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Roberto Alomar

Roberto Alomar Velázquez (born February 5, 1968) is a Puerto Rican former second baseman who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for sixteen seasons, primarily with the Toronto Blue Jays. He is regarded as one of the greatest second basemen and all-around players. During his career, the 12-time All-Star won more Gold Glove Awards (10) than any other second baseman in baseball history, in addition to winning four Silver Slugger Awards for his hitting. Among second basemen, he ranks third in games played (2,320), fifth in stolen bases (474), sixth in plate appearances (10,400), seventh in doubles (504) and assists (6,524), and eighth in hits (2,724), runs (1,508), at-bats (9,073), and double plays turned (1,407). In 2011, Alomar was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame, becoming the first Hall of Fame member to be depicted as a Blue Jays player on his plaque.

The son of MLB second baseman Sandy Alomar Sr., Alomar followed in his father's footsteps, signing with the San Diego Padres as an amateur free agent in 1985. He made his major league debut with the team three years later, establishing himself as an exceptional base-stealing, hitting, and fielding threat before becoming an All-Star in 1990. He was traded to the Blue Jays the following off-season, leading the team to three consecutive American League Championship Series (ALCS) appearances and being named the 1992 ALCS Most Valuable Player (MVP), culminating in back-to-back World Series championships in 1992 and 1993. Alomar signed with the Baltimore Orioles after the 1995 season, led the team to two ALCS appearances, and won the 1998 All-Star Game MVP Award in his final year with the team. He then joined the Cleveland Indians for three seasons and had the most productive years of his career in 1999 and 2001, again leading his team to the playoffs and becoming an AL MVP Award finalist both years. Alomar spent the final years of his career with the New York Mets, the Arizona Diamondbacks and the Chicago White Sox, before retiring at spring training in 2005. A switch hitter, Alomar finished his career with a .300 batting average. Shortly after his 2011 Hall of Fame induction, the Blue Jays retired his number 12.

In 2021, Alomar was banned from baseball by MLB following an independent investigation into allegations of sexual misconduct, dating back to 2014. In April 2021, the Blue Jays also announced that Alomar would be removed from the Level of Excellence and his retired number banner would be taken down at Rogers Centre. The Blue Jays have subsequently reactivated the uniform number 12, and it has been used by other players. He remains the only player in history to be a member of both the Baseball Hall of Fame and MLB's permanently-ineligible list simultaneously.

Early life
Alomar was born in Ponce, Puerto Rico, and raised in Salinas, Puerto Rico. The son of Santos "Sandy" Alomar Sr. and María Velázquez, Alomar grew up in a baseball family. He and his older brother Sandy Jr. were raised mostly by their mother, due to their father's career as a major league second baseman. When school in Puerto Rico was out for the summer, they joined their father, who let his sons hang around the clubhouse, shag fly balls, and absorb the game—especially from his New York Yankees teammates, such as Thurman Munson and Graig Nettles. Growing up, Alomar idolized his father and José Cruz, both of whom were All-Star players.

San Diego Padres
In 1985, Alomar signed with the San Diego Padres at age 17, and joined the team's Class-A affiliate, the Charleston Rainbows. The following year, playing for the Reno Padres, he won the California League batting title with a .346 average.

Alomar made his major league debut on April 22, 1988, against the Houston Astros, recording a hit in his first at bat, off of Nolan Ryan. With the Padres, he established himself as a solid hitter and baserunner, and defensively, he displayed excellent lateral range and a powerful arm, often making spectacular plays on ground balls hit deep in the hole between first and second base, and on balls hit up the middle, well behind second base. He became an All-Star for the first time in 1990, as a reserve player for the National League.

Toronto Blue Jays
On December 5, 1990, Alomar and Joe Carter were traded to the Toronto Blue Jays in exchange for Fred McGriff and Tony Fernández. It was in Toronto that he developed into a premier offensive second baseman, combining a .300-plus batting average with power and high end speed on the bases. In 1991, he capitalized on his speed with 11 triples and 53 stolen bases, leading the team to its first of three consecutive playoff appearances. The following year, he scored 105 runs, drew 87 walks, and had a .405 on-base percentage. In 1993, Alomar had his best season with the Blue Jays, producing 17 home runs (HR), 93 runs batted in (RBI), and 55 stolen bases, while batting .326, third in the American League behind teammates John Olerud and Paul Molitor. He was a central figure in Toronto's World Series championships in 1992 and 1993; in Game 6 of the 1992 World Series, he scored the series-winning run on Dave Winfield's two-run double in the 11th inning. Alomar's game-tying, ninth-inning home run against Oakland relief ace Dennis Eckersley, in Game 4 of the 1992 American League Championship Series (ALCS), is considered by many as the most important hit in the club's history, as the team's three previous trips to the ALCS had ended in disappointment; he was named the Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the series. In 1995, he played 104 consecutive games without committing an error, setting an AL record for second basemen. In each of his five seasons with the Blue Jays, Alomar was named to the All-Star team and won the Gold Glove Award.

Baltimore Orioles
On December 21, 1995, Alomar signed with the Baltimore Orioles at a time when Toronto was looking to rebuild, while Baltimore was improving into a pennant-contending team. In Baltimore, he paired with Hall of Famer Cal Ripken Jr. to form a formidable double-play combination. Alomar appeared in the playoffs in 1996 and 1997 for the Orioles, hitting a series-winning home run in Game 4 of the 1996 American League Division Series (ALDS), although the Orioles were defeated in the ALCS both years. In 1998, he was named the Major League Baseball (MLB) All-Star Game MVP.

Spitting incident
On September 27, 1996, during a game against the Blue Jays, Alomar got into a heated argument over a called third strike with umpire John Hirschbeck and spat in his face. He defended himself by saying Hirschbeck had uttered a racial slur and that Hirschbeck had been bitter since one son had died of ALD and another had been recently diagnosed as well. Upon hearing of Alomar's comments, Hirschbeck had to be physically restrained from confronting Alomar in the players' locker room.

Alomar was suspended for the first five regular-season games in 1997 and donated $50,000 to ALD research. Alomar and Hirschbeck settled their differences publicly and made apologies to each other on April 22, 1997, standing at home plate and shaking hands in front of the crowd before an Orioles game.

Cleveland Indians
On November 24, 1998, Alomar signed a four-year contract with the Cleveland Indians, joining his All-Star brother, Sandy Jr. It was in Cleveland that Alomar had two of his finest seasons. In 1999, he hit .323 and set career highs with 24 home runs, 120 RBI, 138 runs, 99 walks, a .422 on-base percentage and a .533 slugging percentage. In 2001, he batted .336/.415/.541, with 20 home runs, 100 RBI, and 30 steals. Cleveland made the playoffs in 1999, losing in the ALDS to the Boston Red Sox; in 2001, they again made the playoffs, but lost to the Seattle Mariners in the ALDS. Alomar finished third in AL MVP voting in 1999 and fourth in 2001.

On the field, Alomar teamed with shortstop Omar Vizquel to form another decorated middle infield combination. The Vizquel-Alomar duo won three consecutive Gold Gloves together, becoming one of just eight shortstop-second baseman duos to have accomplished this feat in the same year.

Alomar was traded to the New York Mets before the 2002 season, for pitcher Billy Traber and outfielders Matt Lawton and Alex Escobar.

Last years of career
In 2002, Alomar hit only .266/.331/.376 with 53 RBI and 73 runs scored, while falling apart defensively at second base. The Mets were puzzled by Alomar's mediocre play, which some attributed to his lack of comfort with being under the greater scrutiny of the New York fans and media. However, not even a midseason trade back to the American League to the Chicago White Sox in 2003 could revive Alomar from his funk. There was more misery ahead with the Arizona Diamondbacks in 2004, including a two-month disabled stint with a broken right hand. On August 5, Alomar returned to the White Sox, and hit just .263/.321/.392 in 56 games.

Alomar agreed to a one-year contract with the Tampa Bay Devil Rays for the 2005 season. However, on March 19, 2005, after a spring training plagued by back and vision trouble, he announced his retirement.

Legacy
Time called Alomar "the best second baseman of t[his] generation" and he is regarded as one of the greatest second basemen and all-around players of all time. Known for his acrobatic and flamboyant style of defense, Alomar won 10 Gold Glove Awards, establishing a major league record for second basemen. He ranks in the top 10 of several all-time categories for second basemen, including games played, stolen bases, plate appearances, doubles, assists, hits, runs, at bats, and double plays turned. In a 17-year career, he was a .300/.371/.443 hitter with 210 home runs and 1,134 RBI; his .307 career batting average as a member of the Blue Jays is a franchise record. He was the Blue Jays Player of the Year in 1991, 1992, and 1995, as well as the Cleveland Indians Man of the Year in 1999 and 2001. A clutch hitter, Alomar had a .313 postseason average, including a .347 average in two World Series appearances. His game-tying home run in Game 4 of the 1992 ALCS is often considered the most important hit in Blue Jays history, as it changed the fortunes of the franchise.

Alomar was known for having a "sixth sense" or "sixth tool"—awareness—which distinguished him from other players. His former manager Davey Johnson said of him, "He reminds me of some of the great players that I've played with, who seem like they write their own script ... Frank Robinson's one, Henry Aaron was the other." He became only the third Puerto Rican to be elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame, after Roberto Clemente and Orlando Cepeda, and has since been joined by Iván Rodríguez and Edgar Martínez.

Post-playing honors and activities
On April 4, 2008, Alomar was inducted into the Blue Jays Level of Excellence at Rogers Centre, prior to the team's home opener.

In 2010, Alomar's first year of Hall of Fame eligibility, he missed induction by eight votes. His 73.7% of the vote was the highest percentage of votes in any player's first year on the ballot without being elected. Some baseball writers expressed shock that he failed to get in on the first ballot, but many attributed the near-miss to sportswriters holding a grudge over the 1996 spitting incident with John Hirschbeck, including Alomar's brother Sandy Jr. and Hirschbeck himself. He was elected to the Hall of Fame in his second year of eligibility, with 90% of the vote (523 of 581 ballots cast). On July 24, 2011, Alomar was inducted into the Hall of Fame, becoming the first inductee to be depicted as a Blue Jays player on his plaque.

On June 19, 2010, Alomar was inducted into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame in St. Marys, Ontario.

The 2011 Caribbean Series was dedicated to him, which was followed by his induction into the Caribbean Baseball Hall of Fame.

On March 31, 2011, Alomar was named as a special assistant to the Blue Jays organization. The following year, he began hosting the annual Tournament 12 (T12) showcase at Rogers Centre for Canadian baseball prospects; major leaguers Josh Naylor, Mike Soroka, and Abraham Toro are alumni of the tournament.

On July 31, 2011, the Blue Jays retired Alomar's number 12 at Rogers Centre. He was the first Blue Jay to be so honored.

On August 3, 2013, Alomar was inducted into the Baltimore Orioles Hall of Fame.

On November 12, 2013, Alomar launched a baseball equipment line, Alomar Baseball.

On September 24, 2015, Alomar was inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in Toronto.

Alomar guest-starred on an episode of Canadian sitcom Mr. D in an episode when students ran an "Alomar for President" campaign during the Student Council Elections.

In 2017, Baseball Commissioner Rob Manfred named Alomar a special consultant, tasked with helping grow baseball in Puerto Rico.

In July 2020, it was announced that Alomar was launching an expansion team in the Liga de Béisbol Profesional Roberto Clemente. The team, based in San Juan and named RA12 (after his initials and uniform number), began competing during the 2020–21 season. He also became a member of the LBPRC Board of Directors.

On April 30, 2021, Alomar was fired from both the Blue Jays and MLB amid reports that MLB was investigating claims that a female Blue Jays staffer claimed that Alomar had sexually harassed her in 2014. According to The Sports Network, the staffer was preparing to sue Alomar, the Blue Jays, and MLB. Later on April 30, Manfred announced that following an investigation into those allegations that had taken several months, Alomar had been placed on MLB's ineligible list and banned from baseball. At the same time, the Blue Jays severed all ties with Alomar, removing his name from the "Level of Excellence" at the Rogers Centre and taking down his Hall of Fame banner. However, he will remain enshrined in the Hall of Fame. Alomar's number was officially unretired August 1, 2023 when newly-acquired pitcher Jordan Hicks donned number 12 and entered the game for the Blue Jays in the ninth inning.

Through her lawyer, the Blue Jays employee announced she was dropping her suit.

Personal life
Alomar married Puerto Rican model Maripily Rivera on June 1, 2009. The next year, Rivera alleged that she had been a victim of domestic violence on three occasions, including her life being threatened with a knife by Alomar, and she wanted to end the marriage. Alomar alleged that Rivera had threatened to divorce him unless he gave her half ownership of his Tampa residence. The divorce was finalized on July 12, 2011, with a private settlement.

In 1996, a Canadian woman who became obsessed with Alomar was sentenced to nine months in prison for plotting to murder him. She was arrested with a loaded gun after telling security at the SkyDome of her plans.

Alomar has been sued by at least four women, including his ex-wife, for allegedly exposing them to HIV. He was in a relationship with professional tennis player Meghann Shaughnessy from 2004 to 2006, who claimed Alomar exposed her to HIV. The lawyer of Alomar's ex-wife stated Alomar paid $4 million in settlements to Shaughnessy and Ilya Dall, another ex-girlfriend.

On December 12, 2012, Alomar married Toronto native Kim Perks at the Art Gallery of Ontario. Their first daughter was born in 2014. The Alomars reside in Toronto.

Statistical highlights
League leader
 * Runs scored (1999)
 * Sacrifice bunts (1989)
 * Sacrifice flies (1999)
 * Plate appearances (1989)
 * Fielding percentage at second base (1992, 1995, 1999, 2001)
 * Stolen base percentage (2000)

Other milestones
 * batted over .300 nine times (1992–97, 1999–2001)
 * posted an on-base percentage over .400 five times (1992, 1993, 1996, 1999, 2001)
 * scored 100 or more runs six times (1992, 1993, 1996, 1999–2001)
 * drove in 100 or more runs twice (1999, 2001)
 * stole 30 or more bases eight times (1989, 1991–93, 1995, 1999–2001)

title: Roberto Alomar


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C++ Standard Library

In the C++ programming language, the C++ Standard Library is a collection of classes and functions, which are written in the core language and part of the C++ ISO Standard itself.

Overview
The C++ Standard Library provides several generic containers, functions to use and manipulate these containers, function objects, generic strings and streams (including interactive and file I/O), support for some language features, and functions for common tasks such as finding the square root of a number. The C++ Standard Library also incorporates most headers of the ISO C standard library ending with ".h", but their use was deprecated (reverted the deprecation since C++23 ). C++23 instead considers these headers as useful for interoperability with C, and recommends against their usage outside of programs that are intended to be both valid C and C++ programs. No other headers in the C++ Standard Library end in ".h". Features of the C++ Standard Library are declared within the  namespace.

The C++ Standard Library is based upon conventions introduced by the Standard Template Library (STL), and has been influenced by research in generic programming and developers of the STL such as Alexander Stepanov and Meng Lee. Although the C++ Standard Library and the STL share many features, neither is a strict superset of the other.

A noteworthy feature of the C++ Standard Library is that it not only specifies the syntax and semantics of generic algorithms, but also places requirements on their performance. These performance requirements often correspond to a well-known algorithm, which is expected but not required to be used. In most cases this requires linear time O(n) or linearithmic time O(n log n), but in some cases higher bounds are allowed, such as quasilinear time O(n log2 n) for stable sort (to allow in-place merge sort). Previously, sorting was only required to take O(n log n) on average, allowing the use of quicksort, which is fast in practice but has poor worst-case performance, but introsort was introduced to allow both fast average performance and optimal worst-case complexity, and as of C++11, sorting is guaranteed to be at worst linearithmic. In other cases requirements remain laxer, such as selection, which is only required to be linear on average (as in quickselect), not requiring worst-case linear as in introselect.

The C++ Standard Library underwent ISO standardization as part of the C++ ISO Standardization effort in the 1990s. Since 2011, it has been expanded and updated every three years with each revision of the C++ standard.

Apache C++ Standard Library
The Apache C++ Standard Library is another open-source implementation. It was originally developed commercially by Rogue Wave Software and later donated to the Apache Software Foundation. However, after more than five years without a release, the board of the Apache Software Foundation decided to end this project and move it to Apache Attic.

Standard modules
Ever since the modules were introduced in C++20, there has been no support for standard library modules until C++23. These named modules were added to include all items declared in both global and  namespaces provided by the importable standard headers. Macros are not allowed to be exportable, so users have to manually include or import headers that emit macros for use.

 * std:Exports all declarations in namespace  and global storage allocation and deallocation functions that are provided by the importable C++ library headers including C library facilities (although declared in standard namespace).
 * std.compat:Exports the same declarations as the named module, and additionally exports functions in global namespace in C library facilities.

Standard headers
The following files contain the declarations of the C++ Standard Library.

General

 * New in C++17. Provides a type-erased class.
 * New in C++11. Provides class template, its several template specializations, and more atomic operations.
 * Provides time elements, such as,  , and clocks. Since C++20, a hefty amount of temporal features were added: calendars, time zones, more clocks, and string chrono formatting.
 * New in C++20. Provides fundamental library concepts.
 * New in C++23. Provides class template, a result type.
 * Provides several function objects, designed for use with the standard algorithms.
 * New in C++23. Provides a coroutine generator that additionally supports nested yield operations on ranges.
 * Provides facilities for memory management in C++, including the class template.
 * :New in C++17. Provides facilities for creating polymorphic memory allocators whose behaviors can change at runtime.
 * New in C++17. Provides class template, an optional type.
 * :New in C++11. Provides.
 * New in C++23. Provides stack trace operations.
 * Contains standard exception classes such as  and , both derived from.
 * :New in C++11. Defines
 * New in C++11 and TR1. Provides a class template, a tuple.
 * :New in C++11. Provides metaprogramming facilities working with types.
 * Provides various utilities: class template  (two-member tuples), compile-time integer sequences, helpers in constructing vocabulary types, functions such as   and , and many more. The namespace   for automatically generating comparison operators is deprecated in C++20 in favor of new defaulted comparison operators.
 * New in C++17. Provides a class template, a tagged union type.

Language support

 * New in C++20. Provides three-way comparison operator support.
 * New in C++20. Provides coroutine support.
 * Provides several types and functions related to exception handling, including, the base class of all exceptions thrown by the Standard Library.
 * :New in C++11. Provides initializer list support.
 * Provides the class template, used for describing properties of fundamental numeric types.
 * Provides operators  and   and other functions and types composing the fundamentals of C++ memory management.
 * {{code|.
 * New in C++23. Provides conditional support for extended floating-point types.
 * Provides facilities for working with C++ run-time type information.
 * New in C++20. Provides information about the implementation of the C++ standard library.

Containers

 * New in C++11 and TR1. Provides the container class template, a container for a fixed sized array.
 * Provides the specialized container class, a bit array.
 * Provides the container class template, a double-ended queue.
 * :New in C++23. Provides the container adaptor class templates  and.
 * :New in C++23. Provides the container adaptor class templates  and.
 * :New in C++11 and TR1. Provides the container class template, a singly linked list.
 * Provides the container class template, a doubly linked list.
 * Provides the container class templates  and , sorted associative array and multimap.
 * New in C++23. Provides the class template, analogous to   but the view is multidimensional.
 * Provides the container adapter class, a single-ended queue, and  , a priority queue.
 * Provides the container class templates  and , sorted associative containers or sets.
 * New in C++20. Provides the class template, a non-owning view that refers to any contiguous range.
 * Provides the container adapter class, a stack.
 * :New in C++11 and TR1. Provides the container class template  and , hash tables.
 * :New in C++11 and TR1. Provides the container class template  and.
 * Provides the container class template, a dynamic array.

Iterators and Ranges

 * Provides definitions of many algorithms for use with containers and other ranges.
 * New in C++17. Provides execution policies for parallelized algorithms.
 * Provides classes and templates for working with iterators.
 * Generalized numeric algorithms.
 * New in C++20. Provides ranges facilities and lazily evaluated adaptors.

Localization

 * {{code|.
 * {{code| }}:Provides the C++ standard string classes and templates.
 * {{code|}}:New in C++17. Provides class template, an immutable non-owning view to any string.
 * {{code| }}:New in C++11. Provides utilities for pattern matching strings using regular expressions.

Streams, Files, and Input/Output

 * New in C++17. Provides facilities for file system operations and their components.
 * Provides facilities for file-based input and output. See fstream.
 * Provides facilities to manipulate output formatting, such as the base used when formatting integers and the precision of floating-point values.
 * Provides several types and functions basic to the operation of iostreams.
 * Provides forward declarations of several I/O-related class templates.
 * Provides C++ input and output fundamentals. See iostream.
 * Provides  and other supporting classes for input.
 * Provides  and other supporting classes for output.
 * New in C++23. Provides formatted output utilities such as  supported for both C and C++ streams.
 * New in C++23. Provides  and other fixed character buffer I/O streams.
 * Provides  and other supporting classes for string manipulation.
 * Provides reading and writing functionality to/from certain types of character sequences, such as external files or strings.
 * New in C++20. Provides  and other supporting classes for synchronized output streams.

Thread support library

 * New in C++20. Provides, a reusable thread barrier.
 * : New in C++11. In 32.6-1, condition variables provide synchronization primitives used to block a thread until notified by some other thread that some condition is met or until a system time is reached.
 * New in C++11. In 32.9.1-1, this section describes components that a C++ program can use to retrieve in one thread the result (value or exception) from a function that has run in the same thread or another thread.
 * : New in C++26. Provides.
 * New in C++20. Provides, a single-use thread barrier.
 * New in C++11. In 32.5-1, this section provides mechanisms for mutual exclusion: mutexes, locks, and call once.
 * New in C++26. Provides read-copy-update mechanisms.
 * : New in C++14. Provides facitility for shared mutual exclusion.
 * New in C++20. Provides semaphore that models non-negative resource count.
 * : New in C++20. In 32.3.1-1, this section describes components that can be used to asynchronously request that an operation stops execution in a timely manner, typically because the result is no longer required. Such a request is called a stop request.
 * New in C++11. Provide class and namespace for working with threads.

Numerics library
Components that C++ programs may use to perform seminumerical operations.
 * New in C++20. Provides bit manipulation facility.
 * Defines a class template, and numerous functions for representing and manipulating complex numbers.
 * New in C++20. Provides mathematical constants defined in namespace.
 * New in C++11. Facility for generating (pseudo-)random numbers and distributions.
 * New in C++11. Provides compile-time rational arithmetic based on class templates.
 * Defines five class templates (, ,  ,  , and  ), two classes (  and  ), and a series of related function templates for representing and manipulating arrays of values.

C standard library
Each header from the C Standard Library is included in the C++ Standard Library under a different name, generated by removing the .h, and adding a 'c' at the start; for example, 'time.h' becomes 'ctime'. The only difference between these headers and the traditional C Standard Library headers is that where possible the functions should be placed into the  namespace. In ISO C, functions in the standard library are allowed to be implemented by macros, which is not allowed by ISO C++.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: C++ Standard Library


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User:Maxerickson

Decided I didn't like an entry and decide that a username was good first step towards changing it, but then petered out...Nov 30, 2003.

title: User:Maxerickson


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Dagfinn Høybråten

Dagfinn Høybråten (born 2 December 1957) is a Norwegian politician. He was the leader of the Christian Democratic Party 2004–2011. He was also Parliamentary leader from 2005 when he was elected as Member of Parliament representing Rogaland. He was Vice President of the Norwegian Parliament from 2011 to 2013. He was President of the Nordic Council in 2007. Høybråten was granted leave from his duty as Member of Parliament from March 2013 to take up the position as Secretary General of the Nordic Council of Ministers. He was elected board member of the GAVI Alliance in 2006 and chair of the board from 2011 to 2015.

In 2018 it was announced that Mr Høybråten will lead the "Truth and Reconciliation committee" regarding the discrimination of the indigenous Sami people in Norway up and until 1980.

He was the chairman of the Young Christian Democrats (KrFU) in 1979–1982. Høybråten has been part of the political leadership of every Government the Christian Democratic Party has been part of since the early 1980s, first as a Political Adviser to Minister of Church and Education Kjell Magne Bondevik 1983–1986, later as State Secretary in the Ministry of Finance 1989–1990, Minister of Health 1997–2000 and 2001–2004 as well as Minister of Labour and Social Affairs 2004–2005.

Høybråten has also served as the Director General of Norway Social Security Administration 1997–2004, an executive director of the Norwegian Association of Local Government from 1990 to 1993 and a chief executive of the municipality of Oppegård 1994–1996. Høybråten holds a degree in political science from the University of Oslo.

Early and personal life
Høybråten was born to churchwarden and politician Per Høybråten (1932–1990) and laboratory worker Åse Margrethe Hallen (born 1929). While he was born and grew up in Oslo, he lived for three years in Sandnes due to his father working there as a control veterinary. His father was politically active in the Christian Democratic Party, and was a State Secretary and deputy member of the Parliament of Norway from Oslo 1973–1977. Høybråten is married to his wife Jorun, and has four children.

Political career
Høybråten became active in politics at an early age, and became deputy chairman of the Young Christian Democrats in 1978-1979 and chairman in 1979–1982. He got his first experience from Parliament as a personal assistant to Parliamentary leader of the Christian Democratic Party, Lars Korvald. When the Christian Democrats joined Kåre Willoch's government in 1983 Høybråten became a Political Adviser for Minister Kjell Magne Bondevik in the Ministry of Church and Education until 1986. I Jan P. Syse's government 1989-1990 he was State secretary in the Ministry of Finance.

He led the Ministry of Health and Care Services from 1997 to 2000 and again from 2001 to 2004. Following a 2004 Government reshuffle, Høybråten was transferred to lead the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs. In 2004, he also assumed the leadership of the Christian Democratic Party.

As Minister of Health, Høybråten was noted for his campaign against tobacco smoking in public indoor places. It resulted in the adoption by Parliament of a bill banning smoking in restaurants, bars, and cafés that came into force on 1 June 2004. Several European countries followed the Norwegian experiences closely, and planned for similar legislation. Between 2004 and 2011 about 100 countries across the globe adopted a similar legislation. Høybråtens efforts have been credited for reducing the smoking rates and improving public health in Norway. Initially, the bill sparked some controversy, however it became popular after it passed. Høybråten received LHL's honorary award in 2006 for his work in this field. Høybråten was critical of employers advertising positions for non-smokers, since his he felt the issue ought to be fighting tobacco and its adverse health effects, rather than discriminating against people who smoke.

When former leader Valgerd Svarstad Haugland and the rest of the Party leadership withdrew in 2004 after a poor result in the local elections in 2003, Høybråten was elected new party leader at an extraordinary Party Congress. He became Member of Parliament of Norway from Rogaland in 2005, and he then also became parliamentary leader for the Christian Democratic Parliamentary group. After a year in the Scrutiny and Constitutional Affairs Committee he was from 2006 Member of the Committee of Foreign Affairs until he left Parliament. He was also President of the Nordic Council 2007–2008.

On 2 October 2010 Høybråten announced that he would not run for reelection as party leader at the 2011 party conference. He also announced that he would not run for a third term as member of Parliament in the 2013 general election. Knut Arild Hareide succeeded him from 30 April 2011. Høybråten was announced as the new secretary general of the Nordic Council of Ministers in September 2012 effective from 1 March 2013. He was granted a leave for the remainder of his term in parliament.

In 2016 he started to serve as board member at the Board of International Advisors at the Fudan Development Institute in Shanghai.

In March 2019 his tenure as secretary general at the Nordic Council of Ministers ended. On 1 April the same year he became secretary general of the Norwegian Church Aid.

Gavi - the Vaccine Alliance
Høybråten was elected board member of Gavi – the Vaccine Alliance in 2006. In the period 2011-2015 he served as chair of the Gavi Alliance Board. He succeeded Mary Robinson, Graça Machel and Nelson Mandela in this position, and he is the longest-serving chair of the organisation. Gavi was set up in 2000 as a global Vaccine Alliance, bringing together public and private sectors with the shared goal of saving children's lives and protecting people's health by increasing access to immunisation in the world's poorest countries.

In 2015, new figures documented that Gavi has helped vaccinate half a billion children and saved 7 million lives since the organisation was funded. During Høybråten's term as chair, Gavi – the Vaccine Alliance had two replenishment conferences to finance the global vaccination work. Both in London 2011 and in Berlin 2015 the donors exceeded the ask, and managed to raise respectively 4.3 and US$7.539 billion.

Awards and decorations
In 1999 Høybråten was appointed as honorary president of Yiang Central Hospital in the Hunan province of China. The hospital was founded in 1906 by Høybråtens great grandfather, Jørgen Edvin Nielsen. Høybråten was awarded the Grand Cross of St. Olav in 2004. In 2005 Høybråten was awarded an honorary degree from Luther College in Iowa.

title: Dagfinn Høybråten


text:
Enryaku-ji

Enryaku-ji (延暦寺) is a Tendai monastery located on Mount Hiei in Ōtsu, overlooking Kyoto. It was first founded in 788 during the early Heian period (794–1185) by Saichō (767–822), also known as Dengyō Daishi, who introduced the Tendai sect of Mahayana Buddhism to Japan from China. The temple complex has undergone several reconstruction efforts since then, with the most significant (that of the main hall) taking place in 1642 under Tokugawa Iemitsu. Enryaku-ji is the headquarters of the Tendai sect and one of the most significant monasteries in Japanese history. As such, it is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto (Kyoto, Uji and Otsu Cities)". The founders of Jōdo-shū, Jōdo Shinshū, Sōtō Zen, and Nichiren Buddhism all spent time at the monastery. Enryaku-ji is also the center for the practice of kaihōgyō (aka the "marathon monks").

History
With the support of Emperor Kanmu, the Buddhist monk Saichō ordained a hundred disciples in 807. Maintaining a strict discipline on Mt. Hiei, his monks lived in seclusion for twelve years of study and meditation. After this period, the best students were retained in positions in the monastery and others graduated into positions in the government. At the peak of its power, Enryaku-ji was a huge complex of as many as 3,000 sub-temples and a powerful army of warrior monks (僧兵). In the tenth century, succession disputes broke out between Tendai monks of the line of Ennin and Enchin. These disputes resulted in opposing Tendai centers at Enryaku-ji and at Mii-dera, known respectively as the Mountain Order (山門) and the Temple Order (寺門). Warrior monks were used to settle the disputes, and Tendai leaders began to hire mercenary armies who threatened rivals and even marched on the capital to enforce monastic demands.

As part of a program to remove all potential rivals and unite the country, warlord Oda Nobunaga ended this Buddhist militancy in 1571 by attacking Enryaku-ji, leveling the buildings and slaughtering monks. Enryaku-ji's current structures date from the late 16th century through the first half of the 17th century, when the temple was reconstructed following a change of government. Only one minor building survived, the Ruri-dō (るり堂, "Lapis Lazuli Hall"), which is located down a long, unmarked path from the Sai-tō complex. The structure dates to the 13th century and was repaired twice during the 20th century following harsh weather. During reconstruction, some buildings were transferred from other temples, notably Mii-dera, and thus the buildings themselves are old, though they have not always been at this location.

Today, most of Enryaku-ji's buildings are clustered in three areas: Tō-dō (東塔, "East Pagoda"), Sai-tō (西塔, "West Pagoda"), and Yokokawa (横川). The monastery's most important buildings are concentrated in Tō-dō. Sai-tō is a 20-minute walk away, primarily downhill from Tō-dō, and also features several important buildings. Yokokawa is more isolated and less visited, about a 1:30 walk, and is most easily reached by bus, which connects the three complexes and other locations on the mountain.

Collusion with organized crime
On April 4, 2006, Enryaku-ji performed a ceremony for former leaders of Yamaguchi-gumi, by far the largest yakuza organization in Japan.

Because such temple ceremonies have been used for Yamaguchi-gumi fund-raising and demonstrations of power, the Shiga Prefectural Police requested that Enryaku-ji cease performance of the ceremony. Rejecting the request, Enryaku-ji received crime-related money for the ceremony and allowed nearly 100 upper-level Yamaguchi-gumi leaders to attend.

After reports in the Asahi Shimbun and Yomiuri Shimbun newspapers, Enryaku-ji faced a nationwide scandal. The temple was also criticized by the Japan Buddhist Temple Association (representing 75,000 Buddhist temples), which led a movement against the yakuza. Finally on May 18, all representative directors of Enryaku-ji resigned, apologizing on their website and in e-mails which were sent to 3,000 branch temples.

title: Enryaku-ji


text:
Talk:Albanian cuisine

-
I reverted the comment about the Islamic faith because it sounded POV and it probably is not accurate (see my comments in Talk:Balkans regarding this). Dori | Talk 03:31, Dec 1, 2003 (UTC) am I reading that wrong or did it get accoidentally pasted somewhere ?
 * 1) Brandy - the Albanian brandy Skanderbeg is renowned in Europe

Turkish influence
We should also mention the Turkish influence on some Albanian dishes sinse it was indeed influenced by ottoman rule.--Nadirali نادرالی

Missing information (possibly)
I recently went to Albania and ate a desert called "Trilece" or "Trileche" as waiter told me when I asked. Can it be listed if someone is more familiar with this? Also I cannot find recipe anywhere - it is pastry with coconut soaked with sweet milk and caramel topping, delicious.

Blacklisted link
I deleted the blacklisted link due to the template, is it ok to delete the template now? :S thanks

Health Effects
What is this sentence trying to communicate?

It is believed that because of this diet Albania has a very high life expectancy when its economic power is compared to other countries, characterized by some researchers as the "Albanian paradox".

What does its high life expectancy have to do with its economic power, and why is that worthy of comparison to other countries? It seems like it needs a rewrite. 174.4.18.174 (talk) 19:52, 24 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Albanian cuisine


text:
Fernando Wood

Fernando Wood (February 14, 1812 – February 13, 1881) was an American Democratic Party politician, merchant, and real estate investor who served as the 73rd and 75th Mayor of New York City. He also represented the city for several terms in the United States House of Representatives.

After rapidly rising through Tammany Hall, Wood served a single term in the U.S. House before returning to private life and building a fortune in real estate speculation and maritime shipping.

He was elected mayor for the first time in 1854 and served three non-consecutive terms. His mayoralty was marked by an almost dictatorial vision of the office and political corruption in the city's appointed offices, including the New York City police force. His political appointments and his advocacy for unilateral reform of the city charter to strengthen his power and grant the city home rule brought him into direct conflict with the Republican state legislature, leading to a charter revision that prematurely ended his second term in office and resulted in his arrest. He returned to the mayor's office for a final term in 1860.

After leaving the mayor's office, Wood was elected to several more terms in the House of Representatives, where he served for sixteen years. In his final two terms in that office, he served as Chairman of the powerful House Committee on Ways and Means.

Throughout his career, Wood expressed political sympathies for the Southern United States, including during the American Civil War. He once suggested to the New York City Council that the city should declare itself an independent city-state in order to continue its profitable cotton trade with the Confederate States of America. In the House, he was a vocal opponent of President Abraham Lincoln and one of the main opponents of the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery in the United States.

Early life
Fernando Wood was born in Philadelphia on February 14, 1812. His Spanish forename was chosen by his mother, who found it in The Three Spaniards, an English gothic novel written by George Walker.

His father, Benjamin Wood, was a speculator in dry goods who was bankrupted by the Panic of 1819. His mother, Rebecca (née Lehman) Wood, was the daughter of a recent immigrant from Hamburg who had been wounded at the Battle of Yorktown.

Fernando had six siblings: four brothers and two sisters. His brother, named Benjamin Wood after their father, also served in the U.S. Congress. Throughout Fernando Wood's career, Benjamin was his sole trusted ally.

During Fernando's childhood, his father moved the family frequently: from Philadelphia to Shelbyville, Kentucky; New Orleans; Havana, Cuba; Charleston, South Carolina; and finally New York City, where he opened a tobacconist store in 1821. The business failed by 1829 and Benjamin Wood left his family to die, impoverished and alone in Charleston.

Early business
In New York, Fernando enrolled in a private academy run by James Shea of Columbia College. He was educated in grammar, rhetoric, and mathematics. He left school in 1825 at age 13, as his father's business declined, in order to provide for his family. For six years, he worked throughout the Eastern United States in a variety of low-paying jobs, including as a stage actor. In 1831, he married his first wife, Anna W. Taylor, the 16-year old daughter of a Philadelphia merchant.

In 1832, Wood returned to New York City to head his mother's household at 140 Greene Street. He struggled in business, often working nights at his wife's wine and tobacconist store on Pearl Street. In 1835, Wood started a ship chandler firm with Francis Secor and Joseph Scoville, but the business failed during the Panic of 1837. He soon opened a bar using his wife's dowry, which he was forced to close because business was so poor. In later years, after parting ways politically, Scoville accused Wood of overcharging drunken bar patrons.

Rise through Tammany Hall
Despite his business failures, Wood was successful in politics. He joined the nascent Jacksonian Democratic Party, possibly influenced by his hatred of the Second Bank of the United States, which he blamed for his father's ruin. In 1836, party leaders elevated him to membership in the fraternal-political Tammany Society, the first rung on the New York Democratic ladder.

Tammany Hall was split between moderates, including Wood, and a breakaway faction of radicals known as Locofocos. When the Locofocos formed an independent Equal Rights Party, Wood remained in the Tammany organization, gaining promotion into the organization's Young Men's Committee and becoming its organizing force. However, following the Panic of 1837 and a Locofoco food riot, Wood worked to advance radical anti-bank politics within the Young Men's Committee. Wood's move was politically prescient; in September 1837, President Martin Van Buren, a Tammany Hall ally, signaled approval of Locofocoism. At a meeting later that month, the general Tammany organization voted in favor of Wood's motion to oust the Bank Democrats from the organization. Wood received a host of organization promotions.

1840 election
In October 1840, Wood's rise culminated with a nomination for the United States House of Representatives at just 28 years old. At this time, New York City elected its four members of the House on a single ticket. Wood campaigned on Anglophobic themes to appeal to Irish voters in the city, suggesting that "British stockjobbers" funded the Whig campaign in gold. He engaged in a war of words with New York American editor Charles King, who revealed that Wood had been found liable for $2,143.90 in overdraft fees after he fraudulently withdrew from his bank on the basis of a bookkeeping error.

In response, Wood published the statements of two of the referees in his case, a letter from the bank's Whig attorney, and a letter from his own attorney, which Wood combined to argue the bank had maligned him to help the Whig Party.

Wood and his Democratic running mates unseated the incumbent Whig ticket, though Wood received the fewest votes and only won his seat by 886 votes. The bank scandal remained a sore spot for Wood for years.

27th Congress
In Congress, Wood served on the Public Buildings and Grounds Committee. He sought out the mentorship of Henry Clay, who had become estranged from the Whigs over his break with President John Tyler, and Southern Democrats like John C. Calhoun, Henry A. Wise, and James K. Polk. Wood's voting record was markedly pro-Southern and pro-slavery, more so than any other New York congressman.

On economic issues, Wood was an orthodox Democrat, favoring hard money, deflation, and free trade. However, he supported federal funding in New York, including appropriations for harbor improvements, fortifications, and the Brooklyn Navy Yard. Wood was also a staunch backer of federal subsidies for Samuel F.B. Morse's experimental telegraph. He was a vocal opponent of protectionist tariffs proposed by House Ways and Means chairman Millard Fillmore.

Wood also lobbied the U.S. State Department for protections for Irish political prisoners, some of whom were naturalized Americans, whom the British forcibly resettled on Tasmania.

1842 election
Wood expected to run for re-election in 1842, but the New York City district was split into four separate districts by a congressional mandate.

Wood lived in the new fifth district, also home to popular incumbent John McKeon. To avoid facing McKeon in a primary, Wood relocated to a strong Whig district, the sixth, where instead he faced incumbent James I. Roosevelt and former Congressman Ely Moore for the Democratic nomination. After Roosevelt withdrew, Wood won a one-vote plurality in the primary, but fell short of the required majority. Moore withdrew in favor of McKeon, who had lost the nomination in his original district. McKeon won, and Wood covertly undermined him in the general election, invoking McKeon's Irish heritage and suggesting McKeon was a secret abolitionist. McKeon lost to Whig Hamilton Fish.

Return to business
In need of funds and expecting his first child, Wood left politics after 1842 to reopen his ship chandler firm on the East River, announcing to his friends that he was "entirely out of politics."

To accrue necessary capital, Wood begged Henry A. Wise for a patronage appointment as the State Department's local despatch agent, despite previously having tried to abolish the role when he was a congressman. Though Secretary of State Abel Upshur refused, he was soon killed in an accident aboard the USS Princeton and succeeded by John C. Calhoun, who granted Wood the appointment on May 8, 1844.

With his government job as a subsidy and political power base, Wood expanded his business and rented a new home in upper Manhattan with three servants. Except for his efforts on behalf of presidential nominee James K. Polk and in defense of his own patronage position, he remained largely outside politics.

1844 presidential election
In advance of the 1844 Democratic National Convention, which was expected to be a showdown between Calhoun and Martin Van Buren, Wood acted as a double agent on behalf of Van Buren. Calhoun supporters, seeking to peel Tammany away from Van Buren, invited Wood to strategy meetings and sought his advice on courting New York delegates. However, Wood covertly passed this information to Van Buren. Though Calhoun never found Wood out, the affair left Van Buren suspicious of Wood's character and the former President's son, John Van Buren, became Wood's political rival for the next two decades.

After the nomination went to dark horse James K. Polk, Wood renewed their friendship and launched into a campaign for Polk in New York City, New Jersey, and the Southern Tier. Wood used his political connections to Polk to save his patronage job under new Secretary of State James Buchanan.

Real estate
Wood massively expanded his wealth by entering the real estate market, at first by accident. In 1848, using his second wife's modest fortune, he took out a $4,000 (~$ in ) mortgage on a 150 acre plot on Bloomingdale Road. As New York's population boomed and development hastened, real estate values skyrocketed. Along with subsequent purchases from the same estate, Wood accumulated a property worth over $650,000. Using this property as security, he engaged in a series of successful purchases in nearly every ward of Manhattan. William Tweed later said of Wood, "I never yet went to get a corner lot that I didn't find Wood had got in ahead of me."

In 1852, Wood expanded his holdings to San Francisco. By 1855, his growing fortune was estimated at $200,000; in 1861, $500,000. Wood himself reported personal holdings of $1,200,000 at the 1860 census ($ in dollars).

Gold Rush and Cater affair
In October 1848, in the early stages of the California Gold Rush, Wood and four other partners chartered a barque, the John C. Cater, to sell goods and equipment in San Francisco. The goods were sold at inflated prices, and the Cater maintained a profitable trade transporting passengers and lumber between Oregon and San Francisco.

It was later discovered that Wood defrauded his brother-in-law, Edward E. Marvine, in order to obtain the necessary start-up capital for the Cater. Wood presented his brother-in-law with a fraudulent letter, purportedly from a "Thomas O'Larkin" in Monterey, California, suggesting the venture. Marvine was convinced by this letter and convinced three more investors to join. Marvine later sued Wood for $20,000 in fraud. In 1851, Wood was indicted by a grand jury, but the judges quashed the charges because the statute of limitations expired a day before the court was to rule on the matter. Wood was accused, without substantiation, of bribing the Whig district attorney with $700 to delay the charges until the statute of limitations expired. In 1855, the New York Supreme Court ordered Wood to pay Marvine $8,000 and the other partners $5,635.40. Wood filed an appeal that dragged on for another six years.

During the case, Wood maintained his innocence and brought a libel suit against the New York Sun for prematurely printing details of Marvine's deposition.

Mayor of New York City
In the words of biographer Jerome Mushkat, Mayor Wood was "a unique figure, New York's first modern mayor, a city builder, and the prototype for later municipal leaders, a man who anticipated much of what became the urban Progressive Movement." His mayoralty was marked by his push for home rule and charter reform, as well as accusations of corruption in city government by his opponents.

Wood was the first New York City mayor linked to Tammany Hall.

1850 campaign
Wood was nominated for Mayor of New York City for the first time in 1850 with the support of "Soft Shell Democrats" who supported the 1849 state Democratic platform, which called for protection of slavery where it existed but recognized Congress's right to prevent its extension to new American territories. He was defeated by Ambrose C. Kingsland in a landslide for the Whig Party.

1854 campaign
Wood began organizing his political return in November 1853, courting both the Soft and Hard factions in opposition to Free Soil Democrats, who opposed any extension of slavery whatsoever. He also sought influence in the secretive new Know-Nothing nativist movement, despite his base of support in the city's immigrant communities.

Wood was easily nominated for a second time, though a faction of Hard Democrats nominated Wilson J. Hunt. Wood's campaign was nearly upended by his Know-Nothing involvement, but he survived the accusations to win with just 33.6% of the vote.

First term (1855–56)
In his first two-year term, Wood sought to strengthen the office of mayor and establish "one-man rule" in advance of proposals to unilaterally modernize the city's economy, improve its public works, and reduce wealth inequality.

He was very popular in New York and throughout the country, and gained the nickname "the Model Mayor."

However, his attempts at reform were quickly overshadowed by failure to answer accusations of corruption in his handling of the police force. His political base was eroded entirely in the 1855 elections, leaving Wood on the defensive for the remainder of his term. Nonetheless, his vision for the mayoralty as a powerful central executive and his campaign for greater home rule for New York City came to define the city's politics for generations.

He embarked on several large spending programs, including modernizing the city's wharfs by replacing wooden structures with stone, new safety features for the city's railways, construction of the already-planned Central Park, and expansion of the city's grid plan. Attempts to crack down on vice were largely abandoned for political and practical reasons.

1856 gubernatorial campaign and re-election
Wood was an early supporter of James Buchanan for the 1856 Democratic nomination and attempted to parlay this support into a nomination on Buchanan's ticket for Governor of New York. However, an expected endorsement by Buchanan never materialized and Wood was seen as too extreme by state leaders. Both the Hard and Soft factions unified on the candidacy of Amasa J. Parker, who ultimately lost the election.

Instead, Wood stood for re-election as mayor on a platform of charter reform, in defiance of a one-term tradition. The general election campaign was marked by personal attacks and street violence committed by the various political gangs in the city. On election day, Wood furloughed or relieved many police officers of duty, allowing his own gang, the Dead Rabbits, to menace voters and steal ballot boxes. He won the race with 44.6% of the vote, though he trailed Buchanan by a wide margin due to fractures in the city party. Despite his evident abuse of police powers and encouragement of violence, a grand jury declined to indict Wood on the grounds that such practices were common in the city's history and at the time.

Second term (1857)
In Wood's second term, his control over Tammany Hall unraveled and his handling of the police force boiled over in the New York City Police riot and Dead Rabbits riot.

In April, the Republican legislature passed a new City Charter which truncated Wood's current term to one year, a Police Reform Act dissolving Wood's Municipal police in favor of a Metropolitan state unit, and an Excise Act implementing restrictive liquor licensing throughout the state. Wood committed himself to resisting the Police Reform Act and maintaining his own Municipal police, culminating in a police riot and Wood's orchestrated arrest on June 16.

1857 election
In the December 1857 election, Tammany joined with Republicans and Know-Nothings in endorsing Daniel F. Tiemann over Wood. The economic devastation of the Panic of 1857 dominated the campaign, and Wood pursued public works programs to provide jobs and food for the city's poor citizens.

Wood was denied a third successive term by a narrow margin of 3,000 votes.

Return to mayoralty and support for Confederacy
Wood served a third mayoral term in 1860 and 1861. Wood was one of many New York Democrats sympathetic to the Confederacy, called 'Copperheads' by the staunch Unionists. In 1860, at a meeting to choose New York's delegates to the Democratic convention in Charleston, S.C., Wood outlined his case against the abolitionist cause and the "Black Republicans" who supported it. He was of the opinion that "until we have provided and cared for the oppressed laboring man in our own midst, we should not extend our sympathy to the laboring men of other States." In January 1861, Wood suggested to the New York City Council that New York secede and declare itself a free city in order to continue its profitable cotton trade with the Confederacy.

Wood's Democratic machine was concerned with maintaining the revenues that maintained the patronage, which depended on Southern cotton. Wood's suggestion was greeted with derision by the Common Council. Tammany Hall was highly factionalized until after the Civil War. Wood and his faction cocreated and he headed his own organization named Mozart Hall. New York City commercial interests wanted to retain their relations with the South, but within the framework of the Constitution.

Return to U.S. House
Subsequent to serving his third mayoral term, Wood served again in the House of Representatives from 1863 to 1865, then again from 1867 until his death in Hot Springs, Arkansas on February 13, 1881.

Civil War and Reconstruction
Wood was one of the main opponents of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which abolished slavery and was critical in blocking the measure in the House when it first came up for a vote in June 1864. Wood attacked anti-slavery War Democrats as having "a white man's face on the body of a negro," and supported state-level Democratic Party platforms that advocated constitutional amendments protecting slavery. He argued that the amendment "strikes at property," and took the power of regulating slavery away from the states, where it rightfully belonged.

On January 15, 1868, Wood was censured for the use of unparliamentary language. During debate on the floor the House of Representatives, Wood called a piece of legislation "A monstrosity, a measure the most infamous of the many infamous acts of this infamous Congress." An uproar immediately followed this utterance, and Wood was not permitted to continue. This was followed by a motion by Henry L. Dawes to censure Wood, which passed by a vote of 114-39.

Notwithstanding his censure, Wood still managed to defeat Dr. Francis Thomas, the Republican candidate, by a narrow margin in the election of that year.

Wood served as chairman for the Committee on Ways and Means in both the 45th and 46th Congress (1877–1881).

Personality and appearance
Wood was slightly over six feet, making him tall for his time. Contemporaries described him as "strikingly handsome," but he dressed plainly and showed little emotion.

Wood's biographer Jerome Mushkat describes him as a totally self-reliant man of "soaring ambition" and "an almost dictatorial obsession to control men and events."

Marriages and family
Wood's brother Benjamin Wood purchased the New York Daily News (not to be confused with the current New York Daily News, which was founded in 1919), supported Stephen A. Douglas, and was elected to Congress, where he made a name as an opponent of pursuing the American Civil War.

Wood was married three times and had 16 children, seven from his second marriage to Anna Richardson and nine from his third marriage to Alice Mills. Among his children with Mills were Henry Alexander Wise Wood.

His first marriage (1831–39) to Anna Taylor of Philadelphia ended in divorce upon Wood's discovery of her frequent adultery. Their marriage was childless and a court decreed that Anna could not marry again during Wood's lifetime. He never spoke of her again, but a political enemy later claimed she had become an alcoholic prostitute.

In 1841 he married Anna Dole Richardson, who died in 1859. Anna was a direct descendant of William Penn through her mother, and her father, Judge Joseph L. Richardson, was well-connected with upstate politicians including President Van Buren, Silas Wright, and William C. Bouck. During his second marriage, having built a second fortune, Wood and his wife joined the Protestant Episcopal Church.

In 1860 he married Alice Fenner Mills, the 16-year-old daughter of retired Republican financier and railroad executive C. Drake Mills.

Ancestry
The Wood family traces its lineage in America to around 1670, when Henry Wood, a carpenter and Quaker, migrated from Wales to Newport, Rhode Island. He later moved his family to West Jersey, where he established a homestead along the Delaware River.

Fernando Wood's grandfather Henry Wood was born in 1758 and served in the American Revolution as a captain. He was wounded at the battles of Germantown and Yorktown.

Little is known about Wood's maternal line.

Death and legacy
Wood died in Hot Springs, Arkansas on February 13, 1881, one day before his 69th birthday. He was buried in Trinity Church Cemetery, in New York, N.Y.

In Steven Spielberg's Lincoln, Wood is portrayed by Lee Pace as a leading opponent of the president and of the Thirteenth Amendment.

title: Fernando Wood


text:
Talk:Harvey Milk

Semi-protected edit request on 20 July 2023
Please change: "He started a romantic relationship with Jack Galen McKinley and recruited him to work on conservative Republican Barry Goldwater's 1964 presidential campaign.[16] Their relationship was troubled. When McKinley first began his relationship with Milk in late 1964, McKinley was 16 years old.[17]He was prone to depression and sometimes threatened to commit suicide if Milk did not show him enough attention.[18]" To this: "He started a romantic relationship with John Galen "Jack" McKinley (born October 18, 1946) and recruited him to work on conservative Republican Barry Goldwater's 1964 presidential campaign. When McKinley first began his relationship with Milk in late 1964, McKinley was 17 or 18 years old. Their relationship was troubled.  McKinley was prone to depression and sometimes threatened to commit suicide if Milk did not show him enough attention." Southpaw70 (talk) 23:49, 20 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Find a Grave is not a reliable source, please see WP:FINDAGRAVE-EL - FlightTime  ( open channel ) 00:06, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Pictogram voting comment.svg Note: The exact same request was declined by me for the same reason just over a week ago, by a different, freshly created account. Something doesn't smell right. Xan747 (talk) 00:10, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I am a different person. I am seeing people accuse Harvey Milk of pedophilia with John Galen "Jack" McKinley. McKinley's age is incorrect, he is 17 or 18 when Milk and him started a relationship in late 1964.  So it is important to have the facts out there.  It is probably very obvious that I am new to trying to make edits in Wikipedia, but I have sources besides Find A Grave, like the Social Security listing McKinley's birthdate and death date, The Daily Mail article listing that he went missing in November 1963 and was 17 years old at the time, the 1950 census showing him as 3 years old in April 1950. Southpaw70 (talk) 01:35, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I just saw that this is happening right now: California to fine school district $1.5 million for rejecting materials mentioning Harvey Milk Xan747 (talk) 01:53, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * As part of the same story, CNN reports:
 * Board members who opposed the curriculum called Milk a “pedophile” in the May meeting before voting it down. The 34-year-old Milk had a relationship with a 16-year-old while living in Greenwich Village in New York that has long been a source of controversy, according to the late San Francisco journalist Randy Shilts’ biography of Milk, “The Mayor of Castro Street.” The age of consent in New York was raised from 14 to 18 in 2017. Komrosky said in June that his statements about Milk “were not based upon him being a homosexual, but rather based upon him being an adult having a sexual relationship with a minor.”
 * The source is still Shilts though.
 * You won't be able to use the Daily Mail or Fox as sources. The Mail is completely disallowed as a source on Wikipedia, and Fox is highly discouraged when the subject is political--which this is. Find A Grave is sometimes, rarely, allowed when it's clear that it's from public records like Social Security. The problem is that you're trying to combine information from multiple sources to make an argument that none of those sources say on their own, which is known as WP:SYNTH. Matter how good the individual sources are, we simply cannot string them all together to refute what Shilts' well-regarded biography says. Xan747 (talk) 02:21, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * The Daily Mail I'm referencing is a local paper out of Hagerstown, Maryland. I have downloaded a picture of that showing the name of the newspaper and date.  I also downloaded a picture of the census page showing that John Galen was 3 years old at the time, which was April 10, 1950.  These are consistent with John Galen being 17 or 18 at the time him and Milk started having a relationship in late 1964.  What's interesting is that Shilts' book mentions that "at sixteen he decided to quit high school, jump on a Greyhound bus, and leave rural Hagerstown, Maryland, for the gay scene in Greenwich Village he'd heard of." (Kindle Ch. 3, p.1). But his disappearance is noted in The Daily Mail article and lists him as 17 years old on October 22, 1963. Southpaw70 (talk) 05:45, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I bought Randy Shilts book, "The Mayor of Castro Street." I am suggesting some changes to this section of the article: He started a romantic relationship with Jack Galen McKinley and recruited him to work on conservative Republican Barry Goldwater's 1964 presidential campaign. Their relationship was troubled. When McKinley first began his relationship with Milk in late 1964, McKinley was 16 years old.
 * These are the suggested changes:
 * Milk started a romantic relationship with John Galen "Jack" McKinley after McKinley left Hagerstown, MD at the age of 17 in October 1963. (Note: Several age-related references are listed in order to show constancy.  Shilts stated that McKinley was 16 years old when Milk and McKinley started a relationship, but he also states that "Jack Galen McKinley had commited [sic] suicide by the time primary research began on this book." ). He recruited McKinley to work on conservative Republican Barry Goldwater's 1964 presidential campaign.[16]
 * I think "Their relationship was troubled." should be removed because the language doesn't offer a neutral point of view.
 * I think the next sentence should be removed because the conflicting sources are mentioned a couple of sentences earlier. And also Shilts' book has their relationship starting before the presidential campaign.
 * "When McKinley first began his relationship with Milk in late 1964, McKinley was 16 years old.
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflicting_sources
 * Sometimes, although not often, the policy that our threshold is verifiability, not truth means that although something can only be one or another, we cannot determine which one it is. Southpaw70 (talk) 08:34, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Ok I am digesting this and will get back to you. Xan747 (talk) 16:11, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * The unknown adventures of Harvey Milk in Dallas So in January 1967, Milk and his then-20-year-old lover John Galen McKinley packed up their dog Trick and moved to Dallas. This time, Milk had no problem getting a job. He worked at Bache & Co.’s Dallas office in the Mercantile Continental Building at 1810 Commerce St. Xan747 (talk) 16:36, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * The age information seems more inline with the other age-related sources, and information on their life (relationship, location, pets) is inline with Randy Shilts' book. Southpaw70 (talk) 19:49, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Why we don't use Ancestry.com:
 * John (Jack) Galen McKinley
 * Birth 18 Oct 1946 - Hagerstown, Washington, Maryland, USA
 * Death 14 February 1980 - New York City, New York, USA
 * Mother Unavailable
 * Father Unavailable
 * Born in Hagerstown, Washington, Maryland, USA on 18 Oct 1946. John (Jack) Galen McKinley married Harvey Bernard Milk. She passed away on 14 February 1980 in New York City, New York, USA.
 * Xan747 (talk) 17:07, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * The Find A Grave information above differs in some ways from what I'm seeing at https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/189498799/john-galen-mckinley
 * John Galen “Jack” McKinley
 * BIRTH 18 Oct 1946 Frostburg, Allegany County, Maryland, USA
 * DEATH 14 Feb 1980 (aged 33) New York, New York County, New York, USA
 * BURIAL Rest Haven Cemetery Hagerstown, Washington County, Maryland, USA
 * And there is no mention of McKinley marrying Milk, or McKinley being referred to as "she."
 * The memorial part says:
 * JOHN GALEN (Jack) McKINLEY, 33, of New York City and formerly of Hagerstown, died suddenly Thursday in New York City. Born in Frostburg, he was the son of Robert B. McKinley, Hagerstown; and the late Alice C. Wampler McKinley.
 * He was employed at the LaMama Theatre Club, NY City. He was a former member of Washington Square United Methodist Church.
 * Besides his father, he is survived by four sisters: Dorothy Baker, Oxon Hill; Betty Butts, Roanoke, Va.; Alyce Revell, Elkton; and Helen Obitts, Hagerstown; three brothers, David McKinley, Cleveland, Ohio; Robert McKinley, Fairplay; and William McKinley, Williamsport.
 * Memorial services were held at the LaMama Theatre Club. Burial in Rest Haven Cemetery. Local arrangements were handled by the Rest Haven Funeral Home.
 * Source: Daily Mail (Hagerstown, MD)
 * Saturday, February 16, 1980
 * Southpaw70 (talk) 19:53, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Southpaw70 (talk) 19:53, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

 * From a very old talk thread in this page's archives:
 * I agree that there is little point in stating McKinley's age, although Jimjilin may have miscalculated it. According to Shilts, McKinley was 33 when he died on February 14, 1980 (Mayor of Castro Street, p. 343). If so, McKinley was 17 on February 14, 1964, and was 17 or 18 when Milk met him in late 1964. I believe the reference on p. 30 giving McKinley's age as 16 refers to his age when McKinley first met Tom O'Horgan, not when McKinley moved in with Milk. None of which matters for this Wikipedia entry.Vince Emery 18:35, 19 September 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Vinceemery (talk • contribs)
 * According to Milk's address book, in which he also recorded the birthdays of people he knew, McKinley was born October 18, 1946. Therefore, when Milk met McKinley in late 1964, McKinley was at least 17 years old, and possibly 18 years old. 17 is the age of consent in New York state, so the pedophile consideration is not valid in this case.Vince Emery 17:21, 6 October 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Vinceemery (talk • contribs)
 * That editor editor has been active as recently as July 15 of this year, so maybe you could strike up a conversation with him. Xan747 (talk) 17:51, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I didn't think about the math on page 343 of the book, that does align with the census data, and the age at when he went missing from his home on Lanvale St.
 * On page 30, "John Galen McKinley delighted in telling Harvey this this was the sole explanation of why at sixteen he decided to quit high school, jump a Greyhound bus, and leave rural Hagerstown, Maryland, for the gay scene in Greenwich Village he'd heard rumors of."
 * Except for the age information, this above matches the November 4, 1963 articles that are posted in The Morning Herald and The Daily Mail from Hagerstown, MD that mention John McKinley was 17 years old when he missing on October 22, 1963.
 * On page 30, referring to McKinley, "Lodging came easy in New York, first with Tom O'Horgan, an entertainer who had made a small mark in the lounge circuit by telling jokes as he strummed a harp. By 1963, O'Horgan had gone bohemian and was trying his hand at experimental theater.  McKinley had lived with O'Horgan for only a few weeks when he came in one day to announce that a handsome businessman twice his age was vying for his affection."
 * (pg. 30)..."Within a few weeks, McKinley moved into Harvey Milk's Upper West Side apartment. They bought a dog...and settled into a middle-class domestic marriage.  At thirty-three, Milk was launching a new life..."
 * Since it mentions that Harvey Milk was 33 years old and incorporating the news article reporting that 17 year old McKinley went missing October 22, 1963 - this happened sometime between Oct. 22, 1963 and Harvey's May 22, 1964 birthday. The relationship started before May 22, 1964.  Do I add Vinceemery to this talk so that he sees our conversation? Southpaw70 (talk) 20:30, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

@Southpaw70, sorry I got busy on other edit requests and my own interests and forgot that I'd left this hanging. Pinging @Vinceemery, what is your source for the claim that Milk's address book gives McKinley's birth date as October 18, 1946? Note that this is the same birth date listed by Find-a-grave attributed to the Daily Mail (Hagerstown, MD) Saturday, February 16, 1980 obituary. If we can source that newspaper clip then I think we can use that information in this article. Xan747 (talk) 02:59, 23 July 2023 (UTC)

 * That is no problem at all. I sent a request to https://www.washcolibrary.org/obits for John Galen "Jack" McKinley and Joseph Berger, Information Services Librarian - Genealogy Specialist at the Washington County Free Library in Hagerstown, MD sent me a copy of McKinley's obituary.  It doesn't have the date on the clipped article, but the email I received from him says,
 * Attached is the obituary from the Hagerstown, MD newspapers on microfilm.
 * MCKINLEY, JOHN G. "JACK", 33, Sat 16-FEB, 1980, DM, C-6/3
 * DM = The Daily Mail (September 1, 1890 to September 30, 2007)
 * Joseph Berger
 * Information Services Librarian - Genealogy Specialist
 * Project Manager - Historic Newspaper Index
 * Washington County Free Library
 * Alice Virginia and David W. Fletcher Branch
 * [REDACTED - Oshwah]
 * Looking at a different source, which is the Social Security Administration's Death Master File (DMF) [Https://www.ssa.gov/dataexchange/request dmf.html?tl=0 https://www.ssa.gov/dataexchange/request_dmf.html?tl=0], they provide that file to the Department of Commerce's National Technical Information Service (NTIS) [Https://dmf.ntis.gov/ https://dmf.ntis.gov/]; the NTIS sells the DMF to other agencies. Ancestry has purchased the DMF and makes it searchable on the Ancestry.com website.  Here is a FAQ on  Ancestry regarding the Social Security Death Index [Https://search.ancestry.com/search/rectype/vital/ssdi/faq.aspx https://search.ancestry.com/search/rectype/vital/ssdi/faq.aspx].
 * Ancestry.com at [Https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/3693/ https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/3693/] says, "Beginning in 2014, legislative rules governing the SSDI changed. Going forward, records from the most recent 3 year period will not be available to Ancestry.com. Once a record is made available, it can be published."
 * I'm not sure if you can access this for free, or if you have to subscribe, but here is a link to John McKinley in the Social Security Death Index [Redacted - Oshwah]. In case you can't access the link, here is the text which was done by copy and paste:
 * John McKinley
 * Name
 * John McKinley
 * Social Security Number
 * [REDACTED - Oshwah]
 * Birth Date
 * 18 Oct 1946
 * Issue year
 * 1962
 * Issue State
 * Maryland
 * Last Benefit
 * [REDACTED - Oshwah]
 * Death Date
 * Feb 1980
 * ==== Source Citation ====
 * Social Security Administration; Washington D.C., USA; Social Security Death Index, Master File
 * ==== Source Information ====
 * Ancestry.com. U.S., Social Security Death Index, 1935-2014 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2014.
 * Original data: Social Security Administration. Social Security Death Index, Master File. Social Security Administration.
 * ==== Description ====
 * The Social Security Administration Death Master File contains information on millions of deceased individuals with United States social security numbers whose deaths were reported to the Social Security Administration. Birth years for the individuals listed range from 1875 to last year. Information in these records includes name, birth date, death date, and last known residence.
 * I have found a free genealogy source that pulls data from the Social Security Death Index:
 * [REDACTED - Oshwah] Southpaw70 (talk) 23:26, 24 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Southpaw70 - Woah there, partner! I had to suppress some information that you pasted in your response above. Addresses and social security numbers of people (even those who are no longer alive), in general, should not be publicly disclosed on Wikipedia.  ~Oshwah~  (talk) (contribs)   02:50, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia:Oversight mentions non-public information. I posted this information above: Ancestry.com at [5]https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/3693/ says, "Beginning in 2014, legislative rules governing the SSDI changed. Going forward, records from the most recent 3 year period will not be available to Ancestry.com. Once a record is made available, it can be published." Southpaw70 (talk) 03:30, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Southpaw70 - Woah there, partner! I had to suppress some information that you pasted in your response above. Addresses and social security numbers of people (even those who are no longer alive), in general, should not be publicly disclosed on Wikipedia.  ~Oshwah~  (talk) (contribs)   02:50, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia:Oversight mentions non-public information. I posted this information above: Ancestry.com at [5]https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/3693/ says, "Beginning in 2014, legislative rules governing the SSDI changed. Going forward, records from the most recent 3 year period will not be available to Ancestry.com. Once a record is made available, it can be published." Southpaw70 (talk) 03:30, 25 July 2023 (UTC)

The following is a response that tripped an edit filter, but it doesn't appear to be talk page abuse, so I'm copying it to here after a request of WP:EFFP: Vinceemery I have been writing with @Xan747 about John Galen "Jack" McKinley's sentences on the Harvey Milk page. Xan747 mentioned that maybe I should communicate with you on this. I originally became concerned when McKinley's age was being brought up at school board meetings in Southern California, and Harvey Milk was being accused of being a pedophile. I see some sources that point to McKinley being 17 years old by early 1964 (social security records via Ancestry but they pull it from the Social Security Death Master File, the 1950 US Census, and The Morning Herald and The Daily Mail, both of Hagerstown, MD, with a small article reporting that 17 year old John McKinley went missing on October 22, 1963.) The social security records give the actual birthdate of October 18, 1946; the 1950 Census shows that McKinley is 3 years old by April 10, 1950; and two identical articles that ran in the local papers show that McKinley was 17 years old by the time he disappeared on October 22, 1963. Shilts' book mentions twice on page 30 that McKinley is 16 years old, but on page 376 he says that "Jack Galen McKinley commited [sic] suicide by the time primary research began on this book." So Shilts did not get to talk with McKinley and verify any of the information about him. I think "Their relationship was troubled." should be removed because the language doesn't offer a neutral point of view.On page 30, "John Galen McKinley delighted in telling Harvey this this was the sole explanation of why at sixteen he decided to quit high school, jump a Greyhound bus, and leave rural Hagerstown, Maryland, for the gay scene in Greenwich Village he'd heard rumors of."Except for the age information, this above info. matches the November 4, 1963 articles that are posted in The Morning Herald and The Daily Mail from Hagerstown, MD that mention John McKinley was 17 years old when he went missing on October 22, 1963.On page 30, referring to McKinley, "Lodging came easy in New York, first with Tom O'Horgan, an entertainer who had made a small mark in the lounge circuit by telling jokes as he strummed a harp. By 1963, O'Horgan had gone bohemian and was trying his hand at experimental theater. McKinley had lived with O'Horgan for only a few weeks when he came in one day to announce that a handsome businessman twice his age was vying for his affection."(pg. 30)..."Within a few weeks, McKinley moved into Harvey Milk's Upper West Side apartment. They bought a dog...and settled into a middle-class domestic marriage. At thirty-three, Milk was launching a new life..." Since it mentions that Harvey Milk was 33 years old and incorporating the news article reporting that 17 year old McKinley went missing October 22, 1963 - this happened sometime between Oct. 22, 1963 and Harvey's May 22, 1964 birthday. The relationship started before May 22, 1964.I believe this sentence should be changed to incorporate the information above:"When McKinley first began his relationship with Milk in late 1964, McKinley was 16 years old."Maybe it could be changed to update the timeframe they met and McKinley's age, "When McKinley first began his relationship with Milk in late 1963 or early 1964, McKinley was 17 years old." Southpaw70 (talk) 04:19, 22 July 2023 (UTC) — Red-tailed hawk  (nest) 15:22, 23 July 2023 (UTC)

Is the use of LGBT anachronistic?
LGBT is modern political ideology / concept. It can't be said with any exactitude that he would have suppported LGBT positions. Surely it would be more accurate to refer to him as being not only gay or homosexual, but as a supporter of gay, homosexual, lesbian and same sex attracted rights? 2400:2410:9520:4C00:51C5:A7A0:4FF8:E941 (talk) 13:39, 20 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Since multiple reliable sources retroactively refer to him as a member of the LGBT community, it's ok for us to do the same. (It would be different if multiple RS noted substantial controversy over that classification.) Xan747 ✈ 🧑✈ 21:17, 20 September 2023 (UTC)

Thanks to the editors.
As of today, this article is clear, very readable, and seems to be complete. Good job and thank you. Wordreader (talk) 17:38, 29 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Harvey Milk


text:
User:JB82

СЛАВА УКРАЇНІ IN SOLIDARITY WITH THE PALESTINIAN PEOPLE / تضامنا مع الشعب الفلسطيني

title: User:JB82


text:
User talk:Lir/random

Civil Disobedience in the New Millennium Corey N. White September 2, 2003

Civil disobedience is a term that describes non-violent acts of protests against governments that do not necessarily avoid circumventing the law. When dissidents engage in civil disobedience they do so prepared to face the consequences of their actions. The charges usually pressed against activists are disorderly conduct, resisting arrest, and trespassing. There is also a history of radicals being assaulted by police, or labeled insane and given lobotomies. Despite the dangers and consequences of being involved in protesting the government amazing people throughout history have stood up to miss-guided authority and continue to press on into the new millennium. This essay is an attempt to examine the new climate that is emerging with modern activism. I try to convey to the reader how I look past the new storm of legislation that paints an ugly picture of dissidents by applying these new laws to activists of the past who have now been given national recognition for the laws they have broken. The points I draw from my sources and from growing up in the digital age, electronic civil disobedience in new media, is not unlike older more conventional forms of civil disobedience. It is no more dangerous than in my parent's generation, and there are many new causes, that surround modern civil disobedience, which could not be approached outside of new media. While new forms of civil disobedience are being targeted by the media and government as being more dangerous, the older forms are not immune to the growing wave of conservative delegation.

People who we now consider to be heroes in the fight for civil rights and democracy are immortalized for their direct-action or civil disobedience. People like Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, Susan B. Anthony, and Mohandas Gandhi. Even the original patriots of democracy engaged in civil disobedience before the American Revolution. During their lives they were viewed as dangerous and radical, but now we remember them for the great victories they won for human rights.

While it has always been dangerous for activists, today because of increasing anti-dissident legislation the pitfalls of civil disobedience are increasing. After September 11, 2001 the United States passed legislation to help combat the threat of terrorism. Some, including the American Civil Liberties Union see these new bills as a threat to citizen's rights. The ACLU website quotes the US Patriot Act which was passed into law October 26, 2001: "Under Section 802 of the USA PATRIOT Act, a person commits the crime of domestic terrorism if within the U.S. they engage in activity that involves acts dangerous to human life that violate the laws of the United States or any State and appear to be intended: (I) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; (ii) to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion, or (iii) to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination or kidnapping. ". The ACLU publishes their opinion that this bill can be unfairly used to prosecute people engaged in civil disobedience with the sweeping new powers of the rest of the Patriot Act. While the ACLU says, "The ACLU does not oppose the criminal prosecution of people who commit acts of civil disobedience if those acts result in property damage or place people in danger. That type of behavior is already illegal and perpetrators of these crimes can be prosecuted and subjected to serious penalties. However, such crimes often are not 'terrorism.' The legislative response to terrorism should not turn ordinary citizens into terrorists." Merriam-Webster online (www.m-w.com) calls civil disobedience "refusal to obey governmental demands especially as a nonviolent and usually collective means of forcing concessions from the government", thus civil disobedience always breaks the law, and is almost always viewed as dangerous by authority.

The actions of many of the leaders in the civil rights movement and in democracy can be easily viewed as dangerous. In 1913 a mob attacked a Women's Suffrage parade inspired by Susan B. Anthony and no arrests were made. April 4, 1968 Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated. Often, activists involved in civil disobedience are dangerous because of necessity. The Black Panthers, who did many great things for civil rights, also carried guns because they needed to protect themselves, among other reasons. The original patriots of this country and our founding fathers engaged in civil disobedience before the war and due to British resistance their efforts escalated into the American Revolutionary War. Today with the Patriot Act looming over activists heads even a connection with a dissident who is seen to be a 'terrorist' under this loose definition is at risk.

Hactivism
The atmosphere of modern civil disobedience has changed also because of new causes activists have found, and new methods of protest. Hactivism, culture jamming, and guerilla communication are some of the new ways dissidents voice their protests. Economic, Anti-corporate, and Anti-consumerism activisms are some of the modern causes. Activists still fight the old battles of civil rights and stand up to governments when they go to war. Demonstrations are still held, and protesters still worry about the environment. Modern methods of civil disobedience are focused within the new media we find in today's world. Guerilla communication, which includes hactivism and culture jamming, is simply a way for protesters to make their unconventional cause known either through existing communication channels or through more unconventional means. One form of guerilla communication, culture jamming, is when existing propaganda or corporate trade marks are taken and redistributed and modified to support another cause. Nike's slogan "Just do it" was modified to "Just do it… or else" to protest the company's sweat shops. Culture jamming is usually done through graffiti or performance art, but can also be demonstrated through hactivism. Hactivism is the name for electronic civil disobedience. More often it is referred to as cyber terrorism, perpetrated by ignorant teenagers. Culture jamming happens in cyberspace all the time, one example of it is cyber squatting. Cybersquatting is when someone outside the company uses a company's trademark as a domain name. That person then usually covers the site with slanderous material and offers to sell the domain name back to the company at inflated prices. One recent example of this is www.jesus.com, which sold for $10 million dollars. The previous owner of the site claimed to be Jesus himself. Another site which preys on this notion is www.whitehouse.com, a hard core porno site which gets traffic from people trying to reach the real white house website. Hactivism also takes many other forms. To fight piracy some computer hackers clog up search engines and peer-to-peer networks with dead links and advertisements to make the real illegal code hard to find. Recently hackers also released the Nachi worm, which was a 'good virus'. It infected computers that were already infected with the Blaster Worm and acted like anti virus software to remove the blaster. The blaster worm hit us hard early August.

Hackers also do many things in the name of civil disobedience that can be easily viewed as cyber terrorism. In 1986 'Captain Midnight' broadcasted a pirate satellite signal overpowering HBOs satellites with the message: "GOODEVENING HBO FROM CAPTAIN MIDNIGHT $12.95/MONTH? NO WAY! (SHOWTIME/MOVIE CHANNEL BEWARE)". They arrested John R. MacDougall, who was considered a threat to national security not long after. China's human rights website was defaced with the message: "China's people have no rights at all, never mind human rights. How can the United States trade millions of dollars with them and give them the most favored trade status when they know what is happening?" The list goes on and on.

The modern civil disobedient, the 'hactivists', are rarely caught. Hackers are also rare to begin with. The ones who get caught are novices, teenagers who have no real experience. The ones who do not get caught take steps to prevent their identities from being known. They can penetrate one unsecured system and use it to redirect themselves to another system,  routing their connection through as many countries as possible.

Some people may accuse the modern dissidents of the new millennium of being dangerous. That 'hactivists' have the ability to bring down power grids, hospital computers, and critical military systems. This is no different than the older generations of activists that were capable of going to war in their own way; using more conventional means of direct-action. Rarely if ever does a hactivist do these things. They tend to engage in non-violent electronic protests. Angst fueled teenagers who know very little about computers are the true terrorists. In conclusion I argue that to call a true hactivist a cyber terrorist for defacing a objectionable website (i.e. China's human rights site) because it shows he is capable of doing more dangerous things is no different than calling Martin Luther King Jr. or Rosa Parks a terrorist. Martin Luther King Jr. Inspired a whole generation to fight for their civil rights in a non-violent manner and engage in peaceful civil disobedience. He could have easily gone the road of the black panthers and led an army capable of defending themselves. It could be argued as well that Rosa Parks endangered the lives of the people on that bus, and the rest of traffic that day. It is too easy to forget the fights we remember in the past for what they were once viewed as.

Work Cited: Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia, “Civil Disobedience.” [Online] 2 September, 2003.

Sniggle.net The Culture Jammers Encyclopedia, “Hactivism.” [Online] 2 September, 2003.

American Civil Liberties Union, “HOW THE USA-PATRIOT ACT WOULD CONVERT DISSENT INTO BROADLY DEFINED ‘TERRORISM’.“ [Online] 23 October, 2001.

title: User talk:Lir/random


text:
L. E. Modesitt Jr.

L. E. (Leland Exton) Modesitt Jr. (born 1943 ) is an American science fiction and fantasy author who has written over 80 novels. He is best known for the fantasy series The Saga of Recluce. By 2015, the 18 novels in the Recluce series had sold nearly three million copies. By 2019, there were 22 Recluce novels.

In addition to his novels, Modesitt has published technical studies and articles, columns, poetry, and a number of science fiction stories. His first short story, "The Great American Economy", was published in 1973 in Analog Science Fiction and Science Fact. In 2008, he published his first collection of short stories, Viewpoints Critical: Selected Stories (Tor Books, 2008).

Modesitt was the Writer Guest of Honor at Balticon 58, held from May 24 to 27, 2024.

Early life
Modesitt was born in Denver, Colorado. He graduated from Williams College in Massachusetts and lived in Washington, D.C. for almost 20 years while working as a political writer.

He has worked as a Navy pilot, lifeguard, delivery boy, unpaid radio disc jockey, real estate agent, market research analyst, director of research for a political campaign, legislative assistant for a Congressman, staff director for another, Director of Legislation and Congressional Relations for the United States Environmental Protection Agency, a consultant on environmental, regulatory, and communications issues, and a college lecturer and writer in residence.

Approach to writing
Modesitt has stated, "When all the research, all the writing group support, all the cheerleading, and all the angst fade away, and they should, the bottom line is simple: As a writer, you first must entertain your readers. To keep them beyond a quick and final read, you have to do more than that, whether it's to educate them, make them feel, anger them by challenging their preconceptions—or all of that and more. But if you don't entertain first, none of what else you do matters, because they won't stay around."

Personal life
He met his current wife, Carol A. Modesitt, after moving to New Hampshire in 1989. Carol has worked as a professional opera singer and has been a professor and opera director at Southern Utah University since 1993. They relocated to Cedar City, Utah in 1993.

He has been married three times, and has six daughters and two sons.

title: L. E. Modesitt Jr.


text: File:Rush 2112.jpg

title: File:Rush 2112.jpg


text:
User:G hollis

Hola ya'll

Glad to be aboard. As one newly awakened to the beauty of Open Source, I love Wikipedia. I hope to be able to add something to this collaborative project.

Speaking of Collaborative Projects email me at virgal_16@yahoo.com to find out more about the Alterra: Collaborative World Project, the purpose of which is to design a living, breathing fantasy world.

Anyways, here's my bio:

Name: Gerald Hollis DOB:  08/23/1984

Pages I've Edited: Magic: The Gathering The Story Of Magic: The Gathering

title: User:G hollis