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Saikyō Line

The Saikyō Line (埼京線) is a Japanese railway line operated by the East Japan Railway Company (JR East). It connects Ōsaki Station in Shinagawa, Tokyo, and Ōmiya Station in Saitama Prefecture. The line's name is a portmanteau of the two areas the line connects: Saitama (埼玉) and Tōkyō (東京).

At the northern end of the line, some trains continue beyond Ōmiya as far as Kawagoe on the Kawagoe Line; at the southern end of the line, many Saikyō Line trains continue onward beyond Ōsaki to either Shin-Kiba on the Rinkai Line (operated by Tokyo Waterfront Area Rapid Transit) or Ebina on the Sotetsu Main Line (via the Sōtetsu Shin-Yokohama Line). Moreover, despite the line’s name, some trains only go between Kanagawa and Shinjuku, without continuing to Saitama. Beside the link that connects the Saikyō and Rinkai lines is the JR East Tokyo General Rolling Stock Centre that stores the rolling stock for the Yamanote Line and other types of rolling stock; and the Hinkaku Line which links Saikyo Line to the Tokaido Freight Line and Sotetsu-JR Link Line.

Basic data

 * Operator: East Japan Railway Company (JR East) (Services and tracks)
 * Ōsaki – Ikebukuro – Akabane – Musashi-Urawa – Ōmiya: 36.9 km
 * Ōsaki – Ikebukuro: 13.4 km (Yamanote Line freight line)
 * Ikebukuro – Akabane: 5.5 km (Akabane Line)
 * Akabane – Musashi-Urawa – Ōmiya: 18.0 km (Tōhoku Main Line branch)
 * Double-tracking: Entire line
 * Railway signalling:
 * Ōsaki – Ikebukuro: Automatic Block System, ATS-P
 * Ikebukuro – Ōmiya: ATACS, Formerly ATC-6
 * Maximum speed:
 * Akabane – Ōmiya: 100 km/h
 * Itabashi – Akabane: 90 km/h
 * All other sections: 95 km/h

Route
The line runs parallel to the Yamanote Line between Ōsaki and Ikebukuro, where it is formally called the Yamanote Freight Line (山手貨物線), and as an alternate route to the Tōhoku Main Line between Akabane and Ōmiya, where it is unofficially called the Tōhoku Honsen Secondary Line (東北本線支線). The portion between Ikebukuro and Akabane is officially known as the Akabane Line (赤羽線). For most purposes, JR refers to all of these as part of the "Saikyō Line" when being used for Saikyō Line services.

Service
There are three types of trains on the Saikyō Line: "Local" (各駅停車), "Rapid" (快速), and "Commuter Rapid" (通勤快速). Between Akabane and Musashi-Urawa, Rapid trains stop only at Toda-Kōen, while Commuter Rapid trains, which run during rush hours, stop only at Musashi-Urawa between Akabane and Ōmiya. Between Akabane and Ikebukuro, as well as on the Kawagoe and Rinkai lines, all trains stop at all stations. Between Ikebukuro and Osaki on the Yamanote Freight Line, all trains run limited-stop in both directions, with the Yamanote Line providing all-stations service.

Station list

 * Local trains stop at all stations.
 * Rapid and commuter rapid trains stop at stations marked "●" and pass those marked "｜".

Rolling stock

 * JR East 205 series 10-car EMUs (July 1989 – October 2016)
 * JR East E233-7000 series 10-car EMUs (since June 2013)
 * TWR 70-000 series 10-car EMUs (since 1996)
 * Sotetsu 12000 series 10-car EMUs (since 30 November 2019)

History
The Akabane Line opened on 1 March 1885 as a segment of the Nippon Railway Shinagawa Line. The company was nationalized in 1906. Electric services on the line began in 1909. From 1972 to 1985, the line was the known as the Akabane Line after being a branch of Yamanote Line.

Before the Saikyo Line, there were several attempts to improve commuter rail service between Saitama and Tokyo. One of the earliest, the Tokyo-Ōmiya Electric Railway (東京大宮電気鉄道), was founded in 1928 but went bankrupt shortly thereafter due to rising land values in the area. Later, in 1968, the Tokyo Metropolitan Board of Transportation proposed to run the new Toei Mita Line to central Ōmiya.

Development of the Saikyo Line began as a Japanese National Railways effort to quell unrest in Saitama regarding the expansion of the Tohoku and Joetsu Shinkansen. During the mid-1970s, local protesters staged sit-ins, demonstrations, and administrative actions to impede the building of the new high-speed lines north of Tokyo. JNR reached a settlement with the activists under which it would build a commuter line to serve these local communities, while being allowed to continue extending the Shinkansen.

The new line, tentatively called the "New Commuter Line" (通勤新線), was built between Ōmiya and Akabane. Through service to Ikebukuro via the existing Akabane Line began on 30 September 1985. The Akabane Line name disappeared from daily use from this time. The Saikyo Line was initially troubled by inadequate train control systems which could not keep pace with its frequency of service; however, these issues were worked out during the first month of service.

When the Tōhoku Main Line portion of the Saikyō Line was being built, the stations from Kita-Akabane to Kita-Yono were designated with numbers from 1 to 10; Kita-Akabane Station was known as "New Commuter Line Station No. 1". However, even after names were assigned, passengers complained that each station looked just like the next due to their identical construction. As a result, JNR, in an unusual move, assigned colors to those stations so that they could be told apart from one another.

On 3 March 1986, the Saikyo Line began through service to Shinjuku via the Yamanote Freight Line, which had seen less use by freight services since the opening of the Musashino Line in 1973. Freight services on the former Akabane Line ended in 1999. Services southward to Shibuya and Ebisu did not begin until 16 March 1996, when new platforms were completed to accommodate passenger service. Through services to Ōsaki and the Rinkai Line began on 1 December 2002.

The Saikyo Line has had a particularly severe problem of overcrowding during peak periods, especially during weekday mornings. The opening of the Shonan-Shinjuku Line in 2004 and the Tokyo Metro Fukutoshin Line in 2008, both of which parallel the Saikyō Line for part of its route, alleviated some of the worst crowding. Problems resulting from overcrowding have included a higher incidence of groping, as well as delays in train schedule caused by longer time taken at each station to pick up and drop off passengers. The Saikyō Line was notorious for having the highest reported number of groping-related incidents (known as chikan incidents) in the Greater Tokyo area. This problem was directly addressed by introducing women-only passenger cars during rush hours, and indirectly addressed by reducing overcrowding problems as a whole.

On 20 August 2016, station numbering was introduced with stations being assigned station numbers between JA08 and JA26. Numbers increase towards in the northbound direction towards Omiya.

Beginning 30 November 2019, some Saikyo Line trains travel through to Ebina via the Shonan-Shinjuku Line and the Sotetsu JR-Link Line. In the westbound direction (Omiya to Shinjuku, Osaki, and Ebina), Saikyo Line trains enter the Hinkaku Line after Osaki, stopping at Nishi-Oi and Musashi-Kosugi. After Musashi-Kosugi, trains enter the Tokaido Freight Line track. Near Hazawa Yokohama-Kokudai, the train enters the Sotetsu-JR Link Line.

title: Saikyō Line


text:
Ōsaki Station

Ōsaki Station (大崎駅) is a railway station in Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan, jointly owned and operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) and Tokyo Waterfront Area Rapid Transit (TWR).

Lines
Ōsaki Station is served by the following JR East lines. It also forms the western starting point of the TWR Rinkai Line to Shin-Kiba. Most Saikyō Line trains operate through to Shin-Kiba on the Rinkai Line.
 * Saikyō Line
 * Shōnan-Shinjuku Line
 * Yamanote Line

Station layout
The station has four island platforms serving eight tracks. Platforms 1 to 4 are for the Yamanote Line, and 5 to 8 are shared by the Saikyō Line, the Shōnan-Shinjuku Line, and the Rinkai Line. Ōsaki is one of the stations on the Yamanote Line loop where trains are put into and taken out of service. It therefore has four tracks (two in each direction) for the Yamanote Line so as not to interfere with continuing trains (trains go several rounds before being taken out); usually platforms 1 and 3 are used by regular services, while platforms 2 and 4 are used by trains entering and exiting service. Chest-high platform edge doors were introduced on platforms 1 and 3 from 22 December 2012.

There are two sets of ticket barriers: the "north" and "south" gates. The north gate provides access to the east and west exits, while the south gate provides access to the new east and new west exits.

Unlike most other stations with service from multiple different transport companies, at Ōsaki the Rinkai line and JR services are behind the same fare gates, and it is possible to change between JR and Rinkai lines without exiting and re-entering. Passengers using Suica or another IC card will be charged the combined fare when they exit. Passengers holding a Japan Rail Pass and transferring onto the Rinkai line, which does not accept the pass, will need to pay the Rinkai line fare when they exit at their Rinkai line destination. A similar arrangement applies to passengers travelling through from the Saikyō line to Oimachi or another Rinkai line destination.

Platforms

 * }

Facilities
The station has a "Midori no Madoguchi" staffed ticket office. Toilet facilities are located inside the ticket barriers, close to the north gate.

History
The station opened on 25 February 1901, as a station of Nippon Railway, which was nationalized in 1906. After serving the Yamanote Line for a century, on 1 December 2002, new platforms for the Saikyō Line, the Rinkai Line and the Shōnan-Shinjuku Line opened on the west side of the station.

Station numbering was introduced to the Rinkai Line platforms in 2016 with Ōsaki being assigned station number R08. Later in August 2016, station numbering was introduced to the JR East platforms with Osaki being assigned station numbers JS17 for the Shonan-Shinjuku Line, JA08 for the Saikyo Line, and JY24 for the Yamanote Line. At the same time, JR East assigned its major transfer stations in the Tokyo area a 3-letter code; Osaki was assigned the code "OSK".

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2013, the JR East station was used by an average of 143,397 passengers daily (boarding passengers only), making it the eighteenth-busiest station operated by JR East. In fiscal 2013, the TWR station was used by an average of 58,041 people daily (boarding passengers only), making it the busiest station operated by TWR. The average boarding passenger figures for previous years are as shown below.

Surrounding area

 * Sumitomo Fudosan Osaki Garden Tower
 * Sega Sammy Headquarters

 * Gate City Ohsaki
 * Lawson Headquarters
 * Adobe Systems Japan Headquarters

 * ThinkPark Tower
 * MOS Burger Headquarters

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ōsaki Station


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George Smitherman

George Smitherman (born February 12, 1964) is a former Canadian politician and broadcaster. He represented the provincial riding of Toronto Centre in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1999 to 2010, when he resigned to contest the mayoralty of Toronto in the 2010 municipal election. Smitherman is the first openly gay Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) elected in Ontario, and the province's first openly gay cabinet minister.

Smitherman was a candidate in the 2018 municipal election running for Toronto City Council in Ward 13 Toronto Centre which included much of the provincial riding he represented as an MPP. He received 15% of the vote, failing to unseat incumbent Kristyn Wong-Tam who received 50%.

Since March 2020 he has been president and CEO of the Cannabis Council of Canada.

Background
Smitherman was born at Humber Memorial Hospital (now Humber River Regional Hospital Church site) in Weston, Ontario and spent much of his early years in Etobicoke (he briefly lived in East York, Ontario). He is the son of Irene Margaret (Wood) and Arthur Smitherman, and one of four children. Smitherman spent much time working with his father's business, Smitty's Haulage (later Sure-Way Transport).

Smitherman admitted a five-year addiction to an illegal drug before running for political office. Smitherman has not indicated the specific drugs he was addicted to during this time, except to say that they were part of the "Toronto party scene", and that "the drugs were not injected". He is estranged from his older brother, saying they didn't fall out but just drifted apart. Arthur, who ran for city council from Ward 8, endorsed Rob Ford for mayor.

On August 5, 2007, Smitherman married his partner, Christopher Peloso, near Elliot Lake, Ontario. Peloso was a manager with Lindt & Sprüngli. On September 26, 2009, the Toronto Star reported that Smitherman and Peloso had been approved as adoptive parents by the Toronto Children's Aid Society. They adopted two children named Michael and Kayla. Peloso also had a daughter from a previous relationship. Peloso, who was reportedly suffering from clinical depression, was found dead after going missing in December 2013.

Early politics
Smitherman was active in politics at Burnhamthorpe Collegiate Institute, where he was the high school's student council president. He left high school before graduation. He dabbled in municipal politics in Etobicoke. Smitherman decided against post-secondary education and began his political career. He worked as an organizer for the Ontario Liberal Party and Premier David Peterson. He was chief of staff to Ontario cabinet minister Hugh O'Neil and senior advisor to Ontario federal political ministers Herb Gray and David Collenette. He was chief of staff and campaign manager to one-time Mayor of Toronto Barbara Hall. He also ran a private consulting business and co-owned a photofinishing shop in downtown Toronto until 1994.

Provincial politics
In the 1999 provincial election Smitherman was nominated as the Liberal Party candidate for the riding of Toronto Centre-Rosedale. Former Toronto mayor John Sewell was running as an independent candidate, and activists accusing him of splitting the left-wing vote with the New Democratic Party. Although a Progressive Conservative government was re-elected, Smitherman won the seat for the Liberals.

In the legislature, Smitherman was nicknamed "Furious George" for his aggressive and often abrasive manner, and rose to become McGuinty's right-hand man and favourite "attack dog". When asked about this nickname, Smitherman mockingly said that he was an "attack poodle". In the 2003 election Smitherman was re-elected and the Liberals won the election. Dalton McGuinty was sworn in as the 24th Premier of Ontario on October 23, 2003. Smitherman was named to cabinet as Minister of Health and Long-Term Care and the Toronto Regional Minister. In 2006, he was additionally named Deputy Premier of Ontario.

Under Smitherman's leadership, the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care launched the Wait Times Strategy in 2004. The new health care model was designed to reduce wait times for various procedures such as hip and knee replacement, MRIs and CT scans. The Wait Times Strategy also focused on shrinking wait times for cancer, cardiac and cataracts surgeries.

Smitherman also launched the Ministry's "Aging at Home" strategy in 2007. The initiative focused on delivering enhanced community health care services and enabling seniors to live independent, healthy lives at home through home care and other community-based services.

In the 2007 election, Smitherman was re-elected as the MPP for Toronto Centre and continued in his roles as Minister of Health and Long-Term Care, Deputy Premier and Toronto Regional Minister.

However, Smitherman was criticized for ignoring calls for an independent investigation into C. difficile deaths in hospitals, and he was unable improve the lives of nursing home residents who were often forced to sit in soiled diapers for hours on end. Smitherman was also criticized for failures related to the implementation of an electronic health records system called eHealth that partly occurred during his tenure as Minister of Health and Long-Term Care. eHealth was under criticism for awarding no-bid contracts, as well as the $647 million spent on its predecessor, Smart Systems for Health Agency, which was shut down and restarted as eHealth. Smitherman's successor David Caplan resigned as Minister in 2009 to take responsibility for mistakes that were made.

On June 20, 2008, Smitherman was shuffled to the new Ministry of Energy and Infrastructure, a merger of two formerly separate government departments. McGuinty dismissed suggestions that he combined the energy and infrastructure portfolios to satisfy Smitherman, saying, "I think it's a great fit, it's a natural fit, and it's an essential part of our plan to grow this economy."

As the Minister of Energy and Infrastructure, Smitherman was responsible for Ontario's Green Energy Act, which was passed in September 2009. The Act encourages investment in green energy production by providing businesses the ability to sell energy produced from renewable sources to the province's electricity grid through a Feed-in-Tariff program. The Green Energy Act has resulted in a series of record-breaking corporate investments in wind and solar energy worth billions of dollars.

The World Wind Energy Association chose Smitherman as the recipient of their annual World Wind Energy Award in 2009 for his outstanding achievements in making Ontario the leading wind energy jurisdiction in North America.

Toronto mayoral election
On September 9, 2009, Smitherman strongly suggested that he would be running for mayor of Toronto in the upcoming 2010 mayoral election. He emphasized that any official announcements would not come before "the unofficial campaign season municipally begins in the new year".

On November 8, Smitherman announced his resignation from the provincial cabinet in order to run for mayor. He remained in the legislature as a backbench MPP until January 4, 2010.

In April 2010, Smitherman's campaign manager, Jeff Bangs, resigned and was replaced by Bruce Davis, chair of the Toronto District School Board and a veteran of local politics.

On August 21, 2010, the Ontario Liberal Party began distributing pamphlets, listing Smitherman's provincial record and endorsements, to 75,000 identified Liberal voters. This partisan endorsement led to speculation that Smitherman's political fortunes were connected with those of the Liberal provincial government. Several other mayoral candidates criticized Premier McGuinty and the provincial Liberals for jumping into the race.

Smitherman admitted telling a volunteer working for rival Rocco Rossi to "screw off". Smitherman claims he was set up by Rossi's campaign and he said the young woman tried to hand him a paper questioning his work with youth before a debate.

Smitherman's campaign has been criticized for swaying first to the left and then the right. After Labour Day, he made fiscal promises to freeze property taxes for a year and cut down on reckless spending.

Following the results of a Nanos Research poll, released on September 19, Smitherman made the following statement "The polling that we've seen tells us that if an election was held now, Rob Ford would be our mayor," Smitherman said. "That obviously provokes a certain distaste and reinforces for us that we need to work harder for the values of our city." The poll put Ford's level of support at 45.8% among decided voters. Smitherman held 21.3%, Joe Pantalone 16.8%, Rocco Rossi stood at 9.7% and Sarah Thomson at 6.4%. Smitherman vowed to lead the "anybody-but-Ford" movement and encouraged strategic voting.

In October, Smitherman picked up support. Sarah Thomson dropped out and endorsed Smitherman. Smitherman and his staff were also pressing some of Rocco Rossi’s key supporters to switch; Rossi soon dropped out due to being unable to improve poll numbers but did not endorse any other candidates. Former Toronto (pre-amalgamation) mayors David Crombie and Art Eggleton also endorsed Smitherman. Several left-leaning councilors who were normally allies of Joe Pantalone, Joe Mihevc, Adam Vaughan, and Pam McConnell, decided to back Smitherman's campaign instead. Smitherman urged strategic voting and repeatedly asserted, "a vote for Joe Pantalone is a vote for Rob Ford." Smitherman also left a voice-mail for outgoing Mayor David Miller, hoping that Miller would persuade Pantalone to bow out, but Miller never returned the call (back in 2003, Barbara Hall's campaign used back-channel efforts to discourage Miller's run for mayor) and gave a public endorsement of Pantalone instead. Following the results of the October 18 Angus Reid Public Opinion Poll, Smitherman and Ford were practically tied for first place, with Ford at 41% and Smitherman at 40%.

On election day, Smitherman finished second with 35.6% of the vote compared to Ford who won 47.1%.

Post-political career
Smitherman joined radio station CFRB on an occasional basis in January 2011. He turned down an invitation from Premier McGuinty to run in the 2011 provincial election but said he intended to run for office again at some point in the future.

He was the chairman and principal at the consulting firm he founded, G & G Global Solutions and also a zone advisor to Ryerson University's Digital Media Zone.

He also serves on the boards of medical marijuana producer THC Meds Ontario Inc., drone maker Alta Vista Ventures and mining company Ceylon Graphite.

Smitherman considered returning to politics and seeking the Liberal Party of Canada's nomination for a federal by-election in Toronto Centre but announced on July 29, 2013, "I won't be a candidate now. I won't be contesting a riding in the 2015 general election or any other," as he prefers to prioritize "fun, family and finances".

Smitherman wrote a memoir called Unconventional Candour, published in 2019 by Dundurn Press.

Smitherman announced in February 2017 that he intended to run for a seat on Toronto City Council for one of the Toronto Centre wards in the 2018 municipal election. He said if he ran, he would divest himself of any current business interests that may pose a conflict. In May 2018, he confirmed that he would be running in Ward 23.

Smitherman had also expressed interest in returning to provincial politics and reclaiming his former riding of Toronto Centre in the 2018 provincial election, which was vacant following the resignation of Glen Murray, but faced resistance from the leadership of the Liberal Party which considered him an unsuitable candidate for the party's nomination due to his association with the eHealth scandal as well as his reputation for being difficult and temperamental, and threatened to disqualify his candidacy. In the face of this opposition, Smitherman decided not to pursue the Liberal nomination and instead focus on his municipal campaign.

He originally ran for an open seat but after Ontario Premier Doug Ford's government reduced the number of seats on Toronto City Council by half, Smitherman opted to run in Toronto Centre Ward 13 against incumbent councillors Kristyn Wong-Tam and Lucy Troisi for the new ward's single seat on council. He came in second, winning 15% of the vote to Wong-Tam's 50%.

title: George Smitherman


text:
UCK

UCK may refer to:

 * Ubuntu Customization Kit, for a live CD of the Ubuntu operating system
 * Uckfield railway station, East Sussex, England
 * Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA; Ushtria Çlirimtare e Kosovës, UÇK)
 * National Liberation Army (NLA; Ushtria Çlirimtare Kombëtare, UÇK)

title: UCK


text:
List of interior ministers of France

This is a list of ministers of the interior of France (Ministres de l'Intérieur).

title: List of interior ministers of France


text:
Talk:Origins of Prussia

Again I am disputing the truth of the sentence Conrad invaded and even took some Prussian territory in Kulmerland'. I will remove it in the future, unless i will see some evidence. One week of grace begins... szopen

A number of historical facts were removed by szopen,

therefore entered here: MG 3/19/2006

--

1) The first attempts at conquering Prussia are recorded in 997 AD. <- This is false. In 997 there was mission of St. Adalbert. Since he went without soldiers and was martyred, it's hard to see it as "conquest". 2) Already several times before, particularly in 1220 and thereafter Konrad I of the duchy of Masovia was unsuccessfully trying to conquer Prussian land. <- This is a bit news for me. Konrad I was trying christianisation of Prussia in 1222 and 1223, IIRC, I am nto aware of any raid or anything in 1220. 3) Why the removal of "Polish" from duchy of Masovia? It was Polish duchy, period. 4) Due to a number of attempts by Konrad of Masovia to conquer Prussia, the Culmerland to the north of Masovia became quite devastated and Konrad feared for his own land in Masovia <- This is unclear. First, Culmerland was Konrad's land. it was part of Polish land since X century. It _was_ part of the Masovia, so why _north_ from Masovia?! It was devastated by Prussian raids. To repeat: CULMERLAND (ziemia chelminska) was part of Polish duchy since a long time before Konrad. First written mentioning of Chelmno as Polish town, the centre of Polish Ziemia Chelminska, is from 1065. So, in 1220 Culmerland was part of Poland since _AT LEAST_ 150 years (and more, since archeological findings confirm it was rather inhabited by Slavs, not Prussians. In 1216 Chelmno (Kulm) was invadaded and burned by _Prussians_. Trying to constantly write that Chelmno was "recently conquered" is falsification of the history. Szopen 08:55, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

The recent additions were almost absurd. Constant mistaking the dates, the numbers takien from the thin air etc etc. And again claiming that Culmerland was Prussian despite all archeological evidence of Slavic (Polish) settlements dating as far as early XI century. First mention of Culm as Polish town is in 1065! Also depicting the Prussians as peaceful people, which they were definetely not. All medieval people, Poles, Prussians etc were constantly invading themselves. The difference were that Polish armies started to try to conquest Prussia, while Prussians were mainly pillaging. the truth is also that starting with second hald of XII and even more in XIII century, Polish states were so weak that Prussians gained the upper hand in the conflict and became aggressive side. Also, the weasel words like "fanatism" are totally contrary the spirit of wikipedia. Szopen 08:58, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

POV and fact check
I have nominated the section "Prussia and the new neighbors since the 10th century" for a POV check and a fact check, against possible bias (in some cases, evident anti-Polish bias, in other cases, simple bias) and unsourced information. I single out the following lines as particularly in need of attribution, verification, re-writing, or removal:

 * Boleslaw did not give up his attempts at conquest and in the years of 1011 to 1015 he undertook further military excursions into Prussia.
 * <- the sourceS? Only sources mention only Bruno from Querfurt two missions and Adalbert, no military excursions (except from myths generated later in XVI century, when it was claimed by some that Boleslaw CONQUERED Prussia. Szopen 08:41, 7 February 2007 (UTC)
 * BTW, Thietmar, not Thitmar, and Długosz, not Glugosz. Neither Thietmar or Ann. Qued. Mention supposed conquest of Prussia by Boleslaw, so saying they are source has to be heavily motivated. Szopen 08:50, 7 February 2007 (UTC)
 * So, Boleslaw's "military excursions" were monks with guards, in other words?
 * Sending a few missionaries (Bruno, Adalbert) with some guards is hardly the same as sending an army. If sources are found to corroborate that, then what do you think of rewording the line to read "The Christians did not give up their attempts to convert the pagan Prussians, and Boleslaw I of Poland continued to send missionaries, sometimes armed." ? -- Beobach972 17:19, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

 * In 1064 Pomeranians, who were also constantly attacked by Poland, together with Prussians retaliated in Greater Poland. Boleslaw II won a bloody victory and again forced the Pomeranians to temporarily submit.
 * Yes, probably. I am not sure about Prussian participation Szopen 08:41, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

 * It took till 1091, when Polish forces under Władysław Herman invaded Pomerania with the goal of reestablishing Polish overlordship. Despite the victories (taking Nakło/Nakel, victory near Drzycim/Driesen) Poles were unable to subdue the Pomeranian uprising. They regained their independence from Poland with the aid of the Prussians.
 * Yes. Prussian aid is uncertain, I never read about it anywhere. Note that there were two battles near Nakel, the second one was unconcluded (well, Poles kept the battlefield so they claimed they won, but with losses so great that they had to withdraw) Szopen 08:41, 7 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Well, the Pomeranians were a tribe of the Prussian people, so it is plausible that the other tribes helped them. -- Beobach972 17:19, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

 * The Poles still did not give up their conquest attempts and they attacked in the winter coming into Prussia over the many lakes, when they were frozen over. They often dragged Prussian captives into their country. The greatest gain was made by Polish king Boleslaw II in winters of 1107/8 and 1110/1. Boleslaw demolished vast stretches of the south-western regions of Prussian land, then also tried to secure previous conquest of Prussian Culmerland by removing great numbers of Prussians to Greater Poland, giving Culm to Duke of Masovia as lien. The Prussian Culmerland had been invaded and conquered by Poles since Boleslaw I and regained by Prussians every time.
 * Culmerland since it was first time recorded was POLISH land. Also archeological evidence is crucial in recording POLISH (i.e. Slavic) presence in the region, which gradually was moving north. Prussians were in northern part of Culmerland only. Boleslaw II by 1107 already was dead. Probably it's about Boleslaw III the Wrymouth, who in around this time demolished vast stretches of POMERANIAN land. Giving Culmerland to duke of Masovia as lien is absurd, since: in 1102 Mazowsze was given to the province of Zbigniew, who was formally SENIOR (and was allied with Pomeranians at that time) Szopen 08:41, 7 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Culm is listed by Peter of Dusburg as a Prussian land, though nearly uninhabited. A little digging reveals why: inhabited by Slavs from the 8th century onwards, the territory was subject to Prussian raids and colonisation in the 13th century, presumably displacing/killing the Slavic population and accounting for its being recorded by Peter in the 1300s as a Prussian territory -- especially given the fact that the area (according to a neat little timeline on the German WP) was controlled from 1230 to 1466 by the Deutscher Orden. From the 10th century to 1230 it is listed as being under Polish control, and considering it was settled by the Slavs in the 8th century, the article as it stands makes no sense — it leaves one to wonder how could the Poles have captured their own land? Even if they had, the confusion of the various Boleslaws would need to be corrected. Prussian raids, in turn, can hardly be described as the area being "regained by the Prussians every time". Are there any objections to the simple removal of this paragraph? -- Beobach972 17:19, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

 * When Pomerania became christianised in 1124 that brought on a new danger for the Prussians. By 1147 and 48 Polish king Boleslaw IV together with Russian troops attacked Prussia, but they were unsuccessful in their conquest attempt.
 * Yes and No. The results of the conquest politics by Polish DUKE Boleslaw the Curly are not certain. The Kadlubek wrote about "success". Also in 1157 Barbarossa mentioned that Prussians fought alongside Poles. Szopen 08:41, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

 * The Polish did not stop. With fire and sword the Polish king Boleslaw IV came again in 1158 along the Ossa river into Pomesania and proclaimed that all of Prussia must submit to christianity and to the Polish crown. Whoever does not submit, shall loose property and life. When the Prussians finally got the Polish army to leave the country, the Prussians chased out the Polish priests as well, who had been installed by the army.
 * They slashed, burned and murdered so terribly, that the Prussians now realized, that Poland did not only want tribute but that they were out for total submission. Prussians prepared and they led the Polish army, under leadership of Henry of Sandomir, brother of the king, into an area of marshy morass. Whoever did not drown, was felled by an arrow or by throwing clubs. Nearly all Polish military parrished. Since then the Poles were careful and did not strike again. That is, they did not strike again until the years 1191-93.
 * (That reads like an action novel...)
 * Yes (rhetorics aside). That is, the event of catastrophic defeat is true. Szopen 08:41, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

 * He forced them to paying tribute and then withdrew. Their conquest of the Prussian Culmerland was very shaky, even thought the Poles had already killed or removed many of the Prussians in that territory. But the Prussians, previously documented as very peaceful people, had by now learned warfare, necessitated by the many wars brought upon them ever since the conquests started Boleslaw I. The Poles could no longer hold on to Prussian Culmerland and began to call on the pope.
 * Culmerland was not Prussian, but Polish since AT LEAST early XI century (first mentioning in sources). Also Prussians were documented as peaceful people (the Estes) some thousand years ago. Very funny. Slavic people also were documented as very peaceful people thousands years ago. Szopen 08:41, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

 * The results were edicts calling for Northern Crusades against the "marauding, heathen" Prussians. Many of Europe's knights joined in these Crusades, which lasted sixty years.

 * -- Beobach972 03:00, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Anonymous claims he backs his thesis with medieval chroniclers. It's absurd. I challenge him to provide the quotes from those chronicles to document supposed conquest attempts by Chrobry and Wrymouth in Prussia Szopen 08:41, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

-

A number of conquest attempts were launched against Prussia by Poland, (ref External link William Pierson book), also ] Chronicon Polonor. Ongoing military attacks in order to subjugate Prussia. Labuda disputes this.

Marija Gimbutas in her book: The Balts - describes the Prussian and Baltic territory reaching much further west, south, south-west, south-east than the later Prussia, when Poland came into existense and conquered much additional territory (claimed by Polish to have been a "uniting of Polish tribes"), however for centuries rejected and fought against by the ones involved.

Prussians are also recorded as Ulmerugi, Holmrugi (Island Rugians in the Vistula river area. That name still showed up on maps of area around Culm, Culmerland, Kulmerland territory which was surrounded by the Vistula river.

Boleslaw I claimed to have conquered (part of) the Prussians and even his headstone is supposed to have shown something like this. He also claimed to have put 'columns' (pillars) up in the newly conquered Prussian territory, to mark the new border of territory, which he now claimed as his, which was not his.

So ,Szopen, Culmerland was not Polish land- it was Prussian land, partially conquered temporarily by Poland.

Gethen, Getae is yet another name for the Prussians, that name was still known to Polish historians as well.

Szopen's mentioning of Bruno of Querfurt as having taken part in Boleslaw I battles against Prussians 1015 also makes no sense, because Bruno was dead since 1009.

 * Anon, you are mistaken. Boleslaw I had not claimed anything like that. It was a myth invented later, not mentioned by any contemporary sources I am aware of. If you can, please provide quotes from medieval sources (yearsbooks or chronicles). Also, Culmerland is Slavic land - just check any archeological site and see what was the settlement pattern in early medieval times. As for Bruno, I mentioned it because it is the only time Prussians are mentioned by chroniclers around the period you mentioned. Of course I may be mistaken. Please provide the primary sources (the book you mentioned probably has some quotes, if it is real reliable history book, not "history for the dummies" series.
 * As for Baltic territory stretching further south and west that's true - before Slavs moved out of their hypothetical ur-heimat Balts and Prussians inhabited much of territory which later became Slavic. However in X century the area was settled by Slavs for few generations (though of course not whole area - northern Culmerland IIRC was Prussian. Szopen 12:22, 9 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I noted that you mentioned the same book as source for the claim that Poznan was "first under Magdeburg jurisdiction", a myth which was debuked by GERMAN historian in early 1920s. Is that right!? Szopen 12:24, 9 February 2007 (UTC)

 * BTW: after digging few books and searching the net I found one detail: there were probably some fights between Prussians and Poles earlier (before death of St. Adalbert). The only clue here is that brother of Prussian who killed Adalbert died in fight with Poles <- at least this is what Jasienica wrote. Jasienica also wrote that in 1038 Prussians invaded Poland. Szopen 12:32, 9 February 2007 (UTC)
 * More info digged out. I was surprised by your "headston of Boleslaw I" so I started to search more. The headstone of Boleslaw I is known only from literature, the earliest copy came from first half of XV century, and the time of creation the text is estimated for 1340s. In other words, it is highly dubious source to use. Szopen 08:27, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Sandbox
A sandbox in which to edit the last section and reach a consensus about what it should say, prior to release: Talk:Origins of Prussia/Sandbox. (Beobach972 17:24, 7 February 2007 (UTC))

 * The Adalbert of Prague article states that Boleslaw II had several members of Adalbert's family murdered, yet Boleslaw I sent soldiers to protect Adalbert in his mission to Prussia. Is this correct? -- Beobach972 17:32, 7 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Nevermind, Radomil explained that Boleslaw II (the Pious) was from Premyslid dynasty and was duke of Bohemia, not directly related to Bolesław I (Chrobry) from the Piast dynasty, who was duke and later king of Poland. -- Beobach972 19:54, 7 February 2007 (UTC)

Irrelevant Germanic pluralization
I have removed the following text from the article: The East Prussian dialect of German maintains a curious tradition of pluralisation, and does not pluralize words like standard German; "Mann" (the German word for man), for example, normally has the plural form "Männer", but in the East Prussian dialect it is simply Manns. My reasons are: --Ziusudra 15:26, 18 April 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) East Prussian is a dialect of Low German, not of standard (High) German.
 * 2) S-plurals are a common phenomenon of Low Germanic languages.
 * 3) The putative implication that the pluralization of Low Prussian is somehow influenced by a Baltic language substrate is unsubstantiated.
 * 4) It is irrelevant to the context (discussion of Old Prussian laūks, which is, in any event, a singular form).

Merger
This article should be merged into Old Prussians. "Origins of Prussia" as a title is ambiguous - why should it relate to the medieval history of the region of Prussia, as opposed to the political origins of the state of Prussia? The content of this article essentially focuses on the Old Prussians, and seems to be a fork of that topic. Olessi (talk) 18:06, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Origins of Prussia


text:
Voyage to Venus

Voyage to Venus may refer to:

 * Voyage to Venus (Doctor Who audio)
 * A later title for Perelandra by C. S. Lewis
 * One of a list of Dan Dare stories

title: Voyage to Venus


text:
Talk:Permutation

Edit request
After being informed by MrOllie about a potential conflict of interest, I am now formally requesting to make the following additions to the page. The Combinatorial Object Server is a collection of open source software tools I frequently use to create this kind of illustrations, and to which I am a frequent contributor.

A: Add the following paragraph to the Subsection "Generation with minimal changes":

The following figure shows the output of all three aforementioned algorithms for generating all permutations of length $$n=4$$, and of six additional algorithms described in the literature. 1: Lexicographic ordering; 2: Steinhaus-Johnson-Trotter algorithm; 3: Heap's algorithm; 4: Ehrlich's star-transposition algorithm (see ): in each step, the first entry of the permutation is exchanged with a later entry; 5: Zaks' prefix reversal algorithm : in each step, a prefix of the current permutation is reversed to obtain the next permutation; 6: Sawada-Williams' algorithm : each permutation differs from the previous one either by a cyclic left-shift by one position, or an exchange of the first two entries; 7: Corbett's algorithm : each permutation differs from the previous one by a cyclic left-shift of some prefix by one position; 8: Single-track ordering : each column is a cyclic shift of the other columns; 9: Single-track Gray code : each column is a cyclic shift of the other columns, plus any two consecutive permutations differ only in one or two transpositions.

B: Add the following external link:

 * Permutation generation algorithms on the Combinatorial Object Server

Torsten Mütze (talk) 19:07, 29 May 2019 (UTC)

 * Per my concerns at the bottom of Talk:Gray code (Special:PermanentLink/899583820), I object to the addition of the external link (B). I have no opinion on part A. ~ ToBeFree (talk) 23:45, 30 May 2019 (UTC)

 * If this edit is done, I would change "Steinhaus-Johnson-Trotter" to "Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter" (with an en-dash rather than a hyphen), per WP:MOS, and where it says "red=1" I would instead write "red = 1" (and similarly with the other colors, of course), since that is the standard format.
 * Contrast:
 * Steinhaus-Johnson-Trotter
 * Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter
 * red=1
 * red = 1
 * Michael Hardy (talk) 21:16, 31 May 2019 (UTC)

 * Done All proposed edits and suggested modifications for (A) have been implemented. The proposed additional links to the EL section (B) were declined. Thank you to everyone for their input. Regards,  Spintendo  15:59, 9 June 2019 (UTC)

Permutations with repetitions
In permutations with repetitions it has to be stated at least Tuple as the word tuples alone is only the plural of tuple (ordered set or list) so ordered sets or lists and permutations without repetitions refers to a scalar number

It has to be clarified Tuples at least as Tuple as Tuples alone is only the plural of Tuple and Permutations without repetition is a scalar number. Orendona (talk) 20:42, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

 * I see from your edits that you want to refer to the cardinality of the set of permutations with (or without) repetition. Is this the scalar number you mention above? This would be a very tortured way to approach the topic and demonstrates some deep confusion. --Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 21:56, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

That is the use, they are not tuples, they are a special kind of tuples: All the possible tuples that can be made with repeated or not members of a second set. And they are not permutations. Some of the tuples are permutations of others. Orendona (talk) 13:16, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

Add real notations in notation subtopic
Adding real notations in notation subtopic will help people new to this and it makes article more easy to read. Anish59312 (talk) 04:59, 13 July 2021 (UTC)

Confusing address and value
In the examples, slot numbers and values both use numbers, hiding the fact that the two are not the same. I propose that slots be identified by numbers, while values are letters. Comfr (talk) 16:50, 16 August 2021 (UTC)

Active and passive confusion in lede
When the lede moves from the intuitive notion of permutation as a rearrangement to the technical definition as a bijection, I'm afraid it just gives the passive "permutation", instead of properly constructing the function f that would actively perform the rearrangement, i.e. by moving the element i to the place f(i).

Specifically, the informal "permutation" which is the arrangement (3, 1, 2) of the numbers {1, 2, 3} should correspond to the function $$\alpha$$ accomplishing this arrangement by putting element i into place $$\alpha(i)$$, which implies $$\alpha(1) = 2, \alpha(2) = 3,$$ and $$\alpha(3) = 1$$. The permutation presently given is actually the inverse, $$\alpha^{-1}$$.

The preceding statement "This is related to the rearrangement..." suffers from the same confusion, on top of mistakenly "rearranging" an arbitrary (unordered) set S. I suggest that this sentence should be removed while a similar, corrected, explanation is adapted to the specific example and inserted into the following sentence. ––St.nerol (talk) 21:16, 16 September 2021 (UTC)

 * There is no correction to be made here. There are two reasonable conventions for how to record a bijection from {1, ..., $n$} to itself as a sequence.  I believe that the article is internally consistent in choosing the convention that the sequence corresponding to the bijection $a$ is $$(a(1), \ldots, a(n))$$ (the one-line notation).  In my experience, this is also the convention overwhelmingly used by combinatorialists.  It happens that you are using the other convention.  --JBL (talk) 20:32, 17 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Not so fast! I'm aware of the ambiguity and I'm not really taking sides. (I agree we should use what's most common.) Carefully re-reading, I can very explicitly show how the lede is not consistent with the body, with the lede seemingly following an older convention. Please, hear me out.
 * The Definition-section points out that the modern view is "a permutation is a function that performs the rearrangement [while] an older and more elementary viewpoint is that permutations are the rearrangements themselves. To distinguish between these two, the identifiers active and passive are sometimes prefixed." It is perhaps not entirely clear how "active" and "passive" are used here, but Wikiversity gives an explanation which is at least related: "an active permutation $$\pi$$ [...] moves an object from place $$i$$ to place $$\pi(i)$$". Now, this is the exact opposite of what's described in the lede, in which "each element $s$ is replaced by the corresponding $f(s)$". This is, instead, what Wikiversity describes as the passive convention.
 * Now, the active permutation, as defined above, is clearly used in the section "Matrix representation". Consider the permutation $$\pi$$, which can be read from the matrix according to the instructions σ(j) = i if Mi,j = 1. This gives $$\pi(1)=3$$, $$\pi(2)=1$$, $$\pi(3)=2$$, in one-line notation 3 1 2, and still, explicitly, $$\pi(1,2,3)=(2,3,1)$$. So $$\pi$$ is the permutation 3 1 2, which rearranges (1,2,3) into (2,3,1). This is just fine, provided the one-line notation is just a compact way of writing down the bijection as an active permutation.
 * The two math books I've consulted are not so concerned about the interpretation as a rearrangement and just mention it in passing. But of course, it's sensible that Wikipedia starts out by introducing the arrangement (3,2,1) as a "permutation", before segueing over into the formal treatment. However in order to have the arrangement (3,2,1) simply correspond to the one-line permutation 3 2 1, I'm afraid we'd actually have to use the older, passive convention – throughout! (And I'm not suggesting that.)
 * If you're not fully convinced, I'd at least ask for a clarify-tag at the sentence which begins "This is related to" and a dubious–discuss-tag at the following "For example". – St.nerol (talk) 19:04, 27 September 2021 (UTC)
 * It seems to me that your quibble is with Wikiversity, not with Wikipedia. From a group-theoretic perspective, the symmetric group $$S_n$$ can act on words from both the left and the right; one of these actions permutes "by value", the other one permutes "by position".  As long as you believe the group is a separate object from the words, you are taking the "active" perspective.  By contrast, the passive perspective is that permutations are the lists (with no group structure).  It is unfortunate that combinatorialists have not adopted a uniform "right-hand rule"-type approach that resolves, arbitrarily but unambiguously, the inherent notational ambiguities around these questions; nevertheless, the convention followed in the lead of this article is consistent with the convention followed in the body, and that's what matters. --JBL (talk) 20:16, 27 September 2021 (UTC)
 * The convention used in the section "Matrix representation" in this article is inconsistent with the lede. –St.nerol (talk) 21:08, 27 September 2021 (UTC)
 * It seems, actually, that it is the instruction for reading the matrices that is wrong. The given (σ(j) = i if Mi,j = 1) is the row representation; the matrices (for $$\sigma$$ it doesn't matter) are written in the column representation. This made me mistake the notation $$\pi(1,2,3)=(2,3,1)$$ to mean the permutation $$\pi$$ acting upon $$(1,2,3)$$; it seems to mean just $$(\pi(1),\pi(2),\pi(3))$$. –St.nerol (talk) 21:32, 27 September 2021 (UTC)
 * I wrote the following thing while you were revising; I leave it here so I don't lose it, and will seek to address your new comment shortly: At first glance, I don't think you are correct -- in that section, $$\pi(1,2,3)=(2,3,1)$$ means that pi is the function such that pi(1) = 2, etc., just as in the introduction. (The second sentence of the section does seem dubious to me -- surely the convention being described involves multiplying the permutations in the opposite order of the matrices? -- but my impression is that's not your issue with it.) --JBL (talk) 21:52, 27 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Well, that section is rather weird, isn't it? The first paragraph says "you should do it in way X to get effect Y", but then the example does it in way not-X and we get not-Y (namely, the permutations and matrices multiply in the opposite order).  ¯\_(ツ)_/¯  (But there's still no problem in the lead.) --JBL (talk) 21:58, 27 September 2021 (UTC)
 * ...and all of a sudden a side point has become the main point! Right, and there seems to be more than one problem in that section. Please check again the matrix that's supposed to represent pi. Since 2 = pi(1) we should have M_{2,1} = 1. But instead we're given M_{1,2} = 1. –St.nerol (talk) 22:19, 27 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Looking again, I'm not convinced that there is a "not-X not-Y"-problem. –St.nerol (talk) 22:24, 27 September 2021 (UTC)
 * The first paragraph says, correctly, that if you define a matrix P_{pi} via P_{i, j} = 1 if i = pi(j) and all other entries are 0, then P_{pi} * P_{sigma} = P_{pi * sigma}. The third and fourth paragraphs use the opposite convention: they associate to each permutation pi the matrix (P_{pi})^(-1), correctly observe that with this (inverse) convention matrices and permutations multiply on opposite sides, and then do an example using this inverse convention (with the same one-line representation of permutations as in the lead section).  There are no substantive errors here, but there is an unforgivable re-use of the notation M_pi to mean two inverse things, and no clear indication to the reader that two (incompatible) conventions are being used in close quarters.  I haven't looked at the images (linked or displayed) to see how they fit in. --JBL (talk) 01:43, 28 September 2021 (UTC)
 * I now agree that your analysis of this problem is correct. –St.nerol (talk) 10:55, 28 September 2021 (UTC)
 * I have attempted to rewrite the section on matrices to be less confusing. (Even better would be to find some references, which I have not done.) --JBL (talk) 14:17, 28 September 2021 (UTC)

Mentioning that disjoint cycles commute in Cycle Notation section
The Cycle Notation section explains that many different cycle notations are possible for the same permutation because the starting point for each cycle can be any element in the cycle and then it goes on to give examples; however, the first example given, (125)(34)=(34)(125), is of two equivalent cycles whose order is commuted but whose starting points are unchanged. This is doubly confusing because the article clearly states that permutations do not in general commute but does not mention that an exception to this general rule is when the permutations are disjoint.

My suggestion is either to move the (125)(34)=(34)(125) example to its own separate paragraph which explains that disjoint permutations commute and hence give rise to multiple cycle notations for the same permutation or to reword the current paragraph in line with my edit at 19:07, 21 January 2022. Obtuse Wombat (talk) 19:23, 23 January 2022 (UTC)
 * The fact that disjoint cycles commute is important in its own right, separate from the fact that many cycle notations are possible. Its omission was a deficiency in the section, but it did not belong in the sentence where you stuck it.  I have done a thing, hopefully it is agreeable. --JBL (talk) 19:50, 23 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Separately, "rational" is an adjective, the noun you wanted is "rationale". --JBL (talk) 19:51, 23 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks JBL, your change is much better. And also thanks for the pointer to WP:BRD. Incidentally, I did think I was following a standard process based on the second sentence of the "Discuss edits" paragraph of How to use article talk pages, which I was led to via a Google search on "how to dispute reverts on a Wikipedia article". Obtuse Wombat (talk) 21:08, 23 January 2022 (UTC)
 * My edit summary was a snarky reaction, before I had taken the time to think about the content of your post here. I should have read and reflected for a moment first, before re-reverting and snapping.  Sorry about that. --JBL (talk) 13:56, 26 January 2022 (UTC)

A nasty organization problem we need to fix
Here is the problem:
 * 1) Permutation contains the sentence: "In a similar manner, the number of arrangements of r items from n objects is considered a partial permutation. It is written as $$nPr$$ (which reads "n permute r"), and is equal to the number $$n (n-1) \cdots (n - r + 1)$$ (also written as $$n! / (n-r)!$$)"
 * 2) Permutation restates the same information, but with more detail: "A weaker meaning of the term permutation, sometimes used in elementary combinatorics texts, designates those ordered arrangements in which no element occurs more than once, but without the requirement of using all the elements from a given set...(discussion w/ link to Partial permutation) ..."$$P(n,k) = \underbrace{n\cdot(n-1)\cdot(n-2)\cdots(n-k+1)}_{k\ \mathrm{factors}}$$"
 * 3) Partial permutation complicates matters even more by stating: "Some authors restrict partial permutations so that either the domain or the range of the bijection is forced to consist of the first k items in the set of n items being permuted, for some k. In the former case, a partial permutation of length k from an n-set is just a sequence of k terms from the n-set without repetition.  (In elementary combinatorics, these objects are sometimes confusingly called "k-permutations" of the n-set.)" TO MAKE MATTERS WORSE, THIS LINK TO THE PAGE k-permutation is a redirect to this article's Permutation

I hesitate to fix this problem myself, but my tentative plan is to delete the last sentence in Permutation, i.e., the one that begins,
 * "In a similar manner ... $$n (n-1) \cdots (n - r + 1)$$ (also written as $$n! / (n-r)!$$)

Then I will go back to Partial permutation, and rewrite the sentence with the words "confusingly called".

Yours truly, Guy vandegrift (talk) 03:38, 24 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Can you identify precisely what you think the nature of the problem here is? (It's not clear to me from the juxtaposed quotes + suggested edits.)  The words "permutation" and "partial permutation" are used for several different but closely related concepts, so there's bound to be some overlap and there's also bound to be some inconsistency (because sources are not consistent in how they use these terms).  Quite possibly our articles on these topics could be clearer about both the overlap and inconsistency, but I'm not sure how your proposed deletions help with that. --JBL (talk) 14:03, 26 January 2022 (UTC)

 * At the very least, we need to fix the fact that $$n! / (n-r)!$$ is introduced twice in the same article. Let me explain why this is confusing:  It is common to skim an article before deciding whether to carefully read it.  A superficial explanation at Permutation, followed by a more complete explanation at Permutation renders this difficult.

 * I appreciate your hesitancy to delete the first mention of this formula, since there is a reason to bring this up early in the article. A perfectly acceptable solution would be add a sentence linking the first mention to the second.  And, since such an edit is so easily reverted, I will perform that myself.  After that, I just need to clean up the redirect at the other article.  Guy vandegrift (talk) 17:54, 26 January 2022 (UTC)

"cycle type" vs "cycle structure"
Which term should be used to describe the type of a permutation in this article: "cycle type" or "cycle structure"? Both are common but Google gave 23,900 hits on my search for 'permutation "cycle type"' and 32,900 hits for 'permutation "cycle structure"', so on 6 August 2022 I edited the article to consistently use "cycle structure" (but mentioned that "cycle type" was also used). This edit was reverted, so I posted this talk page section to discuss the issue. Prior, to my earlier 30 July 2022 edit, this page confusingly used four terms to refer to the same thing ("cycle type" 3 times, "cycle structure" 1 time, "permutation type" 1 times, and "type" (by itself) 2 times). Based on the Google stats, I think it would be best to use "cycle structure" and mention "cycle type" as an alternative term. Even if we stick with the reversion to "cycle type", "cycle structure" should be mentioned as an alternative term. Obtuse Wombat (talk) 19:06, 7 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Thank you for cleaning up the article; I agree that the prior state was confusing. The search you describe does not answer the relevant question, because it doesn't indicate how the terms are being used.  Personally, I would use both phrases, but with slightly different meanings: I think it is common to use the words "cycle structure" when speaking loosely but I think it is rare to write a formal definition of "cycle structure".  So I would expect that most uses of "cycle structure" could be replaced with "cycle type" with no loss in meaning, but that the reverse is not necessarily true.  (Obviously I am relying heavily on vibes here.)  --JBL (talk) 20:07, 7 August 2022 (UTC)

Example image should consider various visual disabilities
People who have visual disabilities -- most notably color blindness -- can have problems with the Permutations example graphic. Instead of having all circles/balls, why not have different shapes? Colors could still be used for clarity, but there are some common pairs of colors to try to avoid, like red-green or green-blue. Keeping a high contrast for those who have issues with contrast is also important. To help contrast, maybe highlight each shape with a white or black outline, etc. Or, just use black & white for the different symbols.

Any graphic should have proper ALT text explaining what is visually in the image, of course. ALT text would not explain the mathematical significance; that's left for the image caption. Wikispherion (talk) 16:52, 25 January 2023 (UTC)

Why the tilde in the notation for the definition of permutation?
Is this meant to indicate that σ is a bijective function? Klauscougar (talk) 21:26, 29 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Yes. --JBL (talk) 00:01, 30 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Permutation


text:
PAS

PAS or Pas may refer to:

Companies and organizations

 * Pakistan Academy of Sciences
 * Pakistan Administrative Service
 * Pan Am Southern, a freight railroad owned by Norfolk Southern and CSX
 * Pan American Silver, a mining company in Canada
 * Paradox Access Solutions, a construction company
 * Percussive Arts Society, percussion organization
 * Petroleum Air Services, an Egyptian airline operating helicopter services to support the oil industry
 * Poetry Association of Scotland
 * Polish Academy of Sciences
 * Port Auxiliary Service, formerly the British Admiralty Yard Craft Service
 * Production Automotive Services, an American specialty vehicle manufacturer

Political parties

 * Malaysian Islamic Party, Malaysia
 * Partido Alianza Social, Mexico
 * Party of Action and Solidarity, Moldova

Places

 * The Pas (electoral district), in Manitoba, Canada
 * The Pas, town in Canada
 * Le Pas, commune in France
 * Sihanoukville Autonomous Port (Port Autonome de Sihanoukville), Cambodia

Science

 * PAS diastase stain
 * PAS domain, a protein domain
 * Panic and Agoraphobia Scale, a psychological rating scale
 * Para-aminosalicylic acid, a treatment for tuberculosis
 * Parental alienation syndrome
 * Periodic acid-Schiff stain for biological tissues
 * Post-abortion syndrome
 * Pascal second (Pa⋅s), SI unit of viscosity
 * PolyAcenic Semiconductor

Sports

 * PAS Giannina, a Greek football club from Ioannina
 * PAS Hamedan F.C., an Iranian football club from Hamedan
 * PAS Tehran F.C., a defunct Iranian football club from Tehran
 * Pan American Stadium (New Orleans)
 * Pan American Stadium (Winnipeg)
 * Pan American Stakes, an American Thoroughbred horse race

Technology

 * Personal Access System, a wireless telephone standard
 * Pedal assist system, on an electric bicycle
 * Positron annihilation spectroscopy
 * Patient administration system, developed out of the automation of administrative paperwork
 * Process automation system, for industrial plants
 * Media Vision Pro AudioSpectrum, computer sound cards
 * .pas, Pascal programming language file extension
 * PAS 1, etc. satellites by PanAmSat
 * Power-assisted steering, or power steering, in automobiles

Other uses

 * Pacific American School, an international school in Hsinchu City, Taiwan
 * Pas (river), in Spain
 * List of positions filled by presidential appointment with Senate confirmation, "Presidential Appointment needing Senate confirmation"
 * Ion Pas (1895-1974), Romanian writer and politician
 * Physician-assisted suicide
 * Portable Antiquities Scheme, UK record of small archaeological finds
 * Publicly Available Specification, UK consultative standards documents

title: PAS


text:
User talk:Dancon7

Hello Dancon, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Angela 08:33, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Hi Dancon, welcome, and thanks for your contribution to Baseball. There is a complete rewrite of that page going on under Baseball/temp which will eventually replace Baseball, so you might like to direct your further contributions to that "temp" page. Cjheers, Kosebamse 16:47, 22 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Hi Dancon7, as you have contributed to Baseball/temp, I'd like to ask for your opinion whether it's time to move the rewritten article to Baseball. Please comment at Talk:Baseball/temp. Thanks, Kosebamse 16:56, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Hi Dancon7. Thanks for taking time to read my new article on the Museum of Broadcast Communications. Personally, I would not link the particular dates that you created links for, based both on my aversion to over-wikifying and the general policy published at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_only_links_relevant_to_the_context. However, if you think the links are appropriate, I'm OK with that, too. DS1953 20:48, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

October 2012
Hello, I'm Moe Epsilon. I wanted to let you know that I undid one or more of your recent contributions to Dave Parsons because it didn't appear constructive. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Regards, — Moe   ε  11:43, 14 October 2012 (UTC)

Please do not add unreferenced or poorly referenced information, especially if controversial, to articles or any other page on Wikipedia about living (or recently deceased) persons, as you did to Fidel Castro . Thank you. Materialscientist (talk) 06:36, 9 January 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dancon7


text:
2002 in science

The year 2002 in science and technology involved some significant events

Astronomy and space science

 * February 19 – NASA's 2001 Mars Odyssey space probe begins to map the surface of Mars using its thermal emission imaging system.
 * May 26 – The Mars Odyssey finds signs of huge water ice deposits on the planet Mars.
 * June 4 – The ringed dwarf planet Quaoar is discovered by astronomers Chad Trujillo and Michael Brown at the Palomar Observatory.
 * June 6 – 2002 Eastern Mediterranean event: An object with an estimated diameter of 10 meters impacts with Earth's atmosphere over the Mediterranean and detonates in mid-air.
 * June 10 – Solar eclipse of June 10, 2002: Annular solar eclipse.
 * September 25 – 2002 Vitim event: Possible bolide impact in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia.
 * December 4 – Solar eclipse of December 4, 2002: Total solar eclipse.

Biology

 * 18 April – New suborder of insects, Mantophasmatidae, announced.
 * Publication of Systema Porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges edited by John N. A. Hooper and Rob W. M. Van Soest.

Cartography

 * Hobo–Dyer projection commissioned.

Computer science and cybernetics

 * January 7 – The iMac G4 is introduced by Apple, Inc., as the next generation iMac.
 * March 14 – Prof. Kevin Warwick of the University of Reading in England has part of his nervous system experimentally linked to a computer. On June 10, he demonstrates the first direct electronic communication between the nervous systems of two humans.
 * September 20 – Release of the Tor anonymity network is announced.
 * September 23 – The first version of the web browser Firefox is released by the Mozilla Organization.
 * October 1 – The Danger Hiptop is released, the first smartphone to incorporate instant messaging.

Earth sciences

 * January 17 – Eruption of Mount Nyiragongo in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, displacing an estimated 400,000 people.

Mathematics

 * August 6 – Polynomial-time primality test published.
 * November 12 – Grigori Perelman posts the first of a series of eprints to the arXiv in which he proves the century-old Poincaré conjecture.

Palaeoarchaeology

 * Ciampate del Diavolo (early hominid footprints in Italy) come to scientific attention.

Physics

 * March 8 – Claims regarding bubble fusion, in which a table-top apparatus is reported as producing small-scale fusion in a liquid undergoing acoustic cavitation, are published.
 * May – Experimental discovery of a new type of radioactivity: the 2-protons radioactivity.

Physiology and medicine

 * February – Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells in the eye identified by Samer Hattar and colleagues.
 * May 14 – Red wine is claimed by Spanish researchers to protect against the common cold.
 * June – The gene BRAF is shown to be faulty (mutated) in some human cancers.
 * November – Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic begins in Guangdong province of China.
 * December 19 – Clozapine is the first drug approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for reducing the risk of suicidal behaviour.

Technology

 * November 4 – A Tactical High Energy Laser prototype shoots down an incoming artillery shell.
 * Malcolm C. Smith introduces the inerter in the study of the mechanical network in control theory.

Awards

 * Fields Prize in Mathematics: Laurent Lafforgue and Vladimir Voevodsky
 * Nobel Prizes
 * Chemistry
 * John B. Fenn (Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA) and Koichi Tanaka (Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan) "for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules"
 * Kurt Wüthrich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich, Switzerland and The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, USA) "for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution"
 * Physics
 * Raymond Davis Jr. (Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA) and Masatoshi Koshiba (International Center for Elementary Particle Physics, University of Tokyo, Japan) "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos"
 * Riccardo Giacconi (Associated Universities Inc., Washington, D.C., USA) "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources"
 * Medicine
 * Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz and John E. Sulston "for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death"
 * Turing Award: Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman
 * Wollaston Medal for Geology: Rudolf Trumpy

Deaths

 * January 8 – Alexander Prokhorov (b. 1916), physicist.
 * February 6 – Max Perutz (b. 1914), biologist.
 * February 10 – Harold Furth (b. 1930), expert in plasma physics and nuclear fusion.
 * February 24 – David Hawkins (b. 1913), philosopher of science and mathematics and science educator.
 * February 26 – Helen Megaw (b. 1907), crystallographer.
 * March 3 – Roy Porter (b. 1946), medical historian.
 * April 9 – Leopold Vietoris (b. 1891), mathematician.
 * April 18 – Thor Heyerdahl (b. 1914), explorer, led the Kon-Tiki expedition.
 * May 2 – W. T. Tutte (b. 1917), mathematician and cryptanalyst.
 * May 20 – Stephen Jay Gould (b. 1941), paleontologist/evolutionist.
 * June 20 – Erwin Chargaff (b. 1905), biochemist.
 * June 29 – Ole-Johan Dahl (b. 1931), computer scientist, invented concepts in object-oriented programming.
 * June 30 – W. Maxwell Cowan (b. 1931), neuroanatomist.
 * July 4 – Laurent Schwartz (b. 1915), mathematician.
 * August 6 – Edsger Dijkstra (b. 1930), computer scientist.
 * August 31 – George Porter (b. 1920), Nobel laureate in chemistry.
 * September 6 – Orvan Hess (b. 1906), obstetrician.
 * September 21 – Robert Lull Forward (b. 1932), science fiction author and physicist.
 * September 29 – Giuliana Tesoro (b. 1921), Italian-American organic chemist
 * October 18 – Nikolai Rukavishnikov (b. 1932), cosmonaut.
 * November 2 – Charles Sheffield (b. 1935), science fiction author and physicist.
 * November 11 – Esther Somerfeld-Ziskind (b. 1901), neurologist and psychiatrist.

title: 2002 in science


text:
Urskog–Høland Line

The Urskog–Høland Line (Urskog–Hølandsbanen), also known as Tertitten, is a narrow gauge railway between Sørumsand and Skulerud in Norway.

History
The original line was 57 km long and was built in three stages: Urskogbanen opened in 1896, running from Bingsfossen to Bjørkelangen; Hølandsbanen from Bjørkelangen to Skulerud opened in 1898 and finally the line between Bingsfos and Sørumsand in 1903. Today part of the line is preserved as a museum at Sørumsand in Lillestrøm kommune. The railway company was headquartered at Bjørkelangen. The line was built in the least expensive way as a so-called tertiary railway with a gauge track. This gave the line its diminutive, affectionate nickname, "Tertitten". The railway was run as a privately owned joint stock company until 1945 when it was bought by the government and run by the Norwegian State Railways (NSB) under the name Aurskog-Hølandbanen.

The basis for the railway lay mostly in forest and agriculture products. Lumber was transported to Skulerud and from there it was rafted to Halden. At one time a tour billed as "The Great Roundtrip" was a popular tourist attraction, combining the train ride with a boat ride on the steam ship "DS Turisten" which trafficked the Halden Canal.

The restoration
A cooperative consisting of volunteers was established in 1961 with the aim of securing the line for posterity. A 3-kilometer track at Sørumsand was given to the group along with two steam locomotives and some other stock. The first run as a heritage railway was undertaken in 1966. This stretch had no buildings or side tracks, and all facilities which meet the present-day visitor was built after becoming a heritage railway. Three of the steam locomotives and two passenger carriages were restored.

When the heritage railway was established the terminus was just outside the town center of Sørumsand, with the track leading to the station building already having been removed. In 1987 the line had been extended and the first train could depart from the town center again. After another two years the entire operation, including station building, was finished, and the extended track was officially inaugurated. The entire complex is protected by law. The Urskog–Høland Line is now a museum under the umbrella of Museene i Akershus (MiA) run i cooperation with "Venneforeningen Tertitten".

title: Urskog–Høland Line


text:
Larry Kenney

Larry Kenney (born August 5, 1947) is an American voice actor and radio personality.

Early life
Larry Kenney was born August 5, 1947, in Pekin, Illinois, the son of George and Joyce Kenney. He has a brother, Steven, and a sister, Jody. He graduated from Pekin Community High School. He attended Western Illinois University but did not graduate.

Career
In 1963, Kenney began his radio career at the age of 15 as a disc jockey at WIRL in Peoria, Illinois. After WIRL, he worked at WOWO, Fort Wayne, Indiana; WKYC (AM, now WTAM), Cleveland, Ohio (1970–1973); WHN, New York City; WYNY, New York City; WJJD (now WYLL), Chicago, Illinois; and WKHK (now WLTW), New York City until 1972.

Kenney was part of the regular cast on the Imus in the Morning radio show from 1973 to 2007, where he recorded impersonations of dozens of characters, including General George Patton, Andy Rooney, and Ross Perot.

Also in 1973, Kenney joined 1050 WHN (now WEPN), a country music station in New York City. He originally announced the afternoon drive-time, before taking over the prestigious morning drive-time in 1974. His show was a hit, not only for the music, but also for his comical characters who "joined" him while performing his deejay duties. Billboard named him Best Country Disc Jockey "at a station in a metropolitan area of one million, or more" in 1976 and Best Country Music Personality in 1978. He stayed at WHN until the fall of 1979, when he moved to WYNY to host the morning slot for a year before moving to WKHK's (now WLTW) morning show. He was the host of the New York edition of the television show Bowling for Dollars on WOR-TV (now WWOR-TV) from 1976 to 1979.

He is also known for his voice work as Lion-O on the 1980s Rankin/Bass cartoon ThunderCats, and Karate Kat, a martial arts blackbelt cat featured as part of The Comic Strip. He was also the voice of Bluegrass in SilverHawks and Dolph in TigerSharks. Kenney also did voice work for several breakfast cereal characters, including Count Chocula and Sonny the Cuckoo Bird. In recent years, he has reprised this role for humorous ThunderCats references on the animated series Family Guy. In the 2011 ThunderCats animated series on Cartoon Network, Kenney returned to the series, but as Claudus, Lion-O's and Tygra's father.

Kenney provided voice-overs for The State, the 1990s sketch comedy cult classic which featured his daughter, Kerri Kenney. He was also the announcer for VH1's Best Week Ever during its run from 2004 to 2009, and provides introductions for Westwood One's radio coverage of Monday Night Football and various other commercial work, including for Skittles and Campbell's soup. He was the announcer for The Beat 102.7 in the video game Grand Theft Auto IV and K.T.I. Radio in the L.A. Noire. He also gives the voice to JB Cripps in Red Dead Online, the online component of Red Dead Redemption 2.

In 2008, he was hired to do an impersonation of Mark Twain for a gala held by the Mark Twain House and Museum.

Personal life
He and his wife Carol Ann Jacobs Kenney have three children: daughters Kerri and Ashley, and son Tanner. Kerri, the eldest, is an actress, best known for her work on the series Reno 911! and The State. Ashley works in the nonprofit sector and is the bassist and singer for the band Witch Hair out of New Haven, Connecticut. Tanner did a voice of the Intelligent Agenda Caller in the video game Grand Theft Auto IV. Kenney now lives in New Canaan, Connecticut.

Interviews

 * Larry Kenney e-mail interview (2000) on Thundercatslair.com
 * Larry Kenney interview (2002) on Matt Blank website
 * Larry Kenney audio interview with Nick Mills (2008) on Thundercatslair.com
 * Larry Kenney interview (c. 2008) with Rob Shan Lone on insomniacmania.com — transcript
 * "ThunderCat Has His Tongue" (2009) with Don E. Smith Jr. on Cosmic Booknews

title: Larry Kenney


text:
List of governors of Blekinge County

This is a list of governors for Blekinge County in Sweden, from 1683 to the present. For the period 1658–1669 and 1675–1680, see Governors-General, Scania. Between 1670 and 1675, Blekinge was included in Kristianstad County and between 1680 and 1683, the province was included in Kalmar County. For the period 1680–1683, see List of governors of Kalmar County.

• Erik Siöblad (1683–1700)

• Berndt Didrik Mörner (1700–1706)

• Jöran Adlersteen (1706–1713)

• Salomon von Otter (1713–1714)

• Clas Bonde (1714–1719)

• Salomon von Otter (1719–1729)

• Johan Palmfelt (1729–1733)

• Carl Georg Siöblad (1733–1740)

• Wilhelm Ludvig Taube (1741–1746)

• Axel Lagerbielke (1747; acting)

• Lars Dalman (1747–1752)

• Carl Harald Strömfelt (1752–1769)

• Johan von Rajalin (1769–1783)

• Salomon von Köhler (1783–1789)

• Claes Jakob Raab (1789–1800)

• Anders af Håkansson (1800–1812)

• Nils Adolph Humble (1812–1813)

• Gustaf Anton af Brinkman (1813–1822)

• Hans Wachtmeister (1823–1827)

• Carl Henrik Gyllenhaal (1828–1831)

• Johan Otto Nauckhoff (1832–1847)

• *Arwid Adolf Palander (acting 1847–1848)

• Arvid Gustaf Faxe (1848–1856)

• Enar Wilhelm Nordenfelt (1856–1867)

• Hans Wachtmeister (1867–1883)

• Rudolf Horn (1883–1892)

• Gotthard Wachtmeister (1892–1900)

• Axel Hansson Wachtmeister (1900–1923)

• Sven Hagströmer (1923–1942)

• Erik Lindeberg (1942–1947)

• Bertil Fallenius (1948–1956)

• Erik von Heland (1956–1961)

• Thure Andersson (1961–1973)

• Camilla Odhnoff (1974–1992)

• Ulf Lönnqvist (1992–2001)

• Ingegerd Wärnersson (2002–2008)

• Gunvor Engström (2008–2011)

• Berit Andnor (2011–2017)

• Sten Nordin (2017–2021)

• Helena Morgonsköld (acting; 2021–2021)

• Ulrica Messing (2021–present)

title: List of governors of Blekinge County


text:
List of governors of Gotland County

This is a list of governors for Gotland County of Sweden, from 1689 to present.

title: List of governors of Gotland County


text:
List of governors of Dalarna County

This is a list of governors for Dalarna County in Sweden, from 1634 to present. Dalarna County was known as Kopparberg County until 1997.

title: List of governors of Dalarna County


text:
Flypaper theory (economics)

The flypaper theory of tax incidence is a pejorative term used by economists to describe the assumption that the burden of a tax, like a fly on flypaper, sticks wherever it first lands. Economists point out several flaws with the assumption:
 * it ignores the elasticity of goods; and
 * it ignores the ability of producers to shift the cost of the tax onto consumers.

For example, consider a tax levied on a luxury item such as jewelry. Such a tax, while intended to target the wealthy, may not actually accomplish this objective, as the wealthy can simply choose to buy less jewelry. Instead of collecting more money from the wealthy, the tax has the effect of hurting jewelry merchants, who are not the intended targets of the tax.

As another example, suppose a tax is levied on the sellers of a product. The sellers may simply raise the price of the product, thus shifting the burden of the tax onto the buyers of the product.

This should not be confused with the flypaper effect, which holds that money from a federal authority to a state authority tends to increase overall expenditure rather than merely substitute for locally-raised revenue.

title: Flypaper theory (economics)


text:
Talk:Norwich City FC.

needs merging with Norwich_City_F.C. - done Paul W 11:48, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Norwich City FC.


text:
Sørumsand

Sørumsand is a small railway town, situated in Lillestrøm municipality in Akershus in Norway. Sørumsand was the terminus of Urskog-Hølandsbanen also known as "Tertitten".

Stomperud
A well known figure from Sørumsand (Sørum) is the cartoon character 91 Stomperud which is portrayed at the Tertitten railway station.

Orderud case
Sørumsand is likely most known for the Orderud case, a triple murder that likely generated the most media coverage of any Norwegian criminal case at the time

title: Sørumsand


text:
User talk:Whoami~enwiki

Hi from Chance, welcome User:Chancemill 09:00 UTC

Hello "Whoami" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages.
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * Ask questions on Village pump.
 * Happy wiki'ing, -- Infrogmation 07:42, 20 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Good work on the Hindu mythology articles, this is an area of knowledge we are sorely lacking in! Morwen 08:57, 20 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Hi,

Good to see you create lots of new pages on Hindu mythology. A few words of advice regarding convention. When one creates a new page which is relatively of a very short length, one should give a stub notice which is available somewhere on the site. Also, the first world in the page is also the name of the page itself, and is in Bold KRS 09:34, 20 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Hey WhoamI... I too am impressed by the scope / depth of your article editing in Hindu Mythology. I would ask say, however, that Bhagavad Gita and Adi Shankara are not part of Mythology. I won't go into the Mahabharata and Ramayana, which are living parts of religion and philosophy and resemble myth less than Biblical stories are, even though Bible stories (moses) are not called myth but 'bible stories!' anyway, I will help in any way I can.

--LordSuryaofShropshire 03:31, Apr 4, 2004 (UTC)

Siva pic
Thanks for uploading Image:Siva.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) Thanks so much,    – Quadell (talk) (help)   02:10, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * Ditto for Image:Sankara.jpg. Jay 06:20, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * As well as for Image:Hanuman.jpg, if you're still here. — Asbestos | Talk  09:47, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Kottal
A tag has been placed on Kottal requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a very short article providing little or no context to the reader. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you. Plrk (talk) 07:59, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Whoami. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Whoami~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:37, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 20:28, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Whoami~enwiki


text:
User:Duckey

Duckey is the name of my pitbull. I live in San Francisco, work as a freelance web designer.

title: User:Duckey