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Ambon Island

Ambon Island is part of the Maluku Islands of Indonesia. The island has an area of 743.37 km2 and is mountainous, well watered, and fertile. Ambon Island consists of two territories: the city of Ambon to the south and various districts (kecamatan) of the Central Maluku Regency to the north. The main city and seaport is Ambon (with a 2020 Census population of 347,288), which is also the capital of Maluku province, while those districts of Maluku Tengah Regency situated on Ambon Island had a 2020 Census population of 128,069. By mid 2023 those populations were estimated to have become 354,052 and 128,754 respectively, resulting in an all-island population of 482,806.

Ambon has an airport and is home to the Pattimura University and Open University (Universitas Terbuka), state universities, and a few private universities, which include Darussalam University (Universitas Darussalam, UNDAR) and Universitas Kristen Indonesia Maluku (UKIM).

Geography
Ambon Island lies off the southwest coast of the much larger Seram island. It is on the north side of the Banda Sea, part of a chain of volcanic islands that encircle the sea. It is 51 km long and is of very irregular shape, being almost divided in two by a large inlet (Ambon Bay). The southeastern and smaller portion, (thereby forming a peninsula called Leitimur) is united to the larger northern portion (called Leihitu or Hitoe) by a narrow neck of land. The Ambon Bay thus formed cuts about 20 km into the island with the airport on the northern shore and the city of Ambon on the northern, eastern and southern sides. The city of Ambon covers the entirety of Leitimur, with its centre on the northwest coast of Leitimur, but also includes the south-central part of Leihitu, and has a safe harbor on Amboina Bay.

The highest mountains, Wawani at 1100 m and Salahutu at 1225 m, have hot springs and solfataras. They are volcanoes, and the mountains of the neighboring Lease Islands are extinct volcanoes. Granite and serpentine rocks predominate, but the shores of Amboina Bay are of chalk and contain stalactite caves.

Wild areas of Ambon Island are covered by tropical rainforest, part of the Seram rain forests ecoregion, together with neighboring Seram. Seram, Ambon, and most of Maluku are part of Wallacea, the group of Indonesian islands that are separated by deep water from both the Asian and Australian continents and have never been linked to the continents by land.

As a result of this isolation, Ambon has few indigenous mammals; birds are more abundant. The insect diversity of the island, however, is rich, particularly in butterflies. Seashells are obtained in great numbers and variety. Tortoise shell is also exported. The coast of Ambon is identified as a site of highest marine biodiversity importance in the Coral Triangle.

The population of the island (administered as Kota Ambon, Kecamatan Leihitu, Kecamatan Leihitu Barat, and Kecamatan Salahutu) was just below 441,000 in the 2010 Census, but by 2020 had risen to over 475,000, and was over 482,800 in mid 2023. This included three tiny and sparsely populated islands (Lain, Hatala and Ela Islands) off the northwest coast,

Geology
Ambon Island is one of many islands influenced by the tectonics driven by the convergence of the Pacific, Indo-Australian, and Eurasian Plates. The northeastern region of the Banda Sea is dominated by the western motion of the Pacific Plate, which has resulted in the formation of a large zone of strike slip faulting. Evidence of slab rollback is also present in the region, expressed in troughs such as the Weber Deep. This motion also is expressed in extensional normal faults across Ambon. Several marine terraces are exposed in the bay regions of the island, supporting theories of uplift in the Banda Sea due to the subduction of the Indo-Australia Plate. These terraces are aged to a period of late Pleistocene to Holocene and are cut by the many faults of the island and are uplifted vertically up to 100 m. Terraces, fault scarps, and recorded seismicity reveal that active faulting continues and indicate that the seismic hazard on the island is high in the future.

Climate
The average temperature is 27 °C, rarely falling below 22 °C. Rainfall can be heavy, especially after the eastern monsoons, and the island is vulnerable to violent typhoons. The wet season (October to April) coincides with the period of the west monsoon.

Economy
Cassava and sago are the chief crops, which also include breadfruit, sugarcane, coffee, cocoa, pepper and cotton. In addition to these, hunting and fishing supplement the local diet. Nutmeg and cloves were once the dominant export crops but are now produced in limited quantities. Copra is also exported. Amboina wood, obtained from the angsana tree and highly valued for ornamental woodwork, is now mostly grown on Seram. The main employers in Ambon Island are the Gubernatorial Office (PEMDA), the Mayoral Office (PEMKOT), Raiders 733 (Indonesian military unit).

The whole economy of Ambon Island is starting to shift out of the "Old Towne" ("Kota Lama") toward Passo, which is the newly appointed central business district of the island region. The economy of Ambon Island was recently boosted by the investment made by Ciputra Group in creating a whole new satellite city in Lateri, Kotamadya Ambon, Maluku: Citraland Bay View City. The new international standard shopping center, Ambon City Center, opened in 2012.

Demographics
The Ambonese are of mixed Malay-Papuan origin. They are mostly Christians or Muslims. The predominant language of the island is Ambonese Malay, also called Ambonese. It developed as the trade language of central Maluku and is spoken elsewhere in Maluku as a second language. The old creole trade language called Portugis has died out. Bilingualism in Indonesian is high around Ambon City. There have been strong religious tensions on the island between Muslims and Christians and ethnic tensions between indigenous Ambonese and migrants from Sulawesi, primarily Butonese, Bugis and Makassarese migrants.

Colonial era
In 1512, the Portuguese were the first Europeans to land in Ambon, and it alongside Timor became a center for Portuguese activities in Maluku following their expulsion from Ternate. The Portuguese, however, were regularly attacked by native Muslims on the island's northern coast, in particular Hitu, which had trading and religious links with major port cities on Java's north coast. They established a factory in 1521 but did not obtain peaceable possession of it until 1580. Indeed, the Portuguese never managed to control the local trade in spices and failed in attempts to establish their authority over the Banda Islands, the nearby centre of nutmeg production. The creole trade language Portugis, however, was spoken well into the 19th century, and many families still have Portuguese names and claim Portuguese ancestry, for example Muskita and De Fretes.

The Dutch dispossessed the Portuguese in 1605, when Steven van der Hagen took over the fort without a single shot. Ambon was the headquarters of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) from 1610 to 1619 until the founding of Batavia (now Jakarta) by the Dutch. About 1615 the English formed a settlement on the island at Cambello, which they retained until 1623, when the Dutch destroyed it. Frightful tortures inflicted on its unfortunate inhabitants were connected with its destruction. In 1654, after many fruitless negotiations, Oliver Cromwell compelled the United Provinces to give the sum of 300,000 gulden, as compensation to the descendants of those who suffered in the "Ambon Massacre", together with Manhattan. In 1673, the poet John Dryden produced his tragedy Amboyna; or the Cruelties of the Dutch to the English Merchants. The British, under Admiral Peter Rainier, captured Ambon in 1796, but they restored it to the Dutch at the Peace of Amiens in 1802. They retook the island in 1810 but once more restored it to the Dutch in 1814. Ambon used to be the world center of clove production; until the nineteenth century, the Dutch prohibited the rearing of the clove tree on all the other islands subject to their rule, in order to secure the monopoly to Ambon. Under the Dutch Empire, Ambon city was the seat of the Dutch resident and military commander of the Moluccas. The town was protected by Fort Victoria, and a 1902 Encyclopædia characterized it as "a clean little town with wide streets, well planted". The population was divided into two classes: orang burger or citizens and orang negri or villagers, the former being a class of native origin enjoying certain privileges conferred on their ancestors by the old Dutch East India Company. There were also, besides the Dutch, some Arabs, Chinese and a few Portuguese settlers.

Ambon city was the site of a major Dutch military base that Imperial Japanese forces captured from Allied forces in the World War II Battle of Ambon in 1942. The battle was followed by the summary execution of more than 300 Allied prisoners of war in the Laha massacre.

A large Far East prisoner of war camp was situated in the north near Liang. This was made up of British men of the 77th HAA, 3rd Kings Own Hussars and some RAF volunteers. Approximately 1,000 men arrived in April 1943 and were marched from Ambon town over two days without food or water (see 1000 men of Liang to follow).

The FEPOWs built the camp including a water pipeline. They were ordered to build an airfield and runway alongside the beach and cleared coconut trees for the task. They did all they could to sabotage construction.

Conditions were horrendous and many men died due to disease, starvation and ill treatment by the Japanese. Many men also suffered blindness due to working chipping at the coral.

Conflicts since independence
Indonesia won its independence in 1945–49. As a consequence of ethnic and religious tensions, and President Sukarno making Indonesia a unitary state, Ambon was the scene of a revolt against the Indonesian government, resulting in the rebellion of the Republic of South Maluku in 1950.

In April and May 1958 during the Permesta rebellion in North Sulawesi, the USA supported and supplied the rebels. Pilots from a Taiwan-based CIA front organisation, Civil Air Transport, flying CIA B-26 Invader aircraft, repeatedly bombed and machine-gunned targets on Ambon. From 27 April until 18 May there were CIA air raids on Ambon city. Also, on 8 May 1958 CIA pilot Allen Pope bombed and machine-gunned the Indonesian Air Force base at Liang in the northeast of the island, damaging the runway and destroying a Consolidated PBY Catalina. The Indonesian Air Force had only one serviceable fighter aircraft on Ambon Island, a North American P-51 Mustang at Liang. Pope's last air raid was on 18 May, when an Indonesian pilot at Liang, Captain Ignatius Dewanto, was scrambled to the P-51. Pope had attacked Ambon city before Dewanto could catch him, but Dewanto intercepted him just as Pope was attacking one of a pair of troop ships in an Indonesian fleet west of Ambon Island. The B-26 was brought down by fire from both Dewanto and shipborne anti-aircraft gunners. Pope and his Indonesian radio operator bailed out and were captured, which immediately exposed the level of CIA support for the Permesta rebellion. Embarrassed, the Eisenhower administration quickly ended CIA support for Permesta and withdrew its agents and remaining aircraft from the conflict.

Between 1999 and 2002, Ambon was at the centre of sectarian conflict across the Maluku Islands. In 2007, Ambon resident Leonard Joni Sinay was sentenced to fifteen years' imprisonment for treason after he and other activists protested a visit by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono with a dance and a raising of the banned regional flag; both Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International called for his release, the latter organization designating him a prisoner of conscience.

title: Ambon Island


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Mellin transform

In mathematics, the Mellin transform is an integral transform that may be regarded as the multiplicative version of the two-sided Laplace transform. This integral transform is closely connected to the theory of Dirichlet series, and is often used in number theory, mathematical statistics, and the theory of asymptotic expansions; it is closely related to the Laplace transform and the Fourier transform, and the theory of the gamma function and allied special functions.

The Mellin transform of a complex-valued function $f$ defined on $$\mathbf R^{\times}_+= (0,\infty) $$is the function $$\mathcal M f$$ of complex variable $$s$$ given (where it exists, see Fundamental strip below) by $$\left\{\mathcal{M}f\right\}(s) = \varphi(s)=\int_0^\infty x^{s-1} f(x) \, dx = \int_{\mathbf R^{\times}_+}f(x) x^s \frac{dx}{x}.$$ Notice that $$dx/x$$ is a Haar measure on the multiplicative group $$\mathbf R^{\times}_+$$ and $$x\mapsto x^s$$ is a (in general non-unitary) multiplicative character. The inverse transform is $$\left\{\mathcal{M}^{-1}\varphi\right\}(x) = f(x)=\frac{1}{2 \pi i} \int_{c-i \infty}^{c+i \infty} x^{-s} \varphi(s)\, ds.$$ The notation implies this is a line integral taken over a vertical line in the complex plane, whose real part c need only satisfy a mild lower bound. Conditions under which this inversion is valid are given in the Mellin inversion theorem.

The transform is named after the Finnish mathematician Hjalmar Mellin, who introduced it in a paper published 1897 in Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicæ.

Relationship to other transforms
The two-sided Laplace transform may be defined in terms of the Mellin transform by $$ \left\{\mathcal{B} f\right\}(s) = \left\{\mathcal{M} f(-\ln x) \right\}(s)$$ and conversely we can get the Mellin transform from the two-sided Laplace transform by $$\left\{\mathcal{M} f\right\}(s) = \left\{\mathcal{B} f(e^{-x})\right\}(s).$$

The Mellin transform may be thought of as integrating using a kernel xs with respect to the multiplicative Haar measure, $\frac{dx}{x}$, which is invariant under dilation $$x \mapsto ax$$, so that $\frac{d(ax)}{ax} = \frac{dx}{x};$ the two-sided Laplace transform integrates with respect to the additive Haar measure $$dx$$, which is translation invariant, so that $$d(x+a) = dx$$.

We also may define the Fourier transform in terms of the Mellin transform and vice versa; in terms of the Mellin transform and of the two-sided Laplace transform defined above $$\left\{\mathcal{F} f\right\}(-s) = \left\{\mathcal{B} f\right\}(-is) = \left\{\mathcal{M} f(-\ln x)\right\}(-is)\ .$$ We may also reverse the process and obtain $$\left\{\mathcal{M} f\right\}(s) = \left\{\mathcal{B} f(e^{-x}) \right\}(s) = \left\{\mathcal{F} f(e^{-x})\right\}(-is)\ .$$

The Mellin transform also connects the Newton series or binomial transform together with the Poisson generating function, by means of the Poisson–Mellin–Newton cycle.

The Mellin transform may also be viewed as the Gelfand transform for the convolution algebra of the locally compact abelian group of positive real numbers with multiplication.

Cahen–Mellin integral
The Mellin transform of the function $$ f(x) = e^{-x} $$ is $$\Gamma(s) = \int_0^\infty x^{s-1}e^{-x} dx $$ where $$\Gamma(s)$$ is the gamma function. $$\Gamma(s)$$ is a meromorphic function with simple poles at $$z = 0, -1, -2, \dots$$. Therefore, $$\Gamma(s)$$ is analytic for $$\Re(s)>0$$. Thus, letting $$c>0$$ and $$z^{-s}$$ on the principal branch, the inverse transform gives $$ e^{-z}= \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{c-i\infty}^{c+i\infty} \Gamma(s) z^{-s} \; ds .$$

This integral is known as the Cahen–Mellin integral.

Polynomial functions
Since $\int_0^\infty x^a dx$ is not convergent for any value of $$a\in\mathbb{R}$$, the Mellin transform is not defined for polynomial functions defined on the whole positive real axis. However, by defining it to be zero on different sections of the real axis, it is possible to take the Mellin transform. For example, if $$ f(x) = \begin{cases} x^a & x < 1, \\ 0 & x > 1, \end{cases}$$ then $$ \mathcal M f (s)= \int_0^1 x^{s-1}x^adx = \int_0^1 x^{s+a-1}dx = \frac 1 {s+a}. $$

Thus $$\mathcal M f (s)$$ has a simple pole at $$s=-a$$ and is thus defined for $$\Re (s)>-a$$. Similarly, if $$f(x)=\begin{cases} 0 & x < 1, \\ x^b & x > 1, \end{cases}$$ then $$ \mathcal M f (s)= \int_1^\infty x^{s-1}x^bdx = \int_1^\infty x^{s+b-1}dx = - \frac 1 {s+b}. $$ Thus $$\mathcal M f (s)$$ has a simple pole at $$s=-b$$ and is thus defined for $$\Re (s)<-b$$.

Exponential functions
For $$p > 0 $$, let $$f(x)=e^{-px}$$. Then $$ \mathcal M f (s) = \int_0^\infty x^{s} e^{-px}\frac{dx}{x} = \int_0^\infty \left(\frac{u}{p} \right)^{s}e^{-u} \frac{du}{u} = \frac{1}{p^s}\int_0^\infty u^{s}e^{-u} \frac{du}{u} = \frac{1}{p^{s}}\Gamma(s). $$

Zeta function
It is possible to use the Mellin transform to produce one of the fundamental formulas for the Riemann zeta function, $$\zeta(s)$$. Let $f(x)=\frac{1}{e^x-1}$. Then $$ \mathcal M f (s) = \int_0^\infty x^{s-1}\frac{1}{e^x-1}dx = \int_0^\infty x^{s-1}\frac{e^{-x}}{1-e^{-x}}dx = \int_0^\infty x^{s-1}\sum_{n=1}^\infty e^{-nx}dx = \sum_{n=1}^\infty \int_0^\infty x^{s}e^{-nx}\frac{dx}{x} = \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{1}{n^s}\Gamma(s)=\Gamma(s)\zeta(s). $$ Thus, $$ \zeta(s) = \frac{1}{\Gamma(s)}\int_0^\infty x^{s-1}\frac{1}{e^x-1} dx. $$

Generalized Gaussian
For $$p > 0$$, let $$f(x)=e^{-x^p}$$ (i.e. $$f$$ is a generalized Gaussian distribution without the scaling factor.) Then $$ \mathcal M f (s) = \int_0^\infty x^{s-1}e^{-x^p}dx = \int_0^\infty x^{p-1}x^{s-p}e^{-x^p}dx = \int_0^\infty x^{p-1}(x^p)^{s/p-1}e^{-x^p}dx = \frac{1}{p}\int_0^\infty u^{s/p-1}e^{-u}du = \frac{\Gamma(s/p)}{p}. $$ In particular, setting $$s=1$$ recovers the following form of the gamma function $$ \Gamma\left(1+\frac{1}{p}\right) = \int_0^\infty e^{-x^p}dx. $$

Power series and Dirichlet series
Generally, assuming necessary convergence, we can connect Dirichlet series and related power series $$F(s)=\sum\limits_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac {a_n}{n^s}, \quad f(z)=\sum\limits_{n=1}^{\infty}a_nz^n$$ by the formal identity involving Mellin transform: $$\Gamma(s)F(s)=\int_{0}^{\infty}x^{s-1}f(e^{-x})dx$$

Fundamental strip
For $$\alpha,\beta\in\mathbb{R}$$, let the open strip $$\langle\alpha,\beta\rangle$$ be defined to be all $$s\in\mathbb{C}$$ such that $$s=\sigma + it$$ with $$\alpha < \sigma < \beta.$$ The fundamental strip of $$\mathcal{M} f(s)$$ is defined to be the largest open strip on which it is defined. For example, for $$a > b$$ the fundamental strip of $$f(x)=\begin{cases} x^a & x < 1, \\ x^b & x > 1, \end{cases}$$ is $$\langle -a,-b \rangle.$$ As seen by this example, the asymptotics of the function as $$x\to 0^+$$ define the left endpoint of its fundamental strip, and the asymptotics of the function as $$x\to +\infty$$ define its right endpoint. To summarize using Big O notation, if $$f$$ is $$O(x^a)$$ as $$x\to 0^+$$ and $$O(x^b)$$ as $$x\to +\infty,$$ then $$\mathcal{M} f(s)$$ is defined in the strip $$\langle -a,-b \rangle.$$

An application of this can be seen in the gamma function, $$\Gamma(s).$$ Since $$f(x)=e^{-x}$$ is $$O(x^0)$$ as $$x\to 0^+$$ and $$O(x^{k})$$ for all $$k,$$ then $$\Gamma(s) = \mathcal{M} f(s)$$ should be defined in the strip $$\langle 0,+\infty \rangle,$$ which confirms that $$\Gamma(s)$$ is analytic for $$\Re(s) > 0.$$

Properties
The properties in this table may be found in and.

Parseval's theorem and Plancherel's theorem
Let $$f_1(x)$$ and $$f_2(x)$$ be functions with well-defined Mellin transforms $$\tilde{f}_{1,2}(s)=\mathcal{M}\{f_{1,2}\}(s)$$ in the fundamental strips $$\alpha_{1,2}<\real s<\beta_{1,2}$$. Let $$c\in\mathbb{R}$$ with $$\max(\alpha_1,1-\beta_2)<c<\min(\beta_1,1-\alpha_2)$$. If the functions $$x^{c-1/2}\,f_1(x)$$ and $$x^{1/2-c}\,f_2(x)$$ are also square-integrable over the interval $$(0,\infty)$$, then Parseval's formula holds: $$ \int_0^{\infty} f_1(x)\,f_2(x)\,dx = \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{c-i\infty}^{c+i\infty} \tilde{f_1}(s)\,\tilde{f_2}(1-s)\,ds $$ The integration on the right hand side is done along the vertical line $$ \Re r = c$$ that lies entirely within the overlap of the (suitable transformed) fundamental strips.

We can replace $$f_2(x)$$ by $$f_2(x)\,x^{s_0-1}$$. This gives following alternative form of the theorem: Let $$f_1(x)$$ and $$f_2(x)$$ be functions with well-defined Mellin transforms $$\tilde{f}_{1,2}(s)=\mathcal{M}\{f_{1,2}\}(s)$$ in the fundamental strips $$\alpha_{1,2}<\real s<\beta_{1,2}$$. Let $$c\in\mathbb{R}$$ with $$ \alpha_1<c<\beta_1 $$ and choose $$s_0\in\mathbb{C}$$ with $$ \alpha_2< \Re s_0 - c <\beta_2 $$. If the functions $$x^{c-1/2}\,f_1(x)$$ and $$x^{s_0-c-1/2}\,f_2(x)$$ are also square-integrable over the interval $$(0,\infty)$$, then we have $$ \int_0^{\infty} f_1(x)\,f_2(x)\,x^{s_0-1}\,dx = \frac{1}{2\pi i} \int_{c-i\infty}^{c+i\infty} \tilde{f_1}(s)\,\tilde{f_2}(s_0-s)\,ds $$ We can replace $$f_2(x)$$ by $$\overline{f_1(x)}$$. This gives following theorem: Let $$f(x)$$ be a function with well-defined Mellin transform $$\tilde{f}(s) = \mathcal{M}\{f\}(s)$$ in the fundamental strip $$\alpha<\real s<\beta$$. Let $$c\in\mathbb{R}$$ with $$\alpha<c<\beta$$. If the function $$x^{c-1/2}\,f(x)$$ is also square-integrable over the interval $$(0,\infty)$$, then Plancherel's theorem holds: $$ \int_0^{\infty} |f(x)|^2\,x^{2c-1}dx = \frac{1}{2\pi} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} | \tilde{f}(c+it) |^2 \,dt $$

As an isometry on L2 spaces
In the study of Hilbert spaces, the Mellin transform is often posed in a slightly different way. For functions in $$L^2(0,\infty)$$ (see Lp space) the fundamental strip always includes $$\tfrac{1}{2}+i\mathbb{R}$$, so we may define a linear operator $$\tilde{\mathcal{M}}$$ as $$\tilde{\mathcal{M}}\colon L^2(0,\infty)\to L^2(-\infty,\infty),$$ $$\{\tilde{\mathcal{M}}f\}(s) := \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}}\int_0^{\infty} x^{-\frac{1}{2} + is} f(x)\,dx.$$ In other words, we have set $$\{\tilde{\mathcal{M}}f\}(s):=\tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}}\{\mathcal{M}f\}(\tfrac{1}{2} + is).$$ This operator is usually denoted by just plain $$\mathcal{M}$$ and called the "Mellin transform", but $$\tilde{\mathcal{M}}$$ is used here to distinguish from the definition used elsewhere in this article. The Mellin inversion theorem then shows that $$\tilde{\mathcal{M}}$$ is invertible with inverse $$\tilde{\mathcal{M}}^{-1}\colon L^2(-\infty,\infty) \to L^2(0,\infty),$$ $$\{\tilde{\mathcal{M}}^{-1}\varphi\}(x) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} x^{-\frac{1}{2}-is} \varphi(s)\,ds.$$ Furthermore, this operator is an isometry, that is to say $$\|\tilde{\mathcal{M}} f\|_{L^2(-\infty,\infty)}=\|f\|_{L^2(0,\infty)}$$ for all $$f\in L^2(0,\infty)$$ (this explains why the factor of $$1/\sqrt{2\pi}$$ was used).

In probability theory
In probability theory, the Mellin transform is an essential tool in studying the distributions of products of random variables. If X is a random variable, and X+ = max{X,0} denotes its positive part, while X − = max{−X,0} is its negative part, then the Mellin transform of X is defined as $$ \mathcal{M}_X(s) = \int_0^\infty x^s dF_{X^+}(x) + \gamma\int_0^\infty x^s dF_{X^-}(x), $$ where γ is a formal indeterminate with. This transform exists for all s in some complex strip, where a ≤ 0 ≤ b.

The Mellin transform $$\mathcal{M}_X(it)$$ of a random variable X uniquely determines its distribution function FX. The importance of the Mellin transform in probability theory lies in the fact that if X and Y are two independent random variables, then the Mellin transform of their product is equal to the product of the Mellin transforms of X and Y: $$\mathcal{M}_{XY}(s) = \mathcal{M}_X(s)\mathcal{M}_Y(s) $$

Problems with Laplacian in cylindrical coordinate system
In the Laplacian in cylindrical coordinates in a generic dimension (orthogonal coordinates with one angle and one radius, and the remaining lengths) there is always a term: $$\frac{1}{r} \frac{\partial}{\partial r} \left( r \frac{\partial f}{\partial r} \right) = f_{rr} + \frac{f_r}{r}$$

For example, in 2-D polar coordinates the Laplacian is: $$\nabla^2 f = \frac{1}{r} \frac{\partial}{\partial r} \left(r \frac{\partial f}{\partial r} \right) + \frac{1}{r^2} \frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial \theta^2}$$ and in 3-D cylindrical coordinates the Laplacian is, $$ \nabla^2 f = \frac{1}{r} \frac{\partial}{\partial r} \left(r \frac{\partial f}{\partial r} \right) + \frac{1}{r^2} \frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial \varphi^2} + \frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial z^2}.$$

This term can be treated with the Mellin transform, since: $$\mathcal M \left(r^2 f_{rr} + r f_r, r \to s \right) = s^2 \mathcal M \left(f,  r \to s \right) = s^2 F$$

For example, the 2-D Laplace equation in polar coordinates is the PDE in two variables: $$ r^2 f_{rr} + r f_r + f_{\theta \theta} = 0$$ and by multiplication: $$\frac{1}{r} \frac{\partial}{\partial r} \left(r \frac{\partial f}{\partial r} \right) + \frac{1}{r^2} \frac{\partial^2 f}{\partial \theta^2} = 0$$ with a Mellin transform on radius becomes the simple harmonic oscillator: $$ F_{\theta \theta} + s^2 F = 0$$ with general solution: $$ F (s, \theta) = C_1(s) \cos (s\theta) + C_2(s) \sin (s \theta)$$

Now let's impose for example some simple wedge boundary conditions to the original Laplace equation: $$ f(r,-\theta_0) = a(r), \quad f(r,\theta_0) = b(r) $$ these are particularly simple for Mellin transform, becoming: $$ F(s,-\theta_0) = A(s), \quad F(s,\theta_0) = B(s) $$

These conditions imposed to the solution particularize it to: $$ F (s, \theta) = A(s) \frac {\sin(s (\theta_0 - \theta))}{\sin (2 \theta_0 s)}+ B(s) \frac {\sin(s (\theta_0 + \theta))}{\sin (2 \theta_0 s)}$$

Now by the convolution theorem for Mellin transform, the solution in the Mellin domain can be inverted: $$ f(r, \theta) = \frac{r^m \cos (m \theta)}{2 \theta_0} \int_0^\infty \left ( \frac{a(x)}{x^{2m} + 2r^m x^m \sin(m \theta) + r^{2m}} + \frac{b(x)}{x^{2m} - 2r^m x^m \sin(m \theta) + r^{2m}} \right ) x^{m-1} \, dx $$ where the following inverse transform relation was employed: $$\mathcal M^{-1} \left( \frac {\sin (s \varphi)}{\sin (2 \theta_0 s)}; s \to r \right) = \frac 1 {2 \theta_0} \frac{r^m \sin (m \varphi)}{1+2r^m \cos(m \varphi) + r^{2m}}$$ where $$m= \frac \pi {2 \theta_0}$$.

Applications
The Mellin Transform is widely used in computer science for the analysis of algorithms because of its scale invariance property. The magnitude of the Mellin Transform of a scaled function is identical to the magnitude of the original function for purely imaginary inputs. This scale invariance property is analogous to the Fourier Transform's shift invariance property. The magnitude of a Fourier transform of a time-shifted function is identical to the magnitude of the Fourier transform of the original function.

This property is useful in image recognition. An image of an object is easily scaled when the object is moved towards or away from the camera.

In quantum mechanics and especially quantum field theory, Fourier space is enormously useful and used extensively because momentum and position are Fourier transforms of each other (for instance, Feynman diagrams are much more easily computed in momentum space). In 2011, A. Liam Fitzpatrick, Jared Kaplan, João Penedones, Suvrat Raju, and Balt C. van Rees showed that Mellin space serves an analogous role in the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence.

Examples

 * Perron's formula describes the inverse Mellin transform applied to a Dirichlet series.
 * The Mellin transform is used in analysis of the prime-counting function and occurs in discussions of the Riemann zeta function.
 * Inverse Mellin transforms commonly occur in Riesz means.
 * The Mellin transform can be used in audio timescale-pitch modification.

Table of selected Mellin transforms
Following list of interesting examples for the Mellin transform can be found in and :

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mellin transform


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List of Catalan-language television channels

Catalan-language television channels include the following:


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Louis Capone

Louis Capone (September 5, 1896 – March 4, 1944) was a New York organized crime figure who became a supervisor for Murder, Inc. Louis Capone was not related to Al Capone, the boss of the Chicago Outfit. Capone was convicted of murder in 1941, and sentenced to death. He was electrocuted at Sing Sing Prison on March 4, 1944.

Early life
Capone was born in Naples, Italy, and moved to New York City with his family as a child, where he grew up in the Coney Island section of Brooklyn. As an adult, Capone moved to Brownsville, Brooklyn.

Capone was described as a suave, well-groomed man who projected sympathy. He had watery blue eyes and a broken nose.

Mob rackets
Capone's legitimate business was a pasticceria (an Italian-style cafe serving coffee and pastries) in Brooklyn. The pasticceria became a popular hangout for teenagers, including future street gang leaders Abe Reles and Harry Maione. Capone built up a rapport with the boys by giving them free food. These young men soon became Capone's protégés in crime.

Capone had strong connections with the Purple Gang of Detroit, and was operating loansharking operations in both Detroit and New York. He was also involved in labor racketeering with the local Plasterers Union and had close ties with mobster Joe Adonis.

Murder, Inc.
With the end of the Castellammarese War in 1931, Reles' and Maione's gangs developed into a network of contract killers that became known as Murder, Inc. Albert Anastasia, a patron of Capone's restaurant, persuaded the two gang leaders that they could make a lot of money by working together for the Cosa Nostra. Anastasia would send Cosa Nostra murder contracts to mobster Louis "Lepke" Buchalter, the boss of Murder, Inc. Capone would recruit the individual hitmen from the Reles and Maione gangs. These hitmen were mainly Jewish and Italian-American hoodlums from Brooklyn. By 1934, all the Cosa Nostra families were using Murder, Inc. As time progressed, Capone spent considerable energy mediating disputes between the two gang leaders.

Murders
In 1936, Capone participated in the murder of Joseph Rosen. Buchalter had previously ruined Rosen's trucking business and was now afraid that Rosen would implicate him in criminal activity. To protect himself, Buchalter ordered Rosen's murder. On September 13, 1936, Harry Strauss, Emanuel Weiss and James Ferraco shot Rosen 17 times in his Brooklyn candy store, killing him instantly. Capone identified the victim and worked out a plan for the gunmen. In 1939, Capone allegedly participated in the murder of Irving Penn. Buchalter had ordered Capone to plan the murder of Philip Orlovsky, a mobster who was cooperating with the government in an investigation of Buchalter. Capone gave the job of identifying the target to mobster Jacob "Kuppy" Migden. On July 25, 1939, Migden mistakenly identified Penn, a publishing executive, to the alleged hitman Gioacchino "Jack the Dandy" Parisi, who then shot and killed Penn in front of his home in the Bronx.

Indictments
In 1940, Reles became a government witness and helped break up Murder, Inc. In jail on a pending 1933 murder charge, Reles gave in to pleas from his wife and agreed to help prosecute Capone and the rest of the organization. In early 1941, as a result of Reles' assistance, Capone was indicted in the Penn murder. However, Capone never went to trial on these charges.

On November 30, 1941, Capone and the other defendants were convicted of first degree murder in the 1936 Rosen killing. At that time, New York state law mandated the death penalty for this offense. Over the next two and a half years, Capone and his co-defendants filed a series of legal appeals that culminated in a case review by the United States Supreme Court. After their legal appeals were exhausted, the condemned men submitted clemency petitions to the governor of New York, which were all denied.

Death
On March 4, 1944, Louis Capone went to the electric chair at Sing Sing Prison in Ossining, New York. Capone had no final words. He was followed by Weiss and Buchalter, who also were executed.

Capone was buried in Holy Cross Cemetery in Brooklyn.

In popular culture
In the 1960 film Murder, Inc., Capone was portrayed by Lou Polan.

title: Louis Capone


text:
Transpersonal psychology

Transpersonal psychology, or spiritual psychology, is an area of psychology that seeks to integrate the spiritual and transcendent aspects of the human experience within the framework of modern psychology.

Origins
In 1968, Abraham Maslow was among the people who described transpersonal psychology as a "fourth force" in psychology. Early use of the term "transpersonal" can also be credited to Stanislav Grof and Anthony Sutich. At this time, in 1967–68, Maslow was in close dialogue with both Grof and Sutich regarding the name and orientation of the new field. According to Powers, the term "transpersonal" starts to show up in academic journals from 1970 onwards. Humanistic and transpersonal psychology are often associated with the Human Potential Movement, a movement in the 1960s that explored various therapies and philosophies at institutions like Esalen in Big Sur, California.

Formative period
Gradually, during the 1960s, the term "transpersonal" was associated with a distinct school of psychology within the humanistic psychology movement. In 1969, Maslow, Grof and Sutich were among the initiators behind the publication of the first issue of the Journal of Transpersonal Psychology. The Association for Transpersonal Psychology was established in 1972, the International Transpersonal Psychology Association in 1973, and the Institute of Transpersonal Psychology in 1975. The institute was founded by Robert Frager and James Fadiman in response to an academic climate that they felt was hostile to such ideas. Soon other institutions begain offering curricula in transpersonal psychology including Saybrook Graduate School, the California Institute of Asian Studies (now California Institute of Integral Studies), JFK University, and Naropa. Other proponents of transpersonal psychology included Ram Dass; Elmer and Alyce Green who were affiliated with the Menninger Foundation; and Ken Wilber.

An early preoccupation of those interested in transpersonal psychology was meditation and altered states of consciousness including those induced from psychedelic drugs.

In the early 1980s, a group of members within APA Division 32 (Humanistic Psychology) argued in favor of establishing transpersonal psychology as a separate division within the framework of the American Psychological Association. A petition was presented to the APA Council in 1984, but it was turned down. A new initiative was made in 1985, but it failed to win the majority of votes in the council. In 1986 the petition was presented for a third and final time, but was withdrawn by the executive board of Division 32. An interest group was later re-formed as the Transpersonal Psychology Interest Group (TPIG), which continued to promote transpersonal issues in collaboration with Division 32. Ken Wilber and Michael Washburn delivered the main transpersonal models of development of this period, Wilber in 1977 and Washburn in 1988. Ken Wilber has since distanced himself from the label "transpersonal", being in favour of the label of "integral" since the mid-1990s. In 1998 he formed the Integral Institute.

Later developments
Proponents of transpersonal psychology were behind the proposal for a new diagnostic category to be included in the DSM-manual of the American Psychiatric Association called "Psychoreligious or psychospiritual problem", which was approved by the Task Force on DSM-IV in 1993, after changing its name to Religious or spiritual problem. Concurrently, there was an increase in membership for the Association for Transpersonal Psychology, stabilizing at approximately 3000 members in the early nineties. In 1996, the British Psychological Society established a Transpersonal Psychology Section.

In 2007 the Journal of Transpersonal Psychology and the International Journal of Transpersonal Studies were accepted for indexing in PsycINFO, the journal database of the American Psychological Association. That same year, Ruzek, noted that the "American Psychological Association (APA) and most academic institutions have not yet recognized transpersonal psychology as an approved area of study; transpersonal psychology is rarely mentioned in mainstream academic journals or textbooks; and relatively few American academicians identify themselves as practitioners of transpersonal psychology. Furthermore, transpersonal psychology is scarcely mentioned, if at all, in history or introductory psychology texts".

In 2012 the Institute of Transpersonal Psychology announced that it was changing its name to Sofia University with an expanded graduate program featuring computer science and business.

Branches and related fields
Other transpersonal disciplines, such as transpersonal anthropology and transpersonal business studies, are listed as transpersonal disciplines. Other fields of study that are related to transpersonal psychology, include near-death studies and parapsychology.

A few commentators have suggested that there is a difference between transpersonal psychology and a broader category of transpersonal theories, sometimes called transpersonal studies. According to Friedman this category might include several approaches to the transpersonal that lie outside the frames of science. However, according to Ferrer the field of transpersonal psychology is "situated within the wider umbrella of transpersonal studies".

Transpersonal psychology may also be associated with New Age beliefs and pop psychology. However, leading authors in the field, among those Sovatsky, Rowan, and Hartelius have criticized the nature of "New Age"-philosophy and discourse. Rowan even states that "The Transpersonal is not the New Age". Other commentators, such as Wade, notes that the field remains part of the New Age, despite the fact that transpersonal psychologists may want no such association.

Although some consider that the distinction between transpersonal psychology and the psychology of religion is fading (e.g. The Oxford Handbook of Psychology and Spirituality), there is still generally considered to be a clear distinction between the two. Much of the focus of psychology of religion is concerned with issues that would not be considered 'transcendent' within transpersonal psychology, so the two disciplines have quite distinct focuses.

Organizations, publications and locations
Although the perspective of transpersonal psychology has spread to a number of interest groups across the US and Europe, its origins were in California, and the field has always been strongly associated with institutions on the west coast of the US. Both the Association for Transpersonal Psychology and the forerunner to Sofia University were founded in the state of California, and a number of the fields leading theorists come from this area of the US. A European counterpart to the American institution, the European Transpersonal Psychology Association (ETPA), was founded much later.

Leading publications include the Journal of Transpersonal Psychology and the International Journal of Transpersonal Studies. Smaller publications include the Transpersonal Psychology Review, the journal of the Transpersonal Psychology Section of the British Psychological Society.

Reception, recognition and criticism
Reception of Transpersonal psychology in the surrounding culture reflects a wide range of views and opinions, including severe skepticism. Ernest Hilgard, representing the contemporary psychology of the early 1980s, regarded transpersonal psychology as a fringe movement that attracted the more extreme followers of Humanistic psychology. He did however remark that such movements might enrich the topics that psychologists study, even though most psychologists choose not to join the movement. Adams also regarded Transpersonal psychology as a fringe discipline. He also observed its status as a controversial field of study.

Eugene Taylor, representing the field of Humanistic Psychology, presented a balanced review of transpersonal psychology in the early nineties. On the negative side he mentioned transpersonal Psychology's tendency toward being "philosophically naive, poorly financed, at times almost anti-intellectual, and frequently overrated as far as its influences". On the positive side he noted the field's "integrated approach to understanding the phenomenology of scientific method"; the "centrality of qualitative research"; and the "importance of interdisciplinary communication". In conclusion he suggested that the virtues of transpersonal psychology may, in the end, "outweigh its defects". In a later article Taylor regarded transpersonal psychology as a visionary American folk-psychology with little historical relation to American academic psychology, except through its association with Humanistic psychology and the categories of transcendence and consciousness.

Although transpersonal psychology has experienced some minor recognition from the surrounding culture, it faces a fair amount of skepticism and criticism from the same surroundings. Freeman mentions that the early field of transpersonal psychology was aware of the possibility that it would be rejected by the scientific community. Its method of inner empiricism, "based on disciplined introspection", was to be a target of skepticism from outsiders in the years to come. Several commentators have mentioned the controversial aspects of transpersonal psychology. Zdenek noted that the field was regarded as "controversial since its inception". Other commentators, such as Friedman, and Adams, also mention the controversial status of the field. Adams also remarked that the field has struggled for "recognition as a legitimate field of study" in academia. This aspect was also noticed by Parsons, who observed that Transpersonal psychology's "naive perennialism, misreading of religious texts, lack of methodological sophistication, weak epistemology, and, some would claim, promotion of narcissistic self-absorption" had not been well received by the majority of academics. Commenting on the state of the field in the mid-nineties Chinen noted that professional publications, until then, had been hesitant to publish articles that dealt with transpersonal subjects.

In 1998 the San Francisco Chronicle reported on the holistic studies program at the John F. Kennedy University in Orinda, which included a transpersonal psychology department. The program was considered to be unique at the time, but also controversial. Commentators presented their skepticism towards the program. Another contentious aspect concerns the topic of psychedelic substances. Commenting upon the controversial status of psychedelic and entheogenic substances in contemporary culture, authors Elmer, MacDonald & Friedman observe that these drugs have been used for therapeutic effect in the transpersonal movement, but - the authors add - this is not the most "common form of transpersonal intervention" in contemporary therapy. However, Bravo and Grob note that "the place of psychedelics in spiritual practice remains controversial".

Ruzek, who interviewed founders of transpersonal psychology, as well as historians of American psychology, found that the field of Transpersonal psychology had made little impact on the larger field of psychology in America. Among the factors that contributed to this situation was mainstream psychology's "resistance to spiritual and philosophical ideas", and the tendency of Transpersonal psychologists to isolate themselves from the larger context.

One of the earliest criticisms of transpersonal psychology was leveled by the humanistic psychologist Rollo May, who "disputed the conceptual foundations of transpersonal psychology". May also criticized the field for neglecting the personal dimension of the psyche by elevating the pursuit of the transcendental, and for neglecting the "dark side of human nature".

According to Lukoff and Lu the American Psychological Association expressed some concerns about the "unscientific" nature of transpersonal psychology at the time of the petition to the APA (see above). Rowan notes that the Association had serious reservations about opening up a Transpersonal Psychology Division. The petitions for divisional status failed to win the majority of votes in the APA council, and the division was never established. Commentators also mention that transpersonal psychology's association with the ideas of religion was one of the concerns that prohibited it from becoming a separate division of the APA at the time of the petition in 1984.

Transpersonal psychology has been criticized for lacking conceptual, evidentiary, and scientific rigor. In a review of criticisms of the field, Cunningham writes, "philosophers have criticized transpersonal psychology because its metaphysics is naive and epistemology is undeveloped. Multiplicity of definitions and lack of operationalization of many of its concepts has led to a conceptual confusion about the nature of transpersonal psychology itself (i.e., the concept is used differently by different theorists and means different things to different people). Biologists have criticized transpersonal psychology for its lack of attention to biological foundations of behavior and experience. Physicists have criticized transpersonal psychology for inappropriately accommodating physic concepts as explanations of consciousness."

Albert Ellis, a cognitive psychologist and humanist, has questioned the results of transpersonal psychotherapy. In 1989 he cooperated with Raymond Yeager for the release of Why some therapies don't work: The dangers of transpersonal psychology, where the authors compared the results of transpersonal psychology with the effects of Rational-Emotive Therapy, noting the dangers of the transpersonal approach. Ellis has also questioned the scientific status of transpersonal psychology, and its relationship to religion, mysticism and authoritarian belief systems.

title: Transpersonal psychology


text:
Fort Pillow

Fort Pillow may refer to:
 * Fort Pillow State Historic Park, Tennessee, U.S.
 * Battle of Fort Pillow, 1864
 * Fort Pillow naval battle, 1862
 * Cold Creek Correctional Facility, formerly Fort Pillow State Prison and Farm, Tennessee, U.S.

title: Fort Pillow


text:
Tanana River

The Tanana River (Lower Tanana: Tth'eetoo', Upper Tanana: Tth’iitu’ Niign) is a 584 mi tributary of the Yukon River in the U.S. state of Alaska. According to linguist and anthropologist William Bright, the name is from the Koyukon (Athabaskan) tene no, tenene, literally "trail river".

The river's headwaters are located at the confluence of the Chisana and Nabesna rivers just north of Northway in eastern Alaska. The Tanana flows in a northwest direction from near the border with the Yukon Territory, and laterally along the northern slope of the Alaska Range, roughly paralleled by the Alaska Highway. In central Alaska, it emerges into a lowland marsh region known as the Tanana Valley and passes south of the city of Fairbanks.

In the marsh regions it is joined by several large tributaries, including the Nenana (near the city of Nenana) and the Kantishna. It passes the village of Manley Hot Springs and empties into the Yukon near the town of Tanana.

Ice on the river accumulates each winter to an average maximum thickness of 43 in at Nenana. The Nenana Ice Classic, begun in 1917, is an annual guessing game about the date of the ice break-up. In October or November, after the freeze has begun, a tripod is planted in ice in the middle of the river. The tripod is connected to an on-shore clock that stops when the tripod begins to move during the spring thaw. Over the years, the break-up date has varied from April 20 to May 20. Betting on the exact time of the break-up takes the form of a lottery, called the Nenana Ice Classic.

History
Human habitation of the Yukon basin, including the Tanana watershed, began more than 12,000 years ago. Several sites in the watershed have produced evidence of occupation by Paleo-Arctic people. Later residents include people of the Tanana tribe, which has had a presence in the region for 1,200 years. In the summer of 1885, Lieutenant Henry Tureman Allen of the U.S. Army undertook the first recorded exploration of the Tanana River. In 1883, Lieutenant Frederick Schwatka and his party had entered the Yukon watershed by way of Canada and floated to the mouth of the Yukon. Allen's goal was to find an all-Alaska route to the Yukon River. He and his men ascended the Copper River, crossed into Tanana River drainage, and descended the Tanana to the Yukon and down it to the mouth. During the five-month trip, the Allen party mapped the courses of the Copper, Tanana, and Koyukuk rivers.

In the early 21st century, the basin is largely wilderness unchanged by human activity. Fairbanks, a metropolitan area with about 100,000 residents in 2019, is a center of placer gold mining, which has continued in the basin since the mid-19th century. Limited farming also occurs in the valley near Fairbanks.

During World War II, it was proposed to resettle Finnish refugees in areas around the Tanana River (Operation Alaska).

Nenana Ice Classic
Since the early 1900s, Alaskans have been gambling on when the river would melt. Each year, thousands pay $3.00 to guess the exact date and minute the Tanana River ice will go out in Nenana. The Nenana Ice Classic is a fundraiser for local charities and has awarded some large prizes. In 2010, after the ice went out on April 29, three lottery winners split a jackpot of $279,030. In 2012, the record prize was $350,000.

Major tributaries (in descending order of elevation)

 * Chisana River
 * Nabesna River
 * Kalutna River
 * Tok River
 * Robertson River
 * Johnson River
 * Little Gerstle River
 * Healy River
 * Volkmar River
 * Gerstle River
 * Clearwater Creek
 * Goodpaster River
 * Delta River
 * Delta Creek
 * Little Delta River
 * Salcha River
 * Little Salcha River
 * Chena River
 * North Fork
 * South Fork
 * Wood River
 * Tatlanika River
 * Nenana River
 * Teklanika River
 * Seventeen Mile Slough
 * Tolovana River
 * Kantishna River
 * Zitziana River
 * Cosna River
 * Chitanana River

Notes and references

 * Notes

 * References

title: Tanana River


text:
Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon

Nicolas Durand, sieur de Villegaignon, also Villegagnon (1510 – 9 January 1571) was a Commander of the Knights of Malta, and later a French naval officer (vice-admiral of Brittany) who attempted to help the Huguenots in France escape persecution, before turning against them due to Eucharistic disputes.

A notable public figure in his time, Villegaignon was a mixture of soldier, scientist, explorer, adventurer and entrepreneur. He fought pirates in the Mediterranean and participated in several wars.

Villegagnon was born in Provins, Seine et Marne, France, a nephew of Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, Grand Master of the Order of Malta. He was received as a Knight of the Order in 1521.

Ottoman campaigns in the Mediterranean and in Scotland
Nicolas de Villegagnon fought in numerous campaigns against the Ottoman Empire. Although the French usually refrained from participating in actions against the Ottomans, due to the Franco-Ottoman alliance, Villegagnon's first allegiance was with the Order of Malta, which generally supported the Habsburgs and fought the Ottomans. Villegagnon participated in the ill-fated expedition against Algiers in 1541. He also fought against the Ottomans in Hungary in 1542 following the Siege of Buda (1541) until 1546.

In 1548, he commanded the French naval fleet that took Mary, Queen of Scots, then five years old, to France, since she was promised to marry the Dauphin of France. This was a daring operation, covertly sailing galleys around Scotland, while the English fleet was expecting an attack from the other direction. Back in Scotland in March 1549, in February he helped capture Ferniehirst Castle from the English. The commanders then discussed their next move. Nicolas insisted they should halt and build a fortification at Roxburgh and decided the best position. The Scottish high command held a vote which was inconclusive, but finally, after the intervention of the French ambassador Henri Cleutin, Nicolas's plan was adopted.

Commanding the Knights in Mdina, Villegagnon helped repel the Ottomans at Malta in 1551 before they went on to lead the Invasion of Gozo (1551). He was then present at the Siege of Tripoli (1551) against the Ottoman Empire, and wrote an account about it in 1553. Villegagnon illustrated himself by courageously defending Gaspard de Vallier, the vanquished Commander of Tripoli, who was being heavily criticized by the Grand Master d'Homedes who wished to assign all the blame for the defeat on him. Nicolas de Villegagnon staunchly defended him and exposed the duplicity of d'Homedes.

France Antarctique
Villegaignon became an important historical figure in the attempt for king Henry II to build a "France Antarctique", by invading present-day Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1555 with a fleet of two ships and 600 soldiers and colonists, mainly French Huguenots and Swiss Calvinists who sought to escape Catholic persecution in Europe. A disagreement over Eucharistic theology soon caused Villegagnon and the Calvinists to quarrel. Villegagnon eventually expelled those who held to Calvin's view of the Eucharist from his fortified island.

Villegagnon's initial plan was to help the Huguenots establish a colony in the New World. He wanted also to secure a permanent base in Brazil in order to exploit brazil wood, then a very valuable source of red dye and hardwood for construction (which gave the name to what was to become Brazil), and to explore precious metals and stones, which the Europeans believed to exist in abundance in the land.

After a number of battles against the Portuguese, the French colonists were defeated by Estácio de Sá, a nephew of the third Portuguese Governor-General of Brazil, Mem de Sá, on 15–16 March 1558.

Return to France
Villegaignon had already returned to France, in 1559, disgusted with the infighting between Catholics and Protestants in the small colony. He had left the colony under the command of his nephew Bois-le-Comte, endeavouring to obtain more funds and ships for the colony. The internal fight against the Calvinists however made colonial adventures less of a priority for the Crown. After the colony fell to the Portuguese, Villegagnon finally agreed to give up his claims to France Antarctique after receiving 30,000 écus from the Portuguese Crown.

Fight against the Protestants
In 1560, Villegagnon challenged Calvin to a theological debate on the eucharist, which the latter declined. He became actively involved against the Protestants, and participated in the repression of the Amboise conspiracy.

In 1561, Pierre Richier published a pamphlet against Villegagnon's actions in Brazil, entitled "Réfutation des folles resveries, excecrable blasphèmes, erreurs et mensonges de Nicolas Durand, qui se nomme Villagagnon" [Refutation of the foolish imaginations, terrible blasphemies, errors and lies of Nicolas Durand, named Villagagnon].

New attempts were made to create a Huguenot colony in the New World, again at the instigation of Coligny, this time in French Florida from 1562 to 1565, under Jean Ribault and René de Laudonnière.

From 1568, Villegagnon became the representative of the Order of Malta at the French Court. The next year, in 1569, he published in Paris a new controversy about the eucharist, entitled "De Consecratione, mystico sacrificio et duplici Christi oblatione".

Villegagnon became Commander of the Order of Malta Commandery in Beauvais, where he died on 9 January 1571, aged about 60.

The Catholic André Thévet, who had accompanied him on the first trip to Brazil, published in 1572 a description of the Brazil adventure and an attack on the Protestants, in his "Cosmographie Universelle". The Protestant Jean Léry would respond to it in 1578 with his "Histoire d'un voyage faict en la terre du Brésil".

Legacy
In his book, Brazil, A Land of the Future, Austrian writer Stefan Zweig describes the colorful character of Villegaignon:

Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon, half pirate, half scientist, a dubious but attractive figure, is a typical product of the Renaissance (...) He has been brilliant in war and a dilettante in the arts. He has been praised by Ronsard and feared by the Court, because his character is incalculable. Hating any regular occupation, despising the most enviable positions and the highest honours, his volatile spirit prefers to be free to indulge unhampered its fantastic moods. The Huguenots believe he is a Catholic and the Catholics believe he's a Huguenot. Nobody knows which side he is serving, and he himself probably doesn't know much more than that he wants to do something big, something different from anyone else, something wild and daring, something romantic and extraordinary.

On 2012 French-Portuguese-Brazilian TV series Rouge Brésil/Vermelho Brasil (Red Brazil), on the history of France Antarctique, Villegaignon (spelled Villegagnon) is portrayed by Swedish actor Stellan Skarsgård.

The island in Rio de Janeiro where he resided still bears his name Villegagnon Island.

A street in the Maltese city of Mdina is named after Villegaignon.

He appears as an important supporting character in The Course of Fortune by Tony Rothman (J. Boylston, 2015), a novel that concerns the events leading to the Great Siege of Malta, 1565.

He is a supporting character in Dorothy Dunnett's novel The Disorderly Knights, the third volume of her Lymond Chronicles series.

The knight is featured in Eight Pointed Cross by Marthese Fenech (BDL 2011), a historical novel, the first of a trilogy, now completed, that culminates in the Great Siege of Malta, 1565.

title: Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon


text:
Susitna River

The Susitna River (Sasutna’; ) is a 313 mi long river in the Southcentral Alaska. It is the 15th largest river in the United States, ranked by average discharge volume at its mouth. The river stretches from the Susitna Glacier to Cook Inlet's Knik Arm.

Etymology and history
The Susitna River was named by the Dena'ina Alaska Native people meaning "sandy river". The river appears to have been first explored by outsiders in 1834 by a "Creole [Indian] named Malakov" and the name may have been obtained by the Russians at that time, recorded by the Russia Hydrography Department on chart 1378 dated 1847 as Р(ека) Сушитна (R(eka) Sušitna) "Sushitna River". The present spelling of the name has evolved due to euphemistic reasons. The 1890 census reported that Susitna Village on the east bank of the river had 146 Kenai Natives and 27 houses.

Description
The Susitna River heads at Susitna Glacier, in Alaska Range, flows southwest to Cook Inlet, 24 mi west of Anchorage, Alaska Cook Inlet Low.

There are several rivers flowing into the Susitna River including East Fork Susitna River and West Fork Susitna River. The Little Susitna River is a separate river system which flows into the Cook Inlet on the other side of Susitna Flats.

The Susitna along with the Matanuska River, drains the broad Matanuska-Susitna Valley south of the Alaska Range.

It rises in the Susitna Glacier on Mount Hayes in the Alaska Range near 63.5°N, -147.25°W. It flows in winding course generally southwest to Curry, then south, along the west side of the Talkeetna Mountains, past Talkeetna, Chulitna River, and Susitna, and drains into Cook Inlet approximately 25 miles (40 km) west of Anchorage.

It receives the Yentna River from the northwest approximately 5 miles (8 km) north of Susitna. It is navigable to 85 mile (137 km) upstream from its mouth to Talkeetna. Valdez Creek, notable for its 1903 gold mining, is one of the small headwater tributaries of Susitna River.

The Susitna River is one of Southcentral Alaska's premier sport fishing streams, with significant runs of Chinook and Coho salmon, along with resident grayling, burbot, and rainbow trout. Located within a roadless area, access to the river is difficult and is made usually by power boat or by floatplane. Matanuska-Susitna Borough owns much of the land along the Susitna and Deshka Rivers. The impacts of summer recreational use and tourists have caused loss of riparian vegetation and bank erosion along the Deshka River's lower reaches, which has been partially remedied through a restoration project in the summer of 2002. However, the borough currently lacks either regulations to prevent further damage or the means to enforce such regulations.

Geology
The Susitna Basin, is located about 50 miles from Anchorage. As of a 2018 USGS assessment, it probably contains technically recoverable oil and gas resources using current technology—in rocks of Tertiary age (about 66 to 2.6 million years old)

Location
Susitna River is on the North side of Cook Inlet 22 mi North-East of North Foreland. Mount Susitna, a prominent landmark along the upper part of the inlet, is about 6 mi West of the Susitna River at a point 13 mi above the mouth.

The channels across the flats at the mouth of Susitna River have depths of 2 ft or less at low water and change during the winter and spring because of ice and freshet action. The channels above the mouth are said to change frequently in the spring and early summer.

Launches navigate Susitna River to Yentna River, about 20 mi above Cook Inlet, thence run occasionally up the Yentna River to the forks about 65 mi from the Susitna River. The tides are not felt more than 7 mi from the inlet, and above this the current is swift. Overhead power cables with a least clearance of 37 ft cross the Susitna River about 5 mi above its mouth.

Alexander, Alaska is a small settlement on the west side of Susitna River 10 mi above the mouth. Susitna, Alaska is on the East side 18 mi above the mouth and just below the mouth of the Yentna River; launches run to and from Anchorage, Alaska. Mail is delivered to both settlements twice monthly by airplane from Anchorage, Alaska.

Susitna Flats lie between big Susitna River and Little Susitna River and to the East of the latter.

Susitna Flats Light (61.25278°N, -150.48806°W), 19 ft above the water, is shown from a skeleton tower and is equipped with a racon.

Little Susitna River, 9 mi West of Point MacKenzie, is said to be navigable for landing craft and skiffs at high water for about 8 mi.

The depths offshore and in the approach to Little Susitna River are subject to drastic and continual change.

Bridges
The Susitna River Bridge is a railroad bridge of the Alaska Railroad in south-central Alaska. It spans the Susitna River on the eastern edge of Denali State Park near Gold Creek. The bridge is on the National Register of Historic Places.

Construction of the bridge took place from October 1920 to February 1921. The span is 503 ft., with a height of 71 ft. in the center; the steel weighs 2,000 tons, and rests on two concrete piers, each 50 ft. high and 70 x 40 ft. in cross-section, and each containing 1,500 cubic yards of concrete. The location was chosen, just downstream of a curve, after observing the pattern of ice jams through the preceding three years.

It is bridged by the George Parks Highway south of Talkeetna. South of that point, there are no other bridges, which contributes to the isolation of southwest Alaska.

Ice
Between approximately October 19 and November 14 the Susitna River ices or freezes over for the winter. Between April 12 and May 10 the ice breaks-up for the summer.

Tributaries

 * East Fork Susitna River
 * West Fork Susitna River
 * Yentna River
 * Deshka River
 * Talkeetna River
 * Chulitna River
 * Oshetna River
 * Tyone River
 * Maclaren River

title: Susitna River


text:
Triple fault

On the x86 computer architecture, a triple fault is a special kind of exception generated by the CPU when an exception occurs while the CPU is trying to invoke the double fault exception handler, which itself handles exceptions occurring while trying to invoke a regular exception handler.

x86 processors beginning with the 80286 will cause a shutdown cycle to occur when a triple fault is encountered. This typically causes the motherboard hardware to initiate a CPU reset, which, in turn, causes the whole computer to reboot.

Possible causes of triple faults
Triple faults indicate a problem with the operating system kernel or device drivers. In modern operating systems, a triple fault is typically caused by a buffer overflow or underflow in a device driver which writes over the interrupt descriptor table (IDT). If the IDT is corrupted, when the next interrupt happens, the processor will be unable to call either the needed interrupt handler or the double fault handler because the descriptors in the IDT are corrupted.

Virtual machines
In QEMU, a triple fault produces a dump of the virtual machine in the console, with the instruction pointer set to the instruction that triggered the first exception.

In VirtualBox, a triple fault causes a Guru Meditation error to be displayed to the user. A virtual machine in this state has most features disabled and cannot be restarted. If the VirtualBox Debugger is open, a message is printed indicating a Triple fault has occurred, followed by a register dump and disassembly of the last instruction executed, similar to the output of the  debugger command.

When using Intel VT-x, a triple fault causes a VM exit, with exit reason 2. The exit reason is saved to the VMCS and may be handled by the VMM software.

Other uses
The Intel 80286 processor was the first x86 processor to introduce the now-ubiquitous protected mode. However, the 286 could not revert to the basic 8086-compatible "real mode" without resetting the processor, which can only be done using hardware external to the CPU. On the IBM AT and compatibles, the documented method of doing this was to use a special function on the Intel 8042 keyboard controller, which would assert the RESET pin of the processor. However, intentionally triple-faulting the CPU was found to cause the transition to occur much faster (800 microseconds instead of 15+ milliseconds) and more cleanly, permitting multitasking operating systems to switch back and forth at high speed.

Some operating system kernels, such as Linux, still use triple faults as a last effort in their rebooting process if an ACPI reboot fails. This is done by setting the IDT register to 0 and then issuing an interrupt. Since the table now has length 0, all attempts to access it fail and the processor generates a triple fault.

title: Triple fault


text:
User talk:Greenwavecheer90

Hey everyone this is really interesting lol can't wait for izards field trip later! :)

yea sure
i dont like you! lol just kidding i love you!

title: User talk:Greenwavecheer90


text:
Silicon Valley Football Classic

The Silicon Valley Football Classic, sometimes referred to as the Silicon Valley Bowl or Silicon Valley Classic, was an NCAA-certified Division I-A post-season college football bowl game that was played at Spartan Stadium on the South Campus of San Jose State University in San Jose, California, from 2000 to 2004. It had a contractual tie-in with the Western Athletic Conference and the Pac-10. The bowl was initially televised on Fox Sports Net and later moved to ESPN2.

The bowl game consistently struggled financially, due to low television ratings and a lack of corporate sponsorship. Declining attendance contributed to the NCAA de-certifying the bowl after the 2004 season.

Creation
The city of San Jose, San Jose State University President Robert Caret, and the Western Athletic Conference proposed the Silicon Valley Bowl for San Jose in 1999. Caret and other organizers envisioned that with the technology boom of the time, revenue from the bowl game and sponsorships from local technology companies would help fund a $25 million expansion of Spartan Stadium, when then had a capacity around 31,000, to 50,000 seats.

The NCAA approved the bowl game on April 29, 1999. Participating schools would each receive a $1.2 million guaranteed payout. Due to Spartan Stadium having fewer than 50,000 seats, there was no requirement for schools to purchase a minimum number of tickets. Companies expressing written commitments to sponsor the bowl game included Cisco Systems, Comerica Bank, Hewlett-Packard, and Knight Ridder.

2000
The inaugural Silicon Valley Bowl on December 31, 2000 was a 37–34 win for Mountain West Conference team Air Force over Fresno State of the WAC. Fresno State trailed 34–7 at halftime before going on a 24–3 run in the second half. But with 14 seconds left, Fresno State failed on a fake field goal attempt from the Air Force 16.

Attendance was 26,542, and pop group Destiny's Child performed in the halftime show. However, the bowl lacked a corporate sponsor.

2001
With the bowl game still lacking a corporate sponsor, the San Jose City Council approved $150,000 in funding for the bowl's nonprofit organization in June 2001.

The 2001 Silicon Valley Football Classic, again played on December 31, had Michigan State of the Big Ten Conference upset no. 20 (AP) Fresno State 44–35. The game was a near sellout, with 30,456 in attendance. The game featured future NFL players including Fresno State quarterback David Carr, Michigan State quarterback Jeff Smoker, Michigan State wide receiver Charles Rogers, Michigan State running back TJ Duckett, and Fresno State wide receiver Bernard Berrian. In the 2002 NFL draft, Carr would be the first overall pick and Duckett the 18th overall.

A report in the December 23 San Jose Mercury News claimed that Silicon Valley Football Classic organizers overstated the economic value the bowl game brought to the city. Additionally, Air Force and Michigan State reported that they lost money participating in the Silicon Valley Classic. Eventually in March 2002, the San Jose Convention and Visitors Bureau estimated that the game contributed to $9.2 million in economic activity, including over 7,500 hotel rooms booked, in San Jose.

2002
After two straight years of the Silicon Valley Football Classic having the lowest ratings of Division I-A bowl games, Fox Sports Net withdrew from its five-year contract with the bowl in November 2002. This followed continued financial problems for the Silicon Valley Football Classic, namely the third straight year lacking a title sponsor and two companies that funded the 2000 and 2001 games, Knight Ridder and Palm Inc., deciding not to return. The bowl organization rejected a bid by TicketCity for naming rights to the bowl game, citing an unacceptably low payout.

The third edition of the Silicon Valley Football Classic on December 31, 2002 had a second straight appearance by Fresno State of the WAC, this time a 30–21 win vs. ACC opponent Georgia Tech. Attendance was 10,132 in rainy weather.

2003
On top of the drop in attendance for the 2002 Silicon Valley Football Classic, the continuation of this bowl became doubtful after the WAC board of directors voted unanimously in March 2003 to defund the bowl game. Eventually, the bowl would be re-certified by the NCAA in 2003 and hire a new chairperson in San Jose Sharks president Greg Jamison, whose Silicon Valley Sports and Entertainment company would help with marketing and sponsorships.

With 20,126 in attendance, the 2003 Silicon Valley Football Classic played on December 30 was a 17–9 Fresno State win over Pac-10 opponent UCLA in Fresno State's third straight appearance. After the 2003 game, the NCAA instituted new rules for the 2004–05 Bowl Season stating that stadiums had to draw at least 70% of their capacity for bowl games in order to continue hosting them.

2004
The 2004 game was the final edition of the Silicon Valley Football Classic. Although the bowl again had tie-ins with the WAC and Pac-10, neither conference had enough eligible teams available. Silicon Valley Bowl officials invited Northern Illinois of the MAC and Troy of the Sun Belt as at-large teams. Both schools were offered no upfront payment to participate and were responsible for buying 8,000 tickets worth a total of $720,000.

Game attendance was a series low at 5,494, and a power outage caused a 20-minute delay of kickoff. The city of San Jose and Hewlett-Packard each paid $100,000 to be named as primary bowl sponsors, and the WAC made a $300,000 commitment as well. The Classic also spent very little money on advertising. Despite the low attendance numbers, it was estimated the bowl netted a $200,000 profit in 2004.

On April 20, 2005, the NCAA decided not to renew the license of the Silicon Valley Football Classic, due to low attendance and a limit of 28 bowl games. The SVFC was replaced by the Poinsettia Bowl in San Diego, California.

Game results
Rankings are based on the AP Poll prior to the game being played.

Note: The 2004 game featured a MAC vs. Sun Belt matchup- neither the Pac 10 or WAC was able to send a team.

title: Silicon Valley Football Classic


text:
Mr. Halpern and Mr. Johnson

Mr. Halpern and Mr. Johnson is a 1983 American made-for-television drama film produced for HBO starring Laurence Olivier and Jackie Gleason and was directed by Alvin Rakoff.

Plot
The film is a two-person drama featuring Olivier as Mr. Joseph Halpern, an elderly working class British Jewish widower and Gleason as Mr. Ernest Johnson, a dapper American retired accountant. At the funeral of his wife, Florence, Mr. Halpern meets Mr. Johnson, who surprises him with the disclosure that he and Florence had maintained a close friendship for the last 40 years. Six weeks later, Mr. Halpern and Mr. Johnson meet for a drink at a hotel. A long conversation ensues that reveals aspects of himself and one has been in love with the other's wife for 30 years. At the end, Mr. Halpern and Mr. Johnson agree to meet again.

There are two locations in the movie: a New York hotel and a New Jersey cemetery. The hotel scene was filmed at the HTV West Studio on Bath Road in Bristol, England and the cemetery scenes were filmed outside Bristol.

Cast

 * Laurence Olivier as Joseph "Joe" Halpern
 * Jackie Gleason as Ernest Johnson

title: Mr. Halpern and Mr. Johnson


text:
Shangchuan Island

Shangchuan Island (, also known as "Schangschwan", "Sancian", "Sanchão", "Chang-Chuang", "St. John's Island" or "St John Island" ) is the main island of Chuanshan Archipelago on the southern coast of Guangdong, China.

Administratively, it is a part of Chuandao, Taishan. Located 14 km from the mainland, it became the largest island in Guangdong after Hainan Island (the largest island in the country) was carved out of the province in 1988.

The area of the island is 139.87 km2, and has a population of 16,320.

It is known for having been the place of death of St. Francis Xavier. Nowadays, it is a tourist site in Guangdong.

History
The island was called Shangchuan Shan (上川山) in the Ming dynasty, as recorded in the Records of the Unity of the Great Ming (大明一統志) published in 1461.

Shangchuan Island was one of the first bases established by the Portuguese off the China coast, during the 16th century. They abandoned this base after the Chinese government gave consent for a permanent and official Portuguese trade base at Macau in 1557.

The Spanish (Navarre) Jesuit missionary St. Francis Xavier died on the island on December 3, 1552, as he was waiting for a ship to take him to mainland China. There is a small chapel that commemorates his death place, designed by Achille-Antoine Hermitte and completed in 1869.

Geography
The island has been isolated from the mainland since the last ice age. It is located near Xiachuan Island, which lies west of Shangchuan. The two islands, together with smaller islets, form Chuanshan Archipelago.

Shangshuan Island has an area of 137.3 km2 and a 217 km coastline.

Settlements on the island include:
 * Dalangwan
 * Shadi, a fishing port on the southwestern coast

Economy
Shangchuan and Xiachuan have been established as a Tourism Open Integrated Experimental Zone (旅游开发综合试验区, pinyin: lǚyóu kāifā zōnghé shìyàn qū).

Feisha Beach Resort (飞沙滩旅游区) is a commercial tourist resort located on the island's eastern shore.

Transportation
Shangchuan Island is linked by ferry to Guanghai, Haiyan (Shanju) and Xiachuan Island.

General

 * Satellite view on Google Maps
 * Website about Shangchuan
 * Shangchuan on taishan.com
 * on tsinfo.com.cn
 * Pictures of the island (click on the links on the left to view more)
 * Pictures of the island (click on the links on the left to view more)

Maps

 * Old map

Francis Xavier Chapel

 * Picture of Shangchuan island. The chapel marks the location of Francis Xavier's death
 * Another picture of the chapel
 * Satellite view of the chapel

title: Shangchuan Island


text:
Alexandre de Prouville de Tracy

Alexandre de Prouville de Tracy (c. 1603 – 1670) was a French military leader, statesman, and the seigneur of Tracy-le-Val and Tracy-le-Mont in Picardy, France. A professional soldier, he was a regimental commander during the Thirty Years Wars, and was later appointed commissary general of French forces in Germany. In 1663, he was commissioned lieutenant-général of the French colonies in the Americas. In 1664, he led an expedition that expelled the Dutch from Guiana. The following year he sailed to New France where, in 1666, he led the Carignan-Salieres Regiment and Canadien volunteers in an invasion of the Mohawk homeland. He returned to France after reaching peace settlements with the Mohawk and the other Iroquois nations, and was appointed commandant at Dunkirk, and later governor of the Château Trompette in Bordeaux.

Early life
Alexandre de Prouville de Tracy, the son of Pierre de Prouville, bailiff of the citadel of Amiens, and Marie Bochart de Champigny, was born in Amiens c. 1603. He married Marie de Belin in Paris on 17 November 1624. Tracy had had a son, Charles-Henri, who died at Landrecies in 1655 during the Franco-Spanish War, and a daughter, Marie Chrisante. Tracy married his second wife, Louise de Fouilleuse, on 15 April 1657 at Saint-Eustache in Paris.

Tracy was a professional soldier who was recorded as a captain of light horse in 1632. After the French intervened in the Thirty Years War, he served as a regimental commander and fought in several battles including the Battle of Wolfenbüttel, the Battle of Kempen, the Battle of Freiburg, the Siege of Philippsburg, and the Battle of Nordlingen. He was appointed commissary general of the French army in Germany, and represented France in negotiations with Sweden and the Elector of Bavaria that led to the 1647 Truce of Ulm.

Lieutenant Général of the Americas
For many years the small French settlements on the north shore of the St. Lawrence River had been the subject of attacks by the Iroquois. By the early 1660s, the colony was on the verge of collapse. After receiving numerous pleas for help, Louis XIV took several steps to ensure the survival of New France, including sending professional soldiers.

In November 1663, Tracy was commissioned by Louis XIV as "lieutenant général throughout the length and breadth of the continental countries under our authority situated in South and North America." He was assigned two tasks: remove the Dutch from Cayenne (a former French colony in Guiana), and end the threat of the Iroquois to New France. The Carignan-Salières Regiment, commanded by Henri de Chastelard de Salières, was assigned to Tracy and would sail directly to Quebec while the lieutenant général was in the West Indies.

Tracy sailed from La Rochelle in February 1664 accompanied by Antoine Lefèbvre de La Barre, four companies of infantry from the Broglie, Chambellé, Orléans and Poitou regiments, and 650 settlers for the French colonies in the West Indies. Tracy's expedition captured Cayenne without opposition in May 1664. Leaving Le Barre and a garrison at Cayenne, Tracy sailed to Martinique where he reappointed the governor, then proceeded to Guadeloupe where a new governor was installed.

In April 1665, Tracy left Guadeloupe for the Gulf of St. Lawrence. After anchoring off Percé, Tracy and the soldiers that had accompanied him to the West Indies transferred to smaller ships and disembarked at Quebec on 30 June, 11 days after the first four companies of the Carignan-Salières had arrived from France. To avoid overcrowding in Quebec, Tracy sent the Carignan-Salières companies to built three forts along the Richelieu River, the main route used by the Mohawk in their raids on French settlements. Fort Richelieu was restored and Fort Sainte Anne was erected the following spring on Isle La Motte at the northern end of Lake Champlain. Salières and eight more companies of the Carignan-Salières landed at Quebec in mid-August. The newly appointed Governor General of New France, Daniel de Rémy de Courcelle, and the newly appointed intendant, Jean Talon, arrived with the final contingent of eight companies in mid-September.

Tracy quickly recognized that of the five Iroquois nations, the Mohawk were the most aggressive towards the French. For many years the Mohawk had raided French settlements, and had disrupted the flow of beaver pelts to Montreal by blockading the Ottawa and St. Lawrence Rivers. While the Onondaga, Oneida, Seneca, and Cayuga appeared willing to discuss peace, the Mohawk did not. In December 1665 an Onondaga and Oneida delegation arrived at Quebec to begin negotiations on behalf of themselves and the Seneca and Cayuga.

Tracy authorized Courcelle to lead an expedition of 500 regulars and Canadien volunteers against the Mohawk in the winter of 1666. The French soldiers, however, were ill-equipped to operate in the cold and deep snow. They were unaccustomed to using snowshoes, and many suffered from exhaustion, frostbite or hypothermia. Algonquin guides were to meet the expedition at Fort St. Louis, however, after waiting several weeks, Courcelle set off without them. Without guides the expedition frequently lost their way, and provisions soon became scarce. The expedition eventually reached the Anglo-Dutch settlement of Schenectady where Courcelle was able to purchase supplies. While at Schenectady a French patrol skirmished with the Mohawk resulting in the deaths of one officer, five soldiers and one volunteer. Courcelle decided to abandon the invasion and return to the Richelieu River forts. The Jesuit Relations record that over 60 men died from hunger during the expedition, while Captain Francois de Tapie de Monteil of the Poitou Regiment wrote in his journal that "we lost 400 men who dropped dead from cold."

A Seneca delegation arrived at Quebec in May and quickly negotiated a treaty of friendship. An Oneida delegation followed in July and within a week had agreed to a similar treaty. Later that month, however, news arrived that a hunting party on Ile La Motte had been ambushed by the Mohawk. Seven soldiers were killed and four others taken captive including Tracy's cousin, Lieutenant Louis de Canchy de Lerole. Tracy ordered the Oneida delegation brought back to Quebec and imprisoned. Captain Pierre de Saurel of the Carignan-Salières was tasked with leading 200 men in a retaliatory strike against the Mohawk. The expedition was within two days march of Mohawk territory when they encountered a delegation led by the warrior known as the Flemish Bastard who was bringing the unharmed French prisoners back to Fort Sainte Anne. The expedition turned back and Saurel escorted the Mohawk delegation to Quebec.

Delegations from all five Iroquois nations were in Quebec by late August. Tracy, however, had grown impatient with their lengthy harangues and prevarication. Talon and Courcelle agreed with Tracy that a military solution was needed. 600 French soldiers, 600 Canadien volunteers, and 100 Algonquin and Wendat warriors rendezvoused at Fort Sainte Anne at the end of September. The expedition crossed Lake Champlain and Lake George in canoes and bateaux, then marched overland to reach the Mohawk villages in mid-October. All four villages had been hastily abandoned. Tracy ordered the longhouses and surrounding fields burned, then led the expedition back to Fort Sainte Anne. Despite not having engaged the Mohawk in battle, the expedition was considered a success. The only casualties were eight men who drowned when their canoes overturned on Lake Champlain during a storm.

Upon his return to Quebec, Tracy had a Mohawk prisoner hanged and sent the Flemish Bastard and two Oneida back to their people with his terms for peace. The Mohawk were given four months to release their Algonquin and Wendat captives and bring Mohawk and Oneida families to Quebec to serve as hostages. When the Flemish Bastard returned in April 1667 without any hostage families, Tracy threatened another invasion. A peace settlement was finally reached in July when several hostage families arrived at Quebec, and requested Jesuit missionaries be sent to the Mohawk and Oneida homelands.

Return to France
In August 1667, Tracy returned to France leaving Courcelle, Talon, and the Sovereign Council to govern New France. Without the threat of Iroquois raids the colony entered a period of growth and prosperity that lasted until 1684.

Marie de l'Incarnation wrote that Tracy had "won over everyone by his good works and by the great examples of virtue and religion which he has given the whole country." Tracy sponsored the education of indigenous children, paid for a chapel to be built for the Ursulines, and made a substantial donation to the Jesuits for their chapel. He reorganized the Sovereign Council, and sent the governor of Montreal, Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve back to France on indefinite leave, replacing him with Zacharie Dupuy. When Tracy returned to France, Intendant Jean Talon wrote that "he has set the affairs of Canada in such good order that I shall have little to do there."

Tracy was named commandant of Dunkirk shortly after his return, and in October 1668 was appointed governor of the Château Trompette in Bordeaux. He died in Paris in the parish of Saint-Eustache on 28 April 1670.

Legacy
Tracy, a city on the south shore of the St Lawrence River at the mouth of the Richelieu River was incorporated in 1952 but merged with the much older City of Sorel in 2000 to form Sorel-Tracy. The Tracy Squadron of cadets at the Royal Military College Saint-Jean is named after Tracy.

title: Alexandre de Prouville de Tracy


text:
Delicate Sound of Thunder

Delicate Sound of Thunder is a live album by the English band Pink Floyd. It was recorded over five nights at the Nassau Coliseum in Uniondale, New York, in August 1988, during their A Momentary Lapse of Reason Tour, and mixed at Abbey Road Studios in September 1988. It was released on 21 November 1988, through EMI Records in the UK and Columbia Records in the US.

The album was remixed, restored and reissued in December 2019 for The Later Years 1987–2019 box set. This version included songs that were not present on the original release. In November 2020, it was given a standalone release.

Release and reissue
The album was released in 1988 as a double LP, double cassette, and a double CD, each format containing a slightly different track listing. The album includes many works from A Momentary Lapse of Reason as well as tracks from older Pink Floyd albums. The double LP release did not have "Us and Them" on the track listing. Both the double LP and the double cassette had "Wish You Were Here" between "Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2)" and "Comfortably Numb".

Although David Gilmour stated around the time of its release and on a radio interview in 1992 that the album contained no studio overdubbing whatsoever, he embellished the tracks during mixing with some extra acoustic guitar on "Comfortably Numb", according to engineer Buford Jones. In addition, some harmonies were replaced by studio re-takes: Richard Wright re-did his vocal on "Time" and Sam Brown replaced Rachel Fury's part in "Comfortably Numb" but the rest of the album is as performed at the shows.

Along with A Collection of Great Dance Songs, Delicate Sound of Thunder was reissued on 180g heavyweight vinyl LP in November 2017. Its artwork replicates that of the original 1988 LP release.

An expanded version of the live album was included in The Later Years 1987–2019 box set in 2019. Previously unreleased tracks include "Signs of Life," "A New Machine (Part 1)", "Terminal Frost", "A New Machine (Part 2)", "Welcome to the Machine", and "One Slip". All tracks were remixed for the 2019 reissue.

Commercial performance and reception
Delicate Sound of Thunder reached #11 on the Billboard 200. It was certified gold and platinum on 23 January 1989 and triple platinum in April 1997. In Canada, it was #57 in the 1989 year-end chart.

In December 2020, the album reentered the Billboard album chart at #76, thanks to sales of the deluxe reissue.

Musician reviewer J. D. Considine wrote simply: "Further proof that you can't listen to a light show."

Delicate Sound of Thunder became the first album to be played in space, when Soviet cosmonauts took it aboard Soyuz TM-7. David Gilmour and Nick Mason attended the mission's launch.

2019 reissue
Delicate Sound of Thunder was reissued on CD on 13 December 2019 as part of the box set The Later Years 1987–2019 along with the film of the same name. The album has been remixed and remastered and includes tracks omitted from the original 1988 release. A standalone release was released on 20 November 2020 on 2 CD, triple LP, and CD/DVD/BD box set which includes the 2019 cut of the film.

In the 2019 remix, the songs "Sorrow", "On the Turning Away" and "Comfortably Numb" have longer guitar solos by Gilmour than in the 1988 original; "The Dogs of War" has a longer intro; "Money" has been condensed, removing Guy Pratt's bass solo and the female a cappella section; "Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2)" has extra elements (lifted from 1989 tour recordings) added in - most notably an extra "hey teacher!" between Gilmour's and Renwick's guitar solos; "Us and Them" has a piano added to the intro; much of the echo has been removed from Wallis' electronic drums during "Learning to Fly"; "Run Like Hell" has an extended intro and now includes Gilmour thanking the audience; and "Time" guitar's intro starts sooner within the "tic-tac" (as performed on Pulse) than the 1988 original.

"Learning to Fly", "Us and Them", and "Run Like Hell" from the 2019 remix are also included in the 2019 compilation album The Later Years 1987–2019 Highlights, released on 29 November 2019.

Track listing
Disc 1

 * 1) "Shine On You Crazy Diamond" (21 August 1988)
 * 2) "Signs of Life" (previously unreleased)
 * 3) "Learning to Fly" (21 August 1988)
 * 4) "Yet Another Movie" (21 August 1988)
 * 5) "Round and Around" (21 August 1988)
 * 6) "A New Machine (Part 1)" (previously unreleased)
 * 7) "Terminal Frost" (previously unreleased) (20 August 1988)
 * 8) "A New Machine (Part 2)" (previously unreleased)
 * 9) "Sorrow" (23 August 1988)
 * 10) "The Dogs of War" (20 August 1988)
 * 11) "On The Turning Away" (21 August 1988)

Disc 2

 * 1) "One of These Days" (22 August 1988)
 * 2) "Time" (21/19 August 1988)
 * 3) "On the Run" (previously unreleased)
 * 4) "The Great Gig in the Sky" (previously unreleased) (21 August 1988)
 * 5) "Wish You Were Here" (23 August 1988)
 * 6) "Welcome to the Machine" (previously unreleased) (21 August 1988)
 * 7) "Us and Them" (21 August 1988)
 * 8) "Money" (21 August 1988)
 * 9) "Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2)" (21 August 1988)
 * 10) "Comfortably Numb" (23 August 1988)
 * 11) "One Slip" (previously unreleased) (19 August 1988)
 * 12) "Run Like Hell" (19 August 1988)

Personnel
Pink Floyd
 * David Gilmour – guitars, console steel guitar, lead vocals, production and 2019/2020 remixing
 * Nick Mason – drums, percussion
 * Richard Wright – keyboards, backing vocals, lead vocals on "Time" and "Comfortably Numb"

Additional musicians
 * Jon Carin – keyboards, programming, backing vocals, co lead vocals on Sorrow.
 * Rachel Fury – backing vocals
 * Durga McBroom – backing vocals
 * Scott Page – saxophones, oboe, guitar
 * Guy Pratt – bass guitar, backing vocals, co-lead vocals on "Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2)" and "Run Like Hell"
 * Tim Renwick – guitars, backing vocals, co lead vocals on Yet Another Movie
 * Machan Taylor (as Margret Taylor) – backing vocals
 * Gary Wallis – percussion, additional keyboards on "Comfortably Numb"

Production
 * Doug Sax – mastering (on original 1988 release)
 * David Gleeson – assistant engineering
 * Buford Jones – engineering, mixing on original 1988 release
 * Dimo Safari – band photography
 * Storm Thorgerson and Nick Marchant – cover design and graphics (on original 1988 release)
 * David Hewitt – remote recording
 * Andy Jackson - Remastering and remixing on 2019/2020 re-release
 * Damon Iddins - assistant remixing on 2019/2020 re-release
 * Steve Knee - Cover photography on 2020 remixed/expanded reissue
 * Aubrey Powell of Hipgnosis - supervising artwork on 2019/2020 re-release

title: Delicate Sound of Thunder


text:
Talk:Serre–Swan theorem

I would be more comfortable with the statement if M were assumed to be connected. Is that necessary? AxelBoldt 14:13, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Oh, we're in a compact situation, so we have at most finitely many connected components, and I don't think we need connectedness after all. AxelBoldt 14:54, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Compactness is sufficient. Phys 14:58, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I assume there is also a version of the theorem in algebraic geometry? AxelBoldt 23:04, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I've always wondered, is compactness really the most natural hypothesis for this important result? The usual proof seems to work without a hitch on any smooth manifold that may be a covered by a finite collection of contractible sets. And that class of smooth manifolds is very large indeed: it contains every manifold with finitely many connected components. (You need to add paracompactness as an assumption, if that isn't already part of your definition of what a manifold is.) PerVognsen (talk)
 * Indeed in the smooth case compactness is not necessary (a proof without this condition is found in the book: Jet Nestruev, Smooth manifolds and observables, Springer graduate text) 1 Sep 2008  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Matterink (talk • contribs) 11:44, 1 September 2008 (UTC)
 * An interesting book. Thanks for suggesting it.   siℓℓy rabbit  (  talk  ) 13:18, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

Merge to Serre-Swan theorem
I propose merging to Serre-Swan theorem. silly rabbit (  talk  ) 21:34, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Serre–Swan theorem


text:
Lists of case law

Lists of case law cover instances of case law, legal decisions in which the law was analyzed to resolve ambiguities for deciding current cases. They are organized alphabetically, by topic or by country.

Alphabetical lists
These lists are pan-jurisdictional.

 * R v Lawrence
 * R. v. Smith

By topic

 * List of cases involving Lord Denning
 * List of class-action lawsuits
 * List of copyright case law
 * List of environmental lawsuits
 * List of gender equality lawsuits
 * List of patent case law
 * List of trademark case law

Australia

 * List of Federal Court of Australia cases
 * List of High Court of Australia cases
 * List of Tasmanian Supreme Court cases
 * List of Victorian Supreme Court cases

Bosnia and Herzegovina

 * List of decisions of the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Canada

 * List of Supreme Court of Canada cases

Commonwealth

 * List of Judicial Committee of the Privy Council cases

International

 * List of International Court of Justice cases

United Kingdom

 * List of Early Landmark Court Cases
 * List of landmark United Kingdom House of Lords cases
 * List of United Kingdom House of Lords cases (post 1997)
 * List of Scottish legal cases
 * List of Supreme Court of Judicature cases

United States

 * Lists of United States Supreme Court cases
 * List of United States state supreme court cases
 * List of United States courts of appeals cases
 * United States case law topical index

title: Lists of case law


text:
User talk:Blas~enwiki

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Tip: you can sign your name with ~

snoyes 14:18, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Blas. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Blas~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:35, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 11:07, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Blas~enwiki