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Broadsword (disambiguation)

A broadsword, or basket-hilted sword, is an early modern European sword.

Broadsword may also refer to:
 * Chinese broadsword, a single-edged Chinese sword
 * Scottish broadsword, a Scottish basket-hilted sword

Entertainment

 * BroadSword Comics, an American comic book publisher
 * Traveller Adventure 7: Broadsword, a 1982 role-playing game adventure for Traveller
 * "Broadsword", a song by Jethro Tull from their 1982 album The Broadsword and the Beast
 * Broadsword Interactive Limited, a British video game developer; see Category:Broadsword Interactive games
 * Broadsword Online Games, an American video game developer succeeding Mythic Entertainment

Ships

 * Broadsword-class frigate, also known as the Type 22 frigate
 * HMS Broadsword, a list of ships named HMS Broadsword

Other uses

 * Joyce Broadsword (born 1958), American politician

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Broadsword (disambiguation)


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Darrell Green

Darrell Ray Green (born February 15, 1960) is an American former professional football cornerback who played 20 seasons in the National Football League (NFL) with the Washington Redskins. Widely considered to be one of the greatest cornerbacks to have ever played in the NFL, Green was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2008.

The self-proclaimed "itty bitty guy," Green was nicknamed "the Ageless Wonder" by his peers and the general media for his ability to maintain a high level of play well into the twilight of his career.

Early life
Green was born in Houston, Texas and attended Jesse H. Jones High School. While there, he was an All-State selection in track and an All-City pick in football. Green made the junior varsity football team his junior year, and then made the varsity team as a senior.

College career
Green attended and played college football and ran track at Texas A&I University (now Texas A&M-Kingsville). He finished his Bachelor of Science degree in general studies at St. Paul's College in Lawrenceville, Virginia.

Football
In 1982, Green was selected by his teammates as captain, was named a first-team All-American, and was the Most Valuable Player in the Lone Star Conference. During his senior year, Green had 56 tackles, four interceptions and two punt returns for touchdowns. He was selected to the Lone Star Conference Team of the Decade for the 1980s.

Track and field
In track and field, Green set numerous national and conference records and earned ten All-America certificates. His first meet was in 1982 in San Angelo, Texas, where he ran a 10.08 in the 100 meters. The mark still stands as the all-time best in the Lone Star Conference. At the 1982 NCAA championships, Green finished sixth in the 100-meter dash and seventh in the 200-meter dash.

Green's all-time collegiate best in the 100 was 10.08, 20.50 in the 200 meters and 45.90 in the 400 meters. He was named the most valuable track performer at the 1982 and 1983 Lone Star Conference Championships. He won gold medals at the LSC meet in the 100 meters in 1981 and in the 100 meters and 200 meters in 1982 and in 1983.

Green was named to the NCAA Division I All-America roster in 1981 and 1982, and was on the NCAA Division II All-America team in five events in 1981 and 1982. He was NAIA All-America in 1981 and 1982 in four events.

Professional career
Green was the last player selected in the first round (28th overall) of the 1983 NFL draft by the Washington Redskins. The first time he touched the ball, during a pre-season game against the Atlanta Falcons, he returned a punt 61 yards for a touchdown. During his first regular-season game, he made his first big play when he ran down running back Tony Dorsett of the Dallas Cowboys to prevent a touchdown. Green started all 16 regular season games during his rookie season and finished fourth on the team in tackles with 109 and led the team in solo tackles with 79. He was runner-up for the Associated Press NFL Rookie of the Year Award.

During the strike-shortened 1987 season, the Redskins went 11–4 and Green had a very successful year. He registered a career-high three interceptions in a game against the Detroit Lions on November 15, 1987. Two of his more notable performances occurred in that postseason. One happened during a divisional playoff game against the Chicago Bears, where he returned a punt 52 yards for the game-winning touchdown. Green tore rib cartilage while vaulting over a tackler during the return, but he merely grabbed his side and kept running until he scored. Then in the 1987 NFC Championship game, on a pivotal fourth-down play at the Washington goal line with 56 seconds remaining, Green knocked away a pass intended for Minnesota's Darrin Nelson to secure a Redskins 17–10 victory that enabled the team to go to Super Bowl XXII.

Green was also successful in the 1990s. In 1997, Green returned an interception 83 yards for a touchdown against the Philadelphia Eagles, which was the longest return of his career. Then on December 13, 1997, he played in his 217th career game as a Redskin, breaking Monte Coleman's record for games played. In a 1999 game against the Arizona Cardinals, he intercepted his 50th NFL pass against Jake Plummer at FedExField.

In the last game of his career on December 29, 2002, Green and the Redskins defeated the Dallas Cowboys 20–14 at FedExField. During the game, he returned a punt on a reverse from Champ Bailey for 35 yards which is the longest gain of any kind for a player his age (42 years, 327 days).

Green retired after the 2002 season at the age of 42, the oldest Redskin, having played for six head coaches: Joe Gibbs, Richie Petitbon, Norv Turner, Terry Robiskie, Marty Schottenheimer, and Steve Spurrier. For several years, Green and former Los Angeles/St. Louis Rams offensive tackle Jackie Slater were the only players in NFL history to play for the same team for 20 seasons; kicker Jason Hanson broke this record when he retired after 21 seasons with the Detroit Lions.

In his 20 NFL seasons, Green recorded 54 interceptions, which he returned for 621 yards and six touchdowns. He also added two additional touchdowns on interception returns in the postseason. Three times he recorded a career-best of five interceptions in a season (1984, 1986, and 1991). Green also returned 51 punts for 611 yards and recovered 10 fumbles, returning them for 131 yards and two touchdowns. Also known for staying healthy, he missed just 25 games throughout his career. He missed two months after sustaining a broken arm in a 24–17 win over the Atlanta Falcons on September 15, 1992.

He is the four-time winner of the NFL's Fastest Man competition, and the only undefeated multiple winner in NFL history. Green is rumored to have the fastest recorded 40 yard dash time of 4.09, which he is said to have run consistently in Washington's 1986 training camp.

Green was with the Redskins for their victories in Super Bowls XXII and XXVI, and started in their loss to the Los Angeles Raiders in Super Bowl XVIII. Green recorded an interception in Super Bowl XXVI and a then-record 34-yard punt return in Super Bowl XVIII.

Green was named All-Pro in 1986, 1987, 1990, and 1991 and was voted to seven Pro Bowls. He is a member of the National Football League 1990s All-Decade Team as well as winning all four NFL Fastest Man competitions he participated in. His pre-game rituals included eating and sticking Tootsie Rolls in his sock claiming that the candy helped him run fast.

On April 25, 2024, the Washington Commanders announced that they will retire his number 28, during the 2024 season.

NFL records

 * Most consecutive seasons with an interception: 19
 * Most seasons with at least one touch (receptions, rushes, returns): 20 (tied with Jerry Rice)
 * Oldest player with a more-than-35-yard gain (lateral on punt return): 42 years, 327 days
 * Oldest player with an interception return for a touchdown in overtime: 35 years, 249 days
 * Oldest player with an interception: 41 years, 304 days
 * Oldest player with a more-than-80-yard interception return: 37 years, 309 days
 * Oldest player with a non-offensive touchdown in overtime: 35 years, 249 days
 * Oldest NFL defensive back: 42 years old
 * Most games played by a defensive player: 295
 * Reportedly 40-yard dash time of 4.09 seconds in Washington's 1986 training camp, which is the unofficial fastest time

Washington Commanders records

 * Most career interceptions: 54
 * Most games started: 258
 * Most games played: 295
 * Most consecutive seasons played: 20
 * Longest fumble return for a touchdown: 78 yards
 * Most interceptions returned for touchdown: 6

After football
In 2006, Green was encouraged to run for the United States Senate by the Republican Party of Virginia. The Virginia Republicans wanted Green to enter into politics because of his longtime support for the community and dedication to Christianity.

Green was in the news on February 16, 2010, his 50th birthday, for reportedly running a 4.43-second 40-yard dash.

On April 26, 2013, Green announced that he had accepted a position as Special Assistant for Student–Athlete Development and Public Relations at the University of Mary Washington in Fredericksburg, Virginia.

On August 22, 2016, Green announced that he had accepted a position as an associate athletics director and special assistant to the athletic director at George Mason University.

Business
Green has a professional services company that manages his appearances and autograph requests, www.DarrellGreen.com. Green is currently an associate athletic director at George Mason University working with student-athletes to improve their well-being, and collaborating with the community. He also started an online fitness company promoting increased physical activity through simply walking called WalkFitHealth Nation.

Charities and foundations
In 1988, Green founded the Darrell Green Youth Life Foundation, a faith-based charitable organization, in an effort to "meet the needs of children, their families and the communities in which they live."

In addition, he served as a board member for the Baltimore-Washington 2012 Summer Olympics bid, NFL/NFLPA September 11 Relief Fund, and the Loudoun Education Foundation. In 2003, he was selected to serve as the Chair of President George W. Bush's Council on Service and Civic Participation. He currently sits on the boards of the Wolf Trap Foundation as its National Spokesman for Education and Marymount University.

Honors
In 1999, while still active, Green was ranked number 81 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players.

Green has received honorary Doctorates of Humane Letters from Marymount University in 1999, and St. Paul's College and George Washington University in 2002.

In 2004, Green was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame and was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame on August 2, 2008. His fellow Hall of Fame classmates include former Redskins teammate Art Monk, and his former position coach Emmitt Thomas. Green has also been inducted into the NCAA Division II Hall of Fame, the Texas Sports Hall of Fame, the Lone Star Conference Hall of Honor and the Javelina Hall of Fame.

In December 2007, Green was voted the All-Time Redskins Legend in a WUSA-TV Channel 9 online poll.

In Loudoun County, Virginia, where Green lives, State Route 28 is named Darrell Green Boulevard.

On February 4, 2018, as part of the post-game celebrations for the Philadelphia Eagles winning Super Bowl LII, Green was given the honor of bringing the Lombardi Trophy to the podium as it was presented to the Eagles for their 41–33 victory over the New England Patriots.

Personal life
Green is married to his wife Jewel and has four children. His eldest son Jared is a pastor. He and his wife live in Ashburn, Virginia.

In 2013, he and Art Monk agreed that the Redskins should seriously consider changing their name due to the possibility of it being racist toward Native Americans.

title: Darrell Green


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The Clash (album)

The Clash is the debut studio album by the English punk rock band the Clash, released on 8 April 1977 through CBS Records. Recorded and mixed over three weeks in February 1977 for £4,000, it would go on to reach No. 12 on the UK charts, and has been included on many retrospective rankings as one of the greatest punk albums of all time.

Songs on the album were composed by guitarists Joe Strummer and Mick Jones, with the notable exception of the reggae cover "Police and Thieves". The song "What's My Name" is co-credited to Clash founding member Keith Levene, who left the band in September 1976.

Several songs from the album's recording sessions, including "Janie Jones", "White Riot", and "London's Burning" became classics of the punk genre and were among the first punk songs to see significant presence on singles charts. The Clash featured Jones and Strummer sharing guitar and vocal duties, with Paul Simonon on bass and Terry Chimes on drums, his only studio appearance with the band. (Chimes and Rob Harper drummed intermittently with The Clash until Topper Headon joined the band as permanent drummer in May 1977.) Chimes was credited as "Tory Crimes" on the album's original sleeve.

The Clash was not released in the US until 1979, making it the band's second US release. The US version also included a significantly different track listing, changing the track order and swapping out several songs for non-album tracks recorded in the interim.

Background
Most of the album was conceived on the 18th floor of a council high rise on London's Harrow Road, in a flat that was rented by Mick Jones's grandmother, who frequently went to see their live concerts. The album was recorded over three weekend sessions at CBS Studio 3 in February 1977. By the third of these sessions, the album was recorded and mixed to completion, with the tapes being delivered to CBS at the start of March. It cost £4,000 to produce.

Album cover
The cover artwork was designed by Polish artist Rosław Szaybo. The album's front cover photo, shot by Kate Simon, was taken in the alleyway directly opposite the front door of the band's 'Rehearsal Rehearsals' building in Camden Market. Drummer Terry Chimes, though a full member of the Clash at the time, did not appear in the picture as he had already decided to leave the group. Another picture from the same Kate Simon photoshoot appears on the UK Special Edition DVD of Rude Boy, released in 2003. The picture of the charging police officers on the rear, shot by Rocco Macauly, was taken during the 1976 riot at the Notting Hill Carnival—the inspiration for the track "White Riot".

Songs
The subject of the opening track, "Janie Jones", was a famous brothel keeper in London during the 1970s. "Remote Control" was written by Mick Jones after the Anarchy Tour and contains pointed observations about the civic hall bureaucrats who had cancelled concerts, the police, big business and especially record companies. CBS decided to release the song as a single without consulting the band. "I'm So Bored with the USA", developed from a Mick Jones song titled "I'm So Bored with You", condemns the Americanization of the UK. "White Riot" was the Clash's debut single. The song is short and intense, in a punk style of two chords played very fast (five chords are used in the whole song). Lyrically, it is about class economics and race.

"Career Opportunities", the opening track of the second side of the album, attacks the political and economic situation in England at the time, citing the lack of jobs available, and the dreariness and lack of appeal of those that were available.

"Protex Blue", sung by Mick Jones, is about a 1970s brand of condom. It was inspired by the contraceptive vending machine in the Windsor Castle's toilets. The song ends with the shouted phrase "Johnny Johnny!", johnny being a British slang term for a condom.

The version of "White Riot" featured on the album was not recorded for the album; the original demo (recorded at Beaconsfield Studios before the band signed to CBS) was used instead.

"Police & Thieves" was added to the album when the group realised that the track listing was too short. Another cover the band played at these sessions was The Wailers' "Dancing Shoes". "Garageland" was written in response to Charles Shaar Murray's damning review of the Clash's early appearance at the Sex Pistols Screen on the Green concert – "The Clash are the kind of garage band who should be returned to the garage immediately, preferably with the engine running". It was the final track recorded for the album.

Release
The Clash was released in the United Kingdom through CBS Records on 8 April 1977, engineered by CBS staff engineer Simon Humphrey and produced by Clash live soundman Mickey Foote, at the (since demolished) CBS Whitfield Street Studio No. 3. The Clash was unusually musically varied for a punk band, with reggae and early rock and roll influences plainly evident.

Reception
The Clash received critical acclaim and peaked at number 12 in the UK charts.

When the album was released in April 1977, Tony Parsons wrote in the New Musical Express: “Jones and Strummer write with graphic perception about contemporary Great British urban reality as though it’s suffocating them … Their songs don’t lie … The Clash have made an album that consists of some of the most exciting rock’n’roll in contemporary music.” Mark Perry declared in Sniffin’ Glue: “The Clash album is like a mirror. It reflects all the shit. It shows us the truth. To me, it is the most important album ever released.” The review by Kris Needs in April 1977's Zigzag announced: “This is the most exciting album I’ve heard in years … it’s one of the most important records ever made.”

In his 1979 consumer guide for The Village Voice, critic Robert Christgau gave the album's US release an "A" grade and stated, "Cut for cut, this may be the greatest rock and roll album (plus limited-edition bonus single) ever manufactured in the U.S. It offers 10 of the 14 titles on the band's British debut as well as 7 of the 13 available only on 45. [...] The U.K. version of The Clash is the greatest rock and roll album ever manufactured anywhere". In his decade-end list for the newspaper, he ranked the UK version as the best album of the 1970s.

In 1993, the New Musical Express ranked the album number 13 on its list of the greatest albums of all time. NME also ranked The Clash number three on its list of the Greatest Albums of the '70s, and wrote in the review that "the speed-freaked brain of punk set to the tinniest, most frantic guitars ever trapped on vinyl. Lives were changed beyond recognition by it".

In 1999, Q magazine wrote that the Clash "would never sound so punk as they did on 1977's self-titled debut", calling it a "lyrically intricate" album that "still howled with anger". In 2000, Alternative Press described The Clash as "the eternal punk album" and "a blueprint for the pantomime of 'punkier' rock acts", concluding that "for all of its forced politics and angst, The Clash continues to sound crucial."

The Clash was voted number 180 in Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums (2000). Q placed The Clash at number 48 on its list of the "100 Greatest British Albums Ever" in 2000, and included the album in its "100 Best Punk Albums of All Time" list in 2002. Spin ranked the album at number three on its 2001 list of the "50 Most Essential Punk Records", calling it "punk as alienated rage, as anticorporate blather, as joyous racial confusion, as evangelic outreach and white knuckles and haywire impulses". In 2003, Mojo ranked The Clash at second place on its list of the "Top 50 Punk Albums", deeming it "the ultimate punk protest album". The same year, the US version was ranked number 77 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. The album was re-ranked at number 81 in 2012, and at number 102 in the 2020 update. The album was included in Robert Dimery's 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

Noted Jamaican producer Lee Perry heard the album while in London in 1977, and played it to Bob Marley, who in turn mentioned the Clash on his own track "Punky Reggae Party".

Track listing
All lead vocals by Joe Strummer, except where noted.

1979 US version
In the United States, the Clash's debut studio album was released one year after Give 'Em Enough Rope, making it their second release in the US. CBS in America had decided that the album was 'not radio friendly', so it was initially only available in the States during 1977–1978 as an import, and as such became the best-selling import of the year, selling over 100,000 copies.

In July 1979, Epic released a modified version of the album for the United States market. This version replaced four songs from the original version with five non-album singles and B-sides, some of which were recorded and released after the Clash's second studio album, Give 'Em Enough Rope (1978). It also used the re-recorded single version of "White Riot", rather than the original take featured on the UK version. Owing to its inclusion of non-album singles, the US edition of The Clash could be considered a de facto compilation album.

Omitted from the US version of The Clash were the following tracks:
 * "Deny"
 * "Cheat"
 * "Protex Blue"
 * "48 Hours"
 * "White Riot" (original version)

Added were the following tracks:
 * "Clash City Rockers" – Initially released as a single (A-side) in the UK in February 1978
 * "Complete Control" – Initially released as a single (A-side) in the UK in September 1977
 * "White Riot" (re-recorded version) – Initially released as a single (A-side) in the UK in March 1977
 * "(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais" – Initially released as a single (A-side) in the UK in June 1978
 * "I Fought the Law" – Initially released as a track on the Clash EP The Cost of Living in the UK in May 1979
 * "Jail Guitar Doors" – Initially released as the B-side to "Clash City Rockers" in the UK in February 1978

Initial copies of the US version also came with a bonus 7-inch single which featured "Groovy Times" and "Gates of the West". The liner notes incorrectly credit new drummer Nicky Headon for "White Riot".

It was another moderately successful album for the Clash in the United States, even though the sales were likely diluted by the longstanding popularity of the UK version on the import market. The Clash peaked at number 126 on the Billboard charts, setting the stage for the commercial breakthrough of London Calling later that year. Since the Clash's first UK album had already been released in Canada by CBS Records, when CBS Canada released the US version, they changed the cover art so as to not confuse the record-buying public. The CBS Canada version of the LP has a dark blue border instead of green. Initial copies also contained the bonus "Groovy Times" 7". Some original cassette pressings of the US version featured "What's My Name?" as track 4 and "Complete Control" as track 11. Though the back of these original pressings list the two songs as they are featured on recent versions of the album.

The Clash

 * Joe Strummer − lead and backing vocals, rhythm guitar, lead guitar on "48 Hours," piano and production on US version
 * Mick Jones − lead guitar, backing and lead vocals, production on US version
 * Paul Simonon − bass guitar, production on US version
 * Terry Chimes (listed as "Tory Crimes") − drums, production on UK version
 * Topper Headon − drums on side one tracks 1, 4, 6, and 8 and side two track 6 on US version, production on US version

Production

 * Mickey Foote − production, engineering on US version
 * Simon Humphrey − engineering
 * Kate Simon − cover art
 * Rocco Macauly − back cover photo
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry – production on US version
 * Sandy Pearlman – production on US version
 * Bill Price – production on US version

Certifications
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title: The Clash (album)


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Sodium nitrite

Sodium nitrite is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaNO2. It is a white to slightly yellowish crystalline powder that is very soluble in water and is hygroscopic. From an industrial perspective, it is the most important nitrite salt. It is a precursor to a variety of organic compounds, such as pharmaceuticals, dyes, and pesticides, but it is probably best known as a food additive used in processed meats and (in some countries) in fish products.

Industrial chemistry
The main use of sodium nitrite is for the industrial production of organonitrogen compounds. It is a reagent for conversion of amines into diazo compounds, which are key precursors to many dyes, such as diazo dyes. Nitroso compounds are produced from nitrites. These are used in the rubber industry.

It is used in a variety of metallurgical applications, for phosphatizing and detinning.

Sodium nitrite is an effective corrosion inhibitor and is used as an additive in industrial greases, as an aqueous solution in closed loop cooling systems, and in a molten state as a heat transfer medium.

Food additive and preservative
Sodium nitrite is used to speed up the curing of meat, inhibit the germination of Clostridium botulinum spores, and also impart an attractive pink color. Nitrite reacts with the meat myoglobin to cause color changes, first converting to nitrosomyoglobin (bright red), then, on heating, to nitrosohemochrome (a pink pigment).

Historically, salt has been used for the preservation of meat. The salt-preserved meat product was usually brownish-gray in color. When sodium nitrite is added with the salt, the meat develops a red, then pink color, which is associated with cured meats such as ham, bacon, hot dogs, and bologna.

In the early 1900s, irregular curing was commonplace. This led to further research surrounding the use of sodium nitrite as an additive in food, standardizing the amount present in foods to minimize the amount needed while maximizing its food additive role. Through this research, sodium nitrite has been found to give taste and color to the meat and inhibit lipid oxidation that leads to rancidity, with varying degrees of effectiveness for controlling growth of disease-causing microorganisms. The ability of sodium nitrite to address the above-mentioned issues has led to production of meat with extended storage life and has improved desirable color and taste. According to scientists working for the meat industry, nitrite has improved food safety. This view is disputed in the light of the possible carcinogenic effects caused by adding nitrites to meat.

Nitrite has the E number E250. Potassium nitrite (E249) is used in the same way. It is approved for usage in the European Union, USA, and Australia and New Zealand.

In meat processing, sodium nitrite is never used in a pure state but always mixed with common salt. This mixture is known as nitrited salt, curing salt or nitrited curing salt. In Europe, nitrited curing salt contains between 99.1% and 99.5% common salt and between 0.5% and 0.9% nitrite. In the US, nitrited curing salt is dosed at 6% and must be remixed with salt before use.

Color and taste
The appearance and taste of meat is an important component of consumer acceptance. Sodium nitrite is responsible for the desirable red color (or shaded pink) of meat. Very little nitrite is needed to induce this change. It has been reported that as little as 2 to 14 parts per million (ppm) is needed to induce this desirable color change. However, to extend the lifespan of this color change, significantly higher levels are needed. The mechanism responsible for this color change is the formation of nitrosylating agents by nitrite, which has the ability to transfer nitric oxide that subsequently reacts with myoglobin to produce the cured meat color. The unique taste associated with cured meat is also affected by the addition of sodium nitrite. However, the mechanism underlying this change in taste is still not fully understood.

Inhibition of microbial pathogens
In conjunction with salt and pH levels, sodium nitrite reduces the ability of Clostridium botulinum spores to grow to the point of producing toxin. Some dry-cured meat products are manufactured without nitrites. For example, Parma ham, which has been produced without nitrite since 1993, was reported in 2018 to have caused no cases of botulism. This is because the interior of the muscle is sterile and the surface is exposed to oxygen.

Sodium nitrite has shown varying degrees of effectiveness for controlling growth of other spoilage or disease causing microorganisms. Although the inhibitory mechanisms are not well known, its effectiveness depends on several factors including residual nitrite level, pH, salt concentration, reductants present and iron content. The type of bacteria also affects sodium nitrite's effectiveness. It is generally agreed that sodium nitrite is not effective for controlling Gram-negative enteric pathogens such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli.

Other food additives (such as lactate and sorbate) provide similar protection against bacteria, but do not provide the desired pink color.

Inhibition of lipid peroxidation
Sodium nitrite is also able to effectively delay the development of oxidative rancidity. Lipid peroxidation is considered to be a major reason for the deterioration of quality of meat products (rancidity and unappetizing flavors). Sodium nitrite acts as an antioxidant in a mechanism similar to the one responsible for the coloring effect. Nitrite reacts with heme proteins and metal ions, neutralizing free radicals by nitric oxide (one of its byproducts). Neutralization of these free radicals terminates the cycle of lipid oxidation that leads to rancidity.

Medication
Sodium nitrite is used as a medication together with sodium thiosulfate to treat cyanide poisoning. It is recommended only in severe cases of cyanide poisoning and has largely been replaced by use of hydroxocobalamin. Hydroxycobalamin, a form of vitamin B12, but given in much higher doses than needed nutritionally, has largely replaced the use of NaNO2 as a CN− antidote. In those who have both cyanide poisoning and carbon monoxide poisoning sodium thiosulfate by itself is usually recommended if the facility does not have sufficient hydroxycobalamin It is given by slow injection into a vein.

NaNO2 side effects are chiefly related to creation of methemoglobinemia and vasodilation. Side effects can include low blood pressure, headache, shortness of breath, loss of consciousness, and vomiting. Greater care should be taken in people with underlying heart disease. The patient's levels of methemoglobin should be regularly checked during treatment. While not well studied during pregnancy, there is some evidence of potential harm to the baby. Sodium nitrite works by creating methemoglobin, where the iron atom at the center of the heme group is in the oxidized ferrous (Fe(3+)) state, which binds with cyanide with greater affinity than its binding to the cytochrome C oxidase, and thus removes it from blocking the metabolic function of mitochondria.

Sodium nitrite came into medical use in the 1920s and 1930s. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

Suicide
Several academic publications in 2020 and 2021 have discussed the toxicity of sodium nitrite, and an apparent recent increase in suicides using sodium nitrite which had been ordered online. The usage of sodium nitrite as a suicide method has been heavily discussed on suicide forums, primarily Sanctioned Suicide. Sodium nitrite was also the focal-point of the McCarthy et al. v Amazon lawsuit alleging that Amazon knowingly assisted in the deaths of healthy children by selling them "suicide kits" as Amazon's "frequently bought together" feature recommended buying sodium nitrite, an antiemetic, and a suicide instruction book together. This lawsuit was dismissed in June 2023. The online marketplace eBay has globally prohibited the sale of sodium nitrite since 2019. Some online vendors of sodium nitrite have been prosecuted for assisting suicide. Furthermore, legislation has been introduced in the United States with the aim of deeming sodium nitrite products with a sodium nitrite concentration of greater than 10% by volume to be banned consumer products under the Consumer Product Safety Act. In cases of suspected suicide involving sodium nitrite, it is critical that responding individuals administer immediate methylene blue. Methylene blue is the antidote to the methemoglobinemia caused by intentional ingestion of sodium nitrite as a suicide agent.

Toxicity
Sodium nitrite is toxic. The LD50 in rats is 180 mg/kg and in humans LDLo is 71 mg/kg. The mechanism by which sodium nitrite causes death is methemoglobinemia. The oftentimes severe methemoglobinemia found in sodium nitrite poisoning cases results in systemic hypoxia, metabolic acidosis, and cyanosis. The reported signs of sodium nitrite poisoning are as follows: "'Symptoms of [nitrite] poisoning can vary depending on the amount and duration of the exposure. Those with very mild methemoglobinemia might not have any symptoms at all, or might appear a little pale and feel tired. Moderate-to-severe poisoning is associated with cyanosis (blueness of the skin), confusion, loss of consciousness, seizures, abnormal heart rhythms, and death.'" With prompt action, sodium nitrite poisoning is reversible using an antidote, methylene blue. It has been reported that sodium nitrite poisoning can also be detected post-mortem: "'Postmortem detection of [methemoglobinemia] is typically established via screening techniques such as scene evidence suggesting fatal consumption of a toxic salt in addition to the characteristic grey-purple lividity observed upon the body. The diagnosis can be established via postmortem blood testing demonstrating elevated methemoglobin saturation. Additionally, we have confirmed that postmortem MRI in cases of [methemoglobinemia] demonstrates a T1-bright (hyperintense) signal of the blood; both within intracardiac blood on chest MRIs and postmortem blood samples in tubes.'" Death by sodium nitrite ingestion can happen at lower doses than the LDLo. Sodium nitrite has been used for homicide and suicide. To prevent accidental intoxication, sodium nitrite (blended with salt) sold as a food additive in the US is dyed bright pink to avoid mistaking it for plain salt or sugar. In other countries, nitrited curing salt is not dyed but is strictly regulated.

Occurrence in vegetables
Nitrites do not occur naturally in vegetables in significant quantities, but deliberate fermentation of celery juice, for instance, with a naturally high level of nitrates, can produce nitrite levels sufficient for commercial meat curing. Boiling vegetables does not affect nitrite levels.

The presence of nitrite in animal tissue is a consequence of metabolism of nitric oxide, an important neurotransmitter. Nitric oxide can be created de novo from nitric oxide synthase utilizing arginine or from ingested nitrite.

Pigs
Because of sodium nitrite's high level of toxicity to swine (Sus scrofa) it is now being developed in Australia to control feral pigs and wild boar. The sodium nitrite induces methemoglobinemia in swine, i.e. it reduces the amount of oxygen that is released from hemoglobin, so the animal will feel faint and pass out, and then die in a humane manner after first being rendered unconscious. The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department operates a research facility at Kerr Wildlife Management Area, where they examine feral pig feeding preferences and bait tactics to administer sodium nitrite.

Cancer
Carcinogenicity is the ability or tendency of a chemical to induce tumors, increase their incidence or malignancy, or shorten the time of tumor occurrence.

Adding nitrites to meat has been shown to generate known carcinogens such as nitrosamines; the World Health Organization (WHO) advises that 50 g of "processed meats" a day would raise the risk of getting bowel cancer by 18% over a lifetime, and eating larger amounts raises the risk more. The World Health Organization's review of more than 400 studies concluded, in 2015, that there was sufficient evidence that "processed meats" caused cancer, particularly colon cancer; the WHO's International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified "processed meats" as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1); "processed meat" meaning meat that has been transformed through salting, curing, fermentation, smoking, or other processes to enhance flavour or improve preservation.).

Nitrosamines can be formed during the curing process used to preserve meats, when sodium nitrite-treated meat is cooked, and also from the reaction of nitrite with secondary amines under acidic conditions (such as occurs in the human stomach). Dietary sources of nitrosamines include US cured meats preserved with sodium nitrite as well as the dried salted fish eaten in Japan. In the 1920s, a significant change in US meat curing practices resulted in a 69% decrease in average nitrite content. This event preceded the beginning of a dramatic decline in gastric cancer mortality. Around 1970, it was found that ascorbic acid (vitamin C), an antioxidant, inhibits nitrosamine formation. Consequently, the addition of at least 550 ppm of ascorbic acid is required in meats manufactured in the United States. Manufacturers sometimes instead use erythorbic acid, a cheaper but equally effective isomer of ascorbic acid. Additionally, manufacturers may include α-tocopherol (vitamin E) to further inhibit nitrosamine production. α-Tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and erythorbic acid all inhibit nitrosamine production by their oxidation-reduction properties. Ascorbic acid, for example, forms dehydroascorbic acid when oxidized, which when in the presence of nitrosonium, a potent nitrosating agent formed from sodium nitrite, reduces the nitrosonium into nitric oxide. The nitrosonium ion formed in acidic nitrite solutions is commonly mislabeled nitrous anhydride, an unstable nitrogen oxide that cannot exist in vitro.

Ingesting nitrite under conditions that result in endogenous nitrosation has been classified as "probably carcinogenic to humans" by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).

Sodium nitrite consumption has also been linked to the triggering of migraines in individuals who already experience them.

One study has found a correlation between highly frequent ingestion of meats cured with pink salt and the COPD form of lung disease. The study's researchers suggest that the high amount of nitrites in the meats was responsible; however, the team did not prove the nitrite theory. Additionally, the study does not prove that nitrites or cured meat caused higher rates of COPD, merely a link. The researchers did adjust for many of COPD's risk factors, but they commented they cannot rule out all possible unmeasurable causes or risks for COPD.

Production
Industrial production of sodium nitrite follows one of two processes, the reduction of nitrate salts, or the oxidation of lower nitrogen oxides.

One method uses molten sodium nitrate as the salt, and lead which is oxidized, while a more modern method uses scrap iron filings to reduce the nitrate.

 * NaNO3 + Pb → NaNO2 + PbO

A more commonly used method involves the general reaction of nitrogen oxides in alkaline aqueous solution, with the addition of a catalyst. The exact conditions depend on which nitrogen oxides are used, and what the oxidant is, as the conditions need to be carefully controlled to avoid over oxidation of the nitrogen atom.

 * 2 NaOH + NO2 + NO → 2 NaNO2 + H2O
 * 2 NaOH + N2O3 → 2 NaNO2 + H2O

Sodium nitrite has also been produced by reduction of nitrate salts by exposure to heat, light, ionizing radiation, metals, hydrogen, and electrolytic reduction.

 * NaNO3 + CaSO3 → NaNO2 + CaSO4

Chemical reactions
In the laboratory, sodium nitrite can be used to destroy excess sodium azide.
 * 2 NaN3 + 2 NaNO2 + 4 H+ → 3 N2 + 2 NO + 4 Na+ + 2 H2O

Above 330 °C sodium nitrite decomposes (in air) to sodium oxide, nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide.
 * 2 NaNO2 → Na2O + NO + NO2

Sodium nitrite can also be used in the production of nitrous acid:
 * 2 NaNO2 + H2SO4 → 2 HNO2 + Na2SO4

The nitrous acid then, under normal conditions, decomposes:
 * 2 HNO2 → NO2 + NO + H2O

The resulting nitrogen dioxide hydrolyzes to a mixture of nitric and nitrous acids:
 * 2 NO2 + H2O → HNO3 + HNO2

Isotope labelling 15N
In organic synthesis isotope enriched sodium nitrite-15N can be used instead of normal sodium nitrite as their reactivity is nearly identical in most reactions.

The obtained products carry isotope 15N and hence nitrogen NMR can be efficiently carried out.

title: Sodium nitrite


text:
Provinces of Vietnam

On the first tier, Vietnam is divided into fifty-eight provinces (tỉnh) and five municipalities under the command of the central government (thành phố trực thuộc trung ương). Municipalities are the highest-ranked cities in Vietnam. Municipalities are centrally-controlled cities and have special status equal to the provinces.

The provinces are divided into provincial cities (thành phố thuộc tỉnh), municipal city (thành phố trực thuộc thành phố trung ương), towns/borough (thị xã), urban district (quận), rural districts (huyện) as the second-tier units. At the third tier, provincial city or town is divided into ward (phường) and commune (xã), township (thị trấn).

Provincial Committee of the Communist Party
Provincial Committee of the Communist Party (Đảng bộ Đảng Cộng sản cấp tỉnh or Tỉnh ủy Đảng Cộng sản) is a provincial subordinate of the Communist Party of Vietnam. Since Vietnam is a one party state, the provincial committee of the Communist Party is the most prominent organ of provincial governance.

Each provincial committee of the Communist Party is headed by a Secretary (Bí thư). The Secretary is de facto leader of the province.

People's Council
The legislative branch of a province is the People's Council (Hội đồng Nhân dân or HDND for short). The People's Council votes on the policy, regulations and orders for development of the province.

Members of People's Council are called delegates or councillors (đại biểu) and are elected by people living within that province. It is equivalent to the legislative National Assembly of Vietnam. The People's Council is headed by a Chairman (Chủ tịch) and a Vice Chairman (Phó Chủ tịch).

The number of councillors varies from province to province, depending on the population of that province. The People's Council appoints a People's Committee, which acts as the executive arm of the provincial governance. This arrangement is a somewhat simplified version of the situation in Vietnam's national government. Provincial governments are subordinates to the central government.

People's Committee
The executive branch of a province is the People's Committee (Uỷ ban Nhân dân or UBND for short). The People's Committee is responsible for implementing policy and executing laws and orders. The People's Committee is equivalent to the executive Government of Vietnam. People's Committee also manages the provincial departments (Sở) which are equivalent to the Ministries.

Members of the People's Committee are called commissioners (Ủy viên). The People's Committee is headed by a Chairman (Chủ tịch) and Vice Chairmen (Phó Chủ tịch), and consists of between 4 and 7 commissioners. The number of commissioners depends on the population of the province. The chairman and Vice Chairmen of the People's Committee are also councillors of the People's Council.

People's Court
The judiciary branch of a province is the People's Court (Tòa án Nhân dân or TAND for short). The People's Court is responsible for judiciary processes and trials. The People's Court is equivalent to the judiciary Supreme People's Court of Vietnam.

The People's Court is headed by a Chief Judge (Chánh án) and consists of a number of judges (thẩm phán).

Police Department
Provincial police department is under direct command of the Ministry of Public Security.

List and statistics
According to the census results of April 1, 2023, the population of Vietnam is 103,403,000 people. The most populous top-level administrative unit in Vietnam is Hồ Chí Minh City, one of the five centrally governed cities. It has 9,125,000 people living within its official boundaries. The second most populous administrative unit is the recently expanded Hà Nội with 8,146,000 people. Prior to the expansion of the capital city, this rank belonged to Thanh Hóa with 3,689,000 people. The least populous is Bắc Kạn, a mountainous province in the remote northeast with 338,000 people.

In land area, the largest province is Nghệ An, which runs from the city of Vinh up the wide Sông Cả valley. The smallest is Bắc Ninh, located in the populous Red River Delta region.

Per capita personal income 2022 (Vietnamese đồng/month): Binh Duong 8,076,000, Ha Noi 6,423,000, Ho Chi Minh City 6,392,000, Dong Nai 6,346,000, Hai Phong 5,897,000, Da Nang 5,807,000, Bac Ninh 5,470,000, Can Tho 5.324,000, Vinh Phuc 5,194,000, Nam Dinh 5,100,000, Hai Duong 4,936,000, Ninh Binh 4,893,000, Ba Ria Vung Tau 4,815,000, Quang Ninh 4,811,000...

GDP Per capita 2022 (Vietnamese đồng/year): Ba Ria Vung Tau 331,100,000, Quang Ninh 197,600,000, Hai Phong  175,000,000, Bac Ninh 170,000,000, Binh Duong 166,000,000...

GDP/GRDP 2022 (Vietnamese đồng/year): Ho Chi Minh City 1,479,000,000,000, Ha Noi 1,196,000,000,000, Binh Duong 459,000,000,000, Dong Nai 435,000,000,000, Ba Ria Vung Tau 390,000,000,000, Hai Phong 365,500,000,000, Quang Ninh 269,000,000,000...

Economic growth (2017–2021): Hai Phong 14,162 %/year, Bac Giang 13,274 %/year, Thanh Hoa 11,338%/ year, Quang Ninh 10,708 %/year, Ninh Thuan 10,216%/ year...

Economic growth (2022): Khanh Hoa 20,7%, Bac Giang 19,3%, Da Nang 14,05%, Hau Giang 13,94%, Hung Yen, 13,41%, Can Tho 12,64%, Thanh Hoa 12,51%, Hai Phong 12,32%,...

Economic growth (2023): Bac Giang 13,45%, Hau Giang 12,27%, Quang Ninh 11,03%, Khanh Hoa 10,35%, Hai Phong 10,34%,  Nam Dinh 10,19%, Hung Yen 10,05%, Ha Nam 9,41%, Ninh Thuan 9,40%,  Phu Yen 9,16%,  Tra Vinh 8,25%, Hai Duong 8,16%, Binh Thuan 8,10%, Ha Tinh 8,05%, Ca Mau 7,83%, Binh Dinh 7,61%, Tuyen Quang 7,46%, Thai Binh 7,37%, An Giang 7,34%, Kon Tum 7,32%, Ninh Binh 7,27%, Bac Lieu 7,24%, Nghe An 7,14%, Thua Thien Hue 7,03%, Thanh Hoa 7,01%, Lang Son 7,00% ...

HDI (2020): Ha Noi 0,799, Ho Chi Minh City 0,795, Ba Ria Vung Tau 0,793, Hai Phong 0,782, Da Nang 0,779, Quang Ninh 0,769, Bac Ninh 0,768,...

The following is a table of Vietnam's provinces broken down by population and area, April 1, 2023, based on 2023.04.01 Census and 2018 area data from Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment.

See also List of postal codes in Vietnam

Regions
The Vietnamese government often groups the various provinces into eight regions, which are often grouped into three macro-regions: Northern, Central and Southern. These regions are not always used, and alternative classifications are possible. The regions include:

Municipality (thành phố trực thuộc trung ương)

Historical provinces of Vietnam

 * Ái Châu – existed during the third Chinese domination.
 * An Xuyên – existed from 1956 until the Vietnamese reunification of 1976.
 * Biên Hòa – existed from 1832 until the Vietnamese reunification of 1976.
 * Bình Trị Thiên – administrative grouping of Quảng Bình, Quảng Trị and Thừa Thiên - Huế provinces between 1976 and 1992.
 * Bình Tuy – existed from 1956 until the Vietnamese reunification of 1976.
 * Chợ Lớn – existed from 1900 until 1957.
 * Vĩnh Phú – administrative grouping of Vĩnh Phúc and Phú Thọ provinces between 1968 and 1996.
 * Chương Thiện – existed from 1961 until the Vietnamese reunification of 1976.
 * Cửu Long – administrative grouping of Vĩnh Long and Vĩnh Bình provinces between 1976 and 1992.
 * Bắc Thái – administrative grouping of Bắc Kạn and Thái Nguyên provinces between 1965 and 1996.
 * Định Tường – existed from 1832 until the Vietnamese reunification of 1976.
 * Gia Định – existed from 1832, became Hồ Chí Minh City following the Vietnamese reunification of 1976.
 * Gò Công – existed from 1900 until the Vietnamese reunification of 1976.
 * Hà Bắc – administrative grouping of Bắc Giang and Bắc Ninh provinces between 1962 and 1996.
 * Hà Nam Ninh – administrative grouping of Hà Nam, Nam Định and Ninh Bình provinces between 1975 and 1991.
 * Hà Tây – existed from 1965 to 1975 and 1991 until 2008, when it was merged into Hà Nội.
 * Hà Đông – existed from 1904 until 1965.
 * Hải Hưng – administrative grouping of Hải Dương and Hưng Yên provinces between 1968 and 1996.
 * Hậu Nghĩa – existed from 1963 until the Vietnamese reunification of 1976.
 * Long Khánh – existed from 1956, became Đồng Nai province following the Vietnamese reunification of 1976.
 * Minh Hải – administrative grouping of Cà Mau and Bạc Liêu provinces between 1976 and 1996.
 * Nghệ Tĩnh – administrative grouping of Nghệ An and Hà Tĩnh provinces between 1976 and 1991.
 * Phú Bổn – in 1962 split from Pleiku province until 1976.
 * Phước Long – existed from 1956 until the Vietnamese reunification of 1976.
 * Phước Thành – existed from 1959 until 1965.
 * Nghĩa Bình – administrative grouping of Quảng Ngãi and Bình Định provinces between 1975 and 1989.
 * Phước Tuy – existed from 1956 until the Vietnamese reunification of 1976.
 * Quảng Tín – existed from 1962 until the Vietnamese reunification of 1976.
 * Sa Đéc – existed from 1900 until the Vietnamese reunification of 1976.
 * Sông Bé – administrative grouping of Bình Dương and Bình Phước provinces between 1976 and 1997.
 * Tân An – existed from 1900 until 1956.
 * Vĩnh Bình – existed from 1956 until the Vietnamese reunification of 1976.
 * Quảng Nam - Đà Nẵng/Quảng Đà – administrative grouping of Quảng Nam provinces and Đà Nẵng city, between 1975 and 1996.
 * Phú Khánh – administrative grouping of Phú Yên and Khánh Hòa provinces between 1975 and 1989.
 * Gia Lai - Kon Tum – administrative grouping of Gia Lai and Kon Tum provinces between 1975 and 1991.
 * Thuận Hải – administrative grouping of Ninh Thuận and Bình Thuận provinces between 1975 and 1991.
 * Quảng Đức – existed from 1959 until 1976.
 * Tuyên Đức – existed from 1958 until 1976.
 * Hà Sơn Binh – administrative grouping of Hà Tây (old) and Hòa Bình provinces between 1975 and 1991.
 * Hoàng Liên Sơn – administrative grouping of Lào Cai and Yên Bái provinces between 1975 and 1991.
 * Hưng Hóa – existed from 1831 until 1903.

title: Provinces of Vietnam


text:
Virtual hosting

Virtual hosting is a method for hosting multiple domain names (with separate handling of each name) on a single server (or pool of servers). This allows one server to share its resources, such as memory and processor cycles, without requiring all services provided to use the same host name. The term virtual hosting is usually used in reference to web servers but the principles do carry over to other Internet services.

One widely used application is shared web hosting. The price for shared web hosting is lower than for a dedicated web server because many customers can be hosted on a single server. It is also very common for a single entity to want to use multiple names on the same machine so that the names can reflect services offered rather than where those services happen to be hosted.

There are two main types of virtual hosting, name-based and IP-based. Name-based virtual hosting uses the host name presented by the client. This saves IP addresses and the associated administrative overhead but the protocol being served must supply the host name at an appropriate point. In particular, there are significant difficulties using name-based virtual hosting with SSL/TLS. IP-based virtual hosting uses a separate IP address for each host name, and it can be performed with any protocol but requires a dedicated IP address per domain name served. Port-based virtual hosting is also possible in principle but is rarely used in practice because it is unfriendly to users.

Name-based and IP-based virtual hosting can be combined: a server may have multiple IP addresses and serve multiple names on some or all of those IP addresses. This technique can be useful when using SSL/TLS with wildcard certificates. For example, if a server operator had two certificates, one for *.example.com and one for *.example.net, the operator could serve foo.example.com and bar.example.com off the same IP address but would need a separate IP address for baz.example.net.

Name-based
Name-based virtual hosts use multiple host names for the same IP address.

A technical prerequisite needed for name-based virtual hosts is a web browser with HTTP/1.1 support (commonplace today) to include the target hostname in the request. This allows a server hosting multiple sites behind one IP address to deliver the correct site's content. More specifically it means setting the Host HTTP header, which is mandatory in HTTP/1.1.

For instance, a server could be receiving requests for two domains, www.example.com and www.example.net, both of which resolve to the same IP address. For www.example.com, the server would send the HTML file from the directory /var/www/user/Joe/site/, while requests for www.example.net would make the server serve pages from /var/www/user/Mary/site/. Equally two subdomains of the same domain may be hosted together. For instance, a blog server may host both blog1.example.com and blog2.example.com.

The biggest issue with name-based virtual hosting is that it is difficult to host multiple secure websites running SSL/TLS. Because the SSL/TLS handshake takes place before the expected hostname is sent to the server, the server doesn't know which certificate to present in the handshake. It is possible for a single certificate to cover multiple names either through the "subjectaltname" field or through wildcards but the practical application of this approach is limited by administrative considerations and by the matching rules for wildcards. There is an extension to TLS called Server Name Indication, that presents the name at the start of the handshake to circumvent that issue, except for some older clients (in particular Internet Explorer on Windows XP or older Android versions) which do not implement SNI.

Furthermore, if the Domain Name System (DNS) is not properly functioning, it is difficult to access a virtually-hosted website even if the IP address is known. If the user tries to fall back to using the IP address to contact the system, as in http://10.23.45.67/, the web browser will send the IP address as the host name. Since the web server relies on the web browser client telling it what server name (vhost) to use, the server will respond with a default website—often not the site the user expects.

A workaround in this case is to add the IP address and host name to the client system's hosts file. Accessing the server with the domain name should work again. Users should be careful when doing this, however, as any changes to the true mapping between host name and IP address will be overridden by the local setting. This workaround is not really useful for an average web user, but may be of some use to a site administrator while fixing DNS records.

IP-based
When IP-based virtual hosting is used, each site (either a DNS host name or a group of DNS host names that act the same) points to a unique IP address. The webserver is configured with multiple physical network interfaces, virtual network interfaces on the same physical interface or multiple IP addresses on one interface. The web server can either open separate listening sockets for each IP address, or it can listen on all interfaces with a single socket and obtain the IP address the TCP connection was received on after accepting the connections. Either way, it can use the IP address to determine which website to serve. The client is not involved in this process and therefore (unlike with name-based virtual hosting) there are no compatibility issues.

The downside of this approach is the server needs a different IP address for every web site. This increases administrative overhead (both assigning addresses to servers and justifying the use of those addresses to internet registries) and contributes to IPv4 address exhaustion.

Uses
Virtual web hosting is often used on a large scale in companies whose business model is to provide low cost website hosting for customers. The vast majority of web hosting service customer websites worldwide are hosted on shared servers, using virtual hosting technology.

Many business companies utilize virtual servers for internal purposes, where there is a technological or administrative reason to operate several separate websites, such as a customer extranet website, employee extranet, internal intranet, and intranets for different departments. If there are no security concerns in the website architectures, they can be merged into a single server using virtual hosting technology, which reduces management and administrative overhead and the number of separate servers required to support the business.

title: Virtual hosting


text:
Devil's club

Devil's club or Devil's walking stick (Oplopanax horridus, Araliaceae; syn. Echinopanax horridus, Fatsia horrida) is a large understory shrub native to the rainforests of the Pacific Northwest, but also disjunct on islands in Lake Superior. It is noted for its large palmate leaves and erect, woody stems covered in noxious and irritating spines. It is also known as Alaskan ginseng and similar names, although it is not a true ginseng.

Description
Devil's club generally grows to 1 to 1.5 m tall. Some stands located in rainforest gullies or moist, undisturbed areas can reach heights of 3 to 5 m or more. The spines are found along the upper and lower surfaces of veins of its leaves as well as the stems. The leaves are spirally arranged on the stems, simple, palmately lobed with 5–13 lobes, 20 to 40 cm across. The flowers are produced in dense umbels 10 to 20 cm diameter, each flower small, with five greenish-white petals. The fruit is a small red drupe 4 to 7 mm diameter.

The plant is covered with brittle yellow spines that break off easily if the plants are handled or disturbed, and the entire plant has been described as having a "primordial" appearance. The plants are slow growing and take many years to reach seed-bearing maturity; this makes them very sensitive to human impact as they do not reproduce quickly.

Devil's club reproduces by forming clonal colonies by means of rhizomes. What can appear to be several different plants may actually have all been one plant originally, with the clones detaching themselves after becoming established by laying down roots.

Distribution and habitat
This species usually grows in moist, dense forest habitats, and is most abundant in old-growth conifer forests in the Pacific Northwest. It is found from southcentral Alaska south to Oregon, and eastward to western Alberta and Montana. Disjunct native populations also occur over 1500 km away in Lake Superior on Isle Royale and Passage Island, Michigan and Porphyry Island and Slate Island, Ontario.

Uses
Traditionally, the charcoal from the stalks is still used to make ceremonial and protective face paints, and among the Ditidaht and neighboring groups, it was equally significant to red ochre as a symbolic link to the spirit world. Native American peoples such as the Tlingit and Haida have used the plant as traditional medicine for ailments such as adult-onset diabetes, as well as rheumatoid arthritis.

The plant has been used ceremonially by the Tlingit, Tsimshian, and Haida people residing in Southeast Alaska and coastal British Columbia. A piece of Devil's club hung over a doorway is said to ward off evil. The plant is harvested and used in a variety of ways, most commonly as an oral tea in traditional settings, but also poultices and ointments. Native Americans also dried and powdered the bark for use as a deodorant and used the mashed berries to clean hair.

Because devil's club is related to American ginseng, some people try to market the plant as an 'adaptogen'. The plant has been harvested for this purpose and sold widely as "Alaskan ginseng". Despite some morphological similarities between the araliaceous members Panax ('true' ginseng), Eleutherococcus senticosus ("Siberian ginseng") and devil's club, the different genera are chemically diverse.

Research
An in vitro study showed that extracts of devil's club might inhibit tuberculosis. Another study suggested devil's club may reduce leukemia burden in mice engrafted with murine C1498 acute myeloid leukemia cells.

title: Devil's club


text:
Mark Belanger

Mark Henry Belanger (June 8, 1944 – October 6, 1998), nicknamed "the Blade," was an American professional baseball player and coach. He played 18 seasons in Major League Baseball as a shortstop from 1965 through 1982, most notably as a member of the Baltimore Orioles dynasty that won six American League East division titles, five American League pennants, and two World Series championships between 1966 and 1979.

A defensive standout, Belanger won eight Gold Glove Awards between 1969 and 1978, leading the American League in assists and fielding percentage three times each; he retired with the highest career fielding percentage by an AL shortstop (.977). In defensive Wins Above Replacement (WAR), Belanger is tied with Ozzie Smith and Joe Tinker for most times as league leader with six. Belanger set franchise records for career games, assists, and double plays as a shortstop, all of which were later broken by Cal Ripken Jr. After his playing career, he became an official with the Major League Baseball Players Association. In 1983, Belanger was inducted into the Baltimore Orioles Hall of Fame.

Early life
Belanger was born in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, and attended Pittsfield High School, where he played baseball and basketball. On the basketball court, he became the school's first 1,000-point scorer. He was recruited by the Orioles as an amateur in 1962 and made his debut with the club on August 7, 1965.

Career
Belanger took over as the Orioles' regular shortstop in late 1967 and held the position for more than a decade. He hit his first Major League home run at Yankee Stadium on May 14, 1967, off Yankees' ace Mel Stottlemyre. Belanger was nicknamed "The Blade" because of his tall and narrow frame—6'1" (1.85 m) and 170 pounds (77 kg). Despite his reputation as one of the best fielding shortstops in Major League history, Belanger was known as a poor hitter. In 1970, he finished last among qualifying AL players in all three Triple Crown categories. In his 18 seasons in the Major Leagues, Belanger hit only 20 home runs and had a lifetime batting average of .228, only topping the .230 mark over a full season three times. His .228 lifetime batting average is the third-lowest of any Major League player with more than 5,000 career at bats, ahead of only George McBride (.218) and Ed Brinkman (.224). Belanger also finished his career with the seventh-lowest batting average of any non-catcher with at least 2,500 at bats since 1920. Despite his famously poor hitting, Belanger had substantial success against some of the best pitchers of his era, including Bert Blyleven, Nolan Ryan and Tommy John.

Belanger was a flashy fielder and won eight AL Gold Gloves (1969, 1971, and 1973–78). He was also named to the All-Star team in 1976. Belanger joined a select group of shortstop-second baseman combinations who each won Gold Gloves in the same season while playing together (in 1969 and 1971 with Davey Johnson and again with Bobby Grich each year between 1973 and 1976). Because Brooks Robinson won the AL Gold Glove at third base each season during the 1960–1975 stretch, the left side of the Orioles' infield was seemingly impenetrable.

He hit a rare home run in the first American League Championship Series game ever played in 1969, and after uncharacteristically hitting .333 in the 1970 ALCS, his contributions led to the Orioles' 1970 World Series victory, the team's second title in five years. During the series, he caught a line drive to end a 4–3 victory in Game 1 with the tying run on first base, and he had an assist to end Game 3. Belanger played in six ALCS series and set league playoff records for career games, putouts, assists, total chances, and double plays by a shortstop. (All these records were broken between 1998 and 2002 by Omar Vizquel and Derek Jeter.)

On June 3, 1977, Belanger was part of what sportswriter Fred Rothenberg called "one of the strangest triple plays in baseball history." With the bases loaded for the Royals in the ninth inning, and Kansas City down 7–5, John Wathan hit a fly ball to right field that Pat Kelly caught for the first out. All the runners tagged to advance a base, but Kelly threw to Belanger, who caught Freddie Patek in a rundown between first and second base and tagged him out. While this was going on, Dave Nelson, who had successfully advanced to third base, attempted to score. Upon tagging out Patek, Belanger ran towards the third base line and caught up with Nelson ten feet from home plate, tagging him out to complete the triple play and end the game.

Belanger was granted free agency in 1981—perhaps in response to his public criticism of manager Earl Weaver—and signed with the Los Angeles Dodgers for the 1982 season; he retired at the end of the season.

Following Belanger's departure from the Orioles, former teammate Rich Dauer said, "Anyone would miss Mark Belanger. You're talking about the greatest shortstop in the world. He never put you in a bad position with his double-play throws...He'd put you where you should be to make the play... I never had to think out there. If there was any question in my mind, I'd look at Blade, and he'd have a finger out, pointing which way I should move."

Later life
Belanger served as the Orioles' union representative for several years. He was one of the four players who led negotiations during the 1981 strike.

After Belanger's retirement as an active player (and until his death), he was employed by the MLB Players Association as a liaison to its membership.

Belanger and his first wife, Daryl, had two homes—in Timonium, Maryland and Key Biscayne, Florida—and had two sons, Richard and Robert. He married his second wife, Virginia French, who survives him, in early 1997.

A long-time cigarette smoker, Belanger was diagnosed with lung cancer in the late 1990s and died in New York City at the age of 54. He was survived by his second wife, Virginia, sons Richard and Robert, his parents, and three siblings. He is interred in St. Joseph Cemetery in Pittsfield, Massachusetts.

title: Mark Belanger


text:
Talk:December 19

School
Is there a reason "Loudoun County High School" returning on this day in 2005 is a noteworthy event? I found no news articles regarding the high school on Google, and found nothing on the school's site regarding the importance of the event. Sodium70mg 16:35, 19 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Probably just some self-important kid adding their own school to the article. Lkjhgfdsa 0 (talk) 23:54, 20 January 2010 (UTC)

Megan Jones
According to her biography, it says that Jones was born in 1967? Sounds like vandalism to me. Chris 02:51, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Battle of Verdun
When did The Battle of Verdun end ? Didn't it end on december 18 ? --213.145.115.162 (talk) 14:28, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

WTC fires
It sounds a bit preposterous that the fires at WTC took more than 3 months to extinguish.. --Jacob.jose (talk) 15:03, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

T2 Laboratories
User:Mufka writes, "Event is not globally notable." For my future reference, how many deaths are necessary to make an event globally notable? Apparently, 4 deaths and 14 injuries are not enough. Please advise as to the threshold number to pass muster for global notability. Thanks. Art Smart (talk) 14:34, 20 December 2007 (UTC)
 * It has little to do with the number of deaths. It has more to do with the global reach of the event.  It is unlikely that the event will make headlines in China or South Africa.  Even if it did, it wouldn't be in the news a year from now on its anniversary.  It only received a 90 word mention in the New York Times on page A24, so its barely nationally notable.  It is likely that all national reporting of the event will end today.  Check out Notability on a global scale over time for some general guidelines.  -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 15:46, 20 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Much obliged for the quick reply with a useful link. Art Smart (talk) 16:02, 20 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Now that the incident has gotten continued coverage in multiple media, I've gone ahead and added the event back to this page. If Mufka still feels strongly that it is not notable enough, then feel free to delete it again.  Thanks. Art Smart (talk) 14:56, 3 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Multiple local media doesn't mean its globally notable. Of course it is newsworthy near where it happened.  Every reference in the article is either the company's web site or a local news source.   -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 16:13, 3 January 2008 (UTC)
 * You are correct that all references to date are from local sources. I'm disappointed that the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board has not yet posted the results of their preliminary investigation on the csb.gov website.  The local news articles reported that the CSB issued their preliminary findings last Friday, so their website should be updated any day now.  My guess is that the preliminary findings were handed out on paper at a local news conference, hence the local news coverage.  To the extent that methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) is used globally as an octane booster, and if the ultimate findings bear on the manufacture of MMT regardless of where, then this issue may have much more global importance.  I favor erring on the side of inclusion, but again, if you disagree strongly, then go ahead and delete the entry.  I certainly will defer to your judgement.  Thanks again for taking the time to examine this issue. Art Smart (talk) 17:23, 3 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree, if the explosion has a bearing on the MMT issue globally, then it will merit inclusion. Until then it should be removed.  Generally we err on the side of exclusion.  -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 17:27, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

Altair 8800 computer
About the December 19, 1974 date for the introduction of the Altair 8800 computer on the cover of the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics. I know the magazine was released before the cover date but I have note found a source to say it was released on the 19th. The date is close to that. In June 1975, Jerry Ogden wrote this in his Popular Electronics column.

 * "The break through in low-cost microprocessors occurred just before Christmas 1974, when the January issue of Popular Electronics reached readers … " - —Preceding unsigned comment added by Swtpc6800  (talk • contribs)

 * It didn't meet the requirements for Selected Anniversaries, so I removed it. -- Mufka (u) (t) (c) 00:39, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

1606
"The Susan Constant, the Godspeed, and the Discovery depart England carrying settlers who found, at Jamestown, Virginia, the first of the thirteen colonies that became the United States."

This should state founded, not found. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.125.3.73 (talk) 13:05, 20 December 2009 (UTC)

Virginia Company ships leaving England is in Dec. 19 and 20 articles
"1606 – The Susan Constant, the Godspeed, and the Discovery depart England carrying settlers who found, at Jamestown, Virginia, the first of the thirteen colonies that became the United States" is in this article and "1606 – The Virginia Company loads three ships with settlers and sets sail to establish Jamestown, Virginia, the first permanent English settlement in the Americas" is in the article for December 20". At least one of them is wrong but I don't know which one. 24.249.175.130 (talk) 15:13, 20 December 2012 (UTC)

"Irish-born"
For 1956 we have "Irish-born physician John Bodkin Adams is arrested in connection with the suspicious deaths of more than 160 patients. Eventually he is convicted only of minor charges"... why refer to him as being Irish born? I know he was a bad man, but why refer to him as such?

The Hopetoun Blunder
The wording is either incorrect or unclear. To me it suggests the blunder was Hopetoun appointing Lyne as Premier of NSW. This is not only impossible (Gs-G commission PMs not premiers) but Lyne was already the premier of NSW. The blunder was Hopetoun choosing Lyne to be the first PM of Australia. Since there was no election, Hopetoun chose the premier from the most populated state but Lyne didn't have the support on the floor of the federal parliament. Can the wording be changed? Tigerman2005 (talk) 23:37, 20 December 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:December 19


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User:LansOperator

 * Removed Personal Content

title: User:LansOperator


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Chant of the Saudi Nation

The Chant of the Saudi Nation (ٱلنَّشِيْد ٱلْوَطَنِي ٱلسُّعُوْدِي) is the national anthem of Saudi Arabia. It was first officially adopted in 1950 without lyrics. The piece was gifted by the King Faruq ((r. 1936 – 1952)) when King Abd al-Aziz ((r. 1932 – 1953)) made a visit to Egypt. It was then adopted again in 1984 with lyrics written by Ibrahim Khafaji. The original composition was by Abd al-Rahman al-Khatib in 1947, and the brass instrumental version was later arranged by Siraj Umar.

Overview
In 1947, because Saudi Arabia did not have a national anthem like other neighbouring countries, King Abdulaziz visited Egypt and asked Egyptian composer Abd al-Raḥman al-Khaṭīb to create a national anthem, and thus "Āsh al-Malīk" was created. The melody is based on an Arab fanfare style, and is similar to the national anthems of other Arab states in the area at the time. In 1958, Mohammed Talat wrote the first set of lyrics, which were not often heard, so King Fahd asked poet Ibrāhīm Khafājī in 1984 to come up with a new set of lyrics, which were completed within six months on 29 June 1984. Khafājī's lyrics are the ones that are used officially today. Saudis listened to their anthem for the first time during the celebrations of Eid al-Fitr in 1984.

"Āsh al-Malīk" is referred to by Saudi Arabians as "The National Anthem" (النشيد الوطني, an-Našīd al-Waṭanī), although it is commonly known by its incipit, "Hasten" (سارعي, Sārʿī). The lyrics call upon the country to hasten to greatness and raise the flag, glorify God, and asks Him to grant the King of Saudi Arabia long life.

The instrumental version is called "The Royal Salute" (السلام الملكي, as-Salām al-Malakī), which is also the name of the ceremony in which it is played to salute senior members of the royal family as well as diplomatic figures.

Official lyrics
Notes: Some variations remove the word قَدْ qad before عِشْتَ فَخْرَ الْمُسْلِمِيْن ʿišta faxra'l-muslimīn! and other variations use the word المَلِيك al-malīk instead of المَلِك al-malik.

title: Chant of the Saudi Nation


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Superman IV: The Quest for Peace

Superman IV: The Quest for Peace is a 1987 superhero film directed by Sidney J. Furie and written by Lawrence Konner and Mark Rosenthal from a story by Christopher Reeve, Konner, and Rosenthal based on the DC Comics character Superman. The film stars Reeve, Gene Hackman, Jackie Cooper, Marc McClure, Jon Cryer, Sam Wanamaker, Jim Broadbent, Mariel Hemingway, and Margot Kidder.

It is the fifth film (including 1984's Supergirl) in the Superman film series and a sequel to Superman III (1983). It is the first film in the series not to have the involvement of producers Alexander and Ilya Salkind. The film also marks the final appearance of Reeve as Superman, who agreed to return in exchange for a large salary and some creative control, where he contributed to a script dealing with nuclear disarmament.

Shortly before the film's production, the film's producer, The Cannon Group, suffered a major financial crisis that forced major budget cuts, and 45 minutes of footage were deleted after negative test screenings. Upon release, it was widely panned by critics and fans alike, with many reviewers citing poor special effects, inconsistencies and plot holes. No further Superman films were released until Superman Returns in 2006.

Plot
After a Russian space station is struck by debris, Superman swoops in to save the crew from drifting away into space. Later, at the Smallville farm he inherited from his deceased parents, Superman, as Clark Kent, uncovers the capsule that brought him to Earth and removes a luminescent green Kryptonian energy module. A recording left by his mother Lara states that its power can be used only once. He returns to Metropolis, where he finds the Daily Planet newspaper has been taken over by David Warfield, a tabloid tycoon who fires Perry White and hires his own daughter Lacy as the new editor. Following the news that the United States and the Soviet Union may engage in a nuclear arms race, Superman elects not to intervene and seeks guidance in the Fortress of Solitude. However, after Warfield sensationalizes the inaction, Superman announces before the United Nations he will rid the world of all nuclear weapons.

Meanwhile, young Lenny Luthor breaks his uncle Lex Luthor out of prison. Returning to Metropolis, Lex and Lenny infiltrate a museum, steal a strand of Superman’s hair and create a genetic matrix. Lex converses with black market arms dealers, enraged about Superman's actions and wanting to re-arm the countries with nuclear warheads, and makes a deal with them to attach the hair to a nuclear missile. After the missile is test-launched, Superman intercepts it and throws it into the Sun. A glowing ball of energy is discharged, which develops into a superhuman. This "Nuclear Man" makes his way back to Earth to find his "father", Lex, who establishes that while his creation is powerful, he will deactivate without exposure to sunlight. A vicious battle ensues between Lex's creation and Superman. While saving the Statue of Liberty from falling onto the streets of Metropolis, Superman is infected with radiation sickness by scratches from Nuclear Man's radioactive claws. Nuclear Man kicks Superman into the distance with such strength that Superman's cape falls off.

After the Daily Planet, which has been reformatted as a tabloid newspaper, publishes the headline "Superman Dead?", Lois Lane angrily seizes Superman's recovered cape. Lois ventures to Clark's apartment where she proclaims her love for Superman. Felled by radiation sickness, Clark staggers to his terrace where he retrieves the Kryptonian energy module and heals himself. Having developed a crush on Lacy, Nuclear Man demands to know where she is or he will hurt people. The encounter between Nuclear Man and the newly restored Superman is taken to the Moon, which ends with Superman being driven into the Moon's surface by Nuclear Man.

Nuclear Man forces his way into the Daily Planet and abducts Lacy, carrying her into outer space. Superman manages to free himself from the Moon, then pushes it out of its orbit, casting Earth into an eclipse, nullifying Nuclear Man's powers and leaving Lacy helpless in space. Superman rescues Lacy and returns her to Earth, then recovers Nuclear Man, who is now lifeless and deposits him into the core of a nuclear power plant, destroying him for good. What had been Nuclear Man becomes electrical power for the entire electrical grid. Perry White secures a loan to buy a controlling interest in the newspaper, making David Warfield a minority shareholder and protecting the paper from any further takeovers. Superman also recaptures the fleeing Luthors. He places Lenny in Boys Town, telling the priest that Lenny has been under a bad influence, and then returns Lex to prison. Superman makes a speech that world peace cannot be achieved instantly, but gained patiently. Superman then flies into the sunrise for further adventures.

Cast

 * Christopher Reeve as Clark Kent / Superman
 * Gene Hackman as Lex Luthor
 * Hackman also provides the voice of Nuclear Man
 * Mark Pillow as Nuclear Man
 * Jackie Cooper as Perry White
 * Marc McClure as Jimmy Olsen
 * Jon Cryer as Lenny Luthor
 * Sam Wanamaker as David Warfield
 * Mariel Hemingway as Lacy Warfield
 * Margot Kidder as Lois Lane
 * Damian McLawhorn as Jeremy
 * William Hootkins as Harry Howler
 * Jim Broadbent as Jean Pierre Dubois
 * Stanley Lebor as General Romoff
 * Don Fellows as Levon Hornsby
 * Robert Beatty as U.S. President
 * Susannah York as the voice of Lara

Development and casting
Alexander Salkind and his son Ilya, the producers of the Superman series, planned to produce a fourth installment if Superman III grossed at least $40 million. The film received an unexpectedly negative reaction but still grossed $80.2 million. Reeve was also hesitant to return to the series as Superman, bowing out from a planned cameo appearance in Supergirl. The Salkinds announced plans for a fourth film regardless, but after the commercial failures of Supergirl and their next film Santa Claus: The Movie caused them financial strain they began to consider if the franchise had run its course.

After negotiations during the 38th Cannes Film Festival, Ilya Salkind agreed to sell the Superman franchise to Menahem Golan and Yoram Globus of The Cannon Group, Inc. for $5 million in June 1985. The studio enticed Reeve to return by offering him $6 million, financing for his pet project Street Smart, and approval over the story and director.

Reeve pitched a storyline focused on the nuclear arms race in protest of the breakdown of the Reykjavik Summit and President Ronald Reagan’s military buildup and skepticism towards arms control. His story was accepted and he was also considered as the film’s director. Although he was allowed to direct some second unit scenes, he was ultimately deemed too inexperienced for the full-time job. Richard Donner claimed in the commentary for Superman II: The Richard Donner Cut that Cannon unsuccessfully asked him to return to the series. Wes Craven was originally hired by Cannon Films to direct the film, but he and Reeve did not get along well and Reeve demanded that a new director be brought in. Although Reeve recommended Ron Howard, Sidney J. Furie was hired.

Filming
Production of Superman IV began in 1986. In his autobiography, Still Me, Reeve described filming the movie:

"We were also hampered by budget constraints and cutbacks in all departments. Cannon Films had nearly thirty projects in the works at the time, and Superman IV received no special consideration. For example, Konner and Rosenthal wrote a scene in which Superman lands on 42nd Street and walks down the double yellow lines to the United Nations, where he gives a speech. If that had been a scene in Superman I, we would actually have shot it on 42nd Street. Richard Donner would have choreographed hundreds of pedestrians and vehicles and cut to people gawking out of office windows at the sight of Superman walking down the street like the Pied Piper. Instead, we had to shoot at an industrial park in England in the rain with about a hundred extras, not a car in sight, and a dozen pigeons thrown in for atmosphere. Even if the story had been brilliant, I don't think that we could ever have lived up to the audience's expectations with this approach."

Rosenthal's DVD commentary cited this scene as an example of Cannon's budget slashing. According to Rosenthal, Reeve and Furie begged to be able to film that sequence in New York in front of the real headquarters of the United Nations because everyone knew how they looked and the Milton Keynes setting looked nothing like them, but Cannon refused. According to Rosenthal, they were "pinching pennies at every step".

Shortly before production began at Elstree Studios on September 27, 1986, Cannon reduced the budget from $36 million to $17 million. Part of the problem was that Cannon financed its films by selling the television and home video rights in advance, which failed with films of a budget of over $5 million. The studio had also gone six years without a major hit. The studio was narrowly saved from bankruptcy after a deal with Warner Bros. Pictures to provide $75 million to repay its loans in exchange for distribution rights to its upcoming films, including Superman IV, which provided enough confidence in the studio for a $65 million line of credit from First Bank of Boston. During the production, the filming and special effects crews of the first three films were replaced with cheaper Israeli crews. Principal photography concluded at the beginning of January 1987.

To keep production solely in England, Superman's childhood home in Smallville was reconstructed on farmland outside Baldock in north Hertfordshire—despite the fact that the original farm from Superman: The Movie was still standing in Blackie, Alberta.

According to Jon Cryer, who played Luthor's nephew Lenny, Reeve had taken him aside just before the release and told him it was going to be "terrible." Although Cryer enjoyed working with Reeve and Hackman, Cryer claimed that Cannon ran out of money during the production and ultimately released an unfinished film.

Deleted footage
According to writer Mark Rosenthal's commentary on the 2006 DVD, in the gallery of deleted scenes included on the disc, there are approximately 45 minutes of the film that haven't been seen by the general public. They were deleted following a failed Southern California test screening. In fact, the Nuclear Man that appears in the film is actually the second Nuclear Man that Luthor created. Cut scenes featured the original Nuclear Man (portrayed by Clive Mantle) engaging Superman in battle outside the Metro Club and being destroyed by the Man of Steel. The first Nuclear Man was somewhat more inhuman-looking than his successor, and resembled, in both looks and personality, the comic book character Bizarro. Luthor postulates that this Nuclear Man wasn't strong enough, and hatches the plan to create the second Nuclear Man within the Sun as a result.

Not all of the deleted scenes made it to the deluxe edition of the DVD, including a scene depicting Clark Kent visiting the graves of his foster parents. This scene was to have preceded the film's theatrical scene where Clark returns to Smallville to meet the contractor in hopes of selling or leasing the Kent farm. A deleted scene about Lacy Warfield and Clark Kent's romance, showing them dancing in the Metro Club, was also not released on disc.

Music
The music for the film was adapted and conducted by Alexander Courage based on existing and new music composed by John Williams.

Release
The film had a Royal premiere at the Leicester Square Theatre in London on July 23, 1987, attended by Prince Charles and Princess Diana.

Box office
It was released July 24, 1987, in the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada. In the US and Canada it opened in 1,511 theatres and grossed $5.6 million during its opening weekend, ranking fourth at the box office. In the UK, it opened on 234 screens and grossed £508,468 ($0.8 million) for the weekend becoming the number one film in the UK for the weekend. It failed to retain number one spot for the week, grossing £987,495 compared to The Living Daylights's £1,108,256. It was the eighth highest-grossing film in the UK for the year with a gross of £3,457,959 ($5.5 million). In the United States and Canada it grossed $15.6 million and the same in other markets for a worldwide box office gross of $36.7 million.

Of the four Superman films starring Reeve, The Quest for Peace fared the worst at the box office, and the series went dormant for the following 19 years. Reeve regretted his decision to be involved in the film, saying, "Superman IV was a catastrophe from start to finish. That failure was a huge blow to my career." Plans were made to make a Superman V, but they never came to fruition. Reeve's 1995 paralysis made any further development of sequels involving him in the starring role impossible. Time Warner let the Superman feature film franchise go undeveloped until the late 1990s when a variety of proposals were considered, including several that would reboot the franchise with different versions of the characters and settings. Eventually in 2006, a soft-reboot of the series, Superman Returns, was released and disregarded the events of Superman III and The Quest for Peace, though the Arrowverse crossover event Crisis on Infinite Earths seemed to indicate that both Superman III and Returns were in the same canon.

Critical response
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 10% "Rotten" score based on 52 reviews, with an average rating of 3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Superman series bottoms out here: the action is boring, the special effects look cheaper, and none of the actors appear interested in where the plot's going." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 24 out of 100, based on 18 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C" on an A+ to F scale.

The film received a poor review by Janet Maslin of The New York Times, although she wrote that Kidder's portrayal of Lois Lane was "sexy, earnest". It fared no better with Variety. The Washington Post described it as "More sluggish than a funeral barge, cheaper than a sale at Kmart, it's a nerd, it's a shame, it's Superman IV." Several critics disliked the special effects.

Accolades
The film was voted number 40 on a list of 'The 50 Worst Movies Ever' by readers of Empire magazine. It was also nominated for two Golden Raspberry Awards, Worst Supporting Actress for Mariel Hemingway (lost to Daryl Hannah for Wall Street) and Worst Visual Effects (lost to Jaws: The Revenge).

Cancelled sequel
Before the failure of Superman IV: The Quest for Peace, Cannon Films considered producing a fifth film with Albert Pyun as director. Cannon's bankruptcy resulted in the film rights reverting to Ilya and Alexander Salkind. The story had Superman dying and resurrecting in the shrunken, bottled Krypton city of Kandor. The premise of Superman's death and rebirth coincidentally predated the 1992 "The Death of Superman" comic book storyline.

Other media
In late 1987, DC Comics prepared a comic book adaptation of Superman IV, scripted by Bob Rozakis and pencilled by Curt Swan and Don Heck. This edition included different dialogue from the film and incidents from the deleted scenes of the movie. In place of a voice-over from Lara in the early scene involving Superman finding the mysterious crystal, there is a projection of Jor-El himself, much like in the first film. The comic book features a battle with the failed prototype of Nuclear Man resembling Bizarro and an around-the-world fight with the second Nuclear Man. The adaptation has an alternate ending with Superman and Jeremy flying above Earth, observing that the planet is, in reality, just one world, rather than the divided world one sees on a man-made map. In the adaptation, Jeremy is seen in orbit with a space suit but in the deleted footage he is not wearing any vacuum protection of any kind, as was Lacy Warfield when she was rescued from the second Nuclear Man by Superman. The alternate ending appears in the Deluxe Edition DVD, incorporated in the deleted footage section. There was also a book novelization written by Bonnie Bryant, in which scenes based on deleted footage are included.

The novelization was released in 1987, along with the premiere of the film.

title: Superman IV: The Quest for Peace


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Jack Cohen (biologist)

Jack Cohen (19 September 1933 – 6 May 2019) was a British reproductive biologist also known for his  science books and involvement with science fiction.

Life
Cohen was born 19 September 1933 in Norwich, but grew up in Stoke Newington. His father was killed shortly after the end of the Second World War, 1 September 1945. His grandfather was a rabbi and Cohen was an observant Jew in his youth. He continued to attend the synagogue for cultural reasons. He was married three times, and had six children.

Academic career
Cohen studied at University College, Hull, where he obtained a BSc (external degree of the University of London) in 1954. He obtained his PhD in Zoology at the same institution (by then Hull University) in 1957. He went to the University of Birmingham for post-doctoral work, and was appointed Lecturer in the Department of Zoology and Comparative physiology in 1959. He worked for a year at Harvard Medical School then returned to Birmingham as a Senior Lecturer in 1968, a position he held until 1987. His former students include Sir Paul Nurse, winner of the 2001 Nobel Prize for Medicine. In 1974 the University of Birmingham awarded him a DSc for his work.

From 1987 to 1989 he was Senior Embryological Advisor and Manager of Laboratories at the IVF/Infertility Clinic of a London private hospital. From 1995 to 1996 he was Visiting Professor at the Weizmann Institute, Israel. From 1996 to 2000 he was a consultant at the University of Warwick, jointly to the Ecosystems Unit of the Biology Dept and the Mathematics Institute. He was an Honorary Professor at the Mathematics Institute of the University of Warwick and a Visiting Professor at Durham Business School.

He published in prestigious journals such as Nature and wrote textbooks such as Living Embryos – an Introduction to the Study of Animal Development (1967) and Reproduction (1977). His theory of sperm redundancy was important in studies of fertility and treatment of infertility. He was a Fellow of the Institute of Biology.

Other activities
Cohen worked as a consultant for science fiction television shows and science fiction novels regarding the creation of plausible aliens. The writers who acknowledged his assistance included Anne McCaffrey for the Dragonriders of Pern; Harry Harrison for his Eden trilogy; Larry Niven, Jerry Pournelle and Steven Barnes for their Legacy of Heorot; James White of Sector General fame; David Gerrold for the Chtorr ecology; and Terry Pratchett for several works.

Cohen and fellow University of Warwick researcher Ian Stewart, a mathematician, collaborated with Terry Pratchett to write four Science of Discworld books, which accompany his Discworld series. Pratchett made them both "Honorary Wizards of the Unseen University" at the same 1999 ceremony where the University of Warwick gave Pratchett an honorary degree. Anne McCaffrey dedicated All the Weyrs of Pern (1991) to Jack and Judy Cohen and credited Jack with making fact of her fiction.

Cohen and Stewart also co-authored books on epistemology.

Cohen was a member of the high IQ society Mensa. He was one of the small group of British Mensans who persuaded science fiction author Isaac Asimov to visit the United Kingdom in June 1974.

He had a long-standing interest in the design and natural balance of (particularly manmade) lake ecosystems, having designed new filtration systems but also led in reinstating Victorian designed systems at various locations around the UK.

In 2009, he became a patron of the anti-circumcision charity NORM-UK.

His hobbies, according to the author profiles in his books, included boomerang-throwing and keeping strange animals.

Books

 * The Science of Discworld, with Ian Stewart and Terry Pratchett
 * The Science of Discworld II: The Globe, with Ian Stewart and Terry Pratchett
 * The Science of Discworld III: Darwin's Watch, with Ian Stewart and Terry Pratchett
 * The Science of Discworld IV: Judgement Day, with Ian Stewart and Terry Pratchett
 * Figments of Reality, with Ian Stewart (non-fiction)
 * The Collapse of Chaos, with Ian Stewart (non-fiction)
 * Evolving the Alien: The Science of Extraterrestrial Life, with Ian Stewart. The American and second editions were published as What Does a Martian Look Like? The Science of Extraterrestrial Life
 * Wheelers, with Ian Stewart (fiction)
 * Heaven (fiction), with Ian Stewart, ISBN 0-446-52983-4, Aspect (May 2004)
 * Living Embryos, Pergamon (1967)
 * Reproduction, Butterworths (1977)
 * Spermatozoa, Antibodies and Infertility (1978) with W. F. Hendry
 * Living Embryos (1981) with B. D. Massey
 * Animal Reproduction: parents making parents (1984) with B. D. Massey
 * The Privileged Ape (1989)
 * Stop Working and Start Thinking (2000) with Graham Medley

title: Jack Cohen (biologist)