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Canadian Federation of Engineering Students

The Canadian Federation of Engineering Students (CFES) (Fédération canadienne étudiante de génie in French) is the national association of undergraduate engineering student societies in Canada and exists to organize activities, provide services and interact with professional and other bodies at the national and international level for the benefit of Canadian engineering students. The organization is a bilingual non-profit corporation based in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, managed by a volunteer team of engineering students and recent graduates from across Canada.

CFES Canadian Engineering Leadership Conference
The flagship event of the CFES, the Canadian Engineering Leadership Conference (CELC), formerly known as Congress, serves as both the Annual General Meeting of the Federation, as well as a leadership development forum for engineering students from across Canada. Congress is typically held in the first week or January, spanning a full week of leadership development sessions, informational presentations, guest speakers from industry, a career fair and culminating in plenary, the decision making body of the CFES. At congress, the CFES National Executive and other officer positions are elected, and bids are made to host other CFES activities.

Host schools

 * 1969 McGill University (Montreal, Québec)
 * 1970 Université Laval (Québec City, Québec)
 * 1971 Carleton University & University of Ottawa (Ottawa, Ontario)
 * 1972 University of New Brunswick (Fredericton, New Brunswick)
 * 1973 University of British Columbia (Vancouver, British Columbia)
 * 1974 University of Waterloo (Waterloo, Ontario)
 * 1975 University of Calgary (Calgary, Alberta)
 * 1976 Memorial University (St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador)
 * 1977 University of Manitoba (Winnipeg, Manitoba)
 * 1978 Université de Sherbrooke (Sherbrooke, Québec)
 * 1979 Dalhousie University (Halifax, Nova Scotia)
 * 1980 University of Alberta (Edmonton, Alberta)
 * 1981 Queen's University (Kingston, Ontario)
 * 1982 University of Waterloo (Waterloo, Ontario)
 * 1983 University of British Columbia (Vancouver, British Columbia)
 * 1984 University of Western Ontario (London, Ontario)
 * 1985 University of Toronto (Toronto, Ontario)
 * 1986 Memorial University (St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador)
 * 1987 University of Manitoba (Winnipeg, Manitoba)
 * 1988 Université Laval (Québec City, Québec)
 * 1989 Dalhousie University (Halifax, Nova Scotia)
 * 1990 Queen's University (Kingston, Ontario)
 * 1991 University of Saskatchewan (Saskatoon, Saskatchewan)
 * 1992 École Polytechnique de Montréal & McGill University (Montreal, Québec)
 * 1993 McMaster University (Hamilton, Ontario)
 * 1994 University of Calgary (Calgary, Alberta)
 * 1995 University of New Brunswick (Fredericton, New Brunswick)
 * 1996 University of Waterloo (Waterloo, Ontario)

 * 1997 Université de Sherbrooke (Sherbrooke, Québec)
 * 1998 University of Alberta (Edmonton, Alberta)
 * 1999 University of Toronto (Toronto, Ontario)
 * 2000 University of Manitoba (Winnipeg, Manitoba)
 * 2001 McGill University (Montreal, Québec)
 * 2002 Dalhousie University (Halifax, Nova Scotia)
 * 2003 University of Saskatchewan (Saskatoon, Saskatchewan)
 * 2004 University of Victoria (Victoria, British Columbia)
 * 2005 University of Toronto (Toronto, Ontario)
 * 2006 University of Windsor (Windsor, Ontario)
 * 2007 Concordia University (Montreal, Québec)
 * 2008 University of Alberta (Edmonton, Alberta)
 * 2009 Carleton University (Ottawa, Ontario)
 * 2010 McMaster University (Hamilton, Ontario)
 * 2011 Memorial University (St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador)
 * 2012 Yukon College (Whitehorse, Yukon)
 * 2013 University of Waterloo (Waterloo, Ontario)
 * 2014 Université de Sherbrooke (Sherbrooke, Québec)
 * 2015 University of Manitoba (Winnipeg, Manitoba)
 * 2016 University of Calgary (Calgary, Alberta)
 * 2017 University of Western Ontario (London, Ontario)
 * 2018 Dalhousie University (Halifax, Nova Scotia)
 * 2019 McGill University (Montreal, Québec)
 * 2020 University of Alberta (Edmonton, Alberta)
 * 2021 Canadian Federation of Engineering Students (Virtual)
 * 2022 Memorial University of Newfoundland (Virtual)
 * 2023 University of Calgary (Calgary, Alberta)
 * 2024 Memorial University of Newfoundland (St. John's, Newfoundland)

Publications
The CFES Project Magazine, also known as ProMag, is a magazine published by the CFES and distributed to member schools. In 2012, ProMag was discontinued due to a shifted interest in providing an online journal that is more easily accessible. Additionally, the content of ProMag did not any longer satisfy the desires of CFES members.

Subsequently, Promag was replaced by the CFES Publication (also called the Pub), which is an online publication that is focused on promoting the research and super-curricular activities of Canadian undergraduate engineering students. The Pub is a service provided by the Federation, and is no longer up for bid at Congress. The Pub has since become defunct.

In the 2019-2020 Operating Year, the CFES decided to revive Project Magazine as an in-house online journal, celebrating the different regions of the federation through articles and stories submitted to a Task Force. It exists as a virtual publication.

Canadian Engineering Competition (CEC)
The Canadian Engineering Competition (CEC) (Compétition canadienne d'ingénierie in French) is an annual competition involving more than 150 of the best and brightest engineering students from across Canada.

All competitors at the CEC qualify for the competition through one of four regional competitions:
 * Western Engineering Competition (WEC)
 * Ontario Engineering Competition (OEC) - OEC 2022
 * Quebec Engineering Competition (QEC)
 * Atlantic Engineering Competition (AEC)

Competition categories
The CEC includes competitions in a variety of topics. Individual competitors can be entered in any one of the following competition categories:
 * Extemporaneous Debate
 * Senior Team Design
 * Junior Team Design
 * Consulting Engineering
 * Innovative Design
 * Engineering Communication
 * Re-Engineering
 * Programming

Host schools
As the CEC has a national scope, engineering schools wishing to host the competition must win a competitive bid process through the Canadian Federation of Engineering Students. Schools that have hosted the competition since its inception in 1985 include:

 * 1985 University of Waterloo (Waterloo, Ontario)
 * 1986 Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal (Montreal, Quebec)
 * 1987 University of Alberta (Edmonton, Alberta)
 * 1989 University of Western Ontario (London, Ontario)
 * 1990 University of British Columbia (Vancouver, British Columbia)
 * 1991 Université de Sherbrooke (Sherbrooke, Quebec)
 * 1992 Queen's University (Kingston, Ontario)
 * 1993 Dalhousie University (Halifax, Nova Scotia)
 * 1994 University of Toronto (Toronto, Ontario)
 * 1995 University of Alberta (Edmonton, Alberta)
 * 1996 Simon Fraser University (Burnaby, British Columbia)
 * 1997 Université de Moncton (Moncton, New Brunswick)
 * 1998 Carleton University (Ottawa, Ontario)
 * 1999 Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal (Montreal, Quebec)
 * 2000 University of Western Ontario (London, Ontario)
 * 2001 University of Victoria (Victoria, British Columbia)
 * 2002 Université Laval (Quebec City, Quebec)
 * 2003 Memorial University of Newfoundland (St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador)
 * 2004 McMaster University (Hamilton, Ontario)
 * 2005 University of Calgary (Calgary, Alberta)

 * 2006 Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal (Montreal, Quebec)
 * 2007 University of Saskatchewan (Saskatoon, Saskatchewan)
 * 2008 University of Waterloo (Waterloo, Ontario)
 * 2009 University of New Brunswick (Fredericton, New Brunswick)
 * 2010 University of Toronto (Toronto, Ontario)
 * 2011 McGill University (Montreal, Quebec)
 * 2012 University of British Columbia (Vancouver, British Columbia)
 * 2013 Carleton University (Ottawa, Ontario)
 * 2014 University of Western Ontario (London, Ontario)
 * 2015 Memorial University of Newfoundland (St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador)
 * 2016 McGill University (Montreal, Quebec)
 * 2017 University of Calgary (Calgary, Alberta)
 * 2018 Ryerson University (Toronto, Ontario)
 * 2019 University of Waterloo (Waterloo, Ontario)
 * 2020 University of Manitoba (Winnipeg, Manitoba)
 * 2021 University of New Brunswick (Virtual)
 * 2022 University of New Brunswick (Fredericton, New Brunswick)
 * 2023 University of Waterloo (Waterloo, Ontario)
 * 2024 University of Calgary (Calgary, Alberta)

CFES Lean Six Sigma
The CFES offers a certification course in Lean Six Sigma. Formerly available through a partnership with Canada Post, the service could only be offered in one of Vancouver, Edmonton, Toronto, or Montreal- one of Canada Post's major hubs. In 2019, the CFES obtained a partnership agreement with Abacus which re-instated a more nationally available event for members to participate in. Typically, it occurs over the course of two weekends- one in English, and one in French, respectively.

Host schools

 * 2019 École de technologie supérieure (Montreal, Quebec)
 * 2020 York University (Virtual)
 * 2021 Cancelled due to External Factors

CFES Conference on Diversity in Engineering (CDE)
The CFES is offers the Conference on Diversity in Engineering (CDE) to its members.

NCWIE began in 1990 as a local conference at Queen's University and in 2003 it became a national event. Other Canadian universities were invited to host it after the 2007 conference. The University of Western Ontario was the first school after Queen's University to host the event in 2008. Shortly thereafter, NCWIE was made a service of the Canadian Federation of Engineering Students.

The first year that the CFES Conference on Diversity in Engineering is offered is 2015, denoting the end of the National Conference on Women in Engineering.

Host schools

 * 1990 – 2007 Queen's University (Kingston, Ontario)
 * 2008 University of Western Ontario (London, Ontario)
 * 2009 University of Toronto (Toronto, Ontario)
 * 2010 University of Ottawa (Ottawa, Ontario)
 * 2011 McMaster University (Hamilton, Ontario)
 * 2012 Concordia University (Montreal, Quebec)
 * 2013 University of British Columbia (Vancouver, British Columbia)
 * 2014 University of Saskatchewan (Saskatoon, Saskatchewan)
 * 2015 University of Waterloo (Waterloo, Ontario)
 * 2016 McGill University (Montreal, Quebec)
 * 2017 McMaster University (Hamilton, Ontario)
 * 2018 Ryerson University (Toronto, Ontario)
 * 2019 University of Western Ontario (London, Ontario)
 * 2020 University of Calgary (Virtual)
 * 2021 Dalhousie University (Virtual)
 * 2022 University of Manitoba (Winnipeg, Manitoba)
 * 2023 University of Waterloo (Waterloo, Ontario)

CFES Conference on Sustainability in Engineering (CSE)
The CFES is offers the Conference on Sustainability in Engineering (CSE) to its members. CSE began as a new conference intended to address the need for a national discussion on sustainability in the Engineering field, as a part of the sustainability working group's work, and in address to the CFES Stance on Sustainability.

The first year that the CFES Conference on Sustainability in Engineering was offered is 2019, at the University of Northern British Columbia in Prince George, BC.

Host schools

 * 2019 University of Northern British Columbia (Prince George, British Columbia)
 * 2020 University of Waterloo (Waterloo, Ontario)
 * 2021 Université de Sherbrooke (Virtual)
 * 2022 University of Guelph (Virtual)
 * 2023 University of British Columbia (Vancouver, British Columbia)
 * 2024 Toronto Metropolitan University (Toronto, Ontario)

Members
The membership of the organization consists of engineering student societies, rather than individual engineering students. Eligibility for membership is limited to those societies located at a Canadian university that has at least one engineering program accredited by the Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board and represents engineering student concerns to the school's administration and engineering faculty.

The member societies are divided into four geographic regions for the purposes of representation on the Federation's board of directors:
 * Atlantic (New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island)
 * Ontario
 * Quebec
 * West (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and the Canadian territories)

Board of directors
As a non-profit organization, the Federation has a board of directors that is responsible for managing the business and property of the organization. Aside from the Chair, the board consists of 3 individuals elected at the annual meeting (the President, and the two National Councillors) and four regional ambassadors, selected using regionally-determined methods. The Vice-Presidents sit on the board as non-voting members:
 * The Chair
 * The President
 * Four (4) Regional Ambassadors
 * Two (2) National Councillors of the Federation
 * The Vice Presidents (Non-Voting)

National Executive
The CFES' operations are split by the National Executive, each operating in a different component. The National Executive will coordinate as one unit and ensure the smooth operations of the federation.
 * President
 * Vice President Advocacy
 * Vice President Finance and Administration
 * Vice President Services
 * Vice President External
 * Vice President Communications

Past

 * President: Duncan Lamont (University of Manitoba)
 * VP Advocacy: Catherine Bentancourt-Lee (University of Calgary)
 * VP Finance and Administration: Emily Schwab (University of Regina)
 * VP Services: Bridget Patterson (University of Prince Edward Island)
 * VP External: Juliette Gagnon (Universite Laval)
 * VP Communications: Christine Nguyen (Toronto Metropolitan University)

Current

 * President: Duncan Lamont (University of Manitoba)
 * VP Advocacy: Catherine Bentancourt-Lee (University of Calgary)
 * VP Finance and Administration: Emily Schwab (University of Regina)
 * VP Services: Bridget Patterson (University of Prince Edward Island)
 * VP External: Juliette Gagnon (Universite Laval)
 * VP Communications: Christine Nguyen (Toronto Metropolitan University)

Commissioners
The CFES further operates with Commissioners conducting the tasks in a specific portfolio. These commissioners are:
 * Corporate Relations Commissioner
 * Bilingualism Commissioner
 * Engineering Change Lab Commissioner
 * IT Commissioner
 * Social Issues Commissioner
 * Communications Commissioner

Activity Managers
The chairs of each of the activities and services offered by the CFES are also considered full officers of the CFES. These include:
 * Lean Six Sigma Activity Manager (L6S)
 * Presidents' Meeting Activity Manager (PM)
 * Conference on Diversity in Engineering Activity Manager (CDE)
 * Canadian Engineering Leadership Conference Activity Manager (CELC)
 * Conference on Sustainability in Engineering Activity Manager (CSE)
 * Canadian Engineering Competition Activity Manager (CEC)

Corporate Partners

 * Engineers Canada
 * Canadian Council of Professional Engineers
 * Association of Canadian Engineering Companies
 * Engineering Change Lab
 * Ontario Society of Professional Engineers

Student Partners

 * Board of European Students of Technology
 * bonding-studenteninitiative e.V. (German student organization for students of engineering and natural sciences)
 * National Association of Engineering Student Councils (American student organization for students of engineering and technology)
 * EngiQueers Canada (National diversity and inclusion engineering student organization)
 * Canadian Association of Business Students (CABS)

Regional Associations

 * Western Engineering Student Societies' Team (WESST)
 * Engineering Student Societies' Council of Ontario (ESSCO)
 * Quebec Confederation for Engineering Student Outreach (QCESO (more recognized by its French acronym, CREIQ))
 * Atlantic Council of Engineering Students (ACES)


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Baptist Churches of New Zealand

The Baptist Churches of New Zealand (Te Hāhi Iriiri o Aotearoa) is a Baptist Christian denomination in New Zealand. Its headquarters are in Auckland, and it is affiliated with the Baptist World Alliance.

History
Several Baptists settled in New Zealand in the 1840s, but the first Baptist minister, Decimus Dolamore from Yorkshire, England, did not arrive until May 1851. Dolamore settled in Nelson and was involved in the formation of the first Baptist Church in New Zealand - Nelson Baptist Church - that same year. He was instrumental in obtaining a change in the law to allow Baptist ministers to perform marriage ceremonies; until 1854, only Catholic and Anglican priests were allowed to do so. Dolamore later went to Christchurch and was the first minister for that congregation.

The Canterbury Baptist Association was formed in 1874. This association started the New Zealand Baptist magazine, which has been published monthly since January 1881. The Baptist Union of New Zealand was formed at Wellington in October 1882. At that time, there were 22 Baptist churches, with 1,890 members. The New Zealand Baptist Missionary Society was formed at the 1885 conference of the Baptist Union. At the 1891 conference, the Union established a plan to divide the country into four districts - "Otago/Southland" (org. 1892), "Auckland" (org. 1892), "Canterbury & Westland" (org. 1892), and "Central" (org. 1896). Central District was later divided into the Central District Association and the "Wellington" Association, and "South Auckland" was formed in 1939. South Auckland was later divided into the "Waikato" Association and the "Bay of Plenty" Association (now Bay of Plenty & Eastland). The "Top of the South" Association was formed in 1990. Some groups were called "auxiliary" and some "association", but in 1957, the term "auxiliary" was dropped in favor of the term "association". There are currently 9 associations.

According to a census published by the association in 2023, it claimed 240 churches and 20,627 members.

Beliefs
Theologically, the Baptist Union member churches are deeply influenced by the charismatic renewal movement, though there is no official position regarding the movement. A study in 1989 indicated that 69% of churches belonging to the Baptist Union identified with the charismatic movement. A smaller portion of member churches are Reformed in doctrine.

Schools and Associated Organisations
The Union supports education through Carey Baptist College in Penrose, Auckland, and Te Whare Amorangi, designed for Māori men and women, in Papatoetoe, Auckland. The Baptist National Centre is the registered office of the Baptist Union of New Zealand, the New Zealand Baptist Missionary Society (Arotahi) and Baptist Care Limited, and is located in Penrose (though due to move in the near future).

Social Media
The Baptist Union of New Zealand has an official presence on Facebook and Instagram which is resourced by staff at the Baptist National Support Centre. Other entities and groups within the Union may have a social media presence, including many local Baptist churches, and these pages and groups are independently maintained and moderated – one such group is the unofficial Baptist Pastors, Staff & Leaders Facebook group with the aim “to provide a space to ask questions, resource one another, and generally to encourage collaboration and association.”

Prominent New Zealand Baptists
Towards the end of his life, Carter became Pastor of the Ponsonby Baptist Church in New Zealand. He was the first president of the Baptist Union of New Zealand. Bishop Coppelstone, Anglican Primate of India is said to have described Carter as the "foremost Sinhalese scholar of this age".
 * Decimus Dolamore - first Baptist minister in New Zealand
 * Thomas Spurgeon - successful evangelist and son of famous English Baptist preacher, Charles Haddon Spurgeon
 * Charles Dallaston - "the Father of the Baptist Union"
 * John James North - the first principal of the New Zealand Baptist Theological College
 * Hopestill Pillow - Baptist Missionary in the Zenana Missions to India.
 * Charles Henry Carter (29 October 1828 – 6 July 1914) - a Baptist missionary to Ceylon. Literary Works - Translations. Carter translated directly from the Greek and Hebrew texts, rather than the English. The Sinhalese work was done in vernacular language, that it could embody the message in a dialect that was understood by the people everywhere. His works include:
 * Sinhalese New Testament 1855
 * Sinhalese Book of Psalms 1863
 * Sinhalese Old Testament 1869
 * English – Sinhalese Dictionary 1881
 * Sinhalese – English Dictionary 1889

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Baptist Churches of New Zealand


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Lilian Rolfe

Lilian Vera Rolfe, (26 April 1914 – 5 February 1945), code name Nadine, was an agent of the United Kingdom's clandestine Special Operations Executive (SOE) organisation in France during World War II. The purpose of SOE was to conduct espionage, sabotage and reconnaissance in occupied Europe against the Axis powers, especially Nazi Germany. SOE agents in France allied themselves with French Resistance groups and supplied them with weapons and equipment parachuted in from England.

Rolfe was a wireless operator for the Historian Network based in Orleans. After four months of work in France, she was captured by the Germans on 31 July 1944. She was executed in Ravensbrück concentration camp in late January 1945.

Early life
Rolfe and her twin sister Helen Fedora Rolfe were the daughters of George Rolfe, a British accountant working in Paris, and a Russian mother. Although she grew up in Paris, Rolfe came to England for a summer in Britain to learn English, but became ill with rheumatic fever. In 1933, when she was nineteen, the family moved to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rolfe was working in the press section of the British Embassy when World War II began in 1939. Part of her job was monitoring German ship movements in and out of Rio. In February 1943, Rolfe left Brazil and her family behind to join the war effort in England. Her ship was badly damaged, probably by a German mine, in the ocean crossing. In England she joined the WAAF on 16 May 1943. Her facility with languages brought her to the attention of the SOE and she joined the organization on 24 November 1943. SOE trained her as a wireless operator. She was unhappy during her training because of a failed romance.

France
On 5 April 1944, Rolfe was dropped off by Westland Lysander airplane at a clandestine airfield near the village of Azay-sur-Cher (near Tours) in German occupied France. Strapped around her waist was a wireless which weighed only 4 kg including its carrying case, a vast improvement over the cumbersome B-2 wireless weighing 15 kg used by previous SOE agents. Rolfe was assigned to work in the Historian network (or circuit) headed by George Alfred "Teddy" Wilkinson and based in the city of Orleans. At the time of her arrival, SOE was infiltrating numerous agents, especially wireless operators, into France in preparation of the Allied invasion of France, (D-day), which would take place on 6 June 1944.

In accordance with SOE doctrine to minimize contact with other agents, Rolfe did not meet with Wilkinson until 2 June. In the meantime, she met and worked with the local French resistance organization, the Maquis, sought out landing sites for clandestine aircraft and parachute drops of supplies, and established safe houses. She sent a total of 67 wireless messages to SOE headquarters in London enabling the SOE to air drop supplies and arms for the Maquis in preparation for their role in hindering the German response to the D-day landings. She moved from place to place and between transmissions hid her radio in various locations. She was involved in a skirmish between the Germans and the Maquis near Olivet.

Capture and Execution
Troubles began in late June when Wilkinson was captured (and later executed) by the Germans. Rolfe continued working under a local leader named Pierre Charié. However, on 31 July the retreating Germans swept the town of Nangis to arrest suspected resisters. In one house they anticipated finding a resister, but instead they found Rolfe, an unexpected treasure, a SOE wireless operator. Her documents were suspicious and they soon found her radio.

Rolfe was interrogated at SD headquarters at 84 Avenue Foch in Paris and imprisoned at Fresnes Prison. On 8 August 1944, with the allies advancing on Paris, Rolfe and other captured SOE agents was sent by train to Germany. In late August she reached Ravensbrück concentration camp for women. Along with SOE agents Violette Szabo and Denise Bloch she volunteered for a work party at Torgau in Saxony, where conditions were better than at Ravensbrūck. They attempted to escape but failed. Sent back to Ravensbrück, they were beaten and put in an underground bunker. On 19 October, they were sent to Königsberg in Brandenburg where they were forced to do heavy labor in winter conditions. Recalled to Ravensbrück in late January 1945, they were in pitiful condition. Rolfe was unable to walk and Bloch was "suffering from gangrene." A few days later they were taken to the courtyard by the crematorium. Camp commandant Fritz Suhren read the order for their execution and they were each shot in the back of the head with a small caliber pistol. Their bodies were cremated. An eyewitness said the women were "very brave" and that Commandant Suhren was annoyed that the Gestapo "did not themselves carry out the execution."

Honours
The name of Lilian Rolfe is engraved on the Runnymede Memorial in Surrey, England. The "Lilian Rolfe House" at the Vincennes Estate, Lambeth was dedicated to her memory. In her honour, the government of France posthumously awarded her the Croix de Guerre. In the town of Montargis in the Loiret département, where she had been active, a street was named for her alias: "Rue Claudie Rolfe". As one of the SOE agents who died for the liberation of France, she is listed on the "Roll of Honour" on the Valençay SOE Memorial in the town of Valençay, in the Indre departément of France. Like many female agents she was seconded into the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry (FANY) when she joined SOE. Thus she is also commemorated on the FANY memorial at St Paul's Church Knightsbridge in London. On 19 August 2021 a plaque was installed on the house Rolfe was born in (32 avenue Duquesne in the 7th arrondissement of Paris) due to the efforts of Barbara Cronk, a member of the Rolfe family.

In the 1958 film Carve Her Name with Pride, the character of Lilian Rolfe was played by Anne Leon.

title: Lilian Rolfe


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Petard

A petard is a small bomb used for blowing up gates and walls when breaching fortifications, originally invented in France in 1579. A typical petard was a conical or rectangular metal device containing 5 - 6 lb of gunpowder, with a slow match for a fuse.

Etymology
Pétard comes from the Middle French péter, to fart, from the root pet, expulsion of intestinal gas, derived from the Latin peditus, past participle of pedere, to break wind. In modern French, a pétard is a firecracker (and it is the basis for the word for firecracker in several other European languages).

Pétardiers were deployed during sieges of castles or fortified cities. The pétard, a rather primitive and exceedingly dangerous explosive device, comprised a brass or iron bell-shaped device filled with gunpowder and affixed to a wooden base called a madrier. This was attached to a wall or gate using hooks and rings, the fuse lit and, if successful, the resulting explosive force, concentrated at the target point, would blow a hole in the obstruction, allowing assault troops to enter.

Shakespeare's phrase "hoist with his own petard"meaning that one could be lifted (blown) upward by one's own bomb, or in other words, be foiled by one's own planhas become an idiom that means "to be harmed by one's own plan (to harm someone else)" or "to fall into one's own trap".

Overview
Petards were often placed either inside tunnels under walls or directly upon gates. The petard's shape allowed the concussive pressure of the blast to be applied entirely towards the destruction of the target structure. Depending on design, a petard could be secured by propping it against the wall or gate using beams, as illustrated, or nailing it in place on a madrier (a thick wooden board fixed in advance to the end of the petard).

Variants
In military use, a petard mortar was a spigot mortar (a weapon that fires explosive projectiles, known as [mortar] bombs, at low velocities, short ranges and parabolic ballistic trajectories) of a 230 mm bore, known to its crews as the "flying dustbin" due to the characteristics of its projectile, an un-aerodynamic 20 kg charge that could be fired up to 100 m. The weapon was carried by the Churchill AVRE tank and was sufficient to breach or demolish many bunkers and earthworks.

In Maltese English, home-made fireworks—a popular and widespread albeit highly dangerous hobby in Malta—are called petards (the word in Maltese, murtal, is related to "mortar"). These petards are detonated by the dozen during feasts dedicated to local patron saints. Maltese petards are made by common people without formal education in chemistry, as an exercise in traditional handiwork.

title: Petard


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List of television stations in Saskatchewan

This is a list of broadcast television stations serving cities in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan.

Defunct stations

 * Channel 4: CHAB-TV - CBC - Moose Jaw
 * Channel 5: CKBI-TV - CBC - Prince Albert
 * Channel 5: CJFB-TV - CBC - Swift Current
 * Channel 5: CKOS-TV - CBC - Yorkton
 * Channel 11: CBKST - CBC - Saskatoon


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Talk:New Madrid, Missouri

History
This town has a lot of history, both as the seat of the Spanish government of Alta Louisiana and as the estimated epicenter of some of the largest earthquakes in North America. I'm working on a section now. -- Jim Redmond 18:46, 5 November 2003 (UTC)

Pronunciation
Is it true that the locals pronounce the name with first syllable stressed -  New MADrid? Valetude (talk) 17:06, 2 February 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140704072802/http://mcdc.missouri.edu/trends/tables/cities1900-1990.pdf to http://mcdc.missouri.edu/trends/tables/cities1900-1990.pdf

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title: Talk:New Madrid, Missouri


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What's Happening!!

What's Happening!! is an American sitcom television series that first aired on ABC from August 5, 1976, premiering as a summer series. It returned as a weekly series from November 1976 until its April 1979 conclusion. What's Happening!! was loosely based on the Eric Monte-penned film Cooley High. From 1985 until 1988, a sequel series titled What's Happening Now!! aired in first-run syndication, with most of the major cast members reprising their roles.

What's Happening!! was Bud Yorkin's second series after he ended his partnership with Norman Lear and Tandem Productions. The show was produced by TOY Productions, which was formed by Yorkin, Saul Turteltaub, and Bernie Orenstein after their split.

Premise
What's Happening!! follows the lives of three working-class African-American teens living in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Watts. The show stars Ernest Thomas as Roger "Raj" Thomas, Haywood Nelson as Dwayne Nelson, and Fred Berry as Freddy "Rerun" Stubbs. Additional co-stars include Danielle Spencer as Roger's younger sister Dee, Mabel King as Roger and Dee's mother Mabel. Shirley Hemphill stars as Shirley Wilson, a tough but lovable waitress at Rob's Place, the neighborhood soda shop where the boys are regular patrons. Recurring characters include Rob (Earl Billings), owner of Rob's Place, and Mrs. Collins (Fritzi Burr), a sardonic but caring history teacher and the sponsor of the school newspaper.

Characters

 * Roger Everett Gerald "Raj" Thomas (Ernest Thomas), the show's protagonist, is a teenager living in Watts with his divorced mother Mabel, and his younger sister Dee.
 * Dwayne Clemens Nelson (Haywood Nelson) is the youngest member of the trio.
 * Frederick (Freddy) J. "Rerun" Stubbs (Fred Berry) is a bumbling, comedic young man.
 * Dee Thomas (Danielle Spencer) is Raj's younger sibling.
 * Mabel “Mama” Thomas (Mabel King) is Raj and Dee's divorced mother.
 * Shirley Wilson (Shirley Hemphill) is a waitress at the neighborhood soda shop.

Recurring characters

 * Bill Thomas (Thalmus Rasulala) is Mabel's ex-husband and the father of Roger and Dee.
 * Gene "Rabbit" Walker (Ray Vitte) is a political science major at the University of Southern California, and a track team member.
 * Detective "Big Earl" Barnett (John Welsh) is a police detective.
 * "Little Earl" Barnett (David Hollander) is Big Earl's son.
 * Rob (Earl Billings) is the owner of Rob's Place and Shirley's boss.
 * Terry "Snake" Simpson (Leland Smith) is a star college basketball player whom Roger tutors in the third season.
 * Mrs. Gertrude Collins (Fritzi Burr) is the boys' high school teacher.
 * Marvin (Bryan O'Dell) is the boys' high school classmate and works for the school newspaper as a reporter.
 * Diane Harris (Debbi Morgan) is another classmate of Roger, Dwayne, and Rerun.

Notable guest stars

 * The Doobie Brothers appeared as themselves to perform a concert at Jefferson High (which was portrayed as Doobie Brother Patrick Simmons' alma mater).
 * Actor Theodore Wilson made three appearances on What's Happening!! as three different characters.
 * Actress Chip Fields appeared on What's Happening!! as two different characters.
 * The dance group the Lockers, of whom Fred Berry was a founding member, appeared in the first season as a group called the Rockets for whom Rerun auditions.
 * Sorrell Booke appeared as a college-basketball booster who tries to manipulate Snake in the third-season episode "Basketball Brain".
 * Actor Tim Reid appeared as Dr. Claymore in the episode "It's All in Your Head".
 * Irene Cara appeared as Rerun's would-be immigrant bride Maria in the episode "Rerun Gets Married".
 * Musician and actor Slim Gaillard appeared as Al in the episode "The Thomas Treasure".
 * Noted jazz singer Bill Henderson appeared in season 2, episode 3, "Trial and Error", as Clarence Hopkins.

Production
The pilot episode, "The Birthday Present", was videotaped in front of a live audience at ABC Television Studios in the Los Feliz section of Los Angeles on March 16, 1976. Three additional episodes were videotaped that June, with the plan to release What's Happening!! as a short-duration "summer series" in August, 1976. The first episode aired, "The Runaway", was actually the second episode taped, but was used as the premiere because it featured Fred Berry's dancing skills in a short scene.

The series was picked up after a successful summer run, and additional episodes were ordered for a November, 1976 airdate. Production was moved from ABC to Golden West Videotape Division Studios, an older, but larger facility, where it would remain for the rest of the series.

During the second season, Fred Berry demanded a higher salary and better studio accommodations for the actors by using the show's first season's success as leverage. The accommodations issue eventually led to a full-fledged walkout by Berry and Thomas during the second-season episode "If I'm Elected" (leaving Haywood Nelson to carry the entire episode, with Shirley Hemphill stepping to the forefront, along with Bryan O'Dell and Debbi Morgan in featured speaking parts). Producer Bud Yorkin, in turn, suspended the pair, forcing them to sign $25,000 promissory notes to return to the show and guard against further walkouts. The dispute was quickly settled, and both returned for the following episode.

In addition, Mabel King offered producers input on her character and storylines during the second season. She requested that Mabel's ex-husband, Bill, (Thalmus Rasulala) return full-time in order for the children to have (once again) married parents, showcasing what she felt would be a strong Black family. The producers disagreed with King's unsolicited input, which resulted in additional tension on-set and a much-reduced role for King during the second season. Her character, Mama, was not written out of the show but rather limited to brief appearances on set (where she would say she was "leaving for work" or "going to the store") or mentioned in passing by other characters as being "at work".

Series changes
The show changed significantly in the third season, with Raj and Rerun graduating high school (Rerun after seven years, ostensibly due to a learning disability), with the two moving into their own apartment near the University of Southern California. Mabel King finally left the show (her character moved to Phoenix, Arizona, to tend to a sick relative), and Shirley moved into the Thomas household as a boarder and Dee's guardian. Also, several new recurring characters were introduced. The first was a basketball player whom Roger tutored and nicknamed "The Snake" (played by Leland Smith). The other characters were white detective "Big Earl" Barnett (played by John Welsh) and his son "Little Earl" Barnett (played by David Hollander), who were neighbors in the apartment building where Roger and Rerun lived.

What became the role of "Little Earl" was initially created to be filled by ten-year-old Gary Coleman at the suggestion of ABC President Fred Silverman. Silverman was a huge proponent of Coleman and, feeling that breakout stardom was around the corner for the young talent, wanted him added to the show. When Silverman left ABC in 1978 to head rival network NBC, he had Diff'rent Strokes created for Coleman; it ran for eight years and was highly rated.

Cancellation
During the third season (1978–79), Berry again threatened to strike over a drastic salary increase (not appearing in the third-season episode "Dee, the Cheerleader"). Thomas joined Berry in the strike threat, which led to a heated meeting with the executive producers, culminating with Berry making accusations of racism. In light of the unverifiable accusations, and being unable to come to terms, the producers opted to cancel the series, which was only moderately successful at the time.

What's Happening!! aired its last episode on April 28, 1979. A year later, Hemphill starred in her own sitcom, One in a Million, which premiered in January 1980 and ended on July 23, 1980, after being on ABC for several months.

Ratings
What's Happening!! was a modest ratings success.

Success and What's Happening Now!!
The show was a modest success in its network run, despite some serious production problems, and repeats of the show's 65 episodes did reasonably well in syndication. In some markets, the show was perceived to appeal to both children and adults in a similar way to The Brady Bunch and Happy Days. The show was often aired in transitional hours where stations would change their after-school programming lineup from cartoons to evening sitcoms in the 1980s. In a few markets the show actually had higher ratings in syndication than during the network run. With this success in mind, a revival of the show was produced entitled What's Happening Now!! It ran from 1985 to 1988 in first-run syndication.

Home media
Sony Pictures Home Entertainment has released all three seasons of What's Happening!!

On August 27, 2013, it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to various television series from the Sony Pictures library including What's Happening!! On September 2, 2014, they re-released the first two seasons on DVD.

On April 21, 2015, Mill Creek released a budget-priced complete series set, a 6-disc set featuring all 65 episodes.

Syndication
The show was syndicated on many local channels (with all 66 episodes of sequel series What's Happening Now!! joining the syndication package in the fall of 1988 to total 131 episodes) and continued in an on-again, off-again manner until 2009.

BET reran both series from September 20, 1993, to October 27, 1995.

TV Land reran the show during the 2005–2006 season.

As of March 1, 2013, cable network TV One shows reruns of What's Happening!!

On December 2, 2013, the newly rebranded Encore Black channel started airing What's Happening!!

Starting January 2, 2017, the digital broadcast network Antenna TV began airing the original series.

title: What's Happening!!


text:
Talk:Garden

Comment
I organized the article to try and not blend the distinction between garden and gardening. I feel that this article is okay and focuses a lot on the different types of gardens, which is okay, because the word garden is a broad term in this sense. Hreynolds16 (talk) 03:56, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

The distinction between garden and gardening is delicate; we need to bound these carefully, so as to avoid random duplication. Main distinction is that one is a class of objects, and the other is an activity; so garden can describe gardens "statically", while gardening describes the endeavor. Many topics don't bother to divide things this finely, but the size of the topic justifies it here I think. The computer and computing articles are analogous. Stan 19:05, 5 Nov 2003 (UTC)

I'm in complete agreement, and that's exactly the intention with setting up the garden article instead of continued redirection to the gardening article. There is, however, quite a bit of deconstruction to be done from the current mish-mash of articles, so that they become coherent articles. And those are the tasks still to be done. Little by little, as time permits. : Sfdan 20:24, 5 Nov 2003 (UTC)

I was editing at Gardening and noted there was an article Garden. Personally, I think the difference is not one worth preserving, but clearly some of you do. It would therefore be helpful for you to better define the "different" directions of the two articles more so than the current rather obvious definitions of place vs activity (I think I am more or less repeating Stan's comment above) and asking for a bit more justification. In general, combining would actually result in a far better article, with new articles split off for the different kinds of gardens. Which raises the obvious questions: should there be a roof garden and roof gardening, vegetable garden and vegetable gardening, etc. ? - Marshman 17:42, 1 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Further, the redirects could do with some cleanup. "Residential gardening" is linked here, but redirects back to the same article, "Garden".  "Gardener" redirects to "gardening", not totally unexpected, but surely a couple of paragraphs can be written on the profession, there have been historical gardners and pioneering gardener, not to mention that we now have lifestyle and celebrity gardeners as well. Quill 22:54, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

garden design?
Garden design and __designer link to landscape architect. Did someone intend to create specialized entries wrt garden design? Otherwise, I'm going to edit the links. Quill 01:09, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Good job!
Just making a random comment: This article is very impressive. It's direct, to the point, clean, and pretty (definitely a plus). Good job, those of you who maintained it. Riffraffselbow 02:42, 2 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Two lovely flowers Luvlyjane (talk) 17:24, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

vandalism in article
Ode to Garden is inappropriate under WP:Vandalism. But you are free to discuss it here on the talk page.Berean Hunter (talk) 23:25, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

Propose removing *Gardens in Literature* section
I propose that The Gardens in Literature section be removed and a further reading section created. Only the first listing from the previous section would be preserved. The section currently resembles a *Gardens in Pop culture* section where any work that uses the word 'garden' can get entry...it has absolutely no relevance...the 'gardens' are fiction and convey nothing useful to this article.

What do you think? Berean Hunter (talk) 11:59, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

Persian Garden
Can anyone please upload a picture of a garden from Iran? Persian gardens have a long history -> see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_garden

'The desire to enrich the City of Geneva's cultural and botanical patrimony by giving it a Persian Garden was born three years ago. Particularly suited to Geneva's international role and reputation, the Persian Garden symbolizes peace and harmony.

The conception and planning of this public Garden has had to take into account the precise aesthetics of traditional Persian Gardens. Accordingly, the Persian Garden of Geneva Association has been advised by specialists in the fields of Architecture, Landscaping and Horticulture from around the world.

UNESCO has defined this Persian Garden Project as a symbol of peace and love, overcoming political and cultural barriers.

http://www.payvand.com/news/10/mar/1032.html —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ditc (talk • contribs) 04:30, 5 March 2010 (UTC)

Gardening resources
Can anyone add a gardening resource web site? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.12.14.250 (talk) 06:48, 12 April 2012 (UTC)
 * It depends on what you mean. WP:EL describes how Wikipedia deals with links to other websites, and we normally would not link to commercial sites. --Tryptofish (talk) 18:08, 12 April 2012 (UTC)

Too many photos?
The page contains too many photographs. While that may not be such a bad thing, but it breaks formatting in the garden design subsection. Should these be removed, or someone with more formatting knowledge fix it? Shikhin (talk) 12:07, 22 September 2012 (UTC)
 * It's a tough question as to just how many are enough. I'm disinclined to move them into a gallery. Two new photos were just added today, so I just now reverted those because of your comment. I also moved two images that were in the lead down slightly, so that they wouldn't spill across the boundary with the design section – does that help for your display? For this particular page, it probably makes sense to have more photos than most other pages have. What do other editors think? --Tryptofish (talk) 21:48, 22 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes, the formatting is fixed as of now. However, having so many images on the right seems a little disconcerting to me. It would perhaps be better if > than half of them are moved into a gallery? Shikhin (talk) 03:42, 23 September 2012 (UTC)

History and sociology
Two questions not well addressed by this article (to which I do not know answers): 1. Which cultures and nations have gardens, for how long (historically), and among which classes of people? 2. Why do gardens exist? (Obviously only a summary of analysis with references in the article.) RPTB1 (talk) 15:58, 11 November 2013 (UTC)

Types of gardens
I'm curious as to the logic of removing lasagna gardens from the types of gardens. How do you differentiate between types and techniques? A squash garden could be considered a different type than a tomato garden. Also, a sacred garden or zen garden could obviously be grown, or arranged, for different reasons than a simple vegetable garden, and therefore considered different types. I see your point there. If you remove garden types because they are a technique, would you also need to remove square foot garden, rain garden, etc? After all, a rain garden could be the exact same style or 'type' as any other garden, however it is watered by rain collection rather than irrigation or some other means. Does that mean it is a different technique? I would think so. A square foot garden is just a small technique, no?

I think of a lasagna garden being a very different type of garden as the composition of the garden material is quite different than all other gardening types, much like hydroponic gardening.

Could you explain to me how you see the difference between type and technique when it comes to gardening, and whether or not lasagna gardening is considered a valid type?

Thanks! Richhersey (talk) 18:42, 6 March 2014 (UTC)

 * The distinction between types and techniques is perhaps not an absolute one, but I decided to remove your addition of 'Lasagna garden' from the list of types because it seemed to me to be primarily a technique which could be employed in many gardens. Also the term 'Lasagna gardening' currently redirects to Sheet mulching, which I wouldn't regard as a 'type' of garden. Some of the other entries under 'garden types' could perhaps also be removed. PaleCloudedWhite (talk) 19:52, 6 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Would it, perhaps, improve the page if both types and techniques were separated and listed? I can see your point, and perhaps Sheet mulching, Rain garden, and others should be listed under varying techniques, rather than removed. I think knowing about different gardening techniques certainly contributes to this article. Would you agree? Rich 20:11, 6 March 2014 (UTC)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Richhersey (talk • contribs)

 * This article is rather basic at the moment, and has potential to expand significantly, in which case including gardening techniques would make the article too long, in my view. I think it would be more logical and apposite to place techniques within the Gardening article - which I notice also has a 'Types' section, just to blur things even more... Both articles probably need a bit of attention to ensure information is in the most appropriate place. PaleCloudedWhite (talk) 21:02, 6 March 2014 (UTC)

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Gardening Editing
Hello, I just wanted to let everyone know that I am a student and am task with the assignment of editing an article and was just going to do some copy edits and structural edits. I agree with most of your comments and understand to be careful between the fine line of garden and gardening. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hreynolds16 (talk • contribs) 16:45, 23 September 2020 (UTC)

Team-B-Vital Improvement Drive
Hello all!

This article has been chosen as this week's effort for WP:Discord's #team-b-vital channel, a collaborate effort to bring Stub and Start class Vital articles up to a B class if possible, similar to WP:Articles for Improvement. This effort will run for up to seven days, ending early if the article is felt to be at B-class or impossible to further improve. Articles are chosen by a quick vote among interested chatters, with the goal of working together on interesting Vital articles that need improving. This is the fifth article chosen.

Thank you! -- ferret (talk) 20:24, 12 August 2021 (UTC)

Science 7th class
Garden matter in english 103.44.13.82 (talk) 15:24, 27 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Garden


text:
Hoover

Hoover may refer to:

Music

 * Hoover (band), an American post-hardcore band
 * Hooverphonic, a Belgian band originally named Hoover
 * Hoover (singer), Willis Hoover, a country and western performer active in 1960s and '70s
 * "Hoover" (song), a 2016 song by Swedish rapper Yung Lean
 * Hoover sound, a heavy bass driven drone sound used in electronic music
 * Hoover (composer), Katherine Hoover an American contemporary classical music and chamber music composer.

People

 * Hoover (surname)
 * Herbert Hoover, 31st president of the United States
 * J. Edgar Hoover (1895–1972), first director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
 * Hoover Orsi (born 1978), Brazilian race car driver
 * Hoover J. Wright (1928–2003), American football and track and field coach

Places in the United States

 * Hoover, Alabama, the 6th largest city in Alabama
 * Hoover, Indiana
 * Hoover, Missouri
 * Hoover, Oklahoma
 * Hoover, South Dakota
 * Hoover, Texas
 * Hoover Dam, on the Colorado River, Nevada and Arizona
 * Hoover Dam (Ohio), on the Big Walnut Creek
 * Hoover Field, Washington, D.C.'s first airport, located where the Pentagon now stands
 * Hoover Tower, an 285 ft structure on the campus of Stanford University

Schools

 * Hoover High School (disambiguation)
 * Hoover Elementary School (disambiguation)

Other uses

 * The Hoover Company, a manufacturer of appliances, especially vacuum cleaners
 * Vacuum cleaner, called by the generic term hoover in some countries
 * D&B Hoovers, a business information company based in Austin, Texas, US
 * Hoover (film), a 2000 American drama film
 * Hoover (seal), a harbor seal that learned to imitate basic human speech
 * Hoover index, Edgar Malone Hoover's inequality measure
 * Lockheed S-3 Viking, nicknamed Hoover
 * Operation Hoover
 * Hoover Institution, a public-policy think tank at Stanford University founded by Herbert Hoover, later US president
 * Hoover League, created by the Republican Party to campaign for the re-election of U.S. president Herbert Hoover

title: Hoover


text:
Talk:Disney anthology television series

Ended
The article says that the series "ended for good," but doesn't ABC (now owned by Disney) show it on Sunday nights now? I'm sure I see it advertised weekly. —Frecklefoot 19:08, 5 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Michael Eisner
Does anyone know if Michael Eisner does actually present the show? If so, who will present the show when Eisner leaves Sept 30? Surely not Bob Iger? --Speedway 16:53, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

I seem to remember "The Wonderful World of Disney" was on CBS in 1990. (They were showing "Mickey's Christmas Carol" and had a commercial for Beethoven. The CBS "bug" was on the screen, too.) Am I crazy?

What I mean is, my mom taped "Mickey's Christmas Carol" a long time ago. The opening sequence had Mickey painting with magical paintbrushes and a lot of things. All during that sequence, an orchestral mix of "When You Wish Upon a Star" and "Part of Your World" was playing. Then, the title appeared. After a Donald Duck cartoon, I caught those dogs barking out "Jingle Bells" while I saw the Universal logo. After that, Mom cut through the commercials. When she did that, I saw the CBS "bug" at the bottom while everyone looked at a brown photo of some of the Disney gang singing Christmas carols. I think at the end of the movie, there was a preview of "The Nightmare Before Christmas". I also saw on the same tape the beginning of the same sequence with the ABC "bug". Am I crazy? Sorry for the long message. 71.111.209.99 15:04, 22 January 2006 (UTC)

Man, I just don't get it. I don't get it. Does anyone know about this? I'll have the link for an example in a minute. Ah, here it is. Now, the open I saw was much longer and had clips from Honey, I Shrunk the Kids and was flying over Disney-MGM Studios. It was also titled "The Wonderful World of Disney". It also didn't have the live-action 101 Dalmations and Toy Story clips (instead, Roger Rabbit and 3 Men and a Baby). Now can you see what I'm saying? Thank you. 71.111.232.40 20:18, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

 * The opens tended to evolve over the years, so all sorts of variations probably exist. —tregoweth (talk) 22:57, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

You're probably right. Say, you can help contribute to this article. Would you mind helping add on to it, tregoweth? 71.111.232.40 13:13, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

Videos
Look under the external links banner. I put up some video opens through YouTube. I hope you enjoy them. 71.111.232.40 20:54, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

Hey, who took the videos down? 71.111.232.40 22:17, 28 June 2006 (UTC)

Nobody's explaining why they put down the videos. I'm not going to hurt you or anything. Just please tell me what's going on. Thank you. 71.111.232.40 19:25, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Looking back through the history, it looks like I did, without meaning to. I'd re-add them, but that's probably a copyright violation, and I don't want to attract Disney's lawyers. —tregoweth (talk) 21:14, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

How? As long as they don't know about it, we're clear. I bet Disney's lawyers really don't care. 71.111.232.40 00:02, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

I put them back. Please do not touch. I put in a good 15 minutes doing this. Thank you. 71.111.232.40 00:05, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

What I meant is originally. 71.111.232.40 00:06, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

 * If a link is not legal and may harm Wikipedia, chances are someone will take it down. —tregoweth (talk) 00:45, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

How could it not be legal? Nobody uses them anymore. 71.111.232.40 01:52, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Whether they're being used or not, the programs (and their openings) are still copyrighted material, and whoever posted them to YouTube did so without Disney's permission. Disney could bring legal action against YouTube for hosting it, and possibly Wikipedia for linking to it. You may want to read Copyrights for more information. —tregoweth (talk) 03:29, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

Friend, I took 2 classes in Computer Applications. I know a lot about copyright law and the fair use policy. Are we out to make a profit? No. Are we entering a contest? No. So, as far as I'm concerned, we're OK. 71.111.232.40 23:22, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

 * No offense, but taking those classes doesn't make you a lawyer. :) Fair use is pretty complicated, and in lieu of expert legal advice, it's usually best to err on the side of caution. —tregoweth (talk) 04:27, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

Well, I still don't think we're doing anything wrong. I may not be a lawyer, but I know we're not trying to get in legal trouble. 71.111.232.40 15:21, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

 * They're taken down because you may have breeched some copyrights issues without knowing it. This is very common in the YouTube World, especially after the Viacom lawsuit. I myself, would like to find out if The Disney Shows that were once on The 'Disney' Channel would be on TV again, like on PBS or once Disney Junior is launched, there should be talks on a Vault Disney Channel or have them be back on The Disney Channel at midnight...the teenagers aren't up at late-night and many of the people who are would usually tape or TiVo it....Warren67 (talk) 00:45, 23 January 2011 (UTC)

Article name
I've been thinking that the article should be renamed to something like "Disney anthology TV series"—it's not strictly a Walt Disney (the man) series, and the title currently doesn't indicate what kind of series it is. Thoughts? Comments? :) —tregoweth (talk) 02:02, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

Syndication
Does anyone know about the Syndication details? In the late 80's / Early 90's there was a daily syndicated version of this that I used to watch every day as a kind on channel 31 (Sacramento area). That is all of the details I have, though. It was basically rerunning the entire library, which is where I first saw things like the "Wonderful World of Color" episode, etc. 67.181.97.183 03:49, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Wwod open.jpg
Image:Wwod open.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 03:26, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

The 1980's version...
According to the article, the version of the show that aired on CBS was called Walt Disney. That's incorrect; it was called Walt Disney Presents. It may have also been called by that name in the late 50's, but that was before my time, so I wouldn't know about that. However, I distinctly remember when it moved to CBS, and it was called Walt Disney Presents. Up to this time, Disney's show usually aired on Sunday nights when we were at church, so we were excited when it was moved to a night that we would actually be home.97.73.64.150 (talk) 21:01, 8 April 2013 (UTC)

International Markets
There's no section for international broadcasts of the show?

The Wonderful World Of Disney aired as a mixture of reruns and Disney film repeats on Network Seven in Australia up until 1994(the last film premiere being Disney's Aladdin) before the Disney Channel came to Optus Vision(and later Foxtel) in late 1994/5.

The same business relationship between Seven and Disney saw the creation of Saturday Disney in 1990.

The actual theme of the Australian version was a mixture of Hi-Ho and Wish upon a Star. Colliric (talk) 05:17, 20 July 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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ABC in 1996
I'm fairly certain TWWD was airing on ABC in 1996 and not CBS, especially because of this: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9TFXI-H968U

KOCO-TV is an ABC-affiliated station, not to mention, there were advertisments about The Lion King's premiere in 1996 on "The Wonderful World of Disney". Dpm12 (talk) 02:50, 9 December 2017 (UTC)

RCA and "The Wonderful World of Color"
Does anyone think that it is worth mentioning that NBC was owned by RCA who owned most of the patents on color TV broadcasting? "The Wonderful World of Color" was designed to speed the adoption of color TV as all color TV's produced resulted in royalties to RCA. This explains the change in title with the move from ABC. It was not by accident that NBC was promoted as the first "All Color" network.Corumplex (talk) 21:09, 30 November 2018 (UTC)

Space Jam on The Wonderful World of Disney?
I'm not sure Space Jam was ever on The Wonderful World of Disney. Why would Disney promote their competition? -2600:1702:2C60:A60:89DB:4537:566A:F1CB (talk) 17:49, 17 June 2020 (UTC)

The Disney Sunday Movie’s Time
Shouldn’t the article say “8:00pm to 9:00pm Eastern time”? I thought The Disney Sunday Movie was only an hour long. Cbsteffen (talk) 13:06, 2 June 2021 (UTC)

Andy Burnett
I think the story arc of Andy Burnett on Walt Disney's Disneyland and elsewhere should be covered somewhere in Wikipedia. Even if it may not merit its own article, the title Andy Burnett should redirect to a section somewhere. Andrewa (talk) 14:52, 18 April 2023 (UTC)

There is a little material at Stewart Edward White. Andrewa (talk) 15:00, 18 April 2023 (UTC)

Abigail Disney
Hi I see that Abigail Disney is listed as the host but to the best of my knowledge this series has been without a host since Michael Eisner left about 20 years ago, and also i cannot find any evidence to back up the idea of Abigail Disney hosting so unless anyone else has found something that i have not, i believe it to be false and needs to be removed. BWMESQ (talk) 00:27, 18 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Removed the vandalism from December 2022. Msw1002 (talk) 01:54, 18 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Disney anthology television series


text:
User:Infortis

Welcome to my user page. My primary interests are book collecting, music, medieval studies, genealogy, colonial history, etc. I hope to contribute articles on these subjects and others, so check back from time to time. Infortis 19:14, 5 Nov 2003 (UTC) I am currently working on a bibliography of French historian Christian Settipani and hope to have a new article up shortly. :Infortis 00:00, 12 Jan 2004 (UTC)

title: User:Infortis


text:
Oh Yeah! Cartoons

'Oh Yeah! Cartoons' is an American animated anthology series that aired on Nickelodeon. Created by Fred Seibert, it was produced by Frederator Incorporated and Nickelodeon Animation Studio, running as part of Nickelodeon's Nicktoons lineup. In the show's first season, it was hosted by a variety of schoolchildren, and the second season was hosted by Kenan Thompson of All That and Kenan & Kel, and later Josh Server of All That in the third and final season. Bill Burnett composed the show's theme music.

In terms of total volume, ''Oh Yeah! Cartoons'' remains TV's biggest animation development program ever. Giving several dozen filmmakers the opportunity to create 96 seven-minute cartoons, the series eventually yielded three dedicated half-hour spin-off shows produced by Frederator: The Fairly OddParents, ChalkZone, and My Life as a Teenage Robot.

Nickelodeon's Oh Yeah! featured in its first season a total of 39 brand new seven-minute cartoons, surpassing the number of new cartoons and characters on any other single network. In its full run, ''Oh Yeah! Cartoons'' featured and produced 96 cartoons.

Many of the animated shorts were created by cartoonists who later became more prominent, including Bob Boyle, Bill Burnett, Jaime Diaz, Greg Emison, John Eng, Thomas R. Fitzgerald, John Fountain, Antoine Guilbaud, Butch Hartman, Larry Huber, Ken Kessel, Alex Kirwan, Steve Marmel, Seth MacFarlane, Zac Moncrief, Carlos Ramos, Rob Renzetti, C. Miles Thompson, Byron Vaughns, Pat Ventura, Vincent Waller, and Dave Wasson.

Many of its animators featured had worked two years earlier on Cartoon Network's What a Cartoon!, produced in the same concept by Hanna-Barbera and Cartoon Network Studios, which was also created by Seibert while he was president of that historical studio.

Legacy
''Oh Yeah! Cartoons'' is the second Frederator short cartoon incubator. Frederator Studios has persisted in the tradition of surfacing new talent, characters, and series with several cartoon shorts "incubators," including (as of 2016): What A Cartoon! (Cartoon Network, 1995), The Meth Minute 39 (Channel Frederator, 2008), Random! Cartoons (Nickelodeon/Nicktoons, 2008), Too Cool! Cartoons (Cartoon Hangover, 2012), and GO! Cartoons (Cartoon Hangover, 2017). These laboratories have spun off notable series like: Dexter's Laboratory, The Powerpuff Girls, ChalkZone, Johnny Bravo, Cow & Chicken, My Life as a Teenage Robot, Courage the Cowardly Dog, The Fairly OddParents, Nite Fite, Fanboy & Chum Chum, Adventure Time, Bravest Warriors, Rocket Dog, and Bee and PuppyCat.

Filmography
Fred Seibert cartoon shorts filmography

Similar shows

 * Random! Cartoons (Nicktoons)
 * Disney's Raw Toonage (CBS)
 * What a Cartoon! (Cartoon Network)
 * Shorty McShorts' Shorts (Disney Channel)
 * KaBlam! (Nickelodeon)
 * Short Circutz (YTV)
 * The Cartoonstitute (Cartoon Network)
 * DC Nation Shorts (Cartoon Network)
 * Liquid Television (MTV)

title: Oh Yeah! Cartoons


text:
Rochelle

Rochelle may refer to:

Places in the United States

 * Rochelle, Florida, an unincorporated community
 * Rochelle, Georgia, a city
 * Rochelle, Illinois, a city
 * Rochelle, Texas, an unincorporated community
 * Rochelle, Virginia, an unincorporated community
 * Lake Rochelle, north of Winter Haven, Florida

People and fictional characters

 * Rochelle (given name), a list of people and fictional characters
 * Rochelle (surname), a list of people
 * Rochelle Perts (born 1992), stage name Rochelle, Surinamese-Dutch singer

Schools

 * Rochelle School, Rochelle, Florida, on the National Register of Historic Places
 * Rochelle School of the Arts, Lakeland, Florida
 * Rochelle Township High School, Rochelle, Illinois, United States
 * Rochelle High School (Texas), United States
 * Rochelle School (Ireland), Cork, Ireland, a former predominantly Church of Ireland preparatory school for girls merged into Ashton School in 1972

Other uses

 * Rochelle (LB&SCR no.119), a London, Brighton and South Coast Railway E1 class
 * Rochelle, Rochelle, a fictional recurring film in the TV series Seinfeld

title: Rochelle


text:
Lord Keeper of the Great Seal

The Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of England, and later of Great Britain, was formerly an officer of the English Crown charged with physical custody of the Great Seal of England. This position evolved into that of one of the Great Officers of State.

History
The seal was adopted by Edward the Confessor, and its custody was at first entrusted to a chancellor. The office of chancellor from the time of Thomas Becket onwards varied much in importance. The holder being a churchman, he was not only engaged in the business of his diocese, but was sometimes away from England. Consequently, it became not unusual to place the personal custody of the great seal in the hands of a vice-chancellor or keeper; this was also the practice followed during a temporary vacancy in the chancellorship.

This office gradually developed into a permanent appointment, and the lord keeper acquired the right of discharging all the duties connected with the great seal. He was usually, though not necessarily, a peer, and held office during the king's pleasure. He was appointed merely by delivery of the seal, and not, like the chancellor, by patent. His status was definitely fixed (in the case of lord keeper Sir Nicholas Bacon) by the Lord Keeper Act 1562 (5 Eliz 1 c. 18), which declared him entitled to like place, pre-eminence, jurisdiction, execution of laws, and all other customs, commodities, and advantages as the Lord Chancellor. In subsequent reigns the lord keeper was generally raised to the chancellorship, and retained the custody of the seal.

The last lord keeper was Robert Henley, afterwards Earl of Northington, who was made chancellor on the accession of George III.

title: Lord Keeper of the Great Seal


text:
Marc Ferrez (photographer)

Marc Ferrez (December 7, 1843 – January 12, 1923) was a Brazilian photographer active in Rio de Janeiro. He photographed Brazil from south to north, but paid more attention to his home city, Rio de Janeiro. Ferrez is most well known for his albums of railway constructions and the panoramic views of the city of Rio de Janeiro and its development. His other popular works document architecture and Brazili's natural feaures, such as mountains, waterfalls, and jungles. Ferrez is considered by photography historians to be a master at his craft; his work is on the same level as famous photographers William Henry Jackson and Eadweard Muybridge.

Biography
Marc Ferrez was the son of the French sculptor and engraver Zepherin Ferrez who moved to Rio de Janeiro in 1816. Marc Ferrez was born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He studied in Paris then came back to Rio as an apprentice to photographer Franz Keller of Germany. In 1865, Ferrez opened his own photography studio where he primarily focused of landscapes and Brazilian nature. His work became so popular that Emperor Dom Pedro II gave him funds to support his art, allowing Ferrez to explore every angle that the camera had to offer. Just eight years after its opening, in 1873, his studio burned down. He returned to France to purchase a new camera, opting for one that had the capability of taking panoramic photos. This was a view of photography that was still in its infancy. When he finally returned to Rio de Janeiro, he focused on rural landscapes and documenting slaves working on the plantations. Between 1875 and 1876, Ferrez joined American Charles Frederick Hartt on a geological and geographic expedition to the inner province of Bahia. It was during this trip that Ferrez photographed the indigenous Botocudo tribe, and widely employed techniques of panoramic photography, of which he would later be regarded as a master.

Ferrez's life was dedicated to the art of photography and he is considered one of the greatest photographers of his time. His production was massive, and his photographs document the consolidation of Brazil as a nation and Rio de Janeiro as a metropolis. Emperor Pedro II declared Ferrez the "photographer of the Royal Navy", because of his superior skill of neutralizing the ships movements. In 1876, he entered his photos with an ethnological interest into the Centennial International Exhibition in Pennsylvania. He won a gold medal. In 1882 he won in the South American Continental Exhibition in Buenos Aires. In 1904, he entered his material into the St. Louis Worlds Fair and was the only photographer to win a gold medal. In 1907, he opened his own picture house in Rio de Janeiro, Pathé Cinema. It was here that he tried out new technology that enhanced the field of photography.

During the end of his life he focused more on photographing architecture and street scenes in Rio de Janeiro. Ferrez died in 1923 and left thousands of pictures and reproductions of his works.

title: Marc Ferrez (photographer)


text:
Talk:Modular group

Figures?
Figures? Mtaub

Title
I can add a lot to this...although I think the article title should just be "Modular group" rather than "Modular group Gamma", the standard notation can just be mentioned in the article itself. Also, technically, the modular group is PSL(2,Z), not SL(2,Z), although the distinction is usually glossed over in practice. There are a lot of applications of this to number theory and geometry. Revolver

Please do - I see you are working on Fuchsian groups. Eventually someone will redirect modular group here. We could have a page for Gamma-zero-of-N for all small N! (Just kidding.)

Charles Matthews 19:38, 5 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Tex trouble
I would if I could, but I can't so I won't. (For now.)  Apparently, nothing I type in will appear texed, although everything already there is fine. I went into the matrix T and changed the entries to a, b, c, and d and it WOULDN'T ******* tex it, but I put back the 1, 1, 0, 1 and it was fine again. What the hell is with that??? I'm pulling my hair out. Revolver

The problem seems to be solved. Sorry for the fuss (or maybe not, it really wasn't working yesterday.) I'll get to the other changes I wanted to yesterday in a short while. Revolver 7 Nov 2003

More to come... Revolver 7 Nov 2003

Thanks
Thanks for catching that mistake with S, Gandalf. Revolver 01:09, 9 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Notation
Why the notation S*L(2,Z) for integer matrices with determinant ±1. Would it not be more clear to just write GL(2,Z)? -- Fropuff 15:37, 2005 Mar 23 (UTC)

 * It might be Linas who wrote that, judging from the recent contributions in the history. If this is so, and if you don't get an answer soon, I would suggest you go to Linas's talk page, as Linas has a history of not checking the watchlist too often. :) Oleg Alexandrov 15:55, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * S*L(2,Z) was indeed introduced on this page by Linas. But surely GL(2,Z) is the group of non-singular integer 2x2 matrices i.e. matrices with non-zero determinant ? This is not the same as what Linas means by S*L(2,Z). Having said that, I have questioned the relevance of his S*L(2,Z) to the modular group anyway, as the modular group is isomorphic to PSL(2,Z) - see this section on his talk page. Gandalf61 20:34, Mar 23, 2005 (UTC)

GL(2,Z) is just the group of integer matrices with determinant ±1. Recall that a matrix with entries in a commutative ring R is invertible iff the determinant is invertible in R. The only units in the ring of integers are ±1. Of course, if R is a field then the group of units is the set of all nonzero elements, so one recovers the usual definition. -- Fropuff 22:30, 2005 Mar 23 (UTC)

 * I don't log on every day, and check my watchlist only every few weeks/month... not a fast responder. Several remarks:
 * * There's a variety of phenomena that need to discuss the case of det=-1 to properly treat the subject. Farey sequence, fibonacci sequence, continued fractions and fractal symmetries come to mind; there are other cases that escape me. (The 2D lattice symmetries also have det=-1) Rather than starting another article to explain this case, it seemed appropriate to review the different notation in this article.
 * * I picked up the notation S*L from a book on Kleinian groups, which had made a point of distinguishing things. Since the book also discusses  S*L(2,C) and S*L(2,R), its possible that the author chose the star notation for Z only to be consistent. We can switch the notation to GL for this article; esp. in the company of a sentance quoting Fropuff above, which is quite educational. However, if/when the articles on Kleinian/Fuchsian groups get expanded, this notational device or some variant for it will resurface.

 * I dont much care, as long as the result is clearer and more informative in the end. linas 15:00, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * As to Gandalf61's remarks about relevance, the breif answer is that I beleive that the answer is 'yes its relevant'. Here's some handwaving: the det=-1 case is needed for Farey fractions, the farey fractions number the buds on the mandelbrot set, the spectral measure of the interior of the mandelbrot set is the dedekind eta.  Although the dedekind eta is a classic modular form, making reference to, and needing only  PSL(2,Z), it in fact appears inside of something for which S*L(2,Z) is the more appropriate anchor.  Ditto for many Kleinian/Fuchsian fractals.  For the case of the discussion that you cite (regarding the link in article on Fibonacci numbers), I don't want readers who need the det=-1 case to get linked off to an article that's perfectly boring, while those who need only the det=+1 case get to link to the fascinating world of modular forms and riemann surfaces.  The layman's lore about fibonacci and the golden mean is filled with superficial connections to fractals; this is not a mysterious coincidence; the explanation for the connection threads through the modular symmetries as the symmetries of "most" fractals.linas 15:26, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Linas - the isomorphism between the modular group and PSL(2,Z) can be extended in a natural way to give a homomorphism from SL(2,Z) to the modular group. I don't see how you can extend this in a natural way (i.e. without making some arbitrary choices) to a homomorphism from S*L(2,Z) (a.k.a. GL(2,Z)) to the modular group. Specifically, can you explain exactly how you map a 2x2 integer matrix with determinant -1 to a Mobius transformation within the modular group ? Gandalf61 17:34, Mar 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * Hi Gandalf61, I'm not sure what you are trying to get at, so I don't know how to answer. If I implied that there was some homomorphism, I must have gotten overexcited during my hand-waving. I'm prone to errors when over-excited. Is this stated somewhere in the article? linas 02:27, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

In the arithmetic setting at least, GL(2,Z) is the standard notation for what seems to be denoted by S*L(2,Z). Furthermore these groups are of no relevance for viewpoint taken here, because for the usual action, z->az+B/cz+d, with ((ab)(cd)) in GL(2,R), exchanges the upper half plane and the lower halfplane whenever det is < 0. It is SL(2,Z) (det equal to +1) that acts on H. The viewpoint of considering the (reductive algebraic) group GL(2) instead of the (semisimple) group SL(2) or PSL(2) seems to have first, at least in higher dimensional analogues, been brought by Deligne, who was considering non connected Shimura varieties (like modular curves for instance). In this case one consider action of GL(2,Z) on the union of the two half planes, or the action of the intersection of GL(2,Z) with the connected component of GL(2,R), ie integer matrices with positive determinant, on the (connected) upper half plane. Oftenly, one then write $$GL(2,\mathbf{Z})^+$$ (which still equals SL(2,Z)), and $$GL(2,\mathbf{R})^+$$ for the connected component (with respect to the metric topology, not to be mistaken with the Zariski topology) of GL(2,R). Though the modular group is defined as the group of moebius transformations with integer coefficients, it is more natural, from the viewpoint of moduli spaces ((Deligne-Mumford) stacks more precisely) to consider the whole action of SL(2,Z) on H, though this action is trivial on the center. But maybe these remarks would be more suitable for an article on the modular curve itself. RudeWolf

Dyadic monoid
This section doesn't seem to be correct.

 * The dyadic monoid seems to be a term for the monoid generated by all finite strings of symbols A and B with A2 = B2 = 1: this happens to be the free product of groups $$C_2 \star C_2$$. So the definition isn't correct.  The modular group, on the other hand, contains the free product $$C_2 \star C_3$$, which isn't the same thing as either of the above.

 * (Later, not quite right, see below)

 * I don't understand what it means to say "This monoid occurs naturally in the study of fractal curves, and describes the self-similarity symmetries of the Cantor function, Minkowski's question mark function, and the Koch curve, each being a special case of the general de Rham curve." Firstly, how does it "describe" anything?  Secondly, the Cantor function is not a curve.  Should that read "the graph of the Cantor function"?

 * "The monoid also has higher-dimensional linear representations". Does this mean a map into a general linear group?

 * "the N=3 representation can be understood ..." not by me I'm afraid, since this is the first mention of N in the section. Is it a reference back to the previous on congruence subgroups?

I propose this section be deleted pending a complete revision. Richard Pinch (talk) 22:22, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Sorry, got that first point a bit wrong. The dyadic monoid is the free monoid on 2 generators, ie all finite strings of the form XXX...YYY...XXX...YYY... .  What's described in the article is the monoid on generators S and T subject to the relation S2 = something, possibly 1.  The modular group contains the free product of cyclic groups $$C_2 \star C_3$$, which isn't the same thing as either of those two.  However, because that free product contains free groups of all finite rank, in particular it contains, but is not equal to, the free group on two generators, which in turn contains but is not equal to, the free monoid on two generators.  Richard Pinch (talk) 23:01, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I think this section would be a lot saner if S and T were specified. There are countably many copies of the free monoid on two generators in PSL(2,Z), and if any copy will do, then I don't see why it is described here, rather than simply linking to the Tits alternative.  I suspect that its relation to the fractals is somewhat interesting, perhaps being generators of the set of endomorphisms of the fractal?  Do we know who wrote this section?  It might be polite to drop them a note. WP:V suggests taking a look at the index of the only reference given.  If "dyadic monoid" is in there, then we should try to fix the section. JackSchmidt (talk) 01:55, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Looks like the section was rewritten several times. It might be WP:OR by User:Linas.  Here is the [ introduction] of the section.  Here is the [ removal] of a WP:COI/WP:EL problem, but the only reference for that section.  Here is the section [ rename]. JackSchmidt (talk) 02:04, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

 * According to the version of the reference I found here neither "dyadic" nor "monoid" appears in the index. I'll look up some more references (including a physical copy of Apostol) in slower time.  Richard Pinch (talk) 06:03, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

 * That last diff was interesting, as it explains the origin of the stray N=3 that I didn't understand. Just to record that text here: "The modular group also has pairs of representations in GL(N,R). The N=3 representation can be understood to describe the self-symmetry of the blancmange curve, and higher N 's as the symmetries of similar curves."  I'm not sure it's correct but it certainly makes more sense.   However, it seems to be in essence about the monoid and perhaps should go to Free monoid if anywhere.  Richard Pinch (talk) 06:08, 16 July 2008 (UTC)

Revert experimental markup changes
I have reverted a series of experimental markup and formatting changes that were made (and then partly reversed) in a series of edits by User:Yecril. I feel strongly that significant and non-standard markup changes like this should only be made after consensus has been sought and gained and after obvious bugs in the new markup have been ironed out, so I am reverting these changes pending a wider discussion within the Wikipedia community. I have suggested to Yecril that he should initiate a discussion of his ideas at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Mathematics, but so far he seems to be reluctant to do this - see thread at User talk:Yecril. Gandalf61 (talk) 08:37, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

 * I am not reluctant; progress is blocked by Bug 9119. --Yecril (talk) 06:56, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

visualization
Hey, I made a visualization showing how Klein's j-invariant is invariant under action of SL(2,R).

Klein's j-Invariant j(τ) under τ→-1/τ in SL(2,R)

If anyone wants to turn this into an animation for this page, I would be happy to supply them with the movie file for it.

tryptographer (talk) 18:27, 7 July 2013 (UTC)

Reference to diploma thesis
A recently added reference to my diploma thesis has been removed by Wcherowi with the comment "Duplicate reference; COI; not a secondary source". I just wanted to point out that the proof given in my thesis is in fact different than that of Roger C. Alperin. As I understand it, the reference therefore is not a duplicate. To my best knowledge, it is also not secondary, since I did not find my proof in a comparable form anywhere else by now.

Tponweiser (talk) 09:11, 11 July 2014 (UTC)

 * The point being made by Wcherowi is that sources for Wikipedia articles should, in general, be secondary sources - primary sources must be used with care - see WP:PRIMARY. Also, the referencce to COI is short-hand to say that you have a conflict of interest when citing your own work, and this is also discouraged - see WP:CITESELF. Gandalf61 (talk) 14:52, 11 July 2014 (UTC)

 * @ I apologize for the terseness of my edit summary, I was in a bit of a hurry at the time. has nicely explained two of the points I made. My statement of "Duplicate reference" was not meant to cast any aspersions upon your work, I only meant to say that the statement already had a reference and you had just added a second reference to the same statement, that, because of other concerns was not adding to the article. Had someone else published a statement saying that your proof had certain good qualities, then a second citation to that would have been an addition to the article that I would have supported. Bill Cherowitzo  (talk) 23:42, 11 July 2014 (UTC)

 * Dear and, thank you for taking the time to clarifying this to me! Obviously I should have read the guidlines more carefully before editing - sorry for that! Nevertheless, I would like to share some of my work and to contribute to this article. For example I could provide some nice graphics and animations related to the action of the modular group on the upper half-plane. Could you give a Wikipedia newbie some advice on the preferred way to proceed? Should I create addition/change proposals on a sandbox page or edit the article directly? Are there restrictive guidlines for self-created animations and graphics too? Thank you for your help! Thomas (talk) 10:36, 13 July 2014 (UTC)

 * I think that you will find that the "guidelines" for images are quite a bit looser than they are for the written word. My impression has been that there is not quite as much concern about WP:OR, but more concern about copyright violation when it comes to images. Of course, if you have created an image yourself, you own the copyright and when you upload it you are asked to give permissions by signing a license (the initial one essentially gives away the farm ... anyone can copy and use your image, but there are other choices which are a bit more selective about which rights you are giving up.) An image is more likely to be criticized on aesthetic grounds (how does the graphic look with respect to the rest of the article?, is it legible?, does it make its point clearly?, and so on) than it is to be considered an editor's interpretation of some content. I played around in my sandbox with the first image I uploaded, just to get a feel for some of the parameters that need to be set and how that translates into what you see on a page. After that, I worked directly with the articles (not that I couldn't have used a bit more sandbox time, but I learn faster by trial and error and hitting the Show preview button a zillion times when I'm under some pressure to get it right.) Good luck with the graphics, I'll be looking forward to seeing them. Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 05:09, 14 July 2014 (UTC)

S*L(2,Z) is left undefined
In the section Number-theoretic properties there are two instances of the notation S*L(2,Z).

Nowhere in this article is that notation defined. Nowhere in the article on SL(2,R) is it defined, either.

I have never come across this notation before. It needs to either be defined in the article — before it is used — or removed in favor of understandable notation. (And it is irrelevant that someone has defined it on this Talk page.)Daqu (talk) 15:52, 8 March 2016 (UTC)

Visualization of generators
I have made some visualizations of the action of generators of the modular group. I have added them under "Group presentation". Can someone please make the pictures appear correctly? Currently they look too out of order with the text. I'm sorry for my inexperience. Nihargargava (talk) 14:54, 5 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Modular group


text:
Potassium sodium tartrate

Potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate, also known as Rochelle salt, is a double salt of tartaric acid first prepared (in about 1675) by an apothecary, Pierre Seignette, of La Rochelle, France. Potassium sodium tartrate and monopotassium phosphate were the first materials discovered to exhibit piezoelectricity. This property led to its extensive use in crystal phonograph cartridges, microphones and earpieces during the post-World War II consumer electronics boom of the mid-20th century. Such transducers had an exceptionally high output with typical pick-up cartridge outputs as much as 2 volts or more. Rochelle salt is deliquescent so any transducers based on the material deteriorated if stored in damp conditions.

It has been used medicinally as a laxative. It has also been used in the process of silvering mirrors. It is an ingredient of Fehling's solution (reagent for reducing sugars). It is used in electroplating, in electronics and piezoelectricity, and as a combustion accelerator in cigarette paper (similar to an oxidizer in pyrotechnics).

In organic synthesis, it is used in aqueous workups to break up emulsions, particularly for reactions in which an aluminium-based hydride reagent was used. Sodium Potassium tartrate is also important in the food industry.

It is a common precipitant in protein crystallography and is also an ingredient in the Biuret reagent which is used to measure protein concentration. This ingredient maintains cupric ions in solution at an alkaline pH.

Preparation

The starting material is tartar with a minimum tartaric acid content 68 %. This is first dissolved in water or in the mother liquor of a previous batch. It is then basified with hot saturated sodium hydroxide solution to pH 8, decolorized with activated charcoal, and chemically purified before being filtered. The filtrate is evaporated to 42 °Bé at 100 °C, and passed to granulators in which Seignette's salt crystallizes on slow cooling. The salt is separated from the mother liquor by centrifugation, accompanied by washing of the granules, and is dried in a rotary furnace and sieved before packaging. Commercially marketed grain sizes range from 2000 μm to < 250 μm (powder).

Larger crystals of Rochelle salt have been grown under conditions of reduced gravity and convection on board Skylab. Rochelle salt crystals will begin to dehydrate when the relative humidity drops to about 30% and will begin to dissolve at relative humidities above 84%.

Piezoelectricity
In 1824, Sir David Brewster demonstrated piezoelectric effects using Rochelle salts, which led to him naming the effect pyroelectricity.

In 1919, Alexander McLean Nicolson worked with Rochelle salt developing audio related inventions like microphones and speakers at Bell Labs.

title: Potassium sodium tartrate