text:
Talk:Dacia

Roman Empire as the Dacian Empire
My senses tell me the sources original author may not have been citing a real historical reference, nor am I seasoned enough to do the research on my own ;) Can someone please follow up with a non-primary source? I'm thinking of re-wording this topic to sound less as factual history, or maybe just outright deleting it. Thanks. Andiar.rohnds (talk) 20:42, 13 January 2015 (UTC)

Untitled
The brief mention of language here seems to presume the theory of Daco-Romanian continuity, which is controversial, to say the least. I'm not expert enough on this period to venture to make a proper correction, but it seems to me that at least there should be some indication that there is no certainty that contemporary Romanians owe their Romance language to the Latinization of the Dacians.

 * Yes, that's right. The Dacian romanization is just one of the three possible explanations:
 * Dacians were romanized by the conquerors
 * Dacians had a language close enough to Latin and no Romanization was required
 * A Romanic population from came from South and asimilated the Dacians.
 * It should be discussed (from a NPOV) on Origin of Romanians. (My opinion is that the second option is the closest to the truth).
 * Bogdan 12:44, 15 Nov 2003 (UTC)

"aiurea" which means b.s. Similar comments could be made about the implication that the Tarbostesei became the Boyars, rather than merely having a comparable social position. Jmabel 14 Nov 03.
 * explanation #2 is utter fantasy and has no support from historians - Latin evolved in Italy, and the Dacians were far apart in time and distance HammerFilmFan (talk) 12:05, 13 August 2023 (UTC)

 * I'll correct it.

- It would be more correct to say that Burebista was taking control (conquer or just be recognise as suzerain) by Greek towns on the Pontus Euxinus from Olbia (the northest, at the river mouth of Bug, today Ukraina), to Apollonia (the southest, somewhere near today Varna, Bulgaria). [User: MihaiC] 19 Dec 03

If you can, Translate it for it is worth it! http://casanoastra-romania-dacia.blogspot.co.uk/2009/08/dacii-sau-getii-sau-gotii-sau-geatii.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by ILISANU (talk • contribs) 12:55, 19 September 2012 (UTC)

Tartaria

 * The discovery of Tartaria tablets seem to indicate that the dacians were the first ones to use writing (as far as we know it by now). The tablets were dated 7300 years BC.. that is ~9300 years ago and ~2000 years before the Sumerian tablets previously known as the oldest discovered writing.

The tablets were written by pre-Indo-European people (before the IE invasion) and Dacians, as Indo-Europeans couldn't be the authors. You may argue that genetically, the Tartaria people were the ancestors of the Dacians, but the Dacian culture/language/civilization is clearly of Indo-European origin. Bogdan | Talk 13:05, 5 Sep 2004 (UTC)

The discovery of Tartaria tablets seem to indicate that a population living in the teritory of today Romania used symbols that can be considered as a form of writing Criztu

The whole issue about the authenticity and the dating of the tablets is highly controversial. Regardless though about whether they are authentic or not or whether the dating is reliable, no formally trained archaeologists (in particular, none of the ones that have worked on that excavation site) has ever claimed that the tablets were written by the Dacians. They are considered to be written by the people of the Vinca culture (or the Vinca-Tordos sub-culture), which lived throughout southern Transylvania and south in the other Balkan states. --O crandell (talk) 03:18, 10 December 2007 (UTC) For further explanations see Symbols and proto-writing of the Cucuteni–Trypillian culture

Cohors Primae Dacorum
The article on Dacorum says that this refers to Danes, not to Dacae. What is the citation for the etymology presented here? -- Jmabel | Talk 04:42, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)

Also, while "cohors" is correct where it appears in a Latin proper noun, I believe that everywhere else it should be "cohort", unless I am misunderstanding the word. -- Jmabel | Talk 04:42, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)

Denmark was known as Dacia in early medieval maps, and Dudo of St. Quentin in his Gesta Normannorum speaks of dacian king Rollo (Hrolf Ganger) coming from Dacia(Denmark). COHORS PRIMAE DACORUM is how the roman empire notitia dignitatum called the 'first cohort of dacians'

Dacorum in Britain refers to Normans that invaded England (Anglia, former Britania) under Wilhelm the Conqueror, ofspring of Hrolf Ganger (Rollo) -- Criztu

So, why should we think any of this has anything to do with this Dacia? -- Jmabel | Talk 17:25, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC)
 * yes, 3 disambiguation pages are required:

 * Dacorum - Cohors Primae Dacorum - cohort of dacians recruited from Roman province Dacia
 * Dacorum - a shire in England reffering to normans - called dacians in neo-latin/romance/early medieval chronicles

 * Dacians - designating normans coming from Dacia(Denmark) in neo-latin chronicles - Dudo of St. Quentin Gesta Normannorum
 * Dacians - designating dacians(getae) living in ancient Dacia (a Roman Province) - Trajan's Collumn

 * Dacia - a Roman Province
 * Dacia - designating Denmark in medieval Maps and Chronicles - see Denmark based Order of Dacia and Malta and Boëthius of Dacia -- Criztu

 * You start by saying "yes", but then you write something that seems to mean "no". Is or is not the link to the article about the English town of Dacorum you added to this article intended as a claim that the English town gets its name from Dacians rather than from Danes? Dacorum in Cohors Primae Dacorum is a Latin genitive plural, right? So it is not at title at which we would normally put an article. Adding these disambiguation pages would be a good idea, and I'll do it, but, am I correct that there is no reason for this article to link to Dacorum, neither the English town nor the genitive plural form of Dacae (or Dagae)? -- Jmabel | Talk 02:18, Oct 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * Dacorum shire is also the latin form, meaning 'of the dacians'(normans came from Dacia(Denmark)) -- Criztu. the form Dagae appears on Tabula Peutingeriana.

I've added Dacorum (disambiguation) and Dacia (disambiguation). I've made Dacians a redirect to Dacia (disambiguation) rather than Dacia, where it previously redirected. My original question about the link in this article is still unanswered. -- Jmabel | Talk 03:05, Oct 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * Cohors Primae Dacorum are attested also in Armenia, Syria, etc. i think this Dacorum should be linked with dacians or the dacian cohort ... it is tempting to think that Dacorum stationed in Deva(Chester) are at the origin of Dacorum. -- Criztu
 * It may be tempting to think so, but with no evidence the link does not belong in the article. I will remove the link. -- Jmabel | Talk 18:21, Oct 25, 2004 (UTC) Dee is a large river/water name root same as danube dneiper don and indeed tay etc. Deva is simply a place on the Dee.

What is intriguing is the use of Dacia for Denmark home of the Geats

Burebista
We currently use "Buruista", "Burebista", and "Boerebista". Assuming that I am correct in understanding that these all refer to the same person (will someone confirm) can we please put all variants and the link on the first occurrence and just use "Burebista" thereafter. -- Jmabel | Talk 17:53, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC) Come to think of it, isn't is "Burebişta"? -- Jmabel | Talk 02:21, Oct 25, 2004 (UTC)
 * Burebista is the oficial romanian name of Burobosten/ Buruista/ Boireboste -- Criztu
 * Thanks on that. Meanwhile, am I correct that these all refer to the same person (in which case I will make the proposed edit)? -- Jmabel | Talk 18:21, Oct 25, 2004 (UTC)

Incomprehensible paragraph
The following paragraph is incomprehensible to the point where I can't be sure enough what it means to edit it:

The Getae as formidable opponents of Lysimachus, who was defeated and captured by Getae king Dromichaetes, and a description of Getae strategy in defeating the Macedonians and the decision of Dromichaetes to release Lysimachus after assembling the council of the country, are recorded in Plutarch's work 'Life of Demetrius' (part 30).

Does this mean that all of this is in Plutarch's Life of Demetrius? If so -- and that seems the most reasonable way to read it -- this may be the most extended use of passive voice I've ever seen in English, and should be: Plutarch's work 'Life of Demetrius' (part 30) records the Getae as formidable opponents of Lysimachus, who was defeated and captured by Getae king Dromichaetes, and contains a description of Getae strategy in defeating the Macedonians; it also records the decision of Dromichaetes to release Lysimachus after assembling the council of the country.

If someone can confirm this as what was meant, please either make the change in the article, or just say so here and I will. -- Jmabel | Talk 18:31, Oct 23, 2004 (UTC) --- indeed, the Lysimachus article gives satisfactory reference to chroniclers accounting the Getae episode. i think the paragraph shoud look like this: Greek and Roman chroniclers record the defeat of Lysimachus by the Getae (Dacian) lead by their king Dromihete, their military strategy in defeating Lysimachus, and his release following a debate in the assembly of the Getae. Criztu

 * That's certainly more comprehensible, though any of these where you know specifically where they are recorded, you should cite specifically, it's always helpful. -- Jmabel | Talk 18:12, Oct 24, 2004 (UTC)

It would be nice if in the future more photos of sites & artifacts could be added to articles like the Dacia article, for outsiders to see. (Decius)

roman province Dacia vs. kingdom of Dacia
the borders of roman province Dacia are not the same as the borders of the kingdom of Dacia. i'd like to replace these paragraphes:

''Dacia, in ancient geography the land of the Daci or Getae, was a large district of Central Europe, bounded on the north by the Carpathians, on the south by the Danube, on the west by the Tisa (Tisza river, in Hungary), on the east by the Tyras (Dniester or Nistru, now in eastern Moldova). It thus corresponds in the main to modern Romania and Moldova.''

''Towards the west it may originally have extended as far as the Danube where it runs from north to south at Waitzen (Vacz). Julius Caesar in his De Bello Gallico (book 6) speaks of Hercynia forest extending along the Danube to the teritories of the Dacians. Ptolemy puts its eastern boundary as far back as the Hierasus (Siret river, in modern Romania).''

with

'' Dacia was the name of a Roman province, established after the Dacian Wars, consisting of parts of the lands of the Dacians, corresponding to the Romanian provinces of Banat, Oltenia and Transylvania. A Kingdom of Dacia reached its maximum extent under Burebista, stretching from the Danube in Hungary to the Southern Bug in Ukraine, from the Balkan mountains in Bulgaria to the Beskides mountains in Slovakia. Its political and military centre was Sarmisegetusa, in the Southern Carpathian mountains, in today Hunedoara county in Romania.''

while it would be useful to know the borders of the ancient Kingdom of Dacia, Ptolemy speaks of eastern boundary of Dacia Traiana, it's confusing. Criztu 18:43, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Mostly agree, except
 * we should not lose the words Daci and Getae
 * we should refer to "modern Romanian provinces", "modern Slovakia", etc.
 * shouldn't we say "before Roman conquest a Kingdom of Dacia reached..."? Otherwise, to one who doesn't know the history it could as easily mean after the Roman's left.

 * Also, I'd rather see us try to expand upon and explain any confusion in the ancient texts rather than drop the mentions. -- Jmabel | Talk 20:26, Dec 10, 2004 (UTC)

Transylvania 'Disputed'
I don't think the Transylvania issue is really a serious territorial dispute: Hungarians constantly whine about, yet it is not a real dispute at the level of other territorial disputes in the world. We shouldn't even give anybody the impression that the dispute is at that level. Alexander 007 05:39, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * What in the article are you referring to? -- Jmabel | Talk 03:00, Jan 3, 2005 (UTC)

I erased the one word that I was referring to (" the disputed area"). Alexander 007 06:40, 5 Jan 2005 (UTC)

I recommend you all read the History of Austro-Hungary, and then compare to Dacia, the Dacians, and see where things don't line up. So are there any experts who can put this puzzle together? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.101.128.116 (talk) 00:13, 7 November 2018 (UTC)

chopped off from the main article
which, as the ode was written on March 1, 29 BC, probably refers to the campaign of Marcus Crassus (30 BC-28 BC), not to that of Cornelius Lentulus, who was not consul until 18 BC. Marcus Crassus is supposed to be long dead by 30 BC; something needs to be done about this mistake. (Criztu, 2 Jan 2005)

That's all well and good, but why did you delete this?:

Please at least make comments when you delete substantive statements.

Jmabel | Talk 22:25, Jan 9, 2005 (UTC)

 * This artice should not be deleted - it is historical truth. Dacians are a part of the so called "Thracians" (in fact - Bulgarian tribes). The Romaninan language was formed after a strong Latin influence over a part of the Dacians and other "Thracians" in the area. You can easily check the connection between modern Romanians and Bulgarians through reading some DNA researches, showing more than 90% proximity of blood. Unlike the proximity between Bulgarians and any "slavic nation" - Shisharki

 * No one was talking about deleting the article, and as the comments below show, Criztu did not actually remove that paragraph above from the article. No reputable scientist believes that the Thracians were Bulgarian tribes: the Thracians did not speak a Slavic language. Romanians and Bulgarians absorbed Thracian peoples, but neither Romanians nor Bulgarians are pure Thracians. The Thracians are extinct. Unless the Albanians are Thracian or Dacian descendants, rather than Illyrian (see Origin of Albanians).Alexander 007 20:44, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

 * And how does this "Thracian" language sounds like? Any clue? Or just hypothesis based on guesses? There aren't any, just because there are no evidences for the existence of a nation called "Thracians"... There were hundreds of tribes with the same culture, language, and origin - none of them was called Thracians. Dacians are among them. At teh same time some greek sources say that the people living north of ancient Greece are the lagest nation in their known world after the Indians. Any idea where they all left? If anyone can cite a source (Roman or Greek or any) mentioning the word "Thracian", let all of us see it and learn. Thanks! --Shisharki 23:37, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

 * A lot of work has been done on the Thracian language, a lot of it done by Bulgarians: and it is overwhelmingly agreed that the Thracian language was not a Slavic language. However, you will be interested to learn that there is one linguist — a controversial linguist — who suggests that the Thracian language may have been a type of conservative Paleo-Slavic language:Mario Alinei (I'll get the link later). Yet his theory about the Thracian language has been so far ignored. The Thracian language is known from some words cited in ancient glossaries, and from many personal names, town names (see List of ancient Thracian cities), place-names, etc.; there are also some longer inscriptions which may be written in Thracian (see Thracian language) and they are not close to Slavic. The word "Thracian" is from Latin and Greek sources, and is first attested in Homeric Greek I think, in the Iliad; it is found in numerous classical texts, including Herodotus: Herodotus book 5, chapter 3. It's online at and the word Threikon (=Thracian) can be seen. [[User:Alexander 007|Alexander 007] 23:54, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

 * i only created a Geography cathegory for Dacia and added info that Sarmisegetusa was its capital, the above paragraph is still there Criztu 00:31, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Sorry, I don't have any idea what was up with how the diff looked to me; presumably my error. -- Jmabel | Talk 00:42, Jan 10, 2005 (UTC)

Dissappearence of the names

 * Roman names for the cities, mountains, and rivers disappeared altogether beyond the Danube

That's wrong. Here is a short list of rivers and cities that kept their ancient names:

 * Tisa - Tissia - river
 * Olt - Alutus - river
 * Prut - Poratum - river
 * Siret - Sieratus - river
 * Argeş - Argessos - river
 * Someş - Samus - river
 * Mureş - Maris - river
 * Timiş - Tibiscum - river
 * Mediaş - Mediam - city
 * Abrud - Abruttum - city
 * Piatra Neamţ - Petrodava - city

Bogdan | Talk 09:54, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

categories
Western border of Dacia was river Tisa, and that mean that part of Dacia (Western Banat) was located in the territory of present day Serbia and Vojvodina, so I am putting these categories back. User:PANONIAN

UNRV
Recently added link: UNRV Dacia article. Can anyone explain what UNRV is? The linked article looks fine, but the site seems an odd combination of things... -- Jmabel | Talk 07:00, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * from that site's "About" section:
 * UNRV... United Nations of Roma Victor, represents the all encompassing power of Rome in the ancient world. United and Romanized, through conquest, or absorbed through its culture, Rome still stands today as a legacy to the achievement of mankind, and its failures. Bogdan | Talk 08:17, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, I saw that, but does it make sense? How do you "represent" a defunct empire? And have you noticed the type of things that are for sale on the site? -- Jmabel | Talk 16:55, Mar 1, 2005 (UTC)

If Savescu's "Dacia.org" can be given as a link, what's wrong with giving UNRV as a link. I haven't seen them selling anything unusual so far, mostly books and coins, but I haven't really paid attention to the merchandise. The most off-beat thing I saw so far was a link to a site selling ninja swords. Basically, the site is a so-so source of info on the ancient Roman empire, about each province, et cetera. Alexander 007 01:16, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not objecting, just trying to get my head around what the site is. Maybe we should have an article on them? -- Jmabel | Talk 03:01, Mar 2, 2005 (UTC)

Sounds interesting. I have no idea who runs the site or what their agenda is. I think they are just "romanticists". There seems to be a vaguely sinister aura around the site, but I think that is because of the dark blood-red color they use as a background (suggestive of the Roman's preference for red, the color of Mars, the god of war). Alexander 007 03:37, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

dacia where is i5 ?
(heading put here without further content by anon 23 March 2005)

Dacia was roughly where Romania is now. I-5 is a freeway in the Western United States. -- Jmabel | Talk 00:37, Mar 24, 2005 (UTC)

Eutropius the Exaggerator
Eutropius says some things that are obviously dramatic exaggerations: "All Illyricum and Moesia had been depopulated (vastato omni Illyrico et Moesia)"---it is extremely unlikely that all Illyria and Moesia had been depopulated in the sense that the word is usually used (made a wasteland, totally unpopulated). It is also extremely unlikely that Dacia was depopulated, in the sense that the word is usually used. His poor word-choice and his dramatic slant on things have warped history. I'm going to read through his work one of these days and look for more exaggerations. Alexander 007 00:15, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Anyway, while he applied vastato omni to Illyricum and Moesia, he didn't apply it to Dacia:

 * abductosque Romanos ex urbibus et agris Daciae in media Moesia collocavit

---There's no omni involved here, which is read into by some commentators. Alexander 007 06:28, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

It must be remembered that in Latin "vastato omni Illyrico et Moesia" could simply mean "all of Illyria and Moesia were ravaged" or "devastated", not at all necessarily "depopulated completely" or even "nearly completely" (leaving aside vastato, even depopulatio in Latin could simply mean 'a pillaging'). This is Latin we are reading. The politically-motivated presumption that "all of Dacia was depopulated" is based on an incorrect gloss of this sentence. Alexander 007 06:56, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * should you be able to provide a better translation/link to a translation of the passage, pls do that :), i'm also unsatisfied with the english translation from the link i provided ... i mean, Eutropius also tells about the same "vastatio" hapening in Spain and Gaul, and yet nobody uses Eutropius's words to "debate" about the galo-roman-frankish origin of the French nation :0( -- Criztu 10:26, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Word up. Alexander 007 11:05, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Though the Franks would not be included in Eutropius' statement in any case. You mean the 'gallo-roman' origin in this context. Franks came in later, and extensively shaped the French language, while the substratum Gaulish element in French is known to be negligible. Alexander 007 06:35, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

Has to be addressed eventually
Eventually, most likely, somebody is going to come by and protest this sentence: "The Dacians adopted the religion and language of the conquerors---the modern Romanian language being a Romance language." I suggest we deal with this 'in-house'. It is true, based on archaeology & other historical sources, that by far most of the Dacians within Roman territory (and probably some outside of) adopted (forcefully or otherwise) the Latin language (or Popular Latin) and Roman religion. Yet the next phrase forces on the reader the viewpoint that this Romanization led to the Romanian language developing in early Romanized Dacia---regardless if it did or didn't, it is not yet proven that it did or didn't (others suggest that Romanian developed from Romanization in Moesia, etc.), so Wikipedia ethics means that we have to be NPOV. I'm going to find a npov solution. Alexander 007 04:20, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

Bendis
The article says that the Dacians worshipped Bendis, a Thracian goddess. That has to be verified, because according to Hoddinott, the goddess Bendis was "worshipped by Thracians in Attica (including in Athens), but documented in Thracian lands only in Bithynia and a small area of Aegean Thrace---Philippi, Drama, and Thasos". Alexander 007 06:19, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

Sentence trails off into nowhere
From the article:
 * There's also a theory that the Albanian language is

The suspense is killing me. -- Jmabel | Talk 01:25, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

 * LOL! OK, I finished it. bogdan | Talk 09:33, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

Daco-Romanian continuity
I've done my best to copy edit a poorly written recent addition to the Roman conquest section. I don't think the discussion of language should be there, and especially not the backdoor smuggling in of the theory of Daco-Romanian continuity. If we want to discuss the latter, we should take the topic head-on in a section or article of its own; if we just want to mention it in passing, I think it belongs in the language section of the article. In either case, not here. - Jmabel | Talk 07:41, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

 * It was a good faith insertion by of the Dacian was a Latin language idea, which is totally different from the concept of Daco-Roman continuity (I subsequently explained the problem of including that idea in main Wikipedia articles to Proturism on Talk:Dacian language, and he apparently agreed to the policy, of which he was not aware, so it was good-faith editing on his part). I plan on starting a specific Wiki article on the Dacian-Latin idea. It is notable enough, but not authoritative enough to be discussed in these main articles (see Neutral point of view). I plan on removing the idea from Origin of Romanians as well, once I (or someone else) start(s) the specific article. Alexander 007 06:44, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

Roman conquest
The following sentence was recently removed without comment: "Eighty percent of the former territory and people [of Dacia] remained outside the empire. I don't have a citation for this, but it accords with what I'm quite sure I'd read elsewhere. Assuming it is correct, it seems an odd thing to remove. -- Jmabel | Talk 06:27, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I think 80% percent is an exaggerated figure, but I don't have the references at hand ATM. It seems okay if it's left out till 80% is backed up with a proper citation. Alexander 007 06:30, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

 * It depends how you compute the area. There were some Dacian outposts as far as southern Poland, but that doesn't mean that all the area to Poland was inhabited by Dacians. Anyway, see the map. (it includes the areas where could be found "-dava" cities southern of the Danube and Moesia) bogdan 09:48, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Doesn't look like 80%... What's your source? Alexander 007 09:51, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

 * No source. It's based mainly on the toponym maps. Of course, it doesn't look like 80% -- that is the figure repeated by Napoleon Săvescu. :-) bogdan 10:00, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

Question: how is possible that a roman road pass the "free dacians teritory"?CristianChirita 16:18, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

In most maps I saw, including this one, the northern limit of dacian inhabited teritory is more or less the northen boundries of today Romania. I have to ask if this is a simple asumption born out of lack of evidence? If not, who inhabited what is today south western Ucraine? Where they paleo-slavs? If they where what was the delimitation (geografical lingustic and cultural) between them and the dacs? Was not the Costoboci a dacic tribe? I have the impresion that the northen limit of dacic habitat is artificialy restricted. There may have been dacic tribes much to the north of todays Romania. I am curious to know if there are arguments suporting the claim that northern of todays Romania lived a non-dacian culture.

Dawa
The Classical Latin phone represented by the letter v is considered to be w (or a slurred u sound approximating to w; see Latin spelling and pronunciation). I don't know if Dacian -dava was recorded in any Latin texts of the Classical Age, nor am I sure how standard the Classical pronunciation was among Latin speakers of the time, or exactly when the letter v began to represent the sound v. But I just thought it would be worth mentioning that -dava may have been pronounced -dawa (PIE base *dhe-) in Dacian. Alexander 007 11:07, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

Also, it would be informative to find out where -deba and -daba are attested. It may be in Byzantine Greek writings, and by then beta indicated a voiced labiodental fricative, so it would actually be -deva and -dava. Alexander 007 12:18, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Does anyone know of ancient Greek texts having a β for Dacian -dawa, -dava? Procopius does but he's Byzantine. I think Criztu added the -deba, -daba stuff, & he got this info from secondary or tertiary sources, etc.. I'm updating it, because AFAIK the older Greek texts set it down as -daua. Alexander 007 18:05, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

 * By the way, readers should realize, that for toponyms only attested in the work of the Byzantine Procopius (and other late writers) who was listing contemporary toponyms as far as Dacian and Thracian are concerned, I think,...there is no evidence that such towns were around in the time covered by this article, and perhaps should be removed. They will be found in List of Dacian cities, which will soon have details on attestation/ dates. Alexander 007 19:04, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

Links
There are getting to be an awful lot of links here. It would be great if someone would go through them and work out which are actually worth keeping. - Jmabel | Talk 06:23, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

How about the site for the museum in Deva. They have info for tourists to visit the Dacian sites in the Sureanu mountains. O crandell 13:29, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

dacia.org
dacia.org is a private owned site, it is not an uncontested academical/official source. i will also remove the "masagaetia and other provinces" until evidence (other than dacia.org) of such divisions of Dacia will be provided. i will remove Daco-Tracia also. provide evidence of the existence of a state named Dacia prior to Burebista Criztu 21:47, 9 July 2006 (UTC)criztu

this info should be ordered, selected, evidenced, then inserted back to frontpage

"The Daco-Thracia 2000-560 BC comprising the regions known as: Susudava, Selidava, Costobocia, Pannonia, Maramabista, Tiragaetia, Masagaetia, Crisia, Moldadava, Arutela, Tauro-Thracia, Sigynia, Gaetia, Moesia, Thracia, Macedonia, Phrygia, Bithynia and Pont.

''..., comprising the regions known as: Selidava, Pannonia, Maramabista, Tiragaetia, Masagaetia, Crisia, Moldadava, Arutela,  Sigynia, Gaetia, Moesia, Thracia,  and Macedonia. "'' Criztu 22:12, 9 July 2006 (UTC)criztu

 * dacia.org is sheer pseudohistory, see Dacianism. tgeorgescu (talk) 22:42, 27 May 2023 (UTC)

Diurpaneus -- Decebalus?
I can find nothing in any reference work that substantiates the comment that Decebalus' name was originally Diurpaneus. The name Diurpaneus doesn't appear in Britannica, the Oxford Classical Dictionary, Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire, or Illustrated History of the World, all of which have entries on Decebalus. Her Pegship  (tis herself) 22:55, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

There are some additional information that misght be included
I would like to help with this article, in a good faith for the historical truth Blurall (talk) 01:19, 23 December 2009 (UTC)

Borders of Dacia
The borders are written by some sources Dio, then later Crassus, also Traianus. The basic consensus (as the borders were moving since the decades) that the borders of Dacia was Black Sea and Tisa/Tisza, and Danube from South. Firstly, we need to write that we have no data on the North border, we are just guessing. Secondly, people do not recognise that rivers are not static for 2 millineum. According to geologists, in Dacian times, the Tisza River was flowing roughly where the Romanian-Hungarian border is now. Maros/Koros rivers have piled up some earth on the lower part of the river, so it "pushed" slowly the Tisza westward. A good proof of this is Hortobágy, where there is a 9-hole bridge over a very small river. In the past this was a much bigger river. In the 19th century the Tisza was "regulated", and it became straight, as they "cut off" some curves. So to conclude, we can use the maps as per included in the article, but to be precise, we need to add this information, too. Abdulka (talk) 14:17, 25 August 2010 (UTC)

WikiProject Dacia
Hi, WikiProject Dacia is looking for supporters, editors and collaborators for creating and better organizing information in articles related to Dacia and the history of Daco-Getae. If interested, PLEASE provide your support on the proposal page. Thanks!!--Codrinb (talk) 02:06, 11 December 2010 (UTC)

The most unreadable run-on sentence ever written on Wikipedia.
"Dacia had in the middle the Carpathian Mountains and was bounded approximately by the Danubius river, in Greek sources Istros (the Danube) or, at its greatest extent, by the Haemus Mons (the Balkan Mountains) to the south–Moesia (Dobrogea), a region south of the Danube, was a core area where the Getae lived and interacted with the Ancient Greeks–Pontus Euxinus (the Black Sea) and river Danastris, in Greek sources Tyras (the Dniester) to the east (but several Dacian settlements are recorded in part of area between Dniester and Hypanis river (the Bug), and Tisia (the Tisza) to the west (but at times included areas between Tisza and middle Danube)." Kaldari (talk) 21:42, 13 December 2010 (UTC)
 * :-) I agree. Thanks for the help with the cleanup. The article needs a lot of help.--Codrin.B (talk) 17:49, 13 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Looks like you guys finally have some competition for worst sentence in Wikipedia: Talk:Fall of Man :) Kaldari (talk) 23:58, 2 April 2011 (UTC)

Moving religion, occupations, culture, language from Dacia to Dacians
Hi all! I am planning to move the religion, occupations, culture, language sections from Dacia to the Dacians article since I think it pertains to the people not the geographical region. It is also consistent with the Thrace/Thracians and Illyria/Illyrians, as well as the tree in Category:Dacians and Category:Thracians. The Dacians article also has Dacians and language sections which are just stubs. Anyone who has objections or suggestions, please let me know. Thanks! --Codrin.B (talk) 17:32, 13 January 2011 (UTC)

Primary topic
There's a discussion at Talk:Dacia (disambiguation) over which article should be the Primary Topic for the name "Dacia". Comments welcome -- Boing! said Zebedee (talk) 18:26, 15 January 2012 (UTC)

Pronunciation
Is the pronunciation given for Romanian? It certainly doesn't sound like any way the word would be said in English. Grover cleveland (talk) 21:54, 25 May 2012 (UTC)

Galerius the Dacian?
The section on Galerius as a Dacian is based solely on Lactantius, who had a major axe to grind. The paragraph presents it as fact, whereas it was probably a caricature, since Lactantius was in the business of making the emperors who persecuted the Christians look bad. I'm guessing maybe he had a Dacian origin (most of the emperors at that time came from the frontiers, which were the main reservoirs of military strength) -- I'll try to go check and then revise it. Horatio325 (talk) 07:32, 21 August 2013 (UTC)

Removing the external link leading to KMZ file
Dear Sarah, sorry but your motivation is based on WP:EXTERNAL - "Links normally to be avoided". This is special case because: If you are interested on Dacia, we gladly invite you to this project. -- Saturnian (talk) 05:30, 9 October 2013 (UTC)
 * 1) the link provides only one Google Earth KMZ file;
 * 2) the KMZ file provides an insightful picture of the subject;
 * 3) the content KMZ file is based on reliable sources;
 * 4) Wikimedia Commons does not store KML/KMZ files and thus Google Earth Community was chosen to store the file;
 * 5) there is no intention to chat nor socialization on that link;
 * 6) this is an external link mutually accepted for long time by the members of WP:Dacia.

Herodotus did not mentione d Dacians ,take away this lie
Dacians are not mentioned by Herodotus Getae are mentioned by Herodotus. Getae is a Iranic Scythian name there, two of them Massagetae and TyragGetae were attested as Scythian-Iranic people. Edit away that lie of Herodotus mentio ing Dacians Edelfred (talk) 12:55, 27 November 2013 (UTC)

 * The two terms are interchangeable. HammerFilmFan (talk) 21:13, 30 September 2014 (UTC)

 * No, they are not! The Daci were originally Thracian tribe that came under the domination of sarmatian Getae. They eventually came to speak the same language as Getae, but under no circumstances are they the same thing! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.220.211.148 (talk) 08:31, 29 August 2015 (UTC)

Pronunciation
Its a South European culture name, regardless of its origin, so its "dah-" not "dei-", and because Latin mostly used k|c instead of k, its actually "dah-kee-ah", as evident by the Greek written form, but without the Greek ending. Even though its an applied Greco-Roman ethnonym, with unclear origin, its basic to not read "da-" as dei, and "c" for s. -Inowen (talk) 06:18, 1 March 2018 (UTC)

Tarabostes ... who?
There's a photo of his depiction on the Arch of Constantine, but no reference to him in the text. Please expand. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.125.85.11 (talk) 23:21, 4 June 2019 (UTC)
 * In the section with the image you refer to, the term "Tarabostes" is explained. It refers to a social class, not to an individual.--Quisqualis (talk) 04:49, 5 June 2019 (UTC)

Istros or Tyras: which is it?
Dacia was bounded in the south approximately by the Danubius river (Danube), in Greek sources the Istros, or ... the river Danubius, in Greek sources the Tyras. Maybe there's an obvious answer that eludes me. Dgndenver (talk) 06:34, 24 November 2022 (UTC)

Begin year
That Dacians existed then? Point granted. That the state of Dacia existed? WP:CITE WP:RS to that extent, but not Dacianism makulatur. tgeorgescu (talk) 19:30, 30 March 2023 (UTC)

Latin language
That Dacia had Latin as official language is not true for all of its BCE history. tgeorgescu (talk) 22:27, 27 May 2023 (UTC)

 * @Tgeorgescu do you think the data in the "Currency" line of the infobox is correct? First, I'm not sure if the "koson coins" can be called a currency. Second, denarii and currencies of Greek states were used everywhere in the Barbaricum. Gyalu22 (talk) 18:46, 30 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dacia


text:
Act of Security 1704

The Act of Security 1704 (also referred to as the Act for the Security of the Kingdom) was a response by the Parliament of Scotland to the Parliament of England's Act of Settlement 1701. Queen Anne's last surviving child, William, Duke of Gloucester, had died in 1700, and both parliaments needed to find a Protestant successor. The English Parliament had settled on Electress Sophia of Hanover, granddaughter of King James VI and I, without consulting the Scottish Parliament.

The response of the Scottish Parliament was to pass a bill in 1703 requiring that, on the death of Queen Anne without issue, the three Estates of the Parliament were to appoint a Protestant successor from the descendants of the Scottish kings, but not the English successor unless various economic, political and religious conditions were met. The bill was refused royal assent by the Lord High Commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland.

The following year, 1704, the bill became an Act after the Scottish Parliament refused to raise taxes and sought to withdraw troops from the Duke of Marlborough's army in the War of the Spanish Succession unless royal assent was given.

The English Parliament retaliated with the Alien Act 1705, threatening to cut trade and free movement between the two countries, unless negotiations opened leading either to the repeal of the Act of Security, or (as in the event happened) to an Act of Union. The result was the Union of England and Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707, approximately one hundred years after the Union of the Crowns.

The Parliament of Great Britain passed an Act (Repeal of Certain Scotch Acts 1707, 6 Ann. c. 32) explicitly repealing this Act together with the Act anent Peace and War.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Act of Security 1704


text:
Nazarene (sect)

The Nazarenes (or Nazoreans; ) were an early Jewish Christian sect in first-century Judaism. The first use of the term is found in the Acts of the Apostles (Acts 24, ) of the New Testament, where Paul the Apostle is accused of being a ringleader of the sect of the Nazarenes ("πρωτοστάτην τε τῆς  τῶν  Ναζωραίων αἱρέσεως") before the Roman procurator Antonius Felix at Caesarea Maritima by Tertullus. At that time, the term simply designated followers of Jesus of Nazareth, as the Hebrew term ('), and the Arabic term نَصْرَانِي ('), still do.

As time passed, the term came to refer to a sect of Jewish Christians who continued to observe the Torah, in contrast to gentiles who eschewed Torah observance. They are described by Epiphanius of Salamis and are mentioned later by Jerome and Augustine of Hippo. The writers made a distinction between the Nazarenes of their time and the "Nazarenes" mentioned in Acts 24:5.

Nazarene (title)
The English term Nazarene is commonly used to translate two related Greek words that appear in the New Testament: Nazōraios (Ναζωραῖος, Ναζαραῖος) ("Nazorean") and Nazarēnos ("Nazarene"). The term Nazōraios may have a religious significance instead of denoting a place of origin, while Nazarēnos (Ναζαρηνός) is an adjectival form of the phrase apo Nazaret "from Nazareth."

Because of this, the phrases traditionally rendered as "Jesus of Nazareth" can also be translated as "Jesus the Nazarene" or "Jesus the Nazorean." In the New Testament, the form Nazōraios or Nazaraios is more common than Nazarēnos (meaning "from Nazareth").

In Arabic however, Nasrani (نصراني), the name given to Christians in the quran can be interpreted as coming from the root verb n-ṣ-r, meaning victory, or support. The meaning is elucidated on in Surah Al Imran, verse 52 where Jesus asks who will become his supporters (Ansar-i) for the sake of God, the Hawariyun (the Apostles\ Followers) answer that they will become the Ansar. The same root comes in reference to the Ansar, those that sheltered the prophet Muhammad in Medina.

The Sect of the Nazarenes (1st century)
The Greek epithet Nazōraios is applied to Jesus 14 times in the New Testament, and is used once in Acts to refer to the sect of Christians of which Paul was a leader. It is traditionally translated as "a man from Nazareth"; the plural Nazōraioi would mean "men from Nazareth". The title is first applied to the Christians by Tertullus, though Herod Agrippa II uses the term "Christians" which had first been used at Antioch. The name used by Tertullus survives into Mishnaic and modern Hebrew as notzrim a standard Hebrew term for "Christian", the name also exist in the Quran and modern Arabic as نَصَارَىٰ naṣārā (plural of نَصْرَانِيّ naṣrānī "Christian").

Tertullian (c. 160 – c. 220, ) records that the Jews called Christians "Nazarenes" from Jesus being a man of Nazareth, though he also makes the connection with Nazarites in. Jerome too records that, in the synagogues, the word "Nazarenes" was used to describe Christians. Eusebius, around 311 CE, records that the name "Nazarenes" had formerly been used of Christians. The use relating to a specific "sect" of Christians does not occur until Epiphanius (310/20–403). According to Arnold Ehrhardt, just as Antioch coined the term Christians, so Jerusalem coined the term Nazarenes, from Jesus of Nazareth.

The terms "sect of the Nazarenes" and "Jesus of Nazareth" both employ the adjective nasraya (ܕܢܨܪܝܐ) in the Syrian Aramaic Peshitta, from Nasrat (ܢܨܪܬ) for Nazareth.

The Nazarenes (4th century)
According to Epiphanius in his Panarion, the 4th-century Nazarenes (Ναζωραῖοι) were originally Jewish converts of the Apostles who fled Jerusalem because of Jesus' prophecy of its coming siege (during the First Jewish–Roman War in 70 CE). They fled to Pella, Peraea (northeast of Jerusalem), and eventually spread outwards to Beroea (Aleppo) and Basanitis, where they permanently settled (Panarion 29.3.3).

The Nazarenes were similar to the Ebionites, in that they considered themselves Jews, maintained an adherence to the Law of Moses. Unlike the Ebionites, they accepted the Virgin Birth. They seemed to consider Jesus as a prophet, but other attestations from the church fathers might suggest that they also hold on the divinity of Jesus.

As late as the eleventh century, Cardinal Humbert of Mourmoutiers still referred to the Nazarene sect as a Sabbath-keeping Christian body existing at that time. Modern scholars believe it is the Pasagini or Pasagians who are referenced by Cardinal Humbert, suggesting the Nazarene sect existed well into the eleventh century and beyond (the Catholic writings of Bonacursus entitled Against the Heretics). It is believed that Gregorius of Bergamo, about 1250 CE, also wrote concerning the Nazarenes as the Pasagians.

Gospel of the Nazarenes
The Gospel of the Nazarenes is the title given to fragments of one of the lost Jewish-Christian Gospels of Matthew partially reconstructed from the writings of Jerome.

Patristic references to "Nazarenes"
In the 4th century, Jerome also refers to Nazarenes as those "who accept Messiah in such a way that they do not cease to observe the old Law." In his Epistle 75, to Augustine, he said:

"What shall I say of the Ebionites who pretend to be Christians? To-day there still exists among the Jews in all the synagogues of the East a heresy which is called that of the Minæans, and which is still condemned by the Pharisees; [its followers] are ordinarily called 'Nasarenes'; they believe that Christ, the son of God, was born of the Virgin Mary, and they hold him to be the one who suffered under Pontius Pilate and ascended to heaven, and in whom we also believe. But while they pretend to be both Jews and Christians, they are neither."

Jerome saw a distinction between Nazarenes and Ebionites, a different Jewish sect, but does not comment on whether Nazarene Jews considered themselves to be "Christian" or not or how they viewed themselves as fitting into the descriptions he uses. He clearly equates them with Filaster's Nazarei. His criticism of the Nazarenes is noticeably more direct and critical than that of Epiphanius.

The following creed is from a church at Constantinople at the same period, and condemns practices of the Nazarenes:

"I renounce all customs, rites, legalisms, unleavened breads & sacrifices of lambs of the Hebrews, and all other feasts of the Hebrews, sacrifices, prayers, aspersions, purifications, sanctifications and propitiations and fasts, and new moons, and Sabbaths, and superstitions, and hymns and chants and observances and Synagogues, and the food and drink of the Hebrews; in one word, I renounce everything Jewish, every law, rite and custom and if afterwards I shall wish to deny and return to Jewish superstition, or shall be found eating with the Jews, or feasting with them, or secretly conversing and condemning the Christian religion instead of openly confuting them and condemning their vain faith, then let the trembling of Gehazi cleave to me, as well as the legal punishments to which I acknowledge myself liable. And may I be anathema in the world to come, and may my soul be set down with Satan and the devils.'" "Nazarenes" are referenced past the fourth century CE as well. Jacobus de Voragine (1230–98) described James as a "Nazarene" in The Golden Legend, vol 7. Thomas Aquinas (1225–74) quotes Augustine of Hippo, who was given an apocryphal book called Hieremias (Jeremiah in Latin) by a "Hebrew of the Nazarene Sect", in Catena Aurea — Gospel of Matthew, chapter 27. So this terminology seems to have remained at least through the 13th century in European discussions.

Nazarene beliefs
The beliefs of the Nazarene sect or sects are described through various church fathers and heresiologists.

"The Nazarenes... accept Messiah in such a way that they do not cease to observe the old Law."
 * in Jesus as Messiah:

"They believe that the Messiah was born of the Virgin Mary."
 * in the Virgin Birth:

"They disagree with Jews because they have come to faith in Christ; but since they are still fettered by the Law – circumcision, the Sabbath, and the rest – they are not in accord with the Christians."
 * Adhering to circumcision and the Law of Moses:

"They use not only the New Testament but the Old Testament as well, as the Jews do."
 * Use of Old Testament and New Testament:

"They have the Gospel according to Matthew in its entirety in Hebrew. For it is clear that they still preserve this, in the Hebrew alphabet, as it was originally written."
 * Use of Hebrew and Aramaic New Testament source texts:

"And he Hegesippus the Nazarene quotes some passages from the Gospel according to the Hebrews and from the Syriac [the Aramaic], and some particulars from the Hebrew tongue, showing that he was a convert from the Hebrews, and he mentions other matters as taken from the oral tradition of the Jews."

The Judeo-Nazarenes (7th century)
Odon Lafontaine, from the Revisionist School of Islamic Studies, hypothesized that this sect survived into the seventh century, when they attempted to precipitate the return of Jesus, as the Messiah of the Apocalypse, by translating their scripture and lectionaries into Arabic, recruiting the local Arab Christians, capturing Jerusalem, rebuilding the Temple, and re-initiating its sacrifices. When Jesus did not return, he concluded that the situation eventually spun out of control, resulting in the development of the Quran and Islam.

Nasoraean Mandaeans
Those few who are initiated into the secrets of the Mandaean religion are called Naṣuraiia or Nasoraeans/Nasaraeans meaning guardians or possessors of secret rites and knowledge. According to the Haran Gawaita, Nasoraean Mandaeans fled Jerusalem before its fall in 70 CE due to persecution by a faction of Jews. The word Naṣuraiia may come from the root n-ṣ-r meaning "to keep", since although they reject the Mosaic Law, they consider themselves to be keepers of Gnosis. Epiphanius mentions a group called Nasaraeans (Νασαραίοι, Part 18 of the Panarion), distinguished from the "Nazoraioi" (Part 29). According to Joseph Lightfoot, Epiphanius also makes a distinction between the Ossaeans and the Nasaraeans, the two main groups within the Essenes:

"The Nasaraeans ‐ they were Jews by nationality ‐ originally from Gileaditis, Bashanitis and the Transjordan ... They acknowledged Moses and believed that he had received laws ‐ not this law, however, but some other. And so, they were Jews who kept all the Jewish observances, but they would not offer sacrifice or eat meat. They considered it unlawful to eat meat or make sacrifices with it. They claim that these Books are fictions, and that none of these customs were instituted by the fathers. This was the difference between the Nasaraeans and the others."

The Nasaraeans may be the same as the Mandaeans of today. Epiphanius says (29:6) that they existed before Christ. That is questioned by some, but others accept the pre-Christian origin of this group.

Van Bladel (2017) suggests that the Mandaeans and Nasoraeans were historically separate groups, with the Nasoraeans being a Judeo-Christian priestly baptismal sect from central Mesopotamia that found followers from the indigenous Mandaeans of southern Mesopotamia. According to Van Bladel's hypothesis, the original Mandaean laypeople had their Mesopotamian temples decimated due to temple pillaging during the Sasanian period and switched to the Nasoraean priests' religion in order to compensate for the loss of their former religion. However, this hypothesis has been criticized by Predrag Bukovec and other scholars. Bogdan Burtea (2008) has also proposed that the Nasoraeans and Mandaeans may have historically been separate groups.

In the Ginza Rabba, the term Nasoraean is used to refer to righteous Mandaeans, i.e., Mandaean priests (comparable to the concept of pneumatikoi in Gnosticism). As Nasoraeans, Mandaeans believe that they constitute the true congregation of bnai nhura meaning 'Sons of Light'.

Modern "Nazarene" churches
A number of modern churches use the word "Nazarene" or variants in their name or beliefs:
 * The Apostolic Christian Church (Nazarene), originating in the Swiss Nazarene Baptist movement;
 * The Church of the Nazarene, a Protestant Christian denomination that was born out of the Holiness Movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries;

title: Nazarene (sect)


text:
Brethren Church

The Brethren Church is an Anabaptist Christian denomination with roots in and one of several groups that trace its origins back to the Schwarzenau Brethren of Germany.

Background
The Brethren church tradition traces its roots back over 300 years to 1708. Eighteenth-century Europe was a time of strong governmental control of the church and low tolerance for religious diversity. Nevertheless, there were religious dissenters who lived their faith in spite of the threat of persecution. Some of these dissenters found refuge in the town of Schwarzenau in present-day Nordrhein-Westfalen in Germany. Among them was Alexander Mack, a miller who had been influenced by both Pietism and Anabaptism.

Religious persecution drove the Brethren to take refuge in Surhuisterveen, Friesland, in the Netherlands. They settled among the Mennonites and remained there until 1729. Eventually all but a handful emigrated to America in three separate groups between 1719 and 1733. Because of growing persecution and economic hardship, Brethren began emigrating to Pennsylvania under the leadership of Peter Becker. Most Brethren left Europe by 1740, including Mack, who brought a group over in 1729. The first congregation in the New World was organized at Germantown, Pa., in 1723. Soon after its formation, the Germantown congregation sent missionaries to rural areas around Philadelphia. These missionaries preached, baptized, and started new congregations.

In 1781 these Brethren adopted the title "German Baptist Brethren" at their Annual Meeting; in 1782 they forbade slaveholding by members.

The group continued to expand and from Pennsylvania, they migrated chiefly westward. By 1908 they were most numerous in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas and North Dakota.

Split and new formation
Expansion across the continent and changes due to the Industrial Revolution caused strain and conflict among the Brethren. In the early 1880s a major schism took place resulting in a three-way split: The traditional Old German Baptist Brethren, the progressive Brethren Church, and the conservative German Baptist Brethren, who later changed their name to the Church of the Brethren in 1908. In total, in the 21st-century United States, 14 Anabaptist or evangelical Protestant groups survive who descended from the 18th-century Schwarzenau Brethren of Germany.

Progressive Brethren "Brethren Church"
The elements constituting the formation of the Brethren Church were historically referred to as progressives and later, by others, as "traditionalists." Progressives stressed evangelism, advocated for revival meetings, Sunday schools, and foreign missionary work, and objected to plain, non-fashionable distinctive dress, and objected to the supremacy of the annual conferences.

In 1882, progressive leader Henry Holsinger, who was the publisher of The Progressive Christian, was disfellowshipped from the Annual Meeting. He and others organized The Brethren Church in 1883 at Dayton, Ohio, with about 6000 members. The Progressive Christian was renamed The Brethren Evangelist and was published quarterly by the church until the end of 2019 when it ceased publication.

The early years after the division were difficult for the new body, yet they quickly went about emphasizing and developing positions that had estranged them from the more conservative Brethren: education, theological training for ministers, the ordination of women, and home and foreign missions. Like many mainstream denominations, between 1913 and 1920 the Brethren Church suffered from the fundamentalism versus liberalism controversy. This was ended in 1921, when the church adopted a conservative statement of faith and practice. Many liberals withdrew to join other denominations more favorable to their positions. The fundamentalist strength developed and played into a later division.

Split with Fellowship of Grace Brethren Churches
In 1939 the "Progressive" Brethren Church experienced another schism, with those seeking an open position to the issue of eternal security maintaining the name Brethren Church with headquarters in Ashland, Ohio, and those seeking a firm affirmation of eternal security becoming the National Fellowship of Grace Brethren Churches, since renamed Charis Fellowship, headquartered in Winona Lake, Indiana. An additional issue between the progressive and conservative divide concerned the conversion of Ashland College into a Bible college, where the "traditionalists" wanted it to remain an accredited liberal arts college. The resulting schism effectively divided the denomination along equal lines.

Affiliations
The Brethren Church is a member of the National Association of Evangelicals.

They are still affiliated with Ashland University and Ashland Theological Seminary (org. 1906) in Ashland, Ohio, where they also maintain international headquarters.

As of 2003, six Brethren bodies meet together in the Brethren World Assembly: Church of the Brethren, Conservative Grace Brethren Churches, International, Dunkard Brethren, Fellowship of Grace Brethren Churches, Old German Baptist Brethren, and The Brethren Church. The first Assembly was held in Pennsylvania in 1992. They met at Elizabethtown College and celebrated the 250th anniversary of the first known Brethren Annual Meeting in 1742. That first meeting gathered near Conestoga in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. The second Assembly met in 1998 at Bridgewater College in Bridgewater, Virginia. The third Assembly was held by Grace College in Winona Lake, Indiana, in 2003. The Assembly represents some 600,000 members around the world.

Beliefs
Brethren Beliefs is a compilation of three popular Brethren Church documents. This single booklet contains the complete original contents of "A Centennial Statement," "How Brethren Understand God's Word," and "Brethren Positions on Social Issues." All three of these publications are now combined under one cover for ease of use, cost efficiency, and as an encouragement to utilize all three consistently.

Three negatives
Brethren adhere to the "three negatives." According to "A Centennial Statement,"

Obedience to Christ is the center of Brethren life. This conviction has led the Brethren historically to practice non-conformity, non-resistance, and non-swearing. In non-conformity, Brethren have sought to follow the way of Christ in contrast to the way of the world. In non-resistance, Brethren have renounced the Christian's use of violence in combating evil, striving, as far as possible, to be reconciled to all persons. In non-swearing, Brethren have sought to lead such trustworthy Christian lives that oath-taking becomes unnecessary. Every believer must live in a way that exhibits to the world the truth and love of Christ.

Military and non-violence
As a denomination within the peace church movement, it still holds strongly to its pursuit of peace, but within the denomination there are many different interpretations of how this peaceful lifestyle should be lived out. Twentieth-century Brethren continue to uphold the ideal of peace, but the church embraces persons of opposing convictions concerning the role and means of "peacemaking". The Brethren Church is also the only Anabaptist denomination currently with a history of supporting non-combatant military chaplains. According to their website,

On the one hand, some Brethren understand peacemaking as a practice of nonresistance or nonviolence, following Jesus in loving our enemies. Brethren annually reaffirm that historic position as a nonresistant peace church and, as such, provide counsel and support for those persons who, as a matter of personal conscience, hold a conviction of nonresistance. On the other hand, some Brethren understand peacemaking as the responsibility of the state to use force, to defend against and deter evil. These Brethren affirm the role of the state to maintain peace and deter aggression through force and a strong national defense by sanctioning chaplains in all branches of military service and providing counsel and support for those who, as a matter of personal conscience, hold to the conviction of strong military defense or "resistance." ...Our role as peacemakers may be in dispute, but the goal of peace is undeniable.

Consequently, Brethren oppose tyranny, injustice, exploitation, and dehumanization as interpreted from a biblical perspective whenever and wherever they exist. Their materials specifically call for political action, working within the system to vote against candidates or policies which support oppression. In addition to calling Brethren to prayer for peace, they advocate for non-violent resistance in exposing oppression and injustice by raising questions and drawing attention to such evils. Brethren stand to encourage the US government to reduce the threat of all war and to pursue peace through all possible diplomatic means. Brethren encourage the government to pursue peace through summits, diplomatic talks, and negotiations to decrease the use of weapons and warfare. Additionally, Brethren stand to maintain the US military for the purposes of defense and deterrence of aggression only and maintain that the US should avoid being the aggressor in military action.

The history of the denomination is rife with stories of conscientious objection.

Members
The Brethren Church had 17,042 members in 1906, 24,060 in 1916, 26,026 in 1926 and 30,363 in 1936. In 1939 with the founding of the National Fellowship of Brethren Churches, now the Fellowship of Grace Brethren Churches, some 17,000 members left the Brethren Church. In 1956 there were 18,697 members, in 1964 18,013, in 1976 15,920, in 1984 14,229 and in 1996 13,746.

In 2006, the Brethren Church had 10,387 members and 119 churches. Membership is strongly concentrated in three states: Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Indiana, but also exist in West Virginia, Virginia, Maryland, Kentucky, Florida, Illinois, Michigan, Iowa, Wyoming, Arizona, California & Kansas.

title: Brethren Church


text:
Roots of Peace

Roots of Peace is a humanitarian organization dedicated to the removal of landmines and the subsequent replanting and rebuilding of war-torn regions. Founded in 1997 by Heidi Kuhn, the goal of Roots of Peace is to turn minefields into farmland and support victims of landmine accidents. The organization is funded by private and public funding, including the California Wine Industry, and is based in San Rafael, California.

On May 1, 2002, Roots of Peace began removing landmines in the Shomali Plain north of Kabul in Afghanistan. In 2003, Roots of Peace began a major replanting campaign targeted at revitalizing Afghanistan’s formerly world-renowned table grape industry. The organization is also working in other countries such as Cambodia, Croatia and Iraq. It is supported by the United Nations, the United States State Department, and other commercial entities such as Warner Brothers and Palm, Inc.

Roots of Peace received the Skoll Foundation Award for Social Entrepreneur 2006. This award for $765,000 was presented by Jeffrey Skoll, Founder of eBay, Robert Redford, Ben Kingsley and Al Gore at the Said International School of Business in Oxford, England.

Roots of Peace has raised the necessary funds to remove landmines in the Shomali Plains and empowered Afghan farmers to harvest/export over 90,000 metric tons of fresh grapes and raisins to India, Pakistan, Dubai, Ukraine, and Russia. This MINES TO VINES initiative has successfully replaced the scourge of landmines in the Shomali Plains region of Afghanistan with the bountiful nectar of grapes.

On May 11, 2023, Roots of Peace founder Heidi Kuhn was named the 2023 World Food Prize Laureate.

title: Roots of Peace


text:
Tango Province

Tango Province (丹後国) was a province of Japan in the area of northern Kyoto Prefecture. Tango bordered on Tanba to the south, Tajima to the west, and Wakasa to the east. Its abbreviated form name was Tanshū (丹州). It was also referred to as Hokutan (北丹) or Okutan (奥丹). In terms of the Gokishichidō system, Tango was one of the provinces of the San'indō circuit. Under the Engishiki classification system, Tango was ranked as one of the "middle countries" (中国) in terms of importance, and one of the "near countries" (近国) in terms of distance from the capital. The provincial capital was located in what is now the city of Miyazu. The ichinomiya of the province is the Kono Shrine also located in Miyazu. The province had an area of 1,283.43 sqkm.

Early history
The Tango region prospered around the Takeno River basin (present-day Kyōtango city) during the Kofun period, during which time many keyhole-shaped burial mounds were constructed. As coins from the Xin dynasty of northern China have been found in the from the Hakoishihama Site in Kumihama, Kyōtango, it is clear that the area had trade connections with the Asian continent. Also, in the Nihon Shoki, when the Yamato Kingdom sent four generals in four directions to conquer the country, ancient Tanba was the only specific destination mentioned, highlighting its importance to the Yamato rulers as a transportation center towards Asia.

The province of Tango was created in 713 during the reign of Empress Genmei by separating the northern five districts (Kasa District, Yoza District, Tamba District (later Naka District), Takeno District, and Kumano District) of northern Tanba Province. In Wadō 5 (712), Mutsu Province had been severed from Dewa Province. The "Wamyō Ruijushō" lists 35 townships in the area, and states that the area was ruled by the Tanba-no-atai clan, who were the Kuni no miyatsuko. Per the Kujiki, this clan claimed descent from the kami Amenohoakari,who was either the younger brother or son of Ninigi-no-mikoto. The provincial capital was located in Kasa District, possibly in the Fuchū neighborhood of Miyazu, but the precise location is uncertain. The site of the Tango Kokubun-ji (also in Miyazu) is known, and is a National Historic Site. The Engishiki records of 927 list seven major and 58 minor Shinto shrines, with Kono Jinja as the ichinomiya of the province.

During the early Muromachi period, the Yamana clan were shugo of Tango province, but they were supplanted by the Isshiki clan in 1392. The Isshiki ruled until replaced by Hosokawa Fujitaka in 1579, who constructed Tanabe Castle, also known as “Maizuru Castle” under orders of Oda Nobunaga.

Edo Period
In 1600, the Hosokawa clan was transferred to Kyushu and all of Tango Province was awarded to Kyōgoku Takatomo, who established Miyazu Domain under the Tokugawa shogunate. In 1622, he divided his 123,000 koku holdings, with 35,000 koku going to his third son, Kyōgoku Takamitsu,who established a cadet branch at Tango-Tanabe Domain and 10,000 koku to a grandson, Kyōgoku Takamichi,who established Mineyama Domain. This proved a wise decision, as in 1666 The Kyōgoku clan was dispossessed of Miyazu Domain for bad administration, and reduced to hatamoto status. Miyazu Domain was reduced in size and passed to a number of fudai daimyō clans until 1758 when it came under the control of the Honjō-Matsudaira clan. Tango-Tanabe Domain fared better in that it remained in Kyōgoku hands until 1668, when the clan was transferred to Toyooka Domain in Tajima Province and replaced by a cadet branch of the Makino clan. Mineyama Domain remained with the Kyōgoku until the Meiji restoration. Territory directly controlled by the shogunate was administered by Kumihama daikanshō. During the Edo Period, Tango province was somewhat of a backwater, due to its geographical location. In the mid-Edo period, Mineyama Domain brought in craftsmen from Nishijin to introduce the technique of producing silk crepe cloth, which was named Tango chirimen. This became a regional speciality and a source of income for both Miyazu and Mineyama Domains.

Meiji period
Following the Meiji restoration, each of the domains (Miyazu, Tango-Tanabe and Mineyama) briefly became prefectures, which were annexed to Toyooka Prefecture in November 1871 and incorporated into Kyoto Prefecture in 1876. Per the early Meiji period Kyudaka kyuryo Torishirabe-chō (旧高旧領取調帳), an official government assessment of the nation's resources, the province had 409 villages with a total kokudaka of 146,724 koku. Tango Province consisted of:

Although the province no longer officially existed after 1871, the name continued to be used for some purposes. For example, Tango is explicitly recognized in treaties in 1894 between Japan and the United States and between Japan and the United Kingdom.

title: Tango Province


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Cable & Wireless Worldwide

Cable & Wireless Worldwide PLC (informally Cable & Wireless) was a British multinational telecommunications services company headquartered in Bracknell, United Kingdom. It was formed in 2010 by the split of Cable & Wireless plc into two companies, the other being Cable & Wireless Communications serving Central America and the Caribbean (and now a part of Liberty Latin America).

Cable & Wireless Worldwide specialised in servicing large corporates, governments, carriers and resellers and its services included managed voice, data and IP-based services. It had operations in Asia Pacific, Europe, India, the Middle East & Africa and North America. The company was bought by Vodafone in July 2012 and integrated into the business on 1 April 2013.

History
The company was formed on 26 March 2010, made up of the remaining business of Cable & Wireless plc following the demerger of the company's international division to form Cable & Wireless Communications. The split meant that the FTSE 100 Index temporarily held 101 firms, before Cable & Wireless Communications dropped to the FTSE 250 Index.

Following the split, CWW went through a tumultuous period – its shares, which hit a high of 98.5 pence after the split, valuing the group at $4.25 billion; fell to 13 pence in November 2011, increasing speculation it would be a takeover target.

On 28 June 2011, the board of Cable & Wireless Worldwide accepted the resignation of Jim Marsh and announced that John Pluthero, the then-Chairman, would become Chief Executive. On 14 November 2011, Cable & Wireless Worldwide announced that it had appointed the former Vodafone Group executive Gavin Darby as its new chief executive.

On 23 April 2012, Vodafone announced an agreement to acquire Cable & Wireless Worldwide for £1.04 billion.

Vodafone, who was looking to strengthen its integrated corporate services business arm – Vodafone Global Enterprise, bid for CWW with Tata Communications Ltd. also in the fray. Vodafone became the sole bidder after Tata group withdrew; and on 23 April 2012, Vodafone announced an agreement to acquire the operations of CWW for £1.04 billion in cash. On 18 June 2012, CWW shareholders voted in favour of the Vodafone offer, exceeding the 75% of shares necessary for the deal to go ahead. Vodafone was advised by UBS AG, while Barclays and Rothschild advised Cable & Wireless.

The acquisition gave Vodafone access to CWW's fibre network for businesses, enabling it to take unified communications solutions to large enterprises in UK and globally; and expand its enterprise integration service offerings in emerging markets.

The purchase was completed on 30 July 2012, and one-time CWW employee and CEO of Vodafone Global Enterprise Nick Jefferey was appointed as CEO of CWW. Cable & Wireless was fully integrated into Vodafone on 1 April 2013.

Executive remuneration
Shareholder groups repeatedly warned about excessive executive remuneration at the company. Before it split into two separately listed companies in early 2010, Cable & Wireless suffered one of the biggest shareholder rebellions in 2009 when 38% of the shareholder register failed to back the company's pay policy at a fiery meeting. The company's highly controversial long-term incentive plan (LTIP) was calculated on 10% of the company valuation and was claimed to pay out to senior managers; in fact the members of the LTIP were the only executive directors who for the year 2009/2010 shared a £60 million bonus pool.

title: Cable & Wireless Worldwide


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Jun'ichirō Tanizaki

Jun'ichirō Tanizaki (谷崎 潤一郎) was a Japanese author who is considered to be one of the most prominent figures in modern Japanese literature. The tone and subject matter of his work ranges from shocking depictions of sexuality and destructive erotic obsessions to subtle portrayals of the dynamics of family life within the context of the rapid changes in 20th-century Japanese society. Frequently, his stories are narrated in the context of a search for cultural identity in which constructions of the West and Japanese tradition are juxtaposed.

He was one of six authors on the final shortlist for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1964, the year before his death.

Early life
Tanizaki was born into a well-to-do merchant class family in Nihonbashi, Tokyo, where his uncle owned a printing press, which had been established by his grandfather. His parents were Kuragorō and Seki Tanizaki. His older brother, Kumakichi, died three days after his birth, which made him the next eldest son of the family. Tanizaki had three younger brothers: Tokuzō, Seiji (also a writer) and Shūhei, as well three younger sisters: Sono, Ise and Sue. Tanizaki described his admittedly pampered childhood in his Yōshō Jidai (Childhood Years, 1956). His childhood home was destroyed in the 1894 Meiji Tokyo earthquake, to which Tanizaki later attributed his lifelong fear of earthquakes. His family's finances declined dramatically as he grew older until he was forced to reside in another household as a tutor.

Despite these financial problems, he attended the Tokyo First Middle School, where he became acquainted with Isamu Yoshii. Tanizaki attended the Literature Department of Tokyo Imperial University from 1908, but was forced to drop out in 1911 because of his inability to pay for tuition.

Early literary career

Tanizaki began his literary career in 1909. His first work, a one-act stage play, was published in a literary magazine that he had helped found. Tanizaki's name first became widely known with the publication of the short story Shisei (The Tattooer, 1910). In the story, a tattoo artist inscribes a giant spider on the body of a beautiful young woman. Afterwards, the woman's beauty takes on a demonic, compelling power, in which eroticism is combined with sado-masochism. The femme-fatale is a theme repeated in many of Tanizaki's early works, including Kirin (1910), Shonen (The Children, 1911), Himitsu (The Secret, 1911), and Akuma (Devil, 1912). Tanizaki's other works published in the Taishō period include Shindo (1916) and Oni no men (1916), which are partly autobiographical.

Tanizaki married his first wife, Chiyo Ishikawa, in 1915, and his only child, Ayuko, was born in 1916. However, it was an unhappy marriage, and in time he encouraged a relationship between Chiyo and his friend and fellow writer Haruo Satō. The psychological stress of this situation is reflected in some of his early works, including the stage play Aisureba koso (Because I Love Her, 1921) and the novel Kami to hito no aida (Between Men and the Gods, 1924). Even though some of Tanizaki's writings seem to have been inspired by these and other persons and events in his life, his works are far less autobiographical than those of most of his contemporaries in Japan. Tanizaki later adopted Emiko, the daughter of his third wife, Matsuko Morita.

In 1918, Tanizaki toured Chōsen, northern China, and Manchuria. In his early years he became infatuated with the West and all things modern. In 1922, he relocated from Odawara, where he had been living since 1919, to Yokohama, which had a large expatriate population, living briefly in a Western-style house and leading a bohemian lifestyle. This outlook is reflected in some of his early writings.

Tanizaki had a brief career in silent cinema, working as a script writer for the Taikatsu film studio. He was a supporter of the Pure Film Movement and was instrumental in bringing modernist themes to Japanese film. He wrote the scripts for the films Amateur Club (1922) and A Serpent's Lust (1923) (based on the story of the same title by Ueda Akinari, which was, in part, the inspiration for Mizoguchi Kenji's 1953 masterpiece Ugetsu monogatari). Some have argued that Tanizaki's relation to cinema is important to understanding his overall career.

Period in Kyoto
Tanizaki's reputation began to take off in 1923, when he moved to Kyoto after the Great Kanto earthquake, which destroyed his house in Yokohama (at the time Tanizaki was on a bus in Hakone and thus escaped injury). The loss of Tokyo's historic buildings and neighborhoods in the quake triggered a change in his enthusiasms, as he redirected his youthful love for the imagined West and modernity into a renewed interest in Japanese aesthetics and culture, particularly the culture of the Kansai region (around the cities of Osaka, Kobe and Kyoto). His first novel after the earthquake, and his first truly successful novel, was Chijin no ai (Naomi, 1924-25), which is a tragicomic exploration of class, sexual obsession, and cultural identity. Tanizaki made another trip to China in 1926, where he met Guo Moruo, with whom he later maintained correspondence. He relocated from Kyoto to Kobe in 1928.

Inspired by the Osaka dialect, Tanizaki wrote Manji (Quicksand, 1928–1929), in which he explored lesbianism, among other themes. This was followed by the classic Tade kuu mushi (Some Prefer Nettles, 1928–29), which depicts the gradual self-discovery of a Tokyo man living near Osaka, in relation to Western-influenced modernization and Japanese tradition. Yoshino kuzu (Arrowroot, 1931) alludes to Bunraku and kabuki theater and other traditional forms even as it adapts a European narrative-within-a-narrative technique. His experimentation with narrative styles continued with Ashikari (The Reed Cutter, 1932), Shunkinshō (A Portrait of Shunkin, 1933), and many other works that combine traditional aesthetics with Tanizaki's particular obsessions.

His renewed interest in classical Japanese literature culminated in his multiple translations into modern Japanese of the eleventh-century classic The Tale of Genji and in his masterpiece Sasameyuki (literally "A Light Snowfall," but published in English translation as The Makioka Sisters, 1943–1948), a detailed characterization of four daughters of a wealthy Osaka merchant family who see their way of life slipping away in the early years of World War II. The sisters live a cosmopolitan life with European neighbors and friends, without suffering the cultural-identity crises common to earlier Tanizaki characters. When he began to serialize the novel, the editors of the literary magazine Chūō Kōron were warned that it did not contribute to the needed war spirit and, fearful of losing supplies of paper, cut off the serialization.

Tanizaki relocated to the resort town of Atami, Shizuoka in 1942, but returned to Kyoto in 1946.

Post-war period
After World War II, Tanizaki again emerged into literary prominence, winning a host of awards. Until his death, he was widely regarded as Japan's greatest contemporary author. He won the prestigious Asahi Prize in 1948, was awarded the Order of Culture by the Japanese government in 1949, and in 1964 was elected to honorary membership in the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters, the first Japanese writer to be so honoured.

His first major post-war work was Shōshō Shigemoto no haha (Captain Shigemoto's Mother, 1949–1950), which includes a restatement of Tanizaki's frequent theme of a son's longing for his mother. The novel also introduces a new theme, of sexuality in old age, which reappears in later works such as Kagi (The Key, 1956). Kagi is a psychological novel in which an aging professor arranges for his wife to commit adultery in order to boost his own sagging sexual desires.

Tanizaki returned to Atami in 1950, and was designated a Person of Cultural Merit by the Japanese government in 1952. He suffered from paralysis of the right hand from 1958, and was hospitalized for Angina pectoris in 1960. Tanizaki's characters are often driven by obsessive erotic desires. In one of his last novels, Futen Rojin Nikki (Diary of a Mad Old Man, 1961–1962), the aged diarist is struck down by a stroke brought on by an excess of sexual excitement. He records both his past desires and his current efforts to bribe his daughter-in-law to provide sexual titillation in return for Western baubles. In 1964, Tanizaki moved to Yugawara, Kanagawa, southwest of Tokyo, where he died of a heart attack on 30 July 1965, shortly after celebrating his 79th birthday. His grave is at the temple Hōnen-in, in Kyoto.

Legacy
The Tanizaki Prize is one of Japan's most sought-after literary awards. Established in 1965 by the publishing company Chūō Kōronsha, it is awarded annually to a work of fiction or drama.

Before Haruki Murakami had achieved wide renown, Tanizaki was frequently considered one of the "Big Three" postwar Japanese writers along with Yasunari Kawabata and Yukio Mishima.

Works published in English

 * Some Prefer Nettles, tr. Edward Seidensticker, Alfred A. Knopf 1955, Vintage Press 1995. ISBN 0-679-75269-2
 * The Makioka Sisters, tr. Edward Seidensticker, Alfred A. Knopf 1957, Vintage Press 1995. ISBN 0-679-76164-0
 * The Key and Diary of a Mad Old Man, tr. Howard Hibbert, Alfred A. Knopf 1960 and 1965 respectively, reissued in a single volume by Vintage Press 2004. ISBN 1-4000-7900-4
 * Seven Japanese Tales, tr. Howard Hibbett, Alfred A. Knopf 1963. ISBN 0-679-76107-1 Includes "A Portrait of Shunkin," "Terror," "The Bridge of Dreams," "The Tattooer," "The Thief," "Aguri," and "A Blind Man's Tale."
 * In Praise of Shadows, tr. Thomas J. Harper and Edward G. Seidensticker, Leete's Island Books 1977, Charles E. Tuttle 1984.
 * Naomi, tr. Anthony H. Chambers, Alfred A. Knopf 1985, Vintage Press 2001. ISBN 0-375-72474-5
 * Childhood Years: A Memoir, tr. Paul McCarthy, Kodansha International 1988. ISBN 0-00-654450-9. Reissued by the University of Michigan Press, 2017.
 * A Cat, a Man, and Two Women, tr. Paul McCarthy, Kodansha International 1990. ISBN 4-7700-1605-0 Reissued by New Directions, 2016. Also includes "The Little Kingdom" and "Professor Rado."
 * The Secret History of the Lord of Musashi and Arrowroot, tr. Anthony H. Chambers, Alfred A. Knopf 1982, Vintage Press 2003. ISBN 0-375-71931-8
 * Quicksand, tr. Howard Hibbett, Alfred A. Knopf 1993, Vintage Press 1995. ISBN 0-679-76022-9
 * The Reed Cutter and Captain Shigemoto's Mother, tr. Anthony H. Chambers, Alfred A. Knopf 1993.
 * Memoir of Forgetting the Capital: Miyakowasure no ki, tr. by Amy V. Heinrich, Foreword by Donald Keene, Yushodo/Columbia University Press, 2010.
 * The Gourmet Club: A Sextet, tr. Anthony H. Chambers and Paul McCarthy, Kodansha International 2001. ISBN 4-7700-2972-1. Reissued by the University of Michigan Press, 2017. Includes "The Children," "The Secret," "The Two Acolytes," "The Gourmet Club," "Mr. Bluemound," and "Manganese Dioxide Dreams."
 * Red Roofs and Other Stories, tr. Anthony H. Chambers and Paul McCarthy, University of Michigan Press, 2016. Includes "The Strange Case of Tomoda and Matsunaga," "A Night in Qinhuai," "The Magician," and "Red Roofs."
 * Devils in Daylight, tr. by J. Keith Vincent, New Directions, 2017.
 * The Maids. tr. by Michael P. Cronin, New Directions, 2017
 * "The Jester." tr. by Howard Hibbett. In A Tokyo Anthology: Literature from Japan’s Modern Metropolis, 1850-1915, ed. by Sumie Jones and Charles S. Inouye, pp. 268–280. University of Hawai’i Press, 2017.
 * In Black and White, tr. by Phyllis I. Lyons, Columbia University Press (2018).
 * Longing and Other Stories, tr. Anthony H. Chambers and Paul McCarthy, Columbia University Press 2022. Includes "Longing," "Sorrows of a Heretic," and "The Story of an Unhappy Mother."
 * The Siren's Lament: Essential Stories, tr. Bryan Karetnyk, Pushkin Press, 2023. Collects three stories: "The Qilin", "Killing O-Tsuya", and, "The Siren's Lament". ISBN 9-781-78227809-2

Adaptations
Tanizaki's works have repeatedly been adapted into films:
 * Torawakamaru the Koga Ninja (1957)
 * Akuto (1965), based on the play Kaoyo
 * Sanka (1972), based on the story Shunkinshō

title: Jun'ichirō Tanizaki


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Battle of Tedorigawa

The Battle of Tedorigawa (手取川の戦い) took place near the Tedori River in Japan's Kaga Province in 1577, between the forces of Oda Nobunaga against Uesugi Kenshin. This was destined to be Kenshin's last great battle. Kenshin tricked Nobunaga into launching a frontal attack across the Tedorigawa and defeated him. Having suffered the loss of 1,000 men, the Oda withdrew south. The battle site is in the modern-day Ishikawa Prefecture.

Background
After Oda Nobunaga's victory at Nagashino, Uesugi Kenshin broke off his alliance with Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu, he then initiated an alliance in 1575 with the Ishiyama Honganji warrior monks (Ikko Ikki) and Takeda Katsuyori of the Takeda clan, with whom he had previously been at odds.

The Tedorigawa Campaign was precipitated by an Uesugi intervention inside the domain of the Hatakeyama clan in Noto Province, an Oda client state. A coup d'état led by the pro-Oda General Chō Shigetsura, killed Hatakeyama Yoshinori, the lord of Noto, and replaced him with Hatakeyama Yoshitaka, a puppet ruler. In response, Uesugi Kenshin, the head of the Uesugi clan, mobilized an army and lead them into Noto against Shigetsura.

Consequently, Nobunaga sent an army led by Shibata Katsuie and Maeda Toshiie; with some of his most experienced generals to reinforce their allies.

Kenshin, taking the initiative moved to encircle Shigetsura's forces, preventing them from linking with the Oda army, and trapping Chō Shigetsura (Tsunatsura) in Nanao Castle (the main Hatakeyama stronghold in Noto Province). The subsequent breakthrough killed Shigetsura and resulted in the Hatakeyama of Noto switching allegiance to the Uesugi.

Battle
The Oda forces under the command of Shibata Katsuie, Maeda Toshiie, and Sassa Narimasa crossed the Tedori River (Minatogawa or Tedorigawa) and prepared to enter Noto Province, as they did not yet know about the fall of Nanao Castle. Due to the fall of Nanao Castle and Suemori Castle in Noto, the Oda army (now joined by Nobunaga himself) halted their march into Noto and went back across the Tedori River.

Uesugi Kenshin, now bolstered in his ranks with Hatakeyama Noto troops, advanced towards the Oda position. The Oda army came up with a plan to use cannons for stand-off tactics against the Uesugi and to bombard the Uesugi from across the river.

However a skillful night-time feint by Kenshin (suggesting he had divided his forces) led to Nobunaga ordering Katsuie to charge against the Uesugi lines and engaging the Uesugi troops on the river bank. Kenshin ordered the river's floodgates to be opened. The strong current from the river and perhaps also some rainfall prevented the Oda clan from effectively using its arquebus and cannons. The Oda charge itself was repulsed due to the current and inferior close-quarter ability of the ashigaru making up the bulk of the Oda army; the troops of the Oda were being pushed into the river.

Having lost a thousand men in combat and some more as the Oda troops attempted to escape across the Tedori river, Nobunaga ordered a retreat into Ōmi Province.

Aftermath
Kenshin brought his army back into Noto province and ordered the repair of Nanao Castle as he himself went back into Echigo. The Uesugi scored a significant victory at Tedorigawa. As a result, the distribution of power in the north shifted towards Kenshin and the Uesugi were temporarily able to extend their influence as far as Kaga Province.

There seems to be some debate among scholars as to Kenshin's next moves, however letters written by Kenshin seem to suggest that Kenshin did not perceive the Oda as a significant threat for the time being, although it could have been that Kenshin's true intentions were hidden. In these letters to Kanto samurai, Kenshin suggested that his next moves would have been an offensive against the Hojo in Kanto and not towards Kyoto at that time. In letters written by Oda Nobunaga, Nobunaga suggested that he was willing to cede all of the northern provinces to the Uesugi in order to avoid Uesugi advance upon Kyoto.

In 1578, Kenshin died before any plan was initiated. Subsequently, the Uesugi's succession fell in the Siege of Otate. As a result, by 1582 the Oda forces had managed to push the Uesugi clan all the way back to Echigo Province.

title: Battle of Tedorigawa


text:
Siege of Terabe

The siege of Terabe Castle took place in 1558 in feudal Japan. Terabe Castle was a possession of the Ogasawara clan of Mikawa Province. The Siege of Terabe Castle was Matsudaira Motoyasu's first battle, who would later change his name to Tokugawa Ieyasu.

History
The castle was built on the north shore of Mikawa Bay, in what is now called Hazu, in the city of Nishio, Aichi Prefecture. In 1558, Suzuki Shigeteru(or Suzuki Shigetatsu), lord of Terabe Castle, defected from the Imagawa in favor of an alliance with Oda Nobunaga. The Imagawa responded by sending an army under the command of Matsudaira Motoyasu, a young vassal of Imagawa Yoshimoto which would later be known as the Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu. Terabe Castle was the first of a series of battles waged against the Oda clan.

According to the records of Mikawa Monogatari written by Ōkubo Tadachika and Tokugawa Jikki chronicle, Ieyasu implemented scorched earth strategy in this battle where he stormed the castle parts of Ninomaru (officials living quarters of japanese castles), and Sannomaru (barracks building of japanese castles), then retreated before the enemy reinforcements from another castles came in. It was said the senior vassals of Ieyasu cried in joy during this battle as they witnessed Ieyasu personal bravery on the battlefield and comparing his feat with his grandfather, Matsudaira Kiyoyasu. Ieyasu was said fought in close combat while riding his horse.

Motoyasu's forces attacked Terabe Castle, but were driven off by reinforcements sent by Oda Nobunaga. Motoyasu then continued his campaign against other Oda clan possessions.

title: Siege of Terabe


text:
Paul Martin (disambiguation)

Paul Martin (born 1938) is a former Canadian prime minister.

Paul Martin may also refer to:

Politics

 * Paul Martin Sr. (1903–1992), father of the above, Canadian politician
 * Paul Martin (Scottish politician) (born 1967), member of the Scottish Parliament
 * Paul Martin (civil servant), Government of Jersey Chief Executive Officer (March 2021-22)

Science

 * Paul R. Martin (1946–2009), American psychologist, Director of Wellspring Retreat and Resource Center in Ohio
 * Paul Schultz Martin (1928–2010), American geobiologist at the University of Arizona
 * Paul Sidney Martin (1898–1974), American archaeologist

Sports

 * Paul Martin (Swiss athlete) (1901–1987), Swiss runner in the 1924 Summer Olympics
 * Paul Martin (Australian footballer) (1964–2019), Australian rules footballer for South Adelaide
 * Paul Martin (bobsleigh), German bobsledder at the 1928 Winter Olympics
 * Paul Martin (ice hockey) (born 1981), American National Hockey League player
 * Paul Martin (baseball) (1932–2011), American Major League Baseball player
 * Paul Martin (Scottish footballer) (born 1965), Scottish association football player and coach
 * Paul Martin (wrestler) (born 1949), American wrestler better known as Paul Orndorff or Mr. Wonderful
 * Paul Martin (amputee athlete) (born 1967), American world-record holding Paralympian and triathlete
 * Paul Martin (rugby league) (born 1967), rugby league player for Canberra Raiders
 * Paul Martin (water polo) (born 1982), South African water polo coach at the 2020 Summer Olympics

Entertainment

 * Paul Martin, singer in American country band Marshall Dyllon (active 2000–2011)
 * Paul Martin, a fictional character on ABC soap opera All My Children (appeared 1970–1995)
 * Paul Martin (TV presenter) (born 1959), presenter of the BBC antiques programme Flog It!
 * Paul Martin, real name of British comedian Paul Merton (born 1957)
 * Paul Martin (radio presenter), DJ on New Zealand radio station The Rock
 * Paul Martin (director) (1899–1967), Hungarian film director
 * Paul Martin (Lassie), a fictional character on the long-running television series, Lassie (appeared 1957–1964)

Other

 * Paul Elliott Martin (1897–1975), American bishop of the Methodist Church
 * Paul K. Martin, American lawyer and NASA Inspector General
 * Paul Marius Martin (born 1940), French Latinist and historian of ancient Rome
 * Paul Martin (illustrator) (1883–1932), American cover artist for Collier's magazine
 * Paul Martin (Irish journalist) (born 1977), Irish journalist
 * Paul Martin (bishop) (born 1967), New Zealand Roman Catholic bishop
 * Paul Martin (photographer) (1864–1944), French-born British photographer

title: Paul Martin (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Olive Palmer

I thought she was Olive Freeman Palmer ? NightCrawler 02:59, 15 Nov 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Olive Palmer


text:
Talk:Romania in the Middle Ages

Principality of Transylvania
This should be discussed in the article about the History of Hungary. Transylvania belonged to Hungary until 1920 when it was annexed by Romania. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.36.159.178 (talk) 10:18, 8 June 2012 (UTC)

About the new article
Borsoka! Great job! Creditable work. Fakirbakir (talk) 11:30, 1 November 2010 (UTC)

Klepper, Nicolae
Nicolae Klepper has been tagged as unreliable. It does not look like the best source. Is it possible to replace it, it sources quite a bit of information. AIR corn (talk) 10:59, 29 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I need 4-5 days to replace it. Borsoka (talk) 17:29, 29 October 2012 (UTC)
 * No problem. AIR corn (talk) 17:48, 29 October 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Presence of the Bulgarian Empire in the history of Romania and Romanian lands for almost the entire duration of the Middle Ages
It can be noted that the presence of the Bulgarian Empire in the history of Romania and Romanian lands during the Middle Ages, between the VII and XIV centuries, is greatly underestimated and almost overlooked. Bureaucrats are deleting valuable and relevant information about Romania's history. In Romania in the Early Middle Ages “Bulgaria” is mentioned 31 times, here only 2 times. Many important things, like the following, aren’t mentioned: Reading the text of this article, one is almost convinced that the inhabitants of the Romanian lands in the Middle Ages are not clearly identified by the science of History, and also that Romanian statehood begins with the invasion of the Hungarians/Magyars - tribal confederation, located to the northeast of the powerful at this time Bulgarian Empire, and in constant war with the centuries old Bulgarian state, mostly for the lands of what is modern Romania ...
 * Battle of Ongal
 * Bulgarian lands across the Danube
 * First Bulgarian Empire
 * Uprising of Asen and Peter
 * Second Bulgarian Empire
 * Old Church Slavonic in Romania

Good luck MiltenR (talk) 22:19, 22 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Maybe as a consequence of the timeframe. Bulgaria had no real influence on the history of the territory after 1242. Yes, masses of (semi-)nomadic Romanians most probably migrated from Serbia and Bulgaria to their present homeland in this period, but there is an article dedicated to this highly sensitive issue (Origin of Romanians). Borsoka (talk) 00:32, 24 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Haven't Hungarians migrated to the Carpathian basin (under Árpád and the seven tribes, etc.) way after transhumance already existed in the Daco-Romance populations both north and south of the Danube? And Bulgaria did have an influence on the history of present-day southern Romania most notably (to some extent even after the 13th century, but definitely not greater than it used to have during the Early Middle Ages) and it was also referred to as the Wallachian-Bulgarian Empire in some of the documents of the Vatican. The Middle Ages in Romania and, in general, in the Carpathian basin, do not start with the Mongol invasion, that is absurd. That period in question is already confined in the timeline of the High Middle Ages. The Mongol invasion was devastating for the Kingdom of Hungary and represented a temporary downfall for it... but the Middle Ages did not start in Hungary with the Mongol Invasion either, of course.
 * And, during the Early Middle Ages, Romanians already have had medieval states developed in present-day Transylvania and Banat, as per two works of Hungarian origin, more specifically Gesta Hungarorum and Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum, and they are indeed historically accurate, they are not made up. Many Transylvanian Saxon scholars (e.g. Johannes Honter, Stephan Ludwig Roth, etc.) also support the claim according to which Romanians were already here before the Hungarian invasion. Romanians and other Daco-Romance populations (which were transhumant in nature as well, not necessarily semi-nomadic) were already scattered southward of the Danube during the Early Middle Ages.
 * The admixture theory regarding the origin of Romanians is partly correct but definitely not the Roeslerian one. The origin of the Romanians has long been a matter of scholarly debate but it is far from being 'a highly sensitive issue', only perhaps in the minds of some Hungarian historians who also think that Burgenland also belongs to Hungary, yet another absolutely catastrophic absurdity, I swear! Rosenborg BK Fan (talk) 15:09, 8 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, about 300 hundred years after the Magyar invasion, the Gesta Hungarorum indeed writes of a Vlach state in Transylvania, along with a Khazar state in Crisana, a Bulgarian state in the Banat supported by the Cumans, a Czech state in Nitra, and Roman princes in Pannonia, and also refers to the presence of the Székelys in Crisana. None of these states and peoples are documented in sources written at the time of the Magyar invasion. On the other hand, the same Gesta had no information about those who fought the invading Magyars according to contemporaneous sources. The Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum does not write of Vlachs in Transylvania at the time of the Magyar conquest, but refers to Vlachs who left Pannonia.  Borsoka (talk) 15:32, 8 January 2023 (UTC)

Timeframe
you may have not realised that there is a separate article about the history of Romania in the Early Middle Ages, covering the period from the Roman withdrawal from Dacia till the Mongol invasion. This article covers the subsequent period. Borsoka (talk) 13:29, 8 January 2023 (UTC)

 * The Early Middle Ages are constituent and important part of the Middle Ages in general. They are the starting point of the Middle Ages. Of course I noticed that respective article for a very long time and I can read it very well in English. Not only that, but I also can read medieval documents in Latin. I can also speak and read in Hungarian and German and know a bit of Transylvanian Saxon myself. I know history very well, in an unbiased way. Thank you and all the best! Rosenborg BK Fan (talk) 15:11, 8 January 2023 (UTC)
 * In point of fact, I realised it so much that I linked it in the introduction very well, so as to further highlight its importance and shed light on early Romanian historiography. Alles Gute! Minden jót! 🙂 Rosenborg BK Fan (talk) 15:14, 8 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Romania in the Middle Ages


text:
Toda Kazuaki

Toda Kazuaki (戸田 一西) was a samurai in the service of Tokugawa Ieyasu. In 1601, Ieyasu gave Kazuaki the fiefdom of Zeze (30,000 koku) in Omi.

title: Toda Kazuaki