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Bauer & Cie. v. O'Donnell

'Bauer & Cie. v. O'Donnell', 229 U.S. 1 (1913), was a 1913 United States Supreme Court decision involving whether a purchaser of a patented product bearing a price-fixing notice incurs guilt of patent infringement by reselling the product at a price lower than that which the notice commands. A divided Court (5–4) held that it was not.

Bauer & Cie, a German company, was the assignee of U.S. Patent No. 601,995, covering Sanatogen, a water-soluble drug product (patent medicine), advertised as the "King of Tonics" and a strength-giving "concentrated scientific food." Bauer sold the patented product in the United States through its exclusive sales agent, Hehmeyer, under a license agreement. Sanatogen was sold with this notice on each bag: "Notice to the Retailer. This size package of Sanatogen is licensed by us for sale and use at a price not less than one dollar ($1.00). Any sale in violation of this condition, or use when so sold, will constitute an infringement of our patent No. 601,995, under which Sanatogen is manufactured, and all persons so selling or using packages or contents will be liable to injunction and damages.

A purchase is an acceptance of this condition. All rights revert to the undersigned in the event of violation."

O'Donnell, a retail druggist in Washington, DC, purchased Sanatogen at wholesale and resold the Sanatogen for less than $1. He persisted in doing this and was cut off, but he managed to continue to purchase the product from jobbers in DC "and avers that he will continue such sales." This led to the present patent infringement suit. The Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia certified the case to the Supreme Court with this question:

"Did the Acts of the appellee [O'Donnell] in retailing at less than the price fixed in said notice on original packages of Sanatogen purchased of jobbers, as aforesaid, constitute infringement of appellants' patent?"

Ruling of Supreme Court

Justice William R. Day delivered the majority opinion, joined by Justices White, Hughes, Lamar, Pitney. Justices McKenna, Holmes, Lurton, and Van Devanter dissented without opinion.

The Court restated the question before it as: "The question therefore now before this Court for judicial determination, is: may a patentee, by notice, limit the price at which future retail sales of the patented article may be made, such article being in the hands of a retailer by purchase from a jobber who has paid to the agent of the patentee the full price asked for the article sold?"

The patentee argued that the purpose of the restrictive notice was "to prevent ruinous competition by the cutting of prices in sales of the patented article." Day responded, however, that absent a patent the Court had held resale price fixing unlawful in Dr. Miles Medical Co. v. John D. Park & Sons Co. And Congress could, if it had wanted to, have conferred on patentees the right to impose such restrictions. He then asked:

"Has it done so? The question has not been determined in any previous case in this Court, so far as we are aware. It was dealt with under the copyright statute, however, in the case of Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus."

In the Bobbs-Merrill case the Court held that the copyright was exhausted by the first sale, and:

"[I]t was not the purpose of the law to grant the further right to qualify the title of future purchasers by means of the printed notice affixed to the book, and that to give such right would extend the statute beyond its fair meaning and secure privileges not intended to be covered by the Act of Congress."

The Court recognized that "there are differences between the copyright statute and the patent statute, and the purpose to decide the question now before us was expressly disclaimed" in Bobbs–Merrill. Nonetheless, "it is apparent that, in the respect involved in the present inquiry, there is a strong similarity between and identity of purpose in the two statutes." Both statutes grant an exclusive right to "vend." There is no difference of importance in the respective legal rights to vend books and vend products:

"So far as the use of the terms 'vend' and 'vending' is concerned, the protection intended to be secured is substantially identical. The sale of a patented article is not essentially different from the sale of a book. In each case, to vend is to part with the thing for a consideration."

The patentee here insists that the purpose of notices fixing resale prices, specifically "keeping up prices and preventing competition"—is more essential to the protection of patented goods than of copyrighted books. The Court expressed doubt that this was so, but in any case it was more likely that "Congress had no intention to use the term 'vend' in one sense in the patent act and . . . in another in the copyright law." Congress intended to provide "[p}rotection in the exclusive right to sell . . . in both instances, and the terms used in the statutes are to all intents the same."

The only significant difference is that patent law gives an exclusive right to use and copyright law does not. The Supreme Court decision involving a post-sale restraint on which the patentee places chief reliance here is Henry v. A.B. Dick Co. But that decision was based on the exclusive use right:

"[T]he restriction was sustained because of the right to use the machine granted in the patent statute, distinguishing in that respect the patent from the copyright act. In that case, a patented mimeograph had been sold which bore an inscription in the form of a notice that the machine was sold with the license restriction that it might only be used with stencil, ink, and other supplies made by the A. B. Dick Company, the owners of the patent. The alleged infringer sold to the purchaser of the mimeograph a can of ink suitable for use with machine, with full knowledge of the restriction, and with the expectation that the ink sold would be used in connection with the machine."

Here, the patentee has argued "that the notice in this case deals with the use of the invention, because the notice states that the package is licensed 'for sale and use at a price not less than $1,' [and] that a purchase is an acceptance of the conditions. . ." But, the Court insisted:

"[I]t is a perversion of terms to call the transaction in any sense a license to use the invention. The jobber from whom the appellee [O'Donnell] purchased had previously bought, at a price which must be deemed to have been satisfactory, the packages of Sanatogen afterwards sold to the appellee. The patentee had no interest in the proceeds of the subsequent sales, no right to any royalty thereon, or to participation in the profits thereof. The packages were sold with as full and complete title as any article could have when sold in the open market, excepting only the attempt to limit the sale or use when sold for not less than $1. In other words, the title transferred was full and complete, with an attempt to reserve the right to fix the price at which subsequent sales could be made. . . There was no transfer of a limited right to use this invention, and to call the sale a license to use is a mere play upon words."

As in Bobbs-Merrill Co v. Straus, with copyright, the Court ruled, restrictions could not be extended beyond the terms of the statute, which grants an exclusive right to vend but grants no "privilege to keep up prices and prevent competition by notices restricting the price at which the article may be resold." When the right to vend is exercised, patent rights are exhausted:

"This being so, the case is brought within that line of cases in which this Court, from the beginning, has held that a patentee who has parted with a patented machine by passing title to a purchaser has placed the article beyond the limits of the monopoly secured by the patent act. [As in] Adams v. Burke, . . . in the essential nature of things, when the patentee, or the person having his rights, sells a machine or instrument whose sole value is in its use, he receives the consideration for its use and he parts with the right to restrict that use. The article, in the language of the court, passes without the limit of the monopoly."

Commentary
● A contemporary Note in the Michigan Law Review said the case "was of vital importance to a large number of manufacturers," as was "evidenced by the various ingenious methods and devices which have since been adopted by numerous manufacturers to avoid the operation and application of the principles set forth in the decision," such as leasing and agency. The writer was surprised that "The tendency of the Supreme Court seems to be to take the view that the monopoly enjoyed by the patentee was not meant by Congress to be without limitation, and consequently to make it practically impossible for the patentee to control the retail price."

The writer maintains: "This decision by the Supreme Court was unquestionably a very great surprise to many, as it is not only directly in conflict with an almost unbroken line of decisions of the inferior federal courts," beginning with the Button-Fastener case, and "it is also nearly impossible to reconcile this decision" with Henry v. A. B. Dick Co. As for the Dick case, the writer continues, "It was generally thought that in the Dick case the Supreme Court had expressly committed itself to the doctrine that the patentee could require the user to comply with any conditions which he might choose to impose." He considers the distinction drawn with that case to be flimsy and not "clear, sound, or convincing."

● A contemporary Note in the California Law Review also observed that in light of the A.B. Dick decision it was natural "that some slight surprise should be occasioned by the decision of the Supreme Court in the so-called Sanatogen case which holds that a patentee is without right to make or enforce a resale price stipulation." More accurately than the Michigan note, this note attributed the see-sawing in recent years to the changes in the personnel of a closely divided Court and successive replacements by new Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson appointees:

"It is of decided interest to note that the four justices who constituted the majority of the court in the Dick case, dissented from the decision of the Sanatogen case. Of the five justices who formed the majority in the latter decision, three had vigorously dissented in Henry v. Dick Company; the other two justices took no part in the determination of the earlier case. Whether there be a valid ground of distinction between the two cases or not, the results reached would seem to be best accounted for by the difference in the personnel of the court. The law on this and other similar questions in regard to a patentee's rights is apparently in a state of some uncertainty, and the presence or absence of certain justices would seem to be an important factor in the determination of any case which might arise in the future."

● Granville Munson, in a 1917 article on post-sale restraints, found the A.B. Dick and Bauer cases irreconcilable: "It is submitted the Sanatogen case and the Dick case cannot both be upheld, although the court professes to distinguish the latter." He insisted that the exclusive right to "vend" must include the right to set terms and conditions on which the patented article will be vended, and not just the right to sell or not sell: "If the word, "vend," is to have any particular meaning in the patent law, it is submitted it must be taken to refer to the conditions which may be imposed on subsales." Munson therefore concludes that "the decision in Bauer & Cie v. O'Donnell should not be supported."

● Charles Miller was critical of the Court's decision to suppress Bauer's resale price fixing:

"The principal argument of those opposed to price maintenance among retailers, in legislative committees, and on the bench, is that after one has parted with title to an article, he should not be allowed further to control it. That idea seems to underlie the recent enunciations of the Supreme Court . . . The fallacy in this argument is that the manufacturer's interest in his product does not end with the transfer of title to the dealer, but follows the article into the hands of the ultimate consumer or user. His business life is dependent upon the public's being able to buy his article everywhere at a uniform price, and always of the same quality. Cut price sales will speedily and surely decrease the sale of his product; and if he is able to survive the loss of business, the manufacturer will be forced to reduce the quality of his article. One dealer advertising a so-called 'cut price' sale invariably causes other dealers to cut below him in retaliation, with the result that all dealers in the community are forced to sell the particular article at a price which yields no profit. It hardly need be said they will not long continue to handle an article at a loss; so the market for the article is killed in that community, not because the people want the 'just-as-good' substitute, nor because the quality of the article has been lowered, nor because the standard price is exorbitant, but because a business parasite used the good name of a popular article to deceive the. public into believing he sold everything below cost."

He added:

"The price cutter is not a philanthropist, lie is a robber, stealing the advertising and filching the good will of another's product; and like all thieves he does not share his booty with the public. 'I cannot believe', said Mr. Justice Holmes in his strong dissent in the Dr. Miles Case, 'that in the long run the public will profit by this court permitting knaves to cut reasonable prices for some ulterior purpose of their own, and thus to impair, if not destroy, the production and sale of articles which it is assumed to be desirable that the public should be able to get.'"

title: Bauer & Cie. v. O'Donnell


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Talk:List of Baptist denominations

Explain

 * Could you explain in the article what a sub-denomination is? It is a new one to me. User:Rmhermen 00:20, Nov 19, 2003 (UTC)

I will try to answer as best I can. I assume your reference is to the article a List of Baptist sub-denominations. Perhaps this is not the best choice for the title/subject, because the terminology sub-denomination may not be in common use. A sub-denomination is a subdivision of a group that is considered a denomination or primary religious body. A strict definition of denomination (such as 'a group of religious congregations united under a common faith and name and organized under a single administrative and legal hierarchy' or 'a religious group having its own organization and a distinctive faith') does not technically fit Baptists, since each local Baptist congregation is an independent entity. Nevertheless, Baptists, with their broad theological and historical connections, are usually considered a denomination. In some attempts to categorize various Baptist groups under this broad band of commonality, the major subdivisions (or kinds) of Baptists have been called sub-denominations. For an example, see Howard Dorgan's book, Giving Glory to God in Appalachia: Worship Practices of Six Baptist Subdenominations. In this book, Prof. Dorgan discusses Missionary Baptist, Primitive Baptist, Old Regular Baptist, Regular Baptist, Free Will Baptist, and Union Baptist (which, IMO, is not a distinct category). Categorizing Baptists in 17th century England was quite simple - two broad divisions, General & Particular. Now it can be quite an exercise in guesswork and opinion. Another terminology that is used, and might be preferable for the article, is sub-groups. Perhaps you will weigh in with a suggestion on this.

In the article as it now stands, the first division (1.1 By location) really lists Baptists by associational fellowships (or unions, conventions, et.al) rather than by sub-denominations, and the second division (1.2 By Historical and Doctrinal Relationships) is more in line with the idea of sub-denominations (though it is quite incomplete and needs work). I fully realize that others might not take this same approach.

I intend to take some time later and put some kind of introduction at the top of the article. Perhaps this interaction will give us some ideas. Thanks. Rlvaughn 03:55, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Nothing wrong in using a technical term if we explain it and if there is no other more common term. I am only familiar with general sources which refer to all types as denominations, whether types of Lutheran, Baptist or any other. Of course this also fails with respect to say Anglicanism which has separate national administration but no doctrinal differences. Rmhermen 04:27, Nov 19, 2003 (UTC)

Article Title
I noticed that someone changed "List of Baptist sub-denominations" in the heading to "List of Baptist Association and Conventions". I am reverting it for now and soliciting discussion. I have no major objection to "List of Baptist Association and Conventions". But the title of the encyclopedia article and heading should match. It should be left as is, or title and heading both changed to match, IMO. - Rlvaughn 22:39, 23 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Fair comment, but it is worth noting the historic tensions over 'denominationalism' amongst Baptists that underlay this edit, I cite an authoritative source on the primacy of local church autonomy, and have added a comment to reflect this.Cpsoper (talk) 12:28, 28 May 2014 (UTC)

- In the next few days, I hope to take some time and rename those associations, conventions, and fellowships which are given in their native language. I originally thought this was proper (and had seen it done on the List of Christian denominations, but Naming conventions indicates this is not correct:
 * Generally, article naming should give priority to what the majority of English speakers would most easily recognize with a reasonable minimum of ambiguity...

 * Use English words
 * Convention: Name your pages in English and place the native transliteration on the first line of the article unless the native form is more commonly used in English than the English form. - Rlvaughn 21:49, 7 Jan 2004 (UTC)

- Most Independent Fundamental Baptist churches are members of a state association, while their pastor is a member of Fundamental Baptist Fellowship association. Should the state associations be listed under that?

 * Mydotnet, I looked back over the list to see if I could remember what concept I was laboring under when I first made it. I think on the U. S. groups I was trying to list those that are national as opposed to regional. The only one I found that was regional was the New England Baptist Fellowship. Others may be "regional" in fact because they are small, but they are not necessarily organizationally designed to be so, as, for example, the Minnesota Baptist Association is. Anyway, take a look at what I've done and see what you think. Rather than include these in the original list, I've broken them out under a heading titled "U. S. - Regional bodies". Will be interested in hearing your opinion. Thanks. - Rlvaughn 03:40, 25 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Looks great! Very Nice! - mydotnet

Possible Defunct Denomination
I was wondering if anyone knows of a "Hungarian Baptist" denomination in the United States of America. I know there used to be a Baptist church in my town whose services were in Hungarian, but it became defunct in the 1960's. I don't know what denomination it belonged to, and I was wondering if there was a Hungarian Baptist denomination in the USA at one time. GnatFriend (talk) 09:24, 27 March 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:List of Baptist denominations


text:
Music of Switzerland

Switzerland has long had a distinct cultural identity, despite its diversity of German, French, Italian, Romansh and other ethnicities. Religious and folk music dominated the country until the 17th century, with growth in production of other kinds of music occurring slowly.

Folk music
Due to a lack of detailed records, little is known about Swiss folk music prior to the 19th century. Some 16th-century lute tablatures have been reconstructed into authentic instrumental arrangements; however, the first major source of information comes from 19th-century collections of folk songs, and work done by musicologist Hanny Christen. One of the oldest varieties of folk music was the Swiss song Kühreihen, an agricultural Alpine song in the Lydian mode. Traditional instruments included alphorn, hammered dulcimer, fife, hurdy-gurdy, castanets, rebec, bagpipe, cittern and shawm.

At the beginning of the 19th century, Swiss folk music was largely performed by ensembles made of itinerant musicians and solo acts using an instrument, with only a few duos. In the 1830s, however, the Swiss military was reorganized, leading to the formation of brass bands that used modern instruments. These instruments, mostly brass or wind, were built much better than those played by itinerants, and musicians brought them back to their villages. Local players joined these ensembles, which played dance music for festivals and other celebrations. Dance styles included schottisch, mazurka, waltz and polka.

In 1829, the accordion was invented in Vienna, and it had spread to Switzerland by 1836. The accordion was popular because it was relatively easy to play and cheap to acquire, and took only one musician to play the melody and accompaniment. By the 1850s, the accordion was an integral part of Swiss folk music, and semi-professional ensembles were appearing to play at large social dances. Alongside the brass bands came string instruments like the violin and  double bass; string bands soon began to displace the older brass bands. The accordion, however, did not make an appearance in these dance bands until about 1903, and it eventually replaced the two violins which had become standard.

Following World War I, Switzerland became more heavily urbanized, and music moved to cities like Zürich. Rural folk music became the most popular style for middle-class audiences, and musicians like Joseph Stocker ("Stocker Sepp") became renowned across the country. Stocker knew his audience liked the exotic appeal of rural music, and so he bought traditional costumes from Unterwalden for his band. This was the beginning of laendlermusic.

In the urban areas of Switzerland, folk music began to mix with new styles, like jazz and the foxtrot, while the saxophone replaced the clarinet. Beginning in the 1930s, the Swiss government began to encourage a national identity distinct from Germany and other neighbors. Laendlermusic became associated with this identity, and grew even more popular.

Following World War II, however, laendlermusic quickly grew less popular with the influx of imported styles. The field also grew less diverse, with more standardized band formats and only four or five dance types in the repertoire. By the 1960s, trios consisting of two accordions and a double bass were the most common format, and many Swiss people felt it was a civic duty to preserve this tradition and guard it against change. They have largely succeeded in preventing change, but the field has grown stagnant and much less popular. There are still popular performers, such as Res Schmid, Willi Valotti, Markus Flueckiger, Dani Haeusler, and Carlo Brunner, but the total fanbase has shrunk enormously.

During the late 1990s, and especially in the 2000s from around 2008 to the present, the family band Oesch's die Dritten, a yodeling family from the Bernese Oberland, have been enjoying success. Their format is a Schwyzerörgeli (small accordion) played by Hans Oesch, a guitar, an electric bass, and a large accordion. They are fronted by Melanie Oesch.

Folk music from Appenzell
The rural Appenzell region is a major center of folk music. While other parts of Switzerland adopted the accordion (Langnauerli and Schwyzerörgeli) in the 19th century, Appenzell kept the violin and hammered dulcimer. String music from Appenzell is popular throughout Switzerland. In its original arrangement (two violins, dulcimer, cello, contrabass) is of great importance, while the accordion and piano are also included in some formations.

Late 20th century
Later in the 20th century, in the 1960s, rock and roll, or beat music, was popular, peaking in 1968 with the release of Les Sauterelles' "Heavenly Club". Swiss rock popularity began in 1957, when the Hula Hawaiians incorporated rockabilly, setting the stage for the early 1960s boom. The Francophone section of Switzerland soon found itself dominated by French stars like Johnny Hallyday, and soon Swiss artists like Les Aiglons, Larry Greco and Les Faux-Frères became major artists.

1964 saw Beatles-inspired pop take hold on the continent, displacing the earlier instrumental rock and inspired musical battles in Basel, the capital of Swiss rock. Swiss bands in the same mold included The 16 Strings and Pichi, and German-speaking acts soon dominated the field. Zürich then became a center of innovation, drawing on Chris Lange's blues-roots explorations, Heiner Hepp's Bob Dylan-inspired folk and Toni Vescoli's pop fame. Other Swiss artists of the period included R&B act The Nightbirds from Locarno, light rock stars The Wild Gentlemen, The Blue Sounds and pop band Marco Zappa & the Teenagers. In 1967, artists like Mani Matter, Franz Hohler, Sergius Golowin, and Kurt Marti began establishing Swiss-German dialect rock, glorifying their distinct national identities. While others like Roland Zoss and Tinu Heiniger sang on in German.

By 1968, Swiss rock was dying, and artists were exploring sonic innovations. Basel's Barry Window, for example, used soul and Indian music to make rock, while The Sauterelles explored psychedelia.

Progressive music formed by the 1970s, when jazz, blues and other genres were combined with socially aware lyrics, outlandish solos and macho posturing. The first band of the progressive rock boom was supergroup Flame Dream, Krokodil, and The Shiver and Brainticket soon followed. Sinus Studio in Bern, and engineers Eric Merz and Peter McTaggart, became the center of innovation by the mid-1970s, however.

1973 saw the first commercial release of dialect rock with Rumpelstilz's "Warehuus Blues"; the band broke into the mainstream in 1976 with the release of the reggae-influenced chart-topper Füüf Narre im Charre.

Later in the decade, hard rock became popular and Toad soon established a Swiss scene with the debut single, "Stay!", setting the stage for the 1980 explosion of Krokus, the most popular rock band in Swiss music history. Also, bands like The Swiss Horns, Red Devil Band and Circus from Basel continued the music in a more experimental form and expanded the musical boundaries of Swiss punk rock. In 1976, a small group of Swiss punks began to adapt the American and British punk rock scene. Bands like Kleenex, Dieter Meier, The Nasal Boys, Troppo, Mother's Ruin, TNT, Dogbodys, and Sick, all from Zürich, as well as Glueams (Bern), Sozz (Büren), Crazy (Lucerne), and Bastards and Jack & the Rippers (Geneva) represented the Swiss punk & wave scene of the late 1970s.

Kleenex – beside the British bands The Slits and The Raincoats – was one of the first three female bands of the Punk era, published in November 1978 their first single/EP with four songs. With the mixture of art-school, glamour and punk noise they attempted the attention of John Peel and became the first Swiss Wave export hit. They reached the UK-Charts and got a contract with Rough Trade Records.

During the 1980s, Switzerland produced a number of metal bands. A Swiss band, Celtic Frost, mostly known for their progression of style and avant-garde take on extreme music started in the early 1980s as Hellhammer and soon became a leading heavy metal band in Switzerland. They together with a few other bands laid the foundation of modern metal in Switzerland. Related to Celtic Frost is the technical thrash metal trio Coroner who were roadies for Celtic Frost. The late 1980s saw black metal band Samael being formed which converted into an industrial metal band.

At the beginning of the 1980s Swiss new wave bands developed their own individual music style and some of them became internationally famous, especially Kleenex/LiliPUT and Yello in UK and the US, or Grauzone and mittageisen in Germany. Grauzone reached the Austrian and German charts with their NDW-hit "Eisbär". Mittageisen released in January 1985 the 12" automaten" with a new electro sound. The single found the way onto the legendary John Peel show on BBC Radio 1 and became an indie-disco hit. Other notable Swiss post-punk/new wave bands are Blue China, The Vyllies and The Young Gods. Formed in 1985 by vocalist Franz Treichler, the group used digital sampling to create an intense amalgamation of classical and rock music and became pioneers of industrial music. The English music-press react enthusiastically and Melody Maker made the band's first self-titled album their "The Album of the Year".

1983 saw the Ex-Trem Normal release "Warum" and "Welcome to Switzerland", which revolutionized Bernese rock by adding distinctive dialect trends. They were followed by Züri West and other bands.

In 1986, the duo Double became the first Swiss act to hit the US Top 40 charts with their song, "The Captain of Her Heart".

In 1981, the guitar instrumental group "The four Windows" with lead guitarist Wolfgang Oehry (Long tall Wolfie) won best of Swiss TV's Sprungbrett, followed by a 5 year record contract with EMI. The group recorded the LP "IDENTITY", from which EMI singled out Wolfgang's composition "Lonely Seagull". It became the summer hit of 1982 and received extensive airtime on many radio stations. The German music publication "Fachblatt" dedicated two pages to the Windows' album, praising it as the best guitar based album in years. The band played in many concert halls and open airs, once even in the Ice hockey stadion in Zürich. They also appeared in a number of TV shows.

Since the 1980s Swiss jazz has continued to form. Notable exponents of the Swiss jazz scene are saxophonist Fritz Renold or trumpeter Franco Ambrosetti. Stephan Eicher is a popular folk rock musician, rising to prominence in the mid-1980s and gaining a popular following across Europe in the 1990s.

In the 1990s, many rappers and DJs started to influence Switzerland's musical scene. Such as Black Tiger from Basel was the first one to rap in a Swiss German dialect. Sens Unik from Renens (a suburb of Lausanne) are one of the most important rap groups, merging hip hop with influences from many other styles. Even their first EP included a track in Spanish, due to MC Carlos's Spanish and Galego heritage. Electronica is also part of the Swiss musical experience, Yello's first album came out in 1979, in the 1980s, Touch El Arab scored a hit in several European countries with the song "Muhammar". Producer Pat Jabbar from Basel established his own record company Barraka el Farnatshi in the late eighties, dedicated to music from the Arabic world (especially Morocco) mixed with dance music from the west. While most musicians' works were based on contemporary Anglo-Saxon music, singer-songwriter Christine Lauterburg took up the traditional Swiss folk music and merged old domestic song with pop and electronic music elements. With her version of the classic Swiss song "S'Vreneli vom Guggisberg", she triggered intense indignation as well as praise.

One of the most popular Swiss singer and performance artists is DJ Bobo (born René Baumann).

Emerging in the early 1990s, the band Gotthard evolved to become the leading Swiss rock group and one of the most acclaimed bands in Europe. With a total of 8 studio albums, 2 compilation albums and 2 live albums (one of which unplugged), they changed their style from hard rock to adult contemporary rock. They are presently very popular in Switzerland, but also in Germany, Austria, Italy and Brazil. Singer Steve Lee was killed in a motorcycle accident on October 5, 2010. Nic Maeder joined the band and in 2012, they toured around the world with their new album Firebirth.

21st century
Some Swiss musicians actually enjoy a worldwide reputation, with commercial success. Helvetic electronic music plays a great role (house and dance music particularly), because of some artists like DJ Antoine, Remady, Yves Larock, or Mike Candys. Some popular Swiss acts today are the Neue Deutsche Härte band Metallspürhunde, The Dandies, Paysage d'Hiver, rock band 7 Dollar Taxi with Ralph Zöllig who plays the keyboard, Man-L and the Celtic metal band Eluveitie. Thomas Gabriel Fischer recently split up Celtic Frost and formed a new group, Triptykon, playing a black/doom style similar to recent Celtic Frost material.

In 2010, Swiss mathcore band Knut released their 4th full-length album, Wonder, on Hydra Head Records.

title: Music of Switzerland


text:
User talk:Rockhopper~enwiki

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Daniel Quinlan 03:58, Nov 19, 2003 (UTC)

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title: User talk:Rockhopper~enwiki


text:
Paul Williams (The Temptations singer)

Paul Williams (July 2, 1939 – August 17, 1973) was an American baritone singer. He was noted for being one of the founding members and the original lead singer of the Motown group the Temptations. Along with Elbridge "Al" Bryant, Otis Williams, and fellow Alabamians Eddie Kendricks and Melvin Franklin, Williams was a member of the Temptations.

Personal problems and failing health forced Williams to retire in 1971 and, at the age of 34, he was found dead two years later as the result of an apparent suicide.

Early years
Paul Williams was born and raised in the Ensley neighborhood of Birmingham, Alabama. He was the son of Sophia and Rufus Williams, a gospel singer in a gospel music vocal group called the Ensley Jubilee Singers. He met Eddie Kendricks in elementary school; supposedly, the two first encountered each other in a fistfight after Williams dumped a bucket of mop water on Kendricks. Both boys shared a love of singing, and sang in their church choir together. As teenagers, Williams, Kendricks, and Kell Osborne and Willie Waller performed in a secular singing group known as The Cavaliers, with dreams of making it big in the music industry. In 1957, Williams, Kendricks, and Osborne left Birmingham to start careers, leaving Waller behind. Now known as the Primes, the trio moved to Cleveland, Ohio, and eventually found a manager in Milton Jenkins, who moved the group to Detroit, Michigan. Although the Primes never recorded, they were successful performers, and even launched a spin-off female group called the Primettes, who later became the Supremes.

In 1961, Kell Osborne moved to California, and the Primes disbanded. Kendricks returned to Alabama, but visited Paul in Detroit shortly after. While on this visit, he and Paul had learned that Otis Williams, head of a rival Detroit act known as the Distants, had two openings in his group's lineup. Paul Williams and Kendricks joined Otis Williams, Melvin Franklin, and Elbridge Bryant to form the Elgins, who signed to the local Motown label in 1961, after first changing their name to the Temptations.

The Temptations
Although the group now had a record deal, Paul Williams and his bandmates endured a long series of failed singles before finally hitting the Billboard Top 20 in 1964 with "The Way You Do the Things You Do". More hits quickly followed, including "My Girl", "Ain't Too Proud To Beg" and "(I Know) I'm Losing You".

Although Williams had been the group's original lead singer during its formative years, by 1965, his role had been eclipsed by David Ruffin and Eddie Kendricks, who had both sung lead on Temptations hit singles. As such, Williams was often overlooked for leads, even on album tracks and B-sides, prompting him to complain, "Shit, I can sing too!" In response, he was given lead vocals on the song "Don't Look Back" (1965).

Williams sang lead on several of the group's songs, and served as the main lead singer during the group's early years. His early leads include, "Your Wonderful Love" (1961), "Slow Down Heart" (1962), "I Want a Love I Can See" (1963), and "Oh, Mother of Mine" (1961) (the group's first single) and "Farewell My Love" (1963) both shared with Eddie Kendricks. Considered the Temptations' best dancer, Williams served as the group's original choreographer, devising routines for his group and the Supremes (most notably their trademark "Stop! In the Name of Love" routine), before Cholly Atkins took over that role for all of Motown's acts. Williams' later leads on Temptations songs include "Just Another Lonely Night" (1965), "No More Water in the Well" (1967), and a cover version of "Hey Girl" (originally by Freddie Scott) released in 1969.

Williams also sang lead with Dennis Edwards, who joined in 1968, on Motown's first Grammy Award winner, "Cloud Nine". One of his best-known lead performances is his standout live performance of "For Once in My Life", from the television special TCB, originally broadcast on December 9, 1968, on NBC. The live version of the song "Don't Look Back" is also frequently cited as one of his standout performances. He also took over the lead vocal for live performances of "My Girl" following David Ruffin's departure from the group.

Personal problems and decline
Williams suffered from sickle-cell anemia, which frequently brought havoc on his physical health. In 1965, Williams began an affair with Winnie Brown, hair stylist for the Supremes and a relative of Supremes member Florence Ballard. In love with Brown but still devoted to his wife and children, Williams was also depressed because Cholly Atkins' presence now made Williams' former role as choreographer essentially, but not completely, obsolete. Life on the road led to Williams developing alcoholism, which was in strong contrast to drinking nothing stronger than milk. Otis Williams recounted, "So to see a guy come from drinking milk to drinking, sometimes, two to three fifths of Courvoisier a day—that was kind of hard to take."

In the spring of 1969, Williams and Brown opened the Celebrity House West, a celebrity fashion boutique, in downtown Detroit. The business was not as successful as planned, and Williams soon found himself owing more than $80,000 in taxes (US$0 in dollars). His health had deteriorated to the point that he would sometimes be unable to perform, suffering from combinations of exhaustion and pain which he combated with heavy drinking. Each of the other four Temptations did what they could to help Williams, alternating between raiding and draining his alcohol stashes, personal interventions, and keeping oxygen tanks backstage. Ultimately, Williams' health, as well as the quality of his performances, continued to decline and he refused to see a doctor.

Because Williams's voice had become ravaged due to his respiratory illness and alcoholism, the Temptations decided to resort to enlisting an on-hand fill-in for him. Richard Street, then-lead singer of fellow Motown act the Monitors and formerly lead singer of the Distants, was hired to travel with the Temptations and sing all of Williams' parts, save for Williams' special numbers such as "Don't Look Back" and "For Once in My Life", from backstage behind a curtain. When Williams was not well enough to go on, Street took his place onstage. In April 1971, Williams was finally persuaded to go see a doctor. The doctor found a spot on Williams' liver and advised him to retire from the group altogether. Williams left the group and Street became his permanent replacement. In support of helping Williams get back on his feet, he was paid his one-fifth share of the group's royalties, and kept on the payroll as an advisor and choreographer for the next two years.

Attempted solo career
By early 1973, Williams began recording solo material for Motown. Kendricks, who had quit the Temptations just before Williams left, produced and co-wrote Williams' first single, "Feel Like Givin' Up", with "Once You Had a Heart" as its b-side. However, by the following summer, Motown declined to release the single.

Death
On August 17, 1973, Williams was found dead inside a car parked in an alley having just left the new house of his then-girlfriend after an argument. A gun was found near his body. His death was ruled an apparent suicide. According to Otis Williams, Paul had expressed suicidal thoughts to him and Melvin Franklin months before his death.

Williams's funeral was held on August 24, 1973, with his family and former bandmates in attendance. He was survived by his wife, Mary Agnes Williams, and five children: Sarita, Kenneth, Paula, Mary and Paul Jr. Paul Jr later joined a Temptations splinter group, the Temptations Review featuring Dennis Edwards. Williams also had three other children, Paul Williams Lucas, Anthony Johnson, and Derrick Vinyard, with three girlfriends. Williams is buried at Lincoln Memorial Park Cemetery, Clinton Township, Macomb County, Michigan in Lot 275, Grave #4, Section #G.

The circumstances surrounding Williams's death caused the Williams family to suspect that some form of foul play was the actual cause of Williams's death. According to the coroner, Williams had used his right hand to shoot himself on the left side of his head. In addition, a bottle of alcohol was found near Williams's left side, as if he had dropped it while being shot. The gun used in the shooting was found to have fired two shots, only one of which had killed Williams.

Legacy
As a member of the Temptations, Paul Williams was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989, the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 1999, and the Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame in 2013. Both of his solo recordings were later released by Motown on Temptations-related compilations in the 1980s and 1990s.

In 1998, NBC aired The Temptations, a four-hour television miniseries based upon an autobiographical book by Otis Williams. Paul Williams was portrayed by actor Christian Payton.

The music video for the Diana Ross song "Missing You" pays tribute to Marvin Gaye, Florence Ballard, Tammi Terrell, and Paul Williams, all former Motown artists who had died.

title: Paul Williams (The Temptations singer)


text:
Hetty Wainthropp Investigates

Hetty Wainthropp Investigates is a British crime drama television series, starring Patricia Routledge as the title character, Henrietta "Hetty" Wainthropp, that aired for four series between 3 January 1996 and 4 September 1998 on BBC One. The series, spawned from a pilot episode entitled "Missing Persons" aired by ITV in 1990, was co-created by writers David Cook and John Bowen, co-starred Derek Benfield as Hetty's patient husband Robert, and Dominic Monaghan as her assistant and lodger Geoffrey Shawcross. It marked Monaghan’s acting debut.

Other co-stars in the series include John Graham Davies as local chief of police DCI Adams; Suzanne Maddock as Janet Frazer, a feisty young auto mechanic; and Frank Mills as Robert's brother Frank. In the United States, episodes have broadcast as part of PBS's anthology series Mystery!. A parody of the series, entitled Wetty Hainthropp Investigates, aired on 12 March 1999 as part of the Comic Relief telethon starring Victoria Wood, Julie Walters and Duncan Preston.

Production
Hetty Wainthropp Investigates is based on characters from the novel Missing Persons (1986) by David Cook, who co-wrote the episodes with John Bowen. The incidents in Cook's novel were inspired by his own mother's experiences. Prior to the pilot going into production, Patricia Routledge read the story Missing Persons for BBC Radio 4's A Book At Bedtime in February 1987.

In 1990 ITV broadcast a feature-length pilot, Missing Persons, featuring Tony Melody as Robert Wainthropp and Garry Halliday as Geoffrey Shawcross, but ITV opted not to pursue a series. The storyline of this episode is ignored in the subsequent BBC series, with the first episode establishing Hetty as a detective in her first case and meeting Geoffrey for the first time. The characterization of Hetty was altered considerably for the series from the pilot. The 'original' Hetty was blonde and far more 'theatrical' in her manner. Additionally, the pilot character lived in considerably better circumstances than the home seen in the series.

The BBC series was filmed primarily in Burnley, Darwen, Blackburn, Rossendale, Bolton and other locations in Lancashire.

The music for the series was composed by Nigel Hess, the cornet solo was performed by Phillip McCann and in 1997 the title track was awarded the Ivor Novello Award for best television theme.

The BBC series was popular with viewers, but no further episodes were commissioned after 1998. In 2008 Patricia Routledge said in an interview that the cast and crew had been told by the BBC at the end of the fourth series that a fifth series would be commissioned, but it never was. In 2017 Suzanne Maddock shared her memories of making Hetty Wainthropp Investigates in a 45-minute interview for "The Bill Podcast" and explained how she felt disappointed for the fans of the series that they did not get to see a proper conclusion to the series.

Synopsis
Hetty Wainthropp is a retired working-class woman from Darwen in North West England, who has a knack for jumping to conclusions and solving crimes of varying bafflement which often are too minor to concern the police. Although on occasion her husband offers assistance, he more often than not tends to the home while Hetty gads about the countryside with young Geoffrey in search of resolution and justice. In many episodes Hetty seeks the help and advice of DCI Adams of the local constabulary. All four series are available to stream on ITVX Premium.

Cast

 * Patricia Routledge as Henrietta "Hetty" Wainthropp
 * Derek Benfield as Robert Wainthropp
 * Dominic Monaghan as Geoffrey Shawcross
 * John Graham Davies as DCI Adams
 * Suzanne Maddock as Janet Frazer
 * Frank Mills as Frank Wainthropp

DVDs
All four series have been released on DVD in the United Kingdom and United States by Acorn Media. In Australia, the series was released by Madman Films. In Belgium and the Netherlands, the series was released by Lime-Lights Pictures.

title: Hetty Wainthropp Investigates


text:
Cylinder desk

The cylinder desk is a desk that resembles a Bureau Mazarin or a writing table equipped with small stacked shelves in front of the user's main work surface, and a revolving cylinder part that comes down to hide and lock up the working papers when the desk is not in use.

Like the rolltop desk, which was invented much later, the cylinder desk usually has a fixed work surface: the paperwork does not have to be stored before the desk is shut. Some designs, however, have the capacity to slide the desk surface out a few inches to expand the available work area.

The cylinder desk is also called "bureau Kaunitz", as it was allegedly introduced in France in the first half of the 18th century by Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz, then the ambassador of the Habsburg Empire to the French court. Regardless of the authenticity of its origin, the French court adopted this type of desk with great enthusiasm.

The difficulty of producing wooden cylinder sections which would not warp over the years ensured that such desks were reserved for the rich. A few variants of this form have slats instead of a one-piece cylinder section.

The most famous cylinder desk, and perhaps the most famous desk of all times, is the Bureau du Roi manufactured for the French royalty in the 18th century.

title: Cylinder desk


text:
Talk:Hyphenated American

Old
Interesting you mentioned this article at Talk:Japanese American Internment because that article was recently (incorrectly, IMO) moved to a hyphenated title. I do recall Teddy's views on this but I wasn't aware that the use of hyphens is considered offensive. All the better, I guess, to avoid the hyphens then. I never did like the hyphens for aesthetic reasons along with the implication that the hyphenated form is a singular term (setting it distinctively apart from being "American"), while the nationality/ethnicity in the un-hyphenated version is simply an adjective that modifies "American". If I am not alone in this opinion then that may be a good thing to add to this article. --mav 04:37, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * IIRC, Jiang talked about the latter point as well: the adjective thing. He also mentioned that hyphenation seems like a hybrid (did he mean "mix-blooded"?), or something like that. I'm sure linguistically there's a difference, albeit not too conspicuous. --Menchi 04:41, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Not really "mixed-blooded" but mixed nationality (double loyalites, not being fully American, etc.). It would probably make more gramatical sense to include the hyphen when not using the term as a compound adjective, but organizations such as the JACL and OCA have come out against it, for the reasons stated above. Most people use the hyphen w/o being aware of the pejorative connotation, but some use it to include immigrants who are not citizens/permanent residents. --Jiang 05:41, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * This really depends on the group and even the individual. One bit of speculation that I have is that Japanese Americans and Chinese-Americans have radically different self-identities because of differences between Japan and China.  Essentially, Japan think of  Japanese Americans as gaijin, while both Chinas very much welcome Chinese-Americans.

Roadrunner 06:22, 20 May 2004 (UTC)

What about Anglo-American? Isn't that term used? --Jiang 07:14, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Apparently . Despite the common dehyphenation, there's no question that hyphenation must occur here, since "Anglo-" is a prefix and cannot stand on its own. Unless the rules of punctuation of English has been altered. --Menchi 07:17, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Move here. This should be in Wikisource

''There is no room in this country for hyphenated Americanism. When I refer to hyphenated Americans, I do not refer to naturalized Americans. Some of the very best Americans I have ever known were naturalized Americans, Americans born abroad. But a hyphenated American is not an American at all. This is just as true of the man who puts "native" before the hyphen as of the man who puts German or Irish or English or French before the hyphen. Americanism is a matter of the spirit and of the soul. Our allegiance must be purely to the United States. We must unsparingly condemn any man who holds any other allegiance. But if he is heartily and singly loyal to this Republic, then no matter where he was born, he is just as good an American as any one else.''  ''The men who do not become Americans and nothing else are hyphenated Americans; and there ought to be no room for them in this country. The man who calls himself an American citizen and who yet shows by his actions that he is primarily the citizen of a foreign land, plays a thoroughly mischievous part in the life of our body politic. He has no place here; and the sooner he returns to the land to which he feels his real heart-allegiance, the better it will be for every good American. There is no such thing as a hyphenated American who is a good American. The only man who is a good American is the man who is an American and nothing else.''  For an American citizen to vote as a German-American, an Irish-American, or an English-American, is to be a traitor to American institutions; and those hyphenated Americans who terrorize American politicians by threats of the foreign vote are engaged in treason to the American Republic. (Theodore Roosevelt, 1915)

JFK
Didn't JFK say something like "there shall be nor more hyphenated-Americans" or somesuch? I can't find a reference to it, but I'm sure I heard him say it in a speech. Jooler

Mistake
An outrageous mistake has been made in the article first part, where its implied that all countries of Latin America are also called "America Hispaniola"; thats actually quite a rude thing to say to a Brazilian, which is part of Latin America but not of Hispanic America. It would be the equivalent of saying that Canada, Mexico and USA are the same for being in North America.LtDoc 19:32, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

Separation
Doesn't making hyphens in everything technically make america into a separate but equal society?
 * I think the Roosevelt quote shows how this is actually seen. Rmhermen 01:41, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

Why specific to america?
it's common around the world to have ppl considering themeselves something-something. i don't see a reason for a articles discussing specifically the case of america (especially if it's the only case discussed and not even the general).

 * Because the idea pretty much started in the US. Its only really in some European countries and New World countries where the hyphenation is used (every heard of a Tamil-Malaysian? A Greek-Turk? An Eskimo-Russian? A Chinese-Ukrainian? Yes, there are Basque-Argentines, Irish-Australians, Indo-Fijians, etc., but it really did start in the US). Saimdusan Talk|Contribs 08:14, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Fact tags don't belong on talk pages. At any rate, the reason this article is specific to America has nothing to do with whether or not hyphens are used in other nations or where/when they were first used. It is not an article about multi-national or multi-ethnic identities generally, but exists because "hyphenated American" is a specific and encyclopedically notable concept in the United States, one that we Americans have debated specifically in the context of our own nation. If there is an article about multi-national or multi-ethnic identities generally, it would be appropriate to link from there to here, but the importance is sufficient to warrant a separate article. CAVincent (talk) 03:09, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

what does this paragraph mean
Any idea what is the meaning of the contents of this section of the article: 'Opposition to hyphenated identities outside the U.S.' Is it talking about an objection to the use of 'hyphen' (-) as in 'F00-American' vs 'F00 American' or is this talking about a political objection to the use of ethnic identifications of any kind with or without 'hyphens'. In any case, the section is very poorly written and needs help. Thanks Hmains 05:34, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

The list is a POV slur and meaningless
The list should be removed. There is already a reference to demographics and ethnic groups in America. The list does not use any hyphens, and it is not clear that any significant population in the groups indicated in the list refer to themselves with the hyphen. Case in point, "Jewish-American" is not commonly used. Today, people at the eschaton blog note that suddenly Joe Lieberman is suddenly referring to himself as a Jewish-American, and these people all wonder "who ever heard of Jewish-American? The list should be removed and replaced with a list of ethnic groups in which a significant number of members refer to themselves with the hyphen.  Elements in the list should contain links to proof and evidence.  Until then the list is meaningless, POV, and to the extent that the hyphen is an epithet, the list is a POV slur.
 * I won't go so far as to say it's a slur, but I don't think it adds anything useful to the article. Is there any "[country] American" that wouldn't go in that list?  They all follow the same formula.  I don't think there should be a list at all, and especially not one simply labeled "List".  -- Scarlet SpiderDavE  04:37, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

Hypen in "hypenated(-)American"?
Technically speaking, shouldn't the article be titled Hyphenated-American, with a hyphen? Isn't that the whole (ironic) point? Alki 23:37, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, certainly is ironic, esp. since African American is also not written with a hyphen. Technically speaking, the hyphen should only be used when the compound is used as an adjective, as in "African-American men". Dicklyon 05:02, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

African American
I perceive the AFrican Americans as a different case when compared with the rest of the hyphenated groups. It is not like they preserved their beliefs, or their cooking, or any other aspect of their original culture (except, suposedly, in music). It is more because of the current conditions rather than because of their past that they are considered a special group. Should they be included here?

 * African Americans are certainly among the groups sometimes referred to as hyphenated Americans. The notion of Americans retaining some kind of cultural, ethnic, racial, or other identity is applicable here, even if it's more racial than cultural in their case; or if their African American culture is greatly diverged from the African culture. But the lead definition is this article is too narrow to include racial, and says too much about allegiance, so I suspect it's not the right definition.  The modern meaning seems to be quite divergent from Roosevelt's original meaning.  Certainly African Americans are included in books such as The Hyphenated American: The Hidden Injuries of Culture, By John C. Papajohn. Dicklyon 19:37, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

Most Italian-Americans are nothing like modern day Italians either. The further removed from the culture it is, the less likely the two will resemble. I technically do not like the use of hyphenation, for someone that has been in the country for say 5 generations. 68.173.163.248 (talk) 02:07, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

(reopening this discussion) The article characterizes African American as categorization by Continent/region. In practice, though, it is categorization by Country/ethnicity or nationality—specifically, by ethnicity. One illustrative example would be african-born Charlize Theron, who is now a U.S. citizen. She wouldn't be considered an African American. I'm not sure how far that can of worms should be opened up in this article, though, so I haven't made an edit to recharacterize or ro clarify this in the article. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 03:31, 13 January 2010 (UTC)

Hyphen usage guide
In his fourth revert before reverting himself, Rmherme requested, "Please produce a c. 1915 style guide showing that the U.S. President was incorrect in the quote on this page - or accept that usage has changed". I don't have something handy from 1915 about the particular usage, but the general rule of correct hyphen usage was widely published before and after that time, e.g. in The art of writing & speaking the English language, By Sherwin Cody, 1903 (find on books.google.com): "When one noun preceded by an adjective is used as a sort of compound adjective, the two words (noun and adjective) are united by the hyphen.  For example, common sense used as a noun and adjective should never be united in any way, either by a hyphen or by being written as one word.  But common-sense reasoning is a phrase in which the noun sense united with its adjective becomes itself an adjective." It is always easy to find examples of violations of the rule, in both directions, but the usage that is traditionally considered "correct" has not changed much. Some guides say to drop the hyphen when the terms joined are proper names, but I've never seen a rule to suggest it was ever correct to use a hyphen in for example "an Italian-American". If such rules are out there, let's see them. Dicklyon 20:17, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

By the way, the Roosevelt quote is from a speech, so he didn't have to decide how to punctuate it, as far as I can tell (he has the speech in a book, too, but its four copyright holders suggest it was not mostly written by him). Contemporary transcriptions appear to have omitted the hyphen in "hyphenated Americans", to be grammatically correct I suppose, and put it into the others like "Italian-American" to represent what Roosevelt presumably intended. Interesting. Dicklyon 20:26, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

Latin America
The section formerly known as "Latin-American controversy" has/had many problems I tried to fix. For one, "Latin-American" including a hyphen is a highly unusual construction, and I'm not sure any reliable source at all could be found applying it to a person. Certainly it would not be used to refer to a U.S. citizen of Latin origin (okay, maybe if someone from Vatican City immigrated to the U.S.). The issue of different usages of the word American in English and Spanish is, for the most part, not germane to the subject of how ethnic groups of U.S. citizens are referred to in the U.S. I think what I left is enough if not more than enough said. CAVincent (talk) 06:17, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

reference 10
Reference 10, The Hyphen by John Wayne, is a broken link.Ketchupstan (talk) 00:15, 24 September 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ketchupstan (talk • contribs) 00:13, 24 September 2011 (UTC)
 * It's been deleted in this edit. Info on this is available (with some significant differences in the quotes) from a large number of alternative sources; e.g.,, , , , etc. (www.freerepublic.com/focus/fr/860226/posts quotes a long version, but a link to that triggers a spam filter complaint). Also, it is quoted in -- at the end of Chapter 8, Veterans : Do We Raally Support Them? Wtmitchell  (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 03:01, 24 September 2011 (UTC)

Full text of speech
Is there a full text of Roosevelt's 1915 Columbus Day speech available? Illegitimate Barrister (talk) 17:08, 21 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Never mind, found it. Illegitimate Barrister (talk) 18:44, 21 February 2014 (UTC)

So... Why does the history end in the 1920s?
The presentation in this article makes it sound like the use of hyphenated identities basically evaporated since the 1920s. There's absolutely no mention whatsoever of activist groups reviving and embracing the concept during the 1970s; the discussion simply jumps straight into certain groups disliking the concept. There's almost 100 years of complicated history missing, a good chunk of which involves hyphenated identities being in extremely common parlance--and not as slurs. 2600:1700:FCD:4740:39BD:CFEE:F9C4:E7BF (talk) 12:55, 16 June 2022 (UTC)

 * Because indiscriminate hatred of any and all hyphenated identities pretty much ceased to be an active force in U.S. politics after the 1920s. Afterwards, at least "ethnic" (non-WASP) whites were pretty-well accepted, and no one cared if Irish-Americans held their St. Patrick's day parades, or Polish-Americans their Polish festivals etc.  Of course, many ethnic and racial conficts continued to exist in the U.S... AnonMoos (talk) 11:30, 17 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hyphenated American


text:
Talk:United Food and Commercial Workers

2003 Calif. grocery workers strike -- dubious claims about AFL-CIO
It is not clear that the statement in the second paragraph (that the AFL-CIO failed to mobilize its national resources at key points in the 2003 California grocery workers' strike) or the statement in the last paragraph (that the AFL-CIO's failure to mobilize was the main or even a primary cause of UFCW's disaffiliation from the AFl-CIO) are accurate.

First, these are startling claims. As a labor movement activist, I have not heard these before, and would dispute them.

Second, there are no citations in the article to support these claims.

Third, there are a number of mainstream sources which would argue that UFCW leaders at the national and local level were unprepared for this strike. I freely admit that there are a number of ultra-leftist, ultra-militant publications (primarily socialist worker journals and bloggers) which blame the AFL-CIO, but I do not believe that these could be considered reliable sources except in limited circumstances (such as direct quotations).

However, there are a number of mainstream opinion and labor journals, as well as newspapers, which document the failure of UFCW leadership to prepare their members for a strike and to manage the strike properly.

For example: "As the UFCW's humbling defeat in the California grocery strike showed, the union, after years of friendly relations with so many regional grocery stores, does not know how to conduct an antagonistic national campaign, or how to make use of nationwide publicity and public sympathy for workers." Liza Featherstone. "Will Labor Take the Wal-Mart Challenge?" The Nation. June 28, 2004. http://www.thenation.com/doc/20040628/featherstone

For example: "The criticisms that rank-and-file grocery and warehouse workers, strike supporters, and others have voiced point to possible alternative strategic paths the UFCW could have chosen. Despite more than adequate lead time, union officials seemed to have had too narrow a view of what a contract campaign and strike should be. ... it is clear that the union’s leadership did not launch and maintain the kind of strike that could have brought maximum force to the table. ... warehouses and transportation networks have become the Achilles’ heel for companies during a strike...The UFCW came to this conclusion early on when it targeted the chains’ ten distribution centers in the area, but chose--with the complicity of Teamsters Joint Council 42--not to keep pickets up at all ten throughout the entire strike. ... the UFCW leadership did not manage to secure the agreement of the Teamsters to participate over a significantly long period of time, possibly because they did not approach them as soon as they knew what the grocery chains would try. Nor did they seem to have used the possibility of the UFCW helping in Teamster negotiations as leverage. ... Mobilization of the striking members at best looked like the faucet model-turn the tap on and off when leaders wanted it."  Chris Kutalik and N. Renuka Uthappa. "What We Can Learn from the Grocery Strike." Labor Notes. April 2004. http://www.labornotes.org/archives/2004/04/articles/c.html

For example: "The main elements of that strategy consisted in (1) not impacting the grocery barons? profits, except in Southern California; (2) attempting to take advantage of the chains' mutual rivalry for profits, at the same time that the firms have erected a united front to deal with their unionized workers; and (3) relying on token picket lines, not massive lines capable of halting deliveries by union and nonunion vendors alike.  ... Yet from day one, the union attempted to portray Kroger and Albertsons as not as bad as Safeway, so it only struck Safeway. Kroger, doing business as Ralphs, and Albertsons simultaneously locked out their UFCW members the same day the strike began. That didn't sway the union's strategists, who two weeks into the strike removed their pickets from Kroger/Ralphs supermarkets and encouraged consumers to shop there. Reportedly, the Kroger chain has agreed to share its profits with Safeway and Albertsons." Charles Walker. "Misleaders? Strategy Undermines Grocery Strike." San Diego Indy Media. May 1, 2004. http://sandiego.indymedia.org/en/labor/archive3.shtml

For example: "The drawbacks of Dority’s approach became apparent as seven Southern California leaders squabbled over strategy, failed to acknowledge the corporate willingness to forgo short-term profits, and stumbled over outreach to other unions that stood ready with resources and good will. ...  The union failed to present a clear message to the public, shoppers and even its own members. In the early days of the strike, picketers outside the Albertsons at the Baldwin-Crenshaw plaza urged shoppers to get their groceries at, of all places, the nearby nonunion Wal-Mart. The union misplayed strong public support of the strike by lifting pickets at all Ralphs stores...  Outreach to the crucial Teamsters union was spotty. Early pickets were sent to grocery-distribution warehouses, but the Teamsters crossed freely.  ...  Leaders realized things were going poorly and called in the AFL-CIO in December to take over strategy, but failed to follow up." Robert Greene. "Surrender at the Supermarket." L.A. Weekly. March 5-11, 2004.

For example: "A UFCW spokeswoman declined to comment. Union leaders focused the week of March 1 on President Douglas H. Dority's retirement and the election of his successor, Joseph T. Hansen." Eric Lekus. "California Settlement Maintains Most Health Benefits, Creates Two-Tier Wages." Labor Relations Week. March 4, 2004. (subscription only)

For example: "The AFL-CIO Oct. 30 announced the creation of a national strike fund to help thousands of grocery workers who are on strike in several states in disputes centered on higher employee costs for health care coverage. AFL-CIO President John J. Sweeney told reporters that the federation will contribute to the 'Hold the Line for Health Care Strike Fund,' and will ask its affiliated unions to contribute as well. In addition, he said, he will call on the 50 state federations and more than 300 central labor councils in the AFL-CIO to raise money for the fund. ...  A number of union presidents and allies of the labor movement pledged their support for the strikers." "AFL-CIO Announces Creation of Strike Fund To Help UFCW Members in Grocery Disputes." Labor Relations Week. November 6, 2003. (subscription only)

If there is evidence to support the article's existing contention, then that evidence should be cited.

I would also argue that the article should include the evidence that UFCW leadership at the national and local level mishandled the strike as well.

Fourth, I can find no sources which indicate that either Douglas Dority or Joe Hansen -- UFCW's two most recent presidents during the AFL-CIO internal debate (which began in October 2003 when "Business Week" revealed that Andrew Stern of SEIU had established a caucus within the AFL-CIO named the New Unity Partnership) -- made any statements about lack of AFL-CIO support during the 2003 grocery workers' strike to be a reason behind UFCW's disaffiliation. Now, Hansen made thousands of public statements during this time. I have not read or seen all of them. But I have never come across such a statement.

I did, however, make a search of the "Labor Relations Week" archives beginning Nov. 1, 2003 and continuing to Dec. 31, 2005. This is the most respected labor news publication in the U.S., and is owned by BNA, Inc. (a nonprofit which publishes, among other things, "National Journal" and a number of technical and legal publications). None of the articles in "Labor Relations Week" indicates that Hansen felt the AFL-CIO failed UFCW during the grocery worker's strike.

There were six articles which mentioned Douglas Dority, but only one which discussed the grocery worker's strike. And that article contained no criticism of the AFL-CIO.

There were 27 articles which mentioned Joe Hansen. While many were critical of the AFL-CIO for a number of reasons, never was the grocery workers' strike mentioned. For example, see Hansen's statements in:

 * * Michelle Amber. "AFL-CIO Officers Issue Recommendations For Uniting, Strengthening Labor Movement."  Labor Relations Week.  May 5, 2005.

 * * Michelle Amber. "Four Unions Offer Joint Reform Plan For AFL-CIO, Call for New Leadership."  Labor Relations Week.  May 19, 2005.

 * * Michelle Amber. "Five Unions Form Coalition to Pressure AFL-CIO Leadership, Push For Change."  Labor Relations Week.  June 16, 2005.

 * * Michelle Amber and Michael Bologna. "Departure of SEIU, Teamsters Creates Split Within AFL-CIO on Convention's Opening Day."  Labor Relations Week.  July 28, 2005.

 * * "UFCW Becomes Third Union To Leave AFL-CIO in One Week." Labor Relations Week.  August 4, 2005.

 * * "Hansen Says UFCW, Other Coalition Partners Will Not Join AFL-CIO 'Solidarity Charters'." Labor Relations Week.  August 18, 2005.

 * * "State, Local Labor Leaders Call for Unity As Dissident Unions Blast Solidarity Charters." Labor Relations Week.  August 25, 2005.

 * * Eric Lekus. "Constitution of Change to Win Federation Commits 75 Percent of Taxes to Organizing."  Labor Relations Week.  September 29, 2005.

From this, I can only conclude that Hansen's criticisms of the AFL-CIO did not include lack of support for the grocery workers. I would argue the article should be changed to reflect this evidence, rather the startling and unsupported conclusion it currently contains.

If there is evidence for such a conclusion, then that evidence should be cited (even a quotation from President Hansen offered) and Hansen's reasons for leaving the AFL-CIO cited at length rather than leaving the reader with the conclusion that it was only the grocery workers' strike that caused the disaffiliation. Tim1965 02:57, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

MFD
Claiming that MFD is nothing but a bunch of disgruntled ex-job seekers needs a cite. Citing MFD in its own defense is a conflict of interest, although it does get MFD's side into the article. Both claims need neutral, third-party citations. If those cannot be provided, I would strongly suggest that the claims be removed as mere rumor and public dissing-matches. - Tim1965 15:44, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

Kroger section
Having friends who suffer under Kroger's crappy management, I'm as much a fan of UFCW as anyone. But this section contains language not suitable for an encyclopedia ("clobbered," for example), and uses hyperbole to discuss the facts of the situation. Second, citing a UFCW Web site is not a neutral citation. And nothing on that Web site is actually linked to or cited. (This is akin to saying "Dick Cheney once shot a man" and then linking to the White House Web site. We shouldn't make readers do the work that we're supposed to do for them.) There are many newspaper articles, labor media pieces, and even books about the battle with Kroger. Cite those. It would make the article 100 percent better. Absent NPOV citations and language improvements, the NPOV tag is required by Wiki policy, I'm afraid. - Tim1965 13:11, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Agreed, some of the words are too strong or harsh. "Crushed", "Smashed", and "Clobbered" are just a few examples. This is not an article on demolition...or so I thought. Flashpoint145 13:16, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

Talk page for discussion of article only, please
I removed some vandalism from the talk page here. Talk pages are for discussions of the quality of an article, questions about issues raised in articles, approaches to writing or research problems concerning articles, etc. They are not for expressing personal opinions (laudatory or derogatory) about the issues discussed in the article. Such opinions would be NPOV, and are not part of Wikipedia. - Tim1965 12:50, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

That's ridiculous
Calling the UFCW leadership "commies" and assuming that the leadership will settle for less pay and that the strike will fail is NPOV. - Tim1965 02:46, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

It's obvious
That you're a labor activist hellbent on a labor extremist agenda. NPOV is now the second different excuse you have used to justify your actions.

Assuming the UFCW will settle for less money is not unfair at all. They settled for less than the original offer in the strike of 03-04. It's not the union that settled, it's the workers they supposedly are out to protect. Keep editing and keep coming back with excuse after excuse. It's fun!

ack ... WP:OR ... grrrr
I wanted to add: "The 2007 farming season sees the first, large scale, First Aid training of seasonal and migrant agricultural workers across Ontario, paid for by their employers, under these new rules." to the end of the Legal challenges section ... but ... since I know it first hand ...WP:OR stops me, all I can do is say it here and hope someone can find a good citation :/

Exit2DOS2000  •T•C•  22:13, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

Horribly biased article
This is the danger of wikipedia- an article can become completely biased and a joke. The section on the 2003 strike looks like it was completely written by a UFCW worker. Marionbutts (talk) 20:29, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

In what way? I don't think that comments like this are helpful. Unionizewalmart (talk) 20:36, 25 June 2009 (UTC)

Advertisement
The "retail" section is essentially a union advertisement. A documented section listing the negotiations made by the UFCW with each company would be acceptable. A section talking about how certain union workers in certain companies "enjoy" certain privileges is nothing but an ad for the union. Marionbutts (talk) 07:20, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

Rewrite of article
I reorganized the article, added a reference section, added three web citations, eliminated as many weasel words and biased comments as I could in an effort to reach NPOV.

In order to be a good article, this article needs more information on: - the UFCW's labor agreements - controversy within the UFCW

In order to stay on the right track, we must keep out: - sections that deliberately praise the UFCW (such as the old "charity" section) - sections that deliberately lambast the UFCW

Marionbutts (talk) 08:31, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree on the need for balance. The newly-added "criticisms" section runs afoul of your suggestion.  It should be integrated into the section on Wal-Mart to provide a balanced discussion of UFCW's actions in regard to that company, not sitting out there on its own (especially when it is only about the Wal-Mart campaign and not generalized). - Tim1965 (talk) 18:38, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm the person who added the new criticism section. I did so because the article needs balance. Grundle2600 (talk) 16:43, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

Warning: Lobbyists Berman and Company at work
This article has been edited anonymously by Berman and Company, who are lobbyists for amongst others the American Beverage Institute, the Center for Consumer Freedom, the Center for Union Facts and the Employment Policies Institute.

IP address of 66.208.14.242 traces to Berman and Company, see the Whois report. I Spy With My Big Eye (talk) 10:50, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Under Wikipedia rules, it doesn't matter. So long as someone follows the rules of Wikipedia, they can make all the changes they want, whether they're Adolf Hitler or Gandhi. I agree, individuals with a vested interest need to be watched closely because they tend to make changes which violate NPOV, undue weight, and citation guidelines. Otherwise, they can make all the changes they like. - Tim1965 (talk) 12:44, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Definitely bad edits. I've removed the WP:LINKSPAM the lobbyists inserted, and another bad link.  Most of the external links here are clearly inappropriate anyway per WP:EL.  Links to activist / protest sites that oppose (or support) the organization that is the subject of the article should all be removed.  Wikidemo (talk) 15:32, 28 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Good catch! - Tim1965 (talk) 17:13, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

 * User:Tim1965 people get banned for this all the time. We can post a Conflict of interest template on this article too.   Thewhitebox (talk) 14:40, 29 November 2014 (UTC)

Union members becoming loyal Walmart customers? Pressuring Walmart to become a union?
I read this article about how this union group doesn't boycott Walmart, they become fiercely loyal customers, and every time they visit Walmart, they leave one piece of union literature on a counter or shelf, talk to employees about unions or give them literature, etc. It is difficult for Walmart to stop because these people are loyal paying customers.

Has anyone else recall reading an article about this? I found the several articles mentioning it, but I can't seem to find it. Thewhitebox (talk) 14:40, 29 November 2014 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 09:35, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:United Food and Commercial Workers