text:
User talk:Mxn

Tết logo vote in Vietnamese Wikipedia
Anh Minh ạ, I am overjoyed to inform you that the vote for Tết logo in Vietnamese Wikipedia will take place in 2 days and we have so many options this year. Please feel free to take your time and cast a vote here. I hope to see you there. Băng Tỏa 19:46, 22 January 2022 (UTC)

 * @Băng Tỏa: Thanks for the invitation. It's going to be a difficult decision with so many interesting choices. I'm blown away by the creativity and artistic skill we have in this community. Minh Nguyễn 💬 09:54, 23 January 2022 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/California medical cases by county/style.css
Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/California medical cases by county/style.css has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. Jroberson108 (talk) 07:28, 21 February 2022 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/San Francisco Bay Area medical cases by county
Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/San Francisco Bay Area medical cases by county has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. Nigej (talk) 10:12, 21 February 2022 (UTC)

Discussion on possible WikiConference NA collaboration with OpenStreetMap US
You are invited to join the discussion at voy:Wikivoyage talk:Cooperating with OpenStreetMap. Peaceray (talk) 19:37, 4 June 2022 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:WSTR logo, 1995.png
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 * Replaced by File:WSTR-TV logo, 1990-1998.svg. Minh Nguyễn 💬 00:47, 2 August 2022 (UTC)

Terrific Presentation
Thank you for your great presentation at WCUS!!! Dolotta (talk) 19:27, 11 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Thank you Dolotta! Minh Nguyễn 💬 00:15, 12 November 2022 (UTC)

OHM
I wanted to say hello, and say thanks for the intro to OHM. Next year, when I (should) have some more time, would like to try contributing to that project. Guettarda (talk) 21:55, 13 November 2022 (UTC)

 * @Guettarda: Thanks for stopping by! Looking forward to collaborating with you on this project! Minh Nguyễn 💬 22:51, 13 November 2022 (UTC)

OSM graph sparql querying
Thank you so much for presenting at the WikiConference! I am excited to see that there is another community that uses SPARQL as enthusiastically as we do. I would like to know if you have been experiencing issues with the endpoint such as query timeouts, and whether you would be interested in a crossover graph that includes both Wikidata and OSM? (You can do this currently with linked data fragments, as I understand, but it's a bit slow.) Harej (talk) 19:59, 14 November 2022 (UTC)

 * @Harej: Wikidata–OSM queries would be the "killer app" for Wikidata and Wikibase within the OSM project. There's no shortage of other ways to query OSM data alone (Overpass, Ohsome, and AWS to name a few), but none of these options lets us answer bigger questions about the world. Sophox originally started out with a crossover graph that included both Wikidata and OSM. However, for performance reasons, Yurik had to remove Wikidata in favor of federation. As you can see from Sophox's federated query examples, it's often necessary to disable the query optimizer just to get the running time under control. Note that Sophox currently isn't in great shape: it's missing a significant share of triples, mostly affecting OSM data but also some data coming from the OSM Wiki's Wikibase instance. Yuri believes this may be related to memory constraints and migrating from Google Cloud back to dedicated hardware would fix this serious regression. Due to this issue, I don't think people have been making very much use of Sophox recently, so the query timeouts haven't been top of mind. If you know of anything that would help, technically or otherwise, I think that would be strategically important for continued collaboration between Wikidata and OSM. Already the state of Sophox is being used (unfairly) as an argument to dismantle the integration we do currently have with Wikibase, but there has been a lot of enthusiasm for SPARQL in the past, from people who see its promise. – Minh Nguyễn  💬 21:26, 14 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Mxn, does OpenStreetMap make a turtle dump available of its data? Alternatively, can you recommend a process for transforming data from the regular dump for use in a graph database? Harej (talk) 01:47, 15 November 2022 (UTC)
 * @Harej: OSM dumps and regional extracts are available in several formats but not Turtle. (So that's what .ttl stands for!) osm2rdf transforms an OSM PBF into a Turtle file according to Sophox's schema. There's also another, more obscure SPARQL endpoint for OSM, LinkedGeoData, that uses a different schema. Minh Nguyễn 💬 03:12, 15 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Sophox indeed needs to be migrated to the new server. I need $150/month to run it, and set up a 501c(3) via OpenCollective for that. Once I have enough for the first two months, I will migrate Sophox to the new hardware, bring it up to date, etc. Also, would be awesome to get more developer help with maintaining it at GitHub. Thanks! --Yurik (talk) 05:07, 16 November 2022 (UTC)

CU request
Hey, can you help with the request here? I'm traveling for the month and I have some COI reservations so it's inappropriate for me to do the check. DHN (talk) 18:43, 16 November 2022 (UTC)

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Institutum Divi-Thomae
Hello!

What is the intended target of Institutum Divi-Thomae? It is currently a self redirect. Thanks! ~ Eejit43 ( talk ) 05:51, 26 February 2023 (UTC)

Whoops, fixed. Thanks for the heads-up! Minh Nguyễn 💬 05:58, 26 February 2023 (UTC)

Email
–Fredddie™ 06:14, 3 March 2023 (UTC)

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CS1 error on List of St. Xavier High School (Ohio) people
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Thank you for helping improve Fronton Island
Hi mxn,

I created the Fronton Island article in 2 minutes without any drafting. You did most of the big edits and improvements, so thank you for that.

Alexysun (talk) 23:16, 3 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the kind note and for creating the article in the first place. Otherwise I'm not sure I would've even had the idea of creating it myself. Minh Nguyễn 💬 03:53, 4 December 2023 (UTC)

What are the other 8?
I noticed you made an edit on the page for South Park View, Kentucky. Your edit added the South Park View is "one of nine incorporated places in the U.S. that have no recorded population". Your source is South Park View's census profile which does not mention the other 8 incorporated places. Could you tell me what the other eight "incorporated places in the U.S. that have no recorded population" are? A.FLOCK (talk) 23:15, 24 December 2023 (UTC)

 * @A.FLOCK: It comes from this table published by the Census Bureau as part of the 2020 Census. The table isn't formatted very conveniently and isn't filtered by zero population, but the Census Bureau also provides an API that can filter the results more directly. This API call returns all 49 places that had zero total population as of the 2020 Census, of which all but nine were CDPs. Minh Nguyễn 💬 00:07, 25 December 2023 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of The Creative Writer

The article The Creative Writer has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Non-notable book series by non-notable press. Appears to have been an attempt at WP:PROMO several years back, but website is now defunct and there's almost no sign the 'press' even existed."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

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 * @Asilvering: Hi, I merely split this article out from a section of Creative Writer because it was off-topic. I don't have an opinion on whether to keep or delete it, but you should notify WMUalumn, who originally wrote this passage. Minh Nguyễn 💬 08:05, 11 February 2024 (UTC)
 * It looks like that's the only thing they ever wrote, back in 2008, so I doubt they're still watching their talk page. -- asilvering (talk) 08:12, 11 February 2024 (UTC)

Category:Vietnamese-language newspapers published in Texas has been nominated for splitting
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Mxn


text:
Federation of Dutch Trade Unions

The Federation of Dutch Trade Unions (Federatie Nederlandse Vakbeweging, FNV) is a national trade union centre in the Netherlands. The FNV is a significant player in the field of work and income. The trade union consists of a central federation, complemented by several sectoral unions representing specific professional groups and sectors. The FNV aims to safeguard the interests of employees, promote fair labor conditions, and protect workers' rights at the national level.

History
The FNV was founded in 1976 from the merger of the Dutch Catholic Trade Union Federation (NKV) and the social-democratic Dutch Confederation of Trade Unions (NVV). The Protestant Christian National Trade Union Federation (CNV) originally also participated in the talks, but it refused to fully merge into a new union. The federation was founded because of declining membership, due to depillarisation and increasing political polarisation between left and right. The first president of the FNV was Wim Kok, who had been chair of NVV since 1973. He remained its leader until 1986, when he entered parliament for the Dutch Labour Party. The NKV and the NVV dissolved themselves into the FNV at the start of 1982.

The FNV was crucial in the economic recovery in the Netherlands during the 1980s. It supported the so-called Wassenaar Agreement, where employee accepted lower wages in exchange for more employment. During the 1990s the FNV came into a heavy conflict over reforms of the WAO, the disabled act, with the cabinet Lubbers-III, in which the party's former chair, Kok, was vice-prime minister. The proposals were consequently dropped.

In the 2000s the FNV came into conflict with the Second Balkenende cabinet over the AOW, the old aged act, and the WAO, the disabilities act. A huge protest was organized in Amsterdam in 2004. The FNV became a leading member in "Keer het Tij" (Turn the Tide) an alliance of social organizations that opposed the cabinet and became involved in organizing the Dutch Social Forum, the Dutch branch of the World Social Forum in 2004 and 2006.

In 2012 the FNV almost split due to a conflict between the more radical wing and the moderates on the issue of pensions. The split was averted, but led to a complete overhaul of the organizational model of the FNV. In late 2014, the largest three affiliates of the FNV, the Allied Union, Construction and Wood Union, and Abvakabo, dissolved into the federation.

Ideology
The FNV started out as a neutral union but has a strong social-democratic orientation and strong links with the social-democratic PvdA. It is critical of both government and employers, but is also heavily incorporated in the Dutch pillarist (corporatist) system. Compared to the CNV, the other major trade union centre, the FNV is more leftwing and has more often used strikes, although the use of these actions is rare in the Netherlands in comparison to other European countries.

Activities
The most important function of FNV are the collective bargaining negotiations, on wages and secondary working conditions, it holds with the employers' federations. It also advises government through the Social Economic Council in which other trade unions, employers' organizations and government appointed experts also have seats.

The Collective Labour Agreement (CAO) is an important instrument used by the FNV to represent the interests of employees and ensure their employment conditions. Over two million employees in the Netherlands are covered by a CAO negotiated by the FNV, which represents the interests of workers in various sectors.

In addition to negotiating collective labour agreements, the FNV also provides extensive individual legal assistance to its members in cases involving work or income-related issues. Workers who find themselves in a conflict with their employers can rely on legal support from FNV lawyers.

Another service offered by the FNV to its members is assistance in cases of personal injury and occupational diseases. Employees who suffer injuries during their work or are affected by diseases resulting from their profession can count on the expertise of the FNV to defend their rights.

Furthermore, the FNV provides the FNV Belastingservice (FNV Tax Service), an ISO-certified service department that works for all unions affiliated with the FNV. Around 4,250 volunteers handled approximately 215,000 tax returns for FNV members in 2016. These volunteers are trained by 350 instructors who receive annual updates themselves. As a result, the FNV Belastingservice is the largest tax consultant service in the Netherlands.

Organisation
The FNV is both a labour union (consisting of different sectors) as well as a labour federation (with affiliated independent unions). Both these sectors and affiliated unions are represented in the FNV parliament, which is directly elected by the membership. The number of seats per sector/affiliated union is determined by their membership in proportion to the total membership of the FNV. The parliament represents the membership, creates "overarching" policy and oversees the board. The parliament also elects the board (except the chairman, who is directly elected by the membership). The current chairman is Tuur Elzinga.

Presidents

 * 1976: Wim Kok
 * 1986: Hans Pont
 * 1988: Johan Stekelenburg
 * 1997: Lodewijk de Waal
 * 2005: Agnes Jongerius
 * 2012: Ton Heerts
 * 2017: Han Busker
 * 2021: Tuur Elzinga

title: Federation of Dutch Trade Unions


text:
Jacques Delille

Jacques Delille (22 June 1738 at Aigueperse in Auvergne – 1 May 1813, in Paris) was a French poet who came to national prominence with his translation of Virgil’s Georgics and made an international reputation with his didactic poem on gardening. He barely survived the slaughter of the French Revolution and lived for some years outside France, including three years in England. The poems on abstract themes that he published after his return were less well received.

Biography
Delille was an illegitimate child, descended on his mother's side from Michel de l'Hôpital. He was educated at the College of Lisieux in Paris and became an elementary school teacher. He had gradually acquired a reputation as a poet by the publication of some minor works by the time his translation of the Georgics of Virgil in 1769 made him famous. When Voltaire recommended Delille for the next vacant place in the Académie française, he was at once elected a member, but he was not admitted until 1774 owing to the opposition of the king, who alleged that he was too young.

In his work on gardens and their landscaping, Jardins, ou l'art d'embellir les paysages (1782), he made good his pretensions as an original poet. In 1786 Delille made a journey to Constantinople in the train of the ambassador M. de Choiseul-Gouffier. He had become professor of Latin poetry at the Collège de France, and was given the secular title of Abbé de Saint-Sévrin, when the outbreak of the French Revolution reduced him to poverty. He purchased his personal safety by professing his adherence to revolutionary doctrine, but eventually quit Paris and retired to his wife’s birthplace at Saint-Dié-des-Vosges, where he worked on his translation of the Aeneid.

In 1794 Delille emigrated first to Basel and then to Glairesse in Switzerland. Here he finished his Homme des champs, and his poem on the Trois règnes de la nature. His next place of refuge was in Germany, where he composed his La Pitié; and finally he passed some time in London (1799–1802), chiefly employed in translating Paradise Lost. There he was under the patronage of Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire, whose descriptive poem The Passage of the Mountain of Saint Gothard was published in Delille’s translation in 1802, the year he returned to France.

Once he was settled in Paris again, Delille resumed his professorship and his chair at the Académie française, but lived largely in retirement since he was nearly blind by now. In the years that remained, he published the poems and translations on which he had been working during his exile, as well as some later works, but none of them were so admired as his earlier poems. Following his death, Delille lay in state crowned with a laurel wreath in the Collège de France, where he was drawn by Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson. He was granted an impressive funeral procession and entombed in Père-Lachaise Cemetery, where the Bonapartist politician, Count Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély, spoke his eulogy.

In 1814 a monument was erected in memory of "Virgil Delille" in the Arlesheim Hermitage, the English landscape garden in Switzerland inspired by his work. In 1817 his collected works began to be published as a set and in 1821 Louis-Michel Petit designed a portrait head of the poet for the Great Frenchmen series of bronze medals.

Epistles and Georgics
Delille began his poetic career over the years 1761–74 with a series of thoughtful verse epistles full of up-to-date allusions (later gathered together in his Poésies fugitives). Among these, his Épître sur les Voyages (1765) gained the verse prize of the Académie de Marseille. Once his work became known in England, its ultimate parentage was welcomed. "No poetry in a foreign language approaches the compositions of Mr Pope so much as that of the Abbé Delille, who has confessedly made the English bard his model," asserted the reviewer of the Monthly Review. And certainly among his verse translations were to be found Pope's Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot and Essay on Man.

Another Augustan stylistic habit that appeared early in Delille’s epistles was the elegant use of periphrasis to clothe pedestrian terms in poetical phraseology. Speaking of the use to which various metals are put, for example, Delille hides mention of axe and the plough as
 * The steel that overthrows the oak and fir,
 * The iron to fertilise the cereal earth,

in his Epître à M.Laurent (1761). In the long run his use of this rhetorical device was so habitual as to become notorious. In a late panegyric to coffee – "To Virgil unfurnished, adored by Voltaire" – Delille had substituted for the word 'sugar' the elaborate paraphrase le miel américain, Que du suc des roseaux exprima l'Africain (that American honey pressed by Africans from the cane’s sap), there being no suitable Virgilian formula to cover such a novelty. The passage was later singled out as a cautionary example by French critics and English alike.

Virgil above all remained Delille’s poetic model throughout his career, to such an extent, according to one critic, that "sometimes the relationship was even pushed towards self-identification". So it would seem from the fact that after his translation of the Georgics in 1769, and the stout defence of the work’s relevance and usefulness in his preliminary essay, Delille went on to supplement Virgil's advice with his own practical work on gardens (Les jardins, 1780). Two decades later he elaborated his thoughts on the moral worth and self-improvement that involvement with the countryside brings in French georgics of his own, L'Homme des champs, ou les Géorgiques françaises (1800). Though there had been earlier translations of Virgil's poem in both verse and prose, what Delille brought to it was the finished quality of his alexandrines wedded to a search for equivalence of effect in the source language that sometimes sacrificed literal accuracy to it.

Embellishing the landscape
Whereas the subject of the Georgics is set in the fields, Delille changed the focus of Les Jardins ou l'art d'embellir les paysages to the landscaping of enclosed grounds and care for what is grown there. The subject was not touched on by Virgil, but there was already a Virgilian model in the Latin of the French Jesuit René Rapin's four-canto Hortorum Libri IV (1665). Indeed, Delille had mentioned Rapin with no great respect in his preface and immediately brought down on himself a systematic comparison of both works to set the record straight. At the very end of that appeared a satirical verse dialogue between cabbage and turnip (Le Chou et le Navet), anonymous there but known to have been written by Antoine de Rivarol. There the humble products of the vegetable garden protest their displacement by Delille's aristocratic taste for the ornamental and exotic: The elegant Abbé turns a bit red in the face At the mere thought that in his verse’s urbanity Cabbage and turnip should ever merit a place.

Delille's work was an early and influential call for rejection of the symmetry and regularity of the formal French style of gardening in favour of the irregular and "natural" English garden. For the next half century, his poem was to become the major reference on the subject. Notable gardeners in France and beyond profited from his advice, described their own creative landscaping to him or invited Delille to see their work for himself. Profiting from this, he had added over a thousand lines more to the poem by the time of his 1801 edition, increasing its length by a third. And there were many translations of the poem: into Polish (1783); three into Italian (1792, 1794, 1808); into German (1796); into Portuguese (1800); and three into Russian (1804, 1814, 1816).

In England there were four translations of the successive French editions. The first was an anonymous version of the first canto, published in 1783, the year following the French poem's appearance. Titled simply On Gardening, it was briefly noticed in the Monthly Review, where the French original was described as "a didactic poem of great merit [that] may be regarded as a formidable rival to Mr Mason's English Garden", the complete edition of which had only recently appeared. An anonymous translation of the whole work followed in 1789, dismissed this time by the Monthly Review as a pretty patchwork of episodes lacking unity. But by 1799, after a new translation by Maria Henrietta Montolieu, critical opinion had veered once more and Delille’s ideas were now greeted far more favourably. In the revolutionary exile, there was recognised the friend of English taste. Sufficiently encouraged by its reception, Mrs Montholieu followed Delille's expansion of the poem in 1801 with an augmented version of her own in 1805.

A celebration of nature
In 1800 Delille published yet another Virgilian improvisation in his French Georgics, L'Homme des champs, ou les Géorgiques françaises. Descriptive rather than didactic, the poem is a celebration of nature that recommends development of the estate by the introduction of foreign and exotic species and living in the country as the route to self-improvement. In welcoming its appearance, the Monthly Review reported that 30,000 copies had been sold in the first fortnight. It also noted the presence in the first canto of "sixty verses borrowed from different English poets; but more in imitation than in close translation." The article quoted copious extracts from the poem, both in the original French and in the reviewer's own translation, rendering Delille's L'Homme des Champs as "The Country Gentleman". But then in the following year, John Maunde published a complete translation of the work under the title The Rural Philosopher, or French Georgics, which also received flattering reviews.

Delille's work inspired various other poetical responses too. fr:Joseph Berchoux published the four cantos of his light-hearted and popular Gastronomie ou l’homme des champs à table (The Country Gentleman at Table) as a sort of didactic pendant in 1801. It was followed by further Georgiques francaises in twelve cantos by the agronomist fr:Jean-Baptiste Rougier de La Bergerie (1804), recommending agriculture to the troops returning from the wars. There were also two further translations of Delille's poem: Willem Bilderdijk's into Dutch (Het Buitenleven, 1803); and Fr J-B.P. Dubois' into Latin as Ruricolae seu Ad Gallos Georgicon (1808).

Later works
During the years of his exile, Dellile had been hard at work on most of the works issued regularly after his return from exile. The first of these was La Pitié, the text of which illustrates the political caution he now had to exercise. By way of historical illustration of his theme, he had expressed royalist sentiments and criticised the new French regime in the original version that was published after his departure from London. For the Paris edition that soon followed his return, however, Delille found it necessary to rewrite some passages, with the result that, in the view of a later critic, the two different editions published in 1802 were "like the statue with two faces…quite a different thing, according to the side of the channel on which it was contemplated". But for all its author's circumspection, the poem soon became a critical (and political) target.

The ambitious natural history lessons in Les Trois Règnes de la Nature (1808) also left English reviewers sceptical. The Monthly Review found it lacking in organisation, invention, and sometimes even sense. The Edinburgh Review dismissed the poet as "a hackneyed mechanist of verses" and found in his 'Three Kingdoms of Nature' only "a curious medley of plagiarisms" in a work reminiscent of nothing so much as the popularised science in Erasmus Darwin’s The Loves of the Plants. For the reviewer there, everything that Delille had published since 1800 was unsatisfactory.

After the change of taste for his kind of writing soon after his death, English criticism was increasingly dismissive of Delille. In dedicating a section to the poet in his Imaginary Conversations (1824), Walter Savage Landor presented him as "the happiest of creatures, when he could weep over the charms of innocence and the country in some crowded and fashionable circle at Paris". During the course of the unequal dialogue that follows, Delille's part is reduced to defending artificiality and redundancy in French verse over the best practice in other literatures. Later, the article on him in the Encyclopædia Britannica concluded that Delille had attempted more than he could accomplish after his promising beginning; and that, "with all his beauty of versification and occasional felicity of expression, he yet shows, in his later works especially, a great ignorance of the line of distinction between prose and poetry."

Principal works

 * Les Géorgiques de Virgile, traduites en vers français (Paris, 1769, 1782, 1785, 1809)
 * Les Jardins, en quatre chants (1780; new edition, Paris, 1801)
 * L'Homme des champs, ou les Géorgiques françaises (Strasbourg, 1800; 1805 corrected with additions)
 * Poésies fugitives (1802)
 * Dithyrambe sur l'immortalité de l'âme, suivi du passage du Saint Gothard, poème traduit de l'anglais (1802)
 * La Pitié, poeme en quatre chants'' (Paris, 1803)
 * L'Énéide, traduite en vers français (dual language in 4 vols., 1804)
 * Le Paradis perdu (dual language in 3 vols., 1805)
 * L'Imagination, poème en huit chants (2 vols., 1806)
 * Les trois règnes de la nature (2 vols., 1808)
 * La Conversation (1812)

title: Jacques Delille


text:
FNV

FNV may refer to:

 * Federation of Dutch Trade Unions, a national trade union centre in the Netherlands
 * Fowler–Noll–Vo hash function, a non-cryptographic hash function
 * Franco-Nevada (stock stickers: FNV), a Canadian gold-focused royalty and streaming company
 * Furness Vale railway station (station code: FNV), on the Stockport, Disley and Whaley Bridge line in Derbyshire, England

title: FNV


text:
Echoes: The Best of Pink Floyd

Echoes: The Best of Pink Floyd is the fourth compilation album by the English rock band Pink Floyd, released on 5 November 2001 by EMI internationally and a day later by Capitol Records in the United States. It debuted at No. 2 on the Billboard 200 album chart on 24 November 2001, with sales of 214,650 copies. It remained on the chart for 26 weeks. The album was certified gold, platinum and double platinum on 6 December 2001 in the US by the RIAA. It was certified triple platinum in the US on 8 January 2002, and quadruple platinum on 10 September 2007.

Contents
The compilation spans the career of Pink Floyd from their first single "Arnold Layne" in 1967, through to "High Hopes", the final track from their 1994 studio album The Division Bell. Original frontman Syd Barrett is featured on six of the album's 26 tracks, providing lead vocals on five. Four of the band's albums—More, Ummagumma, Atom Heart Mother and Obscured by Clouds—are not represented, though multiple tracks from Atom Heart Mother and Ummagumma were planned to appear on the compilation. Each of the 26 tracks fades from one to the next with no break in the music, courtesy of longtime producer/engineer James Guthrie, to help recreate the concept album feel of the band's mid-period work. All 26 tracks were newly remastered specifically for this compilation and are not sequenced in chronological order. The compilation opens and closes the same as the band's first album The Piper at the Gates of Dawn, with the tracks "Astronomy Domine" and "Bike" respectively.

The band's longtime guitarist, David Gilmour, said of the process of compiling the tracks themselves:

"There’s been the occasional phone call but no great brainstorming sessions to get us all together. All our stuff [is] conducted through our engineer James Guthrie, who coordinated Echoes from his place in Lake Tahoe."

Roger Waters's main contribution was the name of the compilation. "I had to, because the name the boys came up with was so awful. What was it? 'Sum of the Parts'. See what I mean?"

Cover
Storm Thorgerson, who had done the majority of album covers for Pink Floyd, did the Echoes art which features recursive windows in an infinite regression as a nod to his own cover for 1969's Ummagumma, and the objects on each landscape refer to the Pink Floyd discography. For instance, the man on fire from Wish You Were Here, another wearing the Delicate Sound of Thunder lightbulb suit, dolls of the Atom Heart Mother cow and the Animals pig, a bike and both a brick wall and the hammers from The Wall. Eventually Thorgerson opted to make two images, with another used for the back cover. To create the idea on a photograph, various walls—which had varied measurements and angles to ensure that "nothing seemed to fit other than by eye through the lens."—were built and put in a country landscape in Sussex. Actors, props and fittings were set in and between those walls. The original design was one of two sketches submitted for Dream Theater's 1997 album Falling into Infinity, with the original being framed and hanging in the home of Dream Theater drummer Mike Portnoy and is pointed out by Portnoy in his Hudson Music instructional drum DVD In Constant Motion.

Release
Echoes is Floyd's first album to include "When the Tigers Broke Free", from the film version of The Wall (the song reappeared on a 2004 rerelease of The Final Cut in a slightly remixed form). It was their first compilation to include songs from The Final Cut, A Momentary Lapse of Reason and The Division Bell and is the only one to include "Echoes", from 1971's Meddle.

With first-week sales of 215,000—beating their previous first-week peak of 198,000 for Pulse—the album hit number two on the Billboard 200, behind Britney Spears' Britney (746,000). In 2001 the album was the 16th best-selling album globally, selling 4.8 million copies.

A week after the band's one-off reunion at Live 8 in 2005, HMV said sales of Echoes rose by 1343%.

Track listing
"'We’ve been arguing about it [track selection] since May. Nick sent us a list right at the beginning, then he seemed to lose interest. Rick never seemed to want to get involved in it. It wandered along rather fitfully until recently, when I thought I'd better work out what we should be trying to do with it, whether we should try and represent every album or not, and on what basis we should be choosing songs. In the end we had to get everyone to vote on a list. (...) I agree [that most of the songs seemed to have picked themselves]. When I look at it, it's bloody obvious really. It's amazing how long the process has been getting it sorted out.'"

Rejected songs
According to James Guthrie, the following songs were considered for inclusion:
 * "Interstellar Overdrive" (Barrett, Waters, Wright, Mason) The Piper at the Gates of Dawn, 1967
 * "The Scarecrow" (Barrett) The Piper at the Gates of Dawn, 1967
 * "Chapter 24" (Barrett) The Piper at the Gates of Dawn, 1967
 * "Careful with That Axe, Eugene" (Waters, Wright, Gilmour, Mason) B-side of "Point Me at the Sky", 1968; also appears on Relics
 * "Grantchester Meadows" (Waters) Ummagumma, 1969
 * An edited version of "Atom Heart Mother" (Waters, Wright, Gilmour, Mason, Geesin) Atom Heart Mother, 1970
 * "If" (Waters) Atom Heart Mother, 1970
 * "Fat Old Sun" (Gilmour) Atom Heart Mother, 1970
 * "Fearless" (Gilmour, Waters) Meddle, 1971
 * "San Tropez" (Waters) Meddle, 1971
 * "Breathe" (Waters, Gilmour, Wright) The Dark Side of the Moon, 1973
 * "Brain Damage" (Waters) The Dark Side of the Moon, 1973
 * "Eclipse" (Waters) The Dark Side of the Moon, 1973
 * "Dogs" (Waters, Gilmour) Animals, 1977
 * "Mother" (Waters) The Wall, 1979
 * "Young Lust" (Waters, Gilmour) The Wall, 1979
 * "Nobody Home" (Waters) The Wall, 1979
 * "Your Possible Pasts" (Waters) The Final Cut, 1983
 * "The Gunner's Dream" (Waters) The Final Cut, 1983
 * "Paranoid Eyes" (Waters) The Final Cut, 1983

Personnel

 * Pink Floyd
 * Syd Barrett – guitar and lead vocals on "Astronomy Domine", "See Emily Play", "Arnold Layne", "Jugband Blues" and "Bike", guitar on "Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun"
 * Roger Waters – bass, rhythm guitar on "Sheep", tape effects, lead vocals on "The Happiest Days of Our Lives", "Another Brick in the Wall, Part II", "Hey You", "Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun", "Sheep", "Shine on You Crazy Diamond", "Comfortably Numb", "The Fletcher Memorial Home", "When the Tigers Broke Free", backing vocals
 * David Gilmour – guitars, fretless bass guitar on "Hey You", bass guitar on "Sheep", "High Hopes", and "One Of These Days", keyboards, drum programming on "Sorrow", lead vocals on "Another Brick in the Wall, Part II", "Echoes", "Hey You", "Money", "Keep Talking", "Sorrow", "Time", "Comfortably Numb", "Us and Them", "Learning to Fly", "Wish You Were Here", "High Hopes", backing vocals
 * Richard Wright – keyboards, Hammond organ, piano, synthesizers, clavinet, co-lead vocals on "Astronomy Domine", "Echoes", "Time", "Us and Them", backing vocals
 * Nick Mason – drums, percussion, tape effects, vocalisations on "One of These Days"

 * Additional personnel
 * Sam Brown – backing vocals on "Keep Talking"
 * Jon Carin – additional keyboards on "Marooned" and "Keep Talking", keyboards on "Learning to Fly" and piano on "High Hopes"
 * Lesley Duncan – backing vocals on "Time" and "Us and Them"
 * Venetta Fields – backing vocals on "Shine On You Crazy Diamond"
 * Donnie Gerard – backing vocals on "Sorrow" and "Learning to Fly"
 * James Guthrie – percussion on "The Happiest Days of Our Lives"
 * Doug Sax, James Guthrie, Joel Plante – remastering at The Mastering Lab
 * Robert Hadley – transfers
 * Islington Green School – choir on "Another Brick in the Wall (Part 2)"
 * Michael Kamen – orchestrations
 * Carol Kenyon – backing vocals on "Keep Talking"
 * Darlene Koldenhoven – backing vocals on "Sorrow" and "Learning to Fly"
 * Tony Levin – bass guitar on "Learning to Fly"
 * Durga McBroom – backing vocals on "Keep Talking"
 * Dick Parry – saxophones on "Money", "Us and Them", and "Shine On You Crazy Diamond"
 * Pontarddulais Male Voice Choir led by Noel Davis – choir on "When the Tigers Broke Free"
 * Guy Pratt – bass on "Marooned" and "Keep Talking"
 * The Salvation Army (The International Staff Band) on "Jugband Blues":
 * Ray Bowes (cornet)
 * Terry Camsey (cornet)
 * Mac Carter (trombone)
 * Les Condon (E♭ bass)
 * Maurice Cooper (euphonium)
 * Ian Hankey (trombone)
 * George Whittingham (B♭ bass)
 * One other uncredited musician
 * Phyllis St. James – backing vocals on "Sorrow" and "Learning to Fly"
 * Barry St. John – backing vocals on "Time" and "Us and Them"
 * Liza Strike – backing vocals on "Time" and "Us and Them"
 * Storm Thorgerson – cover design
 * Clare Torry – vocals on "The Great Gig in the Sky"
 * Doris Troy – backing vocals on "Time" and "Us and Them"
 * Carmen Twillie – backing vocals on "Sorrow" and "Learning to Fly"
 * Gary Wallis – percussion on "Keep Talking"
 * Carlena Williams – backing vocals on "Shine On You Crazy Diamond"

title: Echoes: The Best of Pink Floyd


text:
Talk:Deschutes River Woods, Oregon

Notable?
If it wasn't for the census information, I'd just list this entry on the Votes for Deletion list, & if no one spoke up have it deleted after 7 days. It's nothing more than a census tract with a few thousand people in it -- which is probably the case for any number for rural census tracts -- & not an identifiable community, incorporated or otherwise.

Unfortunately, I've noticed that there is a heated discussion at present over listing articles on VfD because of "lack of significance." Therefore, I'm contenting myself with this note. Discussion? -- llywrch 20:45, 9 Nov 2003 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Deschutes River Woods, Oregon


text:
Talk:List of twins

Biblical
Shouldn't these be moved from historical to mythological or fictional?
 * 1) Jacob and Esau, biblical
 * 2) Perez and Zerah, biblical

Sure they do. Moved to mythological. St Fan 13:49, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Does that mean the Bible is a myth? Sweetie Petie 13:59, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, please read the Bible entry of Wikipedia and make your own opinion.
 * St Fan 11:52, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Actually, there is historical evidence about these twins, so I don't think they fit into the defintions of myth or fiction.

Disputed

 * "Rumaisa Rahman, [...] is the smallest recorded baby born in history, at eight inches (203 mm) long."

We have an even smaller one recorded right here in Wikipedia:

 * Charlotte Wyatt
 * "Charlotte was born in the 26th week of pregnancy, at the end of the second trimester by Caesarean section, weighing only 458 grams and was five inches long."

Which is correct? Could it be that whoever added this slipped up and meant that Rumaisa was the smallest recorded twin born in history? -- Smjg 11:20, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia reports that Rumaisa Rahman was born 244 grams, so this is consistent since Wyatt was born 458 grams. Rahman's twin was born at 563 grams, perhaps that's where the confusion comes from. Someone might want to check the Rumaisa Rahman article to make sure it's clear, but it seemed OK to me. I'll remove the "see discussion" note from the article. 207.172.172.221 20:40, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

OH sorry, I see-- Rahman weighed less, but was taller. I'll remove the height from the article since the weight is the notable figure. 207.172.172.221 20:47, 29 December 2006 (UTC)

Wait, Mario and Luigi are twins? It doesnt say anything about Mario being a twin in his own wiki article. I thought they were just brothers?? Can people actually reference this? --121.45.25.46 (talk) 15:35, 25 June 2010 (UTC)

Pruned
As per the (very necessary) clean up notice, all redlinked sets of twins in the TV section have been removed. Please only add twins to this list if they have an article. Proto   ||    type    11:54, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

Why should twins be banned from this list simply because they do not have an article? If redlinked sets of twins are allowed to remain, perhaps it would encourage other wikipedians to create their articles.Wjcolion 20:32, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Cleanup
I'm not entirely sure what sort of cleanup was required to this article so I've left the notice there. I've put most of the sections in alphabetical order now, and moved the sections about so they're in a bit of a better order. I've also taken out the names from "Twins in popular culture" section who were also in the "Twins in music", "Twins in sport" and "Twin models" sections, and moved any that weren't duplicated but were in the wrong section. Hope that helps. Sweetie Petie 16:53, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * There has been some serious pruning and cleanup of this article since the cleanup notice was put there, especially with the move of the fictional twins to their own list. Maybe it is time to remove the cleanup notice, unless you guys think there is more to be done.
 * St Fan 11:21, 15 May 2006 (UTC)

Non-twins
There is a problem in the Historical twins. King Henry III of Castile and king Ferdinand I of Aragon are, according to their Wiki biographies, not born the same year, and Henry III was the elder brother. So they are NOT twins, and should be removed from the list. Anybody can confirm?

St Fan 13:49, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I can't confirm this case, but it is entirely possible for twins to be born in different years, for example, if the first one is born at 11:55 pm on 31 December, and the other one comes out at 12:02 am on 1 January. I know of no such case, but I do know of a case of twins born on different days - the Australian poet Thomas W. Shapcott was born on a different date from his twin. JackofOz 00:58, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

Justin Timberlake's sister Laura Katherine was several years younger than him- and also his half-sister. Why is she listed here as a twin?--JollyJeanGiant (talk) 21:28, 7 August 2010 (UTC)

 * No idea but feel free to remove the entry if it's wrong. Anemone  Projectors  21:47, 7 August 2010 (UTC)

Fictional twins
I'm starting to think that the list of fictional twins, given its increasing length, would deserve its own, separate article.

St Fan 12:05, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The change is done. The list of twins in fiction is now an independant article.
 * St Fan 15:09, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Now, I'm wondering if the mythological twins shouldn't have followed the others on the fictional twins list. Your opinions? Where do they fit best?
 * St Fan 08:48, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

 * It appears this article was nominated for AfD and was deleted, although it only had 2 keep and 2 delete votes (which IMO is not consensus to delete). I'll support a deletion review of this article if anyone else agrees with me? -- Chuq (talk) 01:41, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with you! — AnemoneProjectors (zomg!) 13:03, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

Where to put them?
Carol Thatcher and Mark Thatcher are twins. I don't know where to put them because they do different things. Help?! -- AnemoneProjectors (talk) 17:42, 20 July 2006 (UTC)
 * You could start a new section - twin offspring of famous people, for example. They have careers in their own right, of course, but are probably more famous for their mother's name than their own.--King Hildebrand 11:33, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
 * How about "Miscellaneous twins"? -- AnemoneProjectors (talk) 17:45, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

One twin to add possibly -- Dr. Ian Smith (doctor, author, and medical news correspondent for VH1, the View, and NBC) has a fraternal twin brother, Dana.

Romulus and Remus
I have removed "Romulus and Remus" from the historical twins to replace them among mythological in the List of twins in fiction. I have serious doubts these characters can be considered historical, and anyway they're essentially known through myths. Though I'm ready to discuss. St Fan 11:13, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

Sarah Connor in T2
The article now says that Leslie Hamilton played the Terminator-as-Sarah at the end of Terminator 2. I've read elsewhere that Linda, the star, played the false Sarah and Leslie stood in as the real Sarah where necessary. Who has the straight dope? —Tamfang 20:07, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

Confusing List: Twins and multiples on TV and in movies
This list is rather confusing. It's unclear which name belongs to the fictional character and which name refers to the actors/actresses who portrayed that character. For example: under "Harry Potter", the actors' names are given first and the fictional characters' names are in parentheses; however, under "The Parent Trap", the fictional characters are listed first with the actress' name in parenthesis. Shouldn't this be standardized? If so, which way would be most accurate? Wjcolion 20:43, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Australian nonuplets
This is true. The nine babies were born to Geraldine Brodrick on 13 June 1971. This was very famous in Australia at the time, but as all the babies died, Mrs Brodrick has sunk into obscurity. Many citations on Google, eg. this one. However, this article is about twins specifically, and not about multiple births generally, so this entry is not relevant to the article and I've removed it. JackofOz 01:02, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

Redirected List of famous twins here
That unnecessary list was started in 2006 by someone who apparently didn't know this one had existed for years. Most of the names appear to be listed here already but if one of the editors here wants to check if there are any from List of famous twins that can be added here. Masaruemoto 18:23, 3 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I went over List of famous twins and added anyone who wasn't already included in this article. -Severa (!!!) 01:33, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Robert Carradine
I'm not sure how to note this elsewhere, but I don't believe Robert Carradine is the father of triplets as someone just indicated in a change to the List of Twins page. Here's an interview with Carradine from a couple of years ago which prominently mentions his three children and does not mention any triplets.

--Twinstuff 18:31, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

Parents of twins
As this is a list of twins, I'm not sure the list of parents of twins should be included. What are others' thoughts on this? The "people born on the same day" should definitely be removed as it has nothing whatsoever to do with twins, so I'm going to remove it right now. — AnemoneProjectors (会話) 12:19, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Also the "non-twin playing a twin or identical non-twin" parts should be removed as this is about real twins, not fictional twins. In fact, the whole section "Twins and Multiples in TV, Films, and Literature" should probably be merged into the "Twins in acting" section as it's just another list of twin actors. — AnemoneProjectors (会話) 21:52, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

Citation?
For the folks with no associated wiki article, how would I know if this list is true or not? Nku 23:27, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

Hikaru and Kaoru
I noticed that Hikaru and Kaoru of the anime Ouran High School Host Club were included under misc twins. I don't think they should be on the twin page at all, seeing as there are one of many pairs of twins from anime. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.231.87.23 (talk) 23:30, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

Kin and Wil Shriner
I see they are not on this page. However, they are listed in Category:Twin people. NBK1122 (talk) 05:40, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

Milton Twins?
I remember looking at this list a year or so ago and seeing the Milton Twins on here.. But now they don't seem to be anywhere on Wikipedia at all. Anyone know what happened? Kaotac (talk) 17:00, 19 August 2008 (UTC)

"As per the (very necessary) clean up notice, all redlinked sets of twins in the TV section have been removed. Please only add twins to this list if they have an article. Proto||type 11:54, 28 February 2006 (UTC)"

There never was a Milton Twins page, hence they were redlinked in the version you saw, hence they were removed. If someone were to start a Milton Twins page, they could be added. Camerajohn (talk) 00:31, 10 July 2009 (UTC)

Twins with differing claims to fame
The current list of twins with differing claims to fame consists almost entirely of twins with the SAME claim to fame. Is it really so difficult to read the name of the category? I'll be cleaning up what I can, but let's try to be more careful about this in the future. CKarnstein (talk) 17:29, 27 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Two entries that were formerly, incorrectly, under 'Twins with differing claims to fame' were:

 * David (1965-2004) and Brian Reimer (1965-2002), identical twin subjects of the book As Nature Made Him by John Colapinto
 * Linda and Terry Jamison, The Psychic Twins, are the most documented psychics in the world.
 * I have removed the Reimer twins for now as there is no category for twins that are famous for being the subject of a book or medical study. I have moved the Jamison twins to the acting category because they were previously known as comedians/performance artists.  I don't feel either edit was ideal, but I am not up to reworking the categories for this page right now.  CKarnstein (talk) 17:46, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

 * And now there are the Hennessy twins, who are also listed in Twins in acting. 85.217.39.114 (talk) 02:47, 31 July 2012 (UTC)

tallest female
The "Twin records" section says: Claire and Ann Recht, current volleyball players at American University in Washington, D.C., are the tallest living female twins, at 6' 7" or 2.01 m.

But that article is dated May 14, 2007 and they were sophomores at the time. How long does it take to graduate? It's been five years since and I would say they aren't anymore "current" players there. 85.217.39.114 (talk) 02:06, 31 July 2012 (UTC)

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Who are these people?
In the article under royalty it lists, Princess Hannah Wahaus and Princess Allison Wahaus (1989–), who are they? where from? Only thing I could find on Google were circular lists that all seem to source back to here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.96.166.218 (talk) 19:21, 25 December 2018 (UTC)

Notable pair or notable with non-notable?
Finnish triple jumper Senni Salminen has a twin brother Kalle, also an athlete, competing mainly in long jump. While Senni has represented Finland multiple times in the major championships, including getting 7th place in European Athletics Championships this year, Kalle has some success in Finnish Athletics Championships but not on international level. Kalle Salminen (pituushyppääjä) has Finnish wikipedia page but not on another language. BleuDXXXIV (talk) 16:13, 7 October 2022 (UTC)
 * only one needs to be notable. – 2 . O . Boxing  18:03, 7 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of twins


text:
Lee P. Brown

Lee Patrick Brown (born October 4, 1937) is an American politician, criminologist and businessman; in 1997 he was the first African-American to be elected mayor of Houston, Texas. He was re-elected twice to serve the maximum of three terms from 1998 to 2004.

He has had a long career in law enforcement and academia; leading police departments in Atlanta, Houston and New York over the course of nearly four decades. With practical experience and a doctorate from University of California, Berkeley, he has combined research and operations in his career. After serving as Public Safety Commissioner of Atlanta, Georgia, he was appointed in 1982 as the first African-American police chief in Houston, Texas, where he implemented techniques in community policing to reduce crime.

Background and education
His parents, Andrew and Zelma Brown were sharecroppers in Oklahoma, and Lee Brown was born in Wewoka. His family, including five brothers and one sister, moved to California in the second wave of the Great Migration and his parents continued as farmers. A high school athlete, Brown earned a football scholarship to Fresno State University, where he earned a B.S. in criminology in 1960. That year he started as a police officer in San Jose, California, where he served for eight years. Brown was elected as the president of the San Jose Police Officers' Association (union) and served from 1965 to 1966.

Brown went on to earn a master's degree in sociology from San José State University in 1964, and became an assistant professor there in 1968. He also earned a second master's degree in criminology from University of California, Berkeley in 1968. In the same year, he moved to Portland, Oregon, where he established and served as chairman of the Department of Administration of Justice at Portland State University.

Career
In 1972, Brown was appointed associate director of the Institute of Urban Affairs and Research and professor of Public Administration and director of Criminal Justice programs at Howard University. In 1974, Brown was named Sheriff of Multnomah County, Oregon and in 1976 became director of the Department of Justice Services.

Police management
In 1978 he was appointed Public Safety Commissioner of Atlanta, Georgia, serving to 1982. Brown and his staff oversaw investigation of the Atlanta Child Murders case and increased efforts to provide safety in black areas of the city during the period when murders were committed. A critical element of reform during Brown's tenure was increasing diversity of the police force. By the time Brown resigned to accept the top police job in Houston, Atlanta's police force was 20 percent black.

Police chief - Houston
In 1982 Brown was the first African American to be appointed as Police Chief to the City of Houston, serving until 1990. He was first appointed by Mayor Kathy Whitmire. The Houston Police Department seemed to be in constant turmoil and badly needed reform. According to one of Brown's colleagues at Atlanta, ... "Everybody knows Lee likes challenges and anyone who knows about the Houston Police Department knows it's one helluva challenge." After coming to Houston, Brown quickly began to implement methods of community policing, building relationships with the city's diverse communities.

The Houston Police Officers Union (HPOU) recently published a history describing in more detail how Brown's reforms were implemented and how it became accepted by the officers as well as the communities they served over a period of years. Initially, the officers were unimpressed by what Brown termed Neighborhood-Oriented Policing (NOP). Old-time officers saw it as simply reverting to a long-discredited policy of "walking a beat," and claimed the acronym meant "never on patrol."

Brown and his staff divided the city into 23 identifiable "neighborhoods." Each neighborhood had a small informal office, located in a storefront, where people from the neighborhood were invited to come in and discuss their concerns or problems with one of the officers that served there. Brown emphasized through his officer training sessions that getting feedback from the public was as important as writing up tickets or doing paperwork chores. The neighborhood officers soon recognized the hot spots and the neighborhood "movers and shakers" who could be helpful in preventing problems.

Brown was credited with getting more police officers into the neighborhoods during his tenure. Relations between the residents and the police were far better than ever before, with residents becoming willing to work with the police implementing various activities. He was quoted as saying that sixty percent of all cities in the U.S. had adopted some form of NOP by the time he stepped down as Houston's chief.

Police Commissioner - New York City
In December 1989 Brown was named by Mayor David Dinkins as Police Commissioner of New York City, the first non-New Yorker appointed in a quarter of a century as head of the nation's largest police force. In January 1990, he took over a police force that was seven times the size of Houston's, with "a complex organization of more than 26,000 officers" and a 346-member executive corps of officers at the rank of captain and above. At the time, the force was 75% white; there were issues of perception of police justice and sensitivity in a city with a population estimated to be half minorities: black, Hispanic and Asian.

Brown implemented community policing citywide, which reportedly quadrupled the number of police officers on foot patrol and had a goal of creating a partnership between the police and citizens. The fact that reported crimes were 6.7 percent lower for the first four months of 1992, compared to the previous year, indicated that Brown's program was having a positive effect, according to the Treadwell article.

On the other hand, according to Treadwell, the police department was being criticized for the alleged ineffectiveness of its internal affairs division in the wake of allegations of drug dealing and bribery by some officers. Dinkins had appointed a five-member panel to investigate the corruption allegations, and had asked the City Council to establish an all-civilian review board to look at charges of police brutality. Brown was already on record as opposing both actions. Both Brown and Dinkins took great pains to assure reporters that the policy disagreement played no role in Brown's decision to leave.

Brown submitted his resignation from the New York City position effective September 1, 1992. He and Mayor Dinkins held a joint news conference to explain the reason for his sudden departure. Brown stated that he was leaving to care for his wife, who was ill, and to rejoin the rest of his family, who were still in Houston. He added that he had accepted a college teaching position in Houston.

In 1993 Brown was appointed by President Bill Clinton as his Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP, or "Drug Czar"), and moved to Washington, DC. The Senate unanimously confirmed his appointment.

Mayor of Houston
In the late 1990s, Brown returned to Houston and entered politics directly, running for mayor. In 1997, Brown became the first African American elected as mayor of Houston. During Brown's administration, the city invested extensively in infrastructure: it started the first 7.5-mile leg of its light-rail system and obtained voter approval for an extension, along with increases in bus service, park and ride facilities and HOV lanes. It opened three new professional sports facilities, attracting visitors to the city. It revitalized the downtown area: constructing the city's first convention center hotel, doubling the size of the convention center; and constructing the Hobby Center of the Performing Arts. In addition, it built and renovated new libraries, police and fire stations. Brown initiated a $2.9 billion development program at the city's airport, which consisted of new terminals and runways; and a consolidated rental car facility; in addition to renovating other terminals and runways, he built a new water treatment plant.

Brown also advanced the city's affirmative action program; installed programs in city libraries to provide access to the Internet; built the state-of-the-art Houston Emergency Communications Center; implemented e-government, and opened new parks. Brown led trade missions for the business community to other countries and promoted international trade. He increased the number of foreign consulates.

2001 election campaign
Brown undertook a massive program to reconstruct the downtown street system and replace the aging underground utility system. The accompanying traffic problems was made a campaign issue by his opponent, three-term city councilman Orlando Sanchez in the 2001 election campaign. In 2001 Brown narrowly survived the reelection challenge and runoff against Sanchez, a Cuban-born man who grew up in Houston. The election characterized by especially high voter turnout in both black and Hispanic districts.

Sanchez' supporters highlighted poor street conditions, campaigning that the "P stands for Pothole," referring to Brown's middle initial. Sanchez drove a Hummer as his campaign vehicle during this period, which was adorned with the banner, "With Brown in Town it's the only way to get around."

Following the death of Houston Fire Captain Jay Janhke in the line of duty, Sanchez gained endorsements from the fire/emergency medical services sector. Brown changed Fire Department policy on staffing as a result of the captain's death.

The Brown-Sanchez election attracted involvement from several national political figures, who contributed to its rhetoric. Brown was endorsed by former Democratic president Bill Clinton while Sanchez was endorsed by then-President George W. Bush, former President George H. W. Bush and his wife, former First Lady Barbara Bush; Rudy Giuliani and a host of other Republicans. Some members of the President's cabinet campaigned for Sanchez in Houston.

The contest had ethnic undertones as Sanchez, a Cuban American, was vying to become the first Hispanic mayor of Houston; he challenged Brown, who was the city's first African-American mayor. According to the U.S. Census 2000, the racial makeup of the city was 49.3% White (including Hispanic or Latino), 25.3% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 5.3% Asian, 0.18% Pacific Islander, 16.5% from other races, and 3.2% from two or more races. 37% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Voting split along racial and political party lines, with a majority of African Americans and Asians (largely Democrats) supporting Brown, and a majority of Hispanic and Anglo voters (largely Republicans) supporting Sanchez. Brown had 43% in the first round of voting, and Sanchez 40%, which resulted in their competing in a run-off. Chris Bell received 16% of the ballots cast in the first round. Brown narrowly won reelection by a margin of three percentage points following heavy voter turnout in predominantly Black precincts, compared to relatively light turnout in Hispanic precincts, although Hispanic voting in the runoff election was much higher than previously.

Brown's 2001 reelection was one of the last major political campaigns supported by the Houston-based Enron Corporation, which collapsed in a financial scandal days after the election.

Marriage and family
Brown has been married twice. His first wife, Yvonne Brown, died of cancer after they had four children together. He is married to Frances Young, a teacher in the Houston Independent School District.

Professional and civic activities
Brown is a member of Alpha Phi Alpha collegiate fraternity and Sigma Pi Phi, an African-American fraternity for those who have achieved distinction in their chosen profession.

While in Houston, Dr. Brown was a professor at Texas Southern University and Director of the university's Black Male Initiative Program.

Brown is a co-founder of the National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives (NOBLE). Brown is chairman and CEO of Brown Group International, which is a business solutions organization.

Career timeline

 * 1960 patrolman in San Jose, California.
 * 1968 Established the Department of Administration of Justice at Portland State University in Portland, Oregon
 * 1972 Associate Director of the Institute for Urban Affairs and Research at Howard University in Washington, D.C. (held the academic rank of Professor of Public Administration and Director of Criminal Justice programs)
 * 1975 Sheriff, Multnomah County
 * 1976 Director of Justice Services for Multnomah County, Oregon
 * 1978 – 1982 Public Safety Commissioner, Atlanta, Georgia
 * 1982 – 1990 Chief of Police, Houston, Texas
 * 1990 – 1991 President of International Association of Chiefs of Police
 * 1990 – 1992 New York City Police Commissioner
 * 1993 Director of the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP).
 * 1998 – 2004 Mayor of Houston, Texas
 * 2005–present Chairman and CEO, Brown Group International

Legacy and honors

 * 2004 - The Metropolitan Transit Authority Administration Building, headquarters of Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, was named for Brown to honor his work in transportation, police protection, education and revitalization of the city.
 * 2005 – The Houston in Harmony mural in honor of Mayor Lee P. Brown was moved March 23, 2005, to the Lee P. Brown Metropolitan Transit Authority Administration Building at the request of the Honey Brown Hope Foundation, where it is on permanent display.
 * 1999 – Honey Brown Hope Foundation commissioned a mural, Houston in Harmony, in honor of Mayor Lee P. Brown's work in diversity; it was displayed at the City Hall Annex during his tenure, to 2003.
 * 1993 – Gallup Hall of Fame by Gallup, Inc.
 * 1992 – Cartier Pasha Award from Cartier International
 * 1991 – Father of the Year by the National Father's Day Committee

Education

 * Doctorate in Criminology from the University of California, Berkeley in 1970
 * Masters in Criminology from the University of California, Berkeley in 1968
 * Masters in Sociology from San José State University in 1964
 * Bachelors in Criminology from California State University, Fresno in 1961.

Publications

 * Many articles and papers on police management, community policing, crime and the criminal justice system
 * Co-author of Police and Society; An Environment for Collaboration and Confrontation
 * Author of Policing in the 21st Century: Community Policing, 2012.
 * Growing up to be Mayor. Dr. Lee P. Brown. BGI Press. 2013.

title: Lee P. Brown


text:
Evolution (disambiguation)

Evolution is change in heritable traits of biological organisms over successive generations.

Evolution also may refer to:

Film and television

 * Evolution (1971 film), Canadian animated short by Michael Mills
 * Evolution (2001 film), American comic science fiction film by Ivan Reitman
 * Evolution (2015 film), French horror-thriller film
 * Evolution (2021 film), Hungarian drama film
 * "Evolution" (Star Trek: The Next Generation), 1989 episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation
 * "Evolution" (Stargate SG-1), pair of episodes of Stargate SG-1
 * Evolution (TV series), 2002 documentary series
 * "Evolution" (The Walking Dead), 2018 episode of The Walking Dead
 * Pokémon Evolutions, a 2021 Japanese animated miniseries

Other uses

 * Evolution (advertisement), 2006 promotion for Dove cosmetic soap
 * Evolution (Guinness) or noitulovE, 2005–2006 Guinness advertising campaign
 * Evolution (professional wrestling), professional wrestling stable in WWE
 * WWE Evolution, WWE pay-per-view offering
 * Evolution (AJPW), professional wrestling stable
 * Evolution (ride), amusement-park ride
 * Evolution (radio show)

Literature

 * Evolution (Peel novel), 1994 Doctor Who novel by John Peel
 * Evolution (journal), bimonthly scientific journal
 * Evolution (Baxter novel), 2003 science fiction novel by Stephen Baxter
 * Evolution: The Modern Synthesis, 1942 popular science book by Julian Huxley
 * Evolution: The Story of Life, 2009 non-fiction book by Douglas Palmer

Music

 * Evolution Festival, music festival held in Tyne and Wear from 2002 until 2013

Albums and EPs

 * Evolution (Anastacia album) (2017)
 * Evolution (Blood on the Dance Floor album) (2012)
 * Evolution (Boyz II Men album) (1997)
 * Evolution (Decoded Feedback album)
 * Evolution (Dennis Coffey album)
 * Evolution (Disturbed album) (2018)
 * Evolution (Edge of Sanity album) (1999)
 * Evolution (Ghost Town album) (2015)
 * Evolution (Grachan Moncur III album) (1963)
 * Evolution (Hed PE album)
 * Evolution (Hollies album) (1967)
 * Evolution (Infinite EP)
 * Evolution (JLS album)
 * Evolution (Journey album) (1979)
 * Evolution (Joyner Lucas EP) (2020)
 * Evolution (Magnum album) (2011)
 * Evolution (Malo album) (1973)
 * Evolution (Martina McBride album)
 * Evolution (Masami Okui album) (2006)
 * Evolution (Memorain album) (2012)
 * Evolution (Nektar album) (2004)
 * Evolution (Noiseworks album) (2022)
 * Evolution (Oleta Adams album) (1993)
 * Evolution (Once Human album) (2017)
 * Evolution (Open Hand EP) (2000)
 * Evolution (Paul van Dyk album) (2012)
 * Evolution (Sabrina Carpenter album) (2016)
 * Evolution (Scotch album) (1985)
 * Evolution (Sheryl Crow album) (2024)
 * Evolution (Slum Village album) (2013)
 * Evolution (Subhumans EP)
 * Evolution (Teddy Charles album) (1955)
 * Evolution (Tony MacAlpine album) (1995)
 * Evolution (Twins album) (2003)
 * Evolution (Viper album) (1992), or its title song
 * Evolution: The Hits, compilation album by Dead or Alive
 * Evolution, 1993 album by Geoff Moore and the Distance
 * Evolution, 1994 album by Geoffrey Downes
 * Evolution, 2012 album by Pamela Williams
 * Evolution, 2019 extended play by Excision and Wooli
 * Evolution, 2019 extended play by Jake Zyrus

Songs

 * "Evolution" (Ayumi Hamasaki song) (2001)
 * "Evolution" (Korn song) (2007)
 * "Evolution", song by Cat Power from the album You Are Free (2003)
 * "Evolution", song by Roy Ayers from the album Mystic Voyage (1975)
 * "Evolution", song by State Radio from the album Let It Go (2009)
 * "Evolution (The Grand Design)", song by Symphony X from the album V – The New Mythology Suite (2000)
 * "Evolution", song by The Word Alive from the album Life Cycles (2012)
 * "Evolution" (Hardy), song by Edward W. Hardy (2016)

Games

 * Evolution: The Origin of Species, 2010 card game published by Rightgames RBG
 * Evolution, 2014 board game by North Star Games
 * Evolution Championship Series, yearly fighting game tournament
 * Evolution: The Game of Intelligent Life, 1997 strategy game edited by Discovery Channel
 * Evolution: The World of Sacred Device, 1999 video game
 * Evolution Studios, British video game developer
 * Pokémon evolution, sudden change in form in the Pokémon universe
 * CycloDS Evolution, Nintendo DS hardware for home brew games

Companies

 * Evolution Aircraft, American aircraft manufacturer based in Redmond, Oregon
 * Evolution Group (UK), British financial services business
 * Evolution Group (South Africa), South African financial services business
 * Evolution Studios, British video game developer
 * Evolutions Television, British television post-production company

Technology

 * Beagle 2: Evolution, proposed successor to the Beagle 2 Mars lander
 * DTA Evolution, French ultralight trike design
 * Evolution (marketplace), black market operating on the Tor network
 * Evolution (software), email client and calendar software
 * Evolution engine, motorcycle engine from Harley-Davidson
 * Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution, sports car
 * MCV Evolution, single-deck bus
 * EVolution, research project to reduce vehicle weight
 * Ultima Evolution, a British sports car

title: Evolution (disambiguation)