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Superluminal motion

In astronomy, superluminal motion is the apparently faster-than-light motion seen in some radio galaxies, BL Lac objects, quasars, blazars and recently also in some galactic sources called microquasars. Bursts of energy moving out along the relativistic jets emitted from these objects can have a proper motion that appears greater than the speed of light. All of these sources are thought to contain a black hole, responsible for the ejection of mass at high velocities. Light echoes can also produce apparent superluminal motion.

Explanation
Superluminal motion occurs as a special case of a more general phenomenon arising from the difference between the apparent speed of distant objects moving across the sky and their actual speed as measured at the source.

In tracking the movement of such objects across the sky, a naive calculation of their speed can be derived by a simple distance divided by time calculation. If the distance of the object from the Earth is known, the angular speed of the object can be measured, and the speed can be naively calculated via:

This calculation does not yield the actual speed of the object, as it fails to account for the fact that the speed of light is finite. When measuring the movement of distant objects across the sky, there is a large time delay between what has been observed and what has occurred, due to the large distance the light from the distant object has to travel to reach us. The error in the above naive calculation comes from the fact that when an object has a component of velocity directed towards the Earth, as the object moves closer to the Earth that time delay becomes smaller. This means that the apparent speed as calculated above is greater than the actual speed. Correspondingly, if the object is moving away from the Earth, the above calculation underestimates the actual speed.

This effect in itself does not generally lead to superluminal motion being observed. But when the actual speed of the object is close to the speed of light, the apparent speed can be observed as greater than the speed of light, as a result of the above effect. As the actual speed of the object approaches the speed of light, the effect is most pronounced as the component of the velocity towards the Earth increases. This means that in most cases, 'superluminal' objects are travelling almost directly towards the Earth. However it is not strictly necessary for this to be the case, and superluminal motion can still be observed in objects with appreciable velocities not directed towards the Earth.

Superluminal motion is most often observed in two opposing jets emanating from the core of a star or black hole. In this case, one jet is moving away from and one towards the Earth. If Doppler shifts are observed in both sources, the velocity and the distance can be determined independently of other observations.

Some contrary evidence
As early as 1983, at the "superluminal workshop" held at Jodrell Bank Observatory, referring to the seven then-known superluminal jets,

"Schilizzi ... presented maps of arc-second resolution [showing the large-scale outer jets] ... which ... have revealed outer double structure in all but one (3C 273) of the known superluminal sources. An embarrassment is that the average projected size [on the sky] of the outer structure is no smaller than that of the normal radio-source population."

In other words, the jets are evidently not, on average, close to the Earth's line-of-sight. (Their apparent length would appear much shorter if they were.)

In 1993, Thomson et al. suggested that the (outer) jet of the quasar 3C 273 is nearly collinear to the Earth's line-of-sight. Superluminal motion of up to ~9.6c has been observed along the (inner) jet of this quasar.

Superluminal motion of up to 6c has been observed in the inner parts of the jet of M87. To explain this in terms of the "narrow-angle" model, the jet must be no more than 19° from the Earth's line-of-sight. But evidence suggests that the jet is in fact at about 43° to the Earth's line-of-sight. The same group of scientists later revised that finding and argue in favour of a superluminal bulk movement in which the jet is embedded.

Suggestions of turbulence and/or "wide cones" in the inner parts of the jets have been put forward to try to counter such problems, and there seems to be some evidence for this.

Signal velocity
The model identifies a difference between the information carried by the wave at its signal velocity c, and the information about the wave front's apparent rate of change of position. If a light pulse is envisaged in a wave guide (glass tube) moving across an observer's field of view, the pulse can only move at c through the guide. If that pulse is also directed towards the observer, he will receive that wave information, at c. If the wave guide is moved in the same direction as the pulse, the information on its position, passed to the observer as lateral emissions from the pulse, changes. He may see the rate of change of position as apparently representing motion faster than c when calculated, like the edge of a shadow across a curved surface. This is a different signal, containing different information, to the pulse and does not break the second postulate of special relativity. c is strictly maintained in all local fields.

Derivation of the apparent velocity
A relativistic jet coming out of the center of an active galactic nucleus is moving along AB with a velocity v, and is observed from the point O. At time $$t_1$$ a light ray leaves the jet from point A and another ray leaves at time $$t_2=t_1+\delta t $$ from point B. An observer at O receives the rays at time $$t_1^\prime$$ and $$t_2^\prime$$ respectively. The angle $$\phi$$ is small enough that the two distances marked $$D_L$$ can be considered equal.
 * $$AB = v \, \delta t$$
 * $$AC = v \, \delta t \cos\theta$$
 * $$BC = v \, \delta t \sin\theta$$
 * $$t_2-t_1 = \delta t$$

 * $$t_1' = t_1 + \frac{D_L + v \, \delta t \cos\theta}{c}$$
 * $$t_2' = t_2 + \frac{D_L}{c}$$

 * $$\delta t' = t_2' - t_1' = t_2 - t_1 - \frac{v \, \delta t \cos\theta}{c} = \delta t - \frac{v \, \delta t \cos\theta}{c} = \delta t (1-\beta \cos\theta)$$, where $$\beta=v/c$$

 * $$\delta t = \frac{\delta t'}{1-\beta\cos\theta}$$

 * $$BC = D_L\sin\phi \approx \phi D_L = v \, \delta t \sin\theta \Rightarrow \phi D_L = v\sin\theta\frac{\delta t'}{1-\beta\cos\theta}$$

Apparent transverse velocity along $$CB$$, $$v_\text{T} = \frac{\phi D_L}{\delta t'}=\frac{v\sin\theta}{1-\beta\cos\theta}$$

 * $$\beta_\text{T} = \frac{v_\text{T}}{c} = \frac{\beta\sin\theta}{1-\beta\cos\theta}.$$

The apparent transverse velocity is maximal for angle ($$0 <\beta < 1$$ is used)

 * $$\frac{\partial\beta_\text{T}}{\partial\theta} = \frac{\partial}{\partial\theta} \left[\frac{\beta\sin\theta}{1-\beta\cos\theta}\right] = \frac{\beta\cos\theta}{1-\beta\cos\theta} - \frac{(\beta\sin\theta)^2}{(1-\beta\cos\theta)^2} = 0$$

 * $$\Rightarrow \beta\cos\theta(1-\beta\cos\theta)^2 = (1 - \beta\cos\theta) (\beta\sin\theta)^2$$

 * $$\Rightarrow \beta\cos\theta (1-\beta\cos\theta) = (\beta\sin\theta)^2 \Rightarrow \beta\cos\theta - \beta^2\cos^2\theta = \beta^2\sin^2\theta \Rightarrow \cos\theta_\text{max} = \beta$$

 * $$\Rightarrow \sin\theta_\text{max} = \sqrt{1-\cos^2\theta_\text{max}} = \sqrt{1-\beta^2} = \frac{1}{\gamma}\,$$, where $$\gamma=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\beta^2}}$$

 * $$\therefore \beta_\text{T}^\text{max} = \frac{\beta\sin\theta_\text{max}}{1-\beta\cos\theta_\text{max}} = \frac{\beta/\gamma}{1-\beta^2} = \beta\gamma$$

If $$\gamma \gg 1$$ (i.e. when velocity of jet is close to the velocity of light) then $$\beta_\text{T}^\text{max} > 1$$ despite the fact that $$\beta < 1$$. And of course $$\beta_\text{T} > 1$$ means that the apparent transverse velocity along $$CB$$, the only velocity on the sky that can be measured, is larger than the velocity of light in vacuum, i.e. the motion is apparently superluminal.

History
The apparent superluminal motion in the faint nebula surrounding Nova Persei was first observed in 1901 by Charles Dillon Perrine. “Mr. Perrine’s photograph of November 7th and 8th, 1901, secured with the Crossley Reflector, led to the remarkable discovery that the masses of nebulosity were apparently in motion, with a speed perhaps several hundred times as great as hitherto observed.” “Using the 36-in. telescope (Crossley), he discovered the apparent superluminal motion of the expanding light bubble around Nova Persei (1901). Thought to be a nebula, the visual appearance was actually caused by light from the nova event reflected from the surrounding interstellar medium as the light moved outward from the star. Perrine studied this phenomenon using photographic, spectroscopic, and polarization techniques.”

Superluminal motion was first observed in 1902 by Jacobus Kapteyn in the ejecta of the nova GK Persei, which had exploded in 1901. His discovery was published in the German journal Astronomische Nachrichten, and received little attention from English-speaking astronomers until many decades later.

In 1966, Martin Rees pointed out that "an object moving relativistically in suitable directions may appear to a distant observer to have a transverse velocity much greater than the velocity of light". In 1969 and 1970 such sources were found as very distant astronomical radio sources, such as radio galaxies and quasars, and were called superluminal sources. The discovery was the result of a new technique called Very Long Baseline Interferometry, which allowed astronomers to set limits to the angular size of components and to determine positions to better than milli-arcseconds, and in particular to determine the change in positions on the sky, called proper motions, in a timespan of typically years. The apparent velocity is obtained by multiplying the observed proper motion by the distance, which could be up to 6 times the speed of light.

In the introduction to a workshop on superluminal radio sources, Pearson and Zensus reported

"The first indications of changes in the structure of some sources were obtained by an American-Australian team in a series of transpacific VLBI observations between 1968 and 1970 (Gubbay et al. 1969). Following the early experiments, they had realised the potential of the NASA tracking antennas for VLBI measurements and set up an interferometer operating between California and Australia. The change in the source visibility that they measured for 3C 279, combined with changes in total flux density, indicated that a component first seen in 1969 had reached a diameter of about 1 milliarcsecond, implying expansion at an apparent velocity of at least twice the speed of light. Aware of Rees's model, (Moffet et al. 1972) concluded that their measurement presented evidence for relativistic expansion of this component. This interpretation, although by no means unique, was later confirmed, and in hindsight it seems fair to say that their experiment was the first interferometric measurement of superluminal expansion."

In 1994, a galactic speed record was obtained with the discovery of a superluminal source in the Milky Way, the cosmic x-ray source GRS 1915+105. The expansion occurred on a much shorter timescale. Several separate blobs were seen to expand in pairs within weeks by typically 0.5 arcsec. Because of the analogy with quasars, this source was called a microquasar.

title: Superluminal motion


text:
Talk:Control flow

Unnecessary verbiage?
First paragraph has " an imperative or a declarative program ". Can the words imperative and declarative be omitted since we're not actually singling out one kind of program? 74.14.226.215 (talk) 14:02, 23 October 2014 (UTC)

Can control flow be used for declarative?
Declarative programming definition in Wikipedia says: "In computer science, declarative programming is a programming paradigm, a style of building the structure and elements of computer programs, that expresses the logic of a computation without describing its control flow.". However in this article we see that control flow can be described for declarative as well. This is confusing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.119.150.196 (talk) 07:56, 8 April 2015 (UTC)

Untitled
From Murray Langton:

Nobody commented on my outline for a complete rewrite, so I have done the rewrite.

"Constructs to be avoided"
Wikipedia is not prescriptive; it can at best report what others prescribe. "You should not [otherwise] [do X]" is something Wikipedia must never, ever say. "Smith and Thompson and Jones all agree you shouldn't [do X]" and "nobody [does X] anymore [because]" are fine.

The part about goto was redundant with the section on goto, so I deleted it. The historical and arcane control flow structures were not discussed, so I merged them in their appropriate sections. I'm sad to say the link to Knuth's paper was broken and I couldn't find a substitute; hope you paid those ACM subscription fees. 82.92.119.11 21:26, 14 September 2005 (UTC)

Redirect from Elif
There is a redirect from the ELIF wikipedia entry, but although this is a subclass of the IF command, there is no reference to ELIF in this article

 * fixed --Krischik T 13:12, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

Control flow constructs are a special kind of statements
IMHO Statements are a larger group containing control flow constructs as special case. For example: Many programming languages have assignment-, declaration-, I/O- and assert-statements which are not control flow constructs. I improved the statement article a little bit and added some links to it.

Lanugage examples.
I think the modlue has to many language examples. We should realy concentrate on the actual contruct and how it works and leave programming language dependent part to pages describing that language - or even and better Wikibooks.

As it is I think the page is not clear enough

--Krischik T 11:49, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

I think it's biased towards procedural languages (e.g. Pascal, C), which aren't too different. We should add examples from languages with more unconventional syntaxen and semantics — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.235.50.85 (talk) 17:44, 23 June 2012 (UTC)

Loop with test in the middle
As Ada actualy got the Loop with test in the middle I wonder ot it actually is a Proposed control structure. --Krischik T 07:25, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

 * How does Ada cope when you want to exit from the middle of several nested loops (as per example of searching 2-D array)? Murray Langton 21:40, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry, query about wrong control structure. Murray Langton 21:42, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

 * You can name a look and then use exit Outer_Loop when Condition; --Krischik T 07:03, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

Exceptions vs continuations
In 6 Structured non-local control flow it says: "Exceptions, conditions, and continuations are three common sorts of non-local control constructs."

Are PL/1 conditions any different from exceptions? If so, the article should explain how; if not, the two sections should be combined.

-- Brock

 * Interesting point. The difference is a bit like if then goto vs. if then else One is structured the other is not but apart from that they do the same thing. BTW: Some Basic dialects and Rexx have that contruct as well. --Krischik T 13:08, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

 * and C has for or while(1). similar thing happens 84.16.123.194 (talk) 18:03, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

I don't know about PL/1, but the distinguishing feature of conditions in Common Lisp is that they can be ignored (if they are not errors) and resumed (with restarts). In other words, unlike exceptions, the stack is not always necessarily unwound. --FOo (talk) 23:44, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

GA failed
For these reasons:
 * 1) Lead fails to represent the article.
 * 2) The example that follow this, In many programming languages, a label is an identifier. should state which language it is from.
 * 3) For every piece of code the language should be mentioned beside it.
 * 4) For a fuller discussion on the drawbacks of goto, see Goto., should go in the front.
 * 5) Inline external links should be placed in a footnotes or references section at the bottom of the article.
 * 6) A number of authors have pointed out that using goto is often acceptable, like whom for example or where is this piece of info from?
 * 7) Subroutines can be made much more useful by providing them with parameters and what are the disadvantages of not providing params?
 * 8) In need of wikilinks for definition of words, e. g., tree-traversals, overhead, stack ...
 * 9) The program will end execution after the third line without continuing into the function. ... why?
 * 10) The fact that such minimalism is possible does not necessarily mean that it is desirable and who said that? ref please or make it more NPOV.
 * 11) after all, computers theoretically only need one machine instruction (subtract one number from another and branch if the result is negative), but practical computers have dozens or even hundreds of machine instructions., simplistic view maybe ref this part too. Is this really necessary in an encyclopedia.
 * 12) Languages whose final keyword is of the form: end + initial keyword (with or without space in the middle) tend to be easier to learn and read. says who?
 * 13) The Choice section should demonstrate statements universally without needing the Ada language. Thus turn every code into Ada-free code or wikilink to other wikipedia articles like: If should point to Conditional statement.
 * 14) The tables should conform to the Footnotes method for the comments added to them.
 * 15) The Anecdotal evidence section needs more introduction for non-experts. Lincher 02:29, 16 June 2006 (UTC)
 * (Changed User:Lincher's above list from bullets to numbered list to facilitate discussion - Dmeranda 18:17, 30 June 2006 (UTC))

 * For (1), I rewrote the lead section so it should meet WP guidelines -- Dmeranda 18:22, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

Early exit and infinite loops
Deep break/early exit is simulated in C and C++ not through exceptions but via goto's and labels. Also, infinite loops which are conditionless are simulated through labels and gotos as well; this avoids a conditional check if you really want an infinite loop.

ó

Python for-else and while-else constructs
There was some confusion over when the else-clause of a Python for or while loop is executed. A simple test case shows this for i in [42]: if i == 42: print 'Breaking out of for loop' break else: print 'In else clause of for loop' when run outputs only "Breaking out of for loop". Likewise changing "i == 42" to "i == 99" and re-running only outputs "In else clause of for loop". So the else clause is executed on if the loop is not exited early by a break statement. -- Dmeranda 16:37, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

Redirected from "then"
If you type in the word: "then" it comes to this page, however this is about Control Flow. LostNecromancer 22:58, 10 April 2007 (UTC)

 * The redirect is probably due to the keyword "then" as used in the "if-then" statement, which one of the most common control flow statements in many programming languages. It should probably more approriately redirect to Conditional statement though as that article is more specific than this one; and unless somebody thinks there is an even more common use of the word "then" which has an article in WP.  Remember, redirects are cheap and the main problem with them is when they may point to an obscure article while a better target exists.  See Redirect. - Dmeranda 20:24, 11 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I've changed the redirects for Then and Else to now point to the Conditional statement article instead of this one. - Dmeranda 20:47, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

Merge proposal
This article (Control flow) is quite long - even, I would argue, overlong - and the section called "Choice" is now long enough to be an article in its own right. However, there is already an article about conditional statements, which does not include all the material in this section. If there is to be a separate article about conditional statements, that article should be longer and more in-depth than the corresponding section on this page. Therefore, I propose merging the material in the "Choice" section into conditional statement, and leaving behind a Main Article link, possibly with a short summary (it's usual to have such a summary).

Some might argue that case statements are not conditional statements. However, they are frequently classified as such, and they meet the general definition given in the conditional statement article, so I don't think this position would be justified.—greenrd 13:33, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I support this merge as the section while informative is a bit redundant outside of the main artice, they should be merged and a short summary left on the control flow page with a main article link Adam McCormick 14:39, 14 April of the term, nor even any mention of anything which it is easy to connect lexically. Please correct. Donal Fellows (talk) 15:34, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

usage of "Continuation"
The "Loop system cross reference table" has a "continuation" column, but from what I can tell, it's not the normal meaning of continuation in computer science; for instance, I'm reasonably sure Java doesn't support continuations, but it's listed as having them in the column. Is "escape continuation" meant instead, or what? --Cybercobra (talk) 03:32, 18 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Presumably what is meant is the continue keyword as per C etc, ie exit early form this iteration and start the next one.1Z (talk) 00:02, 17 July 2011 (UTC)

Structure
It seems anomalous that conditionals and switches have their own articles, but there is a huge wodge of material on loops here. 1Z (talk) 00:08, 17 July 2011 (UTC)co

C and C++ have an infinite loop
for; executes forever. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.189.20.20 (talk) 13:01, 26 March 2012 (UTC)

 * That's true, but what's your point? There's lots of possible infinite loops. Dmcq (talk) 13:17, 26 March 2012 (UTC)

Section on "Categories"
The section on categories says that loop is "the same as conditional branch". But that is not true. What is introduced with loops is the concept of iteration, and there is no way to express iteration just by using sequences of conditionals. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2003:88:6907:9216:E854:9D05:CA8D:611E (talk) 12:26, 10 February 2017 (UTC)

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There is no such thing as "control flow". The correct term is "flow control".
WEEkped1 (talk) 01:30, 21 December 2018 (UTC)On the contrary...They have 2 separate meanings. One is "flow control" ;is a computer task. Works by correct and discernable directions imbedded in code in 2D. CONSTRAINED TO MOVE GENTLY, LIKE A WATERFALL. It's own known or unknown parenting. The other is the manipulation of the computer limits by formulae and square box repetition. The "control flow" is a constant path smooth and concise that moves according to other paths and instructions. It can be changed. A new part of code that increases knowledge to the computer. It can be altered. It can be expelled, force(s) increased or decreased, jammed, under scrutiny of inspection. It can lock out or open. It is flexible when correctly coded. It can hold files, thus open to directions flowing as "control flow" is used constantly. Both "control flow" and "flow control" are wide amplitudes fitting in the Cos/Sin of a moving map. Technology will require more from dx/diag. Then the width and depth, color(s). Moving parts and characters and trees. They are manipulated by point and click. So the coder does the "flow control" AND THE COMPUTER ALLOWS FOR MOVEMENT programmed by extensive outer forces known in short: magic. It is done behind and in front of the hardware--WEEkped1 (talk) 01:30, 21 December 2018 (UTC) Or... "Control Flow" term considered meaningless (because it's wrong)

In the (correct and meaningful) terms "flow control" and "control of flow", the word flow is an abbreviation of "flow of execution". In addition, the word flow means something similar to "sequence". So the term "flow of execution" means, roughly, the "sequence in which instructions are executed".

And this is what is controlled. That is, it is flow that is controlled. It is NOT control that is flowed!

Just as we have "temperature control" (or the "control of temperature"), and "volume control" (or the "control of volume"), and "motion control" (or the "control of motion"), so too do we have "flow [of execution] control" (or the "control of flow [of execution]").

I can only speculate about how such an abomination as the meaningless term "Control flow" came to be used so frequently. Perhaps somewhere, decades ago, people sat in CS lecture theatres struggling to keep up with their lecturers and by mistake scribbled down the words "control flow" in their notes 10 seconds after the lecturer had used the correct term, "flow control". (Or perhaps the lecturers made the mistake.) And failing to properly parse and understand the components of the term, and probably as a result of much buggy parroting, the meaningless term "control flow" gradually became used with increasing frequency, spreading like a disease. :)

Think about it: control statements (selection statements like if and switch, loop statements like while and do, jump statements like break, continue etc) control what happens next. They control the sequence. The flow. They control along which path of the FLOW diagram execution will proceed. They don't "flow" (as though "flow" means something like decide or control!) which path of a "control diagram" execution proceeds along!

By all means, use the term "Control flow!" as an imperative, as a command (e.g., next time you're speaking to a voice-activated valve??). But "control flow" has NO MEANING as a thing, as a compound noun. Control is not an adjective to describe a type of flow!

Therefore I propose that this whole article be renamed "Flow Control" - the correct term - and that every reference within the Wikipedia universe to "control flow" (ughh!) be suitably modified too.

-- Andrew Fallows (andyfallows at btinternet.com)86.135.63.40 (talk) 14:14, 17 October 2017 (UTC)

 * I note that htere are already two articles entitled . Murray Langton (talk) 06:08, 21 December 2018 (UTC)

 * Article title seems fine. "control" is used adjunctively. And the term is fixed by popular language use, not our editors. Web searching |"control flow" finds almost only article topic. Web searching |"flow control" finds much about flow of data, water, air, cement, foods, beverages, pharmaceuticals, and so on. A computer may control flow of data of indefinite types. But the term "control flow" is delightfully more specific about which flow, the flow of a (control intrinsic) instruction pointer through data. Noun adjunct grammar lets people say "chicken soup" to clearly specify soup of chicken, and likewise lets "control flow" refer to flow of control. Samuel Erau (talk) 14:15, 14 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Correction: What flows is not the instruction pointer itself, but where it points to. Samuel Erau (talk) 14:30, 14 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I vaguely recalled the term as "flow control" from my study of computer science in high school and college, but it turns out on Google Books that as early as 1984 there was a workshop on "control flow" hosted by Friedrich L. Bauer, Edsger W. Dijkstra, and C.A.R. Hoare. I've never heard of Bauer, but Dijkstra and Hoare, of course, are legends in the computer science community.  The official Java Language Specification by James Gosling also uses the term "control flow".  So the current article title is the correct one. --Coolcaesar (talk) 10:48, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Control flow


text:
Kühne

Kühne is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Business

 * August Kühne (1855–1932), German businessman, co-founder of Kuehne + Nagel
 * Alfred Kühne (1895–1981), son of August, German businessman
 * Klaus-Michael Kühne (born 1937), son of Alfred, German businessman, honorary chairman of Kühne + Nagel

Sports

 * Anke Kühne (born 1981), German field hockey player
 * Frank Kühne (born 1961), German swimmer
 * Marc Kühne (born 1976), German bobsledder
 * Matthias Kühne (born 1987), German footballer
 * Rico Kühne (born 1982), German footballer
 * Rita Kühne (born 1947), former East German athlete
 * Simon Kühne (born 1994), Liechtensteiner footballer
 * Stefan Kühne (born 1980), German footballer

Other people

 * Alfred von Kühne (1853-1945), German general during World War I
 * Eric Kuhne (1951–2016), American-born British architect
 * Friedrich Kühne (1870–1959), German film actor of the silent era
 * Hans Kühne (1880–1969), German chemist
 * Helmut Kuhne (born 1949), German politician
 * Louis Kuhne (1835–1901), German naturopath
 * Otto Kühne (1893–1955), German antifascist militant
 * Roy Kühne (born 1967), German politician
 * Thomas Kühne (born 1958), German historian
 * Walter Georg Kühne (1911–1991), German paleontologist
 * Wilhelm Kühne (disambiguation), several people

title: Kühne


text:
Kathryn

Kathryn is a feminine given name and comes from the Greek meaning for 'pure'. It is a variant of Katherine. It may refer to:

In television and film:
 * Kathryn Beaumont (born 1938), English voice actress and school teacher best known for her Disney animation film works
 * Kathryn Bernardo (born 1996), Filipina actress and recording artist
 * Kathryn Bigelow (born 1951), American film director, first woman to win the Academy Award, BAFTA, and DGA award for Best Director
 * Kathryn Busby, American television and film executive
 * Kathryn Cressida also known as "Kat" Cressida (born 1968), American voice actress
 * Kathryn Crosby (born 1933), American actress and singer who performed her most memorable roles under her birth-name Kathryn Grant
 * Kathryn Drysdale (born 1981), English actress
 * Kathryn Eames (1908 – 2004), American screen, stage, and television actress
 * Kathryn Erbe (born 1966), American actress best known for her lead role as Detective Eames on Law & Order: Criminal Intent
 * Kathryn Grayson (1922 – 2010), American lead actress and operatic soprano singer with MGM and Warner Brothers
 * Kathryn Hahn (born 1974), American actress best known for her role as Lily Lebowski on Crossing Jordan
 * Kathryn Hess (born 1967), American mathematician
 * Kathryn Joosten (1939 – 2012), American actress known for roles on The West Wing and Desperate Housewives
 * Kathryn Kinley (born 1965), American television personality, journalist and musical theater actress
 * Kathryn McGuire (1903 – 1978), American silent-film actress and dancer
 * Kathryn Morris (born 1969), American actress best known for her lead role as Detective Lilly Rush on Cold Case
 * Kathryn Leigh Scott (born 1943), American television and film actress known for her roles in the soap opera Dark Shadows

In astronomy:
 * Kathryn P. Hire (born 1959), American astronaut with over 381 hours in space
 * Kathryn Dwyer Sullivan (born 1951), in 1984 became the first American woman to walk in space, and with 532 hours in space
 * Kathryn C. Thornton (born 1952), American astronaut with over 975 hours in space

In music:
 * Kathryn Calder, Canadian singer-songwriter and member of The New Pornographers
 * Kathryn Dawn Lang (k.d. lang) (born 1961), Canadian musician, singer, and songwriter
 * Kathryn Roberts, English folk singer
 * Kathryn Scott (b. 1974), a singer-songwriter of Contemporary Christian music Northern Ireland
 * Kathryn Tickell, (born 1967), English player of the Northumbrian smallpipes and fiddle

In literature:
 * Kathryn Deans, Australian children's fantasy author
 * Kathryn H. Kidd, Orson Scott Card's co-author in writing a novel named Lovelock
 * Kathryn Hulme (1900 – 1981), American author best known for The Nun's Story
 * Kathryn Schulz, American freelance writer and journalist
 * Kathryn Stockett, American novelist
 * Kathryn Tucker Windham (1918 – 2011), American storyteller, author, photographer and journalist

In politics:
 * Kathryn I. Bowers (1943–2015), American politician and Democratic former member of the Tennessee Senate representing the 33rd district
 * Kathryn Garcia (born 1970), Commissioner of the New York City Sanitation Department
 * Kathryn E. Granahan née O'Hay (1894 – 1979), American Democratic U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania, 32nd Treasurer of the United States
 * Kathryn Hay (born 1975), Tasmanian Labor politician and member of the Tasmanian House of Assembly in the electorate of Bass
 * Kathryn O'Loughlin McCarthy née O'Loughlin (1894 – 1952), American Democratic politician and first female U.S. Representative from Kansas

In sports:
 * Kathryn Ainsworth, Australian netballer
 * Kathryn Binns later became Kathryn Davis (born 1958), English long-distance runner of marathons and half marathon events
 * Kathryn Colin "Kathy" Colin (born 1974), American Olympic contender and Pan American Games medalist in canoeing
 * Kathryn Teasdale (1964–2016), Canadian auto racing driver

In other fields:
 * Kathryn Janeway, fictional Federation starship captain of the USS Voyager in Star Trek: Voyager and admiral in Star Trek: Nemesis
 * Kathryn Howard
 * Kathryn Mann, mathematician
 * Kathryn S. McKinley, American computer scientist
 * Kathryn Morgan (born 1988), American ballet dancer
 * Kathryn Parsons (born 1982), British tech entrepreneur
 * Kathryn Shaw, Canadian theatre actor and director
 * Kathryn Shaw, Canadian theatre actor and director

Events
 * Shooting of Kathryn Steinle, a 2015 incident in San Francisco carried out by illegal immigrant Jose Inez Garcia Zarate

title: Kathryn


text:
Robert Stanfield

Robert Lorne Stanfield (April 11, 1914 – December 16, 2003) was a Canadian politician who served as the 17th premier of Nova Scotia from 1956 to 1967 and the leader of the Official Opposition and leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1967 to 1976.

Born into an affluent Nova Scotia clothing manufacturing and political family in Truro, Stanfield graduated from Dalhousie University and Harvard Law School in the 1930s. He was a lawyer before becoming the leader of the Nova Scotia Progressive Conservative Party in 1948, with the goal of reviving the party that did not have a single seat in the legislature. After a rebuilding period, Stanfield led the party to a majority government in 1956; their first victory since 1928. Leading the party to four majorities in total, Stanfield's government established Industrial Estates Limited (IEL) to attract new industry in Nova Scotia, introduced hospital insurance and a provincial sales tax (PST) to fund half of it, prioritized human rights for Black Nova Scotians, and drastically increased funding for education.

In 1967, he resigned as premier and was elected the leader of the federal Progressive Conservative (PC) Party, thus becoming the leader of the Official Opposition. In the 1968 federal election, he suffered a landslide defeat to the incumbent Liberals led by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. In 1972, Stanfield recovered the PCs' standing and narrowly lost to Trudeau for a second time. In 1974, he lost to Trudeau's Liberals for a third time by a wide margin. Stanfield was a strong supporter of bilingualism, putting him at odds with some members of the PC Party. He resigned as leader in 1976 and from politics in 1979.

In retirement, he lived mostly in Ottawa, and campaigned for the Meech Lake Accord, the Charlottetown Accord, and free trade in the 1980s and early 1990s. He died in Ottawa in 2003 from complications due to pneumonia. He was one of only several people granted the style "The Right Honourable" who were not so entitled by virtue of an office held.

Early life (1913–1947)
Stanfield was born in Truro, Nova Scotia, the son of Sarah Emma (née Thomas) and entrepreneur Frank Stanfield, and was named after Robert Borden, a fellow Nova Scotian who was prime minister at the time. Stanfield's family owned Stanfield's Limited, a large textile company. Stanfield studied economics and political science at Dalhousie University and was awarded the Governor General's Silver Medal for achieving the highest standing when he graduated in 1936 with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree.

Stanfield then studied at Harvard Law School, where he was an honours student near the top of his class and the first Canadian editor of the Harvard Law Review. During his student days in the 1930s, he witnessed the poverty that the Great Depression produced, causing him to become interested in John Maynard Keynes's economic theories. Stanfield then considered himself a socialist. Over time, he was less attached to socialism, but its influence on him remained, as he was considered a Red Tory for his appreciation of the common good. Stanfield graduated from Harvard in 1939 and was called to the bar in 1940. From 1939 to 1945 during World War II, he worked as a member of the Wartime Prices and Trade Board's Halifax staff.

Provincial politics (1947–1967)

Stanfield decided to enter Nova Scotia politics. In 1947 he became president of the Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia (PCs) which was in poor shape as it did not have a single seat in the legislature, while the Liberals dominated the province. In 1948, Stanfield was elected leader of the party, and began the process of reviving the party. In the 1949 election, the PCs won 8 seats and in 1953, they won 12. In the 1956 election, the PCs won a majority government, their first victory since 1928. This ended 23 consecutive years of Liberal rule.

Premier of Nova Scotia (1956–1967)
Known as "Honest Bob" for his straightforward manner, Stanfield served as premier of Nova Scotia, governing as a moderate and pragmatist. He led reforms on education, human rights, and health care. He led the PCs to three re-elections in 1960, 1963, and 1967, each time with larger majorities.

Economic policy
In 1957, Stanfield's government established the crown corporation Industrial Estates Limited (IEL) to attract new industry in Nova Scotia. By the time Stanfield left office in 1967, the IEL had invested $74 million into 25 new firms and created nearly 2,300 jobs in the province.

In 1963, Stanfield's government established the Nova Scotia Voluntary Planning Board to assist the minister of finance in creating measures to increase the rate of economic growth through voluntary economic planning.

Stanfield's government raised the limit on agricultural loans from $8,000 to $100,000. To aid livestock farmers in building a million dollar slaughterhouse, his government contributed three dollars for every dollar the farmers raised. His government also created a provincial parks system.

Stanfield's government introduced hospital insurance, as well as a provincial sales tax (also known as the Hospital Tax) to fund half of it (with the other half being funded by the federal government). The PST, which became effective on January 1, 1959, was initially 5 percent but was later raised to 7 percent. The PST applied to all goods and services except food and children's clothing.

Stanfield strongly opposed the Bell Telephone Company's takeover bid of Nova Scotia's Maritime Telegraph and Telephone Company (M.T. & T.) in 1966, arguing that a takeover would lead to sharp increases in the cost of the service. After the Bell declined to negotiate with his government within a five-day time frame, Stanfield called a special session in the legislature; during the session, the legislature passed a bill that prevented the Bell from taking control of M.T. & T., allowing the latter to remain in Nova Scotian control.

Human rights
Stanfield prioritized human rights, particularly for Black Nova Scotians. In 1959, Stanfield's government passed the Fair Accommodation Practices Act to protect against discrimination in public spaces. In 1962, Stanfield created and led the Interdepartmental Committee on Human Rights to support the work of William Oliver and other Black Nova Scotians. The year later, Stanfield's government codified and extended earlier legislation in the first Human Rights Act of 1963. In 1965, the Stanfield government established the Education fund for Negros and in 1967, created the Nova Scotia Human Rights Commission with Oliver.

Education policy
Stanfield's government increased funding for schools and training colleges. His government started to contribute funding towards universities beginning in 1960; between 1960 and 1967, the Stanfield government's contributions towards universities jumped from $250,000 to $25,000,000. His government also introduced a capital assistance program in which the government would fund up to 90 percent of the cost of university buildings. In addition, Stanfield's government improved French-language education in Nova Scotia by introducing French textbooks (previously, Nova Scotia schools only offered English textbooks) and expanding French-language education to Grade 12 (up from Grade 8).

1967 Progressive Conservative leadership convention
Stanfield did not express interest in entering federal politics during the early and mid-1960s. He turned down the federal Progressive Conservative Party (PC Party) leader and then-prime minister John Diefenbaker's proposal that he should enter federal politics in the 1962 federal election, and did not express interest in becoming party leader (when the idea was suggested by former PC minister Alvin Hamilton) following the Diefenbaker-led PCs' second defeat in the 1965 federal election.

In the mid-1960s, the federal Progressive Conservative Party was racked by disunity between supporters and opponents of Diefenbaker. A vocal opponent of Diefenbaker was party president Dalton Camp, who forced a leadership convention for 1967. Camp was a strong proponent of a potential Stanfield leadership bid. After months of hesitating, Stanfield finally bowed to Camp's pressure and on July 17, 1967, announced his intention to run for leader, on the condition that his finance minister George Isaac Smith agrees to succeed him as premier. Stanfield had strong delegate support in the Atlantic provinces but struggled in the Prairies and Quebec. Nonetheless, on the convention that was held on September 9, he led on the first four ballots, and won on the fifth ballot, taking 54.3 percent of the delegate vote. Stanfield resigned as premier on September 13.

Early months
Stanfield was elected to the House of Commons in a by-election for the riding of Colchester—Hants on November 6, 1967. He brought the Progressive Conservatives high in the polls, prompting many to expect him to defeat the Liberal government of the aging Lester B. Pearson. In February 1968, Stanfield almost forced an election after defeating Pearson's government on a tax bill, leading to several days of confusion over whether or not this counted as a de facto motion of no confidence in the government. Ultimately, it was ruled by the Governor General, Roland Michener that it did not, and while Stanfield immediately called an explicit motion of no confidence in Pearson's government, it failed to pass after the New Democratic Party and Ralliement créditiste declined to support it.

1968 federal election
Pearson would soon retire, prompting the Liberals to choose Justice Minister Pierre Trudeau as its new leader in April 1968. Trudeau subsequently called an election for June 25. Trudeau was a charismatic intellectual and perfectly bilingual. Stanfield's unilingualism and uninspiring speaking style (according to Stanfield biographer Geoffrey Stevens) contrasted poorly with the new Liberal leader. The PCs started the election campaign with an internal poll showing them trailing the Liberals by 22 points.

Stanfield proposed introducing guaranteed annual income, though failed to explain the number of citizens that would be covered, the minimum income level, and the cost to implement it. Due to concerns that the term "guaranteed annual income" sounded socialist, he eventually switched to using the term "negative income tax". These mistakes made the policy impossible for voters to understand and harmed the PCs. What also damaged the PCs was the idea of deux nations (meaning that Canada was one country housing two nations - French Canadians and English-speaking Canadians). Marcel Faribault, the PCs' Quebec lieutenant and MP candidate, was unclear on whether he supported or opposed deux nations and Stanfield did not drop him as a candidate. This led to the Liberals positioning themselves as the party that supported one Canada. In mid-June, they ran a full-page newspaper advertisement that implied that Stanfield supported deux nations; Stanfield called the ad "a deliberate lie" and insisted he supported one Canada.

On election night, the Liberals increased their support to form a strong majority government. Though the PCs' popular vote share slightly dropped from 32.4 percent in 1965 to 31.4 percent, their seat count considerably reduced from 94 to 72. The PCs dominated Atlantic Canada but saw a significant decline in popularity in Ontario (as the party's performance in that province was the worst in their history), Quebec, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan.

1968–1972
After losing the 1968 election, Stanfield vacationed in Quebec where he participated in French immersion classes. He vigorously backed official bilingualism and the Liberals' 1969 Official Languages Act which made French an official language in Canada, arguing the Act would strengthen Canadian unity. To his disappointment, 17 out of 72 PC MPs (including his predecessor as leader, John Diefenbaker), voted against the bill.

In 1969, Stanfield was one of 12 out of 72 PC MPs to vote in favour of the Trudeau government's Bill C-150, which decriminalized homosexuality and allowed abortion under certain conditions.

Stanfield initially supported the Trudeau government's October 1970 invocation of the War Measures Act to deal with the October Crisis but later regretted doing so.

1972 federal election
In the election of 1972, Stanfield's Tories campaigned on the public's perception that the Liberals were mismanaging the economy as a result of rising unemployment. Though the Liberals started with a 10-point lead over the Progressive Conservatives, the election, held on October 30, saw the PCs win 107 seats and come two seats behind the Liberals who won 109 seats; this was one of the closest elections in Canadian history. The Liberals were able to form a minority government due to them getting support from the New Democratic Party led by David Lewis. In the election, Stanfield refused to sign the nomination papers of former Moncton mayor Leonard Jones; Jones had won the party nomination but he refused to support official bilingualism which was part of PC policy.

1974 federal election
In May 1974, the House of Commons passed a motion of no confidence in the Trudeau government, defeating its budget bill after Trudeau intentionally antagonized Stanfield and Lewis. This triggered an election for July 8. The election focused mainly on the current economic recession, and Stanfield proposed to immediately introduce 90-day wage and price controls to help reduce the increasing inflation of the era. Trudeau mocked the proposal, saying to a newspaper reporter that it was the equivalent of a magician saying "Zap! You're frozen", and instead promoted a variety of small tax cuts to curb inflation. According to Trudeau’s biographer John English, NDP supporters scared of wage controls moved toward the Liberals during the campaign. Trudeau, in an abrupt reversal, would implement wage and price controls in December 1975 through the passing of the Anti-Inflation Act.

During the campaign, on May 30, 1974, a photo by photojournalist Doug Ball showing Stanfield fumbling a football thrown by Geoffrey Stevens at a stopover in North Bay, Ontario, became one of the defining images of his career. To this day, Canadian political commentators still point to this incident as one of Canada's foremost examples of "image politics", because the photo was chosen for the front pages of newspapers across Canada even though many other photos of Stanfield catching the same football were also available.

The election result showed the Liberals had boosted their support from a minority to a majority government, while the Progressive Conservatives' seat count dropped from 106 to 95. The Progressive Conservatives did well in the Atlantic provinces, and in the West, but strong Liberal support in Ontario and Quebec ensured a Liberal majority government.

Political ideology
Political science professor Ron Dart described Stanfield's political philosophy in the 1968 election as a "sort of Pink Toryism". Historian J. Murray Beck wrote about Stanfield, "Eschewing highly doctrinaire politics, his conservatism, which caused him to be called a "pink" if not a Red Tory, was above all a compassionate conservatism with a genuine concern for the disadvantaged." In a 1976 interview with Maclean's, Stanfield stated, "Increasing the size of the GNP is important, but it is not in itself a sufficient goal for a civilized society."

Retirement
On August 14, 1974, over a month after the election, Stanfield announced his intention to resign as party leader. During the news conference, he stated his preference for a French Canadian successor as leader. He served as leader of the PCs and leader of the Opposition until February 22, 1976, when he was permanently succeeded as leader by Joe Clark. Stanfield retired from Parliament in the May 1979 election which finally brought the Progressive Conservatives to power (though they would lose the February 1980 election to the Trudeau-led Liberals who won a majority).

Later years (1976–2003)
After his retirement, Stanfield stayed out of politics until the constitutional debates, when he endorsed and campaigned for the Meech Lake Accord, the Charlottetown Accord, and free trade. He said that the Meech Lake Accord was a second chance to save Canada from disaster. "I'm not at all sure that I would want to live in a country that rejected Meech Lake," he said at the time. "It wouldn't be the Canada I grew up in. It wouldn't be the country with the values that I've loved during my life." Prime Minister Brian Mulroney wanted to appoint Stanfield as U.N. ambassador saying, "I tried to engage him further but he was leading a vigorous life and a very active life and he didn't want to change after a while."

From 1983 to 1987, Stanfield served as chairman of the Institute for Research on Public Policy. He also served as the first Canadian chairman of the Commonwealth Foundation from December 1986 to 1991.

Illness and death
In 1996, Stanfield suffered a debilitating stroke that left him severely disabled. He died on December 16, 2003, at Montfort Hospital in Ottawa, from pneumonia, only nine days after the Progressive Conservative Party merged with the Canadian Alliance to form the new Conservative Party of Canada. Fellow Nova Scotian — and final PC Party Leader — Peter MacKay suggested in an interview on CBC Newsworld's December 17, 2003 Morning Show that he had not personally spoken to Stanfield in regard to his opinions on the merger. It is unknown what Stanfield thought of the creation of the new Conservatives. His funeral service was held in Ottawa, and then he was buried in Camp Hill Cemetery, Halifax, Nova Scotia, next to his first wife Joyce Frazee, mother of his four children: Sarah, Max, Judith and Miriam, and with his second wife Mary Hall.

Personal life
Stanfield married Joyce Frazee in 1940, but she died in a car accident in 1954. During his term as premier, Stanfield remarried, exchanging vows with Mary Hall in 1957. Mary Stanfield died of cancer in 1977, and the following year, Stanfield married his third wife, Anne Austin. Anne Austin Stanfield died, age 89, April 22, 2021.

Honours
In July 1967, Stanfield and other provincial premiers were sworn into the Queen's Privy Council for Canada on the occasion of Canada's centennial.

On July 1, 1992, as part of Canada's 125th anniversary celebrations, the Queen on advice of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney granted Stanfield and six former cabinet ministers (Alvin Hamilton, Ellen Fairclough, Jack Pickersgill, Paul Martin Sr., Jean-Luc Pepin and Martial Asselin) the right to use the title "The Right Honourable". He is one of nine Canadians entitled to the title without having held an office which such title is automatically conferred (the other two being former Deputy Prime Ministers Donald Mazankowski and Herb Gray). In 2007, Halifax Robert L. Stanfield International Airport was named after him by Prime Minister Stephen Harper. He was also a Fellow of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society (FRCGS).

Honorary degrees
Robert Stanfield was awarded several honorary Degrees in recognition of His service to Canada, These Include

 * Honorary Degrees

Archives
There is a Robert Stanfield fonds at Library and Archives Canada. Archival reference number is R4088.

title: Robert Stanfield


text:
Qawasameh tribe

Qawasameh tribe (القواسمة, also spelled: Qawasmeh or Kawasmeh in English), is a major clan primarily based in Hebron, with roughly 10,000 members. Although many of the Qawasmeh were originally pro-peace moderates and supporters of a two-state solution, they were radicalised. One tribe faction, numbering several hundred, dominates Hamas in Hebron and is a radical opposition faction within Hamas, which frequently sabotages Hamas cease fires with bombings and attacks, provoking Israeli retaliation.

The Shin Bet has accused them of kidnapping the Yeshiva students. Marwan Qawasameh is suspected of being one of two terrorists involved in the kidnapping and murder of three Israeli teens on June 12, 2014.

According to the IDF, Abbedalla Qawasameh was killed in June 2003 by the Yamam elite CT unit after resisting an arrest. He opened fire on the Yamam officers who returned fire and killed him. According to Palestinian witnesses, however, a squad of Israeli police disguised as Palestinian labourers opened fire on him as he left a Hebron mosque. The controversial assassination led to criticism of Israel from U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell.

On August 31, 2004, Ahmed Abed Qawasameh, a resident of the Hebron District, blew himself up in a suicide bombing attack at Beersheba, which claimed the lives of 16 Israeli civilians. He was sent by the local Hamas leader Imad Qawasameh.

On October 13, 2004, Imad Qawasameh was arrested by IDF forces, after intelligence was provided by the Shin Bet. According to witnesses, Imad surrendered immediately after an IDF Caterpillar D9 armoured bulldozer started to demolish his house.

In 2011, the IDF broke into Omar Qawasameh's home, put a gun to his wife's head and shot him dead in his sleep. Subsequently, the Israeli army released a statement acknowledging the Qawasameh killing was unintended. An Israeli military spokesman told the AFP news agency: "There is no indication that [al-Qawasmeh] was involved in any terror activity at any stage and therefore we regret the incident."

The Qawasameh extremist wing are the main suppliers of militants to the Hebron cells of Hamas.

Notable Qawasameh Hamas members

 * Fahd Qawasmi (mayor of Hebron, PLO Executive committee member, deceased)
 * Hamza Qawasameh (killed Netanel Uzari, deceased)
 * Marwan Qawasameh (suspected of being one of two terrorists involved in the kidnapping and murder of three Israeli teens, deceased)
 * Raad Misk Qawasameh (suicide bomber, deceased)
 * Abbedalla Qawasameh (leader, deceased)
 * Bassal Qawasameh (leader, deceased)
 * Ahmed Abed Qawasameh (suicide bomber in Beersheba, deceased)
 * Imad Qawasameh (leader, arrested October 13, 2004)

title: Qawasameh tribe


text:
Talk:San Marino

"Jews"
Is the word "Jew" appropriate to use referring to Jewish people in this article? I'm not sure of wikipedia's policy on this. Cassie Schebel, almost a savant. <3 (talk) 18:53, 31 August 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 02:07, 30 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Inno Nazionale della Repubblica (Instrumental).ogg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:14, 18 February 2023 (UTC)
 * View of Mount Titano - San Marino.jpg

Head of government
It's something wrongs here about system and heads of government. According to the constitution and the sanmarinese government, the captains regent are only seremonial heads of state, not head of government. There is no formal head of government, although the secretary for foreign affairs has many of the same tasks that the prime ministers in other countries. The government have the executive power, and is answerable to the parliament, so the listening of assembly-independent is also wrong. If nobody disagree, I will correct it. https://www.rightofassembly.info/assets/downloads/1974_Constitution_of_San_Marino.pdf https://freedomhouse.org/country/san-marino/freedom-world/2021 Talk:San Marino/Archive 1#Head of Government Karriuss (talk) 11:04, 3 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Nobody answered here, so I edit according to the constitution. Karriuss (talk) 10:30, 10 March 2023 (UTC)

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 * San Marino Product Exports (2019).svg

title: Talk:San Marino


text:
Perverting the course of justice

Perverting the course of justice is an offence committed when a person prevents justice from being served on themselves or on another party. In England and Wales it is a common law offence, carrying a maximum sentence of life imprisonment. Statutory versions of the offence exist in Australia, Canada, Fiji, Ireland, and New Zealand. The Scottish equivalent is defeating the ends of justice, although charges of attempting to pervert the course of justice are also raised in Scotland, while the South African counterpart is defeating or obstructing the course of justice. A similar concept, obstruction of justice, exists in United States law.

England and Wales
Doing an act tending and intending to pervert the course of public justice is an offence under the common law of England and Wales.

Perverting the course of justice can be any of three acts:
 * Fabricating or disposing of evidence
 * Intimidating or threatening a witness or juror
 * Intimidating or threatening a judge

Also criminal are:
 * Conspiring with another to pervert the course of justice, and
 * Intending to pervert the course of justice

This offence, and the subject matter of the related forms of criminal conspiracy, have been referred to as:
 * Perverting the course of justice
 * Interfering with the administration of justice
 * Obstructing the administration of justice
 * Obstructing the course of justice
 * Defeating the due course of justice
 * Defeating the ends of justice
 * Effecting a public mischief

This proliferation of alternative names has been described as "somewhat confusing".

This offence is also sometimes referred to as "attempting to pervert the course of justice". This is potentially misleading. An attempt to pervert the course of justice is a substantive common law offence and not an inchoate offence. It is not a form of the offence of attempt, and it would be erroneous to charge it as being contrary to section 1(1) of the Criminal Attempts Act 1981.

This offence is triable only on indictment.

Canada
In Canada, the equivalent offence is referred to as "obstructing justice". It is set out in § 139 of the Criminal Code:

"139. (1) Every one who wilfully attempts in any manner to obstruct, pervert or defeat the course of justice in a judicial proceeding,

is guilty of

(2) Every one who wilfully attempts in any manner other than a manner described in subsection (1) to obstruct, pervert or defeat the course of justice is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years.

(3) Without restricting the generality of subsection (2), every one shall be deemed wilfully to attempt to obstruct, pervert or defeat the course of justice who in a judicial proceeding, existing or proposed,"

Australia
In New South Wales, the equivalent offence is set out in Section 319 of the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW). The maximum penalty is 14 years' imprisonment. In 1985 Murray Farquhar, the former Chief Stipendiary Magistrate of New South Wales, was convicted of attempting to pervert the course of justice to have charges against Kevin Humphreys dismissed and sentenced to a maximum of four years in prison. In 2009 Marcus Einfeld, a former Judge of the Federal Court of Australia, was sentenced to a maximum of three years in prison after pleading guilty to making a false statement with intent to pervert the course of justice.

International Criminal Court
In 2020, International Criminal Court (ICC) Prosecutor Fatou Bensouda described attempted interference with ICC witnesses in the Kenya investigation as perverting the course of justice under Article 70 of the Rome Statute, which defines the legal context of the ICC. Arrest warrants were issued against three people for their alleged attempts to make witnesses withdraw statements or refuse to testify to the court.

Notable convictions

 * Jonathan Aitken, a politician and British government cabinet ministerperjury and perverting the course of justice
 * Jeffrey Archer, an English author and former politicianperjury and perverting the course of justice
 * Ali Dizaei, a former commander in London's Metropolitan Police Serviceinitially found guilty of perverting the course of justice and jailed; later released on appeal; subsequently re-convicted
 * Chris Huhne, a journalist and former British government cabinet minister and his former wife, Vicky Pryceperverting the course of justice (see R v Huhne and Pryce)
 * John Humble, a former labourerperverting the course of justice
 * Bruce Hyman, an English barristerperverting the course of justice
 * Karen Matthews and Michael Donovanfound guilty of kidnapping, false imprisonment, and perverting the course of justice

Australia
 * Marcus Einfeld, an Australian retired Federal Court and NSW, WA and ACT Supreme Court judgeperjury and perverting the course of justice, for lying relative to a speeding ticket
 * Lionel Murphy, an Australian former politician and High Court of Australia judgeinitially found guilty of perverting the course of justice; the NSW Appeal Court subsequently quashed the conviction and ordered a retrial; subsequently found not guilty

title: Perverting the course of justice


text:
Exact differential

In multivariate calculus, a differential or differential form is said to be exact or perfect (exact differential), as contrasted with an inexact differential, if it is equal to the general differential $$dQ$$ for some differentiable function $$Q$$ in an orthogonal coordinate system (hence $$Q$$ is a multivariable function whose variables are independent, as they are always expected to be when treated in multivariable calculus).

An exact differential is sometimes also called a total differential, or a full differential, or, in the study of differential geometry, it is termed an exact form.

The integral of an exact differential over any integral path is path-independent, and this fact is used to identify state functions in thermodynamics.

Definition
Even if we work in three dimensions here, the definitions of exact differentials for other dimensions are structurally similar to the three dimensional definition. In three dimensions, a form of the type

 * $$A(x,y,z) \,dx + B(x,y,z) \,dy + C(x,y,z) \,dz$$

is called a differential form. This form is called exact on an open domain $$D \subset \mathbb{R}^3$$ in space if there exists some differentiable scalar function $$Q = Q(x,y,z)$$ defined on $$D$$ such that

 * $$ dQ \equiv \left ( \frac{\partial Q}{\partial x} \right )_{y,z} \, dx + \left ( \frac{\partial Q}{\partial y} \right )_{x,z} \, dy + \left ( \frac{\partial Q}{\partial z} \right )_{x,y} \, dz,$$ $$dQ = A \, dx + B \, dy + C \, dz$$

throughout $$D$$, where $$x,y,z$$ are orthogonal coordinates (e.g., Cartesian, cylindrical, or spherical coordinates). In other words, in some open domain of a space, a differential form is an exact differential if it is equal to the general differential of a differentiable function in an orthogonal coordinate system.

 * Note: In this mathematical expression, the subscripts outside the parenthesis indicate which variables are being held constant during differentiation. Due to the definition of the partial derivative, these subscripts are not required, but they are explicitly shown here as reminders.

Integral path independence
The exact differential for a differentiable scalar function $$Q$$ defined in an open domain $$D \subset \mathbb{R}^n$$ is equal to $$dQ = \nabla Q \cdot d \mathbf{r}$$, where $$\nabla Q$$ is the gradient of $$Q$$, $$\cdot$$ represents the scalar product, and $$d \mathbf{r}$$ is the general differential displacement vector, if an orthogonal coordinate system is used. If $$   Q$$ is of differentiability class $$C^1$$ (continuously differentiable), then $$\nabla Q$$ is a conservative vector field for the corresponding potential $$Q$$ by the definition. For three dimensional spaces, expressions such as $$d \mathbf{r} = (dx, dy, dz)$$ and $$\nabla Q = (\frac{\partial Q}{\partial x}, \frac{\partial Q}{\partial y},\frac{\partial Q}{\partial z})$$ can be made.

The gradient theorem states

 * $$\int _{i}^{f} dQ = \int _{i}^{f}\nabla Q (\mathbf {r} )\cdot d \mathbf {r} = Q \left(f \right) - Q \left(i \right)$$

that does not depend on which integral path between the given path endpoints $$i$$ and $$f$$ is chosen. So it is concluded that the integral of an exact differential is independent of the choice of an integral path between given path endpoints (path independence).

For three dimensional spaces, if $$\nabla Q$$ defined on an open domain $$D \subset \mathbb{R}^3$$ is of differentiability class $$C^1$$ (equivalently $$Q$$ is of $$C^2$$), then this integral path independence can also be proved by using the vector calculus identity $$\nabla \times ( \nabla Q ) = \mathbf{0}$$ and the Stokes' theorem.

 * $$\oint _{\partial \Sigma }\nabla Q \cdot d \mathbf {r} = \iint _{\Sigma }(\nabla \times \nabla Q)\cdot d \mathbf {a} = 0$$

for a simply closed loop $$\partial \Sigma$$ with the smooth oriented surface $$\Sigma$$ in it. If the open domain $$D$$ is simply connected open space (roughly speaking, a single piece open space without a hole within it), then any irrotational vector field (defined as a $$C^1$$ vector field $$\mathbf{v}$$ which curl is zero, i.e., $$\nabla \times \mathbf{v} = \mathbf{0}$$) has the path independence by the Stokes' theorem, so the following statement is made; In a simply connected open region, any $$C^1$$ vector field that has the path-independence property (so it is a conservative vector field.) must also be irrotational and vice versa. The equality of the path independence and conservative vector fields is shown here.

Thermodynamic state function
In thermodynamics, when $$dQ$$ is exact, the function $$Q$$ is a state function of the system: a mathematical function which depends solely on the current equilibrium state, not on the path taken to reach that state. Internal energy $$U$$, Entropy $$S$$, Enthalpy $$H$$, Helmholtz free energy $$A$$, and Gibbs free energy $$G$$ are state functions. Generally, neither work $$W$$ nor heat $$Q$$ is a state function. (Note: $$Q$$ is commonly used to represent heat in physics. It should not be confused with the use earlier in this article as the parameter of an exact differential.)

One dimension
In one dimension, a differential form
 * $$A(x) \, dx$$

is exact if and only if $$A$$ has an antiderivative (but not necessarily one in terms of elementary functions). If $$A$$ has an antiderivative and let $$Q$$ be an antiderivative of $$A$$ so $$\frac{dQ}{dx} = A$$, then $$A(x) \, dx$$ obviously satisfies the condition for exactness. If $$A$$ does not have an antiderivative, then we cannot write $$dQ = \frac{dQ}{dx}dx$$ with $$A = \frac{dQ}{dx}$$ for a differentiable function $$Q$$ so $$A(x) \, dx$$ is inexact.

Two and three dimensions
By symmetry of second derivatives, for any "well-behaved" (non-pathological) function $$Q$$, we have

 * $$\frac{\partial ^2 Q}{\partial x \, \partial y} = \frac{\partial ^2 Q}{\partial y \, \partial x}.$$

Hence, in a simply-connected region R of the xy-plane, where $$x,y$$ are independent, a differential form

 * $$A(x, y)\,dx + B(x, y)\,dy$$

is an exact differential if and only if the equation

 * $$\left( \frac{\partial A}{\partial y} \right)_x = \left( \frac{\partial B}{\partial x} \right)_y$$

holds. If it is an exact differential so $$A=\frac{\partial Q}{\partial x}$$ and $$B=\frac{\partial Q}{\partial y}$$, then $$Q$$ is a differentiable (smoothly continuous) function along $$x$$ and $$y$$, so $$\left( \frac{\partial A}{\partial y} \right)_x = \frac{\partial ^2 Q}{\partial y \partial x} = \frac{\partial ^2 Q}{\partial x \partial y} = \left( \frac{\partial B}{\partial x} \right)_y$$. If $$\left( \frac{\partial A}{\partial y} \right)_x = \left( \frac{\partial B}{\partial x} \right)_y$$ holds, then $$A$$ and $$B$$ are differentiable (again, smoothly continuous) functions along $$y$$ and $$x$$ respectively, and $$\left( \frac{\partial A}{\partial y} \right)_x = \frac{\partial ^2 Q}{\partial y \partial x} = \frac{\partial ^2 Q}{\partial x \partial y} = \left( \frac{\partial B}{\partial x} \right)_y$$ is only the case.

For three dimensions, in a simply-connected region R of the xyz-coordinate system, by a similar reason, a differential

 * $$dQ = A(x, y, z) \, dx + B(x, y, z) \, dy + C(x, y, z) \, dz$$

is an exact differential if and only if between the functions A, B and C there exist the relations

 * $$\left( \frac{\partial A}{\partial y} \right)_{x,z} \!\!\!= \left( \frac{\partial B}{\partial x} \right)_{y,z}$$; $$\left( \frac{\partial A}{\partial z} \right)_{x,y} \!\!\!= \left( \frac{\partial C}{\partial x} \right)_{y,z}$$; $$\left( \frac{\partial B}{\partial z} \right)_{x,y} \!\!\!= \left( \frac{\partial C}{\partial y} \right)_{x,z}.$$

These conditions are equivalent to the following sentence: If G is the graph of this vector valued function then for all tangent vectors X,Y of the surface G then s(X, Y) = 0 with s the symplectic form.

These conditions, which are easy to generalize, arise from the independence of the order of differentiations in the calculation of the second derivatives. So, in order for a differential dQ, that is a function of four variables, to be an exact differential, there are six conditions (the combination $$C(4,2)=6$$) to satisfy.

Partial differential relations
If a differentiable function $$z(x,y)$$ is one-to-one (injective) for each independent variable, e.g., $$z(x,y)$$ is one-to-one for $$x$$ at a fixed $$y$$ while it is not necessarily one-to-one for $$(x,y)$$, then the following total differentials exist because each independent variable is a differentiable function for the other variables, e.g., $$x(y,z)$$.

 * $$d x = {\left ( \frac{\partial x}{\partial y} \right )}_z \, d y + {\left ( \frac{\partial x}{\partial z} \right )}_y \,dz$$
 * $$d z = {\left ( \frac{\partial z}{\partial x} \right )}_y \, d x + {\left ( \frac{\partial z}{\partial y} \right )}_x \,dy.$$

Substituting the first equation into the second and rearranging, we obtain

 * $$d z = {\left ( \frac{\partial z}{\partial x} \right )}_y \left [ {\left ( \frac{\partial x}{\partial y} \right )}_z d y + {\left ( \frac{\partial x}{\partial z} \right )}_y dz \right ] + {\left ( \frac{\partial z}{\partial y} \right )}_x dy,$$
 * $$d z = \left [ {\left ( \frac{\partial z}{\partial x} \right )}_y {\left ( \frac{\partial x}{\partial y} \right )}_z + {\left ( \frac{\partial z}{\partial y} \right )}_x \right ] d y + {\left ( \frac{\partial z}{\partial x} \right )}_y {\left ( \frac{\partial x}{\partial z} \right )}_y dz,$$
 * $$\left [ 1 - {\left ( \frac{\partial z}{\partial x} \right )}_y {\left ( \frac{\partial x}{\partial z} \right )}_y \right ] dz = \left [ {\left ( \frac{\partial z}{\partial x} \right )}_y {\left ( \frac{\partial x}{\partial y} \right )}_z + {\left ( \frac{\partial z}{\partial y} \right )}_x \right ] d y.$$

Since $$y$$ and $$z$$ are independent variables, $$d y$$ and $$d z$$ may be chosen without restriction. For this last equation to generally hold, the bracketed terms must be equal to zero. The left bracket equal to zero leads to the reciprocity relation while the right bracket equal to zero goes to the cyclic relation as shown below.

Reciprocity relation
Setting the first term in brackets equal to zero yields

 * $${\left ( \frac{\partial z}{\partial x} \right )}_y {\left ( \frac{\partial x}{\partial z} \right )}_y = 1.$$

A slight rearrangement gives a reciprocity relation,

 * $${\left ( \frac{\partial z}{\partial x} \right )}_y = \frac{1}{{\left ( \frac{\partial x}{\partial z} \right )}_y}.$$

There are two more permutations of the foregoing derivation that give a total of three reciprocity relations between $$x$$, $$y$$ and $$z$$.

Cyclic relation
The cyclic relation is also known as the cyclic rule or the Triple product rule. Setting the second term in brackets equal to zero yields

 * $${\left ( \frac{\partial z}{\partial x} \right )}_y {\left ( \frac{\partial x}{\partial y} \right )}_z = - {\left ( \frac{\partial z}{\partial y} \right )}_x.$$

Using a reciprocity relation for $$\tfrac{\partial z}{\partial y}$$ on this equation and reordering gives a cyclic relation (the triple product rule),

 * $${\left ( \frac{\partial x}{\partial y} \right )}_z {\left ( \frac{\partial y}{\partial z} \right )}_x {\left ( \frac{\partial z}{\partial x} \right )}_y = -1.$$

If, instead, reciprocity relations for $$\tfrac{\partial x}{\partial y}$$ and $$\tfrac{\partial y}{\partial z}$$ are used with subsequent rearrangement, a standard form for implicit differentiation is obtained:

 * $${\left ( \frac{\partial y}{\partial x} \right )}_z = - \frac { {\left ( \frac{\partial z}{\partial x} \right )}_y }{ {\left ( \frac{\partial z}{\partial y} \right )}_x }.$$

Some useful equations derived from exact differentials in two dimensions
(See also Bridgman's thermodynamic equations for the use of exact differentials in the theory of thermodynamic equations)

Suppose we have five state functions $$z,x,y,u$$, and $$v$$. Suppose that the state space is two-dimensional and any of the five quantities are differentiable. Then by the chain rule

but also by the chain rule:

and

so that (by substituting (2) and (3) into (1)):

which implies that (by comparing (4) with (1)):

Letting $$v=y$$ in (5) gives:

Letting $$u=y$$ in (5) gives:

Letting $$u=y$$ and $$v=z$$ in (7) gives:

using ($$\partial a/\partial b)_c = 1/(\partial b/\partial a)_c$$ gives the triple product rule:

title: Exact differential


text:
Web Feature Service

In computing, the Open Geospatial Consortium Web Feature Service (WFS) Interface Standard provides an interface allowing requests for geographical features across the web using platform-independent calls. One can think of geographical features as the "source code" behind a map, whereas the WMS interface or online tiled mapping portals like Google Maps return only an image, which end-users cannot edit or spatially analyze. The XML-based GML furnishes the default payload-encoding for transporting geographic features, but other formats like shapefiles can also serve for transport. In early 2006 the OGC members approved the OpenGIS GML Simple Features Profile. This profile is designed both to increase interoperability between WFS servers and to improve the ease of implementation of the WFS standard.

The OGC membership defined and maintains the WFS specification. Numerous commercial and open-source implementations of the WFS interface standard exist, including the open-source reference implementations GeoServer and deegree. The OGC Implementing Products page provides a comprehensive list of WFS implementations.

Overview
The WFS specification defines interfaces for describing data manipulation operations of geographic features. Data manipulation operations include the ability to:

 * get or query features based on spatial and non-spatial constraints
 * create a new feature instance
 * delete a feature instance
 * update a feature instance

The basic Web Feature Service allows querying and retrieval of features. A transactional Web Feature Service (WFS-T) allows creation, deletion, and updating of features.

A WFS describes discovery, query, or data transformation operations. The client generates the request and posts it to a web feature server using HTTP. The web feature server then executes the request. The WFS specification uses HTTP as the distributed computing platform, although this is not a hard requirement.

There are two encodings defined for WFS operations:
 * XML (amenable to HTTP POST, or SOAP)
 * Key/value pairs (encoded in HTTP GET query strings, to perform remote procedure calls)

In the taxonomy of Web Services, WFS is best categorized as a non-RESTful RPC type service.

Communication models
The WFS Web Feature Services or Web Feature Server specification supports two communication models:
 * Stateless Request Reply
 * Pub/Sub
 * A messaging system in which clients address messages to a specific node in a content hierarchy, called a topic. Publishers and subscribers are generally anonymous and can dynamically publish or subscribe to the content hierarchy. The system takes care of distributing the messages arriving from a node's multiple publishers to its multiple subscribers. Messages are generally not persistent and will only be received by subscribers who are listening at the time the message is sent. A special case known as a “durable subscription” allows subscribers to receive messages sent while the subscribers are not active. (Source: Oracle Technology Network for Java Developers | Oracle Technology Network | Oracle)

The Web Notification Service (WNS) is one of the implementation specifications for the Pub/Sub model. Regardless of the model, URL format is used and specified in the WFS specification. At this time there are no open-standard implementations of WNSs. Vendors plan to release implementations once the standard has been ratified.

Data
Data passed between a Web Feature Server and a client is encoded with Geography Markup Language (GML), an XML dialect which can be used to model geographic features.

The 1.0.0 version of the WFS specification requires the use of GML version 2.1.2, while the 1.1.0 version of the WFS specification requires the use of GML version 3.1.1. For both versions of the WFS specification, an arbitrary number of other encodings can also be defined, in addition to the required GML 2.1.2 or 3.1.1 format (for 1.0.0 and 1.1.0 respectively).

GML 2.1.2 contains encoding support for basic geometric 'primitives': points, lines, polygons, etc.

GML 3.1.1 contains encoding support for more advanced geometric representations: curves, surfaces, multi-dimensions (time, elevation, multi-band imagery). In addition, GML 3.1.1 includes encoding support for topologically integrated datasets.

Static Interfaces
The static interface model for the OGC Web Service model appears in the figure below.

The Transaction and LockFeature operations are also optional.

When writing a WFS, you must implement the following operations:
 * GetCapabilities - this queries the WFS service to determine available options.
 * DescribeFeatureType - this retrieves the XML schema to allow the WFS client to parse the resultsets.
 * GetFeature - this performs the actual query - parameters such as bounding box and any other filters should be passed in, as appropriate, and the WFS service then returns a GML resultset containing full geometry and feature attributes.

Dynamic interface updates
The client gets updates by one of two mechanisms:
 * Notification: Recommended but not mandatory. Depends on the availability of a WNS implementation.
 * Polling: Use this method if a WNS implementation is not available.

WFS dynamic interface web notification model

This model uses the OGC Web Notification Service to send update notifications to registered clients.

title: Web Feature Service


text:
Talk:CAN-SPAM Act of 2003

Italicization
The partial italicization of the backronym explanation is making the words register as typos. Is this typical for a page that references a backronym? If not, consider standardizing the words one way or the other. Lartillery (talk) 18:33, 16 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:CAN-SPAM Act of 2003


text:
Chris Ware

Franklin Christenson "Chris" Ware (born December 28, 1967) is an American cartoonist known for his Acme Novelty Library series (begun 1994) and the graphic novels Jimmy Corrigan, the Smartest Kid on Earth (2000), Building Stories (2012) and Rusty Brown (2019). His works explore themes of social isolation, emotional torment and depression. He tends to use a vivid color palette and realistic, meticulous detail. His lettering and images are often elaborate and sometimes evoke the ragtime era or another early 20th-century American design style.

Ware often refers to himself in the publicity for his work in self-effacing, even withering tones. He is considered by some critics and fellow notable illustrators and writers, such as Dave Eggers, to be among the best currently working in the medium; Canadian graphic-novelist Seth has said, "Chris really changed the playing field. After him, a lot of [cartoonists] really started to scramble and go, 'Holy [expletive], I think I have to try harder.'"

Career
Born in Omaha, Nebraska, Ware resides in the Chicago area of Illinois. His earliest published strips appeared in the late 1980s on the comics page of The Daily Texan, the student newspaper of the University of Texas at Austin. In addition to numerous daily strips under different titles, Ware also had a weekly satirical science fiction serial in the paper titled Floyd Farland - Citizen of the Future. This was eventually published in 1988 as a prestige format comic book from Eclipse Comics, and its publication even led to a brief correspondence between Ware and Timothy Leary.

While still a sophomore at UT, Ware came to the attention of Art Spiegelman, who invited Ware to contribute to Raw, the influential anthology magazine Spiegelman was co-editing with Françoise Mouly. Ware has acknowledged that being included in Raw gave him confidence and inspired him to explore printing techniques and self-publishing. His Fantagraphics series Acme Novelty Library defied comics publishing conventions with every issue. The series featured a combination of new material as well as reprints of work Ware had done for the Texan (such as Quimby the Mouse) and the Chicago weekly paper Newcity. Ware's work appeared originally in Newcity before he moved on to his current "home", the Chicago Reader. Beginning with the 16th issue of Acme Novelty Library, Ware began self-publishing his work, while maintaining a relationship with Fantagraphics for distribution and storage. This was a return to Ware's early career, self-publishing such books as Lonely Comics and Stories as well as miniature digests of stories based on Quimby the Mouse and an unnamed potato-like creature.

In recent years he has also been involved in editing (and designing) several books and book series, including the new reprint series of Gasoline Alley from Drawn & Quarterly titled Walt and Skeezix; a reprint series of Krazy Kat by Fantagraphics; and the 13th volume of Timothy McSweeney's Quarterly Concern, which is devoted to comics. He was the editor of The Best American Comics 2007, the second installment devoted to comics in the Best American series.

In 2007, Ware curated an exhibition for the Phoenix Art Museum focused on the non-comic work of five contemporary cartoonists. The exhibition, titled "UnInked: Paintings, Sculpture and Graphic Works by Five Cartoonists", ran from April 21 through August 19. Ware also edited and designed the catalog for the exhibition.

In 2017, Ware's book Monograph appeared. It is a part-memoir, part-scrapbook retrospective of his career to that point. The New York Review of Books described it as "a grand tomb in the Egyptian mold, whose contents will tell anyone who breaks into it what this person’s life was like," adding that "it seems almost an invasion of privacy to enter this crypt."

Style
Ware's art reflects early 20th-century American styles of cartooning and graphic design, shifting through formats from traditional comic panels to faux advertisements and cut-out toys. Stylistic influences include advertising graphics from that same era; newspaper strip cartoonists Winsor McCay (Little Nemo in Slumberland) and Frank King (Gasoline Alley); Charles Schulz's post-WWII strip Peanuts and the cover designs of ragtime-era sheet music. Ware has spoken about finding inspiration in the work of artist Joseph Cornell and cites Richard McGuire's strip Here as a major influence on his use of non-linear narratives. Ware has said of his own style:"I arrived at my way of 'working' as a way of visually approximating what I feel the tone of fiction to be in prose versus the tone one might use to write biography; I would never do a biographical story using the deliberately synthetic way of cartooning I use to write fiction. I try to use the rules of typography to govern the way that I 'draw', which keeps me at a sensible distance from the story as well as being a visual analog to the way we remember and conceptualize the world. I figured out this way of working by learning from and looking at artists I admired and whom I thought came closest to getting at what seemed to me to be the 'essence' of comics, which is fundamentally the weird process of reading pictures, not just looking at them. I see the black outlines of cartoons as visual approximations of the way we remember general ideas, and I try to use naturalistic color underneath them to simultaneously suggest a perceptual experience, which I think is more or less the way we actually experience the world as adults; we don't really 'see' anymore after a certain age, we spend our time naming and categorizing and identifying and figuring how everything all fits together. Unfortunately, as a result, I guess sometimes readers get a chilled or antiseptic sensation from it, which is certainly not intentional, and is something I admit as a failure, but is also something I can't completely change at the moment."

Although his precise, geometrical layouts may appear to some to be computer-generated, Ware works almost exclusively with manual drawing tools such as paper and ink, rulers and T-squares. He does, however, sometimes use photocopies and transparencies, and he employs a computer to color his strips.

Quimby the Mouse
Quimby the Mouse was an early character for Ware and something of a breakthrough. Rendered in the style of an early animation character like Felix the Cat, Quimby the Mouse is perhaps Ware's most autobiographical character. Quimby's relationship with a cat head named Sparky is by turns conflict-ridden and loving, and thus intended to reflect all human relationships. While Quimby exhibits mobility, Sparky remains immobile and helpless, subject to all the indignities Quimby visits upon him. Quimby also acts as a narrator for Ware's reminiscences of his youth, in particular his relationship with his grandmother. Sometimes illustrated as a two-headed mouse, Quimby embodies both Ware and his grandmother, and the duality of a young and old body. Quimby was presented in a series of smaller panels than most comics, almost providing the illusion of motion à la a zoetrope. In fact, Ware once designed a zoetrope to be cut out and constructed by the reader in order to watch a Quimby "silent movie". Ware's ingenuity is neatly shown in this willingness to break from the confines of the page. Quimby the Mouse appears in the logo of a Chicago-based bookstore "Quimby's", although their shared name was originally a coincidence.

Rusty Brown
Ware's Rusty Brown focuses on the titular character, examining his life in the present and through flashbacks of his childhood, focusing on his arrested development and attachment to cultural objects. As the story expands, it diverges into multiple storylines about Brown's father's early life in the 1950s as a science fiction writer (Acme Novelty Library #19) and his best friend Chalky White's adult home life. The first part of Rusty Brown was published in book form in 2019 by Pantheon Books.

Building Stories
Ware's Building Stories was serialized in a host of different venues. It first appeared as a monthly strip in Nest Magazine. Installments later appeared in a number of publications, including The New Yorker, Kramer's Ergot, and most notably, the Sunday New York Times Magazine. Building Stories appeared weekly in the New York Times Magazine from September 18, 2005 until April 16, 2006. A full chapter was published in Acme Novelty Library, number 18. Another installment was published under the title "Touch Sensitive" as a digital app released through McSweeneys. The entire narrative was published as a boxed set of books by Pantheon in October 2012. The boxed set holds 14 different works, in various sizes and forms, weaving through the life of an unnamed brown haired woman.

The Last Saturday
Ware's latest project, The Last Saturday, a "comic novella," began appearing online every Friday at the website of the UK newspaper The Guardian, starting in September 2014. The story follows a few people in Sandy Port, Michigan: Putnam Gray, a young boy caught up in his sci-fi and space fantasies; Sandy Grains, a young girl and classmate who is interested in Putnam; Rosie Gentry, a young girl and classmate with whom Putnam is infatuated; Mr. and Mrs. Gray and Mrs. Grains. The strip also features in the newspaper's Weekend magazine.

The serialization has now apparently ended after 54 instalments. The bottom right-hand corner of the last page has a note that says, "END, PART ONE", but, there appears to be no indication from The Guardian or from Ware that there is to be a Part Two.

Non-comics work
Ware is an ardent collector of ragtime paraphernalia and occasionally publishes a journal devoted to the music titled The Ragtime Ephemeralist. He also plays the banjo and piano. The influence of the music and the graphics of its era can be seen in Ware's work, especially in regard to logos and layout. Ware has designed album covers and posters for such ragtime performers as the Et Cetera String Band, Virginia Tichenor, Reginald R. Robinson, the Paragon Ragtime Orchestra and Guido Nielsen.

He has also designed covers and posters for non-ragtime performers such as Andrew Bird's Bowl of Fire and 5ive Style. In October 2005 Ware designed the elaborate cover art for Penguin Books' new edition of Voltaire's Candide.

Ware was commissioned by Chip Kidd to design the inner machinations of the bird on the cover of Haruki Murakami's novel The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle.

In 2003-04, Ware worked with Ira Glass of This American Life and Chicago historian Tim Samuelson to illustrate and design Lost Buildings about Samuelson and the preservation of Chicago's old buildings, particularly Louis Sullivan's buildings. Originally produced for a live "Lost in America" stage show in 2003, Lost Buildings was later published as a book and DVD. In 2007-08, he produced animations for the This American Life television series on Showtime and also contributed to the show as a color consultant. Ware created poster art for Tamara Jenkins' 2007 film The Savages and her 2018 film Private Life.

Mural for 826 Valencia
Dave Eggers commissioned Ware to design the mural for the facade of San Francisco literacy project 826 Valencia. The mural depicts "the parallel development of humans and their efforts at and motivations for communication, spoken and written." The 3.9m x 6m mural was applied by artisans to Ware’s specifications. Describing the work, Ware said "I didn’t want it to make anyone 'feel good', especially in that typically muralistic 'hands across the water' sort of way,"..."I especially wanted it to be something that people living in the neighbourhood could look at day after day and hopefully not tire of too quickly. I really hoped whomever might happen to come across it would find something that showed a respect for their intelligence, and didn’t force-feed them any 'message'."

Fortune 500 cover
In 2010, Ware designed the cover for Fortune magazine's "Fortune 500" issue, but it was rejected. Ware had mentioned the work at a panel at the Chicago Comic and Entertainment Expo on April 16, as first noted in an April 20 blog post by Matthew J. Brady. The cover, featuring the circle-shaped humans common in Ware's more broadly socially satirical comic-strips, turned the numbers 500 into skyscrapers looming over the continental United States. On the roofs, corporate bosses drink, dance, and sun themselves as a helicopter drops a shovelful of money down for them. Below, among signs reading "Credit Default Swap Flea Market," "Greenspan Lube Pro," and "401K Cemetery," a helicopter scoops money out of the US Treasury with a shovel, cars pile up in Detroit, and flag-waving citizens party around a boiling tea kettle in the shape of an elephant. In the Gulf of Mexico, homes are sinking, while hooded prisoners sit in Guantanamo, a "Factory of Exploitation" keeps going in Mexico, China is tossing American dollars into the Pacific, and the roof of bankrupted Greece's Treasury has blown off. A spokesperson for the magazine only said that, as is their practice, they had commissioned a number of possible covers from different artists, including Ware. Brady wrote in his blog that Ware said at the panel he "accepted the job because it would be like doing the [cover for the] 1929 issue of the magazine".

Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives
In 2011, Ware created the poster for the U.S. release of the 2010 film Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives by Thai director Apichatpong Weerasethakul. Describing the poster, Ware said "I wanted to get at both the transcendent solemnity of the film while keeping some sense of its loose, very unpretentious accessibility... This being a poster, however—and even worse, me not really being a designer—I realized it also had to be somewhat punchy and strange, so as to draw viewers in and pique their curiosity without, hopefully, insulting their intelligence."

Awards and honors
Over the years his work garnered several awards, including the 1999 National Cartoonists Society's Award for Best Comic Book for Acme Novelty Library and Award for Graphic Novel for Building Stories.

Ware has won numerous Eisner Awards during his career including Best Artist/Writer in 2009 (Acme Novelty Library) and 2013 (Building Stories); Best Artist/Writer-Drama in 2008; Best Continuing Series in 1996 and 2000 (Acme Novelty Library); Best Graphic Album: New in 2000 and 2013 (Building Stories); Best Graphic Album: Reprint in 2001 (Jimmy Corrigan); Best Colorist of 1996, 1998, 2001 and 2006; Best Publication Design in 1995, 1996, 1997 (Acme Novelty Library), 2001 (Jimmy Corrigan), 2002, 2006 (Acme Novelty Library Annual Report for Shareholders) and 2013 (Building Stories)

Ware has won multiple Harvey Awards including Best Continuing or Limited Series in 2000 and 2001; Best Cartoonist in 2006 (Acme Novelty Library); Best Letterer in 1996, 2000, 2002, and 2006; Best Colorist in 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2002 and 2004 (Acme Novelty Datebook); and Special Award for Excellence in Presentation in 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 (Acme Novelty Library), 2001 (Jimmy Corrigan), 2004 (Acme Novelty Datebook) and 2013 (Building Stories)

In 2002, Ware became the first comics artist to be invited to exhibit at Whitney Museum of American Art biennial exhibition. With Will Eisner, Jack Kirby, Harvey Kurtzman, Robert Crumb and Gary Panter, Ware was among the artists honored in the exhibition "Masters of American Comics" at the Jewish Museum in New York City, New York, from September 16, 2006 to January 28, 2007. His work was the subject of solo exhibitions at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago in 2006 and at the University of Nebraska's Sheldon Museum of Art, in 2007.

Ware's graphic novel Jimmy Corrigan, the Smartest Kid on Earth won the 2001 Guardian First Book Award, the first time a graphic novel has won a major United Kingdom book award. It also won the 2001 Firecracker Alternative Book Award for Outstanding Graphic Novel. And it won the prize for best album at the 2003 Angoulême International Comics Festival in France.

In 2006, Ware received a USA Hoi Fellow grant from United States Artists.

In 2013, Ware received the 2013 Lynd Ward Graphic Novel Prize for Building Stories and was finalist for Jan Michalski Prize for Literature and Los Angeles Times Book Prize.

In 2020, Ware's Rusty Brown was nominated for the PEN/Jean Stein Book Award.

In 2021, he was awarded the Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême for his lifelong achievement.

title: Chris Ware