text:
Talk:Joshua Chamberlain

Untitled
Can someone find out what illness he had after the minor wound at Gettysburg? I believe Last Full Measure says malaria, but I want to be sure. ugen64 02:45, Dec 12, 2003 (UTC)
 * I was always under the impression that the redeployment of 20th Maine to the Stone Wall was a literary device employed by Michael Shaara in The Killer Angels . Please provide a source for that detail other than the book or the movie.
 * I have not yet found any information relating to the 20th being relocated to the Union center. As far as my sources, I have yet to see any mention of the V Corps (which was where the 20th Maine was located) being transferred to the center at all.  If anyone has any additional information on this, please provide it. --Martin Osterman 02:24, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * It wasn't a mere literary device; both Chamberlain's official report on the battle (which is in the Official Records) and his later writings (notably Through Blood and Fire) document the regiment being repositioned on the morning of the third to the extreme left of the brigade, which would place them to the right of the reserves for the center that received Picket's charge, though the regiment was not called forward. Also, yes, it was malaria. IcarusPhoenix (talk) 23:00, 4 July 2010 (UTC)

last paragraph
I deleted the last paragraph from a long list of excellent edits. It said:

 * Chamberlain is remembered and honored today as one of the bravest, noblest, and capable officers of the Union army. Many historians believe that, had Chamberlain and his men not held Little Round Top, the Army of the Potomac may well have lost the Battle of Gettysburg, and perhaps the war.

The first sentence is simply over the top. Noblest? Let's keep a NPOV, please. And although the view of holding LRT meant winning the war has popular appeal, there are few reputable military historians who would say so. A brave engagement, but hardly one on which the entire battle or war rested. I could go into a lot of detail as to why, but perhaps you could cite two or three historians (or document "most historians") who have written this. Hal Jespersen 14:29, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Wounds
All sources I have seen point to the cause of death as being complications from his wounds recieved at Petersburg. See and  -- I don't have any written sources, but I think that Hal or one of our other contributers probably does that will back this one up. --Martin Osterman 12:27, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for sourcing that. I've added that back into the text. // Pathoschild 12:47, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * No problem! I found it to be one of the most interesting Civil War-related facts I'd ever come across... and yes, it did make me do a double-take the first time I read it.  Of course, Chamberlain led a very remarkable and interesting life -- but, I think, so did other generals of the day. --Martin Osterman 12:49, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

Although I don't think this is all that important, both of those sources merely state 'died of war wounds' and don't specify the actual cause of death. Perhaps someone romanticized his death and others are copying the claim. I checked Pullen's biography by searching on Amazon and found he suffered throughout his life from the wound (which left a "fistula on the base of his penis" and affected his marital life) and from malaria that he contracted during the war. So it is arguable whether his wound directly caused an 84-year-old man to die or whether he died of somwething unstated while complaining about the effects of the wound. Hal Jespersen 15:39, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Perhaps this is something that could be researched a bit, then. I do admit that my sources never specified what the actual cause of death was... which now makes me more interested than before. --Martin Osterman 16:47, 7 December 2005

(UTC)

For what it's worth to you guys, the book Twentieth Maine says he was shot through both directions of his hips, shattering his pelvis, and causing bowel complications, and that is what he is supposed to have died of. --S. Gentry, 12 June 2006

 * It's actually a pretty well documented subject and in fact is not "arguable," as stated above. The wound he received at Petersburg affected him for the rest of his life, and, yes, he actually did die from the wound, or complications arising from it (you might say a combination of the wound and old age) - purportedly making him the last veteran to die from wounds sustained in the war. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.16.82.46 (talk) 22:17, 31 May 2010 (UTC)

Thanks for recent edits HLJ
Looks great! SimonATL 21:32, 27 April 2006 (UTC) —

Chamberlain's wounds were the subject of an article in the Journal of Urology, March 2000, pp 713-716. A summary of the article appears here: http://medicine.hallowed-grounds.com/october2000.htm

71.16.157.130 21:55, 16 August 2006 (UTC)J. Raeder

 * Appreciate this, and I have taken the liberty of adding it to the article, with citation. --Dumarest 15:22, 22 October 2006 (UTC) You may have to create an id for J.of U.

The above link to J. of U. article no longer works...well at least for me. Try http://www.jurology.com/article/S0022-5347(05)67789-0/pdf Some stories about JLC may be apocryphal, nevertheless, he was a hell of a man. fokker55

Redirect
I would like to suggest the addition of a redirect to this article from a search of "Lawrence Chamberlain" because by reading Civil War novels such as Killer Angels, one would search Lawrence Chamberlain, and expect to find this page

 * Done. Hal Jespersen 15:11, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

Gettysburg movie quote
"The inspiration of a noble cause involving human interests wide and far enables men to do things that they did not dream themselves capable of before and which they were not capable of alone. The consciousness of belonging vitally to something beyond individuality, of being part of a personality that reaches we know not where in space and time, brightens the heart to the limit of the soul's ideal and builds out the supreme character." as quoted by Stephen Covey in the 8th Habit. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.94.72.56 (talk) 18:04, 21 July 2010 (UTC)

"This is a different kind of army. If you look at history you'll see men fight for pay, or women, or some other kind of my dog ate my paprerloot. They fight for land, or because a king makes them, or just because they like killing. But we're here for something new. This hasn't happened much in the history of the world. We are an army out to set other men free. America should be free ground, from here to the Pacific Ocean. No man has to bow, no man born to royalty. Here we judge you by what you do, not by who your father was. Here you can be something. Here you can build a home. But it's not the land. There's always more land. It's the idea that we all have value, you and me. What we're fighting for, in the end, is each other. Sorry. Didn't mean to preach." -Colonel Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain

I was wondering if this a real quote by him. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by SlayerOfChainer (talk • contribs).

 * You might try looking over at wikiquote. You can also try a google search on one of the more memorable parts of that quote.  My guess is that this isn't a real quote.  It doesn't feel like what quotes I have read by Chamberlain, and it feels like language of the 2000s more than of the 1860s.  GRBerry 12:45, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

–That part of the movie script was taken nearly word-for-word from the novel, Killer Angels. I don't know if the book's author, Michael Shaara, was quoting Col. Chamberlain directly, although that seems unlikely. Still, Shaara used letters, memoirs and other published materials as the basis for the thoughts and words of the characters (Lee, Longstreet etc) in the book, so it's possible that he may have based his rendering of Col. Chamberlain's speech to the group of reluctant soldiers (if it actually happened) on Col. Chamberlain's or somebody else's recollection of the incident.207.59.159.138 21:32, 16 August 2006 (UTC) J. Raeder

 * The actual speech was a product of Shaara's pen. Chamberlain's records merely showed that he spoke to the men and offered to help them with their situation.  It should also be noted that the men of the 2nd were transferred to the 20th on 24 May rather than over a month later as Shaara wrote it, and that in the end all but two of the men ended up choosing to fight for the 20th.  As for those two men, they were court-martialed, but their sentences were remitted through the efforts of Colonel Chamberlain. IcarusPhoenix (talk) 07:32, 27 July 2010 (UTC)

Confederate Surrender
I think the statement that Chamberlain was "informed that of all the officers in the Federal Army, General Grant had selected Chamberlain to preside over the ceremony of surrender and parole of the Confederate infantry . . . ." is incorrect. By the time of the surrender ceremony the "Official Records" indicate that only the Fifth Corps was at Appomattox, so the pool of officers was reduced, and according the Warner's "Generals in Blue," Chamberlain's division commander, General Bartlett, received the "stacked arms" of the Confederates. Chamberlain said he commanded the "parade." Furthermore Grant didn't mention Chamberlain in his report in the Official Records or in his memoirs. Is there any original source that supports Chamberlain's claim that he was either chosen by Grant or that Grant approved General Griffin's choice? Levelpuddle039 21:10, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I have made some adjustments and added some citations. Feel free to make modifications. Hal Jespersen 00:50, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

 * It should be noted that Warner does not give any citation for his claim about General Bartlett, nor do the Official Records show any specific duty which he was to be performing that day. Indeed, despite frequent claims to the contrary, there doesn't seem to be any record anywhere that Joseph Bartlett was anything but an observer to the surrender ceremony.  If he was to receive the "stacked arms", then one must remember that the stacking of those arms was an integral part of the surrender itself and happened under the authority of General Chamberlain.  Any receipt of those arms was, by necessity, merely a clerical function after the fact, similar to filling out paroles for Confederate personnel.  As for who chose Chamberlain to accept the formal surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia, Chamberlain himself was never actually sure whether it was Griffin, Gibbon, and Merritt (who were Grant's chosen commissioners), or if Grant himself had suggested it.  While he was under the impression that Grant had made the ultimate decision, he also "had reason to believe that General Griffin had something to do with General Grant's kind remembrance." (JLC: Passing of the Armies) IcarusPhoenix (talk) 07:19, 27 July 2010 (UTC)

The text of the surrender differs greatly from the Wiki on the Battle of Appomatox Courthouse (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Courthouse), the text of which follows.

The momentous meaning of this occasion impressed me deeply. I resolved to mark it by some token of recognition, which could be no other than a salute of arms. Well aware of the responsibility assumed, and of the criticisms that would follow, as the sequel proved, nothing of that kind could move me in the least. The act could be defended, if needful, by the suggestion that such a salute was not to the cause for which the flag of the Confederacy stood, but to its going down before the flag of the Union. My main reason, however, was one for which I sought no authority nor asked forgiveness. Before us in proud humiliation stood the embodiment of manhood: men whom neither toils and sufferings, nor the fact of death, nor disaster, nor hopelessness could bend from their resolve; standing before us now, thin, worn, and famished, but erect, and with eyes looking level into ours, waking memories that bound us together as no other bond;—was not such manhood to be welcomed back into a Union so tested and assured?

Instructions had been given; and when the head of each division column comes opposite our group, our bugle sounds the signal and instantly our whole line from right to left, regiment by regiment in succession, gives the soldier's salutation, from the "order arms" to the old "carry"—the marching salute. Gordon at the head of the column, riding with heavy spirit and downcast face, catches the sound of shifting arms, looks up, and, taking the meaning, wheels superbly, making with himself and his horse one uplifted figure, with profound salutation as he drops the point of his sword to the boot toe; then facing to his own command, gives word for his successive brigades to pass us with the same position of the manual,—honor answering honor. On our part not a sound of trumpet more, nor roll of drum; not a cheer, nor word nor whisper of vain-glorying, nor motion of man standing again at the order, but an awed stillness rather, and breath-holding, as if it were the passing of the dead!

– Joshua L. Chamberlain, Passing of the Armies, pp. 260-61

Cathsteve2002 20:42, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

I have collected all of the regimental histories and find all the regiments still in service on that date confirm Chamberlain accepted the surrender. Even regiments that came after Chamberlain left the third brigade and had every right to be loyal to the man they served primarily under, General Bartlett. One of these the 118th PA states, ″General Griffin and General Gibbon had sent for General Chamberlain on the night of the 11th and informed him that he was to command the parade on the occasion of the surrender of Lee's army. The general then asked for his old command, with which he had been constantly identified until he was detached to command the 1st Brigade at Petersburg, where he was so severely wounded.″ To browse all the regimental histories please visit www.joshualawrencechamberlain.com/regimental.php Suzenatale (talk) 20:39, 1 March 2013 (UTC)

Under Chamberlain's Flag ext link advice please?
Hi. An editor took out this ext link: Under Chamberlain's Flag - “The Story of the 198th P.A. and 185th N.Y. Volunteers" - it's dead, after all. I've put it back in and marked it dead, which is what I think is policy. I've also undertaken to look for an archive copy at the Wayback Machine, as it's not there (yet?). On the other hand, the book is not exactly all over the internet - though you can get copies (at a hefty price) on Amazon and Abebooks. It may have been a self-published work, though I do not know if this is relevant or to what extent. All in all, I don't know if it's a link that should have been in in the first place or is worth preserving, and I don't have the expertise to be able to assess this, though my default position would be to err on the side of inclusion. Do you have a view please? Thanks DBaK (talk) 06:51, 5 October 2009 (UTC)

 * My advice is to delete it. An external links bears the burden of proof that it is reliable and if you cannot even access it, that proof is impossible. I have no idea from the name of the link whether it is an information site, a book review, a merchandising site for a book, the text of a book, or a blog. At least three of those categories would be ineligible for listing here at all. If this were a well-known site that was temporarily off-line, the dead link template makes sense, but in this case it is the equivalent of litter on the side of the road. Hal Jespersen (talk) 14:07, 5 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Thank you: I have zapped it having read that very clear statement. It's there in the edit history if anyone needs to get back to it. I was I think perhaps overzealous in rescuing it! Thanks and best wishes DBaK (talk) 15:11, 5 October 2009 (UTC)

Medal of Honor
How did Chamberlain receive the Medal of Honor? I thought commissioned officers were not allowed to receive it until 1915. Emperor001 (talk) 22:17, 28 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Quite a number of commissioned officers received the medal in the 1890s. According to http://www.cmohs.org/medal-history.php, Congress passed a law on March 3, 1863, that allowed the practice, modifying the 1862 law that originated the medal. As far as I am aware, it was not considered appropriate to award them to officers during the war because for the most part they received brevet promotions for gallant (and sometimes not so gallant) service. Hal Jespersen (talk) 01:05, 29 May 2010 (UTC)
 * As far as I know, he recieved the Medal of Honor for his actions on Little Round Top. He ordered his men to charge down the hill and swept the opposing force back. Although it must be mentioned that the criteria for recieving a MOH were not as stringent then as they are today. They were basically giving them away during that war. I can't complain though. My Great Great Grandfather recieved one as well.Jojhutton (talk) 03:18, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

**What are all those other medals he's wearing in the photo of him in the article? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.202.81.2 (talk) 01:12, 12 March 2016 (UTC)

Battlefield Promotion
I have removed a parenthetical statement regarding General Chamberlain's battlefield promotion by General Grant which state that this promotion was "the only one he ever made". In addition to being unsourced, this is also incorrect. Emory Upton had previously received the same honor at Spotsylvania Court House, though Chamberlain's commission was delivered to him with somewhat more alacrity. It is worth noting that Grant's statement in his Memoirs about this incident ("...I promoted him on the spot") was very likely the last thing he added to the book, at least according to Bruce Catton, who examined the original manuscript some decades ago. Grant dies only a few days later. --IcarusPhoenix (talk) 19:44, 12 August 2010 (UTC)

Animation concerning the Battle of Gettysburg is not linkspam
The external link showing the Battle of Gettysburg, a section of which is devoted to Chamberlain's defense of Little Round Top, cannot be considered linkspam. The Gettysburg engagement is frequently associated with Chamberlain throughout the entry. The link has been rephrased to more closely indicate Little Round Top is a section of the animation, if not the entire subject matter. —Preceding unsigned comment added by SuperAnth (talk • contribs) 06:51, 26 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree with the previous editor that this link adds nothing of substance to the entry on Chamberlain, and I have removed it. MarmadukePercy (talk) 06:56, 26 September 2010 (UTC)

 * I have to disagree with your definition of substance. It details his actions on the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg, an act which he is most famous for in his own personal history. The Battle of Gettysburg is also mentioned repeatedly throughout the article. There are no advertisements on the page, so it really can't be considered linkspam due to it's lack of financial gain via clickthrough from the wiki article. SuperAnth (talk• contribs)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by SuperAnth (talk ) 18:12, 26 September 2010 (UTC)

 * I didn't say it was linkspam. However, it's a very glancing treatment of the subject, with hardly a mention of Chamberlain. It doesn't belong in his bio, and given the lack of gravitas, doesn't belong in an entry on the battle either. MarmadukePercy (talk) 22:54, 26 September 2010 (UTC)

 * I have to confess I"m curious; what do you mean by "gravitas"?

--SuperAnth: so dubbed by others, perpetuated by action (talk) 03:40, 27 September 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree with the comments of MarmadukePercy. His judgment about gravitas was probably prompted by the use of the tiny toy soldier icons to represent large units, rather than the more traditional battle lines and unit identifications that are more widely used in maps and animations. The very first animation shows what purports to be a detailed approach of units to the battlefield, but contains a number of inaccuracies. (You can see what I mean by looking at the campaign map in the battle article.) The actions on July 1 are not correct in unit movement and time sequence. (I did not bother to watch much more.) Hal Jespersen (talk) 17:56, 27 September 2010 (UTC)

 * I'll have to agree that the Little Round Top animation is buried deeper than I'd expected. Especially because both Maraduke and Hal are in agreement about it.

--24.91.154.25 (talk) 00:09, 28 September 2010 (UTC)

Lost Regiment
I've reverted the reference to William R. Forstchen's "Lost Regiment" series. The main character is an homage by Forstchen, and it no more faint and tangential than Tim Owen's song about Chamberlain; in neither work are their names mentioned. The Lost Regiment article specifically references Chamberlain and the 20th Maine as well. SuperAnth (talk

 * I've replaced the Lost Regiment reference. "citation needed" tags don't mean an entry expires after a set time period; if you think an information reference needs a citation, you may need to find it on your own. Isn't putting a time period on a needed citation arbitrary? The Chamberlain connection is valid and referenced in the "The Lost Regiment" wiki article as well.--SuperAnth: so dubbed by others, perpetuated by action (talk) 15:47, 22 October 2010 (UTC)

Bloody Chamberlain
The term "Bloody Chamberlain"  Can someone add a citation for this? I have never come across this term except for on this site. Is this possibly from a novel or is this based from some source? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Suzenatale (talk • contribs) 06:37, 6 February 2013 (UTC)
 * I've never seen it either, so I'll probably excise it the edit. The whole section in which it falls is a complete mess anyway, and I've long been planning a complete overhaul of the article, so when I finally get around to that part, it's likely the "Bloody Chamberlain" reference will vanish. IcarusPhoenix (talk) 19:08, 6 February 2013 (UTC)

Name
The book "Gods and Generals" said he was born Lawrence Joshua Chamberlain, but he then switched them because he thought is sounded more formal, but he preferred to be called Lawrence as most of his family did. Was this true or was it one of those things that Shaara improvised on? If true, shouldn't it be mentioned in the article? Emperor001 (talk) 19:49, 7 July 2010 (UTC)
 * It is indeed true, though if added to the article one should reference Trulock or Pullen rather than Shaara of course. --IcarusPhoenix (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 19:12, 22 July 2010 (UTC).

I now have some doubt about his original name after reading his autobiography. Chamberlain claims his name was originally only Lawrence Chamberlain, but years later "when about to be written on public records, the mother, loyal to her husband's house, wished to prefix... Joshua." I am under the impression the the public records Turlock or someone found, I don't have their books right now infront of me, listed the name Lawrence Joshua Chamberlain. By prefix I would think it to be the front not the middle. If someone has the public record or Trulock's references this can be cleared up. Suzenatale (talk) 20:06, 1 March 2013 (UTC)

I checked Trulock, she says the family bible records him as Lawrence Joshua Chamberlain. I'm still not clear on what he meant in his autobiography by "public record" he was listed in the 1850 census as Joshua Lawrence, but by then he was already at school writing his name as "J. Lawrence." --Suzenatale (talk) 03:38, 8 May 2013 (UTC)

Little Round Top Charge
There is a seven part TV documentary whiy deals with the Civil War Battles. In part four a historian states that Chamberlain read about a similar situation during the Napoleonic Wars.

A French force on a Hill was attacked by a Austrian Force and chargend downwards. (One of the Battles of Caldiero, there were several fought). Further Ch. never clamied that he has led the actual charged.

Civil War Battles 4/7 its available on DVD at Amazon. --37.24.12.14 (talk) 15:19, 8 August 2013 (UTC)

 * What you're talking about is a long-standing controversy; however, long-standing though it may be, it didn't actually start until forty years after the events in question, was borne of a claim made by a single officer of the 20th Maine (whose own family said he was suffering from dementia) changing his story and giving credit to an officer who was no longer alive to answer one way or the other, and has generally been regarded as an over-blown misinterpretation of what really happened; it's worth noting that Chamberlain himself made it quite clear that the charge was an act of desperation on his part, borne of a junior officer's request to collect his wounded (Holman Melcher, the same officer who Ellis Spear later claimed had actually led the charge, though Melcher never made any such claim himself), and that he was by no means the first man down the hill (which is I think what you mean by "led"; Colonel Chamberlain ordered the charge, but he did not lead it in the strictest sense, being as he was near the center of the line rather than the left which he ordered to move first).
 * Civil War Battles was made nearly thirty years ago, before the vast majority of scholarship on Chamberlain's life was written; to this day, only one major work has ever credited any officer other than Chamberlain with conceiving and ordering the charge, and it has generally been dismissed by academia as poorly-researched and full of unsupported conclusions. As for the claim that he read about the charge in Napoleonic literature, I can not answer to the specifics, having not seen the documentary in question in at least twenty years; however, both Chamberlain's earlier decision to refuse his line (something that this article fails to address - one of many things which needs correction) and his decision to use his right-angled left-flank to his advantage and order a swinging charge were textbook maneuvers, and Chamberlain - ever the academic - had absorbed pretty much every manual on tactics the era had to offer.  Combining the two actions was rather novel, and neither action had ever been used in quite that manner either in North America nor in the post-Napoleonic era (you have to remember that in that mere fifty years, the technology of warfare had changed immensely, and Napoleonic tactics generally had no hope of success... as the next day of the battle would demonstrate so effectively).  It was the action of refusing the line that Chamberlain had learned from Napoleonic warfare, not the charge itself; charging down a hill is hardly a Napoleonic tactic.  Indeed, it's a tactic that predates Sun Tzu.  It was the nature of the charge in the context of the time in which it was made that made it so remarkable.IcarusPhoenix (talk) 18:17, 8 August 2013 (UTC)

The fact is that Ch. didn't had any formal training as a field officer, less as a commanding officer of a battailion sized force. In terms he was nothing more than a "gentry" who raised his own unit to join the army. He was just a more intelligent one. Many tactics from the early 18th century saw a revival in the Eastern Theatres of the Civil War. Mostly, for the lack of tactical communication devices. --37.24.8.147 (talk) 10:10, 19 May 2014 (UTC)

Recent edits removing remarks about Chamberlain being unschooled in military strategies and science
All - two recent edits have removed remarks that Chamberlain had "no earlier education in military strategies" and was "not trained in military science," ostensibly because military science did not exist while Chamberlain was alive. Clausewitz, Jomini, and West Point were already extant in warfare during the Civil War, so I have to disagree that military science was not a matter of study. I propose to put the descriptions back, but seek consensus first. user:JMOprof ©¿©¬ 14:38, 6 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Ref
There was a reference without explanation before the first word of this article, so here is it: S EMMENDINGER  ( talk ) 18:14, 18 March 2019 (UTC)

Second Cousin of Samuel Chamberlain
Samuel Chamberlain and Joshua Chamberlain were second cousins.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Chamberlain http://www.dchamberlain.net/genealogy/indiI286.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Chamberlain http://www.dchamberlain.net/genealogy/indiI570.html

Their fathers were first cousins: http://www.dchamberlain.net/genealogy/indiI284.html http://www.dchamberlain.net/genealogy/indiI493.html

and their grandfathers were brothers: http://www.dchamberlain.net/genealogy/indiI283.html http://www.dchamberlain.net/genealogy/indiI485.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.110.241.69 (talk) 18:56, 21 October 2020 (UTC)

The Butterfly Effect
It should be mentioned that Joshua Chamberlain was single-handedly responsible for the Allied victory in WWII as explained by Andy Andrews in his book The Butterfly Effect.

- AAEexecutive (talk) 15:10, 15 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Joshua Chamberlain


text:
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Cessna wanted to improve the image of the Citation family. The Citation models that emerged in the 1970s were originally intended to be practical and with good handling qualities. Consequently, they turned out to be much slower than the competing Learjets. Cessna had difficulties in shedding the popular image of the Citation as a slow airplane, even though their jets had eventually become as fast as the competition.

The development of the Citation X was first announced at the National Business Aviation Association Convention in New Orleans in October 1990, with the first prototype making its maiden flight on December 21, 1993. Originally scheduled for August 1995, the certification of the Cessna Citation X was delayed several times. First, failure of the airframe and engine to meet Federal Aviation Administration requirements caused the planned certification date postponement to late November 1995. The main delay reasons were troubles integrating the avionics and the engine to the aircraft, high-altitude and low-speed engine flameout (high wing attack angles caused insufficient airflow), engines not meeting the bird strike criteria and directional stability challenges. Efforts to increase the maximum take-off weight of the Citation X by about 800 pounds again delayed the FAA certification schedule, this time to April 1996. These changes were aimed at permitting a full-fuel payload of 1,400 pounds (seven passengers), but Cessna had difficulty achieving a balance between reducing Citation X cabin noise and minimizing the extra weight of sound-dampening materials. The certification, FAA FAR Part 25, Amendment 74, Certification 3, was finally achieved on June 3, 1996.

The first Citation X was delivered in July 1996 to golfer and long-time Cessna customer Arnold Palmer. Once in use, the Citation X continued to set speed records. Arnold Palmer set one of them in September 1997: 473 kn on a 5,000 km closed course. In February 1997, the Citation X design team was awarded the National Aeronautic Association's Robert J. Collier Trophy. The Citation X was approved by Transport Canada on May 22, 1998, and by the European Joint Aviation Authorities in 1999. In October 2000, Cessna announced an upgrade for all Citation Xs to be delivered after January 1, 2002. The main characteristics of this upgraded version were a 5% increase in thrust, a 400 lb increase in maximum take-off weight, and improved Honeywell avionics.

Citation X+
In 2010, Cessna initiated a major update of the aircraft, initially dubbed the Citation Ten, which included upgraded AE3007C2 engines with new fans, Garmin G5000 flight displays with three 14 in screens, and an autothrottle system. The elliptical winglets that were available as an aftermarket option on the Citation X became standard, and a stretch of 38 cm was incorporated to improve passenger comfort. Due to a 1.4% improvement in Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) and increased thrust, the Citation X+ can support an increase in payload of 97 kg, an increase in cruise speed at FL490 from 460 to 479 knots, and a range increase of 190 nmi (352 km). First flight was completed on January 17, 2012. The height has been increased to 19 ft 3 in (5.85 m), length increased to 73 ft 7 in (22.43 m), wing span has been expanded to 69 ft 2 in (21.1 m), maximum takeoff weight has increased to 36,600 lb (16,602 kg), maximum cruise speed has increased to 527 kn at FL350, and maximum range has increased to 3242 nmi (MTOW, Full Fuel, Optimal Climb and Descent, Mach 0.82 Cruise, FL450).

Design

The Citation X uses a new wing, tail, tail cone, landing gear, and systems, designed from scratch and not based on prior Citations. Part commonality is limited to some cockpit controls, the windshield, and the tail light bulb. The pressure bulkhead is also similar to previous designs. The Citation X has the same fuselage cross-section as the Citations III, VI and VII; however, the wing attachment to the fuselage is different from the attachment in previous Citation. The Citation X was the first aircraft from Cessna to use a Rolls-Royce engine and fully-integrated avionics.

The aircraft incorporates a number of innovative design features. One attribute that is often first noticed is the large diameter of the engine intakes. This feature, related to the high bypass ratio turbofan, reduces the noise from the engines and improves fuel efficiency. Another obvious characteristic is the highly swept wing with a supercritical airfoil, used in order to increase the critical Mach number and therefore the top speed. The Citation X has 37 degrees of sweepback at the quarter chord, more than any other business jet and, among civil aircraft, second only to the Boeing 747's 37.5 degrees. The horizontal and vertical stabilizers are also highly swept and are arranged in a T-tail configuration.

Airframe

A significant amount of effort throughout the design process was directed towards reducing the Citation X's total drag. The resulting design includes an area-ruled fuselage for efficient transonic flight and a highly swept supercritical wing. The Citation X's wing is slung below the fuselage rather than passing through it. This allows increased volume in the fuselage, a one-piece wing, and simplified wing-fuselage connections.

Engines

The Citation X is powered by two Rolls-Royce AE 3007C (up to S/N 750-172) or AE 3007C1 engines (S/N 750-173 and subsequent), each with 6442 lbs (28.66 kN) or 6764 lbs (30.09 kN) of thrust, respectively. They are pod-mounted on the sides of the rear fuselage. It is the first Cessna aircraft to be powered by a Rolls-Royce engine. The engine has solid titanium blades and a three-stage low-pressure turbine. The engine's fan has approximately a 5 to 1 bypass ratio for improved fuel efficiency and low acoustic signature. The unit also incorporates the Honeywell GTCP36-150CX Auxiliary Power Unit (APU).

Powered controls
Another first for Cessna is the inclusion of powered controls in the Citation X. The controls are powered by dual-hydraulic systems for redundancy. There are two elevators and the tailplane is all-moving for trim. The rudder is in two pieces: the lower portion is hydraulically powered and the upper portion is electrically powered. Each wing has five spoiler panels, to be used both for roll control (in addition to the ailerons) and as speed brakes. One of the major challenges of the Citation X design was finding enough space in the wing to run all the necessary hydraulic lines. As Paul Kalberer, the chief engineer of the Citation X program, explained, the Citation X needs just as many hydraulic pumps and actuators as a large airliner, but has much less space inside the wings.

Avionics

Honeywell provides the avionics system for the glass cockpit. The Honeywell Primus 2000 EFIS flight director system is composed of five 7-inch × 8-inch CRT screens. Dual flight management systems with GPS are standard.

In the Citation X+ the avionics were changed to the Garmin G5000 system.

Elliptical winglets
In 2008, Winglet Technology, with the help of Cessna, began flight testing epoxy/graphite elliptical winglets on a Citation X. Flight testing was nearing completion in late 2008, with FAA supplemental type certification expected in 2009. The winglets increase range by 150 nm, lower fuel burn by 4–5%, improve hot and high performance as well as climb rate, permitting a climb to flight level 430 in 22 minutes, as opposed to 26 minutes without the modification. Climb to flight level 450 at maximum takeoff weight is possible without a step climb. Cruise speed at altitude is expected to increase by 15 knots, and maximum takeoff weight will increase by 1200 lbs (545 kg). Excluding installation, the kit's projected cost is $395,000.

Elliptical winglets were made standard on Citation X+.

Operators
Multiple companies have purchased the Cessna Citation X, including Waitt Media, Honeywell, Target Corporation, Townsend Engineering, General Motors and Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories since 2002.

Private owners included film director Sydney Pollack, attorney Fred Furth, Oracle's Larry Ellison, entrepreneur Steve Fossett, Formula One driver Nelson Piquet, 45th US president Donald Trump and golfer Arnold Palmer.

NetJets ordered 60, then another 21, at the standard 10.5% discount, flying it 1,100 to 1,200 hr. per year, and XOJET, started in 2006, operates 20 jets.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cessna Citation X


text:
List of NPR personnel

The following is a list of National Public Radio personnel:

Leadership

 * Katherine Maher, president and CEO
 * Jarl Mohn, president emeritus, board member of NPR Foundation, and co-chair of NPR's 50th anniversary capital campaign.
 * Paul G. Haaga, Jr., chair of the board of directors
 * Howard Wollner, president of the NPR Foundation
 * Christopher Turpin, Acting Senior Vice President, News, and Editorial Director
 * Stacey Foxwell, vice president of operations
 * Sarah Gilbert, acting vice president for news programming and operations

News hosts

 * Melissa Block – Special Correspondent and former Host, All Things Considered
 * Ailsa Chang – Co-Host, All Things Considered, Culver City, California
 * Scott Detrow – Co-Host, weekend All Things Considered and Consider This
 * Leila Fadel – Co-Host, Morning Edition*
 * Deepa Fernandes – Co-Host, Here and Now
 * Steve Inskeep – Co-Host, Morning Edition, Washington, D.C.
 * Mary Louise Kelly – Co-Host, All Things Considered
 * Michel Martin – Co-host, Morning Edition
 * Rachel Martin – Co-Host, Morning Edition
 * A Martínez – Co-Host, Morning Edition, Culver City, California
 * Renée Montagne – Special Correspondent/ former Host, Morning Edition
 * Peter O'Dowd – Guest Host, Here and Now
 * Ayesha Rascoe – Host, Weekend Edition Sunday, Co-Host NPR Sunday Puzzle
 * Ari Shapiro – Co-Host, All Things Considered
 * Robert Siegel – Former Host, All Things Considered; retired January 2018
 * Scott Simon – Host, Weekend Edition Saturday
 * Juana Summers – Co-Host, All Things Considered
 * Scott Tong – Co-Host, Here and Now
 * Robin Young – Co-Host, Here and Now

Syndicated hosts

 * Rund Abdelfatah – Co-Host, Throughline
 * Ramtin Arablouei – Co-Host, Throughline
 * Amanda Aronczyk – Co-Host/ Reporter, Planet Money
 * David Bianculli – TV Critic/Guest Host, Fresh Air
 * Bob Boilen – Host, All Songs Considered
 * Meghna Chakrabarti – Host, On Point
 * Mary Childs – Co-Host/ Reporter, Planet Money
 * Felix Contreras – Host, Alt.Latino
 * Dave Davies – Guest Host, Fresh Air
 * Gene Demby – Co-Host/ Correspondent, Code Switch
 * Raina Douris – Host, World Cafe
 * Karen Duffin – Co-Host/ Reporter, Planet Money
 * Cardiff Garcia – Co-Host, The Indicator from Planet Money
 * Jacob Goldstein –Co-Host/ Correspondent, Planet Money
 * Sarah Gonzalez –Co-Host/ Reporter, Planet Money
 * Terry Gross – Host, Fresh Air
 * Aisha Harris – Co-Host, Pop Culture Happy Hour
 * Robin Hilton – Host, All Songs Considered
 * Maria Hinojosa – Host, Latino USA
 * Linda Holmes – Co-Host, Pop Culture Happy Hour
 * Kamilah Kashanie – Host, StoryCorps Podcast
 * Bill Littlefield – Former host, Only A Game
 * Tom and Ray Magliozzi – Former Hosts, Car Talk
 * Christian McBride – Host, Jazz Night in America
 * Kelly McEvers – Host, Embedded
 * Kia Miaka Natisse – Co-Host, Invisibilia
 * Christopher O'Riley – Former host, From the Top
 * Guy Raz – Host, How I Built This
 * Fiona Ritchie – Host, The Thistle & Shamrock
 * Peter Sagal – Host, Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me
 * Sam Sanders – Correspondent/ Former host, It's Been a Minute
 * Yowei Shaw – Co-Host, Invisibilia
 * Madeline K. Sofia – Host, Short Wave
 * Stacey Vanek Smith – Co-Host, The Indicator from Planet Money
 * Stephen Thompson – Co-Host, Pop Culture Happy Hour
 * Gregory Warner – Host, Rough Translation
 * Glen Weldon – Co-Host, Pop Culture Happy Hour
 * Jenn White – Host, 1A
 * Manoush Zomorodi – Host, TED Radio Hour

Washington Desk

 * Ximena Bustillo - Multiplatform Reporter, Washington Desk
 * Susan Davis – Congressional Correspondent
 * Ron Elving – Senior Editor/ Correspondent, Washington Desk
 * Don Gonyea – National Political Correspondent
 * Claudia Grisales – Congressional Reporter
 * Carrie Johnson – Justice Correspondent
 * Tamara Keith – White House Correspondent
 * Asma Khalid – White House Correspondent
 * Michele Kelemen – Correspondent, State Department
 * Danielle Kurtzleben – Political Reporter
 * Mara Liasson – National Political Correspondent
 * Ryan Lucas – Justice Correspondent
 * Domenico Montanaro – Senior Political Editor/ Correspondent, Washington Desk
 * Greg Myre – Correspondent, National Security
 * Brian Naylor – Correspondent, Washington Desk
 * Franco Ordoñez – White House Correspondent
 * Miles Parks – Reporter, Voting and Elections
 * Deepa Shivaram - Multiplatform Reporter, Washington Desk
 * Kelsey Snell – Congressional Correspondent
 * Barbara Sprunt – Congressional Reporter
 * Nina Totenberg – Correspondent, Legal Affairs, Washington Desk
 * Deirdre Walsh – Congress Editor/ Acting Congressional Correspondent
 * David Welna – Correspondent, Washington Desk

National Desk

 * Noah Adams – Contributing Correspondent, National Desk
 * Greg Allen – Correspondent, National Desk, Miami
 * Chris Arnold – Correspondent, National Desk, Boston
 * Tom Bowman – Pentagon Reporter, National Desk, Washington
 * Jeff Brady – Reporter, National Desk
 * John Burnett – Correspondent, National Desk, Austin, Texas - retired 2023
 * Cheryl Corley – Correspondent, National Desk, Chicago
 * Camila Domonoske – Reporter, National Desk
 * Debbie Elliott – Correspondent, National Desk
 * Adrian Florido – Correspondent, National Desk
 * Jasmine Garsd – Correspondent, National Desk
 * Wade Goodwyn – Correspondent, National Desk, Dallas (1991–2023)
 * Richard Gonzales – Correspondent, National Desk, San Francisco
 * Sally Herships – Freelance Reporter
 * Ina Jaffe – Correspondent, National Desk, Culver City, CA
 * Martin Kaste – Law Enforcement Correspondent, National Desk, Seattle
 * Quil Lawrence – Veterans Correspondent, New York
 * Brian Mann – Correspondent, Addiction Issues
 * Sarah McCammon – Correspondent, National Desk/ Guest Host
 * Joel Rose – Correspondent, Immigration, National Desk
 * Nathan Rott – Correspondent, Environment and the American West, National Desk
 * David Schaper – Reporter, National Desk, Chicago
 * Kirk Siegler – Correspondent, National Desk, Boise
 * Tovia Smith – Correspondent, National Desk, Boston
 * Hansi Lo Wang – Correspondent, National Desk
 * Eric Westervelt – Correspondent, National Desk, San Francisco

International Desk

 * Deborah Amos – International Correspondent
 * Jane Arraf – International Correspondent, Cairo
 * Eleanor Beardsley – International Correspondent, Paris
 * Daniel Estrin – International Correspondent, Jerusalem
 * Emily Feng – International Correspondent, Beijing
 * Lauren Frayer – International Correspondent, London
 * Diaa Hadid – International Correspondent, Islamabad
 * Carrie Kahn – International Correspondent, Mexico City
 * Joanna Kakissis – International Contributor, Athens
 * Peter Kenyon – International Correspondent, Istanbul
 * Anthony Kuhn – Foreign Correspondent, Seoul
 * Frank Langfitt – International Correspondent, London
 * Charles Maynes – International Correspondent, Moscow
 * Julie McCarthy – International Correspondent, Southeast Asia
 * Jackie Northam – Correspondent, International Affairs
 * John Otis – Freelance Reporter, Bogotá
 * Eyder Peralta – International Correspondent, Mexico City
 * Sylvia Poggioli – Former Senior European Correspondent, Foreign Desk, retired 2023
 * Ofeibea Quist-Arcton – former International Correspondent, Dakar, retired
 * Philip Reeves – International Correspondent, London
 * John Ruwitch – Reporter, U.S.- China Relations
 * Rob Schmitz – International Correspondent, Berlin
 * Ruth Sherlock – International Correspondent, Lebanon
 * Teri Schultz – Freelance International Reporter, Brussels
 * Michael Sullivan – International Correspondent, Senior Asia Correspondent

Arts Desk

 * Elizabeth Blair – Senior Producer/ Reporter, Arts Desk
 * Eric Deggans – TV Critic
 * Mandalit del Barco – Reporter, Arts Desk, Culver City, CA
 * Andrew Limbong – Reporter, Arts Desk
 * Jeff Lunden – Freelance Arts Reporter
 * Bob Mondello – Movie Critic
 * Ann Powers – Music Critic
 * Anastasia Tsioulcas – Reporter, Arts Desk
 * Neda Ulaby – Reporter, Arts Desk

Business Desk

 * Bobby Allyn – Technology Correspondent, Los Angeles
 * Shannon Bond – Technology Correspondent, San Francisco
 * David Gura – Correspondent
 * Scott Horsley – Chief Economics Correspondent
 * Andrea Hsu – Labor and Workplace Correspondent
 * Yuki Noguchi – Correspondent, Business Desk
 * Alina Selyukh – Correspondent, Business Desk

Science Desk

 * Nurith Aizenman – Correspondent, Global Health and International Development
 * Allison Aubrey – Correspondent, Science Desk
 * Jason Beaubien – Correspondent, Global Health and Development
 * Geoff Brumfiel – Senior Editor/ Correspondent, Science Desk
 * Dan Charles – Food and Agriculture Correspondent, Science Desk
 * Rhitu Chatterjee – Correspondent, Health
 * Michaeleen Doucleff – Reporter, Science Desk
 * Maria Godoy – Senior Editor/ Correspondent, Science Desk
 * Nell Greenfieldboyce – Reporter, Science Desk
 * Jon Hamilton – Correspondent, Science Desk
 * Pien Huang – Reporter, Science Desk
 * Rebecca Hersher – Reporter, Science Desk
 * Christopher Joyce – Correspondent, Science Desk
 * Jennifer Ludden – Energy and Environment Editor
 * Sydney Lupkin – Correspondent, Pharmaceuticals
 * Joe Palca – Correspondent, Science Desk
 * Selena Simmons-Duffin – Reporter, Health Policy
 * Lauren Sommer – Correspondent, Science Desk
 * Rob Stein – Senior Editor/ Correspondent, Science Desk
 * Will Stone – Reporter, Health

Planet Money

 * Sally Helm – Reporter, Planet Money
 * Kenny Malone – Correspondent, Planet Money
 * Keith Romer – Contributing Reporter, Planet Money
 * Greg Rosalsky – Reporter, Planet Money
 * Robert Smith – Correspondent, Planet Money

Code Switch

 * Karen Grigsby Bates – Senior Correspondent, Code Switch

Investigations Unit

 * Tom Dreisbach – Correspondent, Investigations
 * Chiara Eisner – Reporter, Investigations
 * Sacha Pfeiffer – Correspondent, Investigations/ Guest Host
 * Joseph Shapiro – Correspondent, Investigations
 * Laura Sullivan – Correspondent, Investigations
 * Cheryl W. Thompson – Correspondent, Investigations

Other

 * David Folkenflik – Media Correspondent
 * Tom Goldman – Correspondent, Sports
 * Anya Kamenetz – Correspondent, Education
 * Kat Lonsdorf – Reporter
 * Jenna McLaughlin – Cybersecurity Correspondent
 * Elissa Nadworny – Reporter, Education
 * Jerome Socolovsky – Audio Storytelling Specialist, NPR Training
 * Susan Stamberg – Special Correspondent
 * Cory Turner – Senior Editor/ Correspondent, NPR Ed Team
 * Linda Wertheimer – Senior National Correspondent
 * Odette Yousef – National Security Correspondent (focus on extremism)

Breaking News Reporters

 * Jaclyn Diaz – Reporter
 * Jonathan Franklin – Reporter
 * Joe Hernandez – Reporter
 * Vanessa Romo – Reporter
 * Laurel Wamsley – Reporter

Newscast Unit

 * Dwane Brown – Newscaster (Weekdays, All Things Considered interludes)
 * Korva Coleman – Newscaster (Weekdays, 6 a.m. – 11 a.m.)
 * Amy Held – Newscasts Editor; Fill-In Newscaster
 * Jeanine Herbst – Newscaster (Weekends, 5 p.m. – 10 p.m.)
 * Windsor Johnston – Newscaster
 * Barbara Klein – Newscaster (Weekends, 11 p.m. – 4 a.m.)
 * Lori Lundin – Freelance Newscaster
 * Dave Mattingly – Newscaster (Weekdays, 5 a.m./ Morning Edition interludes)
 * Nora Raum – Newscaster (Weekends, 11 a.m. – 4 p.m.)
 * Louise Schiavone – Freelance Newscaster
 * Lakshmi Singh – Newscaster (Weekdays, 12 p.m. – 4 p.m.)
 * Giles Snyder – Newscaster (Weekends, 5 a.m. – 10 a.m.)
 * Jack Speer – Newscaster (Weekdays, 5 p.m. – 10 p.m.)
 * Shay Stevens – Newscaster (Weekdays, 11 p.m. – 4 a.m.)
 * Dale Willman – Freelance Newscaster
 * Doualy Xaykaothao – Fill-In Newscaster

title: List of NPR personnel


text:
Timeline of railway history

Antiquity

 * c. 700 BC     – A basic form of the railway, the rutway,  – existed in ancient Greek and Roman times,  the most important being the ship trackway Diolkos across the Isthmus of Corinth. Measuring between 6 and 8.5 km,   remaining in regular and frequent service for at least 650 years,     and being open to all on payment, it constituted even a public railway, a concept that, according to Lewis, did not recur until around 1800.  The Diolkos was reportedly used until at least the middle of the 1st century AD, after which no more written references appear.

16th–18th century

 * Mid 16th century (1550) – Hand propelled mining tubs known as "hands" were used in the provinces surrounding/forming modern day Germany by the mid-16th century having been improved use since the mid-15th century. This technology was brought to England by German miners working in the Minerals Royal at various sites in the English Lake District near Keswick (now in Cumbria).
 * c.1594 – The first overground railway line in England may have been a wooden-railed, horse-drawn tramroad which was built at Prescot, near Liverpool, around 1600 and possibly as early as 1594. Owned by Philip Layton, the line carried coal from a pit near Prescot Hall to a terminus about half a mile away.
 * c.1600 – A funicular railway was made at Broseley in Shropshire some time before 1605 to carry coal for James Clifford from his mines down to the river Severn to be loaded onto barges and carried to riverside towns.
 * 1604 – Huntingdon Beaumont, partner of landowner Sir Percival Willoughby, built the Wollaton Wagonway, running from mines at Strelley to Wollaton in Nottinghamshire. It was approximately two miles in length. Beaumont built three further wagonways shortly afterwards near Blyth, Northumberland, to service the coal and salt trades.
 * 1722 – The Tranent – Cockenzie Waggonway was built by the York Buildings Company of London, to transport coal from the Tranent pits to the salt pans at Cockenzie and the Harbour at Port Seton, in Haddingtonshire, now East Lothian. This wooden waggonway was replaced in 1815 with an iron fish bellied edgeway to Cockenzie Harbour by the new owners, the Cadell family. This was Scotland's first railway of any kind, with one section of it remaining in constant use until 1962. Some in situ stone sleeper blocks survive at the Robert Stevenson designed Cockenzie Harbour, and the entirety of the route is a way marked footpath.
 * 1725 – The Tanfield Wagonway was constructed to lead coal from pits around Tanfield to the Tyne at Redheugh (Gateshead). It was the first railway built on a large scale – 5 miles of double wooden track with massive civil engineering works including deep cuttings, huge embankments and the world's first large masonry railway bridge, the Causey Arch. Each 2.5 ton capacity waggon (with flanged wooden wheels) was hauled by a horse, up to 60 waggons per hour at peak times. Two miles of the wagonway route are still in use by the Tanfield Railway, making this the oldest operational railway in the world.
 * 1758 – The Middleton Railway, the first railway granted powers by an Act of Parliament, carried coal cheaply from the Middleton pits to Leeds. The line was privately financed and operated, initially as a wagonway using horse-drawn wagons. Around 1799, the wooden tracks were replaced with iron edge rails at a gauge of 4 ft 1 in (1,245 mm). In 1812 the Middleton Railway became the first commercial railway to successfully use steam locomotives: the Salamanca, which used John Blenkinsop's patented design for rack propulsion.
 * 1760s – Iron production in Britain began to rise dramatically, followed by a similar rise on the European continent. This was the result of the use of coke for smelting and refining pig iron and cast iron and the application of the steam engine and cast iron blowing cylinder to providing pressurized air for blast furnaces.
 * 1768 – The Wagon Way was constructed by the Erskines of Mar in Alloa, to carry coal from the Clackmannanshire coalfields of central Scotland to the Port of Alloa. Initially using wooden rails, these were later clad in Swedish iron (1785), and carried horse-drawn wagons. Some of the Wagon Way route still exists, although the tracks are long gone.
 * 1783 – Henry Cort patented the grooved rolling mill for rolling hot iron to expel molten slag. Rolling was 15 times faster than hammering.
 * 1783 – Henry Cort patented the puddling process for making wrought iron. This was the first large scale process for making a structural grade of iron and was also much less expensive than previous methods.  Puddled iron production came into widespread production after 1800.
 * 1784 – William Murdoch demonstrated a steam carriage powered by a high-pressure engine. He would later show it to his neighbour Richard Trevithick who would go on to build locomotives.
 * 1789 – The Charnwood Forest Canal, sometimes known as the "Forest Line of the Leicester Navigation" uses railways to supplement the canal between Nanpantan and Loughborough, Leicestershire. William Jessop had constructed a horse-drawn railway for coal wagons. He successfully used an iron edge-rail, in contrast to his partner Benjamin Outram, who preferred the traditional iron L-shaped flange-rail plateway.
 * 1793 – The Butterley Gangroad or the "Crich Rail-way" was built by Benjamin Outram, to connect the Warner Limestone Quarry to the Cromford Canal a mile away at Bullbridge. This railway included the oldest known railway tunnel located at Fritchley.
 * 1798 – The Lake Lock Rail Road, arguably the world's first public railway, opened in 1798 to carry coal from the Outwood area to the Aire and Calder navigation canal at Lake Lock near Wakefield, West Yorkshire, a distance of approximately 3 miles. The load of three wagons was hauled by one horse. The track used edge rails with a gauge of 3 ft 4 3/4 in (1,035 mm). The use of the line gradually declined and was closed in 1836.

1800 to 1849

 * 1800 – The Boulton & Watt steam engine patent expired, allowing others to build high-pressure engines with high power-to-weight ratios, suitable for locomotives.
 * 1802 – The Carmarthenshire Tramroad, a horse-drawn goods line, located in south west Wales, was established by an Act of Parliament. This line was used for coal transportation. It was a plateway of about 4 foot gauge, and using a pair of horses for power.
 * 1802 – Unable to construct a canal similar to the nearby Cyfarthfa Ironworks, three of the four principal ironworks at Merthyr Tydfil, Wales: Dowlais, Plymouth and Penydarren, collaborated in building the 9.5-mile Merthyr Tramroad between Merthyr Tydfil and Abercynon. It was a single-track plateway with a gauge of 4 ft 4 in over the flanges of the L-shaped cast-iron plate rails. The plates were 3 ft long. One horse pulled about five trams.
 * 1803 – The Surrey Iron Railway, London opened. It linked the towns of Wandsworth and Croydon via Mitcham on the south of the Thames. It was double track plateway throughout with a spacing of about 5 feet. The rails were of the Outram pattern and were L-shaped in cross-section and 3 feet 2 inches long. The line was closed in 1846. A part of the route is now used by Tramlink between Wimbledon and West Croydon.
 * 1804 – First steam locomotive railway using a locomotive called the Penydarren or Pen-y-Darren was built by Richard Trevithick. It was used to haul iron from Merthyr Tydfil to Abercynon, Wales. The first train carried a load of 10 tons of iron. On one occasion it successfully hauled 25 tons. However, as the weight of the locomotive was about 5 tons the locomotive's weight broke many of the cast iron plate rails.
 * 1805 – The Croydon Merstham & Godstone goods railway opens. It was the first commercial railway and was connected to the Surrey Iron Railway.
 * 1807 – First fare-paying, horse-drawn passenger railway service in the world was established on the Oystermouth Railway in Swansea, Wales. Later this became known as the Swansea & Mumbles Railway although the railway was more affectionately known as "The Mumbles Train" (Tren Bach I'r Mwmbwls). The railway was laid in the form of a plateway, with the rails being approximately 4 ft (1,219 mm) in width.
 * 1808 – The Kilmarnock & Troon Railway was the first railway in Scotland authorised by an Act of Parliament. It was a plateway, using L-shaped iron plates as rails. In 1817 it was also the first railway in Scotland to trial a steam locomotive. It was the Blücher that George Stephenson had used at the Killingworth Colliery. This locomotive could haul 30 tons of coal up a hill at 4 mph (6.4 km/h). It was used to tow coal wagons along the wagonway from Killingworth to Wallsend. It was subsequently withdrawn from service because of damage to the cast iron rails.
 * 1808 – Richard Trevithick sets up a "steam circus" (a circular steam railway using the locomotive Catch Me Who Can) in London for some months, for the public to experience for 1 shilling each.
 * 1809 – Thomas Leiper constructed a 60 ft long test railway in Philadelphia to show that one horse could haul ten times more weight on a railed road than on an earthen road. The railway was constructed with stone sleepers and wooden rails.
 * 1810 – Thomas Leiper constructed a 3/4 mile long railroad to transport gneiss from his quarry in Avondale Pennsylvania to Ridley Creek.
 * 1812 – First commercial use of a steam locomotive on the Middleton Railway, Leeds. Matthew Murray of Fenton, Murray & Wood, located in Holbeck, designed a locomotive with a pinion that meshed with a rack. Murray's design was based on Richard Trevithick's locomotive, Catch Me Who Can, adapted to use John Blenkinsop's rack and pinion system, and was called Salamanca. It was the first two-cylinder locomotive.
 * 1813 – Wylam Waggonway started commercial operation. The wagonway was used to haul coal chaldron wagons from the mine at Wylam to the docks at Lemington-on-Tyne in Northumberland using the steam locomotive Puffing Billy. Puffing Billy was constructed by coal viewer, William Hedley, enginewright, Jonathan Forster, and engineer Timothy Hackworth for Christopher Blackett, the owner of Wylam Colliery. The wagon way was used for hauling coal for 50 years.
 * 1814 – George Stephenson constructs his first locomotive, Blücher for the Killingworth wagonway. The locomotive was modelled on Matthew Murray's. It could haul 30 tons of coal up a hill at 4 mph (6.4 km/h) but was too heavy to run on wooden rails or iron rails which existed at that time.
 * 1822 – Stephenson's Hetton colliery railway was the first purpose built railway not to use animal power, instead using stationary engines, inclines and purpose built steam locomotives.
 * 1825 – Stephenson's Stockton & Darlington Railway was the first publicly subscribed railway to use steam locomotives. It carried freight from collieries near Shildon to Darlington and Stockton-on-Tees in County Durham. The line opened on 26 September 1825. The following day, 550 passengers were hauled, making this the world's first steam-powered passenger railway, contrary to Liverpool's claims five years later.
 * 1825 John Stevens of Hoboken, New Jersey built a 1/2 mile circular test railroad track and also built a steam locomotive, the first in America. The locomotive had a pinion and the track had a rack.
 * 1826, January – The first section of the Springwell Colliery Railway, later to be known as the Bowes Railway, opened. This section was the first six miles of what would become a 15-mile railway, using a mix of locomotive and rope (cable) haulage. Part of the original line is now a British scheduled monument.
 * 1827, 30 June – The first railway in France opened between Saint-Etienne and Andrézieux (horse-drawn carriage).  Tests had been run from 1 May 1827.
 * 1827, January to May – Construction of the Mauch Chunk Switchback Railway to transport anthracite from mines in the mountains of Pennsylvania to the Lehigh River. It started operations in 1828.
 * 1828 – The Bolton & Leigh Railway opened on 1 August with the locomotive Lancashire Witch pulling wagons loaded with approximately 150 passengers. However, regular passenger services did not start until 1831.
 * 1828 – Railway (horse-drawn carriage) České Budějovice – Linz, first public railway in continental Europe, with length 120 km and rail gauge 1,106 mm (3 ft 7 1⁄2 in), section České Budějovice – Kerschbaum put into operation on 30 September 1828.
 * 1828 – The Hot blast technology was patented by James Beaumont Neilson. It was the most important development of the 19th century for saving energy in making pig iron. Hot blast also dramatically increased the capacity of blast furnaces and improved the quality of iron made with coke (fuel).
 * 1828 – From 4 July the Baltimore & Ohio (B&O) began constructing a track.  The South Carolina Railroad Company commenced construction a few months later.
 * 1829 - George and Robert Stephenson's locomotive, Rocket, sets a speed record of 47 km/h (29 mph) at the Rainhill Trials held in between Liverpool and Manchester, UK.
 * 1829, 8 August – Delaware & Hudson Railroad, constructed using 16 miles of wood rails capped by strap iron, conducts the first test of Stourbridge Lion steam engine built in England.
 * 1830 – The Canterbury & Whitstable Railway opened in Kent, England on 3 May, three months before the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. Built by George Stephenson, this was a 5¾ mile line running from Canterbury to the small port and fishing town of Whitstable, approximately 55 miles east of London. Traction was provided by three stationary winding engines, and Invicta which was a 0-4-0 locomotive, built by the Stephenson company, but only able to operate on level sections of track because the locomotive only produced a meagre 9 horsepower.
 * 1830 – The first public railway in the United States, the B&O, opened with 23 miles of track, with mostly hardwood rail topped with iron. The steam locomotive, Tom Thumb, was designed and built by Peter Cooper for the B&O, the first American-built steam locomotive. Trials of the locomotive began on the B&O that year.
 * 1830 – The Liverpool & Manchester Railway opened. It marked the beginning of the first steam passenger service which was locomotive-hauled and did not use animal power. The line had the first timetables for passengers and proper stations (with ticketing offices and platforms) and went on to prove the viability of rail transport.
 * 1830 – The first portion of the Saint-Étienne–Lyon railway opened between Givors and Rive-de-Gier on 1 July 1830. The rest of the line opened on 1 October 1832 for passenger use only, accepting freight a few months later. It used iron rails on dice stones. The line was 58 km long with 112 bridges and three tunnels. The locomotives were based on George Stephenson's Locomotion, but with a tubular boiler that produced six times more power.
 * 1831 – First railway in Australia, for the Australian Agricultural Company, a cast iron fish belly gravitational railway servicing the A Pit coal mine.
 * 1831 – First passenger season tickets issued on the Canterbury & Whitstable Railway.
 * 1832 – The Leicester and Swannington Railway opened in Leicestershire. It was the first steam railway in the English Midlands.
 * 1832 – The railway switch is patented by Charles Fox.
 * 1833 – Swindon Works in England is founded by the Great Western Railway.
 * 1834 – The first section of the Boston & Albany Railroad opens, subsequently to become part of the New York Central Railroad.
 * 1834 – The world's first commuter railway, the Dublin & Kingstown Railway (D&KR) opened between Dublin and Kingstown (now Dún Laoghaire), covering a distance of six miles.
 * 1835 – The first railway in Belgium opened on 5 May between Brussels and Mechelen. In 1836 a second section between Mechelen and Antwerp opened. The line still exists (now known as line 25) and is used by high speed trains between Paris and Amsterdam.
 * 1835, 7 December – Bavarian Ludwigsbahn, the first steam-powered German railway line, opened for public service between Nuremberg and Fürth.
 * 1836, 21 July – First public railway in Canada, the Champlain and Saint Lawrence Railroad, opened in Quebec with a 16-mile run between La Prairie and Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu.
 * 1837 – Partial opening of the West Coast Main Line by the London & Birmingham Railway. The complete route which ran from London Euston to Birmingham, covered 112 miles (180 km), opened during 1838, becoming England's first inter-city line. Euston became London's first railway terminus.
 * 1837 – The first Cuban railway (under Spanish rule) line connected Havana with Bejucal. In 1838 the line reached Güines. This was the first railway in Latin America.
 * 1837 – The Leipzig–Dresden Railway Company opened the first long-distance German railway line, connecting Leipzig with Althen near Wurzen. In 1839 the line reached Dresden.
 * 1837 – The first Austrian railway line connected Vienna with Wagram. In 1839 the line reached Brno.
 * 1837 – The first rail line in Russia connected Tsarskoye Selo and Saint Petersburg.
 * 1837 – The first line in Paris (Paris-Saint Germain Line) opened between Le Pecq near the former royal town of Saint-Germain-en-Laye and Embarcadère des Bâtignoles (later to become Gare Saint-Lazare). It was the first railway in Paris and the first in France designed solely for the carriage of passengers and operated using steam locomotives. The western section from Saint-Germain to Nanterre is now part of the RER A, the busiest railway line in Europe.
 * 1837 – Robert Davidson built the first electric locomotive.
 * 1838 – The world's first railroad junction is formed in Branchville, South Carolina. The railroad company extended its existing rail that ran between Charleston and the Savannah River to the north toward Orangeburg and Columbia. Both rail lines closely paralleled old Native American trails.
 * 1838 – Edmondson railway ticket introduced.
 * 1839 – The first railway in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Italy, opened from Naples to Portici.
 * 1839 – The first rail line in the Netherlands connected Amsterdam and Haarlem.
 * 1840s – Railway Mania sweeps the United Kingdom. 6,220 miles (10,010 km) of railway lines were built during the decade.
 * 1840 – The Wilmington and Weldon Railroad in North Carolina becomes the longest railroad in the world with 161.5 miles (259.9 km) of track.
 * 1841 – The Great Western Railway was completed from London Paddington to Bridgwater via Bristol, a total of 152 miles (245 km).
 * 1842, 6 November – First railway to cross an international border in Europe is opened. The line ran between Mouscron (Belgium) and Tourcoing (France).
 * 1843 – The first rail line connecting Brussels (Belgium) with Cologne (Prussia) via Liège and Aachen (see Rhenish Railway Company).
 * 1844 – The first rail line in Congress Poland was built between Warsaw and Pruszków.
 * 1844 – The first Atmospheric Railway, the Dalkey Atmospheric Railway opened for passenger service between Kingstown and Dalkey in Ireland. The line was 3 km in length & operated for 10 years.
 * 1845 – The first railway line built in Jamaica opened on 21 November. The line ran 15 miles from Kingston to Spanish Town. It was also the first rail line built in any of Britain's West Indies colonies. The Earl of Elgin, Jamaica's Governor, presided over the opening ceremonies, by the late 1860s the line extended 105 miles to Montego Bay.
 * 1845 – Royal Commission on Railway Gauges to choose between Stephenson's gauge and Brunel's gauge.
 * 1846 – James McConnell met with George Stephenson and Archibald Slate at Bromsgrove. This meeting led to the establishment of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.
 * 1846 – The first railway line in Hungary connects Pest and Vác.
 * 1846 – First international railway connection between two capitals, Paris and Brussels.
 * 1846 – The Surrey Iron Railway closes, the first railway to cease operations.
 * 1847 – Pennsylvania Railroad opens with a line between Harrisburg and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
 * 1847 – First train in Switzerland, the Limmat, on the Spanisch-Brotli-Bahn Railway line.
 * 1848 – First railway line in Spain, built between Barcelona and Mataró.
 * 1848 – First railway in South America, British Guyana. The railway was designed, surveyed and built by the British-American architect and artist Frederick Catherwood. John Bradshaw Sharples built all the railway stations, bridges, stores, and other facilities. Financing was provided by the Demerera Sugar Company, which wished to transport their product to the dock of Georgetown. Construction was in sections with the first, from Georgetown to Plaisance, opening on 3 November 1848.

1850 to 1899

 * 1850: Kilometres of railway line in operation in Europe: Great Britain: 9797 (plus Ireland: 865); Germany: 5856; France: 2915; Austria: 1357; Belgium: 854; Russia: 501; Netherlands: 176.
 * 1851 – First train in Chile from Caldera to Copiapó (80 km)
 * 1851 – Initiative taken for a railway system in British India, for setting up military routes and growing trade.
 * 1851 – Moscow – Saint Petersburg Railway
 * 1852 – The first railway in Africa, in Alexandria, Egypt.
 * 1853 – Railways introduced to India, train ran from Bombay (now Mumbai) to Thane.
 * 1853 – Indianapolis Union Station, the first union station, opened by the Terre Haute and Richmond Railroad, Madison and Indianapolis Railroad, and Bellefontaine Railroad in the United States.
 * 1854 – The first railway in Brazil, inaugurated by Pedro II of Brazil on 30 April in Rio de Janeiro, built by the Viscount of Maua.
 * 1854 – The first railway in Norway. Between Oslo and Eidsvoll.
 * 1854 – The first railway in today's Romania and Serbia (then Austrian Empire), on 20 August 1854, between Lisava-Oravica-Bazijaš.
 * 1854 – First steam drawn railway in Australia. Melbourne to Hobson's Bay, Victoria.
 * 1855 – The Panama Railway with over 50 mi of track is completed after five years of work across the Isthmus of Panama at a cost of about $8,000,000 and over 6,000 lives—the first 'transcontinental railway'.
 * 1856 – The first railway in Papal State, Italy, from Rome to Frascati.
 * 1856 – First railway completed in Portugal, linking Lisbon to Carregado.
 * 1856 – Paris–Marseille railway opened, which together with other railways north of Paris created the first transcontinental railroad (from the English Channel to the Mediterranean Sea)
 * 1857 – Steel rails first used in Britain.
 * 1857 – The first railway in Argentina, built by Ferrocarril del Oeste between Buenos Aires and Flores, a distance of 10 km, opened to the public on 30 August.
 * 1858 – The first railway line in Ottoman Empire (Turkiye) opens between Izmir-Aydin.
 * 1858 – Henri Giffard invented the injector for steam locomotives.
 * 1861 – First railway in Paraguay, from the station to the Port of Asuncion on 14 June.
 * 1862 – The first railway in Finland, from Helsinki to Hämeenlinna.
 * 1862 – The Warsaw – Saint Petersburg Railway is opened.
 * 1863 – First underground railway, the 4 mi Metropolitan Railway opened in London. The adapted steam engines held condensed steam and let it out only at particular tunnel locations that had air vents. This gave rise to a new mode of subterranean urban transit: the Subway/U-Bahn/Metro.
 * 1863 – Scotsman Robert Francis Fairlie invented the Fairlie locomotive with pivoted driving bogies, so trains could negotiate tighter track curves. This innovation was rare for steam locomotives, but was the model for most future diesel and electric locomotives.
 * 1863 – First steam railway in New Zealand opened from Christchurch to Ferrymead.
 * 1863 – World's first narrow – gauge steam locomotive built, The Princess (Later named Princess) for the Ffestiniog Railway
 * 1864 – First railway line opened in Mauritius. The North line covered 50 km (31 mi) and started operation on 23 May.
 * 1865 – Pullman sleeping car introduced in the USA.
 * 1866 – Ruse-Varna is the first railway line completed in Bulgaria (then part of the Ottoman Empire), connecting the Danube port of Ruse with the Black Sea port of Varna.
 * 1869 – The First Transcontinental Railroad (North America) completed across the United States from Omaha, Nebraska to Sacramento, California. Built by Central Pacific and Union Pacific.
 * 1869 – George Westinghouse established the Westinghouse Air Brake Company in the United States.
 * 1870 – The Paldiski-Tallinn-St Petersburg line is opened as the first railway line in Estonia (then part of the Russian Empire).
 * 1871 – The Poti-Zestafoni line is opened as the first railway line in Georgia (country) and Caucasus.
 * 1872 – The first passenger train ran on 10 October 1872, from Poti to Tbilisi.
 * 1872 – The first railway in Japan was inaugurated by government of Japan, and connected between Shimbashi in Tokyo and Yokohama.
 * 1872 – The Midland Railway put in a third-class coach on its trains.
 * 1875 – Midland Railway introduced eight and twelve wheeled bogie coaches.
 * 1877 – Vacuum brakes are invented in the United States.
 * 1879 – First electric railway demonstrated at the Berlin Trades Fair.
 * 1881 – First public electric tram line, the Gross-Lichterfelde Tramway, opened in Berlin, Germany.
 * 1881 – One of the first railway lines in the Middle East was built between Tehran and Rayy in Iran.
 * 1882 – Lavatories were introduced on the Great Northern Railway coaches in Britain
 * 1882 – The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway connected Atchison, Kansas with the Southern Pacific at Deming, New Mexico, thus completing a second transcontinental railroad in the U.S..
 * 1882 – First line in Kingdom of Serbia: 12 km long 600 mm wide gauge track from Majdanpek copper processing plant to Velike Livade, constructed by the "Serbian Copper & Iron Co" (official name in English, most stock holders were British), first run in June 1882.
 * 1883 – First electric tram line using electricity served from an overhead line, the Mödling and Hinterbrühl Tram opened in Austria.
 * 1883 – Southern Pacific linked New Orleans with Los Angeles thus completing the third U.S. transcontinental railroad.
 * 1883 – The Northern Pacific Railway links Chicago with Seattle—the fourth U.S. transcontinental railroad.
 * 1883 – The Orient Express, a long-distance passenger train service connecting Paris to Constantinople / Istanbul, was created by Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits (CIWL).
 * 1885 – The Canadian Pacific is completed 5 years ahead of schedule, the longest single railway of its time, which links the eastern and western provinces of Canada.
 * 1888 – Frank Sprague installs the "trolleypole" trolley system in Richmond, Virginia, making it the first large scale electric street railway in the US, though the first commercial installation of an electric streetcar in the United States was built in 1884 in Cleveland, Ohio and operated for a period of one year by the East Cleveland Street Railway Company.
 * 1888, 30 May – The first railway in British Hong Kong, Peak Tram opened.
 * 1889 –  The first interurban tram-train to emerge in the United States was the Newark and Granville Street Railway in Ohio, which opened in 1889.
 * 1890 – The City & South London Railway was the first deep-level underground "tube" railway in the world, and the first major railway to use electric traction
 * 1891 – Construction began on the 9,313 km long Trans-Siberian railway in Russia. Construction completed in 1904. Webb C. Ball established the first railway watch official guidelines for railroad chronometers.
 * 1892 – The first horse-drawn tram line in Belgrade, Serbia.
 * 1893 – The Liverpool Overhead Railway opened on 6 March 1893 with 2-car electric multiple units, the first to operate in the world.
 * 1893 – The first railway in Thailand between Bangkok to Samut Prakan opened (13.05 mi). The Great Northern Railway linked St Paul, Minnesota to Seattle—the fifth U. S. transcontinental railroad.
 * 1894 – Thailand's tram line using electricity served in Bangkok.
 * 1894 – Serbia's first electric tram line in Belgrade.
 * 1895 – Japan's first electrified railway opened in Kyoto.
 * 1895 – First mainline electrification on a four-mile stretch (Baltimore Belt Line) of the Baltimore & Ohio
 * 1898 – The first railway line in the Congo Free State between Matadi in the province of Kongo-Central to Kinshasa opened.
 * 1899 – The first Korean railway line connects Noryangjin (Seoul) with Jemulpo (Incheon).
 * 1899 – Tokyo's first electric railway, the predecessor to Keihin Electric Express Railway opened.
 * 1899 – First use of three-phase alternating current in a mainline. The 40 km Burgdorf-Thun line opened in Switzerland

20th century

 * 1901 – Kenya-Uganda Railway completed and opened.
 * 1908 – Hejaz Railway opened.
 * 1910 - Kowloon–Canton Railway (British section) opened.
 * 1912 – The world's first diesel locomotive (a diesel-mechanical locomotive) was operated in the summer of 1912 on the Winterthur–Romanshorn railway in Switzerland.
 * 1912 – Articulated trams, invented and first used by the Boston Elevated Railway.
 * 1913 – First diesel powered railcar enters service in Sweden. In Austria-Hungary, the first electrified metric railway was opened between Arad and the neighboring vineyards, facilitating transportation of goods and people and reducing travel time from half a day to just one hour (total distance around 60 km).
 * 1915 – First major stretch of electrified railway in Sweden; Kiruna-Riksgränsen (Malmbanan).
 * 1917 – General Electric produced an experimental Diesel-electric locomotive using Lemp's control design—the first in the United States.
 * 1920 – U.S. employment is 2,076,000.
 * 1924 – First diesel-electric locomotive built in Soviet Union, Russian locomotive class E el-2.
 * 1925 – The first electric train ran between Bombay (Victoria Terminus) and Kurla, a distance of 16 km. The first electric train of India.
 * 1925 – Ingersoll Rand with traction motors supplied by General Electric built a prototype diesel switcher (shunter) locomotive, the AGEIR boxcabs. Mumbai to Pune route electrified in India, WCG 1 electric locomotives were introduced on the route.
 * 1926 – First diesel locomotive service introduced in Canada.
 * 1930 – GE began producing diesel-electric switching engines. WCP1 (EA/1), electric locomotives were introduced on the Mumbai – Pune Route.
 * 1934 – the first train (Flying Scotsman) to officially hit 100 mph.
 * 1934 – First diesel-powered streamlined passenger train in America (the Burlington Zephyr) introduced at the Chicago World's Fair.
 * 1935 – First children's railway opens in Tbilisi, USSR.
 * 1937–41 – Magnetic levitation (maglev) train patents awarded in Germany to Hermann Kemper, with design propelled by linear motors.
 * 1938 – In England, the world speed record for steam traction was set by the Mallard, which reached a speed of 203 km/h (126 mph).
 * 1939 – In Persia the Trans-Iranian Railway opened, built entirely by local capital.
 * 1939 – Diesel-electric railroad locomotion entered the mainstream in the U.S. when the Burlington Railroad and Union Pacific start using diesel-electric "streamliners" to haul passengers.
 * 1940 – U.S. employment is 1,046,000.
 * 1942–45 – The U.S. gives over 117 steam locomotives worth over $2,624,182 ($1945) to the Soviet Union under U.S. Lend Lease.
 * 1946 – U.S. railroads begin rapidly replacing their rolling stock with diesel-electric units—not completing the process until the mid 1960s.
 * 1948, 1 January – British Railways formed by nationalising the assets of the 'Big Four' railway companies (GWR, LMS, LNER and SR).
 * 1948, 1 March – Foreign-owned railway companies nationalised in Argentina during the first term of office of President Peron.
 * 1951 – World's first preserved railway, the Talyllyn Railway, operates its first train under the preservation movement on 14 May 1951.
 * 1953 – Japan sets narrow gauge world speed record of 145 km/h (90 mph) with Odakyū 3000 series SE Romancecar.
 * 1959, April – Construction of the first segment of the Tōkaidō Shinkansen between Tokyo and Osaka commenced.
 * 1960 – US employment is 793,000.
 * 1960 – the last British steam engine is made (Evening Star).
 * 1960s–2000s (decade) – Many countries adopt high-speed rail in an attempt to make rail transport competitive with both road transport and air transport.
 * 1963, 27 March – Publication of The Reshaping of Britain's Railways (the Beeching Report). Generally known as the Beeching cuts, it led to the mass closure of 25% of route miles and 50% of stations during the decade following.
 * 1964 – Shinkansen service introduced in Japan, between Tokyo and Osaka. Trains average speeds of 160 km/h (100 mph) due to congested shared urban tracks, with top speeds of 210 km/h.
 * 1967 – Automatic train operation introduced.
 * 1968 – British Rail ran its last final steam-driven mainline train, named the Fifteen Guinea Special, after of a programmed withdrawal of steam during 1962–68. It marked the end of 143 years of its public railway use. Thailand's tram line was stop serviced.
 * 1970, 21 June – Penn Central, the dominant railroad in the northeastern United States, became bankrupt (the largest US corporate bankruptcy up to that time). Created only two years earlier in 1968 from a merger of several other railroads, it marked the end of long-haul private-sector US passenger train services, and forced the creation of the government-owned Amtrak on 1 May 1971.
 * 1975, 10 August – British Rail's experimental tilting train, the Advanced Passenger Train (APT) achieved a new British speed record, the APT-E reaching 245 km/h (152.3 mph). The prototype APT-P pushed the speed record further to 261 km/h (162.2 mph) in December 1979, but when put into service on 7 December 1981, it failed and was withdrawn days later, resuming only from 1980 to 1986 on the West Coast Main Line.
 * 1979 – High speed TGV trains introduced in France, TGV trains travelling at an average speed of 213 km/h. and with a top speed of 300 km/h.
 * 1981 – Port Island Line of Kobe first fully driverless train introduced.
 * 1984 – The Kolkata Metro is a metro railway transport system serving the city of Kolkata and the districts of South 24 Parganas and North 24 Parganas in the Indian state of West Bengal. The Kolkata Metro was the first Metro Railway in India, opening for commercial services from 24 October 1984. The metro system has most of its stations underground. Being the first of its kind in India and in the entire South Asia, the metro system is proudly called "India's First, Kolkata's Pride."
 * 1987 – World speed record for a diesel locomotive set by British Rail's High Speed Train (HST), which reached a speed of 238 km/h.
 * 1989 – Cairo Underground Metro Line 1 is the first line of underground in Africa and Middle East Line length 44 km with 34 stations Daily ridership 1 million passenger Operating speed 100 km/h.
 * 1990 – World speed record for an electric train is set in France by a TGV, reaching a speed of 515 km/h.
 * 1990 – ADtranz low floor tram world's first completely low-floor tram introduced.
 * 1994–1997 – Privatisation of British Rail. The British government passes ownership of track and infrastructure to Railtrack on 1 April 1994 (replaced by Network Rail in 2002), with passenger operations later franchised to 25 individual private-sector operators, and freight services sold outright.

21st century

 * 2000 – Amtrak introduced the Acela on the Northeast Corridor in the United States.
 * 2000 – Storstockholms Lokaltrafik introduced the Tvärbanan in the Sweden.
 * 2001 August – Northeast China first electrified railway opened between Shenyang and Harbin.
 * 2001 – High Speed 1, Britain's first high-speed rail line opens, allowing trains to run from London Waterloo to Paris on dedicated high-speed track.
 * 2003 – Germany introduces capa vehicle trams in Mannheim.
 * 2007 – High speed trains travelling at 350 km/h are introduced in Spain between Madrid and Barcelona.
 * 2007 – Modified trainset of France's TGV had beaten its original world record when it travelled from Metz- Reims at a speed of 574.8 km/h.
 * 2007 – Ireland's first Intercity DMU, the IE 22000 Class, enters service running on the Dublin-Sligo line.
 * 2008 – the first British standard gauge steam train made in 50 years (60163 Tornado).
 * 2009 – Škoda 15 T world's first completely low-floor tram with articulated bogies introduced.
 * 2015 – In March, China South Rail Corporation (CSR) demonstrated the world's first hydrogen fuel cell vehicle tramcar at an assembly facility in Qingdao. The chief engineer of the CSR subsidiary CRRC Qingdao Sifang
 * 2017 – Ground-level power supply technology, TramWave, developed by Italian company Ansaldo, successfully entered commercial application via the opening of Zhuhai tram Line 1 first phase in China.
 * 2018 – Alstom Coradia iLint hydrogen-powered train enters service in Lower Saxony, Germany.
 * 2018 – driverless trams in Potsdam tested.
 * 2020 – The world's first driverless, autonomous [bullet] train enters into service in China.
 * 2021 – The pilot project of the "world's first automated, driverless [conventional] train" is launched in the city of Hamburg, Germany.

title: Timeline of railway history


text:
Larry Polansky

Larry Polansky (October 16, 1954 – May 9, 2024) was an American composer, guitarist, mandolinist, and academic.

Biography
The brother of the writer Steven Polansky, Polansky read mathematics and music at the University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC), graduating in 1977. He served on the faculty of Dartmouth College and held the title of Emeritus Strauss Professor of Music upon his retirement of Dartmouth. He subsequently returned to UCSC and served on the UCSC music faculty from 2013 to 2019. He was a founding member and co-director of Frog Peak Music (a composers' collective). He co-wrote HMSL (Hierarchical Music Specification Language) with Phil Burk and David Rosenboom.

There are several recordings of his work, including Four-Voice Canons (an album of mensuration canons). He served as co-producer of Asmat Dream: New Music Indonesia, Vol. I.

Polansky was previously married to ethnomusicologist and performer Jody Diamond. Music historian and musician Amy C. Beal was his long time partner and frequent musical collaborator.

Polansky died on May 9, 2024, at the age of 69.

Discography

 * freeHorn (2017, Cold Blue Music)
 * Three Pieces for Two Pianos (2016, New World Records)
 * The World's Longest Melody (2010, New World Records, featuring Zwerm guitar quartet)
 * The Theory of Impossible Melody (1990, Artifact Recordings; 2008 Reissue on New World Records)
 * Trios (2004, Pogus CDs, with Douglas Repetto, Tom Erbe, Chris Mann, Christian Wolff)
 * Four Voice Canons (2002, Cold Blue Recordings)
 * Change (2002, Artifact Recordings)
 * Lonesome Road (2001, New World Records, featuring Martin Christ, piano)
 * Simple Harmonic Motion (1994, Artifact Recordings)

title: Larry Polansky


text:
Frog Peak Music

Frog Peak Music is a composer's collective that produces and distributes experimental works, and functions as a home for its artists. It was co-founded in 1984 by Jody Diamond and Larry Polansky.

"Frog Peak Music is dedicated to exploring innovative technologies and aesthetics of publication and distribution, and committed to the idea of availability over promotion. Member artists determine which of their own works are included in Frog Peak, and how they are included."

"Frog Peak Music perpetuates and evolves the historical role of experimental independent publishing in the United States. In so doing, the collective engenders a hospitable publication environment for its members, and provides an example of some of the ways that artists might control their own work in a non-commercial, non-hierarchical fashion, erasing distinctions between artist and publisher."

"FP carries scores, recordings, writings and other works by hundreds of artists internationally. Frog Peak Music also has a CD label and several publications, including James Tenney's Meta + Hodos, John Chalmers' Divisions of the Tetrachord, and several others."

Frog Peak has published editions of the works of Johanna Magdalena Beyer, Ruth Crawford Seeger, and an on-line web-book, Janet and Her Dear Pheobe, written by Henry Cowell's mother (Clarissa Dixon).

Members

 * Anthony Braxton
 * Philip Corner
 * Barbara Benary
 * Warren Burt
 * Jody Diamond
 * Rodney Dirk
 * Alvin Curran
 * Kenneth Gaburo (and Lingua Press)
 * Kyle Gann
 * Peter Garland
 * Daniel Goode
 * Lou Harrison
 * Paul Paccione
 * Larry Polansky
 * David Rosenboom
 * Frederic Rzewski
 * Ezra Sims
 * James Tenney
 * Lois V Vierk
 * Soundings Press

title: Frog Peak Music


text:
Talk:Timeline

WikiProject Time assessment rating comment
Want to help write or improve articles about Time? Join WikiProject Time or visit the Time Portal for a list of articles that need improving. -- Yamara ✉  19:44, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

Discussion
Just in case anyone comes to this page looking for information on timelines, know that a good deal of recent information exists within the fields of business management, engineering and social theory. I will be updating this page to that extent over the next few months. So, keep an eye out. JAT, 2.16.2009

—Preceding unsigned comment added by Jatosado (talk • contribs) 17:29, 16 February 2009 (UTC) Good stuff

I cut out the disambiguation, the vast majority of links to this page are about timelines, not about Crichton dml: ...

The term "timeline", when used by itself, can refer to:

Timeline is the title of a 1999 historical / science fiction novel by Michael Crichton.

Timeline is also the title of a 2003 motion picture based on the novel.

For a list of timelines on various subjects, see: List of themed timelines

''This is a disambiguation page, that is, one that just points to other pages that might otherwise have the same name. If you followed a link here, you might want to go back and fix that link to point to the appropriate specific page.''

 * All right, then I'll put it at the bottom of List of themed timelines as a See Also. GUllman 22:44, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Burnsanthony changed this page from a redirect into a dicdef (and a poorly written one at that). List of themed timelines already has a good definition of "timeline", so I made it back into a redirect. He did add one useful-looking external link, which I added to the external links there. DopefishJustin 20:40, May 11, 2004 (UTC)

I removed http://www.historicaltimeline.com from the Bottom-Link-Section because i consider it as a Link to an Amazon-Affiliate-Spam-Site that does not show any signs of a real timeline except a short list of dates. Krstwo (talk) 18:39, 26 November 2008 (UTC)

I removed http://www.historyexplorer.net from the Bottom-Link-Section because there are no timelines on that website, only quite useless lists of dates KRS TWO

Timeline
Over the course of development of Wikipedia, this article went back to being a redirect to Chronology, which was not very helpful.

A detailed description of what a timeline is, how it works, how it came to be invented and refined as a standard tool of information, and some salient examples, should be the focus of this article. —Yamara ✉  19:44, 10 February 2008 (UTC)
 * In Spanish, there is no such distinction. Probably because it is redundant. However since time and line tend to rhyme, probably these two articles should be integrated. This inability to understand that, culturally there is no 'one-on-one' equivalence is one of the major weaknesses of Wikidata's essentially Anglophone idea of the uniqueness of links Timpo (talk) 13:51, 11 August 2014 (UTC)

Internal Timeline
How about a definition of 'internal timeline' under 'types of timelines'? Lemmiwinks2 (talk) 07:30, 20 January 2010 (UTC)

Removing gibberish
The following gibberish was appended anonymously in April to the Uses of timelines section:"A timeline is related to, either one or all of the three, 1. the question or, that is, inquiry of when--one of the five Ws, 2. the subject or, that is, either concept or idea of time, and 3. the science of chronology." Whether or not it was meant as vandalism (and the excessive use of links suggests not, unless it's a particularly elaborate form of vandalism), the sentence adds no information regarding the uses of timelines, is abominably constructed, is confusing and therefore is useless to the reader, as the tag added soon after attests. I am removing the sentence.--Jim10701 (talk) 15:03, 3 August 2012 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 13:37, 14 October 2022 (UTC)
 * ChronoZoom Timeline Project.jpg

Dubious claim
"By the 17th century, historians had started to claim that chronology and geography were the two sources of precise information which bring order to the chaos of history."

Very interesting claim, no sources however. At first glance I thought it was sourced to Cartographies of Time page 17-18, since that was the next citation in the text, but upon inspecting the source, it only verifies the preceding sentence: "Various graphical experiments emerged, from fitting the whole of history on a calendar year to series of historical drawings, in the hopes of making a metaphorical map of time."

Overall, I just find this a dubious claim. History of the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides already recorded events year-by-year, so I think the usefulness of strict chronology wasn't lost on the ancients. Koopinator (talk) 14:06, 13 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Timeline