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Talk:List of refractive indices

8 Dec 2003
This list is meaningless and misleading and, I suspect, wrong in many cases. For one thing, you have to specify a wavelength in order to give the index, since all realistic materials are dispersive (i.e., index varies with wavelength). Second, you must cite your sources, especially since measurements of indices aren't always the same to three decimal places between experiments. Third, some of the materials are just plain wrong. For example, copper (a metal, which will have a complex index with very large magnitudes in both the real and imaginary parts, at least for visible wavelengths) is listed with an index of 1.675, the same as copper oxide! Ditto for aluminum (perhaps alumina was intended?). Steven G. Johnson 22:52, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Note that these criticisms applied to the list of indices in the original version of this article. Steven G. Johnson 23:06, 17 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree with your criticism of the lack of citations 100%. Gfutia 22:34, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

PS. A good reference for this sort of thing would be the Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids by Palik.

A very large table of simple values is avaliable at http://www.robinwood.com/Catalog/Technical/Gen3DTuts/Gen3DPages/RefractionIndexList.html. Could some expert comment or post a link to it on the article? Thank you.

 * Unfortunately, this list is meaningless because it doesn't give the wavelength(s). Since it is for 3d modelers, I'm guessing it is intended to be at optical wavelengths, but in this case its metallic indices seem questionable to me. Since the page gives no reference, it is impossible to know where he got them and how accurate they are (or, indeed, if they are just fudges to get good-looking results in ray-tracing tools).  —Steven G. Johnson 22:52, Nov 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * It is standard practice to quote the index at nD20, that is the sodium 'D' doublet is used at 20 C. You will see such values tabulated as nD20. Askewmind''' | (Talk) 01:40, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * That may be common practice, but that doesn't mean you can assume any random indices someone posts on the Internet, without citing sources, are at that wavelength. —Steven G. Johnson 18:07, Mar 24, 2005 (UTC)

 * Very true, Steven, I was not trying to say we don't need references, wikipedia has no credibility since we all can write whatever we want. I was mainly considering the fact that we need some sort of consensus whe we point the refractive index of substances. References are always required. I recommend Sigma-Aldrich for most of the common chemicals. Askewmind''' | (Talk) 18:23, 24 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * The entries for HgS, GaAs, and Si do not make a lot of sense because they are either poorly transparent in the visible range, or not at all. So, yes, they have high indeces of refraction, but no lens for the visible range would be made from them.  The values can be used to estimate surface reflectance off the air-material interface, but the imiginary component becomes important if it's not pretty small.  Could a new column with the imiginary index value be added to the table?  Metals are very complicated, the two index components can change a lot over the visible range, and are best shown with a plot, not just one data point. 131.252.124.185 22:05, 29 September 2006 (UTC) David

This list would be more useful if every value listed had some citation that gave a link to relevant and trustworthy external material. These numbers have little meaning taken out of context. Each value needs additional information about both the material and the wavelength. Selain03 20:51, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Complex Number?
How does a pair of two different physical properties--refractive index and absorptivity--constitute a complex number? Was this concept taken from scientific literature, or from the mind of a creative contributor? It reminds me of Hawking's "complex time". I would rewrite this myself, but I see the person who added it is a professor of Applied Math and has a background in Physics, so I'll leave it up to him.

 * It is completely standard; look in any textbook. Because Maxwell's equations are linear (for linear materials), it is correct and convenient to write oscillatory fields with a time-dependence exp(-iωt) instead of with cos or sin (with the understanding that the "physical" solution is the real part of this).  Then, in a uniform medium, the spatial dependence becomes exp(iωx * n/c), where n is the index.  Thus, the real part of n gives an oscillatory term, and the imaginary part gives an exponential decay.  Equivalently, if you look at how the conductivity σ of a material enters Maxwell's equations, it can be equated with an imaginary dielectric constant ε=iσ/ω for  time-harmonic exp(-iωt) fields. —Steven G. Johnson 17:22, Apr 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * Stevnj is correct. I'm more familiar with the complex representation manifesting itself as complex permittivity or a complex impedance, but not of free space, here is the reference article. Impedance of free space. Gfutia 22:39, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

neuron?
Index of refraction for neuron. A nerve cell, is this correct?

wavelength or frequency ?
Someone said that through refraction, it is the speed (so the wavelength) which modifies, not the frequency. If that's so, I think it would be more accurate to give the frequency of the wave as related value, not the wavelength.

 * When people give a wavelength associated with an index of refraction, they normally mean the frequency associated with that wavelength in vacuum. (You're right that the wavelength changes inside a material, whereas the frequency is preserved.  However, the vacuum wavelength is much more conventional to give at infrared and higher frequencies.  A note about this in the article would be nice, or perhaps just a link to vacuum wavelength.) —Steven G. Johnson 21:50, Jun 10, 2005 (UTC)

 * Are you sure about this statement. "The wavelength changes in side of the material, where as the frequency is preserved?" I agree that wavelengths should also be given for each measurements since due to dispersion (optics) the index of refraction is dependent of the frequency/wavelength of the light. Gfutia 22:34, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Yea. Wavelength means wavelength in vacuum. It does change in media but in terms of light wavelength(in vacuum) is what everyone uses this to discuss light frequencies. Everyone knows 500 (nm) light is green light, no one coverts this to frequency, f = c/lambda and calls it 600,000,000,000,000 Hz = 600 PHz light. Gfutia (talk) 06:33, 20 February 2013 (UTC)

Crystal
Could someone add information to this page and to lead crystal about the index of leaded glass? —Ben FrantzDale 20:31, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * If your think the information belongs on this page, you should find a source for the information and add it. Gfutia 22:34, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

Anon - nonsense ?
Just think about ether as no cristal or water, but as lead travelling...just as our core Earth Heart swingles bellow us like a pendulum...

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendulum http://www.paradox-paradigm.nl/The%20electron.htm

A better source of information?
After reading the discussion page for this article, I searched for a better source of information regarding refractive indices. I found a site that gave a few formulas to calculate the index of refraction. I recommend including the formulas in the article or listing the site under 'external links'

http://emtoolbox.nist.gov/Wavelength/Documentation.asp

Smithg86 19:25, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

 * If you think this is of value, you should include it in the article. Gfutia 22:34, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

Feel free to include it in #External links, but don't use the numbers that come out in the table. Empirical data should always be used in preference to a model that only works (say) around 20°C, or even a decent model (one exception is heat capacities near 0 K, where the current model is probably more accurate than any data we can get). ⇌Elektron 15:38, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

 * External links are not references. Gfutia 22:34, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

Addition of the wavelength columns
The refractive index of materials is dependent on the wavelength used for measurement due to dispersion. A claim was made that the Sodium D light at 589 nm is the standard used for measurement. Although this is likely true, I still feel that the wavelength column should be added to the table. The column would force the adder to confirm that measurement was made at the standard wavelength, and if it was not, the material could be specified for an alternative wavelength. The column would also reinforce to the reader the dependence between wavelength and refractive index.Gfutia 23:04, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

Addition of the reference column
It is not the job of the reader to verify the information source. I think all people on the talk page agree that each item in the table needs to have a verifiable source. Source citation is essential to the credibility of the information. Since each item needs a source, a good way to do this would be to add a reference column to the table. Also, External links are not references, they are just place for the reader to turn to for additional information. External webpages are fine sources, but just adding it as a link is lazy, a well known referencing standard such as one from IEEE or Harvard referencing should be used. I recommend just going the simple route and using the Citation templates.Gfutia 23:04, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

External link suggestion
I would like to suggest to add an external link to RefractiveIndex.INFO. This website contains dispersion formulas for many materials and has a simple interface for finding a refractive index value for a specified wavelength. Wikipedia's policy does not allow me to add the link myself as I am the author of this site. Please, add a link if you find this site appropriate. Thanks! Mpolyanskiy (talk) 00:32, 1 September 2008 (UTC)

Radio frequencies
I added a sourced mention to refractive index formulation for radio frequencies. User Materialscientist reverted it, on the grounds that it's "irrelevant (low frequency)". I referred him to the motivating application (namely, GPS), and undid his reversion. Materialscientist reverted it again, arguing at this time that "for low-frequency applications see Relative static permittivity". But permittivity is obviously distinct from refractivity or index of refraction; their relationship, however obvious, is non-trivial, requiring a third concept (permeabilitty). I undid the reversion once again.

Materialscientist, please let other people contribute! Let me remind you that "Reversion throws away proposed changes by the other editor (even those made in good faith and for well intentioned reasons), rather than improving upon them or working with the editor to resolve any differences of opinion. Therefore reverting is not to be undertaken without good reason." -- "Try to avoid deleting things as a matter of principle."

There really should be some penalty for editors that revert bona fide sourced contributions, like you are doing. I hope you understand how frustrating and time-wasting unnecessary reverts can be, and realize that these repel potential contributors to Wikipedia. You might not see the need for the proposed edit, but please realize that you are not aware of all the possible nuances of the subject, so if another editor think the edit is necessary, don't revert it unless the edit harms the article. Otherwise people will start scraping from the Wikipedia claims that they find unnecessary, however true and informative they might be, simply because they are unaware of the facts mentioned. See Revert only when necessary. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.138.43.254 (talk) 04:46, 30 August 2009 (UTC)
 * You are more than welcome to contribute, if the contribution is constructive.
 * Please sign your posts with four tildas.
 * You could come to this talk before reverting me, not after. Please discuss the article content, rather than what I might or night not possibly see.
 * The added sentence "At radio frequencies (as needed in, e.g., GPS), see [7] for a recent, thorough, review" has several problems:(i) Incomplete; (ii) The refractive index is defined in the lead for visible range (589 nm) rather than radiowaves, (iii) A common convention in physics is to refer to refractive index as high frequency value and to "static dielectric constant" for low-frequency values; this is not about underlying science but just a matter of terminology (iv) The added reference advertises itself as "thorough", though it is a conference proceedings and as such would not qualify for reliable source in an encyclopedia; (v) The added link is dead; (vi) As I can not verify the content, I can only guess that it is about air, which would be much too narrow for this article. Materialscientist (talk) 05:27, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

1) Thanks. 2) Why bother if unsigned posts are automatically signed by a bot?
 * Because it is a basic WP rule of politeness. Because there are tons of unsigned post on WP. Bots fail every now and then. Materialscientist (talk) 23:20, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

3) (i) "You could come to this talk before reverting me, not after." I use your own words. (ii) I was referring to your behavior because it is typical of "revert trolls", defined as editors with an excessive rate of type I errors (i.e., the error of undue skepticism, e.g., a court finding a person guilty of a crime that they did not actually commit). Such behavior should be discouraged at Wikipedia.
 * You're ignoring my comment on being impersonal.

4) (i) if it's incomplete, complete it or tag it as such -- only revert if it is detrimental or unsourced, none of which applies to my edit. (ii) your clam is plain wrong! See, e.g., ray tracing (physics). I can cite as many articles as you want defining refractive index for radio waves! To convince yourself, just search for "radio refractivity" at google scholar . It's really frustrating that you don't hesitate to waste one's time before trying something as easy as that. (iii) again, this might be the terminology in your field, not in everyone's else! Please recognize that you are acting as if you are trying to impose your view! (iv) again, please do you homework before wasting one's time: Reliable_sources says that "The scholarly acceptance of a source can be verified ... by checking the number of scholarly citations it has received": the source given has been cited several times by academic peers, see ; furthermore, Verifiability says that "academic ... publications are highly valued and usually the most reliable sources in areas where they are available", and the cited article is an abridged version of a 90+ page university report ; I preferred to cite the article rather than the report because it is available online; both could be cited, though. Finally, the author has credentials, because he was the convener of the "Working party on refractive indices of light, infrared and radio waves in the atmosphere" of the "International Association of Geodesy". (v) the whole website (www.fig.net) is down, presumably only temporarily, because it belongs to an international federation; you can see a cache available at ; deadlink is not a reason for removing a citation to a publication available elsewhere (e.g., your library)! (vi) please explain what you mean by "too narrow"; if you don't see the need for the modification, please respect and trust other contributors that do see the need for it! It's a sourced statement, for heaven's sake! 5)There really should be some penalty for "revert trolls" that discard legitimate, well-sourced statements. It's a pity that such editors keep wasting the time of other contributors. Your behavior illustrates very well this issue. 128.138.43.254 (talk) 18:36, 30 August 2009 (UTC)
 * (i) I did follow your advice and reverted your edit because it was unsourced. (ii) Refer to the lead of this article, which defined its scope. It is impossible to cover refractive index for all frequency ranges in one article (iii) Refer to and please do not try to assume scopes of my field (iv) You're missing a magic word "peer-reviewed" and focus on atmosphere. Please understand that "air" is only one entry in this list, and its refractive index should be discussed in atmopsheric or GPS articles. (v) Deadlink is a valid reason for removal if the source has never been assessed before. (vi) Thank you for providing the cache link. The document is useful, but technical and dedicated to atmospheric sciences. I am fine to include it somewhere, but only when the server is up, and I can't think of a good place for this link. Definitely not in this article, as it merely discusses technical aspects of empirical fitting of the refractive index variations vs. some parameter, it does not provide clear values for the "List of refractive indices". Materialscientist (talk) 23:41, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

Since I know almost nothing about this subject, I am not sure that either of you will welcome my comments, but here they are. The information in the added link, which worked fine just now, seems encyclopedic to me--a summary would seem to be a good addition to the project. OTOH, it does not seem to fit in the body of this article, since it does seem to be off-topic, as the topic is defined in its lead. I suggest that you consider including it in the end material, perhaps as a "See also" link to a new article or a to new section in Refractive index (and wouldn't Feynman have wanted some QED in there, even if just a "See also"?), perhaps as an "Additional reading" link to the external source with just enough text to explain the subject. I would also suggest that your mutual sniping was ill-considered.--Hjal (talk) 06:25, 1 September 2009 (UTC)

Thanks for your constructive comments, Hjal. Now past one week I must admit that my comments were unnecessarily personal; please accept my appologies, Materialscientist. Moving on with the issue, it seems to me that the title of the article does not match the scope set in the lead of the article -- do you agree that the former is much broader than the latter? If so, we need to rectify either one. We could rename the article to "List of optical refractive indices", but my preference is to keep the title as it is and enlarge the scope in the lead. That way we could include the citation originally proposed. What do you think? 128.138.43.211 (talk) 07:10, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
 * No problem. In my experience, most physicists see "refractive index" pertinent to optical frequencies (I understand atmospheric sciences are different), and your link does not seem to fit into "list of values" - it is rather on variation of n for air with temperature, etc. Thus, even if we squeeze it in here, no-one would read it. Why not placing it into the GPS or Atmospheric diffraction article. There, they would be more visible too - I guess nobody reads this abandoned article. Materialscientist (talk) 07:26, 5 September 2009 (UTC)

Table sort sequence error
The refractive index column seems to sort Silicon carbide and diamond the wrong side of each other. - Rod57 (talk) 12:59, 1 December 2020 (UTC)

Many of the Other materials should be under Solids at room temp
eg Cinnabar, Sapphire, cubic zirconia. - Rod57 (talk) 13:29, 1 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of refractive indices


text:
Draft:Mormonism and authority

Within Mormonism, authority typically refers to priesthood authority, or the ability to act in God's name. According to its founder, Joseph Smith, this authority had been removed from the primitive Christian church through a Great Apostasy, which Mormons believe occurred due to the deaths of the original apostles. Mormons maintain that this apostasy was prophesied of within the Bible to occur prior to the Second Coming of Jesus, and was therefore in keeping with God's plan for mankind. Smith said that the priesthood authority was restored to him from angelic beings—John the Baptist and the apostles Peter, James, and John.

Priesthood authority was used as a foundation for early political structures in the Latter Day Saint movement. These included the Council of Fifty in Nauvoo, Illinois, and the theocracy established in the State of Deseret.

Priesthood authority in early Mormonism
Priesthood authority as it now known in the Latter Day Saint movement originated from the movement's founder, Joseph Smith. Some of the early movement's most important charismatic experiences were shared between Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery, who joined the movement during the translation of the Book of Mormon. During the translation of the Golden Plates, Smith and Cowdery determined that they needed to obtain priesthood authority, or the authority to act in God's name, which they believed had been lost from the earth during the Great Apostasy. According to an account by Cowdery in 1834, they went into the woods near Harmony, Pennsylvania on May 15, 1829, were visited by an angel who gave them the "Holy Priesthood". In 1835, Smith and Cowdery stated that the angel was John the Baptist, and that the "Holy Priesthood" was specifically the Priesthood of Aaron", which included the power to baptize. Today this area is maintained by the LDS Church as the Aaronic Priesthood Restoration Site.

Smith and Cowdery further elaborated for the 1835 publication of the Doctrine and Covenants that they were also later visited by Peter, James, and John, who restored the "keys of your ministry" and the "keys of the kingdom". Neither Smith nor Cowdery ever gave a date for this visitation.

Political structures in Utah

Early Mormonism established community legal structures as essentially theocracies (see theodemocracy). Joseph Smith and his successor, Brigham Young, presided over the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as prophet, President of the Church, and spiritual king until Jesus Christ's Second Coming. U.S. President Millard Fillmore appointed Young governor of the Territory of Utah, and there was minimal effective separation between church and state until 1858.

Young envisioned a Mormon state spanning from the Salt Lake Valley to the Pacific Ocean; he sent church leaders to establish colonies in various parts of the western United States. These colonies were governed by Mormon officials under Young's mandate to enforce "God's law" by "lay[ing] the ax at the root of the tree of sin and iniquity," while preserving individual rights. Despite the distance to these outlying colonies, local Mormon leaders received frequent visits from church headquarters, and were under Young's direct doctrinal and political control. Mormons were taught to obey the orders of their priesthood leaders, as long as they coincided with the church's religious principles. Young's view of theocratic enforcement included a death penalty. However, there are no documented cases showing that capital punishment was ever used by the Mormons. Mormon leaders taught the doctrine of blood atonement, in which Mormon "covenant breakers" could in theory gain their exaltation in heaven by having "their blood spilt upon the ground, that the smoke thereof might ascend to heaven as an offering for their sins." More clearly stated, this doctrine holds that capital punishment is required to atone for murder. Local church leaders occasionally took the rhetoric of such doctrines seriously as they contemplated sanctionable applications of violence.

According to rumors and accusations, Brigham Young sometimes enforced "God's law" through a secret cadre of avenging Danites. The truth of these rumors is debated by historians. While there existed active vigilante organizations in Utah who referred to themselves as "Danites", they may have been acting independently.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Draft:Mormonism and authority


text:
Indiana University–Purdue University Fort Wayne

Indiana University–Purdue University Fort Wayne (IPFW) was a public university in Fort Wayne, Indiana. Founded in 1964, IPFW was a cooperatively managed regional campus of two state university systems: Indiana University and Purdue University. IPFW hit its highest enrollment in 2014, with 13,459 undergraduate and postgraduate students in nine colleges and schools, including a branch of the Indiana University School of Medicine. During its last academic year (2017–2018), IPFW had a total enrollment of 10,414 students. IPFW offered more than 200 graduate and undergraduate degree programs through IU or Purdue universities. The university's 14 men's and women's athletic teams competed in Division I of the NCAA Summit League.

On July 1, 2018, the two universities parted company in Fort Wayne. The health sciences programs on the campus became Indiana University Fort Wayne, and the other programs became Purdue University Fort Wayne (PFW). About two weeks before the split took effect, the athletic program, which was inherited solely by PFW, changed its branding from Fort Wayne Mastodons to Purdue Fort Wayne Mastodons.

History
In 1917, Indiana University started offering courses in downtown Fort Wayne to 142 students in 12 courses. At a separate downtown location, Purdue University permanently established the Purdue University Center in 1941 to provide a site in Fort Wayne for students to begin their undergraduate studies prior to transferring to the West Lafayette main campus to complete their degree.

Under the direction of Purdue University President Frederick Hovde, Indiana University President Herman Wells, IU trustee John Hastings, and Purdue trustee Alfred Kettler Sr., the Indiana University and Purdue University extension centers began merging in 1958 via the formation of the Indiana–Purdue Foundation. To serve the extension centers' now combined mission in Fort Wayne, the Indiana–Purdue Foundation acquired a 99-year lease on agricultural land owned by Allen County to form a campus totaling 114 acre at the then-suburban northeast edge of Fort Wayne on the eastern bank of the St. Joseph River. Indiana University–Purdue University Fort Wayne opened on September 17, 1964, following nearly two years of construction that began on October 18, 1962. The first all-inclusive building on campus was known as the Education Building, but it has since been renamed Kettler Hall in honor of the combined university's chief advocate. Kettler's vision and passion during the 1950s made IPFW possible. IPFW awarded its first four-year degree in 1968 after awarding two-year degrees through the IU and Purdue Fort Wayne extension centers prior to the formation of the joint IPFW campus.

In the spirit of Indiana University's 1967 acquisition of the Herron School of Art in Indianapolis, which helped form IUPUI two years later, the Indiana General Assembly approved a similar merger of the Fort Wayne Art Institute with IPFW in 1976. The Fort Wayne Art Institute was founded in 1897 as the Fort Wayne Art School. Until 1991, the Fort Wayne Art Institute and resulting academic unit within IPFW maintained a small campus in downtown Fort Wayne. In 1998, this academic unit was renamed the School of Fine and Performing Arts. During the late 1990s, the School of Fine and Performing Arts and its primary classroom building was renamed the School of Visual and Performing Arts and Visual and Performing Arts Building, respectively. In the mid-2000s, the Purdue University board of trustees granted the school "college" status, becoming the College of Visual and Performing Arts.

In 1988, a coalition of the then-Lincoln National Corporation under the direction of Ian Rolland, the M.E. Raker Foundation, the Olive B. Cole Foundation, and the Foellinger Foundation purchased an additional 152 acre on the west bank of the St. Joseph River, known as the former McKay Family Farm. In 2007, the State of Indiana completed the process of closing the Fort Wayne State Developmental Center. A portion of the grounds had been transferred to IPFW years earlier for construction of the Northeast Indiana Innovation Center. The remaining property and buildings of the 142 acre developmental center was transferred later in 2007, with the land split between IPFW (40 acre) and Ivy Tech Community College (45 acre).

IPFW was divided into two universities on July 1, 2018: Purdue University Fort Wayne, and Indiana University Fort Wayne. The division moved all departments involved in health care to Indiana University Fort Wayne, and all others into Purdue University Fort Wayne. The split generated a moderate level of controversy, as the nursing program was formerly administered by the Purdue School of Nursing. This marked the second time Indiana University had taken over a Purdue healthcare-related institution (the other being Purdue's school of medicine in 1908). The Philosophy and Geosciences departments were closed on January 1, 2017.

Campus
IPFW's campus is 688 acre, encompassing four main campus areas, including 40 buildings which cover 2668078 ft2. The Main Academic Campus, bounded by East Coliseum Boulevard (Indiana State Road 930) to the south, Crescent Avenue to the east, St. Joseph River to the west, and Canterbury Green Apartment complex and golf course to the north includes the majority of academic and administrative buildings and parking.

The Waterfield Student Housing Campus, bounded by Crescent Avenue to the west, East Coliseum Boulevard and Trier Road to the south, and Hobson Road to the East, contains all of the privately owned residence halls. The main academic campus and Waterfield campus are connected via the Crescent Avenue Pedestrian Bridge, elevated above Crescent Avenue.

The Research-Incubator Campus, bounded by St. Joe Road to the west, Stellhorn Road to the south, Dean Drive to the north, and Sirlin Drive to the east includes the Northeast Indiana Innovation Center, a business incubator for entrepreneurs. This area of the campus was acquired in 2007 after the Fort Wayne State Developmental Center's closure, with the land donated between IPFW and Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana.

The former McKay Family Farm, located on the western bank of the St. Joseph River, is bounded by East Coliseum Boulevard to the south, St. Joseph River to the east, and development to the north and west. The Plex indoor soccer facility, Hefner Soccer Complex, Holiday Inn hotel and Steel Dynamics Keith E. Busse Alumni Center are located on this portion of the campus, connected to the main academic campus via the pedestrian-only Ron Venderly Family Bridge. The Holiday Inn operates on property leased from the Indiana–Purdue Foundation and is affiliated with IPFW's Hospitality Management Program.

For three years a grant through the state of Indiana provided bus service between the student housing and the campus but as of 2015 that program was cancelled. Pedestrian and bicycling traffic are also accommodated through the university's direct connection with the Fort Wayne Rivergreenway, a designated National Recreation Trail. The trail is part of the larger 70 mi Fort Wayne Trail Network.

Architecture
IPFW buildings generally feature brick in various shades of brown or tan, a nod to the brick façades of Purdue University's West Lafayette campus buildings. This contrasts with IPFW's sibling university, Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis, where the buildings generally feature Indiana limestone façades. The grounds at IPFW are manicured and landscaped as a multiple-hundred-acre park due in part to the generosity of Virginia Ayers, an avid long-time exerciser on campus who willed her estate to IPFW upon her death in 1986 (IPFW University Archives).

Satellite facilities
IPFW operated a satellite facility in Warsaw, Indiana (about 40 mi northwest of the main campus) from 2003 to 2013. IPFW Warsaw Center was closed due to improved distance learning technologies and increasing reliance on e-learning.

Administration
IPFW was governed in various ways via the Purdue University Board of Trustees, the Indiana University Board of Trustees, and the IPFW Faculty Senate. Purdue served as the fiscal agent for IPFW's budget and substantially represented IPFW during budgetary negotiations with the Indiana General Assembly. The Indiana–Purdue Foundation owns most of the land that constitutes IPFW and has entered into a 99-year lease with Allen County for additional land for US$1. The IPFW Faculty Senate represented the faculty in the university's shared governance model. The desire was so strong for an expansion of IPFW during the 1980s, the Faculty Senate and Indiana–Purdue Foundation explored full independence from both Purdue and IU, not entirely unlike the University of Southern Indiana's independence from Indiana State University in 1985. Relations with Purdue later improved, as did the level of funding from the State of Indiana. IPFW was designated Indiana's Multisystem Metropolitan University by the Indiana General Assembly in May 2015.

Academics
IPFW was selective, accepting 82.1 percent of applicants for the fall 2012 semester. The university had a student-to-teacher ratio of 17:1, with 51 percent of classes holding 20 or fewer students (2.9 percent had classes with 50 or more students).

Either Purdue or IU awarded IPFW's degrees on a program-by-program basis. IPFW's colleges, schools, and divisions were not each identified specifically as IU units or as Purdue units. Through an agreement between the IU and Purdue trustees, most of IPFW's university services were administratively operated through Purdue's processes. This is in contrast to IPFW's sibling university, Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), where IUPUI is a core campus of the Indiana University System, where IUPUI's university services are administratively operated through the Indiana University System, and where IUPUI's schools and academic divisions are each strongly identified by name as IU or Purdue aligned.

Colleges, divisions, and schools

 * College of Arts and Sciences
 * College of Education and Public Policy
 * College of Engineering, Technology, and Computer Science
 * College of Health and Human Services
 * College of Visual and Performing Arts
 * Division of Continuing Studies
 * Indiana University School of Medicine–Fort Wayne
 * Indiana University School of Social Work
 * Richard T. Doermer School of Business
 * College of Fine Arts and Film

Student body
As of 2014, IPFW enrolled 13,214 students, consisting of 12,674 undergraduate students and 540 postgraduate students. A slight majority of IPFW students were first-generation college students, at 51 percent. IPFW consisted of 55 percent female students and 45 percent male students.

Library system
The Walter E. Helmke Library, the only public university library in northeast Indiana, was dedicated in 1977 and covers 113000 ft2. Ground was broken in 2009 for a new US$42.4 million Student Services Complex, extending the second floor Learning Commons through a 265 ft glass-enclosed elevated walkway, connecting Helmke Library to Walb Student Union and Hilliard Gates Sports Center. In November 2011, the Student Services Complex and Learning Commons were opened for use. The Learning Commons includes librarian research consulting, the Writing Center, IT services computing, and areas for group and individual study.

Helmke houses nearly 1 million printed materials available to students, faculty, staff, and the general public. IPFW students, faculty and staff have 24/7 access to thousands of electronic books, journals and databases, the IU and WorldCat catalogs, and document delivery service. The mDON: mastodon Digital Object Network is a growing digital library of IPFW and local community resources. Special collections highlight photography, distinguished faculty lectures, athletics, and streaming video of the Omnibus Lecture Series. The open access IPFW repository Opus: Research & Creativity at IPFW offers a portal to faculty, staff and student scholarly accomplishments as well as free downloads of many of the materials.

Weekend supplementary education
The IPFW Japanese Saturday School (JSS; フォートウェイン補習授業校 Fōtowein Hoshū Jugyō Kō), a weekend Japanese educational program designated by the Japanese Ministry of Education, was affiliated with IPFW and held its classes on the university campus. It was established in 2006.

Housing
IPFW was predominately a commuter school, with only six percent of the student body living in university-operated housing and 94 percent living off campus; 99 percent of students had cars on campus. Beginning with fall semester 2004, the university introduced student dormitories on the Waterfield Campus. Phase II of the student housing initiative continued with two more buildings in August 2007, with total student housing occupancy approaching nearly 750 residents. Phase III of the project, which opened in August 2010, added 448 beds divided between four new residence buildings, bringing total occupancy to more than 1,200 students. Another student community center, The Clubhouse, a larger version of the existing Cole Commons, and a maintenance facility were also added.

Media
The Communicator was IPFW's student newspaper. College Access Television was operated by IPFW and was one of five educational-access television channels serving Fort Wayne and Allen County. CATV was available on Frontier Communications and Comcast cable systems and served as the higher education cable access channel and provided opportunities in higher education for area residents. The university leased a portion of its East Campus, at the East Coliseum Boulevard and Crescent Avenue intersection, to northeast Indiana's PBS member station, WFWA-TV.

Athletics
The IPFW athletic program, known from 2016 to 2018 as the Fort Wayne Mastodons, competed as a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I school in The Summit League, and in the Midwestern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association for men's volleyball. The university participated in 14 men's and women's sports. Before joining NCAA Division I athletics, IPFW competed in the Great Lakes Valley Conference in NCAA Division II. Following the division of IPFW into separate Purdue and IU universities, the athletic program was rebranded as the Purdue Fort Wayne Mastodons. The program is now a member of the Horizon League, having moved from the Summit League in July 2020.

Community health programs
The Northeast Indiana Area Health Education Center is a collaboration among the former IPFW College of Health and Human Services, Indiana Area Health Education Center Program office, Indiana University School of Medicine–Fort Wayne, Allen County Health Disparity Coalition, the Dr. Jeff Towles Health Disparities Initiative, and other community healthcare providers and schools serving 19 counties in northeast and east central Indiana. IPFW's role in this collaboration has been inherited by IU Fort Wayne.

The Lafayette Street Family Health Clinic is a nurse-practitioner clinic that family planning services to low-income women and men. The clinic offers most birth control methods, pap smears for cervical cancer screening, pregnancy tests, clinical breast exams, emergency contraception, testing and treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), HIV counseling and testing, and education on reproductive health. The clinic also serves as a remote site for the IUFW Dental Clinic (formerly IPFW Dental Clinic). The on-campus IUFW Dental Clinic offers cleanings, fluoride treatments, and dental sealants, plus full-mouth, bite-wing, and X-rays for the community.

Omnibus Lecture Series
IPFW's Omnibus Lecture Series presented diverse ideas through speakers to the university community and the residents of northeast Indiana. Featured presenters included Henry Winkler, Marlee Matlin, Cheech Marin, Neil deGrasse Tyson, Betty Friedan, James Earl Jones, Jeb Bush, Robert F. Kennedy Jr., Ralph Nader, Joyce Carol Oates, Deepak Chopra, Gail Sheehy, Hal Holbrook, Sandra Day O’Connor, and Sean Astin.

Tapestry: A Day for You
Tapestry: A Day for You hosts guest speakers and conducts break-out sessions that are mindful of women's empowerment at the Allen County War Memorial Coliseum. Tapestry proceeds support the Tapestry Parkview Endowment Fund and the Tapestry gift account and provide scholarships to students studying health sciences at IPFW. Since its beginning in 2002, Tapestry has raised more than $675,000 in scholarship funds and awarded 50 scholarships. Featured keynote speakers have included Dana Reeve, Linda Ellerbee, Patty Duke, Marie Osmond, and Clinton Kelly.

Northeast Indiana Defense Industry Mega Conference
The NorthEast Indiana Defense Industry Mega Conference (NIDIA) is the largest annual defense-industry conference in the U.S. Midwest. Cybersecurity expert Walter O'Brien was its keynote speaker in 2015.

Notable alumni
IPFW includes 55,000 alumni, 80 percent of which currently live and work in northeast Indiana.
 * Lloy Ball, U.S. Olympic men's volleyball team captain (1996, 2000, 2004); U.S. Olympic men's volleyball gold medalist (2008)
 * Julia Barr, actress, All My Children
 * Tim Berry, Indiana State Treasurer (1999–2007), Indiana State Auditor (2007–2013), Indiana Republican Party Chairman (2013–2015)
 * Justin Busch, Indiana State Senator District 16
 * Randy Borror, Indiana's 84th District state representative (2001–2010)
 * Dan Butler, actor, Frasier
 * Frank Gaines, basketball player, Maine Red Claws
 * Dennis Kruse, auctioneer, Indiana's 14th District state senator (2004–present)
 * Keith O'Conner Murphy, singer and songwriter, Rockabilly Hall of Fame, International recording artist Stacy, Polydor Records (UK) and King Records (United States)
 * Mark Souder, U.S. Representative (1995–2010)
 * Mario Wuysang, Indonesian basketball player who played for the CLS Knights in the Indonesian Basketball League (1998–1999)
 * Thomas Wyss, Indiana's 15th District state senator (1985–2014)
 * Shelli Yoder, Miss Indiana 1992, former Democratic nominee for U.S. Congress (IN-9)
 * Matt Zbyszewski, beach volleyball, volleyball player, and coach

Notable faculty

 * L. W. Beineke, Ph.D., professor of mathematics
 * Bernd Jürgen Fischer, Ph.D., professor of history
 * George Kalamaras, Ph.D., Indiana State Poet Laureate (2014)
 * Linda Rising, Ph.D., assistant professor (1984–1987)
 * Anson D. Shupe, Ph.D., professor emeritus of sociology
 * Margaret Mary Vojtko
 * Michael A. Wartell, Ph.D., eighth chancellor of IPFW (1994–2012)


text:
User:GerardM

Meta - nl:WikiWoordenboek - en:Wiktionary - Kladblok - Babel

This wikipedia has articles.

Introduction
My name is Gerard, I am from the Netherlands. I am interested in cacti and succulent plants and have created a database on them. The information is largely based on info from IPNI, (IPNI website), created in Microsoft Access and is open source.

Because of this work I am interested in things like taxonomy. I am interested in ecology, have written some articles about areas that are important like the "Oostvaarderplassen" and the "Gelderse poort". (both are in the GOOGLE top 5). My MO is to have a topic and make sure that it relates to a lot of additional pages; the "Gelderse poort" is about rivers and fish, so I started my native fish project.

Contact
Please leave any messages on my talk page or  leave a new message.

Blog

 * Blogspot

 * Thanks, Gerard

Wikimedia

 * Wikimedia chapters

Khanates of the Caucasus

 * Khan of the Baku Khanate
 * Khan of the Shaki Khanate

To do (Islamic realms)

 * Emirate of Sicily scn has the items
 * Kalbids
 * rulers of Aleppo
 * Rulers of Mosul
 * Bozkurt of Dulkadir and his daughter
 * Wikidata is hopeless here
 * Category:Abbasid viziers
 * maps identifying new countries?
 * is about a beylik not a dynasty
 * Khanates of the Caucasus

Succession

 * Presidents of Haiti
 * Governor of the Windward Islands
 * Governor of British Mauritius

Awards

 * George Polk Award
 * Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science
 * Index Award
 * Prix Médicis
 * Prix Médicis étranger
 * Prix Médicis essai
 * Prix Renaudot
 * Prix Renaudot des lycéens
 * Prix Renaudot du livre de poche
 * Roger Nimier Prize
 * P. C. Hooft Award
 * Anne Vondeling prize
 * Spearman Medal
 * Newberry Library Award
 * Florence Nightingale Medal
 * Daniel X. Freedman Award

Amnesty International

 * Prisoner of conscience
 * Ambassador of Conscience Award
 * Amnesty International Editaton

Projects

 * The Corona dead
 * 100 Women - BBC
 * 100 Women - BBC - 2013
 * 100 Women - BBC - 2014
 * 100 Women - BBC - 2015
 * 100 Women - BBC - 2016
 * 100 Women - BBC - 2017
 * 100 Women - BBC - 2018
 * 100 Women - BBC - 2019

 * Black Lunch Table
 * Women in Red
 * VisibleWikiWomen

 * Alpha Phi Alpha members
 * Alpha Kappa Alpha members

 * Birthday

 * Categories

title: User:GerardM


text:
Talk:Age of Heroic Medicine

I write a perfectly good article on history, and some busy-body destroys it twice and then protects the page.

How do write NPOV with busy-bodies who don't have nothing better to do than destroy new NPOY quality articles?--Mr-Natural-Health 08:46, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Age of Heroic Medicine


text:
Saturn I SA-5

Saturn-Apollo 5 (SA-5) was the first launch of the Block II Saturn I rocket and was part of the Apollo program. In 1963, President Kennedy identified this launch as the one which would place US lift capability ahead of the Soviets, after being behind for more than six years since Sputnik.

Upgrades and objectives
The major changes that occurred on SA-5 were that for the first time the Saturn I would fly with two stages - the S-I first stage and the S-IV second stage. The second stage featured six engines burning liquid hydrogen. Although this engine design (RL10) was meant to be tested several years earlier in the Centaur upper stage, in the end the first Centaur was launched only two months before SA-5. This rocket stage was delivered to the Cape by a modified B-377 aircraft, the Aero Spacelines Pregnant Guppy.

Other major design change included the enlargement of the fuel tanks on the first stage. For the first time the rocket would carry its planned 750,000 lb (340,000 kg) of propellant and would use eight upgraded engines producing a thrust each of 188,000 lbf (836 kN). The first stage also featured for the first time eight fins for added stability during flight. As with the earlier flight the rocket would still carry only a Jupiter nosecone instead of a boilerplate Apollo spacecraft.

Also the guidance and control computer on the rocket was positioned above the second stage. This was where it would be located on Saturn V flights. The Instrument Unit controlled the ascent of the rocket through the atmosphere, automatically compensating for any winds or loss of thrust during the ascent.

For the first time in the Apollo program, this flight would be an orbital mission. This was possible because of the upgraded first stage and the addition of the second stage. It would enter into an elliptical orbit and re-enter later as its orbit decayed.

President Kennedy referred specifically to this launch in a speech at Brooks AFB in San Antonio, Texas, on November 21, 1963, the day before he was assassinated. He said:
 * And in December, while I do not regard our mastery of space as anywhere near complete, while I recognize that there are still areas where we are behind – at least in one area, the size of the booster – this year I hope the United States will be ahead.

Flight
The first scheduled launch attempt was for 27 January 1964, with all going well until 93% of the liquid oxygen (LOX) had been loaded into the first stage. At this time, the ground crews switched it from a fast fill to a replenish system. However, the LOX in the tanks began to fall, i.e., it was not being replenished. The cause was found to be a blind flange (a plate without an opening) in the line. This could not be removed easily and the launch had to be postponed for two days.

The second launch attempt had no such problems and lifted off into overcast skies at January 29, 1964, 11:25 EST. The rocket sent back 1,183 measurements to the ground during the flight while at the same time it was tracked by six telescopes. For the first 1000 meters the rocket was filmed by 13 cameras that looked for any pitch, yaw, and roll movements.

The separation of the two rocket stages was filmed by eight cameras that themselves separated from the rocket to be recovered 800 km downrange in the Atlantic Ocean. The whole stage separation system worked perfectly with the retrorockets firing on the first stage to decelerate it and ullage rockets on the S-IV firing to settle its fuel to aft of the stage.

After an eight-minute burn, the second stage entered into a 262 by orbit. At 16,965 kg (37,401 lb) it was the largest satellite ever to go into orbit at that time. However, the achievement of Earth orbit was not an objective of the mission but merely a bonus. It did show to the American public that the United States could build launch vehicles as large as those of the Soviet Union.

title: Saturn I SA-5


text:
Oh Uganda, Land of Beauty

"Oh Uganda, Land of Beauty" is the national anthem of Uganda. George Wilberforce Kakoma composed the music and authored the lyrics. It was adopted as the national anthem in 1962, when the country gained independence from the United Kingdom. It is musically one of the shortest national anthems in the world. Consequently, multiple verses are sung when it is performed in public.

History
From 1894 until the height of decolonisation during the 1960s, Uganda was a protectorate of the United Kingdom within its colonial empire. In the run up to independence, a subcommittee was formed to determine an anthem for the forthcoming state. It proceeded to hold a nationwide contest, with the criteria they stipulated for the anthem being that it should be "short, original, solemn, praising and looking forward to the future".

In the end, the lyrics and tune composed by George Wilberforce Kakoma were selected in July 1962. He wrote the anthem in one day, having listened on Radio Uganda the night before about how none of the entries received so far had been deemed suitable by the subcommittee. His entry was one of four that was shortlisted. The song was officially adopted in 1962, the year the country gained independence. The first public occasion where the anthem was played was at the celebrations marking independence on 9 October 1962.

Kakoma subsequently sued the government in 2008, claiming that he was never adequately remunerated and thus had rights to over four decades of royalty payments. He alleged that the government gave him a mere USh.2,000/=, equivalent to less than £1 in 2008, as a "token of thanks". Kakoma died before the country's Court of Appeal dismissed the case in 2019, finding that the anthem's copyright vested in the government and not the author.

In local languages
Along with the Luganda and Swahili translations, the national anthem has also been translated into several other local languages.

Composition
At only eight bars long, "Oh Uganda, Land of Beauty" is musically one of the shortest national anthems in the world, together with Japan's anthem. Both Michael Bristow, the editor of the book National Anthems of the World, and Philip Sheppard have identified Uganda's national anthem as the shortest. As a result, multiple verses are typically sung when it is performed at public events like international football games.

title: Oh Uganda, Land of Beauty


text:
Talk:Teresa of Ávila

Contemplative prayer - doctor of the Church
Because Teresa of Ávila is revered for her reformation of the Church, I expected a bit more explanation as to what exactly she reformed, what the main contributions are. This is buried here and there as nuggets in the text, and from what I gather it's mostly the monastic life and contemplative/mental prayer. Elsewhere, I read that she also contributed a lot on the role of suffering (which would make sense). I am nothing close to familiar enough with the topic to write about this, but it would be great if someone better versed in this literature could write a section about her contributions to the Church (heritage?) and what her contributions actually were (in summary). effeietsanders 00:37, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

Salamanca diploma

 * "The University of Salamanca had granted her the title Doctor ecclesiae (Latin for "Doctor of the Church") with a diploma in her lifetime"

This extraordinary claim needs some strong proof. I found contrary evidence:
 * Has Mr. Maguire not heard of St. Teresa de Jesus ? There is a collection of sermons written in Spanish, by Francis Fernando De Lara y Villamayor, of the Order of our Lady of Mount Carmel ; and this book is approved of by the General of his order, and also by the doctors of the University of Alcala, and by his bishop, and by the King of Spain's Secretary ; in which there are three sermons in eulogy of the seraphic Mother St. Teresa. In one of the discourses the preacher informs us, how this blessed woman became the only female doctor that ever was in the Catholic Church ; and in order that she might obtain that honour, and as the doctors of Salamanca hesitated about admitting a female to the honour of the doctorate, he relates that her chin was endowed with a long beard, and that the learned men of that University, seeing this phenomenon, no longer hesitated to give her the degree. “And thus, (says the preacher,) though by nature she was a woman, yet in prowess and by virtue of her beard she was a man, and that one of the most bearded men that ever graduated in that seat of learning.”
 * St. Teresa's learning and writings have been the wonder of theologians. Few in any age equalled her in mystical theology. It need hardly be stated that she never graduated at an university. When spoken of as “doctor"—though erroneously—it is as Doctor of the Church, the same as St. Thomas, St. Liquori, &c. The Church has not accorded her the honor. ... As a matter of fact, and which may account for many erroneous impressions on the subject, “the celebrated university of Salamanca, which has chosen her for its patroness, exhibits her arrayed in doctor's costume, in the magnificent portrait which adorns their great reception hall."
 * St. Teresa's learning and writings have been the wonder of theologians. Few in any age equalled her in mystical theology. It need hardly be stated that she never graduated at an university. When spoken of as “doctor"—though erroneously—it is as Doctor of the Church, the same as St. Thomas, St. Liquori, &c. The Church has not accorded her the honor. ... As a matter of fact, and which may account for many erroneous impressions on the subject, “the celebrated university of Salamanca, which has chosen her for its patroness, exhibits her arrayed in doctor's costume, in the magnificent portrait which adorns their great reception hall."
 * St. Teresa's learning and writings have been the wonder of theologians. Few in any age equalled her in mystical theology. It need hardly be stated that she never graduated at an university. When spoken of as “doctor"—though erroneously—it is as Doctor of the Church, the same as St. Thomas, St. Liquori, &c. The Church has not accorded her the honor. ... As a matter of fact, and which may account for many erroneous impressions on the subject, “the celebrated university of Salamanca, which has chosen her for its patroness, exhibits her arrayed in doctor's costume, in the magnificent portrait which adorns their great reception hall."

The first of these is from an anti-Catholic polemic, the second from a journal for Catholic priests. jnestorius(talk) 07:31, 11 April 2021 (UTC)

 * The abovementioned sermon is
 * jnestorius(talk) 10:52, 12 April 2021 (UTC)
 * jnestorius(talk) 10:52, 12 April 2021 (UTC)

Error in list of works.
UNDER the Complete Poetry of ... it Should NOT read "New Orleans University" but rather " University Press of the South, New Orleans...." Please fix! Thank you, Eric W. Vogt 2601:601:9980:9DB0:A927:4B3D:37E5:5210 (talk) 04:37, 19 June 2021 (UTC)

Birth of Saint Teresa of Ávila and her death
Saint Teresa of Ávila was born on Wednesday, the proleptic Gregorian 7 April 1515, and died around 9:00 PM (20:00 GMT) on Thursday, the proleptic Gregorian 14 October 1582. 179.99.165.113 (talk) 03:32, 16 September 2022 (UTC)

Drew attention by skulking at the back?
Quote from forthcoming autobiography of Esme Langley - is there any corroboration of this allegation?

Vendeka (talk) 14:07, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Teresa of Ávila


text:
Robert Faurisson

Robert Faurisson (born Robert Faurisson Aitken; 25 January 1929 – 21 October 2018) was a British-born French academic who became best known for Holocaust denial. Faurisson generated much controversy with a number of articles published in the Journal of Historical Review and elsewhere, and by letters to French newspapers, especially Le Monde, which contradicted the history of the Holocaust by denying the existence of gas chambers in Nazi death camps, the systematic killing of European Jews using gas during the Second World War, and the authenticity of The Diary of Anne Frank. After the passing of the Gayssot Act against Holocaust denial in 1990, Faurisson was prosecuted and fined, and in 1991 he was dismissed from his academic post.

Early life and education
Faurisson is believed to be one of seven children born in Shepperton, Middlesex, England to a French father and a Scottish mother.

He studied French, Latin and Greek literature (Lettres classiques), and passed the agrégation (the highest competitive examination to qualify to be a secondary school teacher) in 1956. He became a high school teacher at Vichy, while working on a PhD thesis about the poet Lautréamont. He obtained his doctorate in 1972. The methodology of Faurisson was challenged during the defense of his thesis. The president of the jury, Jacques Robichez, declared: "Finally, I point out […] to the candidate that the method of reading the text as it is written; systematically ignoring the context, not taking into account the historical environment reflected by the language, is an unsustainable bias". In a 2021 book, the historian Stephanie Courouble-Share considers that Faurisson's "literary method" will very likely be repeated later when he examines the gas chambers. Faurisson then became a lecturer, and then professor of French literature at the University of Lyon in 1973.

In Vichy, as a young teacher, he gained attention when he published an interpretation of Rimbaud's Sonnet des voyelles as an erotic text. Around 1960, he developed political sympathies for the colonialist cause in Algeria (the Algérie française movement), and was arrested in the belief he was a member of the "OAS", a terrorist organisation.

Holocaust denial
In 1974, Faurisson contacted Yad Vashem with a lengthy letter detailing a variety of arguments which he claimed demonstrated that there had been no genocide of Jews during World War II. These assertions were based on his own interpretation of archival records and his skepticism about the assertions and testimony of various historical figures, including Nazi officials such as Rudolf Höss.

He became involved with the Institute for Historical Review during the 1970s, lecturing and publishing prolifically. He gave a lecture at the headquarters of the National Alliance (the American neo-Nazi party) outside of Washington, on September 14, 1979. He twice testified in defense of Canadian-German Holocaust denier and Neo-Nazi Ernst Zündel, and his testimony has been associated with laying the groundwork for the "Leuchter Report", an influential Holocaust-denial publication. Faurisson's activism garnered him several dedicated critics, including the Jewish French historian Pierre Vidal-Naquet.

The Diary of Anne Frank
In 1978, Faurisson authored a French-language text, "The Diary of Anne Frank – Is It Authentic?". It appeared in Dutch-language translation in 1985, with the modified title, "The Diary of Anne Frank – A Forgery". The text questioned the credibility of various elements in The Diary of Anne Frank.

The website of the historian Deborah Lipstadt, Holocaust Denial on Trial, argues that Faurisson's treatise ignored details within Anne Frank's account that explain the aspects he deemed implausible, as well as observable details within the Anne Frank House.

Faurisson interviewed Otto Frank in researching the piece, though much of what Faurisson asserted Frank had said was later contradicted by Frank himself. Faurisson's writing on the subject first came into the spotlight during a court case between Otto Frank and Heinz Roth, a publishing-house owner responsible for the circulation of various neo-Nazi writings, including several publications impugning the authenticity of Anne Frank's diary; Faurisson's writing on the subject was entered into the court record as an expert opinion in defense of Roth. The 1978 finding of the court was that Roth must refrain from publishing any further reading material claiming the diary was a fraud.

Faurisson affair
During the Faurisson affair (1978-1979), the university administration suggested distance learning for Faurisson, although he was still attached to the university. In 1984, the president of the university forbade him to use the university letterhead in his private correspondence.

One of Faurisson's works, Mémoire en défense, was published in 1980, prefaced by an essay by Noam Chomsky. While Chomsky had given general approval for his essay to be reproduced by others, it was included without his knowledge. Chomsky's piece was a general defense of freedom of speech, including that of Faurisson. Chomsky stated that "I see no anti-Semitic implications in denial of the existence of gas chambers, or even denial of the Holocaust...I see no hint of anti-Semitic implications in Faurisson's work," and considered Faurisson as a "relatively apolitical liberal of some sort". Chomsky was accused of supporting Faurisson, rather than defending his right to free speech, which Chomsky denied. Noting that he had described the Holocaust as "the most fantastic outburst of collective insanity in human history", Chomsky argued that his views were "diametrically opposed" to those of Faurisson on the subject.

Legal and other consequences
Faurisson was fined by a French court in 1983, for having declared that "Hitler never ordered nor permitted that anyone be killed by reason of his race or religion."

In September 1989, Faurisson was beaten by unknown assailants claiming to be "The Sons of the Memory of the Jews", an organization about which nothing has been discovered either before or since the incident. Faurisson had been walking his dog in a park in Vichy and was kicked and punched by three young men, breaking his jaw.

Shortly after the Gayssot Act—a statute that prohibited Holocaust denial—was enacted in 1990, Faurisson was convicted of Holocaust denial in a French court. In 1991, Faurisson was removed from his university chair under the Gayssot Act on the basis of his denialist views. He challenged the statute as a violation of international law, specifically the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, at the Human Rights Committee. Faurisson filed a complaint with the United Nations Human Rights Committee in 1993; in 1996, the Committee rejected Faurisson's claim that France's prosecution of him was a violation of the First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The Committee upheld the Gayssot Act as "serv[ing] the respect of the Jewish community to live free from fear of an atmosphere of anti-semitism" and necessary "to serve the struggle against racism and anti-semitism".

He challenged the statute as Faurisson was charged again in a trial on 11 July 2006. He was accused of denying the Holocaust in an interview with the Iranian television station "Sahar 1" in February 2005. On 3 October 2006, he was given a three-month probationary sentence and fined €7,500 for this offence.

Later life
In December 2006, Faurisson gave a speech at the International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust, which was sponsored by the government of Iran.

Beginning in late 2008, Faurisson became close to the comedian and political activist Dieudonné M'bala M'bala, appearing with him publicly on stage and in video, and celebrating Faurisson's 80th birthday in his theater. Dieudonné awarded Robert Faurisson an "insolent outcast" prize. The award was presented by one of Dieudonné's assistants, Jacky, dressed in a concentration camp uniform with a yellow badge. This earned Dieudonné a court conviction.

Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad granted Faurisson an award for "courage" in Tehran, Iran on 2 February 2012.

Publications

 *  A-t-on lu Rimbaud ?, Bizarre, no. 21–22, 1961. 2nd edition under the title A-t-on lu Rimbaud ? Suivi de l'Affaire Rimbaud, Paris: J.J. Pauvert, 1971. 3rd edition published by La Vieille Taupe, 1991.
 * A-t-on bien lu Lautréamont ?, Paris: Gallimard, 1972.
 * La clé des Chimères et autres chimères de Nerval, Paris: J.J. Pauvert, c.1977.
 * Mémoire en défense: contre ceux qui m'accusent de falsifier l'histoire, Paris: La Vieille Taupe, 1980.
 * (edited by Serge Thion) Vérité historique ou vérité politique : le dossier de l'affaire Faurisson : la question des chambres à gaz, Paris: La Vieille Taupe, 1980.
 * Réponse à Pierre Vidal-Naquet, Paris: La Vieille Taupe, 1982.
 * "Chronique sèche de l'Épuration – Exécutions sommaires dans quelques communes de Charente limousine", Revue d'Histoire révisionniste, no. 4, February–April 1991.
 * Réponse à Jean-Claude Pressac, published by AAARGH, 1993
 * Écrits révisionnistes (1974–1998), 4 volumes, privately printed, 1999.
 * (With Siegfried Verbeke) Het «Dagboek» van Anne Frank : een kritische benadering

title: Robert Faurisson


text:
Phase change

Phase change may refer to:

 * Phase transition, the transformation from one thermodynamic state to another.
 * Phase-change memory, a type of random-access memory.
 * Phase change (waves), concerning the physics of waves.

title: Phase change


text:
Maumee River

The Maumee River (pronounced ) is a river running in the United States Midwest from northeastern Indiana into northwestern Ohio and Lake Erie. It is formed at the confluence of the St. Joseph and St. Marys rivers, where Fort Wayne, Indiana has developed, and meanders northeastwardly for 137 mi through an agricultural region of glacial moraines before flowing into the Maumee Bay of Lake Erie. The city of Toledo is located at the mouth of the Maumee. The Maumee was designated an Ohio State Scenic River on July 18, 1974. The Maumee watershed is Ohio's breadbasket; it is two-thirds farmland, mostly corn and soybeans. It is the largest watershed of any of the rivers feeding the Great Lakes, and supplies five percent of Lake Erie's water.

History
Historically the river was also known as the Miami in United States treaties with Native Americans. As early as 1671, French colonists called the river Miami du Lac 'Miami of the Lake' (in contrast to the Miami of the Ohio or the Great Miami River, called Ahsenisiipi in the Miami-Illinois language). Maumee is an anglicized spelling of the Ottawa or Odawa name for the Miami tribe, Maamii. The Odawa had a village at the mouth of the Maumee River and occupied other territory in northwestern Ohio, including along its tributary, the Blanchard River.

The Battle of Fallen Timbers, the final battle of the Northwest Indian War, was fought 3/4 mi north of the banks of the Maumee River. After this decisive victory for General Anthony Wayne, in 1795 Native Americans ceded a twelve-mile square tract around Perrysburg and Maumee to the United States by the Treaty of Greenville. They ceded additional lands, north of the river and downstream of Defiance, in the 1807 Treaty of Detroit. They ceded the remainder of the Maumee River valley in the 1817 Treaty of Fort Meigs.

Prior to the development of canals, portages between the rivers were important trade routes. U.S. forces built forts such as Fort Loramie, Fort Recovery, and Fort Defiance along these routes. In honor of General Wayne's victory on the banks of the Maumee, the primary bridge crossing the river near downtown Toledo is named the Anthony Wayne Suspension Bridge.

A dispute over control of part of the Maumee River region led to the so-called Toledo War between Ohio and the Michigan Territory.

Agricultural practices along the Maumee River have contributed in the 21st century to high phosphate levels in Lake Erie. This has triggered algae blooms in the lake. The drinking water from the city of Toledo was made unsafe for consumption for nearly a week in August 2014 because of such algae blooms.

Natural history
The Maumee River watershed was once part of the Great Black Swamp, a remnant of Glacial Lake Maumee, the proglacial ancestor of Lake Erie. The 1,500 sqmi swamp was a vast network of forests, wetlands, and grasslands, a rich habitat for numerous species of birds, mammals, fish and flora. During the 19th century, European-American settlers struggled to drain the swamp and to convert the land to farmland; they dramatically altered the habitat, reducing areas where species could flourish.

Transportation
The mouth of the river at Toledo and Lake Erie is wide and supports considerable commercial traffic, including oil, grain, and coal. About 12 mi upstream, in the town of Perrysburg, Ohio, the river becomes much shallower and today supports only recreational navigation above that point. The Miami and Erie Canal was built parallel to and north of the Maumee between Toledo and Defiance, Ohio, to enable extended transportation of shipped goods. The canal entered the river at a "slackwater" created by Independence Dam. It exited the river at Defiance and was built to the south, ending at Cincinnati, Ohio. While abandoned for commercial use, portions of the canal's towpath are maintained for recreational use in both Lucas and Henry counties. A restored section of canal, including a canal lock, is operated at Providence Metropark, where visitors can ride an authentic canal boat.

The Wabash and Erie Canal was constructed on the south side of the river, continuing southwest from Defiance to Fort Wayne, Indiana, crossing the "summit" to the Wabash River valley (in Miami-Illinois the Wabash River was known as Waapaahšiki siipiiwi). Both canals were important pre-railway transportation methods in the 1840–60 period.

Watershed
The Maumee has the largest watershed of any Great Lakes river, with 8316 sqmi. This area includes a portion of southern Michigan. In addition to its source tributaries – the St. Joseph River (in Miami-Illinois: Kociihsasiipi) and St. Marys (in Miami-Illinois: Nameewa siipiiwi), the Maumee's principal tributaries are the Auglaize River and the Tiffin River, which join it at Defiance from the south and north, respectively.

Great Lakes Area of Concern
Due to environmental contamination, a portion of the river was designated a Great Lakes Area of Concern (AOC) under the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement of 1987. The Maumee covers 8,316 square miles and has the largest drainage area of any Great Lakes river. The Maumee AOC is contained within 775 square miles of the river and includes several creeks. The environmental problems were caused by sediment contamination and agricultural runoff. The runoff caused large amounts of phosphorus to enter the river, eventually leading to cultural eutrophication in Lake Erie. Sediments at the site contained high levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals, which came from old dumps, contaminated industrial sites, combined sewer overflows and disposal of dredged materials.

A 2006 remedial action plan for the AOC identified 10 "beneficial use impairments" caused by the pollution:

 * Added costs to industry and agriculture, which was removed in 2015 due to no additional costs required to treat the water prior to agricultural and industrial use
 * Restrictions on fish and wildlife consumption due to PCBs and heavy metals in sediments
 * Eutrophication or undesirable algae, which causes persistent water quality problems, such as nuisance algal blooms, decreased water clarity and decrease of dissolved oxygen in bottom waters
 * Degradation of fish and wildlife populations These levels are set based on what would be expected from the amount and quality of suitable physical, chemical and biological habitat present in the AOC.
 * Beach closings due to the potential for high bacteria levels caused by combined sewer overflows
 * Fish tumors or other deformities are caused by pollutants such as petroleum products and PCBs in the sediment and water.
 * Degradation of aesthetics Materials and events that might cause this include oil slicks, surface scum, combined sewer overflows, excessive dust or algal blooms.
 * Degradation of benthos, which was first documented in the 1950s and has been attributed to waste deposited old dumps, contaminated industrial sites, disposal of dredged materials and combined sewer overflows
 * Restriction on dredging activities Contaminants in sediment can get stirred up and reintroduced to the water column during dredging activities, which remove sediment and debris from the bottom of a lake or river.
 * Loss of fish and wildlife habitat Restoration actions include removing stream barriers, enhancing shoreline complexity, removing invasive species or restoring wetlands.

Islands
There are several small islands in the section of the Maumee River in northwest Ohio. The names of the islands are:

 * Indian Island – near Farnsworth Park west of Toledo
 * Woodcock Island – just west of Indian Island, adjacent to Missionary Island
 * Missionary Island – near Farnsworth Park west of Toledo
 * Granger Island – near Waterville, Ohio
 * Butler Island – near Farnsworth Metropark, adjacent to Missionary Island's North East side
 * Grave Island – adjacent to Missionary Island on its south side, opposite of Butler Island
 * Otter Island – five miles downstream of Grand Rapids
 * Hedges Island – located south side of Otter Island
 * Millers Island – three miles downstream of Grand Rapids
 * Caseys Island – west of Millers Island
 * Sheets Island – close to Caseys Island
 * Fox Island – two miles downstream of Grand Rapids
 * Number 3 Island – two miles east of Grand Rapids
 * Howard Island – near Grand Rapids Park, in Grand Rapids
 * Buttonwood Island – located north of Howard Island
 * Bluegrass Island – part of Side Cut Metropark
 * Ewing Island – the largest island in the Maumee River, formerly McKee's Island, part of Audubon Islands State Nature Preserve
 * Grape Island – immediately west of Ewing Island, part of Audubon Islands State Nature Preserve
 * Marengo Island – near Maumee, Ohio
 * Horseshoe Island – near Walbridge Park in Toledo
 * Clark Island – near Walbridge Park in Toledo
 * Corbutt Island – in Toledo
 * Grassy Island – at the mouth of Grassy Creek at Rossford, Ohio.
 * Girty's Island – two miles downstream of Florida, Ohio
 * Sand Island – one mile upstream of Florida, Ohio
 * Preston Island – near Defiance, Ohio
 * Little Sisters Island – near Rossford, Ohio

Walleye run
According to the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, the annual walleye run up the Maumee River is one of the largest migrations of riverbound walleye east of the Mississippi. The migration of the walleye normally starts in early March and runs through the end of April. Although the first week of April is "historically" the peak of the migration, it varies according to environmental conditions. When river flows rise due to snow melt-off and the river water temperature reaches 40 to 50 F, the migration begins. Walleye come to spawn from the western end of Lake Erie and the Detroit River and Lake St. Clair in Michigan. The most popular method of fishing for the migrating walleye is by wading out into the river and casting.

Cities and towns along the river

 * Fort Wayne, Indiana
 * New Haven, Indiana
 * Antwerp, Ohio
 * Cecil, Ohio
 * Defiance, Ohio
 * Florida, Ohio
 * Napoleon, Ohio
 * Grand Rapids, Ohio
 * Waterville, Ohio
 * Maumee, Ohio
 * Perrysburg, Ohio
 * Rossford, Ohio
 * Toledo, Ohio
 * Oregon, Ohio

title: Maumee River


text:
User:Patcat88

Whatever. I registered.

I also have done work under Special:Contributions/User:64.252.14.189 and Special:Contributions/User:66.58.13.170. These were 2 statically assigned IPs under which I worked. 64.252.14.189 was abandoned in Jan 2007 and any edits by it after that are not me, the other IP was abandoned at some point in 2005. I do not use any static IPs anymore.

Protection

 * See WP:RPP for how to request protection Rimmeraj 09:33, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

title: User:Patcat88


text:
Nee

Nee or NEE may refer to:

Names

 * Née (lit. "born"), a woman's family name at birth before the adoption of another surname usually after marriage
 * The male equivalent "né" is used to indicate what a man was originally known as before the adoption of a different name.
 * Nee (surname)
 * Ni (surname), also romanized as Nee

Film

 * Nee (film), a 1966 Indian Tamil film

Music

 * Nee (band), a Kannada band
 * "Nee" (Yōko Oginome song), a 1991 song by Yōko Oginome
 * "Nee" (Perfume song), a 2010 song by Perfume
 * "Nee?" (Aya Matsuura song), a 2003 song by Aya Matsuura

Abbreviations and acronyms

 * Net Ecosystem Exchange, a measurement of carbon uptake
 * NEE, a political party in Flanders, Belgium
 * Newly emerging economy, a term for the economy of a developing country
 * Ethinylestradiol/norethisterone, an oral contraceptive
 * NextEra Energy, a United States company having the stock symbol NEE
 * Named-entity extraction in natural language processing
 * North East England, region of the UK

title: Nee


text:
Lord Charles Beresford

Admiral Charles William de la Poer Beresford, 1st Baron Beresford, (10 February 1846 – 6 September 1919), styled Lord Charles Beresford between 1859 and 1916, was a British admiral and Member of Parliament.

Beresford was the second son of John Beresford, 4th Marquess of Waterford, thus despite his courtesy title as the younger son of a Marquess, he was still eligible to enter the House of Commons. He combined the two careers of the navy and a member of parliament, making a reputation as a hero in battle and champion of the navy in the House of Commons. He was a well-known and popular figure who courted publicity, widely known to the British public as "Charlie B". He was considered by many to be a personification of John Bull, indeed was normally accompanied by his trademark, a bulldog.

His later career was marked by a longstanding dispute with Admiral of the Fleet Sir John Fisher, over reforms championed by Fisher introducing new technology and sweeping away traditional practices. Fisher, slightly senior to Beresford and more successful, became a barrier to Beresford's rise to the highest office in the navy. Beresford rose to occupy the most senior sea commands, the Mediterranean and Channel fleets, but failed in his ambition to become First Sea Lord.

Family life and character
Beresford was born in Philipstown (Daingean) County Offaly and grew up in Curraghmore, Ireland, the second of five brothers. His older brother John joined the Life Guards, succeeding to the family estate and titles in 1866 on the death of their father. William joined the 9th Queen's Royal Lancers, was awarded the VC in the Anglo-Zulu War and became military secretary to several viceroys of India. Marcus joined the 7th Queen's Own Hussars, became an equerry to King George V and in charge of the King's racehorses. The youngest brother, Delaval, became a rancher in Canada.

His family traced their ancestry to Englishmen who had invaded and settled in Ireland during the reign of James I and stayed to rule. Their estate covered 100000 acre at Curraghmore near Waterford in south east Ireland, had stables for 100 horses and employed 600 people. The family enjoyed hunting, to the extent that his uncle was killed in a riding accident, his brother was crippled in another, and he himself managed ten broken bones at various times.

Beresford had a reputation for kindness to his men, saying 'Any smart action performed by an officer or man should be appreciated publicly by signal...Everyone is grateful for appreciation'. At 46 and as captain, he took part in inter-ship rowing competitions.

He married Ellen Jeromina (Mina) Gardner, daughter of Richard Gardner and Lucy Mandesloh, on 25 June 1878 at London, England. They had two daughters, Eileen Teresa Lucy de la Poer Beresford (d. 1939) and Kathleen Mary de la Poer Beresford (1879–1939).

Military and political career
Beresford had been captivated by the sight of the Channel Fleet at age twelve, and joined the Royal Navy in 1859 aged 13, following preparatory education at Stubbington House School. He started his training as a cadet at the naval training academy HMS Britannia (1820), successfully completing his passing-out examination in March 1861. He was immediately appointed a midshipman on the flagship of the Mediterranean fleet, the steam three-decker HMS Marlborough (1855). Beresford described Marlborough as "the smartest and happiest ship that ever floated". Beresford left Marlborough in early 1863, and was appointed to HMS Defence (1861) in the summer of 1863. Defence was one of four new ironclads serving in the Channel Squadron; Beresford was unhappy in Defence, which he described as "a slovenly, unhandy tin kettle, which could not sail without steam...and which took minutes instead of seconds to cross topgallant yards". Beresford got into debt, his father consulted Admiral Eden, who arranged for Beresford's transfer in mid-1864 to the steam-corvette HMS Clio (1858), where Beresford would be the senior midshipman, which it was hoped would develop his sense of responsibility.

On 9 April 1865 Clio visited the Kingdom of Hawaii (then known as the Sandwich Islands) to escort Dowager Queen Emma to Panama for her visit to London. On the evening of 21 April Beresford and two other midshipmen pulled a prank and stole a wooden American eagle sign from the gate of the legation of United States Minister to Hawaii James McBride. Following the sign's discovery by their superior officer Captain Nicolas Edward Brook Turnour and a formal diplomatic demand to return the sign by the American legation, they were ordered to apologize to the Americans, return and reinstall the sign the next day. The event was negatively reported in American newspapers including Harper's Weekly. Beresford later claimed he did it because of a bet from a fair lady in Honolulu. It was in Honolulu where Beresford first met Nancy Wahinekapu Sumner, one of Queen Emma's court ladies. Beresford and Sumner became friends, and continued their friendship through correspondence. Later in 1865, Beresford was transferred to the steam-corvette HMS Tribune (1853), which was commanded by Lord Gilford and was one of the smartest ships in the navy at the time. Beresford was promoted to acting sub-lieutenant in January 1866. A month later Beresford was transferred to the steam-frigate HMS Sutlej (1855), the flagship of the Pacific Squadron. Beresford passed his seamanship examination to qualify for lieutenant on board Sutlej, which he left later in 1866. Beresford did a gunnery course on HMS Excellent (shore establishment), a hulk in Portsmouth Harbour. Beresford broke a bone in his foot whilst dismounting a gun on Excellent, an injury that caused him pain for the rest of his life. Beresford joined HMS Research (1863) still as a sub-lieutenant in 1867, and then in the summer of 1868 was one of the sub-lieutenants on the royal yacht Victoria and Albert. Beresford joined the steam-frigate HMS Galatea (1859), commanded by Queen Victoria's son the Duke of Edinburgh, and toured the world, witnessed executions in Japan and got tattooed. On a visit to the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1869, Beresford met Nancy Sumner again. He proposed to her, but she refused likely due to their social and racial differences.

He entered Parliament as a Conservative in 1874, representing County Waterford and retained his seat until 1880. Some difficulties arose with the Lords of the Admiralty, who objected to a junior officer debating the navy publicly in the House of Commons. Beresford's parliamentary career was saved by the intervention of the Prime Minister, Benjamin Disraeli, who feared the loss of the seat to an opposition party, should Beresford be forced to resign. Whilst an MP he continued to serve in the navy, becoming a commander in 1875.

In 1874, Beresford was one of thirty-two aides chosen to accompany the Prince of Wales on a tour of India. Victoria objected, on the grounds of his bad reputation, but he remained at the Prince's insistence. The tour was a lively mixture of social engagements and animal hunts. The Prince insisted on dressing for dinner, even in the jungle, but allowed the concession of cutting off the tails of their evening coats, creating the dinner jacket. He was aide-de-camp to the Prince of Wales, later Edward VII, from 1875 until 1876.

In 1891 Beresford's affair with Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick (i.e., Frances Brooke) resulted in a serious dispute with the Prince of Wales. A letter written by the Countess to Beresford came into the possession of Beresford's wife. She lodged the letter with solicitor George Lewis and threatened to use this to destroy the reputation of the Countess. The Prince of Wales, who had a special affection for the Countess, tried to have the letter destroyed but Lewis would not allow this. The Prince of Wales then took steps to exclude Lady Charles from his social circle. An angry Charles Beresford eventually extracted a written apology from the Prince. The Prince subsequently wrote to Lord Waterford (Beresford's brother) saying that he "can never forget, and shall never forgive, the conduct of your brother and his wife towards me"

Involvement in Egypt and Sudan
From 1878 until 1881 Beresford was second in command of the royal yacht HMY Osborne. He was captain of the gunboat HMS Condor (1876) in 1882 when it took part in the Bombardment of Alexandria during the Egyptian war of 1882 and won admiration amongst the British public for taking his ship inshore to bombard the Egyptian batteries at close range.

In 1884 and 1885 Beresford joined the staff of the Gordon Relief Expedition under Garnet Wolseley, along with the Naval Brigade and a Gardner machinegun, to which Beresford was much attracted. During the Battle of Abu Klea, Dervishes overran his Gardner gun when it jammed at the last moment. Beresford just escaped death by diving under the trail of the gun. Henry Newbolt's Abu Klea poem "Vitaï Lampada" is often quoted, "The Gatling's jammed and the Colonel's dead...", although it was a Gardner machine gun which jammed.

Re-election to Parliament, promotion to rear admiral
In 1885 he was again elected to Parliament, this time as MP for Marylebone East, and re-elected at the 1886 general election. Beresford constantly pushed for greater expenditure on the navy, resigning his seat in protest on this issue in 1889. Meanwhile, in 1886 he had also become Junior Naval Lord. The Naval Defence Act 1889, which increased naval spending, was passed partly as a result of public pressure resulting from this action.

Beresford was a believer in promoting physical recreation beyond the armed forces, being one of the founding committee of the National Physical Recreation Society which began in 1886 under the presidency of Herbert Gladstone. In 1888 he put down a motion in Parliament proposing that the County Councils (formed in 1889) provide a gymnasium for every 100,000 inhabitants. William Penny Brookes invited him to be president of the Wenlock Olympian Society Annual Games in Shropshire for the years 1888 and 1889 but he was unable to be present at the sports, because of other commitments. In the latter year news of his affair with the Countess of Warwick broke after she threatened Lady Charles Beresford; despite this Brookes, an advocate of physical education, and Beresford had a warm correspondence from 1888 until Brookes' death in 1895, and Beresford was elected an honorary member of the Wenlock Olympian Society in 1891.

In July 1889, Beresford resigned from the House of Commons for the first of four times by being appointed Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Chiltern Hundreds. ( only four other MPs had resigned by becoming stewards of both the Chiltern Hundreds and the Manor of Northstead.) From 1889 until 1893 he was the captain of HMS Undaunted (1886), which was part of the Mediterranean Fleet.

In 1898 Beresford was promoted to rear-admiral and again entered Parliament, this time representing York, though he spent much of his time in China representing the Associated Chambers of Commerce. He spent 100 days in China, and on his return to London, spent 31 days writing The Break-Up of China (1899). He resigned from the House of Commons for a second time in January 1900, becoming Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Chiltern Hundreds again, to become second in command of the Mediterranean Fleet, and left London to take up this position the following month. A dislike steadily developed between Beresford and Admiral Sir John Fisher, who was then commanding that fleet. Shortly after his arrival, Beresford took a company of men ashore and used them as stand-ins for ships to practice manoeuvring and assembling a fleet. Fisher noticed the display and publicly sent a signal demanding to know why Beresford had landed his men without permission. Lord Charles resented his superior as a social climber from unknown origins, while Fisher was jealous of Beresford's inherited wealth and social position. In early February 1902 he left his position in the Mediterranean Fleet and returned to England.

As admiral
Beresford was again elected to Parliament in April 1902, this time for Woolwich, and in October that year visited New York City. He was promoted to vice-admiral on 3 October 1902, and in February 1903 resigned from the Commons for a third time (this time becoming Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead) when he was offered command of the Channel Fleet. He took up this position in April 1903 when he hoisted his flag on board HMS Majestic (1895). Later that year he was knighted in both the Order of the Bath and the Royal Victorian Order, followed by promotion to GCVO in 1906 and GCB in 1911. Beresford was in command of the Mediterranean Fleet from 1905 until 1907. David Beatty, then a captain serving under Beresford, commented that Beresford's command of the fleet was characterised by 'rigid training and discouragement of initiative'. Beresford aspired to reach the navy's most senior post, First Sea Lord, but the position was held by Fisher, who was widely respected. Mandatory retirement at 65 would have led to Fisher departing in 1906, but Fisher's promotion to admiral of the fleet also brought with it an extension of retirement age to 70. Beresford himself would reach retirement at 65 in 1911, unless he too could achieve the same promotion. As this seemed unlikely, the only possibility was if Fisher resigned, or was obliged to. Beresford set about organising a campaign criticising his handling of the navy and its reforms.

Beresford transferred to command of the Channel fleet from 1907 to 1909. He was complimented by a then-junior officer as having 'no superior as a seaman', but his time in charge was described as 'principally a processional career around the ports of Britain ... I do not recall that any serious problems of war were either attempted or solved [but] Lord Charles received deputations, addressed crowded meetings in his honour, and became freeman of innumerable cities'.

Beresford is credited with recommending the use of Grimsby trawlers for minesweeping operations following visits he made to various East Coast ports in 1907. Grimsby, with its impressive docklands and trawler fleet was seen as ideal, with Beresford arguing that the fishing fleet would be inactive during times of war as fishing grounds became war zones. It was also thought that trawlermen would be more skilled than naval ratings with regards to the handling of the sizeable warps and winches that would be required for minesweeping as they were already accustomed to using them with the working of the trawl. In the First World War the boats provided the craft, the trawler fleet the crew, and the port a base for the Royal Naval Patrol Service.

It was noted that his personality seemed to have changed for the worse, and historians have suggested that he might have suffered a minor stroke at some time before 1907. In 1907 and 1908, there were two incidents involving Admiral Percy Scott, commander of the 1st Cruiser Squadron of the Channel Fleet. In November 1907, Beresford ordered all ships of the Channel Fleet then at sea to return to harbour to be repainted for a review by the Kaiser. The armoured cruiser HMS Roxburgh (1904) was engaged in gunnery practice at Portland, and its captain requested permission to finish the exercise before returning to harbour. Scott refused, signalling "Paintwork appears to be more in demand than gunnery, so you had better come in in time to make yourself look pretty by the 8th". Nothing happened for four days, until a staff officer visiting Scott's flagship heard of the signal and reported it to Beresford, who summoned and severely reprimanded Scott without giving Scott an opportunity to explain his remarks and actions, and refused to listen when Scott tried to offer an explanation. Beresford then asked the Admiralty to relieve Scott of his command, writing that Scott's signal was "totally opposed to loyalty and discipline...contemptuous in tone, insubordinate in character and wanting in dignity." The Admiralty did not comply, although they expressed their disapproval of Scott's signal. In 1908, Scott disobeyed an order from Beresford which would have resulted in a collision.

After his term with the Channel Fleet finished in 1909, Beresford returned to Parliament at the January 1910 general election, representing Portsmouth. During his spell as commander of the Channel Fleet Beresford had become increasingly critical of Admiralty policy, in particular the organisational reforms instituted by Fisher. In April 1909, he wrote a letter to H. H. Asquith, the Prime Minister, expressing his discontent and threatening to express his concerns in public; Asquith responded by setting up a sub-committee of the Committee for Imperial Defence to report on the matter. This upheld Admiralty policy, but sufficient damage was done to Fisher's reputation that he was obliged to retire slightly early, in 1910, in anticipation of a forthcoming general election.

In 1912, it was proposed by George V, who knew Beresford, that he might be promoted admiral of the fleet, but it fell to Beatty, now Naval Secretary to First Lord Winston Churchill to point out that others would be more deserving of such a promotion. He was later, in 1914, appointed an Honorary Colonel in the Royal Marines. Beresford had been somewhat left behind by the technological innovations and changes in the navy during the last years of his service as an admiral. It is likely that he would have performed poorly had he continued as an admiral into the First World War. However, at times during his career he supported proposals to reform the fleet signal book, which, it has been claimed, might have made it more suitable for wartime use, and had championed reforms in fire control, where understanding of how best to use the new big guns on Fisher's dreadnought ships allegedly lagged behind their ability to hit at long ranges.

Fisher was succeeded as First Sea Lord in January 1910 by Sir Arthur Wilson, followed in 1911 by Sir Francis Bridgeman. Bridgeman proved to be unsatisfactory, and Churchill resolved to replace him with the Second Sea Lord, Prince Louis of Battenberg. Beresford questioned the matter of Bridgeman's resignation, officially said to be for reasons of ill health, by challenging Churchill in the House of Commons. Churchill responded, saying of Beresford that "since I became first lord of the admiralty...within a fortnight he made a speech in which he said I had betrayed the navy...and ever since he has been going about the country pouring out charges of espionage, favouritism, blackmail, fraud, and inefficiency... The noble Lord nourishes many bitter animosities on naval matters". The House of Commons supported Churchill, considering that Beresford's attack was a continuation of his dispute with Fisher, who was now acting privately as advisor to Churchill.

On the eve of the First World War, First Lord Churchill and First Sea Lord Prince Louis of Battenberg made the crucial decision to cancel the scheduled dispersal of the British fleet following practice manoeuvres, to preserve the Royal Navy's battle readiness. Nonetheless, with the outbreak of war, rising anti-German sentiment among the British public, newspapers, and elite gentlemen's clubs (where resentment was inflamed by Beresford despite Churchill's remonstrances) drove Churchill to ask Prince Louis to resign as on 27 October 1914, which Louis did amidst an outpouring of appreciation from politicians and his naval comrades.

Beresford remained an MP until 1916, after he retired from the navy in 1911. In January 1916, he resigned from the Commons for the fourth and final time, again becoming Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead, and was raised to the peerage as Baron Beresford of Metemmeh and of Curraghmore in the County of Waterford. In October 1910, The Boy Scouts Association established a Sea Scout Branch and Beresford accepted the post of Chief Sea Scout. Together with Warington Baden-Powell, he devised the training scheme for the new section.

Death and funeral
Lord Beresford died in 1919 at Langwell, Berriedale, Caithness, at the age of 73, at which point his title became extinct. After a ceremonial funeral at St Paul's Cathedral, he was buried at Putney Vale Cemetery, south London.

Foreign honours
Besides his peerage, Lord Beresford also held a number of foreign honours:
 * Grand Cordon of the Order of the Medjidie of the Ottoman Empire.
 * Grand Cross of the Order of the Red Eagle of Prussia.
 * Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer of Greece.
 * Grand Cross of the Order of St Olav of Norway.
 * Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour of France.

title: Lord Charles Beresford