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Charlottetown Accord

The Charlottetown Accord (Accord de Charlottetown) was a package of proposed amendments to the Constitution of Canada, proposed by the Canadian federal and provincial governments in 1992. It was submitted to a public referendum on October 26 and was defeated.

Background
The Statute of Westminster (1931) gave Canada legislative independence from the United Kingdom. Canada requested that the British North America Acts (the written portions of the Constitution of Canada) be exempted from the statute because the federal and provincial governments could not agree upon an amending formula for the acts. Negotiations between Ottawa and the provinces were finally successful in 1981, allowing Canada to patriate its constitution by passing the Canada Act 1982, which included the Constitution Act, 1982 and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and finally established an amending formula for the Canadian Constitution. These constitutional changes had the consent of all provincial governments except Quebec's.

Attempts to appease Quebec's enduring resentment and demands resulted in the Meech Lake Accord, which failed when the provinces of Manitoba and Newfoundland were not able to ratify the document by the deadline established. This was followed by a resurgence in the Quebec sovereignty movement. Premier Robert Bourassa stated that a referendum would occur in 1992 on either a new constitutional agreement with Canada or sovereignty for Quebec, and citing his dignity, refused to again negotiate as one province.

The Quebec government set up the Allaire Committee and the Bélanger–Campeau Committee to discuss Quebec's future and the federal government struck the Beaudoin–Edwards Committee and the Spicer commission to find ways to resolve concerns in Canada's other provinces.

Former Prime Minister Joe Clark was appointed Minister responsible for Constitutional Affairs on 21 April 1991, and was made responsible by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney for pulling together a new constitutional agreement. Clark conducted over the period from November 1991 to its culmination in August 1992 a series of negotiations with the non-Quebec premiers on a new constitutional accord. Representation for Quebec was not physically present, but communications were held through a back channel. Broad agreement was made for the Meech Lake provisions to be included, a recognition of aboriginal self-government, and wholesale Senate reform that allowed for equality of the provinces. A misunderstanding on the back channel regarding Quebec's position on the latter created an impression that the agreement would be acceptable to the National Assembly, and Clark announced that a consensus had been reached.

Mulroney, advised of the agreement while in Paris, was shocked and dismayed, as he believed the Senate arrangements would doom any agreement in Quebec. However, a refusal of the agreement would necessitate the resignation of the popular and influential Clark from Cabinet, crippling his already unpopular government. Mulroney decided to work with the agreement, and on August 28, 1992, the agreement known as the Charlottetown Accord was reached. It required intense negotiations in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, between federal, provincial and territorial governments, and representatives from the Assembly of First Nations, the Native Council of Canada, the Inuit Tapirisat of Canada and the Métis National Council.

Aboriginal self-government
The Accord would have substantially altered the status of Aboriginal groups in Canadian political society. Under the Accord, an Aboriginal right to self-government would have been enshrined in the Canadian Constitution. Moreover, the Accord would have recognized Aboriginal governments as a third order of government, analogous to the federal government and the provinces. In other words, Aboriginal governments would have been granted their own order of government, which would have been constitutionally autonomous from the federal and provincial levels of government. Aboriginal legislation, however, would have been required to be consistent with the principles of "peace, order, and good government in Canada", and would have been subject to judicial review under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

Beyond these general principles, the Charlottetown Accord did not provide any details on the precise form that such Aboriginal self-government would have taken, or how the transition would have been effected. Further, it provided for a breathing period before Aboriginal groups could access the right to self-government in the courts. This would have allowed the federal government and the provinces time to negotiate the details in the absence of court decisions. If, however, self-government was not realized during this period, then Aboriginal groups could litigate matters in the courts.

In addition to the principle of self-government, the Charlottetown Accord would have entrenched existing treaty rights in the Constitution (although it would not have created any additional treaty rights) and it would have given constitutional recognition to Métis rights.

Canada Clause
A central component of the Charlottetown Accord was the Canada Clause, which was intended to be an interpretive section of the Canadian Constitution. The Canada Clause set out general values which it asserted defined the nature of Canadian character and political society. One such value was the recognition of Quebec as a distinct society within Canada. Other aspects of the Canada Clause dealt with the rule of law, Canada as a parliamentary and federal system, Aboriginal Peoples of Canada and their rights, official-language minorities, cultural and racial diversity, individual and collective rights, gender equality, and the equality and diversity of the provinces. The purpose of this Clause was to symbolically recognize what the leaders believed to be the core values of Canada. On a more practical level, it would require the courts to interpret the Constitution in accordance with the basic values outlined.

Federalism
The Charlottetown Accord attempted to resolve long-standing disputes around the division of powers between federal and provincial jurisdiction.

The Accord declared that forestry, mining, natural resources, and cultural policy would become provincial jurisdictions, with the federal government retaining jurisdiction over national cultural bodies such as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and the National Film Board. Federal funding would also have been guaranteed for programs under provincial heads of power, such as Medicare, limiting the federal government's authority to negotiate national standards in return for funding increases. The accord also required the federal and provincial governments to harmonize policy in telecommunications, labour development and training, regional development, and immigration.

The federal power of reservation, under which the provincial lieutenant governor could refer a bill passed by a provincial legislature to the federal government for assent or refusal, would have been abolished, and the federal power of disallowance, under which the federal government could overrule a provincial law that had already been signed into law, would have been severely limited.

The accord formally institutionalized the federal-provincial-territorial consultative process, and provided for Aboriginal inclusion in certain circumstances. It also increased the number of matters in the existing constitutional amending formula that required unanimous consent.

Institutional reform
The Accord proposed a number of major reforms to Federal institutions. The Supreme Court of Canada and its governing legislation were to be constitutionally entrenched, ending the ambiguity surrounding the inclusion of the Court in the Constitution Act, 1982, but not its governing statute.

The Senate of Canada would have been reformed, with senators to be elected either in a general election or by provincial legislatures at the discretion of the provinces. Six would be assigned for every province and one for each territory, with additional seats able to be created for Aboriginal voters. The enumerated powers of the Senate would be reduced, with the body's power to defeat legislation removed and replaced with suspensive vetoes and, in cases of deadlock, joint sittings between the Senate and the (much larger) House of Commons. On matters related to francophone culture and language, passage of a bill would require a majority in the Senate as a whole and a majority of (self-declared) francophone senators.

Changes were also proposed for the House of Commons. Following the "equalization" of the Senate, the House's seat distribution would also be based more on population than previously, with more seats allotted to Ontario and the Western provinces. In exchange for Quebec losing Senate seats under a Triple-E Senate (dropping from 24 to 6), Quebec was guaranteed never to be allotted less than 25% of the seats in the House.

Social Charters
The accord also proposed a social charter to promote such objectives as health care, welfare, education, environmental protection, and collective bargaining. It also proposed the elimination of barriers to the free flow of goods, services, labour and capital, and other provisions related to employment, standard of living, and development among the provinces.

The referendum
Unlike the Meech Lake Accord, the Charlottetown Accord's ratification process provided for a national referendum. Three provinces — British Columbia, Alberta, and Quebec — had recently passed legislation requiring that constitutional amendments be submitted to a public referendum. At risk of a greater perception of unfairness if only three provinces were able to vote, Prime Minister Mulroney decided to go with a national referendum. Mulroney's government subsequently introduced the Referendum Act, which was duly passed by Parliament to provide a legal framework for the conduct of referendums on constitutional matters. Notably, the law explicitly gave the federal government the power to conduct such votes in only some provinces while excluding others. British Columbia and Alberta agreed to have their referendums overseen by Elections Canada, but Quebec opted to conduct its vote provincially. One of the effects of the arrangement was that Quebecers "temporarily" living outside the province could have two votes, since they were enumerated to the voters' list based on federal rules, whereas people relatively new to Quebec could not vote at all because they had not established residency.

The referendum's measure of success was an open question, as the amending formula in Part V of the Constitution Act, 1982, only considered the consent of provincial legislatures and had no binding referendum mechanism. The government took an ambiguous stance, with speculation that if one or more recalcitrant provinces voted "No," the legislature could be convinced to pass the national package anyway. The minimum standard was generally seen to have been a majority "Yes" vote in Quebec and a majority of voters in favour of "Yes" amongst the other nine provinces collectively.

The campaign began with the accord popular across English Canada, with a statistical dead heat in Quebec.

Support
The campaign saw an alignment of disparate groups in support of the new amendments. The Progressive Conservatives, the Liberals, and the New Democratic Party supported the accord. First Nations groups endorsed it as did some women's groups and business leaders. All ten provincial premiers supported it. Most major media and media figures seemed to support it. All three major party leaders travelled the country supporting the accord while large amounts of money were spent on pro-accord advertising. While many advocates of the accord acknowledged that it was a compromise and had many flaws, they also felt that without it the country would break apart.

Opposition
Former Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau was a prominent opponent of the Accord. In a piece first published in Maclean's, he argued that the accord meant the end of Canada and was the effective disintegration of the federal government. He hosted a press conference at a Montreal restaurant, the transcript of which was published and distributed in book form as A Mess That Deserves a Big No.

Preston Manning's fledgling, western-based Reform Party battled the Accord in the West with the slogan, "KNOw More", opposing recognition of Quebec's "distinct society", Quebec's guarantee of 25% of House seats and arguing that Senate reform did not go far enough.

The two Quebec sovereigntist parties, Lucien Bouchard's Bloc Québécois and Jacques Parizeau's Parti Québécois, both strongly opposed the Accord, as they believed it did not give Quebec enough powers.

Waning popularity
As the campaign progressed, the accord steadily became less and less popular. This is often credited to much of the electorate finding at least some aspect of the lengthy accord with which they disagreed and the extreme unpopularity of Prime Minister Mulroney in 1992. Canada was experiencing a deepening recession since the Meech Lake Accord process ended on June 23, 1990, and many saw a political elite obsessed with constitutional affairs to the detriment of the health of the economy.

Mulroney was already deeply unpopular with Canadian voters, and was generally seen to have made a number of mistakes in the referendum campaign. Most famously, he referred to persons against the Accord as "enemies of Canada", and while speaking about the dangers of voting against the agreement in Sherbrooke, he ripped a piece of paper in half with a dramatic flourish to represent the historic gains for Quebec that would be threatened if the accord failed. Many voters, in fact, misinterpreted the action as a reference to the potential breakup of the country, with overtones of belligerence and intimidation.

The Accord was especially unpopular in Western provinces, where prominent figures argued that the Accord was essentially a document created by the nation's elites to codify their vision of what Canada "should" be. B.C. broadcaster Rafe Mair gained national prominence by arguing that the accord represented an attempt to permanently cement Canada's power base in the Quebec-Ontario bloc at the expense of fast-growing, wealthy provinces like Alberta and British Columbia that were challenging its authority. To proponents of such beliefs, opposing the accord became portrayed as a campaign of grassroots activism against the interests of the powerful.

In Quebec, a tape featuring two bureaucrats saying that Bourassa had "caved" in negotiations was played on a radio station. Further undermining the "Yes" vote in Quebec was when British Columbia's Constitutional Affairs minister Moe Sihota, responding to Mair's comments, said that Bourassa had been "outgunned" in the discussions. Despite a consensus victory by Bourassa in a television debate against Parizeau, the "Oui" campaign stalled at 45% in the polls.

Results
On October 26, 1992, two referendums, the Quebec government's referendum in Quebec, and the federal government's referendum in all other provinces and territories, were put to the voters.

The Question:

 * Do you agree that the Constitution of Canada should be renewed on the basis of the agreement reached on August 28, 1992? French: Acceptez-vous que la Constitution du Canada soit renouvelée sur la base de l'entente conclue le 28 août 1992 ?

Aftermath
The impact of the referendum caused the Canadian Press to label it the Canadian Newsmaker of the Year, an honour that usually goes to individual people. CBC said that this was the first time that the "country's newsrooms have selected a symbol instead of a specific person", which was done again in 2006, 2007, and 2020.

Many thought, from a perspective favouring national unity, that the result given was probably the next-best result to the Accord passing: since both Quebec and English Canada rejected it, there really was not a fundamental disagreement as there was with Meech. A division in the Quebec Liberal Party over the accord brought former Liberal youth committee president Mario Dumont to form the Action démocratique du Québec in 1994.

Probably the most striking result of the referendum was the effect of most of Canada's population voting against an agreement endorsed by every first minister and most other political groups, and most media. Despite sustained political and media pressure, a majority of Canadian voters were unwilling to support the Accord. This stinging rebuke against the "political class" in Canada was a preview of things to come. Mulroney retired from politics in June 1993 after polls showed the Tories would be heavily defeated under his continued leadership. In the federal election on October 25, 1993, a year less a day after the Charlottetown referendum, the Progressive Conservatives under Mulroney's successor, Prime Minister Kim Campbell, were reduced to two seats in the worst defeat of a sitting government at the federal level. They were replaced in most Western ridings by the Reform Party and in Quebec by the Bloc Québécois, parties who had opposed the Accord and who had not previously won seats as parties in any general election. The NDP was cut down to only nine seats. Both the PCs and NDP thereby lost official party status in the 35th Canadian Parliament.

The Liberals, despite their support for the accord, had a new leader in Jean Chrétien who promised not to revisit constitutional issues, and won a large majority in the new Parliament. The Liberals won nearly every seat in Ontario and Atlantic Canada, and in spite of the Reform and Bloc breakthroughs won respectable numbers of seats in Quebec and Western Canada.

One of the Accord's reforms dealing specifically with New Brunswick was successfully enacted in 1993 as section 16.1 of the Charter of Rights.

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, several matters relating to the status of Quebec were pursued through Parliament (e.g., the Clarity Act) or through intergovernmental agreements. In 2006 the House of Commons of Canada passed the Québécois nation motion, recognizing the Québécois as a nation within a united Canada. there have been no further attempts to resolve the status of Quebec through a formal constitutional process.

Changes to Canada's population confirm that Quebec's 25% guarantee clause would have taken effect during seat distributions. During Canada's 2012 redistribution of House of Commons seats, Quebec received seats that were proportional to its population relative to Canada (23%), slightly fewer than the 25% of seats it would have been guaranteed under the Accord.

title: Charlottetown Accord


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Municipal charter

A city charter or town charter (generically, municipal charter) is a legal document (charter) establishing a municipality such as a city or town. The concept developed in Europe during the Middle Ages.

Traditionally, the granting of a charter gave a settlement and its inhabitants the right to town privileges under the feudal system. Townspeople who lived in chartered towns were burghers, as opposed to serfs who lived in villages. Towns were often "free", in the sense that they were directly protected by the king or emperor, and were not part of a feudal fief.

Today, the process for granting is determined by the type of government of the state in question. In monarchies, charters are still often a royal charter given by the Crown or the authorities acting on behalf of the Crown. In federations, the granting of charters may be within the jurisdiction of the lower level of government, such as a province.

Canada
In Canada, charters are granted by provincial authorities.

Philippines
Since the beginning of American colonial rule, Philippines cities were formally established through laws enacted by the various national legislatures in the country. The Philippine Commission gave the city of Manila its charter in 1901, while the city of Baguio was established by the Philippine Assembly which was composed by elected members instead of appointed ones. During the Commonwealth era, the National Assembly established an additional ten cities. Since achieving independence from the United States in 1946 the Philippine Congress has established 124 more cities, the majority of which required the holding of a plebiscite within the proposed city's jurisdiction to ratify the city's charter.

Sweden
In Sweden until 1951, cities were established by royal charter.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, cities are established by royal charter.

United States
In the United States, such charters are established either directly by a state legislature by means of local legislation, or indirectly under a general municipal corporation law, usually after the proposed charter has passed a referendum vote of the affected population.

A municipal charter is the basic document that defines the organization, powers, functions and essential procedures of the city government. The charter is, therefore, the most important legal document of any city. Municipalities without charters, in states where such exist, are known as general-law municipalities or cities.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Municipal charter


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User:Schwap23

Another oh-so-clever newb...

will edit this page as I become more accustomed to the site.

title: User:Schwap23


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Metropolitan Borough of Lambeth

Lambeth was a civil parish and metropolitan borough in south London, England. It was an ancient parish in the county of Surrey. The parish was included in the area of responsibility of the Metropolitan Board of Works in 1855 and became part of the County of London in 1889. The parish of Lambeth became a metropolitan borough in 1900, following the London Government Act 1899, with the parish vestry replaced by a borough council.

Geography
The ancient parish was divided into the six divisions of Bishop's Liberty, Prince's Liberty, Vauxhall Liberty, Marsh and Wall Liberty, Lambeth Dean and Stockwell Liberty.

It covered an area 4,015 acres (recorded in 1851 census) and was 7 mi north to south, but only 2.75 mi at its widest east to west. In addition to the historic riverside area of Lambeth, this included Kennington, Vauxhall, Stockwell, Brixton, the western part of Herne Hill, Tulse Hill and West Norwood.

As the population was increasing, in 1824 the ancient parish was subdivided into ecclesiastical districts of Brixton, Kennington, Lambeth Church, Waterloo Road and West Norwood. These districts were adopted for census reporting in 1841 with Lambeth Church and Waterloo Road further subdivided into first and second divisions.

In 1900 some irregular boundaries of the parish were tidied up:
 * The Streatham exclave completely surrounded by Camberwell and Lambeth was transferred to Lambeth (population 3,453)
 * The Camberwell/Lambeth boundary was tidied up with an exchange of population (approximately 6,000 each way) which had the effect of transferring Myatt's Fields Park to Lambeth

Ecclesiastical parish
The ancient parish, dedicated to St Mary, was in the Diocese of Winchester until 1877, then the Diocese of Rochester until 1905, and then finally in the Diocese of Southwark. From 1824, as the population of Lambeth increased, a number of new parishes were formed:
 * St John the Evangelist, Waterloo in 1824
 * St Luke, West Norwood in 1824
 * St Mark, Kennington in 1824
 * St Matthew, Brixton in 1824
 * Holy Trinity, Lambeth in 1841
 * St Mary the Less, Lambeth in 1842
 * St Michael, Stockwell in 1845
 * St Andrew, Waterloo in 1846
 * St Thomas, Waterloo in 1846
 * All Saints, Waterloo in 1847
 * St Barnabas, Kennington South in 1851
 * St John the Evangelist, Angell Town Brixton in 1853
 * Christ Church, North Brixton in 1856
 * Holy Trinity, Tulse Hill in 1856
 * St Peter, Vauxhall in 1861
 * St Stephen, South Lambeth in 1861
 * St Philip in 1864
 * St Andrew, Stockwell Green in 1868
 * St Saviour, Herne Hill Road in 1868
 * St Anne, South Lambeth in 1869
 * Emmanuel, Lambeth in 1869
 * St Jude, Brixton in 1869
 * St John, Kennington 1872
 * All Saints, South Lambeth in 1874
 * St James, Kennington in 1875
 * St Saviour, Brixton Hill in 1876
 * St Catherine, Loughborough Park in 1877
 * St Paul, Ferndale Road in 1882
 * St Matthias, Upper Tulse Hill in 1900
 * St Anselm, Kennington Cross in 1901

In addition, as the population of neighbouring areas increased, parts of Lambeth parish were included in new parishes:
 * St Paul, Herne Hill in 1845 with parts of St Giles, Camberwell
 * St Agnes, Kennington Park in 1874 with parts of St Mary, Newington

Vestry
Under the Metropolis Management Act 1855 any parish that exceeded 2,000 ratepayers was to be divided into wards; as such the incorporated vestry of St Mary Lambeth was divided into eight wards (electing vestrymen): No. 1 or North Marsh (18), No. 2 or South Marsh (12), No. 3 or Bishop's (12), No. 4 or Prince's (15), No. 5 or Vauxhall (24), No. 6 or Stockwell (15), No. 7 or Brixton (15) and No. 8 or Norwood (9).

Borough council
The borough council was established in 1900. The metropolitan borough was divided into nine wards for elections: Bishop's, Brixton, Herne Hill, Marsh, Norwood, Prince's, Stockwell, Tulse Hill and Vauxhall. The borough council was controlled by the Municipal Reform Party (allied to the Conservatives) until 1937, when the Labour Party gained power. Labour retained control until abolition in 1965.

Parliament constituency
For elections to parliament, a borough constituency for Lambeth was established under the Reform Act 1832. Parliamentary boundaries were redrawn in 1885 with the parish divided into four constituencies:
 * Lambeth, Brixton
 * Lambeth, Kennington
 * Lambeth, North
 * Lambeth, Norwood

In 1950 the borough's representation was reduced to three seats:
 * Lambeth, Brixton
 * Lambeth, Norwood
 * Lambeth, Vauxhall

Town hall
Lambeth Town Hall was built in Brixton in 1906 to 1908 to designs by Septimus Warwick and H. Austen Hall. It replaced the Old Town Hall in Kennington Road. The building is constructed of red brick and Portland stone, with a 41-metre high clock tower. Since 1965 it has formed the headquarters of the successor London Borough.

In the stairwell of the hall is a plaque erected by the Government of Ontario to commemorate the birthplace of John By, who helped create Bytown or Ottawa, Ontario (capital of Canada).

Population and area
The area of the borough in 1901 was 4080 acre. By 1961 it had increased slightly to 4089 acre. The population of the metropolitan borough as recorded at each census was as follows:

Lambeth Vestry 1801–1899 Metropolitan Borough 1900–1961

Coat of arms
When the borough was created in 1900, the corporation adopted a seal which was used in place of a coat of arms. The device was derived from that of the borough's forerunner, Lambeth Vestry. At the base of the seal was a lamb, a play on the name "Lambeth", and a symbol long used to represent the parish. The two shields were those of the Diocese of Canterbury and the Duchy of Cornwall. The first referred to Lambeth Palace, residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury. The second was to show that the Duchy owned estates in the Kennington area of the borough. The design was completed by the cypher of Queen Victoria, and the year of the borough's founding. This device can still be seen in the circular hall of Lambeth Town Hall.

In 1922 the borough obtained an official grant of arms from the College of Arms. The lamb was moved to the crest, on top of the helm. It was transformed into a paschal lamb supporting a pennon of St George. As a number of other crests featured a paschal lamb, a silver and blue wave, for the River Thames, was added. The arms themselves retained references to the Duchy of Cornwall (the black border charged with bezants or gold discs) and the Archbishop of Canterbury (the mitre and crozier). The red cross in the first quarter was taken from the arms of the London County Council, showing that the borough was in the county. The fourth quarter contained a gold and blue chequered pattern, the arms of the de Warennes, Earls of Surrey. This was included to show that Lambeth lay in the county of Surrey until 1889. The ermine patterning in the other quarter was said to stand for "purity and honour".

The motto adopted was Spectemur Agendo, a motto common to several local authorities in England. Although this is generally rendered in English as Judge us by our deeds, the official translation in Lambeth has traditionally been the more ponderous Let us be regarded according to our conduct.

On 22 February 1966 the arms were transferred by royal licence to the London Borough of Lambeth. On registration at the College of Arms, two gold stars were added in the second and third quarters to depict the addition of Clapham and Streatham to Lambeth.

Abolition
In 1965 the borough was amalgamated with the Streatham and Clapham parts of the Metropolitan Borough of Wandsworth to form the new London Borough of Lambeth.

title: Metropolitan Borough of Lambeth


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Birdsong (disambiguation)

Birdsong, along with bird calls, are sounds made by birds.

Birdsong or Bird Song may also refer to:

Film, television and literature

 * Birdsong (novel), by Sebastian Faulks, 1993
 * Birdsong (radio drama), 1997, based on the novel
 * Birdsong (play), 2010, based on the novel
 * Birdsong (serial), a 2012 TV adaptation of the novel
 * Birdsong (2008 film), a Catalan film
 * Birdsong (radio channel), a temporary channel on British digital radio

Music

 * The Birdsongs (band), an American Christian rock band

Albums

 * Bird Song (Mannheim Steamroller album), 2001
 * Bird Song (Hampton Hawes album), recorded 1956–58, released 1999
 * Bird Songs (Joe Lovano album), 2011
 * Bird Songs (Sphere album), 1988
 * Bird Songs: The Final Recordings, by Dizzy Gillespie, 1997
 * Bird Song: Live 1971, by The Holy Modal Rounders, 2004

Songs

 * "Birdsong", a composition by Graham Ashton
 * "Bird Songs", a 1907 song by Liza Lehmann
 * "Bird Song" (Lene Lovich song), 1979
 * "Bird Song" (M.I.A. song), 2016
 * "Bird Song", a song by Jerry Garcia, from the 1972 album Garcia
 * "Bird Song", a song by Florence and the Machine from the 2009 album Lungs: The B-Sides

People

 * Birdsong (surname), including a list of people with the surname

Places

 * Birdsong, Alabama, U.S.
 * Birdsong, Arkansas, U.S.
 * Birdsong Sandstone, a geologic formation in Australia

title: Birdsong (disambiguation)


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User:Jzhang

You can read all about me at my New blog: http://jackzhang.posterous.com

To see my old userpage, go here

And just in case you didn't know...

title: User:Jzhang


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The Three Friends and Jerry

The Three Friends and Jerry (De tre vännerna och Jerry) is a children's animated television series produced by Happy Life and TMO Film GmbH (Germany) in association with Nickelodeon UK and Nickelodeon Germany. The show was created by the Swedish illustrator Magnus Carlsson.

HIT Entertainment distributes the series internationally and is listed in the end credits. When HIT Entertainment partnered to launch PBS Kids Sprout in 2005, The Three Friends and Jerry was made available on Sprout on Demand.

Plot
Jerry is the new kid in town who does not fit with any of his classmates. This show follows his best attempts to join the 'Three Friends' - Thomas, Eric, and their leader Frank - who do not want him to be part of their group but still let him hang out with them as long as he helps them with their schemes or problems. The friends are often joined by three of their girl classmates: Linda, Mimmi, and Tess and try (and usually fail) to win them over. Usually their antics often result in humiliating situations. Apart from school, the group have to contend with parents, bullies and their own conflicts.

The show takes place in the town of Carlsonville (most likely named after Magnus himself), which is set either in Sweden, Germany or the UK.

Main

 * Jerry (Voiced by Viktor Birath (seasons 1-2) Joakim Beutler (season 3) (original) Joona Saastamoinen (Dubbed)) is the new kid in town, who has blond hair and buck teeth. He is a calm and bright boy with a head full of ideas. He desperately wants to join the eponymous Three Friends, but they do not see him as part of their group.
 * Frank (Voiced by Sean Bussoli (original) Archit Tripathi (Dubbed)) is the leader of the Three Friends. He is a bald-headed boy who wears a blue T-shirt with a yellow number 1. The polar opposite to Jerry, Frank is short-tempered and cunning. Due to his appearance, he is seen as the ugliest boy in school. He ineffectively tries to win the heart of the leader of the girl gang – Linda – despite the fact they are actually cousins.
 * Thomas is a boy with an orange hoodie, never seen without his big green cap. He is dominated by Frank and normally takes his side. Thomas is a very good artist, but he is self-conscious and feels that he needs to hide his creative nature.
 * Eric is a boy with chin-length blond hair and a green T-shirt. He loves football and is the best sports player in the school. Just like Thomas, Eric is dominated by Frank.
 * Linda is the leader of the girl gang who sometimes acts like a spoiled brat and uses strong language. She is a bit tougher and a little more mature than her two friends, Mimmi and Tess. Linda is also Frank's cousin.
 * Mimmi is an Asian girl who lives next door to Linda and has a swimming pool in her garden. She wears a blue dress with a smiley face symbol. Her adoptive father has his own business and lots of money. Mimmi considers her wealth as her main asset.
 * Tess - a short and shy girl who tends to blindly follow Linda. Tess's older brother, Tony, is a cool teenager who drives her to school on his moped. Tess has short blonde hair and wears a white shirt, purple skirt, and green shoes.

Minor

 * The Teacher teaches Jerry's class. She always has unshaven legs. The Three Friends and Jerry often try to send her into space so they will not have any lessons.
 * The PE Teacher is Jerry's bad-tempered father. He tends to act very loud with the Three Friends and his son, but he has a good heart and intentions. He has red hair and an athletic and muscular body. He lives in a one-floor house with his wife and son.
 * Jerry's mother is the PE Teacher's wife. She has a caring and calm personality. Jerry inherited his looks and personality from her.
 * Roy Johnson is Mimmi's adoptive father and the wealthiest person in the town. He runs the local shop.
 * Monica is an attractive brunette who works at Roy's shop. She is also Tony's girlfriend.
 * Tony is a heavy metal guitarist, Tess' 16-year-old brother and Monica's boyfriend.
 * Dick Priest keeps an eye on the town. As a priest, he works in the church. Despite campaigning against everything immoral, he is revealed to be a fan of metal music and horror movies.
 * Mr. and Mrs. Ingrid Bertwhistle are Jerry's neighbours. Mr. Bertwhistle is a grumpy man obsessed with contacting extraterrestrials. The boys like him to some degree, but he does not fare well with Jerry's father. Meanwhile Mrs. Bertwhistle is the librarian of the town's public library, she is also a very vocal activist against certain things she believes "corrupts" children.
 * Oscar is a local bum who everybody in the town looks down upon. Several years ago, he was a wealthy and respected person. Everything changed when, while being a beauty contest juror, he mistakenly gave the first place to Jerry, when Roy previously bribed him to make his daughter Mimmi win. After losing his wealth, he lives in an old shack. Most of the children are afraid of him.

Production
The Three Friends and Jerry was produced by Happy Life (Sweden) and TMO Film GmbH (Germany) in association with Nickelodeon UK and Nickelodeon Germany. Internationally, the series was distributed by HIT Entertainment.

In an interview from late 2020, Magnus Carlsson revealed many things about the development of the series. Carlsson first drew the characters around 1993 or 1994, and he later made an animated short starring the characters getting into trouble with drinking. When it was not picked up, he decided to retool the show to be more family-friendly, with him basing the main characters on actual friends he knew growing up (with Thomas being based on himself). When asked about questionable content in the show, Carlsson said that it was never a big deal or problem in Sweden.

The main characters' long foreheads were inspired by the film “Coneheads”.

He also initially wanted the theme song to be a reggae song but it was changed to a more Polka sounding melody.

Telecast and home media
In Sweden, the series first aired on SVT for its original run. It later aired reruns on SVT Barn throughout the 2000s and early 2010s.

The show was originally aired in the United Kingdom on Nickelodeon and Nicktoons, with reruns remaining until 2010, mainly to fulfill European content guidelines.

In Germany, the show was planned to air on Nickelodeon Germany, and Nickelodeon Germany is listed in the first few episodes' credits. However, the original incarnation of Nick Germany shut down in mid-1998. As a result, the show would instead air on Fox Kids (later Jetix and Disney XD) from 2001 until 2009. The show also aired on KIKA until the late 2000s, and ProSieben MAXX from 2013 until 2014.

In the U.S., the show initially aired from 1998 until 2000 on the Fox Family Channel. In 2005, the show's distributor, HIT Entertainment, partnered to launch the PBS Kids Sprout channel. The show aired on Sprout until late 2006.

In Canada, the show aired on YTV from 1999 until 2001, and in Australia, it aired on Nickelodeon. It also aired on NCRV in the Netherlands, Nickelodeon in Latin America, Boing in Spain, 2x2 in Russia, Premiere Austria in Austria, and Arutz HaYeladim in Israel.

The series mostly aired on Fox Kids/Jetix and Nickelodeon channels worldwide.

In the late 1990s-2000s, the show was released on VHS (in Sweden only) and DVDs internationally, but never released in North America. Most notably in Australia by Magna Home Entertainment, who released various episodes through 7 volumes.

title: The Three Friends and Jerry


text:
The Mercers' Company

The Mercers' Company, or the Worshipful Company of Mercers, is a livery company of the City of London in the Great Twelve City Livery Companies, and ranks first in the order of precedence of the Companies.

Today, the Company exists primarily as a charitable institution, supporting a variety of causes. The company's motto is Honor Deo, (Latin, 'Honour to God').

History
The Mercers' Company is based at Mercers' Hall, 6 Frederick's Place in the City of London. The city block upon which it stands contains the archaeology of a Roman-British temple known today as Gresham Temple.

Its corporate existence began in the form of a fraternity at least by the reign of King Henry II, in the mid 1100s if not before.

From 1210 to 1214, the first two Mayors of London, Henry FitzAlwyn and Robert FitzAlwyn were claimed to be members, and branch of the company was established at this time, the Company of Merchant Adventurers, who established themselves at Antwerp, the centre of the cloth trade. Serlo le Mercer was a member of the company and was one of the negotiators of Magna Carta.

Although of even older origin, the company was incorporated under a Royal Charter in 1394, the company's earliest extant Charter. The company's aim was to act as a trade association for general merchants, and especially for exporters of wool and importers of velvet, silk and other luxurious fabrics (mercers).

From the 14th century onwards the Company held its meetings in the Hospital of St. Thomas of Acon on Cheapside. Around 1438, William Caxton was apprenticed into the Mercers, under Robert Large, becoming a full member in 1452: his work took him into the Low Countries.

Between 1517 and 1524, the Company built the Mercer's Chapel on this land, with the first Mercers' Hall above it, fronting Cheapside.

A member of the Mercers, Robert Packington, was murdered on 13 November 1536, the first recorded death by shooting with a handgun; Rose Hickman, a Protestant, recalled how he used to bring English bybles from beyond sea. and it is thought this may be connected to the murder. The entrance appears to have been on to Ironmonger Lane, and an interconnecting mansion house was secured by Sir Rowland Hill in 1546, which he later put at the use of his protégée and heir (via his niece) Sir Thomas Leigh. Hill is associated with the publication of the Geneva Bible,  and is considered a possible inspiration for the character Old Sir Rowland in Shakespeare's As You Like It.

There are accounts of the Mercer's buildings being the focus of London state pageantry in the mid- 16th century. For instance Sir Rowland Hill and Sir Thomas Gresham together with Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, are recording as watching the Midsummer Marchers that would become the Lord Mayor's Show from the loggia of the hall. Around this time Francis Wren, grandfather of Christopher Wren was a member of the company Sir Thomas Gresham, founder of the Royal Exchange, was a member of the mercers. He was admitted in 1543 aged 24 as a liveryman, and later that year he left England for the Low Countries, where, either on his own account or that of his father or uncle, he carried on business as a merchant whilst acting in various matters as agent for King Henry VIII.

The Dead Christ, one of the most important surviving works of late English Catholic sculpture prior to the iconoclasm of the Reformation was secretly preserved in a sand-filled pit under the chapel floor, only being found during repairs after the bomb damage of World War Two. Inigo Jones was admitted as a member in 1620.

The building was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666.

The second Hall, designed by Edward Jarman and John Oliver, opened in May 1676.

Following the Napoleonic Wars the first Viscount Hill, the Peninsular general, a relative (via his uncle, Ralph Hill) of the Lord Mayor of the same name was admitted to the company honouring his soldiering.

The Hall was extensively refurbished during the period 1877 to 1881 (the porch of the 1676 building is now incorporated into the facade of Swanage Town Hall).

The frontage was remodelled by George Barnes Williams and the interiors were redesigned by John Gregory Crace, the renowned Victorian designer. The Hall was destroyed by fire in 1941 during the Blitz. The third and present Mercers' Hall was opened in May 1958. The architect was E. Noel Clifton of Gunton and Gunton. The Hall incorporates fittings from the old Hall, including some 17th-century woodwork and Victorian stained glass.

The Mercers' Company is the only City Livery Company to have its own private chapel.

Membership
Children whose father or mother was a member of the Company at the time of their birth have an automatic right to become Mercers by 'patrimony'.

Most other members have a family connection to the company and obtain their Freedom by Redemption. Under this process applicants are recommended for membership after an interview and, if approved, they pay a sum of money called a 'fine'.

Other people can also become Members by Redemption. Membership is sometimes granted because the Company wishes to honour the individual. Notable Members who joined the company by Redemption are Thomas More and Winston Churchill.

One other route to membership is by apprenticeship, but this has not happened recently. In the early days this was a very usual route; an apprentice would be 'bound' to a Member for a term of about seven years but in exchange the member was required to teach the apprentice such that he was worthy of membership by the end of the term, when he became a 'Freeman', for he was no longer bound. Freemen of a Livery Company can apply to become Freemen of the City of London, which used to carry certain privileges, such as the right to drive a flock of sheep without charge over London Bridge.

Etymology
The word "mercer" derives from the Latin merx, mercis, "merchandise" from which root the word "merchant" is also derived.

The words mercero and mercier, still used in Spanish and French respectively, have meanings similar to haberdasher, although the medieval mercers would not have recognised any relationship to that trade which was covered by the separate Worshipful Company of Haberdashers.

Charitable activities
In education, the company has administered St Paul's School since 1509 (and its prep school St Paul's Juniors), St Paul's Girls' School since 1904, two prep schools in London, The Hall School and Bute House, and retains close links with Collyer's College, Dauntsey's School, Abingdon School, Peter Symonds College and Gresham College, all founded by mercers. In recent times the company has founded a City Technology College (Thomas Telford School) and two City Academies (Walsall Academy and Sandwell Academy).

There was also a Mercers' School which was granted its first charter in 1447, and closed in 1959 when pupil numbers fell. The school was most recently based in Barnard's Inn in Holborn, now the home of Gresham College.

In 2011, the Mercers co-sponsored a new academy school, Hammersmith Academy, specialising in creative and digital media and information technology, located in Hammersmith. The school was established in a new building, with support from the Mercers and the Worshipful Company of Information Technologists.

Coat of arms
The origin of the "Mercers' Maiden", the heraldic emblem of the company, is not known. Unlike most of the City livery companies, the Mercers had no early grant of arms but the 1425 charter granted a common seal. A few impressions of the early seal survive showing a greatly simplified version of the present coat of arms. The fifteenth century Wardens' Accounts reveal that, even then, the Company required the device of the Maid's Head to be displayed on its property. In 1530 the Company stated to the College of Heralds that they had no arms but only a Maid's Head for their common seal and in 1568 the Heralds registered the seal as the company's arms.

In 1911, the College of Arms confirmed the arms and granted the company a crest and motto, 'Honor Deo' (Honour to God). The grant blazons the arms: Gules, issuant from a bank of clouds a figure of the Virgin couped at the shoulders proper vested in a crimson robe adorned with gold the neck encircled by a jeweled necklace crined or and wreathed about the temples with a chaplet of roses alternately argent and of the first and crowned with a celestial crown the whole within a bordure of clouds also proper.

Current activities
Every year the Mercers' Company publishes an annual review of their activities. The property portfolio includes 90 residential flats in Covent Garden. In an average year they might give away £7 million, about one-sixth of the total charitable contributions of 111 livery companies.

Mercers
Famous Mercers include:
 * Serlo le Mercer, Third Lord Mayor of London and negotiator of Magna Carta
 * William Caxton, printer
 * Sir John Thynne (c. 1513–1580), builder of Longleat
 * John Dee (1527–1608), mathematician and astrologer
 * Lionel Duckett (1511–1587), Sheriff of London (1565), Lord Mayor of London (1572)
 * Richard Whittington, Mayor of the City of London
 * Sir Rowland Hill of Soulton (d.1561), "The First Protestant Lord Mayor of London", privy councillor, statesman, scholar, merchant and patron of art and philanthropist who coordinated the Geneva Bible translation and may have been the inspiration for Shakespeare's play "As You Like It"
 * Sir John Gresham, Mayor of the City of London
 * Sir Richard Gresham, merchant and Mayor of the City of London
 * Sir Thomas Gresham, merchant, financier and founder of Gresham College
 * John Roysse (1500/01–1571), merchant and benefactor
 * Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne (1812–1895), Lord Chancellor
 * William Palmer, 2nd Earl of Selborne KG GCMG PC (1859–1942), politician and High Commissioner of South Africa
 * Cecil Clementi (1875–1947), Governor of Hong Kong
 * Harry Hodson, economist, editor of The Sunday Times (1950–61)
 * Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell, founder of the Scout movement
 * Earl Jellicoe, Lord Privy Seal (1970–73).
 * Sir Alexander Graham, Lord Mayor of the City of London
 * Sir Ralph Verney, (1410–1478), Lord Mayor of the City of London
 * John Colet (1467–1519), founder of St Paul's School, London and dean of St Paul's Cathedral

title: The Mercers' Company


text:
SVP

SVP may refer to:

Science and mathematics

 * Shortest vector problem, the problem of finding the smallest non-zero vector in a lattice space
 * Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, a society of paleontologists
 * Saturated vapour pressure, the pressure exerted by a vapour in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases at a given temperature in a closed system.
 * Small volume parenterals, a type of injectable pharmaceutical product

Politics and law

 * Party of the Swedes (Svenskarnas parti), a former neo-Nazi political party in Sweden
 * Swiss People's Party (Schweizerische Volkspartei), a national-conservative political party in Switzerland
 * South Tyrolean People's Party (Südtiroler Volkspartei), a regionalist and autonomist political party in German-speaking South Tyrol, Italy
 * Sexually violent predator, a US legal classification allowing commitment to a mental institution

Entertainment

 * Save percentage, a goalkeeping statistic used by some sports leagues
 * Sega Virtua Processor, a processor added to the Sega Genesis game Virtua Racing
 * Struga Poetry Evenings (Struški Večeri na Poezijata), an international poetry festival held in Struga, North Macedonia
 * Scott Van Pelt (born 1966), American sportscaster (often referred to as SVP)
 * Sarkaru Vaari Paata, a 2022 Indian film by Parasuram

Other

 * SVP Worldwide, producer of sewing machines
 * Society of Saint Vincent de Paul, a Roman Catholic charity
 * Senior vice president, in the hierarchy of vice presidents
 * Soil vent pipe, in a drain-waste-vent system
 * SmoothVideo Project, motion interpolation software
 * "S'il vous plaît", French way of saying "please"

title: SVP


text:
SPS

SPS may refer to:

Law and government

 * Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures of the WTO
 * NATO Science for Peace and Security
 * Single Payment Scheme, an EU agricultural subsidy
 * The Standard Procurement System, for the US Department of Defense
 * Somali Postal Service
 * Staff and Personnel Support Branch, part of the British Army Adjutant General's Corps

Police and prisons

 * Scottish Prison Service
 * Singapore Prison Service, a government agency of the Government of Singapore under the hierarchy of the Ministry of Home Affairs
 * Station police sergeant or station sergeant, former UK police rank
 * State Police Services (India)
 * Surrey Police Service, British Columbia, Canada
 * Saskatoon Police Service, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

Organisations

 * Sahara Press Service, of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
 * Sierra Peaks Section
 * SPS Commerce
 * SPS Technologies, Inc., acquired by Precision Castparts Corp.
 * Sussex Piscatorial Society, a fishing club in the UK
 * Swiss Society of Proteomics, of Life Sciences Switzerland

Education

 * Sadiq Public School, a school in Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
 * New York University School of Professional Studies
 * Social and Political Sciences, of the University of Cambridge, UK
 * Society of Physics Students
 * Springfield Public Schools (Missouri), school district, US
 * St. Patrick's Higher Secondary School, Asansol, India
 * St. Paul's School (disambiguation), various schools

Political parties

 * Socialist Party of Serbia (Socijalistička partija Srbije), a political party in Serbia
 * Union of Right Forces (Soyuz Pravykh Sil), a former political party in Russia
 * Soy Porque Somos, Colombian left-wing political movement founded in 2021

Religion

 * Saint Patrick’s Society for the Foreign Missions, Ireland, post-nominal
 * Society for Pentecostal Studies

Science and technology

 * Solanapyrone synthase, an enzyme
 * Sucrose-phosphate synthase, a plant enzyme involved in sucrose biosynthesis
 * Spark plasma sintering
 * Special weather statement, US
 * Stand-alone power system, an off-the-grid electricity system
 * Standard positioning service, a Global Positioning System feature
 * Super Proton Synchrotron, a particle accelerator at CERN

Computing

 * Shell Processing Support, a file format for seismic data
 * IBM 1401 Symbolic Programming System and IBM 1620/1710 Symbolic Programming System, assemblers

Medicine and psychology

 * Sensory processing sensitivity, the defining personality trait of Highly Sensitive Persons (HSPs)
 * Stiff-person syndrome, a rare neurologic disorder
 * Syntactic positive shift, a peak in brain activity

Military and space

 * Service propulsion system in the Apollo service module
 * Solar power satellite, to beam power to Earth
 * Side protection system or torpedo belt of a warship
 * SR-1 Vektor (Samozaryadnyj Pistolet Serdjukova – Serdyukov Self-loading pistol)

Transportation

 * Wichita Falls Municipal Airport (IATA airport code)
 * Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway, a defunct railroad in the United States

Other uses

 * Abbreviation of San Pedro Sula, second largest city in Honduras.
 * Sony Imaging Pro Support, for photographers
 * SPS (Mongolia), a TV channel
 * Sam Petrevski-Seton, an Australian rules footballer

title: SPS


text:
PSS

PSS may refer to:

Government and military organizations

 * Palestinian Security Services, the armed forces and intelligence agencies of the State of Palestine
 * Parliament Security Services, in charge of providing security to the Parliament of India
 * Presidential Security Service (South Korea), a South Korean close protection agency

Political parties

 * Sammarinese Socialist Party (Partito Socialista Sammarinese), San Marino
 * Senegalese Socialist Party (Parti Socialiste Sénégalais)
 * Strength of Serbia Movement (Pokret snaga Srbije), a political party in Serbia

Canada

 * Parkland Secondary School, North Saanich, Victoria, British Columbia
 * Penetanguishene Secondary School, Simcoe County District School Board, Ontario
 * Penticton Secondary School, Penticton, British Columbia
 * Pinetree Secondary School, Coquitlam, British Columbia
 * Parkview Secondary School, Hamilton, Ontario

Elsewhere

 * Park Secondary School, Dudley, West Midlands
 * Popatlal Secondary School, Tanga, Tanzania

Other businesses and organizations

 * Price Stern Sloan, a publishing imprint of Penguin
 * Product Support Services, a Microsoft business unit
 * PSS World Medical, an American distributor of medical products, equipment, billing services and pharmaceuticals
 * Pakistan Statistical Society, an academic and professional society of statisticians
 * Społem or PSS Społem, a Polish consumers' co-operative of local grocery stores
 * PSS (UK), a British social care charity
 * Personal Software Services, a defunct British video game publisher

Biology and medicine

 * Perceived Stress Scale, an instrument for measuring perceived stress in humans
 * Porcine stress syndrome, a condition in pigs
 * Portosystemic shunt, a disease found in humans, cats and dogs
 * Progressive systemic sclerosis, a rare chronic disease
 * Psychosocial short stature, a growth disorder that is caused by extreme stress

Computing

 * Packet Switch Stream, a British packet-switched network
 * Packet switching, a method of grouping data that is transmitted over a digital network into packets
 * Panorama Software Sys-On-Line
 * Passenger service system, systems used by airlines to manage reservations, inventory and check-in
 * Performance supervision system, a software system used to improve the performance of a process plant
 * Physical symbol system, a hypothesis in artificial intelligence research
 * Power system simulator for engineering (PSS®E or PSS/E), software to simulate electrical power transmission networks
 * Probabilistic signature scheme, a secure way of creating signatures with RSA
 * Proportional set size, a measure of computer program memory use

Physics and chemistry

 * Periodic steady-state analysis, type of simulation
 * Physica Status Solidi, a family of academic journals focused on solid state physics
 * Photostationary state, the equilibrium chemical composition under a specific kind of electromagnetic irradiation
 * Plasma sound source, a means of making sonar underwater
 * Polystyrene sulfonic acid, also known as sodium polystyrene sulfonate or poly(styrenesulfonate)
 * Practical Salinity Scale, the conductivity ratio of a sea water sample to a standard KCl solution

Other uses in technology

 * PSS silent pistol, a Soviet-designed silent handgun
 * PortaSound PSS series, a series of portable Yamaha keyboards
 * Power scale soaring, a form of radio controlled model flying
 * Power system stabilizer, in power generation; see Wide-area damping control

Sports teams and stadia

 * Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu Stadium, Colombo, Sri Lanka
 * Philippine Sports Stadium, Bocaue, Philippines
 * PFC Septemvri Sofia, a Bulgarian football club
 * Porvoon Salibandyseura, a Finnish sports club
 * PSS Sleman, an Indonesian football club

Other uses

 * Kaulong language (ISO 639:pss), an Austronesian language
 * Libertador General José de San Martín Airport (IATA code PSS), Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
 * Player Search System, how Pokémon X and Y players can connect to each other around the world
 * Project SuperStar (abbreviated PSS), a Singaporean singing reality-competition franchise
 * Product-service system, a system of consumer access to products, as an alternative to personal product ownership
 * Psalms, a book of the Hebrew Bible
 * PSS, a ship prefix meaning Palau State Ship
 * PSS Nkwen kidnapping, a 2008 kidnapping at Presbyterian Secondary School in Nkwen, near Bamenda, Cameroon
 * PSS-line, a fortified defense line in Finland during World War II; see Battle of Nietjärvi

title: PSS


text:
EVP

EVP may refer to:

Political parties

 * Estonian Left Party (Eesti Vasakpartei)
 * Evangelical People's Party (Netherlands) (Evangelische Volkspartij), defunct
 * Evangelical People's Party of Switzerland (Evangelische Volkspartei der Schweiz)

Other uses

 * Earned Value Professional, a designation for cost engineers created by AACE International
 * Eigen value problem
 * Electronic voice phenomenon
 * Employee value proposition
 * Employee volunteering programme; see Volunteering § Corporate volunteering
 * Enhanced Virus Protection, of AMD processors
 * Executive Vice President

title: EVP


text:
PEV

PEV or PeV may refer to:

 * Ecologist Party "The Greens" (Partido Ecologista "Os Verdes"), a Portuguese eco-socialist political party
 * Evangelical People's Party of Switzerland (Parti évangelique suisse), a Protestant Christian-democratic political party in Switzerland
 * Petaelectronvolt (PeV), a measure of an amount of kinetic energy
 * Plug-in electric vehicle, any road vehicle that can be recharged from an external source of electricity
 * Personal electric vehicle (PEV)
 * Position-effect variegation, a variegation caused by the silencing of a gene in some cells
 * Provincial episcopal visitor, a Church of England bishop assigned to minister to many of the clergy, laity and parishes
 * Pevensey & Westham railway station, a railway station in Sussex, England

title: PEV