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User talk:Bernhard.kaindl

On this page, I try to give a short sketch of some stations of my life, related to IT.

Early days
I was born 1971 in Graz, Austria and started programming as a hobby in 1986 using an MSX home computer in BASIC and machine language. By 1990, I upgraded to personal computers, where I programmed using Quick Basic and Turbo Pascal. After taking a course for C and studying man pages and books on SQL and Unix, I switched from working as an industrial electrician and  instrumentation technologist for maintaining process control and feedback control systems in a paper mill to programming for a living.

UNIX Programming
My first programming work was done in the early 90s on UNIX-Servers (SCO UNIX release 3.2 version 4.2 and HP-UX 9.04) to create SQL database applications at local companies. I became also proficient in UNIX system and network administration.

My first production deployment of Free Software was the installation of Samba on UNIX servers, obsoleting the requirement to use PC-NFS software on the clients and thereby curing and printing problems which were caused by bugs in the PC software.

Initial use of Linux
I replaced a modem terminal which was running on DOS with a Linux-based dial-on demand router which handled many dial-out and call-back calls in parallel and later configured it to also provide dial-up access to the Internet.

I also used Linux to connect two company buildings using Ethernet bridging (for NT authentication) which I converted to a router later. I also did a bit of prototype programming in Java, but in the same year (1998), I moved to Germany and started to work for SuSE to work on improving their Linux distribution.

Time at SuSE
Like everybody, I had to do 6 months of customer support and then I started with maintenance of RPM packages. After becoming the maintainer of pppd, I became responsible for dial-up (execpt for i4l).

By 2000, thanks to my integration of wvdial, dial-up was working smoothly and I was looking for new challenges, but not for a long time: At the same time, IBM released Linux for S/390, and since I was becoming curious of the technology of IBM mainframes, I took the challenge to build up a the platform of SuSE Linux for big iron.

I was the principal developer of the project and Joachim Schroeder (who recently moved to Red Hat) worked with me on the setup of the machines. This distribution became the first version of SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES). After some involvement in the software patent debate in Europe, I wanted to work with more common hardware again, and I'm now working on kernel-related tasks for AMD which incude for example kernel debugging over FireWire.

Kernel contributions (best of)

 * In October 1995 (16 years ago), I published a prototype of a new Linux Lernel configuration tool which added menus to the Linux Kernel configuration. This method was picked up as the method to provide a menu-oriented way to configure the features of the Linux kernel.
 * In June 1997, I fixed pre-emtive scheduling when an development kernel for SMP machines was running on a non-APIC board
 * In 1999, Linux kernel 2.2.10 simply seemed to kernel dead-lock when getting out of memory, machines simply stopped when the out-of-memory situation was reached when a large swap partition was used. I worked with Andrea Arcangeli fixing the issue. It turned out to be an off-by-one swap space computation error in the kernel code for the new swap partition format for swap partitions larger than 128MB which brought the out-of-memory handler in the kernel to a stop. The fix was merged by Alan Cox placing me as author into his 2.2.10ac11 kernel tree.
 * In 2002, I worked with Neale Ferguson from Software AG on fixing Linux kernel and gcc issues found by him doing porting and QA of the Tamino XML database server on Linux and fixed a SMP race condition in the Unix System V message queues of the Linux Kernel (The fix has been merged in with Linux 2.4.21pre3-ac3)
 * In 2003, an exploit for a security hole in the Linux kernel which could be used on many SMP machines to gain root permissions was published on the Internet. It managed to trigger an SMP race condition in interaction between the ptrace system call and the kernel module loader. In theory, it could also be used in a preemptive Linux kernels.
 * A quick fix required and provided Red Hat developers.
 * Their fix had side effects which caused some grief: Process monitoring of suid tasks was broken and it became impossible to debug such programs and debugged processes could even become stuck or unkillable.
 * I analyzed the issues and produced a fix which only kept the changes required to fix the security hole, but not break process monitoring or debugging.
 * This resulted in some public discussion with well-known kernel hackers from Red Hat, including Alan Cox, but in the end he accept what my fix wasn't flawed, and we used it to fix the SUSE distribution's kernel.
 * Weeks later, the Linux-2.4 Kernel maintainer Marcelo Tosatti required a fix for the official 2.4 kernel and asked me what the latest status was and so my fix entered mainline with 2.6.21-rc2 after having been in use in the official SUSE kernel update for a while.
 * It was the most prominent fix in this release because the stakes to not compromise security but to allow debugging and tracing were very very high and it was needed to find a correct, safe fix which did not pose security risks while not by breaking backwards compatibility.
 * Years later, a young student showed up in my office and told me that this inspired him to get involved with kernel hacking as he saw that even comparably unknown people can stand up and convince people.
 * Thread with an initial description and inclusion of a fix which does not have the most prominent side effects
 * Mail in which I describe how the ptrace security issue is fixed correctly

FLOSS and Linux Kernel contributions (striving to be complete)
In 1995, I started to work on contributions to the Linux-Kernel. This list only contains what can be publically described. Fork which I have done on Linux on zSeries such as adapting the kernel and tools it support 4k HW sector size (mostly in LVM, which was not yet in mainline at that time) and to make reiserfs (was also not yet in mainline Linux at that time), I have not found public traces, I could only try to provide the changelogs or find the old patches and put them on-line).

1997: 1999: 2003: 2004: 2006: 2007:
 * Announcement of a prototype of a new linux kernel configuration sheme which introduced menus into kernel configuration. It was adopted for the Linux kernel with the derivative follow-up tools menuconfig and xconfig in which I was also involved and for which I provided fixes and updates as well.
 * I ported the driver for DigiBoard microprocessor-driven multiport serial cards to the virtual memory mapping sceme of Linux-2.1 and implemented the use of the driver as a kernel module with module parameters for configuration. For the first time, the driver could be (re)configured without a reboot.
 * Simple patch to fix undefined symbols in Linux-2.1.30
 * 2 June 1997: Fixed pre-emtive scheduling when an SMP kernel was running on a single-CPU board (in APIC emulation mode)
 * While not being a kernel contribution, it's just nice to see that I had a Gigabit Ethernet running in April 1999 (yes, we had got to use it at SuSE at that time already! - The following year, our internal backbones and servers were connected using 1000mbps glass fiber) and we used ExtremeWare switches with two (at that time) Gbit Ethernet ports, at first one, then two coupled together and ended up using ACEnic GbitE cards
 * fix oops because of overloaded module
 * patch for reinstating the old buffer code of 2.2.0pre3 into 2.2.10 - workaround for a OOM deadlock
 * fixed a swap space computation error, adopted with 2.2.10ac11
 * In 2002, I worked with Neale Ferguson from Software AG on fixing Linux kernel and gcc issues found by him doing porting and QA of the Tamino XML database server on Linux and fixed a SMP race condition in the Unix System V message queues of the Linux Kernel (The fix has been merged in with Linux 2.4.21pre3-ac3)
 * Around 2.4.20, a security hole in a very central place was discovered: An SMP race condition concerning an interaction between the ptrace system call and the kernel module loader which could (in theory) also be triggered in a preemptive kernel presented local users with the possibility to gain root permission. A quick fix was released by Red Hat developers. Unfortunately, they used the big hammer to fix it and not a well calibrated approach. Their fix had side effects which caused some grief: It prevented access to /proc/ /cmdline for some tasks and made it impossible to debug some programs. I analyzed the issue and limited the fix to what was sensible to do but still safe. This resulted in some public discussion with well-known kernel hackers from Red Hat, including Alan Cox. In the end, he had to accept what was correct. Weeks later, the Linux-2.4 Kernel maintainer Marcelo Tosatti required a fix for the official 2.4 kernel and asked me what the latest status was and so my fix entered mainline with 2.6.21-rc2 after having been in use in the official SUSE kernel update for a while. It was the most prominent fix in this release because the stakes to not compromise security but to allow debugging and tracing were very very high and it was needed to find a balance which does not pose security risks while not by breaking backwards compatibility. Years later, this prompted a student to show up in my office to tell me that this inspired him to get involved with kernel hacking as he saw that even comparably unknown people can stand up and convince people.
 * Thread with an initial description and inclusion of a fix which does not have the most prominent side effects
 * Mail in which I describe how the ptrace security issue is fixed correctly
 * Fixed a Cardbus card memory assignment problem for 64-bit machines
 * patch to enable pci=assign-busses on certain Notebooks which need this set to be able to detect Cardbus cards.
 * Description of my patch which generically fixes this issue for all machines which are affected
 * Official submission of the patch by Dominik Brodowski, the responsible maintainer
 * I started work on Linux kernel debugging over FireWire and gave a workshop at LinuxTag. The workshop announcement also includes my speaker biography.
 * I developed an early initialization routine for OHCI1394 FireWire controllers to enable kernel debugging of early boot issues over FireWire, submitted it, and Ingo Molnar said: "cool stuff" and added it to the x86 tree pending further review. It has has since been added to the release candidate series for the next official release of the Linux kernel.

title: User talk:Bernhard.kaindl


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Irrlicht Engine

Irrlicht (pronounced in German) is an open-source game engine written in C++. It is cross-platform, officially running on Windows, macOS, Linux and Windows CE and due to its open nature ports to other systems are available, including FreeBSD, Xbox (up to Irrlicht version 1.8.1), PlayStation Portable, Symbian, iPhone, AmigaOS 4, Sailfish OS via a Qt/QML wrapper, and Google Native Client.

Irrlicht is known for its small size and compatibility with new and older hardware alike, ease of learning, and a large friendly community. Unofficial bindings for many languages exist including AutoIt, C++Builder, FreeBASIC, GameMaker Language, Java, Lua, .NET,  Object Pascal (Delphi),  Perl, Python,  and Ruby, though most of them have not been maintained for five years or more.

Irrlicht's development began in 2003 with one developer, Nikolaus Gebhardt. Only after the 1.0 release of Irrlicht in 2006 did the team grow to ten members as of 2011, most of them being developers.

Irrlicht is a common German term for a will-o'-the-wisp.

Features
Irrlicht supports 3D rendering via OpenGL, DirectX 8, 9 and internal software rasterizers. DirectX 8 will not be supported after 1.8.1, effectively ending support for Xbox. External renderers and windowing systems plug in through simple interfaces, giving rise to a community-made Simple DirectMedia Layer (SDL) video driver and support for iPhone and Symbian devices. The engine comes with a library of standard material renderers, allowing fallback materials where user hardware is unable to handle advanced methods. New materials can be added to the engine at run-time, allowing users to write their own as needed. In addition to legacy fixed-function pipeline materials, programmable Pixel and Vertex Shaders (1.1 to 3.0 and 4.0 using GLSL), ARB Fragment and Vertex Programs, HLSL, Cg and GLSL materials are supported.

Irrlicht supports many file formats. It will load and display 3ds Max files, Quake 2 MD2 Models, Wavefront .obj objects, Quake 3 .bsp maps, Milkshape3D objects, and DirectX .x files. Additional format loaders have been written as external plugins. Lights, cameras and 3D objects are managed as a tree of Scene Nodes, arbitrary groupable entities linked together in a scene graph. These nodes are responsible for their own behaviour, but can also be managed by animators, each other, or manually by users.

Many built-in node types exist and can be used together to make complex indoor and outdoor scenes. New nodes are trivial to make and can be added at runtime; many additional node types are available from the community. Node types packaged with Irrlicht include a terrain renderer and sky domes-boxes for outdoor rendering, binary space partitioning (BSP) for indoor rendering, bone based animated meshes, stencil shadows, billboards and particle systems, water surfaces and primitives.

A skinnable 2D graphical user interface (GUI) is available, supporting many controls and the ability for users to plug in their own (or community made) custom widgets at runtime. Irrlicht's internal event system provides mouse, keyboard, joystick and GUI events without having to rely on additional libraries.

Filesystem access is abstracted allowing platform-independent file and folder access, and transparent access to files within ZIP archives. Other I/O features include an XML reader and writer, the ability to take screenshots, manipulate images and meshes and then save them in several different file formats.

Irrlicht provides support for simple collision detection including mouse picking, but users are advised that this is not intended as a replacement for a full featured physics engine.

Engine extensions
Irrlicht was designed to be able to load and save the current scene to an XML file; this combined with the engine's open-source licensing model has attracted various programmers and developers to create world editors for Irrlicht to simplify the world-creation process. One such example is the irrEdit world editor, developed by Nikolaus Gebhardt and other members of the company Ambiera. IrrEdit contains a radiosity lightmap generator and a scripting interface using Squirrel scripts.

Since Irrlicht does not support sound by itself, Ambiera has also developed irrKlang, a non-free, proprietary audio library with an API similar to Irrlicht. Being developed by the same group, irrEdit supports the use of sounds in levels made by irrEdit for use with irrKlang-enabled compiled DLLs. Also, among Ambiera's creations is irrXML, Irrlicht's XML parser.

Many physics libraries have had plugins and wrappers written for Irrlicht, including Nvidia PhysX, Bullet, and Open Dynamics Engine.

More extensions can be found in the Irrlicht forums and in the irrExt project, a side-project of Irrlicht for special purpose add-ons.

There are also some new technologies in forums such as Deferred shading or Shadow mapping. Many users contribute extensions such as Compute Shaders (OpenGL 4.3) and Tessellation Shaders (Shader Model 5.0).

Projects using it

 * Arena of Honor, 3D deathmatch first-person shooter
 * Amulet of tricolor, a 2D game
 * Bolzplatz 2006 by Xenoage Software, a soccer game.
 * Bugsnax, a monster collection adventure game.
 * Build A World EDU an educational scenario-based game; however it uses its own extremely modified and stripped-down version of Irrlicht
 * Craft The World 2014 by Dekovir Entertainment, a sandbox game that combine mechanics from Terraria and Dungeon Keeper games
 * Eve, a robot simulator by the Biologically Inspired Robotics Group (BIRG) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne.
 * Galactic Dream: Rage of War, a commercial space strategy game by Evolution Vault
 * Gekkeiju Online, a gratuitous fantasy multi user role playing game
 * H-Craft Championship, an open source SciFi racing game
 * irrlamb, a 3D physics game
 * Minetest, an open-world-game similar to Minecraft (Using a fork specialized for it)
 * Octodad: Dadliest Catch, a comedic fatherhood simulator
 * Project Chrono
 * Schwarzerblitz, a 3-D fighting game released in 2019 for Windows PC. It's heavily inspired by Dead or Alive and Soul Calibur
 * Sokoban Challenge, a 3D remake of the classic puzzle game Sokoban for Android
 * Star Ruler, a 4X game in space
 * SuperTuxKart (since version 0.7), a 3D kart racing game; though since version 0.9, STK uses an extremely heavily modified version of Irrlicht, including a whole new OpenGL 3-based renderer called "Antarctica"
 * Tetris (iOS version), a Tetris game from EA Mobile.
 * The End Of Dyeus, an open-world adventure game

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Irrlicht Engine


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Boreogadus saida

Boreogadus saida, known as the polar cod or as the Arctic cod,  is a fish of the cod family Gadidae, related to the true cod (genus Gadus). Another fish species for which both the common names Arctic cod and polar cod are used is Arctogadus glacialis.

B. saida has a slender body, a deeply forked tail, a projecting mouth, and a small whisker on its chin. It is plainly coloured with brownish spots and a silvery body. It grows to a length of 40 cm. This species is found further north than any other fish (beyond 84°N) with a distribution spanning the Arctic seas off northern Russia, Alaska, Canada, and Greenland.

This fish is most commonly found at the water's surface, but is also known to travel at depths greater than 900 m. The polar cod is known to frequent river mouths. It is a hardy fish that survives best at temperatures of 0 –, but may tolerate colder temperatures owing to the presence of antifreeze protein compounds in its blood. They group in large schools in ice-free waters.

B. saida feeds on plankton and krill. It is in turn the primary food source for narwhals, belugas, ringed seals, and seabirds. They are fished commercially in Russia.

Although very populous throughout the Arctic Ocean, it still can be a victim to population threats through human actions. Global warming has increased steadily over the past years, and it has caused an increase in ocean temperatures of the Arctic Ocean. Boreogadus saida live in extremely cold water temperatures, and therefore they have adapted to the cold. Their larvae must be in 3 °C to hatch normally, and a rise in ocean temperatures can easily lead to phenotypic changes of this cod species. Possible alterations of the species due to increasing ocean temperatures include, smaller size, reduced fecundity, earlier maturation, and increased investment in reproduction at an early age for some.

title: Boreogadus saida


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Rhön Mountains

The Rhön Mountains are a group of low mountains (or Mittelgebirge) in central Germany, located around the border area where the states of Hesse, Bavaria and Thuringia come together. These mountains, which are at the extreme southeast end of the East Hesse Highlands (Osthessisches Bergland), are partly a result of ancient volcanic activity. They are separated from the Vogelsberg Mountains by the river Fulda and its valley. The highest mountain in the Rhön is the Wasserkuppe (950.2 m), which is in Hesse. The Rhön Mountains are a popular tourist destination and walking area.

Origins
The name Rhön is often thought to derive from the Celtic word raino (=hilly), but numerous other interpretations are also possible. Records of the monks at Fulda Abbey from the Middle Ages describe the area around Fulda as well as more distant parts of the Rhön as Buchonia, the land of ancient beech woods. In the Middle Ages beech was an important raw material. Large scale wood clearing resulted in the "land of open spaces" (Land der offenen Fernen), 30% of which, today, is forested.

Location
Lying within the states of Hesse, Bavaria and Thuringia, the Rhön is bounded by the Knüll to the northwest, the Thuringian Forest to the northeast, the Grabfeld to the southeast, Lower Franconia to the south, the Spessart forest to the southwest and the Vogelsberg mountains to the west.

Division by type of volcanic activity
Based on the effects of ancient volcanic activity, the Rhön can be divided into the "Anterior Rhön" (Vorderrhön), the "Kuppen Rhön" (geographical region 353, Kuppenrhön) and the "High Rhön" (354, Hohe Rhön).

The terms "Anterior Rhön" (Vorderrhön) and "Kuppen Rhön" (Kuppenrhön or Kuppige Rhön) are somewhat misleading, since the "Anterior Rhön" also consists mainly of Kuppen or low mountains with dome-shaped summits. The name has genuine historic origins: the "Anterior Rhön", as viewed from Thuringia, forms the foothills (or anterior part) of the mountain region.

In this gently rolling landscape numerous individual dome-shaped mountains rise on both sides of the border of Hesse and Thuringia and also, in some places, in Bavaria. These Kuppen are the remnants of ancient volcanos or volcanic activity.

Natural region divisions
The Rhön and its immediate declivities are divided by the Handbook of the Natural Region Divisions of Germany into the following natural regions:

 * (to 35 East Hesse Highlands (Osthessisches Bergland)
 * 353 Anterior and Kuppen Rhön (Vorder- und Kuppenrhön) (with the Landrücken)
 * 353.0 Hessian Landrücken (Hessischer Landrücken)
 * 353.1 Western Rhön Foreland (Westliches Rhönvorland)
 * 353.2 Western and Eastern Kuppen Rhön (Westliche und Östliche Kuppenrhön)
 * 353.20 Brückenau Kuppenrhön (Brückenauer Kuppenrhön, to 660.4 m)
 * 353.21 Milseburg Kuppenrhön (Milseburger Kuppenrhön, to 835.2 m)
 * 353.22 Soisberg Kuppenrhön (Soisberger Kuppenrhön, to 718.5 m)
 * 353.23 Middle Ulster Valley (Mittleres Ulstertal)
 * 353.24 Auersberg Kuppenrhön (Auersberger Kuppenrhön to 756.8 m)
 * 353.25 (?) Middle Felda Valley (Mittleres Feldatal)
 * 353.26 (?) Anterior Rhön (Vordere Rhön, to 750.7 m)
 * 353.3 Eastern Rhön Foreland (Östliches Rhönvorland)
 * 354 High Rhön (Hohe Rhön)
 * 354.0 Southern High Rhön (Südliche Hochrhön) (Umweltatlas Hessen: Südliche Hohe Rhön)
 * 354.00 Dammersfeld Ridge (Dammersfeldrücken, to 927.9 m)
 * 354.01 Black Mountains (Schwarze Berge, to 839.4 m)
 * 354.02 Kreuzberg Group (to 927.8 m)
 * 354.1 Central Rhön (Umweltatlas Hessen: Hochrhön)
 * 354.10 Wasserkuppenrhön (to 950.0 m)
 * 354.11 Long Rhön (to 925.7 m)
 * 354.12 Eastern slope of the Long Rhön (to 739.8 m)
 * 354.13 Upper Ulster Valley
 * (to 355 Fulda-Haune Tableland)
 * 355.3 Haune Plateau
 * 355.30 Rombach Plateau
 * 355.31 Haune Valley (and Hünfeld Basin)
 * 355.32 Buchenau Plateau
 * (zu 357 Fulda-Werra Uplands)
 * 357.20 Seulingswald
 * (to 358 Salzungen Werra Upland)
 * 359.0 Stadtlengsfeld Hills (Stadtlengsfelder Hügelland)
 * (to 13 Main-Franconian Plateaux (Mainfränkische Platten)
 * (to 1381 Grabfeld)
 * 1381.0 Western Grabfeld
 * (to 1382 Werra Gäu Plateaux (Werra-Gäuplatten or Meininger Kalkplatten)
 * 1382.0
 * 1382.00 Mellrichstadt Gäu (Mellrichstädter Gäu)
 * 1382.01 Bibra Saddle
 * 1382.? Dreißigacker-Sülzfeld Rhön Foothills (Dreißigacker-Sülzfelder Rhönabdachung)
 * (to 14 Odenwald, Spessart and South Rhön)
 * 141 South Rhön (Südrhön)

High Rhön
The High Rhön (Hohe Rhön or Hochrhön) is that part of the central Rhön that lies in Hesse, Bavaria, and to a lesser extent in Thuringia; it covers an area of 344 km2 Landscape fact files by the BfN (c.f. section on Natural region division) and is up to 950.0 m and whose highland plateaux with elevations starting at 600 to 700 m are covered by solid basalt. Its core area in the northeast used to be called the Plattenrhön. The High Rhön is a natural regional major unit in the East Hesse Highlands; see Natural regions.

The High Rhön has five main mountainous regions:

 * Wasserkuppen Rhön
 * Long Rhön (Lange Rhön)
 * Dammersfeld Ridge (Dammerfeldrücken)
 * Kreuzberg Group
 * Black Mountains (Schwarze Berge)

At the heart of the Rhön, albeit only the fourth highest summit of these mountains, is the Heidelstein (925.7 m) on the border between Bavaria and Hesse on the Rhine-Weser watershed. It forms the main high point on the plateau of the Long Rhön, which runs northeast over the Stirnberg (901.9 m) as far as the Ellenbogen (Schnitzersberg) (815.5 m) without crossing any significant lower ground. Within the Long Rhön the basalt layer is almost unbroken.

At the Heidelstein, another natural region, the Wasserkuppen Rhön, branches off in a north to northwesterly direction to the Rhön's highest summit, the Wasserkuppe (950.0 m), whose basalt likewise covers a wide area, but is broken in places by bunter sandstone and muschelkalk – in particular the basalt kuppen of the Weiherberg (785.7 m, northwest) and Ehrenberg (816.5 m northeast) are slightly separated from the rest.

Between the northeastern end of the Wasserkuppen Rhön at the Ehrenberg and the plateau of the Long Rhön from the Heidelstein to just beyond the Stirnberg is the Upper Ulster valley, which cuts into the bunter sandstone by up to about 300 m and divides the Plattenrhön in two.

The Long Rhön runs southwest along the main watershed to the Dammersfeld ridge which continues along the watershed via the Hohe Hölle (893.8 m) and Eierhauckberg (909.9 m) to the Dammersfeldkuppe (927.9 m), the ridge being clearly narrower than the Long Rhön and its basalt layer being interrupted several times. The Großer (808.6 m) and Kleiner Auersberg (about 808 m), separated by the valley of the Schmale Sinn, are also part of this natural region.

South of Heidelstein and Hoher Hölle the narrow head of the Brend valley near Bischofsheim forms the boundary with another mountain group of the High Rhön, the Kreuzberg Group, which contains the Arnsberg (843.1 m) and the Kreuzberg (927.8 m). In between these two mountains lies the source of the Sinn. This river, which forms a wide and deep valley head flanked by the Dammersfeld ridge, flows to the southwest.

On the other side of the Sinn valley, and southwest of the Kreuzberg Group, are the Black Mountains (Schwarze Berge), which include the Schwarzenberg (Feuerberg, 832.0 m) and Totnansberg (839.4 m). They are separated from the Kreuzberg Group by the narrow valley of the Premich's upper reaches, the Kellersbach.

Clearly different from the aforementioned ridges is the eastern slope of the Long Rhön, which forms the transition zone from the High Rhön to the muschelkalk region of the Mellrichstadt Gäu (Mellrichstädter Gäu), the eastern part of the Werra Gäu Plateaux. Individual domes rise from the descending Triassic beds east of the solid basalt covering of the Long Rhön in the interfluvials of the tributaries of the Franconian Saale between Brend and Streu, notably the Gangolfsberg (735.8 m) and the Rother Kuppe (710.6 m). This landscape bears a clear resemblance to the Kuppen Rhön.

The Wildflecken Training Area, which covers an area of 74 km2, equivalent to almost a quarter of the High Rhön, is not accessible to the public.

Kuppen Rhön
The 1,200 km2 of the "Kuppen Rhön in its narrow sense", to which the Anterior Rhön also belongs, is the wide outer fringe of markedly different relief, that circles around the High Rhön from the northeast (in Thuringia) through the northwest (in Hesse) to the southwest (with small parts in Bavaria). Numerous dome-shaped isolated mountains and hills rise above the valleys to 500 - 800 m, whose basalt covering is concentrated around the summit regions and does not blanket the entire landscape, as it does in the High Rhön. The domes or kuppen are the stumps of heavily weathered former volcanoes or volcanic pipes. Between pointed cones and broad domes lie many small plateaux, especially common in the Anterior Rhön.

Over a foundation of Middle Bunter sandstone lie stratigraphic sequences of Upper Bunter (Röt), muschelkalk and keuper, the last two rocks only surviving where they have been protected by an overlying sheet of basalt. Woods cover less than a third of the area and are largely restricted to the summit regions. Five natural regions may be distinguished:

 * Anterior Rhön
 * Auersberg Kuppenrhön
 * Soisberg Kuppenrhön with the Hessian Skittles
 * Milseburg Kuppenrhön
 * Brückenau Kuppenrhön

The eastern part of the Kuppen Rhön is the Thuringian Anterior Rhön, which reaches a height of 750.7 m at the huge plateau of the Gebaberg in the southeast. There is hardly any keuper escarpment there at all. The kuppen and plateaux rest directly on a bedrock of muschelkalk. This natural region runs northeast from the wide, pyramidal Pleß, 645.4 m, far into the Bunter sandstone of the Stadlengsfeld Hills that descend to the River Werra. In the west the Middle Felda Valley forms a natural boundary between Kaltensundheim in the south and below Dermbach in the north.

West of the Felda valley is the Auersberg Kuppenrhön (Auersberger Kuppenrhön), which lies mainly in Thuringia, but extends into Hesse in the southwest. This natural region runs from the town of Auersberg in the south, which gives the region its name, to the boundary with the Long Rhön at the Ellenbogen, 756.8 m. In the northeast of the region, the prominent kuppe of the Baier reaches a height of 713.9 m, but its northernmost summit is the popular viewing mountain of Oechsen. The western boundary is the Middle Ulster Valley between Hilders in the south and below Buttlar in the north.

West of the Ulster valley is the Soisberg Kuppenrhön (Soisberger Kuppenrhön), which lies mainly in Hesse, with elements in the southeast also extending into Thuringia. This region reaches a height of 629.9 m at the Soisberg in the north where the countryside is enclosed by the Seulingswald forest. It reaches even greater elevations in the extreme southeast, where the Habelberg (718.5 m) west of Tann stands opposite to and north of the Auersberg. This natural region is well known for the Hessian Skittles, a striking regular array of high, gently rounded, basalt cones up to 552.9 m. North and south of the skittles most of the kuppen in this natural region are also arranged in a row along the watershed between the Werra and the Fulda and between the Ulster and the Haune respectively. To the west they do not quite reach the Haune at the Haune Plateaux; to the south the Nüst valley below Obernüst forms a natural boundary.

The almost entirely Hessian range of the Milseburg Kuppenrhön (Milseburger Kuppenrhön), which bounds the Wasserkuppen Rhön, up to 950.0 m, south of the Nüst valley and west of the Ulster valley. Again the keuper escarpment is missing and even the muschelkalk only appears in islands around individual domes. The majority of the basalt and phonolite cones sit directly on the sandstones of the Middle Bunter. Cutting deeply into the sandstone, the rivers of the Haune and the Fulda flow westwards. The phonolitic cone of the Milseburg (835.2 m) is the only mountain in the Kuppen Rhön that exceeds the 800-metre-mark. Even the height of the Großer Nallenberg (768.3 m) south of the Fulda, is not reached in other parts of the region. To the southwest the area is bounded by the rocky sandstone of the Hoher Kammer (700.0 m), as it descends from the heights of the Dammersfeld ridge (up to 927.9 m).

Separated from the Kammer by the upper reaches of the Döllbach, the Döllau, the Große Haube (658.1 m) on the Rhine-Weser watershed opens the Brückenau Kuppenrhön, whose western half is in Hesse and whose eastern half is in Bavaria. The valleys of the Schmaler and Breiter Sinn running southwestwards, divide the natural region, which is clearly more heterogenous than the other ranges of the Kuppen Rhön, into three segments. In the west, the rugged plateaux of dolerite and basalt transition into the Landrücken, whilst the northeast of the Kleiner Auersberg (c. 808 m) leads up to the Dammersfeld ridge. Between the more rugged plateaux and ridges there are gently domed basalt intrusions that rise up, especially in the southeast, left of the Sinn near Bad Brückenau. The Dreistelzberg in the extreme south reaches 660.4 m.

Peaks
The most well-known peaks in the Rhön Mountains include:
 * Wasserkuppe 950.2 m, Hessian Rhön, highest peak in the High Rhön and in Hesse.
 * Dammersfeldkuppe 928 m, Bavarian-Hessian border, High Rhön.
 * Kreuzberg 927.8 m, Bavarian Rhön, High Rhön.
 * Heidelstein 925.7 m, Bavarian-Hessian border, High Rhön.
 * Himmeldunkberg 887.9 m, Bavarian-Hessian border, High Rhön.
 * Milseburg 835.2 m, Hessian Rhön, highest peak in the Kuppen Rhön.
 * Feuerberg 832 m, Bavarian Rhön.
 * Ellenbogen 814 m, Thuringian Rhön.
 * Gebaberg 751 m, Hohe Geba, Thuringian Rhön, highest peak in the Anterior Rhön.

Rivers
The following rivers rise in the Rhön Mountains or flow by or through them (length given in brackets):

 * The Franconian Saale (Fränkische Saale) 142 km – rises in Grabfeld, passes the southeast Rhön, flows southwest and into the River Main and therefore belongs to the catchment area of the River Rhine. The valley of the Franconian Saale in the area around Bad Neustadt forms part of the southeast border of the Rhön with the Grabfeld.
 * Streu 40 km – rises in the Rhön on the southern slopes of the Ellenbogen and flows southwards into the Franconian Saale.
 * The Brend 30 km – rises at Oberweißenbrunn in the Rhön, flows southeast into the Franconian Saale
 * The Premich 16 km – rises from numerous springs between the Kreuzberg and the Black Hills, and heads southeast to the Franconian Saale
 * The Thulba 31 km – rises on the Platzer Kuppe in the Rhön and flows southwards into the Franconian Saale
 * The Schondra 31 km – rises in the Rhön and heads south into the Franconian Saale
 * The Sinn 50 km – rises in the Rhön near Wildflecken and flows southwards into the Franconian Saale
 * The Fulda 218 km – rises in the Rhön on the Wasserkuppe and is the left headstream of the Weser. The valley of the Fulda in the area around the town of Fulda separates the Rhön from the Vogelsberg Mountains to the west.
 * The Haune 64 km – rises in the Rhön and flows north into the Fulda
 * The Lütter 16 km – rises below the Wasserkuppe and flows westwards into the Fulda
 * The Döllau 23.5 km – rises in the Rhön, and flows via the Fliede to the Fulda
 * The Werra 298 km – rises on the boundary between the Thuringian Forest and Thuringian Highlands, runs past the Rhön to the northeast and flows northwards. It is the right headstream of the Weser. The valley of the Werra between Bad Salzungen and Wasungen separates the Rhön from the Thuringian Forest to the east.
 * The Herpf 22 km – rises in the Rhön and flows east into the Werra.
 * The Ulster 56 km – rises in the Rhön and flows north into the Werra.
 * The Felda 40 km – rises in the Rhön and flows north into the Werra.

History
The name Rhön is believed to be of Celtic origin. A regional Celtic presence is well established, with an important Celtic town at Milseburg. Furthermore, there are circular embankments that could be both of Celtic and of Germanic origin in the Kuppenrhön on the Stallberg and the Kleinberg mountains. Many names of places, mountains and meadows in the Rhön likely have their origins in Celtic root words.

Up to the 10th century parts of the Rhön belonged to Altgau Buchonia. This term was coined by the Romans in Late Antiquity and described an ancient beech forest in the Rhön and the neighbouring low mountain ranges of the Spessart and Vogelsberg. Expansive stands of beech still exist today in the area.

Due to the far reaching view from the Rhön mountains, they became sites for hilltop castles in the Middle Ages. One example is Hauneck Castle (Burg Hauneck) on the Stoppelsberg, the ruins of which can still be seen. It served to oversee and protect traffic on the ancient road, the Antsanvia, as well as protecting the villages in the Haune valley.

In the Middle Ages the Würzburg Defences (landwehr) were erected on the Hochrhön for the protection of its farmers.

The Rhön was also home to the Christian Community known as the Bruderhof from 1926 to 1937 when it was dissolved by Nazi persecution.

Biosphere Reserve
In 1991 UNESCO declared parts of the Rhön a Biosphere Reserve on account of its unique high-altitude ecosystem.

Flora and fauna
As a result of its geography and geology the Rhön is an area with higher-than-average number of different habitats and species. But man, too, has generated valuable secondary habitats by creating a rich cultural landscape.

Plant life
Compared with other low mountain regions, the Rhön is particularly rich in plant varieties. Its natural vegetation would probably be dominated by beech woods with scattered groups of other trees, but today beech trees are very much in decline. A few of these ancient woods were identified as core elements of the Rhön biosphere reserve. The higher beech woods are a habitat for rare, sometimes isolated, species of plant such as the Alpine blue-sow-thistle, giant bellflower and annual honesty. The vegetation of the lower-lying beech woods has a mix of mountain and other varieties. In addition to common wildflowers like the martagon lily, lily of the valley, wild chervil and wild garlic, various orchids also flourish here including Cephalanthera orchids, the yellow coralroot, bird's-nest orchid, lady's slipper and lady orchid.

Only small areas of the Rhön landscape are essentially open: the raised bogs (Hochmoore), the rock outcrops and the stone runs. These habitats are home to highly specialised species. The raised bogs of the Long Rhön - the Red Moor (Rotes Moor) and the Black Moor (Schwarzes Moor) are floristically important links between the northern and Alpine raised bogs. Here, for example, can be found sundews, crowberry and cottongrass. Growing amongst the rocks of the volcanic mountains are rare species such as Cheddar pink, sweet william catchfly, oblong woodsia and fir clubmoss.

There are no naturally occurring coniferous forests in the Rhön, but notable species of wild flower such as the lady's slipper orchid, creeping lady's tresses and burning-bush are found in the forests of mixed pine.

The cultural landscape formed by humankind over the centuries also has a great variety of habitats and plants however, today, the extensive grassland areas are amongst the most threatened and heavily cultivated habitats. It is on the semi-arid grasslands and juniper heaths that the silver thistle, symbol of the Rhön region, grows, alongside gentians, pasque flowers and wood anemones, as well as orchids like the early purple, fragrant and fly orchids. Rarer flowers include the various bee orchids and the military, lady, burnt, green-winged, man, pyramidal, frog and lizard orchids. Along the southern fringes of the Rhön, on the so-called slopes of steppe heathland (Steppenheidenhängen) grow warmth-loving plants such as white rock-rose, erect clematis and honewort.

Amongst the most valuable habitats in the Rhön are the mountain meadows and fields of mat grass (Nardetum strictae) on the higher slopes. Characteristic plants here include the monkshood, northern wolfsbane, common moonwort, martagon lily, greater butterfly orchid, perennial cornflower and wig knapweed.

Bog-bean, grass of Parnassus' western marsh orchid and lousewort are found in the wet meadows and low marshes; and the extremely rare large brown clover, hairy stonecrop and Pyrenean scurvygrass in the springwater marshes of the Hohe Rhön.

Wildlife
The wildlife in the Rhön mountains is similar to that of other low mountain ranges, but there are also some unusual species. In addition to the more common mammals such as roe deer, fox, badger, hare and wild boar, there are also smaller mammals such as the dormouse, common water shrew and Miller's water shrew. One unusual regional species is the alpine shrew. Birds occurring here include the black grouse, the capercaillie, the black stork, the eagle owl, the corncrake, the red-backed shrike and the wryneck. There are also two species endemic to the Rhön: the rove beetle and a local snail, the Rhönquellschnecke (Bythinella compressa).

Rhön umbrella brand
The Dachmarke Rhön project (Rhön umbrella brand project) is run by the Rhön working group and its aim is to promote a common identity for the Rhön region and to present a unified view of the area to the outside world and to harmonise the marketing measures of the three participating federal states.

Tourism
These mountains are a popular tourist destination. Hikers come for the nearly 6000 km of trails, and gliding enthusiasts have been drawn to the area since the early 20th century. More recently, farm holidays have been flourishing in the region.

Attractions

 * Klaushof Wildlife Park in Bad Kissingen.
 * Botenlauben Castle Ruins in Bad Kissingen.
 * Black Moor
 * Kloster Kreuzberg - the monastery on the Kreuzberg.
 * Wasserkuppe - the highest mountain.
 * Observation Post Alpha - a former U.S. OP during the Cold War, now a memorial.

Villages and towns in the Rhön

 * Bad Brückenau
 * Bischofsheim an der Rhön
 * Burkardroth
 * Dipperz
 * Dermbach
 * Ebersburg
 * Ehrenberg
 * Eiterfeld
 * Friedewald
 * Fladungen
 * Geisa
 * Gersfeld (Rhön)
 * Hausen
 * Helmershausen
 * Hilders
 * Hofbieber
 * Hünfeld
 * Kaltennordheim
 * Nordheim vor der Rhön
 * Oberleichtersbach
 * Oechsen
 * Ostheim vor der Rhön
 * Poppenhausen
 * Riedenberg
 * Tann
 * Wildflecken

Towns in the vicinity of the Rhön
Towns and larger villages close to the Rhön are:

 * Bad Hersfeld
 * Bad Kissingen
 * Bad Bocklet
 * Bad Neustadt
 * Bad Salzungen
 * Eichenzell
 * Fulda
 * Künzell
 * Hammelburg
 * Hünfeld
 * Meiningen
 * Mellrichstadt
 * Vacha
 * Wasungen

Walks and hiking trails
There are well-marked walks and hiking trails in the Rhön which are looked after by the Rhön Club. The Rhön-Höhen-Weg ("Rhön Heights Walk" or RHW) is marked with a horizontal, red teardrop. It is 137 km long and runs from Burgsinn in Main-Spessart district through Roßbach, Dreistelz, Würzburger Haus on the Farnsberg, Kissinger Hütte on the Feuerberg, Kreuzberg (monastery), Oberweißenbrunn, through the Red and Black Moors, over the Ellenbogen and the Emberg via Oberalba, past Baier to Stadtlengsfeld and on to its destination at Bad Salzungen on the Werra River.

Other hiking trails are:
 * The Ortesweg ("Village Way") signposted with a 2/3-full red triangle and running from Kleinheiligkreuz over the Milseburg to Bad Neustadt 82.5 km
 * The Burgen- und Schlösserweg ("Castle Way") signed with a red triangle from Schlitz via Tann to Wasungen 96 km
 * The Milseburgweg ("Milseburg Way") marked with red triangles from Fulda via the Milseburg to Meiningen 67 km
 * The Wasserkuppenweg ("Wasserkuppen Way"), marked with red triangles, from Giesel over the Wasserkuppe towards Fladungen 96 km
 * The Heidelsteinweg ("Heidelstein Way"), from Neuhof via Gersfeld to Ostheim vor der Rhön 60 km
 * The Klosterweg ("Monastery Way") marked with red triangles from Schlüchtern via Wildflecken to Mellrichstadt 93 km
 * The Kreuzbergweg ("Kreuzberg Way") marked with red triangles from Schwarzenfels over the Kreuzberg to Bad Königshofen 96 km
 * The Jakobusweg ("Jacob's Way") from Fulda to Schweinfurt signed with blue shells 110 km
 * The Jakobusweg from Bremen in Thuringia to Herbstein signed with blue shells 83 km
 * The Abtsweg ("Abbot's Way") from Fulda to Hammelburg signed with a red teardrop 84 km
 * The Rhön-Paulus-Weg ("Rhön Paul Way") from Weilar via Tann to Dermbach marked with a 2/3-full green triangle 84 km
 * The Geological Walk on the Wasserkuppe
 * The Auersberg Nature Walk near Hilders
 * The Milseburg Prehistoric Walk
 * 10 circular walks in Thalau; a total of 160 km

In addition the following pass through the Rhön:
 * The Main-Werra Weg ("Main-Werra Way") from Gemünden over the Kreuzberg and Wasserkuppe to Vacha, signed with a red arrowhead 176 km
 * The Rhön-Rennsteig-Weg ("Rhön-Rennsteig Way") from the Wasserkuppe over the Geba to Oberhof 89 km, marked with a blue "RR" on a white background
 * European long-distance trail No. 3 via Fulda to Mellrichstadt, signed with a blue cross
 * European long-distance trail No. 6 via Hünfeld, Gersfeld to Bad Königshofen, signed with a white cross on a blue background

title: Rhön Mountains


text:
American Record Corporation

American Record Corporation (ARC), also referred to as American Record Company, American Recording Corporation, or ARC Records, was an American record company in operation from 1929 to 1938, and again from 1978 to 1982.

Overview
ARC was created in January 1929 by Louis G. Sylvester, president of Scranton Button Works ('Scranton'), founded 1885. Scranton owned a pressing plant that manufactured disks for many companies, including Columbia labels and Emerson Records, the latter which it also owned. It then purchased Cameo Record Corporation, which owned the Cameo, Lincoln and Romeo labels), and six labels owned by the Plaza Music Company (Conqueror, Banner, Domino, Jewel, Oriole, and Regal). for $1 each, including liabilities. Pathé-Perfect Phonograph and Radio Corporation, which owned Actuelle, Pathé, and Perfect, was also purchased. 'American Record Corporation' was incorporated in Delaware on July 25, 1929, as a subsidiary of Consolidated Film Industries, Inc. ("CFI"). Louis G. Sylvester became the president of the new company, located at 1776 Broadway in Manhattan, New York City.

Columbia Phonograph Company US ownership
In March 1925, Louis Sterling, managing director of the UK Columbia Graphophone Company, backed by J.P. Morgan & Co., acquired a controlling interest in the parent company, Columbia Phonograph Company (U.S.), for $2.5 million, in order to purchase the license for new Western Electric patents that Columbia US could not afford. The British firm controlled US operations from 1925 until 1931. Sterling, originally from New York, became chairman.

The repercussions of the stock market Crash of 1929 led to huge losses in the recording industry and, in March 1931, J.P Morgan, the major shareholder, steered the Columbia Graphophone Company (along with Odeon records and Parlophone, which it had owned since 1926) into a merger with the Gramophone Company ( ("His Master's Voice") to form Electric and Musical Industries Ltd (EMI). Since the Gramophone Company (HMV) was a wholly owned subsidiary of Victor, and Columbia in America was a subsidiary of UK Columbia, Victor now technically owned its largest rival in the US. To avoid antitrust legislation, EMI had to sell off its US Columbia operation, which continued to release pressings of matrices made in the UK.

In December, 1931, the U.S. Columbia Phonograph Company, Inc. was sold to the Grigsby-Grunow Company, the manufacturers of Majestic radios and refrigerators. When Grigsby-Grunow was declared bankrupt in November 1933, Columbia was placed in receivership, and in June 1934, the company was sold to Sacro Enterprises Inc. ("Sacro") for $70,000. Sacro was incorporated a few days before the sale in New York. Public documents do not contain any names. Many suspect that it was a shell corporation set up by ARC's parent, Consolidated Films Industries, Inc. to hold the Columbia stock. This assumption grew out of the ease which CFI later exhibited in selling Columbia in 1938.

Brunswick Radio Corporation purchased by Warner Brothers Pictures, Inc.
On April 9, 1930, the Brunswick-Balke-Collender Company sold its Brunswick and Vocalion trademarks, patents, master recordings, inventory of unsold records, recording studio leases, radio/phonograph manufacturing plants and record pressing plants to Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc. (WB), which named its new division the "Brunswick Radio Corporation." The price was $10,000,000.

According to a book co-authored by Jack Warner, Jr., Warner Bros. Pictures "bought the radio, record and phonograph divisions of Brunswick-Balke-Collender Company for the company's patents, its record factory, and its 16mm home talkie projector". Before they came to their senses, it was all moved across the country to WB's Sunset studio. WB soon realized it was a terrible mistake; it lost $8 million on the Brunswick deal.

Melotone, a subsidiary label of the Brunswick Radio Corporation, was introduced late in 1930. "Brunswick is the first of the big-three disc companies to go into the market shortly with a double-faced disc to sell at 25 cents. Plate is called the Melotone," reported Variety. "Policy of Melotone will be the biggest song, to be delivered as cheaply as possible. No literature or advertising campaigns; cheap nut, quantity is the goal."

WB wanted to withdraw from the record business, but economic conditions had deteriorated to the point where no buyer would offer anything close to the $10,000,000 they'd paid for Brunswick just the year before. Unwilling to take a huge loss, an agreement was entered into with Consolidated Film Industries, the parent company of ARC, on December 3, 1931, whereby the record company's artist and staff employment contracts were transferred, and the Brunswick, Vocalion and Melotone trademarks and catalog of master recordings were loaned, to the "Brunswick Record Corporation," a newly-formed holding company controlled by ARC.

While WB was to be paid a fee on sales of records pressed from Brunswick, Vocalion and Melotone masters recorded prior to December 3, 1931, ARC was permitted to release its own master recordings on the Brunswick, Vocalion and Melotone labels free of charge. The agreement effectively fixed the minimum retail price of a 10-inch Brunswick record at 75 cents, but allowed ARC free rein to set prices for Vocalion and Melotone (The price of Melotone nonetheless stayed at 25 cents.) In the event that fewer than 250,000 Brunswick records were pressed and sold in the U.S. and Canada during any one-year period, the agreement provided that control of the trademarks and catalog of Brunswick, Vocalion and Melotone masters recorded through December 2, 1931 would revert to WB. Brunswick would become ARC's premium label.

Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc. acquires American Record Corporation
On December 17, 1938, American Record Corporation was purchased for $700,000 by the Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc. (CBS). Edward Wallerstein was named president on January 3, 1939. On April 4, 1939 CBS filed an amendment in New York for Columbia Phonograph Company, Inc.

Columbia Phonograph Company, Inc., has been chartered to conduct a business in the recording of voices, sounds, etc., in New York, with Frank K. White and Adrian Murphy (employees of CBS), among the directors. Attorney Ralph F. CoUn, 165 Broadway, is third director. White owns four shares; the others three apiece. Capitol stock is $10;000, $10 par value. Rosenberg, Goldmlark & Colin, are filing attorneys.

Above incorporation represents the formal change of name of CBS' phonograph subsidiary. The American Record Co. tag is discarded and instead of three corporations embracing the ARC'S various operations there will be one, the Columbia Phonograph Co., Inc. The latter label was taken over by Herbert J. Yates, former head of the American Record Co. several years ago and made file insignia of the combine's classical catelog. The indications are that the Columbia label will be returned to the popular field, replacing Brunswick as the company's fee popular record.

On May 22, 1939, Columbia Recording Corporation, Inc., was incorporated with the State of Delaware, and became the CBS phonograph subsidiary. The New York Department of State shows a later incorporation date of April 4, 1947. This corporation changed its name to Columbia Records, Inc. on October 11, 1954, and reverted to CRC on January 2, 1962.

Columbia Recording Corporation
In February 1939, "American Record Co., now the child of the Columbia Broadcasting System, will shortly' move its recording division from its present location on upper-Broadway, New York, to a site conveniently near the Madison avenue home of its new parent". Studios were established at 799 7th Avenue, New York City, along with corporate offices at 1473 Barnum Avenue, Bridgeport, CT. Also in February, John Hammond was hired by Wallerstein as Associate Director Popular Recording. Another executive from ARC, Art Satherley, was not expected to transition over as easily. "It is understood that CBS and the Levys are not interested in retaining American Record's hillbilly department, and that Art Satherly, who has been running this section for many years, will take it out of the company with him". Fortunately, to the delight of many, this did not happen, and Art went on to many more successful years.

Hammond hired Benny Goodman away from Victor to record for the Columbia label. Then came an announcement August 30, 1939, "Columbia drops its Brunswick label at 75c in favor of a 50c platter tagged Columbia, with the issuing of the first of the platters cut by Benny Goodman Sept 3". Brunswick was gradually phased out, the final issue being Brunswick 8520, in April 1940. On December 27, "Columbia Records expects to shift quite a list of artists from its current $.35 Vocalion label to the recently created $.50 Columbia...reason for the shift is that the Columbia label is selling so much faster than the Vocalion."

As sales of Brunswick records declined, a minimum threshold required by the 1931 Warner Bros. lease agreement was going unmet, which obliged Columbia to also discontinue Vocalion. The final Vocalion issued under Columbia's aegis, number 5621, was released July 5, 1940. It was priced at 35 cents, as was the next record in the series, OKeh 05622. Okeh Records was revived in June 1940, acquired in the same 1934 bankruptcy sale whereby ARC obtained its Columbia trademarks. By July, it was releasing new Hillbilly platters by Gene Autry and Bob Wills, and re-issuing past Vocalion discs, using the same catalogue numbers with a leading zero added. Okeh was extremely successful until it was merged into the parent label in 1945. When a January 1941 audit found that not more than 150,000 Brunswick records had sold during the period from December 1, 1939 through December 31, 1940, control of the loaned trademarks and catalog of master recordings made prior to December 3, 1931 reverted to Warner Bros. Pictures

Brunswick and Vocalion purchased by Decca Records, Inc.
On May 2, 1941, Decca Executive Milton Rackmil bought Brunswick Radio Corporation from Warner Brothers for $350,000, which included Brunswick, Vocalion and Melotone masters from label inception to December 1931. Decca reactivated the labels for limited purposes from time to time, but it was the valuable catalogues it really wanted. Brunswick masters included Isham Jones, Al Jolson, early Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong and Marion Harris, but it was obscure Jacques Rennard and His Orchestra that had recorded "As Time Goes By" in 1931. Decca re-released it in 1943, to capitalize on 'Casablanca's' (1942) theme music. Because of the AFM's studio recording ban, the only recordings the major labels could find were the Rennard, and a July 1931 rendition by Rudy Vallee and His Connecticut Yankees, released by Victor. Both finished in the top 25 of 1943, with Renard's version selling over 250,000 copies, making Decca management so happy, they gave him a $1,000 bonus, even though he hadn't recorded for years. His record's sales more than paid for the Brunswick Radio Corporation purchase. Rackmil was also promoted and named to the Decca board of directors.

ARC re-activated
During August 1978 ARC was reactivated by Columbia as Maurice White's vanity label. Acts such as Earth, Wind & Fire, Weather Report, Deniece Williams, Pockets, and The Emotions were signed to the label. One of the label's final releases was Earth, Wind & Fire's 1981 album Raise!

As of 2019, the ARC legacy is now part of Sony Music Entertainment.

Labels ARC issued or pressed (1929–1938)
Labels that existed prior to the formation of ARC are marked +
 * ARC (sold to theaters for background and intermission music 1931–1933?, 1978–1982 vanity label for Maurice White)
 * Banner +1929–1938
 * Bernardo (client label)
 * Broadway +from 1932 (fulfilling a contract with Montgomery Ward after Paramount ceased production)
 * Brunswick +1932–1938 (under lease agreement from Warner Bros. Pictures)
 * Cameo +1929–1930
 * Columbia +late 1934–1938
 * Commodore (client label for Commodore Music Shops)
 * Conqueror +(client label for Sears from 1929–1938)
 * Domino +1929–1931 (but was restarted as a client label for the John Gabel Co. circa 1933–34)
 * Fox Movietone (client label sold only at Fox Theaters, taken over from Victor, circa 1934)
 * Gospel Herald (client label)
 * Gramophone Shop Varieties (client label for The Gramophone Shop)
 * Hollywood 1936–1937 (client label)
 * Homestead +(mail order label 1929 to circa 1931, when it was taken over by Crown Records)
 * Hot Record Society (client label for the Hot Record Society)
 * Jewel +1929 to circa 1932
 * Liberty Music Shops (client label for the Liberty Music Shops)
 * Lincoln +from 1929–1930
 * Master 1937
 * Mel-O-Dee (client label as a specialty jukebox label for Will F. Dillion Associates, Inc.) 1931
 * Melotone +1932–1938
 * Oriole +1929–1938 (client label for McCrory)
 * Paramount +1932 to circa 1934. Pressed last of the 13000 series and the short-lived 9000 series
 * Pathé +1929–1930
 * Perfect +1929–1938
 * Regal +1929–1931
 * Romeo +1929–1938 (client label for Kress Stores)
 * Shamrock Stores – (client label for the Shamrock Stores)
 * Supertone +1930 to circa 1931 (client label for Sears whose short-lived series made by Brunswick after the Gennett period ended. This rare series probably hails from right before the ARC takeover of Brunswick)
 * U.H.C.A. – (client label specializing in reissues for United Hot Clubs of America through Commodore)
 * Variety 1937
 * Vocalion +1932–1938 (under lease agreement from Warner Bros. Pictures)

title: American Record Corporation


text:
Dude, Where's My Country?

Dude, Where's My Country? is a 2003 book by Michael Moore dealing with corporate and political events in the United States. The title is a satirical reworking of the 2000 film Dude, Where's My Car?.

The book covers many topics and is written in a heavily satirical fashion, in common with much of Moore's work.

Outline
In the book, Moore attacks corporate America and President George W. Bush, whom he accuses of destroying "my America of tolerance and peace". He lashes out against the 2003 Iraq War in particular. The Enron Corporation, and particularly Chairman Ken Lay, also received a lot of attention.

Moore is also critical of the post 9/11 security measures implemented by the Bush administration and Congress, especially the Patriot Act. The frontispiece reads in part: "This book has been approved by the Department of Homeland Security. It contains no seditious acts or acts of treason. Each word has been examined and analyzed by a team of terrorism experts to insure that it gives neither aid nor comfort to The Enemy.... If you have purchased this book we are required to notify you per Section 29A of the USA Patriot Act that your name has now been entered into a database of potential suspects should the need to declare martial law ever arise, which we are sure will never happen."

Topics covered range from who the Democrats should put up for the presidency (Moore proposes Oprah Winfrey or General Wesley Clark, once the Supreme Allied Commander of NATO) right through to 'How to talk to your conservative brother-in-law', a guide on how to avoid interpersonal conflicts at Thanksgiving dinner with the family. On page 87 Moore praises Oprah Winfrey for being the only mainstream media to show antiwar footage two months before the war that no other U.S. media would show.

Breaking from some on the left, Moore at one point in his book says that "Mumia probably killed that guy". Activists supporting the Black Panther Party's Mumia Abu-Jamal demanded that Moore substantiate this claim. Moore in a later interview stated that he did not believe that Mumia Abu Jamal killed the police officer, and that he would change the passage for the paperback release.

After publishing Stupid White Men, an earlier work, Michael Moore was accused of not providing references to back up his statements. As a response to this, Dude, Where's My Country? includes thorough references.

title: Dude, Where's My Country?


text:
Standing order

Standing order or standing orders may refer to:
 * Standing order (banking) (or banker's order), instruction to a bank to pay a set amount at regular intervals from one account to another
 * Permanent rules of order governing parliamentary procedure for an assembly; as opposed to sessional orders or orders of the day
 * General order of unlimited duration, published by a military commander and binding on those commanded
 * Collaborative practice agreement, between pharmacists and physicians for collaborative drug therapy management

title: Standing order


text:
Vladimir Dzhanibekov

Vladimir Aleksandrovich Dzhanibekov (Владимир Александрович Джанибеков, born 13 May 1942) is a retired Soviet Air Force Major General and a cosmonaut veteran of five orbital missions.

Biography
Dzhanibekov was born Vladimir Aleksandrovich Krysin (Владимир Александрович Крысин) in the remote area of Iskandar in what was then Bostanliq District, South Kazakhstan Region, Kazakh SSR (since 1956 – Tashkent Region, Uzbekistan) on 13 May 1942. His family moved to Tashkent soon after his birth.

In 1964 he married Liliya Munirovna Dzhanibekova, who was a descendant of Janibeg, medieval ruler of the Golden Horde. As her father had no sons, Dzhanibekov took his wife's family name in order to honour her ancestry and continue her line of descent, an unusual step for a husband in the Soviet Union.

In 1960 he entered Leningrad University to study physics, where he became involved in flying, something in which he had always been interested. In 1961 he decided to enroll in the V. M. Komarov Higher Military Flying School at Yeisk while simultaneously completing his degree in physics at the Taganrog campus of Rostov State University. Four years later he graduated and became a flying instructor in the Soviet Air Forces serving at military training unit number 99735 in Taganrog in 1968–1970. During the 1970 visit of Gherman Titov to the Taganrog-based Air Forces training unit he was selected into the cosmonaut training pool Air Force Group 5. He joined the Communist Party the same year.

Dzhanibekov served on five space missions: Soyuz 27/Soyuz 26 (launch/return), Soyuz 39, Soyuz T-6, Soyuz T-12, and Soyuz T-13. He accrued 145 days, 15 hours, and 56 minutes in space over these five missions. He had also performed two EVAs with the total time of 8 hours and 35 minutes. In 1985 he demonstrated stable and unstable rotation of a T-handle nut from the orbit, subsequently named the Dzhanibekov effect. The effect had been long known from the tennis racket theorem, which says that rotation about an object's intermediate principal axis is unstable while in free fall.

In 1985 he was promoted to the rank of major general. After retiring from the cosmonaut program in 1986, he became involved in politics. He was the Deputy to the Supreme Soviet of Uzbek SSR from 1985 until 1990. Also, he has taken up photography and painting, and his works, predominantly of space thematics, are owned by museums and private collectors.

Starting 1990, Dzhanibekov unsuccessfully attempted to circumnavigate the globe by balloon. He partnered with Larry Newman who envisioned flying a NASA-designed sky anchor balloon. This unique hourglass shaped design used a zero pressure helium balloon for buoyancy and a superpressure balloon for variable ballast. Manufactured by Raven Industries, the double balloon system together measured 354 ft tall. A proof of concept flight, launched from Tillamook, Oregon on 8 September 1990, was crewed by Dzhanibekov, Newman, Tim Lachenmeier, and Don Moses. Moses replaced Richard Branson, who was unable to make it by the weather window departure time. The flight lasted for continuous 31 hours, spanning two nights, before landing at Omak, Washington, and confirmed the sky anchor balloon nominal performance. Dzhanibekov, Larry Newman, and Don Moses piloted the Earthwinds Hilton balloon which was primarily sponsored by Barron Hilton. In 1992 an attempt from Akron, Ohio did not launch due to strong winds. The next attempt was a planned pre-dawn launch but was delayed for several hours by difficulties inflating both balloons. Launching later than desired, on 13 January 1993 the Earthwinds liftoff from Reno Stead Airport flew for 30 minutes before crashing. The balloon could not penetrate a strong inversion layer and tore the ballast balloon on a mountain peak. The three crewmen survived the crash without injuries. An additional flight on 31 December 1994 reached 29000 ft when the ballast balloon failed. These sky anchor balloon failures prompted other circumnavigation attempts to switch to the Roziere balloon system instead.

The minor planet 3170 Dzhanibekov, discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh in 1979, is named after him.

Honours and awards
Foreign awards:
 * Twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1978 and 1981)
 * Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR
 * Order of Friendship (Russian Federation)
 * Five Orders of Lenin
 * Order of the Red Star
 * Order "For Service to the Homeland in the Armed Forces of the USSR" 3rd class
 * Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration" (Russian Federation)
 * Jubilee Medal "Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
 * Jubilee Medal "50 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
 * Jubilee Medal "60 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
 * Jubilee Medal "50 Years of the Soviet Militia"
 * Medals "For Impeccable Service" 1st, 2nd, and 3rd classes
 * Kosmonavtlar metro station in Tashkent commemorates Uzbekistan's contribution to the Soviet space programme including that of Dzhanibekov
 * Hero of the Mongolian People's Republic
 * Commander of the Legion of Honour (France)
 * Order of the Banner of the Hungarian People's Republic
 * Order of Sukhbaatar (Mongolia)

He is an honorary citizen of Gagarin; Kaluga (Russia); Arkalyk (Kazakhstan); Baikonur (Kazakhstan); and Houston (United States).

title: Vladimir Dzhanibekov


text: User talk:68.45.197.236

title: User talk:68.45.197.236


text:
McCarthy

McCarthy (also spelled MacCarthy or McCarty) may refer to:

 * MacCarthy, a Gaelic Irish clan
 * McCarthy, Alaska, United States
 * McCarty, Missouri, United States
 * McCarthy Road, a road in Alaska
 * McCarthy (band), an indie pop band
 * Château MacCarthy, a Bordeaux wine
 * McCarthy Tétrault, a Canadian law firm
 * McCarthy evaluation, programming-language semantics also called short-circuit evaluation
 * McCarty Creek, a stream in Missouri, United States
 * McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities, a psychological test given to young children
 * McCarthy-Dundon, an Irish roadman gang
 * MacCarthy Island, island on Gambia River, in eastern Gambia

People

 * McCarthy (surname)

title: McCarthy


text:
Tom Brown (satirist)

Thomas Brown (1662 – 18 June 1704), also known as Tom Brown, was an English translator and satirist, largely forgotten today save for a four-line gibe that he may have written concerning John Fell.

Early life
Brown was born at either Shifnal or Newport in Shropshire; he is identified with the Thomas Brown, son of William and Dorothy Brown, who was recorded christened on 1 January 1663 at Newport. His father, a farmer and tanner, died when Thomas was eight years old. He took advantage of the free schooling offered in the county, attending Adams' Grammar School at Newport, before going up to Christ Church, Oxford and there meeting the college's dean, Dr Fell.

Fell was well known as a disciplinarian, and Brown throughout his life displayed a disdain for restrictions. The legend behind Brown's most recognised work is therefore plausible: it states that Brown got into trouble while at Oxford, and was threatened with expulsion, but that Dr Fell offered to spare Brown if he could translate an epigram from Martial (I, 32, 1):

 * Non amo te, Sabidi, nec possum dicere quare;
 * Hoc tantum possum dicere, non amo te.

According to the story, Brown replied extemporaneously:

 * I do not love thee, Dr Fell,
 * The reason why I cannot tell;
 * But this I know, and know full well,
 * I do not love thee, Dr Fell.

Fell is said to have stayed Brown's dismissal from the college in admiration of this translation. However, the story is of apocryphal provenance, and it is known that Brown left Christ Church without a degree, moving to Kingston upon Thames where he stayed three years as a schoolmaster, and later to London, where he took up residence on Aldersgate Street in the Grub Street district.

Career
After some years spent as headmaster of the free school at Kingston upon Thames, Brown moved to London to live by his pen. Remembered now mainly for his witty political satires, he also wrote three stage plays, including The Dispensary (1697), and a large number of essays. A life-long friend of Aphra Behn, Brown assisted in her literary career.

Brown made a modest living from his writing in Latin, French and English, in addition to offering services of translation. He translated copiously from Latin and Greek, French, Italian, and Spanish. The list of the translated authors includes, among others, Catullus, Cicero, Horace, Martial, Persius, Pliny, Petronius, and Lucian. He refrained, however, from ever attaching himself to a patron, and expressed contempt toward those who did so. He pursued a libertine lifestyle, and his satirical works gained him several enemies in their subjects.

His best-known works, apart from the quatrain, are probably Amusements Serious and Comical, calculated for the Meridian of London (1700) and Letters from the Dead to the Living (1702), although his writings were quite prolific. Several works of the period whose author is unknown are suspected to be his.

Toward the end of his life he began to regret the licentiousness with which he had lived it, and on his deathbed he secured from his publisher (one Sam Briscoe) a promise that any posthumously published works would be censored of "all prophane, undecent passages". The promise was promptly reneged upon.

Many of Brown's works went unpublished until his death, and the publication date of many is in question, as is his stature as a writer. Contemporary opinion was mixed; Jonathan Swift spoke quite highly of Brown's work, and indeed parts of Gulliver's Travels and other of Swift's works may have been significantly influenced by Brown's writings. Henry Fielding, in Tom Jones, calls him (through the words of Benjamin the barber) "one of the greatest wits that ever the nation produced". On the other hand, those whom Brown mercilessly lampooned during his lifetime understandably did nothing to further his good reputation after his demise.

The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica gives this verdict: "He was the author of a great variety of poems, letters, dialogues and lampoons, full of humour and erudition, but coarse and scurrilous. His writings have a certain value for the knowledge they display of low life in London." Presently the best description of Brown's legacy may be that of Joseph Addison, who accorded him the appellation "T-m Br-wn of facetious Memory". He was buried in the grounds of Westminster Abbey.

title: Tom Brown (satirist)


text:
User:Demerzel~enwiki

Hi,

Named after Eto Demerzel, an Isaac Asimov character of the Foundation series.

I'm a German living in England. I stumbled across Wikipedia almost by accident; and boy am I glad that I did; what a great concept. I have not yet contributed an article. However, I did edit serveral pages and added further information.

Thanks for stopping by.

title: User:Demerzel~enwiki


text:
Vogelsberg, Thuringia

Vogelsberg is a municipality in the Sömmerda district of Thuringia, Germany.

title: Vogelsberg, Thuringia


text:
Skou languages

The Sko or Skou languages are a small language family spoken by about 7000 people, mainly along the Vanimo coast of Sandaun Province in Papua New Guinea, with a few being inland from this area and at least one just across the border in the Indonesian province of Papua (formerly known as Irian Jaya).

Tone
Skou languages are unusual among Papuan languages for being tonal; all Skou languages possess contrastive tone. Vanimo, for example, has three tones, high, mid, low.

Example minimal sets illustrating tonal contrasts in various Skou languages:

 * I’saka: ẽyH ‘louse’, weyL ‘butterfly’, weyLH ‘house’, weyHL ‘language’
 * Barupu: eH ‘tooth’, eL ‘garden’, eHL ‘mosquito’, eHLH ‘write’
 * Wutung: hoH ‘roof thatch made from sago palm fronds’, hoL ‘star’, hoHL ‘grease’
 * Skou: taH ‘grass’, taL ‘hair’, taHL ‘arrow’

Lakes Plain languages, spoken in a discontiguous area to the southwest, are also tonal. Because of the apparent phonological similarities and sharing of stable basic words such as ‘louse’, Foley speculates the potential likelihood of a distant relationship shared between the Skou and Lakes Plain families, but no formal proposals linking the two families have been made due to insufficient evidence. Additionally according to Foley, based on some lexical and phonological similarities, the Keuw language (currently classified as a language isolate) may also possibly share a deep relationship with the Lakes Plain languages. Like the Lakes Plain languages, Keuw also possesses constrative tone.

Lepki, Kaure, and Kembra, spoken in mountainous inland regions of the Indonesia-PNG border to the southwest of the Skou-speaking area, are also tonal.

Morphology
Skou languages can be isolating or polysynthetic.

 * Isolating structure: Dumo, an Inner Skou language
 * Polysynthetic structure: Barupu, a Piore River language

Classification
Skou languages were first linked by G. Frederici in 1912. In 1941, K.H. Thomas expanded the family to its current extent.

The Sko family is not accepted by Søren Wichmann (2013), who splits it into two separate groups.

Donohue (2007) and Donohue and Crowther (2005) list Nouri as a mixed language having features of both the Piore River and Serra Hills subgroups.

Sko (Laycock 1975)
Laycock posited two branches, Vanimo and Krisa:

 * Sko
 * Vanimo branch
 * Skou
 * Sangke (Nyao)
 * Wutung
 * Vanimo (Dumo)
 * Krisa branch
 * I’saka (Krisa)
 * Rawo
 * Puari
 * Barupu (Warapu)

Skou (Ross 2005)
However, Krisa is poorly supported and Malcolm Ross abandoned it.

 * Skou
 * I’saka (Krisa)
 * Barupu (Warapu)
 * Puari
 * Rawo
 * Womo
 * Vanimo branch:
 * Skou (Tumawo)
 * Leitre
 * Sangke (Nyao)
 * Wutung
 * Vanimo (Dumo)
 * Dusur

Macro-Skou (Donohue 2002)
Mark Donohue proposed a subclassification based on areal diffusion he called Macro-Skou.

 * Macro-Skou
 * Isaka
 * Skou–Serra–Piore linkage
 * Piore River: Nori (strongly influenced by Womo), Barupu
 * Serra Hills
 * Puare
 * Rawo – Main Serra: Rawo, Womo
 * Skou (Vanimo) family
 * Skou
 * Eastern Skou / Vanimo
 * Leitre
 * West Coast
 * Border: Nyao, Wutung
 * Vanimo proper: Dumo, Dusur

Donohue (2004) notes that is unclear if extinct Nouri is in the Piore River or Serra Hills branch.

Sko (Foley 2018)
Foley (2018) provides the following classification.

 * Sko
 * I'saka
 * Piore River
 * Barupu / Warupu (Bauni)
 * Ramo (Uni)
 * Sumo (Bouni)
 * Serra Hills
 * Puare
 * Womo
 * Waro
 * Inner Sko
 * Skou
 * Leitre
 * Dumo
 * Dusur
 * Nyao / Sangke
 * Wutung
 * Dusur
 * Nyao / Sangke
 * Wutung
 * Wutung

Foley's Inner Sko corresponds to Donohue's Western Skou.

Miller (2017)
The Piore River branch was renamed Lagoon in Miller (2017). The older names of the Piore River languages were from village names; Miller has since renamed them as Bauni, Uni, Bouni, and Bobe, though it is debatable whether they are all distinct languages.

 * Lagoon (also Piore River)
 * Bauni (Poo and Barapu/Warapu villages)
 * Uni (Ramo village)
 * Bouni (Sumo village)
 * Bobe (Nouri village)

Usher (2020)
Usher groups the languages as follows, with each node being a reconstructable clade, and giving the family a geographic label rather than naming it after a single language. The Eastern languages are typologically quite distinct from the Western languages and I'saka.

 * Vanimo Coast
 * I'saka
 * West
 * Skou
 * Leitre
 * Dumo-Dusur (Vanimo)
 * Sangke–Wutung
 * Sangke (Nyao)
 * Wutung
 * East
 * Piore River
 * Barupu (Bauni–Uri–Bouni)
 * Nouri
 * Serra Hills
 * Puare
 * Rawo
 * Pini
 * Womo
 * Sumararu

Pronouns
The pronouns Ross reconstructs for proto-Skou are,

 * {| class=wikitable

 * I || *na || we || *ne
 * thou || *me || you || ?
 * he || *ka || they (M) || *ke
 * she || *bo || they (F) || *de
 * }
 * he || *ka || they (M) || *ke
 * she || *bo || they (F) || *de
 * }
 * }

The Skou languages also have a dual, with a distinction between inclusive and exclusive we, but the forms are not reconstructable for the proto-language.

Pronouns in individual Skou languages:

! pronoun !! I'saka !! Barupu !! Wutung !! Skou ! 1SG ! 2SG ! 3MSG ! 3FSG ! 1PL ! 2PL ! 3PL
 * nana || něná || niɛ || nì
 * mama || měmá || mɛ || mè
 * kia || yá || ʔe || ke
 * umu || bó || ce || pe
 * numu || měmí || nɛtu || ne
 * yumu || mŏpú || ɛtu || e
 * i.e. || yéi || tɛtu || te
 * }

Cognates
Sko family cognates (I'saka, Barupu, Wutung, Skou) listed by Foley (2018):

! gloss !! I'saka !! Barupu !! Wutung !! Skou
 * + Sko family cognates
 * ‘hand’ || dou || eno || noʔɛ̃ || no
 * ‘tooth’ || kũ || e || ʔũ || kə̃
 * ‘breast’ || ni || to || no || no
 * ‘woman’ || bu || bom || wũawũa || pɛɨma
 * ‘bird’ || yũ || ru || tĩ || tã
 * ‘dog’ || || naki || naʔi || nake
 * ‘water’ || wi || pi || || pa
 * ‘old’ || tuni || tɔra || || rõtoto
 * ‘eat’ || a || ou || (u)a || a
 * }
 * ‘dog’ || || naki || naʔi || nake
 * ‘water’ || wi || pi || || pa
 * ‘old’ || tuni || tɔra || || rõtoto
 * ‘eat’ || a || ou || (u)a || a
 * }
 * ‘old’ || tuni || tɔra || || rõtoto
 * ‘eat’ || a || ou || (u)a || a
 * }
 * }

A cognate set for 'louse' in Sko languages (reconstructing roughly to *nipi in Proto-Sko) as compiled by Dryer (2022):

 * {| class="wikitable"

! Language (group) !! louse
 * Serra Hills || ni, nip, nipi
 * Warapu || mi
 * Western Sko || pi, fi, pĩ
 * Isaka || ẽĩ
 * }
 * Western Sko || pi, fi, pĩ
 * Isaka || ẽĩ
 * }
 * }

Vocabulary comparison
The following basic vocabulary words are from Voorhoeve (1971, 1975), as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database. More recent data from Marmion (2010) has been added for Wutung and from Donohue (2002) (as cited in the ASJP Database) for Skou.

 * {| class="wikitable sortable"

! gloss !! Wutung (Marmion 2010) !! Wutung (Voorhoeve 1975) !! Skou (Donohue 2002) !! Skou (Voorhoeve 1971, 1975) ! head ! hair ! ear ! eye ! nose ! tooth ! leg ! louse ! dog ! pig ! bird ! egg ! blood ! bone ! skin ! breast ! tree ! man ! woman ! sun ! moon ! water ! fire ! stone ! eat ! one ! two
 * hlúqbùr || kəsu. || rebi || röbe; rö́e
 * tàng || ta || ta || ta
 * qúrlùr || || le || lö
 * lúrtô || rəto || lu; luto  || lutɔ̀
 * || ||  ha || ha
 * qúng || kə || ke* || kö
 * || knaŋku || || tãe
 * || hehe || fi || fi
 * náqî || naki || nakE || nakɛ́
 * cà || tyamu || || pálɛ
 * tîng || || ta*  || tåå; tãŋã
 * || kuekue || ku || tã kò
 * hnjie || hi || hi || hi
 * qêy || e || e || ee
 * mà; nua || na || ro || nö re; nö rɔ̀
 * no || || no* || nɔ
 * || ri || ri; rite || ri
 * panyua || teba || kE ba || ba; keba; kébanè; teba
 * wungawunga ||  || 3mE || pemɛ̀
 * hlàng || hrã || ra* || rãã́
 * ||  || kE || ke
 * câ || tya || pa || pa
 * hie || hae || ra || ra
 * wólòng || koŋũ || wu* || hũ; wũ
 * sàqèngpùà (1SG) || || a*  || kã; pã; tã
 * ófà || ofa || ali* || alì
 * hnyûmò || hime || hi*tu* || hĩ́to
 * }

title: Skou languages


text:
Sandaun Province

Sandaun Province (formerly West Sepik Province) is the northwesternmost mainland province of Papua New Guinea (also known as home of the sunset). It covers an area of 35,920 km2 (13868 m2) and has a population of 248,411 (2011 census). The capital is Vanimo. In July 1998 the area surrounding the town of Aitape was hit by an enormous tsunami caused by a Magnitude 7.0 earthquake which killed over 2,000 people. The five villages along the west coast of Vanimo towards the International Border are namely; Lido, Waromo, Yako, Musu and Wutung. It borders Indonesia.

Name
Sandaun is a Tok Pisin word derived from English "sun down," since the province is located in the west of the country, where the sun sets. The province was formerly named West Sepik Province, for the Sepik River that flows through the province and forms part of the province's southern border.

Physical Geography
The Sandaun Province has beaches along the northern coast, as well as mountainous areas throughout the province, primarily in the southern area of the province. Several rivers flow throughout the province, most notable the Sepik River. The area, like much of Papua New Guinea, is prone to earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions.

Districts and LLGs
There are four districts in the province. Each district has one or more Local Level Government (LLG) areas. For census purposes, the LLG areas are subdivided into wards and those into census units.

Provincial leaders
The province was governed by a decentralised provincial administration, headed by a Premier, from 1978 to 1995. Following reforms taking effect that year, the national government reassumed some powers, and the role of Premier was replaced by a position of Governor, to be held by the winner of the province-wide seat in the National Parliament of Papua New Guinea.

Members of the National Parliament
The province and each district is represented by a Member of the National Parliament. There is one provincial electorate and each district is an open electorate.

title: Sandaun Province


text:
Space Odyssey

The Space Odyssey series is a series of science fiction novels by the writer Arthur C. Clarke. The first novel was developed concurrently with Stanley Kubrick's film version and published after the release of the film. The second was made into a feature film, released in 1984, respectively. Two of Clarke's early short stories have ties to the series.

Literature
Short stories:
 * "The Sentinel" – short story written in 1948 and first published in 1951 as "Sentinel of Eternity"
 * "Encounter in the Dawn" – short story first published in 1953 (re-titled "Encounter at Dawn" or "Expedition to Earth" in some later collections)

Novels:
 * 2001: A Space Odyssey – produced concurrently with the film and released in 1968
 * 2010: Odyssey Two – 1982 novel, adapted as the 1984 film 2010: The Year We Make Contact with screenplay by Peter Hyams
 * 2061: Odyssey Three – 1987 novel
 * 3001: The Final Odyssey – 1997 novel

Comic books:
 * 2001: A Space Odyssey – 1976 oversized Marvel single-issue comic book adaptation based upon the 1968 film of the same name
 * 2001: A Space Odyssey – ten-issue Marvel comic book series based upon the 1968 film of the same name that ran from 1976 to 1977
 * 2010 – based on the 1984 film of the same name, originally published in Marvel Super Special #37, then again as a two-issue miniseries; both versions published by Marvel Comics in 1984

Films

 * 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)
 * 2010: The Year We Make Contact (1984)

Future
It was reported on Yahoo! in 2000 that Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Tom Hanks were in discussions regarding turning both 2061: Odyssey Three and 3001: The Final Odyssey into movies (Hanks would reportedly play Frank Poole in the 3001 film). An update in 2001 stated that there was no further development on the project.

In November of 2014, it was reported that the U.S. cable channel Syfy had ordered a miniseries adaptation of 3001: The Final Odyssey into production, planned for broadcast in 2015. The miniseries would be executive-produced by Ridley Scott, David W. Zucker and Stuart Beattie; the latter would also be the primary script-writer. The estates of both Clarke and 2001: A Space Odyssey director Stanley Kubrick were reported as having "offered their full support", but the extent of their involvement was not known at the time. In February 2016, the series was mentioned as one of Syfy's "in development pipeline" projects during their press release for Prototype, though no further announcements have been made since that time.

Development
The 2001 screenplay was written by Clarke and Stanley Kubrick jointly, based on the seed idea in "The Sentinel" that an alien civilization left an object on the Moon to alert them to humankind's attainment of space travel. In addition, the 1953 short story "Encounter in the Dawn" contains elements of the first section of the film, in which the ancestors of humans are apparently given an evolutionary nudge by extraterrestrials. The opening part of another Clarke story, "Transience", has plot elements set in about the same time in human history, but is otherwise unrelated.

The 1972 book The Lost Worlds of 2001 contains material that did not make it into the book or film.

Clarke's first attempt to write the sequel to 2001 was a film screenplay, though he ultimately wrote a novel instead that was published in 1982. Clarke was not directly involved in the production of the second film, although he did communicate with writer/director Peter Hyams a great deal during the production via the then-pioneering medium of e-mail (as published in the book The Odyssey File) and also made a non-speaking cameo appearance in the film. Kubrick had no involvement in the 2010 novel or film, or any of the later projects.

The Space Odyssey series combines several science-fiction narrative conventions with a metaphysical tone. Since the stories and settings in the books and films all diverge, Clarke suggested that the continuity of the series represents happenings in a set of parallel universes. One notable example is that in the 2001 novel, the voyage was to the planet Saturn. During production of the film, it was decided that the special effects for Saturn's rings would be too expensive, so the voyage in the film is to Jupiter instead. The second book, 2010, retcons the storyline of the first book to make the destination Jupiter as seen in the film.

Clarke stated that the Time Odyssey novels are an "orthoquel" (a neologism coined by Clarke for this purpose, combining the word sequel with ortho-, the Greek prefix meaning "straight" or "perpendicular", and alluding to the fact that time is orthogonal to space in relativity theory) to the Space Odyssey series.

Characters

 * HAL 9000 is a sentient computer (or artificial intelligence) that becomes the primary antagonist of 2001: A Space Odyssey. HAL is also in the sequel novels and the film sequel 2010. In both films he is voiced by actor Douglas Rain.
 * Dr. David "Dave" Bowman serves as the protagonist of 2001: A Space Odyssey. The character later appears in the sequel story released first as a book, 2010: Odyssey Two, and then as a movie, 2010: The Year We Make Contact, albeit as a non-corporeal entity, and also returns in two more books by Arthur C. Clarke, 2061: Odyssey Three and 3001: The Final Odyssey. In the forewords to both 2010 and 2061, Clarke makes it clear that the plots of the movies and books do not necessarily follow a linear arc, and should be seen as taking place in parallel universes, or as being variations of a main theme; consequently there are apparent inconsistencies in the character of David Bowman throughout the series. In the two movies, Bowman is played by Keir Dullea.
 * Dr. Heywood R. Floyd first appears in 2001: A Space Odyssey as being in charge of the mission to investigate the alien Monolith found on the Moon. After the events that took place in 2001: A Space Odyssey, he is the protagonist of 2010: Odyssey Two and 2061: Odyssey Three. Floyd was born in 1958 in America, and by 1999 is chairman of the National Council of Astronautics, overseeing all American spaceflight operations. He has two daughters (only one in the movies, born 1994) and was widowed when his wife Marion died in a plane crash. In 2010: The Year We Make Contact, Floyd has a new wife and a five-year-old son named Christopher. Floyd was played by William Sylvester in the film version of 2001: A Space Odyssey and by Roy Scheider in 2010: The Year We Make Contact.
 * Dr. Frank Poole is an astronaut aboard Discovery One on the first crewed mission to Jupiter in 2001: A Space Odyssey (Saturn in the novel). He and Dave Bowman are the only crew members who were not put on board in suspended animation (hibernation). His boyhood hometown was Flagstaff, Arizona, where he visited the Lowell Observatory at its museums on many occasions. These visits sparked his interest in astronomy and astronautics, and hence he went to college to study these subjects. He is the main character of 3001: The Final Odyssey. In Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey, Poole was portrayed by Gary Lockwood. Tom Hanks once expressed interest in directing a film version of 3001, in which he would have played Poole, but this never came to fruition.
 * Walter Curnow appears in the book and movie versions of 2010: Odyssey Two as the American engineer who designs Discovery and helps to build Discovery II to go back to Jupiter. When the joint Soviet-American mission on the Leonov is planned instead, Curnow is one of the three American experts to go on the trip, along with Heywood Floyd and Dr. Chandra. Curnow is one of the first people to set foot on Discovery again, along with Maxim Brailovsky. Due to his engineering expertise, Discovery becomes operational again. In the 1984 film adaptation, 2010: The Year We Make Contact, Curnow is played by John Lithgow.
 * Dr. Sivasubramanian Chandrasegaram Pillai (often abbreviated to Dr. Chandra) is mentioned in the novel of 2001: A Space Odyssey as a scientist who instructed the computer HAL 9000 in its basic functions (in the movie, it was a "Mr. Langley"). He is a main character in 2010: Odyssey Two where it was established that he was in fact the creator of HAL, and he is a member of the joint Russian-American expedition to Jupiter on board the Soviet spacecraft Alexei Leonov. Although the character does not make any further appearances in the Space Odyssey novels, he is briefly mentioned by an elderly Heywood Floyd in the novel 2061: Odyssey Three. In the movie version of 2010, Chandra was played by Bob Balaban and is referred to as Dr. R. Chandra.

title: Space Odyssey