text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Stations

Title
WikiProject Stations

Use the userbox below to show you are part of the project – copy and paste this onto your user page:

User WikiProject Stations

Scope
This WikiProject aims to provide a standard format for articles about a train station or metro station.

Naming conventions are excluded. Consult a relevant page instead:

 * Naming conventions (Canadian stations)
 * Naming conventions (Chinese)
 * Manual of Style/France- and French-related articles
 * WikiProject Trains/Rail transport in Germany task force/Conventions
 * Naming conventions (Irish stations)
 * Manual of Style/Japan-related articles
 * Naming conventions (stations in Poland)
 * Naming conventions (UK stations)
 * Naming conventions (US stations)

Consult WikiProject Trains for rail line and railway format.

Organization
The parent of this project is WikiProject Trains.

Descendant Wikiprojects
No descendant WikiProjects have been defined.

Similar Wikiprojects

 * WikiProject Airports
 * WikiProject Architecture
 * WikiProject Ports

Participants
Please add your name at the bottom of this list using # (preferably add the date of the addition of your name by typing  ):

 * Golbez
 * Meelar
 * ScottKuberski – Esp. Japanese Railstations
 * Ambivalenthysteria representing WikiProjectMelbourne
 * TPK for Melbourne and Australia as well
 * alren for Mumbai (Western Railway suburban). Continuing from Utcursch
 * Somebody in the WWW
 * Vaoverland
 * CCMichalZ esp. at Railway stations in Poland
 * Lordkinbote — concentrating on the western United States
 * JROBBO – from WikiProject Sydney – CityRail railway stations (and elsewhere in Australia if necessary)
 * Lakeyboy (Articles in Melbourne and Victoria, Australia)
 * Daniel Case, working occasionally on Metro-North stations.
 * Geoking66 I usually work on the Northeast. I also add infoboxes and/or other small cleanups.
 * Chris5897I can do South-East France
 * Oakshade Concentrating mostly on California, but not exclusively.
 * LHOON mostly on Belgium
 * TDude695 I can do stations on the Toronto Subway System
 * Db1944 Working on Israel Railways' stations
 * Ltvine Amtrak and commuter stations in Pacific Northwest, USA.
 * Gherkin30 Larger stations in Central London, and select few smaller ones in the suburbs.
 * ACBest I just added the template to lots of talk pages of stations
 * Pafcool2 I can upgrade some of the train and tram stations in South London
 * Lostvalley 13:59, 27 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Hirohisat Stations in Japan.
 * Anywikiuser Generally stations in the UK.
 * Trulystand700 Stations In NYC
 * CosnahanG Invererate adder of Infobox Station and coordinates. Working on Japan railroad East currently
 * Plyhmrp Stations around the D.C./MD/VA area and the Northeast area.
 * Halowithhorns89 Stations in Ireland (ROI & NI)
 * Matthew25187 New Zealand stations.
 * Bluedisk Stations serving the Empire Builder.
 * StarsTrainsAndRandomThings Chicagoland Metra and Amtrak.
 * Likelife I can do some UK stations.
 * Arsenikk—Stations in Norway
 * 257 Townsen – I am working on the METRORail stations by changing them from stubs to "Need of expansion."
 * MChew – Stations in Japan
 * Dex1337 – Stations in Japan
 * Redrose64 – Stations in the United Kingdom. Well, England. South East, that is, er, Oxfordshire. I'll move on to the others eventually.
 * Sharadbob – Railway Junctions in India
 * Mabeenot – Stations in the United States
 * Manor 7812 – Stations in the UK
 * Rhvanwinkle – Stations in the United States
 * sillybillypiggy – Stations in the UK SE
 * Sgreen93 – I can do the East Coast Main Line, mainly the Southern end.
 * Chopin 68 Am working on railway stations in Mauritius.
 * Arvind for all train stations in India
 * WVRMad – I've already created quite a few railway articles in the UK, I focus on Gloucestershire and Monmouthshire.
 * User:Eisfbnore, railway and metro stations in Norway
 * , all stations and formatting them
 * User:Chris0693, railway stations in UK, Netherlands, Germany, France and willing to start other countries too.
 * Psjk2106 – railway stations in Japan.
 * Martin H. Heron – railway stations in the United Kingdom.
 * Peeky44 – I have added both content and project infoboxes for United Kingdom and Switzerland rail stations, plus a few others.
 * Bahnfrend – stations mainly in Italy, central and eastern Europe
 * Cls14 – Mainly, but not exclusively, Welsh current and historic stations
 * – Indian railways and elsewhere
 * – Mostly railway stations – Indian railways.
 * – all stations in New Mexico, but concentrating on the New Mexico Rail Runner Express
 * – Seattle-area services and stations
 * – Stations in Indonesia and the Netherlands
 * – Stations in Los Angeles, and probably South Korea in the future.
 * – American railway stations
 * - Indian Railway stations including surburban railway stations also.
 * – America railway stations, specifically mid-Atlantic
 * – South Australian railway stations
 * – for all train stations in London
 * — For stations in France.
 * 22:03, 16 April 2016 (UTC) – Theoretically for stations anywhere, but primarily for stations in California.
 * 05:30, 22 April 2016 (UTC) Amtrak in the Pacific Northwest since 2008.
 * – Indian Railway stations
 * – Primarily stations in the United States.
 * – UK Railway Stations
 * – Primarily stations in the Klang Valley Integrated Transit System in Malaysia.
 * – New York area railway stations
 * – Delhi Metro stations in Delhi, India
 * – primarily Great Britain
 * – Edmonton/Canada public transit/rail
 * – mostly on Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) but sometimes on London Underground and London Overground
 * – Indian Railways and Kochi Metro 19:58, 4 April 2018 (UTC)
 * – Japanese and British Rail Stations
 * Gazamp (talk) 18:10, 4 September 2018 (UTC)
 * – UK Railway Stations
 * - Taiwanese railway stations
 * - Subway systems, and the Northeast US. 01:12, 6 April 2019 (UTC)
 * – U.S. stations, primarily East Coast systems. 18:36, 8 May 2019 (UTC)
 * – Amtrak stations 00:42, 11 May 2019 (UTC) (UTC)
 * - Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) 16:27, 22 June 2019 (UTC)
 * - Stations in the Twin Cities, Chicago 01:34, 28 November 2019 (UTC)
 * - Stations in Southern California
 * - Various.
 * Epluribusunumyall (talk) 06:05, 20 April 2020 (UTC) mostly france
 * - 16:33, 28 June 2020 (UTC). Minor and defunct/demolished Canadian railway stations and flag stops in rural communities.
 * - Stations in Indonesia,mostly in the island of Java.10:25, 9 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Stations in Britain
 * Stations in France and China 08:34, 25 July 2020
 * Stations built in USSR
 * Quoll662 (talk) 11:47, 17 December 2020 (UTC)
 * - Metro-North stations.
 * – Railway stations in Taiwan, 02:58, 4 January 2021 (UTC)
 * – Stations in Singapore, Japan & South Korea
 * Railway stations in Greece, The Balkans and UK 22:41, 14 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Mostly railway and bus stations in Canada, 03:23, 21 February 2021 (UTC)
 * - Railways in Victoria (Australia)
 *  Anupam  Dutta   (talk)   10:17, 24 October 2021 (UTC)
 * - railway stations in Ukraine, primarily Southern and Southwestern Railways, as well as NYC area.
 * Mattdaviesfsic (talk) 12:01, 16 May 2022 (UTC)
 * - Passenger train stations of United States and eastern CanadaDogru144 (talk) 21:01, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Canada, US, France, Sweden, to a lesser extent elsewhere in the world. Mostly stations with historical designations. Oaktree b (talk) 04:08, 10 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Stations in Japan, possibly stations in the USA
 * PRmaster1 (talk) 18:39, 9 September 2022 (UTC) - stations in Poland, mostly in the Warsaw metropolitan area
 * SandwiichBread – Stations in the Kanto region of Japan and the Philippines.
 * Interested in Stations in Southern England. AvidWriter123 (talk) 15:48, 10 December 2022 (UTC)
 * 03:53, 4 January 2023 (UTC) - Railway stations in Ontario. Specifically Along the Via Rail Corridor Route.
 * RobloxUser4125 - Stations in the United States and Canada.
 * Lenn2105 (talk) 20:28, 9 February 2023 (UTC) - Railway stations in Germany
 * - Metro stations in Shenzhen, Hong Kong and London + Chinese railway stations. Timothytyy (talk) 10:55, 14 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Eridego (talk) 9:05, 26 April 2023 (UTC)
 * 15:33, 15 October 2023 (UTC)
 * R23130030 (talk) 07:28, 19 October 2023 (UTC) - Railway stations in Australia, particularly in NSW
 * S5A-0043
 * RooneyDonal21 - Stations on the island of Ireland(Mostly Stations on The Dublin-Belfast Main Line]]
 * Will do my best to update the latest content on train stations (especially those in Singapore and Japan). 08:14, 14 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Will do my best to update the latest content on train stations (especially those in Singapore and Japan). 08:14, 14 April 2024 (UTC)

Article titling

 * Migrated to Naming conventions (stations).
 * Naming conventions (Australasian stations)
 * Naming conventions (Canadian stations)
 * Naming conventions (UK stations)
 * Naming conventions (US stations)
 * Naming conventions (stations in Poland)

Lead
The lead paragraph includes the name of the station as it appears on the system map, and not a short-hand name, but those can and should be mentioned later. It also mentions the system, the city or area, and the line(s) the station lies on, and, if notable, the location on the line(s). It is preferred that the first sentence of the lead begins along the lines of, for example, "Fremont station is..." or "Fremont [railway/metro/light rail/tram] station is..." (depending on the naming convention of the article, i.e. whether the article's title has "railway"/"metro"/"light rail"/"tram" in it).

Generally, infoboxes are used along with the lead. The most common infobox is Infobox station.

Article body
The next information should be the history of the station, including the date service began. Notable historic events specific to that rail station should go here. This should be followed by the area served by the station and major establishments and attractions near it. A list of lesser but still notable places can be supplied later.

A table should exist, displaying the line(s) and the next stations on that line, with a link to the appropriate line. Adjacent stations should be used, which can be placed either in the infobox, under a separate section titled "Services", or at the bottom at the page. The western or northern or counter-clockwise station should go on the left. If there is a western or eastern link, that should take precedence (as seen in the example below), since it would make poor sense to have the eastern link on the left.

Article template example
(The) [Station name] station is located in [the municipality where the station is located] and is served by [train lines that serve the station]. [Notable information also goes here, like if it's a terminus or changeover station...]

It is located at [address/intersection]. [Other notable locations here, like proximity to a university or sports venue]. Service began [date].

==History== [If applicable, add a few paragraphs about history here]

==Notable places nearby==
 * [List of places that people going to this station may be interested in knowing about]

Assessment

 * Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Stations articles by quality log

Featured content
Featured articles (19) • Aldwych tube station

•  Brill railway station

•  Chinatown MRT station

•  Dhoby Ghaut MRT station

•  Droxford railway station

•  Edmonds station (Washington)

•  Georgetown Car Barn

•  Green Park tube station

•  Herne Hill railway station

•  Nicoll Highway MRT station

•  Quainton Road railway station

•  The Station (New Paltz restaurant)

•  Tukwila International Boulevard station

•  Union Station (Erie, Pennsylvania)

•  University of Washington station

•  Waddesdon Road railway station

•  Westcott railway station

•  Wood Siding railway station

•  Wotton railway station (Brill Tramway)

Featured lists (23) • Bay Area Rapid Transit stations

•  Caltrain stations

•  Copenhagen Metro stations

•  DART Light Rail stations

•  Denver RTD light rail stations

•  Former and unopened London Underground stations

•  Greater Manchester railway stations

•  London station group

•  London Underground stations

•  Los Angeles County Metro Rail stations

•  MBTA Commuter Rail stations

•  Metro (Minnesota) light rail stations

•  MetroLink (St. Louis) stations

•  Miami-Dade Transit metro stations

•  Muni Metro stations

•  Nanjing Metro stations

•  Oslo Metro stations

•  Sacramento Regional Transit light rail stations

•  St. Louis MetroLink stations

•  Santa Clara VTA Light Rail stations

•  UTA TRAX stations

•  Vancouver SkyTrain stations

•  West Midlands railway stations

Good articles (341) • 21st Street–Queensbridge station

•  25th Street station (BMT Fourth Avenue Line)

•  34th Street–Hudson Yards station

•  45th Street station (BMT Fourth Avenue Line)

•  53rd Street station (BMT Fourth Avenue Line)

•  57th Street station (IND Sixth Avenue Line)

•  59th Street station (BMT Fourth Avenue Line)

•  72nd Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)

•  72nd Street station (Second Avenue Subway)

•  75th Avenue station

•  77th Street station (BMT Fourth Avenue Line)

•  79th Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)

•  86th Street station (BMT Fourth Avenue Line)

•  86th Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)

•  86th Street station (Second Avenue Subway)

•  96th Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)

•  96th Street station (Second Avenue Subway)

•  108 North State Street

•  116th Street–Columbia University station

•  145th Street station (IRT Lenox Avenue Line)

•  169th Street station (IND Queens Boulevard Line)

•  181st Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line)

•  181st Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)

•  190th Street station

•  191st Street station

•  Acton Town tube station

•  Alewife station

•  Amory Street station

•  Åndalsnes Station

•  Anderson Street station

•  Angel tube station

•  Angle Lake station

•  Aquarium station (MBTA)

•  Aqueduct Racetrack station

•  Arnos Grove tube station

•  Ås Station

•  Ashford International railway station

•  Astor Place station

•  Aubin Grove railway station

•  Auburn station (Sound Transit)

•  Avonmouth railway station

•  Avonmouth railway station (Bristol Port Railway and Pier)

•  Ayer station

•  Babcock Street station

•  Balboa Park station

•  Ballpark station (UTA)

•  Bay Ridge Avenue station

•  Bay Ridge–95th Street station

•  Bayswater railway station, Perth

•  Beacon Hill station (Sound Transit)

•  Beaverton Transit Center

•  Becontree tube station

•  Bedminster railway station

•  Bellingham Square station

•  Bellows Falls station

•  Bencoolen MRT station

•  Berg metro station

•  Bergen Street station (IND Culver Line)

•  Bishan MRT station

•  Bjorli Station

•  Blackfriars station

•  Boston Manor tube station

•  Bowdoin station

•  Bowling Green station

•  Bras Basah MRT station

•  Bristol Parkway railway station

•  Bristol Temple Meads railway station

•  Broad Channel station

•  Broad Street railway station (England)

•  Broad Street station (BMT Nassau Street Line)

•  Broadway Junction station

•  Brockton station (MBTA)

•  Brooklyn Manor station

•  Bukit Panjang MRT/LRT station

•  Butler railway station

•  Caldecott MRT station

•  Canberra MRT station

•  Cannon Street station

•  Capitol Hill station

•  Carl Berners plass station

•  Carlton Hill station

•  Cathedral Parkway–110th Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)

•  Changi Airport MRT station

•  Charing Cross railway station

•  Charles/MGH station

•  Cheadle Hulme railway station

•  Chelsea station (MBTA)

•  Church Avenue station (IND Culver Line)

•  Church Street station (MBTA)

•  Cincinnati Union Terminal

•  City Hall MRT station

•  City Thameslink railway station

•  Cleveland Lakefront Station

•  Clifton Bridge railway station

•  Clifton Down railway station

•  Columbia City station

•  Columbia Station (Washington)

•  Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue station

•  Court Square–23rd Street station

•  Cumberland station (CTA)

•  Daglish railway station

•  Down Street tube station

•  Earl's Court tube station

•  East Finchley tube station

•  East Huaxia Road station

•  East Taunton station

•  Eidsvoll Verk Station

•  El Garces Intermodal Transportation Facility

•  Elephant & Castle tube station

•  Elisenberg station

•  Elizabethtown station

•  Embankment tube station

•  Esplanade MRT station

•  Euclid Avenue station (IND Fulton Street Line)

•  Euston railway station

•  Euston tube station

•  Everett Station

•  Expo MRT station

•  Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue station

•  Fenchurch Street railway station

•  Fifth Avenue/53rd Street station

•  Filton Abbey Wood railway station

•  Finchley Central tube station

•  Flatbush Avenue–Brooklyn College station

•  Flekkefjord Station

•  Flushing–Main Street station (IRT Flushing Line)

•  Forest Hills–71st Avenue station

•  Forskningsparken station

•  Fort Canning MRT station

•  Fourth Avenue/Ninth Street station

•  Framingham station

•  Freetown station

•  Fulton Center

•  Gants Hill tube station

•  Gloucester Road tube station

•  Grand Avenue–Newtown station

•  Grand Central Station (Chicago)

•  Grand Central Terminal

•  Grand Street station (IND Sixth Avenue Line)

•  Grant Avenue station (IND Fulton Street Line)

•  Great Notch station

•  Guanglan Road station

•  Hall/Nimbus station

•  Hallingskeid Station

•  Harlem–148th Street station

•  Harriman station (Erie Railroad)

•  Hastings station (MBTA)

•  Hatfield Government Center station

•  High Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line)

•  Highgate tube station

•  Hillsboro Central/Southeast 3rd Avenue Transit Center

•  History of Cincinnati Union Terminal

•  History of Grand Central Terminal

•  Holborn tube station

•  Holborn Viaduct railway station

•  Holland Village MRT station

•  Holstein (station)

•  Hounslow West tube station

•  Howard Beach–JFK Airport station

•  Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets station

•  Hunts Point Avenue station

•  Hynes Convention Center station

•  Icicle Station

•  International District/Chinatown station

•  Jackson Avenue station (IRT White Plains Road Line)

•  Jamaica–179th Street station

•  Jay Street–MetroTech station

•  JFK/UMass station

•  Joseph Scelsi Intermodal Transportation Center

•  Kendal Green station

•  Kennington tube station

•  Kensington (Olympia) station

•  Kent station (Sound Transit)

•  Kew Gardens station (LIRR)

•  Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike station

•  Kilburn tube station

•  King's Cross St Pancras tube station

•  King's Cross Thameslink railway station

•  Kingsland station

•  Kominato Station

•  Kovan MRT station

•  Kranji MRT station

•  Lake Street Transfer

•  Lakewood station

•  Lansdowne station (MBTA)

•  Laurence Harbor station

•  Lawrence Hill railway station

•  Lentor MRT station

•  Lexington Avenue–63rd Street station

•  Liberty Avenue station

•  Liverpool Street station

•  London Bridge station

•  London King's Cross railway station

•  London Necropolis railway station

•  London Paddington station

•  London Victoria station

•  London Waterloo station

•  Long Ashton railway station

•  Lynn station

•  Lynnwood Transit Center

•  Lysaker Station

•  Mall/Southwest 4th Avenue and Mall/Southwest 5th Avenue stations

•  Mangotsfield railway station

•  Marina Bay MRT station

•  Marina South Pier MRT station

•  Marylebone station

•  Mayflower MRT station

•  Middleborough station

•  Middleborough/Lakeville station

•  Milwaukee Airport Railroad Station

•  Mishawum station

•  Montpelier railway station

•  Moorgate station

•  Morden tube station

•  Mortensrud station

•  Mount Baker station

•  Mukilteo station

•  Nailsea and Backwell railway station

•  Nationaltheatret station

•  New London Union Station

•  Newbury Park tube station

•  Newton MRT station

•  Nordberg (station)

•  North Bank Depot Buildings

•  North Philadelphia station

•  Northgate station (Sound Transit)

•  Norwood Central station

•  Norwood Depot

•  Norwood–205th Street station

•  Nostrand Avenue station (IND Fulton Street Line)

•  Nydalen metro station

•  Oakland Coliseum station

•  Old Street station

•  Orenco station (TriMet)

•  Oslo Airport Station

•  Østhorn (station)

•  Othello station

•  Overlook Park station

•  Oxford Circus tube station

•  Paddington tube station (Bakerloo, Circle and District lines)

•  Paddington tube station (Circle and Hammersmith & City lines)

•  Palo Alto station

•  Parkside station

•  Parson Street railway station

•  Parsons Boulevard station

•  Pasir Ris MRT station

•  Patchway railway station

•  Pennsylvania Station (1910–1963)

•  Pill railway station

•  Pilning railway station

•  Pioneer Square South and Pioneer Square North stations

•  Pioneer Square station

•  Porter station

•  Portland International Airport station

•  Potong Pasir MRT station

•  Preston railway station

•  Prides Crossing station

•  Promenade MRT station

•  Prospect Avenue station (BMT Fourth Avenue Line)

•  Pulaski station (CTA Orange Line)

•  Punggol MRT/LRT station

•  Puyallup station

•  Railway stations in Cromer

•  Rainier Beach station

•  Readville station

•  Redland railway station

•  Richmond Hill station (LIRR)

•  River Works station

•  Rochor MRT station

•  Roosevelt Island station

•  Roosevelt station (Sound Transit)

•  Roseville Avenue station

•  Route 128 station

•  Salem station

•  Scarborough station (Metro-North)

•  Sea Mills railway station

•  SeaTac/Airport station

•  Sembawang MRT station

•  Sengkang MRT/LRT station

•  Serangoon MRT station

•  Shirehampton railway station

•  Silver Hill station

•  Sinsen station

•  Sloatsburg station

•  Smith–Ninth Streets station

•  SODO station (Sound Transit)

•  South Attleboro station

•  South Ferry/Whitehall Street station

•  South Kensington tube station

•  South Tacoma station

•  Springleaf MRT station

•  St Pancras railway station

•  Stadium MRT station

•  Stadium station (Sound Transit)

•  Stanwood station

•  Stapleton Road railway station

•  Storo station

•  Sturtevant station

•  Suffolk Downs station

•  Sumner station

•  Sutphin Boulevard station (IND Queens Boulevard Line)

•  Tacoma Dome Station

•  Tampines MRT station

•  Tan Kah Kee MRT station

•  Telok Ayer MRT station

•  Toa Payoh MRT station

•  Torp station

•  Trondheim Airport Station

•  Trondheim Central Station

•  Tryvandshøiden (station)

•  Tualatin station

•  Tukwila station

•  U District station

•  Union Square station (Somerville)

•  Union Station (Walpole, Massachusetts)

•  Union Street station (BMT Fourth Avenue Line)

•  University Street station

•  Upminster Bridge tube station

•  Upper Thomson MRT station

•  Vauxhall station

•  Vestby Station

•  Vestgrensa (station)

•  Wachusett station

•  Warnbro railway station

•  Waterloo East railway station

•  Watsessing Avenue station

•  Wedgemere station

•  West Concord station

•  Westlake station (Sound Transit)

•  Westminster tube station

•  Wickford Junction station

•  Willow Creek/Southwest 185th Avenue Transit Center

•  Windsor Gardens station

•  Winschoten railway station

•  Woodhaven Boulevard station (IND Queens Boulevard Line)

•  Woodlands MRT station

•  World Trade Center station (PATH)

•  Worle railway station

•  WTC Cortlandt station

•  Yatton railway station

•  Zoloti Vorota (Kyiv Metro)

Pages needing attention

 * See: Pages needing attention/Railroads

Resources

 * Online Historical Map Digitization Project – Western Canadian stations Waghorn Guides Publisher – reuse information

Tools

 * Main tool page: toolserver.org

 * Reflinks – Edits bare references – adds title/dates etc. to bare references
 * Checklinks – Edit and repair external links
 * Dab solver – Quickly resolve ambiguous links.
 * Peer reviewer – Provides hints and suggestion to improving articles.

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Stations


text:
A46 road

The A46 is a major A road in England. It starts east of Bath, Somerset and ends in Cleethorpes, Lincolnshire, but it does not form a continuous route. Large portions of the old road have been lost, bypassed, or replaced by motorway development. Between Leicester and Lincoln the road follows the course of the Roman Fosse Way, but between Bath and Leicester, two cities also linked by the Fosse Way, it follows a more westerly course.

History
The original (1923) route of the A46 was from Bath to Laceby, passing through Cheltenham, Broadway, Stratford-on-Avon, Coventry, Leicester, Newark and Lincoln. Unusually for such a long road, no changes were made to its route until the 1970s. In recent years the central sections of the road have been rerouted and renumbered substantially, and there are now two sections where there are gaps of over 10 mi where the road does not exist at all. The A46 has also been extended from Laceby to Grimsby and Cleethorpes – the road between Laceby and Grimsby was originally part of the A18.

The major realignments have been
 * Between Coventry and Leicester the original road was downgraded to the B4065 and the B4114 as a result of the opening of the M69 motorway in 1977.
 * Between Cheltenham and Stratford-on-Avon the road was realigned in the 1980s through Evesham on the former route of the A435 and A439. The original route through some of the most picturesque parts of the Cotswold Hills was downgraded to the B4632.
 * The route was subsequently cut between Cheltenham and Teddington and that section became the A435 again. The A46 was diverted to connect with the M5 motorway on part of the former route of the A438.
 * Between Evesham and north of Stratford the route was again realigned to run by Alcester and by-pass Stratford, partly on the former line of the A422. The previous route through Bidford-on-Avon to Stratford became the B439, and north of Stratford the old route became the A439.
 * A new alignment was built from Junction 21a of the M1 to by-pass Leicester to the north. The old route through Leicester was redesignated the A5460 (Narborough Road, in the southwest) and A607 (Belgrave Road/Melton Road, in the northeast).  The A607 deviates from the straight course of the Fosse Way, bypassing the village centres of Thurmaston and Syston.
 * The A46 was realigned to by-pass Warwick, Kenilworth and Coventry, and the old route was redesignated the A429 and the A4600. It opened in June 1974.

Bypasses were also built around Market Rasen, Lincoln and Newark.

Cleethorpes – A1 (Newark)
The A46 starts at Isaac's Hill roundabout with the A1098 and the A180. It meets the A1031 at a roundabout and passes the King George V Stadium on the right. It meets the B1213 from the right, then crosses the A16 Peaks Parkway where it gains primary status. It heads into Grimsby, meeting the A1243 Bargate (former A16). It meets the B1444 where the road becomes a dual carriageway. It meets the A18 at a roundabout. This was the old terminus of the A46, and what is now the A46 heading east into Grimsby used to be the A18. The road becomes the single carriageway road once again and runs alongside the north part of the Lincolnshire Wolds. It bypasses Irby upon Humber and enters the East Midlands. It bypasses Swallow to the North. It climbs a hill to meet the B1225, A1173, and A1084 just east of Caistor. The road crosses the Nottingham – Grimsby railway at a level crossing. The road becomes very straight and flat, passing through Middle Rasen Plantation and meets the A1103 from the right. The A631 leaves to the right at a T junction. The road bypasses Dunholme to the south then it passes close to the former RAF Dunholme Lodge. It passes the headquarters for Lincolnshire Police on the left. It meets the A158 (for Skegness) and the B1182 (former route into Lincoln) at a roundabout.

The A46 Lincoln Relief Road is concurrent with the A15. The A15 leaves to the right at a roundabout. The road becomes dual carriageway and traverses the Lincoln Cliff. It meets the A57 at the Carholme roundabout and crosses the Lincoln – Gainsborough railway. After bypassing Lincoln, it starts following the route of the old Fosse Way (bar bypasses). The A46 passes the former airfield of RAF Swinderby. The road becomes the boundary of Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire for 1 mi. The road enters Nottinghamshire and the road bypasses Brough. The new section of road finishes at the roundabout with the A1133. The A17 joins from the left at a roundabout.

A1 (Newark) – M1 (Leicester)
The road crosses the A1. Newark is bypassed to the North and West ending on a roundabout with the B6166. The road continues south-west, meeting the A6097 and A52 near Bingham. The single carriageway section between Newark and the Widmerpool A606 junction was replaced by a new dual carriageway road which was completed in April 2012. Heading South from the A606 junction, the existing dual carriageway still following the route of the Fosse Way. The road crosses the A6006 North of Six Hills. Syston is bypassed to the West, and at a roundabout with the A607 the route continues in a Westerly direction onto the Leicester Western Bypass. There are grade separated junctions with the A6, A5630 and A50. This section of the road ends at a junction with the B5380, with the forward route flowing on to the M1. It originally continued towards Coventry until the opening of the M69 motorway in the 1970s, which replaced the A46 as the main route between Leicester and Coventry, with the former A46 being downgraded.

M6 (Coventry) – M5 (Tewkesbury)

The A46 reappears at Coventry at junction 2 of the M6, it follows the boundary between the district of Rugby and the borough of Coventry, always staying inside Warwickshire. At Binley Woods the A428 is crossed at a roundabout. The next roundabout is the signal controlled Tollbar Roundabout, where there are exits for the A45 and Coventry Airport. There is a break in the road here, and it resumes again at Festival Island where it takes the southern exit on to the three-lane Kenilworth bypass. Along the bypass there are exits for Stoneleigh and the University of Warwick, Kenilworth and Leamington Spa (A452). At the Warwick (A429) exit, the bypass drops down to two lanes, closely followed by an exit for the A4177 and Warwick Parkway railway station. The M40 is passed over west of Longbridge roundabout, as a new bypass now brings the mainline carriageway away from Junction 15, the A46 meets a small roundabout, connecting with the B4463 and a link to Junction 15 for northbound A46 traffic to access the M40 and A429 respectively.

The 3 mi dual carriageway section south of the improved Longbridge island is the only part of the A46 on its original routing between Leicester and Cheltenham. Stratford is bypassed to the north as a single carriageway road, crossing the A3400 and meeting the A422. Between here and Alcester the A46 is concurrent with the A422, with the A46 taking priority. Alcester is bypassed to the south of the town. At a roundabout the A435 leaves to the North for Redditch and Birmingham. The A46 takes a dual carriageway route to the south towards Evesham, meeting the B439 at a roundabout near Bidford on Avon. Almost immediately after the roundabout, the road enters Worcestershire and Wychavon district, then goes back into Warwickshire, before going back into Worcestershire Near Harvington. At the northern end of the Evesham bypass, the A44 joins at a roundabout and becomes concurrent with the A46. The next roundabout on the bypass is the B4035, followed by the A44 (for Oxford), The final roundabout on the bypass is with the A4184 and the A46 continues to head south. The villages of Sedgeberrow (bypassed) and Beckford are on the route. At the Teddington Hands roundabout, the A435 heads south to Cheltenham, while the A46 heads west. It passes Ashchurch close to Ashchurch for Tewkesbury railway station. This section of the A46 ends on the M5 roundabout at junction 9.

Cheltenham – Bath

After a gap filled in by the A435, the A46 reappears on its original route in the centre of Cheltenham. It then heads through Stroud, through Nailsworth, to the M4 motorway, where since 2003 access to the roundabout has been controlled by traffic lights. From the M4, the A46 heads to Bath, ending at its junction with the A4 to the east of the city. From here a continuous route to Poole and Southampton is possible via the A36 and A350 roads.

The 3 mi £45 million dual-carriageway Batheaston/Swainswick Bypass, opened in summer 1996, contains 1 mi of the A46. In February 1994, a camp was set up on Solsbury Hill, to protest the Batheaston bypass, however this was ultimately unsuccessful and construction was completed by November 1995.

A small section of the A46 between Painswick and Stroud subsided during the floods on Friday 29 July 2007 and was shut for over 6 months, causing quite an impact on the local area. The road re-opened on 15 February 2008.

Bypasses and realignments

 * Irby upon Humber (Bypassed, now Old Main Road)
 * Swallow (Bypassed, now Caistor-Grimsby Road)
 * Lincoln (Bypassed, now A1434)
 * Newark (Bypassed, now B6166)
 * Syston (Bypassed, now unclassified)
 * Leicester (Bypassed, now A607 and A5460)
 * Coventry (Bypassed; northern section A4600; southern section now A429 [pre-1974 route], or A444 and A4114 [1974 — 1989 route])
 * Kenilworth and Warwick (Bypassed, now A429)
 * Stratford (Bypassed, now A439 and B439)

Downgrading

 * Leicester – Coventry (Downgraded to B4114 upon opening of the M69)
 * Stratford – Cheltenham (Downgraded to B4632 upon diversion of route via Alcester and Evesham)

Improvements

 * The M40 Longbridge Island bypass, a dual carriageway road which bypassed the M40 Junction 15 interchange, opened in December 2009, providing much needed relief for the junction.
 * The Newark to Widmerpool Improvement is now complete and provides a new high quality grade-separated dual-carriageway which closes the gap in the corridor. Spring 2012 saw peripheral works progress and the entire project was completed by Summer 2012.
 * The A45/A46 Tollbar End improvement is now complete and provides a grade separated junction, as well as improvements to the Stonebridge Highway. The project was open to traffic in December 2016.
 * The A46/A428 Binley Junction Upgrade will provided a grade separated junction.
 * The junction with Lincoln Road near Welton was replaced with a three-armed roundabout, primarily to reduce its high accident rate. Work was completed in June 2021.

Proposed

 * The Sub-national Transport Body Midlands Connect prioritised the upgrading of the A46 in the Midlands Connect Strategy, published in March 2017, including a strategic study for a potential expressway route between the M5 and M40. In July 2018, Midlands Connect released "Our Routes to Growth" in which it described the first stage of its A46 corridor study, referring to the road as a "national and international economic driver that connects the East and West Midlands to the South West and the North. Investing in infrastructure improvements along this route will create a resilient alternative to the existing motorway network for businesses and freight traffic." It reiterated the development a business case for upgrades to the A46 from the M40 to Syston and a strategic study for making the A46 an expressway between the M5 and M40. The first stage of this A46 study will be released before the end of 2018, with the second stage examining specific sections for more detailed development of possible improvements.

Upcoming

 * Newark Bypass – will upgrade road to dual carriageway. Scheme expected to be completed by 2030.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: A46 road


text:
Kasumori Station

Kasumori Station (烏森駅) is a railway station located in Nakamura-ku, Nagoya, Japan and is on the Kintetsu Nagoya Line.

Layout
Kasumori Station has two elevated side platforms serving a track each.

Staff at our station
The number of passengers per day of the station is as follows.

Year     number of people

 * 2015 11 10    4059
 * 2012 11 13    3795
 * 2010 11 9      3789
 * 2008 11 18    4018
 * 2005 11 8      3728

title: Kasumori Station


text:
Potters Bar

Potters Bar is a town in Hertfordshire, England, 13 mi north of central London. In 2011, it had a population of 21,882. In the 2021 census, the four wards that make up Potters Bar - Bentley Heath & The Royds, Furzefield, Oakmere and Parkfield - had a combined population of 22,536. This includes several smaller outlying hamlets contained in the Bentley Heath & The Royds ward, such as Bentley Heath and Ganwick Corner. In 2022 the population was around 23,325.

Within the historic county of Middlesex until 1965, the town dates to the early 13th century but remained a small, mainly agricultural, settlement until the arrival of the Great Northern Railway in 1850. It is now part of the London commuter belt.

Etymology
The origin of the Potters element of the town's name is uncertain but is generally thought to be either a reference to a Roman pottery, believed to have been sited locally, or alternatively to the Pottere family who lived in neighbouring South Mimms parish. The Bar is thought to refer to the gates leading from the South Mimms parish and into the Enfield Chase parish, or possibly from a toll on the Great North Road, said to have been by what is now the disused Green Man pub, or at the current entrance to Morven House.

History
Potters Bar is located on the Great North Road, one of two road routes from the City of London to the north of England. The road was originally numbered as the A1, and later the A1000.

Potters Bar was historically part of Middlesex and formed the Potters Bar Urban District of that county from 1934. From 1894 to 1934 its area had formed the South Mimms Rural District. In 1965 the district was transferred to Hertfordshire County Council while most of the rest of Middlesex County Council became part of Greater London.

The urban district covered an area of 6129 acre. In 1939 it had a population of 13,681, increasing to 24,613 in 1971. In 1974 the urban district was abolished and the area became part of the borough of Hertsmere. Having been part of Middlesex, the area continued to form part of the Metropolitan Police District; with the creation of the Greater London Authority it was transferred to the Hertfordshire Constabulary in 2000.

Byng family
Wrotham Park estate, home of the Byng family, sits within Potters Bar and Barnet on 2,500 acres of land. The Byng family still own a lot of land in the Potters Bar area and The Admiral Byng pub in Darkes Lane is named after Admiral John Byng, who was executed for failing to obey orders in the Minorca campaign.

Zeppelin L31
In the early hours of 1 October 1916, Lieutenant Wulstan Tempest shot down Germany's most famous zeppelin, the L31. It was captained by Heinrich Mathy with his crew of 18. All were killed when the flaming zeppelin fell into an ancient oak tree on the Oakmere Estate, Oakmere House at the time being rented by Mrs Forbes. The deadly raids over England declined after this. The 19 German sailors (zeppelins were naval) were buried in the local cemetery, and decades later reinterred at Cannock Chase German Military Cemetery. The Potters Bar Museum has a Zeppelin display, with relics of the L31.

Demographics
As of the 2021 census, Potters Bar still had a Christian majority, making it more Christian than both England and Wales as a whole and the rest of Hertsmere. Potters Bar has a significant Jewish community and an Orthodox synagogue, but as a percentage of the overall population, the Jewish community, which numbers over 600, pales in comparison to every other settlement in Hertsmere, the most Jewish borough in the country.

Climate
Potters Bar experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) similar to almost all of the United Kingdom.

Transport
The A1 was built as a major 'arterial' road and a crossroads at Bignells Corner linked it to the Barnet – St Albans road. Potters Bar is now also served by junctions 23 and 24 of the M25 motorway.

Potters Bar railway station is the highest on the line between London's King's Cross railway station and York. The Great Northern route serves various North London suburbs to the south before terminating at either King's Cross or Moorgate station. Northbound, the railway runs to Hatfield, Welwyn Garden City, Cambridge, and Peterborough.

The nearest London Underground station is at Cockfosters, which is approximately 2.5 mi south on the A111 from junction 24 of the M25.

Potters Bar has a bus depot that services local bus routes as well as some London bus routes. The 84 bus route runs north-west to St. Albans. Other routes include the 298 to Arnos Grove, the 313 to Enfield and Chingford, the 242 to Waltham Cross, the 398 to Watford and the 610 to Enfield and Hatfield. There are also school bus services run from various places to Dame Alice Owen's School and to Chancellor's School.

Potters Bar rail accidents
Potters Bar has been the scene of three train crashes; two major and one minor. On 19 March 1898, a train crashed on the platform, but no one was killed or seriously injured. On the night of 10 February 1946, a local train hit buffers at the station, became derailed, and two express trains travelling in opposite directions struck the wreckage. On 10 May 2002, a northbound train derailed at high speed, killing seven people and seriously injuring another 11. On 10 May 2003, a small piece of art that resembles seven faces was erected at the station as a memorial to those killed.

Churches
There are eight churches in Potters Bar. These include St Mary the Virgin and All Saints' Church at the top of the Walk, the first Anglican parish in the town created from the parish of South Mimms in the 1800s. The Church contains stained glass including some "fine portraits" of several saints as well as tributes to John Keble, and Randall Davidson. There is a Madonna Window in memory of John Goodacre, a long-time schoolmaster at Potters Bar. Other churches include Our Lady and St Vincent (Roman Catholic), King Charles the Martyr, Christ Church, Potters Bar Baptist Church, St John's Methodist Church and the Causeway Free Church. Potters Bar Spiritualist Church is on Hill Rise. There was briefly a Salvation Army in Station Road. There is also the Jain Temple at the Oshwal Centre, which "recreates a general Māru-Gurjara aesthetic".

Education
There are six primary and infant state schools in Potters Bar and the surrounding area; they are Cranborne School, Ladbrooke JMI, Little Heath Primary, Oakmere Primary, Pope Paul RC Primary and Wroxham School.

Mount Grace School is a mixed grant maintained School in Potters Bar opened in 1954.

Lochinver house school is an all-boys preparatory school in Potters Bar, which opened in 1947.

Stormont School is an all-girls preparatory school in Potters Bar, which opened in 1944.

Dame Alice Owen's School is a mixed grant-maintained school in Potters Bar. Founded in 1613 and based in Islington until 1973, it is unusual in its 'Visitation' and 'Beer Money' traditions.

The town also houses many veterinary medicine (mostly third, fourth and fifth-year) students from the Royal Veterinary College.

Sports, entertainment and recreation
Potters Bar has a King George's Field in memorial to King George V, which is situated behind the Furzefield Centre. There is a swimming pool and leisure centre run by Hertsmere council, which is home to St Albans and Hertsmere Canoe Club. Also in the town are Potters Bar Town F.C., Potters Bar Swimming Club (PBSC), a Scuba diving Club (the Potters Bar Sub Aqua Club), a tennis club, a cricket club. The Wyllyotts Centre is a theatre, cinema and events venue, and is also the location of the town's museum. Potters Bar is also home to the Hertfordshire Showband (formally known as the Marching Blues).

In December 2018, the golf course at Potters Bar closed after 95 years.

In 1983, the area around Potters Bar was used for the on-location filming of the comic-horror film Bloodbath at the House of Death. Also, in 2005, David Walliams and Matt Lucas shot two scenes for the third season of the comedy Little Britain: one scene at Mount Grace School gym, the other at a wedding shop on the High Street. Potters Bar is also home to a performing arts school, Top Hat Stage School, which has been running classes at Elm Court Community Centre since 1994.

Notable residents

 * Amanda Abbington, actress
 * Acker Bilk, clarinetist, divided his time between Pensford, Somerset, and Potters Bar
 * Ambika Mod, actress
 * Bernard Butler, musician, record producer, and guitarist in Suede.
 * Roger Fenton, Crimean war photographer who lived at Mount Grace manor house
 * Martin Freeman, actor
 * Tony Jacklin, golfer, whose home golf club was Potters Bar Golf Club
 * Terry Lightfoot, jazz musician, born in Potters Bar
 * Storm Thorgerson, graphic designer, born in Potters Bar
 * Dolly Shepherd, parachutist and entertainer, born in Potters Bar.
 * John Yianni, board game designer (notably of Hive), born in Potters Bar

Twinnings

 * 🇩🇪 Viernheim, Germany
 * 🇫🇷 Franconville, Val-d'Oise, France (since 1973)

Notes and references

 * Notes

 * References

title: Potters Bar


text:
Energy drink

An energy drink is a type of functional beverage containing stimulant compounds, usually caffeine, which is marketed as providing mental and physical stimulation (marketed as "energy", but distinct from food energy). They may or may not be carbonated and may also contain sugar, other sweeteners, or herbal extracts, among numerous other possible ingredients.

They are a subset of the larger group of energy products, which includes bars and gels, and distinct from sports drinks, which are advertised to enhance sports performance. There are many brands and varieties in this drink category.

Energy drinks have the effects of caffeine and sugar, but there is little or no evidence that the wide variety of other ingredients have any effect. Most effects of energy drinks on cognitive performance, such as increased attention and reaction speed, are primarily due to the presence of caffeine. Other studies ascribe those performance improvements to the effects of the combined ingredients.

Advertising for energy drinks usually features increased muscle strength and endurance, but there is no scientific consensus to support these claims. Energy drinks have been associated with many health risks, such as an increased rate of injury when usage is combined with alcohol, and excessive or repeated consumption can lead to cardiac and psychiatric conditions. Populations at risk for complications from energy drink consumption include youth, caffeine-naïve or caffeine-sensitive, pregnant, competitive athletes and people with underlying cardiovascular disease.

Ingredients and uses
Energy drinks are usually marketed to young people and provide the health effects of caffeine. Health experts agree that energy drinks which contain caffeine do improve alertness.

There is no reliable evidence that other ingredients in energy drinks provide further benefits, even though the drinks are frequently advertised in a way that suggests they have unique benefits. The dietary supplements in energy drinks may be purported to supply benefits, such as for vitamin B12, but no claims of using supplements to enhance health in otherwise normal people have been verified scientifically.

Marketing of energy drinks has been particularly directed towards teenagers, with manufacturers sponsoring or advertising at extreme sports events and music concerts, and targeting a youthful audience through social media channels.

Effects

Energy drinks have the effects caffeine and sugar provide, but there is little or no evidence that the wide variety of other ingredients have any effect. Most of the effects of energy drinks on cognitive performance, such as increased attention and reaction speed, are primarily due to the presence of caffeine. Advertising for energy drinks usually features increased muscle strength and endurance, but there is little evidence to support this in the scientific literature.

According to the Mayo Clinic, it is safe for the typical healthy adult to consume a total of 400 mg of caffeine a day. This has been confirmed by a panel of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), which also concludes that a caffeine intake of up to 400 mg per day does not raise safety concerns for adults. According to the EFSA this is equivalent to 4 cups of coffee (90 mg each) or 2 1/2 standard cans (250 ml) of energy drink (160 mg each/80 mg per serving). Adverse effects associated with caffeine consumption in amounts greater than 400 mg include nervousness, irritability, sleeplessness, increased urination, abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmia), and dyspepsia. Caffeine dosage is not required to be on the product label for food in the United States, unlike drugs, but most (although not all) place the caffeine content of their drinks on the label anyway, and some advocates are urging the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to change this practice.

Health problems
Excessive consumption of energy drinks can have serious health effects resulting from high caffeine and sugar intakes, particularly in children, teens, and young adults. Excessive energy drink consumption may disrupt teens' sleep patterns and may be associated with increased risk-taking behavior. Excessive or repeated consumption of energy drinks can lead to cardiac problems, such as arrhythmias and heart attacks, and psychiatric conditions such as anxiety and phobias. The consumption of caffeinated energy drinks has been associated with adverse effects on cardiovascular health, including increased heart rate and blood pressure, which can pose risks for individuals with underlying heart conditions. In Europe, energy drinks containing sugar and caffeine have been associated with the deaths of athletes. Reviews have noted that caffeine content was not the only factor, and that the cocktail of other ingredients in energy drinks made them more dangerous than drinks whose only stimulant was caffeine; the studies noted that more research and government regulation were needed.

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children not consume caffeinated energy drinks.

History
Dr. Enuf, an "energy building" soft drink containing caffeine and B vitamins, was created in the United States in 1949. The New York Times states that "the energy drink, as we know it", however, was born in post World War II Japan. In 1962, Taisho pharmaceuticals produced Lipovitan D, an herbal “energizing tonic” that was sold in minibar-sized bottles. The tonic was originally marketed towards truck drivers and factory workers who needed to stay awake for long shifts. However, in Japan, most of the products of this kind bear little resemblance to soft drinks, and are sold instead in small brown glass medicine bottles, or cans styled to resemble such containers. These eiyō dorinku (literally, nutritional drinks) are marketed primarily to salarymen. Bacchus-F, a South Korean drink closely modeled after Lipovitan, also appeared in the early 1960s and targets a similar demographic.

In Europe, Dietrich Mateschitz, an Austrian entrepreneur, introduced the Red Bull product, a worldwide bestseller in the 21st century. Mateschitz developed Red Bull based on the Thai drink Krating Daeng, itself based on Lipovitan. Red Bull became the dominant brand in the US after its introduction in 1997, with a market share of approximately 47% in 2005.

In New Zealand and Australia, the leading energy drink product in those markets, V, was introduced by Frucor Beverages. The product now represents over 60% of market in New Zealand and Australia.

In 2002, Hansen Natural Company introduced the energy drink Monster Energy. Hansen Natural Company changed their name to Monster Beverage Corporation after an agreement by shareholders to change the name after Monster Energy became the largest source of revenue. The company's previous beverages were taken ownership of by the Coca-Cola Company.

The energy shot product, an offshoot of the energy drink, was launched in the US with products such as 5-Hour Energy, which was first released onto the market in 2004. A consumer health analyst explained in a March 2014 media article: "Energy shots took off because of energy drinks. If you’re a white collar worker, you’re not necessarily willing to down a big Monster energy drink, but you may drink an energy shot."

In 2007, energy drink powders and effervescent tablets were introduced, whereby either can be added to water to create an energy drink.

On 14 August 2012, the word energy drink was listed for the first time in the Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary.

Energy shots
Energy shots are a specialized kind of energy drink. Whereas most energy drinks are sold in cans or bottles, energy shots are usually sold in smaller 50ml bottles. Energy shots can contain the same total amount of caffeine, vitamins or other functional ingredients as their larger versions, and may be considered concentrated forms of energy drinks. The marketing of energy shots generally focuses on their convenience and availability as a low-calorie "instant" energy drink that can be taken in one swallow (or "shot"), as opposed to energy drinks that encourage users to drink an entire can, which may contain 250 calories or more. A common energy shot is 5-hour Energy which contains B vitamins and caffeine in an amount similar to a cup of coffee.

Caffeinated alcoholic drink
Energy drinks such as Red Bull are often used as mixers with alcoholic drinks, producing mixed drinks such as Vodka Red Bull which are similar to but stronger than rum and coke with respect to the amount of caffeine that they contain. Sometimes this is configured as a bomb shot, such as the Jägerbomb or the F-Bomb—Fireball Cinnamon Whisky and Red Bull.

Caffeinated alcoholic drinks are also sold in some countries in a wide variety of formulations. The American products Four Loko and Joose originally combined caffeine and alcohol before caffeinated alcoholic drinks were banned in the U.S. in 2010.

Chemistry
Energy drinks generally contain methylxanthines (including caffeine), B vitamins, carbonated water, and high-fructose corn syrup or sugar (for non-diet versions). Other common ingredients are guarana, yerba mate, açaí, and taurine, plus various forms of ginseng, maltodextrin, inositol, carnitine, creatine, glucuronolactone, sucralose or ginkgo biloba.

In the United States, the caffeine content of energy drinks is in the range of 40 to 250 mg per 8 fluid ounce (237 ml) serving. The FDA recommends that 400 mg per day is safe for adults, while 1200 mg per day can be toxic.

Demographics
Globally, energy drinks are typically attractive to youths and young adults.

Sales and trends
In 2017, global energy drink sales were about 44 billion euros. In 2017, manufacturers were modifying the composition of energy drinks for reduced or no sugar content and lower calories, caffeine content, "clean" labels to reflect the use of organic ingredients, exotic flavors, and ingredients that may affect mood.

Regulations
Some countries have certain restrictions on the sale and manufacture of energy drinks. A ban was challenged in the European Court of Justice in 2004 and consequently lifted.

Australia and New Zealand

In Australia and New Zealand, energy drinks are regulated under the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code; limiting the caffeine content of 'formulated caffeinated beverages' (energy drinks) at 320 mg/L (9.46 mg/oz) and soft-drinks at 145 mg/L (4.29 mg/oz). Mandatory caffeine labeling is issued for all food products containing guarana in the country, and Australian energy drink labels warn consumers to drink no more than two cans per day. Bridgetown in Western Australia became the first place in Australia to ban the sale of energy drinks to persons under 18 years for four months as of February 2023.

Colombia
In 2009 under the Ministry of Social Protection, Colombia prohibited the sale and commercialization of energy drinks to minors under the age of 14.

Denmark
In 1997, Denmark banned the sale of Red Bull. The Danish Veterinary and Food Administration criticized the functional beverages' added ingredients such as B vitamins, inositol, glucuronolactone, and taurine. It argued that nutritional supplements should be added to foods only when necessary for public health, such as in the case of iodised salt. High caffeine content was also stated as an issue – only amounts up to 150 mg/L were allowed in beverages; in 2009 the limit was raised to 320 mg/L and taurine and glucuronolactone were approved as ingredients, making energy drinks legal. , the Danish Veterinary and Food Administration advises against energy drink consumption for children; with only limited consumption of energy drinks (250 mL per day, assuming no other caffeine intake) for children between 15 and 17 years old.

Latvia
In June 2016, Latvia banned the sale of energy drinks containing caffeine or stimulants like taurine and guarana to people under the age of 18.

Lithuania
In November 2014, Lithuania became the first country in the EU to ban the selling of energy drinks to anyone under the age of 18. The Baltic state placed the ban in reaction to research showing how popular energy drinks were among minors. According to the AFP reports roughly 10% of school-aged Lithuanians say they consume energy drinks at least once a week.

Norway
Norway did not allow Red Bull for a time due to the high caffeine and taurine content. Classified as a drug, only limited amounts were allowed to be imported for personal use. In May 2009, it became legal to sell in Norway as the ban was in conflict with the European Economic Area's laws on free competition. The Norwegian version has reduced levels of vitamin B6. The Norwegian Food Safety Authority initially recommended an age limit on the sale of energy drinks in 2019. In 2024 the Norwegian Consumer Council called for an age limit after seeing energy drink sales increase dramatically since 2019. The Food Safety Authority,, now disagrees with an age limit as it states it is hard to ascertain if children, specifically, are drinking more energy drinks. A majority of Norwegians support an age limit on energy drink purchases.

Poland
Since 1 January 2024, energy drinks have been banned for individuals under the age of 18.

Russia
In November 2012, President Ramzan Kadyrov of Chechnya (Russian Federation) ordered his government to develop a bill banning the sale of energy drinks, arguing that as a form of "intoxicating drug", such drinks were "unacceptable in a Muslim society". Kadyrov cited reports of one death and 530 hospital admissions in 2012 due to "poisoning" from the consumption of such drinks. A similar view was expressed by Gennady Onishchenko, Chief Sanitary Inspector of Russia.

United Kingdom
In 2001, the UK Committee on Toxicity investigated Red Bull, finding it safe but issuing a warning against its consumption by children and pregnant women.

In 2009, a school in Hove, England, requested that local shops refrain from selling energy drinks to students. Headteacher Falklanda Sanders added that "This was a preventative measure, as all research shows that consuming high-energy drinks can have a detrimental impact on the ability of young people to concentrate in class." The school negotiated for their local branch of the Tesco supermarket to display posters asking students not to purchase the products. Similar measures were taken by a school in Oxted, England, which banned students from consuming drinks and sent letters to parents.

While not yet age-restricted by legislation, all major UK supermarkets have agreed to voluntarily stop the sale of energy drinks to under-16s. The UK government plans to end the sale of energy drinks to under-16s in the future.

In January 2018, many United Kingdom supermarkets banned the sale of energy drinks containing more than 150 mg of caffeine per liter to people under 16 years old; this was followed by the UK government announcing that it planned to ban all sales of energy drinks to minors in 2019. However, in 2022 such plans were reported to have been scrapped by Health Secretary Sajid Javid.

United States
As of 2013 in the United States, some energy drinks, including Monster Energy and Rockstar Energy, were reported to be rebranding their products as drinks rather than as dietary supplements. As drinks they would be relieved of FDA reporting requirements with respect to deaths and injuries and can be purchased with food stamps, but must list ingredients on the can.

Some places ban the sale of prepackaged caffeinated alcoholic drinks, which can be described as energy drinks containing alcohol. In response to these bans, the marketers can change the formula of their products.

Uzbekistan
In January 2019, President Shavkat Mirziyoyev of Uzbekistan signed a law that imposes a number of restrictions on energy drinks. To protect the younger generation, a rule was introduced prohibiting the sale of energy drinks to persons under the age of 18. Advertising of energy drinks was prohibited on television and radio from 7:00 to 22:00. It was also completely banned in printed publications intended primarily for children and adolescents, in medical, sports and educational institutions.

India
In India, the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) regulates the manufacturing, packaging, labeling, and sale of energy drinks. As recommended by FSSAI, taurine is limited to 2000 mg/day, D-glucuronic-Y-lactone is limited to 1200 mg/day, Inositol is limited to 100 mg/day, and pantothenic acid is limited to 10 mg/day.

title: Energy drink


text:
Oenanthe (plant)

Oenanthe, known as water dropworts, oenanthes, water parsleys, and water celeries, are a genus of plants in the family Apiaceae. Most of the species grow in damp ground, such as in marshes or in water.

Several of the species are extremely poisonous, the active poison being oenanthotoxin. The most notable of these is O. crocata, which lives in damp, marshy ground, and resembles celery with roots like a bunch of large white carrots. The leaves may be eaten safely by livestock, but the stems, and especially the carbohydrate-rich roots are much more poisonous. Animals familiar with eating the leaves may eat the roots when these are exposed during ditch clearance: one root is sufficient to kill a cow, and human fatalities are also known. It has been referred to as the most poisonous of all British plants, and is considered particularly dangerous because of its similarity to several edible plants.

The species O. javanica, commonly known as Chinese celery or Japanese parsley (seri; not to be confused with mitsuba or Japanese wild celery, Cryptotaenia japonica) is edible and grown in several countries of eastern Asia, as well as in Italy and India, where the spring growth is relished as a vegetable.

Taxonomy and naming
The name "Oenanthe" was used in ancient times to refer to several different plants, one of which was described by Pedanius Dioscorides as having "white flowers... and many round heads." This was [mis]interpreted by medieval herbalists as dropwort or an umbellifer. By the 18th century it was being widely used for water-dropworts. For example, in Hortus Cliffortianus hemlock water-dropwort was called Oenanthe foliis omnibus multifidis obtusis subaequalidus. Linnaeus formalised it as a generic name in Species Plantarum in 1753.

Although the word is ultimately derived from the Ancient Greek οίνος, "wine" and άνθος, "flower", this has no meaning when applied to the water-dropworts other than as an arbitrary name for the genus. Subsequent speculation that it refers to the smell of the flowers or intoxication caused by these plants are probably mistaken.

The word "dropwort" refers to the tubers produced amongst the roots of certain species in the genus.

Species
, Kew's Plants of the World Online accepts 33 species of Oenanthe: • Oenanthe abchasica Schischk.

• Oenanthe aquatica (L.) Poir.

• Oenanthe banatica Heuff.

• Oenanthe benghalensis (DC.) Miq.

• Oenanthe crocata L.

• Oenanthe cyclocarpa Pimenov & Kljuykov

• Oenanthe fedtschenkoana Koso-Pol.

• Oenanthe fistulosa L.

• Oenanthe fluviatilis (Bab.) Coleman

• Oenanthe foucaudii Tess.

• Oenanthe globulosa L.

• Oenanthe hookeri C.B.Clarke

• Oenanthe incrassans Bory & Chaub.

• Oenanthe incrassata Bory & Chaub.

• Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC.

• Oenanthe lachenalii C.C.Gmel.

• Oenanthe linearis Wall. ex DC.

• Oenanthe lisae Moris

• Oenanthe mildbraedii H.Wolff

• Oenanthe millefolia Janka

• Oenanthe montis-khortiati Soldano

• Oenanthe palustris (Chiov.) C.Norman

• Oenanthe peucedanifolia Pollich

• Oenanthe pimpinelloides L.

• Oenanthe pringlei J.M.Coult. & Rose

• Oenanthe procumbens (H.Wolff) C.Norman

• Oenanthe prolifera L.

• Oenanthe sarmentosa C.Presl ex DC.

• Oenanthe silaifolia M.Bieb.

• Oenanthe sophiae Schischk.

• Oenanthe thomsonii C.B.Clarke

• Oenanthe tricholoba Greuter

• Oenanthe virgata Poir.

Identification
The following simplified key can be used to distinguish the six British water-dropworts, by eliminating them one by one. To use the key, a few terms are needed: bracts are small, leaf-like appendages at the bottom of the primary umbels; rays are the branches of the primary umbels; petioles are leaf stalks. Refer to the notes on the species pages to confirm the identification.

1. Plants with bracts and ovate leaflets... O. crocata

2. Plants with bracts and narrow leaflets, rays thickening in fruit... O. pimpinelloides

3. Plants with bracts and narrow leaflets, rays not thickening in fruit... O. lachenalii

4. No bracts, upper leaves with ovate segments... O. aquatica

5. No bracts, upper leaves with narrow segments, petiole hollow... O. fistulosa

6. No bracts, upper leaves with narrow segments, petiole solid, rays thickening in fruit... O. silaifolia

7. No bracts, upper leaves with narrow segments, petiole solid, rays not thickening in fruit... O. lachenalii

Sardonic grin
Scientists at the University of Eastern Piedmont wrote that they had identified hemlock water dropwort (Oenanthe crocata) as the plant responsible for producing the sardonic grin. This plant is a possible candidate for the "sardonic herb", which was a neurotoxic plant referred to in ancient histories. It was purportedly used for the ritual killing of elderly people and criminals in Nuragic Sardinia, in which they were intoxicated with the herb and then dropped from a high rock or beaten to death.

Fossil record
Oenanthe aquatica fossil fruit halves have been recorded from Upper Miocene of Bulgaria, Pliocene of Thuringia and the Pliocene and Pleistocene of Poland.

title: Oenanthe (plant)


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Talk:CPRE

Untitled
Seems very PoV to me. Andy Mabbett 17:27, 15 Nov 2003 (UTC) While I agree with the sentiment of this article, I too think it is a little PoV. Giano 20:41, 14 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Anti-urbanist?
Shouldn't that be anti-suburbanist? If people want to save the countryside, we need more urb (and less suburbs). If this organisation is too muddled to see the distinction, is there some why the issue can be put across in the article? Merchbow 08:21, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

How about tranquillity in our day to day life - not just when the animals escape from the zoo?
This is just a PoV - It seems to me that, by fighting hard to preserve the "tranquility" of the countryside, pushing for increased brownfield development, and for higher density housing within existing communities before "spreading" into the countryside, this organisation seeks to sweep all of the "unpleasant" reality of people's need to live in decent housing into cordoned areas, generally known globally as ghettoes, so that we end up spending most of our lives in these highly tense (or the antithesis of tranquil if somebody has a better word)zones, relieved only when we escape to their jealously guarded tranquil countryside. I would suggest that the human need is for greater tranquility throughout our normal day to day existence, not only when we're let out of the zoo. This would surely be best achieved by reducing the density in our communities, and thus increasing the tranquility within those communities. Of course, this is at the cost of spread of housing developments into existing protected tranquil areas so beloved of this organisation. Countryside does not necessarily become unpleasant just because residential housing is introduced - how else did the traditional English village come into existence? Providing development is tasteful and harmonious, it can enhance the attractiveness, and so provide areas to LIVE in tranquility, not just visit tranquility. If planning processes concentrated more on ensuring such good taste and harmony, rather than simply prohibiting, we may have a far more sustainable approach to future housing development, and to preservation of rural harmony. It's interesting to note that green belts were introduced to preserve towns, not to protect countryside. In the extreme, which current and future housing demand is pushing us toward, preservation of the towns is creation of the ghettoes, which entirely supports my view that the cost of a "tranquil" countryside is the transition from communities to ghettoes. Let's all of a share of that tranquility in our day to day lives please, stop this insane preservation of the myth that tranquility is only for weekends and holidays.

Economics over Environmentalism?
One big critism of CPRE is that the members generally are people of a certain age who have benefited greatly from the increase in cost of housing in the UK. The housing shortage has seen house prices treble within a decade, and some of the people who have benefited most from this increase, actively campaign against ensuring there is adequate housing stock to meet demand. In certain parts of the UK local CPRE groups boast of their vexatious litigation in slowing provision of housing, they know that they don't have a credible argument and that housing is needed but are able to exploit the planning applications in order to delay house building by several years. Is this worth a mention? I can find sources for the boasting by Oxfordshire CPRE for vexatious litigation and the demographics of CPRE own membership show that the majority of their members have profiteered from the housing shortage and have more to lose if the UK were to adopt a fair and non age discriminatory housing policy.

Answer: ECONOMICS DOES NOT COME INTO IT

I'm not in the above category, but I support the preservation of our countryside. There is limited space in the UK for housing and the enormous amount of infrastructure that has to go with it. Quarrying, roads, airports, sewers, landfill, schools, hospitals, manufacturing, motor vehicle congestion, reservoirs. This is not an island with an unlimited supply of land. We also might consider that space is required for green energy initiatives, to say nothing of the need to grow food.

The issue here is should the UK be made a place fit only for human habitation? And is increasing the population of the UK sustainable in the long term? The answer to that is no. At some point if the population continues to increase controls on human migration will have to be imposed. I think it extremely sad that few are willing to face up to this.

House building companies arguably profiteer from the demand in housing that results from open borders and an unwillingness by government to encourage people to have smaller families.

I am not a member of the CPRE. John2o2o2o (talk) 22:24, 25 May 2017 (UTC)

Removing criticism of being concreted over
UK has the highest urban area as percentage of any large country: https://www.lincolninst.edu/subcenters/atlas-urban-expansion/documents/table-urban-land-cover-data.xls

Criticism seems misguided - any point of view can be referenced, but that doesn't give it validity. Am therefore removing. Suggest at least a strong rewrite. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.47.247.95 (talk) 23:54, 29 June 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Campaign against drink-container litter
"In 2018 after CPRE's successful 10-year campaign against drink-container litter, the Government announced the introduction of a deposit return scheme to increase recycling rates. As CPRE had demanded, the scheme is set to include all single use drink-containers, whether plastic, glass or metal." This is factually incorrect, so the campaign cannot be regarded as 'successful'. There is no deposit return scheme for *any* single use drink-containers, whether plastic, glass or metal.

title: Talk:CPRE


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London metropolitan area

The London metropolitan area is the metropolitan area of London, England. It has several definitions, including the London Travel to Work Area, and usually consists of the London urban area, settlements that share London's infrastructure, and places from which it is practicable to commute to work in London. It is also known as the London commuter belt, or Southeast metropolitan area.

Scope
The boundaries are not fixed; they expand as transport options improve and affordable housing moves further away from the city centre. The belt currently covers much of the South East region and part of the East of England region, including the home counties of Hertfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, Surrey, Kent and Essex, and, by several definitions, Hampshire, West Sussex, East Sussex, Bedfordshire & Northamptonshire.

The resident population of Greater London and those counties (partly) within the Metropolitan Green Belt was 18,868,800 in 2011. Much of the undeveloped part of this area lies within the designated belt, which, save as to existing buildings, yards and gardens, covers nearly all of Surrey, eastern Berkshire, southern Buckinghamshire, southern and mid Hertfordshire, southern Bedfordshire, south-west Essex, and western Kent. Largely in these counties, three Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (the Chiltern Hills, Surrey Hills and North Downs AONBs) surrounding the Thames basin are within the commuter belt.

Travel to work area
The London travel to work area, defined by the Office for National Statistics as the area for which "of the resident economically active population, at least 75% actually work in the area, and also, that of everyone working in the area, at least 75% actually live in the area." has a population of 9,294,800 (2005 estimate).

This TTWA excludes some parts of Greater London such as Uxbridge, Hounslow and Kingston which form part of the Heathrow TTWA. Conversely it includes areas beyond Greater London such as Rickmansworth, Broxbourne, Grays, Dartford, Gravesend and Epsom.

Environs of Greater London
There are 17 local government districts that share a boundary with Greater London, in the East and South East regions. Most districts are entirely, or have sections, within the M25 motorway or are within 15 - 20 mi of Charing Cross.

Adjacent districts often share characteristics of Outer London, such as forming part of the continuous urban sprawl, being served by the London Underground, being covered by the London telephone area code, (until 2000) forming part of the Metropolitan Police District and having a relatively high employed population working in London.

London's Larger Urban Zone
Larger Urban Zone is a definition created in 2004 by Eurostat that measures the population and expanse of metropolitan areas across European countries. Based on the 2001 census, the population of London's Larger Urban Zone was 11.9 million, ranking it as the most populous metropolitan area in the European Union until Brexit. The districts that are considered parts of this Larger Urban Zone are listed here: (no district in Bedfordshire, Hampshire, or Sussex is included). Several large conurbations fall just outside the zone: Reading, Luton, High Wycombe and significant parts of the Aldershot and Crawley Urban Areas.

Urban areas within the commuter belt
The following table lists urban areas (also known as built-up areas) considered part of the London Commuter Belt with populations over 20,000. The commuter belt contains all urban areas within an approximate 40 mile (64 km) radius of Charing Cross. Some of the outermost towns include Aylesbury, Reading, Aldershot and Maidstone.

Outer commuter belt
Some estate agents, including James Pendleton and Savills, have defined a 'second commuter belt' further away from London. The definition includes places up to approximately 55 miles (89 km) from central London, including Bedford, Brighton, Cambridge, Hastings, Margate, Milton Keynes and Oxford.

title: London metropolitan area


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Pholcidae

The Pholcidae are a family of araneomorph spiders. The family contains more than 1,800 individual species of pholcids, including those commonly known as cellar spider, daddy long-legs spider, carpenter spider, daddy long-legger, vibrating spider, gyrating spider, long daddy, skull spider, and angel spider. The family, first described by Carl Ludwig Koch in 1850, is divided into 94 genera.

The common name "daddy long-legs" is used for several species, especially Pholcus phalangioides, but is also the common name for several other arthropod groups, including harvestmen and crane flies.

Appearance
Pholcids have extremely long and thin legs with flexible tarsi. They can be distinguished from other long-legged spiders by the eye arrangement: Pholcidae have two groups of three eyes each, and there may be a pair of small eyes in between them. Most have this middle pair present for a total of eight eyes, but some genera (e.g. Modisimus, Spermophora, Spermophorides) lack this pair and have a total of six eyes. The body is often whitish or grey in colour.

Like other spiders, pholcids have two body segments, the prosoma and opisthosoma. The prosoma may be evenly domed (e.g. Pholcus, Micropholcus) or have a furrow or pit in the middle. The opisthosoma may be long and cylindrical (e.g. Pholcus, Holocnemus), long and pointed dorso-posteriorly (e.g. Crossopriza) or short (e.g. Micropholcus).

There is variation in size, ranging from just over 1 millimetre (Spermophorides lascars) to 11 mm (Artema atlanta) in body length.

Harvestmen (Opiliones), which are not spiders at all, also have long and thin legs (indeed, "daddy longlegs" is sometimes applied to that group as well). However, harvestmen only have one pair of eyes and appear to have only one body segment.

Habitat
Pholcids are found in every continent in the world except Antarctica. Pholcids hang inverted in their messy and irregular-shaped webs. These webs are constructed in dark and damp recesses such as in caves, under rocks and loose bark, and in abandoned mammal burrows. In areas of human habitation pholcids construct webs in undisturbed areas in buildings such as high corners, attics and cellars, hence the common name "cellar spider".

Trapping
The web of pholcids has no adhesive properties and instead relies on its irregular structure to trap prey. When pholcid spiders detect prey within their webs the spiders quickly envelop prey with silk-like material. The prey may be eaten immediately or stored for later. When finished feeding they will clean the web by unhooking the remains of the prey and letting the carcass drop from the web. They are passive against humans.

Threat response
Some species of Pholcidae exhibit a threat response when disturbed by a touch to the web or entangled large prey. The arachnid responds by vibrating rapidly in a gyrating motion in its web, which may sometimes fall into a circular rhythm. It may oscillate in tune with the elasticity of the web causing an oscillation larger than the motion of the spider's legs. While other species of spider exhibit this behaviour, such behavior by the Pholcidae species has led to these spiders sometimes being called "vibrating spiders". There are several proposed reasons for this threat response. The movement may make it difficult for a predator to locate or strike the spider, or may be a signal to an assumed rival to leave. Vibrating may also increase the chances of capturing insects that have just brushed their web and are still hovering nearby, or further entangle prey that may have otherwise been able to free itself. If the spider continues to be disturbed it will retreat into a corner or drop from its web and escape.

Diet
Although they do eat insects, certain species of these spiders invade webs of other spiders to eat the host, the eggs, or the prey. In some cases the spider vibrates the web of other spiders, mimicking the struggle of trapped prey to lure the host closer. Pholcids prey on Tegenaria funnel weaver spiders, and are known to attack and eat redback spiders, huntsman spiders and house spiders. Pholcids may be beneficial to humans living in regions with dense hobo spider populations as predation on Tegenaria may keep populations in check. They have also been observed to feed on the spider Steatoda nobilis in countries like Ireland and England.

Gait
Pholcus phalangioides often uses an alternating tetrapod gait (first right leg, then second left leg, then third right leg, etc.), which is commonly found in many spider species. However, frequent variations from this pattern have been documented during observations of the spiders' movements.

Misconceptions
There is an urban legend that daddy long-legs spiders have the most potent venom of any spider but that their fangs are either too small or too weak to puncture human skin; the same legend is also repeated of the harvestman and crane fly, also known as daddy long-legs in some regions. This is not true for any of the three. Pholcidae are indeed capable of biting humans and their venom is not medically significant, and neither harvestmen nor crane flies have any venom or fangs to speak of. Indeed, pholcid spiders do have a short fang structure (called uncate due to its "hooked" shape). Brown recluse spiders also have uncate fang structure, but are able to deliver medically significant bites.

Possible explanations include: pholcid venom is not toxic to humans; pholcid uncate are smaller than those of brown recluse; or there is a musculature difference between the two arachnids, with recluses, being hunting spiders, possessing stronger muscles for fang penetration. According to Rick Vetter of the University of California, Riverside, the daddy long-legs spider has never harmed a human, and there is no evidence that they are dangerous to humans.

The legend may result from the fact that the daddy long-legs spider preys upon deadly venomous spiders, such as the redback, and other members of the true widow genus Latrodectus. To the extent that such arachnological information was known to the general public, it was perhaps thought that if the daddy long-legs spider could kill a spider capable of delivering fatal bites to humans, then it must be more venomous, and the uncate fangs were regarded as prohibiting it from killing people. In reality, it is able to cast lengths of silk onto its prey, incapacitating them from a safe distance.

Mythbusters experiment
During 2004, the Discovery Channel television show MythBusters tested the daddy long-legs venom myth in episode 13, "Buried in Concrete". Hosts Jamie Hyneman and Adam Savage first established that the spider's venom was not as toxic as other venoms, after being told about an experiment whereby mice were injected with venom from both a daddy long-legs and a black widow, with the black widow venom producing a much stronger reaction. After measuring the spider's fangs at approximately 0.25 mm, Adam Savage inserted his hand into a container with several daddy-long-legs, and reported that he felt a bite which produced a mild, short-lived burning sensation. The bite did in fact penetrate his skin, but did not cause any notable harm. Additionally, recent research has shown that pholcid venom is relatively weak in its effects on insects.

General
, the World Spider Catalog accepted the following genera:

 * Aetana Huber, 2005 – Asia, Fiji
 * Anansus Huber, 2007 – Africa
 * Anopsicus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1938 – Mexico, Ecuador, Caribbean, Central America
 * Apokayana Huber, 2018 – Malaysia, Indonesia
 * Arenita Huber & Carvalho, 2019 – Brazil
 * Arnapa Huber, 2019 – Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
 * Artema Walckenaer, 1837 – Asia, Africa
 * Aucana Huber, 2000 – Chile
 * Aymaria Huber, 2000 – South America
 * Belisana Thorell, 1898 – Asia, Oceania
 * Blancoa Huber, 2000 – Venezuela
 * Buitinga Huber, 2003 – Africa
 * Calapnita Simon, 1892 – Asia
 * Canaima Huber, 2000 – Trinidad, Venezuela
 * Cantikus Huber, 2018 – Asia
 * Carapoia González-Sponga, 1998 – South America
 * Cenemus Saaristo, 2001 – Seychelles
 * Chibchea Huber, 2000 – South America
 * Chisosa Huber, 2000 – Mexico, Aruba, United States
 * Ciboneya Pérez, 2001 – Cuba
 * Coryssocnemis Simon, 1893 – Trinidad, South America, Mexico, Central America
 * Crossopriza Simon, 1893 – Asia, Africa, United States, Venezuela, Germany, Australia
 * Enetea Huber, 2000 – Bolivia
 * Galapa Huber, 2000 – Ecuador
 * Gertschiola Brignoli, 1981 – Argentina
 * Giloloa Huber, 2019 – Indonesia
 * Guaranita Huber, 2000 – Argentina, Brazil
 * Hantu Huber, 2016 – Indonesia
 * Holocneminus Berland, 1942 – Asia, Samoa
 * Holocnemus Simon, 1873 – Spain, Italy, Portugal
 * Hoplopholcus Kulczyński, 1908 – Asia, Greece
 * Ibotyporanga Mello-Leitão, 1944 – Brazil
 * Ixchela Huber, 2000 – Mexico, Central America
 * Kairona Huber & Carvalho, 2019 – Brazil
 * Kambiwa Huber, 2000 – Brazil
 * Kelabita Huber, 2018 – Indonesia, Malaysia
 * Khorata Huber, 2005 – Asia
 * Kintaqa Huber, 2018 – Thailand, Malaysia
 * Leptopholcus Simon, 1893 – Asia, Africa
 * Litoporus Simon, 1893 – South America
 * Magana Huber, 2019 – Oman
 * Mecolaesthus Simon, 1893 – Caribbean, South America
 * Meraha Huber, 2018 – Asia
 * Mesabolivar González-Sponga, 1998 – South America, Trinidad
 * Metagonia Simon, 1893 – North America, South America, Central America, Caribbean
 * Micromerys Bradley, 1877 – Papua New Guinea, Australia
 * Micropholcus Deeleman-Reinhold & Prinsen, 1987 – Morocco, Caribbean, Europe, Asia, Australia
 * Modisimus Simon, 1893 – North America, Central America, Caribbean, Germany, Seychelles, Asia, Australia, South America
 * Muruta Huber, 2018 – Malaysia
 * Nerudia Huber, 2000 – Chile, Argentina
 * Ninetis Simon, 1890 – Africa, Yemen
 * Nipisa Huber, 2018 – Asia
 * Nita Huber & El-Hennawy, 2007 – Egypt, Iran, Uzbekistan
 * Nyikoa Huber, 2007 – Central Africa
 * Ossinissa Dimitrov & Ribera, 2005 – Canary Is.
 * Otavaloa Huber, 2000 – South America
 * Paiwana Huber, 2018 – Taiwan
 * Panjange Deeleman-Reinhold & Deeleman, 1983 – Asia, Oceania
 * Papiamenta Huber, 2000 – Curaçao
 * Paramicromerys Millot, 1946 – Madagascar
 * Pehrforsskalia Deeleman-Reinhold & van Harten, 2001 – Africa, Asia
 * Pemona Huber, 2019 – Venezuela
 * Pholcophora Banks, 1896 – United States, Canada, Mexico
 * Pholcus Walckenaer, 1805 – Asia, Europe, Africa, United States, Oceania
 * Physocyclus Simon, 1893 – North America, South America, Czech Republic, Asia, Australia, Central America
 * Pinoquio Huber & Carvalho, 2019 – Brazil
 * Pisaboa Huber, 2000 – Peru, Venezuela, Bolivia
 * Pomboa Huber, 2000 – Colombia
 * Pribumia Huber, 2018 – Asia
 * Priscula Simon, 1893 – South America
 * Psilochorus Simon, 1893 – North America, South America, Asia, New Zealand
 * Quamtana Huber, 2003 – Africa
 * Queliceria González-Sponga, 2003 – Venezuela
 * Saciperere Huber & Carvalho, 2019 – Brazil
 * Savarna Huber, 2005 – Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia
 * Smeringopina Kraus, 1957 – Africa
 * Smeringopus Simon, 1890 – Africa, Asia, Australia
 * Spermophora Hentz, 1841 – Africa, Asia, Oceania, Germany, Brazil, United States
 * Spermophorides Wunderlich, 1992 – Africa, Europe
 * Stenosfemuraia González-Sponga, 1998 – Venezuela
 * Stygopholcus Absolon & Kratochvíl, 1932 – Croatia, Greece, Montenegro
 * Systenita Simon, 1893 – Venezuela
 * Tainonia Huber, 2000 – Hispaniola
 * Teranga Huber, 2018 – Indonesia, Philippines
 * Tibetia Zhang, Zhu & Song, 2006 – Tibet
 * Tissahamia Huber, 2018 – Asia
 * Tolteca Huber, 2000 – Mexico
 * Trichocyclus Simon, 1908 – Australia
 * Tupigea Huber, 2000 – Brazil
 * Uthina Simon, 1893 – Asia, Seychelles
 * Wanniyala Huber & Benjamin, 2005 – Sri Lanka
 * Waunana Huber, 2000 – Colombia, Ecuador, Panama
 * Wugigarra Huber, 2001 – Australia
 * Zatavua Huber, 2003 – Madagascar

title: Pholcidae


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Bruneau River

The Bruneau River is a 153 mi tributary of the Snake River, in the U.S. states of Idaho and Nevada. It runs through a narrow canyon cut into ancient lava flows in southwestern Idaho. The Bruneau Canyon, which is up to 1200 ft deep and 40 mi long, features rapids and hot springs, making it a popular whitewater trip.

The Bruneau River's drainage basin is bounded by the Jarbidge Mountains to the southeast, the Owyhee Mountains and Chalk Hills to the west, and the Bruneau Plateau to the east.

Course
The Bruneau River system originates within and near the Jarbidge and Mountain City Ranger Districts of the Humboldt–Toiyabe National Forest in northern Elko County. The three main streams are the East Fork Bruneau River, the West Fork Bruneau River, and the Jarbidge River, all of which flow generally north. The Jarbidge River joins the West Fork, then the East and West Forks join to form the mainstem Bruneau River. Sheep Creek and Jacks Creek join from the west, and Clover Creek joins from the east. Most of the watershed is characterized by high plateaus through which the Bruneau and its tributaries cut deep, sheer canyons, especially along the middle Bruneau River and the lower reaches of the Jarbidge River, Sheep Creek, and the East Fork Bruneau.

The Bruneau River emerges from the plateau and canyon region 16 mi upstream from its mouth at the Snake River's C. J. Strike Reservoir. At this point, the river enters the broad and fertile Snake River Plain. This lower section of the watershed is occupied by farms and ranches, and the town of Bruneau.

River modifications
The Bruneau River is used for irrigation purposes near the Snake River. Irrigation withdrawals result in a number of its tributary streams being largely dewatered annually.

History
The Bruneau River region was historically occupied by the Northern Shoshone, Northern Paiute, and Bannock tribes

The Bruneau River was given its name sometime before 1821 by French CanadianPierre Bruneau 1796–1873 voyageurs working for the Montreal-based fur trading North West Company. The name is derived from the French meaning "dark water".

Bruneau jasper, a semi-precious gemstone, was discovered near the bottom of the Bruneau River canyon walls and named after the river.

Recreation and protected areas
Much of the mainstem Bruneau River above Hot Spring is designated as a Wild and Scenic River, as are parts of the West Fork and East Fork and some of Sheep Creek. The Jarbidge Wilderness covers a portion of the southern end of the Bruneau watershed. The Bruneau River is protected in the new Bruneau - Jarbidge Rivers Wilderness, which was created by the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009 and signed into law on March 30, 2009. The new wilderness area includes the Bruneau from about five miles upstream of the Jarbidge River confluence down nearly to the confluence with Hot Creek, as well as portions of Sheep Creek and Clover Creek.

Whitewater rafting and kayaking opportunities exist on the Bruneau and Jarbidge Rivers. The Jarbridge canyon contains stretches of whitewater with class 5 and class 6 rapids from both recent and distant canyon wall collapses. From the bridge below the confluence of West Fork at Indian hot spring to the take out, it is class 3 dominant with just a couple rapids that reach class 4 at flows between 1600–3000 cfs.

title: Bruneau River


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Kintetsu Hatta Station

Kintetsu Hatta Station (近鉄八田駅) is a railway station on the Kintetsu Nagoya Line, and is located in Nakamura-ku, Nagoya, Japan.

Layout
The station is elevated, and has 2 island platforms serving 4 tracks with 1 siding track in the direction of Kanie.

Staff at our station
The number of passengers per day of the station is as follow

Connections

 * Hatta Station
 * JR Central Kansai Line
 * Nagoya Subway Higashiyama Line

title: Kintetsu Hatta Station


text:
User:Dbrane~enwiki

OK, I can use this page as my nore book of interesting papers, hehe

title: User:Dbrane~enwiki