text:
Flossenbürg, Bavaria

Flossenbürg (Northern Bavarian: Flossenbirch) is a municipality in the district of Neustadt an der Waldnaab in Bavaria in Germany. The state-approved leisure area is located in the Bavarian Forest and borders Bohemia (the Czech Republic) in the east. During World War II, the Flossenbürg concentration camp was located here.

History
The first reference of Flossenbürg's existence was in 948. Its castle was the Hohenstaufen's stronghold. Later, Flossenbürg belonged to the duchy of Neuburg-Sulzbach and came to the regional court of Floß in the Electorate of Bavaria in 1777. Today, it is located in the administrative region of Oberpfalz.

The town was the site of Flossenbürg concentration camp from 1938 until 1945. On 23 April 1945, the U.S. 90th Infantry Division of the 3rd Army liberated the camp and took it without any fighting.

Transport
Flossenbürg was the terminus of the Floß–Flossenbürg railway line that branched off in Floß from the Neustadt (Waldnaab)–Eslarn railway and is served today by a bus route from Weiden via Neustadt an der Waldnaab to the Silberhütte Cross-Country Skiing Centre.

title: Flossenbürg, Bavaria


text:
Talk:Charles the Good

Untitled
What is the intro to this article actually trying to say? Moriori 02:54, 9 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Does it clarify matters to say that the article isn't complete yet? The dramatic events alluded to in the first paragraph will be covered in the article, but I haven't gotten that far in writing it yet. Loren Rosen 05:38, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

There is a photo of the painting of the funeral of Charles Le Bon by Jan van Beers on someone's blog so do search for it under Van Beers Charles le Bon.

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Charles the Good


text:
HMS Largs

HMS Largs was a former Compagnie Generale Transatlantique (French Line) fruit (banana) ship captured by the Royal Navy ship HMS Faulknor five months after the Battle of France while docked at Gibraltar in November 1940 and commissioned as an "ocean boarding vessel". She subsequently became a Combined Operations Headquarters ship for almost every significant amphibious operation of World War II, including Operations Torch, Husky and Overlord and she would be manned by naval, army and air force crew.

Royal Navy Transfer
She was built by France and named MV Charles Plumier in 1938. Following the creation of Vichy France and Free France she was transferred in 1941 to the Royal Navy, instead of being handed over to the Free French Navy, and renamed HMS Largs. She took part in many operations including Operation Torch, the invasion of North Africa, and Operation Overlord, during the invasion of Normandy. she was the headquarters ship for Sword Beach.

Camouflage research

HMS Largs was used in 1942 for secret trials of a Canadian invention, diffused lighting camouflage. This used dimmable lamps for counter-illumination, camouflage by bringing the brightness of the ship's superstructure to the same as the night sky. The system of 60 lamps reduced the distance at which a ship could be seen from a surfaced submarine by 25% using binoculars, or by 33% using the naked eye. It worked best on clear moonless nights, at best preventing Largs from being seen until it closed to 2250 yard when counter-illuminated, compared to 5250 yard unlighted, a 57% reduction in range. However, with the development of marine radar, the system was not put into service.

Pacific & Post WWII
In 1945 she was transferred to the Pacific War and used in actions off Thailand and Malaya. After the end of the war she was handed back to France, and served for nineteen years. She was sold off to a private company from Greece in 1964 as a cruise ship, and given the name MV Pleias. She was scrapped in 1968.

title: HMS Largs


text:
Otto Lilienthal

Karl Wilhelm Otto Lilienthal (23 May 1848 – 10 August 1896) was a German pioneer of aviation who became known as the "flying man". He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful flights with gliders, therefore making the idea of heavier-than-air aircraft a reality. Newspapers and magazines published photographs of Lilienthal gliding, favourably influencing public and scientific opinion about the possibility of flying machines becoming practical.

Lilienthal's work led to his developing the concept of the modern wing. His flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the beginning of human flight and the "Lilienthal Normalsegelapparat" is considered to be the first airplane in series production, making the Maschinenfabrik Otto Lilienthal in Berlin the first air plane production company in the world. He has been referred to as the "father of aviation"  or "father of flight".

On 9 August 1896, Lilienthal’s glider stalled and he was unable to regain control. Falling from about 15 m, he broke his neck and died the next day.

Early life
Lilienthal was born on 23 May 1848 in Anklam, Pomerania Province, in the German kingdom of Prussia. His parents were Gustav and Caroline, née Pohle. He was baptised in the evangelical-lutheran St. Nicholas church and confirmed in St. Mary's church in Anklam. Nevertheless, some sources claim him to be Jewish:

 * Lilienthal's middle-class parents had eight children, but only three survived infancy: Otto, Gustav, and Marie. The brothers worked together all their lives on technical, social, and cultural projects. Lilienthal attended grammar school and studied the flight of birds with his brother Gustav (1849–1933). Fascinated by the idea of manned flight, Lilienthal and his brother made strap-on wings, but failed in their attempts to fly. He attended the regional technical school in Potsdam for two years and trained at the Schwarzkopf Company before becoming a professional design engineer. He later attended the Royal Technical Academy in Berlin.
 * Lilienthal's middle-class parents had eight children, but only three survived infancy: Otto, Gustav, and Marie. The brothers worked together all their lives on technical, social, and cultural projects. Lilienthal attended grammar school and studied the flight of birds with his brother Gustav (1849–1933). Fascinated by the idea of manned flight, Lilienthal and his brother made strap-on wings, but failed in their attempts to fly. He attended the regional technical school in Potsdam for two years and trained at the Schwarzkopf Company before becoming a professional design engineer. He later attended the Royal Technical Academy in Berlin.
 * Lilienthal's middle-class parents had eight children, but only three survived infancy: Otto, Gustav, and Marie. The brothers worked together all their lives on technical, social, and cultural projects. Lilienthal attended grammar school and studied the flight of birds with his brother Gustav (1849–1933). Fascinated by the idea of manned flight, Lilienthal and his brother made strap-on wings, but failed in their attempts to fly. He attended the regional technical school in Potsdam for two years and trained at the Schwarzkopf Company before becoming a professional design engineer. He later attended the Royal Technical Academy in Berlin.
 * Lilienthal's middle-class parents had eight children, but only three survived infancy: Otto, Gustav, and Marie. The brothers worked together all their lives on technical, social, and cultural projects. Lilienthal attended grammar school and studied the flight of birds with his brother Gustav (1849–1933). Fascinated by the idea of manned flight, Lilienthal and his brother made strap-on wings, but failed in their attempts to fly. He attended the regional technical school in Potsdam for two years and trained at the Schwarzkopf Company before becoming a professional design engineer. He later attended the Royal Technical Academy in Berlin.
 * Lilienthal's middle-class parents had eight children, but only three survived infancy: Otto, Gustav, and Marie. The brothers worked together all their lives on technical, social, and cultural projects. Lilienthal attended grammar school and studied the flight of birds with his brother Gustav (1849–1933). Fascinated by the idea of manned flight, Lilienthal and his brother made strap-on wings, but failed in their attempts to fly. He attended the regional technical school in Potsdam for two years and trained at the Schwarzkopf Company before becoming a professional design engineer. He later attended the Royal Technical Academy in Berlin.
 * Lilienthal's middle-class parents had eight children, but only three survived infancy: Otto, Gustav, and Marie. The brothers worked together all their lives on technical, social, and cultural projects. Lilienthal attended grammar school and studied the flight of birds with his brother Gustav (1849–1933). Fascinated by the idea of manned flight, Lilienthal and his brother made strap-on wings, but failed in their attempts to fly. He attended the regional technical school in Potsdam for two years and trained at the Schwarzkopf Company before becoming a professional design engineer. He later attended the Royal Technical Academy in Berlin.

In 1867, Lilienthal began experiments in earnest on the force of air, but interrupted the work to serve in the Franco-Prussian War. Returning to civilian life, he was a staff engineer with several engineering companies and received a patent, his first, for a mining machine. He founded his own company to make boilers and steam engines.

On 6 June 1878, Lilienthal married Agnes Fischer, daughter of a deputy. Music brought them together; she was trained in piano and voice while Lilienthal played the French horn and had a good tenor voice. After marriage, they took up residence in Berlin and had four children: Otto, Anna, Fritz, and Frida. Lilienthal published his famous book Birdflight as the Basis of Aviation in 1889.

Experiments in flight
Lilienthal's greatest contribution was in the development of heavier-than-air flight. He made his flights from an artificial hill he built near Berlin and from natural hills, especially in the Rhinow region.

The filing of a U.S. Patent in 1894 by Lilienthal directed pilots to grip the "bar" for carrying and flying the hang glider. The A-frame of Percy Pilcher and Lilienthal echoes in today's control frame for hang gliders and ultralight aircraft. Working in conjunction with his brother Gustav, Lilienthal made over 2,000 flights in gliders of his design starting in 1891 with his first glider version, the Derwitzer Glider, until his death in a gliding crash in 1896. His total flying time was five hours.

At the beginning, in the spring of 1891, Lilienthal managed the first jumps and flights on the slope of a sand pit on a hill between the villages of Derwitz and Krielow in Havelland, west of Potsdam (52.41333°N, 12.82278°W). This is the site of man's first flight. Later he made his flight attempts on an artificial hill near Berlin and above all in the Rhinow Hills. In 1891 Lilienthal succeeded with jumps and flights covering a distance of about 25 m. He could use the updraft of a 10 m/s wind against a hill to remain stationary with respect to the ground, shouting to a photographer on the ground to manoeuvre into the best position for a photo. In 1893, in the Rhinow Hills, he was able to achieve flight distances as long as 250 m. This record remained unbeaten for him or anyone else at the time of his death.

Lilienthal did research in accurately describing the flight of birds, especially storks, and used polar diagrams for describing the aerodynamics of their wings. He made many experiments in an attempt to gather reliable aeronautical data.

Projects
During his short flying career, Lilienthal developed a dozen models of monoplanes, wing flapping aircraft and two biplanes. His gliders were carefully designed to distribute weight as evenly as possible to ensure a stable flight. Lilienthal controlled them by changing the center of gravity by shifting his body, much like modern hang gliders. They were difficult to manoeuvre and had a tendency to pitch down, from which it was difficult to recover. One reason for this was that he held the glider by his shoulders, rather than hanging from it like a modern hang glider. Only his legs and lower body could be moved, which limited the amount of weight shift he could achieve.

Lilienthal made many attempts to improve stability with varying degrees of success. These included making a biplane which halved the wing span for a given wing area, and by having a hinged tailplane that could move upwards to make the flare at the end of a flight easier. He speculated that flapping wings of birds might be necessary and had begun work on such a powered aircraft.

While his lifelong pursuit was flight, Lilienthal was also an inventor and devised a small engine that worked on a system of tubular boilers. His engine was much safer than the other small engines of the time. This invention gave him the financial freedom to focus on aviation. His brother Gustav (1849–1933) was living in Australia at the time, and Lilienthal did not engage in aviation experiments until his brother's return in 1885.

There are 25 known Lilienthal patents.

Test locations
Lilienthal performed his first gliding attempts in the spring of 1891 at the so-called "Spitzer Berg" near to the villages of Krielow and Derwitz, west of Potsdam.

In 1892, Lilienthal's training area was a hill formation called "Maihöhe" in Steglitz, Berlin. He built a 4 m high shed, in the shape of a tower, on top of it. This way, he obtained a "jumping off" place 10 m high. The shed served also for storing his apparatus.

In 1893, Lilienthal also started to perform gliding attempts in the "Rhinower Berge", at the "Hauptmannsberg" near to Rhinow and later, in 1896, at the "Gollenberg" near to Stölln.

In 1894, Lilienthal built an artificial conical hill near his home in Lichterfelde, called Fliegeberg (lit. fly hill). It allowed him to launch his gliders into the wind no matter which direction it was coming from. The hill was 15 m high. There was a regular crowd of people that were interested in seeing his gliding experiments.

In 1932, the Fliegeberg was redesigned by a Berlin architect Fritz Freymüller as a memorial to Lilienthal. On top of the hill was built a small temple-like construction, consisting of pillars supporting a slightly sloping round roof. Inside is placed a silver globe inscribed with particulars of famous flights. Lilienthal's brother Gustav and the old mechanic and assistant Paul Baylich attended the unveiling ceremony on 10 August 1932 (36 years after Otto's death).

Worldwide notice
Reports of Lilienthal's flights spread in Germany and elsewhere, with photographs appearing in scientific and popular publications. Among those who photographed him were pioneers such as Ottomar Anschütz and American physicist Robert Williams Wood. He soon became known as the "father of flight" as he had successfully controlled a heavier-than-air aircraft in sustained flight.

Lilienthal was a member of the Verein zur Förderung der Luftschifffahrt, and regularly detailed his experiences in articles in its journal, the Zeitschrift für Luftschifffahrt und Physik der Atmosphäre, and in the popular weekly publication Prometheus. These were translated in the United States, France and Russia. Many people from around the world came to visit him, including Samuel Pierpont Langley from the United States, Russian Nikolai Zhukovsky, Englishman Percy Pilcher and Austrian Wilhelm Kress. Zhukovsky wrote that Lilienthal's flying machine was the most important invention in the aviation field. Lilienthal corresponded with many people, among them Octave Chanute, James Means, Alois Wolfmüller and other flight pioneers.

Final flight
On 9 August 1896, Lilienthal went, as on previous weekends, to the Rhinow Hills. The day was very sunny and not too hot (about 20 °C, or 68 °F). The first flights were successful, reaching a distance of 250 m in his normal glider. During the fourth flight Lilienthal's glider pitched upward and then headed down quickly. (It is believed that his glider stalled.) Lilienthal had previously had difficulty in recovering from this position because the glider relied on weight shift which was difficult to achieve when pointed at the ground. His attempts failed and he fell from a height of about 15 m, while still in the glider.

Paul Beylich, Lilienthal's glider mechanic, transported him by horse-drawn carriage to Stölln, where he was examined by a physician. Lilienthal had a fracture of the third cervical vertebra and soon became unconscious. Later that day he was transported in a cargo train to Lehrter train station in Berlin, and the next morning to the clinic of Ernst von Bergmann, one of the most famous and successful surgeons in Europe at the time. Lilienthal died there a few hours later (about 36 hours after the crash).

There are differing accounts of Lilienthal's last words. A popular account, inscribed on his tombstone, is "Opfer müssen gebracht werden!" ("Sacrifices must be made!"). The director of the Otto Lilienthal Museum doubts that these were his last words. Otto Lilienthal was buried at Lankwitz public cemetery in Berlin.

Guinness World Records recognizes Otto Lilienthal as the first person ever recorded to be fatally injured in a glider accident.

Legacy
Lilienthal's research was well known to the Wright brothers, and they credited him as a major inspiration for their decision to pursue manned flight. They abandoned his aeronautical data after two seasons of gliding and began using their own wind tunnel data.

"Of all the men who attacked the flying problem in the 19th century, Otto Lilienthal was easily the most important. ... It is true that attempts at gliding had been made hundreds of years before him, and that in the nineteenth century, Cayley, Spencer, Wenham, Mouillard, and many others were reported to have made feeble attempts to glide, but their failures were so complete that nothing of value resulted."

Before its closure in 2020, Berlin's then busiest airport, Berlin Tegel "Otto Lilienthal" Airport, was named after him.

In September 1909, Orville Wright was in Germany making demonstration flights at Tempelhof aerodrome. He paid a call to Lilienthal's widow and, on behalf of himself and Wilbur, paid tribute to Lilienthal for his influence on aviation and on their own initial experiments in 1899.

In 1972, Lilienthal was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame.

In 2013, American aviation magazine Flying ranked Lilienthal No. 19 on their list of the "51 Heroes of Aviation".

A German Air Force tanker, Airbus A310 MRTT registration 10–24, has been named "Otto Lilienthal" in his honour.

The Lilium Jet, a prototype German electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) electrically powered airplane and the company which designed it, Lilium GmbH, were named after him.

An authentic replica of the Normalsegelapparat made by the Otto Lilienthal Museum have been investigated by the German Aerospace Center in wind tunnel and flight tests. The results prove that the glider was stable in pitch and roll and can be flown safely at moderate altitudes.

In 1989, a Soviet-era Ilyushin IL-62 passenger jet was flown to Gollenberg, and landed in a nearby field. It now serves as a museum of early flight, and has been named 'Lady Agnes', after Lilienthal's wife. The back of the aircraft operates as a registry office, decorated for marriages. The jet previously served with East Germany's state airline Interflug.

In popular culture

 * Lilienthal was featured on a commemorative postmark in Berlin in 1953.
 * Lilienthal plays a major part (in absentia) in Theodora Goss's short story "The Wings of Meister Wilhelm," nominated for a World Fantasy Award and published in her anthology In the Forest of Forgetting.
 * A Lilienthal glider serves as a major plot element in Paul Gazis's Webserial "The Airship Flying Cloud, R-505".
 * "Lilienthals Traum" ("Lilienthal's Dream") is a song by Reinhard Mey that charts Lilienthal's flights and death.
 * "Lilienthal Berlin" is a German watch brand named after Otto Lilienthal

Gallery
Lilienthal was regularly joined by photographers at his request. Most of them are well known, like Ottomar Anschütz. Lilienthal also took his own photographs of his flying machines after 1891. There are at least 145 known photographs documenting his test flights, some of excellent quality. All of them are available online at the Otto Lilienthal Museum website. The only negatives, preserved in the Deutsches Museum in Munich, were destroyed during World War II.

title: Otto Lilienthal


text:
ReactOS

ReactOS is a free and open-source operating system for i586/amd64 personal computers intended to be binary-compatible with computer programs and device drivers developed for Windows Server 2003 and later versions of Microsoft Windows. ReactOS has been noted as a potential open-source drop-in replacement for Windows and for its information on undocumented Windows APIs.

ReactOS has been in development since 1996. , it is still considered feature-incomplete alpha software, and is therefore recommended by the developers only for evaluation and testing purposes. However, many Windows applications are working, such as Adobe Reader 9.3, GIMP 2.6, and LibreOffice 5.4.

ReactOS is primarily written in C, with some elements, such as ReactOS File Explorer, written in C++. The project partially implements Windows API functionality and has been ported to the AMD64 processor architecture. ReactOS, as part of the FOSS ecosystem, re-uses and collaborates with many other FOSS projects, most notably the Wine project, which presents a Windows compatibility layer for Unix-like operating systems.

Early development
Around 1996, a group of free and open-source software developers started a project called FreeWin95 to implement a clone of Windows 95. The project stalled in discussions on the design of the system.

While FreeWin95 had started out with high expectations, there still had not been any builds released to the public by the end of 1997. As a result, the project members, led by then coordinator Jason Filby, joined together to revive the project. The revived project sought to duplicate the functionality of Windows NT. In creating the new project, a new name, ReactOS, was chosen. The project began development in February 1998 by creating the basis for a new NT kernel and basic drivers. The name ReactOS was coined during an IRC chat. While the term "OS" stood for operating system, the term "react" referred to the group's dissatisfaction with – and reaction to – Microsoft's monopolistic position.

In 2002, the ReactOS Foundation was established in Moscow with Maxim Osowski and Aleksey Bragin as executive officers and Vladimir Bragin, Saveliy Tretiakov and Alexey Ivanov on the board of directors. In 2015, the foundation was liquidated.

Internal audit
In order to avoid copyright prosecution, ReactOS had to be expressly completely distinct and non-derivative from Windows, a goal that needed very careful work. A claim was made on 17 January 2006 by developer Hartmut Birr on the ReactOS developers mailing list (ros-dev) that ReactOS contained code derived from disassembling Microsoft Windows. The code that Birr disputed involved the function BadStack in syscall.S, as well as other unspecified items. Comparing this function to disassembled binaries from Windows XP, Birr argued that the BadStack function was simply copy-pasted from Windows XP, given that they were identical. Alex Ionescu, the author of the code, asserted that while the Windows XP binary in question was indeed disassembled and studied, the code was not merely copy-pasted, but reimplemented; the reason why the functions were identical, Ionescu claimed, was because there was only one possible way to implement the function.

On 27 January 2006, the developers responsible for maintaining the ReactOS code repository disabled access after a meeting was held to discuss the allegations. When approached by NewsForge, Microsoft declined to comment on the incident. Since ReactOS is a free and open-source software development project, the claim triggered a negative reaction from the free software community; in particular, Wine barred several inactive developers from providing contributions and formal high level cooperation between the two projects remained difficult.

In a statement on its website, ReactOS cited differing legal definitions of what constitutes clean-room reverse engineering as a cause for the conflict. To avoid potential litigation, companies sometimes enact a policy where reimplementation based on disassembled code must be written by someone other than the person having disassembled and examined the original code. ReactOS clarified its Intellectual Property Policy Statement requirements on clean room reverse engineering to avoid potential infringement of United States law. An internal source code audit was conducted to ensure that only clean room reverse engineering was used, and all developers were made to sign an agreement committing them to comply with the project's policies on reverse engineering. Contributors to its development were not affected by these events and all access to the software development tools was restored shortly afterward. In September 2007, with the audit nearing completion, the audit status was removed from the ReactOS homepage. Though the audit was completed, specific details were not made public, as it was only an internal effort to ensure compliance with the project's own policies.

Also, the 2004 leaked Windows source code was not seen as legal risk for ReactOS, as the trade secret was considered indefensible in court due to broad spread.

Axel Rietschin, who is a kernel engineer at Microsoft, claimed that he recognized some specific bits in the ReactOS kernel that are unlikely to result from a clean room reimplementation. He suggests that the project took source code from the Windows Research Kernel, which was licensed to universities and has been leaked multiple times. Internal data structures and variable names have the exact same name in both ReactOS and the research kernel.

Google Summer of Code participation
Starting in 2006, the ReactOS project participated in several Google Summers of Code. For example, in the GSoC 2011, ReactOS mentored a student project which integrated lwIP into the network stack.

Lobbying for support in Russia
Between 2007 and 2015, Russian ReactOS contributors representing the ReactOS Foundation made efforts at lobbying the Russian federal government. , these efforts have not yielded government support for ReactOS, and the Russia-based ReactOS Foundation has been dissolved since November 2015.
 * In 2007, then State Duma member and chairman of Russian Center of Free Technologies, Viktor Alksnis met with project coordinator Aleksey Bragin, who gave a presentation and demonstration of the project, showing ReactOS running with Total Commander and Mozilla Firefox.
 * In 2011, a demonstration was given to then president Dmitry Medvedev during a visit to a high school in Verhnerusskoe, Stavropol, attended by one of the development team members.
 * On 31 July 2012, Vladimir Putin was also given a demonstration during his visit as President of Russia to Seliger Youth Forum, attended by Marat Karatov, one of the development team members.
 * On 1 April 2015, Bragin attended an expert meeting of the Russian Ministry of Communications on reducing Russia's dependency from proprietary software imports. Its minutes name the "creation of an open source operating system based on ReactOS for PCs, laptops and other mobile devices", as well as the "creation of an open source operating system for servers based on ReactOS", placing it second among three named proposals.

Funding campaigns
On 1 May 2012, a €30,000 funding campaign was started to finance additional development projects. At the end of the year, approximately 50% of the funding goal was achieved and it was decided to continue the funding campaign without deadlines. The money went to ReactOS Deutschland e. V.. As the tax law in Germany for this form of a registered voluntary association (Eingetragener Verein) makes it problematic to pay developers directly; indirect possibilities like stipends were evaluated.

Thorium Core Cloud Desktop project
When ReactOS was awarded as Project of the Month on SourceForge on June 2013, a crowdfunding campaign on Kickstarter was announced in an interview with the project's coordinator, Aleksey Bragin. On 23 December 2013 the announced project was revealed as a Kickstarter campaign with the goal of US$120,000 was started. The Thorium Core Cloud Desktop dubbed cloud computing service would use ReactOS as core and could allow the use of Windows compatible applications from mobile devices (like smartphones, tablets), workstations, or any other connected device. On 21 February 2014, fundraising ended short of the target amount, with $48,965 of $120,000 raised, resulting in no transferred money.

ReactOS Community Edition
In April 2014, the ReactOS project announced an Indiegogo campaign to launch ReactOS Community Edition, a version of ReactOS based on the 0.4 release. The flexible funding campaign had a goal of $50,000 with additional stretch goals beyond that. Development of ReactOS Community Edition would be community-centric, with ReactOS users voting and funding to decide which software and hardware drivers the project will aim to support. On 1 June 2014, the flexible crowdfunding campaign on Indiegogo ended, raising $25,141 for the development of the community edition, and the voting process to support hardware and software was started shortly thereafter.

ReactOS Hackfest
The ReactOS project organized a hackfest from 7 to 12 August 2015, in the German city of Aachen. The Hackfest resulted in many features being added to ReactOS.

The second hackfest was organized by the ReactOS project from 14 to 18 August 2017, in the German city of Cologne.

The third and fourth hackfests were organized by the ReactOS project from 16 to 21 August 2018 and from 15 to 20 August 2019 in Berlin respectively.

Programs

 * ReactOS Explorer (File Explorer)
 * ReactOS Applications Manager
 * Accessories
 * Calculator
 * Command Prompt
 * Notepad
 * Paint
 * WordPad
 * Magnifier
 * On-Screen Keyboard
 * Remote Desktop Connection
 * Multimedia Player (Media Player)
 * Sound Recorder
 * Volume Control
 * Character Map
 * Clipboard Viewer
 * FontSub
 * Keyboard Layout Switcher
 * ReactX Diagnostic (DxDiag)
 * Registry Editor
 * SnapShot
 * Task Manager
 * Administrative Tools
 * Device Manager
 * Event Viewer
 * Service Manager (Windows service)
 * System Configuration (MSConfig)
 * Games
 * Solitaire (Microsoft Solitaire)
 * Spider Solitaire (Microsoft Spider Solitaire)
 * WineMine (Microsoft Minesweeper)

Commands
The following is a non-exhaustive list of commands that are supported by the ReactOS Command Prompt.

 * alias
 * assoc
 * at
 * attrib
 * beep
 * cacls
 * call
 * cat
 * cd
 * chdir
 * chcp
 * choice
 * clip
 * cls
 * color
 * comp
 * copy
 * ctty
 * date
 * dbgprint
 * del
 * delete
 * delay
 * dir
 * dirs
 * doskey
 * echo
 * echos
 * echoerr
 * echoserr
 * endlocal
 * eventcreate
 * erase
 * exit
 * find
 * for
 * free
 * fsutil
 * goto
 * help
 * history
 * hostname
 * if
 * label
 * memory
 * md
 * mkdir
 * mklink
 * mode
 * more
 * move
 * path
 * pause
 * popd
 * prompt
 * pushd
 * rd
 * rmdir
 * reg
 * rem
 * ren
 * rename
 * replace
 * sc
 * schtasks
 * screen
 * set
 * setlocal
 * shift
 * shutdown
 * sort
 * start
 * taskkill
 * tee
 * time
 * timeout
 * timer
 * title
 * touch
 * tree
 * type
 * uptime
 * ver
 * verify
 * vol
 * whoami
 * xcopy
 * xcopy

ReactOS core development
ReactOS is primarily written in C, with some elements, such as ReactOS Explorer and the sound stack, written in C++. The project compiles using both MinGW and Microsoft Visual Studio, and contributes to the development of the build systems used through the submission of patches to its components.

The developers aim to make the kernel and usermode application programming interface (API) more compatible with Windows NT version 5.2 (Windows Server 2003) and to add support for more applications and hardware, with plans to target newer versions of Windows as development matures. DirectX support is undertaken through ReactX, an in-house implementation. 2D and OpenGL 3D hardware-accelerated rendering is done natively, while other drawing functionality such as Direct3D is redirected to OpenGL as a stopgap solution, mostly using Wine's code such as WineD3D.

The development progress is influenced by the size of the development team and the level of experience among them. As an estimate of the effort required to implement Windows 7, Microsoft employed 1,000 or so developers, organized into 25 teams, with each team averaging 40 developers. , in the ReactOS entry in Ohloh, the page followed through the "Very large, active development team" link lists 33 developers who have contributed over a 12-month period and a cumulative total of 104 present and former users who have contributed code to the project via Apache Subversion since its inception. In his presentation at Hackmeeting 2009 in Milan, ReactOS developer Michele C. noted that most of the developers learn about Windows architecture while working on ReactOS and have no prior knowledge.

While ReactOS targets mainly the x86/AMD64 PC platform, an effort to port to the ARM architecture was at one point "under way", while it did not produce much functionality and was abandoned along with a port to PowerPC, that is no longer actively maintained. Support for the Xbox and the NEC PC-9800, a variant IA-32 architecture, was added through the use of an architecture-specific HAL. Improved 64-bit support for ReactOS is "being worked on", however, development seems to be going slowly.

Collaboration and reuse
While ReactOS has the aim to build a Windows-compatible kernel as open-source software, much of the surrounding required functionality to create a complete OS is already available in the greater open-source ecosystem. When available and possible, ReactOS therefore builds on and collaborates with already existing open-source projects. Conversely, projects like Wine, and formerly Captive NTFS and Longene re-use the open-source ReactOS code-base as well.

Hardware driver stack
On the hardware driver side, for instance the UniATA project provides Serial ATA drivers for ReactOS. The project has also experimented with using the FullFAT library in its rewrite of its FAT Installable File System. ReactOS makes use of the USB stack from Haiku both as a reference and as a foundation for its USB support. Mesa 3D provides OpenGL rendering.

Networking
ReactOS's network stack is built on the TCP portion of OSKit's port of the network stack in FreeBSD, along with an internally developed implementation for packet-oriented protocols like IP. Later, lwIP was integrated into the ReactOS network stack.

Wine cooperation
The ReactOS and the Wine projects share the goal to run binary Windows software natively and can therefore share many dependencies and development. ReactOS uses portions of the Wine project so that it can benefit from Wine's progress in implementing the Win32 API. While Wine's NTDLL, USER32, KERNEL32, GDI32, and ADVAPI32 components cannot be used directly by ReactOS due to architectural differences, code snippets of them and other parts can be shared between both projects. The kernel is developed by ReactOS separately as Wine relies here on existing Unix-like kernels.

Separately, the experimental Arwinss branch was created as an alternative means to improve USER32 and GDI32 support through an alternative implementation of the Win32 API. Whereas ReactOS's original Win32 subsystem was closely modeled after its equivalent in Windows, Arwinss combines the architecture of that subsystem with the corresponding implementation in Wine. To this end, Arwinss uses Wine's GDI32 and USER32 libraries with few changes to take fuller advantage of Wine's existing software compatibility. Arwinss also allows the user to optionally use a remote X server instead of a local display.

Other
The Tango Desktop Project initiative provides open-source design guidelines and resources (as icons) for applications on desktop environments. FreeType is an open-source software development library, used to render text on to bitmaps and provides support for other font-related operations. The KernelEx project is a Windows-API extension and compatibility layer project, which provides open-source implementations of some Windows-APIs. Other contributing projects are MinGW, SYSLINUX, adns, ICU, GraphApp, Ext2, GNU FreeFont, DejaVu fonts, and Liberation fonts.

Forks
Forks based on ReactOS exist:
 * Ekush OS (2004)

Reception
Various people have acknowledged ReactOS and the implications of having a viable open-source drop-in replacement for Windows. A 2004 article and interview of the German weekly magazine Der Spiegel describes ReactOS as directed at Windows users who want to renounce use of proprietary commercial software without having to switch to Linux. DistroWatch, a Linux distribution's monitoring Web site, also lists ReactOS and describes it as "a free and open-source operating system based on the best design principles found in the Windows NT architecture."

In his column for Free Software Magazine, David Sugar noted in 2006 that ReactOS would allow the use of applications depending on older versions of Windows whose APIs have been deprecated. He also recognized its potential to expand the total deployed base of free software, and as a resource for developers wanting to know undocumented Windows APIs in the course of writing portable applications. PC Magazine columnist John C. Dvorak remarked in 2008 that the Windows NT architecture had remained largely unchanged, making it an ideal candidate for cloning, and believed that ReactOS could be "a bigger threat than Linux to Microsoft's dominance". In response to Dvorak's column, ZDNet technology journalist Dana Blankenhorn noted in 2008 that a lack of corporate sponsors and partners had rendered the project harmless to Microsoft. Echoing this, Thom Holwerda of OSNews in 2009 categorized ReactOS under a family of hobby operating systems maintained only by small groups of developers working in their spare time, lacking the financial support of more mainstream operating systems and the legacy of formerly mainstream ones such as RISC OS.

In October 2015, a Network World review of ReactOS v0.3.17 noted "It's just like running Windows 2000" and praised the application package manager, a feature the original Windows is missing.

Jesse Smith from DistroWatch Weekly reviewed ReactOS v0.4.9, and noted that ReactOS "ultimately had a similar problem: limited hardware support" and is not yet a stable operating system.

Awards
The ReactOS Project won on the annual Seliger Youth Forum "The Best Presentation" award with 100,000 Russian rubles ($2700) in 2011, attended by Alexander Rechitskiy, one of the development team members.

ReactOS was a featured project on SourceForge for the weeks beginning on 27 February 2012, 25 April 2013, and several others. It was Project of the Month on SourceForge for June 2013 and February 2019.

title: ReactOS


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Wikipedia talk:Non-unique personal name

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Johann Bodmer and Jan Brueghel are not pointing to articles. shouldn't they be removed from this list? Kingturtle 03:13, 9 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * There is a Pieter Brueghel disamb. page, but for Jan Brueghel the Elder and Jan Brueghel the Elder there isn't. This doesn't make the name unique in Wikipedia though. Thus I'd keep them. -- User:Docu

This page still in use?
Is there an advantage to this page over Category:Lists of ambiguous human names? Pkalmar (talk) 23:56, 10 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I just followed a what-links-here to this page. I think its primary use is to prevent articles tagged with  from appearing as orphaned pages, similar to WP:LDP. --User:Ceyockey ( talk to me ) 01:24, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Non-unique personal name


text:
Fushigi Yûgi

Fushigi Yûgi (ふしぎ遊戯), also known as Fushigi Yûgi: The Mysterious Play or Curious Play, is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yuu Watase. It tells the story of two teenaged girls, Miaka and Yui, who are pulled into The Universe of the Four Gods, a mysterious book at the National Diet Library. It is based on the four mythological creatures of China. Shogakukan serialized Fushigi Yûgi in Shōjo Comic from December 1991 to May 1996 and later compiled the manga into eighteen tankōbon volumes.

Studio Pierrot adapted it into a fifty-two episode anime series that aired from April 1995 to March 1996 on TV Tokyo. The anime spawned three original video animation (OVA) releases, with the first having three episodes, the second having six, and the final OVA, Fushigi Yûgi: Eikoden, spanning four episodes. In North America, Viz Media licensed the manga series for an English-language release in 1999. The anime series was first licensed by Geneon Entertainment and re-licensed by Media Blasters in 2012.

A thirteen-volume Japanese light novel series, written by Megumi Nishizaki, followed Fushigi Yûgi. Shogakukan published the novels from January 1998 to September 2003. Watase also released two prequel manga series: Fushigi Yûgi: Genbu Kaiden, which ran from March 2003 to February 2013, and Fushigi Yûgi: Byakko Senki, which began serialization in August 2017.

As of November 2015, Fushigi Yûgi had over 20 million copies in circulation, making it one of the best-selling manga series of all time.

Plot
The series describes the various trials of Miaka Yuki and Yui Hongo, two junior high school students. While at the library one day, Miaka and Yui encounter a strange book known as The Universe of the Four Gods. Reading this book transports them into the novel's universe in ancient China. Yui is transported back to the real world almost immediately, but Miaka finds herself the Priestess of Suzaku.

Miaka is destined to gather the seven Celestial Warriors of the god Suzaku in order to summon Suzaku and obtain three wishes. She falls in love with the Celestial Warrior Tamahome, who eventually reciprocates and Miaka's desire to use a wish to enter the high school of her choice begins to shift towards finding a way to be with Tamahome.

Yui is also drawn into the book when she tries to help Miaka to come back to the real world; becoming the Priestess of Seiryuu, working against Miaka out of jealousy over Tamahome and revenge for the humiliation and pain she had suffered when she first came into the book's world.

Suzaku
Miaka Yuki

Miaka Yuki (夕城 美朱), the primary protagonist in Fushigi Yûgi, is an ordinary 15-year-old junior high school student. She decides to become the Priestess of Suzaku in order to ask Suzaku to grant her wish to join her best friend, Yui, at the same high school. Outgoing and optimistic, Miaka shows herself amiable with friends and strangers, and has a tendency to be guileless and sentimental. She is naïve, but sometimes surprises adults with an insightful comment. Miaka is generous and cares greatly for other people and perceives herself to be a considerate person. She can be unassuming and unsophisticated, but also magnanimous and courageous. Because she creates the impression of a person who always needs help, Miaka has the good fortune of almost always having someone looking after her. Miaka has a primary weakness: her gluttony. She is an avid fan of anime, imitating several characters during the course of the story.

Tamahome

Tamahome (鬼宿) appears to be the strongest member of the Suzaku warriors. An adept martial artist, proficient unarmed and with weapons, he proves a good street-fighter and can channel his chi into energy-blasts. When emotionally motivated, he is able to use his chi to increase his strength, speed, and reflexes in combat. Tamahome is also experienced in fencing thanks to being trained by Tokaki.

Taka Sukunami

Taka Sukunami (宿南 魏) is the real world reincarnation of Suzaku warrior Tamahome and is the same age as he was in The Universe of Four Gods. His family runs a farm in the countryside. In Fushigi Yûgi: Eikoden, he is Miaka's husband and the father of her child, Hikari.

Hotohori

Hotohori (星宿), the fourth Emperor of Kōnan, is known for his beauty and his narcissism. Known as a responsible ruler and capable of dealing with political affairs, Hotohori often places the well-being of his subjects first and forgets his own needs in the process. Hotohori has limited understanding of the world as a result of being raised in a sheltered environment.

Nuriko

Nuriko (柳宿) first appears disguised in Emperor Hotohori's harem. He is 18 years old. His true name is Ryuuen Chou (迢 柳娟). While prone to jealousy, quick to anger, and possessing a calculating tendency, Nuriko is very level-headed and compassionate and shows the most concern regarding Miaka and Tamahome's relationship. As a "woman", Nuriko is infatuated with his fellow warrior, Hotohori, but as a man, he also loves Miaka Yuki.

Chichiri

Chichiri (井宿), a wandering monk, has trained for several years with Taiitsukun, the creator. As the oldest and wisest of all of the Suzaku warriors, Chichiri thinks of himself as the older brother who looks after them all. Appearing superficially light-hearted, he can put on super deformed "chibi" frivolity or suddenly become very serious and grim. While Tamahome and Hotohori are the obvious leaders, Chichiri is the ever-staunch advisor and supporter from behind the scenes, always willing to help when needed. Unconcerned with his own mortality or with earthly desires, he has a Zen master's detached attitude.

Tasuki

Tasuki (翼宿) formerly led the Mount Reikaku bandits. Extremely quick and agile, he particularly enjoys joking around with Nuriko, Tamahome, and Chichiri.

Mitsukake

Mitsukake (軫宿) is the healer of Suzaku's warriors. He is soft-spoken and one of the most serious of the Suzaku Celestial Warriors. Mitsukake's fighting abilities are limited to his own strength, but as a Celestial Warrior, he possesses incredible healing powers at the cost of exchanging some of his own life force.

Chiriko

Chiriko (張宿) is the youngest and the genius among the seven Celestial Warriors of Suzaku.

Seiryu
Yui Hongo

Yui Hongo (本郷 唯) is the Priestess of Seiryū (Seiryū no Miko). An intelligent and mature girl, she is a tenth grade student and Miaka Yuki's best friend. A passionate person at heart, she tends to see the world in black and white terms and is easily infuriated with perceived betrayal. Yui is confident and bold with everything she does, but longs for someone to take care of her. Although throughout the course of the story, Yui is in love with Tamahome, she ultimately gets together with Tetsuya Kajiwara.

Nakago

Nakago (心宿), considered to be the leader of the Seiryū warriors, is the main antagonist of Fushigi Yûgi, and the antihero in the second OVA. Nakago is both merciless and charismatic; he eliminates those whose usefulness to him is exhausted and skillfully manipulates others into doing as he wishes. Nakago's powers as a Celestial Warrior is shown to be stronger than any of the Suzaku and Seiryū warriors, having the ability to manipulate chi, enabling himself to become psychokinetic, fire energy blasts, and set up force fields. In battle, Nakago also utilizes a whip and sword.

Amiboshi

Amiboshi (亢宿) is the elder twin brother of Suboshi. As a Celestial Warrior, Amiboshi is capable of emitting chi through his mouth and channel it through a flute to control the will of others. A skilled flute player, Amiboshi holds the instrument to the left when using his powers, but to the right when he is simply playing the flute. He works as a spy.

Suboshi

Suboshi (角宿) is the younger twin brother of Amiboshi. As a Celestial Warrior, he can use a secret weapon known as the Ryūseisui, a double-meteor bell, and control it with his will alone. He and his brother can communicate with one another by writing messages on their bodies. In terms of temperament, Suboshi is fierce, impulsive, and stubborn to a fault, unwilling to listen to reason once he becomes determined to do something. Suboshi is particularly devoted to his brother and will not hesitate to kill if it means protecting Amiboshi, even killing fellow Seiryū warrior Tomo without a second thought for this reason alone.

Soi

Soi (房宿) was rescued by Nakago when she was a child and is his most devoted follower. As a Celestial Warrior, Soi possesses Feng Shui related powers allowing her to control lightning, induce electromagnetic fields, but is also skilled in Fhangzang and chi raising techniques. She was born in Gen, a province near the Kutō border. Soi normally appears as a formidable armored fighter who speaks like a man, concealing a kind heart and feminine nature.

Ashitare

Ashitare (尾宿) is a werewolf from Hokkan whom Nakago found in a circus tent; until then, Ashitare apparently was a circus side-show. Hardened and angry, he developed a hatred of humans and would devour human flesh after killing them. Because of Ashitare's brute strength, he is seemingly unstoppable.

Tomo

Tomo (氐宿) is an illusionist and performer among the Celestial Warriors of Seiryū. Having faced hardship since childhood, Tomo is sadistic and cruel, possessing a contorted mentality and severe attitude toward others. Tomo's abilities as a Celestial Warrior allow him to hypnotize opponents.

Miboshi

Miboshi (箕宿) is the last of the Seiryū Celestial Warriors to appear. While he looks like a young boy, he is actually much older than the other Seiryū warriors. As a Celestial Warrior he can possess others - as well as summoning and controlling demons. He employs a Tibetan prayer-wheel with sutras inscribed on it to summon monsters and to perform sorcery.

Genbu
Takiko Okuda (drama CD/game)

Takiko Okuda (奧田 多喜子) is the Priestess of Genbu and the heroine of Fushigi Yûgi: Genbu Kaiden. The daughter of Einosuke Okuda, the Japanese translator of the original scripture for The Universe of the Four Gods, Takiko is a serious young girl skilled with the naginata. She demonstrates a strong will and good heart, but shows insecurity with her own abilities and tends to be impulsive. Takiko is sincere, honest, and possesses a strong sense of justice.

Uruki (drama CD/game)

Uruki (女宿) is the crown prince of the Hokkan Empire and second in line to the throne. He wields a bladed discus to fight, but as a Celestial Warrior, he is able to manipulate the wind in various ways, particularly for teleportation; the only setback to this power is that he must transform into a woman in order to utilize it.

Tomite

Tomite (虚宿) is a Genbu Celestial Warrior and a bounty hunter from the Ka Tribe, an ethnic minority in western Hokkan. In addition to being a skilled archer, Tomite, as a Celestial Warrior, is capable of manifesting and manipulating ice.

Hatsui (drama CD)

Hatsui (室宿) is a Genbu Celestial Warrior and the son of medical doctors. He possesses the ability to shoot spikes from his body and the ability to form a steel cage/basket around himself and others as a means of protection. He is timid, shy, and cries easily and finds it difficult to trust others.

Namame Namame (壁宿) is a Genbu Celestial Warrior who appears as a small doll made of rock that resembles the kodama. Though he is apparently unable to speak, Takiko eventually is able to hear his voice and Namame speaks in simple and short sentences.

Hikitsu

Hikitsu (斗宿) is a Genbu Celestial Warrior, able to manipulate water in the form of snakes, but also possesses a second ability which he has no control over: Shikyokan, where anyone who looks upon the eye with his character is forced to remember their worst memories. Hikitsu is withdrawn and cold to everyone apart from his sister Ayla and his best friend Tomite, whom Hikitsu had saved during an attack which caused the death of Tomite's father.

Inami (drama CD)

Inami (牛宿) is a Genbu Celestial Warrior, initially found in the country of Konan working as a brothel madam. She fights using a large pipe shaped weapon and possesses the ability to manipulate the length of her hair and the smoke from her oversized pipe.

Urumiya (drama CD)

Urumiya (危宿) is the last of the Genbu Celestial Warriors to be unveiled. A dangerous and skilled assassin, Hagus always carries a wide bladed sword and is a proficient archer. He is able to absorb the powers of other Celestial Warriors though his mouth and then use them as he pleases. Hagus comes across as a coldhearted and merciless man whose only desire is to succeed in his mission to kill Uruki. He is unemotional and able to remain calm and focused, even in the heat of battle, but demonstrates an unexpectedly compassionate side to him when he saves two children from misaimed arrows. When he is not battling Uruki and Takiko, he comes across as morose and quiet.

Byakko
Suzuno Ohsugi

Suzuno Ohsugi (大杉 鈴乃) was the Priestess of Byakko. She is the daughter of Takao Ohsugi, the research assistant of Einosuke Okuda, translator of The Universe of Four Gods and the long time crush of Einosuke's daughter, Takiko, the Priestess of Genbu.

Tatara

Tatara (婁宿) is a Byakko Celestial Warrior. Though he is 110 years old, he only appears 20 years old as a result of a spell cast by Subaru and from residing in the Temple of Byakko since Suzuno's departure from The Universe of Four Gods. He possesses the ability to control all plants, regardless of their form.

Tokaki (Old) (Young)

Tokaki (奎宿) is married to the beautiful and kind Subaru. Extremely lecherous in nature, Tokaki takes it upon himself to comment on any attractive young woman he comes across, including Miaka. Despite his womanizing habits, Tokaki loves Subaru dearly and would go to any length to protect her. He cares deeply for Tatara and Tamahome, whom he sees as a son. He is 109 years old, but only appears 19 years old. Tokaki's power is teleportation and is supplemented by his knowledge of pressure points as well as his use of earrings as weapons.

Subaru

Subaru (昴宿) is married to the lecherous Tokaki. She possesses the ability to manipulate time through spells and is actually 107 years old, though she appears only 17. Sweet and nurturing, Subaru tends to the exhausted Suzaku Warriors who descend upon her home. Though she is often exasperated by Tokaki's roving eye, she does love her husband.

Others
Keisuke Yuki Voiced by: Shinichiro Miki (Japanese); Derek Stephen Prince (English)

Keisuke Yuki is the older brother of Miaka Yuki. He is a very caring and protective older brother. He is portrayed as a typical college student. Keisuke is close friends with Tetsuya Kajiwara. He initially doesn't believe Miaka about the  Universe of the Four Gods  until he witnesses Miaka getting sucked into the book. Keisuke eventually starts reading the book in order for the story to continue. Later on in the story, Keisuke starts investigating the  Universe of the Four Gods  along with Tetsuya.

Tetsuya Kajiwara Voiced by: Ken Narita (Japanese); Kirk Baily (English)

Tetsuya is a calm, level-headed, and selfless college student and friend. He is usually seen with shades on. He is close friends with Keisuke Yuki. Tetsuya takes turns with Keisuke in reading the Universe of the Four Gods. During the times Miaka is in danger in the book, Tetsuya takes over reading in order for it to be easier for Keisuke. Tetsuya also helps Keisuke in his investigation of the Universe of the Four Gods. Tetsuya falls in love with Yui Hongo while reading the book and eventually gets together with her.

Manga
Written and illustrated by Yuu Watase, Fushigi Yûgi originally appeared in serial form in the semimonthly manga magazine Shōjo Comic. It premiered in the January 1, 1992 (No. 1) issue, released in December 1991, and ran for over five years, ending in the June 5, 1996 (No. 12) issue, released in May 1996. The series was simultaneously published in eighteen collected volumes by Shogakukan, with new volumes being released on a quarterly schedule.

In 1992, Viz Media licensed the manga for an English-language release in North America. The series was originally released in a flipped trade paperback format, starting in August 1998. Several characters have both Japanese pronunciations and Chinese pronunciations. In 1998, Watase visited the United States and met with Viz staff members at their San Francisco headquarters. Viz kept the original Chinese names of characters at her request. Bill Flanagan, the editor of the English version, asked Watase if he should use the Chinese names for popular characters such as Tai Yi-Jun (Taitsukun), and she also asked for the Chinese names to be used there. The characters with names remaining in Japanese in the English version are the characters such as Tamahome who have Japanese pronunciations of ancient constellations; there was never any intention of them having Chinese names.

This caused some confusion for fans as the anime version uses the Japanese names. For example, in the manga, Hotohori's country is named "Hong-Nan" rather than the "Konan" found in the anime series. After eight volumes, Viz stopped publication of Fushigi Yûgi, reviving it in June 2003 when it released the first two volumes in unflipped standard manga size volumes. The remaining volumes were released on a quarterly schedule, including the remaining ten volumes. The final volume of the series was released in April 2006. The dates and ISBN numbers given for the first eight volumes in the table on the link above are for the second edition releases.

Viz also serialized Fushigi Yûgi in their manga anthology magazine, Animerica Extra, starting with the October 1998 debut issue and running until the December 2004 issue, the magazine's final issue. In 2009 and 2010, Viz re-released the series as part of their "VIZBIG" line, combining three individual volumes of the original release into each single, larger volume.

Anime
Produced by Studio Pierrot, the fifty-two episode Fushigi Yûgi anime series premiered on TV Tokyo on April 6, 1995. The series aired weekly, until the final episode that was aired on March 28, 1996. The series was licensed for English-language release to Region 1 DVD and VHS format by Geneon Entertainment, then named Pioneer, under the expanded title Fushigi Yûgi: The Mysterious Play. It has been suggested that Geneon chose to license the series based on its popularity among the fansub community. The main series was released in eight individual volumes and as two box sets, the Suzaku and Seiryū sets. Media Blasters license-rescued the series, and released the first season to DVD on June 19, 2012. Season 2 was released on February 12, 2013.

Original video animations
Following the anime adaptation, three original video animation (OVA) works appeared. The first, spanning three episodes, takes place a year after the events of the main series and has no ties to the original manga. It was released to DVD on October 25, 1996. The second OVA, which has six episodes, animates the last four volumes of the manga series that had been left out of the main series. The episodes were split across two volumes, with the first released May 25, 1997, and the second coming over a year later on August 25, 1998.

The final OVA, Fushigi Yûgi: Eikoden, spans four episodes and is based on two of the light novels written by Megumi Nishizaki. Released on December 21, 2001, it focuses on a new character, Mayo Sakaki, a sixteen-year-old girl who attends Yotsubadai High School. Upon finding The Universe of the Four Gods in a trash bin at the park, Mayo soon discovers that the story remains incomplete. In the unfamiliar world of the book, Mayo must come to terms with her own life and the unhappiness within it.

Geneon Entertainment also licensed the OVAs for Region 1 DVD release. The first two OVAs were released together in a set titled Fushigi Yûgi: The Mysterious Play, while Fushigi Yûgi: Eikoden was released as a single disc volume. The OVAs were released with similar packaging as the main series, to give them a consistent look. All three OVA series have also been re-licensed by Media Blasters.

Novels
Over a series of five years, Megumi Nishizaki (西崎めぐみ) wrote thirteen Japanese light novels based on Fushigi Yûgi. Illustrated by Yuu Watase, Fushigi Yûgi Gaiden primarily explores the lives the various Celestial Warriors before they are seen in the manga. The only two novels to be set after the manga, Eikō Den (Jōkan) and Eikō Den (Gekan), later became the basis for the third Fushigi Yûgi original video animation, Fushigi Yûgi: Eikoden. Originally published by Shogakukan, none of the novels have been licensed for English release.

Video game
Idea Factory created a Sony PlayStation 2 video game based on the Fushigi Yûgi series called Fushigi Yûgi: Suzaku Ibun (ふしぎ遊戯 朱雀異聞). It was released in Japan on May 29, 2008, in both regular and limited editions. A Nintendo DS version of the game was released in Japan on June 25, 2009, bundled with another game, Fushigi Yûgi: Genbu Kaiden Gaiden – Kagami no Miko, based on the prequel manga series Fushigi Yûgi: Genbu Kaiden.

Stage plays
Amipro produced three stage plays based on the Fushigi Yûgi manga. The first, simply titled Fushigi Yûgi, was staged at The Pocket theater in Nakano from October 20 to October 24, 2010. The second, Fushigi Yûgi: Suzaku-hen (ふしぎ遊戯～朱雀編～), was staged at the Theater Sun Mall in Shinjuku from March 30 to April 3, 2011. The third, Fushigi Yûgi: Seiryū-hen (ふしぎ遊戯～青龍編～), was staged at the Hakuhinkan Theater in Ginza from April 25 to May 2, 2012. All three plays were written and directed by Shintarō Sugano and starred Mao Miyaji in the lead role.

A fourth play, produced by Nelke Planning, was staged at the Shinagawa Prince Hotel Club eX venue in Tokyo from March 19 to March 29, 2015. It was written by Keiko Ueno, directed by Naoyoshi Okumura, and starred Golden Bomber band member Yutaka Kyan in the lead role of Tamahome. The play aimed to depict a "new version of Fushigi Yûgi through the eyes of Tamahome".

Stage musicals
A live-action 2.5D musical stage adaptation, Fushigi Yûgi: Ake no Shō (ふしぎ遊戯～朱ノ章～), ran at the Owlspot theater in Tokyo from April 8 to April 17, 2016. It was produced by Amipro and written and directed by Kōtarō Yoshitani. The cast featured former Morning Musume member Reina Tanaka as Miaka, Ryō Hirano as Tamahome, Juri Aikawa as Nakago, Takahisa Maeyama as Hotohori, Mao Miyaji as Nuriko, Yoshikazu Kotani as Tasuki, Eiji Takigawa as Mitsukake, Tatsumaru Tachibana as Chichiri, Tsubasa Hattori as Amiboshi, Daiki Tomida as Chiriko, Mina Kuryū as Shouka, Zendō Ware as Eiken, Shiori Sakata as Yui, and Jun Fujimiya as Taiitsukun.

A sequel, Fushigi Yûgi: Ao no Shō (ふしぎ遊戯～蒼ノ章～), ran at Zenrosai Hall Space Zero in Tokyo from October 13 to October 21, 2018. It was also produced by Amipro, but written and directed by Sayaka Asai. Several cast members from the 2016 musical returned to reprise their roles, including Reina Tanaka as Miaka and Ryō Hirano as Tamahome. New cast members included Rina Miyazaki as Yui, Yoshiki Tani as Hotohori, Ken Ogasawara as Mitsukake, Subaru Hayama as Chichiri, and Kunta Yamasaki as Tasuki.

Other media
An art book, Fushigi Yūgi: Watase Yū Irasuto-shū (不思議遊戯：渡瀬悠宇イラスト集), was published by Shogakukan in May 1995. It was licensed in North America by Viz Media under the title The Art of Fushigi Yûgi and published in October 2006.

Manga
As of November 2015, Fushigi Yûgi had over 20 million copies in circulation.

In a column for Anime News Network, writer Jason Thompson called Fushigi Yûgi a "great mix of monsters, magic, fighting and the more typical Shōjo Comic material, romance." In his expanded review of the series for Manga: The Complete Guide, Thompson further praised it as "one of the best 'schoolgirl in a strange land' shōjo fantasies." He singled out Watase's writing, which he believes "successfully balances" romance, action, comedy, and cliffhangers, as well as the series' compact supporting cast full of "strong personalities".

Anime
THEM Anime Reviews preferred the manga to the anime, criticizing the latter's production values, repetitious dialogue, and reuse of footage in flashback episodes. DVD Verdict criticized the "convoluted" plot and "nonsensical" dialogue. Another review noted that although Miaka "makes out with her boyfriend quite a bit", the climax is "of the heart and soul", despite the many battles that the characters go through. Her strength and belief in herself give her the strength and courage to change the world. Patrick Drazen, author of Anime Explosion!, considers the humor in Fushigi Yûgi to be based on super deformed caricatures and therefore strange to Western audiences. Anime News Network argued that the show is "always entertaining throughout," while CBR criticized that Nakago is a pretty character even when "committing horrendous crimes like mass murder and sexual assault."

Winnie Chow of Animerica was disappointed by the ending of the anime adaptation, finding the final battle that resolves the series to be "lame at best" that left her cheering more for Nakago than the "good guys". Throughout the series, she notes that the scenes between Miaka and Tamahome became "increasingly sickening" and "overdone". Fushigi Yûgi: Eikoden was panned by THEM Anime Reviews, which considered the animation to be its only strong point. In particular, the reviewer found the new main character to be unlikeable.

title: Fushigi Yûgi


text:
Talk:Timeline of United States pre-history (before 1600)

Untitled
How are the following items pertinent to U.S. history? They might be part of the history of North America or Central America...but of the U.S.? I don't agree. Kingturtle 03:25, 9 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * 1) 1494-Treaty of Tordesillas
 * 2) 1513-Vasco Nunez de Balboa crosses isthmus of Panama, sees Pacific Ocean
 * 3) 1519-Hernán Cortés defeats Tlaxcala, a small state within the Aztec empire
 * 4) 1520s-Spanish begin conquest of Maya civilization
 * 5) 1521-Cortes destroys the Aztec empire
 * 6) 1524-Giovanni da Verrazano, working for France, explores coastline from present-day North Carolina to Maine

Well, surely the Verrazano mention. RickK 03:29, 9 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * oops. Kingturtle 03:31, 9 Nov 2003 (UTC)

article name change
I've changed it from (Beginnings to 1599) to (Before 1600). Beginnings to 1599 is misleading and inaccurate. Kingturtle 17:49, 13 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Missing a lot of history
What about the Viking colonization 400 years prior to Columbus' discovery? How about the NATIVE history?

This article's title is a misnomer
The United States of America DID NOT EXIST in the 1400s, so talking about its history in that period is nonsensical. The article should be renamed "Timeline of North American pre-history" and hsould incorporate native as well as European events - PocklingtonDan 06:46, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Vikings in N.A.?
I know it's not that confirmed, but shouldn't there be an entry about them in this timeline?--216.67.42.81 23:14, 3 October 2007 (UTC)


text:
Talk:John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan

Reference needed:
A death certificate was issued in 2016.

By whom?

Darcourse (talk) 11:13, 29 January 2020 (UTC)

 * Can't ' go and find it?  Cassianto Talk ''' 11:16, 29 January 2020 (UTC)

Here's one, but I don't know how to add references! And I didn't add the original entry, so I don't know if this was the actual source used.

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-35481376

Darcourse (talk) 08:12, 31 January 2020 (UTC)

 * You've been here since 2012 and you don't know how to add a reference?  Cassianto Talk  12:22, 31 January 2020 (UTC)

Cluedo cards

 * There are sources that mention Cluedo cards being found in his car whereas this article makes no mention of them.
 * https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/lord-lucan-cluedo-cards-murder-b2218213.html Nbrader (talk) 11:46, 8 November 2022 (UTC)

Ancestry
The ancestry may not be relevant to the article itself, but it may be of interest to genealogists. That's why I'm posting it here on the discussion page.

19XAVO90 (talk) 21:53, 31 July 2022 (UTC)

Laura Thompson's article
In a recent article, Laura Thompson writes that due to some people noting the apparent volatile mental state of Veronica Lucan, and on the theories surrounding Rivett's murder, she adds a new, extraordinary and shocking possibility in an article. Shockingly, the theory suggests that the late Veronica Lucan was the killer, apparently based on the claim Lady Lucan was under a lot of pressure, suffered from SEVERE depression, apparently had VIOLENT tendencies, and her blood was all over the crime scene and Sandra's blood was MIXED with Lady Lucan's blood and a doctor saying it was possible, if unlikely that her head injuries were self-inflicted.

I don't know if Thompson wrote it in her book, but she perhaps wrote that this could put the claim by Lord Lucan to Susan Maxwell Scott that he saw a "man" fighting with his wife in a new light. Perhaps the man was not really a man after all. One would consider the room was dark and all Lord Lucan could see was people in a tussle. Lord Lucan said as he entered the basement, he fell in the puddle of blood and the "attacker" ran off. What if the "ATTACKER" was Lady Lucan who had attacked and killed Rivett and he indirectly gave hints to Scott that it was his wife, by saying "accused (me) of having hired a hitman to kill her". The theory would posit that when Lady Lucan ran away to the Pub, she realised that she could frame her husband and keep her children. Lord Lucan, covered in blood, knew how it looked and made arrangements for his children to be safe, by calling his mother and writing letters, which he pleaded that his children remain SAFE AND PROTECTED. It should be noted Laura Thompson does not really buy the idea that the real killer was Lady Lucan and Lord Lucan fled to protect his children as well, but given the various theories, I think more information should be found on this; could it really have been this simple? Could Lady Lucan have poised as a victim and avoided even being considered as a suspect, all these years until her death? If so, this could be literally ONE OF THE MOST GIGANTIC BLUNDERS IN ALL BRITISH CRIMINAL HISTORY. 80.43.251.32 (talk) 20:30, 3 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Do you have a source for "the recent article by Laura Thompson"? Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 21:28, 3 March 2024 (UTC)

https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/money-and-power/a46789717/lord-lucan-nanny-murder-mystery-50-years/ I linked it in the "aftermath and developments" section. I have googled "Veronica head injuries self inflicted" and it turns up this brief page from Thompson's book which mentions the Doctor's suggestion https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/A_Different_Class_of_Murder/wbWfEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Laura+Thompson+lord+lucan+veronica+self+inflicted+head+injuries&pg=PT279&printsec=frontcover

In the article, Thompson writes it is apparently upcoming in a documntary to mark the 50th anniversary of Rivett's death, stating that "since Veronica’s death it has become possible to reveal that two of my interviewees held the view that she herself had committed the murder, either because of her mental state (an issue since childhood, again according to her sister) or as an act of revenge on Lucan. In fact, there was a conundrum within the forensic evidence. Blood from Sandra’s group B was found in Veronica’s shoes and on her clothes, while blood from Veronica’s group A was on the mail sack into which the victim’s body had been bundled. No questioning about this was permitted at the inquest, although a medical witness did attest that Veronica’s head injuries could—unlikely as it seems—have been self-inflicted. Such a reversal of the narrative, so compelling, like an Agatha Christie denouement, although I do not subscribe to it. The forensics were compromised by the investigation and impossible to rely upon." This is all I can find at the moment. More to come, it seems perchance.80.43.251.32 (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 21:36, 3 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan


text:
Talk:Heyting algebra

Definition needs clarification
The statement "A Heyting algebra H is a bounded lattice such that for all a and b in H there is a greatest element x of H such that

a ∧ x ≤ b. {\displaystyle a\wedge x\leq b.} a \wedge x \le b." suggests that the element x does not depend on the choice of a and b. But subsequent discussion suggests that x does indeed depend on the choice of a and b. Please remove this ambiguity. 73.32.71.188 (talk) 11:25, 16 June 2021 (UTC)

Symbol for the relative pseudo-complement
I propose to replace $$\Rightarrow$$ by $$\rightarrow$$ in the article. Having the relative pseudo-complement use the same symbol as logical implication is problematic. It complicates proofs, runs contrary to common usage (including in other wikipedia articles), and runs the risk to blurry the important distinction between material implication and logical implication in the minds of readers. I'll do the change if no one opposes it. Ceroklis 17:48, 27 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Done. Ceroklis 15:23, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

x
This definition looks identical to that of the concepf of Boolean algebra: a Boolean algebra is a complemented distributive lattice, provided one includes boundedness in the definition of lattice. What is the difference, if any, supposed to be? Michael Hardy 03:27, 9 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Unclear, certainly. Heyting algebras are not in general Boolean algebras. The point is that negation is defined as not x = 'x implies bottom', and this doesn't in general satisfy not not x = x. I think relatively complemented mis-states the definition, which is presumably meant to be that x implies y always exists, as a supremum.

Charles Matthews 08:31, 9 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Algebraic definition
I would like to propose the following alternative definition:

 * A Heyting algebra $$(H, \wedge, \vee, \rightarrow, 0, 1)$$ is a tuple consisting of a non-empty set $$H$$, three binary operations $$\wedge$$, $$\vee$$ and $$\rightarrow$$ on this set (called meet, join, and implication, respectively), and two special elements 0 and 1 of this set, such that with the following properties hold:
 * $$(H, \wedge, \vee)$$ is a distributive lattice.
 * $$x \wedge 0 = 0$$ and $$x \vee 1 = 1$$
 * $$x \rightarrow x = 1$$
 * $$(x \rightarrow y) \wedge y = y$$ and $$x \wedge (x \rightarrow y) = x \rightarrow y$$
 * $$x \rightarrow (y \wedge z) = (x \rightarrow y) \wedge (x \rightarrow z)$$ and $$(x \vee y) \rightarrow z = (x \rightarrow y) \wedge (x \rightarrow z)$$

 * Heyting algebras were first introduced under the name Brouwer algebras by Garrett Birkhoff who used them to study implication in L. E. J. Brouwer's intuitionistic logic.

This more algebraic definition is probably not as succinct as the definition using the relative pseudo-complement that is currently used in the article but should make the connection to intuitionistic logic more obvious. What do the other wikipedians think? —Tobias Bergemann 08:29, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

User: Phys did a great job on this from the get-go. I think the article as it stands is a cut above every Wikipedia article on Boolean algebra. It covers all the important basics in a fine order (though the point about Heyting algebras being definable equationally might be stated more explicitly, and the example of complete distributive lattices should be included, along with the remark that the Lindenbaum algebra is not a complete distributive lattice). Your axiomatization btw is unsound in two places: both 4(b) and 5(b) are refuted by x=y=0 and (in the case of 5(b)) z=1. 5(b) is presumably just a typo, but what was 4(b) supposed to be? And why are your equations an improvement over those in the article? --Vaughan Pratt 06:39, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't remember where from I took the definition above, probably from http://www.mathe.tu-freiberg.de/~hebisch/cafe/algebra/heytingalg.html. I guess what I meant at the time was that like most topics in lattice theory Heyting algebras too can be defined both as posets and as algebraic structures, and that the article could/should present both definitions, as it is/was done for example with boolean algebra and lattice. I guess when I wrote the above I thought the algebraic definition would make clearer the link to intuitionistic logic. — Tobias Bergemann 07:16, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Addendum: 4(b) was meant to read $$x \wedge (x \rightarrow y) = x \wedge y$$, 5(b) was meant to read $$(x \vee y) \rightarrow z = (x \rightarrow z) \wedge (y \rightarrow z)$$— Tobias Bergemann 10:09, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

Peirce's Law
The article states: No simple proof is known that Peirce's law cannot be deduced from the basic laws of intuitionistic logic.. However, dialogic logic provides an easy way of acheiving that:

O                     P                             ((A -> B) -> A) -> A    ? (A -> B) -> A          A    ?                      ? A -> B   ? A                      B    ?

The proponent cannot defend against the attacks on basic statements like A and B. I reckon similarly easy proofs can be given in tablaux solvers, too. '-129.247.247.238 11:12, 11 May 2006 (UTC)'

 * Yes. For that matter, the same section also constructs a small Heyting algebra invalidating Peirce's law. I guess it depends what you call "simple" -Dan 21:23, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

Wrong claim about total orders
The statement is not true: consider the trivial total order consisting of one point. --Tillmo 11:43, 6 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Every totally ordered set that is a bounded lattice is also a Heyting algebra, where $$\lnot 0 = 1$$ and ...

 * No, it's true. For the one-point case it's trivially true. --Zundark 12:01, 6 October 2007 (UTC)
 * For the one-point case, $$\lnot 0 = 1$$ is not true. --Tillmo (talk) 22:46, 20 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Oh sorry, it is true, I confused $$(\lnot 0) = 1$$ with $$\lnot (0 = 1)$$. --Tillmo (talk) 07:57, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

Organization
I find the organization of this article confusing. The relationship with intuitionistic logic is spread out throughout the article in such a way that to my relatively uninformed eye the article sounds like its repeating itself. It would be nice if the relationship with intuitionistic logic was together in one section. -- Walt Pohl (talk) 23:39, 22 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Well, roll up your sleeves and get stuck in dear boy. You can't break anything, and all changes are revertible! Dr Dec  (Talk)  01:27, 23 December 2009 (UTC)

Horribly meta...
...why is this under "Mathematics articles with no comments"? And, (portraying my wiki-ignorance)... how? The discussion doesn't seem to have category markers in it. Abb3w (talk) 04:49, 12 March 2011 (UTC)

 * The maths rating template at the top of the page puts it in Category:Mathematics articles with no comments, because it detects that there's no Talk:Heyting algebra/Comments page. I don't see how it's useful, but that's how it works. Compare with Talk:Group (mathematics), which does have a comment. --Zundark (talk) 08:57, 12 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Looks like all (?) comments pages have gone (as of this month?), with their comments merged into the corresponding talk page (much better), though I was unable to find any relevant discussion bearing on this. Vaughan Pratt (talk) 15:28, 15 May 2016 (UTC)

 * Yes, all comment subpages should be gone now. The discussion is at Wikipedia talk:Discontinuation of comments subpages. --Zundark (talk) 15:46, 15 May 2016 (UTC)

The implication $$1 \to 2$$
The page currently says "The implication $$1 \to 2$$ is extremely useful and is the principal practical method for proving identities in Heyting algebras.

But it also says:

"We write 1 and 0 for the largest and the smallest element of $$H$$, respectively."

How can it be useful, in a proof, to consider values which are explicitly not defined in the system?

96.255.156.195 (talk) 02:25, 18 June 2012 (UTC)
 * The implication “$$1 \to 2$$” referred to by your first quoted sentence says that if a formula F is an intuitionistic tautology, then the identity $$F = 1$$ holds in all Heyting algebras. I fail to see the connection to the definition of 1 and 0, nor do I see here any “values which are explicitly not defined in the system”. Could you please clarify your question?—Emil J. 10:07, 19 June 2012 (UTC)
 * It would probably help a lot to replace “$$1 \to 2$$” by “1 $$\to $$ 2”, since this makes clearer that 1 and 2 refer to the numbered statements and not to elements of the Heyting algebra. --Tillmo (talk) 11:52, 19 June 2012 (UTC)
 * This reading did not occur to me, but now that you mention it, it might indeed be the root of the IP’s problem. In that case I would suggest 1 ⇒ 2.—Emil J. 17:24, 19 June 2012 (UTC)

I extended this to the three other instances, and also changed "implication" to "metaimplication." However perhaps "entailment" with symbol ⊢ might be more standard here? --Vaughan Pratt (talk) 15:52, 9 July 2012 (UTC)

One-sided distributivity
Very nice. I was thinking about how to fix the problem you pointed out but you beat me to it. My fault for giving an unnecessarily strong condition in the first place. Vaughan Pratt (talk) 07:32, 24 January 2014 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 02:10, 5 May 2016 (UTC)

dual heyting algebras
There is no section on dual heyting algebras, which lead to the dual of intuitionistic logic, which is paraconsistent. That is, the logic of open sets is formally dual to the logic of closed sets, where a point on the boundary of a set can be seen to be both in the set and in its complement (a = ¬a). An expert should add a section on dual heyting algebra and its relation to Interior Algebra and Paraconsistent Logic — Preceding unsigned comment added by 156.40.187.164 (talk) 15:53, 15 March 2018 (UTC)

Intuitionist vs. intuitionistic
The article alternates between "intuitionistic logic" and "intuitionist logic". I believe the former is more correct. In my understanding, "intuitionistic" (like "democratic") is an adjective, and "intuitionist" (like "democrat") is a noun. As in: Brouwer was an intuitionist, and championed the use of intuitionistic logic. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 156.57.124.2 (talk) 14:53, 1 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Heyting algebra