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Shinji Ikari

Shinji Ikari (碇 シンジ) is a fictional character from the Neon Genesis Evangelion franchise created by Gainax. He is the franchise's poster boy and protagonist. In the anime series of the same name, Shinji is a boy abandoned by his estranged father Gendo after the mysterious death of his mother Yui. Years later, Gendo asks him to pilot a mecha called Evangelion Unit-01 to protect the city of Tokyo-3 from Angels, creatures which threaten to destroy humanity. Shinji appears in the franchise's feature films and related media, video games, the manga Petit Eva: Evangelion@School, the Rebuild of Evangelion films, and the manga adaptation by Yoshiyuki Sadamoto.

Director Hideaki Anno conceived Shinji as a representation of himself, reflecting his four-year depression after the airing of his previous work, Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water. Shinji's insecurity and torment are explored through streams of consciousness and inner monologues, with episodes focusing on his introspection. Anno used psychoanalytical theories for his characterization, including the Freudian psychosexual development model. His design was created by Sadamoto. Shinji is voiced by Megumi Ogata in Japanese, and by Spike Spencer and Casey Mongillo in English.

Shinji has received mixed responses from anime and manga publications. Although his complexity and realism has been praised, he is criticized for his insecurity and weaknesses. However, Shinji's characterization in the spin-offs and the Rebuild of Evangelion films has been received more positively because of his courageous and self-confident personality, especially in the second installment, Evangelion: 2.0 You Can (Not) Advance. Shinji has placed highly in popularity polls and been the subject of scholarly studies. Merchandise based on the character, such as action figures and perfumes, has been marketed.

Design

Neon Genesis Evangelion character designer Yoshiyuki Sadamoto drew Shinji in an ordinary summer school uniform with a white shirt, making him "an average character". He wanted a "realistic and ordinary" boy, a character "that'll be hard for others to make". Since Shinji lacks the enthusiasm and courage of other robot-anime heroes, Sadamoto made him a different interpretation of the concept of heroism: "Rather than a reflection of a hero, sort of a refraction of a hero". At first, he tried to create a character "that would tap into the consciousness of today's anime fans".

In one of Sadamoto's original proposals, Shinji had long hair, which would have covered his face or fluttered in the wind during the dramatic scenes. However, Sadamoto changed his mind, finding his original design "too wild". He tried for a look where one could see the forehead through the bangs, "the look of a boyish young girl", giving him girl's eyes. He modelled this version of him on the titular Nadia from Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water, and his face was designed to be almost identical to Nadia's, but with a different hairstyle. Furthermore, writer Andrew C. McKevitt described Shinji's design, with his brown hair and blue eyes, as an example of mukokuseki (無国籍), a deliberate lack of ethnic features included in the character design of Japanese fictional characters which "allowed Japanese creations to be simultaneously Western and transnational".

Development
Neon Genesis Evangelion director Hideaki Anno was depressed for four years before the series began production. After the failure of Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honnêamise's sequel Aoki Uru, Gainax began planning a new series. According to Gainax co-founder Yasuhiro Takeda, ideas from Aoki Uru were borrowed for the new project, including the concept of "not running away". For Takeda, the passage was "something more than just transposing one show's theme onto another... Anno inherited something from Aoki Uru — the determination not to run away from problems — and what we saw in Evangelion was maybe just a reflection of those feelings".

According to Hiroki Satō, the head of Gainax's public relations office, the staff decided that the series would focus on "how Shinji deals with things going on inside himself". Anno reflected his depression in the series, conceiving a world "drenched in a vision of pessimism"; he also began production "with the wish that once the production complete, the world and the heroes would change". He originally proposed a character similar to Asuka Langley Soryu as the protagonist, following Gainax's tradition of a female protagonist like in Gunbuster and Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water. Sadamoto objected to a new female protagonist, saying that "a robot should be piloted by a trained person, and if that person just happens to be a girl then that is fine". However, he did not understand why a young girl "would pilot a robot". He eventually suggested a boy as the main character; his relationship with Asuka, who became another primary character, was modelled after Nadia's relationship with Jean. After accepting Sadamoto's proposals, Anno suggested a male protagonist after Ryū Murakami's works featured two fellow female pilots. He also gave Shinji two male friends, Tōji Suzuhara and Kensuke Aida, whose names were borrowed from Murakami's novel Ai to gensō no fascism. Anno named Shinji after two of his friends, including Neon Genesis Evangelion animator Shinji Higuchi. For his last name, he chose the Japanese word Ikari ("anchor"), with the names of other characters in the series coming from nautical jargon or Japanese Imperial Navy warships.

Shinji was first conceived with slightly different features, which were changed over time. Originally, he was more mature, robust, and less introverted than in the final version; he was also portrayed as a studious boy, a "quiet A-student". His scholastic conduct would not be seen in a positive light, but as a sign of passivity. According to Michael House, who was a former member of Gainax and a translator, Anno tried to find a way to end the series with a smiling Shinji and with more positive and communicative characters, but he realized that "the characters he'd created weren't capable of whatever positive change" and reach the result that he had initially imagined, adjusting his original plans.

Anno fixed the protagonist at "age fourteen", since he considered it the age when "independence of mind starts manifesting". Shinji's character was conceived to reflect Anno's personality "both in conscious and unconscious part". He was therefore represented as "a melancholic oral-dependent type" caught "in [an] oral stage", as Anno considered himself. Seeing Shinji as a reflection of Anno, assistant director Kazuya Tsurumaki avoided depicting him as a brave character, since "Anno isn't that much of a hero". He stated that "Shinji was summoned by his father to ride a robot, Anno was summoned by Gainax to direct an animation". Like other male protagonists in Gainax series, Shinji was conceived with a weak and insecure personality. Gainax wanted to reflect the psychological state of animation fans and Japanese society, in which fathers are always at work and emotionally absent.

Voice
Shinji is voiced by Megumi Ogata in the original Japanese version as well as in the films, spin-offs, video games, and the Rebuild of Evangelion film series. Ogata's agent initially refused her participation in Evangelion, and she agreed due to her status as a newcomer, but Anno directly insisted with her. She also described Shinji as one of the "most memorable" roles of her career. His characterization required considerable physical and psychological effort. For example, in the eighteenth episode Shinji cries and gasps during a fight; Ogata felt like her "whole body [was] aching". She stated that "Every time a new script arrived, every time I turned a new page I was torn apart by a new pain". While dubbing the film The End of Evangelion (1997), she tried to achieve "a higher synchronization rate with the general director than the TV series".

The Rebuild of Evangelion dub also presented obstacles. On the last day of recording for the film Evangelion: 2.0 You Can (Not) Advance (2009), Ogata was forced to scream; she collapsed on the studio floor, and Anno sat on the floor with her. He praised her work and shook her hand, thanking her for "keeping the character's feelings unchanged" and for adding her thirteen years of experience "to the current Shinji".

In the following film, Evangelion: 3.0 You Can (Not) Redo (2012), in which Shinji is treated coldly by the rest of the cast, Ogata stated that she felt like him and experienced emotional pain. She first saw the scene in which Kaworu Nagisa reveals to Shinji the conditions of planet Earth in her home, when it was not yet animated. The recordings took place in March 2012, and she associated the destroyed landscape of the film with images of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, imagining that the catastrophe was her fault. During the pre-score, the drawings for Kaworu's death scene were not clear in the animatic, and the staff animated the keyframes during the recording touch-ups. Ogata was shocked when she performed the scene and stated that her interpretation could reflect her emotional state, resulting "kind of traumatic".

For the final installment, Evangelion: 3.0+1.0 Thrice Upon a Time (2021), Ogata was involved more heavily in the plot's development. Anno felt he could no longer understand Shinji since his current self was closer to Gendo, so he needed Ogata's input. He also felt that the only people who could understand Shinji's feelings were Ogata herself and his assistant, Ikki Todoroki. Ogata also recounted that Anno had asked her what sort of ending she'd prefer "as Shinji". His adult self in the film is voiced by Ryūnosuke Kamiki, while Spike Spencer and Casey Mongillo voiced him in the ADV and Netflix English dub, respectively.

Neon Genesis Evangelion
Shinji is the only child of Gendo Rokubungi and Yui Ikari, a student at Kyoto University who became a researcher. When he was three years old, Yui brought Shinji to the Gehirn research center in Hakone to see Evangelion 01's first activation test. But in the ensuing accident, his mother disappeared before his eyes; after the accident, Gendo left Shinji with a guardian for about ten years. After becoming commander of the Nerv special agency, he invites Shinji to the city of Tokyo-3 to pilot Evangelion Unit-01 and protect the city from creatures known as Angels. Shinji reluctantly agrees, and fights against the Angel Sachiel. After the Angel attack, Shinji starts to live with Misato Katsuragi, a Nerv officer and his new guardian, and attends school in Tokyo-3; after his arrival he gradually changes and meets and befriends Toji Suzuhara and Kensuke Aida. When the Angel Ramiel tries to destroy Nerv headquarters, Shinji and fellow pilot Rei Ayanami work together to destroy him. After Ramiel's defeat, a nuclear-powered machine intended to fight the Angels called Jet Alone runs amok, and he and Misato stop it; during this time, Shinji gradually starts to change his attitude, trying to be more open and spontaneous. He also meets Asuka Langley Soryu, an Eva pilot from Germany, and in the eighth episode they defeat the Angel Gaghiel together.

In the second third of the series, Shinji, Rei and Asuka face more Angels and Shinji begins bonding with his peers, especially Asuka, becoming more confident and assertive. When they are sent to fight the Angel Leliel, Shinji, receiving praise from Gendo and improving his synchronization scores, accepts his role as an Evangelion pilot. He decides to attack on his own, but is sucked into a parallel universe by Leliel called the Dirac Sea, and within it he confronts the Angel and his inner self; he is freed from the Angel by Yui, whose soul is within the Eva.

After Shinji is forced to fight Eva-03, controlled by the Angel Bardiel, with his classmate Toji Suzahara trapped inside, he decides to quit Nerv. Meanwhile, Angel Zeruel mutilates the other Evangelion units and defeats Rei and Asuka. After talking with his mentor and Misato's lover, Ryoji Kaji, Shinji returns to Nerv to protect the city. He merges with its unit and frees the Evangelion; however, he is trapped in its core for a month. Rei sacrifices herself in the battle against the Angel Armisael to save Shinji, and she is later revived through one of her clones. Asuka runs away and falls into a coma, and Toji and Kensuke flee Tokyo-3. These events cause Shinji to fall into depression. In the twenty-fourth episode, he meets Kaworu Nagisa, Asuka's substitute pilot, and they bond. Kaworu turns out to be the final Angel, and Shinji is forced to kill him. After Kaworu's death, Instrumentality begins and the souls of the entire humanity unite in a single collective consciousness. Shinji confronts his traumas and why he acts the way he does. After talking with most of the Evangelion cast and seeing a version of himself in a world where he leads a normal life, Shinji becomes aware of his potential and realizes the importance of his thoughts, and he is congratulated by the rest of the cast.

The End of Evangelion
The 1997 film The End of Evangelion continues Shinji's story, portraying his downward spiral into depression and him losing his will to live. Shinji visits a comatose Asuka in the hospital, and when his pleas for attention go unanswered, he masturbates over her body. He remains catatonic while all Nerv personnel, including Misato, are killed during an attack. He then decides to pilot the Eva to save those who are still alive, while Asuka is on the surface fighting the Mass Production Evas. However, he is unable to reach her in time, and when he learns about Asuka's defeat, the Evangelion moves on its own to let him reenter it. After seeing the mutilated corpse of Asuka's Unit-02, Shinji's intense emotions summon a spear called the Lance of Longinus to Earth and the Eva becomes a tree of life.

Shinji then has long dreamlike exchanges with Misato, Rei and Asuka about the pain of reality and his tensions with them. When he begs for Asuka's attention and she refuses him, arguing he only wants to use her as a crutch, Shinji begins Instrumentality and humanity's souls are united into one existence. After re-evaluating his position, he decides that he wants to live in a world where other people exist and returns to Earth, allowing other humans to return. Shinji, having placed grave markers in memory of most of the other characters, awakens some time later, with Asuka lying next to him. He suddenly tries to strangle her, but stops and breaks down when she regains consciousness and caresses his face.

Rebuild of Evangelion
In Rebuild of Evangelion, Shinji returns as the central protagonist; in Evangelion: 1.0 You Are (Not) Alone (2007), the first instalment of the saga, his role is similar to that of the anime series. He is assigned to be the pilot of Unit-01, and works with Rei to defeat the Angel Ramiel. In the second instalment, Evangelion: 2.0 You Can (Not) Advance (2009), Shinji reluctantly continues his duties as the pilot of Unit-01. After the battle with the Angel Bardiel, when his father forces his Unit-01 to critically injure Asuka, Shinji retires from his duties and leaves Nerv. When the Angel Zeruel consumes Rei, Shinji returns and defeats the Angel; however, his decisions trigger the Third Impact. Shinji apparently saves Rei by fusing with the Evangelion.

In the third film, Evangelion: 3.0 You Can (Not) Redo (2012), set fourteen years later, Shinji awakens to a world completely changed by the Third Impact and Misato and the others treat him with hostility. They place an explosive device named DSS Choker on his neck, which they will activate if he comes close to starting another Impact. After learning from Misato that they are part of Wille, a new organization fighting Nerv, Shinji leaves when Rei appears. At the remnants of Nerv, he is approached by Kaworu Nagisa, the pilot of Eva-13 who befriends him. He becomes despondent after Kaworu tells him that humanity holds him responsible for initiating the Third Impact. After Shinji realizes that he failed to save Rei and the new Rei is a clone, Nagisa convinces him to pilot Eva-13 with him. While confronting Asuka and Mari, Shinji begins a Fourth Impact; Eva-13 eats the twelfth Angel and ascends to divinity. Kaworu is killed by the DSS Choker he took from Shinji to stop the Fourth Impact. Devastated by these events, Shinji loses his will to live. Asuka rescues him from his Entry Plug, berating him for acting "like a baby". The Rei clone appears and follows them, as they head to the ruins of Tokyo-3 to be rescued by Wille.

In Evangelion: 3.0+1.0 Thrice Upon a Time (2021), the last installment of the saga, Shinji, still distraught over Kaworu's death, wanders without a will to live with Asuka and Rei. With the two companions, he reaches a protected citadel called Village-3, which is inhabited by survivors of the various Impacts and is isolated from the outside world. Shinji meets his old classmates Toji, Kensuke, and Hikari Horaki, and, with help from Asuka and Rei, gradually regains the will to live. He then decides to leave with Asuka and the other members of Wille for Antarctica, where he boards Eva-01 to face his father Gendo and his Eva-13. As he is unable to defeat him with brute force, he decides to talk to him instead. Gendo apologizes to Shinji and embraces him, and Shinji finds himself in a reborn world. On a beach, he meets Mari Illustrious Makinami, saying goodbye to all the Evangelions. Shortly after, a visibly grown Shinji can be seen in a station; Mari comes to meet him, and the two of them walk together into a new world, holding hands.

Manga
In Yoshiyuki Sadamoto's Neon Genesis Evangelion manga adaptation, Shinji's characterization differs. Sadamoto tried to portray him as more of a misfit, a young teenager who is more stubborn, rebellious, juvenile and apathetic than Hideaki Anno's insecure character. In the anime's fourth episode, "Hedgehog's Dilemma", Shinji runs away from home because he is overwhelmed by responsibility; in the manga, he runs away because he realizes that Misato is spying on him and documenting his every move. After the battle against Bardiel, in which his friend Toji dies following an order from Commander Ikari, Shinji tries to punch his father. He has a close relationship with Rei in the manga and Kaji is more of a mentor to him.

Shinji's relationship with Kaworu is troubled in the manga; he accuses Kaworu of being cynical and strange. His backstory is also modified, having an unnamed aunt, uncle and cousins, and memories of his childhood away from Gendo are shown. As well, a different Instrumentality is shown, with Shinji saving Asuka during her fight against the Mass Production Evangelions. At the end, he is seen leading a normal life in a reformed world and sees Asuka while waiting for a train, although they only have a faint recollection of one another.

Sadamoto decided to work on an Evangelion manga when he saw Shinji in the first episodes of the original series. He wondered "what the world looked like through Shinji's eyes". While in the anime Shinji's motto is "I must not run away", Sadamoto chose "being honest with themselves" as the main theme for the manga. This led Sadamoto to change Shinji's characterization and psychology. He wanted to reflect contemporary teenagers in the character and was influenced by the Gulf War, wondering how a 14-year-old would have behaved on a helicopter. Sadamoto also drew upon his own experiences as an adolescent, saying that his characterization was "more like a flunk-out" than Anno's version. He conceived Shinji with a "clean image that a woman tends to project" in his mind, portraying him as a "cold, unambitious" character, "the type who would commit suicide, but can't bring himself to do it" and trying to design a character from the more stoic part of himself. He stated that "It was my intention to create a wistful character who had given up on life". According to Anno's thought process, a twisted person puts on a "cool face" to hide their insanity, while Sadamoto perceived his approach as the opposite; Sadamoto described his characters as stoic and earnest but with a twisted outside, "just like a child". He also described his Shinji as a character that refuses to listen but "still makes the right decision".

In other media
In a scene from the last episode of the series, an alternate universe is presented, which has a different story from the previous episodes; in this parallel reality, Shinji lives with both his parents and is a normal middle-school student. He is also a protagonist in Shinji Ikari Raising Project and Neon Genesis Evangelion: Angelic Days, where he is portrayed as happier and more stable than his anime counterpart, characterization which is also found in Neon Genesis Evangelion: Girlfriend of Steel 2nd.

Some spin-offs and video games have the option of pairing Shinji romantically with Asuka Langley Soryu, Rei Ayanami, Kaworu and other characters, including his classmate Hikari Horaki and original characters such as Mana Kirishima, an extrovert transfer student first introduced in the video game Neon Genesis Evangelion: Girlfriend of Steel,  and Mayumi Yamagishi, an introverted girl in the video game Neon Genesis Evangelion: 2nd Impression. In Neon Genesis Evangelion: Shinji Ikari Raising Project, he is presented as a childhood friend of Asuka and a distant cousin of Rei Ayanami. In Petit Eva: Evangelion@School, Shinji is portrayed as a boy "frightened by the idea of growing up" but popular amongst the students of Tokyo-3's Municipal Nerv High School. In Evangelion: Detective Shinji Ikari, Kaji and Kaworu are portrayed as private investigators whom Shinji asks for help and investigates a mysterious case.

In Neon Genesis Evangelion: Anima, set three years after The End of Evangelion with a different Instrumentality scenario, Shinji is 17 years old; he lets his hair grow and is a good friend of Rei and Asuka. He first pilots the Evangelion Unit-01 Type-F and, after the attack of Eva0.0 (Quatre) and the unification of his soul with Eva-01, pilots the mecha Super Evangelion and its upgrades. In addition to video games based on the original animated series, Shinji appears in media outside the Evangelion franchise, such as Monster Strike, Tales of Zestiria, Puzzle & Dragons, The Battle Cats, and a crossover episode of Shinkansen Henkei Robo Shinkalion, in which he is voiced by Ogata and pilots a 500 Type Eva transformable train. For Shinkalion, Ogata voiced him as a more "level-headed" character. He is a playable character in the Super Robot Wars crossover video-game franchise, where he and other Evangelion characters work with characters from other mecha series. Shinji has crushes on other characters, such as Lynn Minmay, sparking jealousy in Asuka, who tries to recapture his attention. In other games, Eva Unit-01 goes berserk after fighting the fourth Angel and he fights Kouji Kabuto and Mazinger Z. He later rejoins the battle against the Angels with Rei Ayanami.

Characterization and themes
Shinji is a dependent and introverted boy with few friends, reluctant and unable to communicate with other people. He tends to be apologetic and passive in his relationships,  and he is frightened by contact with strangers. He also avoids choosing his clothes, wearing clothes provided by others. Unlike a stereotypical hero, particularly of the mecha genre, Shinji is more apathetic and reluctant than courageous. According to his voice actress, Megumi Ogata, "he didn't act like an anime character, but typically talked very quietly and sparingly, and it was like he was suddenly thrust into an anime world". Character designer Sadamoto conceived him as "the kind of character who would encase himself in a shell of his own making". Director Hideaki Anno similarly described him as a "cowardly young man" who has convinced himself that "he is a completely unnecessary person" after his father Gendo abandoned him.

According to writer Gerald Alva Miller, Shinji craves acceptance and is concerned about how others perceive him, but "he also remains incapable of accepting love from others". His childhood trauma leads him to doubt the value of his existence, to be disheartened, and to seek a raison d'être; he also insistently wonders about why he pilots Eva-01 in the latter part of the series. In a stream of consciousness from the last two episodes, which focus on his path and psyche, he admits being afraid of himself and of his father. Despite the tension between him and his father, however, Shinji yearns to trust him. He also pilots Eva-01 for the approval of others, particularly Gendo, rather than out of heroism or idealism. Despite this, assistant director Kazuya Tsurumaki noted that Shinji acts in opposition to the conventional impression of him: "He is not cowardly and indecisive; he is obstinate and doesn't pay any mind to other people." Anno described him as "both an introvert and righteous" boy who tends to categorize things, the kind of character who tends to hide something, "like a way to escape from that closure". Furthermore, according to Sadamoto, he is not as dark as perceived by fans; with the exception of The End of Evangelion, in which he is portrayed as "pretty dark and introspective", he stated that he never got the impression of a dark character in the original series. According to Ogata, at the end of the film Shinji grows up, naturally closing his path from childhood to adulthood.

Writer Paul M. Malone compared him to the German jurist and writer Daniel Paul Schreber, noting "a surprising degree of intertextuality" with his Memoirs of My Nervous Illness, although he did not consider Evangelion to be based directly on his Memoirs. Malone, following Japanese critic and writer Kotani Mari, described Shinji as an effeminate and androgynous character. According to Mari, Shinji becomes effeminate in the course of the story, and she described him as a "female savior". Other critics described him as a messianic figure and likened to Jesus Christ, who in Japanese is known by the epithet of shinjin (神人), "God-man". He has also been likened to Oedipus. Writer and animation critic Patrick Drazen similarly compared the dilemma faced by Shinji in the twenty-fourth episode against the Angel Tabris to Hamlet, the protagonist of Shakespeare's tragedy of the same name.

For the Japanese sociologist Tsutomu Hashimoto, Shinji could be seen as an heir of the Japanese society of the seventies and eighties, engaged in the search for freedom from social constraints and the figures of authoritarian family fathers; the sociologist cited the musician Yutaka Ozaki as a symbol of this search for freedom, since he tried to escape from the impositions of the school system and he eventually "returned" to the mother figure. Hashimoto compared Shinji's final choice, in which he rejects the Instrumentality Project desired by the authoritarian father Gendo, to the concept of liberalism, which prescribes respect for any individual identity. Other critics associated the character with the youth and climate of 1990s Japan, shaken by the Tokyo subway sarin attack operated by the Japanese sect Aum Shinrikyō, the Great Hanshin earthquake, and the bursting of the Japanese asset price bubble.

After his arrival on Tokyo-3, Shinji repeats "I mustn't run away" in an attempt to face his responsibilities, and the sentence becomes a typical mantra of the character. In the twentieth episode he remembers escaping from the experimental site where his mother died, an event that generated in him the idea of "not running away", which an official pamphlet describes as "compulsive". In an interview Anno said that, contrary to the interpretation by fans, the theme of the series is not about "not having to run way", but "It's ok to run away"; according to him, "it's perfectly fine" to run away sometimes and that "There are things that you gain and things that you lose running away, after all. Although, if you don't pick something, then there are times when you get neither. That's the same as with dying". Hiroki Azuma, a Japanese philosopher and cultural critic, speaking of his motto "I mustn't run away", described Evangelion as a story that depicts "anxiety without a cause", linking this feeling to the repercussions after the Aum Shinrikyō attack. Azuma also described Shinji and other characters in the series as "stereotypical characters" through which Anno succeeded to describe the nineties. Psychiatrist Kōji Mizobe indicated him as a dependent boy unable to communicate, but also argued that the fundamental characteristic of Shinji is sociability, describing him as a "sympathetic person" who accepts and imitates others. Mizobe interpreted a scene from the ninth episode, in which he synchronizes with Asuka's movements during a train, as proof of this ability. He also interpreted Evangelion as a story in which the main characters try to build their stable identity, saying that Shinji and Asuka's communication problems are the reason why even years after the first airing younger Japanese viewers identify themselves with the characters.

Critics interpreted Shinji as an alter ego of the series director, Hideaki Anno, and as an otaku. IGN ' s Ramsey Isler interpreted his feelings as a reflection of Anno's mood; according to him, Anno "went through a serious bout of depression while making the show and like a true artist he poured all of that emotion and despair into his work". Isler also interpreted his characterization and his battles against the Angels as a metaphor for Anno's attempts "to defeat his own personal demons". Assistant director Tsurumaki gave a similar interpretation, working on the series with the idea that Shinji's emotions are a reflection of Anno's feelings: "That's why in the scenario planning sessions I was always saying something like, 'Isn't that a little too hero-like for Shinji to say? Hideaki Anno isn't that much of a hero'". Tsurumaki also thought that Shinji could only be understood by "Japanese fans of this generation".

Critics analyzed the conflictual relationship between him and his father, comparing him with the protagonists of the works by director Yoshiyuki Tomino, especially to Amuro Ray, the main character in Mobile Suit Gundam. Artist Takashi Murakami interpreted Shinji's interior drama as "the endpoint of the postwar lineage of otaku favorites", such as Godzilla, the series of the Ultra franchise, Space Battleship Yamato or Gundam, in which hero-figures increasingly question and agonize over their missions to defend Earth and humanity. According to Toshio Okada, former president of Gainax and an acquaintance of Hideaki Anno, Evangelion and Gundam are completely different; for Okada, one thrust of the story of Gundam is "the main character's desire to be recognized by others", since in mecha anime the characters generally try to change the world, while Evangelion "complicated the whole thing, raising issues", since no one can save the world. According to Italian researcher Fabio Bartoli, Shinji is a "perfect representative" of the otaku generation. He described him as "a young man with relationship difficulties, accustomed to spending a lot of time at home". Bartoli wrote that the last scene of the anime, in which the boy's glass prison shatters ending his psychoanalytic session, may allude to the shinjinrui (新人類), the Japanese generation born in the 1970s, which is also known as crystal-zoku (クリスタル族). Writer Andrea Fontana agreed, seeing him as a representation of otaku and their inability to relate to others. Fontana also saw in Shinji's character "an exhortation" by Anno to otaku, Japanese society, and young people "to break the crystal cage in which they locked themselves up, looking confidently at their neighbor".

Psychoanalysis

Shinji's personality traits have been linked to psychiatric conditions, such as depressive disorder, anxiety, social phobia, avoidant and borderline personality. Walter Veit of Psychology Today linked his passive attitude in the first episodes to Jean-Paul Sartre's existentialist concept of bad faith and Albert Camus's "philosophical suicide". Gualtiero Cannarsi, editor of the Italian adaptation of the series, noticed that Shinji struggles to make friends and has a cold, reserved attitude in the third episode, "A Transfer". Like the porcupines of Arthur Schopenhauer's Parerga and Paralipomena, Shinji is afraid to be hurt and withdraws from human contact; he suffers, in fact, from the porcupine's dilemma. Shinji's relationship with Misato Katsuragi follows Schopenhauer's concept; Cannarsi also noticed that in the fourth episode, "Hedgehog's Dilemma", the characters get closer without hurting each other. Schopenhauer originally named his concept after the porcupine, or Hystricidae (Stachelschweine in German), but staff chose an alternative translation for the title of the installment, since they wanted to portray Shinji as a hedgehog, an animal with smaller, blunter spines than a porcupine, suggesting more delicacy for the character.

Critics noticed that, since he lost his mother traumatically, Shinji seeks a substitute in the women around him and in Eva-01, which contains her soul. Academic Susan J. Napier also interpreted the Angels as "father figures, whom Shinji must annihilate". Anime News Network reviewer Mike Crandol noticed that Shinji depends on Unit 01 in the first part of the series, becoming negatively affected by the symbiotic relationship. Crandol described his entry into Eva-01 as a Freudian "return to the womb" and his struggle to be free of the Eva as his "rite of passage" into manhood. Anno also described Shinji as a boy with a strong Oedipus complex for his father, Gendo. The Oedipal triangle is completed by their common interest in Rei Ayanami, a genetic clone of Yui Ikari. According to him, Shinji symbolically "kills" his father "and steals his mother from him".

Yūichirō Oguro, the editor of supplemental materials included in the Japanese edition of the series, interpreted Neon Genesis Evangelion ' s plot as an Oedipal story. Eva-01 can be seen as a motherly breast and a source of ambivalence for the character. To manage this ambivalence, Shinji "split the breast" into a good and a bad breast. Oguro described berserk Unit 01 as a "bad breast"; on the other part, he interpreted Yui as a "good breast" that eventually saves Shinji during the battles with the Angels.

In the twentieth episode, "Weaving a story 2: Oral Stage", Shinji is trapped in Eva-01, dissolving into its cockpit; in a stream of consciousness, he has visions linked with the Freudian oral stage, which include breastfeeding by Yui. With his mother's help, Shinji is symbolically reborn, finding the will to live and regaining his body. He also displays features linked with oralism, a personality of dependent, weak individuals who see other people as tools to satisfy them. According to Freudian theory, oral personalities were not adequately fed during weaning. For Oguro, Shinji resolves his oral fixation with the vision of his mother's breast, becoming a more self-conscious individual. In the last two episodes, he also sees the good and bad sides of other people; Anno himself compared him to a child and his ambivalent relationship with the mother during the oral stage. Shinji's Oedipus complex then resolves in the final episode, which ends with the captions "To my father, thank you" and "To my mother, goodbye", indicating his entry into adulthood. In the film The End of Evangelion, he also chooses to live with other human beings, rejecting Human Instrumentality and accepting other people.

Popularity
Shinji's character has been popular in Japan. The character's appreciation was also reflected in popularity polls, even years after the anime's first airing. After the series' first run, Shinji ranked second among "most popular male characters of the moment" in an Animage magazine Grand Prix poll. In the following two years' rankings, he rose to first place. In the 1997 Anime Grand Prix, Shinji received about 1,200 votes, more than double those of the second character. Megumi Ogata finished second in the voice-actor rankings for three years. Shinji also appeared in the magazine's monthly surveys, remaining in the top 20 in 1996, 1997    and 1998. In 1998, Animage ranked him 21st among the 100 most popular anime characters and 55th in 1999.

In 1998, Shinji emerged in first place among the best "dark characters" in a survey by Animedia magazine, and the magazine itself praised its complexity. For several years he also appeared in the periodical's annual popularity rankings, usually among the top ten. He placed 77th in a 2002 TV Asahi poll ranking the most popular anime characters of all time, and 25th in a 2007 list of most popular male heroes. Shinji also topped Newtype magazine's popularity charts,    finishing third and first in August and September 2009. He finished third in October, becoming the most popular Evangelion male character on the list. In March 2010, a new Newtype survey decreed him the most popular male character of the nineties.

In 2014, foreigners living in Japan were asked: "Which character do you aspire to look like?". Amid a wide variety of answers, Shinji finished seventh. In 2012, Fuji TV asked about 14,000 fans to name the "best anime hero", and Shinji finished twentieth. In 2016, he finished thirteenth in an Anime News Network poll of the "strongest pilots" in Japanese animation. In April 2021, after the release of the final Rebuild film, he finished second most popular male character in a Newtype poll, placing at fifth place in May, and first place in June.

Critical reaction
The character evoked mixed opinions, dividing anime critics. Some criticized Shinji's insecurities, his vulnerability, and his lack of temper and resoluteness. Pete Harcoff, a reviewer for the Anime Critic website, praised Neon Genesis Evangelion but criticized Shinji as ineffective and disappointing to watch. THEM Anime Reviews noticed the character's constant angst in the television series as a negative trait. Raphael See found Evangelion "a little cliche, or just plain irritating at times" and criticized Shinji's pessimism. Japanator listed him among "characters with no chance in reality", saying that "he really sucks as an Eva pilot and he has the spine of a jellyfish". Comic Book Resources also criticized Shinji as a stereotypical talented male protagonist with a harem.

Other critics praised the character's realism. For Anime News Network's Nick Creamer, "every element of Shinji's emotional journey is conveyed with clear sympathy and brutal specificity". According to Susan J. Napier, Shinji "still wins the championship for most psychologically complex (or just plain neurotic) male character ever created". Critics also described him as one of the most relatable male anime characters. IGN editor Chris Mackenzie ranked him the twenty-fifth best anime character of all time. Anime Invasion magazine Jen Contino similarly praised Shinji's characterization and rated him the ninth-best anime character of all time.

In 2013, Anime News Network editor Lynzee Lam ranked him in the first place of seven "crybaby heroes" in Japanese animation, but praised his motivation and psychological realism. IGN's Ramsey Isler called him the "greatest anime character" of all time, praising his originality and realistic characterization. Isler concluded, "He's a character that challenges the audience by not giving them a superficial, vicarious power fantasy like you'd get from so many other anime. He is pathetic, but that is what makes him great. That is what makes him a genuine work of art".

Shinji's role in the Rebuild of Evangelion films was better received, with reviewers praising its more open character. Martin Theron of Anime News Network, reviewing Evangelion 1.0: You Are (Not) Alone, praised Shinji's realism. Theron called the scene in Evangelion: 2.22 You Can (Not) Advance where Shinji saves Rei the "Best Scene" in the website's "Best (and Most Notable) of 2011": "This is the first time in the entire franchise that he whole-heartedly goes after something because he wants it, rather than because he's expected to or has no choice." Examining the differences between Evangelion: 2.0 film and the original animated series, Jitendar Canth posted on myReviewer.com: "To the relief of many, Shinji isn't as much of a whiner any more, and he shows that he has a backbone on more than one occasion in this film". Despite criticizing the third film, a number of reviewers praised Shinji's interactions with Kaworu. Nicoletta Christina Browne of THEM Anime Reviews criticized their relationship, finding it "rushed", artificial and unclear. Comic Book Resources writer Daniel Kurland also praised his role in the final installment, Evangelion: 3.0+1.0 Thrice Upon a Time, writing: "Shinji deserves happiness, and it makes Thrice Upon A Time the more powerful conclusion that it finally allows Shinji to reach this point and not leave him in existential dread".

Legacy

Shinji-themed merchandise has been released, including clothing, action figures, collectible models,  perfumes, and drinks. The character has been used for Japan Racing Association advertising campaigns and for a culinary company specializing in miso soups; "Shijimi from Lake Shinji" campaign also proved successful. Movic has also released a cassette drama featuring him as part of its Animate series featuring other popular works.

With Shinji Ikari, according to Comic Book Resources, Neon Genesis Evangelion had a significant influence on Japanese animation, showing a more realistic, insecure and fragile protagonist than other past mecha series. Guilty Crown staff member Ryo Ōyama compared Shū Ōma, the series' main character, to Shinji, since: "They're both in their own world, and they don't come out from that world". According to Ōyama, Shū is "a 2011 version of Shinji", but Shinji has a "more passive", pessimistic attitude. Asa Butterfield similarly compared Shinji to Ender Wiggin in Ender's Game, whom he played. According to Butterfield, both characters "withdraw from the world", face new experiences and fight against unknown enemies. His Japanese voice actress Ogata likened Makoto Naegi from the Danganronpa franchise, which she played, to Shinji, because they're both ordinary boys "put in terrible situations".

Lain Iwakura from Serial Experiments Lain, Simon from Gurren Lagann, Daisuke Dojima from Revisions, Kōji Aiba from Infinite Ryvius, Cloud Strife from Final Fantasy VII and the main character of Cyborg She were also compared with him by anime critics. In the fourth episode of the dorama Nigeru wa Haji da ga Yaku ni Tatsu, a character named Shinji after him appears. Shinji is also referenced by Steven Universe in the show of the same name, which parodies the series' final scene. The British group Fightstar included a track named "Shinji Ikari" on the deluxe-edition bonus disc of their album, One Day Son, This Will All Be Yours, while Open Mike Eagle named a song from his album Anime, Trauma and Divorce "Headass (Idiot Shinji)". Kong: Skull Island director Jordan Vogt-Roberts also named the character Gunpei Ikari after him.

title: Shinji Ikari


text:
James Tallmadge Jr.

James Tallmadge Jr. (January 28, 1778 – September 29, 1853) was a United States lawyer, and politician who served as a United States Representative from New York's 4th congressional district.

Early life
James Tallmadge Jr. was born on January 28, 1778, in Stanford, Dutchess County, New York. His father, Colonel James Tallmadge (1744–1821), led a company of volunteers at the capture of General John Burgoyne. He graduated from Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island in 1798.

Career
From 1798 to 1800, following his graduation from Brown, Tallmadge was secretary to New York Governor George Clinton. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1802, after which he practiced in Poughkeepsie and in New York City. He was Surrogate of Dutchess County from 1804 to 1810.

He served in the War of 1812 and commanded a company of home guards in defense of New York.

U.S. House of Representatives
Representative-elect Henry B. Lee died on September 16, 1816. In the special election to replace him, Tallmadge was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the Fifteenth Congress. He served from June 6, 1817, to March 3, 1819. In the House, he defended General Andrew Jackson's course in the Seminole War.

His most famous action in Congress was the Tallmadge Amendment to the bill for Missouri statehood. It would have restricted slavery in Missouri and provided for its future termination. It read as follows:

"And provided, That the further introduction of slavery or involuntary servitude be prohibited, except for the punishment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been fully convicted; and that all children born within the said State, after the admission thereof into the Union, shall be free at the age of twenty-five years."

In support of this amendment, on February 16, 1819, he delivered a powerful speech in opposition to the extension of slavery. This speech was widely circulated, and was translated into German. The House adopted the Tallmadge Amendment, but the Senate rejected it.

Later career
Tallmadge declined to run for a second term in the House. He continued the practice of law in New York City, and took a prominent role in civic affairs. He was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1821, a member of the New York State Assembly in 1824, and Lieutenant Governor of New York from 1825 to 1826.

In 1836, he visited Russia, and helped introduce into that country several American mechanical inventions, especially cotton-spinning machinery. He was a delegate to the New York Constitutional Convention of 1846.

Personal life
Tallmadge married Laura Tallmadge (1788–1824), his paternal second cousin. She was the daughter of John Tallmadge (1757–1823) and Phebe Pomeroy (1766–1842). Together, they had six children, only one who survived to adulthood.
 * John James Tallmadge (1811–1819)
 * Mary Rebecca Tallmadge (1817–1872), who was regarded as one of the most beautiful women in the country, and accompanied her father to Russia. She married Philip Stephen Van Rensselaer (1806–1871), third son of Stephen Van Rensselaer III, patroon of the Rensselaerswyck.

Tallmadge died on September 29, 1853, in New York City. He is buried at the New York Marble Cemetery.

His first cousin was United States Senator and Wisconsin Territorial Governor Nathaniel P. Tallmadge. His first cousin, once removed was Benjamin Tallmadge, United States Congressman from Connecticut and spy for George Washington during the American Revolutionary War. His sister, Rebecca, married Theodorus Bailey, a United States Congressman and United States Senator from New York.

Legacy
He assisted in the founding of New York University in 1831. The university conferred an honorary LL.D. on him in 1838. He was also one of the founders of the American Institute, a New York society for the promotion of inventions and technical education, and was its president from 1831 to 1850.

His only surviving grandchild, James Tallmadge Van Rensselaer, was a well-known lawyer in New York City.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: James Tallmadge Jr.


text:
Talk:Holy Grail

Spurious claim on the Waste Land
I just removed a spurious claim that TS Eliot's Waste Land is 'strikingly similar' to Cawein's Waste Land. This claim was not supported by citation, and, on reviewing the source (correctly cited), seemed to have no merit. It would appear to be someone's original research. If someone has a reputable secondary source making this claim, please provide it, and reinstate on that basis.Martin Turner (talk) 20:46, 25 February 2020 (UTC)

The Holy Grail in Spain
The description of the itinerary of the pretended Holy Grail in Spain is inaccurate. The benedictins of Montserrat have never claimed to have kept the Holy Grail for a time. This was mostly Himmler's belief, when he visited Spain, misled by the phonetical proximity between Montsalvat in Wagner's Parsifal and Montserrat. The Holy Grail was never kept in Catalonia, but in Aragon, mostly in San Juan de la Peña monastery, near Jaca. From there it travelled to Zaragoza and finally to Valencia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by JdDsaavedra (talk • contribs) 14:26, 27 November 2020 (UTC)
 * , are you proposing changes to the article? And do have any sources to support your claims? - wolf  17:10, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Sources

 * Well, my sources are mostly spanish. If you are able to read spanish, please check this page: https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Monasterio_de_San_Juan_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a
 * 90.4.179.48 (talk) 19:10, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Sources 2

 * In regards to Himmler's visit to Montserrat believing that it held the Holy Grail, see this article, unfortunatly also in spanish: https://www.religionenlibertad.com/cultura/51185/cuando-los-nazis-visitaron-montserrat-buscando-santo-grial-.html
 * 90.4.179.48 (talk) 19:19, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

 * - is this you posting above while signed out? We can't use Wikipedia as a source. Also, please have a look at WP:INDENT and WP:TPG, it'll make things a little easier. Thanks (and again, are you proposing changes to the article?) - wolf  20:25, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

200 claimants for the title of Holy Grail
It's mentioned in an off-hand way on the Chalice of Doña Urraca page that an estimated 200 different cups and chalices across Europe "vie for the title" of the Holy Grail. This article - on The Australian newspaper suggests the same. Is there a list of these somewhere? Would be useful for this article. RaymondHatstand (talk) 10:19, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

"Modern interpretations"...
...appears to be a growing list of "In popular culture" appearances, some of which lend little, if anything at all, to the reader's understanding of the subject. (imho) -  wolf  00:14, 10 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Holy Grail


text:
Talk:Gen. 2:17

Gen. 2:17 was listed on VFD on October 12.

The result of the debate was to not delete the page.

 * Gen. 2:17. Do we need articles on all of the verses of the Bible? RickK 22:54, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * mv applicable info to original sin; delete reddi
 * Agreed, covered by original sin and Fall of man (Unification Church); delete Dieter Simon 23:19, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Keep. Editors who feel the need to understand every verse may be rare, but being the largest 'pedia calls for letting specialized areas like this grow -- unless they become such an economic burden that they need to be rolled out until the Bible-students are ready to support their own server. Note that it is easy to keep a master list of this subject (against the roll-out contingency) since an exhaustive index system is built into the article titles. --Jerzy 23:49, 2003 Nov 11 (UTC)
 * Keep. Explanations of key Bible verses might be useful, although it might be better merged into a single article.  An example would be the John 3:16 (I think that's the right one) thing we keep seeing.  Daniel Quinlan 00:23, Nov 12, 2003 (UTC)
 * I agree with Daniel Quinlan, but this needs to be done with delicacy and moderation -- it runs a huge risk of getting into articles on hundreds of Bible verses, and getting ridiculous. --Daniel C. Boyer 19:33, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * I'm coming down decisively on ambivalence about this article. On one hand, I feel there are several verses from the Bible that deserve attention due to their effect on Western Civilization (e.g., "Thou shall not suffer a witch to live"), some for their contribution to debunking the Bible as an authority (e.g., there are two consecutive verses in Proverbs that contradict one another) & some known for stylistic or literary value (such as the shortest verse in the KJV -- "Jesus wept"). On the other hand, perhaps it would be better to create a new article -- Important verses from the Bible -- & hope the trolls soon tire of blanking it. -- llywrch 00:53, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * I concur with your new article suggestion, and hope similar ones are produced for Qur'an, Shruti etc. That way I can fake having read these noble works, which would save me lots of time. -- Finlay McWalter 01:22, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Agreed, but in the meantime I would vote Keep, on the theory that every single line of the Bible should not have a separate entry, only the lines that merit some discussion and analysis, which could make this group of entries interesting. I don't know why the abbreviation "Gen." is used rather than "Genesis".  Tempshill 01:38, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Keep. Wiki is not paper. - Arthur George Carrick
 * Delete. If the quote is important to a certain subject add it there, but delete this. I can just imagine when someone decides to create a bot and add every line from the Bible as a seperate article... Maximus Rex 02:23, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Fine if they do. If it's not a public domain translation, we build a bot to delete it, taking advantage of the time stamps to find them.  If it is PD, they've done the digitization work for us, and it's far easier for us to build a bot to assemble the verses back into a complete GDL edition of the Bible than to digitize one ourselves.  Maybe that belongs on an FTP or Web server rather than a Wiki one, and it provides a good source for pulling quotes or all the kinds noted above, not to mention quotes of the dirty parts.  And do bear in mind, as WP grows, a work that size will eventually be an insignificant load on the system. --Jerzy
 * If you want the Bible here it is. Maximus Rex 03:29, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Lest anyone think from your choice of that wording over "If anyone wants..." that we are personalizing this, i'll both point out that this is not about personal preferences, and underline their irrelevance by offering an otherwise irrelevant detail: i have no personal interest in WP religious commentary. Also, my point was not about having a whole Bible on WP, but that it any problem of inadvertantly encouraging someone to put it there is insignificant. And by the way, there are people who can never have enough Bibles with different translations, just as there are people who don't want a translation, they want "the real Bible" (meaning in one real case the English translation called the King James Version). --Jerzy 17:23, 2003 Nov 13 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is not original source text. RickK 03:49, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * This is far from being about "having the Bible on WP" as "original source text". WP is not an almanac either, but as has been pointed out, we have gotten onto WP close to the whole of an almanac of the statistics of (what, tens of thousands of?) inhabited places of the US (lightly dressed up with boiler-plate verbiage).  As has been pointed out, nearly all those articles are worthless crap at this point, but they are great stubs, and though it will take time, WP is headed toward being the kind of resource that will be the natural place to turn when you want to know, e.g., how much bigger the adjacent town is, or why your own town's grade school is named after Joe Blow.  I am not advocating loading each Bible verse as a page consisting of its text, but it is not a crazy idea to have it there as the same kind of framework we have for towns: there are people who randomly choose a verse, or a pair of otherwise unrelated verses, daily or weekly, for divination or meditation.  There are also people who take an interest in a particular verse they recall or encounter in some other way, and find possible contexts to put it in, using (1) the footnotes in (1a) many ordinary Bibles or in (1b) the Oxford Annotated Bible (a valuable half-kilo home reference for anyone living in a Westernized culture), or (2) a concordance, or (3) commentary on it or its chapter in something like the many-volumed Interpreter's Bible. Some of them would welcome a way to easily find a commentary, or  multiple commentaries, on a single verse, and some of them would consider it an act of religious charity to edit their own commentary into WP.  IMO the thrust of much of the desire to delete this article is the POV that knowledge of verse-level Biblical commentary is not knowledge in the same sense as, e.g., knowledge of the POV political commentary that we welcome when it's in its proper place.  No one is interested in everything that's on WP, but it is an especially invidious POV to move toward a policy that anything (or anything about religion, since only in religion, poliitcs, and sexuality is it so utterly hopeless to accurately weed out the utter nonsense), that virtually none of our current editors are interested in, is not worth knowing.  It's true that a lot of Biblical commentary is utter nonsense, but so is a lot of radical political commentary.  What they have in common with each other (but not with, say flat earth and hollow earth and the Necronomicon of Abdul al Hazarad) is that, for each flavor of political and religious commentary, small but substantial numbers of people do invest them with real importance in their own life and/or thought.  How the radical-political and the verse-level-Biblical commentaries differ is that one's interested constituency is at least well represented here (perhaps over-represented, which BTW should make us grateful rather than resentful), while the other is under-represented here and must rely on True Scholars [wink], like me and many of you, to resist the POV that their peculiar minority interest needn't treated differently from utter nonsense. --Jerzy 19:19, 2003 Nov 13 (UTC)
 * Delete, as RickK said. However, feel free to move analysis to other relevant Wikipedia articles.  The only verse that could possibly qualify for its own page is John 3:16 because of its importance to Christianity, and for the rainbow wig guy holding up the sign at baseball games (inside joke for Americans). Fuzheado 07:19, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * see here for more about the wig guy. Maximus Rex 07:22, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Move to Genesis 2:17 (Bible verse) or some other better naming convention and keep the gen redirecting to it. It's not primarily source text, it's primarily discussion of the significance of the source text and its uses, as in Fall of man. I don't advocate adding any we don't actively reference in other articles, though. I suppose that if we end up with lots of religious work analysis we can copy them all to a religion Wiki and give it a 50,000 article start. JamesDay 08:01, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * This comes very close to the borderline of what I don't think Wikipedia is good at: very detailed analysis of primary sources on which not many good secondary sources are available. I'm tempted to say this is more something for a specialized text on Biblical criticism than for a general encyclopedia article, which should instead discuss, say, Genesis or List of important verses in Genesis in a wider and more verifiable context. --Delirium 11:57, Nov 12, 2003 (UTC)
 * I'm happy to have these here and let them grow to the point where they merit another wiki. If they don't grow that far, they are harmless; if they do, we've given a nice new project a start. JamesDay 19:02, 13 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Moved to better title and redirected to original sin. The redirect at Gen. 2:17 is not very useful so could be deleted, but I think the new redirect at Genesis 2:17 is worth keeping. Angela 14:51, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * One criterion that seemed to get lost in all of the discussion would be "How many articles link to this title?" I just did a quick look, & was amazed that the only page that links to Gen. 2:17 or Genesis 2:17 themselves is this one. Many of us (& I'll include myself) have gotten distracted over a topic to argue over, rather than if the material is actually useful to anyone. Let's consider this in the future. -- llywrch 01:22, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Keep as redirect. Standard abbreviation for that book.Martin 19:43, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * As a redirect non-harmful. Andre Engels 11:39, 13 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Keep. A better naming convention, and a header page along the lines of Bible verses with discussion are needed, though.  There are many full texts of the bible on the net, and there is no need to duplicate those, and there are also several full verse by verse commentaries - but they are mainly of historical interest only (because they are out of copyright and hence don't take account of modern scholarship).  I endorse the notion that we should treat other important sacred books in the same way.  Theologians and religious experts will not consult Wiki for information about why Genesis 2:17 is important, but a lay person encountering a reference to it might well want to know what the disputes about it are, and what its historical significance has been.  Vigilance about POV will be needed, though - and a recollection that (a) being anti-religious is just as much a POV as being pro and (b) the real arguments will be between different religious groupings. seglea 22:51, 13 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * In principle I see no problem with having articles on sections of creative works as long as we are prepared to apply the rule consistently towards all major works, religious and secular, written, cinema, or television. mydogategodshat 02:10, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * the decision not to delete this page (now a redirect) was taken at this point.

title: Talk:Gen. 2:17


text:
Frame bundle

In mathematics, a frame bundle is a principal fiber bundle F(E) associated with any vector bundle E. The fiber of F(E) over a point x is the set of all ordered bases, or frames, for Ex. The general linear group acts naturally on F(E) via a change of basis, giving the frame bundle the structure of a principal GL(k, R)-bundle (where k is the rank of E).

The frame bundle of a smooth manifold is the one associated with its tangent bundle. For this reason it is sometimes called the tangent frame bundle.

Definition and construction
Let E → X be a real vector bundle of rank k over a topological space X. A frame at a point x ∈ X is an ordered basis for the vector space Ex. Equivalently, a frame can be viewed as a linear isomorphism
 * $$p : \mathbf{R}^k \to E_x.$$

The set of all frames at x, denoted Fx, has a natural right action by the general linear group GL(k, R) of invertible k × k matrices: a group element g ∈ GL(k, R) acts on the frame p via composition to give a new frame
 * $$p\circ g:\mathbf{R}^k\to E_x.$$

This action of GL(k, R) on Fx is both free and transitive (this follows from the standard linear algebra result that there is a unique invertible linear transformation sending one basis onto another). As a topological space, Fx is homeomorphic to GL(k, R) although it lacks a group structure, since there is no "preferred frame". The space Fx is said to be a GL(k, R)-torsor.

The frame bundle of E, denoted by F(E) or FGL(E), is the disjoint union of all the Fx:
 * $$\mathrm F(E) = \coprod_{x\in X}F_x.$$

Each point in F(E) is a pair (x, p) where x is a point in X and p is a frame at x. There is a natural projection π : F(E) → X which sends (x, p) to x. The group GL(k, R) acts on F(E) on the right as above. This action is clearly free and the orbits are just the fibers of π.

The frame bundle F(E) can be given a natural topology and bundle structure determined by that of E. Let (Ui, φi) be a local trivialization of E. Then for each x ∈ Ui one has a linear isomorphism φi,x : Ex → Rk. This data determines a bijection
 * $$\psi_i : \pi^{-1}(U_i)\to U_i\times \mathrm{GL}(k, \mathbf R)$$

given by
 * $$\psi_i(x,p) = (x,\varphi_{i,x}\circ p).$$

With these bijections, each π−1(Ui) can be given the topology of Ui × GL(k, R). The topology on F(E) is the final topology coinduced by the inclusion maps π−1(Ui) → F(E).

With all of the above data the frame bundle F(E) becomes a principal fiber bundle over X with structure group GL(k, R) and local trivializations ({Ui}, {ψi}). One can check that the transition functions of F(E) are the same as those of E.

The above all works in the smooth category as well: if E is a smooth vector bundle over a smooth manifold M then the frame bundle of E can be given the structure of a smooth principal bundle over M.

Associated vector bundles
A vector bundle E and its frame bundle F(E) are associated bundles. Each one determines the other. The frame bundle F(E) can be constructed from E as above, or more abstractly using the fiber bundle construction theorem. With the latter method, F(E) is the fiber bundle with same base, structure group, trivializing neighborhoods, and transition functions as E but with abstract fiber GL(k, R), where the action of structure group GL(k, R) on the fiber GL(k, R) is that of left multiplication.

Given any linear representation ρ : GL(k, R) → GL(V,F) there is a vector bundle
 * $$\mathrm F(E)\times_{\rho}V$$

associated with F(E) which is given by product F(E) × V modulo the equivalence relation (pg, v) ~ (p, ρ(g)v) for all g in GL(k, R). Denote the equivalence classes by [p, v].

The vector bundle E is naturally isomorphic to the bundle F(E) ×ρ Rk where ρ is the fundamental representation of GL(k, R) on Rk. The isomorphism is given by
 * $$[p,v]\mapsto p(v)$$

where v is a vector in Rk and p : Rk → Ex is a frame at x. One can easily check that this map is well-defined.

Any vector bundle associated with E can be given by the above construction. For example, the dual bundle of E is given by F(E) ×ρ* (Rk)* where ρ* is the dual of the fundamental representation. Tensor bundles of E can be constructed in a similar manner.

Tangent frame bundle
The tangent frame bundle (or simply the frame bundle) of a smooth manifold M is the frame bundle associated with the tangent bundle of M. The frame bundle of M is often denoted FM or GL(M) rather than F(TM). In physics, it is sometimes denoted LM. If M is n-dimensional then the tangent bundle has rank n, so the frame bundle of M is a principal GL(n, R) bundle over M.

Smooth frames
Local sections of the frame bundle of M are called smooth frames on M. The cross-section theorem for principal bundles states that the frame bundle is trivial over any open set in U in M which admits a smooth frame. Given a smooth frame s : U → FU, the trivialization ψ : FU → U × GL(n, R) is given by
 * $$\psi(p) = (x, s(x)^{-1}\circ p)$$

where p is a frame at x. It follows that a manifold is parallelizable if and only if the frame bundle of M admits a global section.

Since the tangent bundle of M is trivializable over coordinate neighborhoods of M so is the frame bundle. In fact, given any coordinate neighborhood U with coordinates (x1,…,xn) the coordinate vector fields
 * $$\left(\frac{\partial}{\partial x^1},\ldots,\frac{\partial}{\partial x^n}\right)$$

define a smooth frame on U. One of the advantages of working with frame bundles is that they allow one to work with frames other than coordinates frames; one can choose a frame adapted to the problem at hand. This is sometimes called the method of moving frames.

Solder form
The frame bundle of a manifold M is a special type of principal bundle in the sense that its geometry is fundamentally tied to the geometry of M. This relationship can be expressed by means of a vector-valued 1-form on FM called the solder form (also known as the fundamental or tautological 1-form). Let x be a point of the manifold M and p a frame at x, so that
 * $$p : \mathbf{R}^n\to T_xM$$

is a linear isomorphism of Rn with the tangent space of M at x. The solder form of FM is the Rn-valued 1-form θ defined by
 * $$\theta_p(\xi) = p^{-1}\mathrm d\pi(\xi)$$

where ξ is a tangent vector to FM at the point (x,p), and p−1 : TxM → Rn is the inverse of the frame map, and dπ is the differential of the projection map π : FM → M. The solder form is horizontal in the sense that it vanishes on vectors tangent to the fibers of π and right equivariant in the sense that
 * $$R_g^*\theta = g^{-1}\theta$$

where Rg is right translation by g ∈ GL(n, R). A form with these properties is called a basic or tensorial form on FM. Such forms are in 1-1 correspondence with TM-valued 1-forms on M which are, in turn, in 1-1 correspondence with smooth bundle maps TM → TM over M. Viewed in this light θ is just the identity map on TM.

As a naming convention, the term "tautological one-form" is usually reserved for the case where the form has a canonical definition, as it does here, while "solder form" is more appropriate for those cases where the form is not canonically defined. This convention is not being observed here.

Orthonormal frame bundle
If a vector bundle E is equipped with a Riemannian bundle metric then each fiber Ex is not only a vector space but an inner product space. It is then possible to talk about the set of all orthonormal frames for Ex. An orthonormal frame for Ex is an ordered orthonormal basis for Ex, or, equivalently, a linear isometry
 * $$p:\mathbf{R}^k \to E_x$$

where Rk is equipped with the standard Euclidean metric. The orthogonal group O(k) acts freely and transitively on the set of all orthonormal frames via right composition. In other words, the set of all orthonormal frames is a right O(k)-torsor.

The orthonormal frame bundle of E, denoted FO(E), is the set of all orthonormal frames at each point x in the base space X. It can be constructed by a method entirely analogous to that of the ordinary frame bundle. The orthonormal frame bundle of a rank k Riemannian vector bundle E → X is a principal O(k)-bundle over X. Again, the construction works just as well in the smooth category.

If the vector bundle E is orientable then one can define the oriented orthonormal frame bundle of E, denoted FSO(E), as the principal SO(k)-bundle of all positively oriented orthonormal frames.

If M is an n-dimensional Riemannian manifold, then the orthonormal frame bundle of M, denoted FOM or O(M), is the orthonormal frame bundle associated with the tangent bundle of M (which is equipped with a Riemannian metric by definition). If M is orientable, then one also has the oriented orthonormal frame bundle FSOM.

Given a Riemannian vector bundle E, the orthonormal frame bundle is a principal O(k)-subbundle of the general linear frame bundle. In other words, the inclusion map
 * $$i:{\mathrm F}_{\mathrm O}(E) \to {\mathrm F}_{\mathrm{GL}}(E)$$

is principal bundle map. One says that FO(E) is a reduction of the structure group of FGL(E) from GL(k, R) to O(k).

G-structures
If a smooth manifold M comes with additional structure it is often natural to consider a subbundle of the full frame bundle of M which is adapted to the given structure. For example, if M is a Riemannian manifold we saw above that it is natural to consider the orthonormal frame bundle of M. The orthonormal frame bundle is just a reduction of the structure group of FGL(M) to the orthogonal group O(n).

In general, if M is a smooth n-manifold and G is a Lie subgroup of GL(n, R) we define a G-structure on M to be a reduction of the structure group of FGL(M) to G. Explicitly, this is a principal G-bundle FG(M) over M together with a G-equivariant bundle map
 * $${\mathrm F}_{G}(M) \to {\mathrm F}_{\mathrm{GL}}(M)$$

over M.

In this language, a Riemannian metric on M gives rise to an O(n)-structure on M. The following are some other examples.

In many of these instances, a G-structure on M uniquely determines the corresponding structure on M. For example, a SL(n, R)-structure on M determines a volume form on M. However, in some cases, such as for symplectic and complex manifolds, an added integrability condition is needed. A Sp(2n, R)-structure on M uniquely determines a nondegenerate 2-form on M, but for M to be symplectic, this 2-form must also be closed.
 * Every oriented manifold has an oriented frame bundle which is just a GL+(n, R)-structure on M.
 * A volume form on M determines a SL(n, R)-structure on M.
 * A 2n-dimensional symplectic manifold has a natural Sp(2n, R)-structure.
 * A 2n-dimensional complex or almost complex manifold has a natural GL(n, C)-structure.

title: Frame bundle


text:
Talk:Magnetohydrodynamic drive

Question
Hello this is a test. An experimental MHD drive was installed onto the Russian submarine Red October in the movie The Hunt For Red October. This drive allowed the sub to be nearly silent (and thus undetectable) while moving. As the MHD drive requires a substantial magnetic field, would this not be detectable by a magnetic anomoly detection system (MAD boom) as carried by the anti-submarine warfare (ASW) aircraft of virtually all the worlds navies/air forces? Commercially viable, yes. Undetectable?, possibly not.

Electrolysis
Speaking from experience, when you run a current through salt water, you get hydrogen and chlorine forming by electrolysis. Chlorine is highly corrosive (even compared to salt water), poisonous, and explosive in combination with hydrogen. Since the gases form as bubbles, surely this process is also noisy. So what is done to suppress electrolysis in an MHD engine? Or are the voltages and currents such that nothing need be done? --Andrew 06:41, Apr 24, 2005 (UTC)

Electrolysis reply
You probably would be unable to stop electrolysis occuring. But, I can reason like this: 1. While you are right in that the hydrogen + chlorine reaction is explosive, it only happens if there is available light. In the dark (e.g in an engine) there is absolutely no reaction.

2. Chlorine itself is not corrosive. It reacts with water to form hydrochloric acid and hypochlorous acid, which are. However, in an MHD, the dilute acidic solution would be rapidly ejected from the engine into the sea, whre it would do no harm to the engine.

You are right in that the hydrogen bubbles would remain free, but they may be collected and stored/used.

82.153.169.213 17:44, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

Few MHD comments...
The Red October's Caterpillar drive was thermohydrodynamic, not magnetohydrodynamics, or in other words a nuclear water jet. One thing I never really understood was how they avoided cavitation from boiling water. Then theres also the issue of running the reactor hot enough to heat huge volumes of water at an extremely high rate of speed, if anything went even slightly wrong it would melt down and explode before they even knew what happened.

Magnetic detection is a problem for all subs and I'm not sure a MHD drive would make a difference, certainly wouldn't help. Using different hull materials or layers of materials is another option. It would sacrifice dive depth and general hull strength for increased stealth. Same for acoustic detection, a soft enough material might even be able to adsorb an active sonar ping (e.g. creating a large shadow or “hole�? in the water rather than a well defined shape).

Few literate among these had been made on the spite of the listening with respect to the willingness ok..Other things to consider with next generation subs: hyper-planing rocket propelled torpedoes and hyper-planing bullets. Deep running subs are effectively immune to missiles, bombs, depth charges, etc... Now with hyper-planing bullets they could easily destroy an incoming conventional torpedo well before it poses a serious threat to the sub. Hyper-planing torpedoes allow the sub to hit targets well outside of detection range with a supersonic torpedo that cannot be detected before impacting the target. (note, saying next generation is a bit of a misnomer, China armed their subs with Russian hyper-planing torpedoes over a year ago but last I heard the US is planning to implement them in the next generation of subs towards the end of the decade -- not to mention these 'super torpedoes' are able to carry nuclear warheads).

Back to the subject at hand, another interesting application for MHD drive systems is fighter subs. With advances in fuelcell technology or even compact nuclear reactors, a fighter size sub could run totally silent and kill targets with near impunity (unless the target had hyper-planing bullet based weapons). Just have to work out the technical issues with the drive systems.

The future of naval warfare will be very interesting indeed and I think MHD drives will be a corner stone in that future.

-MegaBurn

In the first sentence you call it a nuclear water jet. But what could possibly be a nuclear water jet? The only thing a nuclear plant can produce is heat, which has to be further processed to get electricity or mechanical power. Your statement doesn't make sense.--Titeuf24 (talk) 01:57, 5 July 2009 (UTC)

Production of gas
My understanding is it is possible to produce an electric field in water without electrolysis and therefore, the production of gas. If a substance undergoes electrolysis to yield H+ ions and is seperated from the (sea?) water by a semi-permeable membrane that allows the passage of H+ ions but nothing else, then excess H+ ions could be forced into the sea water. The negative ions at the cathode would be protected by a similar semi-permeable membrane, with the result that H+ ions would leave the anode and migrate through seawater to the cathode, thus resulting in an electric field in the water. As neither electrode makes direct contact with the water, electrolysis does not take place. Application of a magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of the electric field would result in the magnetohydrodynamic drive as described by the article. This line of reasoning occurs to me as neurones produce electric fields across their membranes via the hydrolysis of ATP routinely, and do so without generating gas from the hydrolysis of water. In such a system, the electric field may be maintained as long as a steady supply of ATP (or other high energy proton source)is provided. Please note that I am not a trained chemist, rather a biologist, and my understanding of this phenomenon may be mistaken.

Removing Probable HOAX
Conservation of Energy and a host of other engineering perameters make this paragraph extremely doubtful. Suggest it needs multiple cites from 'reputable publications, NOT from COLLEGE pages w/likely 'prank's to support it 'factually' before it restoring it to the article.

An example would be Japan, which began sea trials of a prototype magnetic ship. Yamato 1 is propelled by two MHD (magnetohydrodynamic) thrusters that run without any moving parts. When completed, the MHD ship should be able to attain speeds of more than 100 knots (125 miles or 200 kilometers per hour), with little noise. This is several times the top speed of today’s ships, which are slowed down by turbulence created by the ship’s propellers. MHD works by applying a magnetic field to an electrically conducting fluid. The electrically conducting fluid used in the MHD thruster of the Yamoto 1 is seawater.

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnetohydrodynamic_drive&action=edit The material cited is now four years old, and if reputible results exist, they should be more available than something this skimpy and unreliably edited. Fra nkB 21:13, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

 * What does this have to do with conservation of energy?
 * Here is a reference that looks legit at first glance:
 * And another
 * And another — Omegatron 21:45, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

Merge with Caterpillar drive
I'd say yes to this merge, afterall they're the same thing. One just uses a puncher name (designed to inspire the imaginations of film goers) and the other a technical name. --62.173.194.7 08:05, 24 July 2006 (UTC)
 * The caterpillar is the underwater equivalent of a jet, not an MHD. Like in all conversions(I just know I'm using the wrong word), details were changed when the screenplay was written. In the book(which should always be preferred over the movie in this kind of situation), the caterpillar is driven by impellers. The article needs to be rewritten to show this. BioTube 00:28, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

Clarify the engine/generator part?
"The major problem with MHD is that with current technologies it is more expensive and much slower than a propeller driven by an engine. The extra expense is from the large generator that must be driven by an engine. Such a large generator is not required when an engine directly drives a propeller."

So, if it's still driven by an engine powering a generator...what's the point of the MHD? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 146.145.251.34 (talk) 20:16, 23 November 2010 (UTC)

History of Magnetohydrodynamic Propulsion
Magneto-hydrodynamic Propulsion was first used in experimental German submarines in 1933. The Germans also tried it to propel torpedoes, but the gases produced were visually more noticeable and they were very acoustically noisy, as well, so this was abandoned in favour of chemical propulsion in which the reaction products were dissolvable in seawater to conceal the wake. They could not get sufficient thrust from this, so they returned to using propellors and put up with the cavitation wake they produced because they were so much faster, which meant that the target had insufficient time to react. The Magneto-hydrodynamic propulsion of submarines was similarly abandoned because of the acoustic and magnetic noise and because low RPM propellors and electric motors were far less detectable. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.142.148.196 (talk) 02:26, 31 December 2011 (UTC)

Can't magnetohydrodynamic drive theory be used in jet engines? If it needs high voltage of electricity, couldn't it provided with battery power for passenger jets like Air Bus? If we could achieve this we could reduce the cost of air travel and passenger risk if the jet crashes. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mihinduep (talk • contribs) 01:38, 24 April 2013 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 22:50, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Supposed reasons for impracticality -- a generator and (possibly) low efficiency
The lede says "MHD drives remain impractical due to... the large amount of energy needed to operate them," implying that efficiency is low. But the article says precious little about actual efficiency. It would be nice to have a section, however brief, that describes MHD efficiency.

The article goes on to say "The major problem with MHD is that with current technologies, it is more expensive, and much slower, than a propeller driven by an engine. The extra expense is from the large generator that must be driven by an engine. Such a large generator is not required when an engine directly drives a propeller."

As written, this is dubious. A diesel-electric locomotive is not driven directly by an engine; instead, a diesel generator creates electric power which drives electric motors.

Now, there may be a valid reason why the need for a generator is not a problem on a locomotive, but is a deal-breaker on a marine vessel. If so, the article should explain it. Novel compound (talk) 21:35, 17 September 2017 (UTC)

Fact or fiction
This article contains some good, sourced material, but mixed in with that much of it is unsourced speculation reminiscent of science fiction. Examples will follow. Andrewa (talk) 22:52, 12 April 2020 (UTC)

Electro Magnetic Flow Meter
Electromagnetic Flowmeters measure flow of conductive fluids with no moving parts using the MHD Generator principle. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_flow_meter — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.54.168.71 (talk • contribs) 12:10, 25 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Not really. ~Anachronist (talk) 18:07, 25 February 2021 (UTC)

Active flow control
It says:

"Active flow control by MHD force fields on the contrary involves a direct and imperious action of forces"

"Imperious"? How can a force's action be imperious? Can anyone say whether perhaps there's a typo, and some other word was intended?

MrDemeanour (talk) 14:55, 26 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Magnetohydrodynamic drive


text:
Frank Mahovlich

Francis William Mahovlich  (born January 10, 1938) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player and a former Liberal Senator in the Canadian Senate. He played on six Stanley Cup-winning teams and is an inductee of the Hockey Hall of Fame. In 2017 Mahovlich was named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players' in history. Mahovlich was inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 1999. His brother Peter also played in the NHL. His nickname is "The Big M".

Playing career
The son of immigrants from Croatia, Mahovlich was scouted by several National Hockey League teams while playing for the Schumacher Lions of the Northern Ontario Hockey Association. He signed with the Toronto Maple Leafs, who sent him to one of their Ontario Hockey Association affiliates, the Toronto St. Michael's Majors. Mahovlich played there while attending St. Michael's College School from 1954 to 1957. While at St. Michael's, he received instruction from Joe Primeau, who Mahovlich would later call the best coach he ever had. Mahovlich received the Red Tilson Trophy as the top player in the OHA for the 1956–57 season, in which he scored 52 goals in 49 games.

He joined the Leafs in 1957 and was a 20-goal scorer in his first season, winning the Calder Memorial Trophy as rookie of the year in what was otherwise a rough season with the last-place Leafs. During the off-season, he took courses at Assumption University in Windsor, Ontario. At the same time, Punch Imlach was hired to run the Leafs and soon became head coach and general manager.

In the 1960–61 season, Imlach put Mahovlich on a line with Red Kelly and Bob Nevin. The three immediately clicked and were the team's top three scorers that year, led by Mahovlich's 48 goals—a Leaf record that would stand for 21 years. The following season, the Leafs won the Stanley Cup, and repeated as champions in 1963 and 1964. Mahovlich led the team in goals scored in all three seasons.

Initially, Mahovlich and Imlach got along well, but their relationship deteriorated after winning the 1962 Stanley Cup, particularly when Mahovlich's contract was up for renewal at the end of the 1962 season. He felt the Leafs gave him a low-ball offer and walked out on the team during training camp in September. Red Burnett at the Toronto Star described the situation as a "cold war" between Imlach and Mahovlich.

A further incident worsened the situation. At that time, the National Hockey League All-Star Game was played at the beginning of the season, and during a reception in Toronto attended by team executives in the days before the 1962 game, Chicago Black Hawks owner James D. Norris offered the Leafs $1 million for Mahovlich. He believed he had an agreement with Leafs co-owner Harold Ballard and paid $1,000 as a deposit with the balance to be delivered by cheque the next morning. The next day, the Leafs gave Mahovlich the money he had been asking for and told the Black Hawks that their apparent agreement the night before had been a misunderstanding. The Leafs returned the $1,000 deposit. The Black Hawks accused the Leafs of reneging on a deal. Conn Smythe, at this point a minority shareholder in the Leafs, was adamant that the deal should be rejected. Mahovlich eventually spoke out publicly and reaffirmed his commitment to the Leafs.

Mahovlich also had a rocky relationship with fans at Maple Leaf Gardens and was often booed at home games. Imlach—who mispronounced Mahovlich's name for years—became a constant critic and, under pressure from fans and management, Mahovlich was admitted to Toronto General Hospital in November 1964, suffering from what was publicly described as "constant fatigue" but diagnosed as acute depression. Mahovlich was flooded with well-wishes from fans during his time off. He returned to the lineup a month later and was still able to lead the Leafs in scoring in the 1964–65 season, despite missing 11 games. Mahovlich led the Leafs in scoring again in the 1965–66 season.

The Leafs won the Stanley Cup in the 1966–67 season, with Mahovlich having his lowest-scoring year in seven seasons. Early into the next season, Mahovlich was again admitted to hospital, although this time it was acknowledged publicly as depression and tension. "Mahovlich is a sensitive, easily-bruised individual," wrote Milt Dunnell in a page-one story in the Toronto Star.

Mahovlich was part of a six-player blockbuster transaction in which he was traded along with Pete Stemkowski and Garry Unger from the Maple Leafs to the Detroit Red Wings for Norm Ullman, Paul Henderson and Floyd Smith on March 4, 1968. The Maple Leafs and Red Wings were in fifth and sixth place respectively at the bottom of the East Division standings. He had 19 goals and 17 assists in 50 games that season and was the leading goalscorer in Maple Leafs franchise history with 296 at the time of the deal. He joined a Red Wings team that also featured his younger brother Pete. He said in a press conference announcing the trade, "Business is business and if I can't please them here, maybe I'll be able to please them there."

Mahovlich had a strong finish to the season with the Red Wings, and the following year put up his best point totals in eight seasons, playing on a line with Gordie Howe and Alex Delvecchio, and setting his record for goals in a season with 49. Initially, one of his teammates on the Red Wings was his younger brother, Peter Mahovlich, who split his time between the Wings and their minor league affiliate.

In 1970–71, Red Wings general manager Sid Abel wanted to get rid of coach Ned Harkness and was overruled by team owner Bruce Norris. Once Harkness took over as general manager, he got rid of players he deemed a threat to him. On January 13, 1971, Mahovlich was traded to the Montreal Canadiens for Mickey Redmond, Guy Charron, and Bill Collins. He was reunited with his brother, who had become a star player himself with the Canadiens. Mahovlich spent three-and-a-half seasons in Montreal, playing on the Stanley Cup-winning teams of 1971 and 1973. During the 1971–72 season, Mahovlich scored a career-high 96 points, which he nearly matched the following season with 93 points.

He also was a member of Team Canada for the 1972 Summit Series against the Soviet Union. In 1974, he left the NHL for the World Hockey Association and represented Canada again at the 1974 Summit Series. In the WHA, he played for the Toronto Toros and the Birmingham Bulls until his retirement in 1979 at the age of 41. While with the Bulls, Mahovlich was placed on an unproductive line with enforcers Frank Beaton and Dave Hanson, one of the Hanson Brothers who had been in the movie Slap Shot. According to John Brophy, when a reporter asked Mahovlich what was wrong, he replied, "I don't know, but I seem to play a lot better with Howe and Delvecchio."

He attempted an NHL comeback with the Detroit Red Wings in 1979, but it was unsuccessful, and he formally retired on October 7, 1979.

In an NHL documentary about the Stanley Cup, Mahovlich claimed credit for being the first player to hoist the Stanley Cup above his head. After the Leafs' victory in the 1962 Cup Finals, in the team locker room, Mahovlich said he held the Cup, felt how light it was, and hoisted it above his head, which was then photographed.

Awards and achievements

 * Calder Memorial Trophy winner in 1958.
 * Played in 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, and 1974 NHL All-Star Games.
 * Selected to the NHL First All-Star Team in 1961, 1963, and 1973.
 * Selected to the NHL Second All-Star Team in 1962, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1969, and 1970.
 * Stanley Cup champion in 1962, 1963, 1964, 1967, 1971 and 1973.
 * Inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1981.
 * Inducted into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame in 1990.
 * In 1997, he was ranked number 26 on The Hockey News' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players.
 * Inaugural inductee into the World Hockey Association Hall of Fame as a "Legends of the Game" in 2010
 * Number (27) Retired by the Toronto Maple Leafs (shared with Darryl Sittler)
 * In January 2017, Mahovlich was part of the first group of players to be named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players' in history.

Post-playing career
Mahovlich was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1981 and Canada's Sports Hall of Fame in 1990. In 1994, he was made a Member of the Order of Canada.

In 1997, Mahovlich was ranked number 26 on The Hockey News's list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players, the highest-ranking player who had spent at least a majority of his career with the Maple Leafs.

In 1998, Mahovlich was appointed to the Senate of Canada by Prime Minister Jean Chrétien. He retired from the senate on January 10, 2013, at the mandatory retirement age of 75.

title: Frank Mahovlich


text:
Talk:Frank Mahovlich

Untitled
In 1958, he joined the Toronto Maple Leafs, winning the Calder Trophy as N.H.L. rookie of the year. Over a twenty-two year career, Mr. Mahovlich's trademark grace and powerful skating style made him one of professional hockey's true superstars. He scored 626 goals, was selected to nine All-Star teams, and was a member of six Stanley Cup- winning teams - four with Toronto and two with the Montreal Canadiens. In 1971, he tied the record for most play-off points.

In addition to his storied on-ice exploits, Mr. Mahovlich has been a great ambassador for the game of hockey and an outstanding role model.

He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1981, to Canada's Sports Hall of Fame 1990 and to the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame. In 1994, Mr. Mahovlich was made a Member of the Order of Canada. In 2002, he received an honourary Doctorate from St. Francis Xavier University.

He is married to Marie Devaney Mahovlich.

They have raised three children: Michael, Nancy and Edward.

© The Senate of Canada

Your fact sheet lists Senator Mahovlich's birthplace as "Windsor, Ontario". The information I have seen indicates he was in fact born in Schumacher, Ontario (near Timmins).

Spam alert, someone adds Zumberak everywhere
Someone is adding Zumberak as the place of origin of many celebrities without proof, it's probably the spammer's village.

Nickname
Saving nickname for future use in prose "| nickname    = Big M" -Djsasso (talk) 00:37, 30 July 2008 (UTC)

Assessment
The article is currently 'start' class. It is lacking references and inline citations that would raise it to C or B class.  PK T (alk)  21:41, 7 March 2011 (UTC)

Discography
There are at least two records about him that should be mentioned: All My Hockey Secrets by Frank Mahovlich Esso Maple Leafs Hockey Talks Record #4: Frank Mahovlich  2607:FEA8:1360:3BA:8CD9:7BF8:FDB8:654B (talk) 03:09, 9 March 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Frank Mahovlich