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EMD AEM-7

The EMD AEM-7 is a twin-cab four-axle 7000 hp B-B electric locomotive built by Electro-Motive Division (EMD) and ASEA between 1978 and 1988. The locomotive is a derivative of the Swedish SJ Rc4 designed for passenger service in the United States. The primary customer was Amtrak, which bought 54 for use on the Northeast Corridor and Keystone Corridor. Two commuter operators, MARC and SEPTA, also purchased locomotives, for a total of 65.

Amtrak ordered the AEM-7 after the failure of the GE E60 locomotive. The first locomotives entered service in 1980 and were an immediate success, ending a decade of uncertainty on the Northeast Corridor. In the late 1990s, Amtrak rebuilt 29 of its locomotives from DC to AC traction. The locomotives continued operating through the arrival of the final Siemens ACS-64 in June 2016. MARC retired its fleet in April 2017 in favor of Siemens Chargers, and SEPTA retired all seven of its AEM-7s in November 2018 in favor of ACS-64s.

Background

Amtrak assumed control of almost all private sector intercity passenger rail service in the United States on May 1, 1971, with a mandate to reverse decades of decline. Amtrak retained approximately 184 of the 440 trains which had run the day before. To operate these trains, Amtrak inherited a fleet of 300 locomotives (electric and diesel) and 1190 passenger cars, most of which dated from the 1940s–1950s.

Operation on the electrified portion of the Northeast Corridor was split between the Budd Metroliner electric multiple units and PRR GG1 locomotives. The latter were over 35 years old and restricted to 85 mph. Amtrak sought a replacement, but no US manufacturer offered an electric passenger locomotive. Importing and adapting a European locomotive would require a three-year lead time. With few other options, Amtrak turned to GE to adapt the E60C freight locomotive for passenger service. GE delivered two models, the E60CP and the E60CH. However, the locomotives proved unsuitable for speeds above 90 mph, leaving Amtrak once again in need of a permanent solution.

Amtrak then examined existing European high-speed designs, and two were imported for trials in 1976–77: the Swedish SJ Rc4 (Amtrak No. X995, SJ No. 1166), and the French SNCF Class CC 21000 (Amtrak No. X996, SNCF No. 21003). Amtrak favored the Swedish design, which became the basis for the AEM-7.

Design
The AEM-7 was far smaller than its predecessors, the PRR GG1 and the GE E60. It measured 51 ft long by 10 ft wide, and stood 14 ft tall, a decrease in length of over 20 ft. The AEM-7's weight was half that of the E60CP or the GG1. On its introduction it was the "smallest and lightest high horsepower locomotive in North America." The Budd Company manufactured the carbodies for the initial Amtrak order, while the Austrian firm Simmering-Graz-Pauker built the carbodies for the MARC and SEPTA orders.

Reflecting the varied electrification schemes on the Northeast Corridor the locomotives could operate at three different voltages: 11 kV 25 Hz AC, 12.5 kV 60 Hz AC and 25 kV 60 Hz. A pair of Faiveley DS-11 two-stage pantographs, one at each end of the locomotive, collected power from the overhead catenary wire. Thyristor converters stepped down the high-voltage AC to provide DC power at a much lower voltage to four traction motors, one per axle. As built the AEM-7 was rated at 7000 hp, with a starting tractive effort of 51710 lbf and a continuous tractive effort of 28100 lbf. Its maximum speed was 125 mph. A separate static converter supplied 500 kW 480 V head-end power (HEP) for passenger comfort. This was sufficient to supply heating, lighting, and other electrical needs in 8-10 Amfleet cars.

AEM-7AC
The rebuilt AEM-7ACs used AC traction instead of DC traction. The power modules used water-cooled insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) technology and provided about 5000 kW of traction power plus 1000 kW of HEP, twice the HEP capacity of the original DC units. The 6 FXA 5856 traction motors, from Alstom's ONIX family of propulsion components, had a maximum rating of 1250 - 1275 kW each and a continuous rating of 1080 kW. The remanufactured AEM-7ACs were the world's first passenger locomotives to incorporate IGBT technology.

History
Amtrak planned a fleet of 53 locomotives, with an estimated cost of $137.5 million. Limited funding hampered that plan, but in September 1977 Amtrak proceeded with a plan to buy 30 locomotives for $77.8 million. Five groups bid on the contract: General Motors' Electro-Motive Division (EMD)/ASEA, Morrison–Knudsen/Alstom, Brown Boveri, Siemens/KraussMaffei, and AEG/KraussMaffei. Amtrak awarded the contract to the EMD/ASEA partnership in January 1978. It ordered 17 more locomotives in February 1980, bringing the total to 47.

Revenue service began on May 9, 1980, when No. 901 departed Washington Union Station with a Metroliner service. The Swedish influence led to the nickname "Meatball", after Swedish meatballs. Railfans nicknamed the boxy locomotives "toasters". Between 1980 and 1982, 47 AEM-7s (Nos. 900–946) went into service. Amtrak retired the last of its PRR GG1s on May 1, 1981, while most of the GE E60s were sold to other operators. The new locomotives swiftly proved themselves; Car and Locomotive Cyclopedia stated that no new locomotive since the New York Central Hudson had "such an impact on speeds and schedule performance."

This strong performance led to further orders. Amtrak added seven more locomotives in 1987, delivered in 1988, for a total of 54. Two commuter operators in the Northeast ordered AEM-7s. MARC ordered four in 1986 for use on its Penn Line service on the Northeast Corridor between Washington, D.C., and Perryville, Maryland. The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA) ordered seven in 1987. Amtrak also used the AEM-7s to handle the Keystone Service on the Keystone Corridor between Harrisburg and Philadelphia as the Budd Metroliners, displaced from the Northeast Corridor, reached the end of their service lives.

Refurbishment
In 1999, Amtrak and Alstom began a remanufacturing program for Amtrak's AEM-7s. Alstom supplied AC propulsion equipment, electrical cabinets, transformers, HEP, and cab displays. The rebuild provided Amtrak with locomotives that had improved high end tractive effort and performance with longer trains. Amtrak workers performed the overhauls under Alstom supervision at Amtrak's shop in Wilmington, Delaware. These remanufactured AEM-7s were designated AEM-7AC. Between 1999 and 2002, Amtrak rebuilt 29 of its AEM-7s.

Retirement
As the locomotives passed 30 years of service their operators made plans for replacements. In 2010, Amtrak ordered 70 Siemens ACS-64 locomotives to replace both the AEM-7s and the newer but unreliable Bombardier/Alstom HHP-8s. The ACS-64s began entering revenue service in February 2014. The last two active AEM-7s, Amtrak Nos. 942 and 946, made their final run on June 18, 2016, on a special farewell excursion that ran between Washington, D.C., and Philadelphia.

While Amtrak was replacing its AEM-7s, MARC initially decided in 2013 to phase out its electric operations on the Penn Line altogether and retire both its AEM-7 and Bombardier–Alstom HHP-8 locomotives, but the railroad instead started a refurbishment program for its HHP-8s in 2017. , the first HHP-8 reconditioned under this program had been delivered and was undergoing successful testing. MARC selected the Siemens Charger diesel locomotive as the replacement for its AEM-7 fleet in 2015. The last of the MARC AEM-7s were retired by April 2017, with the Chargers entering service in January 2018.

SEPTA will continue to use electric traction, replacing its seven AEM-7s and lone ABB ALP-44, an improved AEM-7, with fifteen ACS-64s. The first SEPTA ACS-64, #901, entered revenue service on July 11, 2018. On December 1, 2018, SEPTA held a farewell excursion for the AEM-7 and ALP-44 locomotives along the Paoli/Thorndale Line.

Post-retirement
Two locomotives, ex-Amtrak Nos. 928 and 942, were moved to the Transportation Technology Center in July 2017.

Caltrain, which operates commuter trains in the San Francisco Bay Area, purchased two retired Amtrak AEM-7s to test their electrification system once completed. The units would also serve as backup power for EMU cars. On June 7, 2018, the board awarded two contracts totalling approximately $600,000: one to purchase two AEM-7ACs from Mitsui & Co, and the other to Amtrak for refurbishment, training, and transportation to the Caltrain maintenance facility in San Jose. Locomotive Nos. 929 and 938 were delivered to California by Amtrak in June 2019.

The seven SEPTA AEM-7s were leased to NJ Transit beginning in late December 2018 for the purpose of allowing NJ Transit to roster additional locomotives equipped with positive train control (PTC) in order to meet a deadline for operating PTC-capable equipment. However, they were never used and subsequently returned. SEPTA then used them exclusively for overnight work service during autumn, cleaning tracks and applying traction gel. In 2022, SEPTA sold the AEM-7s and ALP-44 for scrap.

Three ex-Amtrak units have been preserved: Nos. 915 at the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania, 945 at the Illinois Railway Museum, and 917 at the Danbury Railway Museum.

title: EMD AEM-7


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Metroliner (train)

The Metroliners were extra-fare high-speed trains between Washington, D.C., and New York City which operated from 1969 to 2006. They were briefly first operated by Penn Central Transportation (successor to the Pennsylvania Railroad, which originally ordered the equipment), then by Amtrak for 35 years.

Service originally ran with Budd Metroliners, self-powered electric multiple unit cars designed for high-speed service. These proved unreliable and were replaced with locomotive-hauled trains in the 1980s. The trains had reserved business-class and first-class seating. The fastest trips between New York Penn Station and Washington Union Station were scheduled for 2.5 hours, though some midday trains around 1980 had schedules as long as 4 hours.

Amtrak replaced Metroliner service with the high-speed Acela Express, which runs up to 150 mph in revenue service. The first Acela Express trains ran in 2000, but due to equipment difficulties at the time they did not fully replace the Metroliners until 2006.

Beginning of service

The High Speed Ground Transportation Act of 1965 started a U.S. Government effort to develop a high speed train for Northeast Corridor service. The U.S. Department of Transportation worked with the Pennsylvania Railroad, Budd Company, General Electric and Westinghouse to develop an electric multiple unit high speed passenger train. An initial order of 50 Budd Metroliner cars was placed on May 6, 1966, with a target service date of October 1967. Service was to operate at 110 mph with later increases to 150 mph, with hourly New York – Washington service and half-hourly New York – Philadelphia service. The Johnson Administration saw the new service as political capital and pushed for an aggressive schedule.

The new cars were primarily intended for high-level platforms for faster boarding; the PRR constructed high-level island platforms at Wilmington, Baltimore, and Washington, D.C. in 1967 and 1968. On June 13, 1967, the PRR announced plans for a suburban New Jersey station directly off the Garden State Parkway. The same month, the PRR decided on the "Metroliner" name for the vehicles and service, and announced that the trains would have higher fares than conventional service.

The first cars were delivered in September 1967, but soon proved to have numerous electric issues. Start of service was delayed to January 1968, then postponed indefinitely in March 1968. The PRR folded into Penn Central on February 1, 1968. SEPTA refused its 11 Metroliners, intended for Philadelphia-Harrisburg service, in August; Penn Central eventually leased them, increasing its fleet to 61. In October 1968, testing proved that the cars could operate the desired sub-3-hour trip time, and substation modifications by Westinghouse increased electrical reliability. Penn Central and Budd reached a settlement on their legal fight in November; on December 20, Penn Central announced that service would begin on January 16, 1969.

A Washington-New York round trip for VIPs was operated on January 15, 1969. Metroliner service finally started on January 16, 1969, with a single daily round trip leaving New York in the morning and Washington in the afternoon. A second round trip on a corresponding reversed schedule was added on February 10. A non-stop round trip on a 2.5 hour schedule was added on April 2, 1969. However, problems with the cars persisted; maximum speeds temporarily dropped from 120 mph to 110 mph soon after.

Despite difficulties, the service proved overwhelmingly popular and fairly reliable, with 90% on-time performance by May 1. Penn Central added a computerized ticketing system in August 1969, and doubled service to six daily round trips on October 27. On March 16, 1970, Capital Beltway station opened to serve the Metroliners, and all trips were scheduled for under three hours. A seventh round trip was added that August. Beginning on February 1, 1971, a cross-platform transfer to Turboliner service to Boston was offered at Penn Station. However, top speed was soon reduced again to 100 mph, making the Metroliners scarcely faster than conventional trains.

Amtrak era
Amtrak took over intercity passenger service from private operators on May 1, 1971. Although many trains were discontinued with the takeover, Metroliner service increased to 9 round trips. Schedules further increased to 12 round trips on an hourly schedule on November 14, 1971; one trip was extended to New Haven, Connecticut (then the northern limit of electrification). Two more round trips were added on May 1, 1972, and the all-time maximum of 15 round trips was reached on October 28, 1973.

Change of equipment

Although initially promising, the Budd Metroliners proved unreliable; by January 1978, GG1 and E60 locomotives hauling conventional Amfleet coaches (whose design was based on the Metroliner) had better on-time percentages than Metroliners. In March 1978, Amtrak began sending the cars to General Electric for rebuilding. A GG1/Amfleet set covered one Metroliner round trip on a slower schedule.

In 1982, Amtrak finished replacing the Budd Metroliner cars, which had developed problems with their motors limiting their speed, with trains powered by the Swedish-developed AEM-7 locomotives pulling Amfleet coaches. Maximum speed of locomotive-hauled Metroliners increased to 120 mph in 1982 and 125 mph in 1985. In the six months following October 29, 1990, the morning nonstop express trains were scheduled to cover the distance between Washington and New York in two hours and thirty minutes, an average speed from start to arrival of better than 90 miles per hour.

Discontinuance
Amtrak expanded Metroliner service when problems developed with Acela Express braking systems during 2002 and 2005. As trainsets were repaired, the number of Metroliner trains declined to one round trip each weekday, which was finally discontinued on October 27, 2006. The current Northeast Regional service matches the top speed of Metroliner service, but makes more stops and does not offer first class seating. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, Amtrak ran one non-stop Acela train each way on weekdays with a travel time of 2 hours and 33 (or 35 southbound) minutes, comparable to the Metroliner service. As of 2023, those trains have not been restored and the fastest travel time is now 2 hours 45 minutes with stops in Baltimore, Wilmington, Philadelphia, and Newark.

Other Metroliner services
Amtrak operated several other short-lived services under the Metroliner brand.

On October 31, 1982, Amtrak added two New England Metroliner round trips between New York City and Boston, which ran with diesel locomotives north of New Haven. These were discontinued on April 28, 1984.

The next day, an additional round trip was added to the Los Angeles – San Diego corridor, supplementing the San Diegan. Branded as Metroliner, it made only two intermediate stops, cutting 15 minutes from the normal San Diegan schedule. The trip was discontinued on April 28, 1985.

On October 29, 1989, Amtrak introduced a single one-way morning Metroliner trip from Downingtown, Pennsylvania, to Washington. The trip largely served Amtrak employees, as a corresponding evening trip to serve regular commuters was not offered. The Downingtown trip was discontinued on October 25, 1991.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Metroliner (train)


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Talk:Resurrection (1980 film)

Untitled
This is a powerful movie, which leaves you with an incredible feeling of hope. Its the first movie that ever moved my husband to tears. I haven't seen it for about 15 years, but it is frequently on my mind. A must see.

I don't see what the WP France template is for... Hoverfish Talk 19:49, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 07:58, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

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ressurection
i have this movie on dvd copied it over from video tape if you would like a copy email me at a_m_bracken@yahoo.co.uk —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.192.154.206 (talk) 21:35, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Resurrection (1980 film)


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Full Metal Panic!

Full Metal Panic! (フルメタル・パニック!) is a series of light novels written by Shoji Gatoh and illustrated by Shikidouji. The series follows Sousuke Sagara, a member of the covert anti-terrorist private military organization known as Mithril, tasked with protecting Kaname Chidori, a hot-headed Japanese high school girl.

Individual chapters are published on Monthly Dragon Magazine, followed by a paperback compilation released by Fujimi Shobo's Fujimi Fantasia Bunko. The novels are split between stories focusing on Sousuke's mission as a soldier of Mithril and comedic side stories centered on his life at Jindai High School.

The series has been adapted into different media; including four anime television series: Full Metal Panic! by Gonzo in 2002, Full Metal Panic? Fumoffu and ''Full Metal Panic! The Second Raid'' by Kyoto Animation in 2003 and 2005 respectively. An OVA was also released in 2006; and the newest television series, ''Full Metal Panic! Invisible Victory'' by Xebec, premiered in April 2018. The series also had several different manga series.

Tokyopop licensed the novels for English-language publication in North America and released parts of the series, while ADV Films licensed and dubbed the first season and the spin-off. The second season was licensed by Kadokawa Pictures USA with ADV Films producing the dub yet again. Mandalay Pictures acquired the film rights to the series in 2009. At Anime USA 2009, Funimation announced that it had acquired the rights to the first and second series of Full Metal Panic! and both were re-released and remastered on DVD and Blu-ray in 2010. The series began airing in North America on November 22, 2010, on the Funimation Channel. The Fumoffu series made its North American television debut on the Funimation Channel on November 15, 2010.

A spin-off to the light-novel series called ''Full Metal Panic! Another'' was serialized between 2011 and 2016. Another received a manga adaptation split in two series. The light novels have sold 11 million copies.

Setting
The series is set in a parallel world, based upon actual world events around the late 20th century to the early 21st century. The story begins in Heisei 10 (1998 A.D.), where the Cold War has yet to end. China has split into a north and south, with Hong Kong being split much like Berlin. The major differences between real life Earth and the Full Metal Panic! universe are:

 * China has split into the People's Liberation Committee (North China) and the Democratic Chinese Alliance (South China) along the Yangtze River. Kowloon is a North Chinese territory, while Hong Kong Island is held by South Chinese forces. Combat in Hong Kong is prohibited by terms of a recent peace treaty.
 * A nuclear warhead was used in the 1991 Gulf War. This triggered the Fifth Middle East War.
 * Following the beginning of the fifth Middle East war, the Soviet Union successfully reinvaded Afghanistan, which is called "Helmajistan" in the series.
 * Mikhail Gorbachev was assassinated and Perestroika was halted.
 * Distinct military technology such as Arm Slaves and Black Technology were developed.

A number of other details differentiates the fictional world. Common changes occur in the Japanese names, as they use homonyms to the names of real life locations. The fictional Jindai High School is based on the real life Jindai High School in Chōfu, Tokyo. The closest station to the real life Jindai High School is the Sengawa Station, changed from Sengawa to Izumikawa. The Japanese calendar of Heisei is altered from Heisei to Hiramasa.

Plot
The series follows Sousuke Sagara, a member of a covert anti-terrorist private military organization known as Mithril, tasked with protecting Kaname Chidori, a spirited Japanese high school girl. He moves to Japan to study at Chidori's school, Jindai High School, with assistance from his comrades Kurz Weber and Melissa Mao. Having never experienced social interactions, Sousuke is seen as a military maniac by his schoolmates as he interprets everyday situations from a combat perspective. He comes to relate with Chidori who realizes that Sousuke is protecting her, but he does not reveal the reasons due to orders as well as the fact that he does not know why Chidori is being targeted by different organizations.

Development
When starting the series, Shoji Gatoh commented that as the series' theme was "Boy Meets Girl." Gatoh worked in the order to keep that as the focus regardless of the several other conflicts the story presented. Gatoh and Shiki Douji had a close relationship in the making of the novels. Gatoh gave Douji freedom in the design of the characters such as Sagara and Leonardo who were given multiple traits. On the other hand, Gatoh also gave Douji references for "gentlemen" featured in the story.

In the making of the series Gatoh did not find difficulties in creating a balance between sci-fi and realistic elements since multiple Japanese series like Tetsujin 28 and Mazinger Z already provide the demographic a mixture between those elements. Originally, Douji felt that the characters were too realistic. Believing the teenage demographic would not like them, the author changed them so that were seen as cooler characters. While the duo did not have difficulties with the novels' serious storylines, they still had problems with comedy.

Chidori and Sousuke's relationship was based on Japanese comedy due to how the two interact. To create a more interesting dynamic between the two leads, Gatoh wanted to change the ways Sagara and Chidori interact as he was tired of female characters requiring to be protected in the making for the light novels. As a result, Chidori instead supports Sagara multiple times.

Light novels
The light novel series Full Metal Panic! is written by Shoji Gatoh and illustrated by Shikidouji. It was serialised by Fujimi Shobo in its monthly magazine Gekkan Dragon Magazine since June 1998 and published under the Fujimi Fantasia Bunko imprint in tankōbon format since September 1998. Gatoh often found delays in writing of the novels, which led to delays to the publication of the series' volumes. The series focuses on Sergeant Sousuke Sagara's arrival to the Jindai High School where he was assigned to protect the student Kaname Chidori while also acting as a student.

A total of twelve full length volumes have been released from September 18, 1998, to August 20, 2010. In parallel to the twelve volumes, nine standalone light novels of the series (which form the short story collection) have also been published from December 17, 1998, to August 20, 2011. Finally two more volumes titled Side Arms focusing on the past of some characters (which form the side story collection) and the birth of Mithril and Amalgam have been published on April 20, 2004, and July 20, 2006. In contrast to the full length volumes, short story collection focuses on the comedy elements from the series. In January 2010, Gatoh wrote another of these stories in celebration of Gekkan Dragon Magazine's 300th issue, which has been included in the last short story collection volume. Another series of spin-off novels, ''Full Metal Panic! Another'', has been released by Naoto Ōguro with supervision of Shoji Gatoh, and also illustrated by Shikidouji, from August 20, 2011, to February 20, 2016, consisting of thirteen volumes and set years after the original series' ending. The light novels have also been adapted into various manga, as well as three anime television series and an OVA episode for which Gatoh was also part of the staff.

Tokyopop licensed the Full Metal Panic! series for North America release, publishing the first regular light novel on September 11, 2007. The latest released volume is the fourth on February 1, 2011, which is a compilation from the original fourth and fifth full-length volumes from the series. No short story collection volumes nor side story collection ones have been published and the company has shut down its publishing operations in North America on May 31, 2011. In 2015, at Anime Expo and San Diego Comic-Con, Tokyopop announced that it would be relaunching its publishing operations in North America in 2016 and that they will consider light novels, but nothing has been disclosed about Full Metal Panic! novels publication.

On March 18, 2019, J-Novel Club announced that all the original 12 novels will be translated again and released in English. The series was released as e-books starting that year, with the final volume released in 2021. Hardcover "Collectors Editions," each compiling three novels per volume, were released by J-Novel Club from 2020 to 2022. On July 1, 2022, J-Novel announced that they were translating the short stories. They were released as e-books starting that year, with the final volume released in 2023.

On May 19, 2023, Kadokawa announced that a new Full Metal Panic! series will be published, centering on Sousuke and Kaname two decades after the events of FMP!

On October 3, 2023, Podium Audio released an audiobook version of the first volume. The second volume was released on December 12, 2023.

Manga
The Full Metal Panic! light novel series has been adapted to manga on multiple occasions. The first manga series: Full Metal Panic, was serialized in Monthly Comic Dragon by Retsu Tateo. This manga was collected in nine tankōbon volumes published from August 30, 2000, to July 1, 2005. Announced in July 2003, Full Metal Panic! became one of the first manga series licensed by ADV Manga. They released all of the volumes between November 10, 2003 and April 11, 2006.

A parallel series titled Full Metal Panic! Comic Mission (フルメタル・パニック! Comic Mission) which focused more on the comedic elements from the franchise was also written by Retsu Tateo and ran for seven volumes between November 1, 2003, and September 1, 2006.

Full Metal Panic! Overload! (いきなり! フルメタル・パニック!) was a spin-off series by Tomohiro Nagai. Five volumes were released between January 30, 2001, and April 1, 2003. Overload was licensed by ADV Manga in December 2004, and all of its volumes were published in English between June 6, 2005, and May 24, 2006. Tomohiro Nagai also wrote Full Metal Panic! Surplus (フルメタル・パニック!SURPLUS) which is a single tankōbon manga published on July 1, 2003, focused more on the action elements from the franchise.

Full Metal Panic! Sigma (フルメタル・パニック!Σ), written by Shoji Gatoh and illustrated by Hiroshi Ueda, focuses on the missions of Sousuke as a sergeant. The first volume was published on August 1, 2005, and the final volume: the nineteenth, was published on September 20, 2013. The story and events of this manga adaption are based on the fourth Full Metal Panic! light novel and onwards.

Full Metal Panic!
The anime series was produced by Gonzo Digimation and originally aired in 2002 after its original air date was canceled because of the September 11 attacks. The series was licensed by ADV Films for North American release in 2003. The first three novels form the basis for the anime. The series was available on the Anime Network on Demand from 2003 to 2004.

The production of 3 director's cut movies based on the first television series was announced in 2017. The 1st SECTION Boy Meets Girl premiered on November 25, 2017, at Kadokawa Cinema Shinjuku in Japan, 2nd SECTION One Night Stand premiered on January 13, 2018, and 3rd SECTION Into the Blue premiered on January 20, 2018. Home video releases for the films were planned for February 28, 2018, for the 1st film, followed by March 28 for the 2nd film, and April 28 for the 3rd film.

Fumoffu
Full Metal Panic? Fumoffu! (フルメタル・パニック? ふもっふ!) is a companion series to the anime series Full Metal Panic! by Kyoto Animation, and takes place between the first season and The Second Raid. Markedly different in tone to the first series, Fumoffu is based on the more comical short stories Gatou published alongside the main novels, emphasizing the high school romantic comedy aspects of Full Metal Panic! with often crude humor and focuses on the romantic tension between Sousuke Sagara and Kaname Chidori. It frequently parodies itself and anime stereotypes. None of the mecha combat or political intrigue, which characterized much of the original Full Metal Panic!, can be seen in the series. The only reference to the mecha aspect of Full Metal Panic! is the Bonta-kun, which is one of the most prominent parodies in the anime. Sousuke uses spare Bonta-kun costumes to make highly effective suits of power armor, but they look like teddy bears wearing army gear and can only say: "Fu" and "Mo" in different combinations.

The Second Raid
Full Metal Panic! The Second Raid (フルメタル・パニック! TSR) is the direct sequel to the original anime series. It was produced by Kyoto Animation and ran for 13 episodes. The series is based on the Ending Day by Day novels and takes place three months after the events that occurred in the Tuatha de Danaan at the end of the original Full Metal Panic! series. Mithril learns of a secret organization that has technology able to counter the ECS (Electronic Conceal System) mode. The organization, known as Amalgam, has access to Black Technology, which was obtained from the Whispered. Like the other intelligence agencies, Amalgam intends to obtain more. Sousuke's mission to protect Chidori is terminated by Mithril, instead leaving her in the care of an anonymous agent known as Wraith.

There is a one episode OVA that takes place after ''Full Metal Panic! The Second Raid''. It is a humorous stand-alone story. It focuses on the Captain of the Tuatha De Danaan: Teletha Tessa Testarossa, rather than the two main characters of the series. The OVA is based on short story Wari to Hima na Sentaichou no Ichi Nichi (A comparatively leisurely day of the squadron commander) in short story collection Dounimo Naranai Gori Muchuu (Helpless in the thick of it). The story is also told in chapters 13 & 14 of Full Metal Panic Sigma manga volume 4.

Home video releases also included an "episode 000" and a 7-part Location Scouting in Hong Kong documentary. Episode 000 includes footage from various parts of the television broadcast episodes, but also includes new scenes. The Location Scouting in Hong Kong documentary includes various locations the television production staff members had gone to as inspiration for creating scenes used in the Hong Kong episodes, featuring appearances from the series producers, and commentaries from them.

Invisible Victory
Full Metal Panic! Invisible Victory (フルメタル・パニック! インビジブル・ビクトリー) is the fourth TV series in the franchise. Kyoto Animation had not returned to produce the fourth anime adaptation. Instead, it was produced by studio Xebec. It premiered in April 2018. During Anime Expo 2017, the series creator confirmed that ''Full Metal Panic! Invisible Victory'' is a "continuation" that won't contain any "explanation or expository episodes." He stated that the pacing of the story is going to be "full throttle from the get-go" although it would still "follow the original work pretty closely." The series consisted of 12 episodes. The opening song is "Even...if" and the ending song is "Yes", both performed by Tamaru Yamada.

Live action film
A live action film adaptation was announced by Mandalay Pictures in April 2009, with Zac Efron rumored to be attached to the project. Efron has since confirmed a meeting took place regarding the project but added that the adaptation was unlikely to happen.

Video game
''Full Metal Panic! Fight! Who Dares Wins'', developed by B.B. Studio and published by Bandai Namco Entertainment Inc., was released on May 31, 2018. Specialist Box limited edition includes Invisible Victory behind-the-scenes Blu-ray, a special novel by Shoji Gatoh, drama CD, replica autographed mini script of "Megami no Rainichi: Date Hen," a case for the Blu-ray and CD, and a special Shiki Douji-illustrated box. Early purchases include download code for the 'Armed Slave-Use Special Weapons Three Set' (Boxer 2nd Revision 76mm Shot Cannon (Armor-Piercing Ammunition) Cartridge Extension Model, ASG96-B Revision 57mm Glide Cannon, GRAW-X Single Molecule Cutter (Repulsion Field Prototype Model)).

Reception
The second DVD volume of ''Full Metal Panic! The Second Raid'' was given a favorable review by Theron Martin of Anime News Network for pushing the character developments of Sousuke and Kaname as well as dramatic elements beyond comedy and action. Describing the impact of the volume, Martin explains that "[t]he full impact of that [Sousuke and Kaname's relationship] comes out beautifully in episode 7, when Kaname seeks out Sousuke in a moment of fear and, for the first time, Sousuke isn't there for her. It's one of those telling moments that can define an entire series."

THEM Anime Reviews has noted that the Arm Slaves, like most real life vehicles, are done so meticulously that fans of mecha series would "scour online catalogues for tech books and sketches." Bureau 42 says that the "mecha[Arm Slave] action in the show is very well done. While I can't compare the action with other more grounded mecha shows like Patlabor, the combat is very well done and easy to follow, and visually interesting." Triforce commented that Arm Slave battles in the Full Metal Panic! series would be able to keep viewer's attention to the show.

Negative criticism has surfaced on the role of the Arm Slaves throughout the Full Metal Panic! series. For instance, Ender's review states that their mecha roles are confusing that the Arm Slaves are both "08th MS Team soldiers and Dragon Ball Z-type fighters, hurling energy balls at each other and going "Super Saiya-jin." Anime Database rated the Full Metal Panic! series 4 out of 5 because of the Arm Slaves battles since they start out from being good to being very unrealistic. GameSpot Union comments on the relationship between the Arm Slaves and the animation done on Full Metal Panic!, saying both animation and camera views were bad.

The novels have over 11 million copies in print.

title: Full Metal Panic!


text:
Keiō Line

The Keiō Line (京王線) is a 37.9 km railway line in western Tokyo, Japan, owned by the private railway operator Keiō Corporation. It connects Shinjuku, Tokyo, with the suburban city of Hachiōji. The Keiō Line is part of a network with interchanges and through running to other lines of Keiō Corporation: the Keiō New Line, Keiō Sagamihara Line, the Keiō Keibajō Line, the Keiō Dōbutsuen Line, the Keiō Takao Line, and the gauge Keiō Inokashira Line.

Services
Six different types of limited-stop services are operated on the Keiō Line, along with local trains. Destinations are from Shinjuku unless otherwise indicated. English abbreviations are tentative for this article.
 * Local (各駅停車)
 * Also known as kakutei (各停) for short. Until 2001 it was called futsū (普通).

 * Rapid (快速) (R)
 * Most services for Hashimoto and Keiō-Tama-Center on the Sagamihara Line, and Takaosanguchi on the Takao Line

 * Semi Express (区間急行) (SeE)
 * Most bound for on the Sagamihara Line. Until 2013, these were weekday-only services called "Commuter Rapid" (通勤快速).

 * Express (急行) (E)
 * Most services run from the Toei Shinjuku Line locally and used as the express on the Sagamihara Line via Chōfu in mornings and evenings; other services in mornings and evenings are bound for Keiō-Hachiōji, Takaosanguchi and Takahatafudō.

 * Special Express (特急) (SpE)
 * Most services bound for Keiō-Hachiōji and Takaosanguchi can make the run from Shinjuku in 37 minutes and 39 minutes respectively.

 * Mt. TAKAO (MT)
 * Reserved-seat supplementary-fare services between Shinjuku and Takaosanguchi on the Takao Line. Services operate weekends and holidays with three round-trips. Trains to Takaosanguchi run nonstop after Meidaimae, while trains to Shinjuku make additional stops to receive passengers.

 * Keiō Liner (京王ライナー) (KL)
 * Reserved-seat supplementary-fare services between Shinjuku and either Keiō-Hachiōji or Hashimoto. Services operate seven days a week, with services to Shinjuku in the morning and from Shinjuku in the evening. Fewer trains operate on weekends and holidays. On trains from Shinjuku, reserved seat tickets are only required up to the first train stop after Meidaimae, after which the train's seats become unreserved.

Stations

 * All stations are located in Tokyo.
 * Local trains stop at all stations.

Legend: ● - all trains stop at this station ◇ - trains stop at this station during special events ▲ - Shinjuku-bound trains stop to pick up passengers ｜- all trains pass R - Rapid; SeE - Semi Express; E - Express; SpE - Special Express; KL - Keiō Liner; MT - Mt.TAKAO

Events at stations marked with a "◇" symbol for which trains make special seasonal stops:
 * Fuda Station: Chofu City Fireworks Festival
 * Tobitakyū Station: Soccer games, concerts, etc. at Ajinomoto Stadium
 * Higashi-Fuchū Station: Events (including the Arima Kinen) at Tokyo Racecourse; transfer to the Keiō Keibajō Line
 * Nakagawara Station: Seiseki-Tamagawa Fireworks Festival
 * Mogusaen Station: Saturdays and holidays during the Plum Blossom Festival

History
The Shinjuku to Chōfu section opened in 1913 as a gauge interurban line electrified at 600 V DC, and was progressively extended in both directions so that the line connected Shinjuku and Fuchu in 1916. The Sasazuka to Fuchu section was double-tracked between 1920 and 1923.

The extension to Higashi-Hachiōji (now Keiō-Hachiōji) was completed by a related company, Gyokunan Electric Railway, in 1925. This electrified line was built to the Japanese standard narrow gauge of in an attempt to seek a government subsidy, and so trains from each railway could not operate on the other's tracks. The subsidy application was rejected on the basis that the line competed with the Japanese Government Railways (JGR) Chūō Main Line, and so the Gyokunan Electric Railway merged with the Keiō Electric Railway Co., the line was regauged to 1,372 mm, and operation of trains from Shinjuku to Higashi-Hachiōji commenced in 1928.

The Fuchu to Nakagawara and Seiseki-Sakuragaoka to Kitano sections were double-tracked in 1929. In 1963, the original terminus at Shinjuku and the streetrunning section on what is today Japan National Route 20 towards Sasazuka Station was moved to an underground alignment. Additionally the overhead line voltage was increased to 1,500 V DC. The Nakagawara to Seiseki-Sakuragaoka section was double-tracked in 1964. The Kitano to Keiō-Hachiōji section was double-tracked in 1970, and the relocation of the terminal station underground was completed in 1989.

From the start of the revised timetable introduced on 25 September 2015, Semi Special Express services were also to stop at Sasazuka and Chitose-Karasuyama stations, and Semi Express services will also stop at Sengawa Station.

The flat junction west of Chofu station between the Keiō Line and Keiō Sagamihara Line has been a source of congestion in the entire Keiō network for years. Keiō has reconfigured the station and put the entire junction and Chofu Station underground to improve operations and separate traffic between the two lines. The underground section of the Keiō around Chofu Station to Kokuryo was completed in 2012.

Level crossings and congestion
The Keiō Line is infamous for its level crossings, of which the 25 lying on the 7.2 km section between Sasazuka and Sengawa stations are classified by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Construction Bureau as akazu no fumikiri as they are closed to road traffic for over 40 minutes in an hour. Congestion on the Keiō Line is also a concern, with trains often running as close as 1 minute apart during rush hours. In 2016, Keiō and the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Construction Bureau proposed that the section between Sasazuka and Chofu be grade separated and widened to quadruple-track to reduce the effects caused by the present bunching on the existing at-grade double-tracked line. Later the proposal evolved to call for two separate sets of tracks each dedicated to express and local services, similar to the Keiō and Keiō New lines between Sasazuka and Shinjuku Stations.

With the completion of the undergrounding between Chofu and Kokuryo Stations in 2012, construction has started on elevating the line between Sasazuka and Sengawa Stations. The government has planned the grade-separating project for this section of line to be completed by 2022, but this date has been delayed due to land acquisition issues.

Keiō has proposed a later phase for the whole corridor, which involves building another pair of underground tracks for express services between Sasazuka and Chofu, completing the quadruple-tracking of the corridor until the bifurcation of the Keiō New Line. The design of Chofu Station after the completion of the undergrounding works in 2012 allows for the inclusion of another set of underground express tracks in the future.

title: Keiō Line


text:
List of districts of Gwangju

The administrative divisions and subdivisions of Gwangju are:

List of districts

 * 1) Buk-gu
 * 2) Dongnim-dong
 * 3) Duam-1-dong
 * 4) Duam-2-dong
 * 5) Duam-3-dong
 * 6) Geon-guk-dong
 * 7) Ilgok-dong
 * 8) Im-dong
 * 9) Jung-ang-dong
 * 10) Jungheung-1-dong
 * 11) Jungheung-2-dong
 * 12) Jungheung-3-dong
 * 13) Maegok-dong
 * 14) Munheung-1-dong
 * 15) Munheung-2-dong
 * 16) Munhwa-dong
 * 17) Ochi-1-dong
 * 18) Ochi-2-dong
 * 19) Punghyang-dong
 * 20) Samgak-dong
 * 21) Seokgok-dong
 * 22) Sin-an-dong
 * 23) Un-am-1-donģ
 * 24) Un-am-2-dong
 * 25) Un-am-3-dong
 * 26) Usan-dong
 * 27) Yongbong-dong
 * 28) Dong-gu
 * 29) Gwangsan-gu
 * 30) Nam-gu
 * 31) Baekun-dong
 * 32) Bangrim-dong
 * 33) Bongseon-dong
 * 34) Chilseok-dong
 * 35) Chon-dong
 * 36) Daeji-dong
 * 37) Deoknam-dong
 * 38) Dogeum-dong
 * 39) Gu-dong
 * 40) Guso-dong
 * 41) Haengam-dong
 * 42) Hwajang-dong
 * 43) Ijang-dong
 * 44) Imam-dong
 * 45) Jinwol-dong
 * 46) Jiseok-dong
 * 47) Juwol-dong
 * 48) Nodae-dong
 * 49) Sa-dong
 * 50) Seo-dong
 * 51) Sinjang-dong
 * 52) Songha-dong
 * 53) Wolsan-dong
 * 54) Wolseong-dong
 * 55) Wonsan-dong
 * 56) Yangchon-dong
 * 57) Yanggwa-dong
 * 58) Yangrim-dong
 * 59) Seo-gu
 * 60) Byeokjin-dong
 * 61) Chipyeong-dong
 * 62) Deokhong-dong
 * 63) Geumho-dong
 * 64) Gwangcheon-dong
 * 65) Hwajeong-dong
 * 66) Maewol-dong
 * 67) Mareuk-dong
 * 68) Naebang-dong
 * 69) Nongseong-dong
 * 70) Pongam-dong
 * 71) Seha-dong
 * 72) Seochang-dong
 * 73) Ssangchon-dong
 * 74) Yang-dong
 * 75) Yongdu-dong
 * 76) Yuchon-dong

title: List of districts of Gwangju


text:
Keiō-hachiōji Station

Keiō-hachiōji Station (京王八王子駅) is a passenger railway station located in the city of Hachiōji, Tokyo, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Keio Corporation. It is a five-minute walk from JR East's Hachiōji Station.

Lines
Keiō-hachiōji Station is a terminus of the Keio Line, and is located 37.9 kilometers from the opposing terminus of the line at Shinjuku Station.

Station layout
This station consists of one underground dead-headed island platforms serving two tracks, with the station building located above.

History
The station opened on 24 March 1925, originally named Higashi-Hachiōji Station (東八王子駅). The station was renamed on 11 December 1963 and moved 190 m closer to Tokyo. The station was rebuilt as an underground station on 2 April 1989.

From 22 February 2013, station numbering was introduced on Keio lines, with Keiō-hachiōji Station becoming "KO34".

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 58,124 passengers daily.

The passenger figures (boarding passengers only) for previous years are as shown below.

Surrounding area

 * Hachiōji Station (JR East Chuo Main Line)

title: Keiō-hachiōji Station


text:
Ratfor

Ratfor (short for Rational Fortran) is a programming language implemented as a preprocessor for Fortran 66. It provides modern control structures, unavailable in Fortran 66, to replace GOTOs and statement numbers.

Features
Ratfor provides the following kinds of flow-control statements, described by Kernighan and Plauger as "shamelessly stolen from the language C, developed for the UNIX operating system by D.M. Ritchie" ("Software Tools", p. 318):

 * statement grouping with braces
 * if-else, while, for, do, repeat-until, break, next
 * "free-form" statements, i.e., not constrained by Fortran format rules
 * <, >, >=, ... in place of .LT., .GT., .GE., ...
 * include
 * # comments

For example, the following code might be translated as The version of Ratfor in Software Tools is written in Ratfor, as are the sample programs, and inasmuch as its own translation to Fortran is available, it can be ported to any Fortran system. Ratfor source code file names end in .r or .rat.

History
Ratfor was designed and implemented by Brian Kernighan at Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1974, and described in Software—Practice & Experience in 1975. It was used in the book "Software Tools" (Kernighan and Plauger, 1976).

In 1977, at Purdue University, an improved version of the Ratfor preprocessor was written. It was called Mouse4, as it was smaller and faster than Ratfor. A published document by Dr. Douglas Comer, professor at Purdue, concluded "contrary to the evidence exhibited by the designer of Ratfor, sequential search is often inadequate for production software. Furthermore, in the case of lexical analysis, well-known techniques do seem to offer efficiency while retaining the simplicity, ease of coding and modularity of ad hoc methods." (CSD-TR236).

In comparison to the Ratfor preprocessor on a program of 3000 source lines running on a CDC 6500 system took 185.470 CPU seconds. That was cut by 50% when binary search was used in the Ratfor code. Rewriting the ad hoc lexical scanner using a standard method based on finite automata reduced run time to 12.723 seconds.

With the availability of Fortran 77, a successor named Ratfiv (Ratfor=rat4 => rat5=Ratfiv) could, with an option /f77, output a more readable Fortran 77 code:

Initial Ratfor source code was ported to C in 1985 and improved to produce Fortran 77 code too. A git tree has been set in 2010 in order to revive ratfor . Although the GNU C compiler had the ability to directly compile a Ratfor file (.r) without keeping a useless intermediate Fortran code (.f), this functionality was lost in version 4 during the move in 2005 from f77 to GNU Fortran.

The original source was available in .deb and .rpm forms at its original site, mirror.corbina.net/mandriva/, and its archive, www.dgate.org/ratfor/ are gone as of April, 2024.

Ratfiv
Ratfiv is an enhanced version of the Ratfor programming language, a preprocessor for Fortran designed to give it C-like capabilities. Fortran was widely used for scientific programming but had very basic control-flow primitives ("do" and "goto") and no "macro" facility which limited its expressiveness.

The name of the language is a pun (Ratfor (RATional FORtran) -> "Rat Four" -> "Rat Five" -> RatFiv).

Ratfiv was developed by Bill Wood at the Institute for Cancer Research, Philadelphia, PA in the early 1980s and released on several DECUS (Digital Equipment Users Group) SIG (Special Interest Group) tapes. It is based on the original Ratfor by B. Kernighan and P. J. Plauger, with rewrites and enhancements by David Hanson and friends (U. of Arizona), Joe Sventek and Debbie Scherrer (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory).

Ratfiv V2.1 was distributed on the DECUS RSX82a SIG tape.

title: Ratfor


text:
Thornton Township, Cook County, Illinois

Thornton Township is one of 29 townships in Cook County, Illinois. As of the 2020 census, its population was 157,865.

Incorporated in 1850, it is located immediately south of the city of Chicago. It is the second most populous township in Illinois as of the 2020 census, after Rockford Township (pop. 170,478) in Winnebago County.

The village of South Holland serves as the governmental seat of Thornton Township. The township is named after the village of Thornton, located in the south central portion of the township. Many parts of the township carry names inspired by the village's name, including the three high schools of Thornton Township District 205: Thornton Township High School in Harvey; Thornwood High School in South Holland; Thornridge High School in Dolton; Thornton Fractional South High School in Lansing; Thornton Fractional North High School in Calumet City and Thornton Fractional Center for Academics and Technology also in Calumet City.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, Thornton Township covers an area of 122.81 sqkm; of this, 121.54 sqkm is land and 1.27 sqkm (1.03 percent) is water.

Boundaries
Thornton Township is bordered by Western Avenue on the west, 138th Street on the north, the Indiana state line on the east, and 183rd/186th Street on the south.

Cities and villages
• Blue Island (southern edge)

• Burnham

• Calumet City

• Dixmoor

• Dolton

• East Hazel Crest

• Glenwood (northern quarter)

• Harvey (vast majority)

• Hazel Crest (small portion)

• Homewood (northeast half)

• Lansing (northern half)

• Markham (eastern quarter)

• Phoenix

• Posen (eastern edge)

• Riverdale (southern half)

• South Holland

• Thornton

Unincorporated Towns

 * Berger at 41.62365°N, -87.59199°W
 * Bernice at 41.5792°N, -87.5481°W
 * Globe at 41.5975°N, -87.55931°W
 * Greenwood at 41.6142°N, -87.58921°W
 * North Harvey at 41.62559°N, -87.63671°W
 * Oakglen at 41.56309°N, -87.55837°W
 * Schrum at 41.60115°N, -87.54893°W
 * South Harvey at 41.58254°N, -87.6631°W
 * Thornton Junction at 41.5892°N, -87.60699°W
 * West Harvey at 41.62254°N, -87.65921°W

Adjacent townships
• North Township, Lake Co., Indiana (east)

• Bloom Township (south)

• Rich Township (southwest)

• Bremen Township (west)

• Calumet Township (northwest)

• Worth Township (northwest)

Cemeteries
The township contains these 11 cemeteries: Berger, First Reformed of Lansing, Glen Oak, Hazelwood, Holy Cross Catholic, Homewood Memorial Gardens, Mount Forest, Oak Lawn, Oak Ridge, Oakland and Washington Memory Gardens.

Major highways
•  Interstate 57

•  Interstate 80

•  Interstate 94

•  Interstate 294

•  U.S. Route 6

•  Illinois Route 1

•  Illinois Route 83

•  Illinois Route 394

Airports and landing strips

 * Ingalls Memorial Hospital Heliport

Lakes
• Green Lake

• Homewood Lake

• Izaak Walton Lake

• Powder Horn Lake

• Swets Lake

• Wampum Lake

Forest Preserves
The following are all part of the Cook County Forest Preserves: • Brownell Woods

• Burnham Woods

• Calumet Woods

• Green Lake Woods

• Kickapoo Meadows

• Shabbona Woods

• Wampum Lake Woods

• Wentworth Woods

Colleges

 * South Suburban College

Demographics
As of the 2020 census there were 157,865 people, 60,889 households, and 38,705 families residing in the township. The population density was 3,331.75 PD/sqmi. There were 66,938 housing units at an average density of 1,412.73 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the township was 14.11% White, 69.94% African American, 0.52% Native American, 0.59% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 8.67% from other races, and 6.14% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 15.19% of the population.

There were 60,889 households, out of which 32.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 29.69% were married couples living together, 27.76% had a female householder with no spouse present, and 36.43% were non-families. 33.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.47.

The township's age distribution consisted of 25.1% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 24.3% from 25 to 44, 26.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.8 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $50,245, and the median income for a family was $58,329. Males had a median income of $36,909 versus $31,320 for females. The per capita income for the township was $23,853. About 16.3% of families and 20.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 32.5% of those under age 18 and 11.5% of those age 65 or over.

Political districts
• Illinois's 1st congressional district

• Illinois's 2nd congressional district

• State House District 28

• State House District 29

• State House District 30

• State House District 33

• State House District 34

• State Senate District 14

• State Senate District 15

• State Senate District 17


text:
BLISS

BLISS is a system programming language developed at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) by W. A. Wulf, D. B. Russell, and A. N. Habermann around 1970. It was perhaps the best known system language until C debuted a few years later. Since then, C became popular and common, and BLISS faded into obscurity. When C was in its infancy, a few projects within Bell Labs debated the merits of BLISS vs. C.

BLISS is a typeless block-structured programming language based on expressions rather than statements, and includes constructs for exception handling, coroutines, and macros. It does not include a goto statement.

The name is variously said to be short for Basic Language for Implementation of System Software or System Software Implementation Language, Backwards. However, in his 2015 oral history for the Babbage Institute's Computer Security History Project, Wulf claimed that the acronym was originally based on the name "Bill's Language for Implementing System Software."

The original Carnegie Mellon compiler was notable for its extensive use of optimizations, and formed the basis of the classic book The Design of an Optimizing Compiler.

Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) developed and maintained BLISS compilers for the PDP-10, PDP-11, VAX, DEC PRISM, MIPS, DEC Alpha, and Intel IA-32, The language did not become popular among customers and few had the compiler, but DEC used it heavily in-house into the 1980s; most of the utility programs for the OpenVMS operating system were written in BLISS-32. The DEC BLISS compiler has been ported to the IA-64 and x86-64 architectures as part of the ports of OpenVMS to these platforms. The x86-64 BLISS compiler uses LLVM as its backend code generator, replacing the proprietary GEM backend used for Alpha and IA-64.

Language description
"BLISS has many of the features of other modern high-level languages. It has block structure, an automatic stack, and mechanisms for defining and calling recursive routines ... provides a variety of predefined data structures and ... facilities for testing and iteration ...

On the other hand, BLISS omits certain features of other high-level languages. It does not have built-in facilities for input/output, because a system-software project usually develops its own input/output or builds on basic monitor I/O or screen management services ... it permits access to machine-specific features, because system software often requires this. BLISS has characteristics that are unusual among high-level languages. A name ... is uniformly interpreted as the address of that segment rather than the value of the segment ... Also, BLISS is an "expression language" rather than a "statement language". This means that every construct of the language that is not a declaration is an expression. Expressions produce a value as well as possibly causing an action such as modification of storage, transfer of control, or execution of a program loop. For example, the counterpart of an assignment "statement" in BLISS is, strictly speaking, an expression that itself has a value. The value of an expression can be either used or discarded in BLISS ... Finally, BLISS includes a macro facility that provides a level of capability usually found only in macro-assemblers."

- Bliss Language Manual, Digital Equipment Corporation (1987)

The BLISS language has the following characteristics:

 * All constants are full word for the machine being used, e.g. on a 16-bit machine such as the PDP-11, a constant is 16 bits; on a VAX computer, constants are 32 bits, and on a PDP-10, a constant is 36 bits.
 * A reference to a variable is always to the address of that variable. For example, the instruction  refers to adding 8 to the address of Z, not to its value. If one needs to add 8 to the value of Z, one must prefix the variable with a period; so one would type   to perform this function, which adds 8 to the contents of Z.
 * Assignment is done with the standard  symbol, e.g.   – which says to create a full-word constant containing 8, and store it in the location whose address corresponds to that of Z. So   (or, alternatively  ) places the constant 14 into the location which is 12 words after the address of Z. (This is considered bad practice.)
 * Block statements are similar to those of ALGOL: a block is started with a  statement and terminated with  . As with ALGOL, statements are separated with the semicolon (";"). When a value is computed, it is saved until the next statement terminator – which means that a value can be computed, assigned to a variable, and carried forward to the next statement, if desired. Alternatively, an open parenthesis may be used to begin a block, with the close parenthesis used to close the block. When parentheses are included in an expression, the standard precedence rules are used, in which parenthesized expressions are computed first,
 * Conditional execution uses the  expression, which tests a true-false condition, performs alternative actions, and returns a result.
 * Comparison uses keywords such as  for equality (as opposed to overloading the = symbol for the same purpose),   for Greater Than, and   for not equal. For example, the following code will assign the absolute value of Z to the address indicated by Q:

 * Identifiers (variables and constants) must be declared before use, typically using the  keyword. Declaring a variable normally causes the compiler to allocate space for it; when necessary, a variable may be assigned a fixed machine address via the   declaration. This feature is primarily used for accessing either machine registers or certain special addresses.
 * Subroutines in the language are called routines, and are declared with the keyword.
 * Macros, which allow for text substitution, are declared with the keyword.
 * The language supports arrays, which are referred to as structures, and declared with the keyword.
 * The language supports some high-level programming language constructs such as:
 * Alternative execution paths via the  expression
 * Looping through use of the  expression, which is similar to ALGOL's FOR statement
 * Built-in string functions
 * Certain automatic data conversions (number to string, etc.)

Source example
The following example is taken verbatim from the Bliss Language Manual:

Versions

 * BLISS-10
 * BLISS-11 - a cross compiler for the PDP-11
 * BLISS-16
 * BLISS-16C - DEC version of BLISS-11
 * BLISS-32
 * BLISS-36
 * BLISS-64
 * Common BLISS - portable subset

Downloads

 * BLISS-10
 * BLISS-11
 * BLISS-36
 * BLISS-11, BLISS-32 and BLISS-64
 * FreeVMS Portable BLISS for GCC

title: BLISS


text:
Jython

Jython is an implementation of the Python programming language designed to run on the Java platform. It was known as JPython until 1999.

Overview
Jython programs can import and use any Java class. Except for some standard modules, Jython programs use Java classes instead of Python modules. Jython includes almost all of the modules in the standard Python programming language distribution, lacking only some of the modules implemented originally in C. For example, a user interface in Jython could be written with Swing, AWT or SWT. Jython compiles Python source code to Java bytecode (an intermediate language) either on demand or statically.

History
Jython was initially created in late 1997 to replace C with Java for performance-intensive code accessed by Python programs, moving to SourceForge in October 2000. The Python Software Foundation awarded a grant in January 2005. Jython 2.5 was released in June 2009.

Status and roadmap
The most recent release is Jython 2.7.3. It was released on September 10, 2022 and is compatible with Python 2.7.

Python 3 compatible changes are planned in Jython 3 Roadmap.

Although Jython implements the Python language specification, it has some differences and incompatibilities with CPython, which is the reference implementation of Python.

License terms
From version 2.2 on, Jython (including the standard library) is released under the Python Software Foundation License (v2). Older versions are covered by the Jython 2.0, 2.1 license and the JPython 1.1.x Software License.

The command-line interpreter is available under the Apache Software License.

Usage

 * JBoss Application Server's command line interface scripting using Jython
 * Oracle Weblogic Server Scripting Tool uses Jython
 * IBM Rational development tools allow Jython scripting
 * IBM WebSphere Application Server tool scripting with wsadmin allows using Jython and Jacl
 * ZK – a Java Ajax framework that allows glue logic written in Jython
 * Ignition - A software development platform focused on HMI and SCADA
 * Ghidra - a reverse engineering tool developed by the NSA allows plugins to be written in Java or Jython
 * openHAB - home automation software

title: Jython


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Brady Anderson

Brady Kevin Anderson (born January 18, 1964) is an American former baseball outfielder and executive who played 15 seasons in Major League Baseball (1988–2002) for the Boston Red Sox, Baltimore Orioles and Cleveland Indians. He spent the majority of his career as a center fielder and leadoff hitter for the Orioles in the 1990s, where he was a three-time All Star, and, in 1996, became the 15th player in major league history to hit 50 home runs in one season. Anderson bats and throws left-handed, stands 6 ft tall, and weighs 199 lb.

A native of Silver Spring, Maryland, Anderson was selected by the Red Sox in the tenth round of the 1985 amateur draft. His 50 home runs in 1996 set an Orioles team record until surpassed by Chris Davis in 2013. With 53 stolen bases in 1992, Anderson became the first player in major league history to have achieved season totals of both 50 home runs and 50 stolen bases. He was inducted into the Baltimore Orioles Hall of Fame in 2004.

Early life
Anderson was born in Silver Spring, Maryland, on January 18, 1964, and attended Carlsbad High School in Carlsbad, California. He went on to study economics at the University of California, Irvine where he played outfield and first base for the Anteaters. He left college following his junior season after being drafted in the 10th round of the 1985 Major League Baseball draft by the Boston Red Sox.

1988–1991
Anderson made his major league debut on April 4, 1988. Batting .230 with 12 runs batted in (RBI) and 4 stolen bases, he was optioned on June 4, 1988 to the Pawtucket Red Sox where he hit .287 in 49 games. He was traded along with Curt Schilling to Baltimore for Mike Boddicker on July 29, 1988, two days prior to the non-waivers trade deadline. He was the key player acquired by the Orioles who needed a center fielder and leadoff batter. Anderson hit his first major league home run on August 6, 1988 versus Milwaukee's Tom Filer at Memorial Stadium in Baltimore.

1992
In only his first season as a full-time player in 1992, Anderson played in all but three of the Orioles games and led the major leagues with 749 plate appearances. He earned his first of three All-Star nominations and played in the 1992 All-Star Game at San Diego on July 14. By season's end, he had become the first player in American League history to reach 20 homers, 50 steals and 75 RBI in a season. Anderson finished 15th in AL MVP voting.

1993
Despite missing 15 games with chicken pox and patellar tendinitis in both knees, Anderson led all American League leadoff hitters in extra-base hits (56) and RBI (62). He also led the Orioles in eight offensive categories, including runs scored (87), stolen bases (24), walks (82), triples (8), and extra base hits (57). He batted .571 (8-14) with the bases loaded, the fourth highest total in the American League.

1994
The 1994 season was cut short two months by the player's strike. Anderson led all American League left fielders with a 1.000 fielding percentage, and his 31 stolen bases in 32 attempts was a major league record for 25 or more steals.

1995
On June 12, Anderson set an American League record with 34 consecutive stolen bases. The streak ended on July 3 at 36 when he was caught by Minnesota Twins catcher Matt Walbeck. His record was eclipsed by Chicago's Tim Raines later in the year and was matched by Toronto's Paul Molitor. Anderson was the hardest to double up in the American League, grounding into only three double plays on the year: once every 184.7 at-bats. He hit two home runs on September 5, the night teammate Cal Ripken Jr. tied Lou Gehrig's consecutive games played record of 2,130. On September 6, Anderson spoke on behalf of his teammates at a post-game ceremony honoring Ripken's 2,131st consecutive game.

1996
Anderson went into the final game of the 1996 season (visiting the Toronto Blue Jays) with 49 home runs. In his first at-bat, he hit his 50th homer off Cy Young Award winner Pat Hentgen, breaking Frank Robinson's record for most home runs in a season by a Baltimore Oriole. He also became the only player in major league history to be in the 50–20 club and the 20–50 clubs. Anderson also shattered a major league record by leading off four consecutive games with a home run. The previous mark was two straight games, done 33 times. In the annual Baseball America "Tools of the Trade" poll, Anderson was named as the league's third-best defensive outfielder, behind only Seattle's Ken Griffey Jr. and Cleveland's Kenny Lofton. Anderson also hit 37 doubles and five triples and led the American League in extra base hits with 92, breaking the Orioles club record previously held by Cal Ripken Jr.

Anderson had more than doubled his previous best of 21 home runs in 1992, and his uncharacteristic power surge has since led to allegations that he used performance-enhancing drugs during the 1996 season.

1997
Despite playing most of the 1997 season with a broken rib, Anderson led the Orioles to a wire-to-wire American League East title with a record of 98-64. Anderson made his third All-Star appearance at the 1997 All-Star Game in Cleveland, where he played the entire game in the leadoff spot for the American League and went 2 for 4 with a double high off the 19-foot left field wall against pitcher Curt Schilling.

Anderson led the Orioles in 13 offensive categories: batting average (.288), on-base percentage (.393), OPS (.862), plate appearances (696), runs scored (97), hits (170), doubles (39), triples (7), walks (84), stolen bases (18), and extra base hits (tied with Rafael Palmeiro – 64). He was hit by pitches a league-leading 19 times, marking the second straight year he led the league.

1998
Anderson appeared on the cover of the Konami video game Bottom of the 9th '99. The game was released on August 31, 1998, for the PlayStation.

1999
In 1999, Anderson rebounded from an injury-plagued 1998 campaign for one of the best all-around seasons of his career. He led American League leadoff hitters with a .408 on-base percentage and reached base 279 times, ninth most in the league. For the season, Anderson batted .282 with 28 doubles, 5 triples, 24 home runs, 109 runs scored, 81 runs batted in, 36 stolen bases, 96 walks, and 24 hit by pitch. He became the only leadoff hitter in history with three 75 RBI seasons to his credit. On May 23, Anderson became the first player in American League history to be hit by a pitch twice in the same inning. He broke his own American League record for hit by pitch in a season by a left-handed batter, set in 1996. The previous record was held by Washington's Henry Homer Doc Gessler, who was hit 20 times in 1911. In a post-season statistical analysis by Baseball America, Anderson was rated as the best leadoff hitter in the American League.

2000–2003
With one year remaining on a five-year contract, Anderson was released by the Orioles on November 16, 2001 after a season in which he batted .202 with eight home runs and 45 RBI in 131 games. He currently holds the Orioles career stolen base record with 311. He signed a one-year contract with club options for 2003 and 2004 with the Indians three weeks later on December 6. The transaction cost the Indians the $200,000 minimum, while the Orioles had to pay $4,000,000. He hit 13-for-80 for a .163 average with one homer and five RBI in 34 games before he was released by the Indians on May 21, 2002. He signed a minor-league contract with the San Diego Padres on December 9, 2002. He accepted an assignment to the Portland Beavers on March 27, 2003 after his attempt to make the Padres' Opening Day roster was not successful. He was released by the Beavers 38 days later on May 4.

Postseason
In four post-season series, (Cleveland Indians and New York Yankees in 1996, Cleveland Indians and Seattle Mariners in 1997) Anderson had 80 at bats, 16 runs scored, 4 doubles, 6 home runs, a .300 batting average, a .380 on-base percentage, and a .575 slugging percentage.

In the 1997 playoffs, Anderson hit .353 against Seattle with a .588 slugging average and a .360 batting average against Cleveland with a .680 slugging average.

Legacy
Anderson still ranks among the top ten in Orioles/St. Louis Browns career statistics in:

 * Games (1759 - 6th place)
 * At-bats (6,271 - 6th)
 * Plate Appearances (7,464 - 4th)
 * Runs (1,044 - 5th)
 * Total Bases (2,698 - 7th)
 * Hits (1,614 - 6th)
 * Doubles (329 - 6th)
 * Triples (64 - 10th)
 * Home Runs (209 - 8th)
 * RBI (744 - 10th)
 * Extra Base Hits (602 - 4th)
 * Stolen Bases (307 - 2nd)
 * Walks (927 - 3rd)
 * Times Hit By Pitch (148 - 1st)
 * Stolen Base % (75.8% - 5th)
 * Power-Speed # (248.7 - 1st)
 * Times on Base (2,689 - 5th)
 * Intentional Walks (71 - 7th)
 * Runs Created (1,094 - 5th)

He also holds the franchise's single-season record for total bases (369 in 1996) and times hit by pitch (24 in 1999).

1996 season
For 17 seasons, Anderson's 1996 output of 50 home runs and 92 extra base hits were also single-season records for the Orioles/Browns franchise. Chris Davis surpassed Anderson's career year in both categories in 2013.

As of 2016, Anderson is one of only two players (the other being Barry Bonds) to have stolen 50 or more bases in a season (53 in 1992) and hit 50 or more home runs in a season (50 in 1996). For posterity, Bonds stole 52 bases in 1990 and hit 73 home runs in 2001.

Anderson was not able to duplicate his 50 home run season; in fact, his next best power season came in 1999, when he hit 24 homers. However, for a nine-year stretch from 1992–2000, Anderson annually averaged 21 home runs, 6 triples, 31 doubles, 96 runs scored, 70 RBI, 27 stolen bases, a .376 on base average, a .462 slugging average, and 14 times hit by a pitch. Anderson attained these figures despite one season shortened two months by a player strike (1994) and another shortened one month by owner lockout (1995).

Player profile
A left-handed hitter and thrower, Anderson's combination of power and speed made him a unique leadoff hitter: Anderson reached three All-Star Games and earned AL Most Valuable Player votes in two different seasons. The power-speed combination was so rare, he remains the only player to steal 50 bases and hit 20 home runs in one season (1992), then record at least 50 home runs and 20 steals in another (1996).

Anderson's breakout year in 1992 and subsequent success marked a dramatic reversal of his first four years in Major League Baseball, where he'd failed to hit better than .231 in any season, becoming the first outfielder to do so according to Elias Sports Bureau.

Much of the career turnaround owed to Anderson's commitment to cross training and fitness exercises. And reversing seemingly negative trends eventually became Anderson's trademark: after ranking in the top 10 in times caught stealing the previous two seasons, Anderson stole 31 bases in 32 attempts in the strike-shortened 1994 season. The 96.9% stolen base percentage remains the highest percentage for players who recorded at least 25 stolen bases in a season.

Honors
On August 21, 2004, Anderson was inducted into the Baltimore Orioles Hall of Fame. Cal Ripken Jr. introduced Anderson and called him "the greatest lead-off hitter in Orioles baseball, and the best athlete I have ever played with." During Ripken's induction ceremony to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2007, he described Anderson as "simply my best friend".

Front office
Anderson was named Special Assistant to the Executive Vice-President for Baseball Operations by the Orioles on January 19, 2012. He was promoted to Vice-President of Baseball Operations one year later on February 19, 2013. He left the organization at the conclusion of the 2019 season as a result of his role being significantly reduced after Mike Elias replaced Dan Duquette in charge of the team's baseball operations.

Acting and personal life
Anderson appeared on an episode of the television sitcom Sabrina the Teenage Witch. It was the Season 1, Episode 14 titled, "Sabrina Through the Looking Glass," which originally aired on January 17, 1997.

In 2020, Anderson began dating South Korean-American singer, actress and ballerina Stephanie, whom he met in Los Angeles in 2012.

Work in Japan
Brady Anderson joined Ripken on a journey to Japan, the first trip for Anderson as a "sports diplomat". Anderson was an obvious choice for a companion for Ripken who said that Anderson is someone who "could help on the mission, spread goodwill and be with kids". Anderson and Ripken were joined by Japanese baseball player Sachio Kinugasa. The trip took place November 8–16, 2011, and included visits to several towns (Tokyo, Ofunato, Nishinomiya, and Kyoto) affected by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. During the trip to Japan, Anderson and Ripken hosted baseball and softball clinics, as well as motivational activities.

title: Brady Anderson