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Controller of the Navy (Royal Navy)

The post of Controller of the Navy (abbreviated as CofN) was originally created in 1859 when the Surveyor of the Navy's title changed to Controller of the Navy. In 1869 the controller's office was abolished and its duties were assumed by that of the Third Naval Lord whose title then changed to Third Naval Lord and Controller of the Navy. In 1904 the title was changed again to Third Sea Lord and Controller of the Navy. In 1965 the office of the Third Sea Lord was abolished. The post-holder is responsible for procurement and matériel in the British Royal Navy.

Originally the post-holder was a member of the Board of Admiralty and later a member of the Admiralty Board.

History
The original office of Comptroller of the Navy was established in 1561 during the reign of Elizabeth I of England which was a very different function from what became known later as the Controller of the Navy. They presided over the Navy Board from 1660, and generally superintended the business of the Navy Office, they were responsible for all naval spending and for the offices dealing with bills, accounts and wages during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. By the eighteenth century the principal officer responsible for estimating annual stores requirements, inspecting ships' stores and maintaining the Fleet's store-books and repair-bills was the Surveyor of the Navy however their duties passed increasingly to the Comptroller of the Navy during the latter half of this period. The office of the Surveyor did not altogether disappear. In 1805 for the first time, specific functions were assigned to each of the 'Naval' Lords, who were described as 'Professional' Lords, leaving to the civil lords to the routine business of signing off all official documents. In 1832 the original office of the Comptroller was abolished following a merger with the Board of Admiralty and the Surveyor was made the officer responsible under the First Sea Lord for the material departments. In 1859 the office the Surveyor of the Navy who had overall responsibility for ship design was renamed and the post became known as the Controller of the Navy.

In the re-organisation of the Admiralty by Order in Council of 14 January 1869, the Controller of the Navy was given a seat on the Board of Admiralty as the Third Lord and Controller of the Navy. They also inherited the new duties of the Storekeeper-General of the Navy, whose post was abolished. The Controller lost the title of Third Lord and the seat on the board by an Order in Council of 19 March 1872, but regained them by a further Order in Council of 10 March 1882. In 1872 they again became subordinate to the First Sea Lord, but had the right to attend board meetings when the business of the department was under discussion. In 1882 the Controller again became independent of the First Sea Lord and became a board member again as Third Naval Lord and Controller. The Third Naval Lord's post was renamed to become known as the Third Sea Lord and Controller in 1904. The appointment of Controller of the Navy was abolished in September 1912, although that of Third Sea Lord remained. Thereafter, except for a period in 1917 to 1918 when there was a civilian Controller, the titles of Third Sea Lord and Controller of the Navy went together.

The Third Sea Lord and Controller was mainly responsible for superintending the work of the Royal Naval Scientific Service and for a number of Admiralty departments, including those of the Department of the Director of Naval Construction, (from 1958 the Department of the Director General Ships), of the Department of the Engineer in Chief (formerly the Steam Department), of the Department of the Director of Naval Ordnance, of the Department of the Director of Dockyards and, following a board decision in 1911, of the Admiralty Compass Observatory, formerly under the control of the Hydrographer's Department War they also had responsibility for the supply of equipment to Combined Operations Headquarters. From 1958 the Fourth Sea Lord was also known as Vice Controller of the Navy they assumed the superintendence of the naval dockyard organisation and the maintenance of the fleet. In 1965 the appointment of Third Sea Lord was abolished and the individual responsible for the materiel side of the navy became simply Controller of the Navy. From 2003 until April 2013 the post holder jointly held different titles such as ( Director, Land Maritime, 2003–2006, Director-General, Nuclear, 2006–2009, Capability Manager/Director (Precision Attack), 2009-2012 and Director, Maritime Capability and Transformation, 2012–2013. From April 2013 until November 2018 the post holder simultaneously held the titles of Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (Capability) and Chief of Staff Navy Command (HQ) post holders include: From November 2018, the post holder has been just Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (Capability). ACNS Capability is also known as Director Develop as of September 2020.

Third Naval Lords 1832–1868

 * Rear Admiral Sir Samuel Pechell 1832–1834
 * Rear Admiral Sir Charles Rowley 1834–1835
 * Rear Admiral Sir George Elliot 1835–1837
 * Rear Admiral Sir Edward Troubridge 1837–1841
 * Rear Admiral Sir Samuel Pechell 1841
 * Rear Admiral Sir George Seymour 1841–1844
 * Rear Admiral Sir William Bowles 1844–1846
 * Rear Admiral Sir Maurice Berkeley 1846–1847
 * Rear Admiral Lord John Hay 1847–1850
 * Rear Admiral Sir Houston Stewart 1850–1852
 * Rear Admiral Sir James Stirling 1852
 * Rear Admiral Sir Thomas Herbert 1852–1853
 * Rear Admiral Sir Richard Dundas 1853–1854
 * Rear Admiral Sir Peter Richards 1854–1857
 * Rear Admiral Henry Eden 1857
 * Rear Admiral Sir Alexander Milne 1857–1859
 * Rear Admiral Sir Henry Leeke 1859
 * Rear Admiral Sir Charles Eden 1859–1861
 * Rear Admiral Charles Frederick 1861–1865
 * Rear Admiral Sir Edward Fanshawe 1865–1866
 * Rear Admiral Henry Seymour 1866–1868

Third Lords and Controllers of the Navy 1869–1872

 * Admiral Sir Robert Robinson, 1869–1871
 * Captain Robert Hall, 1871–1872

Controllers of the Navy 1872–1882

 * Captain Robert Hall, 1872
 * Admiral Sir William Stewart, 1872–1881
 * Rear-Admiral Thomas Brandreth, 1881–1882

Third Naval Lords and Controllers of the Navy 1882–1904
Third Naval Lords and Controllers of the Navy include:
 * Vice-Admiral Thomas Brandreth, 1882–1886
 * Vice-Admiral Sir William Graham, 1886–1888
 * Vice-Admiral John Hopkins, 1888–1892
 * Vice-Admiral Sir John Fisher, 1892–1897
 * Rear-Admiral Arthur Wilson, 1897–1901
 * Rear-Admiral William May, 1901–1905

Third Sea Lord and Controllers of the Navy 1904–1912

 * Rear-Admiral Sir Henry Jackson, 1905–1908
 * Rear-Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, 1908–1909
 * Rear-Admiral Reginald Bacon, 1909
 * Rear-Admiral Charles Briggs, 1910–1912
 * Rear-Admiral Gordon Moore, 1912

Third Sea Lords 1912–1918

 * Rear-Admiral Gordon Moore, 1912–1914
 * Rear-Admiral Frederick Tudor, 1914–1917
 * Rear-Admiral Lionel Halsey, 1917–1918

Third Sea Lords and Controllers of the Navy 1918–1965
Third Sea Lords and Controllers of the Navy include:
 * Rear-Admiral Sir Charles de Bartolomé, 1918–1919
 * Rear-Admiral Sir William Nicholson, 1919–1920
 * Rear-Admiral Sir Frederick Field, 1920–1923
 * Rear-Admiral Cyril Fuller, 1923–1925
 * Vice-Admiral Sir Ernle Chatfield, 1925–1928
 * Vice-Admiral Roger Backhouse, 1928–1932
 * Vice-Admiral Charles Forbes, 1932–1934
 * Admiral Sir Reginald Henderson, 1934–1939
 * Vice-Admiral Sir Bruce Fraser, 1939–1942
 * Admiral Sir Frederic Wake-Walker, 1942–1945
 * Vice-Admiral Sir Charles Daniel, 1945–1949
 * Admiral Sir Michael Denny, 1949–1953
 * Admiral Sir Ralph Edwards, 1953–1956
 * Admiral Sir Peter Reid, 1956–1961
 * Admiral Sir Michael Le Fanu, 1961–1965

Controllers of the Navy 1965–current
Post holders include:
 * Admiral Sir Horace Law, 1965–1970
 * Admiral Sir Michael Pollock, 1970–1971
 * Admiral Sir Anthony Griffin, 1971–1975
 * Admiral Sir Richard Clayton, 1975–1979
 * Admiral Sir John Fieldhouse, 1979–1981
 * Admiral Sir Lindsay Bryson, 1981–1984
 * Admiral Sir Derek Reffell, 1984–1989
 * Admiral Sir Kenneth Eaton, 1989–1994
 * Vice-Admiral Sir Robert Walmsley, 1994–1996
 * Rear-Admiral Frederick Scourse, 1996–1997
 * Rear-Admiral Peter Spencer, 1997–2000
 * Rear-Admiral Nigel Guild, 2000–2003
 * Rear-Admiral Richard Cheadle, 2003–2006 (also Director, Land Maritime)
 * Rear-Admiral Andrew Mathews, 2006–2007 (also Director-General, Nuclear)
 * Rear-Admiral Paul Lambert, 2007–2009 (ditto)
 * Rear-Admiral Amjad Hussain, 2009–2012 (also Capability Manager/Director (Precision Attack))
 * Rear-Admiral Henry Parker, 2012–2013 (also Director, Maritime Capability and Transformation)
 * Rear-Admiral Duncan Potts, April 2013 – September 2014
 * Rear-Admiral James Morse, September 2014 – May 2016
 * Rear-Admiral Paul Bennett, May 2016 – November 2017
 * Major-General Robert Magowan, RM. November 2017 – November 2018
 * Rear-Admiral Hugh Beard, November 2018 – January 2020
 * Rear-Admiral Andrew Burns, January 2020 – September 2021
 * Rear-Admiral James Parkin, September 2021 – present

Departments under the office
At various times included:

Current

 * Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff Warfare
 * Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff Information Superiority
 * Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff Maritime Capability
 * Office Assistant Chief of Staff Integrated Change Programme

Former
At various times included:
 * Admiralty Compass Observatory, formerly under the control of the Hydrographer of the Navy's department
 * Combined Operations Headquarters (supply of equipment only).
 * Department of the Director of Dockyards, (1885–1954)
 * Department of the Director of Naval Construction
 * Royal Corps of Naval Constructors
 * Department of the Director General Ships
 * Department of the Director Contract-built ships
 * Department of the Director of Electrical Engineering
 * Department of the Director of Naval Equipment
 * Department of the Director of Scientific Research
 * Department of the Engineer in Chief (formerly the Steam Department)
 * Department of the Inspector of Dockyard Expense Accounts
 * Department of the Director of Torpedoes and Mines
 * Department of the Surveyor of Dockyards, (1872–1885)
 * Directorate of Naval Construction, (1913–1958)
 * Naval Ordnance Department
 * Department of the Assistant Director of Torpedoes
 * Naval Ordnance Stores Department (1918–1964)
 * Naval Stores Department, (1869–1966)
 * Dockyards and Fleet Maintenance Department, (1957–1964)
 * Department of Dockyards and Maintenance, (1964–1968)
 * Office of the Assistant Controller
 * Office of the Assistant Controller Research and Development
 * Office of the Controller, (1917–1918)
 * Office of the Deputy Controller of Navy, (1939–1941)
 * Office of the Deputy Controller Production
 * Office of the Inspector Gun Mountings
 * Office of the Superintendent of Stores, (1869–1917)
 * Office of the Vice Controller of the Navy, (1939–1945)
 * Office of the Vice Controller Air
 * Department of the Director of Naval Equipment
 * Armament Supply Department, (1891–1918)
 * Royal Naval Armaments Depot
 * Department of the Chief Inspector of Naval Ordnance, (1908–1922)
 * Naval Ordnance Inspection Department, (1922–1964)
 * Royal Naval Scientific Service
 * Steam Department

title: Controller of the Navy (Royal Navy)


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Joseph Platt Cooke

Joseph Platt Cooke (January 4, 1730 – February 3, 1816) was an American military officer in the Revolutionary War, a Connecticut politician, and twice a delegate to the Congress of the Confederation. He was born in Stratford, Connecticut and graduated from Yale College in 1750. He died in Danbury, Connecticut.

He was the son of Reverend Samuel Cooke, and Elizabeth Platt. His grandfather Joseph Platt, also served in the Connecticut House of Representatives for many years.

In 1771, he was appointed colonel of the Sixteenth Regiment of the Connecticut militia, and during the Revolutionary War he accompanied General Wolcott's forces to New York in 1776. He was in command of the state forces when the British burned Danbury on April 26 and April 27, 1777. His own home, which he had built at 342 Main Street in 1770, was partially destroyed by fire. He resigned his colonelcy early in 1778. In 1781 his home served as a meeting place for George Washington and the French military leaders, the Comte de Rochambeau and the Marquis de la Fayette.

Before, during, and after the Revolutionary War, Cooke played an active role in the political and judicial aspects of local government. He settled in Danbury and from 1763 to 1783 represented the town in about thirty sessions of the general assembly. He was justice of the peace in 1764, served as judge of the probate court for Danbury district 1776 to 1813, was a member of the council of safety in 1778, and was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1776, 1778, 1780–1782, and 1784. He represented Connecticut in the Congress of the Confederation during its sixth session (November 1, 1784 – December 24, 1784 in Trenton, New Jersey, and January 11, 1785 – November 4, 1785 in New York, New York) and its ninth session (November 5, 1787 – October 21, 1788 in New York, New York). He served on the Connecticut Governor's Council in 1803 He also served as a judge of the Connecticut Supreme Court of Errors from 1784 to 1803.

He was interred in Danbury at the North Main Street Cemetery.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Joseph Platt Cooke


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Waseda University

Waseda University (早稲田大学), abbreviated as Waseda (早稲田) or Sōdai (早大), is a private research university in Shinjuku, Tokyo. Founded in 1882 as the Tōkyō Professional School by Ōkuma Shigenobu, the fifth Prime Minister of Japan, the school was formally renamed Waseda University in 1902.

Waseda is organized into 36 departments: 13 undergraduate schools and 23 graduate schools. As of 2023, there are 38,776 undergraduate students and 8,490 graduate students. In addition to a central campus in Shinjuku (Waseda Campus and Nishiwaseda Campus), the university operates campuses in Chūō, Nishitōkyō, Tokorozawa, Honjō, and Kitakyūshū. Waseda also operates 21 research institutes at its main Shinjuku campus.

The university is selected as one of the Top Type (Type A) universities under MEXT's Top Global University Project. Waseda University has the highest entrance examination difficulty level among private universities in Japan.

Its alumni include eight prime ministers of Japan; three prime ministers of Korea;  a number of important figures of Japanese literature, including Haruki Murakami; founders of leading Japanese and Korean companies such as Samsung, Sony, Ito En, Lotte, CJ Group, POSCO; and many CEOs, including Japan's richest person, Tadashi Yanai.

History
Waseda was founded as Tōkyō Professional School (東京専門学校) on 21 October 1882 by samurai scholar and Meiji-era politician and former prime minister Ōkuma Shigenobu. Before the name 'Waseda' was selected, it was known variously as Waseda Gakkō (早稲田学校) or Totsuka Gakkō (戸塚学校) after the location of the founder's villa in Waseda Village and the school's location in Totsuka Village, respectively. It was renamed Waseda University (早稲田大学) on 2 September 1902, upon acquiring university status. It started as a college with three departments under the old Japanese system of higher education.

In 1882, the university had the department of political science and economics, law, and physical science. Along with these departments, an English language course was established, where the students of all the departments could learn English. Three years later, the department of physical science was closed because it had too few applicants.

The department of literature was established in 1890, the department of education in 1903, the department of commerce in 1904, and the department of science and engineering in 1908.

Although Waseda formally adopted the term university in its title in 1902 it was not until 1920 that, along with other Japanese schools and colleges, it received formal government recognition as a university under the terms of the University Establishment Ordinance. Thus Waseda became, with Keio University, the first private university in Japan.

Much of the campus was destroyed in the fire bombings of Tokyo during World War II, but the university was rebuilt and reopened by 1949. It has grown to become a comprehensive university with two senior high schools and school of art and architecture.

On 12 June 1950, sixty police raided Waseda University and seized copies of a Communist-inspired open letter to General MacArthur. The open letter to MacArthur was once read at a Communist-sponsored rally a week earlier. The letter demanded a peace treaty for Japan that would include Russia and Communist China, withdrawal of occupation forces, and the release of eight Japanese sent to prison for assaulting five U.S. soldiers at a Communist rally. A police official said most Waseda meetings would be banned in the future because "political elements" might try to utilize them. Yuichi Eshima, Vice-chairman of the Students Autonomy Society, said the police action "stupefied" students and professors, and that "This is worse than the prewar peace preservation measures."

In 1993, President of the United States Bill Clinton visited Waseda University and mentioned that the university is a center of academic excellence and a training ground for Japan's distinguished leaders.

Academic cap
Ōkuma had long desired to create an academic cap so distinctive that someone wearing the cap would immediately be identified as a Waseda student. The chief tailor of Takashimaya, Yashichiro, was called upon to design a cap in three days. Each square cap was stamped on the inside with the student's name, his department, the school seal and the legend, "This certifies that the owner is a student of Waseda". Thus, the cap served as a form of identification, and effectively a status symbol. The cap, with its gold-braided badge, is registered as a trademark.

Anniversary
On 21 October 2007, Waseda University celebrated its 125th anniversary. Ōkuma often talked about the "125 years of life" theory: "The lifespan of a human being can be as long as 125 years. He will be able to live out his natural lifespan as long as he takes proper care of his health", because "physiologists say that every animal has the ability to live five times as long as its growth period. Since a man is said to require about 25 years to become fully mature, it follows that he can live up to 125 years of age." This theory propounded by Ōkuma was very popular and often referred to in the media of the time.

In commemorative events relating to Waseda University and Ōkuma, the number 125 is accorded special significance, as it marks an important epoch. The tower of Ōkuma Auditorium, completed on the university's 45th anniversary, is 125 shaku, or about 38 m high. In 1963, there were also events to mark the 125th anniversary of Ōkuma Shigenobu's birth.

Ōkuma, who twice served as prime minister of Japan, organized his second cabinet when he was 77 and died when he was 83. He said, "I wish I had understood this '125 years of life' theory 30 years earlier". He did, however, lead a regular life, and lived fairly long compared to other Japanese at the time.

Campus
Waseda University's main campus is located in the Nishi-Waseda district of Shinjuku. The nearest station is Waseda, although Waseda is generally associated with Takadanobaba on the Yamanote Line.

Apart from the main campus in Shinjuku, there are other campuses around the country:
 * Waseda (Overall Main) Campus: Shinjuku, Tokyo (formerly known as the Nishi-Waseda Campus)
 * Toyama Campus: Shinjuku, Tokyo (Waseda Arena)
 * Nishi-Waseda (Science & Tech Main) Campus: Shinjuku, Tokyo
 * Nihonbashi Campus: Chūō-ku, Tokyo
 * Higashifushimi Campus: Nishitōkyō, Tokyo
 * Tokorozawa Campus: Tokorozawa, Saitama
 * Honjō Campus: Honjō, Saitama
 * Kitakyūshū Campus: Kitakyūshū, Fukuoka

Undergraduate programs

 * School of Political Science and Economics
 * School of Law
 * School of Culture, Media and Society
 * School of Humanities and Social Sciences
 * School of Education
 * School of Commerce
 * School of Creative Science and Engineering
 * School of Fundamental Science and Engineering
 * School of Advanced Science and Engineering
 * School of Social Sciences
 * School of Human Sciences
 * e-School (Internet Degree Program), School of Human Sciences
 * School of Sports Sciences
 * School of International Liberal Studies

Graduate programs

 * Graduate School of Political Science
 * Graduate School of Economics
 * Graduate School of Law
 * Graduate School of Letters, Arts and Sciences
 * Graduate School of Commerce
 * Graduate School of Creative Science and Engineering
 * Graduate School of Fundamental Science and Engineering
 * Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering
 * Graduate School of Education
 * Graduate School of Human Sciences
 * Graduate School of Social Sciences
 * Graduate School of Asia-Pacific Studies
 * Graduate School of Global Information and Telecommunication Studies
 * Graduate School of Japanese Applied Linguistics
 * Graduate School of Information, Production and Systems
 * Graduate School of Sports Sciences
 * Business School
 * The Okuma School of Public Management
 * Law School
 * Graduate School of Finance, Accounting and Law
 * Graduate School of Accountancy
 * Graduate School of Environment and Energy Engineering
 * Graduate School of Journalism

Research institutes

 * Kagami Memorial Laboratory for Materials Science and Technology
 * Institute for Comparative Law
 * The Institute for Research in Business Administration
 * Institute for Research in Contemporary Political and Economic Affairs
 * Advanced Research Center for Human Sciences
 * Advanced Research Institute for Science and Engineering
 * Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies
 * Global Information and Telecommunication Institute
 * Institute for Advanced Studies in Education
 * Center for Japanese Language
 * Media Network Center
 * Environmental Research Institute
 * Environmental Safety Center
 * Center for Finance Research
 * Human Service Center
 * Comprehensive Research Organization (Project Research Institute)
 * Institute for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
 * Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care
 * Information Technology Research Organization
 * Organization for Asian Studies
 * Waseda Institute for Advanced Study (WIAS)

Ōkuma Auditorium

The Ōkuma Auditorium is three-story main auditorium that seats 1,435, while the secondary auditorium, located underground, can accommodate 382 people. A seven-story high clock tower stands to the left of the auditorium. Important events and lectures hosted by Waseda University are often held in the Ōkuma Auditorium. Club-sponsored plays, lectures and events are held in the auditorium on days when it is not in use by the university. Many of Waseda University's undergraduate and graduate schools hold their entrance and graduation ceremonies at the Okuma Auditorium.

The auditorium opened on 20 October 1927, about five years behind schedule, after the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake. A Memorial Hall, constructed in 1957, was used as the fencing venue for the 1964 Summer Olympics.

In April 1999, the auditorium along with the old library building were officially designated the first and second historical buildings under the newly passed Tokyo Metropolitan Landscape Regulations, which aim to preserve buildings representative of Tokyo's history and culture. The auditorium was designated as one of the Important Cultural Properties of Japan by the Agency for Cultural Affairs in 2007.

Ōkuma Garden
Ōkuma Garden is located near Ōkuma Auditorium. It is a half-Japanese, half-Western garden of Edo period feudal lord Matsudaira Sanuki's former mansion, redesigned by Shigenobu Ōkuma. After his death, the garden was donated to Waseda University. Now it is a recreation place for students.

Libraries and museums
The Waseda University Library is collectively one of Japan's largest libraries and currently hold some 4.5 million volumes and 46,000 serials. The Waseda University Library, designed by Tachu Naitō, Kenji Imai and Kin'ichi Kiriyama, was completed in 1925. This five-story building, with a total area of 1195 tsubo (坪), was used initially as the University Library. The reading room was housed in a separate two-story building, with a seating capacity of 500. One of the prominent libraries established at the end of the Taishō period, it has been a symbol of Waseda University to this day, along with the Okuma Auditorium and the Theatre Museum. The Old Library and the administration building were expanded in 1934 and 1955, respectively. After the New Central Library, the Old Library stopped serving as a main library, located where the Abe Stadium used to be, was completed in 1990. It now houses Takata Sanae Memorial Research Library, the University Archives, and Aizu Yaichi Museum. Takata Sanae Memorial Research Library opened in 1994. It is named after former university president Takata Sanae. Historical and cultural materials on Waseda University are exhibited in the University Archives, and the materials related with Ōkuma Shigenobu are exhibited in the Ōkuma Memorial Room at the Archives. Aizu Yaichi Memorial Museum opened in 1998.

In the front hall, visitors are greeted by the masterpiece "Meian", which dates back to 1927. It is painted on the world's largest hand-made washi (Japanese paper), which is 4.45 meters in diameter and weighs about 12 kilograms. It was manufactured by Iwano Heisaburō, the founder of the Echizen paper works in Imadachi-cho, Fukui prefecture. The masterpiece was painted free of charge by Yokoyama Taikan and Shimomura Kanzan, two artists who represented the modern Japanese style of painting. President Takata Sanae asked them to paint a picture for the Library. The library possesses a unique collection which survived the Bombing of Tokyo in World War II unlike many of its counterparts. The collection is an important resource for the study of pre-war Japanese history and literature.

Other museums and libraries on Waseda campuses include:
 * Waseda University Tsubouchi Memorial Theatre Museum
 * Aizu Museum

Cheerleading
The Waseda University Cheerleading Club is the cheerleading club of Waseda University.

Baseball
Waseda's baseball team is known for their long history of success in Tokyo Big6 Baseball League. As of the end of the 2012 season, Waseda had won 43 championships along with the highest winning percentage.

They are also known for their rivalry with Keiō University, highlighted by the Sōkeisen series. The series is held twice a year in the spring and autumn at Meiji-Jingu Stadium, considered one of the most important matches of the year for students from both schools.

Football
Waseda University football team won the Emperor's Cup, in 1964 and 1967.

Rugby union
Waseda University Rugby Football Club has reached the final of the All-Japan University Rugby Championship 31 times, and winning fifteen times, most recently in 2008. Its two traditional rivals are Keio University and Meiji University.

Karate
The Waseda University karate club is one of the oldest in Japan, formed in 1931 under the direction of Gichin Funakoshi. Graduates of the karate club include Shigeru Egami, leader of the Shotokai school, Kazumi Tabata, founder of the North American Karate-do Federation and Tsutomu Ohshima, founder of Shotokan Karate of America, and Sadaharu Honda, founder fo Mumon Karate.

Fencing
Waseda's fencing club was established in 1946. In recent years it has achieved impressive intercollegiate and national results. In 2021, Waseda won the men's Épée team division. In 2022, Waseda further strengthened their achievements, claiming victory in all weapon types (Foil, Sabre, Épée) for both men and women's division.

Bending
In 2016, the first university bandy team in Japan was founded. With no field of regular size, they play rink bandy.

General
The university ranked 2nd in 2015–2016 in Toyo Keizai's Truly Strong Universities (本当に強い大学) ranking. In another ranking, Japanese prep school Kawaijuku ranked Waseda as the 13th best university in Japan.

In 2023, Waseda University ranked 199th overall, 118th in academic reputation, and 24th in employer reputation in the QS World University Rankings.

By subject, Waseda University ranked 25th in Classics and Ancient History, 42nd in Modern Languages, 70th in Law and Legal Studies, 54th in Arts and Humanities, 50th in Politics, 77th in Social Science and Management, 40th in Sports Sciences, 51-100th in Business and Management, 128th in Economics and Econometrics, 101-150th in Engineering, 101-150th in Computer Science, and 115th in Mathematics in the QS World University Rankings by Subject.

Research performance
Generally speaking, national universities in Japan have better research standards; however, Waseda is one of the few private universities which compete with top national universities. According to Weekly Diamond, Waseda has the 12th highest research standard in Japan in terms of research fundings per researchers in COE Program, and it is one of only two private universities within the top 15.

On 16 February 2004, Nikkei Shimbun ran a survey about research standards in engineering studies based on Thomson Reuters, Grants in Aid for Scientific Research and questionnaires to heads of 93 leading Japanese Research Centers. Waseda ranked 5th overall, 7th in research planning, and 1st in business-academia collaboration. Waseda was the only private university ranked in the top 5.

Asahi Shimbun summarized the number of academic papers in Japanese major legal journals by university, and Waseda was ranked 3rd during 2005–2009.

Detailed
According to the Asia Top MBA Business Schools Ranking by Asiaweek, Waseda Business School is ranked 2nd in Japan. Eduniversal also ranked Japanese business schools and Waseda is 2nd in Japan (93rd in the world). In this ranking, Waseda is one of only 3 Japanese business schools categorized in "Universal Business schools with major international influence". Waseda University is one of the few universities in Japan to receive accreditation from the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) of the United States of America.

Waseda Law School is considered one of the top Japanese law schools, as Waseda's successful candidates for bar examination was 5th in 2009 and 2010 in Japan.

Alumni
According to the Weekly Diamond on 18 February 2006, Waseda got the highest score from the directors of human resource departments in Greater Tokyo in its Useful University Rankings (役に立つ大学ランキング). Waseda was ranked 1st in Social Science and 2nd in Natural Science and Engineering among all Japanese universities. According to the Weekly Economist's 2010 rankings and the PRESIDENT's article on 16 October 2006, graduates from Waseda have the 11th best employment rate in 400 major companies, and the alumni average salary is the 7th best in Japan.

Mines ParisTech: Professional Ranking World Universities ranked Waseda University as 4th in the world in 2010 (8th in 2011) in terms of the number of alumni listed among CEOs in the 500 largest worldwide companies. The university is also ranked 2nd in Japan for the number of alumni holding the position of executive in the listed companies of Japan.

The number of lawyers who graduated Waseda has been ranked 3rd in Japan since 1949. Furthermore, Waseda alumni have been the 2nd largest group in the Japanese Parliament.

Selectivity
Waseda is one of the most selective and sought after universities in Japan. The number of applicants per place was 20.5 (115515/5630) in the 2011 undergraduate admissions. This number of applicants was 2nd largest in Japan. its entrance difficulty is usually considered top with Keio among 730 private universities.

Nikkei BP has been publishing a ranking system called the "Brand rankings of Japanese universities" every year, composed of various indicators relating to the power of brand, with Waseda achieving top place in 2010 and 3rd place in 2009 in the Greater Tokyo Area. As of 2020, Waseda University is securely ranked in 2nd place, directly behind the University of Tokyo.

Business
According to 2006 Survey by Weekly Diamond 〈ja〉 on the ranking of the universities which produced the high ratio of the graduates who hold the position of "president and chief executive officer of listed company" to all the graduates of each university, Waseda is ranked 10th out of all the 744 Japanese universities which existed as of 2006.

According to 2010 Survey by Weekly Economist 〈ja〉 on the ranking of universities according to the ratio of the number of the officers & managers produced by each university to the number of graduates, Waseda is ranked 35th out of all the 778 Japanese universities which existed as of 2010.

According to 2020 Nikkei Survey to all listed (3,714 ) and leading unlisted (1,100), totally 4,814 companies, Waseda is ranked 12th out of 781 Japanese universities as of 2020.

International relations
Its alumni include influential Chinese government figures such as Zhou Enlai and Li Dazhao. Kim Seong-su, former Vice President of South Korea, established Korea University, one of the Korean peninsula's leading institutions. This connection led to a professional academic collaboration between Waseda and Korea University starting in 1973, culminating in a dual degree program at the bachelor's and master's levels.

In 1982, Waseda University initiated an academic exchange agreement with Peking University. Since 2005, this partnership has offered double degree programs at the bachelor's, master's, and doctoral (Ph.D.) levels, illustrating the university's dedication to international academic collaboration.

Alumni
There are currently more than 600,000 alumni members. According to Japanese media, there are over 3,100 famous individuals known nationwide in Japan who are alumni of Waseda University. Among the notable alumni of Waseda University have become leading politicians, businessmen, writers, architects, athletes, actors, musicians, scientists, and those that have gained both national and international fame. To develop alumni connections, the Waseda network consists of over 50 alumni groups, or "Tomonkai," on six continents. Among notable alumni are Masaru Ibuka, co-founder of Sony; Shuntaro Furukawa, president of Nintendo; world-renowned novelist Haruki Murakami; Prime Ministers of Japan Tanzan Ishibashi, Noboru Takeshita, Toshiki Kaifu, Keizō Obuchi, Yoshirō Mori, Yasuo Fukuda, Yoshihiko Noda and Fumio Kishida; pioneering video artist and experimental filmmaker Kohei Ando; As mentioned above, notable global alumni of Waseda University include Lee Byung-chul and Lee Kun-hee, Chairmen of Samsung; Kim Seong-su, former Vice President of South Korea and founder of Korea University; Shin Kyuk-ho, founder of Lotte Group and builder of one of the world's top five skyscrapers, Lotte World Tower. Kim Young-sam, former President of South Korea who also served as an honorary doctorate and professor; and Park Tae-joon, former Chairman of POSCO and Prime Minister of South Korea.

Li Dazhao, Chen Duxiu, Zhou Enlai co-founder of the Chinese Communist Party; Palme d'Or winning director Shohei Imamura; Tadashi Yanai, founder and CEO of Fast Retailing and the richest man in Japan; Chiune Sugihara, Japanese diplomat who rescued 5,558 Jews during the Holocaust; Shizuka Arakawa, 2006 Olympic Champion figure skater; famed tanka poet Hakushū Kitahara; Doppo Kunikida, Meiji-era novelist and poet noted as one of the inventors of Japanese naturalism; former mayor of Osaka city Tōru Hashimoto; accomplished Major League Baseball player Nori Aoki; and 2014, 2018 two-time Olympic Champion figure skater Yuzuru Hanyu.

 * Fumio Kishida - The 100th and 101st Prime Minister, Faculty of Law.
 * Yasushi Kaneko - Politician, Faculty of Commerce.
 * Hiroshi Kawauchi
 * Toshiki Kaifu - The 76th and 77th Prime Minister of Japan, Faculty of Law
 * Hirokazu Koreeda - Graduated from the Faculty of Literature, a world-renowned film director, and has been a professor at Waseda University since 2014.
 * Yuji Kuroiwa - Politician.
 * Hiroyuki Nagahama - Politician.
 * Himeka Nakamoto - Faculty of Human Sciences. Former member of Nogizaka46.
 * Shogo Nakamura - Baseball player, Chiba Lotte Marines.
 * Kichiemon Nakamura - Renowned Kabuki actor. His elder brother, Hakuo Matsumoto, graduated from the Faculty of Drama.
 * Fukushiro Nukaga - Politician.
 * Akira Nishino - Former soccer player, led the Japanese team in the Russian World Cup, and currently coaches the Thailand national team.
 * Miki Nonaka - Member of Morning Musume.
 * Yoshihiko Noda - The 95th Prime Minister, Faculty of Political Science and Economics.
 * Makiko Tanaka - Politician.
 * Shuichi Takatori - Politician.
 * Ryota Takeda - Politician.
 * Noboru Takeshita - The 74th Prime Minister, Faculty of Commerce.
 * Demon Kakka - Vocalist of Seikima-II, which originated from a Waseda University folk song club
 * Jin Matsubara - Politician.
 * Yoshiro Mori - The 85th Prime Minister, Faculty of Commerce.
 * Takeshi Mori - Animation director.
 * Tomomi Mochizuki - Animation director.
 * Katsuki Motodaka - Member of the idol group 7 MEN Samurai, Faculty of Creative Science and Engineering.
 * Jun Murakami - Professional lyricist, affiliated with the highest level of the Japan Professional Mahjong League.
 * Haruki Murakami - Graduated from the Faculty of Literature, a world-renowned novelist.
 * Shingo Miyake - Graduated from the Faculty of Political Science and Economics.
 * Marino Miyata - Winner of the 2009 Miss Japan contest. Gained attention as a high school student when she won Miss Japan. Later active in broadcasting, movies, magazines, and more. Entered Waseda University's Faculty of Political Science and Economics in April 2010, graduated in 2014, and joined the Bank of Japan.
 * Satoshi Mitazono - Graduated from the Faculty of Education.
 * Ayu Hazaki - Gravure idol. Graduated from Faculty of Human Sciences in March 2023 with a certification in child-care.

Faculty
Professors who are also Waseda alumni are listed in italics.

 * Yaichi Aizu, poet, scholar of ancient Chinese and Japanese art, and namesake of Aizu Museum
 * Tameyuki Amano, economics scholar and educator
 * Kohei Ando, professor emeritus of Cinema
 * Yasunobu Fujiwara, scholar of political science
 * Lafcadio Hearn, novelist, literary scholar, professor of English literature
 * Smimasa Idditti (Sumimasa Idichi ), professor of English
 * Kenji Imai, architect
 * Tokio Kimura, historian
 * Kunitake Kume, historian
 * Tachu Naito, architect
 * Naoyoshi Nakamura, historian
 * Haruo Nishihara, law professor, former president
 * Takayasu Okushima, law professor, former president
 * Hajime Ōnishi, philosopher
 * Ikuo Ōyama, scholar of political science
 * Yaso Saijo, poet
 * Masasada Shiozawa, scholar of economics, former president
 * Sanae Takata, scholar of political science, former president
 * Ōdō Tanaka, philosopher
 * Shoyo Tsubouchi, playwright, critic, translator, educator, professor of English literature, and namesake of Tsubouchi Memorial Theater Museum
 * Sokichi Tsuda, historian, recipient of the Order of Culture
 * Kazutami Ukita, scholar of political science
 * Shujiro Urata, economist
 * Yoshio Yamanouchi, translator, scholar of French literature
 * Akira Yonekura, law professor
 * Takamasa Yoshizaka, architect
 * Shigeaki Sugeta, linguist

Principals, de facto presidents from 1907 to 1923

 * Hidemaro Ōkuma, 1882–1886
 * Hisoka Maejima, 1886–1890
 * Kazuo Hatoyama, 1890–1907

De facto presidents (1907–1923)

 * Sanae Takata, 1907–1915
 * Tameyuki Amano, 1915–1917
 * Yoshiro Hiranuma, 1918–1921
 * Masasada Shiozawa, 1921–1923

Presidents

 * Shigenobu Ōkuma, 1907–1922
 * Masasada Shiozawa, 1923
 * Sanae Takata, 1923–1931
 * Hozumi Tanaka (public finance scholar, Doctor of Laws, 1876–1944), 1931–1944
 * Tomio Nakano, 1944–1946
 * Koichi Shimada, 1946–1954
 * Nobumoto Ōhama, 1954–1966
 * Kenichi Abe, 1966–1968
 * Tsunesaburo Tokikoyama, 1968–1970
 * Sukenaga Murai, 1970–1978
 * Tsukasa Shimizu, 1978–1982
 * Haruo Nishihara, 1982–1990
 * Chūmaru Koyama, 1990–1994
 * Takayasu Okushima, 1994–2002
 * Katsuhiko Shirai, 2002–2010
 * Kaoru Kamata, 2010–2018
 * Aiji Tanaka, 2018–present

Trustees

 * Ryuhoku Narushima, poet, journalist, and one of the first trustees of Waseda
 * Azusa Ono (1852–1886), law scholar and one of the first trustees of Waseda

Benefactors
Waseda University has had numerous benefactors, including:
 * Eiichi Shibusawa, businessman and philanthropist
 * Ichizaemon Morimura, businessman
 * Koichiro Kagami, businessman
 * Kenkichi Kodera, presenter of over thirty-six thousand foreign books to the Library
 * Kisaku Maekawa, businessman and philanthropist
 * Masaru Ibuka, after whom Masaru Ibuka Auditorium (Hall) is named.
 * Robert J. Shillman, founder & CEO of Cognex Corporation, the namesake of Robert Shillman Hall

title: Waseda University


text:
Talk:William Turner (naturalist)

Date of Birth
I've put c. 1510 because about half the sources I found said 1510, but half said 1508. Angela

Importance to Ornithology
Turner published the first printed book ever devoted to birds. Are we sure that this makes his importance 'low'? Chiswick Chap (talk) 06:44, 17 October 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:William Turner (naturalist)


text:
Flex (lexical analyser generator)

Flex (fast lexical analyzer generator) is a free and open-source software alternative to lex. It is a computer program that generates lexical analyzers (also known as "scanners" or "lexers"). It is frequently used as the lex implementation together with Berkeley Yacc parser generator on BSD-derived operating systems (as both  and   are part of POSIX),   or together with GNU bison (a version of yacc) in *BSD ports and in Linux distributions. Unlike Bison, flex is not part of the GNU Project and is not released under the GNU General Public License, although a manual for Flex was produced and published by the Free Software Foundation.

History
Flex was written in C around 1987 by Vern Paxson, with the help of many ideas and much inspiration from Van Jacobson. Original version by Jef Poskanzer. The fast table representation is a partial implementation of a design done by Van Jacobson. The implementation was done by Kevin Gong and Vern Paxson.

Example lexical analyzer
This is an example of a Flex scanner for the instructional programming language PL/0.

The tokens recognized are: ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' '; numbers: ; identifiers:   and keywords: ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,.

Internals
These programs perform character parsing and tokenizing via the use of a deterministic finite automaton (DFA). A DFA is a theoretical machine accepting regular languages. These machines are a subset of the collection of Turing machines. DFAs are equivalent to read-only right moving Turing machines. The syntax is based on the use of regular expressions. See also nondeterministic finite automaton.

Time complexity
A Flex lexical analyzer usually has time complexity $$O(n)$$ in the length of the input. That is, it performs a constant number of operations for each input symbol. This constant is quite low: GCC generates 12 instructions for the DFA match loop. Note that the constant is independent of the length of the token, the length of the regular expression and the size of the DFA.

However, using the REJECT macro in a scanner with the potential to match extremely long tokens can cause Flex to generate a scanner with non-linear performance. This feature is optional. In this case, the programmer has explicitly told Flex to "go back and try again" after it has already matched some input. This will cause the DFA to backtrack to find other accept states. The REJECT feature is not enabled by default, and because of its performance implications its use is discouraged in the Flex manual.

Reentrancy
By default the scanner generated by Flex is not reentrant. This can cause serious problems for programs that use the generated scanner from different threads. To overcome this issue there are options that Flex provides in order to achieve reentrancy. A detailed description of these options can be found in the Flex manual.

Usage under non-Unix environments
Normally the generated scanner contains references to the unistd.h header file, which is Unix specific. To avoid generating code that includes unistd.h, %option nounistd should be used. Another issue is the call to isatty (a Unix library function), which can be found in the generated code. The %option never-interactive forces flex to generate code that does not use isatty.

Using flex from other languages
Flex can only generate code for C and C++. To use the scanner code generated by flex from other languages a language binding tool such as SWIG can be used.

Unicode support
Flex is limited to matching 1-byte (8-bit) binary values and therefore does not support Unicode. RE/flex and other alternatives do support Unicode matching.

Flex++
flex++ is a similar lexical scanner for C++ which is included as part of the flex package. The generated code does not depend on any runtime or external library except for a memory allocator (malloc or a user-supplied alternative) unless the input also depends on it. This can be useful in embedded and similar situations where traditional operating system or C runtime facilities may not be available.

The flex++ generated C++ scanner includes the header file, which defines the interfaces of the two C++ generated classes.

title: Flex (lexical analyser generator)


text:
Shim (computing)

In computer programming, a shim is a library that transparently intercepts API calls and changes the arguments passed, handles the operation itself or redirects the operation elsewhere. Shims can be used to support an old API in a newer environment, or a new API in an older environment. Shims can also be used for running programs on different software platforms than they were developed for.

Shims for older APIs typically come about when the behavior of an API changes, thereby causing compatibility issues for older applications which still rely on the older functionality; in such cases, the older API can still be supported by a thin compatibility layer on top of the newer code. Shims for newer APIs are defined as: "a library that brings a new API to an older environment, using only the means of that environment."

Examples

 * Web polyfills implement newer web standards using older standards and JavaScript, if the newer standard is not available in a given web browser.
 * Support of AppleTalk on Macintosh computers, during the brief period in which Apple Computer supported the Open Transport networking system. Thousands of Mac programs were based on the AppleTalk protocol; to support these programs, AppleTalk was re-implemented as an OpenTransport "stack", and then re-implemented as an API shim on top of this new library.
 * The Microsoft Windows Application Compatibility Toolkit (ACT) uses the term to mean backward compatible libraries. Shims simulate the behavior of older versions of Windows for legacy applications that rely on incorrect or deprecated functionality, or correct the way in which poorly written applications call unchanged APIs, for example to fix least-privileged user account (LUA) bugs.
 * bind.so is a shim library for Linux that allows any application, regardless of permissions, to bind to a listening socket or specify outgoing IP address. It uses the LD_PRELOAD mechanism, which allows shims and other libraries to be loaded into any program.
 * In the type tunnel pattern, a generic interface layer uses a family of shims to translate a heterogeneous set of types to a single primitive type used by an underlying API.

title: Shim (computing)


text:
Critical phenomena

In physics, critical phenomena is the collective name associated with the physics of critical points. Most of them stem from the divergence of the correlation length, but also the dynamics slows down. Critical phenomena include scaling relations among different quantities, power-law divergences of some quantities (such as the magnetic susceptibility in the ferromagnetic phase transition) described by critical exponents, universality, fractal behaviour, and ergodicity breaking. Critical phenomena take place in second order phase transitions, although not exclusively.

The critical behavior is usually different from the mean-field approximation which is valid away from the phase transition, since the latter neglects correlations, which become increasingly important as the system approaches the critical point where the correlation length diverges. Many properties of the critical behavior of a system can be derived in the framework of the renormalization group.

In order to explain the physical origin of these phenomena, we shall use the Ising model as a pedagogical example.

The critical point of the 2D Ising model
Consider a $$2D$$ square array of classical spins which may only take two positions: +1 and −1, at a certain temperature $$T$$, interacting through the Ising classical Hamiltonian:

 * $$H= -J \sum_{[i,j]} S_i\cdot S_j$$

where the sum is extended over the pairs of nearest neighbours and $$J$$ is a coupling constant, which we will consider to be fixed. There is a certain temperature, called the Curie temperature or critical temperature, $$T_c$$ below which the system presents ferromagnetic long range order. Above it, it is paramagnetic and is apparently disordered.

At temperature zero, the system may only take one global sign, either +1 or -1. At higher temperatures, but below $$T_c$$, the state is still globally magnetized, but clusters of the opposite sign appear. As the temperature increases, these clusters start to contain smaller clusters themselves, in a typical Russian dolls picture. Their typical size, called the correlation length, $$\xi$$ grows with temperature until it diverges at $$T_c$$. This means that the whole system is such a cluster, and there is no global magnetization. Above that temperature, the system is globally disordered, but with ordered clusters within it, whose size is again called correlation length, but it is now decreasing with temperature. At infinite temperature, it is again zero, with the system fully disordered.

Divergences at the critical point
The correlation length diverges at the critical point: as $$T\to T_c$$, $$\xi\to\infty$$. This divergence poses no physical problem. Other physical observables diverge at this point, leading to some confusion at the beginning.

The most important is susceptibility. Let us apply a very small magnetic field to the system in the critical point. A very small magnetic field is not able to magnetize a large coherent cluster, but with these fractal clusters the picture changes. It affects easily the smallest size clusters, since they have a nearly paramagnetic behaviour. But this change, in its turn, affects the next-scale clusters, and the perturbation climbs the ladder until the whole system changes radically. Thus, critical systems are very sensitive to small changes in the environment.

Other observables, such as the specific heat, may also diverge at this point. All these divergences stem from that of the correlation length.

Critical exponents and universality
As we approach the critical point, these diverging observables behave as $$A(T)\propto (T-T_c)^\alpha$$ for some exponent $$\alpha\,,$$ where, typically, the value of the exponent α is the same above and below Tc. These exponents are called critical exponents and are robust observables. Even more, they take the same values for very different physical systems. This intriguing phenomenon, called universality, is explained, qualitatively and also quantitatively, by the renormalization group.

Critical dynamics
Critical phenomena may also appear for dynamic quantities, not only for static ones. In fact, the divergence of the characteristic time $$\tau $$ of a system is directly related to the divergence of the thermal correlation length $$\xi $$ by the introduction of a dynamical exponent z and the relation $$\tau =\xi^{\,z}$$. The voluminous static universality class of a system splits into different, less voluminous dynamic universality classes with different values of z but a common static critical behaviour, and by approaching the critical point one may observe all kinds of slowing-down phenomena. The divergence of relaxation time $$\tau$$ at criticality leads to singularities in various collective transport quantities, e.g., the interdiffusivity, shear viscosity $$\eta\sim \xi^{x_\eta}$$, and bulk viscosity $$\zeta \sim \xi^{x_\zeta}$$. The dynamic critical exponents follow certain scaling relations, viz., $$z=d+x_\eta$$, where d is the space dimension. There is only one independent dynamic critical exponent. Values of these exponents are dictated by several universality classes. According to the Hohenberg−Halperin nomenclature, for the model H universality class (fluids) $$x_\eta \simeq 0.068, z \simeq 3.068$$.

Ergodicity breaking
Ergodicity is the assumption that a system, at a given temperature, explores the full phase space, just each state takes different probabilities. In an Ising ferromagnet below $$T_c$$ this does not happen. If $$T<T_c$$, never mind how close they are, the system has chosen a global magnetization, and the phase space is divided into two regions. From one of them it is impossible to reach the other, unless a magnetic field is applied, or temperature is raised above $$T_c$$.

See also superselection sector

Mathematical tools
The main mathematical tools to study critical points are renormalization group, which takes advantage of the Russian dolls picture or the self-similarity to explain universality and predict numerically the critical exponents, and variational perturbation theory, which converts divergent perturbation expansions into convergent strong-coupling expansions relevant to critical phenomena. In two-dimensional systems, conformal field theory is a powerful tool which has discovered many new properties of 2D critical systems, employing the fact that scale invariance, along with a few other requisites, leads to an infinite symmetry group.

Critical point in renormalization group theory
The critical point is described by a conformal field theory. According to the renormalization group theory, the defining property of criticality is that the characteristic length scale of the structure of the physical system, also known as the correlation length ξ, becomes infinite. This can happen along critical lines in phase space. This effect is the cause of the critical opalescence that can be observed as a binary fluid mixture approaches its liquid–liquid critical point.

In systems in equilibrium, the critical point is reached only by precisely tuning a control parameter. However, in some non-equilibrium systems, the critical point is an attractor of the dynamics in a manner that is robust with respect to system parameters, a phenomenon referred to as self-organized criticality.

Applications
Applications arise in physics and chemistry, but also in fields such as sociology. For example, it is natural to describe a system of two political parties by an Ising model. Thereby, at a transition from one majority to the other, the above-mentioned critical phenomena may appear.

title: Critical phenomena


text:
Talk:List of historians

Annotate
I can see two useful ways to annotate the historians in this list; one is to clone the notes from list of people ("US historian" etc), the other is to annotate with historical specialties/notable works. The first doesn't look right, since by definition, almost all entries here will say "historian", so I'm inclined to advocate the second, as more useful when the reader is looking for "Gib-somebody who wrote about the Roman Empire". As with other lists, linking years and annotation terms is sort of useless, since those will be in the historians' articles themselves, and there is no value in having a "list of" show up in every year's and topic's "what links here". Stan 18:38, 23 Nov 2003 (UTC)

That seems very sensible - no description as historian, no linking dates, and a brief note as to the historian's field of interest, eg, Burckhardt...Renaissance. Also, are we keeping to what seems to have emerged as a policy of having pre 20th century historians in date order, and modern historians in alphabetical order? Djnjwd 01:19, 24 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * That was somebody's idea, don't remember who. Given that prior to the 20th century, there are relatively few and so it's reasonable to scan the whole list, plus the birth order is an interesting way to view, I'm willing to give it a spin, see how it works for lookups. Stan 04:15, 24 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Since the list of modern historians seemed to be getting gigantic I started to break it down by category of history, alphabetized within the categories. Any objections? Thoughts? Alex S 15:39, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Good idea. However, traditional categories such as "Military History", "Naval History" or "History of France" alone just won't suffice, but it's a start. It will be a tough job though to label all those unspecified historians. --KF 15:54, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Bad idea. As you can see from a first pass, only a minority of modern historians are so neatly categorized, and even the ones that were categorized are mistaken. For instance, just to pick one off the top of my head, Samuel Eliot Morison could be categorized under history of exploration, naval history, maritime history, and general American history. The list really would be gigantic if every historian had to be listed on it in a half-dozen different places. It would be better to attach lists of notables within a specialty directly to the article about the specialty, or to make separate lists - list of naval historians etc - if there are more than a dozen notables for the specialty. This list is more of a generic "given a partial name, find the person" index. (It's also not really that long; it ain't a "long" list until it has a thousand entries or more!) Stan 18:37, 26 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Hmm... I like the idea of a separate page for historians sorted by categories. I think I'll move it into "List of historians by area of study." Is there any way to just role back the page to before I started sorting, or will it have to be done manually?Alex S 01:46, 27 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Bring up page history, click on the date string corresponding to the version you want to roll back to, click on the edit button (you'll get a warning at this point, expected), and click on the save button. The summary line should mention that you're reverting your own change. Stan 13:56, 27 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Listing
The modern historians are listed alphabetically while the historians of other periods are listed chronologically. Do you guys think that this is the best way to do this or should this article hold to something consistent? I think, maybe, if we have more historians in the previous periods they could be divided up into centuries alphabetically which might be more appealing. Adam Faanes 06:37, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * It is inconsistent, but I found it an interesting scheme. The purpose of alphabetization is to speed visual searches, but there are relatively few premoderns, so that consideration is less important, while early vs late middle ages is more important. By century seem artificially fine-grained, given that many lives cross century boundaries, but I could see adding late antiquity/dark ages/renaissance subdivisions, and sorting alphabetically within those. it occurs to me that premoderns will probably have to be alphabetized once all the missing people are added (1911EB lifts often don't get an entry added here, for instance). Stan 17:28, 23 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Who?

 * Who is Florin Mirghesiu? I've never heard of him, and neither Google nor Teoma suggest any notable historian by that name. This looks like a vanity addition or joke. Average Earthman 11:31, 2 Jul 2004 (UTC)

RESPONSE to WHO? Florin Mirghesiu is a Romanian political historian. A reference may be found to his work in "Elite Configurations at the Apex of Power", edited by Mattei Dogan and published by Brill, 2003 under the auspices of the International Political Science Association. If this is a hoax it would appear to be an elaborate one inasmuch as there are several references to the gentleman although he does not appear to be a significant historian. LAWinans (talk) 07:20, 29 December 2017 (UTC)
 * In any case, as long as there's no article on him, he shouldn't be in the list. -- -- -- 04:23, 2 January 2018 (UTC)

-

Small point
Just an small point. The Gordon Craig listed previously was the British actor and producer, not the American historian and so has been removed. The Gordon A. Craig now posted leads to the historian. However, just for future clarification, the father of historian was also named Gordon Craig, but I don't believe anybody posted an article on him. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.239.3.59 (talk) 20:12, 13/Mar/05

Perry Miller
How could anyone leave off one of the great historians of the 20th Century??? Worse still, why is there no article for him? Oh dear, I hope I don't have to write one about him. --SkeeloBob 21:37, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Jung Chang
Jung Chang's not a trained historian, but an author writing about her life. Her husband is.

http://www.howardwfrench.com/archives/2005/06/26/mao_the_unknown_story/

This is a tour-de-force of reporting by Jung Chang and her husband, Jon Halliday. Weighing in at 832 pages, it is rivetingly told and voluminously documented. Professional historians (Jung Chang is not) will find details to pick over, and will challenge all that is speculative, but if half of the story that is told here holds up to scrutiny — and it is difficult to imagine the contrary — this book will dramatically change the way we see Mao. Anyone who has read Philip Short, or a host of other works on Mao will already be familiar with his penchant for self-absorption and often disastrous self-assuredness. “The Unkown Story” leaves the reader with an unblinking portrait of a megalomaniac monster. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 211.30.211.93 (talk) 05:40, 29/Jun/05

 * After considering it for a while, I have decided that it is reasonable to call Jung Chang a biographer. Although your point about her not being a trained historian is irrelevant, as the same applies to Iris Chang, a book on a single person is a biography. In this case it is a historical work, so there's a bit of ambiguity. But Iris Chang wrote on an event, so if you really want to I think it's acceptable to make the distinction. John Smith's 29 June 2005 16:19 (UTC)

church historians
I see Eusebius of Caesarea is not on the list, but curiously, my recent 1911 EB Dietrich of Nieheim is. A separate category "Category:church historians" or the such is probably in order, as well as a distinct list. Bede would be another candidate. Luidprand of Cremona, who documented much of the pornocracy period of the Papacy would be another. — Preceding unsigned comment added by FourthAve (talk • contribs) 00:21, 28/Jul/05 (UTC)

 * You are welcome to add any missing historians to this list. Adam Bishop 03:25, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

"ancient historians"
When one of the titles is "ancient historians" this is confusing, because someone like Moses Finley can be called an ancient historian, whilst here it seems to mean people who were historians in ancient times. Could i suggest a change to "Historians of the Ancient Period" or "Ancient Sources" or something? Any good suggestions? Pjmc 13:09, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

This list is too long
Too long for one page. Too hard to use. george 03:48, 30 May 2006 (UTC)
 * A lot of work, but we should organize this using categories. With categories, the list would build itself. --Metzenberg 05:23, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

Why?
Why does 'This is a list of historians.', at the start of the article, contain a link to the same page? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.169.45.202 (talk) 01:45, 8/Jul/06

David Irving
In 1969, after David Irving's support for Rolf Hochhuth, the German playwright who accused Winston Churchill of murdering the Polish wartime leader General Sikorski, The Daily Telegraph issued a memo to all its correspondents. It said: "It is incorrect to describe David Irving as a historian. In future we should describe him as an author." Ingram, Richard. [http://comment.independent.co.uk/commentators/article347567.ece. "Irving was the author of his own downfall"], The Independent, February 25, 2006. The same point was made during Irving vs. (1) Lipstadt and (2) Penguin Books: "It may seem an absurd semantic dispute to deny the appellation of ‘historian’ to someone who has written two dozen books or more about historical subjects. But if we mean by historian someone who is concerned to discover the truth about the past, and to give as accurate a representation of it as possible, then Irving is not a historian. Those in the know, indeed, are accustomed to avoid the term altogether when referring to him and use some circumlocution such as ‘historical writer’ instead. Irving is essentially an ideologue who uses history for his own political purposes; he is not primarily concerned with discovering and interpreting what happened in the past, he is concerned merely to give a selective and tendentious account of it in order to further his own ideological ends in the present. The true historian’s primary concern, however, is with the past. That is why, in the end, Irving is not a historian." Irving vs. (1) Lipstadt and (2) Penguin Books, "Expert Witness Report by [[Richard J. Evans] FBA, Professor of Modern History, University of Cambridge"], 2000, Chapter 6. During Irving's criminal trial in Austria, State Prosecutor Michael Klackl said: "He's not a historian, he's a falsifier of history." Traynor, Ian. "Irving jailed for denying Holocaust", The Guardian, February 21, 2006.

Can people please stop trying to deny, err, "revise" the truth by adding Irving to this list? Thanks. Jayjg (talk) 21:07, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

 * So long as Irving is referred to as a "revisionist historian" with a link to Holocaust Denial we are not giving him unwarranted credibility. Philip Cross 21:43, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

But he's not a "revisionist historian", he's a Holocaust denier, and you sully the names of legitimate revisionist historians when you associate Irving's denial with them. Jayjg (talk) 23:31, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

By the way, I should add that, as far as I am aware, he holds no degree in history, nor has he taught history at any university, nor has he published any articles in peer-reviewed journals. Jayjg (talk) 05:14, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

 * All quite true as far as your second contribution is concerned, though "nor has he taught history at any university" would exclude Andrew Roberts, and many others, from the list.

 * Irving is a repulsive and sinister figure, but his early books did acquire a legitimate reputation (according to the profiles), and he is occasionally described as knowing more about Nazi Germany than anyone alive, despite the obvious caveat, by serious people: he is defended by the military historian John Keegan. Justifiably losing a libel action against Deborah Lipstadt does not change these facts.

 * I am mildly nauseous whenever I hear Irving's voice, and do not defend him, but am merely arguing for the legitimacy of including him on this list. I am not saying that "British histoian", the iniial tag for Irving on the list, would be a satisfactory description of him because that would not acknowledge his ambivalence presence on the list. Philip Cross 23:27, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

I agree with Philip, maybe we need a section for discredited historians but I think it would be dishonest not to include him at all, while understanding that some people think someone who fakes history to fit their ideological viewpoint isnt a historian it just isnt that straightforward. As Eric Hobsbawm said, hsitorian have more responsibility than nuclear physicists to promote good or evil, and while Irving's views on rascism are criminal his making history fit his ideology is very common amongst historains and I need tio be convinced their are reasons other than his beliefs to preclude him from this list, SqueakBox 23:49, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

 * No need to keep repeating this old memo ad nauseam, regardless of this, the same Telegraph calls Irving "controversial historian" as of 2006 . As somebody already said, the term "historian" is not a badge of honour that can be given and taken away. Irving will not be first nor last who has manipulated historical evidence to suit his views. Hell, whole generations have done just that. --Magabund 18:28, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Late to the debate, but Irving absolutely must be included in this list. Anything else would be adishonest form of censorship, and wikipedia does not censor - PocklingtonDan 21:36, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Shiono Nanami
I think the article should add Nanami Shiono, a Japanese female historian, in the list. She is a highly influential Romanian historian in Asia —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 221.146.196.241 (talk) 15:14, 13 January 2007 (UTC).

Neocorus (medieval, Germany)
Hi, here's a potential addition to the medieval section: Neocorus (real name: Johann Adolf Köster/Johannes Adolph Köster), ca. 1550-1630, pastor and teacher in Büsum, Germany, who chronicled the medieval history of Dithmarschen during the late 16th century. tameeria 16:00, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

Deletions
The list of contemporary historians of Germany and modern Europe is quite idiosyncratic. Why does it include a complete non-entity, such as Jeffrey Herf, who aside from self-promotion has written a few second-rate books and has had no substantial effect on the field? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.157.64.219 (talk) 16/Jan/07

John S. Curtiss
Can anyone please help develop the stub above and incorporate him in his proper place in Wikipedia? --Ludvikus (talk) 15:05, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

Classify them by their Date of Birth
That's my personal practice at home regarding some subjects of research - like the authors for, and against, the Protocols of Zion. I also do this, for myself, for notable mathematician. --Ludvikus (talk) 15:09, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

Gov. William Bradford - America's First Historian??
Why is there no mention of Gov. William Bradford? He was the first historian of the new America. There are countless reference to his early works, of which, was a detailed journal on the first 30 years of the Plymouth Colony. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.160.206.23 (talk) 22:27, 27 October 2008 (UTC)

Red Linked Historians
The Following are some "Red Linked" Historians that should really have Wiki Articles done for them, or at least stubs. I've started some and also correctly linked others. In all I've got rid of most of the Red Links in one form or another and still need to do a bit of work.

This is not a lone venture on my part … no Wiki project is a lone venture, but a team effort. The aim is to remove red links in the Wiki.

 * Mary Wilhelmine Williams
 * Thatcher, Oliver J.,
 * Ferdinand Scheville, —Preceding unsigned comment added by BSTemple (talk • contribs) 20:06, 16 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Henry Sills —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.233.33.89 (talk) 16:05, 8 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Charles Downer Hazen,
 * Geo Chil-bu, (6th century), Silla historian
 * Yi Mun-jin, (7th century), Goguryeo historian —Preceding unsigned comment added by BSTemple (talk • contribs) 20:06, 16 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Your aim is to remove red links in the Wiki? I admire your energy. What about List of curlers. There are hundreds like that.S711 (talk) 22:57, 8 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I remove red linked names from lists because they are unverifiable, and a Wiki Article thus verifies them. Please remember this is an encyclopaedia that not everyone is just using to edit, but will be use for study, research and knowledge. If there are red link names, they are not useful. What if there is a red link name dkhdhd jhfmhfd or how about Mickey Mooouse in a list, do we leave these names? This makes a mockery of the Wikipedia and makes it a dream for vandals. Who vets red link names in lists? Only a Wiki article, backed by References makes for a solid encyclopaedia. My aim is not to make a mass of pointless edits, but to help, along with others, in making for a sound useful Wikipedia. I do not claim I am right and others are wrong, but I have explained my actions. --BSTemple (talk) 18:04, 9 February 2009 (UTC)
 * There is no comparison between an obvious vandal red link and a good faith red link that just does not have its own article yet. For the most part red links function as invitations to people with knowledge of the subject to start the needed article. Which is why I think that, rather than indiscriminately removing all of them, it should be decided on a case-to-case basis which of them qualifies for removal. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Saddhiyama (talk) 12:24, 8 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Who decides? A red link name within a well-referenced article is fine, and that is where a red link should be as the referenced article has verified the name, which encourages an article to be written on that person (assuming they are seen to be notable enough from the article). In lists, that is another matter. --BSTemple (talk) 08:05, 27 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Note. In topic/historian lists, it is NOT useful to include Red link names. Please read Verifiability, Stand-alone lists esp. 5. Appropriate topics for lists - 5.1 Lists of people, which clearly states "Selected lists of people should be selected for importance/notability in that category and should have Wikipedia articles (or the reasonable expectation of an article in the future)." Many of these names do not have a reasonable chance of a Wikipedia article, indeed many are not even verified to be even in the list in the first place let alone an article done. Also look at WP:NOT. An exception is a list of people by nationality/ethnicity, NOT their profession. When you get to professions etc, then these must be verifiable and not just put up on someones whim.--BSTemple (talk) 08:09, 27 March 2009 (UTC)

romilla thapar
she is one of the useless historians of the world. Her theory of chandragupta supposed origin was mocked by many and i think adding a name of historian like her can be treated as an insult to other great historian.

for her GUPT(in hindi) written as GUPTA in english and therefore Chandragupta was vaishya do you think we need a historian like her. — Preceding unsigned comment added by ASHOKBINDUSARA (talk • contribs) 10:44, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

 * I see no evidence that she does not qualify as a historian worthy of mention in this list, in fact she seems to have an admirable list of credentials. There may be dispute about some of her work, I don't know as this is not my field of expertise, but that does not in any way disqualify her as a historian for this list. --Saddhiyama (talk) 10:53, 21 June 2011 (UTC)

Inga Clendinnen?
Inga Clendinnen has a page at Wikipedia which lists her as a contemporary historian. She's written several books, been employed as an academic historian and received several awards. I'd like to see her added to the page listing historians under the "Modern" section. She's from Australia and has worked with Australian history (Dancing With Strangers) but she has also written about the Aztecs and the Holocaust as well as essays and a memoir.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inga_Clendinnen

Becky Lindroos (talk) 00:34, 26 June 2011 (UTC)

Sports-historians ?
I just fastily, looked through this whole list and couldn't find any mentioned as historians with sports as main area (allthough there could be some, since I didn't look up all internal-links). Why, aren't there any who is classified as good enough for Wikipedia to be included as such ? Migrant (talk) 19:59, 13 February 2014 (UTC) My question is a general one about sports-historians, but some have organized themselves in this one International Society of Olympic Historians ? Migrant (talk) 20:58, 13 February 2014 (UTC)

literary historians
In this edit, deleted Jovan Deretić with the edit summary:. Can anyone explain to me why a literary historian doesn't belond on the list? -- -- -- 18:40, 6 December 2016 (UTC)

OK. since no one answered me, I reinserted Jovan Deretić. -- -- -- 21:25, 16 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Because the many thousands of literary historians belong to literature departments and operate in a different intellectual world from what the article is calling "historians." Likewise we exclude theological historians and historians of philosophy, who have their own domains of learning and interaction. Rjensen (talk) 21:29, 16 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the explanation. -- -- -- 21:51, 16 January 2017 (UTC)

Missing?
The following historians are considered masters in their fields and each has an entry in Wikipedia but were omitted from the List:

W. E. H. Lecky (1838-1903) author of "History of England in the 18th Century", "History of the Rise & Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe", and "History of European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne".

Michael Grant (1914-2004) author of classical history, including "World of Rome", "The Ancient Historians", "The Twelve Caesars", "From Alexander to Cleopatra", "The Rise of the Greeks", and "The Classical Greeks". LAWinans (talk) 07:06, 29 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Feel free to add them yourself. -- -- -- 04:34, 2 January 2018 (UTC)

Where, pray tell, is Catharine Macaulay, the great eighteenth century historian, sometimes said to be the first major female historian? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.23.22.230 (talk) 17:04, 6 July 2023 (UTC)

Proposed merge of List of historians by area of study into List of historians
Redundant content fork. The main list is categorised by area of study. – Joe (talk) 20:39, 7 June 2022 (UTC)

 * Disagree. Just today, I came by List of historians by area of study because I had the name of the historian I needed on the tip of my tongue and it was extremely useful to narrow it down with this list.  So, don't merge. XavierItzm (talk) 20:56, 4 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Closing, with no merge, given the uncontested objection and no support with stale discussion. Klbrain (talk) 09:31, 12 November 2022 (UTC)

add Remini (1921 – 2013) [copy ex Andrew Jackson:Talk 9-14-2022
On Robert V Remini: Here's a review of Remini's work in American Historical Review Oct 1998 p 1319: "The three biographies [by Remini on Jackson, Clay and Webster] are so massive, so comprehensive that, taken together, they provide future scholars with a storehouse of knowledge for the political history of the first half of the nineteenth century. Remini's studies of Clay and Webster are especially valuable because he is the first scholar to produce biographies of the two based on the recently completed modern editions of their papers. For this book, he has also been able to draw on the many studies of Webster published in the past thirty years...." His biography of Webster, published in 1997 as Daniel Webster: The Man and His Time, won the D.B. Hardeman Prize. [cite {{cite web|title=Recipients of the D. B. Hardeman Prize|url=http://www.lbjlibrary.org/page/foundation/initiatives/recipients-of-the-d-b-hardeman-prize|website=LBJ Foundation| [/cite] The review by Richard Latner states:{{blockquote|text=for specialists, Remini's thoroughness and scope make this work an essential resource on Webster and the indispensable, standard biography....In [his] multivolume, award-winning Jackson study, subject matter and style meshed harmoniously. Indeed, it was easy to overlook the enormous erudition and scholarship behind Remini's bold interpretive assertions and dramatic presentation....The major strength of Remini's biography [of Webster] is certainly its thoroughness. This is a 'life and times' work, and given the significance and scope of Webster's career, it is no minor accomplishment to render an engaging portrait in one volume. [cite Richard Latner, "Latner on Remini, 'Daniel Webster: The Man and His Times' "(H-Pol August, 2000) online }} Rjensen (talk) 16:53, 14 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of historians


text:
Open Transport

Open Transport was the name given by Apple Inc. to its implementation of the Unix-originated System V STREAMS networking stack. Based on code licensed from Mentat's Portable Streams product, Open Transport was built to provide the classic Mac OS with a modern TCP/IP implementation, replacing MacTCP. Apple also added its own implementation of AppleTalk to the stack to support legacy networks.

STREAMS
Prior to the release of Open Transport, the classic Mac OS used a variety of stand-alone INITs to provide networking functionality. The only one that was widely used throughout the OS was the AppleTalk system. Among the other protocol stacks supported, MacTCP was becoming increasingly important as the Internet boom started to gain momentum. MacTCP emulated the Berkeley sockets system, widely used among Unix-like operating systems.

MacTCP and the previous generation AppleTalk library were slow on PowerPC-based Macintoshes because they were written for previous generation 680x0-based Macintoshes and therefore ran under emulation on PowerPC-based machines. MacTCP was also lacking in features, however, and a major upgrade was clearly needed if Apple was to keep its hand in the Internet market.

Through the late 1980s several major efforts to re-combine the many Unix derivatives into a single system were underway, and the most significant among these was the AT&T-led System V. System V included an entirely new networking stack, STREAMS, replacing the existing Berkeley sockets system. STREAMS had a number of advantages over sockets, including the ability to support multiple networking stacks at the same time, the ability to plug in modules into the middle of existing stacks to provide simple mechanisms for filtering and similar duties, while offering a single application programming interface to the user programs. At the time it appeared STREAMS would become the de facto standard.

This change in the market led Apple to move to support STREAMS as well. It also presented two practical advantages to the company; STREAMS' multiprotocol support would allow them to support both TCP/IP and AppleTalk from a single interface, and a portable cross-platform version of STREAMS was available for purchase commercially, one that included a high-quality TCP implementation. Using STREAMS also appeared to offer a way to "one up" Microsoft, whose own TCP/IP networking system, Winsock, was based on the apparently soon-to-be-obsolete sockets.

OT
Open Transport was introduced in May 1995 with the Power Mac 9500. It was included with System 7.5.2, a release for the new PCI based Power Macs, and became available for older hardware later. MacTCP was not supported on PCI-based Macs, but older systems could switch between MacTCP and Open Transport using a Control Panel called Network Software Selector. Unlike MacTCP, Open Transport allowed users to save and switch between configuration sets.

Developer opinion on Open Transport was divided. Some felt it offered enormous speed improvements over MacTCP. Some developers also liked it because it was flexible in the way it allowed protocols to be "stacked" to apply filters and other such duties. However, the system was also large and complex. The flexibility of the Open Transport architecture, into which one could plug any desired protocol, was felt by some to be thoroughly overcomplicated. Additionally, most Unix code still used sockets, not STREAMS, and so MacTCP offered real advantages in terms of porting software to the Mac.

The vaunted flexibility of the Open Transport architecture was undermined and ultimately made obsolete by the rapid rise of TCP/IP networking during the mid-90s. The same is true in the wider Unix market; System V was undermined by the rapid rise of free Unix-like systems, notably Linux. As these systems grew in popularity, the vast majority of programmers ignored the closed STREAMS in favour of the BSD-licensed Sockets. Open Transport was abandoned during the move to OS X, which, being derived from BSD, had a networking stack based entirely on sockets.

Open Transport received deprecation status starting in Mac OS X 10.4 and its SDKs. Open Transport support was removed entirely from OS X starting with version 10.9 (Mavericks).

title: Open Transport


text:
User:Bergie

Bergie is the nickname used online by Henri Bergius. Henri is an Open Source consultant and motorcycle traveler

title: User:Bergie


text:
Lists of Indian people

Lists of Indian people are lists of people from India. They are grouped by various criteria, including ethnicity, states and union territories and city.

States

 * List of people from Andhra Pradesh
 * List of people from Arunachal Pradesh
 * List of people from Assam
 * List of people from Bihar
 * List of people from Chhattisgarh
 * List of people from Goa
 * List of people from Gujarat
 * List of people from Haryana
 * List of people from Himachal Pradesh
 * List of people from Jharkhand
 * List of people from Karnataka
 * List of people from Kerala
 * List of people from Madhya Pradesh
 * List of people from Maharashtra
 * Category:People from Manipur
 * Category:People from Meghalaya
 * Category:People from Mizoram
 * List of people from Nagaland
 * List of people from Odisha
 * List of people from Punjab, India
 * List of people from Rajasthan
 * List of people from Sikkim
 * List of people from Tamil Nadu
 * List of people from Telangana
 * List of people from Tripura
 * List of people from Uttar Pradesh
 * List of people from Uttarakhand
 * List of people from West Bengal

Union Territories

 * Category:People from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
 * Category:People from Chandigarh
 * Category:People from Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
 * List of people from Delhi
 * List of people from Jammu and Kashmir
 * Category:People from Lakshadweep
 * Category:People from Ladakh
 * List of people from Pondicherry

By ethnicity

 * List of Bengalis
 * List of Gujaratis
 * List of Kashmiris
 * List of Kodavas
 * List of Maithils
 * List of Marathi people
 * List of Naga people
 * List of Parsis
 * List of Punjabi people
 * List of Sindhis
 * List of Tamil people
 * List of Telugu people
 * List of Tulu people

By occupation

 * List of Indian archers
 * List of Indian artists
 * List of Indian film actors
 * List of Indian film actresses
 * List of Indian painters
 * List of Indian poets
 * List of Indian scientists
 * List of Indian scientists

title: Lists of Indian people


text:
British–Irish Council

The British–Irish Council (BIC; Comhairle na Breataine–na hÉireann) is an intergovernmental organisation that aims to improve collaboration between its members in a number of areas including transport, the environment and energy. Its membership comprises Ireland, the United Kingdom, the devolved governments of Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales, in addition to the governments of the British Crown Dependencies: Guernsey, Jersey and the Isle of Man. As England does not have a devolved administration, it is not individually represented on the council but only as a member of the United Kingdom.

The British and Irish governments, and political parties in Northern Ireland, agreed to form a council under the British–Irish Agreement, part of the Good Friday Agreement reached in 1998. The council was formally established on 2 December 1999, when the Agreement came into effect. The council's stated aim is to "promote the harmonious and mutually beneficial development of the totality of relationships among the peoples of these islands". The BIC has a standing secretariat, located in Edinburgh, Scotland; it meets in semi-annual summits and more frequent ministerial meetings.

Overview and structure
The nine heads of government meet at summits twice per year. Additionally, there are regular meetings that deal with specific sectors which are attended by the corresponding ministers. Representatives of members operate in accordance with whatever procedures for democratic authority and accountability are in force in their respective elected legislatures.

England, unlike the other countries of the United Kingdom, is not represented separately, as it does not have its own devolved administration. It is thus solely represented on the council as part of the United Kingdom. Although Cornwall technically holds observer status on the Council due to its language, it is also represented by the UK government.

The work of the council is financed by members through mutual agreement as required. At the ninth meeting of the Council in July 2007 it was decided that with devolved government returned to Northern Ireland that an opportune time existed "to undertake a strategic review of the Council's work programmes, working methods and support arrangements." This decision included the potential for a permanent standing secretariat, which was established in Edinburgh, Scotland, on 4 January 2012.

At its June 2010 summit, the Council decided to move forward on recommendations to enhance the relationship between it and the British-Irish Parliamentary Assembly (BIPA). The British-Irish Parliamentary Assembly is made up of members from the parliaments and assemblies of the same states and regions as the members of the British–Irish Council. The Council tasked its secretariat with moving this work forward in conjunction with the BIPA's secretariat.

Work areas

The Council agrees to specific work areas for which individual members take responsibility. The Belfast Agreement suggested transport links, agriculture, environmental issues, culture, health, education and approaches to the European Union as suitable topics for early discussion. However, these work areas can be expanded or reduced as the Council decides. It is also open to the council to make agreement on common policies. These agreements are made through consensus, although individual members may opt not to participate in implementing any of these.

The current list of work areas and the member responsible are:

 * Collaborative spatial planning (Northern Ireland)
 * Demography (Scotland)
 * Digital inclusion (Isle of Man)
 * Early years policy (Wales)
 * Energy (United Kingdom – Electricity Grids, and Scotland – Marine)
 * Environment (United Kingdom)

 * Housing (Northern Ireland)
 * Indigenous, minority and lesser-used languages (Wales)
 * Misuse of Substances (drugs and alcohol) (Ireland)
 * Social inclusion (Scotland and Wales)
 * Transport (Northern Ireland)
 * Creative Industries (Jersey)

Demography was adopted as a work area at the 2006 meeting of the council. It was proposed by the Scottish Executive, who also took responsibility for it. During the 2007 meeting of the council the Scottish Government further proposed that energy become a work area of the council. Past work sector areas included knowledge economy, e-health / telemedicine and tourism.

Current leaders
Membership of the Council consists of the following administrations (with current heads of administrations as of July 2024):

Name of the Council
Initial suggestions for the council included the names Council of the British Isles or Council of the Isles, and the council has sometimes been known by the latter name. However, owing to sensitivities around the term British Isles, particularly in Ireland, the name British–Irish Council was agreed.

The official name of the council is represented in minority and lesser-used languages of the council as:

 * Konsel Predennek-Iwerdhonek
 * Guernésiais: Conseil Britannique-Irlàndais
 * Comhairle na Breataine-na hÉireann
 * Jèrriais:
 * Coonceil Ghoaldagh-Yernagh

 * Comhairle Bhreatainn-Èirinn
 * Brits-Airis Cooncil
 * Ulster-Scots: Britisch-Airisch Cooncil
 * Cyngor Prydain-Iwerddon

title: British–Irish Council


text:
User talk:Gdvorsky

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

snoyes 18:53, 23 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Image:De grey.jpg
Hi! Thanks for uploading Image:De grey.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much,   – Quadell (talk) (help)   16:31, Nov 9, 2004 (UTC)

Ashley Treatment

 * Is this your article?, in relation to your link addition on Ashley Treatment. -- James Kidd ( Contr / Email ) 03:07, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, it's the same article that was cited by Ashley's parents in their blog post. -- gdvorsky ( Contr / Email ) 20:10, 12 January 2007 (EST)

Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies
I have added a "" template to the article Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but I don't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and I've explained why in the deletion notice (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may contest the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page. Also, please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. RJASE1 Talk  02:57, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

Evolutionary relay
As you were the one who created this article, would you be able to provide some sources for it? See the talk page. Richard001 06:59, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

Your editing
I must remind you of WP:COI, Userpage, WP:ADVERT and List of bad article ideas. Bottom line: you have a history of editing pages where you have a conflict of interest, and your userpage needs to be edited to avoid self-promotion (I have removed the unacceptable material, you may add some back in a less self-promoting form). Please take this advice as such, and not as anything personal. Michaelbusch 02:50, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Evolutionary relay
Evolutionary relay, an article you created, has been nominated for deletion. We appreciate your contributions. However, an editor does not feel that Evolutionary relay satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination space (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and the Wikipedia deletion policy). Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/Evolutionary relay and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of Evolutionary relay during the discussion but should not remove the articles for deletion template from the top of the article; such removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. P4k 06:40, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Invitation

Hello! As there is a Wikipedia article about you, you are cordially invited to contribute a short audio recoding of your spoken voice, so that our readers may know what you sound like and how you pronounce your name. Details of how to do so, and examples, are at Voice intro project. Please feel free to ask for help or clarification on the project talk page, or my talk page. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 16:33, 19 August 2013 (UTC)

Nomination of Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. jps (talk) 04:07, 6 June 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gdvorsky