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George Foot Moore

George Foot Moore (October 15, 1851 – May 16, 1931) was an American historian of religion, author, professor, and Presbyterian minister.

Life
Moore was born in West Chester, Pennsylvania, the son of Rev. William Eves Moore and Harriet Foot Moore. He was educated at private schools, West Chester Academy and Wyer's School, entered Yale College as a junior in 1870, then graduated from Yale in 1872, as a Phi Beta Kappa and member of the Skull and Bones society. After teaching at Hopkins Grammar School from 1872 to 1873, he engaged in study and private teaching in Columbus, Ohio, 1873–74, then served as principal of Lancaster (Ohio) High School 1874-75. He studied theology in Columbus 1875-76 and graduated from Union Theological Seminary (New York) in 1877. He was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry at Columbus February 8, 1878, and became pastor of Putnam Presbyterian Church in Zanesville, Ohio, from 1878 to 1883. He Married Mary Soper, daughter of Albert Gallatin and Mary Ann (Chester) Hanford on April 25, 1878, in Chicago. They had two sons, William Eves, who died in infancy, and Albert Hanford.

In 1883 he was appointed to the chair of Hebrew at Andover Theological Seminary where he taught until 1902, serving as president of the seminary from 1899 to 1901 and lectured on the history of religion from 1893 to 1901. During his service to Andover, he received the degree of Doctor of Divinity in 1885 from Marietta College, Ohio, and 12 years later, from Yale University in 1897. In 1902, he became a professor at the Harvard Divinity School, where he was appointed Frothingham Professor of the History of Religion in 1905, and Cabot Fellow for three years beginning in 1906. During his service at Harvard he obtained a degree of Legum Doctor in 1903 from Western Reserve University. He was a member of Harvard faculty from 1902 until retirement in 1928 and a preacher to the University from 1900 to 1903.

Moore was a member of the Deutsche Morgenlandische Gesellschaft, American Philological Association, Archaeological Institute of America, Society of Biblical Literature, among others, In addition, he was a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, serving as its president from 1921 to 1924, and was a member of both the American Oriental Society and the American Philosophical Society. Besides contributing many articles on Biblical and Oriental subjects in learned journals, he wrote extensively for the "Encyclopaedia Biblica" and served as editor of the Harvard Theological Review. Among his books, History of Religions (1914, 1919) and Judaism (two volumes, 1927) stand out as especially praiseworthy.

Moore served as an interim pastor and preacher at Central Congregational Church in Providence, Rhode Island from 1888-1889. He also preached at the dedication of the new building in 1893, and at the 50th Anniversary of the congregation in 1902.

Mrs. Mary Soper Moore died April 16, 1924. Moore died 7 years later due to general arteriosclerosis and chronic myocarditis, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, May 16, 1931.

Books

 * - a 13 volume series published between 1916 and 1923.
 * History of Religions (Vol. I, 1913; Vol. II, 1919)
 * - original published in 3 vols between 1927 and 1930
 * Editor (unfinished work), Albert Pike, Materials For The history of Freemasonry In France and Elsewhere on The Continent of Europe From 1718 To 1859, circa 1905, detached from "The New Age" magazine.
 * - reprint of journal article
 * - a 13 volume series published between 1916 and 1923.
 * History of Religions (Vol. I, 1913; Vol. II, 1919)
 * - original published in 3 vols between 1927 and 1930
 * Editor (unfinished work), Albert Pike, Materials For The history of Freemasonry In France and Elsewhere on The Continent of Europe From 1718 To 1859, circa 1905, detached from "The New Age" magazine.
 * - reprint of journal article
 * History of Religions (Vol. I, 1913; Vol. II, 1919)
 * - original published in 3 vols between 1927 and 1930
 * Editor (unfinished work), Albert Pike, Materials For The history of Freemasonry In France and Elsewhere on The Continent of Europe From 1718 To 1859, circa 1905, detached from "The New Age" magazine.
 * - reprint of journal article
 * - reprint of journal article

title: George Foot Moore


text:
Mariana Alcoforado

Sóror Mariana Alcoforado (Santa Maria da Feira, Beja, 22 April 1640 – Beja, 28 July 1723) was a Portuguese nun living in the convent of the Poor Clares (Convento de Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Convent of Our Lady of the Conception) in Beja, Portugal.

Debate continues as to whether Mariana was the real Portuguese author of the Letters of a Portuguese Nun (comprising five letters). Her purported love affair with the French officer Noël Bouton, Marquis de Chamilly and later Marshal of France, has made Beja famous in literary circles, mainly in Portugal and France.

Some literary scholars consider the letters a fictional work and ascribe their authorship to Gabriel-Joseph de Lavergne, comte de Guilleragues (1628–1684), although a real nun named Mariana Alcoforado indeed existed. In her recent book Letters of a Portuguese Nun: Uncovering the Mystery Behind a Seventeenth-Century Forbidden Love (2006), the author Myriam Cyr has attempted to reassert the attribution of the letters to the real Mariana Alcoforado.

Biography

 * Note: the following biography is based in large part on the letters and may contain, for that reason, fictionalized elements.

Mariana Alcoforado was born in Beja, daughter of landed proprietor of Alentejo Francisco da Cunha Alcoforado, born at Cortiços, Macedo de Cavaleiros, and first wife Leonor Mendes. She had three brothers: Baltasar Vaz Alcoforado, Miguel da Cunha Alcoforado and Francisco da Cunha Alcoforado, and two sisters: Anna Maria da Cunha Alcoforado, wife of Rui de Mello Lobo Freire, and Maria Peregrina Alcoforado. Beja was the chief garrison town of the province and the principal theatre of the twenty-eight years' war with Spain that followed the Portuguese Revolution of 1640. Mariana's widowed father, occupied with administrative and military commissions, placed her in the wealthy convent of the Conception for security and education. He later remarried and had two more daughters, Maria da Conceição Alcoforado and Catarina Alcoforado, and was also made a Knight of the Order of Christ on 15 December 1647.

She made her religious profession as a Franciscan nun of the Poor Ladies at sixteen or earlier, without any real vocation, and lived a routine life in that somewhat relaxed house until her twenty-fifth year, when she purportedly met the young French nobleman Noël Bouton. This man, afterwards known as marquis of Chamilly, and marshal of France, was one of the French officers who came to Portugal to serve under the captain, Frederick Schomberg, 1st Duke of Schomberg, the re-organizer of the Portuguese army, campaigning against the Spanish army in the Alentejo.

During the years 1665-1667, the marquis of Chamilly spent much of his time in and about Beja, and probably became acquainted with the Alcoforado family through Sóror Mariana's brother, who was a soldier. Custom permitted those in religious orders to receive and entertain visitors, and Chamilly found it easy to get round the trustful nun. Before long their affair became known and caused a scandal, and to avoid the consequences Chamilly deserted Soror Mariana and returned to France. This resulted in Soror Mariana writing the letters.

There are signs in the fifth letter that Soror Mariana had begun to conquer her passion. After a life of rigid penance, accompanied by much suffering, she died, aged 83. Soror Mariana's life story has also been described in the novel by Katherine Vaz, Mariana, published by Aliform Publishing in 2005.

Fiction

 * The Three Marias: New Portuguese Letters, by Maria Isabel Barreno, Maria Teresa Horta, and Maria Velho da Costa, translated by Helen R. Lane, 1973 Doubleday; Novas Cartas Portuguesas original title; ISBN 0-385-01853-3.
 * The Love Letters, a novel by Madeleine L'Engle, 1966 Farrar, Straus and Giroux, ISBN 0-87788-528-1.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mariana Alcoforado


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New Albany

New Albany is the name of several places in the United States of America:

Localities

 * New Albany, Indiana
 * New Albany, Kansas
 * New Albany, Mississippi
 * New Albany, New Jersey
 * New Albany, Ohio, a city in Franklin and Licking counties
 * New Albany, Mahoning County, Ohio, an unincorporated community
 * New Albany, Pennsylvania
 * New Albany, Wisconsin, the former name of Beloit, Wisconsin

Townships

 * New Albany Township (disambiguation)

Schools and school districts

 * New Albany High School (Indiana)
 * New Albany High School (Ohio)
 * New Albany-Plain Local School District (Ohio)

title: New Albany


text:
Karl Lennart Oesch

Karl Lennart Oesch (8 August 1892 – 28 March 1978) was one of Finland's leading generals during World War II. He held a string of high staff assignments and front commands, and at the end of the Continuation War commanded three Finnish army corps on the Karelian Isthmus. He received numerous awards, including the Finnish Mannerheim Cross during his service. Following the end of the Continuation War, he was tried and convicted for war crimes relating to the treatment of Soviet prisoners-of-war.

Early life
Karl Lennart Oesch was born on 8 August 1892 in Pyhäjärvi to Christian Oesch and Anna Barbara Stegman. His parents were of Swiss origin and had moved to Finland before his birth. He attended school in Sortavala and studied in the Department of Mathematics and Physics at the University of Helsinki from 1911 to 1915.

Jaeger Movement and Civil War
Oesch joined the Finnish Jäger Movement, traveling to Germany in 1915. As a member of the Royal Prussian 27th Jäger Battalion, he fought on the German side of World War I on the Eastern Front, participating in combat in the region of Misa. He briefly returned to Finland to recruit more volunteers, before returning to Germany. In 1917, he was promoted Oberzugführer (Senior platoon leader).

He returned to Finland in February 1918 with the main forces of the Finnish Jägers to take part in the Finnish Civil War on the side of the Finnish Whites. During the civil war, Oesch commanded the 8th Jaeger Battalion in the regions of Raasuli and Rautu.

Oesch's battalion saw action especially in the area of the Rautu railway station, which was held by the Finnish Reds who were supported by an armored train. The reds withdrew from the station following multiple White attacks which captured the armored train but failed to capture the station area. Oesch reported that the withdrawal resulted in significant casualties, with 1200 Reds killed and 600–800 captured. The 8th Jaeger Battalion lost 199 men with 160 wounded while the total White losses were 670 men.

1918 also saw Oesch commissioned as a captain in the Finnish Army, followed by a promotion to major. He briefly acted as the chief of staff of the Mountain Brigade (Vuoristoprikaati) before taking the position of the chief of intelligence in the Finnish General Headquarters. Later that year, he took command of the Guards Jaeger Battalion (Kaartin jääkäripataljoona), a position he would hold until 1920.

Interwar years

Oesch married Anna Aitanga Niskanen in 1919. The couple had two children: son Karl Christian (born 1921) and daughter Ann-Mari (born 1922).

In the 1920s and 1930s Oesch advanced rapidly in the Finnish Defence Forces. He briefly acted as an aide to the chief-of-staff of the Army High Command, before being given command of the Vyborg Regiment (Viipurin Rykmentti). While holding that command, he was promoted lieutenant colonel in 1921.

From 1924 to 1926, Oesch studied in the French military academy. During this time, he was also promoted colonel. Once he had returned to Finland, Oesch commanded the newly created general staff academy Sotakorkeakoulu. He briefly held command of the 1st Division from 1929 to 1930, after which he was promoted to major general and appointed Chief of the General Staff. During the following years, he oversaw significant reforms in the Finnish armed forces, which, according to Mikko Uola, "made possible the successes of the Finnish army in the Winter War". Oesch also served briefly as Deputy Minister of the Interior Affairs from 3 to 14 March 1932, during the crisis caused by the Mäntsälä rebellion. He was promoted to lieutenant general in 1936.

Winter War and the Interim Peace
When the Soviet invasion of Finland started the Winter War on 30 November 1939, Oesch continued as Chief of the General Staff at Finnish Supreme headquarters under the Finnish Commander-in-Chief, Marshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim.

In early March 1940, just prior to the end of the Winter War, Oesch was given command of the Coast Group, whose sector along the Bay of Viipuri had become critical. Oesch replaced Major General Kurt Martti Wallenius, who had taken command only three days prior. According to Robert Edwards, Wallenius had "retreated to his command post and became very drunk" after losing his nerve from the intensity of the combat. The Battle of Vyborg Bay saw both sides suffer significant losses, but by the evening of March 5 the Soviet 173rd Motor Rifle Division had established a bridgehead over the bay. Further Soviet forces arrived at the bridgehead by 10 March, but the signing of the Moscow Peace Treaty on 12 March saw the hostilities end at 11 a.m. on 13 March.

Following the end of the war, Oesch first returned to his previous post as the Chief of the General Staff for a few weeks, before taking the command of II Corps.

Continuation War

Following Finno-German negotiations that had been ongoing from at least May 1941, the Finns mobilized on 10 June 1941 in preparation for the Continuation War, the Finnish component of the German invasion of the Soviet Union. As part of these preparations, Oesch's II Corps was renamed IV Corps. Consisting of the 4th, 8th, 10th and 12th divisions, it was initially tasked with the defense of the southernmost sector of the Finno-Soviet border on the shore of the Gulf of Finland.

Following the Soviet 23rd Army's withdrawal from Vyborg, parts of IV Corps followed in pursuit. A Finnish amphibious landing to Lokhaniemi, south of Vyborg, together with a by-land envelopment conducted by the 4th and 12th divisions, resulted in the pocketing of the Soviet 43rd, 115th and 123rd divisions following the Battle of Porlampi. While most of the 115th and 123rd divisions eventually escaped the encirclement, the operation resulted in the capture of some 3000 prisoners of war, including the commander of the Soviet 43rd Division, Major General Kirpichnikov, and large amounts of materiel.

In 1942, Oesch was given command of Olonets Group in the Olonets Isthmus between Lakes Onega and Ladoga. While the front had stabilized into trench warfare, Oesch's forces soon came under attack by six soviet divisions and four brigades. The attack was eventually repulsed, but caused significant casualties for both sides.

The trench warfare period ended on 9 June 1944 with the Soviet Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive, which soon broke the Finnish lines. On the morning of 14 June 1944, Oesch received a call from Lieutenant General Aksel Airo with the following message: "Everything's going to hell on the Isthmus. Get yourself there on orders from the commander-in-chief, the corps are yours."

Oesch was given the title Commander of the Isthmus Forces, with the forces under his command soon including the III, IV and V Corps. The Soviet offensive pushed the Finnish forces first to the VT-line, and eventually to the VKT-line, where the situation eventually stabilized around 17 July, following the fall of Vyborg and the battles of Tali-Ihantala and Vyborg Bay. Oesch was awarded the Mannerheim Cross on 26 June 1944.

Following the stabilization of the situation, Soviet forces from the Finnish front were redirected to other fronts, and on 27 July the Soviets indicated they would be open to a negotiated peace that allowed for an independent Finland. The Finnish parliament accepted the Soviet demands on 2 September. As agreed during the negotiations, Finnish forces began to observe a cease-fire at 07:00a.m. on 4 September. Soviet forces followed suite some 25 hours later, at 08:00a.m. on 5 September.

After the end of the war, Oesch briefly commanded the General Staff of the Finnish General Headquarters before taking command of an army corps later that year.

Trial for war crimes
Oech was arrested for war crimes in 1945. In 1946, he was sentenced to 12 years in prison on involuntary manslaughter charges for having encouraged the killings of 17 Soviet prisoners of war. The sentence was later reduced to three years by the Supreme Court of Finland.

The trial and sentence stemmed from events in November 1941, when Oesch had given an order to shoot political commissars and other prisoners-of-war who refused to work or follow orders. Any paperwork related to such executions would not be properly filled, listing the executed as "removed" (poistettu) In addition, in the fall of 1944, Oesch had ordered the destruction of documents relating to shot prisoners-of-war.

Later life
After Oesch was released from prison in 1948, he devoted himself to military history, researching and writing extensively on Finnish experiences in World War II. He founded the Kansa Taisteli magazine and wrote a book on the 1944 events on the Karelian Isthmus. According to Mikko Uola, Oesch was embittered by what he perceived as a lack of recognition for his actions.

Oesch died in Helsinki on 28 March 1978 and is buried in the Hietaniemi cemetery.

Awards
During his life, Oesch received several notable military awards. The most notable of these are the Finnish Mannerheim Cross and the Grand Cross of the Order of the Cross of Liberty. In addition, he received the Finnish Order of the White Rose of Finland; the Latvian Order of the Three Stars; the Norvegian Order of St. Olav; the Polish Order of Polonia Restituta and Golden Cross of Merit; the French Legion of Honour; the Swedish Order of the Sword and Order of the Polar Star; several German and Prussian Iron Crosses; the Danish Order of the Dannebrog; and the Estonian Order of the Cross of the Eagle.

In 1960, he was given an honorary doctorate by the University of Turku.

title: Karl Lennart Oesch


text:
George Baker

George Baker may refer to:

Arts

 * George Baker (British actor) (1931–2011), British film and television actor
 * George Baker (art historian) (born 1970), American art historian
 * George Baker (Indian actor) (born 1946), Indian actor and politician
 * George Baker (baritone) (1885–1976), British singer
 * George Baker (cartoonist) (1915–1975), Sad Sack comic strip
 * George Baker (Dutch singer) (born 1944), Dutch singer and songwriter
 * George Baker Selection, Dutch pop music group
 * George Baker (organist) (1773–1847), English musician
 * George C. Baker (born 1951), composer and organist
 * George D. Baker (1868–1933), American film director
 * George Herbert Baker (1878–1943), American Impressionist artist
 * George Melville Baker (1832–1890), American playwright and publisher
 * George Pierce Baker (1866–1935), American drama professor
 * George Philip Baker (1879–1951), British author
 * George Augustus Baker (1821–1880), American portrait painter

Politics

 * George Baker (Canadian politician) (born 1942), Canadian senator
 * George Baker (died 1723), British politician
 * George Barnard Baker (1834–1910), Canadian politician from Quebec
 * George Harold Baker (1877–1916), Canadian politician and lawyer
 * George Luis Baker (1868–1941), mayor of Portland, Oregon, 1917–1933
 * George W. C. Baker (1872–1953), councilman on the Los Angeles City Council, 1931–1937
 * George H. Baker (1859–1928), American politician in the state of Washington
 * George Baker (mayor) (1825–1910), British industrialist, politician and philanthropist, mayor of Birmingham
 * George Ellis Baker (1816–1887), member of the New York State Assembly

Religion

 * Father Divine (c. 1876–1965), American religious leader whose real name was possibly George Baker
 * George Baker (bishop) (fl. 1661–1665), Bishop of Waterford and Lismore
 * George Baker (archdeacon of Totnes) (1687–1772), British Anglican priest
 * George Baker (dean of Antigua) (fl. 1926–1970), Barbadian Anglican priest
 * A. George Baker (1849–1918), American Protestant clergyman who converted to Islam

Sports

 * George Baker (baseball) (1857–1915), Major League Baseball player
 * George Baker (cricketer, born 1838) (1838–1870), English cricketer, played for Kent
 * George Baker (cricketer, born 1849) (1849–1879), English cricketer, played for Middlesex
 * George Baker (cricketer, born 1862) (1862–1938), English cricketer, played for Yorkshire and Lancashire
 * George Baker (New Zealand cricketer) (1895–1962), New Zealand cricketer
 * George Baker (footballer) (1936–2024), Welsh international footballer
 * George Baker (jockey), English jockey
 * George Baker (field hockey) (born 2002), field hockey player from New Zealand

Others

 * George Baker (judge) (1910–1984), British judge
 * George Baker (inventor) (1844–1894), American submarine inventor
 * George Baker (surgeon) (1540–1600), English surgeon
 * George Baker (topographer) (1781–1851), topographer and historian of Northampton, England
 * George Baker (geologist) (1908–1975), Australian mineralogist and academic
 * George Charlie Baker (fl. 2006), perpetrator of the murder of Liam Ashley
 * George Fisher Baker (1840–1931), American banker and philanthropist
 * George Percival Baker (1856–1951), British botanist, mountaineer, and textile merchant and collector
 * George P. Baker (dean of Harvard Business School) (1903–1995), fifth dean of the Harvard Business School
 * George P. Baker (Herman C. Krannert Professor) (fl. 1987–present), American
 * Sir George Baker, 1st Baronet (1722–1809), British physician

title: George Baker


text:
Ie (Japanese family system)

Ie (家) is a Japanese term which translates directly to household. It can mean either a physical home or refer to a family's lineage. It is popularly used as the "traditional" family structure. The physical definition of an ie consists of an estate that includes a house, rice paddies and vegetable gardens, and its own section in the local cemetery. The symbolic definition of ie has been referred to as the cultural medium for the physical processes of kinship, such as mating and procreation. The symbolic ie refers not only to blood lines, however, but also to economic and socioreligious functions that take place within the family.

Family registration and status
The ie is a patriarchal household and is considered to consist of grandparents, their son, his wife and their children. In a "traditional" Japanese household, the eldest son inherits the household property as well as the responsibility of taking care of his parents as they age. The eldest son is also expected to live with his parents when they grow older.

Today all households are obligated to record their information in the koseki, the family registration system, which records any and all changes in family composition and identity. The koseki also requires a household to appoint one person as the head of the house. Although a woman may also be head of household, the heads are typically male (98 percent of households elect a male as the head of the household). Once the head is chosen, other members of the house must change their surnames to that of the head. Japanese law obligates married spouses to have the same surname. Although the chosen surname can be of the wife too, this rarely happens. In 2015, the Japanese Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the law, noting that women could use their maiden names informally, and stating that it was for the legislature to decide on whether to pass new legislation on separate spousal names. Even with the death of a koseki, the family will keep the name as long as they are listed in the system as part of his koseki. One to two generations can be included in a koseki, a couple and their children. If a household consists of grandparents and children, then the grandparents must start to have their own koseki. This system has been noted to be particularly strict in that it excludes any families who do not fit into the patrilineal structure encouraged by the koseki. Another important aspect of the ie is the role of dead ancestors. Dead ancestors may be separated into two categories: the "generation dead", and the "juvenile dead." "Generation dead" are husband and wife pairs who held the status of household heads during their living years. These ancestors are representative of the history of the ie and provide living members of the ie means of relating to their history and ancestors. They play a pivotal role in the daily lives of most Japanese households in that they must be given a great deal of respect and are commemorated through Buddhist rites. In contrast, if an ancestor does not qualify as a "generation dead" then they are considered "juvenile dead" and are destined to be forgotten.

Arranged marriage
Marital and affinial ties are of great concern to the identity of an ie and therefore arranged marriage was very common in Japan prior to World War II. Studies have shown that families in the middle and upper classes are more committed to arranged marriages than those in lower classes because they are most concerned with the security of the household and recognize that “romantic love, ren’ai, cannot be counted on.”

Household duties
The ie is often defined by the gendered roles within a family. These roles are most often exemplified by the household duties that each family member is expected to uphold. Until recently, wives took on the duties of cooking, cleaning, and raising the children, while the typical husband served as a salary man and earned the income for the family. While this familial structure is still in place, it is changing as more and more women join the workforce. Among the lower class society, a rising number of women are achieving economic independence and good career prospects leading to a shift in the typical patriarchic society. Today, the Japanese government has encouraged working fathers to become Iku-men (or stay-at-home fathers), and in 1992, the Japanese government passed a law that allowed for time off for both the mother and the father of a newborn child.

title: Ie (Japanese family system)


text:
A Certain Ratio

A Certain Ratio (abbreviated as ACR) are an English post-punk band formed in Greater Manchester in 1977 by Peter Terrell (guitar), Simon Topping (vocals, trumpet), Jez Kerr (bass guitar, vocals), Martin Moscrop (trumpet, guitar) and Donald Johnson (drums), with Martha Tilson (vocals) joining soon after.

One of the first white indie groups to draw heavy influence from funk as well as disco and Latin percussion, the band were among the first to debut on Tony Wilson's Factory Records in 1979 with "All Night Party," produced by Martin Hannett. During ACR's early years with Factory, they scored seven Top Ten UK independent releases, highlighted by "Flight" and "Waterline," and released five studio albums beginning with The Graveyard and the Ballroom (1980).

Following late 1980s and early 1990s phases with A&M Records and Rob Gretton's independent Robs Records, ACR were intermittently active. They returned to the studio for their ninth studio album Mind Made Up (2008) and since then have continued to perform, with their back catalogue recirculated through an arrangement with Mute Records.

They released their first new studio album in twelve years, ACR Loco in September 2020, followed by three EP's A, C and R in 2021, and eleventh studio album, 1982, in 2023. Their twelfth studio album, It All Comes Down to This will be released in 2024.

Formation and first releases
The band was formed by vocalist Simon Topping and guitarist and electronics player Peter Terrell, who after initially performing as a duo, were soon joined by bassist and vocalist Jez Kerr and then guitarist and trumpeter Martin Moscrop, the band played without a drummer for a year. The band's name is taken from the lyric of Brian Eno's song "The True Wheel" from his solo studio album Taking Tiger Mountain (By Strategy) (1974). Their early influences included the Velvet Underground, Kraftwerk, the Pop Group, Pere Ubu, Wire, Brian Eno, Parliament, Funkadelic, and Earth, Wind & Fire. A Certain Ratio, by early 1979, were "beginning to forge links between post-punk industrial and dance-floor funk" (Tony Wilson, Factory Records).

ACR's line-up, with a dark bass-heavy industrial and funk sound, recorded the group's debut single, "All Night Party", released by Factory Records in September 1979 (the label's first single artist release), with Factory label boss Tony Wilson also becoming their manager, proclaiming the band to be "the new Sex Pistols". The 5,000 copies that were pressed soon sold out.

On 1 October 1979, the band recorded a session for John Peel's BBC Radio 1 show, by which time Donald Johnson had joined the band on drums. The session included "Do the Du", "All Night Party", "Flight" and "Choir" and was broadcast on 17 October.

ACR played their first tour of bigger venues as the opening act on American rock band Talking Heads' UK tour in December 1979. There are suggestions that watching ACR perform encouraged lead vocalist David Byrne and Talking Heads to go in a more funky musical direction.

Early albums
Their next release, the cassette-only compilation of demos and live tracks The Graveyard and the Ballroom, was released in January 1980. The Graveyard side of the album was recorded at Graveyard Studios, Prestwich, Greater Manchester in September 1979, produced by Factory's Martin Hannett. The Ballroom side was a live recording of ACR’s October 1979 gig at the Electric Ballroom, Camden, London. A Certain Ratio consider the release to be "our most punk-funk album. It's got real indie undertones, post-punk undertones".

Martin Moscrop started a second band in 1980, Swamp Children (the name later changed to Kalima), that would go on to share several members with A Certain Ratio.

In July 1980, the band's second single, a cover version of Banbarra's "Shack Up", recorded at a cost of £50, was released. This was followed in November with "Flight" on 12", which saw their first placing on the UK Independent Chart, peaking at no. 7. "Shack Up" got a US release in January 1981, going on to peak at no. 46 on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart, and the band expanded to a six-piece with the addition of former Occult Chemistry vocalist Martha Tilson, with Topping focusing on trumpet and percussion.

The expanded line-up recorded their debut studio album, To Each... The album was recorded in New Jersey with Martin Hannett producing, and released in May 1981. It topped the UK Independent Chart. To Each... represents a development in the ACR sound from the raw harshness of The Graveyard and the Ballroom to a percussion-based post-punk funk.

They recorded a second Peel session in June 1981. The session, which included "Knife Slits Water", "Day One" and "Skipscada", was broadcast on 2 July. ACR finished the year with the single "Waterline", which was another top 10 indie chart hit. "Waterline" was the first record self-produced by the group. All of ACR’s previous recordings had been produced by Factory's Martin Hannett but the band wanted a different sound. "We thought he was making us sound too much like Joy Division" (Martin Moscrop, ACR). "Waterline" has a more funk and jazz sound than earlier recordings.

The band's third studio album, Sextet, followed in January 1982, now incorporating elements of acid jazz, funk, and Latin music, and again topped the indie albums chart, also peaking at no. 55 on the UK Albums Chart. Tony Wilson had arranged for ACR to go to New York to record To Each… but that album had already been largely written and the influences of New York didn’t really appear in ACR’s music until Sextet. The band's recent stay in New York had increased the Latin, jazz and Cuban percussion influences in their music. Sextet was the first album that was self-produced by ACR and is closer to the "dark funk" sound the band wanted. ACR rate Sextet as one of their stand out albums.

In February 1982, they released the dub reggae single "Abracadubra" under the pseudonym 'Sir Horatio'. ACR had further indie charting singles that year with "Guess Who?" and "Knife Slits Water". The group recorded a third Peel session in November, now without Tilson, but with Andy Connell added on keyboards and percussion. This session saw the group show more of a jazz influence in the three tracks ("Who's to Say", "Piu Lento" and "Touch") which were broadcast on the John Peel show of 1 December 1982.

The band's fourth studio album, I'd Like to See You Again, was released in November 1982, reaching no. 2 on the indie albums chart. "The new music offered disciplined latin disco, inspired in part by Cameo." The album received mixed reviews. "ACR aren't sounding like ACR anymore so much as the latest New York disco imports" (New Musical Express, 1982) "I'd Like to See You Again represented an aesthetic low. In striving for a more accessible sound, the group had become overly clinical." (Adrian Thrills, New Musical Express, August 1985)

Founders leave
The band's two founding members, Topping and Terrell, left the band in late 1982. Simon Topping recorded a solo single before forming T-Coy with former Quando Quango (and later M People member) Mike Pickering. The band regrouped and returned in October 1983 with the single "I Need Someone Tonight" (with Carol McKenzie on vocals), another top-10 indie hit. Tony Quigley of Kalima joined on saxophone, and the band released three singles in late 1984 and 1985 – "Life's a Scream" (December 1984), "Brazilia" (February 1985) and "Wild Party" (June 1985).

The Old and the New, a compilation album bringing together many of the non-album singles released from ACR's formation up to the end of 1985, came out on Factory Records in January 1986. Connell left in 1985 to form Swing Out Sister, whose lead vocalist Corinne Drewery guested on ACR's next studio album, Force (1986), their last for Factory, released in November 1986. Stuart James co-produced the album with the band. It was recorded and mixed between July and August 1986 at Yello 2 Studios in Stockport, Greater Manchester. The album received good reviews from music critics, and spent nine weeks on the UK Independent Albums Chart, peaking at No. 2. "Mickey Way" was the first single from the album, released exclusively in the UK. "Bootsy" was the second single from the album and was released exclusively in Australia. Neither single charted. In January 1986, ACR performed live on Channel 4 music show The Tube.

1989–1997: A&M, Rob's Records, and Creation Records
New releases were sparse during the next two years. Dojo Records released a 1985 live recording as Live in America in February 1987, and Italian label Materiali Sonori released the Greeting Four EP five months later. The band signed a recording contract with A&M Records in 1987, the line-up now consisted of Kerr, Moscrop, Johnson, and Quigley, the first releases for the label the singles "The Big E" and "Backs to the Wall", which preceded the band's sixth studio album Good Together, released in September 1989. A 50–minute recording of a live show from London was broadcast on British television in October. They also set up their own SoundStation studio in Manchester. The band's only significant chart success with A&M came with the 1990 single "Won't Stop Loving You", which peaked at no. 55 on the UK Singles Chart, although the first two singles also made the lower reaches of the chart. The studio album acr:mcr (1990) followed bringing a new generation of fans from the dance/club scene to ACR. But the band were then dropped from the label.

In 1991, they signed with Rob's Records, owned by New Order manager and former Factory Records partner Rob Gretton, releasing a string of singles and the album Up in Dowsnville (1992). In 1994, Creation Records began reissuing the band's albums on the Rev-Ola sub-label, and also released two EPs of remixes. The band's first original material for almost three years was released in August 1996, with the live Soundstation Volume 1 EP, followed in November with the band's ninth studio album Change the Station. A second Soundstation live EP was released in March 1997, the band's last release for some time.

In 2002, Soul Jazz Records reissued the albums with bonus tracks (but using the same masters as the Creation editions). Further re-issues and a live recording from 1980 were also made available on the LTM label.

21st century return
The band played occasional live shows between 2002 and 2007, and performed in the US for the first time since 1985 on 16 November 2008, headlining the Part Time Punks festival at The Echo in Los Angeles, releasing a new studio album Mind Made Up the same month, on French label Le Maquis. They performed a headline set at the Offset Festival in London in September 2009, playing alongside fellow post-punk artists the Slits, following a one-off live performance commemorating Factory Records in Dublin, in March that year. They performed at the Plan K, Molenbeek in West Brussels on 12 December 2009 as part of the event, A Factory Night (And Then Again). This event also featured Section 25, the Wake, the Names and Biting Tongues. Towards the end of 2009, the band announced a live appearance at a fund-raising event at Brighton's Concorde 2 venue on 7 March 2010. Their 2008 studio album, Mind Made Up was re-issued via LTM Recordings during 2010, along with a redux version of the 1986 studio album, Force.

In 2018, Mute Records began reissuing their back catalogue, they released acr:set, an album of mostly old tracks with two new tracks, one ("Dirty Boy") recorded with Barry Adamson of Magazine and featuring a recording of Tony Wilson, and undertook a tour of the UK with dates in Ireland and Finland. In November 2018 they recorded a session for Marc Riley's BBC Radio 6 Music show, performing new song "Dirty Boy", "Mickey Way", and "Flight".

They released a box set, a 40th anniversary retrospective named acr:box, in May 2019 and toured in support of this. It consists of 53 songs providing a detailed career overview to date. A Certain Ratio released ACR Loco in September 2020 on Mute. Their first album of new material in 12 years featured three of the original band members – Jez Kerr, Martin Moscrop, and Donald Johnson – along with members of the band's current live ensemble. This was followed by three EP releases and remix album Loco Remezclada in 2021. ACR's eleventh studio album, 1982, was released in 2023. Their twelfth studio album, It All Comes Down to This will be released in 2024.

In film
"Wild Party" was used in the soundtrack of the British romantic comedy film Letter to Brezhnev (1985). "Shack Up" was used in the soundtrack of Patrice Chéreau's Intimacy (2001). The band are featured in the biographical comedy drama film 24 Hour Party People (2002) where Tony Wilson (played by Steve Coogan) describes them as "having all the energy of Joy Division but better clothes". Martin Moscrop was musical supervisor of the film.

In video games
"Faceless" was used on the in-game radio station "Kult FM" in Grand Theft Auto V.

Discography
Studio albums

 * The Graveyard and the Ballroom (1980)
 * To Each... (1981)
 * Sextet (1982)
 * I'd Like to See You Again (1982)
 * Force (1986)
 * Good Together (1989)
 * acr:mcr (1990)
 * Up in Downsville (1992)
 * Change the Station (1997)
 * Mind Made Up (2008)
 * ACR Loco (2020)
 * 1982 (2023)
 * It All Comes Down to This (2024)

title: A Certain Ratio


text:
Johan Hendrik Weidner

Johan Hendrik Weidner (October 22, 1912, Brussels, Belgium - May 21, 1994, Monterey Park, California, United States) was a highly decorated Dutch hero of World War II.

Early life
Johan Hendrik Weidner Jr. was born in Brussels to Dutch parents. Although his birth name was Johan Hendrik, he used to call himself "Jean" and later in the U.S., "John". He was the eldest of four children, and grew up in Switzerland, near the French border at Collonges-sous-Salève - a village in the French department of Haute-Savoie, where his father taught Latin and Greek at the Seventh-day Adventist Church seminary.

Following his education at French public schools, he attended basic courses at the Seventh-day Adventist Seminary in Collonges-sous-Salève. His father Johan Hendrik Weidner Sr. who studied at the University of Geneva, and had been a minister for the Seventh-day Adventists in Brussels and Switzerland, hoped Jean would follow in his footsteps. To his father's regret, he decided to go into business, and in 1935 he established a textile import/export business in Paris, France. Around this time he went to Geneva to attend sessions of the League of Nations, and saw firsthand how ineffective that body was in preventing the outbreak of war in 1939.

Activities during World War II
At the outbreak of World War II Jean was living in Paris. With the subsequent German occupation of France he fled with several others from Paris to Lyon in the unoccupied part of France. Because he had to abandon his Parisian business, he began a new business in Lyon. In 1941, Jean founded "Dutch-Paris", an underground network of which the location of his Lyonnaise textile business soon became its headquarters. In order to get passes to go in and out of the Swiss frontier zone, he set up a second textile shop in Annecy at the end of 1942.

Dutch-Paris became one of the largest and most successful underground networks for people persecuted for faith or race, Allied pilots, and persons of great Dutch importance to help them escape via Switzerland and Spain. This escape route was also used for smuggling documents. In the Netherlands this message line was also known as "The Swiss Way".

In its heyday, 300 people were part of this underground network, of which about 150 people were arrested. 40 people were slain or died from the effects of captivity, including his sister who helped to coordinate escapes from Paris. The escape route has greatly contributed to the French Resistance, and is responsible for the rescue of more than 1,080 people, including 800 Dutch Jews and more than 112 downed Allied pilots. Jean was one of the most sought after underground leaders of France, for whom the Gestapo at one time offered a reward of five million francs for his arrest.

Arrests
In February 1944, a young female courier was arrested by the French police and extradited to the Gestapo. Against all rules, she had a notebook with her containing names and addresses of Dutch-Paris members. She was brutally interrogated by a guard that held her head under cold water until she nearly drowned. Under torture she revealed many names of key members of the underground network. As a result, a large number of Dutch-Paris members were arrested (See more details in Suzanne Hiltermann-Souloumiac). The name of Jean's sister Gabrielle Weidner was among the names listed in the notepad. She was arrested by the Gestapo and imprisoned at the Fresnes prison in Paris, because it was hoped for that her comrades would try to free her. In Fresnes she was treated well, but when this ploy did not work, she was shipped to Ravensbrück concentration camp in Germany. She later died of the effects of malnutrition, only a few days after liberation by the Russians. During the occupation, Jean was arrested by both French gendarmerie and French Milice, including the Swiss border police. The French gendarmerie beat him up brutally, but they had to release him later due to lack of evidence. In another arrest by the Milice in Toulouse he was tortured, but he managed to escape before they could transfer him to the Gestapo. The Gestapo were never able to get a hold of him.

After the war
In November 1944, after the Liberation of France Weidner was invited to London by Queen Wilhelmina, to come to tell her about the "Dutch-Paris" escape route, and the situation of Dutch civilians in France and Belgium. In the same year he was made a Captain in the Dutch Armed Forces, after which he could be in charge of the Dutch Security Service based in Paris. His service was in charge of vetting all the Dutch citizens in France and Belgium to look for any that collaborated with the Germans.

The Bureau of National Security, the Department of Justice, and the Dutch Embassy in Paris all claimed authority for Netherlands Security Service. Therefore, it has never become entirely clear under whose direction he fell.

In mid 1946, Jean was suddenly dismissed by the Dutch government, arguing that they needed a professional policeman on the post. After his work with the security he picked up the threads of normal life again, and returned to his import/export textile business. In 1955 he emigrated to the United States, eventually settling in California where from 1958 he and his wife Naomi operated a chain of health food stores.

Recognition
For his War efforts, Weidner was awarded the United States Medal of Freedom with Gold Palm, made an Honorary Officer of the Order of the British Empire, an Officer in the Dutch Order of Orange-Nassau. The French Government honored him with the Croix de Guerre and Médaille de la Résistance and the Légion d'honneur. The Belgian Government made him an Officer of the Order of Leopold.

At the 1993 opening of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. he was one of seven persons chosen to light candles recognizing the rescuers. The Israeli government honored Weidner as one of the gentiles designated as Righteous Among the Nations at Israel's national Holocaust Memorial, Yad Vashem where a grove of trees was planted in his name on the Hill of Remembrance along the Avenue of the Righteous.

title: Johan Hendrik Weidner


text: Talk:Outlook

title: Talk:Outlook


text:
Gold (British TV channel)

Gold is a British pay television channel from the UKTV network that was launched in late 1992 as UK Gold before it was rebranded UKTV Gold in 2004. In 2008, it was split into current flagship channel Gold and miscellaneous channel, W, with classic comedy based programming now airing on Gold, non-crime drama and entertainment programming airing on W, and quiz shows and more high-brow comedy airing on Dave. It shows repeats of classic programming from the BBC, ITV and other broadcasters. Every December, from 2015 until 2018, the channel was temporarily renamed Christmas Gold. This has since been discontinued, although the channel still continues to broadcast Christmas comedy.

History
The channel was formed as a joint venture between the BBC, through commercial arm BBC Enterprises, American company Cox Enterprises and outgoing ITV London weekday franchisee Thames Television, known as European Channel Management. The channel, named "UK Gold", was to show repeats of the 'classic' archive programming from the two broadcasters. The channel launched on 1 November 1992 at 7pm with Just Good Friends. The first commercial shown on the channel was for Lucozade, and all commercials shown in the first three breaks on the channel's launch night either had the word gold or golden in either the name of the brand advertised or mentioned in the commercial itself.

The rights to the BBC programmes previously were held by the BSB entertainment channel Galaxy, prior to the merger with Sky Television to form BSkyB in November 1990. The channel was initially broadcast on an analogue transponder from an SES satellite at 19.2°E which was less well suited for UK reception. As a result, the channel used to be notorious for being marred with interference, known as 'sparklies', in large parts of the UK. Another initial drawback was the cutting of programming down to fit commercial time slots, and the intensive use of commercial breaks. Reception improved however with the channel added to BSkyB's basic subscription package in 1993, and the launch of the channel on cable services.

In 1993, Flextech gained its first stake in the station after acquiring Tele-Communications Inc.'s TV interests in Europe. In 1996, it started discussions about increasing its stake, to gain full control. At that point, Flextech held 27% with Cox (38%), BBC (20%) and Pearson (15%). By the Autumn, Flextech held 80% of UK Gold. Flextech's main reason for increasing its stake in UK Gold was in participation of new talks with the BBC.

UKTV
The channel's success led to the launch of the UKTV network on 1 November 1997, owned by BBC Worldwide and Flextech, and consisting of three other channels: UK Arena, UK Horizons and UK Style, focusing on the arts, factual and lifestyle programmes respectively. The UKTV network would expand to include numerous more channels as the years progressed.

To coincide with the launch of Sky Digital, a sister network entitled UK Gold Classics was launched on 2 October 1998, becoming UKTV's first digital-exclusive network. The channel focused on older programs that aired on the main UK Gold within it's launch, as the main channel was at the time focusing on more newer programmes. The channel only broadcast during the weekend, airing from 6:00pm-2:00am; Friday-Sunday. On 28 March 1999, the channel closed under the "Classics" format and on 2 April 1999 was relaunched as UK Gold 2, becoming a secondary timeshift service that broadcast UK Gold's daytime schedule in the evening. Initially, the channel broadcast on weekends only, but expanded to a full 7-day-a-week schedule in May.

On 30 June 2002, UKTV announced the launch of a one-hour timeshift service of the network, entitled UK Gold +1. The channel launched on Sky the following month on 1 August. It initially only broadcast during the evening from 7:00pm-7:00am, much like UK Gold 2 but on 12 November 2003, the channel gained a full 24-hour slot.

On 29 October 2003, UKTV announced that UK Gold 2 would be relaunched as UK G2 on 12 November, being reinvented as a younger-oriented edgier youth network aimed towards a 16-34-year-old demographic. The channel rebranded as such on that day, and alongside that UK Gold +1 expanded to a full 24-hour schedule to match its parent network.

On 8 March 2004, to coincide with its sister channel's rebranding, the channel rebranded to UKTV Gold with its timeshift becoming UKTV Gold +1. At approximately the same time, Granada-run archive channel Granada Plus closed to make way for ITV3. The channels had always been the main rivals to Gold due to the direct mix of archive BBC and ITV programming. ITV3 currently has a higher viewer share, often put down to the fact that the terrestrial platform Freeview shows ITV3 but not Gold. In late 2004, to show films produced in Hollywood in a marathon, UKTV Gold temporarily changed its name to "USTV Gold".

Gold began transmitting in widescreen on 31 January 2008, although some programmes made in 16:9 format were screened in the compromise 14:9 semi-letterboxed ratio for a short while, before the 16:9 format became standard later in the year. The channel has been criticised by some, particularly in recent years, for featuring many recent programmes as opposed to 'classics' as was the original concept, with some shows appearing on the channel mere months or weeks after their first television broadcast.

2008 rebrand
In 2008, UKTV began a process of rebranding and expanding its channels, removing "UKTV" from their name, following the rebranding of UKTV G2 as Dave in October 2007. On 7 October 2008, UKTV Gold became "G.O.L.D." (with its timeshift becoming G.O.L.D. +1), exclusively showing comedy, both old and new. This is reflected by its new slogan, which now represents Gold as a backronym—"Go On Laugh Daily". Unlike the complete name change for Dave, the Gold name was retained as having a resonance with viewers. The same day also saw the rebranding of UKTV Drama as Alibi, and the launch of a new channel, Watch. In Spring 2010, the channel dropped the acronym and is now known simply as "Gold", with its timeshift known as "Gold +1".

In October 2011, Virgin Media, owner of half of Gold and the rest of the UKTV network, sold their share to Scripps Networks Interactive, with the remaining half still retained by the BBC's commercial arm, BBC Worldwide.

2012 programming investment
In February 2012, it was announced that UKTV was to invest millions into producing its own original shows. According to the trade magazine, Broadcast, Gold "has secured a budget running into "double-digit millions" to create a raft of new comedy shows over the next two years". The article went on to say "the channel is looking to develop a mix of panel shows, sketch shows, sitcoms and comedy dramas". This move meant that Gold would follow its sister, Dave, which has resurrected Red Dwarf and produced numerous different panel and entertainment series, and BSkyB, who have invested £600m into original comedy for Sky One and Sky Atlantic. The first set of new series for Gold were broadcast in the latter half of 2012.

UKTV executive Jane Rogers stated to Broadcast that the commissions would be high-quality, as "they would need to sit confidently alongside classics such as Only Fools And Horses and The Vicar of Dibley". She also added: "Gold is well entrenched in the UK's psyche as the home of national treasure comedies, so we cannot afford to look cheap next to those programmes. It's important that anything we order continues that love and feel, but we don't want to look back; we want a contemporary stamp on the channel." Commissioning editor Sarah Fraser commented that "there's never been a better time to invest in homegrown comedy. Comedians are selling out arena tours, being cast in the West End and on the big screen here and in the US."

The first programme announced as part of the investment was a reboot of the BBC sitcom, Yes, Prime Minister, to be based on the 2010 stage production and written by original writers Sir Antony Jay and Jonathan Lynn. The reboot was the second classic BBC sitcom to be resurrected by a UKTV network, following the two Dave-commissioned series of Red Dwarf. News about other new commissions for the channel were announced during the summer.

The channel was removed from Digital Terrestrial in 2013, along with Home as part of the closure of Top Up TV and was replaced with Drama in July 2013. However, Home relaunched on the platform in March 2016. Gold and Home were not available to watch on Freeview boxes and televisions due to them being encrypted as subscription channels on Top Up TV.

A HD version of Gold was launched on 2 October 2017 exclusively to Sky, replacing Eden HD on the platform. Gold HD was added to Virgin Media on 25 September 2018, replacing Gold in standard definition. It was added to BT TV on 11 March 2019, along with Vice HD.

On-air identity
For the first few years, idents on UK Gold featured an animated golden retriever mascot named "Goldie" posing with the UK Gold logo. Goldie was never name-checked as such on air, possibly owing to the death of the Blue Peter dog Goldie some weeks before launch, although the late-night music video slot Dog House was originally listed as Goldie's Video Bites in initial pre-launch listings. The Goldie idents were kept until 1993, when they were replaced with a form-up of the first logo against a blue background. A rebranding in 1994 saw UK Gold adopt idents based on the forging of gold bars, with the station's logo appearing to have been stamped into gold. Variations on this theme were used until 1997, when the channel received a revamp as part of the formation of the UKTV network.

The new network's corporate identity saw all its channels logos simplified to a boxed "UK" followed by the name (e.g. "Gold") in the Gill Sans font, which had also been adopted by the BBC. The new network-wide ident theme would involve the splitting of the screen for different purposes. UK Gold's new idents depicted objects such as apples or leaves falling through the top half of the screen, with only the gold coloured ones reaching the bottom half of the screen. These idents were briefly adopted for UK Gold 2 when it launched in 1998.

The theme changed again, this time with idents featuring fireworks making shapes in the air, was launched in April 1999. The fireworks theme was carried on in a new set of idents, alongside another network-wide rebranding of the logo in 2001, adopting a bolder font and merging UK into a single composite character. A range of live-action idents showing everyday activities from unusual perspectives appeared in 2002. The 2003 to 2007 idents showed channel hopping viewers with their TV set "off stage" being brought to a halt by the appearance of a golden light accompanied by the channel's ident jingle. This new identity also featured a series of shifting yellow, orange and red blocks which suggested a gold bar at the centre of the screen.

On 4 April 2007, UKTV Gold unveiled a new on-air identity centred around a branded golden space hopper, playing to contemporary trends toward 1970s nostalgia, and emphasising the station's re-run content. Twelve new live action idents featured the branded space hopper, either with people on them bouncing around normally serious scenes, or let loose to bounce around the natural environment, aired from 5 April 2007 to 7 October 2008.

On 7 October 2008, following the rebranding, Gold's 2008 presentation debuted, featuring cartoon objects making a giant chain, in Heath Robinson fashion, which triggers an event to herald the next programme. The Gold logo features in the centre, with the channel slogan usually appearing alongside in the sequence. Programmes are announced by sole channel continuity announcer David Flynn, who has had the position since June 2009.

In 2010, the logo was changed slightly, with an updated ident package. These followed a similar style to the previous set, but instead of the previous backronym, the idents focussed on the slogan of ‘Stick Something Funny On’. In May 2012, the dots were removed from the logo, now falling inline with how the channel is called.

In July 2014, Gold rebranded after two years in its second identity. The logo is a ribbon with the letters "GOLD". The new idents have funny and wacky stuff happening (such as dancing legs). At the end of the idents, the ribbon comes out saying "GOLD", while the activity behind it is still going.

Programming

 * 2point4 Children
 * Absolutely Fabulous
 * All Round to Mrs. Brown's
 * Are You Being Served?
 * Blackadder
 * Bottom
 * Chef!
 * Citizen Khan
 * Dad's Army
 * Desmond's
 * dinnerladies
 * Ever Decreasing Circles
 * The Fast Show
 * Fawlty Towers
 * French and Saunders
 * Game On
 * Gavin & Stacey
 * Ghosts
 * The Good Life
 * The Green Green Grass
 * Harry Enfield and Chums
 * Hi-de-Hi!
 * Hold the Sunset
 * I'm Alan Partridge
 * Inside No. 9
 * Keeping Up Appearances
 * Knowing Me Knowing You with Alan Partridge
 * Last of the Summer Wine
 * Live at the Apollo
 * Men Behaving Badly
 * Morgana Robinson's The Agency
 * Mrs. Brown's Boys
 * My Hero
 * Not Going Out
 * The Office
 * Only Fools and Horses
 * Open All Hours
 * Porridge
 * Rock & Chips
 * Roger & Val Have Just Got In
 * The Royle Family
 * Still Open All Hours
 * The Thin Blue Line
 * This Time with Alan Partridge
 * Two Doors Down
 * The Two Ronnies
 * Upstart Crow
 * The Vicar of Dibley
 * Wallace & Gromit
 * You Rang, M'Lord?
 * The Young Ones

Currently made for GOLD (UKTV Originals)

 * 30 Years of The Comic Strip Presents
 * Absolutely Fabulous: Inside Out
 * Alison & Larry: Billericay To Barry
 * Billy Connolly Does...
 * Blackadder Exclusive: The Whole Rotten Saga
 * Blackadder's Most Cunning Moments
 * Blackadder: The Lost Pilot
 * Bob Monkhouse: The Million Joke Man
 * Bottom Exposed
 * Bring Me Morecambe & Wise
 * Britain's Greatest Comedian
 * Britain's Greatest Comedy Character
 * Bull
 * The Cockfields
 * Dad's Army: The Animations
 * Dad's Army: The Lost Episodes
 * David Jason: My Life On Screen
 * David Jason: Planes, Trains and Automobiles
 * dinnerladies diaries
 * Do Not Disturb
 * The Fast Show: Just A Load Of Blooming Catchphrases
 * The Fast Show: More Blooming Catchphrases
 * Fawlty Towers: Re-Opened
 * Fawlty Towers: Basil's Best Bits
 * French And Saunders: Funny Women
 * Fry And Laurie Reunited
 * Hancock: Very Nearly An Armful
 * Henry IX
 * How The Young Ones Changed Comedy
 * The Interviews
 * Jo Brand's Great Wall of Comedy
 * Legends of Stand-up And Bernard Righton
 * Lenny Henry's Race Through Comedy
 * Marley's Ghosts
 * Monty Python's Best Bits (Mostly)
 * Monty Python Live (Mostly)
 * Monty Python's The Meaning of Live
 * Morecambe and Wise in America
 * Murder on the Blackpool Express
 * My Favourite Sketch
 * Newark, Newark
 * Paul Whitehouse's Sketch Show Years
 * Porridge: Inside Out
 * The Rebel
 * Ricky and Ralf's Very Northern Road Trip
 * Richard E. Grant on Ealing Comedies
 * Royle Exclusive: Behind The Sofa
 * The Royle Family Portraits
 * Saluting Dad's Army
 * Sandylands
 * Sitcom Does...
 * Smashie's Christmastastic Playlist
 * The Story of...Only Fools and Horses
 * Trust Morecambe and Wise
 * The Two Ronnies Spectacle
 * The Vicar of Dibley's 40 Greatest Moments
 * The Vicar of Dibley: Inside Out
 * We Have Been Watching
 * When Were We Funniest?
 * Yes, Prime Minister: Re-Elected
 * You, Me & Them
 * The Young Ones 20 Greatest Moments

Previous
Programming of classic general entertainment and movies now unused or superseded on 7 October 2008. Some programmes that were shown on UKTV G2 moved to other channels sometime later when it was renamed Dave in October 2007. However, most of the classic comedy series includes re-runs of some BBC shows which are used only on this channel. Some of its classic general entertainment shows moved to other current UKTV channels such as Dave, Watch, and Alibi.

 * The 10th Kingdom
 * 15 Storeys High
 * 100 Years of Horror
 * The A-Team
 * According to Jim
 * The Adventures of Jeffrey
 * After Henry
 * After The Show
 * After You've Gone
 * The Afternoon Play
 * Agatha Christie's Poirot (now on ITV3)
 * Aim Low: The Best of Dylan Moran
 * Airport
 * Alas Smith and Jones
 * Alan Davies: As Yet Untitled (now on Dave)
 * Alexei Sayle's Stuff
 * Alistair McGowan's Big Impression
 * All About Me
 * All Creatures Great and Small (now on Drama)
 * All Gas and Gaiters
 * 'Allo 'Allo! (now on Drama)
 * ...And Mother Makes Three
 * ...And Mother Makes Five
 * Angels
 * Animal Capers
 * Animal Park
 * Anne of Avonlea
 * Anyone for Pennis
 * The Armando Iannucci Shows (now on All 4)
 * Ask the Family
 * As Time Goes by (now on Drama)
 * Auf Wiedersehen, Pet (now on Drama)
 * Backup
 * Back to Life
 * Ballet Shoes
 * Ballykissangel
 * Bangkok Hilton
 * Baywatch
 * Beast
 * Beggar My Neighbour
 * Bellamy's People
 * Ben Elton: The Man from Auntie
 * The Ben Elton Show
 * Bergerac (now on Drama)
 * The Best of Tommy Cooper
 * The Best of Top of the Pops (now on BBC Four)
 * Between the Lines
 * Beverly Hills Teens
 * Bewitched
 * Big Break
 * Big Deal
 * Big School
 * Big Train
 * Billionaire Boy (now on W)
 * The Bill (now on Drama)
 * Bill Hicks Live: Relentless
 * Bill Hicks: It's Just a Ride
 * Bill Hicks: One Night Stand''
 * Bill Hicks: Revelations
 * Bill Hicks: Sane Man
 * Birds of a Feather (now on Drama)
 * A Bit of a Do
 * A Bit of Fry & Laurie
 * Black Books (now on All 4)
 * Blake's 7
 * Blandings
 * Blankety Blank (now on Challenge)
 * The Bleak Old Shop of Stuff
 * Bless This House (now on ITV3)
 * Blott on the Landscape
 * Blue Peter (Early Classics)
 * The Blue Planet (now on Eden)
 * The Bob Monkhouse Show
 * Bob Monkhouse: On The Spot
 * Bob's Full House
 * Boomers
 * Boon
 * Bottom Live
 * Bottom Live: The Big Number Two Tour
 * Bottom Live 3: Hooligan's Island
 * Bottom Live 2001: An Arse Oddity
 * Bottom Live 2003: Weapons Grade Y-Fronts Tour
 * The Boy in the Dress (now on W)
 * Boys from the Blackstuff (now on Drama)
 * Bravestarr
 * Bread
 * Bridget & Eamon
 * The Brittas Empire (now on Drama)
 * The Brothers
 * Brush Strokes (now on Drama)
 * Bugs
 * Bullseye (now on Challenge)
 * Butterflies
 * Button Moon
 * Callan (now on Talking Pictures TV)
 * Campion (now on Drama)
 * Canned Carrott
 * Capital City
 * Captain Pugwash
 * Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons
 * Carrie's War (now on Drama)
 * Carrott Confidential
 * Carrott's Lib
 * Carry on Laughing
 * Casualty (now on Drama)
 * The Catherine Tate Show (now on W)
 * Catherine Tate's Nan
 * Celebrity Masterchef (now on W)
 * Chambers
 * Chancer
 * The Changes
 * Charlie's Angels (now on Great! TV)
 * Cheers (now on Channel 4)
 * Chelmsford 123 (now on All 4)
 * Chewing Gum (now on All 4)
 * The Chief
 * Chigley
 * The Chinese Detective
 * Chocky
 * Chorlton and the Wheelies
 * The Chronicles of Narnia
 * Citizen Smith
 * Clarence
 * The Cleaner
 * Clocking Off (now on Drama)
 * Coast
 * The Colbys
 * Colditz
 * Colin's Sandwich
 * Comedy Connections
 * The Comedy Genius of John Sullivan
 * Come Fly with Me
 * The Comic Strip Presents
 * Commercial Breakdown
 * Comic Roots
 * Common as Muck
 * Coogan's Run
 * Cool It
 * Count Duckula
 * Coupling
 * Cowboys
 * Cracker (now on ITV3)
 * Crapston Villas
 * Creature Comforts
 * Crime Traveller
 * Crossroads
 * Dallas
 * Dalziel and Pascoe (now on Drama)
 * Dancing with the Stars
 * Danger Mouse
 * Danger UXB (now on Talking Pictures TV)
 * Dangerfield (now on Drama)
 * The Darling Buds of May (now on ITV3)
 * Dave's One Night Stand
 * David Copperfield
 * The Day of the Triffids
 * Dear John
 * Defenders of the Earth
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An analogue teletext service known as GoldText used to be available on the channel, but has since closed down.

title: Gold (British TV channel)


text:
Marinus of Neapolis

Marinus (Μαρῖνος ὁ Νεαπολίτης; born c. 440 AD) was a Neoplatonist philosopher, mathematician and rhetorician born in Flavia Neapolis (modern Nablus), Palestine. He was a student of Proclus in Athens. His surviving works are an introduction to Euclid's Data; a Life of Proclus, and two astronomical texts. Most of what we know of his life comes from an epitome of a work by Damascius conserved in the Byzantine Suda encyclopaedia.

Life
He was, according to his pupil Damascius, born a Samaritan. Whether this information is correct is disputed, but it is quite possible. Damascius also adds that he had converted from Samaritanism.

He came to Athens at a time when, with the exception of Proclus, there was a great dearth of eminent men in the Neoplatonist school. He was appointed as successor (diadochos) to Proclus, sometime before the latter's death, during the period of the teacher's infirmity. Proclus dedicated to Marinus his commentary to the Plato's Myth of Er.

Proclus himself, it is reported, worried that Marinus himself was of delicate constitution. During this period, the professors of the old Greek religion suffered persecution at the hands of the Christians and Marinus was compelled to seek refuge at Epidaurus, where he died, at a date unknown.

Works
Only a remnant of his output survives. His chief surviving work was a biography of Proclus since it is the main source of information on Proclus' life. This was written in a combination of prose and epic hexameters, of which only the former survives.

The publication of the biography is fixed by internal evidence to the year of Proclus's death; for he mentions an eclipse which will happen when the first year after that event is completed. It was first published with the works of Marcus Aurelius in 1559; it was republished separately by Fabricius at Hamburg in 1700, and re-edited in 1814 by Boissonade with emendations and notes. He is also the author of a commentary (or introduction) on the Data of Euclid, and a commentary on Theon's Little Commentary. There is also a surviving astronomical text which discusses the Milky Way.

His lost works included commentaries on Aristotle, on Theon of Alexandria and on some of the dialogues of Plato. He is said to have destroyed his commentary on Plato's Philebus on the advice of a pupil he was tutoring, Isidorus. According to a version of the story written by Damascius, when Marinus showed his student, to whom he taught Aristotelianism, this commentary, which he had just completed, Isidorus prevailed on him to destroy it, arguing that since the 'divine' Proclus had himself written a definitive commentary which was the final word on the topic. Current scholarship suspects that this advice arose from fears that Marinus's commentary would, despite his best efforts, betray traces of material that might undermine the reigning Neoplatonic paradigm.

title: Marinus of Neapolis


text:
Isidore of Alexandria

Isidore of Alexandria also called Isidore of Gaza (also Isidorus ; Ἰσίδωρος ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς; c. 450) was a Greek philosopher and one of the last of the Neoplatonists. He lived in Athens and Alexandria toward the end of the 5th century AD. He became head of the school in Athens in succession to Marinus, who followed Proclus.

Life
Isidore was born in Alexandria. In Athens, he studied under Proclus, and learned the doctrine of Aristotle from Marinus. According to Damascius, "Isidore was awestruck at the sight of Proclus, venerable and marvelous to see; he thought he was seeing in him the very face of true philosophy." Proclus for his part used to "marvel at Isidore's appearance, as it was possessed by the divine and full of the philosophical life within." Damascius further tells us that "Isidore, besides simplicity, loved truthfulness especially, and undertook to be straight-talking beyond what was necessary, and had no pretence in himself whatsoever." The claim made in the Suda that Isidore was the husband of Hypatia, must be in error since Isidore was born long after Hypatia died. It is elsewhere related that Isidore had a wife called Domna, who died five days after the birth of their son whom they named Proclus.

Isidore returned to Alexandria accompanied by Sallustius. In Alexandria he taught philosophy. He was in Athens when Proclus died (in 485), and later when Marinus took over as head (scholarch) of the Neoplatonist school. Marinus persuaded him to be his successor as head of the school, but he left Athens not long after Marinus died, resigning his position to Hegias.

Isidore is known principally as the teacher of Damascius, whose testimony in his Life of Isidore presents Isidore in a very favourable light as a man and a thinker. Damascius' Life, which is dedicated to Theodora, a disciple of both Isidore and Damascius, is preserved in summary form by Photius in his Bibliotheca, and in fragments in the Suda.

Philosophy
It is generally admitted that he was rather an enthusiast than a thinker; reasoning with him was subsidiary to inspiration, and he preferred the theories of Pythagoras and Plato to the unimaginative logic and the practical ethics of the Stoics and Aristotelians. He seems to have given loose rein to theosophical speculation and attached great importance to dreams and waking visions, on which he used to expatiate in his public discourses.

title: Isidore of Alexandria


text:
Talk:Exquisite corpse (disambiguation)

There is already an article at Exquisite corpse; the bulk of the text should be merged there. -- Infrogmation 16:45, 8 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Would it make sense to also mention the song "Exquisite Dead Guy" by They Might Be Giants? --Jim Henry (talk) 16:25, 26 June 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Exquisite corpse (disambiguation)


text:
George Hill

George Hill may refer to:

Academia

 * George Hill (minister) (1750–1819), Scottish minister and academic
 * George Anthony Hill (1842–1962), American assistant professor at Harvard and author of textbooks
 * George William Hill (1838–1914), American mathematician and astronomer

Arts

 * George Hill (director) (1895–1934), American film director (The Big House)
 * George Birkbeck Hill (1835–1903), English editor and author
 * George Roy Hill (1921–2002), American film director (Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid and The Sting)
 * George Snow Hill (1898–1969), American painter and sculptor
 * George William Hill (sculptor) (1862–1934), Canadian sculptor

British peers

 * Sir George Hill, 2nd Baronet (1763–1839), MP for Londonderry
 * Sir George Hill, 3rd Baronet (1804–1845)
 * Sir George Hill, 5th Baronet (1866–1878)
 * Sir George Rowley Hill, 7th Baronet (1864–1954)
 * Sir George Cyril Rowley Hill, 8th Baronet (1890–1980)
 * Sir George Alfred Rowley Hill, 9th Baronet (1899–1985)

Military

 * George Hill (Medal of Honor) (c. 1844 – unknown), American Medal of Honor recipient
 * George Hill (RCAF officer) (1918–1969), Royal Canadian Air Force flying ace
 * George Alexander Hill (1892–1968), British intelligence officer

Politics

 * Lord George Hill (1801–1879), Anglo-Irish politician and landowner
 * George Hill (Australian politician) (1802–1883), member of the New South Wales Legislative Council and mayor of Sydney
 * George Hill (Idaho politician) (1868–1958), American politician from Idaho
 * George Hill (Maine politician) (1903–1980), American politician from Maine
 * George F. Hill (1832–1910), Canadian lawyer, merchant and politician in New Brunswick
 * George Stilman Hill (1794–1858), American-born Canadian lawyer and politician in New Brunswick

Religion

 * George R. Hill (1884–1971), American leader in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
 * George R. Hill III (1921–2001), American chemist and authority on coal, leader in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
 * George W. Hill (pastor) (1916–2003), American religious leader and peace activist

Sports

 * George Hill (cricketer) (born 2001), English cricketer
 * George Hill (rugby league) (born 2004), English rugby league footballer
 * George Hill (runner) (1891–1944), long-distance runner from New Zealand
 * George Hill (sprinter) (1901–1992), sprinter from the United States
 * George Hill (figure skater) (1907–2002), American figure skating champion
 * George Hill (racing driver) (1886–1967), American racecar driver
 * George Hill (footballer) (1921–2002), Scottish football player and manager (Dundee, East Fife, Montrose)
 * George Hill (basketball) (born 1986), American basketball player
 * George Hill (American football) (active 1960–1999), American football coach
 * George Hill (ice hockey), Canadian ice hockey player and coach
 * George Rowland Hill (1855–1928), English sporting administrator, official and referee

Other

 * George Hill (agronomist) (1938–2017), New Zealand agronomist
 * George Hill (chef) (born 1942), Australian chef, educator, and author
 * Sir George Francis Hill (1867–1948), director of the British Museum
 * George Heywood Hill (1906–1986), British bookseller
 * George Washington Hill (1884–1946), American cigarette marketer
 * George Watts Hill (1901–1993), American banker, hospital administrator and philanthropist

Similarly named

 * George Chatterton-Hill (1883–1947), Irish author of books on evolution and sociology
 * George Hills (1816–1895), Canadian Anglican bishop
 * George Hills (historian) (1918–2002), British journalist and historian
 * George Edwin Hills (1905–1978), Canadian painter, contractor and politician in British Columbia

Places

 * George Hill, Anguilla, one of the fourteen districts of Anguilla
 * George W. Hill Correctional Facility, a prison located in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, U.S.
 * St George's Hill, a private estate in Weybridge, Surrey, United Kingdom
 * St. George's Hill, Saskatchewan, a hamlet in Canada

Structures

 * Dr. George E. Hill House, a historic house in Indianola on Merritt Island, Florida, U.S.
 * George Hill Building, a historic structure in San Diego, California, U.S.

title: George Hill


text:
Zenodotus

Zenodotus (Ζηνόδοτος) was a Greek grammarian, literary critic, Homeric scholar, and the first librarian of the Library of Alexandria. A native of Ephesus and a pupil of Philitas of Cos, he lived during the reigns of the first two Ptolemies, and was at the height of his reputation about 280 BC.

Biography
Zenodotus was the first superintendent of the Library of Alexandria and the first critical editor (διορθωτής diorthōtes) of Homer. In 284 BC, the Ptolemaic court appointed Zenodotus as the first Director of the library and also the official tutor to the royal children. His colleagues in the librarianship were Alexander of Aetolia and Lycophron of Chalcis, to whom were allotted the tragic and comic writers respectively, Homer and other epic poets being assigned to Zenodotus.

Work
Although he has been reproached with arbitrariness and insufficient knowledge of Greek, his recension undoubtedly laid a sound foundation for future criticism. Having collated the different manuscripts in the library, he expunged or obelized doubtful verses, transposed or altered lines, and introduced new readings. It is probable that he was responsible for the division of the Homeric poems into twenty-four books each, and possibly was the author of the calculation of the days of the Iliad in the Tabula Iliaca.

Homeric glosses
He does not appear to have written any regular commentary on Homer, but his Homeric γλῶσσαι (glōssai, "lists of unusual words, glosses") probably formed the source of the explanations of Homer attributed by the grammarians to Zenodotus. He also lectured upon Hesiod, Anacreon and Pindar, if he did not publish editions of them. He is further called an epic poet by the Suda, and three epigrams in the Greek Anthology are assigned to him.

Classification
In addition to his other scholarly work, Zenodotus introduced an organization system on the materials in the Library of Alexandria whereby texts were assigned to different rooms based on their subject matter (verse or prose, literary or scientific), and the various sub-classifications within each.

Ordering
Within their subjects, Zenodotus organized the works alphabetically by the first letter of the name of their author. The principle of the alphabetic organization was introduced by Zenodotus.

Tagging
In addition, library staff attached a small tag to the end of each scroll. These tags gave authors' names as well as other identification and had been added during the accessions procedure but often without a title; many a roll contained more than one work, and many works, such as compilations of poetry, warranted more than a single title. When a title was lacking, Zenodotus had to unroll and pass an eye over the text. Such tags enabled the scrolls to be easily returned to the area in which they had been classified and also ensured that library users did not have to unroll each scroll in order to see what it contained. This was the first recorded use of metadata, a landmark in library history. Not until the second century A.D. does fuller alphabetization make an appearance.

title: Zenodotus


text:
Crates of Mallus

Crates of Mallus (Κράτης ὁ Μαλλώτης, Krátēs ho Mallṓtēs; fl. 2nd century BC) was a Greek grammarian and Stoic philosopher, leader of the literary school and head of the library of Pergamum. He was described as the Crates from Mallus to distinguish him from other philosophers by the same name. His chief work was a critical and exegetical commentary on Homer. He is also famous for constructing the earliest known globe of the Earth.

Life
He was born in Mallus in Cilicia, and was brought up at Tarsus, and then moved to Pergamon, and there lived under the patronage of Eumenes II, and Attalus II. He was the founder of the Pergamon school of grammar, and seems to have been at one time the head of the library of Pergamon. Among his followers were Hermias (Κρατήτειος Ἑρμείας mentioned in sch. Hom. Il. 16.207a), Zenodotus of Mallus and Herodicus of Babylon.

He visited Rome as ambassador of either Eumenes, in 168 BC, or Attalus in 159 BC. Having broken his leg after falling into an open sewer, he was compelled to stay in Rome for some time and delivered lectures which gave the first impulse to the study of grammar and criticism among the Romans.

Works
Crates made a strong distinction between criticism and grammar, the latter of which he regarded as subordinate to the former. A critic, according to Crates, should investigate everything which could throw light upon literature; the grammarian was only to apply the rules of language to clear up the meaning of particular passages, and to settle the text, prosody, accentuation, etc. From this part of his system, Crates derived the surname of Kritikos.

Like Aristarchus of Samothrace, Crates gave the greatest attention to the works of Homer, from his labours upon which he was also surnamed Homerikos. He wrote a commentary on the Iliad and Odyssey in nine books. Some fragments of this commentary are preserved by the scholiasts and other ancient writers. His principles were opposed to those of Aristarchus, who was the leader of the Alexandrian school. Crates was the chief representative of the allegorical theory of exegesis, and maintained that Homer intended to express scientific or philosophical truths in the form of poetry.

Besides his work on Homer, Crates wrote commentaries on the Theogony of Hesiod, on Euripides, on Aristophanes, and probably on other ancient authors; a work on the Attic dialect; and works on geography, natural history, and agriculture, of which only a few fragments exist.

The Globe of Crates
According to Strabo, Crates devised a globe representing the Earth, which is thus the earliest known globe representing the Earth: "We have now traced on a spherical surface the area in which we say the inhabited world is situated; and the man who would most closely approximate the truth by constructed figures must necessarily take for the earth a globe like that of Crates, and lay off on it the quadrilateral, and within the quadrilateral put down the map of the inhabited world. But since the need of a large globe, so that the section in question (being a small fraction of the globe) may be large enough to receive distinctly the appropriate parts of the inhabited world and to present the proper appearance to observers, it is better for him to construct a globe of adequate size, if he can do so; and let it be no less than ten feet in diameter."

Following the theory of five climatic zones, Crates considered that the torrid zone is occupied by the Ocean and that, by analogy, one can imagine people living beyond the torrid zone: "For Crates, following the mere form of mathematical demonstration, says that the torrid zone is 'occupied' by Oceanus and that on both sides of this zone are the temperate zones, the one being on our side, while the other is on the other side of it. Now, just as these Ethiopians on our side of Oceanus, who face the south throughout the whole length of the inhabited land, are called the most remote of the one group of peoples, since they dwell on the shores of Oceanus, so too, Crates thinks, we must conceive that on the other side of Oceanus also there are certain Ethiopians, the most remote of the other group of peoples in the temperate zone, since they dwell on the shores of this same Oceanus; and that they are in two groups and are 'sundered in twain' by Oceanus."

The classic drawing of the sphere displays the known world, or Oecumene (Europe, North Africa, and Asia), with three other continents, labeled the Perioeci, the Antipodes, and the Antioeci. Crates' Perioeci and Antipodes arguably do exist, corresponding roughly to North America and South America respectively, but the continent of the Antioeci, Terra Australis, does not, except in fragments (Australasia and southern Africa). And the earth does in fact have a ring of water around it, but at 60 degrees South latitude, not at the Equator.

Honours
Crates Bay in Antarctica is named after Crates of Mallus.

title: Crates of Mallus


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Talk:List of mathematical examples

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Good idea! How about examples of different kinds of proofs?

title: Talk:List of mathematical examples


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Musaeum Clausum

Musaeum Clausum (Latin for Sealed Museum), also known as Bibliotheca abscondita (Secret Library in Latin), is a tract written by Sir Thomas Browne which was first published posthumously in 1684. The tract contains short sentence descriptions of supposed, rumoured or lost books, pictures, and objects. The subtitle describes the tract as an inventory of remarkable books, antiquities, pictures and rarities of several kinds, scarce or never seen by any man now living. Its date is unknown: however, an event from the year 1673 is cited.

Like his Pseudodoxia Epidemica, Musaeum Clausum is a catalogue of doubts and queries, only this time, in a style which anticipates the 20th-century Argentinian short-story writer Jorge Luis Borges, who once declared: "To write vast books is a laborious nonsense; much better is to offer a summary as if those books actually existed."

Browne however was not the first author to engage in such fantasy. The French author Rabelais, in his epic Gargantua and Pantagruel, also penned a list of imaginary and often obscene book titles in his "Library of Pantagruel", an inventory which Browne himself alludes to in his Religio Medici.

As the 17th-century Scientific Revolution progressed the popularity and growth of antiquarian collections, those claiming to house highly improbable items grew. Browne was an avid collector of antiquities and natural specimens, possessing a supposed unicorn's horn, presented to him by Arthur Dee. Browne's eldest son Edward visited the famous scholar Athanasius Kircher, founder of the Museo Kircherano at Rome in 1667, whose exhibits included an engine for attempting perpetual motion and a speaking head, which Kircher called his Oraculum Delphinium. He wrote to his father of his visit to the Jesuit priest's "closet of rarities".

The sheer volume of book-titles, pictures and objects listed in Musaeum Clausum is testimony to Browne's fertile imagination. However, his major editors, Simon Wilkin in the nineteenth century (1834) and Sir Geoffrey Keynes in the twentieth (1924), summarily dismissed it. Keynes considered its humour too erudite and "not to everyone's taste".

Browne's miscellaneous tract may also be read as a parody of the rising trend of private museum collections with their curios of doubtful origin, and perhaps also of publications such as the so-called Museum Hermeticum (1678), one of the last great anthologies of alchemical literature, with their divulging of near common-place alchemical concepts and symbols.

title: Musaeum Clausum