text:
Pitot

Pitot is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Henri Pitot (1695–1771), French hydraulic engineer and the inventor of the Pitot tube
 * James Pitot (1784–1831), the second Mayor of New Orleans
 * François Pitot, Captain of the French frigate Vengeance during the Quasi-War

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pitot


text:
Talk:ISO 3166-3

AIDJ
Is there any reason why the old code and new cold are connected together (without space or separator of any kind), like AIDJ? After each code, it is already clearly explained that, say, AI became DJ. Having the two codes joined look confusing like these old codes were four-lettered. If there's no reason why it is so, the 2nd code (the new) should be removed. --Menchi 11:15, 13 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * The reason is that these are 4-letter codes in ISO 3166-3. They are four letters long to distinguish them from the 2-letter and 3-letter codes in current use. However, I think the list was clearer as I originally did it (with just the old 2-letter codes). Perhaps we should give both the old 2-letter code and also the ISO 3166-3 4-letter code - this would be a bit redundant, but it would probably be clearer than what we have at present. --Zundark 17:16, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * What about the three-letter code? I'm curious about what the three-letter codes were for, say, the Soviet Union or Yugoslavia. -Branddobbe 21:42, Jul 3, 2004 (UTC)

BYAA
I was syncing our government list with the Wiki one and noticed BYAA was missing. I double checked this with martinez_AT_iso_DOT_org (a member of ISO 3166/MA) and he responded that it should be included. Following is his response: The ISO 3166-3:1999 code for Byelorussian SSR is "BYAA". SSR is not an ISO 3166-3 code, it is an accronym for "Soviet Socialist Republic". The former ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 and alpha-3 codes for Byelorussian SSR were; BY, BYS. These were valid from 1974 to 1992 --Reow 01:50, 18 Jun 2008 (UTC)
 * Shouldn't UAAA also be included then as well. The SUHH entry on this page mentions that BY and UA already had their own codes, but only BYAA is mentioned above.  One might think, with Ukrainian SSR changing its name to Ukraine, but keeping the codes, would be almost exactly the same situation with Belarus/Byelorussian SSR?  --Canuckguy (talk) 01:30, 5 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't think there's an entry for Ukrainian SSR in ISO 3166-3. Perhaps because while the change in Belarus's name involved a code change (the alpha-3 code was changed from BYS to BLR), the change in Ukraine's name did not involve any code change. Chanheigeorge (talk) 09:05, 9 October 2008 (UTC)

Five or fifty years?
This page says deleted codes are reserved for fifty years, while the 3166-2 pages says it's five years. Which is right? 68.156.95.34 (talk) 05:26, 29 July 2015 (UTC)
 * ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 and ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 both say the codes can only be used during a transitional period of five years. However, further in the table, the codes seem to be reserved for a period of fifty years before they can be reassigned. Codes like ISO_3166-2:CS were already reassigned after a shorter period, but according to the page for CS, it did not appear for Czechoslovakia in the first publication of the ISO standard. --Aethy (talk) 11:05, 14 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:ISO 3166-3


text:
Michael Vartan

Michael Vartan is a French-American actor, known for his role as Michael Vaughn on the ABC television action drama Alias, his role on the TNT medical drama Hawthorne, and his role on the E! drama The Arrangement as Terence Anderson. His film roles include The Pallbearer, Never Been Kissed, The Next Best Thing, One Hour Photo, Monster-in-Law, Rogue, Colombiana, and Small Town Crime.

Early life
Vartan is the son of Edmond "Eddie" Vartan, a musician, and Doris (née Pucher), a painter and artist. His paternal aunt is singer Sylvie Vartan and his stepfather is writer Ian La Frenais. Michael's paternal grandfather was of Armenian and Bulgarian descent, while Michael's paternal grandmother was of Hungarian Jewish background. Michael's mother is a Polish Jewish immigrant to the United States.

Vartan has said about his French background that "The funny thing is I'm actually a Polish Jew who happens to be born in France. My mom is Polish and my dad is Bulgarian. I don't have an ounce of French blood. But I work it". He has stated that he tends to be considered a Frenchman in the United States and an American in France.

His parents divorced when he was five and he moved to the United States with his mother. He moved back to France to be with his father until his high school years, and grew up a "farm kid" in a "simple environment" in Fleury, Manche, a small town in Normandy. At age eighteen, Vartan moved back with his mother in Los Angeles, telling her that he wanted to be an artist, because he did not wish to fulfill the mandatory military service required in France. In Los Angeles, he attended an acting school after he was told he possessed acting talent. He had also attended the prestigious Lycée Français de Los Angeles. Vartan now considers himself to be American and stated on the talk show Rove that he would like Australia to be his second home. He is bilingual, being fluent in French and English.

Career
After starring roles in European films, including an acclaimed performance in the Taviani Brothers' Fiorile, and several smaller film roles, Vartan had noticeable supporting roles in major Hollywood movies, including Never Been Kissed (1999), One Hour Photo (2002) and Monster-in-Law (2005). In 2007, he appeared in the Australian horror film Rogue, and starred in the film Jolene in 2008.

Vartan's most notable role to date has been as Michael Vaughn in the American television series Alias (2001–2006). He played the role of Lancelot in TNT's production of Marion Zimmer Bradley's The Mists of Avalon (2001). Vartan has also had guest appearances on Friends (as Dr. Tim Burke, Tom Selleck's character's son) and Ally McBeal (as Jonathan Basset). He also appeared on the show Kitchen Confidential, which starred his former Alias co-star Bradley Cooper, as a French chef who was Cooper's rival. In September 2007, Vartan played James Walker, a main role in the ABC drama Big Shots. However, the show was canceled after one season.

Vartan co-starred opposite Jada Pinkett Smith in TNT's series Hawthorne. Vartan replaced Jeffrey Nordling, who played the role in the pilot. TNT canceled the series after its third season.

He starred as Terence Anderson on the E! drama The Arrangement.

Vartan co-hosts a weekly live sports program called Advanced Shouting with friends Dan Petriw and Noel Fogelman. The first episode was uploaded to YouTube in June 2020. The broadcast is also available via Facebook.

Personal life

Vartan began dating his Alias co-star Jennifer Garner in mid-2003. After several months of rumors, their break-up was confirmed in August 2004.

In March 2010, Vartan announced his engagement to Lauren Skaar, whom he met in a Whole Foods Market parking lot in Los Angeles in 2009. The couple married on April 2, 2011, at the Pelican Hill Resort in Newport Beach, California. Skaar filed for divorce in July 2014, citing irreconcilable differences.

Vartan has a dog named Millie, with whom he appeared in a PETA video about good canine care and to whom he wrote a "love letter" for an anthology. He is a keen supporter of Australian rules football, having watched the game on numerous visits to Australia, in particular Melbourne. He is good friends with Brendan Fevola and supports Carlton. After the completion of the film Rogue, Vartan got a Southern Cross tattoo on his right arm to show his love for Australia.

Vartan is also a fan of ice hockey, a trait incorporated into his character, Michael Vaughn, on Alias.

title: Michael Vartan


text:
Heptagon

In geometry, a heptagon or septagon is a seven-sided polygon or 7-gon.

The heptagon is sometimes referred to as the septagon, using "sept-" (an elision of septua-, a Latin-derived numerical prefix, rather than hepta-, a Greek-derived numerical prefix; both are cognate) together with the Greek suffix "-agon" meaning angle.

Regular heptagon
A regular heptagon, in which all sides and all angles are equal, has internal angles of 5π/7 radians (128$4/7$ degrees). Its Schläfli symbol is {7}.

Area
The area (A) of a regular heptagon of side length a is given by:

 * $$A = \frac{7}{4}a^2 \cot \frac{\pi}{7} \simeq 3.634 a^2.$$

This can be seen by subdividing the unit-sided heptagon into seven triangular "pie slices" with vertices at the center and at the heptagon's vertices, and then halving each triangle using the apothem as the common side. The apothem is half the cotangent of $$\pi/7, $$ and the area of each of the 14 small triangles is one-fourth of the apothem.

The area of a regular heptagon inscribed in a circle of radius R is $$\tfrac{7R^2}{2}\sin\tfrac{2\pi}{7}, $$ while the area of the circle itself is $$\pi R^2;$$ thus the regular heptagon fills approximately 0.8710 of its circumscribed circle.

Construction
As 7 is a Pierpont prime but not a Fermat prime, the regular heptagon is not constructible with compass and straightedge but is constructible with a marked ruler and compass. It is the smallest regular polygon with this property. This type of construction is called a neusis construction. It is also constructible with compass, straightedge and angle trisector. The impossibility of straightedge and compass construction follows from the observation that $$\scriptstyle {2\cos{\tfrac{2\pi}{7}} \approx 1.247}$$ is a zero of the irreducible cubic x3 + x2 − 2x − 1. Consequently, this polynomial is the minimal polynomial of whereas the degree of the minimal polynomial for a constructible number must be a power of 2.

[[File:01-Siebeneck-nach Johnson.gif|thumb|left|400px|Heptagon with given side length:

An animation from a neusis construction with marked ruler, according to David Johnson Leisk (Crockett Johnson).]]

Approximation
An approximation for practical use with an error of about 0.2% is to use half the side of an equilateral triangle inscribed in the same circle as the length of the side of a regular heptagon. It is unknown who first found this approximation, but it was mentioned by Heron of Alexandria's Metrica in the 1st century AD, was well known to medieval Islamic mathematicians, and can be found in the work of Albrecht Dürer. Let A lie on the circumference of the circumcircle. Draw arc BOC. Then $$\scriptstyle {BD = {1 \over 2}BC}$$ gives an approximation for the edge of the heptagon.

This approximation uses $$\scriptstyle {\sqrt{3} \over 2} \approx 0.86603 $$ for the side of the heptagon inscribed in the unit circle while the exact value is $$\scriptstyle 2\sin{\pi \over 7} \approx 0.86777$$.

''Example to illustrate the error:

At a circumscribed circle radius r = 1 m, the absolute error of the 1st side would be approximately -1.7 mm

Other approximations
There are other approximations of a heptagon using compass and straightedge, but they are time consuming to draw.

Symmetry

The regular heptagon belongs to the D7h point group (Schoenflies notation), order 28. The symmetry elements are: a 7-fold proper rotation axis C7, a 7-fold improper rotation axis, S7, 7 vertical mirror planes, σv, 7 2-fold rotation axes, C2, in the plane of the heptagon and a horizontal mirror plane, σh, also in the heptagon's plane.

Diagonals and heptagonal triangle

The regular heptagon's side a, shorter diagonal b, and longer diagonal c, with a<b<c, satisfy

 * $$a^2=c(c-b),$$
 * $$b^2 =a(c+a),$$
 * $$c^2 =b(a+b),$$
 * $$\frac{1}{a}=\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c}$$ (the optic equation)

and hence

 * $$ ab+ac=bc,$$

and

 * $$b^3+2b^2c-bc^2-c^3=0, $$
 * $$c^3-2c^2a-ca^2+a^3=0, $$
 * $$a^3-2a^2b-ab^2+b^3=0,$$

Thus –b/c, c/a, and a/b all satisfy the cubic equation $$t^3-2t^2-t + 1=0.$$ However, no algebraic expressions with purely real terms exist for the solutions of this equation, because it is an example of casus irreducibilis.

The approximate lengths of the diagonals in terms of the side of the regular heptagon are given by

 * $$b\approx 1.80193\cdot a, \qquad c\approx 2.24698\cdot a.$$

We also have

 * $$b^2-a^2=ac,$$

 * $$c^2-b^2=ab,$$

 * $$a^2-c^2=-bc,$$

and

 * $$\frac{b^2}{a^2}+\frac{c^2}{b^2}+\frac{a^2}{c^2}=5.$$

A heptagonal triangle has vertices coinciding with the first, second, and fourth vertices of a regular heptagon (from an arbitrary starting vertex) and angles $$\pi/7, 2\pi/7,$$ and $$4\pi/7.$$ Thus its sides coincide with one side and two particular diagonals of the regular heptagon.

In polyhedra
Apart from the heptagonal prism and heptagonal antiprism, no convex polyhedron made entirely out of regular polygons contains a heptagon as a face.

Star heptagons
Two kinds of star heptagons (heptagrams) can be constructed from regular heptagons, labeled by Schläfli symbols {7/2}, and {7/3}, with the divisor being the interval of connection.

Blue, {7/2} and green {7/3} star heptagons inside a red heptagon.

Tiling and packing
A regular triangle, heptagon, and 42-gon can completely fill a plane vertex. However, there is no tiling of the plane with only these polygons, because there is no way to fit one of them onto the third side of the triangle without leaving a gap or creating an overlap. In the hyperbolic plane, tilings by regular heptagons are possible. There are also concave heptagon tilings possible in the Euclidean plane.

The regular heptagon has a double lattice packing of the Euclidean plane of packing density approximately 0.89269. This has been conjectured to be the lowest density possible for the optimal double lattice packing density of any convex set, and more generally for the optimal packing density of any convex set.

Empirical examples
The United Kingdom, since 1982, has two heptagonal coins, the 50p and 20p pieces. The Barbados Dollar are also heptagonal. Strictly, the shape of the coins is a Reuleaux heptagon, a curvilinear heptagon which has curves of constant width; the sides are curved outwards to allow the coins to roll smoothly when they are inserted into a vending machine. Botswana pula coins in the denominations of 2 Pula, 1 Pula, 50 Thebe and 5 Thebe are also shaped as equilateral-curve heptagons. Coins in the shape of Reuleaux heptagons are also in circulation in Mauritius, U.A.E., Tanzania, Samoa, Papua New Guinea, São Tomé and Príncipe, Haiti, Jamaica, Liberia, Ghana, the Gambia, Jordan, Jersey, Guernsey, Isle of Man, Gibraltar, Guyana, Solomon Islands, Falkland Islands and Saint Helena. The 1000 Kwacha coin of Zambia is a true heptagon.

The Brazilian 25-cent coin has a heptagon inscribed in the coin's disk. Some old versions of the coat of arms of Georgia, including in Soviet days, used a {7/2} heptagram as an element.

A number of coins, including the 20 euro cent coin, have heptagonal symmetry in a shape called the Spanish flower.

In architecture, heptagonal floor plans are very rare. A remarkable example is the Mausoleum of Prince Ernst in Stadthagen, Germany.

Many police badges in the US have a {7/2} heptagram outline.

title: Heptagon


text:
Talk:Phenol

Proposed merge with Conversion of diazonium salt to phenol
There doesn't seem to be enough coverage to justify independent notability for Conversion of diazonium salt to phenol, but it appears to be useful, well-written content to my judgment and thus worth merging (although I will freely admit that my knowledge of chemistry subjects is merely at the 101 level). signed,Rosguill talk 22:48, 30 November 2018 (UTC) signed,Rosguill talk 22:48, 30 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Agreed, we should move this undergrad theme paper, which contains little useful content. --Smokefoot (talk) 12:33, 1 December 2018 (UTC)

Removal of "Phenylic Acid" as alternative name for Phenol
Phenylic acid and Phenol have differing structures according to chemdraw:

You may insert this CDXML into Chemdraw to see the structures side by side. I cannot upload an image for some reason.

 <!DOCTYPE CDXML SYSTEM "http://www.cambridgesoft.com/xml/cdxml.dtd" > <CDXML CreationProgram="ChemDraw 19.0.1.32" Name="Untitled Document-2" BoundingBox="152.60 304.06 387.40 415.94" WindowPosition="0 0" WindowSize="0 0" FractionalWidths="yes" InterpretChemically="yes" ShowAtomQuery="yes" ShowAtomStereo="no" ShowAtomEnhancedStereo="yes" ShowAtomNumber="no" ShowResidueID="no" ShowBondQuery="yes" ShowBondRxn="yes" ShowBondStereo="no" ShowTerminalCarbonLabels="no" ShowNonTerminalCarbonLabels="no" HideImplicitHydrogens="no" LabelFont="21" LabelSize="10" LabelFace="96" CaptionFont="20" CaptionSize="12" HashSpacing="2.70" MarginWidth="2" LineWidth="1" BoldWidth="4" BondLength="30" BondSpacing="12" ChainAngle="120" LabelJustification="Auto" CaptionJustification="Left" AminoAcidTermini="HOH" ShowSequenceTermini="yes" ShowSequenceBonds="yes" ShowSequenceUnlinkedBranches="no" ResidueWrapCount="40" ResidueBlockCount="10" ResidueZigZag="yes" NumberResidueBlocks="no" PrintMargins="36 36 36 36" MacPrintInfo="00030000004800480000000002F40240FFEEFFEE030602520367052803FC00020000004800480000000002F40240000100000064000000010001010100000001270F000100010000000000000000000000000002001901900000000000400000000000000000000100000000000000000000000000000000" ChemPropName="" ChemPropFormula="Chemical Formula: " ChemPropExactMass="Exact Mass: " ChemPropMolWt="Molecular Weight: " ChemPropMOverZ="m/z: " ChemPropAnalysis="Elemental Analysis: " ChemPropBoilingPt="Boiling Point: " ChemPropMeltingPt="Melting Point: " ChemPropCritTemp="Critical Temp: " ChemPropCritPres="Critical Pres: " ChemPropCritVol="Critical Vol: " ChemPropGibbs="Gibbs Energy: " ChemPropLogP="Log P: " ChemPropMR="MR: " ChemPropHenry="Henry's Law: " ChemPropEForm="Heat of Form: " ChemProptPSA="tPSA: " ChemPropID="" ChemPropFragmentLabel="" color="0" bgcolor="1" RxnAutonumberStart="1" RxnAutonumberConditions="no" RxnAutonumberStyle="Roman" RxnAutonumberFormat="(#)" >   OH </n><b id="444" Z="47" B="430" E="432" BS="N" /><b id="445" Z="48" B="432" E="434" Order="2" BS="N" BondCircularOrdering="0 444 446 0" /><b id="446" Z="49" B="434" E="436" BS="N" /><b id="447" Z="50" B="436" E="438" Order="2" BS="N" BondCircularOrdering="0 446 448 0" /><b id="448" Z="51" B="438" E="440" BS="N" /><b id="449" Z="52" B="430" E="440" Order="2" BS="N" BondCircularOrdering="444 450 0 448" /><b id="450" Z="53" B="430" E="442" BS="N" /> <group id="612" BoundingBox="272.61 304.06 387.40 398.32" Z="75" ><fragment id="588" BoundingBox="272.61 304.06 387.40 398.32" Z="58" ><n id="585" p="325.08 352.74" Z="56" AS="N" /><n id="587" p="299.09 337.74" Z="57" AS="N" /><n id="589" p="273.11 352.74" Z="59" AS="N" /><n id="591" p="273.11 382.74" Z="60" AS="N" /><n id="593" p="299.09 397.74" Z="61" AS="N" /><n id="595" p="325.08 382.74" Z="62" AS="N" /><n id="597" p="351.06 337.74" Z="63" AS="N" /><n id="599" p="351.06 307.74" Z="64" Element="8" NumHydrogens="0" NeedsClean="yes" AS="N" ><t p="347.17 311.42" BoundingBox="347.56 304.06 354.55 311.63" LabelJustification="Left" ><s font="21" size="10" color="0" face="96">O </t></n><n id="601" p="377.04 352.74" Z="65" Element="8" NumHydrogens="1" NeedsClean="yes" AS="N" ><t p="373.15 356.42" BoundingBox="373.54 349.06 387.40 356.63" LabelJustification="Left" LabelAlignment="Left" ><s font="21" size="10" color="0" face="96">OH </t></n><b id="603" Z="66" B="585" E="587" BS="N" /><b id="604" Z="67" B="587" E="589" Order="2" BS="N" BondCircularOrdering="603 0 0 605" /><b id="605" Z="68" B="589" E="591" BS="N" /><b id="606" Z="69" B="591" E="593" Order="2" BS="N" BondCircularOrdering="605 0 0 607" /><b id="607" Z="70" B="593" E="595" BS="N" /><b id="608" Z="71" B="585" E="595" Order="2" BS="N" BondCircularOrdering="609 603 607 0" /><b id="609" Z="72" B="585" E="597" BS="N" /><b id="610" Z="73" B="597" E="599" Order="2" BS="N" /><b id="611" Z="74" B="597" E="601" BS="N" /> <t id="452" p="197.10 411.54" BoundingBox="180.83 403.32 213.18 414.16" Z="55" InterpretChemically="no" CaptionJustification="Center" Justification="Center" LineHeight="auto" ><s font="20" size="12" color="0">phenol </t><t id="613" p="330.01 413.32" BoundingBox="297.91 405.09 362.05 415.94" Z="76" InterpretChemically="no" CaptionJustification="Center" Justification="Center" LineHeight="auto" ><s font="20" size="12" color="0">phenylic acid </t><chemicalproperty id="453" ChemicalPropertyDisplayID="452" ChemicalPropertyIsActive="yes" ChemicalPropertyType="1" BasisObjects="430 432 433 434 436 438 440 442 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451" /><chemicalproperty id="615" ChemicalPropertyDisplayID="613" ChemicalPropertyType="1" BasisObjects="585 587 588 589 591 593 595 597 599 601 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612" /> </CDXML> — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.56.245.208 (talk) 05:44, 27 February 2020 (UTC)

Phenol is still widely used as an antiseptic
Under the "medical" section it says that phenol was once widely used as an antiseptic. It still is widely used as an antiseptic!

Meaning of "skin irritation has led to .."
Quote: "The skin irritation caused by continual exposure to phenol eventually led to the introduction of aseptic (germ-free) techniques in surgery." -- I don't understand the meaning of the sentence. Skin irritation led to introduction of aseptic techniques? O_O --CopperKettle (talk) 08:18, 24 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I think that the fact that phenol is a skin irritant suggested to post-Pasteur scientists that it attacked living organisms/cells, which led to its early implementation as a disinfectant. BTW, much of that section is about Lister, not phenol, so much could be removed as being off-topic content.--Smokefoot (talk) 13:53, 24 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Phenol


text:
Bradley Cooper

Bradley Charles Cooper (born January 5, 1975) is an American actor and filmmaker. He is the recipient of various accolades, including a British Academy Film Award and two Grammy Awards. In addition, he has been nominated for twelve Academy Awards, six Golden Globe Awards, and a Tony Award. Cooper appeared on the Forbes Celebrity 100 list three times and on Time's list of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2015. His films have grossed $13billion worldwide, and he has been placed in annual rankings of the world's highest-paid actors four times.

Cooper began his television and film career in 1999 with a guest role in the television series Sex and the City. In 2000, he enrolled in the Master of Fine Arts (MFA) program at the Actors Studio. Shortly after, he made his film debut in the comedy Wet Hot American Summer (2001) and gained some recognition as Will Tippin in the television series Alias (2001–2006). After his role in the show was demoted, he began to have career doubts; however, he quickly gained additional recognition with a supporting part in the comedy film Wedding Crashers (2005). Cooper had his breakthrough in The Hangover (2009), a critically and commercially successful comedy that spawned sequels in 2011 and 2013. His career progressed with starring roles in Limitless (2011) and The Place Beyond the Pines (2012).

Cooper found greater success with the romantic comedy Silver Linings Playbook (2012), the black comedy American Hustle (2013), and the war biopic American Sniper (2014), which he also produced. In 2014, he portrayed Joseph Merrick in a Broadway revival of The Elephant Man and began voicing Rocket in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Cooper produced, wrote, directed, and starred in the musical romance A Star Is Born (2018). He won a BAFTA Award and two Grammys for his contributions to the film's U.S. Billboard 200 number one soundtrack and its chart-topping lead single "Shallow". He has since produced the thrillers Joker (2019) and Nightmare Alley (2021) and co-wrote and directed the biographical drama Maestro (2023), in which he also starred as Leonard Bernstein.

Cooper was named People magazine's Sexiest Man Alive in 2011. He supports several charities that help fight cancer. Cooper was briefly married to actress Jennifer Esposito and has a daughter from his relationship with model Irina Shayk.

Early life
Cooper was born on January 5, 1975, in Abington Township, Pennsylvania, near Philadelphia, and grew up in the nearby communities of Jenkintown and Rydal. His mother, Gloria (née Campano), worked at KYW-TV, which was then Philadelphia's NBC affiliate. His father, Charles Cooper, worked as a stockbroker for Merrill Lynch. Cooper's father was of Irish descent, while his mother is of Italian ancestry (from Abruzzo and Naples). He has an older sister, Holly. He had cholesteatoma in his ear soon after his birth and punctured his eardrum when he started diving at an early age.

Describing himself as a child, Cooper has said: "I never lived the life of 'Oh, you're so good-looking'. People thought I was a girl when I was little, because I looked like a girl – maybe because my mother would keep my hair really long." He excelled at basketball and enjoyed cooking: "I used to have buddies come over after kindergarten and I'd cook them food. I prided myself in taking whatever was in the fridge and turning it into lasagna." He initially wanted to attend Valley Forge Military Academy and move to Japan to become a ninja. At an early age, his father introduced him to films like The Elephant Man, which inspired him to be an actor. Coming from a family of non-actors, Cooper says his parents initially wanted him to pursue a career in finance and were against acting, but they eventually changed their perceptions when they saw Cooper play the part of Joseph Merrick in an excerpt from the play The Elephant Man.

While attending Germantown Academy, he worked at the Philadelphia Daily News. He says that in school, he was neither "the smartest person" nor "the coolest kid" and "really didn't have anything going on!" After graduating from high school in 1993, Cooper attended Villanova University for one year before transferring to Georgetown University, where he majored in English and minored in French. Cooper graduated in 1997 with a Bachelor of Arts with honors. He was a member of the Georgetown Hoyas rowing team and acted with Nomadic Theatre. While at Georgetown, Cooper became fluent in French and spent six months as an exchange student in Aix-en-Provence, France. In his television debut, Sex and the City in 1999, he made a brief appearance opposite Sarah Jessica Parker. Cooper later served as a presenter on the tourism series Globe Trekker (2000), which took him to such places as Peru and Croatia, and had a recurring role in the short-lived series The Street.

Cooper had been interested in a career in diplomacy when he auditioned for the master class graduate degree at the Actors Studio and was selected by James Lipton. In 2000, he received an MFA in acting from the Actors Studio Drama School at The New School in New York City. There, he trained with the coach Elizabeth Kemp of whom he says: "I was never able to relax in my life before her." She advised him on many of his films. While studying in New York City, Cooper worked as a doorman at the Morgans Hotel, and briefly interacted with Robert de Niro and Sean Penn in question-and-answer master class sessions, which were later featured episodes of Inside the Actors Studio.

2001–2008: Early roles
Cooper missed his MFA graduation ceremony to film Wet Hot American Summer (2001), an ensemble comedy that marked his cinematic debut. Taking place at a fictional summer camp in 1981, the film had him play Ben, a counselor and the love interest of Michael Ian Black's character. Although the film was critically and commercially unsuccessful, it has since developed a cult following. Cooper reprised the role in the film's prequel Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp (2015), an eight-episode Netflix series.

In the television series Alias (2001–2006), Cooper achieved some success with the role of Will Tippin, a local reporter for a newspaper and the best friend of Jennifer Garner's character, Sydney Bristow. Garner was one of the first people he met in Los Angeles and was, in Cooper's words, "very maternal... She wanted to take care of me, make sure I was okay all the time." A writer for Complex Networks called his character "arguably the heart of Season1". As his screen time began to decrease, Cooper grew frustrated. Although he would work only three days, he requested creator J. J. Abrams to write his character off the show. Shortly after his conversation with Abrams, Cooper tore his Achilles tendon while playing basketball. During his recovery, he considered quitting acting permanently, though in 2004, he was cast in Wedding Crashers (2005). During this period, he acted in the 2002 psychological thriller Changing Lanes. The scenes in which he appeared were edited out of the final cut of the film but are featured on the film's DVD and Blu-ray releases. Other roles included in Bending All the Rules (2002), the short-lived TV series Miss Match (2003), the television film I Want to Marry Ryan Banks (2004), and the WB series Jack & Bobby (2004–2005).

Cooper's career prospects improved with a more prominent role in David Dobkin's comedy Wedding Crashers alongside Owen Wilson, Vince Vaughn, and Rachel McAdams. In the film, he played Sack Lodge, the competitive, arrogant, and aggressive boyfriend of Claire (McAdams), a role he described as "kind of a sociopath". Cooper believed the antagonistic character changed people's perception of him, as he had previously played the "nice guy". With a production budget of $40million, the film grossed over $285million worldwide. In September 2005, Fox debuted the sitcom Kitchen Confidential, based on a memoir by chef Anthony Bourdain, with Cooper in the leading role. Despite positive reviews for the series, the show was canceled after only four episodes due to low ratings.

In March 2006, Cooper starred as Pip/Theo in Three Days of Rain on Broadway with Julia Roberts and Paul Rudd. This was followed by minor roles in the romantic comedy Failure to Launch (2006) and the satirical comedy The Comebacks (2007). Cooper next appeared in the fifth season of Nip/Tuck (2007) as Aidan Stone, a television star on the fictional show Hearts 'N Scalpels. In 2008, he played the lead in Older than America and appeared in a production of Theresa Rebeck's play The Understudy at the Williamstown Theatre Festival alongside Kristen Johnston. Between his small roles of best friend to the main character in the 2008 comedies Yes Man and The Rocker, Cooper landed the lead role in the Ryuhei Kitamura-directed horror film The Midnight Meat Train (2008), based on Clive Barker's 1984 short story of the same name. Playing the dark character of a freelance photographer who tries to track down a serial killer was a departure from Cooper's previous comedic roles and an experience he found enjoyable. The film received positive reviews from critics, though it earned little at the box office.

2009–2012: Breakthrough

Cooper's breakthrough role came in Todd Phillips' comedy The Hangover (2009). He played Phil Wenneck, one of three friends (Ed Helms and Zach Galifianakis) to wake up from a bachelor party in Las Vegas with no memory of the previous night. The Hangover was a commercial success and finished as among the highest-grossing R-rated films in the United States. A. O. Scott of The New York Times wrote, "Mr. Cooper... offers the most interesting variation on an old standard, playing his aggressive, cocky frat boy with a snarl of rage that masks an anxiety as hard to account for as it is to miss." For his performance, Cooper received an award at the 13th Hollywood Film Festival and his first nomination for the MTV Movie Awards (Best Comedic Performance). The Daily Telegraph opined that the film's success turned Cooper into "a bona fide leading man". Nevertheless, Cooper stated in a 2011 interview with Shave: "It's the same. I mean, look, more doors have been opened for sure, but it's not like I sit back with a cigar on Monday morning and go through the scripts that have been offered."

Cooper then hosted Saturday Night Live with musical guest TV on the Radio, portraying actor Christian Bale in one sketch, and appeared in a supporting role in the film He's Just Not That Into You.

Also in 2009, Cooper was featured in the psychological horror Case 39, a delayed production that had been filmed in 2006. He paired with Sandra Bullock in the comedy All About Steve, a film that was panned by critics, failed to attract a wide audience, and earned them a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screen Combo. Following a role in one of eleven segments of the anthology film New York, I Love You (2009), Cooper appeared in the ensemble romantic comedy Valentine's Day (2010), directed by Garry Marshall and co-starring with Julia Roberts. The film was a commercial success, grossing over $215million worldwide. He then starred in the comedy Brother's Justice and as the fictional character Templeton "Faceman" Peck in the feature film version of The A-Team alongside Liam Neeson, Quinton Jackson, and Sharlto Copley. To prepare for the role, he abstained from consuming sugar, salt, and flour, and underwent grueling workouts. The film released to negative reviews and poor box office returns. Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph wrote: "Cooper confirms his credentials as perhaps the most smugly narcissistic performer," while Nev Pierce of Empire credited both Cooper and Copley for "acing swagger and insanity respectively, who best both capture and yet re-forge their iconic characters". Cooper appeared as guest host of WWE Raw in June 2010.

In 2011, Cooper starred in the techno-thriller Limitless, based on the 2001 novel The Dark Fields by Alan Glynn. In the Neil Burger-directed film, he played a struggling writer who is introduced to a nootropic drug that gives him the ability to fully utilize his brain and vastly improve his lifestyle. The box office website Box Office Mojo was apprehensive of the film's financial prospects, but it emerged as a commercial success with a worldwide gross of $161million. A writer for Variety said of Cooper's performance that he "makes further strides toward major stardom, spelling excellent early spring returns and socko vid play". Greater commercial success followed with the comedy sequel The Hangover Part II (2011), which earned over $580million worldwide. Reviews for the film were generally negative, but Mary Pols of Time magazine complimented Cooper, writing that the actor "gives a knowing performance: he's both the peacock and the parody of one. He's blessed with good looks and fantastic timing, the kind that makes every line funnier, even the small asides." At the 38th People's Choice Awards, he was nominated for Favorite Comedic Movie Actor.

The year 2012 saw Cooper star in four films: The Words, Hit and Run, The Place Beyond the Pines, and Silver Linings Playbook. The mystery drama The Words failed commercially, as did the action comedy Hit and Run. In Derek Cianfrance's critically acclaimed crime drama The Place Beyond the Pines, Cooper played a rookie police officer, a role Cianfrance specifically wrote for him. The director drove five hours to Montreal to meet with Cooper to convince him to take on the role. Cianfrance described Cooper's character as someone "paraded as a hero... But inside him corruption is going on, conflict is raging inside, guilt and shame are buried." A reviewer for The Independent credited Cooper for "excelling as an archetype, the principled man who is personally rather dislikeable", adding, "I never imagined this actor capable of such layered character work." Despite positive reviews, the film had moderate box office returns.

Cooper starred with Robert De Niro and Jennifer Lawrence in David O. Russell's romantic comedy-drama Silver Linings Playbook, an adaptation of Matthew Quick's serio-comic novel of the same name. He was cast as a divorced man with bipolar disorder, a former teacher who finds companionship in a young, depressed widow (Lawrence). Cooper was initially skeptical about playing the part which he thought was out of his depth, but he later accepted the role inspired by Russell's confidence in him. The director was impressed with his performance in Wedding Crashers, citing his "good bad-guy energy" and unpredictability as justification for casting; he also thought Cooper would be able to demonstrate emotion and vulnerability onscreen. To prepare, Cooper took dance training with choreographer Mandy Moore, who describes Cooper as having "some real natural dancing ability". The film was a box-office success, earning $236.4million on a production budget of $21million. Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote that Cooper "seizes the juiciest role of his career and meets every comic and dramatic challenge. There's an ache in his funny, touching and vital performance that resonates." For his performance, he earned an MTV Movie Award for Best Performance, and nominations for an Academy Award, Golden Globe Award, and Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actor.

2013–2017: Established actor
In 2013, Cooper reprised his role as Phil Wenneck in the third and final installment of The Hangover trilogy, The Hangover Part III, which was poorly reviewed by critics. The critic for The Independent argued that Cooper was "reduced to mugging for the camera, offering reaction shots to nothing". Nevertheless, like its preceding entries, the film was a commercial success, grossing $362million worldwide, and remains one of Cooper's highest-grossing releases. Later that year, he took on the supporting role of an unhinged FBI agent in David O. Russell's crime comedy-drama American Hustle. Inspired by the FBI's Abscam sting operation, the film is set against the backdrop of political corruption in 1970s New Jersey. It also starred Christian Bale, Amy Adams, Jeremy Renner and Jennifer Lawrence. American Hustle was a critical and commercial success with global revenues of $251.1million. Kim Newman of Empire wrote: "Cooper is stuck with the least rewarding role, but keeps finding brilliant little bits of business to hold the attention," and praised "[Cooper's] spot impersonations of his overly cautious (but smart) boss". Cooper was nominated for an Academy Award, BAFTA Award, Critics' Choice Movie Award, and a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor but did not win any.

Cooper reunited with Lawrence in the Susanne Bier-directed drama Serena, an adaptation of Ron Rash's period novel. The pair starred as a married couple who become involved in criminal activities after realizing that they cannot bear children. The picture was filmed in 2012 but was released in 2014 to negative reviews and poor box office returns. The Canberra Times' Jake Wilson stated: "Cooper once again proves his value as a leading man who approaches his roles like a character actor." In 2014, Cooper provided the voice of Rocket Raccoon in the Marvel Studios film Guardians of the Galaxy. He returned to Broadway for the 2014 run of The Elephant Man as the severely deformed Joseph Merrick. Michael Coveney of Whatsonstage.com wrote of his performance: "Cooper avoids every trap of 'disability' acting by suffusing this outer appearance with soul and passion. It's a wonderful, and very moving, display." He garnered a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play.

Also in 2014, Cooper co-produced and starred as United States Navy SEAL sniper Chris Kyle in American Sniper, a biographical war drama directed by Clint Eastwood. The film tells the story of Kyle, who became the deadliest marksman in US military history, and is loosely based on the eponymous memoir. To appear to be as large as Kyle, Cooper underwent extensive training and followed a rigorous diet, gaining 40 lb of muscle. Cooper's preparation also included lessons with a vocal coach and studying footage of Kyle. To learn how to use a rifle, the actor trained with US Navy SEAL veteran Kevin Lacz, who served with Kyle. The film, and Cooper's performance, received generally positive reviews. The critic for Variety wrote, "an excellent performance from a bulked-up Bradley Cooper, this harrowing and intimate character study offers fairly blunt insights into the physical and psychological toll exacted on the front lines." Similar sentiments were echoed by USA Today's Claudia Puig who asserted, "It's clearly Cooper's show. Substantially bulked up and affecting a believable Texas drawl, Cooper embodies Kyle's confidence, intensity and vulnerability." American Sniper earned $547million worldwide to become Cooper's highest-grossing live-action film and the third highest-grossing R-rated film of all time. Cooper won an MTV Movie Award for Best Male Performance and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor; the film was nominated for Best Picture. With these nominations, Cooper became the tenth actor in history to receive an Academy Award nomination for acting in three consecutive years.

None of Cooper's films released in 2015 – Aloha, Burnt, or Joy – fared well at the box office. He starred in Cameron Crowe's Aloha with Emma Stone and Rachel McAdams. The project was the subject of controversy after the Media Action Network for Asian-Americans accused the filmmakers of whitewashing the cast. Despite the backlash, he was nominated for Choice Movie Actor – Comedy at the 2015 Teen Choice Awards. In John Wells' drama Burnt, Cooper played a chef who decides to regain his former glory after drug abuse takes a toll on his career. While the film was criticized for its "overdone clichés", Jon Frosch of The Hollywood Reporter said: "[Cooper] gives a fully engaged performance that almost makes us want to forgive the movie's laziness. Almost." His supporting role in the biopic Joy reunited him with David O. Russell and Lawrence. In 2016, he had a voice cameo in the thriller 10 Cloverfield Lane and played a supporting part in War Dogs, co-produced under his and Todd Phillips's production company Joint Effort. In 2017, Cooper again voiced Rocket Raccoon in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2.

2018–present: Professional expansion
After reprising the role of Rocket Raccoon in Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Cooper directed his first film, A Star Is Born, a remake of the 1937 film of the same name. Cooper starred in the film as an established singer, Jackson Maine, whose romance with a woman named Ally (played by Lady Gaga) becomes strained after her career begins to overshadow his. Having long aspired to direct a film, Cooper was keen on making a love story. People had warned him against directing a third remake, and he feared the film would end his directing career if it failed. The film premiered at the 75th Venice International Film Festival in August 2018 and was released worldwide in October to critical acclaim. On Cooper's direction, Owen Gleiberman of Variety wrote that "to say that [Cooper] does a good job would be to understate his accomplishment" and that he "gets right onto the high wire". Brian Tallerico, writing for RogerEbert.com, said Cooper "does some of the best work of his career" and gives "an excellent performance", praising his singing abilities and chemistry with Gaga. The film earned over $436million at the box office against a production budget of $36million.

Cooper spent nearly four years working on the project, including spending five days a week taking voice, piano, and guitar lessons for six months in preparation for the role. He and Gaga co-wrote and produced most of the songs on the soundtrack for A Star Is Born, which she insisted they record live. Cooper undertook vocal training for 18 months to prepare, including with the help of vocal coach Roger Love. The album contains elements of blues rock, country, and bubblegum pop. Billboard says its lyrics are about wanting change, its struggle, love, romance, and bonding, describing the music as "timeless, emotional, gritty and earnest. They sound like songs written by artists who, quite frankly, are supremely messed up but hit to the core of the listener." The album's release coincided with the film's, and it contains 34 tracks, including 19 original songs. It received generally positive reviews from critics; Mark Kennedy of The Washington Post called it a "five-star marvel" and Ben Beaumont-Thomas of The Guardian termed it an "instant classics full of Gaga's emotional might". Commercially, the soundtrack reached number one in the US, Ireland, and the UK. The record's lead single, "Shallow", was released that September and reached number one in the US, Australia, Ireland, Switzerland, and the UK. Australia: Ireland:  Switzerland:  UK:  US:

For the film, Cooper received a National Board of Review Award for Best Director and two Golden Globe nominations for Best Actor in a Drama and Best Director. Cooper earned two Grammy nominations for "Shallow": Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance (winning the latter). The soundtrack as a whole received seven Grammy nominations across two different ceremonies. At the 72nd British Academy Film Awards, A Star Is Born received seven nominations, five of which were for Cooper: Best Film, Best Direction, Best Actor in a Leading Role, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Film Music, winning only the last of these. As a result, Cooper became the first person with five nominations in a single ceremony in BAFTA's history. Cooper was also nominated for three Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Actor, and Best Adapted Screenplay. He later remarked he was "embarrassed" by his failure to gain a directing nomination at the ceremony.

Cooper next reunited with Clint Eastwood in The Mule (2018), a crime film based on the life of World War II veteran Leo Sharp in which Cooper played a DEA agent. In 2019, Cooper co-produced Todd Phillips's psychological thriller Joker, starring Joaquin Phoenix. It grossed over $1billion worldwide, making it the highest-grossing R-rated film of all time, and earned him nominations for an Academy Award for Best Picture and a BAFTA Award for Best Film. Cooper returned as Rocket in Avengers: Endgame (2019), which briefly became the highest-grossing of all time.

Both of Cooper's 2021 releases – the coming-of-age comedy drama Licorice Pizza and the psychological thriller Nightmare Alley – received critical acclaim, but fared poorly at the box office. In his eight-minute role as film producer Jon Peters in Paul Thomas Anderson's Licorice Pizza, Jenelle Riley of Variety found Cooper to be a "scene-stealer". Riley wrote he "somehow manages to be both absurd and menacing. It's the rare scene that is almost too intense to watch, yet you also don't want it to end." Nightmare Alley, an adaption of William Lindsay Gresham's namesake novel, cast Cooper as an ambitious carnival worker, for which he took boxing lessons and performed his first full frontal nude scene, which he found challenging. Owing to the COVID-19 pandemic, the film took a long time to finish. Reviewing his films in 2021, critic Charles Bramesco opined Cooper gave "his most vulnerable and harrowing performance to date" in Nightmare Alley. Cooper garnered a fourth nomination for the Academy Award for Best Picture for producing the film.

Cooper voiced Rocket in the 2022 Disney+ series I Am Groot and special The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special and did so again in the 2023 film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3. The last of these focussed on Rocket's traumatic past. It led Jackson Weaver of CBC News to term Cooper "one of the few genuinely talented live actor turned voice actors". Cooper next directed, produced, and co-wrote Maestro (2023), a biographical drama about the relationship between composer Leonard Bernstein and his wife Felicia Montealegre, in which he also portrayed Bernstein opposite Carey Mulligan's Montealegre. He was hired by filmmaker Steven Spielberg to direct the project after a screening of A Star is Born. Controversy arose over Cooper's use of a prosthetic nose to play Bernstein, which some considered an example of "Jewface". Cooper was defended by both Bernstein's children and the Anti-Defamation League. Reviewing the film for BBC Culture, Nicholas Barber wrote, "Maestro confirms what was suggested by Cooper's directorial debut, A Star Is Born. He has sky-high ambitions, and he has the technical virtuosity and big-hearted sincerity to fulfil those ambitions with flair". He earned two more BAFTA and Golden Globe nominations for his direction and performance, in addition to three more Academy Award nominations for his production, writing, and performance.

Cooper will next produce Phillips' sequel Joker: Folie à Deux, starring Joaquin Phoenix and Lady Gaga. He will then star in and direct Is This Thing On?, written by and co-starring Will Arnett.

Personal life

Cooper's early years in the entertainment industry were marred with difficulties. When his role in the second season of Alias was demoted to a minuscule part, he considered quitting show business. His substance addiction and doubts about his career triggered thoughts of suicide. Cooper credits his friend and fellow actor Will Arnett with helping him address his substance abuse and seek therapy. Cooper has abstained from alcohol and drugs since 2004, remarking that it would have destroyed his life. "I was at a party and deliberately bashed my head on the concrete floor – like, 'Hey, look how tough I am!' And I came up, and blood dripped down. And then I did it again. I spent the night... [in the] [h]ospital with a sock of ice, waiting for them to stitch me up. I was so concerned what you thought of me, how I was coming across, how I would survive the day. I always felt like an outsider. I just lived in my head. I realized I wasn't going to live up to my potential, and that scared the hell out of me. I thought, 'Wow, I'm actually gonna ruin my life; I'm really gonna ruin it.'"

Cooper became engaged to actress Jennifer Esposito in October 2006, and they married that December. In May 2007, she filed for divorce which was finalized in November. Regarding their short marriage, he explained, "It was just something that happened. The good thing is, we both realized it... Sometimes you just realize it." Before his marriage to Esposito, he met Renée Zellweger while filming Case 39 in 2006. The media speculated about the nature of their relationship in 2009, when the film was released. They reportedly broke up in 2011. He dated actress Zoe Saldaña from December 2011 to January 2013. He subsequently began dating English model and actress Suki Waterhouse in March 2013; their relationship ended two years later. Cooper was in a relationship with Russian model Irina Shayk from April 2015 to June 2019. They have a daughter together, Lea de Seine, born in March 2017. Cooper has been in a relationship with model Gigi Hadid since late 2023.

Cooper and his family share a close bond. Two years after the death of his father from lung cancer in 2011, he relocated to Los Angeles with his mother. He said that after his father's diagnosis "I was in a very lucky position because I was able to put everything on hold in all aspects of my life and completely focus on taking care of him." He has described the process of his father's treatment as "just simply overwhelming, incredibly stressful, complex and all consuming". He has since supported organizations that help fight cancer. In June 2014, he joined the board of directors for the charity Hole in the Wall Gang Camp, a non-profit organization that serves people coping with cancer. In April 2016, he participated in the launch of the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy that works for cancer patients. He served as an executive producer for Stand Up to Cancer's Fifth Biennial Telecast, a primetime fundraising special that aired in September.

In 2009, Cooper took part in an Alzheimer's Association campaign that aimed to increase awareness about Alzheimer's disease. He is also one of the members of the Alzheimer's Association Celebrity Champions, an initiative launched for a similar purpose. In 2015, Cooper spoke at The National Geographic Society for the group Got Your 6 to help ensure military veterans are better represented in popular culture. Cooper is a member of the Democratic Party and attended the 2016 Democratic National Convention (when Hillary Clinton received the nomination for president) to hear then-president Barack Obama speak. Following his role in American Sniper, he clarified his political affiliation for those who assumed he was a conservative and that he regards Barack Obama as "an incredible president". Cooper signed a letter calling for decisive action to stop climate change and biodiversity loss.

Having grown up in Philadelphia, Cooper is a fan of the National Football League's Eagles and has made various appearances on behalf of the team besides his Silver Linings Playbook role. He voiced a snowball trying to make amends with Santa Claus in an ESPN promo which referenced an infamous incident from the 1968 Philadelphia Eagles season, and has joined owner Jeffrey Lurie in his box at games, including the Eagles' first Super Bowl victory in 2018.

In October 2023, Cooper signed an open letter for the "Artists4Ceasefire" campaign alongside other artists, urging President Joe Biden to push for a ceasefire and an end to the killing of civilians amid the 2023 Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip.

Media image and artistry
The Hollywood Reporter Bill Phelps describes Cooper as the "epitome of cool". While his friends found him to be a "sweet, exceptionally open man with the defensive, insecure person" before his alcoholism, Brian Klugman (The Words' co-director and a childhood friend) says of him, "There's nobody who's better liked." Todd Phillips (the director of The Hangover Trilogy) believes that Cooper's on-screen persona strongly contradicts with his personality. "He is very vulnerable – insecure is not the right word... And there's a warmth to him you would never know." Contrary to Phillips, Cooper believes that his personality relates to acting: "I enjoy people, that makes this profession a lot easier, and I can sleep anywhere. That's a skill."

As part of a career analysis, Oliver Lyttelton of IndieWire observed that early in his career, Cooper was typecast as "weaselly boyfriends or best friends in mainstream comedies", but later emerged as one of Hollywood's most accomplished actors after starring in several successful films. Cooper is known for appearing in a range of films; Phelps credited him for "opt[ing] for the challenging and provocative, the small and interesting, risking the laid-back image that propelled him to fame". The Daily Beast's Oliver Lyttelton similarly praised Cooper for stepping outside his comfort zone by accepting parts that might initially not seem like perfect matches. Time magazine wrote of Cooper's craft: "It's hard to make people, especially your friends, forget who you are onscreen. But Bradley's that good."

Cooper cites actor Daniel Day-Lewis as his favorite. Films that had influences include the French romantic drama Hiroshima mon amour (1959), the coming-of-age feature The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner (1962), the war films The Deer Hunter (1978) and Apocalypse Now (1979), The Elephant Man (1980), and comedies featuring Richard Pryor. Reviewing his performances in Licorice Pizza and Nightmare Alley, critic Charles Bramesco likened Cooper's screen persona to Joseph Merrick, a severely deformed man in the Victorian era, whom Cooper played in the 2014 Broadway play The Elephant Man. Bramesco wrote: "[Merrick] declined external help and instead conjured a certain animalistic quality from within himself to be measured against his core humanity. That negotiation between civility and our baser impulses – the ego versus the id, for the psychoanalytically inclined – forms the foundation of Cooper's classical leading-man screen persona. One of our last true movie stars has spent the majority of his career reiterating the internal tension of the role he's clung to like Rosebud, coaxing out the troubled chaos from within put-together men."

Cooper's sex appeal has been picked up by several media outlets, including People magazine, which named him Sexiest Man Alive in 2011. He was initially uncomfortable with the accolade, but later found it funny. In a June 2011 interview with Esquire, Cooper said, "Fall in love with my looks, fine, but stay with me for my talent." Also that year, he was dubbed International Man of the Year by GQ and appeared in AskMen's 49 most influential men. He ranked tenth on Empire list of the 100 Sexiest Movie Stars in 2013. He was one of the highest-paid actors in the world from 2013 to 2015 and in 2019, earning $28million, $46million, $41.5million, and $57million, respectively. Forbes ranked him first on their Celebrity 100: Ones To Watch list in 2013. In 2014, 2015, and 2019, he was featured on Celebrity 100, a list based on the income and popularity of celebrities, as selected annually by Forbes. Time magazine named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2015. Cooper's films have earned a total of $13billion worldwide.

Acting credits and awards
Cooper has received one BAFTA, one Screen Actors Guild Award, and two Grammy Awards. He has been nominated for twelve Academy Awards, six Golden Globe Awards, and one Tony Award. According to the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes and box-office website Box Office Mojo, Cooper's most critically and commercially successful films include Wedding Crashers (2005), The Hangover (2009), Limitless (2011), Silver Linings Playbook (2012), American Hustle (2013), Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), American Sniper (2014) and A Star Is Born (2018). Among his stage roles, he has appeared in a Broadway revival of The Elephant Man (2014–2015), for which he was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play.

Discography

 * A Star Is Born (with Lady Gaga) (2018)

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Tom Tykwer

Tom Tykwer (born 23 May 1965) is a German film director, producer, screenwriter, and composer. He is best known internationally for directing the thriller films Run Lola Run (1998), Heaven (2002), Perfume: The Story of a Murderer (2006), and The International (2009). He collaborated with The Wachowskis as co-director for the science fiction film Cloud Atlas (2012) and the Netflix series Sense8 (2015–2018), and worked on the score for Lana Wachowski's The Matrix Resurrections (2021). Tykwer is also well known as the co-creator of the internationally acclaimed German television series Babylon Berlin (2017–).

Early life
Tykwer was born in Wuppertal, West Germany. Fascinated by film from an early age, he started making amateur Super 8 films at the age of eleven. He later helped out at a local arthouse cinema in order to see more films, including those for which he was too young to buy tickets. After graduating from high school, he applied to numerous film schools around Europe, unsuccessfully.

1986–1995
Tykwer moved to Berlin where he worked as a projectionist. In 1987, at the age of 22, he became the programmer of the Moviemento cinema and became known to German directors as a film buff. In Berlin, Tykwer met and befriended the filmmaker Rosa von Praunheim, who urged him to create stories from his own experience. He suggested, for example, that Tykwer record arguments with his girlfriend, and turn them into a short film. Because (1990) was screened at the Hof International Film Festival and well received by the audience, which inspired Tykwer to continue pursuing filmmaking.

He made a second short film, Epilog (1992), for which he took on personal financial debt, but he also gained valuable technical film making experience. Tykwer wrote the screenplay for, and directed, his first feature film, the psychological thriller Deadly Maria (1993). It aired on German television and had a limited theatrical release in Germany and the international film festival circuit.

In 1994, Tykwer founded the production company X Filme Creative Pool with Stefan Arndt, Wolfgang Becker, and Dani Levy.

1996–2005
Tykwer and Becker wrote the screenplay for the comedy Life Is All You Get (1997), while working on Winter Sleepers (1997), Tykwer's second feature and a much bigger and more complex production than Deadly Maria. Winter Sleepers brought Tykwer to the attention of German cineastes and film festivals, but he was struggling financially.

His next feature film, Run Lola Run (1998), became the most successful German film of 1998, earned $7 mln at the US box office, and elevated Tykwer to international fame. As Lola was becoming a success worldwide, Tykwer was already at work on his next film, The Princess and the Warrior (2000), a love story about a nurse and a former soldier, which was shot in his home town of Wuppertal.

Miramax produced his next film, Heaven (2002), based on a screenplay by Polish filmmaker Krzysztof Kieślowski, which was shot in English, starred Cate Blanchett and Giovanni Ribisi, and was filmed in Turin and Tuscany.

2006–2015
Tykwer was approached by French producers to film a short contribution to Paris, je t'aime (2006), a film composed of 20 short films by many famous directors depicting love in Paris. Tykwer shot the 10-minute short film, True, with Natalie Portman and Melchior Beslon. He shot the film quickly with almost no pre-production. The result, Tykwer later said, "symbolises an entire life for me, in just ten minutes."

Tykwer shot the film Pink Children (2012) together with 4 German directors about their mentor Rosa von Praunheim.

Tykwer's next film was Perfume: The Story of a Murderer (2006), an adaptation of the novel Perfume by the German novelist Patrick Süskind. It was filmed in the Spanish cities of Figueras, Girona and Barcelona. Tykwer later made his Hollywood debut with the big-budgeted 2009 conspiracy thriller The International, starring Clive Owen and Naomi Watts, which was shot in several locations ranging from Berlin, Milan, New York City, and Istanbul. The film received a lukewarm reception from the public and critics alike.

2016–present
Tykwer directed 2016's A Hologram for the King, starring Tom Hanks and Sarita Choudhury, based on a novel by American novelist Dave Eggers. In 2017, Tykwer co-created the television series Babylon Berlin, directing and writing the screenplay; set in 1920s Berlin, the series comprised 16 episodes in its first two seasons. A third season premiered in 2020. Later on, in 2023, the fifth season has been announced.

In 2018, Tykwer headed the 68th Berlinale.

Musical composition
Since Winter Sleepers, the music for all of Tykwer's films (with the exception of Heaven) has been composed by Johnny Klimek, Reinhold Heil, and Tykwer, unusual for a film director. The trio gave themselves the name "Pale 3", and it originally worked as a film scoring group, then expanding to produce music unrelated to film.

Critical reception
Both Tykwer's directing and his musical contributions have received accolades.

Awards

 * 1994: Bavarian Film Awards, Best New Director
 * 1998: Bavarian Film Awards, Best Production
 * 2005: State-Award of the Film Commission North Rhine-Westphalia
 * 2006: Bavarian Film Awards, Best Director
 * 2012: Golden Globe Awards, Best Original Score for Cloud Atlas (Nominated)

Filmography
Other roles
 * Inglourious Basterds (2009) — German dialogue translator.

Personal life
In 2009, Tykwer signed a petition in support of film director Roman Polanski, calling for his release after Polanski was arrested in Switzerland in relation to his 1977 sexual abuse case.

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Austin Clarke (poet)

Austin Clarke (Irish: Aibhistín Ó Cléirigh ) (9 May 1896 – 19 March 1974), born in 83 Manor Street, Stoneybatter, Dublin, was one of the leading Irish poets of the generation after W. B. Yeats. He also wrote plays, novels and memoirs. Clarke's main contribution to Irish poetry was the rigour with which he used technical means borrowed from classical Irish language poetry when writing in English.

Effectively, this meant writing English verse based not so much on metre as on complex patterns of assonance, consonance, and half rhyme. Describing his technique to Robert Frost, Clarke said "I load myself down with chains and try to wriggle free."

Early career
Clarke's early poetry clearly shows the influence of Yeats. His first book, The Vengeance of Fionn, was a long narrative poem retelling an Ossianic legend. It met with critical acclaim and, unusually for a first book of poetry, went to a second edition. Between this and the 1938 volume Night and Morning, Clarke published a number of collections, all of which, to one extent or another, can be seen as being written in the shadow of Yeats. There was, however, one significant difference; unlike the older poet, Clarke was a Catholic, and themes of guilt and repentance run through this early work.

Theatre years
Between 1938 and 1955, Clarke published no new lyric or narrative poetry. He was co-founder of the Lyric Theatre, Dublin and wrote a number of verse plays for them. He also worked as a journalist and had a weekly poetry programme on RTÉ radio. It seems likely that he also experienced some kind of personal crisis during this time and this had significant consequences for his later poetry.

Return to poetry
Clarke returned to publishing poetry with the 1955 collection Ancient Lights, and was to continue writing and publishing prolifically for the remainder of his life. Although he continued to use the same Gaelic-derived techniques, this late poetry is markedly different from the earlier work. Many of the later poems are satires of the Irish church and state, while others are sensual celebrations of human sexuality, free of the guilt of the earlier poems. He also published the intensely personal Mnemosyne Lay in Dust, which is a poem sequence detailing the fictional Maurice Devanes's nervous breakdown and subsequent recovery.

Clarke also came to admire the work of more avant-garde poets like Ezra Pound and Pablo Neruda, both of whom he wrote poems about. A number of the late long poems, such as, for instance, the 1971 Tiresias, show the effects of studying these poets and their looser formal structures. Clarke set up the Bridge Press to publish his own work, which allowed him the freedom to publish work that many mainstream Irish publishers of the time might have been reluctant to handle. His Collected Poems was published in 1974 and a Selected Poems in 1976.

Other writings
In addition to some twenty volumes of poetry and numerous plays, Clarke published three novels: The Bright Temptation (1932), The Singing Men at Cashel (1936), and The Sun Dances at Easter (1952). All of these were banned by the Censorship of Publications Board (Ireland). He also published two volumes of memoirs, Twice Round the Black Church (1962) and A Penny in the Clouds (1968), and a number of scattered critical essays and book reviews. While all of these prose writings are of interest, Clarke's reputation rests firmly on his poetry.

Family
In 1920 Clarke married Cornelia (Lia) Cummins. The marriage effectively lasted only a few days, and Clarke spent several months in St Patrick's Hospital recovering from it, but they did not divorce before Cummins died in 1943. Clarke met, had three sons with, and later married (1945) Norah Esmerelda Patricia Walker (1900–1985), granddaughter of Matt Harris, MP for East Galway from 1885 to 1890.

Clarke lived in Bridge House beside Templeogue Bridge which spanned the River Dodder in the south Dublin suburb of Templeogue. After his death, there was a proposal to preserve the house and his library of 6,500 books as a memorial. This was not possible owing to long-term plans to demolish the house and widen the road. The old Templeogue Bridge, built in 1800, and Bridge House were removed and a new bridge was opened by Councillor Mrs. Bernie Malone, Chairman Dublin City Council on 11 December 1984, which was renamed Austin Clarke Bridge in his honour.

title: Austin Clarke (poet)


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Carl Lumbly

Carl Winston Lumbly (born August 14, 1951) is an American actor. He is known for his role as television's first black superhero in M.A.N.T.I.S., Dick Hallorann in Doctor Sleep, NYPD detective Marcus Petrie on the CBS police drama Cagney & Lacey, CIA agent Marcus Dixon on the ABC espionage drama series Alias, and as the voice of J'onn J'onnz / Martian Manhunter in the animated series Justice League, Static Shock and Justice League Unlimited, all part of the DC Animated Universe. As a reference to his voice work as J'onn, Lumbly portrayed J'onn J'onnz's father, M'yrnn, on The CW's Arrowverse on Supergirl from 2017 until 2019. He also plays Isaiah Bradley, the first Black super-soldier in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) installments The Falcon and the Winter Soldier (2021) and the forthcoming Captain America: Brave New World (2025).

Early life
Lumbly was born to Jamaican immigrants in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He graduated from South High School there and Macalester College in nearby St. Paul.

Lumbly's first career was as a journalist in Minnesota. While on assignment for a story about a workshop theatre, he was cast as an actor. He stayed with the improvisational company for two years and later moved to San Francisco where he discovered a newspaper ad seeking “two black actors for South African political plays.” He went to the audition and landed one of the parts (along with then-unknown Danny Glover). Lumbly and Glover toured in productions of Athol Fugard's Sizwe Bansi is Dead and The Island.

Career
Lumbly's first major role was Detective Marcus Petrie on the television series Cagney & Lacey (1982–1988), where his character was paired with Detective Victor Isbecki (Martin Kove). In 1985, he appeared as Theseus in The Gospel At Colonus, an African-American musical iteration of the Oedipus legend on PBS' Great Performances series.

In 1987, he garnered positive reviews for his portrayal of Black Panther Party co-founder Bobby Seale in the HBO television film Conspiracy: The Trial of the Chicago 8. From 1989 to 1990, he portrayed ongoing character Earl Williams (named for the prisoner in Ben Hecht and Charles MacArthur's story The Front Page), a teacher falsely accused of the rape/murder of a female student, in the series L.A. Law.

In 1990, he co-starred in Charles Burnett's critically acclaimed film To Sleep with Anger. From 1994 to 1995, Lumbly starred as the main character in the short-lived science fiction series M.A.N.T.I.S.. One of his most visible roles was as Marcus Dixon in the American television series Alias (2001–2006).

Other prominent roles include providing the voice for Martian Manhunter in Justice League and Justice League Unlimited, as well as the character's father, M'yrnn J'onzz, in the series Supergirl. In Superman: The Animated Series, Lumbly voiced the mayor of Metropolis in the episode "Speed Demons" and alien military general Alterus in the episode "Absolute Power". He additionally voiced the villain Stalker on Batman Beyond, and hero Anansi in two episodes of Static Shock.

In 2000, Lumbly portrayed activist and Congressman Ron Dellums in the Disney Channel original film The Color of Friendship. Although the film was focused on Dellums' daughter's friendship with a white South African girl, the film also discussed Dellums' role in ending apartheid in South Africa.

Also in 2000, Lumbly guest starred in the season one The West Wing episode "Six Meetings Before Lunch" as Jeff Breckenridge, a nominee for U.S. Assistant Attorney General who supports reparations for slavery. Lumbly appeared as Daniel "Bulldog" Novacek in the 2004 television series Battlestar Galactica. He also plays a role in the Kane's Wrath expansion pack for the video game Command and Conquer 3. More recently, he played police captain Joe Rucker on TNT's Southland.

In 2021, Lumbly guest starred in several episodes of the Disney+ series The Falcon and the Winter Soldier (2021) as Isaiah Bradley, set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), and will reprise his role in the feature film Captain America: Brave New World (2024).

He was also cast as the father of Beth Pearson, Abraham Clarke, in the series, This Is Us.

In 2024, Lumbly portrayed C. Auguste Dupin, a major character in Netflix's The Fall of the House of Usher.

Personal life
Lumbly has been married twice and has one son. He was married to actress Vonetta McGee from 1987 until her death in 2010. Together they had one son, born in 1988. Lumbly married author Deborah Santana in 2015 and the couple divorced in 2019.

Awards and nominations

 * 1980: Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Award, Lead Performance – Eden

title: Carl Lumbly


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Jamaican

Jamaican may refer to:

 * Something or someone of, from, or related to the country of Jamaica
 * Jamaicans, people from Jamaica
 * Jamaican English, a variety of English spoken in Jamaica
 * Jamaican Patois, an English-based creole language
 * Culture of Jamaica
 * Jamaican cuisine

title: Jamaican


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User:Senate~enwiki

Hey guy, my name is Alex Brown and im 14 years old from mount lawley, Perth WA in Australia.

I love aggressive rollerblading(for those who want to know more about it then visit ) which is a form of grinding obstacles and jumping anything. i love it because it gives me such a thrill when i lace something heaps good like grinding down a 10-stair handrail :D

<(RÈPRÈSÈNT)> Alex b Brown

title: User:Senate~enwiki


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Kevin Weisman

Kevin Glen Weisman (born December 29, 1970) is an American film, television and stage actor. Career highlights thus far include his lauded portrayal of Marshall Flinkman on the critically acclaimed J.J. Abrams television series Alias, which aired for five seasons (2001–2006) on ABC, Kives on the HBO television series and movie Hello Ladies (2013–14), Ray Spiewack for three seasons on the CBS television series Scorpion, Dr. Maynard on the NBC television series The Blacklist, and Ned Berring in season one of the David E. Kelley series Goliath starring Billy Bob Thornton. In 2017, Kevin began a three-year stint as Dale Yorkes on the Hulu series Marvel's Runaways.

Early life
Weisman was born to a Jewish family in Los Angeles, California. He pursued acting at a young age, first appearing as The Professor in a fourth grade production of Gilligan's Island. While at Taft High School In Woodland Hills, California (a suburb of Los Angeles), Kevin participated in local drama festivals in and around the Los Angeles area (DTASC), performing work from the likes of William Shakespeare and Neil Simon. He went on to receive a BA from the University of California, Los Angeles School of Theater, Film and Television, and then to further his study of the craft of acting at New York's prestigious Circle in the Square Theatre. Weisman is a founding member of the multi-award-winning Los Angeles based theater troupe, Buffalo Nights Theater Company

Stage credits
In 2015, Weisman was awarded a Lead Actor Award (Stage Raw) for his work as Francois Villon in Murray Mednick's Villon, which premiered at the Odyssey Theater in Los Angeles. The show was produced by the Padua Playwrights.

Prior Los Angeles productions include tackling the role of frustrated writer Arthur Kellogg in Jaime Pachino's 2012 West Coast premiere of The Return to Morality with the Production Company in Los Angeles.

A founding member of Buffalo Nights Theatre Company, Weisman has produced, directed, and acted in over 25 productions in and around the Los Angeles area. Highlights include the title role of Anatol in Arthur Schnitzler's Anatol, and as Los Angeles philanthropist and convicted felon Griffith J. Griffith in the award- winning Crazy Drunk at the John Anson Ford Theatre in Los Angeles. Other notable productions with the company include Jean Giraudoux's Apollo of Bellac (LA Weekly Production of the Year); Madman and the Nun, The Firebugs, Suburban Motel, Ethan Lipton's Hope on the Range, Arthur Miller's Incident at Vichy, Oscar Wilde's Salome, and the West Coast Premiere of Jonathan Marc Sherman's Sophistry.

Other theatrical turns include stand out performances at The Odyssey Theater and the Mark Taper Forum in masterworks such as  ' Tis Pity She's a Whore, The Greeks (Ovation Award for Production of the Year) and The Goldoni Trilogy. Weisman has also treaded the boards at the La Mirada Theatre for the Performing Arts, where he appeared as Uncle Louie In Neil Simon's Lost in Yonkers, and as Gabe in Donald Margulies' Pulitzer Prize winning play, Dinner with Friends, directed by Brian Kite.

Other work
Internationally known for his portrayal of Marshall J. Flinkman for five seasons on the critically acclaimed ABC series Alias, Weisman was later cast as series regular, Kives, in the 2013 Stephen Merchant/HBO project Hello Ladies, in which TV.com named Kevin one of the "season's best new characters". In 2015, Weisman joined the cast of the David E. Kelley Amazon series, Goliath, as agoraphobic recluse Ned Berring.

Later that year, Weisman appeared as Stevie in a first-season episode of AMC's Better Call Saul entitled Hero, and landed the recurring role of Dr. Jeffrey Maynard on NBC's hit drama, The Blacklist. That same year, Kevin was tapped to play bon vivant Ray Spiewack on the CBS drama Scorpion, which resulted in a raucous three season arc. Other fan favorites include the recurring Assistant DA, Todd Erlich, on TNT's Perception, and a memorable turn as Anson Stokes in The X-Files (Season 7) episode Je Souhaite, written and directed by Vince Gilligan. In 2006, director Kevin Smith called on Weisman to appear in his now cult classic film, Clerks II, and in 2010, director Rob Reiner hired him to play Aidan Quinn's character's younger, mentally challenged brother, Daniel Baker, in Flipped. In 2012, Weisman played the recurring role of the mysterious Mr. Blonde, opposite Jason Issacs in the NBC show Awake. Other television work includes the recurring role of the deferential minion, Dreg, on Joss Whedon's Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Roswell, ER, Frasier, JAG, The Pretender, The Drew Carey Show, Just Shoot Me, Chuck, Miami Medical, Ghost Whisperer, Moonlight, Fairly Legal, Felicity, Human Target, The Forgotten, The Glades, CSI, CSI: Miami, CSI: New York, Fringe, and October Road. Additional film work includes The Rock, Gone in 60 Seconds, Space Buddies, Unicorn City, Bending The Rules, and Undocumented.

In 2004, Weisman produced and acted in the independent feature film The Illusion, directed by Emmy Award winner Michael Goorjian, and starring Hollywood legend Kirk Douglas. Illusion won the "Best Screenplay" award at the 12th Annual Hamptons International Film Festival, and was an official selection of the 16th Annual Palm Springs International Film Festival. An avid poker player, Kevin appeared on Bravo's Celebrity Poker Showdown. A drummer since age 12, Weisman has kept the back-beat for the band Trainwreck, with Kyle Gass of Tenacious D (with Jack Black).

Quite prolific in the world of voice-over, Weisman's soul soothing vocal timbre has been heard on radio and television ads for such companies as Nike, Coke, and ATT. He was also the voice of Honda cars and trucks for over three years.

Weisman has appeared on both the Entertainment Weekly "Must List" (2006), and on the TV Guide "Top 10 Scene Stealers" list a total of three times. He has been nominated for a Teen Choice Award twice for his work on Alias (best side-kick), and Marvel's Runaways once (Best Drama). He and the cast of Alias took home a People's Choice award after their first season for Best New Show. In 2002, Kevin and the rest of the Alias cast were nominated for a Best Drama Golden Globe Award.

In 2021, Weisman started the 'Did We Do It' podcast alongside former Trainwreck bandmate Kyle Gass.

Philanthropy
In 2004, Weisman was a participant in the first-ever national television advertising campaign supporting donations to Jewish federations. The program featured "film and television personalities celebrating their Jewish heritage and promoting charitable giving to the Jewish community". Additional charities Kevin is actively involved in include The Children's Defense Fund, the DMD Fund (supporting the fight against Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy), Save The Children, Broadway Cares, Wheels For Humanity, Bet Tzedek (a non-profit law-firm that provides free legal services to low-income, disabled and elderly residents of Los Angeles Country), The Melanoma Research Foundation, and The Clear View Treatment Center, which provides a residential treatment program for adolescent boys who have been neglected, abused and abandoned.

Personal life
In 2005, Weisman married Jodi Tanowitz, a preschool teacher, in a Jewish ceremony. He has two daughters, Maya Rose Weisman (b. 2006) and Ellie Samantha Weisman (b. 2008). The couple divorced in 2011, but remain committed to co-parenting their two daughters together. Kevin currently resides in Los Angeles in the Hollywood Hills (not far from his childhood home in Encino), and has three sisters. He has been practicing yoga for over twenty years, and is a vegan.

title: Kevin Weisman


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Pilot-induced oscillation

Pilot-induced oscillations (PIOs), as defined by MIL-HDBK-1797A, are sustained or uncontrollable oscillations resulting from efforts of the pilot to control the aircraft. They occur when the pilot of an aircraft inadvertently commands an often increasing series of corrections in opposite directions, each an attempt to cover the aircraft's reaction to the previous input with an overcorrection in the opposite direction. An aircraft in such a condition can appear to be "porpoising" switching between upward and downward directions. As such it is a coupling of the frequency of the pilot's inputs and the aircraft's own frequency. During flight test, pilot-induced oscillation is one of the handling qualities factors that is analyzed, with the aircraft being graded by an established scale (chart at right). In order to avoid any assumption that oscillation is necessarily the fault of the pilot, new terms have been suggested to replace pilot-induced oscillation. These include aircraft-pilot coupling, pilot–in-the-loop oscillations and pilot-assisted (or augmented) oscillations.

In a controls sense, the oscillation is the result of reduced phase margin induced by the lag of the pilot's response. The problem has been mitigated in some cases by adding a latency term to the instruments – for example, to cause the climb rate indication to not only reflect the current climb rate, but also be sensitive to the rate of change of the climb rate.

The physics of flight make such oscillations more probable for pilots than for automobile drivers. An attempt to cause the aircraft to climb, say, by applying up-elevator, will also result in a reduction in airspeed.

Another factor is the response rate of flight instruments in comparison to the response rate of the aircraft itself. An increase in power will not result in an immediate increase in airspeed. An increase in climb rate will not show up immediately on the vertical speed indicator.

A pilot aiming for a 500-foot per minute descent, for example, may find themselves descending more rapidly than intended. They begin to apply up elevator until the vertical speed indicator shows 500 feet per minute. However, because the vertical speed indicator lags the actual vertical speed, the aircraft is actually descending at much less than 500 feet per minute. The pilot then begins applying down elevator until the vertical speed indicator reads 500 feet per minute, starting the cycle over. In this way, stabilizing vertical speed can be difficult due to constantly variable airspeed.

Pilot-induced oscillations may be the fault of the aircraft, the pilot, or both. It is a common problem for inexperienced pilots, and especially student pilots, although it was also a problem for the top research test pilots on the NASA lifting body program. The problem is most acute when the wing and tail section are close together in so called "short coupled" aircraft.

The most dangerous pilot-induced oscillations can occur during landing. Too much up elevator during the flare can result in the plane getting dangerously slow and threatening to stall. A natural reaction to this is to push the nose down harder than one pulled it up, but then the pilot ends up staring at the ground. An even larger amount of up elevator starts the cycle over again.

While pilot-induced oscillations often start with fairly low amplitudes, which can adequately be treated with small perturbation linear theory, several PIOs will incrementally increase in amplitude.

On 20 January 1974, a YF-16 (a development prototype for what was to become the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon) was on a high-speed taxi test when PIO caused the aircraft to veer off to the left of the runway. The test pilot decided to take off and landed safely after six minutes. After that unintentional maiden flight, the development team reduced the roll gain of the fly-by-wire computer to eliminate similar PIO during takeoff or landing.

In February 1989, a JAS 39 Gripen prototype crashed when landing in Linköping, Sweden. Pilot-induced oscillation as a result of an over-sensitive, yet slow-response flight control system was determined to be the cause. Subsequently, the flight control system was redesigned.

Pilot-induced oscillation was blamed for the 1992 crash of the prototype F-22 Raptor, landing at Edwards Air Force Base in California. This crash was linked to actuator rate limiting, causing the pilot, Tom Morgenfeld, to overcompensate for pitch fluctuations.

title: Pilot-induced oscillation


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Merrin Dungey

Merrin Melissa Dungey (born August 6, 1971 ) is an American film and television actress, known for her roles on the television series The King of Queens, Alias, Malcolm in the Middle, Summerland, Conviction, The Resident and The Fix. She also appeared as Ursula on Once Upon a Time. From 2022 to 2023, Dungey played series regular Kam in Shining Vale.

Early life and education
Dungey was born and raised in Sacramento, California, the younger daughter of Don Dungey, a general services manager and Judith Dungey. As a child, she was active in ballet and dance as well as piano. Dungey was also an accomplished ice skater. Dungey graduated in 1989 from Rio Americano High School in Sacramento, California. After high school, Dungey earned a degree of Bachelor of Arts from UCLA in 1993. Dungey has a sister, Channing Dungey who was president of ABC Entertainment and is the CEO of Warner Bros. Television Studios.

Career
Dungey had small roles in Hollywood films such as EDtv and Deep Impact and on television series such as Martin, before landing the recurring role of Kelly Palmer on the CBS television series The King of Queens, in which she starred from 1999 to 2007. She appeared in each season of the series except for the 2002–03 season. Dungey is also well known for her role as Francie Calfo on the drama series Alias from 2001 to 2003, as well as making an appearance on the 2006 series finale episode All the Time in the World. She also had a recurring role on the FOX sitcom Malcolm in the Middle as Stevie's mother, Kitty Kenarban. At one point in 2001, Dungey was appearing in all three shows (The King of Queens, Malcolm in the Middle, and Alias) at the same time. Dungey portrayed Susannah in the WB drama series Summerland from 2004 to 2005. She has also guest-starred on various TV series including Living Single, ER, Murphy Brown, Seinfeld, Friends, The West Wing, Babylon 5, and Curb Your Enthusiasm. Dungey appeared in two episodes of Grey's Anatomy that served as a backdoor pilot for Private Practice, but was replaced by actress Audra McDonald for the series.

Dungey guest-starred on the ABC sitcoms Surviving Suburbia starring Bob Saget, Better Off Ted starring Portia de Rossi, Castle starring Nathan Fillion, and HBO's Hung starring Thomas Jane. She portrayed Ellie on the Nick at Nite television series Hollywood Heights in 2012 and had a recurring role as Alissa Barnes on ABC's Betrayal in 2013. In 2014 she appeared in a featured role opposite Pierce Brosnan in Some Kind of Beautiful. Also in 2014, she began portraying the recurring roles of Ursula on ABC's Once Upon a Time and Sharon Jeffords on Brooklyn Nine-Nine. Dungey played investigator Maxine Bohen on the ABC legal drama Conviction from October 2016 to May 2017. In September 2017, she joined the cast of the medical drama The Resident as Claire Thorpe. Dungey next appeared as C.J. Bernstein in the ABC legal drama The Fix.

In February 2021, Dungey was cast in the series regular role of Kam in the Starz series Shining Vale. The series premiered in March 2022, and was later picked up for a second season in May 2022.

Personal life
In May 2007, Dungey married Matthew Drake in a mariachi-style wedding ceremony in Cancun, Mexico. She gave birth to their first daughter in June 2008, and a second daughter in 2011. Dungey and Drake separated in 2018 and divorced in 2021. In 2023, Dungey announced her engagement to Kevin Ryder, a member of the Radio Hall of Fame and NAB Broadcasting Hall of Fame for his work on Kevin and Bean. They married on December 31, 2023.

title: Merrin Dungey


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David Anders

David Anders Holt (born March 11, 1981), known professionally as David Anders, is an American television and stage actor. He is best known for his roles as Julian Sark on Alias, as Adam Monroe on Heroes, as John Gilbert in the TV series The Vampire Diaries, as Victor Frankenstein / Dr. Whale on ABC's Once Upon a Time, and as Blaine "DeBeers" McDonough on iZombie. Although Anders is American, a few of his roles have required him to use a British Home counties accent.

Early life
Anders was born in Grants Pass, Oregon, to Dr. Tony and Jeri Holt. He has three older siblings: a biological brother (Arik), a brother (Jason), and a sister (Maili).

Anders began acting in school plays at a young age but spent most of high school playing sports such as basketball and tennis. When he was a senior in high school, at 15, he played Philip the Apostle in a regional theater production of Jesus Christ Superstar. When he was 18 Anders won the part of George in his high school's production of Our Town, then went on to portray Freddy Eynsford-Hill in a production of My Fair Lady.

Career
After moving to Los Angeles, he took the stage name of David Anders as another actor use the name David Holt. In 2001, he played a high school senior in the Olsen twins' series So Little Time. Later in 2001, he landed the role of Julian Sark in Alias; originally a guest star, Anders was made a regular and lasted until 2006. Before his acting debut in Alias, Anders worked at The Gap and taught tennis. Between 2001 and 2006, while working on Alias, Anders made guest appearances on television shows such as Charmed, CSI and Grey's Anatomy. Anders also worked in independent film, and was involved in several plays. In 2002, he played in the independent film, The Surge. In December 2001, he appeared in The Source magazine in an ad for the rapper Canibus, in which Anders doubled as Eminem. In 2005, Anders joined the cast of Beautiful, an Off-Broadway rock musical, as the lead. Beautiful was shown during the New York International Fringe Festival. In the same year, he participated in the film Circadian Rhythm. In 2006, Anders worked on the horror film Left in Darkness alongside actress Monica Keena. In 2007, Anders played the role of ELI in the film of the same name, ELI.

He was then cast in a regular role in the second season of NBC's hit Heroes as Adam Monroe/Takezo Kensei, a character with the ability to regenerate. Anders, playing a British character, was once again called upon to use his British accent from Alias.

He also worked on two other movies: Into the Blue 2: The Reef and The Revenant. He also guest-starred in the eighth season of 24. He guest starred as John Gilbert in the TV series The Vampire Diaries in 2010 and 2011.

As of late 2011, Anders had a recurring role as Victor Frankenstein (as well as his Storybrook version Dr. Whale) on ABC's Once Upon a Time. Anders starred as Troy Cutler in USA's Necessary Roughness and continued his role in Once Upon a Time in Season 3. Since 2015, he has portrayed Blaine DeBeers in the US series IZombie. He also returned to Once Upon a Time for a quick walk-on scene in 2015, and again in 2016. In 2017 he returned for a nonspeaking cameo in the series finale of The Vampire Diaries.

In June 2017, Anders revealed that "for kicks" he was in the process of recording his first album. The album, as revealed by Anders on Twitter, was produced by musician/producer David Poe. The EP was self released by Anders in limited quantities, with the single "Above Below" being made available for streaming alongside its music video (a tribute to Anders' late father) on October 20, 2022.

Stage
On stage Anders has played the lead role in the world premiere of Rockne: The Musical. He also appeared in The Diary of Anne Frank, in 2001, which received an award for Best Ensemble performance at the Back Stage West Garland Awards. In June 2018 Anders performed in along with Ruth Connell, Rob Benedict, and Jason Watkins. The play was presented as part of the 26th Annual Young Playwrights Festival.

Charity work
In 2006, Anders became a part of Alias and Heroes co-star Greg Grunberg's band, Band From TV. He sang main vocals alongside Bonnie Somerville. Hugh Laurie (House) on keyboards and James Denton (Desperate Housewives) on guitar were also part of the project. The band's main goal was to raise money for major charities; according to Grunberg, they "charge an incredible amount of money to play corporate events, but if it's all going to charity, then it's worth every dime".

In 2015 Anders appeared in a video promoting Stop-Attack, an app that aims to raise awareness and end domestic abuse. Anders was one of over 125 celebrities who supported the app, along with its equity owner Christina Milian.

title: David Anders


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User:Rbates

I am Richard; I made a small change to the page concerning Lego…

My musical taste is centred on Alternative Rock, especially Mercury Rev, Rod Stewart and the The Flaming Lips.

Please take some time to check out the pages on Boiling and that most highly prized vegetable, the Artichoke, a firm favourite of my firm friend Tamsssin, otherwise known as Tamsin.

This is my pet slug, his name is Slice. I keep him purly because I like him

title: User:Rbates


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User talk:Tamsssin

And this is?

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help, see How to edit a page. You can also see how to format pages at Manual of Style. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or post a question in my talk page. If you want to tell us about yourself, use your user page! Cheers, Muriel 12:20, 13 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * I moved the image to your page. If Tamsin is indeed a sea horse, you should also write things about it. Any questions, please post them in my talk page. Cheers, Muriel

 * Hi Tamsin - your upload of [[image:Horse.jpg]] has broken the Horse article as now one of the pictures links to the image of a seahorse and not a horse. Also the place to put stuff is User:Tamsssin not Tamsin. Thanks. Secretlondon 12:24, Nov 13, 2003 (UTC)

Sorry, am new to this. Got to get the hang of it.

 * Dont worry, everybody makes mistakes in the first edits :) Muriel

title: User talk:Tamsssin