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Joanne Kyger

Joanne Kyger (November 19, 1934 – March 22, 2017) was an American poet. The author of over 30 books of poetry and prose, Kyger was associated with the poets of the San Francisco Renaissance, the Beat Generation, Black Mountain, and the New York School.

Although Kyger is often characterized as a prominent female Beat poet in the predominately male inner circle of Beat Generation writers, she never considered herself as belonging to the Beat movement. Nor did she formally identify with any other movement; her work invokes various schools of poetry without belonging to any of them. In Reconstructing the Beats, Amy L. Friedman calls Kyger "an important link between several major axes of American poetry and writing in the twentieth century." Linda Russo, in the webzine Jacket's edition devoted to Kyger, notes that "there is no one way to talk about her work except as that of a singular individual."

Kyger's early poetry was influenced by Charles Olson's "projective verse" concept of letting breath and open construction, rather than rhyme and syntax, guide poetic composition. This influence continued to shape her mature work. In a 2010 interview Kyger says, "You want to make it so that someone could say it. I try to 'score' the lines for the page with that in mind, the breathing, the timing." Unlike Olson, notes Dale Smith in his essay "Joanne Kyger and the Narrative of Every Day," Kyger "focuses on events and happenings, moving herself out of the way as a kind of recording instrument . . . faithful to specific moments in time and attendant to the many spirits or moods of landscape." In a 2007 review of Kyger's book About Now: Collected Poems, Lewis MacAdams describes Kyger as from the "School of Backyard Poets, who look out their kitchen windows and see the universe."

Kyger's poems emerged from a daily literary practice of recording thoughts, events, and dreams. Most of the poems are dated, either in the title or at the end. Much like journals, they include everything from philosophical musings to the weather. Themes—arising from her practice of Zen Buddhism, study of consciousness, explorations of ancient Greek and Native American mythologies, frequent travels to Mexico, observations of the natural landscape, and daily life in a small coastal town—continue from book to book, like installments in an autobiography. In a 2011 interview, Kyger says, "I think of notebook writing like a practice—I try and do it whether I have anything good or bad or interesting to say. And the chronology becomes the narrative, a history of a writing 'self.'"

Early life and education
Joanne Elizabeth Kyger was born on November 19, 1934, in Vallejo, California, to Jacob Kyger, a Navy captain, and Anne (Lamont) Kyger, a Santa Barbara, California, city employee of Canadian descent. Kyger moved often, living in China, California, Illinois, and Pennsylvania, until the age of 14, when the family (including Kyger's two sisters) settled in Santa Barbara. Her parents separated permanently in 1949.

Kyger's first published poem appeared in her school's literary magazine when she was five. At Santa Barbara High School, Kyger co-edited the features column of the school newspaper with Leland Hickman. In 1952, she enrolled at Santa Barbara College (later University of California, Santa Barbara), where she studied philosophy and literature and started the school's first literary magazine. Renowned critic Hugh Kenner introduced her to the works of Modernist poets, such as W. B. Yeats and William Carlos Williams, while Paul Wienpahl introduced her to the works of Wittgenstein and Heidegger. In her 2015 notes from an earlier interview, Kyger recalls that the philosophers inspired her interest in Zen Buddhism: "Heidegger had come to the study of 'nothing.' Then I found D. T. Suzuki's book on Japanese Zen and I thought, Oh! this is where you go with this mind. This 'nothing' is really 'something.'" Kyger left the university in 1956, one freshman biology course short of a degree in philosophy and literature.

San Francisco Renaissance and the Beats
Kyger moved to San Francisco 1957 at the age of 22, where she met Richard Brautigan, who introduced her to City Lights Bookstore and the bohemian neighborhood of North Beach. Working in Brentano's bookstore in the City of Paris department store by day and sharing her poetry at The Place bar by night, Kyger became a part of the literary scene and she was invited to join the Sunday Meetings where she read her poems aloud.

In 1958, Kyger met Gary Snyder, whom she would marry in 1960. Snyder introduced Kyger to Philip Whalen, and they became lifelong friends, sharing the sensibilities that defined their similar poetic styles. Kyger's print debut, "Tapestry #3," appeared in Spicer's mimeographed magazine J No. 4 in 1959, and she gave her first public poetry reading on March 7, 1959, at the Beer and Wine Mission. During this period she moved to the East-West House, a communal center for those interested in Asian studies, and studied with Shunryū Suzuki Roshi at the Sokoji Temple in Japantown.

Japan and India
On January 30, 1960, Kyger left California by ship to join Snyder in Kyoto, Japan. Since Japanese customs frowned upon unmarried couples living together, they were married at the American Consulate in Kobe on February 23, three days after Kyger arrived in Japan, followed by a Zen marriage ceremony performed at Daitoku-ji in Kyoto five days later. While living in Japan, Kyger wrote poetry, studied Buddhism with Ruth Fuller Sasaki at Ryosen-an—the zendo of the First Zen Institute's Kyoto branch, learned flower arranging, taught English, and acted in small roles in Japanese B movies.

In December 1961, Kyger and Snyder traveled to India with Allen Ginsberg and Peter Orlovsky. They met with the Dalai Lama in March 1962. The following month, Kyger and Snyder continued their travels in Singapore, Vietnam, and Hong Kong.

During this period, in addition to writing poems that would be included in her first book, Kyger recorded her travels in diaries, which were published in 1981 as The Japan and India Journals 1960–1964. The autobiographical text—which chronicles, in part, her growing frustration with Snyder's expectations and Ginsberg's antics—is considered an important document of the Beat era, offering a rare female perspective on the male-centric movement. In the foreword of the 2000 reissue of the book, Anne Waldman calls it "one of the finest books ever in the genre of 'journal writing'" and "a surprisingly (surreptitiously) feminist tract as well: woman artist struggles for identity and independence in the 1960s."

Early successes
In January 1964, Kyger left Snyder to his studies in Japan and returned alone, her marriage disintegrated, to San Francisco. She met painter and student of Buddhism Jack Boyce and married him in 1965 after divorcing Snyder. The same year, she participated in the Berkeley Poetry Conference, meeting poets Charles Olson and Ted Berrigan. She edited an edition of Wild Dog magazine, and The Tapestry and the Web, her first book of poems—with drawings by Boyce—was published.

The following year, Kyger and Boyce visited Europe and settled in New York City for a year.

In 1967, Kyger received a residency at the National Center for Experiments in Television in San Francisco. Drawing on Descartes's Discourse on the Method, she translated the philosopher's work into a poem-video titled "Descartes and the Splendor of. A Real Drama of Everyday Life. In Six Parts." The video, Kyger's only one, aired in November 1968. During this period, she met Carlos Castaneda and Michael Harner and discussed the illusions of a peyote vision she had in 1959.

The Bolinas years
At the end of the '60s, Kyger joined other poets following the back-to-the-land movement. In 1969 she settled in the small coastal town of Bolinas, California, with Jack Boyce. The community and the landscape of Bolinas would feature prominently in her work from that point on.

In 1970, she separated from Jack Boyce, and the following year, she bought a house on the Bolinas Mesa, which she shared with Peter Warshall. In 1971, she accompanied Warshall and a group of Harvard students to Puerto Rico to study a colony of rhesus monkeys, and embarked on a Carl Jung–inspired study of dreams that became Desecheo Notebook, published the same year. Kyger and Warshall also traveled to Chiapas, Mexico. Kyger's All This Every Day, was written at that time and published in 1975, the year her relationship with Warshall ended.

In the mid-70s, she began teaching occasionally at the New College of California, an activity she continued until 2001. In 1977, she also became a regular teacher in the summer writing program at the Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics at Naropa University in Boulder, Colorado. There she met Canadian-American writer, artist, and naturalist Donald Guravich, who would become her lifelong partner and collaborator. He joined her permanently in Bolinas in 1978 and they were married in 2013. They lived in Bolinas until her death in 2017.

Mexico
Beginning in the mid-80s and continuing for almost three decades, Kyger and Guravich frequently traveled to Mexico, often to Oaxaca, but also to Quintana Roo, Yucatán, Chiapis, Patzcuaro, Michoacan and Veracruz. These trips provided inspiration for several volumes of Kyger's poetry, including Phenomenological, an edition in the series A Curriculum of the Soul that explores the nature of consciousness.

Later life and death
Kyger became the Wednesday editor of the Bolinas Hearsay News in 1984, a post she held for over 20 years. During this period, she continued teaching occasionally at Naropa University and the New College, as well as teaching at Mills College and offering writing classes in Bolinas. In 2000, her 1981 collection of autobiographical writings was reissued as Strange Big Moon: Japan and India Journals, 1960–1964. More recent poetry collections include Again: Poems 1989–2000, As Ever: Selected Poems, The Distressed Look, and God Never Dies. In 2006 she was awarded a grant from the Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists Award. About Now: Collected Poems was published in 2007 by the National Poetry Foundation and received the 2008 PEN Oakland Josephine Miles National Literary Award for Poetry. On Time: Poems 2005–2014, one of her last book of poems, was published by City Lights in 2015. Kyger describes her work in her 2005 artist statement: "The shape of the day, the words of the moment, what's happening around me in the world of interior and exterior space—these are my writing concerns. Living in a semi-rural environment the cast of characters in my poems are often the quail, deer, raccoons, coyote bush, oaks, the ocean, the weather, and a few treasured friends. All are equally valid in the environment of place. Some talk more than others. My attention to writing is a daily practice, which then builds an accumulative narrative of chronology. Which ends up as the story of one's life. An historical sense of 'self,' breathing and experiencing what is common to every human—the local, the ordinary, the non-motivated sense of just 'being.' One is also aware of the accumulations of lineage of all those writing persons who have come before and to whom one owes the inheritance of this written moment." Buddhism Without A Book

Joanne Kyger was not just a student of Zen Buddhism, but an advocate for the simpler, calmer way of life it practiced. Though she often took hallucinogenic medication to achieve such a state, she only encouraged others to search for serenity of mind, body, and soul. Per definition, "Zen meditation, is a way of vigilance and self-discovery which is practiced while sitting on a meditation cushion. It is the experience of living from moment to moment, in the here and now. " She embraced this lifestyle completely as shown throughout her poetry, even in her later works. In "Buddhism Without A Book," the speaker highlights how Buddhism is not just a religion but a state of being, which one can partake in even if they do not possess an instruction manual. As the speaker states, "another person passed simplicity on to you," which suggests it is a lifestyle to be shared in hopes of helping those with "fear and hate" (2-3, 11). For those who are fearful of the proper way to meditate, she calms them with the reassurance that it is "not perfect, but intimate;" therefore, one does not need to have all the right yoga positions because all one needs is his/her "mind" (6,5). She does not want to pressure people into a philosophy, but rather a release from "the futility of maintaining/ those troublesome states" (8-9). This way of life is an antidote to a world of violence, hate, and hostility. All it takes is a moment to "lift the corners of your mouth slightly/ and take three breaths" to achieve a state of calm in a world in constant turmoil (12-3).

Kyger died at age 82 on March 22, 2017, at her home in Bolinas, California, from lung cancer, in the company of her husband, Donald Guravich. Kyger had been working on a new book, There You Are: Interviews, Journals, and Ephemera. It was published in September 2017 by Wave Books.

title: Joanne Kyger


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Talk:Joanne Kyger

Untitled
This article is part of WikiProject Poetry. Please read the guidelines set out there before editing the page.

Axis vs Axes
Please in the second paragraph: should be (whomever can do this) axis (with an I) not axes. Not chopping, weaving. Thank you 2601:647:400:C2B0:FDC2:6962:8556:5281 (talk) 16:40, 29 August 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Joanne Kyger


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Honorable Order of the Blue Goose, International

The Honorable Order of the Blue Goose, International is a fraternal and charitable organization of men and women that work in the insurance industry. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake occurred on April 18, sending shock waves through the insurance industry, threatening to destroy its entire existence. With this gloom hanging over the industry, the group was founded as a one-time joke to initiate three new unsuspecting insurance fieldmen into a fake lodge, the Ancient and Honorable Order of the Blue Goose, during the Wisconsin Fieldmen's Meeting on the evening of June 19, 1906, at the Oakwood Hotel in Green Lake, Wisconsin, United States. The "fake lodge" soon grew to have thousands of members throughout the United States and Canada. International Headquarters are maintained near Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States at the Wisconsin Home Nest.

Organization
Local chapters are called "Ponds". Each Pond has six officers: Most Loyal Gander, the president; Supervisor of the Flock, vice-president; Custodian of the Goslings, warden; Guardian of the Pond, door guard; Wielder of the Goose Quill, secretary; Keeper of the Golden Goose Egg, treasurer. Some Ponds are further split into Puddles, where there are multiple cities in each state or province, and at one time one Puddle even had a Pothole. A fledgling group was even started in Australia. Blue Goose is governed by the Grand Nest, with each Pond sending two delegates, and which then elects a group of officers, one each from each of the five regions.

Blue Goose has an annual Grand Nest Meeting of delegates, which is a Summer convention held at various locations throughout the United States and Canada, where its members (Ganders) and their families meet for fun and fellowship. There is usually a large class of new members (Goslings) initiated at that meeting.

Membership
In 1922 there were reportedly 5,000 members of the Order. There were 10,000 members in 1989. As of June 22, 2013, membership stood at 3800 Ganders.

Ritual
The Cardinal Principles of the order are Character, Charity and Fellowship. There is a secret key honk (password) and a secret salutation that have existed since the flight of the first Blue Goose on June 19, 1906.

Philanthropy
The Order promotes fellowship among insurance professionals and charitable giving. Although the official international charity is Special Olympics, each Pond is free to support whatever local charitable endeavor they choose such as food donations, clothing drives, and donations of time and service to charitable causes. The International Charity Report for FY July 1, 2012 to June 30, 2013, reports that the organization gave a reported $171,164.98 in cash donations to various charities. Some Ponds did not submit reports. Ponds also gave hundreds of man-hours to charitable endeavors, plus unknown quantities of donations-in-kind of books, clothing, food, games, toys, etc. Additionally, Ponds gave scholarships totaling $7,750.

Grand Nest of the Blue Goose
There was also a splinter or imitation of the society, known as the Grand Nest of the Blue Goose, founded in 1906 and based in Kansas and Missouri. Like the mainstream Blue Goose its lodges were called "Ponds". The chief officer was the "Most Loyal Grand Gander", and other officers included the "Grand Custodian of Goslings", "Grand Guardian of the Nest" and the "Grand Keeper of the Golden Goose Egg".


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Talk:Violette Szabo

Violette Szabo
Is there a picture of her? Or the last picture taken? I searched her on Google and there were so many. Also, can we add that Violette replied to German soldiers(they were asking her for help) with hand signals and nods due to her English accent and is often questioned for her reason to be in that town? - Rockmandrum (talk) 02:23, 4 December 2009 (UTC)

Recruits were assessed for language skils before selection - as French born with a French mother, I would doubt she would have had much of a English accent detectable to non-native French speakers. If the handicap was as great as claimed she would not have been selected — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.98.22.12 (talk) 22:42, 30 January 2013 (UTC)

Actually, Szabo was supposed to have had a very strong Cockney accent. Even though she was born in Paris, she was brought up in London. Part of the tarining for SOE agents was to learn dialect and nuance of the region of the Country they were to operate in. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.203.71.134 (talk) 01:00, 13 May 2013 (UTC)

Murder or execution?
Searching for execution on Wikipedia brings up Capital punishment which start with:

"Capital punishment, the death penalty, or execution is the infliction of death upon a person by judicial process as a punishment for an offence."

But Szabo was not tried before a court, she was killed in a concentration camp, and I believe murder would be a better word to use. I have changed the similar article on Norwegian Bokmål/Riksmål to "myrdet" (murder) from "henrettelse" (execution) and I believe the same should be done here. Ulflarsen (talk) 13:19, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

 * It's a good point but I prefer the phrase execution (executed) as she was of a military background & this is the normal phaselogy even without a trail. Consensus rules I guess though Steve Bowen (talk) 15:57, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

 * A military execution usually follows some sort of judicial proceedings like a court martial or at least a tribunal. There was no such trial or hearing in Violette's case. Just the order that she and the other agents be killed -- SteveCrook (talk) 19:42, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

Violette Szabo was executed as a spy, an action that all the major combatant nations were entitled to perform during the war. So, the term is entirely correct. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.203.71.134 (talk) 00:55, 13 May 2013 (UTC)

Philippe Liewer, Salesman
Hello to those working on this article. I just discovered it and made a little edit to the section on Violette's training and first mission. According to the fr wp articles on her and Philippe Liewer, he was the SOE colleague with whom she parachuted into Normandy. As there is yet no en article on Liewer, I linked his name to the section covering their network (Salesman) in the SOE_F_Section_networks article. If anyone wants any info translated from the French articles, just let me know. Eric talk 20:52, 3 May 2012 (UTC)

CE
Made a start on tidying the citations etc but it's taking longer than I thought; will return later.Keith-264 (talk) 18:59, 3 June 2016 (UTC)

Capture or Movie?

 * The officer congratulated her and placed a cigarette in her mouth, but she spat out the cigarette and spat in his face. She was then taken away, demanding that her arms be freed and that she be allowed one of her own cigarettes.

Really? isn't this just the scene from Carve Her Name with Pride? Most historians, including the ones cited on this page, agree this whole event including the gunfight, is a fabrication. Suggest remove...
 * Agreed. Will delete. Smallchief (talk)

title: Talk:Violette Szabo


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Talk:Pedro Lascuráin

Lascuráin appointed Huerta...
Foreign minister or interior minister? Most of the Spanish sites I've seen say Gobernación, but I think further investigation is needed. 1857 Constitution (who steps in upon resignation of the Pres) is probably a good place to start. –Hjr 14:22, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Three presidents on one single day
If Mr. Lascurain was president for only 45 minutes, perhaps Mexico had 3 different non-simultaneous presidents on the same day?

--24.44.93.16 (talk) 14:41, 25 May 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pedro Lascuráin


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Talk:Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act

Lacking info
Anyone else feel like this article doesn't actually tell us what this act does, specifically? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.89.40.232 (talk) 14:56, 29 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Yea, that is a good way to put it... Stevenmitchell (talk) 22:21, 26 January 2013 (UTC)

Untitled
So far not much on what the Act states. Wetman 14:23, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I posted yesterday on Requests_for_summaries. UtherSRG 14:26, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Okay, this page really needs some help, which I'm about to start giving it. That having been said, would anyone have an objection to moviing the detailed Supreme Court stuff to McConnell v. FEC, provide a link to there and summarize the basic results? Radicalsubversiv 10:19, 12 Apr 2004 (UTC)

The name and the sponsors
At http://www.campaignfinancesite.org/legislation/mccain.html the companion bill is called "McCain-Feingold-Cochran Campaign Reform Bill."

At http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d107:H.R.2356: (I'm not sure if any of these Thomas links are permanent), it has "McCain-Feingold" in brackets next to the companion bill number (S27), which is consistent with Wikipedia's history section's reference to "first version of the McCain-Feingold Act," but on the S27 page at http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d107:S.27: it just mentions McCain as the sponsor and mentions 41 cosponsors.

In the actual text of the bill S27.IS it says "Mr. MCCAIN (for himself, Mr. FEINGOLD, Mr. COCHRAN, Mr. LEVIN, Mr. THOMPSON, Mr. LIEBERMAN, Ms. COLLINS, Mr. SCHUMER, Ms. SNOWE, Mr. WELLSTONE, Mr. JEFFORDS, Mr. REED, Mr. DURBIN, Mr. WYDEN, Mr. KOHL, Mrs. BOXER, Mr. HARKIN, and Ms. STABENOW) introduced the following bill..." I don't know if those are supposed to be the cosponsors.

I received an email response to a question that I asked the Library of Congress that said: "The bill that passed is named for Sens. McCain and Feingold because they were the ones who pushed the legislation for several years, even though they weren't sponsors of the bill that ultimately was passed (and could not have been, since McCain and Feingold were Senators, and the bill that passed was a House bill)."

So, the Wikipedia information might be wrong where it says "It is also known as the McCain-Feingold Bill, after its chief sponsors..." But even if Wikipedia is correct about that, can it also be correct about "The first version of the McCain-Feingold Act was introduced in 1997"? Should it be called an act or a bill? Considering neither phrase can be found in the Thomas database, maybe you should stick with either the popular title, short title as introduced, short title as passed, or official title.

I haven't thought about exactly what I'd change about this Wikipedia entry to clarify things, but I figured I'd mention some of the confusing data that's out there. I needed to research this for the Campaigns and Elections webpage I'm working on at http://www.polisource.com/campaigns-elections.shtml.

Barry 08:12, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

Washington State Case
The case in Washington state does not involve a challenge to McCain-Feingold, but to a state law. This needs to be modified or deleted. Or if you disagree, come up with a cite. I will modify if nothing more.EABSE

March 19 - I am moving this reference to the Washington state case to the Campaign Finance Reform page. The lawsuit is against a state statute, not McCain-Feingold, a federal law. Note that I will place the content in the campaign finance page, not delete it from Wikipedia. If you feel strongly it belongs here, I would recommend a link to that page. EABSE

''Minors are prohibited from making contributions to candidates and political parties. (Ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court)'' —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.197.112.61 (talk) 18:49, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

Unconstitutional?
Say what? Which was ruled unconstitutional? The donations or the provision of the law? -- 24.30.46.12 00:44, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

527s controversy
Should this really be here. This is not part of BCRA, and would be more appropriate under campaign finance reform. Overacker 00:20, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Since it is a result of the campaign finance reform, I think it's completely valid to discuss it in this article. However, the entire article needs sources.--Gloriamarie 02:00, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

Three issues?
The beginning of the article states that the bill was designed to address "three issues," but then only lists two. Am I missing something? Was one of the issues removed from the article? Graymornings 04:32, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2001
although the act was passed in 2002, the name of the bill has the year 2001. the article before had 2002, i made the change. you can check votesmart.org to see the history of the bill and why a bill with a 2001 title was passed in 2002, but its not called reform act of 2002. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.80.96.75 (talk) 06:34, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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Article needs substantial work
Some of this has been pointed out before: I'm happy to bounce around ideas with anyone who wants to improve it! Thanks, Elle Kpyros (talk) 21:34, 17 January 2021 (UTC)
 * the article never clearly explains  what it is—i.e. what the law was and what it changed
 * the lead needs to encapsulate the full history of the law (not go into what it was designed to address)
 * the arguments pro/con are missing or obscured
 * the parties and their interests are muddied—for example, Democrats publicly supported it, but many privately worked against it, and its passage led to a fundraising disaster for them
 * dated sections or bullet points are needed to describe the history, which is mushy and rambling
 * there's undue weight given to Citizen's United, which has its own article

title: Talk:Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act


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The Three Bears (Looney Tunes)

The Three Bears are animated cartoon characters in the Warner Bros. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons. The dysfunctional family consists of Henry "Papa" Bear, Mama Bear, and Junior Bear (sometimes spelled Junyer or Joonyer). The characters were featured in five theatrical cartoons released between 1944 and 1951, based on Goldilocks and the Three Bears.

Characters

 * Henry Bear (better known as Papa Bear) is the father of Junior Bear and the husband of Mama Bear. Papa Bear is a loud-mouthed, short-tempered and stubborn bear. He usually abuses Junior by punching or kicking him, if he says or does something wrong. He is never abusive with Mama Bear (except for near the end of What's Brewin', Bruin?) but would sometimes act rude to her, such as telling her to "shut up" (especially when she's trying to tell him something important). While Papa and Junior are the two who are constantly at each other's hair, usually Junior is at the receiving end of Papa's wrath and Papa will spontaneously become enraged, while Mama Bear always ended up mild-mannered, innocent and in the middle-size, although she resorts to thwack Papa or Junior with a newspaper to keep the peace.
 * Mama Bear is the mother of Junior Bear and the wife of Papa Bear. Mama Bear is a mild-mannered, long-suffering bear. When she tries to tell Henry something important, he usually tells her to "shut up" and refuses to listen. While she does not seem to show it, she has a great deal of affection for her husband and son; however, when Bugs Bunny flirts with her in order to distract her from pummelling him and gives her a kiss on the lips, she takes it a bit too seriously and gains a crush on him. Mama Bear attempts to seduce him and inevitably leaves his face covered with lipstick marks, much to his dismay.
 * Junior Bear (sometimes spelled Junyer) is the child of Henry Bear and Mama Bear. Junior Bear is an oversized, good-natured, buffoon bear. He is 7-years-old, yet he is twice as tall as his parents, and has a heavy voice. He is very dim-witted, naïve, and childish, but has a good heart and is always in a good mood. He idolizes his father Henry, who is often abusive toward him. He appears to be an adult because of his size, but is still a child. Junior still wears diapers even though he is 7-years-old.

First theatrical film
Animator Chuck Jones introduced the trio in the 1944 cartoon Bugs Bunny and the Three Bears, in which Bugs Bunny invades the home of the three bears, and Mama Bear takes a fancy to him. In the short, Papa Bear tries to feed his starving family by having them act out their roles in the traditional fairy tale from which they derive their name. Unfortunately for them, when they were out of porridge, Mama substitutes carrot soup for it, and the "Goldilocks" they lure turns out to be Bugs. Purcell and Liepien, in Parallel Curriculum Units for Social Studies, Grades 6-12, recommended this film as part of the study of the sociological implications of humor; Steven Case, in Toons That Teach, also mines this work for pedagogic value.

Further theatrical appearances
Jones brought back the Bears for his 1948 cartoon What's Brewin', Bruin?, this time without Bugs. Here, Papa Bear decides that it is time for the Bears to hibernate; however, various disturbances interfere. Junior's voice is here supplied by Stan Freberg.

Other Three Bears cartoons included Bee-Deviled Bruin and Bear Feat, both released in 1949. The final Three Bears cartoon of the classic era, A Bear for Punishment (1951), parodies cultural values surrounding the celebration of Father's Day.

Film appearances
The entire Bear Family appears in Looney Tunes: Back in Action movie as tourists from Paris (Papa Bear is voiced by Will Ryan, Mama Bear by Joe Alaskey and Stan Freberg returns as the voice of Junior Bear).

The Three Bears make a cameo appearance in Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas as Daffy's employees.

The Three Bears make a cameo appearance in Space Jam: A New Legacy in Bugs Bunny's flashback alongside other Looney Tunes leaving Tune World.

Television appearances
Ma Bear has a cameo appearance in Season 1 of the Tiny Toon Adventures episode "Prom-ise Her Anything", released in 1990, in which she appears as at the ACME Looniversity junior prom as a canteen cook providing refreshments.

The entire Bear Family appeared in "Teddy Bears' Picnic" (Papa Bear voiced by Frank Welker, Mama Bear voiced by Tress MacNeille, and Junior Bear voiced by Stan Freberg), where Elmyra followed them to an all-bear picnic. A running gag featured Papa repeatedly getting injured, either by an angry, tougher father bear also at the picnic or by Junior. Each time Papa tried to punish Junior by hitting him on the head, Mama Bear hit Papa on the head with a rolled-up newspaper first, eventually leading Papa to hit himself on the head with the paper.

The entire Bear Family appears in a painting on the bedroom wall in the Animaniacs episode "Nighty-Night Toon".

Papa Bear (listed in the credits as Vern) appears in the Animaniacs episode "Garage Sale of the Century" (voiced by Ed Asner) as a bachelor, where he has a garage sale, swindling his customers out of their money, and refusing to give refunds, but the Warners took the expression too literally and wanted to buy his garage. Papa Bear refused to sell his garage, and after the Warners attempted to bargain with him and auction off his garage, he saw through their ruse, but his customers demanded refunds. Papa Bear attempted to lie about donating all of his "profits" to charity, but Wakko used his garage door opener (which he repaired after accidentally breaking it earlier) to expose his money, and his customers (including Batman, Buster Bunny, Babs Bunny, Dizzy Devil), and especially an old woman who he rudely refused her a refund (a penny) and threw into a tree earlier in the episode, got their refunds by force, leaving Papa Bear broke, and so he caved in and sold his garage to the Warners for 26¢ (even though the actual value was $20,000) as it was attached to his house.

The Three Bears appear in The Looney Tunes Show episode "Ridiculous Journey" from its second season (Papa Bear voiced by Maurice LaMarche, Mama Bear voiced by Grey DeLisle and Junior Bear voiced by John DiMaggio). They are seen driving on a vacation trip, with Junior frequently causing mishaps.

The Three Bears star in the Looney Tunes Cartoons episodes "Moody at the Movies" and "Life's a Beach", featuring their ill-fated trips to the theatre and the beach. The Bears also make a cameo appearance in the episode "Happy Birthday Bugs Bunny!"

The Three Bears appear in the Bugs Bunny Builders episode "Honey Bunny". Here, while ill-fated and unlucky as usual, Henry is depicted without his short temper or abusive nature, due to the show being aimed towards preschoolers.

title: The Three Bears (Looney Tunes)


text:
Talk:Chief executive

Am I right in thinking Chief executive would normally refer to the head of government in the US, but in the UK it would be a CEO? -- Sam 14:30, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

The head of the government is *never* called a chief executive in the UK. A chief executive is the head of a business. The head of the government in the UK is the Prime Minister. Secretlondon 14:36, Dec 11, 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chief executive


text:
American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association

The American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association (AHEPA, usually referred to as the Order of AHEPA) is a fraternal organization founded on July 26, 1922, in Atlanta, Georgia. AHEPA was founded with a focus on Civil rights, particularly to counteract the Ku Klux Klan. It is the largest and oldest grassroots association of American citizens of Greek heritage and Philhellenes with more than 400 chapters across the United States, Canada, Australia, and Europe.

The mission of AHEPA is to promote the ancient Hellenic ideals of education, philanthropy, civic responsibility, family and individual excellence through community service and volunteerism.

History

The AHEPA was founded as a fraternity in Atlanta, Georgia, on July 26, 1922. Its initial mission was to promote the image of Greeks in America, assist them with citizenship and assimilation into American culture, and combat prejudice. During that inaugural meeting, it was decided that AHEPA's purposes would be: (a) To advance and promote pure and undefiled Americanism among the Greeks of the United States, its Territories and Colonial possessions; (b) To educate the Greeks in the matter of democracy, and in the matter of the government of the United States; (c) To instill the deepest loyalty to the United States; (d) To promote fraternal sociability; (e) To practice benevolent aid among this nationality.

With the full assimilation of Greek Americans, its mission evolved toward philanthropy, education, and promoting and preserving the Hellenic identity of the Greek Americans and the ethnic Greeks of other countries where AHEPA is present, such as Australia, Canada, the Bahamas as well as Greece and Cyprus. In recent years, AHEPA has also expanded to other countries in Europe, besides Greece and Cyprus, including Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Netherlands and UK.

The founders of the fraternity were eight men, all residents of Atlanta, who conceived the idea of the establishment of an association of mainly citizens of Greek descent, although not limited only to such members. The eight founders of the Order of AHEPA, who were also the members of the first Supreme Lodge of the organization, were Nicholas D. Chotas, James Campbell, Spiro J. Stamos, Harry Angelopoulos, George A. Polos, John Angelopoulos, George Campbell, James Vlass.

Franklin D. Roosevelt was initiated into the Delphi Chapter on March 11, 1931, and was an active dues-paying member for 14 years, to the time of his death.

The office of Supreme President is the highest office in the Order of AHEPA. There have been 71 Supreme Presidents since the founding of the organization on July 26, 1922.

Organization
Originally AHEPA was organized on a lodge system like that of the Masons or Oddfellows. Local units were called "Subordinate Lodges" and state or territory structures were called "Superior Lodges". Now local groups are called "Chapters" and regional organizations are called "Districts". The national structure is still called the "Supreme Lodge", however, and all of its officers have "Supreme" in their title such as Supreme President, Supreme Treasurer etc.

The Order of AHEPA has over 400 chapters across the United States, Canada, and Europe. In addition, the chapters report to 28 different districts. Those 28 districts report to the Supreme Lodge and Headquarters located in Washington, DC.

Membership
Originally, membership was restricted to only Greeks. At its third meeting, the Order decided to change this, allowing non-Greeks to join. In 1979, AHEPA had over 25,000 members in 400 chapters. By 1989, the number climbed to 60,000, despite an overall decline in memberships of fraternal groups during this period.

There have been 540 chapters chartered in the United States, 16 chartered in Canada, 30 chartered in Greece, 5 chartered in Cyprus, and 10 chartered in Europe. There are "sister" chapters in AHEPA Australasia (Australia and New Zealand). An estimated 500,000 men have been inducted into the Order of AHEPA over its 90-year history.

Supreme Convention
"In accordance with the provisions of the AHEPA Constitution, the Supreme Convention of the Order of AHEPA shall be the highest constituted body of the entire AHEPA; it shall remain in session until it is adjourned by a majority of its members; its powers over the entire Order shall be limited only by the AHEPA Constitution and the AHEPA BYLAWS, over which it shall have the exclusive power to alter; and it shall consist, in its composite whole, of the Voting Members of the Convention.

The Supreme Convention has the authority to overturn, overrule, reject or rescind decisions of the Supreme Counselor, Board of Trustees or Supreme Lodge, including the authority to reject, rescind or terminate contracts after the consequences of such action is explained to them. Any such decision of the Supreme Convention to overturn, overrule, reject or rescind any decision of Supreme Counselor, Board of Trustees or Supreme Lodge can be made by a majority vote of the registered Voting Members of the Convention then present and voting at the time as long as those voting in favor represent at least a majority of the Voting Members of the Convention duly registered at such Convention."

Politics
AHEPA has taken a stand on the Cyprus issue since 1955 when it formed the "Justice for Cyprus" committee to support Cyprus' independence. Through the decades, the organization has continued advocate on issues relating to Greece and Cyprus in Washington, while also educating the public about these topics. For each Congress, AHEPA compiles a Congressional scorecard on issues of importance to the American Hellenic community and to the organization. The purpose of the scorecard is to educate AHEPA's membership and the community on how engaged members of Congress are on these issues, or at the least, their level of awareness.
 * Congressional scorecard

Awards
AHEPA recognizes distinguished achievements in various categories such as Public Service, Government, Law, Business, Journalism, Science, the Arts, Military Service, Humanitarian. Below is a list of AHEPA awards and recipients over the years.

Socrates Awards
The Socrates Award recognizes prominent men and women who have emulated ancient Hellenic ideals. This is the most prestigious award AHEPA awards.

AHEPA's premier social event, the AHEPA National Banquet, was held for the first time on February 26, 1929, at the Willard Hotel in Washington, DC. In 1948, the name of the event was changed to the "AHEPA Congressional Banquet" and for the first time, a United States President, Harry Truman, attended. In 2000 AHEPA reverted to a more appropriate name of this event, The AHEPA Biennial Banquet.

Since 1964, the AHEPA National Banquet has also featured presentations of the organization's most coveted honor, the Socrates Award.

A list of past recipients of the Socrates Award:
 * Henry R. Luce – 1964 – Publisher of Time and Life magazines
 * Lyndon B. Johnson – 1966 – President of the United States of America
 * Everett Dirksen – 1968 – Senator from Illinois
 * Spiro T. Agnew – 1970 – Vice-president of the United States of America
 * Richard M. Nixon – 1971 – President of the United States of America
 * Holiness Athenagoras I Ecumenical Patriarch – 1972
 * The U.S. Senate and U.S. House of Representatives – 1976
 * Hubert H. Humphrey – 1978 – Vice-president of the United States of America
 * Claiborne Pell – 1982 – Senator from Connecticut
 * Bob Hope – 1984 – Entertainer
 * Ronald Reagan – 1986 – President of the United States of America
 * Archbishop Iakovos – 1988 – Primate of the Greek Orthodox Church of North and South America
 * George H. W. Bush – 1990 – President of the United States of America
 * William "Gus" Pagonis – 1992 – Lt. General
 * Mary Matthews – 1992 – Philanthropist
 * Paul Sarbanes – 1993 – Senator from Maryland
 * William Clinton – 1996 – President of the United States of America
 * Patriarch Bartholomew – 1997 – His All Holiness, Bartholomew I, Archbishop of Constantinople, New Rome, and Ecumenical Patriarch
 * George W. Bush – 2002 – President of the United States of America
 * Tassos Papadopoulos – 2007 – President of Cyprus
 * Costas Karamanlis – 2007 – Prime Minister of Greece
 * George A. Kalogridis – 2014 – President Walt Disney World Resort
 * Joe Biden – 2015 – Vice-president of the United States of America
 * John Boehner – 2015 – Speaker of the House of Representatives
 * Philip Christopher – 2019 – President of the International Co-ordinating Committee "Justice for Cyprus"
 * Michael Psaros - 2019 - Co-founder and Managing Partner of KPS Capital Partners
 * Nicos Anastasiades - 2021 - President of the Republic of Cyprus
 * Kyriakos Mitsotakis - 2021 - Prime Minister of the Hellenic Republic
 * Panos Costa Panay - 2022 - Chief product officer of Microsoft,
 * George Tsunis - 2023 - U.S. Ambassador to Greece

George E. Paraskevaides O.B.E. Philanthropic Award
Past recipients include:
 * George Paraskevaides (2006)

Pericles Award
The Order of AHEPA developed the Pericles award on both the National and District level to honor those individuals in Government. Past national recipients include:
 * Senator Paul Tsongas
 * Senator Paul Sarbanes
 * Senator John Glenn
 * Congressman Mike Bilirakis
 * Congressman Gus Bilirakis
 * Congressman Gus Yatron
 * Congressman George Gekas
 * Efthimios E. Mitropoulos
 * Congressman John Lewis – 2015
 * Congressman Peter J. Visclosky – 2016
 * Panos Kammenos – Minister of Defense of the Hellenic Republic – 2017
 * Vasilios Matarangas - President Hellenic American National Council (HANC) - 2023

Also several United States Governors have been honored with this award as have many local government officials.

Solon Award
This national award is given to a member of the bar for excellence in the field of law.

 * Honorable Charles P. Kocoras – 2016

Homer Award
This is a special award to be presented only by the Supreme Lodge at their discretion to any outstanding individual.

Past recipients:
 * Dr. Mary Lefkowitz, Andrew Mellon Professor of Humanities, Wellesley College
 * Nicholas Gage – Author
 * Thea Halo – Author

Aristotle Award
This award is to be presented by the Supreme Lodge at the Grand Banquet of the Supreme Convention to an Outstanding Hellene who has distinguished himself in his respective profession or field of endeavor.

 * Yiannakis Matsis (2012) – Member of the European Parliament
 * Robert W. Peck (2015) – Canadian Ambassador to Greece
 * Theofanis Economidis (2015)
 * John P. Calamos (2016)
 * Michael Zampelas (2016) - Founder and CEO of Coopers & Lybrand in Cyprus and Athens, Greece
 * Timothy P. Tassopoulos (2017) – President and Chief Operating Officer of Chick-fil-A

Public Service Award
An award developed for recognition of members both national and local for their devotion and hard work in the field of public service.

Academy of Achievement Awards
These awards were funded by the Educational Foundation to honor individuals who excel in various areas of expertise. Awards can be given in the fields of business, journalism, the arts, science, and other liberal sciences.

 * Efthyvoulos Paraskevaides – Academy of Achievement in Business (2010)
 * Photos Photiades – Academy of Achievement in Business (2011)
 * Rev. Dn. Chris Avramopolos – Academy of Achievement in Community Service (2016)
 * Eleni Bousis – Academy of Achievement in Philanthropy (2016)
 * Basile Katsikis – Academy of Achievement in Arts (2016)
 * Gerry and Jeannie Ranglas - Academy of Achievement in Philanthropy (2023)

Archbishop Iakovos Humanitarian Award
This award was developed to honor the Archbishop of North and South America who was an active and vocal member of the AHEPA. Archbishop Iakovos helped define a generation of Orthodox faithful in the Americas. His vision and support of Human rights and compassion are a testament to his being a unique life force for all. This award is given to those individuals who surpass any standard of giving in support of Human rights and freedom.

List of recipients:
 * Andrew A. Athens – Global Hellenic Diaspora Leader
 * Eugene Rossides – American Hellenic Institute Founder
 * Andrew S. Natsios – Former USAID Administrator
 * George Behrakis – Businessmen/Philanthropists
 * George Marcus – Businessmen/Philanthropists
 * B'nai B'rith International – First organization to receive the award (2014)
 * Stavros Niarchos Foundation (2015)

Medal of Freedom/Military Medal of Honor
Awarded to active and retired members of the military in honor of their service to their country.

This award was developed to honor those individuals who sacrifice their lives or put their lives in harm's way in executing their duty. After the tragic events of 9/11 this award was created and awarded to the brave first responders. Additionally, this award is also reserved for any individual who sacrifices his or her own safety for those of others.

 * Col. Alan C. Macaulay (2015)
 * Lt General Ilias Leontaris (2019) - Chief Cyprus National Guard

Demosthenes Award
An award developed exclusively for those individuals who excel in the area of broadcasting or reporting the news, in any form. Television and or radio news personalities and other such journalists are eligible for this award.

Hellenism Award
This award is bestowed in recognition of an individual's lifetime outstanding support and promotion of Hellenism.

 * Dr. Spiro Spireas, Ph.D. (2018)
 * Demosthenes Vasiliou (2018)

Defender of Hellenism Award
This award is bestowed in recognition of an individual's outstanding support of and global impact on Hellenic issues of concern.
 * George G. Horiates, AHEPA Past Supreme President (2021)

Lifetime Achievement Award
This award is bestowed exclusively by the Supreme President of the Order of AHEPA on a member of the Order for a lifetime of achievement in the Order of AHEPA.

 * Gus J. James II – AHEPA Past Supreme President (2015)
 * James S. Scofield – AHEPA Past Supreme President (2016)
 * George Rigos – Founder of the Odyssey Charter School (OCS)(2018)
 * Craig S. Clawson - AHEPA Board of Auditors, Parliamentarian (2021)
 * Lee J. Millas - AHEPA Board of Trustees Past Chair (2022)
 * Anthony Kouzounis - AHEPA Past Supreme President (2022)
 * Philip T. Frangos - AHEPA Past Supreme President (2023)

AHEPAN of the Year
The AHEPAN of the Year award is in recognition of outstanding leadership, devoted services, and unselfish contributions toward the advancement of the programs and progress of the Order of AHEPA over an AHEPA fiscal year.

All National AHEPA awards are awarded by the AHEPA Supreme Lodge and are reviewed and the criterion is always changing as dictated by the times by the AHEPA Supreme Lodge.

Athletics
In 1970, the AHEPA athletic program took form. AHEPA athletics include: softball, golf, bowling, basketball, with regional and national tournaments held annually. Each year, at the Supreme Convention, inductions are made into the AHEPA Hellenic Athletic Hall of Fame.

In 1975, the Order of AHEPA, at the suggestion of Past Supreme President, Louis Manesiotis and through the leadership of Supreme Athletic Director Dr. Monthe N. Kofos, established the AHEPA Athletic Hall of Fame to honor outstanding Hellenic athletes and sports personages. As of 2013, 130 members have been inducted. Annually, a representative and diverse of Ahepans appointed by the Supreme Athletic Director select worthy and eligible candidates for induction, after a nomination process pursuant to established written guidelines for both nomination and selection. The hallmarks of said process are objectivity, transparency and accountability.

Categories of selection
There are two categories of selection;
 * 1) ATHLETES who have excelled in their particular field of play, being eligible after the passage of three (3) years from the end of their playing days (retirement); and
 * 2) CONTRIBUTORS, being individuals who have contributed in some fashion to the field of athletics; for example, athletic directors, Coaches, Supporters and Media Personalities.

Formal induction into the AHEPA Athletic Hall of Fame is accomplished annually at the annual AHEPA Supreme National Convention during the Athletic Awards Luncheon.

AHEPA is honored to recognize Hellenes of outstanding athletic accomplishment. The AHEPA ATHLETIC HALL OF FAME serves to memorialize these individuals and recognize their outstanding achievements.

Eligibility and nomination process

 * A nominated candidate must be of Hellenic descent.
 * Nominated candidate was considered exemplary in their particular sport or athletic field. (Criteria as set forth in the guidelines includes both accomplishments and good character)
 * Nominated candidate needs to be nominated by an AHEPAN, supported by his chapter, and accompanied by the completion of the appropriate nomination forms attached hereto.
 * A current photograph (head shot) of the candidate, as well as an action shot (if applicable), is requested.
 * Once the nomination application is received, it is reviewed by the selection committee, and determined is thereafter included on the selection ballot.

AHEPA Athletic Hall of Fame
AHEPA athletics recognizes outstanding athletic achievements in many ways. AHEPA athletics department award scholarships to deserving scholar-athletes who have demonstrated outstanding achievements both in the classroom and the athletic fields. The funds are available through the athletic booster trust fund established through the donations of individuals.

AHEPA hosts many regional and national tournaments in sports such as golf, bowling, basketball, and softball. Winners of the tournaments are awarded in many cases free travel to the national tournament during the Supreme convention.

The most prestigious AHEPA athletic award is the Harry Agganis Hellenic Athlete Award, which is awarded annually to the outstanding Hellene in the field of athletics professional or amateur of college level and above.

Structure
The AHEPA Family consists of four organizations, the AHEPA (men), Daughters of Penelope (women), Sons of Pericles (young men) and Maids of Athena (young women). AHEPA publishes The AHEPAN, which is the second largest Greek American publication in circulation. The American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association also maintains ties with the similar Australasian Hellenic Educational Progressive Association.

The order of AHEPA consists of Chapters, Districts, and the Supreme Lodge.

Chapters
Any organization of men, but no fewer than ten, which individually and collectively, shall have duly petitioned for and received a Charter from the Supreme Lodge and which, thus Chartered and authorized, is functioning under the name and style of AHEPA, or its corporate name, shall be deemed to be a Chapter of the Order of AHEPA, and subject to its jurisdiction.

At the chapter level, the main officer positions are:
 * President
 * Vice-president
 * Secretary
 * Treasurer
 * Chaplain
 * Warden
 * Captain of the Guard

In addition, a chapter may also have the following officer positions:
 * Vice-president/Director of Hellenism
 * Vice-president/Director of Education
 * Vice-president/Director of Philanthropy
 * Vice-president/Director of Civic Responsibility
 * Vice-president/Director of Family and Individual Excellence
 * Inside Sentinel
 * Outside Sentinel
 * Athletic Director

The chapter also has a Board of Governors composed of a chairman and a number of Governors selected in accordance with the number of members for whom per capita assessment has been paid to AHEPA Headquarters.

Number of Governors Based on Chapter Size:
 * 10-25 Members 2 Governors
 * 26-100 Members 4 Governors
 * 101-200 Members 6 Governors
 * 201-300 Members 8 Governors
 * 301-400 Members 10 Governors
 * 401-500 Members 12 Governors
 * 501 and up Members 14 Governors

The Officers of a Chapter shall serve for a term of twelve (12) months, or until their successors are elected and qualified.

All AHEPA Chapters report to a specific District.

Districts
The Chapters within the jurisdiction of this Order may be organized by the Supreme Lodge into twenty-eight (28) Districts. Each District shall bear an individual name and number. Each District shall have a minimum of three (3) active Chapters. The Chapters in a District with less than three (3) active Chapters will be assigned by the Supreme Lodge to another District or Districts. The Supreme Lodge shall fix the boundaries of each District.

At the District level, the main officer positions are:
 * District Governor
 * Lieutenant Governor
 * District Secretary
 * District Treasurer
 * District Marshal
 * District Warden
 * District Athletic Director

In addition, a District may also have the following officer positions:
 * Vice-president/Director of Hellenism
 * Vice-president/Director of Education
 * Vice-president/Director of Philanthropy
 * Vice-president/Director of Civic Responsibility
 * Vice-president/Director of Family and Individual Excellence

Each and every District of the Order shall hold a District Convention annually during the months of May, June, or July. The specific time, date and place for succeeding District Conventions may be chosen by the District Convention not more than two (2) years in advance. The Order of AHEPA in Canada may hold the District Conventions not later than the first week in August.

The Conventions of each District shall be composed of duly elected Delegates of the respective Chapters composing the District and the District Officers thereof, and the immediate retiring District Governor. All Past District Governors of any District in the AHEPA Domain may vote and have a sovereign vote provided that they are members in good standing of a Chapter of that District.

The District Conventions of the Order of AHEPA shall have power and authority to:
 * 1) ALL MATTERS: Consider and discuss all matters affecting the affairs of the Order in the District;
 * 2) LEGISLATION: Adopt such legislation as the Delegates may deem necessary and proper for the welfare of the District, provided that such legislation does not in any way conflict with the AHEPA CONSTITUTION and AHEPA BYLAWS and decrees of the Supreme Convention of the Order;
 * 3) DECISIONS: Decide any and all things necessary and proper for the advancement of the District;
 * 4) RESOLUTIONS: Pass resolutions and transmit them to the Supreme Convention through the District Governor; and
 * 5) APPROPRIATE FUNDS: To appropriate monies had or to be had in the District Treasury, prescribe the manner and purposes of and for which such appropriations shall be used and designate the Officer or Officers who are to disburse the same.

List of districts

 * MOTHER LODGE DISTRICT NO. 1: All Chapters within the states of Georgia, Alabama, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Mississippi.
 * CITRUS DISTRICT NO. 2: All Chapters within the state of Florida, Puerto Rico and in Nassau, Bahamas.
 * CAPITAL DISTRICT NO. 3: All Chapters within the states of North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, District of Columbia and the Chapter of Bluefield, West Virginia.
 * POWER DISTRICT NO. 4: All Chapters within the state of Pennsylvania, excepting Sharon-Farrell.
 * GARDEN DISTRICT NO. 5: All Chapters within the state of New Jersey and Wilmington, Delaware.
 * EMPIRE DISTRICT NO. 6: All Chapters within the State of New York.
 * YANKEE DISTRICT NO. 7: All Chapters within the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island, and the Chapter of Pittsfield, Massachusetts.
 * BAY STATE DISTRICT NO. 8: All Chapters within the State of Massachusetts, excepting the Chapter at Pittsfield.
 * NORTHERN NEW ENGLAND DISTRICT NO. 9: All Chapters within the states of Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont.
 * AUTOMOTIVE DISTRICT NO. 10: All Chapters within the state of Michigan.
 * BUCKEYE DISTRICT NO. 11: All Chapters within the states of Ohio, Kentucky, and the Chapters at Weirton, Huntington, Wheeling, Clarksburg and Charleston, West Virginia, and Sharon-Farrell, Pennsylvania.
 * HOOSIER DISTRICT NO. 12: All Chapters within the state of Indiana.
 * BLUE RIBBON DISTRICT NO. 13: All Chapters within the states of Illinois, Wisconsin.
 * GRAINFIELDS DISTRICT NO. 14: All Chapters within the states of Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, all of Nebraska (excepting Bridgeport, Nebraska), and the St. Louis, Missouri Chapter No. 53.
 * DELTA DISTRICT NO. 16: All Chapters within the states of Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and all the Chapters in Kansas City, Missouri.
 * SILVER DISTRICT NO. 17: All Chapters within the states of New Mexico, Wyoming, Montana, Utah, and Colorado, the Chapters in Ely, Nevada, and Bridgeport, Nebraska.
 * EL CAMINO REAL DISTRICT NO. 20: All Chapters within the state of Arizona, Hawaii, and in the city and south of Bakersfield, California; and Chapters in Henderson and Las Vegas, Nevada.
 * GOLDEN GATE DISTRICT NO. 21: All Chapters north and exclusive of Bakersfield in California, and the Chapter at Reno, Nevada.
 * FIREWOOD DISTRICT NO. 22: All Chapters in the states of Oregon and Washington, and Alaska.
 * BEAVER DISTRICT NO. 23: All Chapters in the Provinces of Quebec, Ontario, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Islands, and New Brunswick, Canada.
 * ROYAL CANADIAN DISTRICT NO. 24: All Chapters in Provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba, Canada.
 * HELLAS DISTRICT NO. 25: All Chapters situated within Greece.
 * CANADIAN DISTRICT NO. 26: All Chapters in the Province of British Columbia, Canada.
 * CYPRUS DISTRICT NO. 27: All Chapters situated within Cyprus.
 * EUROPEAN DISTRICT NO. 28: All Chapters situated in Europe except for Cyprus and Greece.

Regions
AHEPA also has Regions. There are ten Regions defined by the Order of AHEPA. Each Region is divided into a set of active districts. Each Region also has an elected Supreme Governor who makes up part of the Supreme lodge.

The ten Regions are:
 * Region 1 – Districts 1 and 2. Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, South Carolina, Tennessee
 * Region 2 – Districts 3 and 4. West Virginia, DC, Maryland, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia
 * Region 3 = Districts 5 and 6. Delaware, New Jersey, New York
 * Region 4 = Districts 7, 8 and 9. Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont
 * Region 5 = Districts 10 and 11. Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, West Virginia, except Bloomfield WV
 * Region 6 = Districts 12, 13 and 14. Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin, E. Nebraska, E. Missouri
 * Region 7 = Districts 15, 16 and 17. Arkansas, Colorado, Kansas, Louisiana, W. Missouri, W. Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, Utah, except Salt Lake City
 * Region 8 = Districts 20, 21 and 22. Idaho, Montana, Alaska, Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, Utah
 * Region 9 = Districts 23, 24 and 26. Canada: Maritimes, Quebec Ontario (23) Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta (24) British Columbia (26)
 * Region 10 = Districts 25, 27 and 28. Greece, Cyprus and the rest of Europe

Supreme Lodge
The "Supreme Lodge" of this Order shall be composed of the following Supreme Officers:
 * Supreme President
 * Supreme Vice President
 * Canadian President
 * Supreme Secretary
 * Supreme Treasurer
 * Supreme Counselor
 * Supreme Athletic Director
 * National Sons of Pericles Advisor
 * Nine Supreme/Regional Governors

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Politics

 * Franklin Delano Roosevelt – President of the United States
 * Harry S. Truman – President United States
 * Gerald Ford – President United States
 * Hubert H. Humphrey – Vice-President United States
 * Spiro T. Agnew – Vice-President United States
 * Robert F. Kennedy – U.S Senator
 * Paul Tsongas – U.S Senator
 * Claiborne Pell – U.S. Senator
 * Paul S. Sarbanes – U.S. Senator
 * John Herschel Glenn Jr. – U.S. Senator and Astronaut
 * George V. Voinovich – U.S. Senator
 * Jack Reed – U.S. Senator
 * Robert Menendez – U.S. Senator
 * Henry J. Allen – U.S. Senator
 * James J. Davis – U.S. Senator
 * Patrick A. McCarran – U.S. Senator
 * George D. Aiken – U.S. Senator
 * Ralph E. Flanders – U.S. Senator
 * William F. Knowland – U.S. Senator
 * William Benton – U.S. Senator
 * Irving M. Ives – U.S. Senator
 * Thomas E. Martin – U.S. Senator
 * Herman Welker – U.S. Senator
 * Estes Kefauver – U.S. Senator
 * Frank Church – U.S. Senator
 * William Spong – U.S. Senator
 * Peter Visclosky – U.S. Representative
 * Gus M. Bilirakis – U.S. Representative
 * Michael Bilirakis – U.S. Representative
 * John Sarbanes – U.S. Representative
 * Benjamin Gilman – U.S. Representative
 * Zack Space – U.S. Representative
 * Donald Payne – U.S. Representative
 * D. Worth Clark – U.S. Representative
 * A. Piatt Andrew – U.S. Representative
 * Ernest W. Gibson – U.S. Representative
 * Frank R. Havenner – U.S. Representative
 * William C. Lantaff – U.S. Representative
 * A.L. Miller – U.S. Representative
 * Norris Cotton – U.S. Representative
 * Thomas Martin – U.S. Representative
 * Charles P. Nelson – U.S. Representative
 * Clifford Davis – U.S. Representative
 * Herbert Warburton – U.S. Representative
 * Thomas P. O'Neil Jr. – U.S. Representative
 * William H. Ayres – U.S. Representative
 * John Brademas – U.S. Representative
 * Glenard P. Lipscomb – U.S. Representative
 * John W. Wydler – U.S. Representative
 * Peter N. Kyros – U.S. Representative
 * Nick Galifianakis – U.S. Representative
 * John J. McFall – U.S. Representative
 * Dante B. Fascell – U.S. Representative
 * Gus Yatron – U.S. Representative
 * Thomas Downing – U.S. Representative
 * Porter Hardy – U.S. Representative
 * Michael Dukakis – Governor of Massachusetts and Democratic Presidential Nominee
 * Nicholas Burns – Under Secretary of State for Political affairs
 * William H. Vanderbilt – Governor Rhode Island
 * Paul V. McNutt – Governor Indiana
 * Fred W. Green – Governor Michigan
 * Harry H. Woodring – Governor Kansas
 * J.E. Erickson – Governor Montana
 * R. Gregg Cherry – Governor North Carolina
 * Ralph H. Gates – Governor Indiana
 * Sam C. Ford – Governor Montana
 * Ernest W. Gibson – Governor Vermont
 * William Preston Lane – Governor Maryland
 * G. Mennen Williams – Governor Michigan
 * J. Caleb Boggs – Governor Delaware
 * C. J. Rogers – Governor Wyoming
 * Frank J. Lausche – Governor Ohio
 * Joseph B. Johnson – Governor Vermont
 * Leo A. Hoegh – Governor Iowa
 * William Stratton – Governor Illinois
 * Christian A. Herter – Governor Massachusetts
 * Edmund C. Muskie – Governor Maine
 * Averell Harriman – Governor New York
 * Price Daniel – Governor Texas
 * Ernest F. Hollings – Governor South Carolina
 * George C. Wallace – Governor Alabama
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 * Warren E. Hearnes – Governor of Missouri
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 * Joseph A. Cox – New York State Supreme Court Justice

Athletes

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 * Archbishop Iakovos – Archbishop of North and South America, Exarch of the lands between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
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Businessmen and philanthropists

 * Andy Athens
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Other
-->
 * Charles C. Moskos – Military Sociologist Professor
 * Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd – Pioneering American aviator, polar explorer, and organizer of polar logistic
 * Dr. Michael G. Mulinos
 * A.A. Pantelis – Founder of Hellenic Bar Association of Illinois
 * Dr. George N. Papanicolaou – Discover of "Pap smear" test
 * Mike Manatos – Presidential Administrative Assistant (JFK and LBJ)
 * Dr. Theodore Saloutos – Professor and Chairman of the Department of History at UCLA
 * Dr. Stephen Troubalos - Retinologist and Greek-American philanthropist


text:
Rito

Rito may refer to:
 * Rito (language) also called Luto and Lutos, language of people in the southwestern part of Chad and across the border in the northern part of the Central African Republic
 * Rito (The Legend of Zelda), an avian race in The Legend of Zelda video game series
 * Rito Revolto, a character from Power Rangers
 * Rito Yuuki, character from the anime and manga To-Love-Ru
 * Rito Seco, a creek in Colorado, U.S.
 * Humorous nickname for Riot Games

title: Rito


text:
Talk:Artillery battery

Comments
I'd not consider myself qualified to edit the article Artillery battery, but i note that it covers the topic

 * #1. Military units that have
 * "battery" in their name, and
 * artillery pieces among their equipment.

It does little to address two distinct but related topics:
 * #2. What such a unit, or sailors on a Pennsylvania class battleship, do in the field with their artillery pieces or cannon. (My casual reading of the Richard Sharpe novels (Sharpe's Tiger, Sharpe's Company, Sharpe's Regiment, etc.) of Bernard Cornwell leads me to believe this is an interesting and encyclopedic subject.)
 * #3. The organization and history of military units that have "battery" in their name, but don't have any artillery among their equipment.

I've gone ahead and created a stub Battery (military unit) to help identity the articles that already link to it (as a result of my work following conversion of Battery to a disamb page). I suppose it might end up as a redirect rather than an article.

When i disambiguated Battery, i assumed a factoring into If that aspect of Battery is kept as is, Artillery battery probably should be refactored into two corresponding articles; the tactical & strategic one would need a lot of new material.
 * Battery (artillery deployment) (presently piped to Artillery battery, which may be a mistake), essentially #2 and material implicit in part of #1, and
 * Battery (military unit), essentially #3 and most of #1.

Or, if Artillery battery keeps its current extent, someone should -Jerzy
 * refactor the military entries in Battery,
 * create any new articles implied by it, and
 * fix the articles that link to Artillery battery and Battery (military unit) to links based on the refactoring.

 * Jerzy, I don't quite follow you. You seem mainly to be asking for separate articles for artillery units vs. their tactics. Is that what you mean? I don't really see the point when the whole article is so short. Perhaps splitting could be reconsidered when it somewhat longer. Securiger 14:52, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I'm ignorant, and perhaps i'm mostly confused. My impression is that there are units called batteries that have no artillery, just as the air cav and armored cav have no horses.

 * Not that I am aware of (although my service was not in the artillery). As noted in the article, there some batteries that are equipped with missiles or heavy rockets instead of more traditional "tube artillery", but this ordance is still considered to be artillery. The closest you get is that a few (very few) countries (e.g. Norway, IIRC) continue to maintain units specifically responsible for coastal defence, and call them coastal batteries regardless of how they are currently armed (currently often heavy ATGMs and fast inflatables). This is already mentioned in the article. Securiger 02:19, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

It is clear the batteries on battleships are not associated with any army units named "battery".

 * Yes, true. Except that both involve groups of large guns, the naval and land usage are completely unrelated. However if I'm not mistaken, the navy doesn't refer to their guns as "artillery", but as "naval gunnery". Perhaps we could have a disambig. link from battery to naval battery - but I'd prefer to ask a sailor first! Securiger 02:19, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

My reference to operations is more of an afterthot, in wondering what does belong in a "battery as well organized bunch of artillery pieces" article as opposed to a "battery as any unit the brass decide to put that name on" article.

I also don't think i am qualified to work out the structure. Perhaps i made a bad decision in using the unit vs. deployment distinction in my disamb of Battery. User:Lir may be on the way to completely refactoring the military uses back into the single article, and if that is a good idea it's not obvious that Battery needs to change, now or ever. I'm more hoping to wash my hands of the military senses (i'm a dilletante who realizes it) than to guide a refactoring, tho at the very least i think the battleship batteries need some thot. --Jerzy 16:11, 2003 Dec 11 (UTC)

 * OK, put in an article for naval battery, if you can find someone to write it - or perhaps a stub to encourage someone to write it. Don't worry about splitting this article until it gets much longer. Securiger 02:19, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

An afterthot: looking at the language in Battery that Lir changed, i am reminded that the survivors of a battery become, when they ordnance is destroyed by counter-battery fire, a military unit merely qualified to operate artillery, as do those who are deployed ahead of their equipment, or whose pre-deployed equipment is captured, or impounded by allies turned neutrals. (Didn't both impoundment and follow-on by equipment happen, at least to armor units, in Iraq?) --Jerzy 16:31, 2003 Dec 11 (UTC)

 * Jerzy, I don't mean to be rude, but it seems to me that this is really splitting hairs. "Battery" refers to a unit which consists of the guns and the men who operate them. Sure, under certain circumstances they might get split up, but do we really need separate articles for that? Securiger 02:19, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * No, S., IMO you aren't being rude. And i probably looked like i was still trying to argue for the  approach i used in Battery, when i was just completing my brain-dump before bowing out of a discussion that i consider over my head; your misunderstanding is probably my fault.
 * I'll be entirely happy to see both my land-war senses of battery collapse into one, especially since no one seems to take seriously the idea (that i have no idea where i got) that there are batteries that haven't had any artillery for decades; i dunno, it may just be a seemingly logical extension of horseless cavalry and units that belong to a ceremonial regiment besides (or instead of?) their real one.
 * And thanks for being so over-scrupulous as to ask. --Jerzy 03:13, 2003 Dec 12 (UTC)

A few points to consider: "Battery," at least in US usage, refers to the military organization rather than just the equipment. Thus there are units, such as the "Headquarters and Headquarters Battery" ("HHB") found in US Army Field Artillery Battalions, which contain no guns but are known as Batteries because they are a unit within the Artillery branch.

Artillery units may be re-purposed for other missions, yet retain their designation as Artillery. Thus, my Battery was merged with two others from our Battalion, becoming "D Battery (Provisional Military Police)" when the Army needed us to perform MP and Infantry missions in Iraq. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.4.171.144 (talk) 12:55, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Exactly! In U.S. Army terms, a Battery is a "company-level" artillery unit, Field or Air Defense type. It may be a Headquarters unit (Hqtrs and Hdqtrs Btry), a delivery unit, such as a howitzer battery (FA cannons), MLRS/HIMARS battery (FA rockets), Stinger (ADA SHORAD [short range air def]), or Patriot (ADA HIMAD [high to medium AD]), or it may be a Target Acquisition unit such as a Target Acquisition Battery (TAB). The term has gravitated from functional grouping to unit level. Caisson 06 (talk) 19:49, 13 September 2012 (UTC)

As a serving member of the Royal Regiment of Artillery (British) I would point out that this article is basically one that deals with the use of the term in the US military specifically, and apart from just heavily referencing the US military has a whole section on the US Marine Corps. As such I would suggest that this should be retitled as US Artillery Battery as it is rather narrowly focused on one nation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.145.127.148 (talk) 14:57, 7 August 2016 (UTC)

Naval Battery
A naval battery is perhaps the grouping of several guns in one turret? Rmhermen 16:47, Dec 11, 2003 (UTC)

No, a battery is a grouping of individual artillery pieces, like a platoon of tanks. The confusion comes because many modern batteries are the same size as infantry companies. As I noted in my revision though, this is a more modern development. As recently as the 80s, batteries were double the size they are now and could often act independently. There were times when mortars were organized into batteries, as historically there have been some BIG mortars. Recently in the US that has not been the case and they have been used only by the infantry. That is going to change with the Marine Corps's new mortar that is being operated by trained artillerymen.

Some other confusion: batteries are for artillery, not just randomly assigned. The splitting hairs example can happen where a battery fulfills some other duty, such as acting as infantry, but retains the designation because this is temporary. Artillery units generally act as secondary infantry units if the type of conflict doesn't warrant the use of artillery (after the fall of Baghdad). As far as naval artillery, it used to be just cannons loaded on a ship, as you may have seen on restored ships and in movies. Sometimes you will hear, "portside battery fire!" You can see that while they developed differently they have a common heritage. I don't know much about naval gunfire but that pretty much makes sense.

Anyway, hope that helps a little!(Guest 06:01, 8 April 2006 (UTC))

 * If anyone is still concerned...
 * I have been planning on creating Naval Battery (actually water battery) for a while, but have only stub-worthy material so far. This will be the battery built for coastal  defence, close to shore, designed to skip shot across the water to hit (wooden) ships at the waterline.  I am going to put the stub up soon to defend another entry where a 'stylish' revision has decided to ignore the historical significance...blah blah waaa I will check here once its made for any suggestions of how to work the title and linkage to this article.
 * kilr0y217.26.84.76 00:06, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

 * During WW2 Hitler wanted to dismount the turrets from Germany's remaining cruisers and capital ships and install the turrets as shore batteries, according to "The Battle of Barents Sea". Hitler didn't realize that the poor showing of the Pocket Battleship and heavy cruiser detached to attack murmansk was due to his order that the capital ships were not to incur any risks.  SMS Lutzow was one of the big ships.  Lutzow, another big ship, and half a dozen big German destroyers were held off by smoke and torpedo attacks from the convoy's escort of half a dozen plucky British O-class destroyers, until the distant escort of some British cruisers had time to arrive.  Hitler thought the German destroyers were bolder and more successful than the big ships.  He sacked the German CNO, ordered the turrets dismounted, and appointed Doenitz, the admiral in charge of the U-boats, the most junior Admiral, and the only admiral who was a member of the Nazi party, as CNO.  Doenitz talked him out of disarming (most?) of the capital ships however.
 * Cheers! Geo Swan 04:23, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I came here to see if there was an article about naval batteries. And yes, battery is the correct term for the armament. On a battleship, the primary battery would be the heavy guns (10-18 inchers), a secondary battery of 3-6 inch guns (casemated, turreted, etc.), and later ships had the tertiary anti-aircraft battery. I think Geo swan is a bit confused though, it was the German battlecruiser Scharnhorst that was driven off by cruisers and destroyers at the battle of North Cape, while her sistership German battlecruiser Gneisenau was disarmed and had her weapons turned into coastal batteries (take a look at this picture: Image:Gneisenau-1.jpg). Anyways, was the article about naval batteries ever created? Parsecboy 20:31, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

 * The section on naval batteries is pretty poor. It does contain the core information as to what a naval battery is, but that is little more than a dictionary definition. The rest of the section is about naval gunnery generally - the last paragraph for instance has nothing to do with batteries. The illustrations are similarly irrrelevant, especially the picture of a single gun. I wonder if the section is needed - one sentence elsewhere in the article could refer to the naval usage of the term "battery" and move on. Cyclopaedic (talk) 20:02, 24 January 2009 (UTC)

Battery as a generic name for any unit associated with field artilley
In the discussion of the military term "battery," I must note the US Army practise of naming any organiztion of company level (100-400+ soldiers, commanded by a captain or sometimes a major).

As a newly joined officer at Ft Sill Oklahoma, I was assigned to the First Officer Student Battery, USA Artillery and Missile School. The 1st OSB, had no weapons of any description. It was organized as a administrative "Table of Distribution and Allowances" unit, as opposed to a unit organized as a "Table of Organization and Equipment" unit. The nuaunsces between TDA and TOE deal with the minutia of force structure and funding appropriations.

I should also note that there was a WAC Battery at Ft Sill at that time. The Women's Army Corps was still in existance and since this unit was based at Ft Sill its designation was "battery." None of the gals were cannoneers; the unit had no field artillery pieces.

Other notable batteries include: Target acquistion and countermortar/rocket/artillery radar batteries; rocket batteries including Honest John and Little John; missile batteries such as Pershing, Sergeant, Corporal, Lance and the current M271 Multiple Launch Rocket System.

There have been aviation batteries as well. In Vietnam, my unit controlled two sections frrom the 2-20 FA (AFA) of AH-1 Cobra gunships, designated and used as aerial field artilley. The division artillery also had E Battery 82d FA Regiment that was an aerial surveilance organization (O-1 Bird Dogs).

A former boss described his duties as a battery officer in a 280 mm towed battery. There is a 280mm howitzer at Ft Sill named Atomic Annie. It deliverd several nuclear rounds at frenchman's Flats in Neveada in the 1950s. The 280mm battery had only two pieces.

Finally, there have been railway artilley batteries pieces organized around a single gun.

Blockhouse Signal Mountain 15:57, 16 August 2006 (UTC) Blockhouse Signal Mountain

 * Proposed addition to the introduction:

 * In the artillery arms of some forces, the term battery is extended to include organizations which aren't equipped with artillery weapons, such as counter-battery radar batteries, surveillance batteries, or even helicopter batteries. It is also used for administrative purposes to include non-combat organizations, such as a Women's Army Corps (WAC) battery as part of the organization of an artillery unit.

 * This should be treated as a side note, since this article is about combat artillery batteries, and not a dictionary definition of "battery". —Michael Z. 2006-08-16 19:18 Z

Grammar
While the intention here is to provide information on a topic, I do think the quality of delivery is important, too. I made a couple of grammatical corrections, but many still exist. Most include excessive use of commas or the need for semicolons, etc. All-in-all, though, the article was pretty cool and very informative to someone like myself (non-military types).75.112.134.2 12:48, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

Artillery Divisions
What's the source for saying artillery divisions appeared from WW1? AFAIK they first appeared in the second half of WW2, eg the short-lived German 18th Arty Div and several Red Army ones.Nfe (talk) 05:16, 5 February 2010 (UTC)

"Battery"
The usage and primary topic of "battery" is under discussion, see talk:battery (electricity) -- 70.51.46.39 (talk) 06:08, 26 March 2016 (UTC)

Barrage?
Why is this word singled out to "see also?" Anmccaff (talk) 14:14, 29 October 2017 (UTC)

Your edit summary is (Why not? I mean it's about artillery batttery so barrage should be linked which doesn't actually give a reason. There are probably a good few hundred articles that have this degree of connection with Battery, many of them much closer.  Why link this? as a "see also?"  Anmccaff (talk) 15:22, 29 October 2017 (UTC)

Origin
What is the Origin section intended to say, and is it properly sourced? I don't have access to any of the claimed sources, but it is not clear whether this claims that the idea of grouping guns into batteries came from Lithuania, or that the word originates there, or something else. Mainly it seems to be saying that a book covered rockets. Should probably be deleted. Cyclopaedic (talk) 11:21, 18 August 2018 (UTC)

"Sand battery" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Sand battery and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 July 5 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. 64.229.88.43 (talk) 22:04, 5 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Artillery battery


text:
Frank Bough

Francis Joseph Bough (15 January 1933 – 21 October 2020) was an English television presenter. He was best known as the host of BBC sports and current affairs shows including Grandstand, Nationwide and Breakfast Time, which he launched alongside Selina Scott and Nick Ross.

Over his broadcasting career, Bough became known for his smooth, relaxed and professional approach to live broadcasts, once being described as "the most unassailable performer on British television". In 1987, Michael Parkinson said, "If my life depended on the smooth handling of a TV show, Bough would be my first choice to be in charge." In 1988, Bough was sacked by the BBC following revelations that he had taken cocaine and used prostitutes. He later presented programmes on London Weekend Television, ITV, Sky TV and on LBC radio in London before his retirement in 1998.

Early life
Francis Joseph Bough was born on 15 January 1933 at his parents' terraced house in Fenton, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, son of Austin Joseph Bough (died 1963) and Annie Tyrer, née Moulton. The family later moved to Oswestry, Shropshire. His father was a furniture upholsterer and his mother painted pots in a pottery factory, and also made curtains and cushions.

After passing his eleven-plus exam, Bough was educated at Oswestry Boys' High School (a Shropshire County Council secular grammar school), and at Merton College, Oxford, where he studied history and was a soccer blue. He played football for the university against Cambridge, entered the employment of ICI at Billingham-on-Tees, and did his national service in the 2nd Royal Tank Regiment, serving in West Germany. He first broadcast for British Forces Radio, commenting on an army cup game football match between two regiments.

BBC
Bough joined the BBC as a presenter and reporter, presenting a new Newcastle upon Tyne-based show called Home at Six, soon renamed North at Six and then in 1963 becoming BBC Look North. Between 1964 and 1968, he was the presenter of Sportsview and in 1964 became the presenter of the BBC Sports Review of the Year, which he hosted for 18 years. Between 1968 and 1983, he was a regular host of the BBC's flagship Saturday afternoon sports programme, Grandstand.

Bough was one of the BBC's football commentators for the 1966 World Cup in England and covered the match at Ayresome Park in Middlesbrough where North Korea defeated Italy 1–0, in a game regarded as one of the biggest upsets in World Cup history. Bough went on to present the early evening magazine programme Nationwide. This made him one of the most familiar faces on British television throughout the 1970s. For Nationwide, he covered the Watergate scandal that brought down President Nixon and, for both Nationwide and Breakfast Time, he covered five UK general elections between 1974 and 1987 and four US presidential elections between 1972 and 1984.

Bough was twice a surprise guest on the Morecambe and Wise Christmas special, in 1977 performing a song and dance routine in a sailor's outfit with other television personalities, including the film critic Barry Norman, the presenter Michael Aspel and the rugby league commentator Eddie Waring. The programme's 21.3 million viewers remains one of the highest recorded viewing figures for UK Christmas viewing. Bough later said that he had to give Waring dancing lessons before the sketch, which was based on a comic version of the song "There is Nothing Like a Dame" from the musical South Pacific. The same year Bough received the Richard Dimbleby Award for outstanding contribution to factual television.

Bough was the main presenter of the BBC's coverage of the 1978 World Cup finals in Argentina.

Bough's prominence increased in January 1983 when he became the first presenter of the BBC's inaugural breakfast television programme, Breakfast Time along with Selina Scott and Nick Ross. Bough was chosen by Ron Neil for his experience of presenting three hours of live television every week on Grandstand. As fellow presenter Ross recounted: "None of us had remotely the experience of long, unscripted slabs of live TV that Frank had from his sports broadcasting. He brought a sense of serenity and reassurance. His unruffled composure made us feel this had all been done before, and on the first morning, as the last minutes ticked down to our opening transmission, when hearts were thumping and nerves were jangling, he clapped his hands and—addressing the producers and the technicians as much as Selina and me—gently and firmly said, 'Calm down.' We did."

Scott later said that Bough would deliberately undermine her by interrupting mid-question and in other ways. When she attempted to complain she said that senior management simply was not interested. "They seemed to have no emotional intelligence, and they let men like Frank Bough roam the BBC without any check on them." She said that there was a very sexist atmosphere at the BBC, "this malevolence". The presenter Fern Britton found Bough equally difficult to work with. In her autobiography, published in 2008, she wrote early in their professional relationship, Bough asked her, "Well, young lady, I wonder how long it will be before I'm having an affair with you." He was dismissive of Britton at pre-programme briefings: "Oh, hers can wait. Now back to mine." Britton felt too junior to be able to complain.

Bough left breakfast television at the end of 1987 to concentrate on the Holiday programme where, having been a roving holidaymaker, he took over as the main presenter when Cliff Michelmore left the series in 1986.

In February 1989, Bough was hired by Sky News to present the Frank Bough Interview for Sky TV for two series. In September 1989, he also joined London Weekend Television where he fronted Six O'Clock Live until it was axed in summer 1992. In between his news duties he presented ITV's coverage of the 1991 Rugby World Cup tournament.

Sex and drugs scandal
On 13 June 1988, Bough left the BBC for a rest before being sacked, after the News of the World reported he had taken cocaine and worn lingerie at parties involving prostitutes. The newspaper's former deputy editor, Paul Connew, later said of the scandal, "It caused a sensation at the time, given Bough's public image as the squeaky clean front man of breakfast and sports television."

Roy Greenslade, professor of journalism at City University London, said that Bough made a "terrible mistake" by agreeing to speak to newspapers before publication of personal allegations, worsening the story.

In August 1992, Bough was reported to have been involved in a dungeon orgy. The press published photographs of him leaving the flat of a prostitute who specialised in sadomasochism. Bough later spoke of his regret over his actions, saying his behaviour had been "exceedingly stupid". He said in a television interview, "Everybody, when they have difficulties with their marriage or sexuality, surely has the right to sort out these things in the privacy of their own home." His role as a rugby presenter ended after this second scandal.

Late career
In 1993, after his activities were regularly ridiculed in monologues on Have I Got News for You by Angus Deayton (who himself was later dismissed from the show following cocaine and prostitute use), Bough agreed to appear as a guest on the programme. In the early 1990s, he was a presenter on LBC radio in London, staying on for the launch of London News Talk and moving to the News 97.3 service where he remained until 1996. He then presented Travel Live for the cable channel Travel.

In 2009, he contributed to a programme looking back on Nationwide, broadcast on BBC Four.

Personal life and death
Bough met Nesta Howells, a physiotherapist, while he was undertaking his national service in Park Hall camp at Oswestry, and they married after he left the army in 1959. They had three sons: David, Stephen and Andrew. Nesta stayed in the relationship after the exposés that affected Bough's later career.

From 1994, he was a regular member of a Windsor-based choir, the Royal Free Singers. Bough had a liver transplant in 2001 after cancer was found, and later lived in retirement in Holyport, Berkshire.

A family friend said that Bough died on 21 October 2020, aged 87.

title: Frank Bough