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Kitchener's Army

The New Army, often referred to as Kitchener's Army or, disparagingly, as Kitchener's Mob, was an (initially) all-volunteer portion of the British Army formed in the United Kingdom from 1914 onwards following the outbreak of hostilities in the First World War in late July 1914. It originated on the recommendation of Herbert Kitchener, then the Secretary of State for War to obtain 500,000 volunteers for the Army. Kitchener's original intention was that these men would be formed into units that would be ready to be put into action in mid-1916, but circumstances dictated the use of these troops before then. The first use in a major action of Kitchener's Army units came at the Battle of Loos (September–October 1915).

Origins
Contrary to the popular belief that the war would be over by Christmas 1914, Kitchener predicted a long and brutal war. He believed that arrival in Europe of an overwhelming force of new, well-trained and well-led divisions would prove a decisive blow against the Central Powers. Kitchener fought off opposition to his plan, and attempts to weaken or water down its potential, including piece-meal dispersal of the New Army battalions into existing regular or Territorial Force divisions (the view of the Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), Field Marshal French). Kitchener declined to use the existing Territorial Force (set up by Lord Haldane and Douglas Haig as part of the Army reforms of the Edwardian period) as the basis for the New Army, as many of its members had volunteered for "Home Service" only, and because he was suspicious of the poor performance of French "territorials" in the Franco-Prussian War 1870–1871. In the early days of the war, the Territorial Force could not reinforce the regular army, as it lacked modern equipment, particularly artillery. In addition, it took time to form first-line units composed only of men who had volunteered for "General Service".

Those recruited into the New Army were used to form complete battalions under existing British Army regiments. These new battalions had titles of the form "xxth (Service) Battalion, ". The first New Army divisions were first used in August 1915 at Suvla Bay during the Gallipoli Campaign and also the Battle of Loos on the Western Front in the autumn of 1915; they were sorely tested in the Battle of the Somme. The initial BEF—a single army of five regular divisions in August 1914, grew to two field armies comprising 16 divisions by the end of 1914 when the Territorials had been deployed, and to five armies totalling around 60 divisions in strength by the summer of 1916; approximately 2 million men, of whom around half were infantry (the rest were gun crews, supply and logistics men etc.)

Recruitment
All five of the full army groups (meaning a group of divisions similar in size to an army, not a group of armies) were made up of volunteer recruits, which included the famous Pals' Battalions. Due to the huge numbers of men wishing to sign up, in places queues up to a mile long formed outside recruitment offices, there were many problems in equipping and providing shelter for the new recruits. Rapidly the Government added many new recruitment centres, which eased the admissions burden, and began a programme of temporary construction at the main training camps. By 12 September, almost half a million men had enlisted. The priority placement of recruits was to make up the strength of K1 units, then the Reserve battalions, and then the K2 units. Almost 2.5 million men volunteered for Kitchener's Army. The War Office stipulated that NCOs for these new formations should be selected from those men reenlisting.

Great Britain had to resort to conscription under the Military Service Act 1916, like the other great powers involved in the war. (Conscription was also applied "in reverse", so that skilled workers and craftsmen who had volunteered early in the war could be drafted back into the munitions industry, where they were sorely needed.)

The first conscripts arrived in France in late 1916 to fill the gaps in the volunteer units, which had been greatly diminished during the Battle of the Somme. After the bloody battles of 1916 and 1917, many of the British Army facing the Ludendorff Offensive of 1918 were conscripts, many of whom were youths under 21 years of age, or in their late thirties or older. Many of the other soldiers were men of lower levels of fitness who had volunteered earlier in the war and had since been "combed out" of rear echelon jobs. Roughly half of those who served in the British Army throughout the war, including more than half of the five million men serving in the British Army in 1918, were conscripts.

Training
The British Army traditionally recruited on a regimental basis, therefore a recruit accepted into the Army was first sent to his new regiment's depot, where he received his kit and was introduced to army discipline and training. Next he was sent to the main training camps to join his battalion. In practice, no regiment had the required stocks of equipment, or the manpower to train the flood of recruits; men trained wearing their own clothes and shoes. To mitigate this problem, the army issued old stored uniforms, including First Boer War–vintage red jackets. Some regiments bought their own uniform and boots with money paid from public collections. Many regiments were also issued with emergency blue uniforms, popularly known as Kitchener Blue. Whilst this crisis went on, the soldiers wore regimental and unit badges or patches on their clothing. Many photographs from the era show uniformed soldiers drilling alongside civilian clothed soldiers, perhaps led by red-jacketed NCOs.

The Regiments also suffered from a lack of officers to train them. The government called up all reserve-list officers and any British Indian Army officer who happened to be on leave in the UK during the period. Men who had been to a recognised public school and university graduates, many of whom had some prior military training in Officer Training Corps, were often granted direct commissions. Commanding officers were encouraged to promote promising leaders and later in the war it was common for officers ("temporary gentlemen") to have been promoted from the ranks to meet the demand, especially as casualty rates among junior infantry officers were extremely high. Many officers, both regular and temporary, were promoted to ranks and responsibilities far greater than they had ever realistically expected to hold.

The Army had difficulty supplying new units with enough weapons. No artillery pieces had been left in Britain to train new artillery brigades, and most battalions had to drill with obsolete rifles or wooden mockups. By early 1915 the Government had overcome many of these problems. Among its methods was pressing into use old ceremonial cannons and unfinished modern artillery pieces (they lacked targeting sights). During 1915, it corrected such shortages.

Later developments
At the beginning of 1918, the shortage of manpower in the British Expeditionary Force in France became acute. The Army ordered infantry divisions to be reduced from twelve infantry battalions to nine. The higher-numbered battalions (in effect the New Army units, and some Second-Line Territorial units) were to be disbanded rather than the lower-numbered Regular and First-Line Territorial battalions. (Since Kitchener's death in 1916, no other major figure opposed this fundamental change to the principles on which the New Army had been raised.) In some cases, New Army divisions had to disband about half of their units to make room for surplus battalions transferred from Regular or First-Line Territorial divisions. While the change reduced the unique sense of identity of some New Army formations, it developed the divisions in France into more homogeneous units. By this time there was no longer much real distinction between Regular, Territorial, and New Army divisions.

Structure
Kitchener's New Army was made up of the following Army Groups (meaning a group of divisions similar in size to an army, not a group of armies) and Divisions:

K1 Army Group

 * 9th (Scottish) Division
 * 10th (Irish) Division
 * 11th (Northern) Division
 * 12th (Eastern) Division
 * 13th (Western) Division
 * 14th (Light) Division—originally 8th (Light) Division but renumbered when the regular army 8th Division was formed in September 1914.

K2 Army Group

 * 15th (Scottish) Division
 * 16th (Irish) Division
 * 17th (Northern) Division
 * 18th (Eastern) Division
 * 19th (Western) Division
 * 20th (Light) Division

K3 Army Group

 * 21st Division
 * 22nd Division
 * 23rd Division
 * 24th Division
 * 25th Division
 * 26th Division

Original K4 Army Group
Kitchener's Fourth New Army was formed from November 1914 with The divisions were not fully formed when the decision was made to use them to provide replacements for the first three New Armies. The divisions were broken up on 10 April 1915; the infantry brigades and battalions became reserve formations and the other divisional troops were transferred to the divisions of the newly created Fourth and Fifth New Armies.
 * 30th Division
 * 31st Division
 * 32nd Division
 * 33rd Division
 * 34th Division
 * 35th Division

K4/K5 Army Group
Redesignated K4 following breakup of original K4.
 * 30th Division—originally designated as 37th Division
 * 31st Division—originally designated as 38th Division
 * 32nd Division—originally designated as 39th Division
 * 33rd Division—originally designated as 40th Division
 * 34th Division—originally designated as 41st Division
 * 35th Division—originally designated as 42nd Division

K5 Army Group
Following the re-designation of the previous K5 Army Group, a new K5 Army Group was formed.
 * 36th (Ulster) Division—raised as the Ulster Division, numbered on 28 August 1914.
 * 37th Division—originally designated as 44th Division
 * 38th (Welsh) Division—originally designated as 43rd Division
 * 39th Division
 * 40th Division
 * 41st Division

Divisional structure in 1915
In 1915, the prescribed structure of a division would have comprised the following units:

 * Divisional HQ
 * Infantry:
 * 3 brigades, each comprising:
 * 4 battalions (with 4 machine guns each)
 * Mounted troops:
 * 1 cavalry squadron
 * 1 cyclist company
 * Artillery:
 * HQ Divisional Artillery
 * 3 field artillery brigades (each of 4 batteries of four 18 pounders and one ammunition column)
 * 1 field artillery howitzer brigade (of 4 batteries of four 4.5" howitzers and an ammunition column)
 * 1 heavy battery (four 60 pounders with an ammunition column)
 * 1 divisional ammunition column
 * Engineers:
 * HQ Divisional Engineers
 * 3 field companies
 * Signals Service:
 * 1 signal company
 * Pioneers:
 * 1 pioneer battalion (with 4 machine guns)
 * 3 field ambulances
 * 1 sanitary section
 * 1 mobile veterinary section
 * 1 motor ambulance workshop
 * 1 divisional train

Number of troops and equipment:
 * All ranks: 19,614
 * Horses & mules: 5,818
 * Guns:
 * 48 × 18 pounders
 * 16 × 4.5" howitzers
 * 4 × 60 pounders
 * Vickers machine guns: 52
 * Assorted carts & vehicles: 958
 * Cycles: 538
 * Motor vehicles:
 * cycles: 19
 * cars: 11
 * lorries: 4
 * ambulances: 21

Divisional structure in 1918
In 1918, a typical division would have comprised the following units:

 * Divisional HQ
 * Infantry
 * 3 brigades,
 * each comprising 3 battalions, with 36 Lewis Guns (light machine guns) each
 * and one light trench mortar battery with eight 3" Stokes
 * Artillery
 * H.Q. Divisional Artillery
 * 2 field artillery brigades
 * each comprising three batteries with six 18 pounders and one battery of six 4.5" howitzers
 * 2 medium trench mortar batteries with 6 × 2" mortars each
 * 1 divisional ammunition column
 * Engineers
 * H.Q. Divisional Engineers
 * 3 field companies
 * Signals Service
 * 1 signal company
 * Pioneers
 * 1 pioneer battalion, 12 Lewis Guns
 * Battalion, Machine Gun Corps
 * comprising 4 companies, with 16 Vickers machine guns each
 * 3 field ambulances
 * 1 sanitary section
 * 1 mobile veterinary section
 * 1 motor ambulance workshop
 * 1 divisional train

Number of troops and equipment:
 * All ranks: 16,035
 * Horses & mules: 3,838
 * Guns: 48
 * 18 pounders: 36
 * 4.5" howitzers: 12
 * trench mortars: 36
 * Stokes: 24
 * Medium: 12
 * Machine guns: 400
 * Vickers: 64
 * Lewis: 336
 * Assorted carts & vehicles: 870
 * Cycles: 341
 * Motor cycles: 44
 * Motor cars: 11
 * Motor lorries: 3
 * Motor ambulances: 21

title: Kitchener's Army


text:
Clayton, Massachusetts

Clayton, Massachusetts is the southernmost community in Berkshire County, Massachusetts. It is part of the town of New Marlborough.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Clayton, Massachusetts


text:
Fradique de Menezes

Fradique Bandeira Melo de Menezes (born 21 March 1942) is a São Toméan politician who was the third president of São Tomé and Príncipe from 2001 to 2003 and again from 2003 to 2011.

Early life
Menezes was born on the then Portuguese colony of São Tomé in 1942, the son of a Portuguese man and a local woman. He attended high school in Portugal. He then studied at the Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada in Lisbon, Portugal and Free University of Brussels.

Career
Menezes is a businessman. He was Foreign Minister of São Tome and Príncipe from 1986 until 1987. He was elected President in July 2001 with about 55.2% of the vote, defeating Manuel Pinto da Costa, who received about 40%. Menezes took office on September 3, 2001. His eligibility as a candidate was questioned, since he also held Portuguese citizenship, but he renounced this and his candidacy was approved. On July 16, 2003, while he was away in Nigeria, there was a military coup d'etat led by Fernando Pereira, but Menezes was restored to power on July 23, 2003, following an agreement.

Menezes was re-elected on July 30, 2006, winning 60.58% of the vote and defeating Patrice Trovoada, son of former president Miguel Trovoada.

The discovery of a coup plot allegedly involving Christian Democratic Front leader Arlecio Costa was announced on February 12, 2009. Costa and more than 30 others were arrested. At a press conference on February 24, Menezes said that he was "touched" by the support of the security forces; he also said that he would be willing to leave office if he was "the reason that things are not working in this country".

Menezes received the World Peace Culture Award on July 13, 2002.

title: Fradique de Menezes


text:
Barmy Army

The Barmy Army is a group of British cricket fans known for supporting the English cricket team in both domestic and international matches.

The Barmy Army was at first an informal group but was later turned into a company limited by guarantee, registered in England and Wales. The name is also applied to followers of the team who join in with match day activities in the crowd, but do not necessarily travel as part of an organised tour. Collins dictionary defines the word barmy as "slightly crazy or very foolish". Known for their famous song that goes “barmy army shout it out come on england”

The group, then less organised, was given its name by the Australian media during the 1994–95 Test series in Australia, reportedly for the fans' hopeless audacity in travelling all the way to Australia in the near-certain knowledge that their team would lose, and the fact that they kept on chanting encouragement to the England team even when England were losing quite badly. It was co-founded by Paul Burnham.

History
On the first day of the 1994–95 Ashes Series at Adelaide Oval, a group of supporters of the English Cricket team during the lunch break headed to T-Shirt City on Hindley Street and ordered 50 shirts saying "Atherton's Barmy Army" (after then-captain Michael Atherton) with the Union Jack emblazoned on the back. By the end of the Test over 200 shirts had been purchased, and by the end of the tour, 3,000 had been purchased. This Test is often cited as the catalyst for the formal establishment of the Barmy Army.

The Barmy Army, which is now a limited company, states that it wants to "make watching cricket more fun and much more popular". The group uses flags, banners, songs and chants to encourage the team and crowd participation in their activities. In contrast to the reputations of some sports fans for hooliganism, the Barmy Army organisers actively discourage and avoid such behaviour.

The group engages in charity work and has gained a good reputation among most cricket administrators. However, many cricket followers find their constant chanting to be annoying and disruptive, particularly during the afternoon sessions of Test matches when the chanting of the Barmy Army, fuelled by their consumption of large amounts of alcohol, often becomes a repetitive, irritating background noise; among others, the renowned cricket writer/commentator Christopher Martin-Jenkins accused them of "demeaning English cricket".

Throughout the 1990s, increased spending power, via a stronger British Pound at the time, enabled fans to take their "Atherton's Barmy Army" song overseas when following tours of the English national cricket team. Because of that particular song, and the fact that it seemed to represent English fans' activity of standing in the hot sun, drinking lager all day until they were sunburnt and unwell, it became a description as well as a song. David Lloyd and Ian Botham used the tag to describe the supporters whilst commentating for Sky Sports during England's tours from 1993 to 1995.

In the late 1990s performers Richard Stilgoe and Peter Skellern recognised the need for an anthem for the loyal supporters of a team that regularly seemed to lose and wrote a stirring song called "The Barmy Army" which they included in their touring repertoire. It can be found on their 1999 CD "A Quiet Night Out" and humorously celebrates the English team's skill at "snatching defeat from the jaws of victory".

Most grounds except Lord's reserve areas of seating for Barmy Army fans.

During the 2019–20 English tour of South Africa, Sky Sports filmed a feature story entitled 25 Years of the Barmy Army to commemorate the group's 25-year anniversary. Hosted by Atherton, it covers the group's origins and characteristics, favourite countries to tour and favorite moments and features interviews with Nasser Hussain, Joe Root, and several members.

In other sports
Supporters of English national teams in other sports are also subsidiaries of the Barmy Army. The rugby equivalent was formed in 2014, they also form part of the Army to support British and Irish Lions, while there is another separate subsidiary for Rugby League. The term Barmy Army has also been used to describe the Devonshire football team Plymouth Argyle F.C., usually with a prefix of ‘Green and White’ during stadium-wide chants, although there is no association to the above groups.

One Barmy Army member, Neil Rowe, gained media attention for dressing up as England football manager Gareth Southgate both on England cricket tours and at the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia.

Music
For the 1999 ICC Cricket World Cup, the Barmy Army recorded "Come on England", released by Wildstar Records and set to the tune of "Soul Limbo", the original Test Match Special theme by Booker T. & the M.G's. The music video included appearances from Ian Botham, Ronnie Irani, Dickie Bird and Chris Tarrant.

title: Barmy Army


text:
User talk:Silverfish

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Tip: you can sign your name with ~

snoyes 19:57, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Thanks for the welcome Snoyes

Silverfish 20:13, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Hey Silverfish, the image I found "will smith" is taken from http://www.jdhodges.com/posters/will-smith-poster-275669.html

Badstue 14:08, 31 Dec 2004 (UTC)

You left a comment about the Quinlan redirect project a while back. To give you mu 2p worth of opinion... its a judgement call. I have changed some where it couldn't alter, but might clarify the discussion. OTOH if its a User or User Talk page, I'm more hesitant, since I view those as private property. Your strike and not approach is fine and can't bother anyone. Keep up the effort, and thanks ....Lou I 17:13, 6 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for your comments, I'll consider them, when I next do some redirecting. Silverfish 17:27, 6 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Why are you creating these strange redirects like England Hull, They seem completley unnecesary to me. Mintguy (T) 22:27, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * That would be because they appeared at List_of_encyclopedia_topics, in particular for England Hull, on page 23. The idea, as I understand it, is to see where there are other encylopaedias with entries we haven't got.  Without the redirects, it would look like we didn't have an entry on Hull, for example.  The 'England' redirects are an exception, most seem to be more sensible re-directs, such as this one Eminent_Domain, re-directing Eminent Domain to Eminent domain. Silverfish 22:37, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes I just discovered this after posting the above comment. Interesting idea. Mintguy (T) 22:42, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Sorry about trampling your edit in Sideshow Bob. I agree it's a good one. Glad to see you put it back in. That was my first revert and I was only trying to get rid of the stuff added at the bottom. Maybe I should have just cut it instead. I guess I went for the revert because it somehow seemed a more neutral action. Oska 01:46, Jul 14, 2004 (UTC)

Hi. The edit from your IP has now been reattributed to your username. Regards  — Kate Turner | Talk 22:18, 2004 Sep 4 (UTC)

The Humungous Image Tagging Project
Hi. You've helped with the WikiProject Wiki Syntax, so I thought it worth alerting you to the latest and greatest of Wikipedia fixing project, User:Yann/Untagged Images, which is seeking to put copyright tags on all of the untagged images. There are probably, oh, thirty thousand or so to do (he said, reaching into the air for a large figure). But hey: they're images ... you'll get to see lots of random pretty pictures. That must be better than looking for at at and the the, non? You know you'll love it. best wishes --Tagishsimon (talk)
 * Interesting, I've had a bit of a look at it, and I'll probably give it a go at some point. Silverfish 00:28, 9 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Image sleuthing
There's a new project in town called Image sleuthing, and you are hereby invited to become an official image sleuth. – Quadell (talk) (sleuth) 00:47, Jan 25, 2005 (UTC)

\ versus /
Hi Silverfish,

I moved User:Silverfish\Verifying Images to User:Silverfish/Verifying Images, and User:Silverfish\Images Uploaded to User:Silverfish/Images Uploaded. "Silverfish\Verifying Images" is a possible username, whereas "Silverfish/Verifying Images" is a subpage of "Silverfish".

Cheers, dbenbenn | talk 16:16, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Size
Hey, I just want to ask how you find out the information for size of an article? I noticed you listed the stats here Gaming Collaboration of the week/History and I've wanted to know where this information can be found for quite sometime. Thanks. K1Bond007 00:28, Mar 3, 2005 (UTC)

 * Have a look at the discussion page for the GCOTW, there's instructions there, under the "article size stats" heading, where I had to ask. Silverfish 15:32, Mar 3, 2005 (UTC)

Strike series
I've noticed it failed to get enough votes to keep itself on the GCOTW, but considering that I've spent an awful lot of time playing with them and the article I was planning to develop now (Constructor) still is in the GCOTW, I've picked up on it and wrote a few lines on the Mega Drive games. Since you proposed the article initially, I was wondering if you could give a little input there. Cheers, wS 07:29, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * You seem to have covered a fair amount, so I could think of anything much to add, without further research. I have had a look through, copyediting.  There were a few sentence fragments, that I've deleted.  I've also taken a screenshot for Desert Strike.  I'll probably do a bit more at some point.  Thanks for getting in touch Silverfish 16:44, Mar 9, 2005 (UTC)

Senator Images
Hi Silverfish, sorry to take so long to respond, buy you asked me back in January where I got my pictures of various Senators and Representatives. The source I've been using is the Biographical Directory of the United State Congress, http://bioguide.congress.gov/biosearch/biosearch.asp. The pictures of Senators and Reps are public domain, and provided for scholarship and educational purposes. Pm06420 02:18, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Comment

 * Now seriously, thank you for sorting the math articles! Oleg Alexandrov 21:14, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

I'm glad I'm appreciated Oleg :) By the way, I've proposed a few more Mathematics stub types here: WikiProject_Stub_sorting/Proposals. Any comments would be appreciated.  Silverfish 23:37, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Good. I would like to see some specific suggestions for new math stub types. Then I will comment. :) Oleg Alexandrov 01:02, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I've been more specific about what new stub types I'm proposing. Is that what you're looking for? Silverfish 17:11, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

Baker's map
The Baker's map was recently sorted as a stub in applied mathematics. Given the lack of a dynamical systems stub, I feel that math stub is more appropriate than applied math stub. I tend to think of applied mathematics as mathematics that is motivated by applications in physics, chemistry, economics, engineering, and other areas of human endeavor that deal with the physical world and human societies. The Baker's map is an example from dynamical systems, one of the largest areas of mathematics. Granted, dynamical systems had its origins in physics, but the field has evolved to a point where the majority of practitioners are motivated by the internal structure of the field rather than its applications (I am in the application camp).

A search through the SIAM journals will find few mentions of the Baker's map. Physics journals have many articles mentioning the Baker's map. Physicists also use calculus, but that does not make calculus a topic of applied mathematics. Could you create a new dynamical systems stub category or reverse it back to a math stub? XaosBits 22:44, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I see where you are coming from. I don't know that much about Dynamical systems.  My logic in including Dynamical systems is that from what I do know, it appeared that the subject linked reasonably closely to various applications.  For example, it is a sub-category at the moment of Cybernetics and Mechanics, which are clearly physics or applied mathematics.  In the case of the Baker map the article mentions applications to physics.  Anyway, if there are enough entries then I have no objection to having a seperate Dynamical systems category.  Until then, would you be prepared to accept having dynamical systems as part of applied mathematics (with a note to say that on the category page), to help reduce the size of the Math stub category, with a view to having a new category later if there are enough articles to make it worth it? Silverfish 13:13, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Distraction
I moved the game show information to Distraction (game show). If User:Roaming plans to expand on the term (and not the show), this would clean up the article. -- Perfecto 23:23, 10 December 2005 (UTC)
 * That seems very sensible. I was thinking of doing something similar myself.  Have you checked that the links to the game show now link there?  If not, I'll probably have a look at that myself.  Silverfish 23:53, 10 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Actually, I've just checked the links, and updated those pointing to the game show.

Ken Kutaragi
I'm requesting your opnion about this dispute. Lot of POV-Pushing, the article is currently blocked.

Wikipedia survey
Hi. I'm doing a survey of Wikipedia editors as part of a class research project. It's quick, anonymous, and the data will be made available to the Wikipedia community later this month. Would you like to take part? More info here. Thanks! Nonplus 01:06, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

Image:Killer instinct.png listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded, Image:Killer instinct.png, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Drat (Talk) 08:52, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

Image:Hu Shuli.jpg
Hello, Silverfish. An automated process has found and removed an image or media file tagged as nonfree media, and thus is being used under fair use that was in your userspace. The image (Image:Hu Shuli.jpg) was found at the following location: User:Silverfish/Verifying Images (image version). This image or media was attempted to be removed per criterion number 9 of our non-free content policy. The image or media was replaced with Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg, so your formatting of your userpage should be fine. Please find a free image or    media to replace it with, and or remove the image from your userspace. User:Gnome (Bot)-talk 08:25, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Bomberman.png)
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Disputed fair use rationale for Image:DesertStrike.jpg
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Dear User: IMPORTANT WIKI ARCADE GAMES PROJECT NOTICE
As you should be aware the wiki arcade games project has been marked inactive and with good reason. I am trying to increase the activity of this project but first I need to know who is still actually interested. So to find out I have put inactive next to the name of every person who has put them selves down as a participant of the project. If for whatever reason you do not intend to participate in the project anymore please remove your name from the participant list altogether. If you do but not in the near future leaving inactive next to your username will be helpful. Not taking any action at all will of course lead to inactive remaining against your name on the participant list. If however you have every intention on continuing in participating in the project please come change the "inactive" next to your username to "ACTIVE" so that it is clear who does and who does not still have interest in participating in the project. Thankyou for your time. --Hybrid360 (talk) 20:10, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

Please don't overwrite AfD comments
When you commented on Articles_for_deletion/Ceri_James, you deleted my comment. I doubt you did it on purpose, but still, please don't do that. — Gwalla | Talk 15:39, 17 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Sorry about that. I must have starting adding the comment before you commented. I'm suprised I didn't get an edit conflict warning, but it might be that I was having computer problems, so I had to restart the computer a few times in the middle (Firefox can recover from that), which may be messed things up. Silverfish (talk) 20:54, 17 June 2008 (UTC)

X & Hell
Hey, nice work there. Saved the article. :) --PeaceNT (talk) 16:44, 4 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Don't mention it :) Silverfish (talk)

ChunkIt!
I appreciate your help and feedback on the ChunkIt! article, thank you very much. Mjbyrne (talk) 00:12, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

Deletion of Book Page
The book has just been completed recently, my feelings are extremely hurt, and I am very angry and it is extremely hard for me to control myself right now and not personally attack you. However, with that said, I am 23 years old and I have a 3 year old son and my wife is 5 months pregnant. I have spent the last 5 years working on that book, and in less than 5 seconds I saw it torn apart by some random PERSON, you, on the internet from another country who wants to accuse my life's work of not existing. That page took more than a few minutes, why would I create it if it didn't exist? Your reasons for deleting something more important to me than anything right now, do not make sense. When I see a stranger walking in down town olympia and tell them I just got done writing a book, it will be for sale on amazon in a month or two, needs to finish printing before it can be marketed, and I give them the title, they will find a page with a bunch of people claiming it doesn't exist before they can even consider reading it. Nousoul
 * Firstly, this is not personal. I voted delete, as I could find no evidence, apart from your claims, that the book existed. Wikipedia is based on Verifiability, see the following link: [Wikipedia:Verifiability]. As Wikipedia is an encylopedia, it needs reliable sources to back up the claims it makes, so we cannot just take your word for it. Also, if the book hasn't been released yet, then it cannot be covered by Wikipedia. We also don't cover every book that has been released, see the notability policy for books: Notability (books). When the book is released, and if you feel it meets those criteria, then (and only then), should an article be created. Finally, I recommend that you should take any of this personally. Silverfish (talk) 20:57, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

Mahalanobis distance
Dear User.

You contributed to the Mahalanobis distance article. Some of its content lacks citations for verification, has been challenged and may be removed. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references.Calimo (talk) 10:25, 15 December 2008 (UTC)

Marble Madness screenshot
Hi, I was wondering if you remembered where you obtained the image File:Marblemadnessscreenshot.png as it does not have a source listed. If you don't remember, I understand as it was four years ago. But if you do, could you please add it to the template on its file page. (Guyinblack25 talk 21:03, 16 December 2008 (UTC))
 * Thank you. Much appreciated. (Guyinblack25 talk 16:18, 17 December 2008 (UTC))

Fair use rationale for File:Snow Bros. Game Over.png
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Orphaned non-free image (Image:Snow Bros. Game Over.png)
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Fair use rationale for File:Rampart screenshot.png
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Orphaned non-free image File:Star Fox 64 Map.jpg
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ProvincialGDPofPRC.png
Hi, Silverfish. Would you pls help me deleting the File:ProvincialGDPofPRC.png on English WIKI? There exists another copy on commons, Thank you. copy on English WIKI copy on commons Cncs (talk) 01:17, 31 May 2011 (UTC)

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Blast Corps
Good work! :) --Soetermans. T / C 10:25, 12 December 2011 (UTC)

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William Mariotte
DON'T DELETE IT IS REAL!!! I am Robert Ian Green (alternate account). Please don't delete the article. It's a good hoax. Bark Bark Dog (talk) 10:13, 30 September 2015 (UTC)

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Proposed changes to WWE Superstar
Hi, I noticed you were active on WWE superstar and was wondering if I could get your feedback on the changes I proposed on its talk page? I haven't done a lot of template editing and I'd appreciate a second opinion. Also, I'm not sure if there might be a conflict with your recent changes (though the test cases still look OK). Please have a look and let me know what you think at Template talk:WWE superstar. Thanks! - Reidgreg (talk) 12:27, 23 July 2016 (UTC)

Help desk post
Hello Silverfish, thank you for your good faith post at the help desk. But currently there seems to be no report about this information. As WP:BLP applies to all Wikipedia pages - and there has been a similar false rumor in April - I have removed the complete post just to be on the safe side for now, until the information can be confirmed or dismissed either way. Usually I leave good faith posts alone of course, but I hope you are OK with it in this specific situation. GermanJoe (talk) 18:34, 6 August 2016 (UTC)

NJPW profile template
Hey, just to let you know, NJPW has redone their entire website, so the links in the template no longer work. リボン・サルミネン (Ribbon Salminen)  (ZOOM)  11:58, 10 November 2016 (UTC)

James Ellsworth
You need to back off and not be so rigid here. PWInsider has always been a reliable source. You come across as wanting things in blood...you need to ease up a bit and not be so freaking demanding. Attitudes like yours are what turn people off of Wikipedia...can't be "my way, all day, every day." Vjmlhds (talk) 03:23, 19 November 2016 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Hell in a Cell (2018)

A tag has been placed on Hell in a Cell (2018) requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about an organized event (tour, function, meeting, party, etc.) that does not credibly indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.

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"Sock-Puppet" listed at Redirects for discussion
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Nomination of Hollywood Science for deletion
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text:
Thunderbird (John Proudstar)

Thunderbird (John Proudstar) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Len Wein and artist Dave Cockrum, the character first appears in Giant-Size X-Men #1 (May 1975). Thunderbird was a short-lived member of the Second Genesis group of X-Men gathered together in this issue, as he died on their second mission, where they tried to chase down Count Nefaria. His death is also depicted in X-Men: Grand Design – Second Genesis #1, where his death is witnessed by Banshee, and felt deeply by the X-Men and Charles Xavier.

An Apache Native American and Human Mutant, John Proudstar possesses superhuman athletic ability. Since his death, Thunderbird was temporarily brought back to life during the Necrosha and Chaos War storylines, before being permanently resurrected after the establishment of Krakoa. His brother James Proudstar, known first as Thunderbird, and then as Warpath, is also a mutant and X-Men with similar capabilities.

In addition to his mainstream incarnations, Thunderbird has been depicted in other fictional universes. The most notable alternative version of the character is a member of the original Exiles team. In other media, Thunderbird is one of the main characters in the live-action television series The Gifted, portrayed by Blair Redford.

Publication history
Writer Len Wein and artist Dave Cockrum created Thunderbird for the new X-Men, specifically to be a member of the team who would fail the entrance exam. Having already decided that the previously introduced characters Sunfire and Banshee would fail the exam, Wein and Cockrum felt it would be unrealistic for only older characters to "flunk out", and set about creating a new character to fit this role. After developing Thunderbird, however, they decided that they liked the character — his costume in particular — too much to write him off after only one issue, and decided to keep him on.

The character debuted in Giant-Size X-Men #1 (May 1975). While working on the first issues of the regular series, the creative team realized that having Thunderbird as a regular character was problematic. According to Cockrum, "...we created him as an obnoxious loudmouth, and we already had an obnoxious loudmouth in Wolverine. So one of us decided to kill him off after all, just for shock value." Chris Claremont, who scripted the story, confirms that it was Wein who decided to kill the character, and added, "He figured there are two ways to do this. One, you spend years, if not decades, building up a relationship between the audience and a character, building the emotional bonds between them so when something happens to that character the audience is devastated. Or you do it right off the bat, when no one is expecting it." The story culminating in Thunderbird's death appeared in X-Men #94-95.

In 2000, for the 25th anniversary of the introduction of Thunderbird, writer Scott Lobdell and artist Aaron Lopresti did a two-issue series about the character, with a cover by Art Adams. Marvel Comics never published the series. At the same period, after nine years of absence, Chris Claremont returned to the X-Men to take over the titles. According to Brian Cronin from Comic Book Resources, there were likely two events that lead to the cancellation of this mini-series. Firstly, Claremont introduced a new X-Man character Neal Shaara with the codename Thunderbird. Secondly, Claremont had his own project for the 25th anniversary: X-Men: Black Sun, which had a spotlight comic on the various members of the All-New, All-Different X-Men, including one on Thunderbird with his partner Wolverine. In 2010, the character appeared in the front of a teaser featuring X-Men characters believed to be dead titled "All New, All Different". Thunderbird was one of the feature characters in the 2011 two-issue limited series Chaos War: X-Men.

John Proudstar was finally resurrected in the main comics continuity in X-Men: The Trial of Magneto #5 (2021), over 45 years after his initial death in X-Men #95. He starred in a solo one-shot Giant-Size X-Men: Thunderbird #1 (2022), where he received a new costume. He continued appearing sparingly as a minor character in various ongoing X-related books.

Fictional character biography
John Proudstar was born into an Apache tribe on a reservation in Camp Verde, Arizona. As a teenager, he discovered he possessed the mutant abilities of superhuman senses, strength, speed, stamina, and sturdiness.

While he was a teenager, John's mother Maria fell sick as Edwin Martynec lied to her that she had cancer. He also targeted John's brother James only for John and his reporter friend to thwart him.

Proudstar was drafted into the United States Marine Corps during the Vietnam War and earned the rank of corporal. He returned to his tribe after the war, but he was unhappy and listless.

He was then recruited by Professor Charles Xavier to join his third group of X-Men. Eager to prove his prowess, Proudstar agreed and assumed the superhero codename Thunderbird. He assisted the other X-Men in rescuing the original X-Men from Krakoa the mutant island.

During the weeks of training that followed, the ill-tempered and individualistic Thunderbird often found himself going head to head with the X-Men's leader Cyclops. The new team's second mission took them to Valhalla Base, Colorado, to combat Count Nefaria and the Ani-Men. When Nefaria attempted to make his escape in a jet plane, Proudstar leapt on board. Disregarding Professor X's orders to jump to safety, Thunderbird hammered at it with his bare fists. The plane exploded, killing Proudstar. Count Nefaria is later revealed to have survived the crash.

James Proudstar has similar powers, although to a much greater degree. He is also an X-Man who first used the codename Thunderbird and then switched to Warpath when he joined X-Force team.

When Warpath goes to visit Thunderbird's grave during the Necrosha storyline, he encounters the Demon Bear. After defeating the creature, with the aid of Ghost Rider, he learns that former Purifier Eli Bard has dug up Thunderbird and everyone else buried there. It is revealed that Bard used a version of the Technarch virus to resurrect Thunderbird and the others as his servants. Thunderbird is later seen with Selene's Inner Circle and Caliban being led to the ruins of Genosha, which she dubs Necrosha. Thunderbird fights Warpath, who snaps his neck and then kills Selene. Thunderbird's spirit is seen departing, telling his brother that he "can let go now".

During the "Chaos War" storyline, Thunderbird is among the fallen X-Men members (along with Banshee, Moira MacTaggert, Esme and Sophie of the Stepford Cuckoos, and three deceased dupes of Multiple Man) to return from the dead after what happened to the death realms. He remembers the last time he was revived briefly during the events of Necrosha, albeit faintly. Thunderbird leads the revived X-Men members to looking for a diary written by Destiny that might hold the key to defeating Amatsu-Mikaboshi while evading Carrion Crow, Eater of the Dead. Thunderbird called upon the mythical Thunderbird to get him and his group away from the Carrion Crow. He and the group discover that Moira MacTaggert has been possessed by Destiny's ghost. In the aftermath of the defeat of the Chaos King, Thunderbird is returned to the afterlife after reality is restored by Hercules. Thunderbird contemplates that his life finally means something and hopes that next time he was resurrected, it will be with Sophie.

When the X-Men made Krakoa a mutant paradise, the resurrection protocols brought back many dead mutants including Thunderbird. He was seen at The Green Lagoon watching Dazzler's concert. However, his resurrection is explicitly shown on-panel in the concluding chapter of the Trial of Magneto arc (during Reign of X) as a consequence of the Scarlet Witch's magic.

After a flashback to his revival, John Proudstar pays a visit to the Apache reservation. Upon arrival, he learns from some kids about how the local law enforcement arrested some of the inhabitants when they wouldn't give up the ones who are mutants. Becoming Thunderbird later that night, he went to the police station to demand the release of the people from Camp Gozhoo. When the local sheriff declined, Thunderbird went on the attack while driving away the punks awaiting to be detained. One hiding police officer contacts Edwin Martynec of the Heritage Initiative (which is secretly funded by Orchis) is while mentioning that they are being attacked. Upon finding the detained people, Martynec arrives with some Heritage Initiative operatives where they plan to harvest the X-Genes from the Native Americans that he freed. While fighting Thunderbird, Martynec transforms into a coyote-like creature as the Native Americans watch. After flashing back to when he last died, Thunderbird subdues Martynec as his grandma Lozen arrives. Thunderbird spares Martynec and throws him towards the Orchis operatives. When Martynec taunts Thunderbird, Lozen kicks him in the head as Thunderbird leaves with his fellow Native Americans. Back on the Apache reservation, Lozen agrees to keep a secret how Thunderbird was revived. They are both visited by Warpath after the Krakoan Gate had been planted on the Apache reservation where Warpath meets Grandma Lozen.

Powers and abilities
Thunderbird is a mutant who possesses superhuman strength (sufficient to rip apart a fighter jet with his bare hands), speed (he is fast enough to outrun a bison, possibly much faster), and stamina due to his dense musculature. His senses are also enhanced, enabling him to be a highly adept tracker.

Thunderbird has military training in hand-to-hand combat.

Analysis
In Native Americans in Comic Books - A Critical Study, Michael A. Sheyahshe compared John Proudstar to Tupac Shakur, noting that "Thunderbird becomes even more popular, posthumously, than he ever was while living."

In September 2001, Bill Rosemann, the marketing communications manager of Marvel Comics, announced that "The death of Thunderbird!", Uncanny X-Men #95 had been classed number 32 in the 100 best Marvel Comics.

Reception

 * In 2014, Entertainment Weekly ranked Thunderbird and Warpath 62nd in their "Let's rank every X-Man ever" list.

Age of Apocalypse
In the Age of Apocalypse universe, John Proudstar is at the head of the religious group Ghost Dance whose members perform nightly dances asking the ancient spirits to bring an end to Apocalypse's reign. They also provided safe passage to Avalon through the Infernal Gallop. When Nightcrawler had the mission to travel to Avalon and bring back the mutant known as Destiny, he forced Proudstar to provide them passage. Betrayed by Danielle Moonstar, the Madri learned of Proudstar and the Infernal Gallop's location at Ghost Dance. The Madri soldiers killed all the members of Ghost Dance.

Earth X
In the Earth X reality, John Proudstar's life is very similar. Thunderbird is seen in the Realm of the Dead talking with Professor X both believing they are still alive.

Exiles
An alternate version of John Proudstar is an original member of the Exiles, a group of superhumans tasked with fixing damaged realities. This Thunderbird is captured by Apocalypse during his time with the X-Men and unwillingly transformed into one of his Four Horsemen, namely War.

Thunderbird's time with this group is relatively short, several months at most. He serves mainly as the powerhouse of the group. In the third story arc, he meets another alternate version of himself, who has become the shaman of Alpha Flight, and this arc is largely centered on his internal conflicts. Later, Thunderbird sacrifices himself to hold an anti-matter bomb within the body of Galactus, which forces the world-devourer to leave Earth after the massive injury the bomb causes. Although his physical body heals from the damage caused by the detonation, he is left in a coma. He is replaced by Sasquatch and the team are forced to leave him behind. His body is later discovered in the Panoptichron, a crystal city that lies between realities, but has yet to be returned to his home reality.

During his time with the Exiles, he develops a romantic relationship with teammate Nocturne, who is pregnant with his child when he becomes comatose. (However, she later loses the child for unexplained reasons.) Issue #16 shows flashbacks of previously unseen scenes between the two characters that further develop their relationship.

This version of Thunderbird is considerably more powerful than the mainstream one, due to Apocalypse's augmentations. His skin is covered by retractable armor plates that harden when he enters battle, considerably increasing his durability, and even at the base level, his power statistics are above his main continuity counterpart. His power increases with his rage, akin to the Hulk who he once defeated in close combat, and his appearance becomes more bestial as he does so.

A side-effect of Apocalypse's modifications is that Thunderbird no longer has a sense of taste. He nevertheless enjoys smelling things.

Thunderbird wakes up and escapes the stasis wall in the Panoptichron. He helps Psylocke and Cat regain control of the Panoptichron during Doctor Doom's assault, and is later reunited with Nocturne when the Exiles and New Excalibur team up to save Roma and the Captain Britain Corps. Thunderbird leaves the team shortly after to be with Nocturne on Heather's earth.

House of M
In the House of M reality, John Proudstar appears as a police detective for the New York Police Department and as the leader of the strike force known as the "Brotherhood." Proudstar eventually made a deal with Wilson Fisk to bring in Luke Cage's gang as both a matter of pride and to end his criminal activities. Thunderbird's efforts resulted in Cage's Avengers battling the Brotherhood, in which their defeat caused Magneto to disband it.

Ultimate Marvel
The Ultimate Marvel version of John Proudstar operates as Shaman appears as a member of Alpha Flight debuting in Ultimate X-Men #94 and this version of Shaman is a mutant who possesses enhanced strength, speed, agility, and senses which have been enhanced through the mutant-enhancement drug Banshee instead of the magical abilities of his Marvel Universe counterpart.

What If?
Alternate versions of the character are present in some issues of What If? which is a series of comic books whose stories explore how the Marvel Universe might have unfolded if key moments in its history had not occurred as they did in mainstream continuity.

 * In "What If the X-Men Died on their First Mission?," Thunderbird was among the original line-up that died when Krakoa was hurtled into space.
 * In "What If Professor X Become the Juggernaut?," Thunderbird was part of Juggernaut's X-Men.
 * In "What If an All-New All-Different X-Men Never Existed?," Thunderbird was never recruited by Professor X and was allied with Erik the Red. He was quickly frozen by Iceman.

Television

 * Thunderbird appears in the Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends episode "The X-Men Adventure", voiced by John Stephenson. This version is a member of the X-Men who possesses the ability to shapeshift into a variety of North American animals instead of his comic book abilities.
 * Thunderbird makes non-speaking appearances in X-Men: The Animated Series. In the opening sequence, he appears as a member of Magneto's Brotherhood of Evil Mutants, a decision made by series producers Larry F. Houston and Will Meugniot, who sought to find equilibrium between the X-Men and their adversaries. In the episode "Slave Island", Thunderbird makes a cameo appearance as a resident of Genosha. In the book Previously on X-Men: The Making of an Animated Series, series showrunner Eric Lewald explained that Thunderbird was originally intended to die in the opening episodes, but was ultimately replaced with Kevin Sydney / Morph, who seemingly dies in the two-part pilot "Night of the Sentinels" and resurfaces alive in later episodes.
 * Thunderbird appears in The Gifted, portrayed by Blair Redford.  This version is the leader of the Mutant Underground who was previously in a relationship with Dreamer and eventually goes on to enter a relationship with Blink.

Miscellaneous
Thunderbird received a bust from Dynamic Forces in 2003.

Comic books
w: writer, p: penciler, i: inker

title: Thunderbird (John Proudstar)


text:
Abdoulaye Wade

Abdoulaye Wade (born 29 May 1926) is a French then Senegalese politician who was President of Senegal from 2000 to 2012. He is also the Secretary-General of the Senegalese Democratic Party (PDS), having led the party since it was founded in 1974. A long-time opposition leader, he ran for President four times, beginning in 1978, before he was elected in 2000. He won re-election in 2007 with a majority in the first round, but was defeated in 2012 in a controversial bid for a third term.

Early life
Wade was born in Kébémer, Senegal, on 29 May 1926; officially, he was born in 1926, although some claim he was born several years earlier, and the record-keeping of the time is not considered particularly reliable. He studied and taught law at the Lycée Condorcet in France. He holds two doctorates in law and economics. He was also dean of the law and economics faculty at the University of Dakar in Senegal.

Political career
At a summit of the Organization of African Unity in Mogadishu in 1974, Wade told President Léopold Sédar Senghor that he wanted to start a new party, and Senghor agreed to this. The PDS was founded on 31 July 1974. The party—initially intended as a Labour party—adopted liberalism in 1976 due to the introduction of a law permitting the existence of only three parties with three distinct ideologies, two of which were taken by other parties (liberalism was therefore the only remaining option). Wade first ran for President in February 1978 against Senghor, taking 17.38% of the vote. Senghor gave Wade the nickname "Diombor" (Wolof for hare). Also in 1978, Wade was elected to the National Assembly, where he served until 1980. Wade attracted international attention in the wake of Senghor's announcement in late 1980 that he would resign; as the Secretary General of the PDS, he issued a statement denouncing the process and calling instead for the army to oversee a new set of elections. Subsequently he ran in the presidential elections of 1983 and 1988, taking second place each time, behind Senghor's successor Abdou Diouf. Following the 1988 election, he was arrested due to protests against the results and received a suspended sentence. Subsequently he went to France, but returned in 1990.

In April 1991, Wade and four other PDS members joined a national unity government together with the ruling Socialist Party (PS); Wade became Minister of State without portfolio. In October 1992, he and the other PDS ministers quit the government due to complaints about the manner in which the PS was said to control the government. In the February 1993 presidential election, Wade again took second place, with 32% of the vote, behind Diouf, who won with 58%. Following the May 1993 killing of Constitutional Council Vice-President Babacar Sèye, Wade, along with other PDS leaders, faced police questioning. On 1 October, Wade, his wife, and two PDS members of the National Assembly (Abdoulaye Faye and Ousmane Ngom), were charged with complicity in the murder, although they were not held in custody or put on trial. Following riots in February 1994, Wade was arrested along with many others for allegedly threatening state security. The charge of complicity in Sèye's murder was dismissed in May 1994, and Wade and his co-defendants began a hunger strike on 30 June. He and his co-defendants were released on 4 July, and the remaining charges were dismissed on 30 August 1994.

Wade rejoined the government as Minister of State in March 1995, but he and the other PDS ministers left again in March 1998. Although he was elected to the National Assembly in the February 1998 parliamentary election, he announced his resignation from the National Assembly in late July 1998, saying that there were "enough deputies to do the job in my place".

2000 election and first term
Wade subsequently spent a year in France, returning to Senegal on 27 October 1999. In the first round of the 2000 presidential election, held on 27 February, he again took second place, receiving 31% of the vote, but for the first time, Diouf did not win a first round majority, and consequently a second round was held on 19 March. Wade won this round with 58.49% of the vote, having received the support of candidates from the first round, including third place candidate Moustapha Niasse. Wade became President on 1 April 2000 and appointed Niasse as his Prime Minister shortly afterwards. Wade initially cohabited with the PS, which held a majority in the legislature until the PDS and its allies (the Sopi Coalition) won a majority in the April 2001 parliamentary election.

A new constitution was adopted in 2001, reducing presidential terms to five years following the completion of Wade's seven-year term in 2007.

In September 2002, Wade received the World Peace Culture Award.

In December 2004, he signed a peace accord with rebels in Casamance after 22 years of war with rebels.

2007 election and second term
On 15 October 2006, Wade was nominated as presidential candidate of the PDS for the February 2007 presidential election. One of Wade's opponents in this election was his former prime minister Idrissa Seck, who was once considered Wade's protégé, but was arrested in 2005. Final results released on 11 March 2007, showed Wade winning in the first round with 55.9% of the vote, far ahead of his nearest opponents, Seck with about 15% and Socialist Party leader Ousmane Tanor Dieng with about 13.6%. Dieng and another opposition candidate, Abdoulaye Bathily, filed appeals regarding the election, but these were rejected by the Constitutional Council. Wade was sworn in for his second term on 3 April at the Leopold Sedar Senghor Stadium in Dakar, with many African leaders and about 60,000 spectators in attendance.

The main opposition parties did not accept Wade's 2007 victory and disputed his legitimacy as President; they boycotted elections to the National Assembly and the re-established Senate later in the year. Wade conclusively stated in an interview published by Le Soleil on 19 May 2008 that there was no longer any possibility of dialogue with the opposition unless it recognized him as the legitimate President. "Let them do what they want, it doesn't bother me," he said of the opposition, "so long as they respect law and order."

At the July 2007 African Union summit in Accra, Ghana, Wade supported quick formation of the proposed United States of Africa and said: "If we fail to unite, we will become weak, and if we live isolated in countries that are divided, we face the risk of collapsing in the face of stronger and united economies."

In March 2008 in the country of Comoros, the island of Anjouan decided to declare independence. Senegal would send troops to the islands of Comoros. They would later win the war with other support too.

2012 election for third term
In July 2008, the National Assembly approved a constitutional amendment increasing the length of the presidential term to seven years, as it was prior to the adoption of the 2001 constitution. This extension would not apply to Wade's 2007–2012 term, but Minister of Justice Madické Niang stressed on this occasion that Wade could potentially run for re-election in 2012 if he was still healthy. Later, on 17 September 2009, Wade confirmed that he planned to run for a third term in 2012 "if God gives me a long life".

Wade, during a 14 July 2011 speech to supporters, used the Wolof phrase "Ma waxoon waxeet" ("I said it, I (can) take it back") in explaining his decision to go back on his 2007 pledge not to run for another term. The phrase subsequently became a popular rallying cry for the anti-Wade opposition.

On 27 January 2012, he was officially approved by the Constitutional Council to run for a highly controversial third term. Following this declaration, enraged mobs engaged in violent protests throughout the city. After the first round vote, Abdoulaye Wade acknowledged on 27 February 2012 that he had failed to win a majority in the election and would have to face a run-off. He subsequently lost the second round of voting, held on 25 March 2012, to the opposition candidate Macky Sall; Sall had received the backing of all of the candidates who were defeated in the first round, and he defeated Wade by a wide margin.

Wade was internationally praised for his handling of the 2012 presidential election, after congratulating his opponent on his victory and peacefully stepping down. Wade's quick concession was praised by the African Union, European Union, United Nations and the United States. It was pointed out that the leaders ruling some of Senegal's neighbors (including Guinea, Gambia and Guinea-Bissau) had all previously used the army to maintain their grasp on power. Because of this, Wade is considered among the rare African leaders who are committed to democracy. Sall succeeded Wade as President on 2 April 2012.

Post-presidency (2012–present)
Following his defeat in the presidential election, Wade remained at the helm of the PDS, even as a number of the party's key figures abandoned it. He chose not to stand as a candidate for the July 2012 parliamentary election. The PDS won 12 seats in the vote, marking a tremendous decrease in the party's parliamentary representation, but Wade nevertheless said that he viewed the outcome as encouraging. He said that, contrary to expectations from some quarters that the PDS would disappear after losing power, it had emerged from the vote as the largest opposition party and the only one with enough seats to form a parliamentary group.

In 2015, despite being close to his 90th birthday, Wade brushed aside suggestions that he should retire, arguing that no credible younger men had come along to succeed him as head of the PDS and that his parents both lived and worked to an advanced age.

In the July 2017 parliamentary election, Wade planned to stand as a candidate at the head of the candidate list of an opposition coalition. Khalifa Sall, another prominent opposition leader, and his supporters decided to run separately due to disagreement about whether Wade or Sall should receive the top spot on the candidate list. The divided opposition performed poorly in the election; the coalition backing President Sall won 125 seats, a majority, while Wade's coalition trailed distantly in second place with 19 seats. As the top candidate on his coalition's candidate list, Wade himself won a seat, although he had no intention of actually serving as a Deputy; he announced his resignation on 10 September 2017, before the National Assembly even began meeting. He explained that his purpose in running was merely to support his coalition in the election.

As of 2019, Wade, although his power has waned somewhat, remains the Secretary-General of the Senegalese Democratic Party (PDS) and still exercises considerable influence within the party.

Criticism
Wade's presidency was marred by allegations of corruption, nepotism and constraints on freedom of the press and other civil liberties.

He was also criticized for excessive spending on what have been described as "prestige projects". This includes commissioning a 160+ foot bronze statue (the African Renaissance Monument), for which Wade claims he is entitled to 35% of all tourist profits it generates because of the intellectual property for conceiving the idea.

In a parallel controversy, Wade has been criticized by Christian bishops in Senegal for publicly denying the divinity of Jesus Christ, comparing him to the statues found in the African Renaissance Monument, after local imams expressed their opposition to the monument. He later regretted that his comments had caused religious offense to Christians.

Wade also received criticism in 2009 for a "goodbye present" he reportedly gave to a departing IMF official after the two had dinner. The present turned out to be a bag of money worth almost US$200,000. Widespread speculation and criticism centered on the possibility that Wade was grooming his son Karim to succeed him.

During the corruption charges levied against his son Karim Wade, Wade held a press conference at his home in 2015 in which he insulted and falsely accused his successor Macky Sall of being a "descendant of slaves", and that Sall's parents were "cannibals" who "ate babies" and "were chased out of the village" for cannibalism. He went on to say that his son (Karim Wade) "will never accept that Macky Sall is above him", and if slavery still existed today in the country, he would have sold Macky Sall into slavery.

During his presidency, Wade's land reform laws targeted the land owning Serer community of Senegal - who have inherited their lands since lamanic times, causing many Serer farmers to lose their lands and livelihood. His land reform was strongly criticised by certain quarters of the Senegalese media.

Personal life
Wade is married to Viviane Wade. Their son, Karim Wade, served as head of the national agency of the Islamic Organization Conference and subsequently was Minister of State for International Cooperation, Urban and Regional Planning, Air Transport, and Infrastructure from 2009 to 2012. Their daughter, Sindjely Wade, worked as a Special Assistant to the President and has participated in many Paris-Dakar rallies.

Wade never renounced his French nationality after the independence of Senegal.

In March 2012, Wade announced plans to go to Saudi Arabia for a religious pilgrimage.

National honours

 * Senegal:
 * SEN Order of the Lion - Grand Cross BAR.svg Grand Cross of the National Order of the Lion
 * Order of Merit - Grand Cross (Senegal) - ribbon bar.png Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit

Foreign honours

 * France:
 * Legion Honneur GC ribbon.svg Grand Cross of the Order of Legion of Honour
 * Finland:
 * FIN Order of the White Rose Grand Cross BAR.svg Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose of Finland (2009)
 * Monaco:
 * MCO Order of Saint-Charles - Grand Cross BAR.svg Grand Cross of the Order of Saint-Charles (9 November 2009)

title: Abdoulaye Wade


text:
Edward Natapei

Edward Nipake Natapei Tuta Fanua`araki (17 July 1954 – 28 July 2015) was a Vanuatuan politician. He was the prime minister of Vanuatu on two occasions, and was previously the minister of Foreign Affairs briefly in 1991, the acting president of Vanuatu from 2 March 1999 to 24 March 1999 (during a time in which he was the speaker of Parliament) and the deputy prime minister. He was the president of the Vanua'aku Pati, a socialist, Anglophone political party.

Politics
Natapei was first elected to Parliament in 1983. In 1996, he was elected as speaker of Parliament, and in 1999 he was elected as President of Vanua'aku Pati. In a parliamentary vote on 25 November 1999, Natapei was a candidate for the position of prime minister, but was defeated by Barak Sopé, receiving 24 votes against 28 for Sope. When Sopé lost a vote of no confidence, Natapei became Prime Minister on 13 April 2001, receiving 27 votes in parliament, with one vote against him. He retained the position after the May 2002 election. Even though his party performed poorly in the July 2004 election, he was re-elected as a Member of Parliament for the Port Vila Constituency with the highest number of votes. He supported Ham Lini for the post of prime minister, but Lini was defeated; however, Serge Vohor was ousted in a motion of no confidence and Ham Lini was elected prime minister. Being Vanua'aku Party President entitled Natapei to the post of Speaker of the House, which he declined and referred to Sam Dan Avock, who was a Party Executive Member.

Natapei became minister for Infrastructure and Public Utilities in the Lini-led government in July 2005. A split in Vanua'aku Pati was resolved in August 2005, and Natapei was re-elected as its president, receiving 124 votes against 67 for Sela Molisa. In late July 2007 he became Minister of Public Utilities again, replacing Serge Vohor, as well as becoming Deputy Prime Minister.

Second term as Prime Minister (2008–2011)
Natapei was elected Prime Minister on 22 September 2008, by the Parliament of Vanuatu after three weeks of negotiations following the country's September 2nd general election. Natapei received 27 of the 52 votes in Parliament to become prime minister for a second time and a second non-consecutive term. He narrowly beat his nearest opponent, Maxime Carlot Korman, another former Vanuatu Prime Minister and the leader of the Vanuatu Republican Party, who captured 25 votes in Parliament. Natapei succeeded Ham Lini as prime minister and headed a new coalition government encompassing his own Vanua'aku Pati, as well as Lini's National United Party, independents and several smaller political parties, such as Namangi Aute.

Natapei pledged to continue the policies and reforms of the outgoing Lini government. He announced that some of his government's primary policies would include transparency, good governance and fighting corruption.

Opposition leader Maxime Carlot Korman attempted a vote of no confidence motion just two days after Natapei became prime minister. The Opposition, led by Korman, claimed that two MPs had defected from the Natapei coalition and were now supporting Korman. However, the Speaker of the Parliament George Wells rejected Korman's motion against Natapei on a technicality saying that one of the two MPs in question had not withdrawn their support for Natapei's government. A no-confidence vote was nevertheless held on 3 October 2008, but the motion was defeated, with 20 votes in favor and 31 votes against. Because Natapei's government won the vote by a substantial margin, it was expected that the political situation would be stabilized as a result. Nevertheless, another motion of no confidence was attempted on 25 November 2008; Natapei survived the vote by a narrow margin of 26 to 24. Three Vanua'aku Pati MPs signed the motion of no confidence, and after they refused to withdraw their signatures, Natapei suspended them from the party immediately prior to the vote.

In November 2009 Prime Minister Natapei, facing another vote of no confidence, organized a second major cabinet reshuffle. Natapei removed half of his cabinet members and cut ties with two political parties, the National United Party and the Vanuatu Republican Party, when it was revealed that the parties and their members were planning to launch a no confidence motion against his government.

Natapei replaced the sacked cabinet members with sixteen members from the opposition Alliance. Among the highest profile reshuffles, Ham Lini, Natapei's predecessor and a member of the NUP, was replaced as Natapei's deputy prime minister by the leader of the Alliance bloc, Sato Kilman. In 2010 Maxime Carlot Korman was replaced as the Speaker of parliament by George Wells only for Kormanti to return later and succeed Wells in the position again. Alliance leader Sato Kilman confirmed that because of the reshuffle the Natapei government now had the support of 33 of the 52 MPs in the House.

On 27 November 2009, Natapei became ineligible to continue serving as prime minister. His parliamentary seat was declared vacant as he had missed three parliamentary sittings without informing the Speaker of the House. Despite being overseas on legitimate parliamentary business, his staff had failed to file the necessary paperwork with the Speaker to give notice of his absence. Serge Vohor became the acting prime minister. On December 5, however, Chief Justice Vincent Lunabek ruled that "the Speaker’s decision to unseat the PM on 27 November 2009 was ‘unconstitutional and of no legal effect’". On December 10, Parliament formally confirmed their confidence in Natapei, who thus remained Prime Minister.

As of June 2010 Natapei retained the prime ministership, with the support of 34 MPs (against 18 for the Opposition).

On December 2, 2010 Natapei was ousted by a vote of no confidence. He was succeeded by Sato Kilman.

On June 16, 2011 however, Chief Justice Vincent Lunabek ruled in a case put forward by Natapei, contesting the constitutionality of Kilman's election. Lunabek ruled that Kilman's election to office had indeed been unconstitutional, as "[t]he speaker of Parliament Maxime Carlot Korman [had] appointed Mr Kilman prime minister without following article 41 of the constitution which required he be elected by secret ballot". Kilman's premiership was annulled, and Natapei was restored as interim prime minister, instructed to convene Parliament for the election of a new prime minister. Natapei immediately indicated that he himself would not be a candidate for the position, and that he would support Serge Vohor's candidacy.

During his interim premiership, Natapei cancelled Vanuatu's diplomatic recognition of Abkhazia, issued by Kilman the previous month.

On June 26, Parliament elected Sato Kilman to the premiership, with 29 votes to Serge Vohor's 23, thus ending Natapei's interim duties.

First cabinet
Natapei named his government's cabinet line-up on 22 September 2008, the day of his election as prime minister. His cabinet included members of his own Vanua'aku Pati (VP) as well as the National United Party (VNUP). Natapei's predecessor, outgoing Prime Minister Ham Lini, was named as the new Minister for Public Utilities and Works.

Natapei's full cabinet included:
 * Bakoa Kaltongga as the Minister of Justice and Social Welfare (VP)
 * Sela Molisa as Finance Minister (VP)
 * Paul Telukluk as Lands Minister (Namangi Aute) (Telukluk is the lone member of Natapei's cabinet from Namangi Aute.)
 * Charlot Salwai as Minister of Education (Union of Moderate Parties)
 * Serge Vohor as Minister for Infrastructure & Public Utilities (UMP)
 * Sato Kilman as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Trade, Commerce and Industries (People's Progressive Party)
 * Moana Carcasses Kalosil as the Minister for Internal Affairs (Greens)
 * Moses Kahu as Minister of Health (VP)
 * Stephen Kalsakau as Minister of Agriculture
 * Joe Natuman as Minister of Foreign Affairs (VP)
 * Raphael Worwor as Minister of Youth, Development and Training (UMP)

A few days before the motion of no confidence was debated in Parliament Prime Minister Natapei brought into the government side the Union Of Moderate Parties (UMP) and reshuffled his cabinet for the first time as follows:
 * Bakoa Kaltongga as the Minister of Foreign Affairs (VP)
 * Sela Molisa as Finance Minister (VP)
 * Joe Natuman as Minister of Health (VP) (Replacing Roro Sambo (VNUP))
 * Ham Lini as DPM and Minister for Justice and Social Welfare (Replacing Joshua Kalsakau)(VNUP)
 * James Bule as Minister for Trade, Commerce & Industries (VNUP)
 * Patrick Crowby as the Minister for Internal Affairs (VNUP)
 * Havo Moli as Minister of Agriculture
 * Don Ken as Minister of Youth, Development and Training
 * Serge Vohor as Minister of Infrastructure and Public Utilities (UMP)
 * Raphael Worwor as Minister of Lands (UMP) (Replacing Joe Natuman)
 * Charlot Salwai as Minister of Education (UMP) (Replacing Willie Ruben Abel)
 * Esmon Saimon as Minister of Ni Vanuatu Business (Independent)

Later career
Natapei was Leader of the Opposition during Sato Kilman's premiership (2011–2013). On 21 March 2013, Kilman resigned, after eight of his MPs (including two government ministers) had crossed the floor to join the Opposition. Natapei backed Moana Carcasses Kalosil (leader of the Green Confederation) as the new prime minister, and Carcasses appointed him deputy prime minister and minister for foreign affairs on 23 March. As Minister for Foreign Affairs, he applied Carcasses' policy in beginning a clean-up of the sale of diplomatic passports by previous governments. Within his first few days in office, he revoked the passports of "about ten" diplomats who are understood to have bought them. In a review praised by Transparency International, he indicated that more than two thirds of the country's diplomats could lose their position, as their appointment had not followed proper procedures.

Natapei lost office when the Carcasses government was brought down by a motion of no confidence on 15 May 2014.

Natapei died on 28 July 2015 at the age of 61 following a long illness.

title: Edward Natapei


text:
Talk:Alan Davidson (food writer)

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"North Atlantic Seafood" is too important not to have its own page.

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Alan wrote "Mediterranean Seafood" with the help of an Italian? An Italian what/who?

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title: Talk:Alan Davidson (food writer)