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Suzuki method

The Suzuki method is a mid-20th-century music curriculum and teaching method created by Japanese violinist and pedagogue Shinichi Suzuki. The method claims to create a reinforcing environment for learning music for young learners.

Background
The Suzuki Method was conceived in the mid-20th century by Shinichi Suzuki, a Japanese violin salesman. Suzuki noticed that children pick up their native language quickly, whereas adults consider even dialects "difficult" to learn but are spoken with ease by children at age five or six. He reasoned that if children have the skill to acquire their native language, they might have the ability to become proficient on a musical instrument. Suzuki decided to develop a teaching method after a conversation with Leonor Michaelis, who was Professor of Biochemistry at the University of Nagoya.

Suzuki pioneered the idea that a preschool age children could learn to play the violin if the learning steps were small enough and the instrument was scaled down to fit their body. He modeled his method, which he called "Talent Education" (才能教育), after his theories of natural language acquisition. Suzuki believed that every child, if properly taught, was capable of a high level of musical achievement. He also made it clear that the goal of such musical education was to raise generations of children with "noble hearts" as opposed to creating famous musical prodigies.

Philosophy
The central belief of Suzuki, based on his language acquisition theories, is that all people can (and will) learn from their environment. The essential components of his method spring from the desire to create the "right environment" for learning music, which he also believed would foster excellent character in every student.

The method parallels the linguistic environment of acquiring a native language from the young age, which is usually referred to "mother-tongue" method. Suzuki believed that this environment would also help to foster good moral character. These components include:

1. Saturation in the musical community
This includes attending local classical music concerts, developing friendships with other music students, and listening to recordings of professional musicians in the home every day, starting before birth if possible

2. Deliberate avoidance of musical aptitude tests or auditions to begin music study.
Suzuki believed that teachers who test for musical aptitude before taking students, or who look only for "talented" students, are limiting themselves to people who have already started their music education. Just as every child is expected to learn their native language, Suzuki expected every child to be able to learn to play music.

3. Emphasis on playing from a very young age.
Suzuki believed that children should typically start formal instruction between the ages of three and five years old. (See ).

4. Using well-trained teachers.
Suzuki believed in training musicians not only to be better musicians, but also to be better teachers. Suzuki Associations worldwide offer ongoing teacher-training programs to prospective and continuing Suzuki teachers.

5. The beginning of teaching is emphasized by learning music by ear over reading written musical notation.
Suzuki observed that children speak before learning to read, and thought that children should also be able to play music before learning to read. To support learning by ear, students are expected to listen to recordings of the music they are learning daily.

6. Memorization of all solo repertoire is expected.
The focus on memorization continues even after a student begins to use sheet music to learn new pieces.

7. Music theory and note reading are left to the teacher.
The Suzuki method does not include a formal plan or prescribe specific materials for introducing music theory and reading, in part because Suzuki created the method in a culture where music literacy was routinely taught in schools.

8. Regular playing in groups (including playing pieces in unison) is strongly encouraged.
Retaining and reviewing every piece of music ever learned is also strongly encouraged. This is intended to raise technical and musical ability. Review pieces, along with "preview" parts of music a student is yet to learn, are often used in place of the more traditional etude books. Traditional etudes and technical studies are not used in the beginning stages, which focus almost exclusively on a set of performance pieces.

9. Frequent public performance makes performing feel like a natural and enjoyable part of being a musician.
The method is meant to discourage competition between players and advocate collaboration and mutual encouragement for those of every ability and level. However, this does not mean the complete elimination of auditions or evaluations of student performances.

The parent of the young student is expected to supervise instrument practice every day to attend and take notes at every lesson so they can coach the student effectively, an element of the method once dubbed "The Mom-Centric Method."

Technique
Although Suzuki was a violinist, the method he founded is not a "school of violin playing" whose students can be identified by the set of techniques they use to play the violin. However, some of the technical concepts Suzuki taught his own students, such as the development of "tonalization," were so essential to his way of teaching that they have been carried over into the entire method. Other non-instrument specific techniques are used to implement the basic elements of the philosophy in each discipline.

 * Tonalization is defined as the student's ability to produce and recognize a beautiful, ringing tone quality on their instrument. This term was coined by Suzuki and is based on the word "vocalization." While initially developed for violin education, the tonalization technique has been applied to other instruments, including the piano. Suzuki believed that a student must learn tonalization in order to properly reproduce and perform music. Outside the Suzuki method, the term used is "tone production," and is part of Western music education stretching back to its beginning.
 * The use of sound recordings is another technique common to all the musical instruments taught in the Suzuki method. Pre-recorded music is used to help students learn notes, phrasing, dynamics, rhythm, and tone quality by ear. Suzuki believed that the advent of recording technology made it possible for large numbers of "ordinary" people whose parents were not themselves great musicians and music teachers to be surrounded with excellent performances from birth. The Suzuki method requires daily listening in the home from before birth if possible and the implementation of a beginner's repertoire alongside recordings of advanced repertoire.
 * Instruments are adapted to meet the demands of a small child's body in various ways. This lowers the age at which people are anatomically ready to begin studying an instrument.  Scaled-down instrument sizes are used for children studying stringed instruments. Curved-headjoint flutes with displaced keys (which are closer together than normal flute keys) and holes are also available, making it possible for children as young as three to study the flute.  Height-adjustable chairs, benches, and footrests are used for piano, guitar, cello, and double bass.  Fractional-sized student violins were already available when Suzuki began to teach, but the popularity of the method prompted violinmakers to scale violins down to even smaller sizes than before.
 * Suzuki Institutes were established to encourage a musical community, train teachers, and provide a place where master teachers' ideas can be spread to the whole community of Suzuki students, teachers and parents. These short term music festivals began in Matsumoto, Japan, where teachers & students came to learn from Suzuki.  In the US, they often last for a week or two and include daily masterclasses; repertoire (group) classes; teacher training courses; concerts; discussion sessions; seminars; and various 'enrichment' classes in different musical styles, instruments, or non-musical (usually arts, crafts, or dancing) activities.  As at any music festival, participants must pay registration and tuition fees to the institute they are attending.  Each national Suzuki association handles registration for teacher training, and policies differ from country to country.
 * A common repertoire for all students of an instrument was established. This body of music is designed to allow each student to participate in group classes, help foster local and international musical community and camaraderie, and provide motivation for students to learn new music while keeping the 'old' pieces they have learned in top form.

Repertoire
The core Suzuki literature is published on audio recordings and in sheet music books for each instrument, and Suzuki teachers supplement the repertoire common to each instrument as needed, particularly in the area of teaching reading. One of the innovations of the Suzuki method was to make professional recordings of beginner level pieces widely available. Many non-Suzuki trained music teachers also use the Suzuki repertoire to supplement their curriculum.

Suzuki literature also deliberately leaves out many technical instructions and exercises found in the beginners' music books of his day. He favored a focus on melodic song-playing over technical exercises and asked teachers to allow students to make music from the beginning, helping to motivate young children with short, attractive songs which can themselves be used as technique building exercises. Each song in the common repertoire is meant to introduce some new or higher level of technique than the previous selection.

Suzuki teaching uses a common core repertoire for students of the same instrument worldwide. Although it focuses on Western European "classical" music, it emphasizes that this music can be a bridge across cultural and language barriers.

Violin
The violin method was compiled and edited by Suzuki in ten volumes, beginning with Suzuki's Variations on "Twinkle Twinkle Little Star" and ending with two Mozart concertos.

The first three volumes are mostly graded arrangements of music not originally written for violin, although the first volume contains several original compositions by Suzuki for violin and piano. These arrangements are drawn from folk tunes and from composers such as Bach, Dvořák, Beethoven, Handel, Paganini, Boccherini and Brahms. Volumes 4 to 10 continue the graded selection by incorporating 'standard' or 'traditional' student violin solos by composers such as Seitz, Vivaldi, Bach, Veracini, Corelli, Dittersdorf, Rameau, Handel, Mozart and Fiocco.

The Suzuki violin repertoire is currently in the process of being revised by the International Suzuki Association, and as part of the revision process, each regional Suzuki Association provides a recommended list of supplemental repertoire appropriate for students in volumes 6 to 8. The Suzuki Association of the Americas' supplemental repertoire list includes pieces by composers such as Bach, Kreisler, Elgar, Bartok, Shostakovich and Copland.

The first three volumes were recorded by Hilary Hahn and released in 2020. Audio recordings for the first four volumes are also available in separate albums by artists such as David Nadien, David Cerone, Yukari Tate and Suzuki himself. Revised editions and recordings of the first four volumes were released in 2007 and recorded by William Preucil, Jr. Recordings for volumes 5 to 8 have been made by Koji Toyoda, although many of the pieces can be found separately on other artists' albums. In 2008, Takako Nishizaki made a complete set of recordings of volumes 1 to 8 for Naxos Records.

There are no official recordings of volumes 9 and 10. However, since these volumes contain Mozart's A major and D major violin concertos respectively, they have readily-available recordings by various violinists. Completing the 10 volumes is not the end of the Suzuki journey, as many Suzuki violin teachers traditionally continue with the Bruch and Mendelssohn concertos, along with pieces from other composers such as Paradis, Mozart, and Kreisler.

Viola
The viola method was compiled and edited by Doris Preucil in nine volumes. Like the violin repertoire, much of the viola repertoire is drawn from the Baroque period. The first three volumes have been arranged (or transposed) almost directly from the first three violin volumes, and the rest differ significantly as they delve into standard viola literature. The viola books introduce shifting and work in higher positions earlier than the violin volumes, in anticipation of viola students being asked to play in ensembles sooner in their studies than violinists, and needing these skills to better handle orchestral or chamber music parts (Preucil, 1985). Volumes 4 to 8 include works by Telemann, Casadesus, Bach, Mendelssohn, Vivaldi, Leclair, Hummel, and Bruch.

The first four volumes have been recorded on two albums by William Preucil, and the rest are available in separate albums.

Cello
The cello method is in ten volumes, with some early pieces arranged from the early violin volumes. The first piece unique to the cello repertoire is the second overall: "French Folk Song". The first four volumes have been performed by Tsuyoshi Tsutsumi. Volumes 4 to 10 contain works by composers such as Vivaldi, Saint-Saëns, Popper, Breval, Goltermann, Squire, Bach, Paradis, Eccles, Fauré, van Goens, Sammartini, Haydn and Boccherini.

Piano
The piano method is in seven volumes. The first volume begins with Variations on "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star" (as with the violin books) and continues with many folk songs and contemporary songs. As one progresses to the second volume, there are pieces written by romantic, classical and baroque composers, such as Schumann, Beethoven and Bach. There are also many minuets in the second book. The third book is early intermediate level with several sonatinas and beginning with Sonatina in C Major, Op. 36, No. 1 by Muzio Clementi. The fourth book includes Sonata in G Major, Op. 49, No. 2 by Ludwig van Beethoven and ends with three movements from the Partita in B-flat by J.S. Bach. The fifth book begins with "Für Elise" by Beethoven and includes the Sonata in C Major, Hob. XVI/35 by Franz Joseph Haydn. The sixth book begins with the Sonata in C Major by Mozart, and the seventh book begins with the Sonata in A Major by Mozart. This book also includes "The Harmonious Blacksmith" by Handel and the Romanian Folk Dances by Bartók.

The New International Edition adds some more recent compositions to the books, such as the music of Béla Bartók. Revised versions of the piano books have now been published. The new volumes are collections of piano repertoire from all eras representing works by composers such as Mozart, Burgmüller, Beethoven, Bach, Tcherepnin, Tchaikovsky, Schumann, Chopin, Mendelssohn, Daquin, Grieg, Granados, Villa-Lobos, Scarlatti, Handel, Bartók, and Debussy. Many pieces from the original books remain; some have been moved to another volume. Book and CD combinations for the revised volumes 4 to 7 were performed by Japanese concert artist Seizo Azuma.

Bass
Currently there are five printed volumes in the double bass series, with the first three volumes also available on recordings. Nine volumes are planned and being compiled and edited by Dr. S Daniel Swaim (SAA, Chair), Virginia Dixon (SAA), Michael Fanelli (SAA), Domenick Fiore (SAA), and Eugene Rebeck (SAA). The first two volumes contain arrangements of the traditional Suzuki violin pieces mixed in with some new arrangements of other pieces. Volume 3 contains some new transcriptions of jazz, Gaelic, and folk songs; plus works by Handel, Gossec, Beethoven, Bach, Webster, Saint-Saëns, and Dvořák. Famous pieces include: "The Elephant" from Carnival of the Animals by Saint-Saëns, Ode to Joy by Beethoven, and "Largo" from the New World Symphony by Dvořák.

Flute
The flute repertoire was compiled and edited by Toshio Takahashi in fourteen volumes. It begins with Mary Had a Little Lamb and ends in the Flute Concerto by Otaka. Also included are concerti by Mozart, Cimarosa, Ibert and Quantz. Students also study music by Bach, Handel, Blavet, Fauré and other major composers.

Recorder
There are eight volumes of recorder repertoire for both soprano and alto recorder. The recorder repertoire shares some early repertoire with other instruments, such as "Twinkle Twinkle Little Star" and several Bach Minuets. Later books delve into more complex Renaissance and Baroque music, including instruction in intense Baroque ornamentation along with 17th-century Dutch and Italian articulation techniques.

Guitar
The classical guitar repertoire was compiled through a collaborative process involving teachers from the United States, Europe and Australia, and edited by Frank Longay. The nine volumes begin with Twinkle Variations and many folk songs, and adds pieces originally written for the lute in the Renaissance, and spanning all musical time periods, including pieces by Sanz, Vivaldi, Bach, Carcassi, Giuliani, Sor, Tarrega, Albéniz, Mudarra, and Yocoh's Sakura Variations. Music in book one is performed by Frank Longay and Bill Kossler, with books two through four recorded by Seth Himmelhoch, Andrew LaFrenier, and Louis Brown. George Sakellariou has recorded books five, six and seven and William Kanengiser recorded books 8 and 9, with the exception of Recuerdos de la Alhambra in book 9, which was recorded by Scott Tennant.

Harp
The harp repertoire is in five volumes. These books are suitable for learning to read and play music on the pedal harp or the lever harp (folk harp, Irish/Celtic harp, etc. that preferably has 30 or more strings). Most of the music is arrangements of either folk music or classical music. Students of the lever harp will find some of the pieces in the later books to have challenging lever changes. This series ultimately leads to more in-depth study of the pedal harp and its repertoire and teaches more of a classical style technique. Those pursuing traditional Celtic music can use this as a foundation, however, the traditional style of teaching focuses on relying on the ear rather than on the written note. Repertoire for volume six is selected, though the music is not published in a single book.

Voice
The voice repertoire is in five Levels. Developed in Finland since 1986, the vocal repertoire of the Suzuki method has spread to over 20 countries including The United States, Australia, Europe, Asia and New Zealand. Teacher training courses are scheduled yearly in Europe, US and Australia.

Organ
The pipe organ repertoire was compiled and edited by Gunilla Rönnberg and Lars Hagström beginning in 1998. , eight volumes have been published. , an active Suzuki-training organ scheme is under way in the Australian city of Newcastle.

Mandolin
The application of Suzuki's teaching philosophy to the mandolin is currently being researched in Italy by Amelia Saracco.

Early childhood education (SECE) and Suzuki in the schools
Rather than focusing on a specific instrument, at the stage of early childhood education (ECE), a Suzuki Early Childhood Education (SECE) curriculum for (pre-instrumental) ECE was developed within the Suzuki philosophy by Dorothy & Sharon Jones (SAA), Jeong Cheol Wong (ASA), Emma O'Keefe (PPSA), Anke van der Bijl (ESA), and Yasuyo Matsui (TERI). The SECE curriculum is designed for ages 0–3 and uses singing, nursery rhymes, percussion, audio recordings, and whole body movements in a group setting where children and their adult caregivers participate side by side. The Japanese based SECE curriculum is different from the English-based SECE curriculum. The English-based curriculum is currently being adapted for use in other languages.

A "modified" Suzuki philosophy curriculum has been developed to apply Suzuki teaching to heterogeneous instrumental music classes & string orchestras in schools.

Trumpet
Trumpet was added to the International Suzuki Association's list of Suzuki Method instruments in 2011. The application of Suzuki's teaching philosophy to the trumpet is currently being researched in Sweden; the first Trumpet teacher training course to be offered by the European Suzuki Association in 2013. (Suzuki Teacher Training for Trumpet, 2013).

Supplemental materials
Supplementary materials are also published under the Suzuki name, including some etudes, note-reading books, piano accompaniment parts, guitar accompaniment parts, duets, trios, string orchestra, and string quartet arrangements of Suzuki repertoire.

Historical notes
In the late 19th century, Japan's borders were opened to trade with the outside world, and in particular to the importation of Western Culture. As a result of this, Suzuki's father, who owned a company which had manufactured the Shamisen, began to manufacture violins instead. In his youth, Shin'ichi Suzuki chanced to hear a phonograph recording of Franz Schubert's Ave Maria, as played on violin by Mischa Elman. Gripped by the beauty of the music, he immediately picked up a violin from his father's factory and began to teach himself to play the instrument "by ear". His father felt that instrumental performance was beneath his son's social status, and refused to allow him to study the instrument. At age 17, he began to teach himself by ear, since no formal training was allowed to him. Eventually he convinced his father to allow him to study with a violin teacher in Tokyo. (Suzuki, Nurtured by Love)

At age 22, Suzuki travelled to Germany to find a violin teacher to continue his studies. While there, he studied privately with Karl Klingler, but did not receive any formal degree past his high school diploma. He met and became friends with Albert Einstein, who encouraged him in learning classical music. He also met, courted, and married his wife, Waltraud. (Suzuki, Nurtured by Love)

In 1945, Suzuki began his Talent Education movement in Matsumoto, Japan shortly after the end of World War II. Raising children with "noble hearts" (inspired by great music and diligent study) was one of his primary goals; he believed that people raised and "nurtured by love" in his method would grow up to achieve better things than war. One of his students during this post-1945 period was violinist Hidetaro Suzuki, no relation, who later became a veteran of international violin competitions (Tchaikovsky, Queen Elizabeth, Montreal International) and then the longtime concertmaster of the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra. (Hermann, 1981)

Eventually, the center of the Suzuki movement in education was established as the Talent Education Research Institute (TERI) in Matsumoto. TERI hosts thousands of people each year—students, parents, teachers, (and teacher trainees). Other organizations have sprung up all over the world to help oversee the movement and train teachers. These include the Asia Suzuki Association, the Suzuki Association of the Americas, the European Suzuki Association (which is currently assisting in the beginnings of the Suzuki movement in Africa), and the Pan-Pacific Suzuki Association.(International Suzuki Association, 2016).

John D. Kendall of Southern Illinois University Edwardsville brought the Suzuki method, along with adaptations to better fit the requirements of the American classroom, to the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s (Nurtured by Love Documentary). Vilem Sokol of the Seattle Youth Symphony hosted Suzuki in Seattle. The majority of American Suzuki pedagogues and teaching methods are grounded in the Suzuki-Kendall system. Other pioneers of the Suzuki Method in the US include Clifford Cook, Roland and Almita Vamos, Elizabeth and Harlow Mills, Betty Haag, Louise Behrend, Dorothy Roffman, William Starr, Anastasia Jempelis, and Margery Aber.

title: Suzuki method


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Northside, Dublin

The Northside (Taobh Ó Thuaidh) in an informal but commonly used term to describe the part of the city of Dublin that lies to the north of the River Liffey, and extending into part of North County Dublin. The part outside the city is within the county of Fingal, a local government area established in 1994. While it is sometimes regarded as less wealthy than the city's Southside, the Northside was originally the home of the city's upper classes and the more privileged of the two. Today, some of the wealthiest areas in Ireland, such as Malahide, Howth, Clontarf, and Castleknock, lie north of the river.

Definition
Not being an administrative area, the Northside is variously defined. It generally includes those parts of Dublin city that lie north of the River Liffey. County Dublin settlements north of the M50 motorway, such as Swords and Malahide, which have developed into suburbs of Dublin city, are usually included.

Popular culture
James Joyce set several of the Dubliners stories on the Northside, reflecting his childhood sojourns in Drumcondra and Fairview. Among the more recent best-selling writers to have written extensively about the Northside are Dermot Bolger and Booker Prize winner Roddy Doyle, who set several of his novels in the fictional Northside area of Barrytown.

The soap opera Fair City is set in Carrigstown, a fictional suburb within Dublin's Northside. According to the RTÉ Guide, Carrigstown is bounded by Drumcondra to the north, the city centre to the south, East Wall to the east and Phibsboro to the west.

Areas of the Northside
The Northside includes Dublin city centre north of the Liffey, of whose many streets some are noted below, and districts such as Smithfield and Summerhill. Some older districts, such as Oxmantown, no longer exist. Beyond the centre, areas of the Northside include those listed below, most (at least two names were invented in the 1960s) of the names being of long heritage, though until recently many were rural townlands. Some are distinct suburbs or villages; others are parts of larger areas:

 * Artane
 * Arbour Hill
 * Ashtown
 * Balbriggan
 * Ballybough
 * Ballyboughal
 * Baldoyle
 * Balgriffin
 * Ballygall
 * Ballymun
 * Bayside
 * Beaumont
 * Blanchardstown
 * Broadstone
 * Cabra
 * Castleknock
 * Clonee
 * Clongriffin
 * Clonsilla
 * Clontarf
 * Coolock
 * Corduff
 * Darndale
 * Dollymount
 * Donabate
 * Donaghmede
 * Donnycarney
 * Drumcondra
 * East Wall
 * Fairview
 * Finglas
 * Glasnevin
 * Grangegorman
 * Harmonstown
 * Howth
 * Kilbarrack
 * Killester
 * Kilmore
 * Kinsealy
 * Malahide
 * Marino
 * Mulhuddart
 * North Wall
 * North Strand
 * Ongar
 * Oxmantown
 * Phibsboro
 * Portmarnock
 * Priorswood
 * Raheny
 * Santry
 * Sheriff Street
 * Skerries
 * Smithfield
 * Stoneybatter
 * Strawberry Beds
 * Sutton
 * Summerhill
 * Swords
 * Tyrellstown
 * Whitehall.

The area is administered both by Dublin City Council (formerly Dublin Corporation) and Fingal County Council, responsible for 84% and 16% respectively of the land area which lies inside the M50 motorway and north of the River Liffey (excluding the Howth peninsula).

Postcodes
Traditionally, Dublin postal districts on the Northside begin with odd numbers, while those on the Southside begin with even numbers. For example, O'Connell Street is in Dublin 1, whereas the outer suburb of Ballymun is in Dublin 11. An exception is the Phoenix Park, which is on the Northside but is part of Dublin 8. The reason for this is explained by historian Pat Liddy: "Long before there were postal codes, the James's Street Postal Sorting Office looked after the Phoenix Park, because it was considered to be closer and more convenient than Phibsborough. James's Street continued in this role when the postal codes were introduced, so Dublin 8 it had to be."

The Eircode system adopted for all postal addresses in Ireland in 2014 adapted the old postal districts for addresses in Dublin, with addresses in Dublin 1 having a prefix beginning D01, and Dublin 11 having a prefix beginning D11, etc. The outer edges of the Northside within the city and Fingal also contain all but one of the K Eircode areas. Swords, for example, is in Dublin K67, whereas Malahide is in the K36 area. The single exception to the rule is Lucan, which is in south-west Dublin and is designated as Dublin K78. Another quirk of the postal district system on the Northside is that the town of Clonee in Dublin's neighbouring County Meath has the Eircode of D15.

An example of an address including the traditional Dublin postal district
 * The Gresham Hotel
 * 23 Upper O'Connell Street
 * Dublin 1
 * D01 C3W7.

An example of an address from outside the traditional postal districts:
 * Coffee Works
 * 62 Main Street
 * Swords
 * County Dublin
 * K67 RX94.

Landmarks
Well-known places and sights on the Northside include:

 * Abbey Street
 * Abbey Theatre, the Irish National Theatre
 * Ambassador Theatre
 * Áras an Uachtaráin, the residence of the President
 * Arbour Hill Prison
 * Beaumont Hospital
 * Blessington Street Basin
 * Bull Island including Dollymount Strand
 * Capel Street
 * Casino at Marino
 * Casino Model Railway Museum
 * Castleknock Castle
 * Clontarf Castle
 * Croppies' Acre
 * Connolly Station
 * Croke Park
 * The Custom House
 * Dalymount Park
 * Dorset Street
 * Dublin City Gallery The Hugh Lane
 * Dublin City University
 * Dublin Port
 * Dublin Zoo
 * Dunsink Observatory
 * EPIC The Irish Emigration Museum
 * Farmleigh
 * Four Courts
 * Garden of Remembrance
 * Gate Theatre
 * General Post Office (GPO)
 * Glasnevin Cemetery
 * Grand Canal
 * Grangegorman Military Cemetery
 * Henrietta Street
 * Henry Street
 * Howth Castle
 * Howth Head
 * International Financial Services Centre
 * Ireland's Eye
 * Irish Writers Centre
 * James Joyce Centre
 * King's Inns
 * Lambay Island
 * Malahide Castle and regional park
 * Mater Hospital
 * Moore Street
 * Morton Stadium
 * Mountjoy Prison
 * Mountjoy Square
 * National Aquatic Centre
 * National Botanic Gardens
 * National Museum of Ireland (Collins Barracks)
 * National Transport Museum of Ireland
 * Newbridge Demesne
 * North Circular Road
 * O'Connell Street
 * Old Jameson Whiskey Distillery
 * Parnell Square
 * Phoenix Park
 * Rotunda Hospital
 * Royal Canal
 * Saint Anne's Park
 * St. Brendan's Hospital, Dublin
 * St Doulagh's Church
 * St. Mary's Church
 * St. Mary's Hospital (Phoenix Park)
 * St Mary's Pro-Cathedral
 * St. Michan's Church
 * Smithfield
 * Spire of Dublin
 * Swords Castle
 * Talbot Street
 * The Helix
 * Tolka Park
 * Wellington Monument
 * 3Arena

Major transport hubs include Connolly Station, Busáras (the national central bus station) and Dublin Airport. The main shopping area in the north inner city, and the busiest shopping street in Ireland, is Henry Street/Mary Street, just off O'Connell Street. Three of the five city-centre shopping centres are located on the Northside: the Jervis Shopping Centre, the Ilac Centre/Moore Street Mall, and the Irish Life Shopping Mall, along with Dublin's largest out-of-town centre, at Blanchardstown, and others at Swords, Coolock, Charlestown in northern Finglas, and Donaghmede. The Cineworld (UGC) cinema on Parnell Street is the largest cinema in Ireland with seventeen screens, while the Savoy, located on O'Connell Street and operated by IMC, is one of Ireland's oldest cinemas.

Institutions of higher education include the Grangegorman Campus of Technological University Dublin, the newest university established in Dublin, and Dublin City University, with its campus located primarily in Glasnevin and Drumcondra.

State bodies based on the Northside include Met Éireann (the national meteorological office), the Central Fisheries Board, Enterprise Ireland (the national enterprise and trade board), the National Standards Authority of Ireland, Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland, the Marine Institute, the Department of Defence, the Department of Education, and the Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Northside, Dublin


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Southside, Dublin

The Southside (Taobh Ó Dheas) is the part of Dublin city that lies south of the River Liffey. It is an informal but commonly used term. In comparison to the city's Northside, it has historically been regarded as wealthier and more privileged, with several notable exceptions. (Malahide, one of the wealthiest areas in Ireland, is on the Northside, for example, whereas low-income districts like Jobstown and Sallynoggin are south of the Liffey.)

Areas of the Southside
The Southside includes Dublin city centre south of the Liffey, including Grafton Street and other notable streets, and also inner city areas such as The Liberties / The Coombe and Temple Bar.

Beyond the city centre, the Southside (in the geographical sense) includes the districts named here, most of the names being old, though many were until recent times rural townlands:

• Adamstown

• Ballinteer

• Ballsbridge

• Ballyboden

• Ballybrack

• Ballyfermot

• Ballymount

• Ballyroan

• Belfield

• Blackrock

• Booterstown

• Cabinteely

• Cherrywood

• Churchtown

• Citywest (business park)

• Clondalkin

• Clonskeagh

• Cornelscourt

• Crumlin

• Dalkey

• Deansgrange

• Dolphin's Barn

• Donnybrook

• Drimnagh

• Dundrum

• Dún Laoghaire

• Edmondstown

• Firhouse

• Foxrock

• Glasthule

• Glenageary

• Glencullen

• Goatstown

• Greenhills

• Harold's Cross

• Inchicore

• Irishtown

• Jobstown

• Killiney

• Kilmacud

• Kilmainham

• Kilternan

• Kimmage

• Knocklyon

• Leopardstown

• Loughlinstown

• Lucan

• Milltown

• Monkstown

• Mount Merrion

• Newcastle

• Park West

• Palmerstown

• Ranelagh

• Rathcoole

• Rathfarnham

• Rathgar

• Rathmichael

• Rathmines

• Rialto

• Ringsend

• Rockbrook

• Saggart

• Sallynoggin

• Sandycove

• Sandyford

• Sandymount

• Shankill

• Stepaside

• Stillorgan

• Tallaght

• Templeogue

• Terenure

• Walkinstown

• Whitechurch

• Windy Arbour

Postcodes
Traditionally, Dublin postal districts on Southside begin with even numbers, while those of the Northside begin with odd numbers. College Green for example, is in the city's D02 district—simply called "Dublin 2" in everyday speech—whereas the outer suburb of Tallaght is in D24. One exception to this rule is the Phoenix Park, which forms part of the even-numbered district D08, but is actually on the Northside. Historian Pat Liddy explains this discrepancy: "Long before there were postal codes, the James's Street Postal Sorting Office looked after the Phoenix Park, because it was considered to be closer and more convenient than Phibsborough. James's Street continued in this role when the postal codes were introduced, so Dublin 8 it had to be."

The outer edges of the Southside and substantial parts of Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown contain those new "A" postcode areas that have been assigned to southern Dublin (some "A" areas are situated in County Wicklow and County Meath and others lie across the Liffey in northern Fingal). These are separate from the traditional postal districts but have been unified with them under the new Eircode system. Blackrock, for example, is in Dublin A94, whereas Dun Laoghaire is in the A96 area. Since Eircode was implemented, Southside postal addresses now take two general forms, depending on whether they lie within the traditional postal district area or not. This is an example of a postal address within the traditional Dublin postal districts:
 * The Shelbourne Hotel,
 * 27 St. Stephen's Green,
 * Dublin 2,
 * D02 K224.

And this is an example of a Southside postal address from outside the traditional postal districts:

 * The Mellow Fig,
 * 5A George's Avenue,
 * Blackrock,
 * County Dublin,
 * A94 XK11.

title: Southside, Dublin


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Union Bay Natural Area

The Union Bay Natural Area (UBNA) in Seattle, Washington, also known as Union Bay Marsh, is the restored remainder of the filled former Union Bay and Union Bay Marsh. It is located at the east end of the main University of Washington campus, south of NE 45th Street and west of Laurelhurst. Ravenna Creek is connected to University Slough (Drainage Canal), thence to Union Bay, and Lake Washington. Drainage Canal is one of three or four areas of open water connected with Lake Washington around Union Bay Marsh. The canal extends from NE 45th Street, between the driving range and IMA Sports Field 1, south to the bay, ending southeast of the Husky Ballpark baseball grandstand (northeast of the IMA Building). The Drainage Canal that carries Ravenna Creek past UBNA to Union Bay is locally sometimes called University Slough.

The little grasslands, modest ponds, and lake shoreline of the UBNA is a sanctuary for birds (including double-crested cormorants, great blue herons, and eagles); turtles and frogs may be seen. The UBNA is notable for diverse habitats including a good-sized lake, small permanent ponds, seasonal ponds, woods, sample prairie, and marshland. The interfaces among these make the area particularly attractive for birdwatching, with more than 150 species of birds sighted. The canal or slough was part of a restoration of the wetlands called Union Bay Marsh that had been drained by the opening of the Montlake Cut of the Lake Washington Ship Canal (1916) and much of Union Bay filled by the Montlake Dump, (home of J. P. Patches, resident 1958–1981). Formerly the Montlake Landfill, University Dump, or Ravenna Landfill, it was used by the City of Seattle for residential and industrial solid waste from 1911 to 1966. It was fully closed five years later and overlaid with two feet of clean soil. Most of the land has been built upon by University Village (1956), UW athletic fields, buildings, and main parking lot E; the remainder comprises the UBNA, colloquially called "the fill".

Before the lowering of Lake Washington during the early part of the 20th century, Ravenna and Yesler Creeks flowed into marshland north of where the canal now begins, and the land through which the canal would be cut lay under the waters of Union Bay. The Burke-Gilman Trail follows the Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway line along the original shoreline of Union Bay past the UW power plant and University Village. Construction was completed in 2006 on a project that reconnects partially daylighted Ravenna Creek to Union Bay by piping it underground to the canal, thus converting the upper reach from a relatively stagnant drainage to the outlet for one of Seattle's partially restored urban creeks. Daylighting from southeast Ravenna Park to the UW and the UBNA has been blocked by the owners of University Village

The UBNA is owned by the State of Washington and held under the aegis of the University of Washington; access is controlled. Parts of the Area are open during park hours, access to other portions is discouraged, some portions seasonally, for habitat or species protection.

Many restoration projects take place at UBNA. Removal of invasive species, such as Himalayan blackberry (Rubus armeniacus) and morning glory (Convolvulus arvensis), are part of a continual effort to restore the site to a natural area. Volunteers account for much of the progress in the Union Bay Natural Area.

title: Union Bay Natural Area


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Dublin Bay

Dublin Bay (Cuan Bhaile Átha Cliath) is a C-shaped inlet of the Irish Sea on the east coast of Ireland. The bay is about 10 kilometres wide along its north–south base, and 7 km in length to its apex at the centre of the city of Dublin; stretching from Howth Head in the north to Dalkey Point in the south. North Bull Island is situated in the northwest part of the bay, where one of two major inshore sand banks lay, and features a 5 km long sandy beach, Dollymount Strand, fronting an internationally recognised wildfowl reserve. Many of the rivers of Dublin reach the Irish Sea at Dublin Bay: the River Liffey, with the River Dodder flow received less than 1 km inland, River Tolka, and various smaller rivers and streams. The metropolitan area of the city of Dublin surrounds three sides of the bay (the north, west, and south), while the Irish Sea lies to the east. Dublin was founded by the Vikings at the point where they were able to ford the River Liffey with the first wattle bridge up from the estuary. The city spread from its birthplace, around what is now the James's Gate area, out along the coastline, northeast towards Howth and southeast towards Dalkey.

UNESCO has designated Dublin Bay a 'biosphere reserve' in recognition of its unique ecological habitat and biological diversity; the bay is also covered by multiple other official and protective designations.

Features
The bay is rather shallow with many sandbanks and rocky outcrops, and was notorious in the past for shipwrecks, especially when the wind was from the east. Until modern times, many ships and their passengers were lost along the treacherous coastline from Howth to Dun Laoghaire, less than a kilometre from shore. Early maps of the bay carefully show narrow shipping channels and mooring areas.

Sand banks and islands
The bay had two inshore sand banks, the North Bull and the South Bull. With the building of the Bull Wall, the North Bull began to build up rapidly, forming North Bull Island (often simply "Bull Island"). A southern wall had earlier been built – the Great South Wall – but did not result in island formation, the South Bull remaining today an area of mud flats and strand. In addition there are several offshore sandbanks, notably Kish Bank (on which a lighthouse stands). Another sand bank-turned-island, Clontarf or Mud Island, shown on earlier maps, has disappeared.

Coastline
From north to south, Dublin Bay features beaches at Sutton Strand, Dollymount Strand on North Bull Island, Sandymount, Seapoint and south of Dun Laoghaire. The remaining coast is either rocky (with cliffs on Howth Head, for example) or mud coming up to sea walls. In most parts, the land slopes gently down to the sea, but aside from Howth Head, there are bluffs along much of the Raheny coastline, and the sharper slopes just inland at Monkstown and Old Dunleary.

Inflows
By far the most significant inflow is that of the River Liffey, with the waters of its many tributaries, including the Dodder, Poddle and Camac. Entering between East Wall and Clontarf is the second of Dublin's rivers by volume, the River Tolka. Other flows into the bay include two streams in Sutton, one at Kilbarrack, four crossing Raheny, and one each in Clontarf, Sandymount, Merrion, Booterstown and Blackrock, as well as two in greater Dún Laoghaire. The Liffey and the Tolka have experienced a massive improvement in water quality in recent decades, but there are still occasional problems with some of the smaller watercourses, such as the Santry River, Naniken River and Elm Park and Trimleston Streams.

Poolbeg stacks
One dominating feature of the skyline round the bay are the 207 m chimney stacks of the Poolbeg Generating Station which have become a protected structure since 2014.

History
Dublin Bay was first settled c. 4000 BC, in Ireland's Mesolithic. Ptolemy's map of Ireland (AD 140)places a settlement called "Eblana" and a river Oboka in the region of Dublin Bay. In the 9th century AD, the Vikings settled and formed the Kingdom of Dublin.

As a port for seagoing vessels, Dublin had, prior to the eighteenth century, laboured under serious disadvantages. The Bar of Dublin, an infamous sandbar spreading across the mouth of the Liffey between the great sandbanks known as the North and South Bull (a short distance east of Sutton, and due north of Dún Laoghaire) was only covered by six feet of water at low tide. During the first half of the seventeenth century, this had necessitated for ships of any considerable draught to unload parts of their cargoes at Dalkey before carrying on. It was not until 19 September 1662 that the Privy Council of Ireland, by an order, appointed 'Custom House Quay' (now Wellington Quay), located up the River Liffey in the city centre, as the sole place for landing and loading the imports and exports of Dublin. The original Custom House was erected at the quay sometime later in 1707.

The bay was charted and mapped by William Bligh at the start of the nineteenth century. Bligh also proposed improvements to Dublin Port and a refuge harbour at Dún Laoghaire.

Over 500 crew and passengers (mostly military personnel) were lost when the steamship RMS Leinster was torpedoed and sunk by the German U-boat SMU UB-123 on 10 October 1918. She lies in 33 m of water at 53.31467°N, -5.79517°W.

In 1972, the Dublin Port and Docks Board proposed building an oil refinery in Dublin Bay. The plan was vigorously opposed by environmentalists, including Dublin City Councillor Seán D. Loftus, on the grounds that it posed a serious risk of pollution. Loftus, a lifelong campaigner for Dublin Bay, changed his name by deed poll to "Seán Dublin Bay Loftus" when standing for election to the Dáil. Although he was not elected, he succeeded in publicising the issue and the proposal was eventually turned down by the Minister for Local Government, James Tully. (Loftus later changed his name by deed poll to "Seán Dublin Bay Rockall Loftus" as part of a campaign to press the Irish Government to make a territorial claim to the Rockall islet off the coast of County Donegal). Loftus also led opposition to the 2002 and subsequent applications by the Dublin Port Company to fill in 52 acre of Dublin Bay. Other suggestions for the bay have included a proposal to build giant underwater gas storage tanks, and to infill the near-lagoon behind North Bull Island to form a leisure park.

Infill
In the summer of 2010, An Bord Pleanála refused permission to the Dublin Port Company to proceed with its plans to infill a further 52 acre of Dublin Bay. The proposed infill, which has been vehemently opposed by residents, politicians,  environmentalists and others around the bay for over 20 years, was refused on one point. An Bord Pleanála rejected nine out of ten of its own inspector's recommendations for refusal, but refused permission on the basis that it was not satisfied that the proposed development would not adversely affect the integrity of the South Dublin Bay and River Tolka Estuary proposed Special Protection Area and adversely affect the natural heritage of Dublin Bay. Within a few months of the decision, the Dublin Port Company applied for and received a pre-application meeting with An Bord Pleanála. The Dublin Port Company has redrafted their proposal in relation to the SPA boundary and may resubmit an application for the project.

Shipping and navigation
Dublin Bay has a significant flow of shipping, mostly freight but also including passenger (car) ferries and cruise ships. The port authority offers pilotage where needed. Multiple lighthouses help secure passage, and the Commissioners of Irish Lights have their headquarters at Dún Laoghaire within the bay.

Flooding
Coastal flooding can occur at high tide at several points, notably the city side of Clontarf, and Sandymount.

Pollution
The bay has been subject to pollution from the inflowing watercourses, shipping and port activity, the main water treatment plant for Dublin and sewage discharges at other points, and at times some of its bathing areas are unavailable.

Designations
Parts of the bay are designated and protected in various ways, including:
 * Proposed NHA - North and South Dublin Bay
 * Special Area of Conservation - North and South Dublin Bay, and a corridor from Rockabill Island (north of the bay) to Dalkey Island
 * Special Protection Area - North Bull Island, and a stretch from the estuary of the River Tolka to Sandymount Strand
 * Ramsar and Biosphere Reserve - North Bull Island

Sport and leisure
Dublin Bay supports a wide range of leisure activities, from swimming through kayaking, yachting, kite-surfing to diving.

Popular culture
James Joyce set much of the action in his novel Ulysses around the bay, from the Forty Foot bathing place—in which the character Buck Mulligan washed on Bloomsday morning—to Howth, where Leopold Bloom made love to his wife Molly under the rhododendrons.

title: Dublin Bay


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Convenience food

Convenience food (also called tertiary processed food) is food that is commercially prepared (often through processing) for ease of consumption, and is usually ready to eat without further preparation. It may also be easily portable, have a long shelf life, or offer a combination of such convenient traits. Convenience foods include ready-to-eat dry products, frozen food such as TV dinners, shelf-stable food, prepared mixes such as cake mix, and snack food. Food scientists now consider most of these products to be ultra-processed foods and link them to poor health outcomes.

Bread, cheese, salted food and other prepared foods have been sold for thousands of years, but these typically require a much lower level of industrial processing, as reflected in systems such as the Nova classification. Other types of food were developed with improvements in food technology. Types of convenience foods can vary by country and geographic region. Some convenience foods have received criticism due to concerns about nutritional content and how their packaging may increase solid waste in landfills. Various methods are used to reduce the unhealthy aspects of commercially produced food and fight childhood obesity.

Convenience food is commercially prepared for ease of consumption. Products designated as convenience food are often sold as hot, ready-to-eat dishes; as room-temperature, shelf-stable products; or as refrigerated or frozen food products that require minimal preparation (typically just heating). Convenience foods have also been described as foods that have been created to "make them more appealing to the consumer." Convenience foods and restaurants are similar in that they save time. They differ in that restaurant food is ready to eat, whilst convenience food usually requires rudimentary preparation. Both typically cost more money and less time compared to home cooking from scratch.

History
Throughout history, people have bought food from bakeries, creameries, butcher shops and other commercial processors to save time and effort. The Aztec people of Central Mexico utilized several convenience foods that required only adding water for preparation, which were used by travelers. Cornmeal that was ground and dried, referred to as pinolli, was used by travelers as a convenience food in this manner.

Canned food was developed in the 19th century, primarily for military use, and became more popular during World War I. The expansion of canning depended significantly upon the development of canneries for producing large quantities of cans very cheaply. Before the 1850s, making a can for food required a skilled tinsmith; afterwards, an unskilled laborer, operating a can-making machine, could produce 15 times as many cans each day.

One of the earliest industrial-scale processed foods was meatpacking. After the invention of a system of refrigerator cars in 1878, animals could be raised, slaughtered, and butchered hundreds (later thousands) of miles or kilometers away from the consumer.

Experience in World War II contributed to the development of frozen foods and the frozen food industry. Modern convenience food saw its beginnings in the United States during the period that began after World War II. Many of these products had their origins in military-developed foods designed for storage longevity and ease of preparation in the battle field. Following the war, several commercial food companies had leftover manufacturing facilities, and some of these companies created new freeze-dried and canned foods for home use. Like many product introductions, not all were successful—convenience food staples such as fish sticks and canned peaches were counterbalanced by failures such as ham sticks and cheeseburgers-in-a-can. However, this new focus on convenience foods and the use of technology in the kitchen alleviated labor that was traditionally carried out by women, and therefore meals that could be prepared quickly enabled women to exercise more control over their time. As of the 2010s due to increased preference for fresh, "natural", whole, and organic food and health concerns the acceptability of processed food to consumers in the United States was dropping and the reputation of major packaged food brands had been damaged. Firms responded by offering "healthier" formulations and acquisition of brands with better reputations.

Types
Convenience foods can include products such as candy; beverages such as soft drinks, juices and milk; nuts, fruits and vegetables in fresh or preserved states; processed meats and cheeses; and canned products such as soups and pasta dishes. Additional convenience foods include frozen pizza, chips such as potato chips (known in Britain as crisps), pretzels, and cookies.

These products are often sold in portion-controlled, single-serving packaging designed for portability.

Packaged mixes
Gristmills have produced flour for baking for thousands of years. In more recent times flour has been sold with other ingredients mixed in, as have other products ready to cook. Packaged mixes are convenience foods which typically require some preparation and cooking either in the oven or on the stove top.

Packaged baked goods mixes typically use chemical leaveners (commonly referred to as baking powder ), for a quick, reliable result, avoiding the requirement for time-consuming skilled labor and the climate control needed for traditional yeast breads. These packaged mixes produce a type of quickbread.

Examples include cake mixes, macaroni and cheese, brownie mixes, and gravy mixes. Some packaged mixes may have a high saturated fat content.

By country
In 2007, it was noted in the book Australia's food & nutrition 2012 that a distinct increase in convenience food consumption had been occurring in Australia.

In the Republic of Ireland, breakfast rolls eaten by busy workers became a symbol of the Celtic Tiger economic boom.

In Japan, onigiri (rice balls) are a popular convenience food that dates for millennia — by the Heian period these were established enough to be mentioned in literature. Additional Japanese convenience foods include prepared tofu (bean curd), prepared packages of seafood and instant ramen noodles.

In the Philippines, ready-to-consume packages of traditional Filipino dishes such as sisig, adobo, and caldereta are popular products offered by convenience stores across the country.

Canned tuna packed in oil is a convenience food in the Solomon Islands.

In Russia, frozen pelmeni, a type of meat dumplings, adopted from Uralic peoples such as Komi, Mansi and Udmurts, are known from at least the 18th century, and industrially produced and prepacked pelmeni are a staple of the supermarket freezer sections.

By region
In Western Africa, processed cassava flour that has been grated and dried is a popular convenience food.

Retail
In some instances, retail sales of convenience foods may provide higher profit margins for food retailers compared to the profits attained from sales of the individual ingredients that are present in the convenience foods.

A survey in 1984 attributed over one-third of funds spent by consumers for food in Britain to be for convenience food purchases.

Environmental and health concerns
Several groups have cited the environmental harm of single serve packaging due to the increased usage of plastics that contributes to solid waste in landfills. Due to concerns about obesity and other health problems, some health organizations have criticized the high fat, sugar, salt, food preservatives and food additives that are present in some convenience foods.

In most developed countries, 80% of consumed salt comes from industry-prepared food (5% come from natural salt; 15% comes from salt added during cooking or eating). Health effects of salt concentrate on sodium and depend in part on how much is consumed. A single serving of many convenience foods contains a significant portion of the recommended daily allowance of sodium. Manufacturers are concerned that if the taste of their product is not optimized with salt, it will not sell as well as competing products. Tests have shown that some popular packaged foods depend on significant amounts of salt for their palatability.

Labeling, mitigation, and regulation
In response to the issues surrounding the healthfulness of convenience and restaurant foods, an initiative in the United States, spearheaded by Michelle Obama and her Let's Move! campaign, to reduce the unhealthy aspects of commercially produced food and fight childhood obesity, was unveiled by the White House in February 2010. Mrs. Obama has pushed the industry to cut back on sugars and salts found in many convenience foods, encouraging self-regulation over government intervention through laws and regulations. Despite Mrs. Obama's stated preference on self-regulation, the Food and Drug Administration announced that it was looking into quantifying the guidelines into law while other groups and municipalities are seeking to add other preventive measures such as target taxes and levies onto these products.

In response to the attention, in April 2010 a coalition of sixteen manufacturers all agreed to reduce salt levels in foods sold in the United States under a program based on a similar effort in the United Kingdom. However, the initiative has met with resistance from some manufacturers, who claim that processed foods require the current high levels of salt to remain appetizing and to mask undesirable effects of food processing such as "warmed-over flavor". The coalition expanded its mission in May 2010 by announcing that it intends to reduce the amount of calories in foods. By introducing lower calorie foods, changing product recipes and reducing portion sizes, the coalition stated that it expected to reduce the caloric content of foods by more than 1.5 trillion calories in total by 2012.

Social inequality
As previously stated, convenience foods cover a variety of food groups and come in numerous forms. Thus, there are a variety of healthy and unhealthy convenience foods. Research such as the 2002 study by Kimberly Morland et al., have correlated inequalities between low-income communities and increased access to unhealthy convenience foods. This is mostly due to the decline of affordable grocery stores in some urban areas. Comparing low-income communities to more affluent communities, there are four times more supermarkets located in white communities than the black communities (commonly found in food deserts). As a result, the 2002 study concluded that with limited access to healthy food options in supermarkets, members within the low-income and minority communities have unequal access. A 2010 study by Dharma E. Cortes et al. also found a connection between consumption of unhealthy convenience food and minority communities. Limited access to healthy food options has resulted in an increase in obesity amongst members in these communities.

Many low-income families struggle with buying fresh fruits and vegetables and nutritional meals for their families because of the price of the products. These families are most often located in food deserts and fresh food is not readily available in their community. Thus, families resort to buying food that is high in fat, sugar, and salt because these highly processed options are inexpensive. These highly processed foods make up a significant portion of unhealthy convenience foods.

title: Convenience food


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Talk:Kuratowski closure axioms

Untitled
How do you get axiom 4 (empty set is fixed point) from the single statement you have (pres. of finitary unions)? I don't see it. Unless you didn't mean that it was equivalent, that's what it sounds like. Revolver

It would be preservation of a nullary union. Not a big deal.

 * It just means that axioms 3) and 4) together are equivalent to
 * $$ \forall n: c(A_{1} \cup \cdots \cup A_{n}) = c(A_{1}) \cup \cdots \cup c(A_{n}) \! $$.
 * One way it is just induction. The other way round you apply the formula with $$n = 0$$ and :$$n = 2$$ respectively. Cthulhu.mythos 08:30, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

Charles Matthews 19:18, 1 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I changed this back to the plural article name, for basically the same reasons that the article is called Orthogonal polynomials, not "orthogonal polynomial", i.e. it doesn't make sense to talk about a "kuratowski closure axiom" simply by itself, it is the SET of all 4 axioms together that constitute the object we're talking about, just one or two of the axioms by themselves is not the same thing. Revolver 19:03, 2 Feb 2004 (UTC) - was first restricted to T1 not T2 (Hausdorff).

Moore requires 3) monotone this gives

$$ c(A) \cup c(B) \subseteq c(A \cup B)\! $$;

Rewrote article
I rewrote and extended the article to make clear how other basic topological notions (like continuous function) can be defined using only the closure operator. MathMartin 17:35, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

intersection of closed sets
how to prove $$\bigcap_{i\in I} cl(A_{i}) = cl(\bigcap_{i\in I} cl(A_{i}))$$ ? --itaj 03:46, 12 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Isn't there an axiom missing? This is a property of normally defined closure operators, but I don't think you can derive it from the other axioms:
 * $$cl(\bigcap_{i\in I}A_i) \subseteq \bigcap_{i\in I}cl(A_i)$$ 165.146.66.94 19:24, 7 June 2006 (UTC)
 * oh sorry, you can show it once you have monotonicity from axiom 3. Copying and pasting from :
 * Well, for any j:

 * ∩ cl A ⊆ cl A_j (essential property of intersections)
 * cl ∩ cl A ⊆ cl cl A_j (axiom 3 implies monotonic)
 * cl ∩ cl A ⊆ cl A_j (axiom 2)
 * cl ∩ cl A ⊆ ∩ cl A (essential property of intersections)
 * cl ∩ cl A = ∩ cl A (axiom 1)
 * User:Melchoir 03:51, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

Moore closure
As remarked above the conditions claimed to give Moore closure are insufficient to establish monotonicity. From the definitions I find by Google search I have the impression that X can be more abstract than a set; it further appears that cl(Ø) = X (the top of the lattice). I propose to delete this part as being dubious (and in any case of dubious value). -Lambiam Talk 08:48, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

Definition of connected space is wrong
"The space $$X$$ is connected if no two subsets are separated" is wrong. I can easily find two separated subsets of $$\mathbb{R}$$. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 223.229.158.209 (talk) 04:44, 22 August 2019 (UTC)

 * Fixed.129.234.21.188 (talk) 15:52, 31 October 2019 (UTC)

Weakenings
The discussion of weakenings and alternative axioms seems somewhat poorly construed. For example

"Because of extensivity [K2], it is possible to weaken the equality in [K3] to a simple inclusion" suggests that one could replace [K3] by "for all $$A \subseteq X$$, $$ \mathbf{c}(A) \subseteq \mathbf{c}(\mathbf{c}(A))$$". Of course this is merely a consequence of [K2], and the 'simple inclusion' meant is $$ \mathbf{c}(A) \supseteq \mathbf{c}(\mathbf{c}(A))$$. Is anything gained by changing the equality to an inequality is this way? I have removed this.

The sentence "It is straightforward to show that weakening the equality in [K4] to a simple inclusion (subadditivity) and assuming [K4'] yields back to [K4]" is also somewhat tortuous. Given what we have just seen, in what direction can we imagine our 'simple inclusion' to run? I have rephrased but it is perhaps still not perfect?129.234.21.188 (talk) 17:18, 31 October 2019 (UTC)

Axiom [M] axiometises Moore closure, not Kuratowski closure.
The article of Monteiro (and thus the axiom [M]) is not about Kuratowski closure, it is about Moore closure (no preservation of unions), although the article calls it Sierpinski closure.

There is a remark about the axiom [BT] (which does axiomatise Kuratowski closure, given that the empty set is a fixed point) in the article. It is remarked that it would axiomatise Moore closure if the equality in [BT] is replaced by an inclusion. 164.15.254.98 (talk) 13:32, 12 June 2023 (UTC)

This page doesn't work in dark mode😱
This page doesn't render well in dark mode https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuratowski_closure_axioms?vectornightmode=1&useskin=vector-2022#Induction_of_topology_from_closure

All math equations in the collapsible box are not visible. I suggest using a new template or working with the existing template editors to make it compatible with sark mode.

Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis should have all the information you need to get this working. Let me know if I can help in any waY! Jon (WMF) (talk) 18:10, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kuratowski closure axioms


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Caecilii Metelli family tree

The Caecilii Metelli were one of the most important families of the late Roman Republic. They rose to prominence in the beginning of the third century, with the consulship of Lucius Caecilius Metellus Denter in 284 BC. It was however Quintus Caecilius Metellus, consul in 143, who greatly improved the prestige of the family, notably thanks to his victory during the Fourth Macedonian War, for which he received the agnomen Macedonicus. His descendants and those of his younger brother Lucius received an astonishing number of magistracies during the last century of the Republic.

Stemma
The overall structure of the stemma is taken from the one drawn by Münzer in the Realencyclopädie, which has recently been reproduced by Karl-J. Hölkeskamp.  T. P. Wiseman made some important corrections in two articles on the descendants of Balearicus and the later Metelli, which have been included.

The nomen Caecilius is omitted for all the men named Metellus. All dates are BC, except stated otherwise. Numbers in brackets indicates the order of marriages. Dotted lines show adoptions.

title: Caecilii Metelli family tree


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Mitsuo Fuchida

Mitsuo Fuchida (淵田 美津雄) was a Japanese captain in the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service and a bomber observer in the Imperial Japanese Navy before and during World War II. He is perhaps best known for leading the first wave of air attacks on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. Working under the overall fleet commander, Vice Admiral Chūichi Nagumo, Fuchida was responsible for the coordination of the entire aerial attack.

After the war ended, Fuchida became a Christian convert and evangelist, traveling across the United States and Europe to tell his story. He later settled in the U.S. (although never taking American citizenship for himself). Some of Fuchida's wartime claims have been challenged as self-serving by historians, including his claimed advocacy for a third wave attack on Pearl Harbor.

Early life and education
Mitsuo Fuchida was born in what is now part of Katsuragi, Nara Prefecture, Japan to Yazo and Shika Fuchida on 3 December 1902. He entered the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy at Etajima, Hiroshima, in 1921, where he befriended classmate Minoru Genda and discovered an interest in flying. Specializing in horizontal bombing, Fuchida was made an instructor in that technique in 1936. He gained combat experience during the Second Sino-Japanese War, when he was assigned to the aircraft carrier JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Kaga in 1929 and then to the Sasebo Air Group, He was promoted to lieutenant commander on 1 December 1936 and was accepted into the Naval Staff College. Fuchida joined the aircraft carrier JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Akagi in 1939 as the commander of the air group. Fuchida was made commander in October 1941.

Pearl Harbor
On Sunday, 7 December 1941, a Japanese force under the command of Vice Admiral Chūichi Nagumo—consisting of six carriers with 423 aircraft—was ready to attack the United States base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. At 06:00, the first wave of 183 dive bombers, torpedo bombers, horizontal bombers and fighters took off from carriers 250 mi north of Oahu and headed for the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor.

At 07:40 Hawaiian Standard Time, Mitsuo Fuchida, who by this time had achieved the rank of commander, arrived with the first attack wave on Oahu's north shore near Kahuku Point. The first attack wave then banked west and flew along the northwest coast. Fuchida ordered "Tenkai" (Take attack position), and upon seeing no U.S. activity at Pearl Harbor, Fuchida slid back the canopy of his Nakajima B5N2 torpedo bomber, tailcode AI-301, and fired a single dark blue flare known as a "black dragon", the signal to attack.

Passing Waimea Bay at 07:49, Fuchida instructed his radio operator, Petty Officer 1st Class Norinobu Mizuki, to send the coded signal "To, To, To" (totsugekiseyo—"to charge") to the other aircraft. Fuchida, thinking Lt Cmdr Shigeru Itaya's Zeroes had missed the signal, fired a second flare. Lt Cmdr Kakuichi Takahashi, overall leader of the first wave dive bombers, saw both flares and misunderstood the signal. Thinking the dive bombers were to attack, he led his dive bombers into immediate attack position. Lt Cmdr Shigeharu Murata, overall leader of the torpedo bombers, observed both flares and saw Takahashi's planes gliding into attack formation. He knew there was a misunderstanding which could not be rectified, so he led his torpedo bombers into attack positions. At this point, Cmdr Fuchida's pilot, Lieutenant Mitsuo Matsuzaki, guided their bomber along with the remaining horizontal bombers in a formation sweep around Kaena Point and headed down the western coast of Oahu.

At 07:53, Fuchida ordered Mizuki to send the code words "Tora! Tora! Tora!" back to the carrier Akagi, the flagship of 1st Air Fleet. The message meant that complete surprise had been achieved. Due to favorable atmospheric conditions, the transmission of the "Tora! Tora! Tora!" code words from the moderately powered transmitter were heard over a ship's radio in Japan by Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, the naval commander, and his staff, who were sitting up through the night awaiting word on the attack.

As the first wave returned to the carriers, Fuchida remained over the target to assess damage and observe the second-wave attack. He returned to his carrier only after the second wave had completed its mission. With great pride, he announced that the U.S. battleship fleet had been destroyed. Fuchida inspected his craft and found 21 large flak holes: the main control wires were barely holding together. The successful attack made Fuchida a national hero who was granted a personal audience with Emperor Hirohito.

Other actions
On 19 February 1942, Fuchida led the first of two waves of 188 aircraft in a devastating air raid on Darwin, Australia. On 5 April, he led another series of air attacks by carrier-based Japanese aircraft against Royal Navy bases in Ceylon, which was the headquarters of the British Eastern Fleet, in what Winston Churchill described as "the most dangerous moment" of World War II.

On 4 June 1942, while on board Akagi, Fuchida was wounded at the Battle of Midway. Unable to fly while recovering from an emergency shipboard appendectomy a few days before the battle, he was on the ship's bridge during the morning attacks by U.S. aircraft. After Akagi was hit, a chain reaction from burning fuel and live bombs began the destruction of the ship. When flames blocked the exit from the bridge, the officers evacuated down a rope, and as Fuchida slid down, an explosion threw him to the deck and broke both his ankles.

Staff officer
After spending several months recuperating, Fuchida spent the rest of the war in Japan as a staff officer. On 15 October 1944, he was promoted to captain. The day before the first nuclear weapon was dropped on Hiroshima, he was in that city to attend a week-long military conference with Japanese army officers. Fuchida received a long-distance phone call from Navy Headquarters asking him to return to Tokyo. The day after the bombing, he returned to Hiroshima with a party sent to assess the damage. All members of Fuchida's party later died of radiation poisoning, but Fuchida exhibited no symptoms. Fuchida's military career ended with his demobilization in November 1945 during the American-led occupation of Japan.

Postwar activities
After the war, Fuchida was called on to testify at the trials of some of the Japanese military for Japanese war crimes. This infuriated him, as he believed this was little more than "victors' justice". In the spring of 1947, convinced that the U.S. had treated the Japanese the same way and determined to bring that evidence to the next trial, Fuchida went to Uraga Harbor near Yokosuka to meet a group of returning Japanese prisoners of war. He was surprised to find his former flight engineer, Kazuo Kanegasaki, who all had believed had died in the Battle of Midway. When questioned, Kanegasaki told Fuchida that they were not tortured or abused, much to Fuchida's surprise. He then went on to tell him of a young lady, Peggy Covell, who served them with the deepest love and respect, but whose missionary parents had been killed by Japanese soldiers on the island of Panay in the Philippines.

For Fuchida, this was inexplicable, as in the Bushido code revenge was not only permitted, it was "a responsibility" for an offended party to carry out revenge to restore honor. The murderer of one's parents would be a sworn enemy for life. He became almost obsessed trying to understand why anyone would treat their enemies with love and forgiveness.

In the fall of 1948, Fuchida was passing by the bronze statue of Hachikō at the Shibuya Station when he was handed a pamphlet about the life of Jacob DeShazer, a member of the Doolittle Raid who was captured by the Japanese after his B-25 bomber ran out of fuel over occupied China. In the pamphlet, "I Was a Prisoner of Japan" DeShazer, a former U.S. Army Air Forces staff sergeant and bombardier, told his story of imprisonment, torture and his account of an "awakening to God." This experience increased Fuchida's curiosity of the Christian faith. In September 1949, after reading the Bible for himself, he became a Christian. In May 1950, Fuchida and DeShazer met for the first time. Fuchida created the Captain Fuchida Evangelistical Association based in Seattle, Washington and spoke full-time of his conversion to the Christian faith in presentations titled "From Pearl Harbor To Calvary".

In 1951, Fuchida, along with a colleague, published an account of the Battle of Midway from the Japanese side. In 1952, he toured the United States as a member of the Worldwide Christian Missionary Army of Sky Pilots. Fuchida remained dedicated to a similar initiative as the group for the remainder of his life.

In February 1954, Reader's Digest published Fuchida's story of the attack on Pearl Harbor. Fuchida also wrote and co-wrote books, including From Pearl Harbor to Golgotha, a.k.a. From Pearl Harbor to Calvary, and a 1955 expansion of his 1951 book Midway, a.k.a. Midway: The Battle that Doomed Japan, the Japanese Navy's Story. His autobiography, titled "Shinjuwan Kogeki no Sotaicho no Kaiso", was published in Japan in 2007. This was translated into English by Douglas Shinsato and Tadanori Urabe and published in 2011 under the title, "For That One Day: The Memoirs of Mitsuo Fuchida, Commander of the Attack on Pearl Harbor". Fuchida's story is also recounted in God's Samurai: Lead Pilot at Pearl Harbor by Donald Goldstein, Katherine V. Dillon and Gordon W. Prange.

In 1959, Fuchida was among a group of Japanese visiting the tour of U.S. Air Force equipment given by General Paul Tibbets, who piloted the Enola Gay that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima. Fuchida recognized Tibbets and had a conversation with him. Tibbets said to Fuchida that "[y]ou sure did surprise us [at Pearl Harbor]" in which he replied "what do you think you did to us [at Hiroshima]?" Fuchida further told him that:

"You did the right thing. You know the Japanese attitude at that time, how fanatic they were, they'd die for the Emperor ... Every man, woman, and child would have resisted that invasion with sticks and stones if necessary ... Can you imagine what a slaughter it would be to invade Japan? It would have been terrible. The Japanese people know more about that than the American public will ever know."

According to Fuchida's son, his father had a green card allowing permanent residence in the U.S. but he never obtained U.S. citizenship. This is contrary to the assertions of several authors.

Fuchida died of complications caused by diabetes in Kashiwara, near Osaka on 30 May 1976 at the age of 73.

Published works
Fuchida was the author of three books: one on the Battle of Midway, one a memoir, and one on his conversion to Christianity.
 * Midway: The Battle that Doomed Japan, the Japanese Navy's Story (Naval Institute Press, 2000) was coauthored with Masatake Okumiya. In a section entitled "Five Fateful Minutes", Fuchida (as translated) writes "Five minutes! Who would have believed that the tide of battle would shift in that brief interval of time? ... We had been caught flatfooted in the most vulnerable condition possible—decks loaded with planes armed and fueled for attack." Later scholarship (Parshall et al.) dispute Fuchida's description. (Edited by Clarke H. Kawakami and Roger Pineau; ISBN 9781557504289)
 * For That One Day: The Memoirs of Mitsuo Fuchida, the Commander of the Attack on Pearl Harbor (eXperience, Incorporated, 2011) was his memoir. In it, Fuchida makes a claim that has not been corroborated by others: "In my role as Staff of General Navy Headquarters, I was assigned miscellaneous tasks to help the Japanese side's preparations. Since I was not an official attaché, I was watching the signing ceremony from the upper deck along with the crews of the USS Missouri." (Translated by Douglas T. Shinsato and Tadanori Urabe; ISBN 9780984674503)
 * From Pearl Harbor to Calvary (Pickle Partners Publishing, March 28, 2016, ISBN 9781786259066), originally published as From Pearl Harbor to Golgotha, is the story of Fuchida's Christian conversion.

Historical controversy
Fuchida was an important figure in the early portion of the Pacific War, and his written accounts, translated into English and published in the U.S., were highly influential. However, the veracity of Fuchida's statements on several topics has been subsequently called into question. This process began in Japan in 1971, with the publication of the Japanese official war history volume on the Battle of Midway, which explicitly contradicted Fuchida's version of events.

In 2001, historians H.P. Willmott and Haruo Tohmatsu in their Pearl Harbor, dismissed Fuchida's rendition of having demanded a third-wave against Pearl Harbor's fuel tanks as "blatant and shameless self-advertisement" regarding "an episode which never took place." These criticisms were repeated by historian Jonathan Parshall and Mark Stille's ''Tora! Tora! Tora! Pearl Harbor 1941''. Alan Zimm's 2011 Attack on Pearl Harbor: Strategy, Combat, Myths, Deceptions, reinforced and enlarged these earlier criticisms and added new charges, including Fuchida having fabricated a battle damage assessment that was presented to Emperor Hirohito. Zimm subsequently accused Fuchida of lying about important decisions and signals he made as strike leader immediately prior to the attack, while blaming others for his own errors.

With respect to the Battle of Midway, Fuchida's account of the readiness of the Japanese counterstrike aircraft during the American dive-bomber attack has been disputed by historians Parshall and Anthony Tully in their 2005 work Shattered Sword, as well as Dallas Isom's Midway Inquest, Craig Symonds' The Battle of Midway, and Evan Mawdsley, with Mawdsley noting "Parshall and Tully compellingly contradict Fuchida." Parshall also disputed Fuchida's uncorroborated claims of attendance on the battleship USS Missouri (BB-63) during the Japanese surrender ceremony in 1945, these criticisms being later amplified by Zimm.

Portrayals
In the 1970 film Tora! Tora! Tora!, Fuchida was portrayed by Japanese actor Takahiro Tamura.

Auction
Fuchida's hand-drawn map showing the post-Pearl Harbor attack destruction sold at auction for $425,000 in New York City on 6 December 2013. The map had previously been owned by Malcolm Forbes.

The map was purchased by the Jay I. Kislak foundation, who then donated it to Miami-Dade Library. The library then sold it to the Library of Congress in 2018.

title: Mitsuo Fuchida


text:
Talk:C. Vann Woodward

Untitled
C. Vann Woodward wins over his whole name:. --Jiang

Tom Watson
which tom watson was his dissertation on? wikipedia lists several. WillC 21:21, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
 * fixed. WillC 01:42, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

C Vann Woodward's Books
Woodward's two biggest and most well known books: Origins of the New South and The Strange Career of Jim Crow do not have their own pages but I think they should. These two books are pillars of Southern history works and seem to constantly come up in academic and historiographical references. I added a link to those pages even though they do not exist yet to bring attention to their lack of coverage. I am not a historian and therefore do not feel qualified to write much on them. Someone with more experience should take a look at them. Hedfones (talk) 23:10, 22 February 2009 (UTC)
 * You're correct. The Strange Career of Jim Crow was a seminal work by Woodward. I'd be happy to take a look and contribute when I get a chance. Thanks for thinking of this. Regards, MarmadukePercy (talk) 23:16, 22 February 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:C. Vann Woodward


text:
Telecom Éireann

Telecom Éireann (meaning "Telecommunications of Ireland") was an Irish state-owned telecommunications company that operated from 1983 to 1999. Prior to then a telephone and postal service was provided by the Department of Posts and Telegraphs (known as "P and T" or "P⁊T" in Gaelic script), as part of the civil service. Telecom Éireann was established by the Postal and Telecommunications Services Act, 1983; its full formal title was "Bord Telecom Éireann or, in the English language, The Irish Telecommunications Board". "Telecom Éireann" may be translated as "Telecom of Ireland". In 1999, the company was privatised and renamed as eircom.

Upgrading the network
Telecom Éireann rolled out digital telephone switching technology, across the country along with an extensive fibre optic and digital microwave backbone. Two digital switching systems were selected; CIT-Alcatel's E10 and Ericsson's AXE telephone exchange. Digital technology quickly replaced analogue systems at national and major regional switching centres and new international gateway switches were installed. The oldest electromechanical step-by-step exchanges and manual operator-manned local exchanges were the first to be converted to digital technology. More modern electromechanical crossbar exchanges, using Ericsson ARF, Hitachi and ITT Pentaconta technology dating from the 1960s and 1970s were converted to digital bit by bit through the late 1980s and early 1990s. These crossbar switches were capable of providing voice service that was comparable to digital switching technology.

By the early 1990s, the Irish network was amongst the most modern and most digitalised in the world and by the mid-1990s and had become 100% digitally switched.

In June 1996, a strategic alliance was formed between Telecom Éireann of Ireland, Telia of Sweden and KPN of the Netherlands, after both companies purchased a combined 35 percent stake in Telcom Éireann. The alliance was completed by 2001, when Telia and KPN exited Ireland. During the time of the alliance it was headquartered in St Stephens Green and Harcourt Street, Dublin.

The company also did a major upgrade to the payphone network in the late 1980s, which saw the rollout of smart card based payphones across Ireland. The Telecom Éireann CallCard was one of the earliest implementations chip-based cards in the world.

Eircell
Telecom Éireann launched Eircell (now Vodafone Ireland) in 1984, with operations commencing in 1986. The company deployed a national mobile telephone network based on a first generation mobile technology known as the Total Access Communication System, or TACS for short. This technology, similar to AMPS, was also used in the UK by Vodafone and Cellnet. Eircell launched their digital network based on GSM technology from Ericsson in 1993. GSM service rapidly replaced the TACS network as customers migrated over to new digital technology. Within a few years, the TACS network was obsolete and taken off air.

Other divisions
The company launched Minitel videotext system in Ireland in 1991 in a joint venture with France Telecom, AIB and Crédit Lyonnais. The system went live after 3 years of trials and development but due to poor uptake, probably due to its relatively late launch that coincided with the beginning of the Web, a more flexible system with a vast array of English-language content, it quickly faded from public attention. The Irish Minitel system had been planned as early as 1988 and envisioned building an ecosystem similar to its French counterpart, with shopping, banking and information services. Minitel Ireland was ultimately shut down due a small and dwindling user base.
 * Minitel Ireland (joint venture)

In 1997, Telecom Éireann established Telecom Internet also known as Tinet, the Internet service provider the company rapidly became one of the partners in the Internet Neutral Exchange and is today known as eircom net.
 * Telecom Internet

Telecom Éireann established Eirpage, a national paging system in Ireland.
 * Eirpage

This system was then controlled and operated by Voxpro Communications, formerly Pageboy (www.voxpro.ie) until the closure of the National Paging System in August 2011.

Launched in 1984 to replace Euronet, Eirpac is the Irish public switched data network supporting X.25 and X.28
 * Eirpac

This unit sold business systems and office telephone systems to business customers.
 * TEIS (Telecom Éireann Information Systems)

 * TeleCentre – this was Telecom Éireann's retail arm, which was later renamed eircom Store and then shut down as eircom moved away from physical customer contact centres. Since the closure of the stores, customers can only contact eircom online or by telephone.
 * Phonewatch – Provides monitored alarm services to both residential and business customers. The company was rebranded as eircom PhoneWatch. It is one of the largest players in the Irish home security market and was sold to a Norwegian company in 2012.

Support
In 1988, it sponsored RTÉ Weather until 1999.

Privatisation
Telecom Éireann was privatised in 1999 and renamed as eircom plc. It was later split into Eircell 2000 plc (Eircell), the mobile networks business, and eircom, the fixed-line business which also inherited other minor divisions, such as the Eirpage pager system and the Telecom retail arm. Eircell was sold to Vodafone in May 2001, and later changed its name to the dual-brand Eircell Vodafone before becoming Vodafone Ireland.

Popular culture
In the BBC TV series Coupling, a phone with a Telecom Éireann logo appears in the episode "Gotcha". In the Channel 4 Series Father Ted(Speed 3) a Telecom Éireann kiosk is seen near the end.

title: Telecom Éireann


text:
User:Muriel Gottrop~enwiki/Cheer-up software

Intended for reading in rainy days

Funny things

 * Cyp's truncated dodecahedron
 * Adam's arborealoids
 * List of trivia lists
 * You have two cows

In the Brilliant prose

 * Marcus Antonius
 * Adoption in Rome
 * Battle of Aljubarrota

From Recently created admins

 * I'd like to nominate Muriel Gottrop. She's been here for almost 7 months, quite active for the past three, has made a ton of edits and original contributions to the Roman history sections (see user page and contributions list), and generally been level-headed and responsible. --Delirium 12:39, Oct 29, 2003 (UTC)
 * Second -- looks very knowledgable on the Ancients! -- Arwel 12:43, 29 Oct 2003 (UTC)
 * Support most enthusiastically; via edit conflict, couldn't be the first seconder :-( Cimon Avaro on a pogostick 12:45, 29 Oct 2003 (UTC)
 * Support most affirmatively. Kosebamse 12:51, 29 Oct 2003 (UTC)
 * Support. Angela 19:57, Oct 29, 2003 (UTC)
 * Support, of course! Adam Bishop 20:07, 29 Oct 2003 (UTC)
 * Support. Cyan 22:07, 29 Oct 2003 (UTC)
 * Support, excellent nomination. Daniel Quinlan 22:15, Oct 29, 2003 (UTC)
 * Support from me too :) Dysprosia 22:20, 29 Oct 2003 (UTC)
 * Yep: Go ancient history! --Menchi 07:02, 30 Oct 2003 (UTC)

From 1755 Lisbon earthquake

 * Masterful job Muriel! The combination of the historical and geological angles is truly superb. Wikipedia is lucky to have you here! -- Viajero 09:42, 3 Nov 2003 (UTC)

From other places

 * I'm just loving the Julio-Claudian family tree. Good stuff! -- Cyan 00:00, 2 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * Great family tree drawings at Kings of France family tree! --Menchi 10:46, 8 Nov 2003 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Scleropages jardinii

Common Name
This redirect is inappropriate. The term "australian arrowana" can refer to both S. jardini and S. leichardti. Furthermore the 'specific common names' applied to these species (northern and spotted barramundi) can also refer to other fishes. I suggest that the articles for the respective Scleropages species remain at their respective scientific names, with a disambig page at this one. 80.255 09:05, 29 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Agreed, as the Australian Scleropages both have so many common names. Also, I'm renaming the page from S. jardini to S. jardinii because this name is prefered by Fishbase. Ginkgo100 21:18, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

 * This species is usually known as the Gulf Saratoga, the other common names are now not well known or used within Australia, which is where this fish mainly occurs. I will move the article if no one objects in accordance with the Wiki policy of using common names for fish. Nick Thorne 13:54, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Funny you said that; I've been thinking the article should be moved for a long time. I don't object, but don't forget to use sentence case (gulf saratoga, not Gulf Saratoga) per WP:FISH. --Ginkgo100 talk · contribs · e@ 14:36, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

 * OK, I'll leave it for a few days incase anyone else has something to say and then I'll move it. Case comment noted, I only capitalised it in my comment for clarity. Nick Thorne 14:59, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

Image
Sorry for the low quality of the image. You can even see the reflection of my camera! I will try to get a better-lit picture, but for now this gives the reader an idea. Ginkgo100 03:53, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

Taxobox image
Not sure about this photo, check out the Native Fish Australia web site's Gulf saratoge article for a better idea of the usual colouration for this species.Nick Thorne 07:54, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
 * The taxobox image is a Sclerpages jardinii that is part of the collection at Denver's Downtown Aquarium. I used to be the aquarist who cared for this tank and can vouch for the species. The bronze color might be a result of the flash or of being kept in captivity. It is also an older fish than the one pictured in the article. However, it is not great in terms of photographic quality, so I wouldn't mind seeing it replaced if a better one is available. --Ginkgo100 talk · e@ 19:59, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

Name barramundi
It should be noted that although the name Barramundi now almost exclusively refers to another fish entirely, it was used for this species long before the concious (marketing) decision was made to use it for the "real" barramundi —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nick Thorne (talk • contribs) 02:08, 4 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Arrghhh! I hate it when I forget to sign!  Nick Thorne  talk  04:42, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

Name capitalisation revisited
I've just been revisiting thispage and it occurs to me that the "gulf" in the fish's common name refers to the Gulf of Carpentaria, which is often abbreviated to just the Gulf - similalrly to the Great Australian Bight is often just called the Bight. In this circumstance that makes the work "gulf" a proper noun and I think we should capitalise it through out the text. What does the MOS say, in cases like this. - Nick Thorne  talk  06:41, 2 February 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Scleropages jardinii


text:
Eircell

Eircell was an Irish mobile cellular network provider which was established in 1984, with operations commencing in 1986. Its access code was 088 for the original analogue TACS system and 087 for the later GSM system. Following the abolition of the Department of Posts and Telegraphs, Eircell fell under the remit of Telecom Éireann (Later Eircom), which today is known as Eir. The Eircell brand became defunct in 2002 following its acquisition by Vodafone. From 2001, Eircell underwent a major branding exercise after its acquisition by the Vodafone group in December 2000. The main branding was to associate a shade of deep purple with the company. When Vodafone rebranded with its trademark shade of red, the company commented that "red is the new purple". The company was known as Eircell-Vodafone for some time as the process took nine months in total.

Early stages of Eircell
In the late 1980s, early adopters of the service numbered in their hundreds rather than thousands and paid handsomely for the phones that were available at the time through a network of independent retailers. The price for mobile phones ranged from IR£1500 to IR£2000 and 'subscribers' were typically politicians or wealthy businessmen. The market-leading phone manufacturers in the early years of the Irish market were Nokia and Motorola.

Popularity of the company rises
In response to negative publicity about security compromises on the TACS system during the early 1990s, Eircell introduced Ireland's first encrypted cellular phone called a Kokusai and it retailed in the region of IR£1400. Sales were poor partly because Eircell was not in the business of selling phones and because switching from encrypted to unencrypted was 'messy'. As phone prices dropped and the network rolled out to more of Ireland, sales took off reaching a milestone 100,000 subscribers by 1995 and in 1997, Eircell launched Ireland's first prepaid mobile phone service which was called 'Ready To Go'. A year later, it launched its GSM 900 networks (access code 087) which quickly took hold as users rapidly switched over to the new digital technology.

title: Eircell


text:
List of Syfy TV channels

Syfy (in some countries named Sci Fi) is a family of pay television channels that broadcast programming owned or licensed by entertainment NBCUniversal around the world using the Syfy brand which is focused on science fiction, fantasy, horror, supernatural and paranormal programming. The first such channel was launched in the United States on September 24, 1992. It was originally named "Sci-Fi Channel". In 1995 it kicked off in the United Kingdom, followed by the Netherlands and Belgium in 1996.

The name Syfy was officially adopted on July 7, 2009, and most were renamed Syfy Universal by 2010. Exceptions to this renaming scheme included Syfy Channels in USA, Germany, France, Latin America, Spain, Portugal and future Syfy Channels in Canada, Cyprus, Israel, Nordic countries, South Africa, Türkiye and now defunct and replaced SF Australia (formerly Sci Fi Channel Australia) and Syfy UK, where the channel is simply called Syfy. Sci Fi Channels in Poland, Serbia, Slovenia and future Sci Fi Channels in Greece, Malta and now defunct Sci Fi Channel in Romania, became Sci Fi Universal due to syfy having a profane meaning in Polish. In 2017 the channel got rebranded but the Universal suffix was already dropped.

title: List of Syfy TV channels


text:
Talk:Spinor bundle

take the time ...
Another page that doesn't take time to say its piece. No good just to refer to another page for all notation.

Charles Matthews 09:17, 29 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Spinor Bundles on Quadrics
Some of the results from https://web.archive.org/web/20171002195758/http://www.ams.org/journals/tran/1988-307-01/S0002-9947-1988-0936818-5/S0002-9947-1988-0936818-5.pdf should be discussed on this page. This thesis https://web.archive.org/web/20171002195817/http://pages.uoregon.edu/adding/theses/phd_thesis.pdf gives explicit models for spinor bundles on quadrics on page 19. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Username6330 (talk • contribs) 20:00, 2 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spinor bundle