text:
Talk:Positron

Number
The number is 1.022 Mev, a little over one Mev, not one thousand Mev. pstudier 20:50, 2003 Dec 8 (UTC)

 * Yes, that was a mistake. - Patrick 00:24, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Correct me if I'm wrong – I'm not a particle physicist – but isn't the positron supposed to have a spin of ±1/2?

No, you mistake the positron for the neutrino. How could the positron have spin +or- half, if so it could never be responsoble for the annihalation of it's anti-particle the electron User:62.253.219.130 11:14, 3 December 2004

Electrons and Positrons both have spin of 1/2. To annihalate, an electron must meet a positron with opposite spin, that is, an electron with spin +1/2 must meet a positron with spin -1/2. This event gives off two photons, each of which have spin of 1. So one photon will have spin of +1 and the other -1. See Spin (physics). pstudier 23:14, 2004 Dec 3 (UTC)

 * If a particle has "spin" 1/2, this means that the spin quantum number s = 1/2. The spin magnetic quantum number ms can have values -s, -s+1, ..., s-1, s. Thus, if s = 1/2, ms can be ±1/2. David Da Vit in Chu Nôm.jpg 17:41, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Q: The negative spin relates to the negative, or reverse, time factor in the calculations, if I am not completely mistaken. If I am not mistaken, does this mean that the positron is supposed to travel... well, you know... backwards in time?

Publicity
At the Christie Hospital North West Medical Physics Open Evening last night, the speaker was talking about PET scanning and running a slide show, and on one of the slides was, in big(~20cm on a ~1m high screen) letters http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron. Boffy b 12:35, 2005 Mar 18 (UTC)

Positronic holes?
While I can't find a source for this (not normally a good sign), I was under the impression that a 'hole' in an otherwise electron-saturated lattice is also sometimes called a positron; Relative to the lattice it has an electropositive charge (zero rather than -1). I also thought this was the (pseudo)scientific explanation of the Asimov/Star Trek android brain - the more the android learns, the less energy it needs to store the information, and a magnetic bottle wouldn't be required inside the machine to prevent the brain from annihilating everything else. Can someone confirm or deny either of these? [I also checked for pseudopositron as the right word for this kind of phenomenon, but there doesn't seem to be anything else on the web using that term.] Cyrek 23:26, 1 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I think holes in a lattice are called, well, holes. I've never heard of them being called positrons, which would be a very confusing abuse of terminology.  However, there is a historical analogy with Dirac's initial model of the positron as a hole in an infinite sea of negative-energy electrons. (This is an old, and no longer accepted, interpretation of the Dirac equation.)  The science fiction business about negative energy may be based on that interpretation, but there isn't any particular scientific merit to the technobabble that I can see.
 * In the future, you might want to post questions at Reference desk rather than on talk article talk pages, which are (strictly speaking) for discussion of the article itself. -- SCZenz 23:40, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I would hate to dissuade someone from asking a clarifying question in an article's discussion page. The function of these discussion pages is to collaborate in improving the article.  Sometimes that end is accomplished indirectly by people asking questions about the topic, revealing that the article might be improved or expanded.  CosineKitty (talk) 02:45, 20 January 2010 (UTC)

Parity
Positron has opposite parity as the electron. I would add this but I know nothing about it other than its true (probably). Fresheneesz 07:34, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

 * As far as I can recall, electrons are not parity eigenstates. You can only talk about parity of things like pions. -- Xerxes 21:54, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Hmm, well its beyond me to disagree with you, but my physics teacher mentioned it in passing (not that I trust him..), and this page suggests to me that theres *at least* confusion about this. Fresheneesz 02:06, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

 * You're interpreting this wrong. The electron field really describes four different particles: the left-handed electron, the right-handed electron, the left-handed positron and the right-handed positron. Parity-reversal exchanges left-handed particles with right-handed ones. Charge-conjugation exchanges electrons with positrons. Due to CPT symmetry, if you apply parity-reversal, charge-conjugation and then flip the arrow of time, all reactions look exactly the same. This implies that left-handed electrons are "like" right-handed positrons. But neither is the parity-flip of the other. -- Xerxes 18:44, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

Earlier "discovery"?
Skobeltsyn page says he observed the positron in 1923. This page says 1929. Which date is correct? Marcreif (talk) 12:14, 26 April 2016 (UTC)Marcreif

I find that Eddington in "Further Notes on the Radiative Equilibrium of Stars" (Monthly Notes of the Royal Astronomical Society, 77, p. 611), published in 1917, mentions "positive and negative electrons occasionally anulling each other" as a source of stellar energy. What is this, if not antimatter (or some way-advanced prediction of something like it)? --Tardis 02:07, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, this is something very interesting I didn't know before. There was a lot of speculation about "positive electrons" before Dirac came up with the right equation for them. In addition to the Eddington 1917 ref, I also found an article by Bragg in 1910 speculating about bound positive-negative electron pairs making up X-rays. So I suppose Dirac was just the first to come up with a correct derivation that the positron should exist. I think we should probably add a section discussing incorrect previous theories as well. -- Xerxes 18:22, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

 * My reading of old books and articles on the electron and electricity helped me to find that a positive electron was sometimes what we now call a proton because electron was, for a while, considered to be an element for a short while.

Bvcrist 20:56, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

In this very good articles it is stated (as practically everywhere else) that "Feynman, and earlier Stueckelberg, proposed an interpretation of the positron as an electron moving backward in time,[6] reinterpreting the negative-energy solutions of the Dirac equation. Electrons moving backward in time would have a positive electric charge."

Actually, A.S.Eddington in his Presidential address to the Mathematical Association, delivered on 5 January 1931 (The End of the World: from the Standpoint of Mathematical Physics, Nature, Supplement, no. 3203, 21 March, 1931) said the following. "I was once asked a ribald question: How does an electron (which has not the resource of consciousness) remember which way time is going? Why should it not inadvertently turn around and, so to speak, face time the other way? Does it have to calculate which way entropy is increasing in order to keep itself straight? I am inclined to think that an electron does something of that sort. For an electric charge to face the opposite way in time is the same thing as to change the sign of the charge. So if an electron mistook the way time was going it would turn into a positive charge. Now, it has been one of the troubles of Dr. P.A.M. Dirac that in the mathematical calculations based on his wave equation the electrons do sometimes forget themselves in this way. As he puts it, there is a finite chance of the charge changing sign after an encounter. You must understand that they only do this in the mathematical problem, not in real life".91.55.175.213 (talk) 11:08, 18 October 2013 (UTC)

what
Why is half of a scientific article devoted to "The positron in fiction"... Who really cares if the positron was in some dumb anime show. Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy isn't even mentioned in the article. I would rewrite it myself but I don't have any expertise on the subject.

This is why people on the internet shouldn't be allowed to write encylopedias... No matter what the article is about it is going to be packed full of references to shitty cartoons and ghostbusters by some stupid geek. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 81.152.10.161 (talk • contribs).

 * What, are you under the impression that an explanation of Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy was deleted in order to make room for cartoons? Wikipedia is under construction. Melchoir 23:01, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Don't worry, more "scientific" stuff is about to be added. A page on positron annihilation spectroscopy will also emerge in a few weeks.Positroni (talk) 22:00, 18 May 2008 (UTC)

Help!
I'm currently studying physics at A2, and have come across what seems to be a logical contradcition. If protons are positively charged and electrons negatively charged, why do the electrons leave the nucleus in Beta decay? Please someone help! 80Turnbull 21:57, 16 November 2006 (UTC)80Turnbull

 * I added a link. Does that clear anything up?  --Tardis 21:13, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

Copyright of image
The copyright notice of the image "Cloud chamber - visible trace of positron" says that the copyright is expired because more than 70 years have passed since the author's death. Since Anderson died in 1991, this is obviously false. Also, the picture is upside-down. 147.142.160.134 17:57, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

positron-electron collisions
i am a 16 year old boy at Manchester Grammar School but have a wide knowledge of the sub atomic world. in the Standford Linear Accelerator Center for example accelerating electrons into positrons i have read that this forms pure energy. they cn thn re-matarialize into the same constituents, i.e a positron and an electron. theoretically wouldnt this mean that this cycle can be a continous cycle occuring an infinite number of times as the positron will always encounter an electron and therefore could'nt there be a continual liberation of energy, which we all know is impossible? lastly as the positron-electron energy re-materializes it is said that it can also form a muon and an antimuon. what i cannot comprehend is how it can re-materialize into something that is 200 times (or of that order) bigger than the original mass of the constituents? question by Mark Ramotowski. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Rambatino (talk • contribs) 23:25, 8 May 2007 (UTC).
 * At each collision, no more energy is liberated than was there in the first place. The extra energy to make a muon/antimuon pair comes from the large momentum of the colliding electron and positron.  energy is conserved, but total mass is not. -- SCZenz 15:18, 27 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Er, this is a case where energy is not preserved. Energy ($$E$$) and momentum ($$\mathbf p$$) are not preserved, but the relation $$\mathbf p\cdot\mathbf p-c^2E^2$$ is preserved. Some momentum becomes energy, and so neither energy nor momentum is preserved. (212.247.11.156 (talk) 20:43, 7 October 2009 (UTC))
 * Thank you for your informative comment, but the relation between two variables can be more complex than a simple linear, and if a relation exists and can be described, you can turn one variable into another, right?
 * $$P = mv$$, $$E = m(v^2):2$$, so $$E = Pv:2$$, Since the relation between Energy and Momentum is linear with variables we know, if we know the Momentum and the Mass, we can calculate the velocity $$v = P:m$$ and therefore the energy. This means that a large momentum does equal a large energy and that you can describe it in formulas. This is done via Newtonian mechanics, and at high energies electrons have relativistic speeds, but AFAIK momentum and energy can be correlated in a somewhat linear fashion, since General Relativity can be approximated by Newtonian mechanics at low energies.
 * If it can't, please elaborate with formulae. Braggy (talk;contributions) 14:19, 21 March 2022 (UTC)
 * If it can't, please elaborate with formulae. Braggy (talk;contributions) 14:19, 21 March 2022 (UTC)
 * If it can't, please elaborate with formulae. Braggy (talk;contributions) 14:19, 21 March 2022 (UTC)

Message to the 16 year old poster: Why did you bother to capitalize "Manchester Grammar School" but not your sentences? And why bother with periods? If you want your writing to be as readable as possible, please use traditional punctuation. Obviously Manchester Grammar School doesn't teach grammar. And what is "could'nt"? The apostrophe stands for a missing letter, in this case "o", but you did not mean "couldont" did you? Why "wouldnt"? And your careful capitalization of "Manchester Grammar School" makes a mockery of your cn, thn. Why not save more precious keystrokes by writing "Mnchstr Grmr Skl"? Your posting makes you appear dumb/unintelligent. Sorry, but in this case your mobile phone ABC syntax or "Internetese" medium of communication becomes the message, rather than your deep discussion about nature. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.176.184.100 (talk) 16:17, 13 December 2011 (UTC)

Good Article nomination

 * GA review (see here for criteria)

 * 1) It is reasonably well written.
 * a (prose): b (MoS):
 * 1) It is factually accurate and verifiable.
 * a (references): b (citations to reliable sources):  c (OR):
 * 1) It is broad in its coverage.
 * a (major aspects): b (focused):
 * 1) It follows the neutral point of view policy.
 * Fair representation without bias:
 * 1) It is stable.
 * No edit wars etc.:
 * 1) It is illustrated by images, where possible and appropriate.
 * a (images are tagged and non-free images have fair use rationales): b (appropriate use with suitable captions):
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass/Fail:

⋅This article is almost completely unreferenced, does not have a summary introduction separate from the minimal main content, and is dominated by unreferenced trivia, apparently selected on the base that the word "positron" is there somewhere. Needs more on physics, less on entertainment. Jimfbleak (talk) 08:57, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

importance rating
i feel that this is a very important topic, as the experimental discovery of the positron was a huge success for theoretical physics, and believe the positron is an important antiparticle, please revert or discuss if you diagree. It is however a shame the quality of the article does not represent the importance, and hope someone has the time that i dont to improve it 193.60.83.241 (talk) 11:56, 14 May 2008 (UTC)

 * The article is about to be improved, please be patient.Positroni (talk) 22:01, 18 May 2008 (UTC)

Reassessment?
Is it time to reassess this article for "good article" status? It has been two years...  -RadicalOne •Contact Me•Chase My Tail 03:08, 20 January 2010 (UTC)

 * Funny, I have been looking at this article the last couple of days, and tonight I started digging through all my college physics books looking for some more beef to add here. It seems like a thin coverage of such and important physics topic.  CosineKitty (talk) 03:19, 20 January 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree. 	 -RadicalOne •Contact Me•Chase My Tail 03:37, 20 January 2010 (UTC)

 * I did a bit of work to the history section tonight. I tried to be WP:BOLD, but hopefully not too much!  It would be nice for experts to review my changes for errors or misinterpretations, both in terms of history and physics.  I'm concerned my changes may be controversial, though I did my best to base it all on primary sources.  CosineKitty (talk) 03:08, 22 January 2010 (UTC)
 * I know a particle physicist - should I ask her to look it over? She will not mind, I can assure that.  -RadicalOne •Contact Me•Chase My Tail 03:16, 22 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Of course... no need to get permission. Any help improving this would be great! CosineKitty (talk) 15:07, 22 January 2010 (UTC)

She likes it. :)  -RadicalOne •Contact Me•Chase My Tail 15:49, 22 January 2010 (UTC)
 * That is good to hear! I am still concerned that I may have gone too far by interpreting the original Dirac paper.  Everywhere else on Wikipedia writes that the Dirac paper "predicts" the existence of the positron.  However, the notion of prediction is a complete fabrication when I read the paper, so I used the wording here.  However, this may be construed as original research on my part, and my admitted use of "primary" sources is problematic under WP:PRIMARY.  Perhaps all the physicists who read that paper at the time saw something obvious that I am missing, leading them to say "wow, there must be some kind of anti-electron", even though I can't find it.  I hope someone will come along and give me some good-faith head-butting on this issue, along with reliable sources to back up the prevailing point of view, so that we can end up with an even better article.  CosineKitty (talk) 17:38, 24 January 2010 (UTC)
 * From the background I do have in quantum physics - far from professional, but enough so that I would be watching this article ;) - Dirac appears to have hypothesized the positron not from a modern standpoint but from the hypothetical "sea" that bears his name. In an effort to solve the false vacuum paradox of negative energy, he implied the "sea" must be full an thus not permit everything to settle into the lowest energy state. When one of the particles occupying a "slot" was removed, that space was a positron. Therefore, he appears to have been thinking of the positron not as a unique particle, but merely an electron with negative energy. This is incorrect, and its mathematical impetus "E4=m2c4" and thus "E2=±mc2" appears to me to be more mathematical manipulation than actual proof. Yes, negative energy exists, but Dirac appears to have been in a bit of a blind alley.  -RadicalOne •Contact Me•Chase My Tail 17:54, 24 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Interesting! And the Dirac sea article seems to be consistent with this interpretation: the sea was based on an aether-like concept. CosineKitty (talk) 23:03, 24 January 2010 (UTC)
 * That is a good analogy.  -RadicalOne •Contact Me•Chase My Tail 23:55, 24 January 2010 (UTC)
 * I wish I could claim credit for it, though it was stolen from one of the references of the Dirac sea article. :)  Apparently, in the post-Michelson-Morely world, that was a serious hindrance to the idea. CosineKitty (talk) 00:35, 25 January 2010 (UTC)

It would be. One could spend hours getting their tail in knots just trying to justify it.  -RadicalOne •Contact Me•Chase My Tail 00:45, 25 January 2010 (UTC)

Dirac really did predict the positron
I have added another step in the story between Dirac's 1929 paper and Anderson's discovery in 1932. I found a paper he wrote in 1931 in which he explicitly predicts the existence of an "anti-electron", that it should have the same mass as the electron, and that it would mutually annihilate with an electron. To avoid problems of WP:PRIMARY, I have included a book reference to corroborate my reading of the original paper. CosineKitty (talk) 02:35, 11 February 2010 (UTC)
 * That certainly sounds much closer to the real description of a positron. However, I am now left wondering how he got from an electron with negative energy to a new particle altogether. Did he predict other differences (like an equivalent of the not-yet-discovered color charge) or simply an electron with negative electric charge? Maya and I were discussing this over a meal and agree that unless he predicted some of the "flagship" characteristics of antimatter, he came close but from a wrong direction.  -RadicalOne •Contact Me•Chase My Tail 02:56, 11 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Maybe that part needs a little more detail. You might try reading the online version of the 1931 paper from the citation (or this copy works too) and see what you think.  He explicitly abandons the idea of the proton being an anti-electron.  He says "a hole, if there were one, would be a new kind of particle, unknown to experimental physics, having the same mass and opposite charge to an electron."  He also predicts that the anti-electron will annihilate with an electron, which is what clinched it for me.  He even goes on to speculate about the possibility of an anti-proton, the proton being only other known subatomic particle at that time.  But yes, it would be nice to find some secondary sources that give an interpretation of the Dirac/Oppenheimer discussion.  CosineKitty (talk) 12:45, 11 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes, the prediction of annhilation is certainly compelling. However, he appears to remain steadfast in his sea hypothesis, in which an antiparticle is a particle with negative energy (wrong), and that there is a limited number of "slots" for such particles (also wrong). As such, unless a source that discards this baggage is found, I am hesitant - as is Maya - to attribute the prediction of the true positron to Dirac. Dirac was indeed an excellent physicist, and one of high intelligence, but he appears to have fallen out of orbit on this one.  -RadicalOne •Contact Me•Chase My Tail 23:18, 11 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Almost everywhere I look, it is stated as fact that Dirac did predict the positron. I might or might not agree with your reluctance, mostly because I haven't finished my research yet.  But regardless of what we think, in the long run we will have to defer to what reliable secondary sources say, otherwise it is original research.  It wasn't until recently that I read WP:PRIMARY and realized I am already skating on thin ice with regard to Wikipedia policy when I read the original papers and interpret them.  So in the mean time, I'm looking for more books written by established experts in the field about Dirac's work.  If I find multiple conflicting points of view, I can balance them here with the "A says X, but B says Y" approach. Here is one possible dissenting voice, though I will need to track down the book and read it.
 * The negative energy point is interesting because a non-physicist like me thinks (naively perhaps) that the positron+electron reaction would then result in zero energy release; they would both vanish without a trace, as opposed to the pair of gamma photons. But my guess isn't a reliable source as defined by Wikipedia policy.  CosineKitty (talk) 01:18, 12 February 2010 (UTC)
 * What did some of the other giants of quantum physics (Feynman, Pauli, Planck, Weinberg, and the like) have to say on this matter?
 * The negative energy point would be correct...were quantum physics natural and straightforward. Think of a stationary object. As per $$E_k = \frac {mv^2}{2}$$, its kinetic energy (the kind of energy mentioned in the above paper) is zero. Does that mean it doesn't exist? No. The theory of quantum mechanics, once one understands it, is intutive. Some of the premises, not so much.  -RadicalOne •Contact Me•Chase My Tail 01:31, 12 February 2010 (UTC)

Positron acceleration procedure
Is there a reference concerning the positron that explains the positron acceleration procedure? I don't see anything in the article that explains that. How does Fermilab do it?WFPM (talk) 11:39, 21 May 2010 (UTC)
 * The positron is a charged particle, so it's really no different than accelerating any other charged particle. Headbomb {talk / contribs / physics / books} 21:47, 9 August 2010 (UTC)

The Positron source (at Fermilab), per (National Geographic May.1985), is said to be created from Beryllium (EO4Be9). Thus the source of the Positron from within the atom would have to be from one of the Neutrons. However since it is positively charged, it is not understood how it it is impelled in the opposite direction from the electron by the (electrostatic?) directional acceleration system of the electrons.WFPM (talk) 18:57, 17 August 2010 (UTC)

Blackett and Occhialini
The article should probably mention Patrick Blackett and Giuseppe Occhialini who did secondary results that confirmed and popularised the discovery of the positron, although Anderson is correct credited as the initial discoverer. -93.97.122.93 (talk) 16:57, 28 May 2010 (UTC)

Discovery by a bubble chamber ??
In 1.2 Experimental clues and discovery, it says Dmitri Skobeltsyn used a bubble chamber while the article bubble chamber says it was invented in 1952... I suppose it was a cloud chamber, can you confirm ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by AiméCésar (talk • contribs) 17:55, 9 August 2010 (UTC)
 * He used a cloud chamber. Fixed and source added.  Solarswordsman (talk) 01:57, 11 August 2010 (UTC)

Fractional version of mass
The positron and electron both have a "fractional version" of their mass in the Infobox. The note mentions that this is just another way of writing the decimal value, so it doesn't add any information. I've never heard of it being used and I haven't seen it on any other Wikipedia page, so I don't understand why it is useful to have it. I have no formal education in this area, but I have been reading a lot on the subject, so I expect that most people will not know what this value means for the positron. Can somebody please explain what this information means for the positron and add it to the page, or remove it if there's no reason to have it? — SkyLined (talk) 07:17, 3 August 2011 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure I understand what you mean by fractional mass. Can you elaborate? Dauto (talk) 16:02, 3 August 2011 (UTC)
 * In the infobox, under mass, there are a couple of numbers. One of them has a note explaining "The fractional version's denominator is the inverse of the decimal value (along with its relative standard uncertainty of 4.2×10−10)." From this I assume that number is the fractional version. If you raise that number to the power -1, you get the "normal" value, so it's just a different way of saying the same thing in my opinion.    — SkyLined (talk) 21:07, 3 August 2011 (UTC)
 * I agree. It's just a different way of saying the same thing. I don't know why it's there. Doesn't hurt anything, I suppose. I wouldn't mind were it removed. Dauto (talk) 23:31, 3 August 2011 (UTC)
 * After double checking the calculation I realize that that number seems to have a typo. it is the inverse of 5.485799043 instead of 5.4857990943. Note the missing digit. It should be either fixed or removed. Dauto (talk) 23:49, 3 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Its numerical value is, for obvious reasons, close to the proton-to-electron mass ratio, but I agree that the inverse electron mass in inverse atomic mass units is useless. I would replace it with “1/” rather than removing it altogether, maybe. (This applies to both Positron and Electron.) ― A. di M.plédréachtaí 00:17, 5 August 2011 (UTC)

Mass discrepancy
The mass in the box on this page needs to be updated to correspond to the same (more recent) source as that of the electron page, since a casual user may look up both positron and electron and think that the two have (very slightly) different masses (as I did before digging into the sources). David.S.Hollman (talk) 14:57, 30 January 2012 (UTC)

Picture caption?
I'm not entirely sure what the caption is referring to; it'd be helpful to have clarification on either the picture itself, or for the caption to be more clear. 86.163.71.158 (talk) 20:51, 6 May 2012 (UTC)

Who observed it first?
Dmitri Skobeltsyn and Chung-Yao Chao are both dated as "1929" for the first observations. Can someone please look into the exact dates, as in month and day, so we can know who really observed it first? DrZygote214 (talk) 23:02, 10 September 2014 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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Discovery of positron
Who observed what when has been discussed on this talk page regarding the discovery of the positron. But, in reading this article, it remains puzzling as to why Dmitri Skobeltsyn is not given credit for the discovery of the positron. Did he not do anything with his cloud-chamber observations of 1929? Perhaps not publish them? Anyway, right now, the article confusing on this matter. Attic Salt (talk) 13:57, 5 August 2018 (UTC)

Precise mass of electron
The infobox currently quotes the very precisely known electron mass as positron mass. I don't think this is the right way. It is known that electron and positron mass agree within an uncertainty of 8e-9 (see Review of Particle Properties) So this should be the precision given in the infobox, not the much smaller value for the electron. -- Wassermaus (talk) 17:53, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Positron


text:
Tai-Pan (novel)

Tai-Pan is a 1966 novel written by James Clavell about European and American traders who move into Hong Kong in 1842 following the end of the First Opium War. It is the second book in Clavell's Asian Saga, and the first to feature the fictional Struan family.

Plot summary
The novel begins following the British victory of the first Opium War and the seizure of Hong Kong. Although the island is largely uninhabited and the terrain unfriendly, it has a large natural harbour that both the British government and various trading companies believe will be useful for the import of merchandise to be traded in mainland China, a highly lucrative market.

Although the novel features many characters, it is Dirk Struan and Tyler Brock, former shipmates and the owners of two massive (fictional) trading companies who are the main focal points of the story. Their rocky and often abusive relationship as seamen initiated an intense amount of competitive tension. Throughout the novel, both men seek to destroy each other in matters of business and personal affairs. Struan is referred to throughout the novel as the Tai-pan, indicating his position as head of Struan & Company, the greatest private trading company in nineteenth-century Asia. Clavell translates tai-pan as "Supreme Leader" although "Big Shot" might be more accurate.

In 1805, at the age of seven, Dirk Struan began his nautical adventures as a powder monkey on a king's ship at the Battle of Trafalgar and he remains bound to the sea for life. By the end of this year, he found service on the East India Company merchant ship Vagrant Star to China. Under the command of Tyler Brock, third mate and future nemesis, Dirk Struan was whipped mercilessly. Dirk Struan vowed to someday destroy Brock. Later, Dirk Struan and Tyler Brock would go on to dominate the opium trade.

In 1812 a fateful night in the Malacca Strait, Vagrant Star ran aground on a reef and sank. At the age of fourteen, Struan swam ashore and found his way to Singapore. Later, Dirk Struan discovered that Tyler Brock survived as well.

By 1822, Dirk Struan was a captain-owner of his own ship on the opium run. Tyler Brock was his chief rival. Also this year, Dirk Struan married Ronalda in Scotland, but immediately travelled to Macau.

In 1824, Culum Struan was born. He was the son of Dirk Struan and Ronalda. Shortly after his birth, Ronalda and Culum were sent to Glasgow. Ronalda would never return to China. Also this year, Gordon Chen was born. He was the illegitimate son of Dirk Struan and his mistress, Chen Kai Sung.

In 1826, the British East India Company decided to make an example of Struan and Brock. The Company withdrew their licenses and the two men were financially wiped out. Brock was left with his ship, Struan with nothing. Brock entered a secret agreement with another opium trader. Dirk Struan pilfered a lorcha from pirates in Macau. He became a clandestine opium smuggler for other China traders. He relentlessly confiscated more pirate ships. Using them to make dangerous illicit opium runs up the China coast, he made even greater profits.

In 1834, free trade reform advocates succeeded in ending the monopoly of the British East India Company under the Charter Act of 1833. Finally, British trade opened to private entrepreneurs. With the freedom to legally trade, Dirk Struan and Tyler Brock became merchant princes. Their armed fleets expanded and bitter rivalry honed their enmity even keener.

In 1837, Jin-qua arranged for May–May, his favourite granddaughter, to become Dirk Struan's mistress. She was secretly assigned the task of teaching "the green-eyed devil" Struan "civilised" (Chinese) ways.

By 1838, Dirk Struan was considered the Tai-pan of all tai-pan. Struan & Company was recognised as the Noble House. Business concerns of the Noble House included smuggling opium from India into China, trading spices and sugar from the Philippines, importing Chinese tea and silk into England, handling cargo papers, cargo insurance, renting of dockyard facilities and warehouse space, trade financing, and other numerous lines of business and trade. The company possessed nineteen intercontinental clipper ships. A close rival, Brock & Sons Trading Company, possessed thirteen. Additionally, Struan & Company possessed hundreds of small ships and lorchas for upriver coastal smuggling.

By 1839, Gordon Chen grew to become a remarkably intelligent and a very skilled businessman. However, he longed for recognition from his biological father, Dirk Struan. To achieve this, he decided to become indispensable to Dirk Struan and the Noble House.

From January to July 1841, events detailed in the novel unfold.

The Noble House was on the brink of financial collapse and about to be destroyed by rival Tyler Brock. In desperation and upon prompting by Mary Sinclair, Dirk Struan turned to Jin Qua. In exchange for a series of favours and promises, Dirk Struan received a loan of "4 million" (approximately £1 million) in silver bullion from the Jin Qua.

The first part of the arrangement, Struan agreed to certain trade concessions. The second part of the arrangement, Struan agreed that a member of the Chen family would forever be comprador of the Noble House. The third part of the arrangement, Struan agreed to sell Jin Qua a sizeable plot of land in Hong Kong with the deed to be recorded in the name of Gordon Chen.

The fourth part of the arrangement, Struan agreed to the "coin debt". Four bronze coins were split irregularly in half, each coin different from the other three. Four halves were given to Dirk Struan and the other four halves were kept by Jin Qua. Anyone who presented a half-coin to the tai-pan of the Noble House must be granted whatever he asked, whether legal or illegal. All future tai-pan of the Noble House must swear to keep this bargain. This served as repayment for the loan of silver.

Tess Brock and Culum Struan fell in love and married. The couple condemned their fathers' hatred for each other.

Due to the bargain struck between Dirk Struan and Jin Qua, Gordon Chen managed Jin Qua's financial interests in Hong Kong, investing in land and money lending. Gordon Chen seized leadership of the Hong Kong triad. Partly due to assistance from his father and partly due to running protection rackets, Gordon Chen quickly became the wealthiest Chinese man in Hong Kong. Gordon Chen concealed this information from his father. When his status as Dragon Head of the triad was revealed, his position was nearly ruined. Fortunately, facts were dismissed as lies. Although, Dirk Struan was not entirely convinced.

As part of his efforts to protect his father, Gordon Chen arranged the assassination of Gorth Brock and sought a cure for May–May's malaria. The first half-coin of Jin Qua was presented to Dirk Struan by the pirate warlord Wu Fang Choi.

On 21 July 1841, Dirk Struan was killed in a typhoon before he can fulfil his oath to destroy Brock. Culum Struan became the second tai-pan of the Noble House. Gordon Chen began placing spies on Struan & Company's ships. Gordon Chen raised Duncan and Kate Struan, the children of Dirk Struan and May–May.

The enmity between Struan and Brock is a prominent theme in Clavell's Asian Saga. Dirk Struan and Tyler Brock left many children, legitimate and illegitimate, who take up their respective fathers' mantles and continue the battle. Thus begins a vicious cycle which lasts many years.

List of other characters
Other important characters of the novel include:
 * Culum Struan – Dirk Struan's son and future tai-pan
 * Robb Struan – Dirk Struan's half-brother and business partner
 * William Longstaff – first Governor of Hong Kong
 * Jeff Cooper – American trader and secret partner to the Noble House
 * Wilf Tillman – American trader and partner to Jeff Cooper. Guardian to Shevaun Tillman. Advocate of slavery.
 * Archduke Zergeyev – Russian diplomat and spy to gauge British influence in Hong Kong
 * Gorth Brock – Tyler Brock's boat-captain son
 * Jin-qua – Chinese tea and opium trader, lends Dirk Struan "4 million" (approximately 1 million pounds sterling in silver bullion) to get out of debt to Tyler Brock. He is the originator of the "coin debt" to which Dirk Struan and future tai-pans of the Noble House must swear to uphold (revealed as well in Noble House).
 * May–May – Dirk Struan's Chinese mistress, granddaughter of Jin-Qua, instructed to teach Dirk "civilised" (Chinese) ways
 * Liza Brock – wife of Tyler Brock and Tess's mother
 * Aristotle Quance – painter and hedonist, always in debt. The Struan family own several of his paintings.
 * Shevaun Tillman – ward of Wilf Tillman and hopeful bride to Dirk Struan
 * Captain Orlov – "The Hunchback" Norwegian opium ship captain under Dirk Struan. Often has visions of precognition of future events.
 * Morley Skinner – editor of the island newspaper, privy to secrets handed to him by Dirk Struan to keep his rivals off balance
 * Gordon Chen – Dirk Struan's Eurasian son by a Chinese mistress and secret head of the first Hong Kong triad
 * Tess Brock – daughter of Tyler Brock and eventual wife of Culum Struan. Also known as Hag Struan in later novels.
 * Mary Sinclair – secret English prostitute and devotee/spy of Dirk Struan, and sister of Horatio Sinclair
 * Captain Glessing – former ship captain of the Royal Navy and harbour master. Has a peninsula named after him. Loses an arm in the typhoon.
 * Horatio Sinclair – clerk to William Longstaff, church fanatic and harbours incestuous desires for his sister Mary.
 * Wolfgang Mauss – renegade priest and teacher to Gordon Chen
 * Roger Blore – gambler, makes an unheard of record time journey to Hong Kong, later becomes Dirk Struan's horse racing club owner
 * Captain Scragger – pirate and negotiator for Wu Fang Choi, the pirate king. Scragger's family line is mentioned several times in succeeding books of the Asian Saga.
 * Wu Fang Choi – pirate king and secret partner to Jin-Qua, as the bullion for the deal came from him

Background
Clavell had written one novel, the autobiographical King Rat. He was challenged to write a second book because "that separates the men from the boys". He said he wanted to write a book which did for Hong Kong what James Michener's Hawaii did for that state. "The movie sale money for King Rat gave me the drop dead money I needed to write Tai Pan, said Clavell. (He later said this was $157,000 spread over five years for tax purposes.)

After visiting Hong Kong with Benson Fong in 1962, Clavell returned in 1963 with his family for a year. He said it took him five false starts, 241 days to write a first draft, and 12 weeks to do the second. Clavell originally wanted the novel to span from the establishment of Hong Kong until the present day but when writing it decided to end the novel on the death of the first tai pan. He did so much research it gave him the idea to write a trilogy; in particular he later wrote a novel set in 1963 Hong Kong, Noble House.

German Gollob was Clavell's editor.

Reception
The book was an immediate best-seller and film rights were sold to MGM and Filmways for $500,000. (Although it would take two decades for the film to be made). By 1976 the novel had sold over a million-and-a-half copies in paperback.

Critical reception
The New York Times said the book was not as notable as King Rat but was "almost an archetype of pure story telling... undoubtedly grand entertainment... hordes of readers will revel in Tai Pan."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tai-Pan (novel)


text:
Entailment (linguistics)

Linguistic entailments are entailments which arise in natural language. If a sentence A entails a sentence B, sentence A cannot be true without B being true as well. For instance, the English sentence "Pat is a fluffy cat" entails the sentence "Pat is a cat" since one cannot be a fluffy cat without being a cat. On the other hand, this sentence does not entail "Pat chases mice" since it is possible (if unlikely) for a cat to not chase mice.

Entailments arise from the semantics of linguistic expressions. Entailment contrasts with the pragmatic notion of implicature. While implicatures are fallible inferences, entailments are enforced by lexical meanings plus the laws of logic. Entailments also differ from presuppositions, whose truth is taken for granted. The classic example of a presupposition is the existence presupposition which arises from definite descriptions. For example, the sentence "The king of France is bald" presupposes that there is a king of France. Unlike an entailment, presuppositions survive when the sentence is negated. The negation test can be used to determine the difference between entailment and presupposition. For instance, "The king of France is not bald" likewise presupposes that there is a king of France.

title: Entailment (linguistics)


text: User talk:219.88.71.232

title: User talk:219.88.71.232


text:
Talk:Anything Goes

Full entry
If this deserves a full entry of its own, one should at least be given a year of first public performance or other basic stuff.

French
Je crois que les sous titres ne sont pas en francais, et sa ne me plaisis pas!
 * C'est le Wikipedia anglais. timrem

1936 movie version
Does anyone know where I can get a recording of the 1936 movie version starring Ethel Merman? Apr 14, 2006
 * Found it on eBay. Nevermind.  Apr 20, 2006
 * I'm glad to hear that, but for the next time...please keep in mind that talkpages are only meant for discussion about the articles which they are tied to. Oh, and welcome to Wikipedia. —♦♦ SʘʘTHING  (Я)  15:17, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

Chinese lyrics
Are the Chinese lyrics (from the Indiana Jones movie) in Mandarin or Cantonese? The article states Mandarin but the reference link states Cantonese. Robotmannick 01:50, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

I don't know but I will say this. My Chinese Teacher, who is from Beijing, could not understand a single word from the song. Deman7001 (talk) 03:04, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

Separate article on films
I started a new article, "Anything Goes (film)", using all of the material and images from this article. Nothing was deleted, no substantive changes were made, simply moved. JeanColumbia 15:58, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

 * That was quick! Well done!  Awards section still to go.  -- Ssilvers 17:50, 25 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I did the awards for the stage article--I think each article is complete.JeanColumbia 19:25, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

Characters
Can anyone provide a brief description of who each character is (or the main ones, anyhow) in the "Characters" section? Best regards, -- Ssilvers 00:21, 26 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I tried, it's been a long time since I've seen a production, couldn't rely entirely on memory. My references are the Tams-Witmark synopsis and a few reviews.JeanColumbia 00:54, 26 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Just to clarify: there are 2 sets of Chinese characters--Ling and Ching, and John and Luke; there is one real minister (Dobson) and one pretending to be (Moonface). This leads to mistaken identities.JeanColumbia 11:06, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Looks like you got most of it. Perhaps another editor will be able to fill in descriptions of the other characters. Thanks! If you're a 42nd Street fan, take a look - I beefed it up a bit; see if you have any comments. -- Ssilvers 03:11, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Reference for Lindsay & Crouse, Morro Castle, etc
I've given a reference for part of the history, where the producer brings in Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse to re-write the script because of the "Morro Castle" tragedy. That book does not confirm that Freedley was living on a boat, etc. But another book does, thus my reference for the Cole Porter bio. The Cole Porter book says that Freedley was in the Pacific Ocean, near the Pearl Islands, not in Panama. So, I deleted Panama but did not add the Pacific Ocean--does it matter?

Russel Crouse also wrote a very amusing piece for the New York Times around the time of the opening in 1934, also confirming that he and Linday were brought in to re-write because of the Morro Castle. He also wrote that they had just a few weeks to re-write. I think that pretty much confirms the timing, since the Morro Castle sank in mid-September 1934 and Anything Goes opened in mid-November. JeanColumbia 14:49, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

Songs
The statement before the song list : "Songs in the original musical are, in this order".

I think (it's not my style to try to read someone else's mind, but ..) this list came from this site: http://www.stlyrics.com/a/anythinggoes.htm

The list as written combines songs from the 1934 original production and songs from the 1987 production. Three items: 1) the sentence opening this section doesn't make much sense to me, since some of these songs were not in the original (1934) production; 2) should we attempt to show which songs were added for the 1987 production? This certainly would be more accurate, if perhaps a bit unwieldly; 3) where does the song "Take Me Back to Manhattan" fit in? OK, I see that this song was added in the 1962 off-Broadway production. I'm out of time right now, will visit this ater tonight or tomorrow.JeanColumbia 16:45, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I added info. about which production the new songs come from. My reference is the Internet Broadway Database plus the Tams-Witmark synopsis, plus, in the text, the book " The Complete Lyrics of Cole Porter" on google books. There has to be a more elegant way of doing this! JeanColumbia 11:42, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

I don't know of any. Good job! -- Ssilvers 23:05, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Anything Goes CD Cover.png
Image:Anything Goes CD Cover.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 04:37, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

Vocal Ranges
Someone has added vocal ranges to the character list section. According to project guidelines, vocal ranges are unnecessary unless the work is operetta-ish and/or relies very heavily on vocals. Anything Goes doesn't meet these criteria, and I really have no way of checking these ranges to see if they're correct. Doesn't "mezzo-soprano" seem like a strange way to describe Ethel Merman? MarianKroy (talk) 15:56, 1 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I freely admit I know nothing of vocal range (or of music in general), so I have been happy to leave the tech stuff to those of you who actually do know. However, thanks to the new MT guidelines, I will delete these vocal ranges; this show/and roles do not meet the guidelines for showing vocal ranges, even to this uninformed editor. (By the way, Stage Agent has ranges for many musicals:.

 * For anyone on patrol or just curious, this is the reference: "Vocal ranges for musicals articles should generally not be included in character lists unless a consensus of editors working on the article is obtained. Editors may remove the vocal ranges in the absence of such a consensus." WP:WPMTJeanColumbia (talk) 13:25, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 8 one external links on Anything Goes. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100917111453/http://albemarle-london.com/Archive/ArchiveShow.php?Show_Name=Anything%20Goes%20(NT) to http://www.albemarle-london.com/Archive/ArchiveShow.php?Show_Name=Anything%20Goes%20(NT)
 * Added tag to http://www.playbill.com/news/article/145615-Colin-Donnell-Adam-Godley-Laura-Osnes-John-McMartin-Are-Passengers-in-Broadways-Anything-Goes
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110914233225/http://www.playbill.com:80/news/article/153723-Anything-Goes-Cast-Album-In-Stores-Sept-20-Earlier-Via-Digital-Services to http://www.playbill.com/news/article/153723-Anything-Goes-Cast-Album-In-Stores-Sept-20-Earlier-Via-Digital-Services
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120227040842/http://www.playbill.com:80/news/article/160029-Times-Have-Changed-Stephanie-J-Block-Is-New-quotRenoquot-of-Broadway39s-Anything-Goes to http://www.playbill.com/news/article/160029-Times-Have-Changed-Stephanie-J-Block-Is-New-quotRenoquot-of-Broadway39s-Anything-Goes
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111002022441/http://www.playbill.com:80/news/article/154711-Voyage-Extended-Anything-Goes-Will-Steam-Into-April-2012-With-Sutton-Foster-on-the-Bow to http://www.playbill.com/news/article/154711-Voyage-Extended-Anything-Goes-Will-Steam-Into-April-2012-With-Sutton-Foster-on-the-Bow
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120529035836/http://www.playbillvault.com:80/Show/Detail/13711/Anything-Goes to http://www.playbillvault.com/Show/Detail/13711/Anything-Goes
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110616100836/http://www.playbill.com:80/news/article/151744-Anything-Goes-Extends-on-Broadway-and-Plans-US-Tour to http://www.playbill.com/news/article/151744-Anything-Goes-Extends-on-Broadway-and-Plans-US-Tour
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120330005036/http://www.playbill.com:80/news/article/161149-Anything-Goes-Tour-Will-Get-a-Kick-Out-of-Rachel-York-as-Reno-Sweeney to http://www.playbill.com/news/article/161149-Anything-Goes-Tour-Will-Get-a-Kick-Out-of-Rachel-York-as-Reno-Sweeney
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120529035836/http://www.playbillvault.com:80/Show/Detail/13711/Anything-Goes to http://www.playbillvault.com/Show/Detail/13711/Anything-Goes

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Musicals Tonight! 2018 Production Musical Numbers
Perhaps not noteworthy enough for a section in the main article (Musicals Tonight! seems to have gone dark.)

Act II
“I Get a Kick Out of You” "Let's Misbehave" (from Paris) "Friendship" (from DuBarry Was a Lady) — "It's De-Lovely" (from Red, Hot and Blue) "Anything Goes"
 * Scene 1
 * Scene 2
 * 1) "There's No Cure Like Travel"
 * 2) "Heaven Hop" (from Paris)
 * 3) "Bon Voyage"
 * Scene 3
 * 1) "You're the Top"
 * 2) "Easy to Love" & reprise
 * Scene 4
 * Scene 5
 * Scene 6
 * Scene 7
 * Scene 8

Act II
"Gypsy in Me" — "Buddie Beware" "Finale"
 * Scene 1
 * 1) "Public Enemy Number One"
 * 2) "Blow, Gabriel, Blow"
 * 3) "Goodbye, Little Dream, Goodbye" (from Born to Dance)
 * Scene 2
 * 1) "Take Me Back to Manhattan"  (from The New Yorkers)
 * 2) "All Through the Night," with “Night and Day” from Gay Divorce
 * Scene 3
 * Scene 4
 * Scene 5
 * Scene 6

title: Talk:Anything Goes


text:
Fatos Nano

Fatos Thanas Nano (born 16 September 1952) is an Albanian socialist politician who served as Prime Minister of Albania in 1991, from 1997 to 1998 and from 2002 to 2005. He was the first leader and founder of the Socialist Party of Albania and a member of the Albanian Parliament from 1991 to 1993 and 1997 to 2009. He reformed the anti-revisionist Marxist-Leninist ideology of the Labor Party of Albania into social democracy for its successor, the Socialist Party. During his leadership, the Socialist Party, as a result of reforms, joined the Socialist International and Party of European Socialists. Nano was a candidate in the 2007 presidential election but did not win. He again tried in the 2012 presidential election, but he did not even qualify as a candidate, because the leaders of parties in Parliament obstructed their respective MPs to elect him as candidate in the elections.

Personal history
Fatos Nano was born in Tirana. His parents were Thanas Nano, a former director of Albanian Radio Television, and Maria Nano (née Shuteriqi), a government official, she was from the same family as Dhimitër Shuteriqi. He was the only male child among female siblings in the family. He grew up in Hoxha Tahsim Street in East Tirana, attended and graduated from “Sami Frasheri” High School, reserved for the children of the nomenklatura. In the early years of adolescence, Nano was eager to learn foreign languages and used to play the guitar. In his second year of high school, he founded a rock group of which he was the lead singer; they played the music of the Beatles, strictly forbidden to the general public at the time. He graduated in Political Economy from the University of Tirana in 1974. After graduation in 1978, Nano worked in the management of the metallurgical mills of Elbasan until 1981. From 1981 until 1984, Nano served as an economist at Priska's Agricultural Farm in Tirana. In 1984, he was appointed as a researcher of socio-economic problems and reforms of market economies of Eastern Bloc countries in the Institute of Marxist-Leninist Studies in Tirana, where he worked until 1990. When Fatos Nano was working in the Marxist-Leninist Institute, he was under the observation of Nexhmije Hoxha, Enver Hoxha's wife. He was singled out for special favor.

Early political career
He began his political career in December 1990, where he was first appointed as Secretary General of the Council of Ministers. In January 1991, he was promoted to the position of Deputy Prime Minister, still in the government of Adil Çarçani. The fall of the communist regimes in various Central and Eastern European countries forced President Ramiz Alia to gradually remove the old communist nomenklatura from power and government, so in the end of February 1991, Alia appointed Nano as Prime Minister of the transitional government with the purpose of organizing the first post-communist democratic elections in the country being held that year and to prepare the transition of the country towards liberal democracy and market economy. The Parliamentary Elections were held on 31 March 1991 where the Labour Party of Albania won the majority. Ramiz Alia appointed Nano for the second time as the new Prime Minister. However, his new government did not last longer than the first as one week after a General Strike organized by the independent unions forced him to resign a couple of weeks later. The 10th Congress of the Labor Party was held in June 1991, which took three important decisions; first it changed the name of Labour Party to Socialist Party, then it expelled all the members of the Politburo, and then it elected Nano as the new leader of the Socialist Party on 13 June 1991.

Imprisonment
After the Democratic Party of Albania won the parliamentary election of 22 March 1992, the Parliament set up a commission in early 1993 to investigate the activity of Fatos Nano for alleged corruption and abuse with management of humanitarian aid given by the Italian state during the economic crisis that lasted from 1990 until early 1992. This was a sophisticated way to imprison Nano due to his strong opposition to the autocratic signs of President Sali Berisha and due to the inefficiency and inability of the government headed by Aleksander Meksi to accomplish effective economic reforms. Nano was right about this, because the government of the Democratic Party permitted the notorious Ponzi schemes (known as pyramid schemes in Albania) which resulted in the unrest of 1997 where the majority of Albanians lost their savings, instead of effective economical reforms. On 27 July 1993 the Albanian Parliament approved the request of the General Attorney, Alush Dragoshi to take off the legislative immunity for Nano. On 30 July 1993 Nano was arrested in the office of the Prosecutor, and charged with "abuse of duty and the falsification of official documents in connection with Italian aid" following the use of a single vendor which overcharged and delivered foodstuffs which were unfit for consumption. On 3 April 1994, Nano was sentenced to twelve years in prison. A petition signed by 700 thousand people was sent to President Berisha to free Nano from prison. Nano was considered a political prisoner by the Socialist Party of Albania, Amnesty International, Human Right Watch (former Helsinki Watch), Inter-Parliamentary Union, and other groups, so he was let to be the chairman of it. To do his job from the prison, he used his ex-wife, Rexhina Nano, as intermediate to send directives to the party leadership, sometimes verbally, sometimes in written form. After imprisonment, Nano decided that the party should be led by three Deputy Chairmen and one Secretary General to continue the party's political battle.

Since the rejection of the revised Albanian Constitution during the 1994 Referendum, the foreign relations between Albania, the European Union and the United States began to deteriorate due to autocratic manners of President Berisha in the matters of the state, but they also were sceptical about the abilities of the leadership of the Socialist Party to govern the country, in case the Socialist Party were to win the Parliamentary Elections of 1996. The foreign diplomats also expressed concern toward the neutral stance the Socialist leadership (except Nano) held about Enver Hoxha and the positive stance toward Marxism-Leninism, which was implemented in the programme and the statute of the party by Servet Pellumbi. They called the socialist leadership (except Nano, who was not affiliated with Labor Party) as "dinosaurs from the old epoch".

In 1996, Nano wrote a letter the 2nd Congress of the Party (Keshilli i Pergjithshem Drejtues), held on July–August 1996, to initiate a "Motion for Debate" to remove from the top positions of party anyone who was affiliated in any way with the Labour Party, because Nano thought that the top positions, i.e. the leadership of the party, should be held by intellectuals, like Rexhep Meidani, Pandeli Majko, Kastriot Islami, etc. This was an imperative because it was part of the ongoing process to reform the party in order to join the Socialist International and the Party of European Socialists. The "Motion for Debate", requested by Nano, also required, to implement the recommendations made by State Department, European Parliament and European Council, for the solution of the political and institutional crisis, as official stance of the Socialist Party, also to propose the Congress to remove Marxist and statist concepts from the party's statute and programme, also to deny Vladimir Lenin and Comintern and rehabilitate Karl Kautsky and Second Internationale. The motion was supported by the majority of the socialist members and also by the civil society, and was approved as a consequence by the congress.

In 1997, the collapse of Ponzi schemes marked the beginning of an armed popular revolt against President Berisha, who was forced to resign in July 1997. Berisha called untimely parliamentary elections on 29 June and he decreed a general amnesty to all prisoners in March 1997; Nano too was released from prison. Nano was found innocent by a court in Tirana for his alleged abuse of power and corruption in 1999.

Second and third premierships
The parliamentary elections of 29 June 1997 were an overwhelming victory for the Socialist Party of Albania. Nano was appointed prime minister by President Rexhep Meidani. The goal of Nano and the socialist government was to rebuild the ruined country, strengthen its economy and reconcile its people divided by political beliefs, but this was almost impossible with the destructive opposition led by former President Berisha. A coup d'état was attempted on 14 September 1998 by the leadership and the radical followers of the Democratic Party of Albania during the funeral of Azem Hajdari with the goal of taking power by force and murdering Nano. To avoid his murder by the angry mob, Nano decided to flee to the government residence in Pogradec. In the 1990s, Greece preferred and assisted Fatos Nano as Albanian leader due to him being Orthodox over Sali Berisha, a Muslim, as Nano was seen as being friendlier to Greek interests. The government of Fatos Nano was viewed by Turkey as having a pro-Greek orientation and expressed some dissatisfaction though during that time still maintained close military relations with Albania in rebuilding its armed forces and a military base. During 1998 Albania's Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) membership was suspended and temporarily withdrawn by prime-minister Fatos Nano who viewed it as inhibiting Albania's European aspirations. On 28 September 1998 Nano chose to resign and retired from political life.

After the Socialist Party won for the second time, in the parliamentary elections on 24 June 2001, Nano returned to politics again after 2 years of inactivity by starting the movement called Catharsis, with the goal to cripple the agreement between Rama and Meta to share the political power between them for the next 10 years.

In early 2002, Nano unsuccessfully tried to run for President of Albania, but on 25 July 2002 he was appointed by newly elected president Alfred Moisiu as prime minister for the third time. Just days after retaking office in August 2002, Nano came under attack by leading Italian weekly L'Espresso, which accused him of having ties to international organized-crime groups, and having been involved in a cigarette-smuggling ring with Naples-based mobsters. Nano sued the magazine in a court in Rome which ruled in favor of Nano. The court found the article to contain untrue information and speculations with the purpose of harming Nano during his term in office. The news magazine was ordered to pay Nano €3 million euros, and sentenced the magazine's director Daniela Hamaoi and the authors of the article Claudio Papayani, Dina Nasecti and Giuseppe Roli with 18 months in jail for groundlessly connecting Nano to the crime and mafia in Albania.

In the winter of 2004, a number of protests with over 20,000 people were organized by the opposition led by Sali Berisha demanding Nano to resign as prime minister which came known as the "Nano Go Away" Movement. In 2004, the civil society group Mjaft! protested in front of Nano's office against the alleged import of waste from Italy to Albania.

Resignation
On 3 July 2005 the Socialist Party lost the elections and its majority in parliament. Nano resigned as prime minister and also as the chairman of Socialist Party on 1 September 2005. Since then, he retired from public and political life. He rarely appears for interviews in some political talk shows.

After 2005, Nano did not attend parliament regularly but only came in a 6-month interval to claim his monthly pay cheque.

Presidential candidacy
In early 2007, Nano met with Sali Berisha to counter appeals from the Socialist Party to boycott the 2007 local government elections which would have triggered untimely parliamentary elections. Nano was elected candidate for President in the Presidential Elections of 2007 by the request of 20 Socialist MPs. Most members of the opposition coalition led by the Socialist Party did not support him, however, and choose to boycott this Presidential Election. Nano received only three votes, while Bamir Topi of the Democratic Party won 75 votes. Topi did not receive enough votes to be elected, however. The second round of voting was held on 10 July. However, the parliament still failed to elect a president, with Nano getting five votes and Topi receiving 74. Continued failure to elect a president would have resulted in an early parliamentary election, but on 20 July Topi was elected. In late August, it appeared likely Nano would found a new political party. Nano tried again to run for Presidency in 2012, but he did not even qualify for candidate, because the leaders parties in Parliament obstructed their respective MPs to elect him as candidate.

New movement inside Socialist Party
After the election of President of Albania in June 2012, Nano formed a movement called "Nano Movement for the victory of socialist" with the goal of retaking the leadership of the Socialist Party. Nano's past unpopularity due to his backroom deals with the equally unpopular former Prime Minister Sali Berisha have tainted his credentials and Edi Rama's popular judicial, administrative and economical reforms ensure that the latter maintains his position as prime minister and leader of the Socialist Party in Albania.

title: Fatos Nano


text:
Ahmed Ouyahia

Ahmed Ouyahia (أحمد أويحيى; 2 July 1952) is an Algerian politician who was Prime Minister of Algeria four times (1995–98, 2004–2006, 2008–2012, 2017–2019). A career diplomat, he also served as Minister of Justice, and he was one of the founders of the Democratic National Rally (RND) as well as the party's secretary-general. He is considered by Western observers to be close to the military of Algeria and a member of the "eradicator" faction in the 1990s civil war against Islamist militants. Ouyahia resigned as prime minister in March 2019 following President Bouteflika's announcement that he would not seek reelection, and Ouyahia was arrested in June 2019 for crimes related to corruption. He was later convicted and is currently serving 19 years in jail.

Early life and education
Ouyahia was born in the village of Bouadnane in Tizi Ouzou Province in the Kabylie region of Algeria on 2 July 1952. Following a primary education starting in Algiers, he followed a secondary education at the Lycee El Idrissi (El Idrissi High School) in Algiers. Ouyahia obtained his diploma of Baccalauréat ès-lettres in 1972.

In 1972, Ahmed Ouyahia joined the entry examination for the "National High Studies School of Administration" of Algiers. Having scored among the top three applicants, along with Ahmed Attaf, Ouyahia joined the National High Studies School of Administration and specialised in diplomacy. He graduated in 1976 and did his military service from 1976 to 1978, at the El Mouradia compound of the Algerian Presidency where he was a member of the press relations team.

Early career
In 1979, Ouyahia joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and was assigned to the African affairs department. In 1980 he was named as an advisor for foreign affairs to the Ambassador of Algeria in Ivory Coast, where he served until 1982. In 1982 he was assigned as a foreign affairs advisor to the head of the Permanent Mission of Algeria at the United Nations headquarters in New York. In 1988 Ouyahia became the general director of the African department of the foreign affairs ministry. From 1988 to 1989 Ouyahia was co-representative to the United Nations Security Council. He was an advisor to the Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1990 to 1991.

He led the African department until 1991 when he was named as Ambassador to Mali; he served in the latter post from 1992 to 1993. There he helped negotiate a 1992 peace deal in the Malian Tuareg rebellion between the warring Malian government of Alpha Oumar Konaré and the Azawad Tuareg movement: the short lived "Pacte National" treaty. In August 1993, Ouyahia was called back to Algiers to serve in the government of Redha Malek as Undersecretary of State for African and Arab Affairs, Secretary of State for Cooperation and Maghreb Affairs.

In April 1994, he was nominated as the cabinet director of President Liamine Zeroual, in which post he was in charge of political affairs such as the negotiations with the leaders of the banned Islamic Salvation Front party (FIS) and the preparations for the 1995 presidential election, which the president won in November 1995. His role in as a member of the so-called "eradicator" faction, advocating all out war against the insurgency during the Algerian Civil War that killed more than 150,000 on both sides, earned him criticism from some Western human rights groups. He is particularly associated with the creation in the late 1990s of the GLD citizen militias ("Legitimate Defence Groups", Groupes de légitime défense).

First and second premierships
In December 1995, Ouyahia was nominated as Prime Minister and held that position until December 1998, when he resigned following the election of Abdelaziz Bouteflika as president. The economic condition of Algeria in the late 1990s, as well as a wave of public sector strikes, contributed to his increasing unpopularity as Prime Minister and his December 1998 resignation. As well, opposition parliamentarians accused Ouyahia of rigging the 1997 elections.

In 2000, Ouyahia was elected as Secretary General of the National Rally for Democracy (RND), which he had earlier helped to found. He resigned from the post on 5 January 2013.

Ouyahia served as the Minister of State for Justice from 1999 to 2002 in Bouteflika's first government. During this time Ouyahia was assigned the task of securing a peace deal in the war between Ethiopia and Eritrea by Bouteflika, who was also the president of Organisation for African Unity in 2000. Ouyahia worked in conjunction with Anthony Lake, National Security Advisor to President Bill Clinton of the United States, and a peace deal was secured and signed in Algiers in December 2000.

A strong defender of the government, in February 2001, Ouyahia proposed new laws as justice minister which would have imposed a three-year prison term for authors of articles or drawings deemed "defamatory" to political leaders.

In June 2002, following the defeat of the RND in the 2002 parliamentary election, Ouyahia resigned and was nominated in the next government as Minister of State and Special Representative of the President, an honorary position entailing no governing power. In August 2004, Ouyahia was nominated as prime minister for a second time, following a political crisis between President Bouteflika and Prime Minister Ali Benflis, who was dismissed. Ouyahia served in the post for three years, until his resignation on 24 May 2006 amidst political arguments between Ouyahia's political party and Bouteflika's political party, the FLN.

Economic troubles
Starting on 14 October 2004 and lasting through 10 November, the National Council of Secondary and Technical Education Professors (CNAPEST) and the Secondary School Council of Algiers (CLA) went on strike over low wages. education minister Boubekeur Benbouzid, backed by prime minister Ahmed Ouyahia, refused to meet with representatives of either union because they were not officially recognized. Instead, the Government ordered the suspension of more than 300 teachers and threatened further sanctions. only after the officially recognized UGTA affiliate National Federation of Education Workers (FNTE) joined the strike did the agree to raise wages.

The domestic press again asserted that his May 2006 resignation was due to public unpopularity after his opposition to public sector strikes, his opposition to a plan put forward by the rival FNL to raise salaries, and by his support for privatisation of industries.

Human rights
In June 2005, Ouyahia called Al-Jazeera television, recently closed indefinitely by his government, "a channel whose sole aim was to tarnish Algeria's image." The channel had broadcast several reports critical of the government the week prior to its closure. From 1993 to 2000, around 4,000 men and women suddenly disappeared in Algeria after being arrested by security forces. Ouyahia has been accused by Western Human rights groups of downplaying the number missing and criticised for claiming that "a large number of the so-called disappeared were in fact in the ranks of terrorist groups."

Kabylie mediator
Ouyahia has been widely credited with mediating a longstanding dispute between protesters leaders from his native Kabylie and the government. In 2005, the government took steps to defuse tensions with the Kabylie and address the concerns of regional leaders. In particular, prime minister Ahmed Ouyahia reached agreement on a number of Kabylie grievances with Arouch leader Belaid Abrika, who had been physically assaulted during a public protest rally and seriously injured in 2004 by members of government security services. The agreement dealt with economic and social concerns and made possible regional elections in November 2005. Ouyahia made a number of visits to opposition leaders, and reached out in the Berber-language media for reconciliation.

Third and fourth premierships
After some prominent involvement in international diplomatic meetings earlier in 2008, Ouyahia was again named Prime Minister by Bouteflika on 23 June 2008. On this occasion, he pledged "to continue to apply the policy programme of the President of the Republic." The foreign and domestic press commented on the sometime stormy relations between Ouyahia and Bouteflika, which did not have the same way of his Prime Ministership. Ouyahia's term ended on 3 September 2012, and he was replaced by Abdulmalek Sellal.

Bouteflika appointed Ouyahia as Director of the Cabinet of the Presidency, with the rank of Minister of State, in March 2014. Ouyahia was again appointed as prime minister on 15 August 2017, succeeding Abdelmadjid Tebboune; he took office on 16 August.

In October 2018, Ouyahia announced that Algeria would ban the burqa at the workplace. In March 2019, Ouyahia resigned from his position as prime minister following President Bouteflika's announcement that he would not seek reelection following protests across the country. In June 2019, Ouyahia was arrested by the country's supreme court as part of an anti-corruption investigation. In December 2019, he was sentenced to 15 years in jail.

In March 2020, an appeals court upheld his sentence, to 12 years in prison. On 4 January 2021, Ouyahia was sentenced to seven years in prison, in relation to the corruption case in the tourism sector in Skikda.

title: Ahmed Ouyahia


text:
Talk:Bronze Star Medal

Name Discussion
Why is this at Bronze Star Medal while Purple Heart is not at Purple Heart Medal? Rmhermen 21:08, Dec 8, 2003 (UTC)

 * I have no idea. I redirected the other one here because this article was much more complete, but I think the "Medal" part should be dropped unless that's the official name (which I'm not clear on). - Hephaestos 21:12, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Looked it up in AR 600-8-22; the official name actually is "Bronze Star Medal"; paradoxically, it also lists Silver Star and Purple Heart (without the word "Medal") as official names. - Hephaestos 23:31, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Because there is a bronze star device that can also be awarded in the US Armed forces. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.162.128.54 (talk) 14:42, 1 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Yep. Because of the bronze star device this medal has "medal" in its name. - Atfyfe (talk) 08:51, 2 July 2009 (UTC)

The Bronze Star Medal is the official name of the award (a decoration with or w/o the "V" device). Its referred to sometimes as a "Bronze Star" and sometimes bronze 3/16" service stars are mistaken to be Bronze Star Medals ("Bronze Stars"). The Navy and Marine Corps (manual), use Silver Star Medal, Bronze Star Medal, and Purple Heart Medal for these awards and uses a "combat distinguishing device" (Combat "V") instead of "V" Device. The Combat "V" may be authorized for wear for valor or for being exposed to personal hazard involving direct participation in combat operations. The Army authorizes the "V" Device (for valor only) to be worn. Both the Army "V" Device and the Navy-Marine Combat "V" are "V" devices. The Purple Heart (Purple Heart medal) and Purple Heart Medal are the same military awards. YahwehSaves.

I have heard that there are two types of bronze star medals. One more prestigious with fewer recipients, and the other less prestigious with more recipients that the Army has been giving out more frequently. However they are both named "Bronze Star Medal.' Does anyone have any information on the latter type? If it has the same, I don't know how to distinguish it from the Bronze Star Medal for Valor to find information on it. DrLRM (talk) 20:09, 10 January 2016 (UTC)

Order of precedence
The Silver Star page says this one falls behind it in the order, yet this page says otherwise. Which one is correct? --Kevin W. 21:17, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

 * ATF: The order of precedence on U.S. military medals has not yet been systematically set down on Wikipedia. I have made some significant strides with the precedence of U.S. unit awards, but there remains a lot of work to be done on individual awards. Feel free to jump in and help. As to your specific question: the bronze star medal is not the next lowest award after the silver star. There are several Army and DoD awards between them, but the bronze star is the next lowest award for valor (combat) after the silver star. -- Atfyfe 00:33, 20 August 2006 (UTC)

The order of precedence states that the Purple Heart follows the Bronze Star Medal in precedence - yet th official portrait of James Stockdale shows him wearing the Air Medal before the Purple Heart. I doubt he would have gotten the precedence wrong for an official portrait.Marcerickson (talk) 02:52, 11 August 2015 (UTC)

 * He has it wrong or the order of precedence has changed. Take your pick. (References: http://www.history.army.mil/faq/FAQ-AwdPrec.htm or http://www.medalsofamerica.com/content--name-Army-Medals-and-Ribbons-Chart) Maybe he was just more proud of his Air medal and didn't care what the official military order of precedence was (when you are awarded the Medal of Honor you can wear the uniform as you please). Here is the current Navy order of precedence just to be safe: http://www.med.navy.mil/sites/nmcp/EduTrain/GMDE/Documents/navy%20ribbons.pdf Thanks for bringing this interesting photo to our attention. It should be posted to reddit to see if someone can't explain it. - Atfyfe (talk) 03:15, 11 August 2015 (UTC)

"...when you are awarded the Medal of Honor you can wear the uniform as you please..." Ah! Thank you! Can you please cite the reference for that? It isn't currently on the Wikipedia Medal Of Honor page.Marcerickson (talk) 03:38, 11 August 2015 (UTC)

Have posted it to reddit to ID the medal on the right of the Purple Heart.Marcerickson (talk) 06:13, 11 August 2015 (UTC)

 * Here is a site stating that the order of precedence for the Purple Heart changed in 1985:

 * An amendment to the 1985 Defense Authorization Bill changed the order of precedence for the Purple Heart. It now is worn just below the Bronze Star, and just above the Meritorious Service Medals in the general order of precedence that has been established by all branches of service. (https://www.militaryribbons.net/shop/product/190R)

I haven't been able to find the old order of precedence chart. The medal he has between the Bronze Star and his Purple Heart is definitely the Air Medal. I think it's a good educated guess that Admiral Stockdale's medal ordering reflects the pre-1985 change to the purple heart order of precedence. - Atfyfe (talk) 17:58, 12 August 2015 (UTC)

recipients?
Is there a source that lists approximately how many recipients there are of the Bronze Star Medal? - NDCompuGeek 06:02, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

List of Bronze Star Medal Recipients (may not be complete, but claims to have almost every recipient): http://www.ranker.com/list/bronze-star-medal-winners/reference DrLRM (talk) 20:09, 10 January 2016 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Bronze Star Medal
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Bronze Star Medal's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "Army": From "V" Device:  From Afghanistan Campaign Medal: Army Regulation 600-8-22

Reference named "CoastGuard": From "V" Device:  From Afghanistan Campaign Medal: Coast Guard Commandant Instruction 1650.25D

Reference named "AirForce": From "V" Device:  From Afghanistan Campaign Medal: Air Force Instruction 36-2803</li> </ul>

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 21:55, 16 January 2015 (UTC)

Notable recipients
The community recently decided to delete the category for recipients of the Bronze Star. I anticipate deleting the section on recipients in the article because it is inherently incomplete, constitutes original research, and suggests that some recipients are more important than others.-- Jim in Georgia  Contribs  Talk  00:06, 12 April 2017 (UTC)
 * If it is the community's consensus to delete the section, then so be it. If the entries are uncited, then they may be removed from the article, but I suspect there is likely a cite on the subject's page. Conflating Wikipedia's notability guidelines with picking and choosing who is more important is misguided. We don't look at importance, we look at who meets the encyclopedic guidelines for inclusion. EricSerge (talk) 14:45, 12 April 2017 (UTC)
 * It's not OR if there is a reference present or the linked articles make the claim with references present. That the list is incomplete isn't as worrying to me as the fact that the list is getting long; I don't know if we want a separate List of Bronze Star Medal recipients as we'd have to provide prose on the distribution of the list. If the reader draws the conclusion that some awardees are more important than others is their problem, not ours. I understand that some find use in a list like this when reading about the medal itself so I'm not sure we could reasonably remove it. Chris Troutman  ( talk ) 15:38, 12 April 2017 (UTC)

 * I generally do not support having sections on "notable recipients" as it, by definition, involves OR -- who determines which recipients are "more notable" than others? I would support removing this section. K.e.coffman (talk) 03:38, 13 April 2017 (UTC)

I had hoped for more discussion but am proceeding with the section removal. The following apply: -- Jim in Georgia  Contribs  Talk  15:48, 18 April 2017 (UTC)
 * The community decided in Categories_for_discussion/Log/2017_March_27 to delete the category.
 * The section is, at best, a subset of the category.
 * The medal, when awarded for valor, is the lowest award.
 * The medal, when awarded for service is often an end-of-tour (or "thanks for coming") award.
 * The section was incomplete; for example, Omar Nelson Bradley was included but George S. Patton and Garlin Murl Conner were not.
 * Concur. K.e.coffman (talk) 21:47, 23 April 2017 (UTC)

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Proposed rename to Bronze Star
After the RfC on Silver Star, suggest we name this article Bronze Star to match. Garuda28 (talk) 18:34, 3 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bronze Star Medal


text:
User talk:Honet

Hello Honet, welcome to Wikipedia! Thanks for all your contributions. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them: If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!
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title: User talk:Honet