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User talk:Der Eberswalder

Administrative divisions of Kaliningrad Oblast
Hi there! The administrative divisions are a concept distinct from that of the municipal divisions, although it is true that many municipal divisions are formed within the borders of the administrative divisions. The latter are used by the federal and oblast governments, while the former are the units of local self-government. And while in Kaliningrad Oblast the main differences between the two can only be observed below the district level, putting up an overview map of municipal divisions and labeling it "administrative" is still a bad idea. Ideally, of course, the article should cover both aspects (and be renamed after that), in a manner similar to one used in this article, but so far there have been no takers for this (rather daunting) task.

There is a brief explanation of both aspects in the subdivisions of Russia article (see the sections titled "administrative divisions" and "municipal divisions"), and you can also peruse the Adygea article I linked to above, since the idea behind the differences is the same across all of the federal subjects of Russia. Hope this helps. Don't hesitate to let me know if anything still needs clarification, or if you have questions after reading those two articles. Cheers,—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); April 12, 2012; 20:47 (UTC)

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Question
Your inclusion of a map by Walter Kuhn as well as your interest in the article on the Polish corridor looks very familiar. Are you User:Kaiser von Europa? If not, do you have other accounts (I note you've been banned on other wikis for extensive sock puppeting ). Volunteer Marek (talk) 02:06, 31 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Nope, I'm not that other user. Der Eberswalder (talk) 17:22, 31 January 2014 (UTC)

About your Third Opinion request
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Talk:Kevin O'Neill (comics)

re: Marshal Law & hating Superheroes
User:Mr_Ralph requested a reference for O'Neill similarly "hating" Superheroes - Alan Moore in The Comics Journal #138 (ref: here) suggests they both do, but it could well be a sarcastic aside. As is the comment itself, of course. Possible that Full Bleed by Matt Maxwell implies it's solely/mostly Mills who dislikes Superheroes, but it's not too big a deal. ntnon (talk) 18:34, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

Designed Marvel 2099 characters
I don't know how significant this is but according to an interview, Warren Ellis or Marvel (I'll recheck my source as I do have the magazine in question) commissioned O'Neil to redesign things during the One Nation Under Doom. Most notably, SHIELD uniforms, the logo, etc. I suppose concept artist? Anyway, I was just checking if we should consider this notable enough to add to the article before I go and dig out my reference material. --24.187.77.211 (talk) 05:18, 20 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Definitely if it can be sourced. (Emperor (talk) 15:01, 20 December 2008 (UTC))

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title: Talk:Kevin O'Neill (comics)


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Berwickshire

Berwickshire (Siorrachd Bhearaig) or the County of Berwick is a historic county, registration county and lieutenancy area in south-eastern Scotland, on the English border. The county takes its name from Berwick-upon-Tweed, its original county town, which was part of Scotland at the time of the county's formation in the twelfth century, but became part of England in 1482 after several centuries of swapping back and forth between the two kingdoms. After the loss of Berwick, Duns and Greenlaw both served as county town at different periods.

Berwickshire County Council existed from 1890 until 1975, when the area became part of the Borders region, with most of the historic county becoming part of the lower-tier Berwickshire district. Berwickshire district was abolished in 1996, when all the districts in the Borders region merged to become the Scottish Borders council area.

The low-lying part of Berwickshire between the Tweed and the Lammermuirs is known as "the Merse", from an old Scots word for a floodplain, and this name is sometimes extended to the county as a whole. Inhabitants are called "Merse-men". Berwickshire borders Midlothian to the west, East Lothian to the north, the North Sea to the east, and Roxburghshire and the English county of Northumberland to the south.

Geography
The terrain of Berwickshire is characterised by a series of low hills and agricultural land, with a number of small towns scattered throughout the county. The Lammermuir Hills traverse the border with East Lothian; it is here that Meikle Says Law, the highest point in the county at 535 m, can be found. The River Tweed forms the border with England to the south, with the exception of a small section in the vicinity of Berwick-upon-Tweed (formerly the river formed the entirety of the border out to the North Sea); other major rivers include the Eye Water, Whiteadder Water, Dye Water, Watch Water, Eden Water and Blackadder Water.

History
Between the late tenth and early eleventh centuries, the land between the rivers Forth and Tweed came under Scottish control. The town of Berwick-upon-Tweed was made a royal burgh by David I (reigned 1124–1153), and it would appear that the shire of Berwick, or Berwickshire, was also created during David's reign. The shire covered the town of Berwick plus a largely rural area to the north-west of it, and corresponded to the medieval province of Merse.

After the town of Berwick had finally been ceded to English control in 1482, the functions of the county town (principally holding the sheriff court) were initially shared between Duns and Lauder, until 1596 when Greenlaw was declared the county town by James VI. In 1661 the county town was moved to Duns, but in 1696 it was moved back to Greenlaw.

Commissioners of Supply were established for each Scottish shire in 1667. County Hall was built at Greenlaw in 1829 to serve as the courthouse and meeting place for the commissioners, replacing an earlier building on an adjoining site. The building was paid for by William Purves-Hume-Campbell of Purves Hall, near Greenlaw, who was keen for Greenlaw to retain its position as county town. However, Greenlaw remained a very small town, and Duns was clearly the larger town by the nineteenth century. In 1853 an Act of Parliament was passed allowing the courts and commissioners' meetings to be held at Duns as well as at Greenlaw. Another courthouse, known as County Buildings, was subsequently built at 8 Newtown Street in Duns in 1856.

County Council
Elected county councils were established in 1890 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889, taking over most of the functions of the commissioners. Berwickshire County Council held its first meeting on 22 May 1890 at County Hall in Greenlaw, when it decided by 18 votes to 12 that all subsequent meetings should be held at Duns. The county council therefore based itself at the County Buildings in Duns, sharing the premises with its continuing use as a sheriff court. The county council subsequently established additional offices in various converted houses along Newtown Street. A modern extension was added to County Buildings in 1967.

Greenlaw was still considered the official county town after 1890, despite the county council meeting in Duns and courts being held at both towns. An Act of Parliament in 1903 finally revoked Greenlaw's status as county town and declared Duns to be the county town for all purposes.

At the time of the county council's abolition in 1975, Berwickshire contained four burghs and three districts:

 * Coldstream Burgh
 * Duns Burgh
 * East District
 * Eyemouth Burgh
 * Lauder Royal Burgh
 * Middle District
 * West District

District Council
Berwickshire County Council was abolished in 1975 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, which reorganised local government across Scotland into upper-tier regions and lower-tier districts. Berwickshire was incorporated into the Borders Region. Borders was divided into four districts, one of which was named Berwickshire, with borders which broadly resembled those of the historic county, but excluded the parish of Nenthorn, which went to Roxburgh district, and the parishes of Channelkirk, Earlston, Lauder, Legerwood, and Mertoun, which went to Ettrick and Lauderdale district. The Berwickshire lieutenancy area was adjusted from being the historic county to being the new district at the same time.

Berwickshire District Council was based at the former County Buildings at 8 Newtown Street in Duns, which became known as the Council Offices.

The Borders region and its four district councils, including Berwickshire, were abolished in 1996, merging to form the present Scottish Borders council area. The Berwickshire lieutenancy area continues to be defined as the area of the pre-1996 district rather than the pre-1975 county. The former council offices in Duns continue to be used for some departments of Scottish Borders Council.

Political control
The first election to Berwickshire District Council was held in 1974, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until it came into its powers on 16 May 1975. Throughout the council's existence a majority of the seats on the council were held by Conservatives:

Coat of arms
The county council of Berwickshire was formed in 1890 by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889, and applied for a grant of arms the same year. The grant, by Lord Lyon King of Arms was made on 10 October.

The coat of arms shows a bear chained to a wych tree, forming a pun on the name of the original county town of Berwick. Upon the abolition of Berwickshire County Council, the arms were regranted to Berwickshire District Council. When the district council was abolished the arms reverted to the Crown.

Transport
The East Coast Main Line railway line passes through the county, running roughly parallel with the coast. From the railway's opening in 1846 there were a number of small stations within Berwickshire, but they were all closed by 1964. A rebuilt Reston railway station opened on this stretch of line in 2022, being the only railway station within the historic county (apart from Berwick-upon-Tweed railway station which lies within the area ceded from Berwickshire to England in 1482). The Berwickshire Railway formerly serviced the county, however this closed following damage caused by a violent storm in 1948. The nearest open stations are in Dunbar and Berwick-upon-Tweed.

The A1 road runs roughly parallel to the railway and provides access to Edinburgh in the north and to the south Berwick-upon-Tweed, continuing on to Newcastle. The A68 and A697 serve the towns of western Berwickshire.

Civil parishes

 * Abbey St Bathans
 * Ayton
 * Buncle (Bonkyl)
 * Cockburnspath
 * Coldingham
 * Chirnside
 * Coldstream
 * Cranshaws
 * Channelkirk
 * Duns
 * Eyemouth
 * Edrom
 * Eccles
 * Earlston
 * Foulden
 * Fogo
 * Greenlaw
 * Gordon
 * Hutton
 * Hume
 * Longformacus
 * Langton
 * Ladykirk
 * Liberties of Berwick
 * Lauder (former seat of the county Commissariat)
 * Legerwood
 * Mordington
 * Mertoun
 * Nenthorn
 * Part of Oldhamstocks, since 1891 in East Lothian
 * Polwarth
 * Swinton
 * Whitsome
 * Westruther

Settlements

 * Abbey St Bathans
 * Allanton
 * Auchencrow
 * Ayton
 * Birgham
 * Burnmouth
 * Chirnside
 * Clappers
 * Clintmains
 * Cockburnspath
 * Coldingham
 * Coldstream
 * Cove
 * Cranshaws
 * Dryburgh
 * Duns
 * Earlston
 * Eccles
 * Edrom
 * Eyemouth
 * Fogo
 * Foulden
 * Gavinton
 * Gordon
 * Grantshouse
 * Greenlaw
 * Horndean
 * Houndwood
 * Hume
 * Hutton
 * Ladykirk
 * Lamberton
 * Lauder
 * Legerwood
 * Leitholm
 * Lennel
 * Longformacus
 * Nenthorn
 * Oxton
 * Paxton
 * Polwarth
 * Preston
 * Redpath
 * Reston
 * St Abbs
 * Swinton
 * Westruther
 * Whitsome

Legacy
The Berwickshire News is published weekly, and numerous organisations and groups have Berwickshire in their titles (i.e.: the Berwickshire Housing Association, Berwickshire Sports Council).

The Berwickshire Civic Society is campaigned for road signs at the entrances to the county to have notices added saying "You are now entering the ancient county of Berwickshire", and they hold an annual Keep Berwickshire Tidy Campaign, judged each April.

The high school west of Duns is named Berwickshire High School, and has been open since 1896. Together with Eyemouth High School they run a rugby team under the name of Berwickshire schools.

The Berwickshire Coastal Path runs from Cockburnspath to Berwick-upon-Tweed (28 mile).

title: Berwickshire


text:
Quiet Please

Quiet Please may refer to:

 * Quiet, Please, an American fantasy and horror radio program
 * Quiet Please!: Bawal ang Maingay, a Filipino television game show
 * Quiet Please... The New Best of Nick Lowe, an album by Nick Lowe
 * Quiet Please!, a 1945 Tom and Jerry cartoon
 * Quiet, Please, a 2016 documentary about misophonia

title: Quiet Please


text:
Talk:Generalized hypergeometric function

Notation
Notation not straight yet - I'll have to try to sort it out, since the actual conventions are not what one would guess a priori.

Charles Matthews 18:17, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * This page seems very weak to me. It would be better to start with the most general definition (n upper parameters and m lower parameters), explain the connection with recurrences, and finally move on to famous special cases and identities. Also, the traditional notation is rather ugly, incorporating as it does the number of parameters into the name of the symbol. Would it make sense to use the much nicer Graham/Knuth/Patashnik notation from Concrete Mathematics for the main presentation, and mention the traditional notation in an aside? Gdr 15:05, 2004 Aug 2 (UTC)

No, I don't think it is right to start with the most general definition. And I don't think the notation that occurs in the classical works should be junked just on the basis of one graduate textbook. There is clearly a huge amount that could be added - the subject being a couple of centuries old - but please, can we have some sort of sensible gradient at the start rather than plunging into Fmn kind of stuff?

But by all means add something about the GKP notation and its advantages.

Charles Matthews 15:30, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Hypergeometric series
Hi Linas,

thank you for your welcoming note and your encouragement. I did not find a button to send an e-mail, so I hope you read this. Just a comment on the edit in "Hypergeometric series" before my edits. In fact, I made this, too, but before I created the account, so it's anonymous. I still think, $$z$$ should be ommitted from these formulas, but as you reverted this, I should maybe give some additional explanation:

If we have a series $$\sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n z^n$$, by convention, the coeffitients of the series are $$a_n$$, while the terms or summands are $$a_n z^n$$.

Now consider the the exponential series

$$1+z+\frac{1}{2}z^2+\frac{1}{6}z^3+\cdots$$.

Then the ratio of two successive terms is given by $$\frac{z}{n}$$ while the ratio of two successive coeffitients is given by $$\frac{1}{n}$$. We are talking about coefficients here, aren't we?

Maybe I missunderstood an important point about these functions; if you insist in the necessity of $$z$$ in these formulas, please tell my your reasoning.

Regards, Thomas (Thomas Bliem 10:33, 15 November 2005 (UTC)).

 * Right, except that that is an unusual definition of a series. If $$\{a_n\}$$ is a sequence, then the series is $$\sum_n a_n$$ (there is no assumed z^n in the definition of a series, in general). Rather, the article is explicitly trying to discuss the ratio a_n = tilda-p/tilda-q, from which it factors out a factor of z/n leaving the ratio p/q which is now the traditional hypergeometric series. That is, the ratio of two successive coefficients is tilda-p/tilda-q = (z/n)(p/q). The exponential function has p=q=1. The point of the exercise is to demonstrate why there is a factor of z^n/n! that is traditionally removed (and not just z^n alone, or 1/n! alone). Without this, the intro section doesn't hang together.

 * Anyway, thank you very much for your concern; we really like conscientious editors on wikipedia. If you can come up with some alternate way of stating the above, I suppose that's OK, as long as the article is better as a result.

 * Oh, and in general, we should have the conversation on the talk page of the article. at elast on a matter such as this. linas 15:07, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I guess the point you are working from is that if {a_n} is a seuqnce, then the corresponding geometric series would be Sigma_n a_n z^n, and now all that is needed is the explanation of the hyper- prefix ... I guess either development would work. linas 15:20, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Like Thomas said, if you have a series \sum_n a_n, then the individual a_n are called "terms". If you have a power series \sum_n a_n x^n, then the terms are a_n x^n and the coefficients are a_n. I change the first sentence from
 * "a hypergeometric series is the sum of a sequence of terms in which the ratios of successive coefficients k is a rational function of k."
 * to
 * "a hypergeometric series is a power series in which the ratios of successive coefficients k is a rational function of k."
 * Is this clearer? -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 16:01, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

Yes, except that the starting point is not a power series. The ending point is a power series. The starting point is a sequence a_n the ratio of whose terms is a rational function of n. That is, a_{n+1} / a_n = tilde-P(n) / tilde-Q(n) where tilde-P(n) and tilde-Q(n) are "any" polynomials. In particular, the very first step is to remove the leading constant: that is, to write tilde-P(n) / tilde-Q(n) = const. \cdot n^m + O(n^{m-1}) for some integer m. One then identifies the leading const. with z (a ha!). After removal of this leading const, one then gets the rest of this stuff with the usual normal form/normalization. The factor of z just takes you from "any" rational function, to the suitable normalized rational function. See where I'm coming from?

Of course, if one defines a polynomial (or rational function) to be something for which the const. in front of the leading term is already set to unity, then one has to introduce the z in some other way (e.g. by declaring it to be a power series by fiat). It doesn't matter much which way you do it, except that maybe there's a tiny bit of insight gained from knowing that the z can be factored into/pulled out of the leading const. of the rational function. Its kind of "projective" in this way. linas 22:37, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay, I think I see what you mean, but I don't see why you would do that. Why is the leading constant identified with z? -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 12:13, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, start with the first term, and multiply them out (convert the ratio of terms into terms). The series will then have (const.)^n in the n'th term. Right? So identify const. with z, or merge it into z, or just call it z, whatever. linas 15:58, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

I don't understand why this has to be confusing. I don't see why there have to be tildes in the notation, for example. Just say in words that the old P, Q can be replaced. Words are better for almost all humans, you know, rather than notation. Charles Matthews 12:17, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I agonized over this when I first wrote it. Its bad style to re-use the same notation for two different (but related) items; naive readers are all too easily mislead. I was concerned that some reader would equate the P in the first paragraph to the P in the second, and get confused. With some agony and displeasure, I picked tilde-P as a passable solution, if not a very good one.

 * As to formulas vs. words: I like both: converting words into formulas is error-prone; however, formulas are needed for calculations. For general reading, words are great. However, as I often calculate, I need to have accurate formulas: there's nothing quite like wasting an afternoon of calculations because the initial formula had some missing term or some subtle mis-statement. linas 15:58, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

As far as I know, you don't have to repeat letters until you have used 26. This kind of tangle in expression usually means a rewrite is needed, anyway. And I don't think we should be writing introductory material based so closely on personal (good or bad) experiences. Charles Matthews 16:06, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmm, I was trying to stick to "P" for polynomial; but I don't much care. I have no plans for a re-write; I wrote the current draft, its someone-else's turn. And surely, the "personal experience" of calculating the wrong thing is broadly and regularly shared by all, beginner or sophisticate? I can't possibly be the only one running around making mistakes!  Seriously, I think its just fine to belabour "obvious" points, if it can get some college kid to understand and get interested. WP has had a lot of "too technical" debates recently. linas 03:45, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

Level of generality
Well, I wonder why I bothered writing above that I didn't think we should start with the general one-variable case. Charles Matthews 11:50, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

revert of recent edits
Hi, I just reverted some well-meaning recent edits by User:Ben Standeven mostly because the fell into te same trap discussed above, on circa 15 Nov 2005. linas 02:11, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I think I get it now; but while the distinction between a hypergeometric series and a hypergeometric function is important, the old article didn't really explain it. So I've switched back to my version for that section. I've left the intro as is, though. Ben Standeven 19:38, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The generality of the introduction is excessive; I've been arguing a point like this at Talk:General linear group, and I'll argue it here. And, Linas, the tildes are just as bad an idea as they ever were. Charles Matthews 19:56, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I removed the tildes. I agree in principle about excess generality in math articles; I am not sure what to do about it here. I presume that a simpler structure would be:
 * give series formula for 2F1. A few words about analytic continuation; a discussion of 2F1-related topics.
 * give series formula for mFn.
 * explain why its called "hypergeometric" (viz, what the current "intro" does).
 * rest of article as it currently stands.
 * Basically, the only change would be to add a leading section on 2F1 and another on mFn. Would that work? linas 15:22, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, with the lead section only about 2F1, it wouldn't be so tough. Charles Matthews 15:43, 7 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I started making these edits. linas 14:29, 8 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm done, for now. This exercise makes clear how pathetic this article is. Oh well. linas 15:28, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Relationship to varieties?
I started making the edits above, and it doesn't help that I've been reading about varieties and schemes recently. It occurs to me: 2F1 is related to the elliptic curves (in this strange way I haven't yet mastered; it follows through the diff eq for the j-invariant). Does this relationship generalize to varieties in general? A quick skim of the index of a few books indicates that there is no discussion of such things. linas 14:29, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Maybe not. The relation is through the j-invariant. Do varieties in general have j-invariants? I guess not, I guess that the j-invariant is due to the richness of the moduli space. Should I guess that the higher-dimensional structures don't have interesting moduli spaces, possibly due to some rigidity theorem? Who knows. And so I add another question on my infinite list of unanswered questions. linas 16:49, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

There are other good moduli spaces - for example, for K3 surfaces. I think you're looking for the Gauss-Manin connection, the differential equation for the 'periods', though. Charles Matthews 21:15, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Odd sentence
"In a certain sense, the situation can be likened to using a computer to perform addition and multiplication; the actual value of the resulting number is in a sense less important than the various patterns that emerge; and so it is with hypergeometric identities as well." -- what does that mean? McKay 14:23, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

Examples?
It would be nice to see some actual examples of how other functions may be represented by special cases of the hypergeomtric function and also some notes on the domain of convergence. I'm finding the mathworld article (http://mathworld.wolfram.com/HypergeometricFunction.html) a more useful reference. Farmhouse121 03:14, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

rising factorial or falling factorial?
In the paragraph "The series 2F1", the sentence "where $$(a)_n=a(a+1)(a+2)\ldots(a+n-1)$$ is the rising factorial", is it wrong?

According to the article Pochhammer symbol, $$(a)_n$$ seems to be a symbol of a falling factorial.

——Nussknacker胡桃夹子^.^tell me... 19:52, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

 * The symbol $$(a)_n$$ is sometimes used for either one, and that is the source of the problem. It's not wrong, it's just inconsistent with the Wikipedia Pochhammer article. I think you have a good point, it should be made consistent. PAR 14:13, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

Can someone provide references to some of the assertions here, such as that the Gamma function and the elliptic integrals are cases of hypergoemetric functions/series? These do not seem to appear on the corresponding pages and look suspicious to me. 82.230.82.110 20:41, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Check out Abramowitz and Stegun, pages 509 Eq. 13.6.10 and 510 Eq. 13.6.28 for the Gamma function, and page 591 Eqs. 17.3.9-10 for the elliptic integrals. PAR 23:28, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I concur that elliptic integrals can be expressed as 2F1s (it's a special case of Euler's integral representation). However, the tables do not give a formula for the Gamma function, but rather for the incomplete Gamma function.  Indeed, the Gamma function itself is not a hypergeometric function as defined in the article; in order to express Gamma in hypergeometric terms, the argument of Gamma must appear in the parameters of the hypergeometric series, not the variable. 209.125.235.244 18:25, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

Elementary functions
I've recently added a little bit of stuff to this article – I was trying to address some of the concerns (usefulness of the article, "Pochhammer symbols", etc) raised on this talk page. In particular, I added some of the simpler elementary functions that can be expressed as particular instances of the hypergeometric function. I had an ulterior motive for doing this. I intend to tie part of this article into a new article Continued fraction of Gauss which I've been intending to write for some time now.

One other thing. The article says "Many other special cases are listed in the Category:Special hypergeometric functions." But that's just a list of additional articles. I checked out several of those yesterday, and found no mention of the hypergeometric series in those associated articles. Shouldn't each of the articles in that category contain an explicit reference to this article? Or at least show how that function can be expressed as an instance of a hypergeometric function? DavidCBryant 15:49, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

Another special case
Does anybody know of another representation of $$ \,_0F_1 (a;c/z) $$? I have an integral that involves this hypergeometric function, an exponential, etc., and can't perform the integral.

Any help would be greatly appreciated. I realise that this isn't so much a discussion, but perhaps the answer (if there is one) might be worth putting on the main page. Thanks! --Wainson (talk) 20:56, 29 August 2008 (UTC)
 * It is related to a Bessel function (see Bessel function). In Abramowitz and Stegun (http://www.math.sfu.ca/~cbm/aands/page_355.htm) there's lots of formulae with integrals of Bessels with exponentials etc. Maybe you can find an answer there. Greets, David [[image:Da Vit in Chu Nôm.jpg|17px|Da Vit]] 09:09, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

Hypergeometric identities
There are two articles relating to the term "hypergeometric identities", namely List of hypergeometric identities and Hypergeometric identities. The first article deals with identities involving hypergeometric functions and the second with identities involving the terms of hypergeometric series. These are related but different topics and having the virtually same name for both is confusing. I'm changing the destination of the link in the identities section to the first article, and removing the remark about algorithms for proving them since it seems to be referring to the second article. Is there better terminology to avoid this confusion in the future?--RDBury (talk) 06:45, 13 February 2009 (UTC)

Arithmetic-geometric mean
The following

\,_2F_1 \left(\frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{2}; 1; k^2\right) = \frac {1}{agm(1-k,1+k)} = \frac{2}{\pi} K(k) \,\!$$ Where can be inferred from -- Ac44ck (talk) 16:48, 21 March 2010 (UTC)
 * $${agm}\,\!$$ = the arithmetic-geometric mean
 * $$K(k)\,\!$$ = the complete elliptic integral of the first kind
 * Elliptic_integral

Why generalized hypergeometric functions?
This article seems to do a good job of describing the generalized hypergeometric function and its properties.

But it leaves this reader with a burning question: Why is this class of functions worth studying?

For many other mathematical entities, their extremely special and beautiful properties alone make the answer to this question clear. But for the class of generalized hypergeometric function, its properties seem to be about what one might expect if we consider the level of complexity of the definition of these functions. (Which is not too simple and not too complex.) The properties of these functions — as described in the article — are not particularly ugly but they do not strike me as particularly beautiful or special, either.

I am probably missing some important insights. Quite possibly many other readers will wonder the same thing: Why study generalized hypergeometric functions? I am not very knowledgeable in this area, so I hope someone who is knowledgeable can fill in this omission.Daqu (talk) 18:42, 26 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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Needs Reference
"It can be shown that the series converges absolutely at z = 1 if..." needs a reference. Skewray (talk) 21:19, 30 July 2023 (UTC)

Also, "Analytic continuation can be employed for larger values of z." What does this mean? Skewray (talk) 21:19, 30 July 2023 (UTC)


text:
Tweed (disambiguation)

Tweed is a woollen fabric.

Tweed may also refer to:

Places

 * Tweed, Ontario, Canada
 * Tweed, Ontario (village)
 * Tweed, Georgia, U.S.
 * Tweed New Haven Airport in New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.
 * Tweed Heads, New South Wales, Australia
 * Tweed Shire, New South Wales, Australia
 * River Tweed, Scotland
 * Tweed River (New South Wales)
 * Tweed River (New Zealand)

People

 * Charles Austin Tweed (1813–1887), American politician and jurist
 * Charles H. Tweed (1895–1970), American orthodontist
 * David Tweed (fl. from 2000s), Australian businessman
 * Davy Tweed (1959–2021), Irish rugby player
 * George Ray Tweed (1902–1989), US Navy Radioman, holdout in Japan-occupied Guam
 * Harrison Tweed (1885–1969), American lawyer and civic leader
 * Heather Tweed (born 1959), British visual artist
 * Karen Tweed (born 1963), British piano accordionist
 * Martin Tweed (1890–1974), New Zealand rugby player and physician
 * Merv Tweed (born 1955), Canadian politician
 * Paul Tweed (born 1955), Northern Ireland lawyer
 * Shannon Tweed (born 1957), Canadian actress and model
 * Tracy Tweed, her sister
 * Steven Tweed (born 1972), Scottish footballer and manager
 * Sydney Charles Tweed (1886–1942), Canadian businessman and politician
 * Thomas Tweed, (1853–1906), Canadian merchant and politician
 * Thomas F. Tweed (1890–1940), British soldier and novelist
 * William M. Tweed (1823–1878), "Boss Tweed," 19th-century New York politician
 * Tweed law, a New York State law
 * Tweed Roosevelt (born 1942), American businessman, great-grandson of President Theodore Roosevelt

Other uses

 * Tweed (Fender), a series of guitar amplifiers
 * Tweed Marijuana Inc, now Canopy Growth, a Canadian cannabis company
 * HMS Tweed, the name of several ships of the Royal Navy

title: Tweed (disambiguation)


text:
Legal ethics

Legal ethics are principles of conduct that members of the legal profession are expected to observe in their practice. They are an outgrowth of the development of the legal profession itself.

In the United States
In the U.S., each state or territory has a code of professional conduct dictating rules of ethics. These may be adopted by the respective state legislatures and/or judicial systems. The American Bar Association has promulgated the Model Rules of Professional Conduct which, while formally only a recommendation by a private body, have been influential in many jurisdictions. The Model Rules address many topics which are found in state ethics rules, including the client-lawyer relationship, duties of a lawyer as advocate in adversary proceedings, dealings with persons other than clients, law firms and associations, public service, advertising, and maintaining the integrity of the profession. Respect of client confidence, candor toward the tribunal, truthfulness in statements to others, and professional independence are some of the defining features of legal ethics.

The Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination (MPRE) is used to measure examinees' knowledge and understanding of established standards related to the professional conduct of lawyers. The MPRE is a prerequisite or corequisite to the bar examination for admission as an attorney at law in 48 of the 50 states of the United States, as well as the District of Columbia, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the Republic of Palau. Of the 56 jurisdictions within the United States, only Puerto Rico, and Wisconsin do not use the MPRE; however, these jurisdictions still incorporate local ethics rules in their respective bar examinations.

Maynard Pirsig, published one of the first course books on legal ethics, Cases and Materials on Legal Ethics, 1949. Maynard Pirsig also published the definition of Legal Ethics, in Encyclopedia Britannica, 1974.

Some U.S. states, including New York, require applicants seeking to become attorneys to have taken a course in professional responsibility during law school.

United States
Every state in the United States has a regulatory body (usually called a state bar association) that polices lawyer conduct. When lawyers are licensed to practice in a state, those lawyers subject themselves to this authority. Overall responsibility often lies with the highest court in a state (such as state supreme court). The state bar associations, often in consultation with the court, adopt a set of rules that set forth the applicable ethical duties. As of 2013, 48 states have adopted a version of the American Bar Association's model rules. California is the only state that has not adopted either—instead these states have written their own rules from scratch.

There was once some debate over whether state ethical rules apply to federal prosecutors. The Department of Justice has held differing opinions through different administrations, with the Thornburgh Memo suggesting these rules do not apply, and the Reno Rules asserting that they do apply. Now, 28 U.S.C. § 530B provides that government attorneys are subject to the state ethics laws in the state in which they practice.

Lawyers who fail to comply with local rules of ethics may be subjected to discipline ranging from private (non-public) reprimand to disbarment.

Tanzania
In Tanzania, professional ethics for the members of private bar (advocates) are regulated by the Advocates Act, Cap. 341 which is principal legislation and the Advocates (Professional conducts and Etiquette) Regulations, 2018 (Government Notice No. 118 of 2018) which is subsidiary legislation enacted by the National Advocates Committee (formerly known as the Advocates Committee).

The National Advocate is disciplinary authority of advocates in Tanzania. The said Committee in its capacity as disciplinary authority enjoys power to remove advocates from the Roll of Advocates, suspend advocate and issue warning against advocate.

India
In India, under the Advocates Act of 1961, the Bar Council of India is responsible for creating rules for registering advocates, regulation of legal ethics, and for administering disciplinary action. In India a legal law firm named Legalethics, (https://www.legalethics.in) which provides legal awareness for people who need it because of innocence.

Australia
In New South Wales, reforms commencing from July 1, 2015, brought a uniform regulatory system to the legal profession regarding billing arrangements, discipline procedures and complaints handling processing. An inter jurisdictional Legal Services Council was established in order to regulate the legal profession and its delivery of legal services. This resulted in the creation of the Legal Profession Uniform Law Australian Solicitors' Conduct Rules 2015 and the Legal Profession Uniform Conduct Barristers' Rules 2015.

The States and Territories of Australia are regulated through co-regulation, self-regulation and independent regulation.
 * New South Wales is co-regulated by the Law Society of NSW, the NSW Bar Association and the Legal Services Commissioner.
 * Queensland is co-regulated by the Law Society of Queensland, Bar Association of Queensland and the Legal Services Commissioner.
 * Tasmania is self-regulated through the Law Society of Tasmania.
 * Victoria is co-regulated in collaboration with the Victorian Legal Services Board and Commissioner, the Law Institute of Victoria and the Victorian Bar
 * South Australia is independently regulated by the Legal Practitioners Conduct Board.
 * Western Australia is independently regulated through the Legal Practice Board and the Legal Profession Complaints Committee.
 * The Northern Territory is self-regulated by the Law Society of the Northern Territory.
 * The Australian Capital Territory is self-regulated by the Law Society of the ACT, the ACT Bar Association and the Complaints Investigating Committee.

title: Legal ethics


text:
Asian (South Africa)

In South Africa, Asian usually refers to people of South Asian ancestry, more commonly called Indians. They are largely descended from people who migrated to South Africa in the late 19th and early 20th century from British ruled South Asia.

The "Indian"/"Asian" identity was codified by law under Apartheid as a race group. This term excluded other peoples from Continental Asia, including East Asians such as the Chinese, who were either classified as Coloureds or Honorary whites, West Asians (particularly the Lebanese and Syrians), who were originally classified as "Asian" until the early 1900s, and later as “white”, or groups like the Cape Malays who have some degree of Southeast Asian ancestry, and were classified as a subgroup of Coloured.

Indians
There are more than 1 million Indians in South Africa, most of whom are descended from indentured labourers who were brought into the country by the British from India in the mid-19th century. They were hired to work in sugar plantations or mines (especially coal) in the Colony of Natal (now KwaZulu-Natal). Traders, known as Passenger Indians also subsequently immigrated. Since 1994 however, there has been a steady trickle of immigrants from the Indian subcontinent. Most Indian South Africans live in KwaZulu-Natal, particularly in the cities of Durban, Pietermaritzburg and their surrounding areas.

Chinese
The smaller Chinese community was initially descended from migrant workers who came to work in the gold mines around Johannesburg in the late nineteenth century. Some of those workers were repatriated. Estimates vary, but the Chinese population is reckoned to have increased from 10,000 in the early 1980s to more than 100,000 in the early 2000s.

Chinese immigration caused difficulties for the apartheid regime. Based on the earlier status of Chinese as indentured labourers, the government classified immigrants from Mainland China as "non-white", in particular as coloureds, and therefore subject to numerous restrictions in residence, voting, education, work, free movement, etc. In 1984, South African Chinese, now increased to about 10,000, received some rights of given to the Japanese who had honorary white status in South African, that is, to be treated as whites in terms of the Group Areas Act only as they didn't acquire all of the official rights of Honorary White status and thus could not do things such as vote or be eligible for conscription.

In late 2006, the Chinese Association of South Africa filed suit to have Chinese South Africans recognised as having been disadvantaged under apartheid, to benefit from Black Economic Empowerment (BEE). Complicating this attempt was the presence of recent immigrant Chinese who had not been disadvantaged by apartheid. They greatly outnumber native Chinese South Africans. Because Chinese under apartheid had somewhat less rigid restrictions than indigenous blacks, some people argued against their receiving benefits. In addition, the status of Japanese and South Koreans as honorary whites under apartheid complicated the case. Nonetheless, in June 2008, Chinese South Africans were fully recognised as having been disadvantaged and entered the BEE ethnic groups if they arrived before 1994.

Other East Asians
For separate political reasons, the government had classified Japanese, South Koreans, and Taiwanese, as honorary whites, and thus were granted the same privileges as whites. There is a small community of Koreans in South Africa, numbering 3,480 people; it began to form mostly in the 1990s, and includes expatriates sent by South Korean companies, students of English, and individual entrepreneurs.

Pakistanis
Descendants of people who migrated to South Africa in the 19th and early 20th centuries from the pre-partition regions that became Pakistan, are part of the South African Indian community. A number of people from Pakistan have also immigrated to South Africa following the end of apartheid. A substantial number of Pakistanis, most of them belonging to the Muhajir community of Karachi, moved to South Africa in the early 1990s. They largely reside in the bigger cities.

Sri Lankans
During the Dutch Empire of the 17th and 18th centuries, many slaves were brought from the island of Sri Lanka (then Ceylon). In the early 18th century, half of the slaves of Cape came from the colonies of India and Ceylon. The ethnicities that have roots from Ceylon are the Cape Malays and Cape Coloured. The total numbers of people with Sri Lankan descent is unknown.

Southeast Asians
The Cape Malays are a Muslim group with some Pribumi Indonesian and Malay ancestry that originated at the Cape during the period of Dutch colonization. During the apartheid regime, they were both classified as part of the "Coloured" racial group and thus considered "non-white" and treated as such.

South Africans of Filipino descent were classified as "black" due to historical outlook on Filipinos by White South Africans, and many of them lived in bantustans, which were areas set aside to be inhabited by Black South Africans.

West Asians
Certain people from West Asia, particularly Lebanese and Syrians, were originally classified as "Asian" and therefore "non-white". In 1913, Moses Gadur sued the government after being denied the right to purchase land in Johannesburg on the basis of being considered non-white. Moses Gandur's lawyers successfully argued that Jewish immigrants, who were part of the same Semitic race, were not considered "Asian" the same way other people from the Levant were. Therefore, if they were subject to these laws, the Jews should also be affected. Ultimately, the agreement was that the laws only apply to colored people and "yellow" Asiatics, and not them.

title: Asian (South Africa)


text:
Horatio Nelson Young

Horatio Nelson Young (July 19, 1845 – July 3, 1913) was a United States Navy sailor who received the Medal of Honor for his actions on the USS Lehigh during the American Civil War.

Biography
Young was born in Calais, Maine, a small United States-British North America border town. As a young man he lived in a place where crossing the bridge over the St. Croix River to St. Stephen, New Brunswick for employment, shopping, hospitalization, or just visiting friends, was an almost daily part of life.

Following the outbreak of the American Civil War, Young traveled to Boston, Massachusetts, where he joined the United States Navy. On November 16, 1863, the 18-year-old was serving aboard the USS Lehigh (1863) when the ship ran aground in Charleston Harbor. In rough waters and under heavy enemy fire, Young and two other sailors, Landsman Frank S. Gile and Landsman William Williams, succeeded in passing in a small boat from their ship to the USS Nahant (1862) with a line wrapped on a hawser that would enable the Lehigh to be freed from her position.

For this action, Young, Gile, and Williams each received the Medal of Honor, the United States' highest military decoration.

Young died in 1913 and was interred in the St. Stephen Rural Cemetery, in St. Stephen, New Brunswick, Canada, surrounded by other Canadian and American war dead.

Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Seaman, U.S. Navy. Born: July 19, 1845, Calais, Maine. G.O. No.: 32, April 16, 1864.

Citation:

On board the U.S.S. Lehigh, Charleston Harbor, 16 November 1863, during the hazardous task of freeing the Lehigh, which had grounded, and was under heavy enemy fire from Fort Moultrie. After several previous attempts had been made, Young succeeded in passing in a small boat from the Lehigh to the Nahant with a line bent on a hawser. This courageous action while under severe enemy fire enabled the Lehigh to be freed from her helpless position.

title: Horatio Nelson Young


text:
Ashoka (disambiguation)

Ashoka (died 232 BC) was a monarch of the Mauryan Empire of India.

Ashoka, Asoka, or Ashok may also refer to:

Entertainment

 * Ashok (film), a 2006 Telugu film directed by Surender Reddy
 * Ashoka (2006 film), a 2006 Kannada film directed by Shivamani
 * Ashoka (2008 film), a 2008 Tamil film directed by Prem
 * Asoka (1955 film), a 1955 Sri Lankan film directed by Sirisena Wimalaweera
 * Aśoka (film), a 2001 Bollywood historical drama film directed by Santosh Sivan
 * Ashoka the Great (book), a 2011 book by Wytze Keuning
 * Ashoka the Hero, a 2011 Indian animated film
 * Ashok, a fictional character portrayed by Danny Denzongpa in his 1980 Indian film Phir Wohi Raat

Actors

 * Ashok Kumar (Tamil actor) (born 1981), South Indian actor and Bharatnatyam performer
 * Ashok Kumar (1911–2001), Indian film actor
 * Ashok Lokhande (born 1950), Indian film actor
 * Ashok Mehta (1947–2012), Indian film actor
 * Ashok Saraf (born 1947), Indian actor and comedian, Marathi and Hindi
 * Ashok Selvan (born 1989), Indian actor
 * Ashok Shinde, Indian film actor
 * Ashok (Kannada actor) (born 1951), Kannada film actor

Chief Ministers of Indian states

 * Ashok Chavan (born 1958), Chief Minister of Maharashtra
 * Ashok Gehlot (born 1951), chief minister of the Indian state of Rajasthan
 * R. Ashok, former Deputy Chief Minister of Indian State of Karnataka

Cricketers

 * Ashok Upadhyay (born 1953), Indian cricketer
 * Asoka de Silva (cricketer) (born 1956), Sri Lankan Sinhala cricketer

Film-related

 * Ashok Amritraj (born 1956), Indian American film producer
 * Ashok Gaikwad (born 1962), Indian film director

Law and enforcement

 * Ashok Chaturvedi (born 1947), former chief of India's external intelligence agency
 * Ashok Desai, Attorney General of India, 1996 to 1998
 * Asoka de Silva (judge) (born 1946), Sri Lankan Sinhala judge, Chief Justice
 * Ashok B. Hinchigeri, Indian judge
 * Ashok Kamte (1965–2008), Additional Commissioner of Mumbai Police for the East Region

Literature

 * Ashok Banker (born 1964), Indian novelist and short story writer
 * Ashokamitran (1931–2017), influential figure in post-independent Tamil literature

Others

 * Ashoka (Gonandiya), a king of Kashmir
 * Ashok Captain (born 1960), Indian herpetologist
 * Ashok Row Kavi (born 1947), Indian journalist and LGBT rights activist

Other uses

 * Ashoka (non-profit organization), an international citizen sector organization
 * Ashoknagar (disambiguation) or Ashok Nagar, the name of various places in India
 * Ashok Leyland, an Indian commercial vehicle manufacturer founded in 1948 based in Chennai

title: Ashoka (disambiguation)


text:
Duff Cooper Prize

The Duff Cooper Prize (currently known as the Pol Roger Duff Cooper Prize) is a literary prize awarded annually for the best work of history, biography, political science or occasionally poetry, published in English or French. The prize was established in honour of Duff Cooper, a British diplomat, Cabinet member and author. The prize was first awarded in 1956 to Alan Moorehead for his Gallipoli. At present, the winner receives a first edition copy of Duff Cooper's autobiography Old Men Forget and a cheque for £5,000.

Overview
After Duff Cooper's death in 1954, a group of his friends decided to establish a trust to endow a literary prize in his memory. The trust appoints five judges. Two of them are ex officio: the Warden of New College, Oxford, and a member of Duff Cooper's family (initially, Duff Cooper's son, John Julius Norwich for the first thirty-six years, and then John Julius' daughter, Artemis Cooper). The other three judges appointed by the trust serve for five years and they appoint their own successors. The first three judges were Maurice Bowra, Cyril Connolly and Raymond Mortimer. At present, the three appointed judges are biographer Mark Amory, historian Susan Brigden, and TLS history editor David Horspool.

From 2013, the prize has been known as The Pol Roger Duff Cooper Prize, following a sponsorship by Pol Roger.

title: Duff Cooper Prize


text:
Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland

The Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland (Christlichdemokratische Volkspartei der Schweiz, CVP), also called the Christian Democratic Party (Parti démocrate-chrétien, PDC), Democratic People's Party (Partito Popolare Democratico, PPD) and Swiss Christian Democratic Party (, PCD), was a Christian democratic political party in Switzerland. On 1 January 2021, it merged with the Conservative Democratic Party of Switzerland (BDP/PBD) to form The Centre, which now operates at the federal level. The Christian Democratic People's Party will continue to exist at the cantonal level as individual local and regional parties determine their status.

Its 28 parliamentary seats in the National Council and 13 parliamentary seats in the Council of States were transferred to the new party, as was its sole executive seat on the Federal Council, held by Viola Amherd.

The party was founded as the Catholic Conservative Party in 1912. It peaked in the 1950s, having three members of the Federal Council (1954–1958) before agreeing to the magic formula. It adopted its current name in 1970. From 1979 to 2003, the party's vote declined, mostly in the favour of the Swiss People's Party (SVP/UDC); the party was reduced to one Federal Councillor at the 2003 Federal Council election.

The party sat in the centre  to centre-right  of the political spectrum, advocating Christian democracy, the social market economy and moderate social conservatism. The party was strongest in Catholic rural areas, particularly Central Switzerland and Valais.

History
In 1912 the Catholic-Conservative Party of Switzerland (Katholisch-Konservative Partei der Schweiz) was founded. From 1919 on, the party occupied two out of the seven seats in the cabinet. Aided by the political climate of the postwar period, the party experienced its peak in the 1950s: It was represented by the biggest parliamentary delegation in the Federal Council, and from 1954 to 1958 the party occupied three out of seven seats in the cabinet. Nonetheless, the party had to relinquish the third seat in favor of the 'magic formula', which was introduced to the cabinet in 1959. In 1957 it changed its name to the Conservative-Christian-Social People's Party (Konservativ-Christlichsoziale Volkspartei) and to its current name in 1970. In the ensuing decades, the Catholic voter base dissolved somewhat. The reduction of the voter base, in addition to less cohesion among politicians in the party, led to six successive losses in federal elections after 1980.

The party lost its support over a number of years. Beginning in the 1990s, conservative voters from former strongholds of the CVP switched to vote for the right-wing populist Swiss People's Party. From the 1995 election to the 2019 election, the CVP's vote share decreased from 16.8% to 11.4%. After the 2003 election, Ruth Metzler of the CVP, was replaced by Christoph Blocher of the Swiss People's Party on the Federal Council, leaving the CVP with only one seat in the country's executive.

CVP President Gerhard Pfister and BDP President Martin Landolt, the leader of the Conservative Democratic Party, had ongoing discussions about a merger throughout 2020. In 2020, Pfister announced that the national CVP would undergo a change in branding with a new name and logo as part of a merger with the BDP. The party proposed to change the name to "The Center" or "The Alliance of the Center" (Die Mitte, CVP; Le Centre, PDC; il Centro, PPD; il Center) which is the name of the parliamentary group that the CVP shares with the other center-right parties, the Conservative Democratic Party of Switzerland and the Evangelical People's Party of Switzerland. The merger was ratified by a vote of the entire party in November 2020. Cantonal parties were not required to adopt the new name if they do not wish to do so. Pfister estimated that a new center-right party could obtain up to 20% of the vote in future elections.

Platform
In its party platform, the CVP described itself as a centrist party. The CVP fostered a social market economy in which a balance is struck between economic liberalism and social justice. The expansion of the party in the Protestant-dominated cantons, in which the CVP uphold rather centrist policies, stands in contrast to the traditional role of the CVP as the leading party in rather Catholic-dominated cantons of central Switzerland and the cantons of Valais. There, the electorate was mostly socially conservative.

The CVP had three main policies in the political centre:

 * The CVP uphold the social market economy. It supports exporting industries and more spending on education, research and development. It also aims at combating the black market and tax evasion. In order to increase efficiency and incentives, the CVP calls for the reduction and streamlining of bureaucratic procedures and government agencies, low taxation for family enterprises and those who offer vocational education and internships. The CVP calls for equal wages and job opportunities for both men and women.
 * The CVP called for flexible working times, childcare and affordable housing.
 * The CVP aimed at ensuring social security. The CVP calls for reforms of the social security system, by raising taxes on demerit goods (e.g. tobacco taxes) to generate more revenues for the pension funds. The retirement age of 65 should also be upheld. The public health care system should be streamlined by a reduction of waiting times of medical procedures in order to ensure equitable services. The CVP also promotes workfare as the primary means to combat unemployment.

Popular support

Following continuing losses in the federal parliamentary elections until 2003, in December 2003, the party lost one of its two seats in the four-party coalition government, the Swiss Federal Council, to the Swiss People's Party. The CVP holds roughly 12% of the popular vote.

After the national election in late 2003, it held 28 seats (out of 200) in the Swiss National Council (first chamber of the Swiss parliament); 15 (out of 46) in the Council of States (second chamber, and the largest party in this chamber) and 1 out of 7 seats in the Swiss Federal Council (executive body).

In 2005, it held 20.7% of the seats in the Swiss Cantonal governments and 16.7% in the Swiss Cantonal parliaments (index "BADAC", weighted with the population and number of seats). At the last legislative national elections, 22 October 2007, the party won 14.6% of the popular vote and 31 out of 200 seats in the National Council lower house. This was a gain of 3 seats, ending the long-term decline of the party and it was the only one of the four largest parties besides the Swiss People's Party to gain votes and seats.

In the Federal Assembly, the CVP formerly sat in a bloc in the Christian Democrats/EPP/glp Group, along with the Evangelical People's Party and Green Liberal Party.

Party strength over time

 * 1.A "*" indicates that the party was not on the ballot in this canton.
 * 2.Part of the Canton of Bern until 1979.

Presidents

 * 1986–1992 Eva Segmüller, St. Gallen
 * 1992–1994 Carlo Schmid-Sutter, Appenzell Innerrhoden
 * 1994–1997 Anton Cottier, Fribourg
 * 1997–2001 Adalbert Durrer, Obwalden
 * 2001–2004 Philipp Stähelin, Thurgau
 * 2004–2006 Doris Leuthard, Aargau
 * 2006–2016 Christophe Darbellay, Valais
 * 2016–2020 Gerhard Pfister, Zug

Secretaries-General

 * 1988–1992 Iwan Rickenbacher
 * 1992–1997 Raymond Loretan
 * 1997–2001 Hilmar Gernet
 * 2001–2008 Reto Nause
 * 2009–2012 Tim Frey
 * 2012–2018 Béatrice Wertli
 * 2018–2020 Gianna Luzio


text:
Bernardo Bellotto

Bernardo Bellotto (c. 1721/2  or 30 January 1721  –17 November 1780), was an Italian urban landscape painter or vedutista, and printmaker in etching famous for his vedute of European cities – Dresden, Vienna, Turin, and Warsaw. He was the student and nephew of the renowned Giovanni Antonio Canal, known as Canaletto, and sometimes used the latter's illustrious name, signing himself as Bernardo Canaletto. In Germany and Poland, Bellotto called himself by his uncle's name, Canaletto. This caused some confusion, however Bellotto’s work is more sombre in color than Canaletto's and his depiction of clouds and shadows brings him closer to Dutch painting.

Bellotto's style was characterized by elaborate representation of architectural and natural vistas, and by the specific quality of each place's lighting. It is plausible that Bellotto, and other Venetian masters of vedute, may have used the camera obscura in order to achieve superior precision of urban views.

Life
Bellotto was born in Venice, the son of Lorenzo Antonio Bellotto and Fiorenza Canal, sister of the famous Canaletto, and studied in his uncle's workshop.

In 1742 he moved to Rome, where he produced vedute of that city. In 1744 and 1745 he traveled northern Italy, again depicting vedute of each city. Among others, he worked for Charles Emmanuel III of Savoy.

From 1747 to 1758 he moved to Dresden, following an invitation from King Augustus III of Poland. He created paintings of the cities Dresden and Pirna and their surroundings. Today these paintings preserve a memory of Dresden's former beauty, which was destroyed by bombing during World War II.

His international reputation grew, and in 1758 he accepted an invitation from Empress Maria Theresa to come to Vienna, where he painted views of the city's monuments.

In 1761 Bellotto left Vienna for Munich, where he spent almost a year. In a letter to her cousin Duchess Maria Antonia of Bavaria, Empress Maria Theresia had praised Bellotto's artistic achievements at the Viennese court. Logically, he was commissioned works by the ruling family of Bavaria. He painted a panoramic view of Munich and two vedute of Nymphenburg Palace for Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria. At the end of 1761, Bellotto returned to Dresden.

When King Augustus III of Poland, also Elector of Saxony, who usually lived in Dresden, died in 1763, Bellotto's work became less important in Dresden. As a consequence, he left Dresden to seek employment in Saint Petersburg at the court of Catherine the Great. On his way to Saint Petersburg, however, Bellotto accepted an invitation in 1764 from Poland's newly elected King Stanisław August Poniatowski to become his court painter in Warsaw from 1768.

Here he remained some 16 years, for the rest of his life, as court painter to the King, for whom he painted numerous views of the Polish capital and its environs for the Royal Castle in Warsaw, complement of the great historical paintings commissioned by Poniatowski from Marcello Bacciarelli. His initial commissions included painted decoration of the Ujazdów Castle between 1767 and 1770, of which a study of illusionistic vault is the only preserved example of profuse decoration lost in 1784 during the reconstruction of the castle into military barracks.

In 1769 the painter and his son Lorenzo (1744–1770) accomplished another large royal commission – fourteen views of Rome, ancient and papal, based on the collection of etchings by Giovanni Battista Piranesi entitled Vedute di Roma. The collection was dispersed in the early nineteenth century and today various paintings can be admired in different museums in Russia – The Roman Forum as seen from the Capitol to the south-east and Piazza della Rotonda with Pantheon (Pushkin Museum, Moscow), View of the Piazza Navona (Nizhny Novgorod State Art Museum), View of S. Maria Maggiore (Far Eastern Art Museum, Khabarovsk) and in private collections.

His paintings of Warsaw, 26 vedute painted between 1770–80 to embellish the so-called Panorama Room (later Canaletto Room) at the Royal Castle in Warsaw and later relocated to Russia, were restored to the Polish Government in 1921 and were used in rebuilding the city after its near-complete destruction by German troops during World War II. Bellotto's early work bears strong features of his uncle's style, becoming more individual and distinguished in later years with clear inspiration of Dutch landscape painting with massed clouds, cast shadows and rich foliage. His colouring is colder and characterized by a steely grey. The last period of the artist's work is assessed as distinct from the earlier stages with emphasis on the immediacy of observation, striving for a generic treatment of staffage, ability to capture the atmosphere of the place and visible transformation of his painting which become more colorful with warmer tones. For the first time he also undertook historical subjects including The Election of Stanislaw August (1778) for the King and Entry of Jerzy Ossoliński into Rome in 1633 (1779) commissioned by Józef Maksymilian Ossoliński. Bellotto created a school of painting which was later continued and developed by Zygmunt Vogel and Marcin Zaleski.

Bernardo Bellotto died in Warsaw in 1780 and was buried in Capuchin Church at Miodowa Street.

His younger brother was named Pietro Bellotto (1725 – c. 1805) and after collaborating with Canaletto and his brother, moved to France, where he was known as le Sieur Canalety and Pietro Bellotti di Caneletty. The brother was also referred to as Belloti, Belloty, Beloty, or Bellottit.

Venice and Veneto

 * The Grand Canal facing Santa Croce (c.1738) National Gallery
 * Piazza san Marco, 1740 ca., Cleveland (Ohio), Cleveland Museum of Art
 * The Grand Canal in Venice (c.1740) Musée des Beaux-Arts de Lyon
 * Capriccio with the Campidoglio (c.1742) Galleria Nazionale di Parma
 * Piazza del Campidoglio with Santa Maria d'Aracoeli, Rome (c1743) Petworth House
 * Venice - the campo dell'Arsenale (c.1743), National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa
 * View of Piazza san Marco Museo civico Amedeo Lia, La Spezia
 * The ponte delle Navi in Verona (1746-1747)View looking north at Powis Castle, view looking south on long-term loan to National Gallery of Scotland

Other

 * Rovine del Foro romano (c.1743), National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne
 * View of Vaprio d'Adda (1744), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
 * View of the Villa Perabò poi Melzi in Gazzada (c.1744), Pinacoteca di Brera, Milan
 * View of Turin with the Palazzo Reale (1745) Galleria Sabauda, Turin
 * View of the old bridge over the Po in Turin(1745) Galleria Sabauda, Turin

Dresden and Saxony

 * Dresden From the Right Bank of the Elbe Above the Augustus Bridge (1747) Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister
 * The New Market in Dresden (c.1747) Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg
 * The Hofkirche in Dresden with the castle and the Augustus bridge (Dresden from the left bank of the Elbe) (1748) Pinacoteca Giovanni e Marella Agnelli, Turin
 * The New Market in Dresden seen from Moritzstrasse (c.1750) Pinacoteca Giovanni e Marella Agnelli, Turin
 * View of Dresden with the Frauenkirche (1750-1752) Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden
 * Square with the Kreuzkirche in Dresden (1751-1752) Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg
 * Marketplace at Pirna (c. 1764) Museum of Fine Arts, Houston
 * Ruins of the Kreuzkirche, Dresden (c. 1765) Kunstmuseum Zürich, Switzerland

1756-1758 series

 * The Fortress of Königstein: Courtyard with the Brunnenhaus Manchester Art Gallery
 * The Fortress of Königstein: Courtyard with the Magdalenenburg Manchester Art Gallery
 * The Fortress of Königstein from the North National Gallery, London
 * 'The Fortress of Königstein from the South-West (private collection, Earl of Derby)
 * The Fortress of Königstein (National Gallery of Art, Washington)

Warsaw

 * Church of the Sisters of St Bernard and the Column of Sigismund III in Warsaw from the descent towards the Vistula (1768-1770) Royal Castle, Warsaw
 * View of Warsaw with the Vistula from the Praga Suburb (1770) Royal Castle, Warsaw
 * View of the Wilanòw Meadows (1775) Royal Castle, Warsaw
 * Miodowa Street in Warsaw (1777) Royal Castle, Warsaw
 * Kraninski Square in Warsaw (1778) Royal Castle, Warsaw
 * Iron-Gate Square in Warsaw (1779) Royal Castle, Warsaw
 * The Carmelite Church in Warsaw (1780) Royal Castle, Warsaw

Other

 * Das kaiserliche Lustschloß Schönbrunn, Ehrenhofseite (1759–1760) Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
 * Vienna seen from the Belvedere (1758-1761) Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
 * Capriccio with Christ Driving the Moneylenders from the Temple (1765-1766) National Museum, Warsaw
 * Capriccio with a River and Bridge (ca.1745) Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, Madrid

title: Bernardo Bellotto


text:
PRT

PRT may refer to:

Arts and media

 * PRT Records, a 1980s British record label
 * PRT Company Limited (formerly Prime Media Group), Australia
 * Poor Righteous Teachers, an American hip hop group
 * Power Rangers Turbo, the fifth season of the Power Rangers TV series
 * Parahuman Response Team, a fictional agency in the Worm web series

Political parties

 * Partido Revolucionario de los (y las) Trabajadores (in Spanish)
 * Workers' Revolutionary Party (Argentina)
 * Revolutionary Workers' Party (Mexico)
 * Workers' Revolutionary Party (Nicaragua)
 * Workers' Revolutionary Party (Peru)
 * Workers' Revolutionary Party (Portugal) (Partido Revolucionário dos Trabalhadores)

Other uses in government and politics

 * Portugal (ISO 3166: )
 * Petroleum Revenue Tax, a direct British tax on oilfields
 * Prison Reform Trust, a British campaigning charity
 * Provincial Reconstruction Team, form of US-led unit in Afghanistan and Iraq

Technology

 * Platinum resistance thermometer
 * Precomputed Radiance Transfer, a technique for computer graphics
 * Puerto Rico Telephone Company

Transport

 * Personal rapid transit, a mode of transport
 * Pittsburgh Regional Transit, an American state agency
 * Prestatyn railway station, Wales (CRS code: PRT)

Other uses

 * Pain reprocessing therapy, a treatment method for curing pain
 * Pivotal response therapy, for autism
 * Prerequisite Tree, a thinking process in the Theory of Constraints
 * Preterite, a tense–aspect in grammar

title: PRT


text:
Enlightened

Enlightened may refer to:
 * Enlightened (TV series), an American comedy-drama
 * Enlightened (album), 2007, by Dynamic Duo
 * The Enlightened, a faction in Ingress (video game)

title: Enlightened


text:
PEN Hessell-Tiltman Prize

The PEN Hessell-Tiltman Prize is awarded to the best work of non-fiction of historical content covering a period up to and including World War II, and published in the year of the award. The books are to be of high literary merit, but not primarily academic. The prize is organized by the English PEN. Marjorie Hessell-Tiltman was a member of PEN during the 1960s and 1970s; on her death in 1999 she bequeathed £100,000 to the PEN Literary Foundation to found a prize in her name. Each year's winner receives £2,000.

The award is one of many PEN awards sponsored by PEN International affiliates in over 145 PEN centres around the world.

Winners and shortlist
A blue ribbon denotes the winner.

2002

 * Margaret MacMillan, Peacemakers: The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War

2003

 * William Dalrymple, White Mughals: Love and Betrayal in 18th Century India
 * Geoffrey Moorhouse, The Pilgrimage of Grace: The Rebellion that Shook Henry VIII's Throne
 * Munro Price, The Fall of the French Monarchy: Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette and the Baron de Breteuil
 * Jenny Uglow, The Lunar Men: The Friends who Made the Future 1730–1810
 * A.N. Wilson, The Victorians

2004

 * James Buchan, Capital of the Mind: How Edinburgh Changed the World
 * Norman Davies, Rising '44: The Battle for Warsaw
 * Richard A. Fletcher, The Cross and the Crescent: The Dramatic Story of the Earliest Encounters Between Christians and Muslims
 * Tom Holland, Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic
 * Diarmaid MacCulloch, Reformation: Europe’s House Divided 1490-1700

2005

 * Joachim Fest, Inside Hitler's Bunker: The Last Days of the Third Reich
 * Paul Fussell, The Boys' Crusade: The American Infantry in Northwestern Europe, 1944–1945 (joint winners)
 * Mark Mazower, Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews, 1430–1950
 * Richard Overy, The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia (joint winners)
 * Jonathan Phillips, The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople

2006

 * Charles Townshend, Easter 1916: The Irish Rebellion
 * Simon Schama, Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution
 * Bryan Ward-Perkins, The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization

2007

 * Jerry Brotton, The Sale of the Late King's Goods: Charles I and His Art Collection
 * Deborah Cohen, Household Gods: The British and Their Possessions
 * William Dalrymple, The Last Mughal: The Fall of a Dynasty, Delhi 1857
 * J. H. Elliott, Empires of the Atlantic World – Britain and Spain in America, 1492–1830
 * Vic Gatrell, City of Laughter: Sex and Satire in Eighteenth-Century London
 * Adam Tooze, The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy

2008

 * Mark Mazower, Hitler's Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe
 * Philipp Blom, The Vertigo Years: Change and Culture in the West 1900–1914
 * Leo Hollis, The Phoenix: St Paul's Cathedral and the Men Who Made Modern London
 * Frederick Spotts, The Shameful Peace: How French Artists and Intellectuals Survived the Nazi Occupation
 * Clair Wills, That Neutral Island

2009

 * Mark Thompson, The White War: Life & Death on the Italian Front 1915–1919

2010

 * Dominic Lieven, Russia Against Napoleon: The Battle for Europe, 1807 to 1814
 * Diarmaid MacCulloch, A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years
 * Amanda Vickery, Behind Closed Doors: at Home in Georgian London

2011

 * Amanda Foreman, A World on Fire: an Epic History of Two Nations Divided
 * Philip Mansel, Levant: Splendour and Catastrophe in the Mediterranean
 * Roger Moorhouse, Berlin at War: Life and Death in Hitler's Capital 1939–1945
 * Toby Wilkinson, The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt: the History of a Civilisation from 3000 BC to Cleopatra

2012

 * Lizzie Collingham, The Taste of War: World War II and the Battle for Food
 * Norman Davies, Vanished Kingdoms: The History of Half-Forgotten Europe
 * David Edgerton, Britain's War Machine: Weapons, Resources and Experts in the Second World War
 * James Gleick, The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood
 * Edward J. Larson, An Empire of Ice: Scott, Shackleton, and the Heroic Age of Antarctic Science
 * Adam Hochschild, To End All Wars: A Story of Loyalty and Rebellion, 1914–1918

2013

 * Jerry Brotton, A History of the World in Twelve Maps
 * Chris Clark, The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914
 * Nigel Cliff, The Last Crusade: The Epic Voyages of Vasco da Gama
 * Jonathan Dimbleby, Destiny in the Desert: The Road to El Alamein
 * Keith Lowe, Savage Continent: Europe in the Aftermath of World War II
 * Mark Mazower, Governing the World: The History of an Idea

2014

 * David Crane, Empires of the Dead: How One Man’s Vision led to the Creation of WWI's World Graves
 * William Dalrymple, Return of a King: The Battle for Afghanistan
 * Vic Gatrell, The First Bohemians: Life and Art in London's Golden Age
 * Charlotte Higgins, Under Another Sky: Journeys in Roman Britain
 * David Reynolds, The Long Shadow: The Great War and the Twentieth Century
 * Carl Watkins, The Undiscovered Country: Journeys Among the Dead

2015

 * Mark Bostridge, The Fateful Year: England 1914
 * Jessie Childs, God's Traitors: Terror and Faith in Elizabethan England
 * Ronald Hutton, Pagan Britain
 * Robert Tombs, The English and Their History
 * Jenny Uglow, In These Times: Living in Britain through Napoleon's Wars

2016

 * Mary Beard, SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome
 * Peter Frankopan, The Silk Roads: A New History of the World
 * Sarah Helm, If This is A Woman – Inside Ravensbruck: Hitler's Concentration Camp for Women
 * Raghu Karnad, The Farthest Field: An Indian Story of the Second World War
 * James S. Shapiro,  1606: William Shakespeare and the Year of Lear
 * Nicholas Stargardt, The German War: A Nation Under Arms, 1939-1945

2017
The shortlist was announced 7 June 2017. The winner was announced 10 July.
 * Sarah Bakewell, At The Existentialist Café: Freedom, Being, and Apricot Cocktails
 * Jerry Brotton, This Orient Isle: Elizabethan England and the Islamic World
 * Susan L. Carruthers, The Good Occupation: American Soldiers and the Hazards of Peace
 * Dan Cruickshank, Spitalfields: The History of a Nation in a Handful of Streets
 * Frank Dikötter, The Cultural Revolution: A People's History, 1962–1976
 * David Olusoga, Black and British: A Forgotten History
 * Tim Whitmarsh, Battling the Gods: Atheism in the Ancient World

2018
The shortlist was announced 22 March 2018. The winner was announced 24 June 2018.

 * Stephen Alford, London's Triumph: Merchant Adventurers and the Tudor City
 * Anne Applebaum, Red Famine: Stalin's War on Ukraine
 * Masha Gessen, The Future is History: How Totalitarianism Reclaimed Russia
 * Christopher J. Lebron, The Making of Black Lives Matter: A Brief History of an Idea
 * Lynda Nead, The Tiger in the Smoke: Art and Culture in Post-War Britain
 * S. A. Smith, Russia in Revolution: An Empire in Crisis, 1890-1928

2019
The winner was announced 4 December 2019.

 * Edward Wilson-Lee, The Catalogue of Shipwrecked Books: Young Columbus and the Quest for a Universal Library

2020
The shortlist was announced on 29 October 2020. The winner was announced on 1 December 2020.

 * Anita Anand, The Patient Assassin: A True Tale of Massacre, Revenge, and the Raj
 * Julia Blackburn, Time Song: Searching for Doggerland
 * Hazel Carby, Imperial: A Tale of Two Islands
 * Toby Green, A Fistful of Shells: West Africa from the Rise of the Slave Trade to the Age of Revolution
 * Caroline Moorhead, A House in the Mountains: The Women Who Liberated Italy from Fascism
 * Thomas Penn, The Brothers York: An English Tragedy
 * Roel Sterckx, Chinese Thought: From Confucius to Cook Ding

2021
The shortlist was announced on 14 October 2021 and the winner on 7 December.
 * Barbara Demick, Eat the Buddha: Life and Death in a Tibetan Town
 * Chris Gosden, The History of Magic: From Alchemy to Witchcraft, from the Ice Age to the Present
 * Helen McCarthy, Double Lives: A History of Working Motherhood
 * Sinclair McKay, Dresden: The Fire and the Darkness
 * Sujit Sivasundaram, Waves Across the South: A New History of Revolution and Empire
 * Ben Wilson, Metropolis: A History of the City, Humankind's Greatest Invention
 * Rebecca Wragg Sykes, Kindred: Neanderthal Life, Love, Death and Art

2022
The shortlist was announced on 7 October 2022.
 * Rebecca Birrell, This Dark Country: Women Artists, Still Life and Intimacy in the Early Twentieth Century
 * Raphael Cormack, Midnight in Cairo: The Female Stars of Egypt’s Roaring ’20s — honourable mention
 * Amitav Ghosh, The Nutmeg's Curse: Parables for a Planet in Crisis
 * Julie Kavanagh, The Irish Assassins: Conspiracy, Revenge and the Murders that Stunned an Empire
 * Louis Menand, The Free World: Art and Thought in the Cold War
 * Ian Sanjay Patel, We’re Here Because You Were There: Immigration and the End of Empire
 * Francesca Stavrakopoulou, God: An Anatomy

2023
The shortlist was announced on thursday, November 2nd, 2023.

 * Aviah Sarah Day and Shanice Octavia McBean, Abolition Revolution (Pluto Press)

 * Anna Della Subin, Accidental Gods: On Race, Empire and Men Unwittingly Turned Divine (Granta)

 * Calum Jacobs, A New Formation: How Black Footballers Shaped the Modern Game (Merky Books)

 * Philippe Sands,The Last Colony: A Tale of Exile, Justice and Britain’s Colonial Legacy  (Weidenfeld and Nicolson)

 * Julieann Campbell,On Bloody Sunday: A New History Of The Day And Its Aftermath By Those Who Were There  (Monoray)

 * , Kojo Koram, Uncommon Wealth: Britain and the Aftermath of Empire (John Murray Press)

title: PEN Hessell-Tiltman Prize


text:
Vulnerability assessment

A vulnerability assessment is the process of identifying, quantifying, and prioritizing (or ranking) the vulnerabilities in a system. Examples of systems for which vulnerability assessments are performed include, but are not limited to, information technology systems, energy supply systems, water supply systems, transportation systems, and communication systems. Such assessments may be conducted on behalf of a range of different organizations, from small businesses up to large regional infrastructures. Vulnerability from the perspective of disaster management means assessing the threats from potential hazards to the population and to infrastructure. It may be conducted in the political, social, economic or environmental fields.

Vulnerability assessment has many things in common with risk assessment. Assessments are typically performed according to the following steps:

 * 1) Cataloging assets and capabilities (resources) in a system.
 * 2) Assigning quantifiable value (or at least rank order) and importance to those resources
 * 3) Identifying the vulnerabilities or potential threats to each resource
 * 4) Mitigating or eliminating the most serious vulnerabilities for the most valuable resources

"Classical risk analysis is principally concerned with investigating the risks surrounding a plant (or some other object), its design and operations. Such analysis tends to focus on causes and the direct consequences for the studied object. Vulnerability analysis, on the other hand, focuses both on consequences for the object itself and on primary and secondary consequences for the surrounding environment.  It also concerns itself with the possibilities of reducing such consequences and of improving the capacity to manage future incidents." (Lövkvist-Andersen, et al., 2004) In general, a vulnerability analysis serves to "categorize key assets and drive the risk management process." (United States Department of Energy, 2002).

In the United States, guides providing valuable considerations and templates for completing a vulnerability assessment are available from numerous agencies including the Department of Energy, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the United States Department of Transportation.

Several academic research papers including Turner et al. (2003), Ford and Smith (2004), Adger (2006), Fraser (2007) and Patt et al. (2010)  amongst others, have provided a detail review of the diverse epistemologies and methodologies in vulnerability research. Turner et al. (2003) for example proposed a framework that illustrates the complexity and interactions involved in vulnerability analysis, draws attention to the array of factors and linkages that potentially affects the vulnerability of a couple of human–environment systems. The framework makes use of nested flowcharts to show how social and environmental forces interact to create situations vulnerable to sudden changes. Ford and Smith (2004), propose an analytical framework, based on research with Canadian arctic communities. They suggest that, the first stage is to assess current vulnerability by documenting exposures and current adaptive strategies. This should be followed by a second stage that estimates directional changes in those current risk factors and characterizes the community's future adaptive capacity. Ford and Smith's (2004) framework utilizes historic information including how communities have experienced and addressed climatic hazards, with information on what conditions are likely to change, and what constraints and opportunities there are for future adaptation.

Standardized Government Vulnerability Assessment Services
The GSA (also known as the General Services Administration) has standardized the “Risk and Vulnerability Assessments (RVA)” service as a pre-vetted support service, to rapidly conduct assessments of threats and vulnerabilities, determine deviations from acceptable configurations, enterprise or local policy, assess the level of risk, and develop and/or recommends appropriate mitigation countermeasures in operational and non-operational situations. This standardized service offers the following pre-vetted support services:
 * Network Mapping
 * Vulnerability Scanning
 * Phishing Assessment
 * Wireless Assessment
 * Web Application Assessment
 * Operating System Security Assessment (OSSA)
 * Database Assessment
 * Penetration Testing

These services are commonly referred to as Highly Adaptive Cybersecurity Services (HACS) and are listed at the US GSA Advantage website.

This effort has identified key service providers which have been technically reviewed and vetted to provide these advanced services. This GSA service is intended to improve the rapid ordering and deployment of these services, reduce US government contract duplication, and to protect and support the US infrastructure in a more timely and efficient manner.

132-45D Risk and Vulnerability Assessment identifies, quantifies, and prioritizes the risks and vulnerabilities in a system. A risk assessment identifies recognized threats and threat actors and the probability that these factors will result in exposure or loss.

title: Vulnerability assessment


text:
Sub-prefectural city

A sub-prefectural municipality, sub-prefectural city, or vice-prefectural municipality, is an unofficial designation for a type of administrative division of China. A sub-prefectural city is officially considered to be a county-level city, but it has more power de facto because the cadres assigned to its government are one half-level higher in rank than those of an "ordinary" county-level city—though still lower than those of a prefecture-level city.

While county-level cities are under the administrative jurisdiction of prefecture-level divisions, sub-prefectural cities are often (but not always) administered directly by the provincial government, with no intervening prefecture level administration.

Examples of sub-prefectural cities that does not belong to any prefecture: Jiyuan (Henan Province), Xiantao, Qianjiang and Tianmen (Hubei), Shihezi, Tumxuk, Aral, and Wujiaqu (Xinjiang).

Examples of sub-prefectural cities that nevertheless belong to a prefecture: Golmud (Haixi, Qinghai), Manzhouli (Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia).

List of sub-prefectural divisions

 * Note : Bold not under any prefecture-level subordination.

Guangdong

 * Gaozhou
 * Lufeng
 * Luoding
 * Nanxiong
 * Puning
 * Yangchun
 * Yingde

Guizhou

 * Renhuai

Hainan

 * Dongfang
 * Qionghai
 * Wanning
 * Wenchang
 * Wuzhishan

Hebei

 * Dingzhou
 * Qian'an
 * Xinji

Heilongjiang

 * Suifenhe

Henan

 * Dengzhou
 * Gongyi
 * Jiyuan
 * Ruzhou
 * Yongcheng

Hubei

 * Qianjiang
 * Tianmen
 * Xiantao

Hunan

 * Shaoshan

Inner Mongolia

 * Erenhot
 * Manzhouli

Jiangsu

 * Kunshan
 * Taixing

Jiangxi

 * Fengcheng
 * Gongqingcheng
 * Ruijin

Jilin

 * Gongzhuling
 * Meihekou

Qinghai

 * Golmud

Shaanxi

 * Hancheng

Xinjiang

 * Note : all cities are also under the subordination of the Prefecture-level Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC or Bingtuan).

 * Aral
 * Baiyang
 * Beitun
 * Huyanghe
 * Kokdala
 * Kunyu
 * Shihezi
 * Shuanghe
 * Tiemenguan
 * Tumxuk
 * Wujiaqu
 * Xinxing

Zhejiang

 * Yiwu

title: Sub-prefectural city