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Operating theater

An operating theater (also known as an Operating Room (OR), operating suite, operation suite, or Operation Theatre (OT)) is a facility within a hospital where surgical operations are carried out in an aseptic environment.

Historically, the term "operating theater" referred to a non-sterile, tiered theater or amphitheater in which students and other spectators could watch surgeons perform surgery. Contemporary operating rooms are usually devoid of a theater setting, making the term "operating theater" a misnomer in those cases.

Classification of operation theatre
Operating rooms are spacious, in a cleanroom, and well-lit, typically with overhead surgical lights, and may have viewing screens and monitors. Operating rooms are generally windowless, though windows are becoming more prevalent in newly built theaters to provide clinical teams with natural light, and feature controlled temperature and humidity. Special air handlers filter the air and maintain a slightly elevated pressure. Electricity support has backup systems in case of a black-out. Rooms are supplied with wall suction, oxygen, and possibly other anesthetic gases. Key equipment consists of the operating table and the anesthesia cart. In addition, there are tables to set up instruments. There is storage space for common surgical supplies. There are containers for disposables. Outside the operating room, or sometimes integrated within, is a dedicated scrubbing area that is used by surgeons, anesthetists, ODPs (operating department practitioners), and nurses prior to surgery. An operating room will have a map to enable the terminal cleaner to realign the operating table and equipment to the desired layout during cleaning. Operating rooms are typically supported by an anaesthetic room, prep room, scrub and a dirty utility room.

Several operating rooms are part of the operating suite that forms a distinct section within a health-care facility. Besides the operating rooms and their wash rooms, it contains rooms for personnel to change, wash, and rest, preparation and recovery rooms, storage and cleaning facilities, offices, dedicated corridors, and possibly other supportive units. In larger facilities, the operating suite is climate- and air-controlled, and separated from other departments so that only authorized personnel have access.

Operating room equipment

 * The operating table in the center of the room can be raised, lowered, and tilted in any direction.
 * The operating room lights are over the table to provide bright light, without shadows, during surgery.
 * The anesthesia machine is at the head of the operating table. This machine has tubes that connect to the patient to assist them in breathing during surgery, and built-in monitors that help control the mixture of gases in the breathing circuit.
 * The anesthesia cart is next to the anesthesia machine. It contains the medications, equipment, and other supplies that the anesthesiologist may need.
 * Sterile instruments to be used during surgery are arranged on a stainless steel table.
 * An electronic monitor (which records the heart rate and respiratory rate by adhesive patches that are placed on the patient's chest).
 * The pulse oximeter machine attaches to the patient's finger with an elastic band aid. It measures the amount of oxygen contained in the blood.
 * Automated blood pressure measuring machine that automatically inflates the blood pressure cuff on a patient's arm.
 * An electrocautery machine uses high frequency electrical signals to cauterize or seal off blood vessels and may also be used to cut through tissue with a minimal amount of bleeding.
 * If surgery requires, a heart-lung machine or other specialized equipment may be brought into the room.
 * Supplementary portable air decontaminating equipment is sometimes placed in the OR.
 * Advances in technology now support hybrid operating rooms, which integrate diagnostic imaging systems such as MRI and cardiac catheterization into the operating room to assist surgeons in specialized neurological and cardiac procedures.

Surgeon and assistants' equipment
People in the operating room wear PPE (personal protective equipment) to help prevent bacteria from infecting the surgical incision. This PPE includes the following:

 * A protective cap covering their hair
 * Masks over their lower face, covering their mouths and noses with minimal gaps to prevent inhalation of plume or airborne microbes
 * Shades or glasses over their eyes, including specialized colored glasses for use with different lasers. a fiber-optic headlight may be attached for greater visibility
 * Sterile gloves; usually latex-free due to latex sensitivity which affects some health care workers and patients
 * Long gowns, with the bottom of the gown no closer than six inches to the ground.
 * Protective covers on their shoes
 * If x-rays are expected to be used, lead aprons/neck covers are used to prevent overexposure to radiation

The surgeon may also wear special glasses that help him/her to see more clearly. The circulating nurse and anesthesiologist will not wear a gown in the OR because they are not a part of the sterile team. They must keep a distance of 12-16 inches from any sterile object, person, or field.

History
Early operating theaters in an educational setting had raised tables or chairs at the center for performing operations surrounded by steep tiers of standing stalls for students and other spectators to observe the case in progress. The surgeons wore street clothes with an apron to protect them from blood stains, and they operated bare-handed with unsterilized instruments and supplies.

The University of Padua began teaching medicine in 1222. It played a leading role in the identification and treatment of diseases and ailments, specializing in autopsies and the inner workings of the body. In 1884 German surgeon Gustav Neuber implemented a comprehensive set of restrictions to ensure sterilization and aseptic operating conditions through the use of gowns, caps, and shoe covers, all of which were cleansed in his newly invented autoclave. In 1885 he designed and built a private hospital in the woods where the walls, floors and hands, arms and faces of staff were washed with mercuric chloride, instruments were made with flat surfaces and the shelving was easy-to-clean glass. Neuber also introduced separate operating theaters for infected and uninfected patients and the use of heated and filtered air in the theater to eliminate germs. In 1890 surgical gloves were introduced to the practice of medicine by William Halsted. Aseptic surgery was pioneered in the United States by Charles McBurney.

Surviving operating theaters
The oldest surviving operating theater is thought to be the 1804 operating theater of the Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia. The 1821 Ether Dome of the Massachusetts General Hospital is still in use as a lecture hall. Another surviving operating theater is the Old Operating Theatre in London. Built in 1822, it is now a museum of surgical history. The Anatomical Theater at the University of Padua, in Italy, inside Palazzo Bo was constructed and used as a lecture hall for medical students who observed the dissection of corpses, not surgical operations. It was commissioned by the anatomist Girolamo Fabrizio d'Acquapendente in 1595.

title: Operating theater


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Christoffer Gabel

Christoffer Gabel (6 January 1617 – 13 October 1673) was a Danish statesman. He was the father of Vice Governor-general of Norway, Frederik Gabel.

Biography
He was born on 6 January 1617 at Glückstadt. His father, Wulbern or Waldemar Gabel, originally a cartographer and subsequently recorder of Glückstadt, was killed at the siege of the fortress there, by the German Imperial Army, in 1628. Nothing is known of Christoffer's youth, but it is certain he received a university education. Christoffer's name is first recorded in 1639, as overseer and accountant at the court of the Archbishop of Bremen, Duke Frederick. When the duke ascended the Danish throne as King Frederick III, Gabel followed him to Copenhagen as his private secretary and man of business, holding great influence over the irresolute king.

During the brief interval of peace between King Charles X's first and second attack upon Denmark, Gabel was employed in several secret missions to Sweden; and he took part in the conspiracies that resulted in the autocratic revolution of 1660. While not the originator of the revolution, he was certainly the chief intermediary between Frederick III and the Conjoined Estates in the mysterious conspiracy which established absolutism in Denmark-Norway. His activities won the king's lifelong gratitude. He was enriched, ennobled, and in 1664 made governor of Copenhagen. From 1660 to 1670 he was regarded as the most influential figure at court, and very largely employed in financial and diplomatic affairs. During the early and mid 1660s there was an influential circle around Hannibal Sehested, Frederik Ahlefeldt, Peter Bülche, Hans Svane, Jacob Petersen and Theodor Lente, who became increasingly opposed to Gabel. During this period he carried out a pro-French foreign policy, while his domestic policy was affected by laziness and corruption.

When Frederick III died, in February 1670, Gabel's power was at an end. The new ruler, Christian V did not favour him, and accusations against Gabel poured in from every quarter. When, on 18 April 1670, he was dismissed, there was no public sympathy for a man who had grown wealthy in a time of widespread poverty. He was stripped of all titles and privileges, except the financial control of the Faroe Islands. He spent his remaining time in Copenhagen, and died on 13 October 1673 and was buried in St. Peter's Church.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Christoffer Gabel


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Lloyd Moseby

Lloyd Anthony Moseby (born November 5, 1959) is an American former Major League Baseball player. A center fielder, and good all-around athlete, Moseby's nickname, "Shaker", was said to stem from his ability to get away from or "shake" players who attempted to defend him on the basketball court.

Career
Born in Portland, Arkansas, Moseby graduated from Oakland High School in Oakland, California. Moseby's primary sport in high school was basketball and he did not take baseball seriously until his sophomore year. Moseby had committed to play college basketball for St. Mary's, one of 75 schools to offer him a basketball scholarship, if he had not decided to sign with the Blue Jays.

Drafted 2nd overall by the Toronto Blue Jays in the 1978 amateur draft, Moseby made his major league debut on May 24, 1980. Despite some growing pains early in his career, Moseby developed into a well-polished batter, fielder, and base-runner, driving in nearly 100 runs in three seasons (1984, 1986, and 1987) and regularly stealing 30-plus bases. Moseby finished in the top 25 for the American League Most Valuable Player Award twice—1983 and 1984.

In the mid-1980s, he was part of the powerful "Killer B's" outfield trio for the Jays, playing center field between George Bell and Jesse Barfield. On April 19, 1983, he hit a walk-off two-run home run against Dan Spillner to give the Blue Jays a 9-7 victory over the Cleveland Indians. On August 16, 1987, Moseby took part in an unusual baserunning play. While on first base, he made an attempt to steal second base that saw the catcher throw the ball into centerfield. Moseby, now at second seeing the ball in the hands of the centerfielder, essentially made a run back to "steal" first base. Strangely enough, the center fielder, in trying to throw the ball back to the first baseman in an attempt to perhaps pick off Moseby, threw the ball wide and hard that resulted in Moseby racing to second base on the error. After the 1989 season, Moseby signed with the Detroit Tigers. Moseby saw limited action with the Tigers for two seasons and then traveled to Japan, where he played with the Yomiuri Giants in 1992 and 1993.

Over his career, Moseby had 869 runs, 169 home runs, 737 runs batted in, and 280 stolen bases with a career batting average of .257. He led the American League in triples in 1984 and was an All-Star in 1986. As of 2018, Moseby ranks in the top 10 for Toronto Blue Jays career leaders in WAR, games played, at-bats, runs, hits, doubles, triples, home runs, RBI, walks, stolen bases (franchise leader), and extra-base hits.

Moseby served as the Blue Jays' first base coach in 1998 and 1999.

In 2018, Moseby was inducted into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame. , Moseby was living on Queens Quay in Toronto.

title: Lloyd Moseby


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Jungbu Naeryuk Expressway

The Jungbu Naeryuk Expressway (literally meaning Central Inland Expwy.) is an expressway in South Korea. Numbered 45, it was first constructed in three parts: connecting Yangpyeong to Chungju and Sangju to Gimcheon and Hyeonpung to Changwon. The part of the expressway between Chungju and Sangju was completed at the end of 2004, with the last remaining section being that between Gimcheon and Hyeonpung. The Jungbu Naeryuk Expressway Branch Line (a.k.a. Guma Expressway) is route number 451 and connects Hyeonpung to N. Daegu.

A speed zone exists from Exit 1 to Exit 13 (Masan-Gimcheon). The maximum speed is 100 km/h, and the minimum speed is 50 km/h. Another speed zone exists from north of exit 13 to exit 28 (Gimcheon-N. Yeoju). The maximum speed limit is 110 km/h, and the minimum speed limit is 50 km/h.

History

 * December, 1977 - Daegu~Masan Section open the traffic (Guma Expressway)
 * September 28, 2001 - Sangju~Gimcheon Section open the traffic.
 * December 20, 2002 - Yeoju~Chungju Section open the traffic.
 * December 15, 2004 - Sangju~Chungju Section open the traffic.
 * November 30, 2007 - Gimcheon~Hyeonpung JC Section open the traffic.
 * September 15, 2010 - Yeoju~N.Yeoju Section open the traffic.
 * December 28, 2012 - N.Yeoju~Yangpyeong Section open the traffic.

Lanes

 * 4 Lanes

Lengths

 * 301.77 km

Speed limit

 * Naeseo JC ~ Gimcheon JC / N.Yeoju IC~Yangpyeong IC : 100 km/h
 * Gimcheon JC ~ N.Yeoju IC : 110 km/h

Branch Line

 * See Jungbu Naeryuk Expressway Branch

List of facilities

 * IC: Interchange, JC: Junction, SA: Service Area, TG:Tollgate

title: Jungbu Naeryuk Expressway


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Love–hate relationship

A love–hate relationship is an interpersonal relationship involving simultaneous or alternating emotions of love and hate—something particularly common when emotions are intense. The term is used frequently in psychology, popular writing and journalism. It can be applied to relationships with inanimate objects, or even concepts, as well as those of a romantic nature or between siblings and parents/children.

Psychological roots
A love–hate relationship has been linked to the occurrence of emotional ambivalence in early childhood; to conflicting responses by different ego states within the same person; or to the inevitable co-existence of egoistic conflicts with the object of love.

Narcissists and borderlines have been seen as particularly prone to aggressive reactions towards love objects, not least when issues of self-identity are involved: in extreme instances, hate at the very existence of the other may be the only emotion felt, until love breaks through behind it.

Research from Yale University suggests love–hate relationships may be the result of poor self-esteem.

Family and development
Love–hate relationships also develop within a familial context, especially between an adult and one or both of their parents. Love–hate relationships and sometimes complete estrangement between adults and one or both of their parents often indicates poor bonding with either parent in infancy, depressive symptoms of parents, borderline or narcissistic pathology in the adult child, and/or parental alienation in childhood. Parents who alienate their children from the other parent frequently suffer from borderline personality disorder (BPD) or narcissistic personality disorder (NPD). Children who experience parental alienation techniques by a borderline parent report a higher prevalence of low self-esteem, low self-sufficiency, insecure attachment styles, and higher levels of depression in adulthood. One of the development tasks for humans is to balance the primary love and hate drives as to tolerate ambivalence toward a loved object. When this task is unsuccessfully accomplished, severe psychopathology can ensue. Individuals with BPD and NPD often fail to accomplish the task of ambivalence. They are unable to be simultaneously angry at someone they love, without destroying the love (Corradi, 2013). Children are unable to tolerate the ambivalence, and are indoctrinated to choose. Despite feeling love for their alienated parent, they let go entirely of the loved object. This creates an occasion for the development of ego defenses in the child referred to as “splitting.”

As a way of understanding splitting, a common feature of BPD and NPD, is described as “a pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation” (American Psychiatric Association, 2013, p. 663).

A love–hate relationship may develop when people have completely lost the intimacy within a loving relationship, yet still retain some passion for, or perhaps some commitment to, each other, before degenerating into a hate–love relationship leading to divorce.

Culture

 * The Japanese word “tsundere” is derived from two Japanese terms: “tsun tsun” (ツンツン) (adverb, 'morosely, aloofly, offputtingly') and “dere dere” (でれでれ) (adverb, 'in a lovey-dovey or infatuated manner'). A tsundere character is one who frequently switches between insulting their love interest and acting lovestruck or kind toward them. Tsundere characters usually belittle their love interest at first but eventually become kinder to them over time.
 * A more abstract term for love–hate exists, “aizō” (愛憎).
 * Catullus introduced the love–hate theme into Western culture with his famous lines: "I hate and yet love. You may wonder how I manage it. I don't know, but feel it happen, and am in torment".
 * The concept of a love–hate relationship is frequently used in teen romance novels where two characters are shown to "hate" each other, but show some sort of affection or attraction towards each other at certain points of the story.
 * The screwball comedy film genre features couples feeling intense attraction and intense conflict.

title: Love–hate relationship


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Ulsan Expressway

The Ulsan Expressway, is a freeway in South Korea, connecting Ulju-gun, Ulsan to Nam-gu, Ulsan.

Lanes

 * Eonyang JC - Janggeom IC: 4
 * Janggeom IC - Ulsan IC(Sinbok Rotary): 6

Length
14.30 km

Speed limits

 * 100 km/h

List of facilities

 * IC: Interchange, JC: Junction, SA: Service Area, TG:Tollgate

title: Ulsan Expressway


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Dennis Hayes (businessman)

Dennis C. Hayes (born 1950) is the inventor of PC modem and founder of Hayes Microcomputer Products, a manufacturer of modems mostly known for introducing the Hayes AT command set, which has subsequently been used in most modems produced to this day.

Background
Hayes had a student job at AT&T Long Lines, in an engineering group, while attending Georgia Institute of Technology.

He left Georgia Tech in the mid-1970s to work at an early data communications company, National Data Corporation in Atlanta, a company that handled electronic money transfers and credit card authorizations. Hayes's job was to set up modem connections for NDC's customers. In 1977, Hayes started his company "by assembling modems by hand on a borrowed kitchen table." He met Dale Heatherington (born 1948) at National Data Corporation and together they developed and marketed the first high-quality IBM PC modem, and built the company named Hayes Communications around it. While Heatherington left the company early (in 1985) to retire, Hayes ran the company until it filed for bankruptcy in 1998 when the technology was incorporated into the products of competitors.

In 1994, Hayes's share of the modem market was 20% and still "the market leader in modems", but a decline in relation to its previous market share of over 50%.

Personal life
In 1982, Hayes married Melita Easters. They divorced in 1987 with an estimated $40 million divorce settlement, one of the largest ever in Georgia. The same year of his divorce, Hayes married Mina Chan with whom, according to Georgia Trend magazine, he had an affair in 1986 while still married to Easters. Chan was a director of Hayes's company. From two marriages he has four children.

title: Dennis Hayes (businessman)


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Sextus Afranius Burrus

Sextus Afranius Burrus (born AD 1 in Vasio, Gallia Narbonensis; died AD 62) was a prefect of the Praetorian Guard and was, together with Seneca the Younger, an advisor to the Roman emperor Nero, making him a very powerful man in the early years of Nero's reign.

Agrippina the Younger chose him as Prefect in 51 to secure her son Nero's place as emperor after the death of Claudius. For the first eight years of Nero's rule, Burrus and Nero's former tutor Seneca helped maintain a stable government. Burrus acquiesced to Nero's murder of Agrippina the Younger but lost his influence over Nero anyway. He died in 62, some say from poison.

The cognomen "Burrus" is the Latin version of the name Pyrrhus, king of Epirus.

title: Sextus Afranius Burrus


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Francisco de Sá de Miranda

Francisco de Sá de Miranda (28 August 1481 – 17 May 1558; ) was a Portuguese poet of the Renaissance.

Life
Sá de Miranda was born in Coimbra, the son of a canon Gonçalo Mendes de Sá belonging to the ancient and noble family of Sá and Inês de Melo. His brother, Mem de Sá, was the third governor of the Portuguese colony of Brazil.

Sá de Miranda passed his early years by the banks of the river Mondego, considered a source of inspiration to many other poets. He made his first studies of Greek, Latin and philosophy in the college of the Santa Cruz Monastery, and in 1505 went to University of Lisbon (the University of Coimbra had moved to Lisbon in 1380) to study law, beginning at the same time to attend the Portuguese court and write poems in the mediaeval style still dominant in Portugal.

Verse-making and gallantry occupied much of his time at court, and he became one of a group comprising the greatest nobles and most celebrated poets of the age, including Bernardim Ribeiro and Cristóvão Falcão, who surrounded the courtier Leonor de Mascareñas. He seems to have resided for the most part in the capital up to 1521, dividing his time between the palace and the university, where he had taken the degree of Doctor of Law by 1516. He accompanied the court as it moved from place to place during the reign of King Manuel, and although he witnessed military triumphs, he started pointing out the signs of decadence and future disaster. He had come out of the university so good a lawyer that he was able to act as ad interim professor of his faculty, and he was offered a judicial post, but refused it. He had only embarked on a legal career to please his father, and on the latter's death he abandoned law for moral and stoic philosophy and poetry. He had observed with regret the modest intellectual position of his country, and resolved to travel.

Sá de Miranda travelled to Italy in 1521, where he was able to make contact with many writers and artists of the Renaissance, including Vittoria Colonna (who was his distant relative), Pietro Bembo, Sannazzaro and Ariosto. He assisted at the rebirth of Italian drama and saw the performance of classical prose comedies, a form of art which he was to transplant to Portugal. On his way home, in 1526, he visited Spain, meeting classical writers Juan Boscan and Garcilaso de la Vega.

Back in Portugal in 1526 or 1527, he was again received at court, where he became a friend to King John III and other nobles. But although his reputation as a courtier and poet grew, the opposition of his literary foes increased. He also became pessimistic at the materialism of the age and neglect of agriculture. Four years after his return he decided to move to the Minho province, in the North of the country, where he purchased land. Around 1530 he married Briolanja de Azevedo, a lady of noble birth.

In 1552 he moved to the Quinta da Tapada, near Amares. He continued to write and receive work from other poets, showing that his influence was well established. Three misfortunes followed in quick succession: his eldest son died in 1553, Prince John in 1554, and his wife in 1555. His friend John III died in 1557, and Sá de Miranda followed him in 1558, aged 76.

Work
Like many Portuguese writers of his time, Sá de Miranda often wrote in Castilian apart from Portuguese. His early work is all in the form of the typical 15th-century Portuguese poetry (the vilancete, the cantiga, the esparsa and the trova). Influenced by his travels in Italy and Spain, Sá de Miranda introduced a new aesthetics in Portugal. He introduced the sonnet, the elegy, the eclogue, the ottava rima and other classical poetic forms, adapting the Portuguese language to the Italian hendecasyllable verse. These forms, especially sonnet and ottava rima were later used by many Portuguese poets including Luís Vaz de Camões.

Apart from poems, Sá de Miranda wrote two theatrical comedies following classical forms: Estrangeiros, the first Portugues prose comedy (staged to great success in Coimbra in 1528 and published in 1559) and Vilhalpandos (written around 1530 and published in 1560). His tragedy Cleópatra has only survived in fragments.

He also left several letters in verse, addressed to people like King John III and his brother Mem de Sá.

title: Francisco de Sá de Miranda


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HFB 320 Hansa Jet

The HFB 320 Hansa Jet is a twin-engine, ten-seat business jet that was designed and produced by German aircraft manufacturer Hamburger Flugzeugbau between 1964 and 1973. The most recognisable and unconventional feature of the aircraft is its forward-swept wing.

The Hansa Jet begun development during the 1960s, the selection of the forward-swept wing can be largely attributed to head engineer Hans Wocke, who had previously worked on the experimental Junkers Ju 287. It possessed a spacious cabin, which was achieved due to its wing design, but was a relatively heavy aircraft, posing some issues during both take-off and landing. On 21 April 1964, the prototype conducted its maiden flight. On 12 May 1965, the first prototype was lost during a test flight, killing Hamburger Flugzeugbau's chief test pilot; several design changes were made to change the Hansa Jet's stall characteristics.

Type certification of the Hansa Jet was received during early 1967 and the first deliveries commenced during the following year. The largest customer of the type was the German Air Force, who tasked it with both training and VIP transport duties. During 1973, it was decided to end production of the Hansa Jet. Reasons for the programme's termination include increased competition from newer executive jets, a decline in the value of the US dollar, and the limited sales of the type. The German Air Force continued to operate their Hansa Jets into the early 1990s. A limited number continued to be used amongst civilian operators into the 21st century.

Origins

During the early 1960s, American businessman and inventor Bill Lear successfully launched the Learjet 23, one of the first light business jets. Several other manufacturers paid heed to this newly-found niche in the global aircraft market, one of these being the German aircraft manufacturer Hamburger Flugzeugbau. At this time, the company was reportedly keen to reassert its authority as a design agency and looking for a suitable commercially viable project in light of limited funding available from the West German government. Having identified the development of its own business jet as a suitable venture, Hamburger Flugzeugbau tasked its design team with producing an innovative small jet aircraft of its own.

The head of Hamburger Flugzeugbau's engineering team, German aeronautical engineer Hans Wocke, had previously designed the Junkers Ju 287, an experimental jet bomber of the Second World War which was the first aircraft to feature forward-swept wings. This experience strongly influenced the decision to adopt a forward-swept wing for the new design, which became known as the HFB 320 or the Hansa Jet, a more spacious cabin could be achieved than that of the Learjet, while remaining just as fast by minimising drag. The aircraft's aerodynamics were shaped by in excess of 2,000 hours of model-based testing performed in various wind tunnels at site such as the Aerodynamische Versuchsanstalt in Göttingen, the Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium in Amsterdam, and Modane in France.

The selection of the American General Electric CJ610 turbojet engine to power the design was a straightforward choice; at the time, there was no other compact turbojets that had reached quantity manufacture yet. It provided some benefits, such as a relatively high thrust output, but was both noisy and fuel-hungry. Despite this power, the Hansa Jet required a runway length of roughly 5,900 feet, preventing it from using most smaller airports thus limiting its practicality. Possessing a maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of 20,280-pounds, it was a relatively heavy aircraft compared with several competing business jets, such as the pre-existing Learjet 23 that had motivated the Hansa Jet's development.

While the German manufacturer would construct the majority of the airframe, including the fuselage, engine pods and control system within its own factory, Hamburger Flugzeugbau formed partnerships with multiple other aircraft manufactures, including Spain's CASA, Dutch Fokker and American Lockheed Corporation, which produced several other elements of the airframe abroad at their own facilities. On 18 March 1964, assembly of the first prototype Hansa Jet was completed; its use in a round of ground-based testing commenced immediately thereafter.

Into flight

On 21 April 1964, the prototype conducted its maiden flight; during the following month, it was exhibited at the Hanover Air Show. A second prototype was flown on 19 October 1964. After a year of certification flight testing, on 12 May 1965, the first prototype crashed, resulting in the death of Hamburger Flugzeugbau's chief test pilot; the cause was determined to have been the occurrence of an unrecoverable deep stall which had been induced by the design of the T-tail. As a consequence of the accident, various modifications were introduced to improve the aircraft's stall characteristics, including the installation of a stick pusher.

Assembly of the first ten production aircraft commenced during May 1965, the first of these reportedly flew on 2 February 1966. The granting of type certification by German authorities was achieved on 23 February 1967, certification from the American Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) followed on 7 April 1967. Deliveries commenced during the following year. According to aviation journalist Richard Collins, Hamburger Flugzeugbau's sales and service teams appeared to make only half-hearted efforts, which led to little customer interest in comparison to other business jets. In the long run, this inability to generated sales soon brought about the end of the programme.

Factors such as increased competition from newer executive jets and a comparatively poor safety record had contributed to dwindling orders during the late 1960s; during 1973, production of the type was ceased. According to EADS, the multinational successor company to Hamburger Flugzeugbau, the decision to terminate further development efforts involving the Hansa Jet had been attributed to the intense international competition from rival manufacturers, as well as a decline in value of the U.S. dollar during this period.

In 1969, the $840,000 HFB 320 was to be developed into the $1.7 million, Mach 0.76 HFB 330: flight-testing was to start in 1971 for FAR 25 certification by late 1972. It would have been stretched by 27.5 in and powered by Garrett ATF3 turbofans with thrust reversers for short-field operation. A 7,300 lb fuel capacity would have gave it a maximum endurance over seven hours and a transcontinental range of 2,000 mile with five people.

Design

The HFB 320 Hansa Jet is a mid-wing monoplane of a somewhat conventional layout, being powered by a rear-mounted twin jet engines beneath a T-tail. Constructed entirely of metal, it has a 10-seat passenger cabin and retractable undercarriage. As certified, the Hansa Jet can carry up to 12 passengers. Its General Electric CJ610 turbojet engines enabled the aircraft to achieve a maximum speed of 486 kn along with a maximum endurance in excess of 1,200 nmi. The decision to mount these engines far aft contributed to the relatively quiet cabin.

An unusual feature of the Hansa Jet is its forward-swept wing, which is mid-mounted in the fuselage. This arrangement provided multiple benefits, not least maximising the aircraft's speed capabilities. It also allowed the main wing spar to pass through the fuselage behind the passenger cabin, thus leaving it unencumbered by carry-through spars or similar structural elements; this choice facilitated the adoption of a longer cabin with more seats while maintaining adequate headroom in the small-diameter fuselage. , the HFB 320 remains the only civilian jet ever to have a forward-swept wing.

For added safety, the Hansa Jet was furnished with triple-redundant systems. It was also provisioned with a fully automated fuel system, having a 1,075 USgal capacity distributed across multiple fuel tanks located in the fuselage, wing, and wing tips. Early aircraft were known to wear out their brakes at a high rate during landings; while a drogue parachute was made available as an optional. The brake issue was later effectively addressed via the availability of more substantial brake units and the introduction of thrust reversers.

Operational history

The first customer for the Hansa Jet was the Italian construction materials manufacturer Italcementi, which received the first delivery on 26 September 1967. Other corporate purchasers of the HFB 320 included the Argentinian state-owned Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales oil company.

During 1963, the German Air Force placed an order for 13 HFB 320s. As part of the evaluation of the type, two preproduction aircraft were delivered to the ErpSt 61 test wing at Oberpfaffenhoffen in 1966. As a consequence of this evaluation, a total of six aircraft were ordered for VIP transport duties by the German Air Force; deliveries of these aircraft commenced during 1969.

Additionally, a further eight Hansa jets were purchased by the German Air Force for providing electronic countermeasure (ECM) training to air crews; these aircraft were delivered between August 1976 and April 1982. During 1985, the German Air Force decided to replace its Hansas with newer Canadair Challengers in the VIP role; the service's ECM aircraft remained operational until their withdrawal in 1994.

The Aviation Safety Network lists a total of nine accidents (six fatal) for the type, a 20 percent hull-loss rate, but only the crash of the prototype was directly attributable to the aircraft's design; pilot error was blamed in a majority of the accidents. According to aviation publication AIN Online, perhaps the last flying Hansa in the U.S. crashed on 30 November 2004. Because of the low number of airframes remaining, it became economically impractical to re-engine or install hush kits on the Hansa Jet's relatively-noisy CJ610 engines.

Civilian operators

 * Millardair
 * Libyan Arab Airlines
 * Golden West Airlines
 * Grand Aire Express
 * Jet Hansa Corporation
 * Modern Air Transport
 * Grand Aire Express
 * Jet Hansa Corporation
 * Modern Air Transport

Military operators

 * West German Air Force
 * West German Air Force

title: HFB 320 Hansa Jet


text:
Bork

Bork may refer to:

 * Bork (surname)
 * Robert Bork, jurist
 * Bork (comics), a fictional superhero in the DC Comics universe
 * Bork (company), a European home appliance manufacturer
 * Börk, Hanak, Turkish village
 * DoggoLingo, also known as bork, an Internet language of words used to refer to dogs
 * Bork, a part of Selm, Germany
 * Bórk, a village in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland

title: Bork


text:
Talk:Elephant (2003 film)

Goof? I don't think so ...
The mentioned goof pre-supposes that kids NEVER have access to their parents credit cards or that ALL US gunshops ALWAYS perform background checks. This does not stand to reason. This is IMO a dangerous and untrue statement: Just because fraud, murder, jaywalking and rape are against the law, doesn't mean they don't happen. And murder and rape don't have majority support amongst Americans, like gun use does. It is likely that a gun dealer thinks: I don't agree with these stupid background checks anyway, so I'm not gonna bother with performing them.--Brian Tjoe-Nij (talk) 15:00, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

A "Goof?" section? It is not only un-encyclopedic, but it is clear to everyone what has occurred. Someone "pro-guns" (a crude description i realise) has registered their personal objections with the film, with the next entry clearly acting as a rebuttal. Regardless of the accuracy of both points, they should not appear on a site trying to deliver objective and encyclopedic knowledge. It is unnecessary and should be left on bulletin boards, blogs and sites elsewhere. Consider it removed. (Washboardplayer (talk) 06:55, 11 January 2008 (UTC))

Elias Shot?
I recall that Elias was never actually shown being shot in the library, the male who is shot is wearing a shirt of a different color than Elias is. Could anyone with a copy of the movie handy verify? 68.60.48.196 22:55, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

I think Elias is modeled on John Savage who was in library and survive the massacre in real.

Elias Shot?
Just looked at it. Michelle is shot, then a guy in a gray/black shirt, not a maroon shirt. So, I don't think so, no. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.150.250.104 (talk) 06:12, 12 January 2010 (UTC)

'Origins' section, JT LeRoy isn't a real person
This is currently in the "origins" section of this page:

"Author JT LeRoy, a friend of Mr. Van Sant's, was among the writers, and is credited as associate producer for the film."

JT LeRoy is not a real person, but rather a psuedonym that author Laura Albert used for a series of books. Albert denied that there was no "JT LeRoy" until several newspapers investigated and found there was no such person. I am going to alter part of that quote to reflect this.

Um, first time ive even heard of this movie and although ive left the site knowing a great deal about why its called Elephant, and that there is a homosexual shower scene kiss, i only figured out its about a spree-killing at the bottom. Can someone write a breif synopsis about the film? Otherwise it seems like just random information. Cheers

Is it a good idea to show who dies in the movie in the article even though it has a spoiler warning? Someone spoke against showing who dies in the movie on my talk page... WhisperToMe 00:20, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * I thought the argument made on your talk page (now in your archive) was a strong one. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 10:38, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)

The page points out that the title of the movie can be viewed as a reference to the Republican party. Maybe I'm reading too much into this, but when I saw the film, I thought that John's father looked a lot like George W. Bush. Perhaps this is just a coincidence, but I couldn't help thinking that perhaps it was something of a parable -- how the film begins with a Bush lookalike, driving drunk, until his son forces him out and takes the wheel himself.

Is the fact JT LeRoy is gay an important fact? does it really matter?

The movie failed to deliver any message to the audience. The movie was simply shock-art. There was no character development; we don’t really learn why the kids go on a killing spree, and we gain nothing by viewing the film. The first fifty minutes were poorly shot scenes that simply followed characters as they silently walked through the school. We knew too little about the characters, and did not gain a lesson or an even a message. What good is a film that isn’t entertaining and that doesn’t deliver a message?

To answer above: Is there a reason why? The senselessness is half the point.

To reinforce the above answer 'The senselessness is half the point' I believe Van Sant has avoided all mainstream conventions to create a wonderful postmodern film. The point is - Why is there gun violence in schools, its creating a public/cultural fear. What Ele suggests is, that Alex and Eric are potential killers, no more so than the insecure Geek, John with his alcoholic father, Carrie who seems pregnant. As an audience we are disturbed by the lack of closure the text offers, its a game, random violence THAT JUST HAPPENS!!!!! and it pisses us all off. If thats not a message for its audience how about the negative representations of the 3 popular girls, (Belimic NOT COOL) in my books, they are just worms in our society of human time bombs....................WAITING To ExPlOdE...............BANG!

I added the POV template: the "Action Time" section especially needs work.--Skyraider 17:47, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

I removed the claim stating the music of Beethoven is transposed up a semitone; the piano pieces are played in their original keys, C-sharp minor and A-minor, respectively for "Moonlight Sonata" and "Fur Elise". MW —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.222.4.52 (talk) 16:44, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

I edited "Up-and-coming gay author JT LeRoy" to "Author JT LeRoy." He has two best-selling books and has been publsihed for over 5 years so the up and coming descriptor isn't accurate. Additionally, the term "gay" is irrelevant to the author's work and contribution to the film. Grilledcheese 20:21, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

I thought that Elephant, brilliant as it is, was made haunting by the lack of character development, which brought a sense of confused detachment to the viewer. I found that throughout the film I was constantly reminded of The Colombine Massacre of 1999 committed by Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, was this part of the inspiration to Gus Van Sant? Is the second shooter in Elephant (Eric) an homage to his Colombine namesake? Both fictional and non-fictional Eric's enjoyed violent videogames. Eric Harris was taunted daily for being gay, and it is suggested that the fictional film counterparts are gay in the scene where they shower together. Is this a coincidence?

 * Of course there was no character development, that was part of the point of the film. It was just a depiction of several people one hour or so before the shootings. How much character development can you have in an hour? The message of the film is, I think:

"There's a huge problem in this society which is never talked about (the elephant in the room), especially not by the Elphant, the Republican party."

It's often true that not even those who commit crimes can say why they did it. Why should Gus Van Sant package up a simple solution to the complex motive(s) of the killers? Have we become trapped within "sitcom" mentality that insists on stories tied up in a nice neat bow? I appreciated Van Sant allowing me to reflect on the interactions between American societial values, School violence and sheer chance without forcing his own values and views. Jim Jacobs 10:25, 17 April 2006 (UTC)

Um, first time ive even heard of this movie and although ive left the site knowing a great deal about why its called Elephant, and that there is a homosexual shower scene kiss, i only figured out its about a spree-killing at the bottom. Can someone write a breif synopsis about the film? Otherwise it seems like just random information. Cheers 12:33, 10 May 2006

What is the plot?
It seems someone accidentilly left the plot out of the synopsis?

Can someone tell us the story of the film? The description doesnt even mention killings!

Third party here asking for a plot description, even a paraphrased plot description from the back of the box?

That is by far the worst "synopsis" of a plot I have ever read on Wikipedia. I'm very disappointed, seeing as the movie itself is actually very good though possibly controversial, and I would really like it to be cleared up and, well... actually made into a synopsis. 80.47.227.198 14:59, 14 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I worked on it and it's a little better now. I haven't seen the movie in a while, so if someone else could expand that section it would be appreciated. Propound 09:07, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

Film criticism
To me a whole lot of this article reads like film criticism and not an encyclopedic article, with lots of comments which seem to be straight from the editors, not quotes from published crtics or other outside sources. "B-level" is kind; lots of things stand needing to be cited from their source or else removed. Rlquall 13:55, 20 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Unreferenced article template added. Propound 09:07, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

The Benny character's "heroism"
From the article: "Benny - Kind and fearless student who rescues Acadia by helping her jump out of a window, and who attempts to stop Eric." - I believe this is a very stark misreading of the movie. The Benny character rightly gives Acadia a hand, but she would have been able to climb out of the window herself. Then he goes off to find Eric in a zombiesque way. He does NOT try to stop Eric, rather he walks up to him in the same zombie-like way and gets shot.

Elephant is not a movie about bravery in the face of danger. I believe such a reading of the film to be misleading and taking the focus away from the film's main target: a genuinly narsissistic society where all the adults fail to act as authorities and where no one is really connected to anyone else.

The idea of heroism in this context is extremely remote. There are no heroes in Elephant. --84.208.194.186 12:58, 14 December 2006 (UTC)

Then you should have changed it. Lach Graham 13:31, 2 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I think it's trivially easy to classify Benny's behavior as heroism. Your detailed OR synopsis includes a long explanation which overinterpretates the facts and seems to try to refute the obvious. Although the film is documentary like and doesn't contain stereotypical heroes, how Benny acted is by the standard dictionary definition heroism. Aaron Bowen 13:56, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

Title
At the post-production screening, Van Sant gave all three of the explanations for the title reported in this article. In addition, at the press-conference in Cannes, he said the identification with the policies of the Republican party was intentional. (The symbol of the Republican party is an elephant.) I don't know how to provide verification of this; there's a video of the Cannes press conference somewhere, but I don't know if he ever repeated in another context what he said at the screening. — Mark (Mkmcconn) ** 02:06, 2 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Without looking, I rather assumed the title was an allusion to the phrase elephant in the room.--SeizureDog 18:48, 9 October 2007 (UTC)
 * In Europe, all the major French, English and German reviews give that indeed as the explanation of the title, yes.

Trivia section...
...was removed due to copyright violation from IMDb. → Ed Gl  18:57, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

Eric Deulen
Please stop redirecting Eric Deulen here.Zigzig20s 19:25, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

based on actual events
"This is the second movie in Gus Van Sant's Death Trilogy - the first is Gerry and the third Last Days; all three are based on actual events. Elephant takes place in the fictional Watt High School, in Portland, Oregon, and chronicles the events surrounding a fictional school shooting, based in part on the 1999 Columbine High School Massacre. The end of the film stresses the "similarities to actual events are purely coincidental" disclaimer."

If we are going to point out the disclaimer about the movies similarities to actaul events being purely coincidental then we cant go and say that it is based on actual events in the same paragraph.202.4.74.65 15:03, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

We can safely assume that Van Sants disclaimer is ironic, so ..... --Brian Tjoe-Nij (talk) 15:00, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

German
How is this a German language film? Crushti (talk) 06:04, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

There happens to be, for some unknown reason, a German railroad announcement at 12 minutes from the beginning, when that guy wearing the red swaetshirt with the white cross on it is been followed by the camera through something ment to be a railroad-station. The voice announces a train departing from Platform 8 at Mainz or Wiesbaden, destination Darmstadt via Groß-Gerau. Except for Mainz which is the Capital of Rhineland-Palatine, all other namend cities are situated in Hesse. I hope this information was a bit usefull, best regards from Hesse 89.13.36.92 (talk) 01:44, 7 November 2009 (UTC)

Kurt Cobain
This series, at least from what i had been told, is all about the life and death of the frontman of the band Nirvana, Kurt Cobain who was also a good friend of Gus Van Sant - as I read somewhere (maybe even here on wikipedia!). And its even sounds right - because kurt thought he was gay when he was in high school, probably influenced by a friend of him (again, information I collected from books, movies and internet). I only saw the movie "Last Days", and i can tell it is clearly based on Kurt's last days. The events are a little loose, but still. I searched the movie in here, and I noticed Kurt's name doesn't appear here even once. Someone? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.138.41.79 (talk) 10:55, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

Elephant has nothing to do with Kurt Cobain. It is a part of the director's 'Death Trilogy', which has a film that is based on Kurt's final hours, but the three films' stories aren't related.

- 211.30.215.176 (talk) 12:53, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

Financing
Does anyone know how much this movie cost to make? Stephen Rasku (talk) 18:26, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

Sexuality
The article mentions the scene in which Alex and Eric kiss "caused many people to question the sexuality of Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris." Although it may be factual, it is problematic because Alex and Eric's sexuality is not revealed, nor is it our place to assume it. If it is going to remain in the article, I think it needs citation. Willhig (talk) 18:53, 20 April 2009 (UTC)

Critical response
This article is one of the few movie articles on wikipedia with no section on criticism, anyone interested in writing it? Noformation (talk) 06:34, 13 January 2010 (UTC)

Uncle Albert / Admiral Halsey
Yesterday i removed a link in the See also section to the McCartney song Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey; today i was reverted. I don't mind, but i cannot make out why. Does anyone know, is there a link between the song and the film? The same person who put the link here also added it in the song's wikticle, indicating that it "inspired" the film; any ideas, anyone? Cheers, LindsayHello 07:01, 8 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Response: Hi Lindsay, thanks for leaving a message. This song clearly inspires Elephant.

 * 1. In the beginning of the film, Timothy Bottom's character is seen erratically driving a car down a residential street, presumably drunk. After his son takes over driving, the father mentions "Admiral Halsey".

 * 2. Later as the boy arrives at Watt High School, he makes a call from a pay phone. A phone prop also appears in the music video for the song (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1aMZh3m_ez0).

 * 3. Later in the film at the Gay Straight Alliance meeting, one of the students is talking about a cover story on the Oregonian about gay rams. He notes that "$10,000 is a lot of money for a ram". Uncle Albert / Admiral Halsey is from the album Ram.

 * 4. The sound of lightning also appears in the music video and film. Music video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1aMZh3m_ez0 ... Film: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bMY4AD94koE

 * 5. When Alex shoots Eric in the film, the same chirping birds sound effect can be heard as in the song. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.13.80.89 (talk) I've indented for ease of reading, Cheers, LindsayHello 09:01, 8 November 2012 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the quick response. I think that what you have done here comes under the heading of research, and you may want to read about it here, to see why it isn't right.  We are all about reporting what others have said, not drawing our own conclusions.  Do you have a reference we can add in which some reliable source(s) say that this is so?  Otherwise, whilen there may be a link between the song and the film, we shouldn't be making it. Cheers, LindsayHello 09:01, 8 November 2012 (UTC)

Lindsay, I understand your concerns, but as the Elephant page states, a high school shooting occurred in 2005 after the gunman viewed the film, skipping ahead to the part when the two boys are planning a school shooting. This seems like very important information for anyone interested in the the meaning behind the film.

 * I'm sorry, but you have made no attempt to answer the question: How is this not original research?  Nor is there any reason given to include the song. Cheers, LindsayHello 04:23, 16 November 2012 (UTC)

 * I have removed it again, we do not use original research, and citing a user comment in IMDB is insufficient for a reliable source. For all we know the same person writing here is writing at IMDB. I am sure you can pair most movies with a song and find coincidences. --Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ) (talk) 20:31, 17 July 2014 (UTC)

Russian film
There is also a 2010 Russian movie called Elephant (Cлон) - Not much in English online about the movie (and it is a redlink on the Ruiisan Wik, but here is something: https://www.amazon.com/Elephant-Sergey-Shnurov/dp/B00GAK0RFW Kdammers (talk) 04:02, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Elephant (2003 film)


text:
Outline of Christian theology

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Christian theology:

Christian theology is the study of Christian belief and practice. Such study concentrates primarily upon the texts of the Old Testament and the New Testament as well as on Christian tradition. Christian theologians use biblical exegesis, rational analysis, and argument. Theology might be undertaken to help the theologian better understand Christian tenets, to make comparisons between Christianity and other traditions, to defend Christianity against objections and criticism, to facilitate reforms in the Christian church, and to assist in the propagation of Christianity.

Divisions of Christian theology
There are many methods of categorizing different approaches to Christian theology. For a historical analysis, see the main article on the History of Christian theology.

Sub-disciplines
Christian theologians may be specialists in one or more theological sub-disciplines. These sub-disciplines are often included in certain job titles such as 'Professor of x', 'Senior Lecturer in y':

 * Apologetics/polemics – studying Christian theology as it compares to non-Christian worldviews in order to defend the faith and challenge beliefs that lie in contrast with Christianity.
 * Biblical hermeneutics – interpretation of the Bible, often with particular emphasis on the nature and constraints of contemporary interpretation. Hermeneutics takes into consideration the culture at the time of writing, who wrote the text, who was the text written for, etc.
 * Biblical studies – interpretation of the Bible, often with particular emphasis on historical-critical investigation.
 * Biblical theology – interpretation of the Bible, often with particular emphasis on links between biblical texts and the topics of systematic or dogmatic theology.
 * Constructive theology – generally another name for systematic theology; also specifically a postmodernist approach to systematic theology, applying (among other things) feminist theory, queer theory, deconstructionism, and hermeneutics to theological topics.
 * Dogmatic theology – studying theology (or dogma) as it developed in different church denominations.
 * Ecumenical theology – comparing the doctrines of the diverse churches (e.g., Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, the various Protestant denominations) with the goal of promoting unity among them
 * Exegesis – interpretation of the Bible.
 * Historical theology – studying Christian theology via the thoughts of other Christians throughout the centuries.
 * Homiletics – in theology the application of general principles of rhetoric to public preaching.
 * Moral theology, specifically Christian ethics – explores the moral and ethical dimensions of the religious life
 * Natural theology – the discussion of those aspects of theology that can be investigated without the help of revelation scriptures or tradition (sometimes contrasted with "positive theology").
 * Patristics or patrology—studies the teaching of Church Fathers, or the development of Christian ideas and practice in the period of the Church Fathers.
 * Philosophical theology – the use of philosophical methods in developing or analyzing theological concepts.
 * Pragmatic or practical theology – studying theology as it relates to everyday living and service to God, including serving as a religious minister.
 * Spiritual theology—studying theology as a means to orthopraxy; scripture and tradition are both used as guides for spiritual growth and discipline.
 * Systematic theology (doctrinal theology, dogmatic theology or philosophical theology)—focused on the attempt to arrange and interpret the ideas current in the religion. This is also associated with constructive theology.
 * Theological aesthetics – interdisciplinary study of theology and aesthetics/the arts.
 * Theological hermeneutics – the study of the manner of construction of theological formulations. Related to theological methodology.

Major topics
These topics crop up repeatedly in Christian theology; composing the main recurrent 'loci' around which Christian theological discussion revolves.

 * Bible – the nature and means of its inspiration, etc.; including hermeneutics (the development and study of theories of the interpretation and understanding of texts and the topic of Biblical law in Christianity)
 * Eschatology – the study of the last things, or end times. Covers subjects such as death and the afterlife, the end of history, the end of the world, the last judgment, the nature of hope and progress, etc.
 * Christology – the study of Jesus Christ, of his nature(s), and of the relationship between his divinity and humanity;
 * Divine providence – the study of sovereignty, superintendence, or agency of God over events in people's lives and throughout history.
 * Ecclesiology (sometimes a subsection of missiology)—the study of the Christian Church, including the institutional structure, sacraments and practices (especially the worship of God) thereof
 * Mariology – area of theology concerned with Mary, the Mother of Jesus Christ.
 * Missiology (sometimes a subsection of ecclesiology)—God's will in the world, missions, evangelism, etc.
 * Pneumatology – the study of the Holy Spirit, sometimes also 'geist' as in Hegelianism and other philosophico-theological systems
 * Protology - the study of first things, such as God's creation of the universe.
 * Soteriology – the study of the nature and means of salvation. May include hamartiology (the study of sin), God's Law and the Gospel (the study of the relationship between the Divine Law and divine grace, justification, and sanctification.)
 * Theological anthropology – the study of humanity, especially as it relates to the divine.
 * Theology proper – the study of God's attributes, nature, and relation to the world. May include:
 * Theodicy – attempts at reconciling the existence of evil and suffering in the world with the nature and justice of God.
 * Apophatic theology – negative theology which seeks to describe God by negation (e.g., immutable, impassible ). It is the discussion of what God is not, or the investigation of how language about God breaks down. Apophatic theology often is contrasted with "Cataphatic theology".

A traditional pattern
In many Christian seminaries, the four Great Departments of Theology are:

 * 1) Exegetical theology
 * 2) Historical theology
 * 3) Systematic theology
 * 4) Practical theology

The four departments can usefully be subdivided in the following way:

1. Exegetical theology:
 * Biblical studies (analysis of the contents of Scripture)
 * Biblical introduction
 * Canonics (inquiry into how the different books of the Bible came to be collected together)
 * Biblical theology (inquiry into how divine revelation progressed over the course of the Bible).

2. Historical theology (study of how Christian theology develops over time):

 * The Patristic Period (1st through 8th centuries)
 * The Ante-Nicene Fathers (1st to 3rd centuries)
 * The Nicene Fathers (4th century)
 * The Post-Nicene Fathers (5th to 8th centuries)
 * The Middle Ages (8th to 16th centuries)
 * The Reformation and Counter-Reformation (16th to 18th centuries)
 * The Modern Period (18th to 21st centuries)

3. Systematic theology:

 * Prolegomena (first principles)
 * Theology Proper
 * The existence of God
 * The attributes of God
 * The Trinity
 * Creation
 * Divine Providence
 * Doctrine of Man (theological anthropology)
 * Christology
 * Soteriology
 * Justification
 * Sanctification
 * Pneumatology (doctrine of the Holy Spirit)
 * Ecclesiology (doctrine of the Church)
 * Eschatology and the afterlife.

4. Practical theology:

 * Moral theology (Christian ethics and casuistry)
 * Ecclesiology
 * Pastoral theology
 * Liturgics
 * Homiletics
 * Christian education
 * Christian counseling
 * Missiology

Roman Catholic theology
One important branch of Christian theology is Roman Catholic theology which has these major teachings:

 * Biblical canon (involvement of Pope Damasus I [b.305]);
 * Absolution (sacerdotal remittance of sin);
 * The apostolic succession (i.e., of bishops and the Pope from the original Apostles);
 * Christology;
 * Ecclesiology since Vatican II;
 * Infant Baptism;
 * Ecumenism (the move to reunite churches);
 * Ecumenical Councils (as means to bring about change or reform);
 * Icon veneration;
 * The Immaculate Conception of Mary;
 * Real Presence;
 * Liturgy since Vatican II;
 * Models of the Church (Avery Dulles);
 * Moral Theology/Ethics;
 * Natural Law;
 * Indulgences (i.e., remissions by the Church of some penalties for sin);
 * Mary (Mary as Theotokos [i.e., in Greek, "God-bearer" or "Mother of God"]; as perpetually virgin; the Assumption of Mary);
 * The Pope (i.e., belief that the Pope is the successor of St. Peter, the "rock" on which the Church is built, and therefore the infallible head of Christendom);
 * Purgatory (a "holding place" after death where souls are purified before entering heaven);
 * Sacerdotalism (priesthood as intermediary and sacred office; also see priesthood (Catholic Church), Mass (liturgy), and priesthood in Vatican II);
 * The Sacraments; Transubstantiation; Fermentum;
 * Sainthood, canonization and beatification;
 * Papal Infallibility (the Pope being infallible when he speaks ex cathedra, that is, when he speaks in his magisterial capacity to the whole Church on a matter of faith or morals);
 * Tradition (i.e., its authority relative to Scripture and role of Tradition in Church Councils).

Controversial movements
Christians have had theological disagreements since the time of Jesus. Theological disputes have given rise to many schisms and different Christian denominations, sects and movements.

Pre-Reformation

 * Alogi – rejected the doctrine of the Logos
 * Arianism – doctrines regarding Christ's divinity;
 * Donatism
 * Ebionitism
 * Gnosticism – Generally rejected the goodness of the physical to emphasize the spiritual, also emphasized "hidden teachings."
 * Judaizers
 * Manichaeism
 * Marcionism
 * Monarchianism – doctrines regarding Christ's divinity
 * Monophysitism – doctrines regarding Christ's divinity
 * Montanism
 * Nazarene (sect)
 * Nicolationism
 * Nontrinitarianism
 * Novatianism
 * Pelagianism – denial of original sin and helplessness of sinner to save himself, strong affirmation of libertarian free will (see also Semi-Pelagianism)
 * Quartodecimanism – Easter controversy
 * Sabellianism – doctrines regarding the Trinity, also known as "modalism."
 * Simonianism

Post-Reformation
Because the Reformation promoted the idea that Christians could expound their own views of theology based on the notion of "sola scriptura," the Bible alone, many theological distinctions have occurred between the various Protestant denominations. The differences between many of the denominations are relatively minor; however, and this has helped ecumenical efforts in recent times.

 * Adventism – Typified by the Seventh-day Adventist Church.
 * Anabaptism
 * Anglicanism
 * Anglo-Catholicism – High church theology of Anglicanism.
 * Arminianism – affirms man's freedom to accept or reject God's gift of salvation; identified with Dutch Reformed theologian Jacobus Arminius, developed by Hugo Grotius, defended by the Remonstrants, and popularized by John Wesley. Key doctrine of Methodist churches, adopted by many Baptists and some Congregationalists.
 * Brethrenism: Anabaptist-Pietist, with Open and Exclusive streams.
 * Calvinism – System of soteriology advanced by French Reformer John Calvin, which espouses Augustinian views on election and reprobation; stresses absolute predestination, the sovereignty of God and the inability of man to effect his own salvation by believing the Gospel prior to regeneration; principle doctrines are often summarized by the acronym TULIP (see Canons of Dort).
 * Charismaticism – Movement in many Protestant and some Catholic churches that emphasizes the gifts of the Spirit and the continual working of the Holy Spirit within the body of Christ; often associated with glossolalia (i.e., speaking in tongues) and divine healing.
 * Congregationalism – Form of governance used in Congregationalist, Baptist, and Pentecostal churches in which each congregation is self-governing and independent of all others.
 * Counter-Reformation (or Catholic Reformation): The Roman Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation (see also Council of Trent).
 * Creation Spirituality – Panentheist theology.
 * Deism – The general doctrine that no faith is necessary for justified belief in God's existence or the doctrine that God does not intervene in earthly affairs (contrasts with Fideism).
 * Dispensationalism – Belief in a conservative, Biblically literalist hermeneutic and philosophy of history that, by stressing the dichotomy between Israel and the Church, rejects supersessionism (commonly referred to as "replacement theology").
 * Evangelicalism – Typically conservative, predominantly Protestant outlook that prioritizes evangelism above all or most other activities of the Church (see also neo-evangelicalism).
 * Fideism – The doctrine that faith is irrational, that God's existence transcends logic, and that all knowledge of God is on the basis of faith (contrasts with Deism).
 * Latitudinarianism: Broad church theology of Anglicanism.
 * Liberalism – Belief in interpreting the Bible to allow for the maximum amount of individual freedom.
 * Low church – Puritanical / Evangelical theology of Anglicanism.
 * Methodism – Form of church governance and doctrine used in the Methodist Church.
 * Modernism – Belief that truth changes, so doctrine must evolve in light of new information or trends.
 * Latter Day Saint movement (Mormonism): Belief that the Book of Mormon and others to be additional divine scriptures; belief in living prophets; generally reject the Nicene creed and other early creeds.
 * New Thought – Movement based on 19th century New England belief in positive thinking. Several denominations arose from it including Unity Church, and Religious Science.
 * Nonconformism – Advocacy of religious liberty; includes Quakers, Methodists, Baptists, Congregationalists and Salvationists.
 * Nontrinitarianism – Rejection of the doctrine of Trinity.
 * Open Theism – A rejection of the exhaustive foreknowledge of God, by attributing it to Greek philosophy.
 * Pentecostalism
 * Pietism – A stream of Lutheranism placing renewed emphasis on the Bible and a universal priesthood of all believers.
 * Presbyterianism – Form of governance used in Presbyterian and Reformed churches.
 * Puritanism: Movement to cleanse Episcopalianism of any "ritualistic" aspects.
 * Supersessionism – Belief that the Christian Church, the body of Christ, is the only elect people of God in the new covenant age (see also covenant theology).
 * Restoration Movement – 19th century attempt to return to a New Testament model of the Church.
 * Restorationism (Christian primitivism) – The doctrine that most of the modern Church is apostate; includes the Millerites, Seventh-day Adventists, Jehovah's Witnesses, and Latter Day Saints.
 * Salvation Army – An offshoot of the Methodist Church known for its charitable activities
 * Tractarianism – Oxford Movement. It led to Anglo-Catholicism.
 * Ultramontanism – A movement within 19th-century Roman Catholicism to emphasize papal authority, particularly in the wake of the French Revolution and the secularization of the state
 * Unification Church
 * Unitarianism – Rejects a holy "Trinity" and also the divinity of Christ, with some exceptions (see modalism).
 * Universalism – In various forms, the belief that all people will ultimately be reconciled with God; most famously defended by Origen.

Contemporary theological movements
In addition to the movements listed above, the following are some of the movements found amongst Christian theologians:

 * Augustinianism
 * Black theology
 * Catholic Christianity
 * Anarchism
 * Christian fundamentalism
 * Covenant Theology
 * Dalit theology (a form of liberation theology developed in India)
 * Dispensationalism
 * Eastern Orthodox Christianity
 * Emerging church
 * Evangelicalism
 * Feminist theology
 * Fundamentalism
 * Holocaust theology (In response to the horrors of the Holocaust especially in relation to Theodicy)
 * Liberal theology
 * Liberation theology
 * Lutheranism
 * Methodism
 * Molinism
 * Narrative theology – studying a narrative presentation of the faith rather than dogmatic development.
 * Neo-orthodoxy (also known as "dialectical theology" and "crisis theology", stemming from the works of Søren Kierkegaard and Karl Barth)
 * Neo-scholasticism
 * New Church
 * New Covenant Theology
 * Palamism
 * Paleo-Orthodoxy
 * Pentecostalism
 * Personalism
 * Postliberal theology
 * Postmodern theology
 * Process theology
 * Progressive theology
 * Prosperity theology
 * Queer Theology
 * Quakerism
 * Restoration Movement
 * Revisionist theology
 * Scotism
 * Thomism
 * Transcendental Theology

Evangelical Theological Society (ETS)
ETS is an academic society of Biblical scholars, teachers, pastors, students, and others involved in evangelical scholarship.

International Academy of Practical Theology (IAPT)
The purpose of the International Academy of Practical Theology is the study of and critical reflection on practical theological thought and action. This critical reflection should be pursued with attention to the various historical and cultural contexts in which practical theology is done. Out of respect for the diversity of these contexts, the academy seeks to promote international, interracial, and ecumenical dialogue and understanding.

title: Outline of Christian theology


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Institute for War and Peace Reporting

The Institute for War & Peace Reporting (IWPR) is an independent nonprofit organization that trains and provide publishing opportunities for professional and citizen journalists. IWPR is registered in the UK as a charity (charity reg. no: 1027201, company reg. no: 2744185); the US under IRS Section 501(c)(3) and NL as a charitable foundation.

History
IWPR was founded in 1991 under the name Yugofax. Initially it was a newsletter that reported on the troubling developments throughout the Balkans from a balanced perspective. As the conflict developed into an all out war, Yugofax newsletter changed its name to Balkan War Report.

Eventually, in late 1995, after the Dayton Peace Accord was signed ending the war in Bosnia, the newsletter expanded its area of focus to other global trouble spots (initially mainly focusing on ex-Soviet republics) and adjusted its name to War Report.

In 1998, the newsletter changed its name again to the Institute for War & Peace Reporting and registered as a non-governmental organization.

Deaths of members
International Media Awards in 2008 for her story, Honour Killing Sparks Fears of New Iraqi Conflict, published by IWPR in May 2007, about the brutal murder of a young Yezidi woman in the town of Bashika.

On May 2, 2015, the previous IWPR Iraq director, Ammar Al Shahbander, was killed in a car bomb attack, along with up to 17 other people.

On October 18, 2015, the IWPR acting Iraq director, Jacqueline Anne Sutton (a.k.a. Jacky Sutton), age 50, was found hanged in a bathroom stall of Istanbul's Atatürk International Airport. She had been on her way to Irbil.

On 6 July 2020, Hisham al-Hashimi was seriously wounded outside his home in Zayouna, Baghdad from an attack by gunmen on 3 motorbikes. He died in Ibn Al-Nafees Hospital shortly after arrival.

title: Institute for War and Peace Reporting


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Free-form language

In computer programming, a free-form language is a programming language in which the positioning of characters on the page in program text is insignificant. Program text does not need to be placed in specific columns as on old punched card systems, and frequently ends of lines are insignificant. Whitespace characters are used only to delimit tokens, and have no other significance. Free-form languages allow a greater degree of flexibility and have fewer syntactic rules to learn, which could lower the entry barrier for beginners.

Most free-form languages descend from ALGOL, including C, Pascal, and Perl. Lisp languages are free-form, although they do not descend from ALGOL. Rexx and its dialects ooRexx and NetRexx are mostly free-form, though in some cases whitespace characters are concatenation operators. SQL, though not a full programming language, is also free-form.

Most free-form languages are also structured programming languages, which is sometimes thought to go along with the free-form syntax: Earlier imperative programming languages such as Fortran 77 used particular columns for line numbers, which many structured languages do not use or need.

Structured languages exist which are not free-form, such as ABC, Curry, Haskell, Python and others. Many of these use some variant of the off-side rule, in which indentation, rather than keywords or braces, is used to group blocks of code.

title: Free-form language


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Andrew Morton (computer programmer)

Andrew Keith Paul Morton (born 1959) is an Australian software engineer. He is one of the lead developers of the Linux kernel, and a co-maintainer of the Ext3 file system, the journaling layer for block devices (JBD) and memory management.

In the late 1980s, he was one of the partners of a company in Sydney, Australia that produced a kit computer called the Applix 1616, as well as a hardware engineer for the now-defunct Australian gaming equipment manufacturer Keno Computer Systems. He holds an honours degree in electrical engineering from the University of New South Wales in Australia.

Morton maintains a Linux kernel patchset known as the mm tree, which contains work-in-progress patches that might later be accepted into the official Linux tree maintained by Linus Torvalds. "mm" as a primary testing ground became unmanageably large and busy, and in 2008 the "linux-next" tree was created to fill much of this role.

In 2001, Morton and his family moved from Wollongong, New South Wales to Palo Alto, California. In July 2003, he joined the Open Source Development Labs under an agreement with his then-employer Digeo Inc. (makers of the Moxi home entertainment media center), in which OSDL supported Morton's Linux kernel development work while he continued in his official role as principal engineer at Digeo. Since August 2006, Morton has been employed by Google and continues his current work in maintaining the kernel.

Morton delivered the keynote speech at the 2004 Ottawa Linux Symposium. He was also a featured speaker at MontaVista Software's Vision 2007 Conference. He was an expert witness in the SCO v. IBM lawsuit contesting UNIX copyrights.

Morton is also known by his username akpm, as found in e-mail addresses and as part of the URL to his now-defunct webpage. On being asked what the initials KP stood for, he replied, "Some say 'Kernel Programmer.' My parents said 'Keith Paul.'"

title: Andrew Morton (computer programmer)


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Council of States

Council of States may refer to:

 * Rajya Sabha (Council of States), the upper house of the Parliament of India
 * Council of States (South Sudan), established in 2011 by interim constitution – one of two chambers that compose the National Legislature of South Sudan
 * Council of States (Sudan)
 * Council of States (Switzerland)

title: Council of States


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Brainiac

Brainiac is a colloquial adjective used to describe exceptionally intelligent people. It may also refer to:

Fictional entities

 * Brainiac (character), a fictional supervillain in DC Comics, and an enemy of Superman
 * Brainiac (story arc), a 2008 storyline in Action Comics
 * Brainiac (Smallville), a version of the villain in the TV series Smallville
 * Vril Dox also known as Brainiac 2, a DC Comics character
 * Brainiac 5, a member of the Legion of Super-Heroes
 * Brainiac 8, a superheroine of the Outsiders, who turned into a supervillainess

Television

 * Brainiac: Science Abuse, a 2003–2008 British television programme, and its spin-offs:
 * Brainiac: History Abuse, aired in 2005
 * Brainiac's Test Tube Baby, aired in 2006–2007
 * "Brainiac" (Dark Angel), an episode of the television series Dark Angel

Other uses in culture

 * Brainiac (band), an American indie rock band in the 1990s, from Dayton, Ohio
 * The Brainiac, a 1962 Mexican horror film directed by Chano Urueta
 * Brainiac: Adventures in the Curious, Competitive, Compulsive World of Trivia Buffs, a book written by Ken Jennings

Other uses

 * Function BRAINIAC, an energy drink, for improving brain function
 * Brainiac techniques for improving computer performance, in technology

title: Brainiac


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User talk:195.92.168.173

Nomination of Jewell Marceau for deletion
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Proposed deletion of Decius Metellus

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title: User talk:195.92.168.173