text:
Vehicle registration plates of the Republic of Ireland

In Ireland, commonly referred to as the Republic of Ireland, vehicle registration plates (commonly known as "number plates" or "registration plates") are the visual indications of motor vehicle registration – officially termed "index marks" – which it has been mandatory since 1903 to display on most motor vehicles used on public roads in Ireland. The alphanumeric marks (or "registration numbers") themselves are issued by the local authority in which a vehicle is first registered.

Format
The current specification for number plates is the format YYY–CC–SSSSSS.

Those issued from 1987 to 2012 had the format YY–CC–SSSSSS.

The components are:

 * YYY or YY – an age/year identifier. This is based on date of first registration.
 * CC – a one or two-character county/city identifier (e.g. L for Limerick City and County; SO for County Sligo).
 * SSSSSS – a one to six-digit sequence number, starting with the first vehicle registered in the county/city that year/period.

YYY/YY Explained
The YY format was used between 1987-2012.

This format displayed the last two digits of the year the car was registered. For example, the 12,345th car registered in Dublin in 2001 would display 01-D-12345.

The YYY format has been in use since 2013.

This amends the original format to include the digits 1 or 2 after the year. These numbers are used depending on the time of year the vehicle is registered. Vehicles registered in the January-June period display a 1, while vehicles registered from July-December display a 2. Under this format, the 12,345th vehicle registered in the second period of 2022 would display 222-D-12345.

Specifications
Since 1991, the design of the standard Irish number plate has been based on European standard guidelines, with a blue vertical band to the left of the plate containing the twelve stars of the Flag of Europe, below which is the country identifier for Ireland: IRL. The rest of the plate has a white background with black characters. There are usually two hyphens; between the year and county code, and between the county code and sequence number. Also required is the full Irish language name of the county/city which must be positioned above the identifier.

The current regulations are set out in the Vehicle Registration and Taxation (Amendment) Regulations, 1999, as amended by the Vehicle Registration and Taxation (Amendment) Regulations 2012. These prescribe the format, dimensions and technical specifications of registration plates to be displayed on vehicles. They substitute the First Schedule of the Vehicle Registration and Taxation Regulations, 1992 to allow additional characters to be displayed on the registration plate and to ensure that these are displayed in the correct position and proportion. The changes were necessary to cater for increases in the number of car registrations.

A standard uniform character font is not required. The rules simply require legible black sans serif characters, no more than 70mm high and 36mm wide with a stroke width of 10mm, on a white reflective background. The result is that a large variety of perfectly legal font styles may be seen, on either pressed aluminium or acrylic plates, both of which are allowed. Commonly used fonts include a condensed version of Mandatory, Arial and FE-Schrift. Despite the rather relaxed lack of a specified font, the hyphen between the lettering must lie between the minimum dimensions of 13mm x 10mm or the maximum dimension of 22mm x 10mm. Vehicle owners may be fined if the plate's format does not meet the requirements, and the vehicle will fail the mandatory periodic National Car Test.

A vehicle's number plate is determined when it is first registered, the county/city code is taken from the first owner's postal address. Registration remains fixed on one vehicle until it is de-registered (exported, destroyed, etc.), and cannot be transferred to other vehicles.

Current implementation
Sequence numbers may be reserved for new vehicle registrations only on completion of form VRT15A and payment of €1,000. This reservation was withdrawn from used imported vehicles on first Irish registration in 2015.

Thus, for example, in 2019, Lord Mayor Paul McAuliffe, the Lord Mayor of Dublin, was entitled to receive the registration plate 191-D-1 on his official vehicle.
 * Most registration numbers can be reserved, with the exception of the first number of each year issued in Cork, Dublin, Limerick and Waterford as these are reserved for the respective mayor/lord mayor of these cities.
 * Luxury cars with numeric names are often registered with a matching, usually pre-reserved sequence number: for example 06-D-911 on a Porsche 911 or 06-D-750 BMW 750 or 03-C-5 for a 2003 Citroen C5 and 08-D-89 for an Aston Martin DB9.
 * Dublin radio station FM104 tend to register their vehicles with reserved number sequences ending with "104", e.g. 05-D-38104.

There are only two pre-1987 codes still issued in Ireland.
 * "ZZ", administered by the AA Ireland as agents for the Revenue Commissioners, is given to registrants who are based outside the state and who only intend keeping the vehicle within Ireland for a period not exceeding one month. This form of temporary registration is usually used for vehicles that are purchased within Ireland but exported by its new owner to another sovereign state directly after purchase. The format of the code is ZZ followed by a five digit number.
 * "ZV", which can be selected as an alternative to the current scheme when registering a vehicle older than 30 years for the first time in Ireland.

Special formats
Imported used cars are registered based on the year of first registration in their country of original registration rather than the year of import. Early in this system, each county used to have a continuous sequence of numbers for vehicles so if a new car registered on 31 December 2010 was 10 D 37456, then the next registered car from 2010 registered in 2011 would be 10 D 37457. This changed in late 2011 when each county (prior to 2010) had their next available sequence number increased. For example, 10-D-120006 would be the 6th import in Dublin of a car from 2010, as Dublin's re-registration band starts at 120000. Meath's starts at 15000.

Vehicles registered to the Irish Defence Forces have plates with silver letters on black background. These do not feature the Irish-language county name.

Trade plates have plates with white letters on a dark green background, but with the reverse style of the normal plates: the trader’s number for that year is displayed first, the county second, and the applicable year last.

Diplomatic plates are very similar to civilian format, except for the small "CD" between the index mark code and serial number. Code CD is not always shown in Diplomatic plates.

Index mark codes
The city codes are a single letter, the initial letter of its English-language name. Most county codes use the first and last letters of the county's name. For example, Sligo is SO. The exceptions to this are: The codes are similar to the ISO 3166-2 codes for Irish counties. An exception is that the ISO code for Cork is IE-CO, since IE-C is used for the province of Connacht, and the ISO code for Tipperary is IE-TA (from the Irish name Tiobraid Árann).
 * The "D" code which is used for County Dublin is co-extensive and is in use for the counties of Fingal, South Dublin and Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown and Dublin City.
 * Where the county shares its registration function with the city of the same name, in which case both use the single-letter code. An example of this is County Cork, which shares the same name with Cork City, and takes the code "C".
 * Where a conflict exists, i.e. Kerry is KY, so Kilkenny is KK; and County Waterford was (until 2014) WD, (subsequently changed to “W”), so Wexford is WX.
 * The "T" code which is used County Tipperary. This is because the county was, until 2014, divided into Tipperary North Riding (TN) and Tipperary South Riding (TS).

Current index mark codes
Note: in the case of Counties Limerick, Tipperary, and Waterford, where a vehicle has been first brought into use in another country prior to 1 January 2014 and is subsequently imported into and registered in Ireland, the codes L, LK, TS, TN, W, and WD as formerly applicable continue to be issued for such vehicles. This is to maintain the integrity of the numbering system in place for the years prior to 2014.

Former index mark codes
Codes used from 1987 to 2013:

EU standardised vehicle registration plates
Ireland first introduced the now common blue European Union strip (comprising the European flag symbol and the country code of the member state) on the left-hand side of the number plate in 1991, following the Road Vehicles (Registration and Licensing) (Amendment) Regulations statute of 1990 (S.I. No. 287/1990). A similar band was adopted by Portugal in 1992 and by Germany in 1994 and was standardised across the EU on 11 November 1998 by Council Regulation (EC) No 2411/98.

History
From 1903, the system used in Ireland was part of the original British system of identifiers. This was superseded in Ireland on 1 January 1987.

A two-letter code containing the letter I was allocated to each administrative county in alphabetical order (the full list appears below), with the initial registration format being the code followed by a sequence number from 1 to 9999, as in Great Britain. The codes allocated ran from IA to IZ, then from AI to WI , with the letters G, S, and V skipped as these were intended for Scotland. In 1921, shortly before the creation of the Irish Free State, Belfast and Dublin City completed their original marks and thus took the next available codes, XI and YI respectively, with Dublin City then taking ZI in 1927. After this, most other codes with Z as the first letter (again skipping those containing G, S and V) were allocated in alphabetical order, starting with single-letter Z – the only one-letter code used in Ireland – for County Dublin. (This does not include the ZZ code for temporary imports, introduced in 1925.)

In February 1952, a joint motor taxation authority was set up for Dublin City and county, and their codes were merged. Two years later, with all possible codes (at the time) allocated, a new format was introduced with a serial letter added before the code, and the sequence number running only to 999 (thus limiting the number of characters on a number plate to six). The Dublin joint authority was the first to adopt this format when it issued ARI 1 in May 1954, and each county followed suit once all its two-letter combinations had been issued. In the case of counties with more than one code, all the three-letter marks for the first allocated code would be issued, then all such marks for the second code, and so on (see the lists of series per county below).

G, S and V were not used as serial letters at first, while Z was not used before a code starting with that letter, so as to prevent any clashing with ZZ temporary registrations. Several other three-letter marks were not issued either through oversight or because they were deemed offensive, and the single-letter Z code was left out of this format as a serial letter would have created a duplicate of an existing two-letter code, particularly one used in Northern Ireland.

Initially, all number plates had been black with white or silver characters, but in 1969 the option of black-on-white at the front and black-on-red at the rear was introduced.

In February 1970, the Dublin joint authority exhausted all its three-letter combinations and thus began issuing "reversed" registrations, starting with the original two-letter codes (plus single-letter Z) in order of allocation. These were followed from July 1974 onwards by the three-letter marks ( 1 ARI etc.), issued in the same manner as for the forward versions. Again, other counties followed this example over time. Also in 1974, Cork followed Dublin's example of setting up a joint motor taxation authority for city and county, though their codes were not merged until August 1985.

In 1982, with Dublin and several other counties having exhausted all possible combinations of their original codes, it was decided to allocate the skipped codes containing G, S and V to these counties. In the cases of these codes, the forward three-letter combinations were issued first in the same manner as before, followed by the forward two-letter combinations.

Under this system, Irish vehicle registration marks could be transferred to Britain for re-registration on other vehicles, even after Irish independence, and even though they could not be re-used within Ireland. The letter I in many combinations made these attractive for collectors, and indeed the Kilkenny issue VIP 1 fetched a record price at auction. Since the introduction of the current system in 1987, such exports have been impossible, even for old-format registrations, although those already exported may still be re-transferred.

The 1987 system allocated single-letter codes to the county boroughs (including those shared with counties) and two-letter codes to the other counties. Normally these are the initial and final letter of the English-language name of the county (except where duplicates would result). Until 1991, all plates under this system consisted solely of black characters on white, on both front and rear. However, in that year, the blue EU identifier and the official Irish language name of the county were added, the latter as a result of the controversy arising from using English as the basis, described by Conradh na Gaeilge, an organisation which promotes the Irish language in Ireland and worldwide, as "a fiasco".

Vehicles first registered outside the state before 1987 are allowed to be re-registered using only the current system, with a year number preceding 87 – for instance, a vehicle from 1964 re-registered in Meath would have 64-MH at the start of its registration.

In 2013, the year was changed to a 3-digit year with the third digit being 1 for January to June and 2 for July to December, for example, 131 for January–June 2013 and 132 for July–December 2013. The decision to change the year was based partly on superstition about an unlucky '13' registration, but also to boost sales in the second half of the year.

Pre-1987 mark codes
The first codes were allocated in 1903, when all of Ireland was still part of the United Kingdom. The codes were based on the alphabetical order of counties and county boroughs (cities) as they were named at the time. King's County and Queen's County were renamed Offaly and Laois respectively following the independence of most of Ireland as the Irish Free State. Counties and county boroughs in italics are in Northern Ireland and still use the 1903 system.

Codes with the letters G, S and V were reserved until the 1980s when they were taken by counties that had exhausted all the combinations for their original codes.

Series per county 1903–1986
Carlow CC: IC
 * to  (Dec 1903 – Apr 1964).
 * to  (Apr 1964 – Dec 1986).

Cavan CC: ID

 * to  (Jan 1904 – Jul 1958).
 * to  (Jul 1958 – Dec 1976).
 * to  (Dec 1976 – Feb 1981).
 * to  (Feb 1981 – Dec 1986).

Clare CC IE

 * to  (Jan 1904 – Mar 1959).
 * to  (Mar 1959 – Nov 1974).
 * to  (Nov 1974 – Sep 1978).
 * to  (Sep 1978 – Dec 1986).

Cork CC: (in original issuing sequence) IF ZB ZK ZT

 * to  (Dec 1903 – Apr 1935);
 * to  (Apr 1935 – Apr 1949);
 * to  (Apr 1949 – May 1953);
 * to  (May 1953 – Dec 1955).

 * to  (Dec 1955 – Apr 1962);
 * to  (Apr 1962 – Aug 1966);
 * to  (Aug 1966 – Aug 1970);
 * to  (Aug 1970 – Nov 1973).

 * to  (Nov 1973 – May 1975);
 * to  (May 1975 – Jul 1976);
 * to  (Jul 1976 – Aug 1977);
 * to  (Aug 1977 – Jun 1978).

 * to  (Jun 1978 – Sep 1980);
 * to  (Sep 1980 – Jun 1983);
 * to  (Jun 1983 – Aug 1985);
 *  to   (Aug 1985 – May 1986).

 * In June 1974 Cork County Council and Cork County Borough Council set up a joint motor taxation authority, administered by the County Council. However, separate registers continued in use for the County and the County Borough until the expiry of reverse  in August 1985. See below for the sequences issued covering both areas. Marks in italics are after the merger.

Cork City: (in original issuing sequence) PI ZF

 * to  (Dec 1903 – Aug 1946);
 * to  (Aug 1946 – Dec 1958).

 * to  (Dec 1958 – Feb 1970);
 * to  (Feb 1970 – Mar 1976).

 * to  (Mar 1976 – Jun 1978);
 * to  (Jun 1978 – Feb 1980).

 * to  (Feb 1980 – Aug 1985).

 * In June 1974 Cork County Council and Cork County Borough Council set up a joint motor taxation authority, administered by the County Council. However, separate registers continued in use for the County and the County Borough until the expiry of reverse  in August 1985. See below for the sequences issued covering both areas.

Cork County and County Borough Joint Office: (in issuing sequence) reverse 3-letter sequences of (R)ZK ZF

 * to  (Aug 1985 – May 1986);
 * to  (May 1986 – Dec 1986).

Donegal CC: (in original issuing sequence) IH ZP
 * to 3 (Dec 1903 – Jan 1952);
 * to  (Jan 1952 – Nov 1961).

 * to  (Nov 1961 – Apr 1976);
 * to 4 (Apr 1976 – Feb 1982).

 * to  (Feb 1982 – Apr 1985);
 * to  (Apr 1985 – Dec 1986).

 * 3 A duplicate series of  for cars and motorcycles existed prior to 1921.

 * 4  was not authorised by SR&O (Statutory Rules & Orders) and was issued in error – no retrospective SR&O was issued to legitimise its issue. When the error was discovered   was terminated at  ; in consequence the next series (reverse  ) commenced at.

Dublin CC (until 1952): (in original issuing sequence) IK Z ZE
 * to 5 (Dec 1903 – Mar 1927);
 * to  (Mar 1927 – Sep 1938);
 * to  (Sep 1938 – Feb 1952).

 * 5 A duplicate series of  for cars and motorcycles existed prior to 1921.

 * In February 1952 Dublin County Council and Dublin County Borough Council set up a joint motor taxation authority. The joint office was administered by Dublin County Borough Council. See below for subsequent issues.

Dublin City (until 1952): (in original issuing sequence) RI YI ZI ZA ZC ZD ZH ZJ ZL
 * to 6 (Dec 1903 – Apr 1921);
 * to  (Apr 1921 – Mar 1927);
 * to  (Mar 1927 – May 1933);
 * to  (May 1933 – Mar 1937);
 * to  (Mar 1937 – Jan 1940);
 * to  (Jan 1940 – Jan 1947);
 * to  (Jan 1947 – Jan 1949);
 * to  (Jan 1949 – Jul 1950);
 * to  (Jul 1950 – Feb 1952).

 * 6 A duplicate series up to  for cars and motorcycles existed prior to 1921.

 * In February 1952 Dublin County Council and Dublin County Borough Council set up a joint motor taxation authority. The joint office was administered by Dublin County Borough Council. See below for subsequent issues.

Dublin County and County Borough Joint Office (from February 1952): (in original issuing sequence) forward 2-letter sequences of ZO ZU; then forward 3-letter combinations of RI IK YI ZA ZC ZD ZE ZH ZI ZJ ZL ZO ZU; then reverse 2-letter sequences of RI IK YI Z ZA ZC ZD ZE ZH ZI ZJ ZL ZO ZU; then reverse 3-letter combinations of RI IK YI ZA ZC ZD ZE ZH ZI ZJ ZL ZO ZU; then forward 3-letter combinations of SI ZG ZS ZV; then forward 2-letter sequences of SI ZG ZS ZV.

 * to  (Feb 1952 – May 1953);
 * to  (May 1953 – May 1954).

 * to 7 (May 1954 – Sep 1955);
 * to 8 (Sep 1955 – Nov 1957);
 * to 9 (Nov 1957 – Oct 1959);
 * to  (Oct 1959 – Jan 1961);
 * to  (Jan 1961 – Apr 1962);
 * to  (Apr 1962 – May 1963);
 * to  (May 1963 – Jun 1964);
 * to  (Jun 1964 – May 1965);
 * to  (May 1965 – Jun 1966);
 * to  (Jun 1966 – Jun 1967);
 * to  (Jun 1967 – May 1968);
 * to  (May 1968 – Mar 1969);
 * to  (Mar 1969 – Feb 1970).

 * to  (Feb – May 1970);
 * to  (May – Sep 1970);
 * to  (Sep 1970 – Feb 1971);
 * to  (Feb – Jun 1971);
 * to  (Jun – Oct 1971);
 * to  (Oct 1971 – Mar 1972);
 * to  (Mar – Jun 1972);
 * to  (Jun – Oct 1972);
 * to  (Oct 1972 – Feb 1973);
 * to  (Feb – May 1973);
 * to  (May – Aug 1973);
 * to  (Aug – Dec 1973);
 * to  (Dec 1973 – Apr 1974);
 * to  (Apr – Jul 1974).

 * to 7 (Jul 1974 – May 1975);
 * to 8 (May 1975 – Mar 1976);
 * to 9 (Mar 1976 – Jan 1977);
 * to  (Jan – Aug 1977);
 * to  (Aug 1977 – Mar 1978);
 * to  (Mar – Sep 1978);
 * to  (Sep 1978 – Apr 1979);
 * to  (Apr – Oct 1979);
 * to  (Oct 1979 – Apr 1980);
 * to  (Apr 1980 – Jan 1981);
 * to  (Jan – May 1981);
 * to  (May 1981 – Jan 1982);
 * to  (Jan – Aug 1982).

 * to  (Aug 1982 – Jun 1983);
 * to  (Jun 1983 – May 1984);
 * to  (May 1984 – Mar 1985);
 * to  (Mar 1985 – Jan 1986).

 * to  (Jan – Apr 1986);
 * to  (Apr – Jul 1986);
 * to  (Jul – Dec 1986);
 * 10 and up (1989? - present).

 * 7,  ,  ,   and   (both original and reverse format) were not issued.

 * 8,   and   (both original and reverse format) were not issued.

 * 9  (both original and reverse format) were not issued.

 * 10 Forward 2-letter sequences of  were issued as an alternative to the current scheme for vehicles older than 30-years for the first time in Ireland, and also issued countrywide.

International circulations (from April 1925): ZZ
 * to  (Apr 1925 – Mar 1983);
 * to  (Mar 1983 – Mar 1989);
 * 11 and up (circa Mar 1989 - present).

 * 11 Some reserved number blocks issued out of sequence within main block.

Galway CC: (in original issuing sequence) IM ZM

 * to  (Jan 1904 – Oct 1950);
 * to  (Oct 1950 – Nov 1959).

 * to  (Nov 1959 – May 1970);
 * to  (May 1970 – Aug 1976).

 * to  (Aug 1976 – Apr 1978);
 * to  (Apr 1978 – Oct 1979).

 * to  (Oct 1979 – Feb 1985);
 * to  (Feb 1985 – Dec 1986).

Kerry CC: (in original issuing sequence) IN ZX

 * to  (Dec 1903 – Jan 1954);
 * to  (Jan 1954 – Jan 1962).

 * to  (Jan 1962 – Jan 1973);
 * to  (Jan 1973 – Jun 1979).

 * to  (Jun 1979 – Jan 1982);
 * to  (Jan 1982 – Jan 1986).

 * to  (Jan – Dec 1986).

Kildare CC: (in original issuing sequence) IO ZW

 * to  (Dec 1903 – Jun 1953);
 * to  (Jun 1953 – Apr 1963).

 * to 12 (Apr 1963 – Mar 1976);
 * to  (Mar 1976 – May 1983).

 * to  (May 1983 – Dec 1986).

 * 12  and   were not issued.

Kilkenny CC: IP

 * to  (Jan 1904 – Feb 1955);
 * to 13 (Feb 1955 – Jul 1974).

 * to  (Jul 1974 – Oct 1978);
 * to 13 (Oct 1978 – Dec 1986).

 * 13,   were not issued in original format,   were not issued in reverse format.

VIP1 issued in 1971 was later transferred to the UK licensing system where it is currently issued.

Laoighis CC ( renamed Laoighis (alternative spellings Laois and Leix) in June 1922): CI
 * to  (Dec 1903 – Jul 1960).
 * to  (Jul 1960 – Apr 1981).
 * to  (Apr 1981 – Dec 1986).

Leitrim CC: IT
 * to 14 (Dec 1903 – May 1972).
 * to  (May 1972 – Dec 1986).

 * 14 A duplicate series of  for cars and motorcycles existed prior to 1921.

Limerick CC: IU IV

 * to  (Dec 1903 – Nov 1954).
 * to 15 (Nov 1954 – Sep 1971).
 * to  (Sep 1971 – May 1975).
 * to 15 (May 1975 – Feb 1982)(note reverse   not issued).

 * to 16 (Feb 1982 – Dec 1986).

 * 15  (both original and reverse format) were not issued;   issued early in December 1961 – main   sequence commenced April 1962.

 * 16  and   were not issued.

Limerick City: TI

 * to  (Jan 1904 – Oct 1959).
 * to  (Oct 1959 – Mar 1977).
 * to  (Mar 1977 – Jan 1982).
 * to  (Jan 1982 – Dec 1986).

Longford CC: IX

 * to  (Dec 1903 – Feb 1970).
 * to  (Feb 1970 – Dec 1986).

Louth CC: (in original issuing sequence) IY ZY

 * to  (Dec 1903 – Oct 1954);
 * to  (Oct 1954 – Jan 1964).

 * to  (Jan 1964 – Oct 1976);
 * to  (Oct 1976 – Sep 1985).

 * to  (Sep 1985 – Dec 1986).

Mayo CC: IZ IS

 * to  (Jan 1904 – Oct 1954).
 * to 17 (Oct 1954 – May 1971).
 * to  (May 1971 – Feb 1976).
 * to 17 (Feb 1976 – Apr 1983).

 * to  (Apr 1983 – Dec 1986).

 * 17  (both original and reversed format) were not issued.

Meath CC: (in original issuing sequence) AI ZN

 * to  (Dec 1903 – Sep 1951);
 * to  (Sep 1951 – Feb 1962).

 * to  (Feb 1962 – Jun 1975);
 * to  (Jun 1975 – Oct 1982).

 * to  (Oct 1982 – Dec 1986);
 * to  (Dec 1986).

Monaghan CC: BI

 * to  (Dec 1903 – Mar 1961).
 * to  (Mar 1961 – Oct 1981).
 * to  (Oct 1981 – Dec 1986).

Offaly CC (County Council of Kings County, renamed Offaly in June 1922): IR
 * to  (Jan 1904 – May 1960).
 * to  (May 1960 – Mar 1981).
 * to  (Mar 1981 – Dec 1986).

Roscommon CC: DI
 * to 18 (Dec 1903 – Jan 1963).
 * to  (Jan 1963 – Apr 1980).
 * to  (Apr 1980 – Feb 1986).
 * to  (Feb – Dec 1986).

 * 18 A duplicate series of  for cars and motorcycles existed prior to 1921.

Sligo CC: EI

 * to  (Dec 1903 – Nov 1959).
 * to  (Nov 1959 – Feb 1980).
 * to  (Feb 1980 – Apr 1986).
 * to  (Apr – Dec 1986).

Tipperary North Riding CC: FI
 * to 19 (Dec 1903 – Jan 1958).
 * to 20 (Jan 1958 – May 1977).

 * to  (May 1977 – Jan 1981).
 * to  (Jan 1981 – Dec 1986).

 * 19  issued for cars only; then duplicate series for cars and motorcycles from   up, until 1920.
 * 20 The series with the prefix  never issued although the series with the suffix   was issued.   was not authorised by SR&O (Statutory Rules & Orders) No.128, issued 18 May 1967 and was issued in error, commencing Dec 1976. SR&O No.128 only authorised the blocks   and  . No retrospective SR&O was issued to legitimise  's issue.

Tipperary South Riding CC: HI GI

 * to 21 (Dec 1903 – Sep 1954).
 * to  (Sep 1954 – Nov 1971).
 * to 21 (Nov 1971 – May 1976).
 * to  (May 1976 – May 1985).

 * to  (May 1985 – Dec 1986).

 * 21  and   (both original and reversed format) were not issued.

Waterford CC: KI

 * to  (Jan 1904 – Mar 1961).
 * to  (Mar 1961 – Jul 1979).
 * to  (Jul 1979 – Jun 1986).
 * to  (Jun – Dec 1986).

Waterford City: WI

 * to  (Jan 1904 – Jan 1966).
 * to  (Jan 1966 – Dec 1986).

Westmeath CC: LI

 * to  (Dec 1903 – Jun 1959).
 * to  (Jun 1959 – Aug 1978).
 * to  (Aug 1978 – Feb 1983).
 * to  (Feb 1983 – Dec 1986).

Wexford CC: (in original issuing sequence) MI ZR

 * to 22 (Jan 1904 – Jan 1952);
 * to  (Jan 1952 – May 1961).

 * to 23 (May 1961 – Jul 1973);
 * to  (Jul 1973 – Jun 1980).

 * to  (Jun 1980 – Oct 1983);
 * to  (Oct 1983 – Dec 1986).

 * 22  were issued by the Police in 1921 as a consequence of The Road Vehicles (Defaulting Councils)(Ireland) Order, 1921.

 * 23  were not issued.

Wicklow CC: NI

 * to  (Jan 1904 – May 1957).
 * to 24 (May 1957 – May 1975).
 * to  (May 1975 – Mar 1979).
 * to  (Mar 1979 – Dec 1986).

 * 24  was issued in Northern Ireland for cars with indeterminate age, kit cars.

On 1 January 1987, a completely new registration plate system was introduced for new vehicles.

Vehicles older than 1987 imported into Ireland from 1987 were not given age-related numbers from the old system but were included in the new system. Their initial year number and county (i.e. A UK reg 1967 Ford Cortina (MHW 7E) would be registered as 67-D-1 (e.g. 67-D (or any county initial) 1) This would state the year of its first registration or manufacture outside the state but since 2011 these numbers have begun at 120000 which is not historical or authentic (e.g. 67-D-120001). A 1986 Opel with right-hand-drive registered in Ireland would have a pre-1987 style registration plate, the same model car with left-hand-drive imported from the rest of Europe or a Vauxhall from England, Scotland or Wales would have new 86 registration plate. Volkswagen Beetle cars that were imported as knock-down kits from Mexico and assembled up to the mid-2000s were registered in Ireland on original Irish reg chassis having pre-1987 number plates. Pre-1987 registration plates are few and far between nowadays and are mostly found at vintage car shows.


text:
User:John Howell

My kids would say my hobbies have hobbies: I have an Extra Class Amateur radio license (AF3K), travel, nature photography, boating, snorkeling, reef aquariums, genealogy, and r/c airplanes.

I love learning about technology, computers, software and business.

My first real job was at age 12 when Childhood Productions hired me to dub movies (see: Dubbing %28filmmaking%29), and make children's records. I was somehow given an acting part in a 1966 movie, The Christmas That Almost Wasn't as the "boy who saved Christmas".

In the last 25 years I co-founded and served as President of Solomon Software International, the international arm for the Solomon accounting applications now owned by Microsoft. Prior to that I worked as VP Sales & Marketing for Solomon Software, co-founded FoodCom a developer of EDI software for the food industry, and co-founded Computech Group in 1979, one of the first distributors of Epson printers in the USA, and the exclusive worldwide distributor for Solomon Software.

I've served as a business advisor and/or board member to organizations including: A group at the University of Pennsylvania that developed the world's first general purpose VLSI analog neural computer; a telecommunications software developer, a custom furniture manufacturer and The National Board of Medical Examiners testing centers.

My wife and I live in Naples, Florida, one of the most beautiful places on the planet (OK, slightly biased..). I've also lived in Philadelphia, PA; Rome, Italy; Madrid, Spain; Santiago, Chile; and Buenos Aires, Argentina.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:John Howell


text:
Joseph Martin Kraus

Joseph Martin Kraus (20 June 1756 – 15 December 1792), was a German-Swedish composer in the Classical era who was born in Miltenberg am Main, Holy Roman Empire. He moved to Sweden at age 21, and died at the age of 36 in Stockholm. He has been referred to as "the Swedish Mozart", and had a life span very similar to Mozart's.

Childhood
Kraus was born in the South German town of Miltenberg in Lower Franconia, the son of Joseph Bernhard Kraus, a county clerk in the Archbishopric of Mainz, and Anna Dorothea née Schmidt. His father's family, originally from Augsburg, had a small restaurant in Weilbach near Amorbach, while his mother was a daughter of the master-builder at Miltenberg Johann Martin Schmidt. They had 14 children, of whom seven died in childhood; Marianne Kraus was a sister of Joseph's.

After a short stay in Osterburken, the Kraus family moved in 1761 to Buchen (in the Odenwald), where Joseph Bernhard Kraus found a position as a clerk. Joseph Martin Kraus began his formal education there. His first music teachers were rector Georg Pfister (1730–1807) and cantor Bernhard Franz Wendler (1702–1782), who gave him mainly piano and violin lessons. Kraus showed his musical talent at an early age. When he was 12, he was enrolled in the Jesuit Gymnasium and Music Seminar at Mannheim, where he studied German and Latin literature and music. There he received a rigorous musical training, especially in violin technique, and philological education from P. Alexander Keck (1724–1804) and P. Anton Klein (1748–1810).

Studies
Kraus's parents wished him to matriculate as a student of law at the University of Mainz in 1773. However, he was not satisfied with the situation at that university, and even published a satire about it. After only one year, he applied to the University of Erfurt, where he could study music too. Both Catholic and Protestant (Lutheran) music was flourishing in Erfurt, with a rich musical tradition. Kraus soon neglected his law studies and focused fully on music and literature.

A defamation trial against his father forced him to interrupt his studies for one year and to move back to Buchen. He spent his time there writing his three-act tragedy Tolon and several musical works for the town church of St. Oswald, including a Te Deum in D major and the motet Fracto Demum Sacramento, also in D major. After this one-year break, he continued his studies of law in Göttingen. Although the Göttinger Hainbund (the German poet group that flourished in 1772–74) no longer existed, Kraus found himself very much attracted to the ideas of this group of young poets who were almost fanatically devoted to Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock. In this period Kraus composed a recently rediscovered book of 19 poems titled Versuch von Schäfersgedichten. He became increasingly involved with the Sturm und Drang movement, which influenced both his writing and his music.

In 1775, at the age of nineteen, Kraus wrote his Requiem, one of his earliest compositions. There is no way to know for sure whether young Kraus was induced to compose this genre of church music for personal reasons, or whether his choice may have been influenced by his attraction to Sturm und Drang. The work is full of dramatic force and original, bold ideas.

The Requiem was followed by two oratorios: Der Tod Jesu and Die Geburt Jesu (lost), and the musical treatise Etwas von und über Musik: fürs Jahr 1777 (Something about Music: for the year 1777; Frankfurt am Main 1778).

The oratorio Der Tod Jesu differs from the oratorios of many other composers in that Kraus wrote both the music and the text. As a librettist, Kraus showed a series of scenes that covered the full spectrum of human emotions, from sorrow and fear to joy. The work corresponds fully to a rhetorical question already raised in Kraus's treatise Etwas von und über Musik:

"Should not church music be mostly for the heart?"

("Soll die Musik in den Kirchen nicht am meisten fürs Herz sein?")

During his stay in Göttingen, Kraus had become friendly with a Swedish fellow student,, who persuaded him to accompany him to Stockholm to apply for a position at the court of King Gustav III.

At the Swedish court
Kraus moved to Stockholm in 1778, when he was not yet twenty-two. His first years there were not easy, and more than once he considered going back home. King Gustav's love for the fine arts had quickly become known in the rest of Europe and attracted musicians from many countries. It took Kraus three bitter years, often spent in extreme poverty, before the king noticed him. His opera Azire was rejected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Music, but the Academy decided to give him a second chance. Gustav III himself drafted the opera libretto Proserpin, which the poet Johan Henric Kellgren versified. Kraus's music to this libretto was successfully premiered at Ulriksdal Palace on 6 June 1781, before the king and the royal household. Kraus was appointed vice-Kapellmeister of the Royal Swedish Opera and director of the Royal Academy of Music.

It was the long-awaited breakthrough. Dizzy with the success, Kraus wrote to his parents:

"Immediately after the music ended, the king talked to me for more than a quarter of an hour ... it had simply given him so much satisfaction. Yesterday I was engaged by him. Of course I was not granted any great title, but quite simply that of Kapellmeister. What is worth much more to me than 600 guilders is the favour I have been granted, which is that I am to undertake a journey to Germany, France and Italy at the King's expense."

Grand Tour
Gustav III sent Kraus on a Grand Tour of Europe that lasted five years, to learn all he could about Theater abroad. On this trip, Kraus met Christoph Willibald Gluck, Johann Georg Albrechtsberger, Padre Martini, and Joseph Haydn, for whom he wrote a symphony to play at Esterháza; it was first published under Haydn's name in Paris. Kraus's Symphonies in E minor, VB 141, and F major, VB 145, were first published in Paris in 1787, under the name of Giuseppe Cambini, a very popular composer at the time. During this time, Kraus became a member of the same masonic lodge as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

During his journey, Kraus also wrote his famous flute quintet in D Major, VB 188, that broke with all the erstwhile conventions that governed such pieces. The outer and inner form of that work were groundbreaking comparing with everything previously composed at the time, with the astoundingly long first movement of 306 bars.

After Vienna, his journey also took him throughout Italy, France, and England, where he witnessed the Handel Centenary celebrations at Westminster Abbey in 1785. While in Paris, he experienced difficulty with cabals back in Stockholm that sought to prevent his return, but their resolution in 1786 made it possible for him to become the leading figure in Gustavian musical life.

Back to Sweden
When Kraus returned in 1787, he was appointed as director of curriculum at the Royal Academy of Music, and the next year he succeeded Francesco Uttini as Kapellmästare, eventually attaining a reputation as an innovative conductor, progressive pedagogue, and multi-talented composer. He also became a member of the literary circle that gathered round the Architect Erik Palmstedt (who was commissioned by King Gustav III to build the first royal opera house), a group that discussed intellectual and cultural life in the Swedish capital.

For the convening of the Riksdag of the Estates in 1789, Gustav III wanted to persuade the parliament to accede to his ongoing war with Russia, where he was opposed by the nobility but supported by the burghers and the peasantry. To further his aims, Gustav III intended to secure parliamentary approval of the Act of Union and Security that would give him broad powers over the administration of the government. The king asked Kraus to write Riksdagsmusiken for the opening ceremonies in St Nicolai Church on 9 March 1789. The music consists of a march based on the March of the Priests from Mozart's Idomeneo, and a symphony (Sinfonia per la chiesa). The legislature approved the king's measures.

Kraus wrote an overture, a march and interludes for the staging of Voltaire's Olympie in January 1792. Although he was considered as a composer of stage music, his greatest work, Aeneas i Cartago, remained unperformed during his lifetime. 16 March 1792, Gustav III attended a masked ball at the opera, where he was assassinated. (This inspired the plots of operas by several composers, notably Verdi's Un ballo in maschera premiered in 1859.) The death of Gustav III caused considerable turmoil in the cultural establishment that the monarch had nurtured. Kraus wrote a funeral cantata and the Symphonie funèbre, which were played at the burial ceremony on April 13 and May 14.

Kraus's own health deteriorated shortly thereafter, and he died in December 1792 from tuberculosis. He was buried outside Stockholm at Tivoli following a ceremony where his coffin was carried across the ice of the Brunnsviken by torchlight. His tomb (c. 1833) bears the inscription: Här det jordiska af Kraus, det himmelska lefver i hans toner, which translates to: Here the earthly of Kraus; the heavenly lives in his music

Works
Bertil H. van Boer divides Kraus's sacred music into two periods. The first, from 1768 to 1777, comprises Kraus's music written as a Roman Catholic for Catholic services. For the second, from 1778 to 1790, Kraus was still Catholic, but wrote music for Lutheran services. Aside from short hymns and chorales, there was not much use for sacred music in Sweden at that time. There was also an ongoing debate regarding the role music should play in the church, and Kraus participated by writing three articles on the subject in the Stockholms-Posten.

Two different catalogues exist of Kraus's music, one by Karl Schreiber, ''Verzeichnis der Musikalischen Werke von Jos. Kraus's, which gives each composition an A number, and one by Bertil van Boer's Die Werke von Joseph Martin Kraus: Systematisch-thematisches Werkverzeichnis'', which gives each composition a VB number, with renumberings in the 2nd edition (1998). See the list of compositions by Joseph Martin Kraus.

Bertil van Boer edited modern editions for Artaria Editions, recorded on four volumes of the Naxos Records complete set of Kraus symphonies, and also wrote the programme notes for those discs as well as the article on Kraus in the New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Volume 1 won the Cannes Classical Award in 1999, while Volume 2 contains world première recordings of three of Kraus's symphonies. The orchestra Concerto Köln won several prizes for its recordings on period instruments of the complete symphonies of Joseph Martin Kraus.

Musical style
Kraus's music is characterized by sudden dramatic contrasts in register, character, and most striking of all, harmony. His contrapuntal abilities were first-rate, but his motivic development does not seem as advanced as either Mozart's or Haydn's. Compared to other contemporaries, his lyrical gifts are apparent.

Kraus's symphonies
Many of Kraus's symphonies have been lost, or attributed to other composers. Of those definitely of Kraus's authorship, only about a dozen remain. Most of Kraus's extant symphonies are in three movements, without a minuet. Most are scored for two horns and strings, many include two flutes and two oboes, while the later ones also include two bassoons and two additional horns. The musicologist Bertil van Boer identifies Kraus's Symphony in C-sharp minor as "one of only two symphonies in this key written during the eighteenth century." It was later reworked in a more 'manageable' key as Symphony in C minor, VB 142.

It is still disputed whether the symphony dedicated to Haydn was the Symphony in D major VB 143 or the Symphony in C minor VB 142. The minor key and the mood of Symphony VB 142 seem to be reminiscent of Haydn's Sturm und Drang period around 1770, comparable with his earlier minor-key works, although based on the first measures of Gluck's overture to Iphigénie en Aulide. In any case, Haydn had a very high opinion of the work. Many years after Kraus's death, Haydn remarked to a common friend, Swedish diplomat Fredrik Samuel Silverstolpe:

"The symphony he wrote here in Vienna especially for me will be regarded as a masterpiece for centuries to come; believe me, there are few people who can compose something like that."

Kraus viola concerti
Kraus wrote two viola concerti that were lost or attributed to other composers in his lifetime. The C major Concerto was attributed to Roman Hoffstetter, but both works have been found to be Kraus's compositions and have been recorded professionally by David Aaron Carpenter in 2012.

Chamber music
Kraus's chamber music includes quartets, solo sonatas, and sonatas for violin and piano.

title: Joseph Martin Kraus


text:
Annay, Pas-de-Calais

Annay (also referred to as Annay-sous-Lens, literally Annay under Lens) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.

Geography
A large farming village, with a large lake and marshes, situated some 3 mi northeast of Lens at the junction of the D917 and D39 roads. The canalized Deûle river forms much of the northeast border of the commune.

Sights

 * The church of St. Amé, rebuilt, as was most of the village, after the First World War.
 * The war memorial.
 * An abandoned protestant church.

title: Annay, Pas-de-Calais


text:
Nitty-gritty

Nitty-gritty may refer to:

 * Nitty Gritty (1957–1991), Jamaican reggae singer
 * Nitty Gritty (album), a 1969 album by Gladys Knight & the Pips
 * The Nitty Gritty (song), a 1963 song recorded by Shirley Ellis

title: Nitty-gritty


text:
Pizzaman

Pizzaman or Pizza Man may refer to:

 * Pizza delivery person
 * Pizza Man (1991 film), an American comedy film by J.F. Lawton
 * Pizza Man (2011 film), an American family action film by Joe Eckardt
 * Pizza Man (2015 film), an Indonesian film starring Karina Nadila
 * Pizzaman (band), a 1990s British electronic music duo featuring Norman Cook
 * The Pizza Man (foaled 2009), an American Thoroughbred racehorse
 * Ray Pizzi (1943–2021), nicknamed "Pizza Man", American jazz musician
 * "Pizza Man", a song from the 1973 National Lampoon off-Broadway show Lemmings

title: Pizzaman


text:
Kang the Conqueror

Kang the Conqueror (Nathaniel Richards) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in The Avengers #8 (September 1964). Kang the Conqueror is most frequently depicted as an opponent of the Avengers and the Fantastic Four. A time-traveler, several alternate versions of Kang have appeared throughout Marvel Comics titles over the years, such as Rama-Tut, Immortus, Scarlet Centurion, Victor Timely, Iron Lad, and Mister Gryphon.

Kang the Conqueror has been described as one of Marvel's most notable and powerful villains. Kang has made media appearances in animated television and video games. Alternate versions of the character, portrayed by Jonathan Majors, appeared in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) in the Disney+ series Loki and the 2023 film Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania.

Publication history
The character who would become best known as Kang first appeared in Fantastic Four #19 (October 1963), by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. This issue introduced the pharaoh Rama-Tut, a criminal from the year 3000 who had travelled back in time and conquered ancient Egypt. It was implied that he was a descendant or future incarnation of Fantastic Four villain Doctor Doom. After a second appearance the following year in Fantastic Four Annual #2 (September 1964), the character appeared again, this time under the identity of Kang, in The Avengers #8 (published the same month), also by Lee and Kirby. This issue also established that Rama-Tut was a younger version of Kang. A decade later, the character of Immortus, previously introduced in Avengers #10 (November 1964), was retroactively established to be a future identity of Kang's in Giant-Size Avengers #3 (February 1975).

Fantastic Four #273 (December 1984) heavily implied that Kang was not descended from Doom, but from Reed Richards' father Nathaniel, via one of Reed's many half-siblings. Building on this, Kang's birth name was revealed to also be "Nathaniel Richards" in What If…? Vol. 2 #39 (July 1992), a fact later incorporated into the primary continuity of the Marvel Universe. However, subsequent publications, such as Avengers Forever #9 (August 1999) and Doctor Doom #6 (March 2020), have continued to present Kang's ancestry as ambiguous, suggesting he may descended from one, both, or neither of the two men, in particular Kristoff Vernard: Doom's adoptive son and a half-sibling of Reed.

Kang featured in an eponymous miniseries in 2021.

Pre-Kang
Nathaniel Richards, a 31st-century scholar and descendant of Reed Richards's time traveling father Nathaniel, becomes fascinated with history and discovers the time travel technology created by Victor von Doom, another possible ancestor of his. He then travels back in time to ancient Egypt aboard a Sphinx-shaped timeship and reinvents himself as Pharaoh Rama-Tut, with plans to claim En Sabah Nur—the mutant destined to become Apocalypse—as his heir. The pharaoh's rule is cut short when he is defeated by the time-displaced Fantastic Four. An embittered Nathaniel Richards travels forward to the 20th century where he meets Doctor Doom, whom he believes might be his ancestor. He later designs an armor based on Doom's and, calling himself the Scarlet Centurion, pits the Avengers team against alternate-reality counterparts. He plans to dispose of all of them, but the Avengers manage to force him from the timeline, where a divergent version of him becomes Victorex Prime, archenemy of the Squadron Supreme.

Nathaniel then tries to return to the 31st century, but overshoots by a thousand years, discovering that humanity has ruined the Earth through endless conflict using advanced weapons they no longer understand. He finds it simple to conquer the planet, expanding his dominion throughout the galaxy, and reinvents himself as Kang the Conqueror. But this future world is dying, and so he decides to take over an earlier, more fertile Earth.

Early appearances and Ravonna
On Nathaniel's first foray into the 20th century under the Kang identity, he meets and battles the Avengers, capturing everyone but the Wasp and Rick Jones, and informs the world that they have 24 hours to surrender to him. Jones and some friends pretend they want to help Kang, but double-cross him once they gain access to his ship, and the Avengers are freed. In an attempt to stop them, Kang releases radiation that only beings from his time are immune to, but Thor uses his hammer to absorb the rays and send them back at the warlord so even he cannot withstand it, and he is forced to escape. He later attempts to defeat the Avengers using a Spider-Man robot, but the real Spider-Man destroys it.

In his own time, Kang falls for the princess of one of his subject kingdoms, Ravonna, who does not return his feelings. In an attempt to demonstrate his power, he kidnaps the Avengers and, after several escape attempts on their part, subdues them and the rebellious kingdom with the help of his army. When Kang refuses to execute Ravonna, his commanders revolt and he frees the Avengers to fight with him against them. They successfully subdue them, but not before Ravonna is mortally wounded when she leaps in front of a blast meant for Kang, realizing she does love him after all. Kang returns the Avengers to their present, and places Ravonna's body in stasis.

Kang appears in modern-day as he attempts to retrieve a rogue Growing Man construct who is growing larger with every blow. Both Thor and the police are not able to subdue the giant, until Kang appears from a time machine disguised as a boulder. He fires a ray, shrinking and subduing the Growing Man to doll-sized so he can be "re-hidden". He later reactivates the Growing Man to kidnap an incapacitated Tony Stark and draw the Avengers into his game, though the purpose is not revealed. Thor fails to keep Kang from escaping into the time-stream.

In hopes of restoring his love to life, Kang enters a wager with the cosmic entity Grandmaster, using the Avengers as pawns in a game which, if won, can temporarily grant him power over life and death. The first round ends in stalemate when an unaware Black Knight intervenes and prevents a clear victory by the Avengers, although the team definitively wins the second round. Due to the first round's stalemate, Kang does not earn the power of both life and death but is forced to choose. He selects the power of death over the Avengers, but is stopped by the Black Knight, who, not being an Avenger at the time, is unaffected.

Next Kang kidnaps the Hulk and sends him to 1917 France to kill the Phantom Eagle before he can destroy a giant German cannon which would otherwise kill Banner's grandfather who is fighting in the trenches. This would prevent the Hulk from existing and consequently, the formation of the Avengers. However, the Hulk destroys the cannon which sends him back to the present while Kang is projected into the Limbo.

The Celestial Madonna
Some time later Kang reappears at Avengers Mansion seeking the "Celestial Madonna", who turns out to be Mantis, desiring to marry her as she is apparently destined to have a powerful child. The heroes are aided by a future version of Kang, who, tired of conquest, had returned to ancient Egypt and his identity of Rama-Tut, ruling benevolently for ten years before placing himself in suspended animation to revive in the 20th century, desiring to counsel and change his younger self. While Kang is successfully foiled, Rama-Tut is unable to prevent the accidental death of the Avenger the Swordsman. During an adventure in Limbo, it is revealed that Immortus is the future incarnation of both Kang and Rama-Tut.

While attempting to travel to the time of the Crusades, Hawkeye accidentally comes across Kang, sending both to the Old West. The warlord begins to develop a stronghold to conquer the 19th century, thus also conquering the present. Aided this time by Immortus, the Avengers, with some assistance from the Two-Gun Kid, confront Kang. While trying to muster the strength to defeat Thor, Kang overloads his armor and destroys himself, apparently erasing Immortus and Rama-Tut from existence.

Prime Kang and creation of alternate selves
Years later, the Beyonder plucks a living Kang from the timestream to participate on the villains' side in the first of the Secret Wars. Soon after, it is revealed that while Kang had indeed died, his constant time-traveling had created a number of alternate Kangs. The Kang to discover this had been drawn to Limbo after his time-travel vehicle was destroyed by Thor. Finding Immortus' remains inside his fortress, Kang assumes the "Lord of Time" to be deceased and discovers the alternate versions of himself using viewing devices he finds, although he does not realize that Immortus is also a version of himself. At one point, he brings Ravonna to Limbo from the moment before her death, unintentionally creating an alternate reality where he was slain. Determined to be the only Kang, he joins with two particularly cunning divergents whom he determines he cannot easily eliminate, the three forming a council that systematically destroys the other alternate versions. He destroys one of the other two Kangs, then brings in the Avengers as part of a plot to destroy the other one, although the latter Kang eventually discovers the plot. This Kang is delayed by Ravonna, who tells him that if he truly loves her he must not kill the first Kang, but he ignores her, goes after him anyway, and is destroyed. Immortus then reveals he faked his death and manipulated everything from behind the scenes. Now only the one "Prime" Kang remains, who Immortus tricks into absorbing the memories of all the slain Kangs, which drives him insane. Immortus then sends the Avengers back to their own timeline.

This Kang diverges into two alternate Kangs, and one is invited to join the Crosstime Kang Corps (or the "Council of Cross-Time Kangs"), which consists of a wide range of Kangs from multiple timelines who are searching for a Celestial "Ultimate Weapon". This Kang calls himself "Fred" (by his own admission a humorous nod to Fred Flintstone, with a prehistoric name being appropriate for a time-traveler) and has a brief encounter with the Avengers while trying to stop the space pirate Nebula from interfering with a timeline. The Prime Kang, having recovered, then attempts to manipulate the Avengers from a time vortex, and encounters the Fantastic Four in a bid to capture Mantis and use her to defeat a Celestial and the other Kangs, while "Fred" is incinerated by a Nebula-possessed Human Torch during a later battle with the Fantastic Four in the timestream.

New Empire, Avengers Forever, and Young Avengers
Later, the Prime Kang appears, captures the Vision, and battles both the Avengers and a new foe, Terminatrix, who is revealed to be a revived Ravonna. Kang is critically injured when he intercepts a blow from Thor's hammer Mjolnir that was meant for his old love, who is distraught over his sacrifice and teleports away with him. Terminatrix places Prime Kang in stasis to heal his injuries and assumes control of his empire. However, she finds the empire under attack by a chronal being called , and is forced to summon the Avengers to assist. She revives Kang, who assists the Avengers in defeating Alioth, but not before allowing the entity to kill the entire Crosstime Kang Corps.

In Avengers Forever, flashbacks reveal that many of Kang's recent actions were motivated by more of a desire to do something rather than a genuine desire for power, and that Rama-Tut is his past and future self; feeling listless and trapped by the burdens of the empire he has created, Kang at one point returned to life as Rama-Tut for a more simple life where he did not have a vast empire to administer. However, as Kang prepares to become Rama-Tut once again and from there Immortus, he glimpses the future and learns of Immortus's servitude to the Time-Keepers of the Time Variance Authority, renewing his horror at the destiny that awaits him as that 'simpering academic'. As a result, Kang rejects this future to the point of aiding the Avengers in protecting Rick Jones from Immortus's latest scheme. When Immortus betrays the Time Keepers to try and save the Avengers, they kill him and attempt to turn Kang into Immortus before Rama-Tut became Immortus. However, the temporal backlash of Kang's strength of will in a temporally unstable environment causes Immortus and Rama-Tut to split off from Kang, essentially making them both clear alternate versions of Kang rather than Immortus being Kang's definitive future. With the weakened Time Keepers destroyed, Kang rejoices in his freedom from the destiny of Immortus and Rama-Tut, as he has now technically become them while still being himself.

After some months, Kang embarks on an ambitious scheme to conquer the Earth, this time aided by his son Marcus, who uses the "Scarlet Centurion" alias. Kang promises any who aid him on Earth a place in his new order, which puts Earth's defenses and the Avengers under strain as they fight off villain after villain. He then takes control of Earth's defense systems, and forces a surrender after destroying Washington, D.C., killing millions. The Avengers continue to battle the forces of Kang's new empire, and Captain America eventually defeats him in personal combat. Although imprisoned, Kang is freed by his son, revealed to be only one of a series of clones, and kills clone Marcus for betraying him by assisting Warbird during the invasion and keeping it secret despite multiple opportunities to admit the truth; while Kang could tolerate the treachery if it allowed Marcus to become his own man, he cannot tolerate a traitor who remains active in his ranks. Depressed at his new loss, Kang retreats from Earth.

At some point, Kang travels back to his own past to prevent an incident where a confrontation with a bully left him in a coma for a year, but meeting his future self so horrifies Kang's past self that he steals Kang's armor and retreats to the past, using an emergency protocol created by the Vision to recruit a new team that come to be known as the 'Young Avengers'. This team consists of teenagers with ties to the Avengers' history, such as Hulking- the Kree/Skrull hybrid son of Captain Mar-Vell and a Skrull princess- Wiccan and Speed- the children of the Scarlet Witch and the Vision reborn as teenagers- and Cassie Lang- daughter of the second Ant-Man-, with the young Kang adopting the alias of 'Iron Lad' using technology stolen from his future self to imitate a variation of Iron Man's armor. When Kang tracks his younger self to the past, the Young Avengers are able to kill him, but the subsequent changes to history force the young Kang to return to his time and erase his memory of these events, although the Young Avengers remain as a team with Iron Lad's armor now self-operating with a consciousness based on an amalgamation of Iron Lad and the Vision.

Kang travels the multi-verse and recruits Stryfe, Earth-X Venom (May "Mayday" Parker), Doom 2099, Iron Man 2020, Ahab, Magistrate Braddock, and Abomination Deathlok to save the multi-verse and possibly restore the universes that have already been erased. He appears to the remaining members of the Avengers Unity Squad after Earth has been destroyed by a Celestial leaving only the mutants. Temporal barriers prevent Kang simply travelling back himself, but he is able to help the surviving Unity Squad members project their minds back into their past selves so that they can defeat the Celestial that attacked Earth. Kang subsequently attempts to steal the Celestials' power for himself, requiring Sunfire and Havok to put themselves at risk by absorbing some of his energy themselves so that they can force him to expend his stolen power.

Uncanny Inhumans and All-New, All-Different Marvel
Before the Inhuman king Black Bolt destroys the city of Attilan to release Terrigen Mist throughout the world, he sends his son Ahura away for Kang to foster. Black Bolt later releases a small amount of Terrigen Mist to activate Ahura's terrigenesis and activate his Inhuman ability. While Ahura is going through the change, Black Bolt asks Kang to save his son from the coming end of all things, which Kang agrees to on the condition that the son remain permanently in his care.

While taunting the Inhumans' efforts to find Ahura, another Kang emerges under the alias of "Mister Gryphon", claiming that he has become splintered into various alternate versions of himself as a result of recent temporal disruptions. With this Kang confined to the present, he mounts a massive assault on the Avengers with the aid of Equinox and a reprogrammed Vision, intending to use Mjolnir's time-traveling ability to return to his era, but is defeated.

When Vision abducts Kang's infant self in an attempt to defeat him, the latter, split into increasingly divergent versions of himself by the fractured state of time, retaliates by attacking various Avengers in their infant states. A possible future version of Kang saves key Avengers from his past self's attack by bringing them into Limbo until Hercules acquires an amulet from a former Fate that protects him from Kang's assault. During a battle inside a temple in Vietnam, the Wasp goes to place baby Kang back where he belongs. Kang is subsequently defeated.

During the "Infinity Countdown" storyline, Kang the Conqueror gains knowledge of the calamity that would come if the Infinity Gems were to be gathered in the same location again. To prevent this from occurring, he abducts Adam Warlock, convinces him to help secure the Soul Gem in exchange for the Time Gem, and sends him back in time to receive counsel from Kang's Rama-Tut counterpart.

Fresh start and Kang the Conqueror solo series
Kang the Conqueror has most recently been seen as a recurring character in the "Pottersville" arc of the Doctor Doom solo series, in which he is shown to be tethered to Doom in a quantum entanglement, appearing at random times throughout the series conversing with the Latverian despot. This is later revealed to be a ploy by Kang, as by aiding Doom in saving the world Kang is actually making the world easier for himself to conquer in two hundred years' time. In the solo series Kang the Conqueror, Kang rewrites history by manipulating a younger version of him to go through all of his previous identities – Iron Lad, Scarlet Centurion, Pharaoh Rama-Tut, and finally Kang – into becoming the purest form of would-be conqueror, resurrecting Ravonna by giving her the ability of reincarnation.

Powers and abilities
Kang has no superhuman abilities but is an extraordinary genius, an expert historical scholar, and a master physicist (specializing in time travel), engineer, and technician. He is armed with 40th-century technology, wearing highly advanced battle armor that enhances his strength, is capable of energy, hologram, and force-field projection, has a 30-day supply of air and food, and is capable of controlling other forms of technology. Courtesy of his "time-ship", Kang has access to technology from any century, and he once claimed his ship alone could destroy the Moon.

As Rama-Tut, he used an "ultra-diode" ray gun that was able to sap the wills of human beings. At a high frequency, it is able to weaken superhuman beings and prevent use of their superpowers. They can be freed from its effects if the gun is fired at them a second time.

Temporal selves
There are different variations of Kang the Conqueror:

Pharaoh Rama-Tut
Pharaoh Rama-Tut was Kang's original alias when he ruled ancient Egypt. Later in life, he retires as Kang and returns to the Pharaoh Rama-Tut identity, and helps the Avengers defeat his past self when he attempts to capture the "Celestial Madonna". He nearly surrenders to destiny to become Immortus, but changes his mind and returns to the Kang identity when he discovers that Immortus is a pawn of beings called the Time-Keepers.

Immortus
Immortus is a future version of Kang who resides in Limbo. Kang was destined to become him until the last issue of the Avengers Forever series, in which powerful beings called the Time Keepers unintentionally separate the former from the latter.

Iron Lad
Iron Lad is an adolescent version of Kang who learned of his future self when Kang tried to prevent a childhood hospitalization. Attempting to escape his destiny, the teen Nate Richards steals his future self's advanced armor and travels back to the past, forming the Young Avengers to help him stop Kang. When his attempt to reject his destiny results in Kang's death, the resulting destruction caused by the changes in history forces Iron Lad to return to his time and undo the damage by becoming Kang.

Victor Timely
A divergent version of Kang establishes a small, quiet town called Timely, Wisconsin in 1901 to serve as a 20th-century base, where he occasionally resides as Mayor Victor Timely. Posing as his own son Victor Timely Jr., he develops an interest in a visiting college graduate named Phineas Horton, providing the young man with insights which eventually led to his creating the original Human Torch.

Scarlet Centurion
Numerous versions/relatives of Kang have assumed this alias, typically with a penchant for death games (setting teams of heroes against one another):
 * Nathaniel Richards the Second, in a one-time identity he assumed after being the Pharaoh Rama-Tut but before going on to become Kang.
 * Marcus Kang aka Marcus XXIII, the son of Kang the Conqueror who was active during Avengers Forever.
 * A version of Kang who remained the Scarlet Centurion and conquered the alternate universe Earth-712.

Victorex Prime
Victorex Prime is a divergent version of the Scarlet Centurion who retained the identity and never became Kang, instead taking over the future of the Squadron Supreme's universe of Earth-712, in the 40th century. On becoming bored with his success and dictatorship over a total of fifteen moons and planets, Victorex Prime elects to invade the past for further conquests, coming into conflict with the Squadron Supreme by sending "temporal hard light holograms" of his Scarlet Centurion form to the past to fight on his behalf, and bringing a number of the team to his time in order to compete in death games, serving as the champions of the Earth-616 Grandmaster against Victorex Prime's own Institute of Evil. On losing, Victorex Prime inadvertently inspires the Grandmaster to issue similar challenges to other divergent versions of Kang.

While arranging for his fourth invasion into the past, sending a holographic envoy of his Scarlet Centurion form ahead of him as herald, Victorex Prime is left shaken when Hyperion, "not in the mood" for battle, while mourning a loss, informs him that while he has been allowed to live on his previous defeats, he will be executed if he attempts to invade the past when any members of the team are mourning as per the historical record, and that he would slowly kill Victorex Prime personally should he break these rules. Daunted, Victorex Prime flees to the future, resorting to subtle ways to mess with the Squadron by interfering with Tom Thumb's attempts to develop a cure for cancer (and all other diseases, as well as ageing), before succumbing to depression, having conquered everything in the past, present, and future, after a temporal bubble emerges around the late 20th century and surrounding decades, preventing him from visiting the time.

Thirty-five years later, still unchallenged and unfulfilled, Victorex Prime's followers discover a crack in the temporal bubble, displaying a massive humanoid hand emerging from space and growing large enough to engulf the Earth, the Sun, and all of space itself. Emboldened by this new challenge, and once again able to access the past, Victorex Prime sends a new temporal hologram backwards in time to confer with the Master Menace, the greatest criminal scientist of his age, simultaneously with Hyperion seeking out the scientist. Reached a reluctant truce, the Master Menace conceives of a device for Hyperion to use stop the entity's spread over the next ten hours, while Victorex Prime transports Master Menace to his future, where he spends fifteen years perfecting his work before returning the completed device to Hyperion less than an hour after leaving. Holographically accompanying Master Menace and the Squadron Supreme as they journey into space to confront the entity, Victorex Prime realises he enjoys the excitement of being a superhero instead of a supervillain, and holographically accompanies Master Menace and the Squadron Supreme as they journeyed out into space to confront the entity.

However, on calculating the present is diverging from his own future, and seeking to preserve his former foes on the failure of Master Menace's device, Victorex Prime retrieves the all-powerful telepath known as the Overmind, believing his power could turn back the entity. After Overmind instead has his head exploded, a terrified Victorex Prime dejectedly admits defeat, and prepares to flee to his future. At the last moment, Arcanna Jones begs Victorex Prime to save the life of her infant son, Benjamin Thomas Jones, which after a moment of consideration, Victorex Prime refuses. With the crack in the temporal bubble sealing shut after returning to the 40th century. Immediately regretting his decision, and unaware of the Squadron's fates, Victorex Prime spends the remaining 211 years of his life in abject misery, unaware that the Squadron survived, because of his decision to leave Benjamin behind (who swapped fates with the entity and reversed its annihilation across multiple universes), and deeming the day he left the Squadron behind to die as "the key moment" that he "lost his nerve", living on in the shame of retreat rather than facing the unknown alongside the worthiest of former foes, and eventually dying of old age, unfulfilled, without the knowledge he coveted most in the world.

Chronomonitor #616
Chronomonitor #616 is a variation of Kang the Conqueror who works for the Time Variance Authority (TVA), inducted into the organization on his first attempt to travel back in time. A renegade Chronomonitor from the organization, he is stripped of his power after interfering with history for personal gain as part of a mid-life crisis before escaping custody and killing and replacing a version of himself as Rama-Tut. Ultimately, Chronomonitor #616 is trapped in a time loop by the TVA, swearing revenge upon them and the Fantastic Four.

Mister Gryphon
Qeng Gryphon, or simply Mister Gryphon, is a variation of Kang the Conqueror that is confined to the present. He is the CEO of Qeng Enterprises.

Crosstime Kang Corps
Numerous versions/successor of Kang form the members of this organization, also known as the Council of Cross-Time Kangs:

 * Frederick "Fred" Kang, who named himself after the cartoon character Fred Flintstone. He is later incinerated by a Nebula-possessed Human Torch.
 * Kang Nebula, a variant of the space pirate of the same name, who succeeded Kang's kingdom in her timeline.
 * Kang Kong, a version of Kang from a dimension occupied by super-intelligent apes (later retroactively established as the Marvel Apes universe), named in reference to King Kong.

Critical response
George Marston of Newsarama ranked Kang the Conqueror 2nd in their "Best Avengers Villains Of All Time" list. IGN ranked Kang the Conqueror 16th in their "Top 25 Marvel Villains" list, and 65th in their "Top 100 Comic Book Villains" list. Marco Vito Oddo of Collider ranked Kang the Conqueror 20th in their "20 Most Powerful Marvel Characters" list.

Screen Rant included Kang the Conqueror in their "Marvel: The Avengers Main Comic Book Villains, Ranked From Most Laughable To Coolest" list, in their "10 Best Spider-Ham Villains" list, in their "10 Most Powerful Avengers Villains In Marvel Comics" list, and in their "15 Most Powerful Black Panther Villains" list. CBR.com ranked Kang the Conqueror 2nd in their "Black Knight's 10 Strongest Villains" list, 3rd in their "10 Most Violent Marvel Villains" list, 4th in their "10 Fantastic Four Villains We Want To See In The MCU" list, 7th in their "13 Most Important Marvel Villains" list, 8th in their "10 Greatest Iron Man Enemies" list, and 10th in their "Ms. Marvel's 10 Best Villains" list.

Heroes Reborn
In the Heroes Reborn universe created by Franklin Richards, Kang and his lover Mantis travel to the modern era to battle the greatest heroes of all time, the recently formed Avengers. He wishes to utterly defeat them as a token of his love. Kang's assault on Avengers Island leads to the capture of all the Avengers, with Kang taking Thor's hammer, Captain America's shield, Swordsman's swords, Hawkeye's bow and arrows, and the Vision as his trophies. However, Thor frees himself and his fellow Avengers and easily bests Kang in a rematch, forcing the villain to flee the scene after ejecting the severely damaged Vision from his ship. Kang and Mantis hide out in Peru, where they plot their revenge against the Avengers. This plot would never come to fruition, as Loki absorbs the two in his bid to take over the Earth. Loki is ultimately defeated, and while many of the super-beings that he absorbed are seen active following the battle, this Kang's and Mantis' ultimate fates are not depicted.

Spider-Geddon
An alternate universe version of Kang called Kang the Conglomerator appears in Edge of Spider-Geddon #1. This version is a businessman from the year 2099 who wants to take Spider-Punk back to his time to take control of his franchise because of his marketability. Opposing this idea, Spider-Punk fights and defeats Kang with help from Captain Anarchy and the Hulk. As he disappears, Kang reveals Spider-Punk will die young while Captain Anarchy will die an old man.

Spider-Ham
The Spider-Ham reality contains a kangaroo named Kangaroo the Conqueror.

Ultimate Marvel
A female version of Kang appears in the Ultimate universe, claiming she has a plan to prevent the destruction of Earth. It is revealed she is from an alternate Earth sent back with a containment suit, arriving one week after the Ultimatum Wave destroyed New York, convincing Reed Richards/Maker to stop it from happening to his own. Alongside Maker, she recruits Quicksilver, the Hulk and as part of a plan to steal the Infinity Gauntlets, and destroys the Triskelion in the process. Kang eventually reveals that she is Sue Storm.

X-Men/Star Trek
In the X-Men/Star Trek crossover Second Contact, an alternate version of Kang disrupts a number of timelines before being defeated by the combined effort of the mutant X-Men and the crew of the Enterprise-E. His timehooks, which the two groups use to travel in time, later draw the X-Men into the Enterprise timeline when the Enterprise hook becomes exposed to verteron particles. This creates a link to the other hook, as Nightcrawler is similarly infused with verteron particles when he teleports.

Television

 * Kang the Conqueror appears in The Avengers: United They Stand episode "Kang", voiced by Ken Kramer. This version hails from the 41st century, where he was overthrown during a revolution and imprisoned between dimensions, with an obelisk as his only means of escape.
 * Kang the Conqueror appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes, voiced by Jonathan Adams. This version hails from the 41st century. Introduced in the episode "Meet Captain America", Kang's timeline is retroactively erased from existence due to a temporal anomaly, which leaves his lover Princess Ravonna in a coma. Kang traces the disturbance to Captain America's presence in the 21st century, and in the episode "The Man Who Stole Tomorrow", launches an attack against the Avengers, taking them to his time to show them the devastation he claims Captain America caused. However, Iron Man gains access to Kang's Time Chair and transports everyone back. Injured and defeated, Kang escapes to his flagship, the Damocles, and prepares to conquer Earth with his armada. In the episode "The Kang Dynasty", the Avengers launch an attack against him, boarding the ship and sending most of the armada back to the 41st century. Before they can return Kang's ship, the Wasp discovers what happened to Ravonna and convinces her team to find a way to save her. In the episode "New Avengers", the Council of Kangs frees the original Kang from prison and provides him with new armor, which he uses to take over Stark Tower so he can use its arc reactor to bring his citadel to the 21st century, incidentally causing "time ripples" across New York and scattering the Avengers across time. In response, the New Avengers Protocol is activated and Spider-Man, War Machine, Wolverine, the Thing, Luke Cage, and Iron Fist join forces to defeat Kang, casting him out of the timestream and returning the original Avengers to the present while S.W.O.R.D. repurposes the Damocles as their headquarters.
 * Kang appears in Avengers Assemble, voiced by Steve Blum. This version hails from the 30th century. Throughout the series, he battles the Avengers amidst failed attempts to destroy Manhattan and negate his rival Iron Man 2020's existence, with one appearance seeing him join the Cabal in successfully scattering the Avengers across time and space, though they are eventually reunited.
 * Kang appears in Marvel Future Avengers, voiced by Jiro Saito in the Japanese version and again by Steve Blum in the English dub. This version is the leader of the Masters of Evil and the mastermind behind the Emerald Rain Project, an attempt to reverse-engineer Terrigen Crystals to create a race of superhumans under his control and defeat the Inhumans in his time.

Marvel Cinematic Universe
Jonathan Majors portrayed Kang the Conqueror and his alternative variants in media set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe from 2021 to 2023:

 * Kang the Conqueror debuted in Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania. A multiversal traveler in the newly created multiverse who believed that the multiverse was dying due to his variants, he attempted to instigate a war to stop them, only to be captured by the Council of Kangs and exiled to Earth-616's Quantum Realm. There, he met Janet van Dyne and worked with her to fix his ship's energy core and take them both home. After years of failed attempts, they successfully re-powered it, but she learned of his true nature and used her Pym Particles to prevent him from accessing the core before she eventually escaped the Quantum Realm. Despite this, Kang conquered it, built a new empire, swayed Janet's old Quantum Realm friend Lord Krylar to his side, and recruited Darren Cross into his ranks. In 2026, Janet, Hank Pym, their daughter Hope van Dyne, Scott Lang, and his daughter Cassie are transported to the Quantum Realm and got separated. Kang captures the Langs and manipulates Scott into retrieving the core; Scott was successful, but Kang obtains the core and betrays Scott. After Cassie instigates a rebellion against him, Kang engages Scott in battle until Hope helps him knock Kang into the core.
 * In the mid-credits scene of Quantumania, the Council of Kangs, led by Immortus, Rama-Tut, and Centurion, discuss the fate of "The Exiled One" and discuss having to deal with Earth-616.
 * Majors was set to reprise his role as Kang in Avengers: The Kang Dynasty but was fired in December 2023 after being found guilty of third-degree assault.

MCU variants

 * 'He Who Remains' debuted in the Loki's first-season finale "For All Time. Always", played by Jonathan Majors. He was an unnamed former "conqueror" and founder of the Time Variance Authority (TVA) who built a Citadel on top of an asteroid at the end of time. He set the course of actions to happen that allowed the Loki of the parallel universe in the year 2012 and Sylvie to find him. He then revealed that he destroyed the original multiverse and created the TVA to control the flow of the "Sacred Timeline" and prevent a new multiverse from forming due to a vast Multiversal War having broken out in the previous one; after overlooking the timeline for eons, He Who Remains seeks to retire, restoring free will to allow Loki and Sylvie to decide whether to take his place and lead the TVA, or kill him, create a new multiverse, and allow a new Multiversal War to begin. Sylvie chooses to kill He Who Remains, sending Loki back to the TVA. In the second-season premiere "Ouroboros", on time-slipping to the past of the TVA, Loki listens to recording "Chronomonitor #616" of He Who Remains' voice, revealing that eons prior to his death, when he openly ruled the TVA, he had a romance with Ravonna Renslayer, the visuals of which are later shown to Ravonna by Miss Minutes in "Heart of the TVA". In the Loki series finale, Loki time-slips to the moment before Sylvie kills He Who Remains; after thousands of attempts to prevent his death, he tells Loki that the Time Loom is a fail-safe; overloading it protects the Sacred Timeline by deleting the branches along with the TVA. He Who Remains suggests Loki kill Sylvie to save the Loom, which Loki rejects, before He Who Remains wishes him luck down "the road he paved", culminating in Loki destroying the Loom, magically reviving the dying timelines, and rearranging them into a tree-like structure, committing himself to oversee the branches alone at the End of Time in He Who Remains' place, as the TVA recommits themselves to tracking down his variants.
 * Victor Timely first appeared in the post-credits scene of Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania. He later returned in the second-season of Loki, played again by Majors. He was revealed to be destined to become the new He Who Remains. Additionally, he was born in the 19th Century. As a child, he was given a book about the TVA by He Who Remains' A.I. creation Miss Minutes and former TVA Judge Ravonna Renslayer, which inspired him to become a scientist and attempt to build a Time Loom at the same time that TVA agents Loki and Mobius arrive to bring Victor to the TVA and help them fix their own Loom. After fending off attempts by both Renslayer and Sylvie to kill him, and Miss Minutes to seduce him, Victor goes with Loki and Mobius to the TVA. Discussing the contrasting personality of Timely to other variants, Loki producer Kevin R. Wright said it was "fun" to have Timely be "sort of an eccentric, quiet inventor that maybe is, like, a bit out of time and out of place" rather than the expectation of the origin of the variant who would become Kang "living in the 31st Century" to actually be "some sci-fi villain from the future", instead depicted as having been born in the 19th Century before being brought to the TVA. Nasri Thompson portrays a young Timely.
 * In the Loki series finale, Thompson briefly portrays another young Timely variant, who is shown not to have been left a TVA handbook.

Novels
The X-Men/Spider-Man novel trilogy Time's Arrow by Tom DeFalco features a version of Kang as the villain, as he plants the titular "time arrows" at various points in the timestream with the goal of using the accumulated energies to trigger the destruction of all alternate timelines. Kang intends to only preserve one alternate timeline: specifically, he intends to preserve a timeline where Ravonna is still alive. He eventually discovers a suitable timeline, attempting to convince the native Ravonna that the X-Men are responsible for the temporal collapse and he has just found a means to preserve a timeline from their attack. The heroes are able to stop Kang's destruction, culminating in that version of Ravonna being killed when she tries to confront Kang about his lies. The trilogy ends with this Kang psychologically shattered and imprisoned by Ravonna's people, while the reader learns that Kang's mysterious servant, Lireeb, was actually a disguised Immortus, using this whole scheme to get rid of another alternate Kang and clean up the timelines by removing some of the excess alternate realities.

Video games

 * Kang the Conqueror appears as a boss and unlockable playable character in Marvel Avengers Alliance.
 * Kang the Conqueror appears as a boss in Marvel Contest of Champions.
 * Kang the Conqueror appears as a boss and playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2, voiced by Peter Serafinowicz. He captures specific locations in time and space to form Chronopolis and later tricks the Avengers into defeating Man-Thing so he can destroy the Nexus of All Realities. Eventually, Captain America defeats Kang before Ravonna uses his time crystal to regress him to an infant. In the post-credits, an elderly Kang joins Ravonna, Cosmo the Spacedog, Man-Thing, and the Supreme Intelligence in warning Captain America, Captain Marvel, and Iron Man of a new threat.
 * Kang the Conqueror is an unlockable playable character in Marvel Puzzle Quest, with two versions, "Classic" with his comics design, and "The Conqueror" based on the Marvel Cinematic Universe costume.

Miscellaneous

 * Kang the Conqueror appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes tie-in comic book.
 * The band Ookla the Mok devoted a song to Kang on their 2013 album vs. Evil.
 * The Plants vs. Zombies character Nate Timely is so-named after the civilian identities of Kang: Nate Richards and Victor Timely.
 * "Doofus Jerry" in the Rick and Morty comic book storyline A Tale of Two Jerries, an alternate universe version of Jerry Smith, twice derisively referred to as "Jerry the Conqueror" and "Evil Jerry", is based on Kang, depicted as the richest man on his Earth who searches for "new worlds to conquer".
 * The Council of Kangs, renamed the Timelines of Kang, appear in Legendary: A Marvel Deck Building Game's "Annihilation" expansion, consisting of Kang the Conqueror, Iron Lad, Pharaoh Rama-Tut, and the Scarlet Centurion.

title: Kang the Conqueror


text:
Gangjin County

Gangjin County is a county in South Jeolla Province, South Korea. Gangjin county proper was established in 1895. The county office is located in Gangjin-eup.

The Gangjin Kiln Sites are a noted area for the production of traditional Goryeo celadon, and annually a big festival and symposium on celadon porcelain at the Goryeo Celadon Museum with participants from all over the world takes place in Gangjin city.

Additionally, it is the birthplace of Korean poet Yeongrang Kim Yun-sik, famous for his work in the 1930s and 1940s in the Jeolla dialect.

The county bird is the magpie. The county flower is the camellia, and the county tree is the ginkgo. There are also two mascots, Gang and Jin, who represent fire and water, respectively, and who appear throughout the county on signs and sidewalks.

A small portion of Wolchulsan National Park is located in Gangjin County.

There is a monument to 17th-century Dutch explorer Hendrick Hamel, the first westerner to experience and write about Korea's Joseon Dynasty era. Hamel and his men were shipwrecked on Jeju island, and they remained captives in Korea for 13 years.

Other places of interest

 * Gangjinman Bay, in Maryang-myeon.
 * Geumgok Temple (금곡사), in Gangjin-eup.
 * Baekryeon Temple (백련사), in Doam-myeon.
 * Mt. Su-in (수인산), 561 meters, in Byeongyeong-myeon.
 * Boeunsan (보은산), 439 meters, in Gangjin-eup

title: Gangjin County


text:
User talk:Kmlawson

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Alexandros 17:13, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Hi Km,

sorry, I managed to miss your comments on the Nanjing Massacre until just now. It's great to have someone familiar with contemporary scholarship on the topic working on those articles. -- pde 01:00, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Revisionism regarding the trial of Norwegian author Knut Hamsun.
I see that you (also) have tried to add a section about the post war trial of Knut Hamsun.

I have also added such a section, but there seems to be some sort of revisionism going on. (My text added that he was fined — together with a notable reference.)

(I can also see that you have not been editing for about half a year — but thanks for your previous edits.)--85.196.118.210 (talk) 19:47, 9 December 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kmlawson


text:
Vasant Purushottam Kale

Vasant Purushottam Kale, popularly known as Va Pu, was a Marathi writer. He wrote more than 60 books. His well-known works include Partner, Vapurza, Hi Waat Ekatichi, and Thikri. He was a famous story-teller and had over 1600 stage-shows (कथाकथन) in the theatres. He was the first writer to come in form of audio cassettes.He also played violin and harmonium.He was also fond of photography.

He has also written so many story collection books which include "Sakhi", "Taptapadi" , "One for the road" etc. which are praised by the readers for being relatable.

Kale was an architect by profession.

He died of heart failure on 26 June 2001 at his home in Mumbai.

Books

 * Aik sakhe
 * Amitabh ani me
 * Apan Saare Arjun
 * Badali
 * Bai Bayako Aani Calendar
 * Bhade
 * Bhul Bhulyia
 * Chaturbhuj
 * Chakkar
 * Cheers
 * Dost
 * Donde
 * Duniya Tula Visrel - Lecture on Wasudev Waman Patankar
 * Ekmek
 * Fantasy Ek Preyasy
 * Gheneration GAP
 * Ghar Harawaleli Manse
 * Goshta hatatali hoti
 * Goph
 * Gulmohar
 * Hi Waat Ekatichi (Novel-कादंबरी)
 * Hunkar
 * Intimate
 * Japun Tak Paul
 * J K Malvankar
 * Karmachari
 * Ka Re Bhulalasi
 * Kahi Khara Kahi Khota
 * Katha-kathanachi katha
 * Lombkalnari Maanasa
 * Mahotsav
 * Manasa
 * Mayabazar
 * Maza mazyapashi
 * Mi manus shodhtoy
 * Moden pan vaknar nahi
 * Nimitta
 * Navara Mhanava Aapala
 * One for the road
 * Partner (Novel - कादंबरी)
 * Pleasure Box
 * Panpoi
 * Premamayee
 * Partner
 * Rang Manache
 * Rang Panchami
 * Sakhi
 * Sange Vadilanchi Kirti
 * Sanvadini
 * Swar
 * Thikari- ठिकरी(Novel-कादंबरी)
 * Taptapadi
 * Tu Bhramat Aahasi Vaya( Novel - कादंबरी)
 * Va Pu Sange Vadilanchi Kirti
 * Valay
 * Vapurwai
 * Vapurza (a compilation of passages from his earlier work)
 * Vapu 85
 * Zopala
 * Rutu Basanti Rooth Gayee

title: Vasant Purushottam Kale


text:
Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport

Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport (commonly known as Winnipeg International Airport or Winnipeg Airport) is an international airport located in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. It is the seventh busiest airport in Canada by passenger traffic, serving 4,094,793 passengers in 2023, and the 11th busiest airport in Canada by aircraft movements. Winnipeg International Airport is a hub for Calm Air, Perimeter Airlines, and cargo airline Cargojet, also serving as a focus city for WestJet and an operating base for Flair Airlines. The airport is co-located with Canadian Forces Base Winnipeg, covering a total land area of 1370 ha.

An important transportation hub within the province of Manitoba, Winnipeg International Airport serves as the primary airport for a large geographical area that includes parts of neighbouring Northwestern Ontario and Nunavut. The airport is operated by Winnipeg Airports Authority as part of Transport Canada's National Airports System and is one of eight Canadian airports that has U.S. border pre-clearance facilities.

Daily non-stop flights operate from Winnipeg International Airport to destinations across Canada as well as to the United States, Mexico, and the Caribbean. The airport also serves numerous small remote communities in Northern Manitoba, Northwestern Ontario, and Nunavut through regularly scheduled flights.

History
The airport opened in 1928 as Stevenson Aerodrome in honour of the noted Manitoba aviator and pioneer bush pilot, Captain Fred J. Stevenson. Stevenson Aerodrome, also known as Stevenson Field, was Canada's first international airport with Northwest Airways (which became Northwest Airlines) inaugurating a passenger and mail service between Winnipeg and Pembina, North Dakota on February 2, 1931.

By 1935, Northwest Airlines was operating daily service from the airport with Hamilton H-47 prop aircraft on a routing of Winnipeg – Pembina, ND – Grand Forks – Fargo – Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN – Milwaukee, WI – Chicago, IL.

The City of Winnipeg and the Rural Municipality of St. James agreed to develop Stevenson Field as a modern municipal airport in 1936. In 1938 the Manitoba Legislative Assembly passed the St. James–Winnipeg Airport Commission Act creating a commission of the same name with full control over the operation of the airport. In 1940, during the Second World War, the Government of Canada placed the airport under the direction of the Minister of Transport and the Royal Canadian Air Force where it remained until 1997.

Also in 1940, Trans-Canada Air Lines (TCA) was operating daily round trip transcontinental service across Canada via the airport with a routing of Montreal – Ottawa – North Bay – Kapuskasing – Wagaming – Winnipeg – Regina – Lethbridge – Vancouver flown with Lockheed Model 10 Electra twin prop aircraft with connecting service to and from Toronto being offered via North Bay.

Post-war
In 1962, Stevenson Field was officially renamed Winnipeg International Airport, followed in 1997 by the airport's transfer to the control of the Winnipeg Airports Authority.

The original main terminal building was built in 1964, and was designed by the architectural firm of Green Blankstein Russell and Associates (subsequently GBR Associates and Stantec Limited). It was expanded and renovated in 1984 by the architectural firm of IKOY, and a hotel was built across from the terminal in 1998. The original main terminal building was closed on Sunday October 30, 2011 and has since been demolished.

Winnipeg Airport was briefly served by Scandinavian Airlines (SAS) during the mid-1950s on the world's first regular polar route, which linked Copenhagen and Los Angeles with Douglas DC-6B propliner flights via Søndre Strømfjord, Greenland and Winnipeg.

Two passenger airlines operating jet aircraft were previously based at the Winnipeg International Airport: Transair (Canada) and Greyhound Air (both now-defunct). Transair and Greyhound Air operated scheduled flights across Manitoba, Ontario, the Northwest Territories and the Yukon from its Winnipeg hub in addition to operating charter services from the airport to Europe, the Caribbean, Mexico, Florida, and Hawaii among other destinations in the U.S.

Six airlines were serving the airport with scheduled passenger flights during the 1970s and 1980s. Air Canada, CP Air, the original Frontier Airlines, Midwest Airlines, Northwest Airlines, and locally based Transair operated scheduled flights from Winnipeg to destinations including London–Heathrow, Amsterdam, Glasgow, New York–JFK, San Francisco, Honolulu, Denver, Las Vegas, Chicago–O'Hare, and Minneapolis/St. Paul. In the early 2000s, CanJet and Jetsgo (both now-defunct) operated nonstop service from Winnipeg to Toronto Pearson International Airport.

On December 10, 2006, the Minister of Transport, Lawrence Cannon, announced Winnipeg International Airport was to be renamed Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport in honour of the influential businessman and pioneer of Canadian commercial aviation from Winnipeg.

Main terminal
Winnipeg's main airport terminal was designed by Argentine architect Cesar Pelli and Stantec. The terminal's design was inspired by the City of Winnipeg's distinctive landscape and the province of Manitoba's vast prairies and sky. It was the first airport terminal in Canada to be LEED-certified for its environmentally friendly concept, design, construction and operation. The terminal was constructed in two phases, with construction beginning in 2007 and ending on October 30, 2011, when it was officially opened to the public. Prior to the opening of the current main terminal building, a multi-level access road and four-level, 1,559-stall parkade were both opened in November 2006. All airlines serving Winnipeg International Airport operate at the main terminal building, with the exception of Perimeter Aviation.

Air Canada operates a Maple Leaf Lounge located in the domestic/international departures area, and a "pay-in" lounge, operated by Plaza Premium Lounge, is also located in the domestic/international departures area. Free Wi-Fi is provided by the Winnipeg Airports Authority throughout the entire main terminal building.

The airport offers United States border preclearance facilities.

Perimeter terminal
Perimeter Aviation is a regional airline that operates its own small, exclusive terminal building at Winnipeg International Airport to facilitate its passenger, cargo and charter services. Perimeter Aviation does not use the main terminal building due to its varied operations to small remote communities throughout Northern Manitoba and Northwestern Ontario using small propeller aircraft, with which regular airport terminal services (jet bridge, catering, etc.) are unnecessary and can actually be a hindrance to day-to-day operations.

The Perimeter Aviation terminal building is located 2.6 km south of the main terminal building.

Other facilities
A large Canada Post mail processing facility was opened at the airport site on June 4, 2010. The 23225 m2 facility is located east of the main terminal building, just north of Wellington Avenue. It is responsible for processing all mail and parcels for Manitoba, and some parts of Ontario and Northern Canada.

Three hotels are located on site, adjacent to the main airport terminal.

CentrePort Canada
Richardson International Airport is included in a new 20000 acre dry port created by provincial legislation—CentrePort Canada Act, C.C.S.M. c. C44—that will offer investment opportunities for distribution centres, warehousing and manufacturing. CentrePort Canada will allow companies to take advantage of the cargo capabilities of Richardson International Airport, as well as serviced land, a mid-continent location and highway and rail transport.

On April 14, 2009, Prime Minister Stephen Harper with Premier Gary Doer announced at James Richardson that both the Federal and Provincial governments will contribute CA$212.5 million towards a divided four-lane expressway called CentrePort Canada Way. It is now complete, and links Inkster Boulevard to the Perimeter Highway on the north side of the CP Rail Glenboro subdivision parallel to Saskatchewan Avenue to attract new transportation logistics associated development to the city area west and Rosser Municipality northwest of the airport.

Car
Winnipeg International Airport is located at 2000 Wellington Avenue in the City of Winnipeg. Several short and long term parkades are located on site, as well as a curb-side valet parking service.

Bus
Winnipeg Transit operates two bus routes that service the airport. A charging port has been added in October 2014 for Winnipeg transit's electric bus program. Greyhound Canada intercity buses used a station at the airport from 2009 to 2018, when service to Western Canada ended. The Brandon Air Shuttle provides shuttle transportation between Winnipeg International Airport and Manitoba's second largest city, Brandon.

Accidents and incidents at or near YWG

 * On February 6, 1941, a Trans-Canada Air Lines Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra diverted and crashed into trees on approach to Winnipeg a mile short of the airport after developing engine trouble. All three crew and nine passengers were killed.

 * On October 6, 2005, a Morningstar Air Express Cessna 208 Caravan crashed 6.6km (4.1mls) SE of YWG because of in-flight icing conditions and an overweight aircraft. The sole occupant, the pilot, was killed.