text:
From Time Immemorial

From Time Immemorial: The Origins of the Arab–Jewish Conflict over Palestine is a 1984 book by Joan Peters, published by Harper & Row, about the demographics of the Arab population of Palestine and of the Jewish population of the Arab world before and after the formation of the State of Israel.

It was initially positively received by reviewers such as Barbara W. Tuchman. A short time later, the book's central claims were contradicted by Norman Finkelstein, then a PhD student at Princeton University, who argued that Peters misrepresented or misunderstood the statistics on which she based her thesis.

Reputable scholars and reviewers from across the political spectrum have since discredited the central claims of Peters's book. By the time the 1985 British edition was reviewed, the book received mixed reviews being regarded by some as wrongheaded at best and fraudulent at worst and by others as groundbreaking. Ian Gilmour, a former British Secretary of State for Defence, ridiculed the book as "pretentious and preposterous" and argued that Peters had repeatedly misrepresented demographic statistics, while Israeli historian Yehoshua Porath called it "sheer forgery". In 2004, From Time Immemorial was the subject of another academic controversy, when Finkelstein accused Harvard law professor Alan Dershowitz of largely plagiarizing his book The Case for Israel from it.

Synopsis
According to Peters, most people who call themselves Palestinians are not actually Palestinians, but instead descendants of recent immigrants from Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Syria, who came to the land in waves of immigration starting in the 19th century and continuing through the period of the British Mandate. She argues that what is referred to as the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight was not ethnic cleansing, but actually a population exchange that resulted from the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

Reception
When the book came out in the US in 1984, it was initially lauded by American writers and public figures including Elie Wiesel, Saul Bellow, Barbara Tuchman, Bernard Lewis, Martin Peretz, Alan Dershowitz, and others. It was—and still is, for some—held as "totemic" on the Jewish right.

When it came out in the UK in 1985, it was met with a more hostile response, receiving critical reviews from publications such as the London Review of Books.

The book provoked public debate, but has since been refuted by reputable scholars, in Israel and elsewhere.

Initial reception
On its release in the US the book received considerable critical approval. According to Norman Finkelstein, it had garnered some two hundred favorable notices in the United States by the end of its publication in 1984. In April 1985 it was awarded the National Jewish Book Award in the "Israel" category.

Theodore H. White called Peters' work a "superlative book" that traces Middle East history with "unmatched skill".

Saul Bellow's endorsement on the cover of the book stated: "Every political issue claiming the attention of a world public has its 'experts'—news managers, anchor men, ax grinders, and anglers. The great merit of this book is to demonstrate that, on the Palestinian issue, these experts speak from utter ignorance. Millions of people the world over, smothered by false history and propaganda, will be grateful for this clear account of the origins of the Palestinians. From Time Immemorial does not grudge these unhappy people their rights. It does, however, dissolve the claims made by nationalist agitators and correct the false history by which these unfortunate Arabs are imposed upon and exploited."

The book was also praised by Arthur J. Goldberg and Martin Peretz who said: "If (the book is) read, it will change the mind of our generation." Peretz suggested that there was not a single factual error in the book. Walter Reich wrote on the book "fresh and powerful ... an original analysis as well as a synoptic view of a little-known but important human story".

Jehuda Reinharz described the book as "valuable synthesis" and "new analysis" that "convincingly demonstrates that many of those who today call themselves Palestinian refugees are former immigrants or children of such immigrants". Ronald Sanders wrote that Peters' demographics "could change the entire Arab–Jewish polemic over Palestine". Sidney Zion wrote that Peters' book was "the intellectual equivalent of the Six-Day War". Timothy Foote acclaimed that the book is "part historic primer, part polemic, part revelation, and a remarkable document in itself". Lucy Dawidowicz wrote that Peters "brought into the light the historical truth about the Mideast". Barbara Probst Solomon called the book "brilliant, provocative and enlightened". Elie Wiesel described the "insight and analysis" of the book. Similar views were expressed by Paul Cowan and others.

Some reviewers, while describing the book in favourable terms, did point to some deficiencies in Peters' scholarship. Martin Kramer in The New Leader (May 1984) wrote that the book raises overdue questions about the demographic history of Palestine in a way that cannot be ignored, but also referred to "serious weaknesses" in the book, and Peters' "rummaging through archives and far more balanced historical studies than her own for whatever evidence she can find to back up her thesis". He goes on to say that "It is specially unfortunate because on the central point of her book, the demographic argument, Peters is probably right." Daniel Pipes in Commentary (July 1984) initially stated that Peters' "historical detective work has produced startling results, which should materially influence the future course of the debate about the Palestinian problem." He did, however, caution readers that "the author is not a historian or someone practiced in writing on politics, and she tends to let her passions carry her away. As a result, the book suffers from chaotic presentation and an excess of partisanship", and said that critics of her hypothesis should feel obliged to 'make a serious effort to show her wrong by demonstrating that many thousands of Arabs did not emigrate to Palestine in the period under question.'

Two years later Pipes wrote in a letter to The New York Review of Books explaining positive initial reactions and later academic reviews, with the latter showing technical deficiencies of her book, but adding that Peters' central thesis, of large-scale Arab immigration into Palestine, had still not been refuted:

From Time Immemorial quotes carelessly, uses statistics sloppily, and ignores inconvenient facts. Much of the book is irrelevant to Miss Peters's central thesis. The author's linguistic and scholarly abilities are open to question. Excessive use of quotation marks, eccentric footnotes, and a polemical, somewhat hysterical undertone mar the book. In short, From Time Immemorial stands out as an appallingly crafted book. Granting all this, the fact remains that the book presents a thesis that neither Professor Porath nor any other reviewer has so far succeeded in refuting.

Initially the book received very few unfavorable reviews. According to Norman Finkelstein, by the end of 1984 only three critical reviews had appeared, those by Finkelstein in In These Times (September 5–11, 1984), Bill Farrell in the Journal of Palestine Studies (Fall 1984) and Alexander Cockburn in The Nation (October 13, 1984). Rabbi Arthur Hertzberg, professor of religion at Dartmouth College and vice president of the World Jewish Congress remarked that he thought Peters had "cooked the statistics" and that her scholarship was "phony and tendentious", recycling ideas promoted by right-wing Zionists since the 1930s. Finkelstein claimed that at an international conference on Palestinian demography at Haifa University in Israel in mid 1986, the theses of her book were, citing Haaretz as his reference, almost unanimously ridiculed by the participants.

Criticism
Peters' claims in the book have been refuted by reputable scholars.

Norman Finkelstein
Norman Finkelstein wrote that Peters' book was 'among the most spectacular frauds ever published on the Arab-Israeli conflict,' arguing that its substance was based on extensive plagiarization of a work by Ernst Frankenstein published in the 1940s. His 1984 review was based on his doctoral thesis, later expanded and published in Image and Reality of the Israel–Palestine Conflict. Finkelstein went into a close examination of all of Peters' notes and sources, and argued that her work persistently misrepresented or distorted the primary documents. His systematic critique of the book, attacking the two major pillars of Peters' thesis, which he regarded as a 'threadbare hoax' supported by the 'American intellectual establishment', had a major impact of later reviews of the book, especially those in Great Britain.

Firstly, in a number of lists, tables and examples Finkelstein juxtaposes the historical evidence Peters presents with extended quotations of the primary and secondary source material showing its original context. By doing so Finkelstein argues that the "evidence that Peters adduces to document massive illegal Arab immigration into Palestine is almost entirely falsified." For example, Peters cites the Hope Simpson Enquiry as having said that "Egyptian labor is being employed" in supporting her thesis of Arab immigration to Palestine. The actual Hope Simpson Report passage says "[In Palestine] Egyptian labor is being employed in certain individual cases ..." In another instance, Peters cites the Anglo-American Survey of Palestine as having found that "the 'boom' conditions in Palestine in the years 1934–1936 led to an inward movement into Palestine, particularly from Syria" when, as Finkelstein demonstrates, the Survey, in the very next sentence, notes that "The depression due to the state of public disorder during 1936–1939 led to the return of these people and also a substantial outward movement of Palestinian Arabs who thought it prudent to live for a time in Lebanon and Syria."

Secondly, in a detailed analysis of the demographic study central to Peters' book, Finkelstein argued that Peters' conclusions are not supported by the data she presents. Finkelstein asserts that the study "is marred by serious flaws: (1) several extremely significant calculations are wrong; and (2) numbers are used selectively to support otherwise baseless conclusions". His primary contention is that Peters divided up Palestine into five regions for her demographic study to confuse the reader, assigning regions I, II, and IV as Israel and III and V as the West Bank, then claiming that most of the refugees from 1948 had actually emigrated from the West Bank and Gaza (Area V) a year earlier, when Finkelstein argues they just as well could have come from northern Israel (Area IV). Finkelstein's deconstruction of the evidential basis for what had become a best-selling book, hailed for its quality by numerous American intellectuals, initially encountered difficulties in securing a publishing venue that might have given his findings a wider airing. In a retrospective reflection he opined that:

"The periodicals in which From Time Immemorial had already been favorably reviewed refused to run any critical correspondence (e.g. The New Republic, The Atlantic Monthly, Commentary). Periodicals that had yet to review the book rejected a manuscript on the subject as of little or no consequence (e.g. The Village Voice, Dissent, The New York Review of Books). Not a single national newspaper or columnist contacted found newsworthy that a best-selling, effusively praised 'study' of the Middle East conflict was a threadbare hoax."

He also said that many of the statistics Peters cited were in Turkish, a language that Peters was unable to read. Finkelstein also mocked as a racist absurdity Peters's argument that, because Palestinians ranged so much in skin tone, from fair skinned to dark brown skinned, that they could not be descended from the same land. On the occasion of Peters' death, Finkelstein, in a long interview with Adam Horowitz, contextualized the thesis and the book's reception within Israel's emerging image problem after its invasion of Lebanon in 1982.

Other criticism
Noam Chomsky defended and promoted Finkelstein's critique, commenting in his book Understanding Power: "[As] soon as I heard that the book was going to come out in England, I immediately sent copies of Finkelstein's work to a number of British scholars and journalists who are interested in the Middle East—and they were ready. As soon as the book [From Time Immemorial] appeared, it was just demolished, it was blown out of the water. Every major journal, The Times Literary Supplement, the London Review, The Observer, everybody had a review saying, this doesn't even reach the level of nonsense, of idiocy. A lot of the criticism used Finkelstein's work without any acknowledgment, I should say—but about the kindest word anybody said about the book was 'ludicrous,' or 'preposterous.'"

Chomsky recounted that, on its UK release, the book was subject to a number of scathing reviews. David and Ian Gilmour in the London Review of Books (February 7, 1985) heavily criticized Peters for ignoring Arab sources, and "censorship of Zionist sources that do not suit her case". They also present examples that in their view show that Peters misuses the sources which she does include in her work. They accuse Peters of basic errors in scholarship, such as the citation of Makrizi, who died in 1442, to support her statements about mid-nineteenth century population movements. Albert Hourani, reviewing the book in The Observer (March 3, 1985) stated:

"The whole book is written like this: facts are selected or misunderstood, tortuous and flimsy arguments are expressed in violent and repetitive language. This is a ludicrous and worthless book, and the only mildly interesting question it raises is why it comes with praise from two well-known American writers."

Following the book's negative reception in the UK, more critical reviews appeared in the United States. Columbia University professor Edward Said wrote unfavorably in The Nation (October 19, 1985), while Robert Olson dismissed the book in The American Historical Review (April 1985), concluding:

"This is a startling and disturbing book. It is startling because, despite the author's professed ignorance of the historiography of the Arab-Israeli conflict and lack of knowledge of Middle Eastern history (pp. 221, 335) coupled with her limitation to sources largely in English (absolutely no Arab sources are used), she engages in the rewriting of history on the basis of little evidence. ...The undocumented numbers in her book in no way allow for the wild and exaggerated assertions that she makes or for her conclusion. This book is disturbing because it seems to have been written for purely polemical and political reasons: to prove that Jordan is the Palestinian state. This argument, long current among revisionist Zionists, has regained popularity in Israel and among Jews since the Likud party came to power in Israel in 1977."

Reviewing the book for the November 28, 1985 issue of The New York Times, Israeli historian Yehoshua Porath described it as a "sheer forgery," stating, "In Israel, at least, the book was almost universally dismissed as sheer rubbish except maybe as a propaganda weapon." In 1986, Porath repeated his views in The New York Review of Books, and published a negative review that cites many inaccuracies.

William B. Quandt, in the June 1996 edition of Foreign Affairs, stated that it had been demonstrated Peters' claims in the book were based on "shoddy scholarship". Quandt praises Finkelstein's "landmark essay" on the subject, crediting him and other scholars with bringing to light the deficiencies in Peters' work. In 2005 Israeli historian Avi Shlaim credited Finkelstein with proving that the book was "preposterous and worthless". Shlaim stated that the evidence adduced by Finkelstein was "irrefutable" and the case he had made against Peters' book was "unanswerable".

Writing for The New Yorker in 2011, David Remnick described the book as "an ideological tract disguised as history", "propaganda" and "pseudo-scholarship". He stated that while the book was a commercial success and had been praised by a number of writers and critics, it had been thoroughly discredited by Israeli historian Yehoshua Porath along with many others. He points out that even some right wing critics who had originally favoured the book later accepted the flaws in its scholarship.

Advocates

Rael Isaac defended the book in Commentary, claiming: "Much of Finkelstein's malevolent attack is similarly wrong. He incorrectly adds 40,000 Arabs to Miss Peters's projections of the number of Arabs who could have been expected, on the basis of natural increase, to live in the Galilee and Negev (what she calls "Area IV") in 1947, and then accuses her of not accounting for them properly. He charges her with "falsifying" the Anglo-American Survey of Palestine of 1945-46 by claiming that it discloses tens of thousands of Arab illegal immigrants who had been brought into Palestine during the war when in fact (according to Finkelstein) it states only that 3,800 laborers had been brought in. Yet the Survey does list many thousands of laborers who were brought in under official arrangements or came on their own." Peters was criticized for relying on different sources for establishing the Jewish and non-Jewish population in 1893, but Isaac defended this on the grounds that the Ottoman census would have excluded most Jews as non-citizens, while the figures cited from French geographer Vital Cuinet were likely close to the truth. Isaac conceded that Peters' attempts to reconstruct the population were tentative and overstated, and acknowledged some errors in the book, but concluded that they did not undermine Peters' thesis. Isaac also cited Arieh Avneri's The Claim of Dispossession as further supporting Peters' claims "with regard both to Arab in-migration and to Arab immigration."

In an online article entitled, "The Hazards of Making the Case for Israel" Professor Alan Dershowitz, writes:

"The Chomsky-Finkelstein-Cockburn mode of ad hominem attack proved particularly successful against Peters because the words 'hoax,' 'fraud,' 'fake,' and 'plagiarism' are so dramatic and unforgettable, as is the charge that Peters did not actually write the book. ... It did not seem to matter that none of these charges made by Chomsky, Finkelstein and Cockburn were even close to the truth. All Finkelstein had managed to show was that in a relatively small number of instances, Peters may have misinterpreted some data, ignored counter-data, and exaggerated some findings—common problems in demographic research that often appear in anti-Israel books as well."

Both Alexander Cockburn and Finkelstein have argued that Dershowitz's own book on the subject reproduced verbatim some key points of Peters' research as his own.

Further debate
The book, though widely acclaimed when it was issued, came to be treated with disdain by a number of scholars and historians, whose analyses gave rise to a controversy. In the pages of The New York Review of Books (March 1986), Daniel Pipes and Ronald Sanders, two of the book's early supporters, engaged in an exchange with Yehoshua Porath, one of its most vehement critics. Pipes gave his overview of the state of the argument, stating Peters' work had "been received in two ways at two times. Early reviews treated her book as a serious contribution to the study of the Arab-Israeli conflict and late ones dismissed it as propaganda."

In the exchange both Pipes and Sanders accepted some of the charges that had been leveled at the book. In reference to the harsh criticism, Sanders said that Peters had "brought this upon herself" and acknowledged that "patient researchers have found numerous examples of sloppiness in her scholarship and an occasional tendency not to grasp the correct meaning of a context from which she has extracted a quotation." Pipes stated that he would not dispute the technical, historical, and literary faults identified by the book's critics.

Ronald Sanders argued that all of that does little to undermine the central thesis of Peters:

"But the fact remains that there is an original and significant argument at the heart of her book, and this has scarcely been dealt with by critics, apart from Mr. Porath, who only weakly challenged it." Anthony Lewis, in an opinion piece for The New York Times, compared American and Israeli responses to the book:"Israelis have not gushed over the book as some Americans have. Perhaps that is because they know the reality of the Palestinians' existence, as great Zionists of the past knew. Perhaps it is because most understand the danger of trying to deny a people identity. As Professor Porath says, 'Neither historiography nor the Zionist cause itself gains anything from mythologizing history.'"According to Rael Isaac, "most notices in Israel were favorable, and the book is being published by the Kibbutz Hameuchad—a Labor publishing house—which has assigned it to one of Israel's top translators."

title: From Time Immemorial


text:
Ralph Gonsalves

Ralph Everard Gonsalves (born 8 August 1946) is a Vincentian politician. He is currently the Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and the leader of the Unity Labour Party (ULP).

Gonsalves is the longest continuously serving head of government since St. Vincent and the Grenadines became independent in 1979. He became prime minister after his party won a majority government in the 2001 general election. He was the first prime minister from the newly constructed ULP, following a merger of the Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Labour Party and the Movement for National Unity.

Gonsalves has been Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of North Central Windward since 1994. In 1994, upon the formation of the Unity Labour Party he became deputy leader, and became leader of the party in 1998.

With Gonsalves as leader, the ULP won a majority in the popular vote in every general election from 1998 through 2015, though it failed to secure the majority of parliamentary seats in the 1998 election. In 2020, the ULP won the election, but did not win the popular vote. On 7 November 2020, Gonsalves was sworn in for his fifth term as prime minister.

Gonsalves is the current longest-serving democratically-elected state leader.

Early life and education
Gonsalves, known affectionately as "Comrade Ralph", was born in Colonarie, Saint Vincent, British Windward Islands to his father, Alban Gonsalves, a farmer and small businessman (now deceased), and his mother, Theresa Francis, a small businesswoman. His ancestors came to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in 1845 as indentured servants from the Portuguese island of Madeira.

Gonsalves attended Colonarie Roman Catholic School, and later the St. Vincent Grammar School. He then enrolled at the University of the West Indies, where he completed a bachelor's degree in economics. He later returned there to earn a master's degree in government, which he completed in 1971. In 1974 he completed a doctorate in government at the University of Manchester. Gonsalves was called to the bar at Gray's Inn in London in 1981. He also attended Makerere University in Uganda according to his address at the United Nations during the Africa Day event on 25 May 2019.

Political career
Gonsalves became involved in politics at university, as president of the University of West Indies' Guild of Undergraduates and Debating Society. In 1968, he led a student protest of the deportation of historian and intellectual Walter Rodney by the Jamaican government.

In 1994, Gonsalves became the deputy leader of the Unity Labour Party. After the resignation of Vincent Beache, Gonsalves became leader of the party in 1998. He was appointed leader of the opposition from December 1999 to January 2001. Gonsalves later led the Unity Labour Party to win the 2001 general election, becoming prime minister and Minister of Finance. His ULP was re-elected in the 2005 general election. In the 2010 general election, Gonsalves and the ULP were narrowly re-elected with 51.11% of the popular vote.

In 2009 Gonsalves and the ULP led a referendum campaign in favour of constitutional reform that would have abolished the country's constitutional monarchy, replacing Elizabeth II with a non-executive president. The referendum was defeated, with 55.64% of voters rejecting the changes. Gonsalves has persisted in his calls for the establishment of a presidency, proposing another referendum in 2022 to replace the monarchy while also voicing support to rename places in the country named after colonial figures such as Victoria Park.

In November 2017 Gonsalves gave up the portfolio of Minister of Finance to his son, Camillo Gonsalves.

On 3 July 2020, Gonsalves was elected Chairman of the Caribbean Community succeeding Mia Amor Mottley. His 6-month term ended on 1 January 2021, and he was succeeded by Trinidad and Tobago Prime Minister, Keith Rowley.

In November 2020, Ralph Gonsalves, Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines since 2001, made history by securing the fifth consecutive victory of his Unity Labour Party (ULP) in general election.

Gosalves attended the coronation of Charles III at Westminster Abbey along with governor-general Susan Dougan on 6 May 2023. Gosalves met with the King and other leaders of the Commonwealth the day prior.

Gonsalves supports capital punishment.

Gonsalves helped to organize a meeting in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines between Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro and Guyanese President Irfaan Ali to discuss the 2023 Guyana-Venezuela crisis between the two nations. Gonsalves called on Maduro and Ali "to de-escalate the situation" and engage in "appropriate dialogue". Also invited to the meeting was Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.

Outside politics
Gonsalves practices law before the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court. He has written and published on a range of matters including the Caribbean, Africa, trade unionism, comparative political economy, and developmental issues generally.

Personal life
Gonsalves has been married twice; currently he is married to Eloise Harris. He has two sons by his first marriage, Camillo and Adam; one son by his second wife, Storm; and two daughters, Isis and Soleil. Camillo followed his father into politics, and is currently serving as Minister of Finance.

On August 5, 2021, at a protest against mandatory vaccination from COVID-19 organized by trade unions representing nurses, police and other workers, Gonsalves was attacked with a projectile near the entrance to Parliament. He sustained visible injuries to his head in the attack. The attack occurred during a large protest against masks and vaccinations in the country. Gonsalves was rushed to the hospital where he was confirmed to be in a stable condition.

International honours

 * 🇦🇷 Argentina :
 * ARG Order of the Liberator San Martin - Grand Cross BAR.png Grand Cross of the Order of the Liberator General San Martín (8 October 2013)

 * 🇨🇺 Cuba :
 * Ribbon jose marti.png Order of José Marti (26 May 2022)

 * 🇹🇼 Taiwan :
 * TWN Order of Brilliant Star 1Class BAR.svg Order of Brilliant Star with Special Grand Cordon (9 September 2003)

Publications
Books Theses Pamphlets
 * Diary of a Prime Minister: Ten days among Benedictine Monks
 * The Making of 'the Comrade': The Political Journey of Ralph Gonsalves
 * The spectre of imperialism: the case of the Caribbean (University of the West Indies; 128 pages, 1976)
 * The non-capitalist path of development: Africa and the Caribbean (One Caribbean Publishers; 1981)
 * History and the future: a Caribbean perspective (169 pages, 1994)
 * Notes on some basic ideas in Marxism-Leninism (University of the West Indies; 56 pages)
 * The role of labour in the political process of St. Vincent (1935–1970) (Master's Thesis, 1971)
 * The politics of trade unions and industrial relations in Uganda (1950–1971) (Doctoral Thesis, 1974)
 * The Rodney affair and its aftermath (University of the West Indies; 21 pages, 1975)
 * The development and class character of the bourgeois state: the case of St. Vincent (University of the West Indies; 15 pages, 1976)
 * Controls and influences on the civil service and statutory bodies in the Commonwealth Caribbean: a preliminary discussion (University of the West Indies; 67 pages, 1977)
 * The development of the labour movement in St. Vincent (37 pages, 1977)
 * Who killed sugar in St. Vincent? (United Liberation Movement; 21 pages, 1977)
 * On the political economy of Barbados (One Caribbean Publishers; 49 pages, 1981)
 * The trade union movement in St. Vincent and the Grenadines (Movement for National Unity; 64 pages, 1983)
 * Ebenezer Joshua: his ideology and style (Movement for National Unity; 39 pages, 1984)
 * (editor) The trial of George McIntosh (Caribbean Diaspora Press; 80 pages, 1985)
 * Authority in the police force: its uses and abuses (Movement for National Unity; 45 pages, 1986)
 * Banana in trouble: its present and future (Movement for National Unity; 22 pages, 1989)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ralph Gonsalves


text:
Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa

Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa (خليفة بن سلمان آل خليفة) (24 November 1935 – 11 November 2020) was a Bahraini royal and politician who served as the Prime Minister of Bahrain from 10 January 1970 until his death in 2020. He took office over a year before Bahrain's independence on 15 August 1971. He was the longest-serving prime minister in the world. Under the 2002 Constitution he lost some of his powers, with the King now having the authority to appoint and (along with the Bahraini parliament) dismiss ministers.

Prince Khalifa was also the paternal uncle of the reigning King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa and grand-uncle of the Crown Prince Salman, since he was the younger brother of the previous Emir Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa.

Early life and education
Prince Khalifa was born on 24 November 1935, the second son of Salman ibn Hamad Al Khalifa, Hakim of Bahrain, and his wife Mouza bint Hamad Al Khalifa. He was educated at Manama High School and the Rifa’a Palace School in Bahrain.

Career
Prince Khalifa was a member of the education council from 1956 to 1958 and chair between 1958 and 1961. Next he became the director of the finance department (1961–1966), president of the electricity board (1961), chair of the Manama municipal council (1962–1967), head of the Bahrain monetary council (1964), chair of the joint committee for economic and financial studies, committee member for the register of commerce, then chairman of the administrative affairs council (1967–1969), became board member of the Bahrain monetary agency and then chairperson of the State Council (1972–1974), head of the State Council (1972), and head of the supreme defence council (1977). Prince Khalifa was appointed as prime minister by his brother Emir Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, in 1971. Therefore, he was assigned the control of government and economy, while his brother, the Emir, was involved in diplomatic and ceremonial affairs. Prince Khalifa received a World Peace Culture Award on 6 August 2017.

Prince Khalifa is the founder of the Housing Ministry, and he reformed the Central Bank of Bahrain. During his premiership he was the head of the Oil and Economic Policy Council.

Views
In 2011, reporter Bill Law stated that Prince Khalifa was a hardliner, whereas Crown Prince Salman, his grandnephew who is also deputy prime minister, was a reformer and the King was somewhere in the middle of the two.

Marriage and children
Prince Khalifa married his cousin Hessa bint Ali Al Khalifa, the fourth daughter of Ali bin Hamad Al Khalifa in Muharraq. They had three sons and one daughter:
 * Mohammad bin Khalifa Al Khalifa (–1974).
 * Ali bin Khalifa Al Khalifa – Former deputy prime minister. He married Zayn bint Khalid Al Khalifa with whom he has three sons and one daughter:
 * Khalifa bin Ali Al Khalifa
 * Isa bin Ali Al Khalifa
 * Minwa bint Ali Al Khalifa
 * Khalid bin Ali Al Khalifa
 * Salman bin Khalifa Al Khalifa
 * Lulwa bint Khalifa Al Khalifa – honorary president of the Al Noor beneficence society. She married Rashid bin Khalifa Al Khalifa (1952–), artist and patron of the arts. They have four sons and three daughters.
 * Noor bint Rashid Al Khalifa
 * Khalifa bin Rashid Al Khalifa
 * Hassa bint Rashid Al Khalifa
 * Abdulla bin Rashid Al Khalifa
 * Aysha bint Rashid Al Khalifa
 * Mohammed bin khlaifa Al Khalifa

Death
Prince Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa experienced various health problems. In September 2019, he went to Germany for treatment, and returned to Bahrain in March 2020. He headed the cabinet last time in July 2020 and went to the US for treatment in August 2020.

Al Khalifa died at the Mayo Clinic Hospital in Rochester, Minnesota on 11 November 2020 at the age of 84, 13 days before his 85th birthday. Serving 50 years and 11 months in office, he was the world's longest serving prime minister in history at the time of his death. Bahraini authorities have ordered a seven-day national mourning period with flags half-masted and government institutions closed for three days. Bangladesh declared November 17 as the day of state mourning with flags half-masted. He was buried at Hunainiyah Cemetery in Riffa on 11 November 2020.

Honours

 * Foreign honours
 * Malaysia: Honorary Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (SMN, 30 January 2001)
 * Philippines: Order of Sikatuna (7 November 2001)
 * Spain: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (4 December 1981)

title: Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa


text:
St Johnstone F.C.

St Johnstone Football Club is a professional association football club in Perth, Scotland, which is a member of the Scottish Premiership for the 2023–24 season. The club's name is derived from St John's Toun (or Saint Johnstoun) – an old name of Perth, and the team is nicknamed the "Saints".

The club was officially founded in 1884, and the team played its first match in February 1885.

Their home since 1989 has been McDiarmid Park; former home venues were the Perth Recreation Grounds and, from 1924 to 1989, Muirton Park.

The team's first Scottish Cup appearance was in 1886–87 and they joined the Scottish Football League in 1911–12.

Historically, St Johnstone tended to float between the top two divisions of Scottish football and gained the reputation of being a "yo-yo club". The team won the Scottish Football League First Division, then the second tier of Scottish league football, in 2008–09, bringing a return of first tier football to McDiarmid Park for the 2009–10 season after a seven-year absence. They have played in the Scottish Premier League, rebranded as the Scottish Premiership in 2013, for fifteen seasons to 2023–24, their longest ever stay in the highest league. St Johnstone's traditional rivals are the two Dundee clubs, Dundee and Dundee United, with matches between St Johnstone and either Dundee club being called "Tayside derbies".

St Johnstone had limited success in cup competitions for the first 130 years of their history, losing at the semi-final stage on numerous occasions, as well as losing two Scottish League Cup finals. In 2014, they won their first Scottish Cup with a 2–0 win against Dundee United. In 2020–21, St Johnstone won their first League Cup and second Scottish Cup to complete a historic Cup double, becoming only the fourth team to achieve the feat. They defeated Livingston 1–0 in the League Cup final and Hibernian 1–0 in the Scottish Cup final.

They have also won the Scottish second tier seven times, the Scottish Challenge Cup in 2007, the B Division Supplementary Cup in 1949 and the Scottish Consolation Cup in 1911 and 1914. They have qualified for European competitions in seven seasons, including four consecutively from 2013 to 2016. Their highest league position in the top division is third place on three occasions: 1971, 1999 and 2013.

St Johnstone are the only professional football club in Britain with the letter 'J' in their name.

Origins

St Johnstone FC was formed by members of a local cricket club seeking ways to occupy their time and keep fit once the cricket season had finished. The cricketers were kicking a football around the South Inch, a large public park beside the River Tay during the autumn of 1884. This is widely acknowledged to be the date of the formation of St Johnstone Football Club, although it was not until early in the following year that a group of footballers, led by John Colborn, held an official meeting that led to the formation of the football club as a separate entity rather than a 'spin-off' from the cricket club.

Football was becoming increasingly popular in Scotland and, although there were other local clubs including Fair City Athletic, Erin Rovers and Caledonian (based at Perth railway station), it was St Johnstone that became the one most associated with the town. The name is traced back to the Middle Ages when Perth was colloquially known as 'St John's Toun' (or 'Saint Johnstoun') as the church at the centre of the parish was dedicated to St John the Baptist. Agnus Dei (The Lamb of God), the symbol associated with John the Baptist, forms part of St Johnstone's club badge.

Club members leased a piece of land adjacent to the South Inch, known as the Recreation Grounds, which became St Johnstone's first home ground. After several decades – and regular problems with flooding – it became clear they had outgrown the venue and so, in 1924, they moved to the other side of Perth and built Muirton Park, which would serve as their home for the next 65 years.

1886 to 1972
St Johnstone made their debut appearance in the Scottish Cup in the 1886–87 tournament but were defeated 7–1 in a first round replay by the Erin Rovers club, also based in Perth, after a 3–3 draw at home. In the 1910–11 Scottish Division Two season, Port Glasgow Athletic F.C. finished next to bottom and declined to apply for re-election. They were replaced for the 1911–12 Scottish Division Two season by St Johnstone, who finished fifth in their first season with ten wins and eight defeats.

St Johnstone were promoted to the old First Division in 1924–25, by winning the Second Division title, and appointed David Taylor as team manager. They remained in the top flight until 1929–30 when they finished bottom of Division One. Two years later, under new manager Tommy Muirhead, the Saints were runners-up in Division Two to gain their second promotion. They performed well in Division One through the 1930s, reaching the semi-finals of the Scottish Cup in 1933–34 and finishing fifth in 1932–33 and 1934–35. In the final season before World War II, St Johnstone played well under manager David Rutherford to finish eighth.

The Scottish Football League suspended competition for the duration of the war but sixteen clubs were able to form a regional Southern Football League that managed to operate each season. St Johnstone were closed for most of the war and lost their top flight status as a result. The Southern Football League continued through the post-war 1945–46 season but with two divisions to incorporate clubs that were restarting, including St Johnstone. The Saints played in the 1945–46 B Division and finished sixth of fourteen clubs. When the Scottish League restarted in 1946, the Southern League set-up was used as the first post-war competition, so the A Division became the new First Division and the B Division the new Second Division. St Johnstone had lost all the ground gained in the 1930s and could only finish ninth in Division Two in 1946–47.

Jimmy Crapnell became the team manager for the 1947–48 season and was succeeded by Johnny Pattillo for 1953–54. The Saints remained in the Second Division throughout the tenures of these two managers. Bobby Brown took over in the summer of 1958 and, in his second season 1959–60, the club finally won promotion again. Brown and his successor Willie Ormond both managed Scotland after leaving St Johnstone. In 1970–71, under Ormond, Saints finished third in the league and qualified for the 1971–72 UEFA Cup.

Cup Competitions
The club historically has had little success in national competitions. Prior to winning the Scottish Cup in 2014 their only cup successes were limited to successes in the Consolation Cup – a competition for clubs knocked out of early rounds of the Scottish Cup – in 1911 and 1914. The club have appeared twice in the Scottish Challenge Cup final, losing 1–0 to Stranraer in 1996, and winning the trophy in 2007 with a 3–2 victory over Dunfermline. Saints' Scottish Cup win came after seven semi-final appearances dating back to 1934. They have never won the top league. There were two appearances in the final of the League Cup, losing first to Celtic 1–0 in 1969 and 2–1 to Rangers in 1998, with Canadian internationalist Nick Dasovic scoring for Saints. In 2020–21, St Johnstone won their first League Cup and second Scottish Cup to complete a historic Cup double, becoming only the fourth team to achieve the feat. They defeated Livingston 1–0 in the League Cup final and Hibernian 1–0 in the Scottish Cup final. Defender Shaun Rooney headed the winner in both matches.

Willie Ormond era
In terms of the league, the club's highest-ever finish has been third place in the old First Division, which has occurred on three occasions. The first was in 1970–71, when Saints finished behind Celtic and Aberdeen but ahead of Rangers. The team was mostly the 1969 League Cup team, managed by Willie Ormond, who eventually went on to manage Scotland. The club had some notable players during this period, who later went on to success at other clubs, e.g. Henry Hall, Alex MacDonald, John Lambie, John Connolly, and Jim Pearson.

This third-placed finish led to a European adventure in the UEFA Cup, beating German giants Hamburger SV and Hungarians Vasas SC before finally going out in Yugoslavia to FK Željezničar Sarajevo. The club continued to play in the top division of the Scottish Football League until reconstruction in 1975, but were relegated from the new Premier Division in its first season, and turned part-time for the first time since 1961.

McDiarmid Park's south stand is named the Ormond Stand in his honour.

Relegations and rebuilding
It took Saints until 1983 to return to the top flight – albeit for a single season and as part-time team – before setting a record through suffering two successive relegations in 1984 and 1985. They eventually found themselves bottom of the entire league in 1986 and skirted with financial oblivion, before local businessman Geoff Brown stepped in.

An unprecedented change in the club's focus occurred over the next decade or so, with the move from long-term home Muirton Park to the new purpose-built McDiarmid Park on the outskirts of the city, the first purpose-built all-seater stadium built in the United Kingdom. The new stadium was named to recognise the donation of land by local farmer Bruce McDiarmid. This plus the input of significant transfer funds and the appointment of manager Alex Totten spurred Saints through the leagues. They obtained promotion to the First Division in 1988. Saints then won the First Division championship and promotion to the Premier Division in 1990 during the first season of football at McDiarmid Park. After 15 years as a semi-professional outfit, the club turned full-time again when promotion was achieved.

Saints finished 1990–91 in 7th place, but their season was buoyed by an appearance in the Scottish Cup semi-finals, in which they lost to Dundee United.

The following season proved to be Totten's last at the helm, an eighth-placed finish bringing to an end his five-year reign as manager. He was succeeded by John McClelland for the 1992–93 season. The Northern Irishman didn't fare much better, however, leading the club to 6th place. Another semi-finals cup appearance, this time the League Cup, sweetened the campaign slightly.

St Johnstone's four-year run in the Premier Division came to an end in 1993–94, a 10th-placed finish sending them back to the First Division. McClelland left the club before the season ended, and was replaced by former Dundee United striker Paul Sturrock.

Success in the 1990s
Under Sturrock's stewardship, more emphasis was placed on the club rearing its own players. This bore fruit in the form of Callum Davidson and Danny Griffin. Sturrock also introduced – at least in principle – the concept of morning and afternoon training sessions in an attempt to raise the fitness level of his players. In Sturrock's first full season in charge, Saints finished 5th in the First Division and reached the quarter-finals of the League Cup. In 1995–96, he led them to fourth place and a Scottish Cup quarter-final. League success returned in 1996–97 with the First Division championship and a return to the top flight. The club more than held their own in the first season back. Their 5th-placed finish meant they became founder members of the SPL the following season.

Although Sturrock soon left for Dundee United, the club found a second 'golden period' in 1998–99 under new manager Sandy Clark, when the club finished third in the SPL behind Rangers and Celtic. Saints also reached the final of the League Cup and the semi-finals of the Scottish Cup in that season, losing to Rangers in both competitions. They lost to Rangers in five of the six meetings between the two clubs that season (including a 7–0 home defeat), but Saints won 3–1 in the other game. Their finishing position in the league meant Saints had qualified for the 1999–00 UEFA Cup campaign. They started with a 3–1 aggregate win in the qualifying round over Finnish side VPS Vaasa, but were beaten 6–3 on aggregate by French giants AS Monaco in the first round proper. The return leg meant that international stars such as Fabien Barthez, John Arne Riise and David Trezeguet played at McDiarmid Park. St Johnstone remained unbeaten at home in European competitions until their tie against FC Minsk in 2013.

The new millennium
After a period of steady decline, the club were eventually relegated from the Premier League in 2002. Clark's replacement, Billy Stark, oversaw this relegation, and left the club in 2004 after two seasons of varying success. With the club in eighth place after a poor 2004–05 season under Stark's replacement, John Connolly, Owen Coyle took charge in April 2005, ushering in a promising new period in which St Johnstone earned second-place finishes in 2005–06 and 2006–07.

There was also cup success under Coyle. On 8 November 2006, St Johnstone beat Rangers 2–0 at Ibrox to reach the semi-finals of the League Cup. Steven Milne scored both of the goals. This was the club's first victory at Ibrox since April 1971. It was also the first time the club beat Rangers in a cup competition, and the first time that Rangers had been eliminated from a major cup competition at home by lower-division opposition. On 31 January 2007, Saints were knocked out of the League Cup at the semi-finals stage by Hibs. On 14 April 2007, St Johnstone were beaten 2–1 by Celtic at Hampden in the semi-finals of the Scottish Cup. By then Coyle's name was being linked with managerial vacancies in the SPL. On 21 April 2007, second-placed Saints won 3–0 at home to Queen of the South, while table-toppers Gretna played out a goalless draw against the visiting Clyde, which put the Perth club just one point (and seven goals) behind Gretna. As a result, the First Division championship was to be decided on the final day of the season. Seven days later, St Johnstone were pipped to the First Division championship by Gretna, who had led the division for the majority of the season. Saints won 4–3 at Hamilton Academical, but James Grady scored an injury-time winner for Gretna at Ross County minutes after the St Johnstone game had finished. The results maintained Gretna's one-point lead and they achieved promotion to the Premier League under former Saints player Davie Irons.

Owen Coyle left the club on 22 November 2007, to become manager of English club Burnley. Saints next game, the Challenge Cup Final against Dunfermline three days later, saw them win their first cup since the Scottish Consolation Cup of 1911, with a 3–2 victory. St Johnstone midfielder Derek McInnes was appointed as Coyle's replacement as manager on 27 November 2007, after Coyle's assistant, Sandy Stewart, who had been in charge in a caretaker-manager capacity for the Challenge Cup Final, decided to follow Coyle south to Burnley. McInnes began as a player-manager. Results to the end of 2007 continued the indifferent form shown under Coyle, leaving St Johnstone in third place, some way behind the leaders. In 2008 the club did, however, reach the semi-finals of the Scottish Cup for the second consecutive season, losing out to Rangers on penalties after extra time. It was the club's seventh appearance in the semi-finals, and their seventh defeat.

On 2 May 2009, Saints beat Greenock Morton 3–1 at McDiarmid Park to clinch the First Division title and a return to the Premier League after a seven-year absence. They finished eighth in their first season back.

In November 2011, on the same day the club announced the appointment of manager Steve Lomas, it was also announced that club chairman Geoff Brown, the longest-serving chairman in Scottish football, was retiring and therefore stepping down from his post. His son, Steve, was handed control of the club. In June 2013 Steve Lomas left the club to manage Millwall and Tommy Wright was appointed as his replacement. In his first competitive game in charge, Wright lead St Johnstone to a 1–0 victory against Rosenborg BK in Norway. This was the club's first away win in Europe in over 40 years.

The Golden Age: Tommy Wright, Callum Davidson and Cup glory
On 13 April 2014, St Johnstone reached their first-ever Scottish Cup Final, after defeating Aberdeen 2–1 in the semi-final at Ibrox Stadium. They won the final against Tayside rivals Dundee United on 17 May, 2–0 at Celtic Park.

The club won its second major cup seven years later, defeating Livingston 1–0 in the February 2021 Scottish League Cup Final. Shaun Rooney scored the only goal of the game. Later that season, St Johnstone won its second Scottish Cup, defeating Hibernian 1–0, with Shaun Rooney again scoring the only goal of the game in the 32nd minute, the same time as his winner in the League Cup Final. This victory meant St Johnstone had become the first team outside of the Old Firm to win a cup double since Aberdeen in 1990, and beating 10,000/1 odds to do so. St Johnstone also qualified for Europe for the sixth time in ten seasons, having only qualified twice before in their history.

European record
St Johnstone have qualified for the UEFA Europa League (formerly the UEFA Cup) on eight occasions. The furthest they have progressed is the third round, which occurred in 1971–72, their debut season in the tournament.

 * Notes
 * 1R: First round
 * 2R: Second round
 * 3R: Third round
 * QR: Qualifying round
 * 1Q: First qualifying round
 * 2Q: Second qualifying round
 * 3Q: Third qualifying round

Local rivals
St Johnstone share a Tayside rivalry with both Dundee and Dundee United. It was against the former on New Year's Day 1997 that they recorded their biggest league win in recent memory, 7–2.

Notable players
For a list of all St Johnstone players with a Wikipedia article, see Category:St Johnstone F.C. players. In October 2013, the club inducted the first five members to its "Hall of Fame" intended to formally recognise those who have made a significant contribution to the club. Those inducted were John Brogan, Joe Carr, Willie Coburn, Roddy Grant and Henry Hall. The inaugural event took place at a dinner ceremony at Perth Concert Hall.

During the 2022 FIFA World Cup, David Wotherspoon became the first St Johnstone player to appear in a World Cup match when he made a substitute appearance in the 76th minute for Canada in a group stage loss against Morocco on 1 December.

Directors
Source:

Coaching staff
Source:

League

 * Scottish second-tier league titles
 * Winners (7): 1923–24, 1959–60, 1962–63, 1982–83, 1989–90, 1996–97, 2008–09

Cup

 * Scottish Cup
 * Winners: 2013–14, 2020–21
 * Scottish League Cup
 * Winners: 2020–21
 * Scottish Challenge Cup
 * Winners: 2007–08
 * B Division Supplementary Cup
 * Winners: 1948–49
 * Scottish Consolation Cup
 * Winners: 1910–11, 1913–14

Doubles

 * Scottish Cup and Scottish League Cup: 2020–21

Managerial history
St Johnstone has had 27 full-time managers in its history. The longest-serving manager was David Rutherford (11 years), although his tenure was interrupted by the Second World War. The club has, on average, appointed a new manager every 3.8 years. Willie Ormond and Bobby Brown both left "Saints" to manage the Scotland national team.

 * Peter Grant (1919–20)
 * James Buchan (1920–22)
 * David Taylor (1924–31)
 * Tommy Muirhead (1931–36)
 * David Rutherford (1936–47)
 * Jimmy Crapnell (1947–53)
 * Johnny Pattillo (1953–58)
 * Bobby Brown (1958–67)
 * Willie Ormond (1967–73)
 * Jackie Stewart (1973–76)
 * Jim Storrie (1976–78)
 * Alex Stuart (1978–80)
 * Alex Rennie (1980–85)
 * Ian Gibson (1985–87)
 * Alex Totten (1987–92)
 * John McClelland (1992–93)
 * Paul Sturrock (1 August 1993 – 5 September 1998)
 * Sandy Clark (7 September 1998 – 25 September 2001)
 * Billy Stark (2001–04)
 * John Connolly (2004–05)
 * Owen Coyle (15 April 2005 – 21 November 2007)
 * Derek McInnes (27 November 2007 – 18 October 2011)
 * Steve Lomas (3 November 2011 – 6 June 2013)
 * Tommy Wright (10 June 2013 – 2 May 2020)
 * Callum Davidson (1 June 2020 – 16 April 2023)
 * Steven MacLean (27 May 2023 – 29 October 2023)
 * Craig Levein (5 November 2023–present)

Prior to Peter Grant's appointment in 1919, the team was picked by committee – a practice in wide use at the time.

Shirt sponsors

Below is a list of all of St Johnstone's shirt sponsors:

Source

Team

 * Record home attendance:
 * Recreation Grounds: 12,000 vs Clydebank (Division Two, 14 April 1923)
 * Muirton Park: 29,972 vs Dundee (Scottish Cup, 10 February 1951)
 * McDiarmid Park: 10,545 vs Dundee (Premier Division, 23 May 1999)
 * Record win: 13–0 vs Tulloch (Perthshire Cup, 17 September 1887)
 * Record loss: 11–1 vs Montrose (Northern League, 1 April 1893)
 * Longest unbeaten sequence: 21 league matches (2008–09)
 * Record transfer fee paid: £400,000 for Billy Dodds (Dundee, 1994)
 * Record transfer fee received: £1,750,000 for Callum Davidson (Blackburn Rovers, 1998)

Individual

 * Most capped player: Nick Dasovic – 26 caps for Canada while with the club
 * Record appearances: Liam Craig – 442
 * Most goals: John Brogan – 140
 * Most goals in one season: Jimmy Benson – 44 (1931–32)
 * Most goals in one game: Willie McIntosh – 6 (vs Albion Rovers, League Cup, 9 March 1946)

Source

Average attendances
Past averages:
 * 2019–20: 4,091
 * 2018–19: 3,938
 * 2017–18: 3,809
 * 2016–17: 4,392
 * 2015–16: 3,880
 * 2014–15: 4,522
 * 2013–14: 3,806
 * 2012–13: 3,712
 * 2011–12: 4,170
 * 2010–11: 3,841
 * 2009–10: 4,717
 * 2008–09: 3,522
 * 2007–08: 2,959
 * 2006–07: 2,812
 * 2005–06: 2,667
 * 2004–05: 2,414

Further reading/bibliography

 * The story of Sandy McLaren (St Johnstone, Leicester City and Scotland national football team goalkeeper), written by his son.
 * The story of Sandy McLaren (St Johnstone, Leicester City and Scotland national football team goalkeeper), written by his son.
 * The story of Sandy McLaren (St Johnstone, Leicester City and Scotland national football team goalkeeper), written by his son.
 * The story of Sandy McLaren (St Johnstone, Leicester City and Scotland national football team goalkeeper), written by his son.
 * The story of Sandy McLaren (St Johnstone, Leicester City and Scotland national football team goalkeeper), written by his son.

title: St Johnstone F.C.


text:
Haliburton County

Haliburton is a county of Ontario, Canada, known as a tourist and cottage area in Central Ontario for its scenery and for its resident artists. Minden Hills is the county seat. Haliburton County and the village of Haliburton are named after Thomas Chandler Haliburton, author, statesman, and the first chairman of the Canadian Land and Emigration Company.

The county borders Algonquin Provincial Park on the north.

History
It was originally organized in 1874 as the Provisional County of Haliburton. The county's economy has historically been based on the lumber industry, with the first sawmill officially opening on December 18, 1864. The Canadian Land and Emigration Company later opened in the 1870s and operated until 1892. A third sawmill was constructed in 1903 by the William Laking Lumber Company. All three of these mills were constructed on the Drag River, an important river in the county in the center of Haliburton Village used to send lumber downstream. The county was created from townships that were withdrawn from other counties and districts, including:

It became Haliburton County in 1983, and consists of the following municipalities:

 * Township of Algonquin Highlands
 * Municipality of Dysart et al (Dysart, Bruton, Clyde, Dudley, Eyre, Guilford, Harburn, Harcourt and Havelock)
 * Municipality of Highlands East
 * Township of Minden Hills

Communities in the county include Haliburton, Dorset, Minden, Wilberforce, Gooderham, Irondale, Cardiff, West Guilford, Eagle Lake and Fort Irwin.

Geography
Haliburton County is dubbed the "Haliburton Highlands". The Haliburton Highlands region is also one of the higher points on the Canadian Shield, ranging from 1066 ft at the Haliburton/Stanhope Municipal Airport to 1450 ft above sea level at Sir Sam's Ski Resort in Eagle Lake.

Lakes
Haliburton County is spotted with many rivers and lakes, including endorheic lakes fed by natural springs. Some of the major lakes are as follows:

 * Beech Lake
 * Bitter Lake
 * Burdock Lake
 * Boshkung Lake
 * Canning Lake
 * Dark Lake
 * Drag Lake
 * Grace Lake
 * Grass Lake
 * Gull Lake
 * Haliburton Lake
 * Halls Lake (Ontario)
 * Havelock Lake
 * Little Hawk Lake
 * Big Hawk Lake
 * Head Lake
 * Horseshoe Lake
 * Kashagawigamog Lake
 * Kawagama Lake
 * Kennisis Lake
 * Kushog Lake
 * Little Cameron Lake
 * Minden Lake
 * Mountain Lake
 * Paudash Lake
 * Raven Lake
 * Redstone Lake
 * Salerno Lake
 * Soyers Lake
 * Stormy Lake
 * Twelve Mile Lake
 * Wenona Lake
 * Wilbermere Lake

Demographics
As a census division in the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Haliburton County had a population of $20,571$ living in $9,714$ of its $21,072$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $18,062$. With a land area of 4009.47 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Historic populations:
 * Population in 2001: 15,085
 * Population in 1996: 15,321

Economy
Haliburton County's economy is dominated by tourism. The ratio of properties occupied in the summer months, to properties occupied year-round is about 3 to 1. Employment primarily caters to the needs of this seasonal cottage country population, including residential construction, resorts, services and retail. One particularly successful resort at the time was the Wigamog Inn Resort. Years ago it catered to hundreds staying on site during the summer months, and was a prime location being only a minutes walk from the lake. It closed permanently around 2009 - 2010, with a new owner buying the property in 2016.

The Haliburton County Development Corporation (HCDC) is currently working on a project called Innovative Haliburton to bring attention to the creative economy in Haliburton, as well as, partnering with HCDC to advance the creative economy in eastern Ontario. In 2009, HCDC formed a creative economy committee to look at ways to: encourage innovative people who already have an attachment to the area to move and run their business here, support new and existing businesses in the county that work in the creative economy, showcase local businesses that are successfully engaged in the creative economy, and support our local governments to engage in planning that will help attract new businesses. In 2013, The Creative Economy Committee's name was changed to the Economic Innovations Committee to better describe the roles of the committee as a seed organization, helping the county to prosper through innovation and enabling the youth of the county to better understand the opportunities that are being created in the new economy.

The county is serviced by hospitals in Haliburton and Minden; both are administered by Haliburton Highlands Health Services.

Transportation
Highway 118 runs through the county, passing near the community of Haliburton.

The Victoria Railway (later the CN Haliburton Subdivision) formerly connected the county to the Canadian railway system via nearby Lindsay.

The Haliburton County Rail Trail runs between Haliburton and Kinmount. A rail trail, it follows the right of way of the Victoria Railway. At Kinmount, it connects to the Victoria Rail Trail, which continues on to Lindsay.

Education
Public school education in Haliburton County is managed by the Trillium Lakelands District School Board (TLDSB), which runs the following schools in the county:

Elementary

Minden Hills
 * Archie Stouffer Elementary School – Grades K–8

Dysart et al
 * Stuart W. Baker Elementary School – French Immersion, Grades K–3
 * J. Douglas Hodgson Elementary School – Grades 4–8

Highlands East
 * Cardiff Elementary School – Grades K–3
 * Wilberforce Elementary School – Grades 4–8

Secondary
 * Haliburton Highlands Secondary School – Grades 9–12

The following post-secondary and private schools are also located in the county, but are not managed by the TLDSB:

Post-Secondary
 * Fleming College – Haliburton School of Art + Design

Adult Education
 * Highlands Adult Education and Training Centre
 * Fleming College Academic Upgrading

Private Education
 * At Last Forest School

Arts and culture
The Haliburton Highlands is home to a thriving arts community. The county is dotted by galleries, both public and private, offering events, programs, and workshops to the public. Artists’ studios can be found in almost every community, many offering public demonstrations, small galleries, and classes. There are murals and public sculptures in the downtowns of most communities, as well as in park settings. The county is home to the renowned Haliburton Sculpture Forest, a unique outdoor collection of sculptures by Canadian and international artists.

The Highlands are also home to the Haliburton School of The Art + Design of Fleming College. Students come from across Canada, as well as internationally, to immerse themselves in the unique art offerings of the Haliburton Campus. There are art certificates in glassblowing, photo arts, blacksmithing, painting and drawing, digital image design, jewellery essentials, fibre arts, sculpture, ceramics as well as the visual and creative arts diploma. Haliburton also offers over 300 courses in the spring-summer program which attracts nearly 3000 students of all ages to the area during the busy tourism season. Many local artists are involved in the school as part-time faculty. The Haliburton Campus also offers a post-graduate certificate in expressive arts. The campus also has an emphasis on eco-friendly education and offers certificates in sustainable building and construction, and in sustainable renovation. The sustainable building and construction program was the first of its kind in Canada and its success has had a positive impact locally, as the programs have built the R.D. Lawrence Place at the Minden Hills Cultural Centre, the 4Cs Thrift Store in Haliburton, the Kinark Outdoor Centre in Minden and, in the summer of 2013, the new Library in Wilberforce. The renovation program revitalized the Haliburton Highlands Museum.

Heritage is also a focus in the county, with established museums in Carnarvon, Dorset, Haliburton, Minden, and Wilberforce, as well as many fledgling museums emerging in some of the smaller communities. Many buildings throughout the county are designated heritage sites by the province, and many others undergoing preservation through the interests of the public.

The performing arts also receive much attention. Haliburton Highlands Secondary School has historically had strong drama and music programs, showcasing their talents throughout the year to the public. As well, the Highlands Summer Festival presents a wide array of theatre offerings throughout the summer, showcasing the talents of local and seasonally local actors and musicians. Numerous indie bands perform throughout the county, with open mic events being held at a number of establishments.

Haliburton is also home to the Creative Business Incubator. The incubator provides entrepreneurs with a flexible and affordable space, access to business support assistance and coaching, broadband service, and an environment conducive to entrepreneurial growth. The incubator is a project of the Haliburton County Development Corporation (HCDC).

Haliburton Scout Reserve (HSR)
Haliburton County is also home to the largest Scout Reserve in Canada, the third largest in North America. Haliburton Scout Reserve was founded in 1967.

Notable Athletes

 * Matt Duchene, NHL player currently playing for the Dallas Stars
 * Cody Hodgson, retired NHL Player
 * R. D. Lawrence, Canadian naturalist and wildlife author
 * Ian "Scotty" Morrison, retired NHL referee and former head of The Hockey Hall of Fame
 * Bernie Nicholls, former NHL player
 * Ron Stackhouse, former NHL player
 * Lesley Tashlin, Olympic Athlete
 * Taly Williams, Professional Football Player, CFL
 * Mike Bradley, Professional Football Player, CFL
 * Muriel Coben, Professional Baseball Player, AAGPBL

Media
Haliburton County is served by three newspapers, The Haliburton Echo, The Highlander and The Minden Times, and two radio stations, 100.9 Canoe FM and 93.5 The Moose.

In popular culture

 * Certain scenes were filmed on location at Camp Wanakita and Kilcoo Camp for the Disney Channel original movie, Camp Rock.
 * Camp White Pine was the location of the 1979 Canadian comedy film Meatballs. The 2011 cast reunion was held at nearby Camp Timberlane Canada, which was intended to be the original shooting location of the film.

Forest fire protection history
The former Dysart fire tower was erected in 1956 on a hill by the east side of Haliburton village just off Highway 118. Its 100 ft frame still stands, but the towerman's cupola has since been removed. It was erected by Ontario's former Department of Lands and Forests (now the MNR) as an early detection to protect the local forests from fire. This tower was put out of use in the late 1960s when aerial detection systems were put in place. It was one of the County of Haliburton's many towers that were part of the former Lindsay Forest Fire District. Other towers included: Harburn, Eyre, Green's Mountain, Harvey, Cardiff, Digby, Lutterworth, Sherbourne (St. Nora), Dorset, and Bruton. When a fire was spotted in the forest a towerman would get the degree bearings from his respective tower and radio back the information to headquarters. When one or more towermen from other towers in the area would also call in their bearings, the forest rangers at headquarters could get a 'triangulation' read and plot the exact location of the fire on their map. This way a team of forest firefighters could be dispatched as soon as possible to get the fire under control. There were Department of Lands and Forests headquarters stations in Minden, Ontario and at St. Nora Lake (later the Leslie Frost Centre), which offered forest ranger training from 1945 onwards.

title: Haliburton County


text:
South African Chess Championship

The South African Chess Championship was first organised in 1892 by the Cape Town Chess Club. It is now organised by Chess South Africa (CHESSA), the governing body of chess in South Africa. The tournament is normally held every two years. It is restricted to chess players resident in South Africa (although exceptions have been made on occasion) and participation is by invitation only.

CHESSA was formed in 1992, after unification talks between various chess bodies that commenced the previous year. The 1995 event, the first organised by CHESSA, included titled players from Angola and Zimbabwe and was run on the Swiss system. Since that date, the tournament has been held on a round-robin basis. The winner of the tournament holds the title of South African Closed Chess Champion until the next tournament is held.

Historically, the tournament was usually held on a round-robin or double round-robin basis. In case of a tie for first place, a playoff match was usually conducted. In the early days, the title holder could also be challenged to a title match, and these matches are tabled below.

Winners of the national championship

 * {| class="sortable wikitable"

! Year !! City !! Winner !Black Closed Winner|| Women's Winner
 * 1892	||	Cape Town	||	Arthur Rivett 	Edward Roberts
 * 1897	||	Cape Town	||	Edward Roberts
 * 1899	||	Durban	||	Abraham Michael
 * 1903	||	Johannesburg	||	Francis Joseph Lee
 * 1906	||	Cape Town	||	Bruno Edgar Siegheim
 * 1910	||	Cape Town	||	Harry Duhan
 * 1912	||	Johannesburg	||	Bruno Edgar Siegheim
 * 1920	||	Cape Town	||	A.J.A. Cameron 	Alexander Chavkin
 * 1924	||	Durban	||	Alexander Chavkin
 * 1926	||	Johannesburg	||	Max Blieden
 * 1928	||	Cape Town	||	Max Blieden
 * 1935	||	Johannesburg	||	John C. Archer jr
 * 1937	||	Cape Town	||	Kurt Dreyer
 * 1939	||	Durban	||	Wolfgang Heidenfeld
 * 1945	||Johannesburg	||	Wolfgang Heidenfeld John Holford
 * 1947	||	Cape Town	||	Wolfgang Heidenfeld Kurt Dreyer
 * 1949	||	Durban	||	Wolfgang Heidenfeld
 * 1951	||	East London	||	Wolfgang Heidenfeld
 * 1953	||	Johannesburg	||	John E. Eriksen
 * 1955	||	Cape Town	||	Wolfgang Heidenfeld
 * 1957	||	Durban	||	Wolfgang Heidenfeld
 * 1959	||	Johannesburg	||	Wolfgang Heidenfeld Kenneth Kirby
 * 1961	||	Cape Town	||	Woolf Gerber
 * 1963	||	Pretoria	||	Kenneth Kirby Kees van der Meyden
 * 1965	||	Salisbury	||	Piet Kroon
 * 1967	||	Johannesburg	||	David Friedgood
 * 1969	||	Pretoria	||	Piet Kroon
 * 1971	||	Johannesburg	||	David Friedgood
 * 1973	||	Cape Town	||	David Friedgood
 * 1975	||	East London	||	Piet Kroon Charles de Villiers
 * 1977	||	Pretoria	||	David A. Walker 	Charles de Villiers
 * 1979	||	Johannesburg	||	Frank Korostenski
 * 1981	||	Cape Town	||	Charles de Villiers
 * 1983	||	Pretoria	||	Donald Macfarlane
 * 1985	||	Johannesburg	||	Clyde Wolpe Charles de Villiers
 * 1986
 * Shabier Bhawoodien (Durban)
 * 1987	||Pretoria||Charles de Villiers
 * Deon Pick (Worcester)
 * 1988
 * Maxwell Solomon (East London)
 * 1989	||Secunda||Charles de Villiers
 * Deon Solomon (Bellville South)
 * 1991
 * Deon Solomon(CPUT Campus)
 * 1993
 * Cape Town
 * George Michelakis
 * 1994
 * CPUT Campus
 * Deon Solomon
 * 1995	||Cape Town||David Gluckman
 * 1998	||Bruma Lake||Mark Rubery Watu Kobese
 * 2000	||Port Elizabeth||Nicholas van der Nat
 * Michelle Minnaar
 * 2001
 * Watu Kobese
 * Cecile van der Merwe
 * 2002
 * Mignon Pretorius
 * 2003	||Kempton Park||Watu Kobese Kenny Solomon
 * Mignon Pretorius
 * 2004
 * Carmen de Jager
 * 2005	||Cape Town||Nicholas van der Nat
 * Denise Frick
 * 2007	||Cape Town||Henry Robert Steel
 * 2008
 * Carmen de Jager
 * 2009	||Cape Town||Nicholas van der Nat
 * no event held
 * 2011	||Cape Town||Henry Robert Steel Watu Kobese
 * no event held
 * 2013
 * Cape Town
 * Donovan van den Heever
 * Denise Frick
 * 2015	||Cape Town||Daniel Cawdery
 * Denise Frick
 * 2017	||Cape Town||Johannes Mabusela, Calvin Klaasen
 * ||Jesse February
 * 2019	||Cape Town||Daniel Barrish
 * ||Jesse February
 * 2022	||Cape Town||Daniel Cawdery
 * ||Chloe Badenhorst
 * }
 * Deon Solomon (Bellville South)
 * 1991
 * Deon Solomon(CPUT Campus)
 * 1993
 * Cape Town
 * George Michelakis
 * 1994
 * CPUT Campus
 * Deon Solomon
 * 1995	||Cape Town||David Gluckman
 * 1998	||Bruma Lake||Mark Rubery Watu Kobese
 * 2000	||Port Elizabeth||Nicholas van der Nat
 * Michelle Minnaar
 * 2001
 * Watu Kobese
 * Cecile van der Merwe
 * 2002
 * Mignon Pretorius
 * 2003	||Kempton Park||Watu Kobese Kenny Solomon
 * Mignon Pretorius
 * 2004
 * Carmen de Jager
 * 2005	||Cape Town||Nicholas van der Nat
 * Denise Frick
 * 2007	||Cape Town||Henry Robert Steel
 * 2008
 * Carmen de Jager
 * 2009	||Cape Town||Nicholas van der Nat
 * no event held
 * 2011	||Cape Town||Henry Robert Steel Watu Kobese
 * no event held
 * 2013
 * Cape Town
 * Donovan van den Heever
 * Denise Frick
 * 2015	||Cape Town||Daniel Cawdery
 * Denise Frick
 * 2017	||Cape Town||Johannes Mabusela, Calvin Klaasen
 * ||Jesse February
 * 2019	||Cape Town||Daniel Barrish
 * ||Jesse February
 * 2022	||Cape Town||Daniel Cawdery
 * ||Chloe Badenhorst
 * }
 * Carmen de Jager
 * 2005	||Cape Town||Nicholas van der Nat
 * Denise Frick
 * 2007	||Cape Town||Henry Robert Steel
 * 2008
 * Carmen de Jager
 * 2009	||Cape Town||Nicholas van der Nat
 * no event held
 * 2011	||Cape Town||Henry Robert Steel Watu Kobese
 * no event held
 * 2013
 * Cape Town
 * Donovan van den Heever
 * Denise Frick
 * 2015	||Cape Town||Daniel Cawdery
 * Denise Frick
 * 2017	||Cape Town||Johannes Mabusela, Calvin Klaasen
 * ||Jesse February
 * 2019	||Cape Town||Daniel Barrish
 * ||Jesse February
 * 2022	||Cape Town||Daniel Cawdery
 * ||Chloe Badenhorst
 * }
 * no event held
 * 2013
 * Cape Town
 * Donovan van den Heever
 * Denise Frick
 * 2015	||Cape Town||Daniel Cawdery
 * Denise Frick
 * 2017	||Cape Town||Johannes Mabusela, Calvin Klaasen
 * ||Jesse February
 * 2019	||Cape Town||Daniel Barrish
 * ||Jesse February
 * 2022	||Cape Town||Daniel Cawdery
 * ||Chloe Badenhorst
 * }
 * ||Jesse February
 * 2019	||Cape Town||Daniel Barrish
 * ||Jesse February
 * 2022	||Cape Town||Daniel Cawdery
 * ||Chloe Badenhorst
 * }
 * ||Chloe Badenhorst
 * }

Winners of the South African Title

 * 1897 Edward Roberts (defeated Arthur Cameron in challenge)
 * 1898 Edward Roberts (defeated P.G. Van Breda in challenge)
 * 1910 Max Blieden (defeated Bruno Edgar Siegheim in challenge)
 * 1911 Bruno Edgar Siegheim (defeated Harry Duhan in challenge)
 * 1912 Bruno Edgar Siegheim (defeated Henk Meihuizen in challenge)

title: South African Chess Championship