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Johann Georg Gmelin

Johann Georg Gmelin (8 August 1709 – 20 May 1755) was a German naturalist, botanist and geographer.

Early life and education
Gmelin was born in Tübingen, the son of a professor at the University of Tübingen. He was a gifted child and began attending university lectures at the age of 14. In 1727, he graduated with a medical degree at the age of 18. He then travelled to St Petersburg and obtained a fellowship at the Academy of Sciences in 1728. He lectured at the university from 1730, and in the following year was appointed professor of chemistry and natural history.

At his suggestion, Johann Amman left Hans Sloane in London to take up a post in St Petersburg. The final two volumes of Johann Christian Buxbaum's (1693–1730) Centuria were published posthumously by Gmelin.

The Second Kamchatka Expedition
Gmelin was elected one out of three professors to join Vitus Bering’s Second Kamchatka Expedition (1733–1743). During the early part of the expedition - leaving St Petersburg in August 1733 - he was accompanied by the young student Stepan Krasheninnikov. They travelled together through the Ural Mountains and western Siberia to Yeniseysk. He described the position of the Yenisey river as a boundary between Europe and Asia and participated in measuring the lowest temperature ever recorded at Yeniseysk. He was also the first person to measure the fact that the level of the Caspian Sea was below that of the Mediterranean Sea. He eventually reached Bering’s headquarters at Yakutsk in September 1736. Unfortunately, Gmelin's residence burned on November 8, destroying all his natural history collections and notes plus part of his library. The subsequent summer, he made as many re-collections of specimens as possible to replace the loss. His Flora Sibirica (1747–1769) was based on his observations and collections. It contains descriptions of 1178 species, 294 of which he illustrated. His nephew Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin assisted him in editing the final two volumes. A fifth volume of Flora Sibirica, mainly on cryptogams, was written by Stepan Krasheninnikov, but was never printed. Gmelin also described the journey in his Reise durch Sibirien von dem Jahr 1733 bis 1743 (1751–1752).

Later life
Gmelin returned to the University of Tübingen in 1747 and became professor of medicine and, in 1751, director of the university's botanic garden. His travel description was published there. It was translated to French and Dutch, but not to Russian, "because it contained uncomplimentary observations and comments on Russians".

Gmelin was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1749.

The plant genus Gmelina (Lamiaceae) and several dozen plant and animal species are named after him. Although possibly some are named after Johann Friedrich Gmelin.

Complete Bibliography

 * on WorldCat
 * Digital edition: Johann Georg Gmelin 1709–1755 : der Erforscher Sibiriens ; ein Gedenkbuch by the University and State Library Düsseldorf

title: Johann Georg Gmelin


text:
Leopold Gmelin

Leopold Gmelin (2 August 1788 – 13 April 1853) was a German chemist. Gmelin was a professor at the University of Heidelberg. He worked on the red prussiate and created Gmelin's test, and wrote his Handbook of Chemistry, which over successive editions became a standard reference work still in use.

Life
Gmelin was a son of the physician, botanist and chemist Johann Friedrich Gmelin and his wife Rosine Schott. Due to his family he early came in contact with medicine and the natural sciences, in 1804 he attended the chemical lectures of his father. In the same year Gmelin moved to Tübingen to work in the family pharmacy, he also studied at the University of Tübingen among other relatives including Ferdinand Gottlieb Gmelin (a cousin) and Carl Friedrich Kielmeyer (husband of a cousin). Supported by Kielmeyer, Gmelin moved to the University of Göttingen in 1805 and later he worked as assistant in the laboratory of Friedrich Stromeyer, by whom he successfully passed his exams in 1809.

Leopold Gmelin returned to Tübingen and again heard the lectures of Ferdinand Gottlieb Gmelin and Carl Friedrich Kielmeyer. In February 1811, Gmelin clashed with the medical student Gutike, according to an insult he challenged him to a duel, without serious injuries. Because duels were forbidden among students the incident was kept a secret at first, he nevertheless came to light. On March 10, Gmelin fled and went to Joseph Franz von Jacquin at the University of Vienna. Focus of his research was the Black pigment of oxen and calves eyes, outcome of this work was also the subject of Gmelins dissertation. In 1812, he received his doctorate in Göttingen in absentia. Until 1813, Gmelin went on an extensive study trip through Italy. After his return, he began to work as a Privatdozent at the Heidelberg University since the winter semester of 1813/14, at first he worked on his Habilitation in Göttingen. On 26 September of the following year, he was appointed associate professor in Heidelberg.

In the fall of 1814, he went on another educational trip to Paris to study at the Sorbonne, he remained there until the spring of 1815. Together with his cousin, Christian Gottlob Gmelin he made the acquaintance of René Just Haüy, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, Louis Jacques Thénard and Louis Nicolas Vauquelin.

In 1816, Gmelin married Louise in Heidelberg-Kirchheim, a daughter of the Kirchheimer pastor Johann Conrad Maurer, the lawyer Georg Ludwig von Maurer became his brother-in-law. Together they had three daughters and one son, including Auguste, the future wife of the physician Theodor von Dusch.

When the chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth died in Berlin in 1817, Gmelin should have succeeded him. However, he refused and became full Professor of Chemistry at the Heidelberg University. There, a close cooperation with Friedrich Tiedemann evolved with time. The two published "The digestion after tests" in 1826 and established the basis of the physiological chemistry. In the field of digestive chemistry Gmelin later discovered more components of bile and introduced Gmelin's test. When Friedrich Wöhler worked on complex cyanogen compounds in 1822, Gmelin assisted him and discovered the Red prussiate.

From 1833 to 1838, Gmelin owned a paper mill in the north of Heidelberg situated Schriesheim, he had taken it over in the hope of profit. However, the work in the mill showed to be very time- and money-consuming and at the expense of his academic activity.

In 1817, the first volume of Gmelin's Handbook of Chemistry was published. By 1843, it had grown in the fourth edition to 9 volumes. In this edition Gmelin included atomic theory and devoted much more space to the increasingly important organic chemistry. The Handbuch was published in print until the 8th edition in 1990, with an online database, which is less complete and less up-to-date than the print edition. The terms ester and ketone (from German Aketon, meaning acetone) were introduced by Gmelin. Until his death Gmelin worked on the fifth edition of the handbook, which had become a valuable source of chemical information and documentation. He also established the basis of an unambiguous classification of inorganic substances, later named the Gmelin system.

At the age of 60, Gmelin suffered a first stroke, and another in August 1850. In both strokes the right half of his body was affected; he was able to recover from the paralysis, but remained debilitated. In the spring of 1851, Gmelin applied for retirement, which was granted a few months later. In the two following years, he suffered increasingly from the effects of a brain illness, at nearly 65 years Leopold Gmelin died in Heidelberg on 13 April 1853, and was buried at the Mountain Cemetery in Heidelberg. The grave complex is located in the department E. There also rests his wife Luise Gmelin and more family members.

Work
In his works Leopold Gmelin dealt with physiology, mineralogy and chemistry. His experimental work was marked by his very thorough and comprehensive way of working; also some writing talent is attributed to him.

Gmelin's first physiological work was his dissertation on the black pigment of oxen's and calves' eyes, whose coloring principle he tried to fathom. Despite the simplest chemical means he could describe the properties of the pigment and recognized the carbon rightly as the cause of staining. Gmelin's most important physiological work was the 1826 released digestion by experiments, which he made together with Friedrich Tiedemann. The work, which also described many new working techniques, contained groundbreaking insights into the gastric juice, in which they found hydrochloric acid, and bile, in which Gmelin and Tiedemann among others discovered cholesterol and taurine. Introduced by Gmelin, Gmelin's test enabled the detection of bile constituents in the urine of people suffering from jaundice. Furthermore, Gmelin and Tiedemann delivered a new, more refined view of the absorption of nutrients through the gastrointestinal tract; they were the founders of modern physiology.

The mineralogical works of Gmelin dealt with the analyses of various minerals, such as the hauyne, a silicate mineral, with which he made his habilitation in Göttingen, or the laumontite and the cordierite. In addition, Gmelin also analysed mineral waters and in 1825 published the work try of a new chemical mineral system, since he knew that the time's usual division on outer or physical characteristics was inadequate. Leopold Gmelin's mineral system was taken largely critical among experts, but the basic idea of an order based on the chemical composition proved to be useful.

Gmelin released the Handbook of theoretical chemistry, which was continued as the Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry until 1997 in about 800 volumes by the Gmelin Institute, and it is continued by the Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker as a database. The manual, even during his lifetime his most important work, was initially intended to be a textbook, which should unite the whole chemical knowledge at that time. Due to the enormous increase in knowledge and the associated development of the handbook into a reference book, Gmelin published a compact textbook of chemistry in 1844. His chemical achievements include the discovery of the croconic acid; he thus had synthesised the first cyclic organic compound, and he made the previously mentioned discovery of the red prussiate.

Leopold Gmelin also developed a forerunner of the Periodic table and improved chemical equipment.

Some publications

 * Chemische Untersuchung des schwarzen Pigments der Ochsen- und Kälberaugen, nebst einigen physiologischen Bemerkungen über dasselbe, Dissertation, Göttingen 1812, in  Latein. Schweiggers Journ. 10, S. 507–547, 1814
 * Oryktognostische und chemische Beobachtungen über den Haüyn und einige mit ihm vorkommende Fossilien, nebst geognostischen Bemerkungen über die Berge des alten Latiums, Schweiggers Journ. 15 S. 1-41, 1815; Ann. Phil. Thomson 4, S. 115-122; 193-199, 1814
 * Leopold Gmelin, Friedrich Wöhler: Neue Cyanverbindungen, Schweiggers  Journ. 36 S. 230–235, 1822
 * Versuch eines neuen chemischen Mineralsystems, Taschenbuch gesammte Mineralog. 19, I S. 322-334; 418-474; 490-507, 1825, II S. 33-77; 97-148, 1825
 * Friedrich Tiedemann, Leopold Gmelin: Die Verdauung nach Versuchen, Heidelberg und Leipzig 1826, 2 Bde.
 * Lehrbuch der Chemie zum Gebrauche bei Vorlesungen auf Universitäten, in Militärschulen, polytechnischen Anstalten, Realschulen etc. sowie zum Selbstunterrichte, Heidelberg, Universitätsbuchhandlung Karl Winter, 1844

Literature

 * Claude K. Deischer: Gmelin, Leopold. In: Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Band 5, Charles Scribner’s Sons, Detroit 2008, S. 429–432 (online).
 * Friedrich Rosmäsler: Gallerie der vorzüglichsten Ärzte und Naturforscher Deutschlands. Perthes, Gotha 1831 (2 Bde.; darin Dauderts Gemälde).
 * Petra Renate Stumm: Leopold Gmelin (1788–1853). Leben und Werk eines Heidelberger Chemikers. Universität Heidelberg, Dissertation, 2011 (online)
 * Petra Stumm: Leopold Gmelin (1788–1853). Leben und Werk eines Heidelberger Chemikers. Neuere Medizin- und Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Centaurus Verlag & Media, Quellen und Studien Bd.33, 2012.
 * Petra Renate Stumm: Leopold Gmelin (1788–1853). Leben und Werk eines Heidelberger Chemikers. Universität Heidelberg, Dissertation, 2011 (online)
 * Petra Stumm: Leopold Gmelin (1788–1853). Leben und Werk eines Heidelberger Chemikers. Neuere Medizin- und Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Centaurus Verlag & Media, Quellen und Studien Bd.33, 2012.
 * Petra Stumm: Leopold Gmelin (1788–1853). Leben und Werk eines Heidelberger Chemikers. Neuere Medizin- und Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Centaurus Verlag & Media, Quellen und Studien Bd.33, 2012.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Leopold Gmelin


text:
Bombard

Bombard may refer to the act of carrying out a bombardment. It may also refer to:

Individuals

 * Alain Bombard (1924–2005), French biologist, physician and politician; known for crossing the Atlantic on a small boat with no water or food
 * Marc Bombard (born 1949), American baseball player and coach

Weapons

 * Bombard (weapon), a cannon or mortar used throughout the Middle Ages and the early modern period
 * Blacker Bombard, an anti-tank weapon used by British forces during the early part of World War 2

Ships

 * Bombard (vessel), a small two-masted vessel like an English ketch, common in the Mediterranean in the 18th and 19th centuries
 * Bombarde (or Bombard), an alternative name for a bomb vessel in the 18th & 19th centuries
 * HMAS Bombard (P 99), Royal Australian Navy patrol boat in commission from 1968 to 1993
 * USS Bombard (AM-151), a United States Navy minesweeper in commission from 1944 to 1945
 * Bombarde, a French Navy La Melpomène-class torpedo boat, commissioned 1938, later captured by Italy in 1942, and then by Germany in 1943, and sunk by US aircraft in 1944.

Place

 * Bombardopolis, Haiti, was known in English in the 18th & 19th centuries as Bombarde

Other

 * Bombard (music), a double reed instrument used to play traditional Breton music.
 * Bombarde (organ stop)

title: Bombard


text:
User:Circumstance

Location: London, UK

web site: http://circumstance.org

title: User:Circumstance


text:
Speed prior

The speed prior is a complexity measure similar to Kolmogorov complexity, except that it is based on computation speed as well as program length. The speed prior complexity of a program is its size in bits plus the logarithm of the maximum time we are willing to run it to get a prediction.

When compared to traditional measures, use of the Speed Prior has the disadvantage of leading to less optimal predictions, and the advantage of providing computable predictions.

title: Speed prior


text:
Caerdydd (TV series)

Caerdydd is a Welsh language television programme set in Cardiff made by Fiction Factory for Welsh public service television station S4C. The series is "a stylish, new drama about modern, urban Welsh-speakers living in a bilingual city" following "a group of modern urban twenty- and thirtysomethings" with "their complex friendships and relationships [set] against a backdrop of relentless socialising". First commissioned by S4C's drama editor Angharad Jones in 2005, as part of a drive by S4C to reach a younger audience, the third series of Caerdydd started its run on S4C on 30 March 2008. A fourth series was commissioned and went into production in Spring 2008. It started broadcasting on 14 June 2009.

Awards and nominations
Caerdydd (2nd series) has received three nominations for the 2008 Bafta Cymru awards: Best Screenwriter for Ed Talfan, Best Design for Hayden Pearce and Best Director of Photography (Drama) for Richard Wyn. The second series was also nominated at the Celtic Media Festival 2008 for best drama series.

The third series has been nominated for Best Drama Series at the 2009 Bafta Cymru awards; Roger Wiliams as Best Screenwriter, and Ryland Teifi as Best Actor.

Criticism
Criticism of the series focuses mainly on three topics:
 * the series was originally set in Dublin and only transferred to Cardiff when commissioned by S4C.
 * the large amount of English spoken, not just as some characters are non-Welsh speakers, but also English words in Welsh dialogue.
 * explicit sex scenes of both a heterosexual and homosexual nature.

"Sex In The Assembly" controversy
A row started after the broadcast of episode three in series III as it emerged that a sex scene was actually filmed on location in a toilet room of the Senedd, the Welsh National Assembly building, and not in a television studio. Officials of the National Assembly for Wales Commission who approved the filming for the Neuadd area, the corridors of the building and for one scene in the baby-changing room, were not made aware of the nature of the scene. The scene itself, filmed on 14 March 2008, involves Lea Kennedy (played by Alys Thomas) who is working for an unnamed party group and her much older boyfriend Stephen James (Dewi Rhys Williams) having sexual intercourse. As a result, S4C announced that it was investigating the matter and had contacted producers. One AM, William Graham (Conservative) called for scripts to be vetted more closely in the future.

S4C's investigation came to this conclusion: ''S4C has looked into the circumstances surrounding the filming of drama series Caerdydd at the Senedd and is satisfied that the production company followed the correct procedures. We are confident that Senedd personnel who dealt with this issue were not misled.''

The National Assembly's investigation came to this conclusion: ''The National Assembly has carried out a full internal review of the circumstances of the filming of Caerdydd. We can confirm that at no stage of the negotiations about the use of the building for filming, or during the filming itself, was the content of the scene disclosed by the programme makers. Despite this setback, the Assembly is committed to being open and accessible to all, including programme makers, and we sincerely hope that this does not prevent us from working with responsible companies in future.''

Characters and cast

 * Peter Marshall (Ryland Teifi)
 * Emyr Tomos (Lee Haven-Jones)
 * Osian James (Gareth Pierce)
 * Lea Kennedy (Alys Thomas)
 * Stephen James (Dewi Rhys Williams)
 * Elen Aaron (Rhian Green)
 * Mike Powell (Julian Lewis Jones)
 * Kate Marshall Ford (Mali Harries)
 * Robert Lewis (Bradley Freegard)
 * Non Ellis Jones (Sue Roderick) III/2-8,10
 * Natasha Jenkins (Ffion Williams) III/2-10, IV, V
 * Jamie Roberts (Gareth Milton) IV-V (Dyfan Dwyfor) III/4-10
 * Danny Ford (Huw Rhys) I, II
 * Gareth Pritchard (Matthew Gravelle)
 * Ceri Price (Siwan Morris) I, II, III/5-7,9,10
 * Paul (Richard Shackley)
 * Siân Edwards (Iola Hughes)
 * Lleucu (Tara Bethan) II, III/1-3
 * Damian Charles (Daniel Hope) I, II, III/1-3
 * Mike Thomas (Jâms Thomas) III/2,3,6-9
 * Yr Arglwydd (Lord) Delme Richards (Ian Saynor) III/2-4,7,9,10
 * Ben (Jonathan Floyd) III/2-5
 * Mared (Rhian Jones) III/3,4,6,7,9
 * Rhys Johnstone (Rhodri Meilir) I, II
 * Philip (Glyn Morgan) III/4,8,9
 * Jane (Sharon Roberts) III/8,9
 * Kylie Byrne (Jennie Crum) III/6,10
 * Rhodri (Cellan Wyn Evans) III/9,10
 * Sara Harris [Lauren Phillips] IV-V

Further cast: Catherine Ayers (Nia, I), Nathan Sussex, Sousila Pilay (II), Lillie Downie (Baby Ela Ford, III/4,6-10), Amelia Wyatt (Baby Ela Ford, III/3,4), Nick Ross (Gwilym, III/3), Lisa Zamira (III/3), Lee Bane (III/3), John Schumacher (III/3), Tomos James (III/3), Tyron Lopez (III/4), Gemma Prosser (III/4), Hazel Condon (III/4), Bethan Cecil (III/7), Charlote Grey (III/8), Poonah Najimohammadi (III/9), Rob Kendrick (actor) (III/9), Martin Glyn Murray (III/9), Elen Florence (I), Charmaine Hibberd (III/10), Kathryn Dimery (III/10), Megan Browne (Ela Ford), Ross O'Hennessy John Davies The Immigration Officer

Production

 * The series is produced for S4C by Fiction Factory, a division of Tinopolis.
 * Directors: Ed Thomas (I, II, III/1-5), Dave "D.J." Evans (II, III/6-10), Ed Talfan (I, II)
 * Writers: Tim Price, Ian Staples (var. II, III/2,9), Anwen Huws (III/3,7), Roger Williams (III/4,6,8,10), Catrin Clarke (III/5,6)
 * Producers: Fizzy Oppè, Catrin Rees, Ed Thomas (III)
 * Line producer: Maurice Hunter (III)
 * Series 1 was filmed in the main from January to April 2005. Directors: Ed Thomas, Ed Talfan
 * Series 2 was filmed in the main from February to July 2006. Directors: Ed Thomas, Ed Talfan, Dave Evans.
 * Series 3 was filmed in the main from January to June 2007. Directors: Ed Thomas, Dave Evans
 * Series 2 and 3 were produced in HD format.
 * Series 4 has been commissioned and is currently in production.
 * Episodes are available (with on-screen English subtitles) on S4C's website for streaming for 35 days after initial broadcast. The first series went online each Saturday following the initial TV broadcast, without any restrictions to availability.
 * All episodes are fully subtitled, in Welsh and English. The Welsh subtitles are available for download.
 * All episodes in series 3 feature audio description.

Series 2
The second series was repeated in February and March 2008.

title: Caerdydd (TV series)


text:
Leonid Levin

Leonid Anatolievich Levin (Леони́д Анато́льевич Ле́вин; Леоні́д Анато́лійович Ле́він; born November 2, 1948) is a Soviet-American mathematician and computer scientist.

He is known for his work in randomness in computing, algorithmic complexity and intractability, average-case complexity, foundations of mathematics and computer science, algorithmic probability, theory of computation, and information theory. He obtained his master's degree at Moscow University in 1970 where he studied under Andrey Kolmogorov and completed the Candidate Degree academic requirements in 1972.

He and Stephen Cook independently discovered the existence of NP-complete problems. This NP-completeness theorem, often called the Cook–Levin theorem, was a basis for one of the seven Millennium Prize Problems declared by the Clay Mathematics Institute with a $1,000,000 prize offered. The Cook–Levin theorem was a breakthrough in computer science and an important step in the development of the theory of computational complexity.

Levin was awarded the Knuth Prize in 2012 for his discovery of NP-completeness and the development of average-case complexity. He is a member of the US National Academy of Sciences and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Biography
He obtained his master's degree at Moscow University in 1970 where he studied under Andrey Kolmogorov and completed the Candidate Degree academic requirements in 1972. After researching algorithmic problems of information theory at the Moscow Institute of Information Transmission of the National Academy of Sciences in 1972–1973, and a position as senior research scientist at the Moscow National Research Institute of Integrated Automation for the Oil/Gas Industry in 1973–1977, he emigrated to the U.S. in 1978 and also earned a Ph.D. at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1979. His advisor at MIT was Albert R. Meyer.

He is well known for his work in randomness in computing, algorithmic complexity and intractability, average-case complexity, foundations of mathematics and computer science, algorithmic probability, theory of computation, and information theory.

His life is described in a chapter of the book Out of Their Minds: The Lives and Discoveries of 15 Great Computer Scientists.

Levin and Stephen Cook independently discovered the existence of NP-complete problems. This NP-completeness theorem, often called the Cook–Levin theorem, was a basis for one of the seven Millennium Prize Problems declared by the Clay Mathematics Institute with a $1,000,000 prize offered. The Cook–Levin theorem was a breakthrough in computer science and an important step in the development of the theory of computational complexity. Levin's journal article on this theorem was published in 1973; he had lectured on the ideas in it for some years before that time (see Trakhtenbrot's survey), though complete formal writing of the results took place after Cook's publication.

Levin was awarded the Knuth Prize in 2012 for his discovery of NP-completeness and the development of average-case complexity.

He is currently a professor of computer science at Boston University, where he began teaching in 1980.

title: Leonid Levin


text:
Talk:Ansel Adams

Charles Adams ,Father of Ansel
Louise Adams Easton was Ansel's Aunt sister to Charles, was my Great grandmother. Ansel Easton whom Ansel was named for, was my great Grandfather.He was the son of Ansel Mills Easton. Sadly Anne Adams Helms,daughter of Ansel Adams, my cousin, and dearest friend Passed on December 16,2021. Thank you, Cynthia Louise Ward- Madrid 8/27/2023 2600:1010:B151:E273:7E5A:6004:9625:24A4 (talk) 05:12, 28 August 2023 (UTC)

Article issues needing attention

 * There is a "Missing citations" tag ("Color images" subsection) dated May 2022. The good article criteria #2b states, reliable sources are cited inline. All content that could reasonably be challenged, except for plot summaries and that which summarizes cited content elsewhere in the article, must be cited no later than the end of the paragraph (or line if the content is not in prose).
 * "All content that could reasonably be challenged", would actually mean there should be no instances of the possibility of challenges. The B-class criteria states, The article is suitably referenced, with inline citations. It has reliable sources, and any important or controversial material which is likely to be challenged is cited.

 * It has been well established that the lead does not "usually" need sourcing if content is covered with citations elsewhere in the article. I may have missed this reading the second paragraph of the lead, especially the last part: "... and his photographic practice was deeply entwined with this advocacy. "
 * The last sentence of the second to last paragraph in the "World war II" subsection in not cited and includes: "This series of photographs produced memorable images of Old Faithful Geyser, Grand Teton, and Mount McKinley".
 * The "Notable photographs" and "Published works" has some entries that do not have links or citations. It might be interesting to know: "Adams, Ansel (1948). The negative: exposure and development. New York; London: Morgan and Lester; The Fountain Press", is an edition of "Basic photo (1948)".
 * I am not sure that the "Further reading" section needs to be so comprehensive (30 entries), but that may be subjective.

JehovahWitnesses
Barry Stephanie tulk 65.73.45.62 (talk) 22:23, 27 February 2024 (UTC)

Re: "Some of my best photographs"

 * Adams made a candid portrait of O'Keeffe with Cox on the rim of Canyon de Chelly. Adams once remarked, "Some of my best photographs have been made in and on the rim of [that] canyon." Their works set in the desert Southwest are often published and exhibited together.

Unless I'm getting this confused with something else, I believe that many of these "best photographs" have not been seen or exhibited. Recently, I read about how some of the work from this famous set was ruined, and I got me wondering if attempts had been made to correct and restore it. I will reply with more info once I track it down, but it did stick with me and I wanted to make note of it here. Viriditas (talk) 23:13, 12 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ansel Adams


text:
Vibroplex

Vibroplex is the brand of side-to-side mechanical, semi-automatic Morse key first manufactured and sold in 1905 by the Vibroplex Company, after its invention and patent by Horace Greeley Martin of New York City in 1904. The original device became known as a "bug", most likely due to the original logo, which showed an "electrified bug". The Vibroplex Company has been in business continuously for 119 years, as of 2024. Amateur radio operator Scott E. Robbins, also known by the call sign W4PA, became the eighth owner of the Vibroplex Company on December 21, 2009. The company is located in Knoxville, Tennessee.

The most common Vibroplex models have a single lever with a flat thumbpiece, or paddle, on the left side and a fingerpiece, or knob, on the right side.

The advantage of the key over a standard telegraph key is that it automatically generates strings of one of the two pulses from which Morse code characters are composed, the shortest one or "dot" (or dits), so that the operator's hand does not have to make the rapid movements necessary to generate multiple dots. When the knob is pressed from the right, it makes a continuous contact suitable for sending "dashes" (or dahs). When the paddle is pressed from the left, a horizontal pendulum at the opposite end of the lever is set into motion, intermittently closing a set of contacts, sending a series of short pulses "dots" at a speed that is controlled by the position of the pendulum weight. A skilled operator can achieve sending speeds in excess of 40 words per minute with a bug.

The Vibroplex Original Bug key has been in continuous production for over 100 years, with only minor cosmetic changes. Numerous Vibroplex keys are available to this day; the company presently markets and sells 27 variations of Morse code keys, including the Original Bug, iambic paddles, the Vibrokeyer (an electronic variant of the Original Bug) and traditional straight keys.

title: Vibroplex


text:
Vestmannaeyjar

Vestmannaeyjar (, sometimes anglicized as Westman Islands) is a municipality and archipelago off the south coast of Iceland.

The largest island, Heimaey, has a population of 4,414, most of whom live in the archipelago's main town, Vestmannaeyjabær. The other islands are uninhabited, although six have single hunting cabins. Vestmannaeyjar came to international attention in 1973 with the eruption of Eldfell volcano, which destroyed many buildings and forced a month-long evacuation of the entire population to mainland Iceland. Approximately one-fifth of the town was destroyed before the lava flow was halted by application of 6.8billion litres of cold sea water.

Geography
The Vestmannaeyjar archipelago is young in geological terms. The islands lie in the Southern Icelandic Volcanic Zone and have been formed by eruptions over the past 10,000–12,000 years. The volcanic system consists of 70–80 volcanoes both above and below the sea.

Vestmannaeyjar comprises the following islands:

 * Heimaey (13.4 km2)
 * Surtsey (1.4 km2)
 * Elliðaey (0.45 km2)
 * Bjarnarey (0.32 km2)
 * Álsey (0.25 km2)
 * Suðurey (0.20 km2)
 * Brandur (0.1 km2)
 * Hellisey (0.1 km2)
 * Súlnasker (0.03 km2)
 * Geldungur (0.02 km2)
 * Geirfuglasker (0.02 km2)
 * the islands Hani, Hæna , Hrauney and the skerry Grasleysa  are called Smáeyjar (, small islands).

Total: 16.3 km2

There are 18 islands and about 30 rock stacks and skerries. All the islands have been built up in submarine eruptions and consist of alternating layers of palagonite tuff and lava. The oldest geological formations are in the northern part of Heimaey ("Home Island"), the largest island and the only inhabited one. Basalt columns can be seen in many places, and the sea has eroded the soft rock of the shoreline and scooped out many picturesque coves and grottos, which are among the special features of the islands.

There was a submarine eruption southeast of Hellisey in 1896. The next eruption began on 14 November 1963. It lasted about four years – one of the longest in Icelandic history – and gave birth to Surtsey, the 15th island in the group. In the eruption of 1973 that lasted for 155 days, Heimaey grew by about 2.1 km2. The Vestmannaeyjar group is about 38 km long and 29 km broad, the closest point lying about 8 km from the mainland.

Biodiversity

There is generally very little snow, but a lot of rain. Owing to this microclimate, returning migrant birds are often first seen in the spring and they set out from the islands in the autumn. All of Iceland's seabirds can be found in Vestmannaeyjar: the guillemot, gannet, kittiwake, Iceland gull, and puffin. The puffin is the most plentiful species and is the Vestmannaeyjar emblem. More than 30 species of birds nest in their millions in the cliffs and grassy ledges, and other species make irregular appearances.

There are about 150 plant species in the flora of the islands, and about 80 types of insect have been identified. The waters around the Vestmannaeyjar contain some of the North Atlantic's richest fishing grounds. The two main commercially exploited species in Iceland, cod and haddock, are found in abundance in Vestmannaeyjar. Other species, such as flat-fish, herring and capelin, are also commonly harvested as they migrate through the area in the autumn and winter. Lobsters and ocean perch are found in large numbers in the deep water to the southeast of the islands. Seals, small types of whale and other marine species are also present in large numbers around the islands.

The townspeople have a tradition of guiding stray puffins to safe locations.

Climate
With extremely high precipitation considering the latitude, Vestmannaeyjar features a subpolar oceanic climate (Cfc) under the Köppen climate classification. It is often very windy in the islands, and the highest wind speed measured in Iceland (61 m/s) was recorded in Stórhöfði, the southern of the island's two major peninsulae. The main wind directions are easterly and south-easterly. The islands enjoy the country's highest average annual temperature, the Gulf Stream having a strong warming effect, especially in winter.

History and name
The islands are named after Gaels who had been captured into slavery by Norsemen. The Old Norse word Vestmenn, literally "Westmen", was applied to the Celts of Britain and Ireland, and retained in Icelandic even though Iceland is further west than Britain and Ireland. (In contrast, the Norse Gaels often called themselves Ostmen or Austmenn – "East-men".)

Not long after Ingólfr Arnarson arrived in Iceland, his blood brother Hjörleifr Hróðmarsson was murdered by the thralls he had brought with him. Ingólfur tracked them down to the Vestmannaeyjar and killed them all in retribution, hence the name Vestmannaeyjar (the islands of the west men). This is speculated to have occurred in AD 875.

On 16 July 1627, in an event known as the Turkish Abductions, the islands were captured by a fleet of three ships of Barbary Pirates from Algiers, who stayed there until 19 July under the control of Ottomans. They had earlier raided the east of Iceland and Murat Reis from Salé in Morocco had commanded another raid in Grindavík in June of that year. The pirates captured 234 people from the islands and took them on a 27-day voyage to Algiers, where most of them spent the rest of their lives in bondage. One of the captives, Lutheran minister Ólafur Egilsson, managed to return in 1628 and wrote a book about his experience. In 1636, ransom was paid for 34 of the captives, and most of them returned to Iceland. After this, a small fort was built on Skansinn (that is, "the bastion"), and an armed guard was established to keep watch from the mountain Helgafell for the approach of ships.

For centuries, the people of the Vestmannaeyjar had a hard struggle for existence, living from fishing and wild birds and their eggs, which they gathered in the cliffs and rock stacks offshore. At the end of the 19th century, when the population was about 600, great changes took place in the lifestyle of the islanders. In 1904, the first motorised boat was purchased, and more followed soon afterwards. By 1930, the population had risen to 3,470. The Vestmannaeyjar have always been at the forefront of developments in fishing and sea food processing, and are the most productive fishing centre in the country. Shortage of fresh water was also a problem for a long time, but a great improvement took place in 1968 when a pipeline was laid.

The area is very volcanically active, like the rest of Iceland. There were two major eruptions in the 20th century: the eruption in 1963 that created the new island of Surtsey, and the Eldfell eruption of January 1973, which created a 200-metre-high mountain where a meadow had been, and caused the island's 5,000 inhabitants to be temporarily evacuated to the mainland.

In 2000, Heimaey stave church, a replica of the Haltdalen Stave Church containing a replica of the St Olav frontal, was erected at Skansinn as a gift from the Norwegian government to Iceland, commemorating the conversion of Iceland to Christianity a thousand years before.

Transportation
A ferry service runs from Landeyjahöfn (closer) and sometimes under bad conditions Þorlákshöfn (further away). The new Landeyjahöfn harbour opened in 2010, shortening the sailing time to around 40 minutes. A new hybrid electric ferry with a 3 MWh battery and capacity for 550 passengers and 75 cars started operating the 13 km route in July 2019. It uses 100 MWh per week, replacing 35 tonnes of fuel. In bad weather, the longer route to Þorlákshöfn requires fuel.

Vestmannaeyjar Airport was previously served by regular flights to Reykjavík; however, as of 2023, there are no regular flights. Icelandair has served the airport with charter flights for the Þjóðhátið festival in 2022 and 2023.

Festival
The islands are famed in Iceland for their major annual festival, Þjóðhátíð ("The National Festival"), which attracts thousands of people. The festival was first held in 1874, at the same time as the commemoration of the millennium of the settlement of Iceland. Vestmannaeyjar residents had been prevented by bad weather from sailing to the mainland for the festivities and thus celebrated locally.

Film

 * From 1998 to 2003, the island of Heimaey was home to Keiko the killer whale, star of Free Willy (1993).
 * The film The Deep (2012), based on true events, is set on and around the island.

Literature

 * The islands and their history of volcanic activity play a major role in James Rollins' seventh Sigma Force novel, The Devil Colony (2011).
 * The islands feature as the primary location in Yrsa Sigurðardóttir's novel Ashes to Dust, which uses the 1973 eruption of Eldfell as a key element in the plot.

Sport
ÍBV, based on Vestmannaeyjar, are one of the most prominent sports clubs in Iceland, having won several national championships and national cups in both handball and football.

The Westman Islands Golf Club was established in 1938 and is located in the remnants of an extinct volcano. Golf Monthly ranks it as one of the top 200 golf courses in Europe.

Notable people

 * Ásgeir Sigurvinsson (born 1955), retired footballer, was born in Vestmannaeyjar and started his career at ÍBV
 * Bergur Elías Ágústsson (born 1963), former mayor of Norðurþing, was born in Vestmannaeyjar
 * Elísa Viðarsdóttir (born 1991), was born in Vestmannaeyjar and started her career at ÍBV
 * Elsa Guðbjörg Vilmundardóttir (1932–2008), Iceland's first female geologist, was born in Vestmannaeyjar
 * Fanndís Friðriksdóttir (born 1990), footballer from Vestmannaeyjar, training at ÍBV's youth programme
 * Gísli Pálsson (born 1949), professor of anthropology, was born in Vestmannaeyjar
 * Guðmundur Guðmundsson (1825–83), one of the first Mormon missionaries to preach in Iceland, preached in Vestmannaeyjar
 * Guðmundur Torfason (born 1961), retired footballer, was born in Vestmannaeyjar
 * Gunnar Heiðar Þorvaldsson (born 1982), footballer, was born in Vestmannaeyjar and has been signed to ÍBV on 3 occasions
 * Halldóra Briem (1913–1993), the first Icelandic woman to study architecture, was born in Vestmannaeyjar
 * Heimir Hallgrímsson (born 1967), manager of the Iceland national football team, was born in Vestmannaeyjar and has both played for and managed ÍBV teams on more than one occasions; he is still the dentist for the town
 * Helgi Ólafsson (born 1956), chess grandmaster, is a native of Heimaey
 * Hermann Hreiðarsson (born 1974), footballer, has been both player and player-manager at ÍBV
 * Högna Sigurðardóttir (1929–2017), architect, was born in Vestmannaeyjar
 * Ívar Ingimarsson (born 1977), footballer and cousin of Gunnar Heiðar Þorvaldsson, played for ÍBV in 1998–99
 * Júlíana Sveinsdóttir (1889–1966), painter and textile artist, was born in Vestmannaeyjar
 * Kári Kristjánsson (born 1984), handball player, was born in Vestmannaeyjar
 * Kolfinna Kristófersdóttir, model is originally from Vestmannaeyjar
 * Marcellus de Niveriis OFM (died 1460 or 1462), bishop of Skálholt was master of the manor of Vestmannaeyjar
 * Margrét Lára Viðarsdóttir (born 1986), retired footballer and is considered by many to be the best Icelandic female footballer of all times. Played for ÍBV, Valur and also played in Sweden and Germany. Scored 79 goals in 124 games for Iceland. Voted Icelandic athlete of the year 2007.
 * Ólafur Egilsson (1564–1639), a Lutheran minister who, in 1627 with his wife and sons, was kidnapped in the Turkish Abduction, subsequently writing a memoir of his travels
 * Sigurvin Ólafsson (born 1976), footballer, was born in Vestmannaeyjar and has twice been signed to ÍBV
 * Smári McCarthy (born 1984), information activist and Icelandic Pirate Party MP, grew up in Vestmannaeyjar, his family having moved there when he was 9
 * Sólveig Anspach (1960–2015), film director and screenwriter, was born in Vestmannaeyjar
 * Tryggvi Guðmundsson (born 1974), footballer, was born in Vestmannaeyjar and started his career at ÍBV, returning there twice
 * Þórarinn Ingi Valdimarsson (born 1990), footballer, was born in Vestmannaeyjar and started his career at ÍBV
 * Þorsteinn Ingi Sigfússon (1954–2019), award-winning physicist, was born in Vestmannaeyjar

title: Vestmannaeyjar


text:
Windscreen wiper

A windscreen wiper (Commonwealth English) or windshield wiper (American English) is a device used to remove rain, snow, ice, washer fluid, water, or other debris from a vehicle's front window. Almost all motor vehicles, including cars, trucks, buses, train locomotives, and watercraft with a cabin—and some aircraft—are equipped with one or more such wipers, which are usually a legal requirement.

A wiper generally consists of a metal arm; one end pivots, and the other end has a long rubber blade attached to it. The arm is powered by a motor, often an electric motor, although pneumatic power is also used for some vehicles. The blade is swung back and forth over the glass, pushing water, other precipitation, or any other impediments to visibility from its surface. The speed is usually adjustable on vehicles made after 1969, with several continuous rates and often one or more intermittent settings. Most personal automobiles use two synchronized radial-type arms, while many commercial vehicles use one or more pantograph arms.

On some vehicles, a windscreen washer system is also used to improve and expand the function of the wiper(s) to dry or icy conditions. This system sprays water, or an antifreeze window washer fluid, at the windscreen using several well-positioned nozzles. This system helps remove dirt or dust from the windscreen when used in concert with the wiper blades. When antifreeze washer fluid is used, it can help the wipers remove snow or ice. For these types of winter conditions, some vehicles have additional heaters aimed at the windows, embedded heating wire(s) in the glass, or embedded heating wire(s) in the wiper blade; these defroster systems can melt ice or help to keep snow and ice from building up on the windscreen. Less frequently, miniature wipers are installed on headlights to ensure they function optimally.

Early versions
One of the earliest recorded patents for the windscreen wiper is by George J. Capewell of Hartford Connecticut, which was filed on August 6, 1896. His invention was for "windows of slow-moving craft; but it is more particularly adapted and intended for windows of rapidly-moving vehicles, such as high-speed locomotives and cars, with which it is necessary that the observer or driver should have a clear view of the path or track." Similar to current automotive wiper designs, his invention involves "usually two of these wipers, and they can be secured to the frame below the front board of the vehicle or behind the housing surrounding the window in position to be out of sight and in such manner that one will scrape off the heaviest part of the substance collected upon the glass." His patent illustration shows a circular window, although the patent notes "it is not essential that the glass be circular in form."

Other early designs for the windscreen wiper are credited to Polish concert pianist Józef Hofmann, and to Mills Munitions, Birmingham, who also claimed to have been the first to patent windscreen wipers in England. At least three inventors patented windscreen cleaning devices at around the same time in 1903; Mary Anderson, Robert Douglass, and John Apjohn. In April 1911, a patent for windscreen wipers was registered by Sloan & Lloyd Barnes, patent agents of Liverpool, England, for Gladstone Adams of Whitley Bay.

American inventor Mary Anderson is popularly credited with devising the first operational windscreen wiper in 1903. In Anderson's patent, she called her invention a "window cleaning device" for electric cars and other vehicles. Operated via a lever from inside a vehicle, her version of windscreen wipers closely resembles the windscreen wiper found on many early car models. Anderson had a model of her design manufactured, then filed a patent (US 743,801) on June 18, 1903 that was issued to her by the US Patent Office on November 10, 1903.

Irish born inventor James Henry Apjohn (1845–1914) patented an "Apparatus for Cleaning Carriage, Motor Car and other Windows" which was stated to use either brushes or wipers and could be either motor driven or hand driven. The brushes or wipers were intended to clean either both up and down or in just one direction on a vertical window. Apjohn's invention had a priority date in the UK of 9 October 1903.

John R. Oishei (1886-1968) formed the Tri-Continental Corporation in 1917. This company introduced the first windscreen wiper, Rain Rubber, for the slotted, two-piece windscreens found on many of the automobiles of the time. Today Trico Products is one of the world's largest manufacturers of windscreen wipers. Bosch has the world's biggest windscreen wiper factory in Tienen, Belgium, which produces 350,000 wiper blades every day. The first automatic electric wiper arms were patented in 1917 by Charlotte Bridgwood.

Inventor William M. Folberth and his brother, Fred, applied for a patent for an automatic windscreen wiper apparatus in 1919, which was granted in 1921. It was the first automatic mechanism to be developed by an American, but the original invention is attributed by others to Hawaiian, Ormand Wall. Trico later settled a patent dispute with Folberth and purchased Folberth's Cleveland company, the Folberth Auto Specialty Co. The new vacuum-powered system quickly became standard equipment on automobiles, and the vacuum principle was in use until about 1960. In the late 1950s, a feature common on modern vehicles first appeared, operating the wipers automatically for two or three passes when the windscreen washer button was pressed, making it unnecessary to manually turn the wipers on as well. Today, an electronic timer is used, but originally a small vacuum cylinder mechanically linked to a switch provided the delay as the vacuum leaked off.

Intermittent wipers
The inventor of intermittent wipers (non-continuous, now including variable-rate wipers) might have been Raymond Anderson, who, in 1923, proposed an electro-mechanical design. (US Patent 1,588,399). In 1958, Oishei et al. filed a patent application describing not only electro-mechanical, but also thermal and hydraulic designs. (US Patent 2,987,747). Then, in 1961, John Amos, an engineer for the UK automotive engineering company Lucas Industries, filed the first patent application in the UK for a solid-state electronic design. (US patent 3,262,042).

In 1963, another form of intermittent wiper was invented by Robert Kearns, an engineering professor at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan. (United States Patent 3,351,836 – 1964 filing date). Kearns's design was intended to mimic the function of the human eye, which blinks only once every few seconds. In 1963, Kearns built his first intermittent wiper system using off-the-shelf electronic components. The interval between wipes was determined by the rate of current flow into a capacitor; when the charge in the capacitor reached a certain voltage, the capacitor would be discharged, activating one cycle of the wiper motor, and then repeating the process. Kearns showed his wiper design to the Ford Motor Company and proposed that they manufacture the design. Ford executives rejected Kearns' proposal at the time, but later offered a similar design as an option on the company's Mercury line, beginning with the 1969 models. Kearns sued Ford in a multi-year patent dispute that Kearns eventually won in court, inspiring the 2008 feature film Flash of Genius based on a 1993 New Yorker article that covered the legal battle.

In March 1970, French automotive manufacturer Citroën introduced more advanced rain-sensitive intermittent windscreen wipers on its SM model. When the intermittent function was selected, the wiper would make one sweep. If the windscreen was relatively dry, the wiper motor drew high current, which would set the control circuit timer to a long delay for the next wipe. If the motor drew little current, it indicated that the glass was still wet, and would set the timer to minimize the delay.

Power
Wipers may be powered by a variety of means, although most in use today are powered by an electric motor through a series of mechanical components, typically two 4-bar linkages in series or parallel.

Vehicles with air-operated brakes sometimes use pneumatic wipers, powered by tapping a small amount of pressurized air from the brake system to a small air operated motor mounted on or just above the windscreen. These wipers are activated by opening a valve which allows pressurized air to enter the motor.

Early wipers were often driven by a vacuum motor powered by manifold vacuum. This had the drawback that manifold vacuum varies depending on throttle position, and is almost non-existent under wide-open throttle, when the wipers would slow down or even stop. That problem was overcome somewhat by using a combined fuel/vacuum booster pump.

Some cars, mostly from the 1960s and 1970s, had variable-speed, hydraulically-driven wipers, most notably the '61–'69 Lincoln Continental, '69–'71 Lincoln Continental Mark III (but not all '70 models), and '63–'71 Ford Thunderbird. These were powered by the same hydraulic pump also used for the power steering mechanism.

On the earlier Citroën 2CV, the windscreen wipers were powered by a purely mechanical system, a cable connected to the transmission; to reduce cost, this cable also powered the speedometer. The wipers' speed was therefore variable with car speed. When the car was stationary, the wipers were not powered, but a handle under the speedometer allowed the driver to power them by hand.

Shape

Most early wipers used a rubber blade attached to a flat metal base. But as aerodynamic and styling concerns introduced curved windshields, these proved insufficient. In 1945, John W. Anderson, founder of Trico rival Anco, filed a patent for a wiper with branched arms to keep the blade pressed uniformly against both curved and flat glass, adaptable to almost any windscreen curvature. As curved windshields became more popular and widespread, following the debut of the 1947 Studebaker Starlight Coupe, these soon became standard equipment. While they have been superseded by "beam-type" wipers with bodies made of flexible material, this type still remains the most popular.

Wiper blades are made of natural rubber, EPDM rubber (or ethylene propylene rubber) or a combination of both, as natural rubber performs better in cold weather but EPDM rubber doesn't "set" and resists better to thermal aging, UV, ozone and tearing. Some manufacturers coat them with graphite.

Geometry
Most wipers are of the pivot (or radial) type: they are attached to a single arm, which in turn is attached to the motor. These are commonly found on many cars, trucks, trains, boats, airplanes, etc.

Modern windscreen wipers usually move in parallel (Fig. 1, below). However, various Mercedes-Benz models and other cars such as the Volkswagen Sharan employ wipers configured to move in opposite directions (Fig. 2), which is mechanically more complex but can avoid leaving a large unwiped corner of the windscreen in front of the front-seat passenger. A cost benefit to the auto-maker occurs when wipers configured to move in opposite directions do not need to be repositioned for cars exported to right hand drive countries such as the UK and Japan.

Another wiper design (Fig. 6) is pantograph-based, used on many commercial vehicles, especially buses with large windscreens. Pantograph wipers feature two arms for each blade, with the blade assembly itself supported on a horizontal bar connecting the two arms. One of the arms is attached to the motor, while the other is on an idle pivot. The pantograph mechanism, while being more complex, allows the blade to cover more of the windscreen on each wipe. However, it also usually requires the wiper to be "parked" in the middle of the windscreen, where it may partially obstruct the driver's view when not in use. A few models of automobile sometimes employ a pantograph arm on the driver's side and a normal arm for the passenger. The Triumph Stag, Lexus and several US makes employ this method to cover more glass area where the windscreen is quite wide but also very shallow. The reduced height of the windscreen would need the use of short wiper arms which would not have the reach to the edge of the windscreen.

A simple single-blade setup with a center pivot (Fig. 4) is commonly used on rear windscreens, as well as on the front of some cars. Mercedes-Benz pioneered a system (Fig. 5) called the "Monoblade", based on cantilevers, in which a single arm extends outward to reach the top corners of the windscreen, and pulls in at the ends and middle of the stroke, sweeping out a somewhat M-shaped path. This way, a single blade is able to cover more of the windscreen, displacing any residual streaks away from the centre of the windscreen.

Some larger cars in the late '70s and early '80s, especially LH driver American cars, had a pantograph wiper on the driver's side, with a conventional pivot on the passenger side. Asymmetric wiper arrangements are usually configured to clear more windscreen area on the driver's side, and so are mostly mirrored for left and right-hand-drive vehicles (for example, Fig. 1 vs. Fig 10). One exception is found on the second generations of the Renault Clio, Twingo and Scénic as well as BMW's E60 5 Series and E63 6 Series, the Peugeot 206 and the Nissan Almera Tino, where the wipers always sweep towards the left. On right-hand-drive models, a linkage allows the right-hand wiper to move outwards towards the corner of the windscreen and clear more area.

Other wiper geometries

 * Works similar to Fig. 8 but not a split screen windscreen and rest state is at the bottom of the windscreen facing outwards.
 * Alpine A310 and Renault Alpine GTA
 * Panhard Dyna Z, Panhard PL 17 and Panhard 24
 * Works similar to Fig. 2 but one wiper has its resting position up and the other down.
 * Simca Aronde
 * Works similar to Fig. 9, but uses a single wiper.
 * AEC Routemaster
 * Works similar to Fig. 6, but uses only one wiper.
 * V2A/V2B/V3A/V3B

Unusual wiper geometries

 * Works as would Fig. 1, but uses a large, single pantograph wiper.
 * Audi A2
 * Honda Today
 * Renault Twingo I
 * Renault Kwid/City K-ZE
 * Dacia Spring
 * Citroën C1
 * Peugeot 107
 * Peugeot 108
 * Toyota Aygo
 * Lamborghini Murciélago
 * Lexus LFA
 * McLaren MP4-12C
 * Mercedes W140
 * Mitsubishi i
 * Datsun Go
 * Toyota Etios/Yaris/Vitz (XP130)
 * Works as would Fig. 6, but the wipers are arranged upside down.
 * Renault PR100 and its articulated version Renault PR180.2
 * British Rail Class 92
 * Works as would Fig. 1 or Fig. 10, but the wipers are arranged upside down.
 * New Routemaster
 * Alexander Dennis Enviro400, Alexander Dennis Enviro500

Rear wipers
Some vehicles are fitted with wipers (with or without washers) on the back window as well. Rear-window wipers are typically found on hatchbacks, station wagons / estates, sport utility vehicles, minivans, and other vehicles with more vertically-oriented rear windows that tend to accumulate dust. First offered in the 1940s, they achieved widespread popularity in the 1970s after their introduction on the Porsche 911 in 1966 and the Volvo 145 in 1969.

Headlight wipers
In the 1960s, as interest in auto safety grew, engineers began researching various headlamp cleaning systems. In late 1968, Chevrolet introduced high pressure fluid headlamp washers on a variety of their 1969 models. In 1970, Saab Automobile introduced headlight wipers across their product range. These operated on a horizontal reciprocating mechanism, with a single motor. They were later superseded by a radial spindle action wiper mechanism, with individual motors on each headlamp. In 1972, headlamp cleaning systems became mandatory in Sweden.

Headlamp wipers have all but disappeared today with most modern designs relying solely on pressurized fluid spray to clean the headlights. This reduces manufacturing cost, minimizes aerodynamic drag, and complies with EU regulations limiting headlamp wiper use to glass-lensed units only (the majority of lenses today are made of plastic.)

Windscreen washer
Most windscreen wipers operate together with a windscreen washer; a pump that supplies a mixture of water, alcohol, and detergent (a blend called windscreen washer fluid) from a tank to the windscreen. The fluid is dispensed through small nozzles mounted on the hood. Conventional nozzles are usually used, but some designs use a fluidic oscillator to disperse the fluid more effectively.

In warmer climates, water may also work, but it can freeze in colder climates, damaging the pump. Although automobile antifreeze is chemically similar to windscreen wiper fluid, it should not be used because it can damage paint. The earliest documented idea for having a windscreen wiper unit hooked up to a windscreen washer fluid reservoir was in 1931, Richland Auto Parts Co, Mansfield, Ohio. Uruguayan racecar driver and mechanic Héctor Suppici Sedes developed a windscreen washer in the late 1930s.

Since 2012, nozzles are replaced on some cars (Tesla, Volvo XC60 2018-2021, Citroen C4 Cactus) by a system called AquaBlade, developed by the company Valeo. This system supplies the washing liquid directly from the spoiler element of the wiper blade. This system suppresses visual disturbances during driving and so reduces the reaction time of the driver in case of incident.

Hidden wipers
Some larger cars are equipped with hidden wipers (or depressed-park wipers). When wipers are switched off in standard non-hidden designs, a "parking" mechanism or circuit moves the wipers to the lower extreme of the wiped area near the bottom of the windscreen, but still in sight. For designs that hide the wipers, the windscreen extends below the rear edge of the bonnet. The wipers park themselves below the wiping range at the bottom of the windscreen, but out of sight. Late model vehicles that hide wiper blades under the windscreen need to be placed in a service position in order to lift the wiper blade from the windscreen using the wiper service position.

Rain-sensing wipers
Some vehicles are now available with automatic or driver-programmable windscreen wipers that detect the presence and amount of rain using a rain sensor. The sensor automatically adjusts the speed and frequency of the blades according to the amount of rain detected. These controls usually have a manual override.

Rain-sensing windscreen wipers appeared on various models in the late 20th century, one of the first being the Citroën SM. , rain-sensing wipers are optional or standard on all Cadillacs and most Volkswagens, and are available on many other mainstream manufacturers.

The rain-sensing wipers system currently employed by most car manufacturers today was originally invented and patented in 1978 by Australian, Raymond J. Noack, see U.S. Patents 4,355,271 and 5,796,106. The original system automatically operated the wipers, lights and windscreen washers.

Bladeless alternatives
A common alternative design used on ships, called a clear view screen, avoids the use of rubber wiper blades. A round portion of the windscreen has two layers, the outer one of which is spun at high speed to shed water.

High speed aircraft may use bleed air which uses compressed air from the turbine engine to remove water, rather than mechanical wipers, to save weight and drag. Effectiveness of this method also depends on water-repellent glass treatments similar to Rain-X.

Legislation
Many jurisdictions have legal requirements that vehicles be equipped with windscreen wipers. Windscreen wipers may be a required safety item in auto safety inspections. Some US states have a "wipers on, lights on" rule for cars.

In popular culture
In the 1999 television commercial Synchronicity for the Volkswagen Jetta automobile, windscreen wipers were synchronized with events seen through the car windows, and with the song "Jung at Heart", which was commissioned for the advertising agency Arnold Worldwide and composed by Peter du Charme under the name "Master Cylinder".

title: Windscreen wiper


text:
Crucible Theatre

The Crucible Theatre, or simply The Crucible, is a theatre in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England which opened in 1971. It hosts regular theatrical performances and the annual World Snooker Championship, which has been held at the venue since 1977. The theatre's name refers to crucible steel, which was developed in Sheffield in 1740 and drove the industrialisation of the city. In May 2022 plans were unveiled to build a new 3,000-seat venue nearby with a bridge connecting the two buildings.

History

The Crucible Theatre was built by M J Gleeson and opened in 1971. It replaced the Sheffield Repertory Theatre which was based in Townhead Street at the Sheffield Playhouse. In 1967 Colin George, the founding artistic director of the Crucible, recommended a thrust stage for Sheffield, inspired by theatres created by Sir Tyrone Guthrie. Tanya Moiseiwitsch, who had been involved in designing Guthrie's theatres, was recruited to design Gleeson's theatre as well. The architects Renton Howard Wood Levin Architects were employed and the building itself began to take shape in 1969. It was completed in two years, with the opening performance in November 1971. The opening night performances were Fanfare, an evening's entertainment showing children acting in an improvised scene, Anton Chekhov's Swansong with Ian McKellen and Edward Petherbridge, and a music hall finale with a Sheffield brass band.

This demonstrated the versatility of the stage, which has since been adapted for dance and musical performances, as well as classical and modern theatre. The Crucible Theatre also hosts touring productions and the World Snooker Championship.

The audience sits on three sides but no member is more than 22 yards (20 metres) from the performer. Consequently, although it seats 980 people the spectator has an intimate relationship with the activity on stage. Colin George and the administrator David Brayshaw persuaded the Gulbenkian Foundation to finance the building of a professional studio theatre – the 400 seat Tanya Moiseiwitsch Playhouse, which opened with the main house.

In 2001, the Crucible was awarded the Barclays 'Theatre of the Year Award'. It is a Grade II listed building.

The building went through a £15 million refurbishment between 2007 and late 2009 – opening during that period only for the 2008 and 2009 World Snooker Championships.

The Crucible reopened as a theatre on 11 February 2010 with a production of Henrik Ibsen's An Enemy of the People, with the official reopening by Prince Edward on 18 February 2010.

Theatre
Under the distinguished leadership of a succession of artistic directors, The Crucible is a producing theatre, meaning shows are designed and rehearsed in-house. Productions are normally overseen by the Sheffield Theatres Group which also comprises the smaller Playhouse, housed in the same complex, and the large capacity neighbouring receiving venue the Lyceum.

Sports venue

The World Snooker Championship tournament has been played annually at the Crucible since 1977, and the venue has been lauded for creating a special feeling of excitement around the event. Sports journalist Peter Mason, in The Guardian, has argued that while the physical aspects of the Crucible are "greatly underwhelming", there is an undeniably special atmosphere inside the auditorium which means that "against all the modernist odds this relentlessly forward-looking theatre appears to have become infused with memories of the past every bit as easily as if it were a creaking old music hall dating back to the 19th century".

The World Women's Snooker Championship was also held at the Crucible between 1998 and 2003 but was eventually withdrawn due to financial difficulties. The venue has also hosted championships of other indoor sports, such as table tennis and squash.

Future plans
In May 2022 plans were unveiled for a new World Snooker Championship venue that would be attached to the existing Crucible Theatre building via a bridge. The new venue is to host up to 3,000 spectators. Snooker promoter Barry Hearn had confirmed talks were underway with Sheffield City Council in April 2022. Hearn added that the tournament could move elsewhere if the new project is not supported but, "the Crucible name is synonymous with snooker globally... so the name has to remain." The new building has been designed by the architect James Burland, the architect behind the City of Manchester Stadium, along with Arup. The building will also house a snooker museum.

title: Crucible Theatre


text:
Talk:Alexander Grothendieck/Major topics

Homological algebra?
We should think how to name the areas of math to which Grothendieck contributed. [I opine:] FuncAn is of the least; AG: he reformulated it. Homological Algebra is (my opinion:) certainly a part of modern AG, simply his viewpoint. And men, we write about HomAlg because we understand it, in was in 195x, but he worked more and 'Esquisse' is not about HomAlg.
 * Resume: I'd better replace all the stuff with 'modern algebraic geometry' which certainly includes AG, HA etc and in some way includes FA. Or better 'modern math'. --Ilya 12:45, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Homological algebra isn't part of algebraic geometry. For example the derived category idea is now widely used in module theory, and by people working on D-modules.
 * Yes, I agree if you mean algebraic geometry is the stuf that was before Grothendieck. But after him it includes a lot of stuff. For example, fundamental groups are important as they classify Galois covers. So action of fundamental group on etale cohomology is a part of modern AG. And before Grothendieck it wasn't.
 * [I claim:] To Grothendieck, was in now called his contribution to homological algebra was part of AG --Ilya 15:04, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

You shouldn't impose your 'point of view', you know.
 * Yes, I agree. --Ilya 13:56, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

That is called POV writing here. The importance of what Grothendieck did can be explained; it is better not to write it as a 'fan' of the man. For example, in functional analysis they are still working with the ideas on tensor products. When you say 'least importance', to whom? Charles Matthews 13:40, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * That's why I wrote 'least importance' in the Talk page and not on the page. And I haven't deleted anything from the page. Stil, I changed the order of words because I consider it factually more correct - you should simply look at what's contained in Esquisse et La longue marche a travers la theorie de Galois--Ilya 13:56, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Ilya's viewpoint
Caution: this is my opinion. I do think the viewponit I express is more correct that the one written in the article. However, I will not chenge the article unless we agree on it. Yes, this question is important enough for me to discuss.

Claims:
 * 1)  In his latest years G had some unifying viewpoint that borrowed much from
 * 2) low-dimensional topology and Galois theory (he made it into etale cohomology, se also anabelian)
 * 3) algebraic topology (he said this should be converted to so-called 'tame topology' in 'Esquisse')
 * 4) number theory ([modular forms]],
 * 5) arithmetics : dessins d'enfantes
 * 6) The contribution to the above subjects is the major contribution of G while contribution to functional analysis is not. Proof: he never mentiones FA in Esquisse.
 * 7) Corollary: one should mention the above subjects, preerably with their Grothendieck names as his major contribution to mathematics
 * 8) Corollary:  one should add information about the ater ideas of G, even if they aren't implemented to the final point yet
 * 9) Example: The very idea of scheme homotopy theory contributes much to G, but this subject, although marked with Vladimir Voevodsky'sFields medal is far from being finished

I can't agree with all of that. I have seen some of these manuscripts, and read a little. It isn't very polite to say I should read them. The Esquisse has been influential on some later work, I know. But please understand that this style of publication (if one can call it that) is completely outside the normal 'channels' of mathematics. In fact it is more like a manifesto than mathematics. Ordinary mathematics consists of results published in journals.

Please note that I am not saying that Grothendieck's later work is not of importance. But you are wrong to say, about functional analysis, that his lack of interest in his earlier work should be taken into account in this article. If you change the historical order of topics into one you consider more representative, you are not taking a 'neutral' point of view.

Charles Matthews 15:38, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Citation from Récoltes et Semailes
I suggest the folowing idea: We look at Récoltes et Semailles (French original), that is at Promenade.8.La Vision:

It's clearly written here what are the main points. And 'topological vector spaces' are explicitely written here to be of the least importance (with 'point de vue schématique') among others.

So we translate it into English and put in the article. I suggest putting it before saying any POV words like algebraic geometry, homological algebra and functional analysis. And I think the author's word about himself is more NPOV than everything we can say.

--Ilya 15:59, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Well, no. It is an interesting summary, no doubt. I believe that what is said about the 'anabelian' point of view, in particular, isn't accepted by some other mathematicians (such as Deligne). And I don't think it's reasonable to say, as you do in the final paragraph, that algebraic geometry, homological algebra and [[functional analysis] are POV words. They are standard terms, with meanings that have been stable for about 50 years.

See Don't include copies of primary sources for reasons not to include the 'raw material'.
 * (Don't include copies of primary sources)

Charles Matthews 16:09, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Sorry, I don't get the point.

I'm really sorry that you are spendnig so much tmie answernig me, but I really think this article doesn't contain correct explanation of 'what Grothendieck was'. And I think, adding his own words is by any POV closer to NPOV. We can add this text analysed line-by-line. Right now I'm contacting people to know what's the copyright for Grothendieck's work.

Why I think that algebraic geometry and other is POV: simply because Grothendieck doesn't fit into it. I think that saying 'he was working in ...' is like saying 'On the 4 Nov 1976 he started his morning with cleaning his teeth...' - it's right, but this is not the point. There were many people worknig on AG, HA and FA, and all them are different. But I suggest not discussing this.

^I suggest the final idea: I write an article Grothendieck's list of major mathematical topics (please edit the link to find better name) and analyse there the citation. Then we add the link to it at the top of the article, or where you want. --Ilya 16:57, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)^

Yes - I think you don't get the point about what Wikipedia requires.

Look, if I didn't have a great interest in Grothendieck I wouldn't have written articles about his work. I have done an online search on 'anabelian'; I see that there is work from recent years, of which I wasn't aware. I shall add a little to this article - people now seem to recognise the anabelian geometry as a field. Grothendieck's contribution is from 1984, and many others have worked on it; so an article about that should not be about him alone. An article about the Esquisse can just be about his ideas, but should summarise the original material, with short direct quotes only ('fair use').

The 'rules' of WP about NPOV mean that if you write a general article about Grothendieck, it should have a certain kind of balance. If you want to write about his whole work, there is a problem. But you could try to write Grothendieck's work on geometry.

Charles Matthews 17:13, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

May be Grothendieck's list of major mathematical topics as stated in Récoltes et Semailles?

If you want to write about Récoltes et Semailles, why not? It will be useful, and you can let others see what you have to say. Good luck!

Charles Matthews 17:21, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Look, I want to write about Grothenieck. I think that there is something important not mentioned in the article. You write about D-Modules, while I'd better write about dessins d'enfantes and Survivre et Vivre. If we start speaking what should be and what should not be there, we'll argue forever. Instead I suggest writnig: 'In .... he wrote that his major topics in mathematics were 1... 12... He considered ... the most important and ... the least.'( But as he decided to abort al his contacts with the mathematical world he wouldn't be interested in dicussnig this stuff :)) --Ilya 17:26, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Of course the Grothendieck article isn't complete. How could it be? Go ahead and write: it is how a wiki works. You seemed to be asking for advice, and you've had mine. There are many things to write about someone who produces 10000 pages of mathematics.

Charles Matthews 17:32, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)


text:
List of equations

This is a list of equations, by Wikipedia page under appropriate bands of their field.

Eponymous equations
The following equations are named after researchers who discovered them.

Mathematics

 * Cauchy–Riemann equations
 * Chapman–Kolmogorov equation
 * Maurer–Cartan equation
 * Pell's equation
 * Poisson's equation
 * Riccati equation
 * sine-Gordon equation
 * Verhulst equation

Physics

 * Ampère's circuital law
 * Bernoulli's equation
 * Bogoliubov–Born–Green–Kirkwood–Yvon hierarchy of equations
 * Bessel's differential equation
 * Boltzmann equation
 * Borda–Carnot equation
 * Burgers' equation
 * Darcy–Weisbach equation
 * Dirac equation
 * Dirac equation in the algebra of physical space
 * Dirac–Kähler equation
 * Doppler equations
 * Drake equation (aka Green Bank equation)
 * Einstein's field equations
 * Euler equations (fluid dynamics)
 * Euler's equations (rigid body dynamics)
 * Relativistic Euler equations
 * Euler–Lagrange equation
 * Faraday's law of induction
 * Fokker–Planck equation
 * Fresnel equations
 * Friedmann equations
 * Gauss's law for electricity
 * Gauss's law for gravity
 * Gauss's law for magnetism
 * Gibbs–Helmholtz equation
 * Gross–Pitaevskii equation
 * Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation
 * Helmholtz equation
 * Karplus equation
 * Kepler's equation
 * Kepler's laws of planetary motion
 * Kirchhoff's diffraction formula
 * Klein–Gordon equation
 * Korteweg–de Vries equation
 * Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation
 * Lane–Emden equation
 * Langevin equation
 * Levy–Mises equations
 * Lindblad equation
 * Lorentz equation
 * Maxwell's equations
 * Maxwell's relations
 * Newton's laws of motion
 * Navier–Stokes equations
 * Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations
 * Prandtl–Reuss equations
 * Prony equation
 * Rankine–Hugoniot equation
 * Roothaan equations
 * Saha ionization equation
 * Sackur–Tetrode equation
 * Samik Hazra equation
 * Schrödinger equation
 * screened Poisson equation
 * Schwinger–Dyson equation
 * Sellmeier equation
 * Stokes–Einstein relation
 * Tsiolkovsky rocket equation
 * Van der Waals equation
 * Vlasov equation
 * Wiener equation

Chemistry

 * Arrhenius equation
 * Butler–Volmer equation
 * Eyring equation
 * Henderson–Hasselbalch equation
 * Michaelis–Menten equation
 * Nernst equation
 * Schrödinger equation
 * Urey–Bigeleisen–Mayer equation

Biology

 * Breeder's equation
 * Hardy–Weinberg principle
 * Hill equation
 * Lotka–Volterra equation
 * Michaelis–Menten equation
 * Poiseuille equation
 * Price equation

Economics

 * Black–Scholes equation
 * Fisher equation

Technology

 * Mansour's equation

Mathematics

 * Polynomial equation
 * Linear equation
 * Quadratic equation
 * Cubic equation
 * Biquadratic equation
 * Quartic equation
 * Quintic equation
 * Sextic equation
 * Characteristic equation
 * Class equation
 * Comparametric equation
 * Difference equation
 * Matrix difference equation
 * Differential equation
 * Matrix differential equation
 * Ordinary differential equation
 * Partial differential equation
 * Total differential equation
 * Diophantine equation
 * Equation
 * Modular equation
 * Parametric equation
 * Replicator equation

Physics

 * Advection equation
 * Barotropic vorticity equation
 * Continuity equation
 * Diffusion equation
 * Drag equation
 * Equations of motion
 * Equation of state
 * Equation of time
 * Heat equation
 * Ideal gas equation
 * Ideal MHD equations
 * Mass–energy equivalence equation
 * Primitive equations
 * Relativistic wave equations
 * Vis-viva equation
 * Vorticity equation
 * Wave equation

Chemistry

 * Chemical equation (aka molecular equation)
 * Thermochemical equation

Telecommunications engineering

 * Password length equation
 * Telegrapher's equations

 * Functional equation
 * Functional equation (L-function)

Lists of equations

 * Constitutive equation
 * Laws of science
 * Defining equation (physical chemistry)
 * List of equations in classical mechanics
 * Table of thermodynamic equations
 * List of equations in wave theory
 * List of electromagnetism equations
 * List of relativistic equations
 * List of equations in fluid mechanics
 * List of equations in gravitation
 * List of photonics equations
 * List of equations in quantum mechanics
 * List of equations in nuclear and particle physics

title: List of equations


text:
Stockholm Bromma Airport

Stockholm Bromma Airport is a Swedish domestic and minor international airport in Stockholm. The operator calls the airport Bromma Stockholm Airport. It is located 4 NM west-northwest of downtown Stockholm and is the closest to the city compared to the other commercial passenger airports in the area around Stockholm (Arlanda, Skavsta and Västerås). Stockholm Bromma was Sweden's third-busiest airport by passenger traffic and take-offs and landings as of 2015.

Development
During the 1930s, the need for a proper airport for Stockholm, the capital city of Sweden, became urgent. The airport was opened on 23 May 1936 by King Gustav V, and was the first airport in Europe to have paved runways from the start. During World War II Swedish and British aircraft flew to the United Kingdom from Stockholm/Bromma. Since these flights sometimes carried Norwegian and Danish refugees, the airport became of interest to German spies, and two Swedish Douglas DC-3s that had taken off from Stockholm/Bromma were shot down by the Germans during the War. After the war, the airport flourished, two noted airlines that operated from the airport were Aktiebolaget Aerotransport (ABA) which subsequently became the Swedish partner in Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) and Linjeflyg (the Swedish main domestic airline which was later acquired by SAS). Stockholm/Bromma's runway was too short for the jet age and for intercontinental traffic in the 1960s (e.g., the DC-8), and the capacity limit of Stockholm/Bromma could be foreseen; therefore, Stockholm/Arlanda Airport was built. Also, the airport, originally built in an almost rural area, became with the large surge in the population of Stockholm and associated housing projects, located inside a major city with associated noise pollution.

With the opening of Stockholm/Arlanda Airport in 1960–62, all international traffic moved there; the domestic traffic followed in 1983. Stockholm/Bromma became the domain of business jets, general aviation and flight schools in addition to government use. Several of the old hangars were separated from the airport area and turned into shopping outlets adjacent to the airport. After the 1992 deregulation of civil aviation in Sweden, Malmö Aviation started service to Gothenburg, Malmö and London City Airport; since then, the airport has experienced something of a renaissance. In 2002, a new control tower was put into use on Ranhammarshöjden and the terminal which had become run down after years of neglect was renovated. The airport underwent further improvements in 2005 and is now capable of separating passengers arriving from within and outside of the Schengen area.

Sweden's first FBO (fixed-base operator), Grafair Jet Center, was built in 2004 at Stockholm/Bromma. The Swedish CAA at the time, Luftfartsverket, announced a bidding process in 2003 for a contract to build a general aviation terminal at the airport in order to improve the ground services provided for the general aviation customers flying to Stockholm and Bromma Airport. Grafair won the contract and went on to build the FBO, which was finished 11 November 2004. The Grafair Jet Center was voted the 3rd best international FBO in May 2008 in AIN - Aviation International News.

During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, all flights at Stockholm/Bromma were cancelled. BRA, the most frequent airline at Stockholm/Bromma, decided to cancel all its flights from 6 April 2020. BRA resumed limited operations in late 2020.

On 16 May 2021, Bromma Airport tram station was opened.

Future
Expansion of the airport would be limited by noise issues, a lack of space, and the necessity to preserve the cultural heritage (the airport buildings). With the completion of the third runway at Stockholm Arlanda Airport, there is a capacity surplus at that airport, and there have been ongoing debates on whether to use the land occupied by Stockholm Bromma Airport for residential and commercial purposes. When the airport opened in 1936, the surrounding area was mostly rural; however, as the city has expanded, noise has become an issue. Therefore, certain measures have been put in place, such as limiting airport operations to daytime hours, limiting the type of commercial aircraft which are allowed to operate from the airport, and soundproofing residential homes near the airport. Bromma's main advantage over the much larger Arlanda Airport is its proximity to the centre of Stockholm (about 8 km or 5 miles). However, Arlanda's fast rail link, completed in 1999, means that Bromma's competitive edge in this respect is somewhat lost.

In late 2014, the Red-Green alliance won control of both Stockholm city and the government in the general election. They started planning to completely shut down the airport and build apartments instead.

In May 2021, both the Swedish government and the airport's operator announced renewed plans to go ahead with the closure of the airport in the foreseeable future to make way for housing projects on the site. In October 2021, the Swedish government issued a report stating that Stockholm Bromma Airport could close between 2025 and 2027. All air traffic after the closure will be consolidated to Stockholm Arlanda Airport.

Airlines and destinations
The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights at Stockholm-Bromma:

Other facilities
Stockholm Bromma Airport is home of two flight clubs (Stockholms Flygklubb and SAS Flygklubb), as well as a flight school (LidAir). The state aviation, which operates VIP flights for the ministers of the government, the royal family and other high ranked government officials, is based at Bromma Airport.

Tram
Trams go between the airport and Alvik which has a metro station. This tram service which was opened in May 2021 is a part of the Tvärbanan network.

Bus
Airport coaches travel directly between Stockholm Bromma Airport and the City Terminal (approx. 20 min travel time). Buses 110 and 152 of the Stockholm Transit (SL) system stop at the airport or have a bus stop close to the airport. Travel time to central Stockholm is usually 30 minutes, via Alvik or Sundbyberg. SL bus tickets must be purchased before boarding.

Taxi
There is a taxi stand at the airport, and the proximity to central Stockholm usually ensures that the availability is sufficient at most times.

Parking
There is parking at the airport, both at the terminal, short-term and long-term parking lots. Terminal parking costs 45 Swedish kronor/h and is limited to one hour, while short-term and long-term parking is slightly less expensive depending on the length of time. The parking lots are managed by the airport company Swedavia.

Accidents and incidents

 * On 18 February 1951, a RAF Vickers Valetta with 22 passengers and crew on a military flight suffered a failure of the No. 2 engine and radio problems while near Stockholm/Bromma Airport. Smoke was also seen coming from beneath the floor of the rear of the cabin. The crew attempted to make an emergency landing at the airport, however due to poor alignment with the runway and poor weather caused the aircraft to overshoot the runway. The aircraft climbed very poorly due to effects of airframe icing and the pilot made a forced belly landing on a clearing on high ground. One person was killed and the aircraft totally destroyed.

 * On 1 April 1951, a Scandinavian Airlines Douglas DC-3 on a flight from Copenhagen Kastrup Airport to Stockholm Bromma Airport crash-landed in a field near the airport. None of the 18 passengers or 4 crew members were killed, but the aircraft was a write-off.

 * On 15 January 1977, Linjeflyg Flight 618, tail number SE-FOZ, crashed at Kälvesta on approach to Stockholm/Bromma due to ice accretion on the tailplane, leading to a loss of control. All 22 people on board were killed.

title: Stockholm Bromma Airport


text:
Talk:Turing Award

Untitled
I've just added the fields that each recipient was working under. This information is paraphrased from the info on the ACM site at, and may contain errors in interpretation. I would appreciate it if someone a little more knowledgeable could check this through. HappyDog 13:02, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Turing Citations
I think it is better to give the full citation instead of our summaried words on their contributions.

I find the citation italicizing to be very ugly. Could we make a note if something is not the literal original citation instead? 216.165.95.70 (talk) 01:58, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Some of the entries in that column seem to have been replaced with the original citations. As I see it, this could probably be solved by using the full citations, and then put links in the technical terms, in case people don't know what those are. But I agree, the italics have gotta go... I'll do it myself in a moment, if its simple enough Were-Aardwolf (talk) 21:51, 8 October 2010 (UTC)

Raj Reddy?
What nationality is he counted under?

Similarly: Andrew Yao. I would suggest to remove this uncertain data (temporarily below). What do you think? kuszi 19:21, 6 June 2006 (UTC).

Nationality
Most Turing Award recipients are Americans. The national distribution of Turing Award recipients from 1966 to 2005 was:
 * United States: 35
 * United Kingdom: 5
 * Israel: 3
 * Canada: 2
 * Norway: 2
 * Netherlands: 1
 * Switzerland: 1
 * Denmark: 1

 * and this is relevant because....what? User:Ejrrjs says What? 21:40, 9 June 2006 (UTC)
 * text is moved from article, possible it is irrelevant. Consult Andrew Yao and Raj Reddy (there is no China and India). kuszi 19:33, 12 June 2006 (UTC).
 * Thanks! User:Ejrrjs says What? 20:24, 12 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Then fix it. If it is proper to list Nobel laureates by nationality, it is proper here. Perhaps the French and Russians feel slighted. Or perhaps the reason is the iron rule of Wikiganda -- never show Israel in a positive light.68.5.64.178 11:09, 22 February 2007 (UTC)
 * Ugh, I just spent an hour or so trying to politely explain to the above user what notability is and addressing what I perceived as their misconceptions about Wikipedia's "liberal bias" without calling a spade a spade (I even went to the trouble of looking up policy guidelines like that one!), only to notice that it was posted 4 years ago. I feel so stupid! But at least this section of the discussion is better titled now, right? Were-Aardwolf (talk) 23:06, 8 October 2010 (UTC)

Ok, I don't understand your talk. Why is Andrew Yao still with the flag of Taiwan ? Zandr4[Kupopo ?] 20:00, 14 March 2013 (UTC)

Lectures
Many of the Award lectures are available online and are linked off the ACM site. It would be nice if somebody was inspired to put the links here. (Not all of them are available from the recipients' articles either.) --Clconway 07:45, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

Format of Citation text
I gave up reading the citations because they're in italics. I think the columns provide enough distinction, and plain text would make the citations easier to read. rof166.46.246.153 (talk) 23:09, 24 August 2010 (UTC)

Michael O. Rabin
I just added an Israeli flag for Michael O. Rabin. Everyone else has one and though he was born in Germany/Poland, he is clearly Israeli.  Randall Bart    Talk   23:34, 17 December 2010 (UTC)

Manual Of Style: Flags
Manual of Style: Flags, Inappropriate use, Do not emphasize nationality without good reason, Wikipedia is not a place for nationalistic pride. Flags removed from list. Alsee (talk) 05:32, 1 September 2014 (UTC)

Picayne Nitpick -- footnote "[1]"
The [wikitext for the] ref tag for footnote "[1]" says:.

Somehow or another -- through the mysteries of the  template, I guess -- that somehow gets trans-mogrified into something that displays as: "Cacm Staff (2014). 'ACM's Turing Award prize raised to $1 million'. Communications of the ACM 57 (12): 20. doi:10.1145/2685372."

I had the idea to make some kind of edit to improve that, but I would need more information. I already spent a certain amount of time trying to "investigate" the mysteries of the  template, but I came away with a feeling reminiscent of (the presumed emotions of Br'er Rabbit, in) the "Uncle Remus" story about the Tar Baby. Maybe eventually I will be able to (umm), add to my [tiny amount, currently, of] knowledge about those mysteries. But in the mean time, I just want to document what my reasons were:

 * The acronym "CACM" probably should be in all capital letters. I rarely see it (in the absence of some clumsy, misinformed malapropism) spelled with the initial letter in Upper case, and the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th letters in Lower case.

 * Wikipedia has an article about "CACM". I was hoping to be able to (find a place to!) add a pair of double [square] brackets around the acronym "CACM" there, to add a wikilink to [the article about] "CACM". So far, I cannot even find the place where the double brackets could ["possibly"] be added.

Any comments or advice would be welcome. Thanks! --Mike Schwartz (talk) 00:46, 11 July 2015 (UTC)
 * I think you need to do this as a 2-step process:
 * Remove the noedit parameter from the cite doi template. This parameter only makes it more difficult for you to edit the citation, and serves no useful purpose.
 * Go back to the article, and look at the citation after the previous change. You should now see a link labeled "edit" in small letters. Click on it. It will take you to the template with the actual citation data, which you can now edit.
 * By the way, you should not be linking to CACM — that goes to a disambiguation page. Use CACM instead (or just Communications of the ACM if you don't mind seeing it spelled out).
 * —David Eppstein (talk) 01:07, 11 July 2015 (UTC)

Statue image
I wonder why the statue image is the main infobox image. Why not use an image of the real award? --George Ho (talk) 16:33, 5 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Turing Award. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081230233653/http://www.acm.org/press-room/news-releases-2007/turingaward/ to http://www.acm.org/press-room/news-releases-2007/turingaward/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20091212132624/http://awards.acm.org/homepage.cfm?srt=all&awd=140 to http://awards.acm.org/homepage.cfm?srt=all&awd=140
 * Added tag to http://campus.acm.org/public/pressroom/press_releases/2_2007/turing2006.cfm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20091212132624/http://awards.acm.org/homepage.cfm?srt=all&awd=140 to http://awards.acm.org/homepage.cfm?srt=all&awd=140

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Countries for recipients
I think it's better to add countries for all recipients for two main reasons:
 * 1. This information is mentioned on the official site of ACM A.M. Turing Awards.
 * 2. The country of origin is mentioned in other prizes as well like Nobel Prize of Wolf Prize.
 * I believe it's best to add the country mentioned on the official website and maybe add the country of birth (if it is different). Gaigutherz (talk) 00:09, 27 January 2019 (UTC)

Table formatting is broken
The Rationale column in the Recipients table has cells that sometimes overflow into the next row. Viewing the website on the Android browser. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:8003:405F:3C00:1E9:D8E3:863E:FC59 (talk) 04:44, 21 March 2020 (UTC)

Adding affiliation at time of award to table
Hi all, any objection to adding a column to the recipients table to list the awardee's affiliation at time of award? Inspired by Fields_Medal which was mentioned repeatedly at a couple of recent AfDs. I'd boldly do it, but I don't typically edit in this topic and don't want to stomp on anyone's toes, or act against past consensus I"m unaware of. So if no objections, I'll get to it in a few days. Ajpolino (talk) 20:02, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

 * Ajpolino No objection here, I like the Fields Medal list and that looks like a positive change! Caleb Stanford (talk) 20:45, 24 October 2021 (UTC)

Missing images
I've added a bunch of missing images to the article. For the record, we are still missing images for E. Allen Emerson, Alfred Aho, and Jeffrey Ullman and we could use higher-quality images for several of the others, particularly John Cocke and Manuel Blum. Caleb Stanford (talk) 02:25, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

 * For the record, your additions violated WP:NFCC, which does not allow fair-use images in this kind of context, and have been reverted by a bot that checks for such things. If the bot hadn't reverted it, someone else (like me) would have instead. We need *free* images of those people. Images not available under a free license cannot be used. —David Eppstein (talk) 08:21, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

 * My apologies, I was not aware that free-use restrictions are not page-independent. Caleb Stanford (talk) 14:41, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

These edits seem to be a recurring problem. ACM has high-quality images of all the laureates. Does anyone know how to find the license for them and whether a fair use justification can be made? I am not sure the right procedure, but I think it would be in ACM's interest to improve the wiki page, and I'm happy to put some time in and/or send emails to the appropriate people at ACM. Suggestions? Caleb Stanford (talk) 18:09, 14 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Whether a fair use justification can be made: no. Fair use is allowable for images of dead people, on their biographical article. It is not allowable for galleries and lists, per WP:NFCC. Note that Wikipedia's requirements for when images can be used under fair use are significantly stricter than the legal requirements, deliberately, as a way to encourage the creation of open content. Material from ACM can be assumed to be copyrighted under a non-open license unless explicitly stated otherwise, and in the case of the link you give, we don't even have to assume: it says explicitly "Copyright 2019 Association for Computing Machinery. All rights reserved." You can try to persuade ACM to release the images under a sufficiently open license but it's a big bureaucracy; I doubt you'll have much luck. Many of these people are still alive; track them down, get permission to photograph them, do so, and upload the images under a free license. —David Eppstein (talk) 19:13, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

 * Noted, thanks. I sent an email, not really expecting a reply but we'll see. Caleb Stanford (talk) 20:35, 14 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Be sure to distinguish "you have permission to use this image for this purpose" from "we are releasing this image to anyone under an open license". Only the open license is acceptable for use on Wikipedia; permission that applies only to Wikipedia use is not good enough. —David Eppstein (talk) 20:43, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 17:09, 3 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Ronald L Rivest photo.jpg

title: Talk:Turing Award