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State Bank of India

State Bank of India (SBI) is an Indian multinational public sector bank and financial services statutory body headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It is the 47th largest bank in the world by total assets and ranked 221st in the Fortune Global 500 list of the world's biggest corporations of 2020, being the only Indian bank on the list. It is a public sector bank and the largest bank in India with a 23% market share by assets and a 25% share of the total loan and deposits market. It is also the tenth largest employer in India with nearly 250,000 employees. In 2023, the company’s seat in Forbes Global 2000 was 77.

On 14 September 2022, State Bank of India became the third lender (after HDFC Bank and ICICI Bank) and the seventh Indian company to cross the ₹5 trillion market capitalization on the Indian stock exchanges for the first time. The largest public lender in the country reached a milestone in April 2024, when its market capitalization surpassed ₹7 trillion, making it the second public sector undertaking (PSU) to do so, after Life Insurance Corporation of India. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has identified SBI, HDFC Bank, and ICICI Bank as Domestic Systemically Important Banks (D-SIBs), which are often referred to as banks that are “too big to fail”.

The bank descends from the Bank of Calcutta, founded in 1806 via the Imperial Bank of India, making it the oldest commercial bank in the Indian subcontinent. The Bank of Madras merged into the other two presidency banks in British India, the Bank of Calcutta and the Bank of Bombay, to form the Imperial Bank of India, which in turn became the State Bank of India on July 1, 1955. Overall the bank has been formed from the merger and acquisition of more than twenty banks over the course of its 200-year history. The Government of India took control of the Imperial Bank of India in 1955, with Reserve Bank of India (India's central bank) taking a 60% stake, renaming it State Bank of India.

On 16 August 2022, in an attempt to facilitate and support India's start-ups, SBI announced the launch of its first "state-of-the-art" dedicated branch for start-ups in Bengaluru.

History
The roots of the State Bank of India lie in the first decade of the 19th century when the Bank of Calcutta (later renamed the Bank of Bengal) was established on 2 June 1806. The Bank of Bengal was one of three Presidency banks, the other two being the Bank of Bombay (incorporated on 15 April 1840) and the Bank of Madras (incorporated on 1 July 1843). All three Presidency banks were incorporated as joint stock companies and were the result of royal charters. These three banks received the exclusive right to issue paper currency till 1861 when, with the Paper Currency Act, the right was taken over by the Government of India. The Presidency banks amalgamated on 27 January 1921, and the re-organised banking entity took as its name Imperial Bank of India. The Imperial Bank of India remained a joint-stock company but without Government participation.

Under the provisions of the State Bank of India Act of 1955, the Reserve Bank of India, which is India's central bank, acquired a controlling interest in the Imperial Bank of India. On 1 July 1955, the Imperial Bank of India became the State Bank of India. In 2008, the Government of India acquired the Reserve Bank of India's stake in SBI to remove any conflict of interest because the RBI is the country's banking regulatory authority.

In 1959, the government passed the State Bank of India (Subsidiary Banks) Act. This made eight banks that had belonged to princely states into subsidiaries of SBI. This was at the time of the First Five-Year Plan, which prioritised the development of rural India. The government integrated these banks into the State Bank of India system to expand its rural outreach. In 1963 SBI merged the State Bank of Jaipur (est. 1943) and State Bank of Bikaner (est.1944).

SBI has acquired local banks in rescues. The first was the Bank of Bihar (est. 1911), which SBI acquired in 1969, together with its 28 branches. The next year SBI acquired the National Bank of Lahore (est. 1942), which had 24 branches. Five years later, in 1975, SBI acquired Krishnaram Baldeo Bank, which had been established in 1916 in Gwalior State, under the patronage of Maharaja Madho Rao Scindia. The bank had been the Dukan Pichadi, a small moneylender, owned by the Maharaja. The new bank's first manager was Jall N. Broacha. In 1985, SBI acquired the Bank of Cochin in Kerala, which had 120 branches. SBI was the acquirer as its affiliate, the State Bank of Travancore, already had an extensive network in Kerala. National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad designed the SBI logo in 1971.

There was, even before it happened, a proposal to merge all the associate banks into SBI to create a single very large bank and streamline operations.

The first step towards unification occurred on 13 August 2008 when State Bank of Saurashtra merged with SBI, reducing the number of associate state banks from seven to six. On 19 June 2009, the SBI board approved the absorption of State Bank of Indore, in which SBI held 98.3%. (Individuals who held the shares before their takeover by the government held the balance of 1.7%.)

The acquisition of State Bank of Indore added 470 branches to SBI's existing network of branches. Also, following the acquisition, SBI's total assets approached ₹10 lakh crore. The total assets of SBI and the State Bank of Indore were ₹9.98 lakh crore as of March 2009. The process of merging of State Bank of Indore was completed by April 2010, and the SBIndore branches started functioning as SBI branches on 26 August 2010.

On 7 October 2013, Arundhati Bhattacharya became the first woman to be appointed chairperson of the bank. Mrs. Bhattacharya received an extension of two years of service to merge into SBI the five remaining associate banks.

In February 2024, State Bank of India began a partnership with Flywire Corporation to make student fees and compliance with the Reserve Bank of India’s Liberalised Remittance Scheme (LRS) more transparent.

Administrative Offices and Branches
SBI provides a range of banking products through its network of branches in India and overseas, including products aimed at non-resident Indians (NRIs). Concerning domestic banking business, SBI has 17 regional hubs known as local head offices (LHOs), under whom are 57 administrative offices (AOs), that are located in important cities throughout India, under whom are furthermore administrative sub-offices known as regional business offices (RBOs), with each RBO having, under its direct administrative control, some 40 to 50 branches.

Domestic
As per SBI Official website data, SBI has 22,405 branches in India. In the financial year 2012–13, its revenue was inr 2005000000000, 95.35% of which came from domestic operations. Similarly, domestic operations contributed to 88.37% of total profits for the same financial year.

Under the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana of financial inclusion launched by Government in August 2014, SBI held 11,300 camps and opened over 30 lakh (3 million) accounts by September, which included 21 lakh (2.1 million) accounts in rural areas and 15.7 lakh (1.57 million) accounts in urban areas.

International
As of 2014–15, the bank had 191 overseas offices spread over 36 countries having the largest presence in foreign markets among Indian banks.

 * SBI Australia
 * SBI Bangladesh
 * SBI Bahrain
 * SBI Botswana The SBI Botswana subsidiary was registered on 27 January 2006 and was issued a banking licence by the Bank of Botswana on 29 July 2013. The subsidiary handed over its banking licence and closed its operations in the country.
 * SBI Canada Bank was incorporated in 1982 as a subsidiary of the State Bank of India. SBI Canada Bank is a Schedule II Canadian Bank listed under the Bank Act and is a member of the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation.
 * SBI China
 * SBI (Mauritius) Ltd SBI established an offshore bank in 1989, State Bank of India International (Mauritius) Ltd. This then amalgamated with The Indian Ocean International Bank (which had been doing retail banking in Mauritius since 1979) to form SBI (Mauritius) Ltd. Today, SBI (Mauritius) Ltd has 14 branches – 13 retail branches and 1 global business branch at Ebene in Mauritius.
 * Nepal SBI Bank Limited

In Nepal, SBI owns 55% of the share. (The state-owned Employees Provident Fund of Nepal owns 15% and the general public owns the remaining 30%.) Nepal SBI Bank Limited has branches throughout the country.

 * SBI Sri Lanka now has three branches located in Colombo, Kandy and Jaffna. The Jaffna branch was opened on 9 September 2013. SBI Sri Lanka is the oldest bank in Sri Lanka; it was founded in 1864.

In Nigeria, SBI operates as INMB Bank. This bank began in 1981 as the Indo–Nigerian Merchant Bank and received permission in 2002 to commence retail banking. It now has five branches in Nigeria.

In Moscow, SBI owns 60% of Commercial Bank of India, with Canara Bank owning the rest. In Indonesia, it owns 76% of PT Bank Indo Monex. State Bank of India already has a branch in Shanghai and plans to open one in Tianjin.

In Kenya, State Bank of India owns 76% of Giro Commercial Bank, which it acquired for US$8 million in October 2005.

SBI South Korea In January 2016, SBI opened its first branch in Seoul, South Korea.

SBI South Africa

SBI UK Ltd

SBI USA In 1982, the bank established a subsidiary, State Bank of India, which now has ten branches—nine branches in the state of California and one in Washington, D.C. The 10th branch was opened in Fremont, California on 28 March 2011. The other eight branches in California are located in Los Angeles, Artesia, San Jose, Canoga Park, Fresno, San Diego, Tustin and Bakersfield.

Former Associate Banks
SBI acquired the control of seven banks in 1960. They were the seven regional banks of former Indian princely states. They were renamed, prefixing them with 'State Bank of'. These seven banks were State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur (SBBJ), State Bank of Hyderabad (SBH), State Bank of Indore (SBN), State Bank of Mysore (SBM), State Bank of Patiala (SBP), State Bank of Saurashtra (SBS)  and State Bank of Travancore (SBT). All these banks were given the same logo as the parent bank, SBI. State Bank of India and all its associate banks used the same blue Keyhole logo said to have been inspired by Ahmedabad's Kankaria Lake. The State Bank of India wordmark usually had one standard typeface, but also utilised other typefaces. The wordmark now has the keyhole logo followed by "SBI".

The plans for making SBI a single very large bank by merging the associate banks started in 2008, and in September of the same year, SBS merged with SBI. The very next year, the State Bank of Indore (SBN) also merged.

Following a merger process, the merger of the 5 remaining associate banks, (viz. State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur, State Bank of Hyderabad, State Bank of Mysore, State Bank of Patiala, State Bank of Travancore); and the Bharatiya Mahila Bank) with the SBI was given an in-principle approval  by the Union Cabinet on 15 June 2016. This came a month after the SBI board had, on 17 May 2016, cleared a proposal to merge its five associate banks and Bharatiya Mahila Bank with itself.

On 15 February 2017, the Union Cabinet approved the merger of five associate banks with SBI. An analyst foresaw an initial negative impact as a result of different pension liability provisions and accounting policies for bad loans. The merger went into effect from 1 April 2017.

Non-banking subsidiaries
Apart from five of its associate banks (merged with SBI on 1 April 2017), SBI's non-banking subsidiaries include: In March 2001, SBI (with 74% of the total capital), joined with BNP Paribas (with 26% of the remaining capital), to form a joint venture life insurance company named SBI Life Insurance Company Ltd.
 * SBI Capital Markets Ltd
 * SBI Cards & Payments Services Pvt. Ltd. (SBICPSL)
 * SBI Life Insurance Company Limited
 * SBI Mutual Fund

Other SBI service points
As of July 2023, the SBI group had 65,627 ATMs. Since November 2017, SBI also offers an integrated digital banking platform named YONO.

Yes Bank Investment
In March 2020, as part of an RBI-directed rescue deal, the State Bank of India acquired 48.2% of the shares of Yes Bank. As of 8 February 2024, the shareholding has decreased to 26.13%.

Listings and shareholding
As of December 2023, the Government of India held around 57.49% equity shares in SBI. The Life Insurance Corporation of India, itself state-owned, is the largest non-promoter shareholder in the company with 9.02% shareholding.

The equity shares of SBI are listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange, where it is a constituent of the BSE SENSEX index, and the National Stock Exchange of India, where it is a constituent of the CNX Nifty. Its Global Depository Receipts (GDRs) are listed on the London Stock Exchange.

Employees

SBI is one of the largest employers in the world with 245,652 employees as of 31 March 2021. Out of the total workforce, the representation of women employees is nearly 26%. The percentage of Officers, Associates, and Subordinate staff was 44.28%, 41.03%, and 14.69% respectively on the same date. Each employee contributed a net profit of inr 828350 during FY 2020–21.

Philanthropic Arm
State Bank of India maintains a philanthropic arm in the name of SBI Foundation which is involved to support development initiatives in India and also with initiatives that comply under the Ministry of Corporate Affairs under Corporate Social Responsibility.

title: State Bank of India


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John Butler (Ranger)

John Butler (c. April 28, 1728 – May 12, 1796) was an American-born military officer, landowner, colonial official in the British Indian Department, and merchant. During the American Revolutionary War, he was a prominent Loyalist who led the provincial regiment known as Butler's Rangers. Born in Connecticut, he moved to New York with his family, where he learned several Iroquoian languages and worked as an interpreter in the fur trade. He was well-prepared to work with the Mohawk and other Iroquois nations who became allies of the British during the rebellion.

During the Revolutionary War, Butler persuaded the Seneca and Cayuga to participate in the St. Leger's Expedition in New York. Afterwards he was given permission to raise a "corps of rangers" to work closely with Britain's Indigenous allies. Butler's Rangers participated in raids in New York and Pennsylvania, including the Battle of Wyoming and the Cherry Valley Massacre. After the war Butler resettled in Upper Canada, where he was given a grant of land by the Crown for his services. Butler continued his leadership in the developing colony, serving in public office, and helping to establish the Anglican Church and the Masonic Order in what is now Ontario.

Early life
John Butler, the son of Walter Butler and Deborah Ely, was born in 1728 in New London, Connecticut. In 1742, his father moved the family to Fort Hunter on the frontier in the Mohawk Valley near the modern village of Fonda, New York. John married Catharine (Catalyntje) Bradt of Dutch ancestry about 1752. The couple raised five children including Walter Butler. Two others died in infancy. Having learned several Iroquoian languages, Butler was frequently employed as an interpreter in the lucrative fur trade.

French and Indian War
In 1755, John Butler was appointed to the rank of lieutenant in the British Indian Department. He served in the French and Indian War under Sir William Johnson and was promoted to captain. In 1758, he saw action with James Abercromby at Fort Ticonderoga and John Bradstreet at the Battle of Fort Frontenac. In 1759, he served under Johnson as second-in-command of the Indigenous forces at the Battle of Fort Niagara, where he played a crucial role in flanking the French reinforcements. In 1760, he continued as second-in-command of the Indigenous warriors in Jeffery Amherst's force during the capture of Montreal.

Pre-American Revolution years
After the war, Butler returned to the Mohawk Valley in New York. He acquired more land, building an estate of 26,000 acre at Butlersbury near the major Mohawk village of Caughnawaga. He was second only to Sir William Johnson, British Superintendent of Indian Affairs, as a wealthy frontier landowner, and worked under Johnson for the British Indian Department. In 1772, Butler was appointed a judge in the Tryon County court and was commissioned Lieutenant Colonel of Guy Johnson's regiment of Tryon County militia. Butler was elected as one of the two members representing Tryon County in the New York assembly.

American Revolutionary War
John Butler returned to service, as a Loyalist, when the American Revolution turned to war in 1775. In May 1775, he left for Canada in the company of Daniel Claus, Walter Butler, Hon Yost Schuyler and Joseph Brant, a Mohawk leader. On July 7, they reached Fort Oswego and in August, Montreal. Butler participated in the defence of Montreal against an attack led by Ethan Allen. In November, Guy Carleton, Governor of the Province of Quebec, sent Butler to Fort Niagara with instructions to keep the Iroquois neutral. His son, Walter, enlisted as an ensign in the 8th Regiment of Foot, but his wife and other children were detained by the American rebels.

In March 1776, John Butler sent a party of about 100 allied warriors to Montreal to force the Americans out of Quebec. In May 1777, he received instructions to bring as many Iroquois warriors as he could to Fort Oswego for an attack on Fort Stanwix as a part of the Saratoga Campaign. Butler persuaded about 350 Seneca and Cayuga warriors to participate, and was appointed second-in-command of the Indigenous forces under Daniel Claus.

Butler successfully coordinated the ambush of rebel militia and Oneida warriors at the Battle of Oriskany. As a result he was commissioned a Major and given authority to raise his own regiment, which became known as Butler's Rangers, initially with a strength of eight companies. He returned to Fort Niagara, and completed recruiting the first company in December.

In July 1778, Butler led his Rangers and Indigenous allies at the Battle of Wyoming, in which he defeated Lieutenant Colonel Zebulon Butler's militia and Continentals and captured Forty Fort. Later, the battle was referred to as the "Wyoming Massacre" because of the many Patriots who were killed and scalped as they fled the battlefield. In the days following the battle, homes, barns and mills in the area were looted and burned, however, the inhabitants were not harmed.

Butler commanded his Rangers from his headquarters at Fort Niagara. In 1779, he was defeated at the Battle of Newtown, the only major engagement of the Sullivan Expedition against the Iroquois. He was promoted from Major to Lieutenant Colonel in the winter of 1780.

In 1780, Butler commanded the four companies of Rangers that participated in the large-scale raid on the Schoharie and Mohawk valleys. The raid culminated in the inconclusive Battle of Klock's Field on October 19, 1780. Later in the war, the Rangers were active from Niagara to Illinois County, Virginia.

Post-war years and death
At the end of the Revolution, John Butler was given a land grant in the Niagara region by the Crown for his services during the war and as compensation for his property in New York having been confiscated. He developed it for agriculture. He became one of the political leaders of Upper Canada, later called Ontario. He was appointed as a Deputy Superintendent for the Indian Department, a Justice of the Peace, and the local militia commander. He was also prominent in establishing the Anglican Church and Masonic Order in what is now Ontario. Butler worked with his superior in the Indian Department, Sir John Johnson, 2nd Baronet, in negotiating the acquisition of lands east of the Toronto Purchase of 1787.

Butler died, at his home, at age 68 in Niagara, Upper Canada, British Canada, now Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, on May 12, 1796. His wife had died three years previously. Butler was survived by three sons and a daughter. John Butler is interred in the family burial ground in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario.

Legacy

 * Col. John Butler School in Niagara-on-the-Lake was named after him, as are numerous other public and private establishments, including a Best Western Hotel, a sports bar, a street leading to the family burial ground on land that was his former property, and the Butler's Barracks established after the War of 1812. The latter has been designated as a National Historic Site.
 * In 2006, a life-sized bronze bust of Butler was installed at the Valiants Memorial in Ottawa. Alongside Mohawk leader Joseph Brant, he is considered a key player in the founding of British North America and late eighteenth-century Canada.
 * In 2010, a bust was installed on top of a memorial cairn at the site of his homestead on Balmoral Drive in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Butler (Ranger)


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Talk:Lists of Marvel Comics characters/Archive 2

This talk page was archived on December 15, 2003.

Guidelines

 * Disambiguation. If the character's name clearly could only mean a comics book character, then the entry should simply be the name: Spider-Man. If, on the other hand, the character's name could possibly be confused, then add add the disambiguation phrase "(comics)" to the end of the entry; for example, the entry for Wolverine should be Wolverine (comics). For justification for this disambiguation phrase, see the section on disambiguation below.
 * Abbreviations. Abbreviations are not used. Thus, "Mister Fantastic", not "Mr. Fantastic", and "Doctor Octopus", not "Dr. Octopus". This is for the purpose of standardizing article names.
 * Codenames. Characters should be listed by codename, not by first and last name, except when the character is more well-known by first and last name than by any codename (examples: Jean Grey, Nick Fury). Thus, we should use Captain America and not "Steve Rogers" as the title of the article for the character.
 * Last Name, First Name.
 * If a character is usually known by a combination of first name and last name, then the character will be listed by first name (which puts it in accordance with the general Wikipedia convention of listing people by first name). For example, the primary link to Graydon Creed will be listed under "G", not "C". However, there should also be a link under "C", of the following form:
 * Creed, Graydon (see Graydon Creed)
 * Prominent public personalities. Characters with extremely well-known public personas (examples: Matt Murdock as superstar lawyer, Peter Parker as high school nerd and Daily Bugle photographer, Reed Richards as scientific genius, Tony Stark as billionaire industrialist) are also listed by their first and last names. For example:
 * Iron Man
 * Stark, Tony (see Iron Man)
 * Tony Stark (see Iron Man)
 * Same first letter of first and last name. If a character's first and last name start with the same letter, there is no need to make double entries based on first-name-first and last-name-first, since the entries would be close to one another anyway.
 * Articles. Articles (like the word "The" in "The Beast") are not included in character names. However, redirects are fine; for example, The Beast could redirect to Beast (comics). The justification for not using articles is:
 * Other characters usually do not refer to the character with the article (a character talking to Beast does not say, "Watch out for that villain behind you, The Beast!", but rather simply says, "Watch out for that villain behind you, Beast!")
 * Marvel itself, in its published trading cards in the early 1990s, left off articles like "The" on the names of the character cards.
 * Over the years, comics companies have had a tendency to move away from articles. In the 1960s, using the word "The" was very popular with both Marvel and DC, but gradually, most characters who had the word "The" have dropped it.
 * Potentially confusing to users and editors of Wikipedia who are looking for a character and leave off the article.

Disambiguation
List of possible disambiguation phrases:

 * Storm (comics)
 * Storm (Marvel character)
 * Storm (Marvel Comics)
 * Storm (Marvel Comics character)
 * Storm (superhero)

The "(superhero)" or "(supervillain)" disambiguation phrase has several problems:
 * It is often not quite clear whether a character is a hero or a villain. Though usually considered a hero, the Punisher could be considered a villain (Bloodaxe follows the same methods, and is usually considered a villain). Similar cases of ambiguity of moral affiliation could be made for Deadpool, Elektra, Thanos, and many other characters. There are also characters without any moral affiliation at all (example: Living Tribunal).
 * It seems to limit characters to just the superhero genre, which is not the only genre of characters. Should we consider certain characters who have no special powers (e.g. supporting characters like Uncle Ben) to be heroes? What about characters with no superpowers, but just military training, like Nick Fury?
 * Another problem with the "(superhero)" or "(supervillain)" designation is that it is not necessarily gender-neutral. For example, for Storm, should she be Storm (superhero) or Storm (superheroine)? And for Lilith, should she be Lilith (supervillain) or Lilith (supervillainess)?
 * In an effort to standardize the disambiguation name, some Wikipedia users were using the phrase "(superhero)" even for characters that were clearly supervillains. This made the entries confusing.

The advantage of a disambiguation phrase including the word "Marvel" is that it makes it clear what character is being referred to in those cases where multiple comic book characters from different publishers share the same codename (example: Captain Marvel is used by both Marvel Comics and DC Comics). However, any disambiguation phrase including the word "Marvel" also has several problems:
 * Just using "(Marvel)" by itself as a disambiguation phrase is not acceptable, as it is too vague and could mean too many things. Thus, it is necessary that it be used in combination with others words, like "(Marvel Comics)", "(Marvel character)", etc. This makes the disambiguation phrase long and hard-to-remember.
 * Many non-comics fans won't know what Marvel is.
 * Marvel is currently popular in the mainstream; will it continue to be so years in the future?
 * What if Marvel Comics were bought by another company, as Wildstorm was bought by DC Comics?

The disambiguation phrase "(comics)" does not have the drawbacks mentioned above, and furthermore has several advantages:
 * It immediately makes the genre clear.
 * It is only a single word, and very simple, in comparison to a complicated, difficult-to-remember disambiguation phrase like "(Marvel Comics character)".
 * This is a disambiguation phrase that could be applied to teams like Generation X (comics) and alien races like Asgardians (comics) as well.

Inclusion of characters

 * Whether a character is important enough to warrant inclusion in this list will be determined by number of appearances in the Marvel Chronology Project.
 * Please be more specific about this. How many appearances? Appearances in what, exactly?  Number of issues, or number of references in the project, or what? -mhr 17:18, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure yet either. First let me say that I am in no way affiliated with the Chronology Project; I am only using it because it is the most complete database of its kind that I know of in existence. The reason that I brought up this point is because the article shouldn't become a list of every single character that has ever, at any time, appeared in the Marvel Universe. That would make the list grow to huge proportions, better suited for websites dedicated to indexing Marvel characters. (For example, how many people know or care about characters like the Sky-Walker, appearing only on one page of a single decades-old issue of Daredevil?) Yet it is difficult to arbitrarily say whether a character is "important" or not; one character that is important to one person might not be important to another. I thought that a way to set a definitive standard would be by number of appearances. However, I haven't determined that exact number, nor would I advocate setting one such number immediately. Rather, I think it will gradually emerge by consensus. --Lowellian 23:02, Nov 26, 2003 (UTC)
 * Personally, I think there's little point in having a standard if characters such as Marrow, Shinobi Shaw and Pip The Troll are included. These are extremely borderline characters.  I guess it comes down to what the purpose of the page is.  It could be a listing of every Marvel character someone wants to see here (not necessarily a bad thing), or it should filter based on some ultimate goal (e.g., characters who have had their own titles; or characters who are not members of some group with which they're better known than on their own, such as many individual X-Men; or, major characters plus characters with entries but who aren't linked to from any other WP page).  I guess it doesn't really matter to me, I'm just suggesting that the page's purpose should drive who appears on it. -mhr 23:42, 28 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Definite articles

 * I'm still not sold on avoiding use of definite articles such as "The" in page titles. To address some specific points from Lowellian's guidelines:
 * Other characters usually do not refer to the character with the article (a character talking to Beast does not say, "Watch out for that villain behind you, The Beast!", but rather simply says, "Watch out for that villain behind you, Beast!")
 * While this is true, it's also simply a normal contraction based on context. But there are quite a few characters who I think are very closely associated with definite-article names, and who would not be (say) introduced to someone without the definite article.  Clear examples include "The Wasp", "The Vision", "The Scarlet Witch".  I think some exceptions (such as the comic title Vision and the Scarlet Witch) are done simply because they scan better in one particular instance.  But The Vision is definitely a character I associate with a definite article name.
 * Marvel itself, in its published trading cards in the early 1990s, left off articles like "The" on the names of the character cards.
 * Over the years, comics companies have had a tendency to move away from articles. In the 1960s, using the word "The" was very popular with both Marvel and DC, but gradually, most characters who had the word "The" have dropped it.
 * Not sure I really buy this as a generality. "The Avengers" have always been referred to with "The" unless someone is talking specifically to the Avengers.  In fact, no one would ever write (for instance) "talking to Avengers" to refer to the whole team, they'd write "talking to the Avengers".  I can see there being some case-by-case exceptions (The Batman, for instance, clearly is simply Batman today), but in general I think characters who have "the" in their name should have it in their page title unless there's a clear and long-term shift for that individual character away from it.

 * While companies might be moving away from using definite articles, they could also move back, and I think most of these characters are much better known, even today, with the definite article.
 * Potentially confusing to users and editors of Wikipedia who are looking for a character and leave off the article.
 * I think this is a red herring. We can use redirects for this.

 * I think we should retain definite articles for most characters which have them, unless the WP guidelines explicitly state otherwise (though I couldn't find such a guideline after a short search). -mhr 18:32, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Okay, how about this? Check out these three links to large sites that show up pretty high on Internet search engines: (1) www.chronologyproject.com (2) www.marveldirectory.com/indivuals.htm (3) www.marvunapp.com/Appendix/appchar.htm. Notice that in all three cases, the listings of characters do not include articles. Sure, those aren't official sites. So take a look at the official site: www.marvel.com/bios/index.htm. Again, no articles, even for characters like the Hulk, the Thing, and the Human Torch. Or even the Avengers, for that matter, though I admit the official site does not have entries up yet for the Scarlet Witch or the Wasp. --Lowellian 21:04, Dec 4, 2003 (UTC)

 * Take a look at the actual articles at www.marvel.com/bios/index.htm. Some quotes from the articles:

 * • "The Hulk possesses superhuman strength that increases as he becomes enraged[...]", "The Hulk is a living, breathing engine of destruction.", and many similar references in the Hulk article.
 * • "On that day, the Avengers were born[...]", etc.
 * • "As an X-Man, the blue-furred Beast has dedicated the totality of his physical gifts and scientific genius[...]", "[...]the Beast has never earned a Nobel Prize[...]", etc.

 * And so forth. www.marveldirectory.com/indivuals.htm is similar in this way.

 * So on reflection I don't agree that the use of the definite articles is being phased out, by... pretty much anyone.

 * Omitting articles for a list of items is common enough, precisely because it makes it more difficult to scan the listing (though doing things like "Thing, The" and "Hulk, The" is also common). And for this list (i.e., the article for which this is a talk page), that seems reasonable.  But for the actual articles, I think we should use the definite articles in the titles, because they're part of the character's full name, and are still commonly used (and probably always will be, with a few exceptions).

 * -mhr

 * But although the articles on the cited websites use "the" within the text of the article, they do not actually use "the" in the titles of the articles, not just on the list of articles, but even on the actual article pages themselves.

 * Also, I looked up entries in the Marvel Encyclopedia today. It was published in 2002 by Marvel, so it's both recent and official (and it's an encyclopedia). The table of contents list characters without articles. Furthermore, none of the actual article pages (even for Hulk, Scarlet Witch, Thing, Vision, and Wasp), list the articles in the title.

 * I'm not denying that some characters are sometimes referred to with the word "the", but only within text. The titles of encyclopedic articles on characters should not have articles within them.

 * --Lowellian 01:19, Dec 6, 2003 (UTC)

Last name, first name
I'm sorry if I'm dense, but what's the point. Why not list all ways, within reason? I can understand a paper-index listing this way, but since these are hyperlinks, why not make it a full listing?

Contrast guideline:
 * Iron Man
 * Stark, Tony (see Iron Man)
 * Tony Stark (see Iron Man)

with: - UtherSRG 23:14, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Iron Man
 * Stark, Tony
 * Tony Stark

Because that's not Wikipedia standard. We use first name first. RickK 23:19, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Yes, I understand that - for the actual entry. But isn't part of the point of polymorphic hyperlinks the ability to link not have to conform to the old standards set by the needs of a paper-based industry? UtherSRG 00:25, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)

The reason that I advocated the original guideline is so that people looking at the list can clearly see what the main entry of a character is. That way, on another article page that they write, Wikipedians who can see this central index of characters are less likely to make the mistake of linking to Rogers, Steve or Steve Rogers rather than to Captain America, like they should. Also, please, UtherSRG, if you are going to make changes that directly go against the guidelines, then please discuss them on the Talk page before making the changes. Thanks. --Lowellian 07:10, Dec 8, 2003 (UTC)

 * My apologies for that.... I had made the change before seeing the guideline. UtherSRG 23:41, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)

The guideline:

(1) ...makes it clear that there is one main article for the character, and what that main article is. That way, editors of Wikipedia know what article is the preferred link.

(2) ...makes it clear that different names are related. For example, consider

 * Marvel Girl

It is not apparent without checking the link that Marvel Girl and Jean Grey are connected. However, contrast

 * Marvel Girl (see Jean Grey)

It is immediately clear Marvel Girl and Jean Grey are connected. This will be useful to editors of Wikipedia. --Lowellian 07:43, Dec 8, 2003 (UTC)

Ok. But I'll say that this is probably the best reason why I'm wrong: UtherSRG 18:33, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Weapon X (see Wildchild or Wolverine)

Visibility of disambiguation phrases on this page
When I was first making this page, I wrote this guideline:

 * In the list that appears on this page, the text "(Marvel character)" should not be visible on links; thus, for example, the link to Wolverine would be: Wolverine.

(Since then, of course, the disambiguation phrase has morphed from "(Marvel character)" to "(comics)".)

But the point I wanted to get at was that after working on the page for a while, I began to wonder whether this guideline was even a good idea. The problem with having the disambiguation phrase disappear is that then no one knows what the main article for a character is without checking the link on this page. This results in editors of Wikipedia linking to Wolverine on other pages thinking that they are linking to the main article for the character, when they are actually linking to an article on an animal species and should actually be linking to Wolverine (comics). (Obviously, such a problem cannot be solved by making the entire Wolverine article a redirect, since that article on an animal species exists; we can—and this is what has already been done—put a message at the top of the Wolverine article linking to the Wolverine (comics) article.)

This problem was by no means limited to Wolverine alone. I found numerous cases of this happening in Wikipedia with a multitude of characters, and I corrected some of them when I came across them.

Certainly, in other articles, the disambiguation phrases should not be visible; that is, we should definitely use Wolverine in other articles.

But I wonder if, in this list of Marvel Comics characters, we should go ahead and make the disambiguation phrase visible. This page can be regarded as not only a resource for readers of Wikipedia, but as a resource for editors as well. That is, it serves as a central collection of links to articles involving Marvel Comics characters, and also as a reference tool for editors wanting to know what the title for the main article for a character is. In that case, wouldn't it be more useful to have the disambiguation phrase be visible, not on the links of other articles, but just on the links of this page? When someone is editing another page, they can check this page to see what they should link to for a character.

Another case where the visibility of the disambiguation phrase would be useful would be for creators of nonexisting pages for characters. It would help them in checking whether a page has already been created for the character. Consider, for example, Domino. At the time I write this, she does not yet have her own character page. Suppose she hadn't been added to the list on this page yet, and some Wikipedian thinks of her and adds her. Only, this Wikipedian adds her as Domino. The link turns blue (or whatever color normal links are in your browser). This Wikipedian thinks, oh, okay, she already has an article, great, no more need to do anything with her. Only he's forgotten that "domino" is also a game, and that the link is linking to the game, rather than to the character. Now, other Wikipedian editors are browsing this page. They also see the Domino highlighted as blue. Unless they check the link, they have no way of knowing that it's actually linking to the wrong thing. Whereas if we make all disambiguation phrases visible on this page, other Wikipedian editors would automatically see Domino and say, hey, that's not right, we need to make that link Domino (comics). Once they do that, they would also see a dead link, and know that it needs to be fixed.

If all the disambiguation phrases were hidden, then a character linking to the wrong page would be more easily overlooked, and the first people to discover the error might well be people who only browse, but do not edit Wikipedia. They would be confused at why the link is wrong.

What do other people think? It seems to me that there are advantages both to having the disambiguation phrase be visible and to making it disappear.

--Lowellian 08:40, Dec 8, 2003 (UTC)

 * It should disappear. One can easily hover on the link to view the disambiguation data. UtherSRG 12:53, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I agree with UtherSRG. I generally go to the real page anyway to make sure I have the right name.  The page should be reader-friendly first and foremost, not writer-friendly.  Additionally, different characters will have slightly different disambiguations in their page names (e.g., Wolverine (comics) vs. Changeling (Marvel Comics)), so it looks funny to have the different asides in there.  Let's just display the character name without the disambig info. -mhr 01:53, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Okay, sure, I can accept invisible disambiguation phrases. --Lowellian 19:59, Dec 11, 2003 (UTC)

Multiple Characters with the same name
What's to be done about this? There were 3 or 4 Angels, 2 Thunderbirds, etc. Marvel uses a Roman numeral to differentiate between different characters with the same name. I think we should do the same. UtherSRG 18:35, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Thanks for bringing up this topic. The problem with the Roman numeral system is that different people may disagree on the numbering. An example is described on www.marveldirectory.com:

 * "Phoenix, there are three people with that name--two of them I hope you know: Jean Grey and Rachel Summers. Everyone says that Jean Grey is Phoenix I--well that's not the case. Baron Zemo (aka Citizen V) first had the name Phoenix in 1973 (Captain America #168); Jean Grey didn't turn to the Phoenix until Oct. '74 (X-Men #101)."

Other difficult cases present themselves. Consider Ghost Rider; how exactly do you do his numbering? And except for us hard-core comics fans, who knows about the Roman numeral numbering system? Casual comics fans probably do not think of Dan Ketch as "Ghost Rider (II)". They probably just think of him as Ghost Rider. (And it's debatable who exactly are "Ghost Rider (III)" and "Ghost Rider (IV)", or if one or both of those characters even exist.) Also, are we supposed to consider the Scarlet Spider to be "Spider-Man (II)" for his brief stint as Spider-Man? And what are we supposed to do with characters of the same name that belong to multiple companies, like Captain Marvel and Sandman? Also, how exactly would we do the disambiguation?

 * Thunderbird (comics) (II)
 * Thunderbird II
 * Thunderbird (II)
 * Thunderbird II (comics)
 * Thunderbird (II) (comics)

Using Roman numerals can get pretty confusing. I think that it would probably be easiest to have just one article for the character, without any Roman numerals, but to describe all incarnations of that character on one same page. That is, do something like the articles Captain Marvel, Phoenix, Red Skull, and Sandman.

Incidentally, if multiple pages exist for some character of the same name, I would suggest merging them (in the case of Phoenix, I think it's okay to leave it and the Jean Grey and Rachel Summers articles alone because the Phoenix article focuses on the women's identities as a cosmic force and because the Phoenix article has links to the two women, who have different names and thus different articles). --Lowellian 22:36, Dec 9, 2003 (UTC)

 * I agree it is difficult, but I'm not sure if I agree with you. For one thing, we wouldn't have to devise the Roman Numerals, as there are already ample sources for us to point to to help folks keep the system correct. It could even be an article and not just a section in a Talk:. However, since we're not creating separate articles for different characters with the same name in different companies at this point, I think working with your proposal is reasonable. If it gets difficult, then the single article can become a disambiguation page and the article split into multiple articles. --UtherSRG 01:26, 10 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I concur. Putting the three or more Marvel incarnations of Captain Marvel on a single page doesn't seem like a bad thing, especially since it provides some useful chronology (even if one of them will just be a link to Photon). -mhr 01:53, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * If multiple comic book publishers use a character of the same name, then the disambiguation phrase "(comics)" should still be used rather than "(Marvel Comics)", "(DC Comics)", etc. The article for that character should include descriptions of each version of the character from all the comic book universes in which the character exists.
 * This keeps the disambiguation phrase consistent.
 * Prevents people from linking to the wrong page when they are not aware of the existence of the character from the other universe. That is, links with the disambiguation phrase "(comics)" will always work.
 * It is extremely rare for the name of a popular character to be used by multiple publishers. With a few rare exceptions, when the same name is used by multiple publishers, usually either all versions of the characters are obscure, or one version is very popular and the rest are obscure.

 * Clarification: I think having multiple incarnations of a character on a single page makes sense when the incarnations are related in some significant way. For instance, all the Marvel Comics versions of Captain Marvel.  But I think that, for instance, characters with the same name from different companies should have separate pages, so there should be separate pages for the DC/Fawcett and Marvel versions of Captain Marvel, since the only connection between them is that Roy Thomas created the Marvel character as a thin homage to the Fawcett character - but they're really completely different.  I definitely feel that the two Changeling (comics) characters should have separate pages (c.f. Talk:Changeling (comics)). -mhr 21:08, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I agree. I didn't at first, but seeing how it is turning out with Captain Marvel and Changeling, I really don't like it. So we now have a problem with coming up with new disambiguation phrases. I don't like 'Changeling (Marvel Comics)' & 'Changeling (DC Comics)'. I prefer 'Changeling (comics - DC)' & Changeling (comics - Marvel)'. -- UtherSRG 00:27, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I think I'd prefer Changeling (comics, Marvel) or Changeling (comics, Marvel Comics) a bit over using the dashes such as Changeling (comics - Marvel). Commas seem slightly more encyclopedic to me, but it's no big deal.  These pipe, respectively, as Changeling, Changeling, and Changeling (without putting anything after the pipe, though WP adds a value after you save it), so any would technically work.

 * Looking at these three options, I think my favorite is Changeling (comics, Marvel Comics), which scans fairly well and leaves nothing in doubt to anyone looking at the title. -mhr 00:49, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I'd prefer "(Marvel Comics)" and "(DC Comics)" over "(comics, Marvel)", "(comics, Marvel Comics)", "(comics) (Marvel Comics)", or "(comics - Marvel)". Having said that, though, I'll once again put in a word for "(comics)". The point is that we want to make these links as easy to find as possible, and "(comics)" would really just do that job well. Someone who is only vaguely familiar with comics and just looking for some info could find it easiest on a general page about the character, so long as the various sections of that page make it clear that these are different characters. Why doesn't Wikipedia have a policy about tiered disambiguations? Because it's not needed. The different characters with the same name may be completely different characters, but they are still comics characters, and I daresay the mainstream thinks of characters in terms of comics characters, rather than in terms of Marvel character.

 * Incidentally, I think it's ironic that I started out preferring the disambiguation phrase "(Marvel Comics)" in the beginnning, and then mhr convinced me that "(comics)" is preferable, and now I'm arguing for "(comics)" and mhr is arguing for something more specific. (Yeah, I realize that it's not a precise reversal of position since mhr is only arguing for using a more specific disambiguation phrase in certain cases.) :) --Lowellian 22:36, Dec 12, 2003 (UTC)

 * I don't feel that the title's disambiguation name should make it easy to find. That's what the WP search engine and disambiguation pages are for.  So a user has to make one extra click - I don't think that's a bad thing.  (It may even be a good thing - he might learn something from the disambiguation page.  I know I do, sometimes.)  I think the disambiguation name should be (1) simple, and (2) clear.  I think (comics) is both the simplest while still being clear - in most cases.

 * However, I also feel it's a good idea not to have several characters of any substantial length on the same page. Disambiguation agrees with me: "Several small articles of just a paragraph or so each can co-exist on a single page, separated by headings. But as each section grows, there comes a point where each meaning must have a page of its own."

 * This is a bit of a gray area; arguably the Marvel Comics version of Changeling is a very minor character whereas the DC character is more significant (having been actively used in multiple comics at various times for over 30 years), so they could coexist on the same page (assuming we can convince the fellow at 65.35.69.180 that the Marvel Changeling doesn't need a "vital statistics" section...). But I think it's absolutely clear that Captain Marvel should be split into multiple articles, and probably Sandman as well. -mhr 00:18, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I think we're getting closer to a solution. Let me see if I can summarize where we are at, and take us the next step further.

 * The general form for disambiguating a comic book term (character, group, etc.) will be Character (comics)
 * If there are multiple terms with the same name
 * If only one term is a major term and all others are minor, then they should all be listed (minor terms first?) on one page.
 * If multiple terms have significant entries (as per mhr's quote above) then all the significant entries should get their own article, and the minor ones (if any) should stay on a disambiguation page. According to Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (people with the same name) my proposed (comics, Marvel) doesn't fit well, and I'm back to agreeing about using (Marvel Comics), or just (Marvel).

So we may have some characters listed in the following ways:

 * Character - unambiguous entry
 * Character (comics) - disambiguated from Character
 * Character (Marvel Comics) - disambiguated from either of the two above

Once we're done and generally agreed, we should put a summary of this in something pointed to by Naming conventions and/or Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions

-- UtherSRG 18:45, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Okay, I can accept that compromise. One more point: we can put related characters of the same publisher (like the two Thunderbirds) on the same page, right? --Lowellian 21:05, Dec 13, 2003 (UTC)

 * Yes indeed, particularly if the characters are somewhat related. It would be hard to imagine two characters with the same name in the same comics universe not being somewhat related to each other, especially if they are both major characters. I would say no only if the two characters in question have nothing in common except that they have the same name and they exist in the same universe. And again, they'd have to be two major characters to warrant separate articles. UtherSRG 21:53, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I agree. There are a few characters of potential concern, such as Mar-vell and Genus versions of Captain Marvel, and several incarnations of DC's Starman, but as long as the articles are chronologically written and contain a table of contents, that's probably sufficient to have characters of the same company on the same page. -mhr 23:11, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)


text:
Gibson ES-150

The Gibson ES-150 is a pioneering semi-acoustic electric guitar produced by Gibson Guitar Corporation. Introduced in 1936, it is generally recognized as the world's first commercially successful Spanish-style electric guitar. The ES stands for Electric Spanish, and Gibson designated it "150" because they priced it (in an instrument/amplifier/cable bundle) at around $150. The particular sound of the instrument came from a combination of the specific bar-style pickup and its placement, and the guitar's overall construction.

Unlike the usual acoustic guitars in jazz bands of the period, it was loud enough to take a more prominent position in ensembles. Upon its debut it immediately became popular with such notable guitar players as Charlie Christian, spreading its renown. Gibson produced the guitar with minor variations until 1940, when the ES-150 designation (the "V2") denoted a model with a different construction and pickup.

History
Gibson's previous electrified guitars were either primitive piezoelectric systems or sold as an add-on for their traditional line of acoustic guitars.

The ES-150 was preceded by Gibson adding ancillary piezo pickups to its regular acoustic guitars. The company had developed an electromagnetic pickup in 1935 (the now-famous "bar pickup", named for its shape), which was initially factory-installed only on lap steel guitar (EH) models, then offered as an accessory and finally installed on acoustic guitars (the L-00 and L-1 models).

These electrified guitars were so successful that in the summer of 1936 two US retailers, Montgomery Ward and Spiegel, suggested that Gibson build what became the ES model. Montgomery Ward was the first to offer them for sale, as the 1270 model. It had Gibson's bar pickup (though with rounded bobbins, as opposed to the hexagonal pickup Gibson later installed on its own factory models), and a volume control (no tone control); like Spiegel's 34-S model (first advertised in 1937) it lacked any Gibson identification. Spiegel received 42 of these instruments between January and August 1937 before it cut them from the catalog. The contract with Montgomery Ward ran until 1940, and Gibson made an estimated 900 instruments with the 1270 designation.

Gibson's "own" ES-150, a "more-upmarket ES model" compared to the Ward and Spiegel models, had minor changes from the contract models, such as a solid carved spruce top, maple back and sides, and an adjustable truss rod. They shipped the first guitar to Bailey's House of Music on November 20, 1936. The instrument sold for $155 including cord, six-tube amplifier, and case. The pickup placement, closer to the instrument's neck than on Gibson's EH steel guitars and on guitars made by other manufacturers, produced a warmer, less "trebly" tone that was favorably received by jazz and blues players. In 1937, the model's peak year, Gibson shipped an average of forty guitars a month. In early 1937, Gibson began shipping two four-string versions: a tenor guitar (the EST-150, with a 23" scale, renamed the ETG-150 in 1940) and a plectrum version (the EPG-150, with a 27" scale). Early players included Eddie Durham, Floyd Smith and, the most famous of them, Charlie Christian, who bought an ES-150 in 1936. His joining the Benny Goodman Sextet in August 1939 gave the ES-150 "a near-mythical status" (aided by a feature in that year's December issue of Down Beat).

Gibson introduced two new variations in August 1938: the cheaper ES-100 (with a smaller body and different pickup), and an upscale version, the ES-250 (with a different peghead, fancier inlays, and a pickup with individual pole pieces instead of a bar). Each with case and amplifier, the ES-100 sold for $117.50 and the ES-250 started at $253.

By 1940, sales had slumped, and Gibson enhanced the model, changing to pickups with Alnico magnets—the forerunner of the P-90, which is still in production. They installed the new pickups on all their electric models, starting in July 1940, renaming the ES-100 and 250 to ES-125 and 300). On the ES-150, Gibson moved the pickup (with adjustable individual poles) closer to the bridge for a more "biting" sound for soloing. Gibson still installed bar-style pickups on request on post-1940 models for Hank Garland, Barry Galbraith, and Barney Kessel. Gibson formally reintroduced the bar pickup in 1958 as a $60 option — announcing it with the question, "Remember the straight-bar pickup that was made famous by Charlie Christian?"

Later models
In the late 1960s, Gibson introduced the ES-150DC, which was a significantly different instrument, despite its similar model number. The ES-150DC was a hollowbody electric guitar with a double-cutaway body similar in appearance to the semi-hollow 335 guitars (except for a greater body thickness). It featured two humbuckers, a rosewood fingerboard with small block inlays, and a master volume knob on the lower cutaway. This model, however, was not particularly popular, and it was discontinued by Gibson in the mid-1970s.

Production numbers
Shipping numbers for the ES-150 in its first full year, 1937, were relatively strong at 464. Thirty-seven EST-150s and one single EPG-150 were shipped in 1937. Of the ES-250, 14 were shipped in 1939. By that year, sales of the ES-150 had dwindled to about 20 units on average per month.

"Charlie Christian pickup"
The Charlie Christian pickup, as the bar-style pickup of the early ES-150 models came to be known, was a departure from previous pickups. Earlier pickups featured either a horseshoe magnet that arched over the strings (as found on the Rickenbacker A-22 "Frying Pan"), or a static coil through which a magnet passed, the magnet being vibrated by the guitar's bridge (a design used by former Gibson employee Lloyd Loar on his Vivi-Tone guitar). The Charlie Christian pickup consists of a coil of copper wire wound around a black plastic bobbin. The coil has a rectangular hole in its center, and the coil and bobbin fit around a chrome-plated steel blade polepiece. Attached at right angles to the bottom of the polepiece are a pair of 5 in steel bar magnets, which remain out of sight inside the instrument. These magnets are secured to the top of the ES-150 by the three bolts visible on the guitar's top.

Gibson made three varieties of the Charlie Christian pickup, all distinguished by the polepiece:

 * 1) The first, produced from 1936 until mid-1938, had a plain blade polepiece.  The coil was wound to about 2.4 kΩ resistance using AWG 38 enameled wire.
 * 2) The second type, introduced on ES-150s from mid-1938 onward, had a polepiece with a notch cut out below the second (B) string. This modification lowered the B string's volume, which previously sounded louder than the other strings. This pickup's coil was wound with more turns of a finer wire (AWG 42), producing approximately 5.2 kΩ resistance and higher output.
 * 3) The third pickup was available on the Gibson ES-250, beginning in 1939. The blade on this pickup had five notches, one in each string space.  This pickup had a more compact internal design, with a cobalt steel slug that was small enough to sit directly under the pickup.

Sound
Charlie Christian pickups produce a clear sound because of their narrow string-sensing blade — and a strong signal because of their relatively high coil impedance. Uneven magnetic flux within the steel magnets can cause some distortion in the signal. These pickups are relatively sensitive to electromagnetic hum because of their large surface area and lack of shielding.

In a c. 1990s article discussing the sound and history of the Charlie Christian pickup, vintage guitar dealer Phil Emerson wrote: ""Have you noticed how profound the influence that the old Gibson Charlie Christian bar magnet pickup has had on tone? It is a pickup that is instantly identifiable when heard. Everybody (including me) just goes crazy for that light, but dark, warm but steely, hot but mellow tone. Warm — but clean, punchy — but transparent, it's all the above and more. Isn't it curious that the greatest sounding jazz guitar pickup was developed at the very beginning of electric guitar evolution, and was in existence before 99% of the rest of electric guitars and pickups were even developed!""

Largely due to the influence of Charlie Christian himself, numerous 20th century guitarists performed and recorded using instruments equipped with versions of the Charlie Christian pickup. These include the following: T-Bone Walker, Tiny Grimes, Oscar Moore, Barney Kessel, Alvino Rey, Jimmy Raney, Rene’ Thomas, Jimmy Gourley, Tal Farlow, Tony Mottola, Mary Osborne, Barry Galbraith, Elek Bacsik, Dennis Budimir, Dave Barbour, Eddie Duran, Hank Garland, Kenny Burrell, Louis Stewart.

title: Gibson ES-150


text:
Durdle Door

Durdle Door (sometimes written Durdle Dor ) is a natural limestone arch on the Jurassic Coast near Lulworth in Dorset, England. It is privately owned by the Weld family, who own the Lulworth Estate, but it is also open to the public.

Geology
The form of the coastline around Durdle Door is controlled by its geology—both by the contrasting hardnesses of the rocks, and by the local patterns of faults and folds. The arch has formed on a concordant coastline where bands of rock run parallel to the shoreline. The rock strata are almost vertical, and the bands of rock are quite narrow. Originally a band of resistant Portland limestone ran along the shore, the same band that appears one mile along the coast forming the narrow entrance to Lulworth Cove. Behind this is a 120 m band of weaker, easily eroded rocks, and behind this is a stronger and much thicker band of chalk, which forms the Purbeck Hills. These steeply dipping rocks are part of the Lulworth crumple, itself part of the broader Purbeck Monocline, produced by the building of the Alps during the mid-Cenozoic.

The limestone and chalk are in closer proximity at Durdle Door than at Swanage, 10 mi to the east, where the distance is over 2 mi. Around this part of the coast, nearly all of the limestone has been removed by sea erosion, whilst the remainder forms the small headland which includes the arch. Erosion at the western end of the limestone band has resulted in the arch formation. UNESCO teams monitor the condition of both the arch and adjacent beach.

The 120 m isthmus that joins the limestone to the chalk is made of a 50 m band of Portland limestone, a narrow and compressed band of Cretaceous Wealden clays and sands, and then narrow bands of greensand and sandstone.

In Man O' War Bay, the small bay immediately east of Durdle Door, the band of Portland and Purbeck limestone has not been entirely eroded and is visible above the waves as Man O'War Rocks. Similarly, offshore to the west, the eroded limestone outcrop forms a line of small rocky islets called (from east to west) The Bull, The Blind Cow, The Cow, and The Calf.

As the coastline in this area is generally an eroding landscape, the cliffs are subject to occasional rockfalls and landslides; a particularly large slide occurred just to the east of Durdle Door in April 2013, destroying a part of the South West Coast Path.

Etymology
There is a dearth of early written records about the arch, though it has kept a name given to it probably over a thousand years ago. In the late 18th century there is a description of the "magnificent arch of Durdle-rock Door", and early 19th-century maps called it "Duddledoor" and "Durdle" or "Dudde Door". In 1811 the first Ordnance Survey map of the area named it "Dirdale Door". Durdle is derived from the Old English thirl, meaning to pierce, bore or drill, which in turn derives from thyrel, meaning hole. Similar names in the region include Durlston Bay and Durlston Head further east, where a coastal stack suggests the existence of an earlier arch, and the Thurlestone, an arched rock in the neighbouring county of Devon to the west. The Door part of the name probably maintains its modern meaning, referring to the arched shape of the rock; in the late 19th century there is a reference to it being called the "Barn-door", and it is described as being "sufficiently high for a good-sized sailing boat to pass through it."

In literature and popular culture
Music videos have been filmed at Durdle Door, including parts of Tears for Fears' "Shout", Billy Ocean's "Loverboy", Cliff Richard's "Saviour's Day" and Bruce Dickinson's "Tears of the Dragon".

The landscape around Durdle Door has been used in scenes in several films, including Wilde (1997) starring Stephen Fry, Nanny McPhee starring Emma Thompson, the 1967 production of Far From The Madding Crowd (the latter also filmed around nearby Scratchy Bottom), and the Bollywood film Housefull 3. In 2022, Durdle Door was where the Thirteenth Doctor (Jodie Whittaker) regenerated into the Fourteenth Doctor (David Tennant), in the Doctor Who episode "The Power of the Doctor". Ron Dawson's children's story Scary Bones meets the Dinosaurs of the Jurassic Coast creates a myth of how Durdle Door came to be, as an 'undiscovered' dinosaur called Durdle Doorus is magically transformed into rock.

Dorset-born Arthur Moule, a friend of Thomas Hardy and missionary to China wrote these lines about Durdle Door for his 1879 book of poetry Songs of Heaven and home, written in a foreign Land:

"Shall the tide thus ebb and flow forever? and for evermore Rave the wave and glance the ripple through the rocks at Durdle Door?"

title: Durdle Door


text:
Talk:List of reggae musicians

Untitled
Surely several of these are ska, not reggae? Deb 18:15, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Removed some. Tuf-Kat 19:47, Dec 15, 2003 (UTC)

Isn't this a list of musicians? Looks like a list of bands. I was about to add a bunch of musicians, then didn't. Heidimo
 * Perhaps it should be moved to artists or performers, though I don't think this title is bad. I don't think most people associate musician with an individual performer, and wouldn't be surprised to see bands on this list, which should have both solo and group performers. Tuf-Kat 06:06, Dec 16, 2003 (UTC)
 * Makes sense. So, individual musicians don't go here, only solo performers and bands?  I associate musician with musician myself, so would support the kind of change you suggest as a possiblity, preferably "artist." Heidimo

The following list was created by an anonymous user at List of Reggae musicians (which now redirects here) and needs to be merged. --Lexor|Talk 10:04, 3 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Bob Marley

Linton Kwesi Johnson

Apache Indian

Lucky Dube

Alpha Blondy

Roland Alphonso

Lee Perry

Big Youth

Yabby You

Burning Spear

Christafari

Beenie Man

Bounty Killer

Ini Kamoze

Yellowman

Half Pint

Tippa Irie

Papa San

Chaka Demus & Pliers

Althea & Donna

Maxi Priest

Shaggy

Snow

Ganjaman & Junior Randy

Mutabaruka

Horace Andy

Rocker-T

Sizzla

Capleton

Desmond Dekker

Peter Tosh

Bunny Wailer

Steel Pulse

Red Rat

Buju Banton

Merciless

Elephant Man

Ky-Mani Marley

Ziggy Marley

Rita Marley

Damian Marley

The Abyssinians

Barrington Levy

Black Uhuru

Garnett Silk

Junior Kelly

Luciano

Bushman

Morgan Heritage

Spectacular

Frisco Kid

Ward 21

Anthony B

TOK

Dr Ring-Ding & the Senior All-Stars

Mad Cobra

Michael Rose

Tony Rebel

Bunny General

Yami Bolo

Honorebel

Mr Vegas

Junior Cat

Sean Paul

Beres Hammond

Whorl-A-Girl

Super Cat

Pinchers

Richie Stephens

Thriller U

Don Juan

Spragga Benz

Shabba Ranks

Shinehead

Lexxus (Mr Lexx)

Cutty Ranks

Nardo Ranks

Junior C

King Tubby

U-Roy

I-Roy

Mad Lion

Lion

Aswad

Backyard Dog

Beatsquad

Big Mountain

Born Jamericans

Brentford All Stars

Dennis Alcapone

Dillinger

Dill Brothers

Eek-A-Mouse

Tenor Fly

MC Navigator

Goofy

Inner Circle

Iyashanti

Jackie Mittoo

Jacob Miller

General Levy

UB40

Monty Alexander

Ernest Ranglin

Peter Metro & Dominic

Planet Ganja 3

Raggadeath

Rayvon

Reggae Cowboys

Shark Wilson & The Basement Heaters

Sister Charmaine

Sly & Robbie

Tenor Saw

The Cimarons

Tommy McCook

Toots & the Maytals

Max-A-Million

Brinsley Ford

Hopeton Lewis

Wayne Marshall

Wayne Smith

Winner

DR.Evil

Still a couple missing...
TONTO IRIE, RAS MATTHEWS

Anthony B

Bunny General

Dr Ring-Ding & the Senior All-Stars

Frisco Kid

Michael Rose

Sidonie Royal

Honorebel

Whorl-A-Girl

Don Juan

Lexxus (Mr Lexx)

Junior C

King Tubby

Lion

The Cimarons

Brinsley Ford

Goofy

Dill Brothers

Hopeton Lewis

Tommy McCook

Jah Vinci

but I'm getting somewhere... WATHIIK.

Thank you Melanin Sky (talk) 18:03, 30 March 2021 (UTC)

Queen
I'm removing Queen (band) from the list. Not being a fan I don't know if they ever made any reggae songs but I would argue that, even if they did, they are not primarily known as reggae musicians and so don't belong on this list. Equally if the Queen (band) meant is another unknown reggae act then it still doesn't belong here as it is linking to the article about Freddie Mercury et al. There again perhaps it was just vandalism but I felt I needed to explain my reasoning just in case. Keresaspa (talk) 17:00, 25 April 2010 (UTC) YOU FORGOT TO SONG ARTIST ON THE LIST THAT I NOTICED N ABOUT TWO MINUTES HA. RAS MATTHEWS, TONTO IRIE.

The Clash and other Reggae bands
I added The Clash, The Police, The Ruts, Bad Brains, and The Slits to the list. All of them have been very important to the genre, and helped spreading Reggae music and its sub-derivative genres (such as Dub, Ragga[muffin], Reggae Fusion, and etcetera) in their own country and/or worldwide. –p joe f (talk • contribs) 11:02, 15 December 2011 (UTC)

Lucky Dube
Why isn't Lucky Dube and Jah Vinci included in the list of names of reggae artists Melanin Sky (talk) 18:00, 30 March 2021 (UTC)

The list got cut short!?
Hi. This list use to be A thru Z. Now, it only goes to H. 24.111.209.247 (talk) 00:31, 27 November 2023 (UTC)

 * should work now DanTheMusicMan2 (talk) 01:20, 27 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of reggae musicians


text:
Farnham Royal

Farnham Royal is a village and civil parish within Buckinghamshire, England. It is in the south of the county, immediately north of Slough (with which it is contiguous), and around 22 miles west of Charing Cross, Central London. Within the parish boundary is the village of Farnham Common and the hamlet of Farnham Park.

History
The village name 'Farnham' is Anglo Saxon in origin, and means 'homestead where ferns grow'. In the Domesday Book of 1086 the village was recorded as Ferneham.

The affix or suffix 'Royal' was given to the village in the late 11th century by the king, who gave the lord of the manor of Farnham, Bertram de Verdun, the Grand Serjeanty on the condition of providing a glove and putting it on the king's right hand at the coronation, and supporting his right arm, while the Royal sceptre was in his hand (see also Manor of Worksop).

In 1832, Francis Osborne was created Baron Godolphin, of Farnham Royal in the County of Buckingham.

From 1952 to 1957, Barnardo's operated a home for girls at Long Close on Black Pond Lane.

Amenities
The two largest categories of land use are green space which is forest or golf course (Burnham Beeches which has a hotel and café) and secondly domestic gardens which accounted for 34% of land use as at the 2011 census.

At a focal point of the developed village hub, on the site of two mini-roundabouts, stood the old water pump, removed in the 1970s to a museum. Just after 2000 the water pump was brought back is on the green nearby, next to the Duke's Head pub.

Farnham Park National Baseball & Softball Complex, the UK's only purpose-built baseball and softball facility, is also located within Farnham Park Playing Fields, and is operated by BaseballSoftballUK.

Farnham Park also plays host to Farnham Royal Rugby Club, formerly Old Pennanians Rugby Club. Founded in 1962, the club has always played in Farnham Park and is drenched in Rugby history. The Australian Rugby World Cup winning side of 1999 trained at Farnham Royal Rugby Club and made the 1st Team captain, Oli Isernia, an honorary squad member who was present with them upon their win and was invited to the changing room and trophy ceremony. Presently, Farnham Royal Rugby Club play out of Farnham Park in the Bucks, Berks and Oxon 3 South League, after obtaining promotion in the 2022/23 season.

Demography
At the 2001 UK census, Farnham Royal's ethnicity was 92.9% white, 1.3% mixed race, 5% Asian, 0.4% black and 0.4% other. The place of birth of residents was 87.7% United Kingdom, 1.2% Republic of Ireland, 2.6% other Western European countries, and 8.5% elsewhere. Religion was recorded as 75.7% Christian, 0.3% Buddhist, 1.3% Hindu, 1.4% Sikh, 0.5% Jewish, and 1.1% Muslim. 12.7% were recorded as having no religion, 0.2% had an alternative religion and 6.8% did not state their religion.

The economic activity of residents aged 16–74 was 39% in full-time employment, 11% in part-time employment, 14.4% self-employed, 1.7% unemployed, 2.2% students with jobs, 2.7% students without jobs, 16.9% retired, 8.2% looking after home or family, 2% permanently sick or disabled and 2% economically inactive for other reasons. The industry of employment of residents was 15.4% retail, 13% manufacturing, 4.5% construction, 24.8% real estate, 8.4% health and social work, 7.6% education, 8% transport and communications, 2.9% public administration, 3.7% hotels and restaurants, 3.9% finance, 0.7% agriculture and 7.1% other. Compared with national figures, the ward had a relatively high proportion of workers in real estate, transport and communications. According to Office for National Statistics estimates, during the period of April 2001 to March 2002 the average gross weekly income of households was £1,070, compared with an average of £660 in South East England. Of the ward's residents aged 16–74, 34% had a higher education qualification or the equivalent, compared with 19.9% nationwide.

Education
The private boys preparatory school Caldicott School has alumni including deputy prime minister Nick Clegg and England cricket captain Andrew Strauss.

title: Farnham Royal


text:
User talk:Samrose

July 2021
Welcome, and thank you for your attempt to lighten up Wikipedia. However, this is an encyclopedia and articles are intended to be serious, so please don't make joke edits, as you did to Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. Readers looking for accurate information will not find them amusing. If you'd like to experiment with editing, please use your sandbox instead, where you are given a certain degree of freedom in what you write. GorillaWarfare (she/her • talk) 02:04, 2 July 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:Samrose


text:
Royal Military College

Royal Military College may refer to:

 * Australia
 * Royal Military College, Duntroon, Campbell, Australian Capital Territory

 * Canada
 * Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario
 * Royal Military College Saint-Jean, Saint-Jean, Quebec

 * India
 * Rashtriya Indian Military College, Dehradun; formerly Royal Indian Military College

 * Malaysia
 * Royal Military College (Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur

 * United Kingdom
 * Royal Military College, Sandhurst, Camberley, Surrey - the predecessor to the current Sandhurst Academy
 * Royal Military College of Science (now defunct)
 * Royal Indian Military College, Addiscombe, of the East India Company (now defunct)

title: Royal Military College


text:
Farnham Common

Farnham Common is a village in Buckinghamshire, England, 3 miles north of Slough and 3 miles south of Beaconsfield, on the A355 road. It adjoins the ancient woodland of Burnham Beeches, has an area of 2.5 miles and a population of around 6,000. It is in the civil parish of Farnham Royal.

History
Farnham Royal was the main village with its church of St Mary's, shops, cottages and village pump situated in the centre junction of the cross roads. Farnham Common was known as 'Up End', being the common land of the parish where the livestock was grazed at certain times of the year. As this common area became more populated it became known as Farnham Common.

Farnham Common is on the border of Burnham Beeches, the well known Beech forest owned by the City of London Corporation, having been given to the people of London as a place in the country for their recreation and pleasure. In the 1920s it was very common for coach loads of Londoners to come down for the day at weekends having tea at the tea rooms and enjoying the donkey rides.

A few of the large old houses still remain such as Yew Place, Farnham Park House and the home of Caldicott. Yew Place was formerly known as The Rectory, part of which dates back to the time of King John. The original farmhouse was given to a coachman in the service of the Earl of Warwick. The Chase, now known as Farnham Park House, was owned by Mr Carr Gomme, a very influential member of the community, being one of the main organisers of fund-raisers for the building of St John's Church. The house passed into the hands of Sir Gomer Berry, later Lord Kemsley, who had the organ dismantled from Farnham Park House and gave it to St John's Church. In 1948 Farnham Park house became the Farnham Park Rehabilitation Centre, a renowned sports injury hospital owned by the East Berkshire Health Authority until its closure in 1988. In 1996 Farnham Park House was re-established as a private residence.

Caldicott is large house situated on the edge of Burnham Beeches and was once owned by Mrs Harvey who gave money for the extension of Farnham Common Village Hall. Caldicott is now a boys' preparatory school.

A few names of note who have been associated with Farnham Common have been the artist Rex Whistler's mother, who lived in The Small House in Burnham Beeches; J. M. Barrie, the author of Peter Pan and Enid Blyton, the children's author. In Burnham Beeches there is a large beech tree under which Felix Mendelssohn used to sit and compose some of his works in 'peaceful splendour'. Joan Hammond, the opera singer, lived in the part of the village known as Egypt. The Moore family live in the village and hold the record of three generations of one family representing Great Britain in the Olympic Games, Major George Moore having competed in 1948, Lieut. Col. John Moore, his son, in 1956, 1960 and 1964 and Lieut. Mark Moore, his grandson, in 1984. Lieut. Col. John Moore was appointed OBE for his services to skiing. Lois Allan invented Fuzzy Felt in her cottage in the village during World War II.

More recently, Burnham Beeches has been used as a film set for some of the Harry Potter films, including the Order of the Phoenix and the Deathly Hallows Part 2.

Facilities

A small high street includes numerous businesses, stores, eateries and shops.

Road

 * 3 miles from M40 motorway Junction 2
 * 4 miles from M4 motorway Junction 6
 * 8 miles from M25 motorway Junction 16

Train

 * 4 miles from Gerrards Cross railway station (18 mins to Marylebone station)
 * 3.5 miles from Burnham railway station (Crossrail 42-50 mins to Bond Street - new timetable to improve speed and service from 20-May-2023)
 * 4 miles from Slough railway station (Crossrail 39-46 mins to Bond Street - new timetable to improve speed and service from 20-May-2023)

Bus

 * No.X74 connecting High Wycombe, Farnham Common and Slough

Air

 * 20 min drive to Heathrow Airport
 * 35 min drive to Luton Airport
 * 50 min drive to Gatwick Airport
 * 1 hour drive to Stansted Airport

Broadband

 * BT Infinity FTTC Fibre Optic Broadband (available via multiple providers e.g. Plusnet, John Lewis, TalkTalk & Sky) up to 78mb
 * Virgin Media FTTP Fibre Optic Broadband up to 1gb

Preparatory schools

 * Caldicott School - Boys 7-13
 * Dair House - Mixed 3-11

Grammar school catchment

 * Girls Grammar catchment map
 * Boys Grammar catchment map
 * Beaconsfield High School - Ofsted rated Outstanding
 * John Hampden Grammar School - Ofsted rated Outstanding
 * Burnham Grammar School - Ofsted rated Good

State schools

 * Farnham Common Infant School
 * Farnham Common Junior School (for 2015 - 97% of pupils achieved level 4 or above in reading, writing and maths. Ranked #8 in Buckinghamshire in KS2 results)

Notable inhabitants

 * Johnny Ball - former children's television presenter
 * Bret Freeman - (Bret Hollywood) Professional Ring Announcer
 * Martin O'Neill – football manager
 * Dennis Waterman – actor
 * Paula Hamilton - former supermodel
 * Peter Lamont - Art Director
 * Alan Carr - comedian

Notable former inhabitants

 * Zoë Ball – radio DJ
 * Jimmy Carr – comedian
 * Sir Peter Grain, former Chief Judge of the British Supreme Court for China
 * Ulrika Jonsson – television presenter
 * Roger Moore - actor
 * Phil Vickery – celebrity chef
 * Rick Wakeman – musician

title: Farnham Common


text:
Petkau effect

The Petkau effect is an early counterexample to linear-effect assumptions usually made about radiation exposure. It was found by Dr. Abram Petkau at the Atomic Energy of Canada Whiteshell Nuclear Research Establishment, Manitoba and published in Health Physics March 1972. The Petkau effect was coined by Swiss nuclear hazards commentator Ralph Graeub in 1985 in this book Der Petkau-Effekt und unsere strahlende Zukunft (The Petkau effect and our Radiating Future).

Petkau had been measuring, in the usual way, the radiation dose that would rupture a simulated artificial cell membrane. He found that 3500 rads delivered in $2 1/4$ hours (26 rad/min =  15.5 Sv/h) would do it. Then, almost by chance, Petkau repeated the experiment with much weaker radiation and found that 0.7 rad delivered in $11 1/2$ hours (1 millirad/min = 0.61 mSv/h) also ruptured the membrane. This was counter to the prevailing assumption of a linear relationship between total dose or dose rate and the consequences.

The radiation was of ionizing nature, and produced negative oxygen ions (free radicals). Those ions were more damaging to the simulated membrane in lower concentrations than higher (a somewhat counter-intuitive result in itself) because in the latter, they more readily recombine with each other instead of interfering with the membrane. The ion concentration directly correlated with the radiation dose rate and the composition had non-monotonic consequences.

Radio-protective effects of superoxide dismutase
Petkau conducted further experiments with simulated cells in 1976 and found that the enzyme superoxide dismutase protected the cells from free radicals generated by ionizing radiation, obviating the effects seen in his earlier experiment. Petkau also discovered that superoxide dismutase was elevated in the leukocytes (white blood cells) in a sub-population of nuclear workers occupationally exposed to elevated radiation (ca. 10 mSv in 6 months), further supporting the hypothesis that superoxide dismutase is a radioprotective agent. Thus, Petkau's original 1972 experiment apparently revealed the potential effects of ionizing radiation on cells without natural radioprotective mechanisms in place.

title: Petkau effect


text:
Thekla's lark

Thekla's lark (Galerida theklae), also known as the Thekla lark, is a species of lark that breeds on the Iberian Peninsula, in northern Africa, and sub-Saharan Africa from Senegal to Somalia. It is a sedentary (non-migratory) species. This is a common bird of dry open country, often at some altitude. Thekla's lark was named by Alfred Edmund Brehm in 1857 for his recently deceased sister Thekla Brehm (1833–1857). The name is a modern Greek one, Θέκλα (Thekla), which comes from ancient Greek Θεόκλεια (Theokleia) derived from θεός (theos, "god") and κλέος (kleos, "glory" or "honour"). The population is declining in Spain, but this is a common bird with a very wide range and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of "least concern".

Taxonomy and systematics
Thekla's lark has several East African subspecies that show deep genetic divergence both among themselves and from the Mediterranean populations and are consequently strong candidates for consideration as separate species. Formerly, some authorities considered Thekla's lark and the Malabar lark to be conspecific. Alternate names for Thekla's lark include short-crested lark and Thekla crested-lark.

Subspecies
Twelve subspecies are recognized:
 * G. t. theklae - Brehm, AE, 1857 : Also known as Iberian Thekla's lark. Found in Portugal, Spain, Balearic Islands and extreme southern France
 * North Moroccan Thekla's lark (G. t. erlangeri) - Hartert, 1904 : Found in northern Morocco
 * Central Moroccan Thekla's lark (G. t. ruficolor) - Whitaker, 1898 : Found in central and north-eastern Morocco, northern Algeria and northern Tunisia
 * G. t. theresae - Meinertzhagen, R, 1939 : Found in south-western Morocco and Mauritania
 * Hauts Plateaux Thekla's lark (G. t. superflua) - Hartert, 1897 : Found in eastern Morocco, northern Algeria and eastern Tunisia
 * North African Thekla's lark (G. t. carolinae) - Erlanger, 1897 : Found in eastern Morocco through the northern Sahara to north-western Egypt
 * G. t. harrarensis - Érard & Jarry, 1973 : Found in eastern Ethiopia
 * G. t. huei - Érard & Naurois, 1973 : Found in south-central Ethiopia
 * Abyssinian Thekla's lark (G. t. praetermissa) - (Blanford, 1869) : Found in southern Eritrea to central Ethiopia
 * Somali Thekla's lark (G. t. ellioti) - Hartert, 1897 : Originally described as a separate species. Found in northern and central Somalia
 * G. t. mallablensis - Colston, 1982 : Found in southern Somalia
 * G. t. huriensis - Benson, 1947 : Found in southern Ethiopia and northern Kenya

Description
This is a smallish lark, slightly smaller than the Eurasian skylark. It has a long, spiky, erectile crest. It is greyer than the Eurasian skylark, and lacks the white wing and tail edge of that species. It is very similar to the widespread crested lark. It is smaller and somewhat greyer than that species, and has a shorter bill. In flight, it shows grey underwings, whereas the crested lark has reddish underwings. The body is mainly dark-streaked grey above and whitish below. The sexes are similar.

Distribution and habitat
Thekla's lark is native and resident in France, Spain, Portugal, Algeria, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Morocco, Somalia, Tunisia and Western Sahara. Its typical habitat is rugged areas with scrub, bare patches of ground and semi-arid grassland.

Behaviour and ecology
It nests on the ground, laying two to six eggs. Its food is weed, seeds and insects, the latter especially in the breeding season.

The song is melodious and varied, with mournful whistles and mimicry included. It is softer and more tuneful than that of the crested lark, and may be sung during flight or from the ground or an exposed perch.

title: Thekla's lark