text:
List of Maltese people

This is a list of notable Maltese people including those not born in, or current residents of, Malta; they are Maltese nationals.

Actors

 * Valerie Buhagiar (born 1964)
 * Joseph Calleia (1897–1975)
 * Terry Camilleri (born 1949)
 * Charles Clews (1919–2009)
 * Madeleine Collinson (1952–2014) – actress, model
 * Mary Collinson (born 1952) – actress, model
 * Ivan De Battista (born 1977)
 * Simone De Battista (born 1977)
 * Joseph Gatt (born 1974) actor, model, voice artist
 * Anthony J. Mifsud - actor, (singer, songwriter)
 * Eileen Montesin
 * Angelo Muscat (1930–1977)
 * Charles Thake (1927–2018)
 * Davide Tucci (born 1987) – actor
 * Joseph Vassallo (born 1964)
 * Chloe Parkinson (born 2000)

Architects

 * Giovanni Attard (c. 1570–1636) – architect, military engineer and stone carver
 * Giovanni Barbara (1642–1728) – architect and military engineer
 * Isabelle Barratt-Delia (born 1938) – architect
 * Andrea Belli (1703–1772) – architect and businessman
 * Lino Bianco (born 1965) – practicing architect and academic
 * Giuseppe Bonavia (1821–1885) – draughtsman and architect
 * Giuseppe Bonici (1707–1779) – architect and military engineer
 * Antonio Cachia (1739–1813) – architect, civil and military engineer and archaeologist
 * Domenico Cachia (c. 1690–1761) – master builder
 * Michele Cachia (1760–1839) – architect and military engineer
 * Girolamo Cassar (c. 1520 – c. 1592) –  designed many buildings in Valletta
 * Vittorio Cassar (c. 1550 – c. 1609) –  military engineer
 * Cesar Castellani (died 1905) – worked in Guyana
 * Tommaso Dingli (1591–1666) – designed various churches
 * Richard England (born 1937)
 * Antonio Falzon (16th century) – military engineer, worked in Germany
 * Lorenzo Gafà (1638–1703) – Baroque architect
 * Emanuele Luigi Galizia (1830–1907) – designed many public buildings
 * Carlo Gimach (1651–1730) – architect, engineer and poet
 * Roger de Giorgio (1922–2016) – architect
 * Giorgio Grognet de Vassé (1774–1862) – architect and antiquarian
 * Joseph G. Huntingford (1926–1994) – Modernist architect
 * Giuseppe Psaila (1891–1960) – Art Nouveau architect
 * Giorgio Pullicino (1779–1851) – painter and architect
 * Giorgio Costantino Schinas (1834–1894) – architect and civil engineer
 * Andrea Vassallo (1856–1928) – eclectic architect
 * Gustavo R. Vincenti (1888–1974) – architect and developer
 * Francesco Zerafa (1679–1758) – architect and capomastro

Composers

 * Girolamo Abos (1715–1760)
 * Francesco Azopardi (1748–1809)
 * Charles Camilleri (1931–2008)
 * Alessandro Curmi (1801–1857)
 * Albert Garzia (born 1977)
 * Nicolas Isouard (1775–1818)
 * Carmelo Pace (1906–1993) – composer; professor of musical theory and harmonics
 * Reuben Pace (born 1974)
 * Robert Samut (1869–1934) – composer of "L-Innu Malti" (the national anthem of Malta); professor of physiology and bacteriology
 * Benigno Zerafa (1726–1804)
 * Antonio Micallef (1867-1940)

Filmmakers

 * Mario Philip Azzopardi (born 1950) – director
 * Jon Cassar (born 1958) – director; producer
 * Rebecca Cremona –  director

Military figures

 * Juan Bautista Azopardo (1772–1848) – founder of the Argentine Navy
 * Toni Bajada (16th century) – spy during the Great Siege of Malta
 * Orlando E. Caruana (1844–1917) – fought during the American Civil War
 * Clemente Tabone (c. 1575–1665) –  landowner and militia member
 * Emmanuele Vitale (1758–1802) – general of the Maltese forces in the Siege of Malta (1798–1800)
 * Antonio Williams (1825–1908) – United States Navy seaman
 * Brigadier Martin Xuereb (born 1968) – former commander of the Armed Forces of Malta

Musicians (including singers)

 * Sebastian Calleja (born 1998) – singer; winner OGAE Eurovision Weekend 2016 Berlin, Germany
 * Gianluca Bezzina (born 1989) – singer; medical doctor
 * Nicky Bomba (born 1963) – drummer; leads the Australian funk and reggae band Bomba.
 * Amber Bondin (born 1991) – singer
 * Gerard James Borg – songwriter
 * Kevin Borg (born 1986) – singer-songwriter; producer; winner of the Swedish reality-competition talent show Idol 2008
 * Joe C. (1974–2000) – rapper; of Maltese descent
 * Joseph Calleja (born 1978) – tenor singer
 * Kurt Calleja (born 1989) – singer
 * Joe Camilleri (born 1948) – singer-songwriter; saxophonist
 * Pawlu Camilleri (born 1958) – harmonica musician
 * Capitol K – musician
 * Lydia Caruana – soprano
 * Eleanor Cassar (born 1982) – singer
 * Gaia Cauchi (born 2002) – child singer, winner of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2013
 * Lynn Chircop (born 1980) – singer and television presenter
 * Miriam Christine (born 1978) – singer
 * Destiny Chukunyere (born 2002) – singer, winner of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2015
 * Federica Falzon (born 2003) – operatic pop singer
 * Claudia Faniello (born 1988) – singer
 * Fabrizio Faniello (born 1981) – singer
 * Miriam Gauci – opera singer
 * Natalie Gauci (born 1981) – singer
 * Ludwig Galea (born 1977) – singer
 * Robert Galea (born 1981) – Christian singer-songwriter
 * Stefan Galea (born 1996) – singer
 * Thea Garrett (born 1992) – singer
 * Albert Garzia (born 1977) – composer and musician
 * Lawrence Gray (born 1975) – singer
 * Joe Grech (born 1934) – singer-songwriter
 * Martin Grech (born 1983) – singer-songwriter
 * Enzo Gusman (1947-2021) broadcaster – singer-songwriter
 * Sarah Harrison (born 1993) – singer, DJ, producer, musician
 * Hooligan (born 1980) – rapper
 * Rosa Judge (born 1919) – musician
 * Oreste Kirkop (1923–1998) – opera singer; film actor
 * La Barokka – singer
 * Olivia Lewis (born 1978) – singer
 * Ira Losco (born 1981) – singer-songwriter
 * William Mangion (born 1958) – singer
 * Walter Micallef (born 1955) – singer-songwriter
 * Renato Micallef (born 1951) – pop singer
 * Anthony J. Mifsud – singer-songwriter
 * Sigmund Mifsud – trumpeter, CEO Malta Philharmonic Orchestra
 * Antoinette Miggiani (born 1937) – opera singer
 * Morena (born 1984) – singer
 * Brent Muscat (born 1967) – guitarist
 * Emma Muscat (born 1999) singer, model (from one of Malta's wealthiest families)
 * Muxu (born 1990) – singer-songwriter
 * Gabriela N (born 1993) – singer-songwriter
 * Antonio Olivari (born 1980) – songwriter and composer
 * Claudette Pace (born 1968) – singer and politician
 * Freddie Portelli (born 1944) – singer-songwriter
 * Jes Psaila (born 1964) – guitarist
 * Veronica Rotin (born 2004) – child singer
 * Roger Scannura – flamenco guitarist
 * Christabelle (born 1992) – singer-songwriter
 * Debbie Scerri (born 1969) – singer and television presenter
 * Chiara Siracusa (born 1976) – singer
 * Mary Spiteri (born 1947) – singer
 * Renzo Spiteri – percussionist
 * Sharleen Spiteri (born 1967) – singer-songwriter; guitarist; lead vocalist of the Scottish pop-rock band Texas
 * Marc Storace (born 1949) – singer of the Swiss hard-rock band Krokus
 * Daniel Testa (born 1997) – singer, radio and television presenter
 * Melissa Tkautz (born 1974) – singer
 * Glen Vella (born 1983) – singer
 * Mario Vella (born 1976) – singer and songwriter, frontman of Brikkuni
 * Philip Vella
 * Julie Zahra (born 1982) – singer, member Parliament of Malta
 * Aidan Zammit (born 1965) – composer, musician and singer

Painters and sculptors

 * Vincent Apap (1909–2003) – sculptor
 * Willie Apap (1918–1970) – painter
 * Isabelle Borg (1959–2010) – painter
 * Tony Briffa (artist) (born 1959)
 * Gio Nicola Buhagiar (1698–1752) – painter
 * Giuseppe Calì (1846–1930) –  painter
 * Antoine Camilleri (1922–2005) – painter; teacher; stamp designer
 * Gabriel Caruana (1929–2018) – artist
 * Debbie Caruana Dingli (born 1962) – painter
 * Edward Caruana Dingli (1876–1950) – painter
 * Emvin Cremona (1919–1987) – painter; stamp designer
 * Maria de Dominici (1645–1703) – Baroque painter & sculptor
 * Vincenzo Dimech (1768–1831) – sculptor
 * Alessio Erardi (1669–1727) – painter
 * Pietro Erardi (1644–1727) – painter; chaplain
 * Stefano Erardi (1630–1716) – painter

 * Melchiorre Gafà (1636–1667) – Baroque sculptor
 * Francesco Noletti (1611–1654) – Baroque painter
 * Andrew Micallef (born 1969) – painter and musician
 * Amedeo Preziosi (1816–1882) – painter
 * Alberto Pullicino (1719–1759) – painter
 * Giorgio Pullicino (1779–1851) – painter and architect
 * Antonio Sciortino (1879–1947) – sculptor
 * Pietro Paolo Troisi (1686–1743) – sculptor, silversmith, designer, engraver
 * Gianni Vella (1885–1977) – painter
 * Francesco Zahra (1710–1773) – painter
 * Jean Zaleski (1920–2010) – Maltese-American painter
 * Carlo Zimech (1696–1766) – painter and priest

Poets and writers

 * Clare Azzopardi (born 1977) –  writer
 * Louis Briffa (born 1971) –  poet
 * Rużar Briffa (1906–1963) – poet
 * Anton Buttigieg (1912–1983) – poet
 * Ray Buttigieg (born 1955) – composer; poet; producer
 * Mark Camilleri (born 1988) – historian, writer, publisher
 * Daphne Caruana Galizia (1964–2017) – journalist; writer; activist
 * Antoine Cassar (born 1978) – poet
 * Pietru Caxaro (c. 1400–1485) – poet; philosopher
 * Francis Ebejer (1925–1993) – dramatist; novelist
 * Joe Friggieri (born 1946) – philosophy professor; poet
 * Oliver Friggieri (1947–2020) – novelist; poet; minor philosopher
 * Carlo Gimach (1651–1730) – architect, engineer and poet
 * Elizabeth Grech (born 1978) –  writer; poet; translator
 * Doreen Micallef (1949–2001) – poet
 * Immanuel Mifsud (born 1967) – novelist; poet
 * Nadia Mifsud (born 1976) – poet; writer; literary translator
 * Mary Meilak (1905–1975) – poet
 * Pierre J. Mejlak (born 1982) – short-story writer
 * Dun Karm Psaila (1871–1961) – poet; lyricist of the national anthem of Malta
 * Frans Sammut (1945–2011) – novelist, short-story writer, essayist, historian
 * Karl Schembri (born 1978) – poet; novelist; journalist
 * Mario Vella (born 1953) – poet; philosopher; economist; political theorist
 * Marjanu Vella (1927–1988) – poet; writer
 * Trevor Żahra (born 1947) – novelist, poet and illustrator
 * Michael Zammit (born 1954) – philosophy professor; poet

Politicians

 * George Abela (born 1948) – President of Malta (2009–2014)
 * Robert Abela (born 1977) – Prime Minister of Malta (since 2020)
 * Wistin Abela (1933–2014) – Deputy Prime Minister of Malta (1981–1983)
 * Eddie Fenech Adami (born 1934) – Prime Minister of Malta (1987–1996, 1998–2004); President of Malta (2004–2009)
 * John Aquilina (born 1950) – Australian politician and Maltese diplomat
 * Agatha Barbara (1923–2002) – government minister; member, Parliament of Malta; President of Malta (1982–1987)
 * Claudette Abela Baldacchino (born 1973), journalist, Labour Party politician and Member of the European Parliament
 * Leo Brincat – Member of the European Court of Auditors
 * Paul Boffa (1890–1962) – Prime Minister of Malta (1947–1950)
 * Joe Borg (born 1952) – European Commissioner for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries; European Commissioner for Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection
 * Tonio Borg (born 1957) – European Commissioner for Health and Consumer Policy
 * George Borg Olivier (1911–1980) – Prime Minister of Malta (1950–1955, 1962–1971)
 * Francesco Buhagiar (1876–1934) – Prime Minister of Malta (1923–1924)
 * Simon Busuttil (born 1969) – leader, Nationalist Party (2013-2017), Member of European Parliament (2004-2013)
 * Anton Buttigieg (1912–1983) – President of Malta (1976–1981)
 * Arnold Cassola (born 1956) – professor of comparative literature; former chairperson, Democratic Alternative
 * Joseph Cefai (1921–1996) – member, Parliament of Malta (1947–1953); Secretary of Gozo Affairs (until 1981)
 * Marie Louise Coleiro Preca (born 1958) – President of Malta (since 2014)
 * John Dalli (born 1948) –  European Commissioner for Health and Consumer Policy (2010–2012)
 * Joe Debono Grech (born 1939) – member, Parliament of Malta (since 1971)
 * Guido de Marco (1931–2010) – Deputy Prime Minister of Malta; President of Malta (1999–2004)
 * Manwel Dimech (1860–1921) – politician; social reformer; philosopher; journalist; writer
 * Cyrus Engerer (born 1981) – Member of European Parliament (2020-present)
 * Giovanni Felice (1899–1977) – Minister of Industry and Tourism (1962–1966); Finance Minister of Malta (1966–1971) in the Giorgio Borġ Olivier cabinet
 * Joseph Flores (1907–1974) – Speaker of the House of Representatives of Malta; judge
 * Lawrence Gonzi (born 1953) – Prime Minister of Malta (2004–2013)
 * Louis Grech (born 1947) – Deputy Prime Minister of Malta (since 2013)
 * Joseph Howard (1862–1925) – Prime Minister of Malta (1921–1923)
 * Albert Hyzler (1916–1993) – Acting President of Malta (1981–1982)
 * Carmel Inguanez diplomat, ambassador
 * Norman Lowell (born 1946) – founder and leader, Imperium Europa
 * Anthony Mamo (1909–2008) – Governor-General of Malta (1971–1974); President of Malta (1974–1976)
 * Francesco Masini (1894–1964) – founder, Gozo Party; member, Parliament of Malta (1947–1950)
 * Sir Ugo Pasquale Mifsud (1889–1942) – Prime Minister of Malta (1932–1933)
 * Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici (born 1933) – Prime Minister of Malta (1984–1987)
 * Ugo Mifsud Bonnici (born 1932) – government minister; President of Malta (1994–1999)
 * Dom Mintoff (1916–2012) – Prime Minister of Malta (1955–1958, 1971–1984)
 * Enrico Mizzi (1885–1950) – Prime Minister of Malta (1950)
 * Joseph Muscat (born 1974) – Member of the European Parliament (2004–2008); leader, Labour Party (2008–2020), Prime Minister of Malta (2013–2020)
 * Alfred Sant (born 1948) – Prime Minister of Malta (1996–1998)
 * Lorry Sant (1937–1995) – government minister
 * Carm Lino Spiteri (1932–2008) – Nationalist Party politician
 * Gerald Strickland (1861–1940) – Prime Minister of Malta (1927–1932); Governor of Tasmania; Governor of Western Australia; Governor of New South Wales
 * Mabel Strickland, journalist, newspaper proprietor and politician, daughter of the above
 * Ċensu Tabone (1913–2012) – government minister; President of Malta (1989–1994)
 * George William Vella (born 1942) – government minister; Deputy Prime Minister of Malta (1996–1998)
 * Paul Xuereb (1923–1994) – Speaker of the House of Representatives of Malta (1986–1987); Acting President of Malta (1987–1989)

Religious dignitaries

 * Saint Publius (33–112) – first Bishop of Malta; martyr and saint.
 * Joseph De Piro (1877–1933) – founder, Missionary Society of St. Paul

 * Saint George Preca (1880–1962) – canonized saint, Roman Catholic Church; founder, Society of Christian Doctrine
 * Donat Spiteri (1922–2011) – Biblical scholar; founder and editor, booklet Kliem il-Hajja (English language: The Word of Life)
 * Dun Mikiel Xerri (1737–1799) – national hero of Malta

Scholars and academics

 * Joseph Aquilina (1911–1997) – author and linguist
 * Joseph Baldacchino (1894–1974) – archaeologist
 * Edward de Bono (1933–2021) – creator, lateral thinking
 * James J Busuttil (born 1958) – legal scholar
 * Joseph Buttigieg (1947–2019) – literary scholar and translator
 * George Mifsud Chircop (1951–2007) – linguist
 * Joe Friggieri (born 1946) – professor of philosophy; poet
 * Oliver Friggieri (born 1947) – poet; novelist; literary critic
 * Henry Frendo (born 1948) – historian
 * Gorg Mallia (born 1957) – communications academic; author; cartoonist
 * Suzanne Mizzi (1969–2011) – assistant principal, educator
 * Dominic Pace (1851–1907) – theologian; philosopher
 * Arvid Pardo (1914–1999) – diplomat
 * Eric Scerri (born 1953) – author; historian; philosopher of chemistry; educator
 * Peter Serracino Inglott (1936–2012) – Roman Catholic priest; philosopher; former rector, University of Malta
 * Stephen C. Spiteri (born 1963) – military historian
 * Anthony Valletta (1908–1988) – lepidopterist and educationalist
 * Mikiel Anton Vassalli (1764–1829) – promoter, Maltese language; compiler, first Maltese dictionary
 * Themistocles Zammit (1864–1935) – archaeologist; historian

Sports figures

 * Gilbert Agius (born 1974) – football player
 * Larry Attard (born 1951) – jockey; inductee, Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame
 * Sid C. Attard (born 1950) – thoroughbred-horse trainer in Canada
 * Etienne Barbara (born 1982) – football player
 * Carmel Busuttil (born 1964) – football player
 * Christian Brown (born 1989) – amateur golfer & triathlete
 * Jamie Carragher (born 1978) – football player of Maltese descent
 * Andrew Chetcuti (born 1992) –  swimmer
 * William Chetcuti (born 1985) –  sport shooter
 * Joe Cordina (born 1991) – Boxer and current IBF super-featherweight title champion
 * Alex DeBrincat (born 1997) –  ice hockey player
 * Samuel Deguara, (born 1991) – basketball player
 * Luke Dimech (born 1977) – football player
 * Tony Drago (born 1965) – snooker player
 * Ray Farrugia (born 1955) – football coach
 * Tony Farrugia  –  strongman
 * Aaron Falzon (born 1996) – basketball player
 * Joe Falzon (strongman) (1932-2023) – strongman
 * Jeff Fenech (born 1964) – boxer; former world champion
 * Mario Fenech (born 1961) – former rugby league footballer (South Sydney Rabbitohs)
 * Xandru Grech (born 1974) – athlete and coach
 * Paul Grima (born 1950) – strongman
 * Rebecca Madyson (born 1979) – sport shooter
 * Charlie Magri (born 1956) – boxer
 * John Magri (born 1941) – cyclist; participated in two Olympics
 * David Millar (born 1977) – racing cyclist
 * Michael Mifsud (born 1981) – football player
 * Kevin Muscat (born 1973) – former football player; head coach, Melbourne Victory FC
 * Laurie Pace (born 1966) – judo player; bronze medalist, 1990 Commonwealth Games
 * Charles Saliba (1929-1982) – strongman
 * André Schembri (born 1986) – football player
 * Nino Schembri (born 1974) – martial artist
 * Mikel Scicluna (1929–2010) – professional wrestler; inductee, WWE Hall of Fame
 * Tony Tanti (born 1963) – ice-hockey player
 * Teddy Teuma (born 1993) –  football player
 * Paul Tisdale (born 1973) –  football coach
 * Francesca Vincenti (born 1965) – Windsurfing/Sailing/Hall of Fame
 * Charlie Williams (born 1944) – football player (Malta and the United States)
 * Anthony Zarb (1904-1993) – strongman

Others

 * Andrea Ashworth (born 1969) – English author; of Italian-Maltese descent
 * Peppi Azzopardi (born 1959) – television presenter
 * Ruth Baldacchino – LGBT activist
 * O. J. Borg (born 1979) – English radio and television personality; of Maltese descent
 * Angelik Caruana – alleged Marian visionary
 * Adelaide Conroy (fl 1871–1879), photographer
 * Massimo Ellul (born 1970) – businessman
 * Maxim Gauci (1774–1854) – lithographer
 * Paul Gauci (19th century) – lithographer; of Maltese descent
 * Charlon Gouder, journalist
 * Karin Grech (1962–1978) – letter bomb victim
 * Mikiel'Ang Grima (1729–1798) – surgeon
 * Suzanne Mizzi (1967–2011) – glamour model
 * Alfred Pisani – businessmen
 * Tiffany Pisani (born 1992) – fashion model
 * Joe Sacco (born 1960) – cartoonist
 * Alex Vella (born 1954) – businessman, boxer and outlaw motorcycle club leader
 * Grandayy (born 1994) – YouTuber, memer and music producer
 * Justin Kuhnel (born1997) – Struggles, Autism Advocate, Crohn's Disease Sufferer

title: List of Maltese people


text:
Music of Cyprus

The music of Cyprus includes a variety of traditional, Western classical and Western popular genres. Cypriot traditional music is similar to the traditional music of Greece with Turkish and Arab influences, and includes dances like sousta, syrtos, ballos, tatsia, antikristos, arabiye, karotseris, sinalik, chiftetteli, zeimbekiko and the mandra dance.

Medieval music
Cyprus changed hands numerous times prior to the medieval era, and was an important outpost of Christianity and Western European civilization during the Crusades. The island's peak as a cultural capital of Europe occurred from 1359 to 1432. During that peak, Pierre I de Lusignan made a three-year tour on Europe, bringing with him an entourage of musicians that impressed Charles V in Rheims so much that he donated 80 francs in gold to them. On his return to Cyprus, Pierre I brought with him the French Ars Nova and, later, the Ars Subtilior. French musicians became well established in Cyprus, and the city of Nicosia became a capital of the Ars Subtilior style. Janus I de Lusignan saw Cypriot music evolve into its own variety of music. His daughter, Anne de Lusignan, brought a manuscript after her marriage to Louis, Count of Geneva, which contained 159 folios with over two hundred polyphonic compositions, both sacred and secular. The manuscript is now a part of the collection of the National Library of Turin.

Renaissance music
A key-figure of that era was Ieronimos o Tragodistis (Greek: Ιερώνυμος Τραγωδιστής, Hieronymus the Cantor), a Cypriot student of Gioseffo Zarlino, who flourished around 1550-1560 and, among others, proposed a system that enabled medieval Byzantine chant to correspond to the current contrapuntal practices via the cantus. One of his manuscripts is located in the library of Saint Ignatios Monastery in Lesbos.

Byzantine music

The music of the island is influenced also by the Byzantine music. Athanasios Demetriadis, also known as Kasavetis, was a Cypriot deacon in Constantinople when Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople was his uncle Yerasimos (1794–1797). A secular song lamenting Death's preference for the young, written and set to music by him survives in a collection by Nikiforos Naftouniaris. Chrysanthos of Madytos, Gregory the Protopsaltes, and Chourmouzios the Archivist were responsible for a reform of the notation of Greek ecclesiastical music. Essentially, this work consisted of a simplification of the Byzantine musical symbols which, by the early 19th century, had become so complex and technical that only highly skilled chanters were able to interpret them correctly.

Traditional music
Traditional music on Cyprus is similar to the traditional music of Greece and includes dances like the tatsia, sousta, syrtos, ballos, zeibekiko, karotseris, sinalik, chiftetteli, arabkyes, mandra dance and the karsilama suites. Note that unlike Greece and Turkey, there are suites of five karsilama dances, different for men and women some of them other than the standard 9/8 rhythm. The fifth karsilama dance is also known as ballos for both men's and women's suites. Traditional Cypriot music – similar to Greek and Turkish traditional music – is modal, based on the musical systems of the Byzantine echos / Turkish makam. The traditional music of Cyprus is also influenced by the music of the surrounding Arab countries. Both Greek and Turkish Cypriots use the violin as the main solo instrument, accompanied by the lute. The tamboutsia and the pithkiavlin are also used. Until the beginning of the 20th century, the davul and the zurna (daouli and zournes in Greek) were used by both communities (although mostly by Turkish Cypriots) in village festivals and weddings, but these instruments were later excluded from the Greek Cypriot soundscape. Another instrument that was played earlier in Cyprus was tambouras, which is known in Greece as 'pandoura' or 'trichordo' (a three-stringed instrument). Notable performers of Greek Cypriot folk music include singers Theodoulos Kallinikos, Michalis Tterlikkas, Christos Sikkis, Michalis Hadjimichail and Ilias Kouloumis. The chiatistá (Cypriot Greek: τσιαττιστά, "spite [song]") is improvised antiphonal singing akin to the Cretan mantinada, to express a range of themes be it satire, love, mourning etc. Greek-Cypriot folk music is most closely related to the Nisiotika (the folk music of the Aegean Islands) and especially so to the music of the Dodecanese. The traditional music of Cyprus is also greatly influenced from the music of the Greeks of Asia Minor.

Attempts to either popularize or fuse traditional music with other genres have taken place since the 1970s. For example, the famous singer and composer, in Cyprus and Greece, of traditional Cypriot and popular music is Mihalis Violaris. Another example includes Monsieur Doumani, a Cypriot band from Nicosia which focuses on developing Cypriot traditional music and reworking traditional Cypriot folk songs.

Western classical music
The Republic of Cyprus has its own symphony orchestra, the Cyprus Symphony Orchestra, a professional, full-time symphonic orchestra which was established in 1987 (as the Cyprus Chamber Orchestra) along with the Cyprus Youth Symphony Orchestra and its music school which provides education and musical training to young musicians of all levels. These institutions are under the umbrella of the Cyprus Symphony Orchestra Foundation which is fully subsidised and supervised by the Ministry of Education and Culture.

Cypriot musicians and performers of classical music include the pianists Cyprien Katsaris and Martino Tirimo and the pianist and musicologist Solon Hadjisolomos.

Notable composers include:
 * Nicolas Economou
 * Marios Joannou Elia
 * Yannis Kyriakides (born 1969), Cyprus-the Netherlands
 * Solon Michaelides (1905–1979), Cyprus-Greece
 * George Kallis Cyprus-USA
 * Andreas G Orphanides
 * Savvas Savva
 * Andys Skordis

First era: 1970s to 1990s
The history of Cyprus' rock and heavy metal music begins a few years after the war of 1974, during the late 1970s. This period is known as the First Rock Era of Cyprus. One of the pioneers of the rock/metal scene in Cyprus is Kim Nicolaou founder of the band known as Kimstyle TR (TR standing for Teenage Revolution). This band was the first to bring and introduce live rock shows to the Island. The band's first pop/rock single was called "The Lady & The Parrot" which was so ahead of its time, for the standards of Greece and Cyprus, that the lyrics were found offensive; therefore, it was banned by CyBC TV and copies of the single were burnt by the customs authorities. This spawned many teenagers to start forming bands & that brought competitions amongst them in the movie theatres. Kimstyle and Kim Nicolaou's Rock & Reggae show (first of its kind broadcast by CyBC), who later influenced the group Armageddon in the mid-1980s, with their traditional heavy metal sound are considered to have taken rock music on the Island one step further. The longest-running band to date, they have managed to be synonymous to the Cyprus metal scene throughout the years, with quality releases and a few visits abroad. Nowadays, they have moved more into the progressive side of metal.

In the early 1990s, Godblood started the local Black metal scene, acting firstly as a school-band, and later on continuing with their small record label 'Throne Productions'. They have disbanded and only some can recall some shows they had in Cyprus with bands from the Greek scene like Rotting Christ and an international festival in Israel in the late 1990s. In Heavy/Power metal there were bands of great quality such as Diphtheria and later Arryan Path leading the genre.

There were also a couple of active Thrash metal bands during that era giving great live shows such as Regicide (supporting Epidemic) and then Scotoma. Eventually, the 1990s were a very active period for the scene in general.

After 2000
Some popular rock bands in Cyprus were Akoustikoi Epivates (founded by lead singer Vyronas Potsos), lopodytes, savvas isovitis(solo singer/guitar), by accident, Katadotes (Καταδότες), Full Volume, Quadraphonic, Johnny & the Liars (Punk/Alternative rock), Maenads, Forty Plus, Triple Jam and Krokes (both are Greek rock bands), Ophiochus (Instrumental Funk/Rock), Isaac's Cello (Psychedelic/experimental).

Active bands, with releases and/or live shows of the 2000s (some appeared also in magazines and websites around the globe):

 * Arkhon
 * BLACK ANIS
 * Blynd
 * Methysos
 * Quadrophonic
 * Sonik Death Monkey
 * Stormcast
 * Winter's Verge

During this decade, there was an uprising of concerts of different sizes and musical directions across the island. This led to number of greek metal bands like Rotting Christ, SepticFlesh, Crossover, Nightfall, Ravencult, and W.E.B., as well as international acts like Anathema and Sepultura visiting and performing in Cyprus.

World musics
One of the most successful and recognised world music groups in Cyprus is Monsieur Doumani. The group was formed in Nicosia in 2012 and has released two albums, Grippy Grappa (2013) and Sikoses (2015). The band focuses upon the unique character of Cypriot folkloric music, enriching traditional songs with new arrangements, melodies, rhythms and sounds and crafting a style distinctively their own. The band's music is a blend of the traditional element with modern genres. Their repertoire also includes their own compositions in the Cypriot Greek dialect, which are inspired by contemporary Cypriot society, as for example the recent financial crisis that hit the island and the corrupted political system. Monsieur Doumani was nominated for "Best Newcomer" in Songlines Music Awards 2014 and participated in acclaimed festivals around the globe such as WOMAD Charlton Park 2014, Sommarscen Malmö, Songlines Encounters Festival etc.

Electronic/world music
In 2008 the electronic/world music group Mikros Kosmos ("small world") arrived in Cyprus and recorded their first album in Nicosia. Their first performances presented live remixes for laptop and voice of classic Greek rebetika, with performances at New York City's Golden Festival and elsewhere in the United States. Mikros Kosmos's full-length original album moves away from the classic rebetika with an affection for minimal arrangements and a lyrical abstraction which is uncommon in the history of Greek music.

Festivals

 * Kypria Festival
 * Pafos Aphrodite Festival (an international opera festival in Pafos)
 * International Music Festival at the Kourion Amphitheatre.
 * During the spring months of April and May Bellapais Abbey (a 13th Century Lusignan Monastery in Kyrenia) hosts celebrated musicians from all over the world.
 * Salamis in Famagusta is another such Cyprus historic site used for concerts.
 * Reggae Sunjam festival with local and international artists (taking place once a year during the summer)..

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Music of Cyprus


text:
Iwashiro

Iwashiro may refer to:

 * Iwashiro Province, a former province of Japan
 * Iwashiro, Fukushima, a former town in Adachi District, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan
 * Iwashiro Station, a railway station in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan

People with the surname

 * Taro Iwashiro (岩代 太郎), Japanese composer
 * Toshiaki Iwashiro (岩代 俊明), Japanese manga artist

title: Iwashiro


text:
Henry William Stisted

Lieutenant-General Sir Henry William Stisted (5 June 1817 – 10 December 1875), served as the first Lieutenant Governor of Ontario after Confederation, from 1867 to 1868.

Biography
Born 1817, at St-Omer, France, to Lt.-Colonel Charles Stisted (1786–1842) of the 3rd The King's Own Hussars, by his wife Eliza Maria (b.1787 Bengal, India) d. 1822 Ipswich, UK,) daughter of Major-General William Burn (c1745–1814) of Exeter, Devon.

After being educated at Sandhurst, he entered the army as an ensign in the 2nd foot on 4 December 1835, and served with his regiment in Afghanistan and Beloochistan, taking part in the storming of Ghuznee, where he was wounded at the gateway, the capture of Khelat, and the occupation of Kabul, for which he received a medal. On 19 April 1850 he was gazetted lieutenant-colonel of the 78th foot, and in the Persian war of 1856 and 1857 commanded a brigade in the night attack and battle of Kooshat, and took charge of his own regiment at the bombardment of Mohamrah, after which he received the thanks of the governor-general as well as a medal and clasps. He commanded the advanced guard of Havelock's force at the relief of Lucknow, 25 September 1857, when, upon the death in battle of Brigadier-general James George Smith Neill, he was appointed to command the first brigade. That post he held until the close of the operations, when on 1 January 1858 he was nominated C.B. In that year he served also in Rohilcund and commanded the second brigade at the battle of Bareilly on 7 May.

He became lieutenant-colonel of the 93rd foot on 30 September 1859 and served with the field force against the mountain tribes on the north-west frontier of India in December 1863. He was appointed Major General in 1864 and divisional commander of British forces in Canada in 1866 and appointed Lieutenant Governor of Ontario in June 1867. He was instrumental in opening up the northern part of the province for development. For his services in this capacity he received the thanks of the governor-general of Canada and was nominated a K.C.B. on 20 May 1871. On 5 February 1873, he was appointed a lieutenant-general and was nominated colonel of the 93rd foot on 28 September 1873.

He died at Wood House, Upper Norwood, Surrey, on 10 December 1875. In 1845, at Florence, he had married Maria Katherine Eliza Burton (1823–1894), sister of explorer Sir Richard Francis Burton. Their daughter, Georgiana Martha Stisted (1846–1903), published The True Life of Captain Sir Richard Burton.

He was buried at West Norwood Cemetery, London, and is the only Lieutenant Governor of Ontario not buried in Canada.

title: Henry William Stisted


text:
Talk:Pakistani literature

Article beginnings
moved (by User:Finlay McWalter) to talk from the article: This is just a beginning for a future article that will likely refer to and draw on the follwoing works. -- User:80.231.145.12

Regarding the vote for deletion
Don't be discouraged that this page has been listed on the Votes for deletion page - lots of great articles start out small and get listed there, but (most) wikipedians are smart and can tell an interesting subject (which this is) from nonsense (of which we have quite a bit too). I've made the page look as best I could, but I know absolutely nothing about Pakistani literature (which is why you must make an interesting article about it, to educate me). A good example of how this page might look is Irish literature. This article particularly needs to have the names of the most significant Pakistani writers, and their most important works. A few sentences about common or special themes in Pakistani writing might be good too. And don't forget poets and playwrights too. I'm looking forward to reading it. -- Finlay McWalter 00:09, 15 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Expansion needed!
Here's some ideas (trying to recruit people to come here and help execute them)... Your thoughts? Lisa 12:27, 16 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Section on poetry: considering the rich poetic history of Pakistan (in many languages not just Urdu) a summary of significant Pakistani poets and poetic traditions would be good. The Poetry of Pakistan article (which could benefit from non Urdu-biased writers) could contain the more specific detail about Pakistani poetry (both before and after 1947).
 * Section on Pakistani fiction and fiction writers
 * Section on Pakistani non-fiction literature (including philosophy or religious)
 * Check the with Pakistanis for accuracy of introductory paragraphs.

Pakistani literature
what Pakistani literature? This article name should be urdu literature الثاقب (WiseSabre| talk) 16:05, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * No, because:
 * Pakistan is not the only country where Urdu is or was spoken.
 * Pakistan has literature in many languages other than Urdu.
 * Judging by your other posts, you're probably well aware of these facts. I'm curious as to why you would say such a thing. Criticforaday 19:58, 29 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Make a request for name change if you like, WiseSabre, but I doubt it would succeed for the reasons Criticforaday already stated.Lisa 05:21, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

reply: Yeah you are right, i though it another way, Thanks الثاقب (WiseSabre| talk) 16:05, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Pakistani literature. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060324122700/http://www.the-south-asian.com/Nov2004/Pakistani_literature_short_story_1.htm to http://www.the-south-asian.com/Nov2004/Pakistani_literature_short_story_1.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060324122700/http://www.the-south-asian.com/Nov2004/Pakistani_literature_short_story_1.htm to http://www.the-south-asian.com/Nov2004/Pakistani_literature_short_story_1.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:31, 10 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pakistani literature


text:
User talk:PedroPVZ

You are now a Reviewer
Hello. Your account has been granted the "reviewer" userright, allowing you to review other users' edits on certain flagged pages. Pending changes, also known as flagged protection, will be commencing a two-month trial at approximately 23:00, 2010 June 15 (UTC).

Reviewers can review edits made by users who are not autoconfirmed to articles placed under flagged protection. Flagged protection is applied to only a small number of articles, similarly to how semi-protection is applied but in a more controlled way for the trial.

When reviewing, edits should be accepted if they are not obvious vandalism or BLP violations, and not clearly problematic in light of the reason given for protection (see Reviewing process). More detailed documentation and guidelines can be found here.

If you do not want this userright, you may ask any administrator to remove it for you at any time. Karanacs (talk) 04:07, 16 June 2010 (UTC)

Autopatrolled
Hello, this is just to let you know that I have granted you the "autopatrolled" permission. This won't affect your editing, it just automatically marks any page you create as patrolled, benefiting new page patrollers. Please remember:
 * This permission does not give you any special status or authority
 * Submission of inappropriate material may lead to its removal
 * You may wish to display the Autopatrolled top icon and/or the User wikipedia/autopatrolled userbox on your user page
 * If, for any reason, you decide you do not want the permission, let me know and I can remove it
 * If you have any questions about the permission, don't hesitate to ask. Otherwise, happy editing! HJ Mitchell |  Penny for your thoughts?   21:41, 25 January 2011 (UTC)

Unicode chart translation
Hello. I maintain multilingual Wikimedia charts showing roadmaps to the various planes of the Unicode Standard. I'm hoping you will provide Portuguese translations for me. The specifics are at User:Drmccreedy/roadmap_multilingual. The Portuguese Unicode page currently uses the English version. Thank you for any help you can offer. DRMcCreedy (talk) 03:20, 31 July 2016 (UTC)

File:MapPortugal.jpg listed for discussion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:MapPortugal.jpg, has been listed at Files for discussion. Please see the to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 19:28, 8 August 2016 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for September 7
Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited Pin-tailed whydah, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Aveiro. Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.

It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 10:21, 7 September 2016 (UTC)

Pedir um favor
Será que poderias traduzir este artigo do português para o inglês? Att (Saudações Brasileiras).187.104.25.5 (talk) 02:11, 23 September 2016 (UTC)

Request
Greetings Mr PedroPVZ,

Nice to meet you.

Could you kindly help me translate this text into Portuguese?:

 * "Portuguese latin alphabet to cyrillic alphabet transliterator"

(The "transliterator" refers to an online transliteration tool).

Your help would be fully appreciated, Thank you. --DaveZ123 (talk) 09:37, 21 October 2016 (UTC)

Thank you

 * Thankyou very much Mr. PedroPVZ for your lovely superb translation help!

 * I am really Grateful.

 * May you be blessed!

 * Just to let you know, the tool can be found here. It is based on this Portuguese Cyrillic alphabet invented by Daniel M. Sardinha (I'm not sure whether he is Brazilian or from Portugual but that probably does not matter). --DaveZ123 (talk) 20:13, 21 October 2016 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for April 27
Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited Póvoa de Varzim, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Estela. Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.

It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 09:56, 27 April 2017 (UTC)

Can you help verify translations of articles from language-Portuguese
Hello PedroPVZ,

Would you be able to help evaluate the accuracy of translations of Wikipedia articles from language-Portuguese to English Wikipedia?

This would involve evaluating a translated article on the English Wikipedia by comparing it to the original language-Portuguese article, and marking it "Pass" or "Fail" based on whether the translation faithfully represents the original. Here's the reason for this request:

There are a number of articles on English Wikipedia that were created as machine translations from different languages including language-Portuguese, using the Content Translation tool, sometimes by users with no knowledge of the source language. The config problem that allowed this to happen has since been fixed, but this has left us with a backlog of articles whose accuracy of translation is suspect or unknown, including some articles translated from language-Portuguese. In many cases, other editors have come forward later to copyedit and fix any English grammar or style issues, but that doesn't necessarily mean that the translation is accurate, as factual errors from the original translation may remain. To put it another way: Good English is not the same as good translation.

If you can help out, that would be great. Here's a sample of the articles that need checking:
 * 1) Península (Rio de Janeiro)
 * 2) 1964_Rosais_earthquake
 * 3) Ronaldo_Caiado
 * 4) Aires_Pinto_de_Sousa_Coutinho

All you have to do, is compare the English article to the language-Portuguese article, and assess them "Pass" or "Fail" (the Pass and Fail templates may be useful here). (Naturally, if you feel like fixing an inaccurate translation and then assessing it, that's even better, but it isn't required.) Also please note that we are assessing accuracy not completeness, so if the English article is much shorter that is okay, as long as whatever has been translated so far is factually accurate. To see the full list of articles, please go to WP:CXT/PTR.

If you can help, please ping me here to let me know. You can add your pass/fails above, right next to each link, or you may indicate your results below. Thanks! Elinruby (talk) 06:47, 6 June 2017 (UTC) ✅ ✓ Pass ❌ ✗ Fail

Lusophone Games
Hi, I don't know if you're still active, but I just wandered into the talk page on the Lusofonia Games that you edited in 2006. The correct English translation is "Lusophone," not "Lusophony" which doesn't exist as a word in Engllish. This means a lot of pages/page titles would have to be changed. But as it is, there are dozens of Wikipedia pages with a non-existent English word in their title. What to do? I am also copying the other contributor on that talk page. Maybe we should continue the conversation there? Bruxism (talk) 05:17, 18 February 2018 (UTC)

Informação sobre mapa
Olá, PedroPVZ! Acessei o mapa dos dialetos do português brasileiro, editado por você, e estou tentando encontrar a fonte exata (https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetos_da_l%C3%ADngua_portuguesa#/media/File:Portugueselanguagedialects-Brazil.png). Estou desenvolvendo uma pesquisa e esse mapa me ajudaria muito. Vi que consta a informação de que o mapa foi composto "tendo como base as obras de Antenor Nascentes, com enriquecimentos bibliográficos em: Amadeu Amaral [...], Mário Marroquim [...] e Serafim Neto [...]". Mas quem produziu o mapa que aparece no link, a partir dessas fontes? Foi você mesmo? Poderia me indicar uma fonte completa (autor, local de publicação, ano de publicação) para que eu possa usar o mapa em um trabalho científico? Agradeceria muito! Um abraço. Clarissa Rosas (rosas.trad@gmail.com)

Proposed deletion of Pequeno Português

The article Pequeno Português has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "There was never such a variant. This is based on a term coined by French linguist Alfred Valdman to describe 'broken Portuguese'/ 'kitchen Portuguese' spoken not by a community as a whole (a pidgin), but by individuals mastering the language"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Rui ''Gabriel'' Correia (talk) 06:11, 29 August 2018 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of File:Portugal complete.png

A tag has been placed on File:Portugal complete.png requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section F1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the image is an unused duplicate or lower-quality copy of another file on Wikipedia having the same file format, and all inward links have been updated.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. ‑‑ V. S. ( C )( T )  14:53, 13 December 2018 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Portugal Channel

The article Portugal Channel has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Unrealised project, no sources."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Mccapra (talk) 23:27, 17 March 2019 (UTC)

/* Bom dia */
Poderias traduzir o artigo pt:Batalha da Praça da Sé por favor? Agradeço desde já pela paciência. 2804:14C:5BB5:8B2F:40D3:7B13:E99C:59B1 (talk) 14:41, 24 July 2019 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:LocalPovoadeVarzim.png

The file File:LocalPovoadeVarzim.png has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Superseded by infobox locator function"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. ♠PMC♠ (talk) 03:54, 5 August 2019 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for January 4
Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. An automated process has detected that when you recently edited Tomé de Sousa, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Order of Christ ([//dispenser.info.tm/~dispenser/cgi-bin/dablinks.py/Tom%C3%A9_de_Sousa check to confirm] | [//dispenser.info.tm/~dispenser/cgi-bin/dab_solver.py/Tom%C3%A9_de_Sousa?client=notify fix with Dab solver]). Such links are usually incorrect, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of unrelated topics with similar titles. (Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.)

It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 11:33, 4 January 2020 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Portugal complete.JPG

The file File:Portugal complete.JPG has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "unused, low-res, no obvious use"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion.

This bot DID NOT nominate any file(s) for deletion; please refer to the page history of each individual file for details. Thanks, FastilyBot (talk) 01:02, 22 March 2020 (UTC)

Rahotep
Hello! Do you have RS about the theory that Prince Rahotep and Nofret’s statues are forgeries? Maybe you know about theory which makes Rahotep’s brother Nefermaat’s tomb depiction forgery too, though Zahi Hawass don’t believe that.—Mychele Miha (talk) 00:33, 28 May 2020 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Verde Beach

The article Verde Beach has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "No evidence of any notability: not a populated place, so doesn't get a free pass."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Pam D  08:56, 28 February 2022 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Norte Litoral TV

The article Norte Litoral TV has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Non-notable local television station. Article is completely unsourced, and I could not find any sources in searches."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Rorshacma (talk) 23:08, 10 October 2023 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Gestrins

The article Gestrins has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fails WP:NGEO"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Tooncool64 (talk) 04:50, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Fontaínhas

The article Fontaínhas has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fails WP:NGEO"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Tooncool64 (talk) 04:52, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Têso

The article Têso has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fails WP:NGEO"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Tooncool64 (talk) 05:06, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Gresufes

The article Gresufes has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fails WP:NGEO"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Tooncool64 (talk) 05:11, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Passô

The article Passô has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fails WP:NGEO"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Tooncool64 (talk) 05:11, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Sejães, Póvoa de Varzim

The article Sejães, Póvoa de Varzim has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fails WP:NGEO"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Tooncool64 (talk) 05:12, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Gandra, Póvoa de Varzim

The article Gandra, Póvoa de Varzim has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fails WP:NGEO"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Tooncool64 (talk) 05:15, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

Nomination of Gestrins for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Gestrins is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Gestrins until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. Tooncool64 (talk) 05:59, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

Good article reassessment for Póvoa de Varzim
Póvoa de Varzim has been nominated for a good article reassessment. If you are interested in the discussion, please participate by adding your comments to the reassessment page. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, the good article status may be removed from the article. Z1720 (talk) 13:37, 22 June 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:PedroPVZ


text:
William Pearce Howland

Sir William Pearce Howland, (29 May 1811 – 1 January 1907) served as the second Lieutenant Governor of Ontario, from 1868 to 1873. He was one of the Fathers of Confederation.

Biography
Born in 1811 in Pawling, New York, William Howland was educated at Kinderhook Academy. In 1830 he settled in Cooksville, Upper Canada, and became a naturalised British subject in 1841. He operated Lambton Mills and later a grocery business in Toronto. In 1852 he acquired a grist mill, sawmill, and general store in Kleinburg, whose operations he left to his brother Henry Stark Howland. In 1857, Howland became a Member of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada, and later served in the cabinet as Minister of Finance, Receiver General, and Postmaster General. He became a Member of Parliament in 1867 and was Minister of Inland Revenue from 1867 to 1868. He was created a CB in 1867. Howland was appointed Ontario's second Lieutenant Governor in 1868 and served until 1873. He was created a KCMG in 1879.

He was knighted in 1879 and died in Toronto in 1907. He is buried in Toronto's St. James Cemetery. Toronto in 1907. In 1906, at the request of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Prime Minister of Canada, Howland prepared an autobiography that included extensive appendices about politics in the 1860s.

Personal life
On 12 July 1843, Sir William Pearce Howland married Mary Ann (or Marianne) Blyth, the widow of David Webb, a ship's captain. Mary Anne and William had three children: William, Oliver and Florence. Their sons, William Holmes Howland and Oliver Aiken Howland, served as mayors of Toronto. Mary died in 1860.

William Pearce Howland, then a Minister of the Crown in Canada married Susannah Julia, daughter of Shrewsbury, Esquire, on 21 November 1865. She was born in London, England, 4, 1 May 1830, and educated there. She was a widow, who had accompanied her first husband (1850) Philip Hunt, of the Military Store Department, to the Mauritius, and thence to Canada.

Mrs. Howland was presented to Queen Victoria in 1866, on the occasion of the London Conference on Confederation. In 1875, she presented her step-daughter, Miss Howland (later Mrs. R. M. Merritt) to Her Majesty. On leaving Government House, Howland was presented with an address from citizens of Toronto, and Lady Howland was given a gold bracelet, with her initials set in diamonds, and containing a locket with miniature portraits of herself and husband. Lady Howland died in Toronto, 21 February 1886, and was buried in St. James's Cemetery.

In 1895, Sir William married Mary Elizabeth Rattaway, widow of James Bethune, QC By 1904, they had separated.

His sons, William Holmes Howland and Oliver Aiken Howland, served as mayors of Toronto.

title: William Pearce Howland


text:
Applied probability

Applied probability is the application of probability theory to statistical problems and other scientific and engineering domains.

Scope
Much research involving probability is done under the auspices of applied probability. However, while such research is motivated (to some degree) by applied problems, it is usually the mathematical aspects of the problems that are of most interest to researchers (as is typical of applied mathematics in general).

Applied probabilists are particularly concerned with the application of stochastic processes, and probability more generally, to the natural, applied and social sciences, including biology, physics (including astronomy), chemistry, medicine, computer science and information technology, and economics.

Another area of interest is in engineering: particularly in areas of uncertainty, risk management, probabilistic design, and Quality assurance.

History
Having initially been defined at a symposium of the American Mathematical Society in the later 1950s, the term "applied probability" was popularized by Maurice Bartlett through the name of a Methuen monograph series he edited, Applied Probability and Statistics. The area did not have an established outlet until 1964, when the Journal of Applied Probability came into existence through the efforts of Joe Gani.

title: Applied probability


text:
John Willoughby Crawford

John Willoughby Crawford (26 August 1817 – 13 May 1875) served as the third Lieutenant Governor of Ontario, Canada from 1873 to 1875.

Born in 1817 in Manorhamilton, County Leitrim, Ireland, the son of George Crawford, John Crawford came to Upper Canada as a child when his family settled in Brockville. He married Helen Sherwood of York, Upper Canada (Toronto). A lawyer by profession, Crawford served as president of the Royal Canadian Bank and was solicitor for the Grand Trunk Railway. In 1867, he was appointed Queen's Counsel. He also became president of the Toronto and Nipissing Railway in 1868 and also served as a director of the Toronto, Grey and Bruce Railway.

Crawford was member of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada for East Toronto from 1861 to 1863. He then served as a House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1873, and supported representation by population. On the day his government resigned in 1873, The Right Honourable Sir John A. Macdonald appointed Crawford Lieutenant Governor of Ontario.

In the months leading to his death, Crawford's health was poor. following several months of ill health. He died on 13 May 1875 at Government House, his official residence. His funeral service was conducted at St. James Cathedral with interment at a vault belonging to his wife's family.

title: John Willoughby Crawford


text:
Donald Alexander Macdonald

Donald Alexander Macdonald (February 17, 1817 – June 10, 1896) was a Canadian politician.

Born in 1817 in St. Raphael's, Upper Canada, Donald Alexander Macdonald studied at St Raphael's College under the first Catholic Bishop of Ontario, Alexander Macdonell. He became a railway contractor and was elected as a member of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from 1857 to 1867. He was the Liberal Member of Parliament for Glengarry in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1875, and served as Postmaster General of Canada. In 1875 Macdonald was appointed the fourth Lieutenant Governor of Ontario and held that post until 1880. He died in Montreal in 1896.

Macdonald served as a Major in the 4th Battalion, Glengarry Militia, succeeding his brother John as Commanding Officer in 1852.

He was the brother of John Sandfield Macdonald, the first Premier of Ontario, and Alexander Francis Macdonald, the MP for Cornwall from 1874 to 1878.

Family
Hon. Donald Alexander Macdonald, P.C., and Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario, 1875–80, married Catherine Fraser, daughter of Colonel the Hon. Alexander Fraser, M.L.C. of Fraserfield and commanding officer of the 1st Glengarry Militia.

The couple`s daughter Margaret was born at Alexandria, Ont., and educated in Montreal. She married, at Toronto, Ontario September 16, 1875, William Hales Hingston, M.D., F.R.C.S. (Lond.), who, was appointed a Commander of the Roman Order of St. Gregory (1875), was knighted by Queen Victoria in 1895, and was called to the Senate of Canada in 1896.

His son Col. Alexander George Fraser Macdonald (1863–1948) was an officer in the Canadian Militia, serving in the 59th Stormont and Glengarry Battalion from 1897 to 1914. He commanded the 154th (Stormont-Dundas-Glengarry) Battalion, CEF during the First World War.

title: Donald Alexander Macdonald


text:
Indeterminate form

In calculus, it is usually possible to compute the limit of the sum, difference, product, quotient or power of two functions by taking the corresponding combination of the separate limits of each respective function. For example,

$$\begin{align} \lim_{x \to c} \bigl(f(x) + g(x)\bigr) &= \lim_{x \to c} f(x) + \lim_{x \to c} g(x), \\[3mu] \lim_{x \to c} \bigl(f(x)g(x)\bigr) &= \lim_{x \to c} f(x) \cdot \lim_{x \to c} g(x), \end{align}$$

and likewise for other arithmetic operations; this is sometimes called the algebraic limit theorem. However, certain combinations of particular limiting values cannot be computed in this way, and knowing the limit of each function separately does not suffice to determine the limit of the combination. In these particular situations, the limit is said to take an indeterminate form, described by one of the informal expressions

$$\frac 00,~ \frac{\infty}{\infty},~ 0\times\infty,~ \infty - \infty,~ 0^0,~ 1^\infty, \text{ or } \infty^0,$$

where each expression stands for the limit of a function constructed by an arithmetical combination of two functions whose limits respectively tend to $0,$ $1,$ or $\infty$ as indicated.

A limit taking one of these indeterminate forms might tend to zero, might tend to any finite value, might tend to infinity, or might diverge, depending on the specific functions involved. A limit which unambiguously tends to infinity, for instance $\lim_{x \to 0} 1/x^2 = \infty,$ is not considered indeterminate. The term was originally introduced by Cauchy's student Moigno in the middle of the 19th century.

The most common example of an indeterminate form is the quotient of two functions each of which converges to zero. This indeterminate form is denoted by $$0/0$$. For example, as $$x$$ approaches $$0,$$ the ratios $$x/x^3$$, $$x/x$$, and $$x^2/x$$ go to $$\infty$$, $$1$$, and $$0$$ respectively. In each case, if the limits of the numerator and denominator are substituted, the resulting expression is $$0/0$$, which is indeterminate. In this sense, $$0/0$$ can take on the values $$0$$, $$1$$, or $$\infty$$, by appropriate choices of functions to put in the numerator and denominator. A pair of functions for which the limit is any particular given value may in fact be found. Even more surprising, perhaps, the quotient of the two functions may in fact diverge, and not merely diverge to infinity. For example, $$ x \sin(1/x) / x$$.

So the fact that two functions $$f(x)$$ and $$g(x)$$ converge to $$0$$ as $$x$$ approaches some limit point $$c$$ is insufficient to determinate the limit

An expression that arises by ways other than applying the algebraic limit theorem may have the same form of an indeterminate form. However it is not appropriate to call an expression "indeterminate form" if the expression is made outside the context of determining limits. An example is the expression $$0^0$$. Whether this expression is left undefined, or is defined to equal $$1$$, depends on the field of application and may vary between authors. For more, see the article Zero to the power of zero. Note that $$0^\infty$$ and other expressions involving infinity are not indeterminate forms.

Indeterminate form 0/0
The indeterminate form $$0/0$$ is particularly common in calculus, because it often arises in the evaluation of derivatives using their definition in terms of limit.

As mentioned above,

while

This is enough to show that $$0/0$$ is an indeterminate form. Other examples with this indeterminate form include

and

Direct substitution of the number that $$x$$ approaches into any of these expressions shows that these are examples correspond to the indeterminate form $$0/0$$, but these limits can assume many different values. Any desired value $$a$$ can be obtained for this indeterminate form as follows:

The value $$\infty$$ can also be obtained (in the sense of divergence to infinity):

Indeterminate form 00
The following limits illustrate that the expression $$0^0$$ is an indeterminate form: $$ \begin{align} \lim_{x \to 0^+} x^0 &= 1, \\ \lim_{x \to 0^+} 0^x &= 0. \end{align} $$

Thus, in general, knowing that $$\textstyle\lim_{x \to c} f(x) \;=\; 0$$ and $$\textstyle\lim_{x \to c} g(x) \;=\; 0$$ is not sufficient to evaluate the limit $$ \lim_{x \to c} f(x)^{g(x)}. $$

If the functions $$f$$ and $$g$$ are analytic at $$c$$, and $$f$$ is positive for $$x$$ sufficiently close (but not equal) to $$c$$, then the limit of $$f(x)^{g(x)}$$ will be $$1$$. Otherwise, use the transformation in the table below to evaluate the limit.

Expressions that are not indeterminate forms
The expression $$1/0$$ is not commonly regarded as an indeterminate form, because if the limit of $$f/g$$ exists then there is no ambiguity as to its value, as it always diverges. Specifically, if $$f$$ approaches $$1$$ and $$g$$ approaches $$0,$$ then $$f$$ and $$g$$ may be chosen so that:

 * 1) $$f/g$$ approaches $$+\infty$$
 * 2) $$f/g$$ approaches $$-\infty$$
 * 3) The limit fails to exist.

In each case the absolute value $$|f/g|$$ approaches $$+\infty$$, and so the quotient $$f/g$$ must diverge, in the sense of the extended real numbers (in the framework of the projectively extended real line, the limit is the unsigned infinity $$\infty$$ in all three cases ). Similarly, any expression of the form $$a/0$$ with $$a\ne0$$ (including $$a=+\infty$$ and $$a=-\infty$$) is not an indeterminate form, since a quotient giving rise to such an expression will always diverge.

The expression $$0^\infty$$ is not an indeterminate form. The expression $$0^{+\infty}$$ obtained from considering $$\lim_{x \to c} f(x)^{g(x)}$$ gives the limit $$0,$$ provided that $$f(x)$$ remains nonnegative as $$x$$ approaches $$c$$. The expression $$0^{-\infty}$$ is similarly equivalent to $$1/0$$; if $$f(x) > 0$$ as $$x$$ approaches $$c$$, the limit comes out as $$+\infty$$.

To see why, let $$L = \lim_{x \to c} f(x)^{g(x)},$$ where $$ \lim_{x \to c} {f(x)}=0,$$ and $$ \lim_{x \to c} {g(x)}=\infty.$$ By taking the natural logarithm of both sides and using $$ \lim_{x \to c} \ln{f(x)}=-\infty,$$ we get that $$\ln L = \lim_{x \to c} ({g(x)}\times\ln{f(x)})=\infty\times{-\infty}=-\infty,$$ which means that $$L = {e}^{-\infty}=0.$$

Evaluating indeterminate forms
The adjective indeterminate does not imply that the limit does not exist, as many of the examples above show. In many cases, algebraic elimination, L'Hôpital's rule, or other methods can be used to manipulate the expression so that the limit can be evaluated.

Equivalent infinitesimal
When two variables $$\alpha$$ and $$\beta$$ converge to zero at the same limit point and $$\textstyle \lim \frac{\beta}{\alpha} = 1$$, they are called equivalent infinitesimal (equiv. $$\alpha \sim \beta$$).

Moreover, if variables $$\alpha'$$ and $$\beta'$$ are such that $$\alpha \sim \alpha'$$ and $$\beta \sim \beta'$$, then:

Here is a brief proof:

Suppose there are two equivalent infinitesimals $$\alpha \sim \alpha'$$ and $$\beta \sim \beta'$$.

$$\lim \frac{\beta}{\alpha} = \lim \frac{\beta \beta' \alpha'}{\beta' \alpha' \alpha} = \lim \frac{\beta}{\beta'} \lim \frac{\alpha'}{\alpha} \lim \frac{\beta'}{\alpha'} = \lim \frac{\beta'}{\alpha'}$$

For the evaluation of the indeterminate form $$0/0$$, one can make use of the following facts about equivalent infinitesimals (e.g., $$x\sim\sin x$$ if x becomes closer to zero):

For example:

$$\begin{align} \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{x^3} \left[\left(\frac{2+\cos x}{3}\right)^x - 1 \right] &= \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{e^{x\ln{\frac{2 + \cos x}{3}}}-1}{x^3} \\ &= \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{x^2} \ln \frac{2+ \cos x}{3} \\ &= \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{x^2} \ln \left(\frac{\cos x -1}{3}+1\right) \\ &= \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\cos x -1}{3x^2} \\ &= \lim_{x \to 0} -\frac{x^2}{6x^2} \\ &= -\frac{1}{6} \end{align}$$

In the 2nd equality, $$e^y - 1 \sim y$$ where $$y = x\ln{2+\cos x \over 3}$$ as y become closer to 0 is used, and $$y \sim \ln {(1+y)}$$ where $$y = {{\cos x - 1} \over 3}$$ is used in the 4th equality, and $$1-\cos x \sim {x^2 \over 2}$$ is used in the 5th equality.

L'Hôpital's rule
L'Hôpital's rule is a general method for evaluating the indeterminate forms $$0/0$$ and $$\infty/\infty$$. This rule states that (under appropriate conditions)

where $$f'$$ and $$g'$$ are the derivatives of $$f$$ and $$g$$. (Note that this rule does not apply to expressions $$\infty/0$$, $$1/0$$, and so on, as these expressions are not indeterminate forms.) These derivatives will allow one to perform algebraic simplification and eventually evaluate the limit.

L'Hôpital's rule can also be applied to other indeterminate forms, using first an appropriate algebraic transformation. For example, to evaluate the form 00:

The right-hand side is of the form $$\infty/\infty$$, so L'Hôpital's rule applies to it. Note that this equation is valid (as long as the right-hand side is defined) because the natural logarithm (ln) is a continuous function; it is irrelevant how well-behaved $$f$$ and $$g$$ may (or may not) be as long as $$f$$ is asymptotically positive. (the domain of logarithms is the set of all positive real numbers.)

Although L'Hôpital's rule applies to both $$0/0$$ and $$\infty/\infty$$, one of these forms may be more useful than the other in a particular case (because of the possibility of algebraic simplification afterwards). One can change between these forms by transforming $$f/g$$ to $$(1/g)/(1/f)$$.

List of indeterminate forms
The following table lists the most common indeterminate forms and the transformations for applying l'Hôpital's rule.

title: Indeterminate form


text:
European Social Forum

The European Social Forum (ESF) was a recurring conference held by members of the alter-globalization movement (also known as the Global Justice Movement). In the first few years after it started in 2002 the conference was held every year, but later it became biannual due to difficulties with finding host countries. The conference was last held in 2010. It aims to allow social movements, trade unions, NGOs, refugees, peace and anti-imperial groups, anti-racist movements, environmental movements, networks of the excluded and community campaigns from Europe and the world to come together and discuss themes linked to major European and global issues, in order to coordinate campaigns, share ideas and refine organizing strategies. It emerged from the World Social Forum and follows its Charter of Principles.

First ESF
The first forum was held in Florence in November 2002. The slogan was "Against war, racism and neo-liberalism," with specific reference to US president George W. Bush's plan for regime change in Iraq. The Assembly of Social Movements held directly after the ESF launched a call for a Europe-wide day of action against the incipient Iraq War. The call was echoed by the Assembly of Social Movements held after the World Social Forum a few months later and eventually led to the "largest protest event in human history", the 15 February Global day of action against the war.

Before its opening the ESF created a large political debate between different Tuscan local personages. The President of the Region, Claudio Martini, although criticised on some points by no-global activists, had been a supporter of the movement since the time of the Genoa Group of Eight Summit protest on one side and the right-wing Italian government on the other. People feared that the ESF could provoke riots and accidents such as those of the Genoa Group of Eight Summit protest, from 18 July to 22 July 2001. Florentine individuals, such as the controversial journalist Oriana Fallaci, intervened in the debate. Fallaci invited the people of Florence to shut up every shop and stay in their houses. She also compared the ESF to the nazi occupation of Florence. Other opponents of the ESF included the political scientist Giovanni Sartori, a liberal critic of Silvio Berlusconi's government but an admirer of the United States, and the filmmaker Franco Zeffirelli, whose right-wing political views were already well-known. Another group of intellectuals from various political strands defended the ESF and signed an appeal favourable to the meeting. Among these were the journalist Tiziano Terzani and the organizers of the "professors' movement" (a group of university professors that had organized both a demonstration and discussion groups against Berlusconi's policies).

In fact, the European Social Forum, which occupied the historical Fortezza da Basso and other conference buildings with its 60.000 delegates, did not provoke any incidents. It ended with a huge demonstration against the war, which the organizers claimed included the participation of 1,000,000 people. The debate on peace and pacifism considered the most important debate ion the session, although the program of the Forum included a large spectrum of issues: (immigration, European Union's constitution, the Tobin Tax and many others). Gino Strada, president of Emergency, the Italian association that helps civil victims of armed conflicts, and a leader of the pacifist movement, was one of the most popular orators. Some large NGOs such as Amnesty International joined the ESF, together with more radical groups such as ATTAC and the left-wing parliamentarians. At the end of the meeting, even pro-globalists such as the then president of the European Commission Romano Prodi showed sympathy for the moderation of the movement and for its pacifist stance.

A network of volunteer translators, Babels, was set up to interpret the event into the various languages of the people attending.

Second ESF
The second European Social Forum was held in Paris in November 2003.

Organizers claim that over 50,000 people attended and that around 150,000 marched in the demonstration held on the last day.

In France there has been some criticism of the organization for not being open enough. The participation of the French Socialist Party, the Parti Socialiste, also generated a lot of criticism, because the party was a proponents of market liberalization in the 1990s, but the most prominent group at the event was the Ligue Communiste Revolutionnaire.

Some anarchist groups organised a rival event in the city at the same time, while a women's forum was held in the days preceding the social forum, in order to counteract the perceived under-representation of women at the first ESF. It is claimed that over 3,000 women attended.

Third ESF
The third European Social Forum was held in London, mostly at Alexandra Palace but also with events throughout the Bloomsbury area of London on the 15–17 October 2004.

The organisers claimed that approximately 25,000 people took part in 500 plenaries, seminars, workshops, and cultural events, which were addressed by over 2,500 speakers. Participants came from across the continent and even from beyond the boundaries of European Union.

This forum showed a marked increased in participation from minority groups such as black, Asian, Muslim, and refugee networks. More women were represented on the speaker platforms than in previous forums. The forum also included for the first time a three-day cultural programme organised through open submission through the ESF website.

Well known participants and speakers included Ahmed Ben Bella, the leader of the Algerian resistance to French rule, Dr Aleida Guevara, daughter of Che, George Galloway, a leading figure in the UK anti-war movement, and Dr Mustafa Barghouti from Palestine. Activist writers such as Susan George, John Pilger and George Monbiot were prominent, and Gerry Adams was one of many Irish figures speaking. The Forum opened with a rally in Southwark Cathedral.

Unlike the Paris forum, in London there was initially no money provided to pay for events. Funding eventually came from the Greater London Authority and the Mayor's office (Ken Livingstone and his officers, many of whom are in Socialist Action), several Trade Unions such as NATFHE (the college lecturer's union), AMICUS (a largely technical and industrial union), the Transport and General Workers Union (T&G) and UNISON (the UK's largest public sector union), which provided funds, office space, subsidised tickets for unemployed and asylum seeker attendees and paid for some of the meeting space at Alexandra Palace.

The British Socialist Workers Party, Globalise Resistance, the Tobin Tax Network and the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament were central to bringing the event to London.

Other groups, for instance the London Social Forum, felt that the main organizing approach was too top-down and instead set up "horizontally" organised fringe events. These were known as the 'autonomous' or 'beyond' ESF events. Participants ranged from non-governmental organisations, to political parties such as the Green Party, to unaligned anarchists and socialists.

The Millennium Dome was turned into a giant hostel for over 5,000 participants to sleep in during the course of the event.

Subhi al Mashadani, the leader of the Iraqi Federation of Trade Unions, was due to speak in a meeting on the Iraq war, but never got to speak. He was shouted down by some members of the audience who felt he was collaborating with the occupation and who surged towards the stage when he attempted to address the 2,000 strong audience. The ESF's security took no chances and dragged a furious Mashadani from the stage for his own protection. The "End the Occupation" session was stopped, a first in the history of the ESF.

Later in the day an intervention was made by some of those who had been involved with the autonomous spaces during a meeting on anti-fascism. They intended to invade the stage during the speech of the Mayor of London Ken Livingstone (who opposed the invasion of Iraq in 2003 but is a member of the Labour Party which supported it). In fact, Ken Livingstone had already decided not to speak at the event. His decision has been attributed by the National Assembly Against Racism to threats from anarchists but the intervention went ahead. The SWP's Weyman Bennett, a steering member of Unite Against Fascism and chair of the meeting, claimed that he was assaulted by an anarchist. A banner was hung up stating "Ken's Party - War Party" and the stage was turned into an open-microphone event with speeches against the 'vertical' organisation of the ESF, the war in Iraq, and recent attacks on freedom of speech by the FBI (such as taking Indymedia servers down with international articles). After the intervention, the originally planned meeting about anti-fascism went ahead but with a reduced audience. These events echoed the attempts by anarchists to attack French Socialist Party speakers in the Paris forum, an attack that was stopped by security.

The end of the forum saw a massive international demonstration through central London and a rally at Trafalgar Square. However, the Metropolitan Police arrested a number of anarchists on their way to this event. Javier Ruis was arrested at the Rally itself. He subsequently claimed that the West Essex Zapatista were responsible for the threats against Ken Livingstone, claiming that this was an example of Neoist Invisible Theatre. The size of the rally was seen as a sign of its success as an event, though many European critics noted that all of the speakers were British and chosen by the British organisers. Estimations of the numbers present ranged from 70,000 to 100,000 people. Speakers called for an end to war, racism and privatisation. They advocated peace and social justice for Europe.

Fourth ESF
The fourth European Social Forum was held in Athens, Greece on 4–7 May 2006. According to the organizers, more than 35,000 registered. The demonstration on 7 May, Saturday afternoon, was announced by the media to have a participation of 80,000 demonstrators, a record in Athens since the anti-war mobilisation on February 15, 2003.

Fifth ESF
The fifth European Social Forum was held in Malmö, Sweden on 17–21 September 2008. Approximately 20,000 people were expected to participate in the forum.

Sixth ESF
The sixth European Social Forum was held in Istanbul, Turkey, on 1–4 July 2010.

Criticism
As a major political event that brings together highly diverse social movements from across Europe, the ESF has been praised and criticized by various actors, both inside and outside the Forum. While outsiders, especially the mainstream media, tend to focus on "scandalous" singular events, groups, or persons and interpret them as representative for the ESF as a whole, insiders have mainly criticized various aspects of the ESF organizing process.

Criticism in relation to the fifth ESF (Malmö)
In the demonstration after the European Social Forum 2008 in Malmö, controversial political figures such as Abdullah Öcalan and Fidel Castro were praised by some demonstrators. 300 of the demonstrators were masked, although it was forbidden. Some demonstrators attempted to break a bank window and threw bottles and stones.

The liberal Swedish daily Sydsvenskan considered it "disgusting" that the ESF 2008 hosted a panel discussion on how ”imperialism and zionism” use list of terrorist organizations to weaken "freedom movements, leftist organizations and solidarity groups" in "Palestina, Basque, Colombia, Greekland, Turkey, Belgium and Denmark". These lists contain Basquean ETA, Colombian FARC, Kurdish PKK and previously also Palestinian PLO and PLFP. The seminar was organized by Mikael ”micro” Cromsjö, whose blogs host "unholy alliances of right and left extremism". According to the seminar summary, a secret elite alliance has been pursuing Global Order with a single money, government and army, for hundreds if not thousands of years.

Criticism in relation to anti-capitalist positions
According to Sydsvenskan, the countries that have permitted "free trade and liberal politics", "have seen poverty and need decline, in some cases dramatically". "As the NGOs of rich countries oppose globalization by signs, slogans and stone storms in the name of poor countries, Africans and Asians call for more free trade, capitalism and globalization." According to a study by the "respected Pew Research Center" of 40,000 people, almost everywhere, particularly in Africa and Asia, a majority of people has a positive attitude on globalization".

First ESF

 * European Social Forum: Meeting of a Multitude, Tom Behan, Andrew Stone, Socialist Review, November 2002

Second ESF

 * European Social Forum: Paris on My Mind, Gill Hubbard, Socialist Review, December 2003
 * Rattling the Bars, George Monbiot, originally Published in The Guardian 18 November 2003

Third ESF

 * ESF: Debating the challenges for its future Newsletter collecting articles and reflections on the 3rd ESF
 * Great success of London ESF, Alex Callinicos, Socialist Worker, 23 October 2004
 * Old tricks from the hard left, Paul Kingsnorth, New Statesman, 25 October 2004,
 * The ethics of engagement revisited: remembering the ESF 2004, Emma Dowling, Ephemera: theory & politics in organization, May 2005
 * Young people are highly political Matthew Tempest talks to the mayor of London, Ken Livingstone about the ESF, 14 October 2004
 * Building on the Success of the London ESF Globalise Resistance 2004

Fourth ESF

 * Official page of the ESF 2006 in Athens

Fifth ESF

 * Archived official page of the ESF 2008 in Malmö
 * Official networking platform and collaborative working space of the ESF

title: European Social Forum