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User:Forkbat

Note: Please don't edit this page. Use User_talk:Forkbat for any comments, discussion, whatever.

The pseudonym of an Internet resident who occasionally edits stuff for this wiki. I more-or-less created the Rifts entry, one I'm very proud of, although its been dramatically improved upon since my additions.

My Projects:

 * http://forkbat.deviantart.com - where I comment on other people's art submissions
 * http://www.oocities.com/forkbat - my link portal/page
 * EMDG - where I post info on Texas/Louisiana electronic music events (see below). I'm trying to think up a better name.  Part of www.txraves.org/members/forkbat... there's very little on this page.

What is a Forkbat?
I don't know - I made it up. The story I've told a hundred times is that there were a numer of BBS services back before the Internet. In each case, I had to log on with a unique name and password. It started as a very easy-to-remember password. When I got onto AOL I couldn't think of another login name. After that, it just stuck.

The point is: it's easy to remember.

title: User:Forkbat


text:
User talk:Forkbat

Hello and welcome to Wikipedia Forkbat. I have a few tips for you:

 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to name and date
 * Ask questions on Village pump

Proposed deletion of Gpg4usb

The article Gpg4usb has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Unsourced article about a non-notable software program.

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Sparthorse (talk) 01:45, 11 December 2011 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Texas Higher Education Assessment

The article Texas Higher Education Assessment has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "The coverage (references, external links, etc.) does not seem sufficient to justify this article passing General notability guideline and the more detailed Notability (companies) requirement. WP:BEFORE did not reveal any significant coverage on Gnews, Gbooks or Gscholar. If you disagree and deprod this, please explain how it meets them on the talk page here in the form of 'This article meets criteria A and B because...' and ping me back through WP:ECHO or by leaving a note at User talk:Piotrus. Thank you."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 07:31, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Forkbat


text:
Control Yuan

The Control Yuan is the supervisory and auditory branch of the government of the Republic of China, both during its time in mainland China and Taiwan.

Designed as a hybrid of auditor and ombudsman by Taiwanese law, the Control Yuan holds the following powers:

 * Impeachment: The Control Yuan has the power to impeach government officials. Successfully impeached cases then go to the Disciplinary Court of the Judicial Yuan for adjudication. Impeachment of the President and the Vice President of the Republic follows a different procedure and does not go through the Control Yuan.
 * Censure: The Control Yuan also has the power to censure a government official. The censure is sent to the official's superior officer.
 * Audit: The Executive Yuan (cabinet) presents the annual budget to the Control Yuan each year for audit.
 * Corrective Measures: The Control Yuan, after investigating the work and facilities of the Executive Yuan and its subordinate organs, may propose corrective measures to the Executive Yuan or its subordinate organs for improvement after these measures are examined and approved by the relevant committees.

According to the current Constitution, the Control Yuan shall consist of 29 members. One member shall be the President of the Control Yuan, and another shall be the Vice President. All members, including the President and Vice President of Control Yuan, shall be nominated by the President of Taiwan and approved by Legislative Yuan (the parliament of Taiwan). Members serve with a term limit of six years.

Prior to constitutional reforms in the 1990s, the Control Yuan, along with National Assembly (electoral college) and the Legislative Yuan (lower house) formed the national tricameral parliament. It functioned similarly to an upper house of a bicameral legislature, though it formed its own separate branch and was indirectly elected by provincial or municipal legislatures with 178 senators elected.

Members composition
The Control Yuan consists of a council with 29 members, including a President and a Vice President and the National Audit Office. All 29 members and the auditor-general are nominated by the President of the Republic and approved by Legislative Yuan for 6-year terms. The incumbent 6th Control Yuan was nominated by President Tsai Ing-wen on June 22, 2020 and later confirmed by Legislative Yuan on July 17, 2020. Members inaugurated on August 1, 2020, and their terms expire on July 31, 2026.

Council and committees
The council of the Yuan, chaired by the Yuan President, is divided into a number of committees to exercise the Yuan's supervision power. No member of the Control Yuan can hold another public office or profession while serving in the branch (according to Article 103 of the constitution), and members must be able to perform absent of partisan control or influence. Members can vote in no more than three committees and can join additional committees as non-voting members. Each committee can have up to 14 members and usually elects a convenor amongst themselves to chair committee meetings.

The following responsibilities were also assigned by various acts.

 * Anti-Corruption: The Anti-Corruption Committee is a seven-member committee, which cannot include the President of Vice President of the Control Yuan, which deals with asset declarations by government officials, recusals due to conflict of interest, and political donations.
 * Examination Invigilation: The Control Yuan also appoints proctors to supervise examinations for civil servants.

National Human Rights Commission
The National Human Rights Committee is a ten-member committee under the Control Yuan which investigates human rights abuses, proposes human rights laws, compiles an annual report and promotes human rights education. The President of the Control Yuan must be a member of the committee. The committee was established by the National Human Rights Committee Organic Law on 10 December 2019.

Administrative Appeal Committee
An Administrative Appeal Committee, operated under the aegis of the Control Yuan but consisting of both members and non-members of the Control Yuan, considers administrative appeals which are inappropriate to both the Control Yuan proper and the Ministry of Audit.

National Audit Office
The National Audit Office is headed by an auditor-general who is nominated by the President of the Republic and appointed with consent of Legislative Yuan (parliament), exercises the Control Yuan's power of audit. It consists of five departments:

 * General public affairs audit department
 * National defense expenditures audit department
 * Special public affairs audit department
 * State-run corporations and government-owned businesses audit department
 * Financial affairs audit department (also in charge of supervising local government audits)

In addition, most local governments have established the Audit Divisions/Offices, these serve as the subordinate agencies of the National Audit Office. Currently, 21 local governments of the 22 administrative divisions of Taiwan have Audit Divisions/Offices (except Lienchiang County).

Impeachment procedure and notable cases
The Control Yuan is responsible to investigate possible violations on laws and regulations of public servants and raise impeachments if needed. Investigations are initiated by at least two members, and investigation committees must consist of at least nine members of the Control Yuan. The impeachment cases would be determined by a majority vote by members of investigation committee. Successful impeachment cases will then be forwarded to the Disciplinary Court (懲戒法院) under the Judicial Yuan for adjudication. However, the impeachment of the President or Vice President shall be initiated by Legislative Yuan (parliament) and adjudicate by the Constitutional Court under the Judicial Yuan. Details regarding impeachment proceedings are stipulated in the Enforcement Rules of the Control Act.

 * On 19 February 2020, the Control Yuan impeached five military personnel which it deemed responsible for a F-16 Fighter aircraft crash on June 4, 2018, that killed all on board. The case was forwarded to the Public Functionary Disciplinary Sanction Commission in the Judicial Yuan to determine the punishment.
 * On 4 June 2019, Hsieh Kung-ping (謝公秉), a top aide of former Hualien County commissioner Fu Kun-chi, Lin Chin-hu (林金虎), a county government employee, and media section chief Huang Wei-jun (黃微鈞), were impeached for bribery using $5.26 million in public funds. Both were found guilty on 18 February 2020; Hsieh was given two demerits and fined $100,000 NTD, Lin was handed a 10% pay reduction for a year, and Huang was given one demerit and fined $100,000 NTD.
 * On 15 January 2019, Kuan Chung-ming, the president of National Taiwan University, was impeached for violating a law prohibiting public servants from working other jobs. The case was forwarded to the  Public Functionary Disciplinary Sanction Commission in the Judicial Yuan to determine whether he was guilty and the appropriate punishment.  Kuan was found guilty on 2 September 2019 and officially reprimanded.

Constitutional theory
The concept of Control Yuan was introduced by Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People. The theory proposed a separation of powers into five branches. Sun Yat-sen demonstrated the benefit of separating the supervision and auditing power from the legislature by the designation of the state organs of the Imperial China. He quotes the long tradition of supervision used in past dynasties, ranging from the Censor (御史) established by the Qin (秦) and Han (漢) dynasties to the tái (臺) and jiàn (諫) offices established under the Sui (隋) and Tang (唐) dynasties (tai were selected to supervise civil officials and military officers, while jian were selected to counsel the emperor on supervisory matters) to the Board of Public Censors (都察院) selected under the Ming (明) and Qing (清) dynasties. Most of these offices also operated local and provincial branches to supervise local governments. Under the Qing dynasty, the Board of Public Censors consisted of forty or fifty members, and two presidents, one of Manchu ancestry and the other of Han Chinese ancestry. They were, in theory, allowed to send one censor to participate in the meetings of all government boards. The Board's powers were minimized by the time of political flux which preceded the end of the Empire.

However, the 1947 Constitution of the Republic of China has many influences from the resolutions of the Political Consultative Assembly held between the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) and the Chinese Communist Party. Carsun Chang, the major author of the Constitution draft in the Political Consultative Assembly, considered the fact that the supervision and auditing power is traditionally held by the legislature, and also the proposal of federalism from the Communist Party in the drafting process. He designed the Control Yuan to be a chamber of parliament that is indirectly elected by the provincial legislatures of China. The Control Yuan has some similarities to the United States Senate, which allocated a similar number of seats to each province of China and holds the power to confirm many important public positions in the Judicial Yuan and Examination Yuan appointed by the President of the Republic.

In the 1947 constitution, the Control Yuan, together with National Assembly and Legislative Yuan, thus formed chambers of a tricameral parliament according to the Judicial Yuan's interpretation number 76 of the Constitution in 1957. The Control Yuan was given the power to request documents from other government agencies and investigate them for violations of law or neglect as under Sun Yat-sen's ideology. The auditor-general was considered elected by the Control Yuan, who shall be nominated by the President of the Republic with consent of the Legislative Yuan, who was responsible for submitting reports on government budgets. Finally, the Control Yuan had confirmation power for the President, Vice President and members of the Judicial Yuan and Examination Yuan.

Establishment and relocation to Taiwan

In the early republican era, the Beiyang government was in favor of the traditional three-branch form of separation of powers. However, a weak culture of republicanism and, later, the Warlord Era suppressed the implementation of this constitutional ideology.

After a successful Northern Expedition campaign, the Kuomintang secured its leadership in China and started to build the Nationalist government according to Sun Yat-sen's ideology. Five branches (Yuans) were created under the Kuomintang's party-state administration. During this time, the Auditing Yuan was established in February 1928, but in February 1931, the Control Yuan was established and the Auditing Yuan was downgraded to the current ministry-level National Audit Office within the Control Yuan. The creation of Control Yuan on 16 February 1931 was the last establishment of the five-Yuans.

However, the 1947 Constitution of the Republic of China, although retaining the architecture of the five-branch government, changed the Control Yuan to be a parliament chamber. Under the constitution, members of the Yuan (by now senators de facto) were elected from regional legislatures: 5 from each province, 2 from each direct-administered municipality, 8 from Mongolia (by 1948 only the Inner Mongolian provinces were represented), 8 from Tibet, and 8 from the overseas Chinese communities. As originally envisioned both the President and Vice President of the Control Yuan were to be elected by and from the members like the speaker of many other parliamentary bodies worldwide. Following the promulgation of the Constitution, the 178 first Control Yuan senators elected by the regional legislatures convened in Nanking on June 4, 1948, for the opening of their chamber. The first Control Yuan then confirmed the leaders and members of the first Judicial Yuan and Examination Yuan. The transition from one-party state Nationalist government to constitutional government was hence completed.

However, a year later, the Kuomintang-led government of the Republic of China lost the Chinese Civil War and retreated to Taiwan in December 1949. Taiwan had been under Japanese rule before August 15, 1945; as a result of World War II, the Republic of China Armed Forces occupied Taiwan on behalf of the Allies. The government established Taiwan Province to mark its annexation of Taiwan. There were 104 members who retreated to Taiwan with the government, including 5 senators from Taiwan. The Control Yuan occupied the former governmental building of Taihoku Prefecture in the Japanese era. The term of the retreated senators was extended indefinitely until "re-election is possible in their original electoral district." During this era, the first Control Yuan members continued to conduct sessions in Taipei until they were ordered to retire by the Judicial Yuan (Constitutional Court) in 1991.

With the reduction of members due to age, elections were held from 1969 to 1986 to elect new senators to the Yuan from Taiwan, and the cities of Taipei and Kaoshung were soon represented.

Until 1993, the Control Yuan's legislative work was limited to helping to audit the national budget, which would then be presented to the Legislative Yuan. The other actions the then chamber took were its impeachment, confirmation and censure powers, applied whenever necessary.

Democratization
Democratization took place in Taiwan starting late 1980s; the movement resulted in a series of constitutional amendment known as the Additional Articles of the Constitution. On May 27, 1992, the second amendment removed the Control Yuan from parliament chambers and its members removed from their legislative duties. Decision process of leaders and members of the Control Yuan follows a similar pattern of Judicial Yuan and Examination Yuan. These officials were nominated by the President of the Republic and confirmation by the National Assembly. The National Assembly was another parliament chamber that can hold the confirmation process to maintain the separation of powers.

On 18 July 1997, by the 4th constitutional amendment, the procedure to impeach the President and Vice President of the Republic was transferred out from the Control Yuan. In this amendment, presidential impeachment shall be initiated by Legislative Yuan and voted by the National Assembly. However, the later political developments in Taiwan has inclined to simplify the parliament to one chamber. The Legislative Yuan was the surviving chamber and the National Assembly was then abolished. Since 25 April 2000, confirmation of leaders and members of the Control Yuan are transferred to Legislative Yuan, together with the confirmation of similar officials of Judicial Yuan and Examination Yuan.

At the end of 2004, President Chen Shui-bian sent a list of nominees to positions in the Control Yuan to the Legislative Yuan for approval. The coalition of Kuomintang and People First Party, which then held a majority in the Legislative Yuan, refused to ratify President Chen's nominees and demanded that he submit a new list. The political deadlock that resulted stopped the Control Yuan from functioning from February 2005 to July 2008. The situation resolved after Kuomintang's candidate Ma Ying-jeou was elected as the President in 2008 Taiwanese presidential election and Kuomintang won the supermajority of Legislative Yuan seats in 2008 Taiwanese legislative election. Mr. Wang Chien-shien was then appointed to be its president under the Ma Ying-jeou administration.

In 2016, Democratic Progressive Party's candidate Tsai Ing-wen was elected as the President in 2016 Taiwanese presidential election and Democratic Progressive Party won the majority of Legislative Yuan seats in 2016 Taiwanese legislative election. On 10 December 2019, the Legislative Yuan passed the National Human Rights Committee Organic Law (國家人權委員會組織法), which established the National Human Rights Committee under the Control Yuan. Its duties include investigating human rights abuses, proposing human rights laws, compiling an annual report, and educational promotion of human rights, in accordance with the Paris Principles. The committee will consist of 10 members, one of which is the President of the Control Yuan who heads the committee. It launched on August 1, 2020, with former democracy activist Chen Chu as president. Kuomintang member Justin Huang was discussed as a potential vice-president, but he declined the position after receiving criticism from both the KMT for crossing party lines without consultation and the DPP for his role in the construction of the Taitung Miramar Resort while he was county magistrate, for which the county government was censured by the Control Yuan.

Elections and terms

The Kuomintang-led government of the Republic of China retreated to Taiwan in 1949, the year following the elections after the enactment of the 1947 constitution. As the Kuomintang government continues to claim sovereignty over mainland China, the term limit of the original Members of the Control Yuan was extended until "re-election is possible in their original electoral districts." In response to the increasing democracy movement in Taiwan, limited supplementary elections were held in the Free Area (Taiwan) starting 1969. Members elected in these supplementary elections served together with those who were elected in 1948. This situation remained until a Constitutional Court (Judicial Yuan) ruling on June 21, 1991, that ordered the retirement of all members with extended terms by the end of 1991.

Timeline of Control Yuan elections and terms

Before the 1947 Constitution
The President and Vice President of the Control Yuan in the Nationalist government era were appointed by the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party).

1947 Constitution
The Control Yuan was a chamber of parliament under the 1947 Constitution of the Republic of China. The President and Vice President of the Control Yuan were elected by and from the members like the speaker of many other parliamentary bodies.

1992 Constitution amendment
Since the 1992 ratification of the constitutional amendment, the Control Yuan was reorganized from a chamber of parliament to an independent agency that still performs most of its designated constitutional powers. Since the 4th term, the President and Vice President of the Control Yuan, together with other members, were nominated by the President of the Republic and approved by the Legislative Yuan (the now-unicameral parliament of Taiwan).

title: Control Yuan


text:
User talk:Ebricca

Hello Ebricca, and welcome to Wikipedia. I have a few tips for you:

 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages
 * Ask questions on Village pump

Good Luck!

Alexandros 12:18, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)

-- Hello, Ebricca. I made a reply concerting mikado article in my talkpage. I am the computer science major too coincidently. Hope you are having fun too! -- Taku 00:14, Dec 6, 2003 (UTC)

Hi! Please consider linking to new game pages from the list of game topics.

Charles Matthews 14:45, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Game of logic
Game of logic deleted 14 July 2007 (UTC) ..

Yazee listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Yazee. Since you had some involvement with the Yazee redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. Zeke, the Mad Horrorist  (Speak quickly) (Follow my trail) 18:35, 5 April 2015 (UTC)

Yatsee listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Yatsee. Since you had some involvement with the Yatsee redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. Zeke, the Mad Horrorist  (Speak quickly) (Follow my trail) 18:35, 5 April 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

false flag .. ? 2nd
originally posted on 2016_Brussels_bombings talk page .. was erased less rapidly after second posting though didn't last even half a day

I saw it a replied- Well it might have been a rant before .. so ok for the deletion .. but to eradicate it from the log? I'm just saying the possibility of state sponsored terrorism can never be excluded .. and shouldn't .. there are sayings from famous politicians and lawyers that we always tend to underestimate their importance .. For my sense it has again the flavor .. I'm not the only one .. see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EJR7Gek_V7k .. the reason for it being the rapid reporting - claiming to have the facts without investigation - an analyst coming up with answers so rapidly which should take more time .. to get the person there cut the video etc .. feels a bit like the wtc7 report which was sent over the air before the building collapsed .. In previous cases there were rapidly found passports in perfect condition and simultaneous training scenarios which were playing the same events .. I'm just waiting for confirmation that similar events might have occurred here .. and I stand by what I have written .. --Ebricca (talk) 14:34, 23 March 2016 (UTC)

This story is getting traction in the USA. 79.77.214.229 (talk) 17:11, 23 March 2016 (UTC) Sadly, they deleted it!79.77.214.229 (talk) 19:15, 23 March 2016 (UTC)

I agree, I think it is a plot to.79.77.214.229 (talk) 19:15, 23 March 2016 (UTC)

Did UKIP or the German Nazis help do it to cause a war with immigrants or the breakup of the EU.79.77.214.229 (talk) 19:25, 23 March 2016 (UTC)

UKIP are fascists and must be stopped! http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brussels-explosions-ukip-says-bombings-show-eu-freedom-of-movement-is-a-security-threat-a6945566.html 79.77.214.229 (talk) 19:39, 23 March 2016 (UTC)

well its sad that critical comments tend to be eradicated on WP .. like being another outlet of the mass media .. worse even the comments are constantly rewritten -- i don't know about ukip .. possibly they are realists to a certain degree, though i don't like some of their arguments - they seem to me to be conservative and adoring the crown quite a bit

for me I see the EU as a doomed project, built rather for ruin then prosperity .. but most likely by intention in this way - with the currency, how laws are detached from society and created by the lobby, formation of the police state and intimidation not to leave the ship like Greece might have, in the beginning the blocking of any form of referendum to legitimize participation in the EU of member states etc ..

it might have very well been another gladio b operation .. like so many before, where its now known (sibel edmonds / daniele ganser) .. and that syria starts to be at peace again might not be well received .. --Ebricca (talk) 20:03, 23 March 2016 (UTC)

I agree, Gladio Operations must be defeated.79.77.214.236 (talk) 17:07, 24 March 2016 (UTC)

Deletion discussion about March of Empires
Hello, Ebricca,

I wanted to let you know that there's a discussion about whether March of Empires should be deleted. Your comments are welcome at Articles for deletion/March of Empires.

If you're new to the process, articles for deletion is a group discussion (not a vote!) that usually lasts seven days. If you need it, there is a guide on how to contribute. Last but not least, you are highly encouraged to continue improving the article; just be sure not to remove the tag about the deletion nomination from the top.

Thanks,

 Lee Vilenski (talk • contribs) 11:37, 8 January 2018 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Papillon S.r.l.

A tag has been placed on Papillon S.r.l. requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person, a group of people, an individual animal, an organization (band, club, company, etc.), web content, or an organized event that does not credibly indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the. CAPTAIN RAJU (T) 21:15, 4 April 2019 (UTC)

Nomination of PySol for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article PySol is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/PySol until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article.  Free Media  Kid!  04:38, 28 September 2020 (UTC)

Nomination of March of Empires for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article March of Empires is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/March of Empires& until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article.  Lee Vilenski (talk • contribs) 19:48, 30 May 2022 (UTC)

"Internet social network" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Internet social network and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Steel1943 (talk) 21:01, 12 December 2022 (UTC)

made a comment about urine therapy
lets look how long this one can last .. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Urine_therapy pretty interesting npov it feels like one of the interesting articles where much of the real discussion is hidden in the archives .. the intro phrase "No scientific evidence exists to support any beneficial health claims of urine therapy." seems just plain wrong - written by ideology and pecuniary greed. later down it becomes even more interesting as "untreated" seems the keyword - someone like a ****** company has to extract urea for it to become really beneficial .. jokes aside i tried if for myself today as I had doubts as well - soaked my hand in fresh one for 10 minutes after having strong blue blemishes and my hand significantly improved .. I know that is non scientific - primary source material is never allowed .. the pharisees may rejoice .. Ebricca (talk) 05:00, 12 August 2023 (UTC)

 * I have a hand cream with urea. I don't use it often, so it isn't a financial burden. I would feel disgusted to insert my hand in urine. Hint: urine is not sterile, it has germs. I'm not a hygiene freak, and some germs are actually good. But still not willing to do it. tgeorgescu (talk) 20:49, 30 March 2024 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Bondremixed.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Bondremixed.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:02, 15 February 2024 (UTC)

comment on wp critizism
made a comment on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Ideological_bias_on_Wikipedia#interesting_page lets look if it will be allowed to stay for me the most interesting part is, that this page exists. It is on top of search engine hits, when searching for wikipedia critizism. Thus effectively silencing other voices. The German wikipedia is real cesspit - even the names of the most vocal critics are in the censor / filter list (markus fiedler / wikihausen) - which is telling for my part - I am not sure if this comment will even be allowed to stay. I actually searched for their English equal - as I know it exists but was not yet able to find it/her - the sources in the page feel off. A comment about political bias - the discussion about left and right is imho futile - for me they are in the end opposing sides of the same coin - if one wants to study this, vashiva is a starting point. Ebricca (talk) 05:12, 30 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Friend, democracy is a great good, but it is not applicable in every field: science is not a democracy (Wikipedia kowtows to mainstream science, being thus undemocratic by definition), doing business is not a democracy (it's called capitalism, which is different from democracy), religions are undemocratic (they don't hold public vote upon their dogmas), etc. E.g. vitalism has no right here to be represented of equal value to organic chemistry, it has lost the game, and we rightly shun it. The scientific debate about vitalism has ended long ago, it's dead, let it rest in peace. tgeorgescu (talk) 15:14, 30 March 2024 (UTC)

 * the interesting part is that most vocal critics are seemingly not allowed on the page - the german wp has the strongest criticism to date and is not included in the front - where markus fiedler / wikihausen would have to be mentioned - my comment being deleted with the notice "not a forum" - thats imho insane as if one writes honestly it has by definition to be a part of the article .. maybe i should double down but am atm not in the mood to do so.
 * about scientism / science(tm) that you mention - I agree the scientific method would not be a democracy - it is the search for truth .. scientism is political but rather in the form of a dictatorship - "my subjective truth is greater than yours and the only one allowed" - the c event or event 201 being the poster boy .. about vitalism - unfortunately or even fortunately the proposed creation of life is not possible in the lab - as far as I know - I mean from non-living to living - meaning you always need a living cell first - so to completely call vitalism bogus is also far fetched Ebricca (talk) 16:51, 30 March 2024 (UTC)

 * LOL, man. Vitalism as a scientific theory died long ago. There is no respectable scientific journal which publishes "evidence" for vitalism. Because there is no such evidence. tgeorgescu (talk) 17:16, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * no the issue is about creating life - honestly - prove me wrong - you need a living cell - sure biochemistry has its place .. every theory has weird parts - even the globe model where one can see too far :) aka over the horizon photography (israel crete being the longest) Ebricca (talk) 17:34, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia isn't in the business of proving scientific facts. Neither am I. tgeorgescu (talk) 17:41, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * .. :) it was just about your "lol" .. in good humor .. i know wp is a lost case but are you? Ebricca (talk) 17:50, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Creating life is a red herring, moving the goalposts, and God of the gaps. tgeorgescu (talk) 18:12, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * i mean you brought it up .. but fair - it feels beyond the argument Ebricca (talk) 18:21, 30 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia loves mainstream science, mainstream medicine, mainstream history, and mainstream media with a good reputation for fact checking. There are people who hate these, so they obviously hate Wikipedia.
 * What was Markus Fiedler? A Waldorf teacher. What are Waldorf teachers known for? Their hate for mainstream science and especially mainstream medicine. And, of course, Wikipedia is biased. Fiedler himself is very biased, having an obvious axe to grind against the values of WP:MAINSTREAM encyclopedias. tgeorgescu (talk) 16:40, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * i mean he still is alive - he made 2 movies about the state of the german wp .. that he teaches at waldorf shouldn't be the issue - i guess there is a history to it, he certainly studied at a university .. to discredit him by his employer feels to be ad hominem .. mainstream not necessarily means good fact checking, but rather having the bigger gun Ebricca (talk) 17:41, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Hmmm... no, I did not talk about his own competence, but about Waldorf teachers in general, see e.g. https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2012/may/13/letters-steiner-maharishi-schools-wrong (one of many WP:RS which could be WP:CITED to that effect). tgeorgescu (talk) 17:43, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * imho that is a bit of a strawman .. Ebricca (talk) 17:56, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * If you insist: he posited that on Wikipedia creationism should be equal (equally valid) to evolution, which for a biology graduate is a token he really hates mainstream science. And he attributed the response to a conspiracy, rather than to his own poor grasp of science. tgeorgescu (talk) 18:49, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * can you give me the source? thanks .. i do know that darwinian evolution has its weird edge cases - like the globe model but this might also become a red herring .. maybe he was criticizing that fact but i really would like to see the source. Ebricca (talk) 18:54, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * The source is psiram. I cannot link to it, since it is blocked. tgeorgescu (talk) 18:59, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * hmm ok .. psiram is not the greatest source .. i tried to follow their source - a yt video (youtu.be/4X-3-AwqkLQ) .. which is not available .. at least this seems to be a strawman from psiram ..
 * (btw i think fiedler and pohlmann have the longest psiram articles :) .. Ebricca (talk) 19:15, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Okay, my take is rather simple: you have the legal right to hold fringe and pseudoscientific opinions. And Wikipedia has the legal right to shun such opinions.
 * I don't like the articles abortion and health effects of salt, but there are so many more articles wherein my edits are welcome. tgeorgescu (talk) 20:38, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * in a way I am often not so sure if they are so fringe .. no for real .. there is just a science(tm) dictum almost everybody knows and does not want to risk their career for .. outliers / unexplained edge cases by themselves would warrant by definition to topple or at least question theories - wp just often feels like painting a "white washed" convenient plain one opinion picture - and I often question qui bono .. I guess I am a bit too old - in the beginnings of wp alternative views were included - or at least the notion that something is unclear Ebricca (talk) 21:05, 30 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Evolutionary theory is moving (evolving). But it's not moving towards creationism.
 * And even if the theory of evolution would be proven false, it would be replaced by another naturalistic theory. Not with creationism. Not with intelligent design. There are certain facts, which even if they are true, cannot be investigated through science.
 * Darwin won the battle against Lamarck. That sealed the victory of the theory of evolution. He did not compete against creationism, creationism was not even on the table, same as Usain Bolt never competed in the Special Olympics. Even in Darwin's time, scientists understood that GODDIDIT is not much of a scientific explanation, it's just a lousy excuse for remaining ignorant.
 * It would be nice to know that there is a God. Unfortunately, science cannot answer such questions. tgeorgescu (talk) 00:14, 31 March 2024 (UTC)

 * For me the psiram allegations about Fiedler applauding creationism still seem like a strawman - strong sources are just not there. He most likely compared the potential accuracy, if it became politically relevant - and someone intentionally misunderstood.
 * Just to respond to (Neo-)Darwinism - but that has nothing to do with Fiedler - my impression is that it feels like a form of religion - the stairstep theory for example. Macroevolution is just a theory - microevolution could be seen as adoption to environment, not real creation of something new. Mendel experiments with radiating drosophila could be seen as degeneration but not evolution. I am just not so sure if the "by accident" and "selection" is capable of creating things like eyes etc. something feels off - but as said, it is IMHO professional suicide to utter this publicly so most won't dare. Also if you look at the human genome something is very "off" - it is too brittle - giving rise to many aberrations (above baseline miscarriages etc.) as if someone was making genetic experiments .. what I am saying - in a way I am just quite unsure what still can be trusted - much feels too "white washed" - "move along, nothing to see" Ebricca (talk) 07:16, 31 March 2024 (UTC)

another page - going down the rabbit hole
about the homeopathy page .. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Homeopathy#page_npov comment text this page has been rewritten curtesy by the "guerilla sceptics" -- they even stupidly brag about it in recruiting events .. source rob heatherly (a list of the 1000+ rewritten wp pages would be nice) Ebricca (talk) 11:55, 30 March 2024 (UTC) referenced source would be https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bq-GuSs8kX8 .. i didnt bother to add a yt link as original content is shunned ..

 * Not a closely guarded secret... Lunatic charlatans was published ten years ago. tgeorgescu (talk) 13:47, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * in a way the question who is the chalatan? IMHO the scientism sceptics should be called that - but am unsure if I understood correctly Ebricca (talk) 16:58, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * The answer is obvious if you establish which side did Wales defend and which side did he condemn. The situation is asymmetrical. tgeorgescu (talk) 18:16, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * hmm thanks .. I should have looked closer - so it feels like jimmy has a god complex or it is a kowtow to something else .. for better or worse mainstream is their savior - wp lives with science(tm) as sanctioned pov / npov has become obsolete - so the rewrites since 2014 do make more sense now .. hmm and the 2015 fork date of sites like infogalactic do as well - it feels like it's the second time I am realizing the fact .. Ebricca (talk) 07:42, 31 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Mate, what the heck are you talking about? This page hasn't had a major re-write in the maybe fifteen years it's been on my watchlist.  Pepper Beast    (talk)  12:08, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * another source is on my talk page as yt links are shunned - in a way it is a well known fact to shift perception via intro parts of disliked topics - science(tm) for the win - (interesting that the comment is allowed to live here but not on the ideological bias page) Ebricca (talk) 16:31, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * This page follows NPOV because Wikipedia relies on high quality medical secondary sources to determine scientific consensus. And the reliable sources are very clear about homeopathy.
 * Further, insinuations that editors are attempting to "shift perception" can be construed as a personal attack.
 * Finally, your wording is... very poor. I assume English is not your primary language. In that case, you might want to try editing the wiki for your native language. —  The Hand That Feeds You :Bite 16:43, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * sure english is not my primary language - so calling it poor - fine but also ad hominem .. "shifting perception" is the expression the group brags about - really not my words Ebricca (talk) 17:03, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * This article has frequently been discussed as an example of a page that outsiders (usually, but not always, homeopaths with an obvious agenda) have claimed in one way or another to be 'biased'. Discussed by Wikipedia contributors generally, not the very small minority who consider themselves to be 'guerrilla sceptics'. And as far as the broader community of Wikipedia contributors are concerned, it conforms to the policies, arrived at through consensus over very many years, in regard to neutrality, appropriate sourcing etc. If it is 'biased' it is so because it matches the 'biases' inherent in an encyclopaedia that per policy prefers science and academic sources to conspiracy theories and magical thinking. You may not personally like such policy-induced 'bias', but it would appear that readers in general do, considering how often they return to Wikipedia as a reference source. Anyone is of course free to start their own alternative to Wikipedia, or find one of the many existing ones, and read or contribute to that instead. Meanwhile, our encyclopaedia, our rules. Wikipedia has its faults certainly, but not caving in to the demands of magic woo-water peddlers to help them sell their diluted-to-nothingness 'remedies' isn't one of them AndyTheGrump (talk) 17:28, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Also, read ad hominem. It does not mean what you think it means. --Hob Gadling (talk) 17:51, 30 March 2024 (UTC)
 * .. :) .. i read the page .. personal attack - means - ad hominem .. but sure i can be completely wrong .. maybe to say "also" by itself already is a "tu quoque" fallacy .. :) .. Ebricca (talk) 18:09, 30 March 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ebricca


text:
User talk:Gko~enwiki

Hello Gko, and welcome to Wikipedia. I have a few tips for new users:

 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to name and date
 * Ask questions on Village pump

Good Luck!

Alexandros 12:18, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Gko. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Gko~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:12, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 13:20, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gko~enwiki


text:
Examination Yuan

The Examination Yuan is the civil service commission branch, in charge of validating the qualification of civil servants, of the government of the Republic of China (Taiwan). It has a president, a vice president, and seven to nine members, all of whom are nominated by the president of the republic and confirmed by the Legislative Yuan for four-year terms according to Republic of China laws.

Members composition
The Examination Yuan consists of a council with a president, a vice president, and seven to nine members. The leaders and members are nominated by the president of the republic and approved by Legislative Yuan for four-year terms. The incumbent 13th Examination Yuan was nominated by President Tsai Ing-wen on May 28, 2020, and later confirmed by Legislative Yuan on July 10, 2020. Members were inaugurated on September 1, 2020, and their terms expire on August 31, 2024.

Agencies
The Examination Yuan has four main agencies:
 * The Ministry of Examination, which administers examinations for civil servants and contract personnel.
 * Ministry of Civil Service, which oversees the pay, promotion, and retirement of civil servants.
 * Civil Service Protection and Training Commission, which is responsible for training and protecting the rights of civil servants.
 * Public Service Pension Fund Supervisory Board

Offices and committees
The Examination Yuan also includes twelve offices and three committees:
 * Counselors
 * Secretariat
 * First Division
 * Second Division
 * Third Division
 * Editing and Compilation Office
 * Information Management Office
 * Secretary Office
 * Personnel Office
 * Accounting Office
 * Statistics Office
 * Civil Service Ethics Office
 * Petition and Appeals Committee
 * Legal Affairs Committee
 * Research and Development Committee

Constitutional theory
The concept of Examination Yuan is a part of the Three Principles of the People formulated by Sun Yat-sen, which was enlightened by the old Imperial examination system used in Imperial China. It is one of the five government branches ("yuans") of the Government of the Republic of China. Practically, it operates like a ministry of the Executive Yuan, though its members may not be removed by the president or premier.

Establishment and relocation to Taiwan
After the end of Northern Expedition in 1928, the Nationalist government set up the preparatory office of the Examination Yuan in October 1928 in which the organic law was promulgated. In May 1929, the headquarters of the Examination Yuan was inaugurated at Guan Gong and Yue Fei Temple in Nanjing. In January 1930, the Examination Yuan and its subordinates Examination Committee and Ministry of Civil Service were formally established. In December 1937, the headquarters was temporarily relocated to Chongqing during the Second Sino-Japanese War. After the end of World War II in 1945, the headquarters was moved back to Nanjing.

In January 1950, the headquarters were relocated temporarily to Taipei Confucius Temple in Taiwan after the Chinese Civil War. In December 1951, the headquarters were moved to Muzha District, Taipei. In March 1990, the Yuheng Building of the Yuan was inaugurated.

Democratization
During the second revision of the Additional Articles of the Constitution in 1992, confirmation powers of its members were transferred from the Control Yuan to the Legislative Yuan, and articles related to its role as a governing body of mainland China were abolished. In 2019, the Examination Yuan was reduced from 19 members to between 7 and 9, and terms were reduced from 6 years to 4 to coincide with presidential and legislative elections.

There have been calls to abolish the Examination Yuan (and the Control Yuan) by the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), the Taiwan People's Party (TPP) and New Power Party (NPP). TPP caucus whip Lai Hsiang-ling stated that members of the Examination Yuan hold "fat-cat patronage appointments", whereby they earn outside income on top of their usual salary, including by teaching at universities in mainland China. Additionally, the functions of the Examination Yuan are seen as overlapping with those of the Executive Yuan, and an online poll showed about half of respondents supported its abolishment. President Tsai Ing-wen called for the two Yuans to be abolished at the DPP national congress in 2020; the Kuomintang responded by saying that it was an effort to distract from the DPP's poor leadership, but did not provide their stance on the matter. A constitutional amendment committee was formed in September of 2020 to draft proposals for the abolition of the Examination Yuan.

Terms
Appointments of the leaders and members of the Examination Yuan were carried out with presidential nomination and parliamentary confirmation. The first through eighth Examination Yuans were all confirmed by the first Control Yuan, whose members first convened in 1948 and had their terms extended indefinitely. During the democratization of Taiwan in the 1990s, a series of constitutional amendments known as the Additional Articles of the Constitution were promulgated to reorganize the government. These amendments changed the Control Yuan from a parliament chamber to a commission-type agency. Confirmation of the Examination Yuan officials was then moved to other parliament chambers to maintain the separation of powers. Currently, according to the Additional Articles of the Constitution, the Examination Yuan is confirmed by the now-unicameral parliament — the Legislative Yuan.

title: Examination Yuan


text:
Membraniporidae

Membraniporidae is a bryozoan family in the order Cheilostomatida. Membranipora form encrusting or erect colonies; they are unilaminar or bilaminar and weakly to well-calcified. Zooids have vertical and basal calcified walls, but virtually no frontal calcified wall: most of the frontal surface is occupied by frontal membrane. An intertentacular organ is also present. The larvae are not brooded. The ancestrula is generally twinned. Kenozooids may be present in a few species; modified zooids analogous to avicularia are rare.

title: Membraniporidae


text:
Renata Scotto

Renata Scotto (24 February 1934 – 16 August 2023) was an Italian soprano, opera director, and voice teacher. Recognised for her sense of style, her musicality, and as a remarkable singer-actress, Scotto is considered to have been one of the preeminent opera singers of her generation.

For more than 40 years, she performed in some 45 roles, first in Italy, then as a leading soprano of the Metropolitan Opera (Met). She is remembered especially for the title roles of Verdi's La traviata, performed for her stage debut in Milan in 1952, and Puccini's Madama Butterfly, which was her first role at the Met and her last there in 1987, but also for belcanto works such as Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor. She appeared in the first telecast from the Met in 1977, as Mimi in Puccini's La bohème, alongside Luciano Pavarotti and conducted by James Levine. She later expanded her repertoire by roles such as the Marschallin in Der Rosenkavalier by Richard Strauss, Elle in Poulenc's La voix humaine, and Madame Flora in Menotti's The Medium. As opera director she worked for the Met, the Arena di Verona, and other leading opera houses.

Life and career
Scotto was born in Savona, an industrial town and port on the Ligurian Sea, on 24 February 1934. Her father was a police officer and her mother a seamstress. During World War II, her mother took her and her sister to the nearby mountains, taking sewing jobs from the fascists, the Nazis, and the Americans. After the war, the girl experienced her first opera in her hometown, Verdi's Rigoletto with Tito Gobbi in the title role, and decided then, at age twelve, that she would become an opera singer.

She studied music at the Milan Conservatory, from age 16, living in a nuns' convent, and making a living by sewing and cleaning jobs. She studied first with Emilio Ghirardini as a mezzo-soprano. She won a competition in 1952, with the prize of a debut at the Teatro Nuovo in Milan. She performed the title role of Verdi's La traviata, first in her home town on Christmas Eve in front of a sold-out house. The next day, she made her 'official' opera debut at the Teatro Nuovo.

Italy
In 1953, Scotto auditioned at La Scala for the role of Walter in Catalani's La Wally, with Renata Tebaldi and Mario del Monaco in lead roles. After her audition, one of the judges, the conductor Victor de Sabata, was heard saying, "Forget about the rest." La Wally opened on 7 December 1953, and Scotto was called back for fifteen curtain calls while Tebaldi and Del Monaco each received seven. She was offered more supporting roles at La Scala, but rejected them in favour of performing larger roles at regional houses in Italy. She appeared at the Rome Opera in 1955 as Sophie in Massenet's Werther, and at La Fenice in Venice in 1956 as Traviata, and as Micaela in Bizet's Carmen. On a recommendation by tenor Alfredo Kraus she took extra voice training with Mercedes Llopart. Kraus was to become a frequent partner on stage and for recordings. She was a member of the ensemble at La Scala from 1957, performing roles such as Donizetti Adina in L'elisir d'amore and Norina in Don Pasquale but was not accepted as La Traviata by Franco Zeffirelli.

Scotto's major breakthrough came in 1957 when she performed at the Edinburgh Festival in a La Scala production of Bellini's La Sonnambula; Maria Callas was cast as Amina, and it was so successful that the company added an unscheduled fifth performance. Callas, who was under contract for four performances, declined to perform in the added performance but allowed the La Scala management, who had announced her for the fifth performance without her consent, to explain her departure from the festival as being due to illness. Scotto, stepping in as Amina, performed on 3 September 1957, and became an international opera star at age 23.

During the 1960s she became one of the leading singers in the belcanto revival initiated by Callas during the 1950s. She sang Bellini's Zaira and La straniera, Donizetti's Maria di Rohan, in Meyerbeer's Robert le diable, and in other repertoire rarities. In 1964 she performed with La Scala at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow, the first opera company tour to the Soviet Union during the Cold War years. In 1967 she appeared at La Scala as Giulietta in Bellini's I Capuleti e i Montecchi and as Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor, in 1969 as Gluck's Euridice, and in 1970 as Elena in Verdi's I vespri siciliani.

United States
Scotto's American debut was as Mimì in Puccini's La bohème at the Lyric Opera of Chicago in 1960. On 13 October 1965, Scotto made her Metropolitan Opera debut as Madama Butterfly, with John Alexander as Pinkerton. Louis Snyder from the New York Herald Tribune wrote:

"Miss Scotto, as a prima donna, harks back to the days when it was assumed that, to be imported by the Met, you had substantial voice and experience, and the New York test was one of communication of personality. Wednesday night, Miss Scotto arrived with all three, and if she went her own way in portraying Cio-Cio-San-that is, outside the proscribed bounds of the effective Aoyama production-hardly anyone cared. For she sings musically and affectingly, with pathos and color and humor in the voice, in a manner to enfold the listener in the first row of the orchestra or the last row of the family circle, Miss Scotto is a singer for all price ranges. And they let her know it Wednesday night after "Un bel di" with as loud an ovation as has been heard in the House this or maybe even last season. It would seem to be a case of instant love between Miss Scotto and the New York public."

She went on to sing more than 300 performances in 26 roles there through 1987 and settled to live with her family in nearby Westchester County. When James Levine became chief conductor in 1971, she was granted several new roles in new productions, including Vitellia in the company's first production of Mozart's La Clemenza di Tito, in Meyerbeer's Le prophète, and Zandonai's Francesca da Rimini.

Scotto opened the series of Live from the Met telecasts in 1977 with La bohème, alongside Luciano Pavarotti. She starred in the telecasts of Puccini's Manon Lescaut and Il trittico, Verdi's Luisa Miller and Don Carlo, Zandonai's Francesca da Rimini, and as Desdemona in Verdi's Otello, alongside Jon Vickers, among others.

Scotto also had success at the Met as Ponchielli's La gioconda. Moving into the heavier Verdi repertoire in the 1970s, she appeared as Elisabetta in Don Carlo, Luisa Miller, Lady Macbeth, Leonora in Il trovatore, and in the Requiem, all conducted by James Levine. She is remembered as a singing actress; Plácido Domingo said in a 1978 interview: "There is an emphasis, a feeling she puts behind every word she interprets."

At the performance of Bellini’s Norma which opened the Met's 1981/1982 season, fans of Maria Callas yelled negative remarks and booed Scotto from the moment she set foot on the stage. Many were removed from the opera house by security personnel. Writing for The New Yorker, critic Andrew Porter observed, "'Casta diva" was a disaster. Sustained notes were often unsteady. The repeated A's at the climax lurched over, both times, into a sharp and strident B-flat, a curdled scream. The descending scales of the cabaletta were slithers. At coloratura passages she grabbed - and missed." Critic Peter G. Davis noted in New York magazine: "Time and again, Scotto reminded us of her sovereign musicality, her instinctive feeling for the rhythmic life of the notes, her ability to mold finely sculpted phrases, and her sensitivity for coloring the words into emotions that instantly define a dramatic situation."

Later career
In the late part of her career, Scotto took on the roles of Giordano's Fedora (Barcelona, 1988), Charlotte in Massenet's Werther, the Marschallin in Der Rosenkavalier by Richard Strauss (Charleston Spoleto Festival, 1995 and Catania), Kundry in Wagner's Parsifal (Schwerin, 1995), Elle in Poulenc's La voix humaine (Maggio Musicale Fiorentino 1993, Concertgebouw, Amsterdam, and Liceu, Barcelona, 1996), Madame Flora in Menotti's The Medium (Torino, 1999), and Klytemnestra in Elektra by Richard Strauss (Baltimore, 2000 and Sevilla, 2002).

Scotto's later concert appearances included Berlioz's Les nuits d'été, lieder by Mahler and Richard Strauss, as well as Schoenberg's Erwartung with the Accademia di Santa Cecilia Orchestra and RAI Orchestra of Torino.

Stage director
When she was about to retire from the stage, Scotto turned successfully to directing opera as well; she directed her last production of the Met of Madama Butterfly, becoming the first woman at the house to stage an opera and star in it. Her director credits also include productions of this opera in the Arena di Verona, Florida Grand Opera, and Palm Beach Opera), Bellini's Il pirata (Festival Belliniano, Catania, 1993) and La sonnambula (Catania, 1994); an Emmy Award-winning telecast of La traviata (New York City Opera, 1995); Norma (Finnish National Opera); Adriana Lecouvreur (Santiago, 2002); Lucia di Lammermoor (Music Hall of Thessaloniki, 2004); La Wally (Dallas Opera, Theater Bern); La bohème (Lyric Opera of Chicago, 2007 and Palm Beach Opera, 2009); Turandot (Athens, 2009); La sonnambula (Florida Grand Opera and Michigan Opera Theatre, 2008), and Verdi's Un ballo in maschera (Lyric Opera of Chicago, 2010).

Teaching
Scotto taught voice in Italy and the United States, along with academic posts at the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia in Rome and the Juilliard School in New York City. She coached singers including Renée Fleming, Anna Netrebko, and Deborah Voigt.

Personal life
Scotto married Lorenzo Anselmi in 1960, who had been principal violinist at La Scala, and became her manager. The couple had a daughter and a son. Her husband died in 2021.

Scotto died in her home town of Savona on 16 August 2023, aged 89.

The Metropolitan Opera remembered after her death:

"Her 1965 Met debut in the title role of Madama Butterfly revealed her to be an extraordinarily compelling and complete artist, with the ability to create a deeply moving character through magnetic stage presence, expressive musical phrasing, and unfailingly dramatic delivery of the Italian text."

Awards
Scotto won two Emmys, for the telecast of La Gioconda and her direction of La traviata from NYCO.
 * 1992 – Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung award for her interpretation of the Marschallin in Der Rosenkavalier.
 * 2007 – Recipient of the Opera News Award by the Metropolitan Opera Guild.
 * 2009 – Opera Tampa's Anton Coppola Award for Excellence in the Arts.

 * Franco Albiatti della Critica Italiana award.

Recordings

 * Bellini: Norma (1979) Columbia Masterworks
 * Cilea: Adriana Lecouvreur (1977) CBS
 * Donizetti: Lucia di Lammermoor (di Stefano, Bastianini; Sanzogno, 1959) Deutsche Grammophon
 * Giordano: Andrea Chénier (Domingo, Milnes; Levine, 1976) RCA Red Seal
 * Leoncavallo: Pagliacci (1978) EMI
 * Mascagni: Cavalleria rusticana (Domingo, Elvira; Levine, 1978) RCA Red Seal
 * Meyerbeer: Le prophète (1976) CBS
 * Puccini:
 * La bohème (1961) Deutsche Grammophon
 * Edgar (1977) [live] CBS
 * Madama Butterfly (Bergonzi, di Stasio, Panerai; Barbirolli 1966) EMI
 * Madama Butterfly (Domingo; Maazel 1980). CBS
 * Tosca (Domingo, Bruson; Levine, 1980) EMI
 * Le Villi (Domingo; 1978) CBS
 * Verdi:
 * Nabucco (Luchetti, Manuguerra, Ghiaurov; Muti, 1977–78) EMI
 * Otello (Domingo, Milnes; Levine, 1978) RCA Red Seal
 * Rigoletto (Kraus, Bastianini; Gavazzeni, 1960) Deutsche Grammophon
 * Rigoletto (Cossotto, Bergonzi, Fischer-Dieskau; Kubelík, 1964) Deutsche Grammophon
 * La traviata (G.Raimondi, Bastianini; Votto, 1962) Deutsche Grammophon
 * La traviata (Kraus, Bruson; Muti, 1980) EMI
 * Wolf-Ferrari: Il segreto di Susanna (Bruson; Pritchard, 1980) CBS

Publications

 * Scotto: More Than a Diva (memoir) by Renata Scotto and Octavio Roca, Doubleday & Company, Inc, 1984. ISBN 0-385-18039-X
 * Konrad Dryden: Riccardo Zandonai, A Biography, Foreword by Renata Scotto, Peter Lang Inc, 1999. ISBN 0-8204-3649-6

title: Renata Scotto


text:
User talk:Opn2suggestions

Talent: Recognized by Profession, by Social Contribution or by Natural Gift

title: User talk:Opn2suggestions


text: User talk:64.110.205.174

title: User talk:64.110.205.174


text:
Jean Bosco Mwenda

Jean-Bosco Mwenda, also known as Mwenda wa Bayeke (1930 – September 1990), was a pioneer of Congolese fingerstyle acoustic guitar music. He was also popular in other African countries, particularly in East Africa, and in the late 1950s and early 1960s was briefly based in Nairobi, Kenya, where he had a regular radio show and became a profound influence on a generation of Kenyan guitarists.

Background
Jean-Bosco Mwenda was born in 1930 at Bunkeya (now part of Lualaba Province) in what was then the Belgian Congo, but lived most of his life in Lubumbashi, where in addition to playing music he had a job in a bank and with the local mining company, managed other bands, and owned a hotel on the Zambian border. He died in September 1990 in a car accident in Zambia.

Mwenda used the name Mwenda wa Bayeke, claiming descent from the Sanga noble clan of Bayeke. His music draws on various sources including the traditional music of his Luba/Sanga people. He was one of the few Congolese to obtain a Western education during the colonial era due to his father's position in the Catholic Church. Mwenda worked at first as a clerk for the Likasi administration but soon achieved huge success as a guitarist, issuing his first recordings in 1952.

Along with his friend and sometime partner Losta Abelo, and his cousin Edouard Masengo, Bosco defined the Congolese acoustic guitar style. His song "Masanga", recorded by Hugh Tracey, became particularly influential, because of its complex and varied guitar part. His own influences included traditional music of Zambia and the Eastern Congo, Cuban groups such as the Trio Matamoros, and cowboy movies.

A 1982 video field recording by Gerhard Kubik exists in a compilation of influential African guitarists artists entitled Native African Guitar. A 1982 CD with booklet (text by Gerhard Kubik, also in English, including the Kiswahili song texts), is available from the Museum für Völkerkunde, Berlin. The recordings include the complete concert Bosco gave at June 30, 1982, at the Museum für Völkerkunde, Berlin. In 1988 Cape Town-based record label Mountain Records recorded a studio album of Mwenda's music and issued it in 1994. The album is entitled Mwenda wa Bayeke - African guitar legend.

title: Jean Bosco Mwenda