text:
Talk:Eastbourne/Archive 3

Uncited statements
One criteria for featured articles is having no unsourced statements, therefore I have removed the 3 flagged statements and listed them below.

 * More cars than average. The most common form of transport throughout the town is the car, and consequently Eastbourne has more cars than the average town, made even higher by the number of tourists and commuters travelling in and out.
 * Hampden Park busiest crossing Trains have to pass through the station twice on their journey, causing the nearby level crossing to be the busiest railway level-crossing in Europe.
 * Tennis oldest competition The International Women's Open, a Women's tennis tournament traditionally seen as the warm-up to Wimbledon, are held at Devonshire Park, it is the oldest such championship in Europe.

I have researched all three and found no conclusive evidence for or against, an encyclopedia cannot rely on hearsay. MortimerCat 09:13, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Hm, I just had a quick look for the level crossing one, and although not evidence per se, it's interesting to note that David Bellotti once made the claim in parliament according to Hansard... - IMSoP 18:45, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Other residents

 * Harpsichordist Violet Gordon-Woodhouse grew up at Folkington Manor just outside Eastbourne. Can we include her? The ref to be used would be 'Cullen, 2006'.Malick78 09:35, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

Removed statements pending citation
The entries below were not able to be verified in time for the Good Article nomination. They may be returned to the article if a reference can be found.

 * James Bond star Roger Moore once lived in the penthouse flat of the South Cliff Tower at the west end of the seafront.
 * Eastbourne is the birthplace and early home town of British Yacht Designer Phil Morrison
 * Eastbourne was granted the right to hold a market in 1315, three years after a comparable grant at Brighton.
 * This has led to many of the town's schools having unusually large class sizes, and many children have to travel some distance when local schools have no room.
 * Recent major housing developments have been aimed mainly at young families, and the provision of adequate schooling has become a key local issue.
 * During construction of the new A22 route nearby several Bronze Age items were discovered thought to date back to 600 BC – 800 BC.

People
the chinese people are a common sight in eastbourne, but when do you ever seen a indian in the town, very rarely. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.42.55.77 (talk) 23:35, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

 * The demographic information currently in the article includes a reference to its source, from an "experimental dataset" produced by the Office for National Statistics. I agree that it's not what I would expect, and more importantly, it doesn't match the prose in that section, which I think were based on 2001 Census data (although I can't work out how to find that on the ONS website now). However, what would be the use of an encyclopedia that only tells you what you already know (or think you know)? Most likely, we need to edit the prose in that section to match the statistics. - IMSoP 18:32, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

Archiving
I've archived off this talk page, as it was getting rather long, what with all the checklists and so forth. I've tried to keep parts that were still pending, but feel free to dredge out bits that still need attention.

I've also declared the collaboration sub-page an archive - it was a good idea, but hasn't received any edits for 6 months, and as such, I couldn't even tell which parts were still pending, and which no longer an issue. I suggest any points on there which still seem relevant are re-raised here for fresh attention. - IMSoP 18:32, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

Automatic addition of "class=GA"
A bot has added class=GA to the WikiProject banners on this page, as it's listed as a good article. If you see a mistake, please revert, and leave a note on the bot's talk page. Thanks, BOT Giggabot (talk) 05:27, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Warren, East Sussex
I have nominated Warren, East Sussex for deletion. I do not feel that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Warren, East Sussex.

The article states that Warren is part of Eastbourne, and I have posted this notice here hoping for some local input. Putney Bridge (talk) 18:52, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

Miscellaneous section
It is best to avoid miscellaneous sections as they become a long list of unassociated facts. As you can see I have removed the one that crept in by moving the facts elsewhere. Having said that, the Chinese state circus has ended up as a one sentence paragraph, if anyone can improve that please do. MortimerCat (talk) 11:56, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

The infobox
I have noticed that this article has the uk settlement infobox and the Hastings article has the borough despite the fact its the same situation with the two of them. Shouldnt this and hastings both have exactly the samae infoboxes? Blackwave...... (talk) 13:14, 20 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, there should be a consistency in style. According to How to write about settlements Infobox_UK_place is the template to use. The template allows for the duel town and borough role. The Hasting infobox seems to be homemade and not an official template. MortimerCat (talk) 16:25, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

Not been active for a while ... what has happened to the map from the info box? The pic of the pier is VG but a map showing the position of the town in the UK would be more useful. Mikeo1938 (talk) 18:12, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Have checked myself and a user called Kentem changed the infobox a while back from Infobox_UK_Place (with a map) to Infobox_Settlement (without). I have no idea why this is given the conversation which took place above. theolimeister (talk) 21:46, 23 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I wondered why it had been changed. Although I fixed the UTC error I think the old one should be put back. A map can be added to the latest settlement template but it is not an easy task. The previous template was much friendlier in that respect. We seem to have a consensus to revert it but we should wait to hear Kentems opinion first. MortimerCat (talk) 23:07, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

Good Idea Lets Revert To The Old One Unless We Can Put a map on. Blackwave...... (talk) 17:38, 24 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I have now reverted the infobox back to the old one as we have now heard Kentems opinion. Just a polite note - it may help in future if all users remember to include an edit summary.theolimeister (talk) 20:14, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Adams trial table on this page?
The John Bodkin Adams page has a table of all the important elements in his trial and Eastbourne is one of them. What do people think of having it at the bottom of the town's page too? Malick78 (talk) 20:36, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

The case is of interest and I can see the point of the link to the page in question, and perhaps a brief further note about the trial. However, I would personally not be in favour of much more. (BTW, I hitch-hiked around Europe in the late 1950s … whenever I told drivers the name of my hometown, they had invariably heard about JBA.) Mikeo1938 (talk) 21:33, 8 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I think the current mention of John Bodkin Adams is sufficient, if anyone wants more information they can follow the link. I do not see the need to duplicate the information. MortimerCat (talk) 22:16, 8 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Okay, no table, but how about a mention of Adams in the history part? The Adams investigation and trial was arguably the biggest thing to happen to Eastbourne in the 20th century, made headlines around the world and made it infamous for decades. Malick78 (talk) 19:56, 9 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I think references to JBA are best in their present section. There could be mention of the trial and verdict, as in the 1st para of the JBA entry. I've not seen the book by Cullen, but question the statement concerning the relationship between JBA and RG.  Is this not merely supposition?Mikeo1938 (talk) 21:18, 9 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Cullen is quite adamant that Adams and Gwynne were an item. A book on Adams by John Surtees, 2000, also mentions that their were rumours Adams was gay - though Cullen provides more proof. Malick78 (talk) 21:36, 9 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Looking at other pages such as Soham and Hungerford I would agree with moving the John Bodkin Adams to the history section. I would further comment that this is an Eastbourne article. Expansion should concentrate more on how Eastbourne was involved rather than just giving more details about Adams. Citations of Headlines around the world mentioning Eastbourne would be nice. MortimerCat (talk) 21:52, 9 February 2008 (UTC)
 * JBA was an individual – his story does not fit in with the History section, which is about the evolution of the town. He was indeed notorious and I believe best left in the section about notable residents.  The present wording uses “suspected” and “thought to have”; I don’t see how one can be more certain of his sexuality. Whatever one may think of the verdict, it’s important to record (as does the JBA entry) that he was acquitted on one count and that the other was withdrawn.  Those interested will follow the link.Mikeo1938 (talk) 22:34, 9 February 2008 (UTC)

Rick Martin
I removed Rick Martin due to lack of citation, I looked but found no reference that connects him to Eastbourne. I would also question his notability. MortimerCat (talk) 18:33, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

Gary Newman
Thanks to (80.7.20.242) for the note about Gary Newman; but pse give a citation. It will best go after the note about Russ Conway but with the necessary citation. Mikeo1938 (talk) 15:14, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

Peer review
The main peer review is here. I have recreated the points below so we can discuss. See the review for the full comment.

LEAD

 * ✅ "infobox image is fairly low quality..." I took the liberty of adding one of mine, but I won't be hurt if someone has a better one that typifies Eastbourne better.
 * ✅ "second largest settlement in East Sussex..." Removed whole sentence - its debatable whether Brighton is in East Sussex so I avoid the issue!
 * ✅ "Geographically, Eastbourne is situated..." Removed
 * "It has since suffered from the general trend..."
 * "what sunshine record?..."
 * ✅"'boasts' is used a couple of times..."

HISTORY

 * "Maybe separate out "the Roman x was discovered in x" stuff..."
 * ✅ "Redoubt fortress referred to inconsistently thru article..." We have the noun "redoubt fortress" and as the proper noun "Eastbourne Redoubt". I think they are being used correctly. There was a problem that "redoubt fortress" was being incorrectly capitalised that is now fixed.
 * ✅ "Some sentences here tend to be quite long and rambly..." (Rewording carried out)
 * ✅ "The town received more air attacks..." London is not included in the South East, but are we able to make that point?
 * I hope to be able to give chapter and verse shortly. Mikeo1938 (talk) 21:36, 25 April 2008 (UTC)
 * It took a while to get this confirmed because my reference books are not to hand. However, someone kindly scanned the relevant pages from George Humphrey’s “Wartime Eastbourne” (the standard work re bombing in the town during WW2). GH is quite specific about this point and it is mentioned on the back cover and on page 7.

AREAS AND SUBURBS
 * "Quite difficult to read in parts..."

BEACHY HEAD
 * "Is there a source for 'unofficial statistics..."'

TRANSPORT
 * ✅"Listing specific taxi firms..." Removed.

CULTURE
 * "Could do with a few more photos..."
 * "Blue plaques stuff is interesting..."
 * ✅"Expand/explain VC wrt Nelson Victor Carter..."
 * ✅"The serial killer seems a little out-of-place..." Previously discussed on talk page.
 * ✅"why single out The Mobiles?..." Removed.

Making the article shorter.
I suggest moving the blue plaque section to its own article, replacing with a brief summary and a....

There are other examples, such as Oxfordshire Blue Plaques Board. We could even create an Eastbourne Society article if there is enough material besides the blue plaque scheme. Swindon Civic Trust is an example of this. MortimerCat (talk) 21:21, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I was just going to suggest at least moving the Blue plaque section to the end of the Culture section, and to move the St Cyprian's details from it to the notable students section at the end of the article. The subsections in the Culture section imho could be better ordered. Well done for replacing the lead picture, although I still would not immediately recognise it as Eastbourne pier. The text reads extremely well, but the pictures really are the downfall of the article. For such a visually rich place, many important views are missing (eg Old Town and the front) and others are sadly of poor quality (but then you get what you get). Just a point - surely Beachy head is worthy of more recognition than as a suicide site. Regards Motmit (talk) 21:46, 21 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree that the Blue plaque section could be moved to a new article; but the various people should still have a mention on the E'bne page. Otherwise we'd be left without the main personalities.  In fact, the other plaques (not those in the official scheme - Tommy Cooper etc) could be moved to his new article, too.  But again, there should be a mention of these names.  With regard to "Holywell" ... I got rather carried away when adding that piece.  This could also form a new article because there's lots more to say about it.  We could just leave a brief reference to Holywell on the E'bne page.  I agree about the lack of pix ... if I were there, I'd take some.  Perhaps someone reading this could take some more shots ... (?)  OK also about BH ... some brief details in addition to the suicide aspect. Mikeo1938 (talk) 09:27, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Is the new picture better? MortimerCat (talk) 22:23, 21 April 2008 (UTC)
 * To me it is certainly more recognisable (basically because the foreshortening in the other seemed to make the pier look more built up) but I would not put myself forward as the final arbiter. Regards Motmit (talk) 22:36, 21 April 2008 (UTC)
 * The pic looks OK to me. Mikeo1938 (talk) 09:27, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

Peer review/Images
I have added some images taken today but am unsure about ticking the images section of the peer review - are these enough or are some more required? There does appear to be sections of the article which I personally feel are still lacking in images. theolimeister (talk) 17:21, 25 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Fine on the pix ... well placed to complement the text. Just some doubts re Gildredge Park; that shot lacks in interest somewhat. Mikeo1938 (talk) 20:55, 25 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Certainly an improvement on variety. The overall layout needs tidying though. I think we may need to prune a few in some areas just so they do not sit on top of each other. Lose a few pier pictures perhaps. We need to stagger them, left and right. Then find some appropriate pictures for the bare areas. MortimerCat (talk) 22:45, 25 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Great improvement - it's looking much more familiar. Can I suggest putting the "upright" tag on the portrait layout pics, and setting sizes to default (if not done already) - that reduces any clutter effect. Motmit (talk) 07:16, 26 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Upright tags added, they were already at default size. MortimerCat (talk) 09:31, 26 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Just added some more to the page - thoughts? theolimeister (talk) 21:53, 28 April 2008 (UTC)
 * With Firefox browser, the celebrity pictures overflowed into the reference section, squeezing the references into a narrow column. I removed a couple just to fix that problem. MortimerCat (talk) 23:22, 29 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I support that in principle - the images are in the home articles. I don't want to start a popularity contest, but Crowley is relatively unknown and the picture is spooky (as he was), whereas Izzard is a well known and popular contemporary figure who went to two Eastbourne schools. Theo has done a really great job here and has captured a lot of really appropriate images. Well done! Seems like I am tasking but these are just observations - perhaps there are too many pics under Parks, while other distinctive images I would associate with Eastbourne are the vistas down the Carlisle Road area, Paradise Drive with the downs and golf courses, and the station roof which is distinctive but poorly represented in its own article. Motmit (talk) 07:45, 30 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I hadn't realised there was an article about E'bne railway station. That pic could well go into the 'Train' section.  Agree that the new pix are good but, as I say above, the Gildredge Park shot is not very inspiring. (Not for the article, but the flat area in Upperton Gdns was once a tennis court; the gardens were fenced off and the owners of the houses around had keys to get in.  The same was true for Hartfield Gdns.)  I don't mind the spooky pic of AC but it would be nice to bring back Eddie Izz. Mikeo1938 (talk) 16:54, 30 April 2008 (UTC)
 * The pictures I removed were at random, out of those four I did not have any particular preference, feel free to revert. Remember that this an Eastbourne article, we want to choose the people with the larger Eastbourne connection and not based on their national celebrity status. Plus, make sure the copyright is suitable. MortimerCat (talk) 17:27, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

Reliable sources
Peer review highlighted these as unreliable sources.

Editing Talk:Eastbourne (section) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediach as Toploader - www.muchmusic.com
 * The chalk contains many fossils such as ammonites and nautilus - www.ukfossils.co.uk
 * Eastbourne is home to some modern bands suhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Eastbourne&action=edit&section=16
 * and The Mobiles - www.tonynorman.com
 * the arrival of Queenwood Ladies College - "Many Years Many Girls" says the publisher is the author

I personally cannot see what is wrong with them, they are reliable enough for the extracted fact, but unfortunately they fall under the heading of non-reliable sources. WP:RELIABLE So if anyone can improve upon them, please do. MortimerCat (talk) 21:32, 26 April 2008 (UTC)
 * The book "Many Years Many Girls" is in the reference library. I cannot get there myself but perhaps someone can check to see if it was written with the help of the school or the association of former pupils.  This would mean that the content had been cross-checked and may enable it to qualify.  It would be a pity if we cannot state that the town was favoured in 19C by schools because of the sea air etc.
 * Ref 74 states that the publisher is "The British Council". Is something else required in the citation?Mikeo1938 (talk) 23:07, 26 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I have already added the missing publishers & access dates to the sources mentioned in the review. Ref 74 is a bit dubious anyway. After a redirect, it takes you to the Education UK website, but not the page where you could verify the fact. Having said that, the facts are irrelevant to Eastbourne, as the first reviewer said "bit of a tendency to over-introduce related subjects". MortimerCat (talk) 23:33, 26 April 2008 (UTC)

Nelson Carter VC
There is more to say about the above but Wiki already has a linked article to NC. I don't think that we can say more about him in the Eastbourne article without saying more about the other blue plaque people. Mikeo1938 (talk) 13:51, 28 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Sorry to clarify, my point was that rather than just saying "VC", have Victoria Cross at least on the first mention - article seems to be coming nicely, keep up the good work! Paulbrock (talk) 14:13, 28 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks - point noted. Mikeo1938 (talk) 16:21, 28 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I've amended the note about NC. Although he was born in E'bne, I don't think it was at 33 Greys Road.  However, it's clear from ELHS 143 that he lived at 33 Greys Rd with his wife before WW1. Mikeo1938 (talk) 16:21, 28 April 2008 (UTC)

Holywell
I am about to create a new article entitled Holywell. This will contain most of what is currently said about Holywell in the Eastbourne article, but will later be amplified. We can then discuss how much of the existing text can remain on the Eastbourne page. This will address the comments in the peer review (too much about Holywell) and also serve to reduce the length of the Eastbourne article.Mikeo1938 (talk) 12:31, 1 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Good plan MortimerCat (talk) 18:53, 1 May 2008 (UTC)
 * The new article on Holywell is now done and much of the text about Holywell has been deleted from the E'bne page. If anyone is out and about with a camera, it would be nice to include a shot of the pinnacle in this new article. It might also be possible to include a shot of the Italian Gardens, homing in on what was once the terminal building for the cable. This is the small building to the right as you come up the steps.  I think it is now a shelter ... the cable equipment was housed in the part to the right as you face the shelter Mikeo1938 (talk) 23:20, 1 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Just looked at the pic of the Italian Gardens. The shelter / former terminal building is behind the seat in the right foreground. Mikeo1938 (talk) 23:23, 1 May 2008 (UTC)
 * How can we make the link take people straight to Holywell, Eastbourne? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mikeo1938 (talk • contribs)
 * Use the following format : Holywell . It comes up as Holywell. Paulbrock (talk) 22:00, 2 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks Paulbrock for explaining about the link. Also to the other regular contributors to the E'bne page for fixing. Mikeo1938 (talk) 07:51, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

Whitbread Hollow
(also known as Whitbread Hole)

In Sport we have: "There was once a small race-course in Whitbread Hollow (now St Bede's school playing fields)." This may be correct but there is no citation and I have no means of checking right now. There was a racecourse higher up on the Downs. Does anyone know where this statement came from? Mikeo1938 (talk) 21:41, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

List of State Schools
Do we need to list every school. Apart from being a much frowned upon list, it is also a list of broken links. ++ MortimerCat (talk) 09:06, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eastbourne/Archive 3


text:
User:Gee76

gee is a pimp

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Gee76


text:
Amble

Amble is a town on the North Sea coast of Northumberland, England, at the mouth of the River Coquet; Coquet Island is visible from its beaches and harbour. In 2011, the parish of Amble by the Sea had a population of 6,025.

Etymology
There are two suggested origins of the place-name Amble. One theory suggests a Goidelic origin from Am Béal, meaning "tidal inlet", and is attributed to the historical presence of Irish missionaries in the area who spoke that language despite most of the local population not doing so. An earlier theory, originating with Eilert Ekwall, is an Old English origin of Amma/Anna bile, meaning "Amma's/Anna's headland".

There are sources indicating that the name and variants thereof – such as Ambell and Ambhill – may have been in use as long ago as 1203 AD. Northumberland was not recorded in the Domesday Book.

History
Various urns, cists, flint spearheads and other evidence of ancient burials were found near to Amble in the 1880s and 1890s. Some of those remains showed signs of cremation.

Outcrops of coal had been found along the coastline between the River Coquet and the River Tyne at least as long ago as the reign of Elizabeth I, when unsuccessful attempts had been made to extract and transport it in an economic manner. A failed proposal to use Amble as a port for the shipment of locally sourced coal and salt is recorded in 1618, although this failure did not discourage William Hewitt from making the then rare decision to reserve for himself the rights to the coal when he sold the townships of Amble and Hauxley in 1630. A significant factor in the failure of all the early attempts, when compared to the success of ventures in the valleys of the Tyne and the Wear, was that of economies of scale. Those more successful areas at that time had plentiful easily accessed reserves which encouraged investment and the sharing of fixed costs such as harbour facilities, buildings and machinery among a large number of enterprises.

The early situation changed as the operators in the valleys exhausted the cheaply extracted ores and found themselves having to mine deeper and also further away from the rivers that were used for transport, thus increasing their costs per unit of coal mined. Some coal was probably being shipped from previously uneconomic places such Amble and Blyth by the end of the seventeenth century, and it was certainly being extracted at Amble by that time.

Amble grew in the nineteenth century as collieries were opened; and the newly built railway links to the Northumberland coalfields made the town a centre for the sea transport and export of coal. Prior to the development of the harbour, the town was "little more than a hamlet", according to the architectural guides originally compiled by Nikolaus Pevsner. The principal local mineworkings were those at Broomhill and at Radcliffe.

The harbour at Amble was the smallest of those that served the coalfields of Northumberland and Durham. It was originally under the control of the Dukes of Northumberland until, in 1837, a port authority – the Warkworth Harbour Commission – was created to supervise improvements. Following consultations with various engineers, the proposals submitted by John Rennie in 1838 were accepted. These included the construction of breakwaters to the north and the south, which were eventually completed in 1849 at a total cost of £116,000. The larger northern breakwater, which was originally 2300 ft in length, was extended in the early part of the 20th century but suffered from the undermining effects of the tide and required shoring with slag brought in from the ironworks of Hartlepool and Middlesbrough.

The construction of docks had also been mooted in 1844 and 1850 but the arrival of the railway led instead to the construction of coal staithes. A change in consulting engineer in 1869 resulted in extensive dredging of the harbour but did not greatly improve the prospects of the port. Shipments of coal amounted to over 500,000 tons by 1914, but this was a modest volume when compared to the other regional ports. Robert Rennison notes with regard to the relative lack of prosperity that the port served a "small and discrete coalfield".

The 5.75 mi railway branched on a single track to Amble at a point near to Chevington and was opened in September 1849 by the York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway, initially as a freight-only line. Passenger services between Amble and Chevington began in 1879, following the construction of a station at Broomhill in 1878 and facilities at Amble itself. The line between Amble and Broomhill was double-track. The passenger service ended in July 1930 and the general freight service was withdrawn in 1964. Coal traffic, which had amounted to around 750,000 tons annually in the 1920s, came to an end in 1969 when the line was closed completely.

Other industries, such as sea fishing and both ship building and repair in an area known as the Braid had expanded with the growth of the town. Traditional Northumbrian fishing vessels such as cobles had previously sheltered in the natural harbour for centuries. One local coble manufacturing business, J. & J. Harrison, founded in 1870, had been the first to introduce engines to the form and was still producing it in 1973, along with more generally utilised craft.

Amble Golf Club was founded in 1910 but disappeared in the late 1950s.

On 1 December 1943, a Royal Air Force Short Stirling Mk III (EH880) which departed RAF Mepal, Cambridgeshire, had completed its mission of dropping sea mines off the coast of Denmark. The aircraft was due to land at RAF Acklington. The pilots attempted a second approach to Acklington in bad weather; the aircraft crashed into Cliff House Farm, Togston. Six of the seven crew died along with five children on the ground: a 1997 housing development in the western edge of the town has streets named after the children who perished.

Present day
Sir Nikolaus Pevsner's guide of 1992 says that "Today Amble is a not unpleasant small town but has few buildings of distinction." Of those, he records the church of St Cuthbert, which was originally constructed in 1870 and expanded in 1929, and its associated 1876-built vicarage. In addition, he notes some early Victorian terraces on Queen Street and North Street, as well as "a fragment of wall with a C 15 window, square-headed and of two trefoiled lights with uncusped sunk panels above. Though it may seem unlikely, this is an in situ fragment of the medieval manor house. It belonged to Tynemouth Priory and may have served as a monastic cell." This latter is found on High Street.

The fishing industry continues in Amble today, albeit with a reduced number of vessels, as does a small marine industry which is mainly concentrated around the construction and repair of yachts and other pleasure craft. A small industrial estate is located to the southwest of the town, whose clients include vehicle repairs and telecommunications companies. However,, most of the units on the estate are unoccupied and the town has been affected by the closure of nearby businesses, such as a site operated by Alcan, as well as two food processing businesses in the town that employed nearly 300 people. A proposed retail development by Tesco had also been postponed due to poor trading conditions. The town's mayor announced that "the prospects for jobs are very bleak indeed."

The Royal National Lifeboat Institution maintains a station at Amble. Amble RNLI station has two lifeboats – the Shannon Class 'Shannon Elizabeth and Leonard', which replaced the Mersey Class lifeboat 'The Four Boys' in November 2016 after the station raised £200,000 towards the new vessel's £2,000,000 cost. Amble's second lifeboat is the 'D Class' Inshore Lifeboat (or ILB), the 'Mildred Holcroft'. There have been lifeboats operating from the town since 1842 and, for example, between 30 and 40 people perished in various wrecks near to Amble on 17–18 December 1872.

Regeneration and community development
Amble had been a recipient of regional development assistance from 1965, when the restructuring of coal-mining operations, led by Alfred Robens of the National Coal Board, had a substantial detrimental effect on the local economy. Unemployment in the town was then 6.5 per cent, compared to a national average of 1.5 per cent. By 1969, the Northern Economic Planning Council was proposing the closure of the port, which no longer had any coal traffic, in favour of redevelopment for leisure purposes. The same year saw the closure of the nearby airbase of RAF Acklington, where some of the population worked, and local unemployment exceeded 13 per cent as proposals for a substantial mushroom farming operation that would alleviate the problems were made. The farming operation failed to materialise due to lack of financial support from the government.

The development assistance was withdrawn in 1984, at which time a newspaper report noted that over 30 per cent of the 6,000 population were unemployed, with 80 per cent of council house tenants and 45 per cent of home owners receiving benefits or rebates for their housing costs and over 25 per cent of children claiming free school meals. The change in official status was one of the "glaring anomalies" of a government review, resulting from the town being reclassified as part of the "travel to work area" for Alnwick rather than a part of the industrialised regions to the south. Four businesses had been encouraged by the assistance to locate in the town during the preceding decade, creating around 400 jobs.

Amble Development Trust is a company operating as a charity with the purpose of working with other bodies to regenerate the town. It was established in 1994. The Trust has been involved in numerous local projects to develop Amble both physically and socially, including having input on improvements to Queen Street, which is the main shopping thoroughfare. The work of the Trust and its associated body, the Amble Strategic Partnership, was recognised by the Royal Town Planning Institute in 2003 when they were given the institute's Planning for Town Regeneration award. This came soon after the same organisation had awarded them their Regional Award for Planning Achievement. Recently new housing has been built, adding an extra 900 homes, and a new hotel called the Amble Inn opened in 2019 bringing much-needed employment to the town. Another project of the Trust is The Ambler, a bi-monthly community newspaper and website, established in 2000 and operated mainly by volunteers. The free bi-monthly newspaper is delivered to every house and business in the town.

Demography
Samuel Lewis reported a township population of 247 in 1831. By the seventh edition of his Topographical Dictionary of England, which was published in 1848, this figure had risen to 724. The population was reported as being 1,040 in 1851. The 1871 census recorded a population of 1,233, spread among 233 houses.

D. J. Rowe notes that, in common with many Northumbrian towns, historically there was "endemic" overcrowding of the population in Amble. The number of houses that averaged over two people per room was 32.6 per cent in 1911. This figure, while not atypical for the region, was above average for the county and well above that for other regions of the country, such as London.

Governance
During the medieval period, Amble was a part of the liberty held by successive priors of Tynemouth, most of whom faced challenges to their authority from both the Crown and their major tenants. The town was ceded to the Crown in 1539, at the time of the Dissolution of the Monasteries.

Until measures such as the Reform Acts of 1832 and 1867, the electoral franchise was very restricted. In the 1826 General Election, there were nine people eligible to vote due to their freehold interests in Amble, of which six actually lived there; another voter lived in Amble but was enfranchised due to freehold interests held elsewhere. Twelve voters living in Amble qualified as freeholders or through land occupancy in the 1841 election, whilst another lived there but qualified due to property held elsewhere, and one lived elsewhere but held qualifying property in the township.

The Amble Local Government District, given the job of looking after the town, was set up around September 1878, the ecclesiastical parish comprising Amble, Hauxley, Gloster Hill and Togston having been formed by splitting from that of Warkworth in 1869 just before completion of the church construction. Elections to the nine-member committee followed and it first met on 25 November 1878. George W. Beattie was appointed Surveyor and Inspector of Nuisances to the Amble Local Board and Urban Sanitary Authority in January 1879. The administration was replaced by Amble Urban District Council which first met on 3 January 1895. Amble Urban District Council had nine elected Councillors. On 1 April 1974 the urban district was abolished and Amble became part of Alnwick district.

On 29 November 1976 the civil parish was renamed from "Amble" to "Amble by the Sea".

On 1 April 2009, the local government structure of Northumberland was reorganised. The six former districts were combined with the county to form the unitary authority of Northumberland, based in Morpeth. Amble was in the former Alnwick District based in the town of Alnwick.

An electoral ward of the same name now exists. This ward includes Hauxley with a total population at the 2011 Census of 4,565. However, some outlying parts of the town are excluded from this Amble ward and are instead combined with Warkworth in a ward named Amble West with Warkworth.

Climate
Being in the British Isles, Amble experiences a maritime climate with cool summers and mild winters. The nearest Met Office weather station for which data are available is at Boulmer, about nine miles to the north.

Road
Amble is situated on the A1068 that runs along the north-eastern coastline. This road is the old corn trading road which runs from Hexham in south west Northumberland through Cramlington, Bedlington, Guide Post, Ashington and Ellington. The road continues through more open coastal areas towards Amble and continues approximately 6 mi to the north to Alnmouth, then winds on to Alnwick.

Amble also lies near to the A1, providing easy access to nearest city Newcastle upon Tyne (30 mi south), Gateshead (30 mi south) and to the Scottish capital Edinburgh (80 mi north).

Rail
The East Coast Main Line railway between Edinburgh (journey time approximately 1:10) and London (journey time approximately 3:45) runs via the nearby Alnmouth for Alnwick Station or Widdrington Station.

Air
Newcastle Airport is under an hour's drive from Amble. It provides daily flights to London and regular flights to other UK centres. The airport also operates regular flights to many European destinations, along with destinations in Africa and North America.

Television
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC North East and Cumbria and ITV Tyne Tees. Television signals are received from either the Chatton or Pontop Pike TV transmitter.

Radio
Local radio stations are BBC Radio Newcastle, Heart North East, Capital North East, Smooth North East, Greatest Hits Radio North East, Metro Radio, and Koast Radio, a community based radio station.

Newspapers
The town is served by the newspaper, Northumberland Gazette and The Ambler which is a free independent community paper that is run by volunteers. Its first edition hit the streets in Amble back in January 2000.

Tourism
Representations were made in 2006 for Amble to be included in the Northumberland Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, which ends at the pier. The town is also adjacent to nature reserves operated by Northumberland Wildlife Trust at Cresswell, Druridge and Hauxley.

The town has a caravan park, as well as guest houses and bed and breakfast accommodation for visitors. The Braid, which forms a part of the harbour, is now a greenfield site with a modern marina. In 2009, part of the Braid was legally designated as a Village Green, despite opposition from the council and the withdrawal of the initial application by the person who sought the status.

The nearby Coquet Island is home to many varieties of nesting sea birds, including puffins and the rare Roseate tern. Access is restricted but there are various providers of boat trips around the island. A £10,000 grant was awarded to promote the town with a "Puffin Festival" during the last two weeks of May 2013, when the presence of that species on the island is at its peak. It was hoped that the grant would also encourage local people to use the town's shops.

Friendliest port
In the 1930s, when the RMS Mauretania was heading on her last voyage to the breaker's yard at Rosyth, the town council of Amble sent a telegram to the ship saying "still the finest ship on the seas". The Mauretania replied with greetings "to the last and kindliest port in England".

Notable people

 * William Rochester Pape (1831 - 1923) - an English gunsmith who invented and patented the choke boring system, and held the first dog show in Great Britain
 * Sir James Calvert Spence (1892–1954) - nutritionist and paediatrician
 * Professor Fred Taylor (1934 - 2021) - formerly Professorial Fellow, Jesus College, Oxford and Halley Professor of Physics, University of Oxford. Distinguished Visiting Scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena.
 * John Angus (1938 - 2021) - Burnley and England footballer.
 * Luke James (1994 -living) - footballer for Peterborough United

title: Amble


text:
Jeongseon County

Jeongseon (Jeongseon-gun) is a county in the province of Gangwon-do, South Korea. It is famous as the hometown of "Jeongseon Arirang," a traditional Korean folksong. It is also the hometown of actor Won Bin and footballer Seol Ki-hyeon.

History
It was ruled by the Goguryeo Dynasty during the Three Kingdoms period, called Ingpyae-hyeon (잉패현). After the Silla Dynasty unified the Korean peninsula, it was renamed Jeongseon-hyeon in 757. After the Goryeo Dynasy was founded, it was promoted from a hyeon to a county (gun) in 1012 or 1018.

After the Joseon Dynasty was founded and the territory was divided into 8 Provinces, the region was involved in the province of Gangwon. After the territory was divided into 23 districts in 1895 with the 8-provincial system abolished, it was included in the district of Chugju. When a 13-provincial system was enacted in 1896, it returned to Gangwon Province.

Towns (eup)

 * Gohan-eup
 * Jeongseon-eup
 * Sabuk-eup
 * Sindong-eup

Townships (myeon)

 * Yeoryang-myeon
 * Bukpyeong-myeon
 * Hwaam-myeon
 * Imgye-myeon
 * Nam-myeon

Geography
A lot of coal and limestone is buried in the strata formed during the Paleozoic Era in this region. A Karst zone formed from the dissolution of the limestone is located, and many of solutional caves are found.

Natural monuments shaped from the limestone are as follows.

 * Baekbongryeong Karst zone: Karst zone in baekbongryeong zone is known to be academically useful because karst is located in small area. It was designated Natural Monuments of South Korea number 440 on April 9, 2004.
 * Jeongseon coral cave: few stony corals are growing in the cave, and there is big coral which is not found elsewhere. Designated as natural monuments number 509 on December 15, 2009.

Cultural heritages
There are one treasure, 6 natural monuments, 1 important folklore cultural heritage in Jeongseon. Province designated 3 tangible cultural heritages, 1 intangible cultural heritage, 5 monuments, 2 folklore heritages.

Temple

 * Jeongamsa Temple : Founded by Jajang, also known as "Galaesa". As Sumano Pagoda stores buddha's Śarīra, there is no Buddharupa.
 * Sumano Pagoda in Jeongamsa Temple: Pagoda in Jeongamsa Temple. Stones are sharpen like a brick. Designated as Treasure number 410. It is assumed that it was constructed during the Goryeo Dynasty, considering other heritages found in the Jeongam temple. Records indicate it was repaired in 1653.

Natural Heritages

 * Brachymystax lenok habitat: Korean Peninsula is in the southern limit of Brachymystax lenok habitat, thus academic importance is recognized and habitat is registered as natural monuments of South Korea on December 7, 1962.
 * Banronsan Rhododendron schlippenbachii and Chwinamul habitat: Banronsan's rhododendron schlippenbachii is the biggest in South Korea's known rhododendron schlippenbachii, and Chwinamul is protected because it is locally grown. It was designated Natural Monuments of South Korea number 348 on April 17, 1986.
 * Duwibong Taxus cuspidata habitat: Taxus cuspidata in Duwibong is protected because it is considered oldest in South Korea. Designated natural monuments of South Korea on June 29, 2004 as number 433.

Tourism
Arirang Museum, run by the county government, was opened in 2016 to promote Arirang, collecting and displaying around 600 exhibits.

Jeongseon Arirang Festival is held annually in October, to preserve Jeongseon Arirang and promote them. In addition to Jeongseon Arirang show, Arirang from other region is also performed.

High 1 Resort, a ski resort, is located in Gohan-eup, the resort at 1,345 meters is at the highest altitude of the Korean ski resorts.

Kangwon Land, located in Jeongseon, is the only domestic casino that is open to South Korean citizens.

2018 Winter Olympic Games
The Alpine Skiing venue was located at the Jeongseon Alpine Centre in Jungbong, Bukpyeong-myeon, Jeongseon during the 2018 Winter Olympics.

Transportation
Taebaek line and Jeongseon line pass through Jeongseon county. A-train departing from Cheongnyangni operates to Auraji. There is no highway in Jeongseon County, but Yeongdong Expressway is accessible through Pyeongchang County, and national highway number 6, 31, 35, 42, 49 passes through the County.

title: Jeongseon County


text:
Pyeongchang County

Pyeongchang (, ; in full, Pyeongchang-gun ) is a county in the province of Gangwon-do, South Korea, located in the Taebaek Mountains region. It is home to several Buddhist temples, including Woljeongsa. It is about 180 km east southeast of Seoul, the capital of South Korea, and connected by expressways and high-speed passenger railways. Pyeongchang's slogan, "Happy 700 Pyeongchang", is taken from its average elevation of approximately 700 m.

Pyeongchang hosted the 2018 Winter Olympics and the 2018 Winter Paralympics. It was officially rebranded as "PyeongChang" (with a capital 'C') for the purposes of the 2018 Games, in order to avoid confusion with Pyongyang in North Korea.

History
Pyeongchang region was ruled by the Goguryeo Dynasty during the Three Kingdoms period, and it was called Uk-o-hyeon (욱오현). After the Silla dynasty conquered the Goguryeo Dynasty and Baekje Dynasty, it was renamed Baek-o-hyeon (백오현).

After the Goryeo Dynasty was established, it renamed Pyeongchang-hyeon. Then, it was under control of Wonju. When a 10-provincial system was enforced, the north of Pyeongchang region was involved in Sakbang-do, and the south of the region was involved in Jungwon-do. When a new administrative system was carried out by King Hyeonjong, the east of the region was involved in Dong-gyeo, and the rest of it was included in Yanggwang-do. An administrator for the region was sent from the central government, and it became independent of Wonju in 1299.

When the Joseon Dynasty was founded in 1392, the region was promoted from a hyeon to a county (gun). After the territory was divided into 8 Provinces under the reign of King Taejong, it was involved in Gangwon-do. After the territory was divided into 23 districts in 1895 with the 8-provincial system abolished, it was included in Chugju-bu. When a 13-provincial system was enacted in 1896, it was involved in Gangwon-do.

Geography
The altitude of Pyeongchang is wide-ranging, with 84% of its territory comprising mountains with average elevations of 750 m.

Its best-known place, the township of Daegwallyeong-myeon, averages between 700 and 800 m above sea level, with some areas over 1000 m high.

Climate
Under the Köppen climate classification, Pyeongchang County experiences a hot-summer humid continental climate (Dwa) and a warm-summer humid continental climate (Dwb). Pyeongchang's winters are long and very snowy, while summers are relatively short.

Average temperature of Pyeongchang from 2001 to 2010 was 7.0 °C, and it was lower than Gangwon's 8.9 °C. Annual precipitation of the region from 2001 to 2010 was 1,555.0 mm, and it was more than Gangwon's 1,491.5 mm.

The warmest months of the year are July and August, with January and February being the coldest.

Cultural heritage sites
In Pyeongchang, 16 heritage sites were registered by the South Korean government, and 45 Heritages were registered by the Gangwon Provincial Office.

The count of cultural heritage designations is as follows.
 * Registered by the Nation: 5 National Treasures, 5 Treasures, 1 Historic Site, 3 Natural Monuments, 1 National Folklore Cultural Heritage, 1 Registered Cultural Heritage
 * Registered by the local government: 29 Tangible Cultural Heritages, 2 Intangible Cultural Heritages, 4 Monuments, 10 Cultural Heritage Materials

Temples
Sangwonsa is a temple on Odaesan Mountain that was originally established as Jinyeowon in 705. Although the Joseon Dynasty's policy was the prohibition of Buddhism, it constantly donated to rebuild the temple. In 1401, King Taejong donated to the construction of Sajaam Hermitage. In 1465, King Sejo and administrators donated to rebuild the temple. Sejo's son, King Yejong designated it as a memorial for his father. During the Third Battle of Seoul, the United Nations Command ordered that the temple be burned, but a Buddhist monk prevented it. Instead, the Command agreed to burn only the doors of the temple.

Sangwonsa has the following cultural heritage sites:
 * The Bell of Sangwonsa (National Treasure No. 36)
 * Promotion of Virtue for Rebuilding Sangwonsa (National Treasure No. 292)
 * Wooden seated figure of the Manjusri Child in Sangwonsa (National Treasure No. 221)
 * Wooden seated figure of the Manjusri Child's Enshrined Heritages in Sangwonsa (Treasure No. 793)
 * Wooden seated figure of Manjusri and its Enshrined Heritages in Sangwonsa (Treasure No. 1811)
 * Wooden sedentary figure of Manjusri's Enshrined Classical Kooks in Sangwonsa (Treasure No. 1812)

Woljeongsa is a temple on Odaesan Mountain established by Jajang the monk in 643. After it was established, it was consistently rebuilt. During the Third Battle of Seoul, 10 buildings were totally destroyed by fire. Tanheo the monk restored Jeokgwangjeon, one of the burnt buildings, in 1964, and Manhwa the monk gradually reconstructed other buildings.

Woljeongsa has the following cultural heritage sites:
 * Octagonal Nine-story Stone Pagoda of Woljeongsa (National Treasure No. 48-1)
 * Reliquaries of the Octagonal Nine-story Stone Pagoda of Woljeongsa (Treasure No. 1375)
 * Stone seated figure of the Bodhisattva in Woljeongsa (National Treasure No. 48-2)
 * Painting of Three Bodhisattvas originated from Wonju Guryongsa (Treasure No. 1855) (Placed in Wolljeongsa, possessed by Guryongsa)
 * Clothes of the Buddhist monk Han-am (Registered Cultural Heritage No. 645)

Historic sites
The Pyeongchang Odaesan Historic Archive (Historic Site No. 34) was one of five archival locations in the latter part of the Joseon Dynasty for the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty and Sonwon-kyebo-kiryak.

Festivals

 * Daegwallyeong Snow Festival
 * Daegwallyeong Snow Festival began as "Daegwallyeong Winter Snow Festival" in 1992 by Daegwallyeong Ski Club. In 1993, the first  festival was formally held. Events of the 1st festival were skiing competition for locals, games of making snowmen, snow sledge competition, and sledge competition. Some games were added to next festivals, such as traditional games and snow car raising.
 * On 7–22 Feb 2018, 26th festival was held in hwenggye-ri, Daegwallyeong-myeon as a pre-event of the 2018 Winter Olympics. Events include an exhibition of snow figures, snow sledge competition, international naked marathon, traditional folk performances, and Hwangbyoungsan Mountain hunting game.

 * Hyoseok Cultural Festival
 * Pyeongchang is the hometown of Lee Hyo-seok, a Korean novelist, and this festival is held in Lee Hyo-seok Culture Village, where he grew up.

Museum

 * Lee Seung-bok Memorial Hall
 * The Lee Seung-bok Memorial Hall is located in Nodong-ri, Yongpyeong-myeon to memorialize Lee Seung-bok who was a South Korean boy murdered by North Korean commandos in 1968. It was established in 1982, with building a memorial statue for Lee. Lee's house was restored in 2000.

Tourism
Odaesan Mountain is the home of historical Buddhist temples including Sangwonsa and Woljeongsa. It was designated as a national park in 1975. The highest peak, Birobong Peak is 1563 m high.

Two major ski resorts in the county were the home of the 2018 Winter Olympics. Alpensia ski resort has six slopes for skiing and snowboarding, with runs up to 1,400.0 m long, for beginners and advanced skiers, and an area reserved for snowboarders. The resort is open year-round. Alpensia hosted the majority of the Olympic snow events. Yongpyong Resort, which has a total of 28 ski slopes, hosted the technical alpine skiing events.

Alpensia will be the focus of the 2018 Cultural Olympiad, with a new, purpose-built concert hall within the resort with an indoor water park.

Samyang Ranch is the largest highlands farm in Asia, located in the hills of Daegwallyeong at 850 to 1,470 meters above sea level. It is operated as a petting zoo and features a pastoral landscape. The ranch is operated by the leading Korean food and dairy company Samyang food, the first company to introduce ramyeon instant noodles into a poverty-ridden South Korea in the 1960s. It is the filming location of the drama Autumn in My Heart and the movie Lover's Concerto.

Sport
Pyeongchang hosted the 1999 Asian Winter Games and 2013 Special Olympics World Winter Games. The 2018 Winter Olympics were also held in Pyeongchang, as well as the 2009 IBU Biathlon World Championships.

1999 Asian Winter Games
The Asian Winter Games was held in 1999 in Gangwon Province including Pyeongchang. Originally, it hoped to host the 3rd Asian Winter Games, which North Korea gave up; however, Harbin was announced to host the 3rd Games. It was decided that Gangwon would host the 4th Asian Winter Games at the same time.

In total, 799 athletes participated in the Games. Alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, biathlon, short track speed skating, and figure skating events were held in Pyeongchang.

2018 Winter Olympic Games

On 6 July 2011, Pyeongchang was announced as the host of the 2018 Winter Olympics and the 2018 Winter Paralympics. The other candidates were Annecy, France and Munich, Germany. It is the third Winter Games in Asia after the 1972 games in Sapporo, Japan and the 1998 games in Nagano, Japan. It also is the first Asian locality to host the Winter Games outside Japan. Pyeongchang won their 2018 bid after two previous failed attempts for the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics, to which it lost to Vancouver, Canada, and Sochi, Russia, respectively.

For the 2018 Olympics, Pyeongchang was marketed with the CamelCase spelling of "PyeongChang", so the global audience would not confuse it with Pyongyang, the capital of neighboring North Korea. The two main facilities created for the 2018 Winter Olympics were the PyeongChang Olympic Plaza (where the opening / closing ceremonies and victory ceremonies were held) and the Gangneung Olympic Park (where the men's and women's short track, speed skating, figure skating, ice hockey, curling events were held). The 2018 Winter Paralympics was held in the same venues starting 9 March 2018.

Olympic venues and Dream Program
In preparation for the 2018 Olympics, the region built facilities including hotels and a world-class ski resort, named Alpensia.

The region also ran the "2018 Dream Program", a program initially created in relation to the 2010 bid. The 2018 Dream Program was the fifth iteration of this sports and cultural program, involving 124 participants from 31 countries, who were invited because they live where there is no snowfall and have no opportunity to participate in winter sports.

2024 Winter Youth Olympics
Gangwon Province, which includes Pyeongchang, was chosen as the host for the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics. Outdoor venues in Pyeongchang used in the 2018 Winter Olympics will be reused for these games.

Transportation
Pyeongchang County is traversed from west to east by the Gyeonggang Line and Yeongdong Expressway. The railway and expressway both originate in the Seoul metropolitan region.

Trains
A new KTX line, named the Gyeonggang Line, was built between Wonju and Gangneung via Pyeongchang for the 2018 Winter Olympics, connecting Pyeongchang to Seoul with a journey time of less than 80 minutes. The new line, which was officially opened on 22 August 2017, provides a main-line high-speed rail service that passes through Pyeongchang from west to east, with KTX trains calling at Pyeongchang station and Jinbu station (for the Olympic Stadium). KTX trains to Jinbu station were increased for the duration of the 2018 Olympics.

Buses
Pyeongchang Bus Terminal and Jangpyeong Bus Terminal, Jinbu Bus Station and Hoenggye Bus Station are the main intercity bus terminals of the county. Daehwa Bus Station is also served by intercity buses.
 * Intercity Buses

Local transit operators connect communities in the county to hubs at Pyeongchang Bus Station, Jangpyeong Bus Terminal, and Jinbu Bus Station.
 * Transit buses

Road

 * Expressways

Yeongdong Expressway passes through Pyeongchang from west to east. After the expressway was expanded in 1999 for the Winter Asian Games, it takes about two hours from Seoul to Pyeongchang by car.

Pyeongchang County is traversed from west to east by National Routes 6 and 42; National Routes 31 and 59 pass through from north to south.
 * National highways

Administrative divisions
The district includes one town (eup), Pyeongchang-eup (평창읍; 平昌邑) and seven townships (myeon):

title: Pyeongchang County


text:
Sebastian Cabot (actor)

Charles Sebastian Thomas Cabot (6 July 1918 – 23 August 1977) was a British actor. He is best remembered as the gentleman's gentleman, Giles French in the CBS-TV sitcom Family Affair (1966–1971). He was also known for playing the Wazir in the film Kismet (1955) and Dr. Carl Hyatt in the CBS-TV series Checkmate (1960–1962).

Cabot was also a voice performer in many Disney animated films. He made one of his first contributions in The Sword in the Stone (1963), as both the narrator and Lord Ector. He later played Bagheera in The Jungle Book (1967). His longest-standing role came through the Winnie the Pooh series, in which he narrated Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree (1966), Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day (1968), Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too (1974), and The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977).

Early life
Charles Sebastian Thomas Cabot was born on 6 July 1918 in London. At the age of 14, he left school to work in an automotive garage, where he served as chauffeur and valet for British actor Frank Pettingell. Cabot served in the U.S. Army during World War II.

Cabot became interested in theatre, and after becoming acquainted with other actors and having worked for Pettingell, he joined a repertory company. Cabot admitted that in gaining employment as an actor he lied about previous acting credits. Cabot stated later in a 1968 interview that he believed acting was a type of lying, and he had gained a smoothness in his speech while serving as Pettingell's dressing room butler. He initially used an agency to find acting employment. Without attending any drama school, Cabot learned the hard way, having been fired on his first day in a show called On The Spot. However, finding more work, Cabot's confidence in his acting skills increased, and he was soon receiving personal calls for employment.

Career
His formal acting career began with a bit part in Foreign Affaires (1935); his first screen credit was in Alfred Hitchcock's Secret Agent (1936). Other British films followed such as Love on the Dole (1941), Pimpernel Smith (also 1941), Old Mother Riley Overseas and Old Mother Riley Detective (both 1943) and They Made Me a Fugitive (1947). In 1946, he portrayed Iago in a condensed short film version of Othello. Post-war, Cabot landed roles in such British films as Third Time Lucky (1949), The Spider and the Fly (1949), as the villainous Fouracada in Dick Barton Strikes Back (1949); he was also in Ivanhoe (1952) and The Love Lottery (1954). He appeared in a couple of international productions, the Spanish-UK-USA Sinbad comedy Babes in Bagdad (1952) and the Italian version of Romeo and Juliet (1954) as Lord Capulet, before moving to the United States, where he worked for Disney on Westward Ho, the Wagons! (1956) and as the scheming landlord Jonathan Lyte in Johnny Tremain (1957). In George Pal's production of H. G. Wells' The Time Machine (1960) he was Dr. Hillyer who doubts the time traveller's story. Meanwhile, Cabot had begun to work as a voice actor. In the 1950s he was featured in a radio show called Horizons West, a 13-part radio drama which followed the story of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, and was the voice of Noah in the first recording of Igor Stravinsky's biblical 'musical play' The Flood (1962). He also did voice parts for animated films such as Disney's The Sword in the Stone (1963) as Sir Ector and in The Jungle Book (1967) as Bagheera.

About this time Cabot began taking on television work. He was the host of the syndicated Jack the Ripper series, and he portrayed the Count of Brisemont on The Three Musketeers and Andrew Crippen on The Beachcomber.

He also appeared in such series as Gunsmoke (as the title character "Professor Jacoby", an obnoxious, ruthless, unsympathetic photographer in the like-named S2E28's "The Photographer"), plus in Alfred Hitchcock Presents, The Adventures of Hiram Holliday (1956–57), on the detective series Meet McGraw (1958), in the western series Bonanza ("The Spanish Grant", 1960) and Pony Express ("The Story of Julesburg", 1960), The Red Skelton Show (various roles 1961–1971), and as an affable demon in The Twilight Zone ("A Nice Place to Visit," 1960), Season 1 Episode 28, which aired on 4/14/1960. Cabot had a two-year period as one of the three leads as college professor Dr. Carl Hyatt on the detective show Checkmate (1960–1962). As Checkmate fit into the CBS Saturday schedule, Cabot appeared as Eric Whitaker in the 1960 episode "Five O'Clock Friday" on the ABC adventure series, The Islanders. Cabot was a regular panellist on the television game show Stump the Stars. He appeared on the NBC interview programme Here's Hollywood. In 1964, he hosted the television series Suspense and voiced or narrated a few other film and television projects. In 1965, Cabot played a role on The Beverly Hillbillies as Lucas Sebastian, a billionaire entrepreneur who wanted Jed Clampett to invest in his new venture of undersea farming.

He was cast from 1966 to 1971 as Giles French in the CBS series Family Affair. Cabot did not halt his other film and television work during the run of Family Affair, but he took a leave of absence from the series at one point. Cabot was also the host of Journey to Midnight, as well as other work from the period. He was so vividly etched as French in viewers' minds that he never shook the image even after Family Affair ended production in 1971.

Cabot received another role as the host (Winston Essex) of Ghost Story (1972), a supernatural anthology (it was retitled Circle of Fear after he left the show). Following the series' demise, he played Kris Kringle in the television remake of Miracle on 34th Street (1973). The role required Cabot to shave the trademark beard he sported since 1957 as makeup crews were unable to make it look Santa-like. Cabot appeared in another Christmas project, the television film The City That Forgot About Christmas (1974), and narrated two more Pooh projects, Winnie the Pooh and Tigger, Too! and The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh. He also released an album of spoken recitations of songs by Bob Dylan, as Sebastian Cabot, actor/Bob Dylan, poet, in 1967. Two tracks from this album appear on the Rhino Records compilation Golden Throats: The Great Celebrity Sing Off.

On Broadway, Cabot portrayed Buckram in Love for Love (1947).

Death
On 23 August 1977, Cabot suffered a stroke at his home near Victoria, British Columbia and was taken to a Victoria hospital, where he died at the age of 59. He was cremated, and his ashes were interred in Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles, California.

Legacy
On an episode of the Late Show with David Letterman, on 12 December 2012, comedian Billy Crystal mentioned Cabot in humorous dialogue with the host David Letterman. Letterman commented that Cabot's name had not been heard in 30 years. Directly before the commercial break Sebastian Cabot's photo was shown on national television as a tribute.

Selected filmography

 * Foreign Affaires (1935) in a bit role Role (uncredited)
 * Love on the Dole (1941) as Man in Crowd at Betting Payout (uncredited)
 * "Pimpernel" Smith (1941) in a bit role (uncredited)
 * Jeannie (1941) in a bit role (uncredited)
 * Old Mother Riley Detective (1943) in a bit role (uncredited)
 * Old Mother Riley Overseas (1943) as Bar Steward
 * The Agitator (1945) in a bit role (uncredited)
 * Tehran (1946)
 * Dual Alibi (1947) as Loterie Nationale Official
 * They Made Me a Fugitive (1947) as Club Proprietor
 * Third Time Lucky (1949) as Benny Bennett
 * Dick Barton Strikes Back (1949) as Fouracada
 * Old Mother Riley's New Venture (1949) as Potentate
 * The Spider and the Fly (1949) as Prefect at Amiens
 * The Adventures of Jane (1949) as Travelling Man
 * Midnight Episode (1950) as Benno
 * The Wonder Kid (1951) as Pizzo
 * Laughter in Paradise (1951) as Card Player (uncredited)
 * Old Mother Riley's Jungle Treasure (1951) as Morgan the Pirate
 * Ivanhoe (1952) as Clerk of Copmanhurst
 * Babes in Bagdad (1952) as Sinbad
 * Alf's Baby (1953) as Osmonde
 * The Captain's Paradise (1953) as Ali (Vendor)
 * Always a Bride (1953) as Taxi Driver
 * The Love Lottery (1954) as Suarez
 * Romeo and Juliet (1954) as Capulet
 * Knights of the Queen (1954) as Porthos
 * Kismet (1955) as Wazir
 * Sandman (1955, TV Movie) as Count, Conrad Nagel Theater
 * Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1956) (Season 1 Episode 14: "A Bullet for Baldwin") as Nathaniel Baldwin / Davidson
 * Westward Ho the Wagons! (1956) as Bissonette
 * Dragoon Wells Massacre (1957) as Jonah
 * Johnny Tremain (1957) as Jonathan Lyte
 * Omar Khayyam (1957) as The Nizam
 * Black Patch (1957) as Frenchy De'vere
 * Terror in a Texas Town (1958) as Ed McNeil
 * In Love and War (1958) as Professor D. Everett Styles (scenes deleted)
 * The Angry Hills (1959) as Chesney
 * Say One for Me (1959) as Monsignor Francis Stratford
 * Seven Thieves (1960) as Director of Casino
 * The Time Machine (1960) as Dr. Philip Hillyer
 * Twice-Told Tales (1963) as Dr. Carl Heidigger
 * The Sword in the Stone (1963) as Sir Ector / Narrator (voice)
 * The Family Jewels (1965) as Dr. Matson
 * The Jungle Book (1967) as Bagheera / Narrator (voice)
 * The Spy Killer (1969, TV Movie) as Max
 * Foreign Exchange (1970, TV Movie) as Max
 * McCloud (1971, TV Movie) as Sidney Cantrell
 * Miracle on 34th Street (1973, TV Movie) as Kris Kringle
 * The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977) as The Narrator (voice) (final film role)

title: Sebastian Cabot (actor)


text:
Yanggu County, Gangwon

Yanggu County (Yanggu-gun) is a county in Gangwon Province, South Korea.

The northern part of Yanggu County was part of the front line for much of the Korean War, and now borders the Demilitarized Zone. Several Korean War battle sites are located in Yanggu County, including Bloody Ridge, Heartbreak Ridge, and Hill 1179 (Daeusan).

Yanggu is located in what is claimed to be the geographic center of the Korean peninsula. Dochon-ri village in Nam-myeon in Yanggu is called the "navel of Korea".

Climate
Yanggu has a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate (Köppen: Dwa) with cold, dry winters and hot, rainy summers.

Twin towns – sister cities
Yanggu is twinned with:
 * 🇯🇵 Chizu, Japan
 * 🇨🇳 Jianli, China
 * 🇫🇷 Saint-Mandé, France

title: Yanggu County, Gangwon


text:
Yeongwol County

Yeongwol County is a county in Gangwon Province, South Korea.

In Korea, it is known as the place where King Danjong, the sixth king of the Joseon Dynasty, was exiled when he was forced to abdicate by his uncle, who became Sejo of Joseon. It is also where Danjong was buried after he was murdered in 1457, following the attempts by six martyred ministers to restore him to power, after he was perceived to be a continuing threat to the rule of his uncle. It is also where the Joseon Dynasty poet Kim Sat-gat was buried.

The Korean American actress Jamie Chung has maternal ancestry from Yeongwol County, and is a descendant of the Yeongwol Eom clan.

Cities

 * Gonggi

Geology
The Joseon Supergroup, formed from Cambrian to Ordovician, is distributed in Yeongwol County widely. It consist of the 'Taebaek Group' and 'Yeongwol Group'.

Climate
Yeongwol has a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate (Köppen: Dwa) with cold, dry winters and hot, rainy summers.

Festival
DongGang International Photo Festival - This festival is held in Yeongwol every year. It features events such as the DongGang Photography Award Exhibition, International Open Call, Photojournalists Exhibition and Gangwon Province Photographers Exhibition. Although it is held at the Dong River Photo Museum, visitors can find the works throughout Yeongwol County during the photo festival.

title: Yeongwol County


text:
Bawtry

Bawtry is a market town and civil parish in the City of Doncaster in South Yorkshire, England. It lies 8 mi south-east of Doncaster, 10 mi west of Gainsborough and 8 mi north-west of Retford, on the border with Nottinghamshire and close to Lincolnshire. The town was historically divided between the West Riding of Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire. Its population of 3,204 in the 2001 UK census increased to 3,573 in 2011, and was put at 3,519 in 2019. Nearby settlements include Austerfield, Everton, Scrooby, Blyth, Bircotes and Tickhill.

History
The origin of the name "Bawtry" is uncertain, but it is thought to contain the Old English words ball ("ball") and trēow ("tree"), so meaning it was a "(place at) ball-shaped tree". It was not mentioned in the Domesday Book, but it appears as Baltry in 1199 and as Bautre on a 1677 map.

Bawtry was originally the site of a Roman settlement on Ermine Street between Doncaster and Lincoln. In 616 AD, the Anglo-Saxon King Aethelfrith died in battle against Raedwald, King of East Anglia, by the River Idle at Bawtry. The site in Aethelfrith's time lay in the southern reaches of Northumbria, a dangerous marshy region close to the border with Lindsey and easily accessible from the Kingdom of East Anglia.

A settlement developed here around a wharf in the Danelaw era. Evidence suggests that St Nicholas's Church was first erected in that period. While the village originally lay in Nottinghamshire, boundary changes before the Norman conquest moved it just inside the West Riding of Yorkshire. Around 1200, a new town was developed adjacent to the older village, under the auspices of John de Busli or Robert de Vipont. In 1213, de Vipont received a royal charter specifying an annual four-day fair at Pentecost, and a market was first recorded in 1247. The town grew as a river port and as a local commercial centre and stopping point between Doncaster and Retford. By the mid-14th century, the port was exporting wool and other items overseas. Meanwhile, the Hospital of St Mary Magdalene was founded, which survived until the 18th century. Trading in Bawtry later declined and by the 1540s John Leland recorded it as being "very bare and pore", but it grew again in the Elizabethan period through the shipping of millstones.

Bawtry Hall was the base for RAF No.1 Group Bomber Command during and after the Second World War, and became the headquarters of RAF Strike Command (see RAF Bawtry).

Geography
Bawtry is where the western branch of the Roman Ermine Street crosses the River Idle in the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster, South Yorkshire. It straddles the A638 road, previously the Great North Road.

Nearby towns include Gainsborough to the east, Retford to the south-southeast, Worksop to the south-west and Doncaster to the north-west. The town is just south of Doncaster Sheffield Airport, formerly RAF Finningley, and between Bircotes and Misson at the conjunction of the A614, A631 and A638. In the 20th century Bawtry became a bottleneck, until a bypass was eventually built in 1965. The county boundary with Nottinghamshire runs just to the south of the town – the southernmost house on the Great North Road names itself "Number One Yorkshire".

The town's former prosperity was based on communications: the River Idle when it was a port, the Great North Road in the coaching era, and the Great Northern Railway. Its geographical location is 53° 25' 40" North, 1° 1' West, at an elevation of some 11.4 m above sea level.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC Yorkshire and ITV Yorkshire (West). Television signals are received from the Emley Moor TV transmitter. The Belmont TV transmitter can also be received which broadcast BBC Yorkshire and Lincolnshire and ITV Yorkshire (East). Local radio stations are BBC Radio Sheffield, Heart Yorkshire, Capital Yorkshire, Hallam FM, Sine FM, Greatest Hits Radio South Yorkshire, and TX1 Radio. The town is served by local newspaper, Doncaster Free Press.

Community facilities
Bawtry has a school called Bawtry Mayflower School named after the vessel Mayflower, which took William Bradford, leader of the Pilgrims, to the Americas, settling the first Plymouth Colony. Bradford came from Austerfield, about a mile from Bawtry.

The White Hart in Swan Street is the town's oldest surviving public house, dating from 1689. The older Swan Inn in the same street has been converted to other uses. Market Hill and High Street contain buildings of the same period, interspersed with more recent ones. The Crown Hotel in High Street was once a coaching inn. Singer Ronan Keating and comedian Billy Connolly have stayed there.

South Parade is a terrace of Georgian houses. The Courtyard, a modern development of housing, shops and businesses, won the Green Apple Awards 2005.

From 1989 to 2013 Bawtry Hall operated as a Christian conference centre and a base for several Christian bodies. It now serves for a wider range of events such as wedding receptions.

Notable people

 * George Morton (1585–1624), Pilgrim Father and publisher of Mourt's Relation

title: Bawtry


text:
Kingdom of Poland

The Kingdom of Poland (Królestwo Polskie; Latin: Regnum Poloniae) was a monarchy in Eastern Europe during the medieval period from 1025 until 1385.

Background
The West Slavic tribe of Polans who lived in what is today the historic region of Greater Poland, gave rise to a state in the early 10th century, which would become the nascent predecessor of the Kingdom of Poland. Following the Christianization of Poland in 966, and the emergence of the Duchy of Poland during the rule of Mieszko I, his eldest son Bolesław I the Brave inherited his father's dukedom and subsequently was crowned as king.

Establishment

In 1025, Bolesław I the Brave of the Piast dynasty was crowned as the first King of Poland at the cathedral in Gniezno and elevated the status of Poland from a duchy to a kingdom after receiving permission for his coronation from Pope John XIX. Following the death of Bolesław, his son Mieszko II Lambert inherited the crown and a vast territory after his father, which included Greater Poland (with Mazovia), Lesser Poland, Silesia, Pomerania, Lusatia, Moravia, Red Ruthenia, and Upper Hungary. However, in 1031, he was forced to renounce the title and flee the country when a series of peasant uprisings broke out in what became known as the pagan reaction, and Yaroslav I the Wise, the Grand Prince of Kiev, invaded the country from the east while Mieszko II was in Lusatia fighting the Holy Roman Emperor, Condrad II. Yaroslav I installed his ally, the half-brother of Mieszko II, Duke Bezprym, as the ruler of Poland. However, as a result of the upheavals, the kingdom suffered territorial losses and was effectively reduced to a duchy.

Casimir I the Restorer managed to reunite parts of the kingdom following the crisis and moved the capital to Kraków. However, he failed to reinstitute the monarchy due to opposition from the Holy Roman Emperor. In 1076, Bolesław II the Bold, with the support of Pope Gregory VII, regained the royal crown but was later excommunicated and banished from the kingdom in 1079 for murdering his opponent, Bishop Stanislaus of Szczepanów. In 1079, Władysław I Herman, who never pursued kingship took over the reins after the expulsion of Bolesław II. Władysław I was disinterested in becoming king and the country was effectively run by wojewoda Sieciech.

Feudal fragmentation

In 1102, Bolesław III Wrymouth became the ruler of Poland. Unlike Władysław I, Bolesław III proved to be a capable leader who restored the full territorial integrity of Poland but ultimately was not able to obtain the royal crown due to continued opposition from the Holy Roman Empire. Upon his death in 1138, the country was divided between his sons into the duchies of Greater Poland, Lesser Poland, Masovia, Silesia, Sandomierz, and a Pomeranian vassal. As a result, Poland entered a period of feudal fragmentation that lasted for over 200 years.

During the first half of the 13th century, the Silesian Piasts attempted to restore the kingdom. Henry the Bearded undertook efforts to reunite the fragmented duchies through a combination of political maneuvering and conquest. He also undertook efforts towards the coronation of his son, Henry II the Pious, and negotiated with other Polish dukes and the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, to this end. Henry II, continued his father's efforts, but the first Mongol invasion in 1241 and his death at the Battle of Legnica, abruptly ended the unification. Generally, most Polish scholars agree that if not for the Mongol invasions of Poland, the kingdom would have been restored in the middle of the 13th century, under the Silesian Piast Dynasty.

Reunited kingdom

The next attempt to restore the monarchy and unify the Polish kingdom would occur in 1296, when Przemysł II was crowned as the King of Poland in Gniezno. The coronation did not require papal consent as the title of king was already instituted in 1025. However, his reign was short-lived, as he was murdered by assassins sent by the margraviates of Brandenburg. After the killing of Przemysł II, next to take the title of king was Wenceslaus II of Bohemia from the Czech Přemyslid dynasty, who reigned until 1305. Following a vacancy that lasted until 1320, the Kingdom of Poland was fully restored under Władysław I the Elbow-High, who was crowned at the Wawel cathedral in Kraków, and then subsequently strengthened by his son Casimir III the Great, who expanded into Red Ruthenia. However, he had to renounce his claims to Silesia in order to secure peace with the Holy Roman Empire. Casimir III is the only Polish king to receive the title "Great", and his reign was marked by substantial developments in the kingdom's urban infrastructure, civic administration, and military strength. After his death on 5 November 1370, the rule of the Piast dynasty would come to an end.

Following the death of Casimir III, who died without an heir, Louis I of Hungary from the House of Anjou became king in 1370. The period of his transitional rule also marked the rise of the nobility in the political life of the country. When Louis I died in 1382, his daughter Jadwiga took over the throne as King of Poland. Her advisors negotiated with Jogaila of Lithuania, concerning a potential marriage to Jadwiga. Jogaila pleaged to convert to Christianity and signed the Union of Krewo in 1385. The agreement also heralded a change in the legal status of the Polish realm to that of a Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, which was a political concept that assumed unbroken unity, indivisibility and continuity of the state. According to this concept, the Kingdom of Poland ceased to be the patrimonial property of a monarch or dynasty, and became a common good of the political community of the Polish kingdom. After the conclusion of the union, Queen Jadwiga married Grand Duke Jogaila, who was crowned as King Władysław II Jagiełło on 4 March 1386, an event that marked the beginning of the Jagiellon dynasty.

title: Kingdom of Poland


text:
Quadra

Quadra may refer to:

 * Quadra, São Paulo, a municipality in Brazil
 * Quadra Island, British Columbia, Canada
 * Vancouver Quadra, a federal electoral district in British Columbia, Canada
 * HMCS Quadra, a Royal Canadian Navy cadet training center in Comox, British Columbia
 * Macintosh Quadra, a line of computers made by Apple Computer
 * Quadra, Telecine introduced by Broadcast Television Systems Inc. in 1993
 * Quadra, a group of four psychological types in the theory of socionics
 * Quadra (album), by Brazilian heavy metal band Sepultura
 * Quadra Blu, a character from Max Rep comics by illustrator Lyman Dally
 * The fighting style of several characters in the anime manga and light novel Aria the Scarlet Ammo
 * Quadra, a genus of flies described in 1929

title: Quadra


text:
User:Anjalisinha

Hi.. I'm Anjali doing my MS(IT) from India. You may contact me at anjalatdaiict@sify.com.

title: User:Anjalisinha


text:
Mourning dove

The mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) is a member of the dove family, Columbidae. The bird is also known as the American mourning dove, the rain dove, the chueybird, colloquially as the turtle dove, and it was once known as the Carolina pigeon and Carolina turtledove. It is one of the most abundant and widespread North American birds and a popular gamebird, with more than 20 million birds (up to 70 million in some years) shot annually in the U.S., both for sport and meat. Its ability to sustain its population under such pressure is due to its prolific breeding; in warm areas, one pair may raise up to six broods of two young each in a single year. The wings make an unusual whistling sound upon take-off and landing, a form of sonation. The bird is a strong flier, capable of speeds up to 88 kph.

Mourning doves are light gray and brown and generally muted in color. Males and females are similar in appearance. The species is generally monogamous, with two squabs (young) per brood. Both parents incubate and care for the young. Mourning doves eat almost exclusively seeds, but the young are fed crop milk by their parents.

Taxonomy
In 1731, the English naturalist Mark Catesby described and illustrated the passenger pigeon and the mourning dove on successive pages of his The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands. For the passenger pigeon he used the common name "Pigeon of passage" and the scientific Latin Palumbus migratorius; for the mourning dove he used "Turtle of Carolina" and Turtur carolinensis. In 1743, the naturalist George Edwards included the mourning dove with the English name "long-tail'd dove" and the Latin name Columba macroura in his A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. Edwards's pictures of the male and female doves were drawn from live birds that had been shipped to England from the West Indies. In 1758, when the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the tenth edition, he conflated the two species. He used the Latin name Columba macroura introduced by Edwards as the binomial name but included a description mainly based on Catesby. He cited Edwards's description of the mourning dove and Catesby's description of the passenger pigeon. Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae again in 1766 for the twelfth edition. He dropped Columba macroura and instead coined Columba migratoria for the passenger pigeon, Columba cariolensis for the mourning dove and Columba marginata for Edwards's mourning dove.

To resolve the confusion over the binomial names of the two species, Francis Hemming proposed in 1952 that the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) secure the specific name macroura for the mourning dove and migratorius for the passenger pigeon, since this was the intended use by the authors on whose work Linnaeus had based his description. This was accepted by the ICZN, which used its plenary powers to designate the species for the respective names in 1955.

The mourning dove is now placed in the genus Zenaida, introduced in 1838 by the French naturalist Charles Lucien Bonaparte, commemorating his wife Zénaïde. The specific epithet is from the Ancient Greek makros meaning "long" and -ouros meaning "-tailed".

The mourning dove is closely related to the eared dove (Zenaida auriculata) and the Socorro dove (Zenaida graysoni). Some authorities consider them a superspecies, and the three birds are sometimes classified in the separate genus Zenaidura, but the current classification has them as separate species in the genus Zenaida. In addition, the Socorro dove has at times been considered conspecific with the mourning dove, though several differences in behavior, call, and appearance justify separation as two different species. While the three species do form a subgroup of Zenaida, using a separate genus would interfere with the monophyly of Zenaida by making it paraphyletic.

There are five subspecies:
 * Zenaida macroura marginella (Woodhouse, 1852) – west Canada and west USA to south central Mexico
 * Zenaida macroura carolinensis (Linnaeus, 1766) – east Canada and east USA, Bermuda, Bahama Islands
 * Zenaida macroura macroura (Linnaeus, 1758) – (nominate subspecies) Cuba, Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), Puerto Rico, Jamaica
 * Zenaida macroura clarionensis (Townsend, CH, 1890) – Clarion Island (off west Mexico)
 * Zenaida macroura turturilla (Wetmore, 1956) – Costa Rica, west Panama

The ranges of most of the subspecies overlap a little, with three in the United States or Canada. The West Indian subspecies is found throughout the Greater Antilles. It has recently invaded the Florida Keys. The eastern subspecies is found mainly in eastern North America, as well as Bermuda and the Bahamas. The western subspecies are found in western North America, including parts of Mexico. The Panamanian subspecies is in Central America. The Clarion Island subspecies is found only on Clarion Island, off Mexico's Pacific coast.

The mourning dove is sometimes called the "American mourning dove" to distinguish it from the distantly related mourning collared dove (Streptopelia decipiens) of Africa. It was also formerly known as the "Carolina turtledove" and the "Carolina pigeon". The "mourning" part of its common name comes from its doleful call.

The mourning dove was thought to be the passenger pigeon's closest living relative on morphological grounds until genetic analysis showed Patagioenas pigeons are more closely related. The mourning dove was even suggested to belong to the same genus, Ectopistes, and was listed by some authors as E. carolinensis. The passenger pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) was hunted to extinction in the early 1900s.

Description
The mourning dove is a medium-sized, slender dove approximately 31 cm in length. Mourning doves weigh 112 - 170 g, usually closer to 128 g. The mourning dove has a wingspan of 37–45 cm. The elliptical wings are broad, and the head is rounded. Its tail is long and tapered ("macroura" comes from the Greek words for "large" and "tail" ). Mourning doves have perching feet, with three toes forward and one reversed. The legs are short and reddish colored. The beak is short and dark, usually a brown-black hue.

The plumage is generally light gray-brown and lighter and pinkish below. The wings have black spotting, and the outer tail feathers are white, contrasting with the black inners. Below the eye is a distinctive crescent-shaped area of dark feathers. The eyes are dark, with light blue skin surrounding them. The adult male has bright purple-pink patches on the neck sides, with light pink coloring reaching the breast. The crown of the adult male is a distinctly bluish-grey color. Females are similar in appearance but with more brown coloring overall and a little smaller than the male. The iridescent feather patches on the neck above the shoulders are nearly absent but can be quite vivid on males. Juvenile birds have a scaly appearance and are generally darker.

Feather colors are generally believed to be relatively static, changing only by small amounts over periods of months. However, a 2011 study argued that since feathers have neither nerves or blood vessels, color changes must be caused by external stimuli. Researchers analyzed how feathers of iridescent mourning doves responded to stimulus changes of adding and evaporating water. As a result, it was discovered that iridescent feather color changed hue, became more chromatic, and increased overall reflectance by almost 50%. Transmission electron microscopy and thin-film models revealed that color is produced by thin-film interference from a single layer of keratin around the edge of feather barbules, under which lies a layer of air and melanosomes. Once the environmental conditions were changed, the most striking morphological difference was a twisting of colored barbules that exposed more of their surface area for reflection, which explains the observed increase in brightness. Overall, the researchers suggest that some plumage colors may be more changeable than previously thought possible.

All five subspecies of the mourning dove look similar and are not easily distinguishable. The nominate subspecies possesses shorter wings and are darker and more buff-colored than the "average" mourning dove. Z. m. carolinensis has longer wings and toes, a shorter beak, and is darker in color. The western subspecies has longer wings, a longer beak and shorter toes, and is more muted and lighter in color. The Panama mourning dove has shorter wings and legs, a longer beak, and is grayer in color. The Clarion Island subspecies possesses larger feet, a larger beak, and is darker brown in color.

Vocalization
This species' call is a distinctive, plaintive cooOOoo-wooo-woo-woooo, uttered by males to attract females, and it may be mistaken for the call of an owl at first. (Close up, a grating or throat-rattling sound may be heard preceding the first coo.) Other sounds include a nested call (cooOOoo) by paired males to attract their female mates to the nest sites, a greeting call (a soft ork) by males upon rejoining their mates, and an alarm call (a short roo-oo) by either a male or female when threatened. In flight, the wings make a fluttery whistling sound that is hard to hear. The wing whistle is much louder and more noticeable upon take-off and landing.

Distribution and habitat
The mourning dove has a large range of nearly 11000000 km2. The species is resident throughout the Greater Antilles, most of Mexico, the Continental United States, southern Canada, and the Atlantic archipelago of Bermuda. Much of the Canadian prairie sees these birds in summer only, and southern Central America sees them in winter only. The species is a vagrant in northern Canada, Alaska, and South America. It has been spotted as an accidental at least seven times in the Western Palearctic with records from the British Isles (5), the Azores (1) and Iceland (1). In 1963, the mourning dove was introduced to Hawaii, and in 1998 there was still a small population in North Kona. The mourning dove also appeared on Socorro Island, off the western coast of Mexico, in 1988, sixteen years after the Socorro dove was extirpated from that island.

The mourning dove occupies a wide variety of open and semi-open habitats, such as urban areas, farms, prairie, grassland, and lightly wooded areas. It avoids swamps and thick forest.

Migration
Most mourning doves migrate along flyways over land. Birds in Canada migrate the farthest, probably wintering in Mexico or further south. Those that spend the summer further south are more sedentary, with much shorter migrations. At the southern part of their range, Mourning Doves are present year-round.

Spring migration north runs from March to May. Fall migration south runs from September to November, with immatures moving first, followed by adult females and then by adult males. Migration is usually during the day, in flocks, and at low altitudes.

Behaviour and ecology
Mourning doves sunbathe or rain bathe by lying on the ground or a flat tree limb, leaning over, stretching one wing, and keeping this posture for up to twenty minutes. These birds can also water bathe in shallow pools or birdbaths. Dustbathing is common as well. Outside the breeding season, mourning doves roost communally in dense deciduous trees or conifers. During sleep, the head rests between the shoulders, close to the body; it is not tucked under the shoulder feathers as in many other species. During the winter in Canada, roosting flights to the roosts in the evening, and out of the roosts in the morning, are delayed on colder days.

Breeding
Courtship begins with a noisy flight by the male, followed by a graceful, circular glide with outstretched wings and head down. After landing, the male will approach the female with a puffed-out breast, bobbing head, and loud calls. Mated pairs will often preen each other's feathers.

The male then leads the female to potential nest sites, and the female will choose one. The female dove builds the nest. The male will fly about, gather material, and bring it to her. The male will stand on the female's back and give the material to the female, who then builds it into the nest. The nest is constructed of twigs, conifer needles, or grass blades, and is of flimsy construction. Mourning doves will sometimes requisition the unused nests of other mourning doves, other birds, or arboreal mammals such as squirrels.

Most nests are in trees, both deciduous and coniferous. Sometimes, they can be found in shrubs, vines, or on artificial constructs like buildings, or hanging flower pots. When there is no suitable elevated object, mourning doves will nest on the ground.

The clutch size is almost always two eggs. Occasionally, however, a female will lay her eggs in the nest of another pair, leading to three or four eggs in the nest. The eggs are white, 6.6 ml, 2.57 - 2.96 cm long, 2.06 - 2.30 cm wide, 6 - 7 g at laying (5–6% of female body mass). Both sexes incubate, the male from morning to afternoon, and the female the rest of the day and at night. Mourning doves are devoted parents; nests are very rarely left unattended by the adults.

Incubation takes two weeks. The hatched young, called squabs, are strongly altricial, being helpless at hatching and covered with down. Both parents feed the squabs pigeon's milk (dove's milk) for the first 3–4 days of life. Thereafter, the crop milk is gradually augmented by seeds. Fledging takes place in about 11–15 days, before the squabs are fully grown but after they are capable of digesting adult food. They stay nearby to be fed by their father for up to two weeks after fledging.

Mourning doves are prolific breeders. In warmer areas, these birds may raise to six broods in a season. This fast breeding is essential because mortality is high. Each year, mortality can reach 58% a year for adults and 69% for the young.

The mourning dove is generally monogamous and forms strong pair bonds.

Feeding

Mourning doves eat almost exclusively seeds, which make up more than 99% of their diet. Rarely, they will eat snails or insects. Mourning doves generally eat enough to fill their crops and then fly away to digest while resting. They often swallow grit such as fine gravel or sand to assist with digestion. The species usually forages on the ground, walking but not hopping. At bird feeders, mourning doves are attracted to one of the largest ranges of seed types of any North American bird, with a preference for rapeseed, corn, millet, safflower, and sunflower seeds. Mourning doves do not dig or scratch for seeds, though they will push aside ground litter; instead, they eat what is readily visible. They will sometimes perch on plants and eat from there.

Mourning doves show a preference for the seeds of certain species of plant over others. Foods taken in preference to others include pine nuts, sweetgum seeds, and the seeds of pokeberry, amaranth, canary grass, corn, sesame, and wheat. When their favorite foods are absent, mourning doves will eat the seeds of other plants, including buckwheat, rye, goosegrass and smartweed.

Predators and parasites
The primary predators of this species are diurnal birds of prey, such as falcons and hawks. During nesting, corvids, grackles, housecats, or rat snakes will prey on their eggs. Cowbirds rarely parasitize mourning dove nests. Mourning doves reject slightly under a third of cowbird eggs in such nests, and the mourning dove's vegetarian diet is unsuitable for cowbirds.

Mourning doves can be afflicted with several different diseases and parasites, including tapeworms, nematodes, mites, and lice. The mouth-dwelling parasite Trichomonas gallinae is particularly severe. While a mourning dove will sometimes host it without symptoms, it will often cause yellowish growth in the mouth and esophagus that will eventually starve the host to death. Avian pox is a common, insect-vectored disease.

Conservation status
The number of individual mourning doves was estimated to be approximately 475 million in 1994, and to have shown a small increase since. The large population and its vast range explain why the mourning dove is considered to be of least concern, meaning that the species is not at immediate risk. As a gamebird, the mourning dove is well-managed, with more than 20 million (and up to 40–70 million) shot by hunters each year. However, more recent reporting cautions that mourning doves are in decline in the western United States, and susceptible everywhere in the country due to lead poisoning as they eat spent shot leftover in hunting fields. In some cases, the fields are specifically planted with a favored seed plant to lure them to those sites.

In culture
A Huron/Wyandot legend tells of a maiden named Ayu'ra (modernly spelled Iohara) who used to care for the bird, who came to love her a great deal. One day, she became sick and died. As her spirit traveled across the land to the entrance to the Underworld, all the doves followed her and tried to gain entrance into the Underworld alongside her. Sky Woman, the deity who guards this door, refused them entry, eventually creating smoke to blind them and take Ayu'ra's spirit away without their knowledge. The smoke stained their feathers gray and they have been in mourning for the maiden's loss ever since. The logic behind the story is a play on words—the sound many Native Americans attributed to the bird was "howe howe," and this is also the sound the Iroquoian peoples used to chant over the dead at funerary events.

The eastern mourning dove (Z. m. carolinensis) is Wisconsin's official symbol of peace. The bird is also Michigan's state bird of peace.

The mourning dove appears as the Carolina turtle-dove on plate 286 of Audubon's Birds of America.

References to mourning doves appear frequently in Native American literature. Mourning Dove was the pen name of Christine Quintasket, one of the first published Native American women authors. Mourning dove imagery also turns up in contemporary American and Canadian poetry in the work of poets as diverse as Robert Bly, Jared Carter, Lorine Niedecker, and Charles Wright.

The mourning dove is mentioned on the Nick Cave and Warren Ellis track, "Wood Dove", for the "For the Birds: The Birdsong Project", Vol. 2.

The mourning dove is also mentioned in other musical tracks, including Ray Charles' rendition of the popular blues song "Careless Love" and "I Love You, I Love You (I Will Never Let You Go)".

title: Mourning dove