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Whitley Bay

Whitley Bay is a seaside town in the North Tyneside borough in Tyne and Wear, England. It formerly governed as part of Northumberland and has been part of Tyne and Wear since 1974. It is part of the wider Tyneside built-up area, being around 10 mi east of Newcastle upon Tyne. Two notable landmarks are the Spanish City (a domed building on the seafront) and St. Mary's Lighthouse, the latter on a small island near the town.

Early history
Whitley was first mentioned around 1100 when King Henry I conferred it with other possessions on the Priory of Tynemouth being referred to in ancient documents and maps before that date as Witelei, Wyteley, Hwyteleg, Witelithe, Wheteley, Wytheleye, Whitlaw, Whitlathe and Whitlag. Whitley is also referred to in the charters of King Henry II, King Richard I and King John, confirming to the priors their possessions and liberties.

Whitley was connected with the Crusades when Pope Nicholas IV granted to Edward I the first-fruits and tenths of all ecclesiastical possessions for six years to defray the expenses of an expedition to the Holy Land. A valuation was made of the spiritual and temporal goods of the Priory on 26 March 1292, when the yearly rents from Whitley were returned as 20 shillings, and the tithes as 9 marks.

About the beginning of the 14th century, the manor of Whitley was held from the Prior of Tynemouth by a singular feudal service called the Conveyes which seems to have originated from John de Whitley. Richard de Emeldon, eighteen times Mayor of Newcastle and seven times its representative in Parliament, was the Lord of the Manor of Whitley in 1333.

On 9 April 1345, Edward III granted Gilbert de Whitley a licence to crenellate his manor house at Whitley. To crenellate a house was to place battlements on it. Before this could be done, the sanction of the Crown was often sought. Although battlements were often largely symbolic, in this instance it is probably an indication of the degree of insecurity felt even this far south during the Edwardian wars with Scotland. The licence and crenellations were an indication of status. Only 2% of the small tower houses of the sort Gilbert built had licences. The 'sanction' of the crown was a sought-after bonus, but not a requirement.

After the Dissolution of the Monasteries, Whitley was held under the Crown for a time. By a grant of Edward VI dated 8 December 1551, it came into the hands of Dudley, Earl of Warwick who was created Duke of Northumberland. It remained in the Percy family until 1632 after which time the area appeared to be let at a yearly rental to various holders until it came into the possession of the Duke of Somerset on his marriage in 1682 with Elizabeth, the heiress of Joscelyn, the 11th Earl of Northumberland. Whitley subsequently passed by inheritance to her granddaughter Elizabeth Seymour who had married Sir Hugh Smithson, a Yorkshire baronet, afterwards created Duke of Northumberland. Whitley has since been retained by descendants and the present Duke of Northumberland is the Lord of the Manor and principal landowner.

Monkseaton, which forms the greater part of the north west of the district, is also very old and its industries were common with those of Whitley being chiefly coalmining and limestone quarrying.

19th century to present
From the late 19th century and into the 20th century, the adverse effects of the decline of local coal mining and dependent industries in the area were ameliorated by the emergence of Whitley as a seaside holiday resort. The opening of the North Tyne Loop railway line in 1882, connecting the coastal villages to Newcastle, benefited the tourism industry. The line, now followed by the present Metro system, included a new railway station in the centre of the town, and another at Monkseaton. Both stations remain in use as Metro stations. Whitley Bay remains a popular holiday resort, with a caravan park operated by Parkdean Resorts for both holidaymakers and holiday home owners.

The parish church is St. Paul's Church. It was provided by the Duke of Northumberland when the parish of Tynemouth was divided in 1860 and it was consecrated in 1864.

The Whitley and Monkseaton Local Board was established in 1873. The district of the Local Board became the Urban District of Whitley and Monkseaton.

The town was known as Whitley until the 1890s, by which time confusion with Whitby, in North Yorkshire, regularly caused mail to be misdirected. The final straw came in September 1901 when a former resident died in Edinburgh and his body was to be buried in St Paul's churchyard, Whitley. Unfortunately, the body was mistakenly transported to Whitby, thereby delaying the funeral. When the council asked residents for suggestions of a new name, the most popular choice was Whitley Bay. Though since known officially as Whitley Bay, many residents still refer to the town as 'Whitley'.

On 1 January 1944, the Whitley and Monkseaton Urban District became the Whitley Bay Urban District and on 5 March 1954 it was granted a Royal Charter of Incorporation as the Borough of Whitley Bay. The charter was presented by The Princess Royal at a ceremony in the town on 14 April 1954.

The Local Government Act 1972 abolished the borough, with Hartley in the north of the borough becoming a part of Blyth Valley district in Northumberland, and the majority of the town including Whitley Bay and Monkseaton forming part of the Metropolitan Borough of North Tyneside in the Tyne and Wear area. The town is in the constituency of Tynemouth.

Geography
Whitley Bay is around 10 miles east of Newcastle upon Tyne. It is bounded by the coastline of the North Sea to the east. Tynemouth is 3 miles south.

St Mary's Island, a tidal island at the northern tip of the town, is the site of a lighthouse, one of the town's landmarks. Coal seams are exposed in the cliffs next to the beach just North of St Mary's Island and it is possible to pick up coal from the beach at low tide. The coal seams in the cliffs extend all the way to Seaton Sluice.

Transport
The Tyne and Wear Metro yellow line runs through the town with Whitley Bay, Monkseaton, West Monkseaton and Cullercoats stations serving the town. A Metro journey to Newcastle city centre takes around 25 minutes, via South Gosforth or Wallsend. The main bus operators in the town are Stagecoach North East, Go North East and Arriva Northumbria. Until the late 1990s, Arriva owned and operated a bus station and depot in the town. This closed in 1998, and the Park View Shopping centre sits on the site of both this, and the old Post office building.

Media
The local weekly newspaper, The News Guardian, is published by Johnston Press and printed on the presses of the Sunderland Echo in nearby Sunderland. The alternative free weekly paper is the Chronicle Extra, formerly known as the Herald and Post.

Education
There are two high schools in the town, Whitley Bay High School and Monkseaton High School. The town is one of the few remaining in the UK that operates on a three-tier system, with first, middle and high schools.

Regeneration

On 20 February 2007, North Tyneside Council announced plans to regenerate the Spanish City and Whitley Bay. At the core of the plan was the redevelopment of the Spanish City site with its iconic dome, completed in 1912. For many years it was home to a theme park with rides and attractions, until falling into decay following the closure of the theme park in 2000. The Spanish City was reopened in July 2018.

Recent civic improvements include, a skatepark opened in the Panama Dip in 2008, a children's play park on Whitley Park in 2007, refurbishment of the swimming pool and the Playhouse both re-opened in 2009. A new library (behind the main street in the town centre) with a tourist information office, and joint service centre on the site of York Road was completed in 2013.

Football
Whitley Bay F.C. play at the town's Hillheads Park, adjacent to the ice rink. The Hillheads stadium in the west of the town and holds approximately 4,500 spectators with 250 seats in the main stand. Now playing in the Northern League Division One, the club won the FA Vase (amateur FA Cup) in 2002, beating Tiptree United at Villa Park, Birmingham.

Whitley Bay reached the FA Vase final again in May 2009, when the club beat Glossop North End 2–0 at the new Wembley Stadium. They retained the trophy the following year by beating Wroxham 6–1 at Wembley in the final of the 2009–10 FA Vase. In May 2011 they made it an unprecedented three in a row, and four wins in total this time beating Coalville Town 3–2.

Ice Hockey
Whitley Bay Ice Rink is home of Whitley Warriors Ice Hockey Club. The team enjoyed success together with local rivals Durham Wasps at a national level during the 1980s and early 1990s.

Rugby union
Whitley Bay Rockcliff RFC play at the Lovaine Avenue ground in Hillheads. Founded in 1887 as Rockcliff RFC, and still generally known as "Rockcliff", they were originally based on the seafront in the Rockcliff area of the town, prior to moving along the seafront to the site later occupied by the Spanish City. In 1907 they moved to the present site in Lovaine Avenue. The years immediately after formation and up to the First World War were the most successful in the club's history, when they were one of the strongest sides in England, beating the world-famous Barbarians in 1892, and producing a number of international players including E.W "Little Billy" Taylor, who captained England in the 1890s. The introduction of the league structures in the late 1980s saw the club climb into the north east leagues in the early 1990s. The club now plays in the Durham and Northumberland Division 2.

Speedway
The Rockcliff ground was the home of the short-lived Dirt Track or Speedway venture in the spring of 1929. The first venue on Tyneside, it was not as popular as the sister track at Gosforth Stadium which opened early summer and was closed after only two months, when the operator Tyneside Speedways Ltd went into liquidation.

Religion
There are a number of Christian denominations and mosques in the town:
 * Baptist church
 * Whitley Bay
 * Whitley Lodge
 * Roman Catholic church (Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle)
 * St Edward's
 * St Mary's
 * Church of England (Diocese of Newcastle)
 * St Alban's, Earsdon
 * St Mary's, Monkseaton
 * St Paul's
 * St Peter's, Monkseaton
 * Free Church
 * Havana
 * The Bay
 * Acorn Community
 * Methodist church
 * St John's
 * United Reformed Church
 * St Andrew's, Monkseaton
 * Mosques
 * Whitley Bay Islamic Cultural Centre
 * North Tyneside Bangladeshi Community Association.

Notable people

 * Gladstone Adams – inventor of the windscreen wiper and former mayor
 * Kate Adie – News reporter & Chief News Correspondent, BBC News (1989–2003). Presenter, From Our Own Correspondent, BBC Radio 4. Born in Whitley Bay.
 * David Gilford Armstrong – eminent animal nutritionist who was born and raised here
 * Michael Bridges – former Newcastle United and Sunderland football player
 * Ann Cleeves – author
 * Denis Coe – politician
 * John Coxon – footballer
 * L Devine – Singer-songwriter
 * Sam Fender – Singer/Songwriter, former pupil of Whitley Bay High School Sixth Form
 * Graham Fenton – footballer
 * Toby Flood – England rugby union international
 * John Gilroy – artist of Guinness advertisement fame
 * Tom Hadaway – playwright
 * W. E. Johns – author of Biggles (c. 1925)
 * Ian La Frenais – comedy writer (The Likely Lads, Porridge, Auf Wiedersehen, Pet)
 * Graham Laws – Football League referee
 * Will Lenney – YouTuber
 * John Middleton – actor (Emmerdale)
 * Tim Palmer - Record Producer
 * Peter Ramage – Queens Park Rangers and former Newcastle United player – former pupil of Whitley Bay High School
 * Andrea Riseborough – actor
 * Laura Spence – Whitley Bay state school student rejected by Oxford University who later attended Harvard University in the USA
 * Steven Taylor – footballer
 * Steve Tupling – former footballer
 * Stephen Tompkinson – actor, lives in Whitley Bay
 * Hilton Valentine – guitarist, The Animals
 * Shirley Webb – athlete
 * Emily Hilda Young – novelist

Television
In the 1960s, the BBC television series Come Dancing included regional finals broadcast from the Empress Ballroom, Whitley Bay.

Whitley Bay was also featured in the 1980s children's television series Supergran.

Scenes in the early 1990s BBC detective series Spender were filmed in the town and one episode was primarily set at the Whitley Bay Ice Rink. The 2006 BBC sitcom Thin Ice was also filmed in the town and at the ice rink.

Several episodes of ITV's Vera were filmed in the town, including The Rendezvous Cafe and the sea front.

Over the years, scenes from the children's TV series Byker Grove were filmed in the town.

Film
Parts of the 1976 film The Likely Lads were filmed in the town.

The 2000 film Purely Belter included scenes filmed at the bingo hall adjacent to the Spanish City Dome. Some of the external shots show what remained of the theme park at that time. The town also features in 2013 film The Cullercoats Fishlass, produced by local company ACT 2 CAM, in which Charles Elderton tries to persuade the Spanish City owners to let his troupe perform there, despite the Sunday licensing laws.

Whitley Bay Film Festival 2010–present. A community annual event. Patron Ian La Frenais.

Radio
The Whitley Bay Municipal Orchestra, conducted by Percival Goffin, was regularly broadcast on radio by the BBC in the 1930s, from the Winter Gardens, Whitley Bay. In 1968, BBC Radio 4's Morning Service, was broadcast from St Paul's Church. In 1992, the Radio 1 Roadshow was broadcast from The Links in the town and in 2001, the Radio 1 Dance Party also came from The Links.

Music
The video for Tina Cousins's single "Pray" was filmed at St Mary's Lighthouse, the Spanish City, along the sea front and in an alley behind Whitley Bay Baptist Church. The Spanish City is also referenced in the Dire Straits song "Tunnel of Love". Journey South recorded scenes for the video of their single "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" on the seafront and at the Rendezvous Cafe.

The rock band Tygers of Pan Tang formed in Whitley Bay in 1978.

Literature
Whitley Bay is the main location for Ann Cleeves' crime novel The Seagull.

Children’s author Ross Welford sets many of his books in and around Whitley Bay.

title: Whitley Bay


text:
User:Bronger/French constallations maps

=Translation of constellation maps labels to French=

If you've translated something, please remove the style="color: red" from the <td> element.

There are some three-letter abbreviations. If you think it's appropriate, please translate them, too, but keep their shortness. Keep the LaTeX commands. These are all the strange things around the actual labels.

About the copyright question (because perpetually it seems to be a problem): The English constellation maps have my (Torsten Bronger) copyright which means that I am the original author. But they are published under the terms of the GFDL nevertheless, and that is all that counts. Thus they can be used freely according to this licence.

The French maps – if they come – will have no copyright or the copyright of the uploader (who I won't be due to lack of time). I will deliver a only zip file with the bitmaps. -- Torsten Bronger 11:28, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Style discussion
Should the maps on fr: have a different visual appearance? -- Torsten Bronger 11:28, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Bronger/French constallations maps


text:
Dunblane

Dunblane (, Dùn Bhlàthain) is a town in the council area of Stirling in central Scotland, and inside the historic boundaries of the county of Perthshire. It is a commuter town, with many residents making use of good transport links to much of the Central Belt, including Glasgow and Edinburgh.

Dunblane is built on the banks of the Allan Water (or River Allan), a tributary of the River Forth. Dunblane Cathedral is its most prominent landmark. Dunblane had a population of 8,114 at the 2001 census, which grew to 8,811 at the 2011 census; both of these figures were computed according to the 2010 definition of the locality. In mid-2016 it was estimated that the population had grown to 9,410.

Origin of name
The most popular theory for the derivation of the name "Dunblane" is that it means "fort of Blane", commemorating Saint Blane (or Blán in Old Irish), an early Christian saint who lived probably in the late 6th century. His main seat was originally Kingarth on the Isle of Bute. He or his followers may have founded a church at Dunblane; the cult of Blán possibly came there with settlers from what is now Argyll in later centuries.

The earliest spellings of the name Dunblane are of the form Dul Blaan, the first element being a Pictish word for 'water meadow, haugh' which was borrowed into Scottish Gaelic. There are parallels to Dul Blaan in such Scottish place-names as Dalserf, Dalmarnock and Dalpatrick, all of which commemorate saints.

History
The earliest evidence for Christianity on the site are two cross-slabs of the 10th to 11th centuries which are preserved in the cathedral. Incorporated into the later medieval building, but originally free-standing, is an 11th-century bell-tower, whose height was increased in the 15th century. The nave and aisleless choir date from the 13th century.

Dunblane did not have a rich or extensive medieval diocese (37 parishes), and so the cathedral is relatively modest in scale, but its refined architecture is much admired, as is its setting overlooking the valley of the Allan Water. After the Reformation, the nave of the cathedral was abandoned and soon became roofless and used for burials. The choir was retained as the parish church.

In 1715, the Battle of Sherriffmuir was fought on land very close to Dunblane. Many combatants were billeted in the town before the battle.

Dunblane Railway Station opened in 1848 as a stop on the Scottish Central Railway's Stirling to Perth line, and later served as a junction with another line to Callander that eventually reached Oban. This line was axed with the Beeching cuts, closing in 1965.

During the boom years of the Hydropathy movement in the 19th century, Dunblane was the location of a successful hydropathic establishment (see photo below). The nave of the cathedral was re-roofed between 1889 and 1893, with new furnishings provided by Robert Rowand Anderson.

Since the early 1970s the town has grown extensively and is now regarded as a highly sought-after commuter town due to its excellent road and rail links and good schools. Dunblane is close to the University of Stirling's campus at Bridge of Allan, and is a popular location for academics.

Massacre
On 13 March 1996, local man Thomas Hamilton shot dead 16 children and their teacher, Gwen Mayor, in Dunblane Primary School's gymnasium before killing himself. He used his licensed weapons and ammunition.

There is a memorial to the 17 victims in the local cemetery and a cenotaph in the cathedral. There are also stained-glass windows in Church of the Holy Rude, St Blanes and Lecropt tempering the Children and their Teacher. The funds raised in the aftermath of the tragedy were used to build a new community centre (the Dunblane Centre). Following the incident, the government passed legislation banning ownership of all handguns—firearms under 60 cm in overall length, in the United Kingdom.

Tennis players Jamie Murray and Andy Murray were in the school at the time of the massacre.

Governance and status
The town was a royal burgh and part of Perthshire until the 1975 abolition of Scottish counties, from which point it became part of Stirling District in Central Region. In 1994, the regions were themselves abolished and Dunblane's only local authority became Stirling Council. Dunblane also has an active community council.

Until 1983, Dunblane was part of the Kinross and Western Perthshire constituency of the UK parliament, being represented by predominantly Unionist (and Conservative) MPs. After 1983, it became part of the Stirling constituency, and since then has been represented by Conservative, Labour and SNP MPs. In the Scottish Parliament, Dunblane is part of the Clackmannanshire and Dunblane constituency and the Mid Scotland and Fife region. It shares a ward with Bridge of Allan in council elections.

Dunblane is often referred to as a city, due to the presence of Dunblane Cathedral. However, this status was never officially recognised.

Landmarks, facilities and civic life
Dunblane currently has two supermarkets, a Tesco (opened in 1996) and a M&S Foodhall (opened in 2009). Among other shops, the High Street has two independent butchers.

Over the course of 6 years, a small group of young local boys and their parents raised money to build a skatepark in the Laighills. The skatepark was completed on 23 February 2007 and has already been visited by Death skateboard team and by the Vans UK Tour.

Transport
The town is served by Dunblane railway station, which has regular services to Stirling, Perth, Glasgow and Edinburgh. It is also a stop on the Caledonian Sleeper from Inverness, and several other long-distance trains to Aberdeen, Dundee, Inverness, and even London. Formerly, Dunblane station was also the junction for services over the scenically attractive route to Doune, Callander and Crianlarich, where the line joined the still extant line from Glasgow to Oban. The route to Oban via the popular Callander line closed in 1965. As of 2022, Dunblane is the northernmost electrified station on the British railway network.

Dunblane is the point at which the M9 motorway ends and joins the A9 dual carriageway north towards Perth. The A9 formerly went through the centre of Dunblane, but a bypass was completed in 1991 and the old road became the B8033. The rapid expansion of the town has led to a large increase in local car usage, resulting in considerable parking problems.

Churches
Dunblane Cathedral is remarkable in having retained more of its late-medieval choir stalls than any other Scottish church building (except King's College Chapel, Aberdeen), and also is noted for its organ. Further fragments of medieval woodwork from the cathedral are displayed in the town's museum, formerly the Cathedral Museum, situated nearby. Though still used as a parish church, the building is in the care of Historic Scotland. To the south of the cathedral are some stone vaults of medieval origin, which are the only remaining fragment of the bishop's palace.
 * Dunblane Cathedral – Church of Scotland
 * St Blane's Church – Church of Scotland
 * St Mary's Church – Scottish Episcopal Church
 * Church of the Holy Family – Roman Catholic Church
 * Free Church of Scotland
 * Dunblane Christian Fellowship
 * Community of St Nicholas – Eastern Orthodox Church

Adjacent to the cathedral, Scottish Churches House was (from the 1960s until its closure in 2011) a centre for ecumenical study and the former headquarters for Action of Churches Together in Scotland. It now operates as a hotel, featuring a medieval chapel in the grounds.

Leighton Library
The old town centre retains a number of historic buildings in addition to the cathedral, including the 17th century Leighton Library, the oldest private library in Scotland open to the public (on selected days in summer). A well-preserved late medieval town-house nearby (which was probably built as the manse of the Dean of the medieval cathedral) houses a local history museum (open in the summer; free entry). A modern extension has recently been completed within its interior courtyard to provide additional exhibition space and allow disabled access.

Dunblane Centre
The Dunblane Centre is a purpose-built youth, family, arts, sports and community centre. It was built after a community vote chose that option for money from a consolidation of several funds which were created in the aftermath of the 1996 tragedy. It opened in 2004 and receives no state finance, relying on user revenue and fundraising. It is run by the Dunblane Youth and Sports Centre Trust (Charity No. SC027397), with a board of trustees from the community.

Hotels
The north side of the town is dominated by the Dunblane Hydro Hotel, currently owned by the Hilton Hotel Group and operated under the Doubletree brand. The Victorian building sits in wooded grounds on the top of a steep and wide grass slope. Dating from the late 19th century, it has been redeveloped and extended several times but still retains its main building relatively intact. It originally housed extensive spa and therapeutic bath facilities (like the other Scottish "Hydros", such as Crieff and Peebles).

Clubs and societies

 * 2284 Squadron City of Dunblane Air Cadets
 * The Dunblane Local History Society
 * The Dunblane Civic Society
 * The 25th Stirling (Dunblane) Boys' Brigade
 * Dunblane Soccer Club
 * The Rubber Chicken Theatre – Dunblane's performing arts family
 * The 4th/85th Dunblane Scout Group
 * The Milvus Explorer Scout Unit
 * Dunblane Development Trust

Schools
There are currently around two thousand pupils in schools in Dunblane.

Dunblane Primary School
Dunblane Primary School is on Doune Road, on the western side of Dunblane. The school has a large playing field (with a basketball court), regularly used for extra-curricular activities and by local clubs. A council-run nursery is attached to the school, in a separate building.

As of 2022, it is the 2nd largest primary school in Stirling Council with 395 students.

In 1996, the school's gym was the scene of the Dunblane massacre. The school reopened within days, and the old gym was quickly demolished and replaced with an extension at the other end of the building. The former gym site became a memorial garden.

Dunblane Primary's uniform consists of blue polo shirts and red jumpers (except Primary 7, whose jumpers are black). The colour of the school logo on jumpers varies by house. The houses are named after local castles; Airthrey (red), Doune (blue), Drummond (yellow) and Kilbryde (green).

St. Mary's Episcopal Primary School
St Mary's is the oldest and smallest primary school in Dunblane, located near the middle of the town. It has been on its current site in Smithy Loan (near the Fourways roundabout) since 1850. St Mary's was established as a church school for poor children under the incumbency of the first rector of St Mary's Episcopal Church, Canon Henry Malcolm. It was renovated and extended in 1997.

St Mary's had two teachers until the 1970s. There are now four classes covering the seven primary years, plus a nursery class. The St Mary's uniform consists of blue polo shirts and green jumpers. The houses are Cromlix, Keir, Kilbryde and Kippenross.

Newton Primary School
Newton Primary was opened in 1996. The name of the school comes from Newton Farm, which goes back as far as the Charter of 1655 when Oliver Cromwell confirmed James Pearson of Kippenross as the owner. The streets that encircle the school, Newton Crescent and Ochiltree (named after the Bishop of Dunblane from 1429 to 1447), are reflected in the logo of the school, which includes a tractor and a celtic cross.

Around 440 pupils attend Newton Primary. Like the other two primary schools in Dunblane, it also has an attached nursery. Newton Primary's uniform consists of white polo shirts and royal blue jumpers. For Primary 7's the uniform is slightly different, instead consisting of white polo shirts and a Darker Navy blue jumper.

In 2019 the head teacher of Newton Primary died, since then they have built a memorial building in remembrance.

Dunblane High School
Dunblane High School has roughly 1000 pupils and 60 teachers and is fed mainly by pupils from Dunblane's three primary schools. The school is in the south west of Dunblane, on Old Doune Road. The current building was completed in November 2007, later being formally opened by Jamie Murray. It was constructed on the playing fields of the previous 1970s structure, the old campus being sold for residential development and the playing fields moved to the other side of the bypass. The current building includes some theatre facilities, a fitness suite, a dance studio, several pupil lounges, and an all weather sports pitch that was originally built for the old building. The building was the first Public-Private Partnership school project in the Stirling Council area. Complaints were made that it had inadequate catering facilities, and was the only Stirling school built without a swimming pool. The school has not had a library since 2011.

The school has consistently performed well academically. In 2013, the school was listed in the top ten performing schools of Scotland relating to academic achievement, with well over three quarters of its roll progressing to higher education. In 2019, the school was named as Scotland's second best performing state school as 76% of school leavers had achieved five or more highers in 2018.

Dunblane High's uniform has been, since 2010, a white shirt with black trousers or skirt, "Blu Tack" blue knitwear and a royal blue blazer (or a black blazer with light blue braiding for S6). Ties vary by year group. The houses are Ramoyle (red), Sheriffmuir (yellow) and Kilbryde (blue).

Queen Victoria School
Queen Victoria School is a co-educational boarding school for children of those in the British Armed Forces, and is managed and funded by the Ministry of Defence. It is situated roughly 1 mi north of the town centre, in a secluded area overlooking the A9. The school's chapel is a notable example of Scottish medieval revival architecture, based on the 14th century Dominican (later parish) church of St Monans in Fife.

Areas and landmarks

 * Duckburn Park
 * Leighton Library
 * Queen Victoria School
 * Dunblane railway station
 * Sheriffmuir
 * St Blane's Church, Dunblane
 * St Mary's Episcopal Church, Dunblane

Notable former and current residents

 * Elish Angiolini, Lord Advocate
 * Fiona Brown, footballer
 * Alexander Buchan, meteorologist
 * Christina Chalk, beauty pageant titleholder
 * Katharine Brown, beauty pageant titleholder
 * Ebenezer Bryce, namesake for Bryce Canyon National Park
 * Andrew Butchart, athlete
 * Alex Christie, football player
 * Robert Main Christie, football player
 * Keith Cochrane, businessman
 * Callum Davidson, football player
 * James Gillespie Graham, architect
 * James Huffam, recipient of the Victoria Cross
 * Patrick Hutchison, Presbyterian minister
 * Helen Kirk, reformer and temperance worker
 * Robert Leighton, Bishop of Dunblane from 1661 and founder of the Leighton Library
 * Johnny McGuire, football player
 * Dougie MacLean, musician
 * Sir Andy Murray, tennis player
 * Jamie Murray, tennis player
 * Judy Murray, tennis player/coach
 * Kit Napier, football player
 * Len Pennie, poet
 * George Robertson, politician & former Secretary General of NATO
 * Sir Reo Stakis, hotel magnate
 * Patrick James Stirling, lawyer and economics author
 * Andrew Swift, Bishop of Brechin
 * Steven Turnbull, rugby player

title: Dunblane


text:
Talk:Cock

Slang meanings
00|Graham ☺]] | Talk 08:15, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Perhaps then vulgarism is not the best term, but although in certain edge cases slang refers to old usage like Cockney rhyming slang--Pig Latin is a language game, not slang--the common connotation of slang is that it is current and ephemeral. If we say cock is "slang" then we may give the impression that it's somehow a recent innovation, which it clearly is not. How can we avoid giving this misimpression? Nohat 08:29, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry, the reason I changed the term from 'vulgarism' is simply that is doesn't fit the definition at vulgarism. I didn't realize I was walking into such a minefield. -- FirstPrinciples 02:32, Oct 20, 2004 (UTC)

 * Euphemism is the best I can think of this early in the morning! (By the way under languages I was going to list Polari instead of pig latin, but I couldn't remember how to spell it) -- Graham  ☺ | Talk 08:34, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I can't think of a context where "cock" would be a euphemism; if anything it would be a dysphemism, no? People use it either because they don't know any better word (in which case it is a vulgarism in the sense of words used by the uneducated) or they use it to be controversial, offensive, or base. I'm not sure I can envision a context in which it would be used by "someone who knows better" in which they weren't trying to be dysphemistic. Is there a common usage of cock meaning penis which isn't a form of one of these two usage contexts? Nohat 09:09, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * If one does a google search, exactly like this; +kak +penis +"old high german" ... they will find a page that isn't cached, and cannot be accessed without being an authorized user but that has a result description which starts as thus; For breeding purposes (sex) : (a) IE*kak- or *kok- ' male organ. I did this search because I have an etymology dictionary (Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. Eric Partridge, 1958. ISBN-10: 0517414252 ISBN-13: 978-0517414255), which has a section giving a root word for another etymology (not for the mod. English "cock") as "kak" (pronounced 'cock') meaning "penis" in Old High German (OHG). So infact, it may not be a euphemism/dysphemism but an actual term for the anatomy in a dead variant of a foreign language. From the link above, it seems it is a Indo-European word generally (i.e. 'IE'). However, in the "Origins:" book referenced above, it is not under the etymology of penis or cock, but another word that I cannot for the life of me find anymore. Though it was 'kak' and it was noted as meaning 'penis' in an old Germanic dialect. Nagelfar 05:46, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

Male chicken
I think that, as "cock" is the international English term for male chicken, that rooster should be moved here and renamed cock, with a single disambiguation for the second term. Otherwise, the article violates NPOV by conforming to American English instead of any of the other dialects who all reserve "rooster" to refer to a young cock. - Gilgamesh 06:30, 26 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Semi-protecting this page?
Should this page perhaps be semi-protected? There's just way to much vandalism going on here. Baszoetekouw 09:20, 19 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree, some wrote 'I suck big chubby'. Hehe. Funny. 66.81.190.185 22:47, 25 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Semi-protection for a year would do only good things. No established Wikipedian would have the right to complain, and it'd save 300 vandalism reversions a year.--h i s  s p a c e   r e s e a r c h 09:32, 30 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I was about to suggest this to see what people thought. LOL. Anyway, I've gone ahead and semi-protected it from new and unregistered users. Coincidentally, if there are other pages that I should know about, please drop me a note on my talk page. Thanks. :-) -- Joe Beaudoin Jr. Think out loud 23:48, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

Slang terms etc
It seems totally appropriate to have a link to penis from this article. It's not just "a slang term", it's the most common one in parts of the world. And it certainly does no harm having the link. Also, cocks. Stevage 06:18, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Use in Hamlet
In Shakespeare's Hamlet, "Cock" is used as a corruption of "God" by Ophelia in Act 4, Scene 5:

"''Indeed, la, without an oath, I'll make an end on't:

By Gis and by Saint Charity, Alack, and fie for shame! Young men will do't, if they come to't; By Cock, they are to blame. Quoth she, before you tumbled me, You promised me to wed. So would I ha' done, by yonder sun, An thou hadst not come to my bed.''"

Should this use be mentioned? -Not Diablo 09:32, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

The truth about cocks and penises (etymologically speaking)
A penis is called a cock because it is said to resemble a bird, and because the rooster is a symbol of masculinity in some cultures. Similarly, in Spanish a penis is commonly called a pajaro (bird), a pavo (turkey), or a polla (chicken). Perhaps the most bird-like penises are those that tend to tilt or curve slightly southward when erect (similar to the natural curvature of a rooster neck and head), the pubic hair at the base of the penis could also be said to resemble the ring or collar of feathers displayed by some roosters. The large wattles (i.e. the fleshy sack) that form on both turkeys and some roosters can also be said to resemble a man's scrotum.

Really? I always thought it was called that because it's often erect in the morning, hence it's one of the first things a guy notices when he wakes up, and in that sense it's similar to the crowing of the rooster, back when rooster-crowing often served as a natural alarm c(l)ock. That analogy is a bit of a stretch, I realize, but it's what I initially thought was the etymology for cock as a slang term for penis.

Although the bird-like thing does make sense, actually. "Pecker" (wood pecker?) is another common slang term for the penis.

Interestingly enough, there are also bird-themed slang terms for women's breasts: "hooter" and "tit" come to mind. What is it about birds and private parts, I wonder?

Birds are sexy. To 'not give a hoot' is a polite way of saying 'to not give a fuck', and 'the bird is the word' is emblematic of the f-word. Birds and sex go hand in hand, or should I say, paw in paw.

Northern England
Added- I've add the fact that it is a common form of address, especially around the north West of England, Bolton, Manchester etc. There is nothing sexual or "cheeky" about it in this context.Wizlop (talk) 08:46, 28 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I have removed it until it can be verified. Going purely from an original research perspective, I have never heard it. Regards, Woody (talk) 23:47, 8 January 2009 (UTC)

Edit request from 88.148.222.65, 3 July 2010
Please capitalize the headlines.

88.148.222.65 (talk) 18:48, 3 July 2010 (UTC)
 * ✅ here - thanks! TFOWR 18:54, 3 July 2010 (UTC)

Please remove religion section
The article related to the religion thing was deleted at Articles for deletion/Sacred cockfight. Accordingly it no longer makes sense to have it in a dab page. --173.15.201.97 (talk) 02:26, 24 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done Vacation nine 03:45, 24 November 2012 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request
Another meaning of "cock" is a stopcock. Please add this link to the page. --69.159.62.113 (talk) 00:54, 14 March 2018 (UTC)

There are stopcocks that also have cock in the name. Silcock (or sillcock) is another word for an outside spigot (Tap_(valve)). "Test Cocks are for use to facilitate backflow assembly testing or as isolation valves for gauges or small equipment lines." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.69.162.25 (talk • contribs) 19:25, 20 May 2019 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 13 January 2022
The term is also used as a short form for Ballcock, Petcock or Stopcock in the plumbing industry. The links should therefore be added. Source: i.e.   217.149.170.28 (talk) 01:00, 13 January 2022 (UTC)

 * ❌ - It is unclear where you want this. Please specify an area of the article. SoyokoAnis  -  talk  13:15, 13 January 2022 (UTC)
 * I would put them in the section Other uses, due to lack of a better one. Description: Ballcock: Float valve; Petcock: shut-off valve; Stopcock: different types of flow control valves. They may also be put in one line (if allowed by policy), in that case the discription could be "types of valves (short form)" Feel free to change it to meet the required style.--217.149.175.40 (talk) 21:52, 14 January 2022 (UTC)

 * ✅ here Instead of all three, I've followed how List of valves mentions it. hemantha (brief) 09:43, 15 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Thanks! --217.149.169.29 (talk) 00:46, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cock


text:
Teesside

Teesside is a built-up area around the River Tees in North East England, split between County Durham and North Yorkshire. The area contains the towns of Middlesbrough, Stockton-on-Tees, Billingham, Redcar, Thornaby-on-Tees, and Ingleby Barwick. Teesside's economy was once dominated by heavy manufacturing until deindustrialisation in the latter half of the 20th century. Chemical production continues to contribute significantly to Teesside's economy.

1968–1974: County borough
Before the county of Cleveland was created, the area (including Stockton-on-Tees) existed as a part of the North Riding of Yorkshire, due to most land being south of the Tees. Teesside was created due to Stockton-on-Tees being linked heavily with Thornaby (which had amalgamated with South Stockton/Mandale to form the Borough of Thornaby), Middlesbrough and Redcar by industry.

Compared to the modern Teesside conurbation, the area was smaller, then excluding towns such as Hartlepool, Ingleby Barwick and Yarm, the latter two being in the Stokesley Rural District until Cleveland was created. The Teesside name is still used as a synonym for Tees Valley with most signage and local business retaining the name.

1969: Redcliffe-Maud Report
The Royal Commission, proposed in the Redcliffe-Maud Report, a large unitary authority called Teesside. It would have covered what came to be the County of Cleveland in addition to Whitby and Stokesley.

1974–1996: Non-metropolitan county
The County of Cleveland was created in 1974. It was smaller and included a county and four borough councils than the Redcliffe-Maud report's single council.

The name was also changed from Teesside to Cleveland as the report's area South of the River Tees corresponded to the Langbaurgh Wapentake, which had the alternative name of Cleveland. Cleveland Police was retained, along with other institutions covering the four boroughs. Each borough became a unitary authority with the county council abolished in 1996.

From 2016: Mayoralty
In 1998 the neighbouring Borough of Darlington gained unitary authority status. Tees Valley was initially a statistical sub-region of North East England across the four former Cleveland boroughs and the Borough of Darlington.

This name and area carried over to an enterprise partnership formed in 2011 and a combined authority created in 2016, twenty years after the abolition of the Cleveland county. The authority is headed by a mayor, presently William Boyle.

Demography
The area had an estimated population of 567,600 in 2000. The Teesside Built-up Area (BUA), previously the Teesside Urban Area in 2001, identified by the ONS for statistical purposes had a population of around 376,633 according to the 2011 census which is up 3% on the 2001 figure of 365,323, and had the following subdivisions: Eaglescliffe (north) and Yarm (south) are counted as a separate Yarm urban area, separated by a narrow gap, which had a population of 19,184 according to the 2011 census; up 5% from the 2001 figure of 18,335. Infilling development may join the two urban areas together. Marske-by-the-Sea is another separate Urban Area nearly contiguous with Redcar with a population of 8,282 down 7% from the 2001 figure of 8,921. If this definition is taken into consideration, with the addition of the Eaglescliffe area and Marske, Teesside would have a population of approximately 492,954 people.
 * North Tees
 * Stockton-on-Tees (82,792)
 * Billingham (35,392)
 * Wolviston (877)
 * High Clarence (773)
 * South Tees
 * Middlesbrough (174,700)
 * Redcar (37,073)
 * Thornaby-on-Tees (24,741)
 * Ingleby Barwick (20,378)

The nearby Hartlepool built-up area is sometimes grouped with the area, due to it previously being in Cleveland county. The Hartlepool area has an urban population of 88,855 an increase of 3% from the 2001 figure of 86,085 and this can be referred to as the Teesside & Hartlepool Urban Area.

Processing
Teesside industry is dominated by the commodity and integrated chemical producers in the North East of England Process Industry Cluster (NEPIC). These companies are based on three large chemical sites at Wilton, Billingham and Seal Sands. These companies make products such as petrochemicals, commodity chemicals, fertilizers and polymers.

Salt
Salt extraction for human consumption and had taken place at Seal Sands since Roman times through the use of panning. This continued throughout the 20th century and left caverns which are now used as liquid/gas storage facilities for the process industry.

In 1859, rock salt deposits were discovered in Middlesbrough by Henry Bolckow and Vaughan while boring for water. This led to heavy chemical industry moving to the area.

Salt works were established at Haverton Hill in 1882 by the Bell Brothers. It was the first firm to begin large scale salt production in the area, this required some workers in from Cheshire. Salt-making interests of the Bell Brothers were bought by Brunner Mond & Co of Cheshire in 1890. Brunner Mond became a giant of the area's chemical-making in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

During the 20th century, salt extraction on the Tees's north bank (by aqueous hydraulic means) resulted in a number of underground salt cavities that are impervious to gas and liquids. Consequently, these cavities are now used to store both industrial gases and liquids by companies which are members of the Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster (NEPIC).

Today Venator Materials is based close to Greatham, operating one of the world's largest chemical plants for titanium dioxide manufacturing. It is a brilliant white pigment used in paints, Polo mints, cosmetics, UV sunscreens, plastics, golf balls, the white part of a traffic cone and sports field line markings.

Alkali
In 1860 William James established an alkali company at Cargo Fleet and in 1869 Samuel Sadler also set up a factory nearby. Sadler's works produced synthetic aniline and alzarin dyestuffs and distilled tar. The introduction of the Solvay Process to make alkali in 1872 made nearby Tyneside alkali industry uneconomical but helped Teesside industry which was invigorated by the discovery of further salt deposits at Port Clarence near Seal Sands by Bell Brothers in 1874.

Ammonia
The chemical industry was established at Billingham in 1918 by the Government for the production of synthetic ammonia, with its intended use being the manufacture of munitions during the Great War. The 700 acre Grange Farm at Billingham was chosen for the site. However, by the time the plant opened the war was over and its manufacturing techniques outdated. It was taken over by Brunner Mond in 1920 and manufactured synthetic ammonia and fertilisers. Brunner Mond merged with other large scale chemical manufacturers in 1926 to form Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI).

Sulphuric acid and fertilisers
Teesside's first chemical works was when Robert Wilson produced sulphuric acid and fertilisers at Urlay Nook near Egglescliffe in 1833.

In 1928, anhydrite was mined from below Billingham for making sulphuric acid, a component for detergent and fertilizer manufacturing. Ammonia and fertiliser works are operated by CF Fertilisers.

Plastics and nylon
Billingham's plastic manufacturing began in 1934. This was one of the earliest sites in the world where large-scale manufacture of these materials took place. Another chemical plant was established the following year to make oil and petrol from creosote and coal by a process called hydrogenation. In 1946 another large chemical works opened on Teesside at Wilton, on the south side of the River Tees. Further lands were purchased by ICI in 1962 at Seal Sands, where land had been reclaimed from the sea, becoming the third large-scale chemical manufacturing site on Teesside. Today all three Teesside chemical sites at Billingham, Wilton, and Seal Sands remain in use for large-scale chemical manufacture by the members of the Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster (NEPIC), and plastics and polymers continue to be manufactured there by Lotte Chemicals(PET), SABIC (HDPE), Victrex (PEEK) and Lucite International (Perspex). Nylon 66 manufacture ceased on Teesside in 2008 with the Invista manufacturing unit closed.

Petrochemical
Coke ovens used in chemical production at Billingham were replaced in 1962 by plants using the steam naphtha process, which enabled use of crude oil as feedstock for a process known as cracking. This proved to be a much cheaper way to produce ethylene, aromatics, petroleum derivatives and other chemicals such as ammonia. From 1964 to 1969 four large oil refineries were erected at the mouth of the Tees, two by Phillips Petroleum and one each by ICI and Shell. Their main purpose was to supply Billingham's chemical industry. A 138 mi pipeline was built in 1968 for the transport of ethylene and linked chemical works on Teesside with chemical plants at Runcorn. Today, ConocoPhillips operate oil refinery sites while Ensus Energy and Harvest Energy have biorefineries, the latter two produce biodiesel and bioethanol as transport fuels. SABIC operate the ethylene cracker at Wilton.

Metal works
Before 1846 Walbottle, Elswick, Birtley, Ridsdale, Hareshaw, Wylam, Consett, Stanhope, Crookhall, Tow-Law and Witton Park all had iron works but the discovery of a rich seam of iron ore to the south of the region gradually drew iron and steel manufacture towards Teesside. In 1850 iron ore was discovered in the Cleveland Hills near Eston to the south of Middlesbrough and Iron gradually replaced coal as the lifeblood of Eston. The ore was discovered by geologist John Marley and first used by John Vaughan, the principal ironmaster of Middlesbrough who along with his German business partner Henry Bolckow had already established a small iron foundry and rolling mill using iron stone from Durham and the Yorkshire coast, with the new discovery prompting them to build Teesside's first blast furnace in 1851. Many more iron works followed, such as those built in the region by Losh, Wilson and Bell (see Sir Issac Lowthian Bell) who in 1853 were operating 5 furnaces in the region.

The success of John Vaughan and Henry Bolckow's first blast furnace meant that by 1873 Middlesbrough was producing 2 million tonnes of pig iron a year. Iron was in big demand in Britain in the late 19th century, particularly for the rapid expansion of the railways. More and more blast furnaces were opened in the vicinity of Middlesbrough to meet this demand such that by the end of the century Teesside was producing about a third of the nation's iron output. Middlesbrough, which became known by its nickname "Ironopolis", was visited in 1862 by then prime minister William Ewart Gladstone who said "This remarkable place, the youngest child of England's enterprise, is an infant, but if an infant, an infant Hercules" By the 1870s steel, a much stronger and more resilient metal, was in big demand and Middlesbrough had to compete with Sheffield as the major producer. In 1875 Bolckow and Vaughan opened the first Bessemer Steel plant in Middlesbrough and the River Tees then become known as "The Steel River" leaving its old nickname "Ironopolis" behind. In 1881 Hugh Reid (Liberal politician) described how "The iron of Eston has diffused itself all over the world. it furnishes the railways of the world; it runs by neapolitan and papal dungeons; it startles the bandit in his haunt in cicilia; it crosses over the plains of Africa; it stretches over the plains of India. it has crept out of the Cleveland Hills where it has slept since Roman days, and now like a strong and invincible serpent, coils itself around the world"

By 1929 the great depression began to effect Britain and the famous name of Bolckow-Vaughan merged with neighbour Dorman-Long & Co. who then became Britain's biggest iron and steel maker and employed 33,000 people. In 1954 the post-war boom saw Dorman-Long build a state of the art steelworks at Lackenby and then new blast furnaces at Clay Lane. 1967 saw Dorman-Long become part of the nationalized British Steel Corporation as production boomed in Britain and in 1979 the largest blast furnace in Europe was erected at BSC's new Redcar plant. This plant which was subsequently acquired and operated by Corus, Tata Steel and then Sahaviriya Steel Industries (SSI) who are still the plant operating today.

British Steel Industrial Archive
The British Steel Collection, now housed at Teesside University, contains the records of over forty iron and steel companies based in the Teesside area of the North East of England and covers the period c. 1840–1970. The history of Teesside and its rapid growth during the 19th century is directly linked to the expansion of the railways from Darlington and Stockton towards the mouth of the Tees estuary and the subsequent discovery of ironstone in the Cleveland Hills which attracted iron companies to the area. The British Steel Collection archives the company records of iron and steel companies such as Bolckow & Vaughan, Bell Brothers, Cochrane & Co. Ltd., Dorman, Long & Co. Ltd., South Durham Steel & Iron Co. Ltd., Cargo Fleet Iron Company and Skinningrove Iron Co. Ltd. With records of associated institutions such as the Middlesbrough Exchange Co. Ltd. and the Cleveland Mineowners' Association also being preserved.

Uses in local culture
Teesside continues to be used locally to refer to the entire urban area and the name can still be seen in the following uses:
 * Teesside University
 * Teesside retail and leisure park which was founded by the now defunct Teesside Development Corporation
 * Teesside International Airport and Teesside Airport railway station, the local airport and railway station serving the airport
 * BBC Radio Tees broadcast across the area from its studios located in Middlesbrough
 * Local TV Teesside, a local-based television channel
 * TeessideLive, online version of The Gazette, a regional newspaper
 * ’T-Side’, a clothing brand featuring iconic parts of the area.
 * Teesside continues to be used as signed destination on UK road signs. It is only once the boroughs are entered that local town names are used. This is due to the County Borough of Teesside being active during the building of multiple roads at the time.

It has also been adopted for various other purposes as a synonym for the former county of Cleveland.

title: Teesside


text:
Talk:Whitley Bay

Name change
Does anyone know when and why the town's name changed from Whitley to Whitley Bay? I remember hearing a story about it years ago (something to do with being confused with Whitby) but can't remember the details. I would think that story, if properly sourced, would be a good addition to this (really good!) article? Smeddlesboy 16:45, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

The story is that a corpse was sent to Whitby by mistake - look at (pdf)  It doesn't go into all the details of how the name was changed - ISTR that people were asked for suggestions, but whether anything other adding 'bay' was seriously considered I don't know. Claret 17:35, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

Spanish City
Has Spanish City been demolished? Last time I saw it it was still there, but was supposedly about to be pulled down. That was about 1998 I think. So I'm assuming it went ahead. Very sad in a way, when I was a kid of about six, seeing the Spanish City lights from the car window was always so exciting! GRAHAMUK 11:34, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * No, the Spanish City is still standing and is just about to go under well overdue refurbishment. Plans are for a new library and pool in the dome. PIEBOYJR 14:32, 15 Feb 2006 (UTC)

Popular media
I couldn't help but think of the time Viz did "Whitley Baywatch". ;) -- Tarquin 11:37, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Whayaye man ladz. Lets gann aaselz doon to whitley bay an see if wi canna pull aaselz some furry hoops though but. GRAHAMUK 11:40, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Regeneration proposal
There is a community proposal to regenerate the Spanish City for cultural activities - see Culture Quarter for details Gerrybeldon (talk) 19:59, 6 August 2008 (UTC)

Possible famous resident
'Tappy' the Roadie was a Whitley Lad -Hendrix et al —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.210.13.110 (talk) 20:43, 13 May 2010 (UTC)

Clean up
This article was in dire need of cleanup. It looked like a bad advert with poor grammar, multiple repetitions and major peacock and puffery. I tagged the article some time ago and have done some work on it. There is still more to be done. Is it encyclopedic to state that the retailers Boots, Tesco etc. have shops in town or the shopping centers/streets where they are located, I don't think so. I took out such banality as discussion of available parking. The article is overloaded with pictures, I suggest a Commons category with link for most of them or a gallery at the end of the article. - - MrBill3 (talk) 02:13, 2 December 2013 (UTC)

Famous names
No mention of two well know sons of Whitley Bay who should be on the list: Ryan Molloy (singer and actor) who played Frankie Valli in Jersey Boys for eight years in London and on Broadway. Ryan went to Monkseaton High School and his parents still live in the town. And do you know who has recorded more audiobooks than anyone else in Europe? (around 700+) - Gordon Griffin (actor, producer and director) who is also from Whitley Bay. gordongriffin.com Gordon Griffin (talk) 15:52, 19 April 2015 (UTC)Cuthbert

External links modified (January 2018)
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Semi-protected edit request on 28 December 2018
for Notable people add Will Lenney the YouTuber, he now has 2 million YouTube subscribers and lived in Whitley bay 92.16.92.188 (talk) 21:45, 28 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: does he have his own article? If yes, please provide a link. If not, unfortunately he won't be included. DannyS712 (talk) 21:48, 28 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Whitley Bay


text:
Merrion Gates

The Merrion Gates is a railway level crossing in Merrion/Sandymount, Dublin, Ireland, where the DART and Dublin–Rosslare railway line crosses Strand Road near its junction with Merrion Road. There is pedestrian access to Sandymount Strand immediately to the east of the railway crossing.

First built in 1834, the junction is a "notorious" traffic bottleneck, which also restricts the possible frequency of railway traffic. The term "Merrion Gates" is sometimes used to refer to the surrounding area, and a number of nearby businesses take their name from the junction.

History
The Merrion Gates site is close to the former Merrion Castle, which was destroyed during the Irish Rebellion of 1641. The railway line and gates were built in 1834 by the Dublin and Kingstown Railway, at a site described in some sources as a "symbolic entry point to the inner city". Important passengers, who travelled to Dublin by train from Dún Laoghaire port, were sometimes greeted at the Merrion Gates – including the Papal legate in advance of the 1932 Eucharistic Congress.

In 1921, during the Irish War of Independence, the Merrion Gates were the site of an ambush and shootout which resulted in the deaths of two civilians. The Merrion Gates railway crossing lies just north of the former Merrion railway station. This station opened in 1835 and closed in 1935. Neighbouring stations still in operation include Sydney Parade to the north and Booterstown to the south.

Development proposals
As of the early 21st century, the Merrion Gates are a well-known and "notorious" traffic bottleneck, where the gates have been reportedly "closed for up to 20 minutes per hour at peak times".

In 2016, the National Transport Authority unveiled a proposal to close the Merrion Gates and to divert motor traffic onto a new road bridge to be built over the railway approximately 250 metres to the north. The proposal expected that pedestrian and cycle traffic would be routed through a tunnel under the crossing. As of mid-2018, these proposals had reportedly been "shelved".

title: Merrion Gates


text:
Fairground

Fairground most typically refers to a permanent space that hosts fairs.

Fairground, Fairgrounds, Fair Ground or Fair Grounds may also refer to:

Canada

 * Fairground, Ontario, a community

United States

 * Fairground, St. Louis, a neighborhood of St. Louis, Missouri
 * Fairground Park, a municipal park in St. Louis, Missouri
 * Fairgrounds, New Orleans, a city neighborhood
 * Fairgrounds Park, a park in Hagerstown, Maryland
 * Fairgrounds Field, a ballpark in Robstown, Texas
 * Fairgrounds Speedway, an independent racetrack near Nashville, Tennessee
 * Fair Grounds Race Course, a thoroughbred racetrack and casino in New Orleans

Music

 * Fair Ground (band), a Canadian alternative rock band

Songs

 * "Fairground" (Simply Red song)
 * "Fairground", by James from the album Strip-mine

Other uses

 * Fair territory, the main area of a baseball field
 * Fairground Gaming, an online gaming company
 * Fair Grounds (organization), a UK-based Fair Trade social enterprise

title: Fairground


text:
Goodwill Games

The Goodwill Games were an international sports competition created by Ted Turner in reaction to the political troubles surrounding the Olympic Games of the 1980s. In 1979, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan caused the United States and other Western countries to boycott the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, an act reciprocated when the Soviet Union and other Eastern Bloc countries (with the exception of Romania) boycotted the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.

Like the Olympics, the Goodwill Games were held every four years (with the exception of the final Games), and had a summer and winter component. However, unlike the Olympics, figure skating, ice hockey and short track speed skating were part of summer editions. The Summer Goodwill Games occurred five times, between 1986 and 2001, while the Winter Goodwill Games occurred only once, in 2000. They were cancelled by Time Warner, which had bought ownership of them in 1996, because of low television ratings after the 2001 Games in Brisbane.

Overview
The first Goodwill Games, held in Moscow in 1986, featured 182 events and attracted over 3,000 athletes representing 79 countries. World records were set by Sergey Bubka (pole vault), Jackie Joyner-Kersee (heptathlon), and both the men and women's 200 m cycle racing, by East Germany's Michael Hübner and the Soviet Union's Erika Salumäe, respectively. World records also fell at the 1990 Games in Seattle, to Mike Barrowman in the 200 m breaststroke and Nadezhda Ryashkina in the 10 km walk.

The 1994 Games in Saint Petersburg, Russia were the first competition held since the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Russians set five world records in the weightlifting section, and the games were the first major international event to feature beach volleyball, which would appear at the Olympics for the first time at the 1996 Atlanta Games.

In October 1996, Turner's company, the Turner Broadcasting System, merged with Time Warner, thus bringing the Goodwill Games under the control of the latter. Ted Turner's last Games were in 1998 in New York City, with memorable highlights including Joyner-Kersee winning her fourth straight heptathlon title, the U.S. 4 × 400 m relay team setting a world's best time, plus Michelle Kwan and Todd Eldredge winning the gold in figure skating, and Dominique Moceanu capturing the women's gymnastics gold medal. Time Warner organized the 2001 Games in Brisbane, Australia, before announcing that this would be the last edition of the games. With the cancellation of the Games, Phoenix and Calgary lost their respective Summer and Winter Games, scheduled for 2005. The 2001 edition witnessed Australia winning the most medals with 75, but it received very low television ratings in the United States. Nevertheless, critics praised Turner Network Television for showing the games live, rather than on tape delay.

During a live interview at the 2009 Denver SportAccord conference, Turner blamed the demise of the Games on the short-sighted management of Time Warner, and stated, "If I'd have stayed there the Goodwill Games would not have been canceled." Turner expressed hope that the games would return as a bridge to restore cultural contact between Russia and the U.S., stating that the relationship between the two had steadily disintegrated since the Cold War, which he called a dangerous situation because of both countries' massive nuclear arsenals. He also reiterated his belief in the power of international sporting competitions to prevent war, saying that "as long as the Olympics are taking place and not being boycotted, it's virtually impossible to have a world war", because the nations involved "wouldn't want a war to mess up their chances".

Summer Goodwill Games

 * The 2001 Goodwill Games were the final edition

Winter sports

 * Alpine skiing
 * Bobsleigh
 * Cross-country skiing
 * Figure skating

 * Freestyle skiing
 * Luge
 * Nordic combined
 * Skeleton

 * Ski jumping
 * Snowboarding
 * Speed skating

Participating countries
Africa and Middle East
 * Algeria
 * Benin
 * Burkina Faso
 * Côte d'Ivoire
 * Ethiopia
 * Kenya
 * Morocco
 * Namibia
 * Nigeria
 * Senegal
 * Seychelles
 * Syria
 * Tanzania
 * Tunisia
 * North Yemen – later as Yemen
 * Zimbabwe

 Asia and Oceania
 * Australia
 * Bangladesh
 * Cambodia
 * China
 * Japan
 * North Korea
 * South Korea
 * Laos
 * New Zealand
 * Philippines
 * American Samoa
 * Taiwan (as Chinese Taipei)
 * Vietnam

Europe
 * Great Britain
 * Finland
 * France
 * Greece
 * Ireland
 * Italy
 * Portugal
 * Spain
 * Sweden
 * West Germany – later as Germany
 * Yugoslavia

Eastern Bloc
 * Belarus
 * Bulgaria
 * Czechoslovakia – later as the Czech Republic
 * Czechoslovakia – later as Slovakia
 * East Germany – later as Reunified Germany
 * Estonia
 * Hungary
 * Kazakhstan
 * Latvia
 * Lithuania
 * Poland
 * Romania
 * Soviet Union – later as Russia
 * Ukraine
 * Uzbekistan

North America
 * Canada
 * Mexico
 * United States

Caribbean and Central America
 * Bahamas
 * Costa Rica
 * Cuba
 * Jamaica
 * Puerto Rico
 * Trinidad and Tobago

South America
 * Argentina
 * Brazil
 * Colombia
 * Ecuador
 * Peru
 * Uruguay

title: Goodwill Games


text:
County borough

County borough is a term introduced in 1889 in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, to refer to a borough or a city independent of county council control, similar to the unitary authorities created since the 1990s. An equivalent term used in Scotland was a county of city. They were abolished by the Local Government Act 1972 in England and Wales, but continue in use for lieutenancy and shrievalty in Northern Ireland. In the Republic of Ireland they remain in existence but have been renamed cities under the provisions of the Local Government Act 2001. The Local Government (Wales) Act 1994 re-introduced the term for certain "principal areas" in Wales. Scotland did not have county boroughs but instead had counties of cities. These were abolished on 16 May 1975. All four Scottish cities of the time—Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh, and Glasgow—were included in this category. There was an additional category of large burgh in the Scottish system (similar to a municipal borough in England and Wales), which were responsible for all services apart from police, education and fire.

Initial creation
When county councils were first created in 1889, it was decided that to let them have authority over large towns or cities would be impractical, and so any large incorporated place would have the right to be a county borough, and thus independent from the administrative county it would otherwise come under. Some cities and towns were already independent counties corporate, and most were to become county boroughs. Originally ten county boroughs were proposed; Bristol, Hull, Newcastle upon Tyne and Nottingham, which were already counties, and Birmingham, Bradford, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, and Sheffield, which were not. The Local Government Act 1888 as eventually passed required a population of over 50,000 except in the case of existing counties corporate. This resulted in 61 county boroughs in England and two in Wales (Cardiff and Swansea). Several exceptions were allowed, mainly for historic towns, including Bath and Dudley, which would still remain below the 50,000 limit by the time of the 1901 census. Some of the smaller counties corporate—Berwick upon Tweed, Lichfield, Poole, Carmarthen and Haverfordwest—did not become county boroughs, although Canterbury, with a population under 25,000, did.

Growth
The county councils and county borough councils came into operation on 1 April 1889. Just seven months later, on 9 November 1889, the city of Oxford was the first borough which had not been made a county borough by the 1888 Act to be elevated to county borough status. Various other new county boroughs were constituted in the following decades, generally as more boroughs reached the 50,000 minimum and then promoted Acts to constitute them county boroughs. The granting of county borough status was the subject of much disagreement between the large municipal boroughs and the county councils. The population limit provided county councils with a disincentive to allow mergers or boundary amendments to districts that would create authorities with large populations, as this would allow them to seek county borough status and remove the tax base from the administrative county.

County boroughs to be constituted in this era were a mixed bag, including some towns that would continue to expand such as Bournemouth and Southend-on-Sea. Other towns such as Burton upon Trent and Dewsbury were not to increase in population much past 50,000. 1913 saw the attempts of Luton and Cambridge to gain county borough status defeated in the House of Commons, despite the approval of the Local Government Board – the removal of Cambridge from Cambridgeshire would have reduced the income of Cambridgeshire County Council by over half.

Slowdown
Upon recommendation of a commission chaired by the Earl of Onslow, the population threshold was raised to 75,000 in 1926, by the Local Government (County Boroughs and Adjustments) Act 1926, which also made it much harder to expand boundaries. The threshold was raised to 100,000 by the Local Government Act 1958.

The viability of the county borough of Merthyr Tydfil came into question in the 1930s. Due to a decline in the heavy industries of the town, by 1932 more than half the male population was unemployed, resulting in very high municipal rates in order to make public assistance payments. At the same time the population of the borough was lower than when it had been created in 1908. A royal commission was appointed in May 1935 to "investigate whether the existing status of Merthyr Tydfil as a county borough should be continued, and if not, what other arrangements should be made". The commission reported the following November, and recommended that Merthyr should revert to the status of a non-county borough, and that public assistance should be taken over by central government. In the event county borough status was retained by the town, with the chairman of the Welsh Board of Health appointed as administrative adviser in 1936.

After the Second World War the creation of new county boroughs in England and Wales was effectively suspended, pending a local government review. A government white paper published in 1945 stated that "it is expected that there will be a number of Bills for extending or creating county boroughs" and proposed the creation of a boundary commission to bring coordination to local government reform. The policy in the paper also ruled out the creation of new county boroughs in Middlesex "owing to its special problems". The Local Government Boundary Commission was appointed on 26 October 1945, under the chairmanship of Sir Malcolm Trustram Eve, delivering its report in 1947. The commission recommended that towns with a population of 200,000 or more should become one-tier "new counties", with "new county boroughs" having a population of 60,000 – 200,000 being "most-purpose authorities", with the county council of the administrative county providing certain limited services. The report envisaged the creation of 47 two-tiered "new counties", 21 one-tiered "new counties" and 63 "new county boroughs". The recommendations of the commission extended to a review of the division of functions between different tiers of local government, and thus fell outside its terms of reference, and its report was not acted upon.

Partial reform
The next attempt at reform was by the Local Government Act 1958, which established the Local Government Commission for England and the Local Government Commission for Wales to carry out reviews of existing local government structures and recommend reforms. Although the Commissions did not complete their work before being dissolved, a handful of new county boroughs were constituted between 1964 and 1968. Luton, Torbay, and Solihull gained county borough status. Additionally, the Teesside was formed from a merger of the existing county borough of Middlesbrough, and the municipal boroughs of Stockton-on-Tees, Redcar and Thornaby; Warley was formed from the county borough of Smethwick and the non-county boroughs of Oldbury and Rowley Regis; and West Hartlepool was merged with Hartlepool. Following these changes, there was a total of 79 county boroughs in England. The Commission also recommended the downgrading of Barnsley to be a non-county borough, but this was not carried out.

Abolition
The county boroughs of East Ham, West Ham and Croydon were abolished in 1965 with the creation of Greater London and went on to form parts of London boroughs. The remaining county boroughs were abolished in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, and replaced with non-metropolitan districts and metropolitan districts, all beneath county councils in a two-tier structure. In Greater London and the metropolitan counties the lower tier districts retained a wider range of powers than in the non-metropolitan counties.

Revival
This situation did not persist long. In 1986 the metropolitan county councils and the Greater London Council were abolished, returning the metropolitan boroughs to a status equivalent to the former county boroughs, but sharing some powers (police and transport for example). In the 1990s, many of the nonmetropolitan former county boroughs were reformed again as unitary authorities – essentially the same as a county borough. As a result, by 2015, most former county boroughs were either metropolitan boroughs or unitary authorities with a status similar to the old county boroughs. In England, most of those former county boroughs that did not gain unitary authority status—Barrow-in-Furness, Burnley, Canterbury, Carlisle, Chester, Eastbourne, Gloucester, Great Yarmouth, Hastings, Ipswich, Lincoln, Northampton, Norwich, Oxford, Preston, and Worcester—have given their names to non-unitary local government districts (in some cases coterminous with the old county borough, in other cases much larger). Burton upon Trent became an unparished area in the East Staffordshire borough, and has now been divided into several parishes.

In Wales, several principal areas are county boroughs:

 * Newport (acquired city status in 2002)
 * Merthyr Tydfil
 * Caerphilly
 * Blaenau Gwent
 * Torfaen
 * Vale of Glamorgan
 * Bridgend
 * Rhondda Cynon Taf
 * Neath Port Talbot
 * Wrexham
 * Conwy

For all practical purposes, county boroughs are exactly the same as the other principal areas of Wales called "counties" (including "cities and counties") as all these areas are run by unitary authorities (i.e.: have the functions of both boroughs and counties). Although unitary authorities are functionally equivalent to county boroughs, only in Wales is the title given official recognition by Act of Parliament.

English county boroughs in 1973

The map depicts the county boroughs in England immediately prior to their abolition in 1974. County boroughs in Wales and Northern Ireland are not shown.

This table shows those county boroughs that existed in England and Wales between the Local Government Acts of 1888 (that created them) and 1972 (that abolished them from 1974).

Only four districts with more than one county borough were formed: Wirral, Sandwell, Sefton and Kirklees. Elsewhere, county boroughs usually formed the core or all of a district named after the county borough – with the exceptions of Halifax, whose metropolitan district was named Calderdale, Burton upon Trent, which became part of the East Staffordshire district, and Teesside, which was split up between three non-metropolitan districts.

Previous county boroughs
County boroughs to be abolished prior to 1974 were:

Northern Ireland
The county boroughs of Belfast and Derry were created by the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898.

In Northern Ireland, local government has not used county boroughs since 1973, but they remain in use for lieutenancy.

For administrative purposes the two county boroughs in Northern Ireland were replaced with two larger districts (Belfast and Londonderry).

Republic of Ireland
The Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 created county boroughs in Ireland. Under the Act, four former counties corporate (Cork, Dublin, Limerick and Waterford) became county boroughs.

Galway became a county borough in 1986.

In the Republic of Ireland, the relevant legislation remained in force (although amended), and county boroughs on the original model existed until 2001. Under the Local Government Act 2001 (which replaced most existing local government legislation in Ireland), the term "County Borough" was abolished and replaced with "City" (and hence, "Corporation" with "City Council"). However Kilkenny, while a traditional city, was never a county borough. Under the Local Government Reform Act 2014, the borough of Kilkenny was abolished, but the municipal district containing the administrative area of the former borough of Kilkenny would be known as the Municipal District of Kilkenny City.

title: County borough


text:
Alton B. Parker

Alton Brooks Parker (May 14, 1852 – May 10, 1926) was an American judge. He was the Democratic nominee in the 1904 United States presidential election, losing in a landslide to incumbent Republican Theodore Roosevelt.

A native of upstate New York, Parker practiced law in Kingston, New York, before being appointed to the New York Supreme Court and elected to the New York Court of Appeals. He served as Chief Judge of the latter from 1898 to 1904, when he resigned to run for president. In 1904, he defeated liberal publisher William Randolph Hearst for the Democratic Party nomination for President of the United States. In the general election, Parker opposed popular incumbent Republican President Theodore Roosevelt. After a disorganized and ineffective campaign, Parker was defeated by 336 electoral votes to 140, carrying only the traditionally Democratic Solid South. He then returned to practicing law.

In later life, he managed John Alden Dix's successful 1910 campaign for Governor of New York and served as prosecution counsel for the 1913 impeachment of Dix's successor, Governor William Sulzer. During the 1912 presidential election, Parker joined with other constitutional conservatives in an absolute defense of the power of judicial review against critics like Theodore Roosevelt or William Jennings Bryan who advocated a popular check on judicial decisions.

Early life
Parker was born in Cortland, New York, to John Brooks Parker, a farmer, and Harriet F. Stratton. Both of his parents were well educated and encouraged his reading from an early age. At the age of 12 or 13, Parker watched his father serve as a juror and was so fascinated by the proceedings that he resolved to become a lawyer. He attended Cortland Academy, and left to begin working as a teacher in Binghamton. There he became engaged to Mary Louise Schoonmaker, the daughter of a man who owned property near his school. He then returned to Cortland Academy.

While at Cortland Normal School, Parker was a member of Gamma Sigma Fraternity. After graduation, he attended the State Normal School in Cortland (now the State University of New York College at Cortland), Parker married Schoonmaker in 1872 and became a clerk at Schoonmaker & Hardenburgh, a legal firm at which one of her relatives was the senior partner. He then enrolled at Albany Law School of Union University, New York. After graduating with an LL.B. degree in 1873, he practiced law in Kingston until 1878 as the senior partner of the firm Parker & Kenyon.

Parker also became active with the Democratic Party. In 1877, he won election as surrogate court judge of Ulster County, and he was elected to a new six-year term in 1883. He served as a delegate to the 1880 and 1884 Democratic national conventions. In between the two conventions, he helped Grover Cleveland get elected Governor of New York in 1882. At the 1884 convention, he supported Cleveland, who was named the party's presidential nominee; Cleveland went on to narrowly defeat Republican James G. Blaine in the fall election. The new president offered Parker the position of first assistant postmaster general, but Parker rejected the offer, citing monetary reasons. During this time, Parker also became a protege of David B. Hill, managing Hill's 1885 gubernatorial campaign.

Judicial career
After his election, Hill appointed Parker to fill an 1885 vacancy on the New York Supreme Court created by the death of Justice Theodore R. Westbrook. In 1886, Parker was elected to his own fourteen-year term in the seat. Three years later, Parker became an appellate judge when Hill appointed him to the newly formed Second Department of the Appellate Division. In November 1897, Parker successfully ran for the post of Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals, defeating Republican William James Wallace.

As a judge, Parker was notable for independently researching each case that he heard. He was considered to be pro-labor and was an active supporter of social reform legislation, for example upholding a maximum-hours law as constitutional.

During his time as Chief Judge, Parker and his wife sold their Kingston home and bought an estate in Esopus on the Hudson River, calling the house "Rosemount". They were the parents of two children, Bertha and John. John died of tetanus while still a child. Bertha Schoonmaker Parker married the Reverend Charles Mercer Hall, with whom she had two children, Alton Parker Hall and Mary McAlister Hall Oxholm.

Notable cases

 * In the landmark Hamer v. Sidway (1891) case, Parker held that forbearance (voluntarily abstaining) of legal rights on promises of future benefit made by other parties can constitute valid consideration for the purposes of forming a contract. Parker's Hamer opinion also held that unilateral contracts were valid under New York law.
 * In Roberson v. Rochester Folding Box Co (1902), Parker held against Abigail Roberson, a teenager whose face had been used in advertisements without her permission. Parker held that this use did not violate her common law privacy rights. The decision was unpopular in the press and led to the passage of a privacy law by the New York State Legislature the following year.
 * In People v. Place (1902), Parker wrote an opinion upholding the death sentence given to convicted murderer Martha Place, who became the first woman to be executed by electric chair.

Presidential nomination
As the 1904 presidential election approached, the Democrats began to search for a nominee to oppose popular incumbent Republican president Theodore Roosevelt, and Parker's name arose as a possible candidate. Roosevelt's Secretary of War Elihu Root said of Parker that he "has never opened his mouth on any national question", but Roosevelt feared that the man's neutrality would prove a political advantage, writing that "the neutral-tinted individual is very apt to win against the man of pronounced views and active life".

The 1904 Democratic National Convention was held in July in St. Louis, Missouri, then also hosting the 1904 World's Fair and the 1904 Summer Olympics. Parker's mentor David B. Hill—having attempted and failed to capture the nomination himself at the 1892 convention—now led the campaign for his protege's nomination. William Jennings Bryan, who had been nominated but defeated by William McKinley in both 1896 and 1900, was no longer considered by delegates to be a viable alternative. Radicals in the party supported publisher William Randolph Hearst but lacked sufficient numbers to secure the nomination due to opposition from Bryan and Tammany Hall, the powerful New York political machine. Small clusters of delegates pledged support to other candidates, including Missouri Senator Francis Cockrell; Richard Olney, Grover Cleveland's Secretary of State; Edward C. Wall, a former Wisconsin State Representative; and George Gray, a former Senator from Delaware. Other delegates spoke of nominating Cleveland, who had already served two nonconsecutive terms, but Cleveland was no longer popular outside the party or even within it, due to his rift with Bryan.

Parker's long service on the bench proved to be an advantage in his nomination, as he had avoided taking stands on issues that divided the party, particularly that of currency standards. Hill and other Parker supporters remained deliberately silent on their candidate's beliefs. By the time the convention cast their votes, it was clear that no candidate but Parker could unify the party, and he was selected on the first ballot. Henry G. Davis, an elderly West Virginia millionaire and former senator, was selected as the vice presidential candidate in the hope that he would partially finance Parker's campaign.

The convention was riven by debate over whether to include a free silver plank in the campaign's platform, opposing the gold standard and calling for the government to mint large numbers of silver dollars. The "free silver" movement, a key plank for the party in 1896 and 1900, was popular among indebted Western farmers who felt that inflation would help them repay their debts. Business interests, in contrast, supported the lower inflation of the gold standard. Bryan, famous for his 1896 "Cross of Gold" speech opposing the gold standard, fought bitterly to avoid the inclusion of the gold standard in the party platform in 1904. Ultimately the convention agreed not to include a plank on the subject.

However, seeking to win the support of the Eastern "sound money" faction, Parker sent a telegram to the convention immediately upon hearing news of his nomination that he considered the gold standard "firmly and irrevocably established" and would decline the nomination if he could not state this in his campaign. The telegram sparked a new debate and fresh opposition from Bryan, but the convention eventually replied to Parker that he was free to speak on the issue as he liked. National support for Parker began to rise, and Roosevelt praised his opponent's telegram in private as "bold and skillful" and "most adroit".

Campaign
After receiving the nomination, Parker resigned from the bench. On August 10, he was formally visited at Rosemount by a delegation of party elders to inform him of his nomination. Parker then delivered a speech criticizing Roosevelt for his administration's involvement in Turkish and Moroccan affairs and having failed to give a date on which the Philippines would become independent of American control. The speech was considered even by supporters to be impersonal and uninspiring. Historian Lewis L. Gould described the speech as a "fiasco" for Parker from which the candidate did not recover. After this initial speech, Parker retreated into a strategy of silence again, avoiding comment on all major issues.

Parker's campaign soon proved to be poorly run as well. Parker and his advisors opted for a front porch campaign, in which delegations would be brought to Rosemount to see Parker speak on the model of McKinley's successful 1896 campaign. However, due to Esopus's remote location and the campaign's inefficient use of funds to bring in delegates, Parker received few visitors. Rather than introducing issues that would differentiate the two parties, the Democrats preferred to emphasize Roosevelt's character, portraying him as dangerously unstable. Parker's campaign also failed to reach out to traditional Democratic voting blocs such as Irish Catholic immigrants. In contrast, Roosevelt's campaign, headed by George Cortelyou, organized committees to appeal specifically to demographics including Jewish, black, and German-American voters. John Hay, Roosevelt's Secretary of State, wrote of Parker's poor showing to Henry Adams, calling it "the most absurd political campaign of our time".

A month before the election, Parker became aware of the large volume of corporate donations Cortelyou had solicited for the Roosevelt campaign, and made "Cortelyouism" a theme of his speeches, accusing the president of being insincere in previous trust busting efforts. In late October, he also went on a speaking tour in the key states of New York and New Jersey, in which he reiterated the president's "shameless exhibition of a willingness to make compromise with dignity". Roosevelt, enraged, released a statement calling Parker's criticisms "monstrous" and "slanderous".

Parker's attacks came too late to turn the election, however. On November 8, Roosevelt won in a landslide of 7,630,457 votes to Parker's 5,083,880. Roosevelt carried every Northern and Western state, including Missouri, for a total of 336 electoral votes; Parker carried only the traditionally Democratic Solid South, accumulating 140 electoral votes. Parker telegraphed his congratulations to Roosevelt that night and returned to private life.

In Irving Stone's 1943 book, They Also Ran, about defeated presidential candidates, the author stated that Parker was the only defeated presidential candidate in history never to have a biography written about him. Stone theorized that Parker would have been an effective president and the 1904 election was one of a few in American history in which voters had two first-rate candidates to choose from. Stone professed that Americans liked Roosevelt more because of his colorful style.

Legal career
After the election, Parker resumed practicing law and served as the president of the American Bar Association from 1906 to 1907. He represented organized labor in several cases, most notably in Loewe v. Lawlor, popularly known as the "Danbury Hatters' case". In the case, the fur hat manufacturer D. E. Loewe & Company had attempted to enforce an open shop policy; when unions had subsequently boycotted the company, it sued the United Hatters of North America for violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act. The U.S. Supreme Court found for Loewe by ruling that the union had been acting in restraint of interstate commerce. Parker had more success representing Samuel Gompers and other labor leaders in Gompers v. United States, in which the Supreme Court overturned their convictions for contempt of court on statute of limitations grounds.

Political activity and the election of 1912
Parker later re-entered politics, managing John Alden Dix's successful 1910 gubernatorial campaign. He announced his support for women's suffrage in 1911, telling a group of women lawyers that he supported the suffrage movement "most heartily." In 1913, he was counsel for the managers of the trial leading to the impeachment of Dix's successor as governor, William Sulzer.

During that election year, Parker actively resisted what he viewed as dangerous positions regarding the nation's judiciary held by men like Theodore Roosevelt, who initially sought the Republican nomination, and William Jennings Bryan, who still held considerable sway in the Democratic Party. Roosevelt had come out as early as 1910 in opposition to whom he called "fossilized judges" that struck down reform legislation as unconstitutional. By 1912, both Roosevelt and Bryan had called for amendments to enable the recall of judges and judicial decisions that the people at large deemed incorrect as a popular check on judicial review. Parker believed this proposal to be a danger to the nation's constitutional order, siding with conservatives in the GOP like William Howard Taft and Elihu Root to oppose Roosevelt's candidacy. Parker was elected to deliver the keynote address at the 1912 Democratic National Convention. He was elected against the opposition of Bryan, and the convention ultimately nominated Woodrow Wilson for president. While Wilson was more progressive than Parker's preferred candidate, Champ Clark, and held the endorsement of Bryan, he also came out against judicial recall. The result was the triumph of a supreme view of judicial review in both the Democratic and Republican parties.

Death
Parker's wife, Mary, died in 1917. He remarried in 1923 to Amelia Day "Amy" Campbell. On May 10, 1926, only a few days after recovering from bronchial pneumonia, Parker died from a heart attack while riding in his car through New York City's Central Park, four days before his 74th birthday. He was survived by Mrs. Charles Mercer Hall, his daughter from his first wife, two grandchildren, and his second wife. He was buried in Wiltwyck Cemetery in Kingston.

title: Alton B. Parker


text:
User:Bronger/French constellation maps

=Translation of constellation maps labels to French=

If you've translated something, please change the style="color: red" to style="color: green" in the <td> element.

There are some three-letter abbreviations. If you think it's appropriate, please translate them, too, but keep their shortness. Keep the LaTeX commands. These are all the strange things (mostly word beginning with backslashs, and different braces) around the actual labels.

About the copyright question (because perpetually it seems to be a problem): The English constellation maps have my (Torsten Bronger) copyright which means that I am the original author. But they are published under the terms of the GFDL nevertheless, and that is all that counts. Thus they can be used freely according to this licence.

The French maps – if they come – will have no copyright or the copyright of the uploader (who I won't be due to lack of time). I will deliver a only zip file with the bitmaps. -- Torsten Bronger 11:28, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Discussion
Should it be "LMC" or "GNM"? I've found only quite a few pages with GNM, but anyway. – Torsten Bronger 07:33, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC)

If there is not much space, I have to abbreviate the constellation name with three letters. But how should we abbreviate e.g. "Libra"–"Balance"? With "Lib" oe with "Bal"? – Torsten Bronger 07:11, 18 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * I don't know, even if french is more or less my native language, there is a lot of thing that I know much better in english than in french, like the constellation names or the usage of "GNM" ... I will look for this information. At first sight, it seems that the latin abbreviations are used. -- Looxix

Another thing is the upper/lowercase question. "Petit chien" or "Petit Chien" or "petit chien"? – Torsten Bronger 09:02, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Mmmm, very good and difficult question. I must check. -- Looxix

You can download provisional versions at []. The integration of remaining problems (stylistic and typographic) can be done within minutes. – Torsten Bronger 13:27, 20 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Thanks a lots Torsten I will quickly install them on the wiki (alas, a lot of constellation article are still no done on fr:). -- Looxix 22:14, 20 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Style discussion
Should the maps on fr: have a different visual appearance? -- Torsten Bronger 11:28, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * personnaly, I prefer the default dark blue background. -- Looxix

What about having fewer stars? The English maps sometimes look very dotty, and the constellation labels often collides with such very faint stars. Orion is a counter-example. – Torsten Bronger 10:43, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Yes, I think this is a good idea. -- Looxix

title: User:Bronger/French constellation maps