text:
Baskin-Robbins

Baskin-Robbins is an American multinational chain of ice cream and cake specialty shops owned by Inspire Brands. Baskin-Robbins was founded in 1945 by Burt Baskin and Irv Robbins in Glendale, California. Its headquarters are in Canton, Massachusetts, and shared with sibling brand Dunkin' Donuts. It is the world's largest chain of ice cream specialty stores, with more than 8,000 locations.

The company is known for its "31 flavors" slogan, with the idea that a customer could have a different flavor every day of any month. The logo includes a stylized "31" formed from the letters "B" and "R". The slogan came from the Carson-Roberts advertising agency (which later merged into Ogilvy & Mather) in 1953. The company has introduced more than 1,300 flavors since 1945, including the addition of vegan and non-dairy flavors in 2019.

History
Baskin-Robbins was founded in 1945 by American brothers-in-law Burt Baskin and Irv Robbins from the merging of their respective ice cream parlors, in Glendale, California. Burt Baskin learned about ice cream while he was in the military during World War II and opened Burton's Ice Cream Shop in California in 1946. Irv Robbins managed an ice cream counter in his father's store as a teenager and in 1945 used $6,000 to open Snowbird Ice Cream in California.

In 1948, they decided to combine their companies and call it Baskin-Robbins. Snowbird Ice Cream offered 21 flavors; when they merged the number of flavors was expanded to 31.

By 1948, Baskin and Robbins had opened six stores. The first franchise was executed on May 20, 1948, for the store at 1130 South Adams in Glendale (Store #1). In 1949, the company's production facility opened in Burbank. Baskin and Robbins decided to start selling the stores to the managers. In 1953, Baskin-Robbins hired Carson-Roberts Advertising who recommended the adoption of the number 31 as well as the pink (cherry) and brown (chocolate) polka dots and typeface that were reminiscent of the circus. The first store that adopted the new 31 looks was 804 North Glendale Ave. in Glendale in March 1953.

Between 1949 and 1962, the corporate firm was known as Huntington Ice Cream Company. The name succeeded The Baskin-Robbins Partnership and was eventually changed back to Baskin-Robbins, Inc. on November 26, 1962. Baskin-Robbins was owned by its founders until it was acquired in 1967 (just before Burt Baskin's death) by United Fruit. In the 1970s, the chain went international, opening stores in Japan, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, and Australia.

In 1972, the company went public when United Brands sold 17% in an IPO. A year later, the British food company J. Lyons and Co. purchased Baskin-Robbins from United Brands and all public stock. J. Lyons then merged with Allied Breweries, becoming Allied-Lyons in 1978. Allied-Lyons then merged with Pedro Domecq S.A. in 1994, becoming Allied Domecq. Baskin-Robbins and Dunkin' Donuts comprise Dunkin' Brands, Inc. Dunkin' Brands was part of Allied Domecq until its purchase in 2006 by a group of private equity firms – Bain Capital, Thomas H. Lee Partners, and The Carlyle Group.

In 2006, the company's "BR" logo was updated such that it doubles as the number "31" to represent the 31 flavors, with the "31" formed by the parts of the letters "BR" which are rendered in pink, in contrast to the rest of the logo which is rendered in blue.

In August 2012, Dunkin' Brands became completely independent of the private equity firms.

Baskin-Robbins struggled in the early years of the 2000s to retain business, but opened 36 new shops between 2013 and 2015. Many new Baskin-Robbins shops are co-branded with Dunkin' Donuts, including California's first co-branded location of the two in San Diego, which opened in March 2014.

In 2014, Baskin-Robbins also began selling its ice cream for the first time in supermarkets across the U.S. In July 2017, Baskin-Robbins started adding their locations to delivery service platform DoorDash to deliver ice cream in 22 cities across the United States.

In December 2020, Dunkin' Brands was purchased by Inspire Brands.

Baskin-Robbins debuted an updated logo, alongside the new tagline "Seize the Yay", on April 11, 2022.

Chris Buck and Barack Obama are two notable former employees.

International presence
Baskin-Robbins has more than 8,000 shop locations in: Aruba, Australia, Bahrain, Bhutan, Canada, China, Colombia, Curaçao, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Estonia, Egypt, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Latvia, Malaysia, Morocco, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tajikistan, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Vietnam and Yemen. International locations feature flavors of ice cream popular in each country, such as Red Bean, Litchi Gold, Blackcurrant and Cantaloupe. The most popular flavors of Baskin-Robbins in Asia are Mint Chocolate Chip and Cookies & Cream.

Baskin-Robbins has previously been present in other countries such as Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Malta, Maldives, Mauritius, Mexico, Netherlands, Panama, Philippines, Portugal, Russia, South Africa, and St. Maarten.

Cambodia does not have any locations of Baskin-Robbins but their products are officially available at an Au Bon Pain bakery franchise.

The standalone stores in Bangladesh were closed down, but their products are available at multiple local stores.

In Japan, Taiwan, China, and the Philippines, Baskin-Robbins is known popularly as "31" or "31 ice cream".

Australia
Baskin-Robbins Australia is a wholly owned and operated subsidiary of Inspire Brands, the parent company of Baskin-Robbins and Dunkin'. In October 2010, Dunkin' Brands terminated its license agreement with Allied Brands Group for Baskin-Robbins in Australia, and now supports its Australian franchisees directly. The Baskin-Robbins Australia Franchise Support & Training Centre is based in Brisbane.

Advertisement controversy
In 2019, an ad advertising a new ice cream flavor in South Korea, "Pink Star", featuring child model Ella Gross, sparked a controversy, with some internet users describing the ad as "overly sexualized". The company withdrew the ad and apologized to its customers.

title: Baskin-Robbins


text:
User talk:Mschorr

One of my students realized that Hughes deserved a more generalized and complete picture of his contribution to poetry. I believe that even more can be done to show his contribution of the relationship of blues and jazz rhythms to traditional verse.

Merrimack Valley
Mr. Mschorr, I doubt you gain anything by putting the article back here. Someone put tags on it just the same. I suppose you think you are going to be allowed sole access to it and no one else will work on it. That is not in the spirit of WP. If you were going to do that you should have kept it on your own system. This article is no more terrible than much of WP. I don't see it as a candidate for deletion. This is only a suggestion but it looks funny in the categories with your user name in front of it. Why not put it up? You don't have to answer; because of the way you set this up, you will be getting a yellow message banner. It goes away once you read your message. No big deal. Ciao.Dave (talk) 18:19, 1 August 2010 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Mschorr


text:
Talk:Rick Boucher

Untitled
I made a very simple page here. It would be good if someone could elaborate. His official site is linked to at the bottom (that's where I got all my info).

"gay" tag
I removed the tag at the bottom saying Congressman Boucher is gay or bisexual. If anyone has documented proof (and I live in his district, so I know he's never said it) then please cite it. Otherwise, it shouldnt be here.

 * obviously he isn't gay if he married a women.. :P 75.15.227.225 06:33, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Steve King petition
I've started a discussion regarding the notability of a series of similar edits, including one on this article, over on my talk page: User talk:Arbor832466. Please feel free to weigh in! Arbor832466 (talk) 02:11, 29 September 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Rick Boucher. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070725184700/http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/index.html to http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/index.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100617084700/http://www.sbe.virginia.gov/cms/Election_Information/Election_Results/Index.html to http://www.sbe.virginia.gov/cms/Election_Information/Election_Results/Index.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 05:55, 2 July 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rick Boucher


text:
Talk:Music of Michigan

Untitled
This page needs more on Detroit's contribution to electronic music. I don't know the details myself. Rmhermen 05:12, Nov 10, 2003 (UTC)

Verve Pipe
Verve Pipe were based in East Lansing, not Grand Rapids. Perhaps they formed in GR(?) but they lived, practiced, and performed in the Lansing, MI, area for several years before they achieved any popularity.--Isotope23 16:42, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

L7
L7 formed in and was based out of LA, not Detroit.

Patti Smith
Patti Smith is from Chicago, not Detroit. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Stevepareidolia (talk • contribs) 23:14, 31 January 2010 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Music of Michigan. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://www.detroitjazzfest.com/history.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071025011559/http://swindlemagazine.com/issue12/detroit-hardcore/ to http://swindlemagazine.com/issue12/detroit-hardcore/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:15, 9 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Music of Michigan


text:
Randolph Apperson Hearst

Randolph Apperson Hearst (December 2, 1915 – December 18, 2000) was a newspaper publisher and member of the wealthy Hearst family. He was the fourth of five sons of William Randolph Hearst and Millicent Hearst as well as the father of Patty Hearst.

Early life
Randolph Apperson Hearst was born on December 2, 1915, with his twin brother, David (1915–1986), to Millicent Hearst and William Randolph Hearst in New York City. He attended the Lawrenceville School in Lawrenceville, New Jersey, and attended Harvard University for one year.

Career
After graduating, Hearst joined the family business, the Hearst Corporation. In the late 1930s, he worked for The Atlanta Georgian, one of the Hearst family's papers. After the Georgian was sold in 1940, he moved to San Francisco and worked on The San Francisco Call. In 1942, he joined the United States Army Air Forces's Air Transport Command and rose to the rank of captain. After leaving the Army, he became an associate publisher of the Oakland Post-Enquirer and in 1947, he returned to the San Francisco Call as an executive editor. In 1950, he became the publisher of the Call.

Long active in management of the San Francisco Examiner, he eventually became chairman of the Hearst board (1973–96). He retired in favor of his nephew, George Randolph Hearst Jr.

Randolph Hearst never had the opportunity to become Chief Executive Officer. His father's will established a trust that had five family (initially his sons, then their heirs) and eight non-family trustees. All trustees served for life and elected their successors, which maintained the proportions of family and non-family trustees. The trustees name the corporation's board of directors, and the trust does not dissolve until all grandchildren of William Randolph Hearst alive at his death have died. It was under Randolph Hearst's chairmanship that the chief executive inherited from his father, Richard E. Berlin, finally retired, but the next three presidents were all also non-family trustees.

Personal and family life
Randolph Hearst was married three times, first on January 12, 1938, to Catherine Wood Campbell of Atlanta, Georgia, who was the mother of his five daughters: Catherine, Virginia, Patricia (Patty), Anne and Victoria. Catherine Hearst was a Roman Catholic and a conservative Regent of the University of California before resigning in 1976.

In 1974, his daughter Patty made front pages nationwide when she was kidnapped by an extremist group, the Symbionese Liberation Army, and was soon after caught on film helping the group to rob banks. She renounced the SLA soon after her arrest. The ordeal placed enormous strain on the Hearst marriage, eventually leading to divorce in 1982. After their divorce, the first Mrs. Hearst moved to Beverly Hills.

Randolph Hearst married his second wife, Maria Cynthia Scruggs (née Pachì, September 3, 1932 – July 17, 2017), originally of Rome, Italy, on May 2, 1982. The couple divorced in 1987. That year he married a third wife, Veronica de Gruyter (formerly de Beracasa y de Uribe).

Later life and death
Hearst bought Eastover in Manalapan, Florida, in 2000 from Melvin Simon.

Hearst died on December 18, 2000, from a stroke. His seat as a trustee of his father's will went to Virginia Hearst Randt, second-oldest of his five daughters. He was buried on the family's plot in Colma, California.

Hearst's personal estate was estimated in his last will and testament, written in 1989, at $25 million for probate purposes, but his lawyer (a co-executor of the will) observed that much of his estate- including insurance policies, jointly-owned properties, and trusts- was outside probate and therefore not accounted for; prior to his death, Forbes magazine had estimated Hearst's wealth as $1.8 billion.

title: Randolph Apperson Hearst


text:
Glans

The glans (, : glandes ; from the Latin word for "acorn") is a vascular structure located at the tip of the penis in male mammals or a homologous genital structure of the clitoris in female mammals.

Structure
The exterior structure of the glans consists of mucous membrane, which is usually covered by foreskin or clitoral hood in naturally developed genitalia. This covering, called the prepuce, is normally retractable in adulthood unless removed by circumcision.

The glans naturally joins with the frenulum of the penis or clitoris, as well as the inner labia in women, and the foreskin in men. In non-technical or sexual discussions, often the word "clitoris" refers to the external glans alone, excluding the clitoral hood, frenulum, and internal body of the clitoris. Similarly, phrases "tip" or "head" of the penis refers to the glans alone.

Sex differences in humans
In males, the glans is known as the glans penis, while in females the glans is known as the clitoral glans.

In females, the clitoris is above the urethra. The glans of the clitoris is the most highly innervated part of the external female genitalia.

In spotted hyenas, the female's pseudo-penis can be distinguished from the male's penis by its greater thickness and more rounded glans. In both male and female spotted hyenas, the base of the glans is covered with penile spines.

Development
In the development of the urinary and reproductive organs, the glans is derived from the genital tubercle.

title: Glans


text:
Mountain Pacific Sports Federation

The Mountain Pacific Sports Federation (MPSF) is a college athletic conference with members located mostly in the western United States, although it now has members as far east as Pennsylvania. The conference participates at the NCAA Division I level, primarily in Olympic sports that are not directly sponsored by a school's home conference (such as the Pac-12 and Big West, many of whose members participate in MPSF competition in at least one of its sports).

History
The MPSF was founded in 1992 and specifically created to provide an outlet for competition in non-revenue-producing Olympic sports. The MPSF conducts championships in men's volleyball, as well as indoor track, gymnastics, and water polo for both men and women. In 2010 the MPSF added women's swimming and diving to its list of sports, and added that sport for men in the 2011–12 season. The 2012–13 school year was the last for MPSF competition in men's soccer, and the 2020–21 school year was the last for MPSF women's lacrosse.

The conference's membership varies by sport; 39 schools are MPSF members in at least one of its sponsored sports. Schools are not required to participate in the MPSF competition for each sponsored sport if their primary conference affiliation sponsors a competition in that sport (e.g. Pac-12 soccer and women's gymnastics).

All MPSF members have a primary conference affiliation. All Big West Conference members house at least one sport in the MPSF. The West Coast Conference is represented by six schools (Pacific, Pepperdine, Portland, Saint Mary's, San Diego, San Francisco). The Pac-12 Conference is represented by five (Arizona State, California, Stanford, UCLA, USC). Three conferences are represented by 2 schools: the Big 12 Conference (BYU, Oklahoma), the Mountain West Conference (Air Force and San Jose State), and the Western Athletic Conference (Grand Canyon and Southern Utah). Twelve conferences are represented by one school each – the Allegheny Mountain Collegiate Conference (Penn State Behrend), the Big Sky Conference (Sacramento State), the Big Ten Conference (Indiana), the College Conference of Illinois and Wisconsin (Augustana (IL)), the Great Northwest Athletic Conference (Alaska Anchorage), the Lone Star Conference (Texas Woman's), the New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference (Wheaton (MA)), the Pacific West Conference (Concordia–Irvine), the Presidents' Athletic Conference (Washington & Jefferson), the Southern Collegiate Athletic Conference (Austin), and the Southland Conference (Incarnate Word).

All of the MPSF members from the Pac-12 will leave the latter conference at the end of the 2023–24 school year, at which time the Big Ten will be represented by three schools (adding UCLA and USC), and the Atlantic Coast Conference and Big 12 will each be represented by two (ACC: California and Stanford; Big 12: adding Arizona State but losing Oklahoma). Also in 2024–25, the Pacific West representation will increase to four schools with the arrival of Jessup, Menlo, and Vanguard while the Southeastern Conference will be represented by Oklahoma.

Due to the Big West announcing the addition of men's and women's swimming and diving as a sponsored sport beginning in the 2024-25 school year, six Big West members will move their aquatics programs to their primary conference, including three members (Bakersfield, Cal Poly, and UC Santa Barbara) who were only MPSF members in aquatics and will thus effectively leave the MPSF.

Al Beaird was the first Executive Director of the MPSF for 24 years, from 1998 to 2021. Foti Mellis became the second executive director on June 1, 2021. Mellis was a Senior Associate Athletic Director at the University of California.

Members
Source:

Former members

 * Notes

Sports
The Mountain Pacific Sports Federation sponsors championship competition in five men's and five women's NCAA sanctioned sports The MPSF dropped men's soccer after the 2012 season. The moves of Denver (all sports) and New Mexico (soccer only) to other conferences left the MPSF with six soccer members, but all six would soon leave due to moves by the Western Athletic Conference. MPSF soccer member Seattle was already in the WAC, and another MPSF soccer school, CSU Bakersfield, was already committed to join the WAC in 2013. Because the WAC dropped football after the 2012 season due to a near-complete membership turnover, it needed to add another men's sport to maintain its Division I status. To that end, it invited the four remaining MPSF soccer schools to join them; all accepted, and the WAC began sponsoring men's soccer in 2013–14.

In October 2015, Arizona State announced that it would elevate its club team in women's lacrosse to full varsity status starting in the 2017–18 school year (2018 season), which will give the Pac-12 six women's lacrosse schools. This number is required by league bylaws for official sponsorship of a sport, and is also the number of teams required for a conference to be an automatic NCAA tournament qualifier. This led the Pac-12 to announce that all of its women's lacrosse teams would leave the MPSF for the new Pac-12 lacrosse league for the 2018 season. MPSF women's lacrosse continued to operate through the 2021 season, though it would lose its automatic NCAA tournament bid after the 2019 season.

The next major change in conference membership came in January 2016, when the Golden Coast Conference, a water polo-only league that previously operated only a women's competition, announced it would add a men's division effective with the 2016–17 season. The GCC took six of the 10 members of the MPSF men's water polo league, leaving the MPSF with only the four Pac-12 members that sponsor the sport.

On May 31, 2016, the Big West Conference announced that it would begin sponsoring men's volleyball in the 2017–18 school year (2018 season). The Big West men's volleyball league launched with full members Long Beach State, Cal State Northridge, UC Irvine, UC Santa Barbara and Hawai'i, plus associate member UC San Diego (which joined the Big West full-time in July 2020). UC San Diego left the federation with the launch of Big West men's volleyball, but the other Big West members remain in the MPSF in other sports. California Baptist also exited the MPSF after dropping its only conference sport of men's volleyball shortly after the 2017 season, and Cal State Bakersfield (now being rebranded athletically as Bakersfield) left the MPSF after dropping its last remaining conference sport of women's water polo at the same time.

It was announced in August 2021 that the MPSF would add men's and women's fencing to the conference as the tenth sport.

It was announced in September 2021 that the MPSF would add women's artistic swimming to the conference as the eleventh sport.

On November 9, 2023, the MPSF announced that it would add beach volleyball, a women-only sport at the NCAA level, for the 2025 season (2024–25 school year). The inaugural membership in that sport will consist mainly of schools that are leaving the Pac-12 Conference, which sponsors beach volleyball, after 2023–24: California, Oregon, Stanford, UCLA, USC, and Washington. The only member not coming from the Pac-12 is Grand Canyon. The following month, the MPSF announced that Saint Mary's, which had been an MPSF member in women's lacrosse before the school dropped the sport in 2017, had returned to the conference in women's indoor track & field.

Aquatics
There are three sports that are sponsored under the aquatics section. Men's and women's swimming and diving were launched in the 2010-11 season. Artistic swimming was later added in the 2021-22 season.

In June 2023, the Big West announced the addition of men's and women's swimming and diving as a sponsored sport beginning in the 2024-25 school year. As a result, six Big West members will move their aquatics programs to their primary conference, including three members (Bakersfield, Cal Poly, and UC Santa Barbara) who were only MPSF members in aquatics and will thus effectively leave the MPSF.

Timeline
undefined undefined undefined undefined undefined

Fencing
Fencing was introduced as an MPSF sport in the 2021-22 season.

Current members
The MPSF currently has four members that participate in fencing. Stanford will depart as a member when it moves its primary affiliation from the Pac-12 Conference to the Atlantic Coast Conference, which sponsors the sport, in 2024.

Timeline
undefined

Gymnastics
Men's gymnastics was introduced as an MPSF sport with the formation of the conference while women's gymnastics was initiated for the 2001-02 season.

Current members
The MPSF currently has four members that participate in men's gymnastics and four for women's.

Timeline
undefined undefined undefined

Indoor Track & Field
Men's and women's indoor track & field were introduced for the 1992–93 season as one of the conference's inaugural sports. Conference records before 1999 are incomplete.

National champions
All national champions are in men's volleyball.

Volleyball
Men's volleyball was introduced for the 1993 season (1992–93 school year) as one of the conference's inaugural sports. The MPSF will add beach volleyball in the 2025 season (2024–25 school year). The MPSF added the sport in the wake of the collapse of the Pac-12 Conference, which will see 10 of its 12 members leave for other conferences after the 2023–24 school year. Of the 10 departing schools, nine sponsor beach volleyball. Three left for the Big 12 Conference, which announced it would start sponsoring beach volleyball in 2024–25. The other six, which will join either the Atlantic Coast Conference or the Big Ten Conference, will make up almost all of the inaugural MPSF beach volleyball membership. California, Stanford, UCLA, and USC are current MPSF members in other sports, and Oregon and Washington are returning MPSF members. The only inaugural beach volleyball member not arriving from the Pac-12 is Grand Canyon.

Timeline
undefined undefined undefined

National champions
All national champions are in men's volleyball. † — Vacated due to NCAA violations

Conference champions
Source:

NCAA titles
The Mountain Pacific Sports Federation has won 100 NCAA titles in seven sports. UCLA has won 25 national titles. Stanford has won 20 titles. USC has won 16 titles. Oregon has won 12 titles. Oklahoma has won nine titles. California has won six titles. UC Irvine has won four titles. Arizona State and Brigham Young have won three titles. Pepperdine has won two titles. The MPSF has won every men's and women's water polo NCAA title since the inception of the conference.

title: Mountain Pacific Sports Federation


text:
Harold Arlen

Harold Arlen (born Hyman Arluck; February 15, 1905 – April 23, 1986) was an American composer of popular music, who composed over 500 songs, a number of which have become known worldwide. In addition to composing the songs for the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz (lyrics by Yip Harburg), including "Over the Rainbow", which won him the Oscar for Best Original Song, he was nominated as composer for 8 other Oscar awards. Arlen is a highly regarded contributor to the Great American Songbook. "Over the Rainbow" was voted the 20th century's No. 1 song by the RIAA and the NEA.

Life and career
Arlen was born in Buffalo, New York, the child of a Jewish cantor. His twin brother died the next day. He learned to play the piano as a youth, and formed a band as a young man. He achieved some local success as a pianist and singer before moving to New York City in his early twenties, where he worked as an accompanist in vaudeville and changed his name to Harold Arlen. Between 1926 and about 1934, Arlen appeared occasionally as a band vocalist on records by The Buffalodians, Red Nichols, Joe Venuti, Leo Reisman, and Eddie Duchin, usually singing his own compositions.

In 1929, Arlen composed his first well-known song: "Get Happy" (with lyrics by Ted Koehler). Throughout the early and mid-1930s, Arlen and Koehler wrote shows for the Cotton Club, a popular Harlem night club, as well as for Broadway musicals and Hollywood films. Arlen and Koehler's partnership resulted in a number of hit songs, including the familiar standards "Let's Fall in Love" and "Stormy Weather". Arlen continued to perform as a pianist and vocalist with some success, most notably on records with Leo Reisman's society dance orchestra.

In the mid-1930s, Arlen married, and spent increasing time in California, writing for movie musicals. It was at this time that he began working with lyricist E. Y. "Yip" Harburg. In 1938, the team was hired by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to compose songs for The Wizard of Oz, the most famous of which is "Over the Rainbow", for which they won the Academy Award for Best Music, Original Song. They also wrote "Down with Love" (featured in the 1937 Broadway show Hooray for What!), "Lydia the Tattooed Lady", for Groucho Marx in At the Circus in 1939, and "Happiness is a Thing Called Joe", for Ethel Waters in the 1943 movie Cabin in the Sky.

Arlen was a longtime friend and onetime roommate of actor Ray Bolger, who starred in The Wizard of Oz.

In the 1940s, he teamed up with lyricist Johnny Mercer, and continued to write hit songs like "Blues in the Night", "Out of this World", "That Old Black Magic", "Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate the Positive", "Any Place I Hang My Hat Is Home", "Come Rain or Come Shine" and "One for My Baby (and One More for the Road)".

Arlen composed two of the defining songs of Judy Garland's career: "Over the Rainbow" and "The Man That Got Away", the last written for the 1954 version of the film A Star Is Born. At her famous 1961 Carnegie Hall concert, after finishing a set of his songs, Garland acknowledged Arlen in the audience and invited him to receive an ovation.

Arlen recorded his debut album as a vocalist, Harold Sings Arlen (With Friend), in 1966. Barbra Streisand accompanied him on two songs.

Marriage and death
Arlen and Anya Taranda married on January 6, 1937, over the objection of their parents, because she was Gentile and he was Jewish. In 1951, Anya was institutionalized for seven years. Coming home the same year that Celia Arnuk (Harold's mother) had died, she was diagnosed with a brain tumor in 1969, which became fatal by 1970. Arlen never remarried. He died of cancer on April 23, 1986, at his Manhattan apartment at the age of eighty-one. Arlen is buried next to his wife at the Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York. After Arlen's death, Irving Berlin summed up his life at a tribute, saying: "He wasn't as well known as some of us, but he was a better songwriter than most of us and he will be missed by all of us."

Shortly before his death, Arlen adopted his own nephew, Samuel, the 22 year old adult son of his brother Julius "Jerry" Arluck; his estate would have an heir in order to extend his copyright. Known as Samuel Arlen, he is a musician in his own right, as both a saxophonist as well as a music publisher; his control extends to the company that owns the rights to the Arlen catalog.

Timeline

 * 1905 Arlen born in Buffalo, New York
 * 1920 (age 15) He formed his first professional band, Hyman Arluck's Snappy Trio.
 * 1921 (16) Against his parents' wishes he left home.
 * 1923 (18) With his new band – The Southbound Shufflers, performed on the Crystal Beach lake boat "Canadiana" during the summer of 1923.
 * 1924 (19) Performed at Lake Shore Manor during the summer of 1924.
 * 1924 (19) Wrote his first song, collaborating with friend Hyman Cheiffetz to write "My Gal, My Pal". Copyrighting the song as "My Gal, Won't You Please Come Back to Me?" and listed lyrics by Cheiffetz and music by Harold Arluck.
 * 1925 (20) Makes his way to New York City with the group, The Buffalodians, with Arlen playing piano.
 * 1926 (21) Had first published song, collaborating with Dick George to compose "Minor Gaff (Blues Fantasy)" under the name Harold Arluck.
 * 1928 (23) Hyman (or Chaim (Hebrew name meaning life)) Arluck renames himself Harold Arlen.
 * 1929 (24) Landed a singing and acting role as Cokey Joe in the musical The Great Day.
 * 1929 (24) Composed his first well known song – "Get Happy" – under the name Harold Arlen.
 * 1929 (24) Signed a yearlong song writing contract with the George and Arthur Piantadosi firm.
 * 1930–1934 (25–29) Wrote music for the Cotton Club.
 * 1933 (28) At a party, along with partner Ted Koehler, wrote the major hit song "Stormy Weather"
 * 1934 (29) Wrote "Ill Wind (You're Blowin' Me No Good)" with lyrics by Ted Koehler for their last show at the Cotton Club Parade, in 1934, which was sung by Adelaide Hall
 * 1935 (30) Went back to California after being signed by Samuel Goldwyn to write songs for the film Strike Me Pink.
 * 1937 (32) Composed the score for the Broadway musical Hooray for What!. Married 22-year-old Anya Taranda, a celebrated Powers Agency model and former Earl Carroll and Busby Berkeley showgirl, actress, and one of the Original "Breck Girls".
 * 1938 (33) Hired by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to compose songs for The Wizard of Oz.
 * 1938 (33) While driving along Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood and stopping in front of Schwab's Drug Store, he came up with the song "Over the Rainbow".
 * 1939 (34) Wrote music for the Marx Brothers' film At the Circus.
 * 1941 (36) Wrote "Blues in the Night"
 * 1942 (37) Along with Johnny Mercer, he wrote one of his most famous songs, "That Old Black Magic".
 * 1943 (38) Wrote "My Shining Hour"
 * 1944 (39) While driving with songwriter partner Johnny Mercer came up with the song "Accentuate the Positive".
 * 1945 (40) In a single evening's work in October with Johnny Mercer, came up with the song "Come Rain or Come Shine".
 * 1949 (44) Collaborated with Ralph Blane to write the score for My Blue Heaven.
 * 1950 (45) Worked with old pal Johnny Mercer on the film The Petty Girl, out of which came the song "Fancy Free".
 * 1951 (46) His wife Anya was institutionalized in a sanitarium for 7 years.
 * 1952 (47) Teamed up with Dorothy Fields on the film The Farmer Takes a Wife.
 * 1953 (48) Harold's father, Cantor Samuel Arluck, died.
 * 1954 (49) The musical A Star is Born starring Judy Garland singing the now classic, Harold Arlen and Ira Gershwin collaboration, "The Man That Got Away".
 * 1954 (49) Becomes dangerously ill with a bleeding ulcer and is hospitalized but recovers to work with Truman Capote on the musical House of Flowers.
 * 1958 (53) His mother Celia Arluck dies and Harold does not touch music for over a year, mourning her loss.
 * 1962 (56) Wrote the score for the animated musical Gay Purr-ee, lyrics by E.Y. Harburg.
 * 1970 (65) Arlen's wife Anya Taranda dies from a brain tumor. Arlen begins to lose interest in life, withdrawing from friends and family and becoming more reclusive.
 * 1974 (69) The theme song for the ABC sitcom Paper Moon is based on the song of that title, written by Arlen and E.Y. "Yip" Harburg in 1932. The series was based on a 1973 Peter Bogdanovich film of the same name, which used the same song.
 * 1979 (74) Is inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame.
 * 1985 (80) Adopts Samuel ("Sammy"), son of his younger brother Jerry and Rita Arluck as his son and primary heir.
 * 1986 (81) Harold Arlen dies in New York City and is interred next to his wife at Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York.

Works for Broadway

 * Earl Carroll's Vanities of 1930 (1930) – revue – contributing composer
 * You Said It (1931) – musical – composer
 * Earl Carroll's Vanities of 1932 (1932) – revue – co-composer and co-lyricist with Ted Koehler
 * Americana (1932) – revue – contributing composer
 * George White's Music Hall Varieties (1933) – revue – co-composer
 * Life Begins at 8:40 (1934) – revue – composer
 * The Show is On (1936) – revue – contributing composer
 * Hooray for What! (1937) – musical – composer
 * Bloomer Girl (1944) – musical – composer
 * St. Louis Woman (1946) – musical – composer
 * House of Flowers (1954) – musical – composer and co-lyricist
 * Mr. Imperium (1951) – movie musical – featured composer
 * Jamaica (1957) – musical – composer – Tony nomination for Best Musical
 * Saratoga (1959) – musical – composer

Major songs

 * "A Sleepin' Bee" – lyrics by Harold Arlen and Truman Capote
 * "Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate the Positive" – lyrics by Johnny Mercer
 * "Any Place I Hang My Hat Is Home" – lyrics by Johnny Mercer
 * "As Long as I Live" – lyrics by Ted Koehler
 * "Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea" – lyrics by Ted Koehler
 * "Blues in the Night" – lyrics by Johnny Mercer
 * "Come Rain or Come Shine" – lyrics by Johnny Mercer
 * "Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead" – lyrics by E. Y. Harburg
 * "Down with Love" – lyrics by E. Y. Harburg
 * "For Every Man There's a Woman" – lyrics by Leo Robin
 * "Get Happy" – lyrics by Ted Koehler
 * "Happiness Is a Thing Called Joe" – lyrics by E. Y. Harburg
 * "Hit the Road to Dreamland" – lyrics by Johnny Mercer
 * "Hooray for Love" – lyrics by Leo Robin
 * "I Could Go On Singing" – lyrics by E. Y. Harburg
 * "If I Only Had a Brain" – lyrics by E. Y. Harburg
 * "I Had Myself A True Love" – lyrics by Johnny Mercer
 * "I Gotta Right to Sing the Blues" – lyrics by Ted Koehler
 * "I Love a Parade" – lyrics by Ted Koehler
 * "Ill Wind" – lyrics by Ted Koehler
 * "I Never Has Seen Snow" – lyrics by Harold Arlen and Truman Capote
 * "It Was Written in the Stars" – lyrics by Leo Robin
 * "I've Got the World on a String" – lyrics by Ted Koehler
 * "It's Only a Paper Moon" – lyrics by E. Y. Harburg, Billy Rose
 * "I Wonder What Became of Me" – lyrics by Johnny Mercer
 * "Last Night When We Were Young" – lyrics by E. Y. Harburg
 * "Let's Fall in Love" – lyrics by Ted Koehler
 * "Let's Take a Walk Around the Block" – lyrics by Ira Gershwin and E. Y. Harburg
 * "Like a Straw in the Wind" – lyrics by Ted Koehler
 * "Lydia the Tattooed Lady" – lyrics by E. Y. Harburg
 * "My Shining Hour" – lyrics by Johnny Mercer
 * "On the Swing Shift" – lyrics by Johnny Mercer
 * "One for My Baby (and One More for the Road)" – lyrics by Johnny Mercer
 * "Out of This World" – lyrics by Johnny Mercer
 * "Over the Rainbow" – lyrics by E. Y. Harburg
 * "Right As The Rain" – lyrics by E. Y. Harburg
 * "Sing My Heart" – lyrics by Ted Koehler
 * "So Long, Big Time!" – lyrics by Dory Langdon
 * "Stormy Weather" – lyrics by Ted Koehler
 * "That Old Black Magic" – lyrics by Johnny Mercer
 * "The Man That Got Away" – lyrics by Ira Gershwin
 * "This Time the Dream's on Me" – lyrics by Johnny Mercer
 * "What's Good About Goodbye?" – lyrics by Leo Robin
 * "When the Sun Comes Out" – lyrics by Ted Koehler

Films

 * 2003 – Stormy Weather: The Music of Harold Arlen (directed by Larry Weinstein)

title: Harold Arlen


text:
University of Northern Colorado

The University of Northern Colorado (UNC) is a public university in Greeley, Colorado. The university was founded in 1889 as the State Normal School of Colorado and has a long history in teacher education. The institution has officially changed its name three times, first to Colorado State College of Education, at Greeley on February 16, 1935, Colorado State College on February 11, 1957, and its current form since May 1, 1970. Approximately 10,000 students are enrolled in six colleges. Extended campus locations are in Loveland, Denver/Aurora, and Colorado Springs. UNC's 19 athletic teams compete in NCAA Division I as members of the Big Sky Conference.

Campus
The campus is divided into two main areas: central and west. UNC's Central Campus includes the areas north of 20th Street and west of 8th Avenue in Greeley, Colorado. The residence halls on Central Campus have been designated a state historic district.

Organization
The board of trustees for the university oversees the administration and approves the university annual budget. Several members of the university's administrative team are ex officio members of the Board.

Presidents
The university has had 13 presidents since its establishment:
 * Thomas J. Gray — 1890–1891
 * James H. Hayes — (interim) 1891, November 11, 1915 – 1916
 * Zachariah Xenophon Snyder — 1891–1915
 * John Grant Crabbe — Late summer 1916–1924
 * George Willard Frasier — 1924–1947
 * William Robert Ross — 1947–1964 (assumed office December 20, 1947)
 * Darrell Holmes — 1964–1971
 * Frank P. Lakin — 1969, 1971 (interim)
 * Richard R. Bond — 1971–1981
 * Charles Manning (acting) — 1981
 * Robert C. Dickeson — 1981–1991
 * Richard Davies (acting) — January 1 – August 29, 1987
 * Stephen T. Hulbert (interim) — July 1 – September 30, 1991
 * Herman Lujan — 1991–1996
 * Howard Skinner (interim) — June 1996 – June 1998
 * Hank Brown — July 1998 – June 2002
 * Kay Norton — July 2002 – July 2018
 * Andy Feinstein - July 2018 – present

College of Performing and Visual Arts
The College of Performing and Visual Arts (PVA) is an arts community of practitioners, scholars, and learners representing a range of arts traditions and disciplines.

UNC has a tradition as an arts institution and its main college offices, located in Guggenheim Hall, are one of the oldest buildings on campus.

Athletics

Sports teams at the school are called Bears. Northern Colorado joined the Big Sky Conference on July 1, 2006. The school mascot is Klawz the Bear and the school colors are navy blue and gold. The Fight Song is the "UNC Fight Song". Northern Colorado's Athletic Director is Darren Dunn.

A number of the university's alumni have gone on to have professional sports careers. Vincent Jackson attended and played football at Northern Colorado from 2001 to 2004 before being drafted by the San Diego Chargers in the 2005 NFL Draft. Other football alumni for the school include punter Dirk Johnson, quarterback Kyle Sloter, safety Reed Doughty, and defensive lineman Aaron Smith.

Before upgrading to NCAA Division I in 2006, UNC was a member of the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference from 1923 to 1972 and the Great Plains Athletic Conference (1972–76). Following several years of being conference independent, the university joined the North Central Conference. The Bears have won two Division II Football National Championships in 1996 and 1997. On March 9, 2011, the Bears won the Big Sky Conference tournament championship in men's basketball, clinching a trip to the 2011 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament, the first in the school's history. The Northern Colorado men's baseball program also ranks among the top 15 schools for most all-time NCAA College World Series appearances, tied with the University of Oklahoma at ten appearances apiece. The Northern Colorado women's softball team appeared in the first eleven Women's College World Series ever held in 1969–1979, advancing to but losing the title game in 1974.

Mascots
The bear became UNC's mascot in 1923. Before the school adopted the bear, athletes used the nickname "the Teachers." The bear was said to be inspired by a bear on top of an Alaskan totem pole donated by an 1897 alumnus in 1914. The totem pole was kept in the University Center, but under the federal Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990, the pole was reclaimed by the Tlingit in 2003.

Klawz is the newest addition to the long line of Bears' mascots.

title: University of Northern Colorado


text:
MetroCard

The MetroCard is a magnetic stripe card used for fare payment on transportation in the New York City area. It is a payment method for the New York City Subway (including the Staten Island Railway), New York City Transit buses and MTA buses. The MetroCard is also accepted by several partner agencies: Nassau Inter-County Express (NICE), the PATH train system, the Roosevelt Island Tramway, AirTrain JFK, and Westchester County's Bee-Line Bus System.

The MetroCard was introduced in 1993 to enhance the technology of the transit system and eliminate the burden of carrying and collecting tokens. The MTA discontinued the use of tokens in the subway on May 3, 2003, and on buses on December 31, 2003.

The MetroCard is expected to be phased out by 2025. It will be replaced by OMNY, a contactless payment system where riders pay for their fare by waving or tapping credit or debit bank cards, smartphones, or MTA-issued smart cards.

The MetroCard is managed by a division of the MTA known as Revenue Control, MetroCard Sales, which is part of the Office of the Executive Vice President. The MetroCard Vending Machines are manufactured by Cubic Transportation Systems, Inc.

As of early 2019, the direct costs of the MetroCard system had totaled $1.5 billion.

History
The idea for a farecard with a magnetic strip for the MTA system was proposed in 1983. It was the "highest priority" for then-MTA Chairman Richard Ravitch. The card would replace the tokens that were, at the time, used to pay transit fares. This plan was generally supported by the public. In 1984, Ravitch's successor Bob Kiley said that he would try to create a system for the new farecards within the next four years. However, bureaucratic actions and disagreements delayed the rollout of the system. In March 1990, the MTA board voted to allocate funding for the magnetic fare collection system. Three months later, the New York state legislature voted to allow the MTA to proceed for its plans for the new system. By 1991, the token technology was becoming dated: almost all other transit systems were using magnetic farecards, which were found to be much cheaper than the token system. In July of that year, the MTA board approved the roll-out of the magnetic farecard system. The MTA opened a request for bids to furnish and operate the farecard system, and Cubic Transportation Systems offered the lowest bid at $100 million.

On October 30, 1992, the installation of Automated Fare Collection turnstiles began. The farecard system was given the name MetroCard by April 1993. At the time, the first subway stations were supposed to receive MetroCard-compatible turnstiles before year's end, and buses were scheduled to be retrofitted with MetroCard collection equipment by late 1995. On June 1, 1993, MTA distributed 3,000 MetroCards in the first major test of the technology for the entire subway and bus systems. Less than a year later, on January 6, 1994, MetroCard-compatible turnstiles opened at Wall Street on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line and Whitehall Street–South Ferry on the BMT Broadway Line. All MetroCard turnstiles were installed by May 14, 1997, when the entire bus and subway system accepted MetroCard.

On September 28, 1995, buses on Staten Island started accepting MetroCard, and by the end of 1995, MetroCard was accepted on all New York City Transit buses.

Before 1997, the MetroCard design was blue with yellow lettering. These blue cards are now collector's items. On July 4, 1997, the first free transfers were made available between bus and subway at any location with MetroCard. This program was originally billed as MetroCard Gold. Card colors changed to the current blue lettering on goldenrod background. On January 1, 1998, bonus free rides (10% of the purchase amount) were given for purchases of $15 or more. On July 4, six months later, 7-Day and 30-Day Unlimited Ride MetroCards were introduced, at $17 and $63 respectively. A 30-day Express Bus Plus MetroCard, allowing unlimited rides on express buses in addition to local buses and the subway, was also introduced at $120. The 1-Day Fun Pass was introduced on January 1, 1999, at a cost of $4. The debut of the MetroCard allowed the MTA to add bonus fare incentives, such as free bus transfers to other buses or subways. Half of the ridership increase between 1997 and 1999 was attributed to these incentives.

The first MetroCard Vending Machines (MVMs) were installed on January 25, 1999, in two stations, and by the end of 1999 347 MVMs were in service at 74 stations. On April 13, 2003, tokens were no longer sold. Starting May 4, 2003, tokens were no longer accepted, except on buses. The following fare increases were implemented:
 * Base fare increased from $1.50 to $2.00
 * 1-Day Unlimited MetroCard fare increased from $4 to $7
 * 7-Day Unlimited MetroCard fare increased from $17 to $21
 * 30-day Express Bus Plus was replaced with a 7-day Express Bus Plus card, which cost $33 each.
 * 30-Day Unlimited MetroCard fare increased from $63 to $70
 * The bonus for pay-per-ride increased to 20% of the purchase amount for purchases of $10 or more
 * Tokens would be phased out, but for the next two months they acted as $1.50 credit towards a $2 bus ride.

On February 27, 2005, another fare hike occurred: On April 1, 2007, MetroCard started to be accepted by the Westchester Bee-Line Bus System as all of its buses were now equipped with new fareboxes that could accept MetroCard.
 * 7-day Express Bus Plus increased by $8, to $41.
 * 7-Day Unlimited increased by $3, to $24.
 * 30-Day Unlimited increased by $6, to $76.

On March 2, 2008, another set of fare increases was implemented:
 * 1-Day Unlimited fare increased by 50 cents, to $7.50.
 * 7-Day Unlimited fare increased by $1, to $25.
 * 14-Day Unlimited was introduced for $47.
 * 30-Day Unlimited increased by $5, to $81.
 * The bonus for pay-per-ride decreased to 15% of the purchase amount for purchases of $7 or more.

On June 28, 2009, the agency had its second fare hike in as many years:
 * The base fare and single-ride ticket increased by 25 cents, to $2.25.
 * 1-Day Unlimited fare increased by 75 cents, to $8.25.
 * 7-Day Unlimited fare increased by $7, to $27.
 * 7-Day Express Bus Plus fare increased by $4, to $45.
 * 14-Day Unlimited fare increased by $4.50, to $51.50.
 * 30-Day Unlimited increased by $8, to $89.
 * The minimum purchase for a pay-per-ride bonus rose to $8.

On December 30, 2010, the bonus value for Pay-Per-Ride decreased to 7% for every $10, and the 1-Day Fun Pass and the 14-Day Unlimited Ride were discontinued altogether. Additionally:
 * 7-Day Unlimited fare increased by $2, to $29.
 * 7-Day Express Bus Plus fare increased by $5, to $50.
 * 30-Day Unlimited fare increased by $15, to $104.

In 2012, the MTA allowed advertisements to be printed on the fronts of MetroCards. The backs of MetroCards had already been used for advertisements since 1995. This change meant that advertisers could remove the MTA logo from the fronts of MetroCards.

As a result of Hurricane Sandy in October 2012, three free transfers were offered on the MetroCard. The first was between the Q22, the Q35, and the at the Flatbush Avenue–Brooklyn College station. The second between the Q22, either the Q52 Limited or the Q53 Limited, and the at the Rockaway Boulevard station. Finally, a three-hour transfer window applied from transfers from any subway station to the Q22 or Q113 routes of MTA Bus, and then to the n31, n32, and n33 routes of NICE.

On December 19, 2012, the MTA voted for the following fare increases:
 * Base fare and single-ride ticket increased by 25 cents, to $2.50.
 * 7-Day Unlimited MetroCard fare increased by $1, to $30.
 * 30-Day Unlimited MetroCard fare increased by $8, to $112.
 * The bonus for a pay-per-ride MetroCard decreased from 7% to 5% but the cutoff for the bonus decreased from $10 to $5.

Starting February 20, 2013, people were able to refill cards with both time and value, so that when a MetroCard is filled with both an unlimited card and fare value, the unlimited ride portion is used first where applicable. If not started already, the unlimited ride period would begin when the card is next used, and when the unlimited period expires, the regular fare would be charged. On March 3, 2013, a $1 fee was imposed on new card purchases in-system in order to reduce the number of discarded MetroCards. However, MetroCards purchased through the Extended Sales retail network carry no new card fee.

On March 22, 2015, the MTA voted for the following fare increases:
 * Base Fare increased by 25 cents, to $2.75;
 * Express Bus fare increased, to $6.50;
 * 7-Day Unlimited fare increased by $1, to $31;
 * 7-Day Express Bus Plus fare increased by $7.25, to $57.25;
 * 30-Day Unlimited increased by $4.50, to $116.50;
 * Single Ride ticket increased by 50 cents, to $3.00; and:
 * the bonus for a pay-per-ride MetroCard was increased to 11%.

On March 19, 2017, the following fare increases went into place:
 * 7-Day Unlimited fare increased by $1, to $32;
 * 7-Day Express Bus Plus fare increased by $2.25, to $59.50;
 * 30-Day Unlimited increased by $4.50, to $121; and
 * the bonus for a pay-per-ride MetroCard was reduced from 11% to 5%.

On October 23, 2017, it was announced that the MetroCard would be phased out and replaced by OMNY, a contactless fare payment system also by Cubic, with fare payment being made using Apple Pay, Google Wallet, debit/credit cards with near-field communication enabled, or radio-frequency identification cards. All buses and subway stations would use the OMNY system by 2020. However, support of the MetroCard is slated to remain until 2023.

In mid-2018, city officials tentatively agreed to start a program in which they would provide half-fare MetroCards to almost 800,000 New York City residents living below the federal poverty line. The program would start in January 2019, and the New York City allocated $106 million in fiscal year 2019 to subsidize the half-fare MetroCards for at least six months. After uncertainty over whether the program would be implemented, the half-fare MetroCards were rolled out starting on January 4, 2019. Initially, the reduced-fare MetroCards would be rolled out to 30,000 residents, though another 130,000 New Yorkers receiving SNAP benefits would also be allowed to receive the half-fare MetroCards in April 2019. However, in the revised plan, only a portion of the originally projected 800,000 residents (around 20%) would be eligible for the reduced-fare cards.

On April 21, 2019, the following fare increases went into place:
 * Express Bus fare increased by 25 cents, to $6.75;
 * 7-Day Unlimited fare increased by $1, to $33;
 * 7-Day Express Bus Plus fare increased by $2.50, to $62;
 * 30-Day Unlimited fare increased by $6, to $127; and
 * the bonus for a pay-per-ride MetroCard was eliminated.

In August 2023, the following fare increases went into place:
 * Base Fare increased by 15 cents, to $2.90
 * Express Bus fare increased, to $7.00
 * 7-Day Unlimited fare increased to $34
 * 7-Day Express Bus Plus fare increased to $64.00
 * 30-Day Unlimited fare increased to $132
 * Single Ride ticket increased by 25 cents, to $3.25

Technology
During a swipe, the MetroCard is read, re-written to, then check-read to verify correct encoding.

Each MetroCard stored value card is assigned a unique, permanent ten-digit serial number when it is manufactured. The value is stored magnetically on the card itself, while the card's transaction history is held centrally in the Automated Fare Collection (AFC) Database. When a card is purchased and fares are loaded onto it, the MetroCard Vending Machine or station agent's computer stores the amount of the purchase onto the card and updates the database, identifying the card by its serial number. Whenever the card is swiped at a turnstile, the value of the card is read, the new value is written, the customer is let through, and then the central database is updated with the new transaction as soon as possible. Cards are not validated in real time against the database when swiped to pay the fare. The AFC Database is necessary to maintain transaction records to track a card if needed. It has actually been used to acquit criminal suspects by placing them away from the scene of a crime. The database also stores a list of MetroCards that have been invalidated for various reasons (such as lost or stolen student or unlimited monthly cards), and it distributes the list to turnstiles in order to deny access to a revoked card.

The older blue MetroCards were not capable of the many kinds of fare options that the gold ones currently offer. The format of the magnetic stripe used by the blue MetroCard offered very little other than the standard pay-per-swipe fare. Also, gold MetroCards allow groups of people (up to four) to ride together using a single pay-per-swipe MetroCard. The gold MetroCard keeps track of the number of swipes at a location in order to allow those same number of people to transfer at a subsequent location, if applicable. The MetroCard system was designed to ensure backward compatibility, which allowed a smooth transition from the blue format to gold.

Cubic later used the proprietary MetroCard platform to create the Chicago Card and Tren Urbano's fare card, which are physically identical to the MetroCard except for the labeling.

Physical attributes

 * Dimensions: 2.125 x; 10 mil thickness
 * Material: Polyester

SingleRide Ticket
The SingleRide Ticket (introduced to replace subway tokens and single cash fares) is a piece of paper with a magnetic strip on the front, and with the date and time of purchase stamped on the back. They cost $3.25 for one subway or local bus ride, with one free transfer allowed between buses, issued by the bus operator upon request. SingleRide Tickets do not allow transfers between subways and buses. SingleRide tickets can only be purchased at MetroCard Vending Machines, which are usually located within subway stations, and expire two hours from time of purchase. Because of these limitations, SingleRide Tickets are not frequently used, having been used by only 3% of subway riders in 2009.

Although the Pay-Per-Ride MetroCard is accepted on PATH, the regular SingleRide ticket is not. However, a PATH SingleRide ticket is available from MVMs in PATH stations for $2.75, valid for 2 hours and only on PATH. PATH also accepts 2-Trip PATH MetroCards, which cost $5.50 and are also valid only on PATH.

Pay-Per-Ride MetroCard
The Pay-Per-Ride MetroCard can be filled with an initial value in any increment between $5.80 and $80, though vending machines only sell values in multiples of 5 cents. Cards can be refilled in 1 cent increments at station booths (formerly called token booths), and in 5 cent increments at vending machines. A MetroCard holder can spend up to $80 in one transaction and up to a total value of $100. Pay-Per-Ride MetroCards can also be filled with unlimited ride time in 7- or 30-day increments. As of 2022, station booths no longer do any MetroCard transactions.

The Pay-Per Ride MetroCard is accepted on the New York City Subway; MTA express, local, limited, and Select Bus Service buses; and the Staten Island Railway. Outside agencies also accept the MetroCard, including Nassau Inter-County Express; the PATH, operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey; the AirTrain JFK, operated by the Port Authority; the Roosevelt Island Tramway; and the Westchester County Bee-Line Bus System. However, PATH does not accept reduced fare MetroCard.

Pay-Per-Ride MetroCards deduct different values depending on which service is used. Subway, Staten Island Railway, Roosevelt Island Tramway, or local/limited/Select bus uses, cost $2.90 per trip and usually allow one valid transfer, though two transfers may be allowed depending on which routes are being used (see below). Although the PATH charges $2.75 as well, it does not offer any free transfers. A ride on an MTA express bus costs $7.00, with transfers allowed to or from the subway, Staten Island Railway, or non-express MTA buses. The BxM4C Bee-Line Bus deducts $7.50 per trip, and no free or discounted transfers are allowed to or from that route. The AirTrain JFK costs $8.25 per trip if the passenger enters or leaves at Jamaica or Howard Beach–JFK Airport stations.

Transfers are available within two hours of initial entry, with the following structure:
 * One free transfer from
 * subway to local bus
 * bus to subway
 * bus to local bus
 * express bus to express bus
 * bus or subway to Staten Island Railway
 * subway to subway between the Lexington Avenue–59th Street stations and the Lexington Avenue–63rd Street  station or between Junius Street  station and Livonia Avenue  station
 * Two consecutive free transfers are available with the MetroCard for certain transfers. The transfers must be made within two hours of each other (e.g. when one makes the first transfer, they have two hours to make the second transfer).
 * Between Staten Island bus routes crossing the Staten Island Railway, through St. George Ferry Terminal, and then any MTA local bus or NYC subway service below Fulton Street in Lower Manhattan.
 * Between certain bus routes as specified in
 * $4.10 for each local bus or subway to express bus transfer.
 * Transfers with coins (pennies and half-dollar coins not accepted) are good for use on one connecting local bus route (restrictions apply).
 * Customers transferring to suburban buses from another system with a lower base fare must pay the difference between the fare on the first bus and the fare on the second bus.
 * No transfers to the BxM4C.
 * No free transfer between PATH and NYC Subway, Bus and MTA Bus.
 * Up to 4 people can ride together on a single Pay-Per-Ride MetroCard, with one free transfer granted.

Expired card balance may be transferred to a new card at any MetroCard Vending Machine, up to one year after expiration. After one year the card must be sent to the Customer Claims area of the MTA.

EasyPayXPress MetroCard
The EasyPayXPress MetroCard functions like a pay per ride or unlimited MetroCard, but is automatically refilled from a linked credit or debit card. An EasyPayXpress account is opened with either $30 or a 30-day unlimited balance of $121. , another $45 is automatically added for Pay-Per-Ride customers when balance drops below $20. To reduce this, a one-time payment may be made online before the balance drops below $20. All rules for standard pay per ride or unlimited cards apply, and EasyPay customers can review the account and ride usage online. Reduced-fare EasyPay version converts from Pay-Per-Ride to Unlimited rides (during that billing cycle) once the value of fares used meet or exceed the cost of a reduced-fare 30-Day Unlimited Ride card. Express bus fares do not contribute, and EasyPay cannot be used on PATH trains.

AirTrain JFK Discount MetroCard
The AirTrain JFK Discount MetroCard offers 10 trips on AirTrain JFK at $25. This card can only be purchased at specially marked MetroCard Vending Machines. It can be refilled, and once done so, becomes a Pay-Per-Ride MetroCard. However, although the AirTrain fare is also payable using a regular Pay-Per-Ride MetroCard, no discount is given for Pay-Per-Ride cards. There is also an unlimited-ride 30-day card that costs $40 and is only valid on AirTrain JFK.

Unlimited MetroCard
, four types of Unlimited-ride MetroCards are sold:
 * 7-Day Unlimited Ride Card, $34 for unlimited subway and local bus rides until midnight on the seventh day following first usage.
 * 30-Day Unlimited Ride Card, $132 for unlimited subway and local bus rides until midnight on the thirtieth day following first usage.
 * 7-Day Express Bus Plus Card, $64 for unlimited express bus, local bus, and subway rides until midnight on the seventh day following first usage.
 * 30-Day AirTrain JFK Unlimited Ride Card, $40 for unlimited trips on the AirTrain (operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey) until midnight on the thirtieth day from first usage. This card can only be purchased at specially marked MetroCard Vending Machines at the Howard Beach–JFK Airport or Sutphin Boulevard–Archer Avenue–JFK Airport  stations and at MetroCard vendors in JFK Airport. There are no transfer privileges with this card as it only works on the AirTrain. This is the only unlimited card accepted on the AirTrain.

Any Unlimited Ride Card cannot be used at the same subway station or bus route for 18 minutes after it is swiped. Every MetroCard can be refilled in increments of 7 or 30 days' worth of unlimited ride time, or with pay-per-ride value, but time is used before value unless the time on the card cannot be applied to the ride taken. The 7 Day Express Bus Plus card is the only unlimited card that can be used on express buses. Unlimited rides cannot be applied to non-MTA transit systems such as the PATH or AirTrain JFK; to use these systems that require a value-based fare, riders can load money on their Unlimited Ride MetroCard by selecting "Add Value" when refilling at a MetroCard Vending Machine or at a station booth. Turnstiles for these systems will simply deduct the fare from the value portion of the MetroCard. 30-Day Unlimited and 7-Day Express Bus Plus Cards that are purchased using a credit, debit or ATM card from a MetroCard vending machine can be reported lost or stolen to receive a pro-rated credit for the card.

Standard 7- and 30-day unlimited cards are accepted on MTA New York City Subway; non-express buses from either the MTA, NICE, or Bee-Line; the Roosevelt Island Tramway; and the Staten Island Railway. 7-Day Express Bus Plus is accepted on MTA express buses. The AirTrain JFK only accepts the Unlimited AirTrain JFK card.

Student MetroCard
The Student MetroCard is issued to New York City public and private school students who live within the city limits. It allows free access to the NYCT buses and trains, depending on the distance traveled between their school and their home. The card program is managed by the NYCDOE Office of Pupil Transportation. In Nassau County, Student MetroCards are issued by individual schools which have pre-paid for the cards.

The DOE issues different colors of cards to students who live in New York City. Orange cards are given to students who are in grade K-6. Green cards are given to students who are in grades 7–12. Student MetroCards are allowed on the New York City Subway, non-express MTA buses, and the Staten Island Railway. Formerly, there was also a half-fare card that could only be used on non-express buses, discontinued in mid-2019. Red cards are issued to students and parents when there is a school bus work stoppage. Blue and purple cards are issued to Nassau County students and are only allowed to use the cards on NICE buses. Up to three trips per day may be made on student MetroCards, though four-trip MetroCards can be authorized individually for students who must make more than one transfer between home and school.

Students who receive a student MetroCard must live:
 * More than 0.5 miles away if they are in grades K–2
 * More than 1.0 miles away if they are in grades 3–6
 * More than 1.5 miles away if they are in grades 7–12

In May 2019, the MTA voted to phase out the half-fare student MetroCard and distribute only full-fare cards for students who qualify for a MetroCard.

Disabled/Senior Citizen Reduced-Fare MetroCard

Senior citizen MetroCards are received via application or by submitting the application in person with required ID and copies of proof of age at the NYC Transit Customer Service Center at 3 Stone St in lower Manhattan and act as a combination photo ID and MetroCard. It allows half-fare within the MTA system, and on express buses during off-peak hours only. Half fare is also available on the 7-day and 30-day Unlimited MetroCards. "Autogate" cards are issued to persons with mobility impairments and are accepted at wheelchair doors at selected stations. The card back is color-coded to indicate the gender of the card holder, and the card face is marked with "Photo ID Pass". Later issues of Senior Citizen and Disability MetroCards are uncolored (all white with black printing on back with photo, gold face remains unchanged) for gender neutral requests. Temporary replacement cards are purple with no photo, or blue for Autogate MetroCard holders, and the value cannot be refunded if the original card is stolen or lost. A Senior & Disabled Reduced-fare EasyPay (automatic refill) card is also available.

This type of card is accepted everywhere the Pay-Per-Ride or time-based MetroCard is, with two exceptions: it is not valid on the PATH, and it is not valid for ticket purchase on New York City-bound LIRR and Metro-North trains in the morning. Reduced-Fare MetroCards (in any variety) are also not accepted at PATH stations. Reduced fare customers who do not have a MetroCard may purchase a full-fare round trip MetroCard from a subway station agent by presenting proof of eligibility.

This type of card caused complaints because it took up to three months to replace.

Fair Fares MetroCard
The Fair Fares MetroCard pilot program was implemented in January 2019. These are distributed by Fair Fares NYC, which sends letters to eligible residents that meet the income criteria, including veteran students, New York City Housing Authority residents, City University of New York students, and residents who receive benefits from the Department of Social Services. These residents must then register online to receive the Fair Fare MetroCard. Holders of the Fair Fare MetroCard can purchase Pay-Per-Ride or time-based fares at half the regular price. This type of card is accepted only on local/limited/Select buses, the subway, and the Staten Island Railway.

Emergency services

An emergency MetroCard is carried by police officers, firefighters, and emergency medical personnel while on duty so they can access the subway system during an emergency.

MetroCard Bus Transfer
The MetroCard Bus Transfer is issued upon request to passengers who pay cash fares on buses accepting MetroCard. The transfer is inserted into the fare box on the second bus, which retains it. Westchester Bee Line bus system and Nassau Inter-County Express and MTA New York City Transit bus is free to transfer from one bus to another bus that is accepted with MetroCard. The bus transfer is paper like the SingleRide Metrocard. This transfer does not grant cash customers subway access.

For suburban transfers, if the fare paid to get the transfer is less than that required on the second bus, the difference must be paid on boarding. For transfers from NICE to New York City Transit, no step up fee is required.

The predecessor to the MetroCard bus transfer was the original bus transfer. These paper tickets allowed bus to bus transfers. Available in pads of several different colors for use at different times, boroughs or directions, they would be torn at a certain time-marked line to indicate when the transfer would expire. A version of this still exists today as the "General Order Transfer" (aka "block ticket") which is provided to customers as they leave the subway system during service disruptions to re-enter the system at another point (often via a shuttle bus).

Purchase options
All new MetroCard purchases are charged a $1 fee, except to reduced fare customers and those exchanging damaged/expired cards. This purchase fee does not apply to MetroCard refills.

Subway station booths
As of 2022, booths no longer handle any transactions, and station agents have been reassigned to other functions within the station. Prior to this booths staffed by MTA station agents (at specified time periods) are located in all MTA subway stations. Every type of MetroCard could be purchased at a booth, with the exception of the SingleRide ticket (purchased at the MetroCard Vending Machine) and MetroCards specific to other transit systems (AirTrain JFK and PATH). All booth transactions had to be in cash.

MetroCard vending machines

MetroCard Vending Machines (MVMs) are located in all subway stations, PATH stations (with the added ability to reload SmartLink cards), Staten Island Ferry terminals, Roosevelt Island Tramway stations, and the Hempstead Transit Center, Eltingville Transit Center, and Central Terminal at LaGuardia Airport.

MVMs debuted on January 25, 1999, and are found in two models. Standard MVMs accept cash, credit cards, and debit cards, and are located in every subway station. Cash transactions are required for purchases of less than $1, and they can return up to $9 in coin change (this amount was changed in later years to $6). MVMs can also reload previously issued MetroCards. MetroCard Express Machines (MEMs) are smaller MVMs that only accept credit and ATM/debit cards. Both models allow customers to purchase any type of MetroCard through a touchscreen. The machines also comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, through use of Braille and a headset jack: audible commands for each menu item are provided once a headset is connected and the proper sequence is keyed through the keypad; all non-visual commands are then entered via the keypad instead of the touchscreen. The MEMs and MVMs are geared to allow a maximum of 2 transactions per day when payment is made by either credit or debit card. PATH fare vending machines (only in PATH stations) can dispense MetroCards. MetroCards that have expired can be exchanged using a MVM or MEM if done within one year of the expiration date printed on the back of the card. This is done by using the Refill option on the machine screen. Any cash value that is left on the expired card will be transferred to the new card. No fee is charged for a new MetroCard in this instance.

MetroCard bus and van
A number of MetroCard sales vans and a MetroCard bus (a retired bus converted for sales duty) routinely travel to specific locations in New York City and Westchester County, stopping for a day (or half a day) at the announced locations. MetroCards can be purchased or refilled directly from these vehicles. Reduced-fare MetroCard applications can also be processed on the bus, including taking photographs for these cards.

The MetroCard van serves all five boroughs and Westchester County, while the MetroCard bus serves Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens, and parts of Brooklyn.

Neighborhood MetroCard merchants
Vendors can apply to sell MTA fare media at their business. Only presealed, prevalued cards are available, and no fee is charged. A comprehensive listing of neighborhood MetroCard merchants can be found on the MTA website.

Commuter railroad ticket vending machines
Ticket vending machines (TVMs) for the MTA's two commuter railroad systems, Long Island Rail Road and Metro-North Railroad, offer the option to purchase combined tickets/passes and MetroCards. A $5.50 MetroCard is available with a round-trip ticket, and a $50 MetroCard is available with a monthly pass. In addition, the machines sell separate $25 MetroCards. TVMs at Jamaica station and Penn Station sell AirTrain JFK monthly passes on the back of LIRR tickets. All cards sold from these machines are of thick paper stock, not the normal plastic.

Beginning in 2007, with the start of the S89 bus service, a combined Hudson–Bergen Light Rail (HBLR) monthly pass and monthly MetroCard became available at NJ Transit ticket vending machines at HBLR stations.

Future
In 2006, the MTA and Port Authority announced plans to replace the magnetic strip with smart cards.

On July 1, 2006, MTA launched a six-month pilot program to test the new contact-less smart card fare collection system, initially ending on December 31, 2006, but extended until May 31, 2007. This program was tested at all stations on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line and at four stations in the Bronx, Brooklyn and Queens. The testing system utilized Citibank MasterCard's Paypass keytags. This smart card system was intended to ease congestion near the fare control area by reducing time spent paying for fare. MTA and other transportation authorities in the region said they would eventually implement it system-wide.

OMNY
In October 2017, MTA signed a $573 million contract with Cubic Transportation Systems for OMNY (short for One Metro New York), a new fare payment system. This will use the contactless payment system, with riders waving or tapping credit or debit bank cards, smartphones, and/or MTA-issued smart cards to pay their fare. This contactless system was originally developed by Transport for London at a cost of £11 million (at the time equivalent to around $14 million), before being licensed to Cubic for worldwide sale. MTA expects to spend at least six years rolling out the system, with new electronic readers and vending machines. The new fare system would be rolled out on a limited basis in May 2019. By 2024, the MetroCard would be phased out entirely.

Unauthorized resale and scams
The MetroCard system is susceptible to various types of unauthorized resale, colloquially known as "selling swipes".

At times, this may involve individuals charging to swipe another commuter into the subway system at a discount below the official fare, either by using an "unlimited ride" MetroCard, or by manipulating a spent MetroCard to obtain an extra, unpaid ride. A 2004 press release from New York State Senator Martin J. Golden claims these behaviors cost the MTA $260,000 a year.

So-called 'swipers' reportedly may secure customers by maliciously damaging the coin and bill acceptor mechanisms of metrocard vending machines Nearly half of broken vending machines were in Manhattan, and the MTA spent $26.5 million on MVM repairs as of 2017. An 18-minute delay between uses of an "unlimited ride" MetroCard at any given station, and the expense of unlimited ride MetroCards, have historically limited their use for selling swipes.

More commonly, "swipers" use a technique which involves bending a spent MetroCard in a precise way that then allows a further use of that MetroCard when swiped and unkinked according to a specific procedure at a turnstile. Swipers employ this procedure to sell discount entry to the subway; some riders simply use the technique to garner free subway entry themselves. The bend purportedly damages the magnetic stripe on the MetroCard which indicates it no longer has value, prompting the turnstile reader to defer to a back-up field which indicates that the metrocard has one remaining fare. When the technique was discovered, it could be performed an unlimited number of times with the same MetroCard. However, a software correction soon limited the technique to just once per used MetroCard, in which a turnstile computer which had deferred to that "backup" field would require the MetroCard be swiped additional times through the reader/writer before granting entry so any lingering indication of value could be deleted from the card, making it impossible to manipulate a given MetroCard in the same way once again.

Criminal charges leveled against those using this bent-MetroCard technique have included petit larceny and, in a state law introduced specifically to target swipers in the year 2006, with "unauthorized sale of transportation services." As early as 2001, however, police and prosecutors began to charge people bending MetroCards to seek free rides (either to sell, or for personal use) with various forms of forgery.

While misdemeanor forgery charges have been used in a number of jurisdictions, the Manhattan District Attorney's Office championed felony forgery charges for those in possession of manipulated metrocards, including "criminal possession of a 'forged instrument' in the 2nd Degree", a felony. A representative of that office successfully defended the charge to the state's highest court, the New York State Court of Appeals, in a case decided in 2009. Critics have argued, however, that the court's decision is based on an incomplete—and possibly incorrect—understanding of MetroCard technology, calling to question the status of a bent metrocard as a "forged instrument". The MetroCard technology has no public documentation, and has never been made available to criminal defendants who might dispute claims that a simple bend to a MetroCard alters its data as read by a turnstile computer in the way claimed by Manhattan prosecutors. It is unclear, for example, why a bent MetroCard cannot be used to obtain an unpaid ride on a New York City bus if simply bending a MetroCard can actually alter how it is read by a subway turnstile computer as prosecutors claim. One researcher has argued that a bent MetroCard must be subject to further procedures in order to be seen by the turnstile computer as legitimate, which requires both concealing data from the turnstile computer with a bend, as well as having fresh data written to the MetroCard by the turnstile computer itself. Because a bent MetroCard will not actually appear legitimate to a turnstile computer without further steps to allow the turnstile computer to write that fresh data, this casts doubt on the claim that a bent MetroCard – often cited as evidence in the prosecutions of swipers – actually constitutes a "forged instrument" as defined in New York State law.

A $1 fee on new MetroCards imposed in 2013 significantly curtailed the bent-MetroCard form of selling swipes. The fee motivated riders to keep and refill their existing MetroCards, undermining the vast supply of discarded spent MetroCards from which swipers previously drew as their stock-in-trade. Nonetheless, people continue to sell swipes of bent MetroCards which have been discarded. Swipers continue to be prosecuted under forgery laws, according to research published in 2019.

The MetroCard has resisted digital duplication through software. The MetroCard has a magnetic stripe, but both the track offsets and the encoding differ from standard Magstripe cards. It is a proprietary format developed by the contractor Cubic. Off-the-shelf reader/writers for the standard cards are useless to read from or write to MetroCards without mechanical modification and custom software. Self-identified hackers have had success decoding MetroCard data by treating Metrocard contents as sound, and converting its contents to binary using a computer sound card, inferring the role of data fields by comparing MetroCards with known properties, and developing custom Linux software to decode MetroCard data. Moreover, MetroCard data has been duplicated to other media, also by treating it as sound, using an eight-track tape player. While duplicates may be usable to enter the subway in the short term, they are likely to be invalidated after the AFC database discovers imbalance between fares purchased for a MetroCard with a certain serial number, and fares used from one or more MetroCards bearing that serial number.

Limited editions
Over the years, the MTA has issued limited-edition MetroCards in honor of certain events, people, or structures.

Back side designs

For much of the MetroCard's history, images were printed only on the back side of MetroCards. These have included cards with the Statue of Liberty, the New York City bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics, a Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum exhibit, and the Circle Line ferry. Sporting events have also been commemorated, including the Subway Series, the 2014 Super Bowl, and the 2014–15 season of the Brooklyn Nets.

In 2017, the MTA started issuing Supreme-branded MetroCards at eight subway stations. The Supreme-branded cards were popular, and there were reports that some were resold for hundreds of dollars. The MTA issued MetroCards featuring Mariska Hargitay, the main actor in the TV series Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, in 2024 to celebrate the show's 25th anniversary.

Front side designs

The MTA started allowing front side advertising in 2012. One of the earlier front side designs was an I Love New York card first sold in October 2013. Three hundred thousand cards were printed in remembrance of Hurricane Sandy the previous year.

Starting in December 2018, the MTA started issuing 250,000 Game of Thrones-themed MetroCards at Grand Central–42nd Street, in honor of the show's final season. The cards came in four designs. Starting in May 2019, coinciding with the opening of the Memorial Glade at the National September 11 Memorial & Museum, the MTA issued 250,000 MetroCards with images of first responders at the World Trade Center site after 9/11. The MetroCards were issued at ten subway stations: six in Lower Manhattan and four high-traffic stations in midtown and Brooklyn. In June 2019, the MTA celebrated Stonewall 50 - WorldPride NYC 2019 with LGBT pride-themed MetroCards.

In November 2020, the MTA celebrated Veterans Day with Veterans Day themed MetroCards. The MetroCards were available at six stations: two in Brooklyn, one in Queens, two in Midtown Manhattan, and one in The Bronx. In 2023, the MTA issued special Cam'ron, LL Cool J, Rakim, and Pop Smoke MetroCards. In 2024, the MTA issued Ice Spice MetroCards to celebrate the launch of Ice Spice's first album. That May, the MTA announced that two final front-side MetroCard designs would be issued, as the MTA was in the process of retiring the MetroCard itself.

title: MetroCard


text:
Latin School of Chicago

Latin School of Chicago is a private elementary, middle, and high school located in the Gold Coast neighborhood on the Near North Side of Chicago, Illinois, United States. The school was founded in 1888 by Mabel Slade Vickery. Latin School is a member of the Independent School League (ISL).

History
Latin School was formed in 1888 by a group of parents seeking a better education for their children. Mabel Slade Vickery, a teacher from the East Coast, was invited to Chicago to open the school with a small class of ten 10-year-old boys. During the early years, classes were held in private homes on Chicago's near North Side. The parent-owned institution flourished and in 1899, with enrollment of more than 100 boys, the school moved into its own building and officially became Chicago Latin School.

In 1913, a girls section was incorporated by Miss Vickery and became The Chicago Latin School for Girls. The schools merged in 1953 to form the co-educational Latin School of Chicago. The school was designed to provide students with a rigorous college-preparatory education in the classical tradition, with a curriculum that was heavily influenced by Classical studies and the study of the Greek and Latin languages, hence the name “Latin School." The Latin language is still taught in the middle and upper schools today. While it was started as a neighborhood school, Latin School currently is home to more than 1,100 students from approximately 70 ZIP codes throughout the Chicago area. The school awards more than $3 million in need-based financial aid each year.

In April 2020, the school received an unspecified amount in federally backed small business loans as part of the Paycheck Protection Program. The school returned it after receiving scrutiny over this loan, which meant to protect small and private businesses. Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin tweeted that the schools should return the money. The New York Times noted the school's endowment is $58.5 million.

Campus and Academics
The current campus has three buildings. The lower school (junior kindergarten to grade 4) building is the oldest structure dating to 1926 and is located at 1531 N. Dearborn. The upper school (grades 9–12) building at 59 W. North was completed in 1969. The middle school (grades 5–8) building, located at 45 W. North, was completed in the fall of 2007. It includes a green roof garden and was designed with environmentally friendly materials. The building was awarded LEED Gold certification by the U.S. Green Building Council in 2012.

The upper school building was designed by internationally acclaimed architect Harry Weese. The upper and middle school buildings are connected by two bridges, and both divisions use both buildings, with many middle school arts and PE classes held in the US and all HS science classes in the designated science center in the MS. The average class size is 14 students and the student-to-faculty ratio is 8:1. The school offers over 150 courses, several at honors level and about a dozen at AP level. Several electives are also offered.

Visual Arts
Latin has a visual arts department, notable for its many extracurricular/elective opportunities and its Global Studies: Visual Arts class. The school is also noted for its Mickey & The Masters project where, as a culmination of their study of the History of Western Painting, ninth grade students recreate master paintings with the added challenge of substituting Mickey Mouse as the main character. The school has two galleries with 14 events hosted annually in Gallery 2.

Musical and Performing Arts
Several electives and extracurriculars focus on performing arts, music, and public presentation. The school holds around 20 yearly performing arts productions and concerts, including faculty and student directed plays, semesterly band and chorus concerts, a student-faculty chorale, and semesterly dance performances. The productions are well funded by the school.

Athletics
The Latin School of Chicago's mascot is the Roman. They also compete in the Independent School League (ISL).

Fall

 * Boys Cross Country (JV/Varsity)
 * Girls Cross Country (JV/Varsity)
 * Girls Field Hockey (JV/Varsity)
 * Boys & Girls Golf (JV/Varsity)
 * Boys Soccer (JV/Varsity)
 * Girls Swimming (JV/Varsity)
 * Girls Tennis (JV/Varsity)
 * Girls Volleyball (Freshman/JV/Varsity)
 * Coed Sailing (JV/Varsity)

Winter

 * Boys Basketball (Freshman/JV/Varsity)
 * Girls Basketball (JV/Varsity)
 * Boys Ice Hockey (JV/Varsity)
 * Girls Ice Hockey (Varsity)
 * Boys Swimming (JV/Varsity)

Spring

 * Boys Baseball (JV/Varsity)
 * Girls Soccer (JV/Varsity)
 * Girls Softball (JV/Varsity)
 * Boys Tennis (JV/Varsity)
 * Boys Track (JV/Varsity)
 * Girls Track (JV/Varsity)
 * Boys Volleyball (JV/Varsity)
 * Boys Water Polo (JV/Varsity)
 * Girls Water Polo (JV/Varsity)
 * Boys Lacrosse (Varsity)
 * Girls Lacrosse (Varsity)
 * Club Coed Ultimate Frisbee
 * Coed Sailing (JV/Varsity)

Notable alumni

 * Conor Allen - professional hockey player
 * Bob Balaban – actor and author
 * Ike Barinholtz – comedian
 * Bradley Bell – television writer and producer
 * Lauralee Bell – actress
 * Matt Brandstein – writer/actor
 * Roe Conn – radio talk show host
 * Billy Dec – Rockit Ranch Productions CEO and founder, actor
 * Douglas Diamond - Economist, 2022 Nobel Prize winner
 * Grant DePorter – restaurateur
 * Filligar – band (Casey Gibson, Johnny, Teddy, Peter Mathias)
 * Cassidy Freeman – actor
 * Crispin Freeman – voice actor
 * John Fritchey – Cook County Commissioner – 12th District
 * Kenny George – college basketball player, tallest basketball player in NCAA history
 * Alexi Giannoulias – Illinois State Treasurer
 * Douglas H. Ginsburg – Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, US Supreme Court nominee
 * Mitch Glasser – American-Israeli baseball player
 * Sarah Goldberg - actress (mostly TV), aka Sarah Danielle Madison
 * Nina Gordon – singer and songwriter, founding member of alternative rock band Veruca Salt, daughter of former Monsanto chairman Robert Shapiro
 * Laura Granville – professional tennis player, 2-time NCAA champion, head coach of women's tennis at Princeton University
 * Johnny Groth - Major League Baseball player
 * John Marshall Harlan II – US Supreme Court Justice
 * William Horberg - Executive Film and Television producer
 * Jessica Jackson Hutchins — artist
 * Rick Kogan – Chicago newspaperman, radio personality and author
 * Lisa Madigan – Illinois Attorney General
 * Johanes Maliza – professional soccer player
 * Ryan Marks - men's college basketball coach
 * Brooks McCormick – International Harvester Company CEO and philanthropist
 * Roger McGuinn – singer and songwriter, founding member of the Byrds
 * Carol Mendelsohn – television producer and writer
 * Claes Oldenburg – sculptor
 * Walter Paepcke - industrialist, philanthropist and founder of Aspen Skiing Company
 * Paul Raphaelson — artist
 * Nancy Reagan – actress and First Lady of the United States 1981-89
 * Maurice Samuels — author and professor of French at Yale University
 * Lincoln Schatz — artist
 * Jim Shapiro – drummer for Veruca Salt, brother of Nina Gordon, son of former Monsanto chairman Robert Shapiro
 * Adlai Stevenson III – U.S. Senator, candidate for governor, son of presidential candidate Adlai E. Stevenson
 * Neil Strauss – journalist and author
 * Bill Wirtz – former businessman and Chicago Blackhawks owner
 * William Wrigley, Jr. II – business executive

2022 suicide incident
In January 2022, Nathan Bronstein, a former student at the Latin School of Chicago died of suicide. A wrongful death lawsuit was filed against the school, select school officials and certain parents in the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois. The lawsuit claimed breach of contract by the school and its officials for failing to follow its own anti-bullying policies. The lawsuit also alleges that no disciplinary action was taken against those involved despite complaints to the school’s dean of students. Latin School of Chicago denied the allegations and claims.

title: Latin School of Chicago


text:
Pybba of Mercia

Pybba (570?–606/615) (also Pibba, Wibba, or Wybba) was an early King of Mercia. He was the son of Creoda and father of Penda and Eowa. Unusually, the names Pybba and Penda are likely of British Celtic, rather than Germanic, origin.

His dates are sometimes given in genealogies as birth in 570, the beginning of his reign in 593, and death in either 606 or 615, but with no apparent evidence; the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle just mentions him as father of Penda, with no further detail.

Pybba is said by the Historia Brittonum to have had 12 sons. Cearl, a Mercian king, is mentioned by Bede, and may have been Pybba's successor, but his relationship to Pybba, if any, is unknown. Pybba's son Penda eventually became king; the Chronicle gives the date of this as 626, although Bede suggests it was not until after the battle of Hatfield Chase in 633.

Besides Penda and Eowa (who the author of the Historia Brittonum said were the sons of Pybba who were the best known to him ), Pybba also apparently had a son named Coenwalh. Every king from Penda until Ceolwulf, who was deposed in 823, was said to be a descendant of Pybba, either through Penda, Eowa, or Coenwalh (perhaps excluding Beornrad, who ruled briefly and whose background is unknown).

Pybba also is said to have had a daughter. Though unnamed, she was possibly the first wife of Cenwalh, King of Wessex (648–674).

title: Pybba of Mercia