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Jardin des plantes

The Jardin des Plantes (French for "Garden of the Plants"), also known as the Jardin des Plantes de Paris when distinguished from other jardins des plantes in other cities, is the main botanical garden in France. Jardin des Plantes is the official name in the present day, but it is in fact an elliptical form of Jardin Royal des Plantes Médicinales ("Royal Garden of the Medicinal Plants"), which is related to the original purpose of the garden back in the 17th century.

Headquarters of the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (National Museum of Natural History), the Jardin des Plantes is situated in the 5th arrondissement, Paris, on the left bank of the river Seine, and covers 28 hectares (280,000 m2). Since 24 March 1993, the entire garden and its contained buildings, archives, libraries, greenhouses, ménagerie (a zoo), works of art, and specimens' collection are classified as a national historical landmark in France (labelled monument historique).

Garden plan
The grounds of the Jardin des Plantes include four buildings containing exhibited specimens. These buildings are officially considered as museums following the French law (they are labelled musée de France) and the French Museum of Natural History calls them galeries (French for 'galleries'):
 * The Grande Galerie de l'Évolution ('Gallery of Evolution') was inaugurated in 1889 as the Galerie de Zoologie ('Gallery of Zoology'). In 1994, the gallery was renamed Grande Galerie de l'Évolution, and its exhibited specimens were completely reorganised so that the visitor is oriented by the common thread of the evolution as the major subject treated by the gallery.
 * The Galerie de Minéralogie et de Géologie ('Gallery of Mineralogy and Geology'), a mineralogy museum, built as of 1833, inaugurated in 1837.
 * The Galerie de Paléontologie et d'Anatomie Comparée ('Gallery of Paleontology and Comparative Anatomy'), a comparative anatomy museum in the ground floor and a paleontology museum in the first and second floors. The building was inaugurated in 1898.
 * The Galerie de Botanique ('Gallery of Botany'), inaugurated in 1935 thanks to funds provided by the Rockefeller Foundation, contains botany laboratories and the French Muséum ' s National Herbarium (the biggest in the world with a collection of almost 8 million samples of plants). The building also contains a small permanent exhibition about botany.

In addition to the gardens and the galleries, there is also a small zoo, the Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes, founded in 1795 by Bernardin de Saint-Pierre from animals of the Ménagerie Royale de Versailles, the menagerie at Versailles, which was dismantled during the French Revolution.

The Jardin des Plantes maintains a botanical school, which trains botanists, constructs demonstration gardens, and exchanges seeds to maintain biotic diversity. About 4,500 plants are arranged by family on a one hectare (10,000 m2) plot. Three hectares are devoted to horticultural displays of decorative plants. An Alpine garden has 3,000 species with world-wide representation. Specialized buildings, such as a large Art Deco winter garden, and Mexican and Australian hothouses display regional plants, not native to France. The Rose Garden, created in 1990, has hundreds of species of roses and rose trees.

The Royal Garden of Medicinal Plants
The garden was formally founded in 1635 as the Royal Garden of Medicinal Plants by an edict of King Louis XIII. The garden was put under the authority of the Physician of the king, Guy de la Brosse. It was staffed by a group of "demonstrateurs", who lectured visitors, particularly future physicians and pharmacists, on botany, chemistry, and geology, illustrated by the garden collections.

In 1673, under Louis XIV, and his new royal physician and director of the Garden, Guy-Crescent Fagon, great-nephew of Guy de la Brosse, the garden was given a new amphitheater, where dissections and other medical courses were conducted. The lecturers included the celebrated physician and anatomist Claude Perrault, who was equally famous as the architect; he designed the facade of the Louvre Palace.

In the early 18th century, the chateau was given an additional floor to house the collections the royal botanist's medicinal plant collection. This section was gradually turned into galleries to display the royal collection of minerals. At the same time, the greenhouses on the west and south were enlarged, to hold the plants brought back to France by numerous scientific expeditions around the world. New plants were studied, dried, and cataloged. A group of artists made Herbiers, books with detailed illustrations of each new plant, and the plants of the collection were carefully studied for their possible medical or culinary uses. One example was the group of coffee plants brought from Java to Paris, which were raised and studied by Antoine de Jussieu for their possible medical and commercial use. His studies led to the plantation of coffee in the French colonies of North America.

The Buffon period (1739–1788)
The most celebrated head of the garden was Georges-Louis Leclerc, who served as its head from 1739 until his death in 1788. While director of the garden, he also owned and operated a large and successful iron works and foundry in Burgundy, but lived in the garden, in the house that now carries his name. Buffon was responsible for doubling the size of the garden, expanding down to the banks of Seine. He enlarged the Cabinet of Natural History in the main building, and added a new gallery to the south. He also brought into the scientific community of the garden a team of important botanists and naturalists, including Jean Baptiste Lamarck, author of one of the earliest theories of Evolution,

Under the sponsorship of Buffon, explorers and botanists were sent to different corners of the world to collect specimens for garden and museum. Michel Adanson was sent to Senegal, and the navigator La Perouse to the islands of the Pacific. They returned with shiploads of specimens, which were carefully studied and classified. This research caused a conflict between the scientists of Royal Gardens and the professors of the Sorbonne over the question of Evolution. The scientists, led by Buffon and his followers, claimed that natural species gradually evolved, while the theologians of the Sorbonne insisted that nature was exactly as it was at the time of the Creation. Since the scientists had the backing of the Royal court, they were able to continue their studies and publish their work.

The French Revolution and the 19th Century – The Menagerie
On June 7, 1793, in the course of the French Revolution, the new government, the National Convention, ordered a complete transformation of the former royal institutions. They created a new Museum of Arts and Techniques, transformed the Louvre from a royal residence to a museum of art, and joined the Royal Garden of Plants and the Cabinet of Natural Sciences together into a single organization: the Museum of Natural History. It also received a number of important collections which had belonged to members of the aristocracy, such as a famous group of wax models illustrating anatomy which had been created by André Pinson.

The Museum and gardens also benefited from the 1798 expedition launched by First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte to Egypt; the military force was accompanied by one hundred and fifty-four botanists, astronomers, archeologists, chemists, artists and other scholars, including Gaspard Monge, Joseph Fourier, and Claude Louis Berthollet. Drawings and paintings of their findings are found in the collections of the Natural History Museum.

The holdings today include 6,963 specimens of the herbarium collection of Joseph Tournefort, donated on his death to the Jardin du Roi.

The major addition to the garden in the late 18th century was the Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes. It was proposed in 1792 by Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, the intendant of the gardens, in large part to rescue the animals of the royal menagerie at the Palace of Versailles, who had been largely abandoned during the Revolution. The Duke of Orleans had a similar private zoo, also abandoned. At the same time the government of the Convention ordered the seizure of all the animals put on public display by various circuses in Paris. In 1795, the government acquired the Hôtel de Magné, the large estate of a French nobleman next to the gardens, and installed the large cages that had housed the animals at Versailles. It went through a very difficult early period, when the majority of the animals died, before it was given sufficient funding and more suitable structures by Napoleon. It became the home of animals brought back to France in scientific expeditions in the early 19th century, including a famous giraffe given to King Charles X by the Sultan of Cairo in 1827.

On 25 August 1944, Allied American troops (2nd DB) were stationed here for the night after the Liberation of Paris from Nazi Germany.

Late 19th–20th century – additions and experiments
Throughout the 19th and early 20th century, the primary mission of the gardens and museums was research. Working in the laboratories there, the chemist Eugene Chevreul first isolated fatty acids and cholesterol, and studied the chemistry of vegetal dyes. The physiologist Claude Bernard studied the functions of the glycogen in the liver. In 1896, the physicist Henri Becquerel, working in a laboratory in the museum, discovered radioactivity. He wrapped uranium salts together with an unexposed photographic plate wrapped in black cloth, to keep out the sunlight. When he unwrapped them, the photographic plate had changed color from exposure to the radiation. He received the Nobel Prize in 1903 for his discovery.

The Gallery of Paleontology and of Comparative Anatomy was opened in 1898, replacing structures built between 1795 and 1807, to contain and display the thousands of skeletons the museum had collected. The buildings of menagerie were also expanded, with the construction of immense Bird House, by architect Jules André, 12 meters high, 37 meters long and 25 meters long,

The appearance of the gardens changed in late 19th and early 20th century with the construction of new buildings. In 1877, the gallery of zoology, the landmark building that overlooks the formal garden, designed by Jules André, was begun. It was built to contain the immense zoological collections of the museum; the central hall is a landmark of iron construction, comparable to the Grand Palais and the Musée d'Orsay. It was inaugurated in 1888, but thereafter suffered from a long lack of maintenance. It was closed in 1965, In the 1980s, a new home was found for the museum's gigantic collections. The Zoothêque, was constructed between 1980 and 1986 underneath the Esplanade Milne-Edwards, directly in front of the Gallery of Zoology. It is accessible only to researchers, and contains the thirty million specimens of insects, five hundred thousand fish and reptiles, one hundred fifty thousand birds, and seven thousand other animals. The building above underwent a major renovation from 1991 to 1994, to house the updated Grand Gallery of Evolution.

National Museum of Natural History
The National Museum of Natural History has been called "the Louvre of the Natural Sciences." It is contained in a five buildings laid out along the formal garden; the Gallery of Evolution; the Gallery of Mineralogy and Geology; the Gallery of Botany; the Gallery of Paleontology and Comparative Anatomy; and the Laboratory of Entomology.

The Grand Gallery of Evolution
The Grand Gallery of Evolution was designed by Jules André, whose other works in Paris included, in collaboration with Henri Labrouste. the Beaux-arts Bibliotheque National. He became architect of the museum in 1867, and his works are found throughout the Jardin des Plantes. It opened during the Paris Universal Exposition of 1889, though it was not finished as intended; it still lacks a grand facade on the side of rue Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire. The main facade, facing the two principal alleys of the formal garden, is flanked by two lantern towers. A series of medallions between the bays on the main facade overlooking the garden honors ten of the notable scientists who have worked in the Museum along with an allegorical statue of a woman holding an open book of knowledge.

While the exterior is Beaux-Arts architecture, the interior iron structure was entirely modern, contemporary with the Grand Palais and the new railroad station of the gare d'Orsay (now the Musée d'Orsay). It encloses a rectangular hall 55 meters long, 25 meters wide and 15 meters high, with the glass roof of one thousand square meters supported by rows of slender iron columns. The structure deteriorated, had to be closed in 1965, then underwent extensive restoration between 1991 and 1995. It now presents, through preserved animals and media displays, the evolution of species. It gives special attention to species that has disappeared or are endangered. The collection of preserved animals includes the rhinoceros brought to France in the 18th century by Louis XV.

Gallery of Mineralogy and Geology
In front of the Gallery of Mineralogy and Geology stands one of the trees of the royal garden, a Sophora Japonica tree planted by Bernard de Jussieu in 1747. The gallery was constructed between 1833 and 1837 by Charles Rohault de Fleury in neoclassical style, with triangular frontons and pillars. The collection inside includes some six hundred thousand stones, gens, and fossils. Among the notable exhibits is the petrified trunk of bald cypress tree from the tertiary geological era, discovered in Essonne region of France in 1986.

Gallery of Botany
In front of the Gallery of Botany is the oldest tree in Paris, a "Robinier Faux Acacia" brought to France from America in 1601. The gallery was built in 1930–35 with a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation. The gallery keeps the Herbier National, specimens of all known plant species, with 7.5 million plants represented. The ground floor gallery is used for temporary exhibitions.

Gallery of Paleontology and Comparative Anatomy
This gallery is sited next to the Iris garden, which contains 260 varieties of Iris. The building was constructed between 1894 and 1897 by Ferdinand Dutert, a specialist in metallic architecture, whose most famous building was the Gallery of Machines at the 1889 Paris Exposition. The gallery was expanded in 1961 with a brick addition by architect Henri Delage. The interior is highly decorated with lace-like iron stairways and detail. It displays a large collection of fossilized skeletons of dinosaurs and other large vertebrates.

Formal Garden
The garden covers an area of twenty-four hectares (59.3 acres). It is bordered by the River Seine on the east, on the west by the Rue Geofroy-Saint-Hilaire, on the south by the Rue Buffon, and on the north by Rue Cuvier, all streets named for French scientists whose studies were carried out within the garden and its museums.

The main entrance is on the east, along the Seine, at Place Valhubert, reaching to the Grand Gallery, which copies its width. It is in the style of a French formal garden and extends for five hundred meters (547 yards) between two geometrically-trimmed rows of platane trees. Its rectangula beds contain over a thousand plants. This part of the garden is bordered on the left by a row of galleries, and on the right by the School of Botany, the Alpine Garden, and greenhouses.

The iron grill gateways and fence at Place Valubuert were created in the beginning of the formal garden on the east is a statue of the botanist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, the director the school of botany beginning in 1788. He is best known for devising the first coherent theory of biological evolution.

At the other end of the formal garden, facing the Grand gallery, is a statue of another major figure in the garden's history, the naturalist Buffon, in a dressing gown, seated comfortably in an armchair atop the skin of a lion, holding a bird in his hand. Between the statue and the Gallery is the Esplanade Mine Edwards, beneath which is the Zoothéque, the massive underground storage area for the museum's collections. It is not open to the public.

Greenhouses
Four large serres chaudes, or greenhouses, are placed in a row to the right front of the Gallery of Evolution. facing onto the Esplanade Milne-Edwards. They replaced the earliest greenhouses, built on the same site in the early 18th century, to house the plants brought to France from tropical climates by French explorers and naturalists. The Mexican greenhouse, which houses succulents, is separated by an alley from the Australian greenhouse, which hosts plants from that country. They were built between 1834 and 1836 by the architect Rohault de Fleury. Each of the two greenhouses is 20 meters by 12 meters in size. Their iron and glass structure was revolutionary for Paris, preceding by fifteen years the similar pavilions built by Victor Baltard for the Paris markets of Les Halles.

A larger structure, the "Jardin d'hiver" (Winter Garden), covering 750 square meters, was designed by René Berger and completed in 1937. It features an Art Deco entrance, between two illuminated glass and iron pillars built for nighttime visits. The heating system keeps the interior temperature at 22 degrees Celsius year-round, creating a suitable environment for bananas, palms, giant bamboo, and other tropical plants. Its central feature, designed to create a more natural environment, is a fifteen-meter-high waterfall.

Alpine Garden
The Alpine Garden was created in 1931, and is about three meters higher than the other parts of the garden. It is divided into two zones, connected by a tunnel. It contains several different microclimates, controlled by the water distribution, the orientation toward the sun, the type of soil and the distribution of the rocks. It is home to plants for Corsica, the Caucasus, North America and the Himalayas. The oldest plant is a pistachio tree, planted in about 1700. This tree was the subject of research by the botanist Sebastien Vaillant in the 18th century which confirmed the sexuality of plants. Another ancient tree found there is the metasequoia, or dawn redwood, a primitive conifer.

School of Botany Garden
A large section alongside the formal garden, with an entrance on the Allee Bequrerel, belongs to the School of Botany, and is dedicated to plants that have medicinal or economic uses. It was originally created in the 18th century, and now has over three thousand eight hundred specimens, organised by genus and family. Regular tours my museum guides are given of this section. One of its special attractions is the "Pinus nigra" or black pine, of the variety Laricio, from Corsica, which was planted in the garden by Jussieu in the 1770s.

The Small Labyrinth
The small garden is placed directly behind the Winter Garden greenhouse. Its prominent features are a large platane tree from the Orient, planted by Buffon in 1785, and a Ginkgo biloba, a tree originating in China considered a living fossil, since traces show that these trees existed in the Second Era of living things, as defined by botanists. It was planted in 1811.

In the center of the garden is monument to the botanist Bernardin de Saint-Pierre. the last director of the garden named by the King before the French Revolution, and the creator of the menagerie. He is better known in France as the author of a well-known romantic movel, "Paul et Virginie", published in 1788.

The Butte Copeaux and the Grand Labyrinth
The Grand Labyrinth features a winding path to the top of the Butte Copeaux, a hill overlooking the garden. It was originally created under Louis XIII, then redone in its present form under Louis XVI, on the site of an old garbage dump. At the beginning of the upward path is a Cedar of Lebanon, planted in 1734 by Jussieu, with a trunk four meters in circumference. The butte was largely planted with trees from the Mediterranean, including an old erable tree from Crete planted in 1702 and still in place. including from in it is topped by a picturesque 18th-century cast-iron viewing platform, the oldest work of iron architecture in Paris. The labyrinth was created under Louis XIII, then redone by the garden director Buffon for Louis XVI.

At the top is a neoclassical viewing platform called the Gloriette de Buffon. It was made of cast iron, bronze and copper in 1786-87, using metal from the foundry owned by Buffon. It is considered the oldest metallic structure in Paris. The eight iron columns carry a roof in the shape of a Chinese hat, topped by a lantern with a frieze decorated with swastikas a popular motif in the period. The top is inscribed with a tribute to Louis XVI, honouring his "justice, humanity, and munificence", as well as a quotation from Bouffon, in Latin, translated; "I only count the hours without clouds". It was originally equipped with a precise clock which chimed exactly at noon, but it disappeared in 1795.

Nearby is the Lion Fountain, built in 1834 into the wall of a former reservoir. It is decorated with two bronze lions made in 1863 by the noted animal sculptor Henri Jacquemart.

The Menagerie
The major structures in the Menagerie include the neoclassical Grand Volerie, built for flying animals by Louis-Jules André, the designer of the garden's central building, the Gallery of Evolution. It was built in 1888 of iron, stone and wood, in an oval form. Like the main building of the gardens, it features two neoclassical lantern towers. The Palace of Reptiles is also a work of André. It was built between 1870 and 1874. Its decoration includes a bronze statue of "The Snake Charmer" from 1862.

The Vivarium is a gallery by Emmanuel Pontremoli from 1926; it is a modernist update of a Classical Greek villa, with an Art Deco portico dating from 1926. Other notable buildings include the Art Deco Ape House from 1934, a ceramic-covered oval building with the cages on the exterior. In 1934, the apes were transferred to Vincennes.

Collection of fossil plants
The garden has a large collection of fossil plants, collected from around the world. Some of them are displayed in the greenhouses of the garden.

Other buildings in the gardens

 * The Maison de l'Intendance or Maison de Bouffon, located the entrance to the garden at 36 Rue Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, was the residence of the Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, the industrialist, naturalist, and director and chief creator of the gardens from 1739 to his death in 1788. It became part of the garden in 1777–79. (not open to public).
 * The Cuvier House, next to the Gallery of Comparative Anatomy, was the residence of the scientist Georges Cuvier  until his death in 1832. Cuvier was one of the founders of Paleontology, and the first to identify the skeleton of a mastodon as a prehistoric animal.  Its facade displays his motto in Latin "The "Transibunt et augebitur scientia" ("The Hours Pass and science progresses"). The house was also the place where, in 1896, Henri Becquerel carried out the experiment in 1893 which led to the discovery of uranium.  This event is marked by plaque on the facade. (not open to public).
 * The Cuvier Fountain is across the street from the garden at the intersection of Rue Linné and Rue Cuvier, across the street from the very decorative wrought iron gates of the garden. The fountain honors George Cuvier, considered the father of comparative anatomy, with his statue surrounded by a varied collection of animals. It was built by the park architect Vigoureux and the sculptor Jean-Jacques Feuchère in 1840.
 * The Amphitheater near Rue Cuvier in the northwest corner, was constructed in 1787-88 in the garden of the Hôtel de Magny on Rue Cuvier. It was built under the direction of Buffon as a venue for lectures on natural science and the discoveries in the gardens.  It was built in a purely neoclassical, or Paladian style. The frontons are decorated with 18th century sculpture depicting the natural sciences.  The building was extensively restored in 2002–2003. A large stone vase in front of the amphitheater is a vestige of the Royal Abbey of Saint-Victor, which occupied the site of the amphitheater, and was destroyed during the French Revolution.
 * The Pavilion of New Converts, in the northwest corner of the garden on the Allée Chevreul, is a vestige of the Convent of New Converts, founded in 1622 by Father Hyacinth of Paris and moved to the site in 1656. It was built to shelter Protestant converts to Catholicism. The surviving north facade, with a fronton in the Louis XIV style, contained the refectory, a parlour and bedrooms. After the French Revolution it became part of the gardens. It was the residence and laboratory of a director of the museum for 28 years, the chemist Eugene Chevreul, who died there in 1899 at the age of 103. Chevreul developed the use of color wheels or chromatic circles to resolve the definition of colors. His theory of colors was used at the Gobelins Manufactory of tapestries, where his laboratory was located, and inspired the palette of colors used by Eugène Delacroix. A statue of Chevreul is placed in the Carré Chevreul in the gardens.
 * The Hôtel de Magny at 57 Rue Cuvier is the administration building of the gardens. It was built in about 1700 under Louis XIV as a residence, designed by the royal architect Pierre Bullet, whose works included the Porte Saint-Martin and mansions in Le Marais and Place Vendôme After the Revolution, it turned into a boarding school; the celebrated actor Talma was one of the students. The house and estates were purchased, by Buffon in 1787 to enlarge the gardens (not open to the public).

Gardens and sites associated with the Jardin des Plantes

 * The Paris Zoological Park was created in 1934 in the Bois de Vincennes, as space in menagerie of the Jardin des Plantes became scarce. It is administered, like the Jardin des Plantes, by the Museum of Natural History. New environments were created there for the larger mammals, including the giraffes, elephants, and hippopotamus. The new zoo covers 14.5 hectares (36 acres). The centrepiece is a large artificial rock, 65 meters (213 feet) high. It also includes a large greenhouse with 4000 square meters (43,000 square feet) of plantations, simulating a tropical rain forest.
 * The Parc des Clères in the Normandy specialises in birds and certain quadrupeds, including kangaroos and cervids.
 * The Arboretum de Chèvreloup, located near Versailles was founded in 1927. It covers 222 hectares, and has species raised from seeds collected from botanical gardens around the world. it focuses particularly upon
 * The Jardin botanique exotique de Menton, is located near Menton in the Alpes-Maritimes province. It specialises in tropical plants and those from the Mediterranean climate.
 * The Animal Park of la Haute Touche, between Sologne and Berry, specialises in reproducing endangered species in a large natural setting.
 * The Alpine Garden of Jaysinia at Samoëns in Haut-Savoie specialises in high-altitude plants from around the world, particularly from the Alps.

title: Jardin des plantes


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User talk:165.248.247.131

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Talk:River delta

Delta shapes
Deltas come in a multitude of plan-view shapes, as their characteristics are determined by the balance between the energy and sediment load of a separation system and the quality of the ocean. Various ways of classifying deltas have been devised. One of the more widely used schemes is based on deltaic form as it reflects controlling energy factors, which means that its a river that flows out to sea but as it drages dirt and debris from the river bed it blocks up the exit course wich makes the river flood and find or create a new river to let the water flow out of this provides a shallow swamp wich provides fresh water but still alows plantlife to grow their so if your planning a resourt it would be goog to let cattle go and graze in the delta. But the bad thing is that when it floods it can wipe out wildlife, Indogar villages and cattle. --Gcpeoples (talk) 08:38, 21 June 2008 (UTC)

Images
Image:Ganges River Delta, Bangladesh, India.jpg was added to the article today. I had felt the article already had its maximum number of images relative to the size of text. Nonetheless, I was hoping to add Image:Mississippi Delta Lobes.jpg, because it demonsrates something of an opposite of the Nile delta... eg. one that has more deltaic switching. Would anyone else be in favor of adding it in place of the Ganges image? --Interiot 17:18, 24 December 2005 (UTC)
 * If your point is the one I think it is, the picture would be a constructive addition and might reasonably oust the Ganges picture. This last is not as informative as it might be. (RJP 22:00, 14 January 2006 (UTC))

Could someone please tell me what the suggested picture actually shows and/or means? -- —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.17.147.38 (talk • contribs)

 * While I don't know for sure what Interiot had in mind, there r two sorts of delta; the one epitomized by the Nile, in which the river breaks up into diverging streams in a broadly triangular plan - like the Greek capital letter Δ. The other sort is typified by the Mississippi. The river retains a main channel enclosed by levees, and has extended seawards. The levees leak relatively small streams into the sea along the adjoining coast but the silt in the main channel has allowed the levees to grow out into the sea to near the edge of the continental shelf.
 * There is no fundamental difference but the Mississippi delta is an example at the latter extreme. (RJP 18:04, 21 January 2006 (UTC))

 * Deltas come in a multitude of plan-view shapes, as their characteristics are determined by the balance between the energy and sediment load of a separation system and the quality of the ocean. Various ways of classifying deltas have been devised. One of the more widely used schemes is based on deltaic form as it reflects controlling energy factors.translated to simple talk this means:

that its a river that flows out to sea but as it drags dirt and debris from the river bed it blocks up the exit course which makes the river flood and find or create a new river to let the water flow out of this provides a shallow swamp which provides fresh water but still allows plantlife to grow there so if your planning a resourt it would be good to let cattle go and graze in the delta. But the bad thing is that when it floods it can wipe out wildlife, Indogar villages and cattle.--Gcpeoples (talk) 08:39, 21 June 2008 (UTC)

 * If it's put in the article, some sort of explanation or legend would be good, attached is one possibility. The image shows how the main channel has switched directions every couple thousand years, due to the reasons RJP described, and how it builds up the majority of its deposits in first one lobe, then another...  --Interiot 21:21, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

Proposed merger with Outfall
This seems a strange idea. The two have very little in common. It is true that a River delta could be called an outfall but so could an Estuary. It is clear that the Outfall article, though still short, is developing away from any connection with a natural river mouth. (RJP 22:00, 14 January 2006 (UTC))

I agree with the comment above. Although they are related with each other, they are connected very loosely. Why would anyone want to merge them anyway? -- —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.17.147.38 (talk • contribs)

 * I also agree that it shouldn't be merged, since, for instance, river delta shouldn't be merged with estuary. --Interiot 21:21, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I also agree that it shouldn't be merged, since, for instance, river delta shouldn't be merged with estuary. 70.73.73.10 (talk) 02:48, 21 October 2022 (UTC)

Confused
I found this article a little confusing. Right at the start it states that a delta is a triangular land formation. If you look at the examples or read the discusion it becomes clear that there are two types of river delta, one charachterised by the delta shape and one more like the Mississippi. I am still not clear what kind of river delta the mississppi is but the article doesn't really warn me that there is a distinction. Furthermore the first paragraph directs me to estuaries where I learn that river deltas and liman form towards non tidal seas but the list of deltas here includes some that flow into tidal seas (I think anyway the gangees flows into the indian ocean which is tidal as far as I know). I am in no way a geographer and am really not confident to alter the article, I expect my understanding is flawed.Aach 11:19, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

The Amazon does not have a delta
I removed the Amazon as one of the world's notable rivers with a delta as it does not in fact have one. The Amazon enters the Atlantic Ocean in an enormous estuary; it does not show the deposition of sediment and splitting into distributaries characteristic of a delta.

Here is a quote from the article about the Amazon:

'The bore is the reason the Amazon does not have a delta; the ocean rapidly carries away the vast volume of silt carried by the Amazon, making it impossible for a delta to grow. It also has a very large tide sometimes reaching 20 feet.'

Booshank 13:23, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

The Amazon does have a delta, it is referred to as a "subaqueous" Delta, because it is submerged under the water surface. See, for example:

Measurements in the bottom boundary layer on the Amazon subaqueous delta Cacchione, DA; Drake, DE; Kayen, RW; Sternberg, RW; Kineke, GC; Tate, GB Marine Geology [MAR. GEOL.]. Vol. 125, no. 3-4, pp. 235-257. 1995.

types of deltas
Bold text i need the differntbtypes of deltas along with diagrams, for my geography home work. can i get some help?? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 72.252.26.43 (talk) 18:07, 5 January 2007 (UTC).

Similarity with Alluvial fan
Can anyone tell me what the difference between a River delta and Alluvial fan is? If there is not a difference then perhaps the two articles should be merged? --Daleh T 07:51, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Really really late reply: an alluvial fan is a steep, coarse-grained, often debris-flow and flash flood dominated landform. Deltas have a shallow surface slope, and are fine-grained. Deltas also always extend into bodies of water; alluvial fans do not necessarily terminate in water bodies, and when they do, they are called alluvial fan deltas. Awickert (talk) 18:57, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

The article's section on Inland Deltas includes the Okavango, which with this definition would be an alluvial fan. If that is the case, that reference needs to be deleted, as well as the reference to "flat arid areas" in the top of the article.

not enough information about the delta
Delta top channels Mid-channel bars Selective transport of different grain sizes Channel switching (avulsion) Channel bank erosion Creation of floodplain terraces

this article does not contain enough information
i found the main overview of the article a little confusing. i would have appreciated it a lot more if i got a good overview of what a delta is (which is all i am looking for) by simply reading a well phrased few sentences. the above is not mention much at all.

personally i would have expected the above list to be clearly mentioned in the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.215.57.41 (talk) 13:32, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

Notable deltas
Why are the Truckee and Carson rivers listed as "rivers with notable deltas"? Even if these rivers has deltas, they can hardly be compared to such rivers as the Nile, Mississipi and/or Ganges. All wikipedians who are not familiar with the geography of the American mid-west has probably never heard of the Truckee nor Carson rivers, so including these rivers in the list of rivers with notable deltas seems a bit strange. Besides, the Wikipedia articles on the Truckee and Carson don't mention the existence of a delta at all. DaMatriX (talk) 16:10, 7 January 2009 (UTC)

I totally agree and felt the same way when I read it. I will delete the references for us.

Tags
I searched Delta and couldn't find this, had to search "River Delta" —Preceding unsigned comment added by Snazzyy (talk • contribs) 01:25, 10 February 2009 (UTC)
 * It's listed on the delta disambig page; so many meanings for delta that I'm afraid river delta is the most abstract we can do here. Awickert (talk) 21:43, 19 February 2009 (UTC)

Hudson River
I've heard the area around the mouth of the Hudson River called an estuary. It seems to me that the situation is a bit more complicated than simply "delta vs. estuary" (even without the human settlement on top of it). Apparently, the glaciers started it by bulldozing many of the valleys and much of the land - and then coming to a halt in this area. When they melted, the area flooded. However, rivers, tides, etc. kept up the act of depositing sediments. So, by the time the Dutch showed up, we have not only the hills expected of glacial moraines, but we also have plenty of sediments trailing them and a wad of islands (Manhattan, which is an island partly because of a sort of canyon between it and the Bronx, and whose geography may have more to do with glaciers than sediment, but has some sediment on its sides and southern end; Wards Island, Randalls Island, Coney Island, parts of Long Island, Liberty Island, Governors Island, etc.) Humans complicated things by flattening some pieces of land and landfilling in other areas. In addition, there are plenty of marshes and former marshland in the area, and there's also Sandy Hook. So what exactly is this creature, a delta, a fjord, just an estuary? 68.36.120.7 (talk) 16:46, 3 January 2011 (UTC)

Types of deltas
The article mentions that deltas are classified according to the dominant water force on them: river, tidal, and wave. However only the tidal and wave types are discussed under the section distinguishing the types. Why no mention at all of this elusive third category? 68.227.164.229 (talk) 00:12, 16 January 2013 (UTC)

Confusing map and legend
The "Lower Mississippi River land loss over time" map has some issues:

The legend is not consistent (changing from actual year to "x years ago"), does not follow chronological order, and matching its 5 shades of gray with the map is next to impossible. On the plus side, this map has made the article famous on Twitter's @depthsofwiki ("what is going on with this map legend"). UpDater (talk) 13:56, 24 July 2022 (UTC)
 * I would not oppose just removing it. --Kent G. Budge (talk) 15:41, 24 July 2022 (UTC)
 * OK, done.
 * A shame that @depthsofwiki fans will be disappointed when they try to find this famous map... UpDater (talk) 19:20, 24 July 2022 (UTC)

Usefulness of Photos
Without explanatory captions, the first two photos are not helpful. I cannot even identify the triangular shape referred to in the first photo. WmDKing (talk) 10:35, 12 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:River delta


text:
User talk:Mrdice

Heh, funny. --MyRedDice

Hi. While circling Peloponnesos in its map is a good idea, that particular map is the main map used in Greece, so please upload that image separately instead of replacing the generic map of Greece currenty there. Thanks! --Delirium 00:37, Dec 23, 2003 (UTC)

Hi. Can you please not remove the entire contents of articles (ie. Microsoft) in your edits. --snoyes 16:37, 7 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * I didn't imply that you were doing it on purpose. Someone else reverted your changes. It is unfortunate that the wikipedia servers are having severe troubles at the momen, which means lots of timeouts and wasted time, etc. Hopefully this will be resolved soon. --snoyes 18:21, 7 Jan 2004 (UTC)

I noticed you nominated Qajars on the Votes for Deletion. As such apparent nonsense can be deleted immidiatly by the admins the preferred way to notify about such article is to replace them with. See Deleted test for the full story. Of course listing such an article on vfd also does the work, but that page is already under so much strain taking these nonsense pages elsewhere is IMHO a good idea. Keep on watching out for the vandals... andy 20:47, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Ah, yes - I had missed that vandalism. :) - snoyes 18:54, 13 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Do whatever you like to biased sample: I think it's better to have them as the same article, but if you have plans for the subject, then who am I to stand in your way? :) Best of luck, friendly namesake. Martin 18:53, 16 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Zero-byte image
Hello; I just deleted an image you uploaded back in November 2003, because it was zero bytes. It was Image:GoltziusLot.jpg, and had the caption "Lot and his daughters" by Hendrick Goltzius. It's quite possible you already re-uploaded it or know about the upload error, but I thought I'd let you know just in case. --Delirium 10:07, Feb 17, 2004 (UTC)

RfC
Hey Mrdice - When you have a moment, could you leave a comment at Talk:Zviad Gamsakhurdia? I noticed that you reverted Levzur's removal of a paragraph - he deleted it again (after reverts by others as well). --mav 05:01, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Filled in the stub
I took care of the Al-Nakba stub like you requested; it still doesn't contain nearly all the information that it should, but it contains basic information. - Rei

Response from Mr. Anonymous
"Hi, I see you're making a lot of nice edits...why not get yourself a username? Mrdice 19:32, 2004 Feb 26 (UTC)"

I am new at this but finding it too addictive - What is the benefit of getting a username? Are there any downsides? How do you know what I am editing? What did you like? How do you know I am not Paul O'Neill in disguise? How do you know what UTC it is - I don't have my shortwave radio handy. Mr. Anon E. Mouse

Hello again - I thought I would look you up and reveal to you my true identity. I wanted to thank you for inviting me to participate in Wikipedia as an "official user". I am now a hopelessly addicted user. See what you've done to me? --H2O 18:39, 4 Sep 2004 (UTC)

As a frequent contributor to the Logical fallacy article, I'm hoping that you have some familiarity with Newcomb's paradox. I am asking for informed comment on that article to head off what might become an edit war. Thanks for any assistance you can provide. Rossami

I LOVE CRACK, NO SMACK
'''What is your source of [[Media:Cocaine3.jpg]]? Did you take this picture yourself, are you a cop, do you want to buy some crack? I would be pleased to have an answer as soon as possible, if you know what i mean, Freddy. :-)'''

Image copyright
Hi! Thanks for uploading Image:Orvillewright.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much, Edwinstearns 17:10, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Unverified images
Hi! Thanks for uploading the following image:

 * Image:Downers.jpg

I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GNU Free Documentation License,  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know at my talk page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much. [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk, automation script)]] 03:46, Dec 11, 2004 (UTC)

P.S. You can help tag other images at User:Yann/Untagged_Images. Thanks again.

Thanks for uploading Image:Paper5.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much,   — Edwin Stearns | Talk 20:53, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Also:
 * Image:Grantstill.jpg RedWolf 18:48, Dec 31, 2004 (UTC)
 * Image:Marij1.jpg ugen 64 22:16, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Image Tagging for Image:Cocaine3.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Cocaine3.jpg. The image has been identified as not specifying the source and creator of the image, which is required by Wikipedia's policy on images. If you don't indicate the source and creator of the image on the image's description page, it may be deleted some time in the next seven days. If you have uploaded other images, please verify that you have provided source information for them as well.

For more information on using images, see the following pages:
 * Image use policy
 * Image copyright tags

This is an automated notice by OrphanBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. 12:55, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mrdice


text:
Worshipful Company of Salters

The Worshipful Company of Salters is one of the Great Twelve City Livery Companies, ranking 9th in order of precedence.

An ancient merchant guild associated with the salt trade, the Salters' Company originated in London as the Guild of Corpus Christi.

History and functions
The Salters' Company was first granted a Royal Charter of Incorporation in 1394, with further charters authorising the Company to set standards regulating salt industry products from the City of London. The formal name under which it is incorporated is The Master, Wardens and Commonality of the Art or Mystery of the Salters of London. The Company was originally responsible for the regulation of salt merchants, but began losing control over the trade as the population of London increased and spread outwards from the City after the Industrial Revolution. Until the 19th century, the main use for salt was to preserve food for the winter months. Salt was probably the first traded commodity which if not available locally was imported.

Through careful stewardship of financial bequests and funds, the Company now serves as a significant educational and charitable institution whilst maintaining links with its heritage by supporting education in chemistry, for example by awarding scholarships to chemistry and science students, among whom is Sam Carling.

Since Sir Robert Bassett in 1475/76, eighteen Salters have served as Lord Mayor of London, the most recent being Sir Richard Nichols in 1997/98.

The Master Salter for 2024/25 is Piers Vacher, supported by the Company Wardens, Commoner Andrew McMurtrie, Anthony Cecil, 4th Baron Rockley, and John Stebbing.

Since 2019, the Clerk to the Salters' Company is Tim Smith.

Salters' Hall
The former Salters' Hall in St Swithin's Lane, London, bombed in 1941, was during the 1700s the meeting place of Presbyterians and in 1719 the site of the "Salters' Hall controversy" a notable turning point for religious tolerance in England.

The present Salters' Hall on Fore Street, EC2 dates from 1976, designed by architect Sir Basil Spence, being Grade II-listed in 2010. A major redevelopment by architects de Metz Forbes Knight including a new entrance pavilion was completed in 2016.

Salters' Institute
Established in 1918 as the Salters' Institute of Industrial Chemistry to support chemistry students after the First World War, particularly those whose studies had been interrupted by military service, the Salters' Company's educational charity awards prizes for students of chemistry, chemical engineering, biology and physics (plus science technicians), as well as running various activities to promote the study of science.

Coat of arms
The Company received a grant of arms in 1530 from Thomas Benolt, then its crest and supporters in 1591 from Robert Cooke, both Clarenceux King of Arms.

The Salters' Co. arms are blazoned: Escutcheon: Per chevron Azure and Gules three Covered Salts Argent garnished Or. Crest: On a Wreath of the Colours a Cubit Arm erect issuing from Clouds all Proper holding a Covered Salt Argent garnished Or. Supporters: Two Otters Sable bezanty ducally gorged and chained Or.

Its motto is Sal Sapit Omnia, Latin for Salt Savours All.

title: Worshipful Company of Salters


text:
Talk:Strike

removed entry
The dip page was also a messed-up dab so not much help. There is an entry there on escarpment that talked about strike-slip, but since this is a dab page, I see no reason to think anyone would end up here looking for that page. Tedernst | talk 23:29, 22 December 2005 (UTC)
 * The strike of a geological unit is the compass direction along the plane of the unit where the unit has zero dip. As any surface that is not horizontal will have two such directions, convention states that the direction of strike is taken as counter-clockwise from the dip-direction.

See Strike and dip. Vsmith 19:53, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

Generic topic disambiguation
Note: i've cleaned up and restored this page back to a generic topic disambiguation page, instead of a redirect to Strike action: the latter is not a primary topic. (See the disambiguation page naming conventions.) --Piet Delport 04:19, 1 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Hi, I've just (re-)added/merged data from Strike (disambiguation) to this article. This article should indeed be the disambiguation article and strike should not redirect to Strike action, since there are many other meanings of "strike". Before cleaning up most of the list of the former article Strike (disambiguation), please first discuss the removal of entries here on the discussion page. This article is still not as it should be but in progress of becoming more comprehensive. Probably some entries could be put under a "see also" heading. Et cetera. Best regards, --Brz7 00:41, 2 July 2007 (UTC)
 * The entries i removed should be uncontroversial: disambiguation pages should only list topics that are ambiguously referred to as "strike", not titles that merely contain "strike", such as Strikebreaker, Strike Gundam, Strike price, and Striking clock;  see Disambiguation.  (The list of specific strike actions i removed are discussed and accessible under Strike action, and not usually referred to ambiguously.)  --Piet Delport 05:01, 2 July 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Strike


text:
Russian Shipyard Number 10

Russian Shipyard No. 10—Shkval (Акционерного общества «10 ордена Трудового Красного Знамени судоремонтный завод») is located in Polyarny, Murmansk Oblast, Russia, on the outermost western side of the Murmansk Fjord. In the West, it is more often referred to by the name of the town than its official name. As the first nuclear-powered submarines were delivered to the Northern Fleet at the end of the 1950s, the yard was modified for docking and repair of these vessels. As Soviet Navy (and now Russian Navy) nuclear vessels are decommissioned, they are laid up at Polyarny awaiting defueling and disposal.

Around 1970, Shkval was reorganised and partially expanded in order to handle the larger nuclear submarines then coming into service. It now includes tenders, service ships, dry docks, and two covered floating docks, as well as a self-propelled barge with 150-tonne payload, two onshore cranes with lifting capacity of 40 tonnes and 32 tonnes, and two floating cranes with lifting capacity of 30 tonnes and 25 tonnes. The yard employs about 3,000 workers, and covers 41330 m². Its docks total 550 m in length.

In popular culture
In the Tom Clancy novel, The Hunt for Red October, the experimental Typhoon-class nuclear submarine Red October departs on its fateful voyage from this shipyard.

In the 2018 action thriller film, Hunter Killer, the president of Russia is seen landing in the shipyard, greeted by a military parade on the docks.

title: Russian Shipyard Number 10


text:
Talk:Pronouns

someone not logged in had created this page, not realising there was already a pronoun page. I have shifted the material to the pronoun page, and set up a redirect. arguably we shouldn't do that because it's just a plural but it seemed more polite to the author who will at least now see what's happened to his/her nice new page seglea 22:31, 18 Nov 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pronouns


text:
Talk:Religion in China

More Religions
I need to know how many people follow a few religions in China. Can you please consider adding Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Shintoism, and Confucianism? Thanks! — Preceding unsigned comment added by HaydenBunny (talk • contribs) 20:59, 18 April 2022 (UTC)

 * The pie chart at the top of the page gives approximate percentages, and detailed numbers are buried in the section "Demographics" Sorry that this article is so confusingly organized.ch (talk) ch (talk) 20:06, 6 May 2022 (UTC)

Sources for future article expansion
This is a fascinating account of how Eid al-Adha rituals led to Muslims/Hui becoming the usual butchers in western China not only for the imperial elite but also for mandatory state sacrifices to the Chinese gods (considered to be meat-eaters if not carnivores) and suspect Commies during the paranoid Nationalist era (since killing cattle could only be a plot to reduce agricultural output and undermine the state). It should probably be introduced here, as well as at Islam in China, Chinese cuisine, and similar pages. — Llywelyn II   00:18, 26 December 2022 (UTC)

Split off history section
As this article is too long to navigate comfortably I’ve split off content into a draft article and want to get it through Draft:History of religion in China thoughts on this? We might want to update it though because the draft is rather old. Tagging @Æo Immanuelle ❤💚💙 (talk to the cutest Wikipedian) 21:13, 9 November 2023 (UTC)

 * @Immanuelle: A splitting of the article was probably due, given its length and the fact that the new Wikipedia interface V22 has completely destroyed the layout of most articles, including this one, necessitating their revision. However, your way of doing the splitting has been, for the umpteenth time, hasty. First of all, I don't see any approval of the subdivision, either on this page, here or here. Second, the last time I edited this article was more than five years ago. Over the years, the article, including the parts you have split off, has severely degenerated: paragraphs have been deleted, sentences have been interpolated, references have been altered, and it has been filled with a lot of journalistic junk. I have not checked the integrity of this article for over five years. Therefore, the latest revision was not the most advisable to be split. I doubt that you took these issues into consideration before proceeding with the splitting. Æo (talk) 14:39, 18 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I see as well as you do that both this and the split article require a ton on work and in what ways, and I'm actively working on it. My approach at first has been to just hack at it, that's how unruly it is, but I feel like I will be able to get it more presentable, especially with a little help.
 * (P.S. Immanuelle is taking a break from the site for a bit.) Remsense  聊  15:00, 18 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your efforts. I had already planned to return to work on this article myself in the future, envisioning possible ameliorations based on the most recent publications about the subject, but not before finishing the improvement of "Religion in Hungary" (after which I planned to focus on "Religion in France"). Religion in China is a huge and complex — and extremely fascinating — subject, especially the major religious tradition of the country, Chinese folk religion (which varies, even in its terminologies, from province to province). Over the last two decades, academic studies on the subject have increased both in number and quality; I write a list of some recent publications herebelow.--Æo (talk) 13:29, 19 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Thank you so, so much for the list. This is one of several very-big-complex-topic articles I've got spinning in the air right now, but I still want to help do it justice. Remsense  聊  13:43, 19 November 2023 (UTC)

New sources 2023

 * Contains CFPS 2018 data*.
 * Website.
 * This is a surprisingly good study compared to Pew's previous ones on the same subject; it summarises key points in the definition, history and regulation of religion in China, and compiles the demographic data from the best surveys of the 2010s, including the most recent ones, the CFPS 2018* and the CGSS 2021. The study also contains the most recent (2014 to 2018) data on counted (not only officially registered; not total including all the unregistered) places of worship in China**.
 * Also contains CFPS 2018 data*.
 * Website.
 * This is a surprisingly good study compared to Pew's previous ones on the same subject; it summarises key points in the definition, history and regulation of religion in China, and compiles the demographic data from the best surveys of the 2010s, including the most recent ones, the CFPS 2018* and the CGSS 2021. The study also contains the most recent (2014 to 2018) data on counted (not only officially registered; not total including all the unregistered) places of worship in China**.
 * Also contains CFPS 2018 data*.
 * Also contains CFPS 2018 data*.
 * Also contains CFPS 2018 data*.

–* CFPS 2018: ~70% overall Chinese folk religion: 33% Buddhism, 18% Taoism, 19% other; ~25% non-believers; ~5% Abrahamic religion: 2-3% Christianity, 2-3% Islam. –** 2014–2018: 280,000 traditional religions' sites: 165,000 deity temples, 102,000 ancestral temples, 9,000 Taoist monasteries (only registered), 1,600 Confucian temples (only registered); 190,000 Buddhist temples and monasteries (of which 34,000 are registered); 60,000 Protestant churches; 6,400 Catholic churches; 39,000 Islamic mosques. Cf. Pew 2023, pp. 29, 47-50, 69, 90.

--Æo (talk) 13:29, 19 November 2023 (UTC)

Update
China says the largest religion is Buddhism but this page says it's "No Religion/Chinese Folk Religion". I think one should be updated. Furthermore, I think "Buddhism" should go to Chinese Buddhism and not Buddhism. GamerKlim9716 (talk) 19:49, 10 February 2024 (UTC)

 * The simple answer is that "No Religion" is not a religion, meaning that it doesn't count. Chinese Folk Religion is also not a single religion, but covers all of the various localized traditional Chinese religions, beliefs and more. Thus as a single religion, Buddhism may indeed be the largest! Vif12vf/Tiberius (talk) 03:19, 11 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I get your point but I feel like, using that logic, no religion and Chinese folk religion should be removed from this page since the page is specifically about religion. But idk. GamerKlim9716 (talk) 06:27, 11 February 2024 (UTC)

Further splits
So, after splitting History out, we're still at 20k words. Anywhere from 3 to 8k of this is total fluff, but I think China is rammified to such a degree that we may need all three of Religion in China, Demographics of China, Religious demographics of China. Certainly seems so, as a matter of sheer practicality. Talk me down from this? Remsense 诉  17:16, 23 February 2024 (UTC)

 * India is being sneaky about it by having Religion in India as well as Indian religions. That seems like cheating. Remsense  诉  17:20, 23 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Probably the definition "Indian religions" should be made less ambiguous (the adjective "Indic" would probably be broader, and therefore better to refer to the "Indian civilisation", which does not necessarily correspond only to the contemporary state of India), but in this case a separate article makes sense. Furthermore, Indian religions are spread globally today, and there are branches of them which were not even founded in the Indian subcontinent (for instance, the Hare Krishna movement of Hinduism was founded in the United States, while Ravidassia as an identity clearly and institutionally separated from Sikhism first emerged in the United Kingdom if I am not mistaken, let alone the fact that most of today's Buddhism is an East Asian development).--Æo (talk) 17:09, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose: The section should be updated with the new statistics, and consequently the most obsolete ones might be eliminated, but it would be a very bad idea to create an umpteenth separate article (and potentially a WP:CFORK) which over time would no longer be maintained and would become prey to vandals. I would actually also be in favour of merging "History of religion in China" — split by — back into this article, for the same reasons. As an aside, I am also against the recent removal of various images illustrating fundamental astro-theological concepts of Chinese religious culture: they are at the core of Confucianism, Taoism and the whole complex of Chinese religiosity, both ritual and doctrinal, and of Chinese civilisation itself, and without them a true, deep, and thorough understanding of the latter is impossible. They are not too esoteric and abstruse, and they are what is taught to any disciple of legitimate traditional schools of Chinese religion; see for instance the Ming Shan Temple in Switzerland, whose address is Chemin de l'Etoile Polaire 3, Bullet, and which teaches the Wujimen Taoist school, which focuses on the Ursa Major constellation. Æo (talk) 16:49, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
 * This article is very much over my head at the moment, but it does seem like a candidate for a "History" dedicated article at least.
 * I agree the concepts deserve potential illustration, but the particular way they existed in the article seemed extremely idiosyncratic, such that I could not really rewrite them. I would appreciate someone else doing so.
 * Remsense 诉  17:10, 16 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Religion in China