text:
User talk:Baylink

Welcome Wagon
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snoyes 18:33, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I've Been Found. :-) Thanks for the Welcome Wagon note.  I'm, personally, having fun poking around and getting the feel of the infrastructure that's grown up around the pages; stealing design ideas for future website development, but just as much fun poking around pages as topics occur to me, and occasionally contributing something here or there.   Hopefully, such contributions will be regarded as comprehensible, rather than compost.

-- jra

Oops
Well, made my first big mistake. Apparently, Konqueror 3 has some major page-caching issues; I made a change to OS Advocacy, went and wrote a stub, then came back to make another change... and inadvertantly replaced *the entire advocacy article* with my stub.

Hoo boy, is that embarrassing. (And have I been reading too many Fletch novels lately, or what? :-)

In any event, thanks to Two Halves for wiping my butt, and I'll try to be more careful in the foo-ture.

-- Baylink 01:34, 16 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Hi. This may help: Browser_notes. Secretlondon 23:18, Dec 16, 2003 (UTC)

Charlene
What am I gonna tell you, I don't know why, just did it by accident. Just bring it all back. Bye Bye. Chrzcline1961 23:26, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

Boobs
About "Minor enhancement" on List of big-bust models and performers: Heh heh heh, "enhancement"... :) I actually read your weblog occasionally; good to see someone local and sort-of familiar around here. —tregoweth 18:54, Dec 1, 2004 (UTC)
 * Would you believe that was an accident. Nice to know someone local, um, shares my tastes.  ;-)  Baylink 00:36, 2 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Nah, not following you—coincidental interests, I guess. :) As for the Dave Barry quote, it is a touch frivolous and POV for an encyclopedia. Even one with extensive collections of information about porn stars and Pokémon characters. :) —tregoweth 22:10, Dec 4, 2004 (UTC)

 * I know. I just couldn't resist. Baylink 22:14, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

RHPS
Unfortunately, I don't remember where I looked it up. I would have thot IMDB, but a quick look here indicates otherwise. I'd guess from the map the number is around 30-50--still down quite a bit. I know it played in Seattle for at least 20-25 years, but no longer... [sniff]. Not sure how to get a usable number--might have to just change to something like 'fewer theaters than at the peak of its popularity'. Huh, I just looked at the RHPS Talk page, and I cite the IMDb article as the source for "7"--I guess it depends on what day you load the page [sigh]. Niteowlneils 22:40, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * That list is inherently incorrect as it does not list the Beach Theatre in St Pete, my own home theatre, which is certainly showing tonight. Given that, I can't help but wonder what others aren't there...  Baylink 22:44, 4 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Don't Understand About Charlene
Honey, I don't understand what you are talking about deleting information for Charlene. It's all there. If you feel more information should go into the article, by all means go and do so. She might have been just a One-hit wonder, but she was important to Pop and R&B music. Chrzcline1961 20:27, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

More Boobs
I think Sam Spade is either a crank or trying too hard to make a point. I mean, if even we think the picture is inappropriate... :) —tregoweth 22:19, Dec 7, 2004 (UTC)

Not Boobs

 * Well, where's the fun in that? :) —tregoweth 20:14, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)
 * :) Hehe! -- RyanFreisling @ 20:24, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * /me snickers. -- Baylink 20:49, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Wikibooks
Hi Baylink -- I'm pretty skeptical about wikibooks. I think one of the reasons for Wikipedia's huge (partial) success is that it provides instant gratification. Wikibooks just doesn't do that. But I'd love to be proved wrong! :-) --Bcrowell 03:22, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, my thrust was more that you *have* some... -- Baylink 02:48, 10 Jan 2005 (UTC)

The Long and Winding Road
All these years I thought George Harrison played bass guitar for the Beatles. A quick check proved you were right and I was wrong, sorry! (I was also convinced that Johnny Marr played bass for the Smiths but a friend at work put me right on that one, luckily on that occasion I hadn't touched Wikipedia.) Cheers --Etimbo | Talk 12:01, 16 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Enterprise link issue
Good job in handling the Enterprise links issue. I found myself away from the computer today, which is probably a good thing since I might have been in danger of violating the Three-Revert Rule myself by reverting the guy's changes again. Cheers. 23skidoo 04:08, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Bakulanews added a bit of "rationality" to some of the post-cancellation reports, so I was glad to cite it in one of the updates to the article. I agree the fat lady hasn't sung yet, but the ratings for last episode were pretty grim. I think a lot of people are under the impression the show is actually off the air (which is what usually happens after a cancellation is announced). It's rather uncommon for a show to get nearly a half-season's notice of cancellation like this. 23skidoo 18:43, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * Incidentally, it looks like we have another revert war underway at the main Star Trek article. Another anonymous user is insisting on removing wikilinks to non-existent articles, which just means someone will have to go through the effort of doing the links again once the articles (i.e. Manny Coto and a few others) are written. If I revert again I'll end up violating the 3-revert rule. 23skidoo 20:22, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Re: Finale
About making Finale (television) into a redirect: If I was too bold, my apologies. I actually had in the edit window, and changed my mind to be more bold. I did copy your text to the talk page for series finale, though. --Christopherlin 19:34, 8 Feb 2005 (UTC)

2005 Florida cluster relocation
Hi Jay. Did you mean to put 2005 Florida cluster relocation in the article namespace at Wikipedia? Perhaps it would be more suited to Meta or Wikinews, but I don't see that it can ever be an encyclopedia article so I have listed it at VfD. Angela. 01:24, Jun 21, 2005 (UTC)

I-285
The thing is that almost all full beltways change direction at each corner; thus it's not useful to state that in Interstate Highway. --SPUI (talk) 18:53, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

More Sprint Nextel
The reason why I have a habit of saying "exclusively" is because you might have heard about this "Rebanding" controversy that has been plaguing Nextel even before the Merger Plans between Sprint and Nextel went on the way. I actually used this "Tiny URL Website" (http:// tinyurl.com) because there may be times when the HTTP Syntax might have weird extensions and/or page syntaxes, that's why I have a habit to use Tiny URL to make the Syntax simple and presentable, plus I also try to describe what the URL is "bubbling out" when I cite URLs as well.

About this "Reuters" direct linking, I'll give it a try next time, but if I get errors, you might want to encourage people to try using "Tiny URL Redirects" (http:// tinyurl.com) to make the syntaxes a little less weird. -- Vesther 22:11, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I *desperately* dislike tinyurl, especially in contexts like wp: you're assuming they'll stay alive longer than the local site. I mentioned it only because the story was not locatable.  As for "exclusive", that can't be inferred from anything I've read so far, and 2500MHz is a completely new service; all current US cell services are at 1800/1900 MHz.  It is therefore something completely new and news, and shouldn't be a throwaway.

Jennings Effect
Check the page history more carefully; it wasn't me who did the actual merging, I just added the mergeto template. --IByte 11:22, 14 August 2005 (UTC)

Sorry
When I looked into the article I saw 200.81.94.59's edit ( Hurricane Katrina was a powerful tropical cyclone sent by God to punish the sinners. ), and this IS vandalism. Sitenl 23:45, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Katrinahelp.info
Hey, You'll probably notice that I changed the description of katrinahelp.info. I only did that because I thought the prior label might encourage other people to add links to more link aggregators. I think the katrinahelp.info site is pretty reasonable, which is why I didn't remove it... (thought I don't object to it being removed either.). Keep your eyes on it: there is someone inserting an IP address that mirrors the content of katrinahelp.info but doesn't appear to be run by the same people... and the donate button takes you to a different paypal address. :) 24.165.233.150 20:43, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm staffing over there now, unofficially at least. The mirror is supposed to be official, but I'll keep an eye out for donation scammers.  I've put a suggested scammer warning box over there on the Community Portal page for inclusion in the page skin template.  I'll check it out.  Thanks. --Baylink 20:49, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Ah. Hm. Perhaps I was incorrect on the mirror. In any case, it's good to be carful with such things. In the past the policy on wikipedia during events like this has been to avoid linking to any sites asking for donations.. but since it's pretty clear that katrinahelp.info isn't asking for donations to help victims but rather the site, I think thats okay. --24.165.233.150 20:52, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh; sorry; I understand now. Yes, that link is for bandwidth contributions.  I'm going to go chase down Angela or Jimbo and see if they're interested in hosting it at Wikicities, if I can ge ahold of them. --Baylink 21:29, 4 September 2005 (UTC)

Hurricane Katrina SST image
Hiya,

Saw your uploaded SST image of Hurricane Katrina. Added caption, added NASA public domain note, then realized that the link you cite is dead (CNET moves around its articles after a few days). I found the image on the NASA website, went to reupload, and assigned it a more descriptive name. That moved it to a new page (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:NASA_ASMR-E_image_of_average_SSTs_of_Hurricane_Katrina.jpg). I put the old page up for speedy deletion. Hope you don't mind! It's a really fascinating image.

Janet13 06:35, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I not only don't mind, I'm flattered that you like my taste in images well enough to chase that down for me. :-) --Baylink 22:51, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

hurricane project
The WikiProject_Tropical_Cyclones page isn't for discussion. Can you move your comment over to the talk page (or the talk page for the template itself)? Jdorje 17:32, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Why that wasn't apparent to me, I couldn't tell you. Sure.

Peer review for The West Wing
I have started a peer review of The West Wing at Peer review/The West Wing (television) and I invite you to take part in the discussion and help make the necessary changes as the community as a whole reviews the work that we have all done together on this article. Thank you very much for your work on the article! -Scm83x 08:39, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

Heinlein/polyamory
There was some question on Talk:Polyamory about whether RAH had been confirmed as polyamorous - since it was your edit, thought you might be able to give more info about the source? Thanks - --Calair 22:40, 13 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I've sourced this on the Polyamory talk page. --Baylink 21:34, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

Wikipedia meetup:Tampa
I'm writing to let you know that the Tampa meetup has officially been announced -- Meetup/Tampa2 &rarr;Raul654 04:01, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

INfo
All items of such contention need to be well referenced with mainstream sources to really be credible...--MONGO 20:19, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

Neil Sedaka and "Breaking Up Is Hard to Do"
The single from the early 70s definitely began with the doo-wop and then went into the ballad. Maybe the album version does not include the old-style prelude, but I dunno. You can tell what a huge fan I am. Wahkeenah 02:05, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

I don't think I have it anymore. I was unaware it was the subject of a minor edit war. I thought it was an interesting tidbit, but if it's not done that way on his albums, I had best leave it alone, as it's apparently no longer relevant. :) Wahkeenah 04:36, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

Baylinkbot
What's the deal with Baylinkbot? And how do I get one? -- Calion | Talk 19:15, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

Tropical cyclone article formatting
Hurricanehink ( talk ) 19:52, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

Tropical cyclones WikiProject Newsletter #1
Number 1, June 4, 2006 The Hurricane Herald This is the monthly newsletter of WikiProject Tropical Cyclones. The Hurricane Herald aims to give a summary of the activities of the WikiProject over the past month and upcoming events over the next month. In addition monthly tropical cyclone activity will be summarized.

You have received this as you are a member of the WikiProject, please add your username in the appropriate section on the mailing list. If you do not add your name to that list, the WikiProject will assume you do not wish to receive future versions of The Hurricane Herald.

Storm of the month Typhoon Chanchu was the first typhoon and first super typhoon of the 2006 Pacific typhoon season. Forming on May 9 over the open western Pacific Ocean, Chanchu moved over the Philippines on the 11th. There, it dropped heavy rainfall, causing mudslides, crop damage, and 41 deaths. It moved into the South China Sea, where it rapidly strengthened to a super typhoon on May 14, one of only two super typhoons recorded in the sea. It turned to the north, weakened, and struck the Fujian province of China as a minimal typhoon on the 17th. The typhoon flooded 192 houses, while heavy rainfall caused deadly mudslides. In China, Chanchu caused at least 25 deaths and $480 million in damage (2006 USD). Elsewhere on its path, strong waves from the typhoon sank eleven Vietnamese ships, killing at least 44 people. In Taiwan, heavy rainfall killed two people, while in Japan, severe waves killed one person and injured another.

Other tropical cyclone activity
 * Tropical Storm Aletta existed in the eastern Pacific Ocean from May 25 to May 29, peaking as a 45 mph tropical storm.

New and improved articles
 * New storm articles include: Typhoon Joan (1970), Hurricane Bonnie (1986), Tropical Storm Matthew (2004), Storm of October 1804, Typhoon Chanchu (2006) and Cyclone Olaf.

 * New non-storm articles include: Tropical cyclone rainfall climatology, Dvorak technique and List of Bangladesh tropical cyclones.

 * New Featured articles: 2005 Atlantic hurricane season, Hurricane Mitch, Hurricane Irene (2005) and Hurricane Claudette (2003)

 * Articles which became A/GA class: Hurricane Katrina (A), Effect of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans (A), Hurricane Felix (1995) (GA), Cyclone Percy (A), Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 (A), List of New Jersey hurricanes (A), Hurricane John (1994) (A), Tropical Storm Isabel (1985) (GA), Tropical Storm Odette (2003) (GA)

New articles and improvements wanted
 * An article is requested on subtropical ridge
 * The current collaboration of the fortnight is Hurricane Gilbert, please help improve this article.
 * Improvements are requested to Indianola Hurricane of 1886, Hurricane Camille and Hurricane Andrew.
 * The WikiProject is likely to submit Hurricane John (1994) and Hurricane Katrina to Featured Article Candidates in the near future, so please help improve them to featured standard.

Member of the month The May member of the month is Tito XD. The WikiProject awards this to him for his brilliant work in improving articles. Tito XD joined the WikiProject in October just after it had been founded. Since then he has contributed substantially to many articles, for example Hurricane Nora (1997), which is currently a Featured Article Candidate. He is also actively involved in the assessment of articles and so helps to improve many more articles.

Explanation of content

If you have a topic which is not directly related to any specific article but is relevant to the WikiProject bring it up on the Newsletters talk page, and it will probably be included in a future edition of The Hurricane Herald.

These two sections are decided by the community on the newsletter's talk page:
 * Storm of the month: This is determined by a straw poll on the page. While all storms will be mentioned on the newsletter, the selected storm will be described in more detail.
 * Member of the month: Nominations are made on the talk page, voting is by secret ballot; read the talk page for details. The winner receives the WikiProject's barnstar (when we make it).

Main Page content
 * 2005 Atlantic hurricane season appeared on the Main Page as Today's Featured Article on June 1.
 * Hurricane Floyd will appear on the Main Page as Today's Featured Article on June 17.
 * Entries from Dvorak technique, Typhoon Joan (1970), Typhoon Chanchu (2006), and Storm of October 1804 appeared on the Main Page in the Did you know column during May.
 * Entries from 5 other articles relating to tropical cyclones had appeared in the Did you know column earlier in 2006.

Storm article statistics

The assessment scale
 * The cyclone assessment scale is one of the bases of the new assessment scale for Version 1.0 of Wikipedia. It splits articles into several categories by quality, to identify which articles are "finished" and which ones still need to be improved.
 * The assessment scale by itself counts of several grades:
 * FA: reserved for articles that have been identified as featured content only.
 * A: this grade is given to articles that are considered ready for peer review. The way to get this grade assigned to an article is by asking other cyclone editors at the WikiProject's assessment page.
 * GA: reserved for articles that have passed a good article nomination.
 * B: these articles are "halfway there", and have most of the details of a complete article, yet it still has significant gaps in its coverage.
 * Start: articles that fall in this category have a decent amount of content, yet it is weak in many areas. Be bold and feel free to improve them!
 * Stub: these articles are mostly placeholders, and may in some cases be useless for the reader. It needs a lot of work to be brought to A-Class level.
 * The way to use these assessments is by adding a parameter to the WikiProject template on the articles talk page ( as an example). This feeds the article into a category which is read and parsed to create an assessment table, summary and log.

Tropical cyclones WikiProject Newsletter #2
The July issue of the WikiProject Tropical cyclones newsletter is now available. If you wish to receive the full newsletter or no longer be informed of the release of future editions, please add your username to the appropriate section on the mailing list.--Nilfanion (talk) 00:39, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

Tomb sentinals
Referring to your photo, as well as all of the other photos in the article, the sentinals (the ones holding the rifles) are wearing no insignia. The soldier wearing sergeants stripes is not a sentinal, but the watch commander or assistant watch commander and does wear rank insignia. He supervises the changing of the guards. If you go inside the building, you will see a sentinal uniform on display where is tells about the the sentinal's uniform and explains about the absence of rank insignia. --rogerd 00:41, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

Variable Star
Hi! I had an opportunity on Sunday to ask Spider where that book fits into the Future History; the short answer is, it doesn't, really. FWIW, I added some notes to Talk:Variable Star. -- Jim Douglas (talk) (contribs)  20:57, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

re [[Diagnosis X and Scrubs (TV series)
The reason i removed it is that it has nothing to do with Scrubs in general, while it can go on the Sacred Heart Page.--Jac16888 08:48, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

List of Concorde pilots
No, sorry, I don't know how many pilots were ever type-rated for Concorde. It is certainly more than 24 though; the 1986 (an early) edition of Christopher Orlebar's The Concorde Story lists 34 Captains and 28 First Officers in the first ten years of flying, and that's just for British Airways, not including the French pilots. Carbonix (talk) 11:44, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

Tropical Storm Fay
i'm afraid despite those things you said all it does is either post orignal research or COPY the NHC's line of thought useing the exact same words as the NHC. Theres no point and it is advertising. Itfc+canes=me (talk) 19:45, 16 August 2008 (UTC)

Articles for deletion nomination of American RadioWorks
I have nominated American RadioWorks, an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/American RadioWorks. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. Joe Chill (talk) 00:58, 27 February 2010 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Exposition Boy
An editor has nominated one or more articles which you have created or worked on, for deletion. The nominated article is Exposition Boy. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also Notability and "What Wikipedia is not").

Your opinions on whether the article meets inclusion criteria and what should be done with the article are welcome; please participate in the discussion(s) by adding your comments to Articles for deletion/Exposition Boy. Please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ).

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Please note: This is an automatic notification by a bot. I have nothing to do with this article or the deletion nomination, and can't do anything about it. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 01:12, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

WGBH TVs Signoffs
You might want to keep an eye on this userpage, it has been re-edited a few times the last few days with nonsense and incorrect information and I've reverted them based on the fact your userspace shouldn't be messed with. If it happens again I recommend a trip to RFP. Thanks :)!  Nate  • ( chatter ) 19:19, 26 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I've noted on Nate's talk page that in this special corner-case of a personal page, I don't especially object if people update the information, given new facts; my thanks to him for noticing, though. --Baylink (talk) 02:50, 14 November 2010 (UTC)

Voting systems
I noticed your note to Markus Schulze. The answer is: yes, the Schulze method is summable so there will be no problem with that. (Though I'd personally recommend the system Majority Judgment, which is even easier to sum). Homunq (࿓) 20:31, 10 October 2012 (UTC)

 * I'll take a look at it, Homunq. Why isn't it in the Big Comparison Table?  --Baylink.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.65.52.26 (talk) 21:04, 10 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Ok; I've looked at it. It's *way* too complicated for voting for President.  :-)  It might be great for voting for Debian Project Leader... but I believe that enough trouble will be had convincing Murricans to deal with Schulze -- that's already a generation long process, since it has to pass 50 state legislatures (we don't *have* federal elections, remember?)  --Baylink  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.65.52.26 (talk) 21:06, 10 October 2012 (UTC)

 * It is in the Big Comparison Table. And it's actually simpler to count than Schulze. Especially if you use the variant, Continuous Majority Judgment, as explained here. Take votes above median, subtract votes below median, divide by twice votes at median, and add median. Homunq (࿓) 22:07, 10 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Here's a paragraph simply explaining CMJ that I wrote elsewhere:
 * Another system called Continuous Majority Judgment would be the next step. Voters grade each candidate A-F and each grade is tallied for each candidate. Then you start out by counting just the A grades. If no candidate gets over 50%, you add in the B grades (as if it were approval voting, and all voters lowered their standards a bit). If there's still no majority, add in the C grades, and so on. If one candidate reaches a majority before any others — in other words, if their median is clearly higher — then they win. If two or more candidates pass 50% together — because they have the same median — then you effectively take an average of the voters nearest the median using the following simple formula: for each candidate, start with the number of voters who voted them above their median, subtract the number of voters who voted them below their median, and divide by twice the number of voters who voted them at their median. This gives each candidate a "remainder" between negative one half and positive one half which, when added to their median (the grade at which they pass 50%), will show a clear winner.

 * And here's why it's worth it:
 * This system is a bit more complicated than Score or Approval to explain. But it's actually simpler for voters than either. Unlike in Approval voting, you can give middIe ratings to middling candidates, without agonizing over whether to support them as strongly as your favorite or oppose them as strongly as your worst enemy. Compared to Score, if everyone votes honestly, the two systems will almost always give the same results. But with Continuous Majority Judgment, there's less of a need to watch the polls and calculate your voting strategy, because in most cases exaggeration won't affect the results. That's because, unlike Score, if all the X voters exaggerate (give X an A and Y an F), while all the Y voters vote moderately (give Y a B and X a D), the majority still wins.
 * I'll stop bugging you now. Cheers, Homunq (࿓) 13:33, 11 October 2012 (UTC)

Heh. My target is "the best alternative system *that can actually be sold* to voters and election supes." You get to try to pull this off approximately once every century or two. Electronic voting has already been botched once... -- Baylink (talk) 14:08, 11 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Every century is about right, since it's been about 90-100 years since an earlier version of the system I described was implemented in over a dozen US cities — and then rolled back by party bosses using a combination of flimsy technical excuses and red-baiting. But yeah, I agree it's important to get it right the first time, as the predictable setbacks of IRV show.
 * And I actually believe that CMJ is the sweet spot. Easy for voters: grade the candidates like a report card. Unlike Schulze or other Condorcet systems, it gives each candidate a single number, so one-dimensional thinkers can grasp it; I'd say it's actually a fair bit simpler than those systems, though YMMV. Unlike Approval, there's no cognitive dissonance from being forced to give widely different candidates one of the same two ratings. Unlike Score, there's no systematic advantage to more-radical voting factions, and so little chance of a non-majority result in a tight mostly-two-way race. And unlike IRV, it can be counted at the precinct level, and doesn't lead to crazy/nonmonotonic/center-squeeze results.
 * So, back to working on my behavioral study of these systems... Homunq (࿓) 14:48, 11 October 2012 (UTC)

Schulze doesn't give each candidate a single number? It's a ranking system, no? I thought that was the primary characteristic thereof. "Obama is my first choice, Johnson or Roemer my second, Vermin Supreme is third, and Romney is fourth." --Baylink (talk) 15:08, 11 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes, it takes as input a single number per candidate per voter. But as output, to understand why X won, you need the full matrix of all the X vs Y pairwise results, not just a list of one final score for each candidate as in CMJ. Similarly, the counting process uses complicated matrices instead of 5 simple tallies per candidate. Homunq (࿓) 15:17, 11 October 2012 (UTC)
 * I have given some additional thought to this, Homunq, and I've figured out why I don't like it as well as choice ranking systems. It's hard to phrase, though, so bear with me.
 * My problem with it is that what people are accustomed to doing is making, usually subconsciously, their integration in their mind of everything they think about a candidate or officeholder's professed policies, what they've *actually* done, and how well they've done it, *and then making their choice*. A system where you give the running candidates a letter grade about *how well you think they've done* effectively moves the "integrate and choose step" out of the voters' heads, and *into the voting system*.
 * I, personally, don't think that will play in Peoria, and I *know* why I think so; I'm inclined to think it will be even less likely to fly amongst voters who *don't* know why they don't like it.
 * It also doesn't handle "well, I don't think Obama did all that well. But it was actually the GOP's fault he couldn't get anything done."  My judgement of someone's political work will not always be congruent totally with my *choice* about who I want to do that work.  And I don't think I'm alone in that.  For the moment, I'm going to stick with CSSD/Schulze as my least worst choice. :-)
 * [ Apologies if you've already read this; I thought I'd already written it, but I can't seem to find it, so I must not have written in here on WP. :-) ]
 * --Baylink (talk) 02:08, 1 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Sorry for the ultra-slow response.
 * You are right that voting is always more of a choice than an evaluation. That's why the grades in CMJ should always have labels like "support" or "A:Support" rather than labels like "excellent" or "A:excellent".
 * With a reasonable amount of pre-election polling or even just a history of similar elections, it will be easy to understand how a ballot corresponds to a choice. For instance, if grades are ABCDF and you have reason to believe that the winning median will be C, then you know that an A or B will count in favor of a candidate and a D or F will count against them.
 * There are situations where those conditions are violated. For instance, if there is a question with two basic sides to it, with subfactions within each of the sides, then it's likely that the winning median will be higher or lower than C (depending on how cooperative the subfactions on the larger side are). So in that case, the distinction between (for example) an A and a B could be significant; the B would translate not as its usual "I support this option, though there's something else I prefer" but rather as "I support this general idea, but actually oppose this specific implementation of it, because we can do better".
 * So it's true that it's a sometimes harder to say exactly what effect voting a certain way will have in CMJ as opposed to Schulze. But once an election is finished, it's easy to say what effect your ballot had; you supported everyone whom you gave a score above the winning median to, and opposed everyone whom you gave a score below. And as I argued above with the "single number" thing, it's much easier to convey or grasp the results.
 * In the end, any voting system is taking on some of the "integrate and choose" work; that's its job. My simulations and experiments (as yet unpublished) show that in the large majority of cases CMJ and Schulze allow the voters the same expressiveness in practice, and get the same answer. So to me the important question is, which is simpler; and the answer is clearly CMJ. Homunq (࿓) 22:22, 4 July 2013 (UTC)

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ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Baylink


text:
Neuburg-Schrobenhausen

Neuburg-Schrobenhausen is a Landkreis (district) in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the east and clockwise) the districts of Pfaffenhofen, Aichach-Friedberg, Donau-Ries and Eichstätt, and by the city of Ingolstadt.

History
The district was established in 1972 by merging the former districts of Neuburg and Schrobenhausen.

Geography
The district consists of the previously swampy areas between the Danube and Paar rivers, that are called the Donaumoos. North of the Danube the district includes a small part of the Altmühl Valley Nature Park.

Coat of arms
The coat of arms displays:
 * the bear's head from the city arms of Schrobenhausen
 * the heraldic lion of the Electorate of the Palatinate
 * a wavy line symbolising the Danube River

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Neuburg-Schrobenhausen


text:
Cum shot

A cum shot is the depiction of human ejaculation, especially onto another person. The term is usually applied to depictions occurring in pornographic films, photographs, and magazines. Unlike ejaculation in non-pornographic sex, cum shots typically involve ejaculation outside the receiver's body, allowing the viewer to see the ejaculation in progress. Facial cum shots (or "facials") are regularly portrayed in pornographic films and videos, often as a way to close a scene. Cum shots may also depict ejaculation onto another performer's body, such as on the genitals, buttocks, chest or tongue.

The term is typically used by the cinematographer within the narrative framework of a pornographic film, and, since the 1970s, it has become a leitmotif of the hardcore genre. Two exceptions are softcore pornography, in which penetration is not explicitly shown, and "couples erotica", which may involve penetration but is typically filmed in a more discreet manner intended to be romantic or educational rather than graphic. Softcore pornography that does not contain ejaculation sequences is produced both to respond to a demand by some consumers for less-explicit pornographic material and to comply with government regulations or cable company rules that may disallow depictions of ejaculation. Cum shots typically do not appear in "girl-girl" scenes (female ejaculation scenes exist, but are relatively uncommon); orgasm is instead implied by utterances, cinematic conventions, or body movement.

Cum shots have become the object of fetish genres like bukkake, in which the cum shot replaces the sex act completely.

Terminology
A cum shot may also be called a cumshot, come shot, cum blast, pop shot or money shot.

Originally, in general film-making usage the term money shot was a reference to the scene that cost the most money to produce; in addition, the inclusion of this expensive special effect sequence is being counted on to become a selling point for the film. For example, in an action thriller, an expensive special effects sequence of an explosion might be called the "money shot" of the film. The use of money shot to denote the ejaculation scene in pornographic films is attributed to producers paying the male actors extra for it. The meaning of the term money shot has sometimes been borrowed back from pornography by the film and TV industry with a meaning closer to that used in pornographic films. For example, in TV talk shows, the term, borrowed from pornography, denotes a highly emotional scene, expressed in visible bodily terms.

Origin and features
Although earlier pornographic films occasionally contained footage of ejaculation, it was not until the advent of hard-core pornography in the 1970s that the stereotypical cum shot scene became a standard feature—displaying ejaculation with maximum visibility. The 1972 film Behind the Green Door featured a seven-minute-long sequence described by Linda Williams, professor of film studies, as "optically printed, psychedelically colored doublings of the ejaculating penis". Steven Ziplow's The Film Maker's Guide to Pornography (1977) states:

"There are those who believe that the come shot, or, as some refer to it, the "money shot," is the most important element in the movie and that everything else (if necessary) should be sacrificed at its expense. Of course, this depends on the outlook of the producer, but the one thing is for sure: if you don't have the come shots, you don't have a porno picture."

Cum shot scenes may involve the female actor calling for the shot to be directed at some specific part of her body. Cultural analysis researcher Murat Aydemir considers this one of the three quintessential aspects of the cum shot scene, alongside the emphasis on visible ejaculation and the timing of the cum shot, which usually concludes a hard-core scene.

As a possible alternative explanation for the rise of the cum shot in hardcore pornography, Joseph Slade, professor at Ohio University and author of Pornography and sexual representation: a reference guide notes that pornography actresses in the 1960s and 1970s did not trust birth control methods, and that more than one actress of the period told him that ejaculation inside her body was deemed inconsiderate if not rude.

Transmission of disease
Any sexual activity that involves contact with the bodily fluids of another person contains the risk of transmission of sexually transmitted diseases. Semen is in itself generally harmless on the skin or if swallowed. However, semen can be the vehicle for many sexually transmitted infections, such as HIV and hepatitis. The California Occupational Safety and Health Administration categorizes semen as "other potentially infectious material" or OPIM.

Aside from other sexual activity that may have occurred prior to performing a facial, the risks incurred by the giving and receiving partner are drastically different. For the ejaculating partner, there is almost no risk of contracting an STD. For the receiving partner, the risk is higher. Since potentially infected semen could come into contact with broken skin or sensitive mucous membranes (eyes, lips, mouth), there is a risk of contracting an infectious disease.

Allergic reactions
In rare cases, people have been known to experience allergic reactions to seminal fluids, known as human seminal plasma hypersensitivity. Symptoms can be either localized or systemic, and may include itching, redness, swelling, or blisters within 30 minutes of contact. They may also include hives and even difficulty breathing.

Options for prevention of semen allergy include avoiding exposure to seminal fluid by use of condoms and attempting desensitization. Treatment options include diphenhydramine and/or an injection of epinephrine.

Criticisms and responses
One critic of "cum shot" scenes in heterosexual pornography was the US porn star–turned–writer, director and producer Candida Royalle. She produced pornography films aimed at women and their partners that avoid the "misogynous predictability" and depiction of sex in "...as grotesque and graphic [a way] as possible." Royalle also criticizes the male-centredness of the typical pornography film, in which scenes end when the male actor ejaculates.

Women's activist Beatrice Faust argued, "since ejaculating into blank space is not much fun, ejaculating over a person who responds with enjoyment sustains a lighthearted mood as well as a degree of realism. This occurs in both homosexual and hetrosexual [sic] pornography so that ejaculation cannot be interpreted as an expression of contempt for women only." She goes on to say "Logically, if sex is natural and wholesome and semen is as healthy as sweat, there is no reason to interpret ejaculation as a hostile gesture."

Sexologist Peter Sándor Gardos argues that his research suggests that "... the men who get most turned on by watching cum shots are the ones who have positive attitudes toward women" (at the annual meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Sex in 1992). Later, at the World Pornography Conference in 1998, he reported a similar conclusion, namely that "no pornographic image is interpretable outside of its historical and social context. Harm or degradation does not reside in the image itself."

Cindy Patton, activist and scholar on human sexuality, argues that, in western culture, male sexual fulfillment is synonymous with orgasm and that the male orgasm is an essential punctuation of the sexual narrative. No orgasm, no sexual pleasure. No cum shot, no narrative closure. The cum shot is the period at the end of the sentence.

In her essay "Visualizing Safe Sex: When Pedagogy and Pornography Collide", Patton reached the conclusion that critics have devoted too little space to discovering the meaning that viewers attach to specific acts such as cum shots.

title: Cum shot


text:
User talk:Louis 1977

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them:

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title: User talk:Louis 1977


text:
Keynsham

Keynsham is a town and civil parish located on the outskirts of the city of Bristol on the A4 that links the cities of Bristol and Bath in Somerset, England. It had a population of 19,603 at the 2021 Census. It was listed in the Domesday Book as Cainesham (as it is pronounced), which is believed to mean the home of Saint Keyne.

The site of the town has been occupied since prehistoric times, and may have been the site of the Roman settlement of Trajectus. The remains of at least two Roman villas have been excavated, and an additional 15 Roman buildings have been detected beneath the Keynsham Hams. Keynsham developed into a medieval market town after Keynsham Abbey was founded around 1170. It is situated at the confluence of the River Chew and River Avon and was subject to serious flooding before the creation of Chew Valley Lake and river level controls at Keynsham Lock in 1727. The Chew Stoke flood of 1968 inundated large parts of the town. It was home to the Cadbury's chocolate factory, Somerdale, which opened in 1935 as a major employer in the town.

It is home to Memorial Park, which is used for the annual town festival and several nature reserves. The town is served by Keynsham railway station on the London-Bristol and Bristol-Southampton trunk routes and is close to the A4 road which bypassed the town in 1964. There are schools, religious, sporting, and cultural clubs and venues.

Roman Trajectus

Evidence of occupation dates back to prehistoric times, and during the Roman period, Keynsham may have been the site of the Roman settlement of Trajectus, which is the Latin word for "bridgehead." It is believed that a settlement around a Roman ford over the River Avon existed somewhere in the vicinity, and the numerous Roman ruins discovered in Keynsham make it a likely candidate for this lost settlement.

In 1877 during construction of the Durley Hill Cemetery, the remains of a grand Roman villa with over 30 rooms was discovered. However, construction of the cemetery went ahead, and the majority of the villa is now located beneath the Victorian cemetery and an adjacent road. The cemetery was expanded in 1922, and an archeological dig was carried out ahead of the interments, leading to the excavation of 17 rooms and the rescue of 10 elaborate mosaics.

At the same time as the grand Roman villa was being excavated at Durley Hill Cemetery, a second smaller villa was discovered during the construction of Fry's Somerdale Chocolate Factory. Two fine stone coffins were found, interred with the remains of a man and a woman. The villa and coffins were removed to a place near the gates of the factory grounds, and construction on the factory went ahead. Fry's built in the grounds of the factory a museum which for many years housed the Durley Hill mosaics, the coffins, and numerous other artefacts. In 2012, Taylor Wimpey, about to develop the factory site, made a detailed geophysical assessment of the area, and discovered an additional 15 Roman buildings centered around a Roman road beneath Keynsham Hams, with evidence of additional Roman buildings that had been disturbed by quarrying.

Medieval Keynsham
According to legend, Saint Keyne, daughter of King Brychan of Brycheiniog (Brecon), lived here on the banks of the River Avon during the 5th century. Before settling here, she had been warned by the local King that the marshy area was swarming with snakes, which prevented habitation. St Keyne prayed to the heavens and turned the snakes to stone. The fossil ammonites found in the area were believed to be the result. However, there is no evidence that her cult was ever celebrated in Keynsham.

Some scattered archeological evidence suggests that an Anglo-Saxon settlement existed in Keynsham in the High Street area, and that in the 9th century a Minster church existed in Keynsham as well. The earliest documentary reference to Keynsham is in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, (c. 980) which refers to it as Cægineshamme, Old English for 'Cæga's Hamm.' The town is also listed in the Domesday Book of 1086 as "Cainesham." It has therefore been suggested that the origin of Keynsham's name is not, in fact Saint Keyne, but from "Ceagin (Caega)."

Around 1170, Keynsham Abbey was founded by the Victorine congregation of canon regulars. Archeological evidence suggests that the abbey was built over the site of the previous Saxon Minster church. The settlement developed into a medieval market town, and the abbey of Keynsham was given ownership of the Keynsham Hundred. The abbey survived until the dissolution of the monasteries in 1539, and a house was subsequently built on the site. The remains have been designated as a Grade I listed building by English Heritage.

Stuart era
Keynsham played a part in the Civil War as the Roundheads occupied the town and also camped there for the night, using the pub now known as the Lock Keeper Inn as a guard post. During the Monmouth Rebellion of 1685 the town was the site of a battle between royalist forces and the rebel Duke of Monmouth. Bridges Almshouses were built around 1685 and may have been for the widows of those killed in the rebellion.

Post World War II
Keynsham rose to fame during the late 1950s and early 1960s when it featured in a long-running series of advertisements on Radio Luxembourg for Horace Batchelor's Infra-draw betting system. To obtain the system, listeners had to write to Batchelor's Keynsham post office box, and Keynsham was always painstakingly spelled out on-air, with Batchelor famously intoning "Keynsham – spelt K-E-Y-N-S-H-A-M – Keynsham, Bristol". This was done because the proper pronunciation of Keynsham – "Cane-sham" – does not make the spelling of Keynsham immediately obvious to the radio listener.

Since the 1950s Keynsham has become a dormitory town for Bristol and Bath. The High Street shopping area has been remodelled, and a Town Hall, Library, and Clock Tower were built in the mid-1960s.

Before the creation of Chew Valley Lake and river level controls at Keynsham Lock and weir, Keynsham was prone to flooding. The Great Flood of 1968 inundated large parts of the town, destroying the town's bridges including the county bridge over the Avon which had stood since medieval times, and private premises on Dapps Hill; the devastation was viewed by the Duke of Edinburgh. After the flood the Memorial Park, which had been laid out after World War II was extended.

2010s regeneration
Design work for regeneration of the town hall area was awarded by Bath and North East Somerset Council to Aedas in 2010, with the works cost stated in 2011 to be £33 million (£34 million in 2012). Realisation of the plans is hoped to "attract new business and jobs", in the aftermath of the announcement of the Cadbury Somerdale Factory closure.

In January 2012, it was announced that the Willmott Dixon Group had been appointed as contractor on the scheme. The Council's planning committee in August 2012 deferred the approval decision, pending alterations to the external appearance of the building. These were approved in October 2012, with demolition commencing in the same month. The regenerated Keynsham Civic Centre came back into use in late 2014 and early 2015.

In the latter half of the 2010s, Keynsham underwent rapid expansion with hundreds of new homes built.

Governance
Keynsham Town Council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The town council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The town council's role includes projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, such as the village hall or community centre, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning.

Playing fields and playgrounds are provided in Memorial Park, Downfield, Kelston Road, Teviot Road, Holmoak Road and Manor Road with basketball facilities at Teviot Road and Holmoak Road and a BMX track at Keynsham Road. The Keynsham town council is also responsible for the football pitches and pavilion at Manor Road and the floodlit Multi Sport Site in Memorial Park. It also provides support for community groups organising music and cultural events. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also of interest to the council.

The town council was formed in 1991 and consists of 15 members elected every four years. The town council is divided into three wards. As of May 2023, Keynsham East is represented by five Liberal Democrat councillors, Keynsham North has four Liberal Democrat councillors and one Green Party councillor and Keynsham South is represented by three Labour and two Liberal Democrat councillors. Keynsham has one official twin town: Libourne in France.

Formerly an urban district within the county of Somerset, between 1974 and 1996 the town became part of the larger district of Wandsdyke within the short-lived county of Avon. The town is now represented as part of the unitary authority of Bath and North East Somerset, in the ceremonial county of Somerset. Bath and North East Somerset Council was established in 1996 under the Local Government Act 1992. The town is divided into three wards on the unitary authority, Keynsham East which has two Liberal Democrat Councillors, Keynsham North, which has two Liberal Democrat councillors, Keynsham South which is represented by one Conservative and one Labour councillor.

Bath and North East Somerset provides a single tier of local government, with responsibility for almost all local government functions within its area, including local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection, recycling, cemeteries, crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism. It is also responsible for education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, trading standards, waste disposal and strategic planning, although fire, police and ambulance services are provided jointly with other authorities through the Avon Fire and Rescue Service, Avon and Somerset Constabulary and the South Western Ambulance Service.

Bath and North East Somerset's area covers part of the ceremonial county of Somerset but it is administered independently of the non-metropolitan county. Its administrative headquarters is in Bath, but many departments are headquartered in Keynsham. Between 1 April 1974 and 1 April 1996, it was the main town of the Wansdyke district of the county of Avon. Before 1974 the parish was part of the Keynsham Urban District.

The parish is represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom as part of the North East Somerset and Hanham constituency following the 2023 boundary changes by the Boundary Commission for England replacing the North East Somerset Parliamentary Seat. In the first election following these changes in the 2024 general election the constituency elected Dan Norris of the Labour Party, who had previously represented the Wansdyke constituency that preceded North East Somerset. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.

Geography
Keynsham is located where the River Chew meets the River Avon. Fishing rights for the Millground and Chewton sections of the Chew are owned by Keynsham Angling Club. The Mill Ground stretch of the River Chew consists of the six fields on the western bank from Chewton Place at Chewton Keynsham to the Albert Mill. The water is home to chub, roach, European perch and rudd, along with good numbers of gudgeon, dace and trout. Keynsham Lock on the Avon opened in 1727. Just above the lock are some visitor moorings and a pub, on an island between the lock and the weir. The weir side of the island is also the mouth of the River Chew. Memorial Park, the northern part of which has existed as parkland since the 19th century, as shown by the ordnance Survey maps of 1864 and 1867, was formally laid out after World War II was extended after the floods of 1968. It covers 10.7 ha of woodland and grass alongside the River Chew. It commemorates the war dead of Keynsham and includes facilities including two children's play areas, a skateboard park, multi-sport area, bowling green, public toilets, a bandstand and refreshment kiosk. The formal gardens within the park are adjacent to the River Chew with the Dapps Hill Woods at its western end. Part of the park is known locally as Chew Park because of its proximity to the river and another area, close to Keynsham Abbey as Abbey Park. The park received the Green Flag Award in 2008/09, and again for 2009/10.

On the outskirts of Keynsham lies Keynsham Humpy Tumps, one of the most floristically rich acidic grassland sites within the Avon area. The site is on a south-facing slope running alongside the Bristol to Bath railway line. It consists of open patches of grassland and bare rock, interspersed with blocks of scrub. It is the only site in Avon at which upright chickweed Moenchia erecta, occurs. Other locally notable plant species found here include annual knawel Scleranthus annuus, sand spurrey Spergularia rubra, subterranean clover Trifolium subterraneus and prickly sedge Carex muricata ssp. lamprocarpa. The site does not have any statutory conservation status, and is not managed for its biodiversity interest. Threats to its ecological value include the encroachment of scrub onto the grassland areas, and damage from motorcycle scrambling. Between Keynsham and Saltford, a 15 ha area of green belt has been planted, with over 19,000 trees, as the Manor Road Community Woodland, which has been designated as a Nature Reserve. Nearby is the Avon Valley Country Park tourist attraction.

Along with the rest of South West England, Keynsham has a temperate climate which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of England. The annual mean temperature is about 10 °C (50 °F) with seasonal and diurnal variations, but due to the modifying effect of the sea, the range is less than in most other parts of the United Kingdom. January is the coldest month with mean minimum temperatures between 1 °C (34 °F) and 2 °C (36 °F). July and August are the warmest months in the region with mean daily maxima around 21 °C (70 °F). In general, December is the dullest month and June the sunniest. The south west of England enjoys a favoured location, particularly in summer, when the Azores High extends its influence north-eastwards towards the UK.

Cloud often forms inland, especially near hills, and reduces exposure to sunshine. The average annual sunshine totals around 1600 hours. Rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic depressions or with convection. In summer, convection caused by solar surface heating sometimes forms shower clouds and a large proportion of the annual precipitation falls from showers and thunderstorms at this time of year. Average rainfall is around 800–900 mm (31–35 in). About 8–15 days of snowfall is typical. November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, with June to August having the lightest. The predominant wind direction is from the south west.

Demography
In the 2001 census Keynsham had a population of 15,533, in 6,545 households, of which 6,480 described themselves as White. Keynsham East Ward had a population of 5,479, Keynsham North 5,035 and Keynsham South 5,019. In each of the wards between 75 and 80% of the population described themselves as Christians, and around 15% said that they had no religion.

In 1881 the population of the civil parish was 2,482. This grew gradually until 1931 when there were 4,521, before there was a steeper rise to 1951 when there were 8,277. Over the next ten years this nearly doubled to 15,152 in 1961.

Economy
An important industry in the town was Cadbury's chocolate factory, the Somerdale Factory. The J. S. Fry & Sons business merged with Cadbury in 1919, and moved their factory in the centre of Bristol to Keynsham in 1935. As Quakers, Cadbury's built the factory on a 228 acre greenfield site with social facilities, including playing fields and recreational sports grounds. Called Somerdale after a national competition in 1923, Keynsham Cadbury was the home of Fry's Chocolate Cream, the Double Decker, Dairy Milk and Mini Eggs, Cadbury's Fudge, Chomp and Crunchie.

On 3 October 2007, Cadbury announced plans to close the Somerdale plant by 2010 with the loss of some 500 jobs. Production was to be moved to factories in Birmingham and Poland, and in the longer term it was expected that the site would be redeveloped for housing. Labour MP for Wansdyke, Dan Norris, said "news of the factory's closure is a hard and heavy blow, not just to the workforce, but to the Keynsham community as a whole". By late 2007 campaigns to save the Cadbury's factory in Somerdale were in full swing, and one local resident started a campaign to urge English Heritage to protect the site and preserve the history of the factory.

In 2009 the US corporation Kraft made a takeover bid for Cadbury. Cadbury's were seen as iconic of British manufacturing industry, and the bid became a cause célèbre of national interest. To sweeten their case before the Monopolies Commission, Kraft made a pledge to keep the Cadbury factory at Somerdale open if they were successful in their bid for the company; and their bid was duly successful. However, within a week of completing their purchase of Cadbury, Kraft CEO Irene Rosenfeld released a statement announcing that Kraft were to close the factory by 2011, as originally planned by Cadbury. The stated reason for this was that it was only after the purchase had been made that Kraft realised how advanced Cadbury's plans were, but industry experts questioned this, arguing that Kraft invested so much in researching their bid for Cadbury that they should have been aware of the extent to which plans had been advanced.

Culture
In 1969 the town was featured as the title of the fourth album Keynsham by the Bonzo Dog Band. The title was chosen in honour of Horace Batchelor, who had been referenced in previous Bonzo Dog Band recordings. In the early 1960s, Batchelor became known through his regular advertisements on Radio Luxembourg for his football pools prediction service. When giving his contact address, he would slowly spell out 'Keynsham' letter by letter, and this became an amusing feature for many young listeners.

Keynsham Festival, which started in the late 1990s, takes place in the Memorial Park each July, and attracts around 16,000 people. There is also a Victorian evening held in the town each November. This has since been renamed Keynsham Winter Festival. Keynsham and Saltford local history society was formed in 1965 and is concerned with researching and recording the history of the area.

Keynsham was chosen as the outdoor location for a dramatic story-line in the BBC One TV serial EastEnders in September 2012 with filming taking place in a cordoned-off section of the High Street.

In Northanger Abbey by Jane Austen, Catherine and her friends ride to ″within view of the town of Keynsham″.

Media
Local television news programmes are covered by BBC Points West and ITV News West Country which both broadcast from Bristol.

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Bristol on 94.9 FM, Heart West on 96.3 FM, Greatest Hits Radio Bristol & The South West on 107.2 FM, Hits Radio Bristol on 106.5 FM, Kiss on 97.2 FM and KTCRfm, which is an Ofcom licensed community station which broadcast from the town on 105.8 FM, DAB and also online.

The town is served by the local newspaper, Bristol Post (formerly Bristol Observer).

Transport
The town is served by Keynsham railway station on the London-Bristol and Bristol-Southampton trunk routes. It opened in 1840 and was renamed Keynsham and Somerdale in 1925. The chocolate factory had its own rail system which was connected to the main line, but the connection was taken out of use 26–27 July 1980. The station's name reverted to Keynsham on 6 May 1974. The station was rebuilt in 1985 as a joint project between British Rail and Avon County Council.

The A4 trunk road used to run through the town, but much of this traffic is now carried on the bypass, which was constructed in 1964. The bypass runs from Saltford, a village which adjoins Keynsham, to Brislington in Bristol. Keynsham is about 10 miles (16 km) from junction 1 of the M32 via the Avon Ring Road A4174 and provides a fast route to the M4 and M5.

Keynsham is on the Monarch's Way long-distance footpath which approximates the escape route taken by King Charles II in 1651 after being defeated in the Battle of Worcester.

In May 2017, the High Street was made one-way for traffic heading towards Saltford and Bath with all Bristol-bound diverted along Ashton Way. There is now no access to Temple Street from High Street with the exception of buses and taxis, all traffic for Temple Street is diverted along Ashton Way.

The town is served by 6 bus routes, 1 of which connects Bath with Bristol International Airport, another bus service runs from Ashton Way at the back of the shops to Southmead Hospital and one bus service runs to Cribbs Causeway. In numerical order:
 * A4 Bath to Bristol Airport
 * 17 Keynsham to Southmead Hospital
 * 18 Bath to Cribbs Causeway
 * 39 Bath to Bristol
 * 178 Radstock to Bristol
 * 349 Keynsham to Bristol

All buses towards Bristol, Southmead and Cribbs Causeway use the bus stop on Ashton Way at the back of the shops, whilst all buses towards Bath use the stop on the High Street opposite the Post Office.

Education
State-funded schools are organised within the unitary authority of Bath and North East Somerset. A review of Secondary Education in Bath was started in 2007, primarily to reduce surplus provision and reduce the number of single-sex secondary schools in Bath, and to access capital funds available through the government's Building Schools for the Future programme. There are five primary schools in Keynsham, St John's Primary School, Castle Primary School, Chandag Primary School (formerly separate Infant and Junior schools until 2023), St Keyna Primary School (formed when Keynsham Primary School and 150 year old Temple Primary School merged in 2007) and Two Rivers CofE Primary School which opened in 2019. There are also three secondary schools: Wellsway; Broadlands; and IKB Academy.

Wellsway School is an 11–18, mixed comprehensive school which was established in 1971, by amalgamating Keynsham Grammar School and Wellsway County Secondary School both of which opened on a shared site in the mid-1950s. Most students that attend the school live in Keynsham and Saltford or the nearby villages. As of 2014, approximately 1335 students attend the school, ranging in age of 11–18, with 64% achieving 5 or more A-C grades at GCSE. Wellsway's bid for specialist school status was accepted in September 2007. In 2013 it became an academy and was the founder school of Wellsway Multi Academy Trust which later rebranded itself as Futura Learning Partner in September 2021.

Broadlands Academy became an academy in 2012. It has 430 students between the ages of 11 and 16 years.

IKB Academy opened in September 2015, and has a focus on Science, Technology, Engineering, and Maths (STEM) subjects. It is a studio school for pupils aged 14–19, and offers GCSEs, A Levels, and BTECs, in conjunction with weekly or fortnightly work placements.

Nearby Bath has two universities. The University of Bath was established in 1966. It is known, academically, for the physical sciences, mathematics, architecture, management and technology. Bath Spa University was first granted degree-awarding powers in 1992 as a university college (Bath Spa University College), before being granted university status in August 2005. It has schools in Art and Design, Education, English and Creative Studies, Historical and Cultural Studies, Music and the Performing Arts, and Social Sciences. The city contains one further education college, City of Bath College, and several sixth forms as part of both state, private, and public schools. In England, on average in 2006, 45.8% of pupils gained 5 grades A-C including English and Maths; for Bath and North East Somerset pupils taking GCSE at 16 it is 52.0%. Special needs education is provided by Three Ways School.

Religious sites
Begun in 1292, the Church of England parish church of St John the Baptist, Keynsham gradually evolved until taking its present general form during the reign of Charles I, after the tower collapsed into the building during a storm in 1632. The tower, built over the north-east corner of the nave, now rises in three stages over the Western entrance and is surmounted by a pierced parapet and short crocketted pinnacles and is said to have been built from the ruins of the abbey church. The south aisle and south porch date from 1390. The chancel, then the responsibility of the abbey, was rebuilt in 1470 and further restoration was carried out in 1634–1655, following the collapse of the tower. There is a pulpit dating from 1634 and is also a screen of the same age which shuts off the choir vestry. It has been designated as a Grade II* listed building.

A former organ is said to have stood in the church, but "had tones so mellow" that Handel bargained for it, offering a peal of bells in exchange. The offer was accepted. The musician went off with the organ and the bells were delivered. There are eight bells in total, some made by the Bilbie family of Chew Stoke, the smallest bears these lines: "I value not who doth me see

For Thomas Bilbie casted me;

Althow my sound it is but small

I can be heard amongst you all."

St John the Baptist church is one of five churches in the Church of England Parish of Keynsham, the others being the village churches of St Michael's in Burnett and St Margaret's in Queen Charlton, the "Mission Church" in Chewton Keynsham (formerly the school building), and St Francis' Church on the Park Estate which in 2013 - 2015 underwent extensive modernisation and offers two halls for use by community groups.

There are also the Victoria and Queens Road Methodist churches, St Dunstan's Roman Catholic Church and an Elim Church. The churches work together, also with churches in Saltford, under the banner of "Churches Together in Keynsham and Saltford" and often with the strapline "More to Life".

Sport
Keynsham Cricket Club play at the Frank Taylor Memorial Ground, their 1st XI compete in the West of England Premier League Division 2. Marcus Trescothick is the most noticeable player to have played for the club. His family remain members of the club, which incorporates over 100 senior members and 100 junior members.

Keynsham Rugby Football Club play at Crown Field. The club's most notable and tragic event occurred on 24 December 1992, when there was a fatal road accident outside the club's ground. A Ford Fiesta car ploughed into 11 people leaving the annual festive disco. One woman, 21-year-old Sarah Monnelle, died at the scene. A second person, 24-year-old rugby player Richard Barnett, died in hospital two days later from his injuries. Clive Sutton was later found guilty on a double charge of causing death by dangerous driving and sentenced to four years in prison at Bristol Crown Court.

Keynsham Hockey Club play at Wellsway School. The club currently runs 3 ladies’, 2 men's and 1 mixed team, plus 5 youth teams at various age groups for children aged 7 and upwards. The club was formerly known as Fry's Hockey Club and had existed for nearly 100 years. Fry's Hockey Club was based at Fry Club on the Somervale site for Fry's, then Cadbury's before it closed in 2012. Hockey was played at the site from the 1920s when the Fry's chocolate factory reputedly had more than 15 ladies teams. By the 1970s the club had shrunk to only two ladies' teams whose games were played only as friendlies on a Saturday using a grass pitch. Since then, the club has grown to its present structure.

Keynsham Town F.C. were founded in 1895. They have played continuously apart from a break during World War II and moved to their current ground, the Crown Field, in 1945. They first played in the Bristol & District League and progressed through the Bristol Combination, Bristol Premier and Somerset Senior League and won the Somerset Senior Cup in 1951–52 and 1957–58. They were elected to the Western League in 1973 but were relegated three years later in 1976. Since then they have been promoted to the Premier Division three times and relegated three times. They won the Somerset Senior Cup for the third time in 2002–03 and reached the 5th round of the FA Vase in 2003–04. They currently play in the Western Football League Division 1.

There is a bowls club situated at the Memorial Park. The Fry Tennis Club has courts located within the town's Somerdale estate. Keynsham leisure centre was built in 1965 by British Gas as a gift to the town. It includes a swimming pool, gymnasium and sauna.

Notable residents
Several notable people have been born or lived in Keynsham. The comedian Bill Bailey was raised in the town. Another entertainer Neil Forrester, who was a research assistant and became known as a cast member on The Real World: London was also a local. Celebrated children's author Mimi Thebo has been resident since 2002. Sports players from Keynsham include Mark Regan a professional rugby player and a former player at Keynsham Rugby Football Club, Luke Sutton of Lancashire County Cricket Club who played as both a wicket-keeper and batsman, Marcus Trescothick, the Somerset and England cricketer. and Judd Trump, a professional snooker player. Horace Batchelor, who sold a system for the football pools, lived in Keynsham, making the town famous by spelling its name in his regular advertisements on Radio Luxembourg.

title: Keynsham


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Malabar lark

The Malabar lark, or Malabar crested lark (Galerida malabarica) is a species of lark in the family Alaudidae found in western India.

Taxonomy and systematics
Originally, the Malabar lark was classified in the genus Alauda before being moved to its present genus. Also, some authorities have considered the Thekla lark to be a subspecies of the Malabar lark.

Description
This is a smallish lark, slightly smaller than the Eurasian skylark. It has a long spiky erectile crest. It is greyer than the skylark, and lacks the white wing and tail edges of that species, which is a winter visitor to India.

It is very similar to the crested lark, which breeds in northern India. The Malabar lark is smaller and dark-streaked reddish brown in plumage, whereas the crested lark is grey. The belly is white. The sexes are similar.

Sykes's lark is another Indian relative that also has reddish-brown plumage, but is smaller, shorter-billed, with a stiff upright crest and has plain rufous underparts.

Distribution and habitat
The Malabar lark is found in western India. It is a common bird of open country, cultivation and scrub, often at some altitude.

Behaviour and ecology
The Malabar lark is a sedentary breeding bird that nests on the ground, laying two or three eggs. Its food is seeds and insects, the latter especially in the breeding season.

title: Malabar lark


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Run (2002 film)

Run is a 2002 Indian Tamil-language romantic action film  directed by N. Linguswamy and produced by A. M. Rathnam under Sri Surya Movies. It stars Madhavan, Meera Jasmine, Vivek, Atul Kulkarni, Raghuvaran, and Anu Hasan. Vidyasagar composed the music, while Jeeva and V. T. Vijayan handled the cinematography and editing. The film marks Meera Jasmine's Tamil debut.

Run was released on 5 September 2002 and received positive reviews from critics, prompting the film to be partially reshot in Telugu with Sunil playing Vivek's role. It was remade in Hindi under the same name by Jeeva, with Abhishek Bachchan and Bhumika Chawla reprising the roles of Madhavan and Meera Jasmine.

Plot
Shiva lives in Srirangam, arrives at Chennai to gain admission to a college, and stays with his sister and her husband. He does not like his brother-in-law and never talks to him despite several attempts made by his sister to convince them. Shiva meets Priya during a bus journey. He meets her on a few more occasions and proposes to her. However, Priya warns him to stop following her despite being in love with him.

Shiva learns that Priya's brother, Bhaskar, is a local gangster who attacks when anyone follows Priya. She does not want Shiva to get beaten by Bhaskar and advises him to stop following her. Bhaskar's henchmen spot Shiva and Priya together and try to attack him. Shiva thrashes them, ultimately encouraging Priya to go against Bhaskar. Shiva's brother-in-law learns about his love and offers help which makes them talk to each other, much to the happiness of Shiva's sister.

Bhaskar arrives to attack Shiva's family, but Shiva threatens to attack Bhaskar's family, thereby frightening him. Priya elopes with Shiva and Bhaskar chases after them along with his men. The couple is tracked down and the goons start attacking Shiva. Priya interferes and challenges Bhaskar to attack Shiva single-handedly without any help from his men. Bhaskar accepts and starts attacking Shiva, but Shiva retaliates and hits back at Bhaskar, who gets severely injured. He finally lets Shiva and Priya unite.

Production
Ajith Kumar was initially considered to play the lead role. Madhavan signed the film in January 2002 after being impressed with Lingusamy's narration and through the project would make his first appearance in an action-orientated role. Madhavan wanted to do an action film after being instructed by Mani Ratnam to move away from romantic drama films and lost eight kilograms to portray the lead role. Vidya Balan was originally selected to play the lead role in the film, but was later released from her contract.

The makers then signed on Raima Sen to portray the lead role before deciding to change the lead actress again after the actress struggled with the Tamil dialogues. Meera Jasmine was consequently signed on to make her first appearance in Tamil films. Atul Kulkarni was signed to play an antagonist, marking a rare move for the actor towards regular antagonistic roles. Raghuvaran, Anu Hasan, and Vivek were also signed on to work on the film with Vivek filming a separate comedy track.

The scenes were shot at locations in Chennai, Karaikudi, and Srirangam, among other places, while the songs were shot abroad in Denmark and Switzerland. The team also filmed scenes at the M.G. R. Film City in Chennai, where action sequences were filmed. The film completed production in one schedule, with Madhavan remarking about the well-organised structure of the shoot.

Soundtrack
The music was composed by Vidyasagar, with lyrics written by Na. Muthukumar, Pa. Vijay, Thamarai, Yugabharathi, Arivumathi, and Viveka. The soundtrack won critical acclaim and became Vidyasagar's most successful album at the time of its release.

Release
The release was postponed from July 2002 to September 2002 to finish off post-production works. However, the box-office bomb of Rajinikanth-starrer Baba (2002) meant that the makers were able to prepone the film to the earliest release date in September to avoid other competition. The makers of the film chose to release the film on Thursday instead of Friday, in order to avoid a box office clash with King (2002). The film was later dubbed and released in Telugu under the same name during April 2003 with the comedy portions re-shot with Telugu actors. The Telugu version was released on the same day as Dil (2003) since that film had a similar storyline.

Reception
Run received positive reviews from critics with praise for its music, technical aspects, acting, and action sequences.

Critical response
Malathi Rangarajan of The Hindu wrote "The track Lingusamy has chosen could be an age-old one, but the agility and youthfulness make the run interesting". Malini Mannath of Chennai Online wrote "It is to the director’s credit that he has kept the narration fast paced and engaging with not many lagging moments". Nowrunning wrote "Director Linguswamy has given a very enjoyable film with good music by Vidyasagar and brilliant cinematography by Jeeva. Madhavan has proved in this film that he can also do action and that too convincingly". Cinema Today wrote "There is nothing new about the film's story, but Madhavan's new incarnation as an action hero and Linguswamy's racy screenplay has made this a thoroughly enjoyable experience". R Shiva Srivatsav of Angelfire wrote "The other hero in this film apart from our cute hero Madhavan is the screenplay of the movie".

Box office
Run went on to become amongst the highest-grossing Tamil films of the year in 2002 and became Madhavan's most profitable film at the time of release. Vivek also won the Best Comedian Award at the Filmfare Awards 2002.

Legacy
The film was later remade the film in Hindi by Jeeva with Abhishek Bachchan, Bhumika Chawla and Vijay Raaz and into Bengali Bangladesh in 2004 as Rukhe Darao with Shakib Khan and Sahara.

A film titled Kadhal Pisase, named after the song from the film, was released in 2012. A popular scene involving Madhavan closing a subway shutter was later parodied in the spoof film Thamizh Padam (2010), while it was also referred to in Vettai (2012), in which the actor and director had collaborated again.

title: Run (2002 film)


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Democratic National Rally

The Democratic National Rally (التجمع الوطني الديمقراطي; Rassemblement national démocratique, RND) is a political party in Algeria. The party held its Second Congress on 15–17 May 2003.

History
The RND was founded on 21 February 1997 in the midst of the Algerian Civil War for supporters of Liamine Zéroual, former head of ground forces of the Algerian military who had been elected president less than two years earlier (16 November 1995). Zéroual had run as an independent and won 60% of votes cast. In the Algerian Parliamentary elections held on 5 June 1997 the RND received more votes than any other party 156 out of 380 seats. In the next parliamentary elections five years later it came in third polling only 9.5% of the vote, winning 47 of 380 seats in the Algerian Parliament. In the 2007 election it obtained 10.33% of the vote and 61 seats out of the 389 seats. It is part of the presidential alliance, a three party political alliance created in 2005, the other two parties being the former sole legal party, the National Liberation Front, and the Movement for the Society of Peace.

The Georgetown University Berkley Center describes the RND as having "replaced" the FLN as the Algerian "state party" temporarily for the 1995 and 1997 elections "after the FLN was defeated by the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) in the 1991-1992 national legislative elections". That election was canceled by a military coup and the civil war that followed killed as many 200,000 Algerians, but once the Islamist insurgents were pacified to a large degree, the "FLN regained its place as the majority and ruling party".

RND Secretary-General Ahmed Ouyahia was appointed as prime minister on 23 June 2008.

title: Democratic National Rally


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Wikipedia:Naming conventions (comics)

Generally, article naming should indicate what the greatest number of English speakers would most easily recognize, with a reasonable minimum of ambiguity, while at the same time making linking to those articles easy and second nature.

Therefore, the purpose of naming conventions is to aid the reader, both in clarity as to what the expected content of the article may be, and as a convention or standard in order to help aid in navigating the encyclopedia.

In accordance with this, Naming conventions (common names) directs to "use the most common name of a person or thing that does not conflict with the names of other people or things", and Naming conventions (precision) directs that more precise is better.

When confronted with a difficult or complex naming issue, please check for community consensus at the WikiProject talk page.

The
Note: Remember to only include initial "The" when appropriate:
 * a character: e.g. Flash, not The Flash
 * a group of characters: e.g. Fantastic Four, not The Fantastic Four (and per Naming conventions (acronyms), not The FF or FF - though a common acronym could possibly be a redirect)
 * a publication: e.g. The Flash; however, do not add "The" to the beginning of a publication title when it isn't actually the name of the publication (e.g. Infinity Inc., not The Infinity Inc.)

Disambiguation
Following a discussion in February 2017 under the heading Changing the standard DAB, the agreed general disambiguation phrases used for articles related to comics are broken down as follows:

 * Articles primarily about characters appearing in a comic should use the phrase (character)
 * Articles primarily about a publication should use the phrase (comics)
 * Articles primarily about a comic creator should follow the rules at Naming conventions (people)

In general, when naming an article, use the name itself, without further disambiguation (e.g. Jack Kirby) unless that leads to ambiguity.

Between characters of different publishers
If a character name has been used by more than one publisher, use the publisher name to disambiguate. Example:
 * Alpha (DC Comics)
 * Alpha (Marvel Comics)

Phrases not used

 * Never disambiguate using Roman numerals unless the character or comic actually uses them in the text (in the case of a character) or the comic title (e.g. Death's Head II). This also applies to usage in an article as well.

 * modern age, bronze age, silver age, golden age, platinum age, et al.

Character articles
(Note: The term "codename" is used to mean the pseudonym, sobriquet, moniker, stage name, nom de plume, or any other alternate name, used or applied as the character's public persona.)

Quite often a character will have an alternate name or codename. For example, Hal Jordan is also known as Green Lantern.

When selecting a name for an article on a character, use the "most common name" as the rule, as noted at the top of this page.

If a given character is best known by one specific codename (such as Bruce Wayne as Batman or Peter Parker as Spider-Man), then that name should be used for an article of the character.

Conversely, if a character is best known by their "real" name, then that name should be used for the article of the character. For example: John Constantine is most commonly known by that name, rather than by "Hellblazer". Lois Lane rather than "Superwoman", for another example.

If a given character has been well-recognized in more than one identity such that no "codename" is necessarily better known than another, naming the "overview" article (see below) after the character's "real name", may be appropriate. Henry Pym and Roy Harper (character) might be two such examples.

Notice how easily this disambiguates, the name itself does it. (As per Manual of Style (disambiguation pages))

By codename
In the case of several characters having the same (or very similar) codenames (Sandman, or Iron Man, for example), and when each identity has a separate article - a disambiguation phrase may be necessary.

To disambiguate between more than one character of a single codename, use the following format:

 * Codename (character name)

Using Green Lantern, as a potential example:

(etc.)
 * Green Lantern: An overview page of the characters who have used the name, summarizing the sub-articles per summary style. (This article may have several instances of the main template.)
 * Green Lantern (Hal Jordan): An article about Jordan as GL
 * Green Lantern (Guy Gardner): Gardner as GL
 * Green Lantern (John Stewart): Stewart as GL
 * Green Lantern (Kyle Rayner): Rayner as GL

However, if there is not more than one character of a certain codename (using Martian Manhunter as an example) there is no need for Martian Manhunter (J'onn J'onzz), but merely Martian Manhunter (and not J'onn J'onzz, though the latter is a suitable redirect).

By character name
In the case of a single character having several codenames (Hal Jordan, or Henry Pym, for example), and when each identity has a separate article - a disambiguation phrase may be necessary.

To disambiguate between multiple codenames of a single character, use the following format:

 * Character name (codename)

Using Hal Jordan as a potential example:

 * Hal Jordan: An overview page of the character, summarizing the sub-articles per summary style. (This article may have several instances of the main template.)
 * Parallax (Hal Jordan): An article about Jordan as Parallax
 * Spectre (Hal Jordan): Jordan as the Spectre
 * Green Lantern (Hal Jordan): Jordan as GL

Publications and other media types
There are many ways in which comics-related content is presented (also known as media). And in addition, there are many words and phrases which describe those various types of media.

For example, while comic, comic book, comic book series, comics magazine, comic strip, graphic novel, et al., may all be types of "comics", using all of those as disamibiguation phrases would lead to a lack of consistency, and subjective selection, due to the overlapping inclusive criteria of each term. Note: while "comic book" is an American term and may not be appropriate for certain comics titles published in other countries (per WP:ENGVAR), "comic" is ambiguous, and should never be used.

Therefore, when needing to further disambiguate a comics-related article related to media (when "comics" is applicable to more than one article of the same name), use only one of the following, as appropriate:
 * (comic book)
 * When multiple volumes of a title exist but the article is about one volume in particular, use (YEAR comic book)
 * When a title has been published by more than one company, use the publisher name to disambiguate, i.e. James Bond (Dynamite Entertainment)
 * When a title has been used in multiple formats, (graphic novel) and (limited series) may be used when appropriate.
 * (comic strip)
 * (film) or (film series)
 * (TV series)
 * (video game) or (video game series)

(Note: The word "series" when indicating publications can be vague and confusing and thus should not be used.)

As noted in the last two examples, each of the above disambiguation phrases (except comic book, which is instead disambiguated by volume - see below) may be further disambiguated by year.

Examples:
 * Overview page: Spider-Man
 * The Amazing Spider-Man (comic book)
 * The Amazing Spider-Man (comic strip)
 * The Amazing Spider-Man (TV series)
 * The Amazing Spider-Man (video game)
 * The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film)

 * Overview page: Batman
 * Batman (comic book)
 * Batman (comic strip)
 * Batman (video game)
 * Batman (TV series)
 * Batman (1966 film)
 * Batman (1989 film)

Lists
In general, lists are disambiguated as articles are, as described above.

The name of a comics-related list should use the following format:

 * List of x in comics-related media - when the list consists of such things as characters, devices, organizations, etc., which are in all comics-related media, such as comic books, comics strips, film, and TV series.
 * List of x in comics and animation - when the list consists of such things as the previous example, but only as what appears in comics or non-live action productions of TV or film (such as cartoons).
 * List of x in comics - when the list consists of such things as the previous example, but includes all comics (including comic strips), not just comic books.
 * List of x in comic books - when the list consists of such things as the previous example, but only includes such appearing in comic books.

 * List of comic book x  - when the list consists of things or people who are associated with comic books in some way (such as publishers or artists).
 * List of comics x  - when the list consists of such things as the previous example, but includes all comics (including comic strips), not just comic books.

So x in comic books/comics should be used when talking about something "in universe", or at least printed "in comics", and comic book/comics x is used when talking about things (such as creators) outside of the publication.

When using the "...in comics" or "...in comic books" disambiguation, the word "fictional" should be included in the name prior to x :
 * List of fictional x in comics

The use of "fictional" can be presumed when x is something clearly fictional, such as: "superhuman" or "superhero".

 * Examples:
 * "... x in comic books/comics"

 * List of alien races in comics and animation (In this case, "alien races" presumes fictional)
 * List of Hispanic superheroes in comics-related media ("superhero" presumes fictional)
 * List of superhuman powers in comics ("superhuman" presumes fictional)
 * List of fictional characters in comic books
 * List of fictional locations in comic books
 * List of fictional devices in comics
 * etc.

 * "...comics x ":
 * List of comic strip creators
 * List of comic book publishers
 * etc.

If such a list become too long (See Summary style), then the list may be split.

Lists "... in comics" are split by media type (such as comic strips or comic books, see above).

Lists "...in comic books" are usually first split by publisher, such as: List of fictional characters in Marvel Comics.

This may be further split if necessary, such as: List of fictional characters in The Sandman, volume 1. (Note the use of "the" because this is a publication which has "the" in its title, and also note the disambiguating volume number.)

Another way that lists may be further split is by reference to an in-universe location (nations, continents, planets, galaxies, universes, alternate dimensions, etc.), such as: List of fictional devices of the DC universe, or List of superheroes of South America. (Note that in this case, "of" is used rather than "in".) When x is located in the disambiguating location, use "in", such as: List of superheroes headquartered in New York City (DC Comics). (Note the use of "(DC Comics)" to further disambiguate between the fictional city published in DC Comics and any other publisher's version of New York City.)

title: Wikipedia:Naming conventions (comics)


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United Left

United Left may refer to:

Current parties

 * Estonian United Left Party
 * European United Left–Nordic Green Left
 * United Left (Chile)
 * United Left (Costa Rica)
 * United Left (Galicia)
 * United Left (Netherlands)
 * United Left (Paraguay)
 * United Left (San Marino)
 * United Left (Spain)
 * United Left (Venezuela)
 * United Left/The Greens–Assembly for Andalusia

Former parties

 * United Left (Argentina)
 * United Left (Austria)
 * United Left (Bolivia, 1985)
 * United Left (Bolivia) (1989–c. 2002)
 * United Left (Denmark), the name used 1870–95 by the current-day Venstre
 * United Left (East Germany)
 * United Left (France) (2009–2015)
 * United Left (Greece)
 * United Left (Ireland)
 * United Left (Peru)
 * United Left (Poland)
 * United Left (Slovenia)
 * United Left Alliance, Ireland
 * United Left Front (1967), India
 * United Left Front (Nepal, 1990)
 * United Left Front (Nepal, 2002)
 * United Left for Cusano Milanino
 * European United Left (1989–93)
 * European United Left (1994–95)

Other

 * al-Yesaar al-Mouwahid (The United Left) is the name of the newspaper of the Unified Socialist Party (Morocco).

title: United Left