text:
Joe South

Joe South (born Joseph Alfred Souter; February 28, 1940 – September 5, 2012) was an American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and record producer. Best known for his songwriting, South won the Grammy Award for Song of the Year in 1970 for "Games People Play" and was again nominated for the award in 1972 for "Rose Garden".

Career
South had met and was encouraged by Bill Lowery, an Atlanta music publisher and radio personality. He began his recording career in Atlanta with the National Recording Corporation, where he served as staff guitarist along with other NRC artists Ray Stevens and Jerry Reed. South's earliest recordings have been re-released by NRC on CD. He soon returned to Nashville with The Manrando Group and then on to Charlie Wayne Felts Promotions. (Charlie Wayne Felts is the cousin of Rockabilly Hall of Fame Inductee and Grand Ole Opry Member, Narvel Felts.)

South had his first top 50 hit in July 1958 with a cover version of the b-side of The Big Bopper's hit single "Chantilly Lace", a novelty song called "The Purple People Eater Meets the Witch Doctor". Thereafter South would concentrate mainly on songwriting.

In 1959, South wrote two songs which were recorded by Gene Vincent: "I Might Have Known", which was on the album Sounds Like Gene Vincent (Capitol Records, 1959), and "Gone Gone Gone", which was included on the album The Crazy Beat of Gene Vincent (Capitol Records, 1963).

South was also a prominent sideman, playing guitar on Tommy Roe's "Sheila", bass guitar on Bob Dylan's Blonde on Blonde album, and the classic tremolo guitar intro on Aretha Franklin's "Chain of Fools". South played electric guitar on Simon & Garfunkel's second album, Sounds of Silence, although Al Gorgoni and/or Vinnie Bell feature on the title track.

Billy Joe Royal recorded five South songs: "Down in the Boondocks" (also covered in 1969 by Penny DeHaven), "I Knew You When" (later a hit for Donny Osmond, and Linda Ronstadt), "Yo-Yo" (later a hit for The Osmonds), "Hush" (later a hit for Deep Purple, "Somebody's Image" with Russell Morris, and Kula Shaker), and "Rose Garden", a country and pop hit for singer Lynn Anderson (see below).

Responding to late 1960s issues, South's style changed radically, most evident in his biggest single, 1969's pungent, no-nonsense "Games People Play" (purportedly inspired by Eric Berne's book of the same name), a hit on both sides of the Atlantic. Accompanied by a lush string sound, an organ, and brass, the production won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Song and the Grammy Award for Song of the Year. South followed up with "Birds of a Feather" (originally "Bubbled Under" at No. 106 on February 10–17, 1968, more successful as a cover by The Raiders that peaked on the Hot 100 at No. 23 on October 23–30, 1971) and two other soul-searchers, the back-to-nature "Don't It Make You Want to Go Home" (also covered eight months later by Brook Benton With The Dixie Flyers) and the socially provocative "Walk a Mile in My Shoes" (also covered by Elvis Presley in a Las Vegas era version, Jerry Lee Lewis, Bryan Ferry, and Coldcut).

South's most commercially successful composition was Lynn Anderson's 1970–1971 country–pop monster hit song "Rose Garden", which was a hit in 16 countries worldwide. Anderson won a Grammy Award for her vocals, and South earned two Grammy nominations for it, as Best Country Song and (general) Song of the Year. South wrote more hits for Anderson, such as "How Can I Unlove You" (Billboard Country No. 1) and "Fool Me" (Billboard Country No. 3). Freddy Weller, Jeannie C. Riley, and Penny DeHaven also had hits on the Billboard country chart with South songs. In addition, other artists who have recorded South-penned songs include Jerry Lee Lewis, Johnny Cash, Glen Campbell, Loretta Lynn, Carol Burnett, Andy Williams, Kitty Wells, Dottie West, Jim Nabors, Arlen Roth, Liz Anderson, The Georgia Satellites, Waylon Jennings, Dolly Parton, Ike & Tina Turner, Hank Williams Jr., James Taylor, the Tams, and k. d. lang, although most covered versions of South's best known songs.

Personal life
The 1971 suicide of South's brother, Tommy, resulted in Joe becoming clinically depressed. Tommy South had been the drummer in Joe's backing band and accompanied Joe not only in live performances but also on recording sessions when he produced hits for other artists, including Royal, Sandy Posey, and Friend and Lover, including their number 10 Billboard hit song "Reach Out of the Darkness". In an interview with Amy Duncan of Christian Science Monitor, South said, "I didn't see myself doing [drugs] for the kicks. I did it more or less to keep going, and to tap into inspiration. I equated the chemicals with the inspiration." South's drug use resulted in a surly attitude toward audiences, and he left Capitol after two more unsuccessful albums. South lived for a time in the 1970s on the Hawaiian island of Maui. He said, "I really kicked myself around for years... one of the main hang-ups was I just refused to forgive myself," he told Duncan. "You know, you can go through drug treatment centers, and it's not a permanent healing until it's a spiritual healing."

No information is available about South's first marriage, divorce or his first wife. In 1987, South married his second wife, Jan Tant. South said this marriage helped turn things around, and Tant's inspiration helped him return to writing songs and occasional appearances in public.

South fathered one child, son Craig South, who is a voice-over artist in Southern California.

Honors
South won two Grammy Awards, for Song of the Year and Best Contemporary Song, for the single "Games People Play", in 1969. South was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1979 and became a member of the Georgia Music Hall of Fame in 1981.

In 1988, a Dutch DJ, Jan Donkers, interviewed South for VPRO-radio. The radio show that aired the interview also played four new songs by South, but a new record was not released.

On September 13, 2003, South performed during the Georgia Music Hall of Fame induction ceremony and played with Buddy Buie, James B. Cobb Jr., and Chips Moman.

South's final recording, "Oprah Cried", was made in 2009 and released as a bonus track on the 2010 re-release of the albums So the Seeds are Growing and A Look Inside on a CD collection combining both LPs for Australian label Raven Records.

South was inducted into the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in 2019.

Death
South died at his home in Buford, Georgia, northeast of Atlanta, on September 5, 2012, of heart failure. He was 72 years old. South and second wife Jan Tant, who died in 1999, are buried in Mount Harmony Memorial Gardens Cemetery, in Mableton (Cobb County), Georgia.

Collaborations
With Aretha Franklin
 * Aretha Arrives (Atlantic Records, 1967)
 * Lady Soul (Atlantic Records, 1968)

With Simon & Garfunkel
 * Sounds of Silence (Columbia Records, 1966)
 * Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme (Columbia Records, 1966)

With Bob Dylan
 * Blonde On Blonde (Columbia Records, 1966)

title: Joe South


text:
Strangling

Strangling is compression of the neck that may lead to unconsciousness or death by causing an increasingly hypoxic state in the brain. Fatal strangling typically occurs in cases of violence, accidents, and is one of two main ways that hanging causes death (alongside breaking the victim's neck).

Strangling does not have to be fatal; limited or interrupted strangling is practised in erotic asphyxia, in the choking game, and is an important technique in many combat sports and self-defense systems. Strangling can be divided into three general types according to the mechanism used:
 * Hanging — Suspension from a cord wound around the neck
 * Ligature strangulation — Strangulation without suspension using some form of cord-like object called a garrote
 * Manual strangulation — Strangulation using the fingers or other extremity

General
Strangling involves one or several mechanisms that interfere with the normal flow of oxygen into the brain: Depending on the particular method of strangulation, one or several of these typically occur in combination; vascular obstruction is usually the main mechanism. Complete obstruction of blood flow to the brain is associated with irreversible neurological damage and death, but during strangulation there is still unimpeded blood flow in the vertebral arteries. Estimates have been made that significant occlusion of the carotid arteries and jugular veins occurs with a pressure of around 3.4 N/cm2, while the trachea demands six times more at approximately 22 N/cm2.
 * Compression of the carotid arteries or jugular veins—causing cerebral ischemia.
 * Compression of the laryngopharynx, larynx, or trachea—causing asphyxia.
 * Stimulation of the carotid sinus reflex—causing bradycardia, hypotension, or both.

As in all cases of strangulation, the rapidity of death can be affected by the susceptibility to carotid sinus stimulation. Carotid sinus reflex death is sometimes considered a mechanism of death in cases of strangulation, but it remains highly disputed. The reported time from application to unconsciousness varies from 7–14 seconds if effectively applied to one minute in other cases, with death occurring minutes after unconsciousness.

Manual strangulation
Manual strangulation (also known as "throttling") is strangling with the hands, fingers, or other extremities and sometimes also with blunt objects, such as batons. Depending on how the strangling is performed, it may compress the airway, interfere with the flow of blood in the neck, or work as a combination of the two. Consequently, manual strangulation may damage the larynx and fracture the hyoid or other bones in the neck. In cases of airway compression, manual strangling leads to the frightening sensation of air hunger and may induce violent struggling.

Manual strangulation is common in situations of domestic violence, and is regarded by experts as an especially severe form of domestic violence, due to its extremely frightening and potentially lethal nature, and an observed correlation between non-fatal strangulation in domestic violence and future homicide.

Manual strangulation also has a history as a form of capital punishment, during the 18th century, a sentence of "Death by Throttling" would be passed upon the verdict of a Court Martial for the crime of desertion from the British Army.

More technical variants of manual strangulation are referred to as strangleholds, or chokeholds (despite the term "choke" more technically referring to internal airway restriction), and are extensively practised and used in various martial arts, combat sports, self-defense systems, and in military hand-to-hand combat application. In some martial arts like judo, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, and jujutsu, when applied correctly and released promptly after loss of consciousness, strangleholds that constrict blood flow are regarded as a safer means to render an opponent unconscious, when compared to other methods, especially strikes to the head, the latter of which can cause potentially catastrophic or fatal and irreversible brain injuries much more quickly and unpredictably.

Ligature strangulation
Ligature strangulation or garroting is strangling with some form of cord such as rope, wire, chain, or shoelaces (a garrote) either partially or fully circumferencing the neck. Even though the mechanism of strangulation is similar, it is usually distinguished from hanging by the strangling force being something other than the person's own body weight. Incomplete occlusion of the carotid arteries is expected and, in cases of homicide, the victim may struggle for a period of time, with unconsciousness typically occurring in 10 to 15 seconds. Cases of ligature strangulation generally involve homicides of women, children, and the elderly. Compared to hanging, the ligature mark will most likely be located lower on the neck of the victim.

During the Spanish Inquisition, victims who admitted their alleged sins and recanted were killed via ligature strangulation (i.e. the garrote) before their bodies were burnt during the auto-da-fé. Throughout much of the 20th and 21st centuries, the American Mafia used ligature strangulation as a means of murdering their victims. Confessed American serial killer Altemio Sanchez used ligature strangulation in the rapes and/or murders of his victims, as did Gary Ridgway (the Green River Killer) and British serial killer Dennis Nilsen.

Incaprettamento is a method of strangulation in which the victims neck is tied to their legs bent behind their back (similar to hogtie), so that the victim effectively strangle themselves. This method was common throughout Neolithic Europe, and occurred for over two thousands years in northern and southern Europe, as evidenced by skeleton remains. It's uncertain why it was so common, but researchers speculate a person bound in this way might be considered to have strangled themselves, versus being killed by someone else. Victims may have been part of a ritual sacrifice. Rock art in Addaura Cave, in Sicily, made between 16,000 and 13,000 BP, depict two human figures bound in the incaprettamento manner. Today, it is a method of homicide mostly associated with the Italian Mafia, who have used it as a ritual warning or reprimand.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Strangling


text:
Legio IV Scythica

Legio IV Scythica ("Scythian Fourth Legion"), also written as Legio IIII Scythica, was a legion of the Imperial Roman army founded in c. 42 BC by the Roman general Mark Antony, for his campaign against the Parthian Empire, hence its other cognomen, Parthica. The legion was still active in the Roman province of Syria in the early 5th century.

Origins and service during the Roman Republic
The Legio IV Scythica was founded by the Roman general Mark Antony after 42 BC. It is unknown where the legion was first stationed, although Syria is a possibility. If that is the case, the legion most likely took part in Mark Antony's campaign against the Parthians. The name Scythica implies that it fought the Scythians. The Scythians were a group of nomadic tribes located near a Roman city named Olbia. The Scythians also occasionally tried to cross the Danube. This makes it very likely the Legion defeated one of the Scythian tribes in a battle.

Service under the Roman Empire
After the Battle of Actium (31 BC) and Mark Antony's suicide, Octavian transferred the Legio IV Scythica to the Roman province of Moesia, in the Danube area. The legion is reported to have taken part in civilian tasks, such as the building and keeping of roads. In his youth, future Roman Emperor Vespasian served in this legion. The legion's base was probably at Viminacium.

Tiberius's war against Illyria
Between 6 and 9 AD, the IV Scythica took part in Tiberius' wars against the Illyrians and Pannonians. The legion also constructed roads and other works of engineering in the Danube area.

Roman–Parthian War of 58–63
King Vologases I of Parthia invaded Armenia, a client kingdom of Rome, in 58 AD, beginning the war against the Parthians (58–63 AD). Nero ordered Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, the new legate of Cappadocia, to manage the matter. Corbulo brought the Legio IIII Scythica from Moesia, and with the legions III Gallica and VI Ferrata they defeated the Parthians, restoring Tigranes VI to the Armenian throne. In 62 AD, IIII Scythica and XII Fulminata, commanded by the new legate of Cappadocia, Lucius Caesennius Paetus, were defeated by the Parthians at the Battle of Rhandeia and forced to surrender. The legions were covered with shame and withdrawn from the war theatre to Zeugma. This city would be the base camp of IIII Scythica for the next century.

Year of the Four Emperors
In the Year of the Four Emperors, in 69 AD, the IV Scythica, alongside the rest of the Eastern legions, sided with Vespasian immediately. Despite the demonstrated loyalty, IV Scythica was not involved in actual fighting because it was not considered a high-quality legion. This was a consequence of an earlier defeat in the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 AD). In 70 AD, the legion was used to stop a pogrom against the Jewish population of Antioch. The legion would also build a canal in Seleucia Pieria.

Roman–Parthian Wars and Roman–Sassanid Wars
The IV Scythica took part in the Parthian campaign of Trajan, As well as the war against the Parthians (161–166 AD). Between 181 and 183 AD, Septimius Severus acted as the commander of the Eastern legions, and he later relied on the power of said legions to become the next Roman Emperor. The legion's former commander, now Emperor, Semptimus Severus would lead another campaign against the Parthians. This campaign also used the IV Scythica. The legion was most likely involved in the eastern campaign of Caracalla in 219 AD.

Revolt and disappearance
The legion disappeared from Roman historiographical sources after 219 AD, when their commander, Gellius Maximus, rebelled against Emperor Elagabalus and proclaimed himself Emperor, but was defeated. However, according to Notitia Dignitatum (XXXIII), in the early 3rd century, the IV Scythica was still active in Roman Syria, camped in Orese. It is possible this legion participated in the campaigns of Severus Alexander and Odaenathus against the Sassanids.

Epigraphic testimonies

 * Caio Sempronio Marci filio Galeria (tribu) Fido Calagorritano / tribuno militum legionis IIII Scythicae tribuno militum (...).
 * D(is) M(anibus) / Ael(ius) Verecundinus / (centurio) leg(ionis) IIII / Scy(thicae) hastatus (p)rior natus / in Dacia ad Vatabos mil(itavit) ann(os) XXI / primum exactus librarius / frum(entarius) speculator evocatus

Unit symbol
The legion's symbol was a capricorn.

In popular culture
The legion appeared in Harry Sidebottom's series of historical novels Warrior of Rome.

title: Legio IV Scythica


text:
Talk:Dundee

Gerry Quinn and Radio Tay
Is there any proof to the claim that Gerry Quinn was one of the original presenters on Radio Tay? - Meursault's adviser, 14.34, 25/01/2009
 * Apparently so. Catfish Jim and the soapdish (talk) 19:18, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Removed from article as unencyclopedic. Catfish Jim and the soapdish (talk) 13:05, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

Marmalade still being made in Dundee
The article states that Mackays still make marmalade in Dundee. This is incorrect, despite there being a reference to back up the statement. Mackays factory is in Arbroath, where they moved from Carnoustie a couple of years ago. Catfish Jim and the soapdish (talk) 12:48, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Removed as inaccurate.Catfish Jim and the soapdish (talk) 13:07, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

History started with Picts in Iron Age (?)
The first recorded mention of a people called "Picts" is 297 AD. The earliest evidence of inhabitation of Dundee is considerably older than that. Archaeology from the Law hill points to human activity around 500 BC. The Balgarthno stones are older still at around 1500 BC, and bronze age burials have been found in the area, eg. at Stannergate.

See for example:

http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_013/13_303_315.pdf

Catfish Jim and the soapdish (talk) 13:03, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Edited accordingly. Catfish Jim and the soapdish (talk) 13:08, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

De facto suburbs
The assertion that Monifieth and Invergowrie are de facto suburbs is partisan, represents only one side of the argument (which centres on Council Tax revenue), and is against Wikipedia NPOV guidelines

See for example:

http://news.scotsman.com/politicalboundaryreview/Councils-plot-revolt-over-redraw.2603731.jp

Catfish Jim and the soapdish (talk) 13:26, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Also, the lede claims that Dundee lost suburbs to the surrounding counties when the boundaries were changed in the 1970s and 1980s. This is incorrect. Invergowrie and Monifieth were historically parts of Perthshire and Angus and were brought under control of the City of Dundee following the Local Government (Scotland) act 1973. They were returned to their former state in 1996. --Catfish Jim and the soapdish (talk) 16:44, 30 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes, must admit that I would have thought of these places as dormitory towns rather than suburbs. Even the likes of Carnoustie, Arbroath, Meigle and the other small Angus towns could be said to fall into that category since many of them have a very high percentage of commuters. -- Derek Ross | Talk'' 18:23, 30 January 2009 (UTC)

 * It's a controversial topic, and one that someone felt strongly enough about to include in the article. Rather than delete it, I think it could be included, given a more neutral slant. Catfish Jim and the soapdish (talk) 12:59, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I've written about the boundary changes in the Local Government section, which should redress the neutrality issue. The statement about Dundee's population dropping from its early 1970s maximum due to suburb loss remains, but seems untenable. Current boundaries are much the same as they were in the early 1970s. Catfish Jim and the soapdish (talk) 14:05, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

Mishmash of redevelopment and neglect
This doesn't appear to be a very objective statment. Catfish Jim and the soapdish (talk) 13:36, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Removed as per NPOV. Catfish Jim and the soapdish (talk) 13:06, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

Half of Dundee's in the Watch, the other half's in the Navy
Is this really a popular expression? It'll need citation. Catfish Jim and the soapdish (talk) 16:03, 30 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Removed. Unsourced. Catfish Jim and the soapdish (talk) 13:09, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

Child poverty 96% in Whitfield
That figure comes from a report published 7 years ago by Save the Children. It was criticised back then for using out of date figures (the figure relates specifically to the Whitfield South Ward, which hadn't existed then for four years.) So the figures are likely to be more than 10 years out of date. Is there nothing more current? --Catfish Jim and the soapdish (talk) 16:19, 30 January 2009 (UTC)

Removed.Catfish Jim and the soapdish (talk) 13:08, 10 March 2009 (UTC)

Modern day economy
Much of this section is out of date, and could be improved by reference to the latest economic profile report:

http://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/dundeecity/uploaded_publications/publication_119.pdf

Catfish Jim and the soapdish (talk) 11:56, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

Featured Again?
Does anyone else share my views that Dundee should be made into a featured article again? I am willing to help out with anything. Andrewmc123 (talk) 12:02, 13 July 2009 (UTC)

 * GA is a more realistic aim for now. The article was never of a standard that would currently be awarded FA, so I wouldn't pay too much attention to the former FA status. There's a list of jobs to do at the top of the page, but it hasn't attracted much interest so far. Catfish Jim and the soapdish (talk) 12:32, 3 August 2009 (UTC)

History Section
i'm looking to reduce the size of the history section on the Dundee page and re-locate a lot of info onto the History of Dundee page. i would like to do this to help reduce the size of the entire article which currently stands at 85. eventually, i may look at creating a landmarks section (sadly, i don't have any info on Galdyne's Land, Dundee's oldest house but hopefully i will get around this). Kilnburn (talk) 15:44, 6 December 2009 (UTC)

 * That would be a shame... The Dundee history article is awful. Catfish Jim and the soapdish (talk) 16:08, 6 December 2009 (UTC)

yeah, i had a look too. thing is, the history section "needs" to be cut down to improve the flow of the general article. i would like to do my bit to help the article (try to) achieve GA status. anyway, the neglected History of Dundee page would improve. Kilnburn (talk) 16:23, 6 December 2009 (UTC)

 * It is slightly too large for this article, I agree. I'll edit the material into History of Dundee, then it can be summarised for this page. Catfish Jim and the soapdish (talk) 10:58, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

tell you what, i'll do a bit, then let you finish the rest. Kilnburn (talk) 12:24, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

right just to keep you updated. i have done a bit of work on the Dundee history section and the size of the article has now been reduced down to 80. if you need any help in the meantime on any other articles you're currently working on, let me know. Kilnburn (talk) 13:32, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

decided to create the landmarks section since enough of the history section has been cut down already. a bit of info about Gladyne's Land has been added to get it started. Kilnburn (talk) 20:02, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm going to pare down the history section further to keep it as a summary... no point in duplicating information in detail. I'll have a think about other landmarks that can be added.Catfish Jim and the soapdish (talk) 21:46, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

that's fine. when there is enough info in the landmarks, i will submit those picture(s) of Gladyne's Land (Merchant's House) and/or St Mary's Tower, Old Steeple Church. i'll leave it to you now. Kilnburn (talk) 09:40, 8 December 2009 (UTC)

Landmarks
I've come up with a few... I need to think about churches and shopping centres, etc.
 * Claypotts Castle
 * Wishart Arch
 * Powrie Castle
 * Mains Castle
 * Dudhope Castle

 * Gardynes Land
 * Verdant Works
 * The Howff
 * McManus Galleries
 * Cox's Stack
 * Law Hill War Memorial
 * Black Watch Memorial

Thoughts? Catfish Jim and the soapdish (talk) 11:44, 11 December 2009 (UTC)

you're on the right tracks. i would also add Camperdown House and Dundee's "city churches" to the list. Kilnburn (talk) 10:55, 14 December 2009 (UTC)

Here's the listings for those, plus the two cathedrals:

 * Camperdown House
 * St Pauls Cathedral
 * St Andrews Cathedral
 * St Clements(City Churches)
 * St Mary's (city churches)
 * Old St Pauls and St Davids (City Churches)
 * St Mary's Tower (part of city churches

Virtually every church in the city has listed status (about 80 of them), so it's not possible to include all of them. Perhaps add all the Category A listed buildings? Catfish Jim and the soapdish (talk) 13:46, 14 December 2009 (UTC)

I'd also imagine that the two bridges, the High School, Morgan Academy, the Discovery and the Unicorn ought to be in there somewhere. How about the Market cross and the statue of Desperate Dan?

There are some good photos on Geograph that can be easily incorporated:

http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=657354

Catfish Jim and the soapdish (talk) 14:03, 14 December 2009 (UTC)

Here's a few potential photos:

only mention the three churches in the city centre. i would mention the two bridges, Camperdown House, Claypotts Castle, Dundee Law, Wishart Arch, Cox's Stack and Verdant works in the section. 80.192.52.199 (talk) 01:41, 23 December 2009 (UTC)

I'm sorry I don't know how best to edit this page, but there are a couple of mentions of "Gladyne's Land" This should surely read "Gardyne's Land". I would be grateful if someone could sort it out. Thanks 81.137.24.213 (talk) 11:44, 19 January 2010 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with File:Alexandria VA seal.gif
The image File:Alexandria VA seal.gif is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --06:51, 31 January 2011 (UTC)

List of tasks for completion before GA review
Need to check the article in general conforms to WP:UKTOWNS.

Section by section:

 * Lead to be updated immediately prior to GA review
 * History In fairly good shape. Kilburn will add info on the Dundee Waterfront project
 * Actually in worse shape than I thought... I'm currently updating the section to remove unreliable sources and for accuracy and relevance. Catfish Jim   & the soapdish  14:28, 22 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Almost there...  Catfish Jim  & the soapdish  17:44, 14 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Governance In fairly good shape. Kilnburn to add reference for city chambers
 * Geography Needs expansion, correction and references. Catfish Jim   & the soapdish  to complete
 * Almost there  Catfish Jim  & the soapdish  17:44, 14 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Demography Completed Kilnburn has added infobox with a paragraph on population and employment figures
 * Economy In good shape, needs a paragraph on the jute, jam and journalism industries.
 * Landmarks Little more than a couple of sentences. Kilnburn will work on this.
 * Transport Catfish Jim   & the soapdish  working on at present
 * Education Comments?
 * Religious sites Was in okay shape a couple of years ago... references need checked and section needs to be checked for obvious ommissions
 * Culture Not bad shape. References need to be added
 * Sports Comments?
 * Public services Comments?
 * Twin cities Consistent with other articles
 * See also Comments?
 * References Needs checking for consistent style. Perhaps go for Template:Harvnb style as in Carnoustie?
 * External links Comments?
 * Need to check it conforms with External links Catfish Jim   & the soapdish  12:15, 18 April 2011 (UTC)

Catfish Jim  & the soapdish  12:06, 18 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Currently we appear to be missing a notable people section. Catfish Jim   & the soapdish  12:19, 18 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Any thoughts on this? For reasons of space, we might want to constrain selection to a few particularly notable individuals. Obvious examples might include:
 * Hector Boece, 16th century historian and philosopher. Author of History of the Scottish People.
 * D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson, pioneering mathematical biologist and first Professor of Biology at University College, Dundee (later Dundee University)
 * Patrick Geddes, first Professor of Botany at University College, Dundee. Pioneer of ecologically and culturally based town planning.
 * Adam Duncan, 1st Viscount Duncan
 * Winston Churchill
 * Mary Shelley
 * Mary Slessor
 * William McGonagall
 * Catfish Jim  & the soapdish  12:48, 25 April 2011 (UTC)

Infobox photo collage
I really like the design of this, and like most of the photos that have been chosen as they say something about Dundee... all except the bandstand. Any suggestions for a replacement for that specific photo? Something jute related? Verdant works?  Catfish Jim  & the soapdish  17:48, 14 May 2011 (UTC)

Images
I've removed the image of Gardyne's Land in the Landmarks section. The images used in this section illustrate it better, and overuse of images is discouraged on Wikipedia as per Manual of Style/Images, particularly when it leads to text being squeezed between two images. Detailed coverage of this building has been moved to Gardyne's Land, Dundee.  Catfish  Jim  and the soapdish  08:27, 6 April 2012 (UTC)

Media
We're lacking a radiostation - Bridge FM. http://www.facebook.com/bridgefmdundee 95.72.147.240 (talk) 16:25, 12 October 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Dundee. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110808121954/http://www.dundee.ac.uk/archives/source-history.htm to http://www.dundee.ac.uk/archives/source-history.htm#Uni

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 23:44, 25 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Dundee. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20110613150442/http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_013/13_303_315.pdf to http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_013/13_303_315.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 08:58, 27 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Dundee. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/dundeecity/uploaded_publications/publication_85.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 13:27, 4 July 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 9 one external links on Dundee. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/dundeecity/uploaded_publications/publication_85.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110606133942/http://www.eveningtelegraph.co.uk/output/2005/02/28/story6861222t0.shtm to http://www.eveningtelegraph.co.uk/output/2005/02/28/story6861222t0.shtm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070408034440/http://www.dundeecity.gov.uk:80/elections/mappage.htm to http://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/elections/mappage.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120224155701/http://www.scottishrugby.org/community/index.php?option=com_joomleague&func=showResultsRank&p=319&Itemid=789 to http://www.scottishrugby.org/community/index.php?option=com_joomleague&func=showResultsRank&p=319&Itemid=789
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120324024909/http://www.scottishrugby.org/community/index.php?option=com_joomleague&func=showResultsRank&p=304&Itemid=789 to http://www.scottishrugby.org/community/index.php?option=com_joomleague&func=showResultsRank&p=304&Itemid=789
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120324025151/http://www.scottishrugby.org/community/index.php?option=com_joomleague&func=showResultsRank&p=336&Itemid=789 to http://www.scottishrugby.org/community/index.php?option=com_joomleague&func=showResultsRank&p=336&Itemid=789
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120324025008/http://www.scottishrugby.org/community/index.php?option=com_joomleague&func=showResultsRank&p=305&Itemid=789 to http://www.scottishrugby.org/community/index.php?option=com_joomleague&func=showResultsRank&p=305&Itemid=789
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/dundeecity/uploaded_publications/publication_85.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080512150941/https://www.footballcentral.org/sfa/associations/scottish-junior-football-association/club-directory-a-k.cfm to http://www.footballcentral.org/sfa/associations/scottish-junior-football-association/club-directory-a-k.cfm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:22, 17 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 6 external links on Dundee. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131023152251/http://www.dundee.ac.uk/archives/archman.htm to http://www.dundee.ac.uk/archives/archman.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110226072532/http://www.dundee.ac.uk/planning/events/gardynes.htm to http://www.dundee.ac.uk/planning/events/gardynes.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060225212828/http://www.dundee.ac.uk/biocentre/ to http://www.dundee.ac.uk/biocentre/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.dundeecity.gov.uk/elections/mappage.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070921124603/http://www.bcomm-scotland.gov.uk/ to http://www.bcomm-scotland.gov.uk/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101229172355/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/regmapavge.html to http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/regmapavge.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:50, 20 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Dundee. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060902015701/http://www.dundeebluesbonanza.co.uk/ to http://www.dundeebluesbonanza.co.uk/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060717024435/http://music.yahoo.com/ar-296554-bio--Snow-Patrol to http://music.yahoo.com/ar-296554-bio--Snow-Patrol
 * Added tag to http://www.nls.uk/maps/counties/detail.cfm?id=289

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:55, 14 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Dundee. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140714170309/http://www.thecourier.co.uk/news/local/dundee/bye-bye-tayside-house-muncher-completes-its-work-1.111722 to http://www.thecourier.co.uk/news/local/dundee/bye-bye-tayside-house-muncher-completes-its-work-1.111722
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081304/http://www.thecourier.co.uk/news/local/dundee/bye-bye-tayside-house-muncher-completes-its-work-1.111722 to http://www.thecourier.co.uk/news/local/dundee/bye-bye-tayside-house-muncher-completes-its-work-1.111722
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090813235721/http://www.scottishfootballleague.com/scottish_football.cfm?curpageid=1168 to http://www.scottishfootballleague.com/scottish_football.cfm?curpageid=1168

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:29, 9 October 2017 (UTC)

High School of Dundee
I felt it was unfair to say 'Early students included Thomas Thomson and Hector Boece, as well as the brothers James, John and Robert Wedderburn who were the authors of The Gude and Godlie Ballatis, used early in the Scottish Reformation as a vehicle to spread Protestant theology'. The School was founded in the 13th century, but Thomson would have attended over 500 years later, so I think calling him an early student is a stretch. Even Boece and the Wedderburns would not have been pupils in the first 200 years of the School's existence! Therefore I have amended the text. Dunarc (talk) 19:38, 19 October 2017 (UTC)

'View from The Law' image
I wonder if it is worth noting in the caption that the view seen in this image is now a bit out of date (eg Tayside House is rather prominent in it and some other buildings have been demolished as part of the waterfront works). Dunarc (talk) 19:41, 17 January 2018 (UTC)

Churchill
Would the statement 'Winston Churchill served as one of two MPs for Dundee from 1908 to 1922' not be better in the History section rather than the Governance one. The rest of the content of the Governance all relates to more recent events. Dunarc (talk) 23:38, 3 February 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 12:07, 23 January 2019 (UTC)
 * VADundeeAug17-KK666.png

Notable people section
I have two issues with this

1) I am wondering if it is necessary given that there is a much more comprehensive list at History_of_Dundee. Would it not just be easier to say "For notable people associated with Dundee see" and link to the relevant part of the History of Dundee article. 2) Those included on the list seem to be rather arbitrarily chosen. For instance in terms of politics George Galloway is here, but not Bruce Millan who held cabinet office and was a European Commissioner, or Stewart Hosie who was deputy leader of the SNP. Ken Hyder is included, but not the probably better known Ricky Ross. There are no notable sportspeople such as David Narey, Alasdair Dickinson or Liz McColgan and few academics despite the likes of Alfred Ewing being born and working in Dundee and James Ivory (mathematician) being born in the city. Lorraine Kelly is included, but she only lived in the city for a period, and was not born in Dundee. Thus I am not sure that this is really a useful section as it stands.

Dunarc (talk) 22:44, 2 October 2019 (UTC)

 * Absolutely. That was the intention when that section was first moved there.  Catfish  Jim  and the soapdish  14:22, 3 October 2019 (UTC)

 * I've merged the two lists at History of Dundee. Shocking that Lorraine Kelly wasn't there.  Catfish  Jim  and the soapdish  14:30, 3 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks for sorting this. Dunarc (talk) 19:30, 3 October 2019 (UTC)

See also section
I am not sure that this section (as it stands at the moment) is a terribly useful one. The three articles linked to here, while all with obvious Dundee connections, seem a little random choices. Also Dundee Museum of Transport has now been open to the public for well over 5 years, so I think it is a bit odd to still describe it here as being "new" (and since the opening of V&A Dundee it is not even the newest museum in the city!).Dunarc (talk) 20:54, 9 October 2019 (UTC)

Name in Scots Gaelic
Dùn Dèagh or Dùn Dè? Even the Scots can't agree. . WQUlrich (talk) 10:39, 15 December 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 21:51, 8 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Dundee Picture Collage.jpg

Languages
it is a given that a town in Scotland is going to speak some combination of English and Scots. Adding this information to an already cluttered infobox provides absolutely no benefit to the reader. Are we going to go through every article on every place in the English-speaking world and note that they speak English, just in case the reader was wondering?

I also challenge the wisdom of duplicating the name "Dundee" at the start of the article. Listing a separate Scots name might make sense in the case of Glasgow/Glesca or Falkirk/Fawkirk, but when the town has a single name that's used both locally and officially, it just creates even more clutter. Zacwill (talk) 10:30, 1 October 2022 (UTC)

 * I had a look through the articles for other Scottish cities and they list languages spoken and give the Scots version of the name even if it has the same spelling as the English one. The presentation of the Scots version does vary, for example Edinburgh gives the spelling "Edinburgh" once but then has the pronunciations in English and Scots following it, that might be a reasonable approach?
 * It'd seem a bad idea to change the Dundee article to be out of sync with the others by only removing this content from it, Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Scotland might be a good place to discuss it if you feel they should all be changed? JaggedHamster (talk) 12:34, 2 October 2022 (UTC)

 * There is no "Scots version" of the name. Whether one speaks English or Scots, the name is "Dundee", pronounced /dʌn'diː/. Zacwill (talk) 15:48, 2 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dundee


text:
Dress Act 1746

The Dress Act 1746, also known as the Disclothing Act, was part of the Act of Proscription which came into force on 1 August 1746 and made wearing "the Highland Dress" — including the kilt — by men and boys illegal in Scotland north of the Highland line running from Perth in the east to Dumbarton in the west. The rest of the Act of Proscription reiterated and reinforced the Disarming Act 1715. The Jacobite risings between 1689 and 1746 found their most effective support amongst the Scottish clans, and this act was part of a series of measures attempting to bring the clans under government control. An exemption allowed the kilt to be worn in the army's Highland regiments along with its veterans who had served in the military. The landed gentry were also exempt, being exempt from the entire Act of Proscription.

The law was repealed in 1782. By that time, kilts and tartans were no longer ordinary Highland wear, ended by enforcement of the law. Within two years, Highland aristocrats set up the Highland Society of Edinburgh and soon other clubs followed with aims including promoting "the general use of the ancient Highland dress". This would lead to the Highland pageant of the visit of King George IV to Scotland.

The act
Abolition and Proscription of the Highland Dress (19 Geo. 2. c. 39, s. 17, 1746):

Repeal
On 1 July 1782, royal assent was given to Repeal of the Act Proscribing the Wearing of Highland Dress (22 Geo. 3. c. 63) and a proclamation issued in Gaelic and English announced:

title: Dress Act 1746


text:
User:Mikepelley

Mike Pelley is a software manager living in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. He grew up in Quispamsis, New Brunswick, and since then he has lived in Toronto, Saint John, and Ottawa.

title: User:Mikepelley


text:
English writing style

An English writing style is a combination of features in an English language composition that has become characteristic of a particular writer, a genre, a particular organization, or a profession more broadly (e.g., legal writing).

An individual's writing style may be distinctive for particular themes, personal idiosyncrasies of phrasing and/or idiolect; recognizable combinations of these patterns may be defined metaphorically as a writer's "voice."

Organizations that employ writers or commission written work from individuals may require that writers conform to a "house style" defined by the organization. This conformity enables a more consistent readability of composite works produced by many authors and promotes usability of, for example, references to other cited works.

In many kinds of professional writing aiming for effective transfer of information, adherence to a standardised style can facilitate the comprehension of readers who are already accustomed to it. Many of these standardised styles are documented in style guides.

Personal styles
All writing has some style, even if the author is not thinking about a personal style. It is important to understand that style reflects meaning. For instance, if a writer wants to express a sense of euphoria, he or she might write in a style overflowing with expressive modifiers. Some writers use styles that are very specific, for example in pursuit of an artistic effect. Stylistic rule-breaking is exemplified by the poet. An example is E. E. Cummings, whose writing consists mainly of only lower case letters, and often uses unconventional typography, spacing, and punctuation. Even in non-artistic writing, every person who writes has his or her own personal style.

Proprietary styles
Many large publications define a house style to be used throughout the publication, a practice almost universal among newspapers and well-known magazines. These styles can cover the means of expression and sentence structures, such as those adopted by Time. They may also include features peculiar to a publication; the practice at The Economist, for example, is that articles are rarely attributed to an individual author. General characteristics have also been prescribed for different categories of writing, such as in journalism, the use of SI units, or questionnaire construction.

Academic styles
University students, especially graduate students, are encouraged to write papers in an approved style. This practice promotes readability and ensures that references to cited works are noted in a uniform way. Typically, students are encouraged to use a style commonly adopted by journals publishing articles in the field of study. The list of Style Manuals & Guides, from the University of Memphis Libraries, includes thirty academic style manuals that are currently in print, and twelve that are available on-line. Citation of referenced works is a key element in academic style.

The requirements for writing and citing articles accessed on-line may sometimes differ from those for writing and citing printed works. Some of the details are covered in The Columbia Guide to Online Style.

title: English writing style


text:
System console

One meaning of system console, computer console, root console, operator's console, or simply console is the text entry and display device for system administration messages, particularly those from the BIOS or boot loader, the kernel, from the init system and from the system logger. It is a physical device consisting of a keyboard and a printer or screen, and traditionally is a text terminal, but may also be a graphical terminal. System consoles are generalized to computer terminals, which are abstracted respectively by virtual consoles and terminal emulators. Today communication with system consoles is generally done abstractly, via the standard streams (stdin, stdout, and stderr), but there may be system-specific interfaces, for example those used by the system kernel.

Another, older, meaning of system console, computer console, hardware console, operator's console or simply console is a hardware component used by an operator to control the hardware, typically some combination of front panel, keyboard/printer and keyboard/display.

History
Prior to the development of alphanumeric CRT system consoles, some computers such as the IBM 1620 had console typewriters and front panels while the very first electronic stored-program computer, the Manchester Baby, used a combination of electromechanical switches and a CRT to provide console functions—the CRT displaying memory contents in binary by mirroring the machine's Williams-Kilburn tube CRT-based RAM.

Some early operating systems supported either a single keyboard/print or keyboard/display device for controlling the OS. Some also supported a single alternate console, and some supported a hardcopy console for retaining a record of commands, responses and other console messages. However, in the late 1960s it became common for operating systems to support many more consoles than 3, and operating systems began appearing in which the console was simply any terminal with a privileged user logged on.

On early minicomputers, the console was a serial console, an RS-232 serial link to a terminal such as a ASR-33 or, later, a terminal from Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), e.g., DECWriter, VT100. This terminal was usually kept in a secured room since it could be used for certain privileged functions such as halting the system or selecting which media to boot from. Large midrange systems, e.g. those from Sun Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard and IBM, still use serial consoles. In larger installations, the console ports are attached to multiplexers or network-connected multiport serial servers that let an operator connect a terminal to any of the attached servers. Today, serial consoles are often used for accessing headless systems, usually with a terminal emulator running on a laptop. Also, routers, enterprise network switches and other telecommunication equipment have RS-232 serial console ports.

On PCs and workstations, the computer's attached keyboard and monitor have the equivalent function. Since the monitor cable carries video signals, it cannot be extended very far. Often, installations with many servers therefore use keyboard/video multiplexers (KVM switches) and possibly video amplifiers to centralize console access. In recent years, KVM/IP devices have become available that allow a remote computer to view the video output and send keyboard input via any TCP/IP network and therefore the Internet.

Some PC BIOSes, especially in servers, also support serial consoles, giving access to the BIOS through a serial port so that the simpler and cheaper serial console infrastructure can be used. Even where BIOS support is lacking, some operating systems, e.g. FreeBSD and Linux, can be configured for serial console operation either during bootup, or after startup.

Starting with the IBM 9672, IBM large systems have used a Hardware Management Console (HMC), consisting of a PC and a specialized application, instead of a 3270 or serial link. Other IBM product lines also use an HMC, e.g., System p.

It is usually possible to log in from the console. Depending on configuration, the operating system may treat a login session from the console as being more trustworthy than a login session from other sources.

title: System console


text:
Reni (musician)

Alan John "Reni" Wren (born 10 April 1964 in Manchester ) is an English rock drummer and member of The Stone Roses.

His laid-back style of complex, off-beat rhythms was influential in bringing about the blend of indie and dance music which formed much of the Madchester sound centred on Manchester. He is considered by many musicians, producers and journalists to be the best drummer of his generation.

During his time with The Stone Roses, Reni could be easily identified by the now-iconic bucket hat that he often wore. Following his mysterious departure from the band in 1995, he fronted The Rub as singer and guitarist from 1998 to 2001, and played several low-key shows but split without releasing any material. He also participated on his ex-fellow Stone Roses' bandmate, Ian Brown's debut album.

After a long industry hiatus, he re-emerged on the music scene with the reformation of The Stone Roses in October 2011. After the band's apparent final show at Hampden Park in Glasgow, Scotland in June 2017, he has since returned to obscurity.

Early career
Wren grew up in Denton the eldest of five siblings and attended Egerton Park Arts College.

He taught himself drums in his youth as, due to his family situation, he was nearly always around musical instruments in a pub environment. He also plays the guitar, bass and piano. John Robb, in his 1997 book The Stone Roses and the Resurrection of British Pop, said that Wren could "play guitar almost as well as he plays drums," However, it was his drumming abilities that made him stand out. Whilst growing up, "...the local kids thought Reni was a freak because he was such an amazing drummer, a total natural. Reni didn't care. He was already jamming along to anything and anybody."

Already in two bands before he joined The Stone Roses, it was perhaps friend Simon Wright's successful audition for AC/DC in 1984 which prompted him towards more serious ambitions.

The Stone Roses
Wren joined the Stone Roses in May 1984 after seeing an advertisement the band had placed in Manchester's A1 Music shop on New Wakefield Street (formerly the Soundcontrol music venue). He ripped it off the wall in order to make sure only he would get an audition which occurred in what was at the time Decibel Studios to the north of the city centre. This was a rehearsal studio and required the band to carry Wren's drum kit up three flights of stairs, before running through early songs "Nowhere Fast", "All Stitched Up" and "Mission Impossible". Andy Couzens, then the band's second guitarist, later recalled this first rehearsal with their new-found 20-year-old drummer: "We never discussed it, we knew he was in! He was fucking amazing! What a drummer."

The band's first live show with Wren occurred at an anti-heroin gig in London, which was being hosted by Pete Townshend. This unexpected encounter concluded with The Who star asking the band whether he could use their drummer for his set - the band agreed, which led to Wren performing Pictures of Lily and other Who songs.

The band's first bassist, Pete Garner, noted in a 2012 interview for Simon Spence's biography The Stone Roses - War and Peace: "I stood on the side of the stage going 'Oh fuck, he’s going to join the Who now. First gig and we’ve lost him.' That was pretty surreal. I believe the previous gig Townshend had done was some massive stadium on The Who farewell tour... and then he’d come back to do this charity gig." Andy Couzens stated: "At that time Reni was awe-inspiring. To play with him made us sound phenomenal; he was just this force. Just to watch him play was inspirational. That's what got Pete Townshend that night. He was inspired by what he'd seen." Despite the band's fears, Wren turned down Townshend's offer to play on his solo albums in favour of continuing with the Stone Roses.

His first career with the band would go on to span over a decade, during which time he performed on the albums Garage Flower (the band's abandoned debut album from 1985), the much-celebrated eponymous debut (1989), and Second Coming (1994), as well as dozens of singles and unreleased songs.

Playing style
In his early years with the band, whose songs at the time were inspired by punk and post-punk, Wren's drumming style was characterised by the energy from influences such as Keith Moon - Andy Couzens mentioned he was "like ten Keith Moons in one." Due to his showmanship and natural flair, Manchester music scene regulars such as Martin Hannett noted many people were attending the band's early gigs just to see Wren play. Howard Jones, a director at Factory Records, said of a performance on 15 November 1984: "Reni was out of this world. The way he played, his facial expressions, his finishing, how he'd kill a cymbal once he'd hit it, he'd got total natural technique."

As the band's music progressed, marked by the release of the second single "Sally Cinnamon" in 1987, his playing style made use of a three-piece kit and the additional complement of his backing vocals on the majority of new songs. His minimised kit consisted of "a mixture of Ludwig, vintage, and a big expensive Sonor snare drum", which were all painted with John Squire's Jackson Pollock inspired art style. Wren's use of a smaller kit did not limit his range, with a new focus on a jazz-tinged, but ultimately rock-based, playing style. His busy use of the high-hat, snare, and solitary tom-tom created a complex sound which helped to define the band's significant musical shift.

"Elephant Stone", released in 1988 as the band's third single, was viewed as an ideal opportunity to highlight Wren's talent, as Brown later said: "We wanted people to hear what he could do." The drummer's focus on a propulsive tom-tom beat showcased his ability to create innovative drum rhythms, but was also in line with the burgeoning dance music scene of the day. Peter Hook of New Order produced the song in Cheadle Hulme, Stockport and has since said that Wren remains one of the best rock drummers he ever worked with: "Reni's drumming lent such a character and identity to the songs. Ian and John had got it with the melodies and lyrics but they were lucky to get Reni because he took them from being a traditional, normal rock band into the stratosphere with other great groups."

By the time of the Second Coming rehearsals, in the early 1990s, Wren adapted his style further. Guitarist John Squire, becoming increasingly inspired by Led Zeppelin, led the band in a new musical direction, prompting Wren to adopt a blues-rock approach, adding in extra tom-toms for a style analogous to John Bonham. Ian Brown said of early studio time: "When we started recording we had Reni playing the drums for 40 minutes and it was out of this world. I remember John Leckie turning around with a big beam on his face and saying, 'Can't this be the album?'" His playing on the songs "Love Spreads" and "Daybreak" were particularly praised for their high-quality and complexity, whilst his many long jamming sessions with Mani and Squire, plus several drum solos, also became available through bootlegs.

For the majority of his career, Wren has preferred the use of matched grip, although around 1990, in live television performances of "One Love" and "Fools Gold" he used traditional grip. He can also be seen in rehearsal recordings following the band's reformation using the former and latter interchangeably.

Of his drumming style, in 2004 Rhythm Magazine commented that Wren was "funkier and more subtle than any drummer in the genre [indie] had ever been" and he was, "economical, soulful, and inventive". Rhythm Magazine labelled him a drummer hero, stating: "you know him best by his ability to always play it cooler than cool".

Live performances
During the Stone Roses' live performances, Wren's energetic drumming ensured that his reputation grew rapidly and sparked regular praise from the music press, fans, and peers. The Charlatans supported the Stone Roses in the late 1980s and its drummer, Jon Brookes, had observed Wren's playing closely: "He never pounded the drums, he used to caress them and get them to sing, he was that kind of drummer. It was great to just watch him, very poetic, beautiful motion, very light touch, at the same time very musical. And he was singing as well, these beautiful melodies, it was unbelievable."

The music press had also been documenting the drummer's appeal. A review of the band's famous 1989 Blackpool gig stated he was a "spectacular, slipshod blur of energy", whilst the NME noted of a Parisian performance: "Drummer Reni is magnificent. In Amsterdam, I’d watched him soundcheck for an hour on his own, slapping 17 shades of shining shite out of his kit for the sheer unbridled joy of playing."

In addition to his drumming, many fans also found his backing harmonies to be an integral part of the band's music. Described in John Robb's biography of The Stone Roses as "the voice of an angel", listening to their debut album, and live shows such as Blackpool's Empress Ballroom (1989), Glasgow Green (1990) and Manchester's Heaton Park (2012) overtly display his vocal range.

1995–2011: The Rub and industry hiatus
In 1995, Wren was the first member of the classic Stone Roses line-up to leave the band, with much mystery surrounding his exit. In Simon Spence's The Stone Roses: War and Peace (2012), it was suggested arguments with Brown and frustration with Squire's increasingly insular musical direction angered the drummer. Wren began missing recording sessions to spend time with his young family and often arrived in a dressing gown to the sessions he did attend. A statement was published in NME on 5 April 1995, announcing his immediate departure. After his exit, the band continued with Robbie Maddix as drummer, but broke up in 1996.

Little was heard of Wren in the 16 years which followed. His drumming was long credited on the Ian Brown track "Can't See Me", although Brown later acknowledged the drum loop was a sample Roses bassist Mani had uncovered and not Wren.

In 1998, he formed the short-lived band The Rub, its name inspired by a soliloquy from Hamlet, with Casey Longdon (rhythm guitar), Neil Nisbet (bass) and Mick Grant (drums). Wren wrote the songs, sang lead vocals, and played bass and lead guitar. During the Rub's brief history, it enjoyed strong support from many Stone Roses fans and the press, although The Guardian wrote that "although it's good to have Wren back and clearly enjoying himself, it's a great pity that this world-class percussionist is not behind a drum stool." In 2001, the band split having released no material.

In 2005, Wren gave his first broadcast interview in 10 years to BBC GMR, along with ex-Roses bassist Mani, on the Manchester Music Show whilst attending a concert by the Coral. It was reported in early 2007 that Fun Lovin Criminals had asked Reni to become their drummer. He did not respond and nothing became of the rumour. In June 2008, in an interview with Teletext's Planet Sound, Mani revealed that Wren had formed a new band with an unnamed member of Black Grape, but gave no other details. Nothing emerged from this rumour.

In May 2009, on the 20th anniversary of the Stone Roses' eponymous debut album, Wren and the three other band members sanctioned the release of rare demos and unreleased material. In an exclusive book included with the collector's edition, whilst Ian Brown and Mani included extensive written accounts of their experiences in the Stone Roses, Wren supplied only a drawing and poem.

Prior to the band's 2011 reunion, in 2009 those who worked with Wren had high praise for the drummer in interviews conducted for the 20th anniversary. Ian Brown said "He’d have been like Gene Krupa or Buddy Rich. He'd fill the Apollo up now if he just set up his drum kit in there and played." Mani said "He was an amazing drummer. He was that good, he could do anything. He’s done gigs with one arm – and he played with one arm it was as good as two! The guy is a total genius, a proper fucking one-off you know?" He also provided an explanation for Wren's disappearance from the music scene: "I think what it is with Reni is the fact he doesn't think of it [drumming for another band] as better than he has done before."

John Leckie (the band's producer on the eponymous debut album) provided an insight into Wren's drum kit and playing style: "Reni just had a collection of drums – you can't say Reni plays a lovely drum kit – every tom, cymbal and drum is from a different kit. That's how he makes it up. He's such a great player. When I listen to him play, I just sort of think, "Fuck! No-one else plays like that!" Pete Garner: "Reni was so much better than any drummer in a little band, like another level. He’d learned his craft. Everyone else I knew in bands had started like we did and you work at it, but he was already…. He’d been doing gigs when he was a kid. Those early gigs basically people would just lock onto him, it was pretty mindblowing really. Now, he’s gone down in history as the hat and the Fools Gold riff but most people have not seen Reni drum like he can drum. Later on in the band he toned it down. Those early gigs it was always him people would talk about afterwards, 'Where did you find that fucking drummer?’" John Robb: "The best drummer of his generation. I’ve never seen anyone who could play drums like that – the talk in the early days was often about Reni – "check out the amazing drummer" hipsters would say and he always delivered. If the Roses ever reformed it would be a buzz just to see him play those drums again – dextrous, fluid and exuberant – he could hit hard like a rock drummer but also had a real swing and that infectious energy."

In a press conference on 18 October 2011, Wren, along with the other members of The Stone Roses, announced the band would be reforming for three "homecoming" gigs at Heaton Park, Manchester on 29 and 30 June and 1 July 2012. These dates were part of a Reunion Tour.

2011 reunion to the present day
On 23 May 2012, Wren played the drums in public for the first time in 17 years. This was at a secret gig in Warrington, a warm-up show before the band's full world tour. For his second career with the band, his kit now consists of two bass drums (with an image of a lemon on each bass drum - a reference to the band's eponymous debut album), with a greater number of tom-toms and cymbals than during his original run with the band.

The Stone Roses completed 30 gigs across the world in 2012 and the band continued to tour in 2013. A documentary film from that year showcasing the band's reformation, The Stone Roses: Made of Stone, directed by Shane Meadows premiered in Manchester's Victoria Warehouse on 30 May 2013.

In May and June 2016, following a brief hiatus, The Stone Roses released the new singles "All For One" and "Beautiful Thing", marking Wren's first new contributions to music since 2001. The band also announced concerts at the Etihad Stadium, which was followed by a wider tour of the world. Media outlets such as The Guardian continued to praise the drummer. After the band's first performance at the Etihad Stadium, the broadsheet newspaper stated: "The Stone Roses must not let Reni leave again". On its music blog, the paper explained: "On the face of it, the drummer is the most obviously replaceable component of a band but while fans are divided over the merits of a live Led Zeppelin without John Bonham, or Black Sabbath minus Bill Ward, the idea of a Reni-free Roses is untenable."

It added: "The man Pete Townshend once hailed as 'the most natural drummer I’ve seen since Keith Moon' has been the individual delight of the last week’s gigs. With an extra bass drum, what look like new teeth and a grin that never leaves his face, Reni has regained his youthful pomp and is playing as well as ever. His backing singing and those trademark funky grooves are powering the band with a gusto that they haven’t had in years."

Once again, the band briefly toured in early 2017 with the final show playing at Glasgow in June. During the gig, singer Brown made a comment which suggested the band will not be playing any further shows. The band's biographer, John Robb, told the NME: "It’s not official 100% confirmed that they’ve stopped, but it looks like they have, doesn’t it?" Of Wren, he added: "To me, the greatest tragedy is that if they have stopped, Reni will only have recorded a few albums in his life. I wanted a full documentation of his drumming. Those records are far more than anyone else is going to do, but I think it’s kind of sad that he’s not made a full record since Second Coming and may never do again. I'm sure he doesn't care, he's got all the money in the bank. I just don't like seeing good talent go to waste, because he's still one of the greatest drummers I’ve ever seen." In late 2019, Squire confirmed that the band had indeed disbanded for a second time.

"Reni Hats"
Wren habitually wore a bucket hat during his time with The Stone Roses. The nickname "Reni hat" for these hats is still in use, especially due to the band's 2011 reformation, particularly in the UK.

title: Reni (musician)


text:
Sylvester Pennoyer

Sylvester Pennoyer (July 6, 1831 – May 30, 1902) was an American educator, attorney, and politician in Oregon. He was born in Groton, New York, attended Harvard Law School, and moved to Oregon at age 25. A Democrat, he served two terms as the eighth Governor of Oregon from 1887 to 1895. He joined the Populist cause in the early 1890s and became the second Populist Party state governor in history. He was noted for his political radicalism, his opposition to the conservative Bourbon Democracy of President Grover Cleveland, his support for labor unions, and his opposition to the Chinese in Oregon. He was also noted for his prickly attitude toward both U.S. Presidents whose terms overlapped his own -- Benjamin Harrison and Cleveland, whom he once famously told via telegram to mind his own business.

He later served as mayor of Portland from 1896 to 1898.

Early life
Sylvester Pennoyer was born in Groton, New York, on July 6, 1831. His parents were the former Elizabeth Howland and Justus P. Pennoyer, a New York state legislator and a wealthy farmer. Sylvester attended school at Homer Academy and then began teaching. He graduated from Harvard Law School in 1854. He moved to Oregon on July 10, 1855, where he resumed teaching.

In 1856 he married Mary A. Allen, with whom he had five children. While teaching, he also practiced law. Pennoyer was chosen as the superintendent of Multnomah County schools in 1860, and served until 1862. He then shifted to the lumber industry from 1862 to 1868, accumulating a fortune. He then purchased the Democratic-leaning Oregon Herald newspaper and served as editor until he sold it in 1869.

In 1866, Marcus Neff hired attorney John H. Mitchell to complete some legal business, but failed to pay Mitchell's bill. Mitchell sued and received a default judgment against Neff, with Neff's property sold at auction to pay the bill. Pennoyer purchased the land from Mitchell, who had purchased the land at the sheriff's auction, and later Neff became aware of the forced sale. Neff then sued Pennoyer to regain the property in a case that became the U.S. Supreme Court case of Pennoyer v. Neff that defined legal jurisdiction for citizens residing in different states. At the trial, federal judge and Pennoyer adversary Matthew Deady ruled in favor of Neff, with the Supreme Court affirming the decision in 1877. Pennoyer was compelled to give the land back to Neff, and the property became a part of the Willamette Heights neighborhood in later years.

Political career
Pennoyer was a Democrat most of his political career, but became a Populist in the early 1890s. In 1885 he ran for mayor of Portland, but lost to John Gates, partly due to his record of sympathy for the Confederacy during the American Civil War. The following year he ran for Governor of Oregon against T. R. Cornelius, gaining support for advocating the use of American labor over Chinese immigrants. Pennoyer was elected in November and assumed office on January 12, 1887. He was re-elected in 1890 and served in the office until his second term ended on January 14, 1895.

Governor of Oregon
As governor Pennoyer quickly made a name for himself as a quirky and cantankerous leader. In 1891 he pointedly snubbed President Benjamin Harrison when Harrison visited Oregon on a campaign tour. He refused to leave his office to meet Harrison at the state border. When Harrison came to Salem, Pennoyer kept him waiting in the train station (in the rain) and arrived 10 minutes late. That year the Oregon Legislative Assembly created the Oregon Attorney General office, and Pennoyer appointed George Earle Chamberlain to that post. While in office Pennoyer declared without authority that the Oregon Supreme Court lacked the power to invalidate legislative acts on constitutional grounds.

In 1893 he refused to grant the state Democrats permission to use the state's ceremonial cannon to fire a salute in celebration of Grover Cleveland's inauguration as president. (Pennoyer had just left the Democratic Party to become the second Populist Party governor in history.) "No permission will be given to use state cannon for firing a salute over the inauguration of a Wall Street plutocrat as president of the United States," he said, and locked the cannon away under armed guard. The Democrats were able to get hold of the cannon by using an unpaid blacksmith's bill for $10 as a pretext to have the sheriff seize the weapon, and the salute was fired on schedule.

Pennoyer's relationship with Cleveland did not improve noticeably with time. Just a few months later, on May 3, 1893, he refused to use his resources to protect Chinese Americans when asked to do so by Grover Cleveland's Secretary of State on May 3, 1893. (Congress had just extended the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 for an additional 10 years, and the president was worried about possible riots.) His telegraphed response to this request read, "Washington: I will attend to my business. Let the president attend to his."

Pennoyer refused another request from Cleveland, who asked him to intervene when a group of unemployed workers, part of "Coxey's Army", hijacked a train to travel east and join a mass march on Washington, D.C. Pennoyer stated, "let Cleveland's' army take care of Coxey's army." He also moved Thanksgiving Day in Oregon one week ahead of the national holiday in 1894 in further protest to President Cleveland's request. His term as governor ended on January 14, 1895.

Throughout his terms in office, Pennoyer had an antagonistic relationship with Oregonian newspaper editor Harvey Scott, who referred to him in editorials as "His Eccentricity."

Mayor of Portland
On June 1, 1896, Pennoyer was elected the mayor of Portland. Previously, while governor, he had opposed the Bull Run Water Project, and at one point he vetoed a request for a $500,000 bond to finance its construction, claiming the water, because it originated in glaciers, would "cause goiter to the fair sex of Portland." The legislature came within one vote of overriding this veto, but it stood, and Judge Matthew Deady—who had drafted it—was so put out that he called the governor "Sylpester Annoyer." Ironically, during Pennoyer's term as mayor it fell to him to take the ceremonial first sip at the new water system's dedication ceremony. He took his drink of Bull Run water, set the goblet down and said, "No flavor. No body. Give me the old Willamette."

He was the second mayor to sit in the new City Hall that was completed in 1895. Pennoyer described the building as "expensive, unseemly and unhealthful." He served as mayor until June 1898 when his successor W. S. Mason took office.

Death and legacy
Pennoyer donated land to Portland to serve as a park, originally known as Pennoyer Park and now known as Governor's Park. He died of heart disease in Portland on May 30, 1902, at 4:00 PM in his house. He was initially buried at Lone Fir Cemetery in Portland, but in 1924 his remains were moved to River View Cemetery also in Portland.

title: Sylvester Pennoyer


text:
Parasitic disease

A parasitic disease, also known as parasitosis, is an infectious disease caused by parasites. Parasites are organisms which derive sustenance from its host while causing it harm. The study of parasites and parasitic diseases is known as parasitology. Medical parasitology is concerned with three major groups of parasites: parasitic protozoa, helminths, and parasitic arthropods. Parasitic diseases are thus considered those diseases that are caused by pathogens belonging taxonomically to either the animal kingdom, or the protozoan kingdom.

Terminology
Although organisms such as bacteria function as parasites, the usage of the term "parasitic disease" is usually more restricted. The three main types of organisms causing these conditions are protozoa (causing protozoan infection), helminths (helminthiasis), and ectoparasites. Protozoa and helminths are usually endoparasites (usually living inside the body of the host), while ectoparasites usually live on the surface of the host. Protozoa are single-celled, microscopic organisms that belong to the kingdom Protista. Helminths on the other hand are macroscopic, multicellular organisms that belong to the kingdom Animalia. Protozoans obtain their required nutrients through pinocytosis and phagocytosis. Helminths of class Cestoidea and Trematoda absorb nutrients, whereas nematodes obtain needed nourishment through ingestion. Occasionally the definition of "parasitic disease" is restricted to diseases due to endoparasites.

Transmission
Mammals can get parasites from contaminated food or water, bug bites, sexual contact, or contact with animals.

Some ways in which people may acquire parasitic infections are walking barefoot, inadequate disposal of feces, lack of hygiene, close contact with someone carrying specific parasites, and eating undercooked foods, unwashed fruits and vegetables or foods from contaminated regions.

Treatment
Parasitic infections can usually be treated with antiparasitic drugs. The use of viruses to treat infections caused by protozoa has been proposed.

title: Parasitic disease


text:
Talk:Dress Act 1746

Veracity
Is this real? 98 hits on google. May be mythical. Secretlondon 19:11, Nov 9, 2003 (UTC)

 * looks pretty real to me, appears in print history as well as internet - note actual name of Act in rivised article - dave souza 23:05, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Would it be worth merging and redirecting to Act of Proscription? After all, this wasn't an Act in its own right... Shimgray | talk | 15:46, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

Repeal Act 1782
The text of the Repeal Act can be found here:

https://randomscottishhistory.com/2019/03/17/george-iii-21st-year-chapter-63-1782/

It's quite simply worded.

The reported text of the 'proclamation' of the repeal act featured on the main wiki page here looks very suspicious. It doesn't read like a Royal Proclamation, and it may be therefore that's its provenance is a much later, perhaps 19th century, fabrication.

title: Talk:Dress Act 1746


text:
Autocrat, LLC

Autocrat, LLC (now named Finlay Extracts and Ingredients USA (Finlays)) is a coffee and tea extracts manufacturing company based in Lincoln, Rhode Island, United States. The company's coffee syrups are often used to make coffee milk, which was made the official state drink of Rhode Island in 1993. The company's name change occurred in 2015, and its retail products remain marketed under the Autocrat brand name.

History
Autocrat, LLC was established in 1895 under the name Brownell & Field Coffee Company, and began manufacturing coffee syrup in the 1930s. In 1991, the firm acquired Eclipse, a coffee syrup manufacturer, after which it became the sole manufacturer of coffee syrup in the United States. In January 2012, the firm partnered with RFI, LLC to expand coffee product offerings. In April 2014, the company was acquired by James Finlay Limited, a British tea extract producer,  and continued to operate under the Autocrat name. In July 2015, the company's corporate name was changed to Finlay Extracts and Ingredients USA (Finlays). Retail products remain marketed under the Autocrat brand name.

Products
The company produces a brand of coffee syrup under the Autocrat name, and also as Coffee Time Syrup, and after the acquisition of Eclipse in 1991, it also continued to manufacture coffee syrup under the Eclipse brand name. It also manufactures and markets frozen and powdered coffee and tea extracts and concentrates.

Autocrat and Coffee Connection collaborated to invent the Frappuccino in 1992, and in 1994 Starbucks acquired all of the 23 Coffee Connection locations, along with the trademark rights to the "Frappuccino" name.

In December 2013, Narragansett Brewing Company marketed a limited edition stout brewed with Autocrat Coffee syrup.

title: Autocrat, LLC


text:
Talk:Word (disambiguation)

Removal

 * Forstkraut is a vocable discovered 2003. We are desparetely in need of the meaning of this term.

I suspect this is a candidate for "bad jokes and deleted nonsense," myself. But this deathless prose has been preserved here, and will be there, even as I have removed it from the article in chief. -- Smerdis of Tlön 19:27, 9 Nov 2003 (UTC)

The reference in this article to "urban slang" was hopelessly vague. "Urban" of what time, place, etc. I presume this means "hip-hop slang", which certainly uses this in this way, so I am changing it. If someone meant something broader, they can edit and clarify.

Major, major reworking of the article in order to transform it into a disambiguation page. The Logos stuff in the Christian religion section would probably be better off moving to Logos, but I'll keep it here for now. --Ardonik 21:59, Jul 18, 2004 (UTC)

Disambiguation?
Why is suddenly this disambiguation page? IMHO, word (linguistics) is by far the most important meaning of the word word, so it should be here. --romanm (talk) 20:55, 22 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Totally agree. If this topic doesn't gather any more opposing comments, someone should swap the pages. -Hapsiainen 18:33, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

String
I had added a link to String at the word string, but the last major edit by Jiy has removed it. Is there any good reason for that? --fudo 11:56, 31 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes. Manual of Style (disambiguation pages): "Unlike a regular article page, don't wikilink any other words in the line..." -- jiy  12:38, July 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * I actually like the current version of this page more than the earlier versions. --Ardonik.talk* 22:59, July 31, 2005 (UTC)
 * Ok, thank you, I didn't know that. However, I think that a link to String (computer science) (maybe to the Formal theory section) would be desirable, at least in the Automata theory page. My research is mainly focused on words in that sense, and I'm not quite satisfied with a one-line definition. fudo 18:37, 1 August 2005 (UTC)
 * On the Automata theory page it would be quite appropriate to link to String (computer science) (in fact, there is no link for it at the moment). On the other hand, a disambiguation page is simply a navigation aid to help people find the article their looking for, not a page for exploration; other links on the line distract from finding a desirable article quickly. Ideally, if someone wishes to know more about something on the disambiguation page (i.e. string), they can follow the main article and find appropriate info and wikilinks within the article itself. -- jiyTalk 20:16, August 1, 2005 (UTC)
 * I understand, and I have read the manual of style you previously cited. Hence I'm going to modify automata theory slightly. Thanks for your help. fudo 21:42, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposal below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the debate was: Move succeeded, Word→Word (disambiguation) and Word (linguistics)→Word.—jiy (talk) 20:45, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

To make way for moving Word (linguistics) to Word. The linguistic term is the main usage. All others are minor, specialized, and/or derivative of the linguistic term.--jiy (talk) 03:57, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

Voting

 * Support.--jiy (talk) 03:57, 20 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Support --Mihai cartoaje 04:35, 20 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Support --Gareth Hughes 12:08, 20 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Support --Kusma (talk) 21:39, 22 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The linguistic term is not overwhelming in encyclopedic lookup usage; see discussion. -R. S. Shaw 20:37, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

Discussion
I disagree that it is clear that the linguistic term is the main usage when accessing an encyclopedia article (although it would be for some people, such as the proposer I'd wager). People use the word 'word' very frequently, but that does not mean they frequently wish to see an article on the linguistic attributes of the familiar concept. Phonetic boundaries and minimal free forms are interesting and all, but they are specialized and not necessarily predominant over the alternative meanings that may want to be accessed in Wikipedia.

The other meanings are not "minor" in some circles. Many people are interested in computers and may find Microsoft Word and computer word interesting subjects. These are not minor subjects in that arena, as might be suggested by the fact those articles are longer than the Word (linguistics) article. The other terms may be etymologically derived from 'word', but that seems irrelevent to the issue of article naming. -R. S. Shaw 20:37, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Look at the what links here for word -- the amount of editors who naturally link to the linguistic usage is overwhelming. The argument that a person would be less likely to wish to read about word (linguistics) on the grounds that it is common to them is weak. Conversely, a person is probably more likely to wish to read about a common subject they are familiar with and expand upon their knowledge of it as opposed to reading a technical, specialized subject they are completely unfamiliar with such as Word (computer science).

 * As a parallel situation, Tree (graph theory) may also be of major interest to some circles, but it would be aburd for anything but the woody plant to reside at Tree.--jiy (talk) 22:53, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I've moved the page per this discussion. —Cleared as filed. 16:17, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

 * ''The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Word Processor
I think listing only one word processor is pov, as there are more than one of them. -- Mihai cartoaje 04:19, 20 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I think you are confused about the purpose of a disambiguation page. Are any word processors besides Microsoft Word called simply "Word"? In common speech, when people say "I'm opening my essay in Word" they mean they are opening it in Microsoft Word. People don't say "I'm opening my essay in Word" when they are using WordPerfect. See Disambiguation - lists of articles of which the disambiguated term is only part of the article title, such as "word processor", don't normally belong on disambiguation pages.--jiy (talk) 04:31, 20 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I have read the page at that link and part of what is written on it is, "Dictionary definitions don't belong here, nor do lists of articles of which the disambiguated term forms a part of the article title." "word" is a part of "Microsoft Word", so we cannot list the latter.--Mihai cartoaje
 * Then the page above needs to be amended. "Word" just means "Microsoft Word" in many contexts, and people will expect "Word" to somehow point to MS Word. I have reverted your change. Kusma (talk) 00:57, 22 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Everyone is free to shorten the name of their favorite word processor to "word", and everyone is free to expect "word" to somehow point to their favorite word processor.--Mihai cartoaje 19:59, 22 November 2005 (UTC)
 * But people don't usually do that. An encyclopedia should reflect common usage. --Kusma (talk) 01:56, 23 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Sometimes, "word" is used to mean "a word processor". For example, the name kword can be interpreted as, "a word processor for the k desktop environment"--Mihai cartoaje 18:47, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

It's all quite simple really: the program is called Word, so there should be a way from "Word" to "Microsoft Word". It's not an abbreviation, it's just the name of the program. Shinobu 02:29, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Other programs are, similarly, named word, such as EZ Word and Lotus Word Pro.--Mihai cartoaje
 * That is irrelevant. I could repeat the arguments from above, but you seem to not want to understand them. Please accept the consensus, which is that Word should have an entry for Microsoft Word. --Kusma (talk) 23:35, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Many, maybe most, word processors contain "word" somewhere in their name, but only one is commonly known as "Word". Only that one qualifies (and should) be on a disambiguation page for "word". It's not that we are M$-lovers; we just recognize the reality of the usage. -R. S. Shaw 03:20, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I started doing disambig. link repairs on Word and found several entries that link to Word when they obviously mean Micro$oft Word. I'm not an MS lover either but I think it's in common enough usage to warrant inclusion. Gimboid13 08:48, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

EZ Word and Word Pro are not commonly referred to as Word. I've removed the pov-notice. Ask anyone (go ahead, out on the streets, and do it!) which program is meant when one says Word. We're not including MS WOrd in this list because we like Word so much, but because it's called Word. Whether you like Microsoft or not, they still can call their program anything they want (within normal trademark restrictions) and they decided to call it Word. Since usually people refer to a product using the name the producer calles it, practically everyone calles it Word. Shinobu 10:28, 2 December 2005 (UTC)
 * The name of microsoft word is "microsoft word" --mc

Well, no. Microsoft is the company name - as such not part of the given name proper. Same goes for Windows, Word Pro, etc. Of course I don't know the legal technicalities, but they are largely irrelevant. Main point is that most people call the program Word, usually without Microsoft prefixed to it, and that in all splash-screens, promotional material, etc. Word is given in a large bold font, and Microsoft only in a thin font so as to create a strong visual separation of company and brand. Shinobu 08:57, 5 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Why not have a link on this disambiguation page that points to a list of computer programs that have word in their name or something similar? - Squilibob 10:21, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

MS Word Dispute
WP:DR

 * Avoidance
 * Unfortunately there is nothing much that can be done here - one party wants it on the list, the other party wants it off.

 * First step: talk to the other parties involved
 * This has been done, but that didn't work.

 * Informal Mediation
 * Let's try this then.

 * My mediated response is given at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Mediation_Cabal/Cases/07_12_2005_Word_%28disambiguation%29

 * Steven McCrary 23:03, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

"Uses" vs. "Usage"
Regarding this edit, is there that big a difference? I've been following the "In other usage" layout for quite some time. What exactly is wrong with it? Lord Sesshomaru (talk • edits) 18:08, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

Order of entries
Hi,, thanks for this edit.

I see that you are a member of WikiProject Disambiguation so you're just the person who may be able to help me further.

I can't see the overall logic of the section on songs. It's long enough to need some more sorting IMO. Perhaps
 * by date, and I think it's good that most of the entries have dates and the rest should, or
 * alphabetically by artist and it looks as though it might have once had this order but that it hasn't been maintained as new entries were added

Is there a convention (formal or just in practice) for this?

Or any other advice you can give? Andrewa (talk) 23:35, 15 February 2022 (UTC)

 * At present the section is sorted on two levels. First, the songs that have their own article are placed above songs that don't. After that it actually is in alphabetical order by artist, albeit in a way that is unfortunately favored by some Disambiguation members, but that I find unintuitive. Specifically, if the artist given is a person's first and last name, it uses the last name for sorting. That's why Skylar Grey's song is sorted as G, for example. It's not done this way on all DABs and isn't written into the MoS as far as I know, so feel free to do as you like here. -- Fyrael (talk) 00:03, 16 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks again! That now makes sense.
 * There are 21 songs listed, 9 with articles and 12 without.
 * I think a start would be to add section headings to those two (currently implicit) subsections of Songs.
 * Songs with articles and Songs mentioned in other articles would be my proposed section headings, each at the ==== level. Tweak the TOC if necessary so as not to list that level of section heading there.
 * Then at the top of each of these subsections I would add a line in italics saying (for the moment) In alphabetical order by artist.
 * Both of these would IMO be a great help to someone who comes to the page looking for a particular song. Also it would not look quite so much of a mess.
 * I'm thinking that, in view of the various opinions regarding sorting by artist name, sorting by date might be better. But for the moment, just filling in the rest of the dates would be a start. Andrewa (talk) 07:06, 16 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Word (disambiguation)


text:
Maní, Yucatán

Maní is a small city in Maní Municipality in the central region of the Yucatán Peninsula, in the Mexican state of Yucatán. It is about 100 km to the south south-east of Mérida, Yucatán, some 16 km east of Ticul. The village of Tipikal lies 6 km to the east.

The population is currently around 4000, similar now to the estimated 4500 in the 16th century.

In 2021, it received the Best Tourism Village distinction, an award of international prestige that celebrates the good practices in tourism preservation and sustainability that have been implemented in this beautiful town in southeastern Mexico, thus being the first in the State of Yucatán in receive this distinctive recognition.

History
Maní's four millennium existence historically involves mostly its early Maya period, followed in recent centuries by its Spanish conquistador and religious period. Its Mexican period beginning over a century ago involved conflict.

Early history
Maní has been continuously occupied for approximately 4000 years. In the postclassic Mesoamerican era it was home to the Tutul-Xiu Maya dynasty, which moved their capital here from Uxmal in the 13th century. The Xiu were the dominant power in the western Yucatán after the fall of Mayapan in 1441. Maní served as the main religious center in honor of the deity Kukulcan (Cukulcan, Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl) for the Maya with an annual chic kaban festival until 1341.

With the arrival of the Spanish the Xiu of Maní allied themselves with the Spanish and assisted in the conquest of the rest of the peninsula.

Maya book burning
On 12 July 1562, Friar Diego de Landa, who held the office of inquisitor before the Monastery of San Miguel Arcángel, held an auto de fe Inquisitional ceremony in Maní, burning a number of Maya hieroglyphic books and a reported 5000 idols, saying that they were "works of the devil". The number of books burned is disputed. Landa claimed only burning 27. This act and numerous incidents of torture at the monastery were used to speed the mass adoption of Roman Catholicism throughout the region.

Landa's burning of these sacred books with Mayan writing and the subsequent reaction were described by him as follows:

Guerra de Castas
Maní was involved in part of the multi-decade conflict in the Guerra de Castas, the Caste War of the Yucatán. An engraved stone narrates an episode of the event for Maní in 1850.

Church and Convent of San Miguel
The town has an old Franciscan monastery established in 1549, the Parroquia y Exconvento de San Miguel Arcangel. The large building was built using cut stones from many of the Pre-Columbian structures of Maní. A large open chapel is on the north side with the two bell gables on the church facade. Inside, the apse vault has some early colonial era fresco murals. The nave interior houses three Baroque carved altars with statues of saints and images. Restoration work on the monastery building and its artwork began in 2001.

Surroundings
The area around Maní is largely devoted to agriculture, principally henequen, maiz, cattle, and fruit. Hammocks are made in the city.

Festivals
Each 15 to 24 August Maní holds a festival in honor of the Virgin of the Assumption. Each 3 January is a festival of the Virgin of Candlemas.

title: Maní, Yucatán