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Laurell K. Hamilton

Laurell Kaye Hamilton (born February 19, 1963) is an American fantasy and romance writer. She is best known as the author of two series of stories.

Her New York Times-bestselling Anita Blake: Vampire Hunter series centers on Anita Blake, a professional zombie raiser, vampire executioner and supernatural consultant for the police, which includes novels, short story collections, and comic books. Six million copies of Anita Blake novels are in print. Her Merry Gentry series centers on Meredith Gentry, Princess of the Unseelie court of Faerie, a private detective facing repeated assassination attempts. Both of these fantasy series follow their protagonists as they gain in power and deal with the dangers of worlds in which creatures of legend live.

Several media outlets, including USA Today, Entertainment Weekly, and Time have identified her works as significant contributions to the development of the urban-fantasy genre.

Personal life
Laurell Kaye Hamilton was born Laurell Kaye Klein in Heber Springs, Arkansas but grew up in Sims, Indiana with her grandmother Laura Gentry. Her education includes degrees in English and biology from Marion College (now called Indiana Wesleyan University), a private Evangelical Christian liberal arts college in Marion, Indiana that is affiliated with the Wesleyan Church denomination. She met Gary Hamilton, whom she married, there. They have one daughter together, Trinity.

Hamilton is involved with a number of animal charities, particularly supporting dog rescue efforts and wolf preservation.

Hamilton lives in St. Louis County, Missouri, with her daughter Trinity, and husband Jonathon Green whom she married in 2001.

Works
Laurell K. Hamilton is the author of two major book series, spin-off comic books, various anthologies, and other stand-alone titles:
 * Anita Blake: Vampire Hunter is an animator and necromancer who raises the dead for a living. She is also a vampire executioner and in later books a U.S. Marshal. Blake lives in a fictional St. Louis where vampires and were-animals exist and recently gained some rights as citizens. As of November 2013, Hamilton has published 22 novels and 5 novellas in the Anita Blake series. As of 2009 more than 6 million copies of Anita Blake novels have been printed and several have become New York Times bestsellers.
 * Anita Blake comics are the comic-book renditions of the Anita Blake series. As of May 2012, the comic-book series has included her first three books, Guilty Pleasures, Laughing Corpse and Circus of the Damned. There was also a special prologue comic issued named, "The First Death".
 * Merry Gentry is a Princess of Faerie and a private investigator. She is constantly dodging assassination attempts while juggling life in the "real world" where everyone knows faeries exist. As of 2014, there have been a total of nine novels in the Merry Gentry series.

Reception
Entertainment Weekly and USA Today have identified Hamilton as having a significant impact on urban fantasy. In 2008, Time declared that the popularity of the genre "owes everything to Laurell K. Hamilton". Authors Courtney Allison Moulton and Kelly Gay have noted Hamilton as an inspiration.

Anita Blake
Reader reaction to the series's shift in tone from crime noir thriller to focus more predominantly on the sexual themes in the series has been mixed, starting with Narcissus in Chains when the main character of Anita Blake becomes infected with the ardeur. The ardeur is a supernatural power inadvertently given to Anita by her vampire Master Jean-Claude that gives her massive amounts of power but also demands that she have sexual intercourse with several different people through the course of a day, sometimes in large groups. Reception to these dynamics and to the usage of sexual abuse in later books has been mixed, with some reviewers commenting that the character of Anita spent too much time "obsessing about whether or not she’s a slut" while others remarked that the erotic themes enhanced the series. In response to these comments, Hamilton issued a blog entitled "Dear Negative Reader" where she addressed a growing number of readers on the Internet that were expressing disappointment in the series's changes. In the blog Hamilton told the readers that "life is too short to read books you don’t like" and that if they found that the current subject matter pushed "you past that comfortable envelope of the mundane" then "stop reading" and speculated that some of the readers were either "closet readers" or comment based on others' opinions. The blog entry was negatively received by some readers.

Critical reviewers have also commented on the amount of sex in later books, as in a 2006 review in The Boston Globe of Micah. The review was largely negative, stating "we were not impressed. Hamilton no doubt appeals to romance and erotica lovers, but it does not take long for the clichés and the constant droning about sex to become tiresome." Other reviewers for The Kansas City Star and Publishers Weekly also commented on the rise in sexual themes in the series. The reviewer for the Kansas City Star stated that "After 13 erotically charged books, boredom has reared its ugly head for the 14th novel in Laurell K. Hamilton's Anita Blake series, as eroticism becomes mere description..." and Publishers Weekly commented that Blood Noir had a "growing air of ennui, which longtime readers can't help sharing as sex increasingly takes the place of plot and character development".

In contrast, a Denver Post review of Danse Macabre took a more positive view of the eroticism in Hamilton's work. Although it noted that "[t]hose looking for mystery and mayhem on this Anita adventure are out of luck" it also stated that "the main attraction of the Anita Blake novels in the past five years has been their erotic novelty", and "[f]ew, if any, mainstream novels delve so deeply into pure, unadulterated erotica".

Anita Blake: Vampire Hunter

 * 1) Guilty Pleasures (1993) ISBN 978-0-515-13449-0
 * 2) The Laughing Corpse (1994) ISBN 978-0-425-19200-9
 * 3) Circus of the Damned (1995) ISBN 978-0-515-13448-3
 * 4) The Lunatic Cafe (1996) ISBN 978-0-425-20137-4
 * 5) Bloody Bones (1996) ISBN 978-0-425-20567-9
 * 6) The Killing Dance (1997) ISBN 978-0-425-20906-6
 * 7) Burnt Offerings (1998) ISBN 978-0-515-13447-6
 * 8) Blue Moon (1998) ISBN 978-0-515-13445-2
 * 9) Obsidian Butterfly (2000) ISBN 978-0-515-13450-6
 * 10) Narcissus in Chains (2001) ISBN 978-5-558-61270-7
 * 11) Cerulean Sins (2003) ISBN 978-0-515-13681-4
 * 12) Incubus Dreams (2004) ISBN 978-0-515-13975-4
 * 13) Micah (2006) ISBN 978-0-515-14087-3
 * 14) Danse Macabre (2006) ISBN 978-0-425-20797-0
 * 15) The Harlequin (2007) ISBN 978-0-425-21724-5
 * 16) Blood Noir (2008) ISBN 978-0-425-22219-5
 * 17) Skin Trade (2009) ISBN 978-0-425-22772-5
 * 18) Flirt (2010) ISBN 978-0-425-23567-6
 * 19) Bullet (2010) ISBN 978-0-425-23433-4
 * 20) Hit List (2011) ISBN 978-0-425-24113-4
 * 21) Kiss the Dead (2012) ISBN 978-0-425-24754-9
 * 22) Affliction (2013) ISBN 978-0-425-25570-4
 * 23) Jason (2014) ISBN 978-0-515-15607-2
 * 24) Dead Ice (2015) ISBN 978-0-425-25571-1
 * 25) Crimson Death (2016) ISBN 978-1-101-98773-5
 * 26) Serpentine (August 7, 2018) ISBN 978-0-425-25568-1
 * 27) Sucker Punch (August 4, 2020) ISBN 978-1-984-80443-3
 * 28) Rafael (February 9, 2021) ISBN 978-0-593-33291-7
 * 29) Smolder (March 21, 2023) ISBN 978-1-984-80449-5
 * 30) Slay (November 7, 2023) ISBN 978-0-593-63784-5

Anita Blake novellas and short stories

 * Those Who Seek Forgiveness (2006)
 * published as part of Strange Candy, number 00.5
 * The Girl Who Was Infatuated with Death (2006)
 * published as part of Strange Candy, number 08.5
 * Beauty (2012) ISBN 978-1-101-57930-5
 * novella, number 20.5
 * Dancing (2013) ISBN 978-0-698-15643-2
 * novella, number 21.5
 * Shutdown
 * short story; unofficially and temporarily released October 2013
 * not yet formally published, book number 21.75
 * Wounded (December 2016)
 * novella, number 24.5
 * "Sweet Seduction"
 * short story/novelette; collected in Noir Fatale, May 2019
 * Zombie Dearest (2020)
 * novella, number 26.5
 * short story/novelette; collected in "Fantastic Hope", April 2020 ISBN 978-0-593-09920-9

Marvel Comics series
(in Anita's chronological order)
 * 1) Laurell K. Hamilton's Anita Blake, Vampire Hunter: The First Death 1–2 (7 & 12/2007)
 * 2) Guilty Pleasures Handbook (2007)
 * 3) Anita Blake Vampire Hunter: Guilty Pleasures 1–12 (12/2006 – 8/2008)
 * 4) Anita Blake: The Laughing Corpse – Animator 1–5 (10/2008 – 2/2009)
 * 5) Anita Blake: The Laughing Corpse – Necromancer 1–5 (4/2009 – 9/2009)
 * 6) Anita Blake: The Laughing Corpse – Executioner 1–5 (9/2009 – 3/2010)
 * 7) Anita Blake: Circus of The Damned – The Charmer 1–5 (5/2010 – 10/2010)
 * 8) Anita Blake: Circus of The Damned – The Ingenue 1–5 (1/2011–ongoing)
 * 9) Anita Blake: Circus of the Damned – The Scoundrel 1–5 (Ongoing)

Science Fiction Book Club Omnibus Editions

 * Club Vampyre
 * Guilty Pleasures
 * The Laughing Corpse
 * Circus of the Damned
 * Midnight Cafe
 * The Lunatic Cafe
 * Bloody Bones
 * The Killing Dance
 * Black Moon Inn
 * Burnt Offerings
 * Blue Moon
 * Nightshade Tavern
 * Obsidian Butterfly
 * Narcissus in Chains
 * Out of This World
 * first 100 pages of Narcissus in Chains

Merry Gentry series

 * 1) A Kiss of Shadows (2000) ISBN 978-0-345-42340-5
 * 2) A Caress of Twilight (2002) ISBN 978-0-345-47816-0
 * 3) Seduced by Moonlight (2004) ISBN 978-0-345-44359-5
 * 4) A Stroke of Midnight (2005) ISBN 978-0-345-44360-1
 * 5) Mistral's Kiss (2006) ISBN 978-0-345-44361-8
 * 6) A Lick of Frost (2007) ISBN 978-0-345-49591-4
 * 7) Swallowing Darkness (2008) ISBN 978-0-345-49593-8
 * 8) Divine Misdemeanors (2009) ISBN 978-0-345-49596-9
 * 9) A Shiver of Light (2014) ISBN 978-0-515-15548-8

Others

 * Nightseer (1992)
 * Nightshade (1992)
 * Star Trek: The Next Generation authorized novel #24)
 * Death of a Darklord (1995)
 * TSR's Ravenloft series
 * Superheroes (anthology, 1995)
 * A Clean Sweep
 * Cravings, (anthology, 2004)
 * Blood upon my lips
 * Bite (anthology, 2004)
 * The Girl Infatuated with Death
 * Strange Candy, (2006)
 * 14 published and unpublished short stories
 * Never After (anthology, 2009)
 * Can He Bake a Cherry Pie
 * Ardeur: 14 Writers on the Anita Blake, Vampire Hunter Series (2010)
 * Dead Ice (2016)
 * Extra chapter in paperback edition
 * Wounded

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Laurell K. Hamilton


text:
Sakigake

Sakigake (さきがけ), known before launch as MS-T5, was Japan's first interplanetary spacecraft, and the first deep space probe to be launched by any country other than the USA or the Soviet Union. It aimed to demonstrate the performance of the new launch vehicle, test its ability to escape from Earth gravity, and observe the interplanetary medium and magnetic field. Sakigake was also supposed to act as a frame of reference for data received from probes that flew closer to Halley's Comet. Early measurements would be used to improve the mission of the Suisei probe launched several months later.

Sakigake was developed by the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science for the National Space Development Agency (both of which are now part of the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency, or JAXA). It became a part of the Halley Armada together with Suisei, the Soviet Vega probes, the ESA Giotto and the NASA International Cometary Explorer, to explore Halley's Comet during its 1986 sojourn through the inner Solar System.

Design
Unlike its twin Suisei, it carried no imaging instruments in its instrument payload.

Launch
Sakigake was launched January 7, 1985, from Kagoshima Space Center by M-3SII launch vehicle on M-3SII-1 mission.

Halley encounter
It carried out a flyby of Halley's Comet on March 11, 1986 at a distance of 6.99 Gm.

Giacobini-Zinner encounter
There were plans for the spacecraft to go on to an encounter with 21P/Giacobini-Zinner in 1998 but the flyby had to be abandoned due to lack of propellant.

End of mission
Telemetry contact was lost on November 15, 1995, though a beacon signal continued to be received until January 7, 1999.

title: Sakigake


text:
Championship Manager

Championship Manager is a series of football-management simulation video games, the first of which was released in 1992.

The Championship Manager brand and game was conceived by brothers Paul and Oliver Collyer. In a scenario typical of many self-made game programming teams in the early days of the industry, the original Championship Manager game was written from their bedroom in Shropshire, England. The brothers subsequently founded a development company to take the game further, Sports Interactive, and moved to Islington, North London. Championship Manager became the most popular football management sim of the later 1990s and early 2000s, regularly setting sales records.

In 2003, Sports Interactive split with Eidos, the publishers of Championship Manager. Sports Interactive retained the game's database and match engine, producing a new game based on these titled Football Manager. Eidos retained the name and interface, with Beautiful Game Studios taking over the development of Championship Manager. Although the two series initially ran alongside one another, the sales of Championship Manager began to fall below those of Football Manager. The most recent full version of Championship Manager was Championship Manager 2010, with an iOS mobile game in 2011 the latest game to date released by Eidos.

Square Enix Europe, owners of the brand after purchasing Eidos, revived Championship Manager under the title of Champ Man in 2013. They have released five games for iOS and Android handheld systems and mobile phones since then.

Beautiful Game Studios
Beautiful Game Studios was founded in 2003, and announced in January 2004 as an internal development team of Eidos Interactive (later renamed Square Enix Europe) that would focus on the development of Championship Manager, after the original developer of the series, Sports Interactive, departed from Eidos Interactive in 2003. In May 2008, Eidos hired Roy Meredith as general manager.

In November 2009, after Eidos Interactive had been acquired by Square Enix and renamed Square Enix Europe, Square Enix announced that Beautiful Game Studios would undergo restructuring to "build a successful commercial future" for the Championship Manager brand. Around 80% of jobs, including the majority of the internal studio's programming department, were either cut or relocated to Eidos Shanghai, while incumbent general manager Roy Meredith retained his position. Despite the significant cuts, remained operational as a developer.

In September 2010, Beautiful Game Studios announced that they had entered into a strategic partnership with Chinese publisher Shanda Games, which granted Shanda Games the Chinese distribution rights of future Championship Manager games. The partnership grew largely from the then-enlarged Eidos Shanghai's previous work with Shanda Games, as well as long-term communications between Beautiful Game Studios, Eidos Shanghai, and Shanda Games. The games resulting from this partnership, Championship Manager: World of Football, was announced in July 2011.

Championship Manager
The release of the first version of the game was not an outstanding success, and sales were steady rather than spectacular. Reviews ranged from the encouraging to the dismissive; the original game was written in BASIC, a programming language not well suited to programming high-performance video games. Other limitations included the fact that generated names were used for each team, whereas its key competitors of the time, such as Premier Manager and The Manager, included real players in the game.

Championship Manager '93
The release of Championship Manager '93 one year later built on the original game, ported to the C programming language, adding a real life player database and other features. By now Championship Manager had built a large following in the UK. This was reviewed many times around July 1993 from its release in around May 1993.

Championship Manager Italia
The Championship Manager '93/'94 engine was the basis for Championship Manager Italia. This was a version that simulated the top two divisions of Italian football (Serie A and Serie B). There was also a 1995 seasonal update released for this game.

Championship Manager '93 data update disks
The success of Championship Manager '93 spurred the release of two update disks, the first "contains every transfer, promotion, relegation and manager changes" for the beginning of the '93/'94 season which is known as "The 1993/94 Season Data Up-Date Disk". The update required the original Championship Manager '93 disks, three blank disks and the Championship Manager '93/'94 Season Data Up-Date Disk disk. This was released around September 1993.

The second of the two update disks is known as "End of 1994 Season Data Up-Date Disk." which "Includes all the latest player transfers. All the play-off results. End of season player stats" for the season 1993/1994. This was released around the end of season 1993/1994.

Championship Manager 2
The success of the franchise lead to the release of Championship Manager 2 in September 1995. The game again included up-to-date squads for each team, added photos of each ground to build an atmosphere of the teams managed or visited, and included an in-match commentary with the voice of Clive Tyldesley.

Two seasonal updates followed over the next two years.

Championship Manager 96/97
Championship Manager 96/97 was released in 1996 and was the first game to feature a non-British league as playable in the standard game - in this case the Italian leagues. It also included several rule changes to reflect the many changes going on in the real life world of football at that time, such as the Bosman ruling.

Championship Manager 97/98
Released in 1997, this version of the game included nine leagues from around the world, three of which could be run simultaneously, new competition formats to follow those implemented in reality, and many more tactical options. The game remains popular amongst fans of the series, mainly for its simplicity compared to the huge, processor-intensive games that the series has since developed into. A fan-made "remake" of the game was released on Nov 1 2022. The changes include a fully reworked database for the 1997/98 season, backgrounds, graphical overhaul, 5 leagues, colored attributes and many small tweaks to the match engine and executable. One can also play infinitely, whereas the official version retired the manager after 30 seasons. Two further patches have been released.

Championship Manager 3
This was the first of the seasonal updates to Championship Manager 3. It also included more media involvement, board interaction and improved scouting functions.

Championship Manager: Season 99/00
This update saw the American Major League Soccer added to the list of playable leagues. It also added the World Club Championship to the equation.

Championship Manager: Season 99/00 received a "Gold" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 200,000 copies in the United Kingdom.

Championship Manager: Season 00/01
Ten more playable leagues were introduced for this version, including Australia, Greece, Northern Ireland, Russia and Wales. It was also the first version of the game to come with a data editor - something which has been continued for all subsequent versions.

Championship Manager: Season 01/02
No new playable leagues were added to this version of Championship Manager (until a patch was later released that added South Korea's K-League to the game) allowing the developers to fine-tune the game's mechanics. Championship Manager 01/02 also contained the fictional players. The game was released as freeware in December 2008.

In April 2002, Sports Interactive took the decision to move away from the PC platform for the first time since Championship Manager 2, producing a version of Championship Manager 01/02 for the Xbox. The success of the game saw a follow-up, Championship Manager 02/03 released seven months later.

Championship Manager 4
Championship Manager 4 was released on March 28, 2003, and broke all records on its release becoming, at that time, the fastest-selling PC game on its first day of release. Championship Manager 4 included thirty-nine playable leagues, plus four more in its update, Championship Manager: Season 03/04. On the gameplay side, a top-down view of the match engine was included for the first time a significant shift from the "imagination" philosophy championed by Sports Interactive previously.

Despite its high sales, Championship Manager 4 was generally not well received by hardcore fans for several reasons. The game ran quite slowly on computers which had previously had no difficulty in running Championship Manager games. The original release contained some functional bugs which in some cases rendered the game farcical—the score in matches could randomly change, and lower division clubs were able to sign superstars with ease. One bug had non-league club Northwich Victoria moving to a stadium with a capacity of 850,000. Sports Interactive used the euphemistic term "Enhancement Packs" to describe patches to fix the bugs in the original release; this term was dropped for future releases.

Championship Manager: Season 03/04
This was the final Championship Manager game to be developed by Sports Interactive before they were forced to start a new franchise under the name Football Manager. Championship Manager 03/04 ironed out many of the problems seen in Championship Manager 4 and added new features and more new playable leagues to the game.

Championship Manager 5
This was the first version in the series to be developed in-house by Eidos. Both Football Manager 2005 and Championship Manager 5 were to be released in October or November 2004. However, the release date of Championship Manager 5 was put back by Eidos to March 2005, due to the extent of work required to code the game from scratch. This allowed Football Manager 2005 a clear run to establish itself ahead of the release of Championship Manager 5.

Championship Manager PSP
Championship Manager was released for the PlayStation Portable in December 2005. It was developed by Gusto Games and was the first game in the series to be released on a handheld system.

Championship Manager Online
This is the first online version of either Championship Manager or Football Manager, and was launched in UK on February 22, 2005.

Championship Manager 2006
The follow-up to Championship Manager 5 was released on PC on March 31, 2006 under the name Championship Manager 2006.

This version did little to reverse the growing gap in quality between Championship Manager and Football Manager. Basic features that had been a staple of the latter from over a decade, such as international management, were missing from the boxed version of Championship Manager 2006.

November 10, 2006, saw the arrival of Championship Manager 2006 (with Championship Manager 5 not being ported) on Macintosh. Championship Manager 2007 was planned for release on the Mac OS X platform in 2007.

Championship Manager 2007
Championship Manager 2007 was released on October 13, 2006. Sales continued to be lower than for Football Manager.

Championship Manager 2008
Championship Manager 2008 was released on 2 November 2008, with users able to play in a multiplayer mode, with more than one person on an account. Also, users can manage nations and can apply "Club Benefactor", which lets the user have more money, although these additions were added in the previous Championship Manager. Another feature is the addition of more leagues – for example, the Australian League – player tendencies and team talks.

Championship Manager 2010
Championship Manager 2010 was originally planned for release on 24 April 2009, however Eidos Interactive released the game on September 11, 2009. A fully 3D match engine (using motion-captured movements to provide more than 500 animations per player) was implemented for the first time, and it was announced on February 6 that new English Leagues, the Isthmian, Southern and Northern Premier Leagues would be included in the game, as well as Croatian, Romanian, Irish and Northern Irish Leagues. The German league system was also restructured for this edition, including the 3. Liga and 3 Regionalliga. The game was released 11 September with a demo version being available on the website from 14 August.

On 18 August a "pay what you want for Championship Manager 2010" promotion was announced whereby between 18 August and 10 September a digital copy of the game could be pre-ordered from the Championship Manager store and was available for download on the day of launch, 10 September. Each customer set the price they were willing to pay in addition to a transaction fee.

Championship Manager 2011
A version of Championship Manager 2011 was released for iOS. No later version had been released. It was followed by a period of three years with no Championship Manager games, although a new game, Championship Manager: World of Football (a collaboration between Beautiful Game Studios and Shanda Games), was announced by Square Enix in July 2011.

Champ Man
The series was revived as Champ Man from 2013 until 2018, developed by Distinctive Developments. Championship Manager 13/14, branded as Champ Man, was released on October 15, 2013 for mobile phones. A follow up to this game, Champ Man 15, was released on August 18, 2014, for iOS and Android, Champ Man 16 was released in September 2015. In 2016, Championship Manager 17 was released. As of May 31, 2018, Square Enix has ceased all game services for all Championship Manager mobile games and removed them from the iOS and Android app stores.

title: Championship Manager


text:
Hannah Cowley (writer)

Hannah Cowley (14 March 1743 – 11 March 1809) was an English playwright and poet. Although Cowley's plays and poetry did not enjoy wide popularity after the 19th century, critic Melinda Finberg rates her as "one of the foremost playwrights of the late eighteenth century" whose "skill in writing fluid, sparkling dialogue and creating sprightly, memorable comic characters compares favourably with her better-known contemporaries, Goldsmith and Sheridan." Cowley's plays were produced frequently in her lifetime. The major themes of her plays – including her first, The Runaway (1776), and her major success, which is being revived, The Belle's Stratagem (1780) – revolve around marriage and how women strive to overcome the injustices imposed by family life and social custom.

Early success
Born Hannah Parkhouse, she was the daughter of Hannah (née Richards) and Philip Parkhouse, a bookseller in Tiverton, Devon. Sources disagree about some details of her married life, citing her marriage date as either 1768 or 1772 and claiming she had either three or four children. Shortly after her marriage to Thomas Cowley, the couple moved to London, where Thomas worked as an official in the Stamp Office and as a part-time journalist.

The introduction to her 1813 collected works gives an account of how Cowley was struck by a sudden desire to write while attending a play with her husband. "So delighted with this?" she boasted to him. "Why I could write as well myself!" Thomas teased her, but by the middle of the next day Cowley showed him the first act of her comedy The Runaway. If the substance of the story is true, this visit to the theatre could have occurred no later than 1775, for the rest of The Runaway was written, sent to the actor-manager David Garrick and produced at Drury Lane theatre by 15 February 1776.

The Runaway enjoyed 17 performances in its first season at Drury Lane and 39 in London by 1800, a success that encouraged Cowley to write more, though her mentor Garrick retired after the 1776 season. She wrote her next two plays, the farce Who's the Dupe? and the tragedy Albina, before the year was out.

Controversy with Hannah More
Who's the Dupe? and Albina encountered difficulties in production. The new manager of Drury Lane, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, shelved The Runaway for most of the 1777 season. Miffed, Cowley sent Albina to Drury Lane's rival theatre in London, Covent Garden, but it met with no better reception there and the script alternated between the theatres for the next two years. Meanwhile, Sheridan agreed to produce Who's the Dupe?, but delayed its 1779 première until late spring, an unprofitable time for a new play to open.

The production of Albina generated public controversy for Cowley. While this play was bouncing between Drury Lane and Covent Garden, writer Hannah More's plays Percy (1777) and The Fatal Falsehood (1779) opened at Covent Garden. Watching Percy aroused Cowley's suspicions: Fatal Falsehood confirmed Cowley's belief that More had plagiarised from Albina.

As Cowley later wrote in her preface to the printed edition of Albina, hers and More's plays do indeed have "wonderful resemblances". Fatal Falsehood's opening on 6 May 1779, was followed by press charges (perhaps written by Thomas Cowley ) that More stole her ideas from Cowley. On 10 August, More wrote to the St. James Chronicle to protest that she "never saw, heard, or read, a single line of Mrs. Cowley's Tragedy." In her preface to Albina, Cowley allows that the theatre managers, who in those days doubled as script editors, may have inadvertently given More her ideas: "Amidst the croud of Plots, and Stage Contrivances, in which a Manager is involv'd, recollection is too frequently mistaken for the suggestions of imagination" [emphasis in original].

Although she continued to enjoy a brilliant literary career, More wrote no more for the stage after her paper war with Cowley. Albina finally opened on 31 July 1779 at the Haymarket, a summer theatre more practised in staging comedies. It was neither a financial nor a critical success.

Later career
With the Hannah More controversy behind her, Cowley wrote her most popular and enduring comedy, The Belle's Stratagem, which was produced at Covent Garden in 1780. It was performed 28 nights in its first season and 118 times in London before 1800, a respectable success that consolidated her family's financial position.

Her next play, The World as it Goes; or, a Party at Montpelier (later entitled Second Thoughts Are Best) was a flop, but she continued to write until 1794, seeing seven more plays into production: Which is the Man?, A Bold Stroke for a Husband, More Ways Than One, A School for Greybeards, or, The Mourning Bride, The Fate of Sparta, or, The Rival Kings, A Day in Turkey, or, The Russian Slaves, and The Town Before You. None of these matched the success of her earlier plays.

In 1783, Thomas Cowley accepted a job with the British East India Company. He moved to India and left Hannah in London to raise their children; Thomas died there in 1797, never having returned to England.

Cowley's poetry
Hannah Cowley had a less distinguished career as a poet, writing The Scottish Village, or Pitcairne Green in 1786, and The Siege of Acre: an Epic Poem in 1801. In the summer of 1787, under the pseudonym "Anna Matilda," she and the poet Robert Merry (writing as Della Crusca) began a poetic correspondence in the pages of the journal The World. Their poems were sentimental and flirtatious. At first each did not even know the other's identity; later they met and became part of a poetic movement called the Della Cruscans. Literary history has not been kind to Della Cruscan poetry, which was criticised as sloppy and emotional. Merry was the subject of a satirical poem, "The Baviad", written by a contemporary, William Gifford. Cowley's poetry was published as ''The Poetry of Anna Matilda [pseud.] Containing A Tale for Jealousy, The Funeral, Her Correspondence with Della Crusca [pseud.] and Several Other Poetical Pieces. To Which Are Added Recollections, Printed from an Original Manuscript, Written by General Sir William Waller'' (London: J. Bell, 1788).

Cowley's last play, The Town Before You, was produced in 1795. In 1801, Cowley retired to Tiverton, Devon, where she spent her remaining years away from the public spotlight, quietly revising her plays. She died of liver failure in 1809.

The Runaway (1776)
George Hargrave, who is home from college, is overjoyed to learn that Emily, the mysterious runaway whom his godfather, Mr. Drummond, has taken in, is the same young lady he fell in love with at a recent masquerade. Meanwhile, George's spirited cousin, Bella, helps George's sister, Harriet, and George's friend Sir Charles fall in love. George's designs are threatened when he learns that his father wants George to marry Lady Dinah, a pretentious older lady who is also very rich. When Emily's father arrives to take Emily back to London, George gives chase and snatches Emily back. Mr. Drummond saves the day by offering the young lovers some of his land so that they can have a fortune of their own.

Who's the Dupe? (1779)
Granger, a captain, arrives in town to see his lover, Elizabeth. Her uneducated father, Abraham Doiley, has promised her hand to the most educated man he can find, an unappealing but intelligent scholar named Gradus. Elizabeth's friend Charlotte, who fancies Gradus for herself, persuades Gradus to act more fashionable and less bookish so that he can win Elizabeth's heart. Doiley is not impressed by the new Gradus; meanwhile, Granger presents himself to Doiley as a scholar so that he can win Elizabeth's hand. Granger and Gradus square off against each other to see who is the more educated, and Granger wins by using phony Greek that nonetheless impresses Doiley. Gradus is consoled by winning Charlotte.

Albina (1779)
The powerful Duke of Westmorland learns that the gallant young soldier Edward is in love with his daughter, Albina, who is a young widow to Count Raimond. Despite her love for Edward, Albina's virtue impedes her from agreeing to marry him. Westmorland and Edward persuade her to remarry because Edward is soon destined to go off to war; she agrees. Editha, who is jealous of Albina, seeks help from Lord Gondibert, Raimond's brother, who secretly loves Albina. On the eve of the wedding, Gondibert tells Edward that Albina has been unfaithful, and to prove it he disguises himself and allows Edward to spy on him sneaking into Albina's chamber at night. Edward then calls off the wedding, and the furious Westmorland challenges him to a duel to protect Albina's honour. Before the duel begins, Gondibert's elderly servant, Egbert, exposes his master's lie, and the king banishes Gondibert. Before he leaves, Gondibert vows to kill Albina and then commit suicide. He sneaks into Albina's chamber and stabs a woman he thinks is Albina, and then he stabs himself. But the woman turns out to be a disguised Editha, who had also stolen into the room. Edward is relieved when the real Albina rushes into the room, and the dying Gondibert asks for and receives her pardon.

The Belle's Stratagem (1780)
Having returned from his trip to Europe, the handsome Doricourt meets his betrothed, Letitia. He finds her acceptable but by no means as elegant as European women. Determined that she will not marry without love, Letitia enlists the help of her father, Mr. Hardy, and Mrs. Racket, a widow, to turn Doricourt off the wedding by pretending that she, Letitia, is an unmannerly hoyden. Meanwhile, Doricourt's friend Sir George is being overprotective of his new wife, Lady Frances, who rebels and agrees to accompany Mrs. Racket for a day in the town and a masquerade ball that night. While out at an auction, Lady Frances meets the rake, Courtall, who brags to his friend Saville that he will seduce her. Meanwhile, Letitia's brazen acting succeeds in dissuading Doricourt from wanting to marry her. All characters converge at that night's masquerade. The disguised Letitia shows off her charms, bewitches Doricourt and then leaves before he can find out who she is. Courtall, disguised the same way as Sir George, lures the lady he thinks is Lady Frances back to his house. However, Saville has replaced the real Lady Frances with a prostitute who wears the same disguise as Lady Frances. Shamed, Courtall leaves town. The next day, Doricourt, who has been told that Mr. Hardy is on his deathbed, visits him and reluctantly agrees to marry Letitia after all. Then the disguised Letitia enters and reveals her true identity to the overjoyed Doricourt, who also learns that Hardy was not ill after all.

A Bold Stroke for a Husband (1783)
Set in Madrid, the play tells of Don Carlo, who has fled his wife, Victoria, for the courtesan Laura. Laura breaks off with Don Carlo, but she holds on to the documents that entitle her to his land, a gift he foolishly gave her. We learn that Laura is in love with Florio, who is really Victoria disguised as a young man. Meanwhile, Victoria's friend Olivia is resisting efforts by her father, Don Caesar, to marry her off to a series of suitors. In desperation, Don Caesar pretends that he will marry and young girl and then send Olivia off to a convent unless she marries right away. Victoria persuades Olivia's servant to disguise himself as her rich uncle, the original owner of the land that Laura now holds. He convinces Laura that the titles are worthless, so in a rage she rips them up. Victoria reveals herself to Don Carlos, who repents and pledges himself to her again. Meanwhile, Olivia marries Julio, the man she wanted all along.

title: Hannah Cowley (writer)


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Sports Interactive

Sports Interactive Limited is a British video game developer based in London, best known for the Football Manager series. Founded by brothers Oliver and Paul Collyer in July 1994, the studio was acquired by Japanese video game publisher Sega in 2006 and became part of Sega Europe. In addition to its work on Football Manager, the studio has also created a number of other sports-management simulations, including NHL Eastside Hockey Manager and Championship Manager Quiz, and is the former developer of Championship Manager.

History
Founded by Paul Collyer and Oliver Collyer, the company is commonly abbreviated to "SI" amongst fans of their games.

In 2003, Sports Interactive split with former publisher Eidos Interactive and signed a deal with Sega to continue their flagship sports franchise under the new name, Football Manager. After the split, both parties kept their intellectual property. Sports Interactive kept the base code, the game database and programming of the game, whilst Eidos kept the rights to the Championship Manager franchise.

On 28 June 2012, Miles Jacobson and Ian Livingstone revealed why they split from Eidos Interactive and joined Sega. In a chat with GameHorizon, Jacobson thought that Beautiful Game Studios was brought in to take over Championship Manager, whilst Livingstone thought that Eidos Interactive brought Beautiful Game Studios to protect the firm in case Sports Interactive jumped ship. Jacobson commented, saying, "I'm sure there are two sides to this story, at the time we felt there was a lack of respect that we did for our work from Eidos. There seemed to be an attitude at the time in the industry that anyone could make games." He continued by saying, "Eidos wanted more control. We wanted more control. We were asking for high royalties. Eidos set up Beautiful Game Studios nine months before Championship Manager 4 was due to come out. They told me that BGS were making a platform game. I thought our number was up."

He then further elaborated by saying, "I went for a curry with the CEO of Sega in Japan and Europe, and he made me an offer on a napkin, I kept telling them we were not for sale. I told them they would have to double the offer for me to even discuss it with Paul and Oliver Collyer."

On 4 April 2006, it was announced that Sega Holdings Europe Ltd, holding company for Sports Interactive's publisher's Sega, had acquired Sports Interactive. When Sega acquired the company, it had 34 employees.

In 2018, Sports Interactive relocated from Old Street in Islington to the Here East development in Stratford. Now occupying half of the first floor in the Press Centre, the studio now has 285 permanent employees in addition to more than 1,400 researchers worldwide for its Football Manager games.

The studio is closely linked with War Child and since 2006 has donated a percentage of each game sale directly to the charity. To date, this initiative has raised a total of more than £1.5m.

The studio has begun developing partnerships with leading football clubs and other organisations in recent years. These include Manchester City, Brighton & Hove Albion, Brentford FC, Burnley FC, Venezia FC and Stormzy's project Merky FC.

On May 29th 2024, the studio launched a rebrand. Done in conjunction with design practice Monday Nights, the most significant element was the studio updating its logo for the first time since 2004.

Games

 * Championship Manager
 * Championship Manager
 * Championship Manager '93
 * Championship Manager 2
 * Championship Manager 96/97
 * Championship Manager 97/98
 * Championship Manager 3
 * Championship Manager: Season 99/00
 * Championship Manager: Season 00/01
 * Championship Manager: Season 01/02
 * Championship Manager 4
 * Championship Manager: Season 03/04
 * Football Manager
 * Football Manager 2005 (4 November 2004 for PC/Mac)
 * Football Manager 2006 (21 October 2005 for PC/Mac & April for PSP/Xbox 360)
 * Football Manager 2007 (20 October 2006 for PC/Mac & PSP)
 * Football Manager 2008 (October 2007 for PC/Mac & PSP and March 2008 for Xbox 360)
 * Football Manager 2009 (14 November 2008 for PC/Mac & PSP)
 * Football Manager Live (23 January 2009)
 * Football Manager 2010 (30 October 2009 for PC/Mac & PSP and April for iPhone)
 * Football Manager 2011 (5 November 2010 for PC/Mac, December for PSP & iPhone and April for iPad)
 * Football Manager 2012 (21 October 2011 for PC/Mac, PSP, December for iPhone & iPad and April for Android)
 * Football Manager 2013 (2 November 2012 for PC/Mac/PSP, iOS, Android)
 * Football Manager 2014 (31 October 2013 for PC/Mac/Linux/iOS/Android/Vita)
 * Football Manager 2015 (7 November 2014 for PC/Mac/Linux/iOS/Android)
 * Football Manager 2016 (13 November 2015 for PC/Mac/Linux)
 * Football Manager 2017 (4 November 2016 for PC/Mac/Linux)
 * Football Manager 2018 (10 November 2017 for PC/Mac/Linux)
 * Football Manager 2019 (2 November 2018 for PC/Mac/Switch)
 * Football Manager 2020 (18 November 2019 for PC/Mac/Switch/Android/iOS/Stadia)
 * Football Manager 2021 (24 November 2020 for PC/macOS/iOS/Android/Xbox One/Xbox Series X/S/Nintendo Switch)
 * Football Manager 2022 (8 November 2021 for PC/macOS/iOS/Android/Xbox One/Xbox Series X/S/Nintendo Switch)
 * Football Manager 2023 (8 November 2022 for PC/macOS/iOS/Apple Arcade/Android/Xbox One/Xbox Series X/S/Nintendo Switch/PS5)
 * Football Manager 2024 (6 November 2023 for PC/macOS/iOS/Apple Arcade/Android/Xbox One/Xbox Series X/S/Nintendo Switch/PS5)
 * Eastside Hockey Manager
 * NHL Eastside Hockey Manager (2 July 2004)
 * NHL Eastside Hockey Manager 2005 (27 May 2005)
 * NHL Eastside Hockey Manager 2005 (North American version) (27 September 2005)
 * NHL Eastside Hockey Manager 2007 (22 September 2006)
 * NHL Eastside Hockey Manager 2015 (26 March 2015)
 * Out of the Park Baseball Manager
 * Out of the Park Baseball Manager 2006 (31 May 2006)
 * Out of the Park Baseball Manager 2007 (23 March 2007)

Accolades
The Collyers were appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2010 New Year Honours for services to the video game industry. Miles Jacobson was appointed an OBE the following year.

In 2021, Sports Interactive were won a 'Best Places to Work' Award at the GamesIndustry.Biz Best Places to Work Awards. They won the same accolade again in 2023.

In 2022, the studio won the MCV/Develop Legend Award at the 2022 MCV/Develop Awards.

In May 2024, the studio was nominated for both the Sustainability Star Award and Best Mobile Game at the Develop:Star Awards. At the event on July 10th, Sports Interactive received the Develop:Star Award award, the event's lifetime achievement gong, in recognition of three decades of achievement and wider contribution to the games industry.

title: Sports Interactive


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Dniester

The Dniester   is a transboundary river in Eastern Europe. It runs first through Ukraine and then through Moldova (from which it more or less separates the breakaway territory of Transnistria), finally discharging into the Black Sea on Ukrainian territory again.

Names
The name Dniester derives from Sarmatian dānu nazdya "the close river." (The Dnieper, also of Sarmatian origin, derives from the opposite meaning, "the river on the far side".) Alternatively, according to Vasily Abaev Dniester would be a blend of Scythian dānu "river" and Thracian Ister, the previous name of the river, literally Dān-Ister (River Ister). The Ancient Greek name of Dniester, Tyras (Τύρας), is from Scythian tūra, meaning "rapid."

The names of the Don and Danube are also from the same Indo-Iranian word *dānu "river". Classical authors have also referred to it as Danaster. These early forms, without -i- but with -a-, contradict Abaev's hypothesis. Edward Gibbon refers to the river both as the Niester and Dniester in his History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.

In Ukrainian, it is known as Дністе́р (translit. Dnister), and in Romanian as Nistru. In Russian, it is known as Днестр (translit. Dnestr), in Yiddish: Nester נעסטער; in Turkish, Turla; and in Lithuanian as Dniestras.

Geography
The Dniester rises in Ukraine, near the city of Drohobych, close to the border with Poland, and flows toward the Black Sea. Its course marks part of the border of Ukraine and Moldova, after which it flows through Moldova for 398 km, separating the main territory of Moldova from its breakaway region Transnistria. It later forms an additional part of the Moldova-Ukraine border, then flows through Ukraine to the Black Sea, where its estuary forms the Dniester Liman.

Along the lower half of the Dniester, the western bank is high and hilly while the eastern one is low and flat. The river represents the de facto end of the Eurasian Steppe. Its most important tributaries are Răut and Bîc.

History
During the Neolithic, the Dniester River was the centre of one of the most advanced civilizations on earth at the time. The Cucuteni–Trypillian culture flourished in this area from roughly 5300 to 2600 BC, leaving behind thousands of archeological sites. Their settlements had up to 15,000 inhabitants, making them among the first large farming communities in the world. In antiquity, the river was considered one of the principal rivers of European Sarmatia, and it was mentioned by many Classical geographers and historians. According to Herodotus (iv.51) it rose in a large lake, whilst Ptolemy (iii.5.17, 8.1 &c.) places its sources in Mount Carpates (the modern Carpathian Mountains), and Strabo (ii) says that they are unknown. It ran in an easterly direction parallel with the Ister (lower Danube), and formed part of the boundary between Dacia and Sarmatia. It fell into the Pontus Euxinus to the northeast of the mouth of the Ister, the distance between them being 900 stadia – approximately 130 mi – according to Strabo (vii.), while 130 mi (from the Pseudostoma) according to Pliny (iv. 12. s. 26). Scymnus (Fr. 51) describes it as of easy navigation, and abounding in fish. Ovid (ex Pont. iv.10.50) speaks of its rapid course.

Greek authors referred to the river as Tyras (ὁ Τύρας). At a later period it obtained the name of Danastris or Danastus, whence its modern name of Dniester (Niester), though the Turks still called it Turla during the 19th century. The form Τύρις is sometimes found.

According to Constantine VII, the Varangians used boats on their trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks, along Dniester and Dnieper and along the Black Sea shore. The navigation near the western shore of Black Sea contained stops at Aspron (at the mouth of Dniester), then Conopa, Constantia (localities today in Romania) and Messembria (today in Bulgaria).

From the 14th century to 1812, part of the Dniester formed the eastern boundary of the Principality of Moldavia.

Between the World Wars, the Dniester formed part of the boundary between Romania and the Soviet Union. In 1919, on Easter Sunday, the bridge was blown up by the French Army to protect Bender from the Bolsheviks. During World War II, German and Romanian forces battled Soviet troops on the western bank of the river.

After the Republic of Moldova declared its independence in 1991, the small area to the east of the Dniester that had been part of the Moldavian SSR refused to participate and declared itself the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, or Transnistria, with its capital at Tiraspol on the river.

In Moldova, the Dniester Day (Ziua Nistrului) is celebrated every year in the last Sunday of May.

Tributaries
From source to mouth, right tributaries, i.e. on the southwest side, are the Stryi (231 km), (107 km),  (122 km), Bystrytsia (101 km), Răut (283 km),  (101 km), Bîc (155 km), and Botna (152 km).

Left tributaries, on the northeast side, are the Strwiąż (94 km), Zubra, Hnyla Lypa (87 km), Zolota Lypa (140 km), (78 km), Strypa (147 km), Seret (250 km), Zbruch (245 km), Smotrych (169 km),  (122 km),  (107 km),  (93 km), Murafa (162 km),  (78 km),  (73 km), and Kuchurhan (123 km).

title: Dniester


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Seth Boyden

Seth Boyden (November 17, 1788 – March 31, 1870) was an American inventor. Boyden perfected the process for making patent leather, created malleable iron, invented a nail-making machine, and built his own steamboat. He is also credited with having invented a cut off switch for steam engines and a method for producing zinc from ore. At the time of his death, he told friends that he had, even at that time, enough experiments on hand to last two whole lifetimes.

Early life
He was born in Foxboro, Massachusetts, on November 17, 1788, the son of Seth Boyden and Susannah Atherton. His father was a farmer and blacksmith. His younger brother was Uriah A. Boyden. His maternal ancestors had resided in Lancaster, Massachusetts, having been pioneer settlers to the area. He is a direct descendant of James Atherton, who arrived in Dorchester, Massachusetts, in the 1630s. The Atherton family ancestry originated from Lancashire, England.

Career
He worked as a watchmaker and moved to Newark, New Jersey.

In 1818, Boyden received a piece of German manufactured high-gloss leather (said to be a German military cap front) from a local carriage manufacturer and used that to investigate the possibility of creating a version of leather in the United States that was treated in such a way that the material would be decidedly more dressy than work boots and similar leather goods, but retained its desirable qualities of protection and durability. To reverse engineer the European leather, Boyden set up a shed at the Malleable Cast Iron Foundry of Condit & Bowles at 25 Orange Street in Newark, New Jersey and ultimately discovered a way to produce his own patent leather. Using a formula that was based on a series of treatments using layers of linseed oil-based coats, the new shiny leather began commercial production on September 20, 1819. Boyden's efforts resulted in the production of glossy leather that quickly caught on as a complement for formal dress. Despite its name, Boyden never patented his process.

Boyden began his work with malleable iron in 1820, when he was 32 years old. From observing the behavior of iron that stuck to the walls of his grandfather's forge, he had developed a theory about the heat treatment of iron. He completed his research in 1826, and won an award ("Premium No. 4") from the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia two years later, who noted that Boyden's annealed cast iron specimen No. 363, containing an assortment of buckles, bits, and other castings, were "remarkable for their smoothness and malleability" and "the first attempt in this country to anneal cast iron for general purposes." This invention, now called blackheart iron, is one of the most important contributions to metallurgy by an American.

Several sources state that Boyden "made the first American daguerreotype" and this statement appears on a plaque at the base of a Boyden statue in Newark's Washington Park. While it has long been accepted that D.W. Seager of New York City produced the first daguerreotype in America, it is unclear which other Americans may have been experimenting with the process prior to a public display of Seager's daguerreotypes in the Summer of 1839. A daguerrean camera built by Boyden still exists in the collection of the Newark Museum.

Boyden rarely patented his inventions, preferring instead to take individual contracts and to build and sell off businesses. He did make large sums from this, but not enough to support his research and to provide for his old age. During the last 15 years of his life, Boyden lived in near-poverty in Hilton, New Jersey (now Maplewood, New Jersey) and developed a hybrid strawberry known as the Hilton strawberry.

Honors
Seth Boyden's name is found on an elementary school in Maplewood, New Jersey, and a complex of public housing projects in Newark, New Jersey. (See Seth Boyden housing projects).

Additionally, a statue of Boyden stands in Newark's Washington Park. This statue is the first one raised in the United States which honored an engineer.

title: Seth Boyden


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Thomas Talfourd

Sir Thomas Noon Talfourd SL (26 May 1795 – 13 March 1854) was an English judge, Radical politician  and author.

Early life
The son of a well-to-do brewer, Talfourd was born in Reading, Berkshire. He received his education at Hendon and Reading School. At the age of 18, he was sent to London to study law under Joseph Chitty, a special pleader. Early in 1821, he joined the Oxford circuit, having been Called to the Bar at Middle Temple earlier in the year. Fourteen years later, he was created a serjeant-at-law and led the court with William Fry Channell until 1846, when serjeants lost their monopoly of audience. In 1849 he succeeded Thomas Coltman as judge of the Court of Common Pleas.

In politics
At the general election in 1835 he was elected MP for the Parliamentary Borough of Reading as a Radical, a result repeated in the general election of 1837. He chose not to stand in the general election of 1841, but stood again in the general election of 1847 and was elected. In the House of Commons, Talfourd introduced a copyright bill in 1837, but the dissolution of Parliament in 1837 following the death of William IV meant that it had to be reintroduced in the new Parliament in 1838. By that time, the bill was met with strong opposition. Talfourd re-introduced it again in 1839, 1840 and 1841. It finally became law in 1842, albeit in modified form, and at a time when Talfourd was not in Parliament. Charles Dickens dedicated The Pickwick Papers to Talfourd.

Literary work
In his early years in London, Talfourd was dependent in great measure on his literary contributions. He was then on the staff of The London Magazine, and was an occasional contributor to the Edinburgh Review and Quarterly Review, The New Monthly Magazine, and other periodicals; on joining the Oxford circuit, he acted as law reporter to The Times. His legal writings on literary matters are excellent expositions, animated by a lucid and telling, if not highly polished, style. Among the best of these are his article On the Principle of Advocacy in the Practice of the Bar (in the Law Magazine, January 1846); his Proposed New Law of Copyright of the Highest Importance to Authors (1838); Three Speeches delivered in the House of Commons in Favour of an Extension of Copyright (1840); and Speech for the Defendant in the Prosecution, the Queen v. Moxon, for the Publication of Shelley's Poetical Works (1841), a celebrated defence of Edward Moxon.

Talfourd's tragedy Ion was privately printed in 1835 and produced the following year at Covent Garden theatre. It was also well received in America, and was revived at Sadler's Wells Theatre in December 1861. His dramatic poem turns on the voluntary sacrifice of Ion, king of Argos, in response to the Delphic oracle, which had declared that only with the extinction of the reigning family could the prevailing pestilence incurred by the deeds of that family be removed.

Two years later, at the Haymarket Theatre, The Athenian Captive was acted with moderate success. In 1839 Glencoe, was privately printed, and in 1840 it was produced at the Haymarket. The Castilian (1853) did not excite much interest.

Talfourd also wrote:

 * "History of Greek Literature", in the Encyclopædia Metropolitana
 * The Letters of Charles Lamb, with a Sketch of his Life (1837)
 * Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841)
 * Vacation Rambles and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental tours in the vacations of 1841, 1842, and 1843 (2 vols., 1844)
 * Final Memorials of Charles Lamb (1849–50)

Family
Talfourd married Rachel, daughter of the English political activist and social reformer John Towill Rutt. The barrister and dramatist Francis ("Frank") Talfourd was their eldest son.

Death

Talfourd died in 1854 in Stafford, after an apoplectic seizure in court while addressing the jury from his judge's seat at the town's Shire Hall, where he is commemorated by a bust, sculpted by John Graham Lough.

Dickens was amongst the mourners at Talfourd's funeral at West Norwood Cemetery. Talfourd Avenue, a residential street in Reading, is named after him.

title: Thomas Talfourd


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3rd Carpathian Rifle Division (Poland)

The 3rd Carpathian Rifle Division (3 Dywizja Strzelców Karpackich, sometimes translated as 3rd Carpathian Infantry Division), also commonly known as Christmas Tree Division due to the characteristic emblem of a cedar of Lebanon superimposed upon the Polish flag, was an infantry division of the Polish Armed Forces in the West that fought during World War II on the Italian Front. It was formed in 1942 of the Polish Independent Carpathian Brigade and of forces of Lieutenant General Władysław Anders' Polish 2nd Corps evacuated from the Soviet Union. The division participated in the North African and the Italian Campaigns (1941–1945) as part of the British Eighth Army. The division fought in some of the most difficult battles during the Italian campaigns of 1943-1944 and distinguished itself in numerous actions most notably the Battle of Monte Cassino, the dash for Ancona and Bologna.

The Immediate Post War Period
After the cessation of hostilities in May 1945, the men and women of the Polish Armed forces were stationed across Europe. The 3rd Carpathian Division ended the war in Northern Italy and remained there for the next few months while their future was discussed in Moscow, London and Washington. The Divisional officers and troops naturally expected and hoped to return home to Poland however an ominous sign came in July 1945 when the British government withdrew formal recognition of The Polish Government in Exile - based in London as they had been since 1939. This was a portent of things to come and, soon after, the British government recognised the Russian backed government recently installed in Poland and the fate of the Polish nation was sealed. To add insult to injury and, after significant pressure from Stalin, Polish forces were refused permission to participate in the Victory Parade in London held on June 8, 1946 - an insult never forgotten by the men, women and families of the Polish forces. Yalta had already seen considerable swathes of Polish lands ceded to Russia by Churchill, but the British government also had to untangle the problem of what to do with the thousands of Poles already in Great Britain and also the fully armed Divisions in the now West Germany and Italy. In total over 220,000 Poles remained under British command. Should they be forcibly repatriated, it was clear that Stalin and his NKVD would execute many and send even more to Siberia in order to prevent the reformation of opposition to Communist rule in Poland. Members of the 3rd Carpathian Division hoped that a Third World War would result in which case they would return to Poland to fight the Russian occupiers.

According to the Polish Exiles of World War Two website and recent research, the 3rd Carpathian Division is listed as having 27,135 on roll in 1946 and of these 3,386 are also listed as having returned home to Poland after the war with the remaining men and women deciding to start new lives outside their homeland.

The Polish Resettlement Corps (PRC)
Once it became clear that Poland had lost its independence, members of the Polish armed forces began to either return to Communist Poland or stay with their units. The formation of the Polish Resettlement Corps was announced by the Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin in May 1946 and was a strategy to allow those Poles, who had made the heart rending decision not to return to their families, to transfer to Great Britain to start a new life. 110,000 joined the new Corps - mostly members of Polish II Corps - and, having been disarmed, a mass transportation from Italy to Great Britain began using dozens of troop transport ships. The remaining officers, men and women of the 3rd Carpathian Division were divided up into the 160 resettlement camps opened across the United Kingdom. The Corps was commanded by Polish General Stanislaw Kopanski - the former commander of the 3rd Carpathian Division in 1943.

The Polish Resettlement Act & The Resettlement of the Division
The new Labour government went on to pass the 1947 Polish Resettlement Act which established in law the right of serving members of all Polish forces to stay and become British citizens. The Polish Resettlement Camps become 160 mini Polish nations. Polish schools were established to teach English to adults and children alike, Sports were arranged, Polish cultural life celebrated, gardens were planted and facilities rep[aired. The advance parties arrived in the autumn of 1946 and during early 1947 the main elements of the division arrived at Brandon Station, Brandon, Suffolk for transportation to their camps. The 3rd Carpathian Division was distributed between numerous camps such as Riddlesworth in Norfolk which became home to 3rd Heavy Machine Gun Bn (3rd Karp. CKM), Hodgemoor Camp in Berkshire (Kw.Gl 3rd DSK), Woodlands Park Camp, Great Missenden, Buckinghamshire which became the new home of a sapper battalion from the 3rd Carpathian Division and London Road Camp in Brandon which was also home to another engineer battalion from the division. On arrival, the camps were a mixture of well maintained and almost derelict having been used for British and American troops during the war and even German prisoner of war camps.

In recent years a great deal of archival research has been completed and a book published by Zosia Bigus on the entire list of Polish Resettlement Camps.

Memorials to the Division
In Italy and close to Monte Cassino, 1,300 meters north east of the Polish Cemetery, is the 3rd Carpathian Division memorial. Situated on Hill 593, this high obelisk is made of Travertine and is dedicated to the 1,115 men of the 3rd DSK who were killed in the Italian campaign. It has recently been fully restored. In the UK, local groups or the families of Polish troops once based there have now erected memorials recording the people who arrived there after World War Two, their sacrifice and dedication to their homeland and to the country that gave them a new home. Examples can be found at Hodgemoor in Buckinghamshire and Brandon and Riddlesworth Camps in Norfolk. The challenges for this first generation of Polish people of adjusting to post war life in a new country and a new language were considerable but many of the Polish families or families with roots to a Polish name can trace their origins back to these events and to this division in 1946 and 1947.

Commanders

 * General Stanislaw Kopanski.jpgsław Kopański (1943)
 * Cc947675ce0ac0c98617f27425843c35 XL.jpgsław Duch (1944–1945)

Order of battle
The division's order of battle between 1943 and 1946 was as follows:

title: 3rd Carpathian Rifle Division (Poland)


text:
Patent leather

Patent leather is a type of coated leather that has a high-gloss finish.

History

In general, patent leather is a fine grain leather that is treated to give it a glossy appearance. An early reference to patent leather is in the 1793 British periodical The Bee, or Literary Weekly Intelligencer, which notes, in an article entitled "Hand's patent leather", that "a gentleman of the name of Hand" in Birmingham, England, obtained a patent for preparing flexible leather having a glaze and polish that renders it impervious to water and need only be wiped with a sponge to restore it to its original luster. In November 1799, inventor Edmund Prior, of Holborn, London, England, received a patent for a method of painting and colouring all kinds of leather; and, in January 1805, inventor Charles Mollersten, of Hackney Wick, received a patent for applying a chemical composition in the preparation of hides, skins, and leather to give "a beautiful gloss". However, patent leather primarily owes its popularity to Seth Boyden.

The coating process was introduced to the United States and improved by inventor Seth Boyden, of Newark, New Jersey, in 1818, with commercial manufacture beginning September 20, 1819. Boyden's process, which he did not patent, used a lacquer coating that was based on linseed oil. Modern patent leather usually has a plastic coating. In 1818, Boyden received a piece of German-made patent leather, said to be a German military cap front, from a local carriage manufacturer and used that to investigate the possibility of creating a version of leather in the United States that was treated in such a way that the material would be decidedly more dressy than work boots and similar leather goods, but retain its desirable qualities of protection and durability. Reverse engineering the European patent leather, he discovered a way to produce his own patent leather. Using a series of coating treatments based on linseed oil, the new shiny leather began commercial production on September 20, 1819. Boyden's efforts resulted in the production of glossy leather that quickly caught on as a complement for formal dress. Boyden never patented his inventive process.

A subsequent European method of manufacture was described in 1906 as follows:"In the preparation of enamelled leather, a foundation coat of lampblack mixed with linseed oil has been laid on the flesh side, since the infancy of the industry in Europe. Successive coats of this mixture are applied, the skin being allowed to dry and the surface ground down with pumice-stone after each coat. Then the skins are blackened again with a fluid black mixed with turpentine, and hung up to dry again. After the skins have been allowed to settle, being laid in a pile for about a month, or longer if possible, the leather is tacked onto a frame and receives a brush coat of varnish. A baking follows in an oven of moderate heat. The temperature is gradually raised and the baking continued three days. Exposure to the sun for ten hours completes the process. Recently American manufacturers have been making patent leather from chrome-tanned skins. The product is quite different, as is also the process employed. The leather is softer, more flexible, and takes a less brilliant polish than that made from bark-tanned leather, but it is much less likely to crack and is more suitable for shoes than the brittle and inflexible leather made by the older process."

Later, the substitution of plastics such as Parkesine in lieu of treatments with linseed oil allowed patent leather to be produced more cheaply. Eventually, synthetic resins further simplified the process and cut production costs even further, making mass production of patent leather possible.

In the British fashion trends of the 1960s, shoes, boots, and handbags were often made of patent leather or vinyl. Patent shoes were available in black, yellow, green, orange, hot pink, white, blue and red. Modern patent leather is typically made with a plastic or synthetic coating, resulting in an even glossier and more durable finish. This has also allowed for more versatility in the colors and patterns available, extending the range of applications for this luxurious material.

Product
Characterized by a glass-like finish that catches the light, patent leather comes in all colors just like regular leather. In addition to the mirror-like finish, patent leather is also virtually waterproof, while still retaining a very flexible texture. The visual aspects of patent leather have made it a sought-after material for formal accessories.

Patent leather is sometimes confused with artificial leathers such as DuPont's Corfam and Kuraray's Clarino, which are artificial materials with a similar glossy appearance.

Patent leather and poromerics are cleaned in a similar way. Dirt adhering to the coating can be removed with a damp cloth, using a mild soap if needed. Minor scratches and scuff marks in the coating can be removed using one of several special-purpose patent leather and poromeric cleaners on the market. With wear and tear, patent leather will eventually lose its glossy finish, but will still be smoother than most other types of leather, looking almost rubbery.

Lighter color patent leather is prone to color migration. When a patent item is stored next to a colored item, the dye from the colored item can migrate into the patent leather. Storing patent leather items in a white dust bag will help prevent this.

Patent leather and poromerics are used in applications where an eye-catching glossy appearance is the most important consideration. Examples include fashion items such as wallets and handbags, dance and uniform shoes, thigh-high boots and professional wrestling boots, belts and trench coats. In recent years patent leather has become a popular material for limited-edition sneakers.

title: Patent leather


text:
Joseph William Chitty

Sir Joseph William Chitty (28 May 1828 – 15 February 1899) was an English cricketer, rower, judge and Liberal politician.

Early life
Chitty was born in London, the second son of Thomas Chitty (himself son and brother of well-known lawyers), a celebrated special pleader and writer of legal textbooks, under whose teaching many distinguished lawyers began their legal education. Joseph Chitty was educated at Eton College and Balliol College, Oxford, gaining a first-class in Literae Humaniores in 1851, and being afterwards elected to a fellowship at Exeter College.

Sporting distinctions
Chitty was an all round sportsman with distinctions during his school and college career in athletics. He was a cricket wicket-keeper and played in the Eton v Harrow match in four years, captaining Eton in 1847. He also kept wicket for Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1846 and 1847. He played for Oxford University in 1848 and 1849, partaking in the Varsity match each year. Oxford won in 1848, but lost in 1849. In cricket, he played 12 innings in 7 first-class matches with an average of 15.66 and a top score of 20. He took 6 catches and stumped three times.

Chitty rowed in the Oxford University crew in both the Boat Races that were run in 1849, the March race and the December race, each university winning once. He rowed in the Oxford University eight that won the Grand Challenge Cup at Henley Royal Regatta in 1850 when there was no Boat Race on the Tideway. He also rowed in the Oxford coxed four that won the Stewards' Challenge Cup at Henley and in the same year he won the Silver Goblets, the first year the coxless pair event was run under that name. His partner was James John Hornby and they beat Thomas Howard Fellows and C L Vaughan in the final.

He repeated his success in the Grand Challenge Cup, and in the Silver Goblets in 1851 partnering James Aitken in the latter to beat John Erskine Clarke and C L Vaughan in the final. In 1852, he stroked the winning Oxford crew in the 1852 Boat Race. In 1853 he was in the Oxford four that won Stewards again and was playing cricket for I Zingari. For many years Chitty umpired the Boat Race.

In 1873 Chitty responded to Dr J Morgan, who was investigating the health effects of rowing.

"'In answer to your questions, I may state that during my residence at Oxford I rowed in the University Eight against Cambridge three times at Putney, and once at Henley. I also rowed in the University Four, and in Pair-Oar Races at Oxford, Henley and the Thames Regatta. My own personal experience extends over a period of about five years, during a great part of which I was rowing in races. I am not aware that I have in any way suffered in health, either from the training or the rowing; on the contrary, my belief is that I derived from them great benefit physically.'"

Legal and political career
Chitty entered Lincoln's Inn in 1851, was called to the bar in 1856, and made a Queen's Counsel in 1874, electing to practise as such in the court of Sir George Jessel, Master of the Rolls.

In 1880, he entered the House of Commons as member for the city of Oxford. His parliamentary career was short, for in 1881 the Judicature Act required that the Master of the Rolls should cease to sit regularly as a judge of first instance, and Chitty was selected to fill the vacancy thus created in the Chancery Division.

Sir Joseph Chitty was for sixteen years a popular judge, in the best meaning of the phrase, being noted for his courtesy, geniality, patience and scrupulous fairness, as well as for his legal attainments, and being much respected and liked by those practising before him, in spite of a habit of interrupting counsel, possibly acquired through the example of Sir George Jessel.

In 1897, upon the retirement of Sir Edward Kay, L.J., he was promoted to the Court of Appeal. There he added to his reputation as a lawyer and a judge, proving that he possessed considerable knowledge of the common law as well as of equity.

Personal life
In 1858, he married Clara Jessie, daughter of Chief Baron Pollock, leaving children who could claim descent from two of the best-known English legal families of the 19th century.

Grandchildren included Letitia Chitty (1897 – 1982) a structural analytical engineer who became the first female fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society.

Cases

 * Sumpter v Hedges
 * Cann v Willson (1888) 39 Ch D 39

title: Joseph William Chitty


text:
Marie Huber

Marie Huber (4 March 1695 – 13 June 1753) was a Genevan writer on theology and related subjects, as well as a translator and editor, at a time when it was rare for a female writer to write about theology.

Huber was a proponent of universalism, and was considered by some a deist. Her Letters Concerning the Religion Essential to Man (1761) are known to have been read, in translation, by Robert Burns.

She was one of 15 children, and was the great-aunt of François Huber, the naturalist.

Works

 * Écrit sur le Jeu et les plaisirs (original work lost, summarised by Gustave Metzger in Marie Huber), 1722
 * Le Monde fou préféré au monde sage, en vingt-quatre promenades de trois amis, Criton philosophe, Philon avocat, Eraste négociant (Amsterdam/Geneva, J. Wetsteins et W. Smith/Fabri et Barrillot, 1731)
 * Sentimens differens de quelques théologiens sur l'état des âmes séparées des corps en quatorze lettres (1731)
 * Le Monde fou préféré au monde sage, en vingt-quatre promenades de trois amis, Criton philosophe, Philon avocat, Eraste négociant, nouvelle édition, augmentée de deux lettres (Amsterdam/Geneva, Wetsteins et Smith/Fabri et Barrillot, 1733)
 * Le Sisteme des anciens et des modernes, concilié par l'exposition des sentimens differens de quelques théologiens sur l'état des âmes séparées des corps. En quatorze lettres, nouvelle édition, augmentée par des notes & quelques pièces nouvelles (Amsterdam/Geneva, Wetsteins et Smith/Fabri et Barrillot, 1733)
 * Le Sisteme des anciens et des modernes, concilié par l'exposition des sentimens differens de quelques théologiens sur l'état des âmes séparées des corps. En quatorze lettres et Suite de ce livre servant de réponse à l'examen de l'origénisme (Amsterdam, 1733)
 * Lettres sur la religion essentielle à l'homme, distinguée de ce qui n'en est que l'accessoire (Amsterdam, J. Wetsteins et W. Smith, 1738)
 * Le sisteme des théologiens anciens et modernes, concilié par l'exposition des differens sentimens sur l'état des âmes séparées des corps. En quatorze lettres. (London, 1739)
 * Lettres sur la religion essentielle à l'homme, distinguée de ce qui n'en est que l'accessoire (London/Lausanne, 1739)
 * Le Monde fou préféré au monde sage, en vingt-six promenades de trois amis, Criton philosophe. Philon avocat. Eraste négociant, (London and Geneva, Barrillot et fils, 1744)
 * Recueil de diverses pièces servant de supplément aux lettres sur la religion essentielle à l'homme (Berlin, E. de Bourdeaux, 1754)
 * Lettres sur la religion essentielle à l'homme, distinguée de ce qui n'en est que l'accessoire (London, 1756)
 * Le Sisteme des anciens et des modernes... (Suite..., servant de réponse au livre intitulé, Examen de l'Origenisme par... R. Sur le poinct d'honneur mal entendu des écrivains en deux lettres) (London, 1757)

title: Marie Huber


text:
Cathach of St. Columba

The Cathach of St. Columba, known as the Cathach (meaning "the Battler"), is a late 6th century Insular psalter. It is the oldest surviving manuscript in Ireland, and the second oldest Latin psalter in the world.

Its cumdach (a type of ornamented metal reliquary box or carrying case for holy books) dates to the late 11th century, and was refurbished in the 14th and 16th centuries. The shrine belonged to the Chiefs of Clan Ó Domhnaill, the Lords of Tír Chonaill, as a rallying cry and protector in battle.

The Cathach was taken to the continent in 1691 following the Treaty of Limerick, and did not return to Ireland until 1813. That year the cumdach was reopened, leading to the rediscovery of the manuscript. It was by then in very poor condition, but underwent a major restoration in 1982 when the extant pages were rebound and remounted on vellum leaves. However the Cathach remains badly damaged, with just 58 vellum leaves surviving from an original 110.

Today the manuscript (RIA MS 12 R 33) is in the Royal Irish Academy in Dublin and the cumdach is in the archaeology branch of the National Museum of Ireland.

History
An Cathach was used as a rallying cry and protector in battle. It was said to protect and guarantee victory in war to the Donegal leaders. Before a battle it was customary for a chosen monk or holy man (usually attached to the Clan McGroarty, and someone who was in a state of grace) to wear the Cathach and the cumdach, or book shrine, around his neck and then walk three times sunwise around the warriors of Clan O'Donnell.

As de facto Chief of the Name of Clan O'Donnell, the manuscript was inherited by Brigadier-General Daniel O'Donnell (1666–1735), and was regarded by him, in accordance with its traditional history, as a talisman of victory if carried into battle by any of the Cinel Conaill. He first served King James II during the Williamite War in Ireland and then, following the Treaty of Limerick, General O'Donnell went into exile in France and served King Louis XIV as an officer in the Irish Brigade. He placed the Cathach in a silver case and deposited it for safety in a Belgian monastery, leaving instructions in his will that it was to be given up to whoever could prove himself Chief of Clan O'Donnell. Through an Irish abbot it was restored to Sir Neale O'Donnell, 2nd Baronet, of Newport House, County Mayo, in 1802. His son, Sir Richard Annesley, entrusted the relic to the Royal Irish Academy in 1842. The leaves were stuck together until separated at the British Museum in 1920; the manuscript was further restored in 1980–81.

Manuscript
The manuscript consists of a Gallican version of the Vulgate version of Psalm 30:13 to 105:13, and is traditionally assumed to have been written by St. Columba (Colum Cille, d. 597). It is dated to 560–600, measures 27 cm x 19, and at present consists of 58 folios; the complete manuscript would have contained around 110 folios.

Decoration is limited to the initial letter of each Psalm. Each initial is created from a thick black line that is larger than the main text and decorated with trumpet, spiral and guilloche patterns. They are often outlined with orange dots, and have areas of the lettering coloured white, madder, pink and orange tinges. The art historian Françoise Henry described the initial as "an essential landmark in the history of insular illumination", and speculated that the now lost front page "would have been invaluable for our knowledge of Irish illumination".

The initials are followed by a series of letters that gradually diminish in size before merging with the main text.

Irish manuscripts were typically written in localized scripts. The Cathach written for the most part by a single scribe who used a book hand of round lettering and strong Latin or wedge-serifs on the upright strokes. According to the historian and calligraphier Timothy O'Neill, the scribe employed an edged rather than pointed quill, which he held at a flat angle "to produce thick downstrokes and thin horizontals".

Cumdach (book shrine)

The specially made cumdach (book shrine) comprises an oblong, hinged wooden box covered with decorative bronze and gilt-silver plates, with mounts holding glass and crystal settings. Prior to this the manuscript would likely have been kept in a type of protective leather satchel known as a "tiag", similar that made for the 9th century Breac Maodhóg.

The shrine underwent three main phases of construction. The initial work was completed between 1062 and 1098 at Kells, County Meath while the manuscript was in the possession of the O'Donnells and was their chief relic. A new main face in gilt repoussé was added between 1350 and 1375 with a large seated Christ in Majesty flanked on the right by a Crucifixion scene, and by a saint (likely Columba) on the left. Further embellishments and repair works were carried out in the 16th century, and again in 1723 while it under the care of Daniel O'Donel while he was in Paris.

The cumdach has been in continuous use since its earliest construction, including by its hereditary keepers, the Magroarty family, of Ballymagrorty, County Donegal, one of whom was killed in 1497 when the shrine was captured. It is today in the collection of the National Museum of Ireland.

Side panels

The long and short side panels contain inserts and mounts of different phases. The long sides mostly consist of contain traditional animal ornaments and abstract designs. The dominant mounts on the short sides contain more sophisticated patterns influenced by the Ringerike style of Viking art.

Inscriptions
The shrine contains a number of inscriptions, although the lettering is badly damaged in places, the wording contains misspellings and contractions, and they were modified or added to at later dates. Written in Irish and placed clockwise along the borders of the reverse of back of the shrine (beginning at top-left), they are signed by its goldsmith, Sitric Mc Meic Aeda (Sitric, son of Meic Aeda), who records that he built the shrine under the instruction of Domnall Mac Robartaigh (an abbot at Kells who had retired before his death in 1094, but is described in the inscription as "successor of Kells”), who in turn was under the commission and payment of Cathbarr Ua Domnaill.

The full inscription has been translates as:
 * "A prayer for Cathbarr Ua Domnaill who had this shrine made
 * and for Sitric son of Mac Aeda who made [it]
 * and for Domnall Mac Robartaig, coarb of Kells, by whom it was made".

Nothing is known of Sitric outside of a record that his father worked as a craftsman at Kells. Given the number of misspellings and lack of consistency in the script, it has been suggested that Sitric was illiterate and was simply transcribed a script given to him.

title: Cathach of St. Columba


text:
Dexbrompheniramine/pseudoephedrine

Dexbrompheniramine/pseudoephedrine (trade name Drixoral) is a combination medication that contains the antihistamine dexbrompheniramine maleate and the decongestant pseudoephedrine sulfate. It was used to treat symptoms associated with allergies and colds such as itchy and watery eyes, runny nose, nasal and sinus congestion, and sneezing. Because it contains pseudoephedrine, its purchase in the United States was severely restricted by the Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005 over fears that any product containing pseudoephedrine can be used to make methamphetamine.

Availability
As of 2008, Drixoral was removed from the US market by manufacturer Merck. The company's updated website attributes "changing [their] manufacturing location" for the supply disruption and currently states "it is unlikely product will be available in 2010". However, the trade name Drixoral is now used in Canada for an oxymetazoline hydrochloride nasal spray.

Commercials
Drixoral was a very popular cold relief medicine advertised on U.S. television in the 1980s. Many of their commercials were narrated by the late Burgess Meredith.

title: Dexbrompheniramine/pseudoephedrine