text:
Robert Gordon University

Robert Gordon University, commonly called RGU (Oilthigh Raibeart Ghòrdain), is a public university in the city of Aberdeen, Scotland. It became a university in 1992, and originated from an educational institution founded in the 18th century by Robert Gordon, a prosperous Aberdeen merchant, and various institutions which provided adult and technical education in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It is one of two universities in the city, the other being the University of Aberdeen. RGU is a campus university and its single campus in Aberdeen is at Garthdee, in the south-west of the city.

The university awards degrees in a wide range of disciplines from BA/BSc to PhD, primarily in professional, technical, health and artistic disciplines and those most applicable to business and industry. A number of traditional academic degree programmes are also offered, such as in the social sciences. In addition, the university's academic and research staff produce research in a number of areas.

History
The university derives from Robert Gordon's Hospital, an institution set up in the mid-18th century to provide the poor with a basic education and reasonable start in life, and the various educational institutions which developed in Aberdeen to provide adults with technical, vocational and artistic training, mostly in the evenings and part-time. Following numerous mergers between these establishments, it became Robert Gordon's Technical College in 1910, then following further developments became Robert Gordon's Institute of Technology in 1965 and began to conduct increasing amounts of research and provide degree-level education. It became a university in 1992, and now mostly offering day classes to full-time students. Unlike some modern universities in the UK which were created following the government reforms of 1992, it has never been a polytechnic, which were never part of the Scottish education system.

Founding institutions

Robert Gordon was a Scottish merchant, who had grown up in Aberdeen and graduated from Marischal College. Following a successful career, mostly in Danzig where he amassed a fortune, he retired to Aberdeen around 1720. In the last decade of his life, he prepared plans for a Hospital similar to that founded in Edinburgh by George Heriot. The purpose of Robert Gordon's Hospital was "the Maintenance, Aliment, Entertainment and Education of young boys whose parents are poor and indigent... and to put them to Trades and Employment". Gordon died in 1731, and left his entire fortune to the project. However, it took nearly two decades for buildings to be completed, with the first boys admitted in 1750. The aim was not a sophisticated education, but to provide the poor with a reasonable start in life. Boys were taken in between 8 and 11 years old and received food, accommodation and a basic education including English, Latin, writing and arithmetic. They left the Hospital between 14 and 16 years old as an apprentice in a trade or to a merchant. The Hospital expanded through the 18th and 19th centuries.

Meanwhile, in the early 19th century, the Industrial Revolution led to a greater need for scientific and technical education for working-class adults, with "Mechanic's Institutes" spreading through Scotland, patterned on that founded by George Birkbeck at Glasgow (he would later found Birkbeck College, the University of London's night school). The Aberdeen Mechanic's Institution opened in 1824 providing evening classes in subjects such as physics, chemistry, mathematics, book-keeping, maritime navigation and art. By 1855 it was receiving government funding as the School of Science and Art, with a Technical School founded two years later.

Child and adult education combined: Robert Gordon's College (1881)
Government education reforms in the 1870s saw the "Hospital" system fall out of favour and encouraged mergers with other educational establishments. As part of these reforms, the Aberdeen Mechanic's Institute and Technical School merged with Robert Gordon's Hospital in 1881. The resulting institution was known as Robert Gordon's College. It provided an education for boys but as a day school only, and evening (and later day) classes for adults (male and female) in science, technology, commerce and general subjects. Art classes offered by the Mechanic's Institution were transferred to a new, independent School of Art close by, paid for by local businessman John Gray and opened in 1885.

Splitting child from adult: Robert Gordon's Technical College (1910 on)
By the end of the 19th century, Robert Gordon's College was a major provider of technical education, receiving large government grants. Following further reforms, in 1903 the adult education part of the college was designated a Central Institution along with Gray's School of Art (which had become a Central Institution two years earlier), allowing the adult education activities to develop independently rather than under the control of the local School Board. However, even this was not sufficient to meet demand for technical education, and dedicated Technical Colleges were being set up in other Scottish cities. As a result, in 1910 adult education activities were split from the school and became Robert Gordon's Technical College. Also merged into the new Technical College was the city's School of Domestic Economy which provided classes in domestic science. The day school for boys continued as Robert Gordon's College, and the two institutions shared a campus, buildings and until 1981, a Board of Governors and administrative staff.

During the 1920s, the first Ordinary and Higher Certificates and Diplomas were awarded, and by the 1930s Robert Gordon's Technical College was made up of Schools of Engineering, Chemistry, Maths & Physics, Pharmacy, Art (including architecture), Domestic Science, and Navigation. Around this time the first students began to be prepared for external degree examinations – for the University of Aberdeen's BSc in engineering. A system of student governance also developed, with a Student Representative Council formed in 1931. In the closing years of World War II, candidates started to be prepared to sit exams for external degrees of the University of London, in subjects such as Chemistry and Engineering, but only via part-time and/or evening classes. After 1945, to aid with settling large numbers of returning soldiers into a career, the Government backed a Business Training Scheme which allowed the Technical College to introduce courses in Business Administration.

Technical College to Institute (1965) to University (1992)

In 1955, the Technical College received a large gift of land. Local Architect, property developer and entrepreneur Tom Scott Sutherland, purchased the Victorian manor and estate of Garthdee House in 1953 on the outskirts of the city. Finding himself and his wife living out of only four rooms in the enormous mansion, he donated it and the estate in 1955 for a new school of architecture. These classes had taken place at Gray's School of Art, but had been expanding in the 1940s and 1950s and much more space was needed. Following completion of a modern extension to the house, the new Scott Sutherland School of Architecture opened in 1957. In 1966, Gray's School of Art also moved to a large new building on this estate, freeing its Schoolhill building for administrative use. By 2013, all activities had transferred to Garthdee, with the addition of land immediately adjacent purchased from Aberdeen City Council in the 1990s.

The 1963 Robbins Report on the future of UK higher education recommended major expansion, which led to the renaming of the institution to Robert Gordon's Institute of Technology to suggest its increasing role in higher education rather than further education. As well as new "plate-glass" universities, reforms following the report created the polytechnics in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. It also created the Council for National Academic Awards (CNAA) to allow non-university institutions (like the polytechnics and Scottish central institutions) to run programmes that graduated students with CNAA degrees. The institute's first CNAA degree programmes began in pharmacy in 1967, then in engineering, chemistry and physics in 1969, and expanded at undergraduate and postgraduate level to all disciplines. Around this time, the government also began to transfer non-degree teaching (e.g. certificate courses in navigation) to local-authority colleges.

During the 1960s, an academic committee structure was set up, headed from 1969 by an Academic Council. During the 1970s, these committees underwent expansion and reform to improve participation by academic staff in decision-making. For the first time, a faculty structure was introduced, with Faculties of Art & Architecture, Engineering, Arts, and Sciences, led by deans. A department dedicated to providing computer services to the institute was also established in 1974, and the first professorships were introduced in 1975. In 1981, the separation of the Board of Governors and administration staff from Robert Gordon's College was completed, although the school and Institute continued to share some buildings. Beginning in the 1970s, the institute also began to provide extensive consultancy and training for the North Sea oil industry, particularly in engineering and offshore safety and survival.

The Robert Gordon University (1992 to present)
Following the reforms of the Further and Higher Education Act 1992, the institute was awarded university status as The Robert Gordon University on 12 June 1992. The new university inherited numerous small campuses, and during the late 1990s and 2000s embarked on large building projects to consolidate teaching at its City Centre and Garthdee campuses, assisted by a large purchase of land at Garthdee from Aberdeen City Council in the mid-1990s. As new Garthee facilities were completed, the majority of these previous campuses were sold as land for housing development (such as at Kepplestone and King Street), while City Centre facilities that were no longer required were often sold to Robert Gordon's College, with the sale proceeds paying for the expansion and new construction at Garthdee. In the 1990s and 2000s student numbers also increased considerably, requiring new and larger facilities. A merger with the University of Aberdeen was discussed in 2002, but was rejected in favour of remaining separate but working in closer collaboration.

By 2000, the university had consolidated to two campuses, at Garthdee and a city centre campus at Schoolhill and St. Andrew Street in central Aberdeen. However, it had been planned since the early 1990s to eventually move all facilities to a single campus at Garthdee and additional land was purchased to enable buildings to be constructed to house academic departments which had been at the city centre campus. The first phase was completed in summer 2013 with the opening of the Sir Ian Wood building (formally opened in July 2015). As of August 2017, all academic and administrative departments are located at the Garthdee Campus, with the university retaining a space within the previous Administrative Building to host events and activities offering staff, students and alumni training and funding to develop business ideas.

Donald Trump honorary degree
In 2010, RGU gained international attention for awarding an honorary degree to controversial American businessman Donald Trump. This was featured in the 2012 documentary film You've Been Trumped which documented the progress of the construction of Trump's golf course near Aberdeen from the point of view of local residents. In the film Dr David Kennedy, former Principal of the university, is shown handing back his own honorary degree in protest at the university's action in awarding the degree to Trump.

In December 2015 the university's then Principal, Professor Ferdinand von Prondzynski, announced he was reviewing the honorary degree and expressed his alarm at statements made by Donald Trump. Then on 9 December 2015 the honorary degree was revoked. RGU publicly stated: "In the course of the current US election campaign (2016), Mr Trump has made a number of statements that are wholly incompatible with the ethos and values of the university. The university has therefore decided to revoke its award of the honorary degree". The revoking of Donald Trump's honorary doctorate came in excess of 4 years after the businessman accused the then-incumbent US President Barack Obama of illegitimacy on the basis of unsubstantiated accusations that Obama was born in Kenya and therefore not a US citizen.

Vice Principal appointment
In May 2018 an internal probe was launched after an anonymous whistleblower noted that RGU's newly appointed Vice-Principal for Commercial and Regional Innovation, Gordon McConnell, was co-director with Principal Ferdinand von Prondzynski in Knockdrin Estates Limited, a non-trading micro-company holding von Prondzynski's family castle and estate. Published on 4 July 2018, the investigation found that McConnell "did not declare in his declaration of interest form (completed in September 2017, following his appointment) that he was a director of Knockdrin Estates Limited" as well as revealing that this form was co-signed by von Prondzynski as his line manager. The inquiry found that whilst the Principal failed to declare this link at the time of Gordon McConnell's appointment, it also expressed the view of the board that he did not deliberately conceal any information.

The finding led to a letter of resignation from another of the three Vice-Principals, Paul Hagan, who condemned RGU for failing to punish the pair, stating that this damaged the institution. Hagan later withdrew his resignation in response to Prondzynski's departure.

On 9 August 2018, von Prondzynski announced that he would voluntarily step down from his post on 31 August. In the same press release, RGU announced that Deputy Principal John Harper had already been appointed to succeed Prondzynski.

Campus
RGU operates a single campus in Aberdeen, in the south-western suburbs at Garthdee. As of August 2017 all academic and administrative departments are located at Garthdee.

Garthdee campus
The Garthdee campus is the university's main campus, where all academic departments are located and teaching and research takes place.

The Garthdee campus is situated in the south-west of the city. For much of its history it was a greenfield site, with parts used as the gardens and estate of the Victorian manor of Garthdee House, farmland, and open meadows. The first university buildings were in use from the 1950s. The Garthdee campus has seen major investment in recent years, with numerous new buildings constructed since the late 1990s which include a "University Street", part of Norman Foster's design concept for the modern campus.

The campus extends to 23 ha, although some of this is currently landscaped parkland, undeveloped, or under construction. In addition, the university owns a further 8 ha of land to the west (primarily woodland) and 22 ha at Waterside Farm on the opposite bank of the River Dee.

The main buildings of the campus are:
 * Sir Ian Wood building (formerly Riverside East) - Houses the University Library and departments of pharmacy, life sciences, computing, architecture and engineering. The building was renamed at its official opening in July 2015 by the Princess Royal.
 * The Riverside Building, which houses the departments of Accounting & Finance, Communication & Media, Information Management, Law, and Management, the RGU:Union offices and a large Study Centre which occupies the former library space.
 * The Ishbel Gordon Building houses the Schools of Applied Social Studies, Nursing & Midwifery, and Health Sciences. The building also acts as a hub for student services, with the university's student helpdesk, careers service, disability and dyslexia service, accommodation office and counselling service located in facilities off the main atrium
 * The RGU SPORT building is a campus sports and fitness centre, designed by architectural firm Thomson Craig & Donald and opened in 2005 at a cost of £10.7 million, including support from organisations such as sportscotland. It provides extensive facilities for sport, exercise and physical training, including several gyms with facilities for cardiovascular and resistance training, a 25-metre swimming pool, climbing wall, studios for group exercise classes, and a large sports hall for a wide range of indoor sports. The RGU SPORT Building also includes Union Way and social area.
 * The International College (ICRGU) building is a modular pre-fabricated two-storey building situated at the rear of RGU SPORT. It was constructed in 2011 to provide additional teaching space for the "International College at RGU" (ICRGU).
 * The Gray's School of Art building opened in 1966 to allow the art school to expand from its Victorian building next to the Aberdeen Art Gallery in the city centre used as the university's Administration Building before moving to Garthdee, and also considered as an extension to The Art Gallery until its eventual use as part of Robert Gordon's College.
 * Garthdee House is the location of the Principal's Office. It is a Victorian manor house which formed the core of the Garthdee estate, which with later purchases of adjacent land became today's campus. The Scott Sutherland School of Architecture was the sole user of Garthdee House until 2013, when the Principal's Office also moved into the building.

City centre facilities

Until 2017 the university continued to operate one non-academic facility in the city-centre. The building at Schoolhill is situated next to the Aberdeen Art Gallery and Robert Gordon's College, a private school which is no longer affiliated to the university but shares a common heritage and motto. The Administration Building is listed as an architecturally significant building, constructed in the Victorian period of carved and ornamented granite, typical of Aberdeen's famous Granite City architecture. In August 2017 all non-academic staff completed the move to the main campus at Garthdee.

Also located there was the old city centre campus. Many of these buildings were sold over the years to Robert Gordon's College for school use, while others have been sold for redevelopment. In July 2014, the St. Andrew Street building (which had been replaced by the Sir Ian Wood building at the Garthdee campus) was sold to the Canadian hotel Sandman Hotels group to be converted to a four-star hotel. The 12,000 square metre building was constructed around 1908 and had served as the Aberdeen College of Education until purchased in 1968; the university claimed it to be the third-largest granite building in Europe, after the Spanish Escorial palace near Madrid, and Marischal College.

Administration building
The former Administration Building has a frontage directly onto the public street of Schoolhill and was completed in 1885. It is a significantly larger building than the street frontage suggests. On completion, it housed Gray's School of Art and was designed by the prominent Aberdeen architect Alexander Marshall Mackenzie, who designed many of the city's grand granite buildings in the 19th century. The building is constructed of grey and pink Corrennie granite ashlar with Corinthian columns and was designed to match the Aberdeen Art Gallery adjacent to it, and like these buildings, it is Category A listed by Historic Scotland.

As the School of Art grew in size, the building was extended in 1896 and again between 1928 and 1931. However, it eventually became too small and when Gray's School of Art moved to a new modernist building at Garthdee in the 1960s (see above), the building was converted for administrative use. From then until 2013 it housed the Principal's office, which moved to Garthdee House at the Garthdee campus, followed by the administrative staff in 2017.

In 2019, the Administration building was redeveloped in partnership with Opportunity North East and Codebase, to become a "digital entrepreneurship hub" in the city centre. Robert Gordon University will retain an area of the building to host events and activities offering staff, students and alumni training and funding to develop business ideas. The facility includes co-working space, offices, and event areas for university start-up teams and businesses working with ONE Codebase.

Academic faculties
Academic activities at the university are divided into 11 schools. Each school is led by a head of school and is sub-divided into departments. There are also numerous administrative departments which support the university's activities. All academic Schools and Departments are based at the main Garthdee campus.

 * Aberdeen Business School
 * School of Applied Social Studies
 * School of Computing
 * School of Creative and Cultural Business
 * School of Engineering
 * Gray's School of Art
 * School of Health Sciences
 * The Law School
 * School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedic Practice
 * School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
 * The Scott Sutherland School of Architecture & Built Environment

Governance
Under the terms of the Further and Higher Education (Scotland) Act 1992 and The Robert Gordon University (Scotland) Order of Council 1993, the university's governing body comprises a Board of Governors, consisting of 23 governors appointed to exercise the functions of management and control. The official head of the university is the Chancellor, although in practice he or she acts mainly in a ceremonial or symbolic role. At an operational level, most of the day-to-day management and control of the institution is delegated to the Principal and Vice Chancellor (commonly known simply as the Principal). The Board of Governors also delegates functions relating to the overall planning, co-ordination, development and supervision of academic affairs to the university's Academic Council. Both the Board of Governors and the Academic Council are supported by a wide range of committees.

Chancellors

At Scottish universities, the Principal of the university is its general chief executive and is the administrative head of the institution, second in precedence only to the Chancellor. This means that the day-to-day running and leadership of the university is the responsibility of the Principal.
 * Sir Bob Reid (1992–2005)
 * Sir Ian Wood KT (2005–2021)
 * Dame Evelyn Glennie CH (2021–present)

Principal and Vice-Chancellors

 * David A. Kennedy (1992–1997)
 * William Stevely CBE (1997–2005)
 * R. Michael Pittilo MBE (2005–2010)
 * John Harper (acting) (2010–2011)
 * Ferdinand von Prondzynski (2011–2018)
 * John Harper (2018–2020)
 * Steve Olivier (2020–present)

Reputation and rankings

In the subject league tables from The Guardian, it was first in Scotland for four subjects in 2017 (Health Professions; Journalism; Architecture; and Pharmacy), while securing three subjects in the UK top 10.

The Sunday Times awarded RGU the title of Best Modern University in the UK for 2012 in its University Guide 2012. The title had previously been won by Oxford Brookes University for each of the preceding ten years. RGU received the 2012 award partly due to ratings of the quality of teaching and research, but also due to its employment record which was judged the best of any UK university. RGU was also named as Best Modern University in the UK in The Times Good University Guide 2013.

In 2017, RGU received the TEF Gold Framework of Excellence in teaching.

Symbols and identity
The university's logo and corporate identity make frequent use of the colour purple and the "Gordon" font, all of which appear extensively on campus signage, printed material and online. The current logo was unveiled in February 2013. From 2009 to 2013, the logo consisted of a roundel derived from the university's coat of arms.

Most universities in the UK are designated by order of the Privy Council; unusually for a university named after an individual, according to Robert Gordon University (Scotland) Order of Council 1993 the official name of the university includes the prefix "The" (as with George Washington University, Ohio State University and the College of William & Mary). However, current university branding typically leaves it out although it is still used for graduation.

Coat of Arms
The coat of arms derives from the one issued by the Lord Lyon King of Arms (the state official responsible for heraldry in Scotland) to Robert Gordon's Institute of Technology in 1982, which in turn derives from that first used in 1881 by the governors of Robert Gordon's Hospital when it became Robert Gordon's College. The arms consist of a shield only and are used infrequently, usually at formal occasions such as graduation, and can also be seen over the main entrance to the university's Administration Building at Schoolhill and various academic buildings at the main campus at Garthdee. The shield also formed the previous logo which still features on some older signage.

On the left side of the arms, the three boars on a blue background edged in gold are taken from the arms of the Gordon family, while on the right the castle on a red background is taken from the arms of the City of Aberdeen. This symbol of the city is shared with the arms of the University of Aberdeen. A black wavy band divides the two sides, and features heraldic symbols in gold representing technology (a mechanical cog), learning (a flaming torch) and commerce (a gold coin).

Motto
The university's motto is Omni Nunc Arte Magistra, which translates literally from Latin as "Now by all your mastered arts...", as if to suggest making use in everyday life of knowledge and skills gained. It is sometimes translated as "Make the best of all your abilities", although this is a somewhat more liberal rendering of the Latin. It comes from Virgil's Aeneid, Book VIII, line 441, as the god Vulcan encourages his workers at the forge. It shares this motto with Robert Gordon's College, who use it more frequently. Unlike some universities, the motto is not seen frequently, although it has appeared in graduation materials and is engraved on the shaft of the university's ceremonial mace.

Tartan
Like most Scottish universities, RGU has its own tartan; it mirrors the university's official colours of Royal Blue, Red and Gold which appear on the coat of arms (although the purple brand is now the recognised face of the university). The tartan was designed by Michael King in 1997. Some students on their graduation day choose to wear a tartan kilt.

Student life

In 2023/2024 there were 18,000 students studying on campus and online.

As well as full-time and part-time on-campus study, the university provides a range of distance learning facilities over the internet via its virtual learning environment, CampusMoodle.

Student Association
The first Student Representative Council was organised at Robert Gordon's Technical College in 1931, with activities such as sports clubs and societies following in the 1940s. A Student Union building opening in 1952 at Rubislaw Terrace in the city's West End. In 1969, the shop and bakery next to Gray's School of Art (now the ONE Tech Hub) on Schoolhill came on the market and were purchased by Robert Gordon's Institute of Technology. The Student Union building opened there in 1974 and remained until its closure in July 2014 as the campus relocated to Garthdee. RGU:Union moved to Union Way by RGU Sport, and as of 2021 is now located within the Riverside Building.

Student media
RGU:Union operates a student media program with RGU:Radio, RGU:TV and Radar Magazine. The student radio station, called RGU:Radio broadcasts live from a studio on campus, running a number of shows from music to current affairs. Broadcasts are streamed and regular podcasts are posted online.

RGU:TV produces regular videos about campus events, topical issues and student life and distributed them online through a YouTube channel.

Radar Magazine is a full-colour printed publication which is published three or four times each year. It features articles written by students covering campus events, student life, music, news, reviews, entertainment, fashion, sport and more. The magazine also has an online website where articles are posted regularly by students.

Accommodation
The university's Accommodation Services department arranges for students to be placed in one of nine halls of residence across the city.

By far the largest of the halls of residence are the Woolmanhill Flats at St. Andrew Street. The Woolmanhill flats have over 700 one-person bedrooms, arranged in self-catering flats of up to eight. The Woolmanhill Flats development was constructed in stages in the late 1980s and early 1990s by the university working in collaboration with a private developer. The newest hall of residence is the Crathie Student Village on Holburn Street, and houses approximately 100 students.

Other halls of residence include two buildings on the Garthdee Campus; the Square Tower and the Round Tower. These distinctive pink buildings were constructed in the early 1990s and inspired by traditional Scottish tower houses. They have received architectural acclaim by critics and are included in Prospect magazine's list of the 100 best Scottish modern buildings. When the list was published in 2005, the Round and Square Towers were the only buildings in Aberdeen to be included. A number of other halls of residence across the city are used, some operated in-house by RGU and others by private companies. These include Rosemount Halls, St. Peter's Halls and Linksfield Halls which were constructed by the University of Aberdeen and then privatised in the early 2000s. Students also have access to the private halls of residence in Aberdeen which are operated on a commercial basis by specialist companies, such as those owned and operated by the Unite Group.

Sports
RGU SPORT at the Garthdee campus provides a wide range of sport and fitness facilities to the university community as well as to the general public. Facilities include a 25m pool, various gyms with extensive facilities for cardiovascular training and resistance training (including free weights), a large sports hall (also used for exams), climbing wall, numerous fitness classes, physiotherapy, podiatry and sports massage. Students can obtain a gym membership free of charge and staff and graduates of the university receive a discount on use of these facilities.

There are over 32 campus sports clubs run by RGU:Union, and the university competes in Scottish Student Sport (SSS) and British Universities and Colleges Sport (BUCS) competitions.

Swimmer Hannah Miley studied at RGU until 2013 and appeared in publicity for the university. A sport scholar program provides support for the athletic and academic careers of developing and elite athletes, including coaching, access to training facilities and financial assistance, as well as flexibility in fitting training around the academic timetable.

The Robert Gordon University Boat Club contests the annual Aberdeen Universities Boat Race each Spring against the University of Aberdeen. RGU were victorious in 2012 2013, 2014, 2015. and 2016.

The two universities also compete annually in the Granite City Challenge which sees teams across a range of sports compete to be the best in the city.

Notable alumni

 * Gordon Duthie (born 1987), musician, singer/songwriter
 * Ola Gorie, jewellery designer
 * Maxwell Hutchinson, architect and broadcaster, guitarist with Lene Lovich
 * Eilidh Middleton, equestrian competitor
 * Hannah Miley, swimmer and Olympian
 * Callum Innes, Turner Prize-nominated artist
 * Titi Horsfall, author
 * Alan J. Jamieson, marine biologist

title: Robert Gordon University


text:
Satu Mare

Satu Mare (Szatmárnémeti ; Sathmar; סאטמאר Satmar or סאַטמער Satmer) is a city with a population of 102,400 (2011). It is the capital of Satu Mare County, Romania, as well as the centre of the Satu Mare metropolitan area. It lies in the region of Maramureș, broadly part of Transylvania. Mentioned in the Gesta Hungarorum as castrum Zotmar ("Zotmar's fort"), the city has a history going back to the Middle Ages. Today, it is an academic, cultural, industrial, and business centre in the Nord-Vest development region.

Geography
Satu Mare is situated in Satu Mare County, in northwest Romania, on the river Someș, 13 km from the border with Hungary and 27 km from the border with Ukraine. The city is located at an altitude of 126 m on the Lower Someș alluvial plain, spreading out from the Administrative Palace at 25 October Square. The boundaries of the municipality contain an area of 150.3 km2.

From a geomorphologic point of view, the city is located on the Someș Meadow on both sides of the river, which narrows in the vicinity of the city and widens upstream and downstream from it; flooded during heavy rainfall, the field has various geographical configurations at the edge of the city (sand banks, valleys, micro-depressions).

The formation of the current terrain of the city, dating from the late Pliocene in the Tertiary period, is linked to the clogging of the Pannonian Sea. Layers of soil were created from deposits of sand, loess and gravel, and generally have a thickness of 16 m–18 m. Over this base, decaying vegetation gave rise to podsolic soils, which led to favorable conditions for crops (cereals, vegetables, fruit trees).

The water network around Satu Mare is composed of the Someș River, Pârâul Sar in the north and the Homorod River in the south. The formation and evolution of the city was closely related to the Someș River, which, in addition to allowing for the settlement of a human community around it, has offered, since the early Middle Ages, the possibility of international trade with coastal regions, a practice that favored milling, fishing and other economic activities.

Because the land slopes gently around the city, the Someș River has created numerous branches and meanders (before 1777, in the perimeter of the city there were 25 meanders downstream and 14 upstream). After systematisation works in 1777, the number of meanders in the city dropped to 9 downstream and 5 upstream, the total length of the river now being at 36.5 km within the city. Systematisation performed up to the mid-19th century configured the existing Someș riverbed; embankments were built 17.3 km long on the right bank and 11 km on the left. In 1970, the embankments were raised by 2 m–3 m, protecting 52,000 hectares within the city limits and restoring nearly 800 ha of agricultural land that had previously been flooded.

Flora and fauna
The flora associated with the town of Satu Mare is characteristic for the meadow area with trees of soft essence like wicker, indigenous poplar, maple and hazelnut. Grassland vegetation is represented by Agrostis stolonifera, Poa trivialis, Alopecurus pratensis and other types of vegetation.

The city's largest park, the Garden of Rome, features some rare trees that are uncommon to the area, including the pagoda tree, native to East Asia (especially China); Pterocarya, also native to Asia; and Paulownia tomentosa, native to central and western China.

Fauna is represented by species of rodents (hamster and european ground squirrel), reptiles, including Vipera berus in the Noroieni forest, and as avifauna species of ducks, geese, egrets, during passages and systematic occasional wanderings.

Climate
Satu Mare has a continental climate, characterised by hot dry summers and cold winters. As the city is in the far north of the country, winter is much colder than the national average, with minimum temperatures reaching -17 C, lower than values recorded in other cities in western Romania like Oradea (-15 C) or Timișoara (-17 C). The average annual temperature is 9.6 C, or broken down by seasons: Spring 10.2 C, summer 19.6 C, autumn 10.8 C and winter 1.7 C. Atmospheric humidity is quite high. Prevailing wind currents blow in from the northwest, bringing spring and summer rainfall. Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb" (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).

Name
The Hungarian name of the town Szatmár is believed to come from the personal name Zotmar, as the 13th-century Gesta Hungarorum gives the name of the 10th-century fortified settlement at the site of today's Satu Mare as castrum Zotmar ("Zotmar's fort"). The name Satu Mare, which means "great village" in Romanian, was used for the first time by the priest Moise Sora Novac in the 19th century. An older Romanian name, Sătmar, was formally replaced by the current one in 1925.

History
Archaeological evidence from Țara Oașului, Ardud, Medieșu Aurit, Homoroade, etc. clearly shows settlements in the area dating to the Stone Age and the Bronze Age. There is also evidence that the local Dacian population remained there after the Roman conquest in 101/106 AD. Later, these lands may have formed part of Menumorut's holdings; one of the important defensive fortresses – castrum Zotmar, dating to the 10th century – was at Satu Mare, as mentioned in the Gesta Hungarorum. After Stephen I of Hungary created the Kingdom of Hungary in the year 1000, German colonists were settled at the periphery of the city (Villa Zotmar), brought in by Stephen's wife, the Bavarian princess Gisela of Hungary. Later, they were joined by more German colonists from beyond the Someș River, in Mintiu.

A royal free city since the 13th century, Satu Mare changed hands several times in the 15th century until the Báthory family took possession of the citadel in 1526, proceeding to divert the Someș's waters in order to defend the southern part of the citadel; thus, the fortress remained on an island linked to the main roads by three bridges over the Someș. In 1562 the citadel was besieged by Ottoman armies led by Pargalı İbrahim Pasha of Buda and Maleoci Pasha of Timișoara. Then the Habsburgs besieged it, leading the fleeing Transylvanian armies to set it on fire. The Austrian general Lazar Schwendi ordered the citadel to be rebuilt after the plans of Italian architect Ottavio Baldigara; using an Italian system of fortifications, the new structure would be pentagonal with five towers. After a period when it changed hands, the town came under Ottoman control in 1661. Called Sokmar by the new authorities, it was a kaza center within the Şenköy sanjak of Varat Eyalet. This status held until 1691, when the army of the Habsburgs expelled the Ottomans during the Great Turkish War. In the Middle Ages, Satu Mare and Mintiu were two distinct entities. The two settlements, then called "Szatmár" and "Németi", were united in 1715, and the resulting city was named "Szatmár-Németi". On 2 January 1721, Emperor Charles VI recognised the union, at the same time granting Satu Mare the status of royal free city. A decade earlier, the Treaty of Szatmár was signed in the city, ending Rákóczi's War for Independence.

The city's importance was linked to the transportation and commerce of salt from nearby Ocna Dejului (Désakna, Salzdorf), possibly already at a very early date. Due to the economic and commercial benefits it began to receive in the 13th century, Satu Mare became an important centre for craft guilds. In the 18th century, intense urbanisation began; several buildings survive from that period, including the old city hall, the inn, a barracks, the Greek Catholic church and the Reformed church. A Roman Catholic diocese was established there in 1804. In 1823, the city's systematization commission was established in order to direct its local government. In 1844, paving operations begun in 1805 were stepped up. The first industrial concerns also opened, including the steam mill, the brick factory, the Neuschloss Factory for wood products, the lumber factory, the Princz Factory and the Unio Factory. Due to its location at the intersection of commercial roads, Szatmárnémeti became an important rail hub. The line to Nagykároly (Carei) was built in 1871, followed in 1872 by a line to Máramarossziget (Sighetu Marmației) line, an 1894 link to Nagybánya (Baia Mare), 1900 to Erdőd (Ardud) and 1906 to Bikszád (Bixad).

Since the second half of the 19th century, it underwent important economic and socio-cultural changes. The city's large companies (the Unio wagon factory, the Princz Factory, the Ardeleana textile enterprise, the Freund petroleum refinery, the brick factory and the furniture factory) prospered in this period, and the city invested heavily in communication lines, schools, hospitals, public works and public parks. The banking and commerce system also developed: in 1929 the chamber of commerce and industry, as well as the commodities stock market were established, with 25 commercial enterprises and 75 industrial and production firms as members. In 1930 there were 33 banks.

After the collapse of Austria-Hungary, Romanian troops captured the town during their offensive launched on 15 April 1919. By the Treaty of Trianon, Satu Mare officially ceased to be part of Hungary becoming part of Romania. In 1940, the Second Vienna Award gave back Northern Transylvania, including Satu Mare, to Hungary. In October 1944, the city was captured by the Soviet Red Army. After 1945, the city became again part of Romania. Soon afterwards, a Communist regime came to power, lasting until the 1989 revolution.

Jewish community
The presence of Jews in Transylvania is first mentioned in the late 16th century. In the 17th century, prince Gabriel Bethlen permitted Sephardi Jews from Turkey to settle in the Transylvanian capital Gyulafehérvár (Alba Iulia), in 1623. In the early 18th century, Jews were allowed to settle in Sathmar. Some of them became involved in large-scale agriculture, becoming landlords or lessees, or were active in trade and industry, or distilled brandy and leased taverns on crown estates. In 1715, when Sathmar became a royal town, they were expelled, beginning to resettle in the 1820s. In 1841, several Jews obtained the permission to settle permanently in Sathmar; the first Jewish community was formally established in 1849, and in 1857, a synagogue was built. After a great number of traditional Ashkenazic Jews had settled in the town, the Jewish community split in 1898, when a supporter of the Hasidic movement was elected chief rabbi, into an Orthodox and a Status Quo community, led by a Zionist rabbi, which erected a synagogue in 1904.

In the 1920s, there were several Zionist organizations in Satu Mare, and the yeshiva, one of the largest in the region, was attended by 400 students. In 1930, the city had five large synagogues and about 20 shtiebels. In 1928, a conflict within the Orthodox community broke out over the election of a new chief rabbi, lasting six years and ending in 1934 with the appointment of the Hasidic rabbi Joel Teitelbaum, a traditionalist and anti-Zionist, who later re-founded the Satmar Hasidic dynasty in Williamsburg, New York. Another Hasidic rabbi, Aharon Roth, the founder of the Shomrei Emunim and Toldot Aharon communities in Jerusalem, was also active in Satu Mare.

After Satu Mare became part of Hungary again in 1940, the civil rights and economic activities of the Jews were restricted, and in summer 1941, "foreign" Jews were deported to Kamenets-Podolski, where they were murdered by Hungarian and German troops. In 1944, the Jewish population was forced into the Satu Mare ghetto; the majority of men were sent to forced labor battalions, and the others were deported to the extermination camps in Poland, where the majority of them were murdered by the Nazis. Six trains left Satu Mare for Auschwitz-Birkenau, starting on May 19, 1944, each carrying approximately 3300 persons. The trains passed through Kassa (Košice) on May 19, 22, 26, 29, 30, and June 1. In total, 18,863 Jews were deported from Satu Mare, Carei and the surrounding localities. Of these, 14,440 were killed. Only a small number of the survivors returned to Satu Mare after the war, but a number of Jews belonging to linguistically and culturally different groups from all parts of Romania settled in the city. The majority of them later emigrated to Israel. By 1970, the town's Jewish population numbered 500, and in 2011, only 34 Jews remained.

In 2004, a Holocaust memorial was dedicated in the Decebal Street Synagogue's courtyard. Aside from the synagogues, two Jewish cemeteries also remain.

Among the notable members of the local Jewish community have been historian Ignác Acsády, parliamentary deputies Ferenc Chorin and Kelemen Samu, politician Oszkár Jászi, writers Gyula Csehi, Rodion Markovits, Sándor Dénes, and Ernő Szép, painter Pál Erdös, Jacob Reinitz and director György Harag.

Demographics
According to the 2021 census, Satu Mare had a population of 91,520, making it the 20th largest city in Romania.

Administration
The city government is headed by a mayor. Since 2016, the office is held by Gábor Kereskényi. Decisions are approved and discussed by the local council made up of 23 elected councillors. The city is divided into 12 districts laid out radially. One of these, Sătmărel (Szatmárzsadány), is a separate village administered by the city.

Additionally, as Satu Mare is the capital of Satu Mare County, the city hosts the palace of the prefecture, the headquarters of the county council and the prefect, who is appointed by Romania's central government. Like all other local councils in Romania, the Satu Mare local council, the county council and the city's mayor are elected every four years by the population. The city is at the center of the Satu Mare metropolitan area, a metropolitan area established in 2013, with a population of 243,600, and which includes 26 cities, towns and communes.

The Satu Mare City Council, elected at the 2020 local elections, is composed of the following parties:

The city day is 14 May, which commemorates the devastating floods that affected the city in 1970, although it is also a day of rebirth.

Justice system
Satu Mare has a complex judicial organisation, as a consequence of its status of county capital. The Satu Mare Court of Justice is the local judicial institution and is under the purview of the Satu Mare County Tribunal, which also exerts its jurisdiction over the courts of Carei, Ardud, Negrești-Oaș, Tășnad and Livada. Appeals from these tribunals' verdicts, and more serious cases, are directed to the Oradea Court of Appeals. Satu Mare also hosts the county's commercial and military tribunals.

Satu Mare has its own municipal police force, Poliția Municipiului Satu Mare, which is responsible for policing of crime within the whole city, and operates a number of special divisions. The Satu Mare Police are headquartered on Mihai Viteazul Street in the city centre (with a number of precincts throughout the city) and is subordinated to the county's police inspectorate on Alexandru Iioan Cuza Street. City Hall has its own community police force, Poliția Comunitară located on Universului Alley, dealing with local community issues. Satu Mare also houses the county's gendarmerie inspectorate.

Road
Satu Mare has a complex system of transportation, providing road, air and rail connections to major cities in Romania and Europe. The city is an important road and rail hub located near the borders with Hungary and Ukraine. The city is connected to other major Romanian cities by road ( European route E81, European route E671 and  European route E58) and by rail (CFR Main Line 400). The total number of automobiles registered in Satu Mare was 82,000 in 2008. The city has around 400 streets with a total length of 178 km and cover an area of 1.3 km2.

Railway

Satu Mare Rail Station, located about 2 km north of the city centre, is situated on the Căile Ferate Române Line 400 (Brașov – Siculeni – Deda – Dej – Baia Mare), on Line 402 (Oradea – Săcueni – Carei – Satu Mare – Halmeu) and on Line 417 (Satu Mare – Bixad). CFR provides direct rail connections to all the major Romanian cities and to Budapest. The city is also served by another secondary rail station, the Saw Station (Gara Ferăstrău).

Public transport
The main public transportation system in Satu Mare consists of bus lines. There are twenty-three urban and suburban lines with a total length of 190.1 km, the main operator being Transurban S.A. In addition, there are various taxi companies serving the city. It is worth mentioning that Satu Mare had a trolleybus system in the past, created on the 15th of November 1994 but has been closed in 2005.

Airport
The city is served by the Satu Mare International Airport, located 13 km south of the city, with a concrete runway, one of the longest in Romania, with TAROM and Wizz Air operating regular flights to Bucharest, London and Antalya (seasonal only).

Sports
Football (soccer) is the most popular recreational sport in Satu Mare. There are two major football clubs in Satu Mare: Olimpia and Someșul Oar. There are two football stadiums in Satu Mare: Stadionul Olimpia with 18,000 seats and Someșul Stadium with 3,000 seats.

Other popular recreational activities include fencing, handball, bowling, women's basketball, karate and chess.

The local women's basketball team CSM Satu Mare is one of the best in the Romanian league; it finished third in the 2008/2009 season playoffs. The team plays its home matches in the largest indoor arena in the city, the LPS Arena, which has a capacity of 400 seats.

The Cypriot professional tennis player Marcos Baghdatis was brought to Satu Mare in 1998 for a month and a half by his former coach Jean Dobrescu to train and to participate in local tennis competitions alongside his fellow Davis Cup team member, Rareș Cuzdriorean, who is also a Satu Mare native with Cypriot citizenship.

Fencing
Satu Mare has a tradition in fencing dating to 1885, and is the city that has supplied the most world and Olympic champions in Europe. Names like Ecaterina Stahl, Marcela Moldovan, Suzana and Ștefan Ardeleanu, Petru Kuki, Rudolf Luczki, Samuilă Melczhner, Geza Tere and in particular Alexandru Csipler figure prominently in the annals of Romanian fencing. The last four also formed the core of the city's fencing school, winning major local and international tournaments. Top results for which there is evidence date to 1935, when the local foil team, Olimpia Satu Mare, lost against CFR Timișoara by a score of 15–10 in the national final, while Rudolf Luczki won the sabre finals held in Cluj-Napoca. In 1973, the first signaling device in Romania was used in Satu Mare; this has been characterised as "a veritable revolution" for Romanian fencing.

Economy

Satu Mare benefits from its proximity to the borders with Hungary and Ukraine, which makes it a prime location for logistical and industrial parks.

Companies that have established production facilities in Satu Mare are Voestalpine, Dräxlmaier Group, Gotec Group, Anvis Group, Schlemmer, Casco Schützhelme and Zollner Elektronik in the industrial sector; FrieslandCampina in the food sector; Radici Group in the textile sector; and Saint-Gobain and Boissigny in the wood industry.

Currently the largest private employer in Satu Mare is the German automotive company Dräxlmaier Group which owns since 1998 an electric engine components factory in the city and has around 3,600 employees. The factory supplies automotive wiring especially to the German car manufacturer Daimler AG but it also supplied wiring to another car manufacturer Porsche for its Porsche Panamera model. The Swedish company Electrolux owns a kitchen stove factory in the city acquired in 1997, that has a surface area of 52000 sqm and 1,800 employees. The facility has an annual production capacity of around 1.2 million units and the majority of the Zanussi brand kitchen stoves in Europe are manufactured there. The Austrian company Voestalpine owns, since 2004, a steel tubes production facility with an annual capacity of 50 million units per year. The German company Arcandor has its main Romanian office established in Satu Mare. The subsidiary, accounting for the region formed by Romania and Hungary, is the most important among the 16 subsidiaries in Europe in terms of the percentage of sales through online orders having in 2008 total orders of €19.3 million. The company also owns a 40000 sqm logistic facility and a call center in the city.

Satu Mare's retail sector is fairly well-developed; a number of international companies such as Carrefour, Auchan, Kaufland, Metro Point, Lidl and Penny Market have supermarkets or hypermarkets in the city. There is also a regional mall, Shopping City Satu Mare, with a gross leasable area (GLA) of 29000 sqm, DIY stores (Dedeman, Brico Dépôt), and several other shopping centers: Grand Mall of 6000 sqm, Plaza Europa of 3000 sqm and Someșul Mall, of 13000 sqm.

There is also an industrial park called Satu Mare Industrial Park located at the edge of the city on a 70 ha surface.

Universities
Satu Mare is home to the Commercial Academy of Satu Mare and several other branches of important Romanian universities:
 * Babeș-Bolyai University
 * Spiru Haret University
 * Technical University of Cluj-Napoca
 * University of Oradea
 * Vasile Goldiș West University of Arad

High schools
Satu Mare has 16 high schools, of which four are national colleges:
 * Doamna Stanca National College
 * Ioan Slavici National College
 * Kölcsey Ferenc National College
 * Mihai Eminescu National College

Gymnasiums
The city has 16 gymnasiums, with the most important being:
 * The Grigore Moisil Gymnasium (Școala Generală Grigore Moisil), founded in 1903 and named after the mathematician Grigore Moisil.
 * The Ion Creangă Gymnasium (Școala Generală Ion Creangă), founded in 1990 and named after the writer Ion Creangă.
 * The Lucian Blaga Gymnasium (Școala Generală Lucian Blaga), founded in 1996 by Ioan Viman and named after the philosopher and writer Lucian Blaga.

Culture
Satu Mare has a county museum, an art museum, and a theatre, the North Theatre, built in 1889 which has both a Hungarian and a Romanian section. Concerts are given by the “Dinu Lipatti Philharmonic”, formerly the state symphonic orchestra of Satu Mare, in a concert hall in a wing of the Dacia Hotel. The county library had 320.000 books in 1997, including a special bibliophile collections of over 70.000 volumes.

Tourism
Major tourists attractions are:
 * Administrative Palace, at 97 m, one of the tallest buildings in Romania
 * Capitoline Wolf statue
 * Chain Church
 * Dacia Hotel
 * Decebal Street Synagogue
 * Firemen's Tower, a 47 m tall tower
 * Roman Catholic Cathedral

There are several hotels in the city: four 4-star hotels – Hotel Poesis, Villa Bodi, Satu-Mare City and Villa Class; eleven 3-star hotels – Astoria, Leon, Villa Lux, Dacia, Aurora, Dana I, Dana II, Select, Rania, Melody and Belvedere; and one 2-star hotel – Sport.

Newspapers

 * Informația Zilei – daily local newspaper
 * Gazeta de Nord-Vest – daily local newspaper
 * Cronica Sătmăreană – daily local newspaper
 * Friss Újság – daily local newspaper in Hungarian language
 * Szatmári Magyar Hírlap – daily local newspaper in Hungarian language

TV stations

 * TV1 Satu Mare
 * Nord Vest TV
 * Pro TV Satu Mare
 * Informația TV

Radio stations

 * Radio City Satu Mare
 * Radio Unu
 * Radio Transilvania
 * Radio ZU
 * Kiss FM Satu Mare

Online portal

 * Satu Mare Online
 * Sătmăreanul

Consulates

 * 🇺🇦 Honorary Consulate of Ukraine

Natives

 * Romania
 * 🇷🇴 Ioana Boitor
 * 🇷🇴 Gavril Both
 * 🇷🇴 Ciprian Brata
 * 🇷🇴 Vlad Bujor
 * 🇷🇴 Corina Ciorbă
 * 🇷🇴 Cosmin Costinaș
 * 🇷🇴 Daniel David
 * 🇷🇴 Mircea Florian
 * 🇷🇴 Florin Gardoș
 * 🇷🇴 Gábor Gerstenmájer
 * 🇷🇴 Emanuel Gyenes
 * 🇷🇴 Alexandru Karikaș
 * 🇷🇴 Simona Miculescu
 * 🇷🇴 Dorel Moiș
 * 🇷🇴 Ioan Mircea Pașcu
 * 🇷🇴 Vasile Paulovics
 * 🇷🇴 Ciprian Prodan
 * 🇷🇴 Daniel Prodan
 * 🇷🇴 Zoltan Ritli
 * 🇷🇴 Ovidiu Ioan Silaghi
 * 🇷🇴 Sergiu Suciu
 * 🇷🇴 Josef Szepeschy
 * 🇷🇴 Dan Zaviceanu
 * 🇷🇴 Ervin Zsiga

 * Hungary
 * 🇭🇺 Dániel Antal
 * 🇭🇺 Árpád Árvay
 * 🇭🇺 Antal Bánhidi
 * 🇭🇺 László Bánhidi
 * 🇭🇺 László Botka
 * 🇭🇺 Gábor Darvas
 * 🇭🇺 Arányi Dezső
 * 🇭🇺 András Domahidy
 * 🇭🇺 Jenő Dsida
 * 🇭🇺 Mónika Esztán
 * 🇭🇺 Zoltán Horváth
 * 🇭🇺 József Kürthy
 * 🇭🇺 Gyula Lengyel
 * 🇭🇺 Noémi Matsutani
 * 🇭🇺 Vince Nagy
 * 🇭🇺 György Nyisztor
 * 🇭🇺 Richárd Osváth
 * 🇭🇺 Zoltán Pánczél
 * 🇭🇺 Moshe Dovid Winternitz

 * Germany
 * 🇩🇪 Zita-Eva Funkenhauser
 * 🇩🇪 Monika Weber-Koszto
 * 🇩🇪 Rita König
 * 🇩🇪 Susanne König

 * Canada
 * 🇨🇦 Corneliu Chisu
 * 🇨🇦 Ernest Klein

 * USA
 * 🇺🇸 Ernie Grunfeld
 * 🇺🇸 Yoel Levi

 * Cyprus
 * 🇨🇾 Rareș Cuzdriorean

 * Israel
 * 🇮🇱 Miriam Fried

Twin towns and sister cities
Satu Mare is twinned with:
 * Zutphen, Netherlands, since 1970
 * 🇩🇪 Wolfenbüttel, Germany, since  1974
 * 🇭🇺 Nyíregyháza, Hungary, since 2000
 * 🇺🇦 Berehove, Ukraine, since 2007
 * 🇵🇱 Rzeszów, Poland, since  2007

Official websites

 * Satu Mare administration official site
 * Satu Mare County Prefecture
 * Satu Mare Municipal Council
 * Transurban (Public Transport Company) official site
 * Satu Mare International Airport

Unofficial websites

 * Satu Mare Online
 * Satu-Mare.com
 * Szatmar.ro

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Satu Mare


text:
User:Adolfrajat

Laxmi, Can you read your name? Obviously you can't and won't. It's not your name. Or is it? No name is. Isn't it? I watch chappals these days. What's the latest count? 32.??

This is after a space of many days. You are now working...You also visit Kaya Clinic.

title: User:Adolfrajat


text:
Talk:EADS

Company, not consortium
EADS is not a consortium, while Airbus used to be one. A consortium is just an alliance of companies, EADS is a single company. David.Monniaux 23:54, 2 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Military Aircraft division
In my attempt at improving the layout of the subdivision section, I tentatively outlined the Mil. Aircraft div. as consisting of Eurocopter and Dassault. Is this correct or not, and if not could someone more knowledgeable fix it? --Wernher 23:24, 15 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Great aircraft pictures!
Hey, thanks ≈1.0E06 to H1523702 for entering the two EADS airplane photos into the artice; IMO, they greatly improved it (made it much more visually appealing)! :-) --Wernher 23:54, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Locations
Anonymous edit before mine rearranged the locations (and broke the layout slightly by eliminating a <br>). Rearranged and added Spain to match the listing on EADS' site:

the road to the formation of EADS was paved with many partnerships and joint projects at Aerospatiale Matra, CASA and Dasa

European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS N.V. Le Carré · Beechavenue 130-132 · 1119 PR Schiphol Rijk · The Netherlands

EADS Deutschland GmbH · 81663 Munich · Germany EADS France S.A.S. · 37, boulevard de Montmorency · 75781 Paris Cedex 16 · France EADS CASA · Ava. de Aragón, 404, 28022 Madrid · Spain

From History of EADS: European Partnerships

-- JHunterJ 12:43, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Airbus percentage
This article says EADS holds 75% of Airbus, but Airbus says Airbus is jointly held by EADS (80%). --Abdull 18:14, 22 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, even the main body text of this article says 80% too, which is correct. The 75% was my mistake when updating infobox. Nice catch. Mark83 18:35, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

Merge
Here's a thought. This article is really short. Let's face it...Aérospatiale-Matra was only created to facilitate the creation of EADS. It lived a very short life. Perhaps we should merge this article with EADS and include it as a section? —Joseph/N328KF (Talk) 15:46, 9 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose. It was a major company - short lived or not. European defence mergers can be extremely confusing, having a link and separate article for Aérospatiale-Matra allows the various companies and mergers to be explained clearly. I'm not sure about "was only created to facilitate the creation of EADS". BAe sought a partner for its missile division for a very long time, including Thomson-CSF. Mark83 13:56, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

EADS NA Defense Security and Systems Solutions, Inc. link added to EADS website.

 * What relationship does this company and link have with European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS N.V.?

 * EADS is our parent company. We are based in Texas and fall under EADS North America. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Gam2121 (talk • contribs) 00:32, 20 March 2007 (UTC).

Criticisms should be documented
One should perhaps get some external links documenting the 'arms dealing' criticisms of EADS -- the criticisms shouldn't just stand there as is. --Wernher 14:23, 28 Nov 2003 (UTC)

In addition, the section on cluster bombs is primarily an over-emphatic denounciation of the criticism. G y  re  01:29, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

Inadequate Citing
I have several pieces of coursework due at the moment so I dont have time to check, and/or cite all the statements here, but the article needs to be referenced properly. Aslapnatickle 13:32, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

EADS Deutschland?
I've seen the company referred to this on a number of sites. Is there any difference between it and EADS proper? Does it develop projects independenlty of EADS France or EADS Italia? 74.106.24.62 (talk) 07:22, 2 December 2010 (UTC)

Subsidiaries
Shouldn't ATR be listed as one?

 * Yes it should and it is. Xionbox₪ 06:56, 23 June 2011 (UTC)

BAE merger
http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/business/article/uk-says-prepared-to-veto-eads-bae-merger Time is running out before a UK regulatory deadline of Oct. 10 for a blueprint of the deal,

 * That's the first I've heard about that. Does anybody have a more detailed ref on the Oct 10 matter? Hcobb (talk) 23:42, 7 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Acquisitions and mergers of UK companies is regulated by the The Panel on Takeovers and Mergers.

 * "The Code" which the Panel uses "has been developed since 1968 to reflect the collective opinion of those professionally involved in the field of takeovers as to appropriate business standards and as to how fairness to shareholders and an orderly framework for takeovers can be achieved ....The Code is based upon six General Principles, which are essentially statements of standards of commercial behaviour."

 * The "deadline" of Oct 10 is due to rule 2.6 of the code:

 * "(a) Subject to Rule 2.6(b), by not later than 5.00 pm on the 28th day following the date of the announcement in which it is first identified, or by not later than any extended deadline, a potential offeror must either:

 * (i) announce a firm intention to make an offer in accordance with Rule 2.7; or

 * (ii) announce that it does not intend to make an offer, in which case the announcement will be treated as a statement to which Rule 2.8 applies, unless the Panel has consented to an extension of the deadline."

 * Mark83 (talk) 10:34, 8 October 2012 (UTC)

Describe as "dutch" in opening sentence?
An editor is very keen to add the word "dutch" [sic] to the opening phrase "The European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company N.V. (EADS) is a global pan-European aerospace and defence corporation" to turn it into "The European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company N.V. (EADS) is a global pan-European dutch aerospace and defence corporation". To me this doesn't seem appropriate. The article already says where the company is headquartered, and the section EADS doesn't seem to support describing it particularly as a Dutch company. I'm not going to revert him again at this stage, but the views of other editors would be welcome. - David Biddulph (talk) 11:19, 30 April 2013 (UTC)
 * EADS is not a dutch company, I think the name says that already. I fully support what you wrote. --Julian H. ( talk  ) 17:47, 30 April 2013 (UTC)

Separate article for EADS and Airbus Group
I've been bold and moved the article back to EADS, and created a new article for Airbus Group. EADS was structured far differently than Airbus Group will be, and I think the differences will be better illustrted by having separate articles. - BilCat (talk) 21:28, 2 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Internal division reorganization or no, it seems to me that this was a hasty split that should have had more discussion. Companies reorganize divisions all the time, and change names frequently, too. Performing such moves simultaneously is actually a pretty common thing. But we don't typically have different articles for one continuous company nregardless of renaming or reorganization. I believe the articles should be remerged. oknazevad (talk) 04:30, 10 January 2014 (UTC)
 * I agree they should be remerged it is the same company just a new name, as said many companies restructure and there is no need to have the two separate articles. Mark999 (talk) 02:02, 13 January 2014 (UTC)
 * To further illustrate, the press, such as the Reuters article], has characterized it as just a renaming, so there really is no justification for a split. I'm going to tag for merging. oknazevad (talk) 22:24, 16 January 2014 (UTC)
 * It'll be interesting to see how you write the combined article to keep the pre- and post-restructuring material without making it too confusing and convoluted. Have you done the merge already in a sandbox to show how the final product will look? - BilCat (talk) 03:14, 17 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Mostly just copy the history and other material into the Airbus Group article, while putting the organizational list here under a heading like "former divisions". With the caveat that some former units are the same as the current ones, just renamed. Not too difficult at all.oknazevad (talk) 05:47, 18 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Looking through the merged article, seen here, the history narrative went together quite easily, but the long list of units from before the reorganiztion seems pointless, so I left it out, especially since it is unsourced. Seems just too detailed for a broad overview in a general interest work like wikipedia; someone who wants to know every detail of how the company is structured should look to the company's own sources instead of here. I also wonder about the level of detail on some of the financial history; Wikipedia is not a business news daily worried about short term fluctuations in the stock price and some of the events seem to have had little long term impact. In a similar vein, we'll need to make sure the executives section is up-to-date with the reorganization; as it stands the info is at least six months old. Thinned out some irrelevant external links, too. Take a look.
 * Regardless, though, the articles need to be merged, as it is factually incorrect to say it is a different company when it is not.oknazevad (talk) 06:34, 18 January 2014 (UTC)

New article for EADS
 Support new article for "EADS" - I tried to start a new article for EADS, even though the previous article was moved without BROAD consensus. tried requesting that the article for Airbus Group be reverted back to EADS (stating "The multi-page move that was done to change the EADS page to Airbus Group should be undone while the Merge discussion continues"), but this did not happen. If you think about it, it begs the question, "What would happen if someone were to move Airbus Group to EaDs and there was no consensus"? I have tried requesting that the issue be taken to WP:AFD, but this was not done. --Jax 0677 (talk) 02:38, 1 October 2014 (UTC)

 * I still support separate articles, but all revert-warring with the other user will do do is get you both is blocked for edit warring. The best thing to do at this stage is to undo your own edits, add a splt header to Airbus Group, and open a discussion for the split on its talk page. - BilCat (talk) 02:59, 1 October 2014 (UTC)

 * There was no consensus supporting the move of Airbus Group back to EADS. That's not the same as saying that there was no consensus for the merge/move to Airbus Group.
 * The fact that the sources plainly that it is the same company renamed, not a different company in any way shape or form, makes this illogical and factually incorrect split utterly unneeded. Plus the article has been stable for 9 months, so there was clearly a stable consensus to have one article. You should not have reverted my restoration of the redirect at all, but gone immediately to the talk page. That would have been a proper following of WP:BRD, as you made a bold move, and were reverted to the status quo. It shouldn't take an additional revert cycle for you to start the discussion. And the redirect should remain in place until the discussion concludes, as that was the previous status quo state.
 * Also, what does AFD (which is "articles for deletion") have to do with this? No one is proposing a deletion of the redirect, just that it be restored to pointing to the article it has pointed to stably for the last 9 months.
 * You, as the proposer of a change to the status quo, must provide compelling evidence for changing it. Mere procedural claims, which are incorrect, do not trump facts. And you're incorrect. The discussion ended months ago. There's no reason to prolong factually incorrect claims. EADS is not a defunct company! Airbus Group is not a new company! They're the same company! There's absolutely no compelling evidence to split the article again in contradiction to the verifiable reliable sources in the article itself stating plainly that they are the same company. oknazevad (talk) 03:08, 1 October 2014 (UTC)

 * It's not "incorrect" to have more than one article for all of a company's incarnations, and there is nothing in WP's guidelines that mandates only one article. It's handled on a case by case basis. In this case, a historical snapshot of the company as EADS is useful to the encyclopedia in my opinion, and that of at least 2 other users. - BilCat (talk) 03:34, 1 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Agreed with BilCat. There is no particular reason per Wikipedia policies and guidelines that would prevent the historical company that was EADS for a decade and a half from having it's own article.  In fact, the details of the EADS company rather logically go into that article, while only a high-level summary of the "EADS chapter" of history would need to be in whatever the remains of that company might be called at some later time.  Cheers.  N2e (talk) 19:03, 1 October 2014 (UTC)

 * I think it's totally redundant having two articles. This is evident by that fact that the EADS page recreated is just a repetition of what is now at Airbus Group (almost verbatim). If history had been different and EADS merged with BAE Systems for example it would make sense to have an article for 'Old EADS' and a new one for 'EADSBAE'. As it its a company simply changed its name... why complicate things? Mark83 (talk) 19:18, 1 October 2014 (UTC)

 *  Reply - First of all, this was a notable reorganization of the company. Second, many articles about corporations have separate articles about their histories.  Third,  shows that there are several companies and products that bear the "EADS" name.

 * One article to discuss the well known EADS organization, and another to discuss the reorganized company seems reasonable to me. This is why I proposed putting this to WP:AFD.  Additionally, since it was requested by User:N2e that the article be moved back to EADS during the previous move discussion (which N2e would likely have done had he been able to do so), the article was not moved back to "EADS" per WP:BRD like it should have been, even though it was stable for months, if not years.  Also, what is now at Airbus Group is a "repetition of what" was at EADS before the premature move. --Jax 0677 (talk) 21:57, 2 October 2014 (UTC)
 * To reply in logical order -- 1st I never said it wasn't a notable reorganization, but this could still be covered at Airbus Group. 2nd yes a separate article may be appropriate if it's large enough (this isn't). 3rd - I don't really know what point you're trying to make there. And finally I'm not saying having two articles is 'unreasonable', I just see it as more logical to cover it all at Airbus Group considering the history isn't complicated or especially tortuous (i.e. keep it simple if at all possible). Mark83 (talk) 22:07, 2 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Mark, I'm trying to address your previous point that "...the EADS page recreated is just a repetition of what is now at Airbus Group (almost verbatim)." However, I'm being reverted. It makes sense to me to have differences in the articles so we can see how they look. - BilCat (talk) 23:14, 2 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Mark, in moving some of the history to the EADS article, it is evident that there isn't a large amount of material. However, some content was lost, as has been a concern of mine all along. Mainly this is the organizational structure of EADS before the rebranding, which is different enough to be noteworthy of keeping somewhere. How could this be addressed if the articles were re-merged? Thanks. - BilCat (talk) 23:22, 2 October 2014 (UTC)
 * I'm still of the opinion that there should be one article at Airbus Group with a history section to deal with the time it was called EADS (i.e. it is the same company). However if the consensus is to have two articles I totally agree that it should be what you are trying to achieve - and EADS article with the full history and an Airbus Group article post-rename. Mark83 (talk) 11:35, 3 October 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:EADS


text:
Heligoland trap

A Heligoland trap (or funnel trap) is a large, building-sized, funnel-shaped, rigid structure of wire mesh or netting used to trap birds, so that they can be banded or otherwise studied by ornithologists.

The name is taken from the site of the first such trap, the Heligoland Bird Observatory on the island of Heligoland, Germany, where it was developed by Hugo Weigold who established the observatory and initiated the banding program there. The trap has a series of linked funnels that guides birds or other animals in but makes it hard for them to leave. Funnel traps of smaller size can also be used to trap squirrels and insects.

Rybachy trap
The Rybachy trap is a variation or expansion of the Heligoland trap in that it is a large, passive trap consisting of linked funnels terminating in a small chamber from which the birds are extracted for banding and measuring before release. It differs in being larger – it may have an entrance some 30 m wide by 15 m high – and by having a non-rigid body made of netting rather than wire mesh. It was developed in 1957 by Janis Jakšisat under the leadership of Lev Belopolsky at the Rybachy Biological Station (formerly the Rossitten Bird Observatory) at Rybachy, Kaliningrad Oblast in Russia, on the Curonian Spit.

title: Heligoland trap


text:
Talk:Glossary of chess

Cook
I changed the definition of "Cook", since: According to the British Chess Problems Society site http://www.bcps.knightsfield.co.uk/introduction.html, A cook is an unintended solution; also, it is is not a "second" solution, because certain types of problems have many times more than one intended solution.

Inconsistency
The entry for "Norm" says that you have to get three norms to be a grandmaster -- however, the linked "norm" page says that you only need two norms. Which is correct? 50.236.201.50 (talk) 13:43, 23 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Looked at a variety of sources, all of them say it's three. Will edit accordingly. ISaveNewspapers (talk) 04:25, 24 July 2023 (UTC)
 * The relevant primary source is the FIDE Title Regulations effective 1 January 2023. They do not specify a number of norms, but specify (section 1.5.1) that there must be at least 27 games. Earlier versions of the regs may have specified a number of norms, I don’t remember. Bruce leverett (talk) 12:15, 24 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Ron Henley got the GM title from a single monster 26 player round robin, I don't think that would be legal anymore. The point is that the GM title is not defined in terms of a set number of norms, although in practice it usually means three. Also some events such as the Olympiad are counted as "double norms". MaxBrowne2 (talk) 22:51, 24 July 2023 (UTC)

Piece definition absence
Why include entries for the pieces but not give them legitimate definitions? ISaveNewspapers (talk) 03:45, 24 July 2023 (UTC)

Starting position
"Starting position" is not a chess-specific term. Every board game has one. Every manual tells what the starting position is (i.e. king on e1, queen on d1, etc.), but no manual defines the term "starting position". I don't think we should define it either. Bruce leverett (talk) 02:13, 9 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Agreed. (No special meaning qualifying as a glossary term.) The term array is currently defined at end of gloss entry . Perhaps the add'l phrases "initial position", "starting position", "original position" c/ be mentioned there!? --IHTS (talk) 02:54, 9 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Actually the meaning of "starting position" is intuitively obvious since consisting of plain English words. Ditto "initial position" but a bit less obvious. Re "original position", it seems rarer but whenever/wherever used the context probably explains. --IHTS (talk) 03:01, 9 August 2023 (UTC)

Schlechtester Zug
can someone add this to glossary please? pretty little used nowadays, but it has it's own notation symbol '???', and is still there in Arena Chess. It mean's Worst Move. Kempee (talk) 11:01, 5 September 2023 (UTC)
 * "Worst move" is just a straight translation. Is it really a technical term? MaxBrowne2 (talk) 11:46, 5 September 2023 (UTC)

Can opener
Is this actually a chess term, or just a term invented by one author? Because I've never heard of it before. MaxBrowne2 (talk) 22:11, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Here is the edit that added it to the glossary. It predates the book by Souleidis.  Sorry, that isn't very helpful for finding a proper source, but it suggests that there must be something out there.  There is a famous description of prying open the h-file in the Sicilian Dragon in Fischer's My 60 Memorable Games, game 2, but it doesn't mention can openers. Bruce leverett (talk) 23:01, 29 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Glossary of chess


text:
Joure

Joure (West Frisian: De Jouwer) is a town in the north of the Netherlands. It is the administrative center of De Fryske Marren, Friesland. With 13,090 inhabitants, it is also the most populous town in the municipality.

Residents of Joure are called Jousters; they are also commonly referred to as Jouster Keallepoaten. The Frisian keallepoat (calf's leg) refers to a baked offering, which early Jousters made to a water spirit, offering gratitude for bestowing so much water on their lands. The product consists of two elongated pastries that are baked next to and against each other and therefore resemble calf legs. They are made from rye flour, honey and various herbs.

History
Joure originated partly on top of a gaast (sand ridge) and a late Medieval dike that ran from the local toll house to Haskerhorne; the later Midstraat was built on the crown of this embankment. In addition to this, Joure also lay on a crossing of waterways next to the former village of Westermeer. In the early fifteenth century, many canals were dug by traders of the Hanseatic League. They were looking for a remote place that could only be reached through canals and by trekschuit, because these places were relatively safe from the feared Northerners. Then the Kolk was also dug, from where a De Overspitting waterway to Heerenveen was dug.

During the Great Depression of the twentieth century there was a lot of activity in Joure. The peat that came from the present day lake of Nannewiid, south of Oudehaske, was transported on prams in Joure and was transferred to skûtsjes. This transfer took place at the place where the Oerdracht church now stands.

Some street names, such as Eeltsjebaes, Aukebaes and Hettebaes, still recall the shipyards, where new skûtsjes and prams were made, but many repairs were also made. Before World War II, Joure was part of an extensive horse-drawn tram network. Joure was connected with Sneek, Lemmer and Heerenveen. The Stationsstraat is a street name from that era. Before the construction of these rails, roads had to be built of which the Tramwei street is a reminder. Before then, people were used to doing all transport by boat.

Joure is traditionally not a city, but also too big to be called a village. According to Old Frisian tradition, such a place is called a vlecke.

There are different theories about the origin of the name Joure or De Jouwer. It is often thought that it comes from the Frisian word Hjouwer, which refers to oats.

Joure is also inextricably linked to that of Douwe Egberts (DE). In 1753, Douwe Egberts' father, Egbert Douwes, started a colonial merchandise business on the Midstraat in Joure, which has become the well-known coffee roaster. For years, there was another DE store on the Midstraat. It was closed on 24 October 2014.

Until the municipal reorganization of 1984, Joure was the administrative center of the former municipality of Haskerland and then until 2014 of the former municipality of Skarsterlân. Joure then became part of the municipality of De Fryske Marren.

The Haulster forests lie east of Joure. De Haskerveenpolder is located north of Joure. The Langweerderwielen is a lake located west of Joure. Joure has a public subtropical swimming pool, marina, a historic town center, and water-rich residential areas.

Economy
The town has been renowned since the 18th century for the manufacture of traditional Frisian clocks ('stoelklokken' and 'staartklokken'). This was pure home-industry aided by the presence of a local copper-melting facility. As of today, a handful of skilled tradesmen continue to manufacture these clocks.

In 1753 Egbert Douwes founded a company selling colonial goods in Joure. Starting in a small store, this venture really began to evolve as an industrial giant during the 1930-1950's. Family heirs renamed the company to Douwe Egberts and made it a world imperium, mainly focusing on coffee, tea and tobacco. As of today many people in this town still have jobs at or related to DE, even though its headquarters moved to the city of Utrecht decades ago. Further typical industries that helped Joure grow are those related to the furniture and graphic sectors.

Tourism
Tourism has always been important and Joure offers a wide variety of uniquely typical Frisian attractions of historical, cultural and recreational significance. Its central location as well its sound transportation system make a visit to "De Flecke" easy and memorable.

Windmills
There are two restored windmills in Joure, De Groene Molen and Penninga's Molen. The base of a third mill, Wielinga-stam also survives.

Notable people

 * Egbert Douwes (1723–1802), founder of Jacobs Douwe Egberts
 * Wynoldus Munniks (1744–1806), professor in medicine
 * Frans Julius Johan van Eysinga (1752–1828), grietman of Doniawerstal
 * Elias Annes Borger (1784–1820), professor in theology and the arts
 * Geart Aeilco Wumkes (1869–1954), theologian and historian
 * Nicolas Japikse (1872–1944), historian
 * Jacob Jongbloed (1895–1974), physiologist
 * Heije Schaper (1906–1996), military officer and politician
 * Charles Groenhuijsen (born 1954), journalist and publicist
 * Arend Glas (born 1968), bobsledder
 * Bert Jan van der Veen (born 1968), speed skater
 * Jelle ten Rouwelaar (born 1980), former football player
 * Danny Noppert (born 1990), darts player
 * Andries Noppert (born 1994), football player for SC Heerenveen and the Netherlands National Football Team

Twin towns — sister cities
Joure is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Drolshagen, Germany
 * 🇷🇴 Mediaș, Romania

title: Joure


text:
Marooned

Marooned may refer to:
 * Marooning, the intentional act of abandoning someone in an uninhabited area

Film and television

 * Marooned (1933 film), a British drama film
 * Marooned (1969 film), an American science-fiction film
 * Marooned (1994 film), a short film
 * Marooned (2004 film), a football documentary
 * Marooned (2019 film), a short film included on the home media releases of Abominable
 * "Marooned" (Legends of Tomorrow), an episode of Legends of Tomorrow
 * "Marooned" (Red Dwarf), an episode of Red Dwarf
 * Marooned with Ed Stafford, a documentary television series

Other uses

 * File:Marooned by Edward J Gregory.jpg, the 1887 oil painting by Edward John Gregory
 * Marooned (novel), by Martin Caidin, 1964
 * Marooned (band), an American a cappella band
 * "Marooned" (instrumental), on Pink Floyd's 1994 album The Division Bell
 * "Marooned", a song from the album Death or Glory by Running Wild

title: Marooned


text:
Robert Gordon (philanthropist)

Robert Gordon (1668–1731) was a Scottish merchant and philanthropist. He is most well known for his founding of a charitable hospital which later evolved into a school and then a university in Aberdeen.

Early life
Robert Gordon was born in Aberdeen. He was the only son of Arthur Gordon (1625-1680) who married Isabella Menzies of Balgownie. He was baptised in 1688. When Arthur Gordon, a well-respected advocate in the Edinburgh courts, died in 1680, he left his twelve-year-old son the sum of 20,000 merks (about £1,100, ).

When Gordon reached the age of sixteen he became a Burgess of the City of Aberdeen. Among other benefits, this entitled him to follow a merchant's trade in the town. During the next few years he attended Marischal College, graduating in 1689.

Career
Soon after graduating, he left Aberdeen, travelling far and wide around Northern Europe before finally settling in Gdańsk (also known as Danzig) where he established himself as a merchant trader. Over the next few decades he built a highly successful business in Gdansk and soon became wealthy. By 1692, he was rich enough to donate a large sum of money to his old college and by 1699, it appears that he was providing low interest loans to landowners in Aberdeenshire who needed working capital.

Gordon was a loyalist to the early Jacobite cause in Scotland and at times, gave significant financial support to the Stuart court in exile.

Return to Aberdeen, death, and legacy
Little more is known about his time on the Baltic Sea but by 1720 at the latest, he returned to Aberdeen a very wealthy man. However he had never married and had no heirs. Consequently, he decided that his fortune would be used to found 'a hospital for maintenance, aliment, entertainment and education of young boys' and wrote his will to that effect. He started work on the project in 1730. He died shortly thereafter but the project had started and the funding remained, with £10,300 left to the town council of Aberdeen to administer. Owing to his foresightedness, so work continued on the hospital. His death was recorded as being on 28 April 1731.

Construction of the building was completed in 1743. However, before it could be used for its intended purpose, it was taken over by the Duke of Cumberland to use as a barracks for the Hanoverian troops on his visit to Aberdeen in 1746 to put down the Jacobite rising, and so the hospital did not open until 1750.

During the nineteenth century the hospital developed in two different directions. The first, aimed at secondary education led directly to the modern private school, Robert Gordon's College. The second, aimed at tertiary education, developed in combination with external technical institutes such as Gray's School of Art, into an institution which achieved university status in 1992 as Robert Gordon University.

title: Robert Gordon (philanthropist)