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Sheila Dikshit

Sheila Dikshit (née Kapoor; 31 March 1938 – 20 July 2019) was an Indian politician. The longest-serving chief minister of Delhi, as well as the longest-serving female chief minister of any Indian state, she served for a period of 15 years beginning in 1998. Dikshit led the Indian National Congress party to three consecutive electoral victories in Delhi.

Dikshit lost the December 2013 elections of the Delhi Legislative Assembly to the Bharatiya Janata Party, though Aam Aadmi Party formed a minority government with outside support from the INC, with Arvind Kejriwal as the chief minister. She briefly served as the Governor of Kerala in 2014. Dikshit was later declared a chief ministerial candidate for the Indian National Congress in the 2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, but withdrew her nomination (SP's Akhilesh Yadav were announced as cm candidate). She was appointed president of Delhi Pradesh Congress Committee on 10 January 2019 to led general election in Delhi and remained in office until her death in July later that year.

Early years
Sheila Kapoor was born on 31 March 1938 in the city of Kapurthala in the Kapurthala Princely State of British India (now in Punjab, India) into a Punjabi Hindu Khatri family. Her father's name was Sanjay Kapoor. She was educated at the Convent of Jesus and Mary School in New Delhi and graduated with a Master of Arts degree in history from the Miranda House at the University of Delhi.

Political career
Sheila Dikshit was handpicked by Rajiv Gandhi to be part of his council of ministers after he became the prime minister in 1984. During the period between 1984 and 1989, she represented Kannauj parliamentary constituency of Uttar Pradesh. As a member of Parliament, she served on the Estimates Committee of Lok Sabha. Dikshit also chaired the Implementation Committee for Commemoration of Forty Years of India's Independence and Jawaharlal Nehru centenary. She represented India at United Nations Commission on Status of Women for five years (1984–1989). She also served as a Union Minister during 1986–1989, first as the Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs and later as a minister of state in the Prime Minister's Office. In Uttar Pradesh, she and her 82 colleagues were jailed in August 1990 for 23 days by the state government when she led a movement against the atrocities being committed against women.

Earlier, in the early 1970s, she was chairperson of the Young Women's Association and was instrumental in the setting up of two of the most successful hostels for working women in Delhi. She was also the secretary of the Indira Gandhi Memorial Trust.

In the 1998 parliamentary elections, Dikshit was defeated by Bharatiya Janata Party's Lal Bihari Tiwari in East Delhi constituency. Later in the year, Dikshit became Chief Minister of Delhi, a position she held until 2013. Dikshit represented the Gole Market assembly constituency in the 1998 and 2003 Assembly elections and New Delhi constituency from 2008.

In 2009 and 2013, Dikshit was investigated for alleged misuse of government funds, but no charges were brought.

Her party was wiped out in the 2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election and Arvind Kejriwal, founder of the Aam Aadmi party, won the election in the New Delhi Assembly constituency by a margin of 25,864 votes. She resigned on 8 December 2013, but remained the caretaker chief minister of Delhi until the new government was sworn in on 28 December 2013. She was appointed the governor of Kerala in March 2014, but was forced to resign five months later. She contested the 2019 Lok Sabha Elections as the candidate for Indian National Congress in the North East Delhi Constituency but came second after Bharatiya Janata Party's Manoj Tiwari.

Personal life
Dikshit was married to Vinod Dikshit, son of independence activist and former West Bengal governor Uma Shankar Dikshit from Unnao. He was an officer in the Indian Administrative Service.

Dikshit was the mother of two children: a son, Sandeep Dikshit, who is a former member of Parliament of the 15th Lok Sabha from East Delhi, and a daughter, Latika Dikshit, who was married to Syed Mohammad Imran, an architect.

Dikshit underwent angioplasty in November 2012. In 2018, she had heart surgery in University Hospital in Lille, France.

Death
Dikshit was admitted to Fortis Escorts Heart Institute on 19 July 2019 for cardiac arrhythmia and was put on a ventilator within a few moments of her admission. Her condition stabilised temporarily, however she did not recover from multiple cardiac arrests and her condition worsened during the following period. She later died at 3:55 pm on 20 July 2019, at the age of 81.

The Delhi government announced a two-day mourning period on her death, and accorded her a state funeral.

Awards and recognition

 * 2008 Best Chief Minister of India, by Journalist Association of India
 * 2009 Politician of the Year by NDTV
 * 2010 Dara Shikoh award by Indo-Iran Society
 * 2013 Delhi Women of the Decade Achievers Award 2013 by ALL Ladies League for Outstanding Public Service.

title: Sheila Dikshit


text:
Wasserkuppe

The Wasserkuppe is a mountain within the German state of Hesse. It is a large plateau formation at an elevation of 950 m and is the highest peak in the Rhön Mountains. Great advances in sailplane development took place on the mountain during the interwar period, driven by annual contests. Near the summit there is still an airfield used by gliding clubs and pilots of light aircraft.

Etymology
The German name is derived from Wasenkuppe, Asenberg or Weideberg and means Pasture mountain.

Geography
The Wasserkuppe lies in the administrative district Fulda 5.3 km north of Gersfeld. Other villages nearby are Poppenhausen (4.7 km west - south west) and Wüstensachsen (5 km east, part of Ehrenberg, Hesse). It is part of the Rhön Biosphere Reserve.

The Wasserkuppe sources the spring of the river Fulda (the western source of the Weser) and the river Lütter which joins the Fulda after 50 km.

The other peaks near the Wasserkuppe are Abtsrodaer Kuppe (north, 905 m NN), (east, 831.8 m NN) and Pferdskopf (south west, 874.9 m NN).

Climate
Wasserkuppe's climate is classified as humid continental (Köppen: Dfb) closely bordering on a subarctic climate (Dfc). The average annual temperature in Wasserkuppe is 6.0 C. The average annual rainfall is 1106.1 mm with December as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around 14.8 C, and lowest in January, at around -2.2 C. The highest temperature ever recorded in Wasserkuppe was 33.2 C on 20 July 2022; the coldest temperature ever recorded was -26.3 C on 1 February 1956.

Aeronautical development
Students from the Darmstadt University of Technology, then known as Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, began flying gliders from the Wasserkuppe as early as 1911, but interest in gliding in Germany increased greatly after 1918 when the Treaty of Versailles restricted the production or use of powered aircraft in the nation. From 1920 onwards, annual gliding competitions were held, leading to records being set and broken for height, distance and duration of unpowered flight. In 1922 became the first glider pilot to use an updraft rising along a mountain slope to stay aloft for a lengthy period. He then founded the world's first glider pilot school at the Wasserkuppe.

The first competition was organised by Oskar Ursinus, who also built the first clubhouse on the Wasserkuppe in 1924 to replace the shipping containers that enthusiasts were using as accommodation up to that point. By 1930, the competition had become an international event, drawing pilots from all over Europe and even the United States.

Also in 1924 'Rhönvater' (Rhön father) Oskar Ursinus convinced the then secretary of air transport for the ministry of transportation to turn the new gliding club into a state funded research organization. This started the Rhön-Rossitten Gesellschaft and as a result, the Wasserkuppe now had a gliding school, workshops for building gliders and a funded research facility. Alexander Lippisch was appointed as the managing director of the new society.

Virtually every German aeronautical engineer and test pilot of note during the 1920s and 1930s spent time building, testing, and flying aircraft at the Wasserkuppe, including the Günter brothers, Wolf Hirth, the Horten brothers, Robert Kronfeld, Hans Jacobs, Heini Dittmar, Alexander Lippisch, Willy Messerschmitt, Hanna Reitsch, Peter Riedel, and Alexander Schleicher. Beverley Shenstone, who was later a key part of the design team for the Spitfire, flew gliders at Wasserkuppe in 1930. This period saw great advances in new technologies such as flying wings and rocket-powered flights.

In the 1930s the "Ehrenhalle" (Hall of Honor) was constructed in the Lilienthal Haus, with heavy bronze doors opening into a large hall with a stained glass window. The centerpiece is a larger-than-life bronze figure of Otto Lilienthal lying on an (empty) tomb. It is a memorial to all pilots who have died in aviation accidents. The inscription on the memorial is Lilienthal's famous last words: "Opfer müssen gebracht werden" roughly meaning: "Sacrifices must be made."

In Nazi Germany, gliding activities became largely controlled by the state, and for Hitler Youth pilots and their instructors, proficiency in gliding was viewed as the first step towards the Luftwaffe. Sailplane research was also nationalised under the Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug (DFS – German Research Institute for Sailplane Flight).

Following World War II, a US Air Force base, radar station, and surveillance station were established there but when restrictions on German aviation were lifted in 1951, gliding soon returned to the Wasserkuppe where it has remained popular since. Beginning in the 1970s, the newer sport of hang gliding has also found a home there. Following the reunification of Germany and demise of the Soviet Union, the surveillance and radar installations were removed in the 1990s.

In 1970, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the first competition, the Deutsches Segelflugmuseum (German Sailplane Museum) was opened on the plateau, with Neil Armstrong a guest of honour at the ceremony. The museum gained a new building in 1987. The Wasserkuppe is also the home of the Oldtimer Segelflugclub (OSC – Oldtimer Gliding Club), dedicated (as its name suggests) to flying vintage sailplanes.

Next to the long tradition of sailplanes the Wasserkuppe has become a sports and weekend centre offering a wide selection of activities. Paragliding as well as Snowkiting is offered. In winter the area is used by skiers and snowboarders.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wasserkuppe


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Talk:Pasig River

[Untitled]
Dear Sir/Madam:

I have edited the text of your article correcting the portion of PRRC implementing the Piso Para sa Pasig Campaign. It is the Clean and gren Foundation, Inc. that implemented it in support of the Government Program. Clean and Green Foundation, Inc. is headed by Amelita M. Ramos our former first lady. We hope that the corrections can be reflected on other articles that has been distributed through the net. Thank you.

Ramon Jacinto-Socco, Jr. Project Director, Piso Para sa Pasig

Napindan Channel
For the benefit of all, I am posting a copy of my conversation with seav.

On 11:16, 5 November 2007, seav sent me this message:

"I get conflicting sources saying either that Napindan is just the upper portion of Pasig River or that Pasig River only starts where Napindan and Marikina River meet. Is there any official source for any of these? Who's the best authority to say what's the status of Napindan vis-a-vis Pasig River? --seav 11:16, 5 November 2007 (UTC)"

My reply:

Yes, the references do sound confusing about whether the Napindan channel is part of the Pasig or not. At nangunguna sa pagcontribute sa confusion yung Pasig river article.

If you can go to a nearby Powerbooks, you might be able to find Pasig:River of Life, Edited by Reynaldo Alejandro and Alfred Yuson (Metro Manila: Unilever Philippines, Inc.,2000.). It's one of three unilever-published Alejandro books covering the Manila Bay-Pasig-Laguna Lake system. I do not have a copy of the volume but that is the first authoritative source I can think of, short of visiting the LGUs involved or perhaps the LLDA.

I am of the opinion that the Napindan should be considered part of the Pasig, with Laguna de Bay being the main source of the Pasig whenever the lake water level is lower than that of Manila Bay, and vice versa when the water levels are reversed. A look a the map convinces me of this.

But obviously, since I have not made a Napindan Channel article, I'm not all that confident.

Hehe. I've been sitting here for the better part of an hour agonizing over whether I can give you a more definitive answer, but I suppose this is as good as it gets for now. I'll set my research assistant on the problem right away. (She has texted back that she too thinks of Napindan as part of the Pasig.)

By the way, if you're ever in a position to get a good snapshot of the area of the The Napindan Hydraulic Control Structure, would you mind snapping one for the Pasig River article? I've tried several times but I can never get a good shot. The ideal time would be while stuck in traffic on the bridge that crosses the Pasig. Or I suppose we could get a shot off google earth instead. (I'm not familiar enough with the google earth program to figure out how to take images of my search area yet.)

Wish I could have been more helpful, dude. Alternativity 17:24, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

I would like to solicit more thoughts on the matter....? Alternativity 17:29, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

More references to be integrated into the article

 * —Preceding unsigned comment added by Seav (talk • contribs) 04:05, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:21, 26 September 2018 (UTC)
 * View of the Pasig River in Luzon Island, Philippine Islands, 1826-1829.png

Drainage system map
If we're considering that everything that is drained by the Laguna de Bay as included in the Pasig-Marikina drainage system, the map would be much larger and would contain most of Laguna, far eastern Cavite and southern Metro Manila as well (excluding the land that is drained by the Paranaque River). See for example this map, although I suspect the map also includes the unconnected Tullahan River system as part of the Pasig/Marikina/Laguna de Bay system. Howard the Duck (talk) 19:28, 4 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes, you are correct. The drainage basin of the Pasig River also includes all the areas draining into Laguna de Bay. The current map is more related to the Marikina River. --  P 1 9 9  ✉ 20:47, 4 May 2021 (UTC)
 * I made a crop from the map linked above: File:Pasig-Laguna de Bay basin.jpg. If you think this is more useful, then we can replace the basin map. If not, we can speedily delete it. ;-) --  P 1 9 9  ✉ 20:53, 4 May 2021 (UTC)
 * This is serviceable, but what really is preferable is like what we have right now, only that it shows rivers flowing into the Laguna de Bay and not just the Marikina River basin. Howard the Duck (talk) 21:08, 4 May 2021 (UTC)
 * I agree, the File:Pasig-Laguna de Bay basin.jpg is very small and shows no rivers but I have not found a better (free) source. I have substituted it for now because File:Pasig-marikina river drainagebasin.png is really only for the Marikina River (hence incorrect for this article). But hopefully we'll find something better... --  P 1 9 9  ✉ 14:00, 5 May 2021 (UTC)

Hi surprised to see you revert the map to the Marikina basin map, considering the foregoing discussion here... Curious, why? --  P 1 9 9  ✉ 21:21, 15 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Yeah the current map that we had was really bad. If the definition of Laguna de Bay->Manila Bay for the Pasig is used, that map should suffice as that actually shows the course of the river. If we get a better map that shows all of the waterways draining to the Laguna de Bay/Pasig, then we can use that. Howard the Duck (talk) 21:30, 15 February 2022 (UTC)

Someone can make a map based from the DENR as found here. FWIW, the website says it is in the public domain, but the map doesn't show the course of the river per se. Howard the Duck (talk) 11:50, 16 February 2022 (UTC)

Finally found a good web-based and free app. Finally a decent map of the entire drainage basin: File:Pasig River basin map.png. --  P 1 9 9  ✉ 14:50, 17 July 2024 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 05:24, 15 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Jones-Bridge-skyview-with-Post-Office-1930s.jpg

History of Malapad na Bató
Malapad na Bató was a cliff located near the point where the Marikina River joins the Pasig River, and was inhabited by spirits according to early Tagalogs.

Spanish colonial period
After Guadalupe Church was completed in 1630, it eventually became a pilgrimage site for the growing number of followers of the new religion. This resulted in a decline in the importance of Malapad-na-bató as a religious site in this part of the Tagalog region which centuries later would be called Makati. As mentioned in Rizal's 1891 novel El Filibusterismo, Malapad-na-bató had lost its sacred character and became a nest of outlaws. By this time the small village at Malapad-na-bató was designated as a sitio by the Spaniards and was part of Pásig.

Revolution
In January 1897, Filipino rebels positioned in trenches which extended from Malapad-na-bató to Muntinlupa engaged Spanish troops advancing from Bosoboso. On 10 June 1897, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo leading some five hundred men crossed the Pásig River at Malapad-na-bató during the march to Biac-na-bató.

First Republic
The first time a government referred to Malapad-na-Bató as a pueblo was during the Aguinaldo administration. After the fall of Guadalupe on the morning of 13 March 1899 during the Philippine-American War, the Americans advanced to Malapad-na-Bató and came under fire from Filipino positions in Pásig and Pateros. Filipino casualties during the defense of Guadalupe Ridge amounted to eleven dead and forty-one wounded. The Americans later used Malapad-na-Bató as a camp.

1943 Republic
In February 1945, during the Battle of Manila, the Japanese Fourth Naval Battalion which defended Cherry Blossom Barracks, passed through Malapadnabato while retreating to the east, where the Shimbu Group was located. American cavalry troopers used the same route while advancing eastward.

1946 Republic
After the war, two new barrios were formed at Malapad na Bato: West Rembo and East Rembo. In 1974, Presidential Decree No. 557 redesignated all barrios as barangays. In 2023, West Rembo and East Rembo plus some other Makati barangays were transferred to Taguig.

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.52.197.131 (talk) 02:26, December 19, 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pasig River


text:
Acer Inc.

Acer Inc. is a Taiwanese multinational company that produces computer hardware and electronics, headquartered in Xizhi District, New Taipei City, Taiwan. Its products include desktop PCs, laptop PCs (clamshells, 2-in-1s, convertibles and Chromebooks), tablets, servers, storage devices, virtual reality devices, displays, smartphones, televisions and peripherals, as well as gaming PCs and accessories under its Predator brand. Acer is the world's sixth-largest personal computer vendor by unit sales.

In the early 2000s, Acer implemented a new business model, shifting from a manufacturer to a designer, marketer, and distributor of products, while performing production processes via contract manufacturers. Currently, in addition to its core IT products business, Acer also has a new business entity that focuses on the integration of cloud services and platforms, and the development of smartphones and wearable devices with value-added IoT applications.

History

Acer was founded as Multitech in 1976 by Stan Shih, his wife Carolyn Yeh, and five others in Hsinchu City, Taiwan. The company began with eleven employees and US$25,000 in capital. Initially, it was primarily a distributor of electronic parts and a consultant in the use of microprocessor technologies. It produced the Micro-Professor MPF-I training kit, then two Apple II clones–the Microprofessor II and III–before joining the emerging IBM PC compatible market and becoming a significant PC manufacturer. The company was renamed Acer in 1987.

In 1998, Acer reorganized into five groups: Acer International Service Group, Acer Sertek Service Group, Acer Semiconductor Group, Acer Information Products Group, and Acer Peripherals Group. To dispel complaints from clients that Acer competed with its own products and to alleviate the competitive nature of the branded sales versus contract manufacturing businesses, the company spun off the contract business in 2000, renaming it Wistron Corporation. The restructuring resulted in two primary units: brand name sales and contract manufacturing. In 2001, the company sold its manufacturing units BenQ and Wistron in order to focus resources on design and sales.

Acer increased worldwide sales while simultaneously reducing its labor force by identifying and using marketing strategies that best utilized their existing distribution channels. In January 2005 Gianfranco Lanci became the president. By 2005, Acer employed a scant 7,800 people worldwide. Revenues rose from US$4.9 billion in 2003 to US$11.31 billion in 2006.

Acer's North American market shares slipped in the early 2000s, while its European market share rose.

In the mid-2000s, consumer notebooks were almost the sole growth drivers for the PC industry, and Acer's exceptionally low overheads and dedication to the channel made it one of the main beneficiaries of this trend. Acer grew quickly in Europe in part by embracing the use of more traditional distribution channels targeting retail consumers when some rivals were pursuing online sales and business customers. In 2007, Acer bought Gateway in the United States and Packard Bell in Europe, and became the third-largest provider of computers and the second largest for notebooks, achieving significant improvement in profitability. Acer has strived to become the world's largest PC vendor in the belief that the goal can help it achieve economy of scale and garner higher margin. However, such a reliance on the high-volume, low-value PC market made Acer exposed when buying habits changed.

In September 2018, Acer spun-off its smart gadget unit GadgeTek Inc., which produces Leap Beads, smart prayer beads that track mantras and footsteps.

In 2019, Acer announced the esports social platform PLANET9.gg, which aims to provide game analytics, community-organized competitions, and social experiences.

2013 re-organisation
In November 2013, chairman and CEO J.T. Wang and president Jim Wong both resigned due to the company's poor financial performance. Wang had been reportedly due to leave Acer at the end of the year and was supposed to have been succeeded by Wong. Acer co-founder Stan Shih took over as board chairman and interim president after the departure of Wang and Wong and began to search for new candidates to assume the roles of CEO and president. On 23 December, Acer named Jason Chen, then the vice president of worldwide sales and marketing at Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing, as its new president and CEO, effective 1 January.

Acquisitions and joint ventures

 * In 1988, Acer acquired Counterpoint Computers.
 * In 1990, Acer acquired Altos Computer Corporation.
 * In 1993, Acer acquired the PC division of Commodore International.
 * In 1997, Acer acquired Texas Instruments notebook computer business.
 * On 27 August 2007, Acer announced plans to acquire its US-based rival Gateway, Inc. for US$710 million. Acer's former chairman, J.T. Wang, stated that the acquisition completed Acer's "global footprint, by strengthening [its] United States presence". Included in this acquisition was the eMachines brand.
 * In January 2008, Acer announced that it had acquired a controlling interest of 75% of Packard Bell.
 * In March 2008, Acer acquired Taiwanese electronics manufacturing company E-TEN.
 * In 2009, Acer acquired 29.9% of Italian computer system manufacturer Olidata.
 * In August 2010, Acer and Founder Technology signed a memorandum of mutual understanding to strengthen their long-term PC business cooperation.
 * In July 2011, Acer bought iGware Inc. (formally BroadOn) for US$320 million. The aim is to create Acer Cloud to enter cloud computing market. iGware had developed cloud software and infrastructure tools for devices. It had also notably partnered with Nintendo on several projects.
 * In September 2015, Acer acquired GPS cycling computer brand Xplova.
 * In September 2015, Acer invested in robotics start-up company Jibo.
 * In March 2016, Acer made an equity investment in grandPad, a provider of technology solutions specifically designed for senior citizens.
 * In June 2016, Acer's board of directors approved the establishment of a joint venture with Starbreeze AB to design, manufacture, promote, market and sell StarVR Virtual Reality Head-Mounted Displays.
 * In 2016, Acer acquired wireless pet camera maker Pawbo.
 * In 2017, Acer became the largest corporate shareholder of AOPEN Inc.
 * In October 2017, Acer purchased a 66.7% majority stake in StarVR from Starbreeze.
 * In 2019, Acer and Ubisoft teamed up for the Rainbow Six Pro League and other major esports events with the Predator brand as the PC and monitor sponsor.

Operations
As of September 2022, Acer has over 7,713 employees worldwide, operating in 40 countries/territories.

Australia
Acer Computer Australia (ACA) was established in 1990, and is currently Australia's third-largest personal computer vendor, behind Hewlett-Packard Australia and Dell Australia and New Zealand. ACA has Australia's highest overall market share in notebook PC and tablet PC sales. The company is also Australia's leading PC vendor in the government and education markets. it has over 480 employees.

The company repairs, assembles and manufacturers laptops and desktops in Sydney.

Europe
Acer's EMEA headquarters are located in Lugano, Switzerland. From the late 1990s to mid-2000s, Acer had computer factories in Europe. The business area was the whole EMEA. In the Netherlands under the name of Acer IMS bv, there were two factories: Acer laptop factory in Den Bosch and Acer and IBM desktop factory in Tilburg. Acer also had facilities in Germany under the name of IMS in Ahrensburg and Hamburg. Acer computers are also assembled in Mingachevir, Azerbaijan.

India
Acer's subsidiary in India is Acer India (Pvt) Limited, and was incorporated as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Acer Computer International, Ltd. in 1999. It is a notable vendor in key segments such as education, desktop computers, and low profile notebooks for education. The head office is in Bengaluru, Karnataka. India rose to become Acer's second-largest worldwide market in 2023. In an effort to diversify from the computer hardware market, a new firm called AcerPure was established to sell consumer products in India.

Indonesia
PT Acer Indonesia is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Acer and distributes its products through their main distributor PT Dragon Computer & Communication. Acer is currently the second-largest computer vendor in Indonesia. In the first quarter of 2016, Acer recorded >81% market share in Windows tablet in Indonesia.

North America

Acer America Corporation, headquartered in San Jose, California, is a member of the Acer Group. Acer's R&D, engineering, manufacturing, and marketing operations in the United States and Canada are handled by Acer America. The U.S. headquarters was opened with a staff of three in 1985, as Multitech Electronics USA, in Mountain View, California. In 1986, the U.S. headquarters were moved to San Jose, California.

Notable product lines

 * Acer Extensa series – Business-oriented laptops
 * Acer Iconia – A series of tablet computers
 * Acer Aspire – Budget to entry level personal-use computer and laptops aimed for casual household use
 * Acer TravelMate – Lightweight business-oriented laptops
 * Acer Nitro – Acer's entry to mid-end gaming-oriented laptops
 * Acer Predator – Acer's mid to high-end gaming laptops and desktops
 * Acer Aspire One – Acer's mid to high-end personal-use laptop
 * Acer Swift – A series of mid to high-end ultra-portable notebooks
 * Acer Spin – A series of budget to mid-end two-in-one laptops
 * Acer ConceptD – Desktop and laptops designed for studios and rendering
 * Acer Veriton – A high-end business-oriented desktop
 * Acer Enduro – Acer's series of rugged laptops
 * Acer Enduro Urban – Lightweight semi-rugged laptops.
 * Acer Vero – Eco-friendly laptops.

Brands

 * Aazar
 * eMachines
 * ProPack
 * Gateway
 * Packard Bell
 * Pawbo
 * Predator
 * Xplova
 * Nitro

Corporate social responsibility
In 2005, Acer published its first environmental report, for which the company used the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) guidelines. All of Acer's tier-one suppliers have acquired ISO 14001 certification.

In November 2012, Acer was ranked 4th place out of 15 in Greenpeace's re-launched Guide to Greener Electronics, with a score of 5.1 points out of 10. The Guide ranks electronics makers according to their policies and practices to reduce their impact on the climate, produce greener products, and make their operations more sustainable.

Greenpeace criticized the company for not setting out targets to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as intended in 2010 and for not providing external verification for the GHG emissions it reports for its operations and business travel. It also scored badly on the products criteria receiving no points on product lifecycle while Greenpeace noted that a higher percentage of its products need to meet or exceed Energy Star standards in order for it to score more points.

It received some praise for launching new products which are free from Polyvinyl chloride plastic (PVC) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and the company informed Greenpeace that the majority of its products will be PVC/BFR free in the near future. Acer also scored well on chemical management for lobbying for restrictions on organo-halogens and was commended for reporting on GHG emissions from its first-tier suppliers and investigating its second tier.

In its 2012 report on progress relating to conflict minerals, the Enough Project rated Acer the seventh highest of 24 consumer electronics companies.

Acer has been listed on the DJSI's Emerging Markets Index since 2014 and on MSCI's Global Sustainability Indexes in 2015–2016.

Sponsorships

 * Acer sponsored the BAR-Honda Formula One racing team in the year . In, Acer provided sponsorship to the Prost Grand Prix Formula One team, and the team's Ferrari engines were badged as Acers.
 * Acer sponsored the Ferrari Formula 1 team from 2003 up to 2012 (Official Supplier since 2006) and its Top Sponsor of FC Internazionale – Milano (Inter Milan) Football Club. From 2007 to 2009 Acer has been Official Supplier of FC Barcelona. On 19 March 2007, Acer announced it would sponsor the Factory Fiat Yamaha Team for the 2007 MotoGP World Championship season. Since 2009, Packard Bell (part of Acer Group) has been the sponsor of the Yamaha Factory Racing Team.
 * Acer was the worldwide TOP Partners for both the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Winter Games and Singapore Youth Olympic Games. Acer was TOP Partner of the London 2012 Summer Olympics.
 * On 18 June 2019, Acer Predator sponsored Ubisoft Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege Pro League Season X, becoming the official PC Monitor of Rainbow Six Pro League and Majors.

Controversies
During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Acer refused to join the international community and withdraw from the Russian market. Research from Yale University from March 28, 2022, identifying how companies were reacting to Russia's aggression identified Acer in the worst category "Digging in" meaning Defying Demands for Exit: companies defying demands for exit/reduction of activities. Acer subsequently reversed its decision and suspended business in Russia. Despite stating that it would suspend business in Russia, a Reuters investigation of customs data found that Acer supplied at least $70.4 million worth of computer hardware to Russia between April 8, 2022 and March 31, 2023, and it was supplied to Russia both through Acer's wholly-owned Swiss registered subsidiary. Since the shipments occurred outside Taiwan, they did not violate Taiwanese sanctions against Russia.

title: Acer Inc.


text:
Talk:Sheila Dikshit

Victory?
What about recent new of her winning the last assembly polls in 2004, Her issues with the internal party and curbing of powers. (lemme get the facts.. I might add it up :-) ) viyyer 05:01, 8 May 2005 (UTC)

life story
I think the page would look much better if we reversed the chronological order. Say we introduce her as CM; then we can go to early life and upbringing, education and so on right up to what she was doing before CM. ? Autumnleaf 22:53, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 19:49, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Stament removed after a year with no reference
In early 1970s, she was chairperson of the Young Women's Association and was instrumental in the setting up two hostels for working women in Delhi.

Please do not return this information without a citation.-- Birgitte SB  19:34, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

WP:INDIA Banner/Delhi Addition
Note: WP India Project Banner with Delhi workgroup parameters was added to this article talk page because the article falls under Category:Delhi or its subcategories. Should you feel this addition is inappropriate, please undo my changes and update/remove the relavent categories to the article -- Amartyabag   TALK2ME  13:28, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

Honorific
Is the Smt. really necessary? Since we're already using Dr., isn't it redundant, or is it standard to use multiple honorifics in India? --Dante Alighieri | Talk 17:06, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

NPOV
Phrases like "complete failure" strike me as problematic. However, since I have zero information on the issues involved, I must leave it up to more informed Wikicitizens to figure out what to change. --Dante Alighieri | Talk 17:07, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

Pronunciation
Is someone able to provide the correct pronunciation for her name and include it? I don't know the correct IPA spelling, but I understand the h is silent or at least it doesn't make the "sh" sound. If pronounced how it looks... it's just bad. -Eaglescout1984 17:33, 8 October 2010 (GMT) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Eaglescout1984 (talk • contribs)
 * Why is it bad? Only from your point of view. For all you know your name could sound like all kinds of things in different languages. 82.32.184.4 (talk) 02:45, 11 October 2010 (UTC)
 * English is a de facto universal language, not to mention the secondary official language of India. To imply otherwise with rhetoric like "only from your point of view" is silly.137.165.171.208 (talk) 04:41, 13 October 2010 (UTC)

Some comment should be made about how she had a huge cry because somebody mispronounced her name? Doesn't she have anything better to do? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.195.118.43 (talk) 00:24, 11 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Sure enough I see from your IP address that you're in New Zealand (hello to everyone at the Victoria University of Wellington). The actual story is that somebody had a big laugh at her name, with a racist tinge (saying it was "appropriate because she's Indian"), and this person has a record of making racially charged remarks about people. No doubt she has plenty better to do than deal with the kind of inane abuse her name gets her. 82.32.184.4 (talk) 02:45, 11 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Mrs. Dikshit made a statement that she was not upset about this, but the issue became a minor national political issue in India because of perceived prejudice. Her name (शीला दीक्षित) is not pronounceable by people who only speak English, but for those who want to try, the "sh" sound is actually a retroflex "s."  "Dikshit" is how it is transliterated but most English speakers would better pronounce it "Deexit."  Blue Rasberry  15:00, 13 October 2010 (UTC)

I've had a go using IPA, and come up with (try pasting each word at the IPA Reader website). As for an easy approximation: Sheila is almost correct, but with a thinner sh; Dikshit can be deciphered by breaking it into two parts: Deek (rhymes with peek); and shith (like Sith, but with a sh). Thus, we get Deek-shith. Hope all that makes sense! Alexanderino (talk) 12:28, 22 June 2022 (UTC)

 * Audio file of name pronunciation created, uploaded to Wikimedia Commons, and added to the wiki page. Alexanderino (talk) 07:36, 24 June 2022 (UTC)

Spelling
Just wanted to let you guys know that her name is "Dixit" not "Dikshit" please correct the spelling thanks! 222.152.107.68 (talk) 10:38, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Her name is pronounced "Dixit" but spelt "Dikshit". Thanks, Stickee (talk)  12:07, 12 October 2010 (UTC)

TO Clear things up: IT IS PRONOUNCED "DIXIT" not "DICKSHIT" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.29.115.113 (talk) 20:57, 14 October 2010 (UTC)

It IS pronounced Dik-Shit, there is a video clip of her saying her own name and its is Dik-Shit, So its pronounced, and spelt, Dikshit. Funnyfela (talk) 07:26, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

Such an unfortunate name with respect to Anglophones. 64.255.164.53 (talk) 05:05, 19 July 2011 (UTC)

Both spellings are used. So both should be mentioned in the article. --91.55.141.80 (talk) 05:48, 24 November 2011 (UTC)

Dixit spelling is only used because we live in a too PC world that can accept the spelling and pronunciation is also funny in the english language. It is Dikshit, and pronounced as it looks, dik-sh-it Funnyfela (talk) 10:24, 3 September 2012 (UTC)

I think you just intentionally repeated that for fun. LOL. --223.133.121.173 (talk) 15:31, 27 December 2012 (UTC)

Figures quoted in India articles
I am not against using India numbering systems, but since this is in English shouldn't crore/lakh figures be at least translated into English numbers for the vast readership outside of India? I know what it means, but other articles use the English system of thousands and millions. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.73.22.113 (talk) 05:08, 3 April 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Sheila Dikshit. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-26/delhi/30323952_1_delhi-lokayukta-uplokayukta-act-regularization-of-unauthorized-colonies
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Court-orders-FIR-against-Sheila-Dikshit/articleshow/22194077.cms
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/No-info-on-corruption-cases-against-Sheila-Dikshit-ACB/articleshow/49073236.cms
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060619002157/http://delhigovt.nic.in/sheila.asp to http://www.delhigovt.nic.in/sheila.asp

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Information needed (1958 to 1984)
This wiki is conspicuously deficient in Shiela Dixit's life (professional) from 1958 to 1978. The wiki starts rather abruptly in 1978 when she was more than 40 years old.

Can someone please add information on her life prior to that to make this wiki better? Naturally, supported by reliable citations. Thanks Notthebestusername (talk) 04:48, 4 March 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:04, 30 December 2020 (UTC)
 * The Chief Minister of Delhi Smt. Sheila Dikshit handing over the Olympic Torch to the President.jpg

title: Talk:Sheila Dikshit


text:
Swan upping

Swan upping is an annual ceremony in England in which mute swans on the River Thames are rounded up, caught, ringed, and then released.

History
By prerogative right, the British Crown enjoys ownership of all unmarked mute swans in open water. Rights over swans may, however, be granted to a British subject by the Crown (accordingly they may also be claimed by prescription). Until the 16th century, the ownership of swans in a given body of water was commonly granted to landowners. The only bodies who still exercise such rights are two livery companies of the City of London, the Worshipful Company of Vintners and the Worshipful Company of Dyers, who thus share equally with the Crown in the number of swans in the Thames that they own. The tradition of swan upping on the Thames began in the 12th century.

Description
Swan upping is the traditional means by which the swans on the Thames are apportioned among the three proprietors. Its main practical purposes today are to conduct a census of swans and check their health. It occurs annually in the third week of July. Over five days, the Crown's, the Vintners' and the Dyers' respective 'swan uppers' row up the river in skiffs (in recent centuries from Sunbury to Abingdon).

The Crown's swans are recorded by the Marker of the Swans, who is rowed in a skiff by oarsmen from the Company of Watermen and Lightermen. The Crown's swan uppers, who wear distinctive red uniforms, catch the swans, weigh and measure the cygnets, and check them for injuries.

Based on their parentage, cygnets are determined to belong to the Crown, the Dyers or the Vintners. Swans belonging to the Crown are left unmarked, except for a lightweight ring linked to the database of the British Trust for Ornithology. Those belonging to the Dyers and Vintners receive a similar ring on the other leg. The rings have replaced nicks on the swans' bills, which used to be made with a metal implement, one nick for the Dyers and one on each side for the Vintners. The former practice is reflected in The Swan with Two Necks, the name of a former pub in the City connected with the Vintners, which was a corruption of "The Swan with Two Nicks".

On 20 July 2009, Queen Elizabeth II, as "Seigneur of the Swans", attended the Swan Upping ceremony, the first time a reigning monarch had done so.

Cancellations
In 2012, exceptional high river flows for summer prompted a partial cancellation: between Sunbury and Windsor, the first time the tradition is known to have been cancelled (albeit partially).

The first known full cancellation took place in 2020 due to COVID-19 social distancing measures.

title: Swan upping


text:
Stephen Vincent Benét

Stephen Vincent Benét (July 22, 1898 – March 13, 1943) was an American poet, short story writer, and novelist. He wrote a book-length narrative poem of the American Civil War, John Brown's Body, published in 1928, for which he received the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, and for the short stories "The Devil and Daniel Webster", published in 1936, and "By the Waters of Babylon", published in 1937.

In 2009, Library of America selected his story "The King of the Cats", published in 1929, for inclusion in its two-century retrospective of American Fantastic Tales, edited by Peter Straub.

Early life and education
Benét was born on July 22, 1898, in Fountain Hill, Pennsylvania, in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania to James Walker Benét, a colonel in the U.S. Army. His grandfather and namesake led the Army Ordnance Corps from 1874 to 1891 as a brigadier general and served in the Civil War. His paternal uncle Laurence Vincent Benét was an ensign in the U.S. Navy during the Spanish–American War who later manufactured the French Hotchkiss machine gun.

Around the age of ten, Benét was sent to the Hitchcock Military Academy in San Rafael, California. He graduated at the top of his class from Summerville Academy in Augusta, Georgia, and from Yale University, where he was "the power behind the Yale Lit", according to Thornton Wilder, a fellow member of the Elizabethan Club. As a Yale University student, he also edited and contributed light verse to the campus humor magazine The Yale Record.

His first book was published when he was aged 17, and he was awarded an M.A. in English upon submission of his third volume of poetry in lieu of a thesis. He was also a part-time contributor to Time magazine in the magazine's early years.

In 1920 and 1921, Benét was in France on a Yale traveling fellowship, where he met Rosemary Carr; the couple married in Chicago in November 1921. Carr was also a writer and poet, and they collaborated on some works.

In 1926, he received a Guggenheim Fellowship award and, while living in Paris, wrote John Brown's Body.

Career
Benét helped solidify the place of the Yale Series of Younger Poets Competition and Yale University Press during his decade-long judgeship of the competition. He published the first volumes of James Agee, Muriel Rukeyser, Jeremy Ingalls, and Margaret Walker.

In 1929, Benét was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters.

Two years later, in 1931, he was awarded a fellowship by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

On three separate occasions, Benét was awarded the O. Henry Award: in 1932, for his short stories An End to Dreams in 1932, in 1937, for The Devil and Daniel Webster, and in 1940, for Freedom's a Hard-Bought Thing.

His fantasy short story "The Devil and Daniel Webster" inspired several unauthorized dramatizations by other writers after its publication, which prompted Benét to adapt his own work for the stage. Benét approached composer Douglas Moore to create an opera of the work with Benét serving as librettist in 1937.

The Devil and Daniel Webster: An Opera in One Act, published by Farrar & Rinehart in 1939, premiered on Broadway that same year. The opera version of Benet's "The Devil and Daniel Webster" was created from 1937 through 1939, and its libretto served as the basis for a 1938 play adaptation of the work, The Devil and Daniel Webster: A Play in One Act, published by Dramatists Play Service in 1938. The play, in turn, was used as the source for a screenplay adaptation co-written by Benét, which was released in 1941 as All That Money Can Buy.

Benét also wrote a sequel, "Daniel Webster and the Sea Serpent", in which Daniel Webster encounters Leviathan.

Death
Benét died of a heart attack in New York City on March 13, 1943, at age 44. He is interred in Evergreen Cemetery in Stonington, Connecticut, where he owned the historic Amos Palmer House.

Legacy
On April 17, 1943, NBC Radio broadcast a special tribute to his life and works, which included a performance by Helen Hayes. He was awarded a posthumous Pulitzer Prize in 1944 for Western Star, an unfinished narrative poem on the settling of the United States.

Benét adapted the Roman myth of the rape of the Sabine Women into the story "The Sobbin' Women". That story was adapted as the musical film Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (1954), then as a stage musical (1978) and then TV series (1982). His play John Brown's Body was staged on Broadway in 1953 in a three-person dramatic reading featuring Tyrone Power, Judith Anderson, and Raymond Massey, directed by Charles Laughton. The book was included in Life magazine's list of the 100 outstanding books of 1924–44.

Dee Brown's Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee takes its title from the final phrase of Benét's poem "American Names". The full quotation appears at the beginning of Brown's book: I shall not be there I shall rise and pass Bury my heart at Wounded Knee.

Selected works

 * Five Men and Pompey, a series of dramatic portraits, Poetry, 1915
 * The Drug-Shop, or, Endymion in Edmonstoun, his Yale University Prize Poem, written in 1917
 * Young Adventure: A book of Poems, 1918
 * Heavens and Earth, 1920
 * The Beginnings of Wisdom: A Novel, 1921
 * Young People's Pride: A Novel, 1922
 * Jean Huguenot: A Novel, 1923
 * The Ballad of William Sycamore: A Poem, 1923
 * King David: A two-hundred-line ballad in six parts, 1923
 * Nerves, 1924, a play co-authored with John C. Farrar
 * That Awful Mrs. Eaton, 1924, a play co-authored with John C. Farrar
 * Tiger Joy: A Book of Poems, 1925
 * The Mountain Whippoorwill: How Hill-Billy Jim Won the Great Fiddler's Prize: A Poem., 1925
 * The Bat, 1926, ghostwritten novelization of the play by Mary Roberts Rinehart and Avery Hopwood
 * Spanish Bayonet, 1926
 * John Brown's Body, 1928
 * The Barefoot Saint: A Short Story, 1929
 * The Litter of Rose Leaves: A Short Story, 1930
 * Abraham Lincoln, 1930, a screenplay co-authored with Gerrit Lloyd
 * Ballads and Poems, 1915–1930, 1931
 * A Book of Americans, 1933, co-authored with Rosemary Carr Benét, his wife
 * James Shore's Daughter: A Novel, 1934
 * The Burning City, 1936, includes 'Litany for Dictatorships'
 * The Magic of Poetry and the Poet's Art, 1936
 * The Devil and Daniel Webster, 1936
 * By the Waters of Babylon, 1937
 * The Headless Horseman: one-act play, 1937
 * Thirteen O'Clock, 1937
 * We Aren't Superstitious, 1937, an essay on the Salem Witch Trials
 * Johnny Pye and the Fool Killer: A Short Story, 1938
 * Tales Before Midnight: Collection of Short Stories, 1939
 * The Ballad of the Duke's Mercy, 1939
 * The Devil and Daniel Webster, 1939, an opera libretto with Douglas Moore
 * A Song of Three Soldiers, 1940
 * Elementals, 1940–41 (broadcast)
 * Freedom's Hard-Bought Thing, 1941, a broadcast
 * Listen to the People, 1941
 * A Summons to the Free, 1941
 * William Riley and the Fates, 1941
 * Cheers for Miss Bishop, 1941, a screenplay written with Adelaide Heilbron and Sheridan Gibney
 * The Devil and Daniel Webster, 1941, a screenplay written with Dan Totheroh
 * Selected Works, 1942 (2 vols.)
 * Short Stories, 1942
 * Nightmare at Noon: Short Poem, 1942, in The Treasury Star Parade, edited by William A. Bacher
 * A Child is Born, 1942, a broadcast
 * They Burned the Books, 1942
 * They Burned the Books, 1942, a broadcast

These works were published posthumously:
 * Western Star, 1943 (unfinished)
 * Twenty Five Short Stories, 1943
 * America, 1944
 * O'Halloran's Luck and Other Short Stories, 1944
 * We Stand United, 1945, a series of radio scripts
 * The Bishop's Beggar, 1946
 * The Last Circle, 1946
 * Selected Stories, 1947
 * From the Earth to the Moon, 1958

title: Stephen Vincent Benét


text:
Hexamethylenetetramine

Hexamethylenetetramine, also known as methenamine, hexamine, or its trade name Urotropin, is a heterocyclic organic compound with the formula (CH2)6N4. This white crystalline compound is highly soluble in water and polar organic solvents. It has a cage-like structure similar to adamantane. It is useful in the synthesis of other organic compounds, including plastics, pharmaceuticals, and rubber additives. It sublimes in vacuum at 280 °C.

Synthesis, structure, reactivity
Hexamethylenetetramine was discovered by Aleksandr Butlerov in 1859. It is prepared industrially by combining formaldehyde and ammonia:

 * Synthesis Hexamine.svg

The reaction can be conducted in gas phase and in solution.

The molecule has a tetrahedral cage-like structure, similar to adamantane. Four vertices are occupied by nitrogen atoms, which are linked by methylene groups. Although the molecular shape defines a cage, no void space is available at the interior for binding other atoms or molecules, unlike crown ethers or larger cryptand structures.

The molecule behaves like an amine base, undergoing protonation and N-alkylation (e.g. alkylation with chloroallyl chloride gives quaternium-15).

Applications
The dominant use of hexamethylenetetramine is in the production of solid (powder) or liquid phenolic resins and phenolic resin moulding compounds, in which it is added as a hardening component. These products are used as binders, e.g., in brake and clutch linings, abrasives, non-woven textiles, formed parts produced by moulding processes, and fireproof materials.

Medical uses
As the mandelic acid salt (methenamine mandelate) or the hippuric acid salt (methenamine hippurate), it is used for the treatment of urinary tract infections. In an acidic environment, methenamine is believed to act as an antimicrobial by converting to formaldehyde. A systematic review of its use for this purpose in adult women found there was insufficient evidence of benefit and further research was needed. A UK study showed that methenamine is as effective as daily low-dose antibiotics at preventing UTIs among women who experience recurrent UTIs. As methenamine is an antiseptic, it may avoid the issue of antibiotic resistance.

Methenamine acts as an over-the-counter antiperspirant due to the astringent property of formaldehyde. Specifically, methenamine is used to minimize perspiration in the sockets of prosthetic devices.

Histological stains
Methenamine silver stains are used for staining in histology, including the following types:
 * Grocott's methenamine silver stain, used widely as a screen for fungal organisms.
 * Jones' stain, a methenamine silver-Periodic acid-Schiff that stains for basement membrane, availing to view the "spiked" Glomerular basement membrane associated with membranous glomerulonephritis.

Solid fuel
Together with 1,3,5-trioxane, hexamethylenetetramine is a component of hexamine fuel tablets used by campers, hobbyists, the military and relief organizations for heating camping food or military rations. It burns smokelessly, has a high energy density of 30.0 megajoules per kilogram (MJ/kg), does not liquify while burning, and leaves no ashes, although its fumes are toxic.

Standardized 0.149 g tablets of methenamine (hexamine) are used by fire-protection laboratories as a clean and reproducible fire source to test the flammability of carpets and rugs.

Food additive
Hexamethylenetetramine or hexamine is also used as a food additive as a preservative (INS number 239). It is approved for usage for this purpose in the EU, where it is listed under E number E239, however it is not approved in the USA, Russia, Australia, or New Zealand.

Reagent in organic chemistry
Hexamethylenetetramine is a versatile reagent in organic synthesis. It is used in the Duff reaction (formylation of arenes), the Sommelet reaction (converting benzyl halides to aldehydes), and in the Delepine reaction (synthesis of amines from alkyl halides).

Explosives
Hexamethylenetetramine is the base component to produce RDX and, consequently, C-4 as well as octogen (a co-product with RDX), hexamine dinitrate, hexamine diperchlorate and HMTD.

Pyrotechnics
Hexamethylenetetramine is also used in pyrotechnics to reduce combustion temperatures and decrease the color intensity of various fireworks. Because of its ash-free combustion, hexamethylenetetramine is also utilized in indoor fireworks alongside magnesium and lithium salts.

Historical uses
Hexamethylenetetramine was first introduced into the medical setting in 1895 as a urinary antiseptic. It was officially approved by the FDA for medical use in the United States in 1967. However, it was only used in cases of acidic urine, whereas boric acid was used to treat urinary tract infections with alkaline urine. Scientist De Eds found that there was a direct correlation between the acidity of hexamethylenetetramine's environment and the rate of its decomposition. Therefore, its effectiveness as a drug depended greatly on the acidity of the urine rather than the amount of the drug administered. In an alkaline environment, hexamethylenetetramine was found to be almost completely inactive.

Hexamethylenetetramine was also used as a method of treatment for soldiers exposed to phosgene in World War I. Subsequent studies have shown that large doses of hexamethylenetetramine provide some protection if taken before phosgene exposure but none if taken afterwards.

Producers
Since 1990 the number of European producers has been declining. The French SNPE factory closed in 1990; in 1993, the production of hexamethylenetetramine in Leuna, Germany ceased; in 1996, the Italian facility of Agrolinz closed down; in 2001, the UK producer Borden closed; in 2006, production at Chemko, Slovak Republic, was closed. Remaining producers include INEOS in Germany, Caldic in the Netherlands, and Hexion in Italy. In the US, Eli Lilly and Company stopped producing methenamine tablets in 2002. In Australia, Hexamine Tablets for fuel are made by Thales Australia Ltd. In México, Hexamine is produced by Abiya. Many other countries who still produce this include Russia, Saudi Arabia, and China.

title: Hexamethylenetetramine


text:
User:Chris-gore

I use Wikipedia often, and occasionally contribute to it.

 * Webpage: cgore.com
 * Email: [mailto:cgore@cgore.com cgore@cgore.com]

I was born on December 8.

People I know in real life:

 * User:Umrguy42 (Matt Ryan)

title: User:Chris-gore


text:
National Human Rights Commission of India

The National Human Rights Commission of India (abbreviated as NHRC) is a statutory body constituted on 12 October 1993 under the Protection of Human Rights Ordinance of 28 September 1993. It was given a statutory basis by the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 (PHRA). The NHRC is responsible for the protection and promotion of human rights, defined by the act as "Rights Relating To Life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the constitution or embodied in the international covenants and enforceable by courts in India".

Functions of NHRC
The Protection of Human Rights Act mandates the NHRC to perform the following:

 * Proactively or reactively inquire into violations of human rights by government of India or negligence of such violation by a public servant
 * The protection of human rights and recommend measures for their effective implementation
 * Review the factors, including acts of terrorism that inhibit the enjoyment of human rights and recommend appropriate remedial measures
 * To study treaties and other international instruments on human rights and make recommendations for their effective implementation
 * Undertake and promote research in the field of human rights
 * To visit jails and study the condition of inmates
 * Engage in human rights education among various sections of society and promote awareness of the safeguards available for the protection of these rights through publications, the media, seminars and other available means
 * Encourage the efforts of NGOs and institutions that works in the field of human rights voluntarily.
 * Considering the necessity for the protection of human rights.
 * Requisitioning any public record or copy thereof from any court or office.

Composition
The NHRC consists of the chairperson and five members (excluding the ex-officio members)
 * A Chairperson, who has been a Chief Justice of India or a Judge of the Supreme Court.
 * One member who is, or has been, a Judge of the Supreme Court of India and one member who is, or has been, the Chief Justice of a High Court.
 * Three Members, out of which at least one shall be a woman to be appointed from amongst persons having knowledge of, or practical experience in, matters relating to human rights.
 * In addition, the Chairpersons of National Commissions viz., National Commission for Scheduled Castes, National Commission for Scheduled Tribes, National Commission for Women, National Commission for Minorities, National Commission for Backward Classes, National Commission for Protection of Child Rights; and the Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities serve as ex officio members.

The sitting Judge of the Supreme Court or sitting Chief Justice of any High Court can be appointed only after the consultation with the Chief Justice of India.

Chairman and members
Vijaya Bharathi Sayani is the acting chairperson of the commission. The last chairperson of the NHRC was Justice Arun Kumar Mishra, who completed his tenure on 1 June 2024.The other members are:
 * Mr. Justice M.M. Kumar
 * Dr. D.M. Mulay
 * Mr. Rajiv Jain

Ex-officio members:
 * Chairperson, National Commission for Scheduled Castes
 * Chairperson, National Commission for Scheduled Tribes
 * Chairperson, National Commission for Minorities
 * Chairperson, National Commission for Women
 * Chairperson, National Commission for Backward Classes
 * Chairperson, National Commission for Protection of Child Rights
 * Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities

Core Groups

 * Core Group on Older Persons
 * Core Advisory Group on Environment, Climate Change & Human Rights
 * Core Group on Human Rights Defenders and NGOs
 * Core Advisory Group on Bonded Labour
 * Core group on LGBTI issues
 * Core Advisory Group on Business and Human Rights
 * Core Group on Disabilities
 * Core group on Health and Mental Health
 * Core Group on Right to Food
 * Core Group on Rights of Women
 * Core Group of NGOs in the Commission
 * Core Advisory Group on Criminal Justice System Reforms
 * Core Group on Mental Health in the Commission Order

State Human Rights Commission
A state government may constitute a body known as the Human Rights Commission of that State to exercise the powers conferred upon, and to perform the functions assigned to, a State Commission. In accordance with the amendment brought in TPHRA,1993 point No.10 below is the list of State Human Rights Commissions formed to perform the functions of the commission as stated under chapter V of TPHRA,1993 (with amendment act 2006). At present, 25 states have constituted SHRC

Appointment
Section 2, 3 and 4 of TPHRA lay down the rules for appointment to the NHRC. The chairperson and members of the NHRC are appointed by the President of India, on the recommendation of a committee consisting of:
 * The Prime Minister (chairperson)
 * The Home Minister
 * The Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha (Lower House)
 * The Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha (Upper House)
 * The Speaker of the Lok Sabha (Lower House)
 * The Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha (Upper House)

Controversy
A report concerning the manner in which the Shivani Bhatnagar murder case was rejected, a case involving high-ranking officials, opened the organisation up to questioning over the usefulness of human rights commissions set up by the government at the national and state levels. In mid-2011, the chairman of the NHRC, ex-Chief Justice K.G. Balakrishnan came under a cloud for allegedly owning assets disproportionate to his income. His son-in-law P. V. Srinijan, an Indian National Congress politician, had to resign for suddenly coming into possession of land worth Rs. 25 lakhs. Many prominent jurists, including former CJ J. S. Verma, SC ex-Judge V. R. Krishna Iyer, noted jurist Fali S. Nariman, former NHRC member Sudarshan Agrawal and prominent activist lawyer Prashant Bhushan, have called on Balakrishnan's resignation pending from the HRC pending inquiry. In February 2012, the Supreme Court inquired of the government regarding the status of the inquiry.

Human Rights Campaign's recommendations
NHRC held that 16 out of 19 police encounters with suspected Maoists in Guntur and Kurnool districts of Andhra Pradesh, prior to 2002 were fake and recommended to Government payment of compensation of Rs 5 lakh each to the kin of the families.


text:
World Trade Centre Hong Kong

The World Trade Centre is a shopping centre and office tower complex in Causeway Bay, Hong Kong. It is connected via passageway to its neighbour, The Excelsior.

The complex was developed by Jardines through its property development arm, Hongkong Land. It was later sold to Sun Hung Kai Properties. It is situated on land owned by Jardine since the early days of Hong Kong as a British Crown Colony at East Point, where Jardine had their original godowns and offices.

History
Located at No. 280 Gloucester Road, World Trade Centre was built in 1975. Although it originally housed the nightclub Palace Theatre, it was later remodeled to be Hong Kong's most luxurious cinema of the same name. The food and beverage corporation Maxim's also established a restaurant branch in the building, and garnered relative fame at the time.

In 1990, World Trade Centre Group Ltd (formerly Bond Corporation International Ltd) purchased the building from Hongkong Land for HK$1.72 billion. The World Trade Centre was later sold to Sun Hung Kai Properties and was remodelled again to its present form, with the lower floors as a mall and the upper floors remaining as office space.

On 15 December 2021, a fire broke out in the World Trade Centre causing more than 300 people to be trapped on the building's roof.

Shopping arcade renovation
In August 2006, Sun Hung Kai Properties announced that the centre will be expanded for HK$200 million, which included: expansion of number of floors from 6 to 15, additional glass on the floors, walls between shops made of glass, giant LED screen in the entrance, new design of whole centre and other small changes. Also, the working hours were extended, and World Trade Centre renamed as WTC.

The first phase of shopping arcade renovation started in October 2006. The floors built on this phase were shops and also office areas and a big exhibition hall on 13th floor.

Food & Beverage outlets opened in January 2008 include Hea Place (9/F), Ruby Tuesday, Kung Tak Lam Shanghai Vegetarian Cuisine (10/F), Shanghai Lu Yang Cun Restaurant (11/F), Dragon King Restaurant (12/F), Myung Ga Korean Restaurant and Kiriyaki (13/F).

In February 2009, another renovation phase was held, which made multi-floor shops possible, thereafter the agnès b. store is located on 1st and 2nd floor, Muji and Uniqlo on 4th and 5th floor and Seaview Restaurant and mYoga yoga center on other floors. Most of the shops become vacant on 2019 and P1-5 level closed in December 2020 for the large scale renovation again.

Palace Theatre Cinema
After being converted from a nightclub, Palace Theatre Cinema was opened on 14 November 1979 by Shaw Brothers Studio. The cinema was regarded as one of the most extravagant in Hong Kong; whereas normal prime seats would cost 10 Hong Kong dollars (HKD), the cheapest seat in Palace Theatre costs 12 HKD. The 1060 larger and wider seats, the luxurious lobby, and the middle to upper class clientele signaled the birth of high-end cinemas for Hong Kong movie-goers.

The films shown were primarily from the West; the first film was Aliens. In 1981, Palace Theatre showed Somewhere in Time starring Christopher Reeve, which remained in cinemas for 223 days, a record length for Hong Kong at the time. Between the period of 12 September 1981 and 22 April 1982, the box office at Palace Jade made 9.38 million HKD, also establishing a new record for foreign movies. Among other films, Palace Jade showed American Gigolo and A Clockwork Orange exclusively.

Transport
The World Trade Centre can be reached through exit D1 in MTR's Causeway Bay station.

title: World Trade Centre Hong Kong


text:
Tri-Lakes, Colorado

Tri-Lakes is a region of Colorado in northern El Paso County. Taking its name from the three lakes in the region (Monument Lake, Palmer Lake and Lake Woodmoor), Tri-Lakes includes the incorporated towns and unincorporated communities of Monument, Palmer Lake, Woodmoor, Gleneagle, King's Deer, and Black Forest. The region lies along the Palmer Divide about 40 miles south of Denver and 20 miles north of downtown Colorado Springs. The Air Force Academy is about 5 miles to the south, and Interstate 25 goes north and south through the region.

Population
At the 2020 census, the population of Palmer Lake was 2,636, the population of Monument was 10,399, the population of Woodmoor was 9,536, the population of Gleneagle was 6,649, and the population of Black Forest was 15,097. The Census Bureau does not calculate a discrete population for King's Deer, so Tri-Lakes' total population is around 44,317. Most of the region lies within the Lewis-Palmer School District.

title: Tri-Lakes, Colorado


text:
Satyendra Dubey

Satyendra Dubey (27 November 1973 – 27 November 2003) was an Indian Engineering Service (IES) officer. He was the Project Director in the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) at Koderma, Jharkhand. He was murdered in Gaya, Bihar, allegedly for his anti-corruption related actions in the Golden Quadrilateral highway construction project.

Early life
Satyendra Dubey, the son of Bageshwari Dubey and Phulamati Devi, was born in the village of Shahpur, near Pratappur Sugar Factory in the Siwan district of Bihar, India. The family of seven children, five girls and two boys, subsisted on a small piece of land, and Bageshwari also held a low-paying clerical position in a nearby sugar mill. Until the age of 15, he studied at the Ganga Box Kanodiya High School in Shahpur and then joined junior college at Allahabad, about three hundred kilometers away. Satyendra was the topper of the state in 10th and 12th board exams. He gained admission to the Civil Engineering Department of IIT Kanpur in 1990 and graduated in 1994. He would subsequently complete his M. Tech (Civil Engg.) from the Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University (now Indian Institute of Technology, BHU) in 1996.

Professional life
After his masters, Satyendra joined the Indian Engineering Service (IES) and in July 2002, went on deputation to the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI). Dubey became the Project Director at Koderma, Jharkhand, responsible for managing a part of the Aurangabad-Barachatti section of National Highway 2 (The Grand Trunk Road). This highway was part of the Golden Quadrilateral (GQ) Corridor Project, the Prime Minister's initiative, which aimed to connect many of the country's major cities by four-lane limited-access highways totaling 14,000 km, at an overall cost more than US$10 billion. During this period, Dubey got the contractor of the project to suspend three of his engineers after exposing serious financial irregularities. At one point, he had the contractor rebuild six kilometers of under-quality road, a huge loss for the road contract mafia.

Murder and aftermath
On 27 November 2003, his 30th birthday, Dubey was returning from a wedding in Varanasi, and called his driver to meet him at the station. He reached Gaya railway station at three in the morning, and found that the car was not able to come because of a battery malfunction. It appears that at this point, Dubey decided to take a rickshaw home. When he didn’t reach home, his driver went to look for him and found him dead by the side of the road in the suburb of A.P. Colony. He had been shot. The news ignited tremendous public hue and cry. The matter was raised in Parliament, and the Prime Minister shifted the onus of investigation from the Bihar Police (who might themselves be implicated) to the CBI.

The CBI registered a case against unknown persons under 120-B (criminal conspiracy) and 302 (murder) of Indian Penal Code and various provision under the Arms Act on 14 December 2003.

The investigation
In early investigations, the CBI interrogated the rickshaw puller Pradeep Kumar who was caught using Dubey's stolen cell phone. The mobile phone had been switched off for about a fortnight after the murder, but then Kumar called his 'second wife' in Kolkata, following which the CBI traced the rickshaw puller to his slum in Gaya. Although Kumar had a criminal history in similar cases of robbery, it appears he was released after interrogation, and could not be traced a month later. Two other suspects, Sheonath Sah and Mukendra Paswan, were questioned by the CBI. They were found dead from poisoning on 1 February 2004, within 25 hours of the CBI questioning. Sah's father lodged an FIR against the CBI with the Bihar Police, but CBI Director Uma Shanker Mishra called their deaths a suicide in a press meeting a few days later. The CBI later arrested four persons, Uday Mallah, Mantu Kumar, Tutu Kumar and Babloo, all belonging to Katari village of Gaya on 6 June 2004. On 13 June, the CBI arrested another accused Sarvan Paswan. In conclusion of its investigations, CBI arraigned four persons on 3 September 2004. Based on testimony by Pradeep Kumar, who was his rickshaw puller, the event was presented as an attempted robbery. Because Satyendra put up a fight about giving up his briefcase, he was shot. The person accused of actually shooting Dubey with a country-made pistol was Mantu Kumar, son of Lachhu Singh, of Village Katari, Gaya district. Accomplices with him included Uday Kumar, Pinku Ravidas and Shravan Kumar.

Mantu Kumar was arrested near his home in Panchayatee Khada in Gaya. He had apparently been living in Gaya town and working as a rickshaw puller. On 19 September 2005, while the case was being heard in Patna, Bihar in the court of Addl. Session Judge, J M Sharma, Mantu Kumar escaped from the court premises, leading to widespread allegations of police complicity. While Mantu was being held at the high security Beur Jail, the invigilation can be lax during such court appearances, and it is a common tactic of the mafia to organise a few policemen to make it possible for the criminal to escape. It was felt that the escape was engineered by higher-ups who may have executed the murder through Mantu Kumar. The CBI announced a cash reward of ₹1,00,000 for apprehending Mantu.

CBI Report and Conviction of accused
It is possible that Dubey may have been the victim of a simple robbery during which Mantu Kumar shot him, as alleged in the case filed by CBI. However, given the death and disappearance of several witnesses and the startling escape of the prime accused, there is widespread speculation that vested interests may have engaged the criminals who actually pulled the trigger. As for the GQ project, the Supreme Court is currently overlooking investigations into the corruption charges initially raised by the Dubey letter. Several officials have been indicted, and a technical team is overseeing the actual construction. Also, as of September 2005, news reports indicated that the law ministry was about to introduce legislation to protect whistleblowers. Meanwhile, on 10 February 2006, a 600-meter stretch of the GQ highway connecting Kolkata to Chennai subsided into the ground, opening up a ten-meter gorge near Bally, West Bengal. This stretch had been executed as a joint venture between two Malaysian firms RBM and Pati, who had been awarded the contract after global tendering.

More than six years after the murder, on 22 March 2010, a Patna Court convicted three accused Mantu Kumar, Udai Kumar and Pinku Ravidas for murdering Dubey. The court convicted accused Mantu Kumar under the Indian Penal Code (IPC) Sections 302 (Murder) and 394 (Voluntarily causing hurt in committing robbery), and section 27 (A) of the Arms Act for possessing an unlicensed weapon. The other two accused were convicted under Section 302/34 (Murder committed in furtherance of common intention) and 394 IPC.

Awards and Fellowships dedicated to Satyendra Dubey
Dubey's murder drew several protests in India and abroad, especially by the media. Student and Alumni bodies of IITs took the lead in raising this issue. S. K. Dubey Foundation for Fight Against Corruption was founded in the US by Ashutosh Aman (IIT Kanpur, Satyendra's batchmate) and Atal Bansal (IIT Kanpur) to systematically fight against corruption. IIT Kanpur instituted an annual award in his name, Satyendra K Dubey Memorial Award, to be given to an IIT alumnus for displaying the highest professional integrity in upholding human values.

The Indian Express also announced a fellowship in the name of Dubey.

Institute for Research and Documentation in Social Sciences (IRDS), a Non-governmental organisation from Lucknow has been awarding the Satyendra Dubey award for civil services in reverence to his contributions to the cause of fighting corruption.

Awards given to Satyendra Dubey

 * Whistleblower of the year award from the London-based Index on Censorship,
 * The Transparency International's Annual integrity award.
 * The Service Excellence award from the India Management Association.
 * He was nominated for the Padma awards in 2011.

In Popular Media

 * On 26 November 2007 NDTV aired a documentary by Minnie Vaid on Satyendra Dubey, produced by Ashutosh Aman on behalf of the S K Dubey Foundation.

 * Famous Indian musician Rabbi Shergill has dedicated one stanza in his song titled 'Bilqis (Jinhe Naaz Hai)' from album Avengi Ja Nahin to Satyendra Dubey. This song is a dedication to all those who died in vain or while supporting some cause (anti-corruption).
 * Indian crime television series, Crime Patrol, dedicated their hundredth episode to Satyendra Dubey on 7 April 2012.
 * His story was highlighted in the final episode of Satyamev Jayate.
 * Also his story was shown in Savdhaan India of Life OK channel.

title: Satyendra Dubey


text:
Canaris

Canaris may refer to:

People

 * Claus-Wilhelm Canaris (1937–2021), German jurist
 * Constantine Canaris (1790–1877), Greek admiral and statesman
 * Wilhelm Canaris (1887–1945), German admiral and spymaster

Other uses

 * Cañari, a native tribe in Ecuador
 * Cañaris District, Ferreñafe, Peru
 * Canaris (film), a 1954 West German biopic
 * Canaris (album), a 2008 album by Chris Brokaw

title: Canaris


text:
Etchū Province

Etchū Province (越中国) was a province of Japan in the area that is today Toyama Prefecture in the Hokuriku region of Japan. Etchū bordered on Noto and Kaga Provinces to the west, Shinano and Hida Provinces to the south, Echigo Province to the east and the Sea of Japan to the north. Its abbreviated form name was Esshū (越州).

History
Koshi Province (越国) was an ancient province of Japan and is listed as one of the original provinces in the Nihon Shoki. The region as a whole was sometimes referred to as Esshū (越州). In 701 AD, per the reforms of the Taihō Code, Koshi was divided into three separate provinces: Echizen, Etchū, and Echigo.

However, in 702 AD, the four western districts of Etchū Province (Kubiki, Kosi, Uonuma and Kambara) were transferred to Echigo Province. Etchū annexed Noto Province in 741 AD, but Noto was separated out again in 757 AD. In 746 AD, the noted poet Ōtomo no Yakamochi became Kokushi, and left many references to the region in the poetic anthology Man'yōshū.

The Nara period provincial capital and provincial temple were located in what is now the city of Takaoka, Toyama; however, there are four shrines which vie for the title of Ichinomiya two of which are located in Takaoka, one in the city of Nanto and one in the town of Tateyama. Under the Engishiki classification system, Etchū was ranked as a "superior country" (上国) in terms of importance and "middle country" (中国) in terms of distance from the capital. Despite this classification, Etchū never developed a powerful local gōzoku clan and was usually controlled by its more powerful neighbours.

During the Muromachi period, the Hatakeyama clan emerged as shugo of the region, but preferred to remain in Kyoto, and to rule through appointed deputies, such as the Jinbō clan and the Shiina clan. Into the Sengoku period, the Hatakeyama transferred their power base to Nanao Castle in Noto province, and Etchū became an area contested by the Uesugi Kenshin and the Oda clan with the Ikkō-ikki helping play one side against the other. The area was eventually conquered by Oda Nobunaga's general Shibata Katsuie and his deputy Sassa Narimasa, who were later replaced by Maeda Toshiie under the rule of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The Maeda clan retained control of the province under Kaga Domain during the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate. During the mid-Edo period, Nei District and much of Niikawa District were separated from Kaga Domain into the 100,000 koku Toyama Domain, which was ruled by a branch of the Maeda clan.

Following the Meiji Restoration and the abolition of the han system in 1871, Etchū Province was divided into Kanazawa Prefecture, Toyama Prefecture, Nanao Prefecture and Niikawa Prefecture, but these areas were reconsolidated into Ishikawa Prefecture in 1876. In 1883, Ishikawa Prefecture was divided, with the original four districts of Etchū Province becoming the new Toyama Prefecture. However, the name “Etchū Province” continued to appear in official documents afterwards for some administrative purposes. For example, Etchū is explicitly recognized in treaties in 1894 (a) between Japan and the United States and (b) between Japan and the United Kingdom.

Historical districts
Etchū Province consisted of eight districts:

 * Toyama Prefecture
 * Imizu District (射水郡) – dissolved
 * Himi District (氷見郡) – split from Imizu District on April 1, 1896; now dissolved
 * Nei District (婦負郡) – dissolved
 * Niikawa District (新川郡):
 * Kaminiikawa District (上新川郡) – dissolved
 * Nakaniikawa District (中新川郡) – split from Kaminiikawa District on April 1, 1896
 * Shimoniikawa District (下新川郡)
 * Tonami District (礪波郡):
 * Higashitonami District (東礪波郡) – dissolved
 * Nishitonami District (西礪波郡) – dissolved

title: Etchū Province


text:
Echigo Province

Echigo Province (越後国) was an old province in north-central Japan, on the shores of the Sea of Japan. It bordered on Uzen, Iwashiro, Kōzuke, Shinano, and Etchū Provinces. It corresponds today to Niigata Prefecture, minus the island of  Sado.

Its abbreviated form name was Esshū (越州), with Echizen and Etchū Provinces. Under the Engishiki classification system, Echigo was ranked as one of the 35 "superior countries" (上国) in terms of importance, and one of the 30 "far countries" (遠国) in terms of distance from the capital Koyoto.

Echigo and Kōzuke Province were known as the Jōetsu region.

History
In the late 7th century, during the reign of Emperor Monmu, the ancient province of Koshi Province (越国 or 古志国) was divided into three separate provinces: Echizen, Etchū, and Echigo. The new Echigo Province consisted of Iwafune and Nutari Districts, and was one of two border provinces of the Yamato state with the Emishi (the other being Mutsu). In 702, Echigo was given the four districts of Kubiki, Koshi, Uonuma and Kanbara from Etchū. When Japan extended its territory northward in 708, Dewa District was established under Echigo. But this district was transformed into Dewa Province in 712. Sado Province was temporarily merged with Echigo between 743 and 752. Since the division of Sado in 752, the territory of Echigo remained constant to the Meiji period.

The provincial capital of Echigo was located in Kubiki District, in what is now the city of Jōetsu, but its exact location is now unknown. The temple of Gochikokubun-ji (五智国分寺), also in Jōetsu, claims to be the successor of the provincial temple of Echigo Province; however, its records date only to 1562 when it was relocated to its present location by Uesugi Kenshin. Two Shinto shrines vie for the title of ichinomiya of Echigo Province: Yahiko Shrine in Yahiko, and Kota Shrine in Jōetsu.

Echigo was ruled directly by the Hōjō clan during the Kamakura period, followed by the Uesugi clan from the start of the Muromachi period to the late Sengoku period. Under the Tokugawa shogunate of the Edo period, Echigo was divided among several feudal domains. The Hokurikudō highway passed through the province, and numerous post stations were established. The port of Niigata was also of major importance in the coastal kitamaebune trading system.

The area became a battleground during the Battle of Hokuetsu in the Boshin War of the Meiji Restoration. Following the establishment of the Meiji government, the various domains and provinces became prefectures with the abolition of the han system in 1871. These various prefectures merged to form Niigata Prefecture in 1876.

Historical districts
Echigo Province consisted of fifteen districts:

 * Niigata Prefecture
 * Dewa District (出羽郡) - split off to become Dewa Province
 * Iwafune District (岩船郡)
 * Kanbara District (蒲原郡)
 * Higashikanbara District (東蒲原郡)
 * Kitakanbara District (北蒲原郡)
 * Minamikanbara District (南蒲原郡)
 * Nakakanbara District (中蒲原郡) - dissolved
 * Nishikanbara District (西蒲原郡)
 * Koshi District (古志郡) - formerly part of Etchū Province; now dissolved
 * Kariwa District (刈羽郡) - split from Koshi District during Heian period, formerly known as Mishima District
 * Santō District (三島郡) - split from Koshi District during Edo period
 * Kubiki District (頸城郡) - formerly part of Etchū Province
 * Higashikubiki District (東頸城郡) - dissolved
 * Nakakubiki District (中頸城郡) - dissolved
 * Nishikubiki District (西頸城郡) - dissolved
 * Nuttari District (沼垂郡) - merged into Kanbara District (period unknown)
 * Uonuma District (魚沼郡) - formerly part of Etchū Province
 * Kitauonuma District (北魚沼郡) - dissolved
 * Minamiuonuma District (南魚沼郡)
 * Nakauonuma District (中魚沼郡)

title: Echigo Province


text:
Lewis-Palmer School District 38

The Lewis-Palmer School District (LPSD) is a school district in El Paso County, Colorado that serves the Tri-Lakes communities of Monument, Palmer Lake, Woodmoor and select areas of Colorado Springs.

Lewis-Palmer School District is home to Colorado's largest public geothermal project, Palmer Ridge High School.

The district was "Accredited with Distinction" by the State of Colorado in 2010, recognizing that it is within the top 7% of Colorado school districts.

Like many American school systems, LPSD enforces zero-tolerance policies.

The Inez Johnson Lewis School in Monument is on the List of Registered Historic Places in Colorado.

Elementary schools

 * Bear Creek Elementary School
 * Kilmer Elementary School
 * Lewis-Palmer Elementary School
 * Palmer Lake Elementary School
 * Prairie Winds Elementary School

Bear Creek Elementary was created to replace Grace Best Elementary, which closed in mid-2010. It is in the building where Creekside Middle School was previously located.

Middle schools

 * Lewis-Palmer Middle School

High schools

 * Lewis Palmer High School
 * Palmer Ridge High School

Charter schools
Monument Academy is a charter school located in Monument, and is the only charter school in Lewis-Palmer District 38. In 1995, a group of parents came together believing that they could create a school where high academic standards, small class sizes, respect, and responsibility were valued and emphasized. Lewis-Palmer Charter Academy (renamed Monument Academy in 2000) was founded in 1996.

In the first year, enrollment was approximately 180 students. MA has steadily grown since 1996 to the 2005-2006 school year enrollment of over 600 students. It now includes kindergarten through 8th grade. It previously had a high school program that closed, however in 2017, MA began planning to open a new high school no sooner than the 2018-19 school year. MA held a ribbon cutting ceremony on Aug. 29 2020 for the new east campus high school.

As a charter school, it is a publicly funded, tuition-free school created by parents, teachers, and community members. MA is required to meet or exceed district and state academic standards, as well as abide by all state and federal non-discrimination, health and safety laws. Recently however MA come under controversy allegedly violating SB08-200 with its new dress code implemented into the high school.

Monument Academy is called a Public School of Choice.

title: Lewis-Palmer School District 38


text:
Goseibai Shikimoku

The Goseibai Shikimoku (御成敗式目) or the Formulary of Adjudications was the legal code of the Kamakura shogunate in Japan, promulgated by third shikken Hōjō Yasutoki on 27 August 1232. It is also called Jōei Shikimoku (貞永式目) after the era name.

Before enacting the Goseibai Shikimoku, the Kamakura shogunate conducted trials without formal laws. After the Jōkyū War, an increasing number of land disputes between its vassals, aristocrats and peasants made fair trials indispensable. Thereafter Hōjō Yasutoki compiled the outline with 51 article headings and 13 Hyojoshu (councilors) completed it.

Supplementary articles to the Goseibai Shikimoku, called Tsuika (追加), were issued afterward. The Muromachi shogunate also adopted the Goseibai Shikimoku as the basic law. The Goseibai Shikimoku was largely repealed during the Edo period, though parts of it stayed in used until 1868, but was widely used as a textbook for writing in temple schools.

title: Goseibai Shikimoku


text:
List of Newfoundland and Labrador general elections

[[Image:NL elections2.gif|thumb|right|350px|Number of seats won by major parties at each election This article provides a summary of results for the [[general election]]s to the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador's unicameral legislative body, the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly. The number of seats has varied over time, from a low of twenty-seven for the first election in 1949, to a high of fifty-two during the 1980s and early 1990s. There are currently 40 seats in the house.

The chart on the right shows the information graphically, with the most recent elections on the right. It shows that politics in Newfoundland and Labrador have been dominated by two parties: the Liberal party (red) and the Conservative party (blue). The Liberal party have won ten out of the seventeen elections held.

This article only covers elections since the province became part of the Canadian Confederation in 1949. It was then named Newfoundland, and its official name changed to Newfoundland and Labrador in 2001. Prior to becoming part of Canada, Newfoundland was a British dominion, and the Newfoundland House of Assembly (as it was known before 2001) was first formed in 1832. For elections prior to 1949, see General elections in Newfoundland (pre-Confederation).

Summary
The table below shows the total number of seats won by the major political parties at each election. It also shows the percentage of the vote obtained by the major political parties at each election, if greater than 0.1%. The winning party's totals are shown in bold. To date, there has only been one election (in 1989) where the party that formed the government did not have the largest share of the vote. Full details on any election are linked via the number of the election at the start of the row.