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Adrian Năstase

Adrian Năstase (born 22 June 1950) is a Romanian jurist, academic/professor, blogger, and former politician who served as the prime minister of Romania from December 2000 to December 2004.

He competed in the 2004 presidential election as the Social Democratic Party (PSD) candidate, but was defeated by the centre-right Justice and Truth Alliance (DA) candidate Traian Băsescu who pertained at that time to the Democratic Party (PD).

He was the president of the Chamber of Deputies from 21 December 2004 until 15 March 2006, when he resigned due to corruption charges. Sentenced to two years in prison in July 2012, he attempted suicide before beginning his term in the penitentiary. Released in March 2013, he was sentenced to four years in another case in January 2014, but released that August.

A controversial figure due to the corruption scandals in which he was involved, Năstase is still regarded by both admirers and rivals (including his archrival Traian Băsescu), as the best and most efficient Romanian post-communist Prime Minister, being praised for his efforts of Euro-Atlantic integration of Romania and for the stabilization and modernization of the Romanian economy.

Family background
Năstase was born in Bucharest to a family that originated from Hanul de Pământ village, Tărtășești commune, Dâmbovița County. His father, Marian Năstase, was an officer of the Royal Romanian Army. His mother is named Elena and he has a sister, Dana Barb (née Năstase).

Youth period

Adrian Năstase finished high school at Nicolae Bălcescu High School (now Saint Sava National College) and then graduated from the University of Bucharest, receiving degrees from both the Department of Law and the Department of Sociology. He worked at various times as a professor, judge, and as president of several organizations involved with law and international relations.

On 31 July 1985, he married Dana Miculescu, the daughter of. They have two sons, Andrei (b. 12 February 1986) and Mihnea (b. 23 June 1993).

Post-1989 political career

Năstase was first elected to the Chamber of Deputies of Romania as member of the National Salvation Front party on 9 June 1990 and served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs in the governments of Petre Roman and Theodor Stolojan (28 June 1990 – 16 October 1992).

In 1992, he was re-elected to the Chamber of Deputies as a member of the Democratic National Salvation Front (FDSN) and served as the president of the Chamber of Deputies. Between 1993 and 1997, he was also the executive president of the Party of Social Democracy in Romania (PDSR, formerly the FDSN).

When the PDSR lost the 1996 elections, Năstase became leader of the opposition PDSR parliamentary group, vice-president of Chamber of Deputies, and member of Standing Bureau and Member of the Romanian delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe where he was the Recording Secretary of Council of Europe commission on judicial problems and human rights with reference to illegal activities by religious sects.

After the victory of the PDSR in the 2000 legislative elections and the re-election of Ion Iliescu as president of Romania, Năstase was elected president of the PDSR, which soon changed its name to the Social Democratic Party (PSD) after merging with another party. Năstase remained PSD president until April 2005 when he was replaced by former foreign minister Mircea Geoană at a party congress. At the same congress, Năstase was elected to be PSD executive president, the second most senior position in the party.

Term as Prime Minister of Romania
Năstase was confirmed by the Parliament as prime minister on 28 December 2000, following his appointment to the position in days before by President Ion Iliescu. He held the position concurrently with his leadership of the PSD. His four years as prime minister were characterized by unprecedented political stability in post-communist Romania, continuous economic growth, and a foreign policy strongly oriented toward the West, although during 2001, the press and some of the political opposition questioned this in light of his close association with former Securitate agent Ristea Priboi. Romania joined NATO, and committed Romanian troops in support of international efforts in the Balkans, Afghanistan, and Iraq.

His government completed accession negotiations with the European Union (EU) and aggressively passed legislation and implemented a number of reforms required for EU accession, which was subsequently completed with the 2007 enlargement of the European Union. His government successfully negotiated the lifting of visa restrictions on Romanians traveling to EU Schengen treaty countries.

Inflation decreased and the Romanian leu became stronger. However, critics pointed out that this was at least partially due to an influx of foreign currency into Romania from the estimated two million Romanians working abroad. GDP also grew substantially during each year of his term, with a growth of 8.3% achieved in 2004, the highest in the region. Average wages similarly grew, although they did not match the pace of economic growth. For example, in 2004 wages grew by 10.4%, with a 9.2% inflation rate, thereby leading to a real wage growth of 1.2%, in a year when GDP grew by 7%.

The Năstase government did not make substantial inroads on a number of important issues in Romanian society, such as agricultural policy: about 42% of Romanians continued to work in agriculture (compared to 3% of French and 19% of Poles). Critics also pointed out that economic growth was not evenly distributed among the social classes, and the percentage of people living below the poverty level remained high, especially in the rural areas.

Although the government took initial steps toward meaningful judicial reform, the government was repeatedly criticized, including by the EU, for failing to combat substantially widespread corruption, including at the highest levels.

In 2002, Năstase was appointed a Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania, which was revoked in December 2019 because of his double criminal indictment.

2004 presidential candidacy
The 2004 presidential election cycle marked the end of the second term of President Ion Iliescu, who, according to the constitution, could not serve another term. The PSD selected Năstase to be its presidential candidate. His running mate (selected to be prime minister in the event of a Năstase win) was then Foreign Minister Mircea Geoană.

Throughout the autumn of 2004, opinion polls predicted Năstase would win, boosted in areas and among sectors where the PSD traditionally received strong support: in rural areas, in small and medium-sized towns in the south and east of the country, and among pensioners and labor groups. The PSD, which remained by far the largest single political party in the country, was also expected to rely on its network of local party organizations to ensure voters came to the polls.

Năstase was ahead by a substantial margin during 28 November first round of the presidential elections, although he received less than 50 percent of the vote, and therefore was required to compete in a 12 December run-off election against second place center-right Justice and Truth Alliance (DA) candidate Traian Băsescu. Independent civil society organizations alleged incidents of fraud in Năstase's favor during the first round of the elections, including alleged multiple voting by PSD supporters as a result of poor controls on voter identification and flaws in the electronic vote tabulation.

At the time the polls closed on the evening of the run-off election, major media outlets released the results of exit polls showing a tie between Năstase and Băsescu. Nonetheless, Băsescu and his supporters interpreted the results as clear indication of a victory. Tens of thousands of Băsescu's supporters converged on University Square in the center of Bucharest, and in other parts of the country, to celebrate his presumed victory. The next morning, authorities released figures confirming Băsescu's win. Năstase received only 48.77% of the total vote.

Năstase later attributed his surprise defeat to a number of factors, including what he characterized as a failure of Humanist Party (PC) politicians to campaign on his behalf (the Humanist Party had an electoral pact with the PSD at that time); and the endorsement of Băsescu by Greater Romania Party (PRM) leader Corneliu Vadim Tudor. Other likely factors include Băsescu's strong performance during the second presidential debate, as well as persistent allegations of corruption against Năstase and the PSD.

Despite Năstase's presidential defeat, the PSD still won the largest bloc of seats in the Parliament in the concurrent legislative elections. Following the elections and in the interim period before Băsescu's DA Alliance was able to form a coalition majority, the PSD succeeded in obtaining sufficient support within the parliament to elect Năstase as president of the Chamber of Deputies. Former PSD Prime Minister Nicolae Văcăroiu was elected president of the Senate in the same circumstances. Năstase resigned as prime minister the day after Băsescu's inauguration. Later on, at the request of Cozmin Gușă, the campaign manager of Traian Băsescu, who resigned from Băsescu's party after he got elected, requested the release of the official results regarding the alleged fraud of the 2004 elections. The investigation concluded that there were no hard evidence of this fraud and that the elected president, Traian Băsescu, had no proofs to make that statement. The accusation of stealing the elections heavily helped Băsescu win the elections, some political analysts argue.

Corruption trial, sentence and attempted suicide
On 30 January 2012, the courts gave Năstase a two-year prison sentence for misuse of a publicly funded conference to raise cash for his unsuccessful campaign in 2004. Năstase claimed the sentence was influenced by rival politician Traian Băsescu, at the time President of Romania, and indicated that if necessary, he would take his case to the European Court of Human Rights. Responding to the allegations, Băsescu denied the charges were political in nature and claimed they stemmed from denunciations made by members of Năstase's party.

Adrian Năstase was convicted of corruption charges on 20 June 2012 and sentenced to a 2-year imprisonment term. At the time when the sentence was pronounced, he was the only head of government sentenced to prison in the 23 years following the Romanian Revolution.

When the police arrived at his home to arrest Năstase, he shot himself in the throat in an apparent suicide attempt and was taken to a hospital. Many people now believe that this apparent suicide was in fact a final botched attempt on his part to evade justice. On that night he was removed by ambulance with a Burberry scarf draped about his neck thus hiding any evidence of serious injury from gathered reporters. After receiving treatment during a six-day period, he was moved to Rahova prison and then transferred to Jilava prison on medical grounds, to be treated for his diabetes and heart condition.

In January 2014, the Romanian Supreme Court sentenced him to a four-year prison sentence for taking bribes and a three-year prison sentence for blackmail, to run concurrently. As a result, Năstase lost his status as a professor. He was eventually released later the same year, and in December 2021, 7 years later, the Romanian Supreme Court accepted Năstase's request for judicial rehabilitation with respect to the two sentences, after multiple prior attempts. If the decision remains final, Năstase will be once again able to exercise his right to vote and be elected to public office.

Publications
Năstase has published over 150 pieces on International law in Romanian and foreign journals, and has held over 140 talks at international meetings; publications include:
 * Human Rights: a Retrograde Concept
 * The Political Idea of Change
 * International Economic Law II
 * Parliamentary Humor
 * Romania and the New World Order
 * The Construction of Europe and Constitutional Supremacy
 * Romania's Treaties (1990–1997)
 * Personal Rights of the National Minorities
 * Regulations in International Law
 * The Battle for Life
 * Romania-NATO 2002
 * NATO Enlargement.

title: Adrian Năstase


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1930 in Canada

Events from the year 1930 in Canada.

Crown

 * Monarch – George V

Federal government

 * Governor General – Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon
 * Prime Minister – William Lyon Mackenzie King (until August 7) then Richard B. Bennett
 * Chief Justice – Francis Alexander Anglin (Ontario)
 * Parliament – 16th (until 30 May) then 17th (from 8 September)

Lieutenant governors

 * Lieutenant Governor of Alberta – William Egbert
 * Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia – Robert Randolph Bruce
 * Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba – James Duncan McGregor
 * Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick – Hugh Havelock McLean
 * Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia – James Cranswick Tory (until November 19) then Frank Stanfield
 * Lieutenant Governor of Ontario – William Donald Ross
 * Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island – Frank Richard Heartz (until November 19) then Charles Dalton
 * Lieutenant Governor of Quebec – Henry George Carroll
 * Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan – Henry William Newlands

Premiers

 * Premier of Alberta – John Edward Brownlee
 * Premier of British Columbia – Simon Fraser Tolmie
 * Premier of Manitoba – John Bracken
 * Premier of New Brunswick – John Baxter
 * Premier of Nova Scotia – Edgar Nelson Rhodes (until August 11) then Gordon Sidney Harrington
 * Premier of Ontario – George Howard Ferguson (until December 15) then George Stewart Henry
 * Premier of Prince Edward Island – Albert Charles Saunders (until May 20) then Walter Lea
 * Premier of Quebec – Louis-Alexandre Taschereau
 * Premier of Saskatchewan – James Thomas Milton Anderson

Commissioners

 * Gold Commissioner of Yukon – George Ian MacLean
 * Commissioner of Northwest Territories – William Wallace Cory

Events

 * February 15 – Cairine Wilson becomes Canada's first female senator
 * May 20 – Walter Lea becomes Premier of Prince Edward Island, replacing Albert Saunders
 * June 19 – 1930 Alberta general election: Premier John Brownlee's United Farmers of Alberta win a third consecutive majority
 * June 22 – Statue of Jean Vauquelin unveiled in Montreal's Vauquelin Square
 * June 29 – Eight Jesuit martyrs become the first Canadian saints
 * July 1 – The Seigniory Club, later to become the Château Montebello hotel, opens in Montebello, Quebec
 * June 26 – John B. King Explosion
 * July 28 – Federal election: R.B. Bennett's Conservatives win a majority, defeating Mackenzie King's Liberals
 * August 7 – R.B. Bennett becomes Prime Minister, replacing Mackenzie King
 * August 11 – Gordon Harrington becomes Premier of Nova Scotia, replacing Edgar Rhodes
 * October 18 – Robert Burns Memorial (Montreal) unveiled
 * November 12 – Norway relinquishes its claim to the Sverdrup Islands.
 * December 15 – George Henry becomes Premier of Ontario, replacing Howard Ferguson

Arts and literature

 * January 6 – An early literary character licensing agreement is signed by A. A. Milne, granting Stephen Slesinger U.S. and Canadian merchandising rights to the Winnie-the-Pooh works.

Sport

 * March 29 – The South Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League's Regina Pats win their third Memorial Cup by defeating the Ontario Hockey Association's West Toronto Nationals 2 games to 0. All games were played at Shea's Amphitheatre in Winnipeg
 * April 3 – The Montreal Canadiens win their third Stanley Cup by defeating the Boston Bruins 2 games to 0. The deciding game was played at the Montreal Forum
 * May 14 – Winnipeg Rugby Club (Winnipeg Blue Bombers) are established
 * August 16–23 – The British Empire Games take place in Hamilton.
 * December 6 – The Toronto Balmy Beach Beachers win their second Grey Cup, defeating the Regina Roughriders 11 to 6 in the 18th Grey Cup, played at Varsity Stadium

January to March

 * January 4 – Herbert O. Sparrow, politician (d. 2012)
 * January 7 – Clement Bowman, chemical engineer (d. 2021)
 * January 11 – Harold Greenberg, film producer (d. 1996)
 * January 12 – Tim Horton, ice hockey player and businessman (d. 1974)
 * January 14 – Kenny Wheeler, composer and trumpet and flugelhorn player
 * January 24 – Felix Cappella, race walker (d. 2011)
 * February 6 – Allan King, film director (d. 2009)
 * February 12 – Daniel Hyatt, actor (d. 2015)
 * March 11 – Claude Jutra, actor, film director and writer (d. 1986)
 * March 13 – Sue Johanson, Canadian sex educator and TV personality (d. 2023)

April to June

 * April 2 – Don Hall, ice hockey player (d. 2017)
 * April 24 – Étienne Gaboury, architect (d. 2022)
 * April 28 – Charles Caccia, politician (d. 2008)
 * April 29 – Ben Hanuschak, politician
 * April 30 – Jackie McLeod, ice hockey player and coach (d. 2022)
 * May 9 – Muriel Smith, politician
 * May 24 – Robert Bateman, naturalist and painter
 * May 26 – Lorne Ferguson, ice hockey player (d. 2008)
 * May 29 -
 * Roy Bonisteel, journalist and television host
 * Lawrence Heisey, businessman
 * June 17 – Rosemary Brown, politician (d. 2003)
 * June 19 – John Lynch-Staunton, Senator

July to December

 * July 6 – George Armstrong, ice hockey player (d. 2021)
 * July 10 – Bruce Boa, actor (d. 2004)
 * July 12 – Gordon Pinsent, actor (d. 2023)
 * July 14 – Arthur Irving, businessman (d. 2024)
 * July 15 – Richard Garneau, sports journalist (d. 2013)
 * July 22 – Dinny Flanagan, ice hockey player (d. 2018)
 * July 25 – Maureen Forrester, opera singer (d. 2010)
 * August 9
 * Jacques Parizeau, economist, politician and 26th Premier of Quebec
 * Larry Regan, ice hockey player, coach and manager (d.2009)
 * September 18 – John Tolos, wrestler and wrestling manager (d.2009)
 * September 21 – John Morgan, comedian (d.2004)
 * October 2 – Dave Barrett, politician and 26th Premier of British Columbia
 * October 24 – Micheline Beauchemin, textile artist and weaver
 * October 29 – André Bernier, politician
 * October 30 – Timothy Findley, novelist and playwright (d.2002)
 * December 1 – Jim Anderson, ice hockey player (Springfield Indians) and coach (Washington Capitals) (d.2013)

Full date unknown

 * Ben Kerr, street performer, author, broadcaster, musician and perennial candidate (d.2005)

Deaths

 * February – Levi Addison Ault, businessman and naturalist (b.1851)
 * February 28 – George Boyce, politician (b.1848)
 * April 3 – Emma Albani, soprano (b.1847)
 * November 16 – William James Topley, photographer (b.1845)
 * December 9 – Laura Muntz Lyall, painter (b.1860)
 * November 21 – Jean-Marie-Raphaël Le Jeune, Canadian writer, linguist and Catholic priest (born 1855)

Historical documents
Constitutional amendment affects natural resources control, Indigenous peoples, parks etc. in Prairie provinces

To reduce unemployment, B.C. MP wants limits on number of Japanese immigrants that are equal to those set for Europeans

One Big Union organizes industrial wage workers in struggle with "those who possess and do not produce"

Communist Party of Canada challenged by influence of ethnic "foreign language" organizations in its membership

New Saskatchewan cancer commission will oversee education, diagnosis and treatment (with radiotherapy)

Gov. Franklin Roosevelt says New York's residential hydro rates much higher than Ontario's because of private ownership of power supply

School's history pageant praised for its "costumes, stage settings, music, character portrayal and general effectiveness"

Young people's "Shan-a-mac" guide has romanticized stories and knowledge imitating Indigenous culture (and thus misappropriation)

New to Canada, starlings inhabit barns and sing "wheezy bumptious versatile essays to the belles of the roof"

Cartoon: Influenza returns with "complications and accompanying ills"

Photo: annual Procession of St. Anne, Chapel Island, Nova Scotia

Photo: Chris and Mary Josephine Morris putting birchbark on Mi'kmaw wigwam frame

Photo: Louisiana group at White House, en route to Grand-Pré for 175th anniversary of Acadian deportation

Photo: blimp and bike we know you'll like

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1930 in Canada


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Talk:Placer mining

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): PatJardine, Jessicanajera. Peer reviewers: AnnikaET, Joedf, Lukaszquinn, Carson209, HPokrandt.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 06:43, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Name
This article says "name derives from the French placer, meaning pleasure", but I have a text which says the word is of Spanish origin. Could someone verify which source is incorrect please? Greenmountainboy

Spanish origin would mean "pleasure" as well. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jessicanajera (talk • contribs) 01:17, 16 February 2018 (UTC)

According to Merriam-Webster: Pronunciation: 'pla-s&r Function: noun Etymology: Spanish, from Catalan, submarine plain, from plaza place, from Latin platea broad street -- more at PLACE Date: 1848 an alluvial, marine, or glacial deposit containing particles of valuable mineral and especially of gold --Maximus Rex 20:31, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * In modern french "placer" means "to put". I see no connection with pleasure, but it may still be related to "placer mining" somehow. --FvdP

So I will now change "french" to "spanish". Is it possible that someone mistook placer for plaisir? Greenmountainboy

 * I'm responsible for the reference to the French. I got it from another article, upon the creation of this one.  I've forgotten what this other article was, but I do remember that it indicated the French.  In modern Spanish, placer means pleasure.  In my limited experience, I don't think I've ever seen it used as a verb (cf. poner), nor am I aware of the geological definition (no surprise there), but I'll check my dictionary when I get access to it (four days from now). --Smack 01:50, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

hydrostatic pressure
This section needs some minor editing. The reference to hydrostatic pressure is not accurate. First, hydrostatic pressure refers to water pressures when the water is not moving and the discussion appears to be referring to moving water to move sediment through a sluice (see figure). Second, Using water is not necessarily the only way in which placer mining is accomplished. My geology dictionary (Glossary of Geology, 4th Ed., 1997, Julia Jackson, Ed.) defines placer as a surface deposit and placer mining as the extraction of these deposits (by inference: regardless of means). That is the way I have always understood the terms.

Hmmmm....

 * In California, from 1853 to 1884, "hydraulicking" of placers removed an enormous amount of material from the goldfields, material that was carried downstream and raised the level of the Central Valley by some seven feet in some areas and settled in a huge layer at the bottom of San Francisco Bay.

Interesting; the degree to which San Francisco Bay/Sacramento River estuary was filled in by this would be a useful figure. What's piqued my interest is all that sediment on the bottom of San Francisco Bay; old mining techniques were very low-efficiency and there's a good chance there's a high percentage of gold in that "huge layer at the bottom of San Francisco Bay". Reminds me of Dawson City, Yukon, a bit, where twenty years ago or so old tailings were used to pave the streets of a new subdivision. The tailings turned out to have a higher concentration of gold than material being sluiced on Eldorado and All Gold Creeks, and the entire subdivision and the source for the gravels used wound up being staked and mined. Many old tailings from gold workings have been re-excavated and re-worked, sometimes earning more than the original prospect (not that the original prospectors were always honest about how much they were pulling in). Not that digging up the bottom of San Francisco Bay is a viable option, given latter-day environmental standards, and I'm not a miner; but it's interesting nonetheless.Skookum1 19:11, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Placer gold accumulation
Logic says in syllogism - if water flows down-hill over rock, then eventually, the precious metal or mineral will wash down to the valley. Further, if the matter (gold & mineral) is heavier than water, then force and gravity will distribute the matter. Force (water current) will push the matter down the path of least resistance. Gravity will attract that matter to the centre of the earth. Therefore, matter is washed from the hills to the centre and sides of the water-flow. Stream tests have shown that sediment will gather at the bend in the stream (water-flow) but (gold) accumulation, in the centre, is just Baer Law theory. Rodeney (talk) 14:35, 31 August 2008 (UTC) Rodeney

 * I presume you are quoting Emmons 1937 Gold Deposits of the World here. Please attribute your sources. Also, this is the talk page of the article - so are you proposing an addition or what? Vsmith (talk) 15:34, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

Methods and Deposits additions
I plan on filling out the sections on individual forms of placer mining and adding citations, since they are all currently very short and have none. Specifically, I would like to add information about the expected gold output from each method, along with where and when they are most commonly used. I would also like to contribute to the placer deposit section, which is currently very short with no citations.Finally, I would like to expand the history of placer mining section, primarily by adding citations since there currently aren't any. To find this information, I will begin with the following sources. I plan to begin work on these edits in the coming weeks, and to begin adding them to the actual article in late march.

International Correspondence Schools (Scranton, Pa.) and Collier Engineer Company (Scranton, Pa.). Placer Mining: A Hand-Book for Klondike and Other Miners and Prospectors, with Introductory Chapters regarding the Recent Gold Discoveries in the Yukon Valley, the Routes to the Gold Fields, Outfit Required, and Mining Regulations of Alaska and the Canadian Yukon; also, a Map of the Yukon Valley Embracing all the Information Obtainable from Reliable Sources Up to December 1st, 1897. Vol. no. 15911. Scranton, Pa: Colliery Engineer Company, 1897.

Basque, G. (1999). Methods of placer mining. Surrey, B.C: Heritage House.

Garnett, R. H. T.. (2015). Graphical representation of production results versus estimates in placer mining. Institution of Mining and Metallurgy. Transactions. Section B: Applied earth sciences. (124)3. p.175 - 190.

Ferguson, R. I.. (2015). Reconstructing a sediment pulse: Modeling the effect of placer mining on Fraser River, Canada. Journal of geophysical research. Earth surface. (120)7. p.1436 - 1454.

Kennedy, M. (2008). fraser river placer mining landscapes. BC Studies, (160), 35.

Nelson, A. D.. (2012). Placer mining along the Fraser River, British Columbia: The geomorphic impact. Geological Society of America bulletin. (124)7-8. p.1212 - 1228.

There are many other methods.

In recent decades, pulsator machines have been very popular for small and medium sized placer mines. I don't have actual references, but a google search reveals several firms who want to sell you one.

Circa 1890 to 1970 "dredges" were used in larger mines, certainly for gold and tin, maybe other stuff. Maybe still in use somewhere? Initially steam powered, later diesel or electric. There is already a wikipedia article. Said to be very thirsty for water. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 110.145.147.110 (talk) 00:48, 26 November 2021 (UTC)

Shaker Table
Can someone knowledgeble on the topic please add shaker table to the list of methods. 75.80.37.234 (talk) 09:50, 17 September 2021 (UTC)SF

title: Talk:Placer mining


text:
Beatriz Merino

Martha Beatriz Merino Lucero (born November 15, 1947) is a Peruvian lawyer, academic and politician who served as the first female Prime Minister of Peru, in 2003. She previously served as Senator and Congresswoman from 1990 until 2000. Following her tenure in Alejandro Toledo's cabinet, Merino was appointed by the Peruvian Congress as the national ombudswoman for Peru, serving from 2005 to 2011, a position officially known as the Public Defender, being the second to hold the position.

Prominently a female leading persona in Peru, Merino is currently a member of the Council of Women World Leaders, an international network of current and former women presidents and prime ministers whose mission is to mobilize the highest-level women leaders globally, for collective action on issues of critical importance to women and equitable development.

Early life and education
Martha Beatriz Merino Lucero was born on November 15, 1947, in Lima, Peru. Her father, Augusto Merino Abrego (1915–2015), was a decorated public servant, serving as Treasurer and Finance Director of the San Isidro municipality. Throughout her career and in various interviews offered to the media, Merino highlighted the influence of her father on her professional development. Her mother was Aída Lucero (1916-2013).

After finishing high school at the Parochial School of Santa Rosa of Lince, Merino enrolled in the National University of San Marcos. Graduating a with law degree in 1970, she was awarded a scholarship in order to attend the London School of Economics graduate program, where she would attain a Master of Laws (LL.M.) in tax law in 1972. Relocating to the United States, she pursued a second Master of Laws at Harvard University with a Fulbright scholarship, becoming the first Peruvian woman to graduate from Harvard Law School, in 1977.

Career
Following her graduation from Harvard, Merino pursued a career at Procter & Gamble, serving as Legal, Commercial, International, Environment and Corporate Manager. She held the positions in Lima, Caracas (Latin America headquarters) and Cincinnati (world headquarters). She was also the director of Procter & Gamble for Peru, Ecuador, Chile, Bolivia and Colombia, from January 1979 to November 1989, and from July 1992 to December 1994.

In 1989, Mario Vargas Llosa invited her to run for the Peruvian Senate in the 1990 general election. Running as part of the Democratic Front (FREDEMO) coalition, she was ultimately elected along twenty other candidates from the Christian People's Party and Popular Action (Peru), being herself a member of the Liberty Movement.

During her time as a Senator, she presided over the Environment, Ecology and Amazon Committee and the Women's Rights Committee. Her tenure would be cut-short on April 5, 1992, as president Alberto Fujimori dissolved congress with a self-coup. She would return to the newly inaugurated unicameral Congress in 1995, running as an independent within the Independent Moralizing Front, led by Fernando Olivera. She would serve as a staunch opposition member in Congress, leading numerous bills against the Fujimori regime.

In 1993, Merino founded the Merino & Reaño Law Firm, where she worked extensively in commercial, labor, corporate and environmental legislation. She was senior partner from 1993 to 2001.

Approaching the 2000 general election, mayor Alberto Andrade of Lima invited Merino as his second running mate for the We Are Peru nomination, alongside Luis Guerrero as first running mate. Despite favorable polling numbers at the start of the race, the government's machinations led by National Intelligence Service ran a smear campaign against Andrade, ultimately destroying his chances in the general election.

Following Fujimori's downfall in late 2000, Merino was appointed Superintendent of the Peruvian Internal Revenue Service, serving from 2001 to 2003. During her two-year tenure, she directed the master's degree program in taxation and fiscal policy at the University of Lima.

Prime Minister of Peru (2003)
Merino became the President of the Council of Ministers on June 23, 2003, the highest political rank ever held by a woman in the history of Peru, appointed by president Alejandro Toledo. During her brief premiership, she led a successful tax reform bill, and laid over a modernizing restructuring process of the Peruvian government.

On July 18, 2003, she appeared before Congress in order present the general policy of the government and request the confidence vote. Merino referred to the government's economic policy and promotion of economic development and employment. Merino received confirmation of Congress with 61 votes in favor, 1 against and 17 abstentions.

Her management was characterized by lifting the Toledo regime's approval ratings; however, she resigned on December 15, 2003, at the request of Toledo, citing differences in policy management.

In early December 2003, a television program questioned Merino about an alleged influence peddling to favor friends and family during her time as Superintendent at the Peruvian Internal Revenue Service (SUNAT). Given this, in an appearance before the local press denied that she had influenced the hiring for her friends. After that, Merino traveled to the United States for academic conferences.

On December 13, president Toledo asked for the resignation of all his ministers and the 7 presidential advisers.

Upon her return to Lima, Merino explained to the press that she had resigned from the office of Prime Minister on the first day of December and that President Toledo asked her to stay a while longer until he found a successor. She also commented that she was summoned in October by a senior dignitary of the Catholic Church, who informed her that a political leader made accusations against her and questioned her moral integrity. She was succeeded in the premiership by Carlos Ferrero, a prominent member of Possible Peru and three-year president of Congress.

Public Defender (2005–2011)
After stepping down as Prime Minister, Merino held high approval ratings as a public persona. While On September 29, 2005, Congress elected her as the second Public Defender of Peru, succeeding the acting holder, Walter Albán. Congress had been unable to appoint a new holder since the expiration of Jorge Santistevan de Noriega's term in 2000. She was nominated by the National Unity parliamentary bench. Until her election as Defender, she served at the World Bank as Senior Specialist in the Public Sector area, in charge of issues related to Tax Administration and Policy, Modernization of the State and Strengthening of Congresses for Latin America.

During her term as Public Defender, she successfully called for the release of peasants from Chaca (Ayacucho) unfairly accused of terrorism, raised the inquiry on the creation of the Ministry of the Environment (2008), recommended the reform of the Pension Standardization Office (2008–2009), took over the Vilma Palma Case achieving a first sentence for discrimination in Peru (2009), and contributed in the Prior Consultation Law (2009). Overall, she has been cited for contributing to the restoration of peace and the restitution of the affected rights of the most vulnerable sectors of the Peruvian population.

Later career (2011–2015)

Her term in the Office of the Public Defender expired in 2010, but she remained in office until she tendered her resignation on March 30, 2011, being succeeded by Eduardo Luna Vega, who served as acting defender until the election of Walter Gutiérrez Camacho en 2016. Following her resignation, she was appointed Chairwoman of the Public Pension's Administrators Association. She stepped down on January 16, 2012. During her time in office, she contributed to the expansion of knowledge of the private pension's system throughout the country, taking over the initiative of improving the benefits of affiliated members.

In November 2011, she was appointed director of the Center for Social Responsibility, Entrepreneurship and Sustainability of CENTRUM, renowned business school of the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. She stepped down from the academic post in November 2015. Conjointly, she served as Chairwoman of the National Hydrocarbons Society, from January 2013 to December 2015.

Merino is part of the Advanced Leadership Initiative at Harvard University.

César Vallejo University controversies (2016–present)
Academically, she currently serves as executive president of the César Vallejo University since February 8, 2016, appointed by then-presidential nominee César Acuña Peralta, who has allegedly committed plagiarism in his doctoral dissertation and has been involved in several cases of money laundering. Following these allegations, Francisco Miró Quesada Rada resigned as executive president, due in particular to the plagiarism allegations against Acuña in the middle of the presidential campaign.

Under Merino's leadership, the university formally implemented the Turnitin plagiarism detection service. Before, there was no plagiarism detection service available at the university, being among the plagiarizers future Peruvian president Pedro Castillo and first lady, Lilia Paredes, both graduate students of the same university back in 2012. Recently, Gavin Jones scientist of the United States Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station denounced that two undergraduate thesis students also plagiarized an academic article of his.

Awards and recognitions

 * Doctor Honoris Causa - Federico Villarreal National University (2003)
 * Doctor Honoris Causa - Private University of Chiclayo (2003)
 * Order of the Southern Cross in the Degree of Grand Cross - Federative Republic of Brazil (2003)
 * Order of Merit in the Degree of Grand Cross - National Police of Peru (2003)
 * "María Elena Moyano" Award - Ministry of Women and Social Development (2003)
 * "Robert G. Storey" Leadership Award - Center for American and International Law (2004)
 * Order of the Sun of Peru in the Degree of the Grand Cross (2006)
 * Doctor Honoris Causa from the National University of Saint Augustine (2007)
 * Flora Tristán Medal - National University of San Marcos (2009)
 * Order of the Merit of Women - Ministry of Women and Social Development (2010)
 * Citizen Merit Medal - Presidency of the Council of Ministers of Peru (2010)
 * Medal "Francisco García Calderón" - Lima Bar Association (2010)
 * Lifetime Achievement Award - Harvard University (2015)
 * Doctor Honoris Causa - Universidad César Vallejo (2015)
 * Trailblazer Award - Women Political Leaders (2019)

title: Beatriz Merino


text:
James Carlisle

Sir James Beethoven Carlisle, GCMG (born 5 August 1937) is a dentist and the former Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda. Selected by Vere Cornwall Bird (the country's first prime minister), his term ended in June 2007, after 16 years in office.

Early years
Carlisle was born August 5, 1937, in the village of Bolans, Antigua. He received his early schooling at Bolans Public School, before moving to the United Kingdom to continue his education at Northampton College of Advanced Technology. He then took a bachelor's degree in dentistry at the University of Dundee. In 1991, he graduated from the American School of Laser Dentistry.

Dental career
Carlisle practised in both Antigua and Britain. Upon his return to Antigua in 1981 he went into private practice, the fourth dentist on the island. However, he built up his private practice and also undertook work as a dental officer in the public service.

With help from the ex-prime minister, Vere Bird, one of his patients, who offered the position of Governor-General to him, he assisted with the development of a Fluoride programme for children, and assisted the ex prime minister institute a free dental service. He is a member of the International Society of Laser Dentists and the British Dental Association.

Military career
Carlisle was in the British Royal Air Force from 1961 to 1966. He was also commissioned in the Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force between 1983 and 1993. As Governor-General he was automatically appointed as Commander of the Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force.

Political career
Carlisle involved himself in the local community. He was Chairman of the National Parks Authority, which he ran before he was nominated by the then prime minister as Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda, taking office on 10 June 1991 As Governor-General Carlisle was the representative of the Queen, the country's head of state, taking all decisions which belonged to the Crown. In 1993, he was knighted, becoming Sir James. As Governor-General, Carlisle held the following positions:
 * Grandmaster of four Antiguan Orders of Chivalry as Governor-General
 * Chief Scout of the Antigua and Barbuda Branch of The Scout Association
 * Patron of the Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme in Antigua and Barbuda
 * Patron of the Renal Society of Antigua and Barbuda

Honours

 * Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG), appointed November 1993, invested, July 1994.
 * Knight of Justice - Order of St. John (KStJ)
 * Honorary Doctor of Laws, Andrews University, Michigan, US

Personal life
Carlisle is married to Emma Carlisle, who during her period as wife to the Governor-General took a leading role in raising funds from commercial sponsors for indigenous people in her homeland.

Carlisle is a Seventh-day Adventist. As such he did not carry out official duties on the Sabbath or serve alcohol to guests at official functions. This was a source of some controversy, by his own admission.

title: James Carlisle


text:
Ivy Dumont

Dame Ivy Leona Dumont ( Turnquest; born 2 October 1930), is a Bahamian politician who served as the seventh governor-general of the Bahamas. She was the first woman in the Bahamas to hold this office, from 1 January 2002 (on an acting basis since 13 November 2001) until 30 November 2005. She previously served as Education Minister from 1995 to 2000.

Early life
Turnquest was born on 2 October 1930, at Roses on Long Island in the Bahamas. After completing her elementary education in Roses and Buckleys settlements on Long Island, she continued her schooling at the Government High School on New Providence. Attaining her Cambridge Junior Certificate in 1946 and her Cambridge Senior Certificate in 1947, Turnquest graduated in 1948. She furthered her studies at the Bahamas Teachers’ Training College earning her training teaching certificate in 1951. Around this same time, Turnquest married Reginald Dumont (1920 – 17 December 2011) a Guyanese immigrant who was working for the Bahamas Police Force on 24 August 1951. She began working for the Ministry of Education and Culture as a student teacher and earned her full teaching certificate in 1954.

Career
Upon receipt of her credentials, Dumont started her career as a classroom teacher. In 1962 and 1963, she studied in the United States as a Fulbright scholar and then in 1965, earned a General Certificate of Education from the Teacher's Union Institute. From 1968 to 1970, Dumont attended the University of Miami, graduating with her bachelor's degree in education. Appointed as head teacher at that time, Dumont then moving into administration, serving as education officer and as deputy director of education, before completing her education career after 21 years in 1975.

Dumont then began working as the deputy permanent secretary of the Ministry of Works and Utilities in 1975. She continued her own education and enrolled at Nova University in 1976. Dumont graduated with a doctorate in public administration in 1978 and that same year left the Ministry of Works and began working for Roywest Trust Corporation/Nat West International Trust Holdings Limited as a training officer. She remained with Nat West for the next thirteen years, serving as an assistant manager, then personnel manager and group relations manager, before retiring in 1991.

In 1992, Dumont was appointed to the Senate as a representative of the Free National Movement (FNM). Simultaneously, she was promoted to the cabinet by Prime Minister Hubert Ingraham, to serve as Minister of Health and Environment. She held this post until 1995, when she was moved to the Ministry of Education and Training. That ministry and Dumont's post transitioned to the Ministry of Education in 1997. She retired from the cabinet in 2000, but retained her Senate seat. In 2001, when Sir Orville Turnquest resigned as Governor-General to facilitate his son Tommy Turnquest's run for party leadership the following year, Dumont was selected as his interim replacement on 13 November 2001. She was confirmed as the permanent Governor-General on 1 January 2002, becoming the first woman to hold the post. She resigned from the post on 30 November 2005 and the following day was feted with a farewell ceremony commemorating her fifty-eight years in public service.

In 2007, the University of the West Indies conferred an honorary doctor of laws degree upon Dumont. After leaving public service, Dumont wrote her autobiography, Roses to Mount Fitzwilliam and remained active, speaking to public schools and encouraging youth to further their education.

title: Ivy Dumont


text:
1948 in Canada

Events from the year 1948 in Canada.

Crown

 * Monarch – George VI

Federal government

 * Governor General – the Viscount Alexander of Tunis
 * Prime Minister – William Lyon Mackenzie King (until November 15) then Louis St. Laurent
 * Chief Justice – Thibaudeau Rinfret (Quebec)
 * Parliament – 20th

Lieutenant governors

 * Lieutenant Governor of Alberta – John C. Bowen
 * Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia – Charles Arthur Banks
 * Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba – Roland Fairbairn McWilliams
 * Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick – David Laurence MacLaren
 * Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia – John Alexander Douglas McCurdy
 * Lieutenant Governor of Ontario – Ray Lawson
 * Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island – Joseph Alphonsus Bernard
 * Lieutenant Governor of Quebec – Eugène Fiset
 * Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan – Reginald John Marsden Parker (until March 23) then John Michael Uhrich (from March 24)

Premiers

 * Premier of Alberta – Ernest Manning
 * Premier of British Columbia – Boss Johnson
 * Premier of Manitoba – Stuart Garson (until November 13) then Douglas Campbell
 * Premier of New Brunswick – John McNair
 * Premier of Nova Scotia – Angus Macdonald
 * Premier of Ontario – George A. Drew (until October 19) then Thomas Laird Kennedy
 * Premier of Prince Edward Island – J. Walter Jones
 * Premier of Quebec – Maurice Duplessis
 * Premier of Saskatchewan – Tommy Douglas

Commissioners

 * Commissioner of Yukon – John Edward Gibben
 * Commissioner of Northwest Territories – Hugh Llewellyn Keenleyside

Events

 * June 7 – Ontario election: George Drew's PCs win a second consecutive majority
 * June 24 – Saskatchewan election: Tommy Douglas's Co-operative Commonwealth Federation wins a second consecutive majority
 * July 22 – A second runoff referendum is held in the 1948 Newfoundland referendums; confederation with Canada is approved, leading to the eventual union between Canada and the Dominion of Newfoundland in March 1949.
 * August 17 – Alberta election: Ernest Manning's Social Credit Party wins a fourth consecutive majority
 * September 6 – The oil well Atlantic No. 3 (near Devon, Alberta), which had been running wild since March 21, catches fire. Smoke affects the atmosphere for hundreds of kilometres until the blaze is put out in November by a team led by Myron M. Kinley and Red Adair.
 * October 19 – Thomas Kennedy becomes premier of Ontario, replacing George Drew
 * November 13 – Douglas Campbell becomes premier of Manitoba, replacing Stuart Garson
 * November 15 – Louis Saint Laurent becomes prime minister, replacing Mackenzie King

Awards

 * See 1948 Governor General's Awards for a complete list of winners and finalists for those awards.
 * Stephen Leacock Award: Paul Hiebert, Sarah Binks

Sport

 * February 2 – Barbara Ann Scott becomes the first Canadian to win the figure skating gold medal at the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland
 * April 14 – The Toronto Maple Leafs win their seventh Stanley Cup by defeating the Detroit Red Wings 4 games to 0.
 * April 30 – The Thunder Bay Junior Hockey League's Port Arthur West End Bruins win their only Memorial Cup by defeating the Ontario Hockey Association's Barrie Flyers 4 games to 0. All games were played at Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto
 * November 27 – The undefeated Calgary Stampeders win their first Grey Cup by defeating the Ottawa Rough Riders 12 to 7 in the 36th Grey Cup played at Varsity Stadium in Toronto. This Cup is notable for the Stampeders' fans making a party out of the game and launching the Grey Cup festival that precedes the championship game.

January to March

 * January 10 – Craig Russell, female impersonator (d. 1990)
 * January 12 – Gordon Campbell, politician and 34th Premier of British Columbia
 * January 13 – Pat O'Brien, politician
 * January 15 – Andy Jones, comedian, writer, actor and director
 * January 16 – Cliff Thorburn, snooker player, former world number one
 * January 19 – Frank McKenna, businessman, politician, 27th Premier of New Brunswick and diplomat
 * January 25 – Sarkis Assadourian, politician
 * February 11 – Shaughnessy Cohen, politician (d. 1998)
 * February 13 – Allan Legere, serial killer, rapist, and arsonist
 * February 21 – Chuck Cadman, politician (d. 2005)
 * March 14
 * Pierre Granche, sculptor (d. 1997)
 * Maria Minna, politician
 * March 20 – Bobby Orr, ice hockey player
 * March 31 – Gary Doer, politician and 20th Premier of Manitoba

April to June

 * April 14 – Claude Vivier, composer (d. 1983 in France)
 * April 16 – Reg Alcock, politician, minister, MP for Winnipeg South (1993–2006); President of the Treasury Board (2003–2006) (d. 2011)
 * April 17 – Wilf Wedmann, high jumper
 * April 20 – Rémy Trudel, academic and politician
 * May 11 – John Plohman, politician
 * May 16 – Clif Evans, politician
 * May 24 – Lorna Crozier, poet and essayist
 * June 4
 * Margaret Gibson, novelist and short story writer (d. 2006)
 * Sandra Post, golfer, first Canadian to play on the LPGA Tour
 * June 5 – Bill Smart, middle-distance runner and judge
 * June 7 – Welwyn Wilton Katz, children's author
 * June 23 – Myles Goodwyn, musician (d. 2023)

July to September

 * July 4 – Katherine Govier, novelist
 * July 8 – Raffi, children's entertainer, music producer, author and entrepreneur
 * August 2 – Bob Rae, politician and 21st Premier of Ontario
 * August 5 – Don Scott, politician
 * August 14 – John Edzerza, Yukon MLA (d. 2011)
 * August 31 – Marie-Lynn Hammond, folk singer-songwriter, broadcaster and playwright
 * September 8 – Stephen Owen, politician (d. 2023)
 * September 10 – Margaret Trudeau, wife of the late Pierre Trudeau, the 15th Prime Minister of Canada
 * September 19 – James McCrae, politician
 * September 21 – Bernard Jean, oboist, conductor, and music educator
 * September 24 – Phil Hartman, actor, comedian, screenwriter and graphic artist (d. 1998)

October to December

 * October 8 – Pat Binns, politician, 30th Premier of Prince Edward Island and diplomat
 * October 9 – Brad Woodside, politician, Mayor of Fredericton, New Brunswick
 * October 17 – Margot Kidder, actress (d. 2018)
 * November 5 – Mike Neary, rower
 * November 24 – Spider Robinson, science fiction author
 * December 7 – Jay Dahlgren, javelin thrower
 * December 30 – Rick Casson, politician
 * December 30 – Pierre Blais, jurist, politician and Minister
 * December 31 – René Robert, ice hockey player (d. 2021)

Full date unknown

 * Marc Lortie, diplomat

Deaths

 * March 14 – Ernest Frederick Armstrong, politician (b. 1878)
 * March 28 – John Duncan MacLean, teacher, physician, politician and Premier of British Columbia (b. 1873)
 * May 20 – George Beurling, most successful Canadian fighter pilot of World War II (b. 1921)
 * May 21 – James Ralston, lawyer, soldier, politician and Minister (b. 1881)

Full date unknown

 * Margaret C. MacDonald, nurse (b. 1873)

Historical documents
"A common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations" - UN proclaims Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Parliamentary committee studying draft UN human rights declaration speaks to global variety of rights interpretations

UN convention on genocide defines it as attempt to destroy group by killing or seriously harming members, preventing births or taking group's children

Canadian children "had no idea what to do with us" - Holocaust orphan arrives in Canada and settles in Regina

"Fitting together the scattered jigsaw-puzzle pieces of their lives" - Japanese Canadians move on, and why they have to

CPR sleeping car porter enjoys travel but finds job "subservient" and travelling public "about 85 pleasant and the other 15 unpleasant"

Ottawa-Quebec politics rule out Black U.S. troops in Quebec, where their presence "might be misunderstood and misrepresented"

"Maximum dramatic appeal" and "simplicity" of secret U.S.A.-Canada free-trade proposal encourage optimism for success

Lester Pearson says "the world needs the textiles which Japan" would produce if it received Most favoured nation trade status

Ambassador to China keen to see Canadian presence (banks, Canadian Pacific ships and planes, TCA and Navy) in southeast Asia

U.S.A. to hold multi-party talks on North Atlantic security matters, including Soviet intentions and U.S. commitment

Canada wants North Atlantic security organization to involve foreign ministry consultation and economic and social collaboration

Kinks in Canada-U.S. joint defence arrangements, including roles, responsibilities and functions, need to be worked out

Canada seeks to know U.S. policy on partition of Palestine, especially regarding possibility of UN Security Council authorizing force

Cabinet decides not to support UN membership for Israel before it recognizes Israel's provisional government

With Nationalist forces "off balance and low in morale" in Chinese Civil War, Canada plans evacuations

South African ambassador seeks Canada's support for white supremacy policy to block communism and Indians "swamping" whites

Cabinet seeks better ways to exclude from Canada top leaders of "unions known to be communist dominated" and fellow travellers

Cabinet Defence Committee sees need for Arctic icebreaker to support government stations and wartime amphibious operations

"Frenzied," "shrill" and "a pitch of hysteria which could scarcely be raised" - anti-U.S. Soviet propaganda assessed

Given CBC cooperation and with policy "guidance notes," Pearson ponders propaganda broadcasts to communist controlled countries

Newfoundland must be independent because England couldn't help if it wanted to and confederation means federal government rule

"I fear the return of Responsible Government" - Newfoundlander dreads days of privation recurring if Canada is rejected

Refus Global calls Quebeckers to free themselves from past fears and anguish at nauseating recent evils with passion and unity

CBC Radio interview with figure skating champion Barbara Ann Scott after she won gold medal at Winter Olympics in St. Moritz

Photo: Calgary Stampeders' Norman L. Kwong runs into opposing team's defence in football game

Kate Aitken talks about women of the year, including Princess Elizabeth, Barbara Ann Scott and Henrietta Banting, on her radio show

CBC radio play from "series of dramatized programmes on human relation" involving National Committee for Mental Hygiene of Canada

"Absolute and undying ambition to succeed" - CBC network announcer Elwood Glover's memories of his early radio career

Ducks Unlimited naturalist says prairie drought can seem catastrophic, but only cover 1% of waterfowl breeding territory

Illustration: Promotional poster, with illustration by Peter Maxwell Ewart, invites hunters to travel on Canadian Pacific

title: 1948 in Canada


text:
Clifford Husbands

Sir Clifford Straughn Husbands GCMG KStJ KA QC (5 August 1926 – 11 October 2017) was a Barbadian judge who served as the sixth Governor-General of Barbados. He held this office from 1996, when he was appointed after the death of Nita Barrow, until he retired on 31 October 2011. He was the longest-serving Barbadian Governor-General.

Husbands died suddenly of a heart attack on 11 October 2017 at the age of 91. He was predeceased by his wife, Lady Ruby Husbands (née Parris), who died on 7 July 2009.

title: Clifford Husbands


text:
Colville Young

Sir Colville Norbert Young (born 20 November 1932) is a Belizean politician who served as the second governor-general of Belize. He is also a patron of the Scout Association of Belize. He was appointed as the Governor-General in 1993, taking office on 17 November of that year, and was knighted in 1994.

His tenure of 28 years is the longest of any governor-general in the history of the Commonwealth.

Education
Sir Colville studied at Belize's St Michael's College (now part of Anglican Cathedral College (ACC) and not to be confused with the institution now known as Maud Williams High School), and earned a BA degree in English from the University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Jamaica, prior to his doctorate in linguistics from the University of York in England. Young was a Fulbright Scholar and is a member of the Caribbean Teachers of English Association and the Society for Caribbean Linguistics.

Career
In the 1960s, Young was a member of the opposition National Independence Party. He ran as the NIP candidate for the British Honduras Legislative Assembly in the Mesopotamia constituency in 1965 and 1969, but was defeated both times by C. L. B. Rogers, the People's United Party incumbent.

Along with future Prime Minister Manuel Esquivel, Young was one of the founding members of the Liberal Party, a short-lived pro-business political party which ultimately became a part of the United Democratic Party (UDP). Afterwards Young was interested in seeing Belize's development in academia and education, and after returning from England began trying to advance the nation in that regard. In the late 1980s Young became president of the University College of Belize, one of the five parent institutions of the University of Belize, and was one of its senior lecturers.

He became involved in music, composing all manner of musical pieces from operas to cantatas to others. He published a series of books of and about Belizean literature, including Literature and Education in Belize, Creole Proverbs of Belize, From One Caribbean Corner and Caribbean Corner Calling, the last two containing poems in English and Belize Creole. Of these books, Creole Proverbs is his most recognised. In 1993, just before becoming Governor General, he published a book of short stories called Pataki Full, earning acclaim from the local writing community. His stories have been featured in the Belizean Writers Series in "Snapshots of Belize", and a play Riding Haas in the drama anthology Ping Wing Juk Me, also in the Series.

Governor-General of Belize (1993–2021)
Young became the Belizean governor-general shortly after the UDP under Esquivel regained power in the 1993 elections. He is the longest-serving governor-general of all time in the Commonwealth. Young is active in creating and maintaining relations with foreign dignitaries and countries. He was sworn into the Privy Council upon his assumption of office. He is also active within the larger community in Belize, specifically in education and teacher training.

In 2017, several fake and unauthorized Facebook profiles were created under the name "Colville Young". Citizens were warned not to interact with the profiles as all communication from the governor is shared by the Government of Belize Press Office.

Young retired as Governor-General on 30 April 2021. Froyla Tzalam succeeded him as Governor-General on 27 May 2021.

Personal life and interests
Young is married to Lady (Norma) Young, née Trapp, and has three sons and a daughter. He has three siblings.

Young has a stated interest in promoting the development of Belizean music. Young has actively contributed to efforts in Belizean schools to maintain music as an educational staple. Young's son, Colville Young Jr., is the director of the Belize National Youth Symphony. Currently Colville Young is working with founders of the Belize Virtuosi Orchestra, Joel Nagel and Peter Illavsky, to raise funds to build a chamber orchestra auditorium in Belize. Young established the Governor General's Music in the Schools Programme which works with partner abroad to expand music in schools and access to musical instruments.

title: Colville Young


text:
Think tank (disambiguation)

A think tank is an organization that conducts research and engages in advocacy.

Think Tank or Thinktank may also refer to:

Organisations

 * Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum, a science museum in Birmingham, England

Film and television

 * Think Tank (film), a 2006 film
 * Think Tank with Ben Wattenberg or Think Tank, a 1994–2010 discussion/talk television program, hosted by Ben Wattenberg, that aired on PBS
 * Think Tank (game show), a 2016 BBC quiz show - not to be confused with the 1995 Channel 4 game show
 * Think Tank (Australian game show), an Australian version of the BBC quiz show, first broadcast in 2018
 * "Think Tank" (Star Trek: Voyager), an episode of Star Trek: Voyager

Comics

 * Think Tank (comics), a 2012 limited series from Image by Matt Hawkins and Rahsan Ekedal
 * Think Tank (Marvel Comics), a fictional Marvel Comics superhero, member of Freedom Force
 * Think Tank, a temporary alias adopted by the fictional Marvel Comics super-villain HourGlass

Music

 * Think Tank (band), featuring members of the band Information Society
 * Think Tank (Blur album), a 2003 album by Blur
 * Think Tank (Henry Rollins album), a 1998 spoken word recording by Henry Rollins
 * Think Tank (Pat Martino album), 2003

Other uses

 * ThinkTank, the original name for the outliner app later known as MORE
 * Think tank, a descriptive name for a Tachikoma in the anime and manga Ghost in the Shell
 * ThinkTank, a daily YouTube news and culture show on The Young Turks network
 * Think tank, a common term for time-out settings in classrooms
 * Think Tanks, a vehicular combat game

title: Think tank (disambiguation)


text:
Daniel Williams (governor-general)

Sir Daniel Charles Williams COG (born 4 November 1935) is a Grenadian lawyer who served as Governor-General of Grenada from 8 August 1996 until 27 November 2008. He was formally appointed by Queen Elizabeth II on 9 August 1996 after having been nominated by Prime Minister Keith Mitchell.

Williams is the only former Grenadian governor-general who was active in politics prior to his appointment. He was elected to the Parliament of Grenada as a New National Party candidate in 1984. From 1984 to 1989 Williams served in various ministerial roles in the Herbert Blaize government, including a brief stint as acting prime minister in 1988. Williams resumed his private law practice after the NNP was defeated at the 1990 elections.

In 1997, he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II, with the Order of Knight Grand Cross of St. Michael and St. George (GCMG).

He founded the law firm Danny Williams & Co.

title: Daniel Williams (governor-general)


text:
Bill Skate

Sir William Jack Skate (26 September 1953 – 3 January 2006) was a prominent Papua New Guinea politician. He was the son of an Australian father and a Papua New Guinean mother. Though his career was turbulent and often marked by setbacks, he served in the highest posts in his country: prime minister of Papua New Guinea, speaker of the National Parliament, and as acting governor-general of Papua New Guinea.

Life
Skate became manager of the capital district commission in 1987. He was elected to parliament in 1992 and served as speaker from 1992 to 1994, supporting the government of Paias Wingti.

Skate served as governor of the National Capital District from 1995 to 1997. He was prime minister from 1997 to 1999 and resigned after 18 months, fearing that he would lose a challenge. He was appointed Leader of the Opposition from 1999 to 2001. In 2002, his political party the People's National Congress Party (PNC) became a coalition partner in the government of Michael Somare and Skate became Speaker of the National Parliament. He was appointed acting governor-general in November 2003, a constitutional requirement when that office falls vacant. Pato Kakeraya was scheduled to take up the office on 20 January 2004, but Skate continued to act in the office because of court challenges to Kakeraya's election.

On 3 March 2004, Skate was suspended as acting governor-general because of allegations that he misappropriated funds during the 1990s. He then advised the Prime Minister to appoint a cabinet minister as acting governor-general. The following day, however, he was cleared of the financial charges in court, and he became acting governor-general again. In May 2004, his party left the coalition when he and other members refused to support a constitutional amendment supported by Somare which would have given the government more time to be immune to no-confidence votes. As a result, the PNC became the largest opposition party.

On 28 May 2004, Skate ceased to be Speaker when the parliament elected a pro-government candidate, Jeffery Nape. The office of governor-general was still vacant at that stage, so Nape automatically succeeded Skate as acting governor-general.

Bill Skate was knighted in January 2005 for services to parliament, becoming Sir William Skate.

He died in hospital on 3 January 2006, in Brisbane, Australia, where he had been airlifted after suffering a stroke in late December 2005 which was probably an effect of chronic alcoholism. He was buried in Port Moresby.

title: Bill Skate


text:
User:Hideshi

Natural Science
Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, Biophysics, Signal transduction, Chemotaxis, Genomics, System Biology, Parasitology, Nanoscience, Bioinformatics, Protein structure modeling, Phiosophy of Science (Biology), Origin of life, Theoritical Biology, Autopoiesis theory, Self-Organisation, Graph theory, Information theory, Algorithms, Dictyostelium, Plasmodium, Trypanosome

History
Chinese and Egyptian history, acient scripts

Music
Piano musics (Bach by Glenn Gould, Mozart by Mitsuko Uchida, Chopin and Beethoven by Martha Argerich), Sonny Rollins and Aerosmith.

Paintings
Abstract paintings (Kazimir Malevich, Jean-François Millet, Piet Mondriaan, Wassily Kandinsky), Egon Schiele, Gustav Klimt, Henri Matisse

Sculputures
Michelangelo, Isamu Noguchi

Sports
Just playing, not watching Badminton, Tennis, Basketball, Running, Rock climbing, Hill walking, Yoga

My concerns
Abuse of the following words in Biology: "information", "signal", "symbol".

Main
Signal transduction (Introduction) Small GTPase

Minor
07:24, 10 Dec 2003 GTPase (little addition to 'the Ras superfamily', link to 'small GTPase' ) 20:19, 9 Dec 2003 M Unicellular organism (addition of 'single cell organisms') 16:03, 9 Dec 2003 M Inositol triphosphate (addition of IP3 as abbreviation) 15:59, 9 Dec 2003 IP3 (redirection to Inositol triphosphate) 15:50, 9 Dec 2003 DAG (redirect to Diacylglycerol) 16:24, 7 Dec 2003 M Autopoiesis (Reference, Luisi PL (2003) added)

title: User:Hideshi


text:
Autzen Stadium

Autzen Stadium is an outdoor football stadium in the northwest United States, in Eugene, Oregon. Located north of the University of Oregon campus, it is the home field of the Oregon Ducks of the Big Ten Conference. Opened in 1967, the stadium has undergone several expansions. The official seating capacity is presently 54,000 to 60,000 (with SRO); however, the actual attendance regularly exceeds that figure.

History
Prior to 1967, the Ducks' on-campus stadium was Hayward Field, which they shared with the track and field team. However, by the late 1950s, it had become apparent that Hayward Field was no longer suitable for the football team. It seated only 22,500 people, making it one of the smallest in the University Division (now Division I), and only 9,000 seats were available to the general public. While nearly every seat was protected from the elements, it had little else going for it. The stadium was in such poor condition that coaches deliberately kept prospective recruits from seeing it. As a result, the Ducks only played three home games per year on campus in most years; with the exception of the annual rivalry game with Oregon State, games that were likely to draw big crowds (against schools like Washington and USC) were played 110 mi north in Portland at the larger Multnomah Stadium. With the recognition that the football team had outgrown the campus facility and with popular support to play the entire home schedule in Eugene for the first time in school history, Oregon athletic director Leo Harris led a campaign to build a new stadium on 90 acre that the school had acquired for the purpose in the 1950s on his recommendation.

Designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, the stadium was built within an artificial landfill (over the refuse) to eliminate the need for multilevel ramps. As a result, construction took just nine months and cost approximately $2.3 million. $250,000 was contributed by the Autzen Foundation, headed by Thomas E. Autzen (class of 1943), son of Portland lumberman and philanthropist Thomas J. Autzen (1888–1958), for whom the stadium was named. The elder Autzen was ironically an alumnus of Oregon archrival Oregon State University.

In 1967, Oregon hosted Colorado in Autzen Stadium's inaugural game, a 17–13 loss before 27,500 on September 23. Four weeks later on October 21, 16,000 saw Oregon's first win in the new facility; the 31–6 victory over Idaho was the only home win of the season.

The stadium alternates with Oregon State's Reser Stadium as host of the annual rivalry game with the Beavers.

Autzen hosted the inaugural Pac-12 Conference Championship game on December 2, 2011, as the Pac-12 North champion Ducks defeated the Pac-12 South champion UCLA Bruins.

Playing surface
Opened with natural grass in 1967, the field was switched to AstroTurf and lights were added for its third season in 1969. After seven years, it was replaced with new AstroTurf in 1976. Sand-based OmniTurf was installed in 1984 and 1991,    and infilled NeXturf in 2001. The NeXturf was found to be overly slick when wet and lasted only one season, and was transferred to an intramural field. FieldTurf made its debut in Autzen in 2002, and was replaced in 2010.

With up to 8 feet (2.4 m) of gravel fill underneath the field, the original crown of the natural grass field was moderate, with the center of the field approximately one foot (0.30 m) higher than the sidelines. The crown was removed in 2010, and the surface is now flat.

Renovations
In 1982, a $650,000 meeting room complex, the Donald Barker Stadium Club, was opened on the east rim above the end zone. It gave the stadium its first meeting facilities, and was dedicated at the home opener in September.

A proposal to enclose the stadium within a dome was given serious consideration in 1985. New tax laws on contributions altered the feasibility, and the overall project was scaled back. In 1988, a $2.3 million renovation built a new press box on the south side of the stadium and converted the original north side press box to luxury suites. The renovation was designed by architecture firm Ellerbe Becket.

In 1995, the field was named Rich Brooks Field, after the Ducks' coach from 1977 to 1994. Brooks led Oregon to its first outright Pac-10 championship, and its first Rose Bowl appearance in 37 years, in his last season. Brooks left Oregon after the 1994 season to become head coach of the St. Louis Rams of the National Football League.

In 2002, a $90 million facelift and expansion added seating and luxury boxes to the south sideline, bringing the stadium seating capacity up to its current level.

In 2007, the large yellow "O" was added onto the south end of the stadium exterior when ESPN's College GameDay was on location. That season, "Gameday" originated two of its Saturday shows from Eugene.

In 2008, a new, 33 by high-definition LED scoreboard and replay screen—known as DuckVision or "Duckvision 2.0"—was installed; it replaced the original video screen installed prior to the 1998–1999 football season. It is the 39th largest video screen in the NCAA.

In 2010, the field was replaced with new FieldTurf that featured the new Pac-12 logo (even before the logo was officially revealed to the public). During the process, the crown was removed to make the field flat. In addition, new paneling was added to the walls surrounding the field.

In 2014, the east end-zone scoreboard was updated to include a digital screen, the addition of 150 flat screen monitors throughout the concessions areas, additional culinary options in the form of food trucks on the north side of the stadium, increased cell phone repeaters and an upgrade to the sound system. Additionally, the sideline wall graphics were updated from the new panels installed in the 2010 season.

In 2020 the east end-zone scoreboard was replaced with a new 186’ x 66’ video screen on the east end of the stadium, making it the largest video board in college football. The video board will also house a smaller outward-facing 47’ x 26’ video board visible to fans arriving to the stadium.

Stadium records
The highest attendance at Autzen was 60,055 on October 15, 2011, when the Ducks beat Arizona State, 41–27. This stands as the second largest crowd for a sporting event in the state of Oregon, with the largest being the CART Portland 200 IndyCar event in 1993 (63,000).

From 1997 to 2001, the Ducks had a 24-game home winning streak at Autzen Stadium, which ended with a 49–42 loss to Stanford. In 2011, the USC Trojans defeated the Ducks 38–35, ending a 21-game home winning streak as the Trojans handed Chip Kelly his first loss at Autzen as head coach.

Location and configuration
The stadium is located just north of the Willamette River, next to Alton Baker Park. Students typically walk to the stadium from the University of Oregon campus over the Autzen Footbridge, which passes over the Willamette, then through Alton Baker Park. The FieldTurf playing field is at an elevation of 420 ft above sea level and is laid out in a non-traditional east-west orientation, slightly skewed so that players will not have the sun shining in their eyes in late fall.

Crowd noise
Autzen is known for its crowd noise. Due to the stadium's relatively small footprint, the fans are very close to the action, and the field is sunken. These factors contribute to the loudness of the stadium even though it is smaller than other 'noise comparable' stadiums. According to many in the Pac-12, from Oregon's resurgence in the mid-1990s until the most recent expansion in 2002, Autzen was even louder because the noise reverberated all the way up the stadium and bounced back down to the field—the so-called "Autzen bounce." Oregon officials say that any future expansions will trap more noise.

On October 27, 2007, during a 24–17 victory against the USC Trojans, a then-record crowd of 59,277 fans was recorded at 127.2 decibels. A similarly loud 31–27 upset of third-ranked Michigan in 2003 prompted Michigan Daily columnist J. Brady McCollough to write

"Autzen's 59,000 strong make the Big House collectively sound like a pathetic whimper. It's louder than any place I've ever been, and that includes The Swamp at Florida, The Shoe in Columbus, and Death Valley at Louisiana State. Autzen Stadium is where great teams go to die."

Michigan coach Lloyd Carr later said that Autzen Stadium was the loudest stadium he'd ever been in.

In 2006, a Sporting News columnist named Autzen the most intimidating college football stadium in the nation.

Lee Corso of ESPN College Gameday frequently says, "Per person Autzen Stadium is the loudest stadium that I have ever been in my entire life!"

Longtime ABC sportscaster Keith Jackson called Autzen "Per square yard, the loudest stadium in the history of the planet."

Jahvid Best, a former starting running back for the Detroit Lions, visited Autzen while playing for the California Golden Bears in 2007. He later said, "The biggest thing I remember about that game is the crowd. The crowd noise is crazy up there. Honestly, any other away game I don't really even hear the crowd. Oregon was the only place where it really got on my nerves."

Following the September 6, 2014 game against the Michigan State Spartans, Michigan sports reporter Mike Griffin of MLive.com accused Oregon of piping in artificial noise that contributed to the Ducks' victory over the Spartans.

Traditions
Since 1990, Don Essig, the stadium's PA announcer since 1968, has declared that "It never rains at Autzen Stadium" before each home game as the crowd chants along in unison. He often prefaces it with the local weather forecast, which quite often includes some chance of showers, but reminds fans that "we know the real forecast..." or "let's tell our friends from (visiting team name) the real forecast..." If rain is actually falling before the game, Essig will often dismiss it as "a light drizzle", or "liquid sunshine" but not actual rain by Oregon standards. Also, because of the use of Autzen Stadium and the University of Oregon campus in National Lampoon's Animal House, the toga party scene of the movie featuring the song "Shout" is played at the end of the third quarter, with the crowd dancing to the song.

Prior to the football team taking the field, a highlight video of previous games is shown on the jumbotron, nicknamed "Duckvision". The last highlight on the clip is almost always Kenny Wheaton's game-clinching 97-yard interception return for a touchdown against the Washington Huskies in 1994. "The Pick" is often seen as the turning point for Oregon football, which went on to the Rose Bowl that year and have enjoyed success for the most part ever since after years of losing records.

After the video, the team takes the field behind a motorcycle with the Oregon Duck riding on back to the strains of Mighty Oregon. This is followed by the north side of the stadium chanting "GO" with the south side chanting "DUCKS!".

After every Duck score and win, a train horn blares. In addition, the Oregon Duck mascot does as many pushups as Oregon has points at that time.

ESPN College Gameday
ESPN's College GameDay program came to Eugene for games played in Autzen Stadium six straight years, from 2009 through 2014, the most of any other school during that period. Recently GameDay returned for a seventh time in 2018 against the Stanford Cardinal. Overall, GameDay has made eleven visits to Oregon, most recently in 2022 against the UCLA Bruins, and the Ducks have been a part of 28 GameDay broadcasts, either at Autzen or as a visiting team. Oregon has the eleventh most appearances, posting a .600 record.

Other uses
Autzen Stadium is the largest sports arena in the state of Oregon. In 1970, the San Francisco 49ers defeated the Denver Broncos 23-7 in an exhibition game at Autzen Stadium in front of a crowd of 26,238.

State high school football championship games were played at Autzen Stadium until 2006. It also hosts football camps, coaches' clinics, marching band competitions, and musical concerts.

Nitro Circus Live was held at the stadium in 2016 and 2018.

Concerts
The Grateful Dead used the stadium as a tour stop ten times between 1978 and 1994, including a 1987 show with Bob Dylan during which a portion of their collaborative live album entitled Dylan & the Dead was recorded.

In Film
It was also used as the location for the fictional Faber College football stadium in the 1978 movie, National Lampoon's Animal House. There is a well-known geographical error made during a scene set inside the stadium when Pacific-10 conference banners can clearly be seen in the background, even though the fictional Faber College is supposed to be located in Tennessee as shown by the state flag in the hearing room for the Delta House probation case.

Soccer
On July 24, 2016, Autzen Stadium hosted a 2016 International Champions Cup match between Inter Milan and Paris Saint-Germain, which was won by Paris Saint-Germain by a score of 3-1.

title: Autzen Stadium


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User:Vala~enwiki

Hi! I'm an italian student of Università Cattolica of Milan. I'm working about a project for my thesis in sociology of comunication. My study is about the end of the author's right, or better, the definition of a sort of 'collettive right', as it is used in Wikipedia. I'm grateful if anyone could help me in my research of information. I'm interesting of reading your experiences in Wikipedia and so on. Thanx to all

Talk

title: User:Vala~enwiki


text:
Pearlette Louisy

Dame Calliopa Pearlette Louisy  (born 8 June 1946) is a Saint Lucian academic, who served as governor-general of Saint Lucia from 19 September 1997, until her resignation on 31 December 2017. She is the first woman to hold the vice-regal office.

Biography
Born in the village of Laborie, Saint Lucia, Louisy attended the Laborie Infant School and Primary Schools. In 1960 she proceeded to the Saint Joseph's Convent on the Javouhey Scholarship. In 1966, a year after the completion of her secondary education she was awarded the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) scholarship to pursue a bachelor's degree in English and French at the University of the West Indies at Cave Hill, Barbados.

In 1972, she was awarded the Canadian Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan to pursue a M.A. degree in linguistics, in the field of Didactics at Université Laval in Quebec City, Canada. In 1991, she proceeded to the University of Bristol in the United Kingdom, where she read for a Ph.D. degree in education.

Louisy has contributed significantly to the development of Education in Saint Lucia, having spent most of her professional life in the teaching profession. During the periods 1969–72 and 1975–76, she taught at the St Joseph's Convent. From 1976 to 1986, she served as a tutor of French, and was subsequently appointed as Principal of the St. Lucia A Level College. When the A Level College and Morne Technical School merged into the Sir Arthur Lewis Community College, she first served as Dean, and was subsequently appointed as the Vice Principal and Principal of the college.

In 1999, Louisy was awarded the Honorary degree of Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) by the University of Bristol. On 16 July 1999, she was appointed Dame Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. George. In 2011, she received an Honorary Doctor of Laws (LLB) from the University of West Indies.

National honours

 * Order of Saint Lucia ribbon bar.svg – 🇱🇨 Saint Lucia : Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Lucia (GCSL)

Commonwealth Honours

 * UK Order St-Michael St-George ribbon.svg – 🇬🇧 United Kingdom : Dame Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. George (GCMG)
 * Order of St John (UK) ribbon -vector.svg – 🇬🇧 United Kingdom : Dame of Grace of the Most Venerable Order of St. John (DStJ)

Papal honours

 * Order of St. Gregory the Great.png – 🇻🇦 Vatican City : Dame of the Equestrian Order of St. Gregory the Great (DSG)

title: Pearlette Louisy


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Talk:Their Eyes Were Watching God

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 14 January 2019 and 22 May 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Kellan taylor, Mich nangca, Simonyu0, Cdemeo, Hkszzz, Jistsumgai, Andres Arguijo, GeMonge.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 11:14, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 28 January 2019 and 18 May 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Bgleaton8.

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Untitled
Welcome to all to the Wikipedia. It seems that you may have one or more trouble-makers in your group. If you wish to revert a deletion or vandalism, see revert, drop a note to Vandalism in progress, or ask one of the sysops if more drastic help, such as blocking a user from editing or protecting the page, is needed. Dori | Talk 20:52, Dec 9, 2003 (UTC)

Analysis?
There isn't a single refrence here, and the section seems pretty opinionated, as if the author already read the book, isn' that original research? Gemroth (talk) 15:14, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

This section seems unnecessary:

"Similar criticisms have been leveled at Twain's Huckleberry Finn. But while Twain transforms the minstrel into a three-dimensional character, viewed through Huck's revelations, Hurston uses black southern dialect to show that complex social relationships and common feats of metaphoric language are possible in something considered "substandard" to English."

209.193.54.47 (talk) 06:13, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

The whole analysis section would be better deleted than edited. 71.228.193.207 (talk) 13:41, 12 November 2008 (UTC)

How does an object or emotion 'lie dominant below a surface'? the verbiage is confusing and unreliable in the Analysis section. Sample45 (talk) 04:49, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

wikipedia is not a proper venue to defend Hurston against her contempory critics. the section "criticism" final line reads: "This concern is quickly dispelled, however, as the character is largely an adversary of the rest in the book." it seems to defend the novel against its critics, rather than report criticism of it, and seems inapt at that, since the critics were concerned about the "exposure" to whites of the rift between light-skinned and dark-skinned blacks. telling an embarressing secret to a groups' enemy can't be defended by merely appealing to the fact that revealing that secret wasn't central to a long story one told.

—Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.19.29.203 (talk) 18:45, 25 March 2010 (UTC)

character discussion: Janie spends this entire novel coming into her own. The beginning of the novel shows Janie, at 16, coming of age. She is beginning to, innocently, discover her sexuality. Her kiss with Johnny Taylor serves as a kind of catalyst into what her life would become – a life ruled by another. Her grandmother serves as her first source of control; alarmed by her granddaughter’s behavior and afraid she will live up to her mother’s example, she urges Janie to marry a respectable man she did not love. This is when Logan Killicks is introduced into the plot; he is a briefly discussed but important character. He, a much older man, expects certain things from his marriage to Janie such as her participation in the manual labor. This is clearly not what Janie was expecting when she agreed to marry Logan – her vision of marriage included her serving as a purely domestic woman. This disagreement quickly leads to her resentment of Logan. Logan has taken the role her grandmother once held as Janie’s controller and so she seeks escape, an escape which she finds upon meeting Joe Starks (Jody). Joe has a fantastical idea of how his life is going to play out. He has many ambitions and is determined to see those dreams take flight. He promises the world to Janie, which she finds endlessly appealing. He offers her the opportunity to get away from her husband who has created a life she never wanted to lead. Janie, despite only knowing him a day, marries Jody. Jody brings Janie to Eatonville, an up and coming town in which he planned to invest. Joe manages to make it big in Eatonville, becoming mayor and opening multiple businesses; he is as charming with the residents as he was with Janie. When realizing his dreams he creates a role for Janie she wasn’t truly prepared to fulfill. She had wanted to be a housewife, to be taken care of, she hadn’t anticipated, however, the lack of respect she would be granted. She had thought by running off with Jody and leaving Logan behind that she was taking control of her life, but she was just choosing a different unhappy life. Jody didn’t let her speak at or attend public events, citing it wasn’t her place. He instructed her to dress in a more modest fashion than he had initially promised her. Janie spends twenty years with Jody and until the very end he treats her as one of his pawns, not even allowing her to see him on his death bed. It is upon Jody’s death that we meet Tea Cake. Tea Cake (Vergible Woods) is a younger man who drifts into town after Jody dies, meeting Janie at the store she owns. She sees in him what she had seen in Jody so many years ago, promise. She marries Tea Cake with very different motives than ever before. She is self sufficient and doesn’t need him to care for her financially but she depends on him emotionally as she has never done with any of her other husbands. She forgives his faults and allows him to get away with a lot more than she would ever have allowed Logan or Jody. Despite his gambling and slight physical abuse she is totally devoted to him. It is ironic that she must kill Tea Cake, as he is the love of her life, the one who has allowed her to live the life she has always wanted. When he is bitten by a rabid dog and effectively threatens her life, she must protect herself and for the first time, takes control of her own destiny. Janie goes on trial and is found innocent. It is when she returns back to Eatonville with her gossiping neighbors that she finally is living for herself and not to please anybody else. A woman, who lost herself in the expectations of those who loved her most, finds her true identity and bliss in her isolation. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Amasc505 (talk • contribs) 02:22, 4 December 2010 (UTC)

Just a heads up. An academic group, including myself, will be adding several critical analyses to this section in the next few days. They should be brief, cited properly and adhere to Wikipedia guidelines.Jistsumgai (talk) 19:48, 11 April 2019 (UTC)

Their Eyes Were Watching God
What is this novel mainly about ( Their Eyes Were Watching God) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.179.157.220 (talk) 18:56, 24 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Their Eyes Were Watching God