text:
Talk:Vera Wang

Untitled
Imagine if her name was Vera Long Wang. --Mrwojo 14:42, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Vera Wang is American
While technically correct, I don't understand the need to identify the American-born Ms. Wang as "a Chinese-American" while Tommy Hilfiger and Calvin Klein are simply identified as "American". For the sake of uniformity, we should identify Mr. Klein as "Jewish-Hungarian-American fashion designer" or simply refer to Ms. Wang as "American".--Brendanmccabe (talk) 14:04, 16 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Her nationality is not Chinese-American, it's American. It's not possible anyways to have one's nationality be Chinese-American as China doesn't allow dual-citizenships.

 * Although she is of Chinese ancestry, Vera Wang is unequivocally American: she was born in the US, she was raised in the US, and she lives and works in the US. She is, both figuratively and literally, American. And based on other comments, I see I 'm not the only one who understands and appreciates this fact.75.27.41.134 (talk) 17:42, 10 January 2012 (UTC)

 * I don't think anyone had been trying to deny Ms. Wang as an American, "Chinese American" is, at least in my background, a popular term to illustrate some american citizen of Chinese ancestry just like "African American". Does "Barack Obama is African American" mean Obama is an African rather than an American? 31.205.21.4 (talk) 23:28, 10 February 2014 (UTC)

Okay, so it's settled. She's American. Why the Chinese pronunciation? Brendanmccabe (talk) 23:37, 21 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I believe the Chinese pronunciation is on there as a formality because although she is American, she is of Chinese decent with a Chinese last name. TMatBU2021 (talk) 02:02, 25 March 2021 (UTC)

This was dumped by User:me and reverted by MoNo; please encorporate as necessary:

The world’s most successful wedding gown designer Vera Wang built her great reputation for elegant and timeless bridal designs. Vera Wang has spent more than twenty-five years in the fashion industry. Before she struck out on her own, Vera Wang worked as a Senior Fashion Editor at Vogue for a sixteen-year tenure, and in 1985, Vera Wang left Vogue and joined Ralph Lauren as a design director for two years. In 1990, Vera Wang opened a luxury boutique in New York City.

As the second generation from a Chinese immigrate family, Vera Wang has well trained to be academic excellence and athletic prowess. In her early years, she attended Sarah Lawrence College, and competed in skating competitions. As an excellent skater,and she competed in the 1968 National Figure Skating Final. Later, after she failed to make the U.S. Olympic team, she turned her passion into fashion. However, she did not give up her passion for sport. Years later, Vera Wang’s unique design grab people’s attention on Olympic games. Many fabulous skaters such as Michelle Kwan, Nancy Kerriganwore etc. wear Vera Wang’s design on almost every international skating competition. she was really good.

The inspiration for explored on wedding gown design from Vera Wang’s frustrating wedding dress experience years ago. There was no fashion in bridal until Vera Wang added sophisticated element to it. Vera Wang’s appeared absolutely changed the vision for the future bridal look. Today, wedding gown is not only a piece of traditional dress, but also a piece of fashion. Nevertheless, this outstanding designer is not satisfied with what she has done, she continues to challenge herself, after success in the bridal collection, she launched her luxury evening dress, ready-to-wear line, latterly she created her fragrance, fine jewelry and women’s accessories. Nowadays, this talent designer brings her creation to almost every field of design.
 * Vera Wang has a line of everyday wear now, too. She has created a line of affordable business wear and lounge wear that is available at stores in the U.S. The name it is under is Simply Vera Wang. TMatBU2021 (talk) 02:02, 25 March 2021 (UTC)

--Jiang 12:54, 20 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * This cut out paragraphs contain good info. If some copy-editors can check the NPOV, grammar, typo etc., the info can be added to the main article.  Kowloonese 21:50, 2 Jan 2004 (UTC)

hello —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.63.116.242 (talk) 14:00, 7 May 2010 (UTC)

Vera Wang updated headshot
The Vera Wang head shot has been updated to a recent image as of 6/11/2015. Verawang2 (talk) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Verawang2 (talk • contribs) 16:10, 11 June 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 09:53, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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High Society
Regarding the definition tag of 'high society', I referred it to the article explaining it.--Vince0vince (talk) 19:52, 9 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vera Wang


text:
HM Prison Holloway

HM Prison Holloway was a closed category prison for adult women and young offenders in Holloway, London, England, operated by His Majesty's Prison Service. It was the largest women's prison in western Europe, until its closure in 2016.

History
Holloway prison was opened in 1852 as a mixed-sex prison, but due to growing demand for space for female prisoners, particularly due to the closure of Newgate, it became female-only in 1903.

Before the First World War, Holloway was used to imprison those suffragettes who broke the law. These included Emmeline Pankhurst, Emily Davison, Constance Markievicz (also imprisoned for her part in the Irish Rebellion), Charlotte Despard, Mary Richardson, Dora Montefiore, Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington, and Ethel Smyth.

In 1959, Joanna Kelley became Governor of Holloway. Kelley ensured that long-term prisoners received the best accommodation and they were allowed to have their own crockery, pictures and curtains. The prison created "family" groups of prisoners, group therapy and psychiatrists to support some prisoners where required.

In 1965, there was a change in responsibilities and the Probation Service was tasked with looking after prisoners once they had served their sentence. Kelley was not keen on the idea. With Kelley's encouragement, the Holloway Discharged Prisoners' Aide Society reformed into the Griffins Society, the name coming from the statues of two griffins that had been either side of the entrance gates to Holloway. The Griffins Society provided more services than its previous iteration, including accommodations for discharged prisoners, a meeting ground for imprisoned mothers and their children, a psychotherapy group, and a coffee bar. By 1994, the Society offered five hostels for discharged women, holding up to 65 women, and enabling a great deal of independence to former prisoners seeking to re-establish life after release.

Until 1991, the Prison was staffed by Home Office appointed, female Prison Officers. Male hospital officers from Pentonville were on weekly secondments until 1976. Their mission was to provide support for the agency nurses who worked in Holloway. The first 'Male, basic grade' Prison Officer to be posted to HMP Holloway in its (Female inmates only) history, was Prison Officer (Trg) Thomas Ainsworth, who joined the establishment direct from HMP College Wakefield in May 1991.

After the death from suicide in January 2016 of inmate Sarah Reed, a paranoid schizophrenic being held on remand, the subsequent inquest in July 2017 identified failings in the care system. Shortly after Reed died, a report concluded she was unfit to plead at a trial.

Rebuilding
Holloway's Governor Joanna Kelley was promoted to assistant director of prisons (women) in 1966. In 1967, they began to rebuild Holloway Prison. The previous design had been a "star" design where a single warder could oversee many potentially troublesome prisoners and then act promptly to summon assistance. Kelley felt this was wrong as at the time most women prisoners were not violent. It was her ideas that inspired the redesigned prison based on her experience as governor. The rebuilding was completed in 1977. During that time she had become an OBE in 1973. The new design allowed for "family" groups of sixteen prisoners. Her ideas were in the design of the buildings but her ideas were never enacted.

The redevelopment resulted in the loss of the "grand turreted" gateway to the prison, which had been built in 1851; architectural critic Gavin Stamp later regretted the loss and said that the climate of opinion at the time was such that the Victorian Society felt unable to object.

Use
Holloway Prison held female adults and young offenders remanded or sentenced by the local courts. Accommodation at the prison was mostly single cells; however, there was also some dormitory accommodation.

Holloway Prison offered both full-time and part-time education to inmates, with courses including skills training workshops, British Industrial Cleaning Science (BICS), gardening, and painting.

There was a family-friendly visitors' centre, run by the Prison Advice and Care Trust (pact), an independent charity.

Closure
The then-Chancellor of the Exchequer, George Osborne, announced in his Autumn Statement on 25 November 2015 that the prison would be closed and demolished and the land sold for housing. It closed in July 2016, with the remaining prisoners being moved to HMP Downview and HMP Bronzefield, both in Surrey.

As of September 2017, the prison buildings still stand, with draft proposals for the site including housing, a public open green space, playground, women's centre and a small amount of commercial space.

Suffragettes
For decades, British campaigners had argued for votes for women. It was only when a number of suffragists, despairing of change through peaceful means, decided to turn to militant protest that the "suffragette" was born. These women broke the law in pursuit of their aims, and many were imprisoned at Holloway for their criminal activity. They were not treated as political prisoners, the authorities arguing they were imprisoned for their vandalism, not their opinions. In protest, some went on hunger strike and were force fed so Holloway has a large symbolic role in the history of women's rights in the UK for those in sympathy with the movement. Suffragettes imprisoned there include Emmeline Pankhurst, Emily Davison, Violet Mary Doudney, Katie Edith Gliddon, Isabella Potbury, Evaline Hilda Burkitt, Georgina Fanny Cheffins, Constance Bryer, Florence Tunks, Janie Terrero, Doreen Allen, Bertha Ryland, Katharine Gatty, Charlotte Despard, Janet Boyd, Genie Sheppard, Mary Ann Aldham, Mary Richardson, Muriel and Arabella Scott, Alice Maud Shipley, Katherine Douglas Smith, Dora Montefiore, Christabel Pankhurst, Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington, Emily Townsend, Leonora Tyson, Miriam Pratt, Ethel Smyth and the American Alice Paul. Detainees later received the Holloway brooch. In 1912 the anthem of the suffragettes – "The March of the Women", composed by Ethel Smyth with lyrics by Cicely Hamilton – was performed there.

Irish Republicans
Holloway held three important people closely associated with the Easter Rebellion of 1916: Maud Gonne, Kathleen Clarke and Constance Markievicz.

Fascists
Holloway held Diana Mitford under Defence Regulation 18B during World War II, and after a personal intervention from Prime Minister Winston Churchill, her husband Sir Oswald Mosley was moved there. The couple lived together in a cottage in the prison grounds. They were released in 1943.

Norah Elam had the distinction of being detained during both World Wars, three times during 1914 as a suffragette prisoner under the name Dacre Fox, then as a detainee under Regulation 18B in 1940, when she was part of the social circle that gathered around the Mosleys during their early internment period. Later, after her release, Elam had the further distinction of being the only former member of the British Union of Fascists to be granted a visit with Oswald Mosley during his period of detention there. Fridel Meyer was not a fascist, but was nevertheless held at Holloway in 1939 under Defence Regulation 18B for being German. She was released after six months following an intervention by barrister Norman Birkett.

Executions
A total of five judicial executions by hanging took place at Holloway Prison between 1903 and 1955:

 * Amelia Sach and Annie Walters (3 February 1903)
 * Edith Thompson (9 January 1923)
 * Styllou Christofi (13 December 1954)
 * Ruth Ellis (13 July 1955; last woman to be executed in the United Kingdom)

The bodies of all executed prisoners were buried in unmarked graves within the walls of the prison, as was customary. In 1971 the prison underwent an extensive programme of rebuilding, during which the remains of all the executed women were exhumed. With the exception of Ruth Ellis (who was reburied in the churchyard of St Mary's Church, Old Amersham), the remains of the four other women were subsequently reburied in a single grave at Brookwood Cemetery near Woking, Surrey. In 2018, the remains of Edith Thompson were reburied in her parents' grave in the City of London Cemetery.

Other inmates
Noteworthy inmates that were held at the original 1852-era prison include Oscar Wilde, William Thomas Stead, Isabella Glyn, F. Digby Hardy, Kitty Byron, Lady Ida Sitwell, wife of Sir George Sitwell, and Kate Meyrick the 'Night Club Queen'. Robber Zoe Progl became the first woman to escape over the wall of the prison in 1960.

More recently it housed, in 1966, Moors murderess Myra Hindley; in 1967, Kim Newell, a Welsh woman who was involved in the Red Mini Murder; also in the late 1960s, National Socialist supporter Françoise Dior, charged with arson against synagogues; in 1977, American Joyce McKinney of the "Manacled Mormon case"; between 1991 and 1993, Michelle and Lisa Taylor, the sisters convicted of the murder of Alison Shaughnessy before being controversially released on appeal a year later;  Sheila Bowler, the music teacher wrongly imprisoned for the murder of her elderly aunt, was detained there before being transferred to Bullwood Hall; and in 2002, Maxine Carr, who gave a false alibi for Soham murderer Ian Huntley. In 2000, Dena Thompson was also known to have been imprisoned at Holloway for attempted murder, before she was convicted of murdering another victim. Sharon Carr, Britain's youngest female murderer who killed aged only 12, also spent time at Holloway.

Other inmates included Linda Calvey, Chantal McCorkle, and Emma Humphreys.

In 2014 disgraced judge and barrister Constance Briscoe began a 16-month sentence at the prison.

Inspections, inquiries and reports
In October 1999, it was announced that healthcare campaigner and agony aunt Claire Rayner had been called in to advise on an improved healthcare provision at Holloway Prison. Rayner's appointment was announced after the introduction of emergency measures at the prison's healthcare unit after various failures.

In September 2001, an inspection report from His Majesty's Chief Inspector of Prisons claimed that Holloway Prison was failing many of its inmates, mainly due to financial pressures. However, the report stated that the prison had improved in a number of areas, and praised staff working at the jail.

In March 2002, Managers at Holloway were transferred to other prisons following an inquiry by the Prison Service. The inquiry followed a number of allegations from prison staff concerning sexual harassment, bullying and intimidation from managers. The inquiry supported some of these claims.

An inspection report from in June 2003, stated that conditions had improved at Holloway Prison. However the report criticised levels of hygiene at the jail, as well as the lack of trained staff, and poor safety for inmates. A further inspection report in September 2008 again criticised safety levels for inmates of Holloway, claiming that bullying and theft were rife at the prison. The report also noted high levels of self-harm and poor mental health among the inmates.

A further inspection in 2010 again noted improvements but found that most prisoners said they felt unsafe and that there remained 35 incidents a week of self-harm. The prison's operational capacity is 501.

Sarah Reed case
On 11 January 2016, Sarah Reed, an inmate at Holloway, was found dead in her cell. Her family were told by prison staff that she had strangled herself while lying on her bed. For The Observer, Yvonne Roberts wrote "Sarah's final days were harrowing. She was hallucinating, chanting, without the medication she had relied on for years, sleepless, complaining a demon punched her awake at night. She was on a basic regime, punishment for what was classed as bad behaviour. In spite of her mental and physical fragility, she was isolated, the cell hatch closed, without hot water, heating or a properly cleaned cell. 'For safety and security' a four-strong 'lockdown' team of prison officers delivered basic care." Observations of Reed had been cut to only one an hour though she was obviously severely psychotic, had threatened suicide and had self harmed. A prison officer told Reed's mother, "We deal with restraint and maintaining the law. We're not designed to deal with health issues."

The jury at her inquest decided that Reed took her own life when the balance of her mind was disturbed, but were unclear whether she had intended to kill herself. They said failure to manage her medication and the failure to complete the fitness to plead assessment in a reasonable time were factors in her death. The jury were also concerned about how Reed was monitored and claimed Reed received inadequate treatment in prison for her distress.

Deborah Coles of Inquest said: "Sarah Reed was a woman in torment, imprisoned for the sake of two medical assessments to confirm what was resoundingly clear, that she needed specialist care not prison. Her death was a result of multi-agency failures to protect a woman in crisis. Instead of providing her with adequate support, the prison treated her ill mental health as a discipline, control and containment issue."

Film

 * The 1953 movie, "Turn the Key Softly" featured Holloway Prison.
 * One of the characters in the 1997 Canadian sci-fi/horror movie Cube is named after Holloway Prison.

Literature

 * In Elizabeth George's 1994 novel Playing for the Ashes, a character is expected to be sent to Holloway if convicted.
 * In Dorothy L. Sayers's novel Strong Poison, Harriet Vane is held in HM Holloway Prison during the trial.

Music

 * Belle and Sebastian's "The Boy with the Arab Strap" draws inspiration from a drive past the prison for the first verse.
 * The band Bush wrote a song about the prison called "Personal Holloway," on their album Razorblade Suitcase.
 * The Kinks' "Holloway Jail" appears on Muswell Hillbillies.
 * Marillion's song "Holloway Girl" is on their album Seasons End.
 * Million Dead have "Holloway Prison Blues" on their album Harmony No Harmony.
 * In Potter Payper's 2013 album Training day, it is mentioned his mother attended Holloway prison in the song 'Purple Rain'- " they said my mummy went on holiday, I found out my mummy was in Holloway“

Television

 * In the Thames Television series Rumpole Of The Bailey episode "Rumpole and the Alternative Society," the girl whom Rumpole was defending (until she admitted her guilt to him) was sentenced to three years imprisonment which she served at HM Holloway Prison.
 * In the TV series Upstairs, Downstairs, the second-season episode "A Special Mischief" has Elizabeth Bellamy joining a band of suffragettes who go out one night vandalising wealthy homes. Rose, the parlourmaid, follows them; they are apprehended by the police. Rose is mistakenly thought to be a suffragette and is put in a ladies' prison, and Holloway is very much implied. Elizabeth is spared going to jail as her bail is paid for by Julius Karekin, one of the rich men being targeted. Elizabeth and Karekin bail Rose out of prison.

Caitlin Davies has written Bad Girls (published by John Murray), a history of Holloway Prison. The prison closed in July 2016; the site is being redeveloped for housing and a Women's Building as a transformative justice project. Davies was the only journalist granted access to the prison and its archives.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: HM Prison Holloway


text:
Navigator

A navigator is the person on board a ship or aircraft responsible for its navigation. The navigator's primary responsibility is to be aware of ship or aircraft position at all times. Responsibilities include planning the journey, advising the ship's captain or aircraft commander of estimated timing to destinations while en route, and ensuring hazards are avoided. The navigator is in charge of maintaining the aircraft or ship's nautical charts, nautical publications, and navigational equipment, and they generally have responsibility for meteorological equipment and communications. With the advent of satellite navigation, the effort required to accurately determine one's position has decreased by orders of magnitude, so the entire field has experienced a revolutionary transition since the 1990s with traditional navigation tasks, like performing celestial navigation, being used less frequently. Using multiple independent position fix methods without solely relying on electronic systems subject to failure helps the navigator detect errors. Professional mariners are still proficient in traditional piloting and celestial navigation.

In naval occupations
Shipborne navigators in the U.S. Navy are normally surface warfare officer qualified with the exception of naval aviators and naval flight officers assigned to ship's navigator billets aboard aircraft carriers and large deck amphibious assault ships and who have been qualified at a level equal to surface warfare officers. U.S. Coast Guard officers that are shipboard navigators are normally cutter qualified at a level analogous to the USN officers previously mentioned. Quartermasters are the navigator's enlisted assistants and perform most of the technical navigation duties.

Aboard ships in the Merchant Marine and Merchant Navy, the second mate is generally the (senior) navigator.

In aviation
Navigators are sometimes also called 'air navigators' or 'flight navigators'. In civil aviation this was a position on older aircraft, typically between the late-1910s and the 1970s, where separate crew members (sometimes two navigation crew members) were often responsible for an aircraft's flight navigation, including its dead reckoning and celestial navigation, especially when flown over oceans or other large featureless areas where radio navigation aids were not originally available. As sophisticated electronic air navigation aids and universal space-based GPS navigation systems came online, the dedicated Navigator's position was discontinued and its function was assumed by dual-licensed Pilot-Navigators, and still later by the aircraft's primary pilots (Captain and FO), resulting in a continued downsizing in the number of aircrew positions on commercial flights. Modern electronic navigation systems made the civil aviation navigators redundant by the early 1980s. In military aviation, navigators are still actively trained and licensed in some present day air forces, as electronic navigation aids cannot be assumed to be operational during wartime. In the world's air forces, modern navigators are frequently tasked with weapons and defensive systems operations, along with co-pilot duties such as flight planning and fuel management, depending on the type, model and series of aircraft. In the U.S. Air Force, the aeronautical rating of navigator has been augmented by addition of the combat systems officer, while in the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps, those officers formerly called navigators, tactical systems officers, or naval aviation observers have been known as naval flight officers since the mid-1960s. USAF navigators/combat systems officers and USN/USMC naval flight officers must be basic mission qualified in their aircraft, or fly with an instructor navigator or instructor NFO to provide the necessary training for their duties.

Nautical charts
A naval ship's navigator is responsible for buying and maintaining its nautical charts. A nautical chart, or simply "chart", is a graphic representation of a maritime or flight region and adjacent coastal regions. Depending on the scale of the chart, it may show depths of water and heights of land, natural features of the seabed, details of the coastline, navigational hazards, locations of natural and man-made aids to navigation, information on tides and currents, local details of the Earth's magnetic field, restricted flying areas, and man-made structures such as harbors, buildings and bridges. Nautical charts are essential tools for marine navigation; many countries require vessels, especially commercial ships, to carry them. Nautical charting may take the form of charts printed on paper or computerised electronic navigational charts.

The nature of a waterway depicted by a chart changes regularly, and a mariner navigating on an old or uncorrected chart is courting disaster. Every producer of navigational charts also provides a system to inform mariners and aviators of changes that affect the chart. In the United States, chart corrections and notifications of new editions are provided by various governmental agencies by way of Notices to Airmen (NOTAMs), Notice to Mariners, Local Notice to Mariners, Summary of Corrections, and Broadcast Notice to Mariners. Radio broadcasts give advance notice of urgent corrections.

A convenient way to keep track of corrections is with a "chart and publication correction record card" system. Using this system, the navigator does not immediately update every chart in the portfolio when a new Notice to Mariners arrives, instead creating a card for every chart and noting the correction on this card. When the time comes to use the chart, the navigator pulls the chart and chart's card, and makes the indicated corrections on the chart. This system ensures that every chart is properly corrected prior to use. British merchant vessels receive weekly Notices to Mariners issued by the Admiralty. When corrections are received all charts are corrected in the ship's folio and recorded in NP133A (Admiralty Chart Correction Log and Folio Index). This system ensures that all charts are corrected and up to date. In a deep-sea vessel with a folio of over three thousand charts this can be a laborious and time-consuming task for the navigator.

Various and diverse methods exist for the correction of electronic navigational charts.

Nautical publications

The term nautical publications is used in maritime circles to describe a set of publications, generally published by national governments, for use in safe navigation of ships, boats, and similar vessels.

The nature of waterways described by any given nautical publication changes regularly, and a mariner navigating by use of an old or uncorrected publication is courting disaster. Every producer of nautical publications also provides a system to inform mariners of changes that affect the chart. In the United States, corrections and notifications of new editions are provided by various governmental agencies by way of Notice to Mariners, Local Notice to Mariners, Summary of Corrections, and Broadcast Notice to Mariners. Radio broadcasts give advance notice of urgent corrections. For ensuring that all publications are fully up-to-date, similar methods are employed as for nautical charts. Various and diverse methods exist for the correction of electronic nautical publications.

Mission and passage planning

The navigator focuses on creating the ship's passage plans (or "mission plans" for USAF purposes). A mission or passage plan can be summarized as a comprehensive, step by step description of how the voyage is to proceed from berth to berth, including unberthing, departure, the en-route portion of a voyage, approach, and mooring/arrival at the destination.

Before each voyage begins, the navigator should develop a detailed mental model of how the entire voyage will proceed. In the aviation community, this is known as "chair flying". This mental model includes charting courses and forecasting weather, tides, and currents. It includes updating and checking aeronautical charts, nautical publications, which could include Sailing Directions and Coast Pilots, and projecting the various future events including landfalls, narrow passages, and course changes that will transpire during the voyage. This mental model becomes the standard by which the navigator will measure progress toward the goal of a safe and efficient voyage, and it is manifested in a written passage plan.

When working in a team environment, the passage/mission plan should be communicated to the navigation team in a pre-voyage conference (USAF term is "mission briefing") in order to ensure that all members of the team share the same mental model of the entire trip.

Passage planning procedures are specified in International Maritime Organization Resolutions, in the laws of IMO signatory countries (for example, Title 33 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations), and a number of professional books and USN/USAF publications. There are some fifty elements of a comprehensive passage plan depending on the size and type of vessel, each applicable according to the individual situation.

A good passage plan will include a track line laid out upon the largest-scale charts available which cover the vessel's track. The navigator will draw and redraw the track line until it is safe, efficient, and in line with all applicable laws and regulations. When the track is finished, it is becoming common practice to also enter it into electronic navigation tools such as an Electronic Chart Display and Information System, a chartplotter, or a GPS unit.

Once the voyage has begun the progress of the vessel along its planned route must be monitored. This requires that the ship's position be determined, using standard methods including dead reckoning, radar fixing, celestial navigation, pilotage, and electronic navigation, to include usage of GPS and navigation computer equipment.

Passage planning software, tide and tidal current predictors, celestial navigational calculators, consumables estimators for fuel, oil, water, and stores, and other useful applications.

Navigational equipment
The navigator is responsible for the maintenance of the ship's navigational equipment. U.S. Air Force navigators are responsible for troubleshooting problems of the navigation equipment while airborne, but the ground Maintenance personnel are ultimately responsible for the repair and upkeep of that aircraft's navigation system.

Boats and ships can use several Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) to navigate all of the world's lakes, seas and oceans. Maritime GNSS units include functions useful on water, such as "man overboard" (MOB) functions that allow instantly marking the location where a person has fallen overboard, which simplifies rescue efforts. GNSS may be connected to the ships self-steering gear and Chartplotters using the NMEA 0183 interface, and GNSS can also improve the security of shipping traffic by enabling AIS.

In science fiction
Navigators are often part of a starship crew in science fiction, where they are sometimes called astrogators, a merger of the prefix "astro" and "navigator". According to a science fiction citations site for the Oxford English Dictionary, the earliest known use of the word is in David Lasser's 1931 book The Conquest of Space. According to that site and also Brave New Words: The Oxford Dictionary of Science Fiction, it first appeared in science fiction in Stanley G. Weinbaum's short story "The Planet of Doubt", published in the October 1935 issue of Astounding Stories.

The title character of Robert A. Heinlein's 1953 novel Starman Jones is an astrogator.

title: Navigator


text:
58 (number)

58 (fifty-eight) is the natural number following 57 and preceding 59.

Form
Fifty-eight is the seventeenth semiprime and the ninth with 2 as the lowest non-unitary divisor; thus of the form $$2 \times q$$, where $$q$$ is a higher prime (29).

Number-theoretical
58 is equal to the sum of the first seven consecutive prime numbers:

 * $$2 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 11 + 13 + 17 = 58.$$

This is a difference of 1 from the seventeenth prime number and seventh super-prime, 59. 58 has an aliquot sum of 32 within an aliquot sequence of two composite numbers (58, 32, 13, 1, 0) in the 13-aliquot tree. There is no solution to the equation $$x - \varphi(x) = 58$$, making fifty-eight the sixth noncototient; however, the totient summatory function over the first thirteen integers is 58.

On the other hand, the Euler totient of 58 is the second perfect number (28), where the sum-of-divisors of 58 is the third unitary perfect number (90).

58 is also the second non-trivial 11-gonal number, after 30.

Sequence of biprimes
58 is the second member of the fifth cluster of two semiprimes or biprimes (57, 58), following (25, 26) and preceding (118, 119).

More specifically, 58 is the eleventh member in the sequence of consecutive discrete semiprimes that begins,

58 represents twice the sum between the first two discrete biprimes 14 + 15 = 29, with the first two members of the first such triplet 33 and 34 (or twice 17, the fourth super-prime) respectively the twenty-first and twenty-second composite numbers, and 22 itself the thirteenth composite. (Where also, 58 is the sum of all primes between 2 and 17.) The first triplet is the only triplet in the sequence of consecutive discrete biprimes whose members collectively have prime factorizations that nearly span a set of consecutive prime numbers.

$$58^{17} + 1$$ is also semiprime (the second such number $$n$$ for $$n^{17} + 1,$$ after 2).

Decimal properties
The fifth repdigit is the product between the thirteenth and fifty-eighth primes,

 * $$41 \times 271 = 11111.$$

58 is also the smallest integer in decimal whose square root has a continued fraction with period 7. It is the fourth Smith number whose sum of its digits is equal to the sum of the digits in its prime factorization (13).

Mertens function
Given 58, the Mertens function returns $$0$$, the fourth such number to do so. The sum of the first three numbers to return zero (2, 39, 40) sum to 81 = 92, which is the fifty-eighth composite number.

Geometric properties
The regular icosahedron produces fifty-eight distinct stellations, the most of any other Platonic solid, which collectively produce sixty-two stellations.

Coxeter groups
With regard to Coxeter groups and uniform polytopes in higher dimensional spaces, there are:
 * 58 distinct uniform polytopes in the fifth dimension that are generated from symmetries of three Coxeter groups, they are the A5 simplex group, B5 cubic group, and the D5 demihypercubic group;

 * 58 fundamental Coxeter groups that generate uniform polytopes in the seventh dimension, with only four of these generating uniform non-prismatic figures.

There exist 58 total paracompact Coxeter groups of ranks four through ten, with realizations in dimensions three through nine. These solutions all contain infinite facets and vertex figures, in contrast from compact hyperbolic groups that contain finite elements; there are no other such groups with higher or lower ranks.

In science

 * The atomic number of cerium (Ce).

Other fields
58 is the number of usable cells on a Hexxagon game board.

title: 58 (number)


text:
Talk:Dershowitz–Finkelstein affair

Introduction
Help! The introduction is swallowing the article! (unsigned comment by User:ragout)

Other accusations and replies
Finkelstein has claimed that Dershowitz accused Walt & Mearsheimer of the same thing he was accusing Dershowitz of. I added that in under this section. Could probably be phrased better and maybe moved to an appropriate section.

 * 'Tewfik' removed this, no explanation given, no discussion. Assuming good faith I reinserted the paragraph given that it has immediate relevancy to a section on "Other accusations". Please do follow due process and discuss on talk before removing again.

Questionable material
The following material needs work or deletion; I've moved it to talk page. It is not neutral point of view. It just repeats Finkelstein's arguments from his own personal website.

Noam Chomsky defends Norman Finkelstein
Professor Noam Chomsky defended Norman Finkelstein on the April 17 2007 broadcast of Democracy Now!

Improper synthesis
I removed a section that is nearly identical to what the section in No Original Research: Synthesis of published material serving to advance a position [WP:SYN] says 'NOT' to do.

Section removed: "If Dershowitz's claim that he always consulted the original sources is false, this would be contrary to the practice recommended in the Chicago Manual of Style as well as Harvard's student writing manual, but neither of these sources calls such presentation "plagiarism.""

What [WP:SYN] says not to do: "If Jones's claim that he consulted the original sources is false, this would be contrary to the practice recommended in the Chicago Manual of Style, which requires citation of the source actually consulted. The Chicago Manual of Style does not call violating this rule "plagiarism." Instead, plagiarism is defined as using a source's information, ideas, words, or structure without citing them."

This entire paragraph is original research, because it expresses the editor's opinion that, given the Chicago Manual of Style's definition of plagiarism, Jones did not commit it. To make the paragraph consistent with this policy, a reliable source is needed that specifically comments on the Smith and Jones dispute and makes the same point about the Chicago Manual of Style and plagiarism. In other words, that precise analysis must have been published by a reliable source in relation to the topic before it can be published in Wikipedia.

Professor Stockton
http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=03/09/24/1730205

I can't find any reference to the Professor nor his work in the text of the debate, nor did I hear any reference to it or him while watching the video of the discussion. Is the supposed citation of his work in the broadcast erroneous, or did I simply somehow miss the reference?

Edit request on 8 May 2024
In the "Additional points of dispute" section it needs to be added that Dershowitz falsely claimed, multiple times (most recently in November 2023), that Finkelstein's mother was a Nazi collaborator ("Kapo") during her time in the concentration camp. Aspidistrastillflying (talk) 13:52, 8 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made.  thetechie@enwiki  :  ~/talk/  $  03:01, 2 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Here is another article from The Jerusalem Post mentioning the fact that Dershowitz accused Finkelstein's mother to be a Nazi collaborator: https://www.jpost.com/arts-and-culture/books/his-own-worst-enemy
 * Here is a Times Higher Education article about the same thing: "Finkelstein says he has asked Harvard to remove a statement on Dershowitz's Harvard website in which he says that Finkelstein suspects his mother was a " Kapo " - a Nazi collaborator. Dershowitz says he is merely citing Finkelstein. Finkelstein denies he has ever suggested his late mother, who was in a Nazi concentration camp, was a collaborator and adds that, if she could, she would "rise up out of the grave and throttle Dershowitz".
 * https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/the-good-jewish-boys-go-into-battle/200412.article
 * In article from The Chicago Reader, Dershowitz is quoted as saying: Finkelstein should be ashamed of the way he uses his parents to advance those views. “He charges his own mother with being a Nazi collaborator,” he says. “Now what could be lower than that?”
 * https://issues.chicagoreader.com/pdf/050826/050826_cover.pdf
 * In his book "Defending Israel", Dershowitz again repeats the baseless claim that Finkelstein's mother was a Nazi collaborator.
 * https://www.currentaffairs.org/news/2019/09/do-not-listen-to-israels-lawyer
 * Finally, in the interview linked in my previous note, you can listen to Dershowitz himself repeat the claim (at minute 48:17)
 * https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0_ysr6S540
 * Happy to provide more sources if needed Aspidistrastillflying (talk) 14:26, 23 June 2024 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 15 May 2024
Under "Support for Dershowitz" subsection, request to change: ""In the wake of a number of similar complaints against Dershowitz and two of his Harvard Law School colleagues Laurence Tribe and Charles Ogletree, former Harvard President Derek Bok conducted an investigation—the details of which were not made public—that... vindicated Dershowitz""

to

""In the wake of a number of similar complaints against Dershowitz and two of his Harvard Law School colleagues Laurence Tribe and Charles Ogletree, former Harvard President Derek Bok conducted an investigation—the details of which were not made public—that predictably vindicated Dershowitz"" Lucasballestin (talk) 12:44, 15 May 2024 (UTC)

 * ❌. Why add the "predictably"? I don't think that follows our rules about neutrality in articles... Professor Penguino (talk) 01:39, 30 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Per above.  thetechie@enwiki  :  ~/talk/  $  03:01, 2 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dershowitz–Finkelstein affair


text:
59 (number)

59 (fifty-nine) is the natural number following 58 and preceding 60.

In mathematics
Fifty-nine is the 17th prime number, and 7th super-prime. The next prime number is sixty-one, with which it comprises a twin prime, (59, 61).

59 is one of the factors that divides the smallest composite Euclid number. In this case 59 divides the Euclid number 13# + 1 = 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × 11 × 13 + 1 = 59 × 509 = 30031 (the greater factor is the 97th prime number).

Stellations of the icosahedron
There are 59 stellations of the regular icosahedron, inclusive of the icosahedron.

In different bases
The number 59 takes 3 iterations of the "reverse and add" process to form the palindrome 1111 (in base-10). All smaller integers (1 through 58) take either one or two iterations to form a palindrome through this process.

"59" is the highest integer a single symbol may represent in the sexagesimal (base-60) system.

In science

 * The atomic number of praseodymium, a lanthanide.

Astronomy

 * Messier object M59, a magnitude 11.5 galaxy in the constellation Virgo.
 * The New General Catalogue object NGC 59, a magnitude 12.4 spiral galaxy in the constellation Cetus.

In music

 * Beethoven's Opus 59 consists of the three so-called Razumovsky Quartets
 * 59, an album by Puffy AmiYumi
 * The 1960s song "The 59th Street Bridge Song (Feelin' Groovy)" was popularized by Simon & Garfunkel and Harpers Bizarre
 * The '59 Sound, an album by The Gaslight Anthem; includes the song of the same name
 * The album 14:59 by Sugar Ray
 * "11:59", a song by Blondie from Parallel Lines
 * .59 is a song by from beatmania IIDX 2nd Style and Dance Dance Revolution 4thMIX
 * '59 is the sixth track on the album Ignition! by Brian Setzer
 * 59 is an area code of Andheri, Mumbai. Used by Vivian Divine in various songs with Gully Gang.

In sports

 * Satchel Paige became the oldest Major League Baseball player at age 59.
 * 59 is the lowest golf score in a single round on the LPGA Tour by Annika Sörenstam, and on the Champions Tour by Kevin Sutherland.

In other fields
Fifty-nine is:
 * The number corresponding to the last minute in a given hour, and the last second in a given minute
 * The number of beads on a Roman Catholic rosary (Dominican).
 * Approximately the number of days in two lunar months
 * The Queensboro Bridge in New York City is also known as the 59th Street Bridge
 * The number on a button commonly worn by feminist activists in the 1970s; this was based on the claim that a woman earned 59 cents to an equally qualified man's dollar
 * Art Project 59's "59 Seconds Video Festival" at 59 Franklin Street, showed 59 videos to 59 different audiences, each 59 seconds long and incorporating the number 59
 * In amateur radio, a perfect signal report
 * Five Nine, an amateur radio magazine published in Japan
 * The number of the French department Nord
 * The "59-minute rule" is an informal rule in business, whereby (usually near a holiday) employees may be allowed to leave work early, often to beat heavy holiday traffic (the 59 minutes coming from the rule that leaving one full hour early requires the use of leave, whereas leaving 59 minutes early would not)
 * 59th Street Food Company - a store brand offering mainly convenience foods. It is owned by Parkland Corporation and is sold at their convenience stores/fuel stations.

title: 59 (number)


text:
Buckland

Buckland may refer to:

People

 * Buckland (surname)

Australia

 * Buckland, Queensland, a rural locality in the Central Highlands Region
 * Buckland, Tasmania, a rural locality
 * Buckland County, New South Wales
 * Buckland River (Victoria)
 * Buckland Military Training Area, Tasmania

Canada

 * Rural Municipality of Buckland No. 491, Saskatchewan

United Kingdom

 * Buckland, Buckinghamshire, a village and civil parish
 * Buckland, Devon, two places: a village and a suburb of Newton Abbot
 * Buckland, Gloucestershire, a village and civil parish
 * Buckland, New Forest, Hampshire
 * Buckland, Portsmouth, Hampshire, a residential area of the city of Portsmouth
 * Buckland, Hertfordshire, a village and civil parish
 * Buckland, Kent, a village
 * Buckland, Oxfordshire, a village and civil parish
 * Buckland, Surrey, a village and civil parish

United States

 * Buckland, Alaska, a city
 * Buckland River, Alaska
 * Buckland, Massachusetts, a town
 * Buckland, Ohio, a village
 * Buckland, Virginia, an unincorporated community

Elsewhere

 * Monte Buckland, a mountain in the Chilean part of Tierra del Fuego
 * Buckland, New Zealand, a village (also two other places)
 * Buckland Hill, Wales

Arts and entertainment

 * Buckland (Middle-earth), fictional place in The Lord of the Rings
 * Buckland's Auction House, fictional workplace of Prue Halliwell in the television series Charmed

Other uses

 * Buckland, Braunton, North Devon, England, a historic estate
 * Buckland (Buckland, North Carolina), a historic plantation house
 * Buckland Station, a stagecoach station and hotel near Stagecoach, Nevada
 * Buckland railway station, a former station on the North Island Main Trunk in New Zealand
 * Baron Buckland, an extinct title held only by Seymour Berry, 1st Baron Buckland (1877–1928)
 * Buckland Foundation, a charity endowed through the estate of Francis Trevelyan Buckland

title: Buckland


text:
Hotel Vancouver

The Fairmont Hotel Vancouver, formerly and still informally called the Hotel Vancouver, is a historic hotel in Vancouver, British Columbia. Located along West Georgia Street the hotel is situated within the city's Financial District, in Downtown Vancouver. The hotel was designed by two architects, John Smith Archibald, and John Schofield. The hotel is currently managed by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts.

Opened in May 1939, the Châteauesque-styled building is considered one of Canada's grand railway hotels. The hotel stands 112.47 m, and contains 17 floors. It was the tallest building in Vancouver until the completion of TD Tower in 1972.

Location
Hotel Vancouver sits at 900 West Georgia Street, within the Financial District, the central business district of Downtown Vancouver. The hotel property is bounded by Burrard Street to the northwest, West Georgia Street to the northeast, and Hornby Street to the southeast. To the southwest, the hotel property is bounded by two buildings, including 750 Burrard Street.

The hotel is located close to several attractions in downtown Vancouver. The hotel is situated directly northwest of the Vancouver Art Gallery, as well as Robson Square, a public square adjacent to the art museum. North of the hotel also lies Christ Church Cathedral, the oldest church in the city. The hotel is also situated near two SkyTrain rapid transit stations, Burrard station, and Vancouver City Centre station.

Architecture
Hotel Vancouver is one of Canada's grand railway hotels, initially built by Canadian National Railway. The building was designed by Canadian architects, John Smith Archibald, and John Schofield. Although construction for the hotel began in 1929, its completion would not occur until 1939 as a result of funding issues during Great Depression. The completion of the hotel required a joint investment into the property from Canadian Pacific Hotels, a division of Canadian Pacific Railway.

The hotel was a part of series of Chateauesque grand railway hotels built throughout Canada in the late-19th and early 20th centuries. Like the other grand railway hotels, Hotel Vancouver incorporates elements from chateaus found in France's Loire Valley. Chateauesque features found on Hotel Vancouver includes its prominent copper pitched roof with dormers, and carved stonework encompassing a steel frame. In addition to chateauesque elements found on most grand railway hotels, Hotel Vancouver also incorporates Renaissance architectural detailings, gargoyles, and relief sculptures. In 1939, a number of artists were commissioned to complete the decorative work for the building, including Olea Marion Davis, Charles Marega, Beatrice Lennie, Valentine Shabief, and Lilias Farley.

Hotel Vancouver stands 112.47 m, containing 17 floors made up of guest rooms and other hotel amenities. After the building was completed in 1939, it became the tallest building in Vancouver until the completion of TD Tower in 1972.

Facilities
The Fairmont Hotel Vancouver includes 557 guest rooms and suites spread throughout the hotel. Suites at Hotel Vancouver include the Lieutenant Governor's Suite and the Royal Suite. The Lieutenant Governor's Suite was designed with Art Deco stylings, and features black walnut veneer-panelled walls.

In 2018, the hotel announced the completion of its four-year renovation project, which saw a reworked main lobby, and guest rooms. The project also restored the 14th floor of the hotel to its original decor from 1939. Restored items on the 14th floor include English harewood doors with bronze doorplates, bronze hallway doors, sapele-panelled walls with bronze strips at its elevator lobby.

In addition to lodgings, the hotel also houses several food-based services, as well as a restaurant, Notch8 Restaurant + Bar. The restaurant also hosts the hotel's afternoon tea service. Other facilities at the hotel include a gym, swimming pool, and spa.

History
Plans to develop a railway hotel at the present site of Hotel Vancouver first emerged in the 1920s, from Canadian Northern Railway. In December 1928 work on the present Hotel Vancouver commenced for Canadian National Railway. Canadian National Railway built the hotel as a result of a land deal between the city, and Canadian Northern Railway, a company later acquired by Canadian National Railway. The land deal required the city to prepare tidal flats on False Creek for the construction of railway yards and Pacific Central Station. In return, the company guaranteed the construction of a large downtown hotel, and make the city the western terminus for its rail network.

Shortly after the erection of the building's steel frame however, work on the hotel was halted, as a result of the Great Depression. Work resumed on the building in 1937, and in 1938 Canadian National Railway partnered with Canadian Pacific Railway to complete the new hotel. Work on the hotel was rushed to completion in time for King George VI and Queen Elizabeth's 1939 royal tour of Canada. The hotel was the third hotel in the city to use the name "Hotel Vancouver". The first and second Hotel Vancouver were both located southeast of the present hotel on West Georgia Street. In an effort to prevent competition with the new Hotel Vancouver, Canadian Pacific Railway, closed its hotel operations at the second Hotel Vancouver once the new hotel opened. The second Hotel Vancouver building was torn down in 1949, after Canadian Pacific sold the property to Eaton's in December 1948.

During the mid-20th century, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation radio stations were located within Hotel Vancouver. On 1 May 1940, Dal Richards began his career playing in an 11-piece band and a then-unknown 13-year-old Juliette at the hotel's Panorama Roof Ballroom, an event space at Hotel Vancouver. Richard became a regular performer for The Roof, a CBC Radio show broadcast from the hotel.

In 1962, Canadian National Hotels, a division of Canadian National Railway, acquired Canadian Pacific Hotels' share of the property, gaining full ownership of the hotel. On January 1, 1964, Hilton Hotels International assumed management of the hotel for CN, though it was never branded as a Hilton. CN Hotels resumed management of the hotel on January 1, 1984, after the management contract with Hilton ended. In 1988 Canadian National Hotels sold its remaining nine properties, including Hotel Vancouver, to Canadian Pacific Hotels. In 2001, Canadian Pacific Hotels was reorganized as Fairmont Hotels and Resorts, adopting the name from an American company it had purchased in 1999. The hotel's name was changed to the Fairmont Hotel Vancouver as a part of this re-branding effort. In 2007 Fairmont Hotels and Resorts sold 25 hotel properties, including Hotel Vancouver, to Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec, although Fairmont continues to manage the hotel. In 2015, the property was sold to Larco Enterprise for C$180 million.

In preparation for the building's 80th anniversary, the hotel underwent a C$12 million renovation of the hotel lobby, restaurant, and guest rooms. The renovations took place from 2014 to 2018.

title: Hotel Vancouver


text: List of accidents and incidents involving airliners by airline


text:
Victorian Certificate of Education

The Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE) is one credential available to secondary school students who successfully complete year 11 and 12 in the Australian state of Victoria as well as in some international schools in China, Malaysia, Philippines, Timor-Leste, and Vietnam.

About 67% of all 19-year-olds in Victoria had completed the VCE in 2020.

Study for the VCE is usually completed over two years, but can be spread over a longer period in some cases.

The VCE was established as a pilot project in 1987. The earlier Higher School Certificate (HSC) was abolished in 1992.

Delivery of the VCE Vocational Major, an "applied learning" program within the VCE, began in 2023.

Structure
The Victorian Certificate of Education is generally taught in years 11 and 12 of secondary education in Victoria; but some students are able to start their VCE studies in year 10 or earlier if the school or institution allows it.

All VCE studies are organised into units. VCE subjects typically consist of four units with each unit covering one semester of study. Each unit comprises a set number of outcomes (usually two or three); an outcome describes the knowledge and skills that a student should demonstrate by the time the student has completed the unit. Subject choice depends on each individual school. Units 3/4 of a subject must be studied in sequential order, whereas units 1/2 can be mixed and matched. Students are not required to complete all the units of a subject as part of the VCE course, meaning they are able to change subject choice between years 11 and 12.

On completing a unit, a student receives either a 'satisfactory' (S) or 'non-satisfactory' (N) result. If a student does not intend to receive an Australian Tertiary Admission Rank (ATAR), a 'satisfactory' result is all that is required to graduate with the VCE.

To gain an ATAR a student must satisfactorily complete three units of any subject in the English field (at least one English field subject is compulsory) and twelve units in any other subjects.

Assessment
VCE studies are assessed both internally (in school) and externally (through the Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority (VCAA). During units 1/2 all assessment is internal, while in units 3/4 assessment is conducted both internally and externally.

VCE Vocational Major units are only assessed internally.

Internal assessment
Internal assessment is conducted via "school assessed coursework" (SACs) and "school assessed tasks" (SATs).

"School assessed coursework" (SACs) are the primary avenue of internal assessment, with assessment in every VCE study consisting of at least one SAC. SACs are tasks that are written by the school and must be done primarily in class time; they can include essays, reports, tests, and case studies. Some studies in the visual arts and technology areas are also assessed via "school assessed tasks" (SATs). SATs are generally practical tasks that are examined in school. Both SACs and SATs are scaled by VCAA against external assessment; this is to eliminate any cheating or variances in task difficulty.

External assessment
External assessment is conducted in the form of examinations set by the Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority for units 3/4 studies. As of 2013, only the General Achievement Test (GAT) will be examined in June, with all subjects now only having one external assessment with the exceptions of mathematics subjects, LOTE studies, which consist of both a written and oral external test, performance studies, which consist of both a written external test and a performance, and Extended Investigations, which consist of an oral presentation and a Critical Thinking Test. All examinations except the Critical Thinking Test for Extended Investigation and the GAT are held in late October and most of November.

Subjects in the LOTE field (languages other than English) are also assessed in the form of oral examinations. Subjects in the Dance, Drama/Theatre Studies and Music fields, as well as Extended Investigations, are assessed by a performance for a VCAA panel of examiners as part of their external assessment. All performance-based external assessments (Oral Examinations and Music Performances) are typically held in early October.

General Achievement Test (GAT)
The GAT is an essential part of VCE external assessment. It provides the basis for a quality assurance check on the marking of examinations, and for deriving an indicative study score if the student misses the external assessment with a valid reason. All students who are enrolled in a VCE units 3/4 study are required to sit some or all of the GAT, including students completing the VCE Vocational Major.

Study scores
Students will be eligible for a study score of between 0 and 50 if they have completed at least two Graded Assessments, and have satisfactorily completed both units 3/4 of a VCE study. Study scores are calculated by VCAA, and indicate a student's performance in relation to all other students who undertook that study.

Study scores are calculated by combining the standardised scores for each Graded Assessment with specific percentages, then ranked against all students in the subject according to a normal distribution, where the mean is 30 and the standard deviation is 7, with most study scores falling between 23 and 37. For studies with many enrolments (1000 or more), a study score of 40 or more places a student in the top 9% of all students in that subject.

If a student is ill or affected by other personal circumstances during an external assessment, and whose result is unlikely to be a fair or accurate demonstration of their learning or achievement, they may apply for a derived examination score (DES). Long-term illness or other ongoing conditions that have been present over the year are not eligible for a DES. Students will need to supply independent evidence to apply for a DES, and will be examined case by case by VCAA. The derived score is calculated statistically from the student's other assessments, including school-based assessments, GAT scores, other external assessment scores (if available) and grades provided by the school.

Scaling
Scaling is the process that adjusts VCE study scores into ATAR subject scores. The Victorian Tertiary Admissions Centre (VTAC) adjusts all VCE study scores to equalise results between studies with stronger cohorts, and those with weaker ones. Contrary to common perception, scaling is not based on the difficulty of the subject, as each study score is in fact a ranking. The score adjustment ensures that in those subjects where it is easier to overtake the cohort, the score is adjusted downward, while in subjects where it is difficult to score highly, it is moved upwards. This makes sure obtaining the average score in one study required the same level of achievement as every other study.

Mathematics subjects and language subjects have additional scaling rules. In mathematics subjects (General Mathematics, Mathematical Methods and Specialist Mathematics), all three studies are scaled against each other in addition to being scaled against all other studies, then the higher of the two scaling scores will then be used. This is due to mathematics having a distinct hierarchy of studies with varying difficulties, so students studying the harder subjects will not be disadvantaged by the level of difficulty. In LOTE (Languages Other Than English) subjects, study scores are adjusted by adding up to five to the initial scaled study score average. This adjustment is different for each subject and score, and decreases as the study score moves away from 30.

Unscored VCE
It is possible for students to complete an unscored VCE. Under this option, students complete the VCE course but do not sit final exams and are not given an ATAR. The number of students completing an unscored VCE has increased every year since 2015, with 8.3% of VCE students completing an unscored VCE in 2020.

Studies
VCE studies refer to the various subjects available to students to contribute to their successful completion of the qualification. There are currently 128 VCE studies, ranging from diverse fields such as the humanities, science, technology and mathematics. Studies are also permitted to study one or more VCE VET programs, vocational education-based subjects which contribute to the completion of the VCE, while also resulting in a nationally recognised VET qualification.

Although a student may choose to study any VCE subject in theory, this is dependent on availability of the specified study at the student's school. Certain schools do not offer certain studies, and as a result, students may pick alternate ones, or choose to study a particular subject through an external institution such as Virtual School Victoria (formerly Distance Education Centre Victoria).

To be awarded the VCE, a student must successfully complete at least:
 * 3 units of an English subject, with two of those being units 3 and 4
 * Three additional Unit 3/4 sequences
 * Pass with a satisfactory of at least 16 units out of the normal 20–24 units

This therefore means that a student must study at least four subjects to be awarded the VCE. Selection of studies depends on other factors as well, such as prerequisites for university courses.

The following is a list of all VCE studies available: † indicates that study is only available at 3/4 level, * indicates that study is only available at 1/2 level, ‡ indicates this VCE VET study is unscored and can not be included in the primary 4 subjects

There are also University Extension studies available for high-achieving students. These subjects are carried out through multiple universities, including The University of Melbourne, Swinburne University and Deakin University. Monash University formerly offered extension subjects, but cancelled the program in 2019.

2011 English exam
The 2011 English exam contained a column about tattoos attributed to "part-time journalist and blogger Helen Day", who wrote for the fictional "Street Beat" blog. The Age newspaper accused VCAA of plagiarism and breach of copyright as the column was very similar to an opinion piece featured in the newspaper's 23 September 2010 edition, written by Melbourne writer Helen Razer. The newspaper called the exam's column "clumsily edited".

2012 History: Revolutions exam
In 2012, the History: Revolutions exam was meant to include a picture of Nikolai Kochergin's artwork Storming the Winter Palace on 25th October 1917, depicting the events of the 1917 October Revolution in Russia. Instead, a doctored picture was used in the exam, in which a large robot had been edited in to the background of the scene. (Said robot was a Marauder from BattleTech, a science fiction setting in which a fictional 28th century general named 'Aleksandr Kerensky' like the nonfictional October Revolution leader played an important role during a pivotal coup and civil war.) A VCAA spokesperson admitted that the image was "sourced and acknowledged by the VCAA as coming from the Internet", and new internal guidelines were issued for using internet-sourced content in exams. Of the 5,738 students that sat the exam, 2,379 chose the Russia section, of which 130 received an adjusted score.

2016 Early Release of results
In 2016, a computer error allowed for 2075 students (approximately 2.5% of VCE candidates) to receive their ATAR score and VCE results five days earlier than they were supposed to be announced. External SMS provider for VCAA and the Victorian Tertiary Admissions Centre (VTAC), Salmat Digital, created an error that enabled students to receive their results before the expected release date by texting VCAA. Suzanne Connelly, a spokeswoman for VTAC and VCAA, apologised on behalf of all agencies involved.

This sparked outrage from parents of students who did not receive their scores, considering it as "unfair". Students who were able to receive their results also questioned its legitimacy and reliability. The VCAA and VTAC acted to contact affected students and their schools to reassure them regarding the accidental early results release. The release of the remaining 97.5% of results took place without further issue at the planned time. Education Minister James Merlino ordered an investigation into the situation, which had compromised results that are normally closely guarded until the official release.

2018 English exam
The 2018 English exam included an article in which fictional writer Jonty Jenkins scathingly attacked a café franchise named "Calmer Coffee" opening in his local town, criticising its unfriendly staff and unwelcoming ambience that he described as "an assault on the senses". After the exam completed, students discovered that a real "Calmer Cafe" existed in Aberfeldie, a suburb just north-west of Melbourne. The café's manager, Elise Jenkins, shares the same surname as the exam question's fictional writer. Within hours, the café received over 100 negative reviews on Google Maps from Year 12 students, bringing down its rating from nearly 5 stars to as low as 3.3. Google Maps temporarily removed the café from search results, and later reinstated it but kept reviews inaccessible. At the time, the café had 405 reviews.

The next day, Tara Conron, owner of the cafe, told The Age she had hired a lawyer and would be pursuing legal action against VCAA for "uncanny" similarities between the exam and the actual cafe. Conron noted the identical surnames of Jenkins, stated that she employs someone with a "man bun", as does the employer in the exam article, and both the fictional and actual cafe "stand out" in their respective suburbs.

A year later, it was reported that Conron was no longer pursuing legal action against VCAA, telling The Age that the café staff had placed the matter behind them, and saying "we’ve just loved to joke about it this year".

2022 Specialist Mathematics Exam 2
On 11 November 2022 The Age newspaper published an article ("For some, this VCE maths exam didn't add up") alleging errors on the 2022 Specialist Mathematics Exam 2 that included:

Section A Question 4: No correct answer (because the values of a and c can be any real number),

Section A Question 19: No correct answer (because confidence intervals are calculated for unknown population means, not for sample means),

Section B: Question 6 part (f) (the question cannot be answered because the relevant random variables are not stated to be independent).

The Examination Report published by the VCAA for this Exam makes no acknowledgement of these alleged errors. The answers used by the VCAA to mark this exam are not available to the public. It is reasonable to assume they are the same as the answers given in the Examination Report.

The alleged errors in this exam (as well as an alleged error in the marking scheme used for 2022 Specialist Mathematics Exam 1 Question 3 part (b)) form part of a public submission to the Parliamentary Inquiry into the state of education in Victoria (Parliamentary Inquiry submission 32). The Herald Sun has reported on this submission (Herald-Sun 7 September 2023 front page and page 7 "Maths exams don't add up") (Mistake-riddled VCE exams robbing students) and it received further media coverage on Sky News Australia (VCE maths exams riddled with errors for decades, expert claims). A supplement (32.3) to the aforementioned submission to the Parliamentary Inquiry includes a detailed mathematical rebuttal of the VCAA's claims that the "questions did not present errors" (Herald-Sun 7 September 2023 page 7 "Maths exams don't add up").

An open letter to the Victorian Education Minister signed by nearly 70 University mathematicians states that these questions "are unacceptably flawed. Each question exhibits some fundamental misunderstanding or misrepresentation of the underlying mathematics."

A report into the VCAA's VCE examination setting policies, processes and procedures (commissioned by the Education Minister Ben Carroll) by the former head of the NSW Education Standards Authority, Dr John Bennett, was handed to the Victorian government in March 2024 and made public on 23 March 2024. The Bennett Report substantiated the allegations of significant and serious errors in the 2022 Specialist Mathematics exams. This contradicted previous claims by the VCAA and an earlier review (commissioned by the VCAA) by Deloitte that there were no serious errors in these exams. The Department of Education has not yet released the review by Deloitte, which is currently the subject of several Freedom of Information requests and appeals of a decision to refuse access.

The Bennett Report makes 6 high-level recommendations, each with associated actions. One of the recommendations is that the VCAA work with mathematics and science academics when drafting and proofreading exams, to improve quality control before the tests end up on students' desks. Education Minister Ben Carroll has stated that all the recommendations of the Bennett Report will be accepted.

On 2 May 2024 the VCAA published amended copies of the Specialist Mathematics Examinations 1 and 2 and examination reports. Four questions containing serious mathematical errors (which the VCAA had previously denied existed on multiple occasions) were redacted. An amended copy of the 2022 Mathematical Methods Exam 2 and Examination Report was also published, with the redaction of a question containing a serious mathematical error.

The VCAA has made no official comment on the 'human cost' of these exam errors and whether teachers and academics who were ignored when they repeatedly alerted the VCAA of these errors should now receive an apology. The VCAA has not said what it has done to identify and compensate students who may have been disadvantaged (for example, by missing out on scholarships, Premier's Awards, or a higher University offer) by these errors and the incorrect grading of these exams as a result of the errors.

Allegations of other mathematical errors
The public submission (Parliamentary Inquiry) also alleges errors on many other VCE mathematics exams over a twenty year period (reported in the Herald-Sun 7 September 2023 front page and page 7 "Maths exams don't add up") (Mistake-riddled VCE exams robbing students)), including:

1. 2016 Mathematical Methods Exam 2 Section B Question 3 part (h) where a function is incorrectly claimed to be a probability density function (pdf). An amended Examination Report (2016 Mathematical Methods Exam 2 Report) acknowledges that the function was not a pdf but does not admit an error and does not explain why, contrary to the instruction in the exam question, "Answers that were correct to the nearest integer were accepted".

2. Northern Hemisphere Timetable 2021 Mathematical Methods Exam 2 Section A Question 8, for which there is no correct answer. The original Examination Report (no longer publicly available) stated Option D as the correct answer. This answer is deleted in an amended Examination Report (2021 Mathematical Methods Exam 2 Report). No answer is stated and no explanation is given for why no answer is stated. Question 4 from an official 2010 VCAA document (Mathematical Methods Sample Questions) contains the same error. It is reasonable to assume that this document is the source of the 2021 exam error. There is no evidence that the VCAA has ever alerted teachers to the error in this document.

Mathematician, educator and author Marty Ross has extensively documented and discussed many alleged VCE Mathematical Methods Exam errors and VCE Specialist Mathematics Exam errors.

2022 Geography exam
On 8 September 2023 the Herald Sun newspaper published an article about colour blind students being given red-green scaled maps in the 2022 Geography Exam (Herald-Sun 8 September 2023 page 11 "Students see red ... or not") (Colour blind students forgotten in VCE Geography exam).

2023 General Mathematics Exam 2
It was reported in The Western Australian (31 October 2023 “Investigation ordered after maths exam doesn’t add up”) that the

“VCAA has launched an investigation after typographical errors appeared in Monday's second general maths exam. One error was picked up after printing, with students instructed to amend the paper. But the second error in a matrix-related question [(Q9d)] was not spotted until after the exam.”

In an ABC Radio Melbourne interview between Rafael Epstein and an exam invigilator, it was claimed by the invigilator that the initial VCAA instruction for fixing the first error was unclear and potentially wrong.

It was reported in the Herald Sun (31 October 2023 “Investigation into VCE exam errors as students left in tears”) that

"A spokesman for the Department of Education admitted the two errors ... "The VCAA will conduct further analysis to investigate how this error appeared in the exam, and will ensure that no student’s score is unfairly impacted because of this mistake, and apologises for undue stress this has caused" ... Education minister Ben Carroll [said] it’s “unacceptable” the maths exam contained two mistakes and ordered an investigation into the latest VCE testing bungle.” The Minister unreservedly apologised and said that "he had spoken with the chief of the VCAA and ordered an immediate investigation".

It was reported in the Herald Sun (1 November 2023 “VCE maths students awarded bonus mark for exam errors”) that the VCAA decided to "... award all students who attempted the exam a correct score for the [matrix-related] question" (Q9d) that contained the error.

2023 Mathematical Methods Exam 2
It was reported in The Herald Sun (3 November 2023 “VCE test can't go the distance” and 6 November 2023 "Teachers at sixes and sevens over exam errors") that the Mathematical Methods Exam 2 contained multiple errors and a question recycled from a previous exam. One of the errors was picked up after printing, with students instructed to amend the paper (replacing the letter "m" with the word "meters" in the phrase "m per second" that proceeded a mathematical formula). But the other errors (including missing words that left questions under-specified) were not spotted until after the exam. These errors (as well as many other errors from other 2023 VCAA mathematics exams) have been listed by teachers.

2023 Specialist Mathematics Exam 2
It was reported in The Herald Sun (7 November 2023 “Maths test fails add up - Latest mistake the 7th error in 2023”) that the curves in the diagram for Section B Question 6 part (h) were not correctly labelled. This error was acknowledged by the VCAA which decided to "... award all students who attempted the exam a correct score" for that question (Herald Sun 8 November 2023 “Maths fail a plus for students”).

This error, as well as errors on the 2022 Specialist Mathematics exams, were discussed in an ABC Radio Melbourne interview between Rafael Epstein and Monash University mathematician Professor Burkard Polster (8 November 2023). During this interview Professor Polster disclosed that he had offered to proof read the VCE mathematics exams for free but the VCAA had declined his offer. He also explained why giving every student 1 mark for this question is not actually fair.

2023 Chemistry exam
It has been reported that the 2023 Chemistry exam contained an error. The "error was in a question about the composition of coconut oil, which had listed the formula for linolenic acid rather than linoleic acid, as intended."

2023 Chinese Second Language Advanced (SLA) exam
The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) reported that two high schools gave Chinese language students the wrong exam paper. Some students who were meant to take the Chinese Second Language Advanced (SLA) exam were given the paper for the Chinese as a Second Language (SL) exam, which is at a significantly easier level and which was due to be held the following Wednesday. The ABC reported that "students affected have been asked to sign a confidentiality agreement to not share details of the exam before November 16. However, several insiders with knowledge of the exam have confirmed that at least one of the essay questions and details of some listening exercises have already been leaked online and are being circulated on Reddit and Chinese social media sites." Several affected students and parents were forced to decline commenting on the error because of the confidentiality agreement.

The VCAA’s response to this mistake has been criticised by VCE Chinese teachers, who told the ABC that "it was the “basic responsibility” of the VCAA staff who were supervising the exam to check everything was correct. There are supposed to be “clear tags” to classify each exam paper. The fact that more than one school gave the wrong exam paper shows it's not an individual mistake, [it shows] the VCAA didn't provide adequate training for supervisors."

Sources to the ABC have said that "when one of the students flagged with a supervisor that they received the wrong paper, the supervisor told them it was "impossible" and to "continue with the exam"".

The education minister, Ben Carroll, subsequently confirmed that six students were incorrectly given the SL exam. He labelled it "a “traumatic” experience for those who were affected." He said that "the Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority [has] been asked to complete a full investigation into the incident." The Minister also said that academics had approached him about the VCE exams in general and that he has asked "the VCAA to partner with academic institutions in the writing, designing and vetting of exams."

2023 Chinese as a Second Language (SL) exam
It was reported in the Herald Sun that students sitting the Chinese as a Second Language (SL) exam were instructed by supervisors to cross out a question, remove all subsequent references to it and to write on another topic (Herald-Sun 16 November 2023 page 3 "Students rewrite exam after leak"). This paper had been accidentally given to some students in the previous week instead of the Chinese Second Language Advanced (SLA) paper.

The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) reported that some students also experienced problems with an audio component of the exam. Students were required to read a text prompt which was to be followed by an audio component. However, the audio component (required to answer several questions) failed to play for some students. This led to some students being unable to complete several questions worth 10 out of the exam's 75 marks. Furthermore, the text prompt associated with the missing audio was among the details that had been revealed on social media.

Schools
The VCE is offered at all Victorian secondary schools. The VCE Vocational Major is a vocational and applied learning program within the VCE and is also offered at many government and non-government schools Victoria-wide.

Students who cannot complete a VCE course at their regular school for certain reasons (i.e timetable clashes, subject is not being offered in the students' regular school) are eligible to apply to Virtual School Victoria and complete up to two VCE units online.

Additionally, students interested in a LOTE are able to enrol in the Victorian School of Languages if they meet similar enrolment requirements to VSV.

title: Victorian Certificate of Education


text:
Cassiterite

Cassiterite is a tin oxide mineral, SnO2. It is generally opaque, but it is translucent in thin crystals. Its luster and multiple crystal faces produce a desirable gem. Cassiterite was the chief tin ore throughout ancient history and remains the most important source of tin today.

Occurrence

Most sources of cassiterite today are found in alluvial or placer deposits containing the weathering-resistant grains. The best sources of primary cassiterite are found in the tin mines of Bolivia, where it is found in crystallised hydrothermal veins. Rwanda has a nascent cassiterite mining industry. Fighting over cassiterite deposits (particularly in Walikale) is a major cause of the conflict waged in eastern parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This has led to cassiterite being considered a conflict mineral.

Cassiterite is a widespread minor constituent of igneous rocks. The Bolivian veins and the 4500 year old workings of Cornwall and Devon, England, are concentrated in high temperature quartz veins and pegmatites associated with granitic intrusives. The veins commonly contain tourmaline, topaz, fluorite, apatite, wolframite, molybdenite, and arsenopyrite. The mineral occurs extensively in Cornwall as surface deposits on Bodmin Moor, for example, where there are extensive traces of a hydraulic mining method known as streaming. The current major tin production comes from placer or alluvial deposits in Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, the Maakhir region of Somalia, and Russia. Hydraulic mining methods are used to concentrate mined ore, a process which relies on the high specific gravity of the SnO2 ore, of about 7.0.

Crystallography

Crystal twinning is common in cassiterite and most aggregate specimens show crystal twins. The typical twin is bent at a near-60-degree angle, forming an "elbow twin". Botryoidal or reniform cassiterite is called wood tin.

Cassiterite is also used as a gemstone and collector specimens when quality crystals are found.

Etymology
The name derives from the Greek kassiteros for "tin": this comes from the Phoenician word Cassiterid referring to the islands of Ireland and Great Britain, the ancient sources of tin; or, as Roman Ghirshman (1954) suggests, from the region of the Kassites, an ancient people in west and central Iran.

Use
It may be primary used as a raw material for tin extraction and smelting.

title: Cassiterite


text:
Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom

Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP and Affiliates, typically shortened to Skadden, is an American multinational law firm headquartered in New York City. The company is known for its work on company mergers and takeovers.

History
The firm was founded in 1948 in New York by Marshall Skadden, John Slate and Les Arps. In 1959, William R. Meagher joined the firm and Elizabeth Head, the firm's first female attorney, was hired. In 1960, the firm's name became Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom. In 1961, Peter Mullen, who later served as Skadden's first executive partner, joined the firm.

In 1973, the firm opened its second office in Boston. In 1981, Peggy L. Kerr became Skadden's first female partner. In 1985, Skadden was ranked as one of the three largest law firms in the United States.

In 1987, the firm opened its first international office in Tokyo. In 1988, the Skadden Fellowship Foundation was created. Skadden's New York City headquarters moved to 4 Times Square, the "Condé Nast Building" in 2000. Together with the City College of New York, Skadden launched the Skadden, Arps Honors Program in 2008, with the goal of increasing diversity in law schools and the legal profession. , Skadden has 21 offices worldwide.

In November 2023, amid a wave of antisemitic incidents at elite U.S. law schools, Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom was among a group of major law firms who sent a letter to top law school deans warning them that an escalation in incidents targeting Jewish students would have corporate hiring consequences. The letter said "We look to you to ensure your students who hope to join our firms after graduation are prepared to be an active part of workplace communities that have zero tolerance policies for any form of discrimination or harassment, much less the kind that has been taking place on some law school campuses."

Key people
In February 2011, there were 432 Skadden partners worldwide. As of December 2016, there were 381 partners worldwide. Unlike some firms that have introduced two-tier partnerships with equity and non-equity partners, Skadden maintains a one-tier partnership, in which all partners are equity partners and share ownership of the firm. In January 2020, there were 349 partners worldwide. Notable partners include:

 * Stephen C. Robinson, former federal district court judge sitting in the U.S. District Court for the SDNY; former U.S. attorney for the District of Connecticut
 * Patrick B. Fitzgerald, former U.S. attorney for the Northern District of Illinois; as special counsel for the Department of Justice, the federal prosecutor in charge of the investigation of the Valerie Plame Affair
 * Fred T. Goldberg, Jr., commissioner of Internal Revenue (1989–92), assistant secretary for tax policy in the Department of the Treasury in 1992
 * Mark N. Kaplan, former CEO of Drexel Burnham Lambert and Engelhard
 * Michael Leiter, former director of the National Counterterrorism Center

Rankings
In 2015 and 2016, Skadden was the fourth largest law firm in the U.S. by revenue. In the 2015 Global 100 survey by The American Lawyer, Skadden ranked as the fourth-highest grossing law firm in the world. In 2016, Skadden had approximately 1,700 attorneys in 22 offices; in 2011, the firm had approximately 1,900 attorneys in 23 offices. Measured by the number of attorneys, Skadden is the fifth largest law firm in New York and 12th largest in the United States. In 2016, Skadden was 187th on Forbes' list of America's Largest Private Companies by revenue. Previously, the firm ranked 335th in 1995, 194th in 2003 and 213th in 2010. In 2015, Skadden became the first law firm ever to handle more than $1 trillion in M&A deals in a single year and, for the third time in six years, the Financial Times' "Innovative Lawyers" report named Skadden the most innovative law firm in North America.

Russia and Ukraine
Skadden has a history of representing clients with ties to the Vladimir Putin regime in Russia, such as Alfa Bank, Roman Abramovich, and Viktor F. Yanukovych's pro-Russian regime in Ukraine. In 2020, the firm paid a $4.6 million settlement for misleading U.S. authorities regarding its lobbying on behalf of a Russia-aligned Ukrainian government.

In 2012, Skadden took as a client Viktor F. Yanukovych, who was a pro-Russian president of Ukraine from 2010 to 2014. Paul Manafort helped arrange for the hiring of Skadden. One of company's actions on Yanukovych's behalf was to produce a report justifying Yanukovych's imprisonment of former prime minister Yulia V. Tymoshenko (who was pro-European) and denying that the action had been a political prosecution, although many Western countries characterized it as such. Later that year a team of American lawyers commissioned by the government of Ukraine concluded that Tymoshenko's trial had not been fair and her rights had been violated. After Yanukovych lost power in Euromaidan and fled to Russia, Skadden's work on his behalf led to several federal investigations. One Skadden attorney, Alex van der Zwaan, was convicted of lying to the FBI about his work on Yanukovych's behalf and served 30 days in jail. In 2019, Skadden lawyer Gregory B. Craig was indicted on charges of lying to federal prosecutors about the work he did at Skadden on behalf of the Yanukovych, but was acquitted in a jury trial.

Tymoshenko made plans to sue Skadden, and in May 2020 it was revealed that Skadden had paid at least $11 million to settle the case before a lawsuit could be filed.

Skadden, along with Mercury Public Affairs and the Podesta Group, was investigated by the U.S. attorney's office for the Southern District of New York (SDNY) for possible lobbying violations regarding former Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort. In 2019, Skadden agreed to pay a $4.6 million settlement to the Department of Justice over the firm's failure to register as a foreign agent under the Foreign Agent Registrations Act.

Skadden has been involved in representing Russian groups in corporate deals worth around $90 billion. Skadden has represented Alfa Bank, a Russian bank closely associated with Russian oligarchs and the Vladimir Putin regime. After Russia invaded Ukraine in 2022 and amid heavy sanctions against Alfa Bank, Skadden said it was "in the process of ending our representations of Alfa Bank." Skadden has a long-standing relationship with Russian oligarch Roman Abramovich – Skadden refused to say whether it still represented him in 2022.

Political contributions
Skadden partners and employees tend to support and contribute more to Democratic political candidates than to Republicans. Prominent lawyers at the firm endorsed and financially supported John Kerry in his campaign to become president of the United States in 2004. In the run-up to Super Tuesday 2008, Skadden hosted a phone bank in support of Barack Obama's 2008 presidential campaign.

According to OpenSecrets, Skadden was one of the top law firms contributing to federal candidates during the 2012 election cycle, donating $1.98 million, 76% to Democrats. From 1990 through 2008, Skadden contributed $11.93 million to federal campaigns; between 2000 and 2008 the firm spent $2.2 million on lobbying.

Notable alumni

 * Amelia Boone, obstacle racer, 2012 Spartan Race World Champion and three-time Tough Mudder champion
 * Bruce M. Buck, chairman of Chelsea Football Club
 * Gregory B. Craig, former White House counsel to President Barack Obama
 * George B. Daniels, judge, U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York (2000–)
 * Robert Del Tufo, former New Jersey attorney general and U.S. attorney for the District of New Jersey
 * John Feerick, former dean of Fordham University School of Law
 * Joseph Flom, name-partner
 * Chip Flowers, first African-American elected official in Delaware (state treasurer) and co-chair, National Democratic State Treasurers (2010–2014)
 * Greg Giraldo, lawyer turned comedian and roast master
 * Keith Gottfried, general counsel for the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (2005–09)
 * Laura Ingraham, Fox News anchor and host of The Ingraham Angle
 * Merit Janow, American academic, former dean of School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University
 * Helene L. Kaplan, former Chairman of the Carnegie Corporation of New York
 * Mark N. Kaplan, former CEO of Drexel Burnham Lambert from 1970 to 1977 and CEO of Engelhard
 * Judge Judith S. Kaye, longest-tenured chief judge of the New York Court of Appeals, serving 1993-2008
 * Robert Lighthizer, former United States trade representative (2017–21)
 * Finbarr O'Neill, former CEO of J.D. Power, Hyundai Motor America and Mitsubishi Motors North America
 * Robert S. Pirie, co-chairman and CEO of Rothschild, North America, senior managing director of Bear Stearns & Co., and vice-chairman of Investment Banking at SG Cowen Securities Corporation
 * Douglas Rediker, executive chairman of International Capital Strategies; former U.S. alternate executive director, International Monetary Fund (2010–2012)
 * Irving S. Shapiro, former CEO, DuPont
 * Isaac Shapiro, former president, Japan Society
 * John Slate, name partner
 * Mary L. Smith, principal deputy director and acting agency head of Indian Health Service; former official, United States Department of Justice Civil Division; former nominee, assistant attorney general, United States Department of Justice, Tax Division
 * Leo Strine, chief justice of the Delaware Supreme Court (2014–2019); previously chancellor (2011–2014) and vice-chancellor (1998–2011) of the Delaware Court of Chancery
 * Robert W. Sweet, judge, U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York (1978–1991, senior status 1991–2019)
 * William H. Timbers, former judge, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (1971–1981, senior status 1981–1994); chief judge (1964–1971), judge (1960–1971), U.S. District Court for the District of Connecticut
 * Alex van der Zwaan, attorney, charged with lying to federal investigators about his interactions with Rick Gates in an investigation in Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections.
 * Stephen Vaughn, former acting United States trade representative (USTR) and USTR general counsel
 * Harold M. Williams, former chair, Securities and Exchange Commission (1977–1981)
 * William Daly, Deputy Commissioner, National Hockey League

title: Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom