text:
Talk:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie

Syria
Why does the map have Syria colored? Syria does not have French as an official language (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Syria or https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2098.html).

I understand that Syria was a former French colony, but the map labels light blue as "official language".

I changed the map to the one from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie until someone gets a better map.

To bad .. the map was awesome.

Kitplane01 (talk) 18:18, 4 February 2018 (UTC)

Significant non members (United Kingdom)
Looking through the significant 'non members' of the Francaphonie, I am surprised to see the absence of the United Kingdom. French is the most popular foreign language in the UK and 23% of British residents claim they can speak French. This I believe is more significant than some of the official observers such as Slovakia who can simply say that 2% can speak French. I believe this is a case to put the UK forward as a significant non member. This is also not to mention the huge number of French expats living in major British cities and studying in French 'lycées' on British Land. This presents the French culture in many British neighbourhoods and it's still evident that people taking French in the UK is on the rise. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.155.252.31 (talk) 03:04, 14 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, add it then! Aaker (talk) 17:35, 15 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Francophonie, like the British Council, is a post-colonial entity exercising a neo-colonial agenda of promoting language and national interests. Hence they're essentially rival international players. Britain would not join Francophonie, just as France would not join the British Council. A greater proportion of French people speak English than English people speak French.Gymnophoria (talk) 21:57, 25 January 2012 (UTC)

Name
Article might be misnamed. See french wkipedia article on "Francophonie", I quote: "En outre, on confond parfois la francophonie en tant que concept avec l'Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF), organisation beaucoup plus politique et économique que culturelle, qui regroupe un certain nombre de pays qui ne sont pas pour autant ceux où le français est fréquemment utilisé ou reconnu officiellement."

This article is only discussing the political organisation, which at least in French is not to my knowledge often referred to as "la Francophonie". Is this really what people call it in English? Even if this is the case the article could benefit from distinction between francophonie and the OIF; numerous members of latter are not normally thought of as being in former.

Human rights
I am tempted to delete the paragraph related to the observancy of human rights and I will do it unless someone timmmy is my best firends me that it is essential to keep it. It is irrelevant to the spirit and contents of this page. Otherwise we should include it in practically any single page of the wikipedia. Pedron 17:58, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

"Several of the member states have a poor record when it comes to the protection of human rights and the practice of democracy. A proposed measure to sanction such countries was debated at least twice, but was not approved."
 * temptation was too strong for me, of course this paragraph was totally irrelevant and absolutely non neutral. Why do not add a paragraph about the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki or the one of Dresden by the British? The nations the most prompts of giving democracy lessons are not necessarily the legitimate ones if you know what i mean. We also could add a paragraph or two about The Great Upheaval of the French spokers Acadians by the Americans, wich is described by some as an ethnical cleansing. Another paragraph could note the Cajun prosecution in Louisiana when the Americans have prohibited the use of French wich was their native language! We could also add a reference to the British treatment of the forbidden children born of British and natives in Australia! How they were separated from their family to be "humanized" and get proper education, those who were assassinated. Yes there are many irrelevant things to reveal about those who consider themselves as teachers of the Human Rights. Synchronicity I 04:11, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The paragraph is relevant because other similar organisations do make a point of promoting democracy and human rights. Is it appropriate for prominent democracies such as France to associate with less salubrious regimes without making an overt effort to promote good governance? EdC 18:40, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

In fact, the promotion of human rights and democracy are stated as official goals of the oganisation. Check the website. 12:07, 5 September 2006 Taciturnus AFAIK (from what i red in the fr vers and watched on french TV about the creation/promo of a new sat channel) this OIF organisation is NOT political, but only economical and cultural. British editors tends to compare it with Commonwealth wich is totally different. This is actually a way for the french to promote and to sell overseas their own artists, writers, publishers, French speaking satellite TV channels and TV shows and series!! this is it! The french uses the fear of uniformisation of cultures (understand the americanization of cultures), wich is associated to anglophony, as an excuse. The true purpose is mercantilism of the french culture. Francophonie is an international economical network linking sellers (French publishers etc) and buyers (former colonies) with each others to create a french culture market. Since there is no more colonial expeditions, now they use "francophonie" as a new vehicle for an economical/cultural imperialism.
 * Oh, OK. I think that has helped me understand the situation. Still, the comparison with the Commonwealth has been and will be made, and deserves at least to be touched on. EdC 11:50, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Francophonie's geostrategical importance is minor, even though people consuming french products and french culture will more easily support france's international political views.
 * The Commonwealth, geostrategic? Actually, I suppose it is in a way. EdC 11:50, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

I don't think france is that much a democracy, as many foreign political observers (and even some french university teachers) describes it more as a monarchy in disguise with a few priviliged people inc. the president, of course, who had amnestied his friends (see the polemical, recent, "Guy Drut" case) and even himself! This is not a direct democracy like Switzerland (mainly because the latter is a small scaled state). there's not that much referendums in france (its said to be too expensive!!), but how could it be true democracy when nobody asks the people before acting?!
 * Well, direct democracy has its own problems, as do referenda. Not that it couldn't work elsewhere, but Switzerland is a pretty special case. Have you read Why Switzerland? (ISBN 0521484537) - I very much recommend it. Also, while certainly the énarques run everything in France, it still retains a certain democratic cachet - liberté and all that. EdC 11:50, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

"Is it appropriate for prominent democracies such as France to associate with less salubrious regimes without making an overt effort to promote good governance?" i'm sorry to tell, but what you're saying now is just the colonialist's traditional speech. france (and nobody, being the british, or the americans) is legitimate to promote any kind of "good governance" in a country. What is a "good" governance? how can you define "good"? is it on a religious aspect? wich religion? yours? them? what is "good" and what is not is defined by each culture. no country is legitimate to promote a specific governance into a foreign civilization. what about the right to self-determination for each people that was granted by WWII winners wich included the 2 major colonialists Britain & France ?? the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights is NOT universal since its intrinsic "universality" was self-proclaimed by UN members of that time who claimed that THEY were the humanity and that THEY were universal, but this is bullshit since there is no universality in this declaration wich was proclaimed by a bunch of christians countries who were the WWII winners. Nobody asked the Chinese nor the Indians whose populations covers half of the whole humanity, nobody asked the muslims while its the second world religion. This is a well known and ancient tendencie named Ethnocentrism, since the beginning, the colonial expeditions led by the British and the French were Europeocentrists, they considered themselves both as the center of the world and as the standard of humanity just like the Romans, or the Athenians before them, calling all non-Athenians as barbarian wich is pejorative for non-greek (ie "non-human") spoken languages. But no country is legitimate to promote a political regime over another one to a civilization that is older and who didn't asked such advice. Each People has the right to self-determination THIS is a legitimate universal right. Synchronicity I 05:50, 22 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, to me the rights of the individual trump a people's right to self-determination. (A viewpoint shared not only by crazy anarcho-liberals like myself - of which there are a fair number on Wikipedia - but also pretty much anyone who finds themselves on the receiving end of their people's "right to self-determination". Oh, and "there is no such thing as society".) "Good governance" - is a fairly technical term in the context of international development, actually. The Wikipedia article of that name does a pretty fair job of exploring its facets. It's a fairly empirical concept, the idea - borne out to a degree by historical evidence - being that countries which work towards good governance will do better (on metrics such as HDI) than countries which do not.

 * I don't think mention of alleged WWII war crimes is relevant to the article. Mention of previous French-speaking populations in the now United States could well be appropriate, if written in an appropriate historical context. I don't think the experience of Australian native populations is relevant, unless of course they were French-speaking. (Were they?) EdC 18:44, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * it wasn't relevant, it was just cynicism, a reminder, a demonstration the british nor the americans are legitimate to promote human rights in foreign countries, nor to judge or condamn local political views abroad, they are not even legitimate to do this in an "encylopedia". considering their own History, these human rights teachers are absolutely not legitimate to get a such arrogant attitude toward foreign countries. Synchronicity I 05:50, 22 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, that's one opinion. Another is that now recognising past mistakes, the richer countries are bound to help the nationals of poorer and less free countries towards the rights and privileges their own citizens enjoy. By the way, "legitimate" can't be used as a part of speech in the way you have done above. (No, I have no idea why.) I would suggest "have the right to"; I don't think there's a direct Latinate equivalent. (Perhaps "are entitled to", but that's subtly different in tone.) EdC 11:50, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Not very relevant.... Several former English colonies have a poor record when it comes to the protection of human rights and the practice of democracy. Ericd 14:00, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

And why is that relevant? Aaker 20:23, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

 * And Commonwealth of Nations mentions that organisation's policy on human rights: "... placing moral pressure on members who violate international laws, such as human rights laws, and abandon democratically-elected government ...". Human rights policy is a fit subject for this article, however it reflects on the organisation. EdC 20:28, 4 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Francophonie is simply not that ambitious. it's not the French Commonwealth. Synchronicity I 05:52, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

NPOV stuff
Does anyone else think this is really necessary. I believe it makes the page very NPOV. 'Several of the member states have a poor record when it comes to the protection of human rights and the practice of democracy. A proposed measure to impose sanctions on such countries was debated at least twice but was not approved. This is not surprising as the purpose of the organisation is not to promote international cooperation or human rights.' -- the preceding unsigned comment was added by User:136.159.219.190 20:07, 6 July 2006

 * I don't really get why that paragraph breaks the NPOV rule. No specific country is even named. It is only normal to discuss a little bit of what is going on within the organization. This is a good example of something that is a subject of debate between these countries. -- Mathieugp 12:15, 7 July 2006 (UTC)
 * This has nothing to do with the organization, this is only an irrelevant free talk while many important things are missing when comparing this article with the French one, starting with the colors used on the Francophonie map to separate the different uses of French language as native, language, cultural, minority!
 * Bleu foncé : langue maternelle
 * Bleu : langue administrative
 * Bleu clair : langue de culture
 * Vert : minorités francophones.

This is what happen when editors mistaken francophobia to francophonie and start editing with no knowledge at all. I'm sorry if the truth hurts. By the way i noticed that even the French article used "Francophonie" w/o the article... Synchronicity I 04:11, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Absolutely. If you can improve the article by importing information from the French-language article, then please do so! I'll start by importing the map. EdC 18:52, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * i'll be happy to do it, i was just afraid that some people here would revert my edits if i dare. i just need some time and i'll translate stuff from the FR to the EN, so the localization/neutralization would be able. Synchronicity I 05:56, 22 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Great! EdC 11:50, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I decided against it; that's a map of French language distribution, thus not appropriate for this article per se. Also, we already have a map of members of the organisation. I added it to Francophone instead. (It's already at French langauge, in the infobox.) EdC 19:03, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The assertions made in the quoted segment ('Several of the member states... cooperation or human rights.') however true they may be (or may not be) are worded as if they were the mere opinion of the person who wrote that segment. That passage should be edited to be more factual.  'Amnesty International has repeatedly faulted X, Y, Z for human right violations..., etc.' or 'At the 200X annual meeting of la Francophonie, sanctions against X, Y, Z were proposed but not approved...'  It is not that the topic covered is inappropriate, just the wording.  --Kartavyam 10:46, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Is the NPOV problem settled? Cause whatever it was is apparently removed from the article, can we remove the NPOV tag yet? Xlegiofalco 06:21, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

Italy, Francophonie as cultural vehicle
Francophonie claims also the Val d'Aoste region of Italy.

Good original article, the comment above on Francophonie as the vehicle of an alternative culture to Anglo-Saxon/consumer society/etc. is bang on (I would be interested to know if anyone has ever read anything comparing or about the influence of Francophonie on the EU). But should this not be pointed out in the article, as it is the raison d'être of the enterprise? Jeremynicholas 06:23, 2 September 2006 (UTC)

Question about member states (ExpandSection, Wikify)
Off-topic, out of curiosity: I've just seen the list of member states, associate members and additional states of La Francophonie. The membership of many of these countries is obvious, like France, Belgium and Switzerland. But could anyone explain to me what the link of Bulgaria, Moldova, Romania, Egypt, Albania, Greece, Republic of Macedonia, Armenia, Austria, Croatia, Georgia, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Slovenia with the French language is? Is Armenia's membership possibly related to the fact that France has a large Armenian majority? Aecis Apple knocker Flophouse 16:32, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I've started on this and added Expandsection so hopefully someone will complete it (if that's overkill, feel free to detag it). However, it doesn't look like Mediawiki likes nested dictionary lists, so I've added a wikify to hopefully get some guru attention (if there's a better way to ask for that, feel free to implement it). My reasons were handraulically generated from parsing country articles, so this should also be checked over by an expert. (Or at least someone who speaks French! :O Vagary 22:30, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

I've changed the opening section, as it's a whopping lie to call the Francophonie a collection of French-speaking polities and governments. As an English speaker who CAN speak French, I would not say that I am a French-speaker. Greece and so on speak Greek etc., then English, then French. Just because it's taught in schools doesn't make them Francophone. Also, there is a difference in understanding in English between 'Francophone' and 'French-speaking'. There are only a few properly French-speaking regions: France, just under half of Belgium, Monaco, a quarter of Switzerland, Haiti, etc. Francophone countries may use French as a lingua Franca (no pun intended), that is as an official means of communication between different languages in the countries (like Berber and Arabic, for example). By this standard, India, Nigeria, Burma and even to some extent most of the world would be 'English-speaking'. This is clearly nonsense. They are Francophone. However, greece, Albania, Bulgaria and Armenia are involved just to seek ties with France and for educational purposes - there are benefits if they want French as an option in schools. This is De Gaulle's dream; a perfect opportunity to claim mentorship over most of the world. They are in the Francophonie for the same reason that Mozambiquei is in the Commonwealth despite its lack of any historical ties to Britain whatsoever. It doesn't ask much to join but there are some benefits. It doesn't mean much. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.241.91.225 (talk) 11:56, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

Comparison with the Commonwealth of Nations
The article states: "Unlike some similar organisations such as the Commonwealth of Nations, La Francophonie does not have in its stated aims the promotion of democracy and human rights. This has led to some criticism as several of the member states have a poor record when it comes to the protection of human rights and the practice of democracy; a proposed measure to impose sanctions on such countries was debated at least twice but was not approved."

 * That is not true.
 * 1) The stated missions of Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, include "Paix, démocratie et droits de l'Homme" (Peace, Democracy, and Rights of Man). Read the Novembre 3rd 2000 Déclaration de Bamako on this subject. There is actually a section on the initiatives, financing and agenda of the organisation in regards to one of its stated mission of "Paix, démocratie et droits de l'Homme" here: http://www.francophonie.org/actions/democratie/index.cfm

 * 2) Since 1) is not true, "it" (the alledged absense of aims to promote democracy and human rights) cannot have lead to the criticism. The criticism actually came from within the organisation itself. The media relayed information on internal criticism around 1997 when Premier of Quebec Lucien Bouchard, former Ambassador of Canada to France, promoted the idea of a Charter in order for the organisation to sanction member countries that are known to violate Human Rights. The idea was rejected by France. Read this Le Droit article by journalist Paul Gaboury dated November 18 1997 : http://www.vigile.net/francophonie/gabouryvoix.html -- Mathieugp 03:27, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

Membership
I have no particular interest in la Francophonie but rather a Ghanaian interest. While reading my daily dose of African news this morning (30 Sep 2006) I learned that Ghana is now a full member of the organization. http://news.africast.com/africastv/article.php?newsID=60007 Your article states that there are 53 member nations. I linked over to the la Francophonie website from your article and, if I am reading the French correctly, that site states that there are 55 member nations. Also, as of this morning Ghana is still listed as an associate member on that site. I am writing this only to give you guys a heads up. CaliOjosAzules 13:03, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

"Republic of Macedonia" or "Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM)"?
I bevieve that it's best to use the name "Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM)" and not just "Republic of Macedonia" on the list of the EU members, since the official name that this country entered the organisation is "Ex-République yougoslave de Macédoine" http://www.francophonie.org/oif/membres.cfm xvvx 14:43, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
 * It should be listed under the name FYROM. Also, why is FYROM a member of the Francophonie?  What's the rationale?  --myselfalso 03:20, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

Mauritius
AFAIK french is co-official in Mauritius http://www.geonames.de/coumu.html Ybgursey 20:16, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Serbia - a member or only an observer?
The Francophonie website does not list Serbia as its member, but rather as an observer. . An anon IP listed it here two weeks ago under the observer heading. However, it was "elevated" to a member status by a registered contributor a couple of days later. The remark about Serbia's "historical traditional friendly relations" with France also looks like POV. I will wait for the time being before making changes to see if anyone has anything to share on the subject. RedZebra 14:34, 6 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Both questions seem to have been taken care of by an anon IP. RedZebra 08:12, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

Edit member table
Would it help the table by listing the countries by membership status rather than alphabetically? Xlegiofalco 01:36, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

I agree. I'll try to change it. Aaker 18:22, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

French minority in Romania?
The member states table says that French is a "minority language" in Romania and provides a link to Romania, which does not contain any such information, though. I have never heard about any French minority in Romania, neither has a Romanian friend of mine. Unless someone can provide plausible evidence I suggest to remove this information. --Thorsten1 11:49, 18 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I'll be surprised if the claim of the existence of the French-speaking minority in Romania eventually proves to be true. However I invite the person who inserted it to provide a valid reference. In the meantime this interesting assertion will have to go. --RedZebra 12:18, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

 * French is understood and spoken by more than a quarter of the population. This is probably the reason why the reference was made to it being a minority language. - Parmaestro 05:58, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the answer. I still think it would be incorrect to call it a minority language. By the same token, English would become a minority language in dozens of countries. --RedZebra 21:16, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

French understood by 24% of Romanians? Lie!!!

 * Yeah, 24% doesn't seem t be enough, they are probably even more numerous than that. Aaker 11:25, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

French and Romanian are both Romance languages, though I believe Romanian is closer to Italian. I know that Spanish and Portugese are similar enough to read, though spoken are more different. Perhaps there is some kind of relationship between Romanian and French. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.142.45.254 (talk) 07:30, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

vandalism!
someone more expert than me should revert the vandalism... —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 82.59.145.201 (talk) 13:44, 8 December 2006 (UTC).

Albania
Could someone explain why Albania and other Eastern European states have joined the organisation? Aaker 21:02, 17 December 2006 (UTC)
 * There is a sizeable number of French-speakers in some of these countries (Romania, Bulgaria etc). French has also beein the preferred language of the elite in many of these countries. Besides one shouldn't forget political advantages of the joining an organisation which is quite reputable and whose members and particularly leading countries would like to offer some alternative approaches to managing the process of globalisation.--RedZebra 21:11, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Wallonia
Wallonie and the Communauté Française are NOT alternative names for the same thing - one is a geographical region, one a rather more ethereal body which includes French speakers throughout Belgium (for most intents and purposes covering Wallonia minus the Ostkantonen plus the separate Brussels-Capital region). The flag shown in the table is that of Wallonia; I don't think that the Community has a flag although the official site (http://www.cfwb.be) does use the cockerel emblem in red on white. 82.71.38.203 02:45, 13 February 2007 (UTC)
 * True; I've corrected that, thanks. I've kept the Walloon flag of red cockerel on yellow field; Communauté française de Belgique says that the Walloon flag has been adopted by the Community.  The red on white emblem is for the Administration. –EdC 10:28, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

French Community
Is the Francophonie the formal successor to the French Community? If so, neither article mentions this. Wl219 07:11, 18 April 2007 (UTC) No. The Francophonie includes Canada, Belgium, and a number of other countries that were never part of the French Community. Joeldl 12:51, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

English name
The name "International Organization of La Francophonie" is used in English in official Canadian documents. In Canada, "Minister responsible for La Francophonie" has been an official title. Josée Verner is currently the "Minister for la Francophonie and Official Languages". (She holds two portfolios.) The only thing that seems to vary is whether to capitalize "la". One sees it capitalized in "The Agency has been La Francophonie's direct operating agency for higher education and research since 1989 [...], and uncapitalized in The first Charter of la Francophonie was adopted in Marrakech, Morocco, in 1996 during the annual Ministerial Conference of la Francophonie.". In the very same text, you can even see "the Francophonie" in "The first Secretary General, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, political spokesperson and official representative of the Francophonie internationally, was elected at the Hanoi Summit." Nonetheless, the capitalized form "La Francophonie" seems to predominate. The acronym for the organization is OIF, even in English. Joeldl 09:14, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

Another aspect of the English form of the name which varies (or is there a standard way?) is whether to spell organisation with an "s" or a "z". 86.42.212.74 (talk) 11:50, 29 December 2007 (UTC)
 * In this case, the argument can be made that this is a Canada-related topic in the same way that EU institutions are considered UK/Ireland-related. (See WP:ENGVAR for this.) With the complication that the Francophonie could also be Cameroon-related! In any case, we have an attested English name used by a member state that speaks English.Joeldl (talk) 08:41, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Should a Canadian English tag be slapped on this article then? 76.66.197.30 (talk) 07:45, 30 September 2009 (UTC)

 * I think the title should be in english, since this is english wikipedia. --Rochelimit (talk) 17:49, 18 March 2010 (UTC)

Critères d'adhésion
Before you start complaining about the status of French in some member states, you should read these critères d'adhésion. Aaker 11:30, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

Observers?
What do the observers actually do? This article just lists them without any explanation. --LukeSurlt c 12:17, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

History section
Wouldn't it just be grand if this article had a history section? Zazaban (talk) 01:21, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

First sentence
In the first sentence, it's said that "La Francophonie is an international organisation of French-speaking countries ". This isn't really the case, nobody could call countries such as Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Macedonia, Moldova, Romania and Cyprus "French-speaking" by any stretch of imagination. In none of these countries is French even a minority language, it's not a community language and it is not even the first foreign language in most of these countries, coming after English. JdeJ (talk) 21:47, 8 August 2008 (UTC)

countries and governments
It is indeed an organization of "countries and governments", in the sense that some of its members are sovereign States, while others are non-sovereign States. Quebec and New Brunswick both have the status of "participating governments". -- Mathieugp (talk) 17:29, 22 October 2008 (UTC)

Thailand is an observer
The page shows a map - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Map-Francophonie_organisation_2008.png - in which Thailand is shown in the same color as members. However, the page lists Thailand as an observer. Can someone please clarify and correct it? --RohanDhruva (talk) 09:03, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

Interwiki links
The links with the French wikipedia seem a little confused. The link from here goes to Francophonie on the fr.wiki. However, the equivalent should surely be Organisation internationale de la francophonie. Francophone should be the target for the French Francophonie article as that discusses French speaking in general. Sillyfolkboy (talk) (edits) Join WikiProject Athletics!  12:31, 29 September 2009 (UTC)

 * If it was done by an interwiki bot, it's likely to be quite messed up. 76.66.197.30 (talk) 07:43, 30 September 2009 (UTC)

Odd title
Are people aware that the title of this page is actually Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (olf) not oif? I suggest that this article be moved to Organisation internationale de la Francophonie in any case, but this "olf" thing is pretty odd. Sillyfolkboy (talk) (edits) Join WikiProject Athletics!  16:59, 29 September 2009 (UTC)

 * I think it's a typo, in any case, it's odd to have the "(xxx)" anyways... just strip the parenthetical text, and have a better title. 76.66.197.30 (talk) 07:36, 30 September 2009 (UTC)

WikiProject Francophonie?
Does anyone think there should be a WP:WikiProject Francophonie? It would be like WP:WikiProject Commonwealth that handles the British Commonwealth. 76.66.197.30 (talk) 07:47, 30 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Probably not. I doubt it would have enough members or interest to be effective.  Oreo Priest  talk 11:42, 30 September 2009 (UTC)

After a week... it looks like not so much interest. It would have been nice to have a WikiProject to cover former French colonies, the OIF, the francophone world, and the French language... 76.66.197.30 (talk) 05:09, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

 * It is to be presumed that most if not all people who would be interested in participating to such a project can read/write French. If that is true, then bilingual French-English users can join the French fr:Projet:Français and declare their intention to work mostly on improving the French-related articles of the English Wikipedia. The project has already produced a decent fr:Portail:Francophonie. -- Mathieugp (talk) 17:02, 7 October 2009 (UTC)
 * One could make a task force of the French language, but it would have to be the daughter of a parent project. Then maybe the task force will grow and become a project at a later date. WhisperToMe (talk) 03:08, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

 * That would only cover language issues, not territory, or history. It could not be a TF for WPFRANCE either, it'd have to be a joint task force between the WPCANADA/Quebec/NB, WPFRANCE, WPBELGIUM, WPSWITZERLAND at the very least. 70.29.209.91 (talk) 09:00, 28 October 2009 (UTC)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia-Herzegovina is not listed as an observer or member on the official Francophonie website... can someone please remove their light blue status on the map? --BignBad (talk) 23:35, 18 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Instead of changing the map, the Francophonie accepted BiH as an observing member of the francophonoe in 2010 :) -- 92.241.140.194 (talk) 19:16, 24 January 2011 (UTC)

Madagascar
Madagascar is a suspended member according to this article. Aaker (talk) 16:00, 29 October 2010 (UTC)

Move to 'Francophonie'
This page should be at Francophonie as per the WP:UCN policy: 'Wikipedia does not necessarily use the subject's "official" name as an article title; it prefers to use the name that is most frequently used to refer to the subject in English-language reliable sources.' 60.242.48.18 (talk) 03:51, 7 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Meanwhile in Sprachraum, someone has just "corrected" the English version of the word Francophonie to Francophone. ?? —Tamfang (talk) 17:38, 23 June 2012 (UTC)

 * No, the OIF and francophonie are not the same thing. On the French-language Wikipedia there are two separate articles fr:francophonie and fr:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. Aaker (talk) 17:04, 24 June 2012 (UTC)::Exactly.ⁿ Currently Francophonie and Francosphere redirect here, but those regions should have a separate treatment apart from the quasigovernmental agency that claims to oversee them. The current treatment is nearly as nonsensical as "Earth" redirecting to the page on the "United Nations". [Of course, we can't fix that situation until someone takes the time to fork out the content on the actual Francophonie into a separate article.] — Llywelyn II   20:32, 2 April 2015 (UTC)

 * ⁿ Ok, not really exactly, since whatever they get up to at the French wikipedia really has no bearing at all on English usage. The fact remains that the of Francophonie is the actual region of French-speaking people and not the bureaucrats claiming to represent them. —  Llywelyn II   20:32, 2 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Why was this moved? There is no defintion for "Francophonie" as an adjective or noun in the English language. That would be in short for the organization. Our dictionaries define "Francophone" as well as it does "Hispanophone" and "Lusophone" in which we too have Wikipedia articles for. We frequently use Franfophone to describe French-speakers and things that are for French speakers, such as Canadian article Francophone games hit the ground running today. It seems like since the Francophonie organization, Francophonie is becoming more commonplace in the French language itself but not in English it's not. Many times I've needed to link an article to "Francophone" and I've dreaded doing so to this article because it is just simply incorrect to do so; opted to shamelessly linked them to the French language instead, which isn't consistent with the above naming conventions mentioned. Savvyjack23 (talk) 17:51, 23 July 2017 (UTC)

 * The French Wikipedia is obviously not reflective of English common usage, as is policy on the English Wikipedia. No reliable English language source defines the term "francophonie" in the way the article currently does, making it WP:OR. Francophonie, in English, is used exclusively for the organisation. The "French-speaking world" describes those countries that speak French.

Anthem
I'm sure Ode to Joy isn't the official OIF anthem, but I'm not sure what is. Beethoven's Ode to Joy is the anthem of the European Union. Google doesn't really help me, beyond saying the OIF anthem was written by "Yane Linster from Luxembourg" (http://www.panapress.com/5th-Francophonie-Games-open-in-Niamey--12-576832-77-lang4-index.html) in 2005. Nor does OIF official website.

The French version of this page does not include any anthem. I think it should be removed from this one.

John of Cromer in China (talk) mytime= Tue 16:49, wikitime= 08:49, 20 November 2012 (UTC)

Page move
I don't know if I'm bringing up a topic that's been discussed before, but the title of this page slightly concerns me. I've read a lot of the arguments on Talk:Ivory Coast, and it seems to me that if we accept that rationale for the Ivory Coast article, we should move this page to its associated English name. I'm honestly trying to merge these perspectives here, and not trying to start some sort of move war, so I thought I should mention this on the talk page first. Regards,   MediaKill13   (  talk  )   13:29, 11 July 2016 (UTC)

Ireland
It was officially announced yesterday that Ireland has applied for observer status in la Francophonie, and that France supports the application. Culloty82 (talk) 14:42, 25 October 2017 (UTC)

Francophonie
The page at francophonie is ridiculous, lacks any English language sources supporting its WP:OR assertions, and does not correspond to English usage. Either this page should be moved there as per WP:UCN, or it should redirect here.

External links modified
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Template to navigate with various global linguistic communities
I wonder if it would be feasable to add some Template to navigate with various global linguistic communities. Such template migth be like:

Adding Louisiana to the map
Louisiana joined the Francophonie as an observer state alongside Ireland(https://www.languagemagazine.com/2018/10/12/louisiana-joins-la-francophonie/), so the map should be edited to indicate that.

--Qualcomm250 (talk) 10:20, 15 October 2018 (UTC)

Move to Francophonie
This article should be moved to Francophonie per the WP:UCN policy. The contents of that page, as is, does not reflect any real-world usage in the English language, and appears to be WP:OR. Wikipedia is here to document usage, not prescribe it, and the word "Francophonie" has only one use in English - to refer to this organisation. 194.193.205.87 (talk) 13:11, 28 April 2019 (UTC)

Francophonie Criticism
Wouldn't a chapter bringing the criticism against the OIF make the article of better quality? Herewith a kick-off.

The Francophonie is viewed as pushing / imposing its language to other peoples, hence contributing to the perception of the francophonie being an instrument of an imperialist power, being insensitive to the support every people should receive to use its own language in education and state affairs. This principle is supported by the
 * 1) 2019 UN International Year for Indigenous People and Indigenous Languages https://en.iyil2019.org/;
 * 2) 2015-25 UN international #AfricanDescentDecade;
 * 3) 2011–2020 Third (!) International Decade for the Eradication of #Colonialism #ColonialismDecade;
 * 4) 21 February International Mother Language Day.

The push for the Francophonie to have an "International Day for the French language (use at the United Nations and other international meeting places) - "20 March - French Language Day at the UN", and a similar push at the European Institutions, where the Francophonie was used by some of its members who got irritated that "international English" was becoming too much of an self-evidency to be used in international gatherings in the EU institutions. This attitude made bigger language groups to respond and demand - and obtained - their own UN International Days:

 * 1) 21 February - International Mother Language Day
 * 2) 20 March - French Language Day at the UN
 * 3) 20 April - Chinese Language Day at the UN
 * 4) 23 April - English Language Day at the UN
 * 5) 23 April - Spanish Language Day at the UN
 * 6) 6 June - Russian Language Day at the UN
 * 7) 30 September - International Translation Day
 * 8) 18 December - Arabic Language Day at the UN

The general feeling was that the international institutions already offered a lot of room for European languages - english, french, spanish - that were quite similar, even Russian could be seen as a European language, but that Chinese or Arabic or again Russian were much less used or never or that simultaneous translation was often not foreseen because of practical or budgetary limitations. The french/Europeans should feel lucky the whole world started to learn English and did not demand the Europeans - french to learn e.g. Chinese, Arabic or Russian, stressing the effort it takes for those language groups not even using European alphabets to learn a European language, making the francophonie's demands - without placing them in a larger context and not hesitating to impose their own french language onto far away countries and peoples in other continents - feel like petty.

This opinion also resulted in the creation of the UN International Years: and the international Decades mentioned earlier.
 * 1) 2008 - International Year of Languages;
 * 2) 2019 - International Year of Indigenous Languages (A/RES/71/178);

This blind eye by the francophonie to the respect for indigenous languages and the feeling by indigenous people that french has been enforced upon them, eradicating their own languages and culture, makes that minds stay closed to all the good that the francophonie aspires to bring as per its motto "égalité, complémentarité, solidarité ("equality, complementarity, and solidarity"),[1] a deliberate allusion to France's motto liberté, égalité, fraternité."

In Brussels - completely surrounded by flemish communes and completely in Flanders, but where the francophones deployed and deploy a strategy to attempt to gradually replace the original flemish language by french, the Flemish community is fighting the replacement of traditional flemish names into francophone names and the used of flemish in the administration and bi-tri- lingualism. The Flemish allow the use of English as Brussels is the capital of Europe; the french speaking community considers that e.g. Scandinavians, Romanians, Italians, Spanish, Polish should first learn one of the two official languages of the Brussels Capital Region - french or flemish - and then they are welcome to come work and live in Brussels. Shop keepers should thus not serve customers in English, idem in the administration. Which is contrary to the EU agreement to put in efforts so that every EU citizen would be tri-lingual: their own mother tongue of course, English and a 3rd language of choice. PS I don't have time to add more or provide the links to sources but will come back later. Sincerely. SvenAERTS (talk) 12:08, 26 August 2019 (UTC)

"Organisation internationale de la Francophonie(OlF)" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Organisation internationale de la Francophonie(OlF) and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 July 29 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Steel1943 (talk) 23:41, 29 July 2022 (UTC)

"French world" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect French world and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 July 30 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Steel1943 (talk) 00:16, 30 July 2022 (UTC)


text: Crank (person)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Crank (person)


text:
Crank (mechanism)

A crank is an arm attached at a right angle to a rotating shaft by which circular motion is imparted to or received from the shaft. When combined with a connecting rod, it can be used to convert circular motion into reciprocating motion, or vice versa. The arm may be a bent portion of the shaft, or a separate arm or disk attached to it. Attached to the end of the crank by a pivot is a rod, usually called a connecting rod (conrod).

The term often refers to a human-powered crank which is used to manually turn an axle, as in a bicycle crankset or a brace and bit drill. In this case a person's arm or leg serves as the connecting rod, applying reciprocating force to the crank. There is usually a bar perpendicular to the other end of the arm, often with a freely rotatable handle or pedal attached.

Examples

Familiar examples include:

Hand-powered cranks

 * Spinning wheel
 * Mechanical pencil sharpener
 * Fishing reel and other reels for cables, wires, ropes, etc.
 * Starting Handle for older cars
 * Manually operated car window
 * The carpenter's brace is a compound crank.
 * The crank set that drives a handcycle through its handles.
 * Hand winches

Foot-powered cranks

 * The crankset that drives a bicycle via the pedals.
 * Treadle sewing machine

Engines
Almost all reciprocating engines use cranks (with connecting rods) to transform the back-and-forth motion of the pistons into rotary motion. The cranks are incorporated into a crankshaft.

China

It was thought that evidence of the earliest true crank handle was found in a Han era glazed-earthenware tomb model of an agricultural winnowing fan dated no later than 200 AD, but since then a series of similar pottery models with crank operated winnowing fans were unearthed, with one of them dating back to the Western Han dynasty (202 BC - 9 AD). Historian Lynn White stated that the Chinese crank was 'not given the impulse to change reciprocating to circular motion in other contrivances', citing one reference to a Chinese crank-and-connecting rod dating to 1462. However, later publications reveal that the Chinese used not just the crank, but the crank-and-connecting rod for operating querns as far back as the Western Han dynasty (202 BC - 9 AD) as well. Eventually crank-and-connecting rods were used in the inter-conversion or rotary and reciprocating motion for other applications such as flour-sifting, treadle spinning wheels, water-powered furnace bellows, and silk-reeling machines.

Classical Antiquity

The handle of the rotary handmill which appeared in 5th century BC Celtiberian Spain and ultimately reached Greece by the first century BCE. A Roman iron crankshaft of yet unknown purpose dating to the 2nd century AD was excavated in Augusta Raurica, Switzerland. The 82.5 cm long piece has fitted to one end a 15 cm long bronze handle, the other handle being lost.

A ca. 40 cm long true iron crank was excavated, along with a pair of shattered mill-stones of 50 to 65 cm diameter and diverse iron items, in Aschheim, close to Munich. The crank-operated Roman mill is dated to the late 2nd century AD. An often cited modern reconstruction of a bucket-chain pump driven by hand-cranked flywheels from the Nemi ships has been dismissed though as "archaeological fantasy".

The earliest evidence for the crank combined with a connecting rod in a machine appears in the Roman Hierapolis sawmill in Asia Minor from the 3rd century AD and two Roman stone sawmills at Gerasa, Roman Syria, and Ephesus, Asia Minor (both 6th century AD). On the pediment of the Hierapolis mill, a waterwheel fed by a mill race is shown powering via a gear train two frame saws which cut rectangular blocks by the way of some kind of connecting rods and, through mechanical necessity, cranks. The accompanying inscription is in Greek.

The crank and connecting rod mechanisms of the other two archaeologically attested sawmills worked without a gear train. In ancient literature, there is a reference to the workings of water-powered marble saws close to Trier, now Germany, by the late 4th century poet Ausonius; about the same time, these mill types seem also to be indicated by the Christian saint Gregory of Nyssa from Anatolia, demonstrating a diversified use of water-power in many parts of the Roman Empire The three finds push back the date of the invention of the crank and connecting rod by a full millennium: "With the crank and connecting rod system, all elements for constructing a steam engine (invented in 1712) — Hero's aeolipile (generating steam power), the cylinder and piston (in metal force pumps), non-return valves (in water pumps), gearing (in water mills and clocks) — were known in Roman times."

Middle Ages

A rotary grindstone − the earliest representation thereof − which is operated by a crank handle is shown in the Carolingian manuscript Utrecht Psalter; the pen drawing of around 830 goes back to a late antique original. A musical tract ascribed to the abbot Odo of Cluny (c. 878−942) describes a fretted stringed instrument which was sounded by a resined wheel turned with a crank; the device later appears in two 12th century illuminated manuscripts. There are also two pictures of Fortuna cranking her wheel of destiny from this and the following century.

The use of crank handles in trepanation drills was depicted in the 1887 edition of the Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et Romaines to the credit of the Spanish Muslim surgeon Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi; however, the existence of such a device cannot be confirmed by the original illuminations and thus has to be discounted. The Benedictine monk Theophilus Presbyter (c. 1070−1125) described crank handles "used in the turning of casting cores".

The Italian physician Guido da Vigevano (c. 1280−1349), planning for a new crusade, made illustrations for a paddle boat and war carriages that were propelled by manually turned compound cranks and gear wheels (center of image). The Luttrell Psalter, dating to around 1340, describes a grindstone which was rotated by two cranks, one at each end of its axle; the geared hand-mill, operated either with one or two cranks, appeared later in the 15th century;

Medieval cranes were occasionally powered by cranks, although more often by windlasses.

Renaissance

The crank became common in Europe by the early 15th century, often seen in the works of those such as the German military engineer Konrad Kyeser. Devices depicted in Kyeser's Bellifortis include cranked windlasses (instead of spoke-wheels) for spanning siege crossbows, cranked chain of buckets for water-lifting and cranks fitted to a wheel of bells. Kyeser also equipped the Archimedes screws for water-raising with a crank handle, an innovation which subsequently replaced the ancient practice of working the pipe by treading. The earliest evidence for the fitting of a well-hoist with cranks is found in a miniature of c. 1425 in the German Hausbuch of the Mendel Foundation.

The first depictions of the compound crank in the carpenter's brace appear between 1420 and 1430 in various northern European artwork. The rapid adoption of the compound crank can be traced in the works of the Anonymous of the Hussite Wars, an unknown German engineer writing on the state of the military technology of his day: first, the connecting-rod, applied to cranks, reappeared, second, double compound cranks also began to be equipped with connecting-rods and third, the flywheel was employed for these cranks to get them over the 'dead-spot'.

One of the drawings of the Anonymous of the Hussite Wars shows a boat with a pair of paddle-wheels at each end turned by men operating compound cranks (see above). The concept was much improved by the Italian engineer and writer Roberto Valturio in 1463, who devised a boat with five sets, where the parallel cranks are all joined to a single power source by one connecting-rod, an idea also taken up by his compatriot Francesco di Giorgio.

In Renaissance Italy, the earliest evidence of a compound crank and connecting-rod is found in the sketch books of Taccola, but the device is still mechanically misunderstood. A sound grasp of the crank motion involved demonstrates a little later Pisanello who painted a piston-pump driven by a water-wheel and operated by two simple cranks and two connecting-rods.

The 15th century also saw the introduction of cranked rack-and-pinion devices, called cranequins, which were fitted to the crossbow's stock as a means of exerting even more force while spanning the missile weapon (see right). In the textile industry, cranked reels for winding skeins of yarn were introduced.

Around 1480, the early medieval rotary grindstone was improved with a treadle and crank mechanism. Cranks mounted on push-carts first appear in a German engraving of 1589.

From the 16th century onwards, evidence of cranks and connecting rods integrated into machine design becomes abundant in the technological treatises of the period: Agostino Ramelli's The Diverse and Artifactitious Machines of 1588 alone depicts eighteen examples, a number which rises in the Theatrum Machinarum Novum by Georg Andreas Böckler to 45 different machines, one third of the total.

Middle East
The crank appears in the mid-9th century in several of the hydraulic devices described by the Banū Mūsā brothers in their Book of Ingenious Devices. These devices, however, made only partial rotations and could not transmit much power, although only a small modification would have been required to convert it to a crankshaft.

Al-Jazari (1136–1206) described a crank and connecting rod system in a rotating machine in two of his water-raising machines. His twin-cylinder pump incorporated a crankshaft. After al-Jazari cranks in Islamic technology are not traceable until an early 15th century copy of the Mechanics of the ancient Greek engineer Hero of Alexandria.

20th century
Cranks were formerly common on some machines in the early 20th century; for example almost all phonographs before the 1930s were powered by clockwork motors wound with cranks. Reciprocating piston engines use cranks to convert the linear piston motion into rotational motion. Internal combustion engines of early 20th century automobiles were usually started with hand cranks (known as starting handles in the UK), before electric starters came into general use. The last car model which incorporated a crank was the Citroën 2CV 1948-1990

The 1918 Reo owner's manual describes how to hand crank the automobile:

 * First: Make sure the gear shifting lever is in neutral position.
 * Second: The clutch pedal is unlatched and the clutch engaged. The brake pedal is pushed forward as far as possible setting brakes on the rear wheel.
 * Third: See that spark control lever, which is the short lever located on top of the steering wheel on the right side, is back as far as possible toward the driver and the long lever, on top of the steering column controlling the carburetor, is pushed forward about one inch from its retarded position.
 * Fourth: Turn ignition switch to point marked "B" or "M"
 * Fifth: Set the carburetor control on the steering column to the point marked "START." Be sure there is gasoline in the carburetor. Test for this by pressing down on the small pin projecting from the front of the bowl until the carburetor floods. If it fails to flood it shows that the fuel is not being delivered to the carburetor properly and the motor cannot be expected to start. See instructions on page 56 for filling the vacuum tank.
 * Sixth: When it is certain the carburetor has a supply of fuel, grasp the handle of starting crank, push in endwise to engage ratchet with crank shaft pin and turn over the motor by giving a quick upward pull. Never push down, because if for any reason the motor should kick back, it would endanger the operator.

Crank axle
A crank axle is a crankshaft which also serves the purpose of an axle. It is used on steam locomotives with inside cylinders.

title: Crank (mechanism)


text:
Vicious circle

A vicious circle (or cycle) is a complex chain of events that reinforces itself through a feedback loop, with detrimental results. It is a system with no tendency toward equilibrium (social, economic, ecological, etc.), at least in the short run. Each iteration of the cycle reinforces the previous one, in an example of positive feedback. A vicious circle will continue in the direction of its momentum until an external factor intervenes to break the cycle. A well-known example of a vicious circle in economics is hyperinflation.

When the results are not detrimental but beneficial, the term virtuous cycle is used instead.

Vicious circles in the subprime mortgage crisis

The contemporary subprime mortgage crisis is a complex group of vicious circles, both in its genesis and in its manifold outcomes, most notably the late 2000s recession. A specific example is the circle related to housing. As housing prices decline, more homeowners go "underwater", when the market value of a home drops below that of the mortgage on it. This provides an incentive to walk away from the home, increasing defaults and foreclosures. This, in turn, lowers housing values further from over-supply, reinforcing the cycle.

The foreclosures reduce the cash flowing into banks and the value of mortgage-backed securities (MBS) widely held by banks. Banks incur losses and require additional funds, also called "recapitalization". If banks are not capitalized sufficiently to lend, economic activity slows and unemployment increases, which further increase the number of foreclosures. Economist Nouriel Roubini discussed vicious circles in the housing and financial markets in interviews with Charlie Rose in September and October 2008.

Designing ecological virtuous circles
By involving all stakeholders in managing ecological areas, a virtuous circle can be created where improved ecology encourages the actions that maintain and improve the area.

Other
Other examples include the poverty cycle, sharecropping, and the intensification of drought. The recurring surges of the COVID-19 pandemic is a vicious circle on a global scale.

General and cited references

 * Rational Choice with Passion:Virtue in a Model of Rational Addiction – In this link the author uses Aristotelian virtue as a mediator between passion and reason in the construction of utility/consumption functions in an esoteric part of consumer behaviour theory related to decision making in addictive situations.
 * China: A Stabilizing or Deflationary Influence in East Asia? The Problem of Conflicted Virtue – In this paper the author is using virtue in the sense of a positive outcome (balance of payments surplus) that conflicts with long term regional growth and stability.
 * China: A Stabilizing or Deflationary Influence in East Asia? The Problem of Conflicted Virtue – In this paper the author is using virtue in the sense of a positive outcome (balance of payments surplus) that conflicts with long term regional growth and stability.

title: Vicious circle


text:
Vicious Circle

A vicious circle is a complex of events that reinforces itself through a feedback loop.

Vicious circle or Vicious Circle may also refer to:

Music

 * Vicious Circle (band), an Australian hardcore punk band formed in 1983
 * American NJ Death/Thrash Metal band formed in 1988
 * Australian hardcore band formed 1982
 * Vicious Circle (L.A. Guns album) (1995)
 * Vicious Circle (Zero Boys album) (1982)
 * Vicious Circle, a punk rock band featuring Jack Grisham, Todd Barnes, Steve Houston and Laddy Tirrell, whose members later formed the band True Sounds of Liberty (1978)
 * Vicious Circle, a 1989 album by The Vibrators
 * "Vicious Circle", a 1981 single by Abrasive Wheels
 * "Vicious Circle", a song by Lou Reed from Rock and Roll Heart
 * "Vicious Circle", a song by Quiet Riot from Guilty Pleasures
 * "Vicious Circles", a song by Aaron Lewis from Town Line

Film

 * The Vicious Circle (1948 film), a film starring Conrad Nagel
 * The Vicious Circle (1957 film), a film starring John Mills
 * Vicious Circle (2008 film), a 2008 drama film by Paul Boyd
 * Vicious Circle, a name for the Algonquin Round Table in the 1994 film Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle

Television

 * Dane Cook: Vicious Circle, an HBO comedy special featuring Dane Cook
 * "Vicious Circle", a 1957 episode of Alfred Hitchcock Presents

Other uses

 * Vicious Circle, a painting by Polish Symbolist painter Jacek Malczewski
 * Vicious Circle (comics), a fictional character group in Savage Dragon
 * Vicious Cycle Software, a company

title: Vicious Circle


text:
H. Bustos Domecq

H. Bustos Domecq (Honorio Bustos Domecq) is a pseudonym used for several collaborative works by the Argentine writers Jorge Luis Borges and Adolfo Bioy Casares.

Origin
Bustos Domecq made his first appearance as F. (Francisco) Bustos, the pseudonym under which Borges, in 1933, published his first fictional story, now known as "Hombre de la esquina rosada", ("Man from the Pink Corner") but originally titled "Hombre de las orillas" ("Man from the Slums" or more literally "Man from the Outskirts"), Francisco Bustos being the name of "one forefather's forefather".

He changed his first initial and acquired a second surname (which in Argentina connotes either "old money" or simply, as in the rest of Latin America, a maternal last name) as Borges and Bioy Casares later used the pseudonym "H. Bustos Domecq" for some of their lighter works. According to Borges, Bustos was the name of one of his great-grandfathers, while Domecq was the name of one of Bioy's great-grandfathers.

Works
H. Bustos Domecq was the original credited author of the parodic detective stories in Seis problemas para don Isidro Parodi, 1942 (translated 1981 as Six Problems for Don Isidro Parodi) and Dos fantasías memorables, 1946 (Two memorable fancies).

Bustos was also the alleged author of Crónicas de Bustos Domecq, 1967, (translated by Norman Thomas Di Giovanni as Chronicles of Bustos Domecq (1976)), and Nuevos Cuentos de Bustos Domecq (1977), even though the authors' actual names were featured on the covers of both books.

Under another pseudonym, "Benito Suárez Lynch" (both surnames were taken from the authors' illustrious ancestors), Borges and Bioy published the parodic mystery Un modelo para la muerte (A model for death) in 1946, featuring the characters of the Isidro Parodi stories.

The pair also did some collaborations without the use of the pseudonym, notably two movie scripts from 1955: Los orilleros (Slum-dwellers) and El paraíso de los creyentes (The Paradise of Believers). Both dealt with the exacerbated sense of manhood among the compadritos in the slums of Buenos Aires circa 1900.

The Bustos Domecq materials provided comic relief for cultivated Latin Americans, but also, famously, conveyed a subtle yet unambiguous pro-allied message in the 1942 edition of Parodi – which was not a surprise for people who knew the authors but was, nevertheless, a contrarian statement given the state of Argentine politics at the time.

Note: The Isidro Parodi appears as Isidoro in some editions.

Influence
According to Emir Rodríguez Monegal in his April 1968 article "Nota sobre Biorges", when Adolfo Bioy Casares and Jorge Luis Borges collaborated under the pseudonyms H. Bustos Domecq or B. Suárez Lynch, the results seemed written by a new personality, more than the sum of its parts, which he dubbed "Biorges" and considered in his own right as "one of the most important Argentine prose writers of his time", for having influenced writers such as Leopoldo Marechal (an otherwise anti-Borgesian), or Julio Cortázar's use of fictional language and slang in his masterpiece Hopscotch.

title: H. Bustos Domecq


text:
Talk:Ibogaine/Archive 1

Copyright
Same text as this. Does anyone know origin/copyright status? Or did that site copy from here?

 * According to archive.org, that site's text predates the Wikipedia article by over a year. That, combined with the fact that the first cut at this article on Wikipedia was an unwikified blob of text from an anonymous user, suggests that someone copy/pasted it here.  Therefore, tagged as a copyvio. --Delirium 03:00, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

clinical trials, fda
I did a minor correction regarding ibogaine research. The phase 1 clinical trials have been re-started in 2005 at the U of M. They were halted due to lack of funds, not due to a fatality that took place in another country.

Trials restarted, Patrick K. Kroupa, University of Miami School of Medicine, "Ibogaine: Phase I Clinical Trials Restarted in 2005." discussing it at NYC ibogaine conference:

http://www.ibogaine.org/nyc2005.html http://ibogaine.mindvox.com/News/2005COSM.html

Dr. Mash stating private funding arrived to media:

http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0508,hunter1,61311,6.html

Government approved research into ibogaine is alive and well in 2005.

The FDA doesn't fund clinical trials for anything, they are a regulatory agency that approves protocols.

Everything in the second to last paragraph following "The United States FDA briefly tested this drug in the early 1990's" is wrong. The FDA never tested or funded the drug, NIDA not the FDA, had interest in the drug's potential and then backed off. The FDA approved Dr. Mash's protocol which is still approved.

Ibogaine is a beta-carboline.
 * Please expand this information and put it in the article, if you are confident in its accuracy. 211.128.87.99 3 July 2005 23:41 (UTC)

 * Reverted last edits from anonymous, aside from creative spelling, Dr. Mash is not a "nuerobiologist" and the into contained was hearsay not fact, there have in fact been no new ibogaine publications from Mash for years and she is quoted as saying she will not publish for fear of being sued.

 * Requests for a written statement from Dr. Mash or the University of Miami confirming clinical studies requsted to be presented during the NY 2006 Ibogaine conference were not forthcoming. On their part, researchers at Albany Medical College deny that 18-MC is in clinical studies. Therefore corrections to both of these assertions have been made to the text. (--Mbolo)

tryptamine??
is ibogaine a tryptamine? i always thought they were in there own indole class, "iboganes". i dont think that they are tryptamines, as they don't have "tryptamine" in the chemical name. . .   --Heah 22:55, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * yes, ibogaine is a tryptamine.

"Chemically, ibogaine is classified as a tryptamine, being a rigid analog of melatonin, and is structurally similar to harmaline, another natural alkaloid and psychedelic (Xu et al, 2000)."

from: Freedlander, J. M. (2003). Ibogaine: a novel anti-addictive compound – a comprehensive literature review (revised). Journal of Drug Education and Awareness, 1, 79–98. http://userpages.umbc.edu/~jfreed1/Ibogaine.html

--j0n 11:24, 16 Dec 2005 (UTC)

 * hi jon! literature usually classifies ibogaine as tryptamine. however, strictly speaking, that may be incorrect. in tryptamines the R alpha group may not just bind back to the 2nd nitrogen ring, as ibogain does (as User:Zinnmann told me, if i understood him correctly).--ekki 20:39, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

 * It is falsely classified as a tryptamine! Correct classifications are: indole alkaloid, iboga alkaloid and indolo[2,3-d]azepine. It is also far from being a (tetrahydro)betacarboline. Melatonin is a tryptamide. Tryptamines possess an open (non-cyclized) side chain, at least this chain is not rebound at the indole nucleus.--Wg0867 17:25, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

neurostuff
should be added that recent research suggests both rising of GDNF and channel-blocking of nicotinic receptors alpha3beta4 play major role in anti-addiction effects.--ekki 20:56, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

 * twgburst-It should also be noted that the anti-addictive properties of Ibogaine only work on less than 1/3 of the people that try it.
 * http://www.heroinhelper.com/sick/detox_nightmares_part_2.shtml

 * I would not be prone to believe everything I read. Ibogaine when treating opioid withdrawal can be counted on for 90% efficacy overall.
 * http://ibogaine.org/alperetal.html

Are links from Buprenophine and Methadone relevant?
I listed ibogaine under the See Also section for Buprenorphine and Methadone on the Norwegian ('no') Wikipedia only to have the links promptly thrown out for being irrelevant to those two articles. As far as biochemistry is concerned, I agree, it is irrelevant, however, as an alternative substance-based treatment of opiod addiction I find it hard to understand the reasoning that rules ibogaine off-topic. I *do* understand why the pharmaceutical industry would rather not have their customers hear about ibogaine treatment, but can legitimate concerns prevent ibogaine from being mentioned as an alternative treatment on these pages? I'd like some feedback from users familiar with ibogaine about this, and of course also, about whether ibogaine should be mentioned on those pages here on the English WP? And I have not yet raised the issue on those or any other pages here. __meco 08:46, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Buprenorphine, methadone and ibogaine are core treatments for opioid dependence, each with benefits and deficits. Ibogaine is used in the treatment of methadone and buprenorphine withdrawal or dose adjustment so it would appear that buprenorphine and methadone are certainly appropriate for the ibogaine article.   You might want to take a look at the powerpoint presentaton concerning ibogaine development, science, politics, stigma and policy and includes comparative development sections of ibogaine, methadone and buprenorphine

 * http://www.ibogaine.desk.nl/ibogaine_politics_science_nyc2006.ppt   05 May 2006

title: Talk:Ibogaine/Archive 1


text:
Talk:The Dot and the Line

Untitled
Just wondering if there is a copy of the animated short available anywhere. I'd like it in vhs or dvd but if it is avalable for purchase in a downloadable version that'd be ok too. Any infor please email a_roc@skybest.com

Thanks.

film short
I am looking for this film as well.

Any ideas?

macdvorak@alltel.net

 * It's available as a bonus on "The Glass Bottom Boat" DVD, but this really isn't a suitable forum for questions like this. A google search turned up a discussion on the Big Cartoon Forum covering this topic.  Kanenas, Bastille day, 2005

It is available on youtube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OmSbdvzbOzY —Preceding unsigned comment added by Itwilltakeoff (talk • contribs) 10:37, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Dot and the Line


text:
Lindworm

The lindworm (worm meaning snake, see germanic dragon), also spelled lindwyrm or lindwurm, is a mythical creature in Northern, Western and Central European folklore that traditionally has the shape of a giant serpent monster living deep in the forest. It can be seen as a sort of dragon.

According to legend, everything that lies under the lindworm will increase as the lindworm grows, giving rise to tales of dragons that brood over treasures to become richer. Legend tells of two kinds of lindworm, a good one, associated with luck, often a cursed prince who has been transformed into the beast (same trope as in the fairy tales The Frog Prince, Beauty and the Beast, etc.), and a bad one, a dangerous man-eater which will attack humans on sight. A lindworm may swallow its own tail, turning itself into a rolling wheel, as a method of pursuing fleeing humans.

The head of the 16th-century lindworm statue at Lindwurm Fountain (Lindwurmbrunnen) in Klagenfurt, Austria, is modeled on the skull of a woolly rhinoceros found in a nearby quarry in 1335. It has been cited as the earliest reconstruction of an extinct animal.

Etymology
Lindworm derives from early medieval Germanic languages (Old High German: lintwurm, Old Low German: lindworm, Middle Dutch: lindeworm, Old Norse: linnormr, Old Swedish: lindormber) of uncertain origin, possibly from a Proto-Germanic form akin to “linþawurmiz”. The name compounds Germanic lind with worm, the latter meaning "snake, dragon" (see Germanic dragon). The meaning of prefix "lind" is also of uncertainty, perhaps from the Proto-Germanic adjective *linþia- meaning "flexible", or perhaps by way of Old Danish/Old Saxon lithi, Old High German lindi, "soft, mild" (Middle High and Low German linde, German lind, (ge)linde), Old English liðe (English lithe, "agile"), alternatively something akin to Old Swedish linde (modern Swedish linda), existing as prefix lind- and linn-, meaning "to wind", "to turn coils around something".

The term occurs in Middle High German as lintwurm, Old Swedish as lindormber (modern Swedish lindorm, modern Danish lindorm), simply meaning "lind-snake". In Old Icelandic, the term linnormr was used to translate German sources to produce Þiðreks saga (an Old Norse chivalric saga adapted from the Continent from the late 13th c.)

Portrayals
Lindworm-portrayals vary across countries and the stories in which they appear.

Swedish lindworm (lindorm)
In Nordic folklore, specifically Swedish folklore, lindworms traditionally appear as giant forest serpents without limbs, living between the rocks deep in the forest. They are said to be dark in color with a brighter underside. Along the spine it is said to have either fish-like dorsal fins or horse-like mane, sometimes being called a "mane snake" (manorm). For defence and attack it can spit out a foul milk-like substance which can blind enemies.

Lindworm eggs are said to be laid under the bark of linden trees (lind) and once hatched they slither away and make a home in some pile of rocks. When fully grown they can become extremely long. To counter this during hunting they swallow their own tail to become a wheel, after which they roll at extremely high speeds to pursue prey. This has given them the nickname "wheel snake" (hjulorm).

Late belief in lindworms in Sweden
The belief in the reality of a lindorm, a giant limbless serpent, persisted well into the 19th century in some parts. The Swedish folklorist Gunnar Olof Hyltén-Cavallius (1818–1889) collected in the mid 19th century stories of legendary creatures in Sweden and met several people in Småland, Sweden who said they had encountered giant snakes, sometimes equipped with a long mane. He gathered around 50 eyewitness reports, and in 1884 offered a cash reward for a captured specimen, dead or alive. Hyltén-Cavallius came to be ridiculed by Swedish scholars and as no one ever managed to claim the reward it resulted in a cryptozoological defeat. Rumours of the existence of lindworms in Småland soon abated.

Central European lindworm (lindwurm)
In Central Europe the lindworm usually resembles a dragon or similar. It generally appears with a scaly serpentine body, dragon's head and two clawed forelimbs, sometimes also with wings. Some examples, such as the 16th-century lindworm statue at Lindwurm Fountain in Klagenfurt, Austria, has four limbs and two wings.

Most limbed depictions imply lindworms do not walk on their two limbs like a wyvern, but move like a mole lizard: they slither like a snake and use their arms for traction.

Lindworm offshoots (guivre, vouivre, wyvern)

There exist several related offshoots of the winged lindworm outside Northern and Central Europe, such as the French guivre, and to some extent the British wyvern. The French guivre, earlier vouivre, are more dragon-like than the traditional lindworms while the British wyvern is canonically a full-fledged dragon. These terms are ultimately derived from Latin vīpera "adder, poisonous snake".

In heraldry
According to the 19th-century English archaeologist Charles Boutell, a lindworm in heraldry is basically "a dragon without wings". A different heraldic definition by German historian Maximilian Gritzner was "a dragon with four feet" instead of usual two, so that depictions with - comparatively smaller - wings exist as well.

In tales
An Austrian tale from the 13th century tells of a lindworm that lived near Klagenfurt. Flooding threatened travelers along the river, and the presence of the lindworm was blamed. A duke offered a reward to anyone who could capture it and so some young men tied a bull to a chain, and when the lindworm swallowed the bull, it was hooked like a fish and killed.

The shed skin of a lindworm was believed to greatly increase a person's knowledge about nature and medicine.

A serpentine monster with the head of a "salamander" features in the legend of the Lambton Worm, a serpent caught in the River Wear and dropped in a well, which 3–4 years thence, terrorized the countryside of Durham while the nobleman who caught it was at the Crusades. Upon return, he received spiked armour and instructions to kill the serpent, but thereafter to kill the next living thing he saw. His father arranged that after the lindworm was killed, a dog would be released for that purpose; but instead of releasing the dog the nobleman's father ran to his son, and so incurred a malediction by the son's refusal to commit patricide. Bram Stoker used this legend in his short story Lair of the White Worm.

The sighting of a "whiteworm" once was thought to be an exceptional sign of good luck.

The knucker or the Tatzelwurm is a wingless biped, and often identified as a lindworm. In legends, lindworms are often very large and eat cattle and human corpses, sometimes invading churchyards and eating the dead from cemeteries. In the 19th-century tale of "Prince Lindworm" (also "King Lindworm") from Scandinavian folklore, a "half-man half-snake" lindworm is born, as one of twins, to a queen, who, in an effort to overcome her childlessness, followed the advice of an old crone who instructed her to eat two onions. As she did not peel the first onion, the first twin was born a lindworm. The second twin is perfect in every way. When he grows up and sets off to find a bride, the lindworm insists that a bride be found for him before his younger brother can marry. Because none of the chosen maidens are pleased by him, he eats each one until a shepherd's daughter who spoke to the same crone is brought to marry him, wearing every dress she owns. The lindworm tells her to take off her dress, but she insists that he shed a skin for each dress she removes. Eventually, his human form is revealed beneath the last skin. Some versions of the story omit the lindworm's twin, and the gender of the soothsayer varies. A similar tale occurs in the 1952 novel The Voyage of the Dawn Treader by C. S. Lewis.

The tale of Prince Lindworm is part of a multiverse of tales in which a maiden is betrothed or wooed by a prince enchanted to be a snake or other serpentine creature (ATU 433B, "The Prince as Serpent"; "King Lindworm").

In a short Swiss tale, a Lindworm terrorises the area around Grabs. "It was as big as a tree trunk, dark red in colour and, according to its nature, extraordinarily vicious". It was defeated by a bull that had been fed milk for seven years and had hooks attached its horns. A girl, who had committed an offense, was tasked with bringing the bull to the Lindworm. After the beast was defeated, the enraged bull threw itself off a cliff, but the girl survived. In another tale, a cowherd falls into a cave where a Lindworm lives. Instead of eating him, the Lindworm shares his food source, a spring of liquid gold. After seven years, they are discovered by a Venetian who hauls up the Lindworm and ties it up. The cowherd releases the Lindworm, who kills the Venetian and then leaves. When the cowherd goes home, no one recognizes him and he no longer likes human food.

title: Lindworm


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The Style Council

The Style Council were a British band formed in late 1982 by Paul Weller, the former lead vocalist, principal songwriter and guitarist with the Jam, and keyboardist Mick Talbot, previously a member of Dexys Midnight Runners, the Bureau and the Merton Parkas. Weller started the project to escape the restrictions of the Jam, and to explore a more arty, European, jazzier direction, which encompassed pop, hip hop, and soul.

The permanent line-up grew to include drummer Steve White and Weller's then-girlfriend, vocalist Dee C. Lee. Other artists such as Tracie Young, Tracey Thorn (Everything but the Girl) and drummer/percussionist Steve Sidelnyk (who has played for Madonna, Seal and Richard Ashcroft ) also performed and collaborated with the group. As with Weller's previous band, most of the London-based group's hits were in their homeland, where they scored seven top 10 hits. The band also had hit singles and albums in Australia and New Zealand during the 1980s.

Formation and early releases
The band was founded in late 1982 by Paul Weller and initially consisted only of himself and Mick Talbot, who Weller said he chose because "he shares my hatred of the rock myth and the rock culture". The band showed a diversity of musical styles. Singles "Speak Like a Child" (with its loud soul-influenced style), the extended funk of "Money-Go-Round", and the synth-ballad "Long Hot Summer" all featured Talbot on keyboards and organ, and reached number 4, number 11 and number 3, respectively, on the UK Singles Chart. Near the end of 1983, these songs were compiled on Introducing The Style Council, a Mini-LP initially released in the US, Canada, Japan, and the Netherlands only. The Dutch version was heavily imported to the United Kingdom. In November 1983 the single "A Solid Bond in Your Heart" reached number 11 on the UK singles chart.

Café Bleu (1984)
In February 1984, the single "My Ever Changing Moods" became the band's third Top 10 hit on the UK Singles Chart, peaking at number 5. Released a month later, their debut studio album, Café Bleu, entered the UK Albums Chart at number 2. Excluding previous singles (except for a different version of "My Ever Changing Moods") and vocals by Weller on several tracks, the album features guest vocalists and instrumentals, and mixes several genres, such as jazz, soul, pop, and funk; for these reasons, it divided critics and confused fans. Nevertheless, the album spent 36 weeks on the chart and was followed by two further Top 10 singles, "You're the Best Thing" in May and "Shout to the Top!" in October.

The album was complemented by a UK tour starting in March 1984 with supporting acts Billy Bragg and the Questions. These shows were dubbed "Council Meetings" and were followed by a brief European tour. Later the band played four dates in Japan, where they became hugely popular. These shows were captured on the video Far East and Far Out, released in September 1984. The band set out on their second "Council Meetings" UK tour in the autumn, this time with DJ Vaughn Toulouse. The shows were also intended to include a half-hour play directed by Tony Marchant instead of a support band, but the play was pulled in the last minute when one of the actors broke his leg. The UK dates were followed by dates in Italy were huge demands for tickets in Bologna forced a last-minute switch to a bigger venue.

In 1984, the band also undertook a brief tour of the United States. This led to the single "My Ever Changing Moods" reaching No. 29 on the US Billboard Hot 100. The song remains the group's and Weller's highest charting US single, including his period with the group the Jam and also as a solo artist. By the end of 1984, the Style Council were voted "best new band" in Billboard magazine.

In December 1984, "Soul Deep", a fund-raising single for striking miners, was released under the name "The Council Collective" (featuring Vaughn Toulouse, Dee C. Lee, Leonardo Chignoli of Animal Nightlife, Junior Giscombe and US Motown artist Jimmy Ruffin), reaching the top 30 on the UK singles chart. The Style Council ended the year playing two nights at the Royal Albert Hall.

Our Favourite Shop (1985)
In the UK, the group reached the height of its popularity with the release of Our Favourite Shop, which entered the UK album chart at number 1 immediately following its release in June 1985 (only to be supplanted by Bryan Ferry's Boys and Girls a week later). Mixing different styles such as Latin music, jazz and funk, and largely featuring political lyrics, it was widely considered to be the band's best work by contemporary critics. It notched up a total of 13 weeks in the top 40 (including a re-entry in October), of which three weeks were spent in the top 10. The preceding single "Walls Come Tumbling Down!" reached number 6 on the singles chart, while "Come to Milton Keynes" and "The Lodgers" reached number 23 and 13, respectively. A fourth single "Boy Who Cried Wolf" was released in the US and was a chart hit in New Zealand. Worldwide, it reached over one million sales. In 2015, Our Favourite Shop was included in a list of 50 albums released in 1985 which, according to the NME, "still sound great today".

Together with "You're the Best Thing" (from Café Bleu) and "The Big Boss Groove", two songs from the album—"Internationalists" and "Walls Come Tumbling Down!"—were played by the band at the UK Live Aid concert, where they appeared second in the running order at Wembley Stadium between Status Quo and the Boomtown Rats. The international exposure, however, did little to boost the group's career, and future commercial success was largely confined to their home country.

Further albums
Following the live album Home and Abroad in 1986 the band released their third studio album The Cost of Loving to mixed reviews in 1987. It reached number 2 on the albums chart. The single from the album, "It Didn't Matter" reached number 9 on the singles chart.

Commercial and critical decline
From this point the band however started to experience a critical and commercial decline. The 1987 single "Waiting" was the first of the band's singles that failed to reach the top 40. In 1988 Confessions of a Pop Group became the first of their albums that failed to reach the top 10. It entered the albums chart at number 15 and dropped out of the chart a few weeks later. The singles "Life at a Top People's Health Farm" and "How She Threw It All Away" also made brief chart appearances, peaking at number 28 and 41, respectively.

In 1989, members of the Style Council went under the name of King Truman to release a single on Acid Jazz titled "Like a Gun". This was unknown to Polydor, and the single was pulled from the shops three days prior to release. Acid Jazz founder Eddie Piller said: "The pair offered to make a single for my new label, which I'd just started with [BBC] Radio 1 DJ Gilles Peterson as a side project. Talbot and Weller took pseudonyms Truman King and Elliott Arnold."

The Style Council broke up in 1989. Regarding the break-up, Paul Weller said (in 1990): "It's something we should have done two or three years ago. We created some great music in our time, the effects of which won't be appreciated for some time."

The cover version of "Promised Land" (originally by Joe Smooth) was the only release which surfaced from the Modernism: A New Decade sessions at the time; reaching its peak position at no. 27 on the UK Singles Chart in February 1989. However, the entire album was subsequently released in 1998 in a 5-CD box set, The Complete Adventures of The Style Council with a standalone version being released in October, 2001. A few months later, a version of their 1983 hit "Long Hot Summer" entitled "Long Hot Summer '89" was released as the Style Council's swansong single, briefly charting in the UK, reaching its peak position at no. 48 in May 1989.

In 1990, the band reunited (without Lee) for a one-off performance on Japanese TV.

2019 reunion
Weller, Talbot, Lee and White met for a recording session of "It's a Very Deep Sea" in August 2019. The session was featured in the 2020 Sky Arts documentary Long Hot Summers: The Story of the Style Council, and a career-spanning audio compilation of the same name was released.

Politics
In December 1984, Weller put together an ensemble called the Council Collective to make a charity record, "Soul Deep", initially to raise money for striking miners during a long-running industrial dispute, and subsequently also for the family of David Wilkie, a taxi driver who was killed during said strike. The track featured the Style Council and a number of other performers, notably Jimmy Ruffin and Junior Giscombe. The song received airplay on BBC Radio 1 and was performed by the group on Top of the Pops, as well as (live) on Channel 4's The Tube.

In their lyrics, the Style Council took a more overtly political approach than the Jam, with tracks such as "Walls Come Tumbling Down!", "The Lodgers" and "Come to Milton Keynes" being deliberate attacks on 'middle England' and the Thatcherite policies of the UK government during the 1980s. In 1985, Weller was persuaded by Billy Bragg to let the Style Council play a leading role in Red Wedge, a youth-orientated political campaign associated with the British Labour Party. Although his views at the time have since been described as those of a "traditional British socialist", in 1993 Weller admitted the experience had left him feeling "exploited" by politicians, noting further that: "Before the Wedge, the Style Council had done a lot independently, raised a lot of money in benefits. But after the Wedge we were so disillusioned it all stopped. We were totally cynical about all of it." In a previous interview, whilst asserting that there was still "a place for outspokenness" in popular music, Weller had pointed out he was "first and foremost" a musician, and stated: "In the '80s, in the Style Council, we were involved with a lot of political things going on at that time. I think after a while that overshadowed the music a bit."

Discography
Studio albums
 * Café Bleu (North America title: My Ever Changing Moods) (1984)
 * Our Favourite Shop (North America title: Internationalists) (1985)
 * The Cost of Loving (1987)
 * Confessions of a Pop Group (1988)
 * Modernism: A New Decade (1998)

title: The Style Council


text:
User:Radical edward

A Slackware Linux geek who enjoys reading on a variety of subjects like the Enneagram and watching Cowboy Bebop. She bases her namesake off of her favorite character from the series. She is currently researching rhetoric for Wikipedia and enjoys making her computer software work efficiently. She also enjoys meditation and studying Buddhism even though she is debating between Theravada and Zen.

Links:

The disaffected one

Megatokyo

The E-Sangha

title: User:Radical edward


text:
List of presidents of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

This is a list of presidents of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly the Republic of the Congo and Zaire) since the country's independence in 1960.

The current President is Félix Tshisekedi, since 24 January 2019.

List of officeholders
(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)


text: File:NewZealandAlliancePartyLogo.png

title: File:NewZealandAlliancePartyLogo.png


text:
List of presidents of the Republic of the Congo

This is a list of presidents of the Republic of the Congo since the formation of the post of president in 1960, to the present day.

A total of six people have served as President of the Republic of the Congo (not counting one acting/interim head of state and two collective presidencies). Additionally, one person, Denis Sassou Nguesso, has served on two non-consecutive occasions.

Term limits
The new constitution in 2015 removed the age limit, reduced the length of presidential term from seven years to five, and extended term limits from two to three terms.

List of officeholders
{{legend|Blue|Democratic Union for the Defense of African Interests (UDDIA)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||National Movement of the Revolution (MNR)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Congolese Party of Labour (PCT)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Pan-African Union for Social Democracy (UPADS)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
 * Political parties

{{legend||Military|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
 * Other factions

{{legend|#E6E6AA|Denotes Acting/Interim Head of State}}
 * Status


text:
List of heads of state of Ivory Coast

This article lists the heads of state of Ivory Coast, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, since the country gained independence from France in 1960. Alassane Ouattara has been serving as President of Ivory Coast since 4 December 2010.

Term limits
There is a two-term limit for the president in the new 2016 Constitution of Ivory Coast. This limit has been lifted for Alassane Ouattara, allowing him to run for third and fourth terms.

List of officeholders
{{legend||Democratic Party of Ivory Coast – African Democratic Rally (PDCI–RDA)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Ivorian Popular Front (FPI)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend||Rally of the Republicans (RDR)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
 * Political parties

{{legend||Military|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
 * Other factions

Elected unopposed Died in office
 * Symbols

title: List of heads of state of Ivory Coast