text:
Talk:Yossarian

Yossarian is a Bombardier
If I recall correctly, isn't Yossarian a bomber pilot (the one who flies the bomber) and not the bombadier (who actually aims and drops the bombs)? --Raul654 22:29, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * I don't think so...he's always in the back of the plane doing something, as far as I remember. He's definitely never flying though. Adam Bishop 22:32, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * He's definetly the bombardier, Heller mentions he is the lead bombardier and the pilot he flies with is McWatt.
 * You might have gotten confused because he says a few times that hes in the nose of the plane which is the area below the pilots in a little glass dome area. Google B-25 to know what i mean, he was definitely bombardier.

Anti-hero?
Yossarian didn't strike me as an anti-hero. He seems to be the only unflawed character in the novel. PoptartKing 00:29, 16 October 2005 (UTC)
 * Yes but in a classical sense he is not a hero - he is proud that he is a coward and does not want to risk his life for his country. Hence he is an anti-hero, even if we love him for it. --Lethaniol 11:21, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I think that Yossarian is an anti-hero in a sense; A hero in war novels is traditionally more like Havermayer; Always willing to go straight into the thick of battle, or maybe like Nately; with blind patriotism demonstrated in the argument with the old man in Rome. But while being an anti-hero, he is not a bad character, he is ac ting upon the basic human instinct- to survive, and while he seems crazy to the other characters, he seems to be one of the few sane ones, as he is only trying to lengthen his own life, while Havermayer with his disregard for his own life, Nately with his blind and unbreakable patriotism and Aarfys psychosis are the trul insane ones. Orr too is sane, as he is merely trying to survive by practising crash landings to perfection so he may one day escape Pianosa without accusations of desertion.-Chrislewisfulham 20:09, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

This movie portrayed Armenians in WWII as cowards or Shakespearian Falstaff characters. It was absolutely despicable. Monte Melkonian (talk) 05:08, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

That is irrelevant to this discussion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.218.169.100 (talk) 12:35, 1 November 2012 (UTC)

John???
I'm not sure one throwaway comment by Cathcart is enough to say for certain that Yossarian's first name is John.
 * There are multiple other references given from Closing Time. --Lethaniol 11:21, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

It absolutely is NOT "John". The first name is NEVER revealed, leading to the oft-used question of teachers to their Heller readers, "What is Yossarian's first name"? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.248.159.226 (talk) 21:26, 14 January 2013 (UTC)

Ending
"Cathcart backs down and offers to release him from duty as a reward for not telling anybody." Not only is this inaccurate, it completely misses the point of the agreement between Yossarian and the Generals at the end of the book. They ask Yossarian to "like" them.
 * so change it 68.39.127.114 15:38, 16 June 2006 (UTC)
 * This summary is wrong in many places, and needs someone who's actually read the book to go through it and sort everything out properly. 19/11/05

Yossarian earns Cathcart's ire for a smuggling scam that was actually perpetrated by Milo and is threatened with imprisonment.
I thought they were going to stick him for desertion - there was no mention of smuggling in my copy of the book, though it does mention Milo tried to smuggle something in Italy, which he told the police commissioner in Rome.

 * That is correct that is not in the book (maybe it is from the film). In fact that whole last paragraph is completely wrong will sort it tomorrowLethaniol 23:54, 30 October 2006 (UTC) if someone does not do it before. Cheers

Multiple character pages
Is it just me, or would it make more sense to have all of a novel's chracters on one page, as opposed to twenty different sites for all of them? 11/27/05
 * See discussion on main Catch-22 article please --Lethaniol 11:21, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree that Talk:Catch-22 and perhaps Talk:List of Catch-22 characters are better places for discussing one-page-per-character vs all-characters-on-one-page. --DavidCary (talk) 14:45, 2 November 2017 (UTC)

MASH
Personally, I see a huge similarity between him and Alan Alda's character, Hawkeye Pierce from MASH 1/31/06
 * clinger from MASH is based off yosarian. and also i dont get how this "Ironically, he is described as preferring to die naturally than being killed in combat. It is a particular species of death that Yossarian apparently dreads "is ironic.

do you know what irony means? 22/5/06

TIDY UP
Right I have sorted the ending as it was so obviously wrong. There is no mention of smuggling in the the last 3 chapters!!! This article does need a lot of work on it though. I will likely come along and implement the Wikiproject Novels character template soon - I had not realised before how poor this article was - I was trying to sort out the smaller ones first! Anyway please feel free to flesh out as much as possible the story of Yossarian in Catch-22. I have not read Closing Time yet - so could someone else start writing up what he gets up to in that book.

P.S. Have sorted this discussion out so much easier to navigate. CheersLethaniol 11:21, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Have implemented Wikiproject Novel character template, as this article was a mess, and started to add detail. A lot more detail is required in particular:

 * All the section stubs need to be expanded.
 * There is no information on Closing Time as yet - which would be welcome.

 * Hopefully this new format will help focus contributions to this article Cheers --Lethaniol 15:41, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

Wikiproject Classification
Not yet classified, could I suggest to the assessor that it be marked as START (as clearly it is devoid of a lot of useful information and necessary), and as HIGH importance. I believe it should be rated as HIGH as the novel Catch-22 is likely to be promoted to TOP, and as the main protagonist and with a cult anti-hero following, especially at the time of the Vietnam War, and to a lesser extent now. Anyway that's my opinion. - Added by User:Kevinalewis

 * Agree have changed to High. Cheers Lethaniol 22:52, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

Major themes?
This section is rather strange. Why is there such an add of the book in the main characters article? I will delete as such, as it has no real value into the whole piece. --Soetermans 22:44, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Sorry I have reverted your good faith edit. Both of these sections are very important (especially the theme section) but currently well underdeveloped. Hence why they have the template there - to encourage people to expand. Lethaniol 22:50, 22 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Eh, could you stop deleting sections just because nobody's really touched them yet, Soetermans? I mean, they're going to get done... eventually, once all the... you know. Sometime. Apparently we're trying to follow the Novel Project template, so if you have a beef with empty/arbitrarily-placed sections, take it up with them. (No one listens) Or at least mention it here, otherwise you'll just get reverterised.Artiste-extraordinaire 23:49, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

You make it sound like I delete all empty sections, extraordinaire. Anyway, my apologies for deleting the themes section. So why is the theme section very important? Aren't the book's themes listed on its own article? And isn't this one just about the fictional character Yossarian? --Soetermans 08:12, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Hmm. My bad. I probably meant you'd got rid of the same section more than once before. Never mind. The reason for having the (admittedly sparse) Themes secton is that, especially in a novel as complex as Catch-22, different characters are used to explore different aspects of the novel's many themes. Appleby is used to comment on the validity of always following instructions (eg, the Great Atabrine Insurrection) and Havermeyer is used as an example of how excelling in whatever does not necessarily mean that a person is particularly well-balanced, mentally. (I obviously suck at thematic discussion, so I'll leave it to others.) Yossarian, as the protagonist, is used to explore in a way most of the themes (God, survival vs. duty, etc), as well as representing the author's conclusion (unless we're all Post-Structuralistas) which means that his Themes section will be similar to the main novel's one, although it will focus more heavily on his contribution to the literary discussion of the ideas Heller presents. Artiste-extraordinaire 02:55, 19 February 2007 (UTC) (Oh, and don't mess with my czeching. Poor form.)

 * I agree with Artiste - the themes are the most important part of Catch-22 but unfortunately also the most difficult to write. This is because we (as Wikipedians) can not write up from scratch the theme sections (see WP:OR]]) but need to get the info from reliable sources (see WP:RS) - which is going to take a lot of work - but needs to be done. Until then people can put basic information into the themes sections - but it will eventually need backing up with sources. Cheers Lethaniol

Understood! Too bad my understanding of literature doesn't suffice to help this article, but I'm glad to know what the goal is here. And sorry for correcting your "cheching", Artiste. --Soetermans 08:40, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

Yossarian Lives
I was checking out the Italian version of this page, and it made me remember this little catchcry that I've seen pop up from time to time. Apparently a full-page ad was taken out in the NY Times as promotion for the book prior to its release, and all it said was YOSSARIAN LIVES. And although it's been a while and I was never really fussed about it, I seem to recall it being somewhere in Closing Time. Anyone have any solid basis for either of those, and want to chuck it in somewhere?Artiste-extraordinaire 23:49, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Yep this is correct, I think it mentioned in the preface of my copy of Catch-22 - will also go check the NY times website Cheers Lethaniol 23:54, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

 * A related aside. I do not know if this is mentioned in the above sources, but shortly after the novel came out, a friend of mine and fellow graduate student, who was himself of Armenian ancestry—his father had emigrated to the US from Armenia—told me that in Armenian, 'yossar' means "still alive". I've verified this recently with another independent source, someone I came to know recently who is also of Armenian extraction. Since '-ian' is a typical ending for an Armenian surname, this makes sense in context. Furthermore, as Yossarian in Heller's novel is constantly avoiding being killed, it also makes sense as a name that means something (just as many names in Heller's novel mean something, e.g., Major Major, Colonel Scheisskopf, etc.). It is also consistent with the text "YOSSARIAN LIVES" of the ad mentioned above. So it may well be that Heller knew of this fact and used it in a subtle way in his novel. Bill Jefferys (talk) 21:28, 14 September 2016 (UTC)

Timeline
There are two potential problems I see with the timeline. Three, even. The first is that for those curious souls who wish to hold Wikipedia accountable to its sources, it isn't possible for them to view the original document of the inimitable Clinton S. Burhans, Jr. it its entirety, owing to fact that not everyone has unfettered access to JSTOR. I for one would love to read it, but as it is I once again march along with the majority in not being able to veiw anything but the first page. The second is that (and I believe I've brought this up elsewhere, not going to check, though) there are conflicts and inconsistencies between the chronologies produced by various critics, so even Mr. Burhans, Jr. is not a completely reputable source. Namely, there are Doug Gaukroger (which is viewable for some sort of free spam trial here ) and Stephen W. Potts, who made exactly what we are looking for here since it details what are solely Yossarian's actions in the story. The third is that it is structured poorly, with repeated dates on every point. That can be easily fixed by someone with The Know-How, perhaps into a table of some sort, a la Potts, but with care not to plagiarise. Enjoy. Artiste-extraordinaire 13:02, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

 * In answer to these points - 1) is irrelevant if inconvenient, Wikipedia will reference many sources that people do not have easy access to. In this case I am happy to cut and paste various short segments of the document, or the whole original timeline if needed. By the way if you can get access to this document it is well worth a read, especially as the most interesting bits are on the structure of themes in the novel, yet to be added to Catch-22 article.

 * 3)Okay I need to improve the structure/format and will get round to it soon. I was not going to spend a lot of time on this at first in case people just deleted it as to controversial/impractical to start off with.

 * 2)This is the most valid and interesting point that deserves great attention. I have not read any other timelines, so I could only comment on this one intially, I will go find out about this Doug Gaukroger version soon.

 * There are a number of ways to address this issue - one would be that we merge all the timelines we find but this is likely to break WP:NOR so I would suggest against it. Another way would be to compare and contrast the most notable of timelines, hence no original research. The other way is to have no timelines at all but to say there are a number out there and reference them. I think the timeline is interesting and notable enough for this encyclopedia, hence I think we should go with the compare and contrast option. Obviously this would mean a fair amount of text, and would probably fit best on its own page e.g. Catch-22 timelines. Then the Catch-22 and Yossarian articles can link to this. What do people think? Note I will cut and paste this whole discussion to Talk:Catch-22. Cheers Lethaniol 13:34, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Spoiler
This page needs a spoiler-warning... Can someone who knows the stuff fix one? I didn't want to know what is revealed late in the book(in the process of reading it, and checked the name since I saw one guy using it as nickname, thinking it might have other connections as well) - but now I evidently do.. Darn (: —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Abach (talk • contribs) 02:49, 15 April 2007 (UTC).

Poisoning the squadron
Iirc, it is not yossarian who poisons the squadron, it is the mess officor (forgotten his name), who does it to prove that they "have the taste of philistines". Why then does the article state that he does it?"(e.g., poisoning the squadron and moving the bomb line during the “Great Big Siege of Bologna”)". Yes, he move the bomb line, but he dosn't poison anyone.Laurielegit (talk) 11:23, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

The mess officer did it a second time, because Yossarian asked him to do it. Just so they wouldn't have to go to Bologna. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.61.119.88 (talk) 15:20, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

The article is "Yossarian" not "Catch-22"
This page should be expanded to cover Yossarian's entire fictional life in all Heller works in which he exists, not just the (extensively Wiki-article laden) Catch-22, in particular Closing Time. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jszigeti (talk • contribs) 16:29, 12 December 2011 (UTC)

Ironic humor may not be the best thing for a Wikipedia article
The article notes:

"Yossarian's name is described as being 'an odious, alien, distasteful name, that just did not inspire confidence.' It was '...not at all like such clean, crisp, honest, American names as Cathcart, Peckem and Dreedle.'"

These are not normal American names, and while I laughed out loud at it, people who are not familiar with American naming conventions have no indication that this is meant as humor rather than fact. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.231.190.143 (talk) 19:16, 1 August 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Yossarian


text:
Moshé Feldenkrais

Moshé Pinchas Feldenkrais (משה פנחס פלדנקרייז, May 6, 1904 – July 1, 1984) was a Ukrainian-Israeli engineer and physicist, known as the founder of the Feldenkrais Method, a system of physical exercise that aims to improve human functioning by increasing self-awareness through movement.

Feldenkrais' theory is that "thought, feeling, perception and movement are closely interrelated and influence each other."

Life
Moshé Pinchas Feldenkrais was born in 1904 to a Ukrainian Jewish family in the Russian Empire city of Slavuta (now in Ukraine) and grew up in the Russian Empire city of Baranovichi (now in Belarus). In 1918, he immigrated to The British Mandate of Palestine. He worked as a laborer and obtained his high school diploma from Gymnasia Herzliya in 1925. After graduation, he worked as a cartographer for the British survey office and began to study self-defense, including Ju-Jitsu. He suffered a soccer injury in 1929 that was aggravated during World War II, prompting him to develop his own method of healing.

During the 1930s, Feldenkrais lived in France, where he earned his engineering degree from the École Spéciale des Travaux Publics. Later he earned his Doctor of Science in Physics at the University of Paris, where Marie Curie was one of his teachers.

He worked as a research assistant to nuclear chemist and Nobel Prize laureate Frédéric Joliot-Curie at the Radium Institute. In September 1933, he met Jigoro Kano, the founder of judo in Paris. Kano encouraged him to study judo under Mikinosuke Kawaishi. Feldenkrais became a close friend of Kano and corresponded with him regularly. In 1936, he earned a black belt in judo, and later gained his 2nd degree black belt in 1938. He was a co-founding member of the Ju-Jitsu Club de France, one of the oldest Judo clubs in Europe, which still exists today. Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie and Bertrand Goldschmidt took Judo lessons from Feldenkrais during their time together at the institute.

On the eve of the Nazi invasion of France in 1940, Feldenkrais fled to Britain with a jar of heavy water and a sheaf of research material, with instructions to deliver them to the British Admiralty War Office. Until 1946, he was a science officer in the Admiralty working on anti-submarine weaponry in Fairlie, Scotland. His work on improving sonar led to several patents. He also taught self-defense techniques to his fellow servicemen. On slippery submarine decks, he re-aggravated an old soccer knee injury. Refusing an operation, he was prompted to intently explore and develop self-rehabilitation and awareness techniques by self-observation, which he later developed as his method. His discoveries led him to begin sharing with others (including colleague J. D. Bernal) through lectures, experimental classes, and one-on-one work with a few.

After leaving the Admiralty, Feldenkrais lived and worked in private industry in London. His self-rehabilitation enabled him to continue his judo practice. From his position on the International Judo Committee, he began to study judo scientifically, incorporating the knowledge that he had gained by self-rehabilitation. In 1949, he published the first book on his method, Body and Mature Behavior: A Study of Anxiety, Sex, Gravitation and Learning. He studied the work of Gurdjieff, F. Matthias Alexander, Elsa Gindler and William Bates. He also traveled to Switzerland to study with Heinrich Jacoby.

In 1951, he returned to Israel. In 1954, after directing the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) Department of Electronics for several years, he settled in Tel Aviv and began to teach his method full-time. In 1957, he met Mia Segal, who became his assistant and worked with him for thirty years. He also became the personal trainer of David Ben-Gurion, the Prime Minister of Israel, whom he taught to stand on his head in a yoga pose.

Throughout the 1960s, 1970s and in 1980 he presented his method in Europe and in North America (including an Awareness Through Movement program for human potential trainers at Esalen Institute in 1972). He trained the first group of 13 teachers in the method from 1969 to 1971 in Tel Aviv. Over the course of four summers, from 1975 to 1978, he trained 65 teachers in San Francisco at Lone Mountain College under the auspices of the Humanistic Psychology Institute. In 1980, 235 students began his summer teacher-training course at Hampshire College in Amherst, Massachusetts. After becoming ill in the fall of 1981, after teaching two of the planned four summers, he stopped teaching publicly.

Feldenkrais Method
The Feldenkrais Method is intended to teach better posture and improve quality of life, by means of instruction and gentle manipulation of the body.

In 2015, the Australian Government's Department of Health published the results of a review of alternative therapies that sought to determine if any were suitable for being covered by health insurance; the Feldenkrais Method was one of 17 therapies evaluated for which no clear evidence of effectiveness was found. The report notes that there is "a paucity of evidence regarding the effectiveness of Feldenkrais for the improvement of health outcomes for any clinical condition".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Moshé Feldenkrais


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Charlotte, Princess Royal

Charlotte, Princess Royal (Charlotte Augusta Matilda; 29 September 1766 – 6 October 1828), was Queen of Württemberg as the wife of King Frederick I. She was the eldest daughter and fourth child of George III of the United Kingdom and his wife, Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

Early life

Princess Charlotte was born on 29 September 1766 at Buckingham House, London, to King George III and Queen Charlotte. She was christened on 27 October 1766 at St James's Palace by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Secker, and her godparents were her paternal aunt and uncle, Queen Caroline Matilda and King Christian VII of Denmark, and her paternal aunt Louisa. The Duke of Portland, Lord Chamberlain, and the Dowager Countess of Effingham, stood proxy for the King and Queen of Denmark.

Charlotte was officially designated as Princess Royal on 22 June 1789. After the birth of three sons in a row, her parents were delighted to have a Princess in the nursery. Like all of her siblings, Charlotte was inoculated, in her case, in December 1768 along with her brother William. As the eldest daughter of the monarch, Charlotte was assumed to be destined for an important marriage on the continent, and her education was considered to be of the utmost importance, beginning when she was only eighteen months old. Since French was the official language in every European court, the little Princess was given a Frenchwoman to be her tutor, in order that she should have no accent. Her memory was another of her early subjects. She was taught to recite little verses and stories, and as a result had an almost uncanny ability to recall detail for the rest of her life. Her early childhood, however, was not only focused on scholarly pursuits. When she was almost three years old, she took part in her first tableau dressed like Columbine, where she danced with her seven-year-old brother George, Prince of Wales. She was not a naturally musical child and later abhorred such displays of children, declaring that they made children vain and self-important. This did not stop her parents from continuing to show her off. In late 1769, she and the Prince of Wales were once again displayed, this time to the public in a "junior drawing room" in St James's Palace. Charlotte was dressed in a Roman toga and lay on a sofa. Though this type of thing was common in German courts, it was considered vulgar in England, where in reaction a London mob drove a hearse into the Palace courtyard. Afterwards, the Prince of Wales told Lady Mary Coke that the whole event had made Charlotte "terribly tired". Wisely, the King and Queen decided to never repeat the experience.

Though she was the eldest daughter, Charlotte was constantly compared to her sister Augusta Sophia, only two years younger than she. When Augusta was a month old, Lady Mary Coke called her "the most beautiful baby I have ever seen" while Charlotte was "very plain". Passing judgement once again three years later, Charlotte was now "the most sensible agreeable child I ever saw, but in my opinion far from pretty" while Augusta was still "rather pretty". Although the Princess Royal was never as beautiful as her younger sister, she did not share in Augusta's primary flaw: painful shyness. Charlotte also had a stammer that her attendant Mary Dacres tried to help her young charge manage. In 1770, the cluster of the three eldest princesses was completed with the birth of Princess Elizabeth, the seventh child. For the time being the family remained comparatively small (there were fifteen royal children in all), and Charlotte was fortunate in having parents who preferred spending time with their numerous children to spending all their time at court and took her education seriously. However, given the frequency with which children were being produced and the troubles that plagued George III's reign, Charlotte's childhood was not as utopian as her parents planned it to be.

Like her siblings, the Princess Royal was educated by tutors and spent most her childhood at Buckingham House, Kew Palace, and Windsor Castle, where her wet nurse was Frances, wife of James Muttlebury.

Marriage
On 18 May 1797, the Princess Royal was married at the Chapel Royal, St James's Palace, London, to Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Württemberg, the eldest son and heir apparent of Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg and his wife, Margravine Sophia Dorothea of Brandenburg-Schwedt.

The younger Frederick succeeded his father as the reigning Duke of Württemberg on 23 December 1797. Duke Frederick III had two sons and two daughters by his first marriage to the late Princess Augusta (3 December 1764 – 27 September 1788), the daughter of Duke Karl II of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and Princess Augusta of Great Britain (the elder sister of George III) and thus Charlotte's first cousin; Princess Augusta was also the elder sister of Caroline of Brunswick, the estranged wife of the future George IV (then Prince of Wales). The marriage between Duke Frederick and the Princess Royal produced one child: a stillborn daughter on 27 April 1798.

Württemberg

In 1800, the French army occupied Württemberg and the Duke and Duchess fled to Vienna. The following year, Duke Frederick concluded a private treaty that ceded Montbéliard to France and brought him Ellwangen in exchange two years later. He assumed the title Elector of Württemberg on 25 February 1803. In exchange for providing France with a large auxiliary force, Napoleon recognized the Elector as King of Württemberg on 26 December 1805. Electress Charlotte became queen when her husband formally ascended the throne on 1 January 1806 and was crowned as such on the same day at Stuttgart, Germany.

Württemberg seceded from the Holy Roman Empire and joined Napoleon's Confederation of the Rhine. However, the newly elevated king's alliance with France technically made him the enemy of his father-in-law, George III. George III, incensed by his son-in-law's assumption of the title and his role as one of Napoleon's most devoted vassals, accordingly refused to address his daughter as "Queen of Württemberg" in correspondence. In 1813, King Frederick changed sides and went over to the Allies, where his status as the brother-in-law of the Prince Regent (later George IV) helped his standing. After the fall of Napoleon, he attended the Congress of Vienna and was confirmed as king. He died in October 1816.

Dowager Queen
The Dowager Queen of Württemberg continued to live at the Ludwigsburg Palace, near Stuttgart, and received visits from her younger siblings, the Duke of Kent, the Duke of Sussex, the Duke of Cambridge, the Landgravine of Hesse-Homburg, and Princess Augusta Sophia. She was a godmother (by proxy) at the christening of her niece, Princess Victoria of Kent (the future Queen Victoria), in 1819.

In 1827, Charlotte returned to Britain for the first time since her wedding in 1797. By that time, the sixty years old princess was very heavy and wanted to have surgery for dropsy in England. Steam propulsion had just been introduced on the Rhine, and ensured that the voyage back home would be convenient. On 31 May she embarked on the new steamboat Friedrich Wilhelm. After descending the Rhine the steamboat arrived at Bath on the Western Scheldt. Given her weight, Charlotte had to be lifted aboard Royal Sovereign on a chair that was hoisted. Owing to bad weather, Royal Sovereign then had to leave Bath, and anchor near Vlissingen. On 5 June Charlotte was in Greenwich. In London, she resided at St James's Palace, where she received many visits from her family. The king made a final visit from Windsor Castle on 6 October. On Tuesday 9 October Charlotte left England on board Royal Sovereign, but a storm forced her back into Harwich. On the 14th, Royal Sovereign anchored before Klundert on the Hollands Diep. After spending the night on board, Charlotte embarked on the steamboat Stad Nijmegen. On 19 October she arrived in Frankfurt, where she met the king and queen of Württemberg and the Duke of Cambridge. On 24 October she was back at Ludwigsburg Palace.

Charlotte died at Ludwigsburg Palace on 6 October 1828 and is buried in its royal vault.

Honours

 * Royal Family Order of King George IV
 * Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Catherine, 5 April 1797

Arms
As a daughter of the sovereign, Charlotte had use of the arms of the kingdom, differenced by a label argent of three points, the centre point bearing a rose gules, the outer points each bearing a cross gules.

title: Charlotte, Princess Royal


text:
Portlandia (statue)

Portlandia is a sculpture by Raymond Kaskey located above the entrance of the Portland Building in downtown Portland, Oregon. It is the second largest copper repoussé statue in the United States, after the Statue of Liberty.

History
Portlandia was commissioned by the City of Portland in 1985. Sculptor Raymond Kaskey was paid $228,000 in public funds and reportedly an additional $100,000 in private donations.

Kaskey and his assistant Michael Lasell built sections of the statue in a Maryland suburb of Washington, D.C., and sent the parts to Portland by ship. It was assembled at a barge-building facility owned by Gunderson, Inc, and was installed on the Portland Building on October 6, 1985, after being floated up the Willamette River on a barge.

Description

The statue is based on the design of the Portland city seal. The statue depicts a female figure, Lady Commerce, dressed in classical clothes, holding a trident in her left hand and reaching down with her right. The statue is above street level and faces a relatively narrow, tree-lined street.

The statue is 34 ft high and weighs 6.5 ST.

An accompanying plaque includes the official dedication poem, also titled "Portlandia", written by Portland lawyer and poet Ronald Talney:

""She kneels down, and from the quietness of copper reaches out. We take that stillness into ourselves, and somewhere deep in the earth our breath becomes her city. If she could speak this is what she would say: Follow that breath. Home is the journey we make. This is how the world knows where we are.""

Copyright
Portlandia did not become an icon because Kaskey guards the rights to the image closely. He threatened with lawsuits anyone who used photos or illustrations of the sculpture for commercial purposes.

The statue appears in the title sequence of the TV series Portlandia, the result of "lengthy" negotiations with Kaskey that required the statue not be used "in a disparaging way". In 2012, Laurelwood Brewing used an illustration of the statue on the label of Portlandia Pils, a beer it introduced; the brewery later found out about Kaskey's copyright and reached a cash settlement with Kaskey.

title: Portlandia (statue)


text:
Javier Solana

Francisco Javier Solana de Madariaga CYC (born 14 July 1942) is a Spanish physicist and PSOE politician. After serving in the Spanish government as Foreign Affairs Minister under Felipe González (1992–1995) and as the Secretary General of NATO (1995–1999), leading the alliance during Operation Allied Force, he was appointed the European Union's High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy, Secretary General of the Council of the European Union and Secretary-General of the Western European Union and held these posts from October 1999 until December 2009.

Background and career as a physicist
Solana was born in Madrid, Spain. He comes from a prominent Spanish family, being a first cousin, twice removed, of diplomat, writer, historian, and pacifist Salvador de Madariaga (Javier's grandfather, Rogelio de Madariaga and Salvador de Madariaga were cousins). His father was a chemistry professor, Luis Solana San Martín, who died when Javier was nineteen. His mother, Obdulia de Madariaga Pérez, died in 2005. Javier is the third of five children. His older brother Luis was once imprisoned for his political activities opposing the dictatorship of Francisco Franco, subsequently became a distinguished leader in the Spanish telecommunications industry and was one of the first socialist members of the Trilateral Commission.

Solana studied at the Nuestra Señora del Pilar School, an exclusive Catholic Marianist secondary school, before going to Complutense University (UCM). There as a student in 1963 he suffered sanctions imposed by the authorities for having organised an opposition forum at the so-called Week of University Renovation. In 1964 he clandestinely joined the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), which had been illegal under Franco since the end of the Spanish Civil War in 1939. In the same year he graduated and then spent a year furthering his studies at Spain's Higher Council for Scientific Research (CSIC) and in the United Kingdom.

In 1965 he went to the United States, where he spent six years studying at various universities on a Fulbright Scholarship. He visited the University of Chicago and the University of California, San Diego, and then enrolled in the Graduate School of Arts & Sciences of the University of Virginia in Charlottesville. There, he taught physics classes as a teaching assistant and carried on independent research; he also joined in the protests against the Vietnam War and was president of the Association of Foreign Students. He received his doctorate in physics from Virginia in 1971 with a thesis on Theory of the Elementary Excitation Spectrum of Superfluid Helium: the Roton Lifetime, extending his planned stay in the US by a year in order to continue his research. Returning to Spain he became a lecturer in solid-state physics at the Autonomous University of Madrid, UAM, and then in 1975 he became a professor at Complutense University. During these years he published more than 30 articles. For a time he worked as assistant to Nicolás Cabrera, whom he had met when Cabrera was professor at the University of Virginia. The last PhD dissertations that he directed were in the early 1990s.

Spanish politics
On returning to Spain in 1971 Solana joined the Democratic Co-ordination of Madrid as the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) representative.

In 1976, during PSOE's first national congress inside Spain since the civil war, he was elected Secretary of the party's Federal Executive Commission, and also Secretary for Information and Press, remaining in the post for five years. He was a close personal friend of the party's leader Felipe González, and is considered one of the PSOE leaders responsible for the transformation of the party in the post-Franco era. In 1976 he represented the PSOE at a Socialist International congress held in Suresnes, France, and again when it was held in Spain in 1977. On 20 May 1977 he accompanied González in visiting King Juan Carlos at the Zarzuela Palace.

He became a representative of a teachers' union in the Complutense University, and in this role won a parliamentary seat for PSOE on 15 June 1977 and represented Madrid region until December 1995. On 23 February 1981 he was in the parliament when it was taken over for 18 hours in an attempted coup by gunmen led by Antonio Tejero.

On 28 October 1982 PSOE won a historic victory with 202 out of 350 seats in the lower house. On 3 December, along with the other members of González's first cabinet, Solana was sworn in as Minister for Culture, where he remained until moving to the Ministry of Education in 1988. In July 1983 he adhered to the position of Alfonso Guerra calling for an exit of Spain from NATO. On 5 July 1985 he was made the Spokesman for the Government for three years.

He was made Minister for Foreign Affairs on 22 July 1992, the day before the opening of the II Ibero-American conference of heads of state in Madrid, replacing the terminally ill Francisco Fernández Ordóñez. On 27–28 November 1995, while Spain held the Presidency of the Council of the EU, Solana convened and chaired the Barcelona Conference. A treaty was achieved between the twenty-seven nations in attendance with Solana gaining credit for what he called "a process to foster cultural and economic unity in the Mediterranean region".

It was during these thirteen years as a cabinet minister that Solana's reputation as a discreet and diplomatic politician grew. By going to the foreign Ministry in the later years of González administration he avoided the political scandals of corruption, and of the dirty war allegedly being fought against ETA, that characterised its last years. Towards the end of 1995, Solana – the only surviving member of González's original cabinet – was talked about in the press as a possible candidate to replace him and lead the PSOE in the following March elections. Instead, he made the leap to international politics.

During and after his spell as NATO secretary general (see below) Solana continued to play an active role in PSOE and Spanish politics. In June 1997, at the 34th PSOE Congress, Solana left their Executive Commission and joined their Federal Committee, being re-elected in second place three years later. By supporting Colin Powell's 5 February 2003 speech to the UN Security council which claimed that Iraq had WMD's Solana contradicted the position of his party leader José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, who opposed the PP government of José María Aznar's support for the invasion of Iraq. Solana is seen, along with González, as representing the older wing of the party. On 15 February 2005 he criticised the Plan Ibarretxe for its position on Basque Country independence, saying that its call for separate Basque representation within the EU had no place within the proposed EU constitution.

Secretary General of NATO
On 5 December 1995, Solana became the new Secretary-General of NATO, replacing Willy Claes who had been forced to resign in a corruption scandal. His appointment created controversy as, in the past, he had been an opponent of NATO. He had written a pamphlet called 50 Reasons to say no to NATO, and had been on a US subversives list. On 30 May 1982 Spain joined NATO. When PSOE came to power later that year, Solana and the party changed their previous anti-NATO positions into an atlanticist, pro-NATO stance. On 12 March 1986 Spain held a referendum on whether to remain in NATO, with the government and Solana successfully campaigning in favour. When criticised about his anti-NATO past, Solana argued that he was happy to be its representative as it had become disassociated from its Cold War origins. Solana immediately had to deal with the Balkans NATO mission Operation Joint Endeavour that consisted of a multinational peacekeeping Implementation Force (IFOR) of 60,000 soldiers which took over from a United Nations mission on 20 December. This came about through the Dayton Agreement, after NATO had bombed selected targets in Bosnia and Herzegovina (positions held by VRS) the previous August and September. He did this by deploying the Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC). In December 1996 the ARRC was again activated, with IFOR being replaced by a 32,000-strong Stabilisation Force (SFOR) operating under codenames Joint Guard and later Joint Forge.

During Solana's term, NATO reorganised its political and military structure and changed its basic strategies. He gained the reputation of being a very successful, diplomatic Secretary General who was capable of negotiating between the differing NATO members and between NATO and non-NATO States. In December 1995 France partially returned to the military structure of NATO, while in November 1996 Spain joined it. On 27 May 1997, after five months of negotiations with Russian foreign minister Yevgeny Primakov, an agreement was reached resulting in the Paris NATO–Russia Founding Act. On the same day, Solana presided over the establishment of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council to improve relations between European NATO and non-NATO countries.

Keeping the peace in the former Yugoslavia continued to be both difficult and controversial. IFOR and SFOR had received a lot of criticism for their inability to capture the Bosnian Serb leaders Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić. In late 1998 the conflict in Kosovo, between the Yugoslav authorities and the Kosovar Albanian guerilla Kosovo Liberation Army deteriorated, culminating in the Račak massacre on 15 January 1999, in which 45 Albanians were killed. NATO decided that the conflict could only be settled by introducing a proper military peacekeeping force under their auspices, to forcibly restrain the two sides. On 30 January 1999, NATO announced that it was prepared to launch air strikes against Yugoslav targets. On 6 February, Solana met both sides for negotiations at the Château de Rambouillet, but they were unsuccessful. On 24 March, NATO forces launched air attacks on military and civilian targets in Yugoslavia. Solana justified the attacks on humanitarian grounds, and on the responsibility of NATO to keep peace in Europe and to prevent recurrences of ethnic cleansing and genocide similar to those which occurred during the Bosnian War (1992–1995).

Solana and NATO were criticised for the civilian casualties caused by the bombings. On 23–24 April, the North Atlantic Council met in Washington D.C. where the Heads of State of the member nations agreed with the New Strategic Concept, which changed the basic defensive nature of the organisation and allowed for NATO intervention in a greater range of situations than before.

On 10 June, Serbian forces withdrew from Kosovo, and NATO stopped its attacks, which ended the Kosovo War. The same day UN Security Council Resolution 1244 authorised NATO to activate the ARRC, with the Kosovo Force launching Operation Joint Guardian and occupying the province on 12 June. Solana left NATO on 6 October 1999, two months ahead of schedule, and was replaced by George Robertson.

EU foreign policy chief
After leaving NATO, Solana took up a role in the European Union. Earlier in the year, on 4 June 1999, he was appointed by the Cologne European Council as Secretary-General of the Council of the European Union. An administrative position but it was decided that the Secretary-General would also be appointed High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). In this role he represented the EU abroad where there was an agreed common policy. He took up the post on 18 October 1999, shortly after standing down from NATO. The post has a budget of €40 million, most of which goes to Balkan operations. From 25 November 1999 he was also appointed Secretary-General of Western European Union (WEU), overseeing the transfer of responsibilities from that organisation to the CFSP. In 2004 his 5-year mandate was renewed. He has also become president of the European Defence Agency.

The Clinton administration claimed in May 2000 that Solana was the fulfilment of Henry Kissinger's famous desire to have a phone number to talk to Europe. In December 2003 Solana released the European Security Strategy, which sets out the main priorities and identifies the main threats to the security of the EU, including terrorism. On 25 March 2004 Solana appointed Gijs de Vries as the anti-terrorist co-ordinator for the CFSP, and outlined his duties as being to streamline, organise and co-ordinate the EU's fight against terrorism.

On 29 June 2004 he was designated to become the EU's first "Union Minister for Foreign Affairs", a position created by the European Constitutional Treaty combining the head of the CFSP with that of the European Commissioner for External Relations. It would give a single voice to foreign policy and combine the powers and influence of the two posts with a larger budget, more staff and a coherent diplomatic corps. The position (colloquially known as "Mr. Europe") has been partly maintained in the Reform Treaty as High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, but Solana is not going to take the post as he announced that he would step down at the end of his term.

In late 2004, Solana held secret negotiations with Hamas leaders, saying that he met them at a time when there seemed to be an opportunity for progress, and were to "pass a clear message of what the international community wants", and said that the meetings occurred "months" before.

Foreign affairs
He negotiated numerous Treaties of Association between the European Union and various Middle Eastern and Latin American countries, including Bolivia and Colombia. Solana played a pivotal role in unifying the remainder of the former Yugoslavian federation. He proposed that Montenegro form a union with Serbia instead of having full independence, stating that this was done to avoid a domino effect from Kosovo and Vojvodina independence demands. Local media sarcastically named the new country "Solania".

On 21 January 2002 Solana said that the detainees at Guantanamo Bay should be treated as prisoners of war under the Geneva Convention. The EU has stated that it hopes to avoid another war like the Iraqi invasion through this and future negotiations, and Solana has said the most difficult moments of his job were when the United Kingdom and France, the two permanent EU Security Council members, were in disagreement.

The so-called Vilnius letter, a declaration of support by eastern European countries for the United States' aim of régime change in Iraq, and the letter of the eight, a similar letter from the UK, Italy, and six second-tier countries, are generally seen as a low-water mark of the CFSP.

Solana has played an important role working toward a resolution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, and continues to be a primary architect of the "Road Map for Peace," along with the UN, Russia, and the United States in the Quartet on the Middle East. On 22 July 2004 he met Ariel Sharon in Israel. Sharon had originally refused to meet Solana, but eventually accepted that, whether he liked it or not, the EU was involved in the Road Map. He criticised Israel for obstructing the Palestinian presidential election of 9 January 2005, but then met Sharon again on 13 January.

In November 2004 Solana assisted the United Kingdom, France and Germany in negotiating a nuclear material enrichment freeze with Iran. In the same month he was involved in mediating between the two presidential candidates in the post-election developments in Ukraine, and on 21 January 2005 he invited Ukraine's new President Viktor Yushchenko to discuss future EU membership. In 2010, after he had left office, Solana signed a petition along with 25 other EU leaders directed at his successor, Catherine Ashton, calling for EU sanctions on Israel in response to continued settlement construction in the West Bank.

Other activities

 * Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Member of the Board of Trustees
 * Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), Member of the Global Board of Advisors
 * Elcano Royal Institute for International and Strategic Studies, Member of the Board of Trustees
 * Global Leadership Foundation (GLF), Member
 * International Crisis Group (ICG), Board of Trustees (since 2010)
 * Munich Security Conference, Member of the Advisory Council
 * Project Syndicate, Contributor (since 2004)
 * European Leadership Network (ELN), Senior Network Member

Personal life
Solana is married to Concepción Giménez, and they have two adult children, Diego and Vega. He lives in Brussels, where his apartment has a reputation of being a focal point for Spanish politicians in or visiting this capital. Apart from his native Spanish, he also speaks fluent French, as well as English.

General Wesley Clark once asked Solana the secret of his diplomatic success. He answered: "Make no enemies, and never ask a question to which you do not know or like the answer." He has been described as a "squarer of circles."

U.S. ambassador to NATO Alexander Vershbow said of him: "He is an extraordinary consensus-builder who works behind the scenes with leaders on both sides of the Atlantic to ensure that NATO is united when it counts." He is a frequent speaker at the prestigious U.S. based Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). He is likewise active in the Foreign Policy Association (FPA) as well as the New York City based East West Institute. In March 2010, Solana became honorary president of the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, and in 2011 became a Member of the Global Leadership Foundation, an organization which works to promote good governance around the world. He also became a member of Human Rights Watch board of directors the same year.

He is an honorary Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George, a member of the Spanish section of the Club of Rome. He has received the Grand Cross of Isabel the Catholic in Spain and the Manfred Wörner Medal from the German defence ministry. He has been President of the Madariaga - College of Europe Foundation since 1998. He received the Vision for Europe Award in 2003. Also in 2003, he received the 'Statesman of the Year Award' from the EastWest Institute, a Transatlantic think tank that organizes an annual security conference in Brussels. In 2006 Solana received the Carnegie-Wateler peace prize. He has also been awarded the Charlemagne Prize for 2007 for his distinguished services on behalf of European unification. In December 2009, Javier Solana joined ESADE Business School as president of its new Centre for Global Economy and Geopolitics. In January 2010, King Juan Carlos I appointed Javier Solana the 1,194th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece for his career in diplomacy.

On 11 March 2020 Solana was admitted to the hospital after being infected by COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain.

Spanish honours

 * ESP Alfonso X Order GC.svg Knight Grand Cross of the Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise (1996)
 * ESP Charles III Order GC.svg Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III (1997)
 * ESP Isabella Catholic Order GC.svg Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (2000)
 * Order of the Golden Fleece ribbon bar.svg Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece (2010)

Other countries

 * CZE Rad Bileho Lva 2 tridy BAR.svg Grand Officer of the Order of the White Lion (Czech Republic, 1998)
 * UK Order St-Michael St-George ribbon.svg Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (United Kingdom, 2000)
 * Manfred Wörner Medal of the Federal German Ministry of Defence (Germany, 2002)
 * Order for Exceptional Merits (Slovenia).svg Recipient of the Order for Exceptional Merits (Slovenia, 2004)
 * POL Order Zaslugi RP kl1 BAR.svg Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland (Poland, 2005)
 * LTU Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas - Commander's Cross BAR.png Commander Cross of the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas (Lithuania, 2005)
 * GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 6 GrVK Stern Band.svg Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic (Germany, 2007)
 * PRT Order of Christ - Grand Cross BAR.svg Grand Cross of the Order of Christ (Portugal, 2010)
 * GEO Golden Fleece Order BAR.svg Knight of the Georgian Order of the Golden Fleece (Georgia, 2010)

Awards

 * Vision for Europe Award, Edmond Israel Foundation (2003)
 * Statesman of the Year Award, EastWest Institute (2003)
 * Wateler Peace Prize, Carnegie Foundation (2006)
 * Peace Through Dialogue Medal, Munich Security Conference (2007)
 * Charlemagne Prize (2007)
 * Peace Award of the World Children's Parliament (2008)
 * Extraordinary Prize of the Spanish Ministry of Defence (2009)
 * Convivencia Award, Manuel Broseta Foundation (2009)
 * Charles V European Award, European Academy of Yuste Foundation (2010)
 * Ewald-von-Kleist Award, Munich Security Conference (2010) /
 * Knight of Freedom Award, the Casimir Pulaski Foundation
 * Honorary degree (political science), London School of Economics
 * Gold Medal of the Jean Monnet Foundation for Europe (2011)

title: Javier Solana


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Richard Grosvenor, 2nd Marquess of Westminster

Richard Grosvenor, 2nd Marquess of Westminster (27 January 1795 – 31 October 1869), styled The Honourable Richard Grosvenor from 1795 to 1802, Viscount Belgrave from 1802 to 1831 and Earl Grosvenor from 1831 to 1845, was an English politician, landowner, property developer and benefactor.

Background and education
Grosvenor was born at Millbank House, Westminster, London, the eldest of the three sons of Robert Grosvenor, 1st Marquess of Westminster and Lady Eleanor Egerton. He was educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford where he graduated MA. He undertook the Grand Tour in 1815.

Political and public life
In 1818 Grosvenor was elected as Whig MP for Chester and was later appointed as a Justice of the Peace. In 1830 he was elected MP for Cheshire until the constituency was divided in 1832, and from then until 1834 he represented South Cheshire. He was Lord Lieutenant of Cheshire from 1845 to 1867 and Lord Steward of the Household between 1850 and 1852 in the Whig administration headed by Lord John Russell. On 22 March 1850 he was admitted to the Privy Council. He was presented with the Order of the Garter on 6 July 1857. Of his political activity it is said that "he seldom spoke in the House of Lords".

Development of the estate
Grosvenor "devoted himself ... to the improvement of his London property", and added to his properties in Dorset and Cheshire; he was described as being a "model landlord". Eaton Hall, Cheshire, had been rebuilt in flamboyant Gothic style for his father by William Porden. Grosvenor commissioned the Scottish architect William Burn to make alterations to it, including raising the centre of the south front to make it look like a tower. Burn also designed Fonthill House, Wiltshire, for him in Scottish Baronial style. On his estates Grosvenor built farms, schools and "numerous" cottages. Among his schools were the Bishopsfield Schools in Hoole, Chester. He also commissioned Shaftesbury Town Hall for the people of the town.

Personality and personal interests
Grosvenor continued the family interest in horse racing and, when he was living in the country estate, he spent time hunting and fishing. He gave generously to charity, and built and restored churches. He was an early patron of the Chester architect John Douglas. In 1865–66 Douglas designed St John's Church for him in his estate village of Aldford. About the same time, Grosvenor gave fields in Chester to the city council for the formation of Grosvenor Park. For this park Douglas designed a number of items, including the Entrance Lodge, the gates, and a cover for Billy Hobby's Well. In 1865 the citizens of Chester began to raise money for the erection of a statue "to mark the public and private worth of his lordship, and the high estimation in which he is held by his neighbours and tenants, as well as by all classes of the community". Over £5,000 (equivalent to £0 as of ) was raised. The statue showing the marquess in his Garter robes was designed by Thomas Thornycroft, and erected in 1869; it still stands in Grosvenor Park. Grosvenor's parents had instilled "high moral principles" in their children, and these stayed with Richard throughout his life. He has been described as "of austere character and unswerving devotion to duty as family man, politician and landlord". His obituary in The Times says "he administered his vast estate with a combination of intelligence and generosity not often witnessed".

Family
Lord Westminster married Lady Elizabeth Leveson-Gower, younger daughter of George Leveson-Gower, 2nd Marquess of Stafford (later 1st Duke of Sutherland), in 1819. Following their marriage, Westminster and his wife initially lived at Eaton Hall, Cheshire, the family's country house, with Lord and Lady Grosvenor. During the London season, from April each year, the family lived in Grosvenor House. In 1827 the couple visited Norway, Sweden and Russia and in 1835–36 they toured through Germany and Italy. When the 1st Marquess died in 1845 they followed the family tradition of using Eaton Hall as their country house and Grosvenor House as their London residence, where they entertained lavishly.

Lord Westminster and his wife had thirteen children, ten of whom survived into adulthood and three of whom lived into their nineties. Their second son Hugh Lupus Grosvenor succeeded him as 3rd Marquess; he was later created Duke of Westminster. Their youngest son Lord Richard Grosvenor was ennobled as Baron Stalbridge.

 * Lady Eleanor Grosvenor (22 October 1820 – 4 May 1911); m. Algernon Percy, 4th Duke of Northumberland.
 * Lady Mary Grosvenor (2 December 1821 – 2 January 1912); m. Thomas Parker, 6th Earl of Macclesfield.
 * The Hon. Gilbert Grosvenor (10 April 1823 – 2 January 1824).
 * Lady Elizabeth Grosvenor (9 July 1824 – 16 December 1899), married Beilby Lawley, 2nd Baron Wenlock.
 * Hugh Grosvenor, 1st Duke of Westminster (13 October 1825 – 22 December 1899).
 * Lady Evelyn Grosvenor (16 December 1826 – 25 January 1839).
 * Lady Caroline Grosvenor (14 June 1828 – 24 March 1906); m. William Leigh, 2nd Baron Leigh.
 * Lady Octavia Grosvenor (22 September 1829 – 29 May 1921); m. Col. Sir Michael Shaw-Stewart, 7th Baronet.
 * Lady Agnes Grosvenor (24 January 1831 – 22 January 1909); m. Sir Archibald Campbell, 3rd Baronet.
 * Lord Gilbert Grosvenor (6 January 1833 – 20 March 1854).
 * Lady Jane Grosvenor (29 August 1834 – 13 July 1921); m. firstly, Gamel Pennington, 4th Baron Muncaster; m. secondly, Hugh Lindsay.
 * Richard Grosvenor, 1st Baron Stalbridge (28 January 1837 – 18 May 1912).
 * Lady Theodora Grosvenor (7 July 1840 – 24 March 1924); writer m. Thomas Merthyr Guest.

Lord Westminster died at Fonthill House, Fonthill Gifford in Wiltshire on 31 October 1869 after a short illness and was buried in the family vault in St Mary's Church, Eccleston, Cheshire. His wealth at death is recorded as being under £800,000 (equivalent to £0 as of ). Lady Westminster died in 1891 and was buried in St. Mary's Churchyard in Motcombe, Dorset, England expressly stating in her will the desire to be buried there among her relatives.

Memorials
Westminster Memorial Hospital, Shaftesbury, Dorset, was founded in Grosvenor's memory in 1871. Near the east end of Pimlico Road in the City of Westminster, London is a drinking fountain decorated with mosaics in his honour.


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Richard Grosvenor

Richard Grosvenor may refer to:

 * Sir Richard Grosvenor, 1st Baronet (1585–1645)
 * Sir Richard Grosvenor, 2nd Baronet (c.1604–1665)
 * Sir Richard Grosvenor, 4th Baronet (1693–1732)
 * Richard Grosvenor, 1st Earl Grosvenor (1731–1802)
 * Richard Grosvenor, 2nd Marquess of Westminster (1795–1869)
 * Richard Grosvenor, 1st Baron Stalbridge (1837–1912)

title: Richard Grosvenor


text: User:Delpino

title: User:Delpino


text:
User talk:Phthoggos

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title: User talk:Phthoggos


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User talk:Georgeann

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

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title: User talk:Georgeann


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Philip Christison

General Sir Alexander Frank Philip Christison, 4th Baronet, (17 November 1893 – 21 December 1993) was a British Army officer who served with distinction during the world wars. After service as a junior officer on the Western Front in the First World War, he later distinguished himself during the Second World War, where he commanded XV Indian Corps, part of Sir William Slim's Fourteenth Army, during the Burma campaign. He then went on to have a successful postwar career, and lived to the age of 100.

Early life and First World War
Philip Christison was born on 17 November 1893 in Edinburgh, Scotland the eldest son of five children of Sir Alexander Christison, 3rd Baronet and his second wife, Florence. He was educated at Edinburgh Academy and University College, Oxford where, as a cadet in the latter's Officer Training Corps (OTC), he was made a second lieutenant in March 1914, shortly before the outbreak of the First World War that August.

As with so many others of his generation, the outbreak of war in August 1914 saw Christison volunteering for service with the British Army. Subsequently, he was commissioned as a temporary second lieutenant into the 6th (Service) Battalion of the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders on 5 September 1914. The battalion, a Kitchener's Army unit created from volunteers, formed part of the 45th Brigade of the 15th (Scottish) Division and, after training in the United Kingdom, departed for the Western Front in July 1915. He saw action in the battles of Loos (where he was wounded and awarded the Military Cross), the Somme and Arras. Promoted to lieutenant on 11 February 1917, in July 1917 he was awarded a Bar to his Military Cross. The citation for this award reads:

"His Majesty the KING has been graciously pleased to award a Bar to the Military Cross to the undermentioned Officers. 2nd Lt. (temp. Capt.) Alexander Frank Philip Christison, M.C., Cam. Highrs. For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. He displayed the utmost courage and determination in pushing back the enemy and clearing the north side of the village. By his tireless energy he succeeded in getting the position consolidated under heavy fire. (Military Cross gazetted 14th January, 1916.)"

Promoted to captain on 4 August 1917, three years since the outbreak of war, on 24 October 1918 he was promoted to the acting rank of major, and served as second-in-command (2IC) with the 1/6th Battalion, Seaforth Highlanders, a Territorial Force (TF) unit, part of the 152nd (Seaforth and Cameron) Brigade of the 51st (Highland) Division. The war came to an end soon after, with the signing of the Armistice with Germany on 11 November 1918.

Between the wars
In August 1919, he relinquished his last wartime appointment and reverted to the rank of captain, and, by now a Regular Army officer, served with his regiment's 2nd Battalion, then serving in Germany as part of the British Army of the Rhine. From 19 April 1920 Christison returned to the United Kingdom and took up the post of adjutant of a Territorial Army (TA) unit.

After vacating his position as adjutant of the 4th Battalion, King's Own Scottish Borderers, another TA unit, in November 1923, Christison was assistant manager of the British Olympic team in Paris in 1924 which was followed by a further appointment as an adjutant, this time with his regiment. Still a captain, he attended the Staff College, Camberley from January 1927 to December 1928. His fellow students there included several who, like Christison, would eventually rise to high command, such as Oliver Leese, John Whiteley, Evelyn Barker, Robert Bridgeman, Eric Dorman-Smith, Ronald Penney and John Hawkesworth. His instructors included the likes of Richard O'Connor, Bernard Paget, Edwin Morris, Harold Franklyn, Henry Pownall, George Giffard and Bernard Montgomery. Shortly after graduating from Camberley he was appointed as a General Staff Officer Grade 3 (GSO3) at the War Office.

Having been promoted to the brevet rank of major on 1 January 1930, a sign of approval and likely future promotion at a time when prospects for promotion in the peacetime army were slow, Christison saw service from 22 January 1931 as the brigade major (a brigade's senior staff officer) of the 1st Infantry Division's 3rd Brigade, relinquishing the appointment on 20 January 1933. He was promoted to major on 4 November 1933. On 1 January 1934 Christison was promoted to brevet lieutenant-colonel and returned to the Staff College, Camberley as an instructor (GSO2) where he became good friends with a fellow instructor, William Slim.

On 18 March 1937, Christison, due to a lack of promotion in his own regiment, transferred to the Duke of Wellington's Regiment (DWR) where he received an immediate promotion to lieutenant-colonel, and was appointed Commanding Officer (CO) of the 2nd Battalion, DWR in the Multan area of the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province. On 18 February 1938 he was promoted to colonel and, on the same date, to the temporary rank of brigadier, and was selected to command the Quetta Brigade in India, an unusual posting for a British Army officer.

Second World War
Christison remained in command of the brigade until 15 March 1940, over six months since outbreak of the Second World War, when, at the relatively young age of 46, he was made Commandant of the Staff College, Quetta in the former British India (now Pakistan). The length of the course at the college had, in pre-war days, lasted almost two years, but had now been reduced to a relatively brief period of five months, due to the outbreak of war and the urgent need to train large numbers of competent staff officers to fill the increasing number of jobs for the expanding British and Indian Armies.

In May 1941 Christison returned to the United Kingdom and, after serving briefly as a Brigadier General Staff (BGS), on 17 June 1941 was promoted to the acting rank of major-general and became General Officer Commanding (GOC) of the 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, taking over from Major-General Sir Oliver Leese, who had been a fellow student at the Staff College in the late 1920s, and who he would encounter later in the war. The division, with the 44th, 45th and 46th Brigades along with supporting divisional troops under control, was slightly different from that which he had served during the First World War, being a second line TA formation, composed largely of part-time soldiers and, instead of recruiting from all over Scotland, now recruited mainly from the Scottish Lowlands.

Following this, in June 1942, he returned to India, after handing over the 15th Division to Major-General Charles Bullen-Smith. On 5 July 1942 his rank of major-general was made permanent. After a short appointment as a military district commander, he was promoted to the acting rank of lieutenant-general on 12 November 1942 and became GOC of XXXIII Indian Corps. On 1 January 1943 he was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath. His rank of lieutenant-general was made temporary on 12 November 1943. He handed over XXXIII Corps to Lieutenant-General Montagu Stopford in mid-November 1943 and then assumed command of the XV Indian Corps, part of the new Fourteenth Army, succeeding Lieutenant-General William Slim, who he knew from years before as a fellow instructor at the Staff College, and had been promoted to command the Fourteenth Army. The XV Corps made up the Southern Front of the Burma campaign in the coastal region known as the Arakan.

During the Second Arakan Offensive in February 1944, XV Corps advanced southwards. A Japanese attempt to outflank and isolate elements of the Corps failed when the 7th Indian Infantry Division held off the attacks and the Corps' administrative area–the "Admin Box"–defeated attacks by the Japanese 55th Division in the Battle of the Admin Box. This was the first time in the Second World War that a British army had defeated the Japanese in a land battle. XV Corps was withdrawn on 22 March to participate in the Battle of Imphal. In December 1944 Christison and his fellow corps commanders, Lieutenant-Generals Montagu Stopford and Geoffry Scoones, were knighted and invested as Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire by the viceroy Lord Wavell at a ceremony at Imphal in front of the Scottish, Gurkha and Punjab regiments. Slim was knighted and invested as Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath at the same occasion.

In 1945, Christison assumed temporary command of the Fourteenth Army and also deputised for Slim as Commander of Allied Land Forces, South East Asia when Slim was on leave, reverting to XV Corps on Slim's return. Christison led XV Corps into Rangoon in May of that year.

In September 1945 Christison deputised for Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten as commander of South East Asia Command, and took the surrender of the Japanese Seventh Area Army and Japanese South Sea Fleet at Singapore on 3 September. Christison on the 29th September 1945 became the Allied Commander of forces in Indonesia. In November, Christison's troops were involved in the Battle of Surabaya against pro-Independence Indonesian soldiers and militia in Surabaya. Christison's stance on negotiations with the Indonesian nationalists was criticised by the Dutch and eventually at the end of January 1946 he was relieved of his command by Lord Mountbatten.

Postwar

Christison was General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C) of Northern Command from 1946 to 1947; he was then GOC-in-C of Scottish Command and Governor of Edinburgh Castle from 1947 to 1949 He was promoted to full general in August 1947. He held the honorary appointments of aide-de-camp general to the King (1947 to 1949 ) and Colonel of his regiment, the Duke of Wellington's Regiment (1947 to 1957). In 1947 Christison was appointed Colonel of the 10th Gurkha Rifles and in late 1949 he was also made Colonel of a Territorial artillery unit.

He retired from the army in 1949 and farmed at Melrose in Scotland. During the 1950s and 1960s he was Secretary of the Scottish Education Department.

Christison married twice: to Betty Mitchell, with whom he had three daughters and a son, from 1916 until her death in 1974; and then to Vida Wallace Smith until her death in 1992. He lived to the age of 100 on 17 November 1993 but died little more than a month later, on 21 December 1993.

Memorial
A brass memorial plaque to his memory lies on the south aisle of St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh (Episcopal).

title: Philip Christison


text:
Grosvenor

Grosvenor may refer to:

People

 * Grosvenor (surname), including a list of people with the surname Grosvenor
 * Grosvenor Francis (1873–1944), Australian politician
 * Grosvenor Hodgkinson (1818–1881), English lawyer and politician

Places, buildings and structures

 * Grosvenor Park (disambiguation)
 * Grosvenor Place (disambiguation)
 * Grosvenor Hall (disambiguation)

London, England

 * Grosvenor Bridge
 * Grosvenor Canal
 * Grosvenor Chapel
 * Grosvenor Crescent
 * Grosvenor Gallery
 * Grosvenor House
 * Grosvenor House Hotel
 * Grosvenor School of Modern Art
 * Grosvenor Square

In Chester, England

 * Grosvenor Bridge (Chester)
 * Grosvenor Museum
 * Grosvenor Rowing Club
 * Grosvenor Shopping Centre
 * Chester Grosvenor and Spa

Elsewhere

 * Grosvenor Arch, Utah, United States
 * Grosvenor Centre, Northampton, England
 * Grosvenor Chambers, Melbourne, Australia
 * Grosvenor Grammar School, Belfast, Northern Ireland
 * Grosvenor House (Dubai), United Arab Emirates
 * Grosvenor Island, Nunavut, Canada
 * Grosvenor Mountains, Antarctica
 * Grosvenor Resort, Florida, United States
 * Grosvenor Road, South Shields, England
 * Grosvenor–Strathmore (WMATA station), Washington, D.C., United States
 * Grosvenor Street, Sydney, Australia
 * Port Grosvenor, South Africa
 * Grosvenor, an electoral ward to Wrexham County Borough Council, Wales
 * Grosvenor Street, Melbourne, Australia

Other

 * Grosvenor (East Indiaman), wrecked 1782 on the South African coast
 * The Wreck of the Grosvenor, 1877 novel by W. Clark Russell. No connection with the actual 1782 wreck of the Grosvenor (see above).
 * Grosvenor Capital Management
 * Grosvenor gambit or coup, a psychological play in the game of contract bridge
 * Grosvenor Group
 * Grosvenor Casinos
 * Siraitia grosvenorii

title: Grosvenor


text:
Talk:Child care

Childcare and benefits/subsidies
Hi, lately I have been trying to make sense of the articles concerning Child care and a couple of issues have come up. So here are some ideas.

The 'main' article Child care contains a lot of information, and the subparts about the USA, Mexico and UK have just exploded. Also the subject of childcare benefits/subsidies has been somewhat interwoven, but by the complexity of benefits it can easily overtake the whole article. Also discoverability of the subject of infant care got me wondering. On each of these points follows some more.

In the case of the USA there also exists Child and family services, which seems to be a purely USA based organization and literally has a section about childcare in the USA. To improve readability it would be better to move the majority to a designated page Childcare in the USA or combine it with Child and family services. This also reduces scattering of information. A couple of internal article links will probably be helpful for faster finding each page.

In the case of Mexico a new page is needed. A lot of background about ongoing debates and considerations are included, which does not give a quick overview of what is the (current) situation. It seems as if one editor has gathered a lot of information and made a big effort, but it contains so many details that it deserves its own page, and maybe discussion about what should be included and what not.

In the case of the UK, the article starts with England and it never becomes clear whether any of the information is also relevant for Wales, Scotland or Northern Ireland. Scotland is only mentioned in the last paragraph. As each of the four parts of the UK can make their own policies, there probably are differences, but in this case it is hard to say if there are any. In my opinion a choice should be made between shortly mentioning the situation in each part of the UK, or (re)writing a more general text about the system in the UK and moving differences into the mentioned article Child care in the United Kingdom.

On infantcare: the page Child care starts with mentioning that the page covers care for children from two weeks of age. In the case of Spain this results in mentioning maternity leave, and Norway mentioning parental leave, and in both cases not much else. Should parentail leave policies be included or not? Also, should infantcare be explicitly mentioned in the introduction as to clarify that it belongs here, and should infantcare redirect to this page for now?

On childcare benefits/subsidies: almost every developed country has some form of childcare subsidy, also under the names of 'benefit', 'out of school care subsidy', 'infantcare subsidy', 'subsidy benefits', 'fee support' or 'assistance'. At this moment this information is partially interwoven into Child care, where for some countries it is the sole text and for others it is not mentioned at all. This shows to me that many people interpret the purpose of this page differently. In the introduction of the page the word 'payments' is only shortly mentioned, under which one could include subsidies. By the nature of subsidies each country can make its own choices, thus making for complex and long texts very quickly. Would it be useful to create a separate article on Childcare subsidy, maybe similar to Child benefit? Or is the choice to keep it in this article, thus making explicit that 'payments' includes subsidies? Or a combination with short mentioning of the benefit amounts and referral to an overview article and if available a country specific page?

A lot of issues, and I am wondering what would be good solutions. Frisie (talk) 09:59, 7 October 2023 (UTC)

 * No, there doesnt need to be a new article for child care in the us, and the information in the US should not be combined with child and family services. Child care in the US is separate in almost all cases from the child and family services. Child care is regulated at a state level, and is different in every state. That implies child care for each state in the US to be merged with its state department, (ie childcare history/culture/practices in florida section in the department of children and families) which would not work. but regardless the information in the article is about common practices and history and culture of public/private day cares in the us, not of a government sector. An article being long/full of information is not in it of itself a problem, and formatting/deleting unimportant information can improve readability.
 * I personally dont think Parental leave has a place in the article, unless to once mention how parental leave affects the needs for childcare
 * for your last paragraph, a way to improve the article would be to define subsidies, mention them when they are relevant and remove redundant/incorrect/excessive mentions of subsidies
 * if you can cite any wikipedia guidelines that would support any of your suggestions id be down to hear. Right now the main article/us section is just not of good enough quality to split off into more articles. There is hardly enough concise/well sourced info in the original article.
 * for the UK part, and also in general, i would recommend aiming to add instead of remove. If it mentions england and scotland and not the rest, add brief information about the rest of the UK rather than remove the information and restate it to be less comprehensive. Its already there, why not.
 * I am also trying to work on/improve readability this article, so if you have anything else you noticed/like to discuss, feel free to ping me !
 * thanks :) Sydpresscott (talk) 02:26, 24 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Also, this may be contradictory to my last post lol, but there are a lot of dead links on this article, or claims that are unsourced or the source/claim is unreliable/inappropriate for wikipedia. A good way to quickly condense/ improve readability/quality on this article is to get rid of those. A lot of references throughout this article have “US” next to the number in the reference bubble, and almost all of those citations/sections need to be verified as accurate/working citations and checked for grammar, (almost all of them are not) i think they are all from the same person. Sydpresscott (talk) 02:31, 24 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi Syd, great that you are working on this article. At the moment I have no time myself, so I will leave it to your judgement to try and get some shape in it.
 * The main issue with reading for instance the US section, is that it contains many political details about budgeting laws, state policies that may exist and might be accredited under unspecified standards, and many numbers and percentages are mentioned for some years but without context, trends and often with the 'US' numbers which you mentioned. The contributions of for instance senators Lamar Alexander and Barbare Mikulski tell me little to non if I want to compare say three different systems/countries within 30 minutes.
 * Here is a wikipedia guideline that discusses article size, Article size, discussing article length and guidance on structuring and moving information. And a guideline for readability, Make technical articles understandable. And a guideline about the many numbers and names without context or trends, NOTDB.
 * Again, best of luck. Frisie (talk) 18:37, 29 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Child care


text:
User:Ne-0~enwiki

I'm a new user to the wikipedia pages... it is very interesting, and I plan to help and use it mainly in esperanto and brazilian portuguese, though I may help a little the already imense english pages! My main interests are music, design, games and various very little and specific stuff. : )

title: User:Ne-0~enwiki


text:
Basophil

Basophils are a type of white blood cell. Basophils are the least common type of granulocyte, representing about 0.5% to 1% of circulating white blood cells. They are the largest type of granulocyte. They are responsible for inflammatory reactions during immune response, as well as in the formation of acute and chronic allergic diseases, including anaphylaxis, asthma, atopic dermatitis and hay fever. They also produce compounds that coordinate immune responses, including histamine and serotonin that induce inflammation, and heparin that prevents blood clotting, although there are less than that found in mast cell granules. Mast cells were once thought to be basophils that migrated from the blood into their resident tissues (connective tissue), but they are now known to be different types of cells.

Basophils were discovered in 1879 by German physician Paul Ehrlich, who one year earlier had found a cell type present in tissues that he termed mastzellen (now mast cells). Ehrlich received the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discoveries.

The name comes from the fact that these leukocytes are basophilic, i.e., they are susceptible to staining by basic dyes, as shown in the picture.

Structure
Basophils contain large cytoplasmic granules which obscure the cell nucleus under the microscope when stained. However, when unstained, the nucleus is visible and it usually has two lobes. The mast cell, another granulocyte, is similar in appearance and function. Both cell types store histamine, a chemical that is secreted by the cells when stimulated. However, they arise from different branches of hematopoiesis, and mast cells usually do not circulate in the blood stream, but instead are located in connective tissue. Like all circulating granulocytes, basophils can be recruited out of the blood into a tissue when needed.

Function

Basophils appear in many specific kinds of inflammatory reactions, particularly those that cause allergic symptoms. Basophils contain anticoagulant heparin, which prevents blood from clotting too quickly. They also contain the vasodilator histamine, which promotes blood flow to tissues. They can be found in unusually high numbers at sites of ectoparasite infection (e.g., ticks).

Like eosinophils, basophils play a role in both parasitic infections and allergies. They are found in tissues where allergic reactions are occurring and probably contribute to the severity of these reactions. Basophils have protein receptors on their cell surface that bind IgE, an immunoglobulin involved in macroparasite defense and allergy. It is the bound IgE antibody that confers a selective response of these cells to environmental substances (e.g., pollen proteins or helminth antigens).

Recent studies in mice suggest that basophils may also regulate the behavior of T cells and mediate the magnitude of the secondary immune response.

CD200
Basophil function is inhibited by CD200. Herpesvirus-6, herpesvirus-7, and herpesvirus-8 produce a CD200 homolog which also inhibits basophil function. This suggests that basophils may play a role in the immune response to these viruses. The role of basophils in the immune response to these viruses is further supported by findings that the CD200 receptor is expressed more frequently in basophils than in other circulating leukocytes.

Secretions
Basophils arise and mature in bone marrow. When activated, basophils degranulate to release histamine, proteoglycans (e.g. heparin and chondroitin), and proteolytic enzymes (e.g. elastase and lysophospholipase). They also secrete lipid mediators like leukotrienes (LTD-4), and several cytokines. Histamine and proteoglycans are pre-stored in the cell's granules while the other secreted substances are newly generated. Each of these substances contributes to inflammation. Recent evidence suggests that basophils are an important source of the cytokine, interleukin-4, perhaps more important than T cells. Interleukin-4 is considered one of the critical cytokines in the development of allergies and the production of IgE antibody by the immune system. There are other substances that can activate basophils to secrete which suggests that these cells have other roles in inflammation.

The degranulation of basophils can be investigated in vitro by using flow cytometry and the so-called basophil-activation-test (BAT). Especially, in the diagnosis of allergies including of drug reactions (e.g. induced by contrast medium), the BAT is of great impact.

Basopenia (a low basophil count) is difficult to demonstrate as the normal basophil count is so low; it has been reported in association with autoimmune urticaria (a chronic itching condition). Basophilia is also uncommon but may be seen in some forms of leukemia or lymphoma.

Immunophenotyping
Basophils of mice and humans have consistent immunophenotypes, including FcεRI+, CD123, CD49b(DX-5)+, CD69+, Thy-1.2+, 2B4+, CD11bdull, CD117(c-kit)−, CD24−, CD19−, CD80−, CD14−, CD23−, Ly49c−, CD122−, CD11c−, Gr-1−, NK1.1−, B220−, CD3−, γδTCR−, αβTCR−, α4 and β4-integrin negative.

Recently, Heneberg proposed that basophils may be defined as the cellular population positive for CD13, CD44, CD54, CD63, CD69, CD107a, CD123, CD164, CD193/ CCR3, CD203c, TLR-4, and FcεRI. When activated, some additional surface markers are known to be upregulated (CD13, CD107a, CD164), or surface-exposed (CD63, and the ectoenzyme CD203c).

Allergy diagnosis
Basophils are easily isolated from venous blood and present good "indicator cells" of an IgE-mediated allergic response based on the upregulation of activation markers such as CD63 and/or CD203c upon suspect allergen stimulation. Therefore, the BAT serves to confirm IgE-mediated allergy following uncertain results from classical testing based on anamnesis, skin testing or specific IgE results. More recently, BAT has also been used for the monitoring of successful allergen immunotherapy (desensitization) to differentiate short-term desensitization versus sustained unresponsiveness to the allergen.

Etymology and pronunciation
The word basophil uses combining forms of baso- + -phil, yielding "base-loving".

title: Basophil


text:
User talk:Kdaley

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them; *How to edit a page *How to write a great article *Naming conventions *Manual of Style If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Alexandros 23:05, 6 Dec 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kdaley