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Ras GTPase

Ras, from "Rat sarcoma virus", is a family of related proteins that are expressed in all animal cell lineages and organs. All Ras protein family members belong to a class of protein called small GTPase, and are involved in transmitting signals within cells (cellular signal transduction). Ras is the prototypical member of the Ras superfamily of proteins, which are all related in three-dimensional structure and regulate diverse cell behaviours.

When Ras is 'switched on' by incoming signals, it subsequently switches on other proteins, which ultimately turn on genes involved in cell growth, differentiation, and survival. Mutations in Ras genes can lead to the production of permanently activated Ras proteins, which can cause unintended and overactive signaling inside the cell, even in the absence of incoming signals.

Because these signals result in cell growth and division, overactive Ras signaling can ultimately lead to cancer. The three Ras genes in humans (HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS) are the most common oncogenes in human cancer; mutations that permanently activate Ras are found in 20 to 25% of all human tumors and up to 90% in certain types of cancer (e.g., pancreatic cancer). For this reason, Ras inhibitors are being studied as a treatment for cancer and other diseases with Ras overexpression.

History
The first two Ras genes, HRAS and KRAS, were identified from studies of two cancer-causing viruses, the Harvey sarcoma virus and Kirsten sarcoma virus, by Edward M. Scolnick and colleagues at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). These viruses were discovered originally in rats during the 1960s by Jennifer Harvey and Werner H. Kirsten, respectively, hence the name Rat sarcoma. In 1982, activated and transforming human ras genes were discovered in human cancer cells by Geoffrey M. Cooper at Harvard, Mariano Barbacid and Stuart A. Aaronson at the NIH, Robert Weinberg at MIT, and Michael Wigler at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. A third ras gene was subsequently discovered by researchers in the group of Robin Weiss at the Institute of Cancer Research, and Michael Wigler at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, named  NRAS, for its initial identification in human neuroblastoma cells.

The three human ras genes encode extremely similar proteins made up of chains of 188 to 189 amino acids. Their gene symbols are HRAS, NRAS and KRAS, the latter of which produces the K-Ras4A and K-Ras4B isoforms from alternative splicing.

Structure

Ras contains six beta strands and five alpha helices. It consists of two domains: a G domain of 166 amino acids (about 20 kDa) that binds guanosine nucleotides, and a C-terminal membrane targeting region (CAAX-COOH, also known as CAAX box), which is lipid-modified by farnesyl transferase, RCE1, and ICMT.

The G domain contains five G motifs that bind GDP/GTP directly. The G1 motif, or the P-loop, binds the beta phosphate of GDP and GTP. The G2 motif, also called Switch I or SW1, contains threonine35, which binds the terminal phosphate (γ-phosphate) of GTP and the divalent magnesium ion bound in the active site. The G3 motif, also called Switch II or SW2, has a DXXGQ motif. The D is aspartate57, which is specific for guanine versus adenine binding, and Q is glutamine61, the crucial residue that activates a catalytic water molecule for hydrolysis of GTP to GDP. The G4 motif contains a LVGNKxDL motif, and provides specific interaction to guanine. The G5 motif contains a SAK consensus sequence. The A is alanine146, which provides specificity for guanine rather than adenine.

The two switch motifs, G2 (SW1) and G3 (SW2), are the main parts of the protein that move when GTP is hydrolyzed into GDP. This conformational change by the two switch motifs is what mediates the basic functionality as a molecular switch protein. This GTP-bound state of Ras is the "on" state, and the GDP-bound state is the "off" state. The two switch motifs have a number of conformations when binding GTP or GDP or no nucleotide (when bound to SOS1, which releases the nucleotide).

Ras also binds a magnesium ion which helps to coordinate nucleotide binding.

Function
Ras proteins function as binary molecular switches that control intracellular signaling networks. Ras-regulated signal pathways control such processes as actin cytoskeletal integrity, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, cell adhesion, apoptosis, and cell migration. Ras and Ras-related proteins are often deregulated in cancers, leading to increased invasion and metastasis, and decreased apoptosis.

Ras activates several pathways, of which the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade has been well-studied. This cascade transmits signals downstream and results in the transcription of genes involved in cell growth and division. Another Ras-activated signaling pathway is the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, which stimulates protein synthesis, cellular migration and growth, and inhibits apoptosis.

Activation and deactivation
Ras is a guanosine-nucleotide-binding protein. Specifically, it is a single-subunit small GTPase, which is related in structure to the Gα subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins (large GTPases). G proteins function as binary signaling switches with "on" and "off" states. In the "off" state it is bound to the nucleotide guanosine diphosphate (GDP), while in the "on" state, Ras is bound to guanosine triphosphate (GTP), which has an extra phosphate group as compared to GDP. This extra phosphate holds the two switch regions in a "loaded-spring" configuration (specifically the Thr-35 and Gly-60). When released, the switch regions relax which causes a conformational change into the inactive state. Hence, activation and deactivation of Ras and other small G proteins are controlled by cycling between the active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound forms.

The process of exchanging the bound nucleotide is facilitated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase activating proteins (GAPs). As per its classification, Ras has an intrinsic GTPase activity, which means that the protein on its own will hydrolyze a bound GTP molecule into GDP. However this process is too slow for efficient function, and hence the GAP for Ras, RasGAP, may bind to and stabilize the catalytic machinery of Ras, supplying additional catalytic residues ("arginine finger") such that a water molecule is optimally positioned for nucleophilic attack on the gamma-phosphate of GTP. An inorganic phosphate is released and the Ras molecule is now bound to a GDP. Since the GDP-bound form is "off" or "inactive" for signaling, GTPase Activating Protein inactivates Ras by activating its GTPase activity. Thus, GAPs accelerate Ras inactivation.

GEFs catalyze a "push and pull" reaction which releases GDP from Ras. They insert close to the P-loop and magnesium cation binding site and inhibit the interaction of these with the gamma phosphate anion. Acidic (negative) residues in switch II "pull" a lysine in the P-loop away from the GDP which "pushes" switch I away from the guanine. The contacts holding GDP in place are broken and it is released into the cytoplasm. Because intracellular GTP is abundant relative to GDP (approximately 10 fold more) GTP predominantly re-enters the nucleotide binding pocket of Ras and reloads the spring. Thus GEFs facilitate Ras activation. Well known GEFs include Son of Sevenless (Sos) and cdc25 which include the RasGEF domain.

The balance between GEF and GAP activity determines the guanine nucleotide status of Ras, thereby regulating Ras activity.

In the GTP-bound conformation, Ras has a high affinity for numerous effectors which allow it to carry out its functions. These include PI3K. Other small GTPases may bind adaptors such as arfaptin or second messenger systems such as adenylyl cyclase. The Ras binding domain is found in many effectors and invariably binds to one of the switch regions, because these change conformation between the active and inactive forms. However, they may also bind to the rest of the protein surface.

Other proteins exist that may change the activity of Ras family proteins. One example is GDI (GDP Disassociation Inhibitor). These function by slowing the exchange of GDP for GTP, thus prolonging the inactive state of Ras family members. Other proteins that augment this cycle may exist.

Membrane attachment
Ras is attached to the cell membrane owing to its prenylation and palmitoylation (HRAS and NRAS) or the combination of prenylation and a polybasic sequence adjacent to the prenylation site (KRAS). The C-terminal CaaX box of Ras first gets farnesylated at its Cys residue in the cytosol, allowing Ras to loosely insert into the membrane of the endoplasmatic reticulum and other cellular membranes. The Tripeptide (aaX) is then cleaved from the C-terminus by a specific prenyl-protein specific endoprotease and the new C-terminus is methylated by a methyltransferase. KRas processing is completed at this stage. Dynamic electrostatic interactions between its positively charged basic sequence with negative charges at the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane account for its predominant localization at the cell surface at steady-state. NRAS and HRAS are further processed on the surface of the Golgi apparatus by palmitoylation of one or two Cys residues, respectively, adjacent to the CaaX box. The proteins thereby become stably membrane anchored (lipid-rafts) and are transported to the plasma membrane on vesicles of the secretory pathway. Depalmitoylation by acyl-protein thioesterases eventually releases the proteins from the membrane, allowing them to enter another cycle of palmitoylation and depalmitoylation. This cycle is believed to prevent the leakage of NRAS and HRAS to other membranes over time and to maintain their steady-state localization along the Golgi apparatus, secretory pathway, plasma membrane and inter-linked endocytosis pathway.

Members
The clinically most notable members of the Ras subfamily are HRAS, KRAS and NRAS, mainly for being implicated in many types of cancer.

However, there are many other members of this subfamily as well: DIRAS1; DIRAS2; DIRAS3; ERAS; GEM; MRAS; NKIRAS1; NKIRAS2; RALA; RALB; RAP1A; RAP1B; RAP2A; RAP2B; RAP2C; RASD1; RASD2; RASL10A; RASL10B; RASL11A; RASL11B; RASL12; REM1; REM2; RERG; RERGL; RRAD; RRAS; RRAS2

Ras in cancer
Mutations in the Ras family of proto-oncogenes (comprising H-Ras, N-Ras and K-Ras) are very common, being found in 20% to 30% of all human tumors. It is reasonable to speculate that a pharmacological approach that curtails Ras activity may represent a possible method to inhibit certain cancer types. Ras point mutations are the single most common abnormality of human proto-oncogenes. Ras inhibitor trans-farnesylthiosalicylic acid (FTS, Salirasib) exhibits profound anti-oncogenic effects in many cancer cell lines.

Inappropriate activation
Inappropriate activation of the gene has been shown to play a key role in improper signal transduction, proliferation and malignant transformation.

Mutations in a number of different genes as well as RAS itself can have this effect. Oncogenes such as p210BCR-ABL or the growth receptor erbB are upstream of Ras, so if they are constitutively activated their signals will transduce through Ras.

The tumour suppressor gene NF1 encodes a Ras-GAP – its mutation in neurofibromatosis will mean that Ras is less likely to be inactivated. Ras can also be amplified, although this only occurs occasionally in tumours.

Finally, Ras oncogenes can be activated by point mutations so that the GTPase reaction can no longer be stimulated by GAP – this increases the half life of active Ras-GTP mutants.

Constitutively active Ras
Constitutively active Ras (RasD) is one which contains mutations that prevent GTP hydrolysis, thus locking Ras in a permanently 'On' state.

The most common mutations are found at residue G12 in the P-loop and the catalytic residue Q61.
 * The glycine to valine mutation at residue 12 renders the GTPase domain of Ras insensitive to inactivation by GAP and thus stuck in the "on state". Ras requires a GAP for inactivation as it is a relatively poor catalyst on its own, as opposed to other G-domain-containing proteins such as the alpha subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins.
 * Residue 61 is responsible for stabilizing the transition state for GTP hydrolysis. Because enzyme catalysis in general is achieved by lowering the energy barrier between substrate and product, mutation of Q61 to K (Glutamine to Lysine) necessarily reduces the rate of intrinsic Ras GTP hydrolysis to physiologically meaningless levels.

See also "dominant negative" mutants such as S17N and D119N.

Ras-targeted cancer treatments
Reovirus was noted to be a potential cancer therapeutic when studies suggested it reproduces well in certain cancer cell lines. It replicates specifically in cells that have an activated Ras pathway (a cellular signaling pathway that is involved in cell growth and differentiation). Reovirus replicates in and eventually kills Ras-activated tumour cells and as cell death occurs, progeny virus particles are free to infect surrounding cancer cells. This cycle of infection, replication and cell death is believed to be repeated until all tumour cells carrying an activated Ras pathway are destroyed.

Another tumor-lysing virus that specifically targets tumor cells with an activated Ras pathway is a type II herpes simplex virus (HSV-2) based agent, designated FusOn-H2. Activating mutations of the Ras protein and upstream elements of the Ras protein may play a role in more than two-thirds of all human cancers, including most metastatic disease. Reolysin, a formulation of reovirus, and FusOn-H2 are currently in clinical trials or under development for the treatment of various cancers. In addition, a treatment based on siRNA anti-mutated K-RAS (G12D) called siG12D LODER is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of locally advanced pancreatic cancer (NCT01188785, NCT01676259).

In glioblastoma mouse models SHP2 levels were heightened in cancerous brain cells. Inhibiting SHP2 in turn inhibited Ras dephosphorylation. This reduced tumor sizes and accompanying rise in survival rates.

Other strategies have attempted to manipulate the regulation of the above-mentioned localization of Ras. Farnesyltransferase inhibitors have been developed to stop the farnesylation of Ras and therefore weaken its affinity to membranes. Other inhibitors are targeting the palmitoylation cycle of Ras through inhibiting depalmitoylation by acyl-protein thioesterases, potentially leading to a destabilization of the Ras cycle.

A novel inhibitor finding strategy for mutated Ras molecules was described in. The Ras mutations in the 12th residue position inhibit the bound of the regulatory GAP molecule to the mutated Ras, causing uncontrolled cell growth. The novel strategy proposes finding small glue molecules, which attach the mutated Ras to the GAP, prohibiting uncontrolled cell growth and restoring the normal function. For this goal a theoretical Ras-GAP conformation was designed with a several Å gap between the molecules, and a high-throughput in silico docking was performed for finding gluing agents. As a proof of concept, two novel molecules were described with satisfying biological activity.

In other species
In most of the cell types of most species, most Ras is the GDP type. This is true for Xenopus oocytes and mouse fibroblasts.

Xenopus laevis
As mentioned above most X. oocyte Ras is the GDP conjugate. Mammal Ras induces meiosis in X. laevis oocytes almost certainly by potentiating insulin-induced meiosis, but not progesterone-induced. Protein synthesis does not seem to be a part of this step. Injection increases synthesis of diacylglycerol from phosphatidylcholine. Some meiosis effects are antagonized by rap1 (and by a Ras modified to dock incorrectly). Both rap1 and the modified Ras are co-antagonists with p120Ras GAP in this pathway.

Drosophila melanogaster
Expressed in all tissues of Drosophila melanogaster but mostly in neural cells. Overexpression is somewhat lethal and, during development, produces eye and wing abnormalities. (This parallels - and may be the reason for - similar abnormalities due to mutated receptor tyrosine kinases.) The D. genes for rases in mammals produce abnormalities.

Aplysia
Most expression in Aplysia spp. is in neural cells.

Caenorhabditis elegans
The gene in C. elegans is let 60. Also appears to play a role in receptor tyrosine kinase formation in this model. Overexpression yields a multivulval development due to its involvement in that region's normal development; overexpression in effector sites in lethal.

Dictyostelium discoideum
Essential in Dictyostelium discoideum. This is evidenced by severe developmental failure in deficient ras expression and by significant impairment of various life activities when artificially expressed, such as: increased concentration of inositol phosphates; likely reduction of cAMP binding to chemotaxis receptors; and that is likely the reason cGMP synthesis is impaired. Adenylate cyclase activity is unaffected by ras.

title: Ras GTPase


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Worshipful Company of Pewterers

The Worshipful Company of Pewterers is one of the 111 Livery Companies of the City of London. It ranks 16th in the order of precedence of City Livery Companies and has existed since at least 1348. Like all the other City Livery Companies, the Worshipful Company of Pewterers has four main pillars of activity: Charitable endeavour, assistance to education, support for its trade and profession, and being a convivial and caring social community.

The Company has been based at Pewterers' Hall, Oat Lane, near London Wall, since 1961. It is its third livery hall, the first having been destroyed in the Great Fire of London and the second, also by fire, in 1840.

Support for the pewter trade, profession and education
As a Livery Company, a cornerstone of the Pewterers' activity is to support its trade and professions, and inspire young craftspeople and those in education working with pewter. It annually runs Pewter Live, a three-day crafts exhibition, competition for craftspeople and those working with pewter, and shop selling pewter ware by leading manufacturers and craftsmen. Pewter is still a thriving UK industry, though smaller than the major industry it once was in centuries past.

Charity
One of the original purposes of The Worshipful Company of Pewterers was for mutual help and charitable work; today the Company awards educational grants and supports a range of charitable causes through two Charitable Trusts: The 500th Anniversary Trust and The Seahorse Trust. The Company's two Charities currently give, in aggregate, some £200,000 in grants each year. All the grants are made within the UK and to UK registered charities. The Worshipful Company of Pewterers 500th Anniversary Trust is a registered charity in England and Wales: 267420. The Pewterers Seahorse Charitable Trust is a registered charity in England and Wales: 261889.

Coat of arms
The earliest record of heraldic arms in use by the Pewterers' Company is dated 1451. These first arms depict a representation of the Assumption, recalling the Company's origin as a fraternity in honour of the Virgin Mary. The Pewterers, like other Livery Companies, found it politic to eliminate religious symbolism during the Reformation; thus, in 1533, new arms were granted, followed forty years later by its crest and supporters.

The Company's present arms are blazoned:

Arms: Azure on a Chevron Or between three antique Limbecks Argent as many Roses Gules.

Crest: A Mount Vert thereon two Arms embowed Proper vested Argent cuffed Gules holding in both Hands erect a Dish of the Third.

Supporters: Two Seahorses Or their Tails Proper.

title: Worshipful Company of Pewterers


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List of hospitals in Japan

There were 8,372 hospitals in Japan in October 2018. The largest number of hospitals were in Tokyo with 650 hospitals.

Nagoya

 * Aichi Cancer Center Hospital - Chikusa-ku, Nagoya
 * Aichi Saiseikai Hospital - Nishi-ku, Nagoya
 * Chubu Rosai Hospital - Minato-ku, Nagoya
 * Holy Spirit Hospital - Shōwa-ku, Nagoya
 * Japan Community Health care Organization Chukyo Hospital - Minami-ku, Nagoya
 * Japanese Red Cross Nagoya Daiichi Hospital - Nakamura-ku, Nagoya
 * Japanese Red Cross Nagoya Daini Hospital - Shōwa-ku, Nagoya
 * Meijo Hospital - Naka-ku, Nagoya
 * Meitetsu Hospital - Nishi-ku, Nagoya
 * Nagoya City East Medical Center - Chikusa-ku, Nagoya
 * Nagoya City University Hospital - Mizuho-ku, Nagoya
 * Nagoya City West Medical Center - Kita-ku, Nagoya
 * Nagoya Ekisaikai Hospital - Nakagawa-ku, Nagoya
 * Nagoya Memorial Hospital - Tempaku-ku, Nagoya
 * Nagoya University Hospital - Shōwa-ku, Nagoya
 * National Hospital Organization Higashi Nagoya National Hospital - Meitō-ku, Nagoya
 * National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center - Naka-ku, Nagoya

Others

 * Aichi Cancer Center Aichi Hospital - Okazaki, Aichi
 * Aichi Cardiovascular and Respiratory Center - Ichinomiya, Aichi
 * Aichi Children's Health and Medical Center - Ōbu, Aichi
 * Aichi Medical University Hospital - Nagakute, Aichi
 * Anjo Kosei Hospital - Anjō, Aichi
 * Asahi Rosai Hospital - Owariasahi, Aichi
 * Atsumi Hospital - Tahara, Aichi
 * Bisai Hospital - Inazawa, Aichi
 * Chita City Hospital - Chita, Aichi
 * Chita Kosei Hospital - Mihama, Aichi
 * Daiyukai General Hospital - Ichinomiya, Aichi
 * Fujita Health University Hospital - Toyoake, Aichi
 * Gamagori City Hospital - Gamagōri, Aichi
 * Handa City Hospital - Handa, Aichi
 * Hekinan Municipal Hospital - Hekinan, Aichi
 * Hospital, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontrogy - Ōbu, Aichi
 * Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital - Ichinomiya, Aichi
 * Inazawa City Hospital - Inazawa, Aichi
 * Inuyama Chuo General Hospital - Inuyama, Aichi
 * Kainan Hospital - Yatomi, Aichi
 * Kariya Toyota General Hospital - Kariya, Aichi
 * Kasugai Municipal Hospital - Kasugai, Aichi
 * Komaki City Hospital - Komaki, Aichi
 * Konan Kosei Hospital - Kōnan, Aichi
 * Nagoya Tokushukai General Hospital - Kasugai, Aichi
 * National Hospital Organization Toyohashi Medical Center - Toyohashi, Aichi
 * Toyohashi Municipal Hospital - Toyohashi, Aichi
 * Nishio Municipal Hospital - Nishio, Aichi
 * Okazaki City Hospital - Okazaki, Aichi
 * Shinshiro Municipal Hospital - Shinshiro, Aichi
 * Tokoname Municipal Hospital - Tokoname, Aichi
 * Tosei General Hospital - Seto, Aichi
 * Toyokawa City Hospital - Toyokawa, Aichi
 * Toyota Memorial Hospital - Toyota, Aichi
 * Toyota Kosei Hospital - Toyota, Aichi
 * Tsushima City Hospital - Tsushima, Aichi

Akita

 * Akita City Hospital (Japanese Wikipedia) - Akita, Akita
 * Akita Kousei Medical Center (Japanese Wikipedia) - Akita, Akita
 * Akita Red Cross Hospital (Japanese Wikipedia) - Akita, Akita
 * Akita University Hospital (Japanese Wikipedia) - Akita, Akita
 * Akita Cerebrospinal and Cardiovascular Center (Japanese Wikipedia) - Akita, Akita
 * Nakadori General Hospital (Japanese Wikipedia) - Akita, Akita
 * Hiraka General Hospital - Yokote, Akita
 * Japan Community Health care Organization Akita Hospital - Noshiro, Akita
 * Kakunodate Municipal Hospital - Semboku, Akita
 * Kazuno Kosei Hospital - Kazuno, Akita
 * Kitaakita Municipal Hospital - Kitaakita, Akita
 * National Hospital Organization Akita National Hospital - Yurihonjō, Akita
 * Yuri Kumiai General Hospital - Yurihonjō, Akita
 * Noshiro Yamamoto Medical Association Hospital - Noshiro, Akita
 * Akita Rosai Hospital - Ōdate, Akita
 * Odate Municipal General Hospital - Ōdate, Akita
 * Ogachi Central Hospital - Yuzawa, Akita
 * Omagari Kosei Medical Center - Daisen, Akita
 * Yamamoto Kumiai General Hospital - Noshiro, Akita

Aomori

 * Aomori City Hospital - Aomori, Aomori
 * Aomori Prefectural Central Hospital - Aomori, Aomori
 * Aomori Rosai Hospital - Hachinohe, Aomori
 * Hachinohe City Hospital - Hachinohe, Aomori
 * Hachinohe Red Cross Hospital - Hachinohe, Aomori
 * Hirosaki Municipal Hospital - Hirosaki, Aomori
 * Hirosaki University Hospital - Hirosaki, Aomori
 * Kuroishi General Hospital - Kuroishi, Aomori
 * Misawa Municipal Misawa Hospital - Misawa, Aomori
 * Mutsu General Hospital - Mutsu, Aomori
 * National Hospital Organization Aomori National Hospital - Aomori, Aomori
 * National Hospital Organization Hachinohe National Hospital - Hachinohe, Aomori
 * National Hospital Organization Hirosaki National Hospital - Hirosaki, Aomori
 * Towada City Hospital - Towada, Aomori
 * Tsugaru General Hospital - Goshogawara, Aomori

Chiba City

 * Chiba Aoba Municipal Hospital - Chūō-ku, Chiba
 * Chiba Cancer Center - Chūō-ku, Chiba
 * Chiba Children's Hospital - Midori-ku, Chiba
 * Chiba Emergency Medical Center - Mihama-ku, Chiba
 * Chiba Kaihin Municipal Hospital - Mihama-ku, Chiba
 * Chiba University Hospital - Chūō-ku, Chiba
 * National Hospital Organization Chiba-East-Hospital - Chūō-ku, Chiba
 * National Hospital Organization Chiba Medical Center - Chūō-ku, Chiba
 * The Research Center Hospital for Charged Particle Therapy of the National Institute of Radiological Sciences - Inage-ku, Chiba

Others

 * Awa Regional Medical Center - Tateyama, Chiba
 * Chiba Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center - Ichihara, Chiba
 * Chibaken Saiseikai Narashino Hospital - Narashino, Chiba
 * Chiba-Nishi General Hospital - Matsudo, Chiba
 * Chiba Prefectural Sawara Hospital - Katori, Chiba
 * Chiba Prefectural Togane Hospital - Tōgane, Chiba
 * Chiba Rosai Hospital - Ichihara, Chiba
 * Funabashi Municipal Medical Center - Funabashi, Chiba
 * General Hospital National Health Asahi Central Hospital - Asahi, Chiba
 * Japan Community Health care Organization Funabashi Central Hospital - Funabashi, Chiba
 * The Jikei University Kashiwa Hospital - Kashiwa, Chiba
 * Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital - Urayasu, Chiba
 * Kameda General Hospital - Kamogawa, Chiba
 * Kimitsu Chuo Hospital - Kisarazu, Chiba
 * Kohnodai Hospital, National Center for Global Health and Medicine - Ichikawa, Chiba
 * Matsudo City Hospital - Matsudo, Chiba
 * Narita Red Cross Hospital - Narita, Chiba
 * National Cancer Center Hospital East - Kashiwa, Chiba
 * National Hospital Organization Shimoshizu National Hospital - Yotsukaidō, Chiba
 * Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital - Inzai, Chiba
 * Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center - Ichihara, Chiba
 * Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital - Ichikawa, Chiba
 * Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center - Yachiyo, Chiba

Ehime

 * Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital - Matsuyama, Ehime
 * Ehime Prefectural Imabari Hospital - Imabari, Ehime
 * Ehime Prefectural Minamiuwa Hospital - Ainan, Ehime
 * Ehime Prefectural Niihama Hospital - Niihama, Ehime
 * Ehime Rosai Hospital - Niihama, Ehime
 * Ehime University Hospital - Tōon, Ehime
 * Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital - Matsuyama, Ehime
 * National Hospital Organization Ehime Medical Center - Tōon, Ehime
 * National Hospital Organization Shikoku Cancer Center - Matsuyama, Ehime
 * Saijo Central Hospital - Saijō, Ehime
 * Saijo City Shuso Hospital - Saijō, Ehime
 * Saiseikai Imabari Hospital - Imabari, Ehime
 * Saiseikai Saijo Hospital - Saijō, Ehime
 * Shikoku Central Hospital of the Mutual Aid Association of Public School teachers - Shikokuchūō, Ehime
 * Sumitomo Besshi Hospital - Niihama, Ehime
 * Uwajima City Hospital - Uwajima, Ehime
 * Uwajima Tokushukai Hospital - Uwajima, Ehime
 * Yawatahama City General Hospital - Yawatahama, Ehime

Fukui

 * Fukui General Hospital - Fukui, Fukui
 * Fukui-ken Saiseikai Hospital - Fukui, Fukui
 * Fukui Kosei Hospital - Fukui, Fukui
 * Fukui Prefectural Hospital - Fukui, Fukui
 * Fukui Red Cross Hospital - Fukui, Fukui
 * Japan Community Health care Organization Fukui Katsuyama General Hospital - Katsuyama, Fukui
 * Municipal Tsuruga Hospital - Tsuruga, Fukui
 * National Hospital Organization Awara Hospital - Awara, Fukui
 * National Hospital Organization Fukui National Hospital - Tsuruga, Fukui
 * Sugita Genpaku Memorial Obama Municipal Hospital - Obama, Fukui
 * Tannan Regional Medical Center - Sabae, Fukui
 * University of Fukui Hospital - Eiheiji, Fukui

Fukuoka

 * Self-Defense Forces Fukuoka Hospital - Kasuga, Fukuoka

Fukushima

 * Soma General Hospital, Sōma, Fukushima

Gifu

 * National Hospital Organization Nagara Medical Center - Gifu, Gifu
 * Kizawa Memorial Hospital - Gifu, Gifu
 * Self-Defense Forces Gifu Hospital - Kakamigahara, Gifu

Gunma

 * Gunma University Hospital - Maebashi, Gunma
 * Kuryu Rakusen-en Sanatorium - Kusatsu Otsu Kusatsu, Gunma
 * Shibukawa General Hospital - Shibukawa, Gunma
 * Shibukawa Chuo Hospital - Shibukawa, Gunma
 * Nishi-Gunma Hospital - Shibukawa, Gunma
 * Sekiguchi Hospital - Shibukawa, Gunma
 * Sakadiku Hospital - Shibukawa, Gunma

Hiroshima

 * Self-Defense Forces Kure Hospital - Kure, Hiroshima
 * Takashitu Kure Hospital - Kure, Hiroshima
 * Shima Hospital - Hiroshima, Hiroshima

Hokkaidō

 * East Otaru hospital - Otaru, Hokkaido
 * Higashi Otaru Hospital - Otaru, Hokkaido
 * Municipal Otaru hospital (Japanese Wikipedia) - Otaru, Hokkaido
 * South Otaru hospital - Otaru, Hokkaido
 * Self-Defense Forces Sapporo Hospital - Sapporo, Hokkaido

Hyōgo

 * Hyogo Emergency Medical Center - Kobe, Hyogo
 * Japanese Red Cross Kobe Hospital - Kobe, Hyogo
 * Kobe Adventist Hospital - Kobe, Hyogo
 * Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital - Kobe, Hyogo
 * Kobe University Hospital - Kobe, Hyogo
 * Hyogo Prefectural Kakogawa Medical Center - Kakogawa, Hyogo
 * Nishiwaki Municipal Hospital - Nishiwaki, Hyogo
 * Hyogo Prefectural Harima-Himeji General Medical Center - Himeji, Hyogo
 * Japanese Red Cross Society Himeji Hospital - Himeji, Hyogo
 * National Hospital Organization Himeji Medical Center - Himeji, Hyogo
 * Self-Defense Forces Hanshin Hospital - Kawanishi, Hyogo
 * Takarazuka City Hospital - Takarazuka, Hyogo
 * Hyogo Prefectural Awaji Medical Center - Sumoto, Hyogo
 * Ako City Hospital - Ako, Hyogo

Kagoshima

 * Amami Wakoen Sanatorium
 * Hoshizuka Keiaien Sanatorium
 * Kagoshima City Hospital

Yokohama

 * Bluff Hospital, Naka-ku, Yokohama
 * Kanagawa Children's Medical Center - Minami-ku, Yokohama
 * Kanagawa Cancer Center - Asahi-ku, Yokohama
 * Yokohama City University Hospital - Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama
 * Yokohama City University Medical Center - Minami-ku, Yokohama
 * Yokohama Rosai Hospital - Kōhoku-ku, Yokohama

Others

 * Fujisawa City Hospital - Fujisawa, Kanagawa
 * Kanagawa Dental University Hospital - Yokosuka, Kanagawa
 * Odawara Municipal Hospital - Odawara, Kanagawa
 * Self-Defense Forces Yokosuka Hospital - Yokosuka, Kanagawa

Kumamoto

 * Kikuchi Keifuen Sanatorium - Kohshi-shi, Kumamoto
 * Self-Defense Forces Kumamoto Hospital - Kumamoto

Kyoto City

 * Kyoto City Hospital
 * Kyoto University Hospital
 * National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center
 * Japanese Red Cross Society Kyoto Daiichi Hospital
 * University Hospital, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
 * Rakuwakai Otowa Hospital

Others

 * Self-Defense Forces Maizuru Hospital - Maizuru, Kyoto
 * Saiseikai Kyoto Hospital - Nagaokakyō, Kyoto
 * North Medical Center Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine - Yosano, Kyoto
 * Fukuchiyama City Hospital - Fukuchiyama, Kyoto
 * Kyoto Chubu Medical Center - Nantan, Kyoto
 * Uji Tokushukai Hospital - Uji, Kyoto
 * Kyoto Okamoto Memorial Hospital - Kumiyama, Kyoo

Mie

 * Mie University Hospital - Tsu, Mie

Miyagi

 * Self-Defense Forces Sendai Hospital - Sendai, Miyagi

Miyazaki

 * Junwakai Memorial Hospital, Miyazaki
 * Miyazaki Prefectural Miyazaki Hospital, Miyazaki
 * National Hospital Organization Miyazaki East Hospital, Miyazaki
 * Nobeoka Hospital, Nobeoka

Nagano

 * Aizawa Hospital, Matsumoto
 * Asahi Nagano Hospital, Nagano
 * East Nagano Hospital, Nagano
 * Iida Municipal Hospital, Iida
 * Kamiyamada Hospital, Nagano
 * Matsumoto Medical Center, Matsumoto
 * Nagano Chūō Hospital, Nagano
 * Nagano Matsushiro General Hospital, Nagano
 * Nagano Municipal Hospital, Nagano
 * Shinonoi General Hospital, Nagano
 * Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto

Nagasaki

 * Self-Defense Forces Sasebo Hospital - Sasebo, Nagasaki

Niigata

 * Kido Hospital, Niigata
 * Kuwana Hospital, Niigata
 * Nagaoka Chūō General Hospital, Nagaoka
 * Niigata Central Hospital, Niigata
 * Niigata Medical Centre, Niigata
 * Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata

Ōita

 * Self-Defense Forces Beppu Hospital - Beppu, Oita

Okayama

 * Oyama Shimin Byoin Hospital

Okinawa

 * Self-Defense Forces Naha Hospital - Naha, Okinawa
 * Adventist Medical Center-Okinawa - Nishihara, Okinawa

Osaka City

 * National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital - Chuo-ku, Osaka
 * Osaka International Cancer Institute - Chuo-ku, Osaka
 * Osaka Metropolitan University Hospital - Abeno-ku, Osaka
 * Osaka City General Hospital - Miyakojima-ku, Osaka
 * Osaka Dental University Hospital - Chuo-ku, Osaka
 * Osaka General Medical Center - Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka
 * Osaka Red Cross Hospital - Tennōji-ku, Osaka
 * Osaka Police Hospital - Tennōji-ku, Osaka
 * St. Barnabas' Hospital - Tennōji-ku, Osaka
 * Tane General Hospital - Nishi-ku, Osaka
 * Yodogawa Christian Hospital - Higashisumiyoshi-ku, Osaka

Others

 * Osaka University Hospital - Suita, Osaka
 * Saiseikai Senri Hospital - Suita, Osaka
 * Osaka Medical College Hospital - Takatsuki, Osaka
 * Kansai Medical University Medical Center - Moriguchi, Osaka
 * Kansai Medical University Hospital - Hirakata, Osaka
 * Higashiosaka City Medical Center - Higashiosaka, Osaka
 * Osaka Prefectural Nakakawachi Medical Center of Acute Medicine - Higashiosaka, Osaka
 * Kindai University Hospital - Osakasayama, Osaka
 * Sakai City Medical Center - Sakai, Osaka
 * Rinku General Medical Center - Izumisano, Osaka
 * Senshu Trauma and Critical Care Center - Izumisano, Osaka

Shimane

 * Shimane University Hospital - Izumo, Shimane

Shizuoka

 * Koyama Fukusei Hospital - Gotemba, Shizuoka
 * Self-Defense Forces Fuji Hospital - Oyama, Shizuoka

Tochigi

 * Sano Kosei General Hospital - Sano, Tochigi
 * Ashikaga Red Cross Hospital - Ashikaga, Tochigi

Tokyo

 * Center for the Mentally and Physically Handicapped
 * Ebara Hospital
 * International Catholic Hospital (Seibo Hospital)
 * Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Hiroo, Shibuya
 * Jikei University School of Medicine Hospital
 * Juntendo Hospital
 * Keio University Hospital
 * National Cancer Center
 * National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center
 * Nippon Medical School Hospital
 * NTT Medical Center Tokyo
 * Ohkubo Hospital
 * Self-Defense Forces Central Hospital, Setagaya
 * St. Luke's International Hospital
 * Tama-Hokubu Medical Centre
 * Tama-Nanbu Chiiki Hospital
 * Tobu Chiiki Hospital
 * Tokyo Adventist Hospital
 * Tokyo Medical University Hospital
 * Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital
 * Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Centre
 * Tokyo Metropolitan Hiroo Hospital, Shibuya
 * Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital
 * Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital
 * Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital
 * Tokyo Metropolitan Ohtsuka Hospital
 * Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Centre
 * Toshima Hospital
 * University of Tokyo Hospital

Yamagata

 * Nihonkai General Hospital, Sakata
 * Okitama Public General Hospital, Nagai
 * Shonai Hospital, Tsuruoka
 * Yamagata City Hospital Saiseikan, Yamagata
 * Yamagata Prefectural Shinjo Hospital, Shinjō
 * Yamagata Tokushukai Hospital, Yamagata
 * Yonezawa Municipal Hospital, Yonezawa

Yamaguchi

 * Nagato General Hospital
 * National Hospital Organization Iwakuni Clinical Centre
 * Shimonoseki City Hospital
 * Yamaguchi Prefecture Saiseikai Yamaguchi General Hospital

Yamanashi

 * Kofu Municipal Hospital
 * University of Yamanashi Hospital
 * Yamanashi Prefectural Central Hospital
 * Yamanashi Red Cross Hospital

title: List of hospitals in Japan


text:
Goodridge v. Department of Public Health

Goodridge v. Dept. of Public Health, 798 N.E.2d 941 (Mass. 2003), is a landmark Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court case in which the Court held that the Massachusetts Constitution requires the state to legally recognize same-sex marriage. The November 18, 2003, decision was the first by a U.S. state's highest court to find that same-sex couples had the right to marry. Despite numerous attempts to delay the ruling, and to reverse it, the first marriage licenses were issued to same-sex couples on May 17, 2004, and the ruling has been in full effect since that date.

Case
On April 11, 2001, Gay and Lesbian Advocates and Defenders (GLAD) sued the Massachusetts Department of Health in Superior Court on behalf of seven same-sex couples, all residents of Massachusetts, who had been denied marriage licenses in March and April 2001. All the plaintiffs had been in long-term relationships with their partners and four of the couples were raising a total of five children. The department's responsibilities included setting policies under which city and town clerks issue marriage licenses.

After holding a hearing in March 2002 at which GLAD attorney Jennifer Levi argued on behalf of the plaintiff couples, Superior Court Judge Thomas Connolly ruled in favor of the Department of Health on May 7, 2002. He wrote: "While this court understands the reasons for the plaintiffs' request to reverse the Commonwealth's centuries-old legal tradition of restricting marriage to opposite-sex couples, their request should be directed to the Legislature, not the courts.” He noted that the legislature had recently defeated same-sex marriage legislation and defended that as a rational decision rooted in the historical definition of marriage and its association with child rearing:

"Recognizing that procreation is marriage's central purpose, it is rational for the legislature to limit marriage to opposite-sex couples who, theoretically, are capable of procreation. Moreover, because same-sex couples are unable to procreate on their own and therefore must rely on inherently more cumbersome means of having children, it is also rational to assume that same-sex couples are less likely to have children or, at least, to have as many children as opposite-sex couples."

The plaintiffs appealed directly to the Supreme Judicial Court (SJC), which heard arguments on March 4, 2003. Mary Bonauto of GLAD argued the case for the plaintiffs. Assistant Attorney General Judith Yogman represented the DPH.

Massachusetts Attorney General Tom Reilly argued in his brief that the Court should defer to the legislature's judgment of "the broader public interest" and recognize that "same-sex couples cannot procreate on their own and therefore cannot accomplish the 'main object' ... of marriage as historically understood."

Amicus briefs were submitted on behalf of the Boston Bar Association, the Massachusetts Bar Association, the Urban League of Eastern Massachusetts, the Massachusetts Family Institute, the National Association for Research and Therapy of Homosexuality, The Common Good Foundation, the Massachusetts Citizens Alliance, the Catholic Action League of Massachusetts, The National Legal Foundation, the Marriage Law Project, the Religious Coalition for the Freedom to Marry, the Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission, Coalition gaie et lesbienne du Québec, the Free Market Foundation, the Massachusetts Psychiatric Society, Agudath Israel of America, several Attorneys General (including those of Nebraska, Utah, and South Dakota), and a variety of individuals.

Decision
On November 18, 2003, the Court decided, by a vote of 4–3, that excluding same-sex couples from marriage is unconstitutional. The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court said it was asked to determine whether Massachusetts "may deny the protections, benefits and obligations conferred by civil marriage to two individuals of the same sex who wish to marry. We conclude that it may not. The Massachusetts Constitution affirms the dignity and equality of all individuals. It forbids the creation of second-class citizens." The plaintiffs had asked the Court to say that denying marriage licenses to same-sex couples violated Massachusetts law. Instead the opinion said: "We declare that barring an individual from the protections, benefits, and obligations of civil marriage solely because that person would marry a person of the same sex violates the Massachusetts Constitution."

The court stayed the implementation of its ruling for 180 days to allow the state legislature to "take such action as it may deem appropriate in light of this opinion." Reactions included speculation that the legislature could follow Vermont's example and enact civil unions in that time period, but state Senate President Robert Travaglini said he thought that "the strength of the language and the depth of the decision" showed that marriage and no substitute "is the wish of the court." Arthur Miller, a Harvard law professor, said he thought the legislature might exploit the Court's 4–3 division to get it to accept a status much like marriage under another name.

Majority opinion
Chief Justice Margaret Marshall wrote the majority opinion, in which justices Roderick L. Ireland, Judith A. Cowin, and John M. Greaney joined. Although the arguments and the decision turned entirely on questions of state law, she cited in her discussion of the Court's duty the U.S. Supreme Court's decision the previous June in Lawrence v. Texas that invalidated sodomy laws: "Our concern is with the Massachusetts Constitution as a charter of governance for every person properly within its reach. 'Our obligation is to define the liberty of all, not to mandate our own moral code.'" She rejected the plaintiffs' contention that the state's marriage licensing law, which mentions marriage but never the gender of the parties, could be interpreted to permit same-sex marriages. The lack of a definition, she wrote, shows the legislature meant marriage in "the term's common-law and quotidian meaning".

Turning to whether the state's denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples violated the state constitution's guarantee of equal protection and due process, she noted that "The Massachusetts Constitution protects matters of personal liberty against government incursion as zealously, and often more so, than does the Federal Constitution, even where both Constitutions employ essentially the same language." Discussing the proper standard for review, she found that the Court did not need to consider whether the plaintiffs' claims merited strict scrutiny, a more thorough than usual standard of review, because the state's marriage policy did not meet the most basic standard of review, rational basis.

She then considered and dismissed the three rationales the DPH offered for its marriage licensing policy: "(1) providing a 'favorable setting for procreation'; (2) ensuring the optimal setting for child rearing, which the department defines as 'a two-parent family with one parent of each sex'; and (3) preserving scarce State and private financial resources." The first, she wrote, incorrectly posits that the state privileges "procreative heterosexual intercourse between married people". Rather "Fertility is not a condition of marriage, nor is it grounds for divorce. People who have never consummated their marriage, and never plan to, may be and stay married." The misconception that "'marriage is procreation'", she wrote, "confers an official stamp of approval on the destructive stereotype that same-sex relationships are inherently unstable and inferior to opposite-sex relationships and are not worthy of respect." The second, the marriage of a man and a woman as the "optimal setting for child rearing", a claim she said many Massachusetts statutes and the notion of "the best interests of the child" refuted, she found irrelevant, in that denying marriage licenses to one class of persons does not affect the marriage patterns of the other class. She turned the argument against the DPH: "the task of child rearing for same-sex couples is made infinitely harder by their status as outliers to the marriage laws." She concluded that "It cannot be rational under our laws, and indeed it is not permitted, to penalize children by depriving them of State benefits because the State disapproves of their parents' sexual orientation." She dismissed the third rationale as an unjustified generalization about the economic interdependence of same-sex partners. Later in the opinion she summarized this analysis, saying the DPH's arguments were "starkly at odds with the comprehensive network of vigorous, gender-neutral laws promoting stable families and the best interests of children."

Addressing the concerns expressed in various amicus briefs about the potential harm same-sex marriage might cause to the institution of marriage, she wrote:

"Here, the plaintiffs seek only to be married, not to undermine the institution of civil marriage. They do not want marriage abolished. They do not attack the binary nature of marriage, the consanguinity provisions, or any of the other gate-keeping provisions of the marriage licensing law. Recognizing the right of an individual to marry a person of the same sex will not diminish the validity or dignity of opposite-sex marriage, any more than recognizing the right of an individual to marry a person of a different race devalues the marriage of a person who marries someone of her own race. If anything, extending civil marriage to same-sex couples reinforces the importance of marriage to individuals and communities. That same-sex couples are willing to embrace marriage's solemn obligations of exclusivity, mutual support, and commitment to one another is a testament to the enduring place of marriage in our laws and in the human spirit."

She then reviewed the history of constitutional law as one of "'the story of the extension of constitutional rights and protections to people once ignored or excluded'", quoting the U.S. Supreme Court once more, United States v. Virginia. She reviewed several examples related to marriage, including married women acquiring legal status apart from their husbands, the invalidation of anti-miscegenation laws, and no-fault divorce. As for creating conflict with the laws of other states, she wrote:

"We would not presume to dictate how another State should respond to today's decision. But neither should considerations of comity prevent us from according Massachusetts residents the full measure of protection available under the Massachusetts Constitution. The genius of our Federal system is that each State's Constitution has vitality specific to its own traditions, and that, subject to the minimum requirements of the Fourteenth Amendment, each State is free to address difficult issues of individual liberty in the manner its own Constitution demands."

She summarized the Court's decision:

"The marriage ban works a deep and scarring hardship on a very real segment of the community for no rational reason. The absence of any reasonable relationship between, on the one hand, an absolute disqualification of same-sex couples who wish to enter into civil marriage and, on the other, protection of public health, safety, or general welfare, suggests that the marriage restriction is rooted in persistent prejudices against persons who are (or who are believed to be) homosexual ... Limiting the protections, benefits, and obligations of civil marriage to opposite-sex couples violates the basic premises of individual liberty and equality under law protected by the Massachusetts Constitution."

Considering what relief to grant the plaintiffs, she noted that the Court of Appeal for Ontario had "refined common-law meaning of marriage" and then provided the Court's meaning: "We construe civil marriage to mean the voluntary union of two persons as spouses, to the exclusion of all others." The legislature retained its "broad discretion to regulate marriage".

Concurrence
Justice John M. Greaney authored a concurring opinion in which he said he shared much of Marshall's analysis, but viewed the denial of marriage licenses to same-sex couples as sex discrimination: "The marriage statutes prohibit some applicants, such as the plaintiffs, from obtaining a marriage license, and that prohibition is based solely on the applicants' gender." Since, in his view, "constitutional protections extend to individuals and not to categories of people", Massachusetts is not discriminating on the basis of sexual orientation but restricting a person's choice of spouse on the basis of gender, a classification he found the state had not justified.

Dissenting opinions
Justices Robert J. Cordy, Francis X. Spina, and Martha Sosman filed separate dissents from the Court's ruling.

Justice Cordy stated that "the Legislature could rationally conclude that it furthers the legitimate State purpose of ensuring, promoting, and supporting an optimal social structure for the bearing and raising of children." He continued that "this case is not about government intrusions into matters of personal liberty," but "about whether the State must endorse and support [the choices of same-sex couples] by changing the institution of civil marriage to make its benefits, obligations, and responsibilities applicable to them."

Justice Spina wrote that "[W]hat is at stake in this case is not the unequal treatment of individuals or whether individuals rights have been impermissibly burdened, but the power of the Legislature to effectuate social change without interference from the courts, pursuant to art. 30 of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights." He wrote that the "power to regulate marriage lies with the Legislature, not with the judiciary."

Justice Sosman noted that "[p]eople are of course at liberty to raise their children in various family structures, so long as they are not literally harming their children by doing so. But that does not mean that the State is required to provide identical forms of encouragement, endorsement, and support to all of the infinite variety of household structures that a free society permits." She went on to argue that "[a]bsent consensus on the issue, or unanimity amongst scientists studying the issue, or a more prolonged period of observation of this new family structure, it is rational for the Legislature to postpone any redefinition of marriage that would include same-sex couples until such time as it is certain that redefinition will not have unintended and undesirable social consequences." She concluded that "[a]s a matter of social history, [the majority] opinion may represent a great turning point that many will hail as a tremendous step toward a more just society. As a matter of constitutional jurisprudence, however, the case stands as an aberration."

Reaction and first same-sex weddings
Alan Wolfe, professor of political science at Boston College reacted to the decision with a prediction: "This comes pretty close to an earthquake politically. I think it's exactly the right kind of material for a backlash." Justice Roderick L. Ireland, who voted with the majority, reported receiving threats against his life following the decision. In his January 20 State of the Union address, President George W. Bush alluded to events in Massachusetts: "Activist judges ... have begun redefining marriage by court order, without regard for the will of the people and their elected representatives. On an issue of such great consequence, the people's voice must be heard. If judges insist on forcing their arbitrary will upon the people, the only alternative left to the people would be the constitutional process. Our Nation must defend the sanctity of marriage."

A poll of Massachusetts residents taken on November 19–20 found that 50 percent supported the decision, 38 percent opposed it, and 11 percent had no opinion; 53 percent opposed the proposed constitutional amendment and 36 percent supported it; 53 percent thought the legislature should do nothing more than modify state law to conform with the SJC opinion, while 16 percent wanted the governor and legislators to resist the ruling's implementation and 23 percent wanted them to provide benefits to same-sex couples while reserving marriage to different-sex couples.

The SJC had stayed implementation of its ruling for 180 days in order to allow the legislature to respond as it found necessary. On December 11, 2003, the State Senate asked the SJC whether establishing civil unions for same-sex couples would meet the ruling's requirements. The SJC replied on February 4, 2004, that civil unions would not suffice to satisfy its finding in Goodridge. The 4 justices who formed the majority in the Goodridge decision wrote: "The dissimilitude between the terms 'civil marriage' and 'civil union' is not innocuous; it is a considered choice of language that reflects a demonstrable assigning of same-sex, largely homosexual, couples to second-class status." They continued: "For no rational reason the marriage laws of the Commonwealth discriminate against a defined class; no amount of tinkering with language will eradicate that stain."

Republican Governor Mitt Romney responded to the SJC's February 2004 statement that civil unions were an insufficient response to its ruling in Goodridge with a statement supporting an amendment to the Massachusetts state constitution to overrule the court's decision. His statement said, "the people of Massachusetts should not be excluded from a decision as fundamental to our society as the definition of marriage." On February 24, President Bush for the first time endorsed a Federal Marriage Amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would define marriage as the union of a man and a woman but allow the states the option of creating other legal arrangements for same-sex couples. Same-sex marriage took on national importance as public officials in several jurisdictions allowed more than 7,000 same-sex couples to wed, including San Francisco (February 12 – March 11); Sandoval County, New Mexico (February 20); New Paltz, New York (February 27); Multnomah County, Oregon (March 3); and Asbury Park, New Jersey (March 8).

The legislature took no action either to implement Goodridge or block its implementation before the state began issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples on May 17, 2004. News coverage of that day's events in Massachusetts was extensive, though limited outside the United States. The three major networks lead their evening news shows with wedding coverage and it was lead story in the Washington Post and the New York Times.

Lawsuits and proposed constitutional amendments
Opponents of the decision asked federal courts to overrule the decision. A suit filed by a conservative nonprofit organization, Liberty Counsel, on behalf of the Catholic Action League and eleven members of the legislature argued that the Supreme Judicial Court had deprived the people of Massachusetts of their right to a "Republican Form of Government" as guaranteed by Article IV of the U.S. Constitution when it refused to stay its decision to allow for a referendum to amend the state constitution. In May 2004, U.S. District Court Judge Joseph Tauro denied their request for an injunction delaying implementation of the decision, as did the First Circuit Court of Appeals in June. The Supreme Court declined to hear the case without comment in November. Other opponents of same-sex marriage formed VoteOnMarriage.org to promote the adoption of an amendment to the state constitution banning same-sex marriage.

On June 17, 2004, GLAAD filed another suit on behalf of eight same-sex couples with ties to Massachusetts, but not residents of the state. It challenged a 1913 law that denied marriage licenses to anyone whose marriage would not be valid in their state of residence. On March 30, 2006, the Supreme Judicial Court upheld the law's application to marriages of same-sex couples in Cote-Whitacre v. Department of Public Health, though the decision was complicated by uncertainty about the recognition of same-sex marriages in New York and Rhode Island. The law was repealed on July 31, 2008.

Opponents of same-sex marriage sought to reverse the Goodridge decision by amending the state constitution, an extended process in Massachusetts requiring repeated approval by the legislature before being put to a popular vote. They used each of the two methods the Massachusetts Constitution provides. First, legislators devised their own compromise language that banned same-sex marriage and permitted civil unions with the proviso that same-sex civil unions would not qualify as marriages for federal purposes. That proposed amendment needed to be approved by a majority vote in two successive joint sessions of the legislature, but after passing the first time it failed the second time on September 14, 2005, when the compromise collapsed. Second, opponents of same-sex marriage proposed language defining marriage as the union of a man and a woman, making no reference to civil unions. By gathering enough signatures on petitions, their amendment required a vote of just 25% of the legislators in two successive joint sessions of the legislature. This amendment received the necessary votes the first time, but failed the second time when 45 legislators voted for the amendment and 151 against it on June 14, 2007.

Impact
More than 10,000 same-sex couples married in Massachusetts in the first four years after such marriages became legal on May 17, 2004. Approximately 6,100 marriages took place in the first six months, and they continued at a rate of about 1,000 per year.

On the fifth anniversary of the Goodridge decision, Mary Bonauto, who argued the case for GLAD, said that state agencies were cooperating fully with its requirements, noting that exceptions occurred in programs that received federal funding and were therefore subject to the restrictions of the U.S. Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA).

, same-sex marriages were made legal across the US when the Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v. Hodges that state bans of same-sex marriage were unconstitutional.

In the years following the Goodridge decision, some wedding celebrations have used passages from it. For example:

"Civil marriage is at once a deeply personal commitment to another human being and a highly public celebration of the ideals of mutuality, companionship, intimacy, fidelity, and family. Because it fulfills yearnings for security, safe haven, and connection that express our common humanity, civil marriage is an esteemed institution, and the decision whether and whom to marry is among life's momentous acts of self-definition."

Plaintiffs
The plaintiffs were Gloria Bailey and Linda Davies; Maureen Brodoff and Ellen Wade; Hillary Goodridge and Julie Goodridge; Gary Chalmers and Richard Linnell; Heidi Norton and Gina Smith; Michael Horgan and Edward Balmelli; and David Wilson and Robert Compton. Julie and Hillary Goodridge married on May 17, 2004, the first day the state issued marriage licenses to same-sex couples, as did the other six plaintiff couples. The Goodridges separated amicably in July 2006 and divorced in July 2009.


text:
List of hospitals in the United Kingdom

Hospitals in the United Kingdom are listed in the following articles:

 * List of hospitals in England
 * List of hospitals in Wales
 * List of hospitals in Scotland
 * List of hospitals in Northern Ireland

title: List of hospitals in the United Kingdom


text:
Worshipful Company of Brewers

The Worshipful Company of Brewers is one of the ancient livery companies of the City of London.

History
London brewers are known to have organised as a group in the 13th century. Its first royal charter was granted by Henry VI in 1438. In 1643, Parliament imposed excise taxes on beer, ale, and malt, steadily increasing them until gin became cheaper, causing the growth of unlicensed breweries and, in 1685, James II extended the Company's jurisdiction to eight miles around London and its suburbs. In 1739 it adopted new by-laws, which included the requirement for its liverymen to "enter into a bond [...] with the Company against any expenses of their being elected to the office of Sheriff or Lord Mayor", but as the population of London spread outwards from the City, the Company's industry influence continued to decline.

Trustees of the Dame Alice Owen Foundation, which supports Dame Alice Owen's School, the Brewers' Company ranks 14th in the order of precedence of City Livery Companies. Its motto is In God Is All Our Trust.

The Company's first hall was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666, and its second was bombed during the Blitz in 1940. Rebuilt in 1960, the present Brewers' Hall is located at Aldermanbury Square in the City of London, being the Company's HQ as well as available on a private hire basis for events.

title: Worshipful Company of Brewers


text:
Peter Cartwright (revivalist)

Peter Cartwright, (born Peter Cartwright Jr.), also known as "Uncle Peter", "Backwoods Preacher", "Lord's Plowman", "Lord's Breaking-Plow", and "The Kentucky Boy" (September 1, 1785 – September 25, 1872), was an American Methodist, revivalist, preacher, in the Midwest, as well as twice an elected legislator in Illinois. Cartwright, a Methodist missionary, helped start America's Second Great Awakening, personally baptizing twelve thousand converts. Opposed to slavery, Cartwright moved from Kentucky to Illinois, and was elected to the lower house of the Illinois General Assembly in 1828 and 1832. In 1846 Abraham Lincoln defeated Cartwright for a seat in the United States Congress. As a Methodist circuit rider, Cartwright rode circuits in Kentucky and Illinois, as well as Tennessee, Indiana and Ohio. His Autobiography (1856) made him nationally prominent.

Early life
Peter Cartwright Jr., the son of Peter Cartwright Sr., and Christiana Garvin, was born in Amherst County, Virginia, present-day Nelson County, Virginia, between Findlay Mountain and Purgatory Swamp. Soon after his birth, Cartwright's family moved to what was then Kentucky County, now Logan County, Kentucky.

Preacher
In 1801, at the age of 15, Cartwright was converted, at a camp meeting, associated with the Revival of 1800, a series of sacrament meetings conducted by Presbyterian James McGready and other Presbyterian and Methodist ministers. He subsequently joined the Methodist Episcopal Church. He became a preacher in 1802 and was ordained in 1806 by Francis Asbury and William McKendree. In 1812, Cartwright was appointed a presiding elder (now District Superintendent), and he served in that office for the next thirty-five years.

Marriage and children
In 1808, Cartwright married Frances Gaines. Together they had two sons and seven daughters, one of whom, Cynthia, died on the journey to Illinois.

Military service in War of 1812
Cartwright served as a military chaplain during the War of 1812.

Ministry

Cartwright called himself "God's Plowman." As a circuit rider, he explained in his Autobiography, "My district was four hundred miles long, and covered all the west side of the Grand Prairie, fully two-thirds of the geographical boundaries of the state."

Cartwright was a founding member of the Illinois Annual Conference in 1824, and remained in Illinois for the rest of his life. He was a towering figure of frontier Methodism and one of the most colorful and energetic preachers Methodism has produced. During his five decades of ministry, he was elected to 13 General Conferences (1816 through 1856, missing only 1832).

Cartwright was charismatic; he pursued a divine calling, not a profession. His conversion of others to Methodism, rather than his own education, gained him admission to the ministry and verified his methods. His sermons were always extemporaneous, anecdotal, and participatory. He was a master of charismatic domination and used it effectively to create the ecstatic conversion required to be reborn. He opposed the routinization and institutionalization of religion and favored the more democratic, egalitarian, and associational form of the frontier circuits. Theologically he was an Arminian, and was convinced that all people could be saved, especially through the camp meeting revival.

In the Methodist church, the presiding elder oversaw the works of preachers and churches to which he was assigned, and was below the bishop in the denomination's chain of command. In the 19th-century presiding elders were the most important officers in the Methodist "army" that sought to "conquer the land for Christ." Cartwright, who served as a presiding elder for 50 years, demonstrated that the office was that of a sub-bishop who was not always popular with his subordinates. Cartwright was strong-willed in his office and was often accused of being dictatorial, but he eventually earned notoriety as the father of Illinois Methodism.

Colleges
Cartwright had little formal education and was skeptical of its value at first, but reversed course and promoted Methodist education. He helped found McKendree College (Lebanon), Illinois Wesleyan University (Bloomington); and Illinois Conference Female Academy in Jacksonville (now MacMurray College).

Politics and anti-slavery views
Cartwright jumped into politics as a Democrat. In the 1832 election for what became his second term in the Illinois legislature, Cartwright was one of four candidates elected (in a field of thirteen including a Kentucky store clerk and rail splitter named Abraham Lincoln, who came in eighth). "I was beaten", Abraham Lincoln later wrote, "the only time I have even been beaten by the people." Cartwright had first met Lincoln in 1830, during his own unsuccessful run for governor. In 1846, the Springfield Whig, Lincoln, defeated Cartwright to represent the area in the United States Congress, some constituents being offended by Cartwright's mixing of religion and politics, others by his vehemence against alcohol.

Politically, Cartwright was a Jacksonian Democrat who trusted in the ability of the common man. Unlike Jackson, Cartwright opposed slavery. He advocated moral suasion to end it, fearing that political action would threaten the federal union, another core element of national identity. Cartwright also supported expansionism—both to spread American values and to increase economic opportunity. To him, manhood was demonstrated by singleness of purpose despite all obstacles and by economic independence.

Cartwright's hatred of slavery in Kentucky, and his failure to convince the slaveholders to free their slaves, led him to move to Illinois in 1824, where slavery was illegal.

In his Autobiography he said that in Illinois he,

"would get entirely clear of the evil of slavery, that he could improve his financial situation and procure lands for my children as they grew up. And ... I could carry the Gospel to destitute souls that had, by their removal into some new country, been deprived of the means of grace."

Author of Autobiography of Peter Cartwright: The Backwoods Preacher
From his Autobiography of Peter Cartwright: The Backwoods Preacher, published in 1857, Cartwright described his conversion in his own words:

"To this meeting I repaired, a guilty, wretched sinner. On the Saturday evening of said meeting, I went, with weeping multitudes, and bowed before the stand, and earnestly prayed for mercy. In the midst of a solemn struggle of soul, an impression was made on my mind, as though a voice said to me, 'Thy sins are all forgiven thee.' Divine light flashed all round me, unspeakable joy sprung up in my soul. I rose to my feet, opened my eyes, and it really seemed as if I was in heaven; the trees, the leaves on them, and everything seemed, and I really thought were, praising God. My mother raised the shout, my Christian friends crowded around me and joined me in praising God; and though I have been since then, in many instances, unfaithful, yet I have never, for one moment, doubted that the Lord did, then and there, forgive my sins and give me religion."

Death
Cartwright died, near Pleasant Plains, Sangamon County, Illinois, on September 25, 1872.

Memory
A Virginia Historical marker honors Cartwright, near his birthplace. Kentucky's Adairville marks his boyhood home. An Illinois Historical marker honors Cartwright in Sangamon County, near his home and grave.

The present Cartwright Church began in 1824, as a class in the Cartwright home. In 1838, Cartwright donated land and $300 toward the construction of a log chapel where the congregation worshipped until 1853. By that time, the church had grown so much that it had to divide into two congregations. One moved two miles west and built the Bethel Methodist Episcopal Church (which was torn down in 1953). The other moved into the new village of Pleasant Plains, Illinois and constructed the current building in 1857. Two additions have been made, but the sanctuary is nearly the same as during Cartwright's time.

title: Peter Cartwright (revivalist)


text:
Worshipful Company of Leathersellers

The Worshipful Company of Leathersellers is one of the livery companies of the City of London. The organisation originates from the latter part of the 14th century receiving its Royal Charter in 1444, and is therefore the senior leather industry-related City Livery Company.

The Leathersellers' Company ranks fifteenth in the order of precedence of City livery companies. Its motto is Soli Deo Honor et Gloria, Latin for Honour and Glory to God Alone.

Activities
The Leathersellers' Company, which originally regulated leather merchants, continues to act as an advocate for the UK leather trade, together with its leather-associated City livery partners: the Cordwainers, Curriers, Girdlers, Glovers and Saddlers. Like these other livery companies, today it is primarily involved in philanthropic, charitable and educational activities.

Schools
The livery company is very closely linked with the Leathersellers' Federation of Schools (formerly Prendergast School), now comprising Prendergast Ladywell School, Prendergast School and Prendergast Vale School, all located within the London Borough of Lewisham. Since the mid-seventeenth century the Company has also been closely associated with Colfe's School, today an independent co-educational school located at Lee, near Lewisham, London. In addition the Company supports and maintains its longstanding connection with the Institute for Creative Leather Technologies (now a part of the University of Northampton), successor to the college which the Company founded at Bermondsey in 1909 as Leathersellers' Technical College. The Company continues to support higher education through exhibitions (grants) to university students, a practice which began in 1603 when four 'poor scholars', two at Oxford and two at Cambridge, were awarded five pounds and five shillings each per annum. Today around 100 students receive exhibitions which enable them to study at various universities.

Military affiliations
The Leathersellers' Company is affiliated with the Royal Navy's submarine HMS Audacious, the 1st Queen's Dragoon Guards and with 230 Squadron RAF.

Almshouses
Like many other City livery companies, the Leathersellers have a long tradition of maintaining almshouses. The first almshouses run by the Company were built circa 1543-44, close to Leathersellers' Hall, on a site behind St Ethelburga's Church and housed seven elderly people. In 1837 the Company also built almshouses at Barnet in north London; these were extended in the mid-nineteenth century. In 1866 it was decided to close the almshouses in the City and remove the residents from there to join those already at Barnet. The Company continues to maintain almshouses at Leathersellers' Close in the London Borough of Barnet, home to about 20 residents and managed by Harrison Housing on behalf of the Leathersellers' Barnet Charity.

Leathersellers' Hall
The Company had six previous halls throughout its history, and is now based at its seventh hall, which was officially opened by the Earl of Wessex in May 2017. Its first hall was on London Wall but in 1543 the Company acquired the former Benedictine Convent of St Helen, off Bishopsgate, and the subsequent halls have all been on that site, now St Helen's Place. The fifth hall was destroyed in May 1941 during the London Blitz. Its sixth hall officially opened in 1960 and was demolished in 2011, though the façade of the building has been saved. The new, seventh hall, has been designed by Eric Parry RA.

title: Worshipful Company of Leathersellers


text:
XR

XR or Xr may refer to:

Computing

 * IOS XR, Cisco router software
 * Cairo (graphics) library, original name
 * Extended reality, VR and AR

Vehicles

 * XR, Ford Australia cars
 * Honda XR series motorcycles

Other uses in science and technology

 * Extended release medication
 * OpenXR, VR standard
 * iPhone XR, a smartphone released in 2018

Other uses

 * XR (character), a character in the animated TV series Buzz Lightyear of Star Command
 * Exchange rate, rate at which one currency will be exchanged for another
 * Extinction Rebellion, environmental movement and advocacy group
 * Extrapolated Runs, a baseball statistic
 * Corendon Airlines Europe, IATA airline code

title: XR


text:
Naval Aircraft Factory

The Naval Aircraft Factory (NAF) was established by the United States Navy in 1918 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was created to help solve aircraft supply issues which the Navy Department faced upon the entry of the U.S. into World War I. The United States Army’s requirements for an enormous quantity of airplanes created a decided lack of interest among aircraft manufacturers in the Navy's requirements for a comparatively small quantity of aircraft. The Navy Department concluded that it was necessary to build a Navy-owned aircraft factory in order to assure a part of its aircraft supply; to obtain cost data for the department’s guidance in its dealings with private manufacturers; and to have under its own control a factory capable of producing experimental designs.

World War I
On 27 July 1917 Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels approved the construction of the Naval Aircraft Factory as a means for the government to promote industry efficiency, ensure engineering expertise, and to monitor costs. The contract was let on 6 August 1917, and ground was broken four days later. The main assembly building, Number 59, was completed by 28 November 1917. Work started on the first order, received 8 days before, for the construction of 50 H-16 patrol aircraft. By the end of the year, the work force numbered more than 700, under the management of Lieutenant Commander Fred G. Coburn.

An additional order for 100 H-16s was placed in February 1918. The increased need for flying boat construction during WWI meant expanding the factory into a final aircraft assembly plant, using civilian subcontractors to supply the components. Building 77, the main assembly building, was completed in August, measuring 100 feet wide, 680 feet long, and 51 feet in height. Building 75, a three-story office building, and Building 76, a six-story storehouse were added so that the NAF occupied 41 acres by September 1918. By the end of 1918, the NAF employed 3,640 workers, including 890 women.

On 27 March 1918, the first H-16 built by the NAF was successfully flown, just 228 days after ground breaking and 151 days from receipt of drawings. On 2 April the first two NAF-built H-16s were shipped to the patrol station at RNAS Killingholme, England. After World War I, when the 1922 United States Navy aircraft designation system came into effect, the second letter of the codes designating the manufacturer appropriately specified the latter N for all airframe designs coming from the Naval Aircraft Factory.

Between July 1917 and November 1918, the end of WWI, the NAF built 137 H-16s, 31 F-5-Ls, 4 N-1 Davis Gun Carriers, 17 sets of spares for the H-16 and 8 sets of spares for the F-5-L. In 1919, construction started on 80 MFs and 20 VE-7s. In 1920, construction began on 36 of Grover Loening's M-81s, 6 Navy-Curtiss flying boats, and 4 TFs. In 1921, construction began on 15 PT-1s and 18 PT-2s.

In 1922, full-scale production of outside designs ended, and the NAF began concentrating on the testing and evaluation of aircraft, including both the modification to outside types and all-new in-house designs. Successful designs were then turned over to industry for production. The change in focus resulted in the disuse of some production buildings, which were converted into storage depots for unused aircraft. In 1922-1923, the NAF fabricated the USS Shenandoah (ZR-1), although final assembly took place at Naval Air Station Lakehurst, New Jersey, where the only hangar in the United States large enough to house the airship was located.

World War II
The NAF was a major parachute production center in the 1930s and 1940s, producing 30,000 in WWII. The NAF also worked on aircraft catapults and arresting gear starting in 1921.

In the 1934 under the Vinson-Trammell Act (co-sponsored by Carl Vinson), it was decided that the Navy would build 10% of its own aircraft to stay abreast of modern manufacturing techniques and costs. The NAF thus resumed large-scale aircraft production in 1936 on introduction of the N3N biplane trainer aircraft. In 1937, the NAF received orders to manufacture 44 SON-1 scout observation aircraft, and in 1938, 30 SBN-1s. In July 1941, the NAF was ordered to build 156 PBN-1 Nomad patrol flying boats. In 1942, the NAF delivered the first of eventually 300 OS2N-1s.

In 1941 the NAF spun off the Aviation Supply Office, and in 1942 the NAF became the Naval Air Material Center. On 11 March 1942 Admiral Harold Rainsford Stark wrote "It is desired to proceed immediately with the steps necessary to adapt the 'drone' for warfare." Then, on 3 April 1942, an order was placed for the NAF to build 100 TDN-1s. In 1943, work began on Project Gorgon, a turbo-jet-powered missile.

The NAF ended aircraft production with the end of World War II in 1945. Peak factory employment of 13,400 workers was achieved in June 1943, during WWII. In 1967, the NAF's aero engine research merged with the Naval Air Propulsion Test Center. Located at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, on League Island, the main construction building still exists but was converted for use by the Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division as a facility for research and development.

Products

 * BN & BS - cancelled projects
 * CS-3 - biplane torpedo bomber, variant of the Curtiss CS-2
 * Felixstowe F5L - patrol flying boat, variant of the Felixstowe F.5 produced by NAF
 * FN - cancelled fighter project, possibly a proposed further development of the Seversky NF-1, but evidence of this is inconclusive and may stem from typos in Navy records
 * GB - Giant Boat, prototype heavy flying boat, never completed
 * MF - utility flying boat, variant of the Curtiss MF produced by NAF
 * N-1 - pusher floatplane gunship
 * N2N - biplane trainer
 * N3N Canary - biplane trainer
 * NM - Navy Metal, experimental biplane built to test metal structure techniques
 * NO - observation floatplane, also built by Martin as M2O
 * OS2N Kingfisher - observation floatplane, variant of the Vought OS2U Kingfisher produced by NAF
 * PBN Nomad - patrol flying boat, variant of the Consolidated PBY Catalina produced by NAF
 * PN - patrol flying boat derived from the Felixstowe F5L
 * PT - torpedo bomber floatplane built by NAF from Curtiss R-6L and Curtiss HS2L parts
 * SA - Ship's Airplane, prototype ultralight aircraft intended for basing on battleships
 * SBN - carrier-based scout bomber, Brewster XSBA-1 produced by NAF under license
 * SON Seagull - observation floatplane, variant of the Curtiss SOC Seagull produced by NAF
 * SP - racing monoplane built for Schneider Trophy, known as Mercury Racer
 * TDN - early unmanned combat aerial vehicle
 * TD2N, later KDN Gorgon - jet-powered target drone
 * TD3N, later KD2N Gorgon II - jet-powered target drone
 * TF - twin-engine flying boat prototype intended for use as escort fighter
 * TG - biplane floatplane designed for gunnery training
 * TR - racing variant of the NAF TS-2
 * TS - biplane fighter
 * VE-7 - biplane fighter and trainer aircraft, Vought VE-7 produced by NAF
 * XN5N - monoplane trainer prototype
 * XOSN - observation floatplane prototype
 * XP2N and XP4N - initial and final designations given to the PN-11 prototype, an improved variant of the PN patrol flying boat
 * XTN - twin-engine torpedo bomber prototype, later put into production by Douglas as T2D and P2D
 * XT2N - carrier-based biplane torpedo bomber prototype
 * USS Shenandoah (ZR-1) - rigid airship (fabrication of parts for off-site final assembly)

Notable personnel

 * Isaac Asimov
 * L. Sprague de Camp
 * Robert A. Heinlein
 * Alden Sanborn
 * George Conrad Westervelt

title: Naval Aircraft Factory


text:
James May

James Daniel May (born 16 January 1963) is an English television presenter and journalist. He is best known as a co-presenter, alongside Jeremy Clarkson and Richard Hammond, of the motoring programme Top Gear from 2003 until 2015 and the television series The Grand Tour for Amazon Prime Video from 2016 to 2024. He also serves as a director of the production company W. Chump & Sons.

May has presented other programmes on themes including travel, science & technology, toys, wine culture, and the plight of manliness in modern times. He wrote a weekly column for The Daily Telegraph's motoring section from 2003 to 2011.

Early life
James Daniel May was born in Bristol, the son of aluminium factory manager James May and his wife Kathleen. He was one of four children; he has two sisters and a brother. May attended Caerleon Endowed Junior School in Newport. He spent his teenage years in South Yorkshire where he attended Oakwood Comprehensive School in Rotherham and was a choirboy at Whiston Parish Church.

May studied music at Pendle College, Lancaster University, where he learned to play the flute and piano, and also spent a year studying metalwork at a technical college. After graduating, May briefly worked at a hospital in Chelsea as a records officer and had a short stint in the civil service before taking up journalism and broadcasting in his thirties. He also held a part-time job as a moulder at the foundry his father was employed at and suggested in a 2017 interview with The Times that this formed his interest in mechanics.

Journalism career
During the early 1980s, May worked as a sub-editor for The Engineer and later Autocar magazine, from which he was dismissed for performing a prank. He has since written for several publications, including the regular column England Made Me in Car Magazine, articles for Top Gear magazine, and a weekly column in The Daily Telegraph.

He has written the book May on Motors (2006), which is a collection of his published articles, and co-authored Oz and James's Big Wine Adventure (2006), based on the TV series of the same name. He wrote the afterword to Long Lane with Turnings, published in September 2006, the final book by motoring writer L. J. K. Setright. In the same month, he co-presented a tribute to Raymond Baxter. Notes From The Hard Shoulder and James May's 20th Century, a book to accompany the television series of the same name, were published in 2007.

Dismissal from Autocar
In an interview with Richard Allinson on BBC Radio 2, May confessed that in 1992 he was dismissed from Autocar magazine after putting together an acrostic in one issue. At the end of the year, the magazine's "Road Test Yearbook" supplement was published. Each spread featured four reviews and each review started with a large red letter (known in typography as an initial or a drop cap). May's role was to put the entire supplement together.

To alleviate the tedium, May wrote each review such that the initials on the first four spreads read "ROAD", "TEST", "YEAR" and "BOOK". Subsequent spreads seemingly had random letters, starting with "SOYO" and "UTHI"; when punctuated these letters spelt out the message: "So you think it's really good, yeah? You should try making the bloody thing up; it's a real pain in the arse."

In a 2019 interview with Carscoops.com, May stated that while the hidden message originally passed through the magazines' pre-printing review processes unnoticed, he was found out when readers began calling in to Autocar 's offices, thinking there might be a prize involved. Upon learning of this, the magazine's management called for May to be fired.

Television career
His past television credits include presenting Driven on Channel 4 in 1998, narrating an eight-part BBC One series called Road Rage School, and co-hosting the ITV1 coverage of the 2006 London Boat Show. He also wrote and presented a Christmas special called James May's Top Toys (for BBC One). James May: My Sisters' Top Toys attempted to investigate the gender divide of toy appeal. In series 3, episode 3 of Gordon Ramsay's The F Word, May managed to beat Ramsay in eating bull penis and rotten shark and with his fish pie recipe.

Top Gear
May was briefly a co-presenter of the original Top Gear series in 1999. During an interview in 2020, Jeremy Clarkson claimed that the show's original producers had decided to replace him with May in 1999, though they felt dissatisfied with May as he was soon fired in 2000, shortly before the entire program was cancelled the following year. Following the first season of the show's relaunch in 2002, Clarkson managed to convince Andrew Wilman to rehire him to replace Jason Dawe. He first co-presented the revived series of Top Gear in its second series in 2003, where he earned the nickname "Captain Slow" owing to his careful driving style, and his OCD-like obsessions with order. Despite this sobriquet, he has done some especially high-speed driving – in the 2007 series, he took a Bugatti Veyron to its top speed of 253 mph, then in 2010 he achieved 259.11 mph in the Veyron's newer 16.4 Super Sport edition. In an earlier episode he also tested the original version of the Bugatti Veyron against the Pagani Zonda F.

May, along with co-presenter Jeremy Clarkson and an Icelandic support crew, travelled by car to the magnetic North Pole in 2007, using a modified Toyota Hilux. In the words of Clarkson, he was the first person to go there "who didn't want to be there". He also drove a modified Toyota Hilux up the side of the erupting volcano Eyjafjallajökull.

Following the BBC's decision not to renew Jeremy Clarkson's contract with the show on 25 March 2015, May stated in April 2015 that he would not continue to present Top Gear as part of a new line-up of presenters.

Science
May presented Inside Killer Sharks, a documentary for Sky, and James May's 20th Century, investigating inventions. He flew in a Royal Air Force Eurofighter Typhoon at a speed of around 1320 mph (2124 km/h) for his television programme, James May's 20th Century. In late 2008, the BBC broadcast James May's Big Ideas, a three-part series in which May travelled around the globe in search of implementations for concepts widely considered science fiction. He also presented James May's Man Lab from 2010–2013. In 2013, May narrated To Space & Back, a documentary on the influence of developments in space exploration on modern technology produced by Sky-Skan and The Franklin Institute.

James May on the Moon
James May on the Moon (BBC 2, 2009) commemorated 40 years since man first landed on the Moon. This was followed by another documentary on BBC Four called James May at the Edge of Space, where May was flown to the stratosphere (70,000 ft) in a US Air Force Lockheed U-2 spy plane. Highlights of the footage from the training for the flight, and the flight itself was used in James May on the Moon, but was shown fully in this programme. This made him one of the highest flying people, along with the pilot, at that time, after the crew of the International Space Station.

James May's Toy Stories
Beginning in October 2009, May presented a six-part TV series showing favourite toys of the past era and whether they can be applied in the modern-day. The toys featured were Airfix, Plasticine, Meccano, Scalextric, Lego and Hornby. In each show, May attempts to take each toy to its limits, also fulfilling several of his boyhood dreams in the process. In August 2009, May built a full-sized house out of Lego at Denbies Wine Estate in Surrey. Plans for Legoland to move it to their theme park fell through in September 2009 because costs to deconstruct, move and then rebuild were too high; despite a final Facebook appeal for someone to take it, it was demolished on 22 September, with the plastic bricks planned to be donated to charity.

Also for the series, he recreated the banked track at Brooklands using Scalextric track, and an attempt at the world's longest working model railway along the Tarka Trail between Barnstaple and Bideford in North Devon, although the attempt was foiled due to parts of the track being stolen and vandals placing coins on the track, causing a short circuit. Later, in 2011, May tried for the record again, proposing a race between German model railroad enthusiasts and their British counterparts. The two teams would start at opposite ends along double tracked mainline. This time, the effort succeeded with both teams successfully running three trains the entire route.

A special Christmas Episode called Flight Club, aired in December 2012. In this special, James and his team built a huge toy glider that flew 22 miles (35 km) from Devon to the island of Lundy.

In 2013, May created a life-size, fully functional motorcycle and sidecar made entirely out of the construction toy Meccano. Joined by Oz Clarke, he then completed a full lap of the Isle of Man TT Course, a full $37 3⁄4$ mile-long circuit.

Oz and James
In late 2006, the BBC broadcast Oz and James's Big Wine Adventure, a series in which May, a committed bitter drinker, travelled around France with wine expert Oz Clarke. A second series was broadcast in late 2007, this time with May and Clarke in the Californian wine country, and was followed by a third series in 2009 called Oz and James Drink to Britain.

James May: Our Man in...
In January 2020, May hosted a travel documentary named James May: Our Man in Japan, the 6-episode series was released on Amazon Prime Video and follows May's journey from the north end of Japan to its south. Over the course of three months, May explores and participate in many activities to truly understand the country which has intrigued him for a long time. During the trip through major cities like Tokyo and Kyoto, he is accompanied by a cast of different guides and translators.

A second series, James May: Our Man in Italy, is a travel documentary with May on a journey throughout the regions of Italy from Palermo to the Dolomites on a trip exploring the culture, food, and more.

A third series, James May: Our Man in India, is another travel documentary with James May on a journey throughout the country of India.

Internet presence

May created Head Squeeze (now renamed "BBC Earth Lab"; May no longer features as a presenter). The channel is a mix of science, technology, history and current affairs. The first video was published in December 2012. Videos are produced by 360 Production for BBC Worldwide.

May created his own YouTube channel, titled "JM's Unemployment Tube", in 2015 after Top Gear was postponed by the BBC following Jeremy Clarkson's dismissal. Mainly featuring cooking videos filmed from his kitchen, as well as mock builds of Airfix models, the channel has over 230,000 subscribers as of March 2021.

In 2016, May launched, with his former Top Gear presenters, a social network for motoring fans called DriveTribe.

In 2019, May moved on to created videos on a Drivetribe spin-off brand Foodtribe (replacing JM's Unemployment Tube) frequently using a small, bedsit-like kitchen setup called "The Bug-out Bunker". The channel has since been rebranded as "What Next?"

May became an Internet meme when one of his Foodtribe videos went viral. In it, May makes two cheese sandwiches, during which, May utters the word "cheese". The quote went viral, and was used in various memes and image macros.

Personal life
May lives in Hammersmith, West London, with art critic Sarah Frater, with whom he has been in a relationship since 2000. In July 2010, May was awarded an honorary doctorate by Lancaster University, where he had previously studied music. He holds a Doctor of Letters degree.

In August 2014, May was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian expressing their hope that Scotland would vote against independence from the United Kingdom in September's referendum on that issue.

In June 2016, he supported Remain in the EU referendum. May has described his political leanings as "liberal".

In 2020, May bought half the ownership of a pub in Swallowcliffe, Wiltshire called The Royal Oak, which dates from the early 18th century and is a Grade II listed historic site.

Vehicles
May has owned many cars including a 2005 Saab 9-5 Aero, Bentley T2, Rolls-Royce Phantom, Triumph 2000, Rover P6, Alfa Romeo 164, 1971 Rolls-Royce Corniche, Triumph Vitesse, Jaguar XJS, 1992 Range Rover Classic Vogue, Fiat Panda, Datsun 120Y, Vauxhall Cavalier Mk1, a Ferrari 308 GTB, a 2015 Toyota Mirai, Ferrari F430, Ferrari 458 Italia, 1984 Porsche 911, 2005 Porsche Boxster S (which he claims is the first car he has ever purchased new).

May currently owns a 2010 Porsche 911 Carrera S facelift, a 2016 BMW i3, a 2018 Alpine A110, a 2019 Tesla Model S 100D, a 2021 Toyota Mirai, a 2015 Ferrari 458 Speciale which he ordered following his exit from Top Gear and the VW Beach Buggy used in The Grand Tour Special "The Beach Buggy Boys". He often uses a Brompton folding bicycle for commuting. He passed his driving test on his second attempt and justified this by saying "All the best people pass the second time".

May obtained a light aircraft pilot's licence in October 2006, having trained at White Waltham Airfield. He has owned a Luscombe 8A Silvaire, a Cessna A185E Skywagon, and an American Champion 8KCAB Super Decathlon with registration G-OCOK, which serves as a reference to a common phrase attributed to him.

title: James May


text:
Oskar Korschelt

Oskar Korschelt (September 18, 1853 in Berthelsdorf – July 4, 1940 in Leipzig; some sources erroneously give him the name Oscar or Otto) was a German chemist and engineer who introduced the Asian strategy board game of Go to Europe, especially to Germany and Austria.

He was an industrial chemist working in the brewing industry. He arrived in Japan in 1875, teaching at Tokyo Medical School, which next year was merged into Tokyo University. In 1880 he gave up his academic position, then working on soil analysis for the Japanese government. He left Japan in 1884.

He learned about the game from Honinbo Shuho while in Japan. It is reported that they played on a six-stone handicap. After his return he lived in Leipzig.

He published a detailed article Das japanisch-chinesische Spiel Go, ein Konkurrent des Schach on Go in the journal Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Natur und Völkerkunde Ostasiens in 1880/1. This report contained detailed commentaries on expert games. A few years later he published a book based on articles Das "Go"-Spiel from 1884, drawing on several Japanese sources.

title: Oskar Korschelt