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Joscelin II, Count of Edessa

Joscelin II (died 1159) was the fourth and last ruling count of Edessa. He was son of his predecessor, Joscelin I, and Beatrice, daughter of Constantine I of Armenia.

Youth
In 1122, Joscelin I was captured by Belek Ghazi. The next year, he was joined in captivity by Baldwin II of Jerusalem. Joscelin I was rescued in 1123 by Armenian soldiers, and he worked with Baldwin's wife Morphia to secure the king's release. The young Joscelin II and Baldwin's daughter Ioveta were ransomed for Baldwin's release in 1124. Joscelin II and Ioveta were released in 1125 in exchange for 80,000 dinars, spoils from Baldwin's victory over al-Bursuqi at the battle of Azaz. In 1131, his father Joscelin I was wounded in battle with the Danishmends, and Edessa passed to Joscelin II. Joscelin II refused to march the small Edessan army out to meet the Danishmends, so Joscelin I, in his last act, forced the Danishmends to retreat, dying soon after.

Count of Edessa
Joscelin II ruled the weakest and most isolated of the Crusader states. In 1138 he allied with Antioch and Byzantine emperor John II Komnenos to attack Zengi, atabeg of Aleppo, and the campaign ended with the unsuccessful Siege of Shaizar of 1138. Upon returning to Antioch, Joscelin II exploited local sentiment against the Byzantine Empire to instigate a riot that forced John to return home.

In 1143 both John II and Fulk of Jerusalem died, leaving Joscelin II with no powerful allies to help defend Edessa. In autumn 1144, Joscelin II formed an alliance with the Artuqid Kara Aslan and marched a sizable army north to assist in their struggle with Zengi. With the capital only lightly defended, Zengi redirected his army, invading and capturing the city after the Siege of Edessa in 1144. Joscelin II fled to Turbessel, where he held the remnants of the county west of the Euphrates.

Captivity
After Yarankash, a Frankish slave, assassinated Zengi in September 1146, Joscelin II recaptured Edessa in October 1146. Receiving no help from the other Crusader states, the city was again lost in November, as Joscelin's expedition was driven out by Zengi's son Nur ad-Din. The Second Crusade, called in response to the fall of Edessa, shifted its focus to Damascus. In 1150 while en route to Antioch to enlist help, Joscelin II was taken prisoner by Nur-ed-Din's Turkomans. Joscelin II was taken to the city of Aleppo where he was led before a hostile crowd and publicly blinded. He spent the remaining nine years of his life in captivity in a Muslim prison. He died in the dungeons of the Citadel of Aleppo in 1159.

Family
He married Beatrice of Saone, the widow of the wealthy Antiochene baron, William of Zardana. She gave birth to at least two daughters and a son surviving to adulthood:

 * Agnes of Courtenay married Amalric I of Jerusalem, later king of Jerusalem. After her divorce from Amalric, she held the lands and incomes of the County of Jaffa. Joscelin II's grandchildren Baldwin IV of Jerusalem and Sibylla of Jerusalem were in turn monarchs of Jerusalem, as was his great-grandson Baldwin V of Jerusalem.
 * Joscelin III of Edessa held the nominal title Count of Edessa, being in reality the lord of a small seigneurie near Acre.
 * Isabella of Courtenay, possibly married Thoros II, Prince of Armenia had two daughters.

title: Joscelin II, Count of Edessa


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Fingest

Fingest is a village in Buckinghamshire, England. It is in the Chiltern Hills near the border with Oxfordshire. It is about six miles WSW of High Wycombe. It lies in the civil parish of Hambleden.

The parish church of St Bartholomew's dates from the early Norman period. It has an unusual tower, with a double vaulted roof. The church is a Grade I listed building.

Name history

 * Tinghurst, Tynhurst (11-13th cent.)
 * Tyngehurst (14th cent.)
 * Tingerst alias Fyngerst or Fingest (16-18th cent.)

Toponym

 *  The wood or wooded hill where the assembly meet

Fingest : ( Ting..hurst, Tyn..hurst  ) 11-13th cent.

The name is a hybrid of Old Norse and Old English.

The first element  ' ting ' or ' tyn '  is from Old Norse Þing - (  ' thing'  ) (  ” assembly place ”  ).

The next element  ” hurst ”  is from Old English  ” hyrst ”  (  ” wood or wooded hill ”  ).

History
The ancient parish of Fingest included Cadmore End to the north of the village, which became a separate ecclesiastical parish in 1852.

The manor of Fingest anciently belonged to St Albans Abbey. In 1163 it was given to the bishop of Lincoln. The ghost of Henry Burghersh, 14th-century Bishop of Lincoln, is reputed to haunt the area. After this time it was used as the country residence for the Lincoln diocese until 1547 when it was seized by the Crown. It was then given two years later to the Duke of Somerset who exchanged it with a property belonging to Wells Cathedral. The manor is now privately owned.

The civil parish of Fingest, originally based on the ecclesiastical parish, was enlarged in 1934 by adding land from the parishes of West Wycombe, Great Marlow and Hambleden. As a result, Lane End became the largest settlement in the parish, and the parish was renamed Fingest and Lane End in 1937. In the 1980s the civil parish was abolished. The larger part became the parish of Lane End, and the village of Fingest was added to Hambleden parish.

Scenes of the period drama The Monuments Men were shot in Fingest in May 2013.

Books

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fingest


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64 (number)

64 (sixty-four) is the natural number following 63 and preceding 65.

Mathematics
Sixty-four is the square of 8, the cube of 4, and the sixth power of 2. It is the seventeenth interprime, since it lies midway between the eighteenth and nineteenth prime numbers (61, 67).

The aliquot sum of a power of two (2n) is always one less than the power of two itself, therefore the aliquot sum of 64 is 63, within an aliquot sequence of two composite members (64, 63, 41, 1, 0) that are rooted in the aliquot tree of the thirteenth prime, 41.

64 is:
 * the smallest number with exactly seven divisors,
 * the first whole number (greater than one) that is both a perfect square, and a perfect cube,
 * the lowest positive power of two that is not adjacent to either a Mersenne prime or a Fermat prime,
 * the fourth superperfect number — a number such that σ(σ(n)) = 2n,
 * the sum of Euler's totient function for the first fourteen integers,
 * the number of graphs on four labeled nodes,
 * the index of Graham's number in the rapidly growing sequence 3↑↑↑↑3, 3 ↑$3↑↑↑↑3$ 3, …
 * the number of vertices in a 6-cube,
 * the fourth dodecagonal number,
 * and the seventh centered triangular number.

Since it is possible to find sequences of 65 consecutive integers (intervals of length 64) such that each inner member shares a factor with either the first or the last member, 64 is the seventh Erdős–Woods number.

In decimal, no integer added to the sum of its own digits yields 64; hence, 64 is the tenth self number.

In four dimensions, there are 64 uniform polychora aside from two infinite families of duoprisms and antiprismatic prisms, and 64 Bravais lattices.

Science
64 is the atomic number of gadolinium, a lanthanide.

64 is the number of codons in the RNA codon table of the genetic code.

64 is the size in bits of certain data types in some computer programming languages, where a 64-bit integer can represent values up to 264 = 18,446,744,073,709,551,616.
 * Base 64 is used in Base64 encoding, and other data compression formats.

Gaming

64 is the number of squares in a regular eight by eight chessboard.

64 is the maximum item stack size in Minecraft, where the number is called a 'stack'.

The 1996 Nintendo console is also called the Nintendo 64.

I Ching
The number of hexagrams in the I Ching (that is also the maximum number of strokes in any Chinese character).

Media
Song When I'm Sixty-Four by The Beatles

title: 64 (number)


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65 (number)

65 (sixty-five) is the natural number following 64 and preceding 66.

In mathematics
65 is the nineteenth distinct semiprime, (5.13); and the third of the form (5.q), where q is a higher prime.

65 has a prime  aliquot sum of 19 within an aliquot sequence of one composite numbers (65,19,1,0) to the prime; as the first member' of the 19-aliquot tree.

It is an octagonal number. It is also a Cullen number. Given 65, the Mertens function returns 0.

This number is the magic constant of a 5x5 normal magic square:

$$ \begin{bmatrix} 17 & 24 & 1 & 8 & 15 \\ 23 & 5 & 7 & 14 & 16 \\ 4 & 6 & 13 & 20 & 22 \\ 10 & 12 & 19 & 21 & 3 \\ 11 & 18 & 25 & 2 & 9 \end{bmatrix}. $$

This number is also the magic constant of n-Queens Problem for n = 5.

65 is the smallest integer that can be expressed as a sum of two distinct positive squares in two (or more) ways, 65 = 82 + 12 = 72 + 42.

It appears in the Padovan sequence, preceded by the terms 28, 37, 49 (it is the sum of the first two of these).

65 is a Stirling number of the second kind, the number of ways of dividing a set of six objects into four non-empty subsets.

65 = 15 + 24 + 33 + 42 + 51.

65 is the length of the hypotenuse of 4 different Pythagorean triangles, the lowest number to have more than 2: 652 = 162 + 632 = 332 + 562 = 392 + 522 = 252 + 602. The first two are "primitive", and 65 is the lowest number to be the largest side of more than one such triple.

65 is the number of compositions of 11 into distinct parts.

In science

 * The atomic number of terbium, a lanthanide

Astronomy

 * Messier object M65, a galaxy of magnitude 10.5 in the constellation Leo
 * The New General Catalogue object NGC 65, a spiral galaxy in the constellation Cetus

In music

 * "65 Love Affair", singer Paul Davis' hit song in 1982
 * Sammy Hagar re-recorded his hit "I Can't Drive 55", with the 55 changed to 65, in 2001 for NBC's NASCAR broadcasts to reflect higher speed limits; the song was used from 2001 until 2004 to introduce Budweiser Pole Award winners on NBC and TNT broadcasts
 * 65 is a commonly used abbreviation for the Sheffield, UK, post-rock band 65daysofstatic
 * Referenced in "Heroes and Villains" by the Beach Boys: "At 60 and 5 / I'm very much alive / I've still got the jive / to survive with the Heroes and Villains"
 * Odd Future group MellowHype has performed a song entitled "65"

In other fields

 * 65 miles per hour is a common speed limit on expressways in many U.S. states, primarily in the eastern and central United States. (In the western United States, a common speed limit is 70 m.p.h., and in some places it is 75 m.p.h.).
 * +65 is the code for international direct dial telephone calls to Singapore.
 * the traditional age for retirement in the United Kingdom, Germany, the United States, Canada, and several other countries.
 * in the U.S., the age at which a person is eligible to obtain Medicare.
 * CVN-65 is the designation of the U.S. Navy's first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, the USS Enterprise (CVN-65).
 * 65 is the minimum grade or average required to pass an exam, or a class, in some schools.
 * The setting of the American classic TV series Naked City (1958–1963) was the 65th Precinct in New York City (sometimes referred to as simply "the 65").
 * 65 is the number of the French department Hautes-Pyrénées.
 * 65 is commonly used in names of many dishes of South India cuisine, for instance Chicken 65.
 * The M-65 field jacket was commonly worn by American troops during the War in Vietnam.
 * A 65th anniversary is sometimes referred to as a sapphire jubilee.
 * The AGM-65 Maverick is a mass-produced air-to-ground tactical missile (AGM) designed for close air support against a wide range of targets.

title: 65 (number)


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Fleet Marston

Fleet Marston is a civil parish and deserted medieval village in the Aylesbury Vale district of Buckinghamshire, England, about 2.5 mi northwest of the centre of Aylesbury. The parish measures about 2.5 mi north – south, but east – west it is nowhere more than about 3/4 mi wide. It is bounded to the southeast by the River Thame, to the east by a stream that joins the Thame, and to the west by field boundaries. It has an area of 934 acres.

The A41 main road between Aylesbury and Waddesdon runs through the middle of the parish. Aylesbury Vale Parkway railway station is on the A41 road, just outside the parish's eastern boundary.

In 2010 the Office for National Statistics estimated the parish population to be 47. The 2011 Census included its population in that of the civil parish of Waddesdon.

In 2022 HS2 archaeologists discovered a Roman cemetery, and exhumed about 425 bodies including 40 decapitated skeletons. 1,200 coins were also discovered.

Archaeology
The course of the former Akeman Street Roman road passes northwest – southeast through the parish. A "heavy scatter of Roman pottery" has been found in the parish on the course of the former road, indicating the site of a former Romano-British settlement.

Excavations carried out between 2007 and 2016 uncovered evidence for a late prehistoric territorial boundary, a middle Iron Age settlement and the agricultural hinterland of the putative nucleated Roman settlement of Fleet Marston. The latter included a "remarkable collection" of organic finds, included four hen's eggs (one of which survived excavation intact), leather shoes, wooden tools and a basketry tray made of woven oak bands and willow rods, in addition to evidence of malting and brewing, other roadside trades and crafts, burials and a possible pyre site.

HS2 excavations, 2022
In 2022 a large Roman cemetery was discovered by the HS2 archaeologists, who exhumed about 425 bodies including 40 decapitated skeletons. The bodies may have been ‘criminals’ or ‘outcasts’. 1,200 coins were also discovered.

Toponym
The toponym "Marston" is derived from the Old English for "marsh farm". The prefix "Fleet" refers to the stream along eastern side of the parish, and was added to distinguish the village from nearby North Marston. The Domesday Book of 1086 records the village as Mersetone. In the 13th century the village name was recorded as Flettemerstone.

Parish church

The oldest parts of St Mary's parish church are 12th-century. There are records of parish rectors from 1223 onwards. The baptismal font may be 13th-century and the present chancel arch and north porch were added in the 14th century. One of the windows is 15th-century.

Parish registers from 1630 onwards survive. John Wesley is known to have preached his first sermon at Fleet Marston shortly after his ordination as deacon in 1725. The building was restored in 1868–69 under the direction of George Gilbert Scott. It is now a Grade II* listed building. It is also a redundant church in the care of the Churches Conservation Trust.

Economic and social history
Some buildings in the village, including Fleet Marston Farm, are 17th-century. The manor house referred to below stood near the church, and was demolished in 1772. In 1806 Daniel and Samuel Lysons described Fleet Marston in their Magna Britannia:

"FLEET-MARSTON, in the hundred of Ashendon and deanery of Waddesdon, lies about three miles from Aylesbury, on the road to Bicester. The manor, which was for many years in the Lees, has been lately purchased of their representative, Lord Dillon, by James Dupré esq. of Wilton Park. The advowson of the rectory being then the property of John Tirrel-Morin esq. was advertised for sale in the month of May 1805."

By 1851 the parish was in decline. The religious census of 1851 recorded its population as 30, with just eight attending church on Sunday 30 March. By 1871 the population had fallen to 23, living in five houses.

Little remains of the village today. In the south of the parish is the farm at Putlowes and Putlowes Cottages just to the southwest of the A41 road. In the centre of the parish, just northeast of the A41 are some smaller farms and St Mary's church. In the north of the parish are Fleet Marston Farm, Fleet Marston Cottages and Lower Fleetmarston Farm. The latter can be reached only via Berryfields Road in adjoining Quarrendon parish (another deserted village).

Railway
The Aylesbury and Buckingham Railway was built through the parish in the 1860s and opened in 1868. The Metropolitan Railway took it over in 1891 and opened Waddesdon railway station about 2 mi northwest of Fleet Marston in 1897. The line became part of the Metropolitan and Great Central Joint Railway in 1906.

Waddesdon station was closed in 1936. British Railways withdrew passenger services in 1963 and later reduced the line to single track.

However, in 2011 Chiltern Railways opened Aylesbury Vale Parkway railway station where the line crosses the A41 road, just outside the eastern boundary of the parish. The station has an hourly service to London Marylebone via Aylesbury.

title: Fleet Marston


text:
Spreader bar

A spreader bar is an article of bondage equipment usually consisting of a metal or wooden bar, with attachment points for bondage cuffs at each end, which can be fastened to wrists, ankles or knees to hold them apart. They are used in bondage play, and sometimes in bedroom bondage, usually in association with other bondage equipment.

When applied to the wrists, a bar keeps the arms spread away from the body, providing an unimpeded access to the subject's torso. When applied to the ankles or between the knees, it immobilizes the subject by preventing all but the most awkward walking, and keeping the legs spread to allow unimpeded access to the subject's groin and trunk. If bars are applied between the knees and between the ankles, the subject may be forced to bend their knees, making walking even harder. A pair of bars may hold the subject in a spreadeagle position.

The bar may be attached solely to the subject, or it may be attached to a piece of furniture, the floor or a device for suspension bondage. Homemade versions can be made from dowels, bamboo rods, or closet poles.

title: Spreader bar


text:
66 (number)

66 (sixty-six) is the natural number following 65 and preceding 67.

In mathematics
66 is:

 * the 3rd discrete tri-prime; or also termed sphenic number., and the 3rd of the form (2.3.r).
 * with an aliquot sum of 78; itself a sphenic number, within an aliquot sequence of ten composite numbers (66, 78, 90,144,259,45,33,15,9,4,3,1,0) to the Prime in the 3-aliquot tree.
 * a triangular number.
 * a hexagonal number.
 * an Icositrigonal number
 * a semi-meandric number.
 * a semiperfect number, being a multiple of a perfect number.
 * an Erdős–Woods number, since it is possible to find sequences of 66 consecutive integers such that each inner member shares a factor with either the first or the last member.
 * palindromic and a repdigit in bases 10 (6610), 21 (3321) and 32 (2232)

Astronomy

 * Messier object Spiral Galaxy M66, a magnitude 10.0 galaxy in the constellation Leo.
 * The New General Catalogue object NGC 66, a peculiar barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Cetus.
 * 66 Maja, a carbonaceous background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt.

Physics

 * The atomic number of dysprosium, a lanthanide.

In computing
66 (more specifically 66.667) megahertz (MHz) is a common divisor for the front side bus (FSB) speed, overall central processing unit (CPU) speed, and base bus speed. On a Core 2 CPU, and a Core 2 motherboard, the FSB is 1066 MHz (~16 × 66 MHz), the memory speed is usually 666.67 MHz (~10 × 66 MHz), and the processor speed ranges from 1.86 gigahertz (GHz) (~66 MHz × 28) to 2.93 GHz (~66 MHz × 44), in 266 MHz (~66 MHz × 4) increments.

In motor vehicle transportation

 * The designation of the historic U.S. Route 66, dubbed the "Mother Road" by novelist John Steinbeck, and other roads.
 * Phillips 66, a brand of gasoline and service station in the United States.

In religion

 * The total number of chapters in the Bible Book of Isaiah.
 * The number of verses in Chapter 3 of the Book of Lamentations in the Old Testament.
 * The total number of books in the Protestant edition of the Bible (Old Testament and New Testament) combined.
 * In Abjad numerals, The Name Of Allah (الله) numeric value is 66.

In sports

 * The number of the laps of the Spanish Grand Prix.
 * The longest field goal made in NFL history was 66 yards and kicked by Justin Tucker.

Cinema

 * Sixty Six is a 2006 British movie about a bar mitzvah in London on the day of the 1966 World Cup final.
 * In the Star Wars movie series, Order 66 is a prepared order to the clone troopers to kill the Jedi commanding them.

Television

 * Route 66 was a popular US television series on CBS from 1960 to 1964.

Video games

 * In the video game Fullmetal Alchemist, elusive villain Barry the Chopper is imprisoned in cell number 66, which later becomes his alias when battling the brothers at Laboratory Five.

In other fields

 * The international direct dialing (IDD) code for Thailand.
 * The number of the French department Pyrénées-Orientales.
 * The name of a German card game, translated from sechsundsechzig (see Sixty-six (game)).
 * In telecommunications a 66 block is used to organize telephone lines.
 * Sergio Mendes and Brasil '66 was a 1960s group.
 * 66 WNBC radio was a popular New York radio station, which became WFAN on 1 July 1987.
 * Lil B has a song entitled "OMG 66".
 * "Sixty-Six" is a song by Pat Metheny (born 1954) from his 2020 album From This Place.
 * Le 66 is an opérette in one act of 1856 with music by Jacques Offenbach and a French libretto by Pittaud de Forges and Laurencin.
 * In the horror genre and Western esotericism there are 66 legions of demons/spirits that Baal controls.

title: 66 (number)


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Ford, Buckinghamshire

Ford is a hamlet in the parish of Dinton-with-Ford and Upton, in Buckinghamshire, England. It is located in the south eastern corner of the parish.

The place name is Anglo Saxon in origin and refers simply to the place where a stream crosses the main road via a ford.

The 16th Century pub in Ford, previously closed but now reopened under new ownership, is named after The Dinton Hermit. As well as being an old coaching inn on the main route between Aylesbury and Thame, it is one of several Grade II listed buildings in Ford. The barn, now converted into hotel bedrooms, is built mostly of witchert - a local material.

Every Wednesday and Friday morning at 10:30 a bus runs from the Dinton Hermit crossroads into Aylesbury, returning at approximately 13:30.

Ford has a main road which comes from a crossroad on the Ford Road (Which runs from Hartwell to Haddenham) It continues to Dinton, Buckinghamshire in the North and Askett in the South. It has a crossroad where Water Lane and Chapel Road intersect with the main road.

title: Ford, Buckinghamshire


text:
67 (number)

67 (sixty-seven) is the natural number following 66 and preceding 68. It is an odd number.

In mathematics
67 is:

 * the 19th prime number (the next is 71).
 * a Chen prime.
 * an irregular prime.
 * a lucky prime.
 * the sum of five consecutive primes (7 + 11 + 13 + 17 + 19).
 * a Heegner number.
 * a Pillai prime since 18! + 1 is divisible by 67, but 67 is not one more than a multiple of 18.
 * palindromic in quinary (2325) and senary (1516).
 * a super-prime. (19 is prime)
 * an isolated prime. (65 and 69 are not prime)
 * a sexy prime with 61 and 73

In science

 * The atomic number of holmium, a lanthanide.

Astronomy

 * Messier object M67, a magnitude 7.5 open cluster in the constellation Cancer.
 * The New General Catalogue object NGC 67, an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Andromeda.

In music

 * "Car 67", a song by the band Driver 67
 * Chicago's song "Questions 67 and 68"
 * Elton John's song "Old '67" on The Captain & The Kid CD, (2006)
 * British rap group called 67
 * Rapper Drake released the song named "Star67" off his album If You're Reading This It's Too Late

In other fields
Sixty-seven is:
 * The registry of the U.S. Navy's aircraft carrier USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67), named after U.S. President John F. Kennedy.
 * The number of the French department Bas-Rhin.
 * The number of counties in Alabama, Florida, and Pennsylvania.
 * The province/traffic code of Zonguldak Province in Turkey.
 * In the U.S., *67 is a common prefix-code for blocking caller ID info on the subsequent call.

In sports

 * Buddy Arrington's best-known NASCAR car number.
 * The Ottawa 67's, founded in 1967.
 * Pekka Koskela skated the 1000 metres in 1:07:00 (67 seconds) on 10 November 2007, a world record at the time.
 * The number of the laps of the German Grand Prix since 2002 if the race was held at Hockenheimring.

title: 67 (number)


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Ranbaxy Laboratories

Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited was an Indian multinational pharmaceutical company that was incorporated in India in 1961 and remained an entity until 2014. The company went public in 1973. Ownership of Ranbaxy changed twice over the course of its history.

In 2008, Japanese pharmaceutical company Daiichi Sankyo acquired a controlling share in Ranbaxy and in 2014, Sun Pharma acquired 100% of Ranbaxy in an all-stock deal. The Sun Pharma acquisition brought all new management to Ranbaxy, which had been laden with controversy (see Controversies below). Sun is the world's fifth largest specialty generic pharmaceutical company.

Formation
Ranbaxy was started by Ranbir Singh and Gurbax Singh in 1937 as a distributor for Japanese company Shionogi. The name Ranbaxy blends the names of its founders: Ranbir and Gurbax. Bhai Mohan Singh bought the company in 1952 from his cousins Ranbir and Gurbax. After Bhai Mohan Singh's son Parvinder Singh joined the company in 1967, the company saw an increase in scale.

In the late 1990s, Ranbaxy formed a US company, Ranbaxy Pharmaceuticals Inc., in order to support its entry into the pharmaceutical market in United States.

Trading
For the twelve months ending on 31 December 2005, the company's global sales were US$1,178 million, with overseas markets accounting for 75% of global sales (USA: 28%, Europe: 17%, Brazil, Russia, and China: 29%).

In December 2005, Ranbaxy's share price was hit by a patent ruling disallowing production of its own version of Pfizer's cholesterol-cutting drug Lipitor, which had annual sales of more than $10 billion.

In June 2008, Ranbaxy settled the patent dispute with Pfizer, allowing them to sell atorvastatin calcium, the generic version of Lipitor and atorvastatin calcium-amlodipine besylate, the generic version of Pfizer's Caduet, in the US, starting on 30 November 2011.

On 23 June 2006, the US Food & Drug Administration granted Ranbaxy a 180-day exclusivity period to sell simvastatin (Zocor) in the US as a generic drug at 80 mg strength. Ranbaxy competed with the maker of brand-name Zocor, Merck & Co.; IVAX Corporation (which was acquired by and merged into Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.), which has 180-day exclusivity at strengths other than 80 mg; and Dr. Reddy's Laboratories and India, whose authorized generic version (licensed by Merck) is exempt from exclusivity.

On 1 December 2011, Ranbaxy got approval from the FDA to launch the generic version of Lipitor in the United States after the drug's patent expired.

Acquisition by Daiichi Sankyo
In June 2008, Daiichi Sankyo acquired a 34.8% stake in Ranbaxy from the family of CEO and Managing Director Malvinder Mohan Singh for ₹ 10,000 crore (US$2.4 billion) at ₹737 per share.

In November 2008, Daiichi-Sankyo completed the takeover of the company from the founding Singh family in a deal worth $4.6 billion by acquiring a 63.92% stake in Ranbaxy. Ranbaxy's Malvinder Singh remained as CEO after the transaction. The addition of Ranbaxy Laboratories extended Daiichi-Sankyo's operations, with the combined company worth about US$30 billion.

In 2009, it was reported that former Novartis Senior Vice-President Yugal Sikri would lead the Indian operations of Ranbaxy Laboratories.

In 2011, Ranbaxy Global Consumer Health Care received the OTC Company of the year award.

In 2012, 2013, and 2014 Brand Trust Reports, Ranbaxy was ranked 161st, 225th, and 184th respectively among India's most trusted brands.

Acquisition by Sun Pharmaceutical
On 7 April 2014, India-based Sun Pharmaceutical and Japan-based Daiichi Sankyo jointly announced the sale of the entire 63.4% share of Ranbaxy from Daiichi Sankyo to Sun Pharmaceutical in a $4 billion all-share deal. Under these agreements, shareholders of Ranbaxy were to receive a 0.8 share of Sun Pharmaceutical for each share of Ranbaxy. After this acquisition, the partner Daiichi-Sankyo was to hold a stake of 9% in Sun Pharmaceutical.

Controversies
During 2004–2005, Dinesh Thakur and Rajinder Kumar, two Indian employees of Ranbaxy, blew the whistle on Ranbaxy's fabrication of drug test reports. Thakur's office computer was soon found to have been compromised. Ranbaxy then accused Thakur of visiting pornographic sites using his office computer, forcing him to resign in 2005. Thakur left India for the United States and contacted the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which started investigating his claims. As a result, on 16 September 2008, the Food and Drug Administration issued two warning letters to Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd. and an Import Alert for generic drugs produced by two manufacturing plants in India.

By 25 February 2009, the FDA said it had halted reviews of all drug applications, including data developed at Ranbaxy's Paonta Sahib plant in India, because of a practice of falsified data and test results in approved and pending drug applications.

On 8 February 2012, three batches of the proton-pump inhibitor Pantoprazole were recalled in the Netherlands due to the presence of impurities.

On 9 November 2012, Ranbaxy halted production and recalled 41 lots of atorvastatin due to glass particles being found in some bottles. Also in 2012, an apparent dosage mistake was reported in which 20 mg tablets were found in a bottle of atorvastatin labeled as containing 10 mg tablets; this led in 2014 to the voluntary recall in the United States of some 64,000 bottles.

In May 2013, Ranbaxy pleaded guilty and paid $500 million in fines, for felony charges relating to the manufacture and distribution of certain adulterated drugs made at two of Ranbaxy's manufacturing facilities in India, and misrepresenting clinical generic drug data. Ranbaxy pleaded guilty to three felony FDCA counts, and four felony counts of knowingly making materially false statements to the FDA. Included in the adulterated products were antiretroviral (ARV) drugs destined for treatment of HIV/AIDS in Africa.

In September 2013, further problems were reported, including apparent human hair in a tablet, oil spots on other tablets, toilet facilities without running water, and a failure to instruct employees to wash their hands after using the toilet. Ranbaxy was prohibited from manufacturing FDA-regulated drugs at the Mohali facility until it complied with United States drug manufacturing requirements.

In 2014, The FDA notified Ranbaxy Laboratories, Ltd., that it was prohibited from manufacturing and distributing active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) from its facility in Toansa, India, for FDA-regulated drug products. The FDA's inspection of the Toansa facility, which concluded on 11 January 2014, identified significant CGMP violations. These included Toansa staff retesting raw materials, intermediate drug products, and finished API after those items failed analytical testing and specifications, in order to produce acceptable findings, and subsequently not reporting or investigating these failures.

In 2019 author Katherine Eban published Bottle of Lies, an in-depth investigation of Ranbaxy. In addition to the incidents described above, Eban describes internal struggles within the FDA as investigators who might have shut down Ranbaxy were overruled due to pressure to increase the supply of cheap generic drugs.

title: Ranbaxy Laboratories


text:
Alger

Alger may refer to:

Algeria

 * French name for Algiers, the capital of Algeria
 * Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Alger
 * Alger (department), a former French department (1848–1962)

United States

 * Alger, Michigan, an unincorporated community
 * Alger County, Michigan, in the Upper Peninsula
 * Alger, Minnesota, an unincorporated community
 * Alger, Ohio, a village
 * Alger, Washington, a census-designated place
 * Alger Creek, California
 * Alger Falls, Michigan
 * Alger Island (New York)
 * Alger Lakes, California
 * Camp Alger, Virginia, a military camp established in 1898 for the Spanish–American War
 * Alger Correctional Facility, Michigan, a men's prison

Elsewhere

 * Alger Island, Russia
 * Alger Island, one of the Wessel Islands in the Northern Territory of Australia

Other uses

 * Alger (name), a list of people with the surname or given name
 * Alger brush, an ophthalmological tool
 * Alger Theater, Detroit, Michigan, United States
 * Commonwealth v. Alger, an 1851 court case in Massachusetts
 * MC Alger, a football club based in Algiers
 * USM Alger, a football club based in Algiers
 * USS Alger (DE-101), a United States Navy World War II destroyer escort

title: Alger


text:
68 (number)

68 (sixty-eight) is the natural number following 67 and preceding 69. It is an even number.

In mathematics
68 is a composite number; a square-prime, of the form (p2, q) where q is a higher prime. It is the eighth of this form and the sixth of the form (22.q).

68 is a Perrin number.

It has an aliquot sum of 58 within an aliquot sequence of two composite numbers (68, 58,32,31,1,0) to the Prime in the 31-aliquot tree.

It is the largest known number to be the sum of two primes in exactly two different ways: 68 = 7 + 61 = 31 + 37. All higher even numbers that have been checked are the sum of three or more pairs of primes; the conjecture that 68 is the largest number with this property is closely related to the Goldbach conjecture and, like it, remains unproven.

Because of the factorization of 68 as 2$2$ × (2$22$ + 1), a 68-sided regular polygon may be constructed with compass and straightedge.

There are exactly 68 10-bit binary numbers in which each bit has an adjacent bit with the same value, exactly 68 combinatorially distinct triangulations of a given triangle with four points interior to it, and exactly 68 intervals in the Tamari lattice describing the ways of parenthesizing five items. The largest graceful graph on 14 nodes has exactly 68 edges. There are 68 different undirected graphs with six edges and no isolated nodes, 68 different minimally 2-connected graphs on seven unlabeled nodes, 68 different degree sequences of four-node connected graphs, and 68 matroids on four labeled elements.

Størmer's theorem proves that, for every number p, there are a finite number of pairs of consecutive numbers that are both p-smooth (having no prime factor larger than p). For p = 13 this finite number is exactly 68. On an infinite chessboard, there are 68 squares three knight's moves away from any cell.

As a decimal number, 68 is the last two-digit number to appear for the first time in the digits of pi. It is a happy number, meaning that repeatedly summing the squares of its digits eventually leads to 1:
 * 68 → 6$2$ + 8$2$ = 100 → 1$2$ + 0$2$ + 0$2$ = 1.

Other uses

 * 68 is the atomic number of erbium, a lanthanide.
 * In the restaurant industry, 68 may be used as a code meaning "put back on the menu", being the opposite of 86 which means "remove from the menu".
 * 68 may also be used as slang for oral sex, based on a play on words involving the number 69.
 * The NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament has involved 68 teams in each edition since 2011, when the First Four round was introduced.
 * The NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament expanded to 68 teams in 2022, matching the men's tournament.

title: 68 (number)


text:
Steel Authority of India Limited

Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) is a central public sector undertaking (PSU) based in New Delhi, India. It is under the ownership of the Ministry of Steel, Government of India with an annual turnover of inr 1053980000000 for the fiscal year 2022-23. Incorporated on 24 January 1973, SAIL has 57,139 employees (as of 1 December 2023). With an annual production of 18.29 million metric tons, It is the largest government owned steel producer. The hot metal production capacity of the company will further increase and is expected to reach a level of 50 million tonnes per annum by 2025.

SAIL operates and owns five integrated steel plants at Bhilai, Rourkela, Durgapur, Bokaro and Burnpur (Asansol) and three special steel plants at Salem, Durgapur and Bhadravathi. It also owns a Ferro Alloy plant at Chandrapur. As a part of its global ambition, the PSU is undergoing a massive expansion and modernisation programme involving upgrading and building new facilities with emphasis on state of the art green technology. According to a recent survey, SAIL is one of India's fastest growing PSUs. The PSU also has an R&D Centre for Iron & Steel (RDCIS) and a Centre for Engineering in Ranchi, Jharkhand.

Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) has a total of 692 patents globally, out of which 343 have been granted. Of these 692 patents, more than 64% patents are active. India is where SAIL has filed the maximum number of patents, followed by Egypt and Germany. It has generated an annual revenue of US $9.0 billion in the year 2021.

1959–1973
SAIL traces its origin to the Hindustan Steel Limited (HSL) which was set up on 19 January 1954. It was initially designed to manage only one plant that was coming up at Rourkela.

For Bhilai and Durgapur Steel Plants, the preliminary work was done by the Iron and Steel Ministry. From April 1957, the supervision and control of these two steel plants were also transferred to Hindustan Steel. The registered office was originally in New Delhi. It moved to Calcutta in July 1956, and ultimately to Ranchi in December 1959.

A new steel company, Bokaro Steel Limited (Bokaro Steel Plant), was incorporated on 29 January 1964 to construct and operate the steel plant at Bokaro. IOFS officers from the Indian Ordnance Factories came on deputation to build and lead, as only the Ordnance factories were having the expertise in metallurgy for over 250 years at the time. Mantosh Sondhi, an IOFS was appointed as Bokaro's first Chairman & Managing Director, who later became the Secretary of Ministry of Steel. At Bokaro, he was succeeded by another IOFS officer, Dr. S. Bhattacharya, as CMD. The 1 MT phases of Bhilai and Rourkela Steel Plants were completed by the end of December 1961. The 1 MT phase of Durgapur Steel Plant was completed in January 2008 after commissioning of the Wheel and Axle plant. The crude steel production of HSL went up from 1.58 MT (1959–60) to 1.6 MT. The second phase of the Bhilai Steel Plant was completed in September 1967 after commissioning of the Wire Rod Mill. The last unit of the 1.8 MT phase of Rourkela – the Tandem Mill – was commissioned in February 1968, and the 1.6 MT stage of Durgapur Steel Plant was completed in August 1969 after commissioning of the Furnace in SMS. Thus, with the completion of the 2.5 MT stage at Bhilai, 1.8 MT at Rourkela, and 1.6 MT at Durgapur, the total crude steel production capacity of HSL was raised to 3.7 MT in 1968–69 and subsequently to 4 MT in 1972–73. IISCO was taken over as a subsidiary in 1978 and later merged in 2006.

Holding Company
The Ministry formulated a policy statement to revamp industry management, presented to Parliament on December 2, 1972. This initiative proposed creating a holding company to oversee both inputs and outputs. Thus, The Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL) was established on January 24, 1973, with an authorized capital of ₹2,000 crore (US$250 million). SAIL's mandate included managing five integrated steel plants and two specialty plants. In 1978, SAIL underwent restructuring to function as an operating company.

Major units
SAIL Integrated Steel Plants
 * 1) Rourkela Steel Plant (RSP); India's first integrated steel plant in the public sector, established through collaboration with Germany.
 * 2) Bhilai Steel Plant (BSP) in Chhattisgarh set up with Soviet collaboration (1959)
 * 3) Durgapur Steel Plant (DSP) at Durgapur, West Bengal set up with British collaboration (1965)
 * 4) Bokaro Steel Plant (BSL) in Jharkhand (1964) set up with Soviet collaboration (The Plant is hailed as the country's first Swadeshi steel plant, built with maximum indigenous content in terms of equipment, material and know-how)
 * 5) IISCO Steel Plant (ISP) at Burnpur in Asansol, West Bengal (Plant equipped with Largest Blast Furnace of country, Modernized in 2015 with investment of 16000 crore which will yield total production of 2.9 Million Ton annually )

Special Steel Plants

 * 1) Alloy Steel Plant (ASP), Durgapur, West Bengal supplies to the Indian Ordnance Factories
 * 2) Salem Steel Plant (SSP), Maramangalathupatti, at Salem, Tamil Nadu
 * 3) Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Limited (VISL), at Bhadravathi, Karnataka

Ferro Alloy Plant
 * 1) Chandrapur Ferro Alloy Plant (CFP) in Maharashtra

Refractory Plants - SAIL Refractory Unit (SRU)
 * 1) SAIL Refractory Unit, Bhandaridah in Jharkhand
 * 2) SAIL Refractory Unit, Bhilai in Chhattisgarh
 * 3) SAIL Refractory Unit, IFICO, Ramgarh in Jharkhand
 * 4) SAIL Refractory Unit, Ranchi Road in Jharkhand

Central units

 * 1) Central Marketing Organisation
 * 2) Centre for Engineering and Technology
 * 3) Research and Development Centre for Iron and Steel
 * 4) SAIL Consultancy Organisation
 * 5) Environment Management Division
 * 6) Management Training Institute, Ranchi

NTPC SAIL Power Company Limited (NSPCL)
A 50:50 joint venture between Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL) and National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd. (NTPC Ltd.). It manages the captive power plants at Rourkela, Durgapur and Bhilai with a combined capacity of 314 MW. It has installed additional capacity by implementation of 500 MW (2 x 250 MW Units) power plant at Bhilai. The commercial generation of Unit 1 commenced in April 2009 and the Unit 2 in October 2009.

 * NSPCL, Rourkela (2 x 60 MW)
 * NSPCL, Durgapur (2 x 60 MW)
 * NSPCL, Bhilai (2 x 30 MW + 1 x 14 MW)

During FY2013-14, NSPCL generated 6156.091 MU of electricity with a PLF of 86.33%

Bokaro Power Supply Company Pvt. Ltd. (BPSCL)
Established in 2001, A 50:50 joint venture between Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL) and Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC) and is engaged in power and steam generation and supplies power and steam (at various pressures) to SAIL's Bokaro Steel Plant (BSL) located at Bokaro for meeting the process requirement of BSL.

The plant has 9 boilers (5 boilers each of 220 TPH, 3 boilers each of 260 TPH capacity and 1 boiler of 300 TPH) and 7 turbine generators (one 12 MW back Pressure Turbine Generator (TG), 2 TGs each of 55MW capacity, 3 TGs each of 60 MW capacity and one 36 MW back Pressure Turbine Generator. Gg

Mjunction services limited
Mjunction services limited operating in Information Technology and the Internet, is a 50:50 venture promoted by SAIL and TATA Steel. Founded in February 2001, it is today not only India's largest eCommerce company (having eTransacted worth over Rs. 900 billion till date) but also runs the world's largest eMarketplace for steel.

Bhilai JP Cement Ltd
SAIL has incorporated a joint venture company with M/s Jaiprakash Associates Ltd to set up a 2.2 MT slag based cement plant at Bhilai. The company shall commence cement production at Bhilai by March'2010, whereas clinker production at Satna shall start within 2009.

Bokaro JP Cement Ltd
SAIL has incorporated another joint venture company with M/s JaiPrakash Associates Ltd to set up a 2.1 MT cement plant at Bokaro utilising slag from BSL. The project implementation is under progress with commencement of cement production likely by July 2011. Bokaro Jaypee cement plant opening ceremony was held by the chief minister of Jharkhand shri. Arjun Munda in 2012.

SAIL&MOIL Ferro Alloys (Pvt.) Limited
SAIL has incorporated a joint venture company with Manganese Ore (India) Ltd on 50:50 basis to produce ferro-manganese and silico-manganese required for production of steel.

International Coal Ventures Pvt. Limited
International Coal Ventures Private Limited is a special purpose vehicle set up to achieve the target of making steel PSUs self-reliant in the area of coking coal, a joint venture company has been incorporated composed of five central PSU companies i.e. SAIL, Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited (RINL), Coal India Limited and other target countries.

Development of Hajigak iron ore mines in Afghanistan
A consortium comprising state-owned NMDC and RINL and private sector steel players—JSW, JSW Ispat, Jindal Steel and Power, and Monnet Ispat and Energy and led by SAIL, plan to invest US$75 million in first phase for the development of Hajigak iron ore mines in Afghanistan. The consortium, in November 2011, had won the mining rights for three iron ore mines which are said to contain 1.28 billion tonnes of rich reserves.

Development of mines through outsourcing
SAIL has decided to outsource development of two virgin iron ore mines at Rowghat in Chhattisgarh and Chiria in Jharkhand with an annual capacity of 14 and 15 million tonnes, respectively. The development of each mine is likely to cost between inr 10000000000 – inr 12000000000.

SAIL SCL Limited
A 50:50 JV with Government of Kerala where SAIL has management control to revive the existing facilities at Steel Complex Ltd, Calicut and also to set up, develop and manage a TMT rolling mill of 65,000 MT capacity along with balancing facilities and auxiliaries.

International Coal Ventures Private Limited
ICVL is a joint venture of five companies owned by the Indian government. Aside from Steel Authority of India Limited, the other venturers are Coal India, Rashtriya Ispat Nigam, National Minerals Development Corporation and National Thermal Power Corporation. ICVL acquired a 65 percent stake in the Benga coal mine from the Rio Tinto Group in July 2014.

SAIL RITES Bengal Wagon Industry Pvt. Limited
SAIL had signed a 50:50 joint venture with RITES for setting up a wagon components manufacturing facility at Kulti in West Bengal's Paschim Bardhaman district. The total investment for this project was inr 2050000000 in West Bengal, and commercial production began from December 2016. It manufactures, sells, markets, distributes and exports railway wagons, including high-end specialised wagons, wagon prototypes, fabricated components/parts of railway vehicles, rehabilitation of industrial locomotives, etc., for the domestic market.

Ownership and management
The Government of India owns about 65% of SAIL's equity and retains voting control of the company. However, SAIL, by virtue of its Maharatna status in May 2010, enjoys significant operational and financial autonomy.

Amarendu Prakash is the current chairman.

Operations
As of 31 March 2015, SAIL has 93,352 employees, as compared to 170,368 (as of 31 March 2002). There has been a continuous reduction of headcount over the past few years due to enhanced productivity and rationalised manpower.

The total requirement of its main raw material, iron ore, is met through its captive mines. To meet its growing requirement, capacities of existing iron ore mines are being expanded and new iron ore mines are being developed. In addition, new iron ore deposits in the states of Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha and Karnataka are being explored. Around 24% of its coking coal requirements are met from domestic sources, the remaining through imports. For improving coking coal security, the company is also making efforts for development of new coking coal blocks at Tasra and Sitanalla. SAIL is also India's largest miner of minerals that are involved in the steel making process, such as iron ore and coking coal. During FY 2019–2020, the company mined 32.406 million tonnes of steel making minerals.

SAIL produced 13.9 million tonnes of crude steel by operating at 103% of its installed capacity, which is an increase of 1% over the previous year. It also generated 710 MW of electricity during FY2014-15.

SAIL records turnover of over Rs 1 lakh crore. Steel Authority of India Ltd (SAIL) produced 18.733 million tonnes of hot metal and 17.366 million tonnes of crude steel during 2021–22, its best ever production performance. The increase in turnover coupled with improved operational performance, helped the company achieve its highest-ever numbers in terms of profitability.

Awards and accolades
Source:
 * "Best of all" Rajiv Gandhi National Quality Award in 1993, 2006, and 2007 for their Bhilai and Bokaro plants
 * Quality Summit New York Gold Trophy 2007 (International Award for Excellence & Business Prestige) and Award of Excellence Maintenance for Sumitomo Heavy Industry & TSUBKIMOTO-KOGIO, Japan won by Alloy Steel Plant, Durgapur.
 * SAIL was featured in the 2008 list of Forbes Global 2000 companies at position 647.
 * Golden Peacock Award for Combating Climate Change – 2008 for BSP, Occupational Health and Safety- 2008 for BSL
 * National Safety Award to Bhilai Steel Plant announced by the Ministry of Labour & Employment, Government of India – 2008
 * Durgapur Steel Plant won the 2nd Prize in the Association of Business Communicators of India Awards – 2008.
 * Ispat Bhasha Bharati. the Rajbhasha Journal of SAIL has been awarded with the first prize under the All India House Journal Award Scheme – 2008–09
 * Salem Steel Plant received the Greentech Gold Award in Metal and Mining Sector – 2008–09.
 * Golden Peacock Award for Corporate Social Responsibility won by Bhilai Steel Plant (BSP) for the third year in a row – 2009.
 * Rourkela Steel Plant collected the Srishti Good Green Governance (G-Cube) Award – 2009.
 * Greentech HR Excellence Award secured by the Durgapur Steel Plant – 2009
 * The steel township of Rourkela Steel Plant (RSP) has been ranked 14th in sanitation and cleanliness by Union Urban Development Ministry – 2009–10
 * Greentech Safety Gold Award was given to Bhilai Steel Plant – 2010
 * The HR Excellence Award by the Greentech Foundation won by Bhilai Steel Plant – 2010
 * SSP has won the Greentech Silver Award in Training Category of Greentech HR Excellence Awards – 2010.
 * Award for financial and operational strength by Indian Institute of Industrial Engineering (IIIE)- 2009–10
 * Golden Peacock Environment Management Award – 2011
 * Randstad Award for HR Practices and Employer Branding under 'Manufacturing Industries' category – 2011
 * Maiden Wockhardt Shining Star CSR Award in the Iron & Steel Sector category – 2011.
 * Salem Steel Plant (SSP) has won the National Sustainability Award for the 6th time in succession and 13th time since inception of the award from Indian Institute of Metals (IIM)- 2011

Of the 33 Prime Minister's Shram Awards announced for 2010 by the Ministry of Labour, Government of India, 17 of which went to PSUs, SAIL employees won 11 awards. Of the total number of 76 awardees for the year, 45 belong to SAIL – a remarkable distinction for any organisation. Maharatna SAIL has received the Golden Peacock Environment Management Award for the year 2011. The award, in recognition of SAIL's initiatives and achievements in the field of environment management, was presented by Union Minister for Home Affairs Shri P. Chidambaram on 24 June 2011

74 of a total of 128 awardees who have won the Vishwakarma Rashtriya Puraskar (VRP) are from SAIL. The 15 out of 28 awards won by SAIL went to our 74 employees for the performance year 2008. Bhilai Steel Plant won 7 such awards involving 36 employees, Bokaro Steel Plant won 6 awards involving 29 employees. Durgapur Steel Plant and Salem Steel Plant both won 1 award each involving five and four employees respectively. SAIL employees have won 4 out of 5 awards of Class A, which is the highest number of A Class awards won by any PSU in India.

Future plans
SAIL is in the process of modernising and expanding its production units, raw material resources and other facilities to maintain its dominant position in the Indian steel market. The aim is to increase the production capacity from the base level production of 14.6 MT per annum (2006–07) to 26.2 MT per annum of hot metal.

The following table shows the increased production of various items prior to and post expansion.

On 25 May 2012, Steel Authority of India Limited entered into a Memorandum of Understanding with the Government of West Bengal and Burn Standard Company Ltd. for setting up of a Railway Wagon factory of approximately inr 2100000000. This project will create an approximate 75,300 jobs.

The company also looking to establish one full capacity integrated plant in Andhra Pradesh or Telangana and surveying the possibilities to set up the plant. The plant, which was proposed to be the first steel plant of such scale in the state, was estimated to get an investment of Rs. 4,400 crore.

title: Steel Authority of India Limited


text:
William Kelly

William, Willie, Will or Bill Kelly may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Bill Kelly (writer), American screenwriter
 * William Kelly (artist), American artist
 * Roosevelt Sykes (1906–1983), American blues musician, stage name "Willie Kelly"

Politics

 * William Kelly (Alabama politician) (1786–1834), Alabama politician and U.S. senator
 * William Kelly (New York state senator) (1807–1872), New York politician
 * William W. J. Kelly (1814–1878), Lieutenant Governor of Florida
 * William Moore Kelly (1827–1888), businessman and politician in New Brunswick
 * William Kelly (New Zealand politician) (1840–1907), New Zealand Member of Parliament
 * William Kelly (Labour politician) (1874–1944), British Labour politician
 * William Kelly (New South Wales politician) (1875–1932), Australian politician
 * Willie Kelly (politician) (1877–1960), Australian politician
 * William Osmund Kelly (1909–1974), mayor of Flint, Michigan
 * William McDonough Kelly (1925–2013), political strategist and retired Canadian Senator
 * Bill Kelly (politician), politician in Lapeer, Michigan

American football

 * Bill Kelly (quarterback) (1905–1931), American football player at the University of Montana and in the NFL
 * Bill Kelly (American football, born 1947), American football player and coach
 * Kenneth Kelly (1905–1984), nicknamed "Bill", American football player and coach, head coach at Central Michigan University, 1951–1966

Australian rules football

 * Bill Kelly (footballer, born 1882) (1882–1961), Australian rules footballer for Fitzroy
 * Bill Kelly (footballer, born 1930) (born 1930), Australian rules footballer for Footscray
 * Will Kelly (Australian footballer) (born 2000), Australian rules footballer for Collingwood

Baseball

 * Bill Kelly (outfielder), 19th-century American baseball player
 * Bill Kelly (first baseman) (1898–1990), American baseball player
 * William Kelly (baseball), Negro league baseball player

Other sports

 * Bill Kelly (rugby league) (1892–1975), New Zealand rugby league footballer and coach
 * Will Kelly (rugby union) (born 1997), Canadian rugby union player
 * William Kelly (Victoria cricketer) (1875–1968), Australian cricketer
 * William Harvey Kelly (1883–1944), Australian cricketer
 * William Kelly (1910s footballer) (1890-1920), English footballer for Newcastle United and Manchester City, see List of Manchester City F.C. players (1–24 appearances)
 * William Kelly (footballer, born 1937), English footballer known as 'Brian'
 * Willie Kelly (footballer) (1922–1996), Scottish footballer for Airdrieonians and Blackburn Rovers

Others

 * William Kelly (biblical scholar) (1821–1906), classicist and Biblical expositor
 * William Kelly (inventor) (1811–1888), American inventor of a steel smelting process
 * William Russell Kelly, founder of the American temporary staffing agency, Kelly Services

title: William Kelly


text:
Talk:Green Party

Comment
I'm not that happy about this sort-of-disambiguation page. An article about "Green Party" should explain what a Green Party is and list all Green parties (or link to them, like List of Green party issues does). To find different articles for Green Party, Green party and Green p/Parties is problematic, I'd say. Better change the Green party article and make everything else a redirect. But that needs a bit more work. -- till we *) 22:24, Dec 15, 2003 (UTC)

 * I've replaced links to this page with ones to Worldwide green parties. Can we ask for this page to be deleted? -- Jeandré, 2004-08-27t19:49z

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: move --  tariq abjotu  22:32, 1 January 2013 (UTC)

Green Party (disambiguation) → Green Party – per Democratic Party, Republican Party, Conservative Party, Democratic Liberal Party, Liberal Democratic Party, and even The Greens, which are all disambiguations or WP:SETINDEX. Note that there is another open request, Green party → Green Party (see: Talk:Green party, which obviously, I don't support). Relisted. Jenks24 (talk) 06:56, 4 November 2012 (UTC) – Wbm1058 (talk) 20:17, 20 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Support, caps differences do make a difference here, and the incoming links to Green Party appear to intend various actual parties, not the green party concept. -- JHunterJ (talk) 12:16, 21 October 2012 (UTC)
 * I agree about the incoming links, but that just means we should fix those links to point to the relevant parties. This move won't fix the situation. --BDD (talk) 16:03, 23 October 2012 (UTC)
 * I fixed incoming links to Green Party, there are no more. They were mixed, some should have gone to Green party/Green parties, while others to a specific party. – Wbm1058 (talk) 14:34, 24 October 2012 (UTC)
 * I disambiguated four more links to Green Party, created since 24 October. This will be an ongoing problem. With a disambig tag on that page, bots can advise such editors on their talk pages. – Wbm1058 (talk) 13:16, 2 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Merge per RA here. I've never advocated merging in a move discussion before, but I also agree with the sentiments in the section above. Since Green party includes a listing of these parties, I'm concerned that this page is redundant. --BDD (talk) 16:03, 23 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Rename to List of Green Parties. Green party should be capitalised and a link to the list provided in it if necessary.  Peterkingiron (talk) 19:55, 1 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Comment. An article about the Green Parties is more informative than a list. Apteva (talk) 03:05, 2 December 2012 (UTC)
 * List of liberal parties and Liberalism worldwide redirect to Liberalism by country. There is a separate set index for Liberal Party.  List of Green parties and Worldwide green parties redirect to Green party. Would merge advocates also advocate merging Liberal Party into Liberalism by country? The purpose of a disambiguation is not to be informative, but rather to redirect readers to a more specific article which is informative, quickly and efficiently. Wbm1058 (talk) 13:01, 2 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Probably, yes. A list of all liberal/green/etc. parties will rarely be navigable quickly or efficiently, so why have a dab page where we can have an article? --BDD (talk) 03:46, 3 December 2012 (UTC)
 * I see that Outline of green politics also has a "List of Green parties", under the section titled Organizations. Should the list be there? Wbm1058 (talk) 15:04, 5 December 2012 (UTC)
 * And then we have List of generic names of political parties: "This list of generic names of political parties includes only lists of parties with generic names, not lists of parties with similar programs, e.g. liberal and green parties." Huh? Say what?  "Liberal parties" implies parties with "similar programs", but "Conservative parties" implies parties with "generic names"?  There is no such thing as a party with a "generic name", at least I can't think of one.  Can someone disambiguate generic name for me, in the context of politics? Wbm1058 (talk) 17:39, 5 December 2012 (UTC)
 * That looks like WP:OR to me, and a possible deletion candidate. --BDD (talk) 18:26, 5 December 2012 (UTC)
 * To clarify, do you mean that the distinction of "generic" vs. "similar programs" is WP:OR? Really, that's the only research I see in List of generic names of political parties. Just about all the items in that list are links to disambiguation pages–see WP:INTDABLINK. I believe the exception Where the context of an article indicates that it is discussing the ambiguity of the term itself might justify keeping the "article", as a simple list of links to political party dab pages.  Per talk:List of generic names of political parties, I support the move List of generic names of political parties → List of common names of political parties. Wbm1058 (talk) 21:17, 5 December 2012 (UTC)
 * More the whole existence of that article. It doesn't actually disambiguate anything, and what's a "common" or "generic" name for a political party is entirely subjective. --BDD (talk) 21:46, 5 December 2012 (UTC)
 * I'm moving towards your view, but worked on cleaning up that page, for the moment at least. If it is kept, I think List of political party names requiring disambiguation may be a better name which avoids the ambiguity of "common" and "generic".  There is also a Category:Political party disambiguation pages which kind of makes the "article" page redundant.  See also talk:List of generic names of political parties – Wbm1058 (talk) 15:54, 6 December 2012 (UTC)

Coming back from that sidebar – I found a similar party which we should consider too: Pirate Party. Pirate Party (disambiguation) redirects there, so perhaps this is a good model for the merged article you're advocating. I like that lead : Pirate Party is a label adopted by political parties in different countries. They found a way to make it work using the proper name. At this point I'm perhaps neutral on how these are named. The leads (ledes if you prefer) can be rewritten to fit either convention. I'm more set on wanting the naming convention here to be consistent. Maybe we should decide on a convention and write one. The result of the convention would be one of the following: The original Pirate Party was born on Jan. 2, 2006 and moved to Pirate Party (Sweden) (move log). The dab was born on 1 July 2009 and moved to Pirate Party (move log). Prior to creation of the dab, other Pirate parties were listed in an International section, as external links and in Pirate Party (first edit) on the Swedish page. Interesting to see how it evolved. – Wbm1058 (talk) 17:09, 6 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Green party and Pirate party
 * Green parties and Pirate parties
 * Green Party and Pirate Party

 * Another move for consideration – Communist Party (disambiguation) → Communist Party – same reasons. These should be handled consistently. – Wbm1058 (talk) 17:48, 6 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Support Anyone looking for "P"arty is probably looking for a specific party, and this move will help them reach their target in less clicks. --Enric Naval (talk) 13:10, 20 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Indeed, and editors linking to disambiguation rather than a specific party will be an ongoing problem – Wbm1058 (talk) 12:16, 21 December 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Greens' Party which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 14:02, 21 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Green Party


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User talk:Hao2lian

Red Dead Redemption
Thanks dude. I was so disgusted with the page and just began to clean it up. Must have forgot that! :P REDAMPTION! The Phantomnaut (talk) 06:27, 26 April 2010 (UTC)

Contributing to Wikimedia tech
Hello. I noticed from your edits that you're interested in programming. I thought you might want to know that the Wikimedia open source community welcomes you to get developer access so you can contribute code, critique others' commits, and generally get a better sense of how this place works on a technical level.

Also, the Wikimedia Foundation is hiring programmers, in case you know anyone who's looking. Remote work is often feasible.

Best, Sumana Harihareswara, Wikimedia Foundation Engineering Community Manager (talk) 05:58, 16 December 2012 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Honey nut cheerios (revised).jpg
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title: User talk:Hao2lian


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Movement for National Reform

The Movement for National Reform (حركة الإصلاح الوطني; Mouvement pour la réforme nationale) is a moderate Islamist political party in Algeria. It received 9.5% of the vote in the 2002 elections and received 43 members of parliament.

The party was created as a breakout faction from the Ennahda movement, after that party opted for cooperation with Algeria's government. Party leader Abdallah Djaballah then left to found and lead the more radically oppositional el-Islah.

At the 2007 elections, the party was badly defeated. It received only 2.53% of the vote and 3 seats.

title: Movement for National Reform


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Wikipedia talk:WikiProject/Template

Shouldn't the General Strategy and Discussion forums be in the Wikipedia talk namespace rather then in the wikipedia namespace? —Noldoaran (Talk) 22:29, Dec 15, 2003 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:WikiProject/Template


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Movement of Society for Peace

The Movement of Society for Peace (حركة مجتمع السلم), sometimes known by its shortened form Hamas (حمس), is a Sunni Islamist party in Algeria, led by Mahfoud Nahnah until his death in 2003. Its current leader is Abderrazak Makri. It is an offshoot of the Muslim Brotherhood.

Roots in the Muslim Brotherhood
The Muslim Brotherhood reached Algeria during the later years of the French colonial presence in the country (1830–1962). Sheikh Ahmad Sahnoun led the organization in Algeria between 1953 and 1954 during the French colonialism. Brotherhood members and sympathizers took part in the uprising against France in 1954-1962, but the movement was marginalized during the FLN one-party rule which was installed at independence in 1962. Islamic forces however remained active in religious education, mosques and religious associations, including sympathizers of the Muslim Brotherhood. Brotherhood activists generally refrained from confronting the regime, which did not tolerate independent opposition, but sometimes protested the government and generally argued for a greater role for Islam in the country's politics. Muslims also called for increased Arabization of education and the state bureaucracy, and gained a foothold through heavy state backing for the early Arabization programs under Presidents Ahmed Ben Bella and Houari Boumédiène. The reformist-Islamist ideology of the Muslim Brotherhood, in particular, was strengthened through the recruitment of Arabic language teachers from other Arab countries, particularly Egypt, which is the Brotherhood's main stronghold.

History of the party
When a multi-party system was introduced in Algeria in the early 1990s, the Muslim Brotherhood formed the Movement for the Society of Peace (MSP), led by Mahfoud Nahnah until his death in 2003 (he was succeeded by present party leader Boudjerra Soltani). The party was initially known as the Movement for the Islamic Society, and abbreviated in Arabic as Hamas, but following legal bans on religiously founded parties, the name was changed (the abbreviation Hamas still remains in use).

A dissident wing of Brotherhood-inspired Islamists led by Abdallah Djaballah formed their own party, El Nahda, which later split to create El Islah, advocating a more hardline stand towards the government. (Neither is supported by the Muslim Brotherhood's international organization, which recognizes MSP/Hamas as its Algerian wing.) The Muslim Brotherhood in Algeria did not join the Front islamique du salut (FIS), which emerged as the leading Islamist group in the 1990 local and 1991 parliamentary elections, although the rapidly growing FIS did attract some of its supporters.

In 1992, a military coup d'état cancelled elections which the FIS was on the verge of winning, and banned the organization. The Brotherhood condemned the coup, but refused to join the resulting violent uprising by FIS sympathizers and the Armed Islamic Groups (GIA) against the Algerian state and military. Instead, the group urged a peaceful resolution to the conflict and cooperation with the state, which for a time caused some strains with the international Muslim Brotherhood, where many sympathized with the Islamist insurgency.

The MSP/Hamas thus remained a legal political organization, and ran in all elections organized by the state while the ex-FIS and other rebel forces urged a boycott. In retaliation for the party's pro-government stance, several members were assassinated by extremist militants during the war. Since 1997, the party has been supportive of the presidencies of Liamine Zeroual and Abdelaziz Bouteflika, and has participated in government.

In parliament and government, the party has tried to strengthen conservative and Islamic trends in state and society, e.g. in opposing secularizing changes in the Algerian Family Code. It has argued in favor of amnesty and reconciliation efforts towards former Islamist guerrillas, while simultaneously condemning violence and supporting the state in its confrontation with radical groups still fighting, such as al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb (formerly GSPC).

Electoral participation
In the first round of the 1991 parliamentary elections (Algeria's first multi-party elections), the MSP/Hamas gained 5,3% of the popular vote, becoming the fourth-largest party in parliament. The movement was significantly weaker than the non-Brotherhood FIS, which became the largest party with 47%. The second round of elections were cancelled by a military coup in January 1992, and the FIS was banned.

During the civil war
The MSP/Hamas protested the coup, but also clearly condemned the Islamist insurgency that ensued. The party remained committed to the political process, arguing in favor of peaceful reconciliation, an amnesty for Islamist fighters and a return to democracy, while criticizing both sides of the conflict. In 1995, Sheikh Nahnah participated in the presidential elections as main contender against the military-backed winning candidate, Liamine Zeroual. He finished second with 25.38% of the popular vote.

In the 1997 parliamentary elections, the party gained 14.8% of the vote, finishing as the second-largest party in parliament., and subsequently joining the pro-Zeroual governing coalition under leadership of the RND.

Presidential alliance under Bouteflika
The party would later support Zeroual's successor as president from 1999, Abdelaziz Bouteflika. In the first parliamentary elections under Bouteflika, the MSP received 7% of the vote in the 2002 elections, gaining 38 members in the parliament. In the 2004 presidential elections, the party endorsed and were part of a coalition supporting the reelection of Bouteflika, and it has remained committed to the three-party "presidential coalition" (together with the secular FLN and the RND parties). As part of the presidential coalition, the party has argued for conservative values and the Islamization of society, as well as supported Bouteflika's projects to grant amnesty to former Islamist militants.

In the 2007 parliamentary elections, the MSP again ran as a member of the presidential bloc, earning 10% of the popular vote and becoming the third-largest party of the parliament, with 51 seats. The party further supported constitutional changes in 2008, designed to allow President Bouteflika to run for a third term. Rather than launching its own candidate, it campaigned in favor of Bouteflika's candidacy in the 2009 presidential election.

Green Algeria Alliance
In 2012, it however turned to founding the Islamist coalition Green Algeria Alliance, together with Islah and Nahda. Jointly participating in the 2012 legislative election, the three Islamist parties had to suffer losses achieving only 6.22% of the popular vote and 49 seats. On 25 January 2014, the MSP announced to boycott the 2014 presidential election.

The party did not participate in the 2019 presidential election. A former member of the party, former Tourism Minister Abdelkader Bengrina, started his own party, the el-Bina, and received 1.5 million votes, or 17.4%, on a turnout of 40%.

title: Movement of Society for Peace