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Fighter-bomber

A fighter-bomber is a fighter aircraft that has been modified, or used primarily, as a light bomber or attack aircraft. It differs from bomber and attack aircraft primarily in its origins, as a fighter that has been adapted into other roles, whereas bombers and attack aircraft are developed specifically for bombing and attack roles.

Although still used, the term fighter-bomber has less significance since the introduction of rockets and guided missiles into aerial warfare. Modern aircraft with similar duties are now typically called multirole combat aircraft or strike fighters.

Development

Prior to World War II, general limitations in available engine and aeronautical technology required that each proposed military aircraft have its design tailored to a specific prescribed role. Engine power grew dramatically during the early period of the war, roughly doubling between 1939 and 1943. The Bristol Blenheim, a typical light bomber of the opening stages of the war, was originally designed in 1934 as a fast civil transport to meet a challenge by Lord Rothermere, owner of the Daily Mail. It had two Bristol Mercury XV radial engines of 920 hp each, a crew of three, and its payload was just 1,200 lb of bombs. The Blenheim suffered disastrous losses over France in 1939 when it encountered Messerschmitt Bf 109s, and light bombers were quickly withdrawn.

In contrast, the Vought F4U Corsair fighter—which entered service in December 1942—had in common with its eventual U.S. Navy stablemate, the Grumman F6F Hellcat and the massive, seven-ton USAAF Republic P-47 Thunderbolt—a single Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp radial engine of 2,000 hp in a much smaller, simpler and less expensive single-seat aircraft, and was the first aircraft design to ever fly with the Double Wasp engine in May 1940. With less airframe and crew to lift, the Corsair's ordnance load was either four High Velocity Aircraft Rockets or 2,000 lb of bombs; a later version could carry eight rockets or 4,000 lb of bombs. The massive, powerful 18-cylinder Double Wasp engine weighed almost a ton—half as much again as the V12 Rolls-Royce Merlin and twice as much as the 9-cylinder Bristol Mercury that powered some heavy fighters.

Increased engine power meant that many existing fighter designs could carry useful bomb loads, and adapt to the fighter-bomber role. Notable examples include the Focke-Wulf Fw 190, Hawker Typhoon and Republic P-47 Thunderbolt. Various bombing tactics and techniques could also be used: some designs were intended for high-level bombing, others for the low-level semi-horizontal bombing, or even for low-level steep dive bombing as exemplified by the Blackburn Skua and North American A-36 Apache.

Larger twin-engined aircraft were also used in the fighter-bomber role, especially where longer ranges were needed for naval strikes. Examples include the Lockheed P-38 Lightning, the Bristol Beaufighter (developed from a torpedo bomber), and de Havilland Mosquito (developed from an unarmed fast bomber). The Beaufighter MkV had a Boulton-Paul turret with four 0.303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns mounted aft of the cockpit but only two were built. Bristol's Blenheim was even pushed into service as a fighter during the Battle of Britain but it was not fast enough. Equipped with an early Airborne Interception (AI) radar set, however, it proved to be an effective night fighter.

First World War
The first single-seat fighters to drop bombs were on the Western Front, when fighter patrols were issued with bombs and ordered to drop them at random if they met no German fighters. The Sopwith Camel, the most successful Allied aircraft of the First World War with 1,294 enemy aircraft downed, was losing its edge by 1918, especially over 12,000 ft. During the final German offensive in March 1918, it dropped 25 lb Cooper bombs on advancing columns: whilst puny by later standards, the four fragmentation bombs carried by a Camel could cause serious injuries to exposed troops. Pilot casualties were also high. The Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5. was used in the same role.

The Royal Flying Corps received the first purpose-built fighter-bomber just as the war was ending. It was not called a fighter bomber at the time, but a Trench Fighter as that was what it was designed to attack. The Sopwith Salamander was based on the Sopwith Snipe fighter but had armour plating in the nose to protect the pilot and fuel system from ground fire. Originally it was intended to have two machine guns jutting through the cockpit floor so as to spray trenches with bullets as it passed low overhead. But this did not work and it was fitted with four Cooper bombs, instead. It was ordered in very large numbers, but most were canceled after the Armistice.

In February and April 1918 the Royal Flying Corps conducted bombing tests at Orfordness, Suffolk dropping dummy bombs at various dive angles at a flag stuck into a shingle beach. Both WW1 fighter bombers were used with novice and experienced pilots. The best results were achieved with a vertical dive into the wind using the Aldis Sight to align the aircraft. But they were not considered good enough to justify the expected casualty rate.

Second World War
When war broke out in Europe, Western Allied Air Forces employed light twin-engined bombers in the tactical role for low-level attacks. These were found to be extremely vulnerable both to ground fire and to single-engine fighters. The German and Japanese Air Forces had chosen dive bombers which were similarly vulnerable. The Ilyushin Il-2 is a heavily armoured two-seat single-engine ground-attack aircraft. It first flew a month later although few had reached the Soviet Air Force in time for Operation Barbarossa. Naval forces chose both torpedo and dive bombers. None of these could be considered as fighter bombers as they could not combat fighters.

Germany
During the Battle of Britain, the Luftwaffe conducted fighter-bomber attacks on the United Kingdom from September to December 1940. A larger fighter-bomber campaign was conducted against the UK from March 1942 until June 1943. These operations were successful in tying down Allied resources at a relatively low cost to the Luftwaffe, but the British Government regarded the campaign as a nuisance given the small scale of the individual raids.

In August 1941, RAF pilots reported encountering a very fast radial engine fighter over France. First thought to be captured French Curtiss 75 Mohawks, they turned out to be Focke-Wulf Fw 190s, slightly faster and more heavily armed than the current Spitfire V. Kurt Tank had designed the aircraft when the Spitfire and Bf 109 were the fastest fighters flying; he called them racehorses, fast but fragile. As a former World War I cavalryman, Tank chose to design a warhorse. With a BMW 801 radial engine, wide-set undercarriage, and two 20mm cannons as well as machine guns it became a better fighter-bomber than either of the pure fighters.

By mid-1942, the first of these "Jagdbombers" (literally "fighter" or "hunter" bomber, known for short as "Jabos") was operating over Kent. On October 31, 60 Fw 190s bombed Canterbury with only one aircraft lost, killing 32 civilians and injuring 116, in the largest raid since the Blitz. Flying at sea level, under the radar, these raids were hard to intercept. The Jabos reached the Eastern Front in time to bomb Russian positions in Stalingrad. By July 1943 Fw 190s were replacing the vulnerable Stukas over the Battle of Kursk: although winning the air war, they were unable to prevent subsequent Red Army advances.

On New Year's Day 1945 in Operation Bodenplatte, over 1,000 aircraft (including more than 600 Fw 190s) launched a last-ditch attempt to destroy Allied planes on the ground in support of the Battle of the Bulge. Allied fighter aircraft and fighter-bomber losses were downplayed, at the time. Seventeen airfields were targeted, of which seven lost many aircraft. The surprise was complete as the few Ultra intercepts had not been understood. At the worst hit, the Canadian base at Eindhoven, 26 Typhoons and 6 Spitfires were destroyed and another 30 Typhoons damaged. In total, 305 aircraft, mostly fighters, and fighter-bombers were destroyed and another 190 damaged. The Luftwaffe lost 143 pilots killed, 71 captured and 20 wounded, making the worst one-day loss in its history; it never recovered.

United Kingdom
The Bristol Blenheim and Douglas A-20 Havoc (which the RAF called Boston) were used as night fighters during the Blitz, as they could carry the heavy early airborne radars.

The Hawker Henley, a two-seat version of the Battle of Britain-winning Hawker Hurricane, was designed as a dive bomber. It might have proved to be a capable fighter-bomber but overheating of its Rolls-Royce Merlin engine in this installation led to its relegation to a target tug role, where it could match the speed of the German bombers whilst towing a drone.

In 1934, the British Air Ministry called for a carrier aircraft that could combine the roles of the dive bomber and fighter, to save limited space on small carriers. The Blackburn Skua was not expected to encounter land-based fighters but was to intercept long-range bombers attacking the fleet and also to sink ships. As a two-seater, it could not fight the Messerschmitt Bf 109 on equal terms. But the second seat carried a radio operator with a homing device that could find the carrier even when it had moved, in foul North Sea weather. It achieved one of the first kills of the war, when three from HMS Ark Royal downed a German Dornier Do 18 flying boat over the North Sea.

On April 10, 1940, 16 Skuas operating from RNAS Hatston in Orkney under Commander William Lucy sank the German cruiser Königsberg which was tied to a mole in Bergen harbour. The Germans recorded five hits or near misses and as the ship started to sink, electric power failed, dooming the ship. The German cruiser Köln had departed during the night.

With the failing of the Hawker Henley and the gradual fading of the Hawker Hurricane's performance compared to the latest German fighters, it was modified to carry four 20mm cannon and two 500 lb bombs; once bombs were jettisoned the aircraft could put up a reasonable fight. Inevitably the type became known in the RAF as the “Hurribomber”, reaching squadrons in June 1941.

It was soon found that it was hardly possible to hit fast-moving Panzers in the Western Desert, with bombs and cannon fire-making little impact on their armour. Daylight bombing raids were made on the French and Belgian coasts, targeting mostly oil and gas works. Losses were heavy, often more than the numbers of enemy fighters destroyed. By May 1942 Hurricane IICs with 40 impgal drop tanks were intruding at night over France. On the night of May 4–5, Czech pilot Karel Kuttelwascher flying from RAF Tangmere with No 1 Squadron shot down three Dornier Do 17s as they slowed to land at Saint-André-de-Bohon after raiding England.

On September 25, 1942, the Gestapo HQ in Oslo was attacked by four de Havilland Mosquitoes, which had flown over the North Sea below 100 ft by dead reckoning navigation from RAF Leuchars, Scotland, carrying four 500 lb bombs each. The next day the RAF unveiled its new fast bomber. On December 31, 1944, the same aircraft was used against the same target, this time from RAF Peterhead in Scotland, flying high and diving onto the building. In February 1941 the Mosquito with two Rolls-Royce Merlin engines and a streamlined wooden fuselage achieved 392 mph, 30 mph faster than the current Spitfire. It was used on all kinds of missions, including silencing Hermann Göring's Berlin Nazi anniversary broadcast on January 20, 1943, leading him to tell Erhard Milch, Air Inspector General that “when I see the Mosquito I am yellow and green with envy. (The British) have the geniuses and we have the nincompoops.”

Initially used for high-level photo-reconnaissance, the Mosquito was adapted to precision bombing, night fighter, and fighter bomber roles. It was built in Canada and Australia as well as the UK. Fitted with a British Army Ordnance QF 6 pounder (57 mm) gun it could sink U-boats found on the surface. On April 9, 1945, three were sunk en route to Norway, and in the following month, Mosquitos sank two more.

The Hawker Typhoon was being designed as a replacement for the Hurricane in March 1937 before production had even started. The reason was to take advantage of the new 2,000 hp engines then being planned, either the Napier Sabre or Rolls-Royce Vulture which required a larger airframe than the nimble Hurricane. At the prototype stage, there were problems with the new engines and stability of the aircraft itself, which led the Minister of Aircraft Production, Lord Beaverbrook to decree that production must focus on Spitfires and Hurricanes.

The Typhoon disappointed as a fighter, especially at altitude but found its true niche as a fighter bomber from September 1942. It was fitted with racks to carry two 500 lb and then two 1,000 lb bombs. By September 1943 it was fitted with eight RP-3 rockets each with a 60 lb warhead, equivalent to the power of a naval destroyer's broadside.

Claims of German tanks destroyed by rocket-armed Typhoons in Normandy after D-Day were exaggerated. In Operation Goodwood, the attempt by British and Canadian forces to surround Caen of 75 tanks recorded as lost by the Germans, only 10 were found to be due to rocket-firing Typhoons.

At Mortain, where the German counter-offensive Operation Lüttich came within 2 mi of cutting through US forces to Avranches, Typhoons destroyed 9 of 46 tanks lost but were more effective against unarmoured vehicles and troops and cause the armoured vehicles to seek cover. General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Supreme Allied Commander, said "The chief credit in smashing the enemy's spearhead, however, must go to the rocket-firing Typhoon aircraft of the Second Tactical Air Force. The result of the strafing was that the enemy attack was effectively brought to a halt, and a threat was turned into a great victory".

The disparity between claims and actual destruction at about 25-1 owed much to the difficulty of hitting a fast-moving tank with an unguided rocket, even from a stable aircraft like the Typhoon. But soft targets were simpler. When the 51st Highland Division moved to block German panzers reaching Antwerp in the Battle of the Bulge Tommy Macpherson saw a half-track full of SS soldiers. All were uninjured, powerful men over 6 ft tall. All were dead, killed by the air blast from a Typhoon rocket.

The Bristol Beaufighter was a long-range twin-engine heavy fighter derived from the Bristol Beaufort torpedo bomber but with the 1600 hp Bristol Hercules radial engine to give it a top speed 50 mph faster. By late 1942 the Beaufighter was also capable of carrying torpedoes or rockets. The main user was RAF Coastal Command although it was also used in the Royal Australian Air Force with some aircraft assembled in Australia and by the USAAF.

Over 30 Beaufighters flying from RAF Dallachy in Scotland from Australian, British, Canadian, and New Zealand squadrons attacked the German destroyer Z33 sheltering in Førde Fjord Norway. They were escorted by only 10 to 12 North American P-51 Mustangs. German destroyers escorted convoys of Swedish iron ore, which in winter were forced to creep along the Atlantic Coast by night, hiding deep inside fjords by day. Z33 was moored close to the vertical cliffside of the fjords so Beaufighters had to attack singly with rockets without the normal tactic of having simultaneous attacks by other Beaufighters firing cannon at the numerous flak gunners. Twelve Focke-Wulf Fw 190s surprised the Mustangs and Norway's biggest ever air battle was soon raging. Nine Beaufighters and one Mustang were lost as were five Fw 190s. The destroyer was damaged and February 9, 1945, became known as Black Friday. Typhoons were involved in one of the worst tragedies at the end of the war when four squadrons attacked the luxury liners SS Deutschland and the SS Cap Arcona and two smaller ships SS Athen and SS Thielbek moored off Neustadt in Lübeck Bay The Cap Arcona had 4,500 concentration camp inmates and the Thielbek another 2,800 as well as SS Guards. The Deutschland had a Red Cross flag painted on at least one funnel. The previous day the Captain of the Cap Arcona refused to take any more inmates on board. On return to shore in longboats they were gunned down by Hitler Jugend, SS Guards and German Marines. Of an estimated 14,500 victims in the area two days earlier only 1,450 survived.

The Hawker Tempest was a development of the Typhoon using the thin wing with an aerofoil developed by NACA and a more powerful version of the Napier Sabre engine, giving a top speed of 432 mph. At a low level, it was faster than any other Allied or German aircraft, but slower than the Spitfire above 22,000 ft. Fitted with four 20mm cannon it was a formidable fighter, respected even by Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter pilots as their most dangerous opponent. At its debut over the Normandy Beaches on D-Day +2, Tempests shot down three German fighters, without loss. Tempests supported the ambitious attempt to capture the bridge at Arnhem in Operation Market Garden in mid-September 1944. David C. Fairbanks, an American who joined the Royal Canadian Air Force was the top Tempest ace with 12 victories including an Arado Ar 234 jet bomber.

United States
General Henry H. Arnold, Chief of the United States Army Air Forces, urged the adoption of the Mosquito by the U.S. but was overruled by those who felt that the as yet untried Lockheed P-38 Lightning also twin-engined, could fulfill the same role. Although Lightning got its name from the RAF, the British eventually rejected it. Too slow and cumbersome to match Bf 109s as an escort fighter over Germany, it did fly over Normandy as a fighter bomber, where one tried skip-bombing a 1,000 lb bomb through the door of Field Marshal Günther von Kluge's OB West HQ. A Lightning squadron also killed Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto over Bougainville in the Pacific acting on an Ultra intercept.

The Republic P-47 Thunderbolt was a larger, evolutionary development of the P-43/P-44 fighter undertaken after the United States Army Air Forces observed Messerschmitt Bf 109s performing in the Battle of Britain. It was a massive aircraft built around the powerful Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp engine and weighed up to eight tons with ordnance. The P-47 was twice as heavy and had four times the fuselage size of a Spitfire. Armed with eight .50 in (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine guns it could outshoot any enemy fighter, and as a fighter-bomber, it could carry half the bomb load of a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress or 10 five-inch (127 mm) High Velocity Aircraft Rockets.

The first pilots to fly the Thunderbolt from England were Americans who had been flying Spitfires in the RAF before the U.S. joined the war. They were not impressed initially; the Thunderbolt lost out to the more nimble Spitfire so consistently in mock dogfights that these encounters were eventually banned. But by November 25, 1943 Thunderbolts had found their true niche, attacking a Luftwaffe airfield at Saint-Omer near Calais, France. On October 13, 1944, a Thunderbolt from 9th Air Force damaged the German Torpedoboot Ausland 38 (formerly the Italian 750 ton torpedo boat Spada) so badly near Trieste with gunfire alone that the ship was scuttled.

The Vought F4U Corsair was built around the same Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp engine as the Thunderbolt, but for the U.S. Navy. Difficulties with carrier landings meant that the first aircraft were used by the United States Marine Corps from Henderson Field, Guadalcanal from February 12, 1943. In its first combat action, the following day over Kahili airfield two Corsairs and eight other aircraft were lost when attacked by 50 Mitsubishi A6M Zeros. This became known as the St Valentine's Day massacre. Despite this initiation the Corsair soon proved to be an effective fighter bomber, mostly flown by the Marine Corps, but also by the United States Navy, Fleet Air Arm and Royal New Zealand Air Force in the Pacific theater.

When the British Purchasing Commission invited James H. Kindelberger, President of North American Aviation, to assemble the Curtiss P-40 Warhawk in an underutilized plant, he promised a better fighter on the same timing. The resulting North American P-51 Mustang powered by a Packard-built Rolls-Royce Merlin engine became the outstanding long-range fighter of the war. When Lend-lease funding for the RAF Mustangs was exhausted, Kindleberger tried to interest the USAAC but no funds were available for a fighter; instead, the Mustang was fitted with dive brakes and emerged as the North American A-36 Apache, a dive bomber almost as fast as the Mustang itself. By April 1943 USAAF Apaches were in Morocco supporting Operation Torch, and they continued bombing trains and gun emplacements northwards through Italy.

Korean War
When Soviet-backed North Korea attacked South Korea on June 25, 1950, their forces quickly routed the South Korean army which lacked tanks, anti-tank and heavy artillery. Its Air Force had 22 planes, none of which were fighters, or jets. During a Soviet boycott of the United Nations, a vote was carried without Soviet veto, to intervene in support of the South. Most readily available were U.S. and British Commonwealth forces occupying Japan and the Pacific fleets. The first arrivals were fighter-bombers, which helped to repulse the Northern attack on the vital port of Pusan, the last small territory held by the South. Some strategists felt that air and battleship strikes alone could halt the invasion.

USAF North American F-82 Twin Mustangs had the range to reach the front line from Japanese bases. The last piston-engined aircraft, produced in the U.S., it looked like two Mustangs, with two pilots in separate fuselages, bolted together. Initially intended to escort bombers over Japan from remote Pacific island bases, hence its long-range, it missed WWII and first saw action in Korea. Plain North American P-51 Mustangs of the Royal Australian Air Force soon also flew across from Japan.

Vought F4U Corsairs and Hawker Sea Furys from U.S., British and Australian carriers in the Yellow Sea and later from Korean airfields, also attacked the Pusan perimeter. The Sea Fury, a development of the Hawker Tempest had a Bristol Centaurus engine of 2,480 hp giving a 485 mph top speed, one of the fastest piston-engined aircraft ever built. Initially, United Nations air forces using piston-engined fighter-bombers and straight wing jet fighters easily drove the North Koreans out of the sky and so disrupted logistics and hence the attack on Pusan.

All changed when the Soviet Air Force intervened with swept-wing Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15s flown by Russian pilots on November 1. The planes had Korean markings and the pilots had been taught a few Korean words, in a thin sham that the USSR was not fighting. The MiG-15 used captured German swept wing technology and tools and British jet engines, 25 of which had been a gift from Stafford Cripps the president of the Board of Trade and were quickly copied. Josef Stalin remarked “What fool will sell us his secrets?” The MiG's Rolls-Royce Nene had 5,000 lbf thrust, twice as much as the jets of its main British and US opponents, which used the older Rolls-Royce Derwent design. Only the Navy Grumman F9F Panther used a version of the Nene and could match the MiG-15, accounting for seven during November.

Daylight heavy bomber raids over North Korea ceased and the Lockheed F-80 Shooting Star and its all-weather variant the Lockheed F-94 Starfire were focused on bombing missions whilst the North American F-86 Sabre was rushed to Korea to combat the MiG-15s. There is much debate as to which was the better fighter. Recent research suggests a 13-10 advantage to the Sabre against Russian pilots, but the US pilots were mostly WWII veterans whilst the Russians were often “volunteers” with only a few hours aloft. The Australians converted from Mustangs to Gloster Meteor fighter-bombers, the first Allied jet fighter of WWII but no match for a MiG-15. It was pressed into combat but after four were lost when the squadron was bounced by 40 Mig-15s, reverted to ground attack, carrying 16 60 lb rockets. Although Meteors shot down 6 MiG-15s, 30 were lost, but mainly to ground fire. Both Corsairs and Sea Furies also shot down MiG-15s, but were vulnerable to the faster jet.

Post-war
Fighter-bombers became increasingly important in the 1950s and 1960s, as new jet engines dramatically improved the power of even the smallest fighter designs. Many aircraft initially designed as fighters or interceptors found themselves in the fighter-bomber role at some point in their career. Notable among these is the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter, first designed as a high-performance day fighter and then adapted to the nuclear strike role for European use. Other U.S. examples include the North American F-100 Super Sabre and the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II, each of which was widely used during the Vietnam War. An example of a modern purpose-designed fighter bomber is the Sukhoi Su-34.

title: Fighter-bomber


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List of cities and towns in Bangladesh

This article presents a list of cities and towns in Bangladesh. According to the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics and the Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Co-operatives of Bangladesh, there are 532 urban centres in Bangladesh.

The bureau defines an urban centre with a population of 100,000 or more as a "city". Altogether, there are 43 such cities in Bangladesh. 11 of these cities can be considered major cities as these are governed by City Corporations. All of the City Corporation-governed cities currently have a population of more than 200,000, which is not a criterion for the status, because currently 17 cities in Bangladesh have a population of more than 200,000. Besides the 11 major cities, there are 32 other cities in Bangladesh that are not governed by "City Corporations", rather by "Municipal Corporations". A city with a population of more than 10,000,000 is defined by the bureau as a megacity. Dhaka is the only megacity in Bangladesh according to this definition. Together, Dhaka and the port city of Chittagong account for 48% of the country's urban population.

An urban centre with a population of less than 100,000 is defined as a "town". In total, there are 490 such towns in Bangladesh. Among these, 287 towns are governed by "Municipal Corporations". These are called "Paurashava"s in the local Bengali language. Altogether, including the ones governing the 32 other non-major cities, there are 318 Municipal Corporations.

In addition, there are another 203 towns which are Upazila centres (and other urban centres) and not governed by any Municipal Corporation or "Paurashava". These are the non-Municipal Corporation or "non-Paurashava" towns.

In 1951, Bangladesh was mostly a rural country and only 4% of the population lived in urban centres. The urban population rose to 20% in 1991 and to 24% by 2001. In 2011, Bangladesh had an urban population of 28% and the rate of urban population growth was estimated at 2.8%. At this growth rate, Bangladesh's urban population would reach 79 million or 42% of the population by 2035. The urban centers of Bangladesh have a combined area of about 10600 square kilometers, which is 7% of the total area of Bangladesh. As such, Bangladesh has a very high urban population density: 4028 persons per square kilometer (2011), whereas the rural density is significantly lower: 790 persons per square kilometer (2011). The number of municipalities tripled from 104 municipalities in 1991 to 318 municipalities in 2011.

Major cities
There are eleven major cities in Bangladesh that are governed by twelve city corporations, which include Dhaka North, Dhaka South, Chattogram, Khulna, Sylhet, Rajshahi, Mymensingh, Rangpur, Barisal, Cumilla, Gazipur and Narayanganj. Among these, Dhaka is a megacity, governed by two city corporations, and has a population of more than 10 million. It was formerly governed by the Dhaka City Corporation, until it was split into North and South in 2011. The populations of the cities in the table below are from the 2022 census.

Metropolitan areas
All eleven of the aforementioned major cities are designated as metropolitan areas: Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, Sylhet, Rajshahi, Mymensingh, Barisal, Rangpur, Cumilla, Narayanganj and Gazipur. Metropolitan areas can be loosely defined as a major city combined with some of its adjacent municipalities and peri-urban areas.

Cities
In addition to the 11 major cities governed by City Corporations, there are many minor cities which are governed by Municipal Corporations (pourashava). Area figures come from the 2011 census or Paurashava websites. Those with populations of over 100,000 (as of 2022 census) are given below:

Towns
The following is a list of towns in Bangladesh governed by Municipal Corporations.

Urban areas by population
Dhaka is by far the largest urban area as well as the largest metropolitan area in Bangladesh. Chittagong is the second largest city and urban area in Bangladesh as well as the second largest metropolitan in Bangladesh.

Khulna is the third largest city and second largest port city of the country after Chittagong. Also, the adjoining areas of Khulna are abided by port-related business, industry, governmental foreign investment, and some well-known mega projects. This city also has a rich history of industrialization through the British period. Khulna has also a significant number of tourism industries centered on the largest mangrove forest of the world, the Sundarbans. Sylhet city is also the third developed city within Khulna and Rajshahi. Sylhet is also marked as an economically stronger city compared to other cities after Dhaka and Chittagong. Sylhet city also got a richer regional economy for remittances and the tourism industry. Rajshahi is also a big city and is known as the educational city of Bangladesh due to its well-marked educational institutions with better results and better educational performances. So we can say that the best 5 cities in Bangladesh are Dhaka, Chittagong, Sylhet, Khulna, and Rajshahi. Other major cities with a stronger economy and developer infrastructure after these five best cities are Cumilla, Bogra, Rangpur, Tangail, Faridpur, Barishal, Gazipur, Narayanganj, Jessore, Kushtia, Patuakhali, Feni, Cox's Bazar, Mymenshing, Dinajpur, Pabna, Brahmanbaria, Narsingdi, Bholo, Gopalganj, Thakurgao, Chuadanga, Madaripur, etc.

The following table shows the largest populated area within a local government area.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of cities and towns in Bangladesh


text: Talk:Curry powder

title: Talk:Curry powder


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Bots (band)

Bots is a Dutch language folk rock group from the southern city of Eindhoven that is successful in both the Netherlands and Germany. The band was formed in 1974 by Hans Sanders and is mainly known for the cover of the Breton folk song Son ar Chistr called "Zeven Dagen Lang" based on the ("Sieben Tage Lang" in German, "Seven Days Long" in English). The first albums were produced by Peter Koelewijn. In 2005 a new version of "Zeven Dagen Lang" was recorded with the rapper Ali B on the occasion of the Muziek10Daagse. On 3 November 2007 Hans Sanders died at the age of 61.

Line-up

 * Bonkie Bongaerts : guitar, piano, vocals
 * Frans Meijer : drums, bongos
 * Hans Sanders : guitar, vocals
 * Kees Buenen ; guitar, piano, vocals
 * Noudt Janssen ; bass guitar, vocals
 * Peter de Vries : bass guitar
 * Piet Engel : flute, saxophone
 * Sjors Van De Molengraft : flute, saxophone

Other musicians

 * Anton Wannemakers : bass guitar
 * Bert Smaak : drums
 * Broer Bogaart : drums
 * Erik van Donkersgoed : backing vocals, guitar
 * Floris Teunissen Van Manen : drums
 * George Koenraad : backing vocals, drums
 * Sjoerd Van Bommel : drums

1970s
Bots was formed in 1974 by Bonkie Bongaerts and Bertus Borgers. After leaving the band Dirty Underwear, Hans Sanders – stuck with a band with no pianist and no saxophone support – chose to team up with Bonkie Bongaerts and form the new group Bots (Dutch botsen: "to clash" / BO-nkie Bongaer-TS). In 1975 the band recorded its first album, Van Kwaad Tot Erger (From Bad To Worse), with producer Peter Koelewijn. The album places Bots in the centre of attention and the band also makes its debut on national TV. The singles "Het Lied Van De Werkende Jeugd" ("The Song Of The Working Youth") and "De Man" ("The Man") are released. The band tours frequently, also in Belgium. By this time Hans Sanders started to claim texts and lyrics he did not actually write. This was only discovered in 1981 when gold-record awards resulted in increased payments for Hans Sanders but not for the other band members. In 1976 the song "Zeven Dagen Lang" ("Seven Days On End"), a cover version of the Breton folk song Son ar Chistr popularised by singer-songwriter Alan Stivell and Bots' best known song today, ended up on the album Voor God En Vaderland (For God And Country). Co-producer of the album was Peter Koelewijn. The single reached number 23 in the charts. Themes on the album included feminism, racism, solidarity and militarism. The music showed influences of both folk and pop.

In 1977 Bots toured East Germany. Bots recorded the poem "Rond" ("Round") by Bert Schierbeek.

In 1978 the third Bots album, Wie Zwijgt Stemt Toe (Silence Lends Consent), and is also recorded with Peter Koelewijn. The band's lineup includes Sanders and Bongaerts expanded with sax and flute player Piet Engel, Peter de Vries (bass) and Frans Meijer (drums). The single "Popmuzikant" ("Pop Musician") hit the charts. Together with Eindhoven-based theatre group Proloog, Bots created the musical Barst.

In 1979 Bots worked with Proloog on the Bots Rood Show. This musical theatre production was not very successful. Bots also played in West Germany. They started with Dutch-language songs but soon they are asked to sing in German.

1980s
In 1980 Bots recorded the album Je Voelt Pas Nattigheid Als Je Droog Komt Te Staan (You Won't Smell A Rat Until You Come Across One) with producer Peter Koelewijn. In the autumn the band's first German-language album came out. Aufstehn! (Stand Up!) contains German versions of songs like "Zeven Dagen Lang" (de:"Sieben Tage Lang" en:"Seven Days On End") and Ali. The songs were translated by German authors Günter Wallraff, Henning Venske and Peter Tobiasch.

In 1981 Bots sold over 400,000 copies of Aufstehn! and its followup Entrüstung (Indignation, also Ent-Rüstung = Dis-Armament (correctly: en:disarmament = de:Abrüstung) ). The songs were translated by German authors Günter Wallraff, Dieter Hildebrandt, Hanns Dieter Hüsch and Henning Venske. The success also had a downside and there were many changes in the band's lineup. Bots now includes Broer Bogaart (drums) and Noudt Jansen (bass).

In 1981–1982 there was a major dispute within the band and between the band and producers/record companies. Hans Sanders had been holding back money from everyone. Due to these disputes, the band's lineup changed completely. The band has not been supported by a major record company nor recorded a popular hit since.

In 1983 the third German-language Schön Krank (Considerable (slang) Sick) was recorded, with very little success or sales. The band was on the road a lot and played for free in front of half a million people at the Künstler Für Den Frieden (Artists For Peace) festival in West Berlin. This was the last (desperate) action publicly recorded from the band (which could hardly be referred to as 'Bots' any longer). From 1985 until 1988 Sjoerd van Bommel was the band's drummer. In 1986 the German-language record Lass Die Sterne Stehen was released. In 1988 the band played in Germany.

1990s
In 1990 the Dutch-language album Paradijs (Paradise) was recorded and released on the Free label in May. The album was produced by Sanders and keyboard player/singer Kees Buenen. Bots sporadically performed in their hometown, Eindhoven.

In 1997, when football team PSV Eindhoven wins the national championships, Sanders re-recorded his classic "Zeven Dagen Lang" and turned it into "Zeven Jaren Lang" ("Seven Years On End"). Former BOTS band members and fans were insulted by the way Sanders rewrote the song and publicly tried to claim Bots' heritage.

2000s
In 2001 Bots still tours (drives around) but seldom plays. During the Folkwoods Festival in August the band's lineup included Sanders, Buenen, George Koenraad (drums/vocals), Erik van Donkersgoed (guitar/vocals) and Anton Wannemakers (bass).

In 2007 lead singer Hans Sanders dies. The band is looking for a replacement to sing the rest of the numbers written for the new album.

title: Bots (band)


text:
User talk:Fritske

Hey there! Welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like this place--I sure do--and want to stay. If you need help on how to title new articles check out Naming conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the manual of style. If you need help look at Help and The FAQ, plus if you can't find your answer there, check The Village pump or The Reference Desk! Happy wiki-ing! Alexandros

title: User talk:Fritske


text:
User talk:Head

Hey there! Welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like this place--I sure do--and want to stay. If you need help on how to title new articles check out Naming conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the manual of style. If you need help look at Help and The FAQ, plus if you can't find your answer there, check The Village pump or The Reference Desk! Happy wiki-ing! Alexandros

If you want to contact me, please use de:Benutzer Diskussion:Head!

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Question
I wonder, why did you delete so many interwiki links from division ring? My guess is that you did it because the other articles talk not about division rings, but rather about fields. Is that why? If so, you should specify that in the edit summary. It is good to post an explanation when you delete something (besides saying "fix wikikinks"). Otherwise people will wonder if that is vandalism. Thanks. Oleg Alexandrov 22:45, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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You have been removed from Local Embassy due to inactivity
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Rachel Scott

Rachel Joy Scott (August 5, 1981 – April 20, 1999) was an American student who was the first fatality of the Columbine High School massacre, during which 11 other students and a teacher were also murdered by Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, who then committed suicide.

Scott's belief in Christianity and the circumstances of her death have led to her being remembered by groups of evangelical Christians as a Christian martyr. She was posthumously the subject and co-writer of several books and the inspiration for Rachel's Challenge, an international school outreach program and the most popular school assembly program in the U.S.

The aim of Rachel's Challenge is to advocate Scott's values, based on her life, her journals, and the contents of a two-page essay, penned a month before her murder, entitled My Ethics; My Codes of Life. This essay advocates her belief in compassion being "the greatest form of love humans have to offer".

Childhood
Rachel Joy Scott was born on August 5, 1981, in Denver, Colorado. She was the third of five children born to Darrell Scott and Beth (née Nimmo) Scott. The entire family are devout Christians. Her father was a pastor at a church in Lakewood, Colorado, and worked as a sales manager for a Denver-based food company; her mother was a homemaker. Rachel's parents divorced in 1988; they maintained a cordial relationship and held joint custody of the children. The following year, Beth and her children relocated to Littleton, Colorado, where she remarried in 1995.

As a child, Scott was an energetic, sociable girl, who displayed concern for the well-being of others, particularly if they were downcast or otherwise in need. She developed a passion for photography and poetry at an early age. Rachel attended Dutch Creek Elementary School and Ken Caryl Middle School before she enrolled in Columbine High School in the ninth grade. At Columbine, she was an attentive, above-average student who displayed a flair for music, acting, drama, and debate. She was a member of the school's forensics and drama clubs. Acting did not initially come easily to her, and she had to devote extra effort to succeed in this activity.

Adolescence and Christian beliefs
When Scott was 11 in March 1993, she visited the church that her aunt and uncle attended in Shreveport, Louisiana, and chose to commit herself to Christianity. By April 1998, when she was at Columbine High School, five of her closest friends had distanced themselves from her because of her increasing commitment to her faith. Furthermore, because of her faith, she was occasionally subjected to mockery by several of her peers. Rachel documented this in a letter to a relative a year to the day before her death. The letter included the words: "Now that I have begun to walk my talk, they make fun of me. I don't even know what I have done. I don't even have to say anything, and they turn me away. I have no more personal friends at school. But you know what, it's all worth it."

On many occasions throughout Scott's adolescence, her family observed her in prayer both at home and at church. Her mother said that her daughter would regularly pray on her knees, with her head bowed, her hands upon her face, and that often, these particular prayer rituals brought tears to Scott's eyes. On one occasion, this included writing a prayer for one of the future perpetrators of the Columbine High School massacre.

By the age of 17, Scott was an attendee of three churches: Celebration Christian Fellowship; Orchard Road Christian Center; and Trinity Christian Center, where she choreographed dances at Sunday service. She was also an active member of church youth groups; at the Orchard Road Christian Center, she attended a youth group named "Breakthrough", where she displayed a passionate interest in both evangelism and discipleship. Scott wrote in her journals that her spiritual awareness developed greatly through attending this youth group, and she became known as a leading advocate within it.

Personal life
Scott struggled with self-esteem issues as a teenager, and has been described by her family as being "blind to her own beauty". By the age of 17, Rachel, although popular among her peers, would occasionally resist efforts to attend certain social events with her friends out of fear she would succumb to the temptation of drinking alcohol. In her mid-teens, Scott had a serious relationship with a boy, but she chose to end it over concerns that it might develop into a physical encounter.

According to friends, Scott often chose to wear clothes of a style reflecting her colorful personality, and occasionally wore eccentric hats, fedoras, or even pajamas to amuse her companions. In addition to her passion for fashion, music, and photography, she was an avid viewer of classic movies, and often spoke of her desire to become a renowned Hollywood actress. She is known to have conveyed these aspirations to her family and to have combined her sense of humor into everyday family life with lighthearted gestures such as leaving a message on her family's answering machine stating: "You have reached the residence of Queen Rachel and her servants, Larry, Beth, Dana, Craig, and Michael. If you have anything you'd like them to do for me, please leave a message."

Scott was an aspiring writer and actress. In 1998, she performed a mime act to the song "Watch the Lamb" at the school talent show. The tape jammed halfway through the song and Dylan Klebold, who ran audio for the school theater production club, came to her rescue and fixed the tape, leading her to thank him afterwards. Rachel's sister would later perform the same mime act at her funeral.

In order to repay her parents for the Acura Legend they had given her, Scott worked at a Subway sandwich shop on West Coal Mine Avenue in Littleton shortly before she died. In one instance while working there, she felt remorse for not assisting a homeless woman who had come into the store and vowed to be more helpful to such people in the future.

At the time of her death at age 17, Scott lived at 7282 South Vance Street in the Columbine community and was debating as to whether she should become an actress or a Christian missionary. She also had plans to visit Botswana as a member of a Christian outreach program to build homes in the upcoming summer before moving into her own apartment in late 1999.

Murder
Scott was eating lunch with her friend Richard Castaldo on the lawn outside the west entrance of the school, when Eric Harris shot her four times with a Hi-Point 995 Initially shot in the chest, left arm, and left leg, from a distance of 10 to 15 feet, she sustained a fourth and fatal wound to her left temple. Castaldo was shot eight times and permanently paralyzed from his injuries. Scott's body was left outside where she died and was not retrieved by the coroner until the following morning.

Shortly after Rachel was murdered, Harris and Klebold went on a killing spree around the school, claiming 12 more lives and leaving 24 injured. The two perpetrators committed suicide in the school library, the place where they murdered the most victims. Scott did not personally know Harris or Klebold. After the killings, Scott's car was turned into an impromptu memorial in the adjacent Clement Park after being moved from the school's parking lot by grieving students. A chain-link fence was also installed around the vehicle for mourners to attach their tokens of grief such as flowers, crucifixes, teddy bears, and letters of condolence. The car was ultimately covered by the objects left upon it by mourners. Scott's 16-year-old brother, Craig, was also at the school on the day of the massacre; he was in the library where most of the killings occurred; he survived unharmed, although two of his close friends were also murdered.

Craig later expressed extreme regret for his last interaction with his sister: slamming a car door at her when being dropped off at school that morning.

Funeral
Scott was buried at Chapel Hill Memorial Gardens in Centennial on April 24, 1999, following a two-hour funeral service held at the Trinity Christian Center. Her funeral was one of the first services following the massacre and was attended by more than 1,000 people that included friends and staff at Columbine High School. The Reverend Porter began the service by addressing the congregation with the question, "What has happened to us as a people that this should happen to us?" He then addressed the solemn crowd with a speech that included references to Scott's pious character, kind nature and love of her fellow human, before stating: "You have graduated early from this life to a far better one, where there is no sorrow, violence or death." Her friends from the Orchard Road Christian Church Youth Group also sang a song at the service, composed in her honor, entitled "Why Did You Have to Leave?" Attendees were invited to talk at the service, as "My Heart Will Go On" was played.

Those conveying their eulogies included one youth who had been considered an outcast at Columbine High School, who stated: "All my life I prayed that someone would love me and make me feel wanted. God sent me an angel," before staring at Scott's casket and weeping. Nick Baumgart, who accompanied Rachel to the high school prom as her date three days before her murder, also spoke, saying: "A truer friend, you couldn't find. You could be having the worst day of your entire life; all she had to do was smile." Scott's parents chose not to speak at the service, but issued a statement in which they described their daughter as "a girl whose love of life was constantly reflected in her love and zeal for music, drama, photography, and for her friends".

Prior to her burial, mourners who had known Scott throughout her life were invited to write messages of condolence, grief and thankfulness on her ivory white casket. Her coffin was adorned with messages of love, gratitude, and grief. The funeral service was broadcast by CNN and MSNBC.

Martyrdom
The deaths of Scott and fellow student Cassie Bernall—also a Christian—during the Columbine massacre led both to be subsequently depicted and remembered by groups of evangelical Christians as Christian martyrs. This began during her funeral on April 24, 1999, which was televised. At the beginning of the ceremony, Barry Palser, a pastor from an Assemblies of God organization, gave a speech in which he said she was "one who has given [her] life for the Lord Jesus Christ, a modern-day martyr." Pastor Bruce Porter delivered a sermon later in the service, in which he called Rachel a "warrior" who carried "a torch that was stained by the blood of the martyrs from the very first day of the Church's existence". Porter then requested that others pick up the "torch" in Scott's wake.

In the following year's numerous books—termed "hagiographies" by sociologist Ralph Larkin—were published about Scott and Bernall with the assistance of or authorship by their parents. Porter also wrote a book about Scott, making frequent references to sacrifice. Many web pages have been published that are specifically dedicated to Scott and she is prominently featured in more broadly themed Columbine memorial websites. Some of these sites explicitly or implicitly refer to Scott's belief in Christianity and suggest that she was killed because of it. Journalist Hanna Rosin framed public remembrance of her death as part of a phenomenon in which teenage Christians began obsessing over Christian-based death. Scott's mother and her brother Craig toured many schools across the United States years after the shooting to speak about Rachel's life, asserting that she probably died because of her religious beliefs. Christian churches used the martyr narrative of Scott's and Bernall's deaths to promote themselves and recruit members.

The circumstances surrounding Scott's death and its relation to her religious beliefs are disputed in the martyr narrative. Journalist Wendy Murray Zoba argued that the shooters targeted evangelical Christians during the massacre. As evidence for this, she claimed that Scott was shot execution-style, though the official report published by police stated that Scott was shot from a distance of 10 to 15 feet. Scott's mother claimed that she had offered to be friends to Klebold, that Klebold was romantically interested in her, and that Klebold and Harris mocked her for her religious beliefs. Scott's mother also asserted that her daughter was on a "target list." Investigations in the years following the shooting—especially Dave Cullen's findings in his book Columbine—have concluded that Klebold and Harris were not targeting people for their religion, ethnicity, or gender. Scott did not know the two boys personally and was in a different academic grade than them. A frequent feature of Rachel's martyr story is that she had a verbal exchange with Klebold and Harris about her religious beliefs before they killed her. The Hollywood Reporter accounts that Richard Castaldo, who was shot while sitting with Scott and survived, "told a newspaper that not only did the killers ask Rachel about her faith but that he, too, was asked if he believed in God, and he answered truthfully that he did not, and his life was spared." Other sources report that Castaldo had survived by "playing dead". Castaldo was in a coma in the immediate aftermath of the shooting, and thus did not testify to police and his account was not included in the police report on the event. Castaldo said in his speech at Scott's funeral, "People tell me I said she said she believed in God, and I can't remember it," and Larkin wrote in 2007 that Castaldo "could not remember Klebold or Harris saying anything."

Rachel's Tears
Reviewing their daughter's life and hearing firsthand just how profound an impact Scott's simple acts of kindness had imprinted on the lives of those who had known her, as well as recalling her repeatedly stated desire for her life to have an impact for the better on others, Darrell Scott and Beth Nimmo were inspired to write the book Rachel's Tears, a non-fiction book about their daughter, her faith, her inspirational journal entries, and the impact of her loss on their lives. The book was published on the first anniversary of her death, and is incorporated into the Rachel's Challenge program.

Scott and Nimmo later published two more books inspired by their daughter and her legacy: Rachel Smiles: The Spiritual Legacy of Columbine Martyr Rachel Scott, and The Journals of Rachel Joy Scott: A Journey of Faith at Columbine High. These books were published in 2001 and 2002, respectively. Both parents have expressed their hope that those who did not know their daughter would find inspiration in the books' description of the principles their daughter had lived during her life.

Rachel's Challenge
After reading the essay, My Ethics; My Codes of Life, and the journals Scott had written in the last 16 months of her life, her father founded Rachel's Challenge in 2001. Rachel's Challenge is a national nonprofit and nonpolitical organization whose stated aims are to advocate a safe and positive climate and culture in schools in a campaign to quell school violence, bullying, discrimination, and both homicidal and suicidal thoughts in students. Through the more than 50 designated speakers and the international expansion of Rachel's Challenge, the annual international student outreach of the organization is estimated to be in excess of two million. The program itself typically involves a one-hour audio and video presentation, hosted by the Rachel's Challenge speaker, to assembled students, with the aim of motivating those present to analyze how they treat others. The Rachel's Challenge speakers include Darrell, Craig and Mike Scott; guest speakers include Nicole Nowlen, who was wounded at age 16 in the Columbine High School massacre, and Adam Kyler, a former Columbine student who had harbored suicidal thoughts until Rachel, noting he was the victim of bullying, offered her friendship and support.

Each attendee is asked to pledge to accept the five principles discussed during the presentation before leaving the assembly: to eliminate any form of prejudice from their being, and seek only the best in others; to keep a journal and seek to achieve accomplishments; to choose to accept only positive influences in their lives; to commit to bringing a positive change in their home, school, and community through kind words, and undertaking tasks great and small; and to show care and compassion to those who are vulnerable, ridiculed, or in any form of need. A final impetus is to commit to Rachel's theory of the formation of a chain reaction through these five pledges by sharing these commitments with their family members, friends, and peers.

At the close of the program, the audience is asked to close their eyes, and picture five or six people closest to them; they are then asked to tell them how much they mean to them. The initial presentation is followed by a 45-minute, interactive training session involving both adult and student leaders. Participants are trained to perpetuate the chain reaction of kindness envisioned by Scott. The participating school is provided with a curriculum and a training manual to ensure the continuity of the objectives of Rachel's Challenge, and the speaker typically holds a meeting later with parents and community leaders.

Internationally, many schools have incorporated Rachel's Challenge into their internal character building programs, with active efforts made to eradicate any sense of alienation among the student population, and various initiatives implemented to increase cohesion. One initiative to achieve this objective is to establish a "Friends of Rachel" club, to sustain the campaign's goals on an ongoing basis. In addition, many students actively seek to honor Scott's theory of just one person displaying compassion having the potential to spark a chain reaction of the same by spreading her message of kindness, empathy and compassion with their fellow students.

As a direct result of Rachel's Challenge, numerous child and teenage suicides have been prevented and in seven known cases, planned school shootings have been prevented.

The Random Acts of Kindness Foundation posthumously awarded Scott the 2001 National Kindness Award for Student of the Year. The award was in recognition of her efforts to eradicate negativity, discord, and alienation in those she encountered during her life and to replace these negative influences with care and compassion.

In the wake of the 2006 West Nickel Mines School shooting, Craig Scott was formally invited to address a National Council on issues relating to safety and security in schools. This meeting was held at the White House with President George W. Bush and included White House staff and educators from across the nation. The conference focused on cultural issues and the accomplishments and personal experiences garnered through Rachel's Challenge. President Bush requested a copy of the speech, and Craig Scott was later invited back to the White House to speak further on these issues.

In a direct recognition of the significant, ongoing, national benefits achieved in schools, colleges, and universities through Rachel's Challenge, the National Education Association of New York awarded Darrell Scott and Rachel's Challenge the "Friend of Education Award" in 2006. Darrell Scott was selected as the 2009 winner of the "All-Stars Among Us" initiative in recognition of his selfless dedication toward preserving his daughter's memory in a positive manner through Rachel's Challenge in the U.S.

Along with 29 other recipients, Scott was formally honored as part of the 2009 Major League Baseball All-Star Game ceremonies, held in St. Louis, Missouri, on July 14 that year. At this ceremony, Darrell Scott stated: "Rachel loved to watch baseball. She had no clue that because of her memory ... I'd be here representing her." Both of Scott's parents have also spoken with entertainers, world leaders, and notable individuals including Miep Gies – one of the people who hid Anne Frank and her family from the Nazis, and preserved her diary after her capture.

Darrell Scott has stated that reliving his daughter's death giving his Rachel's Challenge speeches is painful, but that he and his family consider the opportunity to be a worthwhile experience as they can turn a tragedy into triumph. He notes: "I feel that God has really called me to do this. To pick up the torch my daughter dropped. This is what my daughter would have wanted to see. If I died right now, I can tell you my daughter's prayer has been answered." Rachel's mother, on the 10th anniversary of her daughter's passing, stated: "Only through eternal eyes will she ever know how powerful her life and death became."

Film

 * The 2016 film I'm Not Ashamed is directly based on the life and death of Scott. Directed by Brian Baugh and starring Masey McLain as Rachel Scott, the movie also uses some of the contents of Scott's journals for voice-overs.

Books

 * Nimmo, Beth; Klingsporn, Debra (2000). Rachel's Tears: The Spiritual Journey of Columbine Martyr Rachel Scott. Thomas Nelson Inc. ISBN 978-0-7852-6848-2
 * Nimmo, Beth; Klingsporn, Debra (2001). The Journals of Rachel Joy Scott: A Journey of Faith at Columbine High. Thomas Nelson Inc. ISBN 978-1-4041-7560-0
 * Scott, Darrell; Rabey, Steve (2001). Chain Reaction: A Call to Compassionate Revolution. Thomas Nelson Inc. ISBN 0-7852-6680-1
 * Scott, Darrell; Rabey, Steve (2002). Rachel Smiles: The Spiritual Legacy of Columbine Martyr Rachel Scott. Thomas Nelson Inc. ISBN 978-0-7852-9688-1
 * Scott, Darrell; Rabey, Steve (2009). Rachel's Tears: 10 Years after Columbine, Rachel Scott's Faith Lives on. Thomas Nelson Inc. ISBN 978-1-4003-1347-1

title: Rachel Scott


text:
List of hospitals in Alabama

This is a list of hospitals in Alabama (U.S. state), sorted by hospital name.

Hospitals
The American Hospital Directory lists 126 hospitals in Alabama.

title: List of hospitals in Alabama


text:
List of cities in Vietnam

Cities in Vietnam are identified by the government as settlements with considerable area and population that play important roles vis-a-vis politics, economy and culture. Status of cities falls into four categories: special, first class ( I ), second class ( II ), and third class ( III ).

Municipalities
Centrally controlled cities (thành phố trực thuộc trung ương) or municipalities are cities with significant importance in terms of politics, economy and culture of Vietnam that are under direct control of the Vietnamese Central government. There are currently five centrally controlled municipalities.

Municipal cities
Municipal cities (subcities) in Vietnam are placed under the municipality's government.

Provincial cities
Provincial cities in Vietnam are placed under the province's government.

Largest cities by population
Urban Population 2019:

 * Ho Chi Minh City 7.004.921 (urban and towns: 7.125.493) / 8.993.082 (total)
 * Ha Noi: 3.605.364 (urban and towns: 3.962.310) / 8.053.663 (total)
 * Da Nang 988.561 (urban and towns: 988.561) / 1.134.310 (total)
 * Hai Phong 841.520 (urban and towns: 924.741) / 2.028.514 (total)
 * Bien Hoa 830.829 / 1.055.414 (total)
 * Can Tho 812.088 (urban and towns: 860.557) / 1.235.171 (total)
 * Thuan An 588.616 / 596.227 (total)
 * Di An 474.681 / 474.681 (total)
 * Hue 351.456 / 351.456 (total)
 * Vung Tau 341.552 / 357.124 (total)
 * Thu Dau Mot 321.607 / 321.607 (total)
 * Nha Trang 285.788 / 422.601 (total)
 * Ha Long 270.054 / 270.054 (total)
 * Quy Nhon 263.892 / 290.053 (total)
 * Tan Uyen (town) 251.694 / 370.512 (total)
 * Thanh Hoa 249.012 / 359.910 (total)
 * Thai Nguyen 249.004 / 340 403 (total)
 * Buon Ma Thuot 245.951 / 375.590 (total)
 * Long Xuyen 239.588 / 272.365 (total)
 * Ben Cat (town) 231.852 / 302.782 (total)
 * Vinh 230.439 / 339.114 (total)
 * Hai Duong 215.593 / 241.373 (total)
 * Rach Gia 211.351 / 227.527 (total)
 * Da Lat 202.124 / 226.578 (total)
 * Bac Ninh 200.285 / 247.702 (total)
 * Phan Thiet 194.197 / 226.736 (total)
 * Pleiku 191.684 / 254.802 (total)
 * Cam Pha 182.137
 * Nam Dinh 179.229 / 236.294 (total)
 * Phan Rang - Thap Cham 157.942
 * Ca Mau 143.341 / 226.372 (total)
 * Chi Linh (town) 142.851
 * Viet Tri 140.935 / 214.777 (total)
 * Soc Trang 137.305
 * Quang Ngai 129.139 / 261.417 (total)
 * Thai Binh 124.332 / 206.037 (total)
 * My Tho 124.104 / 228.109 (total)
 * Tuy Hoa 121.544
 * Bac Lieu 115.508
 * Uong Bi 113.416
 * Bac Giang 109.367
 * Tay Ninh 108.691
 * Ninh Binh 106.618
 * Tan An 104.489
 * Kon Tum 102.051
 * Vinh Long 102.047
 * Tu Son (town) 101.755
 * Lao Cai 100.017

title: List of cities in Vietnam


text:
Fame

Fame usually refers to the state of notability or celebrity.

Fame may also refer to:

Books

 * Fame: an art project, a 2013 book and series of paintings by Robert Priseman
 * Fame (novel) (German Ruhm), a 2009 novel by Daniel Kehlmann
 * Fame, a 2005 novel by Karen Kingsbury
 * Fame, a 2008 novel by Mark Rowlands
 * Fame, a 2011 novel by Tilly Bagshawe

Film, television and stage

 * Fame (1936 film), a British comedy
 * Fame (1980 film), an American musical
 * Fame (1982 TV series), a 1982–1987 television adaptation of the film
 * Fame (2009 film), a remake of the musical film
 * Fame (musical), a stage adaptation of the film that premiered in 1988
 * Fame (2003 TV series), a talent competition
 * Fame: The Musical (Irish TV series), an Irish version of the NBC talent show
 * Fame (2007 film), a stand-up tour and DVD by Ricky Gervais
 * "Fame" (Law & Order), a 2006 episode of Law & Order
 * "Fame", a 2010 episode of NCIS: Los Angeles
 * "Fame", a 1978 episode in the Hallmark Hall of Fame

Music

 * FAME Studios, a recording studio
 * Fame (duo), a musical duo
 * Georgie Fame, English R&B jazz musician Clive Powell (born 1943)
 * Fame (Thai band)

Albums

 * Fame (Grace Jones album), a 1978 album by Grace Jones
 * Fame (soundtrack), 1980 soundtrack album to the musical film Fame
 * The Fame, the 2008 debut album by Lady Gaga
 * F.A.M.E. (Chris Brown album), 2011
 * F.A.M.E. (Maluma album), 2018
 * Fame (EP), the 2020 debut album of Han Seung-woo

Songs

 * "Fame" (David Bowie song), Recorded and released in 1975, written by Bowie, Carlos Alomar and John Lennon
 * "Fame" (Irene Cara song), winner of Academy Award for Best Original Song (from the above 1980 film)
 * "F.A.M.E." (song), by Young Jeezy
 * "Fame (The Game)", a song by Donna Summer
 * "The Fame", a song by Lady Gaga from her debut album, The Fame
 * "Fame", a song by B.o.B from his album, B.o.B Presents: The Adventures of Bobby Ray
 * "Fame," a song by Ciipher from their 2022 EP The Code
 * "F.A.M.E", a 2020 song by Hooligan Hefs, featuring Hooks, Hooligan Skinny and Masi Rooc

Acronyms

 * Future American Magical Entertainers, a former magic club for young magicians
 * FAME (database) (Forecasting Analysis and Modeling Environment), a database and programming language
 * Fatty acid methyl esters
 * Full-sky Astrometric Mapping Explorer, a proposed astrometric satellite canceled in 2002
 * Fashion Malawi Edition (FAME), a fashion development organization
 * Fans of Adult Media and Entertainment Awards, created in 2006
 * Federation of Archaeological Managers and Employers, founded in 1975
 * Falk Associates Management Enterprises, founded by David Falk in 1992

Places in the United States

 * Fame, Mississippi, an unincorporated community
 * Fame, West Virginia, an unincorporated community

Ships

 * HMS Fame, numerous ships of the Royal Navy
 * Fame, numerous merchant ships

Other uses

 * Fame (magazine), an American celebrity monthly 1988–1991
 * Fame (Confederate monument) or Gloria Victis, a Confederate memorial in Salisbury, North Carolina
 * Lady Gaga Fame, a fragrance for women endorsed by Lady Gaga

title: Fame


text:
List of hospitals in Alaska

This is a list of hospitals in Alaska (U.S. state), sorted by hospital name.

Hospitals
The American Hospital Directory lists 28 hospitals in Alaska.

 * Alaska Native Medical Center, Anchorage
 * Alaska Regional Hospital, Anchorage
 * Bartlett Regional Hospital, Juneau
 * Bassett Army Community Hospital, Fort Wainwright
 * Central Peninsula General Hospital, Soldotna
 * Cordova Community Medical Center, Cordova
 * Elmendorf AFB Hospital, Anchorage
 * Fairbanks Memorial Hospital, Fairbanks
 * Kanakanak Hospital, Dillingham
 * Maniilaq Health Center, Kotzebue
 * Mat-Su Regional Medical Center, Palmer
 * Mt. Edgecumbe Medical Center, Sitka
 * Northstar Hospital, Anchorage
 * Norton Sound Regional Hospital, Nome
 * PeaceHealth Ketchikan Medical Center, Ketchikan
 * Petersburg Medical Center, Petersburg
 * Providence Alaska Medical Center, Anchorage
 * Providence Kodiak Island Medical Center, Kodiak
 * Providence Seward Medical and Care Center, Seward
 * St. Elias Specialty Hospital, Anchorage
 * Samuel Simmonds Memorial Hospital, Utqiaġvik
 * Sitka Community Hospital, Sitka
 * South Peninsula Hospital, Homer
 * Wrangell Medical Center, Wrangell
 * Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta Regional Hospital, Bethel

title: List of hospitals in Alaska


text:
List of hospitals in Arizona

This is a list of hospitals in Arizona (U.S. state). There are hospitals in all but one county of Arizona. The largest number of hospitals are in the Phoenix metropolitan area.

Hospitals
The American Hospital Directory lists 145 hospitals in Arizona, which had a population of 7,151,502 in 2020. In 2020, these hospitals had 13,296 staffed beds. The largest hospitals, based on beds, is the Banner University Medical Center in Phoenix with 712 beds. There is a hospital run by the Mayo Clinic in Phoenix. The Arizona Department of Health maintains a list of trauma centers in Arizona.

Phoenix metropolitan area
There are 66 hospitals in the Phoenix metropolitan area.

Hospitals outside of Phoenix
There are 44 other hospitals outside of the Phoenix metropolitan region. Greenlee County does not have a hospital.

Tribally operated 638 health clinics
Tribally operated 638 health clinics include the following:

title: List of hospitals in Arizona


text:
List of hospitals in Arkansas

List of hospitals in Arkansas (U.S. state), sorted by hospital name.

 * Advanced Care Hospital of White County - Searcy, Arkansas
 * Arkansas Children's Hospital - Little Rock, Arkansas
 * Arkansas Children's Northwest Hospital -Springdale, Arkansas
 * Arkansas Heart Hospital - Little Rock, Arkansas
 * Arkansas Methodist Medical Center - Paragould, Arkansas
 * Arkansas State Psychiatric Hospital - Little Rock, Arkansas
 * Arkansas Surgical Hospital - North Little Rock, Arkansas
 * Ashley County Medical Center - Crossett, Arkansas
 * Baptist Health Extended Care Hospital - Little Rock, Arkansas
 * Baptist Health Medical Center - Arkadelphia, Arkansas
 * Baptist Health Medical Center - Conway, Arkansas
 * Baptist Health Medical Center - Fort Smith, Arkansas
 * Baptist Health Medical Center - Heber Springs, Arkansas
 * Baptist Health Medical Center - Little Rock, Arkansas
 * Baptist Health Medical Center - Malvern, Arkansas
 * Baptist Health Medical Center - North Little Rock, Arkansas
 * Baptist Health Medical Center - Stuttgart, Arkansas
 * Baptist Health Medical Center - Van Buren, Arkansas
 * Baptist Health Rehabilitation Institute - Little Rock, Arkansas
 * Baptist Memorial Hospital - West Memphis, Arkansas
 * Baxter Regional Medical Center - Mountain Home, Arkansas
 * Bradley County Medical Center - Warren, Arkansas
 * BridgeWay Hospital - North Little Rock, Arkansas
 * Carroll Regional Medical Center - Berryville, Arkansas
 * Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System - Little Rock, Arkansas
 * Chambers Medical Center - Danville, Arkansas
 * CHI St. Vincent Hospital - Hot Springs, Arkansas
 * CHI St. Vincent Hospital - Morrilton, Arkansas
 * CHI St. Vincent Infirmary - Little Rock, Arkansas
 * CHI St. Vincent North Hospital - Sherwood, Arkansas
 * CHI St. Vincent Rehabilitation Hospital - Sherwood, Arkansas
 * Chicot Memorial Medical Center - Lake Village, Arkansas
 * Christus Dubuis Hospital - Fort Smith, Arkansas
 * Christus Dubuis Hospital - Hot Springs, Arkansas
 * Conway Regional Medical Center - Conway, Arkansas
 * Conway Regional Rehabilitation Hospital - Conway, Arkansas
 * Cornerstone Specialty Hospital - Little Rock, Arkansas
 * Crossridge Community Hospital - Wynne, Arkansas
 * Dallas County Medical Center - Fordyce, Arkansas
 * De Queen Medical Center - De Queen, Arkansas
 * Delta Memorial Hospital - Dumas, Arkansas
 * DeWitt Hospital - DeWitt, Arkansas
 * Drew Memorial Hospital - Monticello, Arkansas
 * Encompass Health Rehabilitation Hospital - Fayetteville, Arkansas
 * Encompass Health Rehabilitation Hospital - Fort Smith, Arkansas
 * Encompass Health Rehabilitation Hospital - Jonesboro, Arkansas
 * Eureka Springs Hospital - Eureka Springs, Arkansas
 * Five Rivers Medical Center - Pocahontas, Arkansas
 * Forrest City Medical Center - Forrest City, Arkansas
 * Fulton County Hospital - Salem, Arkansas
 * Great River Medical Center - Blytheville, Arkansas
 * Harris Hospital - Newport, Arkansas
 * Helena Regional Medical Center - Helena, Arkansas
 * Howard Memorial Hospital - Nashville, Arkansas
 * Izard County Medical Center - Calico Rock, Arkansas
 * Jefferson Regional Medical Center - Pine Bluff, Arkansas
 * John L. McClellan Memorial Veterans Hospital - Little Rock, Arkansas
 * Johnson Regional Medical Center - Clarksville, Arkansas
 * Lawrence Memorial Hospital - Walnut Ridge, Arkansas
 * Levi Hospital - Hot Springs, Arkansas
 * Little River Memorial Hospital - Ashdown, Arkansas
 * Magnolia Regional Medical Center - Magnolia, Arkansas
 * McGehee Hospital - McGehee, Arkansas
 * Medical Center of South Arkansas - El Dorado, Arkansas
 * Mena Regional Health System - Mena, Arkansas
 * Methodist Behavioral Hospital - Maumelle, Arkansas
 * Mercy Emergency Department - Bella Vista, Arkansas
 * Mercy Hospital Berryville - Berryville, Arkansas
 * Mercy Hospital Booneville - Booneville, Arkansas
 * Mercy Hospital Fort Smith - Fort Smith, Arkansas
 * Mercy Hospital Hot Springs - Hot Springs, Arkansas
 * Mercy Hospital Northwest Arkansas - Rogers, Arkansas
 * Mercy Hospital Northwest Arkansas - Springdale, Arkansas (Opening 2019)
 * Mercy Hospital Ozark - Ozark, Arkansas
 * Mercy Hospital Paris - Paris, Arkansas
 * Mercy Hospital Waldron - Waldron, Arkansas
 * Mercy Orthopedic Hospital - Fort Smith, Arkansas
 * Mena Medical Center - Mena, Arkansas
 * National Park Medical Center - Hot Springs, Arkansas
 * NEA Baptist Memorial Hospital - Jonesboro, Arkansas
 * North Arkansas Regional Medical Center - Harrison, Arkansas
 * North Metro Medical Center - Jacksonville, Arkansas
 * Northwest Health Emergency Department - Fayetteville, Arkansas (Opening Fall of 2019)
 * Northwest Health Physicians' Specialty Hospital - Fayetteville, Arkansas
 * Northwest Medical Center Behavioral Health Unit - Springdale, Arkansas
 * Northwest Medical Center - Bentonville, Arkansas
 * Northwest Medical Center - Springdale, Arkansas
 * Northwest Medical Center - Willow Creek Women's Hospital - Johnson, Arkansas
 * Ouachita County Medical Center - Camden, Arkansas
 * Ozark Health Medical Center - Clinton, Arkansas
 * Ozarks Community Hospital - Gravette, Arkansas
 * Parkhill The Clinic for Women - Fayetteville, Arkansas
 * Piggott Community Hospital - Piggott, Arkansas
 * Pinnacle Pointe Hospital - Little Rock, Arkansas
 * Rebsamen Regional Medical Center - Jacksonville, Arkansas
 * Regency Hospital - Springdale, Arkansas
 * Rivendell Behavioral Health Services - Benton, Arkansas
 * River Valley Medical Center - Dardanelle, Arkansas
 * Riverview Behavioral Health - Texarkana, Arkansas
 * NEA Medical Center - Jonesboro, Arkansas
 * Saint Mary's Regional Medical Center - Russellville, Arkansas
 * Saline Memorial Hospital - Benton, Arkansas
 * Select Specialty Hospital - Fort Smith, Arkansas
 * Siloam Springs Regional Hospital - Siloam Springs, Arkansas
 * South Mississippi County Regional Medical Center - Osceola, Arkansas
 * Springwoods Behavioral Health Hospital - Fayetteville, Arkansas
 * St. Anthony's Healthcare Center - Morrilton, Arkansas
 * St. Bernards Behavioral Health Hospital - Jonesboro, Arkansas
 * St. Bernards Medical Center - Jonesboro, Arkansas
 * Stone County Medical Center - Mountain View, Arkansas
 * Summit Medical Center - Van Buren, Arkansas
 * Surgical Hospital of Jonesboro - Jonesboro, Arkansas
 * University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences - UAMS Medical Center - Little Rock, Arkansas
 * Valley Behavioral Health System - Barling, Arkansas
 * Vantage Point Behavioral Health Hospital - Fayetteville, Arkansas
 * Veterans Health Care System of the Ozarks - Fayetteville, Arkansas
 * Wadley Regional Medical Center - Fort Smith, Arkansas
 * Wadley Regional Medical Center - Hope, Arkansas
 * Washington Regional Medical Center - Fayetteville, Arkansas
 * White County Medical Center - Searcy, Arkansas
 * White River Medical Center - Batesville, Arkansas
 * Saint Mary's Regional Medical Center - Russellville, Arkansas
 * Saline Memorial Hospital - Benton, Arkansas
 * Select Specialty Hospital - Fort Smith, Arkansas
 * Siloam Springs Regional Hospital - Siloam Springs, Arkansas
 * South Mississippi County Regional Medical Center - Osceola, Arkansas
 * Springwoods Behavioral Health Hospital - Fayetteville, Arkansas
 * St. Anthony's Healthcare Center - Morrilton, Arkansas
 * St. Bernards Behavioral Health Hospital - Jonesboro, Arkansas
 * St. Bernards Medical Center - Jonesboro, Arkansas
 * Stone County Medical Center - Mountain View, Arkansas
 * Summit Medical Center - Van Buren, Arkansas
 * Surgical Hospital of Jonesboro - Jonesboro, Arkansas
 * University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences - UAMS Medical Center - Little Rock, Arkansas
 * Valley Behavioral Health System - Barling, Arkansas
 * Vantage Point Behavioral Health Hospital - Fayetteville, Arkansas
 * Veterans Health Care System of the Ozarks - Fayetteville, Arkansas
 * Wadley Regional Medical Center - Fort Smith, Arkansas
 * Wadley Regional Medical Center - Hope, Arkansas
 * Washington Regional Medical Center - Fayetteville, Arkansas
 * White County Medical Center - Searcy, Arkansas
 * White River Medical Center - Batesville, Arkansas
 * Valley Behavioral Health System - Barling, Arkansas
 * Vantage Point Behavioral Health Hospital - Fayetteville, Arkansas
 * Veterans Health Care System of the Ozarks - Fayetteville, Arkansas
 * Wadley Regional Medical Center - Fort Smith, Arkansas
 * Wadley Regional Medical Center - Hope, Arkansas
 * Washington Regional Medical Center - Fayetteville, Arkansas
 * White County Medical Center - Searcy, Arkansas
 * White River Medical Center - Batesville, Arkansas
 * White River Medical Center - Batesville, Arkansas

title: List of hospitals in Arkansas