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Talk:Volkswagen Golf

Rewording Suggestion
Unfortunately, McLernon tried to "Americanize" the Golf/Rabbit by softening the suspension and using cheaper materials for the interior. This sounds too much like a point of view. The use of the word "unfortunately" makes this statement sound more like a car review than an encyclopedia. I would think you would be hardpressed to find this language in other articles. I'm not a language expert, so I will leave it to those of you out there who are excellent with wording to fix this up. Thanks! MatthewWilder 08:41, 4 February 2007 (UTC) no one mentioning mileage here? the whole reason any of the small cars were built was due the the gas crisis...where is discussion on mileage? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.73.175.51 (talk) 12:04, 19 October 2009 (UTC)

Golfsburg
exact week when Wolfsburg was named "Golfsburg" - I think it was in September 2003.

Golf Mk.4 Cabriolet
Was there a Mk.4 Cabriolet? I'm sure these cars count as Mk.4 cabrios:
 * Mk.4 Cabrio 1
 * Mk.4 Cabrio 2
 * Mk.4 Cabrio 3
 * Mk.4 Cabrio 4

According to 'Wolfgang The Talking VW' (highly reputable source!), VW reclassified the VW Cabrio as A4 based in 1998, making the 1998 - 2002 Cabrios 'Mk. 4's. This is different to what happened the Mk.1 Cabriolet, which was still termed the Mk.1/A1 platform while sold alongside the Mk.2 hatchback.

Anyone else have any opinions? akaDruid ([[User talk:Akadruid|Talk)]] 15:14, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * It is my understanding that the Mk.4 was produced and sold as a cabriolet as your pictures suggest. However, I think that the car was based on the Mk.3 and that all the rear-end bodywork was Mk.3. SamH 10:16, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * My opinion is that this is merely a facelifted Golf III, and a VW dealer I know concurs. It remained on the old platform (wheelbase and track are identical AFAIK). Stombs 09:32, Jan 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, the so-called Mk.4 Cabrio is in fact a facelifted Mk.3. ApolloBoy

 * That would be correct, Stombs and ApolloBoy. The "MkIV" convertible was based on the MkIII, but was dressed up as IV.Kar98 16:35, August 18, 2005 (UTC)

Best selling?
Taking into account cars that keep their concept and basic layout but not necessarily their name it's the best selling car of all time worldwide.

Surely this means

Excluding cars that keep their concept and basic layout but not their name...

There are now many cars of identical "concept and basic layout", so what distinguishes the Golf is the long use of the same name. Andy G 00:28, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

It's simply not true - the Toyota Corolla and Ford F-Series easily outsold the Golf in all its names and forms. See list of automotive superlatives. --SFoskett 14:29, Nov 30, 2004 (UTC)

I have owned Mk 1-4 Rabbits/Golfs, and I have to say virtually every change ever made to these cars is a gradual improvement. I would have to say that yes, the Golf would have to be the best selling of the cars mentioned..

Concept and basic layout
Taking into account cars that keep their concept and basic layout but not necessarily their name it's the best selling car of all time worldwide

I think this is really confusing. The original statement was:

Worldwide it's the best selling car of all times, considering cars that keep their concept and basic layout and not only their name.

If you take the Corolla: more cars named Corolla were sold, but first generation Corolla has nothing to do with the current model - except the name. --EricS 00:55, 1 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Interesting. How much is similar between the different Golf generations?  I know that A5 has an independent suspension, so that's a substantial change.  But what else is similar between A1-A4?  If the wheelbase, suspension, driveline, etc are similar, then I think we have something of a winner (for cars, the F-150 still beats all for "vehicles").  The Corolla switched from RWD to FWD half way through, and the suspension was changed dramatically.  The old Beetle is impressive because it was basically a single design for all those 21,000,000 cars sold.  Even the engine was roughly the same! --SFoskett 15:18, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)

Golf IV in Czech Republic?
"The Golf IV was made in Germany, Brazil, Mexico, the Czech Republic and Belgium."

AFAIK the only cars made by VW in Czech Rep. are the Skoda brand. I never heard about any production of any Golf - maybe they buy few components. Unless someone knows better I'll remove CR from list at some time. Pavel Vozenilek 21:31, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Not in the Czech Republic, but in Bratislava (Slovakia) --EricS 01:34, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Mk 1 Golf
I added a pic of the rear badge and the front grill of a mk1, should deffinatly split the article up as has been suggested by others before, then we can get far more photos and details into it all. Nick carson 16:12, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Only the Mark 1 was named Caribe in Mexico, fixed it. Pakokonka 03:51, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

Mk 2 Golf
 Mk 2 Golf "G60 Limited" I'm not good at writing an article about the Mark II g60 limited but i do know about the details. maybe your the one who like updating this article. interested? mail me kapotvers}at{gmail.com Recently the car had a blow up g-charger (dont know the correct name for it "g-lader" in dutch) and a new one was built in instead. this was done by the company geforce in the Netherlands. The car is expected to have 260+ Horsepower. Probably not many of these cars are still alive. but this one still is! i can send you al the pictures and info. [end message kth] I think there's a mistake on line that says "These cars produced 212 bhp, making them the most powerful VW Golfs ever produced, until the introduction of the Mark 5 Golf R32 in 2005." because Mark 4 R32 already had 241hp which can be read later on at the very same page. I don't dare to change it since I've never written anything to Wikipedia but perhaps a registered user could check that and correct if necessary.
 * I fixed it. Andy Nguyen 19:00, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

Regarding the phrase, "exclusively released on the continent in 1989 with 160 bhp (120 kW) and ABS braking," it's not clear whether it refers to the Golf Syncro model, or to the G60 model, or to both. It would be good to re-word the sentence to make that point more clear. Hackercraft (talk) 16:13, 17 April 2012 (UTC)
 * It refers to the G60 model. In the UK, the Syncro was available as a 90bhp 1.8 carburettor fed 5-door but we never recieved the option of a supercharged Mk2 Golf  — Preceding unsigned comment added by SteveGTI (talk • contribs) 09:46, 19 August 2016 (UTC)

Mk 4 Golf
I do not like the Mk. 4 Golf. I don't like how the Mk. 4 was Volkswagen's attempt to bring Volkswagen more upscale, and have Seat and Skoda as the the cheap, low end brands. I don't like how the Mk. 4 could be equipped with luxury leather, rain sense wipers, in addition to the Mk. 4 being the heavist generation of all. I'm glad that the Mk. 5 will take the car back to where it was during the Mk.2 and the Mk.3. The Mk. 2, and the Mk.3 are the generations I like the best, I don't care about the Mk.4 at all, and the only Mk. 1 that I care about is the pickup truck. The Mk.1 Golf/Rabiit is nothing but the size of a new Mini Cooper, and today's current generation Polo. I also don't like Volkswagen's weirdo commercials, all these sales they've been having. I like Volkswagen's Fahrvergnugen commercials better, the ones where it starts out with the Fahrvergnugen driver symbol, and then the scene views into the car driving inside the Fahrvergnugen symbol, and the actor says: Slip into the 1990 Volkswagen Golf, or slip into the 1990 Volkswagen Jetta and experience Fahrvergnugen.

 * US-American commercial? Is that Fahrvergnugen commercial US-American? I don't remember seeing it in Europe, just the USA. --TGC55 21:40, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

 * If you don't like the auto, don't buy one -- but really, it's just a "transportation device or option" -- you are not going to breed with one or sell your eldest son for one. BTW, it would help if you signed your comments or at least dated them.--TGC55 21:35, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

There are two generations of 1.9 Diesel engines (the standard and the PD) in varing power outputs which appear to have been missed off. I'll get my owners manual out and add them later on if this wasn't done for a reason. Mnd999 15:33, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

In south america (from brazil) exists now Golf 4 1/2: —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.232.12.177 (talk) 02:17, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

In the article is said "There was also a 2.8 L four-wheel drive Golf VR6 4Motion version available, succeeding the Mk3 VR6 which used a 2.8 L VR6 and only had front-wheel drive." This is no true, golf III has a 190HP version of the 2.8VR6 engine with four wheel traction. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.24.24.125 (talk) 16:03, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

Mk 5 Golf
The Mk 5 Golf is definitely the best Golf in a number of years. Is handling and feel is much closer to that of the original model. For me the original and the current model are the best and the models in between were just too boring or by the Mk 4 too big and heavy. Even Volkswagen have realised that the original Model was the best as the cloth on the seat material in the current GTi is the same as the cloth on the original model. Although the Golf models have changed over the last 25 years, you can still tell its a Golf, unlike other models of car who keep their same name but look nothing like its predecessors. I think the Golf will always remain a Golf no matter how it changes in future generations.

Heaviest and biggest?
The Golf IV section of the article says "The Golf IV was the heaviest, largest and slowest version to date". This sounds very close to being NPOV to me: *every* new generation of Golf has been the heaviest and largest to date, and this is probably true for virtually every other car in the world, too. (Why don't we say "The Golf V is the heaviest and largest version to date" in the Golf V section?)

It sounds like a not-so-subtle way of some writer saying he's not happy with the engine in his Golf. :-)

Can't blame him, it's great on surface streets but I say a prayer every time I take my Golf IV on the highway.

GH - a suggestion; although this page may not be the ideal place, somewhere, I suggest, it would be good to have a comparison of the various models of [here] VW Golf: length, width, height and kerb weight. I understand that the Mk V is almost twice the weight of the Mk I [17xx Kg to 9xx Kg, I believe]. How much of this is because of legally mandated safety [etc.] systems, such as air bags, crumple zones and so on? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.154.59.206 (talk) 05:56, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Years later and there's still no dimensions, esp length, width, & weight. Doe anybody know where to find this info?  All other makes on WP have this info. Santamoly (talk) 21:28, 31 January 2013 (UTC)

Golf III editions
I already added an image of a Golf Pink Floyd a while ago. However, there were several other Golf editions that included a distinct exterior decal package, at least in Europe, that should probably be mentioned in the article. As far as I know, these were:

 * Europe (1993, named to celebrate the Maastricht Treaty)
 * Joker (1997)
 * New Orleans (1994)
 * Pink Floyd (1994-1995)
 * Rolling Stones (1995)
 * Bon Jovi (1996)

Here are some pictures of these. I haven't added these to the article (yet):

ProhibitOnions 11:06, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I have added the gallery to the article to prevent the photos from being deleted. I have pictures of the other editions as well, which I will upload in a day or two (except for the Bon Jovi, which I'm still searching for... ProhibitOnions 12:12, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

 * They put stickers on it and that becomes a special edition? lol YCCHAN 19:35, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Heh-heh. Basically, yes. Actually, the edition usually included a list of specific extras. This seemed to be a Volkswagen Big Idea at the time, but they haven't repeated it with later Golfs. I like both Pink Floyd and the Rolling Stones, but I'm not sure I'd want to drive around in a car with their logo on it. ProhibitOnions 23:35, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

What about the 1996 Golf Harlequin?? http://www.rossvw.com/

Golf Mk.6
I don't think we should be adding information on the Golf 6 as it still hasn't officially been announced. vw12 04:20, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

Jetta?
Isn't there an article for that? --Bhtooefr 19:18, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

Seriously I don't think this section on the Jetta belongs in the Golf article at all. At best it deserves a single line with a link to the Jetta article, since the Jetta is a totally different car, even if they are related/share some components. --Cbwallace 20:21, 13 September 2006

While I don't disagree that the Jetta deserves its own article, but it is not a totally different car. There are minor differences in styling of the front end, but the only real difference is the addition of a trunk. Wheelbase, engines, drivetrains, etc. are all the same.

Golf Class
I removed the statement "The success of the Golf spawned the whole Golf Class segment".

This is untrue. The Ford Escort, as did the Opel Kadett, Austin 1100, Citroen GS and the Renault 14 was nearing completion of development.

A more appropriate statement would be "The success of the Golf popularised the hatchback format in the C-segment".

 * Question: is the term "golf class" even used outside Germany (where "Golfklasse" really is a common term)?--BSI 20:54, 8 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Golf class (Golfklass) is the common name in Sweden as well, and I assume this is true for the other Scandinavian countries as well.

Volkswagen Rabbit GTI
This was a separate article which I merged into this article as a section, per the consensus at AfD. I didn't edit the section at all, and it's not the greatest section, reads sort of like a puff piece. Herostratus 01:03, 7 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I made it a Mk I-subsection because it's only about the MkI(Rabbit)-GTi.--BSI 11:16, 7 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I think the external references section you merged from the rabbit gti article can now be deleted. It was useful when this article still incorporated the whole rabbit gti article. But since this has been chopped down and rewritten to a appropriate sub-section, I don't think all those references for an article that doesn't even exist anymore are still needed.--BSI 10:46, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

Links?

 * Why was the list of External Golf links removed yet the list of Rabbit links left intact??? The Golf links are much more useful than the Rabbit links, which includes the likes of http://www.wolfsport.com/, which is clearly a commercial site.  I put the VW Golf links back in.  Andy 15:00, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

I agree, Links to sites like myfastgti.com,clubgti,golfmkv.com and more are relevant. The sites:

Used Car Safety Ratings - Volkswagen Golf --- GOES TO A PAGE NOT FOUND

Volkswagen Golf V Specifications and Road Test COMMERCIAL. SITE VW Golf Information Site COMMERCIAL. SITE VW New Rabbit Information Site COMMERCIAL. SITE

I've readded several other gti and rabbit sites because they have good quality information.

Our site, uk-mkivs.net was listed also but was removed - We are an independent MKIV Golf resource. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tabsy (talk • contribs) 08:25, 8 August 2008 (UTC)

Rabbit Ad music (Canada)
Hi, I was wondering if anyone has seen the ad for the "Rabbit" in Canada (and it could be the same elsewhere). There is a song playing in the ad, and it is very catchy, but I have no idea what it is or where I could find it. Does anyone know?--156.34.211.59 16:59, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

Its called "The birds and the Bees", its by a duo called Patrick and Eugene.Rouge 06:37, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

 * It does have a great saxophone duo (an alto and a baritone)--Porsche997SBS 00:49, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Splitting the article by generations
This article is far too long, it needs to be shortened. How about splitting it into generations? Something like Volkswagen Golf (Mk I), Volkswagen Golf (Mk II), Volkswagen Golf (Mk III)... The Golf GTI could get an own page, since a quite part of the article is dedicated to it. We should also change many, many links to the correspondant article, something which will take a long, long time. Any other suggestions? -- NaBUru38 02:35, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree this needs to be split up.

 * Maybe its time to split the article up into smaller sections. I think a reasonable format would go something like this:
 * The main article should retain its content concerning the golf in general, encompassing all 5 generations.
 * Each generation ex: Mk2, Mk3, etc, should have its own seperate article.
 * Under each generation section in the main article there should be a link to Main article: Volkswagen Golf Mark 5 (for example) followed by a small description and the retention of the template with one photo that visually describes the generation in one hit.
 * This would allow for the main article to contain more content about the Golf in general, and allow for seperate articles to go into far more detail concerning each individual generation.
 * So what are everyones thoughts on this? Oppose? Support? or have a better idea? It has to be done sooner or later, and I can come up with a million pictures of the mark 1 alone, and go into vast detail, but theres just not the space for it in the main article. I volenteer to create a Mark 1 article if editors decide this whole thing is a good idea. Thanks. Nick carson 16:08, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree with this. These are all seperate cars and should be listed seperatly as such. This should be broken up between the MKs for one entry and then each model have their own entry; linking them together would be important in the see also section.  Being a proud MK1 Rabbit owner, its appauling to see it coupled as a golf and not have its own section strickly for Rabbits (even though I understand the reasons for doing so)

Spam?
This isnt a link to cheap viagra * How to build a 16V G60 Golf Legend Its a site with additional relevant information on a car/engine that info on is quite sparse.Mastershake phd 06:06, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

Mark 4 still in production
I know someone rewrote the article page to say the Mark 4 Golf ended producion in 2003, but as the article itself says, it's still made and/or sold in at least four countries, even though European production ended in 2003 and 2006 was the last year for the Golf 4 in the United States.

POV issue
The main text said:

 *  the Golf pioneered the first widely successful front wheel drive hatchback.

Really?. And what about the Renault 4, Renault 5, Renault 16 and Fiat 127?.Randroide 13:44, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Forget about all of those, because the Mini predates all of 'em! To be fair though, the Golf is vastly more successful than all of these FWD hatchbacks put together.  But even so, "widely successful" sounds too vague;  "one of the most successful FWD hatchbacks" sounds better. Andy Nguyen 22:58, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

 * The Mini is not a hatchback. SteveGTI (talk) 10:16, 19 August 2016 (UTC)

Article problems
This article does not necessarily meet a worldwide view. Problems:
 * Some sections are too U.S.-centric
 * The article could be better maintained by being split into multiple articles, like the Volkswagen Polo article is.
 * The article could be split off for some versions that are well-known, e.g. GTi, R32.

What does everyone think?? --SunStar Net 11:16, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree. I've put in a range of trivial copyedits today, but I've stopped short of trying to solve the internationalisation problem. The article certainly is very North America heavy, but the info is by no means invalid, it's just that European info is missing, so rather than just cropping it, I'd want to use some of the available sources to pad it out with info from other continents... which will take some time to do.

 * Aesthetically, I'm not at all convinced that the images of special edition badges are worth having – I think a link to a Wikimedia Commons category would be better, keeping the article looking a bit cleaner. But I've left them alone since somebody's obviously put a lot of work into finding the models to photograph, so I wouldn't want to "clean" that up unless there was a consensus to do so. – Kieran T  ( talk  18:56, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

Well, how about someone from Europe adding some info? Are your fingers broken?

That French rap video
Can somebody possibly French or from France name that recentish French rap video which features a Golf R32 with a lot of footage of rioting and motorcycle stunts Willirennen 00.08 December 1 2006

Cleanup in R32 section
a number of words are uncapitalized and it needs a general cleanup... —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.87.85.99 (talk) 07:51, 31 December 2006 (UTC).

GTI
how many GTI were made with electronic display? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 132.42.128.28 (talk) 10:39, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

Why does GTI redirect here? There's a GTI Peugeot (205) car too. What does GTI stand for anyway? Damn useless acronyms. Totsugeki 09:17, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Presumably somebody thought it made sense because it was the first truly famous "GTi", but I'd agree that it's inappropriate. A disambiguation page or a new page in the mould of the car body styles articles might be called for. – Kieran T  (' talk ') 13:52, 2 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I believe the Golf GTI is sold as the "VW GTI" (ie. not "Golf GTI") in the US. GTI is usually taken to stand for "Gran Turismo (Fuel) Injection". Letdorf 17:04, 29 January 2007 (UTC).

 * In the US, it's sold as the Volkswagen GTI. No golf or rabbit there. I personally believe the GTI deserves it's own page because of this. Anyone else agree? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Guticb (talk • contribs) 03:42, August 24, 2007 (UTC)

 * Yep, the GTI should be represented on its own page.

 * I agree, the GTI should have its own web page, and I am also willing to start a discussion about the GTI, just to talk about performance, handling, etc. I will start this discussion with a topic on my "User" page- AClements3 (talk) 17:18, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I came to wikipedia today hoping to find a GTI page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.177.2.198 (talk) 01:54, 27 January 2010 (UTC)

R36
Maybe someone can add some information on the upcoming Golf/Rabbit R36... it comes with the 3.6 liter engine from the passat!

 * This has yet to be officially confirmed. As Wikipedia is not in the business of speculation, nothing should be added until an official announcement is made.--Analogue Kid 12:54, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually, that page should be started up "right now" because the R32 is already on sale, plus I've already seen one at a VW dealership in West Palm Beach, FL. I am willing to help you start the web page if you're up to it. Please respond to "my talk" on my user page- AClements3 (talk) 17:21, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

Huge reversion
I just spotted this reversion which takes it back six months, which had no edit summary, and undid over 400 edits. I suspect that this may have been the result of accidentally editing from an old article in the history, so to be safe, I have undone it. Notinasnaid 14:42, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

For the Golf V's

My understanding is that the 5 doors (including GTI variants) are built in South Africa. 3 door variants are built in Wolfsburg Germany.

 * It depends on where you are. In the USA, all GTIs and Golfs (Rabbits) are built in Wolfsburg. However, much of the world (particularly in Asia) is supplied by the South African plant.--Analogue Kid 12:55, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

Golf GT
This is a new performance oriented model from VW with a 1.4TSI engine, 17" alloys, and a sport suspension. Perhaps someone can update it? I'm still new to Wikipedia so don't know how to add a section.

 * Here's how to add a section: Type ====Golf GT====, then start typing youre info. below it, but make sure to leave a space between the title and the article body. If you need some more help you can contact me on "my talk" on my user page- AClements3 (talk) 17:24, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

Golf W12
i saw a picture of a new golf thats called W12 its the same Golf GTI but has a W21 engien 650 hp....thats all i know maybe some one can bring more information about it.
 * The W12 is currently a concept car, but it's actually functional model and VW are considering putting it into production - given enough support/hype. I think it deserves putting into the article. Unless there are any objections I'll locate some reliable sources soon --Sevengoods 09:22, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

Mark 4 Design and Engineering
Can someone please help?

This paragraph is not clear. It appears in the section listed above but is unclear as to which version it refers.

"The latest model remained faithful to the Golf concept but included some of the new "arched" styling themes first seen on the Mark 4 Passat. The overall effect is far more pleasing than the previous model."

So, is the Mark 4 the latest model and is the Mark 3 the previous model?

Thanks - Alan

early Mark I US version?
I once saw a picture of a US Mark I model with rectangular (probably sealed) headlights and a huge, ugly, protruding front bumper made from black plastics. I guessed at the time that this was according to some trade regulations, to make access to the US market more difficult for Volkswagen, but of course I could be wrong. Unfortunately, this design is not reflected in the article. Does anyone know about this? -- 790 13:53, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

 * That is actually a later Mk I model which was made in the Pennsylvania factory. Early Golf/Rabbits in the USA were identical to their German counterparts with round sealed beam headlights. The differences it had were minor, including a slightly different bumper and emissions controls. Indeed, US regulations for bumper strength are higher than they are in Europe. Additionally, from 1974-1982, cars sold in the USA had to have bumpers strong enough to withstand a 5 mph (8 km/h) impact with no damage. Ronald Reagan weakened the standard in the deregulation frenzy of the early 1980's. The current standard is the bumper must protect safety related equipment (headlights, etc.) in a 2.5 mph impact. Massive damage is totally allowable now, which is ridiculous, but oh well. The standards were not intended to make things more difficult for VW, all manufacturers had to meet the same standards. The only policy decision that affected VW was the chicken war, which put a 25% tax on imported trucks (i.e. the VW bus). This did end up making the Bus, the Vanagon, and the Eurovan a much more expensive proposition than it needed to be, which culled sales significantly.--Analogue Kid 14:46, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

 * well thank you! actually, I found a picture on the commons and will integrate it. [[image:Volkswagen-Rabbit-3door.jpg|thumb|right]] -- 790 08:15, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

 * My understanding is that all US-made "Rabbits" had rectangular headlights but I could be wrong. The photo used is of such an ugly junker that if no one minds I'll replace it with a picture of my Rabbit, which frankly is a much nicer example.Armona (talk) 03:32, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

GTI DESERVES IT'S OWN PAGE
I personally believe that the GTI deserves it's own page.

The GTI is NOT the same as the Golf. In fact, in the Americas, it's not sold as a Golf GTI. it's sold as a GTI. The GTI actually even has it's own fanbase.

 * It's the same damn car. Except with a different engine and body trimKar98 02:15, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

The GTI is a seperate car from the Golf, and therefore deserves it's OWN Wikipedia page.

Guticb 05:28, 25 August 2007 (UTC)

 * It may be sold as a separate car, but who is really fooled? I think it should stay on this page. Functionally, it is still a Golf or Rabbit if you prefer with slightly different trim.--Analogue Kid 21:46, 25 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Not true. I'll use the MKV as an example. You can't get an MKV GTI with a 5 speed manual, yet you can't get an MKV rabbit with a 6 speed manual. Also, The MKV rabbit lacks a huge program that the GTI has called Launch Control. This SHOOTS the car forward by letting you rev to 3000 RPM and then engaging the clutch (Launch control is only available with a DSG transmission on an MKV GTI). The GTI is a totally different car. Guticb 02:47, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
 * In fact you can get a MkV Golf with a 6 speed manual - at least in Germany/Europe. For petrol engines only the smallest 2 (1.4 L 59kW and 1.6L 75kW) are available with the five speed, the stronger engines have the 6 speed as a standard, and the 105kW 1.4L TSI is available with the DSG transmission.--BSI 14:07, 1 September 2007 (UTC)
 * A GTI page would be great. Just look at the precedent we have Audi S4, Audi RS4, Honda Civic Si, and Honda Civic Type R.  We even have a EK9 Honda Civic Type R page but I think it should be mereged.  No reason not to have a GTI page lets do it. --Daniel J. Leivick 02:52, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Agreed. How do we start off though? We can't just copy and paste the current GTI sections into a new page..... Can we? Also, do we have to get it approved? Guticb 05:09, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Nope no need for approval. A copy paste will work a brief lead paragraph would also be good as would some photos.  Let me know if you need any help. --Daniel J. Leivick 08:08, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

So the fact that I can get a 6 speed automatic with a Pontiac G6 on the GXP model instead of a 4 speed on the base trim means it's a totally different car then too, right? Launch control, while an interesting feature, does not make the car totally unique as you claim. That's like saying since one car has power windows and another doesn't, they must be totally different.

Keep in mind that having a separate page for the GTI is also being US-centric. In Europe, the car has never been sold as a separate model. WikiProject Autos generally encourages formatting/naming/etc. in the style as found in the cars "home country" which of course would be Germany. Check out the VW website and roll your mouse over the Ausstattungsvarianten button. There you'll see the available trim lines, which even includes the R32 and Edition 30. Thus, it would be imprudent to make a new GTI page.--Analogue Kid 17:28, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
 * The GTI has a life and history distinct from the lesser models, to me launch control and trans options are secondary. I propose a page called Volkswagen Golf GTI not just GTI.  The GXP at this point has no history apart from the G6 and does not need a page especially seeing that it is only marginally different from it lesser siblings.  The GTI is considered a seperate model both in the US and elsewhere  In general I support a page split if there is a culture and history built around a top level model, I feel the the GTI is in the same vane as Nissan Skyline GTR. --Daniel J. Leivick 18:06, 26 August 2007 (UTC)
 * The problem with calling it Volkswagen Golf GTI though, is that in the US, and the majority of the world, actually, it is simply sold as a Volkswagen GTI, not a Golf GTI. Here in the US, if you tell someone you have a golf GTI, they'll think you're a moron. Guticb 07:22, 1 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Just GTI in the Majority of the world? Don't think so.

Taiwan Just to name a few...--Analogue Kid 16:44, 1 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Hong Kong
 * United Kingdom
 * Germany
 * Middle East
 * Sweden

 * If a separate GTi page is created, it should be as "Volkswagen Golf GTi", as at some stage or another one of the 5 generations of Golf GTis have been sold as that in almost every territory its marketed. There's no reason why the GTi page has to be as US-centric as the Golf one. Walter88 12:36, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Lets just go ahead and create a new page as VW Golf GTI.Guticb 04:02, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

Confusing line
There's this confusing line in ¶3 of the History section: "The Audi technology in the Golf would regain for Volkswagen the engineering lead over rear drive cars that Ferdinand Porsche had bestowed on the original Beetle over its large conventional peers." Can anybody please rewrite it in a less ambiguous form? I am not a Beetle owner or avid fan, and so I have no idea what this line is trying to say.

Also follows is a very abrupt statement: "The small Golf had to succeed in replacing the high volume Volkswagen sedan." Perhaps we could try writing this into the rewritten sentence as aforementioned? Ariedartin JECJY Talk 07:25, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

Deletion of W12 topic and spamming MyRide.com
I have no idea why why user Jonas bognar felt the need to delete an entire topic, class it as a minor edit and provide no explanation as to why opposed the topic. Hence I've reinstated the topic.

From looking at his history, his past times include trolling articles and promoting the website "MyRide.com". Sevengoods 19:14, 15 October 2007 (UTC)

Deletion of Mk5 Golf City topic
I was under the impression that the new 2008 models of City Golf and City Jetta were based on the Mk5 model, but after seeing this review, I noticed that these were Mk4-Mk5 ugly hybrids. See for yourself. We need more information IMO... Laurent 20:03, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Diesel engine info for mk4 Golf?
I notice there are no diesel engines listed for the mk4 Golf. I don't have the full details of available engines but I am aware that the following were available:

1.9 SDi in the following states of tune: 64bhp, 68bhp

1.9 non-Pump Duse TDI: 90bhp, 110bhp, 115bhp

1.9 Pump Duse TDI: 110bhp, 130bhp, 150bhp (the latter equipped with Front Mounted Intercooler)

Does anyone have any more? And does anyone better informed than me want to update the side-box?

Again: split
As has been suggested before (to great acclaim, as it seems), this article should be split into separate entries for Golf 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.

In its present state, it is far too long and somewhat unmanageable, I think; also, shorter sections on the different generations might help make the separate sections more world-oriented and allow further additions without cluttering the article even more.

I´d propose to leave a short survey entry on all Golfs containing links to the different generations (like on de:wp). If only I knew how to technically do it.

--328cia (talk) 22:08, 10 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Hi, yes this is good idea to split the page to generations pages, I suggest you just cut/copy and paste the relevant generation text to new page and leave short summary to the old page and top of that generation see for example
 * BMW 3 Series page.  --—  Typ932 T  08:48, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Hi again, and thanks. A friendly fellow gave me some advice on how to do it on my talk page, so sooner or later I´ll go ahead and do it. Probably sooner, as this question was already discussed here and there seemed to be a consenus. Regards, --328cia (talk) 08:57, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

After the split
OK, I split the article into five separate entries. What is now needed are, I guess, a few sentences on the single generations; I´ve prepared the sections by inserting a picture in each and will possibly add a survey of generations 1 through 5 in the near future. If anyone else is willing to do this, please feel free to go ahead. --328cia (talk) 11:36, 11 March 2008 (UTC)
 * I like what you've done here.  Thanks for 'grasping the nettle'.   Regards Charles01 (talk) 16:16, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your kind words, Charles; although you can hardly call it a case of "in die Nesseln greifen", as the question of splitting up the whole thing has been around for two years without opposition. --328cia (talk) 17:05, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks for splitting it up! The old article was unwieldy and cumbersome.  Chaparral2J (talk) 10:31, 4 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I've changed the redirects from "Volkswagen Golf Mk N" -> "Volkswagen Golf" to "Volkswagen Golf Mk N" -> "Volkswagen Golf MkN" Chaparral2J (talk) 05:46, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

3-door more popular than 5-door?
I´ve given a source for 3-door vs. 5-door production for 1974 to 1987 that proves that the 3-door was the more popular body style then. Nowadays however, the 5-door is by far more popular, at least here in Germany; according to my local VW dealer, with the introduction of the Golf III 5-door models began to surpass the 3-doors, saleswise; currently he estimates the percentage of 3-doors to run around 7 to 8 % of all Golf sales. In the absence of written sources, though, it will be hard to determine which body style has been more successful over the whole time span of Golf production.

www.Mobile.de (a used car sale internet platform) lists the following number of cars:

Golf 1974-1992: 2,668 3d, 973 5d

Golf 1993-2008: 11,783 3d, 37,393 5d (excluding Variants)

Golf 2007/2008 only: 2,800 3d, 20,100 5d (excl. Variants)

--328cia (talk) 12:16, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

Section headings
Is it really necessary to write ==Golf Mk1 (A1 17) (1974-present)== in the section heading (and the equivalent for the other generations)? It is a very "technical" heading; its ok if you are already familiar with the different codes, but if you are familiar you wont need to read them, and if you are not familiar it is a bit overwhelming. I would think it would be better to write ==Golf Mk1== and put the production years, manufacturer codes, etc in the paragraph below. That would also mean the section headings would more closely mirror the daughter articles which are linked to; the cars arent at Volkswagen Golf Mk1 (A1 17) (1974-present) after all. Just a thought. Songs of ts steiner (talk) 22:18, 22 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Yeah, it looks weird, especially with two things in brackets. its really a mess. You should change it. Welly bump fandango (talk) 21:39, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I've tried to improve the formatting of the headings, while keeping all the information. Letdorf (talk) 12:55, 12 June 2008 (UTC).

Compact/Small Car?
maybe for you exaggerated americans with your Dodges! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.56.42.238 (talk) 10:49, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

TwinDrive all-electric range 50km?
says that the all-electric range of the Golf TwinDrive will be 50 kilometers. Are there any other sources? GetLinkPrimitiveParams (talk) 00:05, 16 January 2009 (UTC)

Mk1???
Where is Mk1 Golf in this article?

--12345e (talk) 12:55, 4 February 2009 (UTC)
 * An anonymous user seems to have deleted it two weeks ago for some reason. I've restored it to the article now. David Arthur (talk) 14:22, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

Volkswagen Golf Plus
Shouldn't it be a separate article on a distinctly separate model? NVO (talk) 10:59, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

10.5 1/4 mile for Mk3 VR6
"The VR6-engined version accelerated from 0–60 mph (0–97 km/h) in 7.1 seconds, posting a record 10.5 1/4-mile time at 90.5 mph." I question the veracity of this information - a 10.5s quarter mile from a car doing 0-60 in 7.1 seconds is very, very unlikely. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.97.221.132 (talk) 06:38, 25 May 2010 (UTC)
 * agreed, a standard Corrado VR6 (which has the 2.9 engine) does a standing quarter in around 15.9s so there is no way that a 10.5 was set by a standard Golf VR6. SteveGTI (talk) 10:38, 19 August 2016 (UTC)

Main photo
Why is it a Mk 5 and not the current, most recent Mk 6? Will make newcomers think the current Golf is more dated than it actually is. Feudonym (talk) 22:43, 2 August 2010 (UTC)

 * WP:CARPIX, #5. The top infobox covers the entire span of Golf -- 1974-present -- and any Golf 1974-present is appropriate to illustrate it. IFCAR (talk) 23:26, 2 August 2010 (UTC)

Fuel economy
Only the Mk4 has fuel economy data? Very odd, since it's a major selling point in USA (esp. for the TDI) --198.144.209.83 (talk) 02:15, 30 August 2010 (UTC)

Needs updating, Americentric
Several sections of this article are wildly outdated, stemming from 2008 - especially the Golf IV section. Also, why do the production dates in the section titles correspond to US sales? The Golf IV was sold until 2003 in Europe (its home market), 2006 in the US, 2010 in Canada, 2008 in China, and is presumably still available in some Latin American countries. To me the title should read either 1997-2003 or 1997-current. 1997-2006 only makes sense to US readers.  ⊂| Mr.choppers |⊃  (talk) 08:12, 26 May 2011 (UTC)

MK1 RHD
I removed the sentence "All variants proved instantly popular with the only notable technical flaw being the poor braking in RHD models, due to the master cylinder for the brakes being placed on the left for LHD cars, as Volkswagen never intended the Golf to be sold abroad." Various reasons:

 * Unsourced
 * Popularity and only notable technical flaw unrelated
 * The allegation that "Volkswagen never intended the Golf to be sold abroad" is obviously nonsense. See further down that the Golf was popular in the UK ever since its introduction in 1974.BsBsBs (talk) 11:15, 25 September 2011 (UTC)

Etimology
Hi all! A recent edit of mine in the "etimology" section was reverted even though it was properly sourced to VW document and the reference was dismissed as not serious. Could somebody else please look at it, as the source advocating alternate name explanation is an editorial opinion of the MSN. Furthermore, choice of name "Caddy" for a utility version of Golf is quite indicative, not to mention that no VW model since Golf introduction in 1974 was named after a wind for quite a while (Jetta).--Tomobe03 (talk) 16:09, 2 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Oops, forgot to add the ref, but here's an alternate from the VW.--Tomobe03 (talk) 16:20, 2 November 2011 (UTC)
 * And the German language one with the exact phrasing, also from the VW.--Tomobe03 (talk) 16:29, 2 November 2011 (UTC)

 * So they used the slogan "Golf: The new national pastime" and named a variant "Caddy". That's your entire argument? I just added four more high quality sources, bringing the total to nine, which say the cars were (mostly at that time) named after winds, and that the Golf was named after the Gulf Stream. The New York Times says specifically in 1984 that VW told them the name comes from golfstrom. Popular Science, Motor Trend, Business Week, and others back this up. The standards of WP:Reliable sources have clearly been met.If you want to cite an alternative view, you need to find an independent, authoritative sources that says explicitly, "The car was named after the game of golf, not the gulf stream." Otherwise you're inserting your own original research. --Dennis Bratland (talk) 16:41, 2 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Search google books for "volkswagen golf gulf wind" and you will find dozens of reliable sources which support the explanation that the car is named after the wind --Biker Biker (talk) 16:44, 2 November 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree there's no room for WP:OR, but I suppose Volkswagen AG corporate site is an independent and authoritative source that warrants amending the claim to something to the effect of: "At its introduction, the car was marketed as the new national pastime hinting at the sport of golf". I'm aware there's google books, I'm just pointing at what the manufacturer says.--Tomobe03 (talk) 16:49, 2 November 2011 (UTC)

 * And what you are doing is interpreting the source by trying to find meaning in something that is not explicitly stated. A single tag line from an advertising campaign reproduced on VW's website is not an independent and authoritative source. --Biker Biker (talk) 16:56, 2 November 2011 (UTC)

 * While the car was obviously named after the Gulf Stream, Volkswagen did sometimes playfully refer to the game of Golf (with the Mk1 GTi gearknob, for instance). There is nothing more to it.  ⊂| Mr.choppers |⊃   (talk) 16:59, 2 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Probably a source can be found that supports the idea that they were using a games theme for their alternative names, like Caddy and Polo, that they used in the US. And the golf ball knob. Business Week touches on it. But the slogan alone is not nearly enough. Keep searching and a decent source for it will probably turn up. If not, then leave it out and allow readers to speculate on their own. --Dennis Bratland (talk) 17:01, 2 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Polo, Derby and Cadddy were there in Europe too. I'll try to find a source for that, there are bound to be some, folks at the VW museum were quite adamant about the sports reference...--Tomobe03 (talk) 17:08, 2 November 2011 (UTC)

Dimensions
Most WP automobile articles include dimensions, but this article is noticeably deficient on numbers. Does anyone have access to dimensions, esp length and width? Santamoly (talk) 05:35, 12 November 2011 (UTC)

Does the article need more info on the MK?
Yeah, i was wondering if a more expansive section, with a picture, was needed for the MK7. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.210.131.50 (talk) 13:23, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Not yet - see WP:CRYSTAL: Wikipedia is not a collection of product announcements and rumors. If and when definitive official information is released by VW, then we can start adding more reliably-sourced details. Regards, Letdorf (talk) 21:31, 9 July 2012 (UTC).

model year vs production year
This article seems to use headings based on production years as opposed to model years which is inconsistent with other car pages on wikipedia. What are everyone's thoughts on changing this? 108.172.114.141 (talk) 20:02, 18 December 2012 (UTC)

 * I agree, the Mark 5 and Mark 6 sections are particularly bad. In addition the Mark 6 section includes a large amount of extraneous mark 5 information, further adding to confusion about the model years of design changes. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:603:A80:5424:76D4:35FF:FE09:A421 (talk) 20:31, 13 September 2018 (UTC)

e-Golf
The (current) production version of the e-Golf is basically a Mk7 with an electric motor instead of the internal combustion engine and a battery fitted where the gas tank and exhaust system would go. Same body, (mostly) same standard and optional equipment, etc. Perhaps that section should be moved to the Volkswagen Golf Mk7 article until the e-Golf becomes sufficiently notable to rate its own? DES (talk) 22:46, 25 March 2014 (UTC)

rated at 384 kW (515 bhp)
The 4th generation Golf is described as being "rated at 384 kW (515 bhp)"! Seems like a bit over the top for an econobox, wouldn't you think? Are there any Golf experts who can confirm this prodigious output? Santamoly (talk) 08:33, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Upcoming eighth generation not going to enter the North American nor Mexican markets
As I heard from Motorpasion Mexico, the upcoming eighth generation will not enter the North American (USA and Canada) nor Mexican markets, only in Europe, but R-Line and GTI versions for North America and Mexico will. Also, the factory where the Golf is produced in Mexico will be occupied by the also-upcoming Tarek. Reference here. 201.145.7.116 (talk) 22:03, 29 August 2019 (UTC)

Do we really need a section on Volkswagen emissions scandal
The Volkswagen emissions scandal was not just the Golf but it affected the Jetta the Passat the Touareg and many other models why is the a whole section when other articles do not mention it or only briefly mention it besides the separate article on the scandal — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.222.180.90 (talk) 15:13, 4 September 2020 (UTC)

The Mk6 aping the Mk3 styling?
It seems strange that no one has noted how the Mk6 has similar creases in the C-columns and sides, very similar to the setup on the Mk3. The headlights also seem to be like a modern rendition of a Mk3 sketch. Was the Mk6 supposed to be styled as an Mk3 tribute? By comparison, the Mk 1, 2, 4, 5 and 7 are more slab-sided. 78.90.63.158 (talk) 08:58, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

Removal of "distinguish" hatnote
I've restored the "distinguish" hatnote for the Volkswagen Gol which was removed without explanation here by.

There's no obvious reason for this; it's a very similarly named car, pretty much what the template was intended for.

Perhaps they'd like to explain their reasoning? Thanks. Ubcule (talk) 00:24, 29 May 2021 (UTC)

 * I second your restoration - these hatnotes are often applied indiscriminately and for no reason, but this is the perfect case of when to use it.  Mr.choppers |   ✎  00:58, 29 May 2021 (UTC)
 * It was an accident on my part. Someone else put an auto-redirect onto the page for the Golf to automatically redirect you to the Gol, despite there being a page for it. I must've fat-fingered it. My bad! V92 (talk) 02:44, 1 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Ah, no problem then. Best,  Mr.choppers |   ✎  02:59, 1 June 2021 (UTC)

Cut the Golf GTI
The Golf GTI it's a icon of the automotive, it is the first hot hatchback car and was produced from 50 years. I propose, like BMW M3, Civic Type R or Renault Mégane RS to division and separate the article to create new all in one for the GTI. 5.91.55.48 (talk) 17:53, 5 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Volkswagen Golf


text:
Town meeting

Town meeting, also known as an "open town meeting," is a form of local government in which eligible town residents can directly participate in an assembly which determines the governance of their town. Unlike representative town meeting where only elected representatives can participate in the governing assembly, any town voter may participate in an open town meeting. This form is distinct from town hall meetings held by elected officials to communicate with their constituents, which have no decision-making power.

At a town meeting, attendees determine the ordinances or rules of the town, its boards and commissions, elected and appointed positions, capital investments, expenditures, budgets, and local taxation, as well as the manner and frequency of future town meetings. Because towns self-govern and maintain their autonomy, town meetings vary from state to state, as well as from town to town.

Since town residents directly participate in their own governance and represent themselves without any intermediary, town meeting is an example of direct democracy, and examined as a case study in democratic theory.

The town meeting form is used in portions of the United States, principally in New England, where it has been the primary form of town government since the 17th century.

History
Town meetings have been practiced in the U.S. region of New England since colonial times and in some western states since at least the late 19th century. Town meeting can also refer to meetings of other governmental bodies such as regional water or school districts. While the uses and laws vary by town and state, the general form is for residents of the town to periodically gather and serve as the legislative body, voting on finances, ordinances, and other matters of governance.

Records of early New England governance are sparse, leading to debate about the origin of town meeting. One interpretation is that it was adapted from local vestry meetings held in 17th century England that were responsible for financial decisions of the parish church. Another is that it stemmed from New England colonists aboard the Mayflower who, upon landing in Plymouth, Massachusetts, gathered to adopt their own rules of governance, the Mayflower Compact. In colonial New England there was very little separation between church and town governance, but town meeting continued to play a secular role after the disestablishment of the state churches, forming the core of government for most New England towns today.

Democratic theory
Since the turn of the nineteenth century, political scientists have characterized New England's town meetings as notable examples of direct democracy. In 1831, political philosopher Alexis de Tocqueville visited several townships in Massachusetts, remarking in the first volume of Democracy in America (1835) that town governments in New England appeared to show greater political independence than French communes or other municipal bodies in Europe. Tocqueville believed that town meetings, with direct power given to attending residents, trained citizens for participation in broader democratic society. Town meetings also influenced American republican thought particularly for Thomas Jefferson, who believed they were "the perfect exercise of self-government and for its preservation."

Town meetings represent some of the only modern institutions, apart from some townships in Minnesota and the cantons of Switzerland, in which everyday citizens can regularly participate in "face-to-face" assemblies that deliberate binding collective action decisions in the form of laws. Proponents of communitarianism and civic republicanism in political thought, notably Frank M. Bryan of the University of Vermont, have advocated town meetings as forms of direct democracy based upon unitary values.

Deliberative democrats, such as James Fishkin, have presented the town meeting as a setting of "empowered participation" in which thoughtful deliberation between all participating individuals can coexist with a sense of engaged citizenship and responsibility for solving local problems. Both camps, however, note the difficulties of maintaining the benefits of town meetings when the format is scaled to larger groups.

Other political scientists have expressed more skepticism toward town meetings on the basis of their poor attendance and lack of representativeness. Jane Mansbridge and Donald L. Robinson have argued that town meetings in Vermont and Massachusetts feature extremely low turnout in part because they last for a full working day, leading to disproportionate representation of seniors and non-working residents in the meetings. As participation is still voluntary for attendees of the meeting, Mansbridge also notes differences in participation on the basis of education and class when conflicts arise, writing that "the face-to-face assembly lets those who have no trouble speaking defend their interests; it does not give the average citizen comparable protection." Feminist critics have also identified mixed results in town meetings. While women's rates of attendance at town meetings was nearly equal relative to men's, their participation in discussion relative to men declined as the size of the town increased.

Connecticut
Connecticut town meetings are usually bound to a published agenda; meeting participants can not alter proposed items or add new business. Each town determines the method, frequency, and range of governance for its town meeting and codifies these in its ordinances or town charter.

A moderator is chosen at the start of each meeting, which is typically held in a public venue, either in the town itself or nearby. Votes are taken by voice, and if close by show of hands.

In towns with an open town meeting form, all registered voters of the town are eligible to participate in and vote at town meetings. Representative town meeting is used by some larger towns, where voters elect representatives to participate in town meetings, similar to a town council. Some towns use a financial town meeting form where an open town meeting exists with limited jurisdiction to vote solely on financial affairs while the town's legislative powers have been vested in a town council.

Town meetings may have binding votes for some items in which the meeting participants vote to approve or deny the measure. Some towns require a referendum for items such as annual budgets and changes to the town's ordinances. For those items, the town meeting votes to whether or not to send the issue to a referendum, which is held at a later date pursuant to the schedule laid out in that town's ordinances.

Maine
In Maine, the town meeting system originated during the period when the District of Maine was part of Massachusetts. Most cities and towns operate under the town meeting form of government or a modified version of it. Maine annual town meetings traditionally are held in March. Special town meetings also may be called from time to time.

The executive agency of town government is an elected, part-time board, known as the Board of Selectmen, having three, five, or seven members. Between sessions, the board of selectmen interprets the policy set at Town Meeting and is assigned numerous duties including: approving all town non-school expenditures, authorizing highway construction and repair, serving as town purchasing agent for non-school items, issuing licenses, and overseeing the conduct of all town activities. Often the part-time selectmen also serve as town assessors, overseers of the poor, and road commissioners. Generally, there are other elected town officers whose duties are specified by law. These may include clerks, assessors, tax collectors, treasurers, school committee members, constables, and others.

In 1927 the town of Camden adopted a special charter and became the first Maine town to apply the manager concept to the town meeting-selectmen framework. Under this system, the manager is administrative head of town government, responsible to the select board for the administration of all departments under its control. The manager's duties include acting as purchasing agent, seeing that laws and ordinances are enforced, making appointments and removals, and fixing the compensation of appointees. (See also: Council-manager government.)

From 1927 to 1939, eleven other Maine towns adopted special act charters similar to the Camden charter. Today, 135 Maine towns have the town meeting-selectmen-manager system, while 209 use the town meeting-selectmen system.

History
The town meeting "was the original and protean vessel of local authority." The early meetings were informal, with all men in town likely participating. Even when it did not fully exercise it, "the power of the town meeting knew no limit." Town meeting

created principles to regulate taxation and land distribution; it bought land for town use and forbade the use of it forever to those who could not pay their share within a month; it decided the number of pines each family could cut from the swamp and which families could cover their house with clapboard. The men who went to that town meeting hammered out the abstract principles under which they would live and regulated the most minute details of their lives. The decisions they made then affected the lives of their children and grandchildren.

Town meeting often had a reputation for being "active, suspicious, contradictory, and cantankerous," but it was well regarded by others.

In 1692, the Great and General Court declared that final authority on bylaws rested with town meetings and not selectmen. Two years later, in 1694, the General Court took authority to appoint assessors from selectmen and gave it to town meetings. An act of the colonial legislature gave town meeting the right to elect its own moderators in 1715, but this had already been in practice for several years in towns such as Dedham.

A colony law required all voters to be church members until 1647, though it may not have been enforced. The law changed in 1647, requiring voters to be above 24 years of age. The colony added a new requirement that a man must own taxable property with a value of at least 20 pounds in 1658 and increased that sum to 80 pounds in 1670. The 1670 law had a grandfather clause allowing all those who previously were qualified to keep the franchise. In 1691, the property requirement was lowered back to 20 pounds.

In provincial elections, only church members could vote. The number continued to fall from there. While in many respects Massachusetts society resembled England, the franchise was more widespread in the colony than it was in the mother country, as were the powers of local elected officials.

Forms
Open town meeting is the form of town meeting in which all registered voters of a town are eligible to vote, together acting as the town's legislature. Town Meeting is typically held annually in the spring, often over the course of several evenings, but there is also provision to call additional special meetings. Open town meeting is direct democracy, while its alternatives, representative town meeting and town council, are representative democracy.

It is a form of government typical of smaller municipalities in the New England region of the United States. In Massachusetts, towns with fewer than 6,000 residents must adopt the open town meeting form of government. Massachusetts towns with 6,000 or more residents may adopt either open town meeting or the representative town meeting form of government.

The select board summons the town meeting into existence by issuing the warrant, which is the list of items—known as articles—to be voted on, with descriptions of each article.

The Moderator presides over the meeting, making sure that the town's chosen rules of parliamentary procedure are followed, judging the results of voice votes or shows of hands and counting votes that are too close to be judged by eye or ear. The Finance Committee, often called the Advisory Committee, makes recommendations on articles dealing with money and often drafts the proposed budget. The Town Clerk serves as the clerk of the meeting by recording its results. Town Counsel may make legal recommendations on any articles of the warrant, to ensure town meeting is acting lawfully.

Massachusetts towns having at least 6,000 residents may adopt a representative town meeting system through the normal charter change process in the State Legislature. Representative Town Meetings function largely the same as an Open Town Meeting except that not all registered voters can vote. The townspeople instead elect Town Meeting Members by precinct to represent them and to vote on the issues for them. Before it became a city in 2018, Framingham, which at the time was the largest town in the Commonwealth by population, had 216 representatives in Town Meeting, twelve from each precinct.

Scheduling
An annual town meeting is held in the spring and may also be known as the annual budget meeting. Towns were once required to hold their annual town meetings between February 1 and May 31, but Chapter 85 of the Acts of 2008 extended this window of time to June 30. (Town fiscal years start on July 1.) At this meeting, the town budgets for the new fiscal year and takes care of any outstanding housekeeping items from the current fiscal year. It may also vote on non-budgetary warrant articles, including the town's general and zoning bylaws.

An article may be placed on the warrant by the Selectmen, sometimes at the request of town departments, or by a petition signed by at least ten registered voters of the town.

Special town meetings' may be held whenever necessary, usually to deal with financial or other pertinent issues that develop between annual town meetings. They function the same as an annual town meeting, only the number of signatures required on a petition rises to 100. While the Selectmen generally call such a meeting, voters may call one through petition, and the number of signatures required on a petition to call a special town meeting is 200 or 20% of the registered voters, whichever number is lower. The selectmen have 45 days from the date of receiving such a petition to hold a special town meeting.

New Hampshire
In New Hampshire, towns, village districts (which can deal with various government activities but usually concern public water supplies) and school districts have the option of choosing one of two types of annual meeting: Traditional meetings, and ballot-vote meetings that are known informally as "SB 2" or "Senate Bill 2". A variation of SB 2 and representative town meeting are also allowed under state law but as of 2015 are not in use by any community.

Traditional town meetings
Traditional town meeting is held annually on the second Tuesday of March to choose town officers, approve a town budget, and approve large contracts. Town selectmen can call special town meetings throughout the year as needed, although these must be approved by a judge if they affect the budget. State law prohibits town meetings from being held on the biennial election day in November.

State law lets the town moderator adjourn a long-running meeting and reconvene it at a later date to finish the town's business.

Any town meeting or adjournment thereof must have its time and place published with three days' notice, along with the warrant specifying each issue to be decided. Town meeting can amend the warrant articles before voting on them, and can conduct non-binding discussions of other issues, but cannot make other binding votes without this notice to town voters.

Attendance wanes over the course of a town meeting, and a traditional tactic was to re-vote after many on the opposite side had gone home. In 1991, the state enacted RSA 40:10, giving town meeting members the right to bar reconsideration of a specified vote (or any "action...which involves the same subject matter"). If a town meeting does not bar reconsideration and later does vote to reconsider a decision, the issue can be taken up only at an adjourned session at least one week later.

Official ballot referenda (SB 2)
Official ballot referenda, or the SB 2 format, provides that town voters make binding decisions not at town meeting but by secret ballot in the municipal election. To adopt SB 2, or to revert to traditional town meetings, a question to that effect on the municipal ballot must win a three-fifths majority. This format was instituted by the state legislature in 1995 because of concerns that modern lifestyles had made it difficult for people to attend traditional town meetings. In 2019, however, the law was changed so that the three-fifths majority would have to occur at town meeting itself: The town meeting would have to vote to remove its own final decisions to the municipal ballot.

Under SB 2, a first session, called a "Deliberative Session", is held about a month prior to the town election. This session is similar in many ways to the traditional town meeting. However, unlike the town meeting, while the wording and dollar amounts of proposed ballot measures may be amended, no actual voting on the merits of the proposals takes place.

Deliberative sessions are less well attended, in bodies that have adopted SB 2, than are plenary town meetings in bodies that have not adopted SB 2, as their decisions are not final. However, the final vote by secret ballot attracts more voters than town meetings do because of the shorter time requirement, and absentees can vote.

Deliberative sessions have been charged with "sabotaging" the intent of a ballot question; for example, changing a warrant article, "To see if the Town will raise and appropriate (amount) for (purpose)" to merely read, "To see." A 2011 law barred deliberative sessions from deleting the subject matter of a warrant article. In 2016, petitioners in Exeter submitted an article to place on the ballot an advisory "vote of no confidence" in a school official, and the deliberative session removed the word "no".

The second session, held on a set election day, is when issues such as the town's budget and other measures, known as warrant articles, are voted upon. When adopting SB 2, towns or school districts may hold elections on the second Tuesday in March, the second Tuesday in April, or the second Tuesday in May. The election dates may be changed by majority vote. If a vote is taken to approve the change of the local elections, the date becomes effective the following year.

In 2002, according to the University of New Hampshire Center for Public Policy studies, 171 towns in New Hampshire had traditional town meeting, while 48 had SB 2. Another 15 municipalities, most of them incorporated cities, had no annual meeting. The study found that 102 school districts had traditional town meeting, 64 had SB 2 meeting and 10 had no annual meeting.

Because traditional-meeting communities tend to be smaller, only one third of the state's population was governed by traditional town meetings in 2002 and only 22 percent by traditional school-district meetings.

Official ballot town council
The Official Ballot Town Council is a variant form of the Town Council, in which certain items are to be placed on the ballot to be voted on by the registered voters. This process mimics the SB 2 process, except that the Town Council makes the determination of what items will go on the ballot.

Budgetary town meeting
The Budgetary Town Meeting is a variation of the Open Meeting, but only the annual town operating budget as presented by the governing body can be voted on by the registered voters. When a town charter provides for a Budgetary Town Meeting it also must establish the procedures for the transfer of funds among various departments, funds, accounts and agencies as may be necessary during the year.

Representative town meeting
State law (RSA 49-D:3 (paragraph III)) gives the alternative of a representative town meeting, similar to that of a town council, in which voters elect a small number of residents to act as the legislative body in their stead. Representative town meeting follows the same procedure as traditional town meetings, except they cannot decide matters that state law requires to be placed on the official town ballot. Representative town meeting is selected by a town charter, which may require additional matters to go onto the town ballot.

As of 2006, this form of government is not used in any town or school district in New Hampshire.

Moderator
Moderators are elected to two-year terms on even years in towns and are elected in city wards at every other city election. The moderator presides over town meetings, regulates their business, prescribes rules of procedure, decides questions of order, and declares the outcome of each vote. Town meeting voters can override the moderator's procedural rulings.

The moderator also has the authority to postpone and reschedule the town meeting (or deliberative session, if SB 2 is in effect) to another reasonable date, place, and time certain in the case of a weather emergency in which the moderator reasonably believes the roads to be hazardous or unsafe.

The 2017 municipal election was preceded by a large snowstorm, and the Secretary of State clarified that this statutory authority does not extend to postponing elections, but moderators in several towns did so anyway. In 2019, the NH General Court passed, and the Governor signed, SB 104, which created a procedure to postpone elections. It empowers the Town moderator, based on National Weather Service reports and after consultations with other officials and the Secretary of State, to postpone elections. As stated in at the beginning of the bill, it "provides for the postponement of town, city, village, and school district elections in the event of a winter storm warning, blizzard warning, or ice storm warning. The bill also allows any person to vote absentee in the event of such a warning if he or she has concerns for his or her safety."

New York
Town meetings were the rule in New York from the colonial period into the 20th century. They were typically held between February 1 and May 1 of each year primarily for the election of town officials but were also empowered to set "rules for fences and for impounding animals," supporting the poor, raising taxes, and to "determine any other question lawfully submitted to them". In the late 1890s the state legislature shifted the meetings – by this time no more than town elections – to biennial to conform to the pattern of federal, state, and municipal elections in the state's cities. It also permitted, and later directed, town meetings to be held in November. That process was not complete until the 1920s. Laws adopted in 1932 for the first time refer to "Biennial town elections", stating that these were "a substitute for a town meeting...and a reference in any law to a town meeting or special town meeting shall be construed as reference to a town election". The state's school districts (independent units with taxing powers) voted on budgets and capital levies and elected school board members in town-meeting style until the late 1950s.

Rhode Island
Due to a change in the state's constitution, Rhode Island municipalities have a greater degree of home rule compared to the other New England states. Like Connecticut, a few towns utilize a so-called Financial Town Meeting in which an Open Town Meeting exists with limited jurisdiction to vote only on financial affairs and the town's legislative powers have been vested in a Town Council. The direct democracy tradition is now uncommon in Rhode Island. Ten towns have town meeting governments: Barrington, Exeter, Foster, Glocester, Hopkinton, Little Compton, Richmond, Scituate, Tiverton, and West Greenwich.

Vermont

Vermont towns are normally required to hold an annual town meeting on the first Tuesday in March at a place designated by the select board. The date of the annual Town meeting may be changed by a vote of the citizens at a Town meeting duly warned for that purpose. The purpose of town meeting is to elect municipal officers, approve annual budgets and conduct any other business. All cities and some towns in Vermont operate under charters instead of general legislation (see special legislation). The cities and chartered towns, except for South Burlington, are required by the terms of their charters to hold an annual town meeting, on Town Meeting Day. Many towns vote on matters of substance (e.g., budgets, elected officials, etc.) by secret ballot (also known as Australian ballot). However, there is no state law that requires towns to vote by Australian ballot; several towns still conduct all business "from the floor".

Cities and towns are governed by either a city council or a select board. They are fully empowered to act on most issues and are generally referred to as the municipality's legislative body. But all town budgets (and those of other independent taxing authorities) must be approved by plebiscite; explaining the local government's budget request to the voters is the principal business of Town Meeting. Voters at Town Meeting may also vote on non-binding resolutions, and may place items on the ballot for the following year's meeting.

There is no general requirement for chartered municipalities to observe town meeting or to put their budgets to plebiscite. When the Town of South Burlington was re-chartered as the City of South Burlington in 1971, the new charter provided for city elections in April and required only budget increases of 10% or more per annum to be placed before voters. No other municipality has been granted such a charter by the legislature, and there is strong sentiment against making future exceptions.

According to the Vermont Secretary of State's Citizen's Guide to Town Meeting, Vermont gives state employees the day off on town meeting day. Vermont "law also gives a private employee the right to take unpaid leave from work to attend his or her annual town meeting, subject to the essential operation of the business or government. Employees must provide at least seven days notice to their employer to take advantage of this right to attend town meeting. Students who are over 18 also have the right to attend town meeting" and not be declared truant.

Moderator
Moderators are elected to one-year terms. The moderator's duties include reviewing the warrant (published agenda) for town meeting, presiding over town meeting, deciding questions of order, making public declarations of each vote passed, and prescribing rules of the proceeding.

Other states
Towns in several western states and counties also practice town meeting, though generally with more limited powers. Michigan was the first western state to adopt the town meeting system, but it was initially very restricted in its function.

Minnesota has had town meetings as the policy-setting bodies of townships. They were required once the voting population of a township reached 25 persons. Townships still hold town meetings.

Spain
Some small municipalities of Spain operate under a town meeting system called a Concejo abierto ("open council") that dates from the middle ages. The Spanish constitution allows municipalities with fewer than 100 people, as well as municipalities that have traditionally used the system, to operate under an open council.

Basque Country
The best-known example of the Spanish town meeting system of government was found in the Middle Ages in the Basque Country of northern Spain. Known as the anteiglesia (literally "in front of the church" from the Latin ante - and not anti) all the residents of a town would meet outside the door of the largest church and vote on local matters. They would also elect a sindico to represent them in the regional assembly. The village or town was divided into cofradías, which dealt with day-to-day administration in each of the town's parishes.

The system was revived in the municipality of Iurreta, Biscay in 1990.

Switzerland
Town meetings are the usual legislative body of the smaller municipalities of Switzerland, that is of approximately 90% of all Swiss municipalities. The meetings are usually held twice a year. At the cantonal level, some regions also hold Landsgemeinde, annual meetings for deciding on legislative referendums. In the 17th century this was common across the region, but in the 21st century the meetings continue to exist only in the cantons of Appenzell Innerrhoden and Glarus.

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title: Town meeting


text:
Mango (disambiguation)

A mango is an edible stone fruit produced by the tropical tree Mangifera indica.

Mango may also refer to:

Plants and birds

 * Mango (cannabis), a cultivar of Cannabis sativa
 * Mango (hummingbird), a genus of hummingbird
 * Mango melon, a variety of melon

Places

 * Mango Creek, a village in Belize
 * Mango, Jamshedpur, a suburb of Jamshedpur, India
 * Mango, Piedmont, a commune in Italy
 * Mango, Togo, a city in Togo
 * Mango (Tonga), an island in Tonga
 * Mango, Florida, an unincorporated community in the U.S.

Languages

 * Mango language (Chad)
 * Mango language (China)

People

 * Andrew Mango (1926–2014), British author on contemporary Turkey
 * Cyril Mango (1928–2021), British Byzantinist
 * Mango (singer) (1954–2014), Italian singer
 * Mang0 (born 1991), American electronic sports player
 * Marlia Mango, Byzantine archaeologist and historian
 * Susan Mango, American biologist

Technology, brands and companies

 * Mango (airline), a South African airline
 * Mango (smart card), an English public transport smart card
 * Mango (retailer), a Spanish clothing company
 * Mango (software), a viewer for medical volumetric images
 * Mango Languages, an online language-learning company
 * Mango, a satellite that is part of the Prisma satellite project
 * Mango, a European brand of velomobile
 * Mango, the code name of a software update for Windows Phone; see Windows Phone version history
 * Letin Mengo, also known as Letin Mango, an electric car

Film and TV

 * "The Mango", an episode of the American TV series Seinfeld
 * "The Mango", an episode of Yoko! Jakamoko! Toto!
 * Mangoes (TV series), Canadian drama serial about South Asian Youth
 * Tears of Steel (code named "Project Mango"), a 2012 open content short film by the Blender Foundation
 * Mango (Saturday Night Live), character on the American TV series Saturday Night Live

Music

 * Mango (group), Lithuanian pop group
 * Mango (singer) (1954–2014), Italian singer
 * Mango Records, American record label
 * Grupo Mango, Venezuelan salsa group
 * Radio Mango 91.9, a radio station in India
 * "Mangos" (song), a 1956 song written by Dee Libbey and Sid Wayne
 * "Mango" (Peach Tree Rascals song), a 2019 song by Peach Tree Rascals
 * Mango, a 2020 song by Dev

Other uses

 * Mango (color), a yellow-orange color
 * Mango (horse), a racehorse
 * Mango (poem), a 1936 poem by Vyloppilli Sreedhara Menon

title: Mango (disambiguation)


text:
Thomas Hawksley

Thomas Hawksley (July 12, 1807 – September 23, 1893) was an English civil engineer of the 19th century, particularly associated with early water supply and coal gas engineering projects. Hawksley was, with John Frederick Bateman, the leading British water engineer of the nineteenth century and was personally responsible for upwards of 150 water-supply schemes, in the British Isles and overseas.

Biography
The son of John Hawksley and Sarah Thompson and born in Arnot Hill House, Arnold, near Nottingham on July 12, 1807, Hawksley was largely self-taught from the age of 15 onwards—despite his education at Nottingham High School —having at that point become articled to a local firm of architects under the supervision of Edward Staveley that also undertook a variety of water-related engineering projects.

Locally, he remains particularly associated with schemes in his home county. He was engineer to the Nottingham Gas Light and Coke Company and Nottingham Waterworks Company for more than half a century, having, early in his career, completed the Trent Bridge waterworks (1831). This scheme delivered Britain's first high pressure 'constant supply', preventing contamination entering the supply of clean water mains.

Hawksley first rose to national prominence at the time of the health of towns inquiry in 1844. His advocacy of a constant supply of water to consumers brought him immediate acclaim. Edwin Chadwick adopted Hawksley as an ally for a time, but Hawksley adopted a more pragmatic approach and was prepared to act for others' undertakings. This approach led him to be appointed to many major water supply projects across England, including schemes for Liverpool, Sheffield, Leicester, Lincoln, Leeds, Derby, Darlington, Oxford, Cambridge, Sunderland, Wakefield and Northampton. He also undertook drainage projects, including schemes for Birmingham, Worcester and Windsor.

In 1852, Hawksley set up his own engineering practice in Westminster, London. He was the first president of the Institution of Gas Engineers and Managers (serving for three years from 1863), a Fellow of the Royal Society, and was elected President of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1871 (a post his son Charles later occupied in 1901). Between 1869 and 1879, Hawksley acted as consultant to the construction of Lindley Wood, Swinsty and Fewston reservoirs for the Leeds Waterworks Company. At Tunstall Reservoir in 1876, and at Cowm Reservoir in 1877–78, he is credited with the first two uses of pressure grouting to control water leakage under an embankment dam. Glossop comments, "This procedure of rock grouting, which is now standard practice in dam construction, was an invention of the greatest importance to engineering practice, but its adoption by civil engineers was slow."

Hawksley died in Kensington, London in 1893 and is buried in his family plot at Brookwood Cemetery, Surrey. In December 2007 a granite memorial was placed over his previously unmarked grave.

Thomas Hawksley was the first of four generations of eminent water engineers, having been followed into the profession by his son, Charles Hawksley, grandson Kenneth Phipson Hawksley, and great grandson, Thomas Edwin Hawksley (died 1972). The Institution of Mechanical Engineers still holds an annual lecture in his memory.

A memorial to him was placed in a stone wall at Rivington in 2023, the memorial reads 'In memory of Thomas Hawksley FRS, Civil Engineer and Architect, of the Rivington Reservoir System build 1850 to 1857' the memorial features masonic symbols.

title: Thomas Hawksley


text:
User:Boraczek

I'm a Pole and I live in Poland.

Languages I can speak:
 * Mówię po polsku.
 * I can speak English.
 * Parlo italiano.
 * Govorim slovensko.

Languages I can read in:
 * Je lis en français.
 * Leo español.
 * Llegeixo en català.
 * Io pote leger Interlingua.
 * Čitam hrvatski.
 * Čitam po slovensky.

pl:Wikipedysta:Boraczek it:Utente:Boraczek sl:Uporabnik:Boraczek

title: User:Boraczek


text:
Mila Mulroney

Milica "Mila" Mulroney (Serbian Cyrillic: Милица "Мила" Пивнички; née Pivnički; born July 13, 1953) is the widow of the 18th Prime Minister of Canada, Brian Mulroney. She was notable for taking on a greater role during her husband's tenure than previous spouses of Canadian prime ministers, for her work for children's charities, and for criticism of her lavish spending habits.

Early life
Mulroney was born Milica Pivnički to Serbian Orthodox parents and Bogdanka (née Ilić) in Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Yugoslavia. Her first years were spent in the city of Sarajevo where her father practised medicine. In 1956, Dr. Pivnički took a research fellowship position at the Royal Victoria Hospital's Allan Memorial Institute of Psychiatry in Montreal. While his pregnant wife Bogdanka waited to join him, she moved with young Milica back to their hometown of Novi Bečej, Serbia. Finally, two years later, in 1958, she and their two children (five-year-old Milica and one-year-old Jovan) emigrated to Canada and joined Dimitrije in Montreal. Mila, the elder child, studied engineering at Concordia University, but did not graduate.

At age 19, she married Brian Mulroney, then a 34-year-old lawyer, on May 26, 1973. Both were involved with the Progressive Conservatives (PC) in Westmount. They have one daughter, Caroline, and three sons, Ben, Mark, and Nicolas. Their youngest child, Nicolas, was born while the family was living in 24 Sussex Drive.

During Brian Mulroney tenure
Mila was a radical change from the wives of recent prime ministers—the feminist Maureen McTeer and Margaret Trudeau. Being a housewife, she greatly appealed to that demographic, especially in her responses to criticism from prominent feminists (including, in 1987, remarks from Sheila Copps). Many PC campaign buttons featured both Mulroney's face and hers, and Ontario Premier Bill Davis commented to Brian, "Mila will get you more votes for you than you will for yourself."

She assumed a greater role than many Prime Ministers' wives while Mulroney was in office by campaigning for several children's charities. Her role, which some claimed was trying to become a "First Lady", was criticized (especially when she hired a personal office and staff and for her redecoration of the Prime Minister's residence). Her shopping became tabloid fodder, with some in the press dubbing her "Imelda" for her love of shoes (she had over 100 pairs). In her book On the Take, Stevie Cameron accused Mila of trying to sell her old furniture to the government for much more than its value.

After Brian Mulroney tenure
Mila Mulroney is former celebrity patron of the Canadian Cystic Fibrosis Foundation and was a director of Astral. In 2019, she was knighted in Serbia by Ivica Dačić (Knight of the St. Sava Order of Diplomatic Pacifism).

title: Mila Mulroney