text:
Talk:Siege engine

2003

 * Try Mangonel, although it is pretty stubby. Adam Bishop 18:56, 14 Dec 2003 (UTC)

- This page could use some additions. The arbalest, for example. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 167.1.106.100 (talk • contribs)

Petrari needed as sapping links here/ Leonard G. 02:25, 11 Aug 2004 (UTC)

The article seems pretty stubby. HistoryManiac 14:21, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

The arbalest is no siege engine, but soon some wonderful Chinese siege engines will come + images Wandalstouring 11:47, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

Edits by Tamrhind
I reverted the edits for a number of reasons. One was some of the edits came straight from the worldnet site. Others had no cite in them. --statsone 05:03, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

Intro line
The intro line to this page is wrong. Only some siege engines were made for breaking or overcoming walls. The most popular forms (mangonel, onager, ballista, etc) were used as to kill enemies, not fortifications. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.161.105.83 (talk) 17:07, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

What type of catapult is it?
The word catapult confuses me slightly; in the sketched picture in the section about Roman siege engines, there is a machine called 'catapult'. But according to the article catapult, a catapult seem to be a general, non-handheld, projectile propeling siege weapon. The catapult shown in the picture in this article is classical though. Does anyone know if that model is called anything else than just 'catapult'? --Kri (talk) 01:00, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

Sow
The term sow is on the disambiguation page, which directs one to this page, siege engine. But the word sow is not on the page anywhere. Any chance of someone who knows what it means, and could add it? I read the term in a historical fiction book, Brother Cadfael's Penance by Ellis Peters, last in her Cadfael series set in the 12th century, in the Anarchy. Lots of maps as part of the book, but no drawings of the weapons for the siege included in the plot. Prairieplant (talk) 17:35, 27 December 2012 (UTC) I found the term sow in the siege tower entry, but no sketch or photo. So I added siege tower to the disambiguation page. Does the battering ram in the first photo have a sow covering it, or is that all one device? Other sites indicate sow and cat might be synonyms -- meant to shelter attackers from the fire of the defenders. Prairieplant (talk) 18:00, 27 December 2012 (UTC)

 * This page is no longer on the sow disambiguation page. Solely to the siege tower entry, for military usage. Does that suffice for proper explanation of the term? --Prairieplant (talk) 00:46, 25 October 2013 (UTC)

OR?
From the article:

"Siege weapons are considered obsolete, owing to the effectiveness of aircraft-delivered munitions and cruise missiles which have made defensive area fortifications obsolete. The only cost-effective static defensive structures are now deep bunkers used for military command and control. Even these fixed assets are of questionable value, as it appears that the most survivable command and control of mobile defensive forces (such as modern tactical and strategic aircraft, mechanized cavalry and mechanized infantry) are through decentralized command and the use of mobile command centers."

This looks like OR, as since before World War II it is cities and not defensive area fortifications that have been besieged. Defensive area fortifications were largely obsolete by the end of the Napoleonic wars and of course that had nothing to do with "aircraft-delivered munitions and cruise missiles".

While specialised siege guns as not being built in large numbers (there of course the odd super gun that has been constructed), the use of artillery in sieges is not redundant as was shown in the Battle of Grozny (1999–2000) and for many armed forces, the availability of artillery is an important constituent of any siege and assault on a city, because apart from the effectiveness of artillery they may not have vast quantities of aeroplanes or cruise missiles. Also if it is a matter delivering tonnage as was pointed out by Nikolai Bersarin about the Battle of Berlin: "the Western Allies had dropped 65,000 tons of explosives on the city in the course of more than two years; whereas the Red Army had expended 40,000 tons in merely two weeks". -- PBS (talk) 17:44, 13 September 2014 (UTC)

 * I agree with you, it does feel like OR (and quite possibly inaccurate OR at that). Hchc2009 (talk) 17:51, 13 September 2014 (UTC)

 * Removed. The paragraph is not only OR, but plain wrong. While traditional fortresses are no longer common, engines designed to bust bunkers and the like continue to thrive. They just aren't specifically called "siege" engines because modern tactics try to avoid anything remotely resembling a siege. --A D Monroe III (talk) 16:35, 29 August 2017 (UTC)

Wicker screens
Hello and, one more exchange of reverts, and this is an edit war in 24 hours, so I hope this is the end of reverting. The OED link is interesting, but can be read only by those with an account at the British Library. Discussing screens for use during construction of siege equipment One source I found online says this about when the wicker screens were used in Roman Empire sieges: "Once an attack began, the defender's walls could be overcome by building a ramp (agger) up against them using trees, earth and rocks. Whilst this was being done the attackers would be protected by temporary covers such as a fire-proof wooden shelter (vinca) known as the tortoise or the more mobile convex wicker shield known as a pluteus. They would also be given a covering fire from artillery batteries and archers and could then scale the last part of the walls using ladders (scalae). Artillery fire might also rain down on the city from those mounted on ships in the harbour. The defenders could try to extend the height of the wall section under threat from a ramp (as happened at Jotapata when attacked by Vespasian in the 70s CE), build a second defensive wall behind the part under attack (as at Masada in 74 CE), or even add towers in the cat and mouse game of a long siege." Source https://www.ancient.eu/Roman_Siege_Warfare/

If that source is suitable, perhaps it could be used in this article in the paragraph on Roman Empire sieges and the tactics using the engines in their almost always winning sieges. It is an online encyclopedia that describes the review process for articles, and the author of this article cites his sources. It would add a citation to this article, which is considered to be short on inline citations by others. I am not an expert in this field, just an editor interested in good clear articles, and in siege engines, to understand historical events. --Prairieplant (talk) 22:17, 19 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Thank you for brining this up! All the OED says is that in a Roman military context, the term refers to a "movable wooden frame used to protect soldiers during a siege". The edit war you're seeing is a splillover from a manual-of-style related battle being fought somewhere else entirely. I have absolutely no knowledge of ancient warfare, and I suspect the other two don't either. You have uncovered interesting content and I think so far you're the only in a position to add it to the article. – Uanfala (talk) 22:27, 19 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Prairieplant, I've no concern that pluteus is a term used to describe a movable wicker shield wall, although your source would be a good addition to the article. What I haven't been able to verify is the use of plute as an obsolete English synonym for "pluteus". My print version of the OED (from 1975) does not not mention this -- only plute as plural form. But assuming that plute is indeed correctly cited in the OED as an alternate form, the question remains: pluteus also means a barrier or thin wall placed between columns (cf Plutei of Trajan -- does the OED specifically indicate the archaic plute form was used in the context of constructing siege engines or more generally in a military context? If it doesn't it really seems a stretch to mention it here. I mean it is one thing if there were a reliable source that specifically used the term plute in the context of Roman siege engines -- in that case some clarification about what the heck that term means is in order--but in this context the OED cite at present seems completely irrelevant. older ≠ wiser 23:10, 19 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Well, if this is what the question really is (apologies for thinking it had to with scoring a point in the other skirmish), then I guess I should restate more clearly the information provided by the OED (while refraining from commenting on the odd assumptions that sources cited by other editors are wrong unless proven otherwise). So, the OED web edition has an entry for "plute", which consists in the qualification "Roman Mil. Obs. rare.", a pointer to the definition of "Pluteus n. 1" and and example of usage (in which incidentally it is clear that reference is made to siege machinery). "Pluteus n. 1" has subentries for the Roman military meaning (already quoted above) as well as for the achitectural and the furniture meanings. – Uanfala (talk) 23:39, 19 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Thank you all,, and . Knowing exactly what the OED says about the word plute makes it clear that the terms plute, pluteus, and plutei are correctly used in this article. I added the source I found to the article, and added a sentence as well that I hope is appropriate, about the nearly perfect success of the Romans when they set about besieging a place, based on the same source. In my own searches on the word pluteus, I learned it is also in use now as the genus of a large group of mushrooms, whose tops could be described as convex screens, perhaps? Reinforcing the Latin meaning of the term long before Linnaeus started his taxonomy of plants. That is a light-hearted note on which to end our discussion.  --Prairieplant (talk) 05:31, 20 January 2018 (UTC)

Flamethrowers
"The Spartans used battering rams in the Siege of Plataea in 429 BC, but it seems that the Greeks limited their use of siege engines to assault ladders, though Peloponnesian forces used something resembling flamethrowers."

Is there a source for this? I know Greek fire was a thing and that there were siphon-like systems to use it, but I think those appeared much much later on, specially on the Byzantine era. 45.182.127.185 (talk) 02:31, 13 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Siege engine


text:
Burnham, Buckinghamshire

Burnham is a large village and civil parish that lies north of the River Thames in Buckinghamshire, between the towns of Maidenhead and Slough, about 24 miles west of Charing Cross, London. It is probably best known for the nearby Burnham Beeches woodland.

The village is served by Burnham railway station on the main line between London Paddington and Reading. The M4 motorway passes through the south of the parish.

History
The toponym is derived from the Old English for "homestead on a stream". It was first recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Burneham, when the manor was held by Walter FitzOther.

Burnham was once a very important village. The Great West Road from London to Bath passed through the extensive parish of Burnham and as a result, in 1271, a Royal charter was granted to hold a market and an annual fair. However, when the first Maidenhead Bridge crossing the Thames opened c.1280, the road was diverted to the south of Burnham (the route of the modern A4), and Burnham fell into relative decline. The market was then transferred to Maidenhead.

Today the village is nearly contiguous with west Slough, though green-buffered by parkland. At the 2011 census the civil parish had a population of 11,630 and Burnham is the traditional village nucleus.

Parish Church
The Church of England parish church of Saint Peter dates in part from the 12th century but has been substantially expanded, refurbished and altered, with major restorations in 1863–64 and 1891 and the construction of the Cornerstone Centre in 1986.

Burnham Abbey
In 1265 a Benedictine women's abbey was founded near the village by Richard, Earl of Cornwall. The community was dispersed under King Henry VIII in the dissolution of the monasteries. Since 1916, a contemplative order of Church of England Augustinian nuns has been based in the restored remains of the original abbey.

Hamlets
The parish of Burnham included a number of communities: in the 18th century the liberties assessed for the poor rate were Burnham Town, East Burnham, Boveney, Britwell, Cippenham and Wood. Boveney became a separate civil parish in 1866 Cippenham was transferred to Slough in 1930, and therefore became part of Berkshire in 1974. Britwell was transferred to the borough of Slough and to Berkshire in 1974.

The current civil parish now includes Lent Rise, Rose Hill, East Burnham, Hitcham, Littleworth and Littleworth Common.

Schools
The selective Burnham Grammar School provides secondary education

Amenities
The village has a traditional High Street, with many buildings dating from the 18th and 19th century. There are two small supermarkets and five pubs on or near the High Street, and many small independent cafes and shops. At the south end of the High Street is a large park, which contains the community centre of Burnham Park Hall and a small public library.

Burnham Football Club is a non-League football team that plays at the 1878 Stadium.

Burnham has a Local nature reserve on the eastern border of the village called Haymill Valley.

Burnham Beeches National Nature Reserve, an area of 540 acre of protected ancient woodland, lies just north of the village. Owing to its proximity to Pinewood Film & TV Studios, Burnham and its surrounding areas (in particular Burnham Beeches) feature in films, notably main scenes in Carry On films and for the 1991 film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves.

The major National Trust estate of Cliveden is about three miles northwest, in the neighbouring parish of Taplow. Dorneywood, currently the country home of the UK Chancellor of the Exchequer, is in Burnham parish.

The River Thames is about two miles south and west of the village centre. The major rowing venue of Dorney Lake is nearby. There are three golf courses (Huntswood, Lambourne, Burnham Beeches) to the north and west of the village.

Transport links
In addition to Burnham railway station (Elizabeth Line) and the nearby M4, the Chiltern Main Line and the M40 are accessible about 5 miles north at Beaconsfield while Heathrow Airport is about 12 miles east.

Notable people

 * Richard Davies vicar 1550–54 and 1559–61, Bishop of St Asaph 1560–61 then Bishop of St Davids 1561–81
 * Lord Grenville (Prime Minister 1806–07) built Dropmore House to the north of the village.
 * Charles William Sharpe – engraver
 * Mike Ashley – billionaire businessman
 * Jimmy Carr – comedian attended Burnham Grammar School
 * Susan Cooper – author
 * Armando Iannucci – writer
 * Ulrika Jonsson – TV presenter
 * Will Mellor – Actor
 * Paul Shaw – footballer
 * Tracey Ullman – comedian

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Burnham, Buckinghamshire


text:
Legality Movement Party

The Legality Movement Party (Partia Lëvizja e Legalitetit; PLL) is a monarchist political party in Albania led by Shpetim Axhami. It supports the return to power of the House of Zogu under Crown Prince Leka of the Albanians. In the 2001 parliamentary election it was part of the Union for Victory (Bashkimi për Fitoren) coalition which received 37.1% of the vote and 46 members of parliament. In the 2021 election, the PLL won 2 parliamentary seats, with Andia Ulliri becoming the youngest member of the 32nd legislature of Albania and Petrit Doda being the 9th most voted candidate in the Tirana provincial electoral zone.

PLL is member of the International Monarchist Conference.

title: Legality Movement Party


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User talk:Pcollison

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Cadmore

Cadmore, also known as Cadmore End, is a village in the civil parish of Lane End in the English county of Buckinghamshire.

Historically Cadmore End was in two parishes and two counties. Part was a detached part of the parish of Lewknor in Oxfordshire, part of a division of the parish known as Lewknor Uphill consisting of three detached parts. Part of Cadmore End was a manor in the parish of Fingest in Buckinghamshire. In 1852 it became the separate ecclesiastical parish of Cadmore End, and in 1896 the Oxfordshire part of the parish was transferred to Buckinghamshire.

The parish church of St Mary le Moor was built in 1851 and is a Grade II listed building. It replaced the mediaeval chapel with the same dedication at Ackhampstead.

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User talk:Jimduck

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snoyes 18:55, 14 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Can you provide any verification from somewhere for Shizuka Arakawa's birthday? I see multiple, unreliable sources for both December 21 and December 29. R ADICAL B ENDER ★  19:59, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually, I can't. I was wrong for basing my edit on information from various unreliable websites. Bad judgement on my part. But until there's actual confirmation somewhere, I don't think there's any point in reverting back. Jimduck 20:15, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

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Democratic Party

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Americas

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Asia

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Oceania

 * Democratic Party (1920), Australia
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title: Democratic Party


text:
Republican Party of Albania

The Republican Party of Albania (Partia Republikane e Shqipërisë, PR or PRSH ) is a national-conservative political party in Albania. It currently holds 3 of the 140 seats in the Parliament of Albania, in alliance with the Democratic Party of Albania.

History
The party was founded on 10 January 1991 under the leadership of the writer Sabri Godo, who was also its first Chairman. The party was formed with the backing of the Italian Republican Party. After the Democratic Party, it was the second party to be founded in Albania after the anti-communist revolution in the autumn of 1990.

In the 1992 elections the party received 2.9% of the national vote and won a single seat. They joined a coalition with the Democratic Party, but had little influence on the policies being shaped. The 1996 elections saw the party almost double its share of the vote to 5.9%, winning three seats. After the 1997 uprising, in which the center-right coalition was overthrown by socialist supporters, the party became an opposition party. In the 1997 elections the party was reduced to a single seat.

Before the 2001 elections, the party joined the Union for Victory Coalition under the leadership of the Democratic Party, which won 46 seats. In the 2005 elections the party received 20% of the vote in the national voting for the proportional seats, putting it in first place. Although it won 11 proportional seats, it failed to win a single constituency seat, resulting in the party only being the third largest in Parliament. For the 2009 elections the party was part of the "Alliance for Changes" coalition. However, it was reduced to a single seat, after seeing its vote share fall to just 2.1% of the national total. In the 2011 local elections the party won a total of 67,039 votes throughout the country, twice the amount they had received in the 2009 Albanian parliamentary election.

title: Republican Party of Albania


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User:Mr w~enwiki

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User talk:Xknight

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text:
User talk:Steve Leach

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Tip: you can sign your name with ~

snoyes 18:57, 14 Dec 2003 (UTC)

An experiment:

Nomination of Flow binding system for deletion
A discussion has begun about whether the article Flow binding system, which you created or to which you contributed, should be deleted. While contributions are welcome, an article may be deleted if it is inconsistent with Wikipedia policies and guidelines for inclusion, explained in the deletion policy.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Flow binding system until a consensus is reached, and you are welcome to contribute to the discussion.

You may edit the article during the discussion, including to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. --Nuujinn (talk) 18:43, 12 September 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Steve Leach


text:
Battle of the Marne

There were two battles of the Marne, taking place near the Marne River in Marne, France during World War I:

 * First Battle of the Marne (1914)
 * Second Battle of the Marne (1918)

title: Battle of the Marne


text:
Derrida (film)

Derrida is a 2002 American documentary film directed by Kirby Dick and Amy Ziering Kofman about the French philosopher Jacques Derrida. It premiered at the 2002 Sundance Film Festival before being released theatrically on October 23, 2002.

Synopsis
The film uses interviews shot by the filmmakers, footage of Derrida's lectures and speaking engagements, and personal footage of Derrida at home with his friends and family. In several scenes, Ziering Kofman also reads excerpts from Derrida's work or otherwise describes aspects of his life.

Derrida also focuses on Derrida's thesis that scholars tend to ignore important biographical information when discussing philosophers' lives. In one scene, Derrida comments that he would be most interested in hearing about famous philosophers' sex lives because this topic is seldom addressed in their writings. The filmmakers respond to many of these criticisms by probing Derrida on various aspects of his own personal life, though he usually refuses to answer directly questions about himself.

The film also follows Derrida during a trip to South Africa where he visits Nelson Mandela's former prison cell and discusses forgiveness with university students. Derrida states that his own childhood experiences with anti-Semitism have heightened his sensitivity to racial issues.

Analysis
At several points, Derrida shows the philosopher applying his theory of deconstruction to the film itself. Derrida often challenges the filmmaking process and argues against the capability of any film to portray him accurately. The film also includes metacinematic scenes in which Derrida analyzes previously recorded footage of himself. In one such scene, Derrida telescopically watches a video of himself analyzing footage of himself.

Nicholas Royle argues that the film's labyrinthine, Ouroboros-like structure reinforces several key Derridean tenets:

 * "If Dick and Ziering Kofman follow Derrida, Derrida is also following them. Derrida is a film about following, about the compulsiveness and ghostliness of following, of following the camera, of following the story, of following a film.  But Derrida is also a film about the impossibility of following, about the consequences and effects of Derrida's work vis-à-vis the 'story of a life', about the idea that Derrida cannot tell a story."

Reception
Film critics generally gave Derrida positive reviews; the film has an 82% "fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times praised the film for its sophisticated style and said it was "the cinematic equivalent of a mind-expanding drug" while Film Threat Tim Merrill described it as "a priceless historical record." Other critics, like The Guardian Peter Bradshaw, found the film whimsical and entertaining but lamented Derrida's evasive and mysterious demeanor.

Derrida received the Golden Gate Award at the 2002 San Francisco Film Festival and screened in competition for the Grand Jury Prize at the 2002 Sundance Film Festival.

Post-Release
Derrida enjoyed the film and appeared at several promotional events to discuss the film and answer questions about the project.

Derrida died in October 2004.

In 2005, Routledge published a companion book, Derrida, which includes the film's screenplay, several essays on the film, and interviews with Derrida, Dick, and Ziering Kofman. The book describes many of the events that followed the film's release, including Derrida's unexpected celebrity status on the streets of New York City. This phenomenon prompted Derrida's wife to remark to the filmmakers, "I hear you've made him into Clint Eastwood."

title: Derrida (film)


text:
National Democratic Party

National Democratic Party may refer to:

A–L

 * National Democratic Party (Argentina), 1931–1955
 * National Democratic Party (Austria, 1967–88)
 * National Democratic Party (Bangladesh)
 * National Democratic Party (Barbados)
 * National Democratic Party (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
 * National Democratic Party (British Guiana), led by Rudy Kendall
 * National Democratic Party (British Virgin Islands)
 * National Democratic Party (Bulgaria)
 * National Democratic Party (Cayman Islands)
 * National Democratic Party (Chile)
 * National Democratic Party (Czechoslovakia)
 * National Democratic Party (Djibouti)
 * National Democratic Party (Egypt), founded by President Anwar El Sadat in 1978 - dissolved in 2011
 * National Democratic Party (Fiji, 1960s)
 * National Democratic Party (Fiji, 2006)
 * National Democratic Party (Georgia)
 * National Democratic Party of Germany (East Germany)
 * National Democratic Party of Germany
 * National Democratic Party (Ghana)
 * National Democratic Party (Gold Coast), active from 1950 to 1952
 * National Democratic Party (Greece), in the 1920s led by Georgios Kondylis
 * National Democratic Party (Hungary)
 * National Democratic Party (India)
 * National Democratic Party (Indonesia)
 * National Democratic Party (Kerala), in Kerala, India from 1974 to 1996
 * National Democratic Party (Iraq, 1946)
 * National Democratic Party (Iraq)
 * National Democratic Party (Ireland)
 * National Democratic Party (Japan, 1929), led by Miyazaki Ryusuke
 * National Democratic Party (Japan), from 1950 until 1952
 * National Democratic Party of Liberia
 * National Democratic Party of Lithuania

M–Z

 * National Democratic Party (Morocco)
 * National Democratic Party (Namibia)
 * National Democratic Party (Nepal)
 * National Democratic Party (Nigeria)
 * National Democratic Party (North Macedonia)
 * National Democratic Party (Northern Ireland)
 * National Democratic Party (Pakistan)
 * National-Democratic Party (Poland)
 * National Democratic Party (Rhodesia), predecessor of the Zimbabwe African People's Union
 * National Democratic Party (Romania)
 * National Democratic Party (Sint Maarten)
 * National-Democratic Party (Slovakia), predecessor of the Democratic Union
 * National Democratic Party (Slovenia)
 * National Democratic Party of Spain
 * National Democratic Party (Suriname)
 * National Democratic Party of Tibet, the primary political party of the Tibetan government in exile
 * National Democratic and Labour Party, a British party often known as the National Democratic Party
 * National Democratic Party (UK, 1966)
 * National Democratic Party (United States), historic political party, not to be confused with the modern United States Democratic Party
 * National Democratic Party of Alabama, in U.S., opposed George Wallace
 * National Democratic Party (Venezuela)

title: National Democratic Party


text:
Yemelyan Pugachev

Yemelyan Ivanovich Pugachev (also spelled Pugachyov; Емельян Иванович Пугачёв; c. 1742 – 21 January 1775) was an ataman of the Yaik Cossacks and the leader of the Pugachev's Rebellion, a major popular uprising in the Russian Empire during the reign of Catherine the Great.

The son of a Don Cossack landowner, Pugachev served in the Imperial Russian Army during the Seven Years' War and the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774. In 1770 he deserted the Russian military and spent years as a fugitive, gaining popularity among the peasants, Cossacks and Old Believers against a backdrop of intensified unrest. In 1773, he initiated open revolt against Catherine. Claiming to be Catherine's late husband Tsar Peter III, Pugachev proclaimed an end to serfdom and amassed a large army. His forces quickly overran much of the region between the Volga and the Urals, and in 1774 they captured Kazan and burned the city to the ground. In August 1774, General Johann von Michelsohnen inflicted a crushing defeat on the rebels at Tsaritsyn. Pugachev was captured soon after by his own Cossacks and turned over to the authorities. He was then sent to Moscow and executed in January 1775. Alexander Pushkin wrote a notable history of the rebellion, The History of Pugachev, and recounted the events of the uprising in his novel The Captain's Daughter (1836).

Early life
Pugachev, the son of a small Don Cossack landowner, was the youngest son of four children. Born in the stanitsa Zimoveyskaya (in present-day Volgograd Oblast), he signed on to military service at the age of 17. One year later, he married a Cossack girl, Sofya Nedyuzheva, with whom he had five children, two of whom died in infancy. Shortly after his marriage, he joined the Russian Second Army in Prussia during the Seven Years' War under the command of Count Zakhar Chernyshov. He returned home in 1762, and for the next seven years divided his time between his home village and several service assignments. During this period, he was recognised for his military skill and achieved the Cossack rank of khorunzhiy, which would be roughly equivalent to the post of company commander. It was also during this period, in 1770 at the siege of Bender during the Russo-Turkish War, that he first displayed a flair for impersonation, boasting to his comrades that his sword was given to him by his "godfather", Peter I.

Life as a fugitive
In 1770, Pugachev requested leave to return home to recover from a severe illness, later seeking permanent discharge. Despite urging from military commanders, Pugachev refused to be treated in a military infirmary or return to the front. Convinced by his brother-in-law, Simon Pavlov, he joined a dissatisfied Cossack group who were fleeing eastward for an independent Cossack community on the Terek River. After they were safely across the Don River, he returned home to Zimoveyskaya. The fleeing Cossacks were caught soon after by the authorities, and Pavlov implicated Pugachev in the desertion, causing his arrest. He was held for 48 hours before he managed to escape, beginning his fugitive career. Fleeing for the Cossack community on the Terek River, he arrived in early January 1772. During his six weeks in the area, he joined a protest group and was elected their official representative. On his way to St. Petersburg to make an official complaint, his fugitive status was discovered in Mozdok, and he was again arrested. He escaped on 13 February and returned home, only to be arrested once again. Dispatched to Cherkassk for investigation, he met Lukyan Ivanovich Khudiakov, whom he tricked into releasing him, after which he fled to Vetka, a Polish border settlement, with the help of many raskol'niki. He returned to Russia in the autumn of 1772 by pretending to be an Old Believer wishing to return home. He received a visa to settle in the Malykovka district (present day Vol'sk), where he most likely first heard of the Yaik Cossacks rebellion.

Insurrection 1773–1774
The idea of impersonating the late Emperor Peter III occurred to Pugachev early on, even before he reached the Yaik Cossacks. It is of no surprise, given another recent peasant impersonator, Fedot Bogmolov, and Russia's history of impersonators. Pugachev, posing as a wealthy merchant, reportedly tested the feelings of the Cossacks at the Yaitsk by suggesting that he led a mass exodus into Turkey. When the majority seemed to agree with his plan, he deemed it the right time to begin his rebellion. Though he was arrested shortly after once again, and this time held for five months at Kazan, he escaped once more and returned to the Yaitsk to start his revolt. By promising to return several privileges to the Cossacks and to restore the Old Belief, he was able to gain the support he needed to promote his identity as Peter III. The story of Pugachev's strong resemblance to the Tsar Peter III, who in 1762 was overthrown and murdered by his wife's supporters, the future empress Catherine II, comes from a later legend. Pugachev told the story that he and his principal adherents had escaped from the clutches of Catherine.

Having amassed an army through propaganda, recruitment and promise of reform, Pugachev and his generals were able to overrun much of the region stretching between the Volga River and the Urals. Pugachev's greatest victory of the insurgency was the taking of Kazan. As well as amassing large numbers of Cossacks and peasants, Pugachev also acquired artillery and arms and was able to supply his force better than the Russian army would have predicted.

In response, General Peter Panin set out against the rebels with a large army, but difficulty of transport, lack of discipline, and the gross insubordination of his ill-paid soldiers paralysed all his efforts for months, while Pugachev's innumerable and ubiquitous bands gained victories in nearly every engagement. Not until August 1774 did General Michelsohn inflict a crushing defeat upon the rebels near Tsaritsyn, when they lost; ten thousand were killed or taken prisoner. Panin's savage reprisals, after the capture of Penza, completed their discomfiture. On 14 September 1774, Pugachev's own Cossacks delivered him to Yaitsk. Alexander Suvorov had him placed in a metal cage and sent first to Simbirsk and then to Moscow for a public execution, which took place on 21 January 1775. In Bolotnaya Square in the centre of Moscow, he was decapitated and then drawn and quartered in public.

Legacy
The Pugachev rebellion had a long-lasting effect on Russia for years to come. While Catherine II tried to reform the provincial administration, the horrors of the revolt caused her to drop other reforms, particularly attempts to emancipate the peasant serfs of Russia. The Russian writer Alexander Radishchev, in his Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow, attacked the Russian government, in particular the institution of serfdom. In the book, he refers to Pugachev and the rebellion as a warning.

The term "Pugachevs of the University" was frequently used to describe the generation of the Russian Nihilist movement.

The village (stanitsa) in which Pugachev was born, whose original name "Zimoveyskaya" was changed after his defeat to Potemkinskaya, was renamed Pugachevskaya in his honor in 1917, following the October Revolution.

The central square in the Kazakh town of Uralsk is named Pugachev Square.

Yemelyan Pugachev's House Museum in Uralsk. Was established in 1991.

Authors such as Boris Akunin have referred to Pugachevshchina as a tendency in the Russian culture toward rebellious discontent.

A fictionalised account of the rebellion is presented in Alexander Pushkin's 1836 novella The Captain's Daughter. This was in part the basis of the 1958 film Tempest, which starred Van Heflin as Pugachev.

The 1928 silent film Bulat-Batyr (directed by Yuri Tarich) is devoted to the Pugachev rebellion.

In the Hulu series The Great, Pugachev (played by Nicholas Hoult) is portrayed as a decoy of Peter III (also played by Hoult) who often steals things from the palace. He is stabbed seemingly to death by Catherine at the end of the second season, but is then revealed to be alive, setting the stage for his rebellion in the third season.

title: Yemelyan Pugachev


text:
Talk:Lauryn Hill

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 24 January 2019 and 17 May 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Trackstar1997.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 02:18, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Hip Hop 50
— Assignment last updated by KING162 (talk) 16:31, 2 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lauryn Hill


text:
Unity for Human Rights Party

The Unity for Human Rights Party (Partia Bashkimi për të Drejtat e Njeriut, Κόμμα Ένωσης Ανθρωπίνων Δικαιωμάτων) is a social-liberal political party in Albania supporting the Greek minority. Founded in 1992, it represents Albania's minorities and is mainly related to the Greek minority, and is the political continuation of Omonoia. It works with Omonoia, MEGA and other Greek parties in Albania at national elections, under a Greek bloc. The party is currently led by Vangjel Dule, who holds the party's only seat in Parliament.

History
The party first contested national elections in 1992, when it received 2.7% of the national vote and won two seats. The 1996 elections saw the party increase its share of the vote to 4%, winning three seats. Although the party's vote share dropped to 3.2% in the early elections in 1997, it gained an additional MP, winning four seats. However, another drop in the party's support in the 2001 elections saw it reduced to three seats. Despite again increasing its vote share to 4.1% in the 2005 elections, the party lost another MP as it was reduced to two seats. The 2009 elections saw the party reduced to one seat.

In the 2011 local elections the party lost its councillors in Gjirokastër and Delvinë and one of its two municipal seats in Sarandë, maintained its seat Shkodër and gained one of the seats in Korçë in addition to the mayoralty in nine communes. In the 2013 parliamentary elections it retained its single seat, running as part of the Alliance for a European Albania headed by the Socialist Party.

In the 2015 local elections the party failed to win any mayoralties, losing seats to other Greek parties such as MEGA/EEM, as well as the Socialist Party.

In the parliamentary elections of 2017 it joined forces with the Democratic Party and fielded two candidates: the party leader Vangjel Dule in Vlorë and one in Korçë County, with the former being elected. It continued its alliance with the Democratic Party in the 2021 parliamentary elections, in which it won a single seat on the Democratic Party's list.

title: Unity for Human Rights Party


text:
User talk:Profoss

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Tip: you can sign your name with ~

snoyes 19:01, 14 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Your image
It occurs to me that we don't have a picture at Soldier, and your image Image:Profoss.jpg would work well there. What do you think? Marnanel 17:31, 23 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Ok, feel free to use it :) Profoss 17:48, 24 Jun 2004 (UTC)

btw. it's a typical norwegian infantery, armed with a MP-5.

 * Thanks-- and thanks for clarifying the caption. Marnanel 22:31, 24 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Militant?
From Militant:
 * Popular usage often sees "militants" as synonymous with terrorists, though perhaps charcterised with a slightly less loaded term.

I suppose you'd like to substitute a less "negative" word, e.g. military in your user page. -- Paddu 21:50, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

South Georgia
Saw that you added the following (about 1 1/2 year ago): "During World War II (Autumn 1943 - Autumn 1944) the island housed a small (14 people) Norwegian military garrison to protect the island from any possible Japanese invasion"

Could you provide me with a source? Find it kind of hard to believe, considering the distance between the nearest japanese occupied territory, and South Georgia, and I've never heard of this before. Bjelleklang -  talk 22:06, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The only source i got is the information magazine published in 1995. En litt mer utdypene forklaring på norsk, siden jeg åpenbart ikke behersker engelsken så godt akkurat nå. Disse fjorten ble nok utstasjonert for å varsle om Japanerene hadde gått i land, dette er ikke helt ukjente områder for japanerene heller, siden de faktisk også drev endel hvalfangst i området og det var vel en viss mulighet at japanerene kunne overtatt alt sammen og etablert værstasjon eller ubåtbase der. Profoss 23:54, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

Maritime military history
Just wanted to inform you of the creation of a Maritime warfare task force under the military history project. Inge 17:06, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

A request for assistance
Would you support the concept of moving the Earhart "myths" to a separate page or article? The reason for my suggesting this is that the main article should be an accurate and scholarly work while the speculation and conspiracy theories surrounding the disappearance of Amelia Earhart are interesting, they belong in a unique section. Most researchers, as you know, discount the many theories and speculation that has arisen in the years following her last flight. Go onto the Earhart discussion page and register your vote/comments...and a Happy New Year to you as well. Bzuk 02:50 3 January 2007 (UTC).

Bubbletea

Eisfbnore ( talk ) has given you a bubble tea! Bubble teas promote WikiLove and hopefully this one has made your day better. Spread the WikiLove by giving someone else a bubble tea, whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past or a good friend. Happy drinking!

Spread the awesomeness of bubble teas by adding to someone's talk page with a friendly message!

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
Hello there. This is an automated message to tell you about the gradual phasing out of the preference entitled "Mark all edits minor by default", which you currently have (or very recently had) enabled.

On 13 March 2011, this preference was hidden from the user preferences screen as part of efforts to prevent its accidental misuse (consensus discussion). This had the effect of locking users in to their existing preference, which, in your case, was. To complete the process, your preference will automatically be changed to  in the next few days. This does not require any intervention on your part and you will still be able to manually mark your edits as being minor in the usual way.

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Thank you for your understanding and happy editing :) Editing on behalf of User:Jarry1250, LivingBot (talk) 19:26, 15 March 2011 (UTC)

Melbourne meetup this Saturday
Hi there! You are cordially invited to a meetup at North Melbourne this Saturday (23 July). Details and an attendee list are at Meetup/Melbourne 16 Hope to see you there! JVbot (talk) 04:44, 20 July 2011 (UTC) (this automated message was delivered to all users in Category:Wikipedians in Melbourne)

Melbourne meetup
Hey all, just a reminder that there's a meetup tomorrow at 11am in North Melbourne. There are more details at the meetup page. Hope to see you tomorrow! SteveBot (talk) 04:56, 24 March 2012 (UTC)

July WMAU Melbourne Meetup
Hi, At last month's June meetup we discussed the idea of setting up a Training Course at a University of the Third Age (U3A) to be held in 2013 and named Becoming a Wikipedia editor. In order to get this course up and running we are calling for volunteers to help develop the idea, and either tutor part of the course, or provide one on one help to students in the class. All local Wikipedians are welcome to discuss this at our 11am meetup to be held this Sunday on 22 July. Please add your name to the attending list at Meetup/Melbourne 23. Food and beverages are provided. Cuddy Wifter (talk) 03:03, 13 July 2012 (UTC)

Meetup invitation: Melbourne 26
Hi there! You are cordially invited to a meetup next Sunday (6 January). Details and an attendee list are at Meetup/Melbourne 26. Hope to see you there! John Vandenberg 07:40, 27 December 2012 (UTC)

(this automated message was delivered using replace.py to all users in Victoria)

Bendigo workshops 2013
Can you help? Wikimedia Australia will be holding an introductory training day for editing Wikipedia and related projects. With support from La Trobe University and Bendigo Community Health Services, it is for health information professionals across the region. It will also be open to other information community groups as well (regional historic societies, librarians and the like). The workshop is on Thursday, February 21, at Latrobe University Bendigo. If you can help, please contact Leighblackall or Peterdownunder, or register directly at the Wikimedia page.--Peterdownunder (talk) 06:20, 1 February 2013 (UTC)

Unvisited aagainst other Wikipedias
I added support to Unvisited for Wikipedias in 35 languages. Good news is that sv:wp and no:wp are available now. Bad news is that nl:wp and nn:wp never return anything when I use the wikimedia api query for nearby places. I only implemented xx:wps searches for the 35 language codes that returned results. Faolin42 (talk) 23:41, 11 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Lovely, that's good news! :) Profoss (talk) 08:35, 12 August 2013 (UTC)

Books and Bytes - Issue 8
 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 8, August-September2014 by, ,

 Read the full newsletter   MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 04:51, 7 October 2014 (UTC)
 * TWL now a Wikimedia Foundation program, moves on from grant status
 * Four new donations, including large DeGruyter parntership, pilot with Elsevier
 * New TWL coordinators, Wikimania news, new library platform discussions, Wiki Loves Libraries update, and more
 * Spotlight: "Traveling Through History" - an editor talks about his experiences with a TWL newspaper archive, Newspapers.com

New Wikipedia Library Accounts Now Available (November 2014)
Hello Wikimedians! The Wikipedia Library is announcing signups today for, free, full-access accounts to published research as part of our Publisher Donation Program. You can sign up for:

 * DeGruyter: 1000 new accounts for English and German-language research. Sign up on one of two language Wikipedias:
 * English signup
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 * Fold3: 100 new accounts for American history and military archives
 * Scotland's People: 100 new accounts for Scottish genealogy database
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Do better research and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects: sign up today! --The Wikipedia Library Team 23:25, 5 November 2014 (UTC)

 * You can host and coordinate signups for a Wikipedia Library branch in your own language. Please contact Ocaasi (WMF).
 * This message was delivered via the Mass Message to the Book & Bytes recipient list.

New Wikipedia Library Accounts Now Available (December 2014)
Hello Wikimedians! The Wikipedia Library is announcing signups today for, free, full-access accounts to published research as part of our Publisher Donation Program. You can sign up for:

 * Elsevier - science and medicine journals and books
 * Royal Society of Chemistry - chemistry journals
 * Pelican Books - ebook monographs
 * Public Catalogue Foundation- art books

Other partnerships with accounts available are listed on our partners page. Do better research and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects: sign up today! --The Wikipedia Library Team.00:25, 18 December 2014 (UTC)

 * You can host and coordinate signups for a Wikipedia Library branch in your own language. Please contact Ocaasi (WMF).
 * This message was delivered via the Mass Message tool to the Book & Bytes recipient list.

Books and Bytes - Issue 9
 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 9, November-December 2014 by, ,

 Read the full newsletter MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 23:36, 8 January 2015 (UTC)
 * New donations, including real-paper-and-everything books, e-books, science journal databases, and more
 * New TWL coordinators, conference news, a new open-access journal database, summary of library-related WMF grants, and more
 * Spotlight: "Global Impact: The Wikipedia Library and Persian Wikipedia" - a Persian Wikipedia editor talks about their experiences with database access in Iran, writing on the Persian project and the JSTOR partnership

Books and Bytes - Issue 10
 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 10, January-February 2015 by, ,

 Read the full newsletter MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 17:40, 4 March 2015 (UTC)
 * New donations - ProjectMUSE, Dynamed, Royal Pharmaceutical Society, and Women Writers Online
 * New TWL coordinator, conference news, and a new guide and template for archivists
 * TWL moves into the new Community Engagement department at the WMF, quarterly review

A new reference tool
Hello Books & Bytes subscribers. There is a new Visual Editor reference feature in development called Citoid. It is designed to "auto-fill" references using a URL or DOI. We would really appreciate you testing whether TWL partners' references work in Citoid. Sharing your results will help the developers fix bugs and improve the system. If you have a few minutes, please visit the testing page for simple instructions on how to try this new tool. Regards, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 18:47, 10 April 2015 (UTC)

Books and Bytes - Issue 11
 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 11, March-April 2015 by, , ,

 Read the full newsletter MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 23:20, 4 May 2015 (UTC)
 * New donations - MIT Press Journals, Sage Stats, Hein Online and more
 * New TWL coordinators, conference news, and new reference projects
 * Spotlight: Two metadata librarians talk about how library professionals can work with Wikipedia

The Wikipedia Library needs you!
 The Wikipedia Library Call for Volunteers

 The Wikipedia Library is expanding, and we need your help! With only a couple of hours per week, you can make a big difference in helping editors get access to reliable sources and other resources. Sign up for one of the following roles:
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Sign up to help here :)  Delivered on behalf of The Wikipedia Library by MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 06:16, 11 June 2015 (UTC)

Books and Bytes - Issue 12

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 12, May-June 2015 by, , ,

 Read the full newsletter The Interior 15:23, 16 July 2015 (UTC)
 * New donations - Taylor & Francis, Science, and three new French-language resources
 * Expansion into new languages, including French, Finnish, Turkish, and Farsi
 * Spotlight: New partners for the Visiting Scholar program
 * American Library Association Annual meeting in San Francisco

29th Melbourne Meetup
Hello, you have previously indicated that you would be interested in attending Melbourne meetups. A meetup will be held on Wednesday August 12, 2015 6-8pm. Please check out Meetup/Melbourne 29 for details and add your name to the list if you think you can attend. --Michael Billington (talk) 12:26, 18 July 2015 (UTC)

Books and Bytes - Issue 13

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 13, August-September 2015 by, , ,

 Read the full newsletter The Interior via MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 16:30, 1 October 2015 (UTC)
 * New donations - EBSCO, IMF, more newspaper archives, and Arabic resources
 * Expansion into new languages, including Viet and Catalan
 * Spotlight: Elsevier partnership garners controversy, dialogue
 * Conferences: PKP, IFLA, upcoming events

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:15, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

Books and Bytes - Issue 14

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 14, October-November 2015 by, , ,

 Read the full newsletter The Interior, via MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 19:13, 10 December 2015 (UTC)
 * New donations - Gale, Brill, plus Finnish and Farsi resources
 * Open Access Week recap, and DOIs, Wikipedia, and scholarly citations
 * Spotlight: 1Lib1Ref - a citation drive for librarians

Books & Bytes - Issue 15

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 15, December-January 2016 by, , , ,

 Read the full newsletter The Interior via MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 19:20, 19 February 2016 (UTC)
 * New donations - Ships, medical resources, plus Arabic and Farsi resources
 * # 1lib1ref campaign summary and highlights
 * New branches and coordinators

Books & Bytes - Issue 16

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 16, February-March 2016 by ,

 Read the full newsletter The Interior via MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 15:17, 14 April 2016 (UTC)
 * New donations - science, humanities, and video resources
 * Using hashtags in edit summaries - a great way to track a project
 * A new cite archive template, a new coordinator, plus conference and Visiting Scholar updates
 * Metrics for the Wikipedia Library's last three months

Books & Bytes - Issue 17

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 17, April-May 2016 by The Interior, Ocaasi, UY Scuti, Sadads, and Nikkimaria

 Read the full newsletter The Interior via MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 02:36, 16 June 2016 (UTC)
 * New donations this month - a German-language legal resource
 * Wikipedia referals to academic citations - news from CrossRef and WikiCite2016
 * New library stats, WikiCon news, a bot to reveal Open Access versions of citations, and more!

Books & Bytes - Issue 18

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 18, June–July 2016 by, Ocaasi, Samwalton9, UY Scuti, and Sadads

 Read the full newsletter The Interior via MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 23:25, 31 August 2016 (UTC)
 * New donations - Edinburgh University Press, American Psychological Association, Nomos (a German-language database), and more!
 * Spotlight: GLAM and Wikidata
 * TWL attends and presents at International Federation of Library Associations conference, meets with Association of Research Libraries
 * OCLC wins grant to train librarians on Wikimedia contribution

Books and Bytes - Issue 19

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 19, September–October 2016 by Nikkimaria, Sadads and UY Scuti
 Read the full newsletter 19:08, 1 November 2016 (UTC)
 * New and expanded donations - Foreign Affairs, Open Edition, and many more
 * New Library Card Platform and Conference news
 * Spotlight: Fixing one million broken links

Books and Bytes - Issue 20

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 20, November-December 2016 by, , ,

 Read the full newsletter MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:00, 18 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Partner resource expansions
 * New search tool for finding TWL resources
 * # 1lib1ref 2017
 * Wikidata Visiting Scholar

Books and Bytes - Issue 21

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 21, January-March 2017 by, , , ,

 Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:54, 6 April 2017 (UTC)
 * # 1lib1ref 2017
 * Wikipedia Library User Group
 * Wikipedia + Libraries at Wikimedia Conference 2017
 * Spotlight: Library Card Platform

Books and Bytes - Issue 22

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 22, April-May 2017

 Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 18:35, 20 June 2017 (UTC)
 * New and expanded research accounts
 * Global branches update
 * Spotlight: OCLC Partnership
 * Bytes in brief

Books and Bytes - Issue 23

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 23, June-July 2017

 Chinese, Arabic and Yoruba versions of Books & Bytes are now available in meta! Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 02:04, 23 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Library card
 * User Group update
 * Global branches update
 * Spotlight: Combating misinformation, fake news, and censorship
 * Bytes in brief

Books and Bytes - Issue 24

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 24, August-September 2017

 Arabic, Kiswahili and Yoruba versions of Books & Bytes are now available in meta! Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 04:53, 21 October 2017 (UTC)
 * User Group update
 * Global branches update
 * Star Coordinator Award - last quarter's star coordinator: User:Csisc
 * Wikimania Birds of a Feather session roundup
 * Spotlight: Wiki Loves Archives
 * Bytes in brief

Books and Bytes - Issue 25

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 25, October – November 2017

 Arabic, Korean and French versions of Books & Bytes are now available in meta! Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 18:57, 15 December 2017 (UTC)
 * OAWiki & #1Lib1Ref
 * User Group update
 * Global branches update
 * Spotlight: Research libraries and Wikimedia
 * Bytes in brief

Books and Bytes - Issue 26

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 26, December – January 2018
 Arabic and French versions of Books & Bytes are now available in meta!
 * # 1Lib1Ref
 * User Group update
 * Global branches update
 * Spotlight: What can we glean from OCLC’s experience with library staff learning Wikipedia?
 * Bytes in brief

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 17:36, 31 January 2018 (UTC)

Books & Bytes - Issue 27

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 27, February – March 2018
 Arabic, Chinese and French versions of Books & Bytes are now available in meta!
 * # 1Lib1Ref
 * New collections
 * Alexander Street (expansion)
 * Cambridge University Press (expansion)
 * User Group
 * Global branches update
 * Wiki Indaba Wikipedia + Library Discussions
 * Spotlight: Using librarianship to create a more equitable internet: LGBTQ+ advocacy as a wiki-librarian
 * Bytes in brief

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 14:50, 18 April 2018 (UTC)

Melbourne Wikimeetup (June/July)
Hi, I've just made a doodle poll to vote on the best date for the next Wikimeetup in Melbourne (Beer Deluxe, Fed Square). Would be great to see you there. T.Shafee(Evo & Evo)talk 12:23, 23 May 2018 (UTC)

Date of next Melbourne meetup decided: T.Shafee(Evo & Evo)talk 01:22, 10 June 2018 (UTC)
 * When: 6-8pm, Sunday 8 July 2018
 * Where: Beer DeLuxe, Flinders St

Books & Bytes – Issue 28

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 28, April – May 2018
 Arabic, Chinese, Hindi, Italian and French versions of Books & Bytes are now available in meta!
 * # 1Bib1Ref
 * New partners
 * Rock's Backpages
 * Invaluable
 * Termsoup
 * User Group update
 * Global branches update
 * Wikipedia Library global coordinators' meeting
 * Spotlight: What are the ten most cited sources on Wikipedia? Let's ask the data
 * Bytes in brief

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 19:33, 20 June 2018 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 29

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 29, June – July 2018
 Hindi, Italian and French versions of Books & Bytes are now available in meta!
 * New partners
 * Economic & Political Weekly–10 accounts
 * Wikimania
 * Wikimedia and Libraries User Group update
 * Global branches update
 * Bytes in brief

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 16:02, 25 August 2018 (UTC)

Books & Bytes, Issue 30

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 30, August – Septmeber 2018
 French version of Books & Bytes is now available in meta!
 * Library Card translation
 * Spotlight: 1Lib1Ref spreads to the Southern Hemisphere and beyond
 * Wikimedia and Libraries User Group update
 * Global branches update
 * Bytes in brief

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 03:43, 25 October 2018 (UTC)

Books & Bytes, Issue 31

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 31, October – Novemeber 2018
 French version of Books & Bytes is now available on meta!
 * OAWiki
 * Wikimedia and Libraries User Group update
 * Global branches update
 * Bytes in brief

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 14:34, 21 December 2018 (UTC)

Books & Bytes, Issue 32

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 32, January – February 2019
 French version of Books & Bytes is now available on meta!
 * # 1Lib1Ref
 * New and expanded partners
 * Wikimedia and Libraries User Group update
 * Global branches update
 * Bytes in brief

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 03:29, 26 February 2019 (UTC)

Books & Bytes, Issue 33

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 33, March – April 2019

 * # 1Lib1Ref
 * Wikimedia and Libraries User Group update
 * Global branches update
 * Bytes in brief

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 06:41, 21 May 2019 (UTC)

Books & Bytes Issue 34, May – June 2019

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 34, May – June 2019
 French version of Books & Bytes is now available on meta!
 * Partnerships
 * # 1Lib1Ref
 * Wikimedia and Libraries User Group update
 * Global branches update
 * Bytes in brief

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 14:21, 12 July 2019 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 35, July – August 2019

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 35, July – August 2019

 * Wikimania
 * We're building something great, but..
 * Wikimedia and Libraries User Group update
 * A Wikibrarian's story
 * Bytes in brief

Read the full newsletter On behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 06:58, 27 September 2019 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 36

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 36, September – October 2019

 * #1Lib1Ref January 2020
 * #1Lib1Ref 2019 stories and learnings

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 05:21, 21 November 2019 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 37

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 37, November – December 2019

 * #1Lib1Ref
 * Wikimedia and Libraries User Group

Read the full newsletter On behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 07:10, 1 February 2020 (UTC)

Issue 38, January – April 2020

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 38, January – April 2020

 * New partnership
 * Global roundup

Read the full newsletter On behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --15:58, 29 April 2020 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 39, May – June 2020

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 39, May – June 2020

 * Library Card Platform
 * New partnerships
 * ProQuest
 * Springer Nature
 * BioOne
 * CEEOL
 * IWA Publishing
 * ICE Publishing
 * Bytes in brief

Read the full newsletter On behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 06:13, 11 June 2020 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 40

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 40, July – August 2020

 * New partnerships
 * Al Manhal
 * Ancestry
 * RILM
 * #1Lib1Ref May 2020 report
 * AfLIA hires a Wikipedian-in-Residence

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --10:15, 10 September 2020 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 40

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 40, July – August 2020

 * New partnerships
 * Al Manhal
 * Ancestry
 * RILM
 * #1Lib1Ref May 2020 report
 * AfLIA hires a Wikipedian-in-Residence

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --14:26, 10 September 2020 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 41

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 41, September – October 2020

 * New partnership: Taxmann
 * WikiCite
 * 1Lib1Ref 2021

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --10:48, 18 November 2020 (UTC)

Books & Bytes - Issue 42

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 42, November – December 2020

 * New EBSCO collections now available
 * 1Lib1Ref 2021 underway
 * Library Card input requested
 * Libraries love Wikimedia, too!

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --14:00, 25 January 2021 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 42

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 42, January – February 2021

 * New partnerships: PNAS, De Gruyter, Nomos
 * 1Lib1Ref
 * Library Card

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --11:27, 22 March 2021 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 43

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 43, March – April 2021

 * New Library Card designs
 * 1Lib1Ref May

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --11:12, 10 May 2021 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 45

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 45, May – June 2021

 * Library design improvements continue
 * New partnerships
 * 1Lib1Ref update

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --11:04, 30 July 2021 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 46

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 46, July – August 2021

 * Library design improvements deployed
 * New collections available in English and German
 * Wikimania presentation

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --11:15, 22 September 2021 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 47

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 47, September – October 2021

 * On-wiki Wikipedia Library notification rolling out
 * Search tool deployed
 * New My Library design improvements

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --16:58, 10 November 2021 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 48

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 48, November – December 2021

 * 1Lib1Ref 2022
 * Wikipedia Library notifications deployed

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --15:13, 2 February 2022 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 49

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 49, January – February 2022

 * New library collections
 * Blog post published detailing technical improvements

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --10:06, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 50

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 50, March – April 2022

 * New library partner - SPIE
 * 1Lib1Ref May 2022 underway

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --12:52, 1 June 2022 (UTC) (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 51

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 51, May – June 2022

 * New library partners
 * SAGE Journals
 * Elsevier ScienceDirect
 * University of Chicago Press
 * Information Processing Society of Japan
 * Feedback requested on this newsletter
 * 1Lib1Ref May 2022

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --16:45, 1 August 2022 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 52

 The Wikipedia Library Books & Bytes

Issue 52, July – August 2022

 * New instant-access collections:
 * SpringerLink and Springer Nature
 * Project MUSE
 * Taylor & Francis
 * ASHA
 * Loeb
 * Feedback requested on this newsletter

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --12:21, 30 September 2022 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 53
The Wikipedia Library: Books & Bytes

Issue 53, September – October 2022

 * New collections:
 * Edward Elgar
 * E-Yearbook
 * Corriere della Serra
 * Wikilala
 * Collections moved to Library Bundle:
 * Ancestry
 * New feature: Outage notification
 * Spotlight: Collections indexed in EDS

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --11:19, 17 November 2022 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 54
The Wikipedia Library: Books & Bytes

Issue 54, November – December 2022

 * New collections:
 * British Newspaper Archive
 * Findmypast
 * University of Michigan Press
 * ACLS
 * Duke University Press
 * 1Lib1Ref 2023
 * Spotlight: EDS Refine Results

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --14:14, 23 January 2023 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 55
The Wikipedia Library: Books & Bytes

Issue 55, January – February 2023

 * New bundle partners:
 * Newspapers.com
 * Fold3
 * 1Lib1Ref January report
 * Spotlight: EDS SmartText Searching

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --12:45, 16 March 2023 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 56
The Wikipedia Library: Books & Bytes

Issue 56, March – April 2023

 * New partner:
 * Perlego
 * Library access tips and tricks
 * Spotlight: EveryBookItsReader

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --10:03, 24 May 2023 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 57
The Wikipedia Library: Books & Bytes

Issue 57, May – June 2023

 * Suggestion improvements
 * Favorite collections tips
 * Spotlight: Promoting Nigerian Books and Authors

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --11:22, 18 July 2023 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 58
The Wikipedia Library: Books & Bytes

Issue 58, July – August 2023

 * New partners - De Standaard and Duncker & Humblot
 * Tech tip: Filters
 * Wikimania presentation

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --14:27, 12 September 2023 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 59
The Wikipedia Library: Books & Bytes

Issue 59, September – October 2023

 * Spotlight: Introducing a repository of anti-disinformation projects
 * Tech tip: Library access methods

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --16:15, 27 November 2023 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 60
The Wikipedia Library: Books & Bytes

Issue 60, November – December 2023

 * Three new partners
 * Google Scholar integration
 * How to track partner suggestions

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --13:36, 24 January 2024 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 61
The Wikipedia Library: Books & Bytes

Issue 61, January – February 2024

 * Bristol University Press and British Online Archives now available
 * 1Lib1Ref results

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --16:32, 5 March 2024 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 62
The Wikipedia Library: Books & Bytes

Issue 62, March – April 2024

 * IEEE and Haaretz now available
 * Let's Connect Clinics about The Wikipedia Library
 * Spotlight and Wikipedia Library tips

Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --11:02, 23 April 2024 (UTC)

Books & Bytes – Issue 63
The Wikipedia Library: Books & Bytes

Issue 63, May – June 2024
 Read the full newsletter Sent by MediaWiki message delivery on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team --12:16, 18 July 2024 (UTC)
 * One new partner
 * 1Lib1Ref
 * Spotlight: References check

title: User talk:Profoss


text:
User:Greenmountainboy/photo

Photos and images from other sources

 * 1) [[Media:gpullman.jpg]]
 * 2) [[Media:Jacobriis.jpg]]
 * 3) [[Media:Catlinpaint.jpg]]
 * 4) [[Media:Kee-món-saw, Little Chief, a Chief (George Catlin).jpg]]
 * 5) [[Media:Frances Willard portrait.jpg]]
 * 6) [[media:chiving1.jpg]]
 * 7) [[media:Blackkettle1.jpg]]
 * 8) [[Media:Steelconverter.jpg]]
 * 9) [[media:TreatyOfMedicineLodge.jpg]]
 * 10) [[Media:Bunkertrumbull.jpg]]
 * 11) [[Media:Image:Jb revolut dartmth 1 m.jpg]]
 * 12) [[Media:Jb colonial harvard 2 m.jpg]]
 * 13) [[Media:Es al tuskegee 1 e.jpg]]
 * 14) [[Media:ownwspok.jpg]]
 * 15) [[Media:EarpV.jpg]]
 * 16) [[Media:apollo_8_launch.gif]]
 * 17) [[Media:Vietcong2.jpg]]
 * 18) [[Media:sp1916.jpg]]
 * 19) [[Media:Uploco.jpg]]
 * 20) [[Media:Haliburton Forest Sawmill (interior view).jpg]]
 * 21) [[Media:DocHolliday.jpg]]
 * 22) [[Media:Latimerdrawing.gif]]
 * 23) [[Media:Goebel.jpg]]
 * 24) [[Media:Jungle cover.jpg]]
 * 25) [[Media:P_pullman3sleep.jpg]]
 * 26) [[Media:Portugueseman-o-war.jpg]]
 * 27) [[Media:P_sullivan1.jpg]]
 * 28) [[Media:Nativity12.jpg]]
 * 29) [[Media:Revolutionary_war_033.jpg]]
 * 30) [[Media:Ccrocker.jpg]]
 * 31) [[Media:
 * 32) [[Media:
 * 1) [[Media:Ccrocker.jpg]]
 * 2) [[Media:
 * 3) [[Media:

title: User:Greenmountainboy/photo


text:
User talk:Mr w~enwiki

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Tip: you can sign your name with ~

snoyes 19:02, 14 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Mr w. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Mr w~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:38, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 16:36, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mr w~enwiki


text:
Calverton, Buckinghamshire

Calverton is a civil parish in the unitary authority area of the City of Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England and just outside the Milton Keynes urban area, situated roughly 1 mi south of Stony Stratford, and 4 mi west of Central Milton Keynes. The parish consists of one village, Lower Weald, and two hamlets, Upper Weald and Middle Weald. Lower Weald is the largest of the three settlements, and Manor Farm, the parish church and the former parochial school are within its boundaries.

The settlement name is Old English, and means 'farm where calves are reared'. In the Domesday Book of 1086 the village was recorded as Calvretone.

The west side of nearby Stony Stratford was once included with the ecclesiastic parish of Calverton (the east side being in Wolverton). "The manorial rights over the west side were held with those of Calverton, [which] led to the manor of Calverton being often called 'the manor of Calverton with Stony Stratford', and the fair and market of Stony Stratford were included among its appurtenances, until an Act of Parliament in the 18th century separated them.

The parish of Calverton was part of Stratford and Wolverton Rural District from 1894 to 1919, when the rural district became an urban district, subsequently renamed Wolverton urban district in 1920. The area was re-established as a separate parish in 2001.

The parish church is dedicated to All Saints. "It was rebuilt in stone in the 12th- and 14th-century styles between 1818 and 1824, when some of the old details were re-used".

Lower Weald
Lower Weald is the location of the parish church and Calverton Manor; the hamlets are located to the south east of the village centre, on the road to Whaddon.

On 2 August 2011, Calverton Manor house featured in BBC2's Restoration Home television series. The manor was acquired in 1616 by Sir Thomas Bennett, who had been Lord Mayor of London in 1603. The house was extended in 1659 by his grandson Sir Simon Bennett. The manor house is reputedly haunted by the ghost of Simon's wife, Lady Grace Bennett, who was murdered there in 1694. The Bennett family also owned the neighbouring manor of Beachampton. The titles of the Lord de Calverton and Lord de Beachampton, but not the formerly-associated lands, of these two manors remain in the Bennett family to the present day.

Middle Weald
Middle Weald is a hamlet of about ten dwellings, about half a mile (1 km) from the parish church.

Upper Weald
Upper Weald is a hamlet of about twenty dwellings, a little over a mile (about 2 km) from the parish church. The hamlet includes the farmhouse of Fairfield Farm, which gives its name to the modern neighbourhood and civil parish, Fairfields, being developed on part of its former lands adjacent to Watling Street.

Listed buildings and structures
The parish has two grade II* listed buildings (Calverton Manor farm house and the parish church), and a further 24 buildings and structures with grade II listings.

title: Calverton, Buckinghamshire


text:
Herman Merivale

Herman Merivale CB (8 November 1806 – 8 February 1874) was an English civil servant and historian. He was the elder brother of Charles Merivale, and father of the poet Herman Charles Merivale.

He was born at Dawlish, Devon to John Herman Merivale (1770–1844) and Louisa Heath Drury. He was educated at Harrow School. In 1823 he entered Oriel College, Oxford. In 1825 he became a scholar of Trinity College and also won the Ireland scholarship, and three years later he was elected fellow of Balliol College. He became a member of the Inner Temple and practised on the western circuit, being made in 1841 recorder of Falmouth, Helston and Penzance.

From 1837 to 1842 he was professor of political economy at the University of Oxford. In this capacity he delivered a course of lectures on the British Colonies in which he dealt with questions of emigration, employment of labour and the allotment of public lands. The reputation he secured by these lectures had much to do with his appointment in 1847 as Assistant Under-Secretary for the colonies, and in the next year he became Permanent Under-Secretary. In 1859 he was transferred to the permanent under-secretaryship for India, receiving the distinction of CB. In 1870, Merivale was awarded the degree of DCL by Oxford University. He died in 1874 and is buried in Brompton Cemetery, London.

Besides his Lectures on Colonization and Colonies (1841), he published Historical Studies (1865), and completed the Memoirs of Sir Philip Francis (1867); he wrote the second volume of the Life of Sir Henry Lawrence (1872) in continuation of Sir Herbert Edwardes's work.

A tribute to his powers as an original thinker by his chief at the Colonial Office, Sir Edward Bulwer-Lytton, is printed with a notice of his career which his brother contributed to the Transactions (1884) of the Devonshire Association.

Family
On 29 October 1834 he married Caroline Penelope Robinson, daughter of William Villiers Robinson and Anne Brooksbank. Children
 * Herman Charles Merivale (27 January 1839 – 17 August 1906) married Elizabeth Pitman
 * Isabel Frances Sophia Merivale married William Peere Williams-Freeman
 * Agnes Merivale (1847-1872) married John Townsend Trench on 10 August 1870.

title: Herman Merivale