text:
User talk:Desmay

Have been here over a decade, mostly interested in religious and other topics.

Oxford/Grosvenor Square
Hi Desmay. I've cut the info you added on Grosvenor Square to the Oxford entry, as that is to do with Oxford Street, London, not the city of Oxford. I've pasted your text here so you can add it somewhere more appropriate if you wish. --hooverbag 08:58, 2004 Dec 21 (UTC)
 * Oxford Street in London features on its south side the well-known Grosvenor Square, encompassing six acres and named for Sir Richard Grosvenor. The houses in the area are generally considered quite magnificent. It includes an equestrian statue of King George I.

Michael Moore edit
It was wrong to remove the reference to the family who were scandalized and appalled at their son's funeral being in Moore's movie without permission. This is very legitimate criticism of Moore and deserves mention. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Desmay (talk • contribs) 15:35, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree. However the edit also had serious POV problems.  There have been further attempts to present it in NPOV form and these should continue. --Tony Sidaway|Talk 19:31, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

AIDS Dissent Wikicity
Hi, Dean. (Yes, I know who you are.) You may be interested in contributing to the AIDS Dissent Wikicity I founded last month. Mostly, I'm the only contributor so far, but I'm looking for others to join in. There's about 25 articles started so far. I think dissidents do not really have a fair chance here at wikipedia, and also I think it's good to have a site where a strict NPOV policy can be slightly modified. Please, come and check it out: Revolver 03:59, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

Redirect
Hi there: to make a redirect, type "#REDIRECTarticle, inserting the article name to which you want to redirect. Must be in capitals, spacing is critical.--Anthony.bradbury 17:18, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry, the above message went to the wrong person.--Anthony.bradbury 17:21, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Your edit to Robert A. Heinlein
Hi. I reverted this change. Heinlein's biographer, Bill Patterson, says:

 * Robert Anson Heinlein was born on 7 July 1907, in Butler, Bates County, Missouri, the third son of Rex Ivar Heinlein and Bam Lyle Heinlein. Heinlein had two older brothers -- Lawrence and Rex, Jr. He was succeeded by a sister -- Louise -- another brother -- Jesse -- and then two more sisters -- Rose Betty and Mary Jean, also called "MJ" -- seven children in all.

I'm not sure how to reconcile that with this page, as I'd also expect James Gifford's site to be reliable. I can speculate that Jay might be a nickname for Jesse, but that's just a random guess. -- Jim Douglas (talk) (contribs)  20:52, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

October 2007
Hello. Please don't forget to provide an edit summary. MBK004 01:53, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

Ms. Monster
Hi, Dean. I added to Ms. Monster because it doesn't establish that she meets our basic notability criteria. If you can improve the article, please do. If you have any questions, you can contact me on my talk page, check Questions, or leave and you question on this page, and someone will be around to help shortly. Cheers, WODU P  04:44, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

Christmastide edit
Desmay: I saw your recent edit to the Christmastide article, and I did not revert it, but I would ask you to reconsider it, as the sentence you changed was not saying what you thought it did. The sentence was not saying that only "some" Christian churches recognized Christmas, it says that only some Christian churches recognize it as a 'liturgical season', which is quite different. Many evangelical, fundamentalist, or "low-church" denominations don't have a concept of 'liturgical season'. Sigil7 (talk) 22:40, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Ms. Monster
I have nominated Ms. Monster, an article you created, for deletion. I do not feel that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Ms. Monster. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time. WODU P  03:17, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of Double-Donkey Kong Junior (video game)
A tag has been placed on Double-Donkey Kong Junior (video game) requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is a very short article providing little or no context to the reader. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the article does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that a copy be emailed to you.  brew crewer  (yada, yada) 14:04, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

Resistance is futile
I removed what you had added to the article above; "It is unclear what if any relationship this phrase has to the older Science Fiction catch-phrase, "Resistance is useless!" as used by sources preceeding the introduction of the Borg in Star Trek (see Vogon and [The Dalek Invasion of Earth] for some examples)."

If it is unclear, then it shouldn't really be added to the article. To do so is making a bit of mild original research. Alastairward (talk) 10:05, 26 January 2009 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Desmay! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 2 of the articles that you created  are tagged as Unreferenced Biographies of Living Persons. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring these articles up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the articles are adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the list:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 12:00, 25 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Bill Ham -
 * 2) Thom Doucette -

You are seriously retarded
As quoted from you on the discussion page for the Jimmy John's article.

A sentence here makes no sense to me: "After Liautaud realized it would cost nearly twice as much as the loan to start a hot dog business. Twice as much as what?" Dean Esmay (talk) 15:45, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

Learn to stop reading sentences halfway through and you may not have to ask such ignorant ass questions, you fucking dipshit. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.157.150.169 (talk • contribs) 10:34, 25 May 2011 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Dariel Pertwee

The article Dariel Pertwee has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * Unsourced BLP of actor who lacks any clear claim of notability.

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A Voice for Men I have currently started a proposed article for A Voice for Men, which I am Managing Editor of.

Your submission at AfC A Voice for Men was accepted
 A Voice for Men, which you submitted to Articles for creation, has been created. The article has been assessed as Start-Class, which is recorded on the article's talk page. You may like to take a look at the grading scheme to see how you can improve the article. You are more than welcome to continue making quality contributions to Wikipedia. . Thank you for helping improve Wikipedia!  T K  K ! bark with me! 00:08, 18 December 2013 (UTC)
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Men's rights movement sanctions notification
Thank you for your contributions to the encyclopedia! In case you are not already aware, an article to which you have recently contributed, Men's rights movement, is on article probation. A detailed description of the terms of article probation may be found at Talk:Men's rights movement/Article probation. Also note that the terms of some article probations extend to related articles and their associated talk pages. ''The above is a templated message. Please accept it as a routine friendly notice, not as a claim that there is necessarily any problem with your edits. Thank you.'' -- Bbb23 (talk) 01:13, 19 December 2013 (UTC)

Your sig
You should put a space after the last of your writing (even if a period) and the ~ because what's happening is the D in Dean is coming right after a period and it looks ugly to not have a space between the punctuation and the sig. It should have a space like starting a new sentence. Ranze (talk) 19:02, 11 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Ouch. I have been a Wikipedian for like 10 years and I still blow it on little things like this. Thanks for the tip! 19:28, 11 March 2014 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Virtual Center of Biotechnology for the Americas

The article Virtual Center of Biotechnology for the Americas has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * No evidence of notability. Tagged for notability since 2009. Orphan.

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

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Hello Mr. Esmay
Hello! You may not but might know me from the YouTube comment sections as the spaniel dressed and posed as a gardener. I was wondering if you'd like to try to get WP:MEN talking or working on some things. For example, there's a new MGTOW article in the works. Chrisrus (talk) 01:32, 7 April 2015 (UTC)

Hi I am currently on something of a boycott of Wikipedia due to what I view as corruption. I'm willing to help out on specific projects if people are trying to overcome the entrenched powers on men's issues. Contact me via phone, skype, whatever, my contact info is at the top here.Dean Esmay (talk) 03:42, 7 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Hi there I'm sorry for not getting back to you, I was on Wikipedia hiatus for many years. I'm back now and interested in other things but if you reach me on TWitter or Facebook under the Max Kolbe group name I'll get it. I can give pointers and advice although I'm not up for extended edit fights.

Nomination of Nathan Norman for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Nathan Norman is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Nathan Norman until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Ddcm8991 (talk) 18:16, 10 September 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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Commenting on RfCs
Hi, regarding - the page is built by a bot which will remove or overwrite anything that it didn't put there itself, as it did with.

What you should do is follow the link at the top of the entry - in this case it's Wikipedia talk:Translation - which will take you to the RfC in the "Machine-translations" section. There you will see comments by others - just use the edit link adjacent to the section heading and add your comments at the bottom. -- Red rose64 🌹 (talk) 22:12, 14 April 2017 (UTC)
 * ThanksDean Esmay (talk)

Adam Banner
Since your vote to delete the page, I added my reasons why it should stay. As someone who appears to balanced, fair and impartial, curious to know your thoughts about what I wrote. Billsimmons7 (talk) 22:16, 16 April 2017 (UTC)

Re: Deletion review/Log/2017 August 14
You seem to have posted the same text twice. bd2412 T 22:57, 17 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Never mind, it has been removed. bd2412  T 23:23, 17 August 2017 (UTC)

Template removal
Do not remove (another contributor's) template until the issue has been resolved; the template's is open through several venues. Instructions about template removal are within the template itself. Thanks.  THE PROMENADER  ✎ ✓  09:02, 11 September 2017 (UTC)

October 2017
Hello. This is a message to let you know that one or more of your recent contributions, such as the edit you made to Flemish people, did not appear constructive and has been reverted. Please take some time to familiarise yourself with our policies and guidelines. You can find information about these at our welcome page which also provides further information about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. If you only meant to make test edits, please use the sandbox for that. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you may leave a message on my talk page. Thank you. Iryna Harpy (talk) 23:59, 29 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Actually, my apologies. You are correct, so I've restored your version. The Ipsos data and newspaper article both deal with Belgium, not Flemish people. Feel free to trout me! Keep up the good work, and happy editing! --Iryna Harpy (talk) 00:31, 30 October 2017 (UTC)
 * No problem, I try to be accurate as possible. Pax. desmay (talk) 19:30, 30 October 2017 (UTC)

Ideological atheists triyng to whitewash mass shooter's beliefs
I need your help over at Sutherland Springs church shooting. People over their are performing mental gymnastics to try to conceal the shooter's beliefs.The New Classic (talk) 22:18, 8 November 2017 (UTC)
 * I apologize for not getting back to you on Sutherland Springs, have been busy. Do you still need help there, I'm pretty swamped but I can try if needed. desmay (talk) 19:10, 17 November 2017 (UTC)

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Please review your vote
This is a BLP you can’t possibly have reviewed this article if this is your opinion of it. Spartaz Humbug! 08:23, 1 January 2018 (UTC) Sorry you didn't like it. desmay (talk) 00:02, 2 January 2018 (UTC)

Ethnic article
After google search results I saw there is an article for Bashkardi language but not for Bashkardi people. Somehow strange. Is there any explanation for this error? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Caddyspoked (talk • contribs) 23:15, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Sorry for not answering sooner I'm bad at checking messages. Truth is I don't have time to start such an article but it sounds like a good idea.desmay (talk) 03:43, 7 January 2019 (UTC)

Don't waste on my talk page. Use the article's talk page.
Try to gain consensus on the article's talk page. Don't ignore reliable sources. It's pretty basic stuff. Closeclouds (talk) 20:17, 25 January 2019 (UTC)

NewtonX, Inc. Afd
Hello, Desmay. We welcome your contributions, but if you have an external relationship with the people, places or things you have written about on Wikipedia, you may have a conflict of interest (COI). Editors with a conflict of interest may be unduly influenced by their connection to the topic. See the conflict of interest guideline and FAQ for organizations for more information. We ask that you:

 * avoid editing or creating articles about yourself, your family, friends, colleagues, company, organization or competitors;
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 * do your best to comply with Wikipedia's content policies.

In addition, you are required by the Wikimedia Foundation's terms of use to disclose your employer, client, and affiliation with respect to any contribution which forms all or part of work for which you receive, or expect to receive, compensation. See Paid-contribution disclosure.

Also, editing for the purpose of advertising, publicising, or promoting anyone or anything is not permitted. Thank you.  scope_creep Talk  20:52, 12 October 2019 (UTC)
 * I am aware of no such conflicts thank you.

General sanctions for Michael Jackson
NinjaRobotPirate (talk) 12:59, 26 March 2020 (UTC)

April 2020 False Allegation, refuted, see below
Please stop your disruptive editing. If you continue to disrupt Wikipedia, you may be blocked from editing. ''Hi, am. One among edit your just made in a user Code16 page seems to be disruptive, if this userpage belong to you, easily you can referred it as alternative account but not putting some tags that you didn't open a sock puppet file or discussions against it. ( F5PILLAR -- (Let's talk) 08:10, 15 April 2020 (UTC) '' ( F5PILLAR -- (Let's talk)  08:10, 15 April 2020 (UTC)
 * If you are engaged in an article content dispute with another editor, discuss the matter with the editor at their talk page, or the article's talk page, and seek consensus with them. Alternatively you can read Wikipedia's dispute resolution page, and ask for independent help at one of the relevant noticeboards.
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 * I have no alternative accounts and have used this account myself alone for more than a decade. Your allegation of Code 16 is false and an allegation made without a shred of evidence. Further, you have not really explained what evidence there is that I've even been "edit warring." Please be specific, where is your evidence that any of what you are saying has occurred or is occurring? desmay (talk) 12:31, 18 April 2020 (UTC)`
 * Further: The tag placement on Code16's user page was just routine housekeeping. Note that the tag was already placed by a sysop on Code16's talk page . Do your research before making whimsical claims. desmay (talk) 18:14, 19 April 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm interested why F5Pillar is so angry about the edit. Generally, editing people's userpages is frowned upon, but you were simply adding a sockpuppet tag to an account that was blocked over 5 years ago... How is the edit disruptive? — Yours, Berrely  • Talk∕Contribs 13:12, 21 April 2020 (UTC)

Important Notice
MrClog (talk) 02:03, 22 April 2020 (UTC)

Notice of Dispute resolution noticeboard discussion
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Question
On Armin Navabi, he recently got banned from Twitter. However, I am not able to find a source, except for his Facebook account which confirmed it via screen shot. Is that acceptable for us to use to update? Zakaria1978 ښه راغلاست (talk) 23:47, 20 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Hi Zakaria1978 to be honest I've never tried using a screen shot as a source so I don't know. desmay (talk) 18:52, 22 October 2020 (UTC)

Growth of religion
I don't understand why you insist on repeating, the Chinese scenario was mentioned before, I do not understand the goal of repeating it again, is the goal is to create Illusory truth effect? so that the current study did not mention that it excluded China, but rather said that there is a lack of reliable data for all religious groups there, because China does not conduct national statistics for all followers of religions in it, not only for Christians. Nor does the source say that the reason for the growth of Christians there is conversion. Even that this study is based on unconfirmed and unreliable data, it is originally not worth repeating. ~ The good man 232 (talk) 10:13, 28 November 2020 (UTC)
 * The growth of Christianity in China, despite persecution, is well documented. This persecution is a serious issue, and the growth is an important phenomenon. Otherwise, it might be better to discuss this on the discussion page.desmay (talk) 18:41, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

Warning:Hounding
please stop harassment other users by hounding them in order to repeatedly confront or inhibit their work. --The good man 232 (talk) 17:14, 5 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Please provide evidence I have hounded anyone. Feel free to call me 313-334-4887 if you think there's been a misunderstanding.desmay (talk) 02:20, 6 March 2021 (UTC)

Concern regarding Draft:King David (1997 Animated Film)
Hello, Desmay. This is a bot-delivered message letting you know that Draft:King David (1997 Animated Film), a page you created, has not been edited in at least 5 months. Drafts that have not been edited for six months may be deleted, so if you wish to retain the page, please edit it again or request that it be moved to your userspace.

If the page has already been deleted, you can request it be undeleted so you can continue working on it.

Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia. FireflyBot (talk) 16:02, 20 July 2022 (UTC)

Your draft article, Draft:King David (1997 Animated Film)

Hello, Desmay. It has been over six months since you last edited the Articles for Creation submission or draft page you started, "King David".

In accordance with our policy that Wikipedia is not for the indefinite hosting of material deemed unsuitable for the encyclopedia mainspace, the draft has been nominated for deletion. If you plan on working on it further, or editing it to address the issues raised if it was declined, simply and remove the, , or  code.

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Thank you for your submission to Wikipedia! Hey man im josh (talk) 16:34, 17 August 2022 (UTC)

Signing in articles
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CS1 error on Sola gratia
Hello, I'm Qwerfjkl (bot). I have automatically detected that this edit performed by you, on the page Sola gratia, may have introduced referencing errors. They are as follows: Please check this page and fix the errors highlighted. If you think this is a false positive, you can [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?action=edit&preload=User:Qwerfjkl/Botpreload&editintro=User:Qwerfjkl/boteditintro&minor=&title=User_talk:Qwerfjkl&preloadtitle=Qwerfjkl%20(bot)%20–%20Desmay&section=new&preloadparams%5b%5d=&preloadparams%5b%5d=1176724633 report it to my operator]. Thanks, Qwerfjkl (bot) (talk) 16:21, 23 September 2023 (UTC)
 * A "bare URL and missing title" error. References show this error when they do not have a title. Please edit the article to add the appropriate title parameter to the reference. ([//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sola_gratia&action=edit&minor=minor&summary=Fixing+reference+error+raised+by+%5B%5BUser%3AQwerfjkl%20(bot)%7CQwerfjkl%20(bot)%5D%5D Fix] | [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Help_desk&action=edit&section=new&preload=User:Qwerfjkl%20(bot)/helpform&preloadtitle=Referencing%20errors%20on%20%5B%5BSpecial%3ADiff%2F1176724633%7CSola%20gratia%5D%5D Ask for help])

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February 2024
You currently appear to be engaged in an edit war  according to the reverts you have made on Tristan Tate. This means that you are repeatedly changing content back to how you think it should be although other editors disagree. Users are expected to collaborate with others, to avoid editing disruptively, and to try to reach a consensus, rather than repeatedly undoing other users' edits once it is known that there is a disagreement.

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 * 1) Edit warring is disruptive regardless of how many reverts you have made;
 * 2) Do not edit war even if you believe you are right.

This is your only warning; if you violate Wikipedia's biographies of living persons policy by inserting unsourced or poorly sourced defamatory content into an article or any other Wikipedia page again, as you did at Tristan Tate, you may be blocked from editing without further notice. Drmies (talk) 00:01, 23 February 2024 (UTC)

Notice of edit warring noticeboard discussion
Hello. This message is being sent to inform you that there is currently a discussion involving you at Administrators' noticeboard/Edit warring regarding a possible violation of Wikipedia's policy on edit warring. The thread is Administrators' noticeboard/Edit warring. Thank you. VQuakr (talk) 23:55, 22 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Hey, I saw you mentioned you didn't plan to keep editing in the subject area, but I am a little curious if you don't mind; what made you decide to come in hot on this one and start restoring contested content to a BLP? We've both been around a while and it was a little jarring. If you don't want to discuss, that's fine of course. VQuakr (talk) 01:49, 23 February 2024 (UTC)
 * The Tate brothers have been all over the news so I was surprised to see that the article about Tristan was nominated for deletion. desmay (talk) 20:33, 17 March 2024 (UTC)

Edit warring
Your recent editing history at Christian nationalism shows that you are currently engaged in an edit war; that means that you are repeatedly changing content back to how you think it should be, when you have seen that other editors disagree. To resolve the content dispute, please do not revert or change the edits of others when you are reverted. Instead of reverting, please use the talk page to work toward making a version that represents consensus among editors. The best practice at this stage is to discuss, not edit-war; read about how this is done. If discussions reach an impasse, you can then post a request for help at a relevant noticeboard or seek dispute resolution. In some cases, you may wish to request temporary page protection.

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title: User talk:Desmay


text:
Tilphussa

Tilphussa (Τιλφοῦ(σ)σα Tilphoũssa) is a spring in Boeotia. Tiresias died after he drank water from this spring. Strabo locates the deadly spring below the slopes of Tilphossium (Τιλφωσσαῖον, near Haliartus and Alalcomenae; he mentions the sanctuary of Tiresias and the temple of Tilphoussian Apollo, unique to this site. Pausanias noted that a temple consecrated to Praxidike was in the vicinity of Tiresias's tomb. The manuscript tradition of Plutarch's Life of Lysander offers a unique report of a spring Kissousa at Haliartus, in which the infant Dionysus was washed; this must be a scribal error for Tilphousa.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tilphussa


text:
Dame Edna Everage

Dame Edna Everage, often known simply as Dame Edna, is a character created and performed by Australian comedian Barry Humphries, known for her lilac-coloured ("wisteria hue") hair and cat eye glasses ("face furniture"); her favourite flower, the gladiolus ("gladdies"); and her boisterous greeting "Hello, Possums!" As Dame Edna, Humphries wrote several books, including an autobiography, My Gorgeous Life; appeared in several films; and hosted several television shows (on which Humphries also appeared as himself and other alter-egos).

Humphries regularly updated Edna. Starting as a drab Melbourne housewife satirising Australian suburbia, the character adopted an increasingly outlandish wardrobe after performances in London in the 1960s, through which she grew in stature and popularity.

Edna was known for her outlandish spectacles. Humphries claimed the eyeglasses, and other aspects of Edna's personality, were inspired by Stephanie Deste, a Melbourne eccentric, beautician, radio broadcaster, actor and dancer.

Following film appearances and an elevation to damehood in the 1970s, the character evolved to "Housewife and Superstar", then "Megastar" and finally "Gigastar". Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Dame Edna became increasingly known in North America after multiple stage and television appearances.

Edna described her chat-shows as "an intimate conversation between two friends, one of whom is a lot more interesting than the other". The character was used to satirise the cult of celebrity, class snobbery, and prudishness and was often used by Humphries to poke fun at the political leaders and fashions of the times. Her exuberant persona and scathing commentary on society and celebrity, as well as her habit of treating celebrities like ordinary people (on her television shows) and ordinary people like celebrities (in her stage shows) have become signatures.

Although Humphries freely stated that Edna was a character he played, Edna referred to Humphries as her "entrepreneur" or manager. Humphries and his staff of assistants and writers only referred to Edna as "she" and "her", never mixing the character with Humphries.

In March 2012, Humphries announced that the character would be retired at the end of the current stage tour, but later in 2013 he decided to bring her back. Humphries died in April 2023, having played Edna for almost 68 years.

Character story
While Dame Edna was a fictitious character (whose life story was entirely created by Barry Humphries), so complete is her identity as an individual that Macmillan published My Gorgeous Life, Edna's "autobiography" (written by Humphries but credited to Edna herself), on its non-fiction list. Humphries also wrote an "Unauthorised Biography" of his life as Edna's manager: Handling Edna, published in 2010.

According to My Gorgeous Life, and statements Edna made over the years, she was born Edna May Beazley in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, with a sibling who would give birth to Barry McKenzie. Everage started her stage career in a sketch entitled "Olympic Hostess" in the revue Return Fare on 19 December 1955 as Mrs. Norm Everage, an "average Australian housewife" from Moonee Ponds, a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria. She spent her time visiting world leaders and jet-setting between her homes in Los Angeles, London, Sydney, Switzerland and Martha's Vineyard. She was a friend and confidante of Queen Elizabeth II and advised prime ministers and presidents. Edna once took an on-air phone call from President Ronald Reagan to assure him that he was, indeed, still the president; and at stageshows she claimed to be giving former Australian Prime Minister, Julia Gillard, elocution lessons.

The character had three adult children, Bruce, Kenny, and Valmai. Her first daughter, Lois, when still an infant, went missing and was believed to have been abducted by a "rogue koala" during a family camp in the outback, à la Azaria Chamberlain. In Handling Edna, the Unauthorised Biography, Humphries absolves the koala of any role in the affair and reveals the true fate of Lois, who in fact survived abduction to become a Catholic nun. Edna's surviving daughter, Valmai, assisted Dame Edna on her most recent programmes for ITV1, including The Dame Edna Treatment and assisted on her live tour shows. Edna takes great pride in her two sons: Bruce, who works as an engineer in South Melbourne and is married to Joylene from Ivanhoe, and her youngest, Kenneth (or Kenny), who is a fashion designer in London and designed all of her frocks. Dame Edna refers often to him and his partner, Clifford Smale, both of whom Edna believes are searching for "Miss Right", although she admits they are looking "in some very strange places". Kenny appeared in Sir Les Patterson's documentary Les Patterson and the Great Chinese Takeaway as a boutique owner in Hong Kong.

Dame Edna's mother was incarcerated in a "maximum-security twilight home for the permanently bewildered". Valmai and Kenny are the only family members who appeared on stage or screen with their mother. Her husband, Sir Norman Everage, died in 1988 after many years in hospital with prostate problems and a "testicular murmur"; Edna founded the non-profit "Friends of the Prostate" in his honour. Dame Edna was not with Norm when he died. And due to his insistence that all his organs be donated, by the time she reached his bedside, Norm had been "globally recycled" and all that remained was "a dent in the pillow". As a result, Dame Edna almost believed that Norm's cremation was a "waste of money".

In the 21st century, Edna demonstrated her social conscience and sensitivity, telling audiences of her intention to adopt an African child from "the country where Madonna shops for loved ones".

Dame Edna spent many years accompanied by her bridesmaid and constant companion Madge Allsop (played by Emily Perry), a New Zealander from Palmerston North who assisted Dame Edna with her appearances and television shows. (Perry died at the age of 100 in 2008 and Dame Edna's daughter Valmai replaced her on stage). Madge never spoke a public word (although she sang on Comic Relief), and while she was often the butt of Dame Edna's jokes, the two were devoted. In Handling Edna, the Unauthorised Biography, Humphries gives Madge a voice and explains the sad loss of her own husband in New Zealand's boiling mud, whilst the couple were on their honeymoon.

On some of her shows (The Dame Edna Experience) Dame Edna was joined on stage by 'Chuck' (Charlton Heston) where he would be mildly humiliated and mistreated.

Dame Edna was praised for her insights into her homeland. When asked why Australians are so good at sport she commented: "the cli- mate, the diet, the outdoor life, and the total lack of any intellectual distraction".

Dame Edna launched a campaign to be appointed as a BBC newsreader in 2009 after the corporation announced it wished to seek a female newsreader over 50 years old.

Dame Edna claimed to have various medical conditions, such as Asperger syndrome, bipolar disorder, gluten intolerance, restless legs and attention deficit disorder.

In 2016, after Humphries made comments that were criticised as transphobic, Dame Edna's official social media accounts made a post in which she distanced herself from the comments, stating that she had fired him years earlier but that he "refuses to accept dismissal" and opining that he "is losing the plot" and "deserves our pity not our disapproval". In the same message, she also claimed partial Aboriginal Australian and Jewish ancestry.

Honours
On 7 March 2007, Melbourne renamed a city street in her honour: Dame Edna Place, formerly Brown Alley off Little Collins Street, was officially opened by the Lord Mayor of Melbourne, John So. Dame Edna Place is opposite Royal Arcade and The Causeway, between the major roads, Elizabeth Street and Swanston Street; it was, until its renaming, a service alley for adjoining buildings. Dame Edna was not at the renaming ceremony but was represented by ten look-alike Dames. Everage Street in suburban Moonee Ponds has also been named in her honour.

In 1982, Dame Edna's alter-ego Barry Humphries was made an Officer of the Order of Australia for "services to the theatre" and on 16 June 2007 he was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire for services to entertainment.

In MAC Cosmetics 2008 Winter Line-Up, a Dame Edna collection of cosmetics were released including eye shadow, lipstick, powder, and nail polish.

A bronze statue was unveiled at Melbourne Docklands in January 2009. It is located by the Yarra river near Harbour Town which also includes statues of singer John Farnham, Dame Nellie Melba, and Graham Kennedy.

In 2020, a species of brightly iridescent Australian soldier fly was named Opaluma ednae in honour of the character, "whose signature hair has a striking resemblance to the colouration of this species." Other species described in the same article were named O. rupaul (after drag queen RuPaul) and O. fabulosa.

Invention of the character
Barry Humphries was invited to join the fledgling Union Theatre Repertory Company early in 1955 and toured Victorian country towns performing Twelfth Night, directed by Ray Lawler. On tour, Humphries invented Edna gradually as part of the entertainment for the actors during commutes between country towns. Humphries gradually developed a falsetto impersonation of a Melbourne housewife, imitating the Country Women's Association representatives who welcomed the troupe in each town. At Lawler's suggestion, Mrs Everage (later named Edna after Humphries' nanny) made her first appearance in a Melbourne University's UTRC revue at the end of 1955, as the city prepared for the 1956 Olympic Games. The sketch involved a houseproud "average housewife" offering her Moonee Ponds home as an Olympic billet, spruiking her home as possessing "burgundy wall-to-wall carpets, lamington cakes and reindeers frosted on glass dining-room doors".

At this time the character was billed as "Mrs Norm Everage" (Humphries describing this name as "Everage as in 'average', husband Norm as in 'normal'") and had none of the characteristic flamboyant wardrobe of later years.

His mother (whom the interviewer William Cook said "sounds like a frightful snob") was a major inspiration for Edna, although he denied it when she was alive to protect her feelings. Her first monologue in 1955 was about her "lovely home", reflecting young Barry's own site visits accompanying his builder father. Originally she was a "mousy" character and too quiet to please the raucous crowd at The Establishment club in London.

According to John Lahr, Edna came into her own during the 1980s when the policies of Thatcherism—and what he described as the "vindictive style of the times"—allowed Dame Edna to sharpen her observations accordingly. Lahr wrote that Edna took Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's "seemingly hypocritical motto" of "caring and compassion" for others and turned it on its head, Edna became the voice of Humphries' outrage.

In a 2011 interview with CUNY TV, actor Zoe Caldwell claimed that the character had been written with her in mind, but that she turned it down as she did not believe she could make it funny. She then suggested to Humphries that he perform the role himself.

1950s–1999
Humphries played the character at comedy clubs, satirising the atmosphere of 1950s Melbourne suburbia. An interview with "Mrs Everage" was one of the programmes screened on HSV-7's first day of programming in 1956. Another revue called Rock'n'Reel followed in 1958 at the New Theatre in Melbourne. She appeared in a televised revue shown on New Year's Eve, 1958, Wild Life and Christmas Belles.

The character's overseas debut, now as Edna Everage, was in the early 1960s at comedian Peter Cook's nightclub, The Establishment, in London's West End, where she received a poor review from Bamber Gascoigne, then the drama critic for The Spectator. Barry Humphries cites Cook as being instrumental in launching Edna's UK career. While her first appearances at the Establishment Club were a flop, the mousy Edna being too quiet to please that raucous crowd, a 2016 interviewer William Cook saw the early failure as a blessing, so that Humphries spent the sixties as a jobbing actor rather than as a pampered star.

In 1972, the character appeared as Barry McKenzie's "Aunt Edna" in the film, The Adventures of Barry McKenzie. In the sequel Barry McKenzie Holds His Own, the Australian Prime Minister Gough Whitlam cameos at the close of the film to confer upon Edna the title of Dame, henceforth to be known as "Dame Edna".

Following the lukewarm reception to Edna's early appearances in Humphries' 1969 stageshow Just a Show and the BBC television series The Barry Humphries Scandals, a growing awareness and appreciation among British audiences for Edna emerged and Humphries devised a stage show titled Edna Everage Housewife Superstar which was successfully presented in London's West End in the mid-1970s. The show featured monologues, songs and what was becoming an Edna trademark – interaction with the theatre audience.

In April 1976, Edna made an appearance in A Poke in the Eye (with a Sharp Stick) — the first of what became Amnesty International's Secret Policeman's Ball series of benefit shows. Edna performed a song for the show and was featured in the film of the show. She also appeared in the 1981 Amnesty show The Secret Policeman's Other Ball. Edna made a cameo appearance in the 1978 film Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. In 1979 she was the subject of a BBC Arena mockumentary: La Dame aux Gladiolas.

Humphries debuted the character off-Broadway in New York City in the late 1970s, but the show received such a poor review from The New York Times that Humphries later joked that he thought, "Well, I'll go back to Broadway but I'll wait till the critic's dead — and I had to wait 25 years. I had to wait a quarter of a century for that critic to die".

Dame Edna's success grew in the UK throughout the 1980s and early 1990s with semi-regular stage and television shows. Her first TV specials were in 1978–1979 on BBC, but she became popular with broadcaster ITV after her initial performance on An Audience With ... Dame Edna Everage in 1980, in front of an audience of invited celebrities. She went on to perform two more An Audience With... specials (in 1984 and 1988), the only performer ever to make three shows in the series.

In 1987, Edna starred alongside Humphries's vulgar alter-ego Les Patterson in the comedy feature Les Patterson Saves the World. In the same year The Dame Edna Experience, ostensibly a talk show which she described as "really a monologue interrupted by total strangers" aired, featuring high-profile "celebrity guests" such as Sean Connery, Mel Gibson, Joan Rivers, and Germaine Greer (an old friend of Humphries'), as well as Madge, her silent, sour-faced "bridesmaid and travelling companion". In 1989, the show was back for a second season, this time taking place in her "luxury penthouse suite" where her guests stayed and, in the case of Douglas Fairbanks, Jr, did her grocery shopping. Subsequently, these shows were aired in the U.S. on PBS, broadening her audience and enlarging her fame. Dame Edna's Neighbourhood Watch a reality/game show hybrid, aired in 1992, and saw her and Madge having a look at her "by invitation only, ladies audience" member's houses, and evaluating their housekeeping skills. U.S. television specials followed, as did an unsuccessful series which aired only one episode. She appeared as a guest of Phil Donahue on his talk show on 17 February 1993.

In 1997, she appeared in another television talk show Dr Dame Edna Kisses It Better. Edna continued her Australian stage and television appearances including a record five appearances as guest presenter at the TV Week Logie Awards and a role as a co-narrator (along with Humphries and Les Patterson) of the ABC's Australian social history series Barry Humphries Flashbacks in 1999.

2000–2009
In 2000 and 2004, Dame Edna appeared on Broadway, and toured America with both shows. These were ostensibly not "performances", but rather "appearances", with Dame Edna giving monologues and interacting with audience members. Her 2000 show, The Royal Tour, won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding One-Person Show, and a Tony Award.

During 2001 and 2002, Dame Edna appeared in the fifth season of the television show Ally McBeal playing the guest role of Claire Otoms, a client of the show's law firm who later became a secretary at the same firm. The character shared Dame Edna's voice and style and was explicitly listed in the opening credits as being played by Dame Edna Everage (although Barry Humphries received a credit in the closing credits). Claire Otoms is an anagram of "A Sitcom Role".

In the 2002 motion picture Nicholas Nickleby Dame Edna plays the role of Mrs. Crummles, an actress and wife of the manager of a provincial theatre company. Barry Humphries also appears in the film as Mr. Leadville.

Dame Edna appeared at the Party at the Palace in London in 2002 where she referred to the Queen as the "jubilee girl".

The nostalgic "Barry Humphries: Back to my Roots" tour featured Humphries, Edna, Sir Les and Sandy Stone around Australia in 2003.

In 2002 New Zealand artist Maurice Bennett was commissioned by an Australian bread company to create a 7.35 m tall 2,989-slice toast portrait of Dame Edna. It was exhibited on a billboard in La Trobe Street in Melbourne.

In 2003, she had an interview punctuated with NPR Weekend Edition's host Scott Simon's table-pounding laughter.

The character celebrated her 50th "birthday" in 2005. She appeared in the 2005 Myer Christmas advert. To mark the occasion, in 2006, Australia Post featured Edna on a postage stamp and the Lord Mayor of Melbourne presented Edna with the key to the city. She toured Australia with the stageshow "Barry Humphries Back With a Vengeance" and appeared on camera "together" with Humphries for the first time in an interview by Ray Martin for Australia's 60 Minutes. She also appeared on screen at the Closing Ceremony of the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne while 1000 "Commonwealth Dames" danced around the arena wearing purple wigs, garish costumes and gladioli, singing along to her song, "We've Made The Most of Melbourne" : "It's not as small as Adelaide, Compared to Canberra, it's bliss, And if you've been to Melbourne, You can give Sydney a miss."

On 20 May 2006 she appeared on ITV's coverage of The Prince's Trust 30th Birthday Concert. During the telethon-style segments of the event, she took part in a game of Blind Date picking former X Factor contestant Chico Slimani over actors Roger Moore and Richard E Grant.

In the summer of 2006, Dame Edna appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno alongside Billy Crystal. On 23 September 2006, during an interview on Parkinson, she revealed that she would be returning to ITV in 2007 with a new chat show called The Dame Edna Treatment. The show began on Saturday 17 March 2007, with the set-up being that Edna runs a health spa where various famous guests come for treatment.

On 17 December 2006, Dame Edna appeared as a guest panellist on the ABC TV Show Spicks and Specks where she sang with presenter Adam Hills. On 16 December 2007 she appeared as the last guest on the final episode of the Parkinson UK talk show. On 29 May 2008 she appeared on The Graham Norton Show alongside Ray Mears and Alanis Morissette. On 8 August 2008 she appeared on Loose Women on the final show of that year's series. On 12 September and 15 December 2008, and also on 27 May 2009, she made guest appearances on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno.

Accompanied by her daughter Valmai in America and Sir Les Patterson in the UK, Dame Edna again toured with what was declared My First Last Tour. On television in early 2009, she appeared in adverts to publicise the insurance company Norwich Union's change of name to Aviva, quoting her change of name from Mrs Everage. On 9 June 2009, she appeared as a guest on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson. On 17 July 2009, she appeared as a guest on Friday Night with Jonathan Ross. On an episode of The One Show in September 2009 a piece of graffiti on Sunderland's Penshaw Monument read "Edna Woz Ere 09" and a pair of Everage's signature glasses were drawn next to it. Dame Edna performed the "Last Night of the Poms" at the Royal Albert Hall accompanying the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra on 15 September 2009 and on 21 September, she appeared as a guest on Channel 4's "The Paul O'Grady Show".

2010–2023
In 2010, Dame Edna collaborated with cabaret pianist and singer Michael Feinstein for a two-person revue in the United States, titled All About Me, based on the premise that the pair were rivals who were forced to work together for the show's sake. The show opened as the second production for the newly refurbished Henry Miller's Theatre and was planned to run from 18 March through 18 July 2010 (with previews beginning on 22 February), but lukewarm reviews and low ticket sales led to the limited engagement being cut short and closing on 4 April 2010, after 27 previews and 20 regular performances. On 25 March 2010, she appeared on the television talk show The View as a guest host to promote the production.

On 29 April 2011 she appeared on the Channel Nine broadcast William and Kate: The Royal Wedding, with Karl Stefanovic and Lisa Wilkinson, covering the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton at Buckingham Palace, along with Tracy Grimshaw and Kathy Lette at Westminster Abbey.

On 18 March 2012, Humphries announced he would "retire" the Dame Edna character because he was "beginning to feel a bit senior".

On 15 March 2013, Dame Edna Everage appeared on Red Nose Day 2013 as a guest star and judge for the Comic Relief Does MasterChef competition between Jack Whitehall and Micky Flanagan.

In June 2013, Dame Edna returned in a Sydney Opera House production of Peter and the Wolf.

In 2013, Dame Edna announced her final tour of the United Kingdom. The show opened in November 2013 at the London Palladium before beginning a UK tour in January 2014.

On 11 February 2015, she appeared on The Great Comic Relief Bake Off in aid of Comic Relief.

Dame Edna's Glorious Goodbye – The Farewell Tour began in Seattle, Washington at The Moore Theatre (15–18 January 2015) and continued on to The Ahmanson Theatre in Los Angeles (24 January 2015 through 15 March 2015) next traveling to San Francisco's Orpheum Theater (17–22 March 2015) then on to the McCallum Theatre in Palm Desert, California (30 March 2015 – 4 April 2015) then Toronto, Ontario, Canada's Princess of Wales Theatre (9–19 April 2015) and concluding in Washington, D.C. at the National Theatre (21–26 April 2015.)

Dame Edna was a guest on Michael McIntyre's Big Christmas Show, broadcast by BBC1 on Christmas Day 2015.

Dame Edna appeared briefly in Absolutely Fabulous: The Movie (2016) in a non-speaking cameo, one of two characters played by Humphries in the film.

On 19 September 2019, Dame Edna appeared on the Today programme with John Humphrys. This was Humphry's final programme as presenter.

In what would become the final appearance of the character before Humphries' death, Dame Edna returned to the BBC for a one-off special, Dame Edna Rules The Waves, in which she (belatedly) publicly acknowledged the death of Madge, first broadcast on BBC1 on 31 December 2019. During the show, Dame Edna attempts to dispose of Madge's ashes from the porthole of her luxury yacht, The Ocean Widow, but is prevented from doing so to protect the environment. Madge's last will and testament insisted that Dame Edna take on the care of her sister Mabel, who became Dame Edna's silent sidekick, sticking labels on her celebrity guests. Mabel is portrayed by British actress Anne Rason.

Satirical advice column controversy
In 2003, Vanity Fair magazine invited Dame Edna to write a satirical advice column. She created controversy with a piece published in the February 2003 issue. Replying to a reader who asked if she should learn Spanish, she wrote:
 * "Forget Spanish. There's nothing in that language worth reading except Don Quixote, and a quick listen to the CD of Man of La Mancha will take care of that ... Who speaks it that you are really desperate to talk to? The help? Your leaf blower?"

Some Americans read this reply as a racist remark against Hispanics and complaints flooded in to the magazine. Actress Salma Hayek responded angrily, penning a furious letter in which she denounced Dame Edna. After Vanity Fair received death threats, the magazine published a full-page apology to the Hispanic community.

Humphries commented later: "If you have to explain satire to someone, you might as well give up". When Dame Edna was questioned about the controversy on the eve of her 2003 Australian tour, she retorted that Hayek's denunciation was due to "professional jealousy", and that Hayek was envious because the role of painter Frida Kahlo, for which Hayek received an Oscar nomination, had originally been offered to Edna:

"When I was offered the part of Frida I turned it down, and she was the second choice. I said 'I'm not playing the role of a woman with a moustache and a monobrow, and I'm not having same-sex relations on the screen' ... I'm not racist. I love all races, particularly white people. You know, I even like Roman Catholics."

Television credits

 * Wild Life and Christmas Belles (1958)
 * The Barry Humphries Show (1976–1977)
 * La Dame Aux Gladiolas (1979)
 * Christmas Snowtime Special (1979)
 * An Audience with... (three editions, 1980, 1984, 1988)
 * Last Night of the Poms (1981)
 * An Aussie Audience with Dame Edna Everage (1986)
 * The Dame Edna Experience (1987–1989)
 * A Night on Mount Edna (1990)
 * Dame Edna's Hollywood (1991–1993)
 * Dame Edna's Neighbourhood Watch (1992–1993)
 * Edna Time (1993)
 * Dame Edna's Work Experience (1996)
 * Dr Dame Edna Kisses It Better (1997)
 * Flashbacks with Barry Humphries (1999)
 * Ally McBeal (2001–2002)
 * Dame Edna Live at the Palace (2003)
 * The Dame Edna Treatment (2007)
 * The Great Comic Relief Bake Off (2015)
 * Dame Edna Rules The Waves (2019)

title: Dame Edna Everage


text:
Hythe, Kent

Hythe is a market town and civil parish on the edge of Romney Marsh, in the district of Folkestone and Hythe in Kent, England. The word Hythe or Hithe is an Old English word meaning haven or landing place.

History
The town has mediaeval and Georgian buildings, as well as a Saxon/Norman church on the hill and a Victorian seafront promenade. Hythe was once defended by two castles, Saltwood and Lympne. Hythe Town Hall, a neoclassical style building, was completed in 1794.

Hythe's market once took place in Market Square (now Red Lion Square) close to where there is now a farmers' market every second and fourth Saturday of the month. Hythe has gardening, horse riding, bowling, tennis, cricket, football, squash and sailing clubs. Lord Deedes was once patron of Hythe Civic Society.

As an important Cinque Port, Hythe once possessed a bustling harbour which, over the course of 300 years, has now disappeared due to silting. Hythe was the central Cinque Port, sitting between Hastings and New Romney to the west and Dover and Sandwich to the east.

According to Hasted, a French fleet approached Hythe in 1293 and landed 200 men, but "the townsmen came upon them and slew every one of them: upon which the rest of the fleet hoisted sail and made no further attempt".

In 1348, the Black Death afflicted Hythe, and in 1400 the plague further reduced the population.

Hythe has no coat of arms; however, the corporation seal represents an antique vessel with one mast, two men in it (one blowing a horn) and two men lying on the yard arm.

Hythe was the home of the Mackeson Brewery, which after changes of ownership, closed in 1968. It was the birthplace of Mackeson Stout, a type of beer first brewed in 1909, which went on to become a national brand. Mackeson stout is no longer brewed locally but is produced under contract by one of the major national brewers.

Hythe Ranges is a military training ground that takes up a large section of the Hythe shoreline. Access to this section of the shore is restricted when red flags are showing.

Royal Military Canal and Martello Towers

The Royal Military Canal runs across the northern edge of the marsh, to Winchelsea. Running under Stade Street, the canal, intended to repel invasion during the Napoleonic wars of 1804 to 1815, gives central Hythe its character. Now shaded by trees, the canal, 10 yards wide, passes into the marsh from the middle of the town. The canal begins at Seabrook and runs through Hythe. It follows the original haven that was once Hythe's harbour as far as the light railway thence across Romney Marsh to Winchelsea. Its 26-mile length can be walked.

Also built around the same time as a defence against possible invasion by Napoleon were the Martello Towers. In total, 74 of these towers were built between Folkestone and Seaford. The walls were up to 13 ft thick, and each tower held 24 men and had a huge cannon mounted on the top. They were named after a similar tower at Mortella Point in Corsica which the Navy had captured from the French. Although never needed for their original purpose they were later used to combat smuggling and also acted as signalling stations and coastal defences during the two world wars. Three of the towers survive at Hythe; one was converted to a house in the 1930s and can be seen along West Parade, and the other two are on the beach and are owned by the Ministry of Defence.

Geologically, the town developed on a succession of non-parallel terraces, rising from the level ground around the Royal Canal (previously named the Royal Military Canal) towards the steep incline upon which the parish church of St Leonard was built. From the High Street, alleys lead up to the steeper levels of the town.

Castles at Saltwood and Lympne
Hythe was once defended by two castles, Saltwood and Lympne. Saltwood derives its name from the village in its shadow. During the reign of King Canute the manor of Saltwood was granted to the priory of Christ Church in Canterbury, but during the 12th century it became the home of Henry d'Essex, constable of England.

Thomas Becket had sought from King Henry II restoration of the castle as an ecclesiastical palace. Henry instead granted the castle to Ranulf de Broc. That the castle had been returned to Becket, as Archbishop of Canterbury, and remained a church property until the reign of Henry VIII, when Hythe and Saltwood were to be sequestrated to the Crown, suggests that some complicity by the baron Rranulf de Broc was possible in the murder of Becket. It was during this time at Saltwood, on 28 December 1170, that four knights plotted Becket's death the following day. Hugh de Moreville was one of the knights, along with Reginald Fitzurse, William de Tracey and Richard le Breton.

From the moment Hythe came under Crown control, the senior official of the town was also a bailiff appointed by the Crown. This state of affairs (uniquely for a Cinque Port) remained until 1575 when Elizabeth I gave the town control of its affairs. The last Crown bailiff, John Bredgman, became the first mayor. A brass inscription bearing his name remains in the parish church, dated 1581.

Cinque port Court of Shepway
A monumental cross now indicates what was from 1358 a meeting place of the confederation of the Cinque ports, several miles west of Hythe, known then as "the Shepway crossroads". Shepway cross, erected in 1923, the monument to the Court of Shepway, is beside the Hythe to Lympne road (B2067). The lathe of Shepway was the Saxon name for south-east Kent, roughly corresponding with the modern District of Shepway, comprising Folkestone, Hythe, Romney Marsh and nearby villages as far north as Elham. Many think this monument marks where the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports held his court for Shepway, and it is referred to as the "Shepway Cross". In fact the Shepway Cross is a civic war memorial erected in 1923. It was placed on the top of Lympne Hill because that was traditionally the site of the Court of Shepway.

Shepway Cross was paid for and unveiled in August 1923 by Earl Beauchamp, the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Randall Davidson, attended the ceremony. The memorial now shows signs of decay. The lettering denoting the monument's true purpose is hardly legible.

School of Musketry
The School of Musketry was established in Hythe in 1853.

Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway
Hythe is the northern terminus of the Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway, running third-scale steam and diesel locomotives. The track runs parallel to the coast through Dymchurch and New Romney to Dungeness. The founders were Captain J Howey and Count Louis Zborowski. It opened in 1927. The trains run on a gauge of 15 inches (380 mm) and the track is nearly 14 miles (23 km) long. During the Second World War the service transported the Operation Pluto pipeline.

Governance
Folkestone and Hythe are represented in Parliament by the Conservative MP Damian Collins, elected in 2010.

Local places of interest

 * Brockhill Country Park
 * Centuries
 * Port Lympne Wild Animal Park & Gardens
 * St Leonard's Church
 * Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway

Sport and leisure
Hythe has a Non-League football club, Hythe Town F.C. who play at the Reachfields Stadium.

Theatre
Folkestone & Hythe Operatic & Dramatic Society owns the Tower Theatre at Shorncliffe. It is a charitable organisation which performs several shows a year.

Newspapers
Hythe has two paid-for newspapers, the "Folkestone and Hythe Express" (published by the KM Media Group) every Wednesday and the "Folkestone Herald" (published by Kent Regional News and Media). KentOnline.co.uk (published by the KM Media Group) also has a dedicated website for Hythe news. Free newspapers for the town include the Folkestone and Hythe Extra, part of the KM Group; and yourshepway, part of KOS Media. It also has a paid-for monthly magazine "Folkestone, Hythe & Romney Life". A new free community/lifestyle magazine for Hythe, "Hythe Life Magazine" launched in the summer of 2014.

Radio
The local radio station for Hythe is KMFM Shepway and White Cliffs Country. Cinque Ports Radio 100.2FM is the community radio station for Hythe and Romney Marsh and has been broadcasting since 7th March 2022 replacing Shoreline FM, now an online service, which had been broadcasting on 100.2FM from January 2020. Academy FM 105.9FM, the community radio station for Folkestone can also be received in parts of Hythe.

Hythe FM on 95.1FM was a restricted service radio licensed station which broadcast for several years during the time of the Hythe Venetian Fete. The people behind Hythe FM have now started broadcasting online since May 2022.

In popular culture

 * Hythe is the setting of BBC One comedy-drama series Back to Life.

Notable people

 * The novelist Elizabeth Bowen spent her childhood in Hythe and retired to 'Carbery' on Church Hill, overlooking the parish church, where she died.

 * Saltwood Castle was the ancestral home of Lord Deedes and later home to Lord Kenneth Clark, the art historian, and his son Alan Clark, Conservative minister, military historian and renowned diarist.

 * The novelist Daphne du Maurier lived with her family at Hythe in the early years of the Second World War.
 * Colonel Gaddafi, leader of Libya, was trained by the British army in Kent
 * Edward Hulme (1812-1876), surgeon and hospital administrator in New Zealand, was born in Hythe
 * Sir Henry Lucy was a parliamentary journalist who built (1883) 'Lucy's' on what is now Lucy's Hill in Hythe
 * Lionel Lukin, credited with inventing the self-righting lifeboat, is buried in the parish.
 * Ronald MacNab (1902–1962), cricketer
 * Noel Redding, (1945-2003), bassist with the Jimi Hendrix Experience, gave his first public performance at Hythe Youth Club.
 * Monte Saldo, a strong man.
 * Francis Pettit Smith, inventor of the marine screw propeller, was born and brought up in Hythe; a plaque is on the wall above The Post Office in the High Street.
 * Charles Wakefield, 1st Viscount Wakefield, philanthropist, founder of the Castrol Oil Company, Lord Mayor of London, a great benefactor of Hythe who lived at 'The Links' overlooking the town (destroyed by fire during 1960s)
 * Kenneth Colley, Actor from Manchester, known for playing many parts, specially Admiral Piett in Star Wars lives in Hythe.

title: Hythe, Kent


text:
Figeac

Figeac (Fijac) is a commune in the southwestern French department of Lot. Figeac is a sub-prefecture of the department.

Geography
Figeac is on the via Podiensis, a major medieval pilgrimage trail that is part of the Camino de Santiago network. Today, as a part of France's system of long-distance footpaths, it is known as the GR 65. Figeac station is a railway junction with connections to Brive-la-Gaillarde, Toulouse, Aurillac and Rodez.

Places and monuments
Figeac is classified as a city of art and history and has been recognized by the Midi-Pyrénées Regional Council as one of the eighteen Great Sites of Occitania. The old town has kept its layout and winding streets of the Middle Ages with many old sandstone houses.

Religious heritage

 * Chapel Notre-Dame-de-Pitié de Figeac - a 13th-century building, integrated into the Église Saint-Sauveur, was classified as a historical monument in 1840.
 * Chapelle de l'hôpital de Figeac.
 * Église Saint-Dau de Ceint-d'Eau.

L’église Saint-Sauveur
The building was classified as a historical monument in 1840. Several religious objects are referenced in the Base Palissy database. This church, the only remains of a Cluny abbey, was consecrated in 1092. Saint Hugh was its abbot. Although modified over the centuries, either because of embellishments or because of the damage caused by the Hundred Years' War or the French Wars of Religion, it nevertheless has survived.

It was a pilgrimage church, similar in size to Saint-Sernin de Toulouse or Abbey Church of Sainte-Foy, with a triple nave, a vast transept, an ambulatory and an apse with radiating chapels. The old chapter house is decorated with polychrome wood of the 17th century.

A capital from this church, the top part of a column, was re-cut into a font and is exhibited in New York at The Cloisters (Metropolitan Museum of Art)).

L'église des Carmes
The building was listed as a historical monument in 1993. Twelve paintings of the apostles are referenced in the Base Palissy database. Formerly Church of Saint-Thomas-Becket, it is the most modest church in size in the city. Located near the hospital, at the entrance of Figeac, it is the last witness of the former Carmelites convent that was once established there.

L’église Notre-Dame-du-Puy
The building was classified as a historical monument in 1916. Several religious objects are referenced in the Base Palissy database. The aptly named, since it dominates all Figeac, on the Place du Foirail. This church of Romanesque origin was remodelled several times, especially in the 14th and 17th centuries, when the three central bays were united into one; The choir contains beautiful carved Romanesque capitals and a large carved walnut altarpiece, dated 1696. Yet it is the oldest parish of Figeac, born, according to tradition, from a miracle: The Virgin would have made a hawthorn bloom there in winter. It was the seat of a brotherhood of St. James.

Musée Champollion
The city is home to the Champollion Museum les écritures du monde (the writings of the world). There are more than 40,000 visitors a year. Visitors can discover through the collections how writing has appeared in the world for 5,000 years.

The Champollion Museum is a major museum of the city, but there are other museums in Figeac: the Musée Paulin-Ratier, the musée de la Résistance and finally the Musée d'histoire de Figeac. The latter was redesigned in 2012 in the spirit of cabinets of curiosities, in rooms belonging to the former seminary, behind the Notre-Dame-du-Puy church.

La place des Écritures
Embedded in a medieval architectural ensemble, its floor is covered with a monumental reproduction of the Rosetta Stone (14 × 7 m), carved in black granite from Zimbabwe by the American conceptual artist Joseph Kosuth. Inaugurated in April 1991, this important contemporary work can also be contemplated from the museum's hanging garden overlooking the square. In an adjoining courtyard, the French translation of the inscriptions is engraved on a glass plate.

L'obélisque de Champollion
On 11 March 1832, the municipal council decided to erect an obelisk in memory of Champollion. A subscription raised 4,000 francs and two years later a granite needle 7.8 meters high was extracted from the rock of Golinhac. It includes inscriptions in hieroglyphics meaning A Toujours! and two bronze plaques on the pedestal hosting Egyptian bas-reliefs.

Place Carnot
Formerly the Place de la Halle, it is surrounded by imposing houses, some made of cob, with wrought iron balconies, and under the roofs, open covered galleries, the soleilhos, which were once used to dry clothes or skins, or as a refuge to get some fresh air during a hot summer evening.

Les Aiguilles
The two "needles" around Figeac are large octagonal stone obelisks each resting on a pedestal of four steps. They are made of cemented dimension stone. The Aiguille du Cingle, standing south of the city, measures 14.50 meters. The L'aiguille de Lissac or Nayrac, standing to the west, measures 10.50 meters.

Notable people
Jean-François Champollion, the first translator of Egyptian hieroglyphics, was born in Figeac, where there is a Champollion Museum. His father had married a woman from Figeac and opened a bookshop in the village. On the Place des écritures (writings square) is a giant copy of the Rosetta Stone, by Joseph Kosuth. French explorer and archeologist Théodore Ber was born in Figeac, although he spent most of his adult life in Peru. German film historian Lotte H. Eisner hid from the Nazis in Figeac during World War II.

The actor Charles Boyer and the football player Vincent Beduer were born in Figeac.

Economy
This city hosts the headquarters of Figeac Aero.

Media
Louis Malle's 1974 film, Lacombe Lucien, was filmed in Figeac.

title: Figeac


text:
Talk:Edward Hunter (Billy Banjo)

Untitled
I wrote this article (before I had created an account) as I understand Edward Hunter was important to the development of the left in New Zealand in its early stages. However I notice that ther are no articles linking to this one, so are there any Kiwis (or anyone at all for that matter) out there that can maybe remedy this? Cheers, Big Jim

title: Talk:Edward Hunter (Billy Banjo)


text:
User:Robminchin

"Radio astronomer Robert Minchin shared photos of people putting wooden and metal storm shutters over the control room windows [at Arecibo Observatory] … But around 11:05 p.m. Tuesday, Minchin said he'd lost power. “Will be tweeting by SMS if network stays up,” he said. As of Thursday afternoon, that was the last message he'd sent."

I am a Senior Scientist with USRA at NASA's Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA), having previously worked for USRA and Cornell University at Arecibo Observatory, and at Cardiff University on HIPASS and other surveys for extra-galactic neutral hydrogen. I was first author on the paper announcing the discovery of the dark galaxy candidate VIRGOHI 21 in 2005    and a follow-up paper carrying out high-resolution synthesis imaging of it using the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope in 2007. I have also been involved in the discoveries of methanimine in Arp 220 in 2008  and of a nuclear outburst in NGC 660 in 2013. I lead the Arecibo Galaxy Environment Survey, which discovered a giant bridge of hydrogen between galaxies in 2014 and a large ring of gas close to the Triangulum Galaxy in 2016.

I have also been quoted in the media commenting on research at Cambridge University on the possibility of "tepid" dark matter, on the funding problems at Arecibo Observatory, on the opening of the Five hundred metre Aperture Spherical Telescope and on the science being done with Arecibo. I was interviewed for Tom Scott's YouTube channel in 2017, and for the Astronomical Society of the Pacific's Mercury magazine in 2018 and 2019.

All contributions to Wikipedia are my own and do not reflect the views of my employers or funding agencies.

My contributions

My subpages

title: User:Robminchin


text:
Kölsch

Kölsch may refer to:
 * Kölsch (beer), a style of beer from Cologne, Germany
 * Kölsch (artist), house musician/DJ
 * Colognian, a Ripuarian dialect spoken in and around Cologne
 * USS Koelsch, a vessel of the Garcia class of the US Navy

People with the surname

 * C. Frederick Koelsch (1907-1999), American chemist
 * John Kelvin Koelsch (1923–1951), United States Navy officer
 * Rune Reilly Kölsch or Rune RK, Danish producer and songwriter

title: Kölsch


text:
Lorine Niedecker

Lorine Faith Niedecker (English: pronounced Needecker; May 12, 1903 – December 31, 1970) was an American poet. Her poetry is known for its spareness, its focus on the natural landscapes of Wisconsin and the Upper Midwest (particularly waterscapes), its philosophical materialism, its mise-en-page experimentation, and its surrealism. She is regarded as a major figure in the history of American regional poetry, the Objectivist poetic movement, and the mid-20th-century American poetic avant-garde.

Early life
Niedecker was born on Black Hawk Island near Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin to Theresa (Daisy) (née Kunz) and Henry Niedecker and lived most of her life in rural isolation. She grew up surrounded by the sights and sounds of the river until she moved to Fort Atkinson to attend school. The environment of birds, trees, water and marsh would inform her later poetry. On graduating from high school in 1922, she went to Beloit College to study literature but left after two years because her father was no longer able to pay her tuition. She devoted herself to caring for her ailing deaf mother, who was deeply depressed by her husband's flagrant affair with a neighbor. Niedecker and Frank Hartwig married in 1928; the relationship lasted two years. Hartwig's fledgling road-construction business foundered during the onset of the Great Depression while Niedecker lost her job at the Fort Atkinson Library. The two separated in 1930 but were not legally divorced until 1942.

Early writings
Niedecker's earliest poetry was marked by her reading of the Imagists and Surrealists. In 1931 she read the Objectivist issue of Poetry. She sent her poems to Louis Zukofsky, who had edited the issue. This was the beginning of what proved to be an important relationship for her development as a poet. Zukofsky suggested sending them to Poetry, where they were accepted for publication. Niedecker then found herself in direct contact with the American poetic avant-garde. Near the end of 1933, Niedecker visited Zukofsky in New York City for the first time and became pregnant with their child. He insisted that she have an abortion, which she did, although they remained friends and continued to carry on a mutually beneficial correspondence following Niedecker's return to Fort Atkinson.

From the mid-1930s, Niedecker moved away from surrealism and started writing poems that engaged more directly with social and political realities and on her own immediate rural surroundings. Her first book, New Goose (1946), collected many of these poems.

Neglect
Niedecker was not to publish another book for fifteen years. In 1949, she began work on a poem sequence called For Paul, named for Zukofsky's son. Unfortunately, Zukofsky was uncomfortable with what he viewed as the overly personal and intrusive nature of the content of the 72 poems she eventually collected under this title and discouraged publication. Partly because of her geographical isolation, even magazine publication was not easily available and in 1955 she claimed that she had published work only six times in the previous ten years.

Revival
The 1960s saw a revival of interest in Niedecker's work. Wild Hawthorn Press and Fulcrum Press, both British-based, published books and magazine publication became regular. She was also befriended by a number of poets, including Cid Corman, Basil Bunting and several younger British and US poets who were interested in reclaiming the modernist heritage. Her books published in the last few decades of her life included My Friend Tree, T & G: The Collected Poems, 1936–1966, North Central, and My Life By Water.

Encouraged by this interest, Niedecker started writing again. She had previously earned her living scrubbing hospital floors in Fort Atkinson, "reading proof" at a local magazine, renting cottages and living in near-poverty for years. However, her marriage in May 1963 to Albert Millen, an industrial painter at Ladish Drop Forge on Milwaukee's south side, brought financial stability back into her life. When Millen retired in 1968, the couple moved back to Blackhawk Island, taking up residence in a small cottage Lorine had built on property she inherited from her father. The cottage, now known as the Lorine Niedecker Cottage, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Niedecker died in 1970 from a cerebral hemorrhage, leaving behind several unpublished typescripts. Many other Niedecker papers were burned by Millen, who said he did so at Niedecker's request. Her name was added to her parents' headstone which uses the original spelling of the family name, Neidecker. Lorine had her name changed to the Niedecker spelling when she was in her twenties. The primary Niedecker archives are in the Dwight Foster Public Library (which inherited Niedecker's personal library) and the Hoard Museum in Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin (which holds a collection of Niedecker's papers, as preserved and donated by her neighbor and close friend, Gail Roub).

Niedecker's comprehensive Collected Works, edited by Jenny Penberthy, were published by the University of California Press in 2002. A centennial celebration of Niedecker's life and work, held in Milwaukee and Fort Atkinson in 2003, included treks to her two Rock River-edged homes on Black Hawk Island and symposium sessions including presentations by scholars and poets. Corman, Niedecker's literary executor who lived most of his creative life in Japan, made his last appearance in the United States during this event.

Works

 * New Goose (Prairie City, Ill.: Press of James A. Decker, 1946).
 * My Friend Tree (Edinburgh: Wild Hawthorn Press, 1961).
 * North Central (London: Fulcrum Press, 1968).
 * T&G: The Collected Poems (1936–1966) (Penland, NC: The Jargon Society, 1969).
 * My Life by Water: Collected Poems 1936-1968 (London: Fulcrum Press, 1970).
 * Blue Chicory (New Rochelle, NY: The Elizabeth Press, 1976).
 * The Granite Pail: Selected Poems of Lorine Niedecker, ed. Cid Corman (San Francisco: North Point Press, 1985).
 * From This Condensery: The Complete Writing of Lorine Niedecker, ed. Robert J. Bertholf (Highlands, NC: Jargon Society, 1985).
 * Harpsichord & Salt Fish (Durham: Pig Press, 1991).
 * Collected Works, ed. Jenny Penberthy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002). ISBN 0-520-22433-7
 * Lake Superior (Seattle & New York: Wave Books, 2013). This edition of the poem includes sources materials and commentary.

Correspondence

 * "Between Your House and Mine": The Letters of Lorine Niedecker to Cid Corman, 1960-1970, ed. Lisa Pater Faranda (Duke University Press, 1987)
 * Niedecker and the Correspondence with Zukofsky, 1931-1970, ed. Jenny Penberthy (Cambridge University Press, 1993)

title: Lorine Niedecker