaviour to stop or lessen the implementation of anti-smoking legislation in at least eight African countries. One document showed that in Uganda BAT stated that the Tobacco Control Act flew in the face of the country's constitution. Another document showed that lawyers acting on behalf of BAT requested that the high court in Kenya "quash in its entirety" anti-smoking legislation.

The Serious Fraud Office opened a 'formal investigation' in August 2017 based on the dossier of evidence supplied by former employee and whistleblower Paul Hopkins. The formal investigation is based on claims by Hopkins that BAT had paid bribes to government officials in Kenya, Burundi, Rwanda and Comoros to undermine tobacco control regulations in the African market which is the only market showing growth. BAT responded by classifying Hopkins as "a rogue former employee". BAT Chief Executive Nico Durante said BAT operated in 200 countries and he could not give a 100% guarantee that everything was being done by the book.

In January 2021, the Serious Fraud Office closed its investigation into corruption at BAT after concluding that the evidence gathered “did not meet the evidential test for prosecution as defined in the Code for Crown Prosecutors”.

On 14 September 2021, in a report published by the NGO STOP, the NGO accused British American Tobacco of having distributed more than $600,000 in the form of cash, cars or campaign donations to dozens of politicians, legislators, civil servants, journalists and employees of competing companies between 2008 and 2013.

Pakistani lobbying efforts
In April 2015, medical experts and anti-tobacco campaigners accused Philip Barton, the British High Commissioner to Pakistan, of lobbying for BAT interests. The group released photos showing Barton attending a meeting on 13 March in Islamabad, where BAT executives attempted to convince the Pakistani Finance and Health Minister to veto plans requiring large health warnings on cigarette packets. This activity was deemed contrary to Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) policy. It followed an earlier incident when the British Ambassador to Panama was reprimanded for similar activity on BAT's behalf.

Tobacco marketing in unstable nations and conflict zones
In August 2017, former employee and whistleblower Paul Hopkins released internal documents to The Guardian, a British newspaper, claiming British American Tobacco actively made efforts to market and sell its products in unstable, deeply impoverished nations and conflict zones, including Somalia, South Sudan, Syria and Iraq. Leaked PowerPoint presentations from 2011 included details of strategies to continue selling black-market cigarettes "in black paper bags" in parts of Somalia controlled by the fundamentalist Islamic militant group Al-Shabaab, plans to develop "a consumer relevant brand portfolio" and "sustainable... volume growth" in South Sudan just two days before the nation gained independence, and the active marketing and growth of the Kent cigarette brand in Iraq and Syria, despite "volatile markets" in the middle of the Iraq War and Syrian Civil War, respectively.

In February 2021, the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Network (OCCRP) published an investigation according to which trafficking of BAT cigarettes had helped finance jihadist and separatist groups in northern Mali using, among other mechanisms, a system of oversupplying the country with tobacco. This has allowed billions of cigarettes to be smuggled out of the country.

In April 2023, a subsidiary admitted that it had sold cigarettes to North Korea. This act is a violation of the existing sanctions imposed by the US against North Korea. Based on the investigations of US authorities, the activity spanned for ten years—from 2007 to 2017. Because of this breach, BAT is obligated to pay $635m (£512m) and interests to US authorities. Attorney General Matthew Olsen¸ DOJ's assistant described the settlement fee as DOJ's first and largest single North Korean sanctions penalty.

title: British American Tobacco


text:
BAT

BAT or B.A.T. may refer to:

Computing

 * BAT keyboard, a one-handed chording keyboard
 * BAT, Block Address Translation registers in PowerPC microprocessors
 * .bat, the filename extension used in DOS and Windows batch files

Medicine

 * Blunt abdominal trauma
 * Brown adipose tissue
 * biogenic amine transporter
 * A brand name of the Botulinum antitoxin serotype A, B, C, D, E, F, G medication

Transportation

 * Alfa Romeo BAT, concept cars
 * BAT Community Connector, a bus system in Bangor, Maine, US
 * Batman railway station, Melbourne
 * Battle railway station, Kent, England (National Rail station code)
 * British Aerial Transport, a former aircraft manufacturer
 * Brockton Area Transit Authority, an agency in Massachusetts, US
 * BaT Tunnel, a cancelled project in Brisbane, Australia

Other uses

 * 120 mm BAT recoilless rifle, a British anti-tank weapon
 * Bachelor of Applied Technology, a Canadian degree
 * Baseball Assistance Team
 * Basic Attention Token, a cryptocurrency
 * B.A.T. (G.I. Joe), or Battle Android Troopers, fictional robots in the G.I. Joe universe
 * Best available technology, a pollutant regulation term
 * Big Ass Truck, a US psychedelic funk band
 * Brilliant Anti-Tank, a guided weapon employed by artillery rockets and bombs
 * British American Tobacco, London, England
 * British Antarctic Territory, claimed by the UK
 * B.A.T. (video game) or Bureau of Astral Troubleshooters, a 1990 computer game
 * Burst Alert Telescope, an X-ray telescope used on the Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission
 * Baltic languages' ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-5 codes

title: BAT


text:
Curia Hostilia

The Curia Hostilia was one of the original senate houses or "curiae" of the Roman Republic. It was believed to have begun as a temple where the warring tribes laid down their arms during the reign of Romulus (r. c. 771–717 BC). During the early monarchy, the temple was used by senators acting as a council to the king. Tullus Hostilius (r. 673–641 BC) was believed to have replaced the original structure after fire destroyed the converted temple. It may have held historic significance as the location of an Etruscan mundus and altar. The Lapis Niger, a series of large black marble slabs, was placed over the altar (known as the Volcanal) where a series of monuments was found opposite the Rostra. This curia was enlarged in 80 BC by Lucius Cornelius Sulla during his renovations of the comitium. That building burned down in 52 BC when the supporters of the murdered Publius Clodius Pulcher used it as a pyre to cremate his body.

History
There has been a meeting house for the people of Rome through most of Rome's history. This one likely began as a temple.

Architecture and layout
There may have been a small shrine to the god Vulcan from the earliest period, a stone altar with a marble stele inscribed with a dedication from a Latin king. An honorary column was also among the tightly packed items. This spot was separated from the rest of the comitium with a low rising concrete fence to keep pedestrians from walking atop it.

The Curia Hostilia architecture had changed a number of times, but maintained its original form even after a number of refurbishments. The structure was where all of Rome's early political life centered. It is said that the public was always allowed to stroll into the Curia Hostilia to listen to the senators debate.

Relatively little is known about the Curia Hostilia. One feature of the Curia that is mentioned in almost all sources is the "Tabula Valeria", a painting on the exterior of the Curia's western wall. It depicted the victory of Manius Valerius Maximus Corvinus Messalla over Hiero and the Carthaginians in 263 BC. Pliny says that the painting was the first such picture in Rome.

Another detail that most sources agree on is that the Curia Hostilia was located on the north side of the comitium. It is believed that the circular set of stairs of the Comitium, which also doubled as seating for citizens listening to speakers at the Rostra, led up to the Curia's entrance. With regard to the Curia's location, Stambaugh writes, "[T]he Curia Hostilia was built on rising ground so as to dominate the whole space of the Forum Romanum". Given its prominent place in the Forum, it seems that the Curia Hostilia was a symbol of the strength of the Roman Republic.

The original Etruscan Temple was probably used as the meeting place of the separate tribes of the seven hills. It may have had only two columns and an open portico. It is believed the temple was converted by bricking up the front portico creating an anteroom. There may have been a balcony created above this space with an opening for public viewing but little is known about how this addition may have looked like. It is believed the exterior may well have looked almost exactly the same as the Curia Julia as the classic lines of the simple structure match the lines of the Etruscan Temple.

Destruction by fire
The building was destroyed in 52 BC after the makeshift funeral fire for Publius Clodius Pulcher ignited the structure, burning it to the ground. It was replaced with the Curia Cornelia, located in almost the same space. This structure was in turn replaced by the Curia Julia started by Julius Caesar and finished by Emperor Augustus.

title: Curia Hostilia


text:
William Henry Sykes

Colonel William Henry Sykes, FRS (25 January 1790 – 16 June 1872) was an English naturalist who served with the British military in India and was specifically known for his work with the Indian Army as a politician, Indologist and ornithologist. One of the pioneers of the Victorian statistical movement, a founder of the Royal Statistical Society, he conducted surveys and examined the efficiency of army operation. Returning from service in India, he became a director of the East India Company and a member of parliament representing Aberdeen.

Life and career
Sykes was born near Bradford in Yorkshire. His father was Samuel Sykes of Friezing Hall, and they belonged to the family of Sykeses of Yorkshire. He joined military service as a cadet in 1803 and obtained a commission on 1 May 1804 with the Honourable East India Company. Joining the Bombay Army, he was to lieutenancy on 12 October 1805. He saw action at the siege of Bhurtpur under Lord Lake in 1805. He commanded a regiment at the battles of Kirkee and Poonah and was involved in the capture of hill forts. By 1810 he could speak Hindi and Marathi languages. He became a captain on 25 January 1819 and travelled for four years across Europe from 1820. He returned to India in October 1824 and was appointed by Mountstuart Elphinstone as a statistical reporter to the Bombay government. He then collected statistical and natural history researches, and completed a census of the population of the Deccan, producing two voluminous statistical reports, and a complete natural history report illustrated with drawings. He married Elizabeth, daughter of William Hay of Renistoun, in 1824. He was promoted to the rank of major on 8 September 1826 and to lieutenant-colonel on 9 April 1831. In December 1829 the post of statistical reporter was abolished, but he took leave from military duty and continued to work on his statistical surveys. He completed this in January 1831 and left for Europe on furlough. He retired from active service with the rank of colonel on 18 June 1833, and in September 1835 he became a Royal Commissioner in Lunacy, a post he held till 1845. On account of his knowledge of Indian matters, he was made a director of the East India Company in 1840. In 1867 he was elected chairman of the court of directors of the East India Company.

In 1847 he tried to contest for the Member of Parliament seat for Aberdeen but failed. In 1857 he contested again, representing the liberal interest against John Farley Leith, and was elected. He continued to hold the seat for several terms. He was elected president of the Royal Asiatic Society in 1858. He was also a member of the Society of Arts and the Royal British Association.

Sykes was elected Lord Rector of Marischal College, Aberdeen (whose founder, George Keith, 5th Earl Marischal, was an ancestor of his wife) in 1854. He took a special interest in libraries and information accessibility, seeking university libraries to remain open for longer and supporting the role of public libraries. He noted that England was lagging behind Europe in the size of public libraries noting that the per-capita availability of books in London was 22 books for 100 persons while Paris had 160 for 100, Florence 317 per 100; Dresden 490 per 100; Munich 780; and Copenhagen 467 per 100. He also noted that Munich had 17 public libraries. In his installation talk as Lord Rector, he also claimed that he could help establish a commission in the Indian Army for the best students of mathematics, natural philosophy, natural history, Biblical criticism and classics if they had expertise in military drawing, and geology apart from good conduct. He was a founder member, in 1835, and president of the Royal Statistical Society, 1863–1965; he was the eleventh holder of that post but the first not to be a peer or baronet. He also became an Honorary Metropolitan Commissioner in September 1835. Despite suffering from bronchitis he attended all parliament sessions and died in Kensington, London, aged 82.

Contributions
As a "Statistical Reporter" he travelled across the Deccan region, collecting data on populations apart from collecting natural history specimens. Some of statistical research contributions included the computations of the cost of maintenance per soldier. He calculated for instance that the French army had a much lower cost than that of the British army, which according to him allowed the French to maintain two soldiers for the cost of one "English" soldier. He also worked out that native Indian soldiers were healthier than their European counterparts and that it was possible to provide pension and insurance to Indian soldiers with a very low premium although this was never implemented.

Sykes was a pioneer meteorologist in India, taking regular temperature and atmospheric pressure readings; he noticed regular patterns in diurnal pressure variations and noted that the range was greatest in winter, while the least difference occurred during the monsoons.

Sykes' collections of animals resulted in the publications of catalogues of birds and mammals from the Deccan region, many of which were published in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society. His discoveries included fifty-six birds new to science, including the Indian pond heron. Sykes also studied the fish of the area, and wrote papers on the quails and hemipodes of India. His list of birds of the Deccan contained almost 236 species. He was an authority on the natural history of the Deccan region and he corresponded with many other naturalists. He used his influence during his position at the East India Company and Charles Darwin wrote to him to influence decisions in favour of including Edward Blyth on an expedition to China. Sykes's lark (Galerida deva) of peninsular India is named after him. In addition, a race of blue-headed wagtail (Motacilla flava beema) was given the common name Sykes's wagtail in British Birds (1907).

Sykes wrote extensively on Buddhism and its antiquity. In an 1842 paper published in the Journal of the Asiatic Society, he contended that the Brahmins were likely not native to India and that Pali was older than Sanskrit. He believed that, rather than Brahmanism, it was Buddhism that had reigned supreme in India's ancient past. Referring to the recently translated travelogue of Faxian, Sykes paid tribute to "the literature of that remarkable people—the Chinese" that thankfully existed to illuminate India's past. He hoped that, "by proper means, applied in a cautious, kindly and forbearing spirit, such farther changes may be effected as will raise the intellectual standard of the Hindus, improve their moral and social condition, and assist to promote their eternal welfare." In 1856, the citizens of Bombay presented Sykes with a medal for his advocacy in favour of a native system of education.

Sykes also wrote on the Taiping Rebellion holding the British Government guilty of unjustifiable aggression towards China. He also held the British responsible for precipitating the 1857 rebellion by being insensitive to local customs, citing the earlier case of the Vellore mutiny. In a commentary to the British media which had suggested that the mutineers were using greased cartridges, one of the immediate causes of the uprising, against the British he pointed out that they were all using 'Brown Bess' and conventional musket ammunition. He was one of the founding members of the Asiatic Society of Bombay.

Legacy

 * The Sykes' monkey Cercopithecus albogularis was named after him.
 * The bird Sykes's nightjar or the Sindh nightjar Caprimulgus mahrattensis was named after him.
 * The bird Sykes's warbler Iduna rama was named after him.

Publications

 * Sykes, WH 1834–8. On the Fishes of the Dukhun, and on the Fossils collected at Cutch.
 * Sykes, WH 1837. On the Increase of Wealth and Expenditure in the various classes of Society in the United Kingdom.
 * Sykes, WH 1838. Special Reports on the Statistics of the Four Collectorates of Dukhun.
 * Sykes, WH 1841. Notes on the Religious, Moral and Political State of Ancient India.
 * Sykes, WH 1847. Prices of the Cerelia and other Edibles in India and England compared. Quarterly Journal of the Statistical Society of London 10(4):289-315.
 * Notes in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
 * Sykes, WH 1833. Ornaments on figures in cave temples at Karli. 451.
 * Sykes, WH 1837. The Upas or Poison-tree of Java. 194.
 * Sykes, WH 1837. Inscriptions from the Budh caves near Junar. 287.
 * Sykes, WH 1837. Oil and cordage plants of the Dekhan, Addenda 22.
 * Sykes, WH 1839. Siva in the cave temples at Elephanta and Ellora. 81.
 * Sykes, WH 1839. Inscription at Sanchi re proprietary right in the soil. 246
 * Sykes, WH 1839. India before the Mohameddan invasion. 248.
 * Sykes, WH 1848. Catalogue of Chinese Buddhistical works. 199
 * Sykes, WH 1856. Miniature chaityas and Buddhist inscriptions in Sarnath. 37.
 * Sykes, WH 1858. Traits of Indian character. 223.
 * Sykes, WH 1858. Golden relics discovered in Rangoon. 298
 * Sykes, WH 1837. The Upas or Poison-tree of Java. 194.
 * Sykes, WH 1837. Inscriptions from the Budh caves near Junar. 287.
 * Sykes, WH 1837. Oil and cordage plants of the Dekhan, Addenda 22.
 * Sykes, WH 1839. Siva in the cave temples at Elephanta and Ellora. 81.
 * Sykes, WH 1839. Inscription at Sanchi re proprietary right in the soil. 246
 * Sykes, WH 1839. India before the Mohameddan invasion. 248.
 * Sykes, WH 1848. Catalogue of Chinese Buddhistical works. 199
 * Sykes, WH 1856. Miniature chaityas and Buddhist inscriptions in Sarnath. 37.
 * Sykes, WH 1858. Traits of Indian character. 223.
 * Sykes, WH 1858. Golden relics discovered in Rangoon. 298
 * Sykes, WH 1858. Golden relics discovered in Rangoon. 298

title: William Henry Sykes


text:
Southern Airways

Southern Airways was a local service carrier, a scheduled airline certificated by the federal Civil Aeronautics Board, in the United States, from its founding by Frank Hulse in 1949 until 1979, when it merged with North Central Airlines to become Republic Airlines. Southern's corporate headquarters were in Birmingham, with operations headquartered at Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, near Atlanta.

Following a merger with North Central Airlines in 1979, Southern became Republic Airlines, which in turn was merged into Northwest Airlines in 1986. Northwest Airlines was then merged into Delta Air Lines in 2010.

History
As a local-service airline, Southern Airways covered the south-central U.S. In 1955, their network spanned from Memphis south to New Orleans and east to Charlotte and Jacksonville. In August 1953, Southern flew to 29 airports and in August 1967 to 50.

Like other local-service airlines, Southern was subsidized; in 1962, its operating "revenues" of $14.0 million included $5.35 million "Pub. serv. rev."

In May 1968, Southern's routes extended from Tri-Cities in Tennessee south to New Orleans and Jacksonville, and east from Baton Rouge and Monroe, Louisiana, to the coast at Myrtle Beach and Charleston. Later in 1968, a route sprouted northward: three weekday Douglas DC-9-10s from Columbus, Georgia (CSG) nonstop to Washington Dulles and on to New York LaGuardia. These flights originated at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida (VPS) and also stopped at Dothan, Alabama.

Like most local-service airlines, Southern flew only Douglas DC-3s for the first few years. In 1961, they began adding 22 40-passenger, secondhand Martin 4-0-4s acquired from Eastern Air Lines, newer aircraft that were pressurised and had a rear ventral stairway. The last scheduled DC-3 flight was in 1967.

Southern's first 65–75-passenger Douglas DC-9 series 10s arrived in 1967 followed by 85–95-passenger McDonnell Douglas DC-9 series 30s in 1969. The last scheduled flight by a Martin was on 20 April 1978 from Atlanta to Gadsden, Alabama, and back.

Some DC-9s were bought new and some used; the used jets included DC-9-14s from Delta Air Lines and Eastern Air Lines. Both airlines had purchased these aircraft new from Douglas. Unlike other local-service airlines, Southern did not operate turboprops (such as the Convair 580 and Fairchild F-27 used by other local-service airlines) during the 1960s and 1970s, but by the time of the merger with North Central, Southern had replaced their Martin 4-0-4s with several 19-passenger Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner "Metro II"s.

1970s
By 1971, Southern was flying to New York City and Chicago and south to Orlando and Miami. U.S. government regulation did not allow Southern to fly nonstop from New York or Washington, DC, to Atlanta, so Southern had nonstops to Columbus, Georgia, then on to Dothan, Alabama; Mobile, Alabama; Panama City, Florida, Eglin Air Force Base, Florida; and/or Gulfport/Biloxi, Mississippi. Many flights made five or six intermediate stops en route.

With more DC-9s, many routes once served with propeller aircraft were served with jets that linked small cities to Atlanta and Memphis:

 * Columbus, Georgia, to Washington, DC continuing to New York City.
 * Meridian, Mississippi, to Birmingham, Alabama; Columbus, Mississippi; and Laurel/Hattiesburg, Mississippi
 * Tuscaloosa, Alabama, to Atlanta, Georgia, and Columbus, Mississippi
 * Muscle Shoals/Florence, Alabama, to Memphis, Tennessee, and Huntsville/Decatur, Alabama, with continuing eastbound service to Atlanta
 * Greenville, Mississippi, to Memphis and Monroe, Louisiana, with continuing southbound service to Baton Rouge and New Orleans
 * Columbia, South Carolina, to Greenville/Spartanburg and Charleston, South Carolina
 * Albany, Georgia, to Atlanta, Georgia; Valdosta, Georgia; Dothan, Alabama; and Columbus, Georgia

One DC-9-14 aircraft operated a "milk run" multistop routing from Miami to Orlando, Tallahassee, Panama City, Eglin AFB, Mobile, Gulfport, New Orleans, Birmingham, Atlanta, Huntsville, Memphis, St Louis, and Chicago Midway. Time en route was 14 hours and 32 minutes.

By the mid-1970s, Southern's system had expanded to St. Louis, Detroit, Ft. Lauderdale, and Grand Cayman in the Caribbean, Southern's only international destination. In 1978 Southern expanded westward from Memphis to Wichita and Denver.

Southern Airways called itself the "Route of the Aristocrats" and they used the slogan "Nobody's Second Class on Southern" in their television commercials. They were famous for their promotional shot glasses: for a time, differently designed shot glasses were issued each year. Original Southern shot glasses are valued by collectors of airline memorabilia.

During the early 1970s, before strict airport security was implemented across the United States, several airlines experienced hijackings. Southern Airways Flight 49, a DC-9 en route from Memphis to Miami was hijacked on November 10, 1972, during a stop in Birmingham. The three hijackers boarded the plane armed with handguns and hand grenades. At gunpoint, the hijackers took the airplane, the plane's crew of four, and 27 passengers, to nine American cities, Toronto, and eventually to Havana, Cuba. During the long flight, the hijackers threatened to crash the plane into the Oak Ridge, Tennessee, nuclear facilities, insisted on talking with President Richard Nixon, and demanded a ransom of $10 million. Southern Airways was only able to come up with $2 million. Eventually, the pilot talked the hijackers into settling for the $2 million when the plane landed in Chattanooga for refueling. Upon landing in Havana, the Cuban authorities arrested the hijackers, and after a brief delay, sent the plane, passengers, and crew back to the United States. The hijackers and $2 million stayed in Cuba.

Southern Airways accounted for the $2 million by debiting it to an account entitled "Hijacking Payment". This account was reported as a type of receivable under "other assets" on Southern's balance sheet. The company maintained that they would be able to collect the cash from the Cuban government, so a receivable existed. Southern Airways was repaid $2 million by the Cuban government, which was attempting to improve relations with the United States.

Difficulties and merger
By the late 1970s, Southern Airways began to experience difficulties. Two fatal accidents (Southern Airways Flight 932, November 14, 1970, and Southern Airways Flight 242, April 4, 1977) had put negative impact on the airline's once excellent safety record. Improved highways including the interstate freeway system coupled with an increased willingness of passengers to drive to airports farther away for more convenient flights or lower air fares made many of Southern's routes obsolete. With dramatic increases in the price of jet fuel in the 1970s, many of Southern's routes were no longer cost effective.

On July 1, 1979, Southern merged with North Central Airlines to form Republic Airlines and the "Route of the Aristocrats" came to an end. Republic acquired Hughes Airwest before being acquired in 1986 by Northwest Airlines, which continued to operate many flights from the former Southern hub in Memphis. Northwest merged into Delta Air Lines in 2008.

Destinations
These cities served are taken based on the airline's timetables. Cities served with DC-9s are in bold.

 * Albany, Georgia
 * Anderson, South Carolina
 * Anniston, Alabama
 * Athens, Georgia
 * Atlanta, Georgia (hub)
 * Augusta, Georgia
 * Baton Rouge, Louisiana
 * Biloxi, Mississippi (served via Gulfport, Mississippi)
 * Birmingham, Alabama
 * Bristol, Tennessee (served via the Tri-Cities Regional Airport) in Tennessee)
 * Bristol, Virginia (served via the Tri-Cities Regional Airport in Tennessee)
 * Charleston, South Carolina
 * Charlotte, North Carolina
 * Chattanooga, Tennessee
 * Chicago, Illinois Midway Airport, later O'Hare Airport
 * Clarksdale, Mississippi
 * Clarksville, Tennessee
 * Columbia, South Carolina
 * Columbus, Georgia
 * Columbus, Mississippi
 * Corinth, Mississippi
 * Crossville, Tennessee
 * Decatur, Alabama
 * Denver, Colorado
 * Detroit, Michigan
 * Dothan, Alabama
 * Dyersburg, Tennessee
 * Eglin Air Force Base, Florida (airport serves Fort Walton Beach, Florida, and Destin, Florida)
 * Fort Lauderdale, Florida
 * Florence, Alabama (served via Muscle Shoals, Alabama}
 * Gadsden, Alabama
 * Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands (only international destination served by Southern)
 * Greenville, Mississippi
 * Greenville, South Carolina/Spartanburg, South Carolina
 * Greenwood, Mississippi
 * Greenwood, South Carolina
 * Gulfport, Mississippi
 * Hattiesburg, Mississippi
 * Huntsville, Alabama
 * Jackson, Mississippi
 * Jackson, Tennessee
 * Jacksonville, Florida
 * Johnson City, Tennessee (served via the Tri-Cities Regional Airport in Tennessee)
 * Kingsport, Tennessee (served via Tri-Cities Regional Airport in Tennessee)
 * Knoxville, Tennessee
 * LaGrange, Georgia
 * Laurel, Mississippi
 * Macon, Georgia
 * Memphis, Tennessee (hub)
 * Meridian, Mississippi
 * Milwaukee, Wisconsin
 * Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota
 * Mobile, Alabama
 * Monroe, Louisiana
 * Montgomery, Alabama
 * Morgantown, West Virginia
 * Morristown, Tennessee
 * Moultrie, Georgia
 * Muscle Shoals, Alabama
 * Myrtle Beach, South Carolina
 * Nashville, Tennessee
 * Natchez, Mississippi
 * New Orleans, Louisiana (focus city)
 * New York City, New York LaGuardia Airport,
 * Orlando, Florida (focus city)
 * Panama City, Florida
 * Paris, Tennessee
 * Pascagoula, Mississippi
 * Rockwood, Tennessee
 * St. Louis, Missouri
 * Selma, Alabama
 * Sheffield, Alabama (served via Muscle Shoals, Alabama)
 * Shelbyville, Tennessee
 * Tallahassee, Florida
 * Tampa, Florida
 * Tullahoma, Tennessee
 * Tri-Cities Regional Airport in Tennessee (serves the Bristol/Kingsport/Johnson City area)
 * Tupelo, Mississippi
 * Tuscaloosa, Alabama
 * Tuscumbia, Alabama (served via Muscle Shoals, Alabama)
 * Union City, Tennessee
 * University, Mississippi/Oxford, Mississippi
 * Washington, D.C. Dulles Airport
 * West Memphis, AR (served via Memphis, Tennessee)
 * Wichita, Kansas
 * Valdosta, Georgia
 * Vicksburg, Mississippi

Timetable dates used to compile the above list: July 1, 1950; Sept. 26, 1954; Nov. 1, 1960; June 18, 1962; July 1, 1964; June 1, 1966; Sept. 3, 1968; Dec. 1, 1973; July 1, 1974, July 1, 1978, and April 29, 1979.

Fleet
Southern Airways used to operate the following aircraft:

title: Southern Airways