text:
Eyemouth

Eyemouth is a small town and civil parish in Berwickshire, in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland. It is 2 mi east of the main north–south A1 road and 8 mi north of Berwick-upon-Tweed.

The town's name comes from its location at the mouth of the Eye Water. The Berwickshire coastline consists of high cliffs over deep clear water with sandy coves and picturesque harbours. A fishing port, Eyemouth holds a yearly Herring Queen Festival. Notable buildings in the town include Gunsgreen House and a cemetery watch-house built to stand guard against the Resurrectionists (body snatchers). Many of the features of a traditional fishing village are preserved in the narrow streets and "vennels".

Eyemouth is not far from the small villages of Ayton, Reston, St Abbs, Coldingham, and Burnmouth, all in Berwickshire.

The coast offers opportunities for birdwatching, walking, fishing and diving. Accommodation includes several hotels, B&Bs and a holiday park.

A 16th-century artillery fortress
Fort Point at Eyemouth was the site of the first trace-italienne-style fortification in Britain, built on a spur or peninsula overlooking the existing harbour during the war known as the Rough Wooing. Building commenced in 1547 by the English military engineer Sir Richard Lee (1513–1575), and it cost £1,906. Some of the stone was brought from a demolished tower at Dunglass Castle, East Lothian and timber was taken from Coldingham Priory.

The fort was demolished under the Treaty of Boulogne in 1551. A larger and more complex fort was built in 1557 by d'Oisel and probably the Italian military engineer Lorenzo Pomarelli for the Regent of Scotland, Mary of Guise, when at war with England. The new fortress could hold some 500 French troops, and may have been intended as a staging post to securely store munitions and artillery near Berwick-upon-Tweed and the border with England. However, the new work, which perhaps was never completed, was scheduled for demolition under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis in 1559. French garrisons remained in Scotland at Dunbar Castle, Inchkeith, and at Leith. Traces of the ramparts are still to be seen.

History of Eyemouth
Eyemouth fell within the feudal barony of Coldingham, possessed until the early 17th century by Coldingham Priory, after which it passed to the Home family, who had held lands in that barony since at least the 15th century. All landowners (portioners) within the barony held their properties either by hereditary feu or by a term-renewable, occasionally hereditary, tack (Scots word for a lease) from the barony.

The lands between the southern banks of the Eye Water consisted of three estates: Gunsgreen, immediately opposite Eyemouth and Netherbyres, once part of the larger lands of Flemington which stretched all the way to Lamberton. At the beginning of the 17th century Gunsgreen estate was possessed by Alexander Lauder of Gunsgreen, a great-great-grandson of Sir Robert Lauder of The Bass (d.1508). On 17 January 1629, Alexander Lauder of Gunsgreen, acting as bailie for Sir David Home of Wedderburn, gave a sasine to Andrew Gray in Eyemouth, of some land on the boundaries of Houndlaw and also in Eyemouth.

Netherbyres was for at least 250 years held by the Craw (originally Auchincraw) family. "George Craw of Netherbyre" was "deceased" by July 1614 when his son William came into possession of that property and Reidhall, "with the walk mill" extending to 12 husbandlands (312 acre). A later William Craw, who had a passion for mathematics, built the first 'modern' harbour at Eyemouth and, in 1715, the elliptical walled garden, the latter almost certainly unique in the world. The Netherbyres House we see today was commenced about 1835 for Captain Sir Samuel Brown, R.N., who had the patent and monopoly for the supply of anchor chain to the Royal Navy. He later went on to design and patent chain suspension piers and bridges, including the Union Bridge over the River Tweed, Still in use today. Netherbyres House was bought by Sir Christopher Furness, 2nd Bt. in 1928, and was donated to Gardeners' Royal Benevolent Society for charitable use by his second son, Colonel Simon Furness, the Vice Lord Lieutenant for Berwickshire, who now occupies a house overlooking the walled garden. Hero William Spears (1812–1885), is celebrated by the dramatic bronze statue in Eyemouth Market Place, where he stands pointing the way to Ayton, the scene of his peaceful demonstration. Spears led a revolt against the tithes on fish levied by the Church of Scotland, even after the great Disruption of 1843 when most fishermen left the established Church to join other congregations. Very soon after the cost of getting the tithes removed had been met, the town was struck by the Eyemouth Disaster when, on 14 October 1881, most of the fishing fleet, some 20 boats and 129 men from the town, were lost in a terrible storm. Including victims from other coastal towns, a total of 189 men lost their lives. This is commemorated in the Eyemouth Tapestry Housed in the Museum.

A contemporary article offers an interesting insight into Eyemouth in the 1860s: "Between St Abbs Head and Berwick, however is situated Eyemouth, a fishing village pure and simple, with all that wonderful filth scattered about which is a sanitary peculiarity of such towns.

The population of Eyemouth is in keeping with the outward appearance of the place. As a whole, they are rough, uncultivated, and more drunken in their habits than the fishermen of the neighbouring villages. Coldingham Shore, for instance, is only three miles distant, and has a population of about one hundred fishermen, of a very respectable class, sober and well dressed, and "well to do." – The Fisher Folk of the Scottish East Coast, "Macmillian's Magazine" No.36 October 1862.

In the late 18th century, with the arrival of a group of Dutch engineers in the town, a survey was undertaken for a canal linking Eyemouth to Duns. The plan would have involved damming the Whiteadder Water at Chirnside thus diverting the course of the Whiteadder Water through the low-lying area known as Billiemire to join the Eye Water near Ayton. The plan was never carried out.

From 1891 until 1962, the town was served by a short branch railway line that ran from Burnmouth on the present-day East Coast Main Line. The line was forced to close from August 1948 to June 1949 after being damaged by the flooding of the Eye Water. John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough was created Baron Eyemouth in the Peerage of Scotland in 1682. This was the first of his peerage titles.

Transport
The A1 road, the main Edinburgh – Newcastle route, puts the town within commuting distance of Edinburgh.

Eyemouth railway station served the town until it was closed in 1962. The nearest railway station is Reston railway station, The 253 operated Borders Buses stops at Reston railway station

Education
Eyemouth Public School, in Albert Road, was built in 1876, designed by the architect William Gray Junior.

Children attend Eyemouth Primary School, after which they attend Eyemouth High School.

There is a further education training centre in the town. Northumberland College in Berwick-upon-Tweed is eight miles (13 km) away, and full-time further and higher education courses are offered at Borders College and Heriot-Watt University's textiles campus in Galashiels.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC Scotland and ITV Border. Television signals are received from the local relay transmitter.

Eyemouth's local radio stations are BBC Radio Scotland on 94.1 FM and Greatest Hits Radio Scottish Borders and North Northumberland on 103.4 FM.

The Border Telegraph and Southern Reporter are the town's local newspapers.

Harbour and industry
In 1997, Eyemouth was given EU funding from a scheme to regenerate declining fishing villages and raised matching funds itself to construct a deep water extension to the harbour. Eyemouth Harbour caters for most types of fishery activity and as a result Eyemouth's primary industry has seen a certain amount of rejuvenation. A pontoon has been installed in the harbour to provide ease of boarding for seafarers. Volunteers for Her Majesty's Coastguard and the seagoing RNLI lifeboat are called out by the firing of maroons, one for the Coastguard and two for the Lifeboat.

There is a boatyard which carries out works to fishing and commercial vessels. The new harbour and fish market has toilets and showers which are available to visiting seamen – contact the Eyemouth Harbour Harbourmaster. The visitor centre explains the methods of fishing, the types of nets and the vessels used and examples of the equipment of a typical fishing boat are displayed. Visitors can see the market in action in the early mornings from a viewing platform. Boats are available for hire for sea fishing, sightseeing and diving in one of the few marine reserves in Britain.

The Eyemouth pale is a cold-smoked haddock, distinct from varieties such as Finnan haddock by its lighter, golden hue, and subtler smoked flavour, achieved by a shorter smoking time.

Politics
The elected Eyemouth Town Community Council is led by a Chairman and has 12 members, including an Honorary Provost. Three representatives of Scottish Borders Council attend monthly public meetings in order to take on board and act upon feedback from the community councillors, who serve as a voice of the people of the town. Eyemouth Town Community Council (a Scottish Community Council), meets on the last Monday of the month (except in December) at 7.00pm in the community centre, minutes of the meetings being displayed on their website, on two notice boards in the town and also in the Berwickshire News.

Attractions
The wide sandy bay is flanked by high cliffs. Despite being sheltered by Hurkur Rocks, storms can generate high waves and throw high plumes of spume into the air over the sea wall. It is named "The Bantry", said to be in affectionate memory of the Irish labourers from the fishing town of that name in County Cork who constructed it.

The 18 hole golf course and clubhouse have sea views and a restaurant which is open to the public, allowing patrons to enjoy panoramic views as they eat.

Divers come from all over the world to enjoy the St Abbs and Eyemouth Voluntary Marine Reserve with its unique marine flora and fauna.

Eyemouth also has a great leisure centre consisting of a state-of-the-art gym, a studio, a sauna and two swimming pools, one small with a maximum depth of less than 3 feet and a big pool with a minimum depth of 3 feet to a maximum depth of 10 feet.

Nearby places of interest
Other places of interest nearby include the fortifications of Berwick-upon-Tweed also designed by Sir Richard Lee, and its military museum, Paxton House, the Union Bridge and the Chain Bridge Honey Farm, and scores of quiet country roads skirting the Cheviot Hills, frequently snow-capped in winter. Many visitors pause on their journey on the A1 to photograph their arrival in Scotland or their departure to England at the border crossing. Though the border has significance to many visitors, most residents of Eyemouth consider themselves Scottish rather than British. Nearby the border is a nature trail through the mysteriously named 'Conundrum' Farm. Typical Border towns and villages, such as Kelso, Grantshouse, Abbey St Bathans, Cove, Cockburnspath (pronounced 'coburnspath' or 'copath' by locals), Cornhill, Wooler, Morpeth, Alnmouth and Alnwick are all within easy reach for day trips from Eyemouth. Near Chirnside stood Ninewells House, since demolished, where Scottish Enlightenment philosopher David Hume spent much of his life.

Popular culture

 * ITV's Taggart was filmed on occasion at St Abbs and Coldingham Sands.
 * Eyemouth is the setting for a novel by Susanna Kearsley titled The Shadowy Horses.
 * Eyemouth is the home of the Queen of the Underworld in H.P. Mallory's series of Jolie Wilkins books.
 * Avengers Endgame was filmed at nearby, featuring St Abbs as the harbour town of New Asgard and the overlooking cliffs where Thor asks Valkyrie to be King. Parts of Thor love and Thunder were also filmed at St Abbs

title: Eyemouth


text:
Sir Francis Bernard, 1st Baronet

Sir Francis Bernard, 1st Baronet (bapt. 12 July 1712 – 16 June 1779) was a British colonial administrator who served as governor of the provinces of New Jersey and Massachusetts Bay. His uncompromising policies and harsh tactics in Massachusetts angered the colonists and were instrumental in the building of broad-based opposition within the province to the rule of Parliament in the events leading to the American Revolution.

Appointed governor of New Jersey in 1758, he oversaw the province's participation in the later years of the French and Indian War, and had a generally positive relationship with its legislature. In 1760 he was given the governorship of Massachusetts, where he had a stormy relationship with the assembly. Early actions turned the colony's populists against him, and his responses to protests against Parliament's attempts to tax the colonies deepened divisions. After protests against the Townshend Acts in 1768, Bernard sought British Army troops be stationed in Boston to oversee the colonists. He was recalled after the publication of letters in which he was critical of the colony.

After returning to England, he continued to advise the British government on colonial matters, calling for hardline responses to ongoing difficulties in Massachusetts that culminated in the 1773 Boston Tea Party. He suffered a stroke in 1771 and died in 1779, leaving a large family.

Early life
Bernard was born in Brightwell-cum-Sotwell, (then in Berkshire, but part of Oxfordshire since 1974), England to the Rev. Francis and Margery (Winslowe) Bernard and was christened on 12 July 1712. His father died three years later. His mother remarried, but died of smallpox in 1718. He was thereafter probably raised by an aunt for several years since his stepfather was forced by a failed courtship to flee to Holland. His stepfather, Anthony Alsop, returned to Berkshire a few years later, and continued to play a role in the boy's upbringing. Bernard's formal education began at Westminster in 1725, and he then spent seven years at Oxford, where Christ Church granted him a Master of Arts in 1736. He read law at the Middle Temple and was called to the bar in 1737, after only four years (instead of the typical seven) of study. He settled in Lincoln, where he practised law and took on a variety of municipal posts. Among his neighbours in Lincoln were the Pownalls, who had one son (John) serving in the Colonial Office, and another, Thomas, who went to the North American colonies in 1753 and was appointed governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay in 1757.

Bernard married Amelia Offley, daughter of the sheriff of Derbyshire, in December 1741, and the couple raised a large family: by 1757 the couple had eight living children. Because his prospects for further income to support this large family were unlikely in Lincoln, he apparently decided to seek a posting in the colonies. John Adams later described Bernard as "avaricious to a most infamous degree; needy at the same time, having a numerous family to provide for".

Governor of New Jersey
Bernard's wife was cousin to Lord Barrington, who became a Privy councillor in 1755. Probably through his connections to Barrington and the Pownalls, he secured an appointment as governor of the Province of New Jersey on 27 January 1758, a post that became available upon the death of Jonathan Belcher. Leaving some of his children with relatives, the couple sailed for North America with four of their children, arriving at Perth Amboy on 14 June 1758.

The colonies were in the middle of the French and Indian War at the time of Bernard's arrival. He established a good working relationship with New Jersey's assembly, and was able to convince the province to raise troops and funds for the ongoing war effort. He signed the Treaty of Easton, an agreement between New Jersey and Pennsylvania on one side, and a group of Indigenous tribes (the Minisink and Lenape being of principal concern to New Jersey) fixing boundaries between colonial and Native lands. This effort was important, for it reduced raiding on the frontiers and made possible the reallocation of provincial military strength to the war with New France. It and other agreements negotiated by Bernard extinguished all of the remaining Indian titles to New Jersey. Negotiations with the Lenape also resulted in the establishment of the first formal Indian reservation, Brotherton, near present-day Indian Mills. This reservation was only sparsely populated, and was abandoned in 1801 when its remaining inhabitants joined the Stockbridge Indians in upstate New York.

Governor of Massachusetts
Through the influence of his connections in the Colonial Office, Bernard was appointed governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay in late 1759. Delays in communications and slow travel were such that Bernard did not arrive in Boston until 2 August 1760. Although initially warmly welcomed, his tenure in Massachusetts was difficult. Bernard sought to vigorously enforce the Navigation Acts, in part because crown officials (including the governor and the customs officials) received shares of the proceeds from the seizure of ships that were caught violating the acts. The legal actions involving these seizures were heard in a jury-less admiralty court before a Crown-appointed judge, and were extremely unpopular. Bernard also made an early opponent of James Otis Jr. by appointing Lieutenant Governor Thomas Hutchinson to be chief justice of the province's highest court, a post that had been promised by several previous governors to Otis' father. Upset over the snub the younger Otis resigned his post as advocate general (i.e. the Crown's representative, equivalent to a government prosecutor) before the admiralty court, and devoted himself instead to arguing (sometimes pro bono) on behalf of the merchants in defence of their ships. These early actions during Bernard's tenure drew a clear dividing line between the "popular party" (exemplified by the Otises) opposed to British colonial policy and the "court party" (exemplified by Hutchinson) who supported it.

Bernard's difficulties were compounded when, after the death in late 1760 of King George II, it became necessary to reissue writs of assistance to customs tax collectors. These writs, which were essentially open-ended search warrants, were judicially controversial and so unpopular that their issuance was later explicitly disallowed by the United States Constitution. Hutchinson, who approved the writs in one of his first acts as chief justice, saw his popularity fall, and Otis, who argued the writs violated the Rights of Englishmen, gained in popularity. He was elected to the provincial legislature in May 1761, where he was well placed to continue his attacks on Bernard's policies. In the 1761 session of the assembly Otis engineered the gift of Mount Desert Island to Bernard, a partially successful stratagem to divert Bernard's attention from ongoing customs seizures.

Bernard's unpopularity continued through other tax measures, including the Sugar Act (1763) and the Stamp Act (1765). While the passage of both acts occasioned protest, the response to the Stamp Act included rioting in the streets, and united many factions in the province against the governor. In 1767 the passage by Parliament of the Townshend Acts again raised a storm of protest in the colonies. In Massachusetts the provincial assembly issued a circular letter, calling on the other colonies to join it in a boycott of the goods subject to the Townshend taxes. Bernard was ordered in April 1768 by Lord Hillsborough, who had recently been appointed to the newly created office of Colonial Secretary, to dissolve the assembly if it failed to retract the letter. The assembly refused, and Bernard prorogued it in July.

Bernard commissioned Boston printer Richard Draper as the official printer for the Massachusetts provincial government and employed him to use his newspaper, The Boston News-Letter, to give voice to the Loyalist factions in Boston. Maier maintains that Bernard's letters to London greatly influenced officials there, but they "distorted" reality. "His misguided conviction that the 'faction' had espoused violence as its primary method of opposition, for example, kept him from recognizing the radicals' peace-keeping efforts....Equally dangerous, Bernard's elaborate accounts were sometimes built on insubstantial evidence." Warden argues that Bernard was careful not to explicitly ask London for troops, but his exaggerated accounts strongly suggested they were needed. In the fall of 1767 he warned about a possible insurrection in Boston any day, and his exaggerated report of one disturbance in 1768, "certainly had given Lord Hillsboro the impression that troops were the only way to enforce obedience in the town". Warden notes that other key British officials in Boston wrote London with the "same strain of hysteria". Four thousand British Army troops arrived in Boston in October 1768, further heightening tensions. Bernard was vilified in the local press, and accused of writing letters to the ministry that mischaracterized the situation. Although he was challenged to release those letters he refused. Opposition agents in London were eventually able to acquire some of his letters, which reached members of the Sons of Liberty in April 1769. They were promptly published by the radical Boston Gazette, along with deliberations of the governor's council. One letter in particular, in which Bernard called for changes to the Massachusetts charter to increase the governor's power by increasing the council's dependence on him, was the subject of particularly harsh treatment, and prompted the assembly to formally request that "he might be forever removed from the Government of the Province". He was recalled to England, and Lieutenant Governor Hutchinson became acting governor. When Bernard left Boston on 1 August, the town held an impromptu celebration, decorated the Liberty Tree, and rang church bells.

His accomplishments in Massachusetts included the design of Harvard Hall at Harvard University and the construction of a summer estate on Pond Street in Jamaica Plain.

Return to England
Upon his return to England, he asked for and received a hearing concerning the colonial petition against his rule. The Privy Council in February 1770 considered the petition, and after deliberation dismissed all of the charges as "groundless, vexatious, and scandalous". Despite this vindication, Bernard resigned as governor in 1771. He was confirmed in the ownership of Mount Desert Island, a recognition he had been seeking since it was awarded to him in 1761. Although he had been promised a baronetcy and a pension of £1,000 for his service, he learned after his return that the pension had been reduced to £500 (the baronetcy, of Nettleham, was awarded at crown expense). His appeals on the matter were at first rejected, but when Lord North became Prime Minister in 1770, the pension was raised, but shortly after replaced by an appointment as commissioner on the Board of Revenue for Ireland, which paid the same amount.

Bernard became an advisor to the North administration on matters concerning the colonies. He generally took a harder line than his predecessor Thomas Pownall, who advocated for colonial interests in Parliament. Proposals he made in 1771 included ideas central to the 1774 Massachusetts Government Act, which severely constrained colonial political power, including a council appointed by the governor rather than one elected by the assembly. Bernard may also have played a role in the difficulties Benjamin Franklin had in being recognized as a colonial agent; after Franklin's credentials were refused by the colonial secretary, he encountered Bernard in an antechamber. Biographer Colin Nicolson observes that Bernard's presence as an advisor to the ministry "cast a shadow on virtually every American measure regarding Massachusetts that [Lord Frederick] North pursued between 1770 and 1774", because of Bernard's role in breaking the trust between the colonists and the London government and the subsequent radicalization of Massachusetts politics.

In 1774, when the North government was considering how to respond to the Boston Tea Party, Bernard published Select Letters on Trade and Government, containing proposals on how to deal with the ongoing difficulties in the colonies. He proposed to reconcile the constitutional grievances of the British and radical Americans by the possible introduction of American representatives into the Parliament of Great Britain. In the Select Letters, which included the essay Principles of Law and Polity which he drafted in 1764, he laid out a point-by-point exposition of his viewpoints concerning imperial governance. Some of his ideas were enacted, notably those enshrined in the Massachusetts Government Act; the outrage in London even sparked the sympathetic colonial advocate Thomas Pownall to propose the closure of Boston's port, which was enacted in the Boston Port Act.

Decline and death
In late 1771 Bernard was bequeathed the manor at Nether Winchendon upon the death of a cousin to whom he had been close since childhood. Combined with other uncertainties about where various family members would reside after he received the Irish appointment, the stress of the situation led Bernard to suffer a stroke. His mobility was impaired, but he took the waters at Bath, which appear to have helped his recovery. He applied for permission to resign from the Irish post, and settled first at the Nether Winchendon manor; in 1774 his resignation was accepted and his pension restored. He was well enough in 1772 to travel to Oxford, where he received an honorary Doctor of Civil Law from his alma mater, Christ Church. Because of his health he moved later in 1772 to a smaller house in nearby Aylesbury. He died on 16 June 1779, after an epileptic seizure, at Nether Winchendon; his grave is in St Mary's churchyard, Aylesbury.

Legacy
Bernard never believed the difficulties he had in Massachusetts were personal: instead of accepting some responsibility, he blamed his problems on the policies emanating from London that he was instructed to implement. John Adams wrote that Bernard's "antagonistic reports" of matters in Massachusetts were instrumental in turning British government policymakers against colonial interests. Bernard's name headed a list drawn up in Massachusetts after the American Revolutionary War broke out of "notorious conspirators against the government", and most of his property there was confiscated. Mount Desert Island was not entirely taken; Bernard's son John, who resided in Maine during the war and sided with the victorious colonials, was able to receive Massachusetts title to half of the island.

Upon the election of James Bowdoin to be Governor of Massachusetts in 1786, Reverend William Gordon in his sermon warned Bowdoin that he ignored the state's legislature at his peril, as Bernard had.

The Charter of Bernardston, authorized and signed by King George II formally recognized Bernardston in the Province of New Jersey on 24 May 1760. At the time, Bernardston included the current areas of Basking Ridge, Lyons, Liberty Corner, Bernardsville and Far Hills. The area would later be renamed Bernards Township. Vealtown, New Jersey, a town first settled around 1715 and located in Bernards Township, was renamed Bernardsville in Bernard's honour in 1840. Bernardston, Massachusetts was incorporated during his Massachusetts administration and is named for him. Bernard also named Berkshire County, Massachusetts (after his county of birth) and Pittsfield, Massachusetts (after British Prime Minister William Pitt).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sir Francis Bernard, 1st Baronet


text:
Falkland

Falkland may refer to:

 * Falkland, British Columbia, a community in Canada
 * Falkland, Nova Scotia, a community in Canada
 * Falkland Islands, an archipelago in the south Atlantic Ocean
 * Falklands Crisis of 1770
 * Falklands War of 1982
 * Falkland, Fife, a former burgh in Fife, Scotland
 * Falkland Palace, royal residence of the Kings of Scots in Falkland, Fife, Scotland
 * Viscount Falkland, a Scottish peerage title, named after Falkland, Fife, Scotland
 * Falkland, North Carolina, a town in the United States
 * Falkland (Redd Shop, Virginia), U.S., a historic plantation house
 * Falkland (novel), an 1827 novel by Edward Bulwer-Lytton

title: Falkland


text:
Forres

Forres (Farrais) is a town and former royal burgh in the north of Scotland on the Moray coast, approximately 25 mi northeast of Inverness and 12 mi west of Elgin. Forres has been a winner of the Scotland in Bloom award on several occasions. There are many geographical and historical attractions nearby such as the River Findhorn, and there are also classical, historical artifacts and monuments within the town itself, such as Forres Tolbooth and Nelson's Tower. Brodie Castle, the home of the Brodie Clan, lies to the west of the town, close to the A96.

A list of suburbs in the town of Forres contains: Brodie, Dalvey, Mundole, Laichmurchie, Springdale and Knockomie.

Pre-history and archaeology
Between 2002 and 2013 some 70 hectares of land was investigated by archaeologists in advance of a proposed residential development on the southern fringes of the town. They found an extensive Iron Age settlement and evidence that people lived in the area from the Neolithic (radiocarbon dates from the 4th to the mid-3rd millennium BC were found) to the Early Historic period (they found radiocarbon dates from the 9th–12th centuries AD, around the time that historical records began). The Iron Age settlement had a souterrain and metalworking furnaces, and they found Neolithic and Bronze Age ceramics and cup-marked rock art. The excavation of a souterrain in Moray is quite rare; only one other souterrain had been excavated in Moray before this one.

History
The earliest written reference to Forres may be the Οὐάραρ εἴσχυσις (Ouárar eíschysis, 'Varar Estuary') mentioned in the second century Geography of Claudius Ptolemy. The town is the location of Sueno's Stone, an enormous carved stone probably created by Picts to commemorate a battle against Norse invaders. The stele is 20 feet tall and encased in glass structure to protect it from the elements and graffiti. Sueno's Stone translates to Sven's Stone. It dates from AD 850 to AD 950.

A royal castle was present in the area from at least 900 AD, and around 1140 AD Forres became a royal burgh. Royal burghs were founded by the Kings of Scots of the 12th century to encourage trade and economic improvement. The local abbey was plundered by the Wolf of Badenoch in 1390.

On 23 June 1496 King James IV of Scotland issued a Royal Charter laying down the rights and privileges that the town's people are believed to have held by an earlier charter since the reign of King David I some 300 years earlier.

Brodie Castle, which was commissioned by Brodie family in 1567, lies to the west of the town.

William Shakespeare's play Macbeth, first performed in 1606, locates Duncan's castle in Forres, and the Three Witches meet on moorland near the town in the third scene of the drama.

The Dallas Dhu distillery, established in 1898, lies just south of the town; although no longer producing, the distillery is maintained in working order by Historic Environment Scotland. Benromach Distillery, also established in 1898, is located just north of the Forres bypass and is an active distillery with a visitors' centre.

The Findhorn Foundation, an intentional community, was established in the town in the 1940s. The former RAF Forres, established during the Second World War, is located nearby.

In January 2016, Glasgow School of Art established a campus in the town which focuses on design and innovation.

Demography
The population of Forres expanded in the 20th century and was over 12,000 in 2011.

Geography and economy
Sitting between the floodplain of the River Findhorn and the wooded slopes of Cluny and Sanquhar Hills, Forres is well known for its award-winning floral sculptures.

Parliamentary burgh
Forres was a parliamentary burgh, combined with Inverness, Fortrose and Nairn, in the Inverness Burghs constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708 to 1801 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1918. The constituency was abolished in 1918 and the Forres and Nairn components were merged into the then new constituency of Moray and Nairn. Forres Town Hall, originally built as a masonic hall and later used as a mechanics institute before becoming a municipal building, was completed in 1829.

Notable residents

 * Frank Fraser Darling (1903 - 1979), an English ecologist, ornithologist, farmer, conservationist and author. He gives his name to the Fraser Darling effect.
 * Hugh Falconer (1808–1865), Scottish geologist, botanist, palaeontologist, and paleoanthropologist
 * John Gordon FRSE (1786–1818) anatomist born in Forres
 * Sir Alexander Grant, 1st Baronet (1864 - 1937), a Scottish businessman, biscuit manufacturer and philanthropist, known as creator of Mcvities Digestive Biscuits.
 * Charles Lumley (1824–1858), recipient of the Victoria Cross
 * James McIntyre (1828-1906). Born in Forres, moved to Canada 1841, and to Ingersoll, 1854. Cabinetmaker and undertaker, proprietor of furniture factory and poet.
 * James Scott (Liberal politician) (1876-1939), Scottish lawyer and Liberal party politician.
 * Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal (1820–1914), Scottish-born Canadian businessman and philanthropist
 * James Taylor (neurologist) (1859-1946), British neurologist who studied diseases of the nervous system.
 * Roy Williamson (1936–1990), Scottish songwriter and folk musician, member of the Corries, who wrote "Flower of Scotland"

Climate
As with the rest of the British Isles and Scotland, Forres experiences a maritime climate with cool summers and mild winters. The nearest official Met Office weather station for which online records are available is Kinloss, about 3 mi north east of the town centre. The lowest temperature to be recorded in recent years was -16.0 C during December 2010.

Transport
Forres is situated on the A96 trunk route connecting the cities of Aberdeen and Inverness. The River Findhorn was originally crossed by fording near Waterford Farm. A suspension bridge was opened in 1831 to cross the river at the west end of the town. This bridge was replaced by the current bridge in 1938. Due to high volumes of traffic passing through the town centre, a bypass was built in the late 1980s to reduce congestion in the town centre. A new, dual carriageway A96 bypass is planned by the Scottish Government.

Forres railway station is situated just outside the town and is operated by ScotRail. The town of Forres was once a triangular junction in the Highland Railway network, travelling through Forres was once the quickest route to reach Inverness from the south. Originally the station had four platforms; two of which were on the north side of the triangle on the route between Inverness and Aberdeen, the third on the south west side of the triangle used by services to Grantown-on-Spey. The fourth was a short platform on the south east side used by through services between Elgin and Aviemore via Grantown. Trains from Grantown towards Nairn or Inverness had to run through the station and then reverse back into the Aberdeen to Inverness platform. The service to Grantown-on-Spey was closed in the 1960s and now forms part of The Dava Way, a scenic footpath connecting the two towns.

Education

 * Andersons Primary School, High Street (state primary school)
 * Forres Academy, Burdsyard Road (state secondary school)
 * Drumduan School (private school for 5–18-year-olds)
 * Applegrove Primary School, Orchard Road (state primary school)
 * Pilmuir Primary School, Pilmuir Road (state primary school)

Religion
A number of Christian churches have a presence in Forres, including:

Church of Scotland

 * St Laurence Church, High Street
 * St Leonard's Church, High Street

Scottish Episcopal Church

 * St John's Church, Victoria Road

Roman Catholic Church

 * St Margaret's Church, High Street

Baptist Union of Scotland

 * Forres Baptist Church, Clovenside Road

Sport
Forres has various sporting activities within it including Forres Golf Course, which has held the Scottish Young Professionals championships a number of times.

Forres St. Lawrence is the local cricket club. They are full members in both senior and reserve competitions in the area.

Forres Harriers is the local running club with around 80 members. The most famous Harrier is Don Ritchie who at one time held 14 world best times for ultra distance running events ranging from 50 km to 200 km.

Forres has two swimming clubs - the long established Forres Bluefins, as well as the UK's only specialist sprint swimming club, Free Style SC.

Forres hosted the first race of the World Orienteering Championships 2015 on Friday 31 July, when the Sprint Qualification event was held there. Two days later on 2 August it hosted the Sprint Final event.

Town twinning

 * 🇺🇸 Mount Dora, Florida
 * 🇩🇪 Vienenburg, Germany

title: Forres


text:
Wikipedia:Reference Desk archive 6

Cocoon/nest thing
Hello. I found the following nest/cocoon type thing outside my house. It feels kind of 'paper-like' and is slightly smaller than a football (soccer ball to you yanks). This is in Toronto, btw.
 * http://www.pantropy.net/images/2003-11/cocoon1.jpg
 * http://www.pantropy.net/images/2003-11/cocoon2.jpg
 * http://www.pantropy.net/images/2003-11/cocoon3.jpg
 * http://www.pantropy.net/images/2003-11/cocoon4.jpg

Any ideas? Cheers, snoyes 06:14, 10 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Seen any wasps about? -- Someone else 05:54, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Probably a nest made by either hornets or yellowjackets, from the Vespid family. This time of year you might not see anything living about; usually the colonies die in the fall, except for a queen who overwinters elsewhere Loren Rosen 06:38, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * It looks like paper wasp's hive. --Menchi 06:58, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * I think the paper wasps (which are also vespids) usually have umbrella-shaped nests which are partly open on the bottom, whereas the other two vespidae genera cover up the bottom and have openings on the side or top. But there are doubtless exceptions.

Thanks for all the info! I'll add the best pic (resized of course) to the Vespid page, as I also got opinions on #wikipedia saying that it was most likely a nest of the former. So, here comes the ethical dilemna: Should I go and destroy the nest to make photos of the inside/structure and the Queen to post to wikipedia? I'm tending toward "no". Somehow that makes me feel a little too much like Faust. Of course without the benefit of knowing anything and everything there is to know. ;-) snoyes 06:37, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Since the vespid is most probably not on the endangered list in Canada, you can discard the guilty feeling into toilet and know you're doing the community a service by eliminating the passers-by's fear of the sight of the nest. Good luck finding a queen! I couldn't find it looking through a thin glass box in a museum! But if you do find it, let me know, I'll definitely add it to the Brilliant pictures. Any diligent effort for WP this like this needs recognition. And I'm curious anyway.

 * You do have at least mittens and jacket to prevent merciless stings, I hope... Or at least have a nice little iron room where people wouldn't hear you scream -- It may be handy, for the vespids. --Menchi 07:04, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * It certainly won't be as brilliant as Anthere's Image:Cheche.JPG, that's for sure! Otherwise, A few stings are not a problem in my grand scheme of engineering a wasp-born virus which will subtly animate the infected to visit this obscure website called wikipedia.org. Ever heard of it? Muhaha --snoyes 08:17, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * You're well past your first freeze of the fall in Toronto, right? There's probably nothing alive in the nest. The queen is off dormant somewhere, in a nook in some tree bark or something, somewhere less exposed than hanging in a nest in the middle of the air for the winter. (But wearing mittens and a jacket wouldn't hurt, I suppose.) Loren Rosen 16:01, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

GRRR! Those paranoid Canadians. Now the nest is gone. So much for my plan then. Thanks again for the help everyone. --snoyes 18:43, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Wait... Isn't the nest in front of your house? Somebody just walked into your yard and snatched it off at night?! :-D --Menchi 23:41, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Bunkers and pillboxes
Does anyone how a bunker differs from a pillbox? thanks, Dori 05:52, Nov 17, 2003 (UTC)

 * Bunkers are below-ground. In fact I believe the picture on the bunker page is actually of pillboxes. - Hephaestos 06:18, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Hmmm, those in the picture also have a below ground part. Does it have to be completely below ground for it to be considered a bunker? I am confused. Dori 06:24, Nov 17, 2003 (UTC)

 * Now I'm confused, having just looked in the dictionary, which implies a bunker can have an above-ground part. In common usage I've heard (as well as what's implied in the Wikipedia article), a bunker is completely underground, used mainly for command and control, or for storage, whereas a pillbox can have an underground part but necessarily needs an above-ground part to fire a weapon out of.  My dictionary on the other hand implies a pillbox needs to be completely above-ground, and that a bunker can have an above-ground part.  I usually rely on the dictionary, but I've never heard this usage in military parlance. - Hephaestos 07:58, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Not really an answer to the original question, but I now have an image in my head of two soldiers pinned down on a D-day beach, and one saying to the other "Technically, Sarge, the object that you are ordering us to charge in a heroic display resulting in a courageous but ultimately futile waste of human life is a bunker, not a pillbox". - Gandalf61 09:48, Nov 17, 2003 (UTC)

 * A pillbox was a cylindrical white card box, about 4cm high by 4cm in diameter, in which pills were dispensed. (cf pillbox hat.) It entered the language as a military slang term for small concrete bunkers of that shape. It is a common local term for such structures (most with no underground part and many square) on the North East coast of England, where many still remain from the last war. In the (British) army in the 1960s it was mocked as a "civilian" term, "bunker" or "machine gun emplacement" being considered correct. No idea what the current military usage is. Presumably the fuzzy dictionary definitions indicate the term has no clear and absolute usage. Anjouli 20:07, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Wow, thank you for the answer! Dori 03:29, Nov 20, 2003 (UTC)

Liu Bang Han Dynasty
I have recently acquired a sword allegedly from the Han Dynasty period. It was owned by a man named Xiangyu, who took his own life after being invoved in some type of an attempt to overthrow the Emperor Liu Bang. Any info on this character and the role he may have played in history from that era.

 * A sword from Xiangyu! Is this a joke? Anyway Liu Bang became an emperor after Xiangxu killed himself.  See Han Dynasty.wshun 21:12, 28 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Might want to ask for your money back. In the Middle Ages there were enough splinters of wood from the Cross being sold to build the Ark :) Anjouli 06:14, 30 Nov 2003 (UTC)

becoming a Lord
Just stumbled upon Greville Janner. This person was made the Lord of Braunstone. The article however states "He was created Lord Janner of Braunstone in 1997." Which is almost definately the wrong way to say that someone was made lord. What is the correct way? --snoyes 17:22, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Actually it's correct (those wacky British! :-). See, at the bottom. -- Cyan 17:27, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Wow, good thing I said "almost definately". Thanks, snoyes 17:35, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Surname question
If a person's surname is "D' Souza", can anything be said about his/her race, country of origin, language or religion? -- Ramesh

 * Language and religion are not strictly heritable, but as for country of origin, I'd say either French or Italian. -Smack 01:53, 9 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * "Souza" sounds Brazilian (or Portuguese). --Menchi 01:57, 9 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * That is Portuguese. Also, I always see "D'Souza" as an Indian name (I guess descended from Portuguese colonies there?), while Souza or Sousa alone is from Portugal. (Of course, I am only speaking from personal experience and memories of people with those names...) Adam Bishop 01:48, 16 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * D'Sousa is a contraction of de and Sousa. de, do, da are particles used in Portuguese like the german von and the dutch van. Muriel 16:40, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * I once knew a De Sousa who was a South African of Indian ethnic origin. He always said is was from a Portuguese community in India in the 1800s. But I also know an African American called McGreggor. Anjouli 19:34, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Japanese term translation
Does anyone have an idea to translate 政令指定都市 to English? -- Taku

 * Long: "Cities designated by government ordinance" ; short: "Government Ordinance City" . --Menchi 03:43, 7 Oct 2003 (UTC)
 * Thank very much. I googled but couldn't find good one. -- Taku

A couple of more They are terms related to Japanese cities and local governments. -- Taku
 * 中核市
 * 特例市
 * 地方公共団体

 * 中核市 = "core city", . You may already knew this, if not it may interest you: A Japanese core city must be over 300,000 in population, and 100 km² in area. A Chinese source
 * The Nippon Foundation Library's glossary translates 特例市 as "special case city".
 * I cannot find Japanese reference, but a Hong Kong online .doc says 地方公共團體 is "local authorities", and a Mainland Chinese webpage say it is "local self-government".
 * --Menchi 06:38, 7 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Thanks a lot. Particularly, a website http://nippon.zaidan.info/seikabutsu/2000/00086/contents/188.htm glossary seems really good place to find out translation terms. -- Taku

I think it can be translated into English as ?????? :-) dave 01:33, 16 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Semi-Automatic Rifles in the First World War
Why weren't there any semi-automatic rifles in the First World War? They had semi-automatic pistols, but why no rifles? CGS 22:27, 24 Sep 2003 (UTC).

 * My school notes from a History lesson in (gulp) 1958 say it was because rifles were needed in huge numbers, whereas only officers carried pistols. (The 1911 Colt?)

 * Semi-automatics at that time were still hand-built to some degree. The technology of the time could not mass-produce semi-automatic rifles in the required numbers.

 * Interesting to note that cavalry-charges and swords were still (somewhat ineffectively) used at the start of WW1. Anjouli 06:46, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks. CGS 17:40, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC).

Real-time computer control
Moved from village pump

In a sequence control,what is better, a PLC or an industrial PC?

 * ...could you explain a little bit, what you want to know? Thanks, Fantasy 14:12, 29 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * PS: Please sign also your question, Thanks.

 * I think he wants to know whether to use a PLC or an industrial PC, for a sequence control. I don't know, maybe he'd have better luck asking these people rather than these people :) -- Tim Starling 14:34, 29 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * PLC if it is simple. PC if it is complex(PLC will not have the processing power). Anjouli 20:30, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Err... I'm not sure where this goes, but a question about some words
I hope that this is in the right place... ^^;;; If it's not, will someone please move it and notify me? Thanks.

I got this from a site with lyrics of a song from Enya... Does anyone have a clue as to what it means?

Anol shalom Anol sheh lay konnud de ne um {shaddai} Flavum Nom de leesh Ham de nam um das La um de Flavne…

We de ze zu bu We de sooo a ru Un va-a pesh a lay Un vi-I bee Un da la pech ni sa (Aaahh) Un di-I lay na day Un ma la pech a nay Mee di nu ku

(Fast tempo, 4 times) La la da pa da le na da na Ve va da pa da le na la dumda

Anol shalom Anol sheh ley kon-nud de ne um. Flavum. Flavum. M-ai shondol-lee Flavu… {Live on…} Lof flesh lay Nof ne Nom de lis Ham de num um dass La um de Flavne… Flay Shom de nomm Ma-lun des Dwondi. Dwwoondi Alas sharum du koos Shaley koot-tum.

--jdstroy @ 20031112 00.21 -0500 EST
 * "Shalom" means "peace" or "hello" in Hebrew. None of the rest looks Hebrew, but if it's been transcribed phonetically by someone who didn't know whatever language it is and couldn't hear it very well and Enya isn't enunciating very well... who knows? Loren Rosen 03:31, 13 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Taken from an interview with Lisa Gerrard about the song:

 * ...The rest of the vocals, sung with sounds rather than in a conventional language, are an example of melismatic singing. "It's a language invented within the music, inherently, and the words mean more than I can say in English", she says. "The way I sing is not new; it's been around since the beginning of time, and it's something all children are born with. It's not unique to me, but for some reason I never lost the ability".

 * It's not a language at all! Anjouli 19:46, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * btw this isn't enya

 * Ah, thank you all! Jdstroy 22:36, 2003 Nov 22 (UTC)

Symmetry groups
The symmetry groups of the archimedean solids snub cube and snub dodecahedron are like the symmetry groups of the cube and the dodecahedron, just without the reflections. Would those groups be called "O" and "I"? (Instead of "Oh" and "Ih"?) Κσυπ Cyp  14:43, 22 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Yes - the symmetry group of the snub cube is "O", and the symmetry group of the snub dodecahedron is "I" - see octahedral group and icosahedral group at MathWorld. -- Gandalf61 16:06, Nov 22, 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks. Seems they even have the coordinates for the snub cube there (but not at their actual snub cube article)... Wikipedia is still the only site I know of that has the exact snub dodecahedron coordinates (without having to solve a degree 6 polynomial), though. (Up to mirrors of Wikipedia) Κσυπ Cyp  17:50, 22 Nov 2003 (UTC)

TeX markup wiki
Does anyone know of another wiki which supports TeX markup for math formulas? -- 65.92.244.98 18:44, 5 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * This wiki does, however I think there is a bug in the system however, which I'll go and report at SourceForge. Dysprosia 09:10, 7 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Working now. Dysprosia 02:11, 8 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Check out WikiToLatex for a short list -- Stephen Gilbert 13:53, 22 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Postcode
Hello, I would like to know the postal code for Hillersdon Ave in London. Many thanks for your help. Robin at robin138@earthlink.net 63.195.32.78

 * It depends which area of London you mean. There is certainly more than one Hillersdon Avenue. The one in Edgware would be HA8 7Sx but there is also one in SW13 and maybe others. Try http://www.royalmail.com. Angela 21:12, Oct 20, 2003 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia:Reference Desk archive 6


text:
Robert William Dale

Robert William Dale (1 December 1829 – 13 March 1895) was an English Congregational church leader based in Birmingham.

Life
Dale was born in London and educated at Spring Hill College, Birmingham, for the Congregational ministry. In 1853 he was invited to Carr's Lane Chapel, Birmingham, as co-pastor with John Angell James, on whose death in 1859 he became sole pastor for the rest of his life. In the University of London M.A. examination (1853), he came first in philosophy and won the gold medal. The degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him in 1883 by the University of Glasgow during the lord rectorship of John Bright. Yale University gave him its D.D. degree, although he never used it. He served as Chairman of the Congregational Union of England and Wales in 1868 and President of the International Congregational Council in 1891.

Views and publications
Dale normally read his sermons, because "if I spoke extemporaneously I should never sit down again". He did not use the title "Reverend". He was a strong advocate of the disestablishment of the Church of England, holding that the Christian church was essentially a spiritual brotherhood, and that any vestige of political authority impaired its spiritual work. In church government he believed strongly that congregationalism was the most fitting environment for Christianity. He published lectures on such topics as The Atonement (1875, and frequently reprinted), sermons, and the Manual of Congregational Principles (1884); and, at his death, he left an unfinished history of Congregationalism, revised by his son, A. W. W. Dale.

The "Civic Gospel" and politics
Dale's integrity, intelligence, moral passion and oratory soon made him a national figure in an age when the strength of non-conformity was at its highest. He welcomed social improvement and was an advocate, with George Dawson, of what became known in Birmingham as the Civic Gospel. The health, housing, sanitation and living conditions in Birmingham had suffered from its rapid population expansion in the previous thirty years. Dale argued "the public duty of the state is the private duty of every citizen": service on the town council to improve the wellbeing of Birmingham was advocated by Dale as having moral and religious worth. He was an advocate of free public education, social improvement, the extension of the franchise, the recognition of trades unions, and understanding the links between poverty and crime.

Although Dale did not preach politics, he was a keen Liberal and worked with other Birmingham reformers and radicals including Joseph Chamberlain, William Kenrick, Jesse Collings, George Dixon, John Bright, John Henry Chamberlain, William Harris, and Samuel Timmins. He played a major part in opposing the religious elements of the Forster Education Act of 1870 (see below).

He was a member of the Arts Club, which existed from 1873 to 1880 for the purpose "of facilitating the daily social intercourse of gentlemen professing Liberal opinions, who are engaged or interested in the public life of Birmingham": it was described in a local newspaper as "the real seat of government, where all measures are framed for the ordering of our municipal, social, charitable, and political institutions".

When Joseph Chamberlain resigned from the Liberal government in 1886 over William Gladstone's proposals for Irish Home Rule, Dale supported him. This point marked a significant split in the Liberal party, but did not reduce Dale's influence.

Work in education
When Forster's Elementary Education Bill appeared, Dale attacked it. He argued that the resulting schools would often be purely denominational institutions and the Bill's "conscience clause" gave inadequate protection to Nonconformists. Dale criticised the way school boards would be empowered to make grants out of the rates to maintain sectarian schools. He was himself in favour of secular education, claiming that it was the only logical solution and was consistent with Nonconformist principles. In Birmingham this controversy was ended in 1879 by a compromise.

His interest in educational affairs had led him to accept a seat on the Birmingham school board. He was appointed a governor of Foundation of the Schools of King Edward VI in Birmingham and served on the Royal Commission of Education. Dale took a great interest in Spring Hill Congregational College, Moseley (where he had previously studied). Largely due to his initiative, Spring Hill College, renamed Mansfield College after its founders, was moved to Oxford in 1886 and he became chairman of the council of what is now Mansfield College, Oxford.

Later years
The 1886 split within the Liberal Party over Irish Home Rule marked the disintegration of what had been a close-knit circle of like-minded reformers. In 1892, looking back to the 1870s, Dale wrote: "Birmingham is still a remarkable place, … but it seems to me that the interesting people are gone. … There was Dawson, … [Charles] Vince, John Henry Chamberlain and Harris, and Joseph Chamberlain in his fresh and brilliant promise. Dawson, Vince, and John Henry Chamberlain are dead; Harris remains, and is as kindly and epigrammatic as ever; but in the break-up of the Liberal Party he remained with Gladstone and I seldom see him. Joseph Chamberlain is, of course, still immensely interesting; but I am not sure that he is as interesting as he was twenty years ago, and he is necessarily much away from Birmingham. The time was when I used to have a smoke with him, and J. H. Chamberlain, and Timmins, and the rest, as often as two or three times a week. The split of the Liberal Party has made an immense difference to my private life. There are two clubs and I belong to neither; I have friends on both sides, but the discussions that we had at the old Arts Club before the quarrel I look back upon with lasting regret."

Death and commemoration
Dale died on 13 March 1895 and was buried in Key Hill Cemetery, Hockley.

A statue of Dale sculpted by Edward Onslow Ford in 1898 was rediscovered in 1995, and is now on loan from Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery to Carr's Lane Church Centre (his old church). The National Portrait Gallery holds a carte de visite photograph and a wood engraving of him.

There is a Birmingham Civic Society blue plaque commemorating him on Carrs Lane Church, Carrs Lane, Central Birmingham.

title: Robert William Dale


text:
Haddington, Lincolnshire

Haddington is a hamlet in the civil parish of Aubourn with Haddington, in the North Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated just off the Fosse Way Roman road, now the A46, 7 mi south-west from Lincoln and 1 mi west from Aubourn. Haddington was formerly a township in the parishes of Aubourn and South Hyckham, in 1866 Haddington became a separate civil parish, on 1 April 1931 the parish was abolished to form "Aubourn, Haddington and South Hykeham". In 1921 the parish had a population of 94.

Geography
It contains a mixture of houses and farm buildings, all brick built, and stands on the north bank of the River Witham 200m from the river. The parish primary school is in South Hykeham.

Earthworks
Between the hamlet and the river are the earthworks of what appears to be a considerable manorial complex or grange. However, it has not so far been possible to carry out the archaeological work needed to positively identify them. The complex consists chiefly of one more or less square moated area of 30m by 40m, surrounded by water-filled ditches. A rectangular platform which lies to the west is partly ditched and approximately 100m across; it has the appearance of part of a formal garden. There is a narrow bank across it 20m from the west end, which may conceal a buried wall; it encloses part of the west end, but is unclear at its southern corner. A 30m length of water may have been a symmetrical pond. The remainder of the earthworks continue on a layout almost at right angles to the rest. What is only visible is a medieval dovecote.

Community
The ecclesiastical parish is Aubourn with Haddington which is part of The Bassingham Group of the Deanery of Graffoe. The parish church is St Peter's in Aubourn. As at 2014 the incumbent is the Revd Canon Nick Buck. The Bassingham group is very active, styling itself Withamside United Parish.

The mobile library visits every month.

There is no scheduled bus route but flexible public transport serves the parish.

title: Haddington, Lincolnshire


text:
Kaolack Region

The Kaolack region is a region in Senegal. It borders Gambia and is a common stopping point for travel between Dakar and Banjul. Its borders correspond roughly to the Saalum Kingdom of precolonial days, and the area is still spoken of as the Saalum in Wolof, and its inhabitants are called Saalum-Saalum.

Kaolack city is the administrative centre for the region. It is a port on the Saloum River. Lying in a farm area, Kaolack is a major peanut marketing and exporting center and has a large peanut oil factory. Brewing, leather tanning, cotton ginning, and fish processing are also important industries. Salt is produced from salines near the Saloum River. The city is on the railroad from Dakar to the Niger River in Mali. Kaolack is the international centre of the Ibrahimiyyah branch of the Tijaniyyah Sufi order, whose mosque is on the city's outskirts.

Departments
The Kaolack Region is subdivided into three departments:
 * Guinguinéo Département
 * Kaolack Département
 * Nioro du Rip Département

title: Kaolack Region


text:
Claude Bachand

Claude Bachand (born January 3, 1951, in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec) is a Quebec politician who represented the riding of Saint-Jean in the House of Commons of Canada from 1993 until 2011 as a member of the Bloc Québécois. Bachand was the National Defence critic for the Bloc Québécois. Before entering politics, Bachand was an educator.

Bachand ran for mayor of Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu in the 2013 and 2017 municipal elections, losing both times.

title: Claude Bachand


text:
Tobermory, Mull

Tobermory (Tobar Mhoire) is the capital of, and until 1973 the only burgh on, the Isle of Mull in the Scottish Inner Hebrides. It is located on the east coast of Mishnish, the most northerly part of the island, near the northern entrance of the Sound of Mull. The village was founded as a fishing port in 1788; its layout was based on the designs of Dumfriesshire engineer Thomas Telford. As of 2022 its population was 1,045. It is notable as the location for the 2002–05 children's programme Balamory by the BBC.

Etymology
The name Tobermory is derived from the Gaelic Tobar Mhoire, meaning "Mary's well". The name refers to a well located nearby which was dedicated in ancient times to the Virgin Mary.

Prehistory and archaeology
Archaeological excavations have taken place at Baliscate just outside of the town. The site was first noted by Hylda Marsh and Beverley Langhorn as part of the Scotland's Rural Past. In 2009, it was partially excavated by Time Team and a further longer excavation took place in 2012 as part of a community archaeology project through the Mull Museum.

The different excavations found that there was a sixth-century agricultural settlement which was either adopted or replaced by a seventh-century Christian community with a chapel and cemetery. In the late 11th or early 12th century, a stone and turf structure was built which was probably a longhouse or hall. Then, in the late 13th or early 14th century, a wattle and turf structure was built over these earlier structures. That then burnt down and was replaced by a new stone and turf structure. It was used from the 16th to 19th century intermittently. All of which showed that people had been living and working in the Tobermory area for over 1,000 years before the village was founded.

The site is now a listed monument.

History
Legend has it that the wreck of a Spanish galleon, laden with gold, lies somewhere in the mud at the bottom of Tobermory Bay—although the ship's true identity, and cargo, are in dispute. By some accounts, the Florencia (or Florida, or San Francisco), a member of the defeated Spanish Armada fleeing the English fleet in 1588, anchored in Tobermory to take on provisions. Following a dispute over payment (or possibly, according to local folklore, a spell cast by the witch Dòideag), the ship caught fire and the gunpowder magazine exploded, sinking the vessel. In her hold, reputedly, was £300,000 worth of gold bullion. Other sources claim the vessel was the San Juan de Sicilia (or San Juan de Baptista), which, records indicate, carried troops, not treasure. Whatever the true story, no significant treasure has ever been recovered in Tobermory Bay.

Seventeenth-century efforts to salvage the treasure are well-documented. The Duke of Lennox gifted rights to Spanish wrecks near Tobermory to the Marquess of Argyll. In 1666, his son the Earl of Argyll engaged James Maule of Melgum to use diving bells to find treasure, and recover the valuable brass cannon. Maule had learnt diving in Sweden, but raised only two brass guns and an iron cannon, and left after three months. It was later said he had hoped to return, thinking he was the only expert diver. Argyll however raised six cannon by workmen under his direction, and next employed John Saint Clare, or Sinclair, son of the minister of Ormiston, in 1676 and a German sub-contractor Hans Albricht van Treileben, who had worked on the wreck of the Vasa. The next year, the earl transferred the rights to Captain Adolpho E. Smith and Treileben. At this period the fore-part of the wreck was visible above water, and was called the Admiral of Florence. The project was beset with difficulties in 1678; the Admiralty disputed Argyll's rights to the wreck. Captain Adolpho Smith refused to return the diving equipment to William Campbell, captain of the earl's frigate, the Anna of Argyll. The McLean clan fought the divers on land at Tobermory, led by Hector McLean, brother of Lachlan McLean of Torloisk.

The largest attempt made to locate the galleon was in 1950 when the then Duke of Argyll signed a contract with the British Admiralty to locate the galleon. Nothing came of the attempt, apart from the development of equipment still used today to locate ancient sunk vessels. Owing to similarities in sailing conditions, in the mid-1800s emigrant sailors created the community of Tobermory in Ontario, Canada. This namesake town has twin harbours, known locally as "Big Tub" and "Little Tub", which sheltered ships from the severe storms of Lake Huron. During the Second World War, Tobermory was home to the Royal Navy training base HMS Western Isles, under the command of the legendary Vice admiral Sir Gilbert Stephenson, the so-called "Terror of Tobermory". His biography was written by broadcaster Richard Baker, who trained under him.

Demographics
As of 2003, 71% of Tobermory residents were born in Scotland, 23% in England and 6% elsewhere.

Attractions
Many of the buildings on Main Street, predominantly shops and restaurants, are painted in various bright colours, making it a popular location for television programmes, such as the children's show Balamory. The burgh hosts the Mull Museum, the Tobermory whisky distillery (and from 2005 to 2009 there was also a brewery, the Isle of Mull brewing company) as well as Mull Aquarium, the first catch and release aquarium in Europe. The clock tower on the harbour wall is a noted landmark. The town also contains an arts centre, An Tobar, the management of which was merged with Mull Theatre in 2012 to form the umbrella arts organisation Comar. The theatre remains, based just outside Tobermory in Drumfin, and is used by youth and adult dance and drama groups, hosting a wide variety of performances. Staffa Tours popular boat tours leave from Tobermory to visit the Treshnish Isles and Fingals Cave on Staffa.

Tobermorite, a calcium silicate hydrate found near Tobermory in 1880, was named after the town.

Notable residents

 * Isabella Bird (1831–1904), the Victorian traveller and writer, frequently stayed in the town, where her sister Henrietta had a house. She often assisted the local doctor and, on at least one occasion, served as anaesthetist when he removed a tumour from a local woman. When Henrietta died, she funded the building of the clock tower as a memorial to her sister.
 * Janet MacDonald, gold medal winner at Scotland's Royal National Mòd.
 * Duncan MacGilp, gold medal winner at Scotland's Royal National Mòd.
 * Three generations of the MacIntyre family:
 * Colin MacIntyre, a singer-songwriter
 * Kenny Macintyre, sports broadcaster for BBC Scotland
 * Kenny Macintyre (1944–1999), political correspondent for BBC Scotland
 * Angus MacIntyre, poet and so-called 'Bard of Mull'
 * Donald McLean (1805–1864), emigrated to Canada before he was 20 and became a fur trader and explorer for the Hudson's Bay Company in the New Caledonia and Columbia Department fur districts, rising to the position of Chief Trader at Thompson's River Post (Fort Kamloops) in the then-Colony of British Columbia. He was the last casualty of the Chilcotin War of 1864; his "halfbreed" sons were known as the Wild McLean Boys and were tried and hanged for murder.
 * Bobby McLeod, accordionist, lived in the town from his birth in 1925 until his death in 1991, and owned the Mishnish Hotel.
 * Prof George Ritchie Thomson FRSE, military surgeon, born in Tobermory in 1865.

Annual events
The visit of the composer Felix Mendelssohn in 1829, en route to Staffa, is commemorated in the annual Mendelssohn on Mull Festival. Other highlights of the town's calendar include an annual Traditional Music Festival held on the last weekend in April, the local Mòd, which takes place on the second Saturday in September and has established itself as one of the best local Mòds on the circuit, the Mull Fiddler's Rally, also in September, and the traditional Mull Highland Games held every summer.

Literary associations
The fictional town of Torbay in Alistair MacLean's novel When Eight Bells Toll was based on Tobermory, and much of the 1971 movie was filmed in the town and other parts of Mull. The writer Saki gave the name to a cat taught to speak English in one of his most famous short stories. and two well-loved children's TV series have made use of the town's name. Elisabeth Beresford called one of The Wombles 'Tobermory', and more recently the town played host to its almost-namesake Balamory for three years (2002–2005). Other films made in the area include the 1945 Powell and Pressburger classic I Know Where I'm Going!. In the 44 Scotland Street series by Alexander McCall Smith (1933–), volume 7 - titled Bertie Plays the Blues - has baby triplets named Tobermory, Rognvald, and Fergus. In the children's animated feature, Nocturna, the Cat Shepherd's faithful cat, is called Tobermory.

Transport
Ferries sail between Tobermory and the mainland to Kilchoan on the Ardnamurchan peninsula, but principal access to the island is via ferry between Oban and Craignure. Craignure is around 22 mi from Tobermory. This is the main route for visitors to the island. An additional ferry sails between Lochaline on the mainland and Fishnish.

title: Tobermory, Mull


text:
November 1982 Irish general election

The November 1982 Irish general election to the 24th Dáil was held on Wednesday, 24 November, three weeks after the dissolution of the 23rd Dáil on 4 November by President Patrick Hillery, on the request of Taoiseach Charles Haughey following a defeat of the government in a motion of confidence. The general election took place in 41 Dáil constituencies throughout Ireland for 166 seats in Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas.

The 24th Dáil met at Leinster House on 14 December to nominate the Taoiseach for appointment by the president and to approve the appointment of a new government of Ireland. Garret FitzGerald was appointed Taoiseach, forming the 19th government of Ireland, a coalition government of Fine Gael and the Labour Party.

Campaign
The second general election of 1982 took place just nine months after the election in February of the same year. It was the first time there had been three general elections within eighteen months.

The general election was caused by the loss of support of the Independent Teachta Dála (TD) Tony Gregory and the Workers' Party for the Fianna Fáil government. This was due to the government introducing substantial budget cuts, which the left-wing TDs would not support. While economic issues dominated the campaign, the parties were weary of having to fight yet another general election.

Result

 * }

Independents include Independent Fianna Fáil (7,997 votes, 1 seat).

Government formation
Fine Gael and the Labour Party formed the 19th government of Ireland, a majority coalition.

Fine Gael recorded its best election result until 2011, coming within five seats of Fianna Fáil; at other times (such as 1977) Fianna Fáil had been twice as big as Fine Gael. The Labour Party had a new leader with Dick Spring. A programme for government was quickly drawn up and Garret FitzGerald of Fine Gael became Taoiseach for the second time. The poor showing for Fianna Fáil resulted in a leadership challenge to Charles Haughey by his opponents within the party. Haughey won the vote of confidence and remained as leader.

Dáil membership changes
The following changes took place as a result of the election:
 * 5 outgoing TDs retired
 * 1 vacant seat at election time
 * 159 outgoing TDs stood for re-election (also John O'Connell, the outgoing Ceann Comhairle who was automatically returned)
 * 138 of those were re-elected
 * 21 failed to be re-elected
 * 27 successor TDs were elected
 * 18 were elected for the first time
 * 9 had previously been TDs
 * There were 6 successor female TDs, increasing the total by 6 to 14.
 * There were changes in 22 of the 41 constituencies contested

Where more than one change took place in a constituency the concept of successor is an approximation for presentation only.

Seanad election
The Dáil election was followed in early 1983 by an election to the 17th Seanad.

title: November 1982 Irish general election


text:
William Edmondstoune Aytoun

William Edmondstoune "W. E." Aytoun FRSE (21 June 1813 – 4 August 1865) was a Scottish poet, lawyer by training, and professor of rhetoric and belles lettres at the University of Edinburgh. He published poetry, translation, prose fiction, criticism and satire and was a lifelong contributor to the Edinburgh literary periodical Blackwood's Magazine. He was also a collector of Scottish ballads.

In the early 1850s, Professor Aytoun lent his name as a supporter of the fledgling National Association for the Vindication of Scottish Rights. His distinctive legacy as a teacher has led to him being called the 'first modern professor of English Literature'.

Early life and education
Aytoun was born at 21 Abercromby Place in the New Town of Edinburgh, the only son of Joan Keir (1771–1861) and Roger Aytoun WS (1769–1843), Director of the Chancery of Scotland. His parents were both Episcopalians. To his mother, a woman of culture, he owed his early fondness for literature (including ballad poetry), his political sympathies, and his admiration for the House of Stuart. He also counted poet Sir Robert Aytoun (died 1638) among his relatives.

At the age of eleven years William was sent to the Edinburgh Academy, and subsequently entered the University of Edinburgh.

Travels and writings
Aytoun published his first book, Poland, Homer, and other Poems, in 1832, at the age of 19. This work expressed fervent concern for the cause of Poland. In 1833, he journeyed to London where he spent a few months studying law, but decided in September of that year to travel on to Aschaffenburg where he studied German. While in Germany he made a blank verse translation of the first part of Goethe's Faust; but it was never published, forestalled by other translations. He remained in Germany until April 1834.

On returning to Scotland, Aytoun resumed his legal studies in his father's chambers. He was admitted a writer to the signet in 1835, and five years later certified a Scottish lawyer. By his own confession, though he followed the law, he never could "overtake" it.

Aytoun was a contributor to the Edinburgh literary periodical Blackwood's Magazine, beginning in 1836 with the magazine's acceptance of his translations from Uhland. In 1839 he joined the staff of Blackwood's, an association which he maintained until the end of his life. His contributions to the periodical included humorous prose stories, such as The Glenmutchkin Railway, How I Became a Yeoman, and How I Stood for the Dreepdaily Burghs, a partly autobiographical novel, Norman Sinclair, and the work upon which his reputation as a poet is chiefly based, his Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers (1848).

In around 1841, Aytoun became acquainted with Theodore Martin, and in association with him wrote a series of humorous articles on the fashions and follies of the time, in which were interspersed the verses which afterwards became popular as the Bon Gaultier Ballads (1855).

His reputation as a keen satirist is also demonstrated by his dramatic verse Firmilian, a Spasmodic Tragedy, or The Student of Badajoz (1854) under the nom-de-plume of T. Percy Jones, a mock-tragedy in which he parodied the poems of the Spasmodic poets. It was intended to satirise a group of poets and critics, including George Gilfillan, Sydney Thompson Dobell, Philip James Bailey, and Alexander Smith. His parody played a decisive role in ending the vogue for such works.

University appointment and political affiliations
In 1845, Aytoun was appointed professor of rhetoric and belles lettres at the University of Edinburgh. His lectures attracted large numbers of students, raising the attendance from 30 to 150.

His services in support of the Tory party, especially during the Anti-Corn-Law struggle, received official recognition with his appointment in 1852 as Sheriff of Orkney and Shetland, a role he served for 13 years.

In 1853 Aytoun supported the National Association for the Vindication of Scottish Rights, sharing a platform as speaker with Lord Eglinton at the two defining public meetings held on behalf of the Association that year in Edinburgh and Glasgow.

Freemasonry
Ayntoun was initiated into Scottish Freemasonry in Lodge Canongate Kilwinning, No. 2, on 9 March 1836. He served as Master of that Lodge for 1839.

Family life
William Aytoun was married to Jane Emily Wilson, the daughter of Professor John Wilson (Christopher North). She died in 1859 and he then remarried, his second wife being Fearnie Jemima Kinnear, who died in 1904. He had no children by either wife.

Death
He died at home, 16 Great Stuart Street on the Moray Estate, on 4 August 1865.

He is buried close to Professor Wilson in the south section of Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh.

title: William Edmondstoune Aytoun


text:
Saint-Louis Region

The Saint-Louis Region (Région de Saint-Louis) of Senegal is on the border with Mauritania. Its capital is Saint-Louis.

Famous for the cast iron bridge in its capital, built by French colonialists in the 19th century, the region includes the Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary, home to thousands of birds, some indigenous to the area.

Départements
Saint-Louis region is divided into 3 départements:
 * Dagana Département
 * Podor Département
 * Saint-Louis Département

Geography
Saint-Louis is traversed by the northwesterly line of equal latitude and longitude.

title: Saint-Louis Region


text:
Larry Bagnell

Lawrence Bagnell (born December 19, 1949) is a former Canadian politician who served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for the riding of Yukon from 2000 to 2011 and again from 2015 to 2021. He served as a member of the Liberal Party of Canada.

Early life
Bagnell was born in Toronto, Ontario.

A graduate of the University of Toronto, Bagnell holds a Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science.

In 1999, Bagnell was recognized by the City of Whitehorse with the Volunteer of the Year Award for his long record of community service, including terms as President of the Yukon chapter of the United Way, President of Yukon Learn Society, and President of the Skookum Jim Friendship Centre.

Political career
Bagnell ran for a seat to the House of Commons of Canada in the 2000 Canadian federal election. He won the Yukon defeating incumbent Louise Hardy by 70 votes. He was re-elected in the 2004 federal election with close to half of the votes. Under the Paul Martin government, he served as the Parliamentary Secretary to both the Minister of Natural Resources and Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development.

He was again re-elected in the 2006 election, increasing both his number and percentage of votes. In February 2006, a local newspaper in Whitehorse, Yukon suggested that he be a candidate in the upcoming Liberal leadership race.

In February 2006, Bagnell was named the Critic for Northern Affairs in the Shadow Cabinet of Opposition leader Bill Graham, a role he continued to serve throughout his years in opposition.

On August 25, 2006, he announced that he was supporting Michael Ignatieff for the leadership of the Liberal Party of Canada.

Bagnell ran for a fourth term in the 2008 federal election. He won a tight four-way race defeating future Yukon Premier Darrell Pasloski and two other candidates.

Bagnell ran for his fifth term in the 2011 federal election but was defeated by Conservative candidate Ryan Leef, finishing second place out of four candidates in a closely contested election. Leef had campaigned on Bagnell voting in favour of the long gun registry, which was unpopular in the constituency.

Four years later, Bagnell sought a rematch with Leef, and defeated him decisively to regain his seat in the House of Commons. He was thereafter named as the chair of the Standing Committee on Procedure and House Affairs.

In March 2016, Bagnell was elected as the Vice-Chair of the Standing Committee of Parliamentarians of the Arctic Region (SCPAR), an international committee of delegates from eight Arctic states (Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, the United States) and the European Parliament.

At the 2016 Maclean's magazine Parliamentarians of the Year Awards, Bagnell was recognized by his peers with the award for Best Constituency MP.

In the 2019 election, Bagnell defeated conservative challenger Jonas Smith by a margin of only 153 votes, tied for the narrowest result of any electoral district in the country with Port Moody—Coquitlam (also 153 votes).

Following the 2019 election, Bagnell was appointed as the Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Economic Development and Official Languages (Canadian Northern Economic Development Agency). He also served as a member of Standing Committee on National Defence. Bagnell did not run in the 2021 federal election.

Territorial

 * NDP
 * Dave Sloan
 * align="right"| 486
 * align="right"| 40.7%
 * align="right"| -1.6%

 * Liberal
 * Larry Bagnell
 * align="right"| 383
 * align="right"| 32.1%
 * align="right"| +0.2%

! align=left colspan=3|Total ! align=right| 1195 ! align=right| 100.0% ! align=right| –
 * }

}

 * NDP
 * Dave Sloan
 * align="right"| 433
 * align="right"| 42.3%
 * align="right"| -3.3%

 * Liberal
 * Larry Bagnell
 * align="right"| 326
 * align="right"| 31.9%
 * align="right"| +14.8%

!align="left" colspan=3|Total ! align=right| 1023 ! align=right| 100.0% ! align=right| –
 * - bgcolor="white"

 * On the resignation of Tony Penikett, 1995

title: Larry Bagnell


text:
February 1982 Irish general election

The February 1982 Irish general election to the 23rd Dáil was held on Thursday, 18 February, three weeks after the dissolution of the 22nd Dáil on 27 January by President Patrick Hillery on the request of Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald on the defeat of the government's budget. The general election took place in 41 Dáil constituencies throughout Ireland for 166 seats in Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas.

The 23rd Dáil met at Leinster House on 9 March to nominate the Taoiseach for appointment by the president and to approve the appointment of a new government of Ireland. Charles Haughey was appointed Taoiseach, forming the 18th government of Ireland, a minority single-party Fianna Fáil government.

Campaign
The first general election of 1982 was caused by the sudden collapse of the Fine Gael–Labour Party coalition government when the budget was defeated. The Minister for Finance, John Bruton, attempted to put VAT on children's shoes. This measure was rejected by Jim Kemmy, a left-wing independent Teachta Dála, and Joe Sherlock of Sinn Féin The Workers' Party. The Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald immediately sought a dissolution of the Dáil. However, while he was with President Patrick Hillery at Áras an Uachtaráin, a number of Fianna Fáil members attempted to telephone the president, urging him not to grant a dissolution. If the president refused a dissolution, FitzGerald would have to resign and the Dáil would have an opportunity to nominate a new Taoiseach – with Haughey hoping to re-enter office. The attempt to contact the President was highly unconstitutional, as the President can only take advice from the Taoiseach. In the event, a dissolution was granted and the general election campaign began.

The campaign was largely fought on economic issues. Spending cuts were a reality for whatever party won, but the scale of the cuts were played down by all parties. Fine Gael proposed to continue the policies that it had been implementing while in office. The Fianna Fáil leader Charles Haughey dismissed the need for budget cuts when the campaign first began; however, the need for realism soon became apparent, and the party adopted similar policies that involved budget cuts.

Result
Independents include Independent Fianna Fáil (11,732 votes, 1 seat).
 * }

Government formation
Fianna Fáil formed the 18th Government of Ireland, a minority government.

Fianna Fáil emerged as the largest party and looked most likely to form a government. However, internal divisions within the party threatened Charles Haughey's nomination for Taoiseach. In the end a leadership challenge did not take place, and Haughey was the party's nominee for Taoiseach. Haughey gained the support of the Independent Socialist TD Tony Gregory, the Independent Fianna Fáil TD Neil Blaney and the three Sinn Féin the Workers' Party deputies, and was appointed Taoiseach.

Dáil membership changes
The following changes took place as a result of the election:
 * 7 outgoing TDs retired
 * 1 vacant seat at election time
 * 157 outgoing TDs stood for re-election (also John O'Connell, the outgoing Ceann Comhairle, who was automatically returned)
 * 136 of those were re-elected
 * 21 failed to be re-elected
 * 29 successor TDs were elected
 * 21 were elected for the first time
 * 8 had previously been TDs
 * There was 1 successor female TD, who replaced 4 outgoing; thus the total decreased by 3 to 8.
 * There were changes in 26 of 41 constituencies

Where more than one change took place in a constituency the concept of successor is an approximation for presentation only.

Seanad election
The Dáil election was followed by an election to the 16th Seanad.

title: February 1982 Irish general election


text:
Pink gin

Pink gin was historically used to refer to a cocktail made fashionable in England in the mid-19th century, consisting of Plymouth gin and a dash of Angostura bitters, a dark red bitters that makes the whole drink pinkish. In recent years, the term Pink gin has also been used to define a specific category of gin where a range of fruits and flavourings are infused into the gin to give it a pink color.

Lemon rind is also commonly used as a garnish, with the citrus essential oils subtly complementing the flavour.

Origins
Pink gin is widely thought to have been created by members of the Royal Navy. Plymouth gin is a 'sweet' gin, as opposed to London gin which is 'dry', and was added to Angostura bitters to make the consumption of Angostura bitters more enjoyable as they were used as a treatment for sea sickness in 1824 by Dr. Johann Gottlieb Benjamin Siegert.

The Royal Navy then brought the idea for the drink to bars in England, where this method of serving was first noted on the mainland. By the 1870s, gin was becoming increasingly popular and many of the finer establishments in England were serving pink gins.

Variations
A typical pink gin is one part gin and one dash of angostura bitters.

Though there are no major variations of pink gin, many bartenders vary the amount of angostura bitters used. Typically the drink is topped up with iced water, rarely without water.

A bartender may ask customers whether they want it "in or out", upon which the bartender swirls the angostura bitters around the glass before either leaving it in, or pouring it out (leaving only a residue), and then adding the gin.

It is also common for pink gin to be served as 'pink gin and tonic', typically consisting of 4 dashes of angostura bitters and 2 shots of gin, which is then topped up with tonic water. This is served in a highball glass over ice, and then can be garnished with lemon.

Cedric Charles Dickens (great-grandson of Charles Dickens) records in Drinking With Dickens that a 'Burnt Pink Gin' consists of 1 tsp Angostura set afire by heating over a flame and then poured into a large tot of dry gin, adding cold water to taste.

title: Pink gin


text:
Talk:Nazareth

Proof read before posting important pages like this. It looks extremely illiterate. People go to Wikipedia for correct information. Use of proper words would be expected. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 162.221.131.70 (talk) 08:48, 4 October 2022 (UTC)

Nazareth Village
The article links to http://www.uhl.ac/nazareth.htm, describing a visitor center called "Nazareth Village". The official webpage for Nazareth Village is "www.nazarethvillage.com".

The Nazareth Flag
Can anyone add the Nazareth Flag ?

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 22 August 2023
Nazareth is an occupied Palestinian territory, it is not located in Israel 2601:646:9800:A1E0:B5FC:F8A:7BF8:7BDE (talk) 14:46, 22 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Leaving aside the whole "is X in Israel or Palestine" argument, from what I can tell, Nazareth does not appear to be in the Palestinian territories Cannolis (talk) 18:14, 22 August 2023 (UTC)

Nazareth
Is it possible that this Article was written by people who don't have a clue of what's going on? 2600:1700:9B01:1A0:DD03:7F2C:670C:17C6 (talk) 05:35, 30 September 2023 (UTC)

Taha Muhammad Ali 78.163.219.61 (talk) 04:57, 5 July 2024 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 19 July 2024
( 1922) = (1922) 2603:8000:D300:3650:1848:7828:5A05:8CCD (talk) 08:03, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Charliehdb (talk) 13:10, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I think the complaint is in regards to the formatting of a specific cited source. I show an extra space in the year, if it matters. King keudo (talk) 15:18, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ I also changed the info to include the Christian and Muslim population, Huldra (talk) 23:32, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nazareth


text:
DJ Marky

Marco Antonio da Silva known professionally as DJ Marky, is a Brazilian drum and bass DJ.

Together with DJ Patife, XRS Land and Drumagick, Brazilians were forging a new sound in drum and bass that became popular around the world with releases such as LK and Só Tinha Que Ser Com Você.

Career
He was brought to the attention of the English DJ Bryan Gee, head of V Recordings, who saw Marky playing in a club in São Paulo in 1998. He invited the DJ to play in London. This experience resulted in a residency at the club Movement, a subsequent residency at The End club, work for the UK's BBC Radio 1, and global popularity.

Marky got started in drum and bass in 1992, but by 1997, he went to London and met DJ Hype and Goldie. In 1999, he was awarded "Best New DJ" by the UK music critics. The recording sessions of his album Working the Mix happened in his house, with two pick-ups, one mixer and vinyl albums. His appeal became more widespread after a two-hour set on BBC Radio 1's Essential Mix in March 2004, and his album In Rotation.

In 2006, DJ Marky played the Lovebox Festival in Victoria Park, east London, as one of the headline acts. In 2012, DJ Marky was a special guest playing at Norman Jay MBE's "Good Times Sound System" at Notting Hill Carnival.

DJ Marky released the album Influences: Compiled & Mixed by DJ Marky through BBE music in August 2008.

Some of Marky's songs can be found on the video game, FIFA Street 2. DJ Marky has released music on Innerground Records (a subsidiary of Bulldozer Media).

DJ Marky was managed by Edo van Duijn and Oliver Brown until 2017.

Albums

 * The Time Is Right (2023)
 * My Heroes (2015)
 * Fabriclive 55 (2011)
 * In Rotation (2004)

Singles

 * "The Brazilian Job" (with DJ Patife & ESOM feat. Fernando Porto) (2001)
 * "LK (Carolina Carol Bela)" (with Xerxes de Oliveira & Stamina MC) (2002)
 * "Untitled / Brown Sugar" (2003)
 * "Special Lady / Montpellier" (with A Sides) (2005)
 * "Battle Mix Volume 2" (with Total Science & Ayah) (2007)
 * "Battle Mix Volume 3" (with Total Science) (2007)
 * "Moodswings Part 1" (with Muffler & Bungle) (2008)
 * "Super Bass / Outside Moon" (with Drumagick) (2009)
 * "Ya Thang" (2012)
 * "After Midnight / Break The Spell" (with Invaderz) (2013)
 * "Silly VIP / Ready To Go" (2017)

Audio links

 * DJ Marky mix from springeight festival
 * DJ Marky Live at The End podcast

title: DJ Marky


text:
Franciscus Gomarus

Franciscus Gomarus (François Gomaer; 30 January 1563 – 11 January 1641) was a Dutch theologian, a strict Calvinist and an opponent of the teaching of Jacobus Arminius (and his followers), whose theological disputes were addressed at the Synod of Dort (or Dordrecht) (1618–19).

Life
Gomarus was born in Bruges. His parents, having embraced the principles of the Reformation, emigrated from Bruges to the Electorate of the Palatinate in 1578, in order to enjoy freedom to profess their new faith, and they sent their son to be educated at Strasbourg under Johann Sturm. He remained there three years, and then went in 1580 to Neustadt, from which the professors of Heidelberg had been driven by the elector-palatine because they were not Lutherans. Here his teachers in theology were Zacharius Ursinus (1534–83), Hieronymus Zanchius (1560–90), and Daniel Tossanus (1541–1602). Crossing to England towards the end of 1582, he attended the lectures of John Rainolds (1549–1607) at Oxford, and those of William Whitaker at Cambridge. He graduated from Cambridge in 1584, and then went to Heidelberg, where the faculty had been re-established by this time. He was pastor of a Dutch Reformed Church in Frankfurt from 1587 until 1593, when the congregation was dispersed by persecution. In 1594 he was appointed professor of theology at the University of Leiden, and before going there received the degree of doctor from the University of Heidelberg.

Theology
Gomarus taught quietly at Leiden until 1603, when Jacobus Arminius came to be one of his colleagues in the theological faculty, and began to teach what Gomarus viewed as essentially Pelagian doctrines and to create a new school of theology within the university. Gomarus immediately set himself earnestly to oppose these beliefs in his classes at college, and was supported by Johann B. Bogermann (1570–1637), who afterwards became professor of theology at Franeker. Arminius sought to make election dependent upon faith, whilst they sought to enforce absolute predestination as the rule of faith, according to which the whole Scriptures are to be interpreted. Gomarus then became the leader of the opponents of Arminius, who came to be known as Gomarists (Dutch: contra-remonstranten).

He engaged twice in personal disputation with Arminius in the assembly of the States of Holland in 1608, and was one of five Gomarists who met five Remonstrants (Arminians) in the same assembly of 1609. On the death of Arminius shortly after this time, Konrad Vorstius, who sympathized with Arminius's views, was appointed to succeed him, in spite of the opposition of Gomarus and his friends. Gomarus took this defeat badly, resigned his post, and went to Middelburg in 1611, where he became preacher at the Reformed church, and taught theology and Hebrew in the newly founded Illustre Schule.

He was then called in 1614 to a chair of theology at the Academy of Saumur, where he remained four years, and then accepted a call as professor of theology and Hebrew at Groningen, where he stayed until his death in Groningen on 11 January 1641. Gomarus, despite his position as a professor of Hebrew, urged that restrictions be placed on the Jews.

Synod of Dort
Gomarus took a leading part in the Synod of Dort (or Dordrecht), assembled in 1618 to judge of the doctrines of Arminius. He was a man of ability, enthusiasm and learning, a considerable Oriental scholar, and also a keen controversialist. He took part in revising the Dutch translation of the Old Testament in 1633. After his death, the Lyra Davidis was published, in which he sought to explain the meter of Biblical Hebrew poetry, and which created some controversy at the time, having been opposed by Louis Cappel. His works were collected and published in a one volume folio, in Amsterdam in 1645. He was succeeded at Groningen in 1643 by his pupil Samuel Maresius (1599–1673).

title: Franciscus Gomarus