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ISO/IEC 11404

ISO/IEC 11404, General Purpose Datatypes (GPD), are a collection of datatypes defined independently of any particular programming language or implementation. These datatypes can be used to describe interfaces to existing libraries without having to specify the language (such as Fortran or C).

The first edition of this standard was published in 1996 under the title "Language-independent datatypes". The standard was revised by the responsible ISO sub-committee (JTC1/SC22 - Information Technology - Programming languages). The revised version has the new title "General Purpose Datatypes".

title: ISO/IEC 11404


text:
GPD

GPD may refer to:

Police departments

 * Gaithersburg Police Department, Maryland, United States
 * Gatlinburg Police Department, Tennessee, United States
 * Gladstone Police Department, Oregon, United States
 * Greenbelt Police Department (Maryland), United States
 * Guam Police Department
 * Greensboro Police Department, North Carolina, United States

Other uses

 * Geassocieerde Pers Diensten, a Dutch news agency
 * General purpose datatype
 * Generalized Pareto distribution
 * Generalized Parton Distributions
 * Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase
 * Mount Gordon Airport, in Queensland, Australia
 * People's Liberation Army General Political Department
 * Tradewind Aviation, an American airline
 * GamePad Digital, a Chinese company, creator of the GPD XD, GPD Win, GPD Win Max, GPD Win 2, GPD Win 3 and GPD Pocket

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: GPD


text:
Jimmy Kimmel

James Christian Kimmel (born November 13, 1967) is an American television host, comedian, writer, and producer. He is the host and executive producer of Jimmy Kimmel Live!, a late-night talk show, since 2003. Kimmel hosted the Primetime Emmy Awards in 2012, 2016 and 2020. He also hosted the Academy Awards in 2017, 2018, 2023, and 2024.

Before hosting Jimmy Kimmel Live!, Kimmel was the co-host of Comedy Central's The Man Show and Win Ben Stein's Money. Kimmel has also produced shows including Crank Yankers, Sports Show with Norm Macdonald, and The Andy Milonakis Show. In 2018, Time named him as one of "The World's 100 Most Influential People". Kimmel has hosted a late-night talk show the longest of all current late night television hosts in the United States, after Conan O'Brien's retirement from hosting a late-night program.

Early life and family
Kimmel was born in Brooklyn, New York and grew up in the neighborhood of Mill Basin. He is the eldest of three children of Joan (Iacono) and James John Kimmel, who worked at American Express and was an IBM executive.

He was raised Catholic and as a child, was an altar boy. Kimmel's mother is of Italian descent; her grandparents migrated to the United States from Ischia, Naples after the 1883 earthquake. Two of his paternal great-great-grandparents were German immigrants. His family's surname was "Kümmel" ("caraway" in German) several generations back. According to a DNA test, Kimmel is also of partial Albanian descent.

The family moved to Las Vegas when he was nine years old. He graduated from Ed W. Clark High School and attended University of Nevada, Las Vegas for one year before transferring to Arizona State University. He received an honorary degree from UNLV in 2013.

Kimmel's uncle, Frank Potenza ("Uncle Frank"), appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live! as a regular from 2003 until his death in 2011. His cousin Sal Iacono performed Kimmel's former co-hosting duties during the last season of Win Ben Stein's Money and then became a writer and sketch performer on Jimmy Kimmel Live! His Aunt Chippy (Concetta Potenza) is also a featured part of the show. His brother Jonathan works on the show as a director. His sister, Jill, is a comedian.

Radio career
Inspired by David Letterman's start in radio, Kimmel began working in radio while in high school. He was the host of a Sunday night interview show on UNLV's college station, KUNV. While attending Arizona State University, he became a popular caller to the KZZP-FM afternoon show hosted by radio personalities Mike Elliott and Kent Voss in Phoenix, Arizona. In 1989, Kimmel landed his first paying job alongside Voss as morning drive co-host of The Me and Him Show at KZOK-FM in Seattle, Washington. Over the next 10 months, the hosts performed several stunts on air, including one that led to an $8,000 loss in advertising.

In 1990, Kimmel and Voss were fired by KZOK and were fired again a year later at WRBQ-FM in Tampa. Kimmel went on to host his own show at KCMJ in Palm Springs, California, where he recruited as his intern Carson Daly, who had been a family friend since his childhood. After a morning stint at KRQQ in Tucson, Arizona, Kimmel landed at KROQ-FM in Los Angeles. He spent five years as "Jimmy The Sports Guy" for the Kevin and Bean morning show. During that time he met and befriended the comedian Adam Carolla.

Comedy Central
Kimmel initially did not want to do television; he began writing for Fox announcers and promotions and was quickly recruited to do the on-air promotions himself. He declined several offers for television shows from producer Michael Davies, being uninterested in the projects, until he was offered a place as the comedic counterpart to Ben Stein on the game show Win Ben Stein's Money, which began airing on Comedy Central in 1997. His quick wit and "everyman" personality were counterpoints to Stein's monotonous vocal style and faux-patrician demeanor. The combination earned the pair an Emmy award for Best Game Show Host.

In 1999, during his time on Win Ben Stein's Money, Kimmel co-hosted (with Adam Carolla) and co-produced (with Daniel Kellison), Comedy Central's The Man Show. Kimmel left Win Ben Stein's Money in 2001 and was replaced by comedian Nancy Pimental, who was eventually replaced by Kimmel's cousin Sal Iacono. The Man Show's success allowed Kimmel, Carolla, and Kellison to create and produce, under the banner Jackhole Productions, Crank Yankers for Comedy Central (on which Kimmel plays the characters "Elmer Higgins", "Terrence Catheter", "The Nudge", "Karl Malone" and himself) and later The Andy Milonakis Show for MTV2. Kimmel also produced and co-wrote the feature film Windy City Heat, Festival Prize winner of the Comedia Award for Best Film at the 2004 Montreal Comedy Festival.

Jimmy Kimmel Live!
In January 2003, Kimmel permanently left The Man Show to host his own late-night talk show, Jimmy Kimmel Live!, on ABC. In April 2007, Stuffmagazine.com named Kimmel the "biggest badass on TV." Kimmel said it was an honor but clearly a mistake.

Despite its name, the show has not actually aired live since 2004, when censors were unable to properly bleep censor a barrage of swearing from actor Thomas Jane.

During the 2004 NBA Finals in Detroit, Kimmel appeared on ABC's halftime show to make an on-air plug for his show. He suggested that if the Detroit Pistons defeated the Los Angeles Lakers, "they're gonna burn the city of Detroit down ... and it's not worth it." Officials with Detroit's ABC affiliate, WXYZ-TV, immediately announced that that night's show would not air on the station. Hours later, ABC officials pulled that night's show from the entire network. Kimmel later apologized.

Kimmel usually ends his show with "My apologies to Matt Damon, we ran out of time." When Matt Damon did actually appear on the show to be interviewed, he walked in and sat down only to be told just a few seconds later by Kimmel, "Unfortunately, we are totally out of time," followed by "my apologies to Matt Damon." Damon appeared angry but both performers have since indicated that their faux-feud is a joke.

In February 2008, Kimmel showed a mock music video with a panoply of stars called "I'm Fucking Ben Affleck", as "revenge" after his then-girlfriend Sarah Silverman and Damon recorded a similar video titled "I'm Fucking Matt Damon". Silverman's video originally aired on Jimmy Kimmel Live! and became an "instant YouTube sensation." Kimmel's "revenge" video featured himself, Ben Affleck, and a large lineup of stars, particularly in scenes spoofing the 1985 "We Are the World" video: Brad Pitt, Don Cheadle, Cameron Diaz, Robin Williams, Harrison Ford, Dominic Monaghan, Benji Madden and Joel Madden from Good Charlotte, Lance Bass, Macy Gray, Josh Groban, Huey Lewis, Perry Farrell, Christopher Mintz-Plasse, Pete Wentz, Meat Loaf, Rebecca Romijn, Christina Applegate, Dom Joly, Mike Shinoda, Lauren Conrad, and Joan Jett, among others.

After this, Kimmel's sidekick, Guillermo, appeared in a spoof of The Bourne Ultimatum, which starred Damon. He was then chased down by Damon, who was cursing about Kimmel being behind all this. Guillermo also stopped Damon on the red carpet one time and, before he could finish the interview, said, "Sorry, we are out of time." The most recent encounter was titled "The Handsome Men's Club" which featured Kimmel, along with the "Handsome Men", who were: Matthew McConaughey, Rob Lowe, Lenny Kravitz, Patrick Dempsey, Sting, Keith Urban, John Krasinski, Ethan Hawke, Josh Hartnett, Tony Romo, Ted Danson, Taye Diggs, Gilles Marini, and Ben Affleck speaking about being handsome and all the jobs that come with it. At the end of the skit, Kimmel has a door slammed in his face by Damon, who says they have run out of time and laughs sinisterly. Jennifer Garner also makes a surprise appearance. As a tradition, celebrities voted off Dancing with the Stars appear on Jimmy Kimmel Live!, causing Kimmel to describe himself as "the three-headed dog the stars must pass on their way to No-Dancing Hell."

In October 2013, a new segment of the show, "Kids Table", showcased five- and six-year-olds discussing the U.S. government shutdown and U.S. debts. When one of the children suggested "killing all the people in China" as a way of resolving the U.S. debt, Kimmel responded that that was "an interesting idea" and soon jokingly asked a followup: "Should we allow the Chinese to live?" The incident triggered discussions and protests on the internet, even from Mainland China. In an October 25 letter to a group called the 80-20 Initiative, which identifies itself as a pan-Asian-American political organization, ABC apologized for the segment, saying "We would never purposefully broadcast anything to upset the Chinese community, Asian community, anyone of Chinese descent or any community at large." More than a hundred people took to the streets in San Francisco on October 28 to protest the show and demand "a more elaborate apology" and that Kimmel be fired. On that day's broadcast, Kimmel addressed the controversy personally, saying: "I thought it was obvious that I didn't agree with that statement, but apparently it wasn't ... So I just wanted to say, I'm sorry, I apologize." Despite the apologies from ABC and Kimmel, protests continued. A White House petition was created to investigate the incident and reached the 100,000 signatures needed to require a response from the White House. The Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus denounced the incident and demanded a formal apology from ABC.

During a November 2022 appearance on Stitcher's "Naked Lunch" podcast, Kimmel revealed he told ABC executives, soon after the election of Donald Trump, that if he could not tell Trump jokes, then he would leave the show. Kimmel also indicated the executives were correct, and he lost approximately half of his audience during that time.

Other television work
In spring 1996, Kimmel appeared as "Jimmy the Fox Guy" in promos on the Fox Network. His other television work included being the on-air football prognosticator for Fox NFL Sunday for four years. He has had numerous appearances on other talk shows, including Live with Regis and Kelly, The Howard Stern Show, The Ellen DeGeneres Show, and Late Show with David Letterman.

He has appeared on The Late Show five times, most recently in 2010. Kimmel served as roastmaster for the New York Friars' Club Roast of Hugh Hefner and the Comedy Central Roast of Pamela Anderson. He has appeared on ABC's Dancing with the Stars.

In August 2006, ABC announced that Kimmel would be host of their new game show Set for Life. The show debuted on July 20, 2007. On April 6, 2007, Kimmel filled in for Larry King on Larry King Live. That particular broadcast dealt with paparazzi. Kimmel reproached Emily Gould, an editor at Gawker.com, for the site's alleged stalking of celebrities. On July 8, 2007, Kimmel managed the National League in the 2007 Taco Bell All-Star Legends and Celebrity Softball Game in San Francisco. He played in the game in 2004 and 2006 (in Houston and Pittsburgh, respectively). On July 11, 2007, Kimmel, along with basketball player LeBron James, hosted the 2007 ESPY Awards. The show aired on ESPN on July 15, 2007. Kimmel hosted the American Music Awards on ABC five times, in 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, and 2008.

Kimmel guest-hosted Live with Regis and Kelly during the week of October 22–26, 2007, commuting every day between New York and Los Angeles. In the process, he broke the Guinness World Record for the longest distance (22406 mi) traveled in one work week. Kimmel himself has questioned the record, suggesting that a world leader or the Pope must actually hold the record.

Kimmel has performed in several animated films, often voicing dogs. His voice appeared in Garfield: The Movie and Road Trip, and he portrayed Death's Dog in the Family Guy episode "Mr. Saturday Knight"; Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane later presented Kimmel with a figurine of his character on Jimmy Kimmel Live! Kimmel also did voice work for Robot Chicken. Kimmel's cousin Sal Iacono has accepted and won a wrestling match with Santino Marella.

On January 14, 2010, amid the 2010 Tonight Show host and time slot conflict, Kimmel was the special guest of Jay Leno on The Jay Leno Show's "10 at 10" segment. Kimmel derided Leno in front of a live studio audience for taking back the 11:35 pm time slot from Conan O'Brien, and repeatedly insulted Leno. He ended the segment with a plea that Leno "leave our shows alone", as Kimmel and O'Brien had "kids" while Leno only had "cars".

Kimmel hosted the 64th Primetime Emmy Awards on September 23, 2012, and the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards on September 18, 2016. With the presidential election only weeks away, Kimmel pointed out the role Mark Burnett played in the rise of Trump.

Kimmel hosted the 89th edition of the Academy Awards ceremony on February 26, 2017. He returned as host for the 90th edition on March 4, 2018, and the 95th edition on March 12, 2023. He will return to host the 96th edition on March 10, 2024, for the fourth time.

In June 2018, Kimmel was challenged by U.S. Senator Ted Cruz to a one-on-one basketball game after Kimmel compared Cruz's appearance to that of a blobfish. Kimmel accepted and the game (known as the Blobfish Basketball Classic) was scheduled to take place at Texas Southern University on June 16, with the loser donating $5,000 to the non-political charity of the winner's choice. Cruz defeated Kimmel 11–9, and over $80,000 was raised from the game and donated to the charities.

In November 2018, Kimmel launched his second production company, Kimmelot.

Kimmel was the host and co-executive producer of a celebrity edition of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, which premiered for the show's 20th anniversary in 2020. It premiered on April 8, 2020, on ABC. In June 2020, it was announced that Kimmel would return to host the 72nd Primetime Emmy Awards on September 20, 2020.

Books
In July 2019, Kimmel released his first book, The Serious Goose, an interactive children's picture book featuring his own illustrations that tasks readers with helping to make the serious goose smile.

Podcasts
On August 30, 2023, Kimmel began hosting the comedy podcast Strike Force Five with Jimmy Fallon, Seth Meyers, Stephen Colbert, and John Oliver to support their staff members out of work due to the 2023 Writers Guild of America strike.

Influences
Kimmel's biggest influences in comedy are David Letterman and Howard Stern. Kimmel has said of Letterman, "His show was just so weird and different. I'd never seen anything like it. I didn't know anyone who had a sense of humor like that." Kimmel has often joked that the only reason he got into show business was to be friends with Letterman; he has also questioned why anybody would watch his show instead of Letterman's.

Kimmel wrote a piece for Time about his love for Letterman, saying:"As I write this, there are only ten shows left before the funniest, most inventive and smartest man who ever wore an Alka Seltzer suit goes fishing for good. None of us who discovered Dave on our own and claimed him as our own will ever be able to satisfactorily explain to the younger people who didn't what he did, what he meant and what he means. I guess it doesn't matter. It's only an exhibition, not a competition. Thanks Dave. For whatever it's worth, you're my favorite."

Personal life
Kimmel is a practicing Catholic. He has spoken publicly about having narcolepsy.

Kimmel married Gina Maddy in 1988; they divorced in 2002. Their daughter Katherine was born in 1991 and their son Kevin was born in 1993. He had a relationship with comedian Sarah Silverman from 2002 to March 2009.

Kimmel started dating Molly McNearney, a co-head writer for Jimmy Kimmel Live, in October 2009. They were engaged in August 2012 and married in July 2013. Their daughter Jane was born in July 2014, they are both living in Hermosa Beach, California.

Their second child, William "Billy" John, was born on April 21, 2017. He was born with a rare congenital heart defect, tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) with pulmonary atresia, which was first detected when he had a purplish appearance at three hours after birth. He underwent successful surgery at three days of age. The first guests Kimmel had when his show returned following his son's birth were cardiac surgeon Mehmet Oz, who explained the condition, and snowboarder Shaun White, who was born with TOF. Kimmel later cited his son's condition in a monologue criticizing a previous guest, Senator Bill Cassidy, who had co-authored a congressional healthcare bill, for not living up to the "Jimmy Kimmel test" regarding access for patients with preexisting conditions. The monologue was widely discussed as part of the wider debate about the American healthcare system.

In 2020, Kimmel learned that he and Martha Stewart are cousins through a genealogy report on the TV show Finding Your Roots.

Interests
Kimmel plays the bass clarinet, and was a guest performer at a concert in Costa Mesa, California, on July 20, 2008, featuring The Mighty Mighty Bosstones, performing with the group on the song "The Impression That I Get".

Kimmel co-founded the annual Los Angeles Feast of San Gennaro, a New York City annual tradition, and co-hosted the eighth annual Los Angeles version in 2009.

In 2018, he fundraised for Nevada U.S. Senate candidate (and eventual Senator) Jacky Rosen.

In 2021, Kimmel became the title sponsor of the LA Bowl for that year and 2022, a college football bowl game to be played annually in Los Angeles at Inglewood's SoFi Stadium. The game became officially known as the Jimmy Kimmel LA Bowl.

Discography

 * "Joel the Lump of Coal" from Don't Waste Your Wishes with The Killers

title: Jimmy Kimmel


text:
Talk:Serfdom

Mixed and mashed systems
Section 3.2 'class system' mashes together several different class systems in a fashion which makes it somewhat harder to follow. Perhaps there should be separate articles, or at the very least separate sections, for systems in HRE, Russia, England, Poland, etc.? I unfortunately do not know enough of those various different systems to do this separation though, I just came here to look up some information. Sanzennin (talk) 12:21, 17 May 2022 (UTC)

Villeinage
This article needs to be integrated with the article Villein, which covers the same ground.........................

Vandalism
There are now references to exploding cows in the first paragraph, the out of context "retarded". The sidebar caption also seems to be vandalized. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 165.170.128.66 (talk) 21:17, 18 December 2008 (UTC)

It appears someone has attempted to do a buffer overflow on this page on May 18, 2005. including this statement "A serf is a noble who is bound to the land. Serfs formed the highest social class of the feudal society." --Prunetucky 04:12, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

 * What are you talking about? Serfs were de facto slaves. 78.130.195.5 (talk) 06:48, 24 November 2023 (UTC)

Serfs were slaves, not nobles in any sense of the contemporary and/or modern word. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.246.231.236 (talk) 05:46, 25 August 2016 (UTC)

Don't expect every editor to have an IQ of 1000. Many people who don't know much will add to articles, but they do no real harm in the long run. If we all become afraid of making mistakes and no one adds anything, Wikipedia will fall apart rapidly. These edits do not look as vandalism as vandals would rather edit more often viewed article, or make some sort of unrelated point in the vandalizing.173.180.214.13 (talk) 08:01, 4 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I'd settle for 100 or higher. That would at least address the "retarded exploding cows might not have been inserted by vandals theory", I would hope. Perhaps an on-line test would be appropriate before granting admin status. An IQ of 1000, though, really? Is that even possible? Garth of the Forest (talk) 16:07, 3 April 2012 (UTC)

Old talk
Hi, I updated this page because the term serf is back in use in some circles (programmers, webmasters, etc.). I sincerely hope I didn't make an infringement on some copyrights, because I used the Microsoft bj... Flamethrowers!!

''... But Russia retained the practice until February 19, 1861. ...''
 * Is this date Julian or Gregorian ?

what about serfs in england there's little mention of them?--SPOC 03:18, 12 Feb 2005 (UTC)

I changed "Queen of England" because there is no such person. Not for hundreds of years, anyway. Skyring 10:50, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

what??? no mention of slavery in america? what about the current situation on many citrus orchards in florida?? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.104.189.73 (talk) 19:43, 5 June 2008 (UTC) If they're slaves unrelated to serfs, it's hard to add it.173.180.214.13 (talk) 08:03, 4 December 2010 (UTC)

Stub
I think this article needs to be labelled as a stub. Done. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 21:18, 16 May 2005 (UTC)

Moved to serfdom
I moved the article from Serf to Serfdom, it is more common on Wiki to have articles named like that. Besides, 90% of what links here links to serfdom, not serf. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 15:39, 21 May 2005 (UTC)

Failed Good Article
This article did not become a good article because there are no references. joturner 11:24, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

Or good references. The reference for sentence in 2nd paragraph, "The decline of serfdom in Western Europe has sometimes been attributed to the widespread plague epidemic of the Black Death, which reached Europe in 1347 and caused massive fatalities, disrupting society" does not have the word "serfdom" in the entire book. — Preceding unsigned comment added by JPKowal (talk • contribs) 08:11, 23 May 2018 (UTC)

Controversies
Some parts of our article appear to be controversial - I moved them here, as they are unreferenced either way. Please use references to support or oppose them.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 01:48, 15 January 2006 (UTC)
 * PS. Please note that the comments were made by User:Ben-Velvel on 11th January 2006.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 01:49, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

 * "The last European country to abolish serfdom was Russia, in 1861." False. The Balkan europian countries abolished serfdom later
 * "The Russian system of serfdom was based on the principle that the lord owned the peasant under his control, so he could dispose of his serfs as he wished: he could even separate them from their land." It occured not only in Russia, but also in the European countries
 * Two citations from the charter of Barons for serfs (Leibeigene), Schleswig-Holstein (North Germany), 1740. Nichts gehoret euch zu, die Seele gehoret Gott, eure Leiber, Guter und alles was ihr habt, ist mein (2, S.109). Translation:"Nothing belongs to you, the soul belongs to the God, but all that you have, your bodies, property, is mine". Der Bauer muss sein Bett nicht vor Abend zurecht machen, weil er am Tage nicht wissen kann, ob er noch die nachste Nacht in demselben schlaft "(1, S.17). Translation: " The peasant should not lay the bed till the evening as he cannot know in the afternoon, whether he sleeps the next night in the same bed " Ben-Velvel 14:01, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

 * "Serfdom persisted longest in Russia, where it" Longest?? The serfdom has come to Russia later than in other European countries and has been abolished earlier than in the Balkan countries.
 * Prior to the beginning of 17th century Russian peasants remain "free plowmen" who have the right of transition from one landowner to another annually during the so-called period "Yuriev day". A cancellation of this right is carried out in the code of laws from 1649 (Sudebnik). In Russian North, in Siberia, in Ural, in the Cossack regions in the south of Russia the serfdom never existed. (It is the most part of territory of Russia. ) On the contrary in many European countries the serfdom has arisen at 10-11 centuries.Ben-Velvel 14:01, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

 * "It's worth to mention, though, that de-facto serfdom was fully extinguished in Russia as late as in 1974 (Changes to Passport system, decree #677 by the USSR government), when peasants were for the first time granted identification documents, together with an unrestricted right to move within the country." The nonsense. After 1861 tens millions of Russian peasants moved from villages to cities... Before 1861 serfs made only third of Russian population
 * The serfdom is a feudal phenomenon when the landlords had complete power over their peasants . Stalin bureaucratic restrictions on movement of collective farmers in 1933-1956 it not the serfdom. Please don't politize a theme of a feudal serfdom by so arbitrary interpretations. These restrictions concern more likely to a theme of totalitarianism and excessively centralized state. By the way, restriction of movement even in days of feudalism was not the attribute of serfdom... By the way, persons receiving the welfare (Sozialhilfe) in modern Germany have no right to change a residence from one federal land in another. Is it a serfdom too? Ben-Velvel 00:43, 19 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I do agree this particular example is inappopriate here. What about the above point?--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 04:58, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

 * "In prerevolutionary Russia a landowner's estate was often measured by the number of "souls" he owned" - how this correlates with the fact that serfdom has been cancelled in 1861 in Russia? Sorry, I am not really specialist... -- ABV
 * You're right, serfdom has been canceled in 1861. "Prerevolutionary Russia" corresponds to Russian Revolution of 1905 or Russian Revolution of 1917.--Vihljun 09:09, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

Picture
We need better pictures. What do you think about that one?--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 03:35, 23 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Found something better: a gallery] of Polish woodcarvings :) --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 03:46, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

Days a week, or year?
"in the 13th century it was few days a year; in the 14th century, one day per week; 4 days in the 17th century and 6 days in the 18th century" Do these latter values represent days a week, or a year? 6 days a week seems an awfully high amount… The Jade Knight 00:56, 29 March 2006 (UTC)
 * A week. But IIRC it was per family (house?), not per person.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 05:50, 29 March 2006 (UTC)
 * The article needs to clarify this, then. The Jade Knight 05:43, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

um
has no one noticed the informal and personal website-ish style of the article? It doesn't sound like a wikipedia article at all- especially the heavy usage of parentheses and attempts at humor. 24.13.192.86 16:12, 1 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I worked on it some, but I've just added a cleanup tag because I think it does indeed need more work. The Jade Knight 23:40, 1 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I second this sentiment. One major flaw is that it speaks of serfdom as a single, unified thing, when in fact it was a very broad category of relationships, all of which had individual 'rules' and customs.  It's almost like a book report instead of a piece of academic writing. 69.86.157.243 23:06, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

Serfdom in England
I think the statement that serfdom lasted in England until the 1600s is flat wrong. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.72.132.82 (talk • contribs)
 * Dear anon, please elaborate and cite your sources.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 15:07, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

I agree that it is flat wrong. What is needed is a source for the statement that serfdom (called in English villeinage) lasted to the 1600s.

It isn't completely wrong. I do not have a reference at hand but my memory is that formal law abolishing villianage didn't occur until the 168os and the Glorious Revolution. By which time serfdom was largely non-existent in England. The Black Death & The Peasants Revolt lead to a partial collapse in the system, afterwhich it merely declined with the rise of Free Labour. but these were not complete breaks. Jalipa —Preceding unsigned comment added by 57.67.164.37 (talk) 11:53, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Copyhold tenancy (land in return for customary service)was around into the C19, so some aspects of serfdom hung around really quite a long time. IIRC the enclosure acts also did quite a bit to kill off bonded labour - and it seems that various servile forms of tenancy hung around on the books for quite a long time after they ceased to be likely, let alone normal practice. 62.196.17.197 (talk) 15:55, 20 August 2012 (UTC)

The statement that serfdom continued in England until the 1600s is, indeed, "flat wrong". In England after 1215, the class of peasant was partly defined in law by what it was not-- "liberi homines" (Latin, "free men") as defined by Magna Carta. Studies of English constitutional history point to a multitude of factors for the emancipation of peasants in England centuries before their European counterparts: the Black Death and its subsequent economic impact on labour, the emergence of the British longbow as an effective knight-killing weapon of war by the 14th Century among the lower classes that defeated the military logic of feudalism, Magna Carta's legal status of "free men" as an aspirational status for villeins. Thus, for example, a former Justice of the High Court of Australia, Sir Victor Windeyer KC, states that Magna Carta had been effectively extended to all English subjects "within two hundred years" of Magna Carta's enactment in 1215. One of the defining political features of the early Tudor period (beginning 1485) was the unsuccessful attempt by reactionary nobles-- typically also opposed to Tudor rule-- to reverse the decline of mediaeval control of peasants by the landed families. At the beginning of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) there remained a small number of anomalous villeins or "bondmen" remaining in England that still had legal constraints imposed upon them tying them to lands. Contemporaneous with a "universal English revulsion agains serfdom", Elizabeth manumitted them in 1575 and also instituted the Poor Law for parish-based relief for the poor.

Similarly, this Wikipedia article (and some of the preceding comments) confuse longer-lasting residual institutions, such as tenancy, as conferring some sort of legal status as peasants. It is absurd to suggest that the survival of the concept of tenancy, whereby a condition of living in a cottage also involves some sort of payment in kind as well as payment of rent money, implied a survival of serfdom. If I have a "granny flat" in my back garden and let someone live there provided he does a bit of gardening as well as pay rent, that does not make him a serf; nor would it have done three centuries ago. Similarly the article's sentences on Elizabethan legislation on cottages are completely irrelevant, as their inhabitants were not serfs, regardless of whether or not they were poor. 124.184.15.176 (talk) 09:49, 26 October 2013 (UTC)

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.184.15.176 (talk) 01:21, 26 October 2013 (UTC)

Here suggests 1574 as the end date for serfdom in England (and 'I recall reading somewhere' that the last serf was called Pigg). Jackiespeel (talk) 14:01, 11 November 2013 (UTC)

Serf Disambiguation Page
Serf is currently a disambiguation page with two items - one link to this article, and one to Saint Serf. Seems rather silly, since Saint Serf seems likely to always be refereed to as such - not many people are on a first name basis with any sixth-century Scotts, so the likelihood that any of the 160-odd links to serf relate to him is pretty low. I'm changing Serf into a redirect here, and adding an "X redirects here" disambiguation notice at the top of the page linking to Saint Serf. Hope that's okay w/everyone, if not, apologies! -- Vary | Talk 02:06, 27 July 2006 (UTC) disambiguation notice at the top of the page linking to Saint Serf. Hope that's okay w/everyone, if not, apologies! -- Vary | Talk 02:06, 27 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Not sure if it should go above or below the cleanup tag, so I put it above. -- Vary | Talk 02:09, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

Serfdom Abolishment
The dates need to be checked. The one for Austria (1848) was plain wrong, it was abolished on 1. November 1781 by Joseph II in the so-called Untertanenpatent.

There is problem when comparing with Sweden. Sweden did not formally abolish thraldom in all regions until the mid 14 th century. Because of this lagging behind, the comparisons are not really valid. Thus, when France abolished serfdom Sweden still had thrals, i.e. outright slaves. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.136.76.102 (talk) 13:30, 2 April 2010 (UTC)

Servus
Lat. servus means slave, not servant. The Latin term for serf was colonus. With the gradual disappearence of slavery into "colonate" serf and servant appeared with their modern meanings. I've edited consequently and added my reference (Dhont) to the list. --Sugaar 23:40, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

Merge proposal
Oppose Serfdom seems to be a general article, whereas villein is largely about its application in England. However there is a need for integration between the two articles by measn of cross-reference. Peterkingiron 00:13, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

Soviet Union
Can anybody provide a document that farmers were restricted from movement from their lands?--213.141.142.52 19:30, 1 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I second that--169.232.119.69 (talk) 08:50, 7 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Just added a dispute warning to the article--169.232.119.69 (talk) 08:54, 7 January 2008 (UTC)
 * The article cites (in text) two sources - a 1944 book and a USSR decree. In order to dispute this, you need to address the content of the book or quote accurate sources of your own.  Applying a tag of your own is WP:OR.  It would not surprise me if, in a state as heavily controlled as USSR, it was impossible to leave a collective farm without permission, giving rise to a state of quasi-serfdom.  But I know little of the matter.  It helps if people log in so that the rest of us know who you are.  Peterkingiron (talk) 09:43, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

The 1944 book, by Hayek, is an attack on the British welfare state, not an analysis of the Soviet Union. Hayek is clearly using serfdom as an image for the unfreedom of many totaliarian governments, including the USSR and Nazi Germany. The decree cited is one ending alleged serfdom. I am going to delete this section. While the crimes of the Soviet Union are important to note, they shouldn't be allowed to confuse the important topic of serfdom. Zimmermana (talk) 13:58, 27 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I am not an expert on the Soviet Union, but The Road to Serfdom is described in its article as a very important book. I have not read it, but it can hardly be an attack on the (present) British welfare state, which was essentially the creation of the post-1945 Labour government.  Hayek expressed a view which appears to be regarded as an important one; otherwise he would not have got a Nobel Prize.  The subject is properly included in this article and at a proper length.  His POV may be one that you do disagree with, but it is a legitimate subject for an article or (in this case) a short section.  When I finsih writing this, I propose to remove the tags.  Peterkingiron (talk) 16:14, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

Results of merge of villein
I have looked at the former article on villein: this seems to have contained considerable material that has not adequately been merged inot the presetn article and is accoprding now effectively lost. The redirect from the former article was incorrectly written and I ahve corrected that, but I am not at all convinced tha the merge was done properly. However I would like to see other views before I consider reverting the old article. Peterkingiron 09:09, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

hi

England 13th century?
What's the deal with this? I mean, it's not as though England was any exception to the rule by having serfdom become gradually more unpopular. In Wallachia, many peasants actually existed as free peasants since the inception of the independent Wallachian state. To say that England was more progressive in this field, when it abided by the same feudal codes as other Western states, is a simple Anglo-centric distortion of the truth. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.167.86.231 (talk) 02:40, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

rennasance
that was great —Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.216.244.9 (talk) 15:51, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

Freeman
In the section "becoming a serf" it says a freeman becomes a serf by ...... But then in the following section "Serfdoms class system" it seems to list freemen as a type of serf.

In the middle ages, it seems kings were the only true freemen. Even the nobility owed services to their king. Each level of the nobility owed their service to their higher level and expected service from those below them. This heirarchy also included people who owned no land, the only service they could provide was their labor. These people were not considered part of the nobility and had few if any rights or personal property. They were tied to the land. The question is, were there any people who existed outside this heirarchy? Did they have any legal status?

If a member of the nobility lost their land, through incompetence, not being willing to provide their service, or by conquest. What status are they? Do they become serfs automatically, or are they let loose into society?

If a noble didn't regulate their affairs properly and didn't fufill their obligations to their serfs, not protecting them from raiders, etc could the serfs attain somekind of free status? Would the higher level of nobility simply take over and rule directly or give it to some one else. In such situations would the former nobleman and his family become serfs or would they retain some level of freedom serfs didn't enjoy? Would they have land to farm, or would they keep their manor house?

How did traders and people who owned ships fit into this system? were they free people? Did they have a system like serfdom? They might not own any land, but they have wagon(s) or ship(s) which provides them with income/independence. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.235.215.119 (talk) 00:09, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

In England you had the King

The you had Nobles (only those individuals with Titles)

Then you had Commoners -- which consisted of : Knights Squires Franklins & Yeomen (free peasants owning land) Burghers -- Free townsmen (inc Ship owning Merchants) Under these free Commoners you had the unfree: Villians Cottagers And then you had the masterless men Vagabonds (Tinkers & Roma??) Outlaws

Bluntly "Freemen" by the very definition were not Serfs, had a legel & social status.

Nobles frequently cited failure of protection to remove Kings, and Kings nobles. Failures of Lords to live up to their duties were often the subject of Law Disputes. Jalipa —Preceding unsigned comment added by 57.67.164.37 (talk) 12:17, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Regarding the question: "Were there any people who existed outside this heirarchy? Did they have any legal status?" Burgers (i.e., burgesses by OED def. 1) were nearly outside the system. They were citizens of cities and town in the original sense of "citizen." A city of 80,000 might have 4,000 citizens. They still have this type of citizenship in parts of Switzerland. Becoming a burger was a bit like buying into a co-op apartment building in New York City, expensive, and you had to be approved by a committee. Once you got in, you owned one share of the municipal corporation, worth about as much as a share of Berkshire-Hathaway Class A stock, even if it was just some village in Switzerland. To get in, you needed to be sponsored by a guild or other powerful organization. One reason towns were outside the system is because in the early middle ages they were run by merchants, many if not most of whom were Jews, Greeks, and Syrians, who were the only non-Catholics allowed in Catholic Europe. They couldn't swear the Christian oaths required to become part of the system. Also, the church had its own system. In Bavaria, nearly all farmland was owned by the church. Zyxwv99 (talk) 20:43, 3 June 2012 (UTC)

Slave?
Hi there. The infobox on slavery caught my eye. I think there is a distinction between serf and slave, at least at a conceptual level. Shouldn't we remove the "Slavery" infobox? Dr Benway (talk) 15:24, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Needs to be reworked as a whole article
I am no expert on this topic, but ran across through a link from another page. IMHO, this article contains a lot of good information, but it's organization is poor. There is a lot of repetition of material, and seemingly contradictory information. Terms change in usage throughout. A timeline of some sort would be very helpful in understanding the sequence of events and migration of the feudal system. The small edits and contributions from a lot of people, while I'm sure very helpful, are apparent and have made the article hard to read. It would be good for someone to do a wholesale rework of this article. Tjamison (talk) 19:45, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

China and household registration

 * Technically a similar system of household registration still exists in rural China, but it no longer works effectively on account of the expansion and opening of the Chinese economy, and the advance of technologies in China.

The system of household registration is very different from anything that has been mentioned in the article. Having a household registration in the city allows you to get governmental services, but there is no regulation preventing you from moving from rural to urban areas.

Roadrunner (talk) 13:55, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

Seprerate Villeinage from Serfdom
Or at least split up the article. Serfdom in Eastern Europe (particularly Russia -- where serfs could be bought & sold) is very different to the Anglo-Norman institution of Villeinage. Likewise, Scandinavia, Germany, Italy & Spain all had their differences. Let alone the Non-European forms of Serfdom. Yes it is not very different from the English villeins-serfs. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Frost210 (talk • contribs) 09:20, 21 August 2018 (UTC)

This article incorrectly gives the impression that Serfdom was a uniform system -- it concentrates on Anglo-Norman Serfdom with clunky add-ons that discuss Germany & Eastern Europe.

Slavery in England was abolished for "Christians" in circa 1090 CE, but was later re-introduced (via African Slavery) in the 1600s.

Also the dates of emancipation -- For England it gives the date for the abolition of Copyhold Tenure?? (1925). There were no Serfs in Twentieth Centaury Britain!!?!

This is not when Villeinage/Serfdom was abolished. Nor is it even the abolition of feudal Manor Courts (I know of at least two that are still surviving in England). As I have stated above -- In England, Villianage went into sharp decline after the 14th Centaury (Black Death, Peasant Revolt, Land Enclosure etc..) and was finally abolished in the 1680s, by which time it was virtually non-existent.

Copyhold refers to a property owner having a "copy" of the Manorial Rolls indicating that they (or someone in the past) owned a parcel of land. Freeman were/are subject to the authority of Manor courts -- most of which fell into abeyance with Land Enclosure 1400s to 1700s.

Jalipa —Preceding unsigned comment added by 57.67.164.37 (talk) 15:47, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
 * As a matter of fact copyhold was a tenure by which a person held land. The "copy" was an extract from the manor rolls provided to the copyhold owner as evidence of his rights, rather as a leaseholer has a lease (though not quite like it).  Peterkingiron (talk) 21:38, 27 July 2008 (UTC)
 * As to "slavery in England (being) re-introduced (via African Slavery) in the 1600s" Somersett's case seems to indicate that (as of 1772) there was no evidence that slavery had any legal basis in English law (anything in the pre-1090 era would be considered as "time immemorial") ... so it appears that we were spared that. Slavery in the colonies was another matter altogether. 62.196.17.197 (talk) 16:05, 20 August 2012 (UTC)

Merge with Villein (feudal)
Villein (feudal) needs to be merged with this article in the "Villeins" section. It does not contain enough information to stand on its own. Neelix (talk) 15:49, 25 April 2008 (UTC)
 * The other article certainly says rather little. Unless its author intends to expand it, I would support merger.  However, the present article has become unfocused through trying to cover too much ground, and I wonder whether forking off some of the content into separate articles on serfdom in particular countries might not be desirable.  Peterkingiron (talk) 15:33, 27 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose. I believe we need a stand-alone article on villeins, which are a specific type of the wider phenomenon of serfdom. Obviously the stub needs expansion, but we should allow indefinite time for that to materialise. Even as it stands, the stub provides a quick definition for readers who simply want to know what villein means, without having to plough through the entire article on serfdom. EraNavigator (talk) 08:09, 10 May 2008 (UTC)
 * On reconsideration, I think we need articles on serfdom/villeinage or each country or region. The present Villein (feudal) article, might usefully be transformed into one on England or England and western Europe, leaving this article to provide worldwide coverage.  Unforatunately, I lack the detailed knoweldge to deal with this.  Peterkingiron (talk) 21:44, 27 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose Any major social group or occupation rightly tends to have its own article. Mowsbury (talk) 10:26, 2 May 2009 (UTC)

Removal of Laogai reference
I removed the China Laogai reference at the end of this article as the webpage referenced is just a news release without further  sources to back up its claim. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lucidus (talk • contribs) 19:24, 29 July 2008 (UTC)

"Return to serfdom"
In fact before 1932 nobody (even in cities) in the USSR had passports. There were certificetes of identity and other documents. Starting at that time passports were gradually given to deffrent categories of population, beginning from city population and ending with villagers. So the villagers were a nothing special case. They of course had identification documents and were not restricted from moving around the country, you can for example evaluate the rate of urbanization (movement of population to cities) in 1930s-1950s. If a person moved to a city, he had granted a passport - that was the rule. So I suggest to remove obvious lies from this article.--Dojarca (talk) 12:39, 7 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Also search for "1975 667 колхоз" returns nothing related to the decree or something. It is known that the farmers received passports by 1959. I suggest to remove this information from the article as a hoax.--Dojarca (talk) 12:51, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

Bad use of "both"
The article currently reads "However, both half-villeins, cottars or cottagers, and slaves made up a small percentage of workers." I don't understand how the word both could be used in a list of three, or does perhaps the comma imply that cottars or cottagers are another word for half-villeins, and the slaves are the other group referenced by the word both? This needs rewording to make some type of sense. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.178.152.69 (talk) 22:17, 1 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Good point. I do not recall the term "half-villein", but I wonder whether the article is here pretending to cover much of Europe, while in fact referring to Domesday England.  I think that slaves disappeared soon after.  I suspect that half-villeins is intended as a synonym for cottars.  Peterkingiron (talk) 10:16, 7 October 2008 (UTC)

Definition of Western Europe
Instead of using the blanket term Western Europe could we have more of a breakdown of regions. While France and England are mentioned specifically, I'm curious about the situation in Italy, Switzerland, the Low Countries, Western Germany, Iberia, and Scandanavia, all of which may or may not be included in the definition of Western Europe, which is why I think that term should be more restricted in use. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.110.80.192 (talk) 18:59, 24 December 2008 (UTC)

please change at Moldavia practiced not practuiced! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.81.131.127 (talk) 21:32, 18 August 2009 (UTC)

Pakistan
The following was added to the bibliography by a new editor (probably the work's author), but without any amendment to the text. The subject is obviously an important one, but bonded labour is a redirect to debt bondage. This article is mainly about serfdom in medieval Europe, but that does not sit well alongside modern debt bondage in south Asia and so so. What should we do? Peterkingiron (talk) 10:29, 20 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Rahi, Shujaat Ali, The State of Bonded Labor in Pakistan, National Coalition Against Bonded Labor (NCABL), Islamabad, Pakistan

serfs
why the srfs could not leave their land?

Why make the comparison at all?
Why, in the lead, are we comparing serfdom to slavery at all? To quote the source used for Russia's figure: ''However paradoxical the statement may seem to those who are in the habit of regarding all forms of slavery from the sentimental point of view, it is unquestionable that the condition of serfs under such a proprietor as I have supposed was more enviable than that of the majority of English agricultural labourers. Each family had a house of its own, with a cabbage-garden, one or more horses, one or two cows, several sheep, poultry, agricultural implements, a share of the Communal land, and everything else necessary for carrying on its small farming operations; and in return for this it had to supply the proprietor with an amount of labour which was by no means oppressive.''

Is there any reason I shouldn't remove this number comparison of American/English slaves and Russian serfs from the lead? It's comparing apples and oranges. Slavery has its own article. LokiiT (talk) 07:58, 28 November 2009 (UTC)

Why is this page locked for editors?
Any reasons why this page is locked for people with no login? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.100.250.179 (talk) 01:55, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Seconded. Why? Stupid errors such as this are the result: "The United Nations 1956 Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery also prohibits serfdom as a form of slavery.[citation needed]" Citation needed? The linked wikipedia page mentions the fact twice already by the time I have finished reading its summary of point 1 of the cited convention. I will type no more about this, please unblock the page for editing, and remove (or expand until actually relevant) the request for citation.

 * Also, why is this talk page built of cruft dating back to at least 2005? Please tidy up. I won't, because I feel my contribution is unwanted for the reason mentioned by OP. Wikipedia ought to live up to its own claims, the Encyclopedia Anyone Can Edit. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 119.18.13.17 (talk) 09:55, 20 January 2018 (UTC)

General Comment
Teh merger of a section on bordars, a term that I only know in Domesday book, raises a question in my mind as to whether this aritcle is not trying to do too many things. This may be the result of villein having been merged here. The article is covering the general concept of serfdom (in many different lands) with the particular way in which it operated in England. Do these not need to be split? Peterkingiron (talk) 16:24, 3 April 2010 (UTC)

Cottiers
Is there a citation to support that "cottier" was a form of serf? With particular respect to Ireland:

"Cairnes goes so far as to compare the Irish cotter with the European serf, the difference being to the advantage of the latter. The serf 'is bound to the soil by law and custom: the Irish are bound by necessity only. He can leave of his own free will or be turned out by that of his landlord. The serf is safe. The rent of the Irish is determined by competition and paid by labour at rates determined by competition.'

"A similar comparison with the serfs of Russia has been made in regard to the English peasant of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, but with far less justice; for he lived on a cash basis, and enjoyed a mixed dietary. The Irish cotter lived on, and by, and, one might also say for, his potato, thus binding himself hand and foot to the fortunes of this enigmatical root. As Cairnes shows, he was not a serf - he was much nearer akin to a slave." -RN Salaman, et al., 2000, The History and Social Influence of the Potato, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge

And:

"Unlike the peasant proprietor, and also unlike the medieval serf, the cotter had no permanent interest in the soil, and no security for his future position. Unlike the farmer, he was not a capitalist, who selects land as one of the many forms of profitable investment that are open to him." - WEH Lecky, 1913, A History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, Volume 1, Longmans, Green and Co: London

A "cottier" was a a very different thing to a serf. Indeed talking about feudalism in Ireland at all is a bit of a non-starter as it (fudalism) never really took of the ground there (unlike in England and Scotland) - though there were like classes to the serf. --RA (talk) 22:19, 1 June 2010 (UTC)

Pending changes
This article is one of a number selected for the early stage of the trial of the Pending Changes system on the English language Wikipedia. All the articles listed at Pending changes/Queue  are being considered for level 1 pending changes protection.

The following request appears on that page:

Comments on the suitability of theis page for "Pending changes" would be appreciated.

Please update the Queue page as appropriate.

Note that I am not involved in this project any much more than any other editor, just posting these notes since it is quite a big change, potentially

Regards, Rich Farmbrough, 23:59, 16 June 2010 (UTC).

In 2010, this article was protected by User:OhanaUnited with the summary "pending changes trial ended". My insubstantial impression is that pending changes is working well; can we re-institute it for this article? — Sebastian 06:09, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

Benefits of Serfdom
I disagree that citation is needed for the opening paragraph of this section. It seems to me that the author is attempting to describe the general modern impression of serfdom, a thing which in all likelihood cannot be sourced. I would recommend, however, reworking and breaking apart the sentence.

Obviously the author picked up the phrase "only his belly" from some source and it ought to be dropped from the rewrite.

Also, I do believe the statement about "some serfs became wealthier than their free neighbors" does call for some citation. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tryanmax (talk • contribs) 05:03, 11 July 2010 (UTC)

The decline of serfdom - image caption
"Freilassungsbrief" translates to English as "Letter of Release", which I feel would be more appropriate than the currently stated "Letter of the End of Serfdom". Any objections to changing this? George Adam Horváth (talk) 08:29, 7 November 2010 (UTC)

Feudalism = serfdom?
Why is serfdom equated with feudalism in this article? These are two different concepts, there were societies that were not fedal but had serfdom, and other societies that had serfdom but were not feudal.--Jidu Boite (talk) 11:51, 8 March 2011 (UTC)

I completely agree. Serfdom existed in societies that were not feudal. In the article, if a society had serfdom, it is assumed to also have feudalism. I think that is incorrectClio90808 (talk) 20:38, 10 April 2013 (UTC) With early feudalism, serfdom in Europe existed almost everywhere. The majority of the population was either servants or villans. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.240.208.10 (talk) 08:54, 21 August 2018 (UTC)

Edit request from 65.90.67.4, 29 March 2011
Article say black death hit Europe in 1337. It was 1347.

65.90.67.4 (talk) 13:08, 29 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done — Bility (talk) 16:06, 29 March 2011 (UTC)

Bordars
In the subsection on villeins, it's stated that the villein was the most common type of serf. However, one section down under Bordars, it's said that the bordar ranked below the villein and above the serf. This is confusing and misleading: the article is claiming that bordars ranked below serfs and above serfs.

I originally thought that the word "serfs" in that section was a mistake for "slaves", but I realized that this was a contentious issue so I reverted and brought it here instead.

So: is the intended meaning "bordars ranked below villeins but above other serfs", or "bordars ranked below villeins but above slaves"? --NellieBly (talk) 05:33, 13 May 2011 (UTC)

Edit request on 30 December 2011
Please change

"Although serfdom is believed to exist in all these regions,"

to

"Although serfdom was believed to exist in all these regions,"

i.e. "is" to "was"

because, obviously, it is a grammatical error (and serfdom doesn't presently exist in those countries now).

Shibingeorge (talk) 08:23, 30 December 2011 (UTC)
 * ✅, sort of. I've changed it to "Although serfdom is believed to have existed in all these regions", since it's still believed to be existed, but you're right it wasn't clear before. Thanks for pointing it out-- Jac 16888 Talk 13:42, 30 December 2011 (UTC)

Reinsertion of relationship to Villain/Villan's etymology.
The last line of the section of Villeins was removed on October 11th, 2011, with the reason: (Some copy edits to first half of text, removal of erroneous statements, obvious statements, wikilinking, clarifications)"

I think the line is not erroneous, or obvious. I was not aware, partly because although still similar, villan is the spelling here in America and pronounced differently. Can we please reinsert this line? It is certainly noteworthy to me.

Villeins newly arrived in the city in some cases took to crime for survival, which gave the alternate spelling "villain" its modern meaning.

67.187.50.127 (talk) 05:55, 27 January 2012 (UTC)

End of serfdom in Scotland
The introduction states that "there were native-born Scottish serfs until 1799" (information which I have heard elsewhere). However, in the dates of emancipation section, it is stated that "neyfs (serfs) disappeared by late 14th century". Which of these is correct? Or, were the coal miners a separate category from these "neyfs"? If so, I think clarification is needed. Warofdreams talk 12:44, 30 January 2012 (UTC)

Add 'esne'
'esne' is an Old English equivalent to 'serf'; I suggest adding this term to this 'serfdom' article and changing the redirect. (Currently 'esne' redirects to the article on the Egyptian city of Esna.)Penelope Gordon (talk) 08:24, 14 May 2013 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 25 February 2014
Serfdom. Needs discussion about how/why serfdom ended. What social and economic factors changed?

79.169.164.81 (talk) 17:19, 25 February 2014 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please make your request in a "change X to Y" format. Jackmcbarn (talk) 18:22, 25 February 2014 (UTC)

Hayek is a complete red herring here
Hayek's The Road to Serfdom (1944) was not a scholarly study of serfdom but a polemic against the welfare state proposed by the Labour Party in Britain in the second half of World War II. Hayek argued that the welfare state would lead to loss of individual freedom and to totalitarism. He used the word serfdom in a purely figurative sense, meaning bondage. The book is of no relevance whatsoever to this article. Norvo (talk) 22:49, 2 June 2014 (UTC)
 * quite so. I agree with Norvo. Rjensen (talk) 23:11, 2 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Is there anything about Hayek in the article though? Volunteer Marek (talk) 00:16, 3 June 2014 (UTC)

"Second serfdom" redirect
I got to this page by clicking on "second serfdom", which redirected to this page. However, this page doesn't use the phrase at all, which makes me think that the redirection was done by somebody overzealous. Or, maybe at one point this article did have a section about that phrase, which has since been removed. Or maybe, at some point, there used to be an article about "second serfdom". It seems to me that EITHER the "second serfdom" article (or section of this article) should be recreated, OR the link to "second serfdom" should be removed altogether from the "Slavery in Poland" article. As it stands, it is just confusing (click on a link which redirects you to an article that says nothing about the link that you clicked on). Ifdef (talk) 19:43, 14 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Thanks for pointing this out. This got moved to History of serfdom in this edit - ironically by the same user who created the redirect, Piotrus. I'm fixing it now. — Sebastian 04:12, 15 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Good fix. I guess I created the redirect before the history of, and forgot to updated the redirect. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 08:57, 15 April 2015 (UTC)

2014 Belarus
Alexander Lukashenko neither did enact 'serfdom legislation' in 2014, nor intended to. He did actually use the term 'serfdom' ("крепостное право") in his speech, but in a quite different meaning. As a 2012 precedence, according to Lukashenko's decree №9 ( http://www.pravo.by/main.aspx?guid=12551&p0=Pd1200009&p1=1 )the employees of several state-owned woodworking plants had to be payed better, but could not quit without permission of ruling authorities, even if their job contracts would end, for as long as it takes to accomplish the plant's modernization plan, being almost failed to that moment. As of the same decree there were means to challenge the "non-quit" restricions, and as the matter of fact many peolpe actually quit even with that decree enacted. Such an approach proved somewhat effective against irresponsible attitude among both the workers and the management of the plants in question, that's why the same idea was speculated to be implemented in a vastly ineffective belarusian agricultural sector, but wasn't actually realized, despite of lots of newspaper headlines citing the "serfdom" word. So, the whole topic mostly adheres to the planned and command economy's way of doing things, not to the "serfdom" as itself. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.171.160.223 (talk) 08:18, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

obvious bias
Obvious bias here, made all the more so by proscribing changes. If serfs were slaves, as is intimated, how did people migrate to cities, become merchants, wandering scholars, etc? There wasn't any Dred Scott decision. They were tenant farmers, that's all. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.241.26.8 (talk) 15:51, 3 August 2015 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 6 September 2015
Request that the Slavery box in the upper right corner of the article be removed. Serfdom is not a form of Slavery. Slavery is the ownership of a person as a piece of property. Serfdom is an arrangement where a peasant is tied to the land; i.e., not owned by another person. The following article is one example that makes that distinction http://www.britannica.com/topic/serfdom

Alanmoll (talk) 23:58, 6 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: The purpose of the navigation box is to list articles about similar topics, in this case, any kind of involuntary labor. And in some countries, serfdom came pretty close to being a form of slavery. William C. Hine writes in this article compares the conditions of American slaves and Russian serfs: "It appears that the two groups of bondsmen experienced similar treatment and conditions despite the disparity between the two societies...By the nineteenth century when both institutions were fully developed, neither serfs nor slaves had any civil or legal rights." Altamel (talk) 01:52, 7 September 2015 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 22 November 2017
Remove or change "security of tenure" link: this phrase in the "Freeman" subsection is linked to an irrelevant page on "a constitutional or legal guarantee that a political office-holder cannot be removed from office", not a land tenancy right:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_of_tenure 98.114.254.252 (talk) 15:54, 22 November 2017 (UTC)
 * ✅ I just removed the link although it seems like one could be useful, even if it's not that one. Do you have any better ideas?  City O f  Silver  19:27, 22 November 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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France
Most of the French were freemen not serfs, and serfdom was abolished by Louix X in 1315 not in 1789. In 1789, it is German and Italian serfdom who were abolished(serfdom still existed in newly conquered lands like Alsace). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.220.193.111 (talk) 12:13, 13 December 2017 (UTC) In the early middle ages, most of the French were serfs. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Frost210 (talk • contribs) 09:31, 21 August 2018 (UTC)

This is a valid point, but my understanding is that vestiges remained until the Revolution in 1789. It could be made clear that serfdom was not a widespread institution in France from the late Middle Ages (periodization by convention, certainly debatable, lasting AD 500 to AD 1500) onward. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sychonic (talk • contribs) 17:38, 26 January 2021 (UTC)

Russia
The section about Russia needs to be removed and the subsection "History". On what basis is Russia singled out? Why not Britain, Germany?Serfdom was widespread in Europe throughout the centuries. And there is no need to single out Russia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.240.208.10 (talk) 08:47, 21 August 2018 (UTC)

What the elll?

 * "In medieval England two types of villleins existed-villleins regardant that were tied to land villleins in gross that could be traded separately from land."

Triple-'l'? There is no such usage in English. Someone has slipped in three triple-'l's in one sentence. Perhaps it was a vandalll? Also a hyphenated 'word' and other linguistic errors. The sentence is worth 7 points in the Vandalise Wikipedia game, so credit where credit's due.

The following would correct the mistakes, albeit lead to a more boring article:

 * "In medieval England two types of villeins existed: villeins regardant that were tied to land and villeins in gross that could be traded separately from land."

Is this website verifiable
I've added this website as a reference for citation if it is not verifiable please consider undo my edit thanks Et0zl (talk) 15:46, 17 February 2020 (UTC)

Serfdom is...

"Serfdom is the status of many peasants under feudalism,"

Really? Why not "Serfdom was the status of ..." ? 85.193.242.185 (talk) 10:57, 18 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Innit!! I suspect the "is" reflected an unintended compromise - more plainly, a muddle! - between "The term "serfdom" denotes" and "Serfdom was"!  -'' SquisherDa (talk) 05:19, 19 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Thank you :-) 85.193.242.185 (talk) 15:00, 25 February 2020 (UTC)

Confusing serf with slave
For some reason this article, in places and in particular the lead, states that serfdom was very similar to slavery. This is inaccurate and should be rewritten. It gets it right in other places, describing the nature correctly as fundamentally having the status of free man. Part of the problem comes from the differences geographically with serfdom being harsher as one travels east.

This quote from the Cambridge Economic History of Europe, volume 1, p.254, says it clearly:

“neither the French or Italian serfs, nor the German Eigene, nor the English bondmen are slaves; not even as a rule descendants of slaves. Not slaves in the legal sense, because they do not belong in body and goods to a master; their relations with their lords are fixed by custom; they have their own possessions; and no one regards them as human beings devoid of rights. Still less slaves in the economic sense: they do not live on the demesne; they have their fields for which they pay dues and services; in short, they are tenants. Even the 'every day' serfs in Germany (Tageschalken; servi cotidiani), unknown elsewhere in the West except in Sardinia, though they owe daily services as their name implies, are much more like labourers than slaves: they have their own cottages and scraps of land.” Sych (talk) 17:30, 26 January 2021 (UTC)

 * Certainly it is important to make it clear that these are two seperate things but it is very useful to make the comparison for newcomers to the subject - both are regarded as 'unfree', deprived of rights and to owe labour to another individual without payment. I agree that it is difficult to make a clear differentiation between the two given differences geographically, to which I would add chronologically, sometimes between different types of serf, and on a case by case basis. This post provides links to a series of academic articles and primary sources on the subject within the context of England. ~ El D. (talk to me) 21:07, 29 August 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 26 October 2021
Serf's after the decline of a military power tried to escape on a raft, In the late 1200s. 170.249.191.134 (talk) 16:46, 26 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 16:47, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

complex sentence: legal binds etc
"The manor formed the basic unit of feudal society, and the lord of the manor and the villeins, and to a certain extent the serfs, were bound legally: by taxation in the case of the former, and economically and socially in the latter."

Probably overthinking, but this sentence is hard to read. Perhaps instead: The manor formed the basic unit of feudal society. The lord of the manor was bound legally to pay taxes, while his villeins, and in some cases serfs were socially and economicly bound to labouring for the manor.

I personally don't mind use of former/latter but with he clause. "and to a certain extent the serfs" it becomes unclear who is taxed and who is socially bound.

I leave this message for anyone that contributes to decide how to clarify this point. 2600:100F:B100:ADD6:C819:DEB9:9890:89E2 (talk) 23:57, 3 December 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on the article about Serfdom
Paragraph for reference: According to medievalist historian Joseph R. Strayer, the concept of feudalism can also be applied to the societies of ancient Persia, ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt (Sixth to Twelfth dynasty), Islamic-ruled Northern and Central India, China (Zhou dynasty and end of Han dynasty) and Japan during the Shogunate. However, Wu Ta-k'un argued that the Shang-Zhou fengjian were kinship estates, quite distinct from feudalism.[5] James Lee and Cameron Campbell describe the Chinese Qing dynasty (1644–1912) as also maintaining a form of serfdom.

Request: The word Persia should lead an user to the page for Achaemenid Empire, not the page for modern day Iran. Jurkon666 (talk) 16:52, 17 December 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅ — Sirdog (talk) 17:00, 17 December 2021 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on Hungary
In 1785, the same decree by Joseph II. provided free movement and the same rights as in Croatia (see the note for Croatia), and some other parts of the Hapsburg empire. Here is a link in Hungarian: https://mult-kor.hu/ii-jozsef-1785-ben-fontos-szoget-utott-a-jobbagysag-intezmenyenek-koporsojaba-20210822 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2607:FEA8:12E0:20D:D5D0:828D:DFA4:EFB5 (talk) 15:21, 23 January 2022 (UTC)

"Decline" statement in lead
In the lead, we find the statement that "Serfdom became increasingly rare in most of Western Europe after the medieval renaissance at the outset of the High Middle Ages." This is problematic. It's vague, linking to the article on "medieval renaissances" as a general topic, and not specifying whether it means the Carolingian (which precedes the High Middle Ages) or the more-likely Ottonian renaissance (which overlaps with the beginning of the High Middle Ages). It contradicts text elsewhere in the article: "Medieval serfdom really began with the breakup of the Carolingian Empire around the 10th century." (and the breakup of the Carolingian Empire precedes "the outset of the High Middle Ages"); "This arrangement provided most of the agricultural labour throughout the Middle Ages."; "In the later Middle Ages serfdom began to disappear west of the Rhine even as it spread through eastern Europe." Essentially, this sentence in the lead (which isn't itself sourced) disagrees with the content of the article (and with history of serfdom), confusingly implying that serfdom began declining at the same time that it was becoming more and more widespread. It doesn't really make sense, unless the editor who wrote it thought "outset" meant "ending," or thought that "High Middle Ages" means the period usually called the "Late Middle Ages," or some similar confusion. I'm going to delete it. Yspaddadenpenkawr (talk) 14:16, 15 December 2022 (UTC)

Confusing and Inaccurate
The section on Villeins has very few sources and makes very general statements without specifying an era or place. Moreover source (22) is horribly racist and very inappropriate. BanachsInSpace (talk) 14:23, 29 July 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 10 July 2024
France abolished Serfdom by the edict of July 3 1315.

https://fr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89dit_du_3_juillet_1315 77.152.138.27 (talk) 18:45, 10 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Wikipedia is user-generated content and not considered reliable for a citation. Jamedeus (talk) 02:35, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Serfdom


text:
ORP Błyskawica

ORP Błyskawica (Polish for Lightning) is a Grom-class destroyer which served in the Polish Navy during World War II. She is the only Polish Navy ship to have been decorated with the Virtuti Militari, Poland's highest military order for gallantry, and in 2012 was given the Pro Memoria Medal. Błyskawica is preserved as a museum ship in Gdynia and is the oldest preserved destroyer in the world. Błyskawica is moored next to the Dar Pomorza.

She was the second of the two Grom (Thunderbolt)-class destroyers built for the Polish Navy by J. Samuel White, of Cowes, in 1935–37. The Grom class were two of the most heavily armed and fastest destroyers in World War II.

Construction and design
In 1934 the British shipbuilder J. Samuel White won a competition to design and build large destroyers for the Polish Navy, beating a proposal from fellow British shipbuilder Swan Hunter. (A design by the French shipyard Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire had been rejected in 1933). An order for two destroyers of the Grom class was placed on 29 March 1935.

At the turn of the 1920s and 1930s, the Naval Directorate (KMW) made efforts to acquire other destroyers after the Wicher and Burza. The 1932 Danzig crisis led to a navalist turn in Poland, and Poland's de facto leader, Marshal Józef Piłsudski, became more willing to allocate funds for the navy. On November 24, 1932, the head of the KMW Rear Admiral Jerzy Świrski obtained, after a personal conversation with Marshal Piłsudski, his oral consent to expand the existing fleet. As a result, in May 1933, a tender for the supply of two destroyers was issued among the French shipyards, and after its fiasco, the next in January 1934 among the Swedish shipyards, also failed in disagreement. During this time, tactical and technical assumptions for the planned ships crystallized, including, among others, the use of 120 mm Bofors guns as their primary armament.

When they were built, the Groms were amongst the fastest and most heavily armed destroyers to be built. Błyskawica was 114 m long overall and 109 m between perpendiculars, with a beam of 11.3 m and a draught of 3.1 m. Displacement was 2011 LT standard and 2520 LT full load. Three 3-drum boilers fed steam to two sets of geared steam turbines which were rated at 54500 shp, driving two propeller shafts to give a design speed of 39 kn. Main gun armament consisted of seven 120 mm (4.7 in) guns (50 calibre M34/36 guns supplied by Bofors of Sweden) in three twin and one single mounts, with an anti-aircraft armament of two twin Bofors 40 mm guns and eight 13.2 mm machine guns. Six 550 mm torpedo tubes were carried, compatible with the French torpedoes used by the preceding Wicher-class destroyers. Anti-submarine armament consisted of two depth charge chutes with 40 depth charges, while rails were fitted to permit up to 44 mines to be carried. The ship's complement consisted of 180 officers and men.

Błyskawica, the second of the two destroyers, was laid down on 1 October 1935 at J. Samuel White's Cowes, Isle of Wight shipyard, and was launched on 1 October 1936. Sea trials were successful, with the ship exceeding the design speed of 39 knots. Błyskawica was commissioned on 1 October 1937.

Modifications
When Błyskawica and ORP Grom arrived in the United Kingdom in September 1939, it was found that the ships, designed for operations in the sheltered Baltic, were top-heavy for operations in the rougher North Atlantic, so the ships were modified to reduce the centre of gravity. A searchlight tower on top of the ship's bridge was removed, as was a deck house aft carrying a second searchlight, and the distinctive funnel cap. In addition, the aft set of torpedo tubes was removed to allow fitting of a 3 in anti-aircraft gun. In December 1941, Błyskawica was rearmed, with the 120 mm guns for which ammunition was not available replaced by four twin 4 in Mk XVI dual-purpose guns. The 13.2 mm machine guns were replaced by four Oerlikon 20 mm cannon and the second set of torpedo tubes were reinstated.

Operational history
Two days before the war, on 30 August 1939, Błyskawica withdrew, along with the destroyers ORP Grom (1936) and ORP Burza, from the Baltic Sea to Britain in accordance with the Peking Plan to avoid open conflict with Germany and possible destruction. The three destroyers were sighted by German warships, including the cruiser GERMAN CRUISER Königsberg on 30 and 31 August, but hostilities had not yet started, and the Polish destroyers passed by unhindered, reaching Leith in Scotland at 17:30 on 1 September 1939. From then on they acted in tandem with the Royal Navy's Home Fleet. On 7 September 1939, Błyskawica made contact with and attacked a U-boat.

In early May 1940, Błyskawica took part in the Norwegian Campaign, shelling German positions and downing two Luftwaffe aircraft. Her sister ship Grom was bombed and sunk during the campaign. Later that month, she took part in covering Operation Dynamo, the successful British led evacuation from Dunkirk.

During the rest of the war, Błyskawica took part in convoy and patrol duties, engaging both U-boats and the Luftwaffe in the Atlantic and Mediterranean. On 1 September 1940, for example, she rescued the sole survivor from the torpedoed merchant ship SS Har Zion. In 1941 her 120 mm guns were replaced with British 4 in dual-purpose guns. The ship was also given escort duties for troop transports, notably RMS Queen Mary, being one of the few ships that could keep up with the liner.

On the night of 4–5 May 1942, Błyskawica helped to defend the Isle of Wight town of East Cowes from an air raid by 160 German bombers. The ship was undergoing an emergency refit at the J. Samuel White yard where she had been built and, on the night of the raid, fired repeated rounds at the German bombers from outside the harbour; her guns became so hot they had to be doused with water from the River Medina. Extra ammunition had to be ferried over from Portsmouth. This forced the bombers to stay high, making it difficult for them to target properly. The ship also laid down a smokescreen hiding Cowes from sight. The town and the shipyard were badly damaged, but it is generally considered that without this defensive action, it would have been far worse. In 2002 the crew's courage was honoured by a local commemoration lasting several days to mark the 60th anniversary of the event. In 2004 an area of Cowes was named Francki Place in honour of the ship's commander. The Isle of Wight Council approved the idea of having Błyskawica return to Cowes in 2012 to celebrate the 70th anniversary of the event and the 75th anniversary of the ship's commissioning. There were large celebrations commemorating the 70th anniversary of Cowes's defence in 2012 lasting several days and attended by Polish warship ORP Toruń. Another large event to commemorate Błyskawica 's 75th anniversary was organised by Friends of the ORP Błyskawica Society in May 2017, the Polish Navy minelayer ORP Gniezno arrived at the port to take part in the celebrations.

In March 1943 Błyskawica replaced HMS Lightning (G55), which was sunk by E-boats on 12 March 1943, in Cruiser Force Q based at Bône, North Africa. In January 1944, the Błyskawica was assigned to the Anglo-Polish-Canadian 10th Destroyer Flotilla that battled the Kriegsmarine for the control of the English Channel. The Canadian sailors could not pronounce the name of the Błyskawica correctly and always called her the "bottle of whiskey". On 8 June 1944, the Błyskawica took part in the Battle of Ushant against Kriegsmarine destroyers.

During the war, she logged 146000 nmi and escorted 83 convoys. In combat, she damaged three U-boats, helped sink other ships, and shot down at least four aircraft. In late 1945 and early 1946 Błyskawica, along with the destroyer HMS Onslow (G17), took part in Operation Deadlight, the scuttling of over 100 German U-boats.

In the spring of 1947, Błyskawica was transferred to the new Polish government, but it was not until 1 July 1947 that she sailed out of Rosyth under the Polish People's Navy flag. A few days later on July 4, Błyskawica docked in Gdynia.

In the first few years of its return to Poland, Błyskawica was used as a training ship and cruised with officer cadets on board. In 1951 Błyskawica visited Leningrad.

In 1951-52 Błyskawica was modernized. The ship's British 4-inch gun barrels were replaced by Soviet B-34 100 mm gun barrels in the same mountings to allow Soviet ammunition to be used, while Soviet 37 mm AA guns in four twin and two single mountings replaced the old 40 mm and 20 mm mountings. A single Soviet triple 533.4 mm torpedo tube mount replaced the British mount. Soviet radar was added, including a Soviet copy of the British type 291 radar set.

In September 1955, ORP Błyskawica along with ORP Burza paid a courtesy visit to Portsmouth, England. In July 1957, Błyskawica, along with two Kronshtadt-class submarine chasers visited Stockholm, Sweden. During this visit, two Polish sailors jumped ship and asked for political asylum in Sweden.

Błyskawica underwent a second modernization in late 1957–1960 to address issues with her propulsion system as well as radio and electronic equipment and updated radar. At the same time, her Soviet B-34 100 mm main guns were replaced with upgraded B-34 U 100mm guns.

ORP Błyskawica continued to make courtesy visits to foreign ports in the decade of the 60s. She made a visit to Helsinki, Finland in 1961, followed by a visit to Greenwich, England in 1962. In September 1963, Błyskawica made a port call to Copenhagen, Denmark. The ship also visited Chatham, England in 1964 and Narvik, Norway in 1965.

On August 9, 1967, destroyer Błyskawica had a tragic accident at sea while on an exercise. A high-pressure steam pipe ruptured in one of her boiler rooms, killing seven sailors. After this accident, Błyskawica remained immobilized and it was decided she would not undergo repairs. Instead, she was reclassified as an anti-aircraft defence ship for the port of Świnoujście in June 1969.

In May 1976 she became a museum ship, part of the Naval Museum in Gdynia – replacing the other WW2 veteran, the ageing ORP Burza.

In July 2006 the preserved Canadian destroyer HMCS Haida (G63) was "twinned" with Błyskawica in a ceremony in Gdynia, Poland. Both ships served in the 10th Destroyer Flotilla during the Second World War. The ceremony was attended by former crew members of both ships and the general public. The ship was visited in 2009 by Prince Charles, Prince of Wales (now King Charles III), and his wife, Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall (now Queen Camilla), and on 29 June 2010, at Government House in Nova Scotia, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, presented to representatives of HMCS Haida the World Ship Trust Certificate.

title: ORP Błyskawica


text:
Talk:Rosmarie Waldrop

Untitled
Major rewrite. Here's the original text: Poet and publisher. And translator. Born 1935 in Germany. Lives in Providence, RI.

Author of A Key Into The Language Of America; and the trilogy: Reproduction of Profiles; Lawn Of Excluded Middle; and Reluctant Gravities.

Translator of Edmond Jabés and Jacques Roubaud.

Innovative publisher of Burning Deck Press (with her husband, poet Keith Waldrop).

Often associated with the L=A=N=G=U=A=G=E poets.

Bmills 10:23, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rosmarie Waldrop