text:
Talk:Nevil Shute

Geraldine Fitzgerald
Geraldine Fitzgerald was an Irish Actress; not an Irish-American actress. As she was born on November 24, 1913, it is impossible that she is the person to whom Nevil Shute's brother Fred proposed to in Dublin in 1913. Irl32csc (talk) 19:08, 2 April 2015 (UTC)

I have removed the unsourced speculation that Shute was a cousin of the red haired Irish actress Geraldine Fitzgerald. "It is said that Shute was a cousin of the red haired Irish actress Geraldine Fitzgerald. However, this seems to be a confusion with his account in his autobiography of his older brother Fred's proposal in Dublin in 1913 to the "ravishingly beautiful ... dark hair[ed]" Geraldine Fitzgerald who wanted to go on the stage. " cagliost (talk) 12:13, 3 September 2015 (UTC)

Untitled
After initially getting a 404 Not Found for "The Nevil Shute Book Page," I fixed the URL. I then took a closer look at the site, and and it appears to be not much more than an ad for someone selling second-hand Nevil Shute books. I could find very little information or material on Nevil Shute at this site.

I believe the link ought to be removed and will remove it in a day or so unless someone can give me a good reason why it should stay or point to something I've missed at the site. Dpbsmith 03:21, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I agree. Kill it. DavidWBrooks 14:06, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Even though this discussion is four years old already, and while the site contain some book sales, it is very educational from both the point of Nevil Shute and the value of his works as a collectible author. It's possible the site has just been updated with more content since you last spoke about it, but I was happy to be able to access the site and I suggest keeping it. Dwath (talk) 17:15, 21 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree with Dwath. First of all, there is nothing for sale on this site. Next, and most importantly, any serious Nevil Shute book collector would recognize the significance of this page. Among other things, this site provides collectors with a wealth of information on identifying Nevil Shute first edition books, with the most comprehensive collection of images and collecting tips on Shute's first editions on the internet. Few sites for any author are so fortunate to have this much collecting information as this site provides. McPif (talk) 19:26, 18 April 2009 (UTC)

Great link, thanks for adding it
That Mr Norway site is very interesting. Great stuff. Thanks for adding it. -- Dpbsmith (talk) 12:36, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Re the link: My pleasure. You may find other items of interest on my site - go to http://delarue.net/.  You can also contact me via the site. -- kdelarue 03:22, 11 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Is Shute's changing popularity such a significant thing that it ought to be presented in the opening sequence? Should these lines be moved further down to under the biography heading, for instance before or after the last but one paragraph ? Solbris (talk) 11:07, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

No book-seller links, please
I removed one. - DavidWBrooks 19:01, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I have to say that the actual page linked to was informative and advertising-free. And the site itself is not the site of one particular dealer selling books. The real objection is that as nearly as I can tell, it added nothing to the article—it contained no information that was not already there. So I think your call was a good one. However, I'd hope we'd accept a link to a commercial site if it were genuinely useful and informative. We should watch and see if this anon tries to systematically add more links to the same site. Dpbsmith (talk) 20:10, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * You're right, my comment was overly brusque; the site wasn't as grossly buy-my-books as many are. External links can be tricky, of course, and your rule is good: The link has to add something that isn't there otherwise, and commercial sites can certainly do that. But there is a large gray area - discussion forums about an author are a perfect example. Or take a look at the various links that have come and gone on guinea pig - at what point does an ad-supported site selling pet supplies that also has some information make the cut? Tough one. - DavidWBrooks 20:24, 16 Feb 2005 (UTC)

"libertarian" viewpoint?
An anonymous editor removed the section discussing Shute's portrayal of capitalism and individuality in his books. I have undone that removal - the discussion could be edited, but it's a legitimate topic. - DavidWBrooks 23:23, 9 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I am that anonymous editor, and I have some things to say / a couple of points I would like to discuss.
 * 1) I realise that just deleting a whole section seems like vandalism running counter to the wikipedia ethos, especially if it is politically contentious and the editor is anonymous.
 * 2) The section is politically contentious. I have only read On the Beach and am not a Nevil Shute scholar - there may be independent evidence that he actually did hold libertarian views (interviews, etc). However, the text I deleted suggested that he disapproved of charity and that he approved of "bribery and questionable financial dealings", basing this on the viewpoints of his characters. The first one (which "flashes by almost as an aside") seems to me rather like Shute is ridiculing the "young woman". In fact, I would challenge anyone to read the paragraph I deleted and deny that it was written by someone grinding a libertarian axe. Just try it.
 * 3) I now have personal experience that intrusive edits are dealt with quickly and harshly, and that the Encyclopaedia Britannica flunkies have gotten it all wrong about vandals messing wikipedia up.
 * 4) Dpbsmith, who wrote the paragraph I was trying to delete, and the meddling kid DavidWBrooks, are actually both - unlike me - serious contributors to Wikipedia, so it's kind of hard for me to brush them off.
 * 5) Why is it that libertarians are always in the forefront of free culture, like wikipedia and linux, when this actually means you're ruining the market for Microsoft?

 * Not a libertarian here, bub - just somebody interested in articles that accurately describe interesting and important aspects of the subject matter. I've read almost all of Shute's novels, and the "noble individual doing great things by sticking to moral certainties and ignoring the herd" is a very common theme, well worth discusing. Don't allow your feelings about libertarianism (or anything else) to drive your edits.
 * The fact that the section is politically contentious doesn't mean it should be heaved out the window. If you think it grinds an axe, rewrite it. Improve it. Make it better, don't just kill it! (breaks into song) "That's the wiki w-a-a-a-ay!" - DavidWBrooks 20:10, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * P.S. No, there isn't a wikipedia song ... just kidding.
 * Hi! Sorry if I'm harrassing you about Nevil Shute... but wouldn't it be reasonable to produce some actual evidence (quotations, etc.) as to his actual political views here, instead of just riffing on what people in his books happen to say? He seems to have been a pretty public persona in Australia - he should have said something political somewhere.

A) No harrassing seen - this sort of back-and-forth is the whole point of wikipedia. Why don't you create an account so your posts can be timed? Then people know if a comment is from days ago or just a few minutes ago. (Also, without your account I can't answer notes you leave on my Talk page) B) The article seems to me to talk about the themes and styles in Shute's books, not his life. "Riffing on what people in his books happen to say" is a fairly common way of writing about an author's works, it seems to me! C) This portion of this article is not well-written and needs work, which I may do one of these days, although any and all are (of course) welcome to do it first. I think good NPOV editing could solve most of your concerns, Mr. Anonymous! - DavidWBrooks 22:15, 10 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * I thought it was clear that these portions of the article deal with recurrent themes in Nevil Shute's novels, not personal beliefs of Nevil Shute. I think the statement that Shute's novels "present money and private enterprise as sources of moral good" is almost as obvious as the statement that Shute's novels often involve aviation. If the phrase "they always have [it] as a subtext" is mine—and I'm afraid it is—well, yeah, that's going a bit far. But the examples are specific and the quotations are accurate.

 * Not to discuss these themes would be like failing to mention the Christian background in the work of J. R. R. Tolkien or C. S. Lewis.

 * I think it goes without saying that one should not assume that the words of Nevil Shute's fictional characters reflect Nevil Shute's own views.

 * Similarly, please do not assume that if dpbsmith writes "Nevil Shute's novels ... have, as a subtext, a firm belief in money and private enterprise as sources of moral good," that it means that dpbsmith holds that firm belief himself. Dpbsmith (talk) 01:26, 11 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Well he is pro-capatilist; see in Slide Rule on their private R-100 vs the mistakes with the govt airship R-101. & the novel (which?) where the monarch takes refuge from a British Labour Govt in Australia (which has one vote for all, but extra votes for the talented. Hugo999 13:16, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

 * What is the prupose of the Marxist comments about "a comfortable middle-class English life, during a period, from the turn of the nineteenth century to past the middle of the twentieth, when class was a predominant factor in life. His heroes tended to be middle class: solicitors, doctors, accountants, bank managers, engineers. Usually, like himself, they had enjoyed the privilege of university, not then within the purview of the lower classes". Apart from the grammatical errors, this is a bizarre statement.  What of the American films of any era, where the majority of characters can only be described as upper class?124.197.15.138 (talk) 09:52, 6 September 2010 (UTC)

Objectivist recommendation
Objectivists recommended his novels (see February 1985 issue of The Objectivist Forum) Randroide (talk) 08:32, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

Little bit of plagiarism
Looks like some of the materials is derived from this link http://encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/Nevil_Shute

PeaSea

 * It's the other way around. Congratulations, you've found a Wikipedia mirror. Scroll to the bottom of the page at your link and you'll notice it says: "This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Nevil_Shute".

 * But thanks for keeping your eyes peeled. If it had been copied from another website, you could have listed it under Copyright problems or someone else could have listed it for you. Copyright violation is a big problem for Wikipedia and we can use help in spotting it. Dpbsmith (talk) 00:05, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

Trustee from the Toolroom
I corrected the plot summary, which previously said the valuables were smuggled out of England "to avoid taxes". See Talk:Trustee from the Toolroom for the explanation. -Rbean 23:03, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Incidentally it's well documented that one of Shute's aquaintances, Edgar T. Westbury and many other believed he was was the inspiration for Keith Stewart, the protagonist of Trustee from the Toolroom. Stub Mandrel (talk) 19:22, 28 July 2023 (UTC)

Vinland the Good
The link to this book points to a page that redirects to the Vinland page - nothing to do with Shute. A Shute expert needs to write at least a stub for that link, otherwise it looks as if that one is done and editors will concentrate on the 'red' links in the bibliography. Bduke 23:39, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Done, in extremely stubby fashion - a single sentence. - DavidWBrooks 00:15, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

In the first place, Vinland the Good is not an alternate title for An Old Captivity, but an entirely different work. I own a copy published by Morrow in 1946. It is not a novel. It is a movie script. In the introduction, Nevil Shute states, ". . . many times I kicked myself for only having written a small part of it. At the end of 1944 I was demobilized, and filling in time while waiting to go out to Burma on another job by writing the whole story out in full. i did not want to write it as another novel on the same subject, so I wrote it as a treatment for a film. Bduke is correct; the link is misleading and should be edited or deleted. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tfp37 (talk • contribs) 04:26, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I corrected the mention of Vinland the Good in this page, in the Vinland the Good page itself, and in the An Old Captivity page. – John Stanning 11:50, 16 January 2010

Round the Bend
The links within this article to Round the Bend go to an article about a kids TV show. I raised the matter on the talk page for that Round the Bend article but the suggestion came back that it should be fixed at the Nevile Shute end. I can edit the Nevile Shute page to remove the link but I was wondering if there is a real article somewhere for the Round the Bend novel? Couldn't find it using search. 193.113.57.163 14:20, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

Not out of print
I have removed the claim that none of Shute's books are in print - a quick look on amazom.co.uk shows this is not the case —Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.205.127.214 (talk) 17:44, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

Age at Death
Have added the date of death to the infobox - if someone can get the infobox to calculate the age at death without making him 109, go ahead! Hugo999 (talk) 00:39, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

Belief in Private Enterprise
Regarding the large deletion, and then re-instatement of this section of the article, it can be said that it seems to be original research. It's interesting, and possibly completely accurate, but it does need references. This may be the reason behind the original deletion. Though any such major edit should have been discussed first. --Perry Middlemiss (talk) 23:18, 5 October 2008 (UTC)
 * No sources/citations have been provided in the 18 months since the comment above, despite being tagged as OR in November last year. So I will now delete the whole section. Before reinstating it, please consider finding appropriate secondary sources to support the position rather than including original research based on the novels themselves. 203.202.43.53 (talk) 00:55, 13 April 2010 (UTC)
 * doesn't the explicit internal evidence of the text count at all? Must it have been regurgitated by some academic before Wikipedia will include it?  If so, why are there plot synopses through WP's articles on authors and literary works? (don't try to tell me they were all written by tenured academics!)  Hasn't anyone heard of the famous "Il n'y a pas que l'hors-texte" ("there is nothing but the text")? Chrismorey (talk) 04:38, 19 April 2014 (UTC)

"Peace Broke Out" -- rephrase?
Article reads: "As soon as peace broke out ..."

Perhaps this could benefit from rephrasing? One usually says "war broke out," not peace. Indeed, the phrase "In 1945, peace broke out" was used to comic effect in a Monty Python sketch.

Karl gregory jones (talk) 22:29, 5 December 2009 (UTC)

 * You certainly can rephrase it if you wish, but "peace broke out" is common enough that, among other things, it is part of many a book title. Just wander through any online bookstore and you'll see. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 22:54, 5 December 2009 (UTC)

Metal fatigue
As a young engineer in the 1960s, working alongside aircraft engineers, I remember there was an idea around at that time that Shute had played a significant professional role in the field of metal fatigue. Or was it just that one of his novels deals with that topic? (Is that true? If so, it may be 'Trustee from the Toolroom'?)  Or may be he wrote a novel based on his personal involvement? Does any editor have any thoughts on this? It is 20 years since I read any Shute.Flying Stag (talk) 09:27, 4 February 2011 (UTC)

 * You're thinking about No Highway. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 15:53, 4 February 2011 (UTC)

Late date
Nevil Shute's attacks on racialism only appeared after 1945. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.97.194.200 (talk) 11:07, 5 April 2011 (UTC)
 * See his works of 1947 and 1951. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.97.194.200 (talk) 11:09, 5 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Very much the same thing happened with Agatha Christie's novels. Racialist remarks vanished after 1945. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.97.194.200 (talk) 11:12, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

Writing on R101 criticized
Shute's writing on R101 is criticized in the article but no details are given.

Since Shute spends perhaps 1/4 of his autobiography on the R100 and R101, one wonders what the inaccuracies were. Some justification for calling his account "hostile and distorted" seems indicated to allow the reader to see if the verdict is appropriate. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.83.185.67 (talk) 01:50, 27 October 2012 (UTC)
 * seems to have been dealt with. Much of Shute's writing is skeptical of the competence of the public sector - see talk post re this but the text as of now fairly summarizes his stated view. Chrismorey (talk) 04:45, 19 April 2014 (UTC)

British-Australian
Shute lived in Australia for under 10 years. I don't think this would give him dual-nationality. If Shute received Australian citizenship, this needs to be mentioned in his page, otherwise, his nationality should be changed to British. Shute's pages in most other languages refer to him as either English or British. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.3.243.155 (talk) 15:05, 27 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Agreed. He is not listed in the National Archives of Australia as having naturalised. However, in those times it wasn't necessary for British subjects (like Shute) to naturalise as being British was all that mattered. The distinction between being an Australia citizen and a British subject didn't become important until after his death. I have edited the page to reflect this (first sentence, infobox, and on his immigration mid-article). I hope that makes it clearer. Kerry (talk) 00:20, 28 December 2012 (UTC)

Early Life
Could someone with access to his autobiography clear up his WWI experience? When the war started, he would have been 15 years old: we're told he attended Royal Military Acadamy, that he couldn't join the RFC (which would require a date prior to 1 April 1918, when it became the RAF), and instead served in the Suffolk Regiment. At the time of the Armistice he'd have been 19.

This link http://www.nevilshute.org/Biography/dictionarynationalbio.php suggests (but does not actually say) that he might not have seen any active service outside the UK. Elsewhere on the same website there is this: ''He joined the Royal Military Academy in 1918, with the aim of being commissioned into the Royal Flying Corps, where he trained as a Gunner for nine months, but his bad stammer led to him failing the final medical examination. This was at the time when the Royal Flying Corps ceased to be part of the army and became the Royal Air Force (RAF). Despite his best efforts, he never managed to get into the RAF, and in August of 1918 he enlisted in the infantry, and for the last three months of the war he mounted guard duty at the Thames Estuary.'' I would hate to suggest he had managed somehow to avoid being conscripted after his 18th birthday in January 1917 (when he became eligible for conscription) if in fact he entered the RMA in 1917 (say). Could anyone set his war service out in a bit more detail?Thomas Peardew (talk) 15:42, 20 January 2014 (UTC)

 * I cannot lay my hands quickly on the autobiography (Slide Rule) but I have the biography Parallel Motion in front of me. He left school at Christmas 1916. His father wanted him to get a commision in the regular army. He sat the exam and failed. so his father sent him to a crammer for six months. Summer 1917 he enters Royal Military Academy at Woolwich (presumably having passed the exam 2nd time). He elected to join the Royal Flying Corps (still part of the army at that time). He trained as a gunner for 9 months. He is about to pass out as a commissioned officer in April 1918, but fails the final medical on account of his stammer and is discharged. His father sends him to a specialist to see if he can get the stammer cured and get the commission. By august 1918 they give up on this (presumably the stammer isn't improving of the RFC make it clear there are no 2nd chances) and Shute enlists as a private in the infantry. Presumably he now enters another training phase (certainly he stays in England, presumably the 3 months you mention on the Thames Estuary) but then the war ends on Nov 1918 and he does not see active service. He then is assigned to be a clerk in a demobilization office until he is demobilized himself (around Jan-Feb 1919). He starts studying engineering at Oxford in Feb 1919. So, I am guessing that the fact he was trying to get a commission from Jan 1917 exempted him from conscription in some way, but that isn't specifically explained. But looking at the dates and time frames mentioned it would appear he first tried to enter the army in early 1917, which was around his 18th birthday. Kerry (talk) 16:24, 20 January 2014 (UTC)

Structure
I've removed duplication in the two parallel lists of Shute's works, also structured the information on his career to identify the dual strands of engineering and literature. IMO this is well worth doing as Shute was perhaps the only engineer who was also a ranking novelist. The closest analogy I can think of is Primo Levi who was an industrial chemist. Chrismorey (talk) 04:42, 19 April 2014 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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"Career in aviation" needs work
There are various things in this section that are italicied as though they are intended to be quotes from "Slide Rule"... they badly need checking but I don't have a copy.

Surely the design work was done at Cardington not Cardigan? MarkMLl (talk) 16:38, 16 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nevil Shute


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Palladius (bishop of Ireland)

Palladius (fl. AD 408–431; died c. 457/461) was the first bishop of the Christians of Ireland, preceding Saint Patrick. It is possible that some elements of their life stories were later conflated in Irish tradition. Palladius was a deacon and member of one of the prominent families in Gaul. Pope Celestine I consecrated him a bishop and sent him to Ireland "to the Scotti believing in Christ".

Armorica
The Palladii were thought to be amongst the most noble families of Gaul, and several of them held high ranks in the Church of Gaul. Palladius was the son of Exuperantius of Poitiers, of whom the contemporary pagan poet Rutilius Claudius Namatianus wrote on his 416 voyage: "Then on the eve of going I send back to his studies and the city Palladius, the hope and honour of my race. That eloquent youth had been sent of late from the lands of the Gauls to learn the laws of the Roman courts. My son in affection and kinsman by blood, he holds the fondest ties of my regard. Even now his father Exuperantius trains the Armoric sea-board to love the recovery of peace; he re-establishes the laws, brings freedom back and suffers not the inhabitants to be their servants' slaves." Exuperantius was apparently praefectus praetorio Galliarum ("Praetorian prefect of the Gallic provinces") when he was killed in an army mutiny at Arles in 424.

Palladius was married and had a young daughter. He is described as a friend and younger kinsman by Namatianus. In Rome, he kissed his family goodbye in the manner of the Apostles, and lived as an ascetic in Sicily around 408/409, giving his daughter to a convent on that island. He seems to have been ordained as a priest around 415. He lived in Rome between 418–429, and appears to be the "Deacon Palladius", responsible for urging Pope Celestine I to send the bishop Germanus to Britain, where he guided "the Britons back to the Catholic faith."

Prosper of Aquitaine describes Palladius as a deacon. Butler and P.F. Moran say that Palladius was a Deacon of Rome, as it is unlikely that a deacon of Auxerre would exercise the influence in Rome that many have assigned to Palladius; and that it is in accordance with St Prosper's usage to indicate the Roman deacon by the simple title "diaconus." Historian Kathleen Hughes regards it as more probable that he was a deacon of St Germanus, and that Germanus sent him to Rome, where he received a commission from the Holy See for Germanus to travel to Britain in response to a request from the bishops there for assistance in combatting Pelagianism.

Ireland
In 431, "Palladius, having been ordained by Pope Celestine, is sent as first bishop to the Scotti believing in Christ", according to the Chronicle of Prosper of Aquitaine. Palladius landed at Arklow. Auxilius, Secundinus, and Iserninus are missioners identified with St. Patrick, but more recent research associates them not with Patrick but with Palladius.

Irish writers who chronicled the life of St Patrick state that St Palladius preached in Ireland before St Patrick, although he was soon banished by the King of Leinster, and returned to North Britain. According to Muirchu (who lived two centuries later) in the Book of Armagh, God hindered him...and neither did those fierce and cruel men receive his doctrine readily, nor did he himself wish to spend time in a strange land, but returned to him who sent him. Palladius was accompanied by four companions: Sylvester and Solinus, who remained after him in Ireland, and Augustinus and Benedictus, who followed him to Britain but returned to their own country after his death. Palladius is most strongly associated with Leinster, particularly with Clonard, County Meath.

Scotland
According to Muirchu, Palladius arrived among the Scots in North Britain after he left Ireland. Scottish church tradition holds that he presided over a Christian community there for about 20 years. A cluster of dedications in the Mearns in Scotland, in the village of Auchenblae, are believed to mark his last resting place. As late as the reign of James V, royal funds were disbursed for the fabrication of a new reliquary for the church there, and an annual "Paldy Fair" was held at least until the time of the Reformation.

Death
His date of death is unknown; however, the Annals of Ulster contain the following references:
 * 457 "Repose of the elder Patrick, as some books state"
 * 461 "Here some record the repose of Patrick"
 * 492 "The Irish state here that Patrick the Archbishop died."
 * 493 "Patrick... apostle of the Irish, rested on the 16th day before the Kalends of April..."

Thus, it is possible that later writers confused Palladius and Patrick. If the earlier dates of 457/461 indeed refer to him, then it seems that the actual St Patrick died much later about 492/493. Patrick's mission was largely confined to Ulster and Connacht, while Palladius seems to have been active in Leinster, particularly in the area around Clonard.

The Vita tripartita states that he died at Cell Fine (thought to be modern-day Killeen Cormac, County Kildare), where he left his books, writing tablet and relics of Peter and Paul. Alban Butler, citing Hector Boethius and Camden, says that he died at Fordun, fifteen miles south of Aberdeen, around the year 450.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Palladius (bishop of Ireland)


text:
LFO (British band)

LFO was a British electronic music act formed in 1988 consisting of Mark Bell and Gez Varley. They released their acclaimed debut LP Frequencies in 1991 on Sheffield label Warp. After Varley left the group in 1996, Bell continued solo to release Advance (1996) and Sheath (2003). Bell died in October 2014, effectively ending the project.

LFO are considered to be pioneers of the bass-heavy "bleep techno" style. AllMusic called them "one of British techno's most important, agenda-setting groups."

Early years
Varley and Bell met while studying at Leeds and named their group after the initialism for the common synthesizer function low-frequency oscillation. They gave their first track, the eponymous "LFO", to Nightmares on Wax. The popularity of the demo in clubs led to the track being released by the Sheffield-based Warp label in 1990, and it was a Top 20 hit in the U.K., reaching number 12 in the singles charts in July.

DJ Martin (Martin Williams) is credited as a cowriter and co-producer of the track "LFO" but was not a member of the group. Mark Bell explains: "We gave a tape of our recordings to DJ Martin who helped loads with arranging our tracks so it'd work on the dancefloor. We'd just been messing around with drum machines since we were like thirteen, tapping away at them like they were arcade games, making tapes to play our mates at school. Anyway, DJ Martin would play our cassettes in his sets and people would go mental - in a good way - cos they were totally raw."

The duo of Bell and Varley were both 19 years old when they recorded their debut album Frequencies (1991). According to Bell, most of the album was made by him alone because Varley felt "trapped by the confines of Warp" and wanted to make more direct dance music; the credits were nonetheless split 50/50.

The duo later signed to Tommy Boy Records in the U.S. and remixed Afrika Bambaataa's "Planet Rock", as well as songs from Björk, Radiohead, Depeche Mode, Laurent Garnier, and The Sabres of Paradise.

Later years
In 1996, LFO released their second album, Advance. Varley left the group the same year and formed Feedback with Simon Hartley (a.k.a. Wild Planet). Bell produced Homogenic (1997) with Björk and performed with her on her 1997 Homogenic and 2007/08 Volta tours. He also produced Exciter (2001) with Depeche Mode.

In 2003, LFO released their third album, Sheath, produced alone by Bell.

In 2005, LFO and Aphex Twin collaborated with the EP AFX / LFO.

In 2009 the Warp20 (Recreated) compilation featured covers of two early LFO songs, "LFO" by Luke Vibert and "What is House? (LFO Remix)" by Autechre. The original version of "LFO", albeit the Leeds Warehouse Mix, featured on Warp's 10th anniversary album Warp 10+2: Classics 89–92.

LFO's track Freak was used in the opening title sequence for Gaspar Noé's 2009 film Enter the Void.

In 2014, Bell passed away from health complications at the age of 43, resulting in the disbandment of the band.

Albums

 * Frequencies (1991) – No. 42 UK
 * Advance (1996) – No. 44 UK
 * Sheath (2003)

EPs

 * What Is House? EP (1992) – No. 62 UK

Singles

 * "LFO" (1990) – No. 12 UK
 * "Love is a Message" (1990)
 * "Loop" (1990)

 * "Frequencies" (1991)
 * "We Are Back" (1991) – No. 47 UK
 * "Tied Up" (1994) – No. 99 UK
 * "Freak" (2003) – No. 79 UK

title: LFO (British band)


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Talk:List of U.S. government and military acronyms

Article
There are hundreds more U.S. military acronyms. Is this list meant to be a union of all acronyms of all military organizations, and all governments ?

This list includes items that are not technically acronyms. Before the MPs (hehe) show up, perhaps the focus of this list should be changed to abbreviations, not just acronyms?

I imagine this list will eventually need to be split off categories for country and organizations as suggested by above poster.

Given that there are many acronyms that are only used within the limited scope of certain organisations (such as only one particular military branch, as opposed to all military branches from all nations), it should be noted that placing the the scope of where the terms are commonly used would be appropriate. (In other words, listing in parentheses the military branch and nation that typically uses the acronym.)

Ricojonah 09:00, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

How to split the list
I think that this list should (if not now, eventually) be split into several catagories: weapons list (comprised of everything from airplanes to the M1 designation, whatever it means), acronyms of departments, non-U.S. acronyms (which could eventually be seperated by country if enough acronyms were listed), and probably many more.

I noticed in trying to find out what the M1 designation means that there is no list for military designation or code, so that list could also be created.

There should also be a list of military jargon such as BCG, for Birth Control Goggles, the name soldiers use for the standard issue glasses.

Will 18:16, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I would like to see the military jargon split off from the official acronyms. There's a huge difference between COMINT and MIA and KISS and FUBAR. TychaBrahe (talk) 01:22, 13 August 2013 (UTC)

Acronyms?
Looks to me like most of them aren't. They're abbreviations, & it's unencyclopedic to make the mistake... Captain Spellcheck 09:18, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

Redundant list?
It appears to me that the scope of this list is a subset of the scope of List_of_acronyms_and_initialisms. Rather than worry about splitting this list into categories, or relabeling the initialisms and abbreviations, should we talk about merging this into the other list? --orlady 04:28, 16 December 2006 (UTC)

OFO
On 66.31.127.134's suggestion, I have looked into the addition of the acronym OFO to try to see if it is in fact vandalism. It is difficult to say with certainty. We should probably begin by reviewing the nature of the edits made by 71.202.205.148, the IP contributor who added this term. Any thoughts? -Thibbs (talk) 21:00, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

Requested move 1
List of government and military acronyms → Glossary of government and military acronyms — In accordance with other "Glossary of -" articles 174.3.98.236 (talk) 10:50, 9 February 2010 (UTC)

 * List of U.S. Air Force acronyms and expressions → Glossary of U.S. Air Force acronyms and expressions
 * List of United States Marine Corps acronyms and expressions → Glossary of United States Marine Corps acronyms and expressions

Requested move 2

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved per discussion. GTBacchus(talk) 15:34, 2 June 2010 (UTC)

List of government and military acronyms → List of U.S. government and military acronyms — All the terms listed here are of U.S. origin; as far as I can see, there are next to no acronyms from other English-speaking countries, and no non-English acronyms at all. 84.92.117.93 (talk) 15:34, 25 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Support. Nominator appears to be correct in his assessment and, even if a non-American acronym suddenly appears, limiting this list geographically makes sense.  —   AjaxSmack   01:16, 27 May 2010 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Adding Citations To This Article Would Be Easier Than it Appears
There are several good (Cite-able) online sources. Many of these entries would have the same citation source, which means once the first citation is entered, much of the article could be done easily by cutting and pasting. NOTE: Please only use this method where the citations actually match the terms (don't abuse).

Telemachus.forward (talk) 17:06, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

Tits up
Tits up is included in this list and also List of British words not widely used in the United States. How do I reconcile the two? Tommy Pinball (talk) 00:55, 11 August 2012 (UTC)

 * "Tits up" should not be on this list, period, because it is neither an acronym nor an abbreviation. Frankly, I think all slang should be removed from this list.  I can guarantee you that somewhere there is a dictionary at the DOD that explains what FOB, HHC, and 4ID mean, and I'd bet good money it does not define SNAFU or SSDD.  Meanwhile, this list does not define HHC or ID (infantry division). TychaBrahe (talk) 20:46, 17 September 2013 (UTC)

The speckled bold is pretty bumpy
Does anyone mind if I do a global search and replace to remove the bold initials throughout? I think anyone consulting such a list knows that the acronym stands for the initials in the expanded form, and the bolding makes the page look messy, and the text hard to read. Tony  (talk)  09:04, 2 September 2012 (UTC)

This list is weird
Why are there non-US terms here, against the title? Either the title should exclude "US" or the list should be split up into country-related lists. Is it necessary to include "government" here? Can it be "List of English-language military abbreviations"? Tony  (talk)  01:30, 8 September 2012 (UTC)

Factual Error
0K (Zero Killed" meaning "Okay") is actually derived from a Choctaw Indian word Okeh, which was used to mean "it is so". The initials OK (for president Martin VanBuren, or "Old Kinderhook") took off during his election campaign. It has never been used for "Zero Killed" outside of the online FPG scene.

Profanity
You people are in violation. Usage of profanity on the Wikipedia constitutes a TOS violation. Abusing the United States Military, and the Wikipedia, for the purpose of aggrandizing vulgarity is unethical. Remove all profanity. Immediately. Or, I will level a grievance. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 100.39.26.76 (talk) 02:34, 27 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Actually, please read WP:NOT. DavidLeighEllis (talk) 02:40, 27 August 2015 (UTC)

A formal is now officially lodged! We've begun the process in earnest, lodging formal complaint with Wikipedia principals contending this page is wholly unsuitable for our children! Profanity and vulgarity have no place on the Wikipedia! Clean up this page! Posthaste! Or, we will see that it's permanently shut down! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 100.39.26.76 (talk • contribs) 03:01, 27 August 2015
 * With all due respect, you're barking up the wrong tree. By internet standards, Wikipedia is actually a very tame website which occasionally includes potentially offensive words or images when necessary for an encyclopedic treatment of a few subjects. DavidLeighEllis (talk) 04:58, 27 August 2015 (UTC)


text:
The Australian

The Australian, with its Saturday edition The Weekend Australian, is a broadsheet newspaper published by News Corp Australia since 14 July 1964. As the only Australian daily newspaper distributed nationally, its readership of both print and online editions was 2,394,000. Its editorial line has been self-described over time as centre-right.

Parent companies
The Australian is published by News Corp Australia, an asset of News Corp, which also owns the sole daily newspapers in Brisbane, Adelaide, Hobart, and Darwin, and the most circulated metropolitan daily newspapers in Sydney and Melbourne. News Corp's Chairman and Founder is Rupert Murdoch.

The Australian integrates content from overseas newspapers owned by News Corp Australia's international parent News Corp, including The Wall Street Journal and The Times of London.

History
The first edition of The Australian was published by Rupert Murdoch on 15 July 1964, becoming the third national newspaper in Australia following shipping newspaper Daily Commercial News (1891) and Australian Financial Review (1951). Unlike other original Murdoch newspapers, it is not a tabloid publication. At the time, a national paper was considered commercially unfeasible, as newspapers mostly relied on local advertising for their revenue. The Australian was printed in Canberra, then plates flown to other cities for copying. From its inception, the paper struggled for financial viability, and ran at a loss for several decades.

A Sunday edition, The Sunday Australian, was established in 1971. It was discontinued in 1972, though, because press capacity was insufficient to print The Sunday Telegraph, the Sunday Mirror, and it.

The Australian's first editor was Maxwell Newton, before leaving the newspaper within a year, and was succeeded by Walter Kommer, and then by Adrian Deamer. Under Deamer's editorship, The Australian encouraged female journalists, and was the first mainstream daily newspaper to hire an Aboriginal reporter, John Newfong.

During the 1975 election, campaigning against the Whitlam government by its owner led to the newspaper's journalists striking over editorial direction.

Editor-in-chief Chris Mitchell was appointed in 2002 and retired on 11 December 2015; he was replaced by Paul Whittaker, formerly the editor-in-chief of Sydney's Daily Telegraph.

In May 2010, the newspaper launched the first Australian newspaper iPad application.

In October 2011, The Australian announced that it was planning to become the first general newspaper in Australia to introduce a paywall, with the introduction of a $2.95/week charge for readers to view premium content on its website, mobile phone, and tablet apps. The paywall was officially launched on 24 October, with a free 3-month trial.

In September 2017, The Australian launched a Chinese website.

In October 2018, Chris Dore, former editor of The Daily Telegraph, The Courier-Mail, and The Sunday Times (Western Australia) was announced as taking over as editor-in-chief. After Dore resigned in November 2022, the newspaper appointed its first female editor-in-chief, Michelle Gunn, in January 2023.

The editorial board began investigating a senior editor after allegations of misconduct were raised following events of the papers' Christmas drinks. The senior editor was accused of inappropriate conduct at the event by multiple female employees.

Since 2019, The Australian has published an annual study, called Australia's Richest 250, which ranks the country's wealthiest people from one to 250, in order of their net worth.

Coverage
Daily sections include national news ("The Nation"), world news ("Worldwide"), sport news, and business news ("Business"). Contained within each issue is a prominent opinion/editorial (op/ed) section, including regular columnists and occasional contributors. Other regular sections include technology ("Australian IT"), media (edited by Darren Davidson since 2015), features, legal affairs, aviation, defence, horse-racing ("Thoroughbreds"), the arts, health, wealth, and higher education. A traveland indulgence section is included on Saturdays, along with "The Inquirer", an in-depth analysis of major stories of the week, alongside much political commentary. Saturday lift-outs include "Review", focusing on books, arts, film, and television, and The Weekend Australian Magazine, the only national weekly glossy insert magazine. A glossy magazine, Wish, is published on the first Friday of the month.

"The Australian has long maintained a focus on issues relating to Aboriginal disadvantage." It also devotes attention to the information technology, defence and mining industries, as well as the science, economics, and politics of climate change. It has also published numerous special reports into Australia's energy policy, legal affairs, and research sector.

The Australian Literary Review was a monthly supplement from September 2006 to October 2011.

The tone and nature of The Australian's coverage has changed over time, but since the late 20th century under the ownership of Rupert Murdoch and with Chris Mitchell as editor-in-chief, it has taken a markedly conservative direction. It was outspoken in supporting the conservative government of Prime Minister John Howard.

Editorial and opinion pages
Former editor Paul Kelly stated in 1991, "The Australian has established itself in the marketplace as a newspaper that supports economic libertarianism". Laurie Clancy asserted in 2004 that the newspaper "is generally conservative in tone and heavily oriented toward business; it has a range of columnists of varying political persuasions, but mostly to the right." Former editor-in-chief Chris Mitchell has said that the editorial and op-ed pages of the newspaper are centre-right but "claims it is down the middle in its news coverage".

In 2007, Crikey described the newspaper as generally in support of the Liberal Party of Australia and the then-Coalition government, but has pragmatically supported Labor governments in the past as well. In 2007, The Australian announced their support for Kevin Rudd of the Australian Labor Party in the Federal election. As of 2021, the last time the paper endorsed the Labor Party at any level, state or federal, was the 2010 Victorian election. Along with other Australian papers owned by News Ltd, The Australian has been highly and repeatedly critical of the Labor Party.

The Australian presents varying views on climate change, including articles by those who disagree with the scientific consensus, such as Ian Plimer, and those who agree, such as Tim Flannery and Bjørn Lomborg. A 2011 study of the previous seven years of articles claimed that four out of every five articles were opposed to taking action on climate change.

In 2010, ABC's Media Watch presenter Paul Barry accused The Australian of waging a campaign against the Australian Greens, and the Greens' federal leader Bob Brown wrote that The Australian has "stepped out of the fourth estate by seeing itself as a determinant of democracy in Australia". In response, The Australian opined that "Greens leader Bob Brown has accused The Australian of trying to wreck the alliance between the Greens and Labor. We wear Senator Brown's criticism with pride. We believe he and his Green colleagues are hypocrites; that they are bad for the nation; and that they should be destroyed at the ballot box".

The Australian has been described by some media commentators and scholars as working to promote a right-wing agenda, and as a result, encouraging political polarisation in Australia. In 2019, former The Australian journalist Rick Morton reported in The Saturday Paper that an unpublished study by Victoria University, Melbourne, found that The Australian "fuels far-right recruitment" through dog whistle coded language. Victoria University issued a statement that "At no point does the research report claim that News Ltd publication fuelled far-right sentiment."

In late 2022, editor-in-chief Chris Dore resigned from The Australian citing health issues. After acting as editor-in-chief following the departure of Dore, Michelle Gunn become the first female editor-in-chief at the newspaper in January 2023. Gunn was replaced as editor by Kelvin Healey.

AWB kickback scandal
Caroline Overington, a senior journalist writing for The Australian, reported in 2005 about the Australian Wheat Board funneling hundreds of millions of dollars to Iraq and the government of Saddam Hussein before the start of the Iraq War. This story became known as the AWB oil-for-wheat scandal, and resulted in a commission of inquiry into the matter. Overington received a Walkley Award for her coverage.

Stimulus Watch
In 2009, The Australian ran a large number of articles about the Rudd government's Building the Education Revolution policy, which uncovered purported evidence of overpricing, financial waste, and mismanagement of the building of improvements to schools such as halls, gymnasia, and libraries. On the newspaper's website, a section named "Stimulus Watch", subtitled "How your Billions Are Being Spent", contained a large collection of such articles.

The following year, other media outlets also reported these issues and the policy turned into a political embarrassment for the government, which until then had been able to ignore The Australian's reports. Along with the government's insulation stimulus policy, it contributed to criticisms, perceptions of incompetence, and general dissatisfaction with the government's performance.

On 16 July 2010, Julia Gillard was reported to have admitted that the school-building program was flawed and that errors had been made because the program was designed in haste to protect jobs during the global financial crisis.

AWU Affair
In 2011, Glenn Milne reported on the allegations against Prime Minister Julia Gillard concerning the AWU affair, including a claim regarding Gillard's living arrangements with Australian Workers' Union official Bruce Wilson. Gillard contacted the chief executive of The Australian, resulting in the story being removed and an apology and retraction posted in its place.

On 18 August 2012, Hedley Thomas reported that Gillard had left her job as a partner with law firm Slater & Gordon as a direct result of a secret internal investigation in 1995 into corrupt conduct on behalf of her then-boyfriend Ralph Blewett. The story was ignored for a long time by other media outlets until after Gillard held a press conference to respond to the allegations against her. In 2013, the Fair Work Commission commenced initial inquiries into allegations of improper union financial conduct, and the government initiated a judicial inquiry into the AWU affair in December of that year as part of a royal commission into trade unions.

The Teacher's Pet
The Teachers Pet, an investigation into the disappearance of Lynette Dawson, is a podcast written by Hedley Thomas and Slade Gibson that ran in 2018. It was credited with generating new leads that led to the subsequent arrest of Chris Dawson for the murder of his wife, and the setting up of police enquiry Strike Force Southwood to explore claims of sexual assaults and student-teacher relationships at several Sydney high schools brought up on the podcast. The series has had 28 million downloads, was the number-one Australian podcast and reached number one in the UK, Canada, and New Zealand. Both Hedley and Gibson received Gold Walkleys for their work on the series.

Columnists and contributors
Former columnists include Mike Steketee, David Burchell, Michael Stutchbury, Simon Adamek, Emma Jane, George Megalogenis, Glenn Milne, Cordelia Fine, Alan Wood, Michael Costa, P. P. McGuinness, Michael Costello, Frank Devine, Matt Price, Christopher Pearson, Niki Savva. Political cartoonist Bill Leak worked for the paper until his death.

Stuart Rintoul (active from around 1989) was a senior writer with The Australian, with some expertise in Indigenous languages and history. His 2020 book Lowitja: The Authorised Biography of Lowitja O'Donoghue, a biography of Indigenous Australian trailblazer Lowitja O'Donoghue, was shortlisted for a Walkley Award for Best Non-Fiction Book, and was highly commended in the National Biography Awards in 2021.

Columnists include Janet Albrechtsen, Troy Bramston, Henry Ergas, Ticky Fullerton, Antonella Gambotto-Burke, Adam Creighton, Robert Gottliebsen, Gideon Haigh, Paul Kelly, Chris Kenny, Brendan O'Neill, Nicolas Rothwell, Angela Shanahan, Dennis Shanahan, Greg Sheridan, Judith Sloan, Cameron Stewart, Peter van Onselen, Graham Richardson, Peta Credlin, and Claire Lehmann. It also features daily cartoons from Johannes Leak.

Occasional contributors include Gregory Melleuish, Kevin Donnelly, Caroline Overington, Tom Switzer, James Allan, Hal G.P. Colebatch, Luke Slattery, Noel Pearson, Bettina Arndt, Julia Gillard, Tony Abbott, and Lucian Boz.

Contributors to The Weekend Australian Magazine and "Review" in The Weekend Australian include Phillip Adams, national art critic Christopher Allen, actor and writer Graeme Blundell, Jeremy Clarkson, Antonella Gambotto-Burke, author Trent Dalton, author Nikki Gemmell, poet Sarah Holland-Batt, and demographer Bernard Salt. Film critic David Stratton retired in December 2023.

Australian of the Year Award
In 1971, The Australian instituted its own "Australian of the Year award" separate and often different from the Australian of the Year chosen by the government's National Australia Day Council. Starting in 1968, the official award had long had links to the Victorian Australia Day Council, and at the time a public perception arose that it was state-based. As a national newspaper, The Australian felt it was better situated to create an award that more truly represented all of Australia. Nominees are suggested by readers, decided upon by an editorial board, and awarded in January of every year.

Circulation
In the June quarter of 2013, the average print circulation for The Australian on weekdays was 116,655, and 254,891 for The Weekend Australian. Both were down (9.8 and 10.8%, respectively) compared to the June quarter the previous year.

the weekday edition circulation was 104,165 and the weekend edition was 230,182, falling 6.5% and 3.3%, respectively, compared to the same period in 2014. The Australian had 67,561 paid digital subscribers in the same period.

according to third-party web analytics providers Alexa and Similarweb, The Australian's website was the 72nd- and 223rd-most visited websites in Australia, respectively. SimilarWeb rates the site as the 23rd-most visited news website in Australia, attracting almost 3 million visitors per month.

In September 2018, according to Roy Morgan Research, The Australian had a readership of 303,000.

In September 2019, Roy Morgan reported figures of 843,000 (September 2018 – 810,000) for the print version (total, weekend, and weekday editions); digital versions 1,903,000 (September 2018 – 1,812,000); total cross-platform 2,394,000 (September 2018 – 2,503,000); down 4.4%. (By way of comparison, The Sydney Morning Herald total figure was 4,209,000; The Age (Melbourne) 2,852,000, Herald Sun (Melbourne) 2,801,000. The only other nationally distributed daily newspaper, the business-focused Australian Financial Review, had 1,599,000 cross-platform readers (up 17.7%).)

Awards
The paper has won Pacific Area Newspaper Publishers' Association awards on several occasions:

 * 2007 Online Newspaper of the Year award
 * 2017 Daily Newspaper of the Year, Weekend Newspaper of the Year and Best Mobile site categories

Several journalists writing for The Australian have received Walkley Awards for their investigative reporting.

title: The Australian


text:
Talk:Baryon sweep

Untitled
It is unknown why a baryon sweep does not eradicate a starship itself, in view of the fact that all but less than one part in a thousand of normal matter consists of baryons.

I think the answer is that the writers didn't know what baryons were :) Adam Bishop 03:39, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * But it sounded scientific :). -- Pakaran 03:40, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

REALLY!!!
WOW

title: Talk:Baryon sweep


text:
J.Lindeberg

J.Lindeberg is a Swedish clothing company. Their range includes tennis, golf and ski clothing, polo shirts, training clothes, jackets, suits, and shirts.

Founding
Johan Lindeberg founded the J.Lindeberg brand in 1996. Lindeberg, who had been the marketing director of Diesel, resigned from his duties at the Italian denim brand to create his own brand.

Lindeberg launched his brand, J.Lindeberg, during the summer of 1996 in Stockholm and New York City simultaneously. Lindeberg served as Creative Director, and assembled a small team of designers headed by Roland Hjort, who was recruited from the Swedish apparel brand H&M.

21st Century Lifestyle
The first design concept was called 21st Century Lifestyle, and the collection was showcased in New York during the Fashion Week Fall Winter 1997 Season, featuring men’s fashion and golf clothing.

To further develop the golf concept, Lindeberg turned to PGA-tour golfer Jesper Parnevik.

Critical acclaim
In 1999, Swedish Elle presented J.Lindeberg with the "Designer of the Year" award. The following year (2000) J.Lindeberg received the "Guldknappen" (golden button) award as "Most Innovative Designer". Later in 2000, J.Lindeberg opened its first flagship store in central Stockholm. Several more concept stores followed shortly in New York City, Tokyo, Yokohama and Los Angeles.

By 2002, J.Lindeberg's annual turnover had reached 219 million Swedish kronor, selling in 500 stores worldwide. Lindeberg decided to feature his collections for the first time as a part of official New York Fashion Week Schedule in Bryant Park. J.Lindeberg has been worn on several official occasions by Bono from U2, Brad Pitt, Justin Timberlake, Ashton Kutcher, The Killers, and Jane's Addiction, among others.

In mid-2002, Lindeberg and his wife Marcella, whom he met at Diesel, permanently relocated to London to set up a base for J.Lindeberg's international marketing operations and a UK showroom with the purpose of expanding the brand. Shortly thereafter, the first women's collection was revealed under the supervision of Marcella. Lindeberg also announced that J.Lindeberg would for the first time present a full denim concept for both men and women.

After appearing at the Milano Moda Uomo Fashion week, work began on reconstructing J.Lindeberg's worldwide stores to also carry the women's collection.

As work began on the women's collection, Lindeberg revealed J.Lindeberg Future Sports. J.Lindeberg Future Sports also carried a completely new store concept and the first store opened in central Stockholm. The season after its initiation, the Future Sports Concept produced the first J.Lindeberg Ski Collection that was showcased together with the Fall/Winter 2005 season in Milan. The face of J.Lindeberg Ski became Swedish free skier Jon Olsson.

The J.Lindeberg Ski collection was exhibited at ISPO-fair in Germany where it won the "Newcomer of the Year" award. More concept collections appeared the following years, including, swimwear, sunglasses and shoes.

Restructuring
In 2007, the decreasing profitability of the company had begun to put heavy pressure on the relationship between Lindeberg and J.Lindeberg's major shareholders. The issues were resolved when the capital investment firm Proventus became the new principal owner of J.Lindeberg with Stefan Engström, who also became the company’s new CEO. Before committing to J.Lindeberg, Engström had been one of the co-founders of Swedish sports apparel brand Peak Performance.

In the wake of the restructure, Lindeberg returned to the role of Creative Director and relocated with Marcella to New York.

The J.Lindeberg Ski Collection had been reintroduced, headed by Fredrik Dahl, who used to be the design director at "The North Face". J.Lindeberg's retail stores were remade by the French/Swedish architect Albert Francois Lenoard. The first of the new store concepts to open was the Flagship Store on in central Stockholm.

Pierangelo D'Agostin was reappointed as Design Director, with the responsibility of all concepts. He had been design director at Jil Sander and his own Japanese luxury brand hLam.

Today
Since 2012 J.Lindeberg has been owned by Anders Holch Povlsen (founder and owner of Bestseller), Dan Friis, Allan Warburg (also co-owners of Bestseller China) and Stefan Engström. The company has expanded globally and now also has a Chinese business. There are over 215 branded stores and shop in shops worldwide and yearly brand sales of approximately 1.6 BN SEK per year. In 2017, Stefan Engström decided to leave the role as CEO and was replaced by the company’s CFO, Johan Mark. Stefan Engström however, still continues to play an active role within the company.

J.Lindeberg continues to offer Fashion, Golf, Ski and Active Wear collections.

The design head office of all collections is situated in Stockholm, where the international design team sits. In January 2016, Johan Lindeberg came back to the company on a two-year assignment in the role of Creative Consultant.

title: J.Lindeberg


text:
Scalawag

In United States history, the pejorative scalawag (sometimes spelled scallawag or scallywag) referred to white Southerners who supported Reconstruction policies and efforts after the conclusion of the American Civil War.

As with the term carpetbagger, the word has a long history of use as a slur in Southern partisan debates. The post-Civil War opponents of the scalawags claimed they were disloyal to traditional values and white supremacy. Scalawags were particularly hated by 1860s–1870s Southern Democrats, who called Scalawags traitors to their region, which was long known for its widespread chattel slavery of Black people. Before the Civil War, most Scalawags had been opposed to the southern states' secession from the United States to form the Confederate States of America.

The term is commonly used in historical studies as a descriptor of Reconstruction Era Southern white Republicans, although some historians have discarded the term due to its history of pejorative use.

Origins of the term
The term is a derogatory epithet, yet it is used by many historians in works by Sarah Woolfolk Wiggins (1991), James Alex Baggett (2003), Hyman Rubin (2006), and Frank J. Wetta (2012). The word scalawag has an uncertain origin. Its earliest attestation is from 1848 to mean a disreputable fellow, good-for-nothing, scapegrace, or blackguard. It has been speculated that "perhaps the original use of the word" referred to low-grade farm animals, but this meaning of the word is not attested until 1854. The term was later adopted by their opponents to refer to Southern whites who formed a Republican coalition with black freedmen and Northern newcomers (called carpetbaggers) to take control of their state and local governments. Among the earliest uses in this new meaning were references in Alabama and Georgia newspapers in the summer of 1867, first referring to all Southern Republicans, then later restricting it to only white ones.

Historian Ted Tunnel writes:

Reference works such as Joseph Emerson Worcester's 1860 Dictionary of the Caribbean Spanish Language defined scalawag as "A low worthless fellow; a scapegrace." Scalawag was also a word for low-grade farm animals. In early 1868 a Mississippi editor observed that scalawag "has been used from time immemorial to designate inferior milch cows in the cattle markets of Virginia and Kentucky." That June the Richmond Enquirer concurred; scalawag had heretofore "applied to all of the mean, lean, mangy, hidebound skiny [sic], worthless cattle in every particular drove." Only in recent months, the Richmond paper remarked, had the term taken on political meaning.

During the 1868–69 session of Judge "Greasy" Sam Watts' court in Haywood County, North Carolina, William Closs testified that a scalawag was "a Native born Southern white man who says he is no better than a negro and tells the truth when he says it". Some accounts record his testimony as "a native Southern white man, who says that a negro is as good as he is, and tells the truth when he says so".

By October 1868 a Mississippi newspaper was defining the expression scathingly in terms of Redemption politics. The term continued to be used as a pejorative by conservative pro-segregationist southerners well into the 20th century. But historians commonly use the term to refer to the group of historical actors with no pejorative meaning intended.

History
After the American Civil War during the Reconstruction Era 1863 to 1869, Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson undertook policies designed to bring the South back to normal as soon as possible, while the Radical Republicans used Congress to block President Johnson's policies, which favored ex-Confederates. The Radical Republicans imposed harsh terms, and asserted new rights for the ex-slaves, the Freedmen. In the South, Black Freedmen and White Southerners with Republican sympathies joined forces with Northerners who had moved south – called "Carpetbaggers" by their southern opponents – to implement the policies of the Republican party.

Despite being a minority, scalawags gained power by taking advantage of the Reconstruction laws of 1867, which disenfranchised the majority of Southern white voters as they could not take the Ironclad oath, which required they had never served in Confederate armed forces or held any political office under the state or Confederate governments. Historian Harold Hyman says that in 1866 Congressmen "described the oath as the last bulwark against the return of ex-rebels to power, the barrier behind which Southern Unionists and Negroes protected themselves."

The coalition controlled every former Confederate state except Virginia, as well as Kentucky and Missouri – which were claimed by both the North and the South – for varying lengths of time between 1866 and 1877. Two of the most prominent scalawags were General James Longstreet, one of Robert E. Lee's top generals, and Joseph E. Brown, who had been the wartime governor of Georgia. During the 1870s, many scalawags left the Republican Party and joined the conservative-Democrat coalition. Conservative Democrats had replaced all Republican minority governments in the South by 1877, after the disputed presidential election of 1876, in which the remaining Reconstruction governments had certified the Republican electors despite the Democratic candidate having carried the states.

Historian John Hope Franklin gives an assessment of the motives of Southern Unionists. He noted that as more Southerners were allowed to vote and participate:

"A curious assortment of native Southerners thus became eligible to participate in Radical Reconstruction. And the number increased as the President granted individual pardons or issued new proclamations of amnesty ... Their primary interest was in supporting a party that would build the South on a broader base than the plantation aristocracy of Antebellum days. They found it expedient to do business with Negroes and so-called carpetbaggers, but often they returned to the Democratic party as it gained sufficient strength to be a factor in Southern politics."

Eventually many scalawags joined the Democratic Redeemer coalition. A minority persisted as Republicans and formed the "tan" half of the "Black and Tan" Republican party. It was a minority element in the GOP in every Southern state after 1877.

Most of the 430 Republican newspapers in the South were edited by scalawags—only 20 percent were edited by carpetbaggers. White businessmen generally boycotted Republican papers, which survived through government patronage.

Alabama
In Alabama, Wiggins says scalawags dominated the Republican Party. Some 117 Republicans were nominated, elected, or appointed to the most lucrative and important state executive positions, judgeships, and federal legislative and judicial offices between 1868 and 1881. They included 76 white southerners, 35 northerners, and 6 former slaves. In state offices during Reconstruction, white southerners were even more predominant: 51 won nominations, compared to 11 carpetbaggers and one black. 27 scalawags won state executive nominations (75%), 24 won state judicial nominations (89%), and 101 were elected to the Alabama General Assembly (39%). However, fewer scalawags won nominations to federal offices: 15 were nominated or elected to Congress (48%) compared to 11 carpetbaggers and 5 blacks. 48 scalawags were members of the 1867 constitutional convention (49.5% of the Republican membership); and seven scalawags were members of the 1875 constitutional convention (58% of the minuscule Republican membership.)

In terms of racial issues, Wiggins says:

"White Republicans as well as Democrats solicited black votes but reluctantly rewarded blacks with nominations for office only when necessary, even then reserving the more choice positions for whites. The results were predictable: these half-a-loaf gestures satisfied neither black nor white Republicans. The fatal weakness of the Republican party in Alabama, as elsewhere in the South, was its inability to create a biracial political party. And while in power even briefly, they failed to protect their members from Democratic terror. Alabama Republicans were forever on the defensive, verbally and physically.'"

South Carolina
In South Carolina there were about 100,000 scalawags, or about 15% of the white population. During its heyday, the Republican coalition attracted some wealthier white southerners, especially moderates favoring cooperation between open-minded Democrats and responsible Republicans. Rubin shows that the collapse of the Republican coalition came from disturbing trends to corruption and factionalism that increasingly characterized the party's governance. These failings disappointed Northern allies who abandoned the state Republicans in 1876 as the Democrats under Wade Hampton reasserted control. They used the threat of violence to cause many Republicans to stay quiet or switch to the Democrats.

Louisiana
Wetta shows that New Orleans was a major Scalawag center. Their leaders were well-to-do well-educated lawyers, physicians, teachers, ministers, businessmen, and civil servants. Many had Northern ties or were born in the North, moving to the boom city of New Orleans before the 1850s. Few were cotton or sugar planters. Most had been Whigs before the War, but many had been Democrats. Nearly all were Unionists during the War. They had joined a Republican coalition with blacks but gave at best weak support to black suffrage, black office holding, or social equality. Wetta says that their "cosmopolitanism broke the mold of southern provincialism" typical of their southern-democratic opponents. That is, scalawags had "a broader worldview."

Mississippi
The most prominent scalawag of all was James L. Alcorn of Mississippi. He was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1865, but like all southerners was not allowed to take a seat while the Republican Congress was pondering Reconstruction. He supported suffrage for freedmen and endorsed the Fourteenth Amendment, as demanded by the Republicans in Congress. Alcorn became the leader of the scalawags, who composed about a third of the Republicans in the state, in coalition with carpetbaggers and freedmen. Elected governor by the Republicans in 1869, he served from 1870 to 1871. As a modernizer he appointed many like-minded former Whigs, even if they were Democrats. He strongly supported education, including public schools for blacks only, and a new college for them, now known as Alcorn State University. He maneuvered to make his ally Hiram Revels its president. Radical Republicans opposed Alcorn and were angry at his patronage policy. One complained that Alcorn's policy was to see "the old civilization of the South modernized" rather than lead a total political, social and economic revolution.

Alcorn resigned the governorship to become a U.S. Senator (1871–1877), replacing his ally Hiram Revels, the first African American senator. Senator Alcorn urged the removal of the political disabilities of white southerners, rejected Radical Republican proposals to enforce social equality by federal legislation, he denounced the federal cotton tax as robbery and defended separate schools for both races in Mississippi. Although a former slaveholder, he characterized slavery as a cancer upon the body of the Nation and expressed the gratification which he and many other Southerners felt over its destruction.

Alcorn led a furious political battle with Senator Adelbert Ames, the carpetbagger who led the other faction of the Republican Party in Mississippi. The fight ripped apart the party, with most blacks supporting Ames, but many—including Revels, supporting Alcorn. In 1873, they both sought a decision by running for governor. Ames was supported by the Radicals and most African Americans, while Alcorn won the votes of conservative whites and most of the scalawags. Ames won by a vote of 69,870 to 50,490, and Alcorn retired from state politics.

Newton Knight has gained increased attention since the 2016 release of the feature film Free State of Jones.

Mountains
The mountain districts of Appalachia were often Republican enclaves. People there held few slaves, and they had poor transportation, deep poverty, and a standing resentment against the Low Country politicians who dominated the Confederacy and conservative Democrats in Reconstruction and after. Their strongholds in West Virginia, eastern Kentucky and Tennessee, western Virginia and North Carolina, and the Ozark region of northern Arkansas, became Republican bastions. These rural folk had a long-standing hostility toward the planter class. They harbored pro-Union sentiments during the war. Andrew Johnson was their representative leader. They welcomed Reconstruction and much of what the Radical Republicans in Congress advocated.

Outside the US
The term 'scally' is also used in the United Kingdom to refer to elements of the working class and petty criminality, in a similar vein to the more contemporary chav. In Philippines, scalawags were used to denote rogue police or military officers.

Accusations of corruption
Scalawags were denounced as corrupt by Redeemers. The Dunning School of historians sympathized with the claims of the Democrats. Agreeing with the Dunning School, Franklin said that the scalawags "must take at least part of the blame" for graft and corruption.

The Democrats alleged the scalawags to be financially and politically corrupt, and willing to support bad government because they profited personally. One Alabama historian claimed: "On economic matters scalawags and Democrats eagerly sought aid for economic development of projects in which they had an economic stake, and they exhibited few scruples in the methods used to push beneficial financial legislation through the Alabama legislature. The quality of the book keeping habits of both Republicans and Democrats was equally notorious." However, historian Eric Foner argues there is not sufficient evidence that scalawags were any more or less corrupt than politicians of any era, including Redeemers.

Who were the scalawags?
White Southern Republicans included formerly closeted Southern abolitionists as well as former slaveowners who supported equal rights for freedmen. (The most famous of this latter group was Samuel F. Phillips, who later argued against segregation in Plessy v. Ferguson.) Included, too, were people who wanted to be part of the ruling Republican Party simply because it provided more opportunities for successful political careers. Many historians have described scalawags in terms of social class, showing that on average they were less wealthy or prestigious than the elite planter class.

As Thomas Alexander (1961) showed, there was persistent Whiggery (support for the principles of the defunct Whig Party) in the South after 1865. Many ex-Whigs became Republicans who advocated modernization through education and infrastructure—especially better roads and railroads. Many also joined the Redeemers in their successful attempt to replace the brief period of civil rights promised to African Americans during the Reconstruction era with the Jim Crow era of segregation and second-class citizenship that persisted into the 20th century. Historian James Alex Baggett's The Scalawags provides a quantitative study of the population.

title: Scalawag


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Billabong

In Australian English, a billabong is a small body of water, usually permanent. It is usually an oxbow lake, caused by a change in course by a river channel; but other types of small lakes, ponds, or waterholes are also called billabongs. The term is probably a borrowing from Wiradjuri, an Aboriginal Australian language of New South Wales.

Etymology
The word billabong is most likely derived from the Wiradjuri language of southern New South Wales, which "describes a pond or pool of water that is left behind when a river alters course or after floodwaters recede". According to the Macquarie Dictionary (2005), the original term bilabaŋ means "a watercourse that runs only after rain", with bila meaning "river", and possibly combined with bong or bung, meaning "dead". The attribution of this last part of the word was contested in 2004 by Frederick Ludowyk of the Australian National Dictionary Centre, whose view was that that "-bong" or "-bang" was a suffix "signifying a continuation in time or space". Ludowyk writes that bong meaning "dead" is not a Wiradjuri word, but may have been picked up or assumed from the word "bung" which was originally a Yagara which was used in the pidgin widely spoken across Australia.

The word is first recorded in Australian English in 1836, referring to the Bell River in south-eastern New South Wales, when explorer Thomas Mitchell records the Aboriginal name of the river as "Billibang". It is first recorded in its later, more general sense, by J. Allen in 1853: "This station is situated about half-a-mile inland, over a 'billy-bong' (the native name for a small creek or backwater)". It is not recorded in the first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary (prepared 1882–1888), published before the later contributions of the Australian academic Edward Ellis Morris. It appears in Morris's Austral English: A Dictionary of Australasian Words (1898).

A 2004 thesis suggests that the term could be of Scottish Gaelic origin, derived from words for "lip" or "mouth" and "river".

Definitions and descriptions
Definitions vary. A billabong often defined as  an oxbow lake, an isolated crescentic pond left behind after a river loop is cut off when the river channel changes course.

Merriam-Webster defines the word as: "1. (a) a blind channel leading out from a river; (b) a usually dry streambed that is filled seasonally", or 2. "a backwater forming a stagnant pool" The Cambridge Dictionary describes it as "In Australia, a low area of ground that was part of a river in the past and that only fills up with water from the river during a flood".

In a 2009 study, billabongs of the Channel Country (a region of outback Australia whose name derives from the numerous intertwined rivulets that cross it) are alternatively termed waterholes, and described as "enlarged channel segments along the main course of the river... typically occur[ring] at the confluence of two smaller channels".

Queensland's Department of Environment, Science and Innovation, in its Queensland Waterhole Classification Scheme, describes waterholes as "referred to by a range of different names (i.e. billabongs, lagoons and waterbodies)".

Another source describes a billabong as "a large body of water", which may be formed from a section of cut-off river, but may also be formed from water left behind after a large flood.

Billabongs are usually formed when the path of a creek or river changes due to bank erosion, leaving the former channel deprived of further inflow and becoming a dead-end gully holding only residual water that has not yet drained or evaporated. As a result of the arid climate of many parts of Australia, these "dead rivers" often fill with water seasonally but can be dry for a greater part of the year.

To people
Many billabongs are of cultural significance and social importance to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, and used as sources of fresh water as well as other resources. Water is an intrinsic part of Country, and essential resource during drought or dry seasons, and they have many intricate ways of understanding how to find water.

The Ngan'gi peoples in the Daly River region of the Northern Territory continue to manage the billabongs' ecology in their Country.

Water-holding frogs living in the billabongs can take up a lot of water before it burrows into the earth in the dry season, and Aboriginal peoples in desert environments can locate the frogs underground by various means.

In the days since the colonisation of Australia, these were important landmarks for European settlers to identify, and many billabongs were given names relating to the local areas.

A billabong retains water longer than the original watercourse and may be the only accessible water in a large area.

Ecological significance
Billabongs are significant because they do not have outflow and can hold water longer than sections of rivers especially during drier season, thus serving important ecological functions as waterholes and habitats for freshwater animal and plant species, including the water-holding frog. Many of these species' life cycles are related to the changes in seasons.

Dangers to the ecological balance of billabongs include saltwater intrusion and introduced species. Feral animals have caused salt water to flow into Arafura Swamp, a large freshwater basin in the Top End in the Northern Territory, in which there are many permanent billabongs.

Examples

 * Arafura Swamp – many billabongs
 * Along Cooper Creek in Queensland, and other parts of the Channel Country
 * Corroboree Billabong, in Kakadu National Park
 * Kings Billabong, on the Murray River in Victoria
 * White Lily Billabong, in Kakadu National Park
 * Yellow Water Billabong, in Kakadu National Park

In the arts
Banjo Paterson's popular song "Waltzing Matilda" is set beside a billabong. Mary Grant Bruce wrote a series of books, known as The Billabong Series, depicting the adventures of the Linton family, who live at Billabong station from around 1911 until the late 1920s.

Both Aboriginal Australians and European artists use billabongs as subject matter in painting. For example, Aboriginal painter Tjyllyungoo (Lance Chad) has a watercolour entitled Trees at a billabong.

American avant-garde filmmaker Will Hindle produced a short film titled Billabong in 1969.

In commerce
Billabong is the name of an Australian brand of sportswear for surf, skateboard, and snowboard.

title: Billabong


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Ted Healy

Ted Healy (born Charles Ernest Lee Nash; October 1, 1896 – December 21, 1937) was an American vaudeville performer, comedian, and actor. Though he is chiefly remembered as the creator of The Three Stooges and the style of slapstick comedy that they later made famous, he had a successful stage and film career of his own and was cited as a formative influence by several later comedy stars.

Early life
Sources conflict on Healy's precise birth name (most sources indicate he was born Charles Ernest Lee Nash) but according to baptismal records, he was born Ernest Lea Nash on October 1, 1896, in Kaufman, Texas, to Charles McKinney Nash and Mary Eugenia (McGinty) Nash. He attended Holy Innocents School in Houston before the family, including his elder sister, Elizabeth Marcia Nash (March 7, 1895 – October 31, 1972), who later appeared in two 1930s films in small roles under the stage name Marcia Healy (The Sitter Downers and The Great Ziegfeld), moved to New York in 1908. While in New York, he attended high school at De La Salle Institute. Nash initially intended to become a businessman but eventually decided on the stage.

Show business career
Nash made his first foray into show business in 1912 at the age of 15 when he and childhood friend Moe Howard joined the Annette Kellerman Diving Girls, a vaudeville act that included four boys. The act ended quickly after an accident on stage, and Nash and Howard went their separate ways. Nash then developed a vaudeville act and adopted the stage name Ted Healy. Healy's act was a hit, and he soon expanded his role as a comedian and master of ceremonies. In the 1920s, he was the highest-paid performer in vaudeville, making $9000 a week. He added performers to his stage show, including his new wife, Betty Brown (Betty Braun), and his German shepherd dog.

The Healys' revue toured, listed on the marquee as Syncopated Toes, and when some of his acrobats quit in late 1923, Moe Howard answered the advertisement for replacements. Since Howard was not an acrobat, Healy cast his old friend as a stooge (a purported member of the audience who is picked, ostensibly at random, to come onstage). In the routine, Howard's appearance would end with Healy losing his trousers.

Ted Healy and his Southern Gentlemen
Howard's brother Shemp joined the act as a heckler in early 1924, but both Howards temporarily left show business in mid 1925. Ted and Betty were hired in June 1925 to star in the Broadway revue Earl Carroll Vanities of 1925. Ted brought some of the routines he developed with the Howard brothers, using three comics under contract to Carroll, (Dave Chasen, Kenneth Lackey, and Lou Warren). After a contract dispute whereby it was determined that Carroll was in the wrong, Ted and Betty left "Vanities" in October 1925 with Lou Warren and relaunched their Syncopated Toes revue, now retitled Fun in the Healy Manner. By January 1926 Shemp Howard had returned, and they successfully toured the country through the summer of 1926. Ted and Betty received another Broadway opportunity, this time from the Shubert Brothers, who hired them for The Passing Show of 1926, with Ted bringing Shemp and Lou along. Passing only enjoyed a preview tour and did not open on Broadway, but the Shuberts and Healy retooled the show into the successful A Night in Spain, with Phil Baker joining the Healys as its stars. For Spain, Ted utilized four stooges in some scenes: Shemp, Lou Warren, brother-in-law Sam "Moody" Braun, and Dick Hakins. Arriving on Broadway in May 1927 after four months of successful previews, Hakins fell ill and was replaced by comedy/specialty dancer Bobby Pinkus. In November 1927, Spain began a national tour with four months at Chicago's Four Cohans Theatre. Larry Fine, who had been working as the lead performer and house MC at Chicago's Rainbo Gardens nightclub and restaurant, was added to Healy's group of comics in late March 1928. The Shuberts hired Ted to star in their new show A Night in Venice. Moe Howard returned to show business and joining Ted at his home in Connecticut to develop some comedy bits for the revue, which began rehearsals in January 1929. Shemp Howard also returned, but Larry Fine was in Atlantic City with his wife, waiting for the birth of his daughter. Healy hired comedy xylophonist Fred Sanborn in Fine's place. Circa mid February, Fine joined the Venice cast.

During the run of A Night in Spain, Ted and Betty performed a song-and-dance stage act in nightclubs and other theaters after the evening show; but the Healys split in 1928. Ted came up with the idea to spotlight his stooges in a new act, with the emphasis on comedy and slapstick humor. Concurrent with their performances in Venice, Healy booked his troupe in additional shows as '"Ted Healy & His Southern Gentlemen" and later as "Ted Healy & His Racketeers". A Night in Venice had a brief road tour after Broadway and closed in March 1930.

Fox Films hired Healy to costar in the film Soup to Nuts (filmed in July 1930), and Ted brought Moe, Shemp, Larry, and Fred Sanborn with him. In late August 1930, the Stooges and Healy parted ways after a dispute over a movie contract. Sanborn began a solo career, and the remaining trio began performing on their own, using such monikers as "The Three Lost Soles" and "Howard, Fine, and Howard," and often incorporated material from previous Healy shows. Healy attempted to sue the Stooges for using his material, but the copyright was held by the Shubert Theatre Corporation, for which the routines had been produced, and the Stooges had the Shuberts' permission to use it.

Healy hired replacement stooges—Eddie Moran (soon replaced by Richard "Dick" Hakins), Jack Wolf (father of sportscaster Warner Wolf), and Paul "Mousie" Garner—in early 1931. This group appeared with Healy in two Broadway plays, The Gang's All Here and Billy Rose's Crazy Quilt.

Moe, Larry, and Shemp rejoined Healy's act in late July 1932, but Shemp left on August 19 to pursue a solo career and was replaced by his younger brother, Curly Howard. The switch from Shemp to Curly happened very quickly, and on August 27, 1932, only eight days after Shemp departed, "Ted Healy with Howard, Fine & Howard" premiered Curly at the RKO Palace in Cleveland, Ohio. The new lineup's personal appearances headlined many of the prime nightclubs and movie palaces nationally for the next several months. In late spring 1933, Ted was contracted by MGM, and the act once more headed to Hollywood, this time to stay. Over the next year, Ted's comedy team appeared in several MGM shorts and even supported stars like Clark Gable and Joan Crawford in theatrical films like Dancing Lady, a blockbuster which featured Healy in an important supporting role as well as Fred Astaire. On his own, Healy was given major roles in MGM features such as Bombshell with Jean Harlow and Operator 13 with Marion Davies and Gary Cooper. In March 1934, Fine and the Howards permanently and more or less amicably parted professional ways with Ted Healy and began working at Columbia Studios as "The Three Stooges."

After the Stooges
Healy appeared in a succession of films for MGM from 1934 to 1937 and was also loaned to 20th Century-Fox and Warner Bros. for films by those companies, playing both dramatic and comedic roles. One of his films, Mad Holiday (1936), featured stooge Dick Hakins as his sidekick. In San Francisco (1936), a new lineup of "stooges" consisting of Jimmy Brewster, Red Pearson, and Sammy Glasser (Sammy Wolfe) filmed a scene with Healy, but it was omitted from the final release; a few production stills of them survive. Also, in the Technicolor short subject La Fiesta de Santa Barbara (1935), Jimmy Brewster briefly appears to 'stooge' with Healy. During this period, Healy took to wearing a toupée in public. His last film, Hollywood Hotel (1937), was released a few days after he died.

Personal life
Healy's first wife was dancer and singer Betty Brown (born Elizabeth Braun), whom he married in 1922, one week after they met. The couple worked together in vaudeville, then divorced in 1932 after Brown sued socialite Mary Brown Warburton (the granddaughter of business tycoon John Wanamaker) for "alienation of her husband's affections".

Healy's second marriage was to UCLA student Betty Hickman. After introducing himself, Healy proposed immediately, and the couple became engaged the following day. They were married in Yuma, Arizona, on May 15, 1936, after a midnight elopement by plane. Hickman was granted a divorce on October 7, 1936, which was nullified after a reconciliation. Their son, John Jacob, was born on December 17, 1937, four days before Healy's death.

Healy campaigned for the reelection of President Herbert Hoover in 1932.

Death
Healy died on December 21, 1937, at the age of 41, after an evening of celebration at the Trocadero nightclub on the Sunset Strip in Los Angeles. He was reportedly celebrating the birth of his son, an event he had eagerly anticipated, according to Moe Howard. "He was nuts about kids", wrote Howard. "He used to visit our homes and envied the fact that we were all married and had children. Healy always loved kids and often gave Christmas parties for underprivileged youngsters and spent hundreds of dollars on toys."

The circumstances surrounding his death remain a matter of some controversy. An MGM spokesman initially announced the cause as a heart attack, but the presence of recent wounds—a cut over his right eye and a "discolored" left eye—combined with reports of an altercation at the Trocadero gave rise to speculation that he died as a result of those injuries.

Healy's friend, writer Henry Taylor, told Moe Howard that the fight was preceded by an argument between Healy and three men whom he identified as "college fellows". The younger men allegedly knocked Healy to the ground and kicked him in the head, ribs, and abdomen. The wrestler Man Mountain Dean reported that he was standing in front of the Plaza Hotel in Hollywood at 2:30 a.m. when Healy emerged, bleeding, from a taxi. He related an "incoherent story" of being attacked at the Trocadero but could not identify his assailant. Dean contacted a physician, Sydney Weinberg, who treated Healy at the hotel. Another friend, Joe Frisco, then drove him to his home. Wyantt LaMont, Healy's personal physician, was summoned to the home the following morning when Healy began experiencing convulsions. Despite the efforts of LaMont and a cardiologist, John Ruddock, Healy died later that day. Because of the circumstances, LaMont refused to sign Healy's death certificate.

A later source alleged that the three assailants were not college boys but rather actor Wallace Beery, producer Albert R. Broccoli, and Broccoli's cousin, agent/producer Pat DiCicco. While there is no documentation in contemporaneous news reports that either Beery or DiCicco was present, Broccoli admitted that he was indeed involved in a fist fight with Healy at the Trocadero. He later modified his story, stating that a heavily intoxicated Healy had picked a fight with him and the two had briefly scuffled and then shook hands and parted ways. In other reports, Broccoli admitted to pushing Healy, but not striking him.

Following an autopsy, the Los Angeles County coroner reported that Healy died of acute toxic nephritis secondary to acute and chronic alcoholism. Police closed their investigation, as there was no indication in the report that his death was caused by physical assault.

Healy was a prodigious spender; despite a weekly salary of $1,700, he died in debt. He indulged in numerous personal luxuries and paid his assistant performers' salaries out of his own pocket. He was also financially generous to friends when they were out of work; for example, while unemployed, Frisco lived at an expensive hotel on Healy's tab. Betty was left responsible for a multitude of liabilities, including hospital bills related to the birth of her son and Healy's medical care. She remained hospitalized for some time after Healy died, leaving their house unattended; as a result, it was burglarized and looted of everything of value.

A trust fund was organized by friends and colleagues to provide financial support for Betty and her child. A fundraiser was also held, including a $10-per-plate dinner and an auction of the Hollywood Hotel's ledger with hundreds of famous signatures, but Betty later asserted that she never received any proceeds from the fundraiser.

Ted Healy is interred at Calvary Cemetery in Los Angeles, California, along with his mother and sister.

Legacy
In the decades that followed, many comedy stars, including Milton Berle, Bob Hope, and Red Skelton, cited Healy as a mentor and significant influence on their careers. "Back in 1925, Ted Healy took me aside and gave me some wonderful advice," Berle told Walter Winchell, in 1955. "'Milton, always play to the public. Never mind playing to the theatrical crowd. Don't try to impress the trumpet player in the pit. Entertain the people and you'll get rich and famous.'" Alex Gard's caricature of Healy was the first of several hundred displayed at Sardi's restaurant in New York City's Theater District.

title: Ted Healy


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User talk:Jcoleff

Hola yo soy Joaquin Coleff y esta pagina esta en construccion.

title: User talk:Jcoleff


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Purkinje fibers

The Purkinje fibers, named for Jan Evangelista Purkyně, (Purkinje tissue or subendocardial branches) are located in the inner ventricular walls of the heart, just beneath the endocardium in a space called the subendocardium. The Purkinje fibers are specialized conducting fibers composed of electrically excitable cells. They are larger than cardiomyocytes with fewer myofibrils and many mitochondria. They conduct cardiac action potentials more quickly and efficiently than any of the other cells in the heart's electrical conduction system. Purkinje fibers allow the heart's conduction system to create synchronized contractions of its ventricles, and are essential for maintaining a consistent heart rhythm.

Histology

Purkinje fibers are a unique cardiac end-organ. Further histologic examination reveals that these fibers are split in ventricles walls. The electrical origin of atrial Purkinje fibers arrives from the sinoatrial node.

Given no aberrant channels, the Purkinje fibers are distinctly shielded from each other by collagen or the cardiac skeleton.

The Purkinje fibers are further specialized to rapidly conduct impulses (having numerous fast voltage-gated sodium channels and mitochondria, and fewer myofibrils, than the surrounding muscle tissue). Purkinje fibers take up stain differently from the surrounding muscle cells because of having relatively fewer myofibrils than other cardiac cells. The presence of glycogen around the nucleus causes Purkinje fibers to appear, on a slide, lighter and larger than their neighbors, being arranged along the longitudinal direction (parallel to the cardiac vector). They are often binucleated cells.

Function
Heart rate is governed by many influences from the autonomic nervous system. The Purkinje fibers do not have any known role in setting heart rate unless the SA node is compromised (when they can act as pacemaker cells). They are influenced by electrical discharge from the sinoatrial node.

Impulse carrying
During the ventricular contraction portion of the cardiac cycle, the Purkinje fibers carry the contraction impulse from both the left and right bundle branch to the myocardium of the ventricles. This causes the muscle tissue of the ventricles to contract. This generates force to eject blood out of the heart, either to the pulmonary circulation from the right ventricle, or to the systemic circulation from the left ventricle.

Replacement pacemaker
Purkinje fibers also have the ability of firing at a rate of 20–40 beats per minute if upstream conduction or pacemaking ability is compromised. In contrast, the SA node in normal state can fire at 60-100 beats per minute. In short, they generate action potentials, but at a slower rate than the sinoatrial node. This capability is normally suppressed. Thus, they serve as the last resort when other pacemakers fail. When a Purkinje fiber does fire, it is called a premature ventricular contraction or PVC, or in other situations can be a ventricular escape.

Etymology
Purkinje fibers are named after the Czech scientist Jan Evangelista Purkyně, who discovered them in 1839.

title: Purkinje fibers