text:
Talk:Camino Real

Re Finlay's comment to me about my "ECR" commenting-outing.

If you intend to purge the wikipedia of all content you consider to be inappropriate for reason of geekiness, please report your intention on Wikipedia:Village pump first.

I love geeks, I really do. But as much as this is the encyclopedia that Slashdot built, an encyclopedia is fundamentally general interest. Geeky stuff is perfect and great, but a geek element doesn't have to be added to every entry.

The Jargon file element adds a bizarroverse second dimension to ECR where it doesn't really belong. In the grand scheme of things, it's a road. It's the king's road. It's a Spanish relic and it's a Silicon Valley landmark. If you re-read the jargon file text dump for ECR, I sincerely hope you'll see, as I did that's it's (mostly) irrelevant gobbledygok that confuses the issue. It has its place, but, but...Think of the children! 8th graders who come here to do research, and their parents, and every other layperson is going to read that and go: huh?

Simplify. Economize. Edit. :)

If someone reverts, sobeit. It's a wiki, that's how it goes, but editorial judgment is not inherently foolish, and that jargon file stuff is a.) kooky, b.)Not Really The Point.

title: Talk:Camino Real


text:
Cherie Currie

Cherie Ann Currie (born November 30, 1959) is an American singer, musician, actress and artist. Currie was the lead vocalist of The Runaways, a rock band from Los Angeles, in the mid-to-late 1970s. She later became a solo artist. Currie and her identical twin sister, Marie Currie, released the album Messin' with the Boys in 1980 as Cherie & Marie Currie. Their duet "Since You Been Gone" reached number 95 on US charts. She is also known for her role in the movie Foxes.

Early life
Currie was born to Don Currie and actress Marie Harmon. She was raised in Encino, California. She has an identical twin sister, Marie Currie, an elder sister, actress Sondra Currie, and a brother, Don Currie Jr.

Currie and her twin sister were given a role on an episode of My Three Sons at the age of two. They were due to sing "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star" with Fred MacMurray but they froze during filming and their part was cut from the show. Before Currie and her twin sister rose to fame, they appeared on American Bandstand as background dancers.

The Runaways
In 1975, when she was 15 years old, Currie joined the all-female rock band The Runaways, performing as lead vocalist. Her bandmates were Joan Jett, Lita Ford, Sandy West, Jackie Fox and Vicki Blue. Bomp! magazine described her as "the lost daughter of Iggy Pop and Brigitte Bardot".

Solo
Currie recorded three albums with the Runaways, The Runaways, Queens of Noise and Live in Japan. She signed a four album deal with Mercury, but left the Runaways after the third album. To fulfil her contract, she recorded Beauty's Only Skin Deep for Polygram Records as a solo artist. Marie Currie was featured on the track "Love at First Sight".

Cherie and Marie Currie
After Cherie left The Runaways at age eighteen, she performed in clubs in Los Angeles. Marie joined her onstage for encores, which drew a positive response from audiences. When Marie joined Cherie on a promotional tour in Japan, they had the idea of recording an album together. They recorded Messin' With The Boys for Capitol Records, released in 1979. "Since You Been Gone", a cover of the Russ Ballard song, reached number 95 on the charts.

Cherie and Marie performed on television shows in the 1980s including Sha Na Na, The Mike Douglas Show, and The Merv Griffin Show. They wrote and produced songs for the soundtrack of the 1984 film The Rosebud Beach Hotel. They acted and sang together in the film. In 1991, Cherie and Marie Currie performed a tribute concert to Paula Pierce, a member of The Pandoras. For the final song, the remaining Pandoras backed the Curries. Currie performed at the Runaways' reunion in 1994 with Jackie Fox and Sandy West. Her sister Marie joined the three Runaways on stage and performed with the band.

In 1998, Cherie and Marie held a concert at the Golden Apple, in support of their re-released version of Messin' with the Boys. Cherie's ex-bandmate West joined Cherie on stage to perform some of the Runaways songs. The Curries and West signed autographs after the show. In 1998, the compilation Young and Wild was released. It included tracks from Beauty's Only Skin Deep, Messin' With The Boys, and songs by The Runaways. Another compilation, 80s Collection, was released in 2000 by Times Square Productions.

Film and Television
Cherie starred in the film Foxes in 1980 with Jodie Foster, and received strong reviews for her acting debut. She also appeared in Parasite, Wavelength, Twilight Zone: The Movie, The Rosebud Beach Hotel (with Marie Currie), and Rich Girl. She made guest appearances on television series including Matlock and Murder, She Wrote. In 1984 Currie was cast as Brenda in Savage Streets, but was replaced by Linda Blair. She was also cast as the lead singer of the fictional band the Dose in the film This Is Spinal Tap, but her character was cut out of the film. Cherie was considered for a part in the 1985 film Explorers but, according to her autobiography, she was in the throes of drug dependency and couldn't even make it to a meeting.

Later years
Currie was a guest vocalist on Shameless's 2013 album, Beautiful Disaster. Currie released singles with ex-bandmate, Lita Ford and Glenn Danzig the same year. On October 19, 2013, Currie won the Rock Legend Award at the sixth annual Malibu Music Awards. The award was presented to her by ex-bandmate, Lita Ford. That night Currie and Ford played on stage together for the first time in 37 years. Currie released another studio album, Reverie, in 2015. The album features guest work from ex-bandmate, Lita Ford, Currie's son, Jake Hays, and Currie's ex-manager, Kim Fowley. Cherie toured the UK in November 2015, to support her new album. Her special guest on her UK tour was Last Great Dreamers. While in the UK, Currie recorded a live album entitled "Midnight Music in London" which features a special live appearance by Suzi Quatro. It was released in 2016. In late May and early June 2016 Currie toured Australia and New Zealand. In 2018, Currie and her son were nominated for the Marshall Hawkins Award for Best Original Score for the film Take My Hand.

In 2019, Currie's album Blvds of Splendor was released on April 13. The album featured guests including Slash, Billy Corgan, Juliette Lewis, and The Veronicas.

On August 2, The Motivator, her album with Brie Darling, was released.

In 2020 Cherie Currie released an audio version of her memoir, Neon Angel. It reached number 1 on Amazon's Best Biographies of Punk Rock Musician. In the same year, Currie contributed her vocals to the song "Flatten the Curve" for the band FTC.

Currie is now a wood-carving artist, using a chainsaw to create her works. She has been doing chainsaw art since 2002 and opened her own gallery in 2005 in Chatsworth, California. As a chainsaw artist, Currie has competed in and won awards at three world Chainsaw Art competitions.

Personal life
Currie struggled with drug addiction for much of her younger life, a major factor in the abrupt ending of her career. She wrote a memoir, Neon Angel, recounting life in the band and her traumatic experiences with drug addiction, sex abuse, and her broken family. In the 1980s, Currie began working in drug and psych facilities, later becoming a counsellor.

The Runaways, a 2010 biographical drama film executive-produced by Joan Jett, focuses on the group's beginnings and explores the relationship between Currie and Jett. Dakota Fanning portrays Currie.

Currie married actor Robert Hays on May 12, 1990, and they had one son together, the musician Jake Hays. Currie and Hays divorced in 1997.

Influence on pop culture
In 1979 an alternative cover photo of Currie's album Beauty's only Skin Deep appears in the background of the feature film Rock 'n' Roll High School. It appears when the Ramones are backstage.

Characters in the 1997 film Gummo, sisters Dot, Helen, and Darby (played by Chloë Sevigny, Carisa Glucksman, and Darby Dougherty) were influenced by the Currie twins. Writer and director Harmony Korine, stated that, "Dot and Helen were based off a combination of Cherie and Marie Currie, home schooling, and The Shaggs."

In a season 3 episode of The O.C., Marissa makes an entrance to "Cherry Bomb". She does so while dressed in a provocative schoolgirl outfit.

Studio albums

 * 1976 – The Runaways
 * 1977 – Queens of Noise

Live albums

 * 1977 – Live in Japan

Studio albums

 * 1978 – Beauty's Only Skin Deep
 * 1980 – Messin' with the Boys (with Marie Currie)
 * 1998 – Young and Wild (with Marie Currie)
 * 1999 – 80's Collection (with Marie Currie)
 * 2015 – Reverie
 * 2019 – Blvds of Splendor
 * 2019 – The Motivator

Live albums

 * 2013 – Live in Los Angeles 8/30/13
 * 2016 – Midnight Music in London

EPs

 * 2007 – Cherry Bomb

Guest appearances

 * 1978 – Yesterday & Today – Struck Down
 * 1981 – 707 – The Second Album
 * 1984 – various artist – The Rosebud Beach Hotel Soundtrack (with Marie Currie)
 * 1991 – various artist – Rich Girl Soundtrack
 * 1990 – Tater Totz – Stereo: Sgt. Shonen's Exploding Plastic Eastman Band Request
 * 1993 – Atsushi Yokozeki Project – Raid
 * 1998 – Precious Metal – What You See Is What You Get: The Very Best of Precious Metal
 * 2001 – Katt Lowe & the Othersyde – Katt Lowe & the Othersyde
 * 2004 – Texas Terri Bomb! – Your Lips...
 * 2006 – Rick Derringer – Rock 'n' Roll Hoochie Coo: The Best of Rick Derringer
 * 2007 – Dee Dee Ramone / Johnny Ramone / Marky Ramone – Ramones Solo Performances
 * 2008 – The Ramones – The Family Tree
 * 2003 – The Streetwalkin' Cheetahs – Maximum Overdrive
 * 2013 – Shameless – Beautiful Disaster
 * 2013 – Warehouse 13 – Runaway
 * 2013 – Glenn Danzig – "Some Velvet Morning"
 * 2018 – Fanny Walked The Earth – "When We Need Her"
 * 2020 – FTC – "Flatten the Curve"
 * 2020 - Cherie Currie and Dave Schulz - "What The World Needs Now Is Love"
 * 2020 - Ryan Cassidy - "Small Price (featuring Cherie Currie)"
 * 2021 - Ryan Cassidy - "Second Chance (featuring Cherie Currie)"
 * 2023 - Ten Cent Revenge - "Need To Know"

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cherie Currie


text:
FGM (disambiguation)

FGM stands for female genital mutilation, the removal of some or all of the external female genitalia for non-medical reasons.

FGM may also refer to:

 * Fisher's geometric model, an evolutionary model
 * Flamelet generated manifold, a chemistry reduction technique
 * Flux-gate magnetometer, a measuring instrument
 * Functionally graded material, in materials science
 * Free Gaza Movement
 * Flash Glucose Monitoring, a method to measure blood glucose level in people with diabetes.

title: FGM (disambiguation)


text:
President of the Soviet Union

The President of the Soviet Union (Президент Советского Союза), officially the president of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Президент Союза Советских Социалистических Республик), abbreviated as president of the USSR (Президент СССР), was the head of state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics from 15 March 1990 to 25 December 1991.

Mikhail Gorbachev was the only person to occupy this office. Gorbachev was also General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union between March 1985 and August 1991. He derived an increasingly large share of his power from his position as president through his resignation as General Secretary following the 1991 coup d'état attempt.

History
The idea of the institution of a sole head of state (instead of collegial leadership) first appeared during the preparation of the draft Constitution of the USSR of 1936. However, at the suggestion of the informal first person of the USSR, Stalin, who could compete with the official head of state, the idea was rejected. He formally justified the reason for this decision as quote:"According to the system of our Constitution, the U.S.S.R. should not have a single president, elected by the entire population, on a par with the Supreme Soviet, and able to oppose himself to the Supreme Soviet. The collegial president in the USSR is the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, including the chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, elected not by the entire population, but by the Supreme Soviet and accountable to the Supreme Soviet. The experience of history shows that such a structure of supreme bodies is the most democratic, guaranteeing the country from undesirable accidents."Later, the issue of introducing the post of President of the USSR was discussed during the development of the draft of the "Khrushchev" Constitution of the USSR in the early to mid-1960s and the Constitution of the USSR of 1977. However, in the end, each time a decision was made in favor of the collegial Presidium of the Supreme Soviet as the highest body of power in the country.

Members of the Communist Party voted on establishing a presidency on 7 February 1990. The first and only presidential election took place on 14 March 1990. The Congress of People's Deputies decided that they would elect the first president into a five-year term, then turn over presidential elections to the public beginning in the planned 1995 presidential election.

Powers
The presidency was an executive post, based on a mixture of the US and French presidencies.

Prior to the creation of the post of president, the de jure head of state of the Soviet Union was the chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, who was often called the "president" by non-Soviet sources. For most of the Soviet Union's existence, all effective executive political power was in the hands of the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, with the chairman of the Presidium exercising largely symbolic and figurehead duties. Starting with Leonid Brezhnev in 1977, the last four general secretaries—Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov, Konstantin Chernenko, and Gorbachev—simultaneously served as de jure head of state during their time in office.

The president was initially elected by the Congress of People's Deputies and served as ex officio chairman of that body, but all future elections were to have been by popular vote. The president reported to the Supreme Soviet. On 24 September 1990, Gorbachev persuaded the Supreme Soviet to give him the power to rule by unrestricted decree (on the economy, law and order, and the appointment of government personnel) until 31 March 1992. Another power was the right to declare direct presidential rule in troubled areas and abolish democratic elected bodies if necessary. During the election of the president several candidates were nominated, among leading contenders were KGB Chairman Vadim Bakatin and Premier Nikolai Ryzhkov.

The president's powers were: The vice president of the Soviet Union was the deputy head of state. If the president was killed or unable to be in office, the vice president would become president. The only person to hold this office was Gennady Yanayev, who the following year became the leader of the Gang of Eight which attempted the August coup, assuming the position of acting president of the Soviet Union on 19 August 1991. After three days the coup collapsed and Gorbachev was restored.
 * Commander in chief of the armed forces
 * The ability to propose and veto legislation
 * The ability to appoint the Prime Minister (who would then have to be approved by the Supreme Soviet), or, if necessary, to dismiss the Prime Minister, among other government ministers and officials
 * The declaration of states of emergency or martial law within the borders of the Soviet Union
 * The nation's top representative abroad, with the ability to sign international treaties
 * The ability to call for national referendums on important issues
 * The ability to assign military ranks and honorary titles
 * The power to restore citizenship to exiles or internal dissidents
 * The ability to overrule government decisions that violated the constitution or endangered citizens rights and freedoms

Following the coup attempt, Gorbachev remained president until the country's dissolution, when he resigned and declared his office to be extinct. The powers of the position were subsequently ceded to the new President of Russia, Boris Yeltsin.

Oath
With his right hand on a red bound copy of the Soviet Constitution, placed on a small table before the Congress, President-elect Gorbachev took the following oath: "I solemnly swear to faithfully serve the peoples of our nations, to strictly observe the Soviet Constitution, to guarantee the rights and freedoms of citizens and to conscientiously fulfill the high responsibilities placed in me as president of the Soviet Union."

Presidential Administration

 * State Council of the Soviet Union
 * Presidential Council
 * Political Advisory Council under the President

 * Federation Council
 * Defense Council
 * Security Council

title: President of the Soviet Union


text:
R. Palme Dutt

Rajani Palme Dutt (19 June 1896 – 20 December 1974), generally known as R. Palme Dutt, was a leading journalist and theoretician in the Communist Party of Great Britain, and briefly served as its fourth general secretary during World War II from October 1939 to June 1941. His classic book India Today heralded the Marxist approach in Indian historiography.

Early life
Rajani Palme Dutt was born in 1896 on Mill Road in Cambridge, England. His father, Dr. Upendra Dutt, was an Indian surgeon, his mother Anna Palme was Swedish. Dr. Upendra Dutt belonged to the family of Romesh Chunder Dutt. Anna Palme was a great aunt of the future Prime Minister of Sweden Olof Palme. His sister was the statistician Elna Palme Dutt, who went on to become an official of the International Labour Organization in Geneva. He, along with his older brother Clemens Palme Dutt, was a founding member of the Communist Party of Great Britain.

Dutt was educated at the Perse School, Cambridge and Balliol College, Oxford, where he obtained a first-class degree in Classics, after being suspended for a time because of his activities as a conscientious objector in World War I, during which his writing was deemed subversive propaganda.

Dutt married an Estonian, Salme Murrik, the sister of Finnish writer Hella Wuolijoki, in 1922. His wife had come to Great Britain in 1920 as a representative of the Communist International.

Political career
Dutt made his first connections with the Socialist Movement in England during his school days, before the outbreak of the First World War. He was expelled from Oxford University in October 1917 for organising a socialist meeting. He joined the British Labour Movement as a full time worker in 1919, when he joined the Labour Research Department, a left-wing statistical bureau. Together with Harry Pollitt he was one of the founder members of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) in 1920. In 1921 he founded a monthly magazine called Labour Monthly, a publication that he edited until his death.

In 1922, Dutt was named the editor of the party's weekly newspaper, the Workers' Weekly.

Dutt was on the executive committee of the CPGB from 1923 to 1965 and was the party's chief theorist for many years.

Dutt first visited the Soviet Union in 1923, where he attended deliberations of the Executive Committee of the Communist International (ECCI) relating to the British movement. He was elected an alternate to the ECCI Presidium in 1924.

Following an illness in 1925 which forced him to stand down as editor of Workers' Weekly, Dutt spent several years in Belgium and Sweden as a representative of the Comintern. He also played an important role for the Comintern by supervising the Communist Party of India for some years.

Palme Dutt was loyal to the Soviet Union and to the Stalinist line. In 1939, when the CPGB General Secretary Harry Pollitt supported the United Kingdom entering World War II, Palme Dutt promoted Joseph Stalin's line and forced Pollitt's temporary resignation. As a result, he became the party's General Secretary until Pollitt was reappointed in 1941, after the German invasion of the Soviet Union cause a reversal in the party's attitude on the war.

His book Fascism and Social Revolution presents a scathing criticism and analysis of fascism, with a study of the rise of fascism in Germany, Italy and other countries. He defined fascism as a violent authoritarian, ultranationalist and irrational theory: "Fascism is antithetical to everything of substance within the liberal tradition."

After Stalin's death, Palme Dutt's reaction to Nikita Khrushchev's Secret Speech played down its significance, with Dutt arguing that Stalin's "sun" unsurprisingly contained some "spots". A hardliner in the party, he disagreed with its criticisms of the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 and opposed its increasingly Eurocommunist line in the 1970s. He retired from his party positions but remained a member until his death in 1974. According to the historian Geoff Andrews, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was still paying the CPGB around £15,000 a year "for pensions" into the 1970s, recipients of which "included Rajani Palme Dutt".

The Labour History Archive and Study Centre at the People's History Museum in Manchester has Palme Dutt's papers in its collection, spanning from 1908 to 1971.

India Visit
R. Palme Dutt was of Indian lineage from his father’s side. The British Indian Government in 1946, permitted RPD for the first time since 1921 to visit India. He visited India as a special correspondent for the Daily Worker. During this four months long visit he spoke at several rallies in different cities of India, organised by Communist Party of India. During this time he also interacted with many workers of the Communist Party, and also senior leaders including PC Joshi. During this visit he also met several important leaders of India including Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel, Mohammad Ali Jinnah and Stafford Cripps. He was also invited by newly built All India Radio for a broadcast. His visit had such a profound effect upon Indian Communists, that when they established the headquarter of their “People’s Publishing House (PPH)” in Jhandewalan of Delhi, between 1956 - 1958, they named the building as “R. Palme Dutt Bhawan” in the honour of RPD. On the second floor stairs of this building, hung a portrait of RPD, that was clicked in the year 1946. This photograph was hung there until very recently, and is now perhaps moved to CPI headquarters at Ajoy Bhawan.

Works

 * 1920: The Sabotage of Europe
 * 1920: The Two Internationals
 * 1921: Back to Plotinus, Review of Shaw's Back to Methusela: A Metaphysical Pentateuch
 * 1921: Psycho-Analysing the Bolshevik, Review of Kolnai's Psycho-analysis and Sociology
 * 1922: The End of Gandhi
 * 1923: The British Empire
 * 1923: The Issue in Europe
 * 1925: Empire Socialism (pamphlet)
 * 1926: The Meaning of the General Strike (pamphlet)
 * 1926: Trotsky and His English Critics
 * 1928: Indian Awakening
 * 1931: India
 * 1931: Capitalism or Socialism in Britain? (pamphlet)
 * 1933: Democracy and Fascism (pamphlet)
 * 1933: A Note on the Falsification of Engels' Preface to "Marx’s 'Class Struggles in France"
 * 1934: Fascism and Social Revolution
 * 1935: The Question of Fascism and Capitalist Decay
 * 1935: British Policy and Nazi Germany
 * 1935: The British-German Alliance in the Open
 * 1935: For a united Communist Party : an appeal to I.L.P'ers and to all revolutionary workers
 * 1936: In Memory of Shapurji Saklatvala
 * 1936: Anti-Imperialist People's Front in India, written with Ben Bradley
 * 1936: Left Nationalism in India
 * 1938: On the Eve of the Indian National Congress, with Harry Pollitt and Ben Bradley
 * 1938: Review of Marx & Engels on the U.S. Civil War
 * 1939: Why this War? (pamphlet)
 * 1940: Twentieth Anniversary of the Communist Party of Great Britain
 * 1940: India Today
 * 1947: Declaration on Palestine, at the Empire Communist Parties Conference, London on 26 February to 3 March 1947
 * 1949: Introductory Report on Election Programme
 * 1953: Stalin and the Future
 * 1953: The crisis of Britain and the British Empire (new and revised edition 1957)
 * 1955: India Today and Tomorrow
 * 1963: Problems of Contemporary History
 * 1964: The Internationale
 * 1967: Whither China?

title: R. Palme Dutt


text:
Pragmatic Sanction of 1549

The Pragmatic Sanction of 1549 was an edict, promulgated by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, reorganising the Seventeen Provinces of the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg into one indivisible territory, while retaining existing customs, laws, and forms of government within the provinces.

It was his plan to centralize the administrative units of the Holy Roman Empire. The Pragmatic Sanction transformed the agglomeration of lands into a unified entity, of which the Habsburgs would be the heirs. By streamlining the succession law in all Seventeen Provinces and declaring that all of them would be inherited by one heir, Charles effectively united the Netherlands as one entity. After Charles' abdication in 1555, the Seventeen Provinces passed to his son, Philip II of Spain.

The Pragmatic Sanction is said to be one example of the Habsburg contest with particularism that contributed to the Dutch Revolt. Each of the provinces had its own laws, customs and political practices. The new policy, imposed from the outside, angered many inhabitants, who viewed their provinces as distinct entities. It and other monarchical acts, such as the creation of bishoprics and promulgation of laws against heresy, stoked resentments, which fired the eruption of the Dutch Revolt.

Territories
The document was written in Middle French. The following territories, collectively called nos Pays de pardeçà ("our Lands around here", meaning the Netherlands, as opposed to nos Pays de par delà, "our Lands over there", meaning the Franche-Comté and originally also the Duchy of Burgundy) are mentioned in the Pragmatic Sanction of 1549:
 * Flandres: the County of Flanders (modern Dutch: Vlaanderen; modern French: Flandre)
 * Artois or Arthois: the County of Artois (modern Dutch: Artesië; modern French: Artois)
 * Haynau: the County of Hainaut (modern Dutch: Henegouwen; modern French: Hainaut)
 * Brabant: the Duchy of Brabant
 * Luxembourg: the Duchy of Luxembourg (modern Dutch/German: Luxemburg, modern Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg)
 * Gueldres: the Duchy of Guelders (modern Dutch: Gelre, predecessor of the province of Gelderland)
 * Limbourg, Faulquemont, Daelhem et d'autres nos pays d'Outremeuse: the Duchy of Limburg, the County of Valkenburg (modern French: Fauquemont), the County of Dalhem and 'our' [=Habsburg's] other lands of Trans-Meuse, i.e. on the other side of the river Meuse (modern Dutch: Landen van Overmaas or Overmaze)
 * Holland: the County of Holland
 * Namur: the County of Namur (modern Dutch: Namen)
 * Frize: the Lordship of Frisia (modern Dutch: Friesland; modern Frisian: Fryslân)
 * Overyssel et Groeninghe: the Lordship of Overijssel and the Lordship of Groningen
 * Uytrecht: the Lordship of Utrecht
 * Lille, Douay et Orchies: the castellanies of Lille (modern Dutch: Rijsel), Douai and Orchies
 * Zelande Bewest et Beoisterschelt: the County of Zeeland West and East of the river Scheldt (modern Dutch: Zeeland Bewesten- en Beoostenschelde)
 * Malines: the Lordship of Mechelen

title: Pragmatic Sanction of 1549


text:
Paul R. Ehrlich

Paul Ralph Ehrlich (born May 29, 1932) is an American biologist known for his predictions and warnings about the consequences of population growth, including famine and resource depletion. Ehrlich is the Bing Professor Emeritus of Population Studies of the Department of Biology of Stanford University.

Ehrlich became well known for the controversial 1968 book The Population Bomb, which he co-authored with his wife Anne H. Ehrlich, in which they famously stated that "[i]n the 1970s hundreds of millions of people will starve to death in spite of any crash programs embarked upon now." Among the solutions suggested in that book was population control, including "various forms of coercion" such as eliminating "tax benefits for having additional children," to be used if voluntary methods were to fail, as well as letting "hopeless" countries like India starve to death.

Scholars, journalists and public intellectuals have mixed views on Ehrlich's assertions on the dangers of expanding human populations. While Paul A. Murtaugh, associate professor of statistics at Oregon State University, says that Ehrlich was largely correct, Ehrlich has been criticized for his approach and views, both for their pessimistic outlook and, later on, for the repeated failure of his predictions to come true. For example, in response to Ehrlich's assertion that all major marine wildlife would die by 1980, Ronald Bailey termed Ehrlich an "irrepressible doomster". Ehrlich has acknowledged that "some" of what he predicted has not occurred, but nevertheless maintains that his predictions about disease and climate change were essentially correct and that human overpopulation is a major problem. Whereas American journalist Jonathan V. Last has called The Population Bomb "one of the most spectacularly foolish books ever published", journalist Fred Pearce argues that overconsumption is the real problem.

Early life, education, and academic career
Ehrlich was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of William Ehrlich and Ruth Rosenberg. His father was a shirt salesman (unrelated to the German scientist Paul Ehrlich), his mother a Greek and Latin scholar and public school teacher. Ehrlich's mother's Reform-Jewish German ancestors arrived in the United States in the 1840s, and his paternal grandparents emigrated there later from the Galician and Transylvanian part of the Austrian Empire. During his childhood his family moved to Maplewood, New Jersey, where he attended Columbia High School, graduating in 1949.

By training, Ehrlich is an entomologist specializing in Lepidoptera (butterflies). He earned a bachelor's degree in zoology from the University of Pennsylvania in 1953, an M.A. from the University of Kansas in 1955, and a Ph.D. from the University of Kansas in 1957, supervised by the prominent bee researcher Charles Duncan Michener (the title of his dissertation: "The Morphology, Phylogeny and Higher Classification of the Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)"). During his studies he participated with surveys of insects in the areas of the Bering Sea and Canadian arctic, and then with a National Institutes of Health fellowship, investigated the genetics and behavior of parasitic mites. In 1959 he joined the faculty at Stanford University. He became well-known for popularizing the term coevolution in an influential 1964 paper co-authored with the botanist Peter H. Raven, where they proposed that an evolutionary 'arms-race' between plants and insects explains the extreme diversification of plants and insects. This paper was highly influential on the then-nascent field of chemical ecology. He was promoted to professor of biology in 1966, and appointed to the Bing Professorship in 1977. In 1984, he founded the Center for Conservation Biology at Stanford University. He is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the United States National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society.

Overpopulation debate

A lecture that Ehrlich gave on the topic of overpopulation at the Commonwealth Club of California was broadcast by radio in April 1967. The success of the lecture caused further publicity, and the suggestion from David Brower the executive director of the environmentalist Sierra Club, and Ian Ballantine of Ballantine Books to write a book concerning the topic. Ehrlich and his wife, Anne H. Ehrlich, collaborated on the book, The Population Bomb, but the publisher insisted that a single author be credited; only Paul's name appears as an author.

Although Ehrlich was not the first to warn about population issues — concern had been widespread during the 1950s and 1960s — his charismatic and media-savvy methods helped publicize the topic. The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson had Ehrlich on as a guest more than twenty times, with one interview lasting an hour.

The Population Bomb (1968)
The original edition of The Population Bomb began with the statement: "The battle to feed all of humanity is over. In the 1970s hundreds of millions of people will starve to death in spite of any crash programs embarked upon now. At this late date nothing can prevent a substantial increase in the world death rate..." Ehrlich argued that the human population was too great, and that while the extent of disaster could be mitigated, humanity could not prevent severe famines, the spread of disease, social unrest, and other negative consequences of overpopulation.

Ehrlich has proposed different solutions to the problem of overpopulation. In The Population Bomb he wrote, "We must have population control at home, hopefully through a system of incentives and penalties, but by compulsion if voluntary methods fail. We must use our political power to push other countries into programs which combine agricultural development and population control." Voluntary measures he has endorsed include the easiest possible availability of birth control and abortion. In 1967, he went so far as to insist that countries such as India be allowed to starve, while aid would only be given to those countries that were not considered to be "hopeless".

Decades later, Ehrlich's continued prominence and the failure of the book's predictions to materialize led to renewed scrutiny and criticism. The New York Times said his "apocalyptic predictions fell as flat as ancient theories about the shape of the Earth".

Science author Charles C. Mann wrote that the book's predictions "fueled an anti-population-growth crusade that led to human rights abuses around the world", including coercive population control policies and even forced sterilizations. Ehrlich's pointed criticism of India in particular (for instance, emphasizing the overpopulation of Delhi rather than Paris, which had nearly triple Delhi's population at the time of writing) has been criticized for focusing much more on "feelings" than on actual data.

Neither of the Ehrlichs have ever publicly renounced predictions, instead insisting that they were largely correct, despite the errors noted by many experts.

The Population Explosion (1990)
The Population Explosion argues that the population catastrophe outlined in the Ehrlichs' earlier work The Population Bomb had in fact come to pass, and that "hunger is rife and famine and plague ever more imminent".

Many accepted the premise of a looming population problem, with the New York Times writing that "it is not merely prudent but imperative that we confront population issues, and do so now". Notwithstanding this wide agreement, the Ehrlichs were criticized for an "alarmist" tone. The book was also criticised for its approach to family planning, arguing against increased family planning efforts aimed at empowering individuals and families. The Ehrlichs were accused of advocating the curtailment of reproductive freedoms and giving the state a larger role in such decisions, while leaving ambiguous "just how authoritarian a solution they are willing to endorse."

Subsequent attention to the book scrutinized its descriptions of an unfolding overpopulation catastrophe. The book's contention that global food production had already peaked proved to be incorrect. Similarly, the prediction that India faced catastrophic food shortage in the 1990s failed to materialize.

Optimum Human Population Size (1994)
In this paper, the Ehrlichs discussed their opinion on the 'optimal size' for human population, given their assessment of the current technological situation. They referred to establishing "social policies to influence fertility rates."

After 2000
During a 2004 interview, Ehrlich answered questions about the predictions he made in The Population Bomb. He acknowledged that some of what he had published had not occurred, but stated that he felt "little embarrassment" and reaffirmed his basic opinion that overpopulation is a major problem. He noted that, "Fifty-eight academies of science said that same thing in 1994, as did the world scientists' warning to humanity in the same year. My view has become depressingly mainline!" Ehrlich also asserted that 600 million people were very hungry while billions were under-nourished, and falsely insisted that his predictions about disease and climate change were essentially correct. Retrospectively, Ehrlich said that The Population Bomb, which predicted a widespread famine by 1985 that never materialized, was actually "way too optimistic".

In a 2008 discussion hosted by the website Salon, Paul Ehrlich was more critical of the United States specifically, claiming that it should control its population and consumption as an example to the rest of the world. He still professed a belief that governments should discourage people from having more than two children, suggesting, for example, a higher tax rate for larger families.

In 2011, as the world's population passed the seven billion mark, Ehrlich argued that the next two billion people on Earth would cause more damage than the previous two billion, as humans now increasingly would have to resort to using more marginal and environmentally damaging resources. As of 2013, Ehrlich continued to perform policy research concerning population and resource issues, with an emphasis upon endangered species, cultural evolution, environmental ethics, and the preservation of genetic resources. Along with Dr. Gretchen Daily, he performed work in countryside biogeography; that is, the study of making human-disturbed areas hospitable to biodiversity. His research group at Stanford University examined extensive natural populations of the Bay checkerspot butterfly (Euphydryas editha bayensis).

The population-related disaster that Ehrlich predicted has completely failed to materialize, including the "hundreds of millions" of starvation deaths in the 1970s and the tens of millions of deaths in the United States in the 1970s and 1980s. Slowing of population growth rates and new food production technologies have increased the food supply faster than the population. Nonetheless, Ehrlich continues to stand by his general thesis that the human population is too large, posing a direct threat to human survival and the environment of the planet. Indeed, he states that if he were to write the book today, "My language would be even more apocalyptic." In 2018, he emphasized his view that the optimum population size is between 1.5 and 2 billion people. In 2022, he was a contributor to the "Scientists' warning on population," published by Science of the Total Environment, which estimated that a sustainable population would be between 2 and 4 billion people.

Reception
Critics have disputed Ehrlich's main thesis about overpopulation and its effects on the environment and human society, and his solutions, as well as some of his specific predictions made since the late 1960s. A common criticism concerns Ehrlich's alarmist and sensational statements and inaccurate predictions, leading economist Thomas Sowell to call out Ehrlich as being "consistently wrong on so many things". Ronald Bailey of Reason magazine has termed him an "irrepressible doomster ... who, as far as I can tell, has never been right in any of his forecasts of imminent catastrophe." On the first Earth Day in 1970, he warned that "[i]n ten years all important animal life in the sea will be extinct. Large areas of coastline will have to be evacuated because of the stench of dead fish." In a 1971 speech, he predicted that: "By the year 2000 the United Kingdom will be simply a small group of impoverished islands, inhabited by some 70 million hungry people." "If I were a gambler," Professor Ehrlich concluded before boarding an airplane, " I would take even money that England will not exist in the year 2000." When this scenario did not occur, he responded that "When you predict the future, you get things wrong. How wrong is another question. I would have lost if I had had taken the bet. However, if you look closely at England, what can I tell you? They're having all kinds of problems, just like everybody else." Ehrlich wrote in The Population Bomb that, "India couldn't possibly feed two hundred million more people by 1980."

He provided no evidence to support his claim. During the 1960s and 70s when Ehrlich made his most alarming warnings, there was a widespread belief among experts that population growth presented an extremely serious threat to the future of human civilization, although differences existed regarding the severity of the situation, and how to decrease it.

Canadian journalist Dan Gardner, in his 2010 book Future Babble, argues that Ehrlich has been insufficiently forthright in acknowledging errors he made, while being intellectually dishonest or evasive in taking credit for things he claims he got "right". For example, he rarely acknowledges the mistakes he made in predicting material shortages, massive death tolls from starvation (as many as one billion in the publication Age of Affluence) or regarding the disastrous effects on specific countries. Meanwhile, he is happy to claim credit for "predicting" the increase of AIDS or global warming. However, in the case of disease, Ehrlich had predicted the increase of a disease based on overcrowding, or the weakened immune systems of starving people, so it is "a stretch to see this as forecasting the emergence of AIDS in the 1980s." Similarly, global warming was one of the scenarios that Ehrlich described, so claiming credit for it, while disavowing responsibility for failed scenarios is a double standard. Gardner believes that Ehrlich is displaying classical signs of cognitive dissonance, and that his failure to acknowledge obvious errors of his own judgement render his current thinking suspect.

Barry Commoner has criticized Ehrlich's 1970 statement that "When you reach a point where you realize further efforts will be futile, you may as well look after yourself and your friends and enjoy what little time you have left. That point for me is 1972." Gardner has criticized Ehrlich for endorsing the strategies proposed by William and Paul Paddock in their book Famine 1975!. They had proposed a system of "triage" that would end food aid to "hopeless" countries such as India and Egypt. In Population Bomb, Ehrlich suggests that "there is no rational choice except to adopt some form of the Paddocks' strategy as far as food distribution is concerned." Had this strategy been implemented for countries such as India and Egypt, which were reliant on food aid at that time, they would almost certainly have suffered famines. Instead, both Egypt and India have greatly increased their food production and now feed much larger populations without reliance on food aid.

Left-wing critics
Another group of critics, generally of the political left, argues that Ehrlich emphasizes overpopulation too much as a problem in itself instead of distribution of resources. Barry Commoner argued that Ehrlich emphasized overpopulation too much as the source of environmental problems, and that his proposed solutions were politically unacceptable because of the coercion that they implied, and because they would cost poor people disproportionately. He argued that technological, and above all social development would result in a natural decrease of both population growth and environmental damage. Ehrlich denies any type of racism, and has argued that if his policy ideas were implemented properly they would not be repressive.

In a 2018 interview with The Guardian, Ehrlich, while still proud of The Population Bomb for starting a worldwide debate on the issues of population, acknowledged weaknesses of the book including not placing enough emphasis on overconsumption and inequality, and countering accusations of racism. He argues "too many rich people in the world is a major threat to the human future, and cultural and genetic diversity are great human resources." He advocated for an "unprecedented redistribution of wealth" in order to mitigate the problem of overconsumption of resources by the world's wealthy, but said "the rich who now run the global system — that hold the annual 'world destroyer' meetings in Davos — are unlikely to let it happen."

Ehrlich and his colleague Rodolfo Dirzo argued in a 2022 perspective paper for the need to reduce fertility rates among "the overconsuming wealthy and middle classes", and wasteful consumption in general, with the ultimate goal being to reduce "the scale of the human enterprise" in order to mitigate the contemporary extinction crisis.

Simon–Ehrlich wager
The economist Julian Simon argued in 1980 that overpopulation is not a problem as such and that humanity will adapt to changing conditions. Simon argued that eventually human creativity will improve living standards, and that most resources were replaceable. Simon stated that over hundreds of years, the prices of virtually all commodities had decreased significantly and persistently. Ehrlich termed Simon the proponent of a "space-age cargo cult" of economists convinced that human creativity and ingenuity would create substitutes for scarce resources and reasserted the idea that population growth was outstripping the Earth's supplies of food, fresh water and minerals. This exchange resulted in the Simon–Ehrlich wager, a bet about the trend of prices for resources during a ten-year period that was made with Simon in 1980. Ehrlich was allowed to choose ten commodities that he predicted would become scarce and thus increase in price. Ehrlich chose mostly metals, and lost the bet, as their average price decreased by about 30% in the next 10 years. Simon and Ehrlich could not agree about the terms of a second bet.

Ehrlich's response to critics
Ehrlich has argued that humanity has simply deferred the disaster by the use of more intensive agricultural techniques, such as those introduced during the Green Revolution. Ehrlich claims that increasing populations and affluence are increasingly stressing the global environment, due to such factors as loss of biodiversity, overfishing, global warming, urbanization, chemical pollution and competition for raw materials. He maintains that due to growing global incomes, reducing consumption and human population is critical to protecting the environment and maintaining living standards, and that current rates of growth are still too great for a sustainable future.

Other activities
Ehrlich was one of the initiators of the group Zero Population Growth (renamed Population Connection) in 1968, along with Richard Bowers and Charles Lee Remington. In 1971, Ehrlich was elected to the Common Cause National Governing Board. He and his wife Anne were part of the board of advisers of the Federation for American Immigration Reform until 2003. He is currently a patron of Population Matters, (formerly known as the Optimum Population Trust).

Consistent with his concern about the impact of pollution and in response to a doctoral dissertation by his student Edward Goth III, Ehrlich wrote in 1977 that, "Fluorides have been shown to concentrate in food chains, and evidence suggesting a potential for significant ecological effects is accumulating."

Ehrlich has spoken at conferences in Israel on the issue of desertification. He has argued "true Zionists should have small families".

Personal life
Ehrlich has been married to Anne H. Ehrlich (née Howland) since December 1954; they have one daughter, Lisa Marie. He announced that he had had a vasectomy in 1963 after his child's birth.

Awards and honors

 * The John Muir Award of the Sierra Club
 * The Gold Medal Award of the World Wildlife Fund International
 * A MacArthur Prize Fellowship
 * The Crafoord Prize, awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and considered the highest award given in the field of ecology
 * ECI Prize winner in terrestrial ecology, 1993
 * A World Ecology Award from the International Center for Tropical Ecology, University of Missouri, 1993
 * The Volvo Environmental Prize, 1993
 * The United Nations Sasakawa Environment Prize, 1994
 * The 1st Annual Heinz Award in the Environment (with Anne Ehrlich), 1995
 * The Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement, 1998
 * The Dr. A. H. Heineken Prize for Environmental Sciences, 1998
 * The Blue Planet Prize, 1999
 * The Eminent Ecologist Award of the Ecological Society of America, 2001
 * The Distinguished Scientist Award of the American Institute of Biological Sciences, 2001
 * Ramon Margalef Prize in Ecology of the Generalitat of Catalonia, 2009
 * Fellow of the Royal Society of London 2012
 * 2013 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in Ecology and Conservation Biology

Books

 * How to Know the Butterflies (1960)
 * Process of Evolution (1963)
 * Butterflies and Plants: A Study in Coevolution (1964)
 * The Population Bomb (1968, revised 1971, updated 1978, re-issued 1988, 1998, 2008 and 2018)
 * Population, Resources, Environments: Issues in Human Ecology (1970)
 * How to Be a Survivor (1971)
 * Man and the Ecosphere: Readings from Scientific American (1971)
 * Population, Resources, Environments: Issues in Human Ecology Second Edition (1972)
 * Human Ecology: Problems and Solutions (1973)
 * Introductory Biology (1973)
 * The End of Affluence (1975)
 * Biology and Society (1976)
 * Ecoscience: Population, Resources, Environment (1978)
 * The Race Bomb (1978)
 * Extinction (1981)
 * The Golden Door: International Migration, Mexico, and the United States (1981)
 * The Cold and the Dark: The World after Nuclear War (1984, with Carl Sagan, Donald Kennedy, and Walter Orr Roberts)
 * The Machinery of Nature: The Living World Around Us and How it Works (1986)
 * Earth (1987, co-authored with Anne Ehrlich)
 * Science of Ecology (1987, with Joan Roughgarden)
 * The Cassandra Conference: Resources and the Human Predicament (1988)
 * The Birder's Handbook: A field Guide to the Natural History of North American Birds (1988, with David S. Dobkin and Darryl Wheye)
 * New World, New Mind: Moving Towards Conscious Evolution (1988, co-authored with Robert E. Ornstein)
 * The Population Explosion (1990, with Anne Ehrlich)
 * Healing the Planet: Strategies for Resolving the Environmental Crisis (1991, co-authored with Anne Ehrlich)
 * Birds in Jeopardy: The Imperiled and Extinct Birds of the United States and Canada, Including Hawaii and Puerto Rico (1992, with David S. Dobkin and Darryl Wheye)
 * The Stork and the Plow : The Equity Answer to the Human Dilemma (1995, with Anne Ehrlich and Gretchen C. Daily)
 * A World of Wounds: Ecologists and the Human Dilemma (1997)
 * Betrayal of Science and Reason: How Anti-Environment Rhetoric Threatens Our Future (1998, with Anne Ehrlich)
 *  Wild Solutions: How Biodiversity is Money in the Bank (2001, with Andrew Beattie)
 * Human Natures: Genes, Cultures, and the Human Prospect (2002)
 * One With Nineveh: Politics, Consumption, and the Human Future (2004, with Anne Ehrlich)
 * On the Wings of Checkerspots: A Model System for Population Biology (2004, edited volume, co-edited with Ilkka Hanski)
 * The Dominant Animal: Human Evolution and the Environment (2008, with Anne Ehrlich)
 * Humanity on a Tightrope: Thoughts on Empathy, Family, and Big Changes for a Viable Future (2010, with Robert E. Ornstein)
 * Conservation Biology for All (2010, edited volume, co-edited with Navjot S. Sodhi)
 * Hope on Earth: A Conversation (2014, co-authored with Michael Charles Tobias) ISBN 978-0-226-11368-5
 * Killing the Koala and Poisoning the Prairie: Australia, America and the Environment (2015, co-authored with Corey J. A. Bradshaw)
 * The Annihilation of Nature: Human Extinction of Birds and Mammals (2015, with Anne Ehrlich and Gerardo Ceballos)
 * Jaws: The Story of a Hidden Epidemic (2018, with Sandra Kahn) ISBN 978-1503604131

title: Paul R. Ehrlich


text:
Talk:July 1

Nascar
On this day was the first NASCAR race y’all forgot that 2601:347:4100:7010:C025:5F8B:3688:A95E (talk) 14:29, 7 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Really? Toddst1 (talk) 14:45, 7 April 2023 (UTC)

Memorial Day, Newfoundland and Labrador
the observance is not called Newfoundland and Labrador Memorial day, it is called Memorial Day. 142.163.194.33 (talk) 16:14, 30 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:July 1


text:
Rüdiger Nehberg

Rüdiger Nehberg, also known as 'Sir Vival', (4 May 1935 – 1 April 2020) was a German human rights activist, author and survival expert. He was the founder and chairman of the anti-FGM organization TARGET, and chairman of the organizations Friends of Peoples Close to Nature (German section – Freunde der Naturvölker) and Rettet den Regenwald (Save the Rainforest). He lived in Rausdorf near Hamburg, Germany. Nehberg described himself as having "No astrological sign, no church, no hair, and no clip in the ear (the latter means: he is a maverick)".

Life and work
Nehberg was born in Bielefeld. After school, Nehberg initially became a pastry chef by trade, but increasingly turned his attention to outdoor survival. He would finally sell his three bakeries and live from his books and lectures.

In 1972, together with two friends, one of whom was shot dead in an ambush, he became one of the first to travel the length of the Blue Nile in a home-made boat. Since 1980, he has been involved in defending the interests of the Yanomami Amerindian tribe. With his enterprise, "The Tree" (crossing the Atlantic Ocean on a fir-tree in 2000), he contributed to the provision of a protected reservation for the Yanomami. In 1981 – followed by a camera team – he crisscrossed Germany without any special equipment and relying for his sustenance solely on what he was able to find in nature. In 1987, Nehberg crossed the Atlantic Ocean in a pedal boat.

He was also one of the first to discredit the fraudulent "Tatunca Nara" story, which had gained publicity in the German and Brazilian media. A German worker named Hans Günther Hauck left his home near Nuremberg in 1967, moved into the Brazilian jungle, and proclaimed himself the leader of the secret Ugha-Mongulala tribe, which had lived hidden in the secret jungle city of Akakor for 15,000 years. Neither the city nor the tribe ever existed. Nevertheless, many filmmakers and adventure-loving men and women believed Nara, and three people even died during Tatunca-led jungle excursions. The circumstances that led to their deaths have never been fully revealed. In Nehberg's book Der selbstgemachte Häuptling (The Self-Made Chieftain), the whole story of this mysterious man and his deeds can be read.

In September 2000, he founded the human rights organization TARGET to prevent the practice of female genital mutilation (FGM). For his commitment to endangered peoples, Nehberg was awarded the Bundesverdienstkreuz ("Federal Cross for Merit"). In November 2006, TARGET organized and financed a conference under the patronage of the Egyptian Great Mufti Ali Gomaa at Al-Azhar University of Cairo. As a result of the conference, leading authorities of Islamic law denounced genital mutilation.

In March 2009, Rüdiger Nehberg and Tarafa Baghajati met Sheikh Prof. Dr. Yusuf al-Qaradawi in Qatar, one of the best known Islamic contemporary authority scholars. They obtained a fatwa issued by the recognized legal scholar, stating that genital mutilation of girls is referred to and forbidden as "devil's work" because it is directed against the ethics of Islam.

In August 2009 Nehberg married his second wife.

In February 2011, Rüdiger Nehberg and Tarafa Baghajati met with Sheikh Prof. Dr. Mohamed Said Ramadan Al-Bouti and obtained a similar fatwa against female genital mutilation. In 2014 he gave a TEDx talk about his work to prevent FGM.

Works

 * Survival-Lexikon, ISBN 3-492-23055-5
 * Drei Mann, ein Boot, zum Rudolfsee, ISBN 3-492-22714-7
 * Abenteuer am Blauen Nil, ISBN 3-492-23251-5
 * Mit dem Baum über den Atlantik, ISBN 3-492-23607-3
 * Die Kunst zu Überleben, Survival, ISBN 3-492-22622-1
 * Survival, ISBN 3-492-22717-1
 * Survival-Abenteuer vor der Haustür, ISBN 3-492-22715-5
 * Überleben ums Verrecken, ISBN 3-89029-219-4
 * Echt verrückt!, ISBN 3-89029-264-X
 * Die Yanomami-Indianer, ISBN 3-492-23922-6
 * Abenteuer Urwald, ISBN 3-89029-286-0
 * Abenteuergeschichten, ISBN 3-453-01855-9
 * Rüdiger Nehberg – Die Autobiographie, ISBN 3-89029-297-6

title: Rüdiger Nehberg