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Dialect continuum

A dialect continuum or dialect chain is a series of language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighboring varieties are mutually intelligible, but the differences accumulate over distance so that widely separated varieties may not be. This is a typical occurrence with widely spread languages and language families around the world, when these languages did not spread recently. Some prominent examples include the Indo-Aryan languages across large parts of India, varieties of Arabic across north Africa and southwest Asia, the Turkic languages, the Chinese languages or dialects, and parts of the Romance, Germanic and Slavic families in Europe. Terms used in older literature include dialect area (Leonard Bloomfield) and L-complex (Charles F. Hockett).

Dialect continua typically occur in long-settled agrarian populations, as innovations spread from their various points of origin as waves. In this situation, hierarchical classifications of varieties are impractical. Instead, dialectologists map variation of various language features across a dialect continuum, drawing lines called isoglosses between areas that differ with respect to some feature.

A variety within a dialect continuum may be developed and codified as a standard language, and then serve as an authority for part of the continuum, e.g. within a particular political unit or geographical area. Since the early 20th century, the increasing dominance of nation-states and their standard languages has been steadily eliminating the nonstandard dialects that comprise dialect continua, making the boundaries ever more abrupt and well-defined.

Dialect geography
Dialectologists record variation across a dialect continuum using maps of various features collected in a linguistic atlas, beginning with an atlas of German dialects by Georg Wenker (from 1888), based on a postal survey of schoolmasters. The influential Atlas linguistique de la France (1902–10) pioneered the use of a trained fieldworker. These atlases typically consist of display maps, each showing local forms of a particular item at the survey locations.

Secondary studies may include interpretive maps, showing the areal distribution of various variants. A common tool in these maps is an isogloss, a line separating areas where different variants of a particular feature predominate.

In a dialect continuum, isoglosses for different features are typically spread out, reflecting the gradual transition between varieties. A bundle of coinciding isoglosses indicates a stronger dialect boundary, as might occur at geographical obstacles or long-standing political boundaries. In other cases, intersecting isoglosses and more complex patterns are found.

Relationship with standard varieties
Standard varieties may be developed and codified at one or more locations in a continuum until they have independent cultural status (autonomy), a process the German linguist Heinz Kloss called ausbau. Speakers of local varieties typically read and write a related standard variety, use it for official purposes, hear it on radio and television, and consider it the standard form of their speech, so that any standardizing changes in their speech are towards that variety. In such cases the local variety is said to be dependent on, or heteronomous with respect to, the standard variety.

A standard variety together with its dependent varieties is commonly considered a "language", with the dependent varieties called "dialects" of the language, even if the standard is mutually intelligible with another standard from the same continuum. The Scandinavian languages, Danish, Norwegian and Swedish, are often cited as examples. Conversely, a language defined in this way may include local varieties that are mutually unintelligible, such as the German dialects.

The choice of standard is often determined by a political boundary, which may cut across a dialect continuum. As a result, speakers on either side of the boundary may use almost identical varieties, but treat them as dependent on different standards, and thus part of different "languages". The various local dialects then tend to be leveled towards their respective standard varieties, disrupting the previous dialect continuum. Examples include the boundaries between Dutch and German, between Czech, Slovak and Polish, and between Belarusian and Ukrainian.

The choice may be a matter of national, regional or religious identity, and may be controversial. Examples of controversies are regions such as the disputed territory of Kashmir, in which local Muslims usually regard their language as Urdu, the national standard of Pakistan, while Hindus regard the same speech as Hindi, an official standard of India. Even so, the Eighth Schedule to the Indian Constitution contains a list of 22 scheduled languages and Urdu is among them.

During the time of the former Socialist Republic of Macedonia, a standard was developed from local varieties of Eastern South Slavic, within a continuum with Torlakian to the north and Bulgarian to the east. The standard was based on varieties that were most different from standard Bulgarian. Now known as Macedonian, it is the national standard of North Macedonia, but viewed by Bulgarians as a dialect of Bulgarian.

Europe

Europe provides several examples of dialect continua, the largest of which involve the Germanic, Romance and Slavic branches of the Indo-European language family, the continent's largest language branches.

The Romance area spanned much of the territory of the Roman Empire but was split into western and eastern portions by the Slav Migrations into the Balkans in the 7th and 8th centuries.

The Slavic area was in turn split by the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin in the 9th and 10th centuries.

Germanic languages
[[File:West Germanic dialect continuum (according to Wiesinger, Heeroma & König).png|350px|thumb|The varieties of the continental West Germanic dialect continuum after 1945:

{{legend|#df772a|Frisian}} {{legend|#8c506e|Low Franconian}} {{legend|#3e9abc|Low Saxon/Low German}} {{legend|#f5ef47| Central German (part of High German)}} {{legend|#ecca09| Upper German (part of High German)}}]]

North Germanic continuum
The Norwegian, Danish and Swedish dialects comprise a classic example of a dialect continuum, encompassing Norway, Denmark, Sweden and coastal parts of Finland. The Continental North Germanic standard languages (Norwegian, Danish and Swedish) are close enough and intelligible enough for some to consider them to be dialects of the same language, but the Insular ones (Faroese and Icelandic) are not immediately intelligible to the other North Germanic speakers.

Continental West Germanic continuum
Historically, the Dutch, Frisian, Low Saxon and High German dialects formed a canonical dialect continuum, which has been gradually falling apart since the Late Middle Ages due to the pressures of modern education, standard languages, migration and weakening knowledge of the dialects.

The transition from German dialects to Dutch variants followed two basic routes:
 * From Central German to Southeastern Dutch (Limburgish) in the so-called Rhenish fan, an area corresponding largely to the modern Niederrhein in which gradual but geographically compact changes took place.
 * From Low Saxon to Northwestern Dutch (Hollandic): This sub-continuum also included West Frisian dialects up until the 17th century, but faced external pressure from Standard Dutch and, after the collapse of the Hanseatic League, from Standard German which greatly influenced the vocabularies of these border dialects.

Though the internal dialect continua of both Dutch and German remain largely intact, the continuum which historically connected the Dutch, Frisian and German languages has largely disintegrated. Fragmentary areas of the Dutch-German border in which language change is more gradual than in other sections or a higher degree of mutual intelligibility is present still exist, such as the Aachen-Kerkrade area, but the historical chain in which dialects were only divided by minor isoglosses and negligible differences in vocabulary has seen a rapid and ever-increasing decline since the 1850s.

Standard Dutch was based on the dialects of the principal Brabantic and Hollandic cities. The written form of Standard German originated in the East Central German used at the chancery of the kingdom of Saxony, while the spoken form emerged later, based on North German pronunciations of the written standard. Being based on widely separated dialects, the Dutch and German standards do not show a high degree of mutual intelligibility when spoken and only partially so when written. One study concluded that, when concerning written language, Dutch speakers could translate 50.2% of the provided German words correctly, while the German subjects were able to translate 41.9% of the Dutch equivalents correctly. In terms of orthography, 22% of the vocabulary of Dutch and German is identical or near-identical.

Anglic continuum
The Germanic dialects spoken on the island of Great Britain comprise areal varieties of English in England and of Scots in Scotland. Those of large areas north and south of the border are often mutually intelligible. In contrast, the Orcadian dialect of Scots is very different from the dialects of English in southern England—but they are linked by a chain of intermediate varieties.

Western Romance continuum
The western continuum of Romance languages comprises, from West to East: in Portugal, Portuguese; in Spain, Galician, Leonese or Asturian, Castilian or Spanish, Aragonese and Catalan or Valencian; in France, Occitan, Franco-Provençal, standard French and Corsican which is closely related to Italian; in Italy, Piedmontese, Lombard, Emilian, Romagnol, Italian Gallo-Picene, Venetian, Friulian, Ladin; and in Switzerland, Lombard and Romansh. This continuum is sometimes presented as another example, but the major languages in the group (i.e. Portuguese, Spanish, French and Italian) have had separate standards for longer than the languages in the Continental West Germanic group, and so are not commonly classified as dialects of a common language.

Focusing instead on the local Romance lects that pre-existed the establishment of national or regional standard languages, all evidence and principles point to Romania continua as having been, and to varying extents in some areas still being, what Charles Hockett called an L-complex, i.e. an unbroken chain of local differentiation such that, in principle and with appropriate caveats, intelligibility (due to sharing of features) attenuates with distance. This is perhaps most evident today in Italy, where, especially in rural and small-town contexts, local Romance is still often employed at home and work, and geolinguistic distinctions are such that while native speakers from any two nearby towns can understand each other with ease, they can also spot from linguistic features that the other is from elsewhere.

In recent centuries, the intermediate dialects between the major Romance languages have been moving toward extinction, as their speakers have switched to varieties closer to the more prestigious national standards. That has been most notable in France, owing to the French government's refusal to recognise minority languages, but it has occurred to some extent in all Western Romance speaking countries. Language change has also threatened the survival of stateless languages with existing literary standards, such as Occitan.

The Romance languages of Italy are a less arguable example of a dialect continuum. For many decades since Italy's unification, the attitude of the French government towards the ethnolinguistic minorities was copied by the Italian government.

Eastern Romance continuum
The eastern Romance continuum is dominated by Romanian. Outside Romania and Moldova, across the other south-east European countries, various Romanian language groups are to be found: pockets of various Romanian and Aromanian subgroups survive throughout Bulgaria, Serbia, North Macedonia, Greece, Albania and Croatia (in Istria).

Slavic languages
Conventionally, on the basis of extralinguistic features (such as writing systems or the former western frontier of the Soviet Union), the North Slavic continuum is split into East and West Slavic continua. From the perspective of linguistic features alone, only two Slavic (dialect) continua can be distinguished, namely North and South,  separated from each other by a band of non-Slavic languages: Romanian, Hungarian and German.

North Slavic continuum
The North Slavic continuum covers the East Slavic and West Slavic languages. East Slavic includes Russian, Belarusian, Rusyn and Ukrainian; West Slavic languages of Czech, Polish, Slovak, Silesian, Kashubian, and Upper and Lower Sorbian.

South Slavic continuum
All South Slavic languages form a dialect continuum. It comprises, from West to East, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, North Macedonia, and Bulgaria. Standard Slovene, Macedonian, and Bulgarian are each based on a distinct dialect, but the Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian standard varieties of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language are all based on the same dialect, Shtokavian. Therefore, Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks and Montenegrins communicate fluently with each other in their respective standardized varieties. In Croatia, native speakers of Shtokavian may struggle to understand distinct Kajkavian or Chakavian dialects, as might the speakers of the two with each other. Likewise in Serbia, the Torlakian dialect differs significantly from Standard Serbian. Serbian is a Western South Slavic standard, but Torlakian is largely transitional with the Eastern South Slavic languages (Bulgarian and Macedonian). Collectively, the Torlakian dialects with Macedonian and Bulgarian share many grammatical features that set them apart from all other Slavic languages, such as the complete loss of its grammatical case systems and adoption of features more commonly found among analytic languages.

The barrier between East South Slavic and West South Slavic is historical and natural, caused primarily by a one-time geographical distance between speakers. The two varieties started diverging early on (c. 11th century CE) and evolved separately ever since without major mutual influence, as evidenced by distinguishable Old Slavonic, while the western dialect of common Old Slavic was still spoken across the modern Serbo-Croatian area in the 12th and early 13th centuries. An intermediate dialect linking western and eastern variations inevitably came into existence over time – Torlakian – spoken across a wide radius on which the tripoint of Bulgaria, North Macedonia and Serbia is relatively pivotal.

Uralic languages
The other major language family in Europe besides Indo-European are the Uralic languages. The Sami languages, sometimes mistaken for a single language, are a dialect continuum, albeit with some disconnections like between North, Skolt and Inari Sami. The Baltic-Finnic languages spoken around the Gulf of Finland form a dialect continuum. Thus, although Finnish and Estonian are considered as separate languages, there is no definite linguistic border or isogloss that separates them. This is now more difficult to recognize because many of the intervening languages have declined or become extinct.

Goidelic continuum
The Goidelic languages consist of Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx. Prior to the 19th and 20th centuries, the continuum existed throughout Ireland, the Isle of Man and Scotland. Many intermediate dialects have become extinct or have died out leaving major gaps between languages such as in the islands of Rathlin, Arran or Kintyre and also in the Irish counties or Antrim, Londonderry and Down.

The current Goidelic speaking areas of Ireland are also separated by extinct dialects but remain mutually intelligible.

Arabic
Arabic is a standard case of diglossia. The standard written language, Modern Standard Arabic, is based on the Classical Arabic of the Qur'an, while the modern vernacular dialects (or languages) branched from ancient Arabic dialects, from North Western Africa through Egypt, Sudan, and the Fertile Crescent to the Arabian Peninsula and Iraq. The dialects use different analogues from the Arabic language inventory and have been influenced by different substrate and superstrate languages. Adjacent dialects are mutually understandable to a large extent, but those from distant regions are more difficult to be understood.

The difference between the written standard and the vernaculars is apparent also in the written language, and children have to be taught Modern Standard Arabic in school to be able to read it.

Aramaic
All modern Aramaic languages descend from a dialect continuum that historically existed before the Islamicization of the Levant and Mesopotamia. Northeastern Neo-Aramaic, including distinct varieties spoken by both Jews and Christians, is a dialect continuum although greatly disrupted by population displacement during the twentieth century.

Kurdish
The Kurdish language is considered as a dialect continuum of many varieties and the three main varieties are Northern Kurdish (Kurmanji), Central Kurdish (Sorani), and Southern Kurdish (Xwarîn).

Persian
The Persian language in its various varieties (Tajiki and Dari), is representative of a dialect continuum. The divergence of Tajik was accelerated by the shift from the Perso-Arabic alphabet to a Cyrillic one under the Soviets. Western dialects of Persian show greater influence from Arabic and Oghuz Turkic languages, but Dari and Tajik tend to preserve many classical features in grammar and vocabulary. Also the Tat language, a dialect of Persian, is spoken in Azerbaijan.

Turkic
Turkic languages are best described as a dialect continuum. Geographically this continuum starts at the Balkans in the west with Balkan Turkish, includes Turkish in Turkey and Azerbaijani language in Azerbaijan, extends into Iran with Azeri and Khalaj, into Iraq with Turkmen, across Central Asia to include Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, to southern Regions of Tajikistan and into Afghanistan. In the south, the continuum starts in northern Afghanistan, northward to Chuvashia. In the east it extends to the Republic of Tuva, the Xinjiang autonomous region in Western China with the Uyghur language and into Mongolia with Khoton. The entire territory is inhabited by Turkic speaking peoples. There are three varieties of Turkic geographically outside the continuum: Chuvash, Yakut and Dolgan. They have been geographically separated from the other Turkic languages for an extensive period of time, and Chuvash language stands out as the most divergent from other Turkic languages.

There are also Gagauz speakers in Moldavia and Urum speakers in Georgia.

The Turkic continuum makes internal genetic classification of the languages problematic. Chuvash, Khalaj and Yakut are generally classified as significantly distinct, but the remaining Turkic languages are quite similar, with a high degree of mutual intelligibility between not only geographically adjacent varieties but also among some varieties some distance apart. Structurally, the Turkic languages are very close to one another, and they share basic features such as SOV word order, vowel harmony and agglutination.

Indo-Aryan languages
Many of the Indo-Aryan languages of the Indian subcontinent form a dialect continuum. What is called "Hindi" in India is frequently Standard Hindi, the Sanskritized register of the colloquial Hindustani spoken in the Delhi area, the other register being Urdu. However, the term Hindi is also used for the different dialects from Bihar to Rajasthan and, more widely, some of the Eastern and Northern dialects are sometimes grouped under Hindi. The Indo-Aryan Prakrits also gave rise to languages like Gujarati, Assamese, Maithili, Bengali, Odia, Nepali, Marathi, Konkani and Punjabi.

Chinese
Chinese consists of hundreds of mutually unintelligible local varieties. The differences are similar to those within the Romance languages, which are similarly descended from a language spread by imperial expansion over substrate languages 2000 years ago. Unlike Europe, however, Chinese political unity was restored in the late 6th century and has persisted (with interludes of division) until the present day. There are no equivalents of the local standard literary languages that developed in the numerous independent states of Europe.

Chinese dialectologists have divided the local varieties into a number of dialect groups, largely based on phonological developments in comparison with Middle Chinese. Most of these groups are found in the rugged terrain of the southeast, reflecting the greater variation in this area, particularly in Fujian. Each of these groups contains numerous mutually unintelligible varieties. Moreover, in many cases the transitions between groups are smooth, as a result of centuries of interaction and multilingualism.

The boundaries between the northern Mandarin area and the central groups, Wu, Gan and Xiang, are particularly weak, due to the steady flow of northern features into these areas. Transitional varieties between the Wu, Gan and Mandarin groups have been variously classified, with some scholars assigning them to a separate Hui group. The boundaries between Gan, Hakka and Min are similarly indistinct. Pinghua and Yue form a dialect continuum (excluding urban enclaves of Cantonese). There are sharper boundaries resulting from more recent expansion between Hakka and Yue, and between Southwestern Mandarin and Yue, but even here there has been considerable convergence in contact areas.

Cree and Ojibwa
Cree is a group of closely related Algonquian languages that are distributed from Alberta to Labrador in Canada. They form the Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi dialect continuum, with around 117,410 speakers. The languages can be roughly classified into nine groups, from west to east:

 * Plains Cree (y-dialect)
 * Woods Cree or Woods/Rocky Cree (ð-dialect)
 * Swampy Cree (n-dialect)
 * Eastern Swampy Cree
 * Western Swampy Cree
 * Moose Cree (l-dialect)
 * East Cree or James Bay Cree (y-dialect)
 * Northern East Cree
 * Southern East Cree
 * Atikamekw (r-dialect)
 * Western Montagnais (l-dialect)
 * Innu-aimun or Eastern Montagnais (n-dialect)
 * Naskapi (y-dialect)

Various Cree languages are used as languages of instruction and taught as subjects: Plains Cree, Eastern Cree, Montagnais, etc. Mutual intelligibility between some dialects can be low. There is no accepted standard dialect.

Ojibwa (Chippewa) is a group of closely related Algonquian languages in Canada, which is distributed from British Columbia to Quebec, and the United States, distributed from Montana to Michigan, with diaspora communities in Kansas and Oklahoma. With Cree, the Ojibwe dialect continuum forms its own continuum, but the Oji-Cree language of this continuum joins the Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi dialect continuum through Swampy Cree. The Ojibwe continuum has 70,606 speakers. Roughly from northwest to southeast, it has these dialects:

 * Ojibwa-Ottawa
 * Algonquin
 * Oji-Cree (Northern Ojibwa) or Severn
 * Ojibwa
 * Western Ojibwa or Saulteaux
 * Chippewa (Southwestern Ojibwa)
 * Northwestern Ojibwa
 * Central Ojibwa or Nipissing
 * Eastern Ojibwa or Mississauga
 * Ottawa (Southeastern Ojibwa)
 * Potawatomi

Unlike the Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi dialect continuum, with distinct n/y/l/r/ð dialect characteristics and noticeable west–east k/č(ch) axis, the Ojibwe continuum is marked with vowel syncope along the west–east axis and ∅/n along the north–south axis.

title: Dialect continuum


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Programming tool

A programming tool or software development tool is a computer program that software developers use to create, debug, maintain, or otherwise support other programs and applications. The term usually refers to relatively simple programs, that can be combined to accomplish a task, much as one might use multiple hands to fix a physical object. The most basic tools are a source code editor and a compiler or interpreter, which are used ubiquitously and continuously. Other tools are used more or less depending on the language, development methodology, and individual engineer, often used for a discrete task, like a debugger or profiler. Tools may be discrete programs, executed separately – often from the command line – or may be parts of a single large program, called an integrated development environment (IDE). In many cases, particularly for simpler use, simple ad hoc techniques are used instead of a tool, such as print debugging instead of using a debugger, manual timing (of overall program or section of code) instead of a profiler, or tracking bugs in a text file or spreadsheet instead of a bug tracking system.

The distinction between tools and applications is murky. For example, developers use simple databases (such as a file containing a list of important values) all the time as tools. However a full-blown database is usually thought of as an application or software in its own right. For many years, computer-assisted software engineering (CASE) tools were sought. Successful tools have proven elusive. In one sense, CASE tools emphasized design and architecture support, such as for UML. But the most successful of these tools are IDEs.

Translating from human to computer language
Modern computers are very complex and in order to productively program them, various abstractions are needed. For example, rather than writing down a program's binary representation a programmer will write a program in a programming language like C, Java or Python. Programming tools like assemblers, compilers and linkers translate a program from a human write-able and readable source language into the bits and bytes that can be executed by a computer. Interpreters interpret the program on the fly to produce the desired behavior.

These programs perform many well defined and repetitive tasks that would nonetheless be time-consuming and error-prone when performed by a human, like laying out parts of a program in memory and fixing up the references between parts of a program as a linker does. Optimizing compilers on the other hand can perform complex transformations on the source code in order to improve the execution speed or other characteristics of a program. This allows a programmer to focus more on higher level, conceptual aspects of a program without worrying about the details of the machine it is running on.

Making program information available for humans
Because of the high complexity of software, it is not possible to understand most programs at a single glance even for the most experienced software developer. The abstractions provided by high-level programming languages also make it harder to understand the connection between the source code written by a programmer and the actual program's behaviour. In order to find bugs in programs and to prevent creating new bugs when extending a program, a software developer uses some programming tools to visualize all kinds of information about programs.

For example, a debugger allows a programmer to extract information about a running program in terms of the source language used to program it. The debugger can compute the value of a variable in the source program from the state of the concrete machine by using information stored by the compiler. Memory debuggers can directly point out questionable or outright wrong memory accesses of running programs which may otherwise remain undetected and are a common source of program failures.

List of tools
Software tools come in many forms:
 * Binary compatibility analysis tools
 * Bug databases: Comparison of issue tracking systems – Including bug tracking systems
 * Build tools: Build automation, List of build automation software
 * Call graph
 * Code coverage: Code coverage.
 * Code review: List of tools for code review
 * Code sharing sites: Freshmeat, Krugle, SourceForge, GitHub. See also Code search engines.
 * Compilation and linking tools: GNU toolchain, gcc, Microsoft Visual Studio, CodeWarrior, Xcode, ICC
 * Debuggers: Debugger. See also Debugging.
 * Disassemblers: Generally reverse-engineering tools.
 * Documentation generators: Comparison of documentation generators, help2man, Plain Old Documentation, asciidoc
 * Formal methods: Mathematical techniques for specification, development and verification
 * GUI interface generators
 * Library interface generators: SWIG
 * Integration Tools
 * Memory debuggers are frequently used in programming languages (such as C and C++) that allow manual memory management and thus the possibility of memory leaks and other problems. They are also useful to optimize efficiency of memory usage.  Examples: dmalloc, Electric Fence, Insure++, Valgrind
 * Parser generators: Parsing
 * Performance analysis or profiling: List of performance analysis tools
 * Revision control: List of revision control software, Comparison of revision control software
 * Scripting languages: PHP, AWK, Perl, Python, REXX, Ruby, Shell, Tcl
 * Search: grep, find
 * Source code Clones/Duplications Finding: Duplicate code
 * Source code editor
 * Text editors: List of text editors, Comparison of text editors
 * Source code formatting: indent, pretty-printers, beautifiers, minifiers
 * Source code generation tools: Automatic programming
 * Static code analysis: lint, List of tools for static code analysis
 * Unit testing: List of unit testing frameworks

IDEs
Integrated development environments combine the features of many tools into one package. They for example make it easier to do specific tasks, such as searching for content only in files in a particular project. IDEs may for example be used for development of enterprise-level applications.

Different aspects of IDEs for specific programming languages can be found in this comparison of integrated development environments.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Programming tool


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Maurice Jarre

Maurice-Alexis Jarre (13 September 1924 – 28 March 2009)  was a French composer and conductor. Jarre is best known for his film scores, particularly for his collaborations with film director David Lean composing all of his films from 1962 to 1984. Jarre has received numerous accolades including three Academy Awards, three BAFTA Awards, four Golden Globes, and a Grammy Award.

Jarre won three Academy Awards for Best Original Score for the David Lean films Lawrence of Arabia (1962), Doctor Zhivago (1965), and A Passage to India (1984). He was Oscar-nominated for Sundays and Cybèle (1962), The Message (1976), Witness (1985), Gorillas in the Mist (1988), and Ghost (1990). Notable scores also include Eyes Without a Face (1959), The Longest Day (1962), The Train (1964), The Collector (1965), Grand Prix (1966), The Man Who Would Be King (1975), The Year of Living Dangerously (1982), Fatal Attraction (1987), and Dead Poets Society (1989). He worked with such directors as Alfred Hitchcock, Elia Kazan, John Huston, Luchino Visconti, John Frankenheimer, and Peter Weir.

Three of his compositions spent a total of 42 weeks on the UK singles chart; the biggest hit was "Somewhere My Love" (to his tune "Lara's Theme", with lyrics by Paul Francis Webster) performed by the Mike Sammes Singers, which reached Number 14 in 1966 and spent 38 weeks on the chart. He was the father of musician Jean-Michel Jarre and the adopted father of screenwriter Kevin Jarre.

Early life
Jarre was born in Lyon, the son of Gabrielle Renée (née Boullu) and André Jarre, a radio technical director. He first enrolled in the engineering school at the Sorbonne, but decided to pursue music courses instead. He left the Sorbonne against his father's will and enrolled at the Conservatoire de Paris to study composition and harmony and chose percussion as his major instrument. He became director of the Théâtre National Populaire and recorded his first film score in France in 1951.

Film scoring
In 1961, Jarre's music career experienced a major change when American film producer Sam Spiegel asked him to write the score for the 1962 epic Lawrence of Arabia, directed by David Lean. The acclaimed score won Jarre his first Academy Award and he would go on to compose the scores to all of Lean's subsequent films. He followed with The Train (1964) and Grand Prix (1966), both for director John Frankenheimer, and in between had another great success in David Lean's Doctor Zhivago, which included the lyricless tune "Lara's Theme" (later the tune for the song "Somewhere My Love"), and which earned him his second Oscar. He worked with Alfred Hitchcock on Topaz (1969): although Hitchcock's experiences with the film were unhappy, he was satisfied with Jarre's score, telling him, "I have not given you a great film, but you have given me a great score."

Jarre's score for David Lean's Ryan's Daughter (1970), set in Ireland, completely eschews traditional Irish music styles, according to Lean's preferences. The song "It Was a Good Time," from Ryan's Daughter went on to be recorded by musical stars such as Liza Minnelli who used it in her critically acclaimed television special Liza with a Z as well as by others during the 1970s. He contributed the music for Luchino Visconti's The Damned (1969), and John Huston's The Man Who Would Be King (1975).

He was again nominated for an Academy Award for scoring The Message in 1976, for the director and producer Moustapha Akkad. He followed with Witness (1985) and Dead Poets Society (1989), for which he won a British Academy Award.

In the 1970s and 1980s, Jarre turned his hand to science fiction, with scores for The Island at the Top of the World (1974), Dreamscape (1984), Enemy Mine (1985), and Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome (1985). The latter is written for full orchestra, augmented by a chorus, four grand pianos, a pipe organ, digeridoo, fujara, a battery of exotic percussion, and three ondes Martenot, which feature in several of Jarre's other scores, including Lawrence of Arabia, Jesus of Nazareth, The Bride and Prancer. The balalaika features prominently in Jarre's score for Doctor Zhivago.

In 1990, Jarre was again nominated for an Academy Award scoring the supernatural love story/thriller Ghost. His music for the final scene of the film is based on "Unchained Melody" composed by fellow film composer Alex North. Other films for which he provided the music include A Walk in the Clouds (1995), for which he wrote the score and all of the songs, including the romantic "Mariachi Serenade". Also to his credit is the passionate love theme from Fatal Attraction (1987), and the moody electronic soundscapes of After Dark, My Sweet (1990). He was well respected by other composers including John Williams, who stated, on Jarre's death, "(He) is to be well remembered for his lasting contribution to film music ... we all have been enriched by his legacy."

Jarre's television work includes the theme for the short-lived 1967 Western series on CBS, Cimarron Strip, his score for the miniseries Jesus of Nazareth (1977), directed by Franco Zeffirelli, Shōgun (1980), and the theme for PBS's Great Performances.

Jarre scored his last project in 2001, a television mini-series about the Holocaust titled Uprising.

He was "one of the giants of 20th-century film music" who was "among the most sought-after composers in the movie industry" and "a creator of both subtle underscoring and grand, sweeping themes, not only writing for conventional orchestras ... but also experimenting with electronic sounds later in his career".

Style and artistry
Jarre wrote mainly for orchestras, but began to favour synthesized music in the 1980s. Jarre pointed out that his electronic score for Witness was actually more laborious, time-consuming and expensive to produce than an orchestral score. Jarre's electronic scores from the 1980s also include Fatal Attraction, The Year of Living Dangerously, Firefox and No Way Out. A number of his scores from that era also feature electronic / acoustic blends, such as Gorillas in the Mist, Dead Poets Society, The Mosquito Coast and Jacob's Ladder.

Marriages and family
Jarre was married four times, the first three marriages ending in divorce. In the 1940s, his marriage to Francette Pejot, a French Resistance member and concentration camp survivor, produced a son, Jean-Michel Jarre, a French composer, performer, and music producer, who is one of the pioneers in electronic music. When Jean-Michel was five years old, Maurice split up with his wife and moved to the United States, leaving Jean-Michel with his mother in France.

In 1965, Jarre married French actress Dany Saval; together they had a daughter, Stephanie Jarre. He next married American actress Laura Devon (1967–1984), resulting in his adopting her son, Kevin Jarre, a screenwriter, with credits on such films as Tombstone and Glory (1989). From 1984 to his death, he was married to Fong F. Khong.

Death
Maurice Jarre died of cancer on 28 March 2009 in Los Angeles.

Awards and nominations
Jarre received three Academy Awards and received a total of nine nominations, eight for Best Original Score and one for Best Original Song. He also won four Golden Globes and was nominated for ten. The American Film Institute ranked Jarre's score for Lawrence of Arabia #3 on their list of the greatest film scores. His scores for the following films were also nominated for the lis: Doctor Zhivago (1965), A Passage to India (1984), and Ryan's Daughter (1970). Numerous additional awards include ASCAP's Lifetime Achievement Award in 1993. He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

title: Maurice Jarre


text:
Splint

Splint or splints may refer to:

 * Splint (laboratory equipment), a small wooden tinderstick used in laboratories
 * Splint (medicine), a device immobilizing part of the body
 * Splint (programming tool), for analyzing software
 * Splint basketry
 * Splints, a horse ailment
 * Shin splints, a condition that mainly affects athletes
 * Mandibular advancement splint, a medical device worn in the mouth used to treat sleep-related breathing disorders

title: Splint


text:
The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia

The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia, originally titled The Prince of Abissinia: A Tale, though often abbreviated to Rasselas, is an apologue about bliss and ignorance by Samuel Johnson. The book's original working title was "The Choice of Life". The book was first published in April 1759 in England. Early readers considered Rasselas to be a work of philosophical and practical importance and critics often remark on the difficulty of classifying it as a novel.

Origin and influences
At the age of fifty, Johnson wrote the piece in only one week to help pay the costs of his mother's funeral, intending to complete it on 22 January 1759 (the eve of his mother's death). Johnson is believed to have received a total of £75 for the copyright. Though this is still popular belief, Wharton and Mayerson's book, "Samuel Johnson and the Theme of Hope," explains how James Boswell, the author of Johnson's biography, was "entirely wrong in supposing that Rasselas was written soon after his mother's death". It wasn't a way of "defraying" the expenses of the funeral. In fact, Johnson wrote Rasselas instead of going to see his mother while she was still alive. It was written in anticipation of her funeral. Edward Tomarken writes in his book, Johnson, Rasselas, and the Choice of Criticism, that this belief was not questioned until 1927 as “...the tradition of the gloomy, funereal tone of the choice of life motif in Rasselas remained unopposed: the question of whether or not the genesis of Rasselas involved a literal funeral was not considered important. Moreover, the assumption of a gloomy genesis served to keep religion in the background, for any theological difficulty could be attributed to the fact that the author was mourning the death of his mother".

Following in the footsteps of Voltaire's Zadig and Montesquieu's Persian Letters, Johnson was influenced by the vogue for exotic locations including Ethiopia. He had translated A Voyage to Abyssinia by Jerónimo Lobo in 1735 and used it as the basis for his "philosophical romance". Ten years before he wrote Rasselas he published The Vanity of Human Wishes in which he describes the inevitable defeat of worldly ambition.

Although many have argued that the book Rasselas had nothing to do with Abyssinia, and that Samuel Johnson chose Abyssinia as a locale for no other reason than wanting to write an anti-orientalist fantasy, some have begun to argue that the book has a deep tie to Ethiopian thought due to Johnson's translation of A Voyage to Abyssinia and his lifelong interest in its Christianity. Other scholars have argued that Johnson was influenced, at least in part, by other texts, including works by Herodotus and Paradise Lost.

According to Wendy L. Belcher, when Johnson sent his manuscript to the publisher he titled the work "The History of – - – - Prince of Abissinia," which suggests that he had still not decided on the name of his protagonist. It is Belcher's argument that "Johnson coined the name 'Rasselas' for its symbolic meaning, not its phonetic relation to the Catholic prince Ras Sela Christos. Since ras means 'prince' and sela means 'portrait', Johnson may have invented the term 'portrait of a prince' as an evocative name for his main character."

Content
Rasselas, the fourth son of the King of Abyssinia (modern-day Ethiopia), is shut up in a beautiful valley called The Happy Valley, "till the order of succession should call him to the throne". Rasselas enlists the help of an artist who is also known as an engineer to help with his escape from the Valley by plunging out through the air, though they are unsuccessful in this attempt. Rasselas grows weary of the factitious entertainments of the place and, after much brooding, escapes with his sister Nekayah, her attendant Pekuah and his poet-friend Imlac by digging under the wall of the valley. They are to see the world and search for happiness in places such as Cairo and Suez. After a sojourn in Egypt, where they encounter various classes of society and undergo a few adventures, they perceive the futility of their search and return to Abyssinia after none of their hopes for happiness are achieved.

The story is primarily episodic. According to Borges, "Johnson wrote this book in such a slow, musical style ... in which all the sentences are perfectly balanced. There is not a single sentence that ends abruptly, and we find a monotonous, but very agile, music, and this is what Johnson wrote while he was thinking about the death of his mother, whom he loved so much".

Character list

 * Rasselas – son of the King of Abyssinia
 * Imlac – a philosopher, son of a merchant, who has come to the Happy Valley only to find that life there is empty
 * Nekayah – sister and travelling companion of Rasselas
 * Pekuah – Nekayah's attendant
 * The Hermit- One of the first men Rasselas meets on his journey. Discourages him from a life of solitude.
 * The Master - One of Rasselas’s teachers, he learns of Rasselas’s discontent and tries to encourage him to be content in the valley of Happiness.
 * The Bassa - The highest title of honour in the Ottoman Empire. The Bassa does little to help his subjects.
 * The Engineer - Rasselas is intrigued by this man's mechanical understanding and observes his attempt to create a flying contraption. However, he ultimately fails.
 * The Astronomer - A learned man that lives in solitude. He confesses to Imlac that he believes he can control the weather. Later he comes back to his sense after a visit of Pekuah and Nekayah.

Critical interpretations
Irvin Ehrenpreis sees an aged Johnson reflecting on lost youth in the character of Rasselas, who is exiled from Happy Valley. Rasselas has also been viewed as a reflection of Johnson's melancholia projected on to the wider world, particularly at the time of his mother's death. And some have interpreted the work as an expression of Johnson's Christian beliefs, arguing that the work expresses the impossibility of finding happiness in life on earth, and asks the reader to look to God for ultimate satisfaction. Hester Piozzi saw in part Johnson in the character of Imlac, who is rejected in his courtship by a class-conscious social superior. Thomas Keymer sees beyond the conventional roman à clef interpretations to call it a work that reflects the wider geo-political world in the year of publication (1759): the year in which "Britain became master of the world". Rasselas is seen to express hostility to the rising imperialism of his day and to reject stereotypical "orientalist" viewpoints that justified colonialism. Johnson himself was regarded as a prophet who opposed imperialism, who described the Anglo-French dispute for rule in North America as a dispute between two thieves over the proceeds of a robbery.

Orientalist interpretations
According to academic Abdulhafeth Ali Khrisat, Johnson follows a tradition of “academic studies of orientalism in the 18th century… west of the oriental studies which mainly focused on the Turkish language, culture, institutions and Islam.” This tradition of study shows up in Rasselas through the use of Imlac, who has traveled to the West and seen its advancements. This led to philosophical comparison between the West and the East in the story. Through this, Johnson implies that the West is superior to the East, using Imlac as a mouthpiece. This negative portrayal of the East is done in the beginning of the story with the description of the Happy Valley. This description details how this place is meant to be a paradise or utopia, but also alluded to the idea of a prison. This setting, coupled with the western idea of happiness seen in Rasselas, brings out a portrayal of Arab and Muslim culture as being oppressive. According to Khrisat, this is a result of Johnson’s portrayal of the east using European ideas.

Comparison to Candide
While the story is thematically similar to Candide by Voltaire, also published early in 1759 – both concern young men travelling in the company of honoured teachers, encountering and examining human suffering in an attempt to determine the root of happiness – their root concerns are distinctly different. Voltaire was very directly satirising the widely read philosophical work by Gottfried Leibniz, particularly the Théodicée, in which Leibniz asserts that the world, no matter how we may perceive it, is necessarily the "best of all possible worlds". In contrast the question Rasselas confronts most directly is whether or not humanity is essentially capable of attaining happiness. Rasselas questions his choices in life and what new choices to make in order to achieve this happiness. Writing as a devout Christian, Johnson makes through his characters no blanket attacks on the viability of a religious response to this question, as Voltaire does, and while the story is in places light and humorous, it is not a piece of satire, as is Candide.

Borges thought Candide "a much more brilliant book" than Rasselas, yet the latter was more convincing in its rejection of human happiness:

Legacy
Johnson was a staunch opponent of slavery, revered by abolitionists, and Rasselas became a name adopted by emancipated slaves.

Editions
The first American edition was published in 1768. The title page of this edition carried a quotation, inserted by the publisher Robert Bell from La Rochefoucauld: "The labour or Exercise of the Body, freeth Man from the Pains of the Mind; and this constitutes the Happiness of the Poor".

It was used by Philip Rusher in 1804 as the text of choice for the first use of his unsuccessful, paper-saving Patent Type with no descenders.

A quarto illustrated edition was published in 1805 by William Miller with engravings by Abraham Raimbach (after pictures by Robert Smirke).

Continuations
Rasselas was a jumping-off point for at least two continuations by other authors:
 * Dinarbas (1790) by Cornelia Knight.
 * The Second Part of the History of Rasselas (1835) by Elizabeth Pope Whately, wife of Richard Whately.

Radio adaptation
A radio adaptation of Rasselas by Jonathan Holloway was broadcast by BBC Radio 4 on 24 May 2015, with Ashley Zhangazha as Rasselas, Jeff Rawle as Samuel Johnson and Lucian Msamati as the poet Imlac. Cynthia Erivo made her BBC radio drama debut as Princess Nekayah. The drama was recorded at Dr Johnson's House, 17 Gough Square, in the City of London, where he wrote Rasselas in 1759. Sound design was by David Chilton, and the drama was introduced by Celine Luppo McDaid, Curator of Dr Johnson's House. It was produced and directed by Amber Barnfather.

Cast

 * Samuel Johnson – Jeff Rawle
 * Arthur Murphy – Kevin Trainor
 * Housekeeper / Pekuah – Adjoa Andoh
 * Princess Nekayah – Cynthia Erivo
 * Prince Rasselas – Ashley Zhangazha
 * Imlac – Lucian Msamati
 * Aeronaut – Richard Cordery
 * AJ – Gabriel Mokaké
 * Ahmed – Amir El-Masry
 * Mohammed / Intelligence Man – Zubin Varla

Cultural allusions
Rasselas is mentioned numerous times in later notable literature:
 * Mansfield Park (1814) by Jane Austen – Fanny Price refers to Dr. Johnson's celebrated judgment when she is comparing Mansfield Park and Portsmouth.
 * Jane Eyre (1847) by Charlotte Brontë – Helen Burns reads it.
 * Cranford (1851) by Elizabeth Gaskell – Captain Brown (who is reading The Pickwick Papers) denigrates Rasselas, thus offending Miss Jenkyns (who is a great admirer of Johnson).
 * The House of the Seven Gables (1851) by Nathaniel Hawthorne – Rasselas is read by Hepzibah Pyncheon.
 * The Mill on the Floss (1860) by George Eliot – Maggie reads it.
 * Little Women (1868) by Louisa May Alcott – the book is dropped on the floor by Jo March as she talks to Mr Laurence about his Grandson Laurie's prank.
 * Middlemarch (1871) by George Eliot – the book is enjoyed by Lydgate as a child, along with Gulliver's Travels, the dictionary, and the Bible.
 * Rasselas was read by explorer Henry Stanley when he was a young man recently released from a Victorian workhouse, working as a school teacher in Wales. This is recorded in Tim Jeal's biography Stanley – The Impossible Life of Africa's Greatest Explorer.
 * The Mountains of Rasselas by Thomas Pakenham – The title of Pakhenham's account of exploring Ethiopia to find the original royal mountaintop royal prisons alludes to Johnson's work. Pakenham explicitly mentions Johnson's work in this book.
 * Sirak Heruy, son of Ethiopian intellectual Heruy Welde Sellase, translated Rasselas into Amharic, one of the major languages of Ethiopia. (Published in 1946/47.)
 * C.S. Lewis mentions Rasselas in a footnote to the second of his Riddell Memorial lectures on values and natural law, later published as The Abolition of Man: "Let us hope that Rasselas, chap. 22, gives the right picture of what [Dr. C. H. Waddington's] philosophy amounts to in action. ('The philosopher, supposing the rest vanquished, rose up and departed with the air of a man that had co-operated with the present system.')" – Retrieved from The Columbia University Augustine Club.
 * Rasselas is mentioned significantly in two of Ursula Dubosarsky's novels – Zizzy Zing and Abyssinia.
 * In The Book of Sequels by Henry Beard, Christopher Cerf, Sarah Durkee and Sean Kelly, "Wrassle-Ass" appears in a section called "Adult Sequels".
 * The description of the Happy Valley is very similar to the poem "Kubla Khan" written by Samuel Taylor Coleridge about forty years later, in 1797, though not published until 1816.
 * "Rasselas was too happy and went out to seek unhappiness." Line in Morning Mist, a short story by Japanese author Tatsuo Nagai (translated by Edward Seidensticker in ISBN 978-0804812269).
 * Emily Dickinson names a bird Mr. Rasselas in a letter to Mary Bowles dated 10 December 1859 (L212).

Locations
The community of Rasselas, Pennsylvania, located in Elk County, was named after Rasselas Wilcox Brown, whose father, Isaac Brown Jr., was fond of Johnson's story.

A Vale (or Valley) named after Rasselas is located in Tasmania within the Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park Latitude (DMS): 42° 34' 60 S Longitude (DMS): 146° 19' 60 E.


text:
User talk:FredR

DYK
Howdy there Fred. Kindly nominated by Daniel. Do feel to self nom in future  Blnguyen  ( bananabucket ) 02:26, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

Mae Day
Thanks for the detailed proof that Mae West was born in 1893! As a West fan, I'm tired of both the insistence she was born in 1892 and the idiotic gossip she was born several years before that!! One of these days somebody is going to claim she was 60 when she made her first film. (206.124.207.102 18 Feb 2006)

More Joan Crawford
Thank you for tidying up some of the areas in the Joan Crawford page that I missed. It all looks great. I wonder how long before someone changes it. regards Rossrs 11:04, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

Joan Crawford's age
Is she 100? Hi Fred,

I'm interested in the murky issue of Joan Crawford's date of birth, and notice that you've recently changed it to 1906. On what basis do you make that change? I'm just interested to know if you might have found something useful in that regard.

It's an odd situation and various sources have different dates.

 * The book Joan Crawford: The Last Word by Fred Lawrence Guiles ISBN 1857932684 gives 1905 based on his "research" though he doesn't define what his "research" was.
 * gives 1904.
 * Genealogy Mag article assumes birth date to be 1905 based on young Lucille LeSueur being aged 5 in a 1910 census.
 * Same article as above quotes Charles Kidd, in Debrett Goes to Hollywood, saying Lucille was probably born in 1904.
 * Standard Times online quotes author Karen Swenson, who is researching for a Joan Crawford biography, as saying she believes Crawford was born in 1904 based on the timing of Crawford's birth in relation to other events which can be somewhat more easily verified. (Also states San Angelo as a more likely place of birth than San Antonio).
 * Carl Johnes who knew Crawford and wrote about her after her death says that San Antonio did not keep birth records until 1908 - Crawford chose 1908 as her official year of birth simply because it was the earliest birth she could claim based on the fact that birth records did not exist. He says he date of birth could be anywhere between 1904 and 1908 depending on who you believe.

I find it all interesting and a bit of a mystery - not a solveable one probably - and now 1906 is thrown into the mix, so I'm just curious. I'll put this in the Joan Crawford talk page also in case anyone else can shed some light.

Perhaps the article should not attempt to provide a definitive birth date, but perhaps say c. 190- (whatever shows to be the most substantiated date) with perhaps a sentence or two about the doubt about the date. What do you think?

regards Rossrs 09:46, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Promoted to glory
Using this phrase for death is a clear breach of Wikipedia's neutrality policy so I have removed it. The articles should be written in neutral language for everyone, not specially phrased to suit the preferences of a particular group. If you feel it is essential to mention this concept in each article I suppose it would be acceptable to write "X died at the age of XX. (within the Salvation Army the death of a Salvationist is known as being Promoted to Glory. ). 82.35.34.11 22:14, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

Interested in an L.A.-area Wiki meetup?
It appears as though L.A. has never had a Wiki meetup. Would you be interested in attending such an event? If so, checkout User:Eric Shalov/Wikimeetup.

- Eric 06:23, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Summaries
When editing articles, please fill out the summary. Especially if you delete information, you should explain why. Even if it's just "copyedit" or "sort categories".......something. Thanks. Cburnett 17:14, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)

Revert Beverly Hillbilies
Hello, why did you revert my additions to The Beverly Hillbillies? --Bubba73 02:52, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)

La Tierney
Good work on Gene Tierney -- what a wonderful actress! By chance I watched several of her films recently. Laura of course, and Night and the City, but I particularly liked her in Where the Sidewalk Ends. Cheers, -- Viajero | Talk 17:35, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

Riverboat pix
On 'my browser the Riverboat article edit that I "reverted" (to your consternation, actually these were resized smaller) shows all images neatly to the right in a vertical stack. It sounds like this is not the case with your browser, as you indicate the images are bunched at the top. I use Safari on the Mac and have no problem with a number of other browsers. If this is not working correctly for you this might indicate a Wiki problem. Answer here, I will watch, or post this and your answer to my page. Best wishes, Leonard G. 04:57, 17 May 2005 (UTC)

Could you provide me with a 4:1 reduced jpeg of a screen shot of the layout you see? Also, the browser and OS. You may e-mail this as an attachment to my e-mail address which I will send to you via the user contact e-mail (WP does not allow attachments). I will send you what I see. This sounds like a serious problem. To get the page use the article history or to select edit of 06:53, 16 May 2005 or use the link.

Mary Astor
Hello Fred, I just wanted to congratulate on the fine job you've done on the Mary Astor article. I started it quite a while ago, and I'm delighted to see what a strong and comprehensive article it has become. I think it has the makings of a Featured Article - well done!! Rossrs 10:03, 11 May 2005 (UTC)

Westcliff?
Hi Fred- I'm guessing by your edits that you also live in Westcliff-on-Sea? Well so do I, not far from Hamlet Court Road... anyway, just thought I'd say hello to a fellow Westcliffian... I do the website for the allotments in Westcliff BTW, wlcs maybe we've met? Do you drink in the Hamlet Court or Spread Eagle?? cheers quercus robur 02:15, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 1000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Spelling out IMDb/IBDB
Hi -- regarding the external links in Jayne Mansfield ("IMDb" vs. "Internet Movie Database"/"IBDB" vs. "Internet Broadway Database"), I think it's more helpful to users if they can immediately tell from a link where it leads. If a user doesn't know what "IMDb" or "IBDB" mean, they are unlikely to follow the links just to find out. Tregoweth 22:04, Aug 19, 2004 (UTC)

Section headings
I note that you have been changing headings in various places to capitalize each word, as in "Section Heading". This is contrary to Manual of Style {headings). I haven't taken the time to search out every place where you have made such changes, but it would be nice if you would not do this, so that we can maintain a reasonably consistent style. --Michael Snow 20:03, 21 May 2004 (UTC)

Weissmuller
Hi Fred, I added some notes on the Talk page of the Johnny Weissmuller article, regarding your and my recent edits. Please have look, Jeronimo 06:50, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

Welcome
Hello "FredR" and welcome to Wikipedia. A few tips for you:

 * Peruse Welcome, newcomers and associated pages.
 * You can experiment in the Sandbox.
 * Sign talk page entries with ~, which is automatically converted to a name and date.
 * Ask questions on Village pump.
 * Happy wiki'ing, -- Infrogmation 04:49, 18 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Ramona
Hi, I probably should have notified you some time ago, but I've nominated an article you started, Ramona for good article status. The GA review is taking place now and if you're interested in helping out, come on down to Talk:Ramona. Thanks.  howcheng  {chat} 16:12, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

Page moves
When you want to move a page, please follow the guidelines at WP:MOVE. "Cut and paste" moves leave the editing history behind. Also, it's important to check for double redirects after a page move. Anyway, you're doing great otherwise, thanks for contributing. ·:· Will Beback ·:· 19:20, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

Request for References
I noticed that you just added a lot of information to the Jaclyn Reding article and was wondering where you got it. The information that you added really needs to be cited, especially because the information has been removed before. e.g. the name "Jaclyn Adamowicz" has been removed due to lack of references. So if you could add some links, the book that you got it from, or an interview you got it from that would be great, thanks. --ImmortalGoddezz 16:36, 3 September 2007 (UTC)
 * It doesn't really matter if you can attest to it or not, but it needs to be referenced in the article. Romancewiki is not a reliable source and when googling "Jacyln Adamowicz" only 4 unique results turn up; one of which is romance wiki, two spanish sites where the information has been taken from wikipedia and one is another foreign language site of which I am not familiar. Which is why I am concerned about where the information has come from. Citing sources is a good place to start when citing sources, templates can be found here Citation templates. Information on what is verifiable and what is a reliable source can be found at each link. I would also recommend that you take a look at the policy on no original research, this is one of the reasons why citation is so important so if you can please add your citations to the article it would be appreciated. Thank you. --ImmortalGoddezz 19:40, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

Where footnotes go
If you're working on an existing article that consistently uses the convention that footnotes go immediately after punctuation with no intervening spaces — such as Hugh E. Rodham did before your changes — please do not change the convention, and please do not change some of the footnotes to go before the punctuation, or to have added intervening spaces. It just degrades the appearance and consistency of the article, to no useful end. Thanks. Wasted Time R (talk) 03:19, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

Jaclyn Reding
I noticed that you reinstated information on the author, Jaclyn Reding that had been removed. I have reverted your edit because none of the information can be verified by a reliable source, and seems to be original research. As the original research policy states 'Facts must be backed by citations to reliable sources that contain these facts' Ancestry.com is of dubious reliability and your use of USsearch is original research. Added to those two things I cannot find any reliable source that says that Jacyln Reding has gone by the name Jaclyn Adamowicz. The ancestry of Reding needs to be published in a reliable secondary source before the information is added back to the article. I hope this makes sense and helps you with future editing. --ImmortalGoddezz 20:24, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

Edit summaries
Hi FredR, I have noted that your contributions recently to the Anna May Wong article have introduced new elements which have been beneficial. The one comment that I would like to make is that major changes should appear on the talk page, either before, during or after the revision (most useful is before, of course) and that any edit should be accompanied by an edit summary, regardless of how brief. I have copywrited "tweak" as my very quick note, but I can lease it to you for a nominal fee. Jest kiddin' as I know you are an experienced writer and editor, but edit comments and talk discussion are essential for other editors to see the direction you are going. FWiW Bzuk (talk) 12:36, 12 April 2008 (UTC).

Anna May Wong
FWiW Bzuk (talk) 22:21, 21 April 2008 (UTC).

Cut and paste move
Please don't move articles by copying and pasting them to a new location, as you did with Down and out (disambiguation). Cut and paste moves are problematic because they split the page history which is needed for attribution and various other purposes. Please only use the "Move" tab to move a page, and if a page exists at the desired target location, follow the instructions at WP:RM to file a move request. --Muchness (talk) 18:59, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

Jane Grey (disambiguation)
Hello. This page has been nominated for deletion. Please see WP:PROD and the article to see if you wish to dispute this. Thanks, Boleyn (talk) 21:31, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

Ranchos of California
FredR, I see that you have figured out that the 2 lists of Mexican Era Ranchos on the Ranchos of California page are obsolete (and should be deleted) and are replaced by List of Ranchos of California (the list of Spanish Era Ranchos should probably stay). On Lists of Mexican Era Ranchos, I have had complaints that it loads too slowly - because it is so big. To keep the size down, I am trying to keep detailed information out of the list (and instead put it in the individual rancho articles). I took out a lot of place names in the'location' column, just leaving a 'representative' city rather than being comprehensive (also added a Coord). Thanks for the fixes.(PS Sorry about being on the bottom of your talk page - just following the recent concensus)Emargie (talk) 20:57, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

GA reassessment of Ramona
I have conducted a reassessment of this article as part of the GA Sweeps process and have de-listed it as there are a number of issues which need attention. Details may be found at Talk:Ramona/GA1. Thanks. Jezhotwells (talk) 23:17, 22 June 2009 (UTC)

This could end badly...
No prizes for guessing the bot's Rich Farnborough's next edit -- Gurch (talk) 15:35, 17 September 2009 (UTC)

Lifetime
I noticed when editing you recently added the template Lifetime to an article, replacing DEFAULTSORT or categories in the process. While the template Lifetime is a useful short-cut when setting up biographies it is not generally considered wise to replace existing categories or DEFAULTSORT for a number of reasons. The chief amongst them are that the template hides information from editors and automatic processes or requires additional knowledge to understand. This is only a minor point, many thanks for your contributions to Wikipedia, please keep it up!

 * Regards, Magioladitis (talk)

Playmates of 1973
Hi. I was just wondering if you could tell me why you made this edit. Thanks, Dismas |(talk) 17:13, 2 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Her name is in bold because she was Playmate of the Year. If you go through the other years, you'll see that the rest of them are that way as well.  Do you think that maybe that should somehow be pointed out more clearly in the template?  Dismas |(talk) 06:30, 3 January 2010 (UTC)

Articles for deletion nomination of John Harvey (actor)
I have nominated John Harvey (actor), an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/John Harvey (actor). Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. Clarityfiend (talk) 06:06, 6 January 2010 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello FredR! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 17:28, 17 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Rona Barrett -

Lee Moran and Russell Bassett
Hello. I reverted your reverts to both Lee Moran and Russell Bassett because, again, you added various content that is no longer used. We no longer add image.svg files to articles as they are deprecated. If an image is needed, it is documented on the talk page using the Wikiproject biography template. We also no longer link dates (including years) per WP:MOSDATE. Further, the usage of U.S. instead of USA is acceptable per WP:MOSABBR, as is the usage of city/state templates as they prevent overlinking (see discussion regarding that here. Thank you.  Pinkadelica ♣  21:37, 13 April 2010 (UTC)

Nomination of Maternity (play) for deletion
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Victor Buono in Backstairs at the White House
He didn't give any eulogy to his late wife. Mrs. Taft survived him by other a decade.

You have gotten Robert Vaughn(Woodrow Wilson who was widowed) and Victor Buono confused. I'll make no further comment- William 00:21, 15 April 2011 (UTC)

List of fictional characters ... pending deletion
Hello,

You may be interested in the discussion regarding deleting a list article regarding fictional Carpenters. You have in the past created a List of surname Howell. I created a list of real and fictional Carpenter because other editors/admins told me to do so from the Carpenter surname page. Now others want to delete it. I was happy with the way it was and would be happy to merge the fictional Carpenters with the list of surname Carpenters. Any input, pro or con would be welcome.

See: List_of_fictional_characters_with_surname_Carpenter

Jrcrin001 (talk) 23:01, 18 October 2011 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Eddy Refining Company

The article Eddy Refining Company has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * No indication of notability, no website found, no web coverage found

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Non-free rationale for File:J.FrankDalton.jpg
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Mary Miles Minter
I have reverted this revert of yours because you it seems you just blindly reverting me for the sake it. I did not remove large amounts of text or make any other changes that calls for a complete and total revert. Further, your edit reinstated a few stylistic changes that we don't do in articles. We do not use USA in infoboxes - it's either U.S. or US - per MOS:ACRO. If you have a problem with a user's edit, the collegial thing to do is either approach them or take your concerns to the article talk page. Your edit summary didn't even explain what you took issue with. Care to share?  Pinkadelica ♣  09:38, 20 November 2012 (UTC)

File source problem with File:GlaumFamilyPortrait.LouiseAsBabyOnDadsLap.jpg
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July 2013
Hello, I'm BracketBot. I have automatically detected that [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=563642050 your edit] to Eugenia Smith may have broken the syntax by modifying 1 "[]"s. If you have, don't worry, just [ edit the page] again to fix it. If I misunderstood what happened, or if you have any questions, you can leave a message on [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=edit&preload=User:A930913/BBpreload&editintro=User:A930913/BBeditintro&minor=&title=User_talk:A930913&preloadtitle=BracketBot%20-%20&section=new my operator's talk page].
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File source problem with File:J.FrankDalton.jpg
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Proposed deletion of Thames Estuary Yacht Club

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title: User talk:FredR


text:
Arise, O Compatriots

Arise, O Compatriots was the second national anthem of Nigeria, used from 1 October 1978 until 2024 after Nigeria, We Hail Thee was relinquished. On 29 May 2024, "Arise, O Compatriots" was officially relinquished followed by the readoption of the 1st national anthem, "Nigeria, We Hail Thee" used from 1960 until 1978

History
The anthem was adopted in 1978 and replaced the previous national anthem, "Nigeria, We Hail Thee".

The lyrics are a combination of words and phrases taken from five of the best entries in a national contest. The words were put to music by the Nigerian Police Band under the directorship of Benedict P. Odiase (1934–2013). The Nigerian national anthem lyrics were created by five people: P. O. Aderibigbe, John A. Ilechukwu, Dr. Sota Omoigui, Eme Etim Akpan and B.A. Ogunnaike.

On 29 May 2024, "Arise, O Compatriots" was officially relinquished following a bill passed by the National Assembly and subsequently signed into law by president Bola Tinubu. It was replaced by "Nigeria, We Hail Thee", Nigeria’s first national anthem.

Lyrics
Although the anthem has two verses, usually only the first is sung. On some occasions, the second verse is recited as "The National Prayer".

National Pledge
The Nigerian pledge of allegiance is recited immediately after the playing of the Nigerian national anthem. It was written by Felicia Adebola Adeyoyin in 1976.

title: Arise, O Compatriots


text:
User talk:Gonk

Talk Archives 1

World Series Edit?
It's a bit late, but this is in regards to your edit of mine on the World Series. A casual viewer won't know what a wild card team is, but they WILL know what the "Curse of the Bambino" is? I feel that the first Wild Card team to win is a fairly important highlight, since a majority of teams in recent years to win the Series have been wildcard's. Gonk 00:08, 19 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Maybe "they won't know what it is" isn't making my point well. The point I was trying to make was that no one would care.  It's just not that interesting.  I'm a baseball afficionado and I don't even find it that interesting.  The Curse of the Bambino makes an interesting story - heck, they even made a movie based around the 2004 Red Sox.  My intention with that one section was to hit the absolute highest highlights of the World Series - series that will be recalled for years and years to come - and I don't think the 1997 Marlins qualify.

 * The list itself in that section isn't entirely in line with Wikipedia standards of being based on secondary sources - it's just a list I chose myself. So I can't fight anyone very hard if they try to throw in the less-than-riveting 1935 World Series but at least the article seems better than the huge gangly mess it used to be. —Wknight94 (talk) 00:34, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:Ucf ba.jpg
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Unspecified source for Image:Ucf-knightro.jpg
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Orphaned fair use image (Image:Si-cover dwyane wade 2006.jpg)
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Orphaned non-free media (Image:Floridamarlins.gif)
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Image source problem with Image:Ron uniform.jpg
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Hey Gonk-- So that the above image isn't deleted, just change the upload notice to read that it's a publicity photo clearly meant for release by his campaign-- it appears both on his presidential and congressional sites.--Gloriamarie 16:18, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free media (Image:Fsu shield.png)
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Invite
Jccort (talk) 20:01, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

TU seal
Hola! I don't have any real beef, but I did want to address your edit summary for this edit. There are two issues with the logic: 1) "other stuff exists" is generally an "argument to avoid", and 2) Neither the Harvard nor the Yale articles have been through any sort of peer review process, never mind GA or FA review, so their quality is not worthy of such a standard. If you're looking for some sort of "precedent" then check out the example FAs listed at WP:UNI, but it's still best to avoid the "see such-and-such an article" rationale. Actually, the only reason the b & w seal was smaller than you desired was because it showed up as more nasty-looking when it was made larger. The colour version is nice; we tried that before but ran into some opposition, and the b & w version was the only decent version we could find from an official source. Anyway, take care! --inquietudeofcharacter (talk) 04:12, 16 August 2009 (UTC)
 * What needs to be done here is a picture for each of the individual Tulane schools in place of where the logos/seals have been. First each school used the logo, then it switched to the seal, and now many of the Tulane schools are sharing the same photo of Gibson Hall in their infoboxes.  Perhaps the biggest shame is the lack of a photo for the Freeman School of Business, considering that it has such a nice building (even a photo of the artwork or ticker symbol on the inside would be nice).  Unfortunately, it seems like none of the Tulane/Nola Wikipedia editors owns a camera, until now apparently.  Welcome aboard.  If you have any additional photos for the infoboxes, or additional Tulane or New Orleans photos in general, please share.  Dated photos showing progress to McAlister Drive, New Orleans might also be of interest.  Some of the remaining Audubon Park pictures desperately need to be replaced, and an entry for Exposition Boulevard (with pictures) awaits (see List of streets of New Orleans).  Audubon70118a (talk) 22:48, 29 August 2009 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image (File:Tulane formal seal.jpg)
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TU photos
Thank you for updating the Tulane and Audubon Park pages. 129.81.164.165 (talk) 22:27, 29 August 2009 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Greg Reid
A tag has been placed on Greg Reid requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for biographies. You may also wish to consider using a Wizard to help you create articles - see the Article Wizard.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you.  ttonyb (talk) 02:49, 20 September 2009 (UTC)

Le Pavillion
You seem to have created the Le Pavillon Hotel almost entirely with text yoinked from the hotel website history section. Um. DON'T DO THAT. See Copyrights. This is serious stuff that violates the basic principles of Wikipedia as free content original work. I've removed the text from the article. I could have just as easily deleted the whole thing as copyright violation. Copyright violations can result in your account being blocked. If you've done something similar with any other articles, please remove any non-original non-free licensed text promptly. If I can be of help, ask. Thanks for your p;rompt attention. Infrogmation (talk) 18:15, 11 October 2009 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Greg Reid

The article Greg Reid has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Fails WP:ATHLETE.

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File:Renoir Seamstress.jpg
Hi. Re File:Renoir Seamstress.jpg, I don't thing Renoir did any paintings in 2009 :-) Info corrected. If you think it's worth uploading, please take the time to get the description accurate (Date already listed at source ) Thanks. Cheers, Infrogmation (talk) 19:42, 5 February 2010 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Gonk