text:
Talk:Vector space

Merge with Vector (mathematics and physics)
Hi, It seems to me that this page covers the same topic as Vector (mathematics and physics), just from a slightly different point of view. I will therefore suggest merging that page into this one, to avoid having a redundant page, and to have one place for people to look instead of two.

- Ramzuiv (talk) 22:50, 5 February 2020 (UTC)
 * The main motivation for having two article is the sentence, in the lead of Vector (mathematics and physics). In particular, many people know of displacement vectors, position vectors and velocity vectors without knowing any mathematical definition of the vector space to which they belong. So, there is a need of two different articles. However, Vector (mathematics and physics) would deserve a major edit for being better adapted to this sort of readers. D.Lazard (talk) 09:13, 6 February 2020 (UTC)

 * There is also Euclidean vector, which is the target of the redirect vector (mathematics and physics) vector (physics). --JBL (talk) 12:28, 6 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Presently none of these articles is a redirect. I suggest to merge them into the second one, and to redirect the first one either to the merged article or to Euclidean vector space, or, more exactly to the target of this redirect. D.Lazard (talk) 12:58, 6 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I have corrected my error, I meant vector (physics). --JBL (talk) 13:01, 6 February 2020 (UTC)
 * There's certainly more pages about vectors than there should be, I'd like to see something merged into something. I'd suggest combining Vector (mathematics and physics) and Vector space to be one page that introduces vectors as a general concept, and keep Euclidean vector as discussing a specific type of Vector. I really don't see the need for two different pages that describe the general concept of vectors from two slightly different angles. It does seem to me that it's worth keeping a distinction between Euclidean Vectors and Euclidean Space - Ramzuiv (talk) 00:58, 12 February 2020 (UTC)
 * I agree that only two (or maybe three) article are needed. One about vectors that are considered independently of the structure to which they belong, and the other, vector space, about the structure. The third possible article could be, which redirects presently to Euclidean space. The first article could be named , (presently a redirect to Euclidean vector), as it concerns usages relative to classical (Euclidean) geometry. This includes usage in physics, and specially in mechanics. Presently, is defined as a part of the modern definition of Euclidean space. Expanding it as a stand alone article could allow explaining more clearly the relationship between the content of the two other articles.
 * IMO, such a major change of the organization of our articles must be prepared by writing first drafts of the future articles, and then having a wide discussion on explicit projects. Are you willing to write these drafts? D.Lazard (talk) 10:28, 12 February 2020 (UTC)

I would consider vectors as $$\mathbb{R}^n$$ as being very distinct from vectors as $$(G, +, \cdot) \text{ where } (\cdot) : \mathbb{R} \times G \to G \text{ and } (+) : G \times G \to G$$. After all, we don't equate Binary tree and Magma (algebra). Further, $$\mathbb{R}^3$$ also has $$(\times)$$. Theanswertolifetheuniverseandeverything (talk) 13:56, 26 February 2020 (UTC)

 * I disagree merging this article with Vector (mathematics and physics). Instead, the latter article should be improved by making it into more than a kind of verbose disambiguation page. This article here is about the concept in linear algebra and its connections to other (mathematical) fields. Also, from a practical point of view, I agree with : if we were to merge the articles, it would be an enormous amount of work to get the result to a quality which is near the one of this article (right now). Unless someone is committed to such a task very definitely, both articles are likely to be a mess afterwards. I really think improving the Vector (mathematics and physics) is the thing to be done here. Jakob.scholbach (talk) 15:19, 27 February 2020 (UTC)

 * I also disagree with the merge, and I'll be removing the templates. A vector isn't a vector space, and the properties of vector spaces are vastly different than what vectors themselves are.   Headbomb {t · c · p · b} 14:28, 24 March 2020 (UTC)

Merge list of related vector concepts
Vector (mathematics and physics) is being setup in summary style, so that broad-concept article should not introduce anything that is absent here. fgnievinski (talk) 05:52, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

"Generalizations" section
As I understand the word "generalization" in math, one says that objects of type A generalize objects of type B if certain A-objects are B-objects. So: Sorry for the pedantry, but the article seems to suggest that all three concepts are equally well generalizations of vector space, and maybe this is not so good. Gumshoe2 (talk) 07:23, 15 February 2022 (UTC)
 * it is perfectly correct to say that modules generalize vector spaces.
 * Affine spaces do not generalize vector spaces; any vector space defines an affine space, but it is not the case that certain affine spaces are vector spaces.
 * One could consider those certain vector bundles in which the base space is a point (I note this is not even mentioned in the article), and to then identify the total space with a vector space. It may be overly pedantic to say that the extra specification of the particular point matters, but I think it is simply true. It may be more correct to say that "vector space" is generalized by the concept of total space of a vector bundle, and not by vector bundle itself.
 * D.Lazard (talk) 10:08, 15 February 2022 (UTC)

"Abstract vector space" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abstract_vector_space&redirect=no Abstract vector space] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Hildeoc (talk) 00:59, 24 June 2023 (UTC)

Counterexamples of mathematical structures for each axiom failing while meeting all the remaining ones
They are supposed to be axioms. Given the amount of time vector spaces have been defined, I would assume there would be a counterexample showing some mathematical object satisfying all axioms except one.

Counterexample help understanding just as much as examples. Sometimes more. It certainly would be helpful for me. Ndhananj (talk) 22:57, 20 August 2023 (UTC)

Vector addition and other operations in vector component format
The page would gain comprehension and usefulness if a sub-section in the respective operations sections is also devoted to using the operation using component vectors. For example, in the addition of two vectors, using |R| = √((Ax + Bx)² + (Ay + By)²) and Angle between the resultant and base vector = tan^(-1) ((Ay + By)/(Ax + Bx)). R0ck$ (talk) 05:46, 30 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure what you mean. This is an article about general vector spaces that might have no inner product associated with them, and which might be multidimensional. There is an example (ordered pairs of numbers) that showcases components, but in no way are the definitions dependent on the existence of a basis.--Jasper Deng (talk) 06:11, 30 October 2023 (UTC)
 * @Jasper Deng apologies, I am not well-versed at all about "inner product" as a terminology. Will educate myself about the same and try to understand what you are trying to say.
 * All I was concerned about was that frequently it is useful to perform a vector sum in a manner that separates the magnitude and direction, and the formula for the same does not seem to be there in this particular article. R0ck$ (talk) 11:01, 30 October 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't think you understand. "Magnitude and direction" are only meaningful in inner product spaces, like for Euclidean vectors. Adding and subtracting vectors is always possible using components in a basis, but it is nontrivial to show that a basis always exists and certainly not part of the definition. For many infinite-dimensional vector spaces, you are not going to be adding componentwise: the set of all real-valued functions on a given set forms a vector space, but any basis is going to be of uncountably large dimension. If anything, the magnitude and direction formulation is emphatically not what this article is getting at.--Jasper Deng (talk) 11:03, 30 October 2023 (UTC)

Scalar multiplication is not a binary operation
The definition erroneously said there are two binary operations, one of which is scalar multiplication. In fact, the group of units of the field produces a group action on the vectors. Inclusion of zero for scalar multiplication annihilates the vector space to the zero vector. Binary operations require one set, but scalar multiplication starts with two: F and V. Precision is mathematics is expected, and this hitch of imprecision might have led to confusion. Reference has been made to binary function since introduction of group action at this level assumes much of the reader. — Rgdboer (talk) 02:41, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Please, read the third paragraph of Binary operation. If you find it erroneous, you must discuss it on that talk page. In any case, most textbooks call scalar multiplication a binary operation. 09:49, 22 December 2023 (UTC) D.Lazard (talk) 09:49, 22 December 2023 (UTC)

That paragraph in Binary operation conflicts with the definition given in the article proper. In usage it seems Scalar multiplication is a legacy exception, or carveout, as the usage perpetuates a misnomer. The paragraph seems appropriate, given usage, particularly as Binary function is mentioned as a valid alternative. — Rgdboer (talk) 00:57, 27 December 2023 (UTC)

 * As far as I know, most textbooks on vector spaces use "binary operation" for the sclar multiplication, and not "binary function". So, Wikipedia must follow the common usage. D.Lazard (talk) 09:01, 27 December 2023 (UTC)

Composition is the word used by Emil Artin in his Geometric Algebra (book), available via page 4, Internet Archive. — Rgdboer (talk) 00:56, 4 January 2024 (UTC)

Section 2
@Dedhert.Jr Thank you very much for your efforts on this article! What exactly though is the rationale behind the rearrangement of the second section? It seems to me to be a lot more difficult to understand in the new, compressed form, and for instance the definition of linear independence as "the linear combination that is equal to zero" has little resemblance to the usual definition, according to which a set of vectors is linearly independent if there is no non-trivial linear combination of those vectors that equal 0. Felix QW (talk) 19:03, 3 February 2024 (UTC)

 * @Felix QW My opinion about rearrangement is that there are some relation between basis and linear combination, and this could be explained in one single paragraph rather than described in list. Dedhert.Jr (talk) 06:16, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I partially reverted the change for now, as I think it is important to have correct and clear definitions of the basic concepts in our vector space article. While I think the structured pairs of concept and definition work well, I would be fine with any other layout, as long as the definitions themselves are preserved. Felix QW (talk) 08:28, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
 * @Felix QW You partially reverted the edit, but it could also mean that you deleted more citations to be added. Can you please add them up? Dedhert.Jr (talk) 09:25, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
 * @Felix QW Nevermind. I will added it later. Dedhert.Jr (talk) 09:38, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

Presentation of the Definition
The presentation of the definition is not very good. A clear definition should IMHO mention all the components used. Furthermore, writing scalar multiplication not explicitly might be okay when working with vector spaces daily, but a definition should make this explicit.

Also in the table of "axiom" the header "meaning" is a bit misleading, like that there is some room for interpretation, but actually whats given in the column is the definition. 132.176.73.161 (talk) 06:56, 19 April 2024 (UTC)

 * I do not understand your second concern, since the word "meaning' does not appear in the article. I do not understand either your first concern. By "component", I suppose that you mean coordinates on a basis. This cannnot appear in the definition since not all bases are finite, and many vector spaces do not have a given basis. For example, the real valued functions with the reals as domain form a vector space for which no basis can be explicitly described. D.Lazard (talk) 13:20, 19 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vector space


text:
Nabla symbol

∇ The nabla symbol

The nabla is a triangular symbol resembling an inverted Greek delta: $$\nabla$$ or ∇. The name comes, by reason of the symbol's shape, from the Hellenistic Greek word νάβλα for a Phoenician harp, and was suggested by the encyclopedist William Robertson Smith in an 1870 letter to Peter Guthrie Tait.

The nabla symbol is available in standard HTML as  and in LaTeX as. In Unicode, it is the character at code point U+2207, or 8711 in decimal notation, in the Mathematical Operators block.

It is also called del.

History
The differential operator given in Cartesian coordinates $$\{x,y,z\}$$ on three-dimensional Euclidean space by

was introduced in 1831 by the Irish mathematician and physicist William Rowan Hamilton, who called it ◁. (The unit vectors $$\{\mathbf{i},\mathbf{j},\mathbf{k}\}$$ were originally right versors in Hamilton's quaternions.) The mathematics of ∇ received its full exposition at the hands of P. G. Tait.

After receiving Smith's suggestion, Tait and James Clerk Maxwell referred to the operator as nabla in their extensive private correspondence; most of these references are of a humorous character. C. G. Knott's Life and Scientific Work of Peter Guthrie Tait (p. 145):

It was probably this reluctance on the part of Maxwell to use the term Nabla in serious writings which prevented Tait from introducing the word earlier than he did. The one published use of the word by Maxwell is in the title to his humorous Tyndallic Ode, which is dedicated to the "Chief Musician upon Nabla", that is, Tait.

William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) introduced the term to an American audience in an 1884 lecture; the notes were published in Britain and the U.S. in 1904.

The name is acknowledged, and criticized, by Oliver Heaviside in 1891: The fictitious vector ∇ given by

is very important. Physical mathematics is very largely the mathematics of ∇. The name Nabla seems, therefore, ludicrously inefficient.

Heaviside and Josiah Willard Gibbs (independently) are credited with the development of the version of vector calculus most popular today.

The influential 1901 text Vector Analysis, written by Edwin Bidwell Wilson and based on the lectures of Gibbs, advocates the name "del":

This symbolic operator ∇ was introduced by Sir W. R. Hamilton and is now in universal employment. There seems, however, to be no universally recognized name for it, although owing to the frequent occurrence of the symbol some name is a practical necessity. It has been found by experience that the monosyllable del is so short and easy to pronounce that even in complicated formulae in which ∇ occurs a number of times, no inconvenience to the speaker or listener arises from the repetition. ∇V is read simply as "del V". This book is responsible for the form in which the mathematics of the operator in question is now usually expressed—most notably in undergraduate physics, and especially electrodynamics, textbooks.

Modern uses
The nabla is used in vector calculus as part of three distinct differential operators: the gradient (∇), the divergence (∇⋅), and the curl (∇×). The last of these uses the cross product and thus makes sense only in three dimensions; the first two are fully general. They were all originally studied in the context of the classical theory of electromagnetism, and contemporary university physics curricula typically treat the material using approximately the concepts and notation found in Gibbs and Wilson's Vector Analysis.

The symbol is also used in differential geometry to denote a connection.

A symbol of the same form, though presumably not genealogically related, appears in other areas, e.g.:
 * As the all relation, particularly in lattice theory.
 * As the backward difference operator, in the calculus of finite differences.
 * As the widening operator, an operator that permits static analysis of programs to terminate in finite time, in the computer science field of abstract interpretation.
 * As function definition marker and self-reference (recursion) in the APL programming language
 * As an indicator of indeterminacy in philosophical logic.
 * In naval architecture (ship design), to designate the volume displacement of a ship or any other waterborne vessel; the graphically similar delta is used to designate weight displacement (the total weight of water displaced by the ship), thus $$\nabla = \Delta/\rho$$ where $$\rho$$ is the density of seawater.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Nabla symbol


text:
Nabla

Nabla may refer to any of the following:

 * the nabla symbol ∇
 * the vector differential operator, also called del, denoted by the nabla
 * Nabla, tradename of a type of rail fastening system (of roughly triangular shape)
 * Nabla (moth), a genus of moths
 * Nabla (instrument), the Greek word for a Phoenician stringed instrument after the triangular shape of which all of the above are named, reported as "nebel/nevel" in Hebrew sources.
 * Ranjan Daimary or D. R. Nabla, an Indian militant

title: Nabla


text:
Talk:Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis

Untitled
Did Charles Cornwallis have brothers and sisters if so names.
 * Admiral William Cornwallis was his younger brother . According to this and this, his siblings were: Elizabeth, Charlotte, Mary, James (b.1740), James (b.1742/3, Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, 4th Earl Cornwallis), and Sir William (the Admiral). -Eisnel 00:00, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

Disambig?
Should Lord Cornwallis redirect to Baron Cornwallis? Personally, I do realize (and completely understand) that most Americans do not know of Mr. Cornwallis as anyone but "Lord Cornwallis", but following the naming conventions, would it not be more fair and consistent if we redirected correctly? (another example would be Duke of Wellington, although that arguably isn't the same type of case, as it's not a redirect but a page on its own). ugen64 03:49, Sep 21, 2004 (UTC)

 * Also, "Cornwallis" redirects here, and there's no disambiguation that would point readers to the Baron Cornwallis article or to his younger brother, Admiral William Cornwallis (a well known figure during the Napoleonic Wars). It could use some sort of disambig. It could be in italics at the top and redirect to Cornwallis (disambiguation)? Or would it be better off linking to a family page? The "Baron Cornwallis" article isn't all-encompassing, because Admiral Cornwallis never held such a title. -Eisnel 00:00, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Agreed, Lord Cornwallis should redirect to this page, it's by far the most notable "Lord Cornwallis" in history. Rockfall 19:37, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

any idea what Lord Cornwallis' miitary rank was at the time of the American war ?Xerex 15:16, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

 * He was a Major-General in 1775, and was promoted to Lieutenant-General in 1778. john k 07:39, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

Lord Cornwallis
I have deleted two lines -one in in the Revolution sup para - a reference to Lord Cornwalis being educated at Eton and Cambridge, which made no sense in a middle of a description of a battle, and another unfinished sentense elsewhere. Pl. amend main text accordingly.

Third paragraph of the American Revolution section is a little confusing.

Reference please
There is a line "Cornwallis also created a police force and an incorruptible civil service; previously corruption was widespread in Bengal" in there that just begs for a reference. It would be a service to all to have a guide as to how to eliminate corruption from the civil service of any country if in fact the statement is correct.

India and Ireland Sections
This article could do with work on Cornwallis' work in India and Ireland - both of which were extremely important in each country's development. I'm working on the American Revolution section, but lack the knowledge to do the others. Rockfall 12:52, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

Extra Long Opening
It seems to me that the opening to this page is EXTREMELY long. I was going to do the edits, but I'm not exactly conversant on the history and (being an American, and therefore biased) would probably exaggerate his contribution to the American Revolution over his offices in India and Ireland. NizzyWizzy 02:26, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

A lot of the opening was pasted straight from http://www.americanrevwar.homestead.com/files/CORN.HTM, so I deleted it. Dreamyshade 23:46, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

There was another whole section pasted from http://www.patriotresource.com/people/cornwallis/summary.html. Also deleted. Dreamyshade 23:50, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

In need of major work
I think that because plagiarized stuff was deleted, the article is very deficient. Also, I'm guessing the year 1722 in the article is wrong, seeing as he had not yet been born. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.178.187.222 (talk) 06:52, 14 April 2007 (UTC).

I edited the information on Cornwallis regarding his earlier career. My edit is still somewhat incomplete, but the previous set was totally mixed up. (It was written as if the Battle of Minden had happened in 1765.) The biggest problem with the article is that it currently omits his participation in the American revolution! It's great that the plagarized material was removed, but something needs to be put in its place.--Wtfiv 04:24, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

I am reading a book on the revolution which states that when he went home part way through the war it was because his wife was sick and that she died while he was on leave..apparently it devastated him and he came back to America out of grief..that he just wanted to get out of England at that point..I don`t have the source in front of me but I think more of his personal life should be included in the article..he seems to have been a relatively decent person in a culture of very ambitious unethical individuals. Lonepilgrim007 (talk) 19:52, 30 September 2013 (UTC)

Added new section on role in American Revolution
Since it was entirely missing, I've added an new section on Cornwallis's role in the American Revolutionary War. I focused more on the early part of the war (1776-1778) since Cornwallis's role during that time is less known and there are no other articles that put his role into a narrative unity. Because I don't want to duplicate other work that has been done better, I refer the discussion of Cornwallis's role in the Southern campaign to the article on the Southern Campaign, which also functions as a narrative of Cornwallis's role as an independent commander. Though I tried to avoid controversial material, the section could be strengthened by the addition of references.--Wtfiv 23:22, 15 June 2007 (UTC)

Legacy
"This could be compared to the wider recognition and status enjoyed by commanders like James Wolfe, who captured Quebec from the French in 1759, and the Duke of Wellington who led the British Armies during the Peninsular War (1808-15). In both these wars the British were victorious."

This seems to be a bit POV. Unless someone has a source for this POV, I suggest it be removed.James Richardson 20:31, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

Definitely agree. And the line, "This is fairly consistent with the lack of knowledge of Britons to the events of the American Revolution" is also ridiculous. I would say that Cornwallis is the second most famous commander of the revolution, after Washington, at least here in the UK. The entire legacy section should be revised. CTwells 13:18, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

I've removed "This could be compared...". Regarding "This is fairly consistent...", again, it's a POV, so strictly-speaking has no place in Wikipedia. James Richardson 20:10, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

didn't lose a Battle?
Apart from of course Yorktown (which was a siege), im pretty sure Cornwallis never lost an open battle in the Revolution. Should this be mentioned in the article? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.175.173.70 (talk) 01:41, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

Neutrality tags
In September 2013 tags were added to this article recording that sections relating to the later career of Cornwallis had been (i) nominated to be checked for neutrality; and (ii) were of questionable neutrality. In both cases reference was made to discussions on the talk page. I can find no trace of any such discussions. Could the editor responsible please flag the points of concern so that these can be looked at. If this is not done then the tags should be removed. Buistr (talk) 05:51, 6 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Six months have elapsed since the tags were placed. The comments on the tag are standard for the template, which should not have been placed without a discussion being started.. I have checked the originating editors contributions.There was no discussion initiated on the talk page. The tags were placed by a new editor who created an account, seemingly just to place the tags and make what is arguably an unsigned, biased personal opinion, on the Cornwallis in India article talk page, along with further tags to that article. No editors have replied to him. The tags had been left to afford time for any discussion. That article has been given a WP:GA status, which it would not have if there was any Non Neutral POV issues. Accordingly I have femoved the tags from both article, which are neutral and referenced. Richard Harvey (talk) 08:47, 6 April 2014 (UTC)

 * I suspect the tags were placed by someone objecting to the use of the word "reform". The "reforms" of Cornwallis were reforms of the corporate operations, with real-world consequences to the inhabitants of Bengal and other parts of British India.  Those consequences are not adequately covered here, and I've not seen sources (generally Indian, I think) that go into this in enough detail to properly contextualize them, especially in terms of Cornwallis' goals and understanding of the effects.  Indian anti-colonialists see the word "reform" in this context and seem to frequently misunderstand its application, which leads to this sort of drive-by POV accusation.  Magic ♪piano 14:12, 6 April 2014 (UTC)

Relationship of Genreral Sir Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis, to Robert Walpole
I believe the contributor who wrote that General Cornwallis's mother Elizabeth Townshend was the niece of Robert Walpole, making the general his great nephew, is mistaken. Elizabeth Townshend was the daughter of Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend of Raynham by his first wife, Elizabeth Pelham, daughter of Baron Pelham. It was Viscount Townshend's second wife, Dorothy Walpole who was the link to Robert Walpole; she was his sister. The general is not directly connected to the Walpole family. Ethelred360 (talk) 15:12, 23 April 2016 (UTC)

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Error in the American War of Independence
In the section subtitled Return to Britain, there is a typo in the last sentence of the second paragraph it currently reads Cornwallis retained the confidence of King George III and the government of the earl of Shelburne.... The Earl of Shelburne is a substantive and proper title, so it should be written as the Earl of Shelburne with a capital E for Earl. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 42.2.78.197 (talk) 06:02, 2 February 2018 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 20 March 2021
At the bottom of the page, where it lists Cornwallis's office and distinctions. It lists Lord of the Bedchamber as one of them, and it does not state when his tenure ended. It was that same year, he served in the position from 1765-1765. Please could this be changed to reflect that. This can be evidenced by his tenure being listed in the Gentleman of the bedchamber article. DukeLondon (talk) 21:57, 20 March 2021 (UTC)

It also states that Cornwallis was not replaced as Lord of the Bedchamber whilst this was true initially, he was replayed by two years later in 1767 by  John Ker, 3rd Duke of Roxburghe this can be evidenced by viewing the Gentleman of the Bedchamber article. Perhaps, this could be indicated that he was replaced two years in later in 1767 by the Duke of Roxburghe (as mentioned above). DukeLondon (talk) 08:31, 21 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made.NightWolf1223 (talk) 14:38, 23 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Note: there is no source for Cornwallis at Gentleman of the Bedchamber. In fact, there is no source whatsoever for any individual there. But there is a general source for King George III and his entry appears on page 427 of this book Martinevans123 (talk) 14:44, 23 March 2021 (UTC)

 * Thank you for finding a source for that, which supports the claim that his tenure ended in 1765, as he resigned due to his appointment as aide-de-camp. Thanks very much for that.DukeLondon (talk) 18:22, 23 March 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅ I've added the year, together with the source. But I notice that nothing else in that box has a source, which makes me wonder if one is needed. Martinevans123 (talk) 18:38, 23 March 2021 (UTC)

Cornwallis did not vote against the Stamp Act in 1765. It was the Declaratory Act that he and other four peers opposed. There are a number of other amendments that ought to be made in the light of my recent biography, Cornwallis: Soldier and Statesman in a Revolutionary World (Yale University Press, 2022) -§Richard Middleton — Preceding unsigned comment added by Richard Middleton (talk • contribs) 16:13, 11 January 2024 (UTC)

Need help to see if a word once appeared here.
The word I am looking for is "aero"  Any possible interation of it. I believe it once appeared in this wikipedia article. And it was used by presidential cadidate in speech on account of it. If found, I would like to see what all was wrote about it and also the date. Thank you. 2601:2C5:4000:D1A0:90E4:B801:7A96:B8C8 (talk) 03:56, 20 May 2024 (UTC)

 * I've searched the article history and cannot find any instance. Do you have any more context for this? Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 08:53, 20 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I remember looking at this article aroubd 7 or 8 years when looking into Cornwallis(as my ancestor fought twice against him) and remember seeing that he had destroyed aeroports or aerofields. And it stuck with me since there were no such things at his time.  Then a few years later I heard Trump reference Cornwallis in his famlus july 4th speech where he spoke about airports being destroyed by him.  It had to have been in one of these wikipedia articles where his speechwriters had sourced it from.  Which has fadcinating and disturbing implications.  It was somewhere here.  Perhaps off another page.  But it had to do with Cornwallis and "aero" as the key root of the word.  As that is what stood out to me. 2601:2C5:4000:D1A0:B8DF:CD83:4A06:5D5C (talk) 06:13, 11 June 2024 (UTC)


text:
Talk:Nabla

Does anybody know if Hebrew here should disambiguate to Jew or Israelite? (For all I know, the very existence of this thing is legendary.) -- Toby Bartels 23:11, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * In the Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, it's spelled nebel and described as an "ancient Jewish instrument". The instrument is mentioned many times in the Old Testament. In the Oxford English Dictionary, too, the primary spelling is given as nebel (defined as "an ancient Hebrew stringed instrument"), with nebhel, nevel, nable and nabal given as alternate spellings. The etymology for nabla, the mathematical symbol, indicates that the mathematical symbol was named after the instrument νάβλα, which is translated as "Phoenician harp" in the etymology. Thus, the Greek νάβλα and the Hebrew neḇel appear to be cognates referring to two distinct (but similar) instruments.

 * My personal view is that the instrumental use is uncommon enough that we could move nabla symbol to nabla and move this disambiguation page to nabla (disambiguation), or reduce it to a disambiguation link at the top of the article (or discard it entirely, and perhaps put a link for nebel (instrument) on the nebel disambiguation page). For now, I'll wait for a second opinion before doing anything. —Caesura(t) 23:41, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I like this idea. Archelon (talk) 00:25, 16 April 2016 (UTC)

Origin of word
In they say its an Assyrian harp.Billlion 11:48, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nabla


text:
Talk:Electric light

"Microwave pumped"
Moved from list of Electric light technologies in that article:

 * microwave pumped [?]

(Some lasers are pumped with electromagnetic radiation, and there are blue-sky proposals for beaming microwaves as a means of power distribution. This could have something to do with either of those.)

The line went from
 * Microwave pumped

to the form above in its first year, and has seen no further change in over 9 months. Moving it here does no harm, since it conveys no information and since it is not about a currently practical technology; it helps by dispelling both confusion, and readers' anxiety that they may be ignorant.

If someone wants to write or find even a stub article on the subject, that would give it some context, the line may be the start of something deserving space in the article. --Jerzy 23:11, 2003 Dec 9 (UTC)

Whatever is this supposed to mean?
"The total amount of artificial light is sufficient for cities to be easily visible at night from the air, and from space. This wasted light should not be confused with the light pollution that burdens astronomers and others, although it is the source of it." It is the cause of light pollution — so how can it be further confused with it? Njál 19:59, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

Efficiency
It took me quite some time to find what it means to have higher than 100% efficiency in the table, should there be more information about that in this article or at least linked to the correct portion of the efficiency article so it is easier to understand? MythSearchertalk 06:22, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

Consensus building
Did only ONE editor find the article title ambiguous? Usually we discuss moves. --Wtshymanski (talk) 15:48, 25 April 2010 (UTC) One song by a rock band, and one poetry collection, needs disambiguation? forsooth. --Wtshymanski (talk) 15:49, 25 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Yeah, looks like this was a good-faith move to make room for a page (Electric Light (poetry)) created by the mover a day or so ago. I propose we move the current Electric light to Electric light (disambiguation) and move the obviously primary topic back, with a hatnote to the disambig. (It may also be worth pointing this redirect to the new disambig page, since there are now two Electric capital-L Light articles.) -- Ja Ga  talk 15:34, 26 April 2010 (UTC)

No history?
Are you kidding? No History section on the article on Electric Light? I know there's one on the article on the lightbulb, but cmon. Gaiacarra (talk) 16:28, 5 November 2011 (UTC)

Lamp life expectancy
It is a complete myth that the life of a filament lamp is shortened due to frequent power cycling. Contrast the compact fluoresent lamp where the 10,000 hour life assumes the lamp is operated under laboratory conditions. Frequent switching vastly shortens the life, often to less than the 1000 hour life of the filament bulb it usually replaces. 86.156.154.237 (talk) 16:54, 24 August 2012 (UTC)
 * When the filament is cold, its resistance is lower, therefore a higher flows through it (until it has heated up to normal operating temperature). So during that brief moment, the power and therefore the stress on the filament is higher. That in turn makes premature failure more likely. Noggo (talk) 17:34, 7 November 2013 (UTC)
 * But the filament never gets hotter than it does when at its operating temperature. Lots of filament bulbs are used in applications where they flash and their lives are no shorter than similar bulbs that do not flash.  An obvious pair of applications is the flashing indicators and the brake light of a car (often the same type of bulb).  The flashing indicator bulbs seldom have a shorter life than the brake light and will often outlast them.  DieSwartzPunkt (talk) 18:40, 4 November 2014 (UTC)
 * What do the sources say? --Wtshymanski (talk) 14:45, 5 November 2014 (UTC)
 * If someone wants to claim that flashing lamps shorten their life, then a source is exactly what is required. As it is uncited, someone has tagged the claim as dubious for discussion here (and indeed kicked off the discussion - but failed to link it back to the tag).  You had no right to remove the tag without providing a supporting reference (per WP:BURDEN).

 * Also: my apologies - I had not noticed that I had also reverted a constructive edit. DieSwartzPunkt (talk) 17:42, 5 November 2014 (UTC)
 * If you were blushing about that sort of thing, you'd have permanently burst facial capillaries. Kane and Sell in the book "Revolution in Lamps: 50 Years of Progress" say on Page 14 that incandescent lamps often fail at switch on because of high inrush current not allowing the temperature of the filament to equalize - if the hot spot temperature overshoots and hits the melting point of tungsten, the filament fails. --Wtshymanski (talk) 20:10, 6 November 2014 (UTC)

 * The problem is that the claim, by implication, is being used to support other claims in the rest of the paragraph which at one point states, "Rooms with frequent switching (bathroom, bedrooms, etc.) can expect much shorter lamp life than what is printed on the box." Whilst I agree that the most likely time for a lamp to fail is when it is switched on, that premise alone does not support other claims made in the paragraph and there is still no evidence that frequent switching significantly shortens the lamp life.  DieSwartzPunkt (talk) 14:04, 7 November 2014 (UTC)

On rethinking your above post: It is right and proper that Wikipedia has as many references to support articles as possible. It therefore occurs to me, that you should add your reference above in place of the tag in its current location. However, as the rest of the paragraph is still in contention then, unless your reference specifically addresses the points, the tag should be reinstated against the claims that are still unreferenced - and which this discussion is really addressing. DieSwartzPunkt (talk) 12:34, 9 November 2014 (UTC)

Bulb shapes?
I don't see any pages that enumerate the variety of standard bulb shapes/form-factors. Outside of Wikipedia, other web resources are confusing. In other words as a new home-owner, I've been left scratching my head about the difference between a PAR and a BR and an R. There are pages like this but a lack of photos and of dimensions and spelled-out acronyms make them useless in exactly identifying a bulb. Where should such info go? This page? A new page? Related pages include A-series light bulb, which is limited in scope, and Parabolic aluminized reflector light, which is restricted to theater lighting. Also: Multifaceted reflector.

If I can't find a high-level page for this topic, I'll Be Bold. It's been years since I created a new page, much less on a non-esoteric topic. —Ben FrantzDale (talk) 12:37, 8 October 2015 (UTC)

 * I think you want Incandescent light bulb.--Srleffler (talk) 00:48, 9 October 2015 (UTC)

sensitivity to fluorescent lights
This should be mentioned on the page. Some people are sensitive to the high-speed flicker of fluorescent lights, which most of us don't notice, and can be subject to seizures brought on by them. I know at least one such person, and they are seriously concerned over the legislated and economically pushed phasing-out of incandescent lights in favor of compact or traditional fluorescents. --Thnidu (talk) 03:05, 19 July 2016 (UTC) Thnidu (talk) 03:05, 19 July 2016 (UTC)
 * A reference to a reliable source would be needed; personal anecdotes are not sufficient. --Srleffler (talk) 05:50, 19 July 2016 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 13 March 2019
Please add the inventor of the light bulb. thank you. 2600:1700:ECB0:9D30:89D7:5AC9:592F:E73E (talk) 22:54, 13 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. DannyS712 (talk) 23:41, 13 March 2019 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 23 March 2019
I believe that talking about the history of ELECTRIC LIGHT without mentioning Edison's contribution is a huge mistake. 189.6.241.78 (talk) 16:53, 23 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. --MrClog (talk) 18:03, 23 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done: I added a mention of Edison in the paragraph on early history. You may be interested in the article Incandescent light bulb, which has a much fuller exposition of the history of this technology.--Srleffler (talk) 21:12, 23 March 2019 (UTC)

Remove circuit symbols section
,, , The "Circuit symbols" section is not really deserving of a main section. It has some merit but not fit into any of the other sections. With the addition of the "Electronic symbol" section of the new infobox, I think the "Circuit symbols" section should be removed. This will allow editors and readers to have greater focus on the cultural symbolism section, which should be expanded, and the history section, which could use some restructuring – Kjerish (talk) 15:02, 20 September 2023 (UTC)

Requested move 9 October 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Withdrawn by nominator. (non-admin closure) SnowFire (talk) 15:23, 10 October 2023 (UTC)

Electric light → Electric lamp – Article is about a lamp (the device), not about light (the phenomenon); significant source of confusion. Kehkou (talk) 22:28, 7 October 2023 (UTC) This is a contested technical request (permalink). Kehkou (talk) 02:41, 9 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose. That doesn't really make sense. To the extent that one can talk about a phenomenon of "electric light", it would be just the light that is produced by the device, an electric light. That phenomenon would be correctly covered in this article. You assert that this is a "significant source of confusion", but you haven't really given any evidence of that nor said anything that makes me think that you are even remotely likely to be correct.
 * On the other hand, confusion over electric light (the device) and electric light (the phenomenon) is nothing compared to confusion over electric lamp (the thing that sits on a table) and electric lamp (the element that produces light). In much of the English-speaking world, it is not typical to refer to a light bulb as a "lamp", and using that term for it is genuinely confusing.--Srleffler (talk) 03:56, 9 October 2023 (UTC)
 * "Light" is the 'stuff' that comes out of a lamp; the 'stuff' you "turn on".
 * A "lamp" is any device intended to produce light and can be electric, gas, etc., and not necessarily visible (i.e., infrared lamp). Such devices produce electric light, gas light, candle light, etc.

 * The device that holds the lamp (such as a table lamp) is called a "luminaire" or "fixture".

 * Hope that clears it up. I live in the English-speaking USA, and very regularly refer to them as "lamps". I've seen the individual LEDs in an LED lamp refered to as "wicks", but that's just silly. Kehkou (talk) 04:42, 9 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose while some people might refer to it as a lamp, the vast majority refer to a device which generates light using electricity as an "electric light". Apart from the OP, who is confused about this? Polyamorph (talk) 11:50, 9 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:COMMONNAME. Rreagan007 (talk) 19:16, 9 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose A lamp is a subcase of the more general case, electric light – Kjerish (talk) 04:17, 10 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Close The consensus is quite clear; please close this request.

Incidentally, "light" is also a device used to start a fire, the act of using said device, the opposite of heavy, and a lesser than normal amount or magnitude.Kehkou (talk) 09:27, 10 October 2023 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Wiki Education assignment: Technology and Culture
— Assignment last updated by Thecanyon (talk) 05:34, 12 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Electric light


text:
Qing invasion of Joseon

The Qing invasion of Joseon occurred in the winter of 1636 when the newly established Qing dynasty invaded the Joseon dynasty, establishing the former's status as the hegemon in the Imperial Chinese Tributary System and formally severing Joseon's relationship with the Ming dynasty. The invasion was preceded by the Later Jin invasion of Joseon in 1627.

The invasion resulted in a Qing victory. Joseon was forced to establish a tributary relationship with the Qing Empire, as well as cut ties with the declining Ming. The crown prince of Joseon along with his younger brother were taken as hostages, but they came back to Joseon after a few years. One of the two later became the King Hyojong. He is best known for his plan for an expedition to the Qing dynasty.

Names
In Korean, the Qing invasion (1636–1637) is called ' Byeongja Horan ', where 1636 is a ' Byeongja ' year in the sexagenary cycle and 'Horan ' means a disturbance caused by northern or western foreigners, from 胡 (ho; northern or western, often nomadic barbarians) + 亂 (ran; chaos, disorder, disturbance, turmoil, unrest, uprising, revolt, rebellion).

Background
The Kingdom of Joseon continued to show ambivalence toward the Qing dynasty after the invasion in 1627. Later Jin accused Joseon of harboring fugitives and supplying the Ming army with grain. In addition, Joseon did not recognize Hong Taiji's newly declared dynasty. The Manchu delegates Inggūldai and Mafuta received a cold reception in Hanseong, and King Injo refused to meet with them or even send a letter, which shocked the delegates. A warlike message to Pyongan Province was also carelessly allowed to be seized by Inggūldai.

The beile (Qing princes) were furious with Joseon's response to Qing overtures and proposed an immediate invasion, but Hong Taiji chose to conduct a raid against Ming first. At one point the Qing forces under Ajige got as close to Beijing as the Marco Polo Bridge. Although they were ultimately repelled, the raid made it clear that Ming defenses were no longer fully capable of securing their borders. After this successful operation, Hong Taiji turned towards Joseon and launched an attack in December 1636.

Prior to the invasion, Hong Taiji sent Abatai, Jirgalang, and Ajige to secure the coastal approaches to Korea, so that Ming could not send reinforcements. The defector Ming mutineer Kong Youde, ennobled as the Qing dynasty's Prince Gongshun, joined the attacks at Ganghwa Island and Ka Island. The defectors Geng Zhongming and Shang Kexi also played prominent roles in the Korean invasion.

Diplomatic front
After the 1627 invasion, Joseon maintained a nominal but reluctant friendship with Later Jin. However, the series of events involving three countries (Joseon, Later Jin, and Ming) caused the deterioration of the relationship between Later Jin and Joseon.

Defection of the Ming generals Kong and Geng
Having previously defected to the Later Jin by the end of the Wuqiao mutiny, Kong Youde and Geng Zhongming assisted the Qing with sizable forces numbering 14,000 soldiers and 185 warships under their command. Appreciating the usefulness of their navy in future war effort, Later Jin offered highly favorable terms of service to Kong and Geng and their forces.

Joseon received conflicting requests for aid from both Later Jin and Ming during the mutiny. An official letter of installation of King Injo's late father (Prince Jeongwon) from the Ming government resulted in Joseon siding with Ming and supplying their soldiers only. This gave Later Jin the impression that Joseon would side with Ming when in decisive engagements and suppressing Joseon became a prerequisite for a future successful campaign against Ming. In addition, the naval strength of the Ming defectors gave Later Jin leaders confidence that they could easily strike Joseon leadership even if they evacuated to a nearby island such as Ganghwa. This provided Later Jin with military background in maintaining a strong position against Joseon.

Inadequate war preparation of Joseon
First, a Ming envoy, Lu Weining, visited Joseon in June 1634 to preside over the installation ceremony of the crown prince of Joseon. However, the envoy requested an excessive bribe in return for the ceremony. In addition, quite a few Ming merchants who accompanied the envoy sought to make a huge fortune by forcing unfair trades upon their Joseon counterparts. This envoy visit eventually cost Joseon more than 100,000 taels of silver.

Having accomplished the installations of both his father Prince Jeongwon and his son with help from the Ming, King Injo now attempted to relocate the memorial tablet of his late father into the Jongmyo Shrine. As Prince Jeongwon had never ruled as the king, this attempt was met with severe opposition from government officials, which lasted until early 1635. Adding to this, the mausoleum of King Seonjo was accidentally damaged in March 1635 and the political debate about its responsibility continued for the next few months. These political gridlocks prohibited Joseon from taking sufficient measures to prepare for a possible invasion from Later Jin.

Severance of diplomatic relations
In February 1636, Later Jin envoys led by Inggūldai visited Joseon to participate in the funeral of Joseon's late queen. However, as the envoys included 77 high-ranking officials from the recently conquered Mongolian tribes, the real purpose of the envoys was to boast the recent expansion of the Later Jin sphere of influence and examine the opinion of Joseon about the upcoming ascension of Hong Taiji as the "Emperor". The envoys informed King Injo about their ever-growing strength and requested celebration of Hong Taiji's ascension from Joseon.

This greatly shocked Joseon, as the Ming Emperor was the only legitimate emperor from their perspective. It was followed by extremely hostile opinions growing towards Later Jin in both government and non-government sectors. Envoys themselves had to go through life-threatening experiences as Sungkyunkwan students called for their execution and fully armed soldiers loitered around the places in the itinerary of the envoys. Finally, the envoys wore forced to evacuate from Joseon and return to Later Jin territory. The diplomatic relationship between Later Jin and Joseon was virtually severed.

Hong Taiji became the Emperor in April 1636 and changed the name of his country from Later Jin to Qing. Envoys from Joseon who were at the ceremony refused to bow to the emperor. Although the emperor spared them, the Joseon envoys had to carry his message home. The message included denunciation of the past Joseon activities that were against the interest of Later Jin/Qing and also declared the intention of invading Joseon unless Joseon showed willingness to alter its policy by providing one of Joseon's princes as hostage.

After confirming the message, hardliners against Qing gained voice in Joseon. They even requested execution of the envoys for failing to immediately destroy the message in front of Hong Taiji himself. In June 1636, Joseon eventually transmitted their message to Qing, which blamed Qing for the deteriorating relations between the two nations.

Eve of battle
Now, preparation for war was all that remained for Joseon. Contrary those who supported a war, officials who suggested viable plans and strategies were not taken seriously. Instead,King Injo, afraid of head-on clash with the mighty Qing army, listened to the advice of Choe Myeong-gil and Huang Sunwu, a Ming military advisor, and decided to dispatch peace seeking messengers to Shenyang in September 1636. Although the messengers gathered some intelligence about the situation in Shenyang, they were denied a meeting with Hong Taiji. This further enraged hardliners in Joseon and led to the dismissal of Choe Myeong-gil from office. Although King Injo dispatched another team of messengers to Shenyang in early December, this was after the execution of the Qing plan to invade Joseon on November 25.

War
On 9 December 1636, Hong Taiji led Manchu, Mongol, and Han Chinese Banners in a three pronged attack on Joseon. Chinese support was particularly evident in the army's artillery and naval contingents.

Im Gyeong-eop with 3,000 men at the Baengma Fortress in Uiju successfully held off attacks by the 30,000 strong western division led by Dodo. Dodo decided not to take the fortress and passed it instead. Similarly elsewhere Manchu forces of the main division under Hong Taiji bypassed northern Joseon fortresses as well. Dorgon and Hooge led a vanguard Mongol force straight to Hanseong to prevent King Injo from evacuating to Ganghwa Island like in the previous war. On 14 December, Hanseong's garrisons were defeated and the city was taken. Fifteen thousand troops were mobilized from the south to relieve the city, but they were defeated by Dorgon's army.

King Injo, along with 13,800 soldiers, took refuge at the Namhan Mountain Fortress (Namhansanseong) which did not have enough provisions stockpiled for such a large number of people. Hong Taiji's main division, 70,000 strong, laid siege to the fortress. Provincial forces from around the country began moving in to relieve King Injo and his small retinue of defenders. Forces under Hong Myeong-gu and Yu Lim, 5,000 strong, engaged 6,000 Manchus on 28 January. The Manchu cavalry attempted frontal assaults several times but was turned back by heavy musket fire. Eventually they circumnavigated a mountain and ambushed Hong's troops from the rear, defeating them. Protected by the mountainous terrain, Yu's forces fared better and successfully decimated the Manchu forces after defeating their attacks several times throughout the day. The Joseon troops within the fortress, which consisted of both capital and prefectural armies, also successfully defended the fortress against Manchu assaults, forcing their actions to be relegated to small-scale clashes for a few weeks.

Despite working on tight rations by January 1637, the Joseon defenders were able to effectively counter Manchu siegeworks with sorties and even managed to blow up the powder magazine of an artillery battery that was assailing the East Gate of the fortress, killing its commander and many soldiers. Some walls crumbled under repeated bombardment, but were repaired overnight. Despite their successes, Dorgon occupied Ganghwa Island on 27 January, and captured the second son and consorts of King Injo. King Injo surrendered the day after.

The surrendering delegation was received at the Han River, where King Injo turned over his Ming seals of investiture and three pro-war officers to Qing, as well as agreeing to the following terms of peace, which required Joseon to:

 * 1) stop using the Ming era name, and abandon the use of the Ming seal, imperial patent, and jade books.
 * 2) send King Injo's first and second sons (Yi Wang and Yi Ho), as well as the sons or brothers of ministers as hostages to Shenyang.
 * 3) accept the Qing calendar.
 * 4) accept Qing as tributary overlord.
 * 5) send troops and supplies to assist Qing in the war against Ming.
 * 6) supply warships for transporting Qing soldiers.
 * 7) encourage ministers of Joseon and Qing to become related by marriage.
 * 8) deny entry to refugees from Qing territory.
 * 9) no longer build & rebuild fortresses.

Hong Taiji set up a platform in Samjeondo in the upper reach of the Han River. Injo of Joseon kneeling thrice and bowed nine times, as was customary with the other subjects of the Qing court. Then he was called to eat with the others, sitting the closest to the left of Hong Taiji, higher than even the Hošo-i Cin Wang. A monument in honor of the so-called excellent virtues of the Manchu Emperor was erected at Samjeondo, where the ceremony of submission had been conducted. In accordance with the terms of surrender, Joseon sent troops to attack Ka Island at the mouth of the Yalu River.

Ming officer Shen Shikui was well ensconced in Ka Island's fortifications and hammered his attackers with heavy cannon for over a month. In the end, Ming and Joseon defectors including Kong Youde landed 70 boats on the eastern side of the island and drew out his garrison in that direction. On the next morning, however, he found that the Qing—"who seem to have flown"—had landed to his rear in the northwest corner of the island in the middle of the night. Shen refused to surrender, but was overrun and beheaded by Ajige. Official reports put the casualties as at least 10,000, with few survivors. The Ming general Yang Sichang then withdrew the remaining Ming forces in Korea to Denglai in northern Shandong.

Aftermath
Many Korean women were kidnapped and raped at the hands of the Qing forces, and as a result were not welcomed by their families even if they were released by the Qing after being ransomed. Divorce demands rose, causing social unrest, but the government rejected the divorce requests and said the repatriated women should not be regarded as having been disgraced. In 1648 Joseon was forced to provide several royal princesses as concubines to the Qing regent Prince Dorgon. In 1650 Dorgon married the Joseon Princess Uisun (義順公主), the daughter of Prince Geumnim, who had to be adopted by King Hyojong beforehand. Dorgon married another Joseon princess at Lianshan.

Koreans continued to harbor a defiant attitude towards the Qing dynasty in private while they officially yielded obedience and sentiments of Manchu "barbarity" continued to pervade Korean discourse. Joseon scholars secretly used Ming era names even after that dynasty's collapse and some people thought that Joseon should have been the legitimate successor of the Ming dynasty and Chinese civilization instead of the "barbaric" Manchu's Qing. Despite the peace treaty forbidding construction of fortresses, fortresses were erected around Hanseong and in the northern region. The future Hyojong of Joseon lived as a hostage for seven years in Mukden (Shenyang). He planned an invasion of Qing called Bukbeol (북벌, 北伐, Northern expedition) during his ten years on the Joseon throne, though the plan died with his death on the eve of the expedition.

From 1639 until 1894, the Joseon court trained a corps of professional Korean-Manchu translators. They replaced earlier interpreters of Jurchen, who had been trained using textbooks in the Jurchen script. Joseon's first textbooks of Manchu were drawn up by Shin Gye-am, who had previously been an interpreter of Jurchen, and he transliterated old Jurchen textbooks into the Manchu script. Shin's adapted textbooks, completed in 1639, were used for the yeokgwa (special examinations for foreign languages) until 1684. The Manchu examination replaced the Jurchen examination, and the examination's official title was not changed from "Jurchen" to "Manchu" until 1667.

For much of Joseon's historical discourse following the invasion, the Qing invasion was seen as a more important event than the Japanese invasions of Korea from 1592 to 1598, which, while devastating, had not ended in complete defeat for Joseon. The defeat at the hands of the "barbarian" Manchus, the humiliation of the Joseon kings and Yi family, as well as the destruction of the Ming dynasty, had a deeper psychological impact on contemporary Korean society than the Japanese invasions. The Japanese invasions had not created a fundamental change in the Ming world order of which Joseon had been part. It was only after the rise of Japan during the 19th century and the following invasion and annexation of Korea that the 16th-century Japanese invasions by Toyotomi Hideyoshi became more significant.

Popular culture

 * The novel Namhansanseong by South Korean novelist Kim Hoon is based on the second invasion. It was later adapted to a movie in 2017 as The Fortress.
 * The 2009 musical, Namhansanseong, is based on the novel of the same name, but focuses on the lives of common people and their spirit of survival during harsh situations. It stars Yesung of boy band Super Junior as villain "Jung Myung-su", a servant-turned-interpreter. It was shown from 9 October to 14 November at Seongnam Arts Center Opera House.
 * The 2011 South Korean movie War of the Arrows is based on an event in which Choe Nam-yi risked his life to save his sister.
 * The 2015 South Korean drama Splendid politics.
 * The 2023 South Korean TV series My dearest tells the story of events of this invasion using two pairs of fictional lovers, and placing them as protagonists in key events of the invasion and its aftermath.
 * The 2024 South Korean TV series Captivating the King tells the story in the aftermath of this invasion using fictional Palace characters, and placing them as protagonists in the capital.

title: Qing invasion of Joseon


text:
Steinberg

Steinberg Media Technologies GmbH (trading as Steinberg) is a German musical software and hardware company based in Hamburg. It develops software for writing, recording, arranging and editing music, most notably Cubase, Nuendo, and Dorico. It also designs audio and MIDI hardware interfaces, controllers, and iOS/Android music apps including Cubasis. Steinberg created several industry standard music technologies including the Virtual Studio Technology (VST) format for plug-ins and the ASIO (Audio Stream Input/Output) protocol. Steinberg has been a wholly owned subsidiary of Yamaha since 2005.

History
The company was founded in 1984 by Karl Steinberg and Manfred Rürup in Hamburg. As early proponents and fans of the MIDI protocol, the two developed Pro 16, a MIDI sequencing application for the Commodore 64 and soon afterwards, Pro 24 for the Atari ST platform. The ST had built-in MIDI ports which helped to quickly increase interest in the new technology across the music world.

In 1989, Steinberg released Cubase for Atari, and versions for the Mac and Windows platforms would follow soon afterwards. It became a very popular MIDI sequencer, used in studios around the globe.

Steinberg Media Technologies AG had a revenue of 25 million DM in 1999. It had 180 employees in 2000. A planned entry on the Neuer Markt (New Market, NEMAX50) of the Deutsche Börse failed. The company had a revenue of 20 million Euros in 2001 and 130 employees in 2002.

In 2003, Steinberg was acquired by Pinnacle Systems and shortly after that, by Yamaha in 2004. With its new mother company Yamaha, Steinberg expanded design and production of its own hardware, and since 2008, it has created a range of audio and MIDI interface hardware including the UR, MR816, CC and CI series.

In 2012, Steinberg launched its first iOS sequencer, Cubasis, which has seen regular updates since then. The Steinberg satellite office in London was also opened in 2012.

Steinberg has won a number of industry awards including several MIPA awards, and accolades for Cubasis and its CMC controllers amongst others.

Dorico team acquisition
In 2012, Steinberg acquired the former development team behind Sibelius, following the closure of Avid's London office in July, to begin development on a new professional scoring software named Dorico. It was released on 19 October 2016.

Product history
Cubase was released in 1989, initially as a MIDI sequencer. Digital audio recording followed in 1992 with Cubase Audio, followed by VST support in 1996, which made it possible for third-party software programmers to create and sell virtual instruments for Cubase. Steinberg bundled its own VST instruments and effects with Cubase, as well as continuing to develop standalone instruments. Atari support eventually ended, and Cubase became a Mac and Windows DAW (digital audio workstation), with feature parity across both platforms.

The WaveLab audio editing and mastering suite followed in 1995 for Windows, and the VST and ASIO protocols – open technologies that could be used by any manufacturer – were first released in 1997. WaveLab would come to the Mac in 2010.

In 2000, the company released Nuendo, a new DAW clearly targeted at the broadcast and media industries. 2001 saw the release of HALion, a dedicated software sampler. A complete rewrite of Cubase in 2002 was necessary due to its legacy code which was no longer maintainable, leading to a name change to Cubase SX, ditching older technology and using the audio engine from Nuendo. Since this time, Cubase and Nuendo have shared many core technologies. Cubase currently comes in three versions – Elements, Artist and Pro.

Steinberg was one of the first DAW manufacturers who started using automatic delay compensation for synchronization of different channels of the mixer which may have different latency.

With the growing popularity of mobile devices, Steinberg develops apps for iOS including Cubasis, a fully featured DAW for iPad with plug-ins, full audio and MIDI recording and editing and many other professional features. It also creates standalone apps, including the Nanologue synth and LoopMash. In 2016, Steinberg released Dorico, a professional music notation and scoring suite.

Steinberg VST
As part of the development of its flagship, the sequencer Cubase, Steinberg defined the VST interface (Virtual Studio Technology) in 1996, by means of which external programs can be integrated as virtual instruments playable via MIDI. VST simulates a real-time studio environment with EQs, effects, mixing and automation and has become a quasi-standard supported by many other audio editing programs.

The latest version is VST 3. The VST 3 is a general rework of the long-serving VST plug-in interface. It is not compatible with the older VST versions, but it includes some new features and possibilities.

Initially developed for Macintosh only, Steinberg Cubase VST for the PC followed a year later and established VST and the Audio Stream Input/Output Protocol (ASIO) as open standards that enabled third parties to develop plug-ins and audio hardware. ASIO ensures that the delay caused by the audio hardware during sound output is kept to a minimum to enable hardware manufacturers to provide specialized drivers. ASIO has established itself as the standard for audio drivers.

Music software

 * Cubase
 * Dorico
 * Nuendo
 * WaveLab
 * SpectraLayers
 * Sequel
 * Cubasis (for iOS and Android)

VST instruments

 * HALion (SE/Sonic) – virtual sampling and sound design system
 * HALion Symphonic Orchestra
 * Groove Agent – electronic and acoustic drums
 * The Grand – virtual Piano
 * Padshop – granular synthesizer
 * Retrologue – analog synthesizer
 * Dark Planet – dark sounds for cinematic and electronic music
 * Hypnotic Dance – synth-based dance sounds
 * Triebwerk – Sounds for Elektro, Techno and House
 * Iconica – Orchester Library, recorded at Funkhaus Berlin

Hardware

 * Steinberg AXR4 – 28x24 Thunderbolt 2 Audio Interface with 32-Bit Integer Recording and RND SILK
 * Steinberg UR824 – 24x24 USB 2.0 audio interface with 8x D-PREs, 24-bit/192 kHz, on board DSP, zero latency monitoring, advanced integration. Their top-of-the-line USB audio interface
 * Steinberg CC121 – Advanced Integration Controller
 * Steinberg CI2 – Advanced Integration Controller
 * Steinberg MR816 CSX – Advanced Integration DSP Studio
 * Steinberg MR816 X – Advanced Integration DSP Studio
 * Steinberg UR44 – 6x4 USB 2.0 audio interface with 4x D-PREs, 24-bit/192 kHz support & MIDI I/O
 * Steinberg UR22mkII – 2x2 USB 2.0 audio interface with 2x D-PREs, 24-bit/192 kHz support & MIDI I/O
 * Steinberg UR12 – ''2x2 USB 2.0 audio interface with 1x D-PREs, 24-bit/192 kHz support
 * Steinberg Key (License Control Device for Steinberg Software - Dongle)
 * eLicenser (License Control Management for Steinberg Software - Dongle)

Music software

 * Pro 16 (for Commodore 64)
 * Trackstar (for Commodore 64)
 * Pro 24 (for Atari ST, Amiga)
 * The Ear (for Atari ST)
 * Twelve (for Atari ST)
 * Tango (for Atari ST)
 * MusiCal (for Atari ST)
 * Cubeat (for Atari ST)
 * Cubase Lite (for Atari ST/Mac/PC)
 * SoundWorks series (for Atari ST) – Sample editors for the Akai S900, Ensoniq Mirage, E-mu Emax and Sequential Prophet 2000
 * SynthWorks series (for Atari ST) – Patch editor/librarians for the Yamaha DX7, DX7II, TX7 and TX81z, Roland D50, other Roland D-series (D20, D10, D110, D5) and MT32 and Ensoniq ESQ-1
 * Cubase SX
 * Cubase VST
 * Avalon – sample editor for Atari
 * V-Stack
 * ReCycle – Windows/Mac sample editor

VST instruments

 * Plex
 * D'cota
 * Hypersonic
 * X-phraze
 * Model-E
 * Virtual Guitarist
 * Virtual Bassist

Hardware

 * MIDEX-8 – USB MIDI interface
 * MIDEX-3 – USB MIDI interface
 * MIDEX+ – Atari MIDI interface
 * Steinberg Amiga MIDI interface
 * Steinberg Media Interface 4 (MI4) – USB MIDI interface
 * Avalon 16 DA Converter – AD Converter for Atari
 * SMP-24 – SMPTE/MIDI processor
 * Timelock – SMPTE processor
 * Topaz – Computer controlled recorder

Protocols
Steinberg have introduced several industry-standard software protocols. These include:
 * ASIO (a low-latency communication protocol between software and sound cards)
 * VST (a protocol allowing third-party audio plugins and virtual instruments)
 * LTB (providing accurate timing for its now-discontinued MIDI interfaces)
 * VSL (an audio/MIDI network protocol which allows the connection and synchronisation of multiple computers running Steinberg software)

Steinberg's notable packages include the sequencers Cubase and Nuendo, as well as WaveLab (a digital audio editor) and numerous VST plugins.

title: Steinberg


text:
1878 in Canada

Events from the year 1878 in Canada.

Crown

 * Monarch – Victoria

Federal government

 * Governor General – Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood (until November 25) then John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne
 * Prime Minister – Alexander Mackenzie (until October 8) then John A. Macdonald (from October 17)
 * Chief Justice – William Buell Richards (Ontario)
 * Parliament – 3rd (until 17 August)

Lieutenant governors

 * Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia – Albert Norton Richards
 * Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba – Joseph-Édouard Cauchon
 * Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick – Samuel Leonard Tilley (until July 11) then Edward Barron Chandler
 * Lieutenant Governor of the North-West Territories – David Laird
 * Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia – Adams George Archibald
 * Lieutenant Governor of Ontario – Donald Alexander Macdonald
 * Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island – Robert Hodgson
 * Lieutenant Governor of Quebec – Luc Letellier de St-Just

Premiers

 * Premier of British Columbia – Andrew Charles Elliott (until June 25) then George Anthony Walkem
 * Premier of Manitoba – Robert Atkinson Davis (until October 16) then John Norquay
 * Premier of New Brunswick – George Edwin King (until May 3) then John James Fraser
 * Premier of Nova Scotia – Philip Carteret Hill (until October 15) then Simon Hugh Holmes (from October 22)
 * Premier of Ontario – Oliver Mowat
 * Premier of Prince Edward Island – Louis Henry Davies
 * Premier of Quebec – Charles Boucher de Boucherville (until March 8) then Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière

Lieutenant governors

 * Lieutenant Governor of Keewatin – Joseph-Édouard Cauchon
 * Lieutenant Governor of the North-West Territories – David Laird

Events

 * March 7 – Both the Université de Montréal and the University of Western Ontario are incorporated.
 * March 8 – Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière becomes premier of Quebec, replacing Sir Charles-Eugène de Boucherville.
 * May 1 – In the Quebec election, Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau's Conservatives win a minority.
 * June – The New Brunswick election.
 * June 25 – George Walkem becomes premier of British Columbia for the second time, replacing Andrew Elliott.
 * July 20 – The British Columbia election.
 * September 17
 * In the federal election, Sir John A. Macdonald's Conservatives win a majority, defeating Alexander Mackenzie's Liberals.
 * In the Nova Scotia election, Simon Hugh Holmes's Conservatives win a majority, defeating Philip Carteret Hill's Liberals.
 * October 16 – John Norquay becomes premier of Manitoba, replacing Robert A. Davis.
 * October 17 – Sir John A. Macdonald becomes prime minister for the second time, replacing Alexander Mackenzie.
 * October 22 – Simon Holmes becomes premier of Nova Scotia, replacing Philip Hill.
 * December 18 – The Manitoba election.

Full date unknown

 * Anti-Chinese sentiment in British Columbia reaches a high point as the government bans Chinese workers from public works.
 * John James Fraser becomes premier of New Brunswick, replacing George King.
 * The Newfoundland election.

January to June

 * January 11 – Percy Chapman Black, politician (d.1961)
 * January 13 – Lionel Groulx, priest, historian, Quebec nationalist and traditionalist (d.1967)
 * January 22 – Ernest Charles Drury, politician, writer and 8th Premier of Ontario (d.1968)
 * February 27 – William Herbert Burns, politician (d.1964)
 * February 28 – Arthur Roebuck, politician and labour lawyer (d.1971)
 * April 14 – John Walter Jones, politician and Premier of Prince Edward Island (d.1954)
 * April 29 – Fawcett Taylor, politician
 * June 14 – Lewis Stubbs, judge and politician (d.1958)
 * June 20 – Seymour Farmer, politician (d.1951)

July to December

 * July 14 – Ernest Frederick Armstrong, politician (d.1948)
 * July 23 – James Thomas Milton Anderson, politician and 5th Premier of Saskatchewan (d.1946)
 * August 15 – Thomas Laird Kennedy, politician and 15th Premier of Ontario (d.1959)
 * September 18 – William Sherring, marathon runner and Olympic gold medalist (d.1964)
 * December 8 – Henry Herbert Stevens, politician and businessman (d.1973)
 * December 30 – William Aberhart, politician and 8th Premier of Alberta (d.1943)

Deaths

 * February 23 – William Workman, businessman and municipal politician (b.1807)
 * April 3 – Louis-Philippe Turcotte, historian (b.1842)
 * April 12 – John Young, politician (b.1811)
 * May 13 – George Moffat, Sr., businessman and politician (b.1810)
 * May 20 – Lemuel Allan Wilmot, lawyer, politician, judge, and 3rd Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick (b.1809)
 * November 3 – Pierre Bachand, politician (b.1835)
 * November 28 – Francis Evans Cornish, politician (b.1831)
 * December 6 – Jean-Baptiste Meilleur, doctor, educator and politician (b.1796)

Historical documents
J.A. Macdonald's speech about the dismissal of Quebec's government by its lieutenant-governor

Hudson's Bay Company policy change causes Indigenous people to starve in the Sept-Îles, Que. area

Editorial foresees great immigration as Winnipeg inaugurates regular train service

Arrivals in Manitoba find the good land is "taken" and freight and other costs are exorbitant

First apples and pears arrive in Battleford, causing homesickness

title: 1878 in Canada


text:
1879 in Canada

Events from the year 1879 in Canada.

Crown

 * Monarch – Victoria

Federal government

 * Governor General – John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne
 * Prime Minister – John A. Macdonald
 * Chief Justice – William Buell Richards (Ontario) (until 10 January) then William Johnstone Ritchie (New Brunswick) (from 11 January)
 * Parliament – 4th (from 13 February)

Lieutenant governors

 * Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia – Albert Norton Richards
 * Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba – Joseph-Édouard Cauchon
 * Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick – Edward Barron Chandler
 * Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia – Adams George Archibald
 * Lieutenant Governor of Ontario – Donald Alexander Macdonald
 * Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island – Robert Hodgson (until July 10) then Thomas Heath Haviland
 * Lieutenant Governor of Quebec – Luc Letellier de St-Just (until July 26) then Théodore Robitaille

Premiers

 * Premier of British Columbia – George Anthony Walkem
 * Premier of Manitoba – John Norquay
 * Premier of New Brunswick – John James Fraser
 * Premier of Nova Scotia – Simon Hugh Holmes
 * Premier of Ontario – Oliver Mowat
 * Premier of Prince Edward Island – Louis Henry Davies (until April 25) then William Wilfred Sullivan
 * Premier of Quebec – Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière (until October 31) then Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau

Lieutenant governors

 * Lieutenant Governor of Keewatin – Joseph-Édouard Cauchon
 * Lieutenant Governor of the North-West Territories – David Laird

Events

 * February 4 – Prince Edward Island election: William Wilfred Sullivan's Conservatives win a third consecutive majority.
 * March 12 – Sir John A. Macdonald introduces protective tariffs on manufactured goods being imported into Canada, a transcontinental railway, and immigration to the west in his National Policy.
 * April 25 – Sir William Wilfred Sullivan becomes premier of Prince Edward Island, replacing Sir Louis Davies.
 * June 5 – Ontario election: Sir Oliver Mowat's Liberals win a third consecutive majority.
 * (date unknown) – The Toronto Industrial Exhibition opens for the first time, precursor to the Canadian National Exhibition.
 * October 31 – Sir Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau becomes premier of Quebec, replacing Henri-Gustave de Lotbinière.
 * December 16 – Manitoba election.
 * December 19 – Swift Runner is hanged in Fort Saskatchewan, NWT, for murdering and then eating eight members of his own family over the previous winter. He believed he was possessed by Wendigo, a terrifying mythological creature with a ravenous appetite for human flesh.

January to June

 * January 15 – Mazo de la Roche, author (d.1961)
 * January 17 – Richard Gavin Reid, politician and 7th Premier of Alberta (d.1980)
 * January 25 – Humphrey T. Walwyn, naval officer and Governor of Newfoundland (d.1957)
 * February 14 – Eli Burton, physicist
 * March 20 – Maud Menten, medical scientist (d.1960)
 * May 25 – Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook, business tycoon, politician and writer (d.1964)
 * June 12 – Charles Dow Richards, judge, politician and 18th Premier of New Brunswick (d.1956)

July to December

 * August 1 – Eva Tanguay, singer and entertainer (d.1947)
 * August 16 – Samuel Lawrence, politician and trade unionist (d.1959)
 * October 6 – James Langstaff Bowman, politician and Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada (d.1951)
 * October 9 – William Warren, lawyer, politician, judge and Prime Minister of Newfoundland (d.1927)
 * November 3 – Vilhjalmur Stefansson, Arctic explorer and ethnologist (d.1962)
 * November 11 – Violet McNaughton, feminist (d. 1953)
 * November 25 – Joseph-Arsène Bonnier, politician (d.1962)
 * December 10 – P. L. Robertson, inventor (d. 1951)
 * December 24 – Émile Nelligan, poet (d.1941)

Deaths

 * January 4 – Pierre-Alexis Tremblay, politician (b.1827)
 * January 16 – Octave Crémazie, poet (b.1827)
 * April 4 – Jean-Baptiste Thibault, missionary and a Father of Confederation (b.1810)
 * October 7 – William Henry Pope, lawyer, politician, judge and a Father of Confederation (b.1825)

Historical documents

 * The federal government proposes to provide 100 million acres of Dominion land for the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway for settlement.

 * Report claims only self-reliance and industry can relieve distress of Indigenous people and anxiety of Metis (Note: racial stereotypes)

 * Ottawa memo outlines the "utter destitution" of some Indigenous people in the Northwest Territories

 * Federal commissioner reports on the dependency of Indigenous people at Fort Walsh

 * Visitor fears the Metis on the Assiniboine River will not hold on to their lands much longer

 * Description of Mennonite cooperative farming near Winnipeg

 * All aboard the steamer Waubuno are lost in a gale on Georgian Bay

 * Anti-Irish-Catholic opinion is published in the Irish Canadian

 * "Alouette" first sung as a Canadian folk song.

title: 1879 in Canada


text:
Talk:Naturalist

Move
Moved, because more pages link to Naturalist than Naturalism. Andy Mabbett 23:22, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Naturalism as part of atheism
There is a need to further define Naturalism from a philosophical perspective: as the opposite of supernaturalism. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kendirangu (talk • contribs) 00:50, December 19, 2006 (UTC)

Naturalist
Naturalist needs a disambiguation page. While I have no idea how in the blue hell a Naturalist is an atheist, I do know that the word itself has multiple definitions. In a number of books, it's defined as a hobby-Naturalists observe nature and animals and usually keep notes on every behavior they find. In this way, Darwin was a naturalist. And then I have something like the above. 24.32.205.164 (talk) 13:11, 20 March 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Naturalist


text:
1882 in Canada

Events from the year 1882 in Canada.

Crown

 * Monarch – Victoria

Federal government

 * Governor General – John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne
 * Prime Minister – John A. Macdonald
 * Chief Justice – William Johnstone Ritchie (New Brunswick)
 * Parliament – 4th (until 18 May)

Lieutenant governors

 * Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia – Clement Francis Cornwall
 * Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba – Joseph-Édouard Cauchon (until September 29) then James Cox Aikins
 * Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick – Robert Duncan Wilmot
 * Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia – Adams George Archibald
 * Lieutenant Governor of Ontario – John Beverley Robinson
 * Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island – Thomas Heath Haviland
 * Lieutenant Governor of Quebec – Théodore Robitaille

Premiers

 * Premier of British Columbia – George Anthony Walkem (until June 13) then Robert Beaven
 * Premier of Manitoba – John Norquay
 * Premier of New Brunswick – John James Fraser (until May 25) then Daniel Lionel Hanington
 * Premier of Nova Scotia – Simon Hugh Holmes (until May 23) then John Sparrow David Thompson (May 25 to July 18) then William Thomas Pipes (from August 3)
 * Premier of Ontario – Oliver Mowat
 * Premier of Prince Edward Island – William Wilfred Sullivan
 * Premier of Quebec – Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau (until July 31) then Joseph-Alfred Mousseau

Lieutenant governors

 * Lieutenant Governor of Keewatin – Joseph-Édouard Cauchon (until September 29) then James Cox Aikins
 * Lieutenant Governor of the North-West Territories – Edgar Dewdney

Events

 * May 8 – Prince Edward Island election: William Wilfred Sullivan's Conservatives win a fourth consecutive majority
 * May 17 – Provisional districts of the North-West Territories are established between Manitoba and British Columbia: the districts of Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Athabaska
 * May 25 – John Sparrow David Thompson becomes premier of Nova Scotia, replacing Simon H. Holmes.
 * June – New Brunswick election
 * June 20
 * Federal election: Sir John A. Macdonald's Conservatives win a second consecutive majority.
 * Nova Scotia election
 * June 13 – Robert Beaven becomes premier of British Columbia, replacing George Walkem.
 * July 20 – British Columbia election
 * July 31 – Joseph-Alfred Mousseau becomes premier of Quebec, replacing Sir Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau.
 * August 3 – William T. Pipes becomes premier of Nova Scotia, replacing John Sparrow David Thompson.
 * December 30 – The Royal Society of Canada is founded.

Full date unknown

 * Daniel Hanington becomes premier of New Brunswick, replacing James Fraser.
 * John Ware, a Texas cowboy, moves to Alberta. He introduces longhorn cattle into Canada and pioneers the development of rodeo.
 * Newfoundland election
 * The North-West Mounted Police (which later became the Royal Canadian Mounted Police) established a post in 1882 in Regina, Saskatchewan. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (R.C.M.P.) have since established their main training academy there, which is called "Depot", or Depot Division.
 * The North Bay Police Service is founded.

Sport

 * October 21 – The Canadian Rugby Football Union is founded. {Reference is needed. The link cited as well as the Rugby Canada Wiki note different years (1880 and 1884 respectively)}

January to June

 * January 8 – David Milne, painter, printmaker and writer (d.1953)
 * February 1 – Louis St. Laurent, politician and 12th Prime Minister of Canada (d.1973)
 * February 2 – Geoffrey O'Hara, composer, singer and music professor (d.1967)
 * February 4 – E. J. Pratt, poet (d.1964)
 * February 11 – John Queen, politician (d.1946)
 * March 6 – Barbara Hanley, first woman to be elected a mayor in Canada (d.1959)
 * April 18 – Isabel Meighen, wife of Canadian prime minister Arthur Meighen (d. 1985)
 * May 26 – Charles Edward Bothwell, politician and barrister (d.1967)
 * June 9 – Robert Kerr, sprinter and Olympic gold medallist (d.1963)

July to December

 * July 16 – Edward Earle, Canadian-born American actor (d. 1972 in the United States)
 * July 19 – Sarah Ramsland, politician and first woman elected to the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan (d.1964)
 * October 3 – A. Y. Jackson, painter, one of the Group of Seven (d.1974)
 * December 18 – Albert James Bradshaw, politician (d.1956)
 * December 25 – John Stewart McDiarmid, politician and Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba (d.1965)

Deaths

 * February 1 – Maurice Laframboise, lawyer, judge and politician (b.1821)
 * March 25 – Charles-René-Léonidas d'Irumberry de Salaberry, militia officer (b.1820)
 * August 7 – Antoine Gérin-Lajoie, poet and novelist (b.1824)
 * September 15 – Jacques Philippe Lantier, businessman, author and politician (b.1814)
 * December 9 – Hugh Allan, businessman (b.1810)

Historical documents
Prime Minister Macdonald explains near-starvation policy to control Indigenous peoples

Prime Minister Macdonald welcomes Chinese as CPR labourers, but not as settlers

MP tells House of Commons that land policy in N.W.T. should favour settler over speculator

Alberta ranchers endure hunger while struggling through multi-day snowstorm

Ontario School of Art teaches freehand and model drawing, geometry, perspective, advanced freehand, ornamental design, watercolours, and oil

title: 1882 in Canada


text:
1884 in Canada

Events from the year 1884 in Canada.

Crown

 * Monarch – Victoria

Federal government

 * Governor General – Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice
 * Prime Minister – John A. Macdonald
 * Chief Justice – William Johnstone Ritchie (New Brunswick)
 * Parliament – 5th

Lieutenant governors

 * Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia – Clement Francis Cornwall
 * Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba – James Cox Aikins
 * Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick – Robert Duncan Wilmot
 * Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia – Matthew Henry Richey
 * Lieutenant Governor of Ontario – John Beverley Robinson
 * Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island – Thomas H. Haviland (until July 18) then Andrew Archibald Macdonald
 * Lieutenant Governor of Quebec – Théodore Robitaille (until October 4) then Louis-Rodrigue Masson

Premiers

 * Premier of British Columbia – William Smithe
 * Premier of Manitoba – John Norquay
 * Premier of New Brunswick – Andrew George Blair
 * Premier of Nova Scotia – William Thomas Pipes (until July 15) then William Stevens Fielding (from July 28)
 * Premier of Ontario – Oliver Mowat
 * Premier of Prince Edward Island – William Wilfred Sullivan
 * Premier of Quebec – Joseph-Alfred Mousseau (until January 23) then John Jones Ross

Lieutenant governors

 * Lieutenant Governor of Keewatin – James Cox Aikins
 * Lieutenant Governor of the North-West Territories – Edgar Dewdney

Events

 * January 2 – "Humber Railway Disaster" 32 men and boys were killed upon the head-on collision of a Grand Trunk Railway commuter train with an unscheduled freight train No. 42C near Toronto. Most of the dead were workers being transported on the freight train to the Ontario Bolt Works in Swansea, Ontario.
 * January 10 – David Scott elected as the first mayor of Regina
 * January 17 – The Parliament Building's new electric lights were turned on, for the first time.
 * January 23 – John Jones Ross becomes premier of Quebec, replacing Joseph-Alfred Mousseau.
 * June 22 – The seven surviving members of the 25-man Lady Franklin Bay Expedition, led by Adolphus Greely, are rescued by Winfield Scott Schley. One more died on the homeward journey.
 * July 28 – William Fielding becomes premier of Nova Scotia, replacing William Pipes.
 * September 15 – The Nile Voyageurs depart for Africa
 * October 15 – The La Presse newspaper is founded
 * November 7 – Calgary is incorporated as a town, changing its name from Fort Calgary
 * Parliament of Canada passes the Indian Advancement Act, encouraging democratic elections of chiefs. Mohawks at St. Regis, Ontario, resist the provision, preferring their traditional method of choosing leaders.

January to June

 * February 10 – Rork Scott Ferguson, politician (d.unknown)
 * February 18 – Andrew Watson Myles, politician (d.1970)
 * April 6 – Walter Huston, actor (d.1950)
 * April 12 – Maurice Brasset, politician and lawyer (d.1971)
 * April 30 – Murdoch Mackay, politician (d.1963)
 * May 1 – Henry Norwest, sniper in World War I (d.1918)
 * June 11 – William George Bock, politician (d.1973)

July to December

 * July 25 – Davidson Black, paleoanthropologist (d.1934)
 * August 27 – John Edward Brownlee, politician and 5th Premier of Alberta (d.1961)
 * September 2 – Angus MacInnis, politician (d.1964)
 * September 27 – Silby Barrett, labour leader
 * December 15 – James Macdonnell, soldier, lawyer and politician (d.1973)

Deaths

 * January 14 – Pierre-Eustache Dostaler, farmer and politician (b.1809)
 * January 31 – Charles Dewey Day, lawyer, judge and politician (b.1806)
 * February 20 – Abram William Lauder, lawyer and politician (b.1834)

Full date unknown

 * John Ferris, businessman, explorer and politician (b.1811)

Historical documents
Opposition Leader Edward Blake touches on several Liberal Party principles and political points

Essay on disadvantages of Confederation for Manitoba

Winnipegger Alexander Begg lectures in London on his years in the Northwest

Report on Indigenous peoples of Northwest (Note: "savage," other stereotypes)

Witnesses describe tense stand-off between Mounties and armed group of Cree

Touring British scientists find Chief Crowfoot selling his personal items at Gleichen, Alberta

Louis Riel is asked to return from exile

Letter of Louis Riel declining invitation to speak in Prince Albert

Anglophone Quebeckers assess agricultural and forestry advantages of Calgary region

Newspaper controversy over encouraging deaf people to settle in Northwest

Nova Scotia woman writes to her mother about losing her newborn child

"A young man of unbounded enthusiasm," Ernest Thompson Seton becomes ornithology director at Canadian Postal College of the Natural Sciences

title: 1884 in Canada