text:
Talk:Frankie Muniz

GA Failure

 * Poor introduction
 * No Fair Use Rationale on the images
 * Various unsourced statements
 * References linked before grammatical notes, should be after

Needs work, H ig hway Rainbow Sneakers 20:00, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

Here's an idea Einstein, fix it yourself! You seem to have an issue with it like nobody else.
 * You missed:
 * Usual unsourced ethnic background though inclusion in categories despite lack of evidence.
 * 62.25.106.209 16:19, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

Nolan quote
"Christopher Nolan, the director of Batman Begins, and its sequel The Dark Knight, has stated that he would cast Muniz as the role of Robin if he had to. However, Nolan has stated that as long as he is directing the franchise, Robin will not be cast."

This quote makes no sense to me.Andrew zot 22:37, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

Wood-Ridgewood
I'm not sure if anyone noticed, but the article gives his birthplace as both Wood-Ridge and Ridgewood. Anyone? Cao Wei 02:53, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

Frankie was actually born in Wood-Ridge...Michaela92399 02:06, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

Muniz in Tears for Fears video?
Is Frankie Muniz in the video "Everybody Wants to Rule the World" by Tears for Fears? There's a kid in it who looks exactly like him, but I'm not sure when this video was made? He may have been too young at the time. Davez621 18:40, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

Frankie wasn't even BORN when the song(and accompanying video) came out...IN 1984!...Michaela92399 02:07, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

Muñiz
Does he really use the tilde? It doesn't seem to show up in any of the shows or movies that I've seen. RickK 04:29, 6 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * I'm something of a fan, and no he never uses the tilde. Rhymeless 07:07, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)

He does not have a middle name. There is no James. Has been removed. Source: http://www.frankie-muniz.info/multimedia/aollivedl.html

Then should the tildes and acute accents be removed from his name wherever they appear in the article? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sofa jazz man (talk • contribs) 23:49, 25 August 2009 (UTC)

Former actor...current racing driver?
IMDB have today reported that Muniz has given up acting in order to concentrate on a professional racing career in the Champ Car Atlantic Series. -- Delsource (talk) 12:12, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

Arrested Development guest appearance
He made a memorable in Arrested Development. I'll add it in here.

Frankie Muniz Heart Attack?
On the article, there is a section referring to Frankie Muniz recently having a heart attack. I cannot find any news sources mentioning Frankie Muniz post July 22nd, 2007, and surely this would have seen a mention in the new. It should be removed from the main page immediately unless a third-party source can be linked to right away. Allthemodrnthgs 20:51, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

It NEVER happened!...all those tabloids that are geared towards those Jonas Brothers fans are now assaulting Frankie's health in order to grab more sales from the newsstands!...I don't believe that even Harvey Levin's TMZ.com would stoop THAT low as to believe such nonsense!...Baldwin91006 17:19, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Death?????
did he actually get in an accident? can this be verafied? i've searched google, google news and foxnews and can't find anything. Orangefizzlebiz 04:49, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

No, he's STILL alive!...Baldwin91006 17:17, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Middle name
Seems like someone's determined to retain "James" as Frankie's middle name, even though he NEVER had one!;please remove all references to a middle name from the page at once...thanks,Baldwin91006 17:21, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Nop matter how many timews all of us have deleted his middle naem saying he DOESN'T have one, there's an idiot who keeps putting it back in...please straighten it out once and for all:remove Frankie's middle name!...Baldwin91006 17:52, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

For the eighth time, there's a person who keeps insisting that he HAS a middle name and keeps restoring it...PLEASE STOP!...Baldwin91006 (talk) 03:14, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

For the ninth TIME, please stop re-inserting a "middle name" in this article!...HE NEVER HAD ONE AT ALL!...Michaela92399 (talk) 03:46, 4 November 2008 (UTC)

born in 1997 ??
This article currently says born in 1997. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.184.137.243 (talk) 15:07, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

His Religion
Does Anyone knows what is his religion ??? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.94.38.150 (talk) 11:31, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

Considering his ancestry [Irish/Italian and "Puerto Rican"] hes probably Catholic, but i have no sources to back it up.

Bot report : Found duplicate references !
In the last revision I edited, I found duplicate named references, i.e. references sharing the same name, but not having the same content. Please check them, as I am not able to fix them automatically :) DumZiBoT (talk) 19:28, 8 August 2008 (UTC)
 * "about" :

Titus
Does anyone know the proper link to the Titus-article? It now refers back to the roman emperor instead of a movie/show. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Robin.lemstra (talk • contribs) 12:24, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

Birth date
I have trouble believing he was born in 1985, and was 15 when Malcolm in the Middle began to air, he is supposed to be around 12 or 11 at the beggining of the show, looks like he's about 9 in my opinion and was supposedly 15... Also, in My dog Skip, (form 2000 as well as Malcolm in the middle), he looks like he's age 8, when acording to when he was born, he was really 15.

Either he has some sort of Age retardation where he looks 10 years younger than he really is, someone messed with the article, or The movies and films he was in where filmed 4 years before they debuted. There is no source for this birthdate, and I don't believe it one bit. Alten  hofen   05:52, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
 * LOL yeah wtf. Someone needs to fix that up. Kausill (Talk) (Contribs) 12:16, 23 January 2010 (UTC)
 * What the hell? According to imdb.com his birthdate is 1985. LOL. He looks nine. Kausill (Talk) (Contribs) 12:19, 23 January 2010 (UTC)

age
ummmmm,are you sure he is 23? Because that would make him 15 when he played in My Dog Skip. 173.55.170.16 (talk) 23:27, 21 March 2009 (UTC)

 * That is what I said, and in My Dog Skip, he looks like he's 7.  Alten  hofen   18:20, 5 April 2009 (UTC)

Playstation Underground
As I recall he did a video for the playstation underground demo discs for E3. I don't remember much of it but if anyone could edit it in to the article in an orderly manner then that would be great.--166.164.78.94 (talk) 21:29, 23 September 2009 (UTC)

"Found it on a youtube reference about the year 2000 E3, put it, it's now in the filmography, wasn't sure were to reference for that, sorry anyway here's the reference, here's the link"

Career as a drummer
So let me start by saying that I'm not even sure if this is the right place to ask this question, and if it's not, I apologize for the mistake. I and several others before me added that he's now a drummer for a band called You Hang Up and it was removed because the band is non-notable, which is true. My question is does notability refer to the subject of the article or to everything in the article? It just would seem that because he's a notable person, that his career change to a drummer is by extension notable, whether the band he's currently drumming for is notable or not. I'd just like some clarification. Again, sorry if this isn't the right place for that.Willcrys 84 (talk) 03:00, 25 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Notability refers to anything that is added, item by item. That Muniz joined a non-notable band is a reflection on the band's notability, not Muniz's. It was removed previously because the addition wasn't sourced, but come on. It's very hard to know how many people, actors, etc., play in what amounts to a garage band that has gone nowhere. It doesn't make it notable on its own legs. Now, if the band releases an album, that might be different. There's nothing to support saying it is an actual career change instead of a hobby. Wildhartlivie (talk) 13:09, 25 February 2010 (UTC)
 * It wasn't unsourced (http://www.popeater.com/2010/02/24/frankie-muniz-you-hang-up-interview/). In that interview he actually says that he considers it a job. Not wanting to mention his current band is understandable, I don't get why there shouldn't be any mention of drumming at all, when he has said himself that he's pursuing it professionally.Willcrys 84 (talk) 15:57, 25 February 2010 (UTC)
 * No, it wasn't always sourced, see here and here. You added popeater.com, a site that isn't considered a reliable source, which renders it not sourced. Like I said, once the band does something notable, maybe then. Lot's of people join bands and go nowhere with it. Wildhartlivie (talk) 16:43, 25 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Is it non-reliable even though it's showing an interview of him? SamEV (talk) 16:59, 25 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes it is. Non-reliable basically means that it is not considered a legitimate source. That interview could (not saying it IS) be faked, or cobbed from a legitimate source. Once in a while, an unreliable source may have legitimate content, but not consistently. Wildhartlivie (talk) 17:20, 25 February 2010 (UTC)
 * That's what I thought. Thank you. SamEV (talk) 17:30, 25 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I never meant to imply that it was always sourced, just that it was sourced when I posted it. I don't understand why popeater is considered non-reliable here. It's used as a source on a fair amount of other articles and it's published by AOL. So does the fact that it's a gossip site definitively preclude it from being a reliable source, even though most of the content is consistently verifiable? Willcrys 84 (talk) 21:49, 25 February 2010 (UTC)
 * "Constantly verifiable" says that it can be checked against the original source, which is what should be used. I explained what makes something reliable or not reliable. As for being used on other pages, there's a basic tenet here: Other stuff exists. Just because it's slipped in on some articles doesn't lend it credibility. Wildhartlivie (talk) 22:04, 25 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Now I'm just completely confused. So nothing can be used as a source unless some other non-Wikipedia entity first uses it as a source?Willcrys 84 (talk) 22:51, 25 February 2010 (UTC)
 * No, but you said the content was consistently verifiable. Verifiable means it can be compared to the source of the article/statement/news story to verify, or check, the facts. If popeater is verifiable, that would mean they are copying a story from another place. Wildhartlivie (talk) 23:19, 25 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I guess me and Wikipedia have different definitions of verifiable. I'd always thought that if something was verifiable, then it could be proven to be true. I think I get it now. Thanks a lot.Willcrys 84 (talk) 23:54, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

Disrespect
Is it just me or a lot of lines are disrespecting him ? I'm referring to his racing career, in particular. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.104.108.6 (talk) 07:35, 22 August 2010 (UTC)

How do we report spammers? People are defiling this page with false info/profanity. The IP 74.5.31.218 seems to be part of it. 99.52.103.169 (talk) 05:37, 23 August 2010 (UTC)

Changed quote from reference #2, previously read "one of Hollywood's most bangable teens." Correct reference is "one of Hollywood's most bankable teens." — Preceding unsigned comment added by S&J Wstch (talk • contribs) 20:15, 15 June 2012 (UTC)

Stuck On You (film)
The third paragraph under the "Career" section states, "In 2003, he made a cameo appearance as Cher's underage boyfriend in Stuck on You." The Filmography chart, however, says his role was "Cher Son". Can someone please verify or disprove his cameo appearance/role in this film? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Inheritor10 (talk • contribs) 19:17, 26 July 2011 (UTC)

Ancestors
The article says that his ancestors come from the region of Asturias, Spain and cites as a reference an Answers webpage that uses this same wikipedia page as primary source of information.

I think it should be deleted or changed, but I have not find any reference online that does not use WikiPedia as the source. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.223.96.49 (talk) 09:02, 10 March 2013 (UTC)

Transient ischemic attack/s
I think that referring to a transient ischemic attack as a "mini-stroke" is too cutesy. Just leave the TIA linked; if a reader is interested in looking up what it means, they can do so. Otherwise, it sounds like a kid's news item from the Weekly Reader >_<.

More to the point, mention a cause of the TIA. (Though frequently a direct cause isn't found, it could be due to a condition like atrial fibrillation.) Has he had any more, were there any long-term effects from the episode, does he now take medication to prevent more TIAs, does the condition interfere with race car driving, that kind of thing. Thank you, Wordreader (talk) 06:05, 8 October 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070824100227/http://www.nationalledger.com:80/artman/publish/article_27264274.shtml to http://www.nationalledger.com/artman/publish/article_27264274.shtml
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20060217130728/http://people.aol.com:80/people/articles/0,19736,1083857,00.html to http://people.aol.com/people/articles/0,19736,1083857,00.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070930210950/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr/film/brief_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1002465421 to http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr/film/brief_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1002465421

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A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. Community Tech bot (talk) 22:51, 20 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Frankie Muniz .jpg

No middle name
There have been repeated attempts to add an unsourced middle name to the article. Per Muniz, he does not have a middle name. Schazjmd  (talk)  16:13, 19 December 2022 (UTC)

MOS:ROLEBIO
and please do not add ...and stock car racing driver. to the opening sentence. This does not comply with the policy which states that The lead sentence should describe the person as they are commonly described in reliable sources. - "Ghost of Dan Gurney" (work / talk) 19:22, 14 February 2023 (UTC)

 * I think it's gonna be due for a reevaluation based on how the 2023 season goes. His Twitter is almost exclusively racing content, including the bio. Spagooder (talk) 23:32, 24 June 2023 (UTC)

would you like to elaborate on why we should go against MOS:ROLEBIO, or can you show that there is as much WP:WEIGHT in reliable sources to refer to this subject as a racing driver as there is for his (well-established) acting career? ―  "Ghost of Dan Gurney" (talk)  17:03, 4 April 2023 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry - didn't know there was a talk page discussion here (in retrospect should've checked) and only saw the reversion due to lack of sources - had I known I would've come here first. Giving the article a more thorough read, I agree that his racing career is already given the appropriate weight by talking about it later in the second paragraph. Apologies for the hasty reversion. Tollens (talk) 21:32, 4 April 2023 (UTC)
 * All good. Thanks for the reply. ―  "Ghost of Dan Gurney" (talk)  22:19, 4 April 2023 (UTC)

Permission
Would it be fine if I added "professional racing driver" to his biography? Thermicknight7 (talk) 08:47, 28 April 2023 (UTC)

 * No, please read the above section detailing why this is inappropriate. ―  "Ghost of Dan Gurney" (talk)  13:41, 28 April 2023 (UTC)

inclusion of race car driver in lead sentence
i am confused about the demand to eliminate the inclusion of "race car driver" from the lead sentence. when we follow the sources, the VAST majority of modern coverage of Muniz include the race car driving.

i scrolled through hundreds of search results for Muniz from Google news and the article below is the only one of those many results in coverage from the past year that do NOT include "race car driver" in their descriptions, most have it as part of the headline.

https://www.cbr.com/bryan-cranston-debunks-malcolm-in-the-middle-revival-claim/ 67.220.13.96 (talk) 14:24, 15 September 2023 (UTC)

Part-Time in Xfinity Series
I think it's finally time to add "stock car racing driver" to the heading, as he is gonna drive in the Xfinity Series. There are no more excuses to remove it if it is edited into the article. Permission? FoxX 07 (talk) 00:26, 10 February 2024 (UTC)

"Consensus on the talk page"
I'm getting tired of other editors telling me to get consensus on the talk page when literally nobody is talking on said talk page. The reasons of why we can't add an additional six words are actually unreasonable and flat out stupid. The majority of sources on Frankie Muniz state SEVERAL times that he is a "racecar driver", and not to mention that Muniz himself can also be counted as a source. There's no reason to keep removing the additional terminology from the first sentence. You might as well start USING THE TALK PAGE if you have a problem with it. FoxX 07 (talk) 01:24, 18 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Yes there is a reason. The reason, as explained above (on the talk page you claim isn't being used), is MOS:ROLEBIO and the relevant text is "However, avoid overloading the lead paragraph with various and sundry roles; instead, emphasize what made the person notable. Incidental and non-noteworthy roles (i.e. activities that are not integral to the person's notability) should usually not be mentioned in the lead paragraph.[b]". ―  "Ghost of Dan Gurney" (talk)  02:40, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
 * It's not incidental, it's his career now. 173.66.236.53 (talk) 13:36, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Is OJ Simpson notable for being an actor? His page seems to indicate as such. 173.66.236.53 (talk) 18:41, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
 * It's literally not incidental. It's his career, he isn't acting that often anymore. In fact, he's racing more often than acting. FoxX 07 (talk) 02:09, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Assertions that "it's not incidental" to his notability are an assumption that still doesn't meet WP:CRYSTAL. His notability as an actor is how he's able to raise the funds needed to be a racing driver. I remain unconvinced that in 20 years, reliable sources that aren't subject specific will be writing about "Frankie Muniz the racing driver" with nearly the WEIGHT as they would about "Frankie Muniz the actor", to the extent that a mention in the opening sentence is warranted. ―  "Ghost of Dan Gurney" (talk)  18:49, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * This is the most clownish response I've ever seen. FoxX 07 (talk) 21:26, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Personal attacks won't get you anywhere except blocked. ―  "Ghost of Dan Gurney" (talk)  02:40, 21 February 2024 (UTC)
 * This response has no basis in anything. We know what the reliable sources say *now.* You're gatekeeping based on some imagined future. 173.66.236.53 (talk) 01:11, 21 February 2024 (UTC)
 * So...full disclosure, I'm mostly retired now and have been for a while. But I feel compelled to give my two cents here. Frankie himself is on record saying he doesn't want to be thought of as an "actor/racing driver" but simply a racing driver. It's also undeniable that he is, at this stage in his life, doing a lot more racing than he is acting, which means many people searching his name in 2024 are likely doing so to learn more about his driving career rather than his acting career. While I don't want to entirely discredit some of the points is making, it does seem a bit silly to me that we appear to be so staunchly against acknowledging this in the opening sentence. He is currently competing in the second-highest level of stock car racing in the world. Of course, he's still known as an actor and always will be. But in my opinion, anyone competing in that series, regardless of their past profession or how they got there, should unequivocally be considered a professional racing driver. If he flames out and this is simply a footnote in his life years from now, then we can cross that bridge when we get there and strictly refer to him as an actor. But right now, in 2024, I fail to see the harm in including both professions. --Bcschneider53 (talk) 16:49, 21 February 2024 (UTC)
 * The harm in my opinion comes from implying that Muniz is as successful or as prominent (aka notable) as a racing driver as he is/was as an actor. Such an implication is very premature. As I said below in another reply, Muniz does not meet anything listed in WP:NMOTORSPORT and reliable sources are still telling us that he's "the Malcom in the Middle guy". ―  "Ghost of Dan Gurney" (talk)  23:15, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Is OJ Simpson a football player or an actor? 173.66.236.53 (talk) 00:34, 23 February 2024 (UTC)
 * There is a substantial amount of coverage on Muniz's racing career from reliable secondary sources. A few quick examples include CBS Sports, Sporting News, and People, Forbes. As he's gained notability as a driver in his own right, I would say it deserves a mention in the introductory sentence. ~Peter Dzubay (talk) 06:08, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
 * But Muniz does not at all meet WP:NMOTORSPORT and Forbes Contributors are unreliable per WP:FORBESCON. The People article linked to describes Muniz in it's own words as "The "Malcolm in the Middle" star is taking the next step in his racing career, joining NASCAR's second-tier Xfinity Series this season" (bolding mine). CBS Sports and Sporting News are both subject-specific websites, and even then, they both prominently state that Muniz is the "'Malcolm in the Middle' star".
 * Muniz is not on the entry list for the next race in the 2024 NASCAR Xfinity Series, the series he is currently trying to raise funds (aka obtain sponsorship) to race in, so that "next step" is not to be a full-season driver.
 * There is literally nothing in NMOTORSPORT to suggest that Muniz has gained independent notability as a racing driver. His notability is still purely as an actor. ―  "Ghost of Dan Gurney" (talk)  23:10, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
 * The bullet points listed in WP:NMOTORSPORT follow the sentence: "Significant coverage is likely to exist for motorsport figures if they..." because notability revolves around substantial coverage, not the performance of the athletes themselves. While it is true that Muniz' career as a driver has yet to meet a lot of what typically garners widespread recognition for athletes, he has yielded significant coverage from reliable secondary sources specifically about his career as a stock car driver. The fact that much of of his fame is rooted in acting does not make the widespread media coverage of his driving any less significant or legitimate. ~Peter Dzubay (talk) 07:09, 23 February 2024 (UTC)
 * But it's not a question of existing, it's a question of WP:WEIGHT. There is simply nowhere near the WEIGHT (or "widespread media coverage" as you say) as there is regarding his acting career. ―  "Ghost of Dan Gurney" (talk)  13:51, 23 February 2024 (UTC)
 * This is just blatantly false. All it takes is a simple Google search of his name to prove this wrong. 173.66.236.53 (talk) 02:41, 24 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Muniz's career as an actor far outweighs his self-funded competition at a B-Level in the niche sport of auto racing. And I say that as someone passionate about auto racing. I encourage others to visit the page of Paul Newman. The weight given Newman's auto racing career in relation to his acting career acts a good guideline for editors to follow.
 * @GhostOfDanGurney is on point with his concerns. RegalZ8790 (talk) 01:05, 25 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Just to be clear, do you mean the page that states in the opening sentence: "Paul Leonard Newman (January 26, 1925 – September 26, 2008) was an American actor, film director, racing driver, philanthropist, and entrepreneur"? The entire point of this discussion is over the inclusion of the bolded phrase in Muniz's article. Again, if Muniz has been racing in some capacity for the better part of two decades, and if Newman's lead sentence also acknowledges his career as a driver, I just don't understand such staunch opposition in this case. --Bcschneider53 (talk) 02:20, 25 February 2024 (UTC)
 * @Bcschneider53, you are correct, I misidentified the focus of the discussion. I do not think listing "racing driver" in the lead is problematic. What I see as problematic is that this supposedly "vital" article devotes such extensive coverage to Muniz's hobby. RegalZ8790 (talk) 03:02, 25 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree that coverage should be trimmed down and put the amount of it down to WP:RECENTISM bias, much the same as I find the inclusion in the opening sentence. I think a better WP:OTHERSTUFF example than Newman or Simpson would be Michael Jordan; It's indisputable that he is world famous for his basketball career and that he's also become a notable and successful businessman. But his opening sentence excludes both his acting career and his baseball career, which are both clearly incidental to his notability, despite in the former case having a starring role in a fairly well-known movie, Space Jam. Jordan's baseball career on the otherhand, similar to Muniz's racing career, never advanced beyond a few appearances at a second-tier-at-best level and the majority of the coverage is based on the novelty of "star at one thing tries other thing"; a perfect mirror of Muniz.

 * My arguments, based on the policy of WP:WEIGHT, works whether we are talking about the opening sentence (also backed by MOS:ROLEBIO), or the overall coverage of the article. ―  "Ghost of Dan Gurney" (talk)  20:01, 25 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Jordan played baseball for just a little over a year before he returned to basketball. Muniz has been racing in some capacity since 2004 and spent multiple years pursuing open-wheel and stock car racing careers. With all due respect, I'm not sure that's a great comparison here. --Bcschneider53 (talk) 17:02, 26 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Muniz spent four years from 2006-2009 in junior formula racing, and frankly did very poorly. From 2021-2023 he competed in stock car racing at levels that would be comparable to Single-A to High-A, where he again had no remarkable results. He has since done a single race in 2024 at NASCAR's "Triple A" level. All other appearances were as a "celebrity guest." Jordan's basketball career, while shorter, was both more successful and garnered more media interest, and yet no one is arguing to insert "baseball player" into that opening sentence. Like said, this is a self-funded hobby for him, not what made him famous and notable. That he has as much attention as he does is a testament to his continued fame off of Malcom in the Middle, and this is corroborated by recent reliable sources. ―  "Ghost of Dan Gurney" (talk)  17:48, 26 February 2024 (UTC)
 * So where do we stand? I see one user gatekeeping inclusion with several in favor. 173.66.236.53 (talk) 00:10, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * It is BENEFICIAL to anyone and everyone coming across this article to recognize Muniz as a racing driver. We should add it. The problem is that this one user keeps interfering with everybody trying to add valuable information to the heading. FoxX 07 (talk) 00:53, 2 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I've made policy based arguments as to why I feel that it isn't beneficial and I am not satisfied that there is any satisfactory response based on policy. This isn't gatekeeping, it's called having a discussion.
 * If you no longer want to continue to discuss (which I believe is true based on not replying to my last comment, personally attacking me again, and then editing the page anyway), make a WP:RfC so that others can make policy-based arguments in your stead. ―  "Ghost of Dan Gurney" (talk)  23:00, 2 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Your personal opinion shouldn't deter anyone from editing an article that YOU didn't write. Keeping people from editing in information that is widely known, factual, and knowledgeable is considered gatekeeping, not a discussion. You aren't discussing anything with anybody, you're trying to deter people from editing in this information because of your own opinion. FoxX 07 (talk) 23:30, 3 March 2024 (UTC)
 * What is widely known is that Muniz's wealth and fame accrued through his acting career have enabled him to pursue a hobby and childhood dream. He is not a professional racing driver; he is a well-liked wealthy amateur. I have no problem with him being called an "amateur racing driver" in the latter paragraph of the lead. However, in no way do I see his activities as behooving us to include "racing driver" in his very opening sentence. He is an actor.
 * This debate has not led to a new consensus, and I doubt one will form shortly. I wonder if we can all revisit this later. If Muniz participates in a significant number of Truck-or-higher level races during the 2024 season, then we should revisit this discussion. RegalZ8790 (talk) 02:34, 4 March 2024 (UTC)
 * "What is widely known is that Muniz's wealth and fame accrued through his acting career have enabled him to pursue a hobby and childhood dream." This is irrelevant. Was Ronald Reagan pursuing a hobby or did he start a second career?
 * "He is not a professional racing driver; he is a well-liked wealthy amateur." This is factually inaccurate. 173.66.236.53 (talk) 15:56, 5 March 2024 (UTC)
 * So you're saying he is an "amateur racing driver" but not a "racing driver"...great way to contradict your own sentence. FoxX 07 (talk) 23:24, 9 March 2024 (UTC)

Put "race car driver" in the lead paragraph.
The intro talks more about that than his acting career. — the Main Logan  (t•c) 15:20, 20 June 2024 (UTC)

 * It shouldn't, and we can blame WP:RECENTISM for it doing so. ―  "Ghost of Dan Gurney" (talk)  18:16, 20 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Frankie Muniz


text:
Constructivism (philosophy of science)

Constructivism is a view in the philosophy of science that maintains that scientific knowledge is constructed by the scientific community, which seeks to measure and construct models of the natural world. According to constructivists, natural science consists of mental constructs that aim to explain sensory experiences and measurements, and that there is no single valid methodology in science but rather a diversity of useful methods. They also hold that the world is independent of human minds, but knowledge of the world is always a human and social construction. Constructivism opposes the philosophy of objectivism, embracing the belief that human beings can come to know the truth about the natural world not mediated by scientific approximations with different degrees of validity and accuracy.

Social constructivism in sociology
One version of social constructivism contends that categories of knowledge and reality are actively created by social relationships and interactions. These interactions also alter the way in which scientific episteme is organized.

Social activity presupposes human interaction, and in the case of social construction, utilizing semiotic resources (meaning-making and signifying) with reference to social structures and institutions. Several traditions use the term Social Constructivism: psychology (after Lev Vygotsky), sociology (after Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann, themselves influenced by Alfred Schütz), sociology of knowledge (David Bloor), sociology of mathematics (Sal Restivo), philosophy of mathematics (Paul Ernest). Ludwig Wittgenstein's later philosophy can be seen as a foundation for social constructivism, with its key theoretical concepts of language games embedded in forms of life.

Constructivism in philosophy of science
Thomas Kuhn argued that changes in scientists' views of reality not only contain subjective elements but result from group dynamics, "revolutions" in scientific practice, and changes in "paradigms". As an example, Kuhn suggested that the Sun-centric Copernican "revolution" replaced the Earth-centric views of Ptolemy not because of empirical failures but because of a new "paradigm" that exerted control over what scientists felt to be the more fruitful way to pursue their goals. "But paradigm debates are not really about relative problem-solving ability, though for good reasons they are usually couched in those terms. Instead, the issue is which paradigm should in future guide research on problems many of which neither competitor can yet claim to resolve completely. A decision between alternate ways of practicing science is called for, and in the circumstances that decision must be based less on past achievement than on future promise. ... A decision of that kind can only be made on faith."

The view of reality as accessible only through models was called model-dependent realism by Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow. While not rejecting an independent reality, model-dependent realism says that we can know only an approximation of it provided by the intermediary of models. These models evolve over time as guided by scientific inspiration and experiments.

In the field of the social sciences, constructivism as an epistemology urges that researchers reflect upon the paradigms that may be underpinning their research, and in the light of this that they become more open to considering other ways of interpreting any results of the research. Furthermore, the focus is on presenting results as negotiable constructs rather than as models that aim to "represent" social realities more or less accurately. Norma Romm, in her book Accountability in Social Research (2001), argues that social researchers can earn trust from participants and wider audiences insofar as they adopt this orientation and invite inputs from others regarding their inquiry practices and the results thereof.

Constructivism and psychology
In psychology, constructivism refers to many schools of thought that, though extraordinarily different in their techniques (applied in fields such as education and psychotherapy), are all connected by a common critique of previous standard objectivist approaches. Constructivist psychology schools share assumptions about the active constructive nature of human knowledge. In particular, the critique is aimed at the "associationist" postulate of empiricism, "by which the mind is conceived as a passive system that gathers its contents from its environment and, through the act of knowing, produces a copy of the order of reality."

In contrast, "constructivism is an epistemological premise grounded on the assertion that, in the act of knowing, it is the human mind that actively gives meaning and order to that reality to which it is responding". The constructivist psychologies theorize about and investigate how human beings create systems for meaningfully understanding their worlds and experiences.

Constructivism and education
Joe L. Kincheloe has published numerous social and educational books on critical constructivism (2001, 2005, 2008), a version of constructivist epistemology that places emphasis on the exaggerated influence of political and cultural power in the construction of knowledge, consciousness, and views of reality. In the contemporary mediated electronic era, Kincheloe argues, dominant modes of power have never exerted such influence on human affairs. Coming from a critical pedagogical perspective, Kincheloe argues that understanding a critical constructivist epistemology is central to becoming an educated person and to the institution of just social change.

Kincheloe's characteristics of critical constructivism:

 * Knowledge is socially constructed: World and information co-construct one another
 * Consciousness is a social construction
 * Political struggles: Power plays an exaggerated role in the production of knowledge and consciousness
 * The necessity of understanding consciousness—even though it does not lend itself to traditional reductionistic modes of measurability
 * The importance of uniting logic and emotion in the process of knowledge and producing knowledge
 * The inseparability of the knower and the known
 * The centrality of the perspectives of oppressed peoples—the value of the insights of those who have suffered as the result of existing social arrangements
 * The existence of multiple realities: Making sense of a world far more complex than we originally imagined
 * Becoming humble knowledge workers: Understanding our location in the tangled web of reality
 * Standpoint epistemology: Locating ourselves in the web of reality, we are better equipped to produce our own knowledge
 * Constructing practical knowledge for critical social action
 * Complexity: Overcoming reductionism
 * Knowledge is always entrenched in a larger process
 * The centrality of interpretation: Critical hermeneutics
 * The new frontier of classroom knowledge: Personal experiences intersecting with pluriversal information
 * Constructing new ways of being human: Critical ontology

Critical constructivism
A series of articles published in the journal Critical Inquiry (1991) served as a manifesto for the movement of critical constructivism in various disciplines, including the natural sciences. Not only truth and reality, but also "evidence", "document", "experience", "fact", "proof", and other central categories of empirical research (in physics, biology, statistics, history, law, etc.) reveal their contingent character as a social and ideological construction. Thus, a "realist" or "rationalist" interpretation is subjected to criticism. Kincheloe's political and pedagogical notion (above) has emerged as a central articulation of the concept.

Cultural constructivism
Cultural constructivism asserts that knowledge and reality are a product of their cultural context, meaning that two independent cultures will likely form different observational methodologies.

Genetic epistemology
James Mark Baldwin invented this expression, which was later popularized by Jean Piaget. From 1955 to 1980, Piaget was Director of the International Centre for Genetic Epistemology in Geneva.

Radical constructivism
Ernst von Glasersfeld was a prominent proponent of radical constructivism. This claims that knowledge is not a commodity that is transported from one mind into another. Rather, it is up to the individual to "link up" specific interpretations of experiences and ideas with their own reference of what is possible and viable. That is, the process of constructing knowledge, of understanding, is dependent on the individual's subjective interpretation of their active experience, not what "actually" occurs. Understanding and acting are seen by radical constructivists not as dualistic processes but "circularly conjoined".

Radical constructivism is closely related to second-order cybernetics.

Constructivist Foundations is a free online journal publishing peer-reviewed articles on radical constructivism by researchers from multiple domains.

Relational constructivism
Relational constructivism can be perceived as a relational consequence of radical constructivism. In contrary to social constructivism, it picks up the epistemological threads. It maintains the radical constructivist idea that humans cannot overcome their limited conditions of reception (i.e., self-referentially operating cognition). Therefore, humans are not able to come to objective conclusions about the world.

In spite of the subjectivity of human constructions of reality, relational constructivism focuses on the relational conditions applying to human perceptional processes. Björn Kraus puts it in a nutshell:

"It is substantial for relational constructivism that it basically originates from an epistemological point of view, thus from the subject and its construction processes. Coming from this perspective it then focusses on the (not only social, but also material) relations under which these cognitive construction processes are performed. Consequently, it's not only about social construction processes, but about cognitive construction processes performed under certain relational conditions."

Criticisms
Numerous criticisms have been levelled at Constructivism. The most common one is that it either explicitly advocates or implicitly reduces to relativism.

Another criticism of constructivism is that it holds that the concepts of two different social formations be entirely different and incommensurate. This being the case, it is impossible to make comparative judgments about statements made according to each worldview. This is because the criteria of judgment will themselves have to be based on some worldview or other. If this is the case, then it brings into question how communication between them about the truth or falsity of any given statement could be established.

The Wittgensteinian philosopher Gavin Kitching argues that constructivists usually implicitly presuppose a deterministic view of language, which severely constrains the minds and use of words by members of societies: they are not just "constructed" by language on this view but are literally "determined" by it. Kitching notes the contradiction here: somehow, the advocate of constructivism is not similarly constrained. While other individuals are controlled by the dominant concepts of society, the advocate of constructivism can transcend these concepts and see through them.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Constructivism (philosophy of science)


text:
Paulette Goddard

Paulette Goddard (born Marion Levy; June 3, 1910 – April 23, 1990) was an American actress and socialite. Her career spanned six decades, from the 1920s to the early 1970s. She was a prominent leading actress during the Golden Age of Hollywood.

Born in New York City and raised in Kansas City, Missouri, Goddard initially began her career as a child fashion model and performer in several Broadway productions as a Ziegfeld Girl. In the early 1930s, she moved to Hollywood and gained notice as the romantic partner of actor and comedian Charlie Chaplin, appearing as his leading lady in Modern Times (1936) and The Great Dictator (1940). After signing with Paramount Pictures, Goddard became one of the studio's biggest stars with roles in The Cat and the Canary (1939) with Bob Hope, The Women (1939) with Joan Crawford, North West Mounted Police (1940) with Gary Cooper, Reap the Wild Wind (1942) with John Wayne and Susan Hayward, So Proudly We Hail! (1943) (for which she received a nomination for Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress), Kitty (1945) with Ray Milland, and Unconquered (1947) with Gary Cooper.

Goddard was noted as a fiercely independent woman for her time, being described by one executive as "dynamite". Her marriages to Chaplin, the actor Burgess Meredith, and the writer Erich Maria Remarque received substantial media attention. Following her marriage to Remarque, Goddard moved to Switzerland and largely retired from acting. In the 1980s, she became a notable socialite. Goddard died in Switzerland in 1990.

Early life
Goddard was born in New York City, as Marion Levy, the daughter of Joseph Russell Le Vee, the son of a prosperous cigar manufacturer from Salt Lake City, and Alta Mae Goddard. Her parents separated and divorced in 1926. According to Goddard, her father left them, but according to J. R. Le Vee, Alta absconded with the child; to avoid a custody battle, she and her mother moved often during her childhood, including relocating to Canada at one point. Goddard did not meet her father again until the late 1930s, after she had become famous. In a 1938 interview published in Collier's, Goddard claimed Le Vee was not her biological father. In response, Le Vee filed a suit against his daughter, claiming that the interview had ruined his reputation and cost him his job, and demanded financial support from her; Goddard admitted her loss in the case in a December 1945 interview with Life, and was forced to pay her father $35 a week.

Goddard began modeling after her parents' separation, working for Saks Fifth Avenue, Hattie Carnegie, and others. An important figure in her childhood was her mother's paternal uncle Charles Goddard, the owner of the American Druggists Syndicate. He played a central role in Goddard's career, introducing her to Broadway impresario Florenz Ziegfeld. In 1926, she made her stage debut as a dancer in Ziegfeld's summer revue, No Foolin' under the stage name Paulette Goddard. Ziegfeld hired her for another musical, Rio Rita, which opened in February 1927, but she left the show after only three weeks to appear in the play The Unconquerable Male, produced by Archie Selwyn. However, it was a flop and closed after only three days following its premiere in Atlantic City. Soon after, Goddard was introduced to Edgar James, president of the Southern Lumber Company, located in Asheville, North Carolina, by Charles Goddard. Aged 17, considerably younger than James, she married him on June 28, 1927, in Rye, New York. It was a short marriage, and they separated in 1929; Goddard was granted a divorce in Reno, Nevada, in 1932, receiving a divorce settlement of $375,000.

Film career
Goddard first visited Hollywood in 1929. She appeared as an uncredited extra in two films, the Laurel and Hardy short film Berth Marks (1929) and George Fitzmaurice's drama The Locked Door (1929). Following her divorce from James, Goddard and her mother briefly visited Europe before returning to Hollywood. Upon her return, Goddard signed her first film contract with producer Samuel Goldwyn to appear as a Goldwyn Girl in Whoopee! (1930). She also appeared in City Streets (1931), Ladies of the Big House (1931), and The Girl Habit (1931) for Paramount, Palmy Days (1931) for Goldwyn, and The Mouthpiece (1932) for Warners. However, Goddard and Goldwyn did not get along, and she also began work for Hal Roach Studios in 1932, appearing in a string of uncredited supporting roles for the next four years.

1932–38: Charlie Chaplin and David Selznick
The year she signed with Hal Roach, Goddard began dating Charlie Chaplin, a relationship that received substantial attention from the press. Chaplin sent her to local acting teacher Neely Dickson at the Hollywood Community Theater to, in Dickson's words, "give her a polish." It marked a turning point in Goddard's career when Chaplin cast her as his leading lady in his next box office hit, Modern Times (1936). Her role as "The Gamin," an orphan girl who runs away from the authorities and becomes The Tramp's companion, was her first credited film appearance and garnered her mainly positive reviews, Frank S. Nugent of The New York Times describing her as "the fitting recipient of the great Charlot's championship".

Following the success of Modern Times, Chaplin planned other projects with Goddard in mind as a co-star. However, Chaplin worked on his projects slowly, and Goddard worried that the public might forget about her if she did not continue to make regular film appearances. She signed a contract with David O. Selznick and appeared with Janet Gaynor in the comedy The Young in Heart (1938). Selznick, who was pleased with Goddard's performance in the film, strongly considered her for the role of Scarlett O'Hara in Gone With the Wind. Initial screen tests convinced Selznick and director George Cukor that Goddard would require coaching to be effective in the role, but that she showed the most promise. By December 1938, Selznick had narrowed the choices to Goddard and Vivien Leigh, who won the role after the two completed the only Technicolor screen tests for the role. Goddard's losing out on the role was attributable to several factors. Notably, the head of Selznick's publicity department Russell Birdwell had strong misgivings about Goddard, writing, "Briefly, I think she is dynamite that will explode in our very faces if she is given the part." Chaplin's biographer Joyce Milton wrote that Selznick also worried about legal issues by signing Goddard to a contract that might conflict with her pre-existing contracts with the Chaplin studio.

During this time, Selznick lent Goddard to MGM for two films: Dramatic School (1938) and the all-female ensemble The Women (1939). The first, with Luise Rainer, received mediocre reviews and failed to attract an audience. However, The Women – directed by Cukor following his firing from Gone with the Wind – was one of the year's most successful films. Of her role as Miriam Aarons, film critic Pauline Kael later wrote of Goddard, "she is a stand-out. Fun."

1939–49: Paramount
In 1939, Goddard signed a contract with Paramount Pictures and was promptly teamed with comedian Bob Hope for the horror comedy film The Cat and the Canary (1939). The film became a turning point for both their careers, and they were promptly reteamed for The Ghost Breakers (1940) and Nothing but the Truth (1941), both of which also featured Willie Best. She was also cast for the musical comedy Second Chorus opposite Fred Astaire, Artie Shaw, and future husband Burgess Meredith. Astaire later described it as "the worst film I ever made" while Shaw admitted the film made him reconsider an acting career. In September 1939, Chaplin also began production on his next film The Great Dictator (1940) in which Goddard again co-starred alongside him as Hannah. The film was released the following year to critical and audience acclaim. However, it would also be her final film with Chaplin, as their marriage fell apart soon after.

In 1940, Goddard made the Cecil B. DeMille Western film North West Mounted Police opposite Gary Cooper and Madeleine Carroll. The film, her first dramatic role for Paramount, became one of the year's top-ten grossing films. She also starred in another musical comedy Pot o' Gold opposite James Stewart, which was released the following year. Stewart expressed similar feelings toward his film as Astaire, while Goddard's biographer Julie Gilbert claimed Goddard did not like Stewart's acting, reportedly saying "anyone can gulp". Her other film for 1941, romantic drama Hold Back the Dawn with Charles Boyer and Olivia de Havilland, received positive reviews. In 1942, Goddard gave one of her better-remembered film appearances in the variety musical Star Spangled Rhythm, in which she sang "A Sweater, a Sarong, and a Peekaboo Bang" with Dorothy Lamour and Veronica Lake. The studio also began to pair her with Ray Milland. Her first pairing with Milland, The Lady Has Plans, was panned by critics and had a tepid box office performance. However, she quickly reunited with him and DeMille for the adventure film Reap the Wild Wind. The film, which also co-starred John Wayne and Susan Hayward, saw Goddard in a Scarlett O'Hara-type role and became the studio's best-grossing film for the year. Their third film, The Crystal Ball, was bought by United Artists – a studio co-founded by Chaplin – and released the following year to tepid box office receipts. That same year, Goddard headlined So Proudly We Hail! with Claudette Colbert and Veronica Lake. Her performance as Lt. Joan O'Doul, a nurse serving in the Battle of the Philippines, earned Goddard a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress at the 16th Academy Awards. She reteamed with her co-star in that film, Sonny Tufts, in I Love a Soldier the following year with less successful results.

In May 1944, Goddard renegotiated her contract with Paramount to make two films per year over a seven-year period. The first film under this deal, costume drama Kitty, reunited her with Milland. The film required Goddard to learn a cockney accent, for which she was coached by Connie Lupino, mother of actress Ida Lupino. The film was released the following year, becoming her most successful film for the studio. She also made a cameo as herself in the ensemble comedy Duffy's Tavern, based on the popular radio show. Akin to Star Spangled Rhythm, the film featured several Paramount contract players in cameos as themselves. In 1946, she starred in The Diary of a Chambermaid opposite her husband Burgess Meredith; the couple also produced the film for United Artists.

In 1947, she starred in two box office disasters: the historical epic Unconquered, which reunited her with Cooper and DeMille; and the comedy An Ideal Husband, which she made in Britain for Alexander Korda. Although one of the year's highest-grossing films, Unconquered had a large budget – further inflated by going past its shooting schedule – that caused it to lose money for Paramount. The film's story was also criticized, though Goddard and Cooper received positive reviews for their performances. During production of the film, Goddard and DeMille clashed on the set over Goddard's reluctance to do a dangerous stunt. An Ideal Husband suffered from behind-the-scenes difficulties that included a crew strike over Goddard using her personal, Swedish-born hairdresser over an English one. Besides for Britain, the film severely underperformed at the box office, being pulled in the United States with several other British films due to a boycott by the radical Zionist group Sons of Liberty over British policies in the Palestine Mandate. The following year, Goddard reunited with Meredith in a segment of the comedy film On Our Merry Way, which he also produced. However, that same year, Meredith was placed on the Hollywood blacklist after an investigation by the House Un-American Activities Committee (Chaplin would also later be added to the blacklist). Goddard was paired with MacDonald Carey in two films for Paramount, Hazard (1948) and Bride of Vengeance (1949); and was loaned to Columbia Pictures for the film noir Anna Lucasta. However, all three of the films lost money, and she left the studio in 1949.

1950–58: Freelance and television
After leaving Paramount and divorcing Meredith, Goddard headlined the Mexican-American film The Torch (1950), also serving as an associate producer. The following year, she made her television debut in an episode of Four Star Revue. Her roles in films such as film noir Vice Squad opposite Edward G. Robinson, and the biblical character Jezebel in Sins of Jezebel failed to attract the attention of her earlier work. Her last starring film role was in the film noir A Stranger Came Home in 1954, which The New York Times deemed "A third-rate British-made whodunit," and said "A few more fly-by-nights like this Lippert presentation... and the still-shapely Miss Goddard may find herself collecting the pieces of a career"; That same year, Goddard guest starred as Lady Beryl on the second episode of Sherlock Holmes starring Ronald Howard (son of Leslie Howard) as Holmes. She continued appearing in summer stock and on television, guest starring on episodes of Adventures in Paradise, The Errol Flynn Theatre, The Joseph Cotten Show, and The Ford Television Theatre.

Later life
In 1958, Goddard remarried for the final time to writer Erich Maria Remarque, who was twelve years her senior. Wealthy from shrewd investments, she largely retired from acting and moved with him to Ronco sopra Ascona, Switzerland, where she lived with Remarque in his villa Casa Monte Tabor. However, she did continue to act occasionally, appearing in the unsold television pilot The Phantom, a supporting role in the Italian film Time of Indifference (1964), and a small role in the pilot of The Snoop Sisters. Remarque died on September 25, 1970, from heart failure in Locarno.

In addition to her own wealth, Goddard inherited much of Remarque's money and several important properties across Europe, including a wealth of contemporary art, which augmented her own long-standing collection. During this period, her talent at accumulating wealth became a byword among the old Hollywood elite. She also became a fairly well known and highly visible socialite in New York City, appearing covered with jewels at many high-profile cultural functions with several well-known men, including Andy Warhol, with whom she sustained a friendship for many years until his death in 1987. Goddard underwent invasive treatment for breast cancer in 1975, which by all accounts was successful.

Personal life
Goddard married the much older lumber tycoon Edgar James on June 28, 1927, when she was 17 years old; the couple moved to North Carolina. They separated two years later and divorced in January 1932.

In 1932, Goddard began a relationship with filmmaker Charlie Chaplin, and moved into his home in Beverly Hills. Aside from referring to Goddard as "my wife" at the October 1940 premiere of The Great Dictator, neither Goddard nor Chaplin publicly commented on their marital status during their time together. On June 3, 1942, Goddard filed for divorce in Mexico that was granted the following day. In his autobiography and her divorce filing, the couple claimed that they were married in June 1936 in Guangdong, China; while the couple did tour the area at this time, no record of a ceremony survives. However, Chaplin also reportedly told relatives that they were married only in common law. The two nonetheless maintained a friendly relationship following the divorce, and Goddard remained close with Chaplin's two elder sons Charles Chaplin Jr. and Sydney Chaplin.

Goddard traveled to Mexico in 1940 for Look magazine ("Paulette Goddard Discovers Mexico"), where she met Diego Rivera while living in the San Angel Inn across from his studio. She was "pursued" by Rivera and was depicted holding hands with him in his Pan American Unity mural. She accompanied him to California when he fled Mexico following death threats and attacks on him for his political activities. A follow-up story in Look (July 20, 1940) was titled "Adventure and Mexico – Paulette Goddard helps Diego Rivera." The FBI soon put her under surveillance to investigate her political opinions and activities.

In May 1944, Goddard married Burgess Meredith at David O. Selznick's home in Beverly Hills. In October 1944, she suffered the miscarriage of a son; it was the only pregnancy of hers reported, and she had no biological children from any of her marriages. In the latter part of their marriage, Meredith was placed on the Hollywood blacklist. On the way to a premiere, the two were mobbed by a baying crowd screaming "Communists!"; Goddard was reported to have said "Shall I roll down the window and hit them with my diamonds, Bugsy?" They divorced in June 1949.

In February 1958, Goddard married writer Erich Maria Remarque. They remained married until Remarque's death in 1970.

Death and legacy
On April 23, 1990, aged 79, Goddard died at her home in Switzerland from heart failure. She is buried in Ronco Village Cemetery (Cimitero di Ronco sopra Ascona), Distretto di Locarno, Ticino, Switzerland, next to Remarque and her mother.

Arguably, Goddard's foremost legacies remain her two feature films with Charles Chaplin — Modern Times and The Great Dictator — and a $20 million donation to New York University (NYU) in New York City to fund an institution devoted to European studies, named after Remarque. This contribution was also in recognition of her friendship with the Indiana-born politician and former NYU President John Brademas. Goddard Hall, a residence hall for NYU freshmen in Greenwich Village, is named in her honor.

Fictional portrayals
Goddard was portrayed by Gwen Humble in the made-for-TV movie Moviola: The Scarlett O'Hara War (1980), by Diane Lane in the 1992 film Chaplin, and by Natalie Wilder in the 2011 play Puma, written by Julie Gilbert, who also wrote Opposite Attraction: The Lives of Erich Maria Remarque and Paulette Goddard.

title: Paulette Goddard


text:
2003 Saskatchewan general election

The 2003 Saskatchewan general election was held on November 5, 2003, to elect the 58 members of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (MLAs). The election was called on October 8 by Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan Lynda Haverstock, on the advice of Premier Lorne Calvert.

Campaign
Going into the election, the popularity of the New Democratic Party of Saskatchewan (NDP) had declined because of several controversies. Voters in this agrarian province were disgruntled because of a mediocre harvest, a disastrous summer for cattle producers – the American border had been closed to Canadian beef due to fears of mad cow disease; and the actions of a member of the NDP Cabinet who was found to have misled the people of the province on the nature of the Saskatchewan Potato Utility Development Company ("SPUDCO") – a publicly owned potato company that was inappropriately characterized as a public-private partnership that went bust in 2000.

Election issues included emigration (the province's population was falling because young people were leaving the province to look for work), honesty and integrity, privatization of public inter-city transit and energy supplies, and utility rates.

During the campaign, the NDP was attacked for an internal cartoon that had been leaked to the media. It depicted Saskatchewan Party leader Elwin Hermanson directing persons labeled 'NDP sympathizers' onto railway boxcars. The cartoon referred to speculation that, if elected, Hermanson would replace civil servants who were NDP supporters with Saskatchewan Party supporters. However, many associated it with the Holocaust – in particular Nazi Germany's deportation of Jews to concentration camps.

The campaign as a whole was seen as being quite negative, as the NDP constantly claimed that the Saskatchewan Party had a 'secret agenda' to privatize crown corporations to finance large tax cuts for business; the Saskatchewan Party had a difficult time refuting these claims, as several party members made comments that seemed consistent with this view.

Unlike many of the other provincial elections held in 2003, the election was widely regarded as too close to call up until a large proportion of the polls had reported. To the surprise of observers who believed the NDP would be affected by the poor pre-election conditions, the NDP won its fourth term in government. It actually picked up the one seat it needed for a bare majority. The election was ultimately decided in Regina Wascana Plains, which the NDP won by only 543 votes. Had the Saskatchewan Party won here, both parties would have had 29 seats each. All of the NDP's ministers were re-elected; except for two who had defected to the party from the Liberals.

The Saskatchewan Party cemented its grip on most of the rural seats, yet was unable to make further gains in urban areas. It won two additional seats in Saskatoon, but was completely shut out in Regina (though as mentioned above it nearly won Regina Wascana Plains). Believing he had taken the party as far as he could, Hermanson resigned as leader on November 18, 2003.

Although speculation was high that they could form the balance of power in the case of a minority government, the Liberals lost their one seat, shutting them out of the legislature for the first time since 1982. They would never again return to the legislature - in 2023 they re-branded as the Saskatchewan Progress Party.

Results
Note: * Party did not nominate candidates in previous election.

6 closest constituencies

 * 1) Lloydminster: Milt Wakefield (SK Party) def. Wayne Byers (NDP) by 64 votes
 * 2) Humboldt: Donna Harpauer (SK Party) def. Bryan Barnes (NDP) by 173 votes
 * 3) Saskatoon Northwest: Ted Merriman (SK Party) def. Jim Melenchuk (Ind.-NDP) by 266 votes
 * 4) Carrot River Valley: Allan Kerpan (SK Party) def. Mark Pitzel (NDP) by 360 votes
 * 5) Weyburn-Big Muddy: Brenda Bakken (SK Party) def. Sherry Leach (NDP) by 385 votes
 * 6) Meadow Lake: Maynard Sonntag (NDP) def. Ron Dosdall (SK Party) by 414 votes

Riding-by-riding results
''People in bold represent cabinet ministers and the Speaker. Party leaders are italicized. The symbol " ** " represents MLAs who are not running again.''

Opinion polls
NDP – 42% Saskatchewan Party – 39% Liberals – 18% Other – 1%
 * CBC Saskatchewan (October 20 – 26, 2003) :

NDP – 47% Saskatchewan Party – 37% Liberals – 14% Other – 2%
 * Cutler Poll (October 29–November 5, 2003) :

General resources

 * Government of Saskatchewan
 * Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan
 * Legislature - Election 2003
 * Elections Saskatchewan
 * CBC - Saskatchewan Votes 2003

Parties with seats in the house prior to dissolution

 * Saskatchewan New Democratics (see also New Democratic Party)
 * Saskatchewan Party
 * Liberal Party of Saskatchewan (see also Liberal Party of Canada)

Other parties

 * Western Independence Party of Saskatchewan
 * New Green Alliance Party of Saskatchewan

Other Saskatchewan political links

 * Saskatchewan NDP Caucus
 * Lorne Calvert, NDP MLA for Saskatoon Riversdale
 * Judy Junor, NDP MLA for Saskatoon Eastview
 * David Forbes, NDP MLA for Saskatoon Centre

title: 2003 Saskatchewan general election


text:
Zollinger–Ellison syndrome

Zollinger–Ellison syndrome (Z-E syndrome) is rare disease in which tumors cause the stomach to produce too much acid, resulting in peptic ulcers. Symptoms include abdominal pain and diarrhea.

The syndrome is caused by a gastrinoma, a neuroendocrine tumor that secretes a hormone called gastrin. Too much gastrin in the blood (hypergastrinemia) results in the overproduction of gastric acid by parietal cells in the stomach. Gastrinomas most commonly arise in the duodenum, pancreas or stomach.

In 75% of cases Zollinger–Ellison syndrome occurs sporadically, while in 25% of cases it occurs as part of an autosomal dominant syndrome called multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1).

Signs and symptoms
Patients with Zollinger–Ellison syndrome may experience abdominal pain and diarrhea. The diagnosis is also suspected in patients who have severe ulceration of the stomach and small bowel, especially if they fail to respond to treatment.
 * Chronic diarrhea, including steatorrhea (fatty stools)
 * Pain in the esophagus, especially between and after meals at night
 * Nausea
 * Wheezing
 * Vomiting blood
 * Malnourishment
 * Loss of appetite
 * Malabsorption

Gastrinomas may occur as single tumors or as multiple small tumors. About one-half to two-thirds of single gastrinomas are malignant tumors that most commonly spread to the liver and to lymph nodes near the pancreas and small bowel. Nearly 25 percent of patients with gastrinomas have multiple tumors as part of a condition called multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1). MEN I patients have tumors in their pituitary gland and parathyroid glands, in addition to tumors of the pancreas.

Pathophysiology
Gastrin works on the parietal cells of the gastric glands, causing them to secrete more hydrogen ions into the stomach lumen. In addition, gastrin acts as a trophic factor for parietal cells, causing parietal cell hyperplasia. Normally, hydrogen ion secretion is controlled by a negative feedback loop by gastric cells to maintain a suitable pH, however, the neuroendocrine tumor that is present in individuals with Zollinger–Ellison Syndrome has no regulation, resulting in excessively large amounts of secretion. Thus, there is an increase in the number of acid-secreting cells, and each of these cells produces acid at a higher rate. The increase in acidity contributes to the development of peptic ulcers in the stomach, duodenum (first portion of the small bowel) and occasionally the jejunum (second portion of the small bowel), the last of which is an 'atypical' ulcer.

Diagnosis
Zollinger–Ellison syndrome may be suspected when the above symptoms prove resistant to treatment when the symptoms are especially suggestive of the syndrome, or when endoscopy is suggestive. The diagnosis is made through several laboratory tests and imaging studies:
 * Secretin stimulation test, which measures evoked gastrin levels. Note that the mechanism underlying this test is in contrast to the normal physiologic mechanism whereby secretin inhibits gastrin release from G cells. Gastrinoma cells release gastrin in response to secretin stimulation, thereby providing a sensitive means of differentiation.
 * Fasting gastrin levels on at least three occasions
 * Gastric acid secretion and pH (normal basal gastric acid secretion is less than 10 mEq/hour; in Zollinger–Ellison patients, it is usually more than 15 mEq/hour)
 * An increased level of chromogranin A is a common marker of neuroendocrine tumors.

In addition, the source of the increased gastrin production must be determined using MRI or somatostatin receptor scintigraphy.

Treatment
Proton pump inhibitors (such as omeprazole and lansoprazole) and histamine H2-receptor antagonists (such as famotidine and ranitidine) are used to slow acid secretion. Once gastric acid is suppressed, symptoms normally improve. Surgery to remove peptic ulcers or tumors might also be considered.

Epidemiology
The condition most commonly affects people between the ages of 30 and 60. The prevalence is unknown, but estimated to be about 1 in 100,000 people.

History
Sporadic reports of unusual cases of peptic ulceration in the presence of pancreatic tumors occurred prior to 1955, but Robert M. Zollinger and Edwin H. Ellison, surgeons at Ohio State University, were the first to postulate a causal relationship between these findings. The American Surgical Association meeting in Philadelphia in April 1955 heard the first public description of the syndrome, and Zollinger and Ellison subsequently published their findings in Annals of Surgery.

title: Zollinger–Ellison syndrome