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International Plant Names Index

The International Plant Names Index (IPNI) describes itself as "a database of the names and associated basic bibliographical details of seed plants, ferns and lycophytes." Coverage of plant names is best at the rank of species and genus. It includes basic bibliographical details associated with the names. Its goals include eliminating the need for repeated reference to primary sources for basic bibliographic information about plant names.

The IPNI also maintains a list of standardized author abbreviations. These were initially based on Brummitt & Powell (1992), but new names and abbreviations are continually added.

Description
IPNI is the product of a collaboration between The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (Index Kewensis), The Harvard University Herbaria (Gray Herbarium Index), and the Australian National Herbarium (APNI). The IPNI database is a collection of the names registered by the three cooperating institutions and they work towards standardizing the information. The standard of author abbreviations recommended by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants is Brummitt and Powell's Authors of Plant Names. A digital and continually updated list of authors and abbreviations can be consulted online at IPNI.

The IPNI provides names that have appeared in scholarly publications, with the objective of providing an index of published names rather than prescribing the accepted botanical nomenclature.

title: International Plant Names Index


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Talk:List of islands of Greece

List
To name this like the others at List_of_islands, I'd like to move this page from Greek islands to List of islands of Greece. If someone could delete the current redirect at List of islands of Greece, this would help. -- User:Docu

 * That was quick! Thanks Jiang. -- User:Docu

What about the island of Gaia aka Sofia, which is part of the Ionian Echinades group of islands58.165.155.146 (talk) 03:21, 15 August 2015 (UTC)

Merge request
There was a request to merge this article with the list of Aegean islands. I removed the request because although the lists contain many of the same islands, their purposes are fundamentally different. This list is a country specific list that is meant only to show the islands that are part of Greece, while the other list contains all of the islands in the sea, whether they're Greek or Turkish. --NormanEinstein 15:21, 1 March 2006 (UTC) == External links == how do we put external links???

One more
there's one: http://www.greeka.com/ [Greek Islands in Pictures] —Preceding unsigned comment added by DefendEurope (talk • contribs) 03:18, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

1400 islands??????
The number you have is a bit inaccurate.They are much more actually, if you count every bit of land with at least a 10 meter radius.This is very important because every island includes six miles of national sealine (it should be 12 miles ,according to international sea laws ,but there is an everlasting Greek-Turkish dispute about this).The actual number is about 6000 islands (and islets) from which 227 are inhabited.http://www.eot.gr/pages.php?pageID=254&langID=2--NatK 05:51, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

How many Inhabited ?
I've seen various numbers quoted for 'inhabited Greek islands'. A 1999 survey quoted by the Greek Ministry of Press & Mass Media in 'About Greece' a book distributed to the Press and others quotes 169 inhabited islands. A Pub Quiz site says over 160 (safe bet!) The Greek Tourism site quotesthe same 227 as on Wikipedia. I'd like to think te Ministry site is the correct one - but does anyone know for sure? Do they mean permanently inhabited or habitable? Grecophile 13:19, 14 August 2007 (UTC)GrecophileGrecophile 13:19, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

cleaned up lead
I've cleaned up the lead and made it tighter. The stuff about the Peloponnese and the boundaries of the Aegean doesn't really belong in this article, and certainly not in the lead. I've also re-worded the part about the island groupings and made it more grammatically correct as well as more coherent. --Tsourkpk (talk) 18:49, 28 October 2008 (UTC)
 * It certainly does belong in the article that describes the Greek islands. You come from Greece, so I maybe you are not in the best position to appreciate how confusing the arrangment and terminology of the Greek Islands actually is to the outsider, which was my primary motiviation for writing it in the first place. MickMacNee (talk) 19:21, 28 October 2008 (UTC)
 * As for attacking things like the grammar, I don't think "The Greek islands are traditionally grouped in the following groups" is a good use of language at all. MickMacNee (talk) 19:24, 28 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Points taken, thanks. I've tweaked it some more.  However, I still think it's not necessary to mention the Peloponnese or the Aegean Sea here.  --Tsourkpk (talk) 16:11, 29 October 2008 (UTC)

Map
I propose to make this main page map bigger. at some 400px or 350px. Its too small like this. -- WhiteWriter speaks 10:15, 15 June 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on List of islands of Greece. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120603171916/http://www.visitgreece.gr/portal/site/eot/menuitem.7f0d4e449429307c12596610451000a0/?vgnextoid=e93aca1db0e27210VgnVCM100000460014acRCRD&lang_choosen=en to http://www.visitgreece.gr/portal/site/eot/menuitem.7f0d4e449429307c12596610451000a0/?vgnextoid=e93aca1db0e27210VgnVCM100000460014acRCRD&lang_choosen=en
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120314035045/http://www.greekembassy.org/Embassy/Content/en/Article.aspx?office=3&folder=256&article=1642 to http://www.greekembassy.org/Embassy/Content/en/Article.aspx?office=3&folder=256&article=1642

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Bad link in Aegean Crete islands
The link to Pontikonisi is for an island near Corfu. I believe it should be Pondikonisi, and island near Crete. Do not have skill to fix it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Droopyfeathers (talk • contribs) 20:46, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
 * ✅ - thanks for pointing that out - Arjayay (talk) 08:02, 31 August 2020 (UTC)

26 inhabited in Dodec
The article states that there are "164 total islands of which 26 are inhabited" in the Dodecanese. I went through all of the linked articles and found 25. Any idea what the other one is? One that doesn't have an article yet?

 * Astypalaia
 * Kalymnos
 * Karpathos
 * Kasos
 * Kastellorizo (Megisti)
 * Kos
 * Leros
 * Nisyros
 * Patmos
 * Rhodos
 * Symi
 * Tilos
 * Agathonissi
 * Arkoi
 * Farmakonisi
 * Gyali
 * Halki
 * Kalolimnos
 * Kinaros
 * Leipsoi
 * Levitha
 * Marathos
 * Pserimos
 * Saria
 * Telendos

—Ben Brockert (42) 08:43, 7 February 2021 (UTC)

? Corfu mislabelled as Kythira on main map, inset
Greek Islands regions map. English version, Greece - ie. the first map with inset. The island just to west of Greece- Albanian border should be labelled Corfu? Not Kythira, which is south of the peloponnese? 103.35.82.150 (talk) 19:37, 16 March 2022 (UTC)
 * You're right. I don't know if it is possible to edit the linked picture file easily ... -- marilyn.hanson (talk) 02:05, 1 December 2022 (UTC)

Incoherent comment
I removed the following incoherent comment from the beginning of the article: "Warning: it has been made aware of a series of fraudulent data replacement from scams, for the article “List of islands of Greece” provided on Wikipedia Encyclopedia, a Greece viewers investigation has uncovered. It is prohibited to change legal and official data. Otherwise, expect changes to be reverted. The scammers falsely claim to be known of Greece islands owning territory editing the content with an illegitimate falsely content. This criminal activity has take into account to the Greek Policy Authorities and Department of Cyber Policy as well to the Greek Government Directorates according these scam replacements from offenders."

This was added as follows: Revision as of 2020-03-25T00:42:22 by 2a02:587:6e32:ec00:ba:712e:fa16:6e0f, with the edit summary:

"Today hour at 17:30 GMT+2 in Greece I visit the wikipedia article names 'List of islands of Greece' and found to being totaly error, damaged, broken, and distignly intentionally changed for for slanderous defamation. I check the proper text set up and place the data that are correctly up to the article. Please, take into account that an external offender has connect doing the against the law illegal acts herein. Thanks." Imaginatorium (talk) 15:35, 13 December 2023 (UTC)

Skiathos missing???
Skiathos is one of the islands in the North Aegean sea, specifically Sporades. It seems to be missing in the list.

Its typically a popular island as well thus changes should be made.

https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%82 Nikoletta Valma (talk) 14:09, 17 March 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:List of islands of Greece


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Midwest Intercollegiate Volleyball Association

The Midwest Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (MIVA) is a collegiate club men's volleyball sports league in the Midwest United States. It is differentiated from the varsity Midwestern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (also called "MIVA").

Conference schools
The conference schools are divided into NCAA Division 1 and Division 2 schools.

Division 1
These teams are divided into the following three divisions:

Big Ten Men's Volleyball Association (BTMVA)

 * University of Illinois
 * Indiana University
 * University of Iowa
 * University of Michigan
 * Michigan State University
 * University of Minnesota
 * Northwestern University
 * Ohio State University
 * Purdue University
 * University of Wisconsin

Midwest 10 Volleyball Conference

 * Ball State University
 * Illinois State University
 * Iowa State University
 * Lakeland College
 * Marquette University
 * Northern Illinois University
 * UIC
 * University of Notre Dame
 * UWM (Milwaukee)
 * University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh

Great Midwest Men's Volleyball Conference (GMMVC)

 * Bowling Green State University
 * Central Michigan University
 * University of Cincinnati
 * University of Dayton
 * Kent State University
 * University of Kentucky
 * Miami University
 * Ohio University
 * Ohio Northern University
 * University of Toledo

Division 2

 * Earlham College
 * Eastern Illinois University
 * Grand Valley State University
 * Illinois-B
 * Indiana-B
 * Miami U-B
 * Michigan-B
 * Michigan State-White
 * Ohio State-2
 * Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
 * University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh-2
 * Wabash College
 * Wittenberg University
 * Wright State University
 * Xavier University


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Tabacco

Tabacco may refer to:
 * Patrick Tabacco (born 1974), French rugby player
 * Tabacco people, a First Nation in Ontario

title: Tabacco


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Mp3PRO

mp3PRO is an unmaintained proprietary audio compression codec that combines the MP3 audio format with the spectral band replication (SBR) compression method. At the time it was developed it could reduce the size of a stereo MP3 by as much as 50% while maintaining the same relative quality. This works, fundamentally, by discarding the higher half of the frequency range and algorithmically replicating that information while decoding.

The technology behind SBR was developed by the former Swedish company Coding Technologies AB (acquired by Dolby Laboratories in 2007) in the late 1990s. It was included in their MPEG-2 AAC derived codec aacPlus, which would later be standardized as MPEG-4 HE-AAC. Thomson Multimedia (now Technicolor SA) licensed the technology and used it to extend the MP3 format, for which they held patents, hoping to also extend its profitable lifetime. This was released as mp3PRO in 2001.

It was originally claimed that mp3PRO files were compatible with existing MP3 decoders, and that the SBR data could simply be ignored. The reality was that MP3 players lacking specific mp3PRO decoding capability experienced a significant reduction in audio quality when playing mp3PRO files as only the lower half of the original frequency range is available.

mp3PRO development has been abandoned. The format was never standardized and there is no publicly available reference source code or documentation in existence. A very old software encoder/player exists, but is not maintained. Nero's Soundtrax application, bundled in the Nero Multimedia Suite, is capable of encoding and decoding this format into several others. Some versions of the outdated MusicMatch Jukebox player (which will still run even on Windows 10 x64) were able to decode and encode this format, too. In the early 2000s, mp3PRO was usable in several portable music players and in popular music software, but its market share has deteriorated rapidly. The codec itself is largely surpassed in quality and efficiency, as well as device and application support, by modern codecs like AAC and its HE-AAC variants which employ the same SBR method.

Thomson Demo mp3PRO Player
Thomson Demo mp3PRO Player/Encoder is an unmaintained proprietary freeware media software program originally released by Thomson (now Technicolor SA) and Coding Technologies (acquired by Dolby Laboratories in 2007) which converts Waveform Audio File Format (WAV) files to mp3PRO.

The official website claims that nearly 50% more music, compared to standard MP3, can be held by a storage device whether CD, hard drive, or flash drive. The quality of 64 kbit/s mp3PRO technology is stated to be in the range between 96 and 128 kbit/s MP3.

This demo provides playback as well as compression capabilities. This specific demo program performs one WAV file to mp3PRO conversion at a time. Batch conversion is not available. Files must be 16bit PCM/WAV 44.1 kHz files.

The software, as well as the mp3PRO codec, has been unmaintained for more than a decade and is generally regarded as obsolete.

title: Mp3PRO


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National parks of Ireland

National parks of Ireland can refer to:
 * National Parks in the Republic of Ireland
 * National parks of Northern Ireland

title: National parks of Ireland


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Brigid's cross

Brigid's cross or Brigit's cross (Irish: Cros Bhríde, Crosóg Bhríde or Bogha Bhríde) is a small variant of the cross often woven from straw or rushes. It appears in many different shapes, but the most popular designs feature a woven diamond or lozenge in the centre. The cross is named for the Christian saint Brigid of Kildare.

Brigid's cross is typically woven on 1 February, her feast day, as well as the festival of Imbolc in pre-Christian Ireland. Hanging Brigid's cross from the rafters of one's house was believed to bring the blessing and protection of the saint for the remainder of the year. The practice of crafting Brigid's crosses declined in the 20th century, however, in part due to house renovations that made hanging them difficult.

In addition to the shamrock and Celtic harp, Brigid's cross is a national symbol of Ireland. From 1962 to 1995, it was incorporated into the Raidió Teilifís Éireann logo. A collection of Brigid's crosses collected by the Irish Folklore Commission is on display at the National Museum of Ireland – Country Life.

Design
Brigid's crosses broadly refer to a type of cross woven out of straw or rushes. They are defined by building material more than appearance, and the exact shape of a Brigid's cross varies greatly. The National Museum of Ireland has identified seven basic categories of cross: diamond, which is subdivided into single or multiple; "swastika" type, with four or three arms; wheel type; interlaced type; traditional Latin crosses made from straw or rush; bare wooden crosses in the Latin or Greek style which are bound with straw; and a final "miscellaneous" category.

The most popular of these is the diamond or lozenge cross, the dominant variant throughout Munster and Connacht. Two sticks are crossed over one another to provide a wooden framework for this cross, and at its centre, straw is woven into the shape of a diamond. Sometimes, additional woven diamonds are added to the four arms of the cross. Some historians have compared the lozenge shape at the centre of the diamond cross to that of the Mexican god's eye or the Eurasian "magic square".

Another popular variant is the "swastika" cross. Rather than being set parallel to one another like a traditional cross, the arms of the swastika cross are set at right angles from a lozenge or diamond at the centre. These offset angles evoke the image of a wheel in motion and may have originally represented the sun, or "the great wheel in the sky". In certain regions of Ulster, this wheel spinning in a circle imagery is evoked with a three-armed woven cross. This three-armed variant has been compared to the triskelion, a popular motif in Celtic imagery. In rare cases, Brigid's cross may be set fully inside a circle; this is known as a "wheel cross" or "St. Brigid's Bow".

Unlike other Brigid's crosses, which were typically made of straw, the interlaced cross is often made of rushes. Unlike other forms of the cross which contain a woven shape in the centre, the interlaced cross consists only of rush or straw strands woven into a Christian cross shape. While straw is the more popular weaving material for most variants of Brigid's cross, the interlaced cross is more frequently made from rushes. An even simpler variant is the bare cross, which consists either of two bound plaits of straw or of two planks of wood bound together in the centre by straw. Occasionally, no straw is used at all: the Sheaf-Cross, located in eastern County Galway and County Roscommon, involves two small sheathes of unthreshed corn are bound together by a split thatching branch.

Folklore
Brigid's cross is named for Brigid of Kildare, the only female patron saint of Ireland, who was born c. 450 in Leinster. Unlike her contemporary, Saint Patrick, Brigid left no historical record, and most information about her life and work derives from a hagiography written by the monk Cogitosus some 200 years after her birth. The prevailing Christian folklore surrounding Brigid's cross involves the deathbed conversion of an Irish pagan chieftain, in some stories her father. While telling the pagan about the Crucifixion of Jesus, Brigid collected rushes from the ground and wove them into a cross, after which the chieftain requested a Christian baptism. In another story, Brigid was given a poisoned drink by a woman of ill intent, and she wove the cross to neutralise the toxins.

Many of the folk attributes ascribed to Brigid of Kildare bear similarities to the pagan grain goddess Brigid, and it is likely that the legends and rituals attributed to the goddess were later mapped onto the saint. In pre-Christian Ireland, 1 February, later Brigid of Kildare's feast day, was the date of the Imbolc festival, a holiday associated with agrarianism and the beginning of spring. It is therefore possible that diamonds and lozenges were Celtic symbols associated with Imbolc, and that Christian missionaries added arms to evoke the shape of a cross, appropriating these symbols with a Christian meaning and attributing them to the saint.

Ritual use
One of the customs associated with Brigid of Kildare's feast day was to hang Brigid's crosses in the rafters or over entryways of buildings, thus invoking the saint's blessing and protection for the remainder of the year. Families would gather rushes on 31 January, the eve of Brigid's feast day. After an evening feast, the head of household would supervise the rest of the family as they wove crosses from the collected material. These crosses were left out overnight to receive Brigid's blessing, and on 1 February, crosses would be mounted in the main dwelling place, outhouses, and stables. While the direction in which the crosses were hung remains unknown, that the centre shape is frequently described as a lozenge rather than a square suggests that Brigid's cross is properly displayed in a saltire style rather than that of the Latin cross. Crosses were either taken down annually and replaced, or they accumulated between feasts. If they were discarded, they were burned or buried, with the latter preferred due to Brigid's associations with agriculture.

The weaving of Brigid's crosses was popular throughout Ireland, particularly in the north and midland, but its popularity dwindled during the 20th century. Some families attributed the decline of Brigid's crosses to house renovations that inhibited the ability to hang them appropriately. Outside of Ireland, Brigid's crosses are also customarily hung in Glastonbury, England, in accordance with a local legend that says Brigid of Kildare visited the town in 488 CE. Families may also send woven crosses to their friends and relatives who live abroad, or they will carry a cross with them when they leave Ireland. The weaving of crosses was not restricted to Brigid's feast day: friends would often gift crosses to incur blessings and strengthen their bond, while newlywed couples would often receive "womb crosses" to hang above their door, as Brigid was also a patron of fertility.

Although they take place at different points of the season, the weaving of Brigid's cross is associated with other rituals in which the last sheaf of that year's harvest is woven into intricate shape. In County Armagh, for instance, the harvest season involves the weaving of Harvest Knots and Harvest Stars, the former of which involves a lozenge shape similar to that of Brigid's cross. These "last sheaf" celebrations are collectively known as the Cailleach.

As a national symbol
Shortly after the Irish Free State gained its independence in 1922, Brigid's cross became one of several nationalist symbols, alongside such other motifs as the shamrock and Celtic harp, used by Irish artists in order to create a national cultural identity separate from that of Britain. In the 1950s, Brigid's cross was incorporated into the logo of the Irish Department of Health, and as of 2024, the cross remained a part of the logo of the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Ireland, who frequently incorporate Brigid into their imagery for her associations with midwifery.

Brigid's cross was selected as the first station identification marker for Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ) in 1962, with Alice Curtayne writing that the cross was selected to evoke "the image of quiet, serene places in the springtime of our history, of rush-bordered rivers in a serene arcadian landscape". The RTÉ logo underwent nine redesigns between 1962 and 1987, with the cross taking varying levels of prominence compared to the station name. It was removed from the RTÉ logo in 1995 in favour of "a clean striking piece of modern design", a decision which Carol Coulter of The Irish Times opined, "Saint Brigid's cross has lost its place as a symbol of our national identity, well at least as far as our national broadcasting station is concerned."

In 1942, the Irish Folklore Commission created a questionnaire regarding the Feast of Saint Brigid, during which they collected several hundred Brigid's crosses. In 2022, the Commission selected a sample of 21 of these crosses to be displayed at the National Museum of Ireland – Country Life in Castlebar. The display coincided with an announcement from the Irish government that 1 February would be declared a national holiday.

title: Brigid's cross


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Medgidia

Medgidia ( or ; historical Turkish names: Karasu or Carasu, Mecidiye or Megidie) is a city in Constanța County, Northern Dobruja, south-eastern Romania.

History
Archaeological findings show that Dobruja was inhabited since the Neolithic period. Starting with 46 BC the region was administered by the Roman Empire. A castrum was built in the Carasu Valley, becoming the cradle of the settlement.

In 1417, the Turks invaded Dobruja. From the 15th century onwards, the region started to be colonized with a Muslim population. The settlement named "Karasu" (Turkish for "Black Water") was mentioned on the map of Iehuda ben Zara in 1497, in the notes of Paolo Giorgio (1590) and Evliya Çelebi (1653).

Modern Medgidia was built by the Ottoman administration on the place of the old Karasu beginning with 1856. It was built as a planned city to accommodate refugees from the Crimean War and to serve as an economic hub for the central zone of Dobruja. The town was named in honour of the sultan Abdülmecid I, the Ottoman sovereign of the period.

After the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, Northern Dobruja became part of Romania. Medgidia was the last capital of Silistra Nouă County (1878–1879) before it was merged into Constanța County.

Geography
Medgidia is located between the Danube and the Black Sea, 39 km away from Constanța. The city is crossed by the Danube–Black Sea Canal west to east; the river Medgidia discharges into the Canal in Remus Opreanu village.

The general aspect of the relief is that of a low plateau with a limestone structure, covered with thick deposits of loess. The natural resources in the area consist of limestone deposits and kaolin sand. The limestone structure of the earth permits a natural filtering of the groundwater.

Climate
The climate is temperate-continental, with short and cold winters and very hot summers.

Local administration
Medgidia became a municipality in 1994.

The town infrastructure is continuously developing and offers the inhabitants 4 high schools, 8 primary schools, 12 nurseries, 4 cultural centers with a hall for cultural activities, 2 show and cinema halls, 3 clubs and 5 libraries, a 30,000-seat stadium, a sports hall, and a swimming pool. Medgidia also houses a 500-bed hospital.

The following villages are administered by the municipality:
 * Remus Opreanu (historical name: Alibei-Ceair, Alibeyçayır) – renamed after Remus Opreanu, the first Romanian prefect of Constanța County (1878–1881)
 * Valea Dacilor (historical name: Endecarachioi, Hendek Karaköy or Hendek Kara Kuyusu)

Politics
The current mayor of Medgidia is Valentin Vrabie (PNL). The Medgidia Municipal Council, elected in the 2020 local government elections, consists of 18 councilors, with the following party composition:

Economy
The economic landscape spotlights the existence of a town fully involved in its progress. Out of 1,200 registered enterprises, only 30 are state-owned and 15 are joint ventures.

Beside the agricultural activities (milk-processing, milling, bakery and wine growing), the main industry deals in cement and building materials, agricultural machinery and forging equipment, wood processing and furniture factories.

Medgidia lies in the center of an agricultural area of several tens of millions hectares, with a fertile soil and provided with irrigation systems.

The area offers:
 * a rich agricultural tradition and trained specialists
 * a road network for the transport of goods
 * relatively short transport distances, especially through the port
 * access to other Romanian or European regions
 * better climate conditions than in other parts of Romania (winter is shorter)
 * an outstanding irrigation potential

The Medgidia clinker storage facility was completed in 2009 and is the world's largest dome-type cement clinker storage facility.

The Romanian Air Force operates a WSR-98D radar station in Medgidia. The facility is officially designated and operated as a civilian radar station by the National Meteorological Administration, however the data is fed into the NATO Integrated Air Defense System as well.

Transport
The town is a road and rail node and an inland port to the Danube–Black Sea Canal. The Canal crosses the town for about 6 km of its length.

The Danube–Black Sea Canal has a capacity of 11.2 million tons/year and can admit ships of. Provided with road and rail links, the harbor offers storage facilities and cranes able to lift up to 16-ton weights. Beside a SNCFR marshaling yard, along the Canal there is a Free Trade Area in course of being finalized.

The A2 highway from Bucharest to Constanța, partially financed by the European Union, bypasses the town, allowing the development of associated services (hotels, petrol stations and a parking yard for trucks) in the area.

Also, the Medgidia train station is an important node on the CFR Main Line 800. The station provides rail service to several towns and cities, including Constanța (35 km), Tulcea (144 km), and București Nord (199 km).

The Art Museum "Lucian Grigorescu"
It was opened in 1964 with exhibitions of Romanian contemporary painting, sculpture, and graphics, signed Lucian Grigorescu, Marius Bunescu, Ion Jalea, and others. The permanent exhibition takes in classic and modern artworks but also works of contemporary art classics, including Lucian Grigorescu, Nicolae Tonitza, Francisc Șirato, Ștefan Dimitrescu, and Iosif Iser. The museum also displays a collection of ceramic artworks.

In 1991 the museum was named after Lucian Grigorescu, a town native, who was deemed as the most Latin among the Romanian painters. The city honors the painter every year on 1 February, the anniversary of his birthday.

Because of low income due to few visitors and high maintenance costs, the museum was closed in 2009.

The "Abdul Mejid" Mosque
Built in 1860 by the Ottoman Government, the mosque is an historic and architectural monument. It was named after the sultan Abdulmejid I, who reigned between 1839 and 1861.

The mosque is served by an imam and a muezzin. The building respects the traditional form of the Muslim cultural placements, decorated in the interior with oriental ornaments and inscriptions in Arabic.

The "Saints Peter and Paul" Orthodox church
The church was built in a Roman-Greek style and it was raised with the contribution of the local Christians on the ruins of a Roman castrum.

The Serbian Heroes' Monument
In 1926, Medgidia commemorated the heroism of the First Serbian Volunteer Division, which fought in Dobruja during World War I as a part of the bloody Romanian theatre, by inaugurating a monument in the group's honor. The completed memorial, featuring an iconic white marble pyramid, was the setting of a ceremony held with the participation of both Romanian and Yugoslavian officials. Wreaths were laid at the base of the monument by members of the Serbian and Romanian royal families.

Natives

 * Mihaela Albu (born 1994), volleyball player
 * Stelian Carabaș (born 1974), football player
 * Alexandru Cicâldău (born 1997), football player
 * Titus Corlățean (born 1968), politician and diplomat, former Minister of Justice and of Foreign Affairs
 * Tiberiu Curt (born 1975), football player
 * Laurențiu Florea (born 1981), football player
 * Tahsin Gemil (born 1943), historian, translator, diplomat, and politician
 * Lucian Grigorescu (1894–1965), post-impressionist painter
 * Emil Hoștină (born 1976), actor
 * Marian Lazăr (born 1952), boxer
 * Bogdan Mitache (born 1994), football player
 * Bănică Oprea (born 1967), football player
 * Silviana Sfiringu (born 2004), artistic gymnast

Sports
CS Medgidia is the city's sports club. Its professional football club currently play in the Liga IV. Apart from football, the club also competes in handball, volleyball, wrestling, boxing, arm wrestling, swimming, chess, and rugby. The home ground for the club is Stadionul Iftimie Ilisei; opened in 1978, the stadium holds 32,700 people.

The Medgidia Festival
The festival has been celebrated each year since 1999, at the end of October, and is attended by thousands of locals.

Media

 * Graiul Dobrogei (link Graiul Dobrogei), local newspaper
 * Alpha Media, local TV channel
 * Media TV, local TV channel
 * Revista Dobrogeană, multilingual culture and history-themed periodical

Twin towns — Sister cities
Medgidia is twinned with:
 * 🇲🇩 Cahul, Moldova
 * 🇮🇹 Favara, Italy
 * 🇨🇳 Zhumadian, China
 * 🇹🇷 Yalova, Turkey

title: Medgidia


text:
Shannon Noll

Shannon Noll (born 16 September 1975) is an Australian singer-songwriter who first came to prominence as runner-up of the first season of Australian Idol in 2003, which led to him being signed to Sony BMG. He has released five top-ten albums, including two number-one multi-platinum sellers. Noll's first ten singles all peaked inside the ARIA top ten, including three that reached number one. He is the only Australian male artist in Australian chart history to have ten consecutive top-ten singles. Noll's debut single, "What About Me?", was certified 4× platinum and became the highest-selling single of 2004 in Australia.

With 17 platinum and three gold certifications and combined album and single sales of over 1.3 million in Australia, Noll has the third-highest certification and sales level for an Australian Idol contestant. Noll has received six ARIA Music Award nominations, including Best Pop Release for his second album Lift, and has won five ARIA No. 1 Chart Awards. He also won the MTV Australia Video Music Award for Best Male Artist three years in succession between 2005 and 2007. In 2010, Noll ended his contract with Sony, briefly signed with Universal Music Australia before signing with Warner Music Australia, to release his fifth studio album Unbroken in February 2018.

In January 2018, he was revealed as a celebrity contestant on the fourth season of the Australian version of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!, and in August 2022, he was revealed to be the "Blowfly" on the fourth season of Network 10's The Masked Singer Australia.

Early life
Noll was born on 16 September 1975 in Orange, New South Wales, to Neil and Sharyn Noll. He grew up in the small town of Tullibigeal in central western New South Wales as the youngest of three children with his older brothers Adam and Damian. Noll spent his entire childhood and teenage years on the family farm, which raised sheep and cattle and grew cereal crops. At school, he enjoyed drama classes and performed in school productions. After leaving school, he traveled to Sydney where he met his wife Rochelle Ogston and played AFL. As an adult, Noll worked shearing sheep among other tasks. He and his brothers formed the band called Cypress (named after the Cypress pine timber mill where they rehearsed). He provided vocals and played guitar. In gigs around the Australian outback, the band played in country pubs. Although they performed mainly covers, the group also wrote original music. Noll's father Neil was killed during a farming accident in 2001, which left the farm to him and his brothers. After two years of extreme drought, Noll leased the farm out and got by on drought support money and odd-jobbing on a friend's farm. He penned a song on his album Lift titled "Now I Run" in his father's memory.

2003–2004: Australian Idol and That's What I'm Talking About
In 2003, Noll successfully auditioned for the first season of Australian Idol, singing Southern Sons' "Hold Me in Your Arms". His audition impressed all three judges, including Marcia Hines who told him that she had just discovered "a voice" and Ian Dickson who informed Noll that "Australia will love you". Following the semi-final process, Noll had advanced through to the top twelve. He eventually progressed through to the grand final with Guy Sebastian, following contestant Cosima De Vito's withdrawal from the competition. The grand final was held on 19 November 2003 at the Sydney Opera House. After the viewer votes had been tallied it was announced that Guy Sebastian was the winner.

Shortly after Idol Noll signed a five-album deal with BMG Australia, which later merged with Sony. He then embarked on the Australian Idol national tour in January 2004, with eleven other contestants from the top twelve. That same month Noll released his cover of the Moving Pictures song "What About Me?" as his debut single. It debuted at number one on the ARIA Singles Chart and spent four consecutive weeks at the top spot. "What About Me" was the highest-selling single of 2004 in Australia and was certified 4× platinum for shipments of 280,000 copies. The song also reached number two in Ireland and number ten in New Zealand. Noll's debut album That's What I'm Talking About was released on 9 February 2004, and debuted at number one on the ARIA Albums Chart with first-week sales of 131,680 copies. Containing a mixture of pop, rock and country tracks, the album spent fourteen weeks in the top ten, including four weeks at number one, and was certified 5× platinum for shipments of 350,000 copies.

The second single "Drive", an uptempo rock track written by Canadian singer Bryan Adams, reached number four in Australia and was certified platinum for shipments of 70,000 copies. Noll's cover of boy band A1's "Learn to Fly" was released as the third and final single from That's What I'm Talking About. It became his second number one single and was certified gold for shipments of 35,000 copies. Noll received two nominations at the 2004 ARIA Music Awards, including Highest Selling Single for "What About Me" and Highest Selling Album for That's What I'm Talking About. He embarked on his first solo headlining tour titled The Overdrive Tour in April 2004 to promote the album. In August 2004 Noll starred in a TV special on Network Ten titled Up Close with Shannon Noll, which was hosted by Ian Dickson. By late 2004 the Nine Network had approached Noll to re-record the Australian cricket anthem "C'mon Aussie C'mon" with updated lyrics. His version peaked at number two and was certified platinum. All proceeds from the single went towards Red Cross' Good Start Breakfast Club, a community initiative set up to ensure all Australian school children start the day with a healthy breakfast.

2005–2006: Lift
In early 2005, Noll went on a songwriting trip to the United States and the United Kingdom to work on his second album with Desmond Child, Dianne Warren and Wayne Hector. He later decided not to use any of the material he wrote with Child and also passed on a song by Warren because he preferred his work with local Australian songwriters. Throughout February and March 2005, Noll opened for Bryan Adams on the Australian leg of his Room Service Tour. His second album Lift was released on 16 October 2005, and debuted at number one. The album, with 11 out of 13 tracks co-written by Noll, covered topics including finding love, death, overcoming odds and self belief. It spent nine weeks in the top ten and was certified 3× platinum for shipments of 210,000 copies. The lead single "Shine" also debuted at number one and was certified platinum. The album's title track and second single "Lift" peaked at number 10 and was certified gold. It was later chosen as the theme song for the Australian version of reality series The Biggest Loser. Two further singles were released from the album, "Now I Run" which peaked at number six and "Lonely" which peaked at number eight. Noll received two nominations at the 2006 ARIA Music Awards, including Highest Selling Single for "Shine" and Best Pop Release for Lift. He embarked on his second solo headlining tour titled the Lift Tour in January 2006 to promote the album.

Noll was set to star in the film King of the Mountain, based loosely on the life of Australian racer Peter Brock, but he declined the offer. In September 2006 Noll dropped Sydney firm Caplice Management and signed with New York-based management group Worldwide Entertainment Group (WEG). The decision was seen as part of his effort to gain success in the US, after having previously put on showcase performances for music industry executives with no luck. He supported American rock band Live on their Australian tour the following month. In December 2006 Noll and Natalie Bassingthwaighte released a cover of the Peter Gabriel and Kate Bush duet "Don't Give Up" which peaked at number two and was certified platinum, after spending eleven consecutive weeks in the top ten. It served as the lead single from the compilation album Home: Songs of Hope & Journey, which was released to raise funds for beyondblue's depression research activities. "Don't Give Up" earned Noll a nomination for Highest Selling Single at the ARIA Music Awards the following year.

2007–2009: Turn It Up, No Turning Back: The Story So Far and What Matters the Most
In September 2007, Noll made his theatrical debut as Parson Nathaniel in the Australian tour of the stage musical Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds. His third album, Turn It Up, was released on 15 September 2007; it debuted at number three and was certified platinum. Noll had travelled to the US earlier that year to work on the album with several songwriters and producers, including Richard Marx, Luke Ebbin and Bon Jovi guitarist Richie Sambora. The anthemic rock tune "Loud" was released as the lead single from Turn It Up and debuted at number three. The second single "In Pieces" reached number 26, while the third single "Everybody Needs a Little Help" did not chart. Noll embarked on his third solo headlining tour, titled the Turn It Up Tour, in June 2008 to promote the album.

Noll was honoured in an episode of the Australian version of This Is Your Life. His first compilation album No Turning Back: The Story So Far was released on 27 September 2008, and debuted at number seven. The album included ten of Noll's hit singles and five new tracks. His cover of the Brian Melo song "Summertime" was released as the only single from the album and peaked at number 54. He embarked on his No Turning Back Tour to promote the album's release. In June 2009, Noll again appeared as Parson Nathaniel in the UK tour of Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds. Noll's second compilation album What Matters the Most, featuring songs from his previous albums, was released in the UK to coincide with the tour but it did not chart. Two of his previous singles, "Shine" and "Now I Run", were re-released to accompany the album's UK release. He returned to Australia the following month for his acoustic In the Raw Tour, which featured a special Q&A session with host Nick Bennett.

2010–2014: A Million Suns
In January 2010, Noll announced that he had parted ways with Sony, adding that it was time for a fresh start elsewhere. He later signed with Universal Music Australia and released his fourth album A Million Suns on 14 October 2011 which debuted at number eight. The lead single "Switch Me On" was co-written by Benji Madden of Good Charlotte, and its music video was filmed in Tokyo. "Switch Me On" reached number 42 and was certified gold. Three further singles "My Place in the Line", "Living in Stereo" and "Rewind" all failed to chart. Noll embarked on his A Million Suns Tour in 2012 to promote the album. In April 2012, Noll became a contestant on the twelfth season of Dancing with the Stars Australia and was partnered with professional dancer Elena Samodanova. He was forced to withdraw from the competition the following month after suffering a severe spinal injury while rehearsing a lift with Samodanova.

Noll released the single "Man I Can Trust" on 1 October 2012 to coincide with the release of his autobiography Shannon Noll: So Far, which he wrote with Sydney writer Alan Whiticker. The book explores Noll's early days on the family farm, the pain his family suffered following his father's death, his depression and drug usage, as well as the battles he waged against his critics and the music industry. From November 2012 to February 2013, Noll embarked on his In My Youth Tour which featured him performing acoustic covers of songs from the '80s that were chosen by his fans. In late 2013 Noll became the featured promoter of South Australian retailer Radio Rentals and its sister brand RT Edwards in Queensland. The commercials for Radio Rentals and RT Edwards featured Noll singing the Roy Orbison hit "You Got It". He embarked on his Invincible Tour in February 2014 and performed a mixture of old and new songs. Noll released "We Only Live Once" in July 2014 as the lead single from his next album, but it did not chart. The single's music video featured an appearance by Miss Universe finalist Renae Ayris. Noll embarked on his We Only Live Once Tour in September 2014 to support the single's release.

2016–present: Unbroken and Raw
On 30 September 2016, Noll released the single "Who I Am", from his forthcoming fifth studio album. On 5 May 2017, Noll released the single "Southern Sky" This was followed by the release of a video and announcement of a national tour on 9 May. On 4 December, Noll and his record label Warner Music announced his fifth studio album is titled Unbroken and was released in Australia on 2 February 2018. In January 2018, Noll competed in the fourth season of the Australian I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!. He was announced as runner-up on the show's finale on 12 March 2018.

On 4 November 2019, Noll released a song titled "Long Live the Summer", which was the lead single for his forthcoming sixth studio album. He then went on to release a track called "Wonderful", on 20 November 2020, which was featured as the second single for the album. In 2020, Noll toured across New South Wales and performed over 30 intimate and acoustic shows. Following this successful run of shows, fans requested an album based on these shows. The album includes the first song written entirely by Noll. The third and final single of the album was a song titled "Better", which was released on 23 April 2021. Noll's sixth studio album, titled Raw, was officially released on 28 May 2021 and was supported by the Raw & Uncovered Australian tour. Upon release, Noll said the album "features some new songs plus new recordings of many of the songs you love hearing at my live shows plus covers of some Aussie classics." Raw debuted at number 3 on the ARIA Charts, becoming his sixth consecutive top ten studio album. At the end of the year, the album was positioned at number 49 on the ARIA Year End Charts for Australian Country Albums.

In August 2022, Noll was revealed to be blowfly on the fourth season of Network 10's The Masked Singer Australia, where he placed fifth overall. On 23 August, he released his first song for 2022, a non-album single titled "Take Me Away". In September 2022, he released two remixed versions of his 2004 hit song "What About Me". In Early 2023, Noll released a podcast titled Idol Talking With Nollsie, to coincide with the return of Australian Idol, which had been picked up by the Seven Network. In April 2023, he released another single titled "Believe It", which was his first release of that year, and revealed that he was working on his seventh studio album.

Charity
Noll has to date donated well over $1 million to various charities throughout Australia. Most notably he donated the earnings from two of his platinum singles, "C'mon Aussie C'mon" and "Don't Give Up". Noll additionally makes appearances and personally raises funds for charities.

Noll regularly appears in fundraisers for Movember, a foundation that supports research into testicular cancer.

Legacy
Noll has become a popular Internet meme, particularly in Australia. The popular phrase "Shannon Noll was robbed of the 2003 Australian Idol title" gained popularity in 2015, with multiple Facebook pages appearing featuring the phrase. Noll acknowledged the internet fame, finding it "very funny" and stating, "Some of the stuff they've done is bloody brilliant and very clever and very funny. I reckon half of the kids putting together these memes need to be on my marketing team!" In January 2016, a Facebook page was created titled "Get Shannon Noll to Groovin' the Moo 2016". Despite the page's thousands of likes, the organisers of Groovin' the Moo did not reach out to the artist to perform. In June 2016, the 'GATchphrase' for the 2016 GAT (a theme chosen by the VCE students of Victoria to write into their papers to show group protest) was voted to be Shannon Noll was robbed of the 2003 Australian Idol title. An estimated 3,600 took part in this event.

Personal life
Noll married his long-time girlfriend Rochelle Ogston at St Peter's Church in Cremorne, New South Wales, on 2 October 2004. They have three sons and a daughter.

Legal issues
In December 2004, Noll was caught driving drunk in his home town of Condobolin. He promptly admitted that it was a "stupid mistake". On 5 April 2005, Noll pleaded guilty in court to driving with a blood alcohol reading of 0.11. The magistrate disqualified him from driving for nine months, fined him $1,000, and ordered him to pay court costs.

On 15 January 2017, Noll was arrested for assaulting a bouncer at an Adelaide strip club. He was charged with two counts of assault and was scheduled to appear at the Adelaide magistrates court in February 2017. The charges were dropped during a brief court hearing on 6 April 2017.

In July 2018 during a gig at the Duck Creek Picnic Races in Nyngan, New South Wales, Noll launched an almost two-minute tirade at a crowd member who threw a can of beer on stage, receiving appreciative support from the crowd. A video of the incident recorded on a phone, in which Noll angrily responds to the beer can incident with an outburst including "Fucking private school, stupid fucking motherfucker... Have some balls and come up here and I'll punch your fucking teeth down your throat out the back, dog-arse prick. Then I'll fuck your missus and your mum," went viral. Noll later apologised on Facebook, writing: "I completely understand that that is still no excuse for the way I spoke and I am deeply sorry for the terrible things I said that were purely out of frustration." Noll was dropped from a Queensland Rodeo as a result of the outburst. The crowd's reaction during the incident, appearing to goad Noll into threats of violence was widely reported as disturbing. In his apology, Noll blamed his outburst on one of his band previously getting hurt when a firecracker was thrown on stage, and the large number of beer cans being thrown at the band.

On 13 September 2018, Noll was charged after NSW police allegedly found him with a bag of "white powder" while searching the premises of the Caringbah Hotel, Caringbah. On 11 October 2018, Noll was placed on a 12-month good behaviour bond after pleading guilty to cocaine possession. The magistrate chose not to record a criminal conviction.

Discography

 * That's What I'm Talking About (2004)
 * Lift (2005)
 * Turn It Up (2007)
 * A Million Suns (2011)
 * Unbroken (2018)
 * Raw (2021)

Tours

 * Headlining tours
 * The Overdrive Tour (2004)
 * Lift Tour (2006)
 * Turn It Up Tour (2008)
 * No Turning Back Tour (2008)
 * In the Raw Tour (2009)
 * A Million Suns Tour (2012)
 * In My Youth Tour (2012–13)
 * Invincible Tour (2014)
 * We Only Live Once Tour (2014)

 * Joint tours
 * Australian Idol Tour (2004)
 * Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds: Australia (2007)
 * Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds: United Kingdom (2009)

 * Supporting tours
 * Bryan Adams' Room Service Tour: Australian leg (2005)
 * Live's Australian Tour (2006)

APRA Awards
The APRA Awards is an annual awards ceremony held by the Australasian Performing Right Association to recognise songwriting skills, sales and airplay performance by its members annually. Noll has won one award from two nominations.

 * 2007 || "Lift" || Most Performed Australian Work || Won
 * 2012 || "Switch Me On" || Rock Work of the Year || Nominated
 * 2012 || "Switch Me On" || Rock Work of the Year || Nominated
 * 2012 || "Switch Me On" || Rock Work of the Year || Nominated

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards are a set of annual ceremonies presented by Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), which recognise excellence, innovation and achievement across all genres of the music of Australia. They commenced in 1987. Noll has received six nominations.

 * rowspan="2"| 2004 || "What About Me" || Highest Selling Single || Nominated
 * That's What I'm Talking About || Highest Selling Album || Nominated
 * rowspan="2"| 2006 || "Shine" || Highest Selling Single || Nominated
 * Lift || Best Pop Release || Nominated
 * 2007 || "Don't Give Up" || Highest Selling Single || Nominated
 * 2011 || Shannon Noll || Most Popular Australian Live Artist || Nominated
 * Lift || Best Pop Release || Nominated
 * 2007 || "Don't Give Up" || Highest Selling Single || Nominated
 * 2011 || Shannon Noll || Most Popular Australian Live Artist || Nominated
 * 2007 || "Don't Give Up" || Highest Selling Single || Nominated
 * 2011 || Shannon Noll || Most Popular Australian Live Artist || Nominated
 * 2011 || Shannon Noll || Most Popular Australian Live Artist || Nominated

ARIA No. 1 Chart Awards
The ARIA No. 1 Chart Awards are given to Australian recording artists who have achieved a number-one single or album on the ARIA Charts. Noll has won five awards.

 * rowspan="3"| 2004 || That's What I'm Talking About || Number One Album || Won
 * "What About Me" || Number One Single || Won
 * "Learn to Fly" || Number One Single || Won
 * rowspan="2"| 2005 || Lift || Number One Album || Won
 * "Shine" || Number One Single || Won
 * "Learn to Fly" || Number One Single || Won
 * rowspan="2"| 2005 || Lift || Number One Album || Won
 * "Shine" || Number One Single || Won
 * "Shine" || Number One Single || Won
 * "Shine" || Number One Single || Won

Country Music Awards (CMAA)
The Country Music Awards of Australia (CMAA) (also known as the Golden Guitar Awards) is an annual awards night held in January during the Tamworth Country Music Festival, celebrating recording excellence in the Australian country music industry. They have been held annually since 1973.

 * rowspan="2"| 2016 ||rowspan="2"| "Spirit of the Anzacs" (with Lee Kernaghan, Guy Sebastian, Jessica Mauboy, Jon Stevens, Sheppard and Megan Washington) || Vocal Collaboration of the Year || Won
 * Video clip of the Year || Won
 * Video clip of the Year || Won
 * Video clip of the Year || Won

MTV Australia Video Music Awards
The MTV Australia Video Music Awards was an awards ceremony presented by MTV Australia that honoured the best music videos of both local and international acts. Noll won three awards.

 * 2005 || Shannon Noll || Best Male Artist || Won
 * 2006 || Shannon Noll || Best Male Artist || Won
 * 2007 || Shannon Noll || Best Male Artist || Won
 * 2006 || Shannon Noll || Best Male Artist || Won
 * 2007 || Shannon Noll || Best Male Artist || Won
 * 2007 || Shannon Noll || Best Male Artist || Won

Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards
The Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards was an awards ceremony that honoured the biggest television, movie and music acts, as voted by the public. Noll won three awards.

 * rowspan="2"| 2004 || Shannon Noll || Fave Australian || Won
 * "Drive" || Fave Song || Won
 * 2007 || Shannon Noll || Fave Male Singer || Won
 * "Drive" || Fave Song || Won
 * 2007 || Shannon Noll || Fave Male Singer || Won
 * 2007 || Shannon Noll || Fave Male Singer || Won

title: Shannon Noll


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Hassler Whitney

Hassler Whitney (March 23, 1907 – May 10, 1989) was an American mathematician. He was one of the founders of singularity theory, and did foundational work in manifolds, embeddings, immersions, characteristic classes, and geometric integration theory.

Life
Hassler Whitney was born on March 23, 1907, in New York City, where his father, Edward Baldwin Whitney, was the First District New York Supreme Court judge. His mother, A. Josepha Newcomb Whitney, was an artist and political activist. He was the paternal nephew of Connecticut Governor and Chief Justice Simeon E. Baldwin, his paternal grandfather was William Dwight Whitney, professor of Ancient Languages at Yale University, linguist and Sanskrit scholar. Whitney was the great-grandson of Connecticut Governor and US Senator Roger Sherman Baldwin, and the great-great-grandson of American founding father Roger Sherman. His maternal grandparents were astronomer and mathematician Simon Newcomb (1835-1909), a Steeves descendant, and Mary Hassler Newcomb, granddaughter of the first superintendent of the Coast Survey Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler. His great uncle Josiah Whitney was the first to survey Mount Whitney.

He married three times: his first wife was Margaret R. Howell, married on the 30 May 1930. They had three children, James Newcomb, Carol and Marian. After his first divorce, on January 16, 1955 he married Mary Barnett Garfield. He and Mary had two daughters, Sarah Newcomb (later a notable statistician, Sally Thurston), and Emily Baldwin. Finally, Whitney divorced his second wife and married Barbara Floyd Osterman on 8 February 1986.

Whitney and his first wife Margaret made an innovative decision in 1939 that influenced the history of modern architecture in New England, when they commissioned the architect Edwin B. Goodell, Jr. to design a new residence for their family in Weston, Massachusetts. They purchased a rocky hillside site on a historic road, next door to another International Style house by Goodell from several years earlier, designed for Richard and Caroline Field.

Throughout his life he pursued two particular hobbies with excitement: music and mountain-climbing. An accomplished player of the violin and the viola, Whitney played with the Princeton Musical Amateurs. He would run outside, 6 to 12 miles every other day. As an undergraduate, with his cousin Bradley Gilman, Whitney made the first ascent of the Whitney–Gilman ridge on Cannon Mountain, New Hampshire in 1929. It was the hardest and most famous rock climb in the East. He was a member of the Swiss Alpine Society and the Yale Mountaineering Society (the precursor to the Yale Outdoors Club) and climbed most of the mountain peaks in Switzerland.

Death
Three years after his third marriage, on 10 May 1989, Whitney died in Princeton, after suffering a stroke. In accordance with his wish, Hassler Whitney's ashes rest atop mountain Dents Blanches in Switzerland where Oscar Burlet, another mathematician and member of the Swiss Alpine Club, placed them on August 20, 1989.

Academic career
Whitney attended Yale University, where he received baccalaureate degrees in physics and in music, respectively in 1928 and in 1929. Later, in 1932, he earned a PhD in mathematics at Harvard University. His doctoral dissertation was The Coloring of Graphs, written under the supervision of George David Birkhoff. At Harvard, Birkhoff also got him a job as Instructor of Mathematics for the years 1930–31, and an Assistant Professorship for the years 1934–35. Later on he held the following working positions: NRC Fellow, Mathematics, 1931–33; Assistant Professor, 1935–40; Associate Professor, 1940–46, Professor, 1946–52; Professor Instructor, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton University, 1952–77; Professor Emeritus, 1977–89; Chairman of the Mathematics Panel, National Science Foundation, 1953–56; Exchange Professor, Collège de France, 1957; Memorial Committee, Support of Research in Mathematical Sciences, National Research Council, 1966–67; President, International Commission of Mathematical Instruction, 1979–82; Research Mathematician, National Defense Research Committee, 1943–45; Construction of the School of Mathematics.

He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences; Colloquium Lecturer, American Mathematical Society, 1946; Vice President, 1948–50 and Editor, American Journal of Mathematics, 1944–49; Editor, Mathematical Reviews, 1949–54; Chairman of the Committee vis. lectureship, 1946–51; Committee Summer Instructor, 1953–54;, American Mathematical Society; American National Council Teachers of Mathematics, London Mathematical Society (Honorary), Swiss Mathematics Society (Honorary), Académie des Sciences de Paris (Foreign Associate); New York Academy of Sciences.

Honors
In 1947 he was elected member of the American Philosophical Society. In 1969 he was awarded the Lester R. Ford Award for the paper in two parts "The mathematics of Physical quantities" (#|1968a, #|1968b). In 1976 he was awarded the National Medal of Science. In 1980 he was elected honorary member of the London Mathematical Society. In 1982, he received the Wolf Prize from the Wolf Foundation, and finally, in 1985, he was awarded the Steele Prize from the American Mathematical Society.

Research
Whitney's earliest work, from 1930 to 1933, was on graph theory. Many of his contributions were to the graph-coloring, and the ultimate computer-assisted solution to the four-color problem relied on some of his results. His work in graph theory culminated in a 1933 paper, where he laid the foundations for matroids, a fundamental notion in modern combinatorics and representation theory independently introduced by him and Bartel Leendert van der Waerden in the mid 1930s. In this paper Whitney proved several theorems about the matroid of a graph $M(G)$: one such theorem, now called Whitney's 2-Isomorphism Theorem, states: Given $G$ and $H$ are graphs with no isolated vertices. Then $M(G)$ and $M(H)$ are isomorphic if and only if $G$ and $H$ are 2-isomorphic.

Whitney's lifelong interest in geometric properties of functions also began around this time. His earliest work in this subject was on the possibility of extending a function defined on a closed subset of $$\mathbb{R}^n$$ to a function on all of $$\mathbb{R}^n$$ with certain smoothness properties. A complete solution to this problem was found only in 2005 by Charles Fefferman.

In a 1936 paper, Whitney gave a definition of a smooth manifold of class $G$ r, and proved that, for high enough values of r, a smooth manifold of dimension n may be embedded in $$\mathbb{R}^{2n+1}$$, and immersed in $$\mathbb{R}^{2n}$$. (In 1944 he managed to reduce the dimension of the ambient space by 1, provided that n > 2, by a technique that has come to be known as the "Whitney trick".) This basic result shows that manifolds may be treated intrinsically or extrinsically, as we wish. The intrinsic definition had been published only a few years earlier in the work of Oswald Veblen and J. H. C. Whitehead. These theorems opened the way for much more refined studies of embedding, immersion and also of smoothing—that is, the possibility of having various smooth structures on a given topological manifold.

He was one of the major developers of cohomology theory, and characteristic classes, as these concepts emerged in the late 1930s, and his work on algebraic topology continued into the 40s. He also returned to the study of functions in the 1940s, continuing his work on the extension problems formulated a decade earlier, and answering a question of Laurent Schwartz in a 1948 paper On Ideals of Differentiable Functions.

Whitney had, throughout the 1950s, an almost unique interest in the topology of singular spaces and in singularities of smooth maps. An old idea, implicit even in the notion of a simplicial complex, was to study a singular space by decomposing it into smooth pieces (nowadays called "strata"). Whitney was the first to see any subtlety in this definition, and pointed out that a good "stratification" should satisfy conditions he termed "A" and "B", now referred to as Whitney conditions. The work of René Thom and John Mather in the 1960s showed that these conditions give a very robust definition of stratified space. The singularities in low dimension of smooth mappings, later to come to prominence in the work of René Thom, were also first studied by Whitney.

In his book Geometric Integration Theory he gives a theoretical basis for Stokes' theorem applied with singularities on the boundary:. Later, his work on such topics inspired the researches of Jenny Harrison.

These aspects of Whitney's work have looked more unified, in retrospect and with the general development of singularity theory. Whitney's purely topological work (Stiefel–Whitney class, basic results on vector bundles) entered the mainstream more quickly.

Teaching
In 1967, he became involved full-time in educational problems, especially at the elementary school level. He spent many years in classrooms, both teaching mathematics and observing how it is taught. He spent four months teaching pre-algebra mathematics to a classroom of seventh graders and conducted summer courses for teachers. He traveled widely to lecture on the subject in the United States and abroad. He worked toward removing mathematical anxiety, which he felt leads young pupils to avoid mathematics. Whitney spread the ideas of teaching mathematics to students in ways that relate the content to their own lives as opposed to teaching them rote memorization.

Selected publications
Hassler Whitney published 82 works: all his published articles, included the ones listed in this section and the preface of the book, are collected in the two volumes and.

Biographical and general references

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Scientific references

 * (e-book: ISBN 978-0-674-72655-0).
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 * (e-book: ISBN 978-0-674-72655-0).
 * (e-book: ISBN 978-0-674-72655-0).

title: Hassler Whitney


text:
Darwen F.C.

Darwen Football Club is a football club from Darwen, Lancashire, England. The club was formed in 2009 as A.F.C. Darwen, a successor to the original Darwen club, which had been wound up. They currently play in the and are based at the Anchor Ground.

History
On 22 December 2003 Carlsberg Tetley tried to wind up Darwen Football and Social Club. Although the club, then playing in Division One of the North West Counties League, avoided liquidation on that occasion, another winding up petition was brought by The Bee radio station on 14 April 2008 in respect of £8,000 owed for advertising. Plans were made for Blackburn with Darwen Council to buy the Anchor Ground. However, following two further petitions for liquidation brought by Thwaites Brewery and ING Lease UK and their refusal of an offer of 25p in the pound, the 134-year old Darwen Football Club was wound up in the High Court on 14 May 2009.

Almost immediately, there were plans for a new Darwen football club to be formed. This was achieved before the start of the 2009–10 season, with AFC Darwen created, taking over the Anchor Ground from the dissolved club. However, the new club had to start at step 7 (level 11) of the football pyramid. They successfully applied for admission to the West Lancashire League, and were placed in the Premier Division. After finishing eighth in their first season, they were promoted to Division One of the North West Counties League. In 2014–15 the club won the Division One Trophy with a 3–1 win over Atherton Collieries in the final, also finishing third in Division One and qualifying for the promotion play-offs. After beating Chadderton 2–1 in the semi-finals, they defeated Hanley Town 5–3 in the final, earning promotion to the Premier Division.

The 2017–18 season saw AFC Darwen finish bottom of the Premier Division, resulting in relegation to Division One North. In June 2022 the club was renamed Darwen Football Club.

Honours

 * North West Counties League
 * Division One Trophy winners 2014–15
 * Martin Vizzard Memorial Trophy
 * Winners 2016

Records

 * Best FA Cup performance: Extra-preliminary round, 2015–16, 2016–17
 * Best FA Vase performance: Third round, 2022–23
 * Record attendance: 982 vs Bury AFC, North West Counties League Division One, 9 October 2021

title: Darwen F.C.


text:
Black Jack

Blackjack is a popular casino-gambling card game.

Black Jack or Blackjack may also refer to:

Australia

 * Black Jack, Queensland, a locality in Queensland
 * Black Jack, a civil parish of Pottinger County, New South Wales
 * Black Jack Hill, near Gunnedah, New South Wales

United States

 * Black Jack (Red Oak, North Carolina), a historic plantation house
 * Black Jack, Kansas, an unincorporated community
 * Black Jack, Kentucky, an unincorporated community
 * Black Jack, Missouri, a city
 * Blackjack, Cherokee County, Texas, an unincorporated community
 * Blackjack, Smith County, Texas, an unincorporated community
 * The Blackjacks (house), a historic house in Osage County, Oklahoma

People

 * Black Jack (nickname)
 * Ada Blackjack (1898–1983), Inuit woman
 * Roddy Blackjack (c. 1920–2013), Canadian elder and former Chief of the Little Salmon/Carmacks First Nation of the Yukon Territory
 * Blackjack Lanza (1935-2021), ring name of former professional wrestler John Lanza
 * Blackjack Mulligan (1942–2016), ring name of former professional wrestler Robert Jack Windham
 * "Blackjack" Hoss Taylor, a professional wrestler from All-Star Wrestling

Fictional characters

 * Black Jack (manga character), the main character of the 1973 manga series of the same name
 * Blackjack (Transformers), a fictional character in the Transformers universe
 * Nickname for Jonathon Randal, a supporting character in Outlander
 * John "Black Jack" Geary, the main character in The Lost Fleet series of novels

Films

 * Black Jack (1927 film), an American silent Western film
 * Black Jack (1950 film), written and directed by Julien Duvivier
 * Black Jack (1968 film), a spaghetti western
 * Black Jack (1979 film), by Ken Loach
 * Blackjack (1978 film), an American crime drama film
 * Blackjack (1990 film), directed by Colin Nutley
 * Blackjack (1998 film), a TV movie directed by John Woo
 * BlackJack (film series) (2003–2007), a series of Australian seven TV movies starring Colin Friels

Games and cards

 * Black Jack (Hearts), a variant of Hearts
 * Black Jack (Switch), also known as Switch, a name given to some variations of Crazy Eights in United Kingdom
 * A jack (playing card) from a black suit, a jack of clubs or jack of spades
 * Blackjack (Atari 2600 video game), a video game cartridge developed by Atari
 * Blackjack, an NES video game developed by Odyssey Software; See American Video Entertainment

Literature

 * Black Jack (manga), a 1973 manga series by Osamu Tezuka
 * "Black Jack", a short story by Rudyard Kipling in the collection Soldiers Three
 * Black Jack, a 2003 novel by Finnish writer Reijo Mäki
 * Black Jack, a 1968 historical fiction novel by English writer Leon Garfield

Music

 * Blackjack, a 21-note scale in the miracle temperament

Groups

 * Black Jack (Chilean band), a Chilean rock band
 * Black Jack (Australian band), an Australian heavy metal band
 * Blackjack (American band), an American rock band
 * BlackJack (Swedish band), a Swedish dansband

Albums

 * Blackjack (Blackjack album), by the American band, 1979
 * Blackjack (Donald Byrd album), 1968

Songs

 * "Black Jack", by The Hives from Barely Legal
 * "Black Jack", by Junkie XL from Big Sounds of the Drags
 * "Black Jacks", by Girls Aloud from Tangled Up
 * "Blackjack", by Airbourne from Runnin' Wild
 * "Blackjack", by Aminé from OnePointFive
 * "Blackjack", by Death Grips from The Money Store
 * "Blackjack", by Everclear from Slow Motion Daydream
 * "Blackjack", by Ray Charles from Yes Indeed!

Television

 * "Black Jack" (Jericho), a 2007 episode of the television series Jericho
 * Blackjack (Fear the Walking Dead), a 2018 episode of Fear the Walking Dead
 * "BlackJack", a 2007 episode of SpongeBob SquarePants
 * "Blackjack", an episode of the TV series The Adventures of Ellery Queen

Brands and enterprises

 * Black Jack (confectionery), aniseed flavour chews
 * Black Jack (gum), a brand of chewing gum
 * BlackJack (phone), a mobile phone made by Samsung
 * BlackJack II (phone), a mobile phone made by Samsung
 * Blackjack Pizza, a chain of pizza delivery restaurants in Colorado, US

Military and law enforcement

 * Blackjack (weapon), a type of baton for law enforcement
 * RQ-21 Blackjack, a small tactical unmanned air system
 * Black Jack Brigade, nickname of the U.S. 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division
 * Tupolev Tu-160 (NATO reporting name: Blackjack), a Russian bomber
 * VMF-441, nicknamed The Blackjacks, a United States Marine Corps fighter squadron
 * Battle of Black Jack, a battle in Kansas preceding the American Civil War
 * National Society of Blackjacks, a High School Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps leadership program in the United States

Science

 * Black jack (fish) (Caranx lugubris), a gamefish
 * Blackjack oak or Quercus marilandica, a small tree
 * Black jack, often weedy plants of the genus Bidens from the family of Asteraceae
 * Sphalerite, a mineral sometimes called black-jack by miners

Sports

 * Berlin Blackjacks, a short-lived team in the Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey
 * Ottawa BlackJacks, a team in the Canadian Elite Basketball League

Other uses

 * Black Jack (horse) (1947–1976), a horse used in U.S. Armed Forces full honors funerals
 * Black Jack (stamp), a United States postage stamp
 * STV Black Jack, a 1904 Canadian brigantine sailing ship
 * The Blackjacks, a professional wrestling tag team

title: Black Jack


text:
Mangalia

Mangalia (, Mankalya), ancient Callatis (Κάλλατις/Καλλατίς; other historical names: Pangalia, Panglicara, Tomisovara), is a city and a port on the coast of the Black Sea in the south-east of Constanța County, Northern Dobruja, Romania.

The municipality of Mangalia also administers several summertime seaside resorts: Cap Aurora, Jupiter, Neptun, Olimp, Saturn, Venus.

History
The Greek colony of Callatis was founded in the 6th century BC by the city of Heraclea Pontica. Like the other Greek cities on the coast nearby, it became a Greek city-state with its own chora (territory) which included the fortified settlement of Albesti 15km distant. Its first silver coinage was minted around 350 BC.

The Macedonians invaded the area from 339 BC against which Callatis and the nearby Greek cities revolted leading to the siege of the city in 313-311 by Lysimachus and its reoccupation.

In 72 BC, Callatis was conquered by the Roman general Lucullus and was assigned to the Roman province of Moesia Inferior. Throughout the 2nd century AD, the city built defensive fortifications and the minting of coinage under the Roman emperors Septimius Severus and Caracalla continued. Callatis suffered multiple invasions in the 3rd century but recovered in the 4th century to regain its status as an important trade hub and port city. From the 7th to the 11th century the city was under the rule of the First Bulgarian Empire.

Callatis existed until the mid-7th century under this name. Life in the town resumed from the 10th century. In the 13th century Callatis came to be known as Pangalia. The Vlachs called it Tomisovara and the Greeks called it Panglicara. From the 16th century the town had acquired its present name, Mangalia.

Between March and July 1878 the city of Mangalia was part of Bulgaria according to the Treaty of San Stefano. In July 1878 the Congress of Berlin modified the Treaty of San Stefano. According to Article XLVI the Bulgaria–Romania border in Dobrudja was defined as "a line starting from the east of Silistra and terminating on the Black Sea, south of Mangalia."

Sights
A Roman Byzantine building has been excavated against the city wall and next to a street paved with big limestone tiles and which has a channel on its longitudinal axis. It is composed of an atrium with a complex system for collecting rainwater, a palace composed of monumental halls with columns and a basilica. It was probably a bishop's palace.

Geography and climate
Mangalia is positioned at 43°49’ latitude and 28°35’ longitude, with an approximate elevation of 10 meters, 44 km south of the municipality of Constanţa, on the same latitude as the French resort of Nice. Mangalia is one of the southernmost resorts on the Romanian coast of the Black Sea.

Mangalia is characterized by a moderate maritime climate (annual average temperature 11 °C - one of the highest in Romania) with hot summers (July average over 21 °C) and mild winters (January average 1 °C), Mangalia being the country's second place, after Băile Herculane, with positive average temperatures in wintertime. Spring comes early but is cool and autumn is long and warm. In summer, cloudiness is reduced (about 25 sunny days in a month) and the duration of sunshine is of 10–12 hours a day. Annual precipitation is low (about 400 mm).

The sea breeze is stronger in summer. The natural cure factors are the water of the Black Sea, which is chlorided, sulphated, sodic, magnesian, hypotonic (mineralization 15.5g), the sulphurous, chlorided, bicarbonated, sodic, calcic, mesothermal (21-28 °C) mineral waters of the springs in the northern part of the city, in the area of the beach between Saturn and Venus, the sulphurous peat mud, rich in minerals, which is extracted from the peat bog north of the city (expected to last another 250 years) and the marine climate, rich in saline aerosols and solar radiation that have a bracing effect on the organism.

The resort has a large, fine-sand beach developed for purposes of aeroheliotherapy and wave therapy, as well as high seawalls with a specific microclimate where one may benefit from inhalations of saline aerosols having therapeutic effects.

Demographics
At the 2021 census Mangalia had a population of 31,950 with a majority of Romanians (74.27%) and minorities of Tatars (3.07%), Turks (2.01%), Lipovans (0.19%), Roma (0.18%), Hungarians (0.13%), Bulgarians (0.01%), others (0.78%) and unknown (19.36%).

At the 2011 census Mangalia had a population of 36,364 with a majority of Romanians (82.4%) and minorities of Turks (4.05%), Tatars (3.25%), Roma (0.45%), Lipovans (0.32%), Hungarians (0.23%), others (0.14%) and unknown (9.16%).

According to the religion of the respondents for whom data is available, 89.5% were Romanian Orthodox, 8.3% Muslim, 0.9% Roman Catholic, 0.3% Pentecostal, and 1% other or none.

Tourist attractions

 * The city has been well known in recent years as the place where one of the largest summer festivals in Romania takes place: Callatis Festival;
 * The Scythian tomb discovered in 1959 where archaeologists unearthed fragments of a papyrus in Greek, the first document of this kind in Romania;
 * The incineration tombs (the necropolis of the Callatis citadel, dating back to the 4th-2nd centuries BC);
 * The ruins of the Callatis citadel (6th century BC);
 * The Turkish Esmahan Sultan Mosque (16th century);
 * The Archaeology Museum which shelters a rich collection of amphorae and sculptures from the Hellenistic epoch, fragments of stone sarcophagi;
 * Mangalia Marina

Natives

 * Denis Alibec (born 1991), footballer
 * Andreea Ana (born 2000), freestyle wrestler
 * Marius Antonescu (born 1992), rugby union player
 * Florin Bejan (born 1991), footballer
 * Radu Doicaru (born 1979), footballer
 * Inna (born 1986), singer
 * Mihai Lămboiu (born 1997), rugby union player
 * Rareș Murariu (born 1999), footballer
 * Claudia Pavel (born 1984), pop singer and dancer
 * Antoaneta Sabău (born 1982), classicist, translator, and editor
 * Satyrus the Peripatetic (c. 3rd century BC), Greek  peripatetic philosopher and historian
 * Gheorghe Vitanidis (1929–1994), film director

Politics
The current mayor of Mangalia is Cristian Radu (PNL).

The Mangalia Municipal Council, elected in the 2020 local government elections, is made up of 19 councilors, with the following party composition:

International relations
Mangalia is twinned with:

 * 🇧🇪 Aywaille, Belgium
 * 🇧🇬 Balchik, Bulgaria
 * 🇸🇰 Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
 * Byblos, Lebanon
 * 🇫🇷 Charleville-Mézières, France
 * 🇧🇬 General Toshevo, Bulgaria
 * 🇺🇸 Greenport, United States
 * 🇮🇱 Karmiel, Israel
 * 🇬🇷 Laurium, Greece
 * 🇧🇦 Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina

 * 🇮🇹 Porto Viro, Italy
 * 🇮🇹 Santa Severina, Italy
 * 🇲🇰 Struga, North Macedonia

title: Mangalia


text:
Talk:Blackjack (weapon)

The initial content of this article has my name on it in the page history, as a byproduct of the fact that I moved it here when Blackjack got big. To see the original authors of this page, examine the page history of that page. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 10:44, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

The only reference in this article is google define which in turn references this article.... That seems wrong for some reason. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.8.209.212 (talk) 03:18, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

Deleted reference to 'cosh' as 'cosh' is a generic name for a blunt weapon or club. 195.173.13.125 (talk) 12:28, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Blackjack (weapon)