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Chang Chen

Chang Chen (born 14 October 1976) is a Taiwanese actor. He is best known for his roles in A Brighter Summer Day (1991), Happy Together (1997), Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000), Three Times (2005), Brotherhood of Blades (2014), The Assassin (2015) and The Soul (2021). For his performance in The Soul, he won Best Leading Actor prize at the 58th Golden Horse Awards.

Career
Chang started his film career at a young age. He was then selected by a Taiwanese film director Edward Yang to be the protagonist of a four-hour-long critically acclaimed film A Brighter Summer Day, which won the Special Jury Prize at the Tokyo International Film Festival. After the first film, he took a part-time job at a film company and worked there for two years until he graduated from high school.

One of the earliest films Chang acted in was Wong Kar-wai's Happy Together (1997). He rose to fame for his role as "Dark Cloud" in the 2000 film Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, directed by Ang Lee. He also featured in Wong Kar-wai's 2046 (2004).

Chang then co-starred with Shu Qi in Hou Hsiao-hsien's Three Times (2005), which competed for the Palme d'Or at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival and won Golden Horse accolades for Outstanding Taiwanese Film of the Year, among other awards. For his performance in that film, Chang was also nominated for Best Leading Actor at the 42nd Golden Horse Awards.

In 2006, Chang was nominated for the Golden Horse Award for Best Leading Actor for his role in The Go Master, a dramatisation of the life of the Go master Wu Qingyuan. The following year, Chang made his Korean debut in Kim Ki-duk's Breath, which competed for the Palme d'Or at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival.

Chang then starred in the historical war epic Red Cliff (2008-2009), portraying the warlord Sun Quan. He was nominated at the Hong Kong Film Awards for Best Supporting Actor. He next starred in the 2012 historical epic The Last Supper directed by Lu Chuan and the 2013 kungfu epic The Grandmaster by Wong Kar-wai.

In 2014, Chang headlined the wuxia film Brotherhood of Blades, which won commercial success and critical acclaim. He earned his third nomination for Best Actor in the Golden Horse Awards.

Chang reunited with Three Times director Hou Hsiao-hsien and co-star Shu Qi in the 2015 wuxia film The Assassin, which competed for the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival.

In 2017, Chang played the title character in the action film Mr. Long, which was selected to compete for the Golden Bear in the main competition section of the 67th Berlin International Film Festival. The same year, he returned for the second installment of Brotherhood of Blades film.

Chang was invited to serve as a jury member at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival.

In 2021, Chang played Dr. Wellington Yueh in Denis Villeneuve's epic science fiction film Dune. which premiered at the 78th Venice International Film Festival. In the same year, he won Best Leading Actor at the 58th Golden Horse Awards for his performance in the mystery film The Soul, which was his first Golden Horse Award after being nominated three times without winning.

Chang was invited to serve as a jury member at the 59th Golden Horse Awards in 2022.

In June 2023, Chang was invited to become a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.

Personal life
Chang was born in Taipei, Taiwan. His father Chang Kuo-chu and his brother Hans Chang are also actors.

title: Chang Chen


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Production equipment control

Production equipment control involves production equipment that resides in the shop floor of a manufacturing company and its purpose is to produce goods of a wanted quality when provided with production resources of a required quality. In modern production lines the production equipment is fully automated using industrial control methods and involves limited unskilled labour participation. Modern production equipment consists of mechatronic modules that are integrated according to a control architecture. The most widely known architectures involve hierarchy, polyarchy, hetaerarchy and hybrid. The methods for achieving a technical effect are described by control algorithms, which may or may not utilize formal methods in their design.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Production equipment control


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Inner sphere

Inner Sphere may refer to:
 * Inner sphere complex, a type of ion-surface binding
 * Inner sphere electron transfer, a chemical reaction involving closely associated atoms
 * Inner Sphere (BattleTech), the primary setting of the BattleTech universe

title: Inner sphere


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Epping Forest

Epping Forest is a 2,400 ha area of ancient woodland, and other established habitats, which straddles the border between Greater London and Essex. The main body of the forest stretches from Epping in the north, to Chingford on the edge of the London built-up area. South of Chingford the forest narrows, and forms a green corridor that extends deep into east London, as far as Forest Gate; the forest's position gives rise to its nickname, the Cockney Paradise. It is the largest forest in London.

It lies on a ridge between the valleys of the rivers Lea and Roding. It contains areas of woodland, grassland, heath, streams, bogs and ponds, and its elevation and thin gravelly soil (the result of glaciation) historically made it less suitable for agriculture. The forest was historically managed as a common; the land was held by a number of local landowners who exercised economic rights over aspects such as timber, while local commoners had grazing and other rights. It was designated a royal forest meaning that only the monarch had the right to hunt deer.

The extensive urban areas on the forest's doorstep bring many visitors to the forest, and cause a strain on the forest's ecology; however local recreational users of the forest were crucial in saving the forest when it was threatened with enclosure and destruction in the late 19th century. The huge public outcry led the City of London Corporation to buy and so save the site in what was the first major success of the environmental movement in Europe – the Corporation still owns the forest. This environmental milestone came at a cost, as the City of London's early conservators did not understand the human processes that shaped the forest and its ecosystems, and discontinued the practice of pollarding trees while allowing grazing to decline. This changed the character of the forest and has led to reduced biodiversity. The modern Conservators are mindful of these historic errors but it is probably not possible to reverse the effects of this long interruption of historic management methods.

The forest gives its name to the Epping Forest local government district, which covers part of it, and to Forest School, a private school in Walthamstow towards the south of it.

Early history
The area that became Epping Forest has been continuously wooded since Neolithic times. Embankments of two Iron Age earthworks – Loughton Camp and Ambresbury Banks – can be found in the woodland, but pollen profiles show that Iron Age occupation had no significant effect on woodland cover. The former small leaved lime (also known as pry or linden) dominated woodland permanently changed during the Anglo-Saxon period, possibly as a result of the selective cutting of trees. Today's beech-birch and oak-hornbeam-dominated forest may be the result of partial forest clearance in Saxon times.

Management of the forest
The area is thought to have been given legal status as a royal forest by Henry II in the 12th century. At the time it was part of the much larger Forest of Essex, which covered nearly all of the county. The term Forest was a legal term, meaning that Forest Law applied, meaning that only the king had the right to hunt deer. The term did not mean the land was well wooded: the large majority of the Forest of Essex was agricultural land.

The Forest of Essex gradually shrank in size as land was removed from Forest Law and it was replaced by a number of much smaller forests including Waltham Forest (which gives its name to the modern London Borough of Waltham Forest. Waltham Forest was a legally defined area which included the areas later known as Epping Forest and Hainault Forest; the rest of the Waltham Forest area was only lightly wooded.

In physical terms (rather than legal terms), the Forest is thought to have declined to something like its modern extent in the early fourteenth century (possibly long before), the Black Death reached England in 1348, leading to a huge decline in population, perhaps between a third and a half, which took away the pressure on woods and commons, leading to a very long period of stability in the area of these land uses in England. At that time the forest extended slightly further south to the Romford Road in the Forest Gate area of West Ham; this is the originally Roman A118 road from Aldgate on the City of London wall to Stratford, Romford and Colchester (and also known as the Great Essex Road). There was a coppice woodland on the Romford Road called Hamfrith Wood (meaning the woodland belonging to the Ham area) until around 1700, and an area of plain called Hamfrith Waste which lasted into the mid-1800s.

Most of Waltham Forest was later legally deforested (removed form Forest Law) leaving two smaller forests, Epping Forest and Hainault Forest, both of which continued to be very heavily wooded - there was not a reduction in the physical area of woods and commons. The name "Epping Forest" was first recorded in the 17th century.

Although the monarch held hunting and associated rights, the land was owned by a number of local landowners. It was managed as a common where landowners benefitted from certain rights, while local commoners benefitted from common rights allowing them to gather firewood and foodstuffs, to graze livestock and turn out pigs for mast.

The landscape was primarily a mixture of wood-pasture and open plains, rather than thick woodland, and both of these land use types were grazed by cattle.

Queen Elizabeth's Hunting Lodge
In Tudor times, Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth I may have hunted in the forest, though no documentary evidence has survived to prove it. In 1543, Henry commissioned a building, known as Great Standing, from which to view the chase at Chingford. The building was renovated in 1589 for Queen Elizabeth I and can still be seen today in Chingford. The building is now known as Queen Elizabeth's Hunting Lodge, and is open to the public. There is another hunt standing, which now forms the core of the forest HQ at The Warren, Loughton.

17th to 19th centuries
Following the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660, although the deer herd was restocked, royal hunting in the forest never recommenced. The forest was principally used as a source of shipbuilding timber for the Royal Navy, which was taken overland to Barking Creek and then floated in rafts to the Royal Dockyards at Woolwich and Deptford. This exploitation continued until about 1725, when all the suitable oak trees had been felled.

The City of London maintained the ancient tradition of an Easter Monday stag hunt in the forest, but official participation ended in 1807 when the office of Master of the City Hounds was abolished. In 1827, the huntsman of Sir William Pole-Tylney-Long-Wellesley chased a forest stag as far as West Ham. The customary Easter Monday hunt was repeated annually by a large and rowdy crowd of ordinary London tradesmen and working people, who gathered at Fairmead Oak to chase a previously captured stag, which was released from a cart and usually escaped unharmed. The last of these hunts was in 1882 when it descended into a riot and had to be dispersed by the police.

In the 1830s, the forest took its first significant harm in centuries when a new road, the Epping New Road was built through the forest, to supplement pre-existing ancient roads. In 1830, civil engineer James Nicoll McAdam, the son of John Loudon McAdam, was engaged by a turnpike trust, the Epping and Ongar Highway Trust, to construct a road from Woodford Green to Epping through the heart of the forest, to avoid Goldings Hill on the old road through Loughton and shorten the distance by one mile. The Epping New Road, now part of the A104 was completed in 1834.

With the arrival of railway stations in towns close to the forest from the 1850s, the working class people of East London began to use the forest for recreation on Sundays and public holidays, in ever increasing numbers. Others arrived by horsebus which could drive directly to popular spots like High Beach. On Whit Monday 1880, a parliamentary committee estimated that up to 400,000 people had visited Epping Forest on that day.

Fighting enclosure

In the first decades of the 19th century, the Lord Warden of Epping Forest, William Long-Wellesley, acquiesced to the enclosure of 3,000 acres of forest land, about a third of the remaining total, by the lords of the manors who held freeholds in the forest. The government was keen to enclose land for farming and building development and allowed the Commissioners of Woods, Forests and Land Revenues to sell off further freeholds in the forest.

In 1851 nearby Hainault Forest, where the Crown owned most of the land, was privatised (enclosed) and nearly all of the trees grubbed out in order to turn the area into poor quality farmland. The modern conservation movement grew out of public disgust at the destruction of Hainault Forest and the need to protect its sister forest, Epping Forest. Epping Forest had fragmented ownership which made it harder to enclose in the same way, though individual landowners began to make encroachments. The urbanisation of nearby areas increased the forest's importance as an area of public recreation helped lead to the establishment of the Open Spaces Society in 1865, whose aim was to protect commons in and around London. The Mile End branch, founded in the February of that year, was particularly important in mobilising East End environmentalism.

By 1870, the unenclosed forest had shrunk to only 3,500 acres. One landowner, Reverend John Whitaker Maitland, who had enclosed 1,100 acres in his manor of Loughton, was engaged in a long running dispute with a commoner called Thomas Willingale and his family, who insisted on maintaining his right to lop trees in the forest, despite inducements offered for him to stop. The matter came to the public attention in 1866, when Willingale's son and two nephews were fined for damaging Maitland's trees, and were sent to prison for seven days when they refused to pay. Willingale was encouraged to continue the dispute by Edward Buxton and other members of the Commons Preservation Society, however a court action against Maitland lapsed in 1870 when Willingale died.

In July 1871, around 30,000 East Londoners gathered on Wanstead Flats to protest about fences which had been erected there by Earl Cowley to enclose forest land. Despite clashes with police, including a mounted element, the crowd were able to break down and smash the enclosing fences. The action attracted nationwide attention, much of it critical of the government. At this stage the City of London Corporation became involved, since in 1853, the city had purchased a farm at Manor Park for the construction of the City of London Cemetery; this made the City Corporation a forest commoner with the right to graze cattle in the forest. In 1871, the City brought a suit against 16 of the lords of the forest manors, claiming that the enclosures impinged on their ancient grazing rights. Following an appeal in 1874, a judgment by the Master of the Rolls, Sir George Jessel, ruled that all enclosures made since 1851 were illegal. Subsequently, two acts of Parliament in 1871 (34 & 35 Vict. c. 93) and 1872 (35 & 36 Vict. c. 95) allowed the city to purchase the 19 forest manors. The consequence of this victory was that only 10% of Epping Forest had been lost to enclosure (mainly in the south), compared to 92% of Hainault Forest.

Under the terms of the Epping Forest Act 1878, the forest ceased to be a royal forest and was purchased by the City of London Corporation whose Epping Forest Committee act as Conservators. The committee is composed of twelve members of the Court of Common Council and four Verderers who are residents of the forest and are elected by the Commoners. A Superintendent is responsible for operational management, supported by twelve Epping Forest Keepers. In addition, the Crown's right to venison was terminated, and pollarding was no longer allowed, although grazing rights continued. This act laid down a stipulation that the Conservators "shall at all times keep Epping Forest unenclosed and unbuilt on as an open space for the recreation and enjoyment of the people". In compensation for the loss of lopping rights, Lopping Hall in Loughton was built as a community building. This was the first major victory, in Europe, for the modern conservation movement.

"The People's Forest"

When Queen Victoria visited Chingford on 6 May 1882 she declared "It gives me the greatest satisfaction to dedicate this beautiful forest to the use and enjoyment of my people for all time" and it thus became "The People's Forest". The City of London Corporation still manages Epping Forest in strict conformity with the Epping Forest Act. This care is funded from 'City's Cash', the private funds of the Corporation rather than any money for its upkeep coming from local rates or taxes. The Conservators administer the forest from The Warren, modern offices built in the grounds of Grade II* listed Warren House, Loughton. Warren House, formerly known as the Reindeer Inn, was built around a smaller hunt standing, known as the Little Standing. Its grounds were redesigned by Humphry Repton in the early 19th century.

Until the outbreak of BSE in 1996 commoners still exercised their right to graze cattle and every summer herds of cattle would roam freely in the southern part of the forest. Cattle were reintroduced in 2001 but their movements are now more restricted to reduce conflict with traffic. Commoners, who are people who live in a Forest parish and own 0.5 acre of land, can still register and graze cattle during the summer months.

The right to collect wood still exists but is rarely practised and is limited to "one faggot of dead or driftwood" per day per adult resident.

Originally a barn built in the mid-19th century the Grade II listed building Butler's Retreat is one of the few remaining Victorian retreats within the forest. The building, which is adjacent to the Queen Elizabeth Hunting Lodge, takes its name from the 1891 occupier John Butler. Retreats originally served non-alcoholic refreshments as part of the Temperance movement. After closing in 2009 the building was refurbished by the City of London Corporation and re-opened as a café in 2012.

On 12 July 2012 The Duke of Gloucester—the official Epping Forest Ranger—opened the View interpretation centre at Chingford. The building, a former Victorian coach house and stables, together with Queen Elizabeth's Hunting Lodge and Butler's Retreat form the Epping Forest Gateway.

Geography
The forest is approximately 19 km long in the north–south direction, but no more than 4 km from east to west at its widest point, and in most places considerably narrower. The main body of the forest stretches from Epping in the north, to Chingford on the edge of the London built-up area. South of Chingford the forest narrows, and forms a green corridor that extends deep into East London, as far as Forest Gate. The southern part of the forest was always narrower but enclosure and other destruction in the 19th and 20th centuries mean that this is now more pronounced. The southernmost point of the Forest is now Wanstead Flats but it formerly extended slightly further south, to the Romford Road.

The forest occupies a ridge of higher ground, the Epping Forest Ridge, set between the valleys of the Rivers Lea and Roding. These valleys were formed by arms of the Scandinavian ice sheet during the last glacial period, around 18,000 BC. The ridge consists of boulder clay topped with loam, while towards its southern end it is overlain with glacial gravel. The highest points are near Ambresbury Banks to the south of Epping, which is 111 metres (384 feet) above sea level, while Pole Hill near Chingford reaches 91 metres (299 feet). On the western edge of the ridge, High Beach at a similar height, is an expanse of gravel and Bagshot sand, thought to have been deposited by an unknown river which flowed northwards from the Weald of Kent before the creation of the Thames Valley.

The following is a simplified list of the various parts of Epping Forest, starting from the north:

 * Lower Forest; a triangular expanse of oak and hornbeam wood just north of the town of Epping which separates it from the main body of the forest.
 * Bell Common and Epping Thicks; the forest area directly to the south of Epping. Bell Common includes a cricket pitch, the M25 motorway passes underneath enclosed in a tunnel. Epping Thicks is the location of Ambresbury Banks Iron Age fort.
 * Genesis Slade; an area of unpollarded beech, oak and hornbeam on the eastern edge of the forest towards Theydon Bois.
 * Great Monk Wood; a large area of pollarded beech and hornbeam astride the Epping New Road, reaching the outskirts of Loughton in the east.
 * High Beech; an open sandy ridge to the west of the forest, with views to Waltham Abbey and across the Lea Valley.
 * Bury Wood and Chingford Plain; the southwestern part of the main forest extending to Chingford, where the plain includes a golf course.
 * Knighton Wood and Lords Bushes; an isolated area of forest at Buckhurst Hill, the former being previously landscaped parkland which was added to the forest in 1930.
 * Hatch Forest and Highams Park; a strip of forest extending south from Chingford along the River Ching. Highams Park Lake was designed by Humphry Repton in 1794 and was added to the forest in 1891.
 * Woodford Green; an area of grassland lined by trees, including a cricket pitch.
 * Walthamstow Forest and Gilbert's Slade a continuation of the forest southwards from Woodford Green, straddling the North Circular Road and extending towards Whipps Cross.
 * Leyton Flats; stretch between Snaresbrook, Whipps Cross and the Green Man at Leytonstone. Largely open grassland with the Eagle and Hollow Ponds.
 * Bush Wood and Wanstead Flats; extend east from Leytonstone towards Forest Gate and Manor Park. Mostly open grassland featuring football pitches and several ponds.
 * Wanstead Park; an enclosed area of the forest with restricted opening; formerly the landscaped parkland of Wanstead House demolished in 1825, the park was added to the forest in 1880.

Ecology and habitats

The age of the forest and the range of habitats it contains make it a valuable area for wildlife, and it is designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest. Its former status a common, with wood-pasture and plains has had a great effect on its ecology. Although the Epping Forest Act almost certainly saved the forest from total destruction, it has to some extent had a deleterious effect on the area's biodiversity.

Wood pasture
The areas historic land use has had an enormous impact on the areas character and ecology, this is particularly evident with the pollarded trees, which were cut back to the bolling, the permanent base of the pollard, every 13 years or so. The bolling was cut just above the browse line of wild and domestic grazing animals. However, the Forests pollards have not been cut since the passing of the Epping Forest Act, have now grown massive crowns of thick, trunk-like branches with correspondingly large boles. This gives the trees an unusual appearance, uncommon in other forests. Often the weight of the branches cannot be supported by the parent tree, and the large amount of dead wood in the forest supports numerous rare species of fungi and invertebrates. Epping Forest has 55,000 ancient trees, more than any other single site in the United Kingdom. Predominant tree species are Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur), European beech (Fagus sylvatica), European hornbeam (Carpinus betuloides), silver birch (Betula pendula) and European holly (Ilex aquifolium). Indicator species of long-uninterrupted woodland include service-tree (Sorbus torminalis) butcher's-broom (Ruscus aculeatus) and drooping sedge (Carex pendula).

The pollarded trees allowed light through to the woodland floor, increasing the numbers of low-growing plants. Since the Act, the vast crowns of the pollards cut out most of the light to the underbrush.

Plains
The plains were located in wet or low-lying areas. The area surrounding the forest is now to a great extent urbanised; the corresponding reduction in grazing has led to some former areas of grassland and heathland being overcome by secondary woodland.

Restoration work
In recent years, the Conservators have experimented with pollarding in selected areas of the forest, lopping some old pollards back to the bolling (with mixed results) or creating new bollings. A herd of English Longhorn cattle has been reintroduced to graze the heathland and grassland.

Lakes and ponds
Over 100 lakes and ponds can be found within the forest varying in size and age. They all provide important habitats for numerous species of fauna and flora. Many of them are man-made with the majority of them created through gravel extraction. Several were formed as part of a landscape design and a few were the result of Second World War bombs and V-2 rockets. Activities allowed on the waters include angling which is permitted in 24 of the lakes and ponds. A wide range of freshwater fish can be caught. All of the lakes and ponds are accessible to the public and are located on or close to forest paths.

Fauna
A wide range of animals are found, including fallow deer (Dama dama), muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) and European adder (Vipera berus).

Deer
The fallow deer found in Epping Forest are of an unusual black colouration, perhaps descended from some black deer presented by King Christian IV of Denmark to James I in 1612, although there are earlier records of black deer in England before this date. By 1878 when the Epping Forest Act gave the deer firm legal protection, poaching had reduced the herd to twelve does and one buck; however, numbers had recovered to around 200 by the start of the 20th century. In 1954, it was noted that common lighter-brown fallow deer had begun to interbreed in the forest and some black examples were sent to Whipsnade Zoo to preserve this variety. Subsequently, losses to traffic and dogs prompted the establishment of an enclosed deer sanctuary of 109 acres near Debden, to maintain a stock of deer which can be released back into the forest when the population levels become too low.

Red deer were once found in Epping Forest, but the last survivors were rounded-up and taken to Windsor Great Park at the end of the 19th century. The last recorded sighting of roe deer in the forest was in 1920. In recent decades, Reeves's muntjac have been reported in the southern part of the forest. The announcement of licensed culling of fallow deer and muntjac in forest "buffer land" in 2016 was criticised by local residents but defended by environmentalists as necessary to prevent over-grazing of woodland undergrowth.

Planning designations

 * Most of the forest, an area of 1,728 ha is a Site of Special Scientific Interest
 * The forest is a Special Area of Conservation.
 * Most of the Forest is part of the Metropolitan Green Belt.
 * Much of the Forest is designated as Metropolitan Open Land.

Leisure activities
A wide variety of leisure activities associated with the forest, most notably rambling, cycling and horse riding. Epping Forest attracts large numbers of mountain bikers. Mountain biking is generally permitted except around the Iron Age camps, Loughton Brook and other ecologically or geomorphologically sensitive areas. Despite clear signposting, a minority of mountain bikers and horse riders continue to cause damage in these areas, and the Conservators of Epping Forest have expressed their concern. A number of clubs organise rides, particularly on Sunday mornings. The forest is also used as a training area for many national level mountain-bike racers as it is highly regarded for its fast and tight flowing single track trails. This type of terrain is known within the mountain bike fraternity as cross country (or XC). Epping Forest was considered as a venue for the mountain-biking event of the 2012 Summer Olympics, though the final choice was near Hadleigh Castle. Stage 3 of the 2014 Tour de France passed through the forest from Epping to Buckhurst Hill along the Epping New Road.

Horse riding is popular in Epping Forest. Riders need to be registered with the Epping Forest conservators before they are allowed to ride in the forest. Running as a form of recreation in Epping Forest goes back almost to the birth of the sport in the 1870s, including hosting the inaugural English Championships in 1876. Orienteering and rambling are also popular. There are numerous guidebooks offering shorter walks for the casual visitor. The most important event in the ramblers' calendar in the area is the traditional Epping Forest Centenary Walk, an all-day event commemorating the saving of Epping Forest as a public space, which takes place annually on the third Sunday in September.

High Beach in Epping Forest was the first British venue for motorcycle speedway and opened on 19 February 1928. The track was behind The King's Oak public house, and drew large crowds in its early days. The track was closed when a swimming pool was added to the pub's grounds after the Second World War, though enthusiasts and veterans still gather at the site every year on the nearest Sunday to 19 February. The remains of the track are still visible, in the grounds of the Epping Forest Field Centre behind the King's Oak. The field centre in the forest, run by Field Studies Council provides a variety of courses.

There are 60 pitches for football with changing facilities on forest land at Wanstead Flats, which are used by amateur and youth teams. There is a public 18-hole golf course at Chingford Plain, which is also used by the Royal Epping Forest Golf Club, Chingford Golf Club and Chingford Ladies' Golf Club. The course was established in the forest in 1888. Cricket is played on forest land at Woodford Green, Bell Common (Epping), Buckhurst Hill, and High Beach. One historic match is recorded in the forest in 1732 between London Cricket Club and an Essex & Hertfordshire side. The result is unknown. The match is the earliest known reference to both Essex and Hertfordshire as county teams.

Visitor centres
The forest has three visitor centres:
 * Epping Forest Gateway at Chingford incorporating The View interpretation centre
 * Queen Elizabeth's Hunting Lodge and Butler's Retreat at High Beach
 * The Temple, Wanstead Park

Public transport
Public transport serves most locations in and around the forest. The forest is accessible from most London Underground Central Line stations between Leytonstone and Epping and London Overground between Wood Street and Chingford and at the very southern end by the Elizabeth line at Manor Park.

In the 1980s, the name "Forest" was given to one of the districts in which London's buses was divided, covering east London, and including the south part of the forest. Its logo was a squirrel above the London Transport roundel. Later, from 1989 until its collapse in 1991, London Forest part of London Buses Limited, was the name of an arms length bus operating unit of London Regional Transport in the area, with an oak tree as its logo.

Cultural associations

Epping Forest has frequently been the setting for novels, and has attracted poets, artists and musicians for centuries. Many of these artists lived at Loughton. Loughton is also home to the East 15 Acting School and its Corbett Theatre.

Fine art
Sculptor Jacob Epstein lived on the very edge of the forest for a quarter of a century at Baldwins Hill, Loughton. Epstein in his Autobiography (1955) says that he wanted his sculpture Visitation, now in the Tate Collection, to be sited overlooking the forest. In 1933, he exhibited 100 paintings of the forest, and continued to paint during the war. His gouache, an essay in green tints and textures, Pool – Epping Forest, of Baldwins Hill Pond, was exhibited in 1945. Many of his forest painting are in the Garman Ryan Collection at the New Art Gallery, Walsall

Literature
Elizabethan poets such as George Gascoigne and Thomas Lodge lived in and around the forest. The writer Lady Mary Wroth lived at Loughton Hall. Ben Jonson, best known for his satirical play The Alchemist, was a frequent visitor to the forest with George Chapman.

In Daniel Defoe's novel A Journal of the Plague Year (1722), a group of Londoners try to escape the plague by settling in and around Epping Forest.

In the 18th century, Mary Wollstonecraft, writer, philosopher and feminist, spent the first five years of her life growing up in the forest.

In the 19th century, the poet and humorist Thomas Hood published The Epping Hunt in 1829, about the rowdy annual Easter Monday deer hunt for Londoners which started at Buckhurst Hill. In 1832, Hood and his wife moved to the Lake House in Wanstead Park, which was later incorporated into the forest, and his 1838 novel Tylny Hall is set there. Charles Dickens' novel Barnaby Rudge begins with a description of the forest in 1775. Alfred, Lord Tennyson lived at Beech Hill House, High Beach, from 1837 to 1840, where he wrote parts of In Memoriam A.H.H.. Suffering from depression, he stayed as a guest at Dr. Martin Allen's asylum, where he would have encountered poet John Clare, whose behaviour became so erratic that he was removed to the asylum in 1837. William Morris, artist, writer and socialist, was born in Walthamstow in 1834, and spent his early years in what was then rural Essex, close to the outlying sections of the forest. Arthur Morrison, "the English Zola", lived successively at Chingford, Loughton, and High Beach in the forest, and – particularly in To London Town – the forest is used as a contrast to the East London deprivation he wrote about. Horace Newte, his contemporary and friend, lived at Loughton and Theydon Bois. Rudyard Kipling and Stanley Baldwin spent a seminal long holiday as boys in Loughton adjacent to the Forest, which they loved. This has been documented in detail by Janice Lingley in her′′Loughton Idyll′ (Alderton Press 2020).

The poet Edward Thomas was posted to a temporary army camp at High Beach when he enlisted in the Artists' Rifles in 1915. Although the conditions in the camp were squalid, Thomas enjoyed the forest and the following year moved with his wife to a cottage at Paul's Nursery, close to High Beach. One of his last poems, Out in the dark, was written at High Beach at Christmas 1916, shortly before he was killed in France.

During the 20th century, several writers used the forest as a setting for their novels, including R. Austin Freeman's Jacob Street Mystery (1940), partly set at Loughton Camp. Dorothy L. Sayers' 1928 mystery Unnatural Death includes the discovery, in Epping Forest, of the body of a young woman possessing knowledge that could incriminate a murderer. The horror writer James Herbert used Epping Forest as the setting for his novel Lair (1979). In the book, a horde of Giant Black Rats establish a colony in the forest and embark on a murderous campaign against humans. Herbert mentions a now obscure legend attached to the forest – the legend of the white stag. Supposedly, the sighting of this animal is an omen of trouble and death. Natural historian and author Fred J Speakman lived at the Epping Forest Field Studies Centre, High Beach. He wrote several books about the area, including A Poacher's Tale with Alfred T Curtis, a Waltham Abbey-born poacher, and A Keeper's Tale, describing the life of forest keeper Sidney Butt.

T E Lawrence owned an estate at Pole Hill, Chingford; this was added to the Forest in 1929 and Lawrence's hut re-erected in the Forest Headquarters at the Warren, Loughton, where it remains, largely forgotten, today.

Actor and playwright Ken Campbell (1941–2008) lived in Loughton, adjacent to Epping Forest; his funeral took the form of a woodland burial in the forest.

Music
The song "The White Buck of Epping" by Sydney Carter (1957) refers to a sighting of (and subsequent hunt for) a white buck in the forest.

A track on Genesis' 1973 album Selling England by the Pound is entitled "The Battle of Epping Forest", and refers to a real-life East End gang-fight.

The interior of the gatefold sleeve of the progressive rock band Emerson, Lake & Palmer's third studio album Trilogy features a photomontage showing multiple images of the band in the forest carpeted with autumn leaves.

The Paul McCartney and Wings album London Town includes the song "Famous Groupies" (Paul McCartney) with the lyrics, "There was a lead guitarist / Who lived in Epping Forest / And all he ever wanted was to blow".

Damon Albarn's song "Hollow Ponds" (2014) is based on his memories of locals swimming at Hollow Ponds in Epping Forest in the heat wave of 1976, and other childhood memories of the area.

Television
The forest featured heavily in an episode of Living TV's Most Haunted Live over New Year 2003/2004 as the team, made up of Yvette Fielding and Derek Acorah, investigated the forest in the hope of discovering the spirit of Dick Turpin. The team got lost in the forest live on air, and a ranger was required to find them.

In the British BBC soap opera screened in February 1999, EastEnders, fictional character Steve Owen (Martin Kemp) accidentally killed his stalker Saskia Duncan (Deborah-Sheridin Taylor). He later panicked and buried her body in the forest. It was discovered 10 months later.

An episode of the BBC series New Tricks which was set in the forest was broadcast on 3 September 2013.

In the episode "Day Trippers" of the Thames Television sitcom Robin's Nest, first broadcast on 27 November 1978, the main characters picnic in the forest.

The forest was featured in the BBC programme Countryfile broadcast on 21 June 2020 presented by Anita Rani.

Cinema
As of 2013, Epping Forest has been used as a location in fourteen films including the Black Knight sequence in the 1975 film Monty Python and the Holy Grail.

Crime
The forest has long standing criminal associations. In the 18th century, Epping Forest became notorious as the haunt of highwaymen, who preyed on the coaches of wealthy racegoers on the road from London to Newmarket. Dick Turpin and Tom King used the forest as a hideaway, and Jack Rann, known as "Sixteen String Jack", had a pub named after him in Theydon Bois. Turpin had a hideout there. The tree cover and the forest's location close to London have made it notorious as a burial area for murder victims. Triple policeman murderer Harry Roberts hid out in the forest for a short time before his arrest in 1966.

Murders

 * 1966 – Marian Hartley, a 15-year-old schoolgirl, was killed by Joseph Kiely, 20. Kiely dragged Hartley into the forest late at night, in the Chingford area, where he sexually assaulted her and strangled her, after she had been to a school dance.
 * 1970 – The bodies of Susan Blatchford (eleven years old) and Gary Hanlon (twelve years old) were discovered in a copse on Lippitts Hill, after they went missing from their homes in Enfield, north London, in March 1970. The case was to be known as the 'Babes in the Wood' murders. Thirty years later, Ronald Jebson, already serving a life sentence for the 1974 murder of eight-year-old Rosemary Papper, confessed to the murders.
 * 1981 – The thin decomposed 6 ft body of a white European man aged 30–40 was found in the undergrowth in the forest. He had a money belt containing English and Spanish money and wore a watch, costing approximately £40. The body remains unidentified.
 * 1989 – Terence Gooderham, an accountant, and his girlfriend, Maxine Arnold, were both killed in a hit-man-style slaying whereby they were both shot with a double-barrelled shotgun. Although unsolved, it has been reported in the press that James Moody, described as "Britain's most notorious hitman", may have been responsible for the killings, although he was also murdered a few years later. It has been further suggested in the press that Gooderham was targeted because he creamed off £250,000 in drugs money that he was involved in laundering and that the hit was ordered by the Adams Family criminal organisation, which is also known as the Clerkenwell crime syndicate.
 * 1990 – Patricia Parsons, who ran a massage parlour, was found dead in her car having been shot in the head with a cross-bow. It was suggested that she had a 'black book' of clients and was subject to a contract killing following the possibility that she was going to sell details to a newspaper. The murder remains unsolved.
 * 2000 – Wendy Woodhouse, 31, was taken to forest in Essex, stripped, tortured and beaten to death with a snooker cue by two men who thought she had cheated them in a drugs deal. Courtney Peters, 28, an illegal immigrant from Jamaica, and Ewing Thomas, 25, of Stoke Newington, north London, were jailed for life for her murder at the Old Bailey.
 * 2004 – The remains of Ivor Willis, who had been missing for two years, were found on Wanstead Flats.
 * 2003 – The body of a person aged 40 years or more was found in the forest. Experts could not identify the person's sex as the body was believed to have been there for up to 20 years. The body remains unidentified.
 * 2005 – Shah Afruj Ali, 40, was lured to the forest and stabbed, before his body was burnt by his younger lover Joygun Nessa, 27, and her brother Azhor Khan, 18, in 2005.
 * 2005 – Rafal Czapczyk was found, after passers-by heard gunshots, with ballistic wounds to his head at Wake Arms. He died later in hospital. The body remained unidentified for several months until his family in Poland recognised mortuary pictures that had been released by police. It is not believed that his killers have been found.
 * 2015 – Scotland Yard launched a murder inquiry after the body of Hidir Aksakal was found close to Hollow Ponds, Leytonstone, on 9 September 2015.

title: Epping Forest


text:
Thioester

In organic chemistry, thioesters are organosulfur compounds with the molecular structure R\sC(\dO)\sS\sR’. They are analogous to carboxylate esters (R\sC(\dO)\sO\sR’) with the sulfur in the thioester replacing oxygen in the carboxylate ester, as implied by the thio- prefix. They are the product of esterification of a carboxylic acid (R\sC(\dO)\sO\sH) with a thiol (R'\sS\sH). In biochemistry, the best-known thioesters are derivatives of coenzyme A, e.g., acetyl-CoA. The R and R' represent organyl groups, or H in the case of R.

Synthesis
One route to thioesters involves the reaction of an acid chloride with an alkali metal salt of a thiol:
 * RSNa + R'COCl -> R'COSR + NaCl

Another common route entails the displacement of halides by the alkali metal salt of a thiocarboxylic acid. For example, thioacetate esters are commonly prepared by alkylation of potassium thioacetate:
 * CH3COSK + RX -> CH3COSR + KX

The analogous alkylation of an acetate salt is rarely practiced. The alkylation can be conducted using Mannich bases and the thiocarboxylic acid:
 * CH3COSH + R'2NCH2OH -> CH3COSCH2NR'2 + H2O

Thioesters can be prepared by condensation of thiols and carboxylic acids in the presence of dehydrating agents:
 * RSH + R'CO2H -> RSC(O)R' + H2O

A typical dehydration agent is DCC. Efforts to improve the sustainability of thioester synthesis have also been reported utilising safer coupling reagent T3P and greener solvent cyclopentanone. Acid anhydrides and some lactones also give thioesters upon treatment with thiols in the presence of a base.

Thioesters can be conveniently prepared from alcohols by the Mitsunobu reaction, using thioacetic acid.

They also arise via carbonylation of alkynes and alkenes in the presence of thiols.

Reactions
Thioesters hydrolyze to thiols and the carboxylic acid:
 * RC(O)SR' +  H2O  →  RCO2H  +  RSH

The carbonyl center in thioesters is more reactive toward amine than oxygen nucleophiles, giving amides:
 * FormationofAmides.png

This reaction is exploited in native chemical ligation, a protocol for peptide synthesis.

In a related reaction, thioesters can be converted into esters. Thioacetate esters can also be cleaved with methanethiol in the presence of stoichiometric base, as illustrated in the preparation of pent-4-yne-1-thiol:
 * H3C(CH2)3OMs + KSAc -> H3C(CH2)3SAc + KOMs
 * H3C(CH2)3SAc + HSMe -> H3C(CH2)3SH + MeSAc

A reaction unique to thioesters is the Fukuyama coupling, in which the thioester is coupled with an organozinc halide by a palladium catalyst to give a ketone.
 * [[Image:FukuyamaCoupling.svg|Fukuyama coupling]]

Biochemistry
Thioesters are common intermediates in many biosynthetic reactions, including the formation and degradation of fatty acids and mevalonate, precursor to steroids. Examples include malonyl-CoA, acetoacetyl-CoA, propionyl-CoA, cinnamoyl-CoA, and acyl carrier protein (ACP) thioesters. Acetogenesis proceeds via the formation of acetyl-CoA. The biosynthesis of lignin, which comprises a large fraction of the Earth's land biomass, proceeds via a thioester derivative of caffeic acid. These thioesters arise analogously to those prepared synthetically, the difference being that the dehydration agent is ATP. In addition, thioesters play an important role in the tagging of proteins with ubiquitin, which tags the protein for degradation.

Oxidation of the sulfur atom in thioesters (thiolactones) is postulated in the bioactivation of the antithrombotic prodrugs ticlopidine, clopidogrel, and prasugrel.

Thioesters and the origin of life
As posited in a "Thioester World", thioesters are possible precursors to life. As Christian de Duve explains: "It is revealing that thioesters are obligatory intermediates in several key processes in which ATP is either used or regenerated. Thioesters are involved in the synthesis of all esters, including those found in complex lipids. They also participate in the synthesis of a number of other cellular components, including peptides, fatty acids, sterols, terpenes, porphyrins, and others. In addition, thioesters are formed as key intermediates in several particularly ancient processes that result in the assembly of ATP. In both these instances, the thioester is closer than ATP to the process that uses or yields energy. In other words, thioesters could have actually played the role of ATP in a 'thioester world' initially devoid of ATP. Eventually, [these] thioesters could have served to usher in ATP through its ability to support the formation of bonds between phosphate groups."

However, due to the high free energy change of thioester's hydrolysis and correspondingly their low equilibrium constants, it is unlikely that these compounds could have accumulated abiotically to any significant extent especially in hydrothermal vent conditions.

Thionoesters
Thionoesters are isomeric with thioesters. In a thionoester, sulfur replaces the carbonyl oxygen in an ester. Methyl thionobenzoate is C6H5C(S)OCH3. Such compounds are typically prepared by the reaction of the thioacyl chloride with an alcohol.

They can also be made by the reaction of Lawesson's reagent with esters or by treating pinner salts with hydrogen sulphide. An alternatively, various thionoesters may be prepared through the transesterification of an existing methyl thionoester with an alcohol under base-catalyzed conditions.

Xanthates and thioamides can be transformed to thionoesters under metal-catalyzed cross-coupling conditions.

title: Thioester


text:
Schokland

Schokland is a former island in the Dutch Zuiderzee, in the municipality of Noordoostpolder. Schokland was an elongated strip of peat land which ceased to be an island when the Noordoostpolder was reclaimed from the sea in 1942. It is now just a slightly elevated part of the polder, with a still partly intact retaining wall of the waterfront of Middelbuurt. On 1 April 2014, it had 8 inhabitants, but according to Statistics Netherlands there are five people living on the former island.

History
Schokland was an attractive settlement area in the Middle Ages when it was much larger. By the 19th century, it was under continuous threat of flooding due to the rise in sea level. By then the Schoklanders had retreated to the three most elevated parts: Emmeloord, Molenbuurt, and Middelbuurt. A major flood in 1825 brought massive destruction, and in 1859 the government decided to end permanent settlement on Schokland. The former municipality of Schokland was joined to Kampen on the mainland.

Today Schokland is a popular archeological site and host to the Museum Schokland. Schokland was the first UNESCO World Heritage Site in the Netherlands.

Public transportation
The nearest railway stations are in Kampen and Dronten.

Bus service 682 operates from Kampen and serves Schokland.

title: Schokland


text:
User:Anjouli

If you want to leave me a message, please click 'here.

'''Anjouli is back after a posting in a "bad place" with no private Internet conection. Hope to be more active in 2007.

Anjouli is the nick of an American lady who was born a Jew, became an Atheist at age 18 and a Brianist at age 55.

Anjouli speaks and writes Arabic, French and Hebrew, although she has forgotten much of the Hebrew over the years.

Anjouli was a Professor of Religious Studies at an American university in the Middle East for five years - now retired, but teaches physics (in which she has a second degree) part-time.

Before returning to university at age 28, Anjouli was a model, an actress and a trauma nurse working extensively with refugees in the Middle East and elsewhere.

Anjouli currently lives in Saudi Arabia with her European diplomat husband.

Although now 60-something, Anjouli still scuba-dives regularly and rides her 1951 Vincent Black Shadow motorcycle during visits to her home in Hexham, England. Anjouli writes software as a hobby and is currently wrestling with the move from VB6 to C#. (Now 70-something and had to give up the bike. Brittle bones. :(But doing well with C#.)

Anjouli is taken from Anjuli O'Connell, a character from Justina Robson's excellent AI/nanotechnology novel, Silver Screen (Macmillan, 1999). (My real forename is something stupid and Victorian.)

Why Wikipedia is Fatally Flawed
Although I dabble in WP from time-to-time and would like to think it might one day amount to something, I suspect, in my heart-of-hearts, that it is fatally flawed and will never be more than a social curiosity.

The information gleaned from WP can never be relied upon. Any idiot may have inserted anything she liked, moments before a page was consulted. Professionals would NEVER cite WP as a reference, indeed even schools at the most basic levels of education are advising students not to use WP - or at least to verify the information elsewhere.

Does information in WP tend towards accuracy, as has been suggested? I think not. It tends towards the views of the vocal majority - which is not the same thing at all.

How does the process of inserting data work? Someone inserts a chunk of information, which may be accurate, a popular misconception, something they read or saw somewhere (fictional information represented as fact in books or films often end up in WP), were told, or is complete fiction, malicious or otherwise. Others (who may be no smarter or ethical than the original inserter) then decide whether to leave it alone, delete it or change it. If there is consensus, then no one worries about references. If there is dissent, then references are requested - but often the most vocal and persistent prevail, or the argument ends in a flame-war with the offending article locked in a random state.

Do references help? In theory, yes, in practice, not much. What is a reference? I have a doctorate and degrees in several subjects. I can enter hard data that I can back-up by reference to well-respected books and papers by authorities on the subject. A 13-year old can then come along and change it to something ridiculous, but can cite a reference in an on-line science "comic", pseudo-science site, or some random webpage put up by just about anyone with just about any motive. Generally the majority will side with the kid, because they can see that reference on line, but do not have easy or rapid access to the reference books I have cited - and if I have cited something out of print or not written in English, then forget it! Similarly, how do we know I'm qualified as I say, or that the kid is 13? Again, WP is probably full of people boasting false credentials, and at least one has been exposed in the media.

Does any of this really matter? The ancient Greek historians wrote down fact and fiction alike, without much in the way of references. A proportion of it (Atlantis?) is almost certainly folk-history, legend or plain fiction. They would have been at home on WP.

I'll stick with WP and do what I can, but I'll probably take a few months away from time-to-time when I get tired of the stupidity of uninformed people who have been given disproportionate powers to control "fact". As for the rest of you, good luck.

The real benefit in WP is to the editors who are introduced to a wide range of subjects which they then research from non-WP sources! As for WP itself, it's an interesting social experiment, but it's certainly less than 100% factual. What's your guess? 95%? 80%? 75%? As such it's ultimately useless as a work of reference. Very sad. Anjouli 06:21, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Anjouli


text:
Raja

Raja (from राजन्, IAST ) is a noble or royal Sanskrit title historically used by some Indian monarchs and highest-ranking nobles. The title was historically used in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.

The title has a long history in South Asia and Southeast Asia, being attested from the Rigveda, where a ' is a ruler, see for example the ', the "Battle of Ten Kings".

Raja-ruled Indian states
While most of the Indian salute states (those granted a gun salute by the British Crown) were ruled by a Maharaja (or variation; some promoted from an earlier Raja- or equivalent style), even exclusively from 13 guns up, a number had Rajas:

 * Hereditary salutes of 11-guns :
 * the Raja of Ali Rajpur
 * the Raja of Bilaspur
 * the Raja of Chamba
 * the Raja of Faridkot
 * the Raja of Jhabua
 * the Raja of Mandi
 * the Raja of Manipur
 * the Raja of Narsinghgarh
 * the Raja of Pudukkottai
 * the Raja of Rajgarh
 * the Raja of Sangli
 * the Raja of Sailana
 * the Raja of Samthar
 * the Raja of Sitamau
 * the Raja of Suket

 * Hereditary salutes of 9-guns (11-guns personal) :
 * the Raja of Dharampur
 * the Raja of Bhor

 * Hereditary salute of 9-guns (11-guns local) :
 * the Raja of Savantwadi

 * Hereditary salutes of 9-guns :
 * the Raja of Baraundha
 * the Raja of Jawhar
 * Hereditary salute of 9-guns
 * the Raja of Chhota Udepur
 * the Raja of Khilchipur
 * the Raja of Maihar
 * the Raja of Mudhol
 * the Raja of Nagod
 * the Raja of Sant
 * the Raja of Shahpura

 * Personal salute of 9-guns :
 * the Raja of Bashahr

Rajas of Gelgel
Warmadewa Dynasty Jaya Dynasty Singasari subjugates Bali 1284 Native rulers reemergence Majapahit conquers Bali 1343
 * Śri Kesari Warmadewa (fl. 914)
 * Ugrasena (fl. 915-942)
 * Tabanendra Warmadewa (fl. 955-967)
 * Indrajayasingha Warmadewa (co-regent, fl. 960)
 * Janasadhu Warmadewa (fl. 975)
 * Śri Wijaya Mahadewi (queen, fl. 983)
 * Gunapriya Dharmapatni (queen, before 989-1007)
 * Dharma Udayana Warmadewa (fl. 989-1011) [husband]
 * Śri Ajñadewi (queen, fl. 1016)
 * Dharmawangsa Wardhana Marakatapangkaja (fl. 1022-1025) [son of Dharma Udayana]
 * Airlangga (c. 1025-1042; King in Java from 1019) [brother]
 * Anak Wungçu (fl. 1049-1077) [brother]
 * Śri Maharaja Walaprabhu (between 1079 and 1088)
 * Śri Maharaja Sakalendukirana Laksmidhara Wijayottunggadewi (queen, fl. 1088-1101)
 * Śri Suradhipa (fl. 1115-1119)
 * Śri Jayaśakti (fl. 1133-1150)
 * Ragajaya (fl. 1155)
 * Jayapangus (fl. 1178-1181)
 * Arjayadengjayaketana (queen, fl. 1200)
 * Haji Ekajayalancana (co-regent fl. 1200) [son]
 * Bhatara Guru Śri Adikuntiketana (fl. 1204)
 * Adidewalancana (fl. 1260)
 * Queen of Bali, name unknown (?–1284) – in 1284, Kertanegara attacked Bali and captured the queen of Bali
 * Rajapatih Makakasar Kebo Parud (Governor, fl. 1296-1300)
 * Mahaguru Dharmottungga Warmadewa (before 1324-1328)
 * Walajayakertaningrat (1328-?) [son]
 * Śri Astasura Ratna Bumi Banten (fl. 1332-1337)

Dynasty of Samprangan and Gelgel Vassalage under Majapahit 1343-c. 1527
 * Sri Aji Kresna Kepakisan (14th century or c. 1471?; King of Bali in Samprangan)
 * Dalem Samprangan (14th century or c. 1502?) [son]
 * Dalem Ketut (late 14th century or c. 1520?; King of Bali in Gelgel) [brother]
 * Dalem Baturenggong (mid 16th century) [son]
 * Dalem Bekung (fl. 1558-1578 or 1630s) [son]
 * Dalem Seganing (c. 1580-1623 or ?-1650) [son]
 * Dalem Di Made (1623-1642 or 1655–1665) [son]
 * Dewa Pacekan (1642–1650; position uncertain) [son]
 * Dewa Cawu (1651-c. 1655, died 1673; position uncertain) [uncle]
 * Anglurah Agung (usurper c. 1665-1686)

Rajas of Mengwi

 * Gusti Agung Śakti (Gusti Agung Anom) (c. 1690-1722)
 * Gusti Agung Made Alangkajeng (1722-c. 1740) [son]
 * Gusti Agung Putu Mayun (1740s) [nephew]
 * Gusti Agung Made Munggu (1740s-1770/80) [brother]
 * Gusti Agung Putu Agung (1770/80-1793/94) [son]
 * Gusti Ayu Oka Kaba-Kaba (regent 1770/80-1807) [mother, grandmother]
 * Gusti Agung Ngurah Made Agung I (1807–1823) [son of Gusti Agung Putu Agung]
 * Gusti Agung Ngurah Made Agung II Putra (1829–1836) [son]
 * Gusti Agung Ketut Besakih (1836-1850/55) [brother]
 * Dutch suzerainty 1843-1891
 * Gusti Ayu Istri Biang Agung (1836–1857) [widow of Gusti Agung Ngurah Made Agung Putra]
 * Gusti Agung Ngurah Made Agung III (1859–1891) [descendant of Gusti Agung Putu Mayun]
 * Mengwi destroyed by Klungkung, Badung, Gianyar and Tabanan 1891

Rajas of Tabanan

 * Śri Magade Nata [son]
 * Gusti Ngurah Langwang (Prabhu Singasana) [son]
 * Gusti Ngurah Tabanan (Prabhu Winalwan) [son]
 * Gusti Wayahan Pamedekan (?-1647) [son]
 * Gusti Made Pamedekan (1647-c. 1650) [brother]
 * Gusti Ngurah Tabanan (Prabhu Winalwanan) (second time, c. 1650-?)
 * Prabhu Nisweng Panida (?-1654?) [son of Gusti Made Pamedekan]
 * Gusti Made Dalang (1654?-?) [brother]
 * Gusti Nengah Malkangin [son of Gusti Wayahan Pamedekan]
 * Gusti Bolo di Malkangin [son of Prabhu Winalwanan]
 * Gusti Agung Badeng (regent late 17th century) [son-in-law of Gusti Made Pamedekan]
 * Prabhu Magada Śakti (c. 1700) [son of Prabhu Nisweng Panida]
 * Anglurah Mur Pamade [son]
 * Gusti Ngurah Sekar (fl. 1734) [son]
 * Gusti Ngurah Gede [son]
 * Gusti Ngurah Made Rai (?-1793) [brother]
 * Gusti Ngurah Rai Penebel (1793-c. 1820) [brother]
 * Gusti Ngurah Ubung (c. 1820) [son]
 * Gusti Ngurah Agung I (c. 1820-1843) [grandson of Gusti Ngurah Made Rai]
 * Dutch suzerainty 1843-1906
 * Gusti Ngurah Agung II (1843–1903) [son]
 * Gusti Ngurah Rai Perang ( Gusti Ngurah Agung III)(1903–1906) [son]
 * Dutch conquest 1906
 * Cokorda Ngurah Ketut (1929–1939) [nephew]
 * Gusti Ngurah Wayan (Jero Kompyang Tabanan) (regent 1939-1944)
 * Cokorda Ngurah Gede (1944–1950, kepala 1950-1955, died 1987) [son of Cokorda Ngurah Ketut]
 * Tabanan incorporated in the Indonesian unitary state 1950
 * Cokorda Anglurah Tabanan (titular head of the dynasty 21 March 2008 – ...) [son]

Rajas of Karangasem

 * Gusti Nyoman Karang (c. 1600)
 * Anglurah Ketut Karang [son]
 * Anglurah Nengah Karangasem (late 17th century) [son]
 * Anglurah Ketut Karangasem (fl. 1691-1692) [brother]
 * Anglurah Made Karang [son of Anglurah Nengah Karangasem]
 * Gusti Wayahan Karangasem (fl. 1730) [son of Anglurah Ketut Karangasem]
 * Anglurah Made Karangasem Śakti (Bagawan Atapa Rare) (1730s) [son of Anglurah Made Karang]
 * Anglurah Made Karangasem (1730s-1775) [son]
 * Gusti Gede Ngurah Karangasem (1775–1806) [grandson]
 * Gusti Gede Ngurah Lanang (1806–1822) [nephew]
 * Gusti Gede Ngurah Pahang (1822) [grandson of Gusti Gede Ngurah Karangasem]
 * Gusti Gede Ngurah Lanang (second time 1822-1828; died 1837)
 * Gusti Bagus Karang (1828–1838; died 1839) [son of Gusti Gede Ngurah Karangasem]
 * Gusti Gede Ngurah Karangasem (1838–1849) [nephew]
 * Lombok overlordship in Karangasem 1849-1894
 * Gusti Made Jungutan (Gusti Made Karangasem) (vassal ruler 1849-1850) [former punggawa (local chief)]
 * Gusti Gede Putu (vassal ruler 1850-1893) [nephew of Lombok raja]
 * Gusti Gede Oka (vassal ruler 1850-1890) [brother]
 * Gusti Gede Jelantik (1890–1908; died 1916) [brother]
 * Anak Agung Agung Anglurah Ketut Karangasem (1908–1950; died 1966) [son of Gusti Gede Putu]
 * Karangasem incorporated in the Indonesian unitary state 1950
 * Anak Agung Gde Jelantik (kepala 1951-1958) [son]

Rajas of Jembrana
Agung Dynasty Dynasty from Mengwi
 * Gusti Agung Basangtamiang (17th century) [son of Gelgel minister Gusti Agung Widya]
 * Gusti Brangbangmurti [son]
 * Gusti Gede Giri (c. 1700) [son]
 * Gusti Ngurah Tapa [son]
 * Gusti Made Yasa [brother]
 * Gusti Gede Andul (first half of the 18th century) [son]
 * Gusti Ngurah Agung Jembrana (mid 18th century) [grandson of Gusti Agung Sakti of Mengwi]
 * Gusti Ngurah Batu (regent ?-1766) [son]
 * Gusti Gede Jembrana (1766-?) [nephew]
 * Gusti Putu Andul (before 1797-1809) [son]
 * Gusti Rahi (regent for Badung, fl. 1805)
 * Kapitan Patimi (regent, Buginese, c. 1805-1808)
 * Gusti Wayahan Pasekan (regent c. 1812-1814)
 * Gusti Made Pasekan (regent c. 1812-1814) [brother]
 * Gusti Putu Sloka (1809–1835) [son of Gusti Putu Andul]
 * Gusti Alit Mas (regent c. 1835-1840)
 * Gusti Putu Dorok (regent c. 1835-1840) [great-grandson of Gusti Ngurah Batu]
 * Gusti Made Penarungan (regent c. 1840-1849)
 * Gusti Ngurah Made Pasekan (regent c. 1840-1849)
 * Dutch suzerainty 1843-1882
 * Gusti Putu Ngurah Sloka (1849–1855; died 1876) [son of Gusti Putu Sloka]
 * Gusti Ngurah Made Pasekan (patih 1849-1855; raja 1855-1866)
 * Anak Agung Made Rai (regent 1867-1882; died 1905) [grandson of Gusti Putu Andul]
 * Dutch direct rule in Jembrana 1882-1929
 * Anak Agung Bagus Negara (1929–1950, kepala 1950-1960; died 1967) [grandson of Anak Agung Made Rai]
 * Jembrana incorporated in the Indonesian unitary state 1950

Rajas of Buleleng
Dynasty of Panji Śakti Karangasem Dynasty Dynasty of Panji Śakti
 * Gusti Panji Śakti (c. 1660-1697/99)
 * Gusti Panji Wayahan Danurdarastra (1697/99-1732) [son]
 * Gusti Alit Panji (1732-c. 1757/65) [son]
 * Dependent on Mengwi first half of the 18th century
 * Gusti Ngurah Panji (in Sukasadda c. 1757/65) [son]
 * Dependent on Karangasem c. 1757-1806
 * Gusti Ngurah Jelantik (in Singaraja c. 1757/65-c. 1780) [brother]
 * Gusti Made Jelantik (c. 1780-1793) [son]
 * Gusti Made Singaraja (1793-?) [nephew]
 * Anak Agung Rai (?-1806) [son of Gusti Gede Ngurah Karangasem]
 * Gusti Gede Karang (1806–1818) [brother]
 * Gusti Gede Ngurah Pahang (1818–1822) [son]
 * Gusti Made Oka Sori (1822–1825) [nephew of Gusti Gede Karang]
 * Gusti Ngurah Made Karangasem (1825–1849) [nephew of Gusti Gede Karang]
 * Gusti Made Rai (1849, 1851–1853) [great-great-grandson of Gusti Ngurah Panji]
 * Dependency of Bangli 1849-1854
 * Gusti Ngurah Ketut Jelantik (1854–1873; regency 1853-1861; died 1893) [descended from Gusti Ngurah Jelantik]
 * Dutch direct rule 1882-1929
 * Anak Agung Putu Jelantik (regent 1929-1938; anak agung 1938-1944) [descended from Gusti Ngurah Jelantik]
 * Anak Agung Nyoman Panji Tisna (1944–1947) [son]
 * Anak Agung Ngurah Ketut Jelantik (1947–1950; died 1970) [brother]
 * Buleleng incorporated in Indonesian unitary state 1950
 * Anak Agung Nyoman Panji Tisna (kepala 1950-1958; died 1978)

Rajas of Gianyar

 * Dewa Manggis I Kuning (chief of Pahang)
 * Dewa Manggis II Pahang (chief of Pahang) [son]
 * Dewa Manggis III Bengkel (chief of Bengkel) [son]
 * Dewa Manggis IV Jorog (Raja of Gianyar c. 1771-1788) [son]
 * Dewa Manggis V di Madya (c. 1788-1820) [son]
 * Dewa Manggis VI di Rangki (c. 1820-1847) [son]
 * Dewa Manggis VII di Satria (1847–1884; died 1891) [son]
 * Dependency of Klungkung 1884-1891
 * Dewa Pahang (1891–1896) [son]
 * Dewa Manggis VIII (Dewa Gede Raka until 1908) (1896–1912) [brother]
 * Ide Anak Agung Ngurah Agung (ruler (anak agung) 1913-1943) [son]
 * Ide Anak Agung Gede Agung (1943–1946; died 1999) [son]
 * Ide Anak Agung Gede Oka (1946–1950, kepala 1950-1958; died 1993) [brother]
 * Gianyar incorporated in the Indonesian unitary state 1950

Rajas of Sukawati and Ubud
Dynasty from Klungkung Lordship of Ubud, under Gianyar suzerainty
 * Dewa Agung Anom (Raja of Sukawati before 1713-1733)
 * Dewa Agung Gede Mayun Dalem Patemon (1733-before 1757) [son]
 * Dewa Agung Gede Sukawati (c. 1757) [son]
 * Dewa Agung Made Pliatan (second half of 18th century) [brother]
 * Cokorda Putu Kandel (c. 1800) [son]
 * Cokorda Sukawati (19th century) [son]
 * Cokorda Rai Batur (fl. 1874) [son]
 * Cokorda Gede Sukawati (before 1889-1919) [son]
 * Cokorda Gede Raka Sukawati (1919–1931; died 1967) [son]
 * Cokorda Gede Agung Sukawati (1931–1950; died 1978) [brother]
 * Gianyar with Ubud incorporated in Indonesian unitary state 1950

Rajas of Pamecutan in Badung
Dynasty from Tabanan Rajas of Pamecutan
 * Prabhu Bandana, Arya Notor Wanira (17th century) [son of Shri Magade Nata, King of Tabanan]
 * Gusti Ngurah Papak [son]
 * Gusti Jambe Pule (c. 1660-1683) [son]
 * Split in a Jambe and Pamecutan line 1683
 * Gusti Jambe Merik (1683-?) [son]
 * Gusti Jambe Ketewel [son]
 * Gusti Jambe Tangkeban (c. 1757) [son]
 * Gusti Jambe Aji [son]
 * Gusti Jambe Ksatria (?-1780) [son]
 * Gusti Macan Gading (1683-?) [son of Gusti Jambe Pule]
 * Kyai Anglurah Pamecutan Śakti (fl. 1718) [son]
 * Kyai Anglurah Pamecutan Mur ing Ukiran [son]
 * Kyai Anglurah Pamecutan Bhija [son]
 * Split in a Pamecutan and Den Pasar line c. 1780
 * Kyai Agung Gede Raka (?-1813) [son]
 * Kyai Anglurah Pamecutan Mur ing Gedong (1813–1829) [son]
 * Anak Agung Lanang (1829–1840) [grandson of Kyai Anglurah Pamecutan Bhija]
 * Kyai Agung Gede Woka Mur ing Madarda (1840–1851) [son]
 * Cokorda Agung Pamecutan (ruler (cokorda) 1851-1906) [nephew]
 * Dutch conquest of Badung with Pamecutan 1906
 * Cokorda Ngurah Gede Pamecutan (of entire Badung 1946-1950, kepala 1950-1959; died 1986) [grandnephew]
 * Badung included in the Indonesian unitary state 1950

Rajas of Kasiman in Badung

 * Gusti Ngurah Gede Kasiman (1813–1861) [son of Gusti Ngurah Made Pamecutan of Den Pasar]
 * Gusti Ngurah Ketut Geledog (1861–1904) [son]
 * Anak Agung Ngurah Mayun (1904–1906)
 * Dutch conquest of Badung with Kasiman 1906
 * Gusti Ngurah Made (lord (punggawa) 1927-1954; died 1959) [son]

Rajas of Denpasar in Badung

 * Gusti Ngurah Made Pamecutan (Kaleran) (before 1780-1817) [great-grandson of Kyai Anglurah Pamecutan Sakti]
 * Gusti Ngurah Made Pamecutan Dewata di Satria (1817–1828) [son]
 * Domination by Kasiman 1829-1861
 * Gusti Ngurah Gede Oka (titular raja 1829-1842/48) [son]
 * Gusti Ngurah Made Pamecutan (titular raja, mid 19th century) [brother]
 * Gusti Gede Ngurah Pamecutan (Cokorda Alit Ngurah I) (1861–1890) [son]
 * Cokorda Alit Ngurah II (ruler (cokorda) 1890-1902) [son]
 * Cokorda Made Agung (1902–1906) [brother]
 * Dutch conquest of Badung 1906
 * Cokorda Alit Ngurah III (of entire Badung 1929-1946; died 1965) [son of Cokorda Alit Ngurah II]
 * Rulership goes to Pamecutan line 1946

Rajas of Bangli

 * Dewa Gede Tangkeban I (of Nyalian ?-1804)
 * Dewa Rai (c. 1804-1815)
 * Dewa Gede Tangkeban II (c. 1815-1833) [son of Dewa Gede Tangkeban I]
 * Dewa Gede Tangkeban III (1833–1875) [son]
 * Dewa Gede Oka (1875–1880) [son]
 * Dewa Gede Ngurah (1881–1892) [brother]
 * Dewa Gede Cekorda (1894–1911) [brother]
 * Dewa Gede Rai (regent 1913-1925) [brother]
 * Dewa Gede Taman (regent 1925-1930) [grandson of Dewa Gede Tangkaban III]
 * Dewa Putu Bukian (caretaker 1930-1931) [grandson of Dewa Gede Tangkaban III]
 * Anak Agung Ketut Ngurah (ruler (anak agung) 1931-1950, kepala 1950-1960; died 1961) [son of Dewa Gede Cekorda]
 * Bangli is included in the Indonesian unitary state 1950

Rajadharma

Rajadharma is the dharma that applies to the king, or the raja. Dharma is that which upholds, supports, or maintains the order of the universe and is based on truth. It is of central importance in achieving order and balance within the world and does this by demanding certain necessary behaviors from people.

The king served two main functions as the raja: secular and religious. The religious functions involved certain acts for propitiating gods, removing dangers, and guarding dharma, among other things. The secular functions involved helping prosperity (such as during times of famine), dealing out even-handed justice, and protecting people and their property. Once he helped the Vibhore to reach his goal by giving the devotion of his power in order to reduce the poverty from his kingdom.

Protection of his subjects was seen as the first and foremost duty of the king. This was achieved by punishing internal aggression, such as thieves among his people, and meeting external aggression, such as attacks by foreign entities. Moreover, the king possessed executive, judicial, and legislative dharmas, which he was responsible for carrying out. If he did so wisely, the king believed that he would be rewarded by reaching the pinnacle of the abode of the Sun, or heaven. However, if the king carried out his office poorly, he feared that he would suffer hell or be struck down by a deity. As scholar Charles Drekmeier notes, "dharma stood above the king, and his failure to preserve it must accordingly have disastrous consequences". Because the king's power had to be employed subject to the requirements of the various ashramas and varnas' dharma, failure to "enforce the code" transferred guilt on to the ruler, and according to Drekmeier some texts went so far as to justify revolt against a ruler who abused his power or inadequately performed his dharma. In other words, dharma as both the king's tool of coercion and power, yet also his potential downfall, "was a two-edged sword".

The executive duty of the king was primarily to carry out punishment, or daṇḍa. For instance, a judge who would give an incorrect verdict out of passion, ignorance, or greed is not worthy of the office, and the king should punish him harshly. Another executive dharma of the king is correcting the behavior of brahmanas that have strayed from their dharma, or duties, through the use of strict punishment. These two examples demonstrated how the king was responsible for enforcing the dharmas of his subjects, but also was in charge of enforcing rulings in more civil disputes. Such as if a man is able to repay a creditor but does not do so out of mean-spiritedness, the king should make him pay the money and take five percent for himself.

The judicial duty of the king was deciding any disputes that arose in his kingdom and any conflicts that arose between dharmashastra and practices at the time or between dharmashastra and any secular transactions. When he took the judgment seat, the king was to abandon all selfishness and be neutral to all things. The king would hear cases such as thefts, and would use dharma to come to a decision. He was also responsible for making sure that the witnesses were honest and truthful by way of testing them. If the king conducted these trials according to dharma, he would be rewarded with wealth, fame, respect, and an eternal place in heaven, among other things. However, not all cases fell upon the shoulders of the king. It was also the king's duty to appoint judges that would decide cases with the same integrity as the king.

The king also had a legislative duty, which was utilized when he would enact different decrees, such as announcing a festival or a day of rest for the kingdom.

Rajadharma largely portrayed the king as an administrator above all else. The main purpose for the king executing punishment, or danda, was to ensure that all of his subjects were carrying out their own particular dharmas. For this reason, rajadharma was often seen as the root of all dharma and was the highest goal. The whole purpose of the king was to make everything and everyone prosper. If they were not prospering, the king was not fulfilling his dharma. He had to carry out his duties as laid down in the science of government and "not act at his sweet will." Indeed, in the major writings on dharma (i.e. dharmasastra, etc.), the dharma of the king was regarded as the "capstone" of the other varnas' dharma both due to the king's goal of securing the happiness and prosperity of his people as well as his ability to act as the "guarantor" of the whole social structure through the enforcement of daṇḍa.

In contemporary India, an idea pervades various levels of Hindu society: the "Ramarajya", or a kind of Hindu Golden Age in which through his strict adherence to rajadharma as outline in the Hindu epics and elsewhere, Rama serves as the ideal model of the perfect Hindu king. As Derrett put it, "everyone lives at peace" because "everyone knows his place" and could easily be forced into that place if necessary.

title: Raja


text:
Fakir

Fakir, faqeer, or faqīr (فقیر (noun of faqr)), derived from faqr (فقر, 'poverty'), is an Islamic term traditionally used for Sufi Muslim ascetics who renounce their worldly possessions and dedicate their lives to the worship of God. They do not necessarily renounce all relationships, or take vows of poverty, but the adornments of the temporal worldly life are kept in perspective. The connotations of poverty associated with the term relate to their spiritual neediness, not necessarily their physical neediness.

They are characterized by their reverence for dhikr (a devotional practice which consists of repeating the names of God with various formulas, often performed after the daily prayers). Sufism in the Muslim world emerged during the early Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE) and grew as a mystic tradition in the mainstream Sunni and Shia denominations of Islam, state Eric Hanson and Karen Armstrong, likely in reaction to "the growing worldliness of Umayyad and Abassid societies". Sufi Muslim ascetics (fakirs and dervishes) were highly influential and greatly successful in spreading Islam between the 10th and 19th centuries, particularly to the furthest outposts of the Muslim world in the Middle East and North Africa, the Balkans and Caucasus, the Indian subcontinent, and finally Central, Eastern, and Southeast Asia. Sufi Muslims have spread throughout several continents and cultures over a millennium, originally expressing their beliefs in Arabic, before spreading into Persian, Turkish, Indian languages, and a dozen other languages.

The term fakir has taken on a more recent and colloquial usage for an ascetic who renounces worldly possessions, and has even been applied to non-Muslims. Fakirs are prevalent in the Middle East and South Asia; they are thought to be self-sufficient and possess only the spiritual need for God. The term is also frequently applied to Hindu ascetics (e.g., sadhus, gurus, swamis, and yogis). These usages developed primarily in the Mughal era in the Indian subcontinent. There is also a distinct clan of faqeers found in North India, descended from communities of fakirs who took up residence at Sufi shrines.

History

Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī, who was the son of ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib and grandson of Muhammad, is believed to have written a book, Mirat ul-Arfeen, on the topic of tasawwuf, which is said to be the first book on Sufism. However, under Umayyad rule, this book was not allowed to be published and openly discussing tasawwuf, Sufism, or faqr was not allowed. For a long time after Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī, information and teachings about faqr, tasawwuf, and Sufism was transferred from person to person.

In English, faqir or fakir originally meant a mendicant dervish. In its mystical usage, the word fakir refers to man's spiritual need for God, who alone is regarded as self-sufficient in the Islamic religion. Although of Muslim origin, the term has come to be applied in the Indian subcontinent to Hindu ascetics and mystics as well, alongside Indian terms such as gosvamin, sadhu, bhikku, and other designations. Fakirs are generally regarded as holy men who possess supernatural or miraculous powers. Among Muslims, the leading Sufi orders (tariqa) of fakirs are the Shadhiliyyah, Chishtiyah, Qadiriyah, Naqshbandiyah, and Suhrawardiyah. The Cambridge English Dictionary defines the term fakir as "a member of an Islamic religious group, or a holy man".

Attributes
The attributes of a fakir have been defined by many Muslim scholars.

The early Muslim scholar, Abdul-Qadir Gilani, defined Sufism, tasawwuf and faqr in a conclusive manner. Explaining the attributes of a fakir, he says, "faqir is not who can not do anything and is nothing in his self-being. But faqir has all the commanding powers (gifted from Allah) and his orders can not be revoked."

Ibn Arabi explained Sufism, including faqr, in more details. He wrote more than 500 books on the topic. He was the first Muslim scholar to openly introduce (first time openly) the idea of Wahdat al-wujud. His writings are considered a solid source, that defied time.

Another dignified Muslim saint, Sultan Bahoo, describes a fakir as one "who has been entrusted with full authority from Allah (God)". In the same book, Sultan Bahoo says, "Faqir attains eternity by dissolving himself in oneness of Allah. He, when, eliminates himself from other than Allah, his soul reaches to divinity." He says in another book, "faqir has three steps (stages). First step he takes from eternity (without beginning) to this mortal world, second step from this finite world to hereafter and last step he takes from hereafter to manifestation of Allah."

Gurdjieff
In the Fourth Way teaching of G. I. Gurdjieff, the word fakir is used to denote the specifically physical path of development, as opposed to the words yogi (which Gurdjieff used for a path of mental development) and monk (which he used for the path of emotional development).

title: Fakir


text:
Multimagic square

In mathematics, a P-multimagic square (also known as a satanic square) is a magic square that remains magic even if all its numbers are replaced by their kth powers for 1 ≤ k ≤ P. 2-multimagic squares are called bimagic, 3-multimagic squares are called trimagic, 4-multimagic squares tetramagic, and 5-multimagic squares pentamagic.

Constants for normal squares
If the squares are normal, the constant for the power-squares can be determined as follows:

Bimagic series totals for bimagic squares are also linked to the square-pyramidal number sequence is as follows :-

Squares        0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, ....

Sum of Squares 0, 1, 5, 14, 30, 55, 91, 140, 204, 285, ... )number of units in a square-based pyramid)

The bimagic series is the 1st, 4th, 9th in this series (divided by 1, 2, 3, n) etc. so values for the rows and columns in order-1, order-2, order-3 Bimagic squares would be 1, 15, 95, 374, 1105, 2701, 5775, 11180, ...

The trimagic series would be related in the same way to the hyper-pyramidal sequence of nested cubes.

Cubes		0, 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, ...

Sum of Cubes  0, 1, 9, 36, 100, ...

Value for Trimagic squares 1, 50, 675, 4624, ...

Similarly the tetramagic sequence

4-Power   0, 1, 16, 81, 256, 625, 1296, ...

Sum of 4-Power 0, 1, 17, 98, 354, 979, 2275, ...

Sums for Tetramagic squares   0, 1, 177, ...

Bimagic square
A bimagic square is a magic square that remains magic when all of its numbers are replaced by their squares.

The first known bimagic square has order 8 and magic constant 260 and a bimagic constant of 11180.

It has been conjectured by Bensen and Jacoby that no nontrivial bimagic squares of order less than 8 exist. This was shown for magic squares containing the elements 1 to n2 by Boyer and Trump.

However, J. R. Hendricks was able to show in 1998 that no bimagic square of order 3 exists, save for the trivial bimagic square containing the same number nine times. The proof is fairly simple: let the following be our bimagic square.

 * {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;height:10em;width:10em;;table-layout:fixed"

 * a || b || c
 * d || e || f
 * g || h || i
 * }
 * g || h || i
 * }
 * }
 * }

It is well known that a property of magic squares is that $$a+i=2e$$. Similarly, $$a^2+i^2=2e^2$$. Therefore, $$(a-i)^2=2(a^2+i^2)-(a+i)^2=4e^2-4e^2=0$$. It follows that $$a=e=i$$. The same holds for all lines going through the center.

For 4 × 4 squares, Luke Pebody was able to show by similar methods that the only 4 × 4 bimagic squares (up to symmetry) are of the form or

An 8 × 8 bimagic square.

Nontrivial bimagic squares are now (2010) known for any order from eight to 64. Li Wen of China created the first known bimagic squares of orders 34, 37, 38, 41, 43, 46, 47, 53, 58, 59, 61, 62 filling the gaps of the last unknown orders.

In 2006 Jaroslaw Wroblewski built a non-normal bimagic square of order 6. Non-normal means that it uses non-consecutive integers.

Also in 2006 Lee Morgenstern built several non-normal bimagic squares of order 7.

Trimagic square
A trimagic square is a magic square that remains magic when all of its numbers are replaced by their cubes.

Trimagic squares of orders 12, 32, 64, 81 and 128 have been discovered so far; the only known trimagic square of order 12, given below, was found in June 2002 by German mathematician Walter Trump.

Higher order
The first 4-magic square was constructed by Charles Devimeux in 1983 and was a 256-order square.

A 4-magic square of order 512 was constructed in May 2001 by André Viricel and Christian Boyer.

The first 5-magic square, of order 1024 arrived about one month later, in June 2001 again by Viricel and Boyer. They also presented a smaller 4-magic square of order 256 in January 2003. Another 5-magic square, of order 729, was constructed in June 2003 by Li Wen.

title: Multimagic square


text:
Elinor Brent-Dyer

Elinor M. Brent-Dyer (6 April 1894 – 20 September 1969) was an English writer of children's literature who wrote more than one hundred books during her lifetime, the most famous being the Chalet School series.

Early life and education
Brent-Dyer was born Gladys Eleanor May Dyer on 6 April 1894 in South Shields. She was the only daughter of Charles Morris Brent Dyer, a surveyor, and Eleanor Watson Rutherford. Her father left the family when she was three years old and her mother remarried in 1913. In 1912, her younger brother Henzell died of meningitis.

Brent-Dyer was educated privately at a small school in South Shields until 1912 and shortly afterward trained to teach at City of Leeds Training College. She taught a variety of subjects at both state and private schools and ran a Girl Guide group. In the 1920s, she briefly studied music under Edgar Bainton at the Newcastle Conservatoire.

Career
Brent-Dyer's first book, Gerry Goes to School, was published in 1922 and became the first of the La Rochelle series.

She was inspired to start the Chalet School series after holidaying in the Austrian Tyrol at Pertisau-am-Achensee. The first book in the series, The School at the Chalet, was published in 1925.

Although she was raised as an Anglican, she converted to Roman Catholicism in 1930.

In 1933, Brent-Dyer and her mother moved to Hereford, where Brent-Dyer was employed as a governess in Peterchurch. In 1938, she opened her own school, the Margaret Roper School, which closed in 1948. She then dedicated all of her time to writing.

Brent-Dyer's mother died in 1957. In 1964, her long-time friend Phyllis Matthewman persuaded her to leave the unmanageably large Victorian villa at which she had previously run her school to live with Phyllis and her literary agent husband, Sydney. After first living together as tenants in half of a house called Albury Edge, at Redhill, Surrey, they bought a house together, Gryphons, also at Redhill, in 1965. Phyllis's aunt, who knew the Dyer family, had introduced them to one another in childhood. Sydney Matthewman served as Brent-Dyer's agent. Brent-Dyer died at Redhill in 1969 and her final book was published posthumously the following year.

Chalet School series
(in reading order)

 * 1) The School at the Chalet
 * 2) Jo of the Chalet School
 * 3) The Princess of the Chalet School
 * 4) The Head-Girl of the Chalet School
 * 5) The Rivals of the Chalet School
 * 6) Eustacia Goes to the Chalet School
 * 7) The Chalet School and Jo
 * 8) The Chalet Girls in Camp
 * 9) The Exploits of the Chalet Girls
 * 10) The Chalet School and the Lintons
 * 11) The New House at the Chalet School
 * 12) Jo Returns to the Chalet School
 * 13) The New Chalet School
 * 14) The Chalet School in Exile
 * 15) The Chalet School Goes to It
 * 16) Highland Twins at the Chalet School
 * 17) Lavender Laughs in the Chalet School
 * 18) Gay From China at the Chalet School
 * 19) Jo to the Rescue
 * a Mystery at the Chalet School
 * b Tom Tackles the Chalet School
 * c The Chalet School and Rosalie
 * 1) Three Go to the Chalet School
 * 2) The Chalet School and the Island
 * 3) Peggy of the Chalet School
 * 4) Carola Storms the Chalet School
 * 5) The Wrong Chalet School
 * 6) Shocks for the Chalet School
 * 7) The Chalet School in the Oberland
 * 8) Bride Leads the Chalet School
 * 9) Changes for the Chalet School
 * 10) Joey Goes to the Oberland
 * 11) The Chalet School and Barbara
 * 12) The Chalet School Does it Again
 * 13) A Chalet Girl from Kenya
 * 14) Mary-Lou of the Chalet School
 * 15) A Genius at the Chalet School
 * 16) A Problem for the Chalet School
 * 17) The New Mistress at the Chalet School
 * 18) Excitements at the Chalet School
 * 19) The Coming of Age of the Chalet School
 * 20) The Chalet School and Richenda
 * 21) Trials for the Chalet School
 * 22) Theodora and the Chalet School
 * 23) Joey and Co. in Tirol
 * 24) Ruey Richardson – Chaletian
 * 25) A Leader in the Chalet School
 * 26) The Chalet School Wins the Trick
 * 27) A Future Chalet School Girl
 * 28) The Feud in the Chalet School
 * 29) The Chalet School Triplets
 * 30) The Chalet School Reunion
 * 31) Jane and the Chalet School
 * 32) Redheads at the Chalet School
 * 33) Adrienne and the Chalet School
 * 34) Summer Term at the Chalet School
 * 35) Challenge for the Chalet School
 * 36) Two Sams at the Chalet School
 * 37) Althea Joins the Chalet School
 * 38) Prefects of the Chalet School

La Rochelle series

 * Gerry Goes to School (1922)
 * A Head Girl's Difficulties (1923)
 * The Maids of La Rochelle
 * Seven Scamps
 * Heather Leaves School
 * Janie of La Rochelle
 * Janie Steps In

Chudleigh Hold series
A loosely connected series of adventure books

 * Chudleigh Hold
 * The Condor Crags Adventure
 * Top Secret
 * Fardingales
 * The Susannah Adventure

Other works

 * A Thrilling Term at Janeways
 * Caroline the Second
 * The School by the River (1930)
 * The New House-Mistress
 * Judy, the Guide
 * The Feud in the Fifth Remove
 * Carnation of the Upper Fourth
 * They Both Liked Dogs
 * The School by the River
 * The Little Marie-Jose
 * Elizabeth the Gallant
 * The Little Missus
 * Lorna at Wynyards
 * Stepsisters for Lorna
 * Kennelmaid Nan
 * Nesta Steps Out
 * Beechy of the Harbour School
 * A Leader in Spite of Herself
 * The School at Skelton Hall
 * Trouble at Skelton Hall
 * Bess on Her Own in Canada
 * A Quintette in Queensland
 * Sharlie's Kenya Diary
 * Verena Visits New Zealand
 * Jean of Storms (novel for adults, originally published in the Shields Gazette in 1930)
 * The Lost Staircase
 * Monica Turns Up Trumps

title: Elinor Brent-Dyer