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David Hemmings

David Edward Leslie Hemmings (18 November 1941 – 3 December 2003) was an English actor and director. He is best remembered for his roles in British films and television programmes of the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, particularly his lead roles as a trendy fashion photographer in the hugely successful avant-garde mystery film Blowup (1966), directed by Michelangelo Antonioni and as a jazz pianist in Dario Argento's Deep Red (1975). Early in his career, Hemmings was a boy soprano appearing in operatic roles. In 1967, he co-founded the Hemdale Film Corporation. From the late 1970s on, he worked mainly as a character actor and occasionally as director.

Early life
David Hemmings was born in Guildford, Surrey, to a father who was a biscuit salesman and a homemaker mother.

Benjamin Britten
His education at Alleyn's School, Glyn Grammar School in Ewell and the Arts Educational Schools led him to music performance at the start of his career. He sang as a boy soprano in several works by composer Benjamin Britten, who formed a close friendship with him at this time. Most notably Hemmings created the role of Miles in Britten's chamber opera Turn of the Screw (1954). His intimate yet innocent relationship with Britten is described in John Bridcut's book Britten's Children (2006).

Although many commentators identified Britten's relationship with Hemmings as based on an infatuation, throughout his life Hemmings maintained categorically that Britten's conduct with him was beyond reproach at all times. Hemmings had earlier played the title role in Britten's The Little Sweep (1952), which was part of Britten's Let's Make an Opera! children's production.

Britten's interest in Hemmings ceased abruptly from the moment his voice broke, which occurred unexpectedly while he was singing the aria 'Malo' during a performance of The Turn of the Screw in 1956 in Paris. Britten was furious, waved Hemmings away, and never had any further contact with him.

Child actor
Hemmings then moved on to acting in films. He made his first film appearance in the drama film The Rainbow Jacket (1954). He also appeared in Saint Joan (1957).

Hemmings had bigger roles in Five Clues to Fortune (1957), The Heart Within (1957) and No Trees in the Street (1959), directed by J. Lee Thompson. He also had roles in Men of Tomorrow (1959), In the Wake of a Stranger (1959), Sink the Bismarck! (1960) and The Wind of Change (1961).

Teen idol
Hemmings began to be known for playing young men, for example in The Painted Smile (1962) and Some People (1962). His first lead role was in the low budget teen musical Live It Up! (1963), then he had support roles for Michael Winner's The System (1964). After this, he starred in a sequel to Live It Up!, Be My Guest (1965) and in the same year in Two Left Feet with Michael Crawford.

Blowup and stardom

Hemmings’ luck changed when he was cast in the lead of Blowup (1966). It was directed by Michelangelo Antonioni, who detested the "Method" way of acting. He sought a fresh young face for the lead in the film. He found Hemmings, at the time acting in small-stage theatre in London, although at their first meeting Antonioni told Hemmings, "You look wrong. You're too young." Hemmings was offered the part of the protagonist, a London fashion photographer who accidentally photographs evidence of a murder, after Sean Connery turned the role down because Antonioni would not show him the full script but only a seven-page treatment stored in a cigarette packet.

The resulting film was a critical and commercial sensation for MGM, which financed it, and helped turn Hemmings and Vanessa Redgrave into stars. "I've been discovered half a dozen times," said Hemmings. "This time I think I've made it."

After Blowup Hemmings accepted an offer from Warner Bros to play Mordred in the big-budget film of the Broadway musical Camelot (1967). He had a supporting part in the thriller Eye of the Devil (1966), playing the brother of Sharon Tate. Hemmings was then cast as Louis Nolan in the big-budget epic The Charge of the Light Brigade (1968), which, like Camelot, was widely seen but failed to recoup its cost.

Around 1967 Hemmings was briefly considered for the role of Alex in a film version of Anthony Burgess's novel A Clockwork Orange (1962), which was to be based on a screen treatment by satirist Terry Southern and British photographer Michael Cooper. Cooper and the Rolling Stones were reportedly upset by the move and it was decided to return to the original plan in which Mick Jagger, the lead vocalist of the Rolling Stones, would play Alex, with the rest of the Stones as his droog gang; the production was shelved after Britain's chief censor, the Lord Chamberlain, indicated that he would not permit it to be made.

Hemmings costarred with Richard Attenborough in the crime comedy, Only When I Larf (1968), then was the sole star of an anti-war film, The Long Day's Dying (1968). Both films flopped. More financially successful was the science fiction sex comedy Barbarella (1968), starring Jane Fonda in which Hemmings had a key supporting role role. He played the lead in two period films for MGM: a comedy, The Best House in London (1969), and the historical epic Alfred the Great (1969), in which Hemmings had the title role. Neither film did well at the box office, with Alfred the Great being a notable flop.

Hemmings was cast in further lead roles at the start of the 1970s : The Walking Stick (1970) with Samantha Eggar for MGM; Fragment of Fear (1970), a thriller; and Unman, Wittering and Zigo (1971). He went to Hollywood to play a supporting role in The Love Machine (1971). Back in Britain he starred in a horror film, Voices (1973). He went to Spain to appear in Lola (1974) and in Britain supported Richard Harris in Juggernaut (1974).

Hemmings appeared in the Italian giallo film Profondo Rosso (also known as Deep Red or The Hatchet Murders) (1975) directed by Dario Argento. Back in England he supported Anthony Newley in Mister Quilp (1975).

Director
Hemmings first turned to directing with Running Scared (1972), an adaptation of an American novel by Gregory Macdonald for which Hemmings also co-wrote the script, resetting the story from Harvard to Cambridge University. He directed the drama film The 14 (1973), which won the Silver Bear at the 23rd Berlin International Film Festival.

Hemmings directed David Bowie and Marlene Dietrich in the drama film Schöner Gigolo, armer Gigolo (also known as Just a Gigolo) (1978). The film was poorly received, with Bowie describing it as "my 32 Elvis Presley films rolled into one".

Later, after relocating to Hollywood, he directed a number of television films and series episodes.

Character actor
From the mid-1970s on, Hemmings's acting work was mainly in supporting roles. In 1977 he appeared as Eddy in the film Islands in the Stream, an adaptation of Hemingway's novel of the same name, starring George C Scott. He also had support roles in The Squeeze (1977), The Prince and the Pauper (1977), The Heroin Busters (1977), The Disappearance (1977), Squadra antitruffa (1977), Blood Relatives (1978), Power Play (1978) and Murder by Decree (1979). He also returned to television in 1978 with a film for Granada TV directed by Ken Russell and written by Melvin Bragg: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, about Samuel Taylor Coleridge (played by Hemmings), was the second of two films in the Clouds of Glory series about poets.

Australia and New Zealand
In 1979, Hemmings received an offer to play a supporting role in an Australian vampire film, Thirst. He starred in a TV film, Charlie Muffin then returned to Australia to feature in Harlequin (1980).

Hemmings then received an offer from Antony I. Ginnane to direct the Australian horror film The Survivor (1981), based on James Herbert's 1976 novel of the same name, starring Robert Powell and Jenny Agutter. Hemmings directed Race for the Yankee Zephyr shot in New Zealand.

While in New Zealand Hemmings played roles in Prisoners (1981) and Beyond Reasonable Doubt (1982).

Hollywood
Hemmings then moved to Hollywood. He played supporting roles in Man, Woman and Child (1983) and Airwolf (1984).

He also worked extensively as a director of television programmes, including the action-adventure drama series Quantum Leap (e.g. the series’ premiere); the crime series Magnum, P.I. (in which he also played characters in several episodes); and two action-adventure series, The A-Team and Airwolf (in which he also played the role of Doctor Charles Henry Moffet, twisted creator of Airwolf, in the pilot and the second-season episode "Moffett's Ghost" – a typographical error by the studio's titles unit). He once joked "People thought I was dead. But I wasn't. I was just directing The A-Team."

Hemmings also directed the puzzle-contest video Money Hunt: The Mystery of the Missing Link (1984). He directed (and acted in) the television film The Key to Rebecca (1985), an adaptation of Ken Follett's 1980 novel of the same name. He also briefly served as a producer on the NBC crime-drama television series Stingray.

He directed the drama film Dark Horse (1992) and as an actor returned to the voyeuristic preoccupations of his Blowup character with a plum part as the Big Brother-esque villain in the series-three opener for the television horror anthology series Tales From the Crypt.

Later years
In later years he had roles that included Cassius in the historical epic film Gladiator (2000), with Russell Crowe, and in the drama film Last Orders (2001) and the spy film Spy Game (2001). He appeared as Mr Schermerhorn in the historical film Gangs of New York (2002), directed by Martin Scorsese.

His last screen appearances included the science-fiction action film Equilibrium (2002),, the superhero film The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003), with Sean Connery, and as Frank Sinatra's attorney in the 2003 Australian film The Night We Called It a Day, a comedy based on true events. He also appeared in the horror film Blessed (2004) with Heather Graham, which was dedicated to his memory after a fatal heart attack while on set.

Recording career
In 1967, Hemmings recorded a pop single, "Back Street Mirror" (written by Gene Clark), and a studio album, David Hemmings Happens, in Los Angeles. The album featured instrumental backing by several members of the Byrds, and was produced by Byrds' mentor Jim Dickson.

In the 1970s, he was jointly credited with former Easybeats members Harry Vanda and George Young as a co-composer of the song "Pasadena". The original 1973 recording of this song – the first Australian hit for singer John Paul Young – was produced by Simon Napier-Bell, in whose SNB Records label Hemmings was a partner at the time.

Hemmings also later provided the narration for Rick Wakeman's progressive-rock album Journey to the Centre of the Earth (1974) – an adaptation of Jules Verne's science-fiction novel A Journey to the Center of the Earth (1864) – which was recorded live.

He starred as Bertie Wooster in the short-lived Andrew Lloyd Webber musical, Jeeves (1975), for which an original cast album was released.

Autobiography
After his death his autobiography, Blow Up... and Other Exaggerations – The Autobiography of David Hemmings, was published in 2004.

Personal life
Hemmings was married four times: to Genista Ouvry (1960–1967), actress Gayle Hunnicutt (1968–1975), Prudence de Casembroot (1976–1997), and Lucy Williams (2002 to his death). Hemmings met Hunnicutt while he was in America promoting Blowup, by which time his marriage to Ouvry was over. At their outdoor wedding, Henry Mancini conducted an orchestra and the Mamas and the Papas performed next to a swimming pool filled with doves dyed puce. Of his relationship with Hunnicutt, Hemmings remarked, "We were the poor man's Taylor and Burton". Their marriage ended when Hunnicutt discovered Hemmings's affairs with actress Samantha Eggar (his co-star in The Walking Stick (1970)), and his secretary Prudence de Casembroot.

During his subsequent marriage to de Casembroot, Hemmings continued to have extra-marital relationships with, among others, Tessa Dahl.

Hemmings had six children altogether; he and Ouvry had a daughter, he and Hunnicutt had a son (actor Nolan Hemmings), while he and de Casembroot had three sons and a daughter.

Hemmings was an active supporter of liberal causes, and spoke at a number of meetings on behalf of the UK's Liberal Party.

Death
Hemmings suddenly died in 2003 at age 62 of a heart attack, in Bucharest, Romania, on the film set of Blessed (working title: Samantha's Child) after he had performed his scenes for the day.

His funeral was held at St Peter's Church, in the hamlet of Blackland near Calne, Wiltshire, where he had lived in his final years. He was buried in the graveyard of the church.

Filmography

 * The Rainbow Jacket (1954)
 * Saint Joan (1957) as Minor Role
 * Five Clues to Fortune (1957) as Ken
 * The Heart Within (1957) as Danny Willard
 * No Trees in the Street (1959) as Kenny
 * Men of Tomorrow (1959) as Ted
 * In the Wake of a Stranger (1959) as Schoolboy
 * Sink the Bismarck! (1960) as Seaman on Ark Royal
 * The Wind of Change (1961) as Ginger
 * Play It Cool (1962)
 * The Painted Smile (1962) as Roy
 * Some People (1962) as Bert
 * West 11 (1963) as Bit Role
 * Two Left Feet (1963) as Brian
 * Live It Up! (1963) as Dave Martin
 * The System (1964) as David
 * Be My Guest (1965) as Dave Martin
 * Out of the Unknown – The Counterfeit Man (1965) as Westcott
 * Blowup (1966) as Thomas
 * Eye of the Devil (1966) as Christian de Caray
 * Camelot (1967) as Mordred
 * The Charge of the Light Brigade (1968) as Captain Nolan
 * Only When I Larf (1968) as Bob
 * The Long Day's Dying (1968) as John
 * Barbarella (1968) as Dildano
 * The Best House in London (1969) as Benjamin Oakes / Walter Leybourne
 * Alfred The Great (1969) as Alfred
 * The Walking Stick (1970) as Leigh Hartley
 * Fragment of Fear (1970) as Tim Brett
 * Simon, Simon (1970) as Man in car with posters
 * Unman, Wittering and Zigo (1971) as John Ebony
 * The Love Machine (1971) as Jerry Nelson
 * Voices (1973) as Robert
 * Lola (1974) as Juan
 * Juggernaut (1974) as Charlie Braddock
 * Deep Red (1975) as Marcus Daly
 * Mister Quilp (aka The Old Curiosity Shop; 1975) as Richard Swiveller
 * Islands in the Stream (1977) as Eddy
 * The Squeeze (1977) as Keith
 * The Prince and the Pauper (US title Crossed Swords) (1977) as Hugh Hendon
 * The Heroin Busters (1977) as Hamilton
 * The Disappearance (1977) as Edward
 * Squadra antitruffa (1977) as Robert Clayton
 * Blood Relatives (1978) as Armstrong
 * Power Play (1978) as Colonel Narriman
 * Just a Gigolo (1978) as Captain Hermann Kraft
 * Murder by Decree (1979) as Inspector Foxborough
 * Thirst (1979) as Dr. Fraser
 * Charlie Muffin (US title: A Deadly Game) (1979) as Charlie Muffin
 * Harlequin (1980) as Nick Rast
 * Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde (1980) as Dr. Henry Jekyll / Mr. Edward Hyde
 * Swan Lake (1981) as Rothbart (voice)
 * Beyond Reasonable Doubt (1981) as Insp. Bruce Hutton
 * Prisoners (1981) as Wilkens
 * Man, Woman and Child (1983) as Gavin Wilson
 * Airwolf (1984) (television film and two subsequent episodes) as Dr. Charles Henry Moffett
 * Magnum, P.I. (1985/87) (two episodes) as Lord Smythe-White / Danny
 * The A-Team (1983/1987) (one episode) as captain of the boat (episode 2 season 4)
 * The Rainbow (1989) as Uncle Henry
 * Tales from the Crypt, "Loved to Death" (1991) as Mr. Stronham
 * Northern Exposure (1992) as Viktor Bobrov
 * Kung Fu: The Legend Continues (1995) as Durham
 * Gladiator (2000) as Cassius
 * Last Orders (2001) as Lenny
 * Spy Game (2001) as CIA Agent Harry Duncan
 * Mean Machine (2001) as Governor
 * Waking the Dead: "Deathwatch" (2002) (television episode in 2 parts) as Ex-DCI Malcolm Finlay
 * Slap Shot 2: Breaking the Ice (2002) as Martin Fox
 * Equilibrium (2002) as Proctor
 * Gangs of New York (2002) as Mr. Schermerhorn
 * The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) as Nigel
 * The Night We Called It a Day (2003) (a.k.a. All the Way) as Mickey Rudin
 * Blessed (2004) as Earl Sydney
 * Romantik (2007) as Dr. Sadun

Director

 * Running Scared (1972)
 * The 14 (1973)
 * Just a Gigolo (1978)
 * Race for the Yankee Zephyr (1981)
 * The Survivor (1981)
 * A-Team (9 episodes) (1983/1987)
 * The Key to Rebecca (1985)
 * Down Delaware Road (1988)
 * ''In the Heat of the Night (1988)
 * Dark Horse (1992)
 * Passport to Murder (1993)
 * Christmas Reunion (1994)
 * Lone Justice: Showdown at Plum Creek (1996)

title: David Hemmings


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Talk:Hydel power

I am guessing that Hydel power and hydropower are one in the same. If I am wrong, please write a proper article for Hydel power. Kingturtle 02:13, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Hydel power


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Pegging

Pegging may refer to:

 * Pegging (sexual practice)
 * Pegging (cribbage)
 * Pegging report, a manufacturing record
 * Tight rolled pants (pegged pants), in fashion
 * The act of setting a fixed exchange rate between two currencies
 * The act of demarcating a mining claim
 * People who put drop bars on full suspension MTB’s

title: Pegging


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Talk:Prussia

Problematic lead
I think it is wrong to refer to Prussia as a state with a continuous existence from 1525 to the 20th century. I think would be better to introduce "Prussia" as a name that was carried by a series of historically related German states. The Duchy of Prussia ceased to be a state after 1618 when its territory fell under the jurisdiction of the Electors of Brandenburg. The Duchy's territory continued to carry the Prussian name, and the Electors of Brandenburg rebranded their state as Prussia in 1701, but this was by no means the same state as the earlier duchy, whose territory was now part of a quite different state, the Kingdom of Prussia.

The Kingdom of Prussia, in turn, formed the nucleus for the new nation-state of Germany after 1871, but Prussia ceased to be a sovereign state after 1871 and instead formed an admittedly dominant part of the larger state of Germany.

To avoid confusion, I would suggest making this kind of an index article for the different entities that have carried the name of Prussia. The most important of these, of course, would be the Kingdom of Prussia. Marco polo (talk) 22:43, 1 January 2020 (UTC)

 * I should clarify what I mean by "index article". What I am suggesting is a historical discussion of the various entities (states, historical regions, administrative divisions) that have been called Prussia, with links to articles on each of those entities. If no one has responded to my suggestion within a week or so, or if I get a positive response, I may try reworking the article along the lines I have suggested. Marco polo (talk) 20:13, 4 January 2020 (UTC)

 * The article already provides links to the relevant main articles. "Prussia" is not just "a name that was carried by a series of historically related German states" - just like Bavaria is not a name carried by historically related states. HerkusMonte (talk) 08:28, 5 January 2020 (UTC)'

 * Bavaria is a different case, because Bavaria has had a stable historical core around Munich. The state and its elites have had a historical continuity across history. That said, I do think Bavaria should have a similar treatment to Prussia.  There should be a lead article, titled "Bavaria" that would offer a summary of the history and introduce readers to the different entities (the Bavarian tribe, the regions of Ober- and Unterbayern, the independent state (duchy–electorate–kingdom) that emerged from the Holy Roman Empire, the Bundesstaat in unified Germany 1871–1946, and the post–1946 Bundesstaat, after the loss of the Palatinate). Prussia is even less coherent as a geographical or historical entity than Bavaria because of the discontinuity when the duchy came under the control of the Hohenzollern.  There was little continuity of state structures or elites when the capital shifted from Königsberg to Berlin.  Yes, the old Prussian elite retained some regional importance, but they did not dominate the Hohenzollern state as they had the duchy.  Furthermore, the importance of the Kingdom of Prussia had little to do with the cultural heritage or geography of the old duchy. It was really a distinct entity that had usurped the name of the old duchy for its own purposes.  For this reason, while I think it is sensible to have an article with the title "Prussia" since it is something readers want to know about, I think we do a disservice in providing detailed coverage of the history of the Kingdom of Prussia in the same article in which we discuss the history of the duchy and historical region of Prussia, which was a very different thing, even though it later was part (but far from the dominant part) of the later kingdom. Marco polo (talk) 19:38, 15 January 2020 (UTC)

Your idea sounds good, but I want you to remember that Prussia exceeds the golden age of Bismark and Wilhelm, which was put in the limelight of history. The lost years of Prussia, and especially the expulsion and genocide of the germans in Koenigsbrug and Danzig are just as important, even though they don't have that same idea. We are not only speaking of a group of people, for they no longer exist, but a territory, and most importantly idea, which in some circles still lives on. Prussia, at some point in the 20th century, was transported from a place to an idea, and even though they have been separated our wikiproject should attend to these long-neglected niche articles. Emicho's Avenger (talk) 12:29, 12 January 2020 (UTC)

 * I am very aware that the term "Prussia" applies to more than the Kingdom under Bismarck and Wilhelm. I would argue that its golden age was more the time of Frederick the Great, or possibly the time of Hardenberg and Humboldt, who made Prussia arguably the dominant power in Germany.  The work of Bismarck and Wilhelm was to transcend (and thereby diminish) Prussia in the creation of a Prussian-dominated Germany.  But in all of these cases, I am speaking of the Kingdom of Prussia, whose power and achievements are mainly why the name of Prussia is so well known today.  At the core of the Kingdom of Prussia was the March of Brandenburg, not the Duchy of Prussia from which it took little besides its name. That's why I'm arguing that the bulk of the material in this article belongs in the article on the Kingdom of Prussia, which should be our focus as students of Prussia.  The historical region and duchy of Prussia, although they were later one of many parts of the kingdom, deserve their own articles focusing on their distinct histories.  (The article on the region could extend from prehistory to the present day.  The article on the duchy would be limited to the time between its founding and subjection as a kingdom to the Hohenzollern state. There could then be separate articles on the Provinzen (West Prussia, Prussia, and East Prussia) within the Kingdom. And so on.  These articles all exist.  I'm suggesting the article "titled" Prussia should be a historical discussion of the different entities that have been called Prussia, the most important of which was the Kingdom, of course with links to each of those articles.  Is there any support for this idea?  Thanks.  Marco polo (talk) 19:38, 15 January 2020 (UTC)

Prussia and not Persia
The article shows information about Persia(Iran) at the start, introduction. 'Iran or Persia (Persian: Иран Irān [ʔiːˈɾɒːn] (About this soundlisten)), also called Prussia,[12] and officially the Imperial State of Persia' The rest of the article seems to be about Prussia and not Persia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.164.211.73 (talk) 13:37, 19 January 2020 (UTC)
 * The page suffers persistent vandalism, such changes will be reverted.(KIENGIR (talk) 20:34, 19 January 2020 (UTC))

Lusatia
In the first sentence of the territory section it states that Lusatia is a province of the Kingdom of Prussia. Is this a mistake?--User71131159 (talk) 20:03, 7 May 2020 (UTC)

 * Seems okay to me. Why do you ask?  --A D Monroe III(talk)  02:12, 8 May 2020 (UTC)
 * No it is amistake, it was not a province, it was part of Brandenburg.(KIENGIR (talk) 07:51, 8 May 2020 (UTC))

specific Nazi image mention
why does the English version specifically puts the emblem of Prussia under Nazi rule that lasted for two years out of all others? is it intended as a shaming tool to stigmatize the name of Prussia? 31.155.181.147 (talk) 19:14, 27 August 2021 (UTC)
 * I don't think there's an agenda behind them originally being put there, but I do think it's strange to put in those Nazi versions when they were only in use for two years. I mean, why not use the first flag of the Free State of Prussia? Considering the expansive history of Prussia, I do feel these first two flags best represent it. As a result, I went ahead and removed the Nazi version of the flag and emblem. If anyone has a disagreement, please feel free to continue the discussion here. LittleCuteSuit (talk) 01:33, 14 October 2021 (UTC)

Is anyone still Prussian?
And does anyone have/had grandparents from Prussia? Frankinnit (talk) 07:59, 19 July 2022 (UTC)
 * The real Prussians were Slavs, or Baltics. The ancient Prussians had long been assimilated by Germany. The current Prussian region was divided between Poland and Russia, so "Prussians" do not exist in today's world.--Hunchrick time (talk) 13:11, 9 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Not the page for it perhaps, but not to leave that unsourced claim unaddressed this is false. Not only do we use 2 separate terms to refer to pre-Germanic Prussians (see "Old Prussians"), but Old Prussians were explicitly not Slavic under any system that generally speaking separates Baltic from Slavic at all. "Prussian" here refers to Germanic Prussians, who still exist albeit their dialect & culture are near-extinct being supplanted by modern standard high German. Depending on if Prussia is seen as a separate or same-entity to modern Germany, they can be defined as living in diaspora. 2A02:1210:1CA7:D700:6155:551B:E721:4CA6 (talk) 17:02, 22 November 2023 (UTC)

 * This is the talk page for discussing improvements to the Prussia article.
 * This is not a forum for general discussion of the article's subject. PinLarry (talk) 20:05, 17 January 2023 (UTC)

Hiding a map
An editor is attempting to hide a map in the infobox, the second one, showing the extent of Prussia in 1925. I think that the map is useful, certainly as informative as the other map, showing the extent of Prussia in 1870, and it should not be hidden, where readers are likely to be unaware that it even exists. Making such a change in the article's status quo ante requires a consensus from discussion here, and I have advised the editor to stop editing war and make their arguments on this page. Beyond My Ken (talk) 05:09, 9 October 2022 (UTC)

Lack of labeled current map of the area
I don’t understand why there are no map of what the area was, superimposed over a map from today. There’s a vague simplistic map but it’s got no labels. This is a lengthy article that leaves out one of the most important items people would search for and how they can relate to where Prussia was when it was dissolved and where that area is today. This would appear in any textbook or physical encyclopedia. Pookerella (talk) 07:53, 19 February 2023 (UTC)

Flag
IP 173.187.121.242 has changed the flag to that used during the German imperial period without explanation. Seeing as the current flag has been stable for a while, I thought it would be a good idea to discuss this change. See Flag of Prussia for options. I can't see a reason to use "State flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1892–1918)". It isn't the longest used flag (that's one used in the article "State flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1803–1892)"). It's not a flag used when it was an independent power. It isn't the last flag used by Prussia (That's Flag of the Free State of Prussia (1933–1935)). In fact the only reason this very shortly used flag and is only so associated on the internet as THE flag of Prussia because it was used on Wikipedia for so long.

If the IP, or anybody else, has some reason I'm overlooking for using the 1892-1918 flag in this article can they discuss it here and not revert it again without explanation. Cakelot1 ☞  talk  20:53, 18 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Could both flag be on there. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.187.121.242 (talk) 14:22, 19 May 2023 (UTC)
 * @, Can you give a reason why you think the 1892–1918 flag is needed. You keep reverting to your preferred version without discussing it. Can you stop and discuss it please. Cakelot1  ☞  talk  15:31, 19 May 2023 (UTC)

"Prussia" should be an article introducing "Prussian region", not "Kingdom of Prussia".
Most of this article talks about the Kingdom of Prussia and its subsequent influence. Why is this?

The original Prussians were ancient Slavs, not Germans at all.In Wiki articles such as "Kingdom of Prussia, Brandenburg-Prussia, Hohenzollern", "Germanized Prussia" has been described in great detail. Here is an entry introducing the "Prussian region" rather than introducing "Germany" Prussian State.——Hunchrick time (talk) 13:06, 9 October 2023 (UTC)

 * I'm inclined to agree. There is a page for the Kingdom of Prussia, Duchy of Prussia, Brandenburg-Prussia and the Free State of Prussia, covering all eras of existence of the Prussian state. As this page is superfluous, it should be repurposed as the Prussia (region) page. Ecrm87 (talk) 23:51, 29 April 2024 (UTC)

 * I disagree. To treat the Kingdom of Prussia as a continuation of the previous uses of the term is I think ahistorical. The Kingdom of Prussia was centered at Berlin, and had large amount of areas much west of Germany. It even at times included areas now in Switzerland, Belgium and the Netherlands. It is fundamentally different than the Duchy of Prussia. It is also clearly the main usage of the term, because it was one of the great powers of Europe. If we are going to have Prussia itself be anything but a disambiguation page, than the Kingdom of Prussia should be the main focus of the artcle.John Pack Lambert (talk) 16:18, 1 May 2024 (UTC)

 * The original Prussians were not Slavs at all; they were Balts. ThaesOfereode (talk) 16:47, 1 May 2024 (UTC)

Related Category names
we currently have no Category as best as I can tell which has a scope of people from this unit. We do have Category:People from the Kingdom of Prussia which previously was People from Prussia, but renamed in August 2022. We also have a People from the Free State of Prussia Category. We have lots of categories for people from the provinces of Prussia, many of which are transcend the line between the Kingdom and the Free State. This includes lots of categories for people by occupation from each province. The whole thing is a mess. We need to fix it. There are 3 solutions. 1-I like this best. Stay with the People from the Kingdom of Prussia name, and rename all its subcats to use the Kingdom of Prussia name. Treat those pre-1701 and post-1918 as from distinct entities. 2-accept that there is one Prussia, at least from 1701 until 1932, Brandenburg-Prussia as the current historiographical name for the pre-1701 entity makes using Prussia before that year hard. If we go this route we would return to the People from Prussia name, and change everything under it to using the Prussia format, thus categories like Scuentists from Prussia etc. The 3rd option is basically the second but we change it to Prussian people, Prussian scientists etc. We currently have categories invoking 1, 2, and 3. Although Immigrants to Prussia may be the only one invoking 2, and it would be that name under 3 as well.John Pack Lambert (talk) 22:23, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Prussia


text:
Talk:Pegging

Last comment, re drop bars, typical of why public wikis eventualy become useless.show a single reference. Oh wait, it really just a wind up to a mate. Welcome to wikipedia evolving into urban dictionary. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.74.184.190 (talk) 03:55, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

Comment
Isn't this a bit dictionary-like? --Rlandmann 02:23, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I started it as a kinda disambiguation-ish thing. Be bold, fix it. --zandperl 03:11, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Recent additions to Pegging (disambiguation)
See relevant discussion at Talk:Pegging (sexual practice). Joie de Vivre 19:40, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Pegging
Girl 108.74.131.151 (talk) 11:53, 17 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pegging


text:
File:Simonschuster.png

Summary
Simon and Schuster corporate logo, 1961

Licensing
Scanned from a 1961 book. Doubtless a trademark of Simon and Schuster and perhaps copyrighted. To be used only on the article on "Simon and Schuster." Based on inconclusive discussions in Wikipedia_talk:Logos I believe that such usage probably constitutes fair use.

title: File:Simonschuster.png


text:
American Tabloid

American Tabloid is a 1995 novel by James Ellroy that chronicles the events surrounding three rogue American law enforcement officers from November 22, 1958, through November 22, 1963. Each becomes entangled in a web of interconnecting associations between the FBI, the CIA, and the Mafia, which eventually leads to their collective involvement in the John F. Kennedy assassination.

American Tabloid was Time Best Book (Fiction) for 1995. It is the first novel in Ellroy's Underworld USA Trilogy, followed by The Cold Six Thousand and Blood's a Rover.

Structure
American Tabloid is divided into five sections. "Underworld USA Series" is divided into three books, each exactly one hundred chapters long (many are less than a page in length), and covering exactly five years. The narration eschews both exposition and lengthy dialog exchanges. All chapters begin with the chapter number, the location (usually the name of the city), and the date. The action of the book is completely sequential.

The book is written in the limited third-person, alternating between the three main characters. "Document inserts" reproducing newspaper clippings, letters, and transcripts of telephone calls are interspersed between chapters. There are flashbacks, but they are restricted to the present-tense memory of the protagonists.

Part I, Shakedowns, November – December 1958
The novel centers around the three principal characters: Pete Bondurant, a former Los Angeles County sheriff's deputy who presently works for billionaire Howard Hughes and runs small-time shakedowns; Kemper Boyd, an FBI agent who covets wealth and power; and Ward Littell, another FBI agent who is Boyd's friend and former partner. Although assigned to monitor communist activities, Littell's abiding hatred of organized crime leads him to vie for a spot on the Bureau's Top Hoodlum Squad.

The three men plot to entrap John F. Kennedy with a call girl; Boyd and Littell for J. Edgar Hoover, Bondurant for Hughes. The set-up is successful, but the Kennedy family prevents the transcript of the encounter from being printed in Hughes' Hush-Hush tabloid. At Hoover's direction, Boyd leaves the FBI and begins working with Hoover's personal nemeses—Kennedy and his younger brother Robert—on the U.S. Senate Select Committee investigating mob involvement in labor unions. The Kennedys, with their wealth and privilege, embody everything that Boyd hopes to gain. Littell, who meets the Kennedys through Boyd, is enraptured by Robert, both men sharing a hatred for organized crime.

Part II, Collusion, January 1959 – January 1961
Following the Cuban revolution, Bondurant and Boyd both become CIA operatives while Littell investigates Jimmy Hoffa's ties to the mob. Boyd also joins the employ of the Kennedy family, working on John's presidential campaign. Bondurant and Boyd ultimately collaborate with the CIA, the mob (seeking to retake its now-nationalized casinos in Havana) and far right Cuban refugees plotting to overthrow Fidel Castro's regime. Littell becomes increasingly frustrated with Hoover's anti-communist mandates and begins investigating the mob on his own.

Through a series of snitches, Littell confirms that the Teamsters Union's pension fund is being used to finance organized crime. Littell tracks the fund's supposed "secret" accounting books to the home of mid-level mobster Jules Schiffrin in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, coercing Jack Ruby into searching Schiffrin's home. While waiting for Ruby, Littell is severely beaten by Bondurant; Ruby had tipped off Bondurant to Littell's operation, and Bondurant feared that Littell would endanger the CIA's Cuban plots.

After recuperating, Littell takes leave from the FBI, invades Schiffrin's home, and steals the fund's books himself. Cracking the books' code, he realizes that Joseph Kennedy loaned millions of dollars to the fund. Hoover fires Littell, revokes his pension, and blackballs him from every U.S. state's bar association. Boyd tries to get Littell a job with now-Attorney General designate Robert Kennedy, who emphatically refuses, also having received a report from Hoover of Littell's budding alcoholism and invented mob ties.

Part III, Pigs, February – November 1961
Boyd and Bondurant help train the "Blessington Cadre": Cuban exiles training to overthrow Castro at a CIA camp in Florida, recruited through Hoffa's "Tiger Kab" taxi stand in Miami. The mob, through New Orleans boss Carlos Marcello, funds the operation by supplying the Cadre heroin for redistribution. Robert Kennedy has Marcello deported, unaware of (and uninterested in) his involvement in the CIA operation. Bondurant covertly absconds with Marcello when his INS plane lands in Central America.

Littell, hired as Marcello's immigration lawyer at Boyd's recommendation, meets Bondurant and Marcello at their hideout and hands over the stolen Teamsters books. President Kennedy, unaware of Boyd's CIA connection, taps Boyd – now also working for the civil rights task force in Robert F. Kennedy's Justice Department – to investigate the Blessington operation and advise whether to implement the CIA's invasion strategy. After a sham visit, Boyd naturally encourages the president to authorize the mission, promising Kennedy that it will guarantee his re-election.

The Bay of Pigs Invasion is authorized, although Kennedy second-guesses its wisdom and refuses to provide the air support that the Cadre believes necessary. The invasion fails and proves an embarrassment for Kennedy and all involved—including the CIA, the mob, Bondurant, and Boyd. The night of the invasion, Boyd is shot numerous times in a side operation to distribute "hot shots" of heroin that would be linked back to Castro.

Part IV, Heroin, December 1961 – September 1963
Through the patronage of Marcello, Littell becomes a full-fledged mob lawyer and is hired by Hoffa. Through their now-mutual hatred of the Kennedys, Littell and Hoover make amends, and Hoover arranges for Hughes to become Littell's client. In the wake of the Bay of Pigs fiasco, Boyd and Bondurant encourage the mob to authorize an assassination attempt on Castro. When the mob passes on the opportunity, they surmise that the mob is now backing Castro. Enraged, they execute a plan wherein they steal millions of dollars in heroin as it comes to shore from Cuba in the hopes of recouping their losses from the failed invasion.

In collusion with Littell, Bondurant begins running a wiretap hoping to catch President Kennedy having an affair with a woman they have set up. Boyd, however, remains fond of the president and becomes enraged when he discovers the scam. When he confronts Bondurant, he is played sections from the tapes in which Kennedy ridicules Boyd's social-climbing and envy. Robert Kennedy, learning of Boyd's CIA connection and erratic behavior upon discovering the wiretap, fingers Boyd as the person trying to set up the president; he fires Boyd from the Justice Department, severing his ties with the Kennedys. Upon figuring out that Boyd and Bondurant were behind the theft of their heroin, Littell relays the mob's price to atone for the theft: killing President Kennedy.

Part V, Contract, September – November 1963
Boyd, Bondurant and Littell plot to assassinate Kennedy during a motorcade in Miami and arrange the logistics to frame right-wing radicals. Without being specific, Littell tips off Hoover about the plot, but due to Hoover's non-committal response he surmises that there is a second assassination plot which will take place several days later in Dallas. The three men determine that they were set up and begin to cover their tracks in Miami. Littell confronts Robert Kennedy with evidence of his father's collusion with the mob, with the added intent that it will serve as an after-the-fact explanation of why the president would be killed.

After killing several of the Miami conspirators, Bondurant leaves for Dallas while Boyd returns to Mississippi. Littell is waiting for Boyd at his hotel; Littell shoots Boyd, who dies thinking of President Kennedy. Bondurant, his new wife Barb Jahelka, and several mob associates, converge on Dallas on November 22, 1963. The book ends at 12:30 PM, as Kennedy's motorcade drives through Dealey Plaza, with Bondurant closing his eyes, awaiting the shots and screams.

Main characters
Pete Bondurant is a French-Canadian, ex-law enforcement, Hollywood insider, organized-crime associate, and bodyguard for Howard Hughes.

He bears superficial resemblances to historical figures Fred Otash, (so-called "private-eye to the stars") and Robert Maheu, (who worked for both Hughes and Jimmy Hoffa during the time frame depicted in the book).

Bondurant first appears as a secondary character in White Jazz with only superficial similarities to his character in American Tabloid. The time-frame overlap between the two books leads to some inconsistencies, including the deteriorating mental state of Howard Hughes.

Kemper Boyd is an FBI agent who, in 1958, is recruited by J. Edgar Hoover to infiltrate the Kennedy organization. This assignment leads to CIA contacts, as well as employment to influence the future President Kennedy to take an anti-Castro stance in his Cuban policy. It also puts him in the position to organize the collaboration between Cosa Nostra and the CIA in the Cuban cause. He falls in love with Laura Hughes, the secret daughter of Gloria Swanson and Joseph P. Kennedy Sr., half sister of the Kennedy brothers.

Boyd also bears a resemblance to Robert Maheu, a close friend of the Kennedy brothers and former FBI agent who admitted to involvement in a conspiracy to kill Fidel Castro and has been linked to the JFK assassination.

Ward Littell is an FBI agent clandestinely investigating organized crime activity in defiance of his employer. He is dismissed from the FBI but secures employment as a "Mob" Lawyer and wins his way back into Hoover's good graces.

Secondary characters
Secondary characters, which consist of fictional characters as well as historical figures, include:

 * J. Edgar Hoover: Director of the FBI. He has a personal vendetta against the Kennedys.
 * John F. Kennedy: Massachusetts senator, presidential candidate, and President of the United States. Kennedy begins the novel as a member of the McClellan Committee, which is charged with investigating organized crime.
 * Robert F. Kennedy: Special counsel to the McClellan Committee, named U.S. Attorney General by his brother.
 * Joseph P. Kennedy: Father of the Kennedy brothers. After making his fortune as a bootlegger during Prohibition, he has loaned millions of dollars to the mafia through the Teamsters Pension Fund.
 * Jimmy Hoffa: President of the Teamsters union, Hoffa maintains close connections to organized crime, lending the mafia millions of dollars through the Teamsters Pension Fund.
 * Howard Hughes: Reclusive, eccentric and mentally disturbed, Hughes plans to take over the mafia's casinos in Las Vegas to establish a "germ-free environment" for his residence.
 * Guy Banister: Ex-FBI agent and current CIA liaison, Banister helps establish a militia of anti-communist Cuban refugees, the "Blessington Cadre".
 * John Stanton: Banister's associate, also with the CIA.
 * Lenny Sands: A nightclub singer with mob ties, Littell conscripts Sands as a snitch.
 * Jack Ruby: Dallas nightclub owner with ties to organized crime.
 * Jules Schiffrin: A Chicago mob elder statesman who keeps the real books of the Teamsters Pension Fund.
 * Chuck Rogers: Ex-CIA agent and pilot who enters the service of the Blessington Cadre.
 * Laura Hughes: Illegitimate daughter of Joe Kennedy and Gloria Swanson who has taken Howard Hughes's last name just to spite her father.
 * Helen Agee: College friend of Littell's daughter who becomes romantically involved with Littell.
 * Barb Jahelka: Los Angeles singer and shakedown artist.
 * Nestor Chasco: A virulent anti-Castro member of the Blessington Cadre.

Other members of the historical cast include mob bosses Sam Giancana, Carlos Marcello, Santo Trafficante Jr., and John Roselli. Others include Peter Lawford, Frank Sinatra, and J. D. Tippit.

Film adaptation
In 2002, it was reported that Bruce Willis optioned the rights to produce and star in a TV miniseries based on American Tabloid and The Cold Six Thousand. Willis's option expired before he produced the series.

In 2008, Daily Variety reported that HBO, along with Tom Hanks's production company, Playtone, were developing American Tabloid and The Cold Six Thousand for either a mini-series or ongoing series. Screenwriter Kirk Ellis was drafting a screenplay for the potential series.

Editions

 * 1995, US, Alfred A Knopf (ISBN 0-679-40391-4), Pub date ? February 1995, hardcover (first edition)
 * 1995, UK, Century (ISBN 0-7126-4816-X), Pub date 5 January 1995, hardcover
 * 1995, UK, Arrow books (ISBN 0-09-989320-7), Pub date 7 September 1995, paperback
 * 2001, US, Vintage Books (ISBN 0-375-72737-X), Pub date ? May 2001, paperback

Critical reception
On November 5, 2019, the BBC News listed American Tabloid on its list of the 100 most influential novels.

title: American Tabloid


text:
Igor (given name)

Igor (Ігар ; Игорь ; Игор ; Ігор ; ) is a common East Slavic given name derived from the Norse name Ingvar, that was brought to ancient Rus' by the Norse Varangians, see Igor of Kiev.

Igor

 * Igor of Kiev, ruler of Kievan Rus' from 913 to 945
 * Igor II of Kiev (died 1147), Grand Prince of Kiev (1146)
 * Igor Akinfeev (born 1986), Russian football goalkeeper
 * Igor Andreev (born 1983), Russian tennis player
 * Igor Angulo (born 1984), Basque-Spanish footballer
 * Igor Antón (born 1983), Basque-Spanish cyclist
 * Igor Arnáez (born 1991), Basque-Spanish footballer
 * Igor Astarloa (born 1976), Basque-Spanish cyclist
 * Igor Belousov (1928–2005), Soviet statesman
 * Igor Bobček (born 1983), Slovak ice hockey defenceman
 * Igor Bogdanoff (1949–2022), French science fiction author
 * Igor Boki (born 1994), Belarusian Paralympic swimmer
 * Igor Cavalera (born 1970), Brazilian musician
 * Igor Chernykh (1932–2020), Russian camera operator
 * Prince Igor Constantinovich of Russia (1894–1918), Russian royalty
 * Igor Chugainov (born 1970), Russian football player and coach
 * Igor Danchenko (born 1978), Russian-American analyst
 * Igor M. Diakonoff (1915–1999), Russian historian, linguist, and translator
 * Igor Dodon (born 1975), Moldovan politician and president of Moldova from 2016 to 2020
 * Igor de Camargo (born 1983), Brazilian / Belgian footballer
 * Igor Eremenko (born 1997), Russian ice dancer who defected to the United States
 * Igor Gabilondo (born 1979), Basque-Spanish footballer
 * Igor Gaydamaka, Soviet sprint canoer
 * Igor Girkin (born 1970), Russian army veteran and former Federal Security Service officer who played a key role in the Russian annexation of Crimea
 * Igor Golomstock (1929–2017), London-based Russian art historian
 * Igor González de Galdeano (born 1973), Basque-Spanish cyclist
 * Igor Julio dos Santos de Paulo (born 1998), Brazilian footballer
 * Igor Jankowski (born 1983), Belarusian-Polish composer
 * Igor Kholmanskikh (born 1969), Russian government appointee and former factory worker
 * Igor Coronado, Brazilian footballer
 * Igor Kornelyuk (born 1962), Russian musician, singer and songwriter
 * Igor Kokoškov (born 1971), Serbian basketball coach
 * Igor Kunitsyn (born 1981), Russian tennis player
 * Igor Kurnosov (1985–2013), Russian chess grandmaster
 * Igor Larionov (born 1960), Soviet and Russian retired ice hockey player
 * Igor Lewczuk (born 1985), Polish football defender
 * Igor López de Munain (1983/1984–2022), Basque politician
 * Igor Luzhkovsky (1938–2000), Russian swimmer
 * Igor Markevitch (1912–1983), Russian-born composer and conductor
 * Igor Julio (born 1998), Brazilian footballer
 * Igor Martinez (born 1989), Basque-Spanish footballer
 * Igor Matovič (born 1973), Slovak politician
 * Igor Medved (born 1981), Slovenian ski jumper
 * Igor Menshchikov (born 1970), Russian football player and coach
 * Igor Merino (born 1990), Basque-Spanish cyclist
 * Igor V. Minin (born 1960), Russian physicist
 * Igor Nesterenko (born 1990), Israeli-Ukrainian basketball player in the Israel Basketball Premier League
 * Igor Nikitin (ice hockey) (1966–2013), Russian ice hockey player
 * Igor Nikolayev (born 1960), Russian singer, composer and songwriter
 * Igor Oistrakh (1931–2021), Russian violinist
 * Igor Olshanetskyi (born 1986), Israeli Olympic weightlifter
 * Igor Olshansky (born 1982), Ukrainian-born American National Football League player
 * Igor Omura Fraga (born 1998), Japanese-born Brazilian racing driver and eSports racer
 * Igor Pavlov (athlete) (born 1979), Russian pole vaulter
 * Igor Rasko (born 1966), Russian ice hockey player
 * Igor Savitsky (1915–1984), Russian art collector and art museum director.
 * Igor Sechin (born 1960), Russian businessman and politician
 * Igor Sedašev (born 1950), Estonian politician
 * Igor Severyanin (1887–1941), Russian poet
 * Igor Shesterkin (born 1995), Russian ice hockey player
 * Igor Shuvalov (born 1967), Russian politician
 * Igor Sijsling (born 1987), Dutch tennis player
 * Igor Sikorsky (1889–1972), Russian-born American pioneer of aviation in both helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft
 * Igor Smirnov (politician) (born 1941), Transnistrian politician
 * Igor Stravinsky (1882–1971), Russian composer and conductor
 * Igor Subbotin (born 1990), Estonian footballer
 * Igor Svyatoslavich (1151–1201/1202), prince of Putivl (1164–1180), of Novgorod-Seversk (1180–1198), and of Chernigov (1198–1201/1202)
 * Igor Sypniewski (1974–2022), Polish football forward
 * Igor Śmiałowski (1917–2006), Polish actor
 * Igor Tudor (born 1978), Croatian footballer and manager
 * Igor Ursov (1927–2002) Russian phthisiatrist, scientist
 * Igor Yebra (born 1974), Basque-Spanish dancer
 * Igor Zubeldia (born 1997), Basque-Spanish footballer

Ihar

 * Ihar Hermianchuk (1961–2002), Belarusian journalist and political activist.
 * Ihar Hershankou (1981–2018), convicted Belarusian murderer, soldier and fraudster
 * Ihar Makarau (born 1979), Belarusian judoka
 * Ihar Maystrenka (born 1959), Belarusian former rower
 * Ihar Razhkow (born 1981), Belarusian footballer
 * Ihar Rynkevich (born 1968), Belarusian legal and political expert, journalist and human rights activist
 * Ihar Stasevich (born 1985), Belarusian footballer
 * Ihar Tarlowski (born 1974), Belarusian footballer and coach
 * Ihar Truhaw (born 1976), Belarusian footballer and coach
 * Ihar Tsaplyuk (born 1970), Belarusian footballer
 * Ihar Zyankovich (born 1987), Belarusian footballer
 * Ihar Zyulew (born 1984), Belarusian footballer and coach

Ihor

 * Ihor Bazhan (born 1981), Ukrainian footballer
 * Ihor Chuchman (born 1985), Kazakhstani footballer
 * Ihor Della-Rossa (born 1939), Georgian-born Soviet racewalker
 * Ihor Huz (born 1982), Ukrainian politician, member of Parliament
 * Ihor Kalynets (born 1939), Ukrainian poet and dissident during Soviet times
 * Ihor Kharatin (born 1995), Ukrainian footballer
 * Ihor Kharchenko (born 1962), Ukrainian diplomat
 * Ihor Kirienko (born 1986), Ukrainian footballer
 * Ihor Kohut (born 1996), Ukrainian footballer
 * Ihor Kolykhaiev (born 1971), Ukrainian politician and entrepreneur
 * Ihor Kolomoyskyi (born 1963), Ukrainian businessman
 * Ihor Kononenko (born 1965) Ukrainian businessman and politician
 * Ihor Kyrylenko (born 1991), Ukrainian singer, songwriter, producer and DJ, member in a number of musical bands
 * Ihor Kyryukhantsev (born 1996), Ukrainian footballer
 * Ihor Lytovchenko (born 1966), Ukrainian businessman and entrepreneur
 * Ihor Lutsenko (politician) (born 1978), Ukrainian journalist and politician
 * Ihor Melnyk (footballer, born 1983), Ukrainian footballer
 * Ihor Melnyk (footballer, born 1986), Ukrainian footballer
 * Ihor Nasalyk (born 1962), Ukrainian optoelectronic engineer and politician
 * Ihor Olefirenko (born 1990), Ukrainian long distance runner
 * Ihor Pavlyuk (born 1967), Ukrainian writer, translator and research worker
 * Ihor Plastun (born 1990), Ukrainian footballer
 * Ihor Podolchak (born 1962), Ukrainian film director and visual artist
 * Ihor Prokopchuk (born 1968), Ukrainian diplomat
 * Ihor Rainin or Raynin (born 1973), Ukrainian politician
 * Ihor Reptyukh (born 1994), Ukrainian cross-country skier and biathlete
 * Ihor Rybak (1934–2005), Ukrainian weightlifter
 * Ihor Reznichenko (born 1994), Ukrainian figure skater
 * Ihor Sahach (born 1956), Ukrainian diplomat
 * Ihor Shcherbak (1943–2002), Soviet long-distance runner
 * Ihor Shevchenko (born 1971), Ukrainian politician, government minister, and lawyer
 * Ihor Ševčenko (1922–2009), Polish-born philologist and historian of Ukrainian origin
 * Ihor Sorkin (born 1967), Ukrainian banker, chairman of the National Bank of Ukraine
 * Ihor Surkis (born 1958), Ukrainian businessman
 * Ihor Tsvietov (born 1994), Ukrainian Paralympic athlete with cerebral palsy
 * Ihor Tyschenko (born 1989), Ukrainian footballer
 * Ihor Yukhnovskyi (1925–2024), Ukrainian physicist and politician, and a member of the Presidium
 * Ihor Yushko (born 1961), Ukrainian economist and politician
 * Ihor Zubko (born 1991), Ukrainian footballer

Fictional characters

 * Igor (character), a stock character
 * Igor, a baboon with shape-shifting powers in Marvel Comics
 * Igor, in the Persona series
 * Igor, in Count Duckula
 * Igor, in Young Frankenstein
 * Igor, in the 1989 US fighting game Human Killing Machine
 * Igor, in the 1985 US horror film Igor and the Lunatics
 * Igor, in the 2008 US computer-animated horror comedy film Igor
 * Igor Barkov, in the 1998 young adult novel Holes
 * Igor Burov, in the US TV drama series The Americans
 * Igor Karkaroff, in the Harry Potter series
 * Igor Nevsky, in the 1997 US political action thriller film Air Force One (film)
 * Igor Parker, in the 1994 graphic adventure game Igor: Objective Uikokahonia
 * Igor Rabitov, in the US action TV series Banshee
 * Igor Sergei Klinki (created October 10, 1959), "virtual" poet, created by Argentine writer, artist, photographer, and illustrator Rafael San Martín
 * Igor Stancheck, in Radioactive Man
 * Igor Straminsky, in the US media franchise M*A*S*H
 * Igor Teplov, in World of Watches
 * Igor Wagner, in The Adventures of Tintin
 * Igor Khymynuk, in Chernobylite (video game)

title: Igor (given name)


text:
Talk:Tithe

Jacob's vow to tithe
There's another reference to Old Testament tithing that would be good to cite:

Gen. 28:20 And Jacob vowed a vow, saying, If God will be with me, and will keep me in this way that I go, and will give me bread to eat, and raiment to put on,

Gen. 28:21 So that I come again to my father’s house in peace--then shall the LORD be my God,

Gen. 28:22 And this rock, which I have set for a pillar, shall be God’s house; and of all that you shall give me, I will surely give the tenth to you.

p.

Tithe vs. Taxes
I should point out, tithes were not taxes but rather they were tax-like. In certain crucial respects they do not qualify as taxes - mainly, from being too arms length from governments. Even so, they still affected payers the same way, so correcting this technical point needs to respect the spirit as well as the letter. I'll leave it a while. PML.

Tithes in European countries?
At least here in Finland Evangelical-lutheran church collects (governmental tax office does this) one percent (not ten percent) from income of members of the church. Here is also other christian churches... So it would be interesting to know about tithes in other European countries, is it really collected somewhere?
 * I'm going to move the paragraph on France down with the other paragraphs about official state collection of "tithes." I think we should also structure these entries as subentries to a section on government collection of religious offerings. billlund 12:56, May 22, 2005 (UTC)

Intro: "There are still European countries today that allow some churches to assess a mandatory tithe which is enforced by law.". Mandatory? Which countries? By the discriptions of individual countries, that's not the idea I get.

LDS Tithing
Members of the LDS Church (or the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) are required to pay tithing. Could somebody please put some reference to this on the page on tithes?

 * Members of the LDS Church are not "required" to pay a tithing, but it is a commandment from God and an expectation of the church. Paying a tithe is also a requirement to participate in the LDS temple, specifically, to receive a temple recommend so that the member can participate in the ordinances of the temple. (There are copious Wikipedia entries on all of this.)
 * Personally, I don't think that an entry regarding this for the LDS Church is appropriate in this article since no other denomination is specifically mentioned. I also think that bringing in specific practices of denominations would make the article contentious and unwieldy. Let's not do that. billlund 12:52, May 22, 2005 (UTC)

NPOV and Cleanup
This article is currently quite POV in certain sections and reads like a college essay on tithing instead of an unbiased encyclopedia article. I don't have time to elaborate further or point out specific instances right now, but a brief readthrough of the article should be enough to convince nearly anyone that work needs to be done here. - Jersyko   talk  03:54, July 22, 2005 (UTC)

OK, I went through the article and cut out everything that smelled of POV or original research. I'm certain that this article could be expanded significantly, and I might have cut some information that could be reworded and re-inserted as well as failed to cut some info that shouldn't be in the article. I, however, learned more about tithing from reading this article than I've ever known, so I'm certainly not the person to do any more work on it. - Jersyko   talk  03:38, July 23, 2005 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 18:22, 4 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Dokument o půdě a desátcích.jpg

Quotes, quotes, everywhere quotes
This article is a mess. It is totally dominated by paragraph after paragraph of quoted text from primary sources that are given no context or explanation. It's left to the reader to wade through it all to find any relevance or explanation for it. Many quotes doesn't even mention Tithes or tithing, and we can only assume that whatever editor contributed it is engaged in writing an essay of original research on the subject.

Can anyone explain what is going on here? Otherwise I'm minded to radically just chop it all out, so we can find an article that explains tithes beneath it all. Escape Orbit (Talk) 17:27, 29 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, it's all Jirda5. You could just revert, but some of it could perhaps go into notes. Also, at 130k raw bytes, the article is just WP:TOOLONG. Johnbod (talk) 17:32, 29 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Indeed, some of the quoted text could be justifiably mentioned in a historical context, but quoting them in their entirety, without explanation or secondary source is just ridiculous. What is the reader supposed to make of them all?  Who are all these people?  What are these texts?  What do they tell us about tithes?  The reader is left completely in the dark on the subject. -- Escape Orbit  (Talk) 17:38, 29 January 2023 (UTC)
 * If the person who added the long excerpts cannot explain what they mean--then it's unlikely that 1% of our users can do that. cut them out.  Rjensen (talk) 17:43, 29 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Rjensen: write about citations from historical monuments that exhibit museums that they are "junk". This is not appropriate at all !!!Jirda5 (talk) 18:52, 29 January 2023 (UTC)
 * I could completely redo the whole "Ancient World" part. Only a fifth of the quotes would remain and it would make sense. I do not speak English. Someone would have to look at it at the end (just the titles) and maybe fix something. I don't think it would take more than half an hour. I know it's confusing now. Will you give me time to do this? Question for Escape_Orbit Jirda5 (talk) 20:21, 29 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Completely agree with your original point, and happy to help check the English if you are willing to put the time in to tidy this article up! Kitb (talk) 10:00, 30 January 2023 (UTC)
 * thank you for your willingness, I appreciate it Jirda5 (talk) 15:24, 30 January 2023 (UTC)
 * The problem is that they are all quotes from primary sources. Primary sources are suitable for research, but are problematic in an encyclopaedic because there is no context, explanation or analysis to them.  And adding any context or explanation would be original research, something that is not permitted on Wikipedia.  If we were to sparingly use any quotes, they would have to be within context provided by secondary sources.  So your time would be much better spent finding reliable secondary sources that mention these instances of tithing, rather than using this article as a dumping ground for massive chunks of quoted text.  The article as it stands is basically ruined, because the reader has to scroll down through screed of quotes to find any information.  I am going to revert it all.  I suggest you put together what you wish to add in your own personal sandbox and then link to it here first for discussion, before radically changing the article again.   -- Escape Orbit  (Talk) 10:54, 30 January 2023 (UTC)
 * I've taken the liberty of moving the text over to your sandbox, I hope that's ok. Feel free to perfect the section there and I'm happy to give it a look.  Once it looks suitable for inclusion in the article it can be copied across.  But please take into consideration what is said above.  As it stands just now, it is not a Wikipedia article, it is a large collection of quotes. Thanks. -- Escape Orbit  (Talk) 11:08, 30 January 2023 (UTC)
 * I get it, I expected it. Just a note. Don't you have the impression that Albrektson's statement (and Ancient Near Eastern literature provides scant evidence for the practice of tithing and the collection of tithes) is untrue? Jirda5 (talk) 15:55, 30 January 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm afraid my impression, and that of every other Wikipedia editor, doesn't matter. We are not recognised authorities on Tithing.  But if you do have a source from another expert on the matter that says differently, please do add it.  -- Escape Orbit  (Talk) 16:29, 30 January 2023 (UTC)
 * OK. "In Greece the situation is different. Numerous references to tithes of the annual harvest and to tithes of spoil taken in battle are known. Delphi, Delos, and Athens are mentioned as recipients of tithe offerings made to the gods. " (https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/tithes
 * Albrektson : "scant evidence"   /     https://www.encyclopedia.com-  : "Numerous references"
 * It's not about impressions.
 * I'm also not an expert, but I see the betrayal :( Jirda5 (talk) 17:36, 30 January 2023 (UTC)
 * encyclopedia.com is a tertiary source, which not as good as a secondary, but better than none. The question is, does Greece count as "Near East"?  If so, you could add a mention of the greek tithing to the section (with source, of course).  Otherwise it might go better in a different section. -- Escape Orbit  (Talk) 11:52, 31 January 2023 (UTC)

Criticism
Hello. I noticed that you have removed criticism of the financial abuses by religious leaders. However, it has been there for many years. This section being neutral and very well referenced, this action looks like to Vandalism. Also, as Criticism explains, “For topics about a particular point of view – such as philosophies (Idealism, Naturalism, Existentialism), political outlooks (Capitalism, Marxism), or religion (Islam, Christianity, Atheism) – it will usually be appropriate to have a "Criticism" section”. See also Christianity. Finally, it is an academic, encyclopedic and social responsibility, to denounce financial abuses by religious leaders in order to help people to identify them and specially to avoid new victims. This is what Jesus Christ has done many times in his ministry, including denouncing the love of money (Mammon) and the hypocrisy of religious leaders who devour the house of widows (Luke 20:47). Thanks for your help. My best wishes of peace and love (WikiLove).--Nathan B2 (talk) 18:29, 6 June 2023 (UTC)

The article is incomplete
The article is heavily oriented towards Judeo-Christian history and is not complete as it completely ignores the practice of tithing in Greco-Roman antiquity. But tithing is not an invention of Judeo-Christian religions. He had been here thousands of years before them. See article: https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des%C3%A1tek — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jirda5 (talk • contribs) 15:19, 10 June 2023 (UTC)

The earliest church writers extant demonstrate no tithe collections in the early church
Irenaeus and other ante-nicene church writers (known as church fathers) all indicate no tithe received in the first 300 years of the history of the Church. This important determining point is absolutely missing from the entire article which is severely biased toward the promotion of mandatory tithing. 2603:6010:9AF0:8000:10E9:B785:6996:93D6 (talk) 18:07, 24 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tithe


text:
Mount Taranaki

Mount Taranaki (Taranaki Maunga) (also called Mt Egmont) is a dormant stratovolcano in the Taranaki region on the west coast of New Zealand's North Island. At 2518 m, it is the second highest mountain in the North Island, after Mount Ruapehu. It has a secondary cone, Fanthams Peak (Panitahi), 1966 m, on its south side.

Name
The name Taranaki is from the Māori language. The mountain was named after Rua Taranaki, the first ancestor of the iwi (tribe) called Taranaki, one of several iwi in the region. The Māori word tara means mountain peak, and naki may come from ngaki, meaning "clear of vegetation." It was also named Pukehaupapa ("ice mountain") and Pukeonaki ("hill of Naki") by iwi who lived in the region in "ancient times".

Captain Cook named it Mount Egmont on 11 January 1770 after John Perceval, 2nd Earl of Egmont, a former First Lord of the Admiralty who had supported the concept of an oceanic search for Terra Australis Incognita. Cook described it as "of a prodigious height and its top cover'd with everlasting snow," surrounded by a "flat country ... which afforded a very good aspect, being clothed with wood and verdure".

When the French explorer Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne saw the mountain on 25 March 1772 he named it Pic Mascarin. He was unaware of Cook's earlier visit.

It appeared as Mount Egmont on maps until 29 May 1986, when the name officially became "Mount Taranaki or Mount Egmont" following a decision by the Minister of Lands, Koro Wētere. The Egmont name still applies to the national park that surrounds the peak and geologists still refer to the peak as the Egmont Volcano.

As part of the Treaty of Waitangi settlement with Ngā Iwi o Taranaki, a group of tribes in the region, the mountain will be officially named Taranaki Maunga, and will be the first natural geographic feature with an official name in Māori, rather than English. The settlement was initialled on 31 March 2023, and has been ratified by the iwi of Taranaki.

Some iwi in the region had referred to the mountain as Taranaki Mounga rather than Taranaki Maunga, per the local Māori dialect.

Geology
Mount Taranaki is situated in the sedimentary Taranaki Basin and is part of the Taranaki Volcanic Lineament which has had a 3 cm/yr north to south migration over the last 1.75 million years. A Wadati–Benioff zone exists at about 200 km depth and the volcano's magma has the geochemical features of an arc volcano. Under the volcano itself there is high heat flow with only about 10 km crustal thickness although this rapidly normalises for continental crust to 35 km east of the volcano and 25 km to the west.

Volcanic activity
Taranaki is geologically young, having commenced activity approximately 135,000 years ago. The most recent volcanic activity was the production of a lava dome in the crater and its collapse down the side of the mountain in the 1850s or 1860s. Between 1755 and 1800, an eruption sent a pyroclastic flow down the mountain's northeast flanks, and a moderate ash eruption occurred about 1755, of the size of Ruapehu's activity in 1995/1996. The last major eruption occurred around 1655. Recent research has shown that over the last 9,000 years minor eruptions have occurred roughly every 90 years on average, with major eruptions every 500 years. Some of these eruptions may have occurred with very brief warning, of only days or less.

Hazards
Taranaki is unusual in that it has experienced at least five of its major eruptions by the method of cone collapse. Few volcanoes have undergone more than one cone collapse. The vast volume of material involved in these collapses is reflected in the extensive ring plain surrounding the volcano. There is also evidence of lahars being a common result of eruption. The major collapse cycles have a potential maximum size of collapse of 7.9 km3 every 30,000 to 35,000 years. Another major collapse is expected to occur within 16,200 years.

Much of the region is at risk from lahars, which have reached as far as the coast. A volcanic event is not necessary for a lahar: even earthquakes combined with heavy rain or snow could dislodge vast quantities of unstable layers resting on steep slopes. Many farmers live in the paths of such possible destructive events.

Although volcanic eruptions are notoriously chaotic in their frequency, some scientists warn that a large eruption is "overdue". Research from Massey University indicates that significant seismic activity from the local faults is likely again in the next 50 years and such might be permissive to an eruption. What ever in the next 50 years, the probability of at least one eruption is between 33% and 42%. Prevailing winds would probably blow ash east, covering much of the North Island, and disrupting air routes, power transmission lines and local water supplies.

Older volcanoes in the area

Mount Taranaki is one of four closely associated Quaternary volcanoes in Taranaki province that have erupted from andesite magmas that have not extensively assimilated enriched crust unlike the cone volcanos of the North Island Volcanic Plateau. It sits on the remains of three older volcanic complexes that lie to the northwest. The Indo-Australian Plate is slowly moving relative to the magma source that feeds these volcanoes. This trend is reflected in Fanthams Peak, the newer secondary cone on the southeast side of Taranaki and named after Fanny Fantham who was the first European woman to climb the peak in 1887.

The oldest volcanic remnants consist of a series of lava plugs: Paritutu Rock (156 metres), which forms part of New Plymouth's harbour, and the Sugar Loaf Islands close offshore. These have been dated at 1.75 million years.

On the coast, 15 kilometres southwest of New Plymouth is the Kaitake Range (682 metres), last active approximately 500,000 years ago.

Nearest to Taranaki is the Pouakai Range. Pouakai may have originated around the same time as Kaitake but remained active until about 240,000 years ago. Much of Pouakai's large ring plain was obliterated by the Egmont Volcano, the hills near Eltham being the only remnant to the south.

Māori mythology

According to Māori mythology, Taranaki once resided in the middle of the North Island, with all the other New Zealand volcanoes. The beautiful Pihanga was coveted by all the mountains, and a great battle broke out between them. Tongariro eventually won the day, inflicted great wounds on the side of Taranaki, and causing him to flee. Taranaki headed westwards, following Te Toka a Rahotu (the Rock of Rahotu) and forming the deep gorges of the Whanganui River, paused for a while, creating the depression that formed the Te Ngaere swamp, then heading north. Further progress was blocked by the Pouakai Ranges, and as the sun came up Taranaki became petrified in his current location. When Taranaki conceals himself with rainclouds, he is said to be crying for his lost love, and during spectacular sunsets, he is said to be displaying himself to her. In turn, Tongariro's eruptions are said to be a warning to Taranaki not to return.

History

In 1865 the mountain was confiscated from Māori by the New Zealand Government under the powers of the New Zealand Settlements Act 1863, ostensibly as a means of establishing and maintaining peace amid the Second Taranaki War. The legislation was framed with the intention of seizing and dividing up the land of Māori "in rebellion" and providing it as farmland for military settlers. In 1839 the mountain had been climbed by the Swiss trained doctor and naturalist Ernst Dieffenbach. During his initial ascent, he identified the fast-flowing streams as being well suited to water driven mills. Dieffenbach was employed by the New Zealand Company to advise on the potential of land he explored in the North Island in 1839–40.

The mountain was returned to the people of Taranaki in 1978 by means of the Mount Egmont Vesting Act 1978, which vested it to the Taranaki Maori Trust Board. By means of the same Act, it was immediately passed back to the Government as a gift to the nation. The Waitangi Tribunal, in its 1996 report, Kaupapa Tuatahi, observed: "We are unaware of the evidence that the hapū agreed to this arrangement. Many who made submissions to us were adamant that most knew nothing of it." It cited a submission that suggested the political climate of 1975 was such that the board felt it was necessary to perform a gesture of goodwill designed to create a more favourable environment within which a monetary settlement could be negotiated.

Because of its resemblance to Mount Fuji, Taranaki provided the backdrop for the 2003 film The Last Samurai.

In 2017, a record of understanding was signed between Taranaki iwi and the New Zealand government that will see the mountain become a legal personality. It is the third geographic feature in the country to be granted a legal personality, after Te Urewera and Whanganui River.

On 2 December 2019, an agreement between the crown and Ngā Iwi o Taranaki was announced that the mountain was to only be referred to as Taranaki Maunga. The national park will be renamed from Egmont National Park to Te Papakura o Taranaki. The name change has not yet been ratified by the New Zealand Geographic Board.

National park
In 1881, a circular area with a radius of six miles (9.6 km) from the summit was protected as a forest reserve. Areas encompassing the older volcanic remnants of Pouakai and Kaitake were later added to the reserve and in 1900 all this land was designated as Egmont National Park, the second national park in New Zealand. There are parts of the national park where old-growth forests are found. With intensively-farmed dairy pasture right up to the park boundary, the change in vegetation is sharply delineated as a circular shape in satellite images.

Recreation

The Stratford Mountain Club operates the Manganui skifield on the eastern slope. Equipment access to the skifield is by flying fox across the Manganui Gorge.

The Taranaki Alpine Club maintains Tahurangi Lodge on the north slope of the mountain, next to the television tower. The lodge is frequently used as the base for public climbs to the summit held in the summer months. The various climbing and tramping clubs organize these public events and provide informal guides.

Syme Hut is located near Fanthams Peak. It is maintained by the Department of Conservation and is available to trampers on a first come first served basis.

For the average person, Taranaki would be considered a moderate mountain to climb. It takes a person with good fitness level a day to make the up-and-back climb. Weather on the mountain can change rapidly, which has caught inexperienced trampers and climbers unawares. As of 27 June 2017, 84 people have died on the mountain since records began in 1891, many having been caught by a sudden change in the weather. In terms of fatalities this mountain is the second most dangerous mountain in New Zealand after Aoraki / Mount Cook.

Access

There are three roads leading part-way up the mountain. The highest is to East Egmont plateau, with a viewing platform and parking facilities for the skifield. It lies at the transition between subalpine scrub and alpine herbfields.

There are park visitor centres at North Egmont and at the waterfall Te Rere o Kapuni on the southeast side.

The eastern side from Stratford leads to the Stratford Mountain House, and the ski field.

There is no road access on the western side. However, a road winds for 10 km through native bush over the saddle between Pouakai and Kaitake. Near the top of this road is the renowned Pukeiti Trust rhododendron garden.

Transmitter
The Mount Egmont transmitter is the main television and FM radio transmitter for the Taranaki region. It is located on the north-eastern slope of the mountain adjacent to Tahurangi Lodge. The first transmitter at the site was commissioned by the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation (NZBC) in 1966 to relay Wellington's WNTV1 channel (now part of TVNZ 1).

title: Mount Taranaki


text:
The Wonderful Adventures of Nils

The Wonderful Adventures of Nils (Nils Holgerssons underbara resa genom Sverige, literally Nils Holgersson's wonderful journey across Sweden) is a work of fiction by the Swedish writer Selma Lagerlöf, the first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature. It was originally published in two books, 1906 and 1907, and was first published in English as The Wonderful Adventures of Nils (1907) and The Further Adventures of Nils (1911). The two parts are later usually published together, in English as The Wonderful Adventures of Nils, but that name may also refer to the first part alone.

Like many leading Swedish intellectuals of her time, Selma Lagerlöf was an advocate of Swedish spelling reform. When first published, this book was also one of the first to adopt the new spelling mandated by a government resolution on April 7, 1906 (see Svenska Akademiens Ordlista).

Origin
The background for publication was a commission from the National Teachers Association in 1902 to write a geography reader for the public schools. "She devoted three years to Nature study and to familiarizing herself with animal and bird life. She has sought out hitherto unpublished folklore and legends of the different provinces. These she has ingeniously woven into her story." (From translator Velma Swanston Howard's introduction.)

Plot introduction
The book is about a young lad, Nils Holgersson, whose "chief delight was to eat and sleep, and after that he liked best to make mischief". He takes great delight in hurting the animals in his family farm. Nils captures a tomte in a net while his family are at church and have left him home to memorize chapters from the Bible. The tomte proposes to Nils that if Nils frees him, the tomte will give him a huge gold coin. Nils rejects the offer and the tomte turns Nils into a tomte, which leaves him shrunken and able to talk with animals, who are thrilled to see the boy reduced to their size and are angry and hungry for revenge. While this is happening, wild geese are flying over the farm on one of their migrations, and Martin, the farm's white goose attempts to join the wild ones. In an attempt to salvage something before his family returns, Nils holds on to Martin's neck as he successfully takes off and joins the wild birds.

The wild geese, who are not pleased at all to be joined by a boy and a domestic goose, eventually take them on an adventurous trip across all the historical provinces of Sweden observing in passing their natural characteristics and economic resources. At the same time the characters and situations he encounters make him a man: the domestic goose needs to prove his ability to fly like the experienced wild geese, and Nils needs to prove to the geese that he would be a useful companion, despite their initial misgivings. During the trip, Nils learns that if he proves he has changed for the better, the tomte might be disposed to change him back to his normal size.

The book also includes various subplots, concerning people and animals whose lives are touched in one way or another by Nils and the wild geese. For example, one chapter centers on a provincial man who feels lonely and alienated in the capital Stockholm, is befriended by a nice old gentleman who tells him (and the reader) about the city's history - and only later finds that it was none other than the King of Sweden, walking incognito in the park.

The book was criticized for the fact that the goose and boy don't make any stop in the province Halland. In chapter 53 they fly over Halland on the way back to Scania, but they aren't impressed by the sight and they don't stop. However, such a chapter has been added to some translations of the book. In depictions Nils is usually wearing a red cap, although this is erroneous as he is described in the original Swedish edition as wearing a white cap.

Chapters and itinerary
This section follows the English-language translation by Velma Swanston Howard, originally published in 1907 and 1911 as The Wonderful Adventures of Nils and Further Adventures of Nils. The Howard text is that of many later publications that contain the original illustrations, new illustrations, or none at all.

The Wonderful Adventures of Nils
Howard's first volume contains 21 chapters. Swedish-language chapter titles listed here are identical to those of the 21 chapters in the original volume one (1906).

Further Adventures of Nils
Howard's second volume contains 22 chapters numbered 1 to 22, where the original volume two (1907) contains 34 chapters numbered 22 to 55. Swedish-language chapter titles listed here are identical to those of 22 among the 34 original chapters. Chapter titles 6 to 18 match original chapter titles 36 to 48.

Howard cut some chapters entirely and abridged others. Some provinces are not featured in the Howard translation, including Dalarna, which is visited in four original chapters (29 to 32).

Print editions

 * The Wonderful Adventures of Nils, Illustrated by Harold Heartt Foley. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1907.
 * The Wonderful Adventures of Nils, translated by Velma Swanston Howard. Illustrated by Mary Hamilton Frye. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1913.
 * The Wonderful Adventures of Nils, Illustrated by H. Baumhauer. J.M. Dent and Sons, 1950.

1955 Soviet animation
A Soviet traditionally animated feature film called The Enchanted Boy (Заколдо́ванный ма́льчик, Zakoldovannyy Malchik) was released in 1955. It was directed by Vladimir Polkovnikov and Aleksandra Snezhko-Blotskaya and produced at the Soyuzmultfilm studio in Moscow.

1962 Swedish live action
Adventures of Nils Holgersson (Nils Holgerssons underbara resa) was released in 1962. It was shot primarily from helicopters, simplifying and downplaying the drama of the plot. It was directed by Kenne Fant.

1980 Japanese animation
An anime adaptation (ニルスのふしぎな旅 Nirusu no Fushigi na Tabi) consisting of fifty-two 25-minute episodes was broadcast on NHK from January 8, 1980—March 17, 1981. The anime was also broadcast:
 * Albania
 * in the Arab World (as "مغامرات نيلز" Nils' Adventures)
 * Belgium
 * Canada (in French)
 * (Mainland) China
 * Czech Republic (as "Nils Holgersson")
 * Finland (as "Peukaloisen retket", not dubbed in Finnish but simply narrated over the German dub, also released in DVD)
 * France
 * Germany
 * Greece (as "Το θαυμαστό ταξίδι του Νίλς Χόλγκερσον" - "The wondrous journey of Nils Holgersson")
 * Hong Kong (dubbed into Cantonese)
 * Hungary (as "Nils Holgersson csodálatos utazása a vadludakkal" - "The Wonderful Journey of Nils Holgersson with the Wild Geese")
 * Iceland (as "Nilli Hólmgeirsson")
 * Iran
 * Israel (as "נילס הולגרסון")
 * Italy
 * The Netherlands
 * Poland (as "Nils and the wild geese")
 * Portugal
 * Romania
 * Slovenia (as "Nils Holgerson" with one s)
 * South Africa (Translated to Afrikaans as "Nils Holgerson")
 * Spain
 * Sweden
 * Turkey (as "Uçan Kaz" ("The Flying Goose"))

In some countries it was cut to allow for commercials. The anime was the very first production by Studio Pierrot (Mamoru Oshii was a director on the series). The anime was mostly fairly true to the original, apart from the appearance of Nils' pet hamster, and the greater role allowed to the fox Smirre.

In Germany, the animated series episodes were also combined into one full feature animated movie (~ 1h 22min in length) in 1981; the same release has also been dubbed and released in Estonia on DVD & VHS and in Greece on DVD. In Germany, the anime was also adapted into a comic book series, with the drawings made by the Spanish Studio Interpubli, and the German Atelier Roche.

2011 Swedish/German two-parter
German TV broadcaster ARD premiered a live-action two-part adaptation starring Justus Kammerer as Nils and directed by Dirk Regel on Christmas 2011. Its total running time is 230 minutes. This version uses a mix of real animals, puppets, and CGI for the geese and other animals.

2017 French Studio 100 3D CGI Adaptation
In 2017, a 3D CGI-based TV Series adaptation was released by French Studio 100 Animation. The release consists of 52 episodes, 13 minutes each.

Israeli version
In the 1960s the Israeli children's weekly "Etz'beoni" (אצבעוני) ran a long lasting Hebrew comic strip version, loosely based on the Swedish original, where the protagonist's name was changed to "Gil" (גיל) and the location was transferred to the Israeli countryside.

Swedish culture
The Wonderful Adventures of Nils is so well known in Swedish culture that a picture of Nils Holgersson, on the back of a goose flying over the plains of Scania, was printed on the reverse side of the Swedish 20 krona banknote until new bills came in use in 2015.

Nils is also depicted in the logo of the digital map company Tele Atlas.

The sights Nils sees as he and his goose roam the provinces of Sweden are depicted in a series of Christmas plates produced by Rörstrand Pottery. The series began in 1970 and continued until 1999. The plates illustrate the topography, architecture, industry, and wildlife of Sweden.

Influence on later fantasy
Lev Grossman's fantasy novel The Magicians includes numerous allusions to earlier works such as The Narnia Series and the Harry Potter books. The influence of Nils Holgersson is evident in a key episode where a class of students nearing graduation from a School of Magic are set a major test: to be transformed into wild geese and undertake an epic flight, all the way from Upper New York State to Antarctica.

title: The Wonderful Adventures of Nils


text:
North Hwanghae Province

North Hwanghae Province (Hwanghaebuk-to;, lit. "north Yellow Sea province") is a province of North Korea. The province was formed in 1954 when the former Hwanghae Province was split into North and South Hwanghae. The provincial capital is Sariwon. The province is bordered by Pyongyang and South Pyongan to the north, Kangwon to the east, Kaesong Industrial Region and South Korea's Gyeonggi Province to the south, and South Hwanghae southwest. In 2003, Kaesong Directly Governed City (Kaesong Chikhalsi) became part of North Hwanghae as Kaepung County. Later on in 2019, it was promoted as Special City (Kaesong T'ŭkpyŏlsi). Thus, it was separated from North Hwanghae.

Administrative divisions
North Hwanghae is divided into 2 cities ("si") and 18 counties ("kun"). Three of these counties (Chunghwa, Kangnam, and Sangwon) were added to the province in 2010 after being split from Pyongyang. However, Kangnam was returned to Pyongyang in 2011.

Cities

 * Sariwon (capital) 사리원시/
 * Songrim 송림시/

Transportation
North Hwanghae is connected to the rest of the country by way of the Pyongbu Railway Line (known in South Korea as the Kyongui Line), which, in theory, runs from Pyongyang to Pusan; however, in reality, the line is cut short by the Korean Demilitarized Zone. It is also served by several large highways, most notably the Pyongyang-Kaesong Motorway.

Education
There are several higher-level educational institutions in North Hwanghae, all government-run. These include the Kye Ung Sang Sariwon University of Agriculture, the Sariwon University of Geology, and the Sariwon Teachers University.

Historic landmarks
North Hwanghae has many historical relics as the site of the Koryo-dynasty capital at Kaesong, a depository for many famous historic relics. The province is also home to the tombs of many of the Koryo monarchs, the most famous being the tombs of kings Taejo and Kongmin, though others are spread throughout Kaesong and Kaepung county. Kaesong also houses the Koguryo-era Taehungsan Fortress, built to protect the kingdom's capital at Pyongyang and enclosing the famous Kwanum Temple. Nearby to Sariwin is the famous Jongbangsan Fortress, another Koguryo satellite for the defense of Pyongyang. This fortress encompasses the 9th-century Songbulsa Buddhist temple, one of the oldest and most picturesque in the country.

title: North Hwanghae Province


text:
Frederick Haynes Newell

Frederick Haynes Newell (March 5, 1862 – July 5, 1932), served as the first Director of the United States Reclamation Service and was born in Bradford, Pennsylvania. He graduated in 1885 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and after field experience in Colorado and other states was appointed on October 2, 1888, as Assistant Hydraulic Engineer of the United States Geological Survey, being the first aide designated under Major John Wesley Powell to investigate the extent to which the arid regions of the United States might be reclaimed by irrigation. He was subsequently appointed Chief of the Hydrographic Branch.

At the same time, he actively assisted Representative Francis G. Newlands (later Senator) of Nevada, George H. Maxwell of California, President of the National Irrigation Association, and others in the preparation and public presentation of various Congressional bills, one of which by the personal efforts of President Theodore Roosevelt became the Reclamation Act when signed by the latter on June 17, 1902. Immediately after that date Mr. Newell was appointed Chief Engineer under Charles D. Walcott, then Director of the U. S. Geological Survey. In 1907 Roosevelt appointed him as a member of the Inland Waterways Commission.

Early life
Newell was born on March 5, 1862, in Bradford, Pennsylvania, a small lumber and mining town to father, Augustus William Newell, and mother, Anna M. Haynes. His father was an early industrialist and real estate mogul in Bradford. Newell's mother and Newell's sibling died in child birth a year after Newell was born. Newell would spend his childhood and teenage years with extended relatives, living with his uncle in Newton, Connecticut prior to attending MIT.

Early career
After receiving his BA in Mining Engineering, Newell returned to Bradford to work for his father. Frederick described his father as "always sanguine, full of entrancing schemes...He was surveyor, engineer and general all around man . . . . He bought and sold coal and timber lands and went into various ventures, characteristic of the time and place. Newell recalled in his unpublished memoirs "The people [in Bradford] were what might be called typical mountaineers and laborers in the lumber camps, rough, illiterate and with many queer old country habits and superstitions." Afterwards, he joined the Ohio Geological Survey in order to study oil–bearing rocks, but in 1888 Newell met John Wesley Powell, the head of the United States Geological Survey in Boston.

U.S. Geological Survey
In 1888 Powell created the Irrigation Survey. One of the functions of the Irrigation Survey was to undertake a systematic program of measuring streamflow in rivers across the western United States in order to determine how much land could be irrigated in each river basin. Newell was hired to develop the methods to be used to accomplish this and to train engineers to carry it out. This was done at a camp on the banks of the Rio Grande River at Embudo, New Mexico in the winter of 1888–9. This is the site of the Embudo Stream Gauging Station. It is now regarded as the birthplace of systematic streamgaging in the United States. Starting in the Spring of 1889 the hydrographers trained at Embudo fanned out to establish streamgages all across the Western US. Newell lead these efforts and created the convention of using the spelling "gage" (still in use in the Geological Survey as of 2022) rather than "gauge". "'The pioneer work he performed in those early years in the Geological Survey has led to his having often been referred to as the 'father of systematic stream gaging' in [the US]'"

Reclamation Service
During the next few years the organization of the Reclamation Service was completed and plans outlined for extensive work in each of the western states, work being initiated in most of these. In 1907, when Mr. Walcott left the Geological Survey to become Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, the Reclamation Service was organized as a separate bureau of the Department of the Interior with Mr. Newell as Director and Arthur P. Davis as Chief Engineer. Construction was rapidly pushed until twenty-six projects, including reservoirs, canals and related works were completed in whole or part, notably the Roosevelt, Shoshone, Arrowrock, Gunnison Tunnels and others, involving the investment of over $100,000,000, in 100 dams, of which ten form reservoirs of national importance also 25 mi of tunnels, 13000 mi of irrigating canals and ditches with regulating works, bridges, steam and hydro-electric generators, transmission lines, pumps and devices connected with supplying water to 20,000 farms. Special efforts were made to attain the highest practicable economy and efficiency in the execution of the work and to meet the need and desires of the settlers under them.

Offices and awards
Frederick Haynes Newell was Secretary of the National Geographic Society from 1892 to 1893 and from 1897 to 1899, Secretary of the American Forestry Association after 1895, President of the American Association of Engineers in 1919. He was awarded the Cullum Geographical Medal by the American Geographical Society in 1918.

Personal life
In 1877, his father, Augustus W. Newell, married his second wife Miss Phoebe Lewis. They begot Lewis, Henry Foster, and Augustus William Jr.

Frederick Haynes Newell married Effie Josephine Mackintosh April 3, 1890 in Milton, Massachusetts. Her father was John Sherman Mackintosh, the grandson of John Sherman and the great-grandson of American founding father Roger Sherman.

Newell died at his offices in Washington, D.C., on July 5, 1932. He was buried at Needham Cemetery in Massachusetts.

Legacy
In 2003 the USGS and Bureau of Reclamation jointly opened an office building in Boise, Idaho that was named for Newell, recognizing the important role he played in the development of these two bureaus within the Department of the Interior. Public Law 108-462 designated the building as the "F.H. Newell Building". It was signed into law on December 21, 2004. The building is located at 230 Collins Road, Boise, Idaho. The building features a number of energy efficiency features.

Books by Newell

 * Oil Well Drilling (1888)
 * Agriculture by Irrigation (1894)
 * Hydrography of the Arid Regions (1891)
 * The Public Lands of the United States (1895)
 * Irrigation in the United States (1902)
 * Hawaii, Its Natural Resources (1909)
 * Principles of Irrigation Engineering (1913)
 * Irrigation Management (1916)
 * Engineering as a Career (1916)
 * Water Resources, Present and Future Uses (1919)

title: Frederick Haynes Newell


text:
Hughenden

Hughenden may refer to:
 * Hughenden, Queensland, a town in Australia
 * Hughenden, Alberta, a village in central Alberta, Canada
 * Hughenden Valley, a village in Buckinghamshire, England
 * Hughenden Manor, a mansion in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, England, home of Benjamin Disraeli
 * Hughenden, Glasgow, a rugby stadium in Glasgow and former home of the Glasgow Warriors

title: Hughenden