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Star Wars sources and analogues

The Star Wars science fiction media franchise is acknowledged to have been inspired by many sources. These include Hinduism, Buddhism, Qigong, philosophy, classical mythology, Roman history, Gnosticism, Zoroastrianism, parts of the other Abrahamic religions, Confucianism, Shintō and Taoism, and countless cinematic precursors. Creator George Lucas stated "Most of the spiritual reality in the movie[s] is based on a synthesis of all religions. A synthesis through history; the way man has perceived the unknown and the great mystery and tried to deal with that or dealing with it".

Lucas has also said that chivalry, knighthood, paladinism and related institutions in feudal societies inspired some concepts in the Star Wars movies, most notably the Jedi Knights. The work of the mythologist Joseph Campbell, especially his book The Hero with a Thousand Faces, directly influenced Lucas, and is what drove him to create the "modern myth" of Star Wars. The natural flow of energy known as the Force is believed to have originated from the concept of qi/chi/ki, "the all-pervading vital energy of the universe".

To celebrate the 30th anniversary of Star Wars, The History Channel premiered a two-hour event covering the entire Star Wars saga entitled Star Wars: The Legacy Revealed. Featuring interviews from the likes of Stephen Colbert, Newt Gingrich, Nancy Pelosi, Tom Brokaw, Dan Rather, Peter Jackson, acclaimed scholars and others, the program delved further into the Heroic Epic concept and the influences of mythology and other motifs that were important in making Star Wars. Subjects include sins of the father and redeeming the father, coming of age, exiting the ordinary world and others.

Literature

 * Joseph Campbell's comparative mythology book The Hero with a Thousand Faces, directly influenced Lucas, and is what drove him to create the "modern myth" of Star Wars.
 * E.E. 'Doc' Smith's writings contain elements central to the Star Wars universe. These elements include:
 * Spherical, moon-sized spaceships.
 * Smaller, spherical, jet-less fighters with accumulators for beamed power.
 * Spacehounds of IPC includes light swords of slicing "blade of flame" and "planes of force" wielded by spherical ships, also attested in melee combat.
 * Smith's Lensmen have the telepathic powers of the Jedi derived from crystalline lenses mirroring Kyber crystals in Star Wars.
 * In Triplanetary, a "tractor beam" from an artificial planetoid captures another vessel and a damsel in distress adventure ensues.
 * Space armor with a general focus on melee combat using space axes.
 * Norlaminian worship of "the all-controlling Force" along with general use of "force" powers throughout.
 * A Golden Meteor is the emblem and insignia of the galactic protectors.
 * A galactic trade in drugs which are used as currency: Thionite in Smith, Spice in Star Wars.
 * A galactic corps of heroes with telepathic powers. (Note: Lensman was written 10 years before the Silver Age edition of Green Lantern)
 * Benevolent guardians seeking to fight evil. (Called Arisians in Lensman; Aquillian in the second draft script for Star Wars.)
 * A dark, unseen enemy seeking galactic domination. (Called Boskone in Lensman; Bogan in the second draft script for Star Wars.)
 * Special powers running down through family lines, with twins playing a significant role.
 * Epic space battles involving fleets of ships.
 * Large-scale weapons including a free-roaming planet-sized fortress and the sunbeam (capable of focusing the sun's rays, similar to Starkiller Base in The Force Awakens).
 * Jettisoning a space lifeboat with a data spool containing secrets of the enemy's ultimate weapon, the 'Grand Base'.
 * Training with a helmet with a blast shield, yet able to 'see' due to special powers.
 * Passing a ship off as a chunk of loose metal.
 * Numerous uses of the word coruscant, a term which had declined in use after the 19th century.
 * The science fiction writer Isaac Asimov stated on several occasions that George Lucas's galaxy-wide Empire bore a close resemblance to the galaxy depicted in Asimov's Foundation Series. The greatest differences are that Asimov's Galaxy contains almost no robots and no non-human aliens. Asimov addressed both issues directly in the saga's later volumes, most notably Foundation's Edge and Foundation and Earth. Since Asimov's death in 1992, the Star Wars cinematic universe has gained new Asimovesque elements: The Phantom Menace introduced the planet Coruscant, which bears a close resemblance to Asimov's Trantor.
 * The early Journal of the Whills draft of Star Wars from 1973 is based on the first chapter of the 1931 John Carter novel A Fighting Man of Mars by Edgar Rice Burroughs.
 * Star Wars borrows significantly from Arthurian mythology; especially with respect to plot and main character development. The life and character development of Luke Skywalker resembles that of the legendary King Arthur. Both are orphans who later become heroes in their early adulthood. Both also have mentors who are much older and provide them with guidance and/or training. Arthur was mentored by Merlin; whereas Luke was mentored and trained by Obi-Wan Kenobi prior to continuing his training and mentorship with Yoda. The role of Anakin Skywalker as the father of the hero, Luke Skywalker, mirrors that of Uther Pendragon who is King Arthur's father. Qui Gon-Jinn, Master Yoda and Obi-Wan Kenobi's roles match that of Merlin during the era of Anakin Skywalker and Uther Pendragon respectively.
 * Star Wars shares many similarities with Frank Herbert's Dune, including the desert planet setting with a moisture-based economy, spice smugglers, obese interstellar antagonists, and a mystical mind control-using sect with great influence over galactic politics — Herbert himself once enumerated 37 similarities. The influence was even more distinct in early Star Wars versions, with Princess Leia guarding a shipment of "aura spice" instead of the Death Star plans. The script for Jodorowsky's Dune was circulating in Hollywood at the time of Lucas' early work on Star Wars.  The director of the 2021 movie adaptation of Dune, Denis Villeneuve, said the new movie would attempt to be Star Wars for adults.

Pulp heroes and comics

 * Buck Rogers, another hero from pulp magazines from 1920s, and late comic strips (1929–67) and later a 1939 film serial and a 1950–51 TV series. Star Wars also influenced from its tropes.
 * Flash Gordon is the pulp hero whose original property which George Lucas had sought to license before making the first Star Wars film, A New Hope; the film includes many elements derived from the 1936 Universal serial Flash Gordon and its sequel, Flash Gordon Conquers the Universe. The basic plot involving the infiltration of a megalomaniacal outer-space Emperor's fortress by two heroes disguised in uniforms of soldiers of his army is drawn from Flash Gordon Conquers the Universe, with Luke Skywalker and Han Solo filling the roles of Flash Gordon and Prince Barin, respectively, and Ming the Merciless the Emperor. The Emperor's deadly, hostile planet (the Death Star/Mongo), a sometimes scantily-clad brunette space Princess whom the hero defends (Princess Leia/Princess Aura), a big, strong, hairy, animal-like ally (Chewbacca/Prince Thun of the Lion Men), a fearsome monster found underground and/or fought in an arena by the hero (the Rancor/the Gocko or Orangopoid), a city in the sky ruled by someone who originally works with the villains but later joins the heroes (Lando Calrissian of Cloud City), ray-guns, and dogfighting spaceships were all elements retained from the first Universal Flash Gordon serial. The opening text crawl of Star Wars is in the same style as the text openings of each chapter of the Flash Gordon Conquers The Universe serial. [From the 1940 series, not 1936, and the opening crawl is from the movie Les Disparus de Saint-Agil].
 * DC Comics and Jack Kirby. There has been a long debate among fans about the influence that comic book writer Jack Kirby had on the original Star Wars trilogy. Kirby's time at DC Comics between 1971 and 1975 was defined by his creation of the New Gods saga. This intergalactic story involved the New God, Orion of the planet New Genesis, being prophesied by the Source as the warrior to defeat Darkseid - the tyrannical ruler of the planet Apokolips, and, by doing so, bring peace to the universe and end the conflict between the two planets. Unknown to Orion was that he was the son of the evil Darkseid. Parallels can thus be drawn between the nature of the relationships between Orion and Darkseid to Luke Skywalker and Darth Vader, as well as between the mythical Source and the Force. According to some accounts, Lucas met comic book writer and editor Roy Thomas at a dinner in 1972, during which Lucas described the plot of Star Wars, to which Thomas noticed the similarity between this and Kirby's New Gods, which was then already a published series. John Williams who made the iconic Star Wars soundtracks since 1977, also did the soundtrack for the first Superman movie in 1978.
 * Marvel Comics: Lucas original trilogy co-writer Lawrence Kasdan noted that the spin-offs were expanding the franchise into more of a shared universe. Far beyond the previously linear saga, adding that one of the strengths of the franchise was how it all fell under the same continuity in comparison to other franchises. Kasdan also contrasted Star Wars to the Marvel Cinematic Universe, noting that Star Wars features less comedy than the latter, and adding that he felt a more comedic approach like Marvel's Guardians of the Galaxy would "not be Star Wars" to him.
 * Jon Favreau stated that he took what he learned from doing the Marvel adjacent Iron Man movies into doing The Mandalorian and Boba Fett in the Star Wars franchise, all these characters rely on metallic, high-tech armors that can fly and fire weapons.

J. R. R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings
J. R. R. Tolkien's 1937 The Hobbit and 1954–55 The Lord of the Rings novels inspired George Lucas's creation of Star Wars in 1977. An early draft for the 1977 Star Wars film is said to have included an exchange of dialogue between Obi-Wan Kenobi and Luke Skywalker taken directly from the conversation between Gandalf and Bilbo in Chapter 1 of The Hobbit, where Gandalf/Kenobi says "Good morning!" and Bilbo/Luke replies asking whether he means he's having a good morning, or is wishing him one, or that all mornings are good. Gandalf/Kenobi answers "All of them at once". The plagiarised dialogue was dropped, but the monk-like Kenobi was modelled on Gandalf; the film author Chris Taylor identifies several further elements of Star Wars that in his view could have been modelled on Middle-earth.

While doing a Star Wars animated series, Dave Filoni noted that Peter Jackson visited him and his mentor George Lucas to discuss Tolkien's works and to ask for advice. According to the Star Wars website, Darth Vader is compared by Filoni to the Balrog rather than Sauron, and the Prancing Pony bar may have inspired the Mos Eisley cantina, with the introduction of Han Solo suggestively matching that of Strider (Aragorn). As for the prequel trilogy, it notes that Saruman influenced Count Dooku (both are portrayed by Christopher Lee in the respective movies), and volcanic Mordor, whether Tolkien's or Jackson's, influenced the volcanic planet Mustafar.

George R. R. Martin acknowledged Tolkien influenced his Game of Thrones TV series and novels about medieval fantasy, while speaking about a movie about Tolkien's life. Jon Favreau mentioned Game of Thrones as an influence on The Mandalorian's second season. George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire / Game of Thrones (1996 – present) has been compared to Star Wars. This is most commonly through the characters of Luke Skywalker and Jaime Lannister, due to both being sword-fighters who lose their hands in duels, while being knights sworn to celibacy, and also due to their incestuous relationships to their respective sisters, Leia and Cersei (though Luke and Leia were unaware of being siblings, and the Lannisters have children). Both feature mothers who died at child-birth (A Game of Thrones was written before the release of Revenge of the Sith), and arguably evil fathers (though Luke and Leia weren't raised by him). Captain Phasma has also been compared as weaker than Briane of Tharth, due to both sharing the same actress. Many people were in both franchises. Both franchises feature important fights on throne rooms, with Emperor Palpatine's throne being compared to the Iron Throne, though Martin's works are far more violent.

Opera

 * Star Wars is widely considered to resemble Richard Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen in themes, plot elements, and music.

Film and television

 * Lucas has specifically cited the fact that he became acquainted with the term jidaigeki ("period drama", the Japanese genre of samurai films) while in Japan, and it is widely assumed that he took inspiration for the term Jedi from this.
 * The costume for Darth Vader was visually inspired by the character "The Lightning" in the Republic Pictures serial The Fighting Devil Dogs. The Lightning also had an army of white-armored stormtroopers and flew through the sky in a large triangular airship (the "flying wing").
 * Darth Vader's need to wear his helmet to breathe recalls the oxygen helmets of the underground-dwelling Muranians in the 1935 Mascot serial The Phantom Empire, which are required by the caped Thunder Riders to be able to breathe on the surface.
 * The Phantom Menace features a pod racing action sequence. This entire sequence is inspired by the famous chariot race of Ben Hur. The climactic moment when Sebulba's Pod attaches itself to Anakin's Pod mimics, almost shot for shot, the climactic moment of the scene in Ben Hur when Messala accidentally locks wheels with Ben Hur. Lines, scenes and themes from Ben-Hur had already previously influenced the Star Wars films. The conflict between the Rebel Alliance and the Empire is comparable to the earlier film's depiction of the historical Roman-Jewish conflict of the time, with an ascendant Roman Empire, represented by Messala, threatening to wipe out the Jewish rebels and send them extinct. The same Chariot sequence also inspired parts of the Endor speeder chase in Return of the Jedi, which also includes a sequence where two speeders accidentally interlock. The film's famous early line "The Emperor is displeased, he wishes Judea be made into a more obedient province!" significantly influenced dialogue in all Original Trilogy Star Wars films, with the first four words, in particular, is frequently directly quoted in relation to Star Wars Emperor Palpatine character.
 * Lucas has also cited John Ford's The Searchers and David Lean's Lawrence of Arabia as references for the style—if not the story—used in the films. A more direct homage to Lawrence of Arabia occurs in Attack of the Clones, as Padme and Anakin talk while walking around the Theed palace on Naboo. It was filmed at the Plaza de España in Seville, Spain, which in Lawrence of Arabia was the site of the British Army headquarters in Cairo, and was shot in an exact manner as the scene in Lawrence of Arabia where Allenby (Jack Hawkins) and Dryden (Claude Rains) discuss whether to give artillery to Lawrence's Arab troops. In the same film, Padme and Anakin also retreat to an estate called Varykino – the name of the Gromeko family estate in Doctor Zhivago. (Some also have considered Tom Courtenay's Pasha/Strelnikov character from Zhivago as an inspiration for Anakin/Darth Vader, but the similarities are likely coincidental.) Similarly, the chase sequence with Zam Wesell on Coruscant likely references Blade Runner; Lucas based many of the Coruscant cityscapes on Los Angeles in 2019. A reference to The Searchers occurs in Star Wars, when Luke discovers the burning moisture farm, while the Tusken Raiders sequence in Attack of the Clones recalls the climax of The Searchers. Han's showdown with Greedo in Star Wars resembles a scene in another John Ford movie, Cheyenne Autumn.
 * Lucas is also a fan of Sergio Leone's film Once Upon a Time in the West, and according to Leone's biographer, Christopher Frayling, he listened to the score from Leone's film while editing The Empire Strikes Back. Many have considered Vader's first appearance in A New Hope as being an "homage" to the introduction of Henry Fonda's villainous Frank in the Leone film.
 * The death scene of Yoda in Return of the Jedi is taken almost shot-for-shot from the death scene of the similarly mystical High Lama in Frank Capra's Lost Horizon (Yoda and the High Lama also both share a diminutive form and odd cadence of speech).
 * The attack on the Death Star in the climax of the film A New Hope is similar in many respects to the strategy of Operation Chastise from the 1954 British film, The Dam Busters. Rebel pilots have to fly through a trench while evading enemy fire and drop a single special weapon at a precise distance from the target to destroy the entire base with a single explosion; if one run fails another run must be made by a different pilot. Some scenes from the A New Hope climax are similar to those in The Dam Busters and some of the dialogue is nearly identical in the two films. These scenes are also heavily influenced by the action scenes from the fictional wartime film 633 Squadron. That film's finale shows the squadron's planes flying down a deep fjord while being fired at along the way by anti-aircraft guns lining its sides. George Lucas has stated in interviews that this sequence inspired the 'trench run' sequence in Star Wars.
 * Francis Ford Coppola – Lucas based the friendship between Luke Skywalker and Han Solo on his own friendship with Francis Ford Coppola. In Revenge of the Sith, during Anakin's massacre on Mustafar, the slaughter of the Separatist Council and the declaration of the Galactic Empire are reminiscent of the montage of massacres during the christening scene of The Godfather, a film directed by Coppola. They are similar in that the christening of one (the baby and the Empire) with the death of a group of others (the other dons and the Separatists). Post-Lucas director Rian Johnson inspired one of the final shots of The Last Jedi where the Millennium Falcon door closes, on the final scene of The Godfather where a door closes on Michael Carleone. While, Lucas wanted the sequel trilogy Luke Skywalker inspired on the cynic Colonel Kurtz from Coppolla's "Apocalypse Now".
 * The Maschinenmensch – the robot in Fritz Lang's 1927 film Metropolis – inspired the look of C-3PO, although the Maschinenmensch is a gynoid whereas C-3PO has masculine programming.
 * Ray Harryhausen used stop motion animation to create a mechanical owl, Bubo, in Clash of the Titans (1981). Despite Bubo's similarities (Bubo is metallic and expresses by whistling and rotating its head) to the droid R2-D2 of the 1977 film Star Wars, Harryhausen claimed Bubo was created before Star Wars was released.
 * Lucas used the term the Force  to "echo" its use by cinematographer Roman Kroitor in 21-87 (1963), in which Kroitor says, "Many people feel that in the contemplation of nature and in communication with other living things, they become aware of some kind of force, or something, behind this apparent mask which we see in front of us, and they call it God". Although Lucas had Kroitor's line in mind specifically, Lucas said the underlying sentiment is universal and that "similar phrases have been used extensively by many different people for the last 13,000 years".

Akira Kurosawa
Akira Kurosawa films:
 * The Hidden Fortress (1958) – A New Hope features the exploits of C-3PO and R2-D2, whereas the plot of The Hidden Fortress is told from the point of view of two bickering peasants. The two peasants, Tahei and Matashichi, are first shown escaping a battle, while C-3PO and R2-D2 are first shown fleeing an attack in A New Hope. Additionally, both films feature a battle-tested General – Rokurota Makabe in The Hidden Fortress and Obi-Wan Kenobi in A New Hope – who assist a rebellion led by a princess and engage in a duel with a former rival whom they fought years earlier.  Lucas also features many horizontal wipe scene transitions in Star Wars, a technique used thoroughly by Kurosawa in his films. Similarly, the Princess trades places with a slave girl in The Hidden Fortress, with the slave girl acting as a decoy for the real Princess. In The Phantom Menace, Queen Amidala trades places with one of her handmaidens who acts as a decoy.
 * Yojimbo (1961) inspired the brawl scene in the Cantina. Its sequel Sanjuro (1962) inspired the hiding-under-the-floor trick.
 * "A Fistful of Dollars" which is Sergio Leone's first film in Dollars trilogy, is an unofficial remake of the Kurosawa film "Yojimbo", that also inspired George Lucas. Clint Eastwood's cowboy character without a name, also inspired the post-Lucas created main character of The Mandalorian, and also the Lucas created character Cad Bane from The Clone Wars animated series. (Though the episode "Hostage Crisis" that introduced Cad Bane, has the character also inspired on Hans Gruber, the villain of Die Hard, with its plot also being a loose remake of the Bruce Willis film).
 * Django another unofficial western remake of Yojimbo, inspired Lucas on the name of his character Jango Fett.
 * Dersu Uzala (1975), just two years before the first Star Wars movie, there are two scenes that bear a striking resemblance to scenes in Star Wars. The first is the Captain and Dersu looking out over the horizon, seeing both the setting sun and the rising moon at the same time. This is much like when Luke Skywalker stares out on the sky with binary suns in A New Hope. The other scene is when Dersu and the Captain are suddenly caught in a blizzard, and they have to quickly build a shelter to spend the night, to survive the cold. The Captain collapses from the cold and Dersu has to drag and stuff him into the shelter. This is similar to the scene in The Empire Strikes Back where Han Solo cuts a tauntaun open with Luke's lightsaber and stuffs the unconscious Luke into it, when they get caught in a blizzard on the snow planet Hoth. A similar moment using a horse, happens in The Revenant (2015 film), than won an Oscar to Leonardo DiCaprio for playing 1700s frontier man Hugh Glass.
 * Rashomon (1950): On The Last Jedi (2017), from post-George Lucas director Rian Johnson. The Rashomon effect, is described on the part where Rey is told by Luke, a description of how he considered murdering his nephew Ben Solo in his sleep, due to feeling his inevitable fall to the dark side of The Force. Then Solo, who by that point had renamed himself as Kylo Ren, tells his perspective, which causes Luke to tell a third perspective of the event. All whom cause a reinterpretation of a similar even in Return of the Jedi.
 * Seven Samurai also inspired an episode of The Clone Wars animated series, and the first Star Wars comic with an original plot, that wasn't adapted from the film. The Mandalorian released its "Chapter 4: Sanctuary" has also been compared to Seven Samurai.

Star Trek
George Lucas claims he became a fan of Star Trek when the original series broadcast in the late 1960s which played an influence on the development of Star Wars in 1977. Lucas claimed he also visited Star Trek conventions. The filmmaker amazed Clint Howard by, during an audition, immediately citing his role 15 years earlier as Balok from "The Corbomite Maneuver". Howard said that he wanted to yell "Get a life" at the filmmaker.

The original films' influence on the franchise after Disney buys Lucasfilm
Following the sale of Lucasfilm to Disney, and the release of the 2015 film Star Wars: The Force Awakens, a Whatculture.com writer noticed the film bore many parallels and similar plot beats to A New Hope. McGill University computer science professor Derek Ruths ran an algorithm that found that, while it was not a one to one translation (for instance, Rey and Kylo Ren did not mirror Luke Skywalker and Darth Vader), the script mirrored A New Hope a lot in the way that each film's characters were grouped.

Ancient and medieval history

 * Ancient and medieval history play amongst the strongest and significant influences on Star Wars which reflects ancient Earth history in its settings, including architectural, social and hierarchical structures (i.e. the existence of monarchies and empires) as well as story lines which reflect ancient and medieval history. The transformation of the Old Republic into the Galactic Empire parallels that of the Roman Republic which transformed into the Roman Empire in the same manner of conspiracy and manipulation. Lucas was quoted as saying: "I love history, so while the psychological basis of Star Wars is mythological, the political and social bases are historical".
 * Author Nick Jamilla explains that unlike mainstream futuristic stories, with Star Wars, George Lucas ties in science fiction with ancient history, comparing the Jedi to the Samurai and historical European swordsmanship. He also parallels the spiritual aspects of the Jedi to eastern monks and philosophy.
 * Star Wars reflects ancient history in its planetary settings. For example, the planet Coruscant imitates Ancient Rome as the capital of the Old Republic and later the Galactic Empire; whereas Tatooine (referring to Tataouine - a province south of Tunis in Tunisia, roughly where Lucas filmed for the planet) imitates the ancient Middle East (specifically the Arabian Peninsula) and North Africa in ancient times as being barren desert and sparsely populated (which it still is today to a certain degree). Coruscant and Naboo are also two of many planets in the Star Wars galaxy which exhibit architecture inspired by those of ancient Greece, Rome, and other ancient Mediterranean and southern/southeastern European societies.
 * In his book The Medieval Hero on Screen: Representations from Beowulf to Buffy, author Tom Henthorne argues that 1970s science fiction movies such as the Star Wars films and E.T. bring back neo-medieval themes at young boys with a masculine tone in his view. He argues the knighthood-type plots give a sense of encouragement to young boys and give girls the image of being their prizes or captives waiting to be rescued.
 * The Samurai warriors of Japan are somewhat parallel to the concept of the Jedi as an elite warrior class specialized in combat and swordsmanship techniques charged with protecting their respective societies.
 * The aesthetic of Jedi uniforms is borrowed from the styles of clothing worn by North African Tribesmen and various Sufi brotherhoods. It has been argued by some that the name "Jedi" itself actually comes from the Arabic "Al-Jeddi'" which means "master of the mystic-warrior way."
 * In an interview with 'The Muslim Magazine,' Dhul-Nun Owen spoke about George Lucas contacting members of the Habibiyyah Sufi Order in Berkeley, CA in order to do research for 'Star Wars.' It should be noted, however, that there isn't a record of Lucas confirming this himself.
 * Mahmoud Shelton of Stanford University wrote an article titled "Star Wars: A Tale of Spiritual Chivalry” wherein he explores the connection between the Order of the Jedi and the Orders of Futuwwa (Mediaeval Sufi Chivalry). Shelton maintains that the Skywalker story may be specifically compared to the Ancient Egyptian myth of Osiris and his son Horus, and that the word "Jedi" is related to the Djed through the imagery of the prequels.

Modern and early modern history
The stormtroopers from the movies share a name with the Imperial German stormtroopers and the Nazi German Sturmabteilung (lit. Stormtrooper). Imperial officers' uniforms also resemble some historical German Army uniforms and the political and security officers of the Empire resemble the black clad SS down to the imitation silver death's head insignia on their officer's caps (although the uniforms technically had more basis with the German Uhlans within the Prussian Empire ). World War II terms were used for names in Star Wars; examples include the planets Kessel (a term that refers to a group of encircled forces) and Hoth (Hermann Hoth was a German general who served on the snow-laden Eastern Front). Lucas himself has drawn parallels between Palpatine and his rise to power to historical dictators such as Julius Caesar, Napoleon Bonaparte, and Adolf Hitler, saying the films exist as an examination of how democracies allow themselves to become dictatorships. The space battles in A New Hope were based on filmed World War I and World War II dogfights.

Continuing the use of Nazi inspiration for the Empire, J. J. Abrams, the director of The Force Awakens, has said that the First Order, an Imperial offshoot which serves as the main antagonist of the sequel trilogy, is also inspired by another aspect of the Nazi regime. Abrams spoke of how several Nazis fled to Argentina after the war and he claims that the concept for the First Order came from conversations between the scriptwriters about what would have happened if they had started working together again (The Boys from Brazil).

In a 2005 interview, George Lucas was asked the origins of the name "Darth Vader", and replied: "Darth is a variation of dark. And Vader is a variation of father. So it's basically Dark Father." (Rolling Stone, June 2, 2005). Vader is the Dutch word for "father" (the Dutch word is instead pronounced "fah-der"), and the German word for "father" (Vater) is similar. However, in the earliest scripts for Star Wars, the name "Darth Vader" was given to a human Imperial general with no apparent relationships.

Commentators have noted the strong political analogies in the Star Wars universe to contemporary American politics. Major analogies include Lucas's opposition to the Vietnam War being seen in the original trilogy. Lucas even said in 2005 that Star Wars "was really about the Vietnam War, and that was the period where Richard Nixon was trying to run for a [second] term, which got me to thinking historically about how do democracies get turned into dictatorships. Because the democracies aren't overthrown; they're given away." This claim was likewise backed up by the 1973 draft for the first movie, then-called The Star Wars, where Lucas specifically mentioned that the theme involved an independent planet named Aquillae that was compared to North Vietnam, and that the Empire was "America 10 years from now", and by Walter Murch, who claimed Lucas, after his failure with Apocalypse Now, decided to do Star Wars as a way to channel the anti-war and pro-Vietcong ideology in a disguised form. Ian McDiarmid, when recalling something Lucas told him during filming of Return of the Jedi, also implied that the Oval Office, and in particular, Nixon's presidency, played a role in the design of the Emperor's throne room. Political themes in Rogue One have also been noted.

The political and military conflict of the prequel films, especially Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith, bears a strong similarity to elements of the American Civil War (1861–1865): the Galactic Republic's Clone army (officially called the "Grand Army of the Republic") represents the Union Army (whose veteran organization was named Grand Army of the Republic), while the Confederacy of Independent Systems mimics the Confederate States of America (also abbreviated as "the Confederacy"). The character of Count Dooku is directly based on Confederate General Robert E. Lee.

title: Star Wars sources and analogues


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Charles Saunders

Charles Saunders may refer to:
 * Charles Saunders (Royal Navy officer) (1713–1775), British admiral
 * Charles Saunders (colonial administrator) (1857–1931), British administrator
 * Charles Saunders (tennis) (1861–?), real tennis world champion, 1890–1895
 * Charles Saunders (director) (1904–1997), English film director and screenwriter
 * Charles Saunders (rower) (1902–1994), New Zealand rower
 * Charles E. Saunders (1867–1937), Canadian agronomist
 * Charles H. Saunders (1821–1901), City Councilor, Alderman and Mayor of Cambridge, Massachusetts
 * Charles R. Saunders (1946–2020), Canadian fantasy author
 * Charles Saunders (bishop) (1884–1973), Bishop of Lucknow, 1928–1938
 * Cathal Ó Sándair (1922–1996), prolific Irish language author.
 * Charles Willard Saunders, American architect and partner at Saunders and Lawton

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title: Charles Saunders


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Decalogue (disambiguation)

The Decalogue is the Ten Commandments, the list of ethical principles in Exodus 20:1–17 and Deuteronomy 5:6–21.

Decalogue may also refer to:
 * Ritual Decalogue, also called the Ten Commandments by some, the laws listed in the Book of Exodus, 34:11–26
 * Dekalog, a 1989 series of ten films by Krzysztof Kieślowski based on the Ten Commandments
 * Virgin Decalog, book collections of Doctor Who short stories published by Virgin Publishing
 * The Decalogue of a Ukrainian Nationalist, principles of the OUN
 * "Decalogue", satirical poem by Ambrose Bierce
 * Decalogue (album), a 2009 album by Stoupe the Enemy of Mankind
 * The Decalogue (album), a 2019 album by Timo Andres and Sufjan Stevens

title: Decalogue (disambiguation)


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William Garden Blaikie

William Garden Blaikie FRSE (5 February 1820, in Aberdeen – 11 June 1899) was a Scottish minister, writer, biographer, and temperance reformer.

Life
His father James Ogilvie Blaikie was the first Provost of Aberdeen following its reformed corporation. After studying at Marischal College, where Alexander Bain and David Masson were among his contemporaries, he went in 1839 to Edinburgh to complete his theological studies under Thomas Chalmers. In 1842 he was presented to the parish of Drumblade as their minister by the Earl of Kintore, to whose family he was connected. The Disruption of 1843 reached its climax immediately afterwards, and Blaikie was one of the 474 ministers who signed the deed of demission and gave up their livings.

He found a brief position as Free Church minister of Turriff 1843/44 before being translated to Pilrig Free Church on the boundary between Leith and Edinburgh. This was agreed in January 1844 and his first service was on 1 March 1844. The church was the second purpose-built church for the Free Church and was designed by a congregation member, David Cousin. Elders of the church included Francis Brown Douglas.

Blaikie remained minister of Pilrig until 1868, overseeing the building of a new and more lavish Free Church on the corner opposite the original church, this being designed in 1865 by the architects Peddie & Kinnear, together with a new purpose-built manse on Pilrig Street. Keenly interested in questions of social reform, his first publication was a pamphlet, which was afterwards enlarged into a book called Better Days for Working People. It received public commendation from Lord Brougham, and 60,000 copies were sold. He formed an association for providing better homes for working people, and the Pilrig Model Buildings were erected. He also undertook the editorship of the Free Church Magazine, and then that of the North British Review, which he carried on until 1863. In 1864 he was asked to undertake the Scottish editorship of the Sunday Magazine, and much of his subsequent writing was done for this magazine, especially in the editorial notes.

In 1862, when he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh he was living at 9 Palmerston Road, a very large villa in the Grange, Edinburgh.

In 1868, Blaikie was asked to fill the chair of apologetics and pastoral theology at New College, Edinburgh. His position at Pilrig Free Church was filled by Rev James Calder Macphail. Blaikie subsequently was a Professor of Divinity there until 1897. In 1870 he was one of two representatives chosen from the Free Church of Scotland to attend the united general assembly of the Presbyterian churches of the United States. He prolonged his visit, made by a similar tour in Europe, and became the real founder of the Presbyterian Alliance. In 1892 he was elected to the chairmanship of the general assembly, the last of the moderators who had entered the church before the disruption. In 1897 he resigned his professorship.

He died at home, 2 Tantallon Terrace, North Berwick, on 11 June 1899. He is buried in Rosebank Cemetery on Pilrig Street, Edinburgh, against the central north-facing retaining wall.

Blaikie was a temperance reformer, and raised money for the relief of the Waldensian churches. He welcomed Dwight L. Moody to Scotland, and the evangelist made his headquarters with him during his first visit.

Family
He was married to Margaret Catherine Biggar (1823–1915) from Banff. She became the long-standing president (for 29 years) of the Scottish Christian Union (a women's temperance group, independent but associated with the British Women's Temperance Association) and was involved with the Women's Foreign Missionary Society; together the Baikies established an 'emigration home', which from 1871–91, 'rescued' 700 children from the families of 'destitute drunks' and re-homed 300 of these to Canada.

Their own children included Walter Biggar Blaikie, engineer, printer and astronomer, and Robert Henry Blaikie (1857–1933), a surgeon.

Published works

 * Saving Knowledge: Addressed to Young Men by Thomas Guthrie and WG Blaikie
 * Six Heroic Men: John Frith; T. Fowell Buxton; David Livingstone; Richard Baxter; John Lawrence; Claude Brousson.
 * Unser Herr ALS Lehrer Und Seelsorger: Eine Biblische Pastoral Theologie... Autorisierte Ubersetzung
 * Champions of the Truth: Short Lives of Christian Leaders in Thought and Action
 * Outlines of Bible Geography, Physical and Political
 * A Manual of Bible History: In Connection With the General History of the World (Classic Reprint)
 * Present Day Tracts on Subjects of Christian Evidence, Doctrine and Morals Vol. 2: William Garden Blaikie, George Rawlinson and R. Radford Thomson
 * Historical evidences of the Old Testament
 * Bible History, in Connection with the General History of the World Christianity and Secularism Compared in Their Influence and Effects
 * The Catholic Presbyterian Volume 2 and 6
 * The Personal Life of David Livingstone Chiefly from His Unpublished Journals and Correspondence in the Possession of His Family... by William Garden Blaikie
 * Ephesians (The Pulpit commentary)
 * Ephesians. Exposition and homiletics by Rev. Professor W. G. Blaikie ... Homilies by various authors, etc. (Pulpit... by William Garden Blaikie, Thomas Croskery and David Thomas (1886)
 * The Theology and Theologians of Scotland ... Second edition, etc. Edited by N. L. Walker and W. G. Blaikie by James Walker, William Garden Blaikie and Norman Lockhart Walker (1888)
 * Reply to Letter of Professor Blaikie ... to Rev A A Bonar... on statement issued on the Dods and Bruce cases ... Second edition with... by Robert Howie, William Garden Blaikie and Alexander Balmain Bruce (1890)
 * Dr. W. G. Blaikie, divine and philanthropist by James Silvester and William Garden Blaikie (1922)
 * The right aim and spirit of the Free Church: A sermon by William Garden Blaikie (1866)
 * The story of the Bohemian church by William Garden Blaikie (1885)
 * The Book of Joshua Volume V.6
 * The Sunday Magazine, Volumes 10 & 13
 * Heads and hands in the world of labour by W.G. Blaikie 1865
 * Memorials of Andrew Crichton, Ed. by W.G. Blaikie
 * Better Days for Working People
 * On the atomic theory: Prize essay in the chemical class, Marischal College, Aberdeen, session 1836-7 by William Garden Blaikie (1837)
 * Six Lectures addressed to the Working Classes on the Improvement of their Temporal Condition ... Third edition... by William Garden Blaikie (1849)     *The Head of the House by William Garden Blaikie  (1866)
 * Counsel and Cheer for the Battle of Life by William Garden Blaikie (1867)  *The colleges and theological institutions of America: A lecture delivered by desire of the principal and professors... by William Garden Blaikie  (1870)   *The religious awakening in Edinburgh,: In connexion with the visit of Messrs. Moody and Sankey by William Garden Blaikie  (1874)
 * Select Remains of Islay Burns ... Edited by Rev. James C. Burns. With memoir by Rev. W. G. Blaikie by Islay Burns, William Garden Blaikie and James C. Burns (1874)
 * Letter to the Right Hon. Lord Polwarth on the Union of Churches in Scotland by William Garden Blaikie (1875)
 * The inner life of Christ, (1876) Hodder & Stoughton
 * Archbishop Leighton by William Garden Blaikie (1883)
 * The Public Ministry of Christ (1883)
 * Leaders in Modern Philanthropy, ... with Fifteen Portraits by William Garden Blaikie (1884)
 * Ought the Free Church to resume connection with the state? by William Garden Blaikie (1886)
 * The Work of the Ministry. A Manual of Homiletic and Pastoral Theology, 1873
 * Glimpses of the Inner Life of Christ (2nd edn., publ 1878 by Hodder & Stoughton, 27 Paternoster Row, London)
 * The Personal Life of David Livingstone, 1880, 2nd edition 1881, 525 pages
 * The Books of Samuel in the Expositor's Bible Series, 2 volumes
 * The Book of Joshua in the Expositor's Bible Series 1886
 * David, king of Israel: The divine plan and lessons of his life (Limited Classical Reprint Library)
 * Life and Reign of David (1880)
 * My Body (1883)
 * Christianity and the life that now is (Present day tracts on subjects of Christian evidence, doctrine and morals... by William Garden Blaikie (1883)
 * The Witness of Palestine to the Bible (Present Day Tracts. no. 10.) by William Garden Blaikie (1883)
 * The Vitality of the Bible (Present Day Tracts. no. 23.) by William Garden Blaikie (1884)
 * Robert Rollock, first Principal of the University of Edinburgh (New Biographical Series. no. 5.) by William Garden Blaikie and Robert Rollock (1884)
 * The adaptation of Bible religion to the needs and nature of man (Present day tracts on subjects of Christian evidence... by William Garden Blaikie (1885)
 * The Preachers of Scotland from the Sixth to the Nineteenth Century (publ. 1888 by T. & T. Clark, 38 George Street, Edinburgh
 * The family: its scriptural ideal and its modern assailants, (Present day tracts on subjects of Christian evidence... by William Garden Blaikie (1889) *Summer Suns in the Far West; A Holiday Trip to the Pacific Slope (1890)
 * The Psalms compared with the hymns of different religions an evidence of inspiration (Present day tracts) by William Garden Blaikie (1892)
 * Heroes of Israel (1894)
 * Is socialism advancing in England? by William Garden Blaikie (1895)
 * Household Prayers for use in Family Worship: with a plan of daily Bible readings by William Garden Blaikie (1898)
 * After Fifty Years or Letters of a Grandfather: On Occasion of the Jubilee of the Free Church of Scotland in 1893.
 * After Fifty Years, 1893, an account of the Disruption Movement in the form of letters of a grandfather
 * Thomas Chalmers, Edinburgh: Oliphant, Anderson and Ferrier, Dec 1896, ("Famous Scots Series")
 * Is Christianity True?; Answers from History, the Monuments, the Bible, Nature, Experience, and Growth of Christianity. (1897)
 * David Brown, D.D., LL.D.; Professor and Principal of the Free Church College, Aberdeen a Memoir (1898)
 * Forty-Nine English Hymns Rendered in Latin Rhyme (1900)
 * Recollections of a Busy Life (1901) his autobiography
 * Champions of the Truth. Short lives of Christian leaders in thought and action, by W. G. Blaikie, W. M. Colles... by Augustus Robert Buckland and William Garden Blaikie (1903)
 * Steps unto heaven: Meditations and prayers on the Psalms by William Garden Blaikie (1909)

title: William Garden Blaikie


text:
Talk:Decalogue (disambiguation)

Comments
just noticed that there's alread an [] article. Oh well.

this page probably should redirect. Not sure how to do that yet.

P0lyglut 22:09, 2003 Nov 26 (UTC)

Per the discussion on the Ten Commandments page, while the TCs almost universally refers to Ex20, 'Decalogue' is more ambiguous, so the disambig is appropriate. kwami 08:34, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

 * No it's not. Decalogue without a modifier refer to the "ethical decalogue". JFW | T@lk  09:44, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

Suggested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved for primary topic. -- JHunterJ (talk) 13:43, 2 March 2013 (UTC)

Decalogue → Decalogue (disambiguation) – Ten Commandments is the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. Decalogue should redirect there. JFH (talk) 17:44, 20 February 2013 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's policy on article titles.

 * Oppose. "Ten Commandments" isn't one of the options in the dab page. I would be fine with it if the main article were to be called "Decalogue", but that would be a separate discussion. — kwami (talk) 05:19, 21 February 2013 (UTC)
 * The first item, the Ethical Decalogue, is a rarely used title for the Ten Commandments and it redirects appropriately. When the word "Decalogue" is used alone, it almost always means the subject of Ten Commandments. --JFH (talk) 05:22, 21 February 2013 (UTC)
 * We've had rather extensive and sometimes heated discussions about this. "Ten Commandments" (when it doesn't mean the movie!) is indeed almost always used for the ED, or for various metaphors based on the ED. However, "Decalogue" is more common in academic sources, and there the skew isn't as great. — kwami (talk) 22:30, 22 February 2013 (UTC)
 * I can't find any discussion of PRIMARYTOPIC at Talk:Ten Commandments. Even if it is more common in academic sources, the criterion for PRIMARYTOPIC is "highly likely...to be the topic sought when a reader searches for that term." I have a hard time believing anyone is looking for the Ritual Decalogue when they search for just Decalogue. I actually don't know too much about this subject; do academics really use the term "Decalogue" by itself for the Ritual Decalogue? --JFH (talk) 02:36, 23 February 2013 (UTC)
 * They refer to the "Decalogue" and then discuss how the ED and RD fit into that conception, whether the RD is closer to the original Decalogue than the ED, whether they contain a mix of sources, etc. In such cases, "Decalogue" could be either or both. — kwami (talk) 06:12, 23 February 2013 (UTC)
 * OK, but I would think they would know that in a general context "Decalogue" is going to refer to the traditional ten. It really doesn't matter that Decalogue is more likely to be used in academic contexts, it is sometimes used in popular contexts, and there it almost always means Ten Commandments. --JFH (talk) 17:40, 23 February 2013 (UTC)
 * If by "general" you mean "lay". But in a general general context, we can't say that. — kwami (talk) 01:49, 24 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Lay (and I'm not convinced it's used this way in the majority of academic contexts) seems like exactly what is meant in PRIMARYTOPIC. --JFH (talk) 15:33, 24 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Comment - fixed the dab. No opinion on the RM. In ictu oculi (talk) 01:24, 23 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Support - this seems a no-brainer per WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. StAnselm (talk) 06:53, 27 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Support -- indeed a no-brainer. Decalogue is essentially synonymous with the Ten C's, other senses being of paltry import. DeistCosmos (talk) 20:34, 1 March 2013 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Decalogue (disambiguation)


text:
Spray deck

A spraydeck (sprayskirt in N. America, akuilisaq or tuiitsoq in Greenland) is a flexible waterproof cover for a boat (in particular for a kayak or a canoe) with holes for the passengers' waists. Spraydecks are used to prevent water from entering the boat while allowing passengers to paddle or row.

Spraydecks are used in breaking waves, on whitewater, in inclement weather, and in splashy sports. An alternative is the tuilik.

Construction
A spraydeck is made of water-tight cloth or neoprene. It is sized to fit over the opening, or cockpit, of the canoe or kayak, with holes for the waists of the passengers. The spraydeck generally seals around the rim of the cockpit and around the torso of each passenger.

Each opening in a spraydeck must make a fairly watertight seal. The seal varies in quality. The deck can be made to seal in several ways, including elastic fabric, a hem containing an elastic cord and/or drawstring, and both.

Kayak spraydeck
Spraydecks are worn by kayakers in most conditions, but especially on rough water and in inclement weather, to prevent water entering the kayak's cockpit and to help the kayaker roll.

On a kayak, the spraydeck is secured to a rim surrounding the cockpit with a line or elastic string called a rand. The line or string often runs inside the hem along the edge of the spraydeck. Alternatively elastic cord is attached directly to the edge of the spraydeck, and is tightened around the rim of the kayak's cockpit or stretched over it.

The fastening may be pulled tight or held so by its elasticity, this prevents water infiltration while allowing passengers to quickly release it if the boat should capsize: a so-called wet exit. To aid easy release during a capsize, a grab loop is attached at the front of the spraydeck, which the kayaker can use to pull the spraydeck free. A properly sealed spraydeck will allow a kayaker to perform an eskimo roll and continue paddling without having to bail out.

A kayaker's spraydeck is also known as a "sprayskirt", because it is donned like a skirt before entering the boat. "Sprayskirt" is the more common term in the US.

Spraydecks for traditional kayaks are narrower, to fit narrow custom-fitted cockpits; mass-produced kayaks have larger cockpits and the spraydeck must therefore be wider at the hem.

Canoe spraydeck
On a canoe, the spraydeck is secured to the outside of the hull with string or cords to either adhered or riveted installation loops or a perimeter webbing band specifically installed for this purpose. Modern designs have many features for safety and convenience such as map and paddle pockets, access openings, and tie-down straps.

Like a kayak, a spray deck can help allow a canoeist to perform a roll (provided he/she is strapped to the canoe) and continue paddling without having to bail out. But this maneuver is much more difficult and requires advanced skills.

On a canoe, it is not only a safety item but may also be used for comfort. During rainy, windy and or cold weather, it keeps the lower body of the canoeist drier, warmer, and helps prevent water from building up a puddle at the bottom of the boat.

Materials
The most appropriate material depends on the temperature/time of year and on the type of water being paddled. Whitewater spraydecks are made totally from neoprene, whereas flatwater touring/sea kayak spraydecks may be made from either material.

Sealskin
Sealskin is a traditional material for spraydecks. It requires labor-intensive preparation. A European description:

In fair weather the kaiak-man uses the so-called half-jacket (akuilisak). This is made of water-tight skin with the hair removed, and is sewn with sinews. Round its lower margin runs a draw-string, or rather a draw-thong, by means of which the edge of the jacket can be made to fit so closely to the edge of the kaiak-ring that it can only be pressed and down down over it with some little trouble. This done, the half-jacket forms, as it were, a water-tight extension of the kaiak. The upper part of the jacket comes close up to the armpits of the kaiak-man, and is supported by braces or straps, which pass over the shoulders and can be lengthened or shortened by means of handy runners or buckles of bone, so simple and yet so ingenious that we, with all our metal buckles and so forth, cannot equal them. Loose sleeves of skin are drawn up over the arms, and are lashed to the overarm and to the wrist, thus preventing the arm from becoming wet. Watertight mittens of skin are drawn over the hands. This half-jacket is enough to keep out the smaller waves which wash over the kaiak. In a heavier sea, on the other hand, a whole-jacket (tuilik) is used. This is made in the same way as the half-jacket, and, like it, fits close to the kayak-ring, but is longer above, has sleeves attached to it, and a hood that comes right over the head. It is laced tight around the face and wrists, so that with it on the kaiak-man can go right through the breakers and can capsize and right himself again, without getting wet and without letting a drop of water into the kaiak.

—Fridtjof Nansen, "Eskimo Life", 1893, English translation by William Archer

Gut

Sprayskirts (and tuiliks) can also be made of gut from the intestines of sea mammals or bears. The gut is turned inside-out to clean both sides, then inflated to dry. Inflated gut dries quickly. If it is dried in cold, dark, windy weather, it becomes opaque and white, and is known as "winter gut". "Summer gut" is yellowish and transparent, and stiffer. The gut is then slit open lengthwise and the strips are sewn into a garment. The smoother inside of the gut becomes the outside of the garment.

Neoprene
Neoprene spray decks are snug, elastic, and tight fitting on the kayak or canoe cockpit, and have very little or no leakage when well fitted. They sit tight across the cockpit rim with little sag, so water sheds quickly rather than pools on their surface. They typically remain in place during water impact better than other types, so are the usual choice for white water rivers, surf, and sea kayaking. They remain in place during paddler actions of rolling and bracing. They are warm to wear, due to the neoprene tube around waist and lower trunk. They come in many sizes, to suit the shape and size of the cockpit rim and the waist of the wearer. The rim of a neoprene spray deck is elasticated, typically with either shock cord, or a rubber/elastomer rand. Models designed for casual use to just prevent splashes from entering the craft will typically have light shock-cord, making them easy to fit. Models designed for severe use such as for descending waterfalls are heavily elasticated so they remain in place, but require significant arm strength to fit. Neoprene spray decks may be fitted with additional reinforcement of wear resistant fabric on the front part of the deck, to reduce damage during boat-to-boat rescue and emptying.

Nylon

Nylon spraydecks are easy to attach, easy to remove, offer adequate seal to keep water out, comfortable, sometimes breathable, sometimes waterproof and are used during warmer conditions. They will either have neoprene or nylon for the torso. Nylon spraydecks are less commonly used during rough conditions as they are not as tightly fitted so are more likely to accidentally become free. Permeable cloth is polyurethane-coated or teflon-coated to waterproof it.

Other materials
Some spraydecks are made from both nylon and neoprene. Whitewater spraydecks often have additional features to ensure the best seal and greatest robustness. Latex may be coated on the underside of the deck to grip the cockpit better and/or a protective material (e.g. Kevlar) added to the surface of the deck to provide abrasion resistance.

title: Spray deck


text:
List of leaders of Armenia

This is a list of leaders of Armenia from 1918 to the present. It includes leaders of the short-lived First Republic of Armenia (1918–1920), Soviet Armenia (1920–1991), and the post-Soviet government.

First Republic of Armenia (1918–1920)

 * Prime Minister of Armenia

 * Hovhannes Kajaznuni (30 June 1918 – 28 May 1919)
 * Alexander Khatisyan (28 May 1919 – 5 May 1920)
 * Hamazasp "Hamo" Ohanjanyan (5 May 1920 – 25 November 1920)
 * Simon Vratsian (25 November 1920 – 2 December 1920)

Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1922–1936) and Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1920-1922, 1936–1991)

 * First Secretaries of the Communist Party of Armenia

 * Gevork Alikhanyan (December 1920 – April 1921)
 * Sargis Lukashin (April 1921 – 29 April 1922)
 * Askanaz Mravyan (29 April 1922 – March 1923)
 * Ashot Hovhannisyan (March 1923 – July 1927)
 * Haik Osepyan (July 1927 – April 1928)
 * Aykaz Kostanyan (April 1928 – 7 May 1930)
 * Aghasi Khanjian (7 May 1930 – 6 July 1936)
 * Amatuni Vardapetyan (13 July 1936 – 21 September 1937)
 * Grigory Arutinov (24 September 1937 – November 1953)
 * Suren Tovmasyan (November 1953 – 28 December 1960)
 * Yakov Zarobyan (28 December 1960 – 5 February 1966)
 * Anton Kochinyan (5 February 1966 – 27 November 1974)
 * Karen Demirchyan (27 November 1974 – 21 May 1988)
 * Suren Arutyunyan (21 May 1988 – 6 April 1990)
 * Vladimir Movsisyan (6 April 1990 – 30 November 1990)
 * Stepan Pogosyan (30 November 1990 – 14 May 1991)
 * Aram Gaspar Sargsyan (14 May 1991 – 7 September 1991)

 * Chairman of the Supreme Council

 * Levon Ter-Petrosyan (4 August 1990 – 11 November 1991)

Armenia (1991–present)

 * President of Armenia

title: List of leaders of Armenia


text:
Spokane (disambiguation)

Spokane is a city in the U.S. state of Washington.

Spokane may also refer to:

Places

 * Spokane River, a tributary of the Columbia River
 * Spokane Valley, of the Spokane River
 * Spokane, Louisiana
 * Spokane, Missouri
 * Spokane, South Dakota, ghost town
 * Spokane County, Washington

Other uses

 * Spokane (film)
 * Spokane (horse), winner of the 1889 Kentucky Derby
 * Spokane people
 * MV Spokane, a ferry operated Washington State Ferries
 * Spokane Trophy, awarded by Commander United States Pacific Fleet
 * USS Spokane (CL-120), a Juneau-class light cruiser

title: Spokane (disambiguation)


text:
Pasco

Pasco may refer to:

People

 * Pasco (name)

Australia

 * Pasco Island Group, Tasmania:
 * Middle Pasco Islands
 * North Pasco Island
 * South Pasco Island

Argentina

 * Pasco (Buenos Aires Metro), a station

Peru

 * Cerro de Pasco, city
 * Pasco Province
 * Department of Pasco

United States

 * Pasco, Ohio
 * Pasco, Washington, one of the Tri-Cities
 * Pasco County, Florida

Other uses

 * PASCO, the airline callsign of Pacific Coastal Airlines

title: Pasco


text:
Lyman Gilmore

Lyman Wiswell Gilmore, Jr. (June 11, 1874 – February 18, 1951) was an aviation pioneer. In Grass Valley, California, he built a steam-powered airplane and claimed that he flew it on May 15, 1902. Due to the requirement of a heavy boiler and the dependency on coal as a power source, the flights would have been unsustainable. Records and evidence relating to his claim were lost in a 1935 hangar fire.

First flight
Gilmore, in a 1936 interview, reported a successful tethered glider flight in 1893 and a free glider flight in 1894. Gilmore further added that (although he had not reported it until 1927) he made a controlled steam-powered flight on May 15, 1902; however, all records and papers related to his aircraft were destroyed in a fire.

There are photographs from 1898 showing Gilmore's machine, but none showing it in the air. The claims of the aircraft achieving flight are unconfirmed, and given the weight evident by the grounded aircraft photos, the possibility of flight is highly unlikely.

Work
Lyman Gilmore was in contact with other flight pioneers like Samuel Langley and, eventually, the Wright brothers.

In 1902, Gilmore was granted two patents on steam engines. He invented in other areas too: for example, a rotary snowplow. On March 15, 1907, Gilmore opened the first commercial airfield, Gilmore Airfield, in Grass Valley. There is now a middle school named in his honor on the site of the airfield.

In 1935, Lyman's airplane hangar and the two aging monoplanes were destroyed by fire. The fire cancelled plans to exhibit the larger monoplane at the World Fair in Chicago. Gilmore began mining for gold and died a poor man in Nevada City, California. His grave can be found in Pine Grove Cemetery, about a half mile outside of town.

The Lyman Gilmore Middle School in Grass Valley has the motto, "Flying into the Future" and a mural depicting first flight. School children made a YouTube presentation about Gilmore including old video footage of Gilmore and an interview with people who knew him.

title: Lyman Gilmore


text:
Natsagiin Bagabandi

Natsagiin Bagabandi (Нацагийн Багабанди; born 22 April 1950) is a Mongolian politician and the director of Oyu Tolgoi LLC. Previously, he was the President of Mongolia from 1997 to 2005, and a member of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party.

Biography
He was born on 22 April 1950 in Zavkhan, Mongolia into a peasant family. In 1979 he joined the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party. He studied in Leningrad (Leningrad Technical School of the Refrigeration Industry), Ukraine (Odesa Technological Institute of the Food Industry) and Moscow (Academy of Social Sciences at the Central Committee of the CPSU), and graduated in Food engineering. In 1987, he received a doctorate in Philosophy. He became Chairman of the State Great Khural, in 1992 for four years, then ran for presidential elections in 1997, winning them. He won re-election in 2001.

In early 1997, he became General Secretary of the MPRP, shortly before the presidential elections, which were held in difficult conditions for the party. After his victory in the 1997 presidential elections, defeating his predecessor Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat, he served as president. In the presidential elections on May 22, 2005, Nambaryn Enkhbayar was elected to succeed Natsagiin Bagabandi with 53.4 percent of the vote and took office in June.

Awards

 * Order of Genghis Khan (2011)
 * Order of Sukhbaatar (September 13, 2006)
 * Order of Friendship (April 19, 2000)
 * Grand Cross of the Hungarian Order of Merit (2005)

Personal life
He is married with two children.

Works

 * "Address to UN General Assembly", 29 September 2003

title: Natsagiin Bagabandi


text:
Andranik Margaryan

Andranik Nahapeti Margaryan (Անդրանիկ Նահապետի Մարգարյան; 12 June 1951 – 25 March 2007) served as the Prime Minister of Armenia from 12 May 2000, when the President appointed him, until his death on 25 March 2007. He was a member of the Republican Party of Armenia. He succeeded the Sargsyan brothers: Vazgen Sargsyan, who was murdered during the Armenian parliament shooting on 27 October 1999 and Aram Sargsyan, whom the President appointed a week later, but fired on 2 May 2000.

Soviet Armenia
Andranik Margaryan was born on 12 June 1949 in Yerevan (in what was then the Armenian SSR of the Soviet Union) to a family of Armenian genocide survivors originally from Sason, Turkey. He studied cybernetics at the Yerevan Polytechnic University and graduated as a computer engineer. He first became engaged in Armenian politics in the late 1970s when he joined an illegal political party, the National United Party, that was campaigning for Armenia's secession from the Soviet Union. He has served on the National United Party's board since 1973. Margaryan had been a longtime critic of the totalitarian government of the Soviet Union. He envisioned an independent, democratic Armenia. Police arrested him in 1974 and a court sentenced him to two years in Soviet labor camps for proliferating unpatriotic ideas and activities.

Armenian independence
In 1992 after Armenia's independence, Margaryan became a registered member of the Republican Party of Armenia (HHK), the first registered party in the 3rd Republic of Armenia. He influenced the party platform with the ideology he expressed as a member of the National United Party. He served as the Republican Party's Chairman of the Board from 1993 until his death. He had also been a member of the "Yerkrapah" Volunteer union since 1996 and served on the YVU's board.

In 2000 he was appointed Prime Minister of Armenia after the 1999 Armenian parliament shooting led to the murder of then prime minister Vazgen Sargsyan. Vazgen's brother, Aram Sargsyan, who the President appointed a week later as prime minister, was fired on 2 May 2000, leading to Andranik Markaryan being appointed as the 14th prime minister of Armenia. He had planned to resign after the 12 May 2007, elections in Armenia. Throughout his career, he was awarded the “Garegin Nzhdeh” medal by the Armenian Defense Ministry alongside the “Aram Manukian”, “Fridtjof Nansen” and “Vazgen Sargsyan” medals.

Heart problems and death
Andranik Margaryan died of a heart attack on 25 March 2007, after nearly seven years in office, the second prime minister of Armenia to die in office and the first not related to an assassination. The head of Yerevan's municipal ambulance service reported that the prime minister was unconscious and his heart had stopped beating by the time two ambulance crews arrived at his apartment early in the afternoon. Margaryan was immediately given resuscitation treatment but did not respond.

Margaryan had a history of serious cardiac problems and twice underwent heart surgery, first in Armenia in 1999 and later in France. He regularly visited French and Russian clinics for medical examinations.

Andranik Margaryan is survived by a wife, two daughters, one son, and five grandchildren. In November 2011 his son Taron was elected Mayor of Yerevan.

Career outside politics
Apart from politics, Margaryan has also followed a career in scientific research. From 1972 until his arrest in 1974, he worked at the Yerevan branch of Scientific-Research Institute of Gas Industry as a senior engineer. After his release from the Soviet labor camps in 1977, he worked at the Scientific-Research Institute of Energy as chief engineer before moving on to find work in the Energy-Technical Factory as head of department in 1978. From 1979 to 1990, he worked at the Information Counting Centre of the Trade Ministry as the head of department of electronics. From 1990 to 1994 he was the head of the information department at the State Department of Special Programs. He then settled to work in Armenia's State Architectural University as junior scientist from 1994 to 1995.

title: Andranik Margaryan