text:
Faustin Soulouque

Faustin-Élie Soulouque (15 August 1782 – 3 August 1867) was a Haitian politician and military commander who served as President of Haiti from 1847 to 1849 and Emperor of Haiti from 1849 to 1859.

Soulouque was a general in the Haitian Army when he was appointed President of Haiti. He acquired autocratic powers, purged the army of the ruling elite, installed black loyalists in administrative positions and the nobility, and created a secret police and private army. Soulouque was an enthusiastic vodouisant, maintaining a staff of bokors and manbos, and gave the stigmatized vodou religion semi-official status which was openly practiced in Port-au-Prince. Soulouque declared the Second Empire of Haiti in 1849 after being proclaimed Emperor under the name Faustin I, and formally crowned in 1852. Several unsuccessful attempts to reconquer the Dominican Republic eroded his support and he abdicated in 1859 under pressure from General Fabre Geffrard and Dominican military victory. Soulouque was temporarily exiled to Jamaica before returning to Haiti where he died in 1867.

Soulouque was the last Haitian head of state to have participated in the Haitian Revolution, the last to have been born prior to independence, the last ex-slave and the last to officially style himself as a king or emperor.

Early years
Faustin-Élie Soulouque was born on 15 August 1782 in Petit-Goâve, a small town in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, to a Haitian mother. Soulouque's mother, Marie-Catherine Soulouque, was born in Port-au-Prince in 1744, and was a creole of ethnic Mandinka descent. Soulouque was freed as a result of a 1793 emancipation decree issued by Léger-Félicité Sonthonax, the Civil Commissioner of Saint-Domingue during the French Revolution, that abolished slavery in response to the Haitian Revolution that started in 1791.

Soulouque enlisted in the black revolutionary army in 1803 as a free citizen, as his freedom was in serious jeopardy due to attempts of the French government to re-establish slavery. Soulouque fought as a private until 1804, when the conflict ended in revolutionary victory and Saint-Domingue achieved independence as Haïti. Soulouque became a respected soldier during the conflict, and as a consequence he was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Haitian Army in 1806, and made aide-de-camp to General Lamarre.

In 1810, Soulouque was appointed to the Horse Guards under President Alexandre Pétion, and for the next four decades continued to serve in the Haitian military, rising to the rank of colonel under President Philippe Guerrier. Soulouque was finally promoted to the highest command in the Haitian Army, attaining the rank of lieutenant general and Supreme Commander of the Presidential Guards under then-President Jean-Baptiste Riché.

Reign
In 1847, President Riché died, and during his tenure he had acted as a figurehead for the Boyerist ruling class, who immediately began to look for a replacement. Their attention quickly focused on Soulouque, whom the majority of the Boyerists considered to be a somewhat dull and ignorant man who seemed to be a malleable candidate. Soulouque, aged sixty five years-old, was subsequently enticed to accept the role offered him as Haiti's 7th President, taking the Presidential Oath of Office on 2 March 1847.

At first Soulouque seemed to fill the role of puppet well, retaining the cabinet-level ministers of the former president and continued the programs of his predecessor. However, within a short time, Soulouque surprisingly rejected his backers and began to consolidate himself as the absolute ruler of Haiti. According to the book A Continent of Islands: Searching for the Caribbean Destiny by Mark Kurlansky: "He organized a private militia, the Zinglins, and proceeded to arrest, kill, and burn out anyone who opposed him, especially mulattoes, thus consolidating his power over the government". Soulouque's power consolidation saw an increase in racial discrimination in favor of Haiti's black population, including a massacre of the mulattoes in Port-au-Prince on 16 April 1848. Blacks from Louisiana were invited by Soulouque to emigrate to Haiti at the country's expense and the Haitian-educated Emile Desdunes, an Afro-Creole from New Orleans, acted as an agent for Soulouque to arrange free transportation to Haiti in 1859 for at least 350 desperate evacuees. A large number of these migrants later returned to Louisiana. Soulouque placed heavy restrictions towards all opposition, and a wave of violence used against potential rivals led to numerous murders. His open adherence to Vodou, a highly stigmatized syncretic religion, contributed to his violent reputation in the predominantly Roman Catholic country. Soulouque maintained a resident staff of manbos (high priestesses) and bokors (male witches) at his residence in Port-au-Prince.

Coronation
Soulouque's process of obtaining absolute power in Haiti culminated in the formation of the Second Empire of Haiti after the Senate and Chamber of Deputies proclaimed him Emperor of Haiti on 26 August 1849, re-establishing the Haitian empire that had been abolished in 1806 following the assassination of Jean-Jacques Dessalines, who reigned as Emperor Jacques I of the First Empire of Haiti (another monarchy, the Kingdom of Haiti of Henri Christophe, existed in 1811–1820). Soulouque paid £2,000 for his crown, and spent £30,000 for the rest of the accessories (according to Sir Spenser St John, British charge d'affaires in Haiti during the 1860s in his account: Hayti, or, The Black Republic, pp. 95–96). Gustave d’Alaux describes this event in his book, Soulouque and his Empire: "His Imperial Majesty had the principal merchant of Port-au-Prince called one morning and commanded him to order immediately from Paris a costume, in every particular like that he admired in representing the ceremonies of the coronation of Napoleon. Faustin I besides ordered for himself a crown, one for the Empress, a sceptre, globe, hand-of-justice, throne, and all other accessories, all to be like those used in the coronation of Napoleon.".

In December 1849, Faustin married his long-time companion Adélina Lévêque. On 18 April 1852 at Port-au-Prince, both Emperor and Empress were crowned in an immense and lavish ceremony in emulation of the coronation of Napoleon. The president of the Senate attached to the breast of the Emperor a large decoration, passed a chain about the neck of the Empress – and pronounced his address, to which His Majesty Faustin replied with spirit: "Vive la liberté, vive l'égalité!” (Gustave d’Alaux). The coronation is illustrated in the Album Impérial d'Haïti, engraved by Severyn, published New York, 1852 (available in the British Library).

Nobility
Soulouque attempted to create a strong centralized government, which while retaining a profoundly Haitian character, borrowed heavily from European traditions, especially those of the First French Empire. One of his first acts after being declared emperor was to establish a Haitian nobility. The Constitution of 20 September 1849 granted the Emperor the right to create hereditary titles and confer other honours on his subjects. Volumes 5 and 6 of John Saunders and Westland Marston's The National magazine (published in 1859) stated the empire consisted of 4 princes, 59 dukes, 90 earls, 30 lady knights (but no male knights), 250 barons, and 2 marchionesses. The first letters patents were issued by Soulouque on 21 December 1850. Other sources add "trent cent Chevaliers" and "quatre cents nobles" to this list. Subsequent creations extended the number of noble titles, including titles issued by King Henri Christophe of the Kingdom of Haiti were sometimes reissued by Soulouque. An example was the title of Comte du Terrier-Rouge was issued to Charles Pierre under Christophe (The Armorial of Haiti, College of Arms, London 2007, p. 78) and the same title was issued under Soulouque on behalf of General Guerrier de Prophete (Java-Bode 5 August 1857). In order that he might reward loyalty to his regime as well as add to the prestige of the Haitian monarchy, Soulouque established the Military Order of St. Faustin and the Civil Order of the Haitian Legion of Honor on 21 September 1849. Later, he created the Orders of St. Mary Magdalene and the Order of St. Anne in 1856. That same year he founded the Imperial Academy of Arts.

Politics
Soulouque's foreign policy was centered on preventing foreign intrusion into Haitian politics and sovereignty. His main issue was the Dominican Republic, whose independence from Haiti in 1844 after the Dominican War of Independence ended 22-years of Haitian occupation. The Dominican Republic's white and mulatto rulers were considered as his "natural" enemies and the country's independence was, in his view, a direct threat to Haiti's security. In 1849, Soulouque launched his first invasion of the Dominican Republic, but his army fled after 400 Dominicans put up resistance at Ocoa. A second invasion followed in 1850 which was checked by diplomatic opposition from the United Kingdom, France, and the United States. In the third and final invasion in 1855, Soulouque marched into the Dominican Republic at the head of a 30,000-man army which fled at the first shot.

Soulouque also found himself in direct confrontation with the United States over Navassa Island, which had been seized from Haiti on the somewhat dubious grounds that guano had been discovered there. Soulouque dispatched warships to the island in response to the incursion, but withdrew them after the United States guaranteed Haiti a portion of the revenues from the mining operations.

The question of who Soulouque really was is heavily disputed. Virtually no official government records of cabinet meetings exists. According to Latin American scholar Murdo J. MacLeod ("The Soulouque Regime in Haiti -- 1847 - 1859: A Reevaluation.", Caribbean Studies/Vol. 10. No. 3): "We are left with his policies as they are discernible, with an assessment of the men whom he used to govern, and with our evaluation of how correct his appreciation of the situation really was. In every case we must conclude that Faustin Soulouque was a man of high intelligence, a realist, a pragmatist, and a superb, if ruthless politician and diplomat. There is no denying his patriotism and his ability to impose domestic tranquility.".

Known ministers

 * Louis Dufresne (general of the army, minister of war, the navy and foreign relations)
 * Jean-Baptiste Francisque (minister of justice, worship and public education)
 * Lysius Salomon (Finance, Commerce and Foreign Relations)

Line of succession
Soulouque's marriage to Empress Adélina produced one daughter, Olive Soulouque. The emperor also adopted Adélina's daughter, Olive, in 1850. She was granted the title of Princess with the style Her Serene Highness. Célita married Jean Philippe Lubin, Count of Pétion-Ville, and had issue. The emperor had one brother, Prince Jean-Joseph Soulouque, who in turn had eleven sons and daughters.

The Constitution of 20 September 1849 made the Imperial Dignity hereditary amongst the natural and legitimate direct descendants of Emperor Faustin I, by order of primogeniture and to the perpetual exclusion of females. The Emperor could adopt the children or grandchildren of his brothers, and become members of his family from the date of adoption. Sons so adopted enjoyed the right of succession to the throne, immediately after the Emperor's natural and legitimate sons.

Jean-Joseph's eldest son, Prince Mainville-Joseph Soulouque, was created Prince Imperial of Haiti and heir apparent upon the succession of his uncle to the throne. His marriage to Marie d'Albert produced a daughter, Marie Adelina Soulouque "princesse impériale d'Haiti".

Exile and death
In 1858, a revolution against Soulouque was led by General Fabre Geffrard, Duc de Tabara, and in December of that year, Geffrard defeated Soulouque's army and seized control of most of Haiti. On the night of 20 December 1858, Soulouque left Port-au-Prince in a small boat, accompanied only by his son and two trusty followers, Ernest Roumain and Jean-Bart, and two days later arrived at Gonaives, where the insurrection broke out. The Republic of Haiti was re-proclaimed and the Constitution of 1846 was adopted.

On 23 December, the Departmental Committee which had been organized, divested Faustin Soulouque of his office and appointed Fabre Geffrard President of Haiti. Cap-Haitien and the whole Department of Artibonite joined in the restoration of the Republic. As a result, Soulouque abdicated his throne on 15 January 1859. Refused aid by the French Legation, Soulouque was taken into exile aboard a British warship on 22 January 1859.

Soon afterwards, Soulouque and his family arrived in Kingston, Jamaica, where they remained for several years. Some records claim that he died in Kingston, but according to Haitian historian Jacques Nicolas Léger in his book Haiti, her History and her Detractors, Soulouque actually died in Petit-Goave in August 1867, having returned to Haiti at some point.

title: Faustin Soulouque


text:
Talk:Geography of Russia

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Brooke.pollard, Ooofrittata, Sophia838, Jimen304006, Guymon1974, Jamal.anthony.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 22:15, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Partial Source
Some of the info in Geography of Russia appears to have been copied from The World Factbook published by the CIA of the US government. That document is in the public domain, per Can I use...

Copyvio checkers: note that some of the information has been copied onto other sites, some of which (like WP!) don't indicate that they are not the source or that the material is PD. --Jerzy 23:02, 2003 Dec 16 (UTC)

Factbook
The Factbook page suggests that you are to cite the CIA World Factbook if used. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 70.65.49.138 (talk • contribs).
 * The Factbook is referenced in the "References" section.—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); 12:17, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

Non sequitur?
Does anybody know what this sentence from the fourth paragraph mean?

 * New neighbors are eight countries of the near abroad—Kazakhstan in Asia, and, in Europe, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, and Azerbaijan.

I'd like to fix it, but I'm not sure what it's trying to say. Unschool 21:29, 7 May 2007 (UTC)
 * The meaning of this is that while these countries used to be parts of the Soviet Union, they are now considered foreign countries bordering Russia. Not the best way to say it, for sure, but definitely not a non sequitur :)  "Near abroad" is a calque from Russian "ближнее зарубежье", and I think that's an acceptable term in English (I don't know any other one to describe the same concept).—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); 22:02, 7 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks! I've got it now. Unschool 22:10, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

Grammar issues
In reading the following sentence,

It was here, roughly between the Dnieper River and the Ural Mountains, that the Russian Empire took shape after the principality of Kaliningrad Oblast, the now-isolated region cut off from the rest of Russia by the independence of Belarus, Latvia, and Lithuania, to the Ratmanov Island (one of the Diomede Islands) in the Bering Strait.

I cannot escape the conclusion that it was either written by a non-English speaker, or, just as likely, that in the editing of this section, someone linked together some sentences without thinking it through completely. This phrase above is not a sentence at all, but rather, a sentence fragment. I am going to go ahead, from here on out, just assume that some of the contributors to this article are just slightly deficient in their English skills, and that I can just go ahead and clean things up, for the easier understanding of native English speakers. Unschool 02:09, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Funny enough, that particular passage was most likely written by a native speaker, as it is taken verbatim from the Russia country study available here. In any case, if you could re-phrase it to read better, just go ahead—these are not the kind of edits that need to be discussed in detail on the article's talk page.  Best,—Ëzhiki (Igels Hérissonovich Ïzhakoff-Amursky) • (yo?); 02:36, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
 * And of course, you are correct, these don't need discussion. It was simply because I was trying to be sensitive to the possible non-English speaker that I announced my intentions.  But I do agree with you, that it appears quite likely to have been an English  speaker who made that edit.  Unschool 02:40, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Sorry to beat a dead horse, but the comments above are years old by now and grammar is still a problem, particularly as this is a Project article. I'll try to donate a little time (without further discussion!), but some of the text is so muddled it would take research to fix and I'm hesitant to jump into that effort.  Just wanted to at least encourage others to help with this (as of 2012).

 * (Don't forget to sign your comment with four tildes ( ~ ). I don't see anything wrong with an editor raising an issue regarding unclear statements or passages here on the article's talk page. Perhaps the editor sees there is a problem but doesn't know how to fix it, and another editor can work on it. Also, any editor can request a copy-edit at WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors/Requests. Corinne (talk) 12:20, 27 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Russia's border length
The numbers in the length of Russia's borders with its neighbors are almost all contradicted by the length given in the country specific articles. The length of the border given in this article comes first, followed by the length of the border given in the country listed:
 * Norway: 165km vs. 196km
 * Finland: 1,313km vs. 1,309km
 * Estonia: 294km vs. 324km
 * Latvia: 217km vs. 217km
 * Lithuania: 227km vs. 227km
 * Poland: 206km vs. 210km
 * Belarus: 959km vs. 1,312km
 * Ukraine: 1,576km vs. 1,974km
 * Georgia: 723km vs. 894km
 * Azerbaijan: 284km vs. 338km
 * Kazakhstan: 6,846km vs. 7,644km
 * China: 3,645km vs. 4,300km
 * Mongolia: 3,441km vs. 3,543km
 * North Korea: 19km	 vs. 17.5km

Such massive discrepancies (i.e. Belarus, Kazakhstan) point to the data in this article to be flawed. Does anyone have a proper source? to either fix the article here or the other articles. Thanks, noclador (talk) 09:21, 1 September 2016 (UTC)

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Population Geography of Russia
The article mentions population in terms of where people live in the region. However, there is a lack of the characteristics of the Geography of Russia's population: birth rate, mortality, fertility and life expectancy. I will prove this by providing population pyramids that will show Russia's population more in depth. I also will include more visual representations of these trends by inserting maps within the article to show patterns from past, present and future predictions. I will also include migration patterns and where population is centered in term of urban, rual or suburb areas.

Here are a couple of links I plan on including:

this is a link that has information about Russia's population pyramid trends past and present.

this source has more information regarding pipulation pyramids as well as population, language growth rate, death rate, migration and more

this link shows life expectancy data for Russia and future predictions

this is a link of fertility rate trends in Russia

this is a link that shows mortality rates in Russia Jamal.anthony (talk) 02:33, 22 September 2018 (UTC)

Antipoides section removed
I've removed the following section as it is simply unsourced trivia. If someone wishes to restore such a section - then simply provide solid references and rational for this trivia. Vsmith (talk) 19:08, 18 October 2018 (UTC)
 * ==Antipodes==
 * The antipodes of Russia lie in the South Pacific and South Atlantic near Antarctica. Only a small amount is antipodal to land. This includes the arctic islands of Franz Josef Land, Victoria, and North Novaya Zemlya (to Marie Byrd Land in Antarctica); Severnaya Zemlya (to the Ronne Ice Shelf and the Ellsworth Mountains behind it); the De Long Islands (to Coats Land, or just off shore); and Wrangel Island (to Queen Maud Land and its offshore Fimbul Ice Shelf).

 * In addition, northern Ellsworth Land and the base of the Antarctic Peninsula are largely antipodal to the Taymyr Peninsula, while Alexander Island is antipodal to eastern Taymyria south of the Khatanga Gulf. The free part of the Antarctic Peninsula is antipodal to the western Sakha Republic, from its northwestern coast southward, running east of the Lena River, with the northern end of the peninsula covering the towns of Vilyuysk and Kysyl-Syr and stopping about 300 km short of Yakutsk.

 * The antipodes of the South Orkney Islands are on the Aldan River on the other side of Yakutsk, between Ust-Maya and Eldikan, in southwestern Sakha. The southern two South Sandwich Islands are antipodal to the Pyagin Peninsula east of Magadan. Western South Georgia Island is antipodal to the northern tip of Sakhalin.

 * Peter I Island, claimed by Norway on the other side of the Peninsula, is opposite a spot 70 km SE of Norilsk.

 * The only inhabited lands antipodal to Russia are southern Patagonia, including Tierra del Fuego, which correspond to much of Buryatia, the western shore of Lake Baikal in Irkutsk Oblast, and southwestern Zabaykalsky Krai, down to the Mongolian border, with Ulan-Ude being antipodal to Puerto Natales, Chile. The sparsely inhabited West Falkland and neighboring islets are antipodal to eastern Zabaykalsky on the border with northern Inner Mongolia.

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title: Talk:Geography of Russia


text:
Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Blues Album

The Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Blues Album was awarded from 1988 to 2011 and from 2017 onwards. Until 1992 the award was known as Best Contemporary Blues Performance and in 1989 was awarded to a song rather than to an album.

The award was discontinued after the 2011 Grammy season in a major overhaul of Grammy categories. From 2012 onwards, the category was merged with the Best Traditional Blues Album category to form the new Best Blues Album category. However, in 2016 the Grammy organisation decided to revert the situation back to the pre-2012 era, with two separate categories for traditional and contemporary blues recordings respectively.

Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were handed out, for music released in the previous year. Buddy Guy and Keb' Mo hold the record of most wins in the category with four each, followed by Robert Cray, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Taj Mahal and Fantastic Negrito, all with three wins.


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Talk:Graham Greene (actor)

Untitled
hi! i am a fan of graham greene. i think he is fantastic!! i loved him in "thunderheart" and "dances with wolves" well, i like him in everything!! he is very versatile. one thing you forgot to mention......he was in the tv serious "red green" he makes me laugh in that show so much. a great guy.....pretty good looking too :-) well, just though i would add my two cents. thanks, karen
 * Karen, I've added a note about Red Green to the article. I hope you'll contribute to Wikipedia about the things you know: anyone can add information to an article here.  Find out more at the Welcome, newcomers page.  If you have questions, ask me here.  Thanks! Jwrosenzweig 23:13, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

The alternate US title of "Exhibit A" was "Secrets of Forensic Science". I know IMDb gives the alternate title as "Forensic Files", but this is wrong ("Forensic Files" was a completely different series). I've submitted a correction to IMDb. Richwales 06:45, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

I am a storyteller from the lower Hudson Valley area and have long been a fan of Mr. Greene's easy and natural delivery in film and television. I confess I only caught up with his work as Leonard Quinhagak in a DVD selection of the TV classic Northern Exposures quite recently but like all his work I find the presence and delivery always without the usual pretension that accompanies most of what passes for storytelling in film and TV. Thanks, Chuck

First Screen Role
I checked IMDB, WIkipedia, Wookipedia and the Star Wars Actors database and Graham was not listed at any of them as having been in Star Wars (1983 was, of course, Return of the Jedi's release but he isn't listed as having been in any of the films). So I have changed the entry to show the first movie that he is listed as being in although he was in an episode of a Canadian TV series called The Great Detective a few years before this.User:MarnetteD | Talk 23:01, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

HI, MY NAME IS GRACE AND I WOULD LIKE TO INFORM MR GREENE THAT OUR PASTOR IN GEORGIA IS IDENTICAL TO HIM. OUR PASTOR WOULD LOVE TO MEET HIM. OUR CONGREGATION IS CHRISTIAN AND HISPANIC, BUT HE DOES SPEAK ENGLISH AS WELL. FOR YEARS WE WANTED TO CONNECT THEM. IT IS SO UNREAL, BUT THEY COULD BE TWINS. WE WOULD COLLECT MONEY TO SEND OUR PASTOR TO CANADA TO MEET MR GRAHAM GREENE. IT IS A PLEASURE TO FINALLY FIND THIS WAY OF CONNECTION. SINCERELY GRACE S — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.238.148.120 (talk) 01:07, 28 March 2012 (UTC)

 * IMDB also has a listing for him in the 1976 movie "Bei Shao lin", 3 years before "The Great Detective". 2001:56A:FA85:3800:514F:4FC:6E80:AF17 (talk) 22:55, 9 April 2022 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:GGreen.gif
Image:GGreen.gif is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in Wikipedia articles constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 10:57, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

hi my name is jamie charley and i'm from todalena, nm. i would like to say that graham greene is one most funny out going guy i have ever seen. i seen his movie skinsi thought it was the best one i ever watch. so thank you for touching my heart with your movie. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 169.203.233.97 (talk) 19:56, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

die hard?
WTF there is information of the die hard saga, and it has nothing to do with this actor. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.53.211.71 (talk) 08:19, 7 November 2009 (UTC)

native american name
What is his native american name?--Kaiyr (talk) 10:51, 24 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Most likely Graham Greene. There's no details of what other languages he speaks than English.  Most first nations' people just have english names.  174.62.68.53 (talk) 04:54, 28 September 2013 (UTC)

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Graham Green
Wikipedia doesn't mention his role in The Last Of His Kind! 2600:1700:4CC1:121F:1971:19F8:A5B5:8D92 (talk) 00:04, 28 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Graham Greene (actor)


text:
Talk:Nachos

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Where invented
The article says nachos originated in Puerto Rico but were invented in Mexico.
 * Factrenderer (talk) 16:45, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

Rico's of San Antonio claims that the "Ball Park Nacho", nachos using cheese sauce, were invented by their founder Frank Liberto in 1977. This is not correct. This Wiki page says that Frank Liberto "marketed" this version of nachos at Arlington Stadium, introducing the dish to Howard Cosell, and thereby bringing it to the public in 1977. This is correct.

I created what I called "Fast Food Nachos" when I was a part time employee of "The Taco Spot" in Valley View Mall, Dallas, Texas, in 1974. The restaurant owners were looking for a way to serve nachos from a small steam table based operation similar to old Taco Bell's, etc. We did not have time or facilities to assemble and broil (or even microwave) a plate of traditional nachos by the order.

I was a big fan of our competitor's (Famous Ramos Hot Dog Place) chili cheese dog on which they used a canned cheese sauce. One Saturday I borrowed a can of that cheese sauce from Famous Ramos, microwaved it, put it on some broken taco shells along with some jalapenos, and gave it to the bosses. They loved it and it was on the menu the next day - broken taco shells and all. A couple days later I decided to put some refried beans on before the cheese. Gave that to the bosses, same story - on the menu the next day. "Would you like to try our new bean and cheese nachos, just 15 cents more?". At this time no one we served had ever seen this style nacho.

Although the owners were very happy to have found a use for all the broken taco shells they soon realized how "Cheesy" (pun intended) this was and bought a deep fryer so we could fry our own tortilla chips. Anyone who visited Valley View Mall in the 70's or early 80's may also remember our automated taco frying machine in the front window.

I stayed with the company for a couple of years after high school, eventually leaving in 1979. My "Fast Food Nachos" were a top seller and a heck of an add on item that boosted sales in all the stores. We sold the heck out of them in Taco Spot Restaurants (later renamed Picante's) in Valley View (Dallas), Town East (Dallas), Ridgemar (Ft. Worth) and Greenspoint (Houston) Malls.

Although there is no real way to know if I was the very first to think of putting hot cheese sauce on chips, everyone thought so at the time. Mike C. in Dallas, TX. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bipeman (talk • contribs) 22:42, 25 May 2010 (UTC)

General discussion
It is said by many residents of Texas that Nachos originate there.

It is unlikely that the original name was Nacho's Especiales as Spanish does not use the apostrophe to denote ownership. also the translation for specialites is 'especialidades' in castellano at least.

Nachos would be nacho plural.

 * It sounds to me more like he was trying his best to speak English for the American women, and "Nacho's specials" came out 'Nachos especiales' —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.72.21.221 (talk • contribs)

Olives? I've never seen or heard of olives as a topping. Lefty 01:26, 2005 Mar 16 (UTC)
 * Then you never went to Taco Bell before they went cheap. ;-) --Roger McCoy 18:51, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

Where is the sour cream?

Some people, experienced with Tex-Mex food, say that "nachos" are corn chips, cheese and jalapenos. Adding additional ingredients turns them into "panchos", which implies that someone named Francisco first though of putting beans etc. on them. ("Pancho" is a common nickname for "Francisco", as in Pancho Villa.) They are usually called "loaded" or "deluxe" nachos on a Tex-Mex menu, although I know of at least one restaurant where you can order "panchos" https://order.chuys.com/menu/chuys-arbor-trails/products/30451729. I mention this only to confuse the issue :-) Wastrel Way (talk) Eric

other cheese that goes with nacho chips?
What other cheeses besides melted cheddar "go" with nachos? I know I've seen a white cheese on nachos before, too (jack cheese? mozarella? not sure). --I am not good at running 17:58, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

Jack is a common cheese, yes. --Bijhan 03:29, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

Merging
Yeah, the international nacho day thing isnt special enough to exist on its own, MERGE. Jack Cain 11:32, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

POV?
It says that melted chedder cheese with nachos is delicious. I agree, but it's still an opinion.
 * No... I'm pretty sure that's fact.

Agreed. When does somthing become so universal that it's essentially fact? Or to put it differently, when is deviation from a position so illregular that the position is fact? Is "orgasm is pleasurable" a fact?--Devon DeFazio (talk) 01:24, 5 April 2009 (UTC)

Nacho Fesival website
http://mexicolesstraveled.com/nachofest.htm --Gbleem 03:13, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Contorversy
Unless this news item has had a much larger impact on people's feelings about nachos in general than I imagine it has, I don't really think it desrves this much space (if any) on a general-info page about nachos. I have deleted the section entirely. If someone strongly feels that this info should be here, please re-write it to make it more concise and informative. (Or, at the very least, remove all of the superfluous paragraph breaks.) --Roger McCoy 18:50, 20 February 2007 (UTC))

"News item"? I thought this was an encyclopaedia article!

Nachos made out of corn aka. Corn Chips
Can anyone explain how they got around to making corn chips instead of tortilla chips? Usually its corn chips instead of tortilla chips - usually I find Corn Chips flavoured with "Nacho" cheese but now nachos is generally referred to Corn Chips and Cheese, rather than tortilla chips and cheese. So how did this happen? Timmah01 04:08, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

Corn chips are made from corn tortillas. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Heinzbitte (talk • contribs) 01:55, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

Contradiction
This page and the tortilla chips page contradict each other. The tortillas chips article says that they were created in the late 40s and that nachos are tortillas chips with cheese but this article says that nachos were created in 1943 (early 40s), that would be before tortilla chips were made. . That contradiction and the lack of citation for the source of the origin make me believe this article is wrong. --David13579 23:31, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Both articles are now sourced, showing that Webb merely popularized the chips, but that they were created as early as 1943 by Anaya. Please sign your talk posts with four tildes, as such: ~ . This will automatically be replaced with your signature. Happy editing,— Swpbtalk.edits 16:27, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

Nacho Cheese
"Processed cheese is often used in place of freshly shredded cheese in institutional or large-scale production settings, such as schools, movie theaters, sports venues, and convenience stores, or wherever using freshly grated cheese may be logistically prohibitive."

This statement is misleading. Where as it is true that institutional or large-scale venues do indeed usually serve this type of cheese on Nachos, they are far from being the only sort of places to do so. In the United States, especially on the East Coast this type of Nacho Cheese is often more popular than tradtional shredded cheese, both at resturaunts and in home use, and often both will be used.

"Such processed cheese is referred to informally in the United States as "nacho cheese", though the term "nacho cheese" does not denote any particular variety of cheese."

This statement is simply false. Tostitos and Frito-Lay (among 100s of off brands) sell products with the formal name of Nacho Cheese Dip. In all cases it is a semi-liquid/liquid form of processed cheese with various blends of Mexican spices in them. In order for that statement to be true there would need to be another formal name for this type of product, and everyone informally refer to it as Nacho Cheese. However, this is not the case, as Nacho Cheese is indeed the formal name of this product. If I seem a bit obsessed with Nacho Cheese it is because I have lived in Australia for the past 3 1/2 years and they do not carry the product Nacho Cheese, which was one of my favorite dips in the states. Livingston

 * If you can find and source a consistent, officially certified formulation of "nacho cheese", or evidence that "nacho cheese" has been formalized or trademarked, please add it to the article.— Swpbtalk.edits 22:07, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

 * As Nacho Cheese is a type of food that varies widely in specific recipies other than being made with processed cheese (as it would be impossible to make without this) there can of course be no "officially certified formulation" or trademark. Just the same you will not find any such supported evidence for any other dipping sauce in existence unless it is a special dip created by a specific company that hold a patent for said recipe. I would challenge you to find any such information for another "traditional" mexican dip such as salsa or guacamole. Such information does not exist for either for the exact same reason. It is an informal recipe that varies based on company or taste with 2-3 staple ingredients. Yet salsa and guacamole are not informal names for said sauce/dips, and they both have their own articles. Just the same you will find no such information for Nachos and it's toppings. The nacho chips themselves can be made from both flour or corn tortias and can be prepared or manufacured in dozens of different ways. There is no "official" legislation on what makes a nacho a nacho or what can be put on them. If it's a form of fried tortia cut into chip sizes then its called a nacho. Just the same, liquid processed cheese with Mexican spices (peppers/chillis) is called Nacho Cheese. There is no other known term for said food product. Just because it wasn't made traditionally in some foreign country outside of the US, doesn't mean it isn't a formal product. Here is a site with Taco Bell's brand of Nacho Cheese - http://www.nutritiondata.com/facts-C00001-01c21gg.html. Livingston

 * You seem to have made my point exactly. "Nacho cheese" is not formally defined beyond individual brands, which is what the article indicates, but what you initially seemed to disagree with. So what's the problem?— Swpbtalk.edits 23:33, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

 * It is formally defined the same way any other dip is formally definied, such as salsa or guacamole, it is made of 2-3 staple ingredients and recipes vary. My point is that salsa and guacamole are not considered to be informal names, so why should nacho cheese be considered as such? Livingston —Preceding comment was added at 23:55, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm not really sure what you mean by "formal" then, but it doesn't matter since the article doesn't use the word formal. We agree that the ingredients are not consistently specified - saying "nacho cheese" does not tell a person exactly what they are dealing with. So I really have no idea what you think is wrong with what the article says now.— Swpbtalk.edits 06:05, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

 * The article is wrong in the fact that it implies that Nacho Cheese is only served when shredded cheese is unavailable or impractical, and that Nacho Cheese is an "informal" term that doesn't denote any particular variety of cheese. It is not an "informal" term and it denotes a very specific variety of cheese, that being a semi-liquid/liquid form of processed cheese with peppers/chilies added, which is indeed a particular variety of cheese. If you read the article on processed cheese you will understand that processed cheese is the only type of cheese that can be served in the form of Nacho Cheese, as all "pure" cheeses will separate when heated to melting point, before they will form a cohesive liquid. Thus processed cheese is the only variety of cheese with which Nacho Cheese can be made from. In no way shape or form is the term Nacho Cheese informal or ambiguous in any way, it is a very specific term. Any product you come by which is labeled Nacho Cheese (at least on the East Coast of the US) will be a sauce made from processed cheese, with chilies/peppers added to it. So you do indeed know exactly what you are dealing with. This article seems to be your baby, and frankly I don't really care enough about it to change it myself. I was simply pointing out the fact that your information is erroneous and misleading, which it is. If you disagree, that's fine leave it as it is, but you have yet to provide an argument of any substance what so ever that would support your claim that it is an informal term. Livingston 11:28, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

 * It's not really my fault that your arguments are nearly incomprehensible. It's processed cheese. The article already says that. Now go play outside.— Swpbtalk.edits 05:05, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

 * How are my arguments incomphrehensible? What part of "Nacho Cheese is not an informal name" don't you get? You really can't be as thick as you are pretending to be. The truth of the matter is you are playing dumb because you have wrote false information on the article and can not defend it with any proper sources. Unless you aren't a native English speaker, which would explain a lot.Livingston 21:35, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I've spent more time and effort arguing with you than it would have taken to write it in the article. So I've taken your advice and done so. Livingston 22:25, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Good job. You still don't have a source for what can and can't be called nacho cheese, but hey, when has Wikipedia ever cared about sources, right?— Swpbtalk.edits 23:54, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

 * First of all you had no sources at all for the paragraph you wrote on it. And actually there are 3 sources there for the manufacturers of products called nacho cheese - Frito-lay, Tostitos, and Taco Bell, which all use the same basic ingredients as I have now listed on the article. What on earth makes you think that there needs to be sources for things that can't be called nacho cheese? That doesn't make any sense. Perhaps if I mentioned some thing in the article about things that couldn't be called nacho cheese, but I haven't, thus why would there need to be a source? Furthermore show me where such sources exist on the articles for salsa and guacamole. Livingston 03:19, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

I think I kinda agree with Livingston on all this. I feel like the amount of deviation between various brands/recipes of nacho cheese is small enough that it's negligible. We call tequila "tequila" even though there are lots of different kinds. I mean, is every Swiss cheese you've ever had exactly the same? Probably not, but if you bought Swiss cheese you would not expect Chedder, even if someone told you it was "just a different recipe for Swiss." Cyberxstrm (talk) 00:38, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

Photo of the original nachos
If someone goes to Nacho's restaurant, they should photograph a plate of the original nachos (i.e. using the original recipe). That would be a cool addition to the article.  Tisane  talk/stalk 07:41, 29 July 2010 (UTC)

Made fast?
Edited "made fast to serve as a snack" in the introduction to "made quickly to serve as a snack". You can make a rope fast, but not a snack!86.138.14.83 (talk) 21:34, 6 November 2010 (UTC)

Not totopos or nacho cheese
I edited the page yesterday but the changes were reverted. The reason given was that I had to be factual, but all I was doing was changing things already there which are not factual, for example:

1) In Mexico they are not called "totopos". Totopos are the tortilla chips, not the nachos (see the wikipedia entry for totopos!).

2) Nacho cheese is not a thing. The chips are covered with cheese, so it should just say cheese.

3) Since this "nacho cheese" does not actually exist, it does not come from Mexico. Nachos is a Tex-Mex food item, and as such all processed "nacho cheeses" come from the US.

4) "Salsa" is just the Spanish word for sauce, so the entry should read that they have sauce on them, because that is what salsa means.

In the "see also" links, there should be a link to Tex Mex food, and NOT to Mexican food. How can I make these changes without having some moderator reverse them? I don't want to give the impression that I'm trolling, but it's frustrating that I make a change to improve an entry and have it reverted by a mod.Alfachino (talk) 14:16, 25 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Can you find a reliable, external source that supports what you have written above? I'm not doubting your knowledge, but Wikipedia likes proper sourcing. HiLo48 (talk) 22:30, 25 March 2012 (UTC)
 * I have removed the bits about Nacho Cheese being from Mexico, it is indeed a Tex Mex product (which is sourced by the US companies that produce it), and no sources were listed for it's supposed Mexican origins. The onus is on the one who added it to prove this is true, not to show that it is false. Livingston 06:53, 28 May 2012 (UTC)

"Microwaved rat" ? Is this an alternative to under the salamander? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.115.208.61 (talk) 06:06, 1 May 2017 (UTC)

Tex Mex
To User:Opus88888 please explain why you continue to undo my sourced edits without explanation. You have not justified why nachos are not Tex-Mex cuisine: the source you give says they were created in Mexico- which I'm not arguing against. In fact, one of the sources I give, also mentions this. Your source does not give any indication of it belonging to Mexican cuisine. While both sources I give clearly state nachos are Tex-Mex. I want dialogue so we can come to a consensus. Xochiztli (talk) 05:10, 8 March 2015 (UTC)

You were the one who began to change the original edition that had sources, not me. --Opus88888 (talk) 12:16, 8 March 2015 (UTC)

 * The original change I made didn't change any sourced content, you gave a source (as I've said, it says that nachos were created in Mexico). I replace your source-which doesn't addess whether they are Mexican cuisine- with sources that say they are Tex-Mex and then you proceed to undo my edits without explanation. What gives? If you are so adamant about them not being Tex-Mex give sources that clearly state so. Xochiztli (talk) 15:24, 8 March 2015 (UTC)

 * , if you mean vaguely discussed, then that is was. While your sources provide the term "Tex-Mex," it fails to verify its origin. However, in other sourced texts, it explicitly says that it was first made in Mexico. So judging by that, I am not sure that those sources for Tex-Mex are credible given the fact that little to no information of its origin is provided. Here's a discussion. Please explain. Thanks. Savvyjack23 (talk) 05:13, 8 February 2016 (UTC)

 * User:Savvyjack23, it seems the issue has been around defining Tex-Mex. From what I can tell, the most common usage is as a generalized term for the cuisine of the Southwest US (not just limited to Texas). In addition, the term is sometimes extended to include northern Mexico (specifically the border region). As to nachos being Tex-Mex, it's not just those sources, that's how it's usually classified in cookbooks. However, including one of those as sources seemed less credible to me. The first source clearly states they were first made in the border city of Piedras Negras, Coahuila, as do a lot of other books that classify the dish as Tex-Mex (examples 1, 2, 3). Nachos are a pretty trivial topic, I don't think you're going to find a deep analysis of why they are or aren't Tex-Mex. Again, the problem lies in the ambiguity of the term (even the Tex-Mex article doesn't have a solid definition). I have no desire whatsoever to argue about what Tex-Mex means. I just see that nachos are commonly classified as being part of that cuisine in published sources. Just because it was first created in Mexico doesn't automatically qualify it to be part of the world heritage cuisine of central Mexico (which is what the article seemed to imply at one point). Xochiztli (talk) 20:48, 8 February 2016 (UTC)

Creator
This edit changes the creator in the lead section from Ignacio "Nacho" Anaya to "Jose Chio Lu" [sic]. The edit summary is too long, so the source given in it is cut off. In the future, please cite sources inline. Searching based on the partial URL, I came up with this article, which is apparently a machine translation of the original. The article credits waiter Ignacio Anaya, "guided by" chef "Jose Evan Chio that time Lu". Our well-sourced version skips the chef and puts it all on "maître d'hôtel, Ignacio 'Nacho' Anaya". The new source cites a brief Zócalo Saltillo story from 2013. Our version cites longer stories: One, credited to the OED resercher working on the etymology of the name, from 1999, in OED News and the other (telling a substantially identical story) a 2002 San Antonio Express-News article. As the new edit claims a conflict of interest ("By proving the truth. My Grandfather was the chef at El Moderno who created the "nacho" that Ignacio guy took the credit for it.") and creates confusion in the article (with the lead and body telling different stories), I have reverted the edit. Comments on how we should approach this? - Sum mer PhD v2.0 15:16, 28 August 2016 (UTC)
 * My opinion: The OED is still on board with the version we have. Searching around, I find minor variations to the core story, some including the "guidance" of the chef, others not. Many of the articles including the chef still hang the title of "creator" on Anaya. I have not found longer stories in reliable sources that include the chef. A plaque in town apparently credits Anaya. Until such time as coverage in reliable sources regularly involves the chef in the creation (in some capacity other than vague "guidance"), I don't see us including him. - Sum mer PhD v2.0 15:16, 28 August 2016 (UTC)

Types of cheese
Shredded cheese is not a type of cheese any more than sliced bread is a type of bread. Specific varieties of cheese should be identified, not simply forms that cheeses may take. Keith D. Tyler ¶ 20:31, 16 October 2019 (UTC)

Italics
Why is the title of this article in italics?

Mexican Cuisine
The article starts off stating nachos are Mexican cuisine, yet the main image is some nonsense from Malaysia. I think it would make much more sense to depict nachos in their traditional mexican form, and put the malaysian "nachos" in a gallery. 2601:243:C001:49E0:812F:A86C:4146:4264 (talk) 17:40, 21 December 2022 (UTC)

 * There is no "traditional Mexican form", as the dish further developed its popularity and ingredients in Texas (and elsewhere in the United States) rather than in Mexico. It would be more accurate to describe it as Tex-Mex cuisine rather than Mexican cuisine. Crasias (talk) 09:50, 9 February 2024 (UTC)

Requested move 25 December 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: procedural close; requester has been blocked as a sock, and no other editor has supported the proposal. Dekimasu よ! 15:48, 25 December 2022 (UTC)

Nachos → Nacho – =Wikipedia articles use the singular form. Amogus girl  (talk)  01:02, 25 December 2022 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * oppose - The dish, which this article is about, is called "nachos". -- Netoholic @ 08:41, 25 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose I can’t ever recall hearing the dish referred to in the singular form. Also, WP:SINGULAR does make exceptions for terms always used in plural form and I see this as one 9f those cases.--65.92.162.81 (talk) 14:27, 25 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nachos


text: Talk:Charter of the French Language

title: Talk:Charter of the French Language


text:
The Case for Mars

The Case for Mars: The Plan to Settle the Red Planet and Why We Must is a nonfiction science book by Robert Zubrin, first published in 1996, and revised and updated in 2011.

The book details Zubrin's Mars Direct plan to make the first human landing on Mars. The plan focuses on keeping costs down by making use of automated systems and available materials on Mars to manufacture the return journey's fuel in situ. The book also reveals possible Mars colony designs and weighs the prospects for a colony's material self-sufficiency and for the terraforming of Mars.

Mars Direct
The Mars Direct plan was originally detailed by Zubrin and David Baker in 1990. The Case for Mars is, according to Zubrin, a comprehensive condensation for laymen of many years' work and research. Chapters 1 and 4 deal primarily with Mars Direct.

Colonization
For Robert Zubrin, the attractiveness of Mars Direct does not rest on a single cost-effective mission. He envisions a series of regular Martian missions with the ultimate goal of colonization, which he details in the seventh through ninth chapters. As initial explorers leave hab-structures on the planet, subsequent missions become easier to undertake.

Large mall like structures buried in regolith, pressurized habitats would be the first step toward human settlement; the book suggests they can be built as Roman-style atria on the surface and then be buried with regolith, with easily produced Martian brick. During and after this initial phase of habitat construction, hard-plastic radiation- and abrasion-resistant geodesic domes could be deployed on the surface for eventual habitation and crop growth. Nascent industry would begin using indigenous resources: the manufacture of plastics, ceramics and glass.

The larger work of terraforming requires an initial phase of global warming to release atmosphere from the regolith and to create a water cycle. Three methods of global warming are described in the work and, Zubrin suggests, are probably best deployed in tandem: orbital mirrors to heat the surface; factories on the surface to pump halocarbons such as perfluromethane into the atmosphere; and the seeding of bacteria which can metabolize water, nitrogen and carbon to produce ammonia and methane (these would aid in global warming). While the work of warming Mars is on-going, true colonization can begin.

The Case for Mars acknowledges that any Martian colony will be partially Earth-dependent for centuries. However, it suggests that Mars may be a profitable place for two reasons. First, it may contain concentrated supplies of metals of equal or greater value to silver which have not been subjected to millennia of human scavenging and may be sold on Earth for profit. Secondly, the concentration of deuterium – a possible fuel for commercial nuclear fusion – is five times greater on Mars. Humans emigrating to Mars thus have an assured industry and the planet will be a magnet for settlers as wage costs will be high. The book asserts that “the labor shortage that will prevail on Mars will drive Martian civilization toward both technological and social advances.”

Wider considerations
While detailing the exploration and colonization, The Case for Mars also addresses a number of attendant scientific and political factors.

Risks confronted
The fifth chapter analyzes various risks that putatively rule out a long-term human presence on Mars. Zubrin dismisses the idea that radiation and zero-gravity are unduly hazardous. He claims that cancer rates do increase for astronauts who have spent extensive time in space, but only marginally. Similarly, while zero-gravity presents challenges, “near total recovery of musculature and immune system occurs after reentry and reconditioning to a one-gravity environment.” Furthermore, since his plan has the spacecraft spinning at the end of a long tether to create artificial gravity, worries about zero gravity do not apply to this mission in any case. Back-contamination – humans acquiring and spreading Martian viruses – is described as "just plain nuts", because there are no host organisms on Mars for disease organisms to have evolved.

In the same chapter, Zubrin decisively denounces and rejects suggestions that the Moon should be used as waypoint to Mars or as a training area. It is ultimately much easier to journey to Mars from low Earth orbit than from the Moon and using the latter as a staging point is a pointless diversion of resources. While the Moon may superficially appear a good place to perfect Mars exploration and habitation techniques, the two bodies are radically different. The Moon has no atmosphere, no analogous geology and a much greater temperature range and rotational period. Antarctica or desert areas of Earth provide much better training grounds at lesser cost.

Viability
In the third and tenth chapters, The Case for Mars addresses the politics and costs of the ideas described. The authors argue that the colonization of Mars is a logical extension of the settlement of North America. They envision a frontier society, providing opportunities for innovation and social experimentation.

Zubrin suggests three models to provide the will and capital to drive Mars exploration forward: the J.F.K. model, in which a far-sighted U.S. leader provides the funding and mobilizes national public opinion around the idea; the Sagan model, in which international co-operation is the driving force; and the Gingrich approach, which emphasizes incentives and even prizes for private sector actors who take on research and development tasks. In keeping with the third idea, Zubrin describes twelve challenges that address various aspects of the exploration program. A monetary prize – from five hundred million to twenty billion dollars – is offered to companies who successfully complete the challenges.

The prize-based approach to hardware development has emerged within the private aeronautics community, though not yet on the scale envisioned by Zubrin. Ventures such as the Ansari X-Prize and Robert Bigelow's America's Space Prize seek low-cost spaceflight development through private enterprise, and crucially, for the attainment of very specific predetermined goals in order to win the prizes.

The underlying political and economic problems of raising sufficient capital for terraforming using halocarbon emissions has been critiqued by John Hickman.

Translations
In 2017, a Russian translation of the book was published under the title of Курс на Марс (On Course for Mars) (ISBN 978-5-699-75295-9).

title: The Case for Mars


text:
Talk:Konqueror

File Manager
I have included instructions to make Konqueror the default file manager in KDE4, under the, "File Manager" section of the wiki. HTML guru (talk) 15:16, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

"In order to make folders open in Konqueror by default, open System Settings, then navigate to, "Default Applications". Here is a section called, "File Manager", where you can choose Konqueror, Dolphin or another file manager of your choice." Wikipedia is not a tutorial or HOWTO site User:HTML guru. I elect to have this removed. Oecology (talk) 08:22, 19 March 2016 (UTC)

Hey, isn't "Konqueror's file manager" actually just Dolphin running embedded inside Konqueror through KParts? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.210.74.22 (talk) 22:24, 3 December 2013 (UTC)

Default file manager is Dolphin
At least until you change it when you configure your desktop.

Service menus
Should there not be a discussion, perhaps with some details, of the various service menus? In my experience one can easily go overboard and end up with a bewildering array of cascading menus whenever one right clicks on a file. There are several mechanisms to configure this, although I can never seem to remember where the one I liked lives. Any help?

Platforms
"primarily developed for the Linux platform, but also available for some other platforms (including BSD and, recently, Microsoft Windows, although Windows support is very limited)"

I can't see KDE, KHTML, or Konqueror for Windows anywhere, except under Cygwin, can someone confirm this please?yes many say that there is a moranic person who puts junk up that has to do with nothing!!!

 * A cygwin port is indeed not an MS Windows port. But since when is Linux an OS? The OS field in the table should be GNU (or GNU/*), *BSD, Solaris or something like POSIX, to say it's OS independant and standards compliant. NetBSD, SUSE Linux, Red Hat Linux, Mandriva, OpenBSD, are real OSs, but all of those would be too much to mention.

 * People all over the world call "GNU/Linux" systems as "Linux" for a long time now. If you actually know the difference then you should know better. Calling it something different than Linux at present would only create unnecessary confusion. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 146.124.141.250 (talk) 14:31, 14 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Except "Linux" is much bigger family than "GNU/Linux" (for example those embedded systems with nothing GNU at all), and "GNU/*" does not mean "GNU/Linux". Ufopedia (talk) 04:04, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I do believe there is a Windows port for all of KDE's official applications at windows.kde.org, and includes a Windows installer here. HTML guru (talk) 15:16, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I used Konqueror in Windows over two years ago, and it worked fine. You have to actually install KDE for Windows first, of course. 173.71.94.192 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 05:17, 10 January 2010 (UTC).

Windows?
The article says that Konqueror has been ported to Windows with "limited support," but I'm not sure if this is true. The closest I've seen was a defunct project that intended to build a Windows browser using the KHTML engine that does not currently have downloads available. Theshibboleth 03:56, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

 * The port works currently, really limited... I tested it on my own, but it takes more then a sophisticated user right now to make it run, and it is not even pre-alpha usable... But that will change pretty SOON, because kde4 developement is stepping forward... --PSIplus Ψ 22:37, 2 December 2006 (UTC)
 * : Konqueror will be released for Windows with the release of KDE 4. Konqueror already runs on Windows, though the level of functionality that currently works I'm not aware of. --71.175.7.129 15:44, 9 August 2007 (UTC)
 * See my comment under, "Platforms". HTML guru (talk) 15:16, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

Yes, there is a version for Windows
Project home page. It was, when I last tested it (Sept 2013) slower, a bit buggy, and limited compared to the Linux version. Solution is to install openSUSE and update to a current KDE version, and run Windows in VirtualBox, Xen, KVM, etc. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.73.1.89 (talk) 04:14, 18 February 2014 (UTC)
 * The current external URL for windows.kde.org no longer works, and has been archived. The most recent working snapshot of that page is from 14 April 2016, and according to that, the most recent version of KDE for Windows is 4.10.2, from 3 May 2013. It seems, that the KDE for Windows project has become dormant since that time. - Mardus /talk 20:46, 7 January 2021 (UTC)

Acid2 test
I removed a link to Acid2 page, because IMHO it is not related to Konqueror - at least not more than to any other web browser - so I do not think it is necessary to be linked from the page about Konqueror. The text contains info that "Also, as of version 3.5.0, Konqueror passes Acid2 CSS compliance test." and IMHO this should be enough. Then I added links to KHTML and Konqueror Embedded, which are more relevant. Viliam Bur 195.46.70.44 13:26, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Kmozilla?
A quick search on Google and in the Ubuntu repositories show no sign of a kmozilla binding. Wouldn't it be pertinent to remove this part of the article, or can someone shed light on this issue? --Vanieter 22:41, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Indeed. I'm moving this to talk for now:
 * "Because of Konqueror's modular nature, Gecko layout engine from Mozilla has been used instead of Konqueror's KHTML renderer. This feature was called kmozilla, and was a former part of the kdebindings package."
 * --Eloquence*

 * It is in Ubuntu repositries.. --RaviC 18:53, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

Security issues?
I've noticed recently that there's been a lot of consternation surrounding the security situation of Konqueror--specifically, problems in the way it handles certificates. Also, people have been drawing parallels to Konqueror's support of some sort of filesharing system (?) and Microsoft's ActiveX (which purportedly lead to viruses/security threats/spyware) (see: http://dot.kde.org/1110652641/1110817334/). Could someone write up about this soon? 71.202.183.56 00:21, 4 March 2007 (UTC)eeshking

 * Get Hot New Stuff (GHNS) isn't similar to ActiveX or Firefox's plugins at all. It is a system to distibute user generated content to applications.  It is used for things like fetching backgrounds from KDE-Look.org in KControl's wallpaper module, downloading new scripts (like for fetching lyrics) in Amarok, downloading templates for KOffice programs (not sure if thats ever been implemented, never used it before).  I don't think Konqueror even uses GHNS, so I'm not sure how that would relate to to Konqueror's security.  Also I'm not sure what you mean by 'problems in the way it handles certificates'.  Is there a specific bug in its SSL cert handling (probably long since fixed), or do you mean flaws in Konqi's cert handling design? --71.175.7.129 15:44, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Huh? GHNS has nothing to do with Konqueror. 173.71.94.192 (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 05:14, 10 January 2010 (UTC).
 * Its an addons system. Basically it is a way for users to download themes, applications, and such otherwise not found in one's distro's repositories. --DSA510   Pls No Hate 04:44, 4 November 2014 (UTC)

KFM?
Before Konqueror, KDE seemed to have a file manager/web browser called KFM which has seemed to have dissapeared. Was this an old version of Konqueror or a completely different program? Image here

 * KFM (KDE file manager) was the predecessor to Konqueror. See also and . --mms 20:48, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

Konqueror was planned as a browser and file manager for KDE 2.0 but the original direct successor was intended to be "KFM III", which was never completed. KHTML started as khtmlw in kfm but was rewritten to use the W3C DOM. . Some of the components eventually used in Konqueror and other KDE 2.0 applications (the KParts framework, for example) were invented during development. Triskelios (talk) 23:48, 23 February 2014 (UTC)

Malformed HTML statement
Konqueror's rendering speed is on par with that of competing browsers, but sites with malformed HTML are sometimes less leniently rendered than by other browsers.[citation needed]

You might as well link to various statistics here, except they are all non-ideal/real-world.

There needs to be a very good cite for the "malformed HTML" statement. For one, it doesn't mention that the kdewebkit part could be used. Two, nobody actually does their website to strict HTML standards, and the HTML5 ones aren't even done being written. This statement is misleading and inaccurate. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.71.94.192 (talk) 05:25, 10 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Rewritten to specifically mention KHTML. Also poor HTML is rarely a problem. UserAgent detection and customized JavaScript is a much bigger problem Konqueror shares with many other minor browsers. Carewolf (talk)

Platforms and Continued Life?
Are these sections really needed? Both of them contain just a single sentence that repeats information found earlier in the article, so I think I'm going to remove them for now. EvJeremy (talk) 15:29, 16 February 2010 (UTC)

KF5 Porting
How should it be indicated on this, and other KDE (Plasma, or whatever it is, its gotten confusing >.>) programs that "program X is ported/being ported/won't be ported/etc to KF5/Plasma 5? --DSA510   Pls No Hate 04:46, 4 November 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Merge this article into Falkon thanks?
There is a brand new KDE web browser named Falkon merging over QupZilla and Konqueror, which Konqueror is fatally aging that KDE users think. This article can be part of the histories sections in Falkon just like QupZilla. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.40.137.197 (talk) 03:33, 14 April 2018 (UTC)

 * At present prefer not to merge myself but I've not investigated fully. I have better things to do.  thankyou.Djm-leighpark (talk) 22:45, 26 September 2018 (UTC)

Kget Merge
Per Articles_for_deletion/KGet I have technically completed the merge in promptly but the result could do with tidy.Djm-leighpark (talk) 22:45, 26 September 2018 (UTC)

Thanks for preventing deletion, at least. However, I think it would be better to improve the article a little bit, and keep it on its own. KDE Plasma Desktop Environment has been developing quite fast in recent years, and Konqueror is a bit outdated, no longer used either as web browser (Firefox is the default app for that in KDE neon) or file manager (Dolphin is the default app for that in KDE neon) by most KDE users. However, unlike Konqueror, KGet is still actively developed and used by many users. It is already listed in Wikipedia here and here. Furthermore, as for notability, a Google search of  has listed "About 11,100 results" for me today. Veritas.vos.Liberabit.58 (talk) 11:31, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

Scirpt Auto Hedsodh
Scirpt Auto Hedsodh 103.177.199.254 (talk) 17:02, 10 July 2023 (UTC)

Embedded discontinued
When searching for Konqueror Embedded, I only find news articles from 2001. The official website seems not to mention it anymore. Should we make that section past tense? Can anyone find a source for why and when it was discontinued? Enormator (talk) 07:42, 14 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Konqueror


text:
Tom kha kai

Tom kha kai, tom kha gai, or Thai coconut soup  (ต้มข่าไก่, ; lit. 'chicken galangal soup') is a spicy and sour hot soup with coconut milk in Thai cuisine.

History
Tom kha is a Thai soup that originated around 1890 and was first recorded in a Thai recipe book. The earliest recorded version of the soup was called Tom kha pet, and it featured duck and young galangal in a coconut milk-based curry. Over time, chicken became a more popular protein choice and the dish evolved into the version known as Tom kha kai, which is made with chicken instead of duck. In addition to chicken, shrimp is also a popular protein option and is often referred to as Tom kha kung. Tom kha shares many base ingredients with another popular Thai soup called Tom yam. However, Tom kha is distinguished by the addition of coconut milk, which lends it a creamy texture and a milder, sweeter taste compared to Tom yam.

Ingredients
Tom kha kai recipes typically include coconut milk, galangal (sometimes substituted with ginger), kaffir lime leaves, lemongrass, Thai chili, coriander (or dill), straw mushrooms (or shiitake or other mushrooms), chicken, fish sauce, and lime juice. Fried chilies are sometimes added.

Variations
There are other versions of tom kha kai made with seafood (tom kha thale, ต้มข่าทะเล), mushrooms (tom kha het, ต้มข่าเห็ด), pork (tom kha mu, ต้มข่าหมู) and tofu (tom kha taohu, ต้มข่าเต้าหู้).

title: Tom kha kai