text:
Talk:Maurice Jarre

Cimbalom
What is a cimbalom? RickK 16:28, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)

A cimbalom is a hammer dulcimer.

Pronunciation
How is Jarre pronounced?

Like "jar," only with a soft "j," as if it were "zh." Rich 05:49, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

Update
I made a major update to this article. if anyone has an image that is not subject to copyright, please do post it. If you have anything to add or to comment on feel free to do so, BUT PLZ don't edit the article before posting your edits for discussion. Tx A J Damen 09:14, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 07:25, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Video with this great man
This site: [] has this great man and his art.Agre22 (talk) 01:54, 30 March 2009 (UTC)agre22

Death date
I only found reference that are dated today which state he died. Most accurately says he was 84 at the time, but none of them mention the exact day or time it happened. Clearly assuming it was the same day is speculation. He could've died the evening before it was reported. Can someone actually verify the date? - Mgm|(talk) 10:28, 30 March 2009 (UTC)

Wikipedia hoax in the news
"A WIKIPEDIA hoax by a 22-year-old Dublin student resulted in a fake quote being published in newspaper obituaries around the world. The quote was attributed to French composer Maurice Jarre who died at the end of March." cojoco (talk) 11:39, 6 May 2009 (UTC) also http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/may/04/journalism-obituaries-shane-fitzgerald

This story has also just been reported on RTE Radio 1 News (Ireland's public sector broadcaster), and the sociology student from University College Dublin (UCD) was interviewed. (06/05/2009 1.30pm). Bmbwiki (talk) 12:47, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

Link to RTÉ radio news interview ("Experiment shows Internet can be unreliable"): http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0506/news1pm.html --89.101.220.70 (talk) 20:16, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

Looking at the article's history, it looks like it was IP user 86.42.227.123, which resolves to: 86-42-227-123-dynamic.b-ras1.cld.dublin.eircom.net. ☆ CieloEstrellado 01:25, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

Pretty rude "experiment". Like you can mess with peoples' trust of Tylenol by putting poison into a few bottles as an experiment too. Or you can mess with peoples' trust of policemen or accounting auditors by planting evidence and/or entrapping them. If this was really an experiment about which the student was writing a paper for a class or other credit, he should be penalized. In the U.S. I think that experimental review boards of universities would govern, and would judge that "experiment" would not be ethical. doncram (talk) 06:28, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Although I may agree it's something of a rude experiment have a bit of proportion. This is not equivalent to getting someone arrested or poisoning their Tylenol. It's more like doodling on a library book or at most streaking at the Oscars.--T. Anthony (talk) 05:38, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

One small inconvenience for the wiki, one large eye-opener for mankind. All it did was inconvenience a few spam fighters an imperceptible bit more, but it shows everyone how even major 'respectable' newspapers will print anything without checking. (Imagine what Fox news will do for a story...) You concern trolls need to check and see if any damage was done before you complain. (Other than to the reputations of a few soon-to-be ex-journalists...) - WNight 74.198.50.165 (talk) 06:45, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

 * "Imagine what Fox news will do for a story..." What the hell? What a revealing bit of ignorance! Fox Derangement Syndrome - a useful signal for letting the reader know you're not interested in serious, sane discussion. Children's table is over there. 208.111.220.239 (talk) 01:48, 10 May 2009 (UTC)

Wikipedia needs this, Journalists and Traditional media need this experiment. Wikipedia is Wikipedia, not a traditional book. It should be treated with respect and with care. The blame here is on Journalists using the quote. Wikipedia makes it too easy to do research sometimes, and we need people fighting back and showing why that is a bad thing. -- Sverdrup (talk) 09:00, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I think he made his point by luck, and only through persistent vandalism, since he had to add the quote three times before it eventually stayed for more than a few hours, as can be read on the Guardian article: "Wikipedia editors were more sceptical about the unsourced quote. They deleted it twice on 30 March and when Fitzgerald added it the second time it lasted only six minutes on the page. His third attempt was more successful - the quote stayed on the site for around 25 hours before it was spotted and removed again." Laurent (talk) 13:26, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

 * News also in the italian Corriere della Sera . --CristianCantoro (talk) 15:53, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

 * To Laurent1979: So what? The point isn't that he could make an edit stick, or that he was vandalizing. The point is that journalists trust wikipedia when they shouldn't. CapnZapp (talk) 22:10, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Well we've learnt that some journalists don't check their sources, which is nothing knew. This issue probably exists since journalism exists, and I don't think it was worth vandalising Wikipedia multiple times to (re)discover it. Laurent (talk) 23:03, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree. Shane Fitzgerald now had his 15 minutes of fame. Leave it at that. --bender235 (talk) 12:46, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

 * And also in the news in Australia. As the above Guardian article shows, our fact-checking processes worked fine but various media outlets failed theirs. Here, an editor added incorrect info to an article three times and each time it was removed as unsourced. In the wider media, a journalist added incorrect info to a newspaper article and no one fact-checked it at all before it went to print. Then a bunch of other newspapers copied the incorrect article and reprinted it without checking.

 * To those editors who quickly removed the false material, well done. To the editor who added it in the first place, please don't vandalise Wikipedia articles, even for "globalisation experiments". To the journalists who got the obituary wrong, you're welcome to base your articles on Wikipedia entries but you should also check out the page references at the botttom and not just cut and paste the main body of text. Euryalus (talk) 22:51, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

This is a pretty disturbing experiment, but in terms of the story in the context of Wikipedia, it definitely does not warrant an entire section in this person's bio. Maybe one sentence? It's much more suited to Wikipedia and its various sub-articles. Joshdboz (talk) 08:03, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree - I think even one sentence is giving the isue undue weight in this article. Jarre didn't make the statement and was an incidental bystander in this editor's "globalisation experiment." To a large extent the hoax is not even about Jarre - his death was just the vehicle for the vandalism. And if the amterial is not relevant to jarre, its not necessary to detail it in his article. perhaps Wikipedia, perhaps nowhere.

 * Also, material in an article also needs to be notable and I seriously doubt this event will have anything other than a transient attention. In (say) five years, will anyone be talking about Fitzgerald and his fake quote?

 * Having regard for the above, I'd propose the sentence be removed entirely. If people feel its notable enough to put in the article on Wikipeida, they are of course free to move it over there. Any other views? Euryalus (talk) 08:16, 8 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Even Dilbert has something to say about this --Deepak D'Souza 12:55, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Perhaps we should overhaul our standards. If people are going to rely on information in Wikipedia, we need a process other than "consensus" to prune the false entries. Whether it's a "test", deliberate sabotage, or ideological viewpoint pushing, there must be a better way to stop it. Treating this lightly only postpones the day when Wikipedia will be regarded as a reliable source.

 * Can we set up a Vetting committee? --Uncle Ed (talk) 18:10, 8 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I am not sure this is a good case for this proposal. This is not a case of a pervious consensus being formed to include the false infomation so this was not an issue with WP:CONSENSUS to begin with. Secondly, is there really much the proposed vetting committee could have done to prevent this? Unless I am missing something The commettee would have be informed and take time to make a ruling on the issue. During that time the quote would probabally have been removed and added several times meaning this could very well have still happened. --76.65.143.204 (talk) 22:35, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

Now that the quote has been reported by reliable sources, it can be put back in the article. Wikipedia rules don't require the quote to be real - they just require it to be verifiable. Grundle2600 (talk) 20:41, 8 May 2009 (UTC)
 * As it's been mentioned before, Maurice Jarre is not notable for that event, so it shouldn't appear here. However, if the event is indeed notable enough, perhaps it could be mentioned in the Wikipedia article in the "Cultural significance" section? Laurent (talk) 20:54, 8 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Exactly. Many things are mentioned in reliable sources but they don't all deserve inclusion in a Wikipedia article. Things like giving undue weight to a minor event, and including details that are not actually about the subject of the article (but might or might not belong somewhere else) are the issues here. Euryalus (talk) 21:48, 8 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Indeed. It doesn't belong in a biography. Orderinchaos 01:32, 9 May 2009 (UTC)

I love Wikipedia but I'm saddened by these discussions:
 * It seems to me that omitting any mention of the hoax from the article is a disservice to future readers, because when people encounter the quote somewhere else they won't find anything on Wikipedia to warn them that it's false. From what I've read the argument for omission seems to be based on the admirable desire to adhere to standards (which unfortunately in this case are more of guidelines, as the constant debate demonstrates that they're subjective) or aesthetics ("Wikipedia shouldn't be cluttered...") rather than the question of what best serves the needs of readers/researchers. If someone can provide arguments for why readers would be harmed by this specific inclusion (rather than generalized arguments), I'd appreciate hearing them. GCL (talk) 19:45, 13 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Many posters are quick to attribute the hoaxer with base motives such as selfishness, attention-whoring, or vandalism, without any first-hand knowledge or citation of reliable sources for their claims. In this they are pretty much doing exactly what they criticized the hoaxer for: making unsubstantiated claims they know cannot be proved. GCL (talk) 19:45, 13 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Several posters criticize the hoaxer for harming Wikipedia's reputation, and while that's a valid concern, I believe in this case it's greatly overstated. Regardless of the hoaxer's motivation, the exercise demonstrated a small amount of Source Error (errors on Wikipedia were quickly corrected) and a large amount of User Error (reporters who don't check their sources, and news sources that don't retract their errors). Personally, I believe readers should treat Wikipedia and any other source with some healthy skepticism. Ask yourself this question: do you really want readers to treat Wikipedia or any other source as entirely and unreservedly authoritative, or do you want them to be critical thinkers who double-check claims before relying on them? Which do you consider better for society? The poster who said "Treating this [sabotage] lightly only postpones the day when Wikipedia will be regarded as a reliable source" seems like an auto executive who, criticizing a report that people who don't fasten their seat belts are likely to get hurt, says the report "only postpones the day when cars will be regarded as safe transportation." GCL (talk) 19:45, 13 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I'd argue the fake quote issue is not actually about Jarre, its about Wikipedia (and its use by journalists). If anything therefore details of the fake quote belong at the article on Wikipedia ratehr than here. There's no need to include in Jarre's article details of something he didn't say but were falsely attributed to him by someone making a point about an unrelated issue. I agree the issue is about "user error" rather than "source error", but in either case the error was neither by nor is particularly relevant to Jarre, who is invovled simply because he had the misfortune to pass away at the time the hoaxer thought he'd do his experiment.

 * I doubt the hoax is that notable beyond its current media bubble, but that would be a matter for discussion at (say) Talk:Wikipedia rather than here.

 * I don't agree there's anything improper about attributing bad motives to the hoaxer. The definition of vandalism is "addition, removal, or change of content made in a deliberate attempt to compromise the integrity of Wikipedia." This is exactly what the hoaxer did (and admitted to), so calling him a vandal seems entirely accurate. His motives for the vandalism might be as pure as driven snow, but in Wikipedia terms it remains vandalism. Euryalus (talk) 00:47, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

 * It is well known that anybody can put anything in this online encyclopedia - thus it is subject to constant vandalism. Journalists ought to rely on reputable sources. While Wikipedia is a good information source, all users of it should not use anything they find here unless they find it somewhere else. The student proved this point very well. The fault is not his, it is the fault of those that did not check his sources. While his timing and methods may have been inappropriate, there is a good lesson to be learned here on our part, not his. 173.58.147.214 (talk) 23:33, 16 May 2009 (UTC)

 * It's not his fault jouranlists didn't check more than one source in writing their obituaries. It is his fault that vandalism occurred to this article. I'm not calling him a bad person (I've never heard of him before), I'm simply calling him a vandal of Wikipedia pages. But we're way off topic - this is a conversation better placed at Talk:Shane Fitzgerald (hoaxer). -- Euryalus (talk) 03:36, 17 May 2009 (UTC)

Wikipedia hoax II
I THINK THAT GUY WHO PUT THAT HOAX QUOTE DIDN'T REALLY MEAN TO VANDALIZE.AFTER ALL, HE ADMITTED TO IT, WAITED TILL NEWSPAPERS TAKE BACK WHAT THEY PUBLISHED,...I MEAN,... IF HE WERE JUST INTERESTED IN MAKING A LITTLE PRANK... HE WOULD HAVE LEFT IT AS IT IS... I THINK HE WAS MORE INTERESTED IN THE RESULT AND EVEN TOOK HIM A MONTH (I THINK) TO TAKE BACK WHAT HE PUT THERE... -BEENG —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.96.25.98 (talk) 02:31, 13 May 2009 (UTC)

That certainly stays here because so many actually believe what WP say are facts. And this is a good reminder why they should NOT. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.150.21.45 (talk) 09:41, 8 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I disagree - the article is about Maurice Jarre and he is not notable for that hoax, Shane Fitzgerald is. So either we write an article about Shane Fitzgerald (which probably wouldn't survive because of WP:SINGLEEVENT) or we integrate this stuff in an article about notable vandals, notable hoaxes or equivalent. Laurent (talk) 09:53, 8 May 2009 (UTC)
 * If Shane perpetrated a second hoax would that get around this WP:SINGLEEVENT problem? Sarah777 (talk) 09:33, 11 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Perhaps, provided it wasn't essentially a repeat of the first and also received some coverage in reliable sources. Even then, with two minor hoaxes to his name he would still probably be non-notable. But let's assume he becomes a famous and constant hoaxer - that would possbly justify an article about him while still not justifying reference in this article to his first and fairly minor hoax, the temporary vandalism of the page. Euryalus (talk) 09:47, 11 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Agreed with Laurent - It's not our job to make political or social statements in articles, we're meant to write encyclopaedic articles. Orderinchaos 01:34, 9 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I usually refer to WP:NAVEL and WP:WEIGHT as the reason we don't add news about the article to the article itself. We have that  template, you know, "mentioned by multiple media organizations", to document any curiosities like this.  Wikidemon (talk) 16:40, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

Not including a mention of the hoax in this article, given the worldwide attention it has received, is a joke, and is the precise reason why no one takes Wikipedia seriously. Crotchety Old Man (talk) 15:02, 12 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I think, Crotchety Old Man, that the hoax showed that many MSM journalists take Wiki very seriously indeed! Sarah777 (talk) 15:38, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

The "hoax" is a good example of why no one should trust a single source for information, particularly if that source can be edited by anyone. John Paul Parks (talk) 15:30, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

I will add, however, that deliberate insertion of false material into Wikipedia, or any other source, is wrong. John Paul Parks (talk) 15:31, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

I can't believe people really believe that Wikipedia is a credible source of information. What a laugh. And the people on here try so hard to make wikipedia look equivalent to Encylopaedia Britanica, but it isn't. I have seen so many false statements and false facts here on wikipedia it isn't even funny. I once tried to edit the "Kill Bill" movie article to say that at the very end of the movie she is seen crying and laughing in the bathroom. I got into an edit war with someone and then got a violation for vandalism. All one needed to do to verify that I was correct was to watch the last 2 minutes of the movie. Wikipedia is bullshit and you all know it. It is nothing more then a collection of miscellaneous trivia. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jamisonhalliwell (talk • contribs) 16:01, 12 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Well, it makes sense that your edits have been reverted since you didn't provide any source. How can Wikipedia becomes a "credible source of information", as you say, if it starts accepting unsourced edits from anonymous users? Wikipedia is far from perfect and everybody with some sense kwows it, but it's still a very good starting point when researching a topic. Laurent (talk) 16:06, 12 May 2009 (UTC)

I am not an unregistered user. I just don't know how to sign my comments. How do you cite something that happened in a movie? If someone dies in a movie how should I cite that? If someone laughs in a movie, how should I cite that? What I had written was something you could visibly see in the movie itself. There was no two ways about it. Jamisonhalliwell (talk • contribs) —Preceding undated comment added 17:02, 12 May 2009 (UTC).

While I know nothing about the man mentioned in the article, I think Shane Fitzgerald did a great thing. He helped out wiki. You should help me start his Article. --I iz guy... so iz u (talk) 19:40, 12 May 2009 (UTC) The college student proved a point and like he said, Wikepedia passed....Get over it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.185.188.2 (talk) 00:31, 13 May 2009 (UTC) HE was 82

 * The Shane Fitzgerald article has been nominated for deletion here: . Laurent (talk) 09:51, 13 May 2009 (UTC)

Did hoaxer commit other vandalism?
Take a look at Special:Contributions/86.42.227.123 before anyone makes Shane Fitzgerald out to be some kind of great investigator. He appears to have edited Maurice Jarre, Blessington, and Guppy. I know an IP address can be shared by multiple users, but there is a similarity in the spelling and grammar of these edits, and in the general nature of the changes. It looks like three clear cases of childish vandalism to me. So the media got duped by his latest vandalism, Fitzgerald watched with glee for a month, and he eventually stepped forward to take credit and stoke his own ego. While there are lessons to be learned, let's not help him get famous over this! Taquito1 (talk) 03:20, 13 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I went to the page you cited, and when I click on the time and date, I get an old version of the page, as edited by (that IP).

 * When I click on "hist" I get the revision history, but the revision history doesn't show anything for the dates indicated. Why not?

 * And when I click on revision histories after the date, that IP's edits aren't shown. It skips from the 12th to the 18th. Why is that?

69.212.37.115 (talk) 00:15, 14 May 2009 (UTC)NotWillDecker

 * I'm not sure what you're looking at - the IP in question edited the page on 30 and 31 March as shown here. Those same revisions appear in the article history at the same dates and times here. -- Euryalus (talk) 00:53, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

 * NotWillDecker, at the contributions page here, click on (diff) to see the edits made by that user at that time. The resulting page shows additions and deletions. In the case of the IP in question--the one used by Fitzgerald--you can see that vandalism was committed at the Guppy page (something about puppies), and at the Blessington page (something about Blessington is the coolest), as well as at the Maurice Jarre page.
 * Taquito1 (talk) 01:41, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

Yeah you seriously need to look again at the edits. Saying they have similar spelling and grammar is completely false. Also the other edits were in 2008 so its obvious they were not the same person. Gune (talk) 09:54, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

Information about hoax--attempt to reach consensus
People have opined extensively above on the question about whether any or how much information on the hoax is included here. It may be helpful to have people give their brief opinion summary here, leaving further comment in other sections. Bongo matic  04:48, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Brief mention and link to full article about hoax. Hoax is not "about" Maurice Jarre, but it is pertinent to this article. Bongo  matic  04:48, 14 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Not here, maybe elsewhere - possibly atReliability_of_Wikipedia which is where the article on Shane Fitzgerald (hoaxer) seems likely to be merged to. The hoax is not relevant to Jarre, whose only link with it was passing away at the time the hoaxer was looking for a vehicle for the prank. The hoax itself might be notable enough to refer to somewhere, but Jarre's association with it is so tangential that including it here is undue weight. -- Euryalus (talk) 05:31, 14 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Some mention should be made about the quote because Maurice is now famous for the quote even though he did not make it. All those blogs that have quoted him will ensure that it's not forgotten. Many articles have quotes attributed to famous people that were not made by them. "Let them eat cake." --Ezra Wax (talk) 23:23, 14 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Support for a link/mention about the hoax. I think at the least, there should be a link to a new page addressing the Maurice Jarre Wikipedia Hoax. This event should not be whitewashed, even if it doesn't look good or belong on Jarre's page (after all, this event was not a part of his "life") 12.40.50.1 (talk) 23:47, 14 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Add a brief mention. We shouldn't let it take over the article, but it has been sufficiently noted. --GRuban (talk) 13:56, 18 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Please read WP:NAVEL as was suggested above. This guideline states clearly that articles on Wikipedia "are about their subjects; they are not about the articles themselves". Laurent (talk) 14:31, 18 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Test of time? Although "notable" in the moment, it is doubtful (IMO) that this trivia tidbit will become ultimately consequential to his legacy. ~E 74.60.29.141 (talk) 20:48, 21 September 2012 (UTC)

omission
This article doesn't credit him with composing the music for The Longest Day, yet the Wikipedia article on that film does. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mjnyc (talk • contribs) 23:56, 1 September 2011 (UTC)
 * ✅ : Added. Also, added "Partial list of notable films"; (there are 167 total). ~E 74.60.29.141 (talk) 19:33, 21 September 2012 (UTC)

Photo, please.
There are plenty of decent photos; can somebody find one without copyright issues? ~E 74.60.29.141 (talk) 19:39, 21 September 2012 (UTC)

Jarre obituary
I have undone a bot deletion of a link I added to my own obituary of Jarre. I totally agree that Wikipedia must not be a repository of links. That does not stop my article being perhaps the most substantial obituary of Jarre in English. Perhaps some of the volunteers who monitor this site could take a view on this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.149.24.108 (talk) 21:35, 31 December 2013 (UTC)
 * As I said in my re-removal - I wonder even if the other two should be there, anyway, the sequence is BRD, bold, revert, discuss, not bold, revert, revert again and discuss. Additions of external links should be discussed before adding when being challenged.  --Dirk Beetstra T  C 21:45, 31 December 2013 (UTC)

Fine, Dirk, though as a rare editor here I am not sure why your word is better than mine (though it probably is). If one wants to guard against link-creep, one has to examine the content being linked to. Otherwise one is saying "newspapers good", "blogs bad", which is a meaningless criterion. Either one should get rid of all, as you suggest, or examine the value. 78.149.24.108 (talk) 21:51, 31 December 2013 (UTC)
 * I agree, and my word is not necessarily better than yours - I don't know the subject and I suspect you may know more than me here.  But for everything on Wikipedia goes, that if it gets challenged that it first needs to be discussed before re-added.  Besides challenging this addition, I also challenge the other obituaries there.  I really wonder what the obituaries tell that is not already in the document (and note, there is also one referenced already from the 'Death'-section).  Per the intro of the external links guideline: do additional obituaries actually add anything that is not already in the document (and what notable info that is in the additional obituaries that is not in Wikipedia, should that not be incorporated in Wikipedia .. ?  --Dirk Beetstra T  C 05:57, 1 January 2014 (UTC)

Yes -- we have agreed all that. But then why are you eliminating my very substantial blog piece (more so than the others at least), but not removing the newspapers at the same time? Happy New Year. 78.149.24.108 (talk) 10:22, 1 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Mainly because of what the external links guideline / the 'What Wikipedia is not' policy say - a few links may be appropriate, but we do not need all external links to the subject. I challenged the addition of the third now (as that now goes towards linkfarming, and what does the third say that the first two (I am not aware of the process that got them in, they may have been extensively discussed or in places that are generally considered appropriate, etc.), and the document itself, do not), and question the first two.  Now it is time for discussion, which should take place between a number of people who are knowledgeable on the subject, and they, eventually, will come forward here.  --Dirk Beetstra T  C 05:54, 4 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Question: do you think that any of the three obituaries actually adds something that is not in the document already?
 * Note, newspapers do have a preference over blogs, as newspapers have better mechanisms of fact checking (though not always thorough) than blogs (which have none; note, you say 'my article' - did you write the obituary that you want to link to?). --Dirk Beetstra T  C 05:59, 4 January 2014 (UTC)

Yes I did, and it certainly adds a LOT that is not in the article. It does so by placing Jarre in a French historical tradition. It also says much more than the newspaper obituaries. You could say that the fact that I wrote it biases me. On the other hand, it also means I know what I am talking about. 78.149.24.108 (talk) 14:20, 4 January 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Maurice Jarre


text:
Amy Goodman

Amy Goodman (born April 13, 1957) is an American broadcast journalist, syndicated columnist, investigative reporter, and author. Her investigative journalism career includes coverage of the East Timor independence movement, Morocco's occupation of Western Sahara, and Chevron Corporation's role in Nigeria.

Since 1996, she has been the main host of Democracy Now!, a progressive global news program broadcast daily on radio, television and the Internet. She has received awards for her work, including the Thomas Merton Award in 2004, a Right Livelihood Award in 2008, and an Izzy Award in 2009 for "special achievement in independent media".

In 2012, Goodman received the Gandhi Peace Award for a "significant contribution to the promotion of an enduring international peace". She is the author of six books, including the 2012 The Silenced Majority: Stories of Uprisings, Occupations, Resistance, and Hope, and the 2016 Democracy Now!: Twenty Years Covering the Movements Changing America. In 2016, she was criminally charged with a riot in connection with her coverage of protests of the Dakota Access pipeline. This action was condemned by the Committee to Protect Journalists. The charges were dismissed by the North Dakota district judge on October 17, 2016.

In 2014 she was awarded the I.F. Stone Medal for Journalistic Independence by Harvard University's Nieman Foundation.

Early life and education
Amy Goodman was born to secular Jewish parents who were active in social action groups. Her father, George Goodman, was an ophthalmologist. Her mother, Dorothy Goodman, was a literature teacher and later a social worker. She has two brothers, David Goodman and Steven N. Goodman. Goodman's maternal grandfather was an Orthodox rabbi. Her maternal grandmother was born in Rivne, present day Ukraine.

She was born in New York City, but later lived in Bay Shore, New York. She graduated from Bay Shore High School in 1975. Goodman studied for a year at the College of the Atlantic in Bar Harbor, Maine, and graduated in 1984 from Radcliffe College of Harvard University with a degree in anthropology.

Investigative journalism career
In 1991, covering the East Timor independence movement, Goodman and fellow journalist Allan Nairn reported that they were badly beaten by Indonesian soldiers after witnessing a mass killing of Timorese demonstrators: what became known as the Santa Cruz Massacre.

In 1998, Goodman and journalist Jeremy Scahill documented Chevron Corporation's role in a confrontation between the Nigerian Army and villagers who had seized oil rigs and other equipment belonging to oil corporations. Two villagers were shot and killed during the standoff. On May 28, 1998, the company provided helicopter transport to the Nigerian Navy and Mobile Police (MOPOL) to their Parabe oil platform, which had been occupied by villagers who accused the company of contaminating their land. Soon after landing, the Nigerian military shot and killed two of the protesters, Jola Ogungbeje and Aroleka Irowaninu, and wounded 11 others. Chevron spokesperson Sola Omole acknowledged that the company transported the troops. Omole said that Chevron management had requested troops from the government to protect their facility. The documentary made by Goodman and her colleagues, Drilling and Killing: Chevron and Nigeria's Oil Dictatorship, won the George Polk Award in 1998.

Michael Delli Carpini, dean of the Annenberg School for Communication, said of Goodman: "She's not an editorialist. She sticks to the facts... She provides points of view that make you think, and she comes at it by saying: 'Who are we not hearing from in the traditional media?'"

Democracy Now!
Goodman had been news director of Pacifica Radio station WBAI in New York City for more than a decade when she co-founded ''Democracy Now! The War and Peace Report'' in 1996. Since then, Democracy Now! has been described as "probably the most significant progressive news institution that has come around in some time" by professor and media critic Robert McChesney.

In 2001, the show was temporarily pulled off the air, as a result of a conflict between some Pacifica Radio board members and staff members and listeners over the direction of the station. During that time, it moved to a converted firehouse, from which it broadcast from January 2002 for nearly eight years, until November 13, 2009. Democracy Now! subsequently moved to a studio located in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan.

Goodman credits the program's success to the "huge niche" left by coverage of mainstream media organizations.

Interview with President Clinton
When President Bill Clinton called WBAI on Election Day 2000 for a quick get-out-the-vote message, Goodman and WBAI's Gonzalo Aburto challenged him for 28 minutes with human rights questions about AIM activist Leonard Peltier, racial profiling, the Iraq sanctions, Ralph Nader, the death penalty, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the normalization of relations with Cuba, and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Clinton defended his administration's policies and said that Goodman was "hostile and combative".

Arrest at 2008 Republican Convention
During the 2008 Republican National Convention in Saint Paul, Minnesota, several of Goodman's colleagues from Democracy Now! were arrested and detained by police while reporting on an anti-war protest outside the RNC. While trying to ascertain the status of her colleagues, Goodman was also arrested and held, accused of obstructing a legal process and interfering with a police officer. Fellow Democracy Now! producers, including reporter Sharif Abdel Kouddous, were held on charges of probable cause for riot. The arrests of the producers were videotaped. Goodman and her colleagues were later released, City Attorney John Choi indicated that the charges would be dropped. Goodman (et al.) filed a federal civil lawsuit against the St. Paul and Minneapolis police departments and the US Secret Service for the illegal arrests. The agencies reached a $100,000 settlement and agreed to educate officers about the First Amendment rights of members of the press and public.

British Columbia border crossing incident
On November 25, 2009, Goodman and her two colleagues, Denis Moynihan and Chuck Scurich, were detained for approximately 90 minutes by Canadian agents at the Douglas, British Columbia border crossing into Canada while en route to a scheduled meeting at the Vancouver Public Library. Immigration officials asked questions pertaining to the intended topics of discussion at the meeting. They wanted to know whether she would be speaking about the 2010 Olympic Games to be held in Canada.

She and her colleagues were eventually permitted to enter Canada after the customs authorities took four photographs of her, inspected Scurich's computer, and stapled a "control document" into her passport; it required that she leave Canada within 48 hours.

2016 North Dakota access pipeline protests
In September 2016, Goodman covered the Dakota Access Pipeline protests in Morton County, North Dakota; footage from her reporting "showed security personnel pepper-spraying and siccing attack dogs on demonstrators." After Democracy Now! aired the footage, she was charged by state prosecutor Ladd Erickson with criminal trespass. After the court dismissed that charge, Erickson charged her with riot, gaining a warrant for her arrest. Erickson said that Goodman acted as "a protester" rather than a journalist, because "Everything she reported on was from the position of justifying the protest actions."

Goodman turned herself in to the Morton County sheriff on October 17, saying that she would be fighting the charges against her as a "clear violation" of the First Amendment, which guarantees freedom of the press. She was supported by the Committee to Protect Journalists, which issued a statement saying: "This arrest warrant is a transparent attempt to intimidate reporters from covering protests of significant public interest. [...] Authorities in North Dakota should stop embarrassing themselves, drop the charges against Amy Goodman, and ensure that all reporters are free to do their jobs." Steve Andrist, executive director of the North Dakota Newspaper Association, also expressed concern that a journalist was one of only two people covered by an arrest warrant from the day in question. Authorities said that Goodman was charged because she was identified from the video footage.

On October 17, 2016, the case was dismissed by District Judge John Grinsteiner, of the South Central Judicial District, who found no probable cause to support a riot charge. The charges against Goodman reportedly increased the public awareness of the Dakota Access Pipeline protests. Goodman had presented that day's Democracy Now! broadcast from in front of the Morton County Courthouse. Reporter Deia Schlosberg was arrested in similar circumstances while reporting on pipeline-related protests.

Awards and honors

Goodman has received awards for her work, including the Robert F. Kennedy Prize for International Reporting (1993, with Allan Nairn) and the George Polk Award (1998, with Jeremy Scahill). In 1999, she declined to accept the Overseas Press Club Award, in protest at the group's pledge not to ask questions of keynote speaker Ambassador Richard Holbrooke and because the OPC was honoring Indonesia for its improved treatment of journalists despite the fact that its forces had recently beaten and killed reporters in occupied East Timor.

She received the 2001 Joe A. Callaway Award for Civic Courage.

On October 2, 2004, she was presented the Islamic Community Award for Journalism by the Council on American-Islamic Relations. On November 18, 2004, she was presented the Thomas Merton Award. In 2006, she received the Puffin/Nation Prize for Creative Citizenship.

Goodman was a recipient of the 2008 Right Livelihood Award. The Right Livelihood Award Foundation cited her work in "developing an innovative model of truly independent grassroots political journalism that brings to millions of people the alternative voices that are often excluded by the mainstream media".

On March 31, 2009, Goodman, with Glenn Greenwald, received the first Izzy Award (named after journalist I. F. "Izzy" Stone) for "special achievement in independent media". The award is presented by Ithaca College's Park Center for Independent Media.

In May 2012, she received an honorary Doctor of Letters degree from DePauw University in recognition of her journalistic work. She also received the Gandhi Peace Award from Promoting Enduring Peace, for a "significant contribution to the promotion of an enduring international peace".

On May 16, 2014, she received an honorary Doctor of Letters degree from Purchase College, SUNY in recognition of her progressive journalism.

In February 2015, she (and Laura Poitras) received the 2014 I.F. Stone Lifetime Achievement Award from the Nieman Foundation for Journalism at Harvard.

In 2016, Goodman and Democracy Now! (along with Laura Gottesdiener, John Hamilton and Denis Moynihan) received a Sigma Delta Chi Award for excellence in journalism from the Society of Professional Journalists in the category of Breaking News Coverage (Network/Syndication Service/Program Service) for their piece, “Standoff at Standing Rock: Epic Native resistance to Dakota Access Pipeline.”

On February 14, 2019, she, and others, received the Frederick Douglass 200 award and was honored at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. The Frederick Douglass 200 award is a project of the Frederick Douglass Family Initiatives and the Antiracist Research and Policy Center at American University in Washington D.C. In October 2023, the NY Peace Action Network recognized her with the William Sloane Coffin "Peacemaker Award".

Personal life
In September 2007, Goodman suffered a bout of Bell's palsy. She practices yoga.

Filmography
In 2006, Goodman narrated the film One Bright Shining Moment: The Forgotten Summer of George McGovern, a documentary chronicling the life and times of the retired Democratic politician George McGovern, focusing on his failed 1972 bid for the presidency.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Amy Goodman


text:
Wikipedia talk:Only revert once

Does this apply to vandalism? If so then we need to record vandalism we've spotted but can't revert so that other admins can. We miss enough of the stuff as it is. Secretlondon 16:40, Nov 19, 2003 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Only revert once


text:
Talk:Green-veined white

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 15 January 2020 and 4 May 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Med&Evol.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 22:44, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Picture
I dont think the picture illustrates the Green-veined White. It might be a Large White instead. On the danish wikipedia we have a nice picture of the green-veined white: Grønåret kålsommerfugl
 * Photo replaced with the Danish one --Keith Edkins 20:53, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

Potential areas for further expansion
As a component of my course about Behavioral Ecology, I identified a few areas in which details could potentially be added to strengthen this article. Unsurprisingly, these areas all relate to animal and insect behavior and include parental investment in offspring and childrearing, cooperative and altruistic behavior, as well as inter-species interaction including predator/prey relationships. Additionally, I think it would be helpful to incorporate more information on how this butterfly interacts with its environment other than a singular discussion on food plants. As well, the article could benefit in its readability with some editing on grammar and syntax. --ClaudiaEE 2:35, 15 Sep 2017 (UTC)

Taxobox usage
I have removed some of the entries from the taxobox after having read the guidance in the WikiProject Tree of Life/taxobox usage article. Too much removed? Not enough? --AjAldous 20:38, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Overview
I would recommend adding more information to the intro paragraph so as to give an overview of the species and provide some engaging facts about the butterfly. The behavior section would also benefit from elaboration on the other behaviors of the species, besides sexual behavior. I would also suggest separating out the host plant subsection as its own section so the information is conveyed more clearly. Mllutz (talk) 01:28, 15 September 2017 (UTC)--Mllutz

Sexual cooperation and conflict
This subsection was especially confusing to read through- several sentences can be rewritten to better convey the author's point. Also, do female refractory periods increase as they age because they're not able to clear out the infertile sperm in their sperm storage organ? Or is it actually age related? This part was unclear. liu.emily (talk) 03:28, 15 September 2017 (UTC)--liu.emily

title: Talk:Green-veined white


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Skyclad (band)

Skyclad are a British heavy metal band with heavy folk influences in their music. They are considered one of the pioneers of folk metal. The etymology behind the term "skyclad" comes from a pagan/wiccan term for ritual nudity, in which rituals are performed with the participants metaphorically clad only by the sky, as a sign of equality. The name alludes both to the band's religious leanings and to their social beliefs, as set out in the song "Skyclad" on their first album.

History
The band was founded in 1990 by then former Sabbat vocalist Martin Walkyier and Satan/Pariah guitarist Steve Ramsey, after Walkyier left Sabbat over an argument with guitarist Andy Sneap as to the direction of the music. The two's aim was to put together the 'ultimate pagan metal band' (initial ideas for the band included such extravagances as traditional Robin Hood costumes, though these concepts were soon dropped). Rounding out the group with another ex-member of Pariah, bassist Graeme English, as well as drummer Keith Baxter, they penned a deal with German record label Noise International and recorded and released The Wayward Sons of Mother Earth in 1991. The album cover was designed by Garry Sharpe-Young.

After a tour with Overkill they added Fritha Jenkins on violin and keyboard and a second guitarist in the shape of Baxter's friend Dave Pugh, allowing for a more folk-based sound on their follow-up release A Burnt Offering for the Bone Idol in 1992. The group's early output was followed by Jonah's Ark in 1993. In 1994 the band released Prince of the Poverty Line, on which Cath Howell replaced Fritha Jenkins. Jenkins had left to have a baby, and Howell had deputised on the Jonah's Ark tour, it being Jenkins intention to return. When she elected not to do so, Howell became a permanent member.

Howell resumed her studies and was replaced by Georgina Biddle for 1995's The Silent Whales of Lunar Sea, after which both Baxter and Pugh left the group. Having a deficit of band members, the band was generally unable to tour, although they replaced Tiamat on the Black Sabbath Forbidden UK tour in 1995. This was whilst recording Irrational Anthems, which was released early the following year.

Oui Avant-Garde á Chance was recorded within the space of a year and, like Irrational Anthems used studio/session drummer Paul AT Kinson. The Answer Machine? followed in 1997 with Kinson on drums, but the band still lacked a permanent drummer, Jay Graham and guitarist Kevin "Riddler the Fiddler" Ridley (who had previously been the band's producer, background vocalist and singer/guitarist in the punk band Forgodsake) signed on in 1998, in time to record Vintage Whine for a 1999 release. The lineup remained stable for the recording of 2000's Folkémon, but founding member Walkyier left the band in 2001, citing various reasons, such as financial difficulties and the band's unwillingness to tour in South America owing to security concerns as the final straw, though other band members have commented that his somewhat acerbic personality was one of the major contributing factors to the group's lineup instability. Walkyier went on to form The Clan Destined. For many fans, Walkyier's lyrics and delivery style were one of the band's central attractions, and there were fears that his departure spelled the end of the band. After replacing drummer Jay Graham (who left shortly after Walkyier) with drummer Arron Walton, and moving Kevin Ridley onto vocals, the group sprang into action to remedy these fears with 2002's No Daylights... Nor Heel Taps which featured studio recordings of "Irish Pub versions" of Skyclad classics by the new line-up, preceded by a single, 2001's "Swords of a Thousand Men". The single's title track, a cover tune (originally recorded by Tenpole Tudor), also appeared on Folkémon as a bonus track, although in a different version. The single featured two recordings of the track, one of them with Ridley on vocals and one with Ridley sharing the microphone with Ten Pole Tudor's vocalist Edward Tudor-Pole. The single/album release was accompanied by The Same...But Different tour, the largest Skyclad had undertaken for many years. Also in 2001 the band's former record label released Another Fine Mess, which featured live recordings from 1995 and the contents of the Outrageous Fourtunes EP.

After some unpleasantness between Walkyier and the other band members over copyrights and royalties for his lyrics, as well as the release of tracks featuring him, 2004's A Semblance of Normality marked the band's first new material post-Walkyier. Its style was very much in the vein of previous releases, with Ridley's lyrics making an obvious effort to follow similar themes and styles to Walkyier's whilst retaining an individual identity.

Skyclad self-released an EP, Jig-a-Jig, in 2006. A new album had been planned for the same year but Black Lotus Records went out of business just a few months after Skyclad had signed to it.

The band's twelfth studio album In The... All Together was released in spring 2009 via Scarlet Records.

In June 2012, Walkyier announced that a band called "Martin Walkyier's Skyclad" would be headlining a festival in Nottingham, England in September of that year.

Skyclad's 13th studio album Forward Into The Past was released on 28 April 2017 via Listenable Records. It is the first album since 1995's Silent Whales of Lunar Sea to feature second guitarist Dave Pugh, who returned to Skyclad as a full member in 2014.

Current members

 * Steve Ramsey – guitars (1990–present)
 * Graeme "Bean" English – bass (1990–present)
 * Dave Pugh – guitars (1992–1995, 2014–present)
 * Georgina Biddle – violin, fiddle, keyboards (1994–present)
 * Kevin Ridley – guitars (1998–present), vocals (2001–present)
 * Arron Walton – drums (2001–present)

Former members

 * Martin Walkyier – vocals (1990–2001)
 * Keith Baxter – drums (1990–1995; died 2008)
 * Fritha Jenkins – violin, keyboards (1992–1993)
 * Catherine Howell – violin, keyboards (1994)
 * Paul A.T. Kinson – drums (1996–1997)
 * Jay Graham – drums (1998–2001)

Live/Session Members

 * Danny Porter – guitar (1992)
 * Dave Ray – guitar (1995)
 * Jed Dawkins – drums (1995)
 * Paul Smith – drums (1996)
 * Dave Moore – guitar (1996)
 * Nick Acons – guitar, violin (1997)
 * Mitch Oldham – drums (1997)

Studio albums

 * The Wayward Sons of Mother Earth (1991)
 * A Burnt Offering for the Bone Idol (1992)
 * Jonah's Ark (1993)
 * Prince of the Poverty Line (1994)
 * The Silent Whales of Lunar Sea (1995)
 * Irrational Anthems (1996)
 * Oui Avant-Garde á Chance (1996)
 * The Answer Machine? (1997)
 * Vintage Whine (1999)
 * Folkémon (2000)
 * A Semblance of Normality (2004)
 * In the... All Together (2009)
 * Forward into the Past (2017)

Compilations and live albums

 * Old Rope compilation (1996)
 * Poetic Wisdom Compilation (limited tour Greek edition) (2001)
 * Another Fine Mess live album (2001)
 * Live at the Dynamo compilation/live album (2002)
 * History Lessens compilation (2002)
 * No Daylights... Nor Heel Taps compilation/re-recording (2002)

Singles and EPs

 * Tracks from the Wilderness EP (1992)
 * "Thinking Allowed?" (1993)
 * Outrageous Fourtunes limited edition EP (1998)
 * Classix Shape limited edition EP (1999)
 * "Swords of a Thousand Men" (2001)
 * Jig-a-Jig limited edition EP (2006)

Videos

 * "Emerald" (1992)
 * "Thinking Allowed?" (1993)
 * "Inequality Street" (1996)
 * "Words Upon the Street" directed by Fernando J. Martínez (2009)
 * "Change Is Coming" directed by Fernando J. Martínez (2017)
 * "Starstruck?" directed by Fernando J. Martínez (2017)
 * "Words Fail Me" directed by Fernando J. Martínez (2018)

title: Skyclad (band)


text:
Bakkah

Bakkah (بَكَّةُ ), is a place mentioned in surah 3 ('Āl 'Imrān), ayah 96 of the Qur'an, a verse sometimes translated as: "Indeed, the first House [of worship] established for mankind was that at Bakkah [i.e., Makkah] - blessed and a guidance for the worlds."

According to Muslim scholars Bakkah is an ancient name for Mecca, the most holy city of Islam. (The word Mecca is only used once in the Quran in verse ("And it is He who withheld their hands from you and your hands from them within [the area of] Makkah after He caused you to overcome them. And ever is Allāh, of what you do, Seeing."))

Most Muslims believe Mecca and Bakkah are synonyms, but to Muslim scholars there is a distinction: Bakkah refers to the Kaaba and the sacred site immediately surrounding it, while Mecca is the name of the city in which they are both located.

According to Lisān al-'Arab of Ibn Manẓūr, the site of the Kaaba and its surroundings was named Bakkah due to crowding and congestion of people in the area. The Arabic verb bakka (بَكَّ), with double "k", means to crowd like in a bazaar. This is not to be confused with another unrelated Arabic verb bakā (بَكَىٰ) (single k) which is the past tense of yabkī (يَبْكِي), to cry.

Islamic tradition
Islamic tradition identifies Bakkah as the ancient name for the site of Mecca. An Arabic word, its etymology, like that of Mecca, is obscure.

One meaning ascribed to it is "narrow", seen as descriptive of the area in which the valley of the holy places and the city of Mecca are located, pressed in upon as they are by mountains. Widely believed to be a synonym for Mecca, it is said to be more specifically the early name for the valley located therein, while Muslim scholars generally use it to refer to the sacred area of the city that immediately surrounds and includes the Kaaba.

The form Bakkah is used for the name Mecca in the Quran in, while the form Mecca is used in. In South Arabic, the language in use in the southern portion of the Arabian Peninsula at the time of Muhammad, the b and m were interchangeable. The Quranic passage using the form Bakkah says: "Surely the first House ˹of worship˺ established for humanity is the one at Bakkah—a blessed sanctuary and a guide for ˹all˺ people." Other references to Mecca in the Quran call it Umm al-Qura, meaning "mother of all settlements".

In Islamic tradition, Bakkah is where Hagar (Hājar) and Ishmael (Ismā'īl) settled after being taken by Abraham (Ibrāhīm) to the wilderness, a story comparable to the Book of Genesis (21:14-21). Genesis tells that Abraham gave Hagar food and a skin of water, but that Hagar and Ishmael ran out of water to drink in the outskirts of Beersheba. In Arab tradition, Hagar runs back and forth between Safa and Marwa—two elevated points—seven times to search for help before sitting down in despair, at which point an angel appeared and hit the ground with his heel (or his wing) and caused a miraculous well to spring out of the ground. However, the account in Genesis focuses more about the outcasting of Hagar, the mother of Ishmael and an Egyptian slave to Sarah (Abraham's wife and half sister in Genesis), from Abraham (who remains in Beersheba) due to Ismael provoking Sarah on the day of Isaac's weaning, and she travels alone with Ismael, who she later gets an Egyptian wife for during their stay at the Desert of Paran. Unlike Arab tradition, Genesis accounts that Hagar set a dying Ismael underneath a bush and then sat down a bowshot distance's away as to not watch him die, and when he began to cry, God called from Heaven to Hagar to take Ismael and continue traveling, where then he opened her eyes, revealing a well.

The Islamic tradition holds that a spring gushed forth from the spot where Hagar had laid Ishmael, and this spring came to be known as the Well of Zamzam. When Muslims on hajj run between the hills of Safa and Marwah seven times, it is to commemorate Hagar's search for help and the resulting revelation of the well of Zamzam.

In addition to the Islamic tradition that Hagar and Ishmael settled in Bakkah, the Quran relates that Abraham came to Mecca to help his son Ishmael build the Kaaba adjacent to the well of Zamzam.

Ibn Ishaq, the 8th-century Arab Muslim historian, relates that during the renovation of Kaaba undertaken by the Quraysh before Islam, found an inscription in one of the corners of the foundation of the building that mentions Bakkah. Composed in Syriac, it was incomprehensible to the Quraysh until a Jew translated it for them as follows: "I am Allah, the Lord of Bakka. I created it on the day I created heaven and earth and formed the sun and the moon, and I surrounded it with seven pious angels. It will stand while its two mountains stand, a blessing to its people with milk and water."

The name Bakkah is woven into the kiswa, the cloth covering the Kaaba that is replaced each year before the Hajj.

Valley of the Bakha
The Valley of the Bakha (עֵמֶק הַבָּכָא Emeq haBakha, ), or the Valley of Bakha, also transliterated as Baka or Baca, is mentioned in, in the following passage: "Blessed is the man whose strength is in thee; in whose heart are the ways of them. those Who passing through the valley of the Bakha, they make it a spring; Also blessing the first rain will give. They go from strength to strength, every one of them in Zion appeareth before God." The composition of the psalm is credited to the Sons of Korah, a Levite clan which regularly performed musical compositions for David and in the First Temple. The same Hebrew word בכא (bakha) is associated with a battle accounted in and in  which took place on the Valley of Rephaim, about 4–7 kilometers southwest of the present-day Old City of Jerusalem. In the accounts, David is advised to engage the Philistines in battle when he hears the sound of marching in the tops of the bakha trees.

Muslims see the mention of a pilgrimage to the Valley of Bakha in the passage as a reference to Mecca, similar to the Quran in 3:96. Some also draw connections of the passage "they make it a place of springs" to the Book of Genesis' account of how Hagar the Egyptian has a well revealed to by God in the outskirts of Beersheba, presumably on the way to Bakkah.

In Judaism and in Christianity, there are other interpretations of the psalm. One Jewish interpretation is based on how the psalm is composed by Levites, a tribe of Israel which are not given inherited land amongst the other tribes, but rather travel—particularly as shepherds—between the lands of the other tribes ("They go from strength to strength") and have priesthood responsibilities as their inheritance ("every one of them in Zion appeareth before God"), and as they travel, they bring pasture to desolated lands, such as a valley of bakha trees which served as a battlefield between Israel and Philistia. In this interpretation, the psalm gives glory to the Tribe of Levi and praises their inheritance of priesthood ("whose strength is in thee") over an inheritance of land.

Another Jewish interpretation states that the psalm is a celebration of pilgrimage to the Temple (at this time, the First Temple), and that the psalmist desires to be in the Temple—the Presence of God—and details steps of the way to Jerusalem, where it is located. On the way, the pilgrims may pass through the Valley of Bakha, which could be synonymous with the Valley of Rephaim, as it is a valley where bakha trees grow according to. Here, the phrase "also blessing the first rain will give" refers to the beginning of winter in the region of Israel—the first rains—suggesting that the pilgrimage is for the festival of Sukkot, when prayers of rain are offered. If this is the case, the psalm may be based on, which is also traditionally a psalm about a pilgrimage to Jerusalem for Sukkot, which is credited to David.

Another interpretation, which is used by Jews and Christians, links the psalm as a successor to, which are also credited to the Sons of Korah. In the earlier psalms, they are seen as lamentations from being away from Zion and in the presence of enemies, who give taunts about the psalmist being away from Zion and being rejected by God, and cries about the weakness of the soul deficient in faith are given. Linking with Psalms 84, the same psalmist would praise the presence of God which is at Zion, and yearns to be there as well. As the psalmist is away, he writes about the pilgrimage back to Jerusalem, where dry and desolate places like the Valley of Bakha may be encountered, but it will be enlightened by the pilgrims, and treated it as if they were places of springs; finding refuge through hardship—the rains are the responses by God through faith during the troubling times. After the pilgrimage, the pilgrims are congregated in the presence of God, where prayers are offered.

Still, many Jews and Christians utilize the alternative translation of bakha into tears, which has been practiced since Greek translations and continued throughout Latin and English translations. In this—unlike בכה (bakhah), which is translated to cry—בכא (bakha) would translate to tears, as a Biblical Hebrew counterpart to the common Modern Hebrew word for tears, דמעות (dema'oth). This still exists with modern translations which strongly reference the Masoretic Text of the psalm, including ones outside of English. The name עמק הבכא (Emek haBakha) is also used for the loosely-related Valley of Tears, located in the Golan Heights which received its name during the Yom Kippur War.

The word Bakha (Biblical Hebrew: *𐤁𐤊𐤀 ) is pronounced in terminal stress, unlike Bakkah, which is penultimately stressed. Although both Bakha and Bakkah are of Semitic origin, they are composed of different abjad letters: b-kh-' (Bet-Kaph-Aleph) for Hebrew, and b-k-h (Bet-Kaph-He) for Arabic. Bakha is commonly recorded to have only been used twice throughout all of Biblical Hebrew; both instances, one of which is plural (הַבְּכָאִים, habekha'im), are dated to the same era and associate considerably with the land of Israel, while Bakkah is a hapax legomenon of the Quran that directly associates with a Bronze Age location, which is traditionally located in the southern region of the Hejaz.

A literal translation is "Valley of the Bakha", although the translations into Biblical Greek assumed it to be the similar-sounding word בכה ("bakhah"), "crying", and translates it as ἐν τῇ κοιλάδι τοῦ κλαυθμῶνος ("Valley of Mourning", "Valley of Weeping").

Revisionist and source critical views
Tom Holland and Patricia Crone, both revisionist scholars of early Islamic history, postulate that Mecca and Bakkah might not be different spelling variations of the same area, a view commonly held by historical and modern Islamic authors, but rather Bakkah existed in another place.

Holland, in his 2012 book In the Shadow of the Sword, states that Bakkah must have been located somewhere near Byzantine Empire's southern frontier, citing Mecca before Islam being absent in Byzantine records of Hejaz, Quran mentioning Byzantine military expeditions and Quranic imagery (such as Mušrikūn having cattles and gardens of vines, olives, and pomegranates) being vastly different from desert regions of Mecca and being more in line with wetter Syria-Levant region.

Although he asserts that it's not possible to ascertain where Bakkah had exactly stood during the early Islamic history, he later postulates the region of Mamre as a possible location, currently located in West Bank. He identifies Mamre as an ancient Arabic pilgrimage site, citing a mid-7th century account by a Nestorian chronicler that parallels the Quranic description. He also proposes Maqam Ibrahim, two words mentioned in the Quran along with Bakkah, which can be translated as "the place where Abraham stood", not being a stone as it has been identified in the Islamic tradition, but rather he interprets the sentence hinting at the possible Levantine location of Bakkah.

Another theory, coined as the Mecca–Petra Theory—or simply the Petra Theory—by the development of it from Dan Gibson, suggests that the original location of Bakkah is Petra, a historical city which was located in Arabia Petraea, which is also situated in the Levant instead of the modern location of Mecca. The major point of the theory is that the qibla of early mosques face Petra more accurately than Mecca. Others have challenged the notion of comparing modern readings of qibla directions to early mosques’ qiblas as they claim early Muslims could not accurately calculate the direction of the qibla to Mecca and so the apparent pinpointing of Petra by some early mosques may well be coincidental.

title: Bakkah


text:
1960 Valdivia earthquake

The 1960 Valdivia earthquake and tsunami (Terremoto de Valdivia) or the Great Chilean earthquake (Gran terremoto de Chile) on 22 May 1960 was the most powerful earthquake ever recorded. Most studies have placed it at 9.4–9.6 on the moment magnitude scale, while some studies have placed the magnitude lower than 9.4. It occurred in the afternoon (19:11 GMT, 15:11 local time), and lasted 10 minutes. The resulting tsunamis affected southern Chile, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, eastern New Zealand, southeast Australia, and the Aleutian Islands.

The epicenter of this megathrust earthquake was near Lumaco, approximately 570 km south of Santiago, with Valdivia being the most affected city. The tremor caused localised tsunamis that severely battered the Chilean coast, with waves up to 25 m. The main tsunami traveled across the Pacific Ocean and devastated Hilo, Hawaii, where waves as high as 10.7 m were recorded over 10000 km from the epicenter.

The death toll and monetary losses arising from this widespread disaster are not certain. Various estimates of the total number of fatalities from the earthquake and tsunamis have been published, ranging between 1,000 and 6,000 killed. Different sources have estimated the monetary cost ranged from US$400   million to $800    million (or US$    billion to $    billion in, adjusted for inflation).

Geologic context
Chile is located along the Pacific Ring of Fire, a known zone of high seismicity. The earthquake was a megathrust earthquake resulting from the release of mechanical stress between the subducting Nazca Plate and South American Plate on the Peru–Chile Trench, off the coast of southern Chile. Because of its geography, Chile remains one of the most seismically active countries in the world.

Tectonic interpretation
The focus of the earthquake was relatively shallow at 33 km, considering that earthquakes in northern Chile and Argentina may reach depths of 70 km.

A 2019 research paper postulates that the Liquiñe-Ofqui fault had a 9.07 strike-slip subevent along with the 9.37 main thrust sub-event which could help account for how the plate boundary event seemingly "overspent" its tectonic budget. In other words, the previous and current more widely accepted explanation for the earthquake involves the Peru-Chile Trench slipping further than its accumulated slip deficit (the amount of slip available for an earthquake) should allow. The alternative explanation, with two faults slipping nearly simultaneously, could help explain the true mechanism of the earthquake.

Subduction zones are known to produce the strongest earthquakes on Earth, as their particular structure allows more stress to build up before energy is released. Geophysicists consider it a matter of time before this earthquake will be surpassed in magnitude by another. The earthquake's rupture zone was ≈800 km long, stretching from Arauco (37° S) to below the Chiloé Archipelago (44° S). Rupture velocity, the speed at which a rupture front expands across the surface of the fault, has been estimated as 3.5 km per second. The average slip across all 27 Nazca subfaults was estimated to be $11 m$, with $25 m$ of slip $200 km$ south of the epicenter on offshore subfaults.

While the Valdivia earthquake was extraordinarily large, the 2016 Chiloé earthquake hints that it did not release all the potential slip in that segment of the plate interface.

Concepción earthquakes
The 1960 Chilean earthquakes were a sequence of strong earthquakes that affected Chile between 21 May and 6 June 1960, centered in the Araucanía, Aysén, and Bío Bío regions of the country. The first three quakes, all registering in the planet's top 10 by magnitude for 1960, are grouped together as the 1960 Concepción earthquakes. The first of these was the 8.1 Mw Concepción earthquake at 06:02 UTC-4 on 21 May 1960. Its epicenter was near Curanilahue. Telecommunications to southern Chile were cut off and President Jorge Alessandri cancelled the traditional ceremony of the Battle of Iquique memorial holiday to oversee the emergency assistance efforts. The second and third Concepción earthquakes occurred the next day at 06:32 UTC-4 (7.1 Mw) and 14:55 UTC-4 (7.8 Mw) on 22 May. These earthquakes formed a southward migrating foreshock sequence to the main Valdivia shock, which occurred just 15 minutes after the third event.

The earthquake interrupted and effectively ended a protest by coal miners from Lota, who were attempting to march to Concepción to demand higher salaries.

Valdivia earthquake
The Valdivia earthquake occurred at 15:11 UTC-4 on 22 May, and affected all of Chile between Talca and Chiloé Island, more than 400000 km2. Coastal villages, such as Toltén, were struck. At Corral, the main port of Valdivia, the water level rose 4 m before it began to recede. At 16:20 UTC-4, a wave of 8 m struck the Chilean coast, mainly between Concepción and Chiloé. Another wave measuring 10 m was reported ten minutes later.

Hundreds of people were already reported dead by the time the tsunami struck. One ship, Canelo, starting at the mouth of the Valdivia River, sank after being moved 1.5 km backward and forward in the river; as of 2005, its mast was still visible from the road to Niebla.

Soil subsidence also destroyed buildings, deepened local rivers and created wetlands in such places as the Río Cruces and Chorocomayo, a new aquatic park north of the city. Extensive areas of the city were flooded. The electricity and water systems of Valdivia were totally destroyed. Witnesses reported underground water flowing up through the soil. Despite the heavy rains of 21 May, the city was without a water supply. The river turned brown with sediment from landslides and was full of floating debris, including entire houses. The lack of potable water became a serious problem in one of Chile's rainiest regions.

The earthquake did not strike all the territory with the same strength; measured with the Mercalli scale, tectonically depressed areas suffered heavier damage. The two most affected areas were Valdivia and Puerto Octay, near the northwest corner of Llanquihue Lake. Puerto Octay was the center of a north–south elliptical area in the Central Valley, where the intensity was at the highest outside the Valdivia Basin. East of Puerto Octay, in a hotel in Todos los Santos Lake, stacked dishes were reported to have remained in place. With the exception of poor building sites, the zone of Mercalli scales intensities of VII or more all lay west of the Andes in a strip running from Lota (37° S) southwards. The area of intensities of VII or more did not penetrate into the Central Valley north of Lleulleu Lake (38° S) and south of Castro (42.5° S). Two days after the earthquake Cordón Caulle, a volcanic vent close to Puyehue volcano, erupted. Other volcanoes may also have erupted, but none were recorded because of the lack of communication in Chile at the time. The relatively low death toll in Chile (5,700) is explained in part by the low population density in the region, and by building practices that took into account the area's high geological activity.

Earthquake lights were reported in Purén.

Aftershocks
One of the main aftershocks occurred on 6 June in Aysén Region. This magnitude 7.7 earthquake probably occurred along the Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault, meaning that the fault would have moved as a consequence of the 22 May Valdivia earthquake.

Tsunamis
Earthquake-induced tsunamis affected southern Chile, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, China, eastern New Zealand, southeast Australia, and the Aleutian Islands. Some localized tsunamis severely battered the Chilean coast, with waves up to 25 m. The main tsunami crossed the Pacific Ocean at a speed of several hundred km/h and devastated Hilo, Hawaii, killing 61 people. Most of the tsunami-related deaths in Japan occurred in the northeast Sanriku region of Honshu.

The Chilean coast was devastated by a tsunami from Mocha Island (38° S) to Aysén Region (45° S). Across southern Chile, the tsunami caused huge loss of life, damage to port infrastructure, and the loss of many small boats. Further north, the port of Talcahuano did not suffer any major damage, only some flooding. Some tugboats and small sailboats were stranded on Rocuant Island near Talcahuano.

In Valdivia the tsunami swell penetrated along Calle-Calle River as far as Huellelhue putting afloat piles of firewood that lay in the fields.

After the 21 May Concepción earthquake, people in Ancud sought refuge in boats. A carabinero (police) boat, Gloria, was towing a few of these boats when the second earthquake struck on 22 May. As the sea regressed Gloria became stranded between Cerro Guaiguén and Cochinos Island. The stranded boat was wrecked when a tsunami wave engulfed it.

All the new infrastructure of the small port of Bahía Mansa was destroyed by the tsunami, which reached heights of up to 10 metres above sea level there. The boat Isabella in Bahía Mansa quickly left the port but lost its anchors.

In the Valdivia River and Corral Bay, several vessels were wrecked by the earthquake, among them Argentina, Canelo, Carlos Haverbeck, Melita, and the salvaged remnants of Penco. Canelo was anchored at Corral when the quake struck, filling a cargo of wood and other products destined for northern Chile. The engine of Canelo was warmed up after the earthquake. After hours of drifting around in Corral Bay and Valdivia River, the ship was wrecked and subsequently abandoned by its crew at 1800 local time. Two men on board Canelo died in the incident. As of 2000, the remnants of Canelo were still visible.

Santiago, another ship anchored at Corral at the time of the quake, managed to leave Corral in a bad state but was wrecked off the coast of Mocha Island on 24 May. The schooner La Milagrosa departed from Queule on 22 May to load a cargo of Fitzroya wood shingles in a small port south of Corral. La Milagrosa was battered by the currents and waves of the tsunami for four days while moving south. Outside Corral the crew rescued six nearly unconscious and dehydrated children on board two boats. The boats found were used to navigate in Valdivia River and Corral Bay but had drifted into the high sea.

The coastal localities of Mississippi and Mehuín were struck by the tsunami causing the loss of fishing boats. 150 boats, most of them used for fishing are reported to have "disappeared" in Mehuín. Some kilometres north of Mahuín at the coastal town of Queule, a carabinero reported hundreds of people dead or missing some days after the tsunami. Historians Yoselin Jaramillo and Ismael Basso report that people in Queule decades later know about 50 people to have died because of the earthquake and tsunami.

Landslides
The earthquake triggered numerous landslides, mainly in the steep glacial valleys of the southern Andes. Within the Andes, most landslides occurred on forested mountain slopes around the Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault. Some of these areas remain sparsely vegetated while others have naturally developed more or less pure stands of Nothofagus dombeyi. These landslides did not cause many fatalities nor significant economic losses because most of the areas were uninhabited, with only minor roads.

One landslide caused destruction and alarm following its blockage of the outflow of Riñihue Lake (see below). About 100 km south of Riñihue Lake, landslides in the mountains around Golgol River caused the river to dam up; when it burst through the earthen dam, it created a flood down to Puyehue Lake. The Golgol landslides destroyed parts of international Route 215-CH, which connects to Bariloche in Argentina through Cardenal Antonio Samoré Pass.

While most landslides clustered around north–south strips in the Andes, other areas that were affected by large numbers of landslides were the coast, mainly the foot of the Chilean Coast Range, and the shores of Llanquihue Lake.

Seiches
A seiche (type of standing wave) of more than 1 meter was observed on Panguipulli Lake following the earthquake. On 22 May, a seiche occurred also in Nahuel Huapi Lake, on the Argentine side of the Andes, more than 200 km away from Valdivia. The wave, most likely produced by an earthquake-triggered sediment slide at the lake bottom, killed two people and destroyed a pier in San Carlos de Bariloche city.

Riñihue Lake's flood
During the Great Chilean earthquake, several landslides west of Tralcán Mountain blocked the outflow of Riñihue Lake. Riñihue Lake is the lowest of the Seven Lakes chain and receives a constant inflow from the Enco River. The blocked San Pedro River, which drains the lake, passes through several towns before reaching the city of Valdivia near the coast.

As the San Pedro River was blocked, the water level of Riñihue Lake started to rise quickly. Each meter the water level rose was equivalent to 20 million cubic meters, which meant that 480 million cubic meters of water would release into the San Pedro River (easily overpowering its flow capacity of 400 m3 per second if it rose above the final, 24-meter-high dam. This potential disaster would have violently flooded all the settlements along the course of the river in less than five hours, with more dire consequences if the dam suddenly broke.

About 100,000 people lived in the affected zone. Plans were made to evacuate Valdivia, and many people left. To avoid the destruction of the city, several military units and hundreds of workers from ENDESA, CORFO, and MOP started an effort to control the lake. Twenty-seven bulldozers were put into service, but they had severe difficulties moving in the mud near the dams, so dykes had to be constructed with shovels from June onwards. The work was not restricted to the lake; drainages from other parts of the Seven Lakes were dammed to minimize additional flow into Riñihue Lake. These dams were removed later, with the exception of Calafquén Lake, which still retains its dam.

By 23 June, the main dam had been lowered from 24 to 15 m, allowing 3 billion cubic metres of water to leave the lake gradually, but still with considerable destructive power. The team was led by ENDESA engineer Raúl Sáez.

Cordón Caulle eruption

On 24 May, 38 hours after the main shock of the 1960 Valdivia earthquake, the Cordón Caulle volcano erupted. The eruption was believed to have been triggered by the earthquake. Between two sparsely populated and isolated Andean valleys, the eruption had few eyewitnesses and received little attention by local media, which was preoccupied with the severe and widespread damage and losses caused by the earthquake. The eruption was first noticed and reported as an explosion by the crew of a United States Air Force plane that was heading to Santiago from Puerto Montt.

The eruption fed a 5.5 km-long fissure on 135° heading where 21 individual vents have been found. These vents produced an output of about 0.25 km3 DRE both in form of lava flows and tephra. The eruption ended on 22 July 59 days later.

As a result of an evacuation plan, there were no reported human deaths associated with the eruption.

Urban impact
The levels of material damage were relatively low given the high magnitude of the earthquake. Part of the reason behind this was the limited infrastructure development of the region next to the rupture zone. Structures that had been designed to resist earthquakes performed well during the earthquake, chiefly suffering damage when affected by soil subsidence or small fault movements. Houses built by their owners fared badly. In the regions of Maule and Bío Bío, houses built from adobe and masonry proved weak, while from Araucanía to the south weak houses were mainly those built with inappropriate wood that had decayed over time.

It has been estimated that about 40 percent of the houses in Valdivia were destroyed, leaving 20,000 people homeless. The most affected structures were those built of concrete, which in some cases collapsed completely, because they were not built using modern earthquake engineering. Traditional wooden houses fared better; although many were uninhabitable if they did not collapse. Houses built upon elevated areas suffered considerably less damage compared to those on the lowlands, which absorbed great amounts of energy. Many city blocks with destroyed buildings in the city center remained empty until the 1990s and 2000s, with some of them still used as parking lots. Before the earthquake, some of these blocks had modern concrete buildings built after the Great Valdivia fire of 1909. Around the main city square most buildings collapsed except for Edificio Prales and a few others.

The hospital of Valdivia, built in 1939, suffered major damage and patients had to be evacuated. The United States quickly set up a field hospital following the earthquake. Aided by the United States, a geological survey of Valdivia was done following the earthquake and resulted in the city's first geological map. Mexico built and donated the public school Escuela México after the earthquake.

Valdivia's bridges suffered only minor damage. The damage caused to Calle-Calle Bridge led to its temporary closure after the earthquake, with traffic redirected to Teja Island through Caucau River where people crossed it on boats and, reportedly, also a rudimentary and temporary wooden bridge.

Land subsidence in Corral Bay improved navigability as shoal banks, produced earlier by sediments from Madre de Dios and other nearby gold mines, sank and were compacted. As the earthquake destroyed Valdivia's flood barriers, general land subsidence exposed new areas to flooding. Parts of the botanical garden of the Austral University of Chile that were next to Cau-Cau River and the city's southern outskirts along Route 206 were permanently flooded.

The earthquakes damaged an area that had suffered a long period of economic decline, which began with shifts in trade routes due to the expansion of railroads in southern Chile and the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914.

Unlike Valdivia, Osorno was saved from major destruction. In Osorno only about 20 houses were totally destroyed, although many firewalls and chimneys collapsed.

Puerto Montt, a major city today, had in the early 1960s about 49,500 inhabitants. The bulk of the damage in Puerto Montt was located in the neighborhood of Barrio Modelo and the northern part of Bahía Angelmó, where artificial fills subsided. Angelmó and other coastal areas of Puerto Montt were among the few urban areas that suffered "total destruction" by the earthquake.

After the earthquake a myth related the unusually warm and clear weather conditions prior to the earthquake to its triggering. When compared with the years that followed in the 1960s the autumn of 1960 in southern Chile was not particularly dry nor warm.

Impact in the countryside
The tsunami that struck the coast of southern Chile destroyed seaside farms, killing numerous livestock and people. Barns and industrial structures were destroyed by the quake. The dairy industry was among the few industries of the affected zone that received subsidies and investment after the earthquake. It received state support through a long-term policy after the earthquake.

As a result of the earthquake, an international technological cooperation programme was established in the dairy sector. More specifically, the German and Danish governments helped to create the Centro Tecnológico de la Leche (the Milk Technological Centre) in the Southern University of Chile. The scholar Erik Dahmén believes that the earthquake resulted in a "creative destruction" for farmers of Southern Chile.

A large area of former pastures and cultivated fields around the lower course of Cruces River was permanently flooded as a result of c. 2 m of subsidence caused by the earthquake. Over the years the new wetlands were colonized chiefly by Egeria densa (luchecillo). Egeria densa and other plants created a rich aquatic ecosystem that attracted a permanent bird fauna, notably black-necked swans. The protected area of Carlos Anwandter Nature Sanctuary was created in 1981 to protect the ecosystem.

A whole neighbourhood of Corral, Corral Bajo was wiped by the tsunami, while the nearby upper area, Corral Alto, suffered the loss of about 20 to 30% of its houses. Among the material loses were a series stilt houses between Corral Bajo and Amargos. After the earthquake many families in Corral relocated to the neighbourhood of La Aguada.

The economy of the coastal town of Queule had during the 1950s developed significantly. Its economy based on fishing, agriculture and industry had grown. Queule was connected by road in 1957 to the rest of the country and the town had developed into a balneario (resort town). This era of prosperity ended with the 1960 earthquake.

Further north the earthquake destroyed numerous houses in the coal-mining town of Lebu.

The coal mine of Pupunahue suffered severe damage which led to coal production recovering to "acceptable levels" only by 1963.

Creation of a national emergency management agency
After the earthquake, the Chilean Ministry of Economics began to develop a comprehensive reconstruction plan. The efforts of President Alessandri led to the creation of a new institutionality in order to facilitate future emergency preparation and to tackle the country's recovery after the earthquake. The then-newly named Ministry of Economics and Reconstruction was given the task of coordinating rebuilding efforts in joint venture with CORFO, an existing Chilean agency for the promotion of economic growth. Concomitantly, a ministerial-level committee, COPERE (Comisión de Planificación de la Economía y de Reconstrucción), was officially named as the government's Planning and Reconstruction Committee. CORFO acted the secretariat of the committee and was entrusted with the preparation of the reconstruction plan and its detailed execution. COPERE had also been entrusted with coordinating provincial activities while CORFO remained the technical secretariat of those provincial committees. A comprehensive national plan for emergencies that helped Chile better prepare for future disasters was enacted, in conjunction with legislation that increased the powers of the President in times of national emergency. CORFO also created the National Company of Telecommunications (ENTEL) out of a pressing need to improve and modernize communication efforts in times of disaster.

In 1974, after the 1971 eruption of Villarrica volcano, COPERE was officially succeeded by ONEMI (Ministry of Interior National Emergency Office)—Chile's modern-day emergency management agency—when it was authorized by law as an independent governmental office by President Salvador Allende.

Human sacrifice
In the coastal village Collileufu (La Araucanía Region), native Lafkenches carried out a human sacrifice during the days following the main earthquake. Collileufu is located in the Budi Lake area, south of Puerto Saavedra, which was highly isolated in 1960. The Mapuche spoke primarily Mapudungun. The community had gathered in Cerro La Mesa, while the lowlands were struck by successive tsunamis. Juana Namuncura Añen, a local machi, demanded the sacrifice of the grandson of Juan Painecur, a neighbor, in order to calm the earth and the ocean. The victim was 5-year-old José Luis Painecur, an "orphan" (huacho) whose mother had gone to work as a domestic worker in Santiago and left her son under the care of his father.

The sacrifice was learned about by authorities after a boy in the commune of Nueva Imperial denounced to local leaders the theft of two horses; these were allegedly eaten during the sacrifice ritual. Two men were charged with the crime of murder and confessed, but later recanted. They were released from prison after two years. A judge ruled that those involved had "acted without free will, driven by an irresistible natural force of ancestral tradition". The story was mentioned in a Time magazine article, although with little detail.

Previous and subsequent earthquakes
An earthquake of similar magnitude occurred in this area around 1800 BC, as has been determined by dating charcoal and shells washed into the Atacama Desert by the tsunami. This apparently caused the hunter-gatherers of the area to stop living near the coast for the next thousand years or so.

There is evidence that a similar earthquake and landslide occurred in 1575 in Valdivia. This earthquake was of similar strength and also caused a Riñihuazo. According to the chronicle of Mariño de Lobera, corregidor of Valdivia in 1575, a landslide blocked the outflow of the lagoon of Renigua. Several months later in April, it caused a flood. He said that the Spanish settlers had evacuated and waited on high ground until after the dam burst, but many aboriginals died in the flood waters. While the 1575 earthquake is considered the one most similar to that of 1960, it differed in not having caused any tsunami in Japan.

Other lesser earthquakes that preceded the 1960 event occurred in 1737 and 1837.

On 27 February 2010 at 03:34 local time, an 8.8 magnitude earthquake occurred just to the north (off the coast of the Maule region of Chile, between Concepción and Santiago). This quake was reported to be centered approximately 35 km deep and several miles off shore. It may have been related or consequential to the 1960 Valdivia quake, the strongest as recorded using modern technology. This 2010 earthquake was the largest to affect Valdivia since the 1960 event. Thirty five houses were severely damaged and some 44 other suffered reparable damage. A survey showed that 434 persons in Valdivia had their homes damaged by the earthquake. The damages were to areas of poor soil quality, chiefly former wetlands and artificial fills. Some sidewalks near the river shore in Valdivia cracked and collapsed much like in the 1960 earthquake. Overall the 2010 damages in Valdivia were few and highly localized.

title: 1960 Valdivia earthquake


text:
Talk:Pesticide poisoning

Initial comments
Working on this in spare time; it may take several days for it to fill out. All are welcome to assist. The outline is only a suggestion. Pollinator 16:59, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)

The other animals section could use the example of the lobster poisoning in the US, when trying to control WNE. raptor 05:18, 23 September 2006 (UTC)

I'm a little busy at the moment but if anyone wants to mention it there's a reference in the Malathion article: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malathion#Instances_of_use raptor 14:24, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

______________ I have added some human health related material. There is a tremendous amount out there and I have barely scratched the surface in the entry.

at school today we are doing about pesticides —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.206.224.122 (talk) 14:52, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

- Emergency numbers provided presume that the reader is American. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.161.49.21 (talk) 22:05, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

This page needed a Wikiproject
I added this page to the Medicine project. It needs a WHOLE lot of work, so hopefully someone in the project can work on it. Mmagdalene722 (talk) 15:25, 2 November 2009 (UTC) I felt like I had to bump down its class rating, too. It doesn't have a whole lot of material to speak of. MMagdalene722 talk to me  18:10, 5 November 2009 (UTC)

Overly biased toward the United States
All of the regulation discussed here is specifically American - this article needs to discuss pesticide poisoning from a global perspective. I'm adding a "globalize" tag to the page. Mmagdalene722 (talk) 15:35, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

This is written like a handbook
This whole article looks like a (poorly-written) physician's handbook for pesticide poisonings (WP:NOTHOWTO; WP:NOTTEXTBOOK). The article needs some serious work, and probably needs to be completely re-vamped (or just re-written). Mmagdalene722 (talk) 20:20, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

Beginning re-write
I'm going to see what I can do about tackling the task of re-vamping this article. Input and assistance is welcome, but please refer to the Wikipedia MOS for medicine-related articles. MMagdalene722 talk to me  15:38, 3 December 2009 (UTC)

Impact of recent student edits
This article has recently been edited by students as part of their course work for a university course. As part of the quality metrics for the education program, we would like to determine what level of burden is placed on Wikipedia's editors by student coursework.

If you are an editor of this article who spent time correcting edits to it made by the students, please tell us how much time you spent on cleaning up the article. Please note that we are asking you to estimate only the negative effects of the students' work. If the students added good material but you spent time formatting it or making it conform to the manual of style, or copyediting it, then the material added was still a net benefit, and the work you did improved it further. If on the other hand the students added material that had to be removed, or removed good material which you had to replace, please let us know how much time you had to spend making those corrections. This includes time you may have spent posting to the students' talk pages, or to Wikipedia noticeboards, or working with them on IRC, or any other time you spent which was required to fix problems created by the students' edits. Any work you did as a Wikipedia Ambassador for that student's class should not be counted.

Please rate the amount of time spent as follows:
 * 0 -No unproductive work to clean up
 * 1 - A few minutes of work needed
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Please also add any comments you feel may be helpful. We welcome ratings from multiple editors on the same article. Add your input here. Thanks! -- LiAnna Davis (WMF) (talk) 20:30, 27 May 2012 (UTC)

Other studies
This could also be considered relevant, though more authoritive material should perhaps be cited: WWF research 15:34, 16 March 2014 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Terry nyorks (talk • contribs)

"long-term low-level exposure"
This is a point important because of its controversy. It is mentioned in the lede and then mentioned again in the body without any information or source. Is it dangerous to eat produce with pesticide residual, or not? If there is no source to say it is, then it should be removed as anecdotal, no? --Richardson mcphillips (talk) 00:00, 12 March 2015 (UTC)

 * Pesticide residues in food are not the only sources of long-term low-level exposure mentioned. The sentence in the lede says "... The third type of poisoning is a long-term low-level exposure, which individuals are exposed to from sources such as pesticide residues in food as well as contact with pesticide residues in the air, water, soil, sediment, food materials, plants and animals." I have added four sources that discuss exposures in food and drinking water and other sources. Carlstak (talk) 00:54, 12 March 2015 (UTC)

yes, controversy is the reason it is important to inform people about how ALL OUR FOOD IS POISONED. there's literally no fresh, clean, unpoisoned juicy organic fruit commercially available in the developed world today. and for some extremely weird reason, very few people care. maybe because they are all meat eaters, milk drinkers, etc. poor vegans like me have nothing but poison in our food. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.141.23.125 (talk) 10:23, 10 November 2018 (UTC)

Reference disaster!
A student or students used a wrong method of adding citations, resulting in reference numbers linking to the listed references and the same numbers linking to entirely different references that do not appear in the list of references. The wrongly formated references appear in the text of the article as not superscipted [#]. In editing mode, they lack the ref and /ref at beginning and end of each citation. Instead, have [link to citation]. David notMD (talk) 17:22, 28 October 2017 (UTC)
 * I removed the recent edits given the scope of them. There's also a lot of jargon and sometimes a US centric focus going on. There may be salvageable content in those edits, but I have a bit of catching up to do in other areas before checking them over myself. Kingofaces43 (talk) 20:57, 28 October 2017 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Health and the Environment in the Central Valley
— Assignment last updated by PacCore1 (talk) 18:11, 14 November 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Toxicology
— Assignment last updated by Ash.cobbler (talk) 15:28, 15 November 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: ENV H 453 Industrial Hygiene
— Assignment last updated by KF21UW (talk) 23:09, 8 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pesticide poisoning