text:
Talk:Religious order

Should Society of the Sacred Heart be added? Or is is identical to another name already here, or does it not qualify? Tualha 03:23, Nov 17, 2003 (UTC) There are several different congregations that use Sacred Heart in their names.

Anybody, please have a look at the Knights of the Cross page. Does it belong to the list here? Thank you. -- Matt Borak 14:11, 24 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Orders kinda needs to be separated out anyhow there are over 800 different congregations in the world. Knights of the Cross probably needs to be in a subset of military orders which include the Teutonic Knights, and about 4 others.

Why are the Jesuits in "other catholic orders"? Should they not just be in the main list?

Wouldn't introducing Wikipedia categories help here? Would automate the creation and upkeep of this list for example. --81.153.249.196 17:42, 18 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Do not merge with monastic order
Not all religious orders are monastic and not all members of religious orders are monks or nuns.

I also don't think it should be merged, as Monastic Order is a fairly long and independant page right now.Some guy 03:20, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

Do not merge
Religious Order is a much broader term than Monasticism. Typically Monastry is a place where Monks lead a prayerful secluded life. Religious Order is a society of people believing in a particular faith and typically leading a life helping others. Lot of times, people belonging to a religious order run Schools, Universities, Hospitals, Orphanages and a host of other missions to help people.

OK I see the point you are making. . . but that is not what the article is talking about. The article talks about religious orders as being monastic groups. All the current content of the article is already covered in 'monasticism.' I agree that this is not full picture of religious orders but the broader picture has not been written into this article. Such as that the Jesuits are a religious order but they are not all monks. If another article needs to be written then perhaps it does, but the content as it sits is simply duplicated.Danieljames626 03:19, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

DO NOT MERGE
Most religious orders are NOT monastic but are active apostolic communities. Do not merge

DO NOT MERGE
"Monastic" does not mean "religious order" fro all the reasons correctly outlined above

Cor Unum 10:47, 11 June 2006 (UTC)

Also, do not merge
I have two main reasons The article on religious orders is quite weak and tends to spill over into monasticism, but that could be solved by looking in greater detail on the varieties of religious orders. The Mendicant orders (Franciscans and Dominicans) are prime candidates, one could also consider adding the various orders of canons, and the Jesuits have already be mentioned. All of these deserve at least a paragraph in this article. --SteveMcCluskey 21:30, 2 July 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) Christian monasticism is a quite different thing from those religious orders that live active lives in the world.
 * 2) I'm not sure if the term "religious order" applies outside Christianity, but monasticism certainly does.

The definition of the Religious order is added
Welcome to make further explicit editions

Please mop up with reasons.....
If the following definition is too sensitive, then I place it in the following:

Religious orders is a lineage of communities and organizations of people who live in some way set apart from society in accordance with their specific religious devotion, usually characterized by exercising the principles of its major founder's religious practice, and scientifically endorsed by either the United Nations or its domestic government [1], [2],[3]. The order is composed of initiates (laity) and ordained clergies.

[1] Bennett, David A.. Postmortem Indices Linking Risk Factors to Cognition: Results From the Religious Order Study and the Memory and Aging Project . http://www.alzheimerjournal.com/pt/re/adad/abstract.00002093-200607001-00009.htm;jsessionid=Gg7LpDNMH7MyJQH2vpWv1DzTsB1YSRzfr2mT891ydZDvfPCmz6lY!675572714!181195628!8091!-1 Retrieved on 20 July 2007.

[2] Froehlich, James P. et al.. Spiritual Maturity and Social Support in a National Study of a Male Religious Order . Retrieved on 20 July 2007. http://www.springerlink.com/content/ak653l825u352378/

[3] Dijkhof, Hoegen; Hendrik Johannes. The legitimacy of Orders of St. John : a historical and legal analysis and case study of a para-religious phenomenon . Retrieved on 20 July 2007. https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/dspace/handle/1887/4576

Jehovah's Witness
I've tagged the section because it lacks neutral sources. ♥  ♥ (Talk) 13:51, 4 July 2011 (UTC)
 * I think I'll reword this one ok? ♥  Xuandy  ♥ (Talk) 15:14, 8 July 2011 (UTC)
 * No, the section at Religious order already had three references, and two of the three are non-Witness ("neutral") publications. In any event, User:Xuandy chose the wrong tag for his issue. The POV tag has been removed. --AuthorityTam (talk) 16:08, 21 July 2011 (UTC)

"The profession of monastics is known as tonsure..."??
Is this sentence (under "Orthodox tradition") incoherent? There is no definition in the Oxford dictionary that conforms to this. Could someone expert rewrite it to be clearer? --lifeform (talk) 04:37, 20 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Eastern Orthodox sources (of which I have cited a couple in the article) are better. Esoglou (talk) 06:36, 20 June 2014 (UTC)

Extremely Biased Article
Not a single mention of Pagan, Masonic, Church of All Worlds, etc.! GodOfNonTyranny 20:56, 31 August 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Religious order


text:
Talk:Riduan Isamuddin

Allegedly

 * which is allegedly linked to Al Qaeda.

What does this even mean? Magic Johnson and Larry Bird are intimately linked in my mind because of the many great games they played against one another. Obviously, that's not what linked means in this sentence. But what does it mean? And who alleges it? Please avoid this meaningless word.

Also, you've been putting in a lot of work on these articles and I appreciate it. While you're doing it, could you source these things? With footnotes or via words in the text itself, not just listing sources at the end, so that you have to slog through four sources to see which one contains the information? DanKeshet 03:27, Nov 17, 2003 (UTC)

Ok, I'll add captions to the sources. :) WhisperToMe 02:18, 18 Nov 2003 (UTC)

when u discuss hambalis nickname, i presume u mean it was derived from the the name of imam hanbali. he was an imam and an eminent islamic scholar 1 of the great four imams and their four madhabs. the hanbali madhab. imam hanbali was never and never claimed to be a saint. infact imam hanbali's teachings are specifically in disagree ment with the existance of saints, plz edit this asap —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.252.192.6 (talk • contribs)

The United States is now claiming that Hambali was located through tracking of his finances. Does anyone know this to be a proven fact? Did it come out in his trial? Is there evidence that contradicts the US governments claim? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.163.161.39 (talk • contribs)

Hambali's envisioned state in SE Asia
Just getting rid of the (citation needed)tag. Just doing a simple search I was able to find extracts on JI's vision of a state including northern Australia, albeit from a biased source. Nevertheless, it is acknowledgement of this fact in criticising the Four Corners program (where this information was presented) that is good enough for this time. If anyone has further time, they can add to this by looking at the specific Four Corners program or looking up more news articles. I disctinctly remember reading in the newspapers about this vision of an Islamic superstate headed by JI. -- Permafrost 08:35, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

explanation
An anonymous IP address made what I considered an overly bold informationectomy. There is no real doubt that he was tortured. I reverted it, and added a couple of references. Geo Swan (talk) 00:57, 29 June 2018 (UTC)

responsible use of tags...
An anonymous IP added a POV-section tag to the section on torture. But they didn't then offer an explanation for this tag, here.

I suggest we wait a reasonable period of time. If no one offers a meaningful substantive justification for that tag we should remove it. Geo Swan (talk) 01:04, 29 June 2018 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Riduan Isamuddin


text:
Sigma Phi Delta

Sigma Phi Delta (ΣΦΔ) is an international professional-social fraternity of engineers. As "The Premier International Fraternity of Engineers", the organization is the only fraternity of its kind that draws its membership exclusively from male engineering students at ABET-accredited colleges and universities, as other similar organizations are co-ed or admit students not strictly in traditional engineering programs (such as architecture or technical sciences).

History
Sigma Phi Delta was founded at University of Southern California on April 11, 1924 and currently has 25 active chapters.

Blazon for the Sigma Phi Delta Coat of Arms
Gules, a pall or, between, in chief two retorts crossed argent, in dexter base a quill sable surmounting a key in saltire, of the third, in sinister base a hammer fesswise of the fourth debruising a compass, points downward, of the third; over all the escutcheon of pretense, azure, charged with a castle or, masoned sable, with a bordure argent.

Crest, over a duke's helmet and a torse of the colors, a dexter cubit arm, proper, grasping a thunderbolt, winged or

Mantling: Gules doubled, or

Supporters: Two lions, rampant, proper

Motto: Sigma Phi Delta, in upper and lower case Greek letters

Insignia
The Name of the Fraternity is represented by the capital form of the Greek letters Sigma (Σ), Phi (Φ), Delta (Δ) which stand for Science, Friendship and Duty.

Pledge Pin
The Pledge Pin is described as: "A red triangular background on which is a black Castle, the whole bordered in gold".

Membership Badge
The Membership Badge is described as: "A triangle having concave corners on which are superimposed three smaller triangles having concave sides and having their vertices at the center of the badge on which is placed a ruby. The smaller triangles, which contain the letters Sigma, Phi and Delta, are black, the background between them being white. A gold star is located near each of the vertices of the large triangle. The border may be engraved gold or may be jeweled. The crown pearl badge has four pearls on each side of the badge. The ruby point badge has two rubies and two pearls on each side, the pearls being in the middle and the rubies at the outside".

Fraternity flag
The fraternity flag is 4' × 6' cotton bunting or nylon. The design is black letters, bordered with white and a gold Castle on a red field. This is a standard flag, that is, read correctly from left to right on one side and in reverse on the other.

Strategic partnerships
In 2015, Sigma Phi Delta and Alpha Omega Epsilon joined together to form a strategic partnership with the FIRST Robotics Competition in order to fulfill their respective mission to further Engineering Education. Together, they plan to advocate and promote career opportunities in STEM, within grades K–12 as well as higher education, build on existing STEM related programs, and seek ways to engage their memberships in FIRST Mentor/Coach opportunities as a means of workforce development, increased community involvement and/or encourage employees to give back to the communities where they live/work. Most Sigma Phi Delta chapters were already involved with their respective communities FIRST teams, but this further cements Sigma Phi Delta's object of further Engineering as a whole.

Sigma Phi Delta notable alumni

 * Eric Newell (Theta chapter) – Former Chairman and CEO of the oil company Syncrude. Chancellor of the University of Alberta.

title: Sigma Phi Delta


text:
Talk:Barbara Allen (song)

Use of the ballad in "A Christmas Carol"
In the 1951 version of "A Christmas Carol" (released as "Scrooge" in England) starring Alastair Sim, the film uses the tune in two scenes: first when introducing Scrooge's beloved sister, Fan, and again when Scrooge visits Fan's son for Christmas dinner. Richard Adddinsell, who scored the movie, may have selected the Ballad of Barbara Allen solely for it's tune. But perhaps he knew the text well enough to have thought it a fitting symbol for the theme of penitence that marks Dicken's A Christmas Carol.

Version
The verse should not be here. A link to external sources, or a WikiSource copy, should contain that information. Goldfritha 16:47, 2 July 2006 (UTC)
 * This six-year-old comment is absolutely correct. The article links to the Child variations of the lyrics via Wikisource; there is no good reason to have a complete set of lyrics here -- it unjustifiably inflates the length of the article. If the verses were broken down analytically like in the Old Dan Tucker article, their inclusion may be merited. Otherwise, Wikipedia is not a lyrics database. Memtgs (talk) 19:54, 16 January 2013 (UTC)

Diary reference
The article says:

 * The first known reference to the song has been found in a 1666 diary.

The liner notes to The Everly Brothers' album Songs Our Daddy Taught Us (which includes 'Barbara Allen') state that this was, in fact, Samuel Pepys' diary. Can anyone verify this? If it's correct, Pepys should probably be mentioned by name. --Perodicticus 21:44, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Edited to do this, with a link to the Gutenberg text. Mhardcastle 21:42, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Added reference to the standard modern critical edition of Pepys Diary. However the entire article appears to be un-sourced and unverifiable: for example Child, Vol II,Part 3, 1885, p. 276 gives Ramsey’s Miscellany (1740) as the first printing -- this article 1780 without source or citation.  Someone who knows the subject should go over the text thoroughly and provide citations to the relevant current literature.

Feminist Criticism?
Is there no feminist criticism of this song. While the version in the article gives no motive for Barbara Allen's treatment of the man, modern versions do. The middle of the ballad often goes like this:

I am sick and very sick, And death in me is swelling. No better, no better I never shall be. If I can't have Barbara Allen.

Yes, you're sick and very sick And death is in you dwelling. No better, no better you never shall be For you shan't have Barbara Allen.

Do you recall that winter's night (alt: Do you recall in younder town) When we were at the tavern, You danced a round with the maidens fair (alt: You drank a toast to the lasses there) But you slighted Barbara Allen.

I'm not a feminist literary critic but I can't be the first person to take umbrage of the fact that William (or Jimmy) wishes to possess (from the song to "have") a woman he had slighted--and the portrayal of Barbara Allen for not giving herself to him as being "hard hearted". 74.129.2.63 (talk) 22:01, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I don't understand. You say "modern versions" have him slighting her, but then you say it's in the middle of the ballad. Is it in the original ballad or not? BillMasen (talk) 23:43, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

When discussing "Barbara Allen" it's not really possible to refer to the "original version" because we do not know exactly when or where this ballad originated. There are many different printed and recorded versions, some longer and some shorter, some older and some more recent but we can not regard one of those as being the "true" version, they are all equally valid.

Some versions of the ballad say that the young man slighted Barbara first. Other versions say that Barbara believed that he slighted her first but the young man tells her on his deathbed that she was mistaken. I referred to that in the article.

I don't know if a published writer has ever criticized "Barbara Allen" from a feminist perspective but I would agree that it's quite possible. If anybody can find such a work, I think it would be appropriate to add that information.Simon Peter Hughes (talk) 08:04, 10 June 2009 (UTC)

Removing list of renditions
What is the purpose of such an exhaustive list of "Barbara Allen" renditions? It seems an unusually long table possessing limited utility, and moreover, it is entirely unreferenced. I am considering removing it, but imagine someone has put a great deal of time and thought into compiling such a thing. So, what are the reasons for keeping it? Memtgs (talk) 20:01, 16 January 2013 (UTC)

 * I would tend to agree. Initially there was an ever-growing narrative list of recordings.  Now, in addition to that, we have a tabular list of recordings.  An encyclopedia article should not be a catalog of every example of the topic.  I think the lists do nothing for the article.  Eastcote (talk) 02:45, 18 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Once again I have removed an accumulated list of covers of this widely-performed song. I have cleaned up this section before and will continue to do so for renditions which are unsourced and/or not notable, using [WP:COVERSONG] and [WP:NSONG] as guidelines. If someone wants to create a separate table or article for renditions of Barbara Allen, I'd love to lend a hand; but in its current form, this list is unnecessary. Rationale for removals this time is as follows:

 * Johnny Cash - no citation, possibly synthesized interpretation of his rendition, does not appear to fulfill [WP:NSONG].
 * Jerry Reed - not discussed by a secondary source (track listing is unacceptable), does not appear to fulfill [WP:NSONG].
 * John Weslet Harding - no citation, does not appear to fulfill [WP:NSONG].
 * Frank Turner - no citation, does not appear to fulfill [WP:NSONG].
 * Les Barker - citation does not mention Barbara Allen (see [WP:NOR]) but rather appears to focus on the rose-briar motif and other themes in broadside ballads.
 * Billie Armstrong and Norah Jones - no citation, does not appear to fulfill [WP:NSONG].
 * Meg Baird - no citation, does not appear to fulfill [WP:NSONG].

 * I have also added a comment in the source to keep in mind the notability and verifiability of covers. I have maintained the mention of folk revivalists as I think they are important for preserving the song as it is known today; I will look for sources to support this in the near future. Memtgs (talk | contribs) @ 16:57, 3-03-2014 UTC 16:57, 3 March 2014 (UTC)
 * I agree with the removal. Lists do nothing to inform about the song itself.  Unless there is something specifically noteworthy about a particular rendition, it is just "so-and-so sang it, too", which tells us nothing.  Eastcote (talk) 02:17, 4 March 2014 (UTC)

Explanation of overhaul

 * 1) Moved alternative titles to a new "Variations" section. Changed title in introduction paragraph from "The Ballad of Barbara Allen" to plain old "Barbara Allen", the lowest common denominator. Most modern literature refers to it as such, there is no need to expand the title in an anachronistic or romantic fashion -- and even one were to do that, Coffin and Child would prescribe the gay title of "Bonny Barbara Allen". Added citations for alternative titles.
 * 2) Revised story synopsis, making language more concise and adding new sources (Child and Coffin).
 * 3) Per WP:SONGCOVER, I have removed all references to modern renditions of the song which lacked both (1) additional commentary justifying their inclusion in the article and (2) a citation. All others remain intact, with some "citation needed" tags added. I have also re-named the section to better reflect its content.
 * 4) Removed list of recordings. See above conversation on talk page for more information.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Memtgs (talk • contribs) 03:58, 19 January 2013 (UTC)

Link to earliest surviving broadside?
I'm involved in the English Broadside Ballad Archive project, and we have a digital facsimile, transcription, recording, and citation of the first extant broadside printing this ballad (1675-1696); seems like it might be a useful link to include (but I don't want to violate conflict-of-interest). The ballad itself is held by the British Library, in its Roxburghe collection. Our resource is here: http://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/ballad/30145/image. Thanks! MeganPB (talk) 17:33, 15 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Wonderful! I have seen this printing before and thought of including an image of it in the main article, but am unsure of the copyright status of the digital facsimile. Is there any way we could incorporate it into the body, with proper attribution? Memtgs (talk | contribs) @ 20:57, 18-09-2013 UTC 20:57, 18 September 2013 (UTC)

Great! I'm fuzzy on copyright issues. Here's our use policy statement: "EBBA is open access. All materials are available for use online free of charge...EBBA grants no rights to reproduction of its images." (http://ebba.english.ucsb.edu/page/use-policy). Is use on another site "reproduction"? This certainly applies to print reproduction. MeganPB (talk) 23:34, 25 September 2013 (UTC)
 * I imagine it probably does constitute reproduction -- a pity, but I'd rather not risk it. In any case, I've added the citation to the article's external links. Thanks for the heads-up! Memtgs (talk | contribs) @ 16:23, 26-09-2013 UTC 16:23, 26 September 2013 (UTC)

Shouldn't this article contain the lyrics?
This article is also read by non English native speakers, the lyrics of the song are important for those who want to understand the song, reading and listening it.

Could someone please write the lyrics. If this were a deeper article, it could include several variants of the lyrics, commenting where each variant is singed and how it evolved. One do not expects an ethnomusicologyst treatise to be written by volunteer wikipedians, but some work in that direction could improve this entry and in similar entries. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.178.73.8 (talk) 08:18, 30 November 2014 (UTC)

 * The difficulty is that there is no definitive set of lyrics. Francis Child, Thomas Percy, the Lomaxes, and any other ethnomusicologist you could think of collecting in an English-speaking region all found multiple variations of different cultural significances. I'll throw something up for the moment, but given the importance of the ballad, an ethnographic treatise may not be out of order. Memtgs (talk | contribs) @ 14:35, 30-11-2014 UTC 14:35, 30 November 2014 (UTC)

English song
Barbara Allen is an English song. To say that it was "originating in England and Scotland" cannot be correct. Furthermore, why add "which immigrants introduced to the United States, where it became a popular folk song"? It was a popular song in England and Scotland long before it became popular in the USA. The current wording is very American-centric.101.98.161.149 (talk) 02:03, 9 May 2015 (UTC)

It is generally accepted to be Scottish although there is no definite proof. It is especially popular in the areas where Scottish and Scots/Irish settlers made their homes. Amongst "Hillbillies" the song was preserved and is still played. Acorn897 (talk) 18:06, 18 June 2017 (UTC)

Briar reference
I recently removed the italicized portion of this text from the disambiguation page, Briar:

 * In Barbara Allen, a well-known folk ballad, the title character is identified with a briar in some versions: for instance, Joan Baez's 1961 version has "Out of Sweet William's heart, there grew a rose, out of Barbara Allen's, a briar."

It is beyond hte scope of a disambiguation page; I don't know if it merits mention here. Cheers! bd2412 T 14:35, 5 August 2015 (UTC)

Origins
Raph states specifically that "the folk song originated in Scotland", so the source could not more directly concern its origins. The IP's assertion that the song originated in England purely because of its inclusion in a book with "English" in the title (google search "Barbara Allen English") is WP:SYNTH at the most charitable. Percy includes the song but does not discuss its origins. A cursory look at the index of songs in Percy, and its preface, indicates that it is replete with Scots songs, as well as songs of other origin: as Percy put it himself "the beautiful Scottish poems, with which this little miscellany is enriched". See Reliques of Ancient English Poetry regarding the prominence of border ballads in general in the work. The song's great popularity in England, as well as various other English-speaking countries, makes it in that sense (also) English, hence other sources in the article discussing its place in the English canon but that is a different matter to the question of actual origin. Mutt Lunker (talk) 10:04, 6 February 2016 (UTC)

 * No, actually in the field of musicology the song is almost always classed as being of English origins rather than Scottish origins. There are a seemingly infinite number of works on this issue.  At the most you can find one (non-scholarly) claim that it's origins are Scottish.

 * — Preceding unsigned comment added by 23.241.194.45 (talk) 00:27, 7 February 2016 (UTC)

 * You have blatantly misrepresented Raph by changing the quote "This folk song originated in Scotland and dates back at least to the beginning of the seventeenth century" so that "England" replaces "Scotland". That is plainly bad faith and thus vandalous. I thus assume you are being similarly dishonest about your other sources.

 * (For what it is worth, do the sources actually discuss the origin of the song rather than just referring to it as English? After your previous dubious citation, your deceitful alteration of another and your new similarly dubious search terms "Barabara Allen" "from England" I am not willing to accept that they do so, certainly not without seeing the full quote from each of these sources on the matter, if they even discuss it. The only one you link just refers to it as English. I can find no such thing in Percy though you may have a different volume or edition in mind. Many songs and tunes take off in a place and are thus often regarded as being from there but that is not the same thing as its origin. "Flowers of Edinburgh" may be Irish despite its name and popularity in Scotland. "The Parting Glass" is usually regarded as Irish because of its popularity there, likewise "Danny Boy"; the first probably did not originate there, the second certainly did not.)

 * Anyway here is a highly reliable source which does specifically discuss the songs origin and that Pepys mention is the earliest. Mutt Lunker (talk) 01:40, 7 February 2016 (UTC)

Changing that source was an error, I was attempting to edit the article, it appeared in sentence form in the text on the edit page. The rest of my sources are easily verifiable and your assumptions (as you call them) are unwarranted. Your name calling "deceitful" etc, are uncalled for and clearly indicate that your edits are in bad faith. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 23.241.194.45 (talk) 01:50, 7 February 2016 (UTC)

First of all a BBC article is not a reliable source, but even if it were, the BBC article you cited says only that given their (highly subjective) sources (which themselves place the origins in NORTHERN ENGLAND) it "suggests a" scottish origin. There are far too many problems with this to include it matter-of-factly in this article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 23.241.194.45 (talk) 01:56, 7 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Per WP:BRD, you have made bold changes, they have been reverted so discuss them here unless and until a consensus to implement the edit has been reached. Mutt Lunker (talk) 01:59, 7 February 2016 (UTC)

I have and I will continue to do so. Please be aware of the following rules: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_warring#The_three-revert_rule — Preceding unsigned comment added by 23.241.194.45 (talk) 02:01, 7 February 2016 (UTC)

 * This does not apply to the reverison of vandalism, such as the intentional introduction of factual errors. Mutt Lunker (talk) 02:08, 7 February 2016 (UTC)

 * If that your sources do say what you indicate is easily verifiable, quote them as requested. Even if you did mistakenly misrepresent a source, you are hardly proving reliable.

 * The BBC is not a reliable source!? Even if there are "too many problems with" the BBC article, what about your vague collation of WP:SYNTH? Mutt Lunker (talk) 02:06, 7 February 2016 (UTC)

What you did was not revert vandalism and what I added were not factual errors, my sources all class Barbara Allen as being an "English song", an "English folk song" or a song of "English origins". One of them acknowledges that the Scottish "also claim the song" but that's the extent of that claims validity. No, the BBC article is not a reliable source per wikipedia standards. Lastly, what I did is not WP:SYNTH, each source, individually, contains the information I cited. They are not the only sources which do, I could post something like a thousand more, but after half a dozen of reliable sources, I think that would be redundant. What you did DOES meet the definition of edit warring, precisely because what I posted was not vandalism, you're attempts to classify it as such are underhanded. Please adhere to wikipedia's rules, which I see you have just violated again. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 23.241.194.45 (talk) 02:42, 7 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Please provide quotes as requested. Lots of books (correctly or incorrectly) noting that the song is English does not indicate an actual discussion of the origin. Removal of maintenance templates without the issues having been addressed is, also, classed as disruptive behaviour and open to sanction. Mutt Lunker (talk) 02:58, 7 February 2016 (UTC)

Additional Sources verifying the English origins of this song:
Before the Folk-Song Society: Lucy Broadwood and English Folk Song, 1884–97 E. David Gregory Folk Music Journal Vol. 9, No. 3 (2008), pp. 372-414 Barbara Allen is addressed on page 382 as explicitly "English". No mention of Scotland. Specifically described as an "English vernacular song"

Reviewed Work: Barbara Allen by Andre J. Thomas Review by: Brett Scott The Choral Journal Vol. 46, No. 12 (JUNE 2006), p. 114 Published by: American Choral Directors Association Barbara Allen is described once again as an "English folk song" with no mention made of Scotland.

Here is one that analyzes the song in depth as describes it's tune as being "English". Not a single mention of Scotland. Gammon, V., & Portman, E. (2013). Five-time in english traditional song. Folk Music Journal, 10(3), 319-346. Barbara Allen is analyzed on page 330

The field of musicology overwhelmingly classes the song as English, only non-academic sources class it as Scottish. This entire debate is based on valuing what amounts to pop-culture nonsense over academic consensus. 23.241.194.45 (talk) 06:31, 8 February 2016 (UTC)

All of these are peer-reviewed academic sources, whereas the edits by Mutt Lunker and now Drmies would have these be outweighed by one sentence from an inaccurate BBC article, a book on the Irish potato famine that is NOT about musicology, and I don't have access to this particular book so I can't comment on the ostensibly relevant quote, but it is from a different field than that which pertains to the article. (Arthur Gribben, ed., The Great Famine and the Irish Diaspora in America, University of Massachusetts Press (March 1, 1999), pg. 112.) and lastly by a non-academic songbook from the 1980s which is not peer-reviewed and was published privately. Frankly I think the disparity in validity here is absurd.23.241.194.45 (talk) 06:44, 8 February 2016 (UTC)
 * So no discussion of actual origin in any of your sources then.

 * To repeat, the song is English in the sense that it has been notably very popular in the English canon of song for centuries, spawning myriad versions, and appearing in numerous broadsheets and collections of English song. My own not-a-reliable-source impression is that, in recent times at least, it seems more in currency in England than in Scotland. That it entered, developed and became one of the more prominent songs in one country and is at the core of its folk song repertoire makes it very much a song of that country, hence common reference to it as such, per your sources. It just so happens that it, apparently, began its existence elsewhere, according to all available sources we have uncovered which specifically deal with origin. There are numerous similar examples of songs reaching prominence outside their place of origin. Classing it as English is one thing; stating it originated in England quite another. Mutt Lunker (talk) 15:36, 8 February 2016 (UTC)
 * This whole discussion is a bit useless, really. The Child ballads are commonly classified as Anglo-Scottish (David Atkinson is a certified expert), and in older scholarship the term "English" seems to be used pretty loosely and, as Mutt Lunker indicates, frequently points at the language rather than at the provenance. Do we need to point out that these ballads were floating around long before they were ever written down? Pepys referred to the tune already (as a "little Scotch song") in 1666, but Child, who calls it a "Scottish ballad", gets it from a 1740 collection. Bob Halli doesn't even seem interested in the actual provenance. And may I add that musicologists, for all their expertise, aren't necessarily experts in oral traditions? And if we want academic sources--well, this mention of "the Scottish ballad" is pretty impeccable, I think. In other words, while this doesn't need to be fought over since it's not that important, there is really no good reason at all to call it English if that means excluding its likely Scottish heritage. Drmies (talk) 16:08, 8 February 2016 (UTC)
 * I'd agree that it not being definitively English is probably the most notable point and Anglo-Scottish seems a pretty good handle for the overall continuum, particularly so for Border ballads, with versions of songs spreading widely throughout it and often evolving considerably, whatever the point of origin. The citation from Childe particularly would be worthing adding to the article, maybe Ritchie/Orr too and the others. Mutt Lunker (talk) 17:18, 8 February 2016 (UTC)

The sources linked in the article do not appear to be very legitimate. Are there any academic sources stating the case for the alleged "Scottishness" of the song? Because so far the case for this seems to be very weak. Based on what's here on the talk page I would suggest changing the claim that the song is Scottish, clearly this is somewhat contentious, but the sources provided by Mutt Lunker don't seem reliable and the corresponding claims don't seem legitimate.130.182.24.89 (talk) 23:52, 9 February 2016 (UTC)

Also Mutt Lunker claims that a reference from Fiona Ritchie and Doug Orr is "impeccable". Neither of them are musicologists. The argument posited above seems to want to discard people who are actually experts in the relevant field, and add exalt people from other fields as being beyond question (in this case the other field is history, which while great, is not what's being discussed) Fiona Ritchie and Doug Orr are clearly inaccurate in this isolated remark.130.182.24.89 (talk) 00:00, 10 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Er, can you clarify if you are just repeating yourself now or trying to convince us you are another user with an identical style and competency level? There's only so far that AGF can be stretched. Familiarise yourself with WP:SOCKPUPPET immediately.

 * I am not User:Drmies, or a sock thereof as you are possibly implying. Mutt Lunker (talk) 00:12, 10 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Ok, so you are editing the article as before, having been warned at ANI that you only narrowly escaped a block, implying that you are in fact attempting to convince us that you are another user. You should revert pronto and apologise. Mutt Lunker (talk) 00:31, 10 February 2016 (UTC)

 * "English" is both a nationality and a language (some Scots will even go so far, sometimes, as to admit to speaking English). Pepys said that "Barbara Allen" was a Scotch song. Anyone who wants to claim it as an English song has to go behind that evidence.

 * WP:OR warning! IMO (1) the song's origin is either Northumbrian or Lowland Scottish, and (2) most likely both.

 * The Child text is littered with north-east English and south Scottish dialect words and references: "hooly", "gin", "dinna", "bonny", "ae", "frae", to name a few. Use them south of the River Tees, and expect both incomprehension and strange looks. Also, "briar". In those northern areas, it means a wild rose, which fits the songtext exactly. Further south in England, "briar" is what you make pipes from – i.e. heath or heather roots from the Mediterranean.

 * The song also mentions "West Country" and "Highland", which are in context exclusively Scottish. In England today, "West Country" means south-west England.

 * To anyone with ears, "Barbara Allen" is a Border ballad both lyrically and musically. I would accept an attribution of dual English and Scottish origin, or of Scottish origin; but never of purely English origin. (FWIW I'm English with Scottish ancestry.)

 * If anyone wants to reenact Chevy Chase, count me out. Narky Blert (talk) 00:15, 25 March 2016 (UTC)

This battling across the border is exactly the context in which this song originated. There needs to be some consensus reached over how this song should be described, and I vote for "Anglo-Scottish". Over the past few hundred years there have been "experts" who have described it as one or the other, and it is probably both. Eastcote (talk) 00:57, 25 March 2016 (UTC)

 * I support "Anglo-Scottish". The term relates well to the Borders. Narky Blert (talk) 10:20, 25 March 2016 (UTC)

A very interesting example of the limits of knowledge and logic. The problem is that the evidence is insufficient to reach a definite conclusion. The undisputed facts are that the song is written in the English language, and in the earliest reference to it (in London) in 1666 it is described as a 'Scotch' song. Its text uses some northern English or Scottish words. Thus it may have been Scottish, or English. There is no way to tell. Perhaps it was written in Edinburgh, or perhaps it was written in London in the Scottish style to celebrate the recent return of the the Stuart dynasty. We simply cannot know the answer. All one can do is factually describe it as 'a British song first noted in London in 1666 and described then as being 'Scotch'. Cassandrathesceptic (talk) 16:14, 29 March 2016 (UTC)

Allen or Allan?
Can someone explain why although all titles listed in the article read "Allen", the quoted lyrics read "Allan" (with two as instead of one)? This is not explained anywhere in the article and I can't readily find a viewable citation listed for this discrepancy. Softlavender (talk) 03:03, 21 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Barbary/Barbara, Allen/Allan/Ellen, and all combinations thereof are used variously with the numerous titles not always restricted to the character's name. Child's two versions are entitled "Bonny Barbara Allan" and "Barbara Allen's Cruelty" but he refers to other title variants. I'd guess the "Barbara Allen" combination may be the most common rendering but I don't know and any quotations should be per the spelling used therein. With such songs being spread and sustained orally it would be more of a surprise if there were consistency in the title. Mutt Lunker (talk) 09:47, 21 May 2016 (UTC)
 * I recommend that the lyrics in this article be changed to match the mentions in the article text -- that is, "Allen". Otherwise, it's a jarring discrepancy that looks like a typo. Softlavender (talk) 10:02, 21 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Consistency of generic mentions in the article text is desirable but I very fundamentally disagree with the notion of misrepresenting quotations, be they lyrics or otherwise, to attain a spurious standardisation of spelling. It is not a modern copyrighted pop song with one definitive, published title and attributed author/composer. Perhaps a mention of the various titles and spelling in the lede or a section in the article would be worthwhile but falsely indicating a consistency of spelling and title in a quoted context would be misguided and wrong. Mutt Lunker (talk) 10:44, 21 May 2016 (UTC)
 * I would echo Mutt's sentiments and add that in the "Common variations" section, several alternate spellings and titles are already given. I have just bolded them to add emphasis. Lady  of  Shalott  17:31, 21 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Well spotted. Mutt Lunker (talk) 17:51, 21 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Same surname. I wouldn't be surprised if "Barbara Alan" were around too.
 * The title of the article is relatively unimportant; so long as anyone can find it. What is important, is that sources should be quoted exactly and not "improved" to "correct" the spelling. Narky Blert (talk) 23:00, 22 May 2016 (UTC)

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Ann Tremellan
The Cornish band Dalla has a variant of 'Barbara Allen' under the title 'Ann Tremellan':

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=phpvylKuMM8

It appears on their album 'Cribbar' (2010).

I don't know if it warrants inclusion in the article, but I thought I'd mention it in case someone wanted to add it. I don't feel confident to do so myself without first posting here.

title: Talk:Barbara Allen (song)


text:
Save-A-Lot

Save A Lot Food Stores Ltd. is an American discount supermarket chain store headquartered in St. Ann, Missouri, in Greater St. Louis. It has about 900 independently owned and operated stores across 32 states in the United States with over $4 billion in annual sales.

Stores carry most grocery products, with an assortment of fresh, canned and frozen produce, meat, meal products, household items and everyday groceries. Save A Lot grocery stores sell national brands and private label brands at a discounted price. A typical Save A Lot grocery store is 15000 sqft with items displayed in their cardboard shipping boxes.

History
Save A Lot was founded in 1977 by Bill Moran as an alternative to larger supermarkets. He opened the first Save A Lot store in Cahokia, Illinois, and remained with the company until his retirement in 2006.

In 1978, General Grocer Company expanded the company's presence in the greater St. Louis area. Eventually, the store network grew to 30 stores by the end of the decade. At the root of company's growth strategy is its licensee relationship, in which Save A Lot acts as a wholesaler to its independent store owners as opposed to a franchisor. Smaller, independent grocery retailers soon found the limited assortment model to be an effective defensive strategy against the larger chain supermarkets. With help from new licensees, in 1980 alone Save A Lot added 50 stores in the Mid-South region, and a warehouse in Jackson, Tennessee.

In 1984, Save A Lot purchased 75 similar format Jewel T stores and two distribution centers from Jewel in Florida and Pennsylvania. In 1987, Save A Lot was purchased by St. Louis-based food retailer and wholesaler Wetterau Inc, then owner of former sister stores Shop 'n Save.

Acquisition by SuperValu, 1994-2016
In 1994, both the Save A Lot and Shop 'n Save banners became wholly owned subsidiaries of Supervalu Inc, one of the largest independent grocery wholesalers, and the owners of Cub Foods and Scott's Food & Pharmacy at the time. The acquisition opened up Save A Lot's licensee opportunities to conventional Supervalu-supplied operators, including Niemann Foods.

Save A Lot expanded into Southern California with the purchase of 21 discount-grocery Sav U Foods stores, and a distribution center from the Fleming Companies in late 1996.

In 2002, Save A Lot acquired discount variety store chain Deals with 45 stores in the Midwest. The typical Deal$ store had a slightly smaller footprint than Save A Lot and carried mostly non-food merchandise at dollar-increment price points. The Deal$ concept was expanded under Save A Lot to 138 stores by 2006. The acquisition also allowed Save A Lot grocery stores to stock more general merchandise in its grocery stores. The company experimented with hypermarkets which combined the discount grocery and merchandise concepts under one roof. This eventually led to 480 combination stores that did not carry the Deal$ banner. In 2006, Save A Lot sold Deal$ to Dollar Tree for $30.5 million plus inventory. Save A Lot reduced the amount of general merchandise in its combination stores and returned them to its grocery-focused model.

In 2009, Save A Lot expanded its presence internationally. In the Caribbean, Save A Lot opened the first three international licensee grocery stores in Aruba, Freeport- Bahamas and Dominica. Expansion continued with secondary locations opening in Aruba and 8 mile Rock-Bahamas. International interest and growth continued with additional stores opening in St. Vincent, Curaçao, Trinidad and Tobago- (Mount Hope and Diego Martin). From the Caribbean, expansion moved to Central America establishing the brand with the opening of two retail sites in Guatemala City. Grenada was the last international licensee scheduled opening. As of 2018, with the change of corporate ownership the overall corporate strategy shifted to focus all efforts on stateside store growth. The international retail licenses were dissolved and existing international accounts were converted to wholesale accounts. The international stores no longer operate under the Save A Lot brand name or Save A Lot Licensee agreement but as independent retailers.

In late 2009, newly hired Supervalu CEO Craig Herkert announced the goal to double the Save A Lot grocery store network to 2,400 locations within five years. The company opened nearly 100 stores in 2010 with a major focus on the Southeastern United States.

Save A Lot entered into a licensing affiliation with Hispanic grocer Rafael Ortega to rebrand six former Save A Lots in Houston, Texas, and South Texas as "El Ahorro Save A Lot". new stores featured Save A Lot product offerings along with more traditional Hispanic staples.

In late 2010, Rite Aid became a licensed Save A Lot operator when it converted 10 of its existing pharmacies in the Greenville, South Carolina, area to co-branded "Save A Lot/Rite Aid" units.

In September 2012, Supervalu announced it would close 22 Save A Lot stores in seven states. Several executive changes were made by Supervalu on March 4, 2013, including replacing Save-A-Lot CEO Roces with Ritchie Casteel. This came in the midst of plans by Supervalu to sell a number of its other grocery chains to Cerberus Capital Management.

Sale to Onex Corporation, 2016-2020
In October 2016, SuperValu sold Save A Lot to Onex Corporation. In April 2020, Save A Lot completed a recapitalization of the business with the company's lenders that canceled approximately $500 million in debt and provided a $350 million capital infusion to the company. Save A Lot is now privately held by institutional investors.

Transition to wholesale model, 2020-2023
In early 2020, Save-a-Lot began a financial restructuring towards a wholesale model in order to reduce its debt load. It's sought to no longer operate its locations and instead license them off to independent retailers.

In August 2023, Save-a-Lot revealed that the remaining 18 stores that it operated directly were to be acquired by Leevers Supermarkets. Leevers is an employee-owned company that also operate Leevers Locavore, El Mercado De Colorado, and had already been operating 29 Save-a-Lots. As of February 2024, Leevers Supermarkets operated a total of 52 Save-a-Lots (14 in Colorado, 20 in the mid-Atlantic, and 18 in the greater St Louis area).

title: Save-A-Lot


text:
Mariano Grueiro

Mariano Grueiro (born 1975) is a Galego (Galician language) cultural activist, writer, photographer, filmmaker, artist.

He was born in 1975 in Narón, Galicia/Galiza, Spain, and grew up in the naval dockyard town of Ferrol in the 1980s, during a period of major crisis in the Galician shipbuilding industry.

As a photographer his main areas of work are landscapes and documentary. His earliest photographic work was "People in Compostela", a photographic essay about the Galician capital Santiago de Compostela (1996–1999). This was followed by a series on the Galician coast (1999) and subsequently on the December 2002 political demonstrations in Santiago de Caompostela. His SO2 project linked the Berlin Alexanderplatz communications tower and a depopulated village in rural Galicia.

He has been writing about Galician society since 1994 and in 2001, published a collection of essays under the title Wildliza.

His work as a filmmaker has been closely linked to his activities as a political campaigner on the environmental and political issues raised by the 2002 Prestige oil spill, a marine environmental disaster on a scale exceeding the Exxon Valdez incident. His most well-known film is Awaking of the Nightmare[sic] (1-12-2002. A manifestación: O espertar do sono), about the great Galician nationalist and environmentalist protest rally on 1 December 2002.

He campaigns for economic development and grassroots artistic activity in rural Galicia and in particular provision of comprehensive rural broadband access as an instrument of social cohesion. He publishes a gueblo (blog) in which he is strongly critical of the poverty and political and economic inequalities of rural Galicia and the harsh impact of economic migration. He is particularly critical of the persistence of caciquismo – the control exercised by powerful local figures over the political process in rural areas. He stood in the 2008 elections as candidate for the Partido Obreiro Socialista Internacionalista (POSI) to represent the province of Lugo – a province described as ridden with caciquismo – in the Spanish Senate. He is also a pioneer of podcasting in the Galego language.

title: Mariano Grueiro


text:
Dambulla

Dambulla (දඹුල්ල Dam̆bulla, தம்புள்ளை Tampuḷḷai) is a town situated in the north of Matale District, in Sri Lanka's Central Province. It is the second largest populated and urbanised centre after Matale in the Matale District. It is situated 148 km north-east of Colombo, 43 km north of Matale and 72 km north of Kandy. Due to its location at a major junction, it is the centre of major vegetable distribution in the country.

Major attractions of the area include the largest and best preserved cave temple complex of Sri Lanka, sigiriya rock fortress located in the division and the Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium, famous for being built in just 167 days. The area also boasts the largest rose quartz mountain range in South Asia, and the Iron wood forest, or Na Uyana Aranya.

Ibbankatuwa prehistoric burial site near Dambulla cave temple complexes is the latest archaeological site of significant historical importance found in Dambulla, which is located within 3 km of the cave temples providing evidence of the presence of indigenous civilisations long before the arrival of Indian influence on the Island nation.

History
The area is thought to be inhabited from as early as the 7th to 3rd century BC. Statues and paintings in these caves date back to the 1st century BC. But the paintings and statues were repaired and repainted in the 11th, 12th, and 18th century AD. The caves in the city provided refuge to King Valagamba (also called Vattagamini Abhaya) in his 14-year-long exile from the Anuradhapura kingdom. Buddhist monks meditating in the caves of Dambulla at that time provided the exiled king protection from his enemies. When King Valagamba returned to the throne at Anuradapura kingdom in the 1st century BC, he had a magnificent rock temple built at Dambulla in gratitude to the monks in Dambulla.

At the Ibbankatuwa Prehistoric burial site near Dhambulla, prehistoric (2700 years old) human skeletons were found on scientific analysis to give evidence of civilisations in this area long before the arrival of Buddhism in Sri Lanka. Evidence of ancient people living on agriculture have been detected in this area for over 2700 years according to archaeological findings. (750 BC)

It was earlier known as Dhamballai and was ruled by Kings like Raja Raja Chola and Rajendra Chola during their tenure in the late 10th and early 11th centuries.

Dambulla Cave Temple
It is the largest and best preserved cave temple complex in Sri Lanka. The rock towers 160 m over the surrounding plains. There are more than 80 documented caves in the surrounding. Major attractions are spread over 5 caves, which contain statues and paintings. This paintings and statues are related to Buddha and his life. There are a total of 153 Buddha statues, three statues of Sri Lankan kings and four statues of god and goddess. The latter four include two statues of Hindu gods, Vishnu and Ganesh. The murals cover an area of 2,100 m2. Depictions in the walls of the caves include Buddha's temptation by demon Mara and Buddha's first sermon.

Ethnicity in Dambulla town (2012)
Dambulla is a Sinhalese majority town, there is also sizable Muslim minority with a small Sri Lankan Tamil community. Others include Indian Tamils, Malays, Bharatha, Sri Lankan Chetties and Burgher. Source:statistics.gov.lk

Time line

 * 7th to 3rd century BC: early inhabitants
 * 1st century BC: paintings and statues
 * 5th century AD: the stupa was built
 * 12th century AD: addition of the statues of Hindu gods
 * 18th century AD: most of what is seen nowadays
 * 19th century AD: an additional cave and some repainting
 * 20th century AD: UNESCO restoration and lighting ...

Sports
The international cricket venue Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium is located here in a scenic area.

authors: भागने का प्रयास

title: Dambulla


text:
Automatic vehicle location

Automatic vehicle location (AVL or ~locating; telelocating in EU) is a means for automatically determining and transmitting the geographic location of a vehicle. This vehicle location data, from one or more vehicles, may then be collected by a vehicle tracking system to manage an overview of vehicle travel. As of 2017, GPS technology has reached the point of having the transmitting device be smaller than the size of a human thumb (thus easier to conceal), able to run 6 months or more between battery charges, easy to communicate with smartphones (merely requiring a duplicate SIM card from one's mobile phone carrier in most cases) — all for less than $20 USD.

Most commonly, the location is determined using GPS and the transmission mechanism is SMS, GPRS, or a satellite or terrestrial radio from the vehicle to a radio receiver. A single antenna unit covering all the needed frequency bands can be employed. GSM and EVDO are the most common services applied, because of the low data rate needed for AVL, and the low cost and near-ubiquitous nature of these public networks. The low bandwidth requirements also allow for satellite technology to receive telemetry data at a moderately higher cost, but across a global coverage area and into very remote locations not covered well by terrestrial radio or public carriers. Other options for determining actual location, for example in environments where GPS illumination is poor, are dead reckoning, i.e. inertial navigation, or active RFID systems or cooperative RTLS systems. These systems may be applied in combination in some cases. In addition, terrestrial radio positioning systems using a low frequency switched packet radio network have also been used as an alternative to GPS based systems.

Applications
Automatic vehicle locating is a powerful tool for managing fleets of vehicles such as service vehicles, emergency vehicles, and public transport vehicles such as buses and trains. It is also used to track mobile assets, such as non wheeled construction equipment, non motorized trailers, and mobile power generators. AVL is often utilized by government agencies, such as Public Safety and Parks and Recreation, to track the movement of patrol units, emergency responders, and field workers.

Another purpose of tracking is to provide graded service or to manage a large driver and crewing staff effectively. For example, suppose an ambulance fleet has an objective of arriving at the location of a call for service within six minutes of receiving the request. Using an AVL system allows to evaluate the locations of all vehicles in service with drivers and other crew in order to pick the vehicle that will most likely arrive at the destination fastest, (meeting the service objective).

Simple direction finding
Amateur radio and some cellular or PCS wireless systems use direction finding or triangulation of transmitter signals radiated by the mobile. This is sometimes called radio direction finding or RDF. The simplest forms of these systems calculate the bearing from two fixed sites to the mobile. This creates a triangle with endpoints at the two fixed points and the mobile. Trigonometry tells you roughly where the mobile transmitter is located. In wireless telephone systems, the phones transmit continually when off-hook, making continual tracking and the collection of many location samples possible. This is one type of location system required by Federal Communications Commission Rules for wireless Enhanced 911.

Former LORAN-based locating
Motorola offered a 1970s-era system based on the United States Coast Guard LORAN maritime navigation system. The LORAN system was intended for ships but signal levels on the US east- and west-coast areas were adequate for use with receivers in automobiles. The system may have been marketed under the Motorola model name Metricom. It consisted of an LF LORAN receiver and data interface box/modem connected to a separate two-way radio. The receiver and interface calculated a latitude and longitude in degrees, decimal degrees format based on the LORAN signals. This was sent over the radio as MDC-1200 or MDC-4800 data to a system controller, which plotted the mobile's approximate location on a map. The system worked reliably but sometimes had problems with electrical noise in urban areas. Sparking electric trolley poles or industrial plants which radiated electrical noise sometime overwhelmed the LORAN signals, affecting the system's ability to determine the mobile's geolocation. Because of the limited resolution, this type of system was impractical for small communities or operational areas such as a pit mine or port.

Signpost systems
To track and locate vehicles along fixed routes, a technology called Signpost transmitters is employed. This is used on transit routes and rail lines where the vehicles to be tracked continually operated on the same linear route. A transponder or RFID chip along the vehicle route would be polled as the train or bus traverses its route. As each transponder was passed, the moving vehicle would query and receive an ack, or handshake, from the signpost transmitter. A transmitter on the mobile would report passing the signpost to a system controller. This allows supervision, a call center, or a dispatch center to monitor the progress of the vehicle and assess whether or not the vehicle was on schedule. These systems are an alternative inside tunnels or other conveyances where GPS signals are blocked by terrain.

Today's GPS-based locating
The low price and ubiquity of Global Positioning System or GPS equipment has lent itself to more accurate and reliable telelocation systems. GPS signals are impervious to most electrical noise sources and do not require the user to install an entire system. Usually only a receiver to collect signals from the satellite segment is installed in each vehicle and radio or GSM to communicate the collected location data with a dispatch point.

Large private telelocation or AVL systems send data from GPS receivers in vehicles to a dispatch center over their private, user-owned radio backbone. These systems are used for businesses like parcel delivery and ambulances. Smaller systems which do not justify building a separate radio system use cellular or PCS data services to communicate location data from vehicles to their dispatching center. Location data is periodically polled from each vehicle in a fleet by a central controller or computer. In the simplest systems, data from the GPS receiver is displayed on a map allowing humans to determine the location of each vehicle. More complex systems feed the data into a computer assisted dispatch system which automates the process. For example, the computer assisted dispatch system may check the location of a call for service and then pick a list of the four closest ambulances. This narrows the dispatcher's choice from the entire fleet to an easier choice of four vehicles.

Some wireless carriers such as Nextel have decided GPS was the best way to provide the mandated location data for wireless Enhanced 9-1-1. Newer Nextel radios have embedded GPS receivers which are polled if 9-1-1 is dialed. The 9-1-1 center is provided with latitude and longitude from the radio's GPS receiver. In centers with computer-aided dispatch, the system may assign an address to the call based on these coordinates or may project an icon depicting the caller's location onto a map of the area.

Sensor-augmented AVL
The main purpose of using AVL is not only to locate the vehicles, but also to obtain information about engine data, fuel consumption, driver data and sensor data from i.e. doors, freezer room on trucks or air pressure. Such data can be obtained via the CAN-bus, via direct connections to AVL systems or via open bus systems such as UFDEX that both sends and receives data via SMS or GPRS in pure ASCII text format. Because most AVL consists of two parts, GPS and GSM modem with additional embedded AVL software contained in a microcontroller, most AVL systems are fixed for its purposes unless they connect to an open bus system for expansion possibilities.

With an open bus system the users can send invoices based on goods delivered with exact location, time and date data where if connected to scale, RFID or barcode readers, can make a fairly good automated system to avoid human errors.

In countries with high prices on gasoline external fuel sensors are used to prevent cases of fuel theft.

Logbook functions
Another scenario for sensor functions is to connect the AVL to driver information, to collect data about driving time, stops, or even driver absence from the vehicle. If the driver/worker conditions is such as the hourly rates for driving and working outside is not the same, this can be monitored by sensors, by using iButton or other personal identification devices. Later by analyzing log-file it is possible to get reports on any kind of events, like stops, visited streets, speed limits violations, etc.

Differentiating between automatic vehicle location and events activated tracking systems
It might be helpful to draw a distinction between vehicle location systems which track automatically and event activated tracking systems which track when triggered by an event. There is increasingly crossover between the different systems and those with experience of this sector will be able to draw on a number of examples which break the rule.

A.V.L (Automatic Vehicle Location) This type of vehicle tracking is normally used in the fleet or driver management sector. The unit is configured to automatically transmit its location at a set time interval, e.g. every 5 minutes. The unit is activated when the ignition is switched on/off.

E.A.T.S (Events Activated Tracking system) This type of system is primarily used in connection with vehicle or driver security solutions. If, for example a thief breaks into your car and attempts to steal it, the tracking system can be triggered by the immobiliser unit or motion sensor being activated. A monitoring bureau will then be automatically notified that the unit has been activated and begin tracking the vehicle.

Some products on the market are a hybrid of both AVL and EATS technology. However industry practice has tended to lean towards a separation of these functions. It is worth taking note that vehicle tracking products tend to fall into one, not both of the technologies.

AVL technology is predominantly used when applying vehicle tracking to fleet or driver management solutions. The use of Automatic Vehicle Location is given in the following scenario; A car breaks down by the side of the road and the occupant calls a vehicle recovery company. The vehicle recovery company has several vehicles operating in the area. Without needing to call each driver to check his location the dispatcher can pinpoint the nearest recovery vehicle and assign it to the new job. If you were to incorporate the other aspects of vehicle telematics into this scenario; the dispatcher, rather than phoning the recovery vehicle operative, could transmit the job details directly to the operative's mobile data device, who would then use the in-vehicle satellite navigation to aid his journey to the job.

EATS technology is predominantly used when applying vehicle tracking to vehicle security solutions. An example of this distinction is given in the following scenario; A construction company owns some pieces of plant machinery that are regularly left unattended, at weekends, on building sites. Thieves break onto one site and a piece equipment, such as a digger, is loaded on the back of a flat bed truck and then driven away. Typically the ignition wouldn’t need to be turned on and as such most of the AVL products available wouldn’t typically be activated. Only products that included a unit that was activated by a motion sensor or GeoFence alarm event, would be activated.

Both AVL and EATS systems track, but often for different purposes.

Special applications of automatic vehicle locating
Vehicle location technologies can be used in the following scenarios:

 * Fleet management: when managing a fleet of vehicles, knowing the real-time location of all drivers allows management to meet customer needs more efficiently. Vehicle location information can also be used to verify that legal requirements are being met: for example, that drivers are taking rest breaks and obeying speed limits.
 * Passenger Information: Real-time passenger information systems use predictions based on AVL input to show the expected arrival and departure times of public transport services.
 * Asset tracking: companies needing to track valuable assets for insurance or other monitoring purposes can now plot the real-time asset location on a map and closely monitor movement and operating status. For example, haulage and logistics companies often operate trucks with detachable load carrying units. In this case, trailers can be tracked independently of the cabs used to drive them. Combining vehicle location with inventory management that can be used to reconcile which item is currently on which vehicle can be used to identify physical location down to the level of individual packages.
 * Field worker management: companies with a field service or sales workforce can use information from vehicle tracking systems to plan field workers' time, schedule subsequent customer visits and be able to operate these departments efficiently.
 * Covert surveillance: vehicle location devices attached covertly by law enforcement or espionage organizations can be used to track journeys made by individuals who are under surveillance

title: Automatic vehicle location


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Aristides Pereira

Aristides Maria Pereira (17 November 1923 – 22 September 2011) was a Cape Verdean politician. He was the first President of Cape Verde, serving from 1975 to 1991.

Biography
Pereira was born in Fundo das Figueiras, on the island of Boa Vista. His first job was chief of telecommunications in Guinea-Bissau. From the late 1940s until Cape Verde's independence, Pereira was heavily involved in the anti-colonial movement, organizing strikes and rising through the hierarchy of his party, the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (Partido Africano da Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde, known as PAIGC). In clandestine activity he often used the pseudonym Alfredo Bangura.

Although Pereira initially promised to lead a democratic and socialist nation upon becoming president, he compounded the country's chronic poverty by crushing dissent following the overthrow of Luís Cabral, who was President of Guinea-Bissau and Pereira's ally in the drive to unite the two Lusophone states. However, Cape Verde had a much better human rights record than most countries in Africa and was known as one of the most democratic (despite the restriction on party activity) because of the power delegated to local citizens' committees and his own government was able to cope with the drought that hit the country. Cape Verde is one of the few African countries that never had the death penalty, in fact it was banned in 1983. While Guinea-Bissau remained close to the Soviet Union, Cape Verde maintained a policy of non-alignment.

On November 14, 1980, a coup, led by João Bernardo Vieira, overthrew Cabral and replaced the one-party regime with a Military Junta. In response to this, Pereira and his Prime Minister, Pedro Pires, cut diplomatic relations with Guinea-Bissau, dissolved the PAIGC and replaced it with the African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde, removing the name of Guinea. Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde restored bilateral relations in 1982, when Mozambican President Samora Machel managed to bring together the two leaders (Vieira and Pereira) in Maputo, and a Cape Verdean ambassador was sent to Guinea-Bissau in 1983.

Another major difference between the two countries was the difference between the political tranquility of Cape Verde, which would later become multiparty in an extremely peaceful way, and the constant authoritarianism and strong instability in Guinea-Bissau.

The country's policies during Pereira's rule tended toward Cold War nonalignment and economic reforms to help the peasantry. Pedro Pires served as prime minister for the duration of Pereira's presidency. After PAICV decided to introduce multiparty democracy in February 1990, Pereira stepped down as General Secretary of PAICV in July 1990 and was succeeded in that post by Pires. Pereira was the PAICV candidate in the February 1991 presidential election, but António Mascarenhas Monteiro defeated him by a large margin.

While hospitalized in Portugal, Pereira died on September 22, 2011. Rabil Airport on the Cape Verdean island of Boa Vista was officially renamed as Aristides Pereira International Airport in tribute to him on November 19, 2011. His widow, Carlina Pereira, the former First Lady and a leading figure in the country's independence movement, died on December 11, 2011, at the age of 87.

title: Aristides Pereira


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George W. Lewis

George William Lewis (March 10, 1882 – July 12, 1948) was the director of aeronautical research at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) until he retired in 1947. He taught at Swarthmore College from 1910 to 1917.

Biography
In 1910, Lewis graduated from Cornell University with a master's degree in mechanical engineering and proceeded to teach at Swarthmore College until 1917. He became involved in aircraft engines, which led to his membership in NACA's Power Plants Subcommittee. In 1919, he was appointed as NACA's first executive officer. Five years later, he was named as the director of aeronautical research, a position he held until his retirement. During those years, Lewis was stationed in Washington, D.C., to handle many of NACA's political and bureaucratic issues. At the same time, he oversaw research advancements and technical publications at NACA's Langley Research Center. During his time as director, engineers at the Langley facility were responsible for numerous advancements in the understanding of aerodynamics. These achievements earned Lewis international renown, and NACA expanded from a few employees to several thousand during his tenure.

Dr. Hugh L. Dryden succeeded Lewis as the director of aeronautical research at NACA. The NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field in Cleveland, Ohio is partly named after him.

Awards and honors

 * 1936 Daniel Guggenheim Medal
 * 1944 ASME Spirit of St. Louis Medal
 * 1944 Member of the American Philosophical Society
 * 1945 Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences
 * 1948 Medal for Merit from the U.S. President

title: George W. Lewis


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Kim Ng

Kimberly J. Ng (born November 17, 1968) is an American executive in Major League Baseball. She is the former general manager of the Miami Marlins. She was the first woman to serve as general manager of a team in the Big Four leagues in North America and the first person of East Asian descent to serve as general manager of an MLB team.

A graduate of the University of Chicago, Ng played college softball. She then worked her way up in the front office of several Major League Baseball teams and became a vice president of the league. She was named the Marlins' general manager in 2020.

Early life
Ng was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, the first of five daughters, to Virginia and Jin Ng. Her father, an American of Cantonese Chinese descent, was a financial analyst, and her mother, Thailand-born of Chinese descent, was a banker. She attended elementary school in Fresh Meadows, Queens and junior high in Glen Cove, New York. Her interest in baseball started when she played stickball on the street in Queens and her father taught her about sports. She played tennis and softball at Ridgewood High School in Ridgewood, New Jersey and graduated in 1986. She graduated from the University of Chicago in 1990, where she played softball for four years and was named MVP infielder, and earned a B.A. in public policy. During her senior year at University of Chicago, she served as president of the university's Women's Athletic Association.

Career
Ng began her career as an intern with the Chicago White Sox after graduating from the University of Chicago and her first project was to conduct research on Rule 5 draftees which took advantage of Ng's love of statistics and analyzing scouting reports. She was hired full time in 1991 and became special projects analyst before being promoted to assistant director of baseball operations under then-GM Ron Schueler in 1995. In 1995 she became the youngest person, and the first woman, to present a salary arbitration case in the major leagues when she worked for the White Sox, regarding the case of pitcher Alex Fernandez, and won. Prompted by a desire to expand her networks and learn how executives from other clubs conducted business, Ng then worked in the offices of the American League in 1997, where she was director of waivers and records, reviewing all transactions.

In March 1998, she was recruited by general manager Brian Cashman to work for the New York Yankees as assistant general manager, becoming the youngest in the major leagues, at age 29, and the second woman ever to hold the position behind only Elaine Weddington Steward, who, in 1990, became the assistant general manager of the Boston Red Sox Ng joined the Los Angeles Dodgers as vice president and assistant general manager in 2001. In 2003, Bill Singer was fired from his position as special assistant of the New York Mets after making drunken racist remarks against Ng at a hotel bar during general managers' meetings, including asking her "Where are you from?" and speaking in a mock Chinese accent.

In 2005, Ng was interviewed for the vacant position of Dodgers general manager. No woman had ever been a GM in any major sport. The Dodgers hired Ned Colletti as their GM, who immediately kept Ng on as his assistant. Between 2005 and 2020, Ng interviewed for the general manager position with at least five teams, including the Seattle Mariners, San Diego Padres, Anaheim Angels, and San Francisco Giants. On March 8, 2011, Ng announced that she was leaving the Dodgers to take on the position of senior vice president of baseball operations for Major League Baseball, where she would report to former Yankees and Dodgers manager Joe Torre.

Marlins general manager
On November 13, 2020, Ng was hired as general manager of the Miami Marlins. She became the first woman to become a general manager of a men's team in the history of major North American sports, as well as the first female Asian-American and first East Asian-American general manager in MLB history. Upon being unveiled as the new Marlins' general manager, Ng received congratulatory messages from figures such as Michelle Obama, Billie Jean King, and Martina Navratilova. On September 30, 2023, with the Marlins 7–3 win in Pittsburgh, the Marlins clinched their fourth postseason berth, making her the first woman GM in MLB history to lead a playoff team. It was the club's first postseason appearance since 2020, although Ng's team was immediately eliminated without a playoff win. In October, Ng declined to exercise her option for the 2024 season, reportedly because she learned the team sought to hire a president of baseball operations, which would have left her second in command in her department.

Athletes Unlimited Softball League
In July 2024, Ng joined the Athletes Unlimited Softball League as a senior advisor.

Awards
In 2014, Bleacher Report included Ng on its list of the 25 Most Powerful Women in Sports. In 2015, Forbes ranked Ng #13 on its list of the most influential minorities in sports and #5 on its list of the most powerful women in sports. In 2017, Adweek named Ng one of the most powerful women in sports.

Ng was selected for the inaugural 2021 Forbes 50 Over 50; made up of entrepreneurs, leaders, scientists and creators who are over the age of 50.

Personal life
Ng is married to Tony Markward, co-owner of Silas Wines in Oregon.

title: Kim Ng


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Julia Domna

Julia Domna (c. 160 – 217 AD) was Roman empress from 193 to 211 as the wife of Emperor Septimius Severus. She was the first empress of the Severan dynasty. Domna was born in Emesa (present-day Homs) in Roman Syria to an Arab family of priests of the deity Elagabalus. In 187, she married Severus, who at the time was governor of the Roman province of Gallia Lugdunensis. They had two sons, Caracalla and Geta. A civil war over the Roman throne broke out in 193, and shortly afterwards Severus declared himself emperor. The war ended in 197 with the defeat of the last of Severus's opponents.

As empress, Domna was famous for her political, social, and philosophical influence. She received titles such as "Mother of the Invincible Camps". After the elder of her sons, Caracalla, started ruling with his father, she was briefly co-empress with Caracalla's wife, Fulvia Plautilla, until the latter fell into disgrace. Following the death of Severus in 211, Domna became the first empress dowager to receive the title combination "Pia Felix Augusta", which may have implied greater powers being vested in her than what was usual for a Roman empress mother. Her sons succeeded to the throne. They had a conflictual relationship and Domna acted as their mediator, but Caracalla had his brother Geta assassinated later that year.

Domna committed suicide in 217 upon hearing of Caracalla's assassination in the course of his campaign against Parthia, on which she had accompanied him to Antioch (present-day Antakya, Turkey). After the death of Domna, her older sister Julia Maesa successfully restored the Severan dynasty to power in 218.

Family background
Julia Domna was born in Emesa (modern day Homs) in Syria around 160 AD to an Arab family that was part of the Emesene dynasty. Her name, Domna, is an archaic Arabic word meaning "black", referencing the nature of the sun god Elagabalus which took the form of a black stone. She was the youngest daughter of the high priest of Baal, Julius Bassianus, and sister to Julia Maesa. Through Maesa and her husband Julius Avitus, Domna had two nieces: Julia Soaemias and Julia Mamaea, the respective mothers of future Roman emperors Elagabalus ((r. 218 – 222)) and Severus Alexander ((r. 222 – 235)).

Domna's ancestors were priest kings of the temple of Elagabalus. The family had enormous wealth and was promoted to Roman senatorial aristocracy. Before her marriage, Domna inherited the estate of her paternal great-uncle Julius Agrippa, a former leading centurion.

Marriage
The Historia Augusta, a generally unreliable source, relates that, after losing his first wife around 186, politician Septimius Severus heard a foretelling of a woman in Syria who would marry a king. So Severus sought her as his wife. This woman was Domna. Bassianus accepted Severus' marriage proposal in early 187, and in the summer the couple married in Lugdunum (modern-day Lyon, France), of which Severus was the governor. The marriage proved happy, and Severus cherished Domna and her political opinions. Domna built "the most splendid reputation" by applying herself to letters and philosophy. She gave birth to their two sons, Lucius Septimius Bassianus in 188 in Lugdunum, and Publius Septimius Geta the following year in Rome.

Civil war
After the Roman emperor Commodus was murdered without an heir in 192, many contenders rushed for the throne, including Domna's husband Severus. An elder senator, Pertinax, was appointed by the Praetorian Guard as the new emperor of Rome. But when Pertinax would not meet the Guard's demands, he too was murdered. Another politician, Didius Julianus, was called to Rome and appointed emperor. Severus, coming from the north into Rome, overthrew Julianus and had him executed.

Severus claimed the title of emperor in 193. By offering Clodius Albinus, a powerful governor of Britannia, the rank of Caesar (successor), Severus could focus on his other rival to the throne, Pescennius Niger, whom he defeated at the Battle of Issus in 194. When afterwards Severus openly declared his son Caracalla as his successor, Clodius Albinus was hailed emperor by his troops. At the Battle of Lugdunum in 197, Severus defeated and killed Albinus, establishing himself as Emperor. Thus, Domna became Empress-consort.

Power and influence
Unlike most imperial wives, Domna remarkably accompanied her husband on his military campaigns and stayed in camp with the army. As worded by Barbara Levick, Domna "was to exceed all other empresses in the number and variety of her official titles." Honorary titles were granted to Domna similar to those given to Faustina the Younger, including "Mother of the Invincible Camps", and Mater Augustus (Mother of Augustus). She was respected and viewed positively for most of her tenure, as indicated by coins minted with her portrait that mention her titles or simply refer to her as "Julia Augusta". The title Pia Felix Augusta which she received after Severus' death was "perhaps a way of implying that Domna had absorbed and was continuing her husband's attributes" after his death.

Several medallions for Domna were issued by Severus as early as 207, on the reverses of which is "Vesta Mater" (Mother Vesta), which, according to Molly M. Lindner, "could refer to an invocation to Vesta during prayers and supplications that the Vestal Virgins made whenever they prayed publicly". According to Lindner, "While some scholars have proposed that Julia Domna's medallions commemorate the restoration of the Temple of Vesta by the empress, Melanie Grunow Sobocinski pointed out that [the temple] burned down in 191, whereas Julia Domna's use of Vestal iconography does not occur until 207. Either the reconstruction of [the temple] took more than fifteen years, or Julia Domna had a different motivation, perhaps one connected to her role as the mother of Septimius Severus' heirs, as the legend on the reverses suggests."

Transition of power
When Severus died in 211 in Eboracum (York), Domna became the mediator between their two sons, Caracalla and Geta, who were supposed to rule as joint emperors, according to their father's wishes expressed in his will. However, the two young men had a discordant relationship, and Geta was murdered by Caracalla's soldiers in December of the same year. Geta's name was then removed from inscriptions and his image erased as the result of a damnatio memoriae. As explained by Caillan Davenport: "[Caracalla] spent the majority of his reign outside Rome, departing the city in late 212 or early 213 for a campaign against the Alemanni on the Rhine, for which he claimed the title Germanicus Maximus. After a rocky—and near fatal—crossing of the Hellespont, the emperor and his court established themselves at Nicomedia in Bithynia during the winter of 213/4. Caracalla's mother, Julia Domna, accompanied her son on his provincial tour. There is only circumstantial evidence for her presence in Germany, but she was certainly at court in Nicomedia, and later resided at Antioch in 216."

Death
In 217, Caracalla began a new war with Parthia. Domna went with Caracalla as far as Antioch. There she stayed, helping to deal with his correspondence, while he went on to the frontier. During the campaign, Caracalla was assassinated by a Roman soldier. Domna chose to commit suicide after hearing about the rebellion, perhaps a decision hastened by the fact that she was suffering from breast cancer, as well as a reluctance to return to private life. Her sister, Julia Maesa, restored the Severan dynasty in 218. Domna's body was brought to Rome and placed in the Sepulcrum C. et L. Caesaris (perhaps a separate chamber in the Mausoleum of Augustus). Later, however, both her bones and those of Geta were transferred by Maesa to the Mausoleum of Hadrian.

Legacy
Domna encouraged Philostratus to write the Life of Apollonius of Tyana, but is thought to have died before he finished the eight-volume work. She also influenced Roman fashion: the hairstyle that she used would later be worn by Roman empress Cornelia Salonina and Palmyran queen Zenobia. Domna seems to have made the wearing of wigs, a custom of Assyrians, popular among Romans.

title: Julia Domna


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User talk:Brianrhill

Hello Brian, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

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Angela 04:27, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Brianrhill