text:
Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D.

Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D. is a 1966 British science fiction film directed by Gordon Flemyng and written by Milton Subotsky, and the second of two films based on the British science-fiction television series Doctor Who. It stars Peter Cushing in a return to the role of the eccentric inventor and time traveller Dr. Who, Roberta Tovey as Susan, Jill Curzon as Louise and Bernard Cribbins as Tom Campbell. It is the sequel to Dr. Who and the Daleks (1965).

The story is based on the Doctor Who television serial The Dalek Invasion of Earth (1964), produced by the BBC. The film was not intended to form part of the ongoing storylines of the television series. Elements from the programme are used, however, such as various characters, the Daleks and a police box time machine, albeit in re-imagined forms.

Plot
Special Constable Tom Campbell encounters a jewellery shop burglary. Running to what appears to be a police box to summon backup, he enters Tardis, a time and space machine operated by its inventor Dr. Who, his niece Louise and granddaughter Susan, as it departs for the future. Arriving in London, 2150 A.D., they find that Daleks have invaded the Earth. Some survivors have become resistance fighters, while captives are either turned into brainwashed 'Robomen' servants, or forced to labour at a mine in Bedfordshire.

Dr. Who and Tom are captured and imprisoned on a Dalek spaceship. Meanwhile a rebel, Wyler, takes Louise and Susan to a London Underground station resistance base, where they meet fighters including David, and Dortmun who plans to bomb the Dalek spaceship using rebels disguised as Robomen.

On the spaceship, Dr. Who and Tom avoid being robotised when the rebels, including David, Wyler and Louise, attack. Dr. Who escapes with David, while Tom and Louise become trapped on the spaceship. After the attack fails, Wyler returns to the base and informs Dortmun and Susan that Dr. Who escaped. They decide to hide in London's outskirts until the rebels can regroup. Susan writes a message about their intentions for Dr. Who, then they commandeer a van. Dortmun is killed by a Dalek patrol, and Wyler and Susan have to abandon the vehicle just before it is destroyed.

Dr. Who and David manage to return to the now deserted underground station. Failing to see Susan's message, they assume that Wyler, Dortmun and Susan have gone to Bedfordshire to investigate the mining operation and decide to follow them.

Hiding on the Dalek spaceship, now bound for the mine, Tom and Louise reunite. When the craft lands they escape from it. Finding themselves in the mining complex, they are saved from a Roboman by one of the slave-workers, who hides them in a tool shed.

Wyler and Susan shelter in a cottage, occupied by a mother and daughter. Susan convinces Wyler that Dr. Who would head for the Bedfordshire mine, and that they must follow. The daughter then leaves on an errand, but returns with Daleks who capture Wyler and Susan and take them to their mine control centre.

Near the mine Dr. Who and David are confronted by black marketeer Brockley, who agrees to smuggle them into the complex. By chance, he leads them to the tool shed where Tom and Louise are hiding. They are joined by a prisoner, Conway. He reveals that the Daleks intend to drop a bomb into their mineshaft, to destroy the Earth's core and replace it with a device enabling the planet to be piloted like a giant spacecraft. Stolen plans show an old shaft leading to a convergence between the planet's magnetic poles. Realising that an explosion at this point would release enough energy to destroy the metallic Daleks, Tom and Conway agree to try deflecting the bomb while Louise and David go to help evacuate the prisoners from the mine. Brockley leaves, refusing to get involved, but returns with a group of Daleks. As Dr. Who is led away the Daleks fire on Brockley, killing him.

Tom and Conway enter the mineshaft but are discovered by a Roboman. During the ensuing fight Conway and the Roboman fall to their deaths. Tom uses old timbers to create a deflecting ramp, then leaves. Dr. Who is taken to the mine control room and meets Wyler and Susan. He seizes the radio link to the Robomen and orders them to turn against their masters. The Robomen and Daleks fight, while everybody else flees from the mine. The Daleks quickly defeat the rebellion and release their bomb into the shaft, but the device is deflected and detonates at the pole convergence. The Daleks are pulled into the Earth's core and destroyed, while their spaceship crashes onto the mine and explodes.

As the travellers prepare to return to the present in Tardis, Tom asks to be taken back to a few minutes before the burglary occurred. Upon arrival, he knocks out the thieves and drives them away in their getaway car, heading for the police station and anticipating a promotion.

Cast

 * Peter Cushing as Dr. Who
 * Bernard Cribbins as Tom Campbell
 * Ray Brooks as David
 * Andrew Keir as Wyler
 * Roberta Tovey as Susan
 * Jill Curzon as Louise
 * Roger Avon as Wells
 * Geoffrey Cheshire as Roboman
 * Keith Marsh as Conway
 * Philip Madoc as Brockley
 * Steve Peters as Lead Roboman
 * Eddie Powell as Thompson
 * Godfrey Quigley as Dortmun
 * Peter Reynolds as Man on Bicycle
 * Bernard Spear as Man with Carrier bag
 * Sheila Steafel as Young Woman
 * Eileen Way as Old Woman
 * Kenneth Watson as Craddock
 * John Wreford as Robber
 * Robert Jewell – Lead Dalek Operator
 * David Graham and Peter Hawkins – Dalek Voices (uncredited)

A number of the film's cast have also had roles in the Doctor Who television series. Bernard Cribbins appeared as recurring character Wilfred Mott between 2007 and 2010 and in 2023, during which it is revealed that he is the grandfather of companion Donna Noble. Philip Madoc appeared four times in the series and in a number of Big Finish Productions Doctor Who audio adventures in different roles. Eileen Way appeared as Old Mother in the Doctor Who TV serial An Unearthly Child and as Karela in The Creature from the Pit. Roger Avon appeared as Saphadin in The Crusade and as Daxtar in The Daleks' Master Plan. Robert Jewell was a Dalek and creature operator, and David Graham and Peter Hawkins provided Dalek and other voices, in the series.

Production
Amicus bought an option to make three Dalek-related stories from Terry Nation and the BBC for £500. Production of the third film, to be based on the serial The Chase, was scrapped because of this film's under-performance at the box-office. Principal photography commenced at Shepperton Studios, England, on 31 January 1966, and was completed on 22 March, eleven days behind schedule. The film's budget of £286,000 was nearly sixty per cent larger than its predecessor.

Production was complicated by the illness of Cushing, which required some rewriting of the script to reduce his on-screen appearances. There were also a number of accidents on set. A Dalek prop caught fire during the filming of rebels storming the Dalek spaceship. Stuntman Eddie Powell broke his ankle during a scene in which his character is killed by the Daleks while trying to escape from them. Actor Andrew Keir hurt his wrist when punching through a van windscreen during a sequence in which his character, Wyler, and Susan escape from London.

The design and colour scheme for the majority of the Dalek props was very similar to that used for the television versions at the time, having large, black bases and predominantly silver paintwork, with grey shoulders, natural aluminium collars and slats and blue hemispheres. Three Dalek leaders are also shown, painted respectively in gold, black and red. As with the first Dalek film, the props were fitted with larger dome light than their TV counterparts, and some were equipped with a mechanical claw in place of the standard plunger. The film marks the first instance of the Daleks using rels as a time measurement, this would be used in comics and later in the revived series.

In January 1984, an article about the two Dalek films appeared in Doctor Who Monthly containing production information, photographs and interviews. Another article about the films appeared in the 1995 Spring Special edition of Doctor Who Magazine.

In 1995, a documentary about the two Dalek films, Dalekmania, was released on video. It revealed details about the productions, spin-offs, and publicity campaigns. It was later included as an extra in many of the home media video releases of the two Dalek films.

Release
The film premiered in London on 22 July 1966.

Marketing
Of the film's £286,000 budget, over £50,000 was spent on promotion.

The breakfast cereal Sugar Puffs sponsored the film and, in an example of product placement, Sugar Puffs signs and products can be seen at various points in the film. In exchange for its funding, the company was also allowed to run a competition on its cereal packets to win a Dalek film prop, and feature the Daleks in its television advertisements.

From 1965 to 1967, the TV Century 21 comic featured a one-page Dalek comic strip. From January 1966 onward artists Eric Eden and Ron Turner depicted the Daleks using elements from the film design, including mechanical claws and large bases and dome lights. During the run of the strip, the comic also often featured photographs from, and articles about, the films.

Critical response
The film was given a negative review in The Times newspaper on 21 July 1966: "The second cinematic excursion of the Daleks shows little advance on the first... The filming of all this is technically elementary... and the cast, headed by the long-suffering, much ill-used Peter Cushing, seem able, unsurprisingly, to drum up no conviction whatever in anything they are called to do. Grown-ups may enjoy it, but most children have more sense."

Alan Jones of the Radio Times gave the film three stars out of five in a retrospective review, stating "Independence Day it's not, but director Gordon Flemyng keeps the colourful action moving swiftly along to cheap and cheerful effect. Youngsters will love it, while adults will want to E-X-T-E-R-M-I-N-A-T-E Bernard Cribbins, who provides comic relief as the bumbling bobby. Yet, through all the mindless mayhem roll the ever-impressive Daleks, truly one of science fiction's greatest alien creations."

In a review of the 2013 Blu-ray release, 'Starburst' reviewer Paul Mount said the feature was "a leaner, slicker film than its predecessor, its bigger scale and lavish location filming giving the story room to breathe and allowing for some effective action sequences, such as the rebel attack on the impressive Dalek flying saucer."

Radio adaptation
The film's soundtrack was adapted and presented by Gordon Gow for radio broadcast on the BBC Light Programme on 18 November 1966 as Show 305 of the Movietime series. It was produced by Tony Luke.

Home media
Super 8 film
 * Released in the UK by Walton Sound and Film Services in 1977.

VHS
 * Released in the UK by Thorn EMI in 1982 and by Warner Home Video in 1988 and 1996.
 * Released in the US by Thorn EMI in 1985 and by Lumiere in 1994.
 * Released in Australia by Warner Home Video in 1990.
 * Released in Japan by King Video/Tohokushinsha Film Co. in 1992.

Betamax
 * Released in the UK by Thorn EMI in 1982.

DVD
 * Both films, plus the Dalekmania documentary, released in the US by Anchor Bay Entertainment as a boxset in 2001 and by Lionsgate as a two-disc set in 2012.
 * Both films, plus the Dalekmania documentary, released in Australia by StudioCanal as a two-disc boxset in 2001.
 * The film, plus the Dalekmania documentary, released in France (as Les Daleks Envahissent La Terre, with original French soundtrack) by Canal+video in 2001.
 * Both films, plus the Dalekmania documentary, released in the UK by StudioCanal as a two-disc boxset in 2002 and 2006.
 * Released in Spain (as Los Daleks Invaden la Tierra 2150 AD, with original Spanish soundtrack) by Universal Pictures Iberia S.L.. in 2009
 * Released in Australia by Umbrella Entertainment in 2012 together with the Dalekmania documentary.

Blu-ray
 * The film, plus the Dalekmania documentary, released in the UK by StudioCanal in 2013.
 * Both films, released in the UK by StudioCanal/Optimum Releasing as a two-disc box set in 2013.
 * Released in the UK by StudioCanal as a Zavvi exclusive 'SteelBook' limited edition in 2015.
 * Released in Australia by Umbrella Entertainment in 2014 together with the Dalekmania documentary.
 * The film, plus the Dalekmania documentary, released in the US by Kino Lorber in 2020.
 * A restored and remastered version released on 4K UHD disc by StudioCanal, in both Limited Edition and standard Steelbook formats in 2022.

Soundtrack

 * Music from both films was released by Silva Screen Records on a CD entitled Dr. Who & the Daleks in 2009 and on a limited edition double vinyl LP in 2016.
 * Selected tracks from both films were released by Silva Screen Records as a limited edition 7-inch EP in 2011.
 * Music from the film was released on an LP by StudioCanal in 2022 as part of a package also including 4K UHD and Blu-ray discs of the film.

title: Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D.


text:
User talk:Didora

Please don't upload copyrighted and unappropriate images here, and most of all don't vandalize articles. If you continue to do so you will be blocked. Your playing around we have the Sandbox. andy 09:12, 7 Nov 2003 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Didora


text:
Talk:Copynorms

Untitled
In the section Socially acceptable violations of copyright law, is a section (see below) that details common behavior which would be considered infringing. Wouldn't some of them fall under the "fair use" provisions of copyright law, and certainly some case law?

 * Although P2P has been the focal point in discussions of copynorms, the phenomenon is more general in scope. Some other contexts in which copynorms diverge from United States copyright law include the following:
 * Video tape recording of copyrighted broadcast and cable television content for archival (as opposed to time shifting) use.

 * As far as timeshifting goes, does the allowance of timeshifting, technically require the deletion of the program once it has been viewed once? Bear in mind that the FBI could probably detect traces of an old program on a tape after it had been copied over by, say, a home video created by the owner.  If so, that would be a rather harsh interpretation... ;-)

 * The Supreme Court's Sony decision suggested that timeshifting was fair use, but archival taping was not. --Lsolum

 * Have there been any cases when somebody has been convicted of "archiving", suppose you forget to delete your copy, but never watch it again after the first time, would that be "archiving"? --Lexor

 * The supreme court would have to be pretty stupid to not realize that "accidental archiving" would happen. In fact, if we consider Time shifting...

 * Time shifting is the recording of television shows to some storage medium to be viewed at a time convenient to the consumer.

 * The definition of Time Shifting doesnt say anything about how many times, it may be convenient to watch it multiple times. Plus, there is no way to easily delete a tape, and even recording over it (with a home movie or public domain material) wont work, since VHS is an analog, magnetic storage medium which means that the rewriting the tape will not remove 100% of the signal. Plus, simple human nature means that no one in practical terms will consider such a trivial matter as erasing a tape after viewing once - this is a process that delivers nearly zero protection (no VCR user that tapes for himself has been sued), is troublesome, and hard to remember. I'm sure the Supreme Court knew this when making their decision.

 * Photocopying of books and journal articles for academic and business use.

 * Certainly the photocopying of journal articles on a small scale (i.e. for individual use, as opposed to for an entire class) would under the "research" provisions of fair use, AFAIK, I don't know for sure, but I think this is backed up by case law.

 * No. The caselaw on this goes the other way.  But this might be changed to "Systematic photocopying of books and . . . " --Lsolum

 * Audio tape record of live music concerts.

 * Some bands allow this, such as the Grateful Dead.

 * But "allowing" is not fair use. --Lsolum

 * OK, but it might be worth pointing out that there are cases where it is legal (i.e. if permission is given). --Lexor

 * The use of copyrighted digital images (PNG, JPEG, etc.) on personal websites.
 * To varying degrees, in each of these cases, copying that violates the law is socially acceptable. Anecdotal evidence suggests that illegal archiving of television programs is widely regarded as socially acceptable, and it is doubtful that many users of home Video Cassette Recorders (VCRs) are aware that this activity is unlawful.

The way it is currrently written, implies that all these activities, regardless of the scale and scope (i.e. whether for individual or personal use vs. for an entire class) would be considered illegal. I know fair use is tricky concept, but it would seem that for each of these activities to be considered as fair use or not, would have to be considered on a case-by-case basis, and thereby implying that one couldn't make a blanket statement that they were otherwise infringing activities. Could some legal eagles out there clarify this? --Lexor 09:15, 7 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * All of these examples were chosen because of specific cases. User:Lsolum 15:42 12 Nov 2003.

 * It might be worth pointing out that there are circumstances under which some of these activities might not be considered infringing. --Lexor 23:55, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

The article says: "Social norms are enforced by informal social sanctions, ranging from simple expressions of disapproval (mild) to shunning or vandalism (severe)."

These are forms of negative reinforcement (that is, you do something, and society punishes you). Do positive reinforcements (rewards) play a norm building role too?

For instance, I can imagine that the norm 'sharing is good' on P2P networks is reinforced because both parties win.--branko

What if the ads are left in? lysdexia 07:26, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)

"many users of P2P programs believe that large music companies rather than artists are the beneficiaries of the economic rents created by copyright laws." Believe? That implies that this view isn't correct. Hardly NPOV. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Audunmb (talk • contribs) 23 January 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Copynorms


text: User talk:Samrolken

title: User talk:Samrolken


text:
Marie Brémont

Marie Marthe Augustine Lemaitre Brémont (née Mesange; 25 April 1886 – 6 June 2001) was a French supercentenarian and the oldest recognized person in the world from November 2000 until her death at age 115 years 42 days. Brémont is the fifth oldest French person to have ever lived, after longevity world record holder Jeanne Calment, Lucile Randon, Jeanne Bot, and Valentine Ligny.

Biography
Brémont was born in Noëllet, Western France on 25 April 1886 to a lumberjack. Her first husband, railroad worker Constant Lemaitre, was killed in the First World War. She married again to a taxi driver, Florentin Brémont, who died in 1967. She had no children.

Over the course of her life, she worked as a farmer, as well as in a pharmaceutical factory, as a nanny and as a seamstress. At 103, she was hit by a car and broke her arm as a result. She died at her retirement home at age 115 years 42 days in Candé, Maine-et-Loire.

title: Marie Brémont


text:
Willie Jorrín

Guillermo Jaime Jorrín (born November 12, 1969), known as Willie Jorrín, is a Mexican-American former professional boxer who competed from 1993 to 2003. He held the WBC super bantamweight title from 2000 to 2002. Jorrín was trained by five-time Trainer of the Year Freddie Roach.

Amateur career
Jorrín holds an amateur win over Wayne McCullough in McCullough's home country of Northern Ireland.

Professional career
Willie made his professional debut on February 12, 1993, with a first round knockout victory over Esau Diegues. This was the first of three consecutive first round knockout victories for Jorrín. On October 1 of that year, Pat Chávez became the first person to go the distance with Jorrín, losing a six-round decision to the Sacramento fighter.

He faced Enrique Jupiter on June 7, 1997. Jupiter was a ranked contender and Jorrín beat him by a ten round unanimous decision. Jorrín then became a ranked challenger by the WBC. Jorrin outpointed Juan Luis Torres, also over ten rounds, on December 4, 1997.

Jorrín won all three of his fights in 1998, including a four round knockout over Enrique Valenzuela. He kept his winning ways in 1999, winning three fights, among them, a twelve round decision over Aristead Clayton and a five round knockout over Juan Luis Torres in a rematch. After those wins, he was ranked as the world's number one contender by the WBC.

WBC Super Bantamweight Championship
In September 2000, Jorrín took on the road, going to Manchester, England, where he became world champion by beating Michael Brodie on September 9 with a majority decision for the WBC's world Super Bantamweight title.

For his first defense, he won over Óscar Larios by decision in twelve back home in Sacramento on an ESPN televised fight on January 19, 2001. He then went to Japan, where he dropped Osamu Sato in round three of his second defense, but was only given a draw (tie) by the judges on February 5, 2002. Then Willie lost to Larios in a rematch, Jorrín lost his WBC's world title.

Jorrín started a quest to try to recover his world title almost immediately, and on April 25, 2003, he beat John Hoffman by a knockout in two rounds at Rosemont, Illinois. In his next fight, on November 6 at Phoenix, however, he suffered a setback, losing by unanimous decision in ten rounds to Christen Favela.

title: Willie Jorrín


text:
Talk:Drosophila

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 1 September 2020 and 18 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): BioStudent2020, Allanhomes. Peer reviewers: Sthomas10, Zachwherrmann, BenjaminMoes.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 19:51, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
Moved from the text:

 * General Drosophila Melanogaster Overview Coming Soon

--

On the etymology
At the beginning of this article this can be read: (Greek δροσος, drosos, "dew", + φιλα phila, "loving"). Actually, φιλα doesn't exist in classic Greek with that meaning. When creating scientific names, Greek roots are modified into Latin spellings and, sometimes, Latin morphemes (-a is a femenine suffix). The most similar word should be φίλη (phílē, which means "a female friend" or "beloved", not "loving"); -phila is just a scientific creation from the verb φιλέω, philéō, "to love" + the Latin femenine suffix -a. - Piolinfax 13:25, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Similar article
This article should be merged with Drosophila melanogaster. --24.14.254.14 02:34, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC) magefile
 * No, because it deals with the genus Drosophila, not with the species D.melanogaster. Nina 20:49, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * True, but considering that the genus Drosophila contains about 1000 species, much if not most of the material on this page is actually about D. melanogaster and should be moved there. We should mention somewhere that modern geneticists and molecular biologists often use the terms "Drosophila" and "fruit fly" sloppily to refer to Drosophila melanogaster. AxelBoldt 01:28, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I found the same problem with the page for the genus Arabidopsis and the species Arabidopsis thaliana. I tried to fix it by changing the genus page.  I moved out everything about thaliana and used a bold text at the top to redirect to the model system. Much of the problem is that people mistakenly link to Arabidopsis (or Drosophila) instead of the respective species pages.  Then people start to add info assuming it is the page about the model system instead of the genus. David D. 20:36, 13 May 2005 (UTC)

References are suspect; suspecting sophisticated vandalism
Much of the information in this article was added on 25 Nov 2003 by user:Hopetocome (who seems to since have left Wikipedia); see. A very strange edit by user:Quyenphung on 17 May 2004 added quotes around a number of Hopetocome's statements and added references. I strongly suspect these references to be bogus: unless Quyenphung and Hopetocome are the same person, how would Quyenphung know the exact sources for the quoted statements? Furthermore, some of the claimed quotes are even non-grammatical.

If anyone has access to any of the cited sources, I would appreciate it if they could check the veracity of the claimed quotes. AxelBoldt 04:37, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, I just did a Google search and found that at least the references to Weigmann 2003 are correct (see ). So probably everything is fine. AxelBoldt 04:58, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

General
I think this page needs a serious overhaul.

First of all, I think it is wise to make a clear separation between the genus and the various species, and the first line should indicate that D. melanogaster is a different page.

Secondly, the genus is highly paraphyletic, and taxonomic changes are expected. In this line, it should be better integrated with the higner levels ((sub-)family) as well as the subdivision in the genus (subgenera Sophophora, Drosophila and Idiomyia (next to 6 smaller genera) and lower levels). Cureently, there is no good published phylogeny, but a review of an article has been submitted that sums the current status of the genus. In that line, the list of species should be removed and replaced with a link to Taxodros, as that is the best and most complete overview of all species. A seperate section can be made for those species that do have a seperate page on wiki. Else, we could just dump all species on the list, but the taxonomic changes in the genus are pretty frequent, so that requires a lot of maintenance.

There is a tremendous amount of information on this genus available, but the current status is just a poor representation. I would opt for seperate headers for general information about morphology, ecology, physiology, behavviour, etc etc etc in so far it is genus level information, not melanogaster. --KimvdLinde 02:26, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I made a cleaned up version for the time being at User:KimvdLinde/Drosophila--KimvdLinde 04:25, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I find long lists of red links to be less than helpful. It would be more useful to have a section that describes some of the diversity of the genus, links to the few existing Wikipedia articles for Drosophila species, and cites an authoritative source that provides a long list of species. (Good start towards such a revised section.) --JWSchmidt 04:36, 30 January 2006 (UTC) (first link edited after changing this point--KimvdLinde 15:52, 30 January 2006 (UTC))

 * I changed it to the suggested version.....--KimvdLinde 04:47, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I made a general revision of the article. It still needs some work, but it's getting there.  KarlM 07:20, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

This quote is valid for Drosophila melanogaster, not the genus: "The fruit fly, is a cosmopolitan holometabolous insect, that is found in all warm countries, while in cooler regions, it is established by migrants during the summer or can over winter in warm places." (Weigmann, 2003) I will move it. --KimvdLinde 01:14, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

I added some clarification on the Idiomyia issue. The classification of Hawaiian species under this name was never accepted, but got propagated mainly through databases that include whatever is published. Since the original change was made in a major monograph and the article correcting and undoing it was a short note, many sites still have Idiomyia. We shouldn't be propogating its use as if there is debate about which classification is correct. It's a little long for a footnote, but when I get around to writing a separate page on Hawaiian Drosophilidae I'll move it there. KarlM 21:55, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, an article does a proposal for change, and if others agree, it is followed. If it is not followed, it might not be accepted. So, it is slightly more difficult that just that. Just brushing aside the database of dr. Bächli as merely a database that juist publishes everything what is out there is incorrect. Only changes that seem to be stable are added to the database (pers. com. dr. Bächli). Om a different note, it is just a matter of time till the genus will be split in four major genera and Idiomyia will be a proper genus again. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 00:36, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Speaking as someone who works with Hawaiian Drosophilidae, I don't think there is much debate about which is valid: Idiomiya is not. The problem with it is that Grimaldi's classification was based on a morphological analysis, and had the Hawaiian Drosophila as a non-monophyletic grouping, with the crassifemur species group placed in with the genus Scaptomyza, and with the Hawaiian Scaptomyza as a non-monophyletic grouping. To the best of my knowledge, every single molecular study conducted since then has shown that the Hawaiian Drosophila are in fact monophyletic. Further complicating affairs, Grimaldi's Idiomiya is a radically different genus from the original Idiomiya, which initially included only a small subset of the picture-wings. MikeDunford 21:00, 30 May 2006 (UTC)
 * If you would split the genus Drosophila, the taxonomical valid name will be Idiomyia. That Grimaldi's Idiomyia was radically different than the original is actually quite irrelevant, when it is established that a certain group needs a genus name, the oldest valid synonym of which the type species is within the group will become the genus name. This can and will require a redescription of the genus, which Grimaldi actually did. However, the genus Drosophila is a paraphyletic mess, which requires quite a big change in the nonemclature to resolve, and hopefully will be done within the near future. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 21:10, 30 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Fair enough, with regard to Idiomiya, except that the redescription is currently not attached to a clearly monophyletic group, and is itself in need of a redescription. With regard to the paraphyly of Drosophila, it is a huge mess, but I doubt it will get fixed any time soon, unless an exemption is granted to redesignate the type species for the genus. I've got a feeling that any attempt to remove melanogaster from Drosophila will result in much wailing and gnashing of teeth, but right now the type is funebris, and any possible redefinition would put funebris and melanogaster in separate genera. MikeDunford 22:50, 30 May 2006 (UTC)
 * It would be needed to set funebris  and all other type speciemens aside by the ICZN, and mel has to become the new type. After that, splitting will leave D. mel with the correct name and saves a war among drosophilists. If you want more information, please, contact me off wiki, just follow the links --> -- Kim van der Linde at venus 01:35, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Idiomyia again
Okay, let's look at this quantitatively. Since Grimaldi's classification of the Hawaiian species in Idiomyia in 1990:

number of Hawaiian drosophilid papers using Drosophila: ~60

number of papers mentioning Idiomyia at all: 2

number of those papers endorsing that classification: 0

number of Hawaiian species described under Drosophila: 33

number of Hawaiian species described under Idiomyia: 0

That sounds like a consensus to me. Certainly not widely accepted. Until you publish your paper, it hardly merits a footnote as an oddity. This is not the place for pushing pet theories. KarlM 06:02, 29 August 2006 (UTC)
 * You might have only two article mentioning Idiomyia, I just counted already 13 pdf's in my collection, not to mention the paper reprints not available as PDF.
 * You may want to put Bachli aside, I do not. As far as I know, he is the contact person regarding Drosophilidae taxonomy for the Diptera database, which is subsequently used by institutes as the ICZN, etc.
 * Most articles that discuss the issue either mention it as unresolved or just avoid the issue and mention 'Hawaiian Drosophila' next to 'Drosophila' , not just one big blop of 'Drosophila' .
 * O'Grady has only in 2002 proposed to synonymize Idiomyia with Drosophila, which based on Bachli's database, who has not followed it, has not yet been accepted by all major Drosophilidae taxonomists in the world.
 * Based on this, it is clear that there is just no consensus among taxonomists (just take O'Grady versus Bachli) and that seems to be the most sound way to describe the current situation. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 04:15, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Can you give some citations? The figure of 2 came from a ZooRecord/Biosis search, so if it wasn't mentioned in the abstract it wouldn't have come up.  However, I've been working on Hawaiian Drosophila for 12 years and have never seen one that took Idiomyia seriously.  The fact that some people who aren't familiar with the classification of the group used it in a catalog doesn't make it valid.
 * I put it aside because a database is not a published work. Regardless of his standing and ability as a systematist, anybody can put their pet theories in a database with no criticism.  When his paper resurrecting (and defining, since the only available definition only covers the planitibia group) Idiomyia is published, let me know and I may change my mind.  Moreover, I don't wish to disparage Bachli's knowledge or abilities as a systematist, but since nothing he has published has involved Idiomyia or Hawaiian drosophilids, I wouldn't consider him an expert in the group.
 * The fact that articles that mention the issue call it unresolved is due to most articles not mentioning it at all.  Only the extremely small minority who support it would call it unresolved.  "Hawaiian Drosophila" is widely used as an equivalent to one of the larger species groups, like virilis-repleta, not "avoiding the issue".  Since the Hawaiian drosophilids are not sister to the remainder of Drosophila, it's wrong to write it like that.
 * Regardless of whether Bachli has updated his database, Idiomyia has still been formally synonymized again. What counts is what is published, not what someone is thinking in their head or on their web site.  Moreover, you make it sound like it's just O'Grady vs. Bachli and I only have this position because I'm O'Grady's mouthpiece, which is not true.  NO ONE working on Hawaiian Drosophilidae uses Idiomyia.
 * This is way more time than is worth spending on what seems to be a minor matter of wording, but it's especially frustrating to me because it exemplifies one of the biggest problems in science: lay people thinking that fringe ideas are mainstream because the people who hold them shout the loudest. It's no different from "teach the controversy", and half the people in the US thinking that there is a debate about evolution among biologists.  I find it especially ironic given the rant you have on your user page about Wikipedia being a useless bunch of POV-pushers, when you are doing precisely the same thing here.  KarlM 05:44, 1 September 2006 (UTC)
 * You know, have it your way. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 13:19, 1 September 2006 (UTC)

Question concerning "Musca funebris"
How come we have it as Musca funebris, even though it's a redirect to Drosophilia funebris? Why are we not allowed to change it?--Mr Fink 05:52, 9 December 2006 (UTC)
 * This is because it was originally described with that name. When the genus Drosophila was described, Fallén used the species Musca funebris as the type.  KarlM 07:21, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

Pictures
I moved two of the three new pictures over to Drosophila melanogaster, since they're pretty much specific to it. It's worth having one demonstrating eye mutants, since that's mentioned in the article, but it's really about the genus as a whole. KarlM 07:21, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

I’d like to submit to you a video of a ‘fruitfly’ That resembles some of yours yet is totally different - please contact me on mjm.r.wootton@live.co.uk Riekie Wootton (talk) 21:58, 10 August 2019 (UTC)

I’d like to submit to you a video of a ‘fruitfly’ That resembles some of yours yet is totally different - please contact me on mjm.r.wootton@live.co.uk Riekie Wootton (talk) 22:16, 10 August 2019 (UTC)

Sperm length
I changed the first reference (bifurca = 6 cm sperm), and added another ref for "few giant sperm..." Flyguy649talkcontribs 06:22, 23 June 2007 (UTC)
 * And yes, you read that correctly. 5.8 centimetres, not millimetres. Flyguy649 talk contribs 17:15, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

Eye color pic not displaying
Anybody know why the thumbnail for the eye color picture isn't showing up in the page? If you click on the link the full picture displays fine, and it's encoded the same as it's always been, so I don't understand why it's not working. KarlM 22:25, 16 September 2007 (UTC)
 * There's a problem with WikiCommon's server. It's one of those "Technical Difficulties" moments.--Mr Fink 22:28, 16 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Wow, you're quick at catching comments! I just noticed the header about that and came back to delete my post, figuring no one would have read it yet.  KarlM 22:43, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

12 new genomes!

 * http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/11/071107160224.htm
 * http://www.the-scientist.com/news/display/53844/
 * http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?&pubmedid=17202166

Common names
The term "picked-fruit flies" comes up with only about 15 hits in Google, several of which are just mirrors of this article. Unless someone can find other evidence that it's actually common (in English; perhaps it's a translation of common usage somewhere else?), it should be left out. I've certainly never heard it. KarlM (talk) 17:32, 26 December 2008 (UTC)

Taxobox editing
I've tweaked the taxobox, mostly using the trimmed version but with some modifications. I work on Drosophila and IMO these are the taxonomically relevant ranks. Below subfamily the ranks and mostly unused and will likely be changed around in the near future anyway; between Insecta and Drosophilidae the ranks are not particularly important for the discussion of the genus (I think they are appropriate on the Drosophilidae page). If you have serious issues with it, let's hash out the reasoning here first and settle on a consensus. KarlM (talk) 17:54, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Karl, I appreciate your input. The fact of the matter is that there is already a consensus. WP:TX is fairly clear about what ranks sre to be included, and as you rightly say, ranks such as Pterygota have no place in a species article. The insertion of large numbers of extraneous ranks is the personal quest of a single editor, and should not be given undue weight. --Stemonitis (talk) 06:50, 13 February 2009 (UTC)
 * What are you talking about? There is nothing there that says what should or shouldn't be included.  Several of the ones you just deleted are useful (and much more so in the Drosophilidae article, where you also deleted them).   KarlM (talk) 17:51, 13 February 2009 (UTC)

"Taxoboxes should include all major ranks above the taxon described in the article, plus minor ranks that are important to understanding the classification of the taxon described in the article, or which are discussed in the article. Other minor ranks should be omitted." — WP:TX --Stemonitis (talk) 18:40, 13 February 2009 (UTC)

More articles on species of importance
I would like to encourage articles on other species of importance to studies of evolution in wild populations. For many years Theodosius Dobzhansky and his co-workers collected, bred and studied Drosophila persimilis from wild populations in California and elsewhere; Drosophila robusta, Drosophila ananassae, Drosophila burchii, Drosophila melanica, Drosophila miranda, Drosophila  prosaltans, Drosophila serrata, Drosophila virilis, Drosophila willistoni, Drosophila paulistorum, Drosophila artificialis, Drosophila prosaltans have all made appearances in the evolutionary literature (see Dobzhansky T. 1970. Genetics of the evolutionary process. Columbia, N.Y.). From this perspective I would think an article on D. persimilis to be essential, and others, especially D. miranda and D. willistoni, highly desirable. Macdonald-ross (talk) 19:03, 5 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Only 1005 days after your request, I have started an article on D. willistoni. Speciate (talk) 03:14, 4 February 2012 (UTC)

Concerning the Species List
Should we erect a new article to list all of the species?--Mr Fink (talk) 12:53, 18 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Being the writer of the concerning species list, I have to say:
 * Drosophila is not a different genus of insects, compared to the rest of genus articles written in the Wikipedia. So, because every article in Wikipedia that described a genus has a description of the species related, the article of Drosophila should have the same information too.
 * Regards your deletion, KarlM, my personal opinion is: when somebody creates some kind of useful information in an article, if you think that it is not well placed, or needs a reedition, please, adapt this information for yourself. A simple "deletion" is very disgusting for the previous editor. I always take a lot of care to do that, if the information is useful, it should be in the Wikipedia, maybe in other article, why not, I don't have any significative opinion about that (I have seen a lot of articles in Wikipedia with longer lists than that).
 * Finally, the existance of this list is important because the approximation of the article is too for researching. I am a researcher too, but we don't have to forget that Drosophila is first a biological genus and it comprises a lot of species, and after that, Drosophila is a model organism for scientists, but just after that.
 * I will do the list for myself in a separated article, but please, consider these appreciations in the future: don't simply delete useful information made by others, this is really unkind. Flakinho (talk) 16:11, 18 May 2010 (UTC)

 * A species list is not useless. But there are over 1,500 species in the genus, and exactly how many depends on who you talk to and what classification they use (see my discussion above with KimvdLinde).  Putting all of them in would be much larger itself than the current article.  Putting in a random assortment of species, like the first draft that was there, is not very useful.  It just makes more sense to make it a separate article.  And incidentally, most of the species lists for other genera are useless, because they only include <1/4 of the species.
 * When something is deleted it isn't gone forever. It's still in the history if you want to pull it out to recreate it for the list article, you don't have to start from scratch.  Also, I provided a notice and explanation of it on your talk page.  None of this is any more "disgusting" than any other edits that routinely go on, including to my own contributions.
 * I'm well aware of Drosophila as more than D. melanogaster; I work on non-model Drosophila myself. IMHO there's not much need for a list when there are outside resources like TaxoDros readily available, but I don't see any problem with it per se.  It's just that putting a huge list of names in the middle of the article, so that you have to scroll past 1500 lines to get to the references and links, makes it unreadable.  KarlM (talk) 04:11, 19 May 2010 (UTC)

 * So, the most of the genera articles in Wikipedia, are useless, following your explanation. Because there are a lot that don't include all the existant species. Good. So, the template is useless, and probably the people that create all these articles and the template are useless too. And probably is easier to do a Google search looking for Miguel de Cervantes instead creating an article about him, because all the information are in Google. Yes. Probably you are right. Flakinho (talk) 00:39, 21 May 2010 (UTC)
 * A list of all the species is useful. A list of (economically, scientifically, etc.) significant species is useful.  A list of species with articles is useful.  A list of 10% randomly chosen species is useless.  A million autogenerated species pages consisting of only "Aus bus is a plant in South America.  It is threatened by habitat loss."  is useless.  In case you hadn't noticed, people do lots of useless things on WP.  Relentless categorizers, for instance.  The point of good editing should be to provide information without information-free clutter.

 * I agree that breaking them down into species groups is also important. If you want to a table of all the species from TaxoDros (downloaded Jan. 6 2010), which can probably be rapidly converted into WP format, you can download it from here (Excel spreadsheet, with species groups and subgroups).  Note that this is for the entire family, and has Idiomyia (usually considered part of Drosophila, at least for now) separated as a genus.  KarlM (talk) 06:43, 22 May 2010 (UTC)
 * In my opinion, it would be a far better use of our time if we were to use the energy we're currently using to bicker with to work on making the genus list page better, like, for example, reorganizing all the species according to species complexes.--Mr Fink (talk) 01:02, 21 May 2010 (UTC)

I think it would be far better to provide the subdivision of the genus, which is subgenera, and species groups, and prosition the species in each of the species groups, which is reasonably doable. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 16:26, 21 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Good! I agree with Mr Fink and Kim van der Linde! :D Flakinho (talk) 00:05, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

Great thanks for distinguishing homonymy with a fungus
I would thank for linking here a past- homonymy with the Fungal Genus. RIT RAJARSHI (talk) 11:35, 19 October 2016 (UTC)

A very similar case is there with Acetabularia. Here I link it. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Acetabularia#Exist_homonymy_with_a_fungal_Genus

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Drosophila. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20051214205852/http://rana.lbl.gov:80/drosophila/ to http://rana.lbl.gov/drosophila/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130121085710/http://ccamp.res.in/fly-facility.html to http://ccamp.res.in/Fly-facility.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:18, 17 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Drosophila. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100527141042/http://rana.lbl.gov/drosophila/index.html to http://rana.lbl.gov/drosophila/index.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://rana.lbl.gov/drosophila/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:37, 14 September 2017 (UTC)

A little humor to the page.
I'm not saying that I care too much about it, but I was mystified a bit when user:Leschnei removed the link in the "See also" section regarding the adage about attracting more flies with honey than vinegar - Drosophila flies are also known as "vinegar flies"... get it? Sure it doesn't contribute direct information about the Drosophila, but it arguably does make the page more interesting and adds humor. Aren't you also trying to get people interested in the topics you're writing about? The link was inspired by the main French Wikipedia home page in their "Did you know" section about Drosophila...Smellyshirt5 (talk) 22:53, 27 November 2018 (UTC)

Relationship to humans
The section on 'use in genetic research' seems to imply that Drosophila is especially closely related to humans. Surely it isn't, at least when compared with any vertebrate species, e.g. mice or monkeys. Presumably what is really meant is that many Drosophila genes are similar enough to human genes for evolutionary homologies to be identified, but the same would be true of many other organisms. If I remember the history rightly, Drosophila originally became popular in genetics research for practical reasons: they reproduce quickly and in large numbers, they are cheap and easy to keep, and they show a number of visibly identifiable mutations, which made them good subjects for early 'Mendelian' genetics. Then it turned out that they also have 'giant' chromosomes in some of their cells, which makes them easy to examine under a microscope. 2A00:23C8:7906:1301:2027:569B:16F4:269D (talk) 16:24, 9 March 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Drosophila


text:
1998 in science

The year 1998 in science and technology involved many events, some of which are included below.

Astronomy and space exploration

 * January–September – Cosmologists from the Supernova Cosmology Project led by Saul Perlmutter and the High-z Supernova Search Team led by Adam Riess and Brian Schmidt publish evidence that the expansion rate of the universe is increasing.
 * January 6 – The Lunar Prospector spacecraft is launched into orbit around the Moon and later finds evidence for frozen water on the Moon's surface.
 * February 26 – Total solar eclipse
 * March 2 – Data sent from the Galileo space probe indicates that Jupiter's moon Europa has a liquid ocean under a thick crust of ice.
 * March 5 – NASA announces that the Clementine probe orbiting the Moon has found enough water in polar craters to support a human colony and rocket-fuelling station.
 * March 13 – Penumbral lunar eclipse
 * July 5 – Japan launches a probe to Mars, and thus joins the United States and Russia as a space-exploring nation.
 * August 8 – Penumbral lunar eclipse
 * August 22 – Annular solar eclipse
 * September 6 – Penumbral lunar eclipse
 * October 29 – Space Shuttle Discovery blasts-off with 77-year-old John Glenn on board, making him the oldest person to go into space up to that time. He became the first American to orbit Earth on February 20, 1962.
 * November 20 – Zarya, the first module of the International Space Station, is launched.
 * The first of four 8.4 m reflecting telescopes opens in the Very Large Telescope program of the European Southern Observatory at Cerro Paranal in Chile.

Botany

 * The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group publishes the first version of the APG System of plant classification.

Computer science

 * February 10 – XML is published as a recommendation of the W3C.
 * June 2 – The CIH virus is discovered in Taiwan.
 * August 15 – Apple releases the iMac.
 * September 4 – Google, Inc. is founded in Menlo Park, California, by Stanford University PhD candidates Larry Page and Sergey Brin to promote their web search engine.
 * November 7 – Sega release the Dreamcast, the first sixth generation home video game console, in Japan.
 * The first working 2-qubit nuclear magnetic resonance computer is demonstrated at the University of California, Berkeley.
 * Tiger Electronics launch the Furby electronic toy, the first domestic robot.

Geology

 * February 4 – The 5.9 Afghanistan earthquake shakes the Takhar Province with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong). With 2,323 killed, and 818 injured, damage is considered extreme.
 * March 14 – An earthquake measuring 6.9 on the Richter scale hits southeastern Iran.
 * May 30 – A 6.6 magnitude earthquake hits northern Afghanistan killing up to 5,000.
 * July 17 – The 7.0 Papua New Guinea earthquake shakes the region near Aitape with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). This submarine earthquake triggered a landslide that caused a destructive tsunami, leaving 2,183–2,700 dead and thousands injured.

Mathematics

 * Luca Cardelli and Andrew D. Gordon develop ambient calculus.
 * Thomas Callister Hales (almost certainly) proves the Kepler conjecture.

Paleontology

 * September 11 – First portion of upper body (an upper arm bone, followed later by the skull) of "Little Foot" (Stw 573), a nearly complete young female Australopithecus fossil skeleton capable of walking upright is found in the cave system of Sterkfontein, South Africa eventually dated at around 3.67 million years BP.

Physics

 * January 1 – Argentinian physicist Juan Maldacena publishes a landmark paper initiating the study of AdS/CFT correspondence, which links string theory and quantum gravity.
 * May 11 & 13 – Nuclear testing: The Pokhran-II: India detonates the five nuclear devices in Pokhran Test Range, an Indian Army base.
 * May 28 – Nuclear testing: The Chagai-I: In response to India, Pakistan conducts five underground and simultaneous nuclear weapon-testing experiments in the Chagai Hills, thus becoming the first nuclear weapon state in the Muslim world and the seventh in the world.
 * May 30 – Nuclear testing: The Chagai-II: As part of a tit-for-tat policy, a final plutonium implosion test is carried out in the Kharan Desert.
 * June 5 – Experimental proof is obtained that neutrinos have mass.

Physiology and medicine

 * January 14 – Researchers in Dallas, Texas, present findings about an enzyme that slows aging and cell death (apoptosis).
 * February 19 – RNA interference first elucidated in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
 * February 28 – Andrew Wakefield publishes a case series (subsequently partially retracted) in The Lancet of twelve children with gastroenterological and autistic spectrum disorders believed to have first presented soon after receipt of the MMR vaccine.
 * March 27 – The Food and Drug Administration approves Viagra for use as a treatment for erectile dysfunction, the first pill to be approved for this condition in the United States.
 * May – Friedrich-Wilhelm Mohr performs the first robotically assisted coronary artery bypass surgery, at the Leipzig Heart Centre in Germany using the da Vinci Surgical System; later in the year, Ralph Damiano performs on 17 patients in Pennsylvania.
 * July 17 – Biologists report in the journal Science how they sequenced the genome of the bacterium that causes syphilis, Treponema pallidum.
 * August – Edinburgh Modular Arm System, the world's first bionic arm, is fitted.
 * September 23 – The world's first medically successful hand transplantation is carried out by a team of surgeons in France.
 * December 11
 * Bruce Beutler and colleagues publish their discovery that Toll-like receptor 4 functions as a lipopolysaccharide sensing receptor.
 * The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans becomes the first multicellular organism to have its whole genome sequencing published.
 * Fred Gage and Peter Eriksson discover and announce neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus.

Technology

 * April 5 – In Japan, the Akashi Kaikyō Bridge linking Shikoku with Honshū, at a cost of about US$3.8 billion, opens to traffic, becoming the longest-span suspension bridge in the world.
 * August 24 – The first experiments with an RFID implant carried out by Kevin Warwick in the UK.

Institutions

 * Susan Greenfield appointed Director of the Royal Institution of Great Britain.
 * Café Scientifique first organized in the UK.

Publications

 * Jacques Heyman – Structural Analysis: A Historical Approach (Cambridge University Press)

Awards

 * Fields Prize in Mathematics: Richard Ewen Borcherds, William Timothy Gowers, Maxim Kontsevich and Curtis T. McMullen
 * Nobel Prize
 * Physics – Robert B. Laughlin, Horst L. Störmer, Daniel C. Tsui
 * Chemistry – Walter Kohn, John Pople
 * Medicine – Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro, Ferid Murad
 * Turing Award: Jim Gray
 * Wollaston Medal for Geology: Karl Karekin Turekian

Deaths

 * March 13 – Hans von Ohain (b. 1911), German aeronautical engineer.
 * March 15 – Benjamin Spock (b. 1903), American pediatrician.
 * March 16 – Sir Derek Barton (b. 1918), English-born organic chemist, Nobel laureate.
 * May 9 – R. J. G. Savage (b. 1927), British palaeontologist.
 * May 14 – Marjory Stoneman Douglas (b. 1890), American conservationist.
 * May 22 – José Enrique Moyal (b. 1910), Jerusalem-born mathematical physicist.
 * May 31 – Michio Suzuki (b. 1926), Japanese mathematician.
 * July 3 – Danielle Bunten Berry, also known as Dan Bunten (b. 1949), American software developer.
 * July 12 – Arkady Ostashev (b. 1925), Soviet, Russian scientist, participant in the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite and the first cosmonaut, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Docent, laureate of the Lenin and state prizes.
 * July 14 – Miroslav Holub (b. 1923), Czech immunologist and poet.
 * July 21 – Alan Shepard (b. 1923), American astronaut.
 * August 4 – Yury Artyukhin (b. 1930), Soviet Russian cosmonaut.
 * August 26 – Frederick Reines (b. 1918), American physicist, Nobel laureate.
 * October 10 – Konstantin Petrzhak (b. 1907), Soviet Russian physicist.
 * October 28 – Tommy Flowers (b. 1905), English computer engineer.
 * November 12 – Sally Shlaer (b. 1938), US mathematician and engineer
 * November 24 – Nicholas Kurti (b. 1908), Hungarian-born physicist.
 * December 5 – Hazel Bishop (b. 1906), American cosmetic chemist.
 * December 7 – Martin Rodbell (b. 1925), American biochemist and molecular endocrinologist, Nobel laureate.
 * December 17 – Claudia Benton (b. c.1959), American pediatric neurologist (murdered).
 * December 18 – Lev Dyomin (b. 1926), Soviet Russian cosmonaut.
 * December 20 – Sir Alan Hodgkin (b. 1914), English physiologist, Nobel laureate.
 * December 28 – Robert Rosen (b. 1934), American theoretical biologist.

title: 1998 in science


text:
Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority

The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LACMTA), branded as Metro, is the county agency that plans, operates, and coordinates funding for most of the public transportation system in Los Angeles County, California, the most populated county in the United States.

The agency directly operates a large transit system that includes bus, light rail, heavy rail (subway), and bus rapid transit services. Metro also provides funding for transit it does not operate, including Metrolink commuter rail, municipal bus operators and paratransit services. The agency also provides funding and directs planning for railroad and highway projects within Los Angeles County.

In, the Metro system had a total ridership of , and had a ridership of per weekday as of. It is the largest transit agency by ridership in the state of California, and the third-largest in the United States.

Background

The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority was formed on February 1, 1993, by the California State Legislature which merged two rival agencies: the Southern California Rapid Transit District (SCRTD or more often, RTD) and the Los Angeles County Transportation Commission (LACTC).

The RTD was founded on August 18, 1964, to operate most public transportation in the urbanized Southern California region, including Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Orange, and Riverside counties. RTD replaced the major predecessor public agency, the Los Angeles Metropolitan Transit Authority, and took over eleven failing other bus companies and services in the Southern California region. Services outside of Los Angeles County began to be divested in the early 1980s.

The LACTC began operation in 1977 after a state requirement that all counties form local transportation commissions. Its main objective was to be the guardian of all transportation funding, both transit and highway, for Los Angeles County.

The bickering between the two agencies came to a head in the 1980s. At that time, the LACTC was building the Blue Line (now A Line) light rail line between Los Angeles and Long Beach, while the RTD was building the Red Line (now B Line) subway in Downtown Los Angeles. It was revealed that due to disputes between the agencies, the LACTC was planning to end the Blue Line at Pico Station, instead of serving the 7th Street/Metro Center station being built by the RTD six blocks north.

LA Metro has assumed the functions of both agencies and now develops and oversees transportation plans, policies, funding programs, and both short-term and long-range solutions to mobility, accessibility and environmental needs in the county. The agency is also the primary public transit provider for the city of Los Angeles, the second largest city in the United States, providing the bulk of such services. even though the city's own Los Angeles Department of Transportation LADOT operates a smaller bus only public transit system of its own called DASH within the MTA service area in the city of Los Angeles, often overlapping with some Metro Bus routes and stops in several neighborhoods primarily in the central part of the city.

Since 1995 the agency has been based out of the Metro Headquarters Building, a 26-story high-rise office tower located next to Union Station, a major transportation hub and the main train station for the Los Angeles metropolitan area, which it has also owned since purchasing it in 2011.

The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority operates the third-largest public transportation system in the United States by ridership with a 1,433 mi2 (3,711 km2) operating area and 2,000 peak hour buses on the street any given business day. Metro also operates 109 mi of urban rail service. The authority has 10,290 employees, making it one of the region's largest employers.

The authority also partially funds sixteen municipal bus operators and an array of transportation projects including bikeways and pedestrian facilities, local roads and highway improvements, goods movement, Metrolink regional commuter rail, Freeway Service Patrol and freeway call boxes within the County of Los Angeles.

To increase sustainability in transportation services, Metro also provides bike and pedestrian improvements for the over 10.1 million residents of Los Angeles County.

Security and law enforcement services on Metro property (including buses and trains) are currently provided by the Transit Services Bureau via contract, in conjunction with Metro Transit Enforcement Department, Los Angeles Police Department (Union Station and all LACMTA rail services within the City of Los Angeles) in the City of Long Beach, the Long Beach Police Department and in the City of Santa Monica, California the Santa Monica Police Department.

Metro Rail
Metro Rail is a rail mass transit system with two subway and four light rail lines. , the system runs a total of 109 mi, with 101 stations.

 * is a light rail line running between Azusa and Long Beach via Downtown Los Angeles.
 * is a subway line running between North Hollywood and Downtown Los Angeles.
 * is a light rail line running between Redondo Beach and Norwalk, largely in the median of the 105 freeway. It provides indirect access to Los Angeles International Airport via a shuttle bus.
 * is a subway line running between the Mid-Wilshire district and Downtown Los Angeles. Most of its route is shared with the B Line. The line is currently being extended westward.
 * is a light rail line running between Santa Monica and East Los Angeles via Downtown Los Angeles.
 * is a light rail line running between South Los Angeles and Inglewood, with a connection and route change to the C Line opening in 2024 and the LAX Automated People Mover opening in October 2025.

Metro Bus

Metro is the primary bus operator in the Los Angeles Basin, the San Fernando Valley, and the western San Gabriel Valley. Other regions of Los Angeles County, including the Antelope Valley and the eastern San Gabriel Valley, are served by separate bus operators, which receive some funding from Metro.

, the Metro Bus system includes 117 routes, serving over 11,000 bus stops. Most Metro Bus lines are local services, stopping at marked stops approximately every two blocks. Limited-stop Metro Rapid services stop only at major intersections, and Metro Express services utilize the extensive Southern California freeways to provide nonstop service between regional destinations.

Metro Busway

Metro Busway is a bus rapid transit system with two lines operating on dedicated or shared-use busways. The system runs a total of 55.7 mi, with 29 stations and over 42,000 daily weekday boardings as of May 2016.

The Metro Busway system is meant to mimic the Metro Rail system, both in the vehicle's design and in the operation of the line. Vehicles stop at dedicated stations (except for the portion of the Metro J Line in Downtown Los Angeles), vehicles receive priority at intersections and are painted in a silver livery similar to Metro Rail vehicles.

 * is a bus rapid transit line running between Chatsworth and North Hollywood.
 * is a bus rapid transit line running between El Monte, Downtown Los Angeles, and Harbor Gateway, with some trips continuing to San Pedro.

Busways
The Metro Busway J Line operates over two busways, semi-exclusive roadways built into the Southern California freeway system. These busways are also used by other bus routes to speed up their trips.
 * The El Monte Busway is a combination busway and high-occupancy toll (HOT) roadway that runs in the median of the San Bernardino Freeway (I-10) and on a separate right-of-way. The busway provides express bus service between Downtown LA and the San Gabriel Valley. Services on the busway are operated by both Metro and Foothill Transit.
 * The Harbor Transitway is a combination busway and HOT roadway that runs in the median of the Harbor Freeway (I-110). The busway provides express bus service between San Pedro and Downtown LA. Services on the busway are operated by Metro, GTrans, LADOT, OC Bus and Torrance Transit.

Other services

 * Metro Bike Share: A bicycle-sharing system in Downtown LA, Central LA, Hollywood, North Hollywood and on the Westside.
 * Metro ExpressLanes: High-occupancy toll lanes on the El Monte Busway and Harbor Transitway.
 * Metro Freeway Service Patrol: A joint effort between Metro, Caltrans, and the California Highway Patrol offering free quick-fix repairs and towing from freeways.
 * Metro Micro: An on-demand transit service, operated using vans in 8 zones around the region
 * Bike paths: 475 mi of bike facilities for commuter and recreational purposes.
 * HOV (Carpool) Lanes: 219 mi, 423 mi both directions/each lane, of carpool, vanpool, and express bus lanes.
 * Metrolink: Partially funded by Metro, it is Southern California's regional commuter rail system.
 * Pacific Surfliner: Partially funded by Metro. Metro has two board seats in the LOSSAN Rail Corridor Agency

Fares and fare collection
The base fare for Metro services, including local and express buses and Metro Rail, is $1.75. Metro introduced daily and weekly fare caps in July 2023, replacing daily, weekly, and monthly passes. With fare capping, the cost of each trip is credited towards the cost of a daily or weekly unlimited pass, automatically ensuring that all passengers pay the lowest fare possible. Discounted or free fares are available for seniors, disabled individuals, Medicare recipients, low-income individuals, and students.

The primary method of payment for Metro fares is the TAP card, a contactless stored-value card. TAP cards are valid on Metro buses and trains, and on 25 other transit agencies in Los Angeles County. TAP cards are required for Metro Rail trips, free bus transfers, and fare capping; however, single-ride bus fares can still be paid in cash. TAP cards can be purchased at station fare machines, local vendors, online, and at Metro Customer Care Centers.

Fare gates are installed at all B, C, D and K Line stations, along with select A and E Line stations. Fare gates were added after 2007 to reduce fare evasion. At the time, the decision was criticized for its cost and perceived ineffectiveness.

Ridership
The Metro B Line has the highest ridership of all Metro Rail lines and also the lowest operational cost because of its high ridership. The Metro Busway Metro J Line has the lowest ridership of all color-branded lines. Average daily boardings and passenger miles for all of 2018 are as follows:

Governance
Day-to-day operations of Metro is overseen by Chief Executive Officer Stephanie Wiggins. Metro is a joint powers authority governed by a board of directors with 14 members, 13 of whom are voting members. The Board is composed of:
 * The five members of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors
 * The mayor of the city of Los Angeles
 * Three people appointed by the mayor of Los Angeles, at least one of whom must be member of the Los Angeles City Council.
 * Four city council members or mayors from LA County cities other than Los Angeles, who each represent one region of the county: San Gabriel/Pomona Valley, Arroyo/Verdugo, Gateway Cities and Westside Cities
 * One non-voting member appointed by the Governor of California (traditionally the Director of Caltrans District 7)

While the Metro board makes decisions on large issues, they rely on Service Councils to advise on smaller decisions, such as on bus stop placement and over bus service changes. To enable this work, the councils call and conduct public hearings, evaluate Metro programs in their area, and meet with management staff. There are five Service Councils, each representing a different region: Gateway Cities, San Fernando Valley, San Gabriel Valley, South Bay, and Westside/Central. Each council is led by a board composed of a political appointees.

Members of Metro staff also sit on the boards of other joint powers authorities across the region, including the LOSSAN Rail Corridor Agency, the Alameda Corridor Transportation Authority, the Foothill Gold Line Construction Authority, the Southern California Regional Rail Authority, the High Desert Corridor Joint Powers Agency, and the Inglewood Transit Connector Joint Powers Authority.

Board of Directors
Chair

 * Janice Hahn, Los Angeles County Board Supervisor, District 4

Vice Chair

 * Fernando Dutra, Appointee of Los Angeles County City Selection Committee, Southeast Long Beach sector, City of Whittier, District 4

2nd Vice Chair

 * Jacquelyn Dupont-Walker, Appointee of the Mayor of the City of Los Angeles

Executive Board Members
 * Kathryn Barger, Los Angeles County Board Supervisor, District 5
 * James T. Butts Jr., Appointee of Los Angeles County City Selection Committee, Southwest Corridor sector, Mayor of Inglewood
 * Lindsey Horvath, Los Angeles County Board Supervisor, District 3
 * Paul Krekorian, Appointee of the Mayor of the City of Los Angeles, District 2
 * Holly J. Mitchell, Los Angeles County Board Supervisor, District 2
 * Ara Najarian, Appointee of Los Angeles County City Selection Committee, North County/San Fernando Valley sector, City of Glendale, At Large District
 * Tim Sandoval, Appointee of Los Angeles County City Selection Committee, San Gabriel Valley sector, Mayor of Pomona
 * Hilda L. Solis, Los Angeles County Board Supervisor, District 1
 * Katy Yaroslavsky, Appointee of the Mayor of the City of Los Angeles, District 5
 * Karen Bass, Mayor of Los Angeles

Ex-officio Board Member

 * Gloria Roberts, Appointee of the Governor of California, Caltrans District 7 Director

Funding
A complex mix of federal, state, county and city tax dollars as well as bonds and fare box revenue funds Metro.

The Metro budget for 2020 is $7.2 billion. Below is the funding breakdown from Metro's fiscal year 2020 budget:

Jurisdiction
The agency is a public transportation and planning agency that lies under the jurisdiction of the State of California. Although it falls under State regulations, it can also partake in regional and municipal levels of rule during a transportation development project. For example, it can play a role in policies regarding a state's housing policies, since the living situation of one affects the methods of transportation its residents will take.

This transit agency can measure successful projects through key pointers such as low income ridership increase and an increase of favorable environmental and health factors for its public community. Increased low income ridership is a significant factor because that focus group tends to makes up the majority of public transit ridership. Favorable environmental and health factors are also relevant factors because they indicate a positive relationship within the space developed and its residents.

Fleet

Most of Metro's bus fleet is powered by compressed natural gas (CNG), the largest such fleet in the United States. Using CNG reduces emissions of particulates by 90%, carbon monoxide by 80%, and greenhouse gases by 20% compared to diesel powered buses. The agency is also operating a substantial number of battery electric buses, notably on the G Line busway which has seen all CNG buses replaced with battery electric ones, and has plans to convert into a fully electric bus system. Buses feature on-board visual displays and automatic voice announcement systems that announce the next stop.

The Metro Rail fleet is broken down into two main types: light rail vehicles and rapid transit cars (commonly called subway cars in Los Angeles). Metro's light rail vehicles, used on the A, C, E, and K Lines, are 87 ft articulated, high-floor double-ended cars, powered by overhead catenary lines, which typically run in two or three car consists. Metro's subway cars, used on the B and D Lines, are 75 ft electric multiple unit, married-pair cars, powered by electrified third rail, that typically run in four or six car consists.

NextGen Bus Plan
Metro is currently implementing its "NextGen Bus Plan," a major restructuring of the agency's routes. The plan eliminates most of the Metro Rapid routes and low-performing Metro Local lines to invest in the remaining routes. Metro says the plan will double the number of frequent bus lines (defined as a bus every 10 minutes or better) and expand midday, evening, and weekend service while ensuring that 99% of current riders continue to have a less than $1/4$-mile walk to their bus stop.

D Line Extension
Section 1 of the D Line Extension will add three new subway stations to the D Line at Wilshire/La Brea, Wilshire/Fairfax, and Wilshire/La Cienega. Construction on Section 1 began in 2014 and is expected to be complete in 2025. Section 2 to Century City is expected to be completed in 2026, followed by Section 3 to Westwood in 2027.

Foothill Extension
Metro is constructing an extension of the A Line to Pomona–North station. The first phase of this extension, to Azusa, opened on March 5, 2016. Groundbreaking for the second phase to Pomona occurred on December 2, 2017, with construction starting in July 2020. The project is expected to be completed in January 2025.

Aerial Rapid Transit
Metro, in partnership with LA Aerial Rapid Transit Technologies LLC, is currently proposing to construct an aerial gondola system to connect Dodger Stadium and the stadium's surrounding communities to Union Station in Downtown Los Angeles. When completed, the approximate 5,000 people per hour, per direction aerial gondola is expected to transport visitors from Union Station to Dodger Stadium in approximately seven minutes. Additionally, the proposed project would also include several improvements to the nearby Los Angeles State Historic Park.

Long-range Measure M plans
Measure M, passed in November 2016, extends and increases the Measure R 30-year half-cent sales tax to a permanent one-cent sales tax. This tax is expected to fund $120 billion in highway and transit projects over 40 years. The tax is also expected to support over 778,000 jobs in the Los Angeles area and $79.3 billion in economic output.

Projects to be funded by Measure M, not previously mentioned above, include:
 * A streetcar in Downtown Los Angeles
 * The Los Angeles County portion of the High Desert Corridor: a freeway, rail transit, and bikeway corridor linking cities in the Antelope and Victor Valleys. Caltrans put the freeway on hold in 2019.
 * Bus Rapid Transit connecting the G and B Lines in North Hollywood with the A Line in Pasadena
 * Conversion of the G Line from Bus Rapid Transit to Light Rail
 * Light Rail along Van Nuys Boulevard to San Fernando (East San Fernando Valley Light Rail Transit Project)
 * Light Rail along the West Santa Ana Branch from Union Station to Artesia
 * Bus Rapid Transit along Vermont Avenue between the B Line at Hollywood Blvd. and the C Line at 120th St.
 * Southern extension of the C Line to Torrance Transit Center
 * Eastern extension of the C Line to the Norwalk/Santa Fe Springs Metrolink station
 * Heavy Rail tunnel underneath or monorail over the Sepulveda Pass linking the G Line in the San Fernando Valley and the D Line at Westwood/UCLA
 * Heavy Rail or Monorail extension from the D line at Westwood/UCLA to LAX
 * Extension of the E Line from East Los Angeles with a branch to Whittier next to the San Gabriel River
 * Bus Rapid Transit from LAX to the E Line at Santa Monica along Lincoln Blvd.
 * Bus Rapid Transit in the North San Fernando Valley (downgraded to local bus improvements)


text:
TCU

TCU may stand for:

Education

 * Tanzania Commission for Universities, regulatory body for Universities in Tanzania
 * Texas Christian University, a private university in Fort Worth, Texas
 * TCU Horned Frogs, the athletic programs of the school
 * Tokyo Christian University, a private university in Chiba, Japan
 * Tokyo City University, a private university in Tokyo, Japan
 * Tzu Chi University, a private university in Hualien, Taiwan
 * Tianjin Chengjian University, a university in Tianjin, China
 * Tribal colleges and universities

Science and technology

 * Telecommunication control unit, a device that regulates input and output in a mainframe computer
 * Telematic control unit, a device on board of a vehicle that controls tracking of the vehicle
 * Transmission control unit, a controlling device in automobile transmissions and engines
 * Thompson/Center Ugalde, a family of custom ammunition cartridges for firearms
 * Towering cumulus cloud (TCu), types of which are cumulus congestus or cumulus castellanus

Other

 * Tauranga City United, a New Zealand association football club
 * Transitional care unit, a facility in a hospital where the level of care falls between intensive care and normal care
 * Transportation Communications Union, a labor group for railroad-related workers
 * Triangle Credit Union, a bank in New Hampshire
 * Tribunal de Contas da União, the Brazilian federal court of accounts
 * Turn construction unit, a segment of speech in the study of linguistics
 * The Twisted Childhood Universe, a shared universe of horror films

title: TCU


text:
LASD (disambiguation)

LASD is the official abbreviation of the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, a US local law enforcement agency.

LASD may also refer to:

 * Leechburg Area School District
 * Lehighton Area School District
 * Littlestown Area School District
 * Lockheed Aeronautics Services Division, a part of Lockheed Corporation
 * Los Altos School District
 * Lufthansa Airport Services Dresden GmbH
 * FK Dinamo-Rīnuži/LASD, a football club in Riga, Latvia

title: LASD (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:Gp14gertie

Hello gertie, welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have a lot of fun here. There are lots of resources around to help guide you. be sure to check out:

 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you want add any images check out:

 * image use policy
 * How to keep image file sizes as small as possible

If you need any help try:

 * Help
 * Village pump
 * Or ask me at my talk page User_talk:Theresa knott

Don't be afraid of making the odd mistake, there are any number of others eagerly waiting for a chance to correct it!

title: User talk:Gp14gertie


text:
User talk:Vyasa

Hello Vyasa, welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have a lot of fun here. There are lots of resources around to help guide you. be sure to check out:

 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you want add any images check out:

 * image use policy
 * How to keep image file sizes as small as possible

If you need any help try:

 * Help
 * Village pump
 * Or ask me at my talk page User_talk:Theresa knott

Don't be afraid of making the odd mistake, there are any number of others eagerly waiting for a chance to correct it!

creating stubs
Please consider adding all the stubs you make to Pages needing attention. Thanks! Kingturtle 04:45, 15 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Login
Are you able to login on id:? I am sorry, I've been very busy lately. Meursault2004 (talk) 10:14, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Vyasa


text:
User talk:Gmh04

Hello Gmh04, welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you have a lot of fun here. There are lots of resources around to help guide you. be sure to check out:

 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you want add any images check out:

 * image use policy
 * How to keep image file sizes as small as possible

If you need any help try:

 * Help
 * Village pump
 * Or ask me at my talk page User_talk:Theresa knott

Don't be afraid of making the odd mistake, there are any number of others eagerly waiting for a chance to correct it!

---Hello! Do you know WikiProject Battles? It should interest you. I also do ocasionally some work in medieval battles. Check Battle of Aljubarrota - my favourite :) Cheers, Muriel Gottrop 13:11, 7 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Hello, I saw that you renamed the article "Fall of Stirling Castle" to "Siege of Stirling Castle" by copy and pasting. This is not the best way to rename (move) an article since the edit history remains at the old location. Using Wikipedia's built-in move feature, the edit history can be transferred to the new title along with the content. Please see How to rename (move) a page. I've gone ahead and done this for the Stirling Castle article, but keep this in mind in the future. Enjoy, Minesweeper 12:35, Nov 14, 2003 (UTC)

FYI, the relationship between Giric of Scotland and Eochaid of Scotland was that they were first cousins once removed: where Aed I of Scotland was Eochaid's uncle, he was Giric's first cousin. The Giric page was correct and I have recorrected it. I have also clarified the relationship between Giric and Eochaid on the Eochaid page. Graham :) 00:49, 3 Dec 2003 (UTC)

image source
For all images you upload, you must give the source so that we can judge whether the licence is valid. I am particularly suspicious of Image:Seafield colliery tower demolition.jpg. -- RHaworth 02:45, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Don't tell me. Add the source to the image description. If it is from a newspaper then you definitely must get permission. -- RHaworth 02:41, 16 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I got his image from a local newspaper website. There was no copyright notice on it. If that is not good enough I can contact the website and ask for permission. User:gmh04 06:47, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Seafield
Please supply a grid ref for Seafield Colliery - there are several Seafields near the Firth of Forth. -- RHaworth 02:57, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

I find streetmap the best - having found the point of interest, go to Click here to convert/measure coordinates at the bottom of the page for all the co-ordinates you could ever possibly need. -- RHaworth 02:41, 16 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't know how to find this ref. Can you help? User:gmh04 09:51, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Seafield colliery tower demolition.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Seafield colliery tower demolition.jpg. However, the image may soon be deleted unless we can determine the copyright holder and copyright status. The Wikimedia Foundation is very careful about the images included in Wikipedia because of copyright law (see Wikipedia's Copyright policy).

The copyright holder is usually the creator, the creator's employer, or the last person who was transferred ownership rights. Copyright information on images is signified using copyright templates. The three basic license types on Wikipedia are open content, public domain, and fair use. Find the appropriate template in Image copyright tags and place it on the image page like this:.

Please signify the copyright information on any other images you have uploaded or will upload. Remember that images without this important information can be deleted by an administrator. If you have any questions, feel free to contact me, or ask them at the Image legality questions page. Thank you. — Rebelguys2 talk 00:12, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Registry of Open Access Repositories
A tag has been placed on Registry of Open Access Repositories requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not indicate the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for web content.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the article's talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. KurtRaschke (talk) 01:54, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Pride in Paisley Party
A proposed deletion template has been added to the article Pride in Paisley Party, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but this article may not satisfy Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and the deletion notice should explain why (see also "What Wikipedia is not" and Wikipedia's deletion policy). You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why you disagree with the proposed deletion in your edit summary or on its talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised because even though removing the deletion notice will prevent deletion through the proposed deletion process, the article may still be deleted if it matches any of the speedy deletion criteria or it can be sent to Articles for Deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. Do you want to opt out of receiving this notice? Terraxos (talk) 00:53, 22 May 2008 (UTC) PROD removed and replaced with AFD. See below.

AfD nomination of Pride in Paisley Party
An article that you have been involved in editing, Pride in Paisley Party, has been listed for deletion. If you are interested in the deletion discussion, please participate by adding your comments at Articles for deletion/Pride in Paisley Party. Thank you. Do you want to opt out of receiving this notice?

Proposed deletion of Stella Does Tricks

The article Stella Does Tricks has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * No indication of how this might meet notability guidelines. Lacks citations to significant coverage in reliable sources.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the  notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing  will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. RadioFan (talk) 11:46, 23 March 2010 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:54, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gmh04