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Leszek II the Black

Leszek II the Black (c. 1241 – 30 September 1288), was a Polish prince of the House of Piast, Duke of Sieradz since 1261, Duke of Łęczyca since 1267, Duke of Inowrocław in the years 1273-1278, Duke of Sandomierz and High Duke of Poland from 1279 until his death.

Early years
Leszek was the eldest son of Duke Casimir I of Kuyavia and his second wife, Constance, daughter of Henry II the Pious from the Silesian branch of the Piast dynasty. His nickname, Black (Latin: Niger), appears for the first time in the 14th century Kronika Dzierzwy, and was probably given to him for his dark hair.

In 1257 his mother died, and shortly after his father married Euphrosyne, daughter of Casimir I of Opole. Leszek's stepmother soon caused conflicts in the family with her attempts to obtain territorial benefits for her own children. The eldest of them was the future Polish king Władysław I the Elbow-high. This was to the detriment of Leszek and his younger full-brother, Ziemomysł. Some chronicles even accused Euphrosyne of attempting to poison both stepsons. Leszek and Ziemomysł rebelled against their father and stepmother in 1261 (although the participation of Ziemomysł is debated in historiography). The revolt initially failed because the local nobility, dissatisfied with their adventurous policy, retired their support; however, thanks to the help of a coalition formed with Bolesław V the Chaste, Siemowit I of Masovia, and Bolesław the Pious, Leszek eventually forced his father to give him the district of Sieradz as a separate duchy.

Duke of Sieradz
Leszek's rule as Duke of Sieradz lasted from 1261 until 1279. His new duchy was formed from one of the less populated lands in the country. However, the colonization policy which he pursued (including the foundation of cities like Nowa Brzeźnica, Lutomiersk, Wolbórz, and Radomsko) and the close cooperation with the Church slowly changed the image of the district.

In 1267 Casimir died, leaving his domains to his five sons. Leszek, as the oldest son and already in possession of Sieradz, only added Łęczyca. One year later, the citizens of Inowrocław rebelled against the pro-German policy of Ziemomysł and called for Bolesław the Pious to be their new ruler. Ziemomysł, however, managed to kept the government until 1271, when Bolesław finally invaded the duchy forcing Ziemomysł to escape. Bolesław kept the district for two years, until 1273, when he gave it to Leszek, who was now unexpectedly Duke of Inowrocław. His government over this land lasted until 1278, when after a meeting at Ląd on 24 August, and thanks to the mediation of Przemysł II of Greater Poland, Leszek returned the duchy to his brother.

Adoption by Bolesław the Chaste
After Leszek obtained his political independence in 1261, he rapidly established good relations with Bolesław the Chaste, ruler of Kraków and Sandomierz. The two princes meet for the first time in 1260, on occasion of the expedition against the Kingdom of Bohemia, which was part of a broader action during the Hungarian-Bohemian War for the Babenberg inheritance. Leszek's participation in the war against Bohemia and its allies (Henryk IV Probus and Władysław Opolski) continued in later years, with particular intensity between 1271-1273.

The childlessness of Bolesław and his close cooperation with Leszek resulted in the latter's expectation to become his heir. The document of adoption was issued in 1265; eight years later, Władysław Opolski organized a military expedition to Kraków because he refused to accept the adoption. On 4 June 1273, the Battle of Bogucin Mały took place, in which the Opole-Racibórz army was defeated. At the end of October, Bolesław made a retaliatory expedition against Opole-Racibórz; however, his forces were limited to destroy only specific areas of the duchy. In 1274 Władysław Opolski and Bolesław the Chaste decided to conclude a peace, under which the former gave up his claims to the throne of Kraków in exchange for some territory adjacent to his duchy, stretching as far as the Skawinka river.

In 1265 Leszek married Gryfina (also known as Agrippina), daughter of the Rurikid prince Rostislav Mikhailovich, Ban of Slavonia and Duke of Macsó. The union was quite unhappy; in 1271 a scandal erupted when she fled to Kraków and publicly accused her husband of impotence, adding that for this reason their marriage had never been consummated. The reconciliation of the couple took place four years later, due to the intervention of Bolesław the Chaste and his wife, Kinga, Gryfina returned to her husband on 6 August 1275. Leszek then decided to follow a treatment from the well-known physician Mikołaj of Kraków. His prescription included eating frogs and snakes, because - as was stated in the Rocznik Traski - "the lack of offspring caused a great abomination into the nation". Ultimately, Leszek and Gryfina never had children.

Duke of Kraków and Sandomierz
On 7 December 1279 Bolesław the Chaste died. In accordance with his wishes, the duchies of Kraków and Sandomierz were inherited by Leszek II, who became the new high duke. The succession took place without much difficulty, although it is probable that Leszek was forced to agree to a formal election as Duke of Kraków.

The beginning of his reign was unfortunately not peaceful. Unexpectedly, Leo I of Galicia, with the help of King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia, planned an invasion of Kraków. With the help of Lithuanians, Tartars, and some Russian principalities, Leo invaded Lublin in February 1280, crossed the Vistula, and besieged Sandomierz, which managed to resist. From that point Leszek was able to unite enough forces to repel the invasion. The final battle took place in Goźlice on 23 February, where the Polish forces (under the command of Peter, voivode of Kraków, and Janusz, voivode of Sandomierz), forced Leo's army to flee. Later that year, Leszek organized a retaliatory expedition, which burned and destroyed the border areas up to Lviv.

The following year, Leszek attacked the Duchy of Wrocław, which belonged to Henryk IV Probus. This was in response for the imprisonment of Leszek's ally, Przemysł II, after a meeting in probably Barycz. This expedition, besides the significant bounty it brought him, did not yield the expected result.

The following years were also not peaceful. In 1282 the Yotvingians invaded Lublin and plundered several villages. Because of this unexpected attack they were able to advance to Łopiennik Górny. Leszek, after the initial surprise, managed to pursue the invaders and somewhere beyond the Narew river they clashed in a bloody battle. The Yotvingians were slaughtered, and this defeat effectively destroyed the combat strength of the tribe. One year later, the Lithuanians made a retaliatory expedition, but Leszek was able to defeat them in the Battle of Rowiny.

Conflict with the Bishop of Kraków
Despite all of his military victories, Leszek's position within Kraków-Sandomierz was not that strong. During almost all of his reign he had to fight with internal opposition. The leading opponents to his rule were Paweł of Przemyków, Bishop of Kraków, and Janusz Starża, voivode of Sandomierz. The dispute with Bishop Paweł began in the early 1280s, when Leszek II refused to approve the bishop's broad immunity. The widow of Bolesław, Kinga of Hungary, also had an important role in this conflict. According to her husband's will, she received the district of Stary Sącz as her dower. Because it was on the road to Hungary, this district was strategic and important, and Leszek II considered it to be too valuable to be in her hands. However, another motive may have been that he wanted to give that land to his own wife Gryfina. During 1282-1283, the conflict came to its most dramatic stage, when Bishop Paweł (who fiercely supported Kinga's rights) was captured after a meeting at Łagów and imprisoned in Sieradz. The Bishop of Kraków only regained his freedom thanks to the consistent intervention of the Polish Church. A final settlement was signed on 30 November 1286 when Leszek agreed to pay Bishop Paweł 3,000 grzywnas as compensation for damages, return his property, and recognize the Bishopric's privileges.

Knighthood revolts
The government of Leszek also garnered opposition from the local knights, which would be surprising given the numerous times that they served the High Duke in his victorious expeditions. The first revolt took place in 1282, when the voivode Janusz Starża, using the absence of Leszek II, gave the fortresses of Sandomierz and Radom to Konrad II of Czersk. This rebellion was quickly suppressed, if it ever occurred at all (as the first information about it came from Jan Długosz, and strangely the voivode remained in his post).

A more serious revolt took place three years later, in April 1285, when Otto Toporczyk, voivode of Sandomierz, Janusz Starża, the former voivode and now castellan of Kraków, and Żegota, voivode of Kraków, raised an army against Leszek II, who having been taken by surprise was forced to escape to Hungary. Fortunately for Leszek II, the rebels' candidate for the throne, Konrad II of Czersk, failed to take the Wawel Castle, which was defended by the faithful local burghers, led by High Duchess Gryfina. On 3 May 1285, a decisive battle took place in Bogucice, where Leszek II, with the help of the Hungarians, obtained a great victory and forced the rebels to leave the country. After overcoming this opposition, Leszek II modified his local policies so that the government was more stable through the end of his reign.

Final years
In 1287-1288 the third invasion of the Mongols into Lesser Poland, led by Nogai Khan and Talabuga, took place, causing Leszek to travel to Hungary and ask for help. This time, Lesser Poland was better prepared for the Mongol invasion than for the previous two incursions, with several more fortresses in Kraków and Sandomierz to defend the lands.

It is believed that Leszek II initiated a process for the unification of Poland. According to the theory of historian Oswald Balzer, Leszek II called the First Piast Coalition, formed by four princes: Henryk IV Probus, Przemysł II, Henry III of Głogów, and himself, on or about 1287, whose main purpose was to arrange the order of succession in Lesser Poland. This hypothesis is refuted by modern historiography because of the known bad relations between Leszek II, Przemysł II, and Henryk IV Probus during this period. On the other hand, the apparent national unification could have been a result of the growing cult to Saint Stanislaus of Szczepanów.

Leszek died on 30 September 1288 at Kraków and was buried in the local Dominican Church of the Holy Trinity. After his death a violent dispute erupted among the main Piast rulers for the Seniorate Province. Eventually, Henryk IV Probus became the new high duke in 1289, but his sudden death one year later caused the Seniorate Province to pass to Przemysł II. However, he was deposed soon thereafter (1291) on behalf of King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia, who claimed Poland. Having no legal grounds to reign, Wenceslaus II managed to obtain a document from his aunt Dowager Duchess Gryfina under which she ceded to him the district of Stary Sącz, which she finally received as her dower, with the doubtful inclusion of all of the Seniorate Province.

title: Leszek II the Black


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Talk:Foot

Remove Picture
There is a picture of the feet and lower legs of a couple in bed together. While it does technically show feet, I see it as out of sync with the other pictures, themes, and general tone of the article. Before I remove it, however, I will allow a period for discussion and defense of its continued inclusion. DoctorEric (talk) 18:41, 1 February 2013 (UTC)
 * It appears another user agreed with me, and removed the picture as proposed. As no objections were lodged in over 2 weeks, I'll consider the subject closed. DoctorEric (talk) 21:11, 17 February 2013 (UTC)

Add Picture?
As a follow-up to my previous discussion, would adding this picture (from the Nicaragua page, linked below) be a valuable contribution to the article? It shows 2100-year-old human footprints preserved in dried volcanic mud. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HuellasdeAcahualinca.jpg  DoctorEric (talk) 16:08, 20 February 2013 (UTC)

Merge proposal
The article Foot type lacks references and appears to be the work of now vanished sockpuppets. I suggest the content in that article should be merged into the foot article once appropriate references have been added. Alternatively, the Foot type article should be redirected to Foot. Note: I just cleaned-up the Arches of the foot article from some content originally added the the Foot type article (and merged content from an earlier split of that article). --Fama Clamosa (talk) 16:30, 26 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Merge done.  SilkTork  ✔Tea time  10:45, 14 January 2013 (UTC)

Move Culture Section
Move "Culture" section to end of article (just before "See Also"). It's ancillary information at best and is given undue importance by appearing just after the introduction. - 134.174.174.181 (talk) 21:18, 11 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Done. While I have just followed your suggestion, maybe it could go above the Evolutionary variations section. Regardless it clearly doesn't belong at the top given how little is said in the section, as currently written a reader would not expect or want the information displayed so prominently. Monty  845  21:47, 11 July 2012 (UTC)Seems Legit... not realy its just a foot.Why are we having a conversation on wiki?!

Needs common names section
This needs common names section, e.g. toes, heels, sole, arches, ankles, etc. to call different parts of the foot in common English, not by anatomical Latin names.

In particular, something like what to call the middle bottom section of the whole heel part of the foot (not just the back of the heel - which is not the underside by the way and another subject by itself), or upper parts of the toes, right side of the foot, left side of the foot. Such are common questions asked by children or in classes where English is taught as the 2nd language. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Yoichi123 (talk • contribs) 05:09, 28 August 2013 (UTC)

Edit request
"lumbricals" is misspelled as "lumbricales"

Lyingahull (talk) 15:21, 22 November 2013 (UTC)

Done Thanks, Celestra (talk) 19:13, 22 November 2013 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Joints of foot
No need for a separate article, needlessly fragmented. Tom (LT) (talk) 00:04, 12 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Merged content about muscles to Interphalangeal articulations of the foot leaving two sentences to merge. --Iztwoz (talk) 08:17, 12 July 2015 (UTC)

Mention "ball"
From Ball_(anatomy), add "The ball of the foot comprises the heads of the metatarsals together as a unit. " under Structure, Forefoot. Is there no specific latin term?209.86.76.219 (talk) 15:33, 11 July 2015 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 20:22, 4 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Anklet on female feet 2.png

Human foot or the general foot?
The title and first paragraph of this article make it seem as though this article is about the foot in general. But the content of the article seems to focus entirely on the human foot. Is this not an issue? There should either be one article for the general, and one for the human foot, or this article should cover the general foot with a section on the human foot. Finnigami (talk) 21:31, 18 March 2021 (UTC)

"Plates of meat" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Plates of meat and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 September 27 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Steel1943 (talk) 20:07, 27 September 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: English 102 Section 6
— Assignment last updated by DoctorBeee (talk) 19:32, 11 March 2024 (UTC)

Size of the human foot?
Nowhere does the article state how big a human foot is. Not the average size male or female, nor the range of sizes, nor the size of a newborn's foot. (This is not something I can write!) Bill (talk) 13:58, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Foot


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House banking scandal

The House banking scandal broke in early 1992, when it was revealed that the US House of Representatives allowed its members to overdraw their House checking accounts without the risk of being penalized by the House bank, which was actually a clearinghouse.

The scandal also sometimes known as Rubbergate (from the expressions "rubber check" (bounced check) and "Watergate)," but the term is misleading because House checks did not bounce but were honored because the House Bank provided overdraft protection to its account holders, and the Office of the Sergeant at Arms covered the House Bank with no penalties.

It is also sometimes known as the "check-kiting scandal."

Description
The House banking scandal ultimately involved more than 450 representatives, most of whom did not break any laws. However, 22 members of Congress were singled out by the House Ethics Committee for leaving their checking accounts overdrawn for at least eight months out of a sample of 39 months:

Four ex-representatives, one delegate, and the former House Sergeant at Arms were convicted of wrongdoing as a result of the investigation that followed.

Among them, former Representative Buz Lukens (R-OH) was convicted on bribery and conspiracy charges. Former Representative Carl C. Perkins (D-KY) pleaded guilty to various charges including a check kiting scheme involving several financial institutions including the House Bank. Former Representative Carroll Hubbard (D-KY) pleaded guilty to three felonies. The former Sergeant at Arms, Jack Russ, pleaded guilty to three felonies.

Many US banks, like the House Bank, offered overdraft protection to checking account holders. However, the overdrafts in a regular bank's overdraft protection program are always secured by a line of credit with the bank extended under standard lending protocols, including interest charges, if any, linkage of the protected checking account to another account with the necessary funds to pay the overdraft, such as a savings account; or charges made to a credit card held by the depositor.

The credit unions existed long before the scandal. However, the Office of the House Sergeant-at-Arms had offered a much more-convenient clearing house for Members of Congress' checks, and overdraft protection was managed in a much more lenient (and less expensive) manner than that by the credit unions or, for that matter, any chartered bank.

Public exposure
In the early days of the scandal, when the media began reporting on the loose practices, Republican Minority Whip Newt Gingrich, along with seven freshman Republicans referred to as the Gang of Seven, or "The Young Turks," made the strategic decision to publicize the scandal in an attempt to sweep representatives with overdrawn accounts, most of whom were Democrats, out of power, although Gingrich himself had 22 overdrawn checks, one being a $9,463 check to the Internal Revenue Service. Jim Nussle, one of the Gang of Seven, came to national attention when he made a speech from the well of the House while he wore a paper bag over his head to protest the "shameful" ethical behavior involved in the scandal.

Gingrich pressured the Speaker of the House, Tom Foley, to ensure that the special counsel appointed to investigate the matter informed the voting public of the overdrafts and the identities of all of the representatives who were responsible.

Aftermath
Anger at the House banking scandal led Congress to create the Joint Committee on the Organization of Congress, a special joint House-Senate tasked with recommending reforms to the Legislative Branch. Resolutions to create the Joint Committee were introduced in summer 1991, but they did not gain traction until after the scandal. Congress created the Joint Committee in August 1992.

The scandal contributed to a perception of corruption and malfeasance and was a contributing factor to major changes in the House in which 77 Representatives resigned or were ousted by the 1994 elections.

title: House banking scandal


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Barney Oldfield

Berna Eli "Barney" Oldfield (January 29, 1878 – October 4, 1946) was a pioneer American racing driver. His name was "synonymous with speed in the first two decades of the 20th century". He was the winner of the inaugural AAA National Championship in 1905.

After success in bicycle racing, Oldfield began auto racing in 1902 and continued until his retirement in 1918. He was the first man to drive a car at 60 miles per hour (96 km/h) on a circular track.

Early life
Berna Eli Oldfield was born in York Township, Fulton County, Ohio, near Wauseon and Toledo, on January 29, 1878, to Henry Clay Oldfield, a laborer, and his wife Sarah. He was named after his father's bunkmate in the 68th Ohio Volunteer Infantry during the American Civil War. He had a sister Bertha.

As of the 1880 United States Census, the Oldfields lived in Wauseon. In 1889, they moved to Toledo, where the father, Henry, got a job at the state mental asylum. In the summer of 1891, Berna worked as a waterboy in order to purchase his first bicycle. According to legend, he spent most of his Sunday afternoons at the local Toledo fire station, hoping for the next call. As the company's “mascot,” he was allowed to ride the big red hose wagon, pulled by a pair of horses that raced through the streets. The following year, Berna worked after school selling the Toledo Blade and Toledo Bee newspapers.

Oldfield dropped out of school after the eighth grade in 1892. He started working with his father as a kitchen helper at the mental asylum during the day and a bellhop at the downtown hotel at night. He eventually worked at the hotel full-time, as he preferred it to working around mental patients. Purportedly the bell captain said that "Berna” was "a sissy name," so he changed it to “Barney." Oldfield was described as having a "magnetic personality", and received many tips at the hotel. He used them to buy his first bike, an "Advance Traveller" with pneumatic tires.

Bicycle racer
Clarence Brigham, who sold the “Cleveland” brand bike, and Edward G. Eager (of Eager & Green Mercantile) who sold the “Columbia” models in his store, organized the Wauseon Cycle Club in their town. They wanted both to increase bicycle sales and draw more people to the town via the Michigan Lake Shore Railroad. Other cycling groups in Swanton, Clyde, Monroe, Adrian, Blissfield, and Toledo were part of the same cycle racing circuit.

Bicyclists raced in half-mile and mile classes on public racetracks usually reserved for horse racing. Other members of the Club included Fred Ballmeyer, Ora Brailey, Curt and Buff Harrison, Doc Myers, Emil Winzeler, Doc Miley, Frank Harper, Dan Raymond (who fixed everyone's bikes), Sid Black (a trick cyclist from Cleveland who later became president of the Packard Motor Company), and Barney Oldfield. In October 1892, the second “Silver Tournament” was held in Wauseon.

In 1893, Oldfield began working as an elevator operator at a different hotel. Every night he stored one hotel tenant's lightweight "Cleveland" cycle in the basement; he sometimes "borrowed it", riding it at night.

At age 16, Oldfield began serious bicycle racing in 1894 after officials from the "Dauntless" bicycle factory asked him to ride for the Ohio state championship. Although he came in second, the race was a turning point. Oldfield was hired as a parts sales representative for the Stearns bicycle factory. There he met Beatrice Lovetta Oatis, his future wife; they married in 1896.

By 1896, Oldfield was paid by Stearns, based in Syracuse, New York, to race on its amateur team.

Auto racer

Oldfield was loaned a gasoline-powered bicycle to race at Salt Lake City. Through fellow racer Tom Cooper, he met entrepreneur Henry Ford, who was at the beginning of his career as an auto manufacturer in Michigan. Ford had prepared two automobiles for racing, and he asked Oldfield if he would like to test one in Michigan. Oldfield agreed and traveled to Michigan for the trial, but neither car started. Although Oldfield had never driven an automobile, he and Cooper bought both test vehicles when Ford offered to sell them for $800. One was "No. 999", which debuted in October 1902 at the Manufacturer's Challenge Cup. Today it is displayed at the Henry Ford Museum in Greenfield Village, Michigan.

Oldfield agreed to drive against the current champion, Alexander Winton. Oldfield was rumored to have learned how to operate the controls of the "999" only the morning of the event. Oldfield won by a half mile in the five-mile (8 km) race. He slid through the corners like a motorcycle racer rather than braking. It was a great victory for Ford and resulted in both Oldfield and Ford becoming nationally known.

John Wilkinson, who designed an air-cooled engine for Franklin Automobile Company and was its chief engineer, raced against Oldfield in 1902. He won the state 5 mi championship in a record time of 6:54:06.

On June 20, 1903, at the Indiana State Fairgrounds, Oldfield became the first driver to run a mile track in one minute flat, or 60 mi/h. Two months later, he drove one mile in 55.8 seconds at the Empire City Race Track in Yonkers, New York.

Alexander Winton hired Oldfield as a professional driver and agreed to supply him with free cars for racing. Oldfield, his manager Ernest Moross, and his agent Will Pickens traveled throughout the United States in a series of timed runs and match races, and he earned a reputation as a showman, racing while holding a cigar in his mouth to cushion the spot where he had broken some molar teeth in a crash. Oldfield was "the first American to become a celebrity solely for his ability to drive a car with great skill, speed, and daring." He liked to increase the drama in the best of three matches: he would win the first part by a nose, lose the second, and win the third. Oldfield won first place at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway on August 21, 1909 in a Mercedes-Benz.

He bought a Benz, and raised his speed in 1910 to 70.159 mi/h while driving his "Blitzen Benz". Later in 1910, Oldfield reached the speed of 131.25 mi/h. At Daytona Beach, Florida, on March 16, 1910, in his Blitzen Benz, he set the world speed record, driving 131.724 mph, for which he earned the nickname “speed king.”

Suspension and later career

Oldfield was suspended by the American Automobile Association (AAA) contest board for his "outlaw" racing, and was unable to race at sanctioned events for much of his career. He made his career by being paid to set speed records and conduct match races and exhibitions.

In 1914, his agent Will Pickens staged a "Championship of the Universe", pitting Oldfield against another of his clients, aviator Lincoln Beachey. Oldfield raced his Fiat car against Beachey's biplanes in at least 35 matches, barnstorming the country. In the more remote areas, they raced at county fair horse tracks. The Championship was "extremely successful", and both Oldfield and Beachey earned more than $250,000 in their barnstorming.

After being reinstated by the AAA, Oldfield competed in the 1914 and 1916 Indianapolis 500, finishing fifth in each attempt. He was the first person to run a 100-mile-per-hour lap. His 1914 Indy finish was in an Indianapolis-built Stutz, and he was the highest-finishing driver in an American car in a race that was dominated by European brands.

Oldfield used the same car in his victory at the Los Angeles to Phoenix off-road race in November 1914. Oldfield also finished second in two major road races that year, the Vanderbilt Cup and the Corona 300. In 1915 he won the Venice, California 300 road race.

In November 1914, Oldfield won the Los Angeles-to-Phoenix Cactus Derby Race; the victor's medal proclaimed him “Master Driver of the World”. On May 28, 1916, he became the first person to lap the Indianapolis Speedway at more than 100 mph in the front-wheel-drive "Christie Racer", designed by John Walter Christie. He used the Blitzen Benz to break the existing mile, two-mile, and kilometer records at the Daytona Beach Road Course at Ormond, Florida. Afterward, he charged $4,000 for each of his appearances at driving races.

In June 1917, Oldfield used his Golden Submarine, designed with a roll bar to protect the driver, to beat fellow racing legend Ralph DePalma in a series of 10- to 25 mi match races at Milwaukee.

He retired from racing in 1918 but continued to tour and make movies. In what was his last attempt at racing, in 1932 he tried to re-enter speed racing with a new car design, but was unable to find any financial sponsors.

Oldfield died on October 4, 1946, of a heart attack. He had married a total of four times. He was survived by Bessie Gooby Oldfield, whom he had divorced in 1924 and remarried in 1945, making her both his second and fourth wife. When they were first married, they adopted a daughter, Betty (who by his death was married to a Kelly). He was buried in the Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California.

Performances
Oldfield starred as himself for ten weeks in the Broadway musical The Vanderbilt Cup (1906).

He also appeared in movies, including the silent film Barney Oldfield's Race for a Life (1913), where he raced against a train to rescue a heroine tied to the train tracks. He was also featured in The First Auto (1927) as an early pioneer of the automotive history. He was a technical advisor for the Vanderbilt Cup sequence in the feature film Back Street (1941). He starred as himself in a racing film titled Blonde Comet, the story of a young woman trying to achieve success as a racecar driver.

Racing safety
Bob Burman, one of Oldfield's rivals and closest friends, was killed in a wreck during a race in Corona, California. Oldfield and Harry Arminius Miller, who developed and built carburetors and was one of the most famous engine builders, worked after that to design a racecar that was not only fast and durable but would protect the driver in the event of an accident. They built a racecar with a roll cage inside a streamlined driver's compartment, which completely enclosed the driver, calling it the "Golden Submarine."

Business ventures

Oldfield helped fellow racer Carl G. Fisher found the Fisher Automobile Company in Indianapolis. This is widely considered the first automobile dealership in the United States.

Oldfield also developed what was called the Oldfield tire for Firestone. In its slogan, Firestone touted that Oldfield had said, "Firestone Tires are my only life insurance". In 1924, the Kimball Truck Co. of Los Angeles built the only 1924 Oldfield.

Awards and honors
Oldfield has been inducted into the following halls of fame:
 * Auto Racing Hall of Fame (1952)
 * Automotive Hall of Fame (1968)
 * Michigan Motor Sports Hall of Fame (1985)
 * Motorsports Hall of Fame of America (1989)
 * International Motorsports Hall of Fame (1990)
 * National Sprint Car Hall of Fame (1990)
 * Saginaw County Hall of Fame (2014)

In addition, Oakshade Raceway in Wauseon, Ohio - located close to Oldfield's birthplace - has held a race named in his honor since 1990.

In popular culture

 * Barney Oldfield appears as the Master Driver in the 1927 silent movie The First Auto, directed by Roy Del Ruth. (See above for other performances in film and stage related to his racing career.)
 * In the TV series I Love Lucy episode "Lucy Learns to Drive" (Season 4), Ethel remarks, "Oh, pardon me, Barney Oldfield."
 * In the TV series Dennis the Menace episode "The Soapbox Derby," Mrs. Wilson tells Mr. Wilson, "You're a regular Barney Oldfield"
 * In the TV series The Partridge Family (Season 1, Episode 3), “Who do you think that you are, Barney Oldfield?”
 * In the TV series Q.E.D. episode "The Great Motor Race," Oldfield is portrayed by Jeff Harding.
 * Apollo 16 astronaut Charles Duke remarked about Oldfield in reference to astronaut John Young's driving of the lunar rover on the Moon in 1972. "Indy has never seen a driver like this-Barney Oldfield," quipped Duke.

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Kart circuit

A kart circuit is a race track designed for kart racing or other forms of short-length motor racing, such as small-scale motorcycle racing, pocketbike racing, or radio-controlled model racing. There are several types of kart circuit, depending on the type of use desired.

Unlike regular race tracks intended for auto racing or other forms of motorsports, kart circuits are usually much shorter in length, narrower, and contains numerous turns or corners.

Short circuit
A short circuit is defined as being an outdoor circuit of less than 1,500 meters in length .

The average length for a serious racing track for karts is around 1,100 - 1,200 meters, 7 to 9 meters in width. Normally custom-built for karting, they resemble road courses, with left and right turns. They generally allow sprint racing for both gearbox and non-gearbox karts.

Temporary circuits can be set in city streets or large parking lots for special events. This is the case for the Junior Monaco Kart Cup, a prestigious event for young drivers taking place each year in the city of Monaco, and the SKUSA SuperNationals, taking place in Las Vegas at the Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino.

Long circuit
A long circuit is defined as being an outdoor circuit of more than 1,500 m in length. Typically they are shared for other motorsport and only have gearbox kart races.

This type of event can see karts (Superkart) reach speeds in excess of 160 mph (250 km/h).

Indoor
Normally for casual racers, the indoor circuits can be in any closed space (often old factories), sometimes with a short outdoor section to add interest. Normally they have their own fleet of Go-karts or micro karts, chosen more for economy than out-and-out speed.

In Europe, indoor karting is where most people will sample their first time in a kart. Indoor karting exploded across the UK in the 1990s and had a similar impact in European countries such as France and Belgium. It has made a lesser impact in the United States. Indoor karting still offers a competitive experience for all levels of racers.

The world longest indoor circuit, the Highway Kart Racing GmbH, 1,600 meters, is located in Dortmund, Germany.

Others
In this category fall the dirt-tracks, oval tracks and ice rinks.

Locations
Karting is international and most countries have kart specific racing circuits. Notable examples are included below.

 * Latvia
 * Swedbank kartodroms

 * UK
 * Bayford Meadows
 * Buckmore Park Kart Circuit
 * Daytona Motorsport
 * Mansell Raceway Kart Circuit
 * Clay Pigeon Raceway

 * USA
 * K1 Speed
 * Pole Position Raceway
 * Phoenix Kart racing association
 * Whiteland Raceway Park

Italy

 * South Garda Karting
 * Circuito Internazionale Napoli
 * Franciacorta Karting Track
 * Adria International Raceway
 * Kartodromo La Conca

title: Kart circuit


text:
Talk:Under Ash

Untitled
Removed unreferenced mention of 'Some' people. also removed the mention of antisemitic influence in the game. The plot is very against the Zionic occupation of Israel, but there is very little blind hatred (if any) towards the Jewish culture. AntiZionic is not the same as Antisemitic! One is against a culture, the other is opposed to a political power. I am Jewish and Antizionic, does that mean i am a self-hating Jew? No, because i have nothing to do with the atrocities being committed by the Israeli government, and choose to follow the peaceful lifestyle that my religion truly embodies.

 * Here's your fucking reference. http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/102406.htm#_Toc174854655  Kade (talk) 18:29, 20 April 2008 (UTC)

Removed the following paragraph as too POV.

''The game has been criticized for being too hard, it is easy to be killed and if you shoot a civilian the game ends automaticly. In the end it's not even possible to echeive a victory.''

Rholton 20:49, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * In what way is this "too POV"? // Liftarn

Sory for editing even I haven't found the game yet,I believe there is a way to get victory in that game just like any others,maybe you missed a nook or cranny,or a certain way.Some amateur games have this "if you don't do it this way you WONT finish it" syndrome.

I've never played Under Ash, but it sounds that Mr Qasmiyya is trying to say that, while it is possible to finish the game, it doesn't win any great victory. It doesn't have the "happy ending" that many other games have, no Palestinian Arab/binational state is founded and the Israeli occupation continues. Compare the ending to Freedom Fighters, where the object is to fight a fictional Soviet occupation of New York City. In that game, the player character can, on his own, kill enough Soviet soldiers to make the Soviet Union withdraw. Afkar Media does not intend to inspire people to fight to solve their problems. Tonyobrienuk 22:06, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

Have you played AA?
"sometimes explained to be a response to how Arabs are pictured in computer games in general and America's Army in particular."

The enemy in AA is both white and black, as is the US forces, and the language of the enemy sounds more like Spanish than Arab.

--Reddox 16:16, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

 * That's what the sources say and that's what goes into the article. I also dubt AA would run on my old computer. // Liftarn

Infobox
In the Infobox, the "Platform(s)" field specifies "PC". I think that the "Platform(s)" field should specify a value or values from the " Supported platforms" section of the Vgclegend template. For example, if Under Ash only runs on MS-DOS, then Under Ash's Infobox should specify "DOS" in the "Platform(s)" field. ProResearcher (talk) 09:07, 17 July 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Under Ash


text:
Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvray

Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvray (12 June 1760 – 25 August 1797) was a French novelist, playwright and journalist.

Early life and literary works
Louvet was born in Paris as the son of a stationer and became a bookseller's clerk. He first attracted attention with the first part of his novel Les Amours du chevalier de Faublas (Paris, 1787; English translation illustrated by etchings by Louis Monzies in 1898), followed in 1788 by Six semaines de la vie du chevalier de Faublas and in 1790 by La Fin des amours du chevalier de Faublas. The heroine, Lodoiska, was based on the wife of a jeweller in the Palais Royal, with whom Louvet had an affair. She divorced her husband in 1792 and married Louvet in 1793. His second novel, Émilie de Varmont (1791), was intended to prove the utility and necessity of divorce and of the marriage of priests, questions raised by the French Revolution; all his works tended to advocate revolutionary ideals.

He attempted to have one of his unpublished plays, L'Anoblié conspirateur, performed at the Comédie-Française, and records that one of its managers, d'Orfeuil, listened to the reading of the first three acts impatiently, exclaiming at last: "I should need cannon in order to put that piece on the stage". A sort of farce at the expense of the army of the Royalist émigrés, La Grande Revue des armes noire et blanche, had, however, better success: it was on stage for twenty-five nights.

Early activism
Louvet was first brought into notice as a politician by his Paris justifié, in reply to a truly incendiary pamphlet in which Jean Joseph Mounier, after the removal of King Louis XVI from the Palace of Versailles to Paris in October 1789, had attacked the capital (which was still relatively peaceful), and argued that the court should be established elsewhere. This led to Louvet's election to the Jacobin Club, for which, as he wrote bitterly in his Memoirs, the qualifications were then a genuine civisme and some talent.

A self-styled philosophe and radical revolutionary, Louvet subsequently campaigned against despotism and reaction, which he identified with the moderate constitutional monarchy advocated by the Marquis de la Fayette, the Abbé Maury, and other disciples of Niccolò Machiavelli.

Deputy and Girondist
On 25 December 1791 he presented at the tribune of the Legislative Assembly his Petition contre les princes, which would have major influence during the First French Empire. Elected deputy to the Assembly for the département of Loiret, he gave his first speech in January 1792.

He attached himself to the Girondists, whose vague deism, sentimental humanitarianism and ardent republicanism he fully shared, and from March to November 1792 he published, at Jean Marie Roland's expense, a bi-weekly journal-affiche, of which the title, La Sentinelle, proclaimed its mission to open all of Europe to the Enlightenment at a time when, after the Habsburg declaration of war on France and the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars, a schism between the king and his subjects had become obvious.

On 10 August (the effective fall of the Monarchy), Louvet became editor of the Journal des Débats and, both as a journalist and deputy in the National Convention, made himself conspicuous by his attacks on Maximilien Robespierre, Jean-Paul Marat and the other Montagnards, whom he later claimed he would have succeeded in bringing to justice after the September Massacres were it not for the poor support he received from the Girondist leaders. On 29 October he accused Robespierre of creating a personality cult, governing the Paris "Conseil General" and paying the "Septembriseurs". Marat was accused of being asocial, establishing a dictatorship and as an agent of England. He denounced Robespierre as "a Royalist", and other Montagnards as crypto-Orléanists. Robespierre was taken by surprise and had to be defended by Danton. In November he published his speech under the name A Maximilien Robespierre et à ses royalistes (accusation). Louvet admitted the preferred Pétion de Villeneuve as friend. It is probable, however, that his attack and gauche (?) libel contributed to the Girondist downfall (as well as his own).

His courageous attitude at the king's trial, when he supported the appeal to the people over the outright death penalty, added to hostility towards his party. Nonetheless, he defended the Girondists to the last moment, displaying an incriminating courage. After the crisis of 31 May 1793, when François Hanriot and the sans-culottes stormed the Convention, he joined his defeated faction in their flight from Paris. His wife Lodoiska, who had actively cooperated in his campaigns, was also placed in danger by the developments.

Thermidor and directory
After the onset of the Thermidorian Reaction and the fall of Robespierre (27 July 1794), he was recalled to the Convention, when he was instrumental in bringing Jean-Baptiste Carrier and the others responsible for the drownings at Nantes to justice. His influence became considerable: he was elected a member of the Committee of the Constitution, president of the Assembly, and member of the Committee of Public Safety, against the overgrown power with which he in earlier days protested against.

His conflict with the Montagnards had not made him reactionary: he attacked the Jeunesse dorée, and was regarded by many as a pillar of Jacobinism. La Sentinelle reappeared, under his auspices, preaching union among republicans. Under the Directory (1795) he was elected a member of the Council of Five Hundred, of which he was secretary, and also a member of the Institut de France.

Meanwhile, he had returned to his trade and set up a bookseller's shop in the Palais Royal. But, in spite of the fact that he had once more denounced the Jacobins in La Sentinelle, he had come to be seen as a major enemy by the Jeunesse dorée. His shop was attacked by the young men with cries of À bas la Loupe, à bas la belle Ledoiska, à bas les gardes du corps de Louvet! ("Down with the She-Wolf, down with beautiful Ledoiska, down with Louvet's bodyguards!"); he and his wife were insulted in the streets and the theatres: À bas les Louvets et les Louvetants! ("Down with the Louvets and the Louvetants!" - a reference to his guards, based on the antiquated senses of the verb louveter), and he was forced to leave Paris. The Directory appointed him to the consulship at Palermo, in the Kingdom of Naples, but he died before taking up his post.

Louvet's Memoirs
In 1795 Louvet published a portion of his Memoirs under the title of Quelques notices pour l'histoire et le récit de mes perils depuis le 31 mai 1793. They were mainly written in the various hiding-places in which Louvet took refuge, and they give a vivid picture of the sufferings of the exiled Girondists. They form a major document for the study of the psychology of the Revolution, as they give insight into the Louvet's own states of mind and political choices. The first complete edition of the Mémoires de Louvet de Couvray, edited with preface, notes and tables, by François Victor Alphonse Aulard, were published in Paris in 1889.

title: Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvray


text:
Talk:Mondegreen

Paring the list
Additions made without citations are rightfully subject to deletion. But rather than subjective judgments of what's a minor example, why noyt consider separating out a list and keeping only, say, three top examples per genre. No one is forced to read such a list who does not wish to do so.μηδείς (talk) 02:12, 26 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Not sure what you mean -- I think I did keep the top examples -- such judgments necessarily being somewhat subjective -- by keeping those that had the best sources (again subjective, but preferring mainstream print to blogs), and yes, arbitrarily limiting the number: the purpose of the list is illustration, not archive/catalogue. Let's reject the approach of "nobody has to read it" -- that's what produces endless trivia lists like the mention of every great dane in every cartoon, movie and Lady Gaga video at Great Dane. Moving away from mere trivia, the Urban Legend article's consensus was finally against a list of all UL's (even those with articles at Wikipedia) -- you might consider creating a list page, as was suggested there. Additionally, this article has long carried a notice warning about injudicious additions. How about you identify those you think are crucial? Do users really need the Rugrats and Simpsons items in order to grasp the concept, its subtleties and variations? Get some third-party consensus on the worthiness of a given item, and we'll keep the article focussed DavidOaks (talk) 11:27, 26 October 2010 (UTC)
 * That something be truly crucial is not a WP policy - just your subjective judgment, no more weighty than than the opinion of the original contributing editor. Aa I said, feel free to delete all unreferenced examples.  Then we can look at your reasons for deleting referenced ones.μηδείς (talk) 14:09, 26 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Medeis, you're doing mass reverts -- in fact, did it twice -- encompassing other edits as well; this is really bad form, and it's getting close to edit warring. Please be selective, and moreover be mindful of WP:3RR. You've got wikipolicy precisely backwards -- note that the burden of proof is upon those wishing to include challenged material -- you have been asked twice to take this to the talk page and make a case for those items you feel advance understanding of the subject. It is not my job to supply refs or to explain the necessity of Rugrats references to clarify a literary form.  Finally, observe that in fact the consensus thus far is for keeping the list trim -- have a look at the hidden comments. DO NOT restore these items without making a case for their importance, and ideally securing some additional support. It's how the process works, ok? DavidOaks (talk) 15:12, 26 October 2010 (UTC)
 * It is unfortunate that you have not distinguished in your edit between referenced and non-referenced examples. As it stands your first edit summary was misleading, and I don't have the time today to do your work for you.  Please simply remove only the unreferenced examples you want removed, and I will not revert you.  Until then, I remind you of 3RR as well.μηδείς (talk) 21:35, 26 October 2010 (UTC)

I have removed some items from the lists, mostly unreferenced but a few that struck me as trivial, to try getting it down to manageable size. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 21:55, 26 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I deleted the reference to the cover of "Twisted" by Joni Mitchell. I could find no source that confirmed it was a misheard 'mondegreen' rather than a flubbed line by Mitchell. Also the original referenced webpage has been removed. It just doesn't seem to be notable. Tumacama (talk) 00:44, 23 April 2011 (UTC)
 * I think an earlier idea to have a separate page "List of Mondegreens" is a good one, as it would allow the main page to be pared down. Arrivisto (talk) 12:40, 9 October 2015 (UTC)

First citation link does not seem to exist any more
Following the link in the first citation, " "Mondegreens" - Commonly Misheard Song Lyrics" just takes you to the Yahoo! front page, so it seems pretty clear the original page does not exist any more. Perhaps someone can either find an archived copy? Magidin (talk) 22:19, 30 January 2015 (UTC)

More film mondegreens
I will leave it to more experienced Wikipedians than me to add these additional film mondegreens, if they qualify. (1) In "Mermaids", Winona Ryder's character Charlotte, a Jewish girl who wants to become a Catholic nun: "dominos and biscuits" instead of the latin "dominus vobiscum" ("the Lord be with you"). (2) In an Olympia Dukakis film (perhaps "Moonstruck" or "Cemetery Club"?), at an after-funeral reception, a few children are playing under a dining room table, and one says: "and lead us not into Penn Station" instead of "and lead us not into temptation" from the Lord's prayer. Peterpqa (talk) 16:36, 10 July 2015 (UTC)

List of Mondegreens
As I suggest above, I have created a new page, List of Mondegreens. I think it is appropriate to use the new page to list good examples, while pruning the main article. Arrivisto (talk) 15:18, 9 October 2015 (UTC)

"Sometimes, the modified version of a lyric becomes standard, as is the case with "The Twelve Days of Christmas"
I don't think the song can be said to have a "standard" version. In any case, the original words are still often used. Kostaki mou (talk) 17:22, 28 December 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Mondegreen or Soramimi?
The last paragraph in the Non-English Language section is about Bikicsunáj, a Hungarian mishearing of the song "Big in Japan". My best guess is that this is a soramimi, not a mondegreen, as it was based on mishearing a lyric in another language. Comments on this? Paulmlieberman (talk) 20:18, 26 October 2016 (UTC)
 * I think the English term for this phenomenon is mondegreen, regardless of the language being heard or the language it is misinterpreted in. Tayste (edits) 21:18, 26 October 2016 (UTC)
 * The leads of both Mondegreen and Soramimi distinguish the two, and it seems a useful distinction to keep. The other examples in the Mondegreen section are all mishearings in the original language. Qwfp (talk) 08:38, 27 October 2016 (UTC)

Louie Louie
As we all know, the song examples section of this article can easily get out of hand. I have rearranged it a bit (putting the "standardized and recorded" variants in a separate subjection) and removed a couple of less important examples.

I suspect the most controversial removal (among American editors of a certain age, at least) will be Louie Louie, which I maintain is not a good example for this article because there's no single mondegreen attached to it. The lyrics were a mumbled mess and people misinterpreted them in many ways, but not with any single "wrapped up in a douche" kind of error. So I say it should be removed to make way for more clear-cut examples.

Others may disagree, which is why I removed it as a separate edit, different than the other edits I made to the subsection. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 17:57, 7 January 2017 (UTC)

Fleetwood Mac
Someone add an example of Seven_Wonders_(song). Explanation in the second paragraph. Slamazzar (talk) 21:41, 14 May 2017 (UTC)

Dutch language example
Nederlandse Leeuw, thank you for adding the section on Dutch language. I have to say, though, that your example may not technically be a mondegreen; it may be a soramimi, as the verse you mention seems to be in a language from Cameroon (see Soul Makossa). Paulmlieberman (talk) 19:49, 3 January 2018 (UTC)

External links modified
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Short Description
Today, March 5, has seen a short description added to this article, and then changed several times in attempts to improve it (see the article history).
 * First it was: "Confusing a prhase(sic) hesard(sic)".
 * Next: "Confusing a heard phrase with a similar-sounding one".
 * Then: "Confusing an overheard phrase with a similar-sounding one".
 * I have put in my two cents with: "A phrase that a listener hears, replacing the actual, similar-sounding spoken or sung phrase."

Some may argue that the mondegreen phrase (e.g. "'scuse me while I kiss this guy") is not actually heard, but others would argue that what is heard is not the raw sound phenomenon, but a string of words, the result of considerable processing by the human brain (see Steven Connor's discussion, referenced in the Psychology section of the article). "If a song is sung wrong in a forest and no one is around to hear it, does it make a mondegreen?" (cf. If a tree falls in a forest) I am of course, as a loyal drinker of the Wikipedia kool-aid, quite ready to entertain any improvements on this text. Paulmlieberman (talk) 19:20, 5 March 2019 (UTC)

 * I think you could ditch the "actual" - that's a pretty long phrase for a short description! - but as the writer of one of the not-quite-right previous examples, it seems fine. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 20:49, 5 March 2019 (UTC)
 * I think "actual" is important; see my latest mod. BTW, how is the short description actually used in WP? Paulmlieberman (talk) 22:27, 5 March 2019 (UTC)

 * "Wikipedia's mobile interface uses descriptions to augment searches, and the Wikipedia App also uses them below each article title." from WP:Short description - DavidWBrooks (talk) 23:40, 5 March 2019 (UTC)

 * "Malentendu" is mentioned nowhere on this page, incredibly.

ConradArchguy (talk) 00:46, 6 November 2019 (UTC)

What?
This paragraph was added but it's not clear what it means by saying that the use of the word has changed - "mondegreen" was coined specifically to meant exactly "a kind of mishearing" of (poem) lyrics that "resegmented" a word a phrase into an entirely different combinations of sounds. I've removed it but perhaps other disagree. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 02:48, 11 December 2019 (UTC)
 * The term mondegreen has increasingly come to be used loosely to include all kinds of mishearings, especially of song lyrics. The original and rather narrower use of the term entailed a misanalysis of word junctures by a hearer, or what has been called a "junctural metanalysis":[13] i.e., a resegmentation of a word or phrase by a hearer into entirely different combinations of sounds and words than those intended by a speaker. Sometimes these misanalyses and resegmentations can even result in neologisms (new additions to a language's lexicon), such as the word mondegreen itself.'
 * I agree with David. It's not clear, it misguides the reader, and the sole reference is to a phenomenon, junctural metanalysis, which is vaguely related to, and may contribute to the invention of mondegreens, but is far from the total story of what a mondegreen is. Paulmlieberman (talk) 04:50, 11 December 2019 (UTC)

 * The quotation appears to be cut and pasted from p352 of Homer's Winged Words: The Evolution of Early Greek Epic Diction in the Light (2009) by John Rees (though the editor did not cite that source). It would be worth checking a print copy, as it does seem potentially interesting, though I agree that quoting the text without context is unclear. MichaelMaggs (talk) 18:43, 13 December 2019 (UTC)

Ideas for article improvement
I've been having a quick look at this with a view to improving it. I don't have time to do much at the moment but thought I'd just jot a few ideas down here in case anyone is able to get to it before I can.

 * The lead should be a summary of (and be consistent with) the main text. Here, the lead reads like an independent mini article, with various statements not repeated in the main text at all. And too much about what a mondegreen isn't.

 * Should start with a proper dictionary definition (eg OED), with citation. The article history shows that many editors confuse mishearing with mis-speaking (malapropism).

 * Could include more from Wright's two articles "The Death of Lady Mondegreen" and "The Quest of Lady Mondegreen".

 * Need a reliable source for the definition of "reverse mondegreen". I can't obviously see anything that supports the purported definition in the article.

 * Check potential sources cited in the OED:

 * 1957 Harper's Mag. Dec. 6/3 When I saw Sylvia Wright's lead paragraph on ompremity (October) I was afraid your penetrating exposer of mondegreens had lighted on it.

 * 1979 W. Safire in N.Y. Times Mag. 27 May 14/2 Thanks to responsive readers, I have a column on sound defects and a whole closetful of mondegreens.

 * 1994 S. Pinker Lang. Instinct vi. 186 The interesting thing about mondegreens is that the mis-hearings are generally less plausible than the intended lyrics.

MichaelMaggs (talk) 19:00, 13 December 2019 (UTC)

 * , I will start working on this. I want to use the OED definition, but one cannot access it w/o a subscription. Do you have access?
 * OED Word of the Day: mondegreen, n. A misunderstood word or phrase resulting from a mishearing, esp. of song lyrics. Paulmlieberman (talk) 17:21, 10 March 2020 (UTC)

 * , thanks. Great to hear you're going to work on this! The OED online definition is almost exactly as you've quoted it, ie "A misunderstood or misinterpreted word or phrase resulting from a mishearing, esp. of the lyrics to a song." The entry includes this:

 * Etymology: the name Lady Mondegreen, a misinterpretation of the phrase laid him on the green  in the ballad ‘The Bonny Earl of Murray’; coined by S. Wright (see quot. 1954), who introduces the misinterpreted phrase as follows:

 * 1954 S. Wright in Harper's Mag. Nov. 48/1  When I was a child, my mother used to read aloud to me from Percy's Reliques, and one of my favorite poems began, as I remember: Ye Highlands and ye Lowlands, Oh, where hae ye been? They hae slain the Earl Amurray, And Lady Mondegreen.

 * It then lists the four sources given above. The URL is https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/251801, and the page states that "This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, September 2002)."  Hope that helps, MichaelMaggs (talk) 19:35, 10 March 2020 (UTC)

 * Yes, but I, and most WP readers, can't access that URL, unless we have a library card (I have 3) for a library that has purchased an account (none of mine have). Paulmlieberman (talk) 20:55, 10 March 2020 (UTC)
 * I realise that, which is why I've set out above all the information that the OED gives. That's all there is. I stated the URL so that you can, if you like, include it in a citation. MichaelMaggs (talk) 23:07, 10 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Michael, but a citation that most people can't actually access is of little use. I will look for another source.Paulmlieberman (talk) 14:07, 11 March 2020 (UTC)

 * I'm just a tad confused now, as you started by saying "I want to use the OED definition", but now you say "a citation that most people can't actually access is of little use". No matter, anyway. Everyone has their own preferences about sources to use. My own, for what it's worth, is to prioritise highly reliable authoritative sources that might require a visit to a good library, over less good sources that are selected for availability of free online access. Of course, the ideal is to find a source that is both. MichaelMaggs (talk) 14:35, 11 March 2020 (UTC)
 * I agree with you. If OED supplements are available in hard copy, a ref with a page number would be good. I don't even know if they do hard-copy anymore. I much prefer OED, but I suppose Merriam-Webster would be okay. Here's their on-line def: a word or phrase that results from a mishearing of something said or sung "very close veins" is a mondegreen for "varicose veins" Paulmlieberman (talk) 16:55, 11 March 2020 (UTC)

Examples in songs
I just noticed that the bulk of the In Songs section was removed by an anonymous user in Oct. 2019. Given that most readers' experiences with mondegreens is in songs, I think this material is needed. I have restored it, and updated and added to the citations in the section. I think this is a good balance.Paulmlieberman (talk) 16:47, 20 February 2020 (UTC)

Removed Japanese eggs sample
I have removed this from the "Examples" section:
 * Japanese
 * The 2019 song Ryūgakusei (留学生) (Exchange Student) by pop-rock band Monkey Majik and singer Taiiku Okazaki is primarily sung in English, but also features Japanese lyrics, both sung and displayed as subtitles in the music video; these lyrics are very similar phonetically to the English lyrics. In this way, the song is both a traditional love ballad in English and the lament of a discouraged exchange student in Japanese. For example, the lines "You gotta stay / Hey, I need you here babe / I messed up, should've known last time I met ya" become "Ryūgakusei (留学生) / Heya nijyū heibei (部屋20平米) / Miso shiru nomitaiwa meccha (味噌汁飲みたいわめっちゃ)" (meaning "Exchange student / My room is 20 square meters / I want to drink miso soup very much").

This song was purposefully written with different meanings in different languages, so it is not an example of a mondegreen, which is someone mishearing. --Atkinson (talk) 20:40, 7 April 2020 (UTC)

Modern (?) Hebrew
What is the right heading for the section on Hebrew mondegreens? A few months ago, an editor changed it from "Hebrew" to "Israeli Hebrew". Another editor changed it back to "Hebrew", with the comment "Israeli Hebrew" as opposed to what?". I changed it to "Modern Hebrew", with the comment "Modern Hebrew as opposed to Biblical Hebrew". Another editor changed it back to "Hebrew", with the comment "This seems inappropriate. Hebrew has old and current versions but so do other languages. We are not specifying "modern X" for anything else, so why is Hebrew to be treated differently? I don't get it. It's not Latin vs Italian ...)".

The mondegreen is a modern author quoting the modern song "Hava Nagila". I presume that we all agree that this is in the modern Hebrew language, which is distinct enough from other varieties of Hebrew to have its own grammar article; the only question is how to label it in the section heading. Wikipedia's article about the modern Hebrew language is Modern Hebrew, just as we have an article on Modern Greek and Modern Greek literature, though apparently some scholars prefer the name "Israeli Hebrew"; our article on Israeli literature covers not just Hebrew-language writing, but also other languages. It seems to me that we should follow the name of the language we already use for the article about it. --Macrakis (talk) 22:51, 6 March 2021 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the civilized approach in opening it here, and I am sorry about my slow response. And it's going to be a bit brief too – apologies. Work tomorrow: might come back here sometime. But brevity or not, my first reaction is that it is an unnecessary and rather weird piece of disambiguation. Looking at the context, the development of the idea, the examples ... anything about it, in fact ... there is absolutely zero chance of confusion. How could someone reading it think that that section, in an article mostly about modern English and amongst other sections about modern Dutch or modern German, could be about biblical Hebrew? It's telling the reader something absolutely unnecessary; indeed I fear that it might be a bit patronizing to the reader, or discriminatory against Hebrew. It's probably not a good analogy but when writing about music you do not usually need to specify that the trumpet you are mentioning is made of metal, or has valves ... sure, you might sometimes need to because of the context, but you are never (/hardly ever?) going to find an article about Wynton Marsalis that makes sure it specifies that he plays a metal trumpet with valves because it's just the standard: those facts are true but it would be foolish to specify them unless you are explicitly pointing out that he doesn't play the natural trumpet or a wooden one. In normal conversation if you say Hebrew it is utterly obvious what you mean, and most of the time it is the common or garden current one, as here: you need to specify it when contrasting it with the other which is not happening here. Please let's not make a weird special case out of it: it makes me very very uncomfortable. Thanks and best wishes to all DBaK (talk) 22:35, 8 March 2021 (UTC)
 * I don't see how it's either unnecessary or weird. Hebrew, like Greek, has a long history, and authors can choose from a variety of registers. Compare the Palindrome article, where a certain Greek palindrome is attributed to "Byzantine Greeks" but another one, although it was written in 1802, was written in Ancient Greek. The article does say, "English writers generally only cited Latin and Greek palindromic sentences in the early 19th century", but the context there makes it clear that it's Latin and ancient Greek. There is a Hebrew palindrome given, too, written in 1924, but it's not clear whether it's in Biblical or in Modern Hebrew. It seems worth distinguishing. --Macrakis (talk) 23:14, 8 March 2021 (UTC)

 * To go off the other comment, there's also an article, for example, on Quebec French, but there's been no need to clarify that. — Preceding unsigned comment added by FishAndCrisps (talk • contribs) 13:02, 9 March 2021 (UTC)
 * I feel it is unnecessary and weird because it is disambiguating something that needs no disambiguation. If there were examples of ancient and modern Hebrew Mondegreens in the article then sure, we would need to label them. But there are not. Nor are there examples of Mondegreens in Modern English and Middle English, so that's good because we don't need to label them either. You are proposing an absolutely irrelevant differentiation between an ancient language and a current one in an article about a term that we say was coined in 1954. The article even mentions James Gleick claims that the mondegreen is a distinctly modern phenomenon. Without the improved communication and language standardization brought about by radio, he believes there would have been no way to recognize and discuss this shared experience. which seems to make Biblical Hebrew mondegreens a little unlikely. But the very moment you find a nicely documented mondegreen in Hebrew in the Torah/Old Testament please bring it along and I will gladly support your move to explain, apparently, that Hebrew in this article doesn't refer to a language from 2000 years ago. Otherwise I think it is wildly unnecessary and looks borderline discriminatory. There is no good reason for it at all. The context makes it totally clear. 1954 remember. And that is me done with this, I fear. Best wishes to all DBaK (talk) 09:08, 11 March 2021 (UTC)
 * @DBaK (BTW, I love your username): I completely agree with you, and appreciate the humor in your response. However, I will point out that, though the term Mondegreen was only invented in 1954, the phenomenon existed before that. Note the Twelve Days of Christmas example in the section Standardized and recorded mondegreens. The mishearing of "colly" as "calling" happened before 1909--also probably before radio (sorry James Gleik!). Paulmlieberman (talk) 15:34, 11 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Standard reference works on Hebrew (e.g., articles in the Encyclopedia of Hebrew Language and Linguistics, A Reference Grammar of Modern Hebrew, ...) are careful to distinguish Ancient/Biblical Hebrew and Modern/Israeli Hebrew. This is similar to the situation with Modern Greek and Classical Greek or Modern Chinese and Classical Chinese. In the case of Hebrew and Greek, the ancient languages are so widely studied that -- perversely, perhaps -- the bare names "Hebrew" and "Greek" generally refer to the ancient, not the modern, language.
 * I don't understand why this is controversial. It doesn't seem like a big deal either way to me, just a matter of using the standard name for clarity. It may or may not be necessary, but I certainly don't understand why it is "wildly" unnecessary and "borderline discriminatory". What is that about? --Macrakis (talk) 17:09, 11 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the reply. I feel that I have set out my stall clearly enough and you have yours, and I do not intend to continue making and debating the same point as I can see no benefit to anyone or anything. I am sure that neither of us will change it in the article without a very clear consensus. As I mentioned before, I am done with this. Thanks and best wishes, DBaK (talk) 09:22, 12 March 2021 (UTC)
 * You made a strong accusation, that using "Modern Hebrew" is "borderline discriminatory". If you don't want to debate this, fine, but at least retract that uncivil accusation which presumes bad faith. --Macrakis (talk) 14:55, 12 March 2021 (UTC)

Two Ronnies Morris dancers
The clip available on the BBC site is cut off; the original concludes with an intentional-mondegreen-laden song. TooManyFingers (talk) 21:07, 6 August 2021 (UTC)

I'm A Dreamer Montreal
Stewart Parker's 1975 play, televised in 1979 by ITV to critical acclaim by TV's Clive James and based on a joke by Groucho Marx. Misheard lyric of “I'm A Dreamer, Aren’t We All”. Worth a mention? Mr Larrington (talk) 12:25, 14 September 2021 (UTC)

Londonderry Air
Long ago, I learned that lovely song known popularly as "Danny Boy," was more properly known by the rather rude name "The London Derriere." I couldn't quite accept that. Happily, I later learned that I'd interpreted the spoken name incorrectly. WHPratt (talk) 19:25, 18 September 2021 (UTC)

Why did we get over 55,000 pageviews June 25, 2022?
If you look at the top of this Talk page, you'll notice that the pageviews for Mondegreen exploded in early February, 2022, peaking at 34,666 views on Feb. 9. It's still getting more pageviews than usual. Does anybody know why? I tried news.google.com, and google.com with a one month time period, but...no joy. I'm just so curious!!! Paulmlieberman (talk) 19:09, 28 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Ah, I found it!!! The Feb. 6 LA Times crossword had Mondegreens as the theme: https://crosswordcorner.blogspot.com/2022/02/sunday-february-6-2022-peter-koetters.html Paulmlieberman (talk) 19:14, 28 February 2022 (UTC)

June 25 saw 56,209 pageviews. Again: why? Any guesses? Paulmlieberman (talk) 14:39, 29 June 2022 (UTC)

New Example
How about adding a section on ‘When I met you in the summer?’ and other misheard song lyrics that are becoming popular in memes? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:40A:8400:10E0:4418:A6E1:6412:BF7D (talk) 22:46, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

Walt Kelly
Kelly was famous, in his Pogo comics series, for inventing intentional mondegreens on the printed page. His best-known examples are "Deck us all with Boston Charlie" for "Deck the Halls with boughs of holly," and "Wade on a pond, a swan he rover" for "Way down upon the Swannee River." I don't know how to fix up the page to include these types of things. 2601:5CC:C900:345:1104:9C8E:B782:B57 (talk) 01:53, 29 June 2022 (UTC)

In popular culture?
Here in Australia we have/ had an extremely popular music quiz show....ABC TV's 'Spicks and Specks' had an occasional but recurring segment called 'Mondegreens' where the contestants tried to guess the correct lyrics, given a Mondegreen. 49.182.73.161 (talk) 00:59, 30 August 2022 (UTC)

"France is bacon" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect France is bacon and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 September 26 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. MB 00:35, 26 September 2022 (UTC)

Louie, louie
The drummer drops one of his sticks at approximately fifty-four seconds into the song, and does use an "F" expletive. 98.16.9.174 (talk) 00:08, 22 December 2022 (UTC)

New example
the song Me & Michael by MGMT was originally Me and My Girl. does this count as a standardized and/or recorded mondegreen?

Steve Miller - The Joker
Steve Miller's use of an unknown word, eternalizing it as "pompatus" in the lyrics of his popular song "The Joker" left a generation of listeners clueless. Often it got understood as "puppeteers". Compare wp article https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompatus to Miller's info by himself: https://wzlx.iheart.com/featured/kenny-young/content/2019-10-15-steve-miller-reveals-what-the-pompatus-of-love-really-means/ 2003:C0:DF40:A800:1CF8:EDDB:7335:35D (talk) 09:42, 1 December 2023 (UTC)

Phish
Phish is naming their 2024 festival Mondegreen 65.24.225.7 (talk) 02:55, 18 January 2024 (UTC)

What about "The Ketchup Song" (Asereje), the Spanish song sung by Las Ketchup?
This song contains a long mondegreen from the lyrics of the rap song "Rapper's Delight" in its chorus: ¡Y aserejé! ¡Ja! ¡De Jé! De jebe tude jebere sebiunouba ¡Majabi an de bugui an de buididipí!, which, as it's loosely mentioned in the lyrics, was the way a character named Diego (who didn't know any English) sung along to this section of a song he loved (Rapper's Delight): Said a hip-hop, the hippie to the hippie The hip, hip-a-hop and you don't stop rockin' To the bang, bang the boogie, say up jump the boogie To the rhythm of the boogie, the beat. What makes this interesting is that it's not explained in the Spanish song, so people came up with all sorts of explanations for the nonsensical words, some even believing they came from a Satanic ritual! I think it should be included in the trivia section. Or at least leave this topic here, so those really interested by this subject can find it and know the story. 191.5.171.218 (talk) 01:39, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mondegreen