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Assemblies of God Statement of Fundamental Truths

The Statement of Fundamental Truths is a confession of faith outlining the 16 essential doctrines adhered to by the Assemblies of God USA. These doctrines are heavily based on other evangelical confessions of faith but differ by being clearly Pentecostal. Of the 16 articles, four are considered core beliefs "due to the key role they play in reaching the lost and building the believer and the church". They are the doctrines concerning salvation, the baptism in the Holy Spirit, divine healing, and the Second Coming of Christ. The Statement of Fundamental Truths has undergone several permutations since its original adoption in 1916 (when it actually included 17 items) despite common claims that it has remained largely unchanged.

Contents
Most of the statement reiterates basic tenets of evangelicalism while adding articles on "healing by the atonement" and tongues as "initial evidence" of baptism in the Holy Spirit. Article 12 concerns divine healing. The official church teaching is that Christ paid for all physical suffering with his atoning work and that as a consequence, when Christians get sick they can be supernaturally healed by the Holy Spirit. Article 9 reflects a non-Wesleyan perspective on sanctification. Articles 13-16 deal largely with the subject of eschatology. The Assemblies of God has a dispensationalist perspective on the future, including belief in the rapture and a literal earthly millennium. The following is a summary of the 16 Fundamental Truths:

 * 1) The Bible is inspired by God and is "the infallible, authoritative rule of faith and conduct".
 * 2) There is only one true God who exists as a Trinity.
 * 3) Jesus Christ is the Son of God and, as the second person of the Trinity, is God.
 * 4) Man was created good and upright. However, man by voluntary transgression fell and thereby incurred not only physical death but also spiritual death, which is separation from God.
 * 5) Salvation "is received through repentance toward God and faith toward the Lord Jesus Christ".
 * 6) There are two ordinances. Believer's baptism by immersion is a declaration to the world that the believer has died and been raised together with Christ, becoming a new creation. The Lord's Supper is a symbol expressing the believer's sharing in the divine nature of Christ, a memorial of Christ's suffering and death, and a prophecy of Christ's second coming.
 * 7) Baptism in the Holy Spirit is a separate and subsequent experience following conversion. Spirit baptism brings empowerment to live an overcoming Christian life and to be an effective witness.
 * 8) Speaking in tongues is the initial physical evidence of the baptism in the Holy Spirit.
 * 9) Sanctification is "an act of separation from that which is evil, and of dedication unto God". It occurs when the believer identifies with, and has faith in, Christ in his death and resurrection. It is understood to be a process in that it requires continual yielding to the Holy Spirit.
 * 10) The Church's mission is to seek and save all who are lost in sin; the Church is the Body of Christ and consists of all people who accept Christ, regardless of Christian denomination.
 * 11) Divinely called and scripturally-ordained ministers serve the Church.
 * 12) Divine healing of the sick is provided for in the atonement.
 * 13) The "imminent and blessed hope" of the Church is its rapture preceding the bodily return of Christ to earth.
 * 14) The rapture of the Church will be followed by the visible return of Christ and his reign on earth for a thousand years.
 * 15) There will be a final judgment and eternal damnation for the "wicked dead".
 * 16) There will be future new heavens and a new earth "wherein dwelleth righteousness".

History
The Assemblies of God was founded in 1914 but it was not until 1916 that it reluctantly created the Fundamental Truths in response to several doctrinal controversies. The first controversy, referred to as the Finished work controversy, arose from disagreement over the second blessing and the practical meaning of holiness. The second or "Oneness" controversy questioned the baptismal formula, the doctrine of the Trinity, and the understanding of the process of salvation. The third one was over whether speaking in tongues was the "initial physical evidence" of Holy Spirit baptism or not.

The outcome of these controversies, reflected in the Statement of Fundamental Truths, not only shaped the denomination but also shaped American Pentecostalism. In 1916, the General Council (the denomination's governing body) took a strong stand against the Oneness teaching and upheld the position that speaking in tongues was the initial evidence of baptism in the Holy Spirit. The Assemblies of God remains Trinitarian and continues to affirm the doctrine of initial evidence.

Statement on Sanctification
The position adopted in the Statement of Fundamental Truths regarding sanctification was less clear. The men behind the formation of the Assemblies of God were Pentecostals who had come to the conclusion that holiness or sanctification was not a second blessing or a definite experience but instead a lifelong process. This idea of progressive sanctification was believed by many within the Assemblies of God but there were adherents who still held to the theology of the holiness movement.

The original language on sanctification in the Fundamental Truths was a compromise between Wesleyan and non-Wesleyan members which allowed the two doctrines to coexist. Under the heading "Entire Sanctification, The Goal For All Believers", it read, "Entire sanctification is the will of God for all believers, and should be earnestly pursued by walking in obedience to God's Word". The term "entire sanctification" is distinctly Wesleyan, but the statement actually called "for an ongoing, process of obedience in reliance on, and cooperation with the Holy Ghost".

In 1961, the General Council revised the statement significantly, giving it its current form. It eliminated some of the Wesleyan language, such as "entire". Stanley M. Horton, who served on the revision committee, stated that the committee "... felt that the word entire was ambiguous because we were using it with a different meaning than that promoted by holiness Pentecostals who taught a second definite work". While the current statement does represent the Assemblies of God's position more accurately, the denomination's teaching on sanctification remains ambiguous.


text:
Talk:Eagle

Haliaeetus spelling
Can someone explain to me the origin of Haliaeetus (with two 'e's), as opposed to haliaetus (Pandion)? I understand hali- refers to fishing and aetos is Greek for "eagle" (like in chrysaetos, spizaetus, circaetus, gypaetus, etc). But why the second 'e'? Matters are further complicated by the fact that some people write (say) Pandion haliaeetus, and others Haliaetus albicilla. What gives? Tjunier 14:14, 7 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Not sure, but I suspect it is just a quirk of what the first author of the name used. MPF 22:55, 18 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Haliaeetus is "correct" in the Greek sense. haliae is sea, etus eagle. The reason Pandion haliaetus is missing an e is because taxonomists' tradition allows a species' discoverer to name the species any way they like, and apparently this one made a mistake. — I cannot remember where I read this, nor even if it was online or in a book, so I can't provide a reference for this. Sorry. — Timwi 15:56, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Haliaeetus is misspelled as "Hieraaetus" in the first sentence of the Species section.

rm listing
I removed There are probably thousands of businesses with the word "Eagle" in their name. They don't need to be listed here. Nohat 01:49, 2004 Mar 16 (UTC)
 * Eagle 107, an Atlanta radio station

John Ray name
Was John Ray's name change really that of Aquila chrysaetos? It would make more sense in context for him to have changed "erne" to "White-Tailed Eagle". —JerryFriedman 17:11, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Haast's Eagle
I was curious as to why Haast's eagle was left out of the list, even though it's extinct. It had a wingspan of 2.6 metres and could weigh up to 20 kilos, so I'd say it was a fairly significant species.

 * The wikipedia lists extant or very recently extinct bird species, there is a separate list of extinct birds, where you will find this eagle.jimfbleak 06:08, 6 Jun 2005 (UTC)

This is a Harris Hawk, not an eagle

 * There is no such species as a Harris Eagle, whatever the sign says. The species shown is unmistakeable, it is a Harris Hawk, Parabuteo unicinctus. The chestnut legs and wings are diagnostic. If there is no article, I'll write one, and move the picture, but it might be a few days jimfbleak 19:35, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Wrong scientific name
Hi. I've been working on the Crowned Eagle page extensively today. I noticed that on that page as well as this one, it had been classified as Harpyhaliaetus coronatus. This, quite plainly, is erroneous. The eagle in question goes by the scientific name Stephanoaetus coronatus. Strangely, next to that scientific name on this page, I encounter "Crowned Hawk-Eagle". Again, erroneous. I hereby amend the eagle page to get rid of "Crowned Hawk-Eagle" and correct the Crowned Eagle's taxonomy to Stephanoaetus. Thank you.

TydeNet 08:06, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

I've corrected this, as they are different birds. Smallweed 10:41, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

Can someone explain to me what is the difference between an eagle and a hawk. All you experts in the field get involved in all these technical names, etc, but you overlook the simple things that us in other fields don't know but would like to. olan7allen@comcast.net, 4/47/2006
 * Eagles are generally very large birds, mainly in the Old World. Hawk depends where you live. In North America it can be applied to a broad range of birds of prey, in the Old World it's restricted to the Sparrowhawk and its relatives jimfbleak 05:13, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

Eagle Mating?
Hi, a city slicker by nature I had the opportunity this weekend to visit a freind's riverside Nebraska cabin. There I witnessed several pair of bald eagles flying a few hundred feet in the air, pairing off, locking talons and freefalling together. My friend said this is how they mate, can anybody corroberate this? Skeptical to the end, the iceman 23:00, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

 * It's a breeding display, they don't actually copulate in the air! jimfbleak 05:10, 4 May 2006 (UTC)

Eagle and Hawk
This doesn't explain the difference in an Eagle and Hawk. What is it? I've always wondered. Perhaps this should be added to the article.Rlevse 15:54, 24 May 2006 (UTC) ĚĊÇÄÂćåÅ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.84.161.4 (talk) 14:49, 12 March 2013 (UTC)

Photo
I took this in the natural history museum in Bergen, Norway. I forget what species it is, but you are welcome to use this PD photo. Adam 07:58, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I think it is a Golden Eagle, heavily bleached by the sun. jimfbleak 14:59, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

Eagles as religious objects
I'd be happier with a source for this section, sounds made up on the hoof to me. Why do they compare eagles with Christian religious symbols? Certifiable tribes - seems like the old apartheid classifations to me, does it really exist today? jimfbleak 06:30, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

In the Bible, the book of Levi, im pretty sure, it talks about clean and unclean animals, in which the eagle is sadly one of them, maybe one of the reasons some Muslim countries veiw America with distaste Comment left by User:Dalkarr Sabine's Sunbird   talk  03:35, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Unclean for CONSUMPTION, not unclean per se. Also, it is the "Leviticus", not "Book of Levi", not that that should have anything to do with how Muslim countries would view America. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.68.95.65 (talk) 21:38, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

removed image
This is a vulture, not an eagle! Sabine's Sunbird talk 18:48, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

I removed this image. It is very poor quality and the detracts from the article. I will be looking for a replacement image soon. SapphireDreamPhotography (talk) 18:29, 8 September 2012 (UTC)

Largest ??
What is the largest bird of prey in Ontario Canada ? The Golden Eagle? Octopus-Hands 00:35, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Turkey Vulture is bigger]] jimfbleak 05:46, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I would consider a TV to be a scavenger bird, rather than a bird of prey, but I do notice the article includes Buzzards !? Octopus-Hands 21:55, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Both the NAm eagles take carrion too - and buzzards refers to Buteos rather than TVs jimfbleak 05:40, 26 October 2006 (UTC)
 * According to the articles here, most Golden Eagles are bigger than most Turkey Vultures in length and wingspan, and probably all are heavier. —JerryFriedman 06:06, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

THE SELJUKID DOUBLE-HEADED EAGLE
copyright text deleted
 * I've reverted the above in the article since it is a self-acknowleged copyrightviolayion and unformatted text dump.

Split
Would it make sense to hive off the culture/religion bit, either as a stand-alone or merged with eagle (heraldry)? jimfbleak 16:07, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Taxonomic changes
It would be great to know which of the taxonomic changes are from Lerner and Mindell and which are from Collinson (cited in the article). Those from Lerner and Mindell should probably be mentioned with "the authors of this study argue" or some such, as we know other taxonomists will come along and change everything again. —JerryFriedman 06:06, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Was this vandalism?
The whole article was deleted. Does anyone think this was vandalism, or just a mistake? I am afraid I do not know how to recall something from the history, or I would have already fixed it. Would somebody please tell me how and I would be happy to do it. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by SAWGunner89 (talk • contribs) 18:03, 12 February 2007 (UTC).

Eagle's weight 900kg?
I don't know the real average weight of eagles (should be between 3 and 6 kilograms according to other websites), but certainly isn't 900kg!

I'm also not sure if this is the proper way to signal the issue.

Tripleshift 16:55, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

 * It's actually talking about the nest, not the bird, but I've removed anyway since unsourced and untypical, jimfbleak 17:33, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

gender
what do you call a female eagle? whats a falcon? what do you call eagles chics? anything on eagles as messengers? --ചള്ളിയാന് 10:45, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

The "Old World" part is very confusing to people who do not know what it is, the average person should be able to understand wikipedia, maybe somebody could actually tell what areas they are from, i.e. africa, Europe, etc.. Just a suggestion 75.177.148.125 00:58, 26 April 2007 (UTC)
 * It's linked to its definition. jimfbleak 05:58, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Why is there any information about the eagle in the persian empire, before rome existed the Achaemenids(first persian dynasty) have had the eagle as the symble of their empire. My english is not quite godd so could s.o. pls esit this into the article. thx

Nazi Germany
I was wondering, why isn't the Iron Eagle mentioned in this article, under either national symbols or organizational symbols? Or would it be mentioned elsewhere? --DameGreyWulf 01:50, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

Tidy
this article is a real mess, but I've removed some of the unsourced, POV, trivial or misplaced. ASAIK, all the US organisational stuff, even if notable, actually relates to the Bald Eagle, not eagles in general Jimfbleak (talk) 15:06, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

What does 'mainly inhabit Eurasia and NA' mean
Seriously, what does this mean? I'm struggling to think of any locales in Australasia for example that Eagles don't inhabit. In contrast it seems that Eagles in Europe, or at least western Europe, have a very restricted range and do not inhabit most of the continent.

If the point is that the majority of species are endemic to Europe and NA then shouldn't we just say that? As the sentence is currently written it seems untrue on the face of it. Eagles inhabit the globe, with the broadest habitation range centred on Australasia. Does the quoted reference actually say that eagles mainly inhabit Europe and NA, or is that a paraphrasing that has caused a loss of meaning?Ethel Aardvark (talk) 23:11, 17 July 2008 (UTC)
 * First off, it is Eurasia and Africa, not NA. It is referring to biodiversity, as in, Africa and Eurasia hold the most species of eagles. It certainly could use some rewording. Sabine's Sunbird  talk  23:32, 17 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Yes, especially when 47 of them are in Australia. How can most of the 60 species of Eagles exist in Eurasia and Africa if 47 of the 60 species are in Australia?

eagles
that eagles can be vey dangorise —Preceding unsigned comment added by 154.20.201.53 (talk) 20:47, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

eagle nest
eagle nest can be any way some eagle dont even have a nest some of baby eagle come alive thats it —Preceding unsigned comment added by 154.20.201.53 (talk) 20:53, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

Forest eagle
It's interesting to note that there are no huge forest eagle known to live in the dense forests of Southeast Asia (excluding the Philippines), do you think this has something to do with the presence of clouded leopards ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Longfinmako (talk • contribs) 22:19, 8 February 2011 (UTC)

Discrepancy in opening paragraph
If most of the eagles live in Eurasia and Africa and there are more than 60 species ( this implies less then 70), How can there be 37 species in Australia? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Spicer5 (talk • contribs) 00:15, 20 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Well, simple logic dictates that "most of the eagles" can be close to 60 rather than 30. Lets say there are 48 species in Eurasia and 44 species in Africa. A single type can be living in more than one habitat. Though i am just thinking analytically based on nothing solid. But more importantly the opening paragraph does not say suggest anything close to what you object, hence faulty question.Maviozan (talk) 08:55, 24 March 2011 (UTC)

Untitled
i've just received an e-mail that has informed me that eagles can live up to seventy years old. the pics were mostly the bald eagle. it did however mention that at the ripe old age of forty that the eagle goes through a life and death transition. somehow because of it's length of years thus far, it's beak has become too curved to be of any use and it's talons have become too long to be effective. i'm told at this point the eagle has a life and death situation on it's hands, if you will. i'm told that the eagle will at this point, if he or she desires to live, that they fly to the highest point in a mountain or similar habitat and they dash their beaks on the rock until it is removed. when their beaks grow back they take to yanking out their talons and then wait for new ones to grow. after this they start to pluck any old feathers that hinder them from flying which often happens with older birds with their heavy plumage. i know it sounds ridiculous but really, is this all true? curious in ontario ......AND I'M CURIOUS TOO!! ..IN SWITZERLAND!! PLEASE CAN SOMEBODY TELL ME IF IT'S TRUE???????
 * It is clearly a hoax and misinformation. Eagles can not extend their life-spans twice as much on will. Plus they are not bears so they can not survive hunger and thirst for 5 months.Maviozan (talk) 14:06, 24 March 2011 (UTC)

What is an eagle?
I'm having trouble with the first paragraph. It talks about the eagles without actually defining them. I know that there is a problem with the eagles as a group, but you can't write an article without defining what you're writing about.

221.222.123.223 (talk) 15:30, 29 April 2011 (UTC)

 * I added that they are large birds of prey, is that sufficient definition? Pelagic (talk) 16:50, 13 July 2014 (UTC)

Gandaberunda is not Eagle
Gandaberunda is not Eagle as mentioned in Article. It is a mythological bird & definitely have no relation with Eagle. I recomend to remove this.

Teju2friends (talk) 07:11, 12 December 2011 (UTC)

Eagles
The usage of is up for discussion, see talk:Eagles (band) -- 65.92.180.137 (talk) 00:13, 24 February 2013 (UTC)after reading all these what do u learn? capichhe

Number crunching on the introductory paragraph
This article alludes to the idea that 2+3+9=11.

"Outside this area, just eleven species can be found – two species (the Bald Eagle and Golden Eagle) in the United States and Canada, nine species in Central America and South America, and three species in Australia."

That would be 14 by my calculations. I'm not an editor, so would someone with a little more authority mind amending this little hiccup? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.189.216.30 (talk) 22:15, 16 June 2014 (UTC)

 * Good point. There is no species overlap between NAm, SAm, and Aus, so the totals should add up.

 * So I looked at the History, and wow! that statement has been around in some form (without the 11=14 part) for over ten years.

 * Here are some samples (sorry, I don't know how to make a collapsing box to save space):

 * So the error crept in 2 years ago and you were the first to action it, well done!
 * For anyone who wisely skipped past the wall of quotes, here is the diff. from when the error was introduced.

 * Will fix.

 * Pelagic (talk) 15:42, 13 July 2014 (UTC)

 * Done. Have also listed the species in a separate section.
 * (Note that there are 5 Australasian spp. south of the Wallace Line, if you include the recent taxosplit of Little and Pygmy eagles. If you include the Solomon Islands, Sanford's sea eagle is a 6th species.)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pelagic (talk • contribs) 17:01, 13 July 2014 (UTC)

Eagle groups
I was looking up something about eagles a while ago, and it struck me that there were many articles which say "such-and-such is a booted eagle, having feathered tarsi", but nothing linked to explain the significance of this.

In one case, there was even a blue-link to the Booted Eagle, rather than to some group of booted eagles.

So I started my first-ever article draft. But as I started to research the concept, I realized that having a page for booted eagles might also require creating ones for harpy and sea-eagles. And they'd end up with just stubs of text and more species lists that would get out-of-step with all the other pages having genera and species lists. So hence the idea of explaining the group concepts in the main Eagle page.

Perhaps one day the taxonomy will be settled and we will have stable pages for Aquilinae, Harpiinae, and Haliaeetinae. But much of Wikipedia's raptor coverage still places them together in Buteoninae (though there is a frustrating inconsistency). Meanwhile, real-world authors are writing that there are four "types of eagles": booted, fish, harpy and snake. (I wonder, does this come from a single, influential source like HBW, or is it such a natural grouping that many have come to the same conclusion independently?)

Anyway, now we have section anchors that we can link to from other pages; I hope people find it helpful.

Pelagic (talk) 13:33, 13 July 2014 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 17 July 2017
I request to add a species of eagle that is missing from the eagle subject page Ryguybug4176 (talk) 03:21, 17 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Which species do you wish to add? Do you have a citation? Sabine's Sunbird  talk  03:28, 17 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. jd22292 (Jalen D. Folf) (talk) 04:09, 17 July 2017 (UTC)

Requested move 1 December 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Not moved WP:SNOW closure. Calidum 14:48, 2 December 2021 (UTC)

– Reviewing the other entities that go by the name "eagle", the bird is not the primary topic, as it is not "more likely than all the other topics combined" to be the sought after page. Reviewing a selection of other entities that go by the name "eagle", we find they collectively received 140,334 views in the past month, compared to 36,141 for the bird. Even considering that some of these might tend to be searched for with a longer name (such as "The Eagle") this difference is sufficiently great that these concerns need to be set aside. For details, see the following. Note than many examples are excluded.
 * Eagle → Eagle (bird)
 * Eagle (disambiguation) → Eagle

 * Places
 * Places continued
 * Outer Space
 * Films
 * Music
 * Other arts and entertainment
 * Companies
 * Computer software and hardware
 * Military
 * British ships
 * American ships
 * Other

It is also not made primary by its long term significance, with examples such as the Lunar Module Eagle, among others, having an comparable claim to long term significance, even when the collective is not considered. BilledMammal (talk) 10:29, 1 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Very obvious primary topic per long-term significance. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:57, 1 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Examples beyond the first landing on an extra terrestrial body include the Eagle Nebula and the Roman eagle, along with the symbols derived from it such as the Double-headed eagle. BilledMammal (talk) 14:10, 1 December 2021 (UTC)

 * Oppose, the bird seems to be the PTOPIC by long-term significance.--Ortizesp (talk) 14:53, 1 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose clearly the birds are the primary topic—blindlynx 15:10, 1 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose Eagles have been around for about 40 million years. If the other topics are as well-known as the bird in 40 million years, get back to me and we can revisit. Until then, this is still a very obvious primary topic. (It's also worth noting the bird receives more views than anything that isn't McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle, which doesn't strike me as a realistic target for "eagle".) Nohomersryan (talk) 15:20, 1 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Turkeys have been around for about 20 million years, but they aren't even sufficiently primary to make Turkey a disambiguation page. (While this is likely to be closed as a WP:SNOW, I just wanted to point out that age isn't a good argument for primacy) BilledMammal (talk) 15:26, 1 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Sure, but the usage of "turk" in the context of the country is much older than the bird. I don't think that's the same case here. Nohomersryan (talk) 15:28, 1 December 2021 (UTC)

 * Oppose The bird would be a PTOPIC considering long-term significance. -- Ab207 (talk) 15:23, 1 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Weak support not all of the uses may be from the bird, there are acronyms as well.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 17:46, 1 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose, long-term significance. Randy Kryn (talk) 21:59, 1 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose nobody refers to the F-15 as just "Eagle", and the bird has a substantial page-view lead on everything else. Although there are a lot of towns that get 100 page views a month, that doesn't mean anything for PTOPIC.  Also the most important by long-term significance.  The lunar module and the $10 gold coin are not nearly as common, and the band is a plural. User:力 (powera,  π,  ν ) 00:56, 2 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I have started a related proposal at Eagles (disambiguation). User:力 (powera, π,  ν ) 02:02, 2 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The bird is clearly primary by page views. In every category identified in the proposal if you add Eagle to the list it totally dominates usually by at least one order of magnitude. This is a good example illustrating the pointlessness of the long-term significance criteria. If it’s truly significant, that shows up in the page views anyway, as it does in this case. —В²C ☎ 01:28, 2 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose and SNOW. As this topic is the namesake of so many other topics, its long-term significance is preeminent. An embarrassing move request. -- Netoholic @ 10:27, 2 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I'll stick my beak in here and oppose per all the above.  Lugnuts  Fire Walk with Me 11:36, 2 December 2021 (UTC)

"Usage against drones"
This section of the article seems like WP:UNDUE trivia and WP:RECENTISM. I suggest that although drones have become an interesting technology in the last decade, the relationship between drones and eagles has no long-term notability and doesn't belong in an article about eagles. Drones will probably be part of the future in some form, but we don't know how they will relate to eagles in the long term. Probably, drones will eventually be designed to minimize their interference with birds, but that is conjecture and doesn't really belong in an article about a particular family of birds. Neither does some experimental use of eagles by a few police forces (since discontinued by two out of three of the identified police forces). — BarrelProof (talk) 16:26, 24 October 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Eagle


text:
1924 in sports

1924 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.

American football

 * NFL championship – Cleveland Bulldogs (7–1–1)

Association football
England Germany Greece Monaco Peru
 * The Football League – Huddersfield Town 57 points, Cardiff City 57, Sunderland 53, Bolton Wanderers 50, Sheffield United 50, Aston Villa 49
 * FA Cup final – Newcastle United 2–0 Aston Villa at Empire Stadium, Wembley, London
 * National Championship – 1. FC Nürnberg 2–0 Hamburger SV at Berlin
 * AEK Athens officially founded on April 13.
 * AS Monaco officially founded on August 23.
 * Club Universitario de Deportes was founded in Javier Prado Avenue area, Lima on August 7.

Athletics
Men's 1500 metres
 * Paavo Nurmi (Finland) breaks the world record by running a time of 3:52.6 at Helsinki.

England
 * 1924 Women's Olympiad, Stamford Bridge, London

Australian rules football
VFL Premiership Brownlow Medal
 * Essendon wins the 28th VFL Premiership: under the finals system used, no Grand Final is played.
 * The inaugural Brownlow Medal is awarded to Edward Greeves of Geelong.

Bandy
Sweden
 * Championship final – Västerås SK 4–1 IF Linnéa

Baseball
World Series Negro leagues
 * 4–10 October — Washington Senators (AL) defeats New York Giants (NL) to win the 1924 World Series by 4 games to 3
 * Kansas City Monarchs (NNL) defeats Hilldale (ECL) 5 games to 4 with 1 tie in the first official Negro World Series.
 * Pitcher Nip Winters wins a record 27 games for Hilldale in the ECL regular season.

Biathlon
1924 Winter Olympics
 * Military patrol, the forerunner of biathlon which combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting, is staged as a demonstration event at the inaugural Winter Olympics in Chamonix. The winning team is Switzerland.

Bobsleigh
1924 Winter Olympics
 * Bobsleigh debuts as an Olympic sport at Chamonix at the inaugural Winter Olympics. The sole event is the 4-man bob which is won by Switzerland I (gold) ahead of Great Britain II (silver) and Belgium I (bronze).

Boxing
Events Lineal world champions
 * 10 August — the World Featherweight Championship title becomes vacant as Johnny Dundee relinquishes it to fight as a lightweight
 * World Heavyweight Championship – Jack Dempsey
 * World Light Heavyweight Championship – Mike McTigue
 * World Middleweight Championship – Harry Greb
 * World Welterweight Championship – Mickey Walker
 * World Lightweight Championship – Benny Leonard
 * World Featherweight Championship – Johnny Dundee → vacant
 * World Bantamweight Championship – Joe Lynch → Abe Goldstein → Eddie "Cannonball" Martin
 * World Flyweight Championship – Pancho Villa

Canadian football
Grey Cup
 * 12th Grey Cup in the Canadian Football League – Queen's University 11–2 Toronto Balmy Beach

Cricket
Events England Australia India New Zealand South Africa West Indies
 * England defeats South Africa 3–0 with two matches drawn. There is a sensational start to the series when the South Africans are bowled out for only 30, in just 12.3 overs, in their first innings of the First Test at Edgbaston, England having made over 400.
 * County Championship – Yorkshire
 * Minor Counties Championship – Berkshire
 * Most runs – Frank Woolley 2344 @ 49.87 (HS 202)
 * Most wickets – Maurice Tate 205 @ 13.74 (BB 8–18)
 * Wisden Cricketers of the Year – Bob Catterall, Jack MacBryan, Herbie Taylor, Dick Tyldesley, Dodger Whysall
 * Sheffield Shield – Victoria
 * Most runs – Bill Ponsford 777 @ 111.00 (HS 248)
 * Most wickets – Albert Hartkopf and Norman Williams 26 apiece
 * Bombay Quadrangular – Hindus
 * Plunket Shield – Wellington
 * Currie Cup – not contested
 * Inter-Colonial Tournament – Barbados

Curling
1924 Winter Olympics
 * Curling is played at the inaugural Winter Olympics. It is a demonstration sport at the time but is retrospectively granted official status. The gold medal is won by the Great Britain and Ireland team.

Cycling
Tour de France
 * Ottavio Bottecchia (Italy) wins the 18th Tour de France

Field hockey
Events
 * 7 January — the International Hockey Federation (FIH) is founded in Paris by seven member countries: Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, France, Hungary, Spain and Switzerland.

Figure skating
Events 1924 Winter Olympics World Figure Skating Championships
 * Figure skating is included in the inaugural Winter Olympics, having already featured in the 1908 and 1920 Summer Olympics. The Olympic gold medallists and the world championship winners are the same in all three events.
 * Men's individual – Gillis Grafström (Sweden)
 * Women's individual – Herma Szabo (Austria)
 * Pairs – Helene Engelmann and Alfred Berger (Austria)
 * World Men's Champion – Gillis Grafström (Sweden)
 * World Women's Champion – Herma Szabo (Austria)
 * World Pairs Champions – Helene Engelmann and Alfred Berger (Austria)

Golf
Major tournaments Other tournaments
 * British Open – Walter Hagen
 * US Open – Cyril Walker
 * USPGA Championship – Walter Hagen
 * British Amateur – Ernest Holderness
 * US Amateur – Bobby Jones

Horse racing
Events England Australia Canada France Ireland USA
 * The inaugural running of the Cheltenham Gold Cup is won by Red Splash
 * Cheltenham Gold Cup – Red Splash
 * Grand National – Master Robert
 * 1,000 Guineas Stakes – Plack
 * 2,000 Guineas Stakes – Diophon
 * The Derby – Sansovino
 * The Oaks – Straitlace
 * St. Leger Stakes – Salmon-Trout
 * Melbourne Cup – Backwood
 * King's Plate – Maternal Pride
 * Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe – Massine
 * Irish Grand National – Kilbarry
 * Irish Derby Stakes – Haine dead heated with Zodiac
 * Kentucky Derby – Black Gold
 * Preakness Stakes – Nellie Morse
 * Belmont Stakes – Mad Play

Ice hockey
Events 1924 Winter Olympics Stanley Cup Events
 * Ice hockey is included in the inaugural Winter Olympics, having already featured in the 1920 Summer Olympics. Canada successfully defends the Olympic title.
 * Gold Medal – Canada
 * Silver Medal – USA
 * Bronze Medal – Great Britain
 * 22–25 March — Montreal Canadiens defeats Calgary Tigers by 2 games to 0 in the 1924 Stanley Cup Finals
 * Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds defeats the Winnipeg Selkirks 6–3 to win the Allan Cup
 * 1 December — the expansion Boston Bruins and Montreal Maroons of the NHL play their inaugural game against each other at Boston. Boston wins this game 2–1 but then lose eleven in a row.

Nordic skiing
Events 1924 Winter Olympics
 * Nordic skiing stages its first international competitions at the inaugural Winter Olympics in Chamonix. Four events are held (for men only): cross-country skiing over 18 km and 50 km; ski jumping on the large hill; and Nordic combined as an individual event.
 * Cross-country skiing (18 km) – gold medal: Thorleif Haug (Norway)
 * Cross-country skiing (50 km) – gold medal: Thorleif Haug (Norway)
 * Ski jumping – gold medal: Jacob Tullin Thams (Norway)
 * Nordic combined – gold medal: Thorleif Haug (Norway)

Olympic Games
1924 Winter Olympics 1924 Summer Olympics
 * The 1924 Winter Olympics, the inaugural Winter Olympics, takes place in Chamonix, France. It is originally called Semaine des Sports d'Hiver, or "International Winter Sports Week".
 * Norway wins the most medals (18) and the most gold medals (5)
 * The 1924 Summer Olympics takes place in Paris
 * United States wins the most medals (99) and the most gold medals (45)

Rowing
The Boat Race
 * 5 April — Cambridge wins the 76th Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race

Rugby league
England Australia
 * Championship – Batley
 * Challenge Cup final – Wigan 21–4 Oldham at Athletic Grounds, Rochdale
 * Lancashire League Championship – Wigan
 * Yorkshire League Championship – Batley
 * Lancashire County Cup – St Helens Recs 17–0 Swinton
 * Yorkshire County Cup – Hull F.C. 10–4 Huddersfield
 * NSW Premiership – Balmain 3–0 South Sydney (grand final)

Rugby union
Five Nations Championship
 * 37th Five Nations Championship series is won by England who complete the Grand Slam

Speed skating
Events Speed Skating World Championships 1924 Winter Olympics
 * Speed skating debuts as an Olympic sport in Chamonix at the inaugural Winter Olympics. Five men only events are held.
 * Men's All-round Champion – Roald Larsen (Norway)
 * 500m – gold medal: Charles Jewtraw (USA)
 * 1500m – gold medal: Clas Thunberg (Finland)
 * 5000m – gold medal: Clas Thunberg (Finland)
 * 10000m – gold medal: Julius Skutnabb (Finland)
 * All-round – gold medal: Clas Thunberg (Finland)

Swimming

 * Johnny Weissmuller sets 100-yard freestyle world record (57.4 seconds) in Miami FL

Tennis
Australia England France USA Davis Cup
 * Australian Men's Singles Championship – James Anderson (Australia) defeats Richard Schlesinger (Australia) 6–3 6–4 3–6 5–7 6–3
 * Australian Women's Singles Championship – Sylvia Lance Harper (Australia) defeats Esna Boyd Robertson (Australia) 6–3 3–6 8–6
 * Wimbledon Men's Singles Championship – Jean Borotra (France) defeats René Lacoste (France) 6–1 3–6 6–1 3–6 6–4
 * Wimbledon Women's Singles Championship – Kitty McKane Godfree (Great Britain) defeats Helen Wills Moody (USA) 4–6 6–4 6–4
 * French Men's Singles Championship – Jean Borotra (France) defeats René Lacoste (France) 7–5 6–4 0–6 5–7 6–2
 * French Women's Singles Championship – Emilienne Didi Vlasto (France) defeats Jeanne Vaussard (France) 6–2 6–3
 * American Men's Singles Championship – Bill Tilden (USA) defeats Bill Johnston (USA) 6–1 9–7 6–2
 * American Women's Singles Championship – Helen Wills Moody (USA) defeats Molla Bjurstedt Mallory (Norway) 6–1 6–3
 * 1924 International Lawn Tennis Challenge – 5–0  at Germantown Cricket Club (grass) Philadelphia, United States

title: 1924 in sports


text:
Michel Kikoine

Michel Kikoïne (Міхаіл Кікоін; Михаил Кико́ин, Michail Kikóin; 31 May 1892 – 4 November 1968) was a Lithuanian Jewish -French painter who belonged to the Ecole de Paris art movement.

Life
Kikoine was born in Rechytsa, present-day Belarus. The son of a Jewish banker in the small southeastern town of Gomel, he was barely into his teens when he began studying at "Kruger's School of Drawing" in Minsk. There he met Chaïm Soutine, with whom he had a lifelong friendship. At age 16, he and Soutine were studying at the Vilnius Academy of Art and in 1911 he moved to join the growing artistic community gathering in the Montparnasse quarter in Paris, France. This artistic community included his friend Soutine as well as fellow Belarus painter Pinchus Kremegne, who also had studied at the Fine Arts School in Vilnia. He enrolled in the École des Beaux-Arts in Cormon’s studio.

For a time, the young artist lived at La Ruche while studying at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts. In 1914, he married a young lady from Vilnia with whom he had a daughter and a son. Their son, Jacques Yankel, born in France in 1920, also became a painter. The same year as his marriage, Kikoine volunteered to fight in the French army, serving until the end of World War I. His first solo exhibition took place in 1919 at the Chéron Gallery. Between 1922 and 1923, he and Soutine traveled to Céret and Cagnes-sur-Mer where, where, he painted Expressionist landscapes in influence of the light.

In 1926, Kikoine bought a house in Annay-sur-Serein in Burgundy. In 1927, he left La Ruche and settled in Montrouge, subsequently returning to Montparnasse in 1933. In 1939, Kikoine was mobilized and served in the military reserve near Soissons, where he painted gouaches of garrison life.

With the outbreak of World War II and the subsequent occupation of France by the Germans, Kikoine and his Jewish family faced deportation to the Nazi death camps. Until the end of the War they stayed near Toulouse. After the Allied liberation of France, he moved back to Paris where his paintings were primarily nudes, autoportraits, and portraits. He left the city rarely notably for a few visits to Israel, in a prominent visit in 1950, he participated in several exhibitions. In 1958, he moved to Cannes on the Mediterranean coast where he returned to landscape painting until his death on 4 November 1968.

Career And Style
Kikoine had his first exhibition in Paris in 1919 after which he exhibited regularly at the Salon d'Automne. His work was successful enough to provide a reasonable lifestyle for him and his family, allowing them to spend summers painting landscapes in the south of France, the most notable of which is his "Paysage Cezannien," inspired by Paul Cézanne. He died in Cannes.

During his time in Paris, he was friend and a contemporary of Chaim Soutine, Isaac Frenkel Frenel, Jules Pascin and other Jewish artist of the School Of Paris.

Kikoïne found great success in Paris. He went on to exhibit internationally across Europe and in New York. He also exhibited in Israel where he stayed for several months during the 1950s.

Style
Kikoïne desired not only to describe nature but also show the unmediated experience of one in nature. And showcase nature's passion and depth in the world. Kikoïne continued with the evolution of post-Impressionist painting whilst also expressing his own Jewish spirit, as is characteristic of the Ecole de Paris movement. It is said by that the expressionist language employed by Kikoïne (and similar to that of Soutine, Frenkel and other Jewish artists of the Ecole de Paris) was a manifestation of Jewish mysticism and the experience of Jewish existence. Furthermore it is said his art also reflected the suffering of Eastern European Jewry as well as the anxiety of a foreigner far from home, experiences he related to deeply.

Influence
In 2004, at the university in Tel Aviv, Israel, a new wing in the Genia Schreiber University Art Gallery was dedicated to the memory of Kikoine.

title: Michel Kikoine


text:
Talk:Horn clause

Older Discussion
Not conjunctive, it should be disjunctive normal form.

 * Wrong. Its conjunctive. Horn form is a conjunction of clauses. A clause is a symbol or {conjunction of symbols} -> symbol. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.132.3.7 (talk) 15:15, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

Deletion
I deleted

"Recent research ("An Evaluation of the Effect of the Brain-Oriented Organized Knowledge Map (Bookmap) for Improving School Results", Twan Brouwers & Hans Morélis, 2003) has shown that diagrams based on Horn clauses improve the human understanding of complex matter."

because there seems to be no public domain reference for this otherwise interesting work.193.136.122.18 16:47, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

 * There is a link http://www.bookmap.com/SLO-report.pdf on https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A1usula_de_Horn, but it seems broken. - Jochen Burghardt (talk) 19:33, 2 October 2013 (UTC)

Math Formulas
This is yet another example of poorly documented symbols in mathematical formulas. It would be nice if articles would give a natural language translation of formulas or give a definition of symbols that are not listed in the Table of mathematical symbols page.

mattelfesso (talk) 03:39, 28 February 2008 (UTC)
 * All symbols in this article are listed in Table of mathematical symbols, apart from $$\leftarrow$$ which is clearly the $$\rightarrow$$ used in the other direction. Tizio 10:05, 28 February 2008 (UTC)

You're right! I take back my comment... mattelfesso (talk) 05:21, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

Maximum 1 Positive Literal
The german article has a nice table that shows the implications of the above are. Namely a horn clause can be:

Rule: ~A1 v ... v ~An v B     n>=1 Fact: B  Query: ~A1 v ... v ~An        n>=1

In Prolog:

Rule: B :- A1, .., An  Fact: B   Query: ?- A1, .., An

Maybe the english article could be enhanced accordingly.

Bye

Janburse (talk) 20:06, 12 April 2012 (UTC)

Recent edit
The recent edit by an anonymous editor borders on vandalism, removing about half of the article without justification. Some of the changes it introduces are worth keeping, but it would be a lot easier to revert the edit first. Unfortunately, I don't have the time to work on it now myself. Compulogger (talk) 22:56, 21 November 2012 (UTC)

I integrated the recent editor's changes into the previous version, correcting a number of mistakes along the way. Unfortunately, I seem to have lost the categories at the end. Compulogger (talk) 07:28, 22 November 2012 (UTC)

Rating
This is a very important concept. Not as much due to foundations as due to its applications in logic programming, specification, and automated reasoning. I will continue to work on this article, but many concepts can be seen in logic programming. Historically, though, Horn clauses predate logic programming and have use in model theory originally, so they deserve this separate article. Vkuncak (talk) 10:54, 22 November 2013 (UTC)

Undecideable
Since it states citation needed, I'm not sure if this is relevant but

https://www.ii.uni.wroc.pl/~jma/csl93.pdf

"A Horn Clause that Implies an Undecidable Set of Horn Clauses"

Can someone with knowledge of this please check if this is a decent citation for the statement "Horn clauses are not decideable"? --130.63.96.77 (talk) 16:57, 4 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Also, in the pdf itself:

--130.63.96.77 (talk) 17:00, 4 April 2017 (UTC)
 * J. Marcinkowski, L. Pacholski: Undecidability of the Horn Clause Implication Problem; Proc 33rd Annual Symposium on the Foundations of Computer Science (1992). pp. 354-362
 * M.Schmidt-Schauss: Implication of Clauses is Undecidable; Theoretical Com-puter Science 59 (1988), pp. 287-296.

Readbility
It would be nice if the first paragraph said what a horn clause is, in easy to understand text. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.16.14.238 (talk) 13:20, 18 May 2017 (UTC)

What the heck is a fact?
Intro:

A Horn clause with exactly one positive literal is a definite clause or a strict Horn clause

OK.

a definite clause with no negative literals is a unit clause

OK.

a unit clause without variables is a fact.

What? A fact is a unit clause and therefore is has exactly one positive literal no negative literals. So a fact has no negative literals exactly one positive literals but is distinguished from a unit clause in having no "variables". So unit clauses may have "variables"?? Whether this makes any sense hinges on what the heck a "variable" is. The above is the first time "variable" has been used. All previous explanation used the term "literal" or "symbol" which is purely syntactic. What "variable" means in any of this is ambiguous and hints at some hidden semantics (ambiguously). The table should show the difference between a unit clause and a fact. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Meef4H (talk • contribs) 00:53, 29 April 2024 (UTC)

 * You have a point there. Indeed, the definition is based on first-order logic, without saying so. This should be fixed, thereby also explaning what "variable" means. Before this is done (I won't have time for it this week, I expect), you can get an impression about variables from the human / mortal example. A fact fitting in there could be, where   is a constant. See Inference, where the classical inference example is explained. - Jochen Burghardt (talk) 11:41, 29 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Horn clause


text:
Talk:Assemblies of God Statement of Fundamental Truths

Follows a verbatin description
Am I right in thinking tha\t this whole page is just the "Statement of fundamental truths" document ? Because if it is we don't have that sort of thing here. See what Wikipedia is not for more details. Also there are copyright issues. Theresa knott 14:21, 7 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * OK, you are right. You may delete it. [Unsigned comment by User:Nbarr 14:24, 7 November 2003]

 * Well i could just delete by why don't you rewrite the page? There is nothing to stop you from writing about the statement. You could summarise the main points in your own words. That way there would be no copyvio and no breaking of wikipedia guildlines yet the information would still be there. Theresa knott 14:41, 7 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * OK. Thanks for the help.[Unsigned comment by User:Nbarr 14:44, 7 November 2003]

Cleaned up
I cleaned up the page a bit. The previous article was barly a summery of the AoF Fundamental Truths. Also, it was not very informative in how the Fundamental Truths are different than those of other Christian Denominations. At anyrate, I cleaned it up the best I could, trying to point out where the AoG differs from Protestant denominations. Perhaps someone more knowledgeable can elaberate more and explain what the consequences of some of the theology is, both good and bad. --Allranger 02-03-2005 [Unsigned comment by User:66.232.94.44 02:54, 4 February 2005]

a more modern view?
One of my first edits on Wikipedia, tell me if I'm doing something I shouldn't be :) I just noticed the following sentence in this article: "Statements 7 and 8 diverge from traditional Christianity by taking a more modern and Pentecostal view of the work of the Holy Spirit." It seems to me that saying it's a more modern view shows bias towards the view there (ie other views are outdated). I've deleted those words for now, but I'm wondering if this sentence should be reworded? [Unsigned comment by User:Jasonb 18:44, 16 September 2005]

Reorganized article
I've reorganized the article. See the changes I've made here. I intend to add a section specifically addressing "sanctification" as that is the most ambiguous truth mentioned. It is also the one that has undergone the most change over the years. Ltwin (talk) 02:24, 22 December 2010 (UTC)

I've added the section on sanctification and have also wrote about the other two controversies—Oneness and initial evidence—which necessitated a doctrinal statement. That is the extent of my knowledge on the history of the statement. I do plan on creating a section mentioning the editorial changes that have been made since 1916, such as the fact that there were originally 17 truths. But for now I think I will wait. Ltwin (talk) 22:36, 1 January 2011 (UTC)


text:
User:Morwen/County boroughs

 * Barrow-in-Furness
 * Barnsley
 * Bath
 * Berwick-upon-Tweed
 * Birkenhead
 * Birmingham
 * Blackburn
 * Blackpool
 * Bolton
 * Bootle
 * Bournemouth
 * Bradford
 * Bristol
 * Burnley
 * Burton-upon-Trent
 * Bury
 * Canterbury
 * Carlisle
 * Chester
 * Coventry
 * Croydon (-1965)
 * Darlington
 * Derby
 * Dewsbury
 * Doncaster
 * Dudley
 * East Ham (-1965)
 * Exeter
 * Gateshead
 * Gloucester
 * Grimsby
 * Halifax
 * Hartlepool (1967-)
 * Huddersfield
 * Ipswich
 * Kingston-upon-Hull
 * Leeds
 * Leicester
 * Lincoln
 * Liverpoool
 * Luton
 * Manchester
 * Middlesbrough (-1968, to Teesside)
 * Newcastle-upon-Tyne
 * Northampton
 * Nottingham
 * Norwich
 * Oldham
 * Oxford
 * Plymouth
 * Poole
 * Portsmouth
 * Preston
 * Reading
 * Rochdale
 * Rotherham
 * Salford
 * Sheffield
 * St Helens
 * Stockport
 * Stoke-on-Trent
 * Solihull
 * Southampton
 * Southend-on-Sea
 * Southport
 * South Shields
 * Sunderland
 * Teesside (1968-)
 * Torbay
 * Tynemouth
 * Wakefield
 * Walsall
 * Wallasey
 * Warley
 * Warrington
 * West Bromwich
 * West Ham (-1965)
 * West Hartlepool (-1967)
 * Wigan
 * Wolverhampton
 * Worcester
 * Yarmouth
 * York

title: User:Morwen/County boroughs


text:
David Walker (abolitionist)

David Walker (September 28, 1796 – August 6, 1830) was an American abolitionist, writer, and anti-slavery activist. Though his father was enslaved, his mother was free; therefore, he was free as well (partus sequitur ventrem). In 1829, while living in Boston, Massachusetts, with the assistance of the African Grand Lodge (later named Prince Hall Grand Lodge, Jurisdiction of Massachusetts), he published An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, a call for black unity and a fight against slavery.

The Appeal brought attention to the abuses and inequities of slavery and the responsibility of individuals to act according to religious and political principles. At the time, some people were aghast and fearful of the reaction that the pamphlet would provoke. Southern citizens were particularly upset with Walker's viewpoints and as a result there were laws banning circulation of "seditious publications" and North Carolina's "legislature enacted the most repressive measures ever passed in North Carolina to control slaves and free blacks".

His son, Edward G. Walker, was an attorney and in 1866, was one of the first two black men elected to the Massachusetts State Legislature.

Early life and education
Walker was born in Wilmington, North Carolina. His mother was free. His father, who had died before his birth, had been enslaved. Since American law embraced the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, literally "that which is brought forth follows the womb", Walker inherited his mother's status as a free person.

Walker found the oppression of fellow black people unbearable. "If I remain in this bloody land," he later recalled thinking, "I will not live long... I cannot remain where I must hear slaves' chains continually and where I must encounter the insults of their hypocritical enslavers." Consequently, as a young adult, he moved to Charleston, South Carolina, a Mecca for upwardly mobile free black people. He became affiliated with a strong African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME Church) community of activists, members of the first black denomination in the United States. He later visited and likely lived in Philadelphia, a shipbuilding center and location of an active black community, where the AME Church was founded.

Marriage and children
Walker settled in Boston by 1825; slavery had been abolished in Massachusetts after the American Revolutionary War. He married February 23, 1826 Eliza Butler, the daughter of Jonas Butler. Her family was an established black family in Boston. Their children were Lydia Ann Walker (who died July 31, 1830, of lung fever at the age of one year and nine months in Boston), and Edward G. Walker (1831–1910).

Career
He started a used clothing store in the City Market. He next owned a clothing store on Brattle Street near the wharfs. There were three used clothing merchants, including Walker, who went to trial in 1828 for selling stolen property. The results are unknown.

He aided runaway slaves and helped the "poor and needy". Walker took part in civic and religious organizations in Boston. He was involved with Prince Hall Freemasonry, an organization formed in the 1780s that stood up against discriminatory treatment of black people; became a founder of the Massachusetts General Colored Association, which opposed colonization of free American Black People to Africa; and was a member of Rev. Samuel Snowden's Methodist church. Walker also spoke publicly against slavery and racism.

Thomas Dalton and Walker oversaw the publication of John T. Hilton's An Address, Delivered Before the African Grand Lodge of Boston, No. 459, June 24, 1828, by John T. Hilton: On the Annual Festival, of St. John the Baptist (Boston, 1828).

Although they were not free from racist hostility and discrimination, black families in Boston lived in relatively benign conditions in the 1820s. The level of black competency and activism in Boston was particularly high. As historian Peter Hinks documents: "The growth of black enclaves in various cities and towns was inseparable from the development of an educated and socially involved local black leadership." By the end of 1828, Walker had become Boston's leading spokesman against slavery.

Freedom's Journal
Walker served as a Boston subscription sales agent and a writer for New York City's short-lived but influential Freedom's Journal (1827–1829), the first newspaper owned and operated by African Americans.

Publication history

In September 1829, Walker published his appeal to African Americans, entitled Walker's Appeal, in Four Articles; Together with a Preamble, to the Colored Citizens of the World, but in Particular, and Very Expressly, to Those of the United States of America, Written in Boston, State of Massachusetts, September 28, 1829. The first edition is quite rare; a second and then a third edition appeared in 1830. Walker's second edition, of 1830, expressed his views even more strongly than the first edition. Walker appealed to his readers to take an active role in fighting their oppression, regardless of the risk, and to press white Americans to realize that slavery was morally and religiously repugnant.

The Appeal was semi-forgotten by 1848; a great deal of other abolitionist writing, much inspired by Walker, had appeared in those 18 years. It received a new life with its reprinting in 1848 by the black minister Henry Highland Garnet, who in another 17 years would be the first African American ever to address the U.S. Congress. Garnet included the first biography of David Walker, and a similarly-themed speech of his own, his 'Address to the Slaves of the United States of America.' which was perceived as so radical that it was rejected for publication when delivered, in 1843. The most influential white abolitionist, John Brown, played a role in getting the volume of Garnet printed.

Racism
Walker challenged the racism of the early 19th century. He specifically targeted groups such as the American Colonization Society, which sought to deport all free and freed black people from the United States to a colony in Africa (this was how Liberia was established). He wrote against published assertions of black inferiority by the late President Thomas Jefferson, who died three years before Walker's pamphlet was published. As Walker explained: "I say, that unless we refute Mr. Jefferson's arguments respecting us, we will only establish them."

He rejected the white assumption in the United States that dark skin was a sign of inferiority and lesser humanity. He challenged critics to show him "a page of history, either sacred or profane, on which a verse can be found, which maintains that the Egyptians heaped the insupportable insult upon the children of Israel, by telling them that they were not of the human family", referring to the period when they were enslaved in Egypt.

Equal rights
By the 1820s and '30s, individuals and groups had emerged with degrees of commitment to equal rights for black men and women, but no national anti-slavery movement existed at the time Walker's Appeal was published. As historian Herbert Aptheker wrote:

"To be an Abolitionist was not for the faint-hearted. The slaveholders represented for the first half of the nineteenth century the most closely knit and most important single economic unit in the nation, their millions of bondsmen and millions of acres of land comprising an investment of billions of dollars. This economic might had its counterpart in political power, given its possessors dominance within the nation and predominance within the South."

Aptheker was referring to the Slave Power thesis that argued slaveholders used their economic and political influence to control the United States government prior to the American Civil War. The three-fifths clause of the United States Constitution counted three-fifths of the enslaved population of a state towards its representation in Congress and the electoral college; as enslaved people could not vote, this clause amounted to additional representation for large slaveholding slaves beyond what their free populations would normally warrant. Both the Democratic and Whig parties saw abolitionism as a threat to party unity and opposed efforts to introduce slavery as an issue in national politics. Although white southerners comprised a small minority of the overall U.S. population, 11 of 15 presidents to serve prior to the Civil War came from slaveholding southern families, and none except John Adams and John Quincy Adams was elected without carrying a majority of southern electoral votes.

Effects of slavery
The Appeal described the pernicious effects of both slavery and the subservience of and discrimination against free black Americans. Those outside of slavery were said to need special regulation "because they could not be relied on to regulate themselves and because they might overstep the boundaries society had placed around them."

Resist oppression
In his Appeal Walker implored the black community to take action against slavery and discrimination. "What gives unity to Walker's polemic," historian Paul Goodman has argued, "is the argument for racial equality and the active part to be taken by black people in achieving it." Literary scholar Chris Apap has echoed these sentiments. The Appeal, Apap has asserted, rejected the notion that the black community should do nothing more than pray for its liberation. Apap has drawn particular attention to a passage of the Appeal in which Walker encourages blacks to "[n]ever make an attempt to gain freedom or natural right, from under our cruel oppressors and murderers, until you see your ways clear; when that hour arrives and you move, be not afraid or dismayed." Apap has interpreted Walker's words as a play on the Biblical injunction to "be not afraid or dismayed." As he points out, "'be not afraid or dismayed' is a direct quote from 2 Chronicles 20.15, where the Israelites are told to 'be not afraid or dismayed' because God would fight the battle for them and save them from their enemies without their having to lift a finger." In the Bible, all the Israelites are expected to do is pray, but Walker asserts that the black community must "move." Apap insists that in prompting his readers to "move", Walker rejected the notion that black people in america should "sit idly by and wait for God to fight their battles — they must (and implicit in Walker's language is the assumption that they will) take action and move to claim what is rightfully and morally theirs."

Walker's Appeal argued that black Americans had to assume responsibility for themselves if they wanted to overcome oppression. According to historian Peter Hinks, Walker believed that the "key to the uplift of the race was a zealous commitment to the tenets of individual moral improvement: education, temperance, protestant religious practice, regular work habits, and self-regulation."

"America," Walker argued, "is more our country, than it is the whites — we have enriched it with our blood and tears."

Education and religion
Education and religion were especially important to Walker. Black knowledge, he argued, would not only undermine the assertion that black people were inherently inferior; it would terrify white people. "The bare name of educating the colored people," he wrote, "scares our cruel oppressors almost to death." Those who were educated, Walker argued, had a special obligation to teach their brethren, and literate black people were urged to read his pamphlet to those who could not. As he explained: "[i]t is expected that all colored men, women and children, of every nation, language and tongue under heaven, will try to procure a copy of this Appeal and read it, or get some one to read it to them, for it is designed more particularly for them."

Regarding religion, Walker excoriated the hypocrisy of "pretended preachers of the gospel of my Master, who not only held us as their natural inheritance, but treated us with as much rigor as any Infidel or Deist in the world — just as though they were intent only on taking our blood and groans to glorify the Lord Jesus Christ." It fell upon blacks, he argued, to reject the notion that the Bible sanctioned slavery and urge whites to repent before God could punish them for their wickedness. As historian Sean Wilentz has maintained, Walker, in his Appeal, "offered a version of Christianity that was purged of racist heresies, one which held that God was a God of justice to all His creatures."

Comparisons to other nations
In the Appeal, Walker criticized white Americans by comparing their position on slavery to other groups. Walker praised the British in the work, arguing that they were "the best friends the coloured people have upon earth. Though they have oppressed us a little and have colonies now in the West Indies which oppress us sorely—Yet notwithstanding they have done one hundred times more for the melioration of our condition, than all the other nations of the earth put together". In contrast, Walker denounced white Americans "with their posturing religiosity and their hollow cant of freedom" to "the lowest reaches of hypocritical infamy".

Opportunity for redemption
Despite Walker's criticism of the United States, his Appeal did not declare the nation irredeemable. He may have charged white Americans with the sin of turning "colored people of these United States" into "the most degraded, wretched, and abject set of beings that ever lived since the world began,", but as historian Sean Wilentz has argued, "even in his bitterest passages Walker did not repudiate... republican principles, or his native country." Walker suggested that white Americans only needed to consider their own purported values to see the error of their ways.

Inappropriate benevolent attitudes
Walker asserted that white people did not deserve adulation for their willingness to free some slaves. As historian Peter Hinks has explained, Walker argued that "[w]hites gave nothing to blacks upon manumission except the right to exercise the liberty they had immorally prevented them from so doing in the past. They were not giving blacks a gift but rather returning what they had stolen from them and God. To pay respect to whites as the source of freedom was thus to blaspheme God by denying that he was the source of all virtues and the only one with whom one was justified in having a relationship of obligation and debt."

Black nationalism
Walker has often been regarded as an abolitionist with Black nationalist views, in large measure because he envisioned a future for black Americans that included self-rule. As he wrote in the Appeal: "Our sufferings will come to an end, in spite of all the Americans this side of eternity. Then we will want all the learning and talents, and perhaps more, to govern ourselves."

Scholars such as historian Sterling Stuckey have remarked upon the connection between Walker's Appeal and black nationalism. In his 1972 study of The Ideological Origins of Black Nationalism, Stuckey suggested that Walker's Appeal "would become an ideological foundation... for Black Nationalist theory." Though some historians have said that Stuckey overstated the extent to which Walker contributed to the creation of a black nation, Thabiti Asukile, in a 1999 article on "The All-Embracing Black Nationalist Theories of David Walker's Appeal", defended Stuckey's interpretation. Asukile writes:

"Though scholars may continue to debate this, it would seem hard to disprove that the later advocates of black nationalism in America, who advocated a separate nation-state based on geographical boundaries during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, would not have been able to trace certain ideological concepts to Walker's writings. Stuckey's interpretation of the Appeal as a theoretical black nationalist document is a polemical crux for some scholars who aver that David Walker desired to live in a multicultural America. Those who share this view must consider that Stuckey does not limit his discourse on the Appeal to a black nationalism narrowly defined, but rather to a range of sentiments and concerns. Stuckey's concept of a black nationalist theory rooted in African slave folklore in America is an original and pioneering one, and his intellectual insights are valuable to a progressive rewriting of African-American history and culture."

Distribution
Walker distributed his pamphlet through black communication networks along the Atlantic coast, which included free and enslaved black civil rights activists, laborers, black church and revivalist networks, contacts with free black benevolent societies, and maroon communities.

Efforts to prevent distribution
Southern officials worked to prevent the Appeal from reaching its residents. Black people in Charleston and New Orleans were arrested for distributing the pamphlet, while authorities in Savannah, Georgia, instituted a ban on the disembarkation of black seamen (Negro Seamen Act). This was because Southern governmental entities, particularly in port cities, were concerned about the arrival and dissemination of information that they wanted to keep from black people, both free and enslaved. Various Southern governmental bodies labeled the Appeal seditious and imposed harsh penalties on those who circulated it. Despite such efforts, Walker's pamphlet had circulated widely by early 1830. Having failed to contain the Appeal, Southern officials criticized both the pamphlet and its author. Newspapers like the Richmond Enquirer railed against what it called Walker's "monstrous slander" of the region. Outrage over the Appeal even led Georgia to announce an award of $10,000 to anyone who could hand over Walker alive, and $1,000 if dead.

Immediate significance
Walker's Appeal did not gain the favor of most abolitionists or free black people because its message was considered too radical.

That said, a handful of white antislavery advocates were radicalized by the pamphlet. The Boston Evening Transcript noted in 1830 that some black people regarded the Appeal "as if it were a star in the east guiding them to freedom and emancipation." White Southerners' fears about a black-led challenge to slavery—fears the Appeal stoked—came to pass just a year later in the Nat Turner's Rebellion, which inspired them to adopt harsher laws in an attempt to subdue and control slaves and free black people.

William Lloyd Garrison, one of the most influential American abolitionists, began publishing The Liberator in January 1831, not long after the Appeal was published. Garrison, who believed slaveowners would be punished by God, rejected the violence Walker advocated but recognized that slaveowners were courting disaster by refusing to free their slaves. "Every sentence that they write — every word that they speak — every resistance that they make, against foreign oppression, is a call upon their slaves to destroy them," Garrison wrote.

Walker's Appeal and the slave rebellion led by Nat Turner in Virginia in 1831 struck fear into the hearts of slave owners. Though there is no evidence to suggest that the Appeal specifically informed or inspired Turner, it could have, since the two events were just a few years apart; white people were panicked about the possibility of future insurrections. Southern states passed laws restricting free black people and slaves. Many white people in Virginia and neighboring North Carolina believed that Turner was inspired by Walker's Appeal or other abolitionist literature.

Lasting influence
Walker influenced Frederick Douglass, Nat Turner, William Lloyd Garrison, Martin Luther King Jr., and Malcolm X. Echoes of his Appeal can be heard, for example, in Douglass's 1852 speech, "The Meaning of the Fourth of July for the Negro":

"For it is not light that is needed, but fire; it is not the gentle shower, but thunder. We need the storm, the whirlwind, and the earthquake. The feeling of the nation must be quickened; the conscience of the nation must be roused; the propriety of the nation must be startled; the hypocrisy of the nation must be exposed; and its crimes against God and man must be proclaimed and denounced."

Historian Herbert Aptheker has noted that

"Walker's Appeal is the first sustained written assault upon slavery and racism to come from a black man in the United States. This was the main source of its overwhelming power in its own time; this is the source of the great relevance and enormous impact that remain in it, deep as we are in the twentieth century. Never before or since was there a more passionate denunciation of the hypocrisy of the nation as a whole — democratic and fraternal and equalitarian and all the other words. And Walker does this not as one who hates the country but rather as one who hates the institutions which disfigure it and make it a hissing in the world."

Death
Just five years after he arrived in Boston, Walker died in the summer of 1830. Though rumors suggested that he had been poisoned, Walker died a natural death from tuberculosis, as listed in his death record. The disease was prevalent and Walker's only daughter, Lydia Ann, had died from it the week before Walker himself died. Walker was buried in a South Boston cemetery for blacks. His probable grave site remains unmarked.

When Walker died, his wife was unable to keep up the annual payments to George Parkman for the purchase of their house. She subsequently lost their home, an eventuality Walker himself had, in a sense, predicted in his Appeal: "But I must, really, observe that in this very city, when a man of color dies, if he owned any real estate it most generally falls into the hands of some white persons. The wife and children of the deceased may weep and lament if they please, but the estate will be kept snug enough of its white possessor."

His son Edward G. Walker (also known as Edwin G. Walker) was born after Walker's death, and in 1866 would become the first black man elected to the Massachusetts State Legislature.

Legacy
As noted from the numerous sources, historians consider David Walker a major abolitionist and inspirational figure in American history.

 * The Library of Congress had an exhibit, Free Blacks in the Antebellum Period, which noted Walker's significance, along with that of other key black abolitionists: "Free people of color like Richard Allen, Frederick Douglass, Sojourner Truth, David Walker, and Prince Hall earned national reputations for themselves by writing, speaking, organizing, and agitating on behalf of their enslaved compatriots."
 * The National Park Service has walking tours developed for the Boston African American National Historic Site, including the black Beacon Hill community. The comprehensive narratives include discussion of David Walker, who was integral to the black neighborhood and city activists. An online version of the tour is also available.

title: David Walker (abolitionist)


text:
1851 in sports

1851 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.

Bandy
Events
 * By the second half of the 19th century, bandy has become popular among the masses throughout the Russian Empire. Traditionally, the Russians use a longer skate blade than other nations, giving them the advantage of skating faster. However, they find it more difficult to turn quickly. A bandy skate has a longer blade than an ice hockey skate, and the "Russian skate" even longer.

Baseball
Events
 * The Knickerbocker Base Ball Club of New York plays two matches with the Washington club, soon afterwards named Gotham. These are the second and third meetings between two clubs under "Knickerbocker Rules" after one played five years earlier. For 1851 to 1853, two annual Knicks-Gothams games are the only known matches between clubs, the Knicks winning all six.

Boxing
Events
 * Tom Hyer announces his retirement (though he will make a brief but unsuccessful comeback in 1854) and relinquishes the Championship of America. The title is claimed by Yankee Sullivan who fought Hyer in 1849 but he is not generally recognised.
 * 29 September — William Perry defends the Championship of England title against the welterweight Harry Broome at Mildenhall. Perry is disqualified in the 15th round for striking Broome while he is kneeling.  Broome is the new English champion.
 * 16 December — future champion Tom Paddock fights Harry Poulson at Belper in Derbyshire. Paddock wins in the 86th round but the fight ends in a riot. Paddock and Poulson are both jailed and sentenced to ten months hard labour.

Chess
Events
 * Adolf Anderssen and Lionel Kieseritzky play the Immortal Game in London. It is an informal game played during a break in the world's first international chess tournament, which is staged as part of the Great Exhibition.
 * Anderssen wins the London tournament and, as he is one of the strongest players of his time, is considered by many to be the first World Chess Champion.

Cricket
Events England
 * 11 & 12 February — Tasmania v Victoria at Launceston Racecourse is the inaugural first-class match played in Australia. Tasmania wins by 3 wickets.
 * Most runs – George Chatterton 455 @ 19.78 (HS 88)
 * Most wickets – James Grundy 114 @ 9.60 (BB 8–?)

Horse racing
England
 * Grand National – Abd-El-Kader (second successive win)
 * 1,000 Guineas Stakes – Aphrodite
 * 2,000 Guineas Stakes – Hernandez
 * The Derby – Teddington
 * The Oaks – Iris
 * St. Leger Stakes – Newminster

Lacrosse
Events
 * Montreal's Olympic Club organises a team to play a game against an indigenous team.

Rowing
The Boat Race
 * The Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race is not held this year

Yacht racing
America's Cup
 * The yacht America beats the Royal Yachting Squadron in a race around the Isle of Wight, the event leading to the creation of the America's Cup

title: 1851 in sports


text:
Serjeant-at-arms

A serjeant-at-arms or sergeant-at-arms is an officer appointed by a deliberative body, usually a legislature, to keep order during its meetings. The word "serjeant" is derived from the Latin serviens, which means "servant". Historically, serjeants-at-arms were armed men retained by English lords and monarchs, and the ceremonial maces which they are associated with were originally a type of weapon.

Origins
The term "sergeant" can be given two main definitions: the first is a military rank; the other is a governmental role. Whereas technically the two roles were not mutually exclusive, they were very different in roles and duties. The soldier sergeant was a man of what would now be thought of as the 'middle class', fulfilling a junior role to the knight in the medieval hierarchy. Sergeants could fight either as heavy to light cavalry, or as well-trained professional infantry, either spearmen or crossbowmen. Most notable medieval mercenaries fell into the 'sergeant' class, such as Flemish crossbowmen and spearmen, who were seen as reliable quality troops. The sergeant class were deemed to be 'worth half of a knight' in military value. The office originated in medieval England to serve the sovereign in a police role, much like a bailiff in more recent times. Indeed, the sergeants-at-arms constitute the oldest royal bodyguard in England, dating from the time of King Richard I (around 1189) as a formed body. The title "sergeant-at-arms" appears during the crusades during the reign of King Philip II of France in 1192.

The sergeant-at-arms was a personal attendant upon the king, specially charged with arresting those suspected of treason. Richard I had 24 with him on the Crusades. They were formed into a twenty-strong Corps of Sergeants-at-Arms by King Edward I in 1278, as a mounted close escort. In 1399 King Richard II limited the corps to thirty sergeants, and King Charles II had sixteen. The number was reduced to eight in 1685 and since then it has gradually declined.

The original responsibilities of the sergeant-at-arms included "collecting loans and, impressing men and ships, serving on local administration and in all sorts of ways interfering with local administration and justice." Around 1415, the British House of Commons received its first sergeant-at-arms. From that time onwards the sergeant has been a royal appointment, the sergeant being one of the sovereign's sergeants-at-arms. The House of Lords has a similar officer.

The formal role of a sergeant-at-arms in modern legislative bodies is to keep order during meetings, and, if necessary, forcibly remove any members or guests who are overly rowdy or disruptive. A sergeant-at-arms may thus be a retired soldier, police officer, or other official with experience in law enforcement and security. The Sergeant-at-Arms of the House of Commons has general charge of certain administrative and custodial functions, as well as security within the chamber of the House.

Australia
The Australian House of Representatives operates under the Westminster parliamentary system. The serjeant-at-arms is a career officer of the Department of the House of Representatives. The ceremonial duties are as the custodian of the mace, the symbol of the authority of the Crown and the House, and as the messenger for formal messages from the House to the Senate. The serjeant has the authority to remove disorderly people, by force if necessary, from the House or the public or press galleries on the instructions of the speaker. The administrative duties of the serjeant include allocation of office accommodation, furniture and fittings for members' offices, coordination of car transport for members, mail and courier services for the House, security for the House and arrangements for school visits. Once a meeting has started in a House the serjeant will usually stand at the door to keep authority and make sure no one else comes in or out.

Bangladesh
The serjeant-at-arms is the senior official of the National Parliament (Jatiyo Sangshad) who is responsible for maintaining order during sessions and to maintain security and protocol at Parliament under the guidance of the speaker. Presently, Captain M M Naim Rahman (G), NGP, NCC, PSC, BN naval officer, is appointed as serjeant-at-arms.

Canada
The sergeant-at-arms is the senior official of the House of Commons of Canada. In this role, the sergeant-at-arms is responsible for the building services and security of the House of Commons, and is appointed by the governor general acting on the advice of the federal cabinet. The sergeant-at-arms carries the mace, the symbol of the authority of the Crown, in the daily parade into the House of Commons chamber.

Provincial legislative assemblies, houses of assembly, national assemblies, and provincial parliaments (the nomenclature for legislatures varying between provinces) also employ sergeants-at-arms.

René Jalbert, sergeant-at-arms of the National Assembly of Quebec, ended Denis Lortie's killing spree in the Quebec Parliament Building on 8 May 1984 by constituting himself hostage and negotiating with the shooter for four hours.

During the 2014 shootings at Parliament Hill, Ottawa, the then sergeant-at-arms of the House of Commons, Kevin M. Vickers, assisted RCMP officers in engaging the gunman. Reports show that Sergeant-at-Arms Vickers, alongside RCMP Constable Curtis Barrett, shot and killed the gunman who had gained access to the Centre Block of the Canadian Parliament buildings.

Liberia
In addition to the president pro tempore, the Senate of Liberia elects a secretary of the Senate, assistant secretary of the Senate and a sergeant-at-arms as officers of the Senate, though these positions are not held by sitting senators.

New Zealand
The New Zealand House of Representatives operates under the Westminster parliamentary system. The current serjeant-at-arms since 2016 is Captain Steve Streefkerk, RNZN (Rtd), a permanent officer of the House supported by the Chamber and Meeting Support Team.

The serjeant-at-arms controls officials and members staff coming to the House, and the surrounding areas such as the lobbies and the members lounge. There is involvement at select committees where the chairman seeks assistance to maintain good order. The serjeant-at-arms sits in the debating chamber opposite the speaker at the visitors door for each House sitting session to ensure that security is effective, good order is maintained, administers the Members Attendance Register and takes instructions from the speaker or the other presiding officers - deputy speaker or two assistant speakers, when they are presiding.

The chamber and meeting support officers control all access to the House, and attend to the needs of the members of parliaments, and officials when the House is undertaking its business.

The gallery operation for visitors or strangers is controlled by the Parliamentary Service Security Service, but the speaker and the serjeant-at-arms have the overall authority as defined in Standing Orders.

Past serjeants-at-arms have included:
 * Philip Deck, the first serjeant-at-arms, appointed in 1854
 * Group Captain Alexander John Mackay Manson, from 1937 to 1965 (promoted to Usher of the Black Rod in May 1965)
 * Wing Commander Bob McKay, from 1965
 * Carol Rankin, the first woman to be serjeant-at-arms, appointed in 1985
 * Ipi Cross
 * Donald Cameron
 * Fred Hutton, from 1998 to 2002
 * Brent Smith, from 2003 to 2016.

Singapore
The Parliament of Singapore operates under the Westminster parliamentary system. The serjeant-at-arms is an officer of the parliament as defined in section 2 of the Parliament (Privileges, Immunities and Powers) Act 1962 (PPIP Act). The serjeant-at-arms is also an officer of the Security department who assist the Security Director in security matters of the Parliament matters and may be drawn from ex-police officers or ex-army personnel.

The Sergeant bears the authority of the Speaker of Parliament. The ceremonial duties of the Serjeant includes the custodian of the mace and leading the Mace and the Speaker into the Parliament at the commencement of each Parliament sitting. The serjeant will place the mace at the stand on the table to signify that the parliament is in sitting.

The administrative duties of the Serjeant-at-Arms include access control into the Parliament House and managing the security and admissions of all staff and visitors. The serjeant may also in accordance with sections 27 and 28 of the PPIP Act, and upon the Speaker’s authority, ensure that the person(s) responsible for the disturbances are removed from the premises of Parliament House.

South Africa
The serjeant-at-arms is a member of the parliamentary staff who acts as the official guardian of the mace, a decorated rod which is the symbol of the authority of the Parliament of South Africa. The mace must be in position in the National Assembly chamber during a plenary sitting.

The serjeant-at-arms is also responsible for maintaining the attendance register of the members of House members. They must also maintain order in the House and remove people from the House as ordered by the speaker.

According to the National Assembly Rules, "the Serjeant-at-Arms shall remove, or cause to be removed, any stranger from any part of a Chamber which has been set apart for members only, and also any stranger who, having been admitted into any other part of the Chamber, misconducts himself or herself or does not withdraw when strangers are ordered to withdraw."

The serjeant-at-arms is attired in a black tailcoat, waistcoat, starched white shirt, bow tie, and white gloves. The current serjeant-at-arms is Regina Mhlomi, who succeeded Godfrey Cleinwerck. The usher of the black rod is Vincent Shabalala, whose duty it is to escort the presiding officers of the National Council of Provinces into its chamber.

Sri Lanka
The Parliament of Sri Lanka was established in the form of the Westminster parliamentary system. The serjeant-at-arms is appointed by the secretary general of Parliament and is responsible for all ceremonial occasions as the master of ceremonies in Parliament, preservation of order, custody of the mace, security, admission of visitors, allocation of accommodation within the House and supervision of galleries. Assisting the serjeant-at-arms in his duties would be the deputy serjeant-at-arms and the assistant serjeant-at-arms.

Responsible for security, by tradition he is the only officer authorized to carry a weapon (ceremonial sword) inside the Parliament building and is assisted by the Parliament Police Division. Admission of visitors to the precincts of Parliament is controlled by the serjeant-at-arms. The serjeant-at-arms and assistant serjeant-at-arms would wear a white uniform with medal ribbons during normal sittings of parliament. On ceremonial occasions they would wear a uniform similar to a No. 1 Dress uniform of a major general in the Sri Lanka Army, with varied gorget patchs and epaulette similar to a flag officer of the Sri Lanka Navy.

During the normal sitting days of the House, the serjeant-at-arms wears a white colour uniform and on ceremonial occasions is clad with specially designed black colour ceremonial attire (equivalent to the rank of the major-general).

The first serjeant-at-arms of Parliament was M. Ismail MBE, who was appointed in 1947. Ronnie Abeysinghe was the longest serving serjeant-at-arms in the history of Sri Lanka. He held the position from 1970 to 1996. The current serjeant-at-arms is Anil P. Samarasekara.

Parliament
The serjeant-at-arms of the House of Commons is responsible for security matters concerning the House of Commons. The serjeant, whilst in the Commons overseeing proceedings, can also escort members of parliament out of the chamber by order of the speaker of the House. The post dates back to 1415, and has often been held by retired military or police figures (though in recent years those from a civil service background have been appointed). The current serjeant-at-arms is Ugbana Oyet (appointed in October 2019); he was previously an electrical engineer in Parliament.

The equivalent officer for the House of Lords is the Lady (Gentleman) Usher of the Black Rod) (also known simply as Black Rod); there was formerly a separate serjeant-at-arms of the House of Lords, but the two appointments were merged in 1971 (since when the mace has routinely been carried by Black Rod's deputy, the Yeoman Usher).

The Royal Household
In addition to the above-mentioned officers there are other serjeants-at-arms who attend the sovereign on state occasions, a remnant of the body established by Richard I (though today their role is purely ceremonial). Usually, members of the Royal Household who serve as serjeants-at-arms have had the office bestowed on them as a mark of distinction for long and meritorious service.

Insignia
The mace serves as a symbol of royal and parliamentary authority. Ten maces are kept in the Jewel House at the Tower of London in addition to those kept by the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the Lord Chancellor. As well as carrying their maces, on state occasions each serjeant-at-arms wears a collar of esses as a symbol of his or her office. As a testament to the symbolic power of the insignia, when the Republic of Ireland declared independence from the United Kingdom at the First Dáil in 1919, one of the first decisions declared was that there was to be "no robes, no mace, no velveted sergeant-at-arms".

City of London
Since at least the 14th century, the Lord Mayor of London has been led by the Common Cryer and Serjeant-at-Arms, commonly called the Macebearer, carrying the Mace of the City of London. The role carries ceremonial duties, including opening proceedings and announcing the dissolution of parliament. In December 2022, Major Peter Oweh was selected to hold the position.

United States
The two houses of the United States Congress maintain the position of sergeant-at-arms. The sergeants are charged with the maintenance of order on the floor of the chamber (in the House, he may "display" the mace in front of an unruly member as an admonition to behave); they serve with the Architect of the Capitol on the commission that oversees the United States Capitol Police and security for the Congress, and they serve a variety of other functional and ceremonial roles.

Other bodies
Other bodies—from state and local legislative houses (city councils, county legislatures and the like) to civic and social organizations—have created posts of sergeants-at-arms, primarily to enforce order at the direction of the chair and to assist in practical details of organizing meetings. Other duties may include the greeting of visitors or providing security. The sergeant-at-arms may be in charge of the organization's property.

The title is also used in criminal motorcycle clubs like Hells Angels.

In large organizations, the sergeant-at-arms may have assistants.

A law enforcement officer may serve in the role of sergeant-at-arms or it may be a paid (or unpaid), permanent position in the organization.

title: Serjeant-at-arms


text:
Heinrich Faber

Heinrich Faber (before 1500 – 26 February 1552) was a German music theorist, composer, and Kantor.

Born in Lichtenfels, Bavaria, he was employed as a singer by Christian II of Denmark in Copenhagen, from 1515 to 1524. He later studied in Wittenberg, and is known to have lectured there, in 1551. He died in Oelsnitz.

He is known for several theoretical works, and for his beginners' textbook Compendiolum musicae of 1548, which was the most popular book in Lutheran schools during the 16th and 17th centuries, and is today an important source of two-voice compositions of the period.

The Heinrich-Faber Musikschule Lichtenfels – a musical school – is named after him.

Works

 * Compendiolum musicae (1548)
 * De musica poetica (1548)
 * Ad musicam practicam introductio (1550)

title: Heinrich Faber


text:
Waverley

Waverley may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Waverley (novel), by Sir Walter Scott
 * Waverley Overture, a work by Hector Berlioz inspired by Scott's novel
 * Waverley Harrison, a character in the New Zealand soap opera Shortland Street
 * Bernice Waverley, a character in the Australian series City Homicide

New South Wales

 * Waverley, New South Wales, a local government area and suburb of Sydney
 * Electoral district of Waverley, New South Wales, a former electoral district
 * Waverley Cemetery, in the suburbs of Sydney, New South Wales

Queensland

 * Waverley, Queensland, a locality in the Boulia Shire

Tasmania

 * Waverley, Tasmania, a suburb of Launceston

Victoria

 * Waverley Province, Victoria, a former electorate of the Victorian Legislative Council
 * City of Waverley, Victoria, a local government area from 1857 to 1994

Western Australia

 * Waverley, Western Australia, an abandoned goldfields town also known as Siberia
 * Waverley, a local name of Cannington, Western Australia, East Cannington and Beckenham

Canada

 * Waverley, Nova Scotia, a suburban community in the Halifax Regional Municipality
 * Waverley Park (Thunder Bay), a municipal park in Thunder Bay, Ontario
 * Waverley (electoral district), an electoral district in Manitoba
 * Rural Municipality of Waverley No. 44, Saskatchewan

New Zealand

 * Waverley, Otago, a suburb of Dunedin
 * Waverley, Taranaki, a small town

South Africa

 * Waverley, Johannesburg
 * Waverley, Bloemfontein
 * Waverley, Pretoria
 * Waverley, Mpumalanga, a small border crossing between South Africa and Eswatini

United Kingdom

 * Waverley, South Yorkshire, a region of Rotherham, England
 * Borough of Waverley, a borough in Surrey, England
 * Waverley Abbey, after which the borough is named

United States

 * Waverly (Marriottsville, Maryland), also spelled Waverley, listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)
 * Waverley (Morgantown, Maryland), listed on the NRHP
 * Waverley, a neighborhood in Belmont, Massachusetts
 * Waverley (West Point, Mississippi), a National Historic Landmark
 * Waverley Historic District (Enid, Oklahoma), listed on the NRHP

Schools

 * Waverley College, a Catholic secondary school for boys in Sydney, Australia
 * Waverley Christian College, Melbourne, Australia, an inter-denominational, co-educational independent Christian school
 * Waverley School, Birmingham, England, a mixed all-through school
 * Waverley School, former name of Harris Girls' Academy East Dulwich, London, England
 * Waverley Girls' High School, Waverley, Johannesburg, South Africa

Transportation

 * GWR Waverley Class, a class of Great Western Railway broad-gauge steam locomotives, England
 * Edinburgh Waverley railway station, the main railway station in Edinburgh, Scotland
 * Waverley Route, former railway line in Scotland, later reinstated between Edinburgh and Tweedbank
 * Waverley (passenger train), an express train from London St Pancras to Edinburgh Waverley which ceased operating in 1968
 * Waverley Bridge, a road bridge in Edinburgh, Scotland
 * PS Waverley, a paddle steamer based on the River Clyde in Scotland
 * Waverley Bus Depot, in the Sydney, Australia suburb of Bondi Junction
 * Waverley Rail Trail, a combined shared-use path for cyclists and pedestrians and on-road bicycle route in the suburbs of Melbourne, Australia
 * Winnipeg Route 80, known locally as Waverley Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
 * Waverley (MBTA station), a transit station in Belmont, Massachusetts, United States

Australian sports

 * Waverley Football Club, an Australian rules football club from 1961 until 1987, based in the Melbourne suburb of Glen Waverley
 * Waverley Rugby Club, based in Waverley, New South Wales
 * Waverley Cricket Club, former longtime name of Eastern Suburbs Cricket Club, a wandering cricket team from the Surrey/Hants area
 * Waverley Baseball Club, based in Glen Waverley
 * Waverley Hockey Club, based in the suburbs of Melbourne
 * Waverley Park, a disused sporting stadium in Melbourne, formerly used for Australian rules football, now a training venue

Other uses

 * Waverley Root (1903-1982), American journalist and writer
 * Viscount Waverley, a title in the peerage of the United Kingdom
 * Waverley Country Club, Portland, Oregon, United States
 * The Waverley pen nib, made by Macniven and Cameron, a popular 19th-century writing instrument named after the Waverley novels

title: Waverley