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Maariv (newspaper)

Maariv (מַעֲרִיב) is a Hebrew-language daily newspaper published in Israel.

From Sunday to Thursday, it is printed under the Ma'ariv Hashavu'a (מַעֲרִיב הַשָּׁבוּעַ) brand, while the weekend edition that is out on Friday is called Ma'ariv SofHashavu'a (מַעֲרִיב סוּפְהַשָּׁבוּעַ). A daily, abridged version of the newspaper, called Ma'ariv Haboker (מעריב הבוקר), is distributed for free every morning during the week. Ma'ariv Haboker is the fourth largest Israeli newspaper in terms of readership (after Israel HaYom, Yedioth Ahronoth and Haaretz).

Since May 2014, Maariv's co-editors in chief are Doron Cohen and Golan Bar-Yosef. Apart from the daily newspaper and its supplements, Maariv has a chain of local newspapers with a national-scale distribution and magazine division.

History
Maariv was founded in 1948 by former Yediot Aharonot journalists led by Dr. Ezriel Carlebach, who became Maariv's first editor-in-chief. It was the most widely read newspaper in Israel in its first twenty years.

For many years, the Nimrodi family held a controlling stake in Maariv, and Yaakov Nimrodi served as its chairman. In March 2010, Zaki Rakib bought a 50% share from Israel Land Development Company and Ofer Nimrodi, bringing new energy and a much needed cash infusion to the newspaper, which had been losing millions of NIS a year since 2004. Rakib became the new chairman.

However, it was announced in March 2011 that Nochi Dankner was to take control of Maariv through his Discount Investment. On 25 March, Discount transferred 20 million NIS to the struggling firm. On 11 September, Maariv's chairman Dani Yakobi issued a statement that he would sell the newspaper's printing equipment to be able to pay September salaries. On 7 September, Globes announced that Dankner had reached an agreement with Shlomo Ben-Zvi, publisher of Makor Rishon, to buy out the newspaper. However, the deal faltered, and Dankner turned to the court on 23 September for a stay of the proceedings' process. The court appointed a trustee, Shlomo Nass, who ran the newspaper and searched for a buyer. During the following weeks the workers waged a campaign against IDB and Dankner, demanding he honor his obligations to them and pay their salaries, pensions and severance packages in full.

In early November the trustee sold the newspaper to Ben Zvi without the debts or the workers. Ben Zvi kept a fraction of the journalists and commenced a partial convergence process between Maariv and Makor Rishon under his company, Makor Rishon Hatzofe Hameuchad.

As of January 2013, the company Maariv Modiin Ltd. no longer operates Maariv, and until its scheduled closure it was to be operated by the court-appointed trustee.

In March 2014, after a long struggle to stabilize the company, Ben Zvi turned to the municipal Jerusalem court for a stay of proceedings process. Maariv closed most of its departments and published only a thin version, until the court-appointed trustee could find a new owner. In May 2014 the brand was purchased by Eli Azur, who has holdings in a number of media outlets in Israel, including The Jerusalem Post, Sport1, Israel Post and 103FM radio station. A few days after the deal was approved, Azur relaunched the daily newspaper as Maariv-Hashavua, and a weekend edition called Maariv-Sofhashavua, which is an amalgamation of Maariv and the group's weekend magazine Sofhashavua.

Political orientation
In 2012, Maariv, associated with Israel's political center, was critical of Benjamin Netanyahu's center-right government.

Moshe Arens, in a Haaretz opinion piece penned in 2012, wrote that the owner of Maariv had resolved a few years earlier to steer the newspaper leftward, "forsaking the right-wing readership that was loyal to it for years".

Circulation
In a TGI survey for the first half of 2012, Maariv's market share was 11.9 percent. Until 2013 Maariv owned a printing house, which was sold to the newspaper Yisrael Hayom to cover the newspaper's big debts. Since then Maariv has outsourced the printing operations to other printing houses.

As of July 31, 2023, a TGI survey indicated that Israel Hayom, distributed for free, is Israel's most-read newspaper, with a 29.4% weekday readership exposure, followed by Yedioth Ahronoth, with 22.3%, Haaretz with 4.8%, Globes with 4% and Maariv with 3.9%.

Supplements

 * Weekdays:
 * Hamagazine – daily magazine, including culture and entertainment, crosswords, television and radio listings; used to include opinions
 * Asakim – financial section
 * Sport section
 * Tuesday
 * Signon – home magazine
 * Wednesday
 * Signon – fashion magazine
 * Friday
 * Musafshabat – in-depth political analysis and commentary
 * Sofshavua – weekend magazine
 * Journal – culture and entertainment, TV and radio listings
 * Asakim – financial magazine
 * At – YOU, women's magazine
 * A local affiliated weekly newspaper, depending on the region

Present

 * Menachem Ben – literature critic, publicist
 * Yehonatan Geffen – columnist
 * Mordechai Haimovich – magazine writer
 * Tzipi Hotovely – columnist
 * Kalman Liebskind – journalist and columnist
 * Avi Ratzon – sport commentator
 * Ruvik Rosenthal – Hebrew language columnist
 * Erel Segal – columnist
 * Ben-Dror Yemini – publicist (politics)
 * Ben Caspit - journalist and columnist

Past

 * Dahn Ben Amotz – humor, culture, gossip (deceased)
 * Kobi Arieli – satirist
 * Ben Caspit – political and diplomatic analyst
 * Daniel Dagan - political correspondent
 * Amnon Dankner – chief editor
 * Jacob Farkas ("Ze'ev") – cartoonist (deceased)
 * Kariel Gardosh ("Dosh") – cartoonist, creator of the "Srulik" ("little Israel") character (deceased)
 * Dudu Geva – humor and satire (deceased)
 * Jacky Hugi – Arab and Middle East correspondent
 * Ephraim Kishon – humor and satire (deceased)
 * Tommy Lapid – editor, turned to politics and returned to the paper as a publicist (deceased)
 * Ron Maiberg – columnist
 * Dan Margalit – political columnist
 * Ofer Shelach – political, military and diplomatic analyst, sport commentator
 * Meir Shnitzer – TV and film critic

Notable people

 * Doron Galezer (born 1952), former chief executive editor

title: Maariv (newspaper)


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User talk:La Nina

jJL"J:JLJLL;JL;jio;ij;;jiji;;uiu;iuo;u;u; La Nina

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:La Nina


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Armadale, Skye

Armadale (Armadal) is a village near the southern end of the Sleat peninsula on the Isle of Skye, in the Highland council area of Scotland. Like most of Sleat, but unlike most of Skye, the area is fairly fertile, and though there are hills, most do not reach a great height. It looks out over the Sound of Sleat, to Morar and Mallaig. The name ’Armadale’, meaning ‘elongated valley’, derives from the Old Norse armr and dalr. Clan Donald has a visitor centre situated next to the ruins of Armadale Castle and surrounded by large gardens, while the nearby Sabhal Mòr Ostaig is a centre of Gaelic learning.

The village is also a small port, and has a regular Caledonian MacBrayne ferry service to Mallaig. It is at the southern end of the A851 road. When walking on the beach near the pier, it is possible to see otters and seals.

title: Armadale, Skye


text: User talk:80.179.85.7

title: User talk:80.179.85.7


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Talk:Antonio Salieri

Lead
The following discussion has been copied from to enable a wider discussion. -- Michael Bednarek (talk) 00:56, 26 September 2017 (UTC)

I appreciate the work of Michael Bednarek, in noting my mistake and in moving our previous discussion here, and I express my thanks. I made an edit, and Michael Bednarek reverted it. Then Michael Bednarek made his own edit, which addressed some of the problems which my edit had corrected, but not all of them. Therefore, I am going to make another edit, based on the reasoning which follows. I am aware that "edit wars" are forbidden on Wikipedia and my action is not merely counter-reverting a reversion made by another editor, but a good-faith attempt to craft a sentence which effectively communicates the information which it seems the original author of the sentence meant for it to convey. Michael Bednarek's edit was an improvement on the original, so I will edit his sentence, because it does not correct all of the sentence's problems. The current form of the sentence, which my edit will modify, follows:

"He is popularly remembered for rumours that he poisoned his supposedly bitter rival Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, when most likely, they were at least mutually respectful peers."

"Popularly remembered," although an idiom which one sees in informal usage, is nonsensical, and its tone is unacceptable for Wikipedia. It seems to mean "remembered by the populace," but its literal meaning is "remembered in a manner that is popular," which, even if we spare it the further analysis to which it is susceptible, has already become untenable. So it must be discarded. The intent behind the original use of the phrase was to describe the perception of Salieri which the members of the general public hold within their minds. Unless there is some authoritative source for this information, drawing such a conclusion relies upon conjecture, and that is outside the provenance of Wikipedia. Yet, there is evidence, cited later in the article, that the referred-to "rumors" are a matter of fact (factual not in that the rumors were correct, but that there have been, indeed, such rumors). So, the rumors, themselves, have a place in the corrected sentence.

When a construction such as "He is popularly remembered for rumours" is used, the meaning is that the subject of the sentence is responsible for the object of the preposition. Consider the example "He is remembered for paintings that depicted the Parthenon." I am not saying that the phrasing, as it is used in the article's sentence and as it is used in my example, is the exact same in both; I am saying that it is close enough to being the same to warrant revision, due to the potential ambiguity which it invites.

The construction "supposedly bitter rival" is also problematic. What is the supposition? Salieri was supposedly rivals with Mozart, or the rivalry was supposedly a bitter one? "Supposedly" is, due to its form, most likely to be an adverb, and thus it could properly modify only an adjective; "bitter" is an adjective, and "rival" is a noun. But clarity makes for less ambiguity. "Rumors" are, by definition, of uncertain verity. Anything rumor says is "supposed" and not confirmed or verified. The extraneous word "supposedly" may be dropped. Although the idea of a rivalry without bitterness is conceivable, the idea of bitterness supports the alleged resultant act of poisoning, so the bitterness will ideally be preserved, as will the rivalry, in the revision of this sentence.

Michael Bednarek suggested that the death of Mozart is important, relative to this sentence, so it will be the new subject. The sentence which I will submit:

"The death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was followed by rumours that he and Salieri had been bitter rivals, and that Salieri had poisoned the younger composer, yet it is likely that they were, at least, mutually respectful peers."

Michael Bednarek makes the argument that the Purdue Online Writing Lab is "outdated" because in its style guidelines it endorses one rule that is debatable (perhaps the word choice "outdated" is the result of the Lab standing on the same side of the debate as that taken by most authorities on the topic, over the past 300 years, or so). If I find that a source, which is being appealed to, as an authority, contains an error, then is that source therefore invalid, as an authority? And what if that source has not made a demonstrable error, but has endorsed the side of a debate that is not the same side as another source, in a debate which is current and regards a relatively radical reversal of a grammatical precept (in this case, the agreement, in number, of a pronoun and its antecedent) which has been seen as an immutable axiom in the proper use of English, for generations? Closer study should remedy a faulty argument. catsmoke (talk) 20:48, 4 October 2017 (UTC)

 * Looking more closely at my edit, which is at the end of the final paragraph of the article's introductory section, there needs to be a more gentle transition, to link the sentence I've added back to the preceding two. I state this as a recommendation for a potential edit. It is a matter that I will, myself, address, as soon as I can. catsmoke (talk) 23:20, 9 October 2017 (UTC)

 * I regret having applied my ultimate edit immediately after I'd posted my explanation of its form. The best practices are those practices which best serve Wikipedia. Yet, I did not give Michael Bednarek any time to look at, or to respond to, the changes that I proposed to apply. Ideally, we would have crafted an edit that was a compromise, based on a more extensive dialog. catsmoke (talk) 05:45, 13 October 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Antonio Salieri. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100606232139/http://www.teatrosalieri.it/index.asp?m0=cartellone&tipo=Salieri_Opera_Festival to http://www.teatrosalieri.it/index.asp?m0=cartellone&tipo=Salieri_Opera_Festival
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110722055405/http://www.teatrosalieri.it/index.asp?m0=cartellonedett&tipo=Salieri_Opera_Festival&page=0&id=3233 to http://www.teatrosalieri.it/index.asp?m0=cartellonedett&tipo=Salieri_Opera_Festival&page=0&id=3233

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

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Depiction in fiction
Noticed this article lacks a mention of there being a rather major plotline regarding amadeus and salieri in  Steins gate.  (cant figure out how to color the bg black, so will leave the spoiler in cleartext like this.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.248.100.73 (talk) 18:53, 10 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Antonio Salieri


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Halton Hills

Halton Hills is a town in the Regional Municipality of Halton, located in the northwestern end of the Greater Toronto Area, Ontario, Canada with a population of 62,951 (2021).

There are many natural features within these bounds; they include the Niagara Escarpment, and the Bruce Trail. Many of these local features are protected by the Conservation Halton, Credit Valley Conservation & Grand River Conservation Authority.

Communities
The primary population centres are Georgetown and Acton. Additionally, there are a number of hamlets and rural clusters within the town, including Ashgrove, Ballinafad (straddling the boundary with Erin), Bannockburn, Crewsons Corners (straddling the boundary with Erin, Guelph-Eramosa and Milton), Glen Williams, Henderson's Corners, Hornby, Limehouse, Mansewood, Norval, Scotch Block, Silver Creek, Speyside, Stewarttown, Terra Cotta (straddling the boundary with Caledon), and Wildwood. The area was first settled in the 1820s.

Geography

Esquesing Township, of which the greatest part went to form Halton Hills, was favourably described in 1846:

"This is a fine township, containing excellent land, and many good farms, which are generally well cultivated. Wheat of superior quality is grown in this and adjoining townships. The land is mostly rolling."

The town is bisected by the Niagara Escarpment from southwest to northeast, and a significant portion of the rural area is located within the provincial Greenbelt. Above the Escarpment, a large proportion of the rural area is classified as environmentally sensitive wetlands, and there are several sites that are licensed for aggregate extraction, for which expansion requires detailed environmental assessment. Below the Escarpment, the rural area is mainly agricultural, with the exception of an industrial area currently being developed between Highway 401 and Steeles Avenue.

The town also forms part of three watersheds:

 * to the west of Acton, a small area flows toward the Grand River
 * the northern half flows into the Credit River, including the Black Creek and Silver Creek tributaries
 * the southern half flows into the Sixteen Mile Creek

The Water Survey of Canada operates two hydrometric monitoring stations in the town, on the Black Creek below Acton, and at Norval on the Credit River.

Vegetation
Halton Hills is located in the transition zone between the Huron-Ontario Forest Section of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence forest zone to the north and the Niagara Section of the Carolinian forest zone to the south. Both forest zones are part of the Mixedwood Plains Ecozone. The natural vegetation in the Huron-Ontario Section is dominated by mixed wood forests. It is a transitional type between the southern deciduous forests and the northern coniferous forests. The forest communities of the Niagara Section are dominated by broad-leaved trees. Overall, Halton Hills consists predominantly of agricultural lands with scattered woodlands and wetlands. The woodlands are mainly deciduous forest and the wetlands are either cedar swamp or cattail marsh.

Endangered and threatened species
American ginseng exists in the town, and is protected under the Endangered Species Act, 2007. Butternut trees are also threatened by the butternut canker. The hooded warbler and the Jefferson salamander are also designated as threatened species.

Brook trout had been eliminated from the Black Creek watershed for many years, following the ongoing environmental disaster due to the excessive consumption of faecal mater as well as the trailer park polluting the water in the town of Erin. The trout have not returned, and anglers report that most of the fish have almost entirely disappeared from the area.

Geology
The physiography and distribution of surface material in the Town of Halton Hills are the result of glacial activity which took place in the Late Wisconsinan Substage of the Pleistocene Epoch. This period of time, which lasted from approximately 23,000 to 10,000 years ago, was marked by the repeated advance and melting back of massive, continental ice sheets.

The Niagara Escarpment dominates the physiography of the town and greatly influenced the pattern of glaciation in the region. The Escarpment, formed by erosion over millions of years, is a high relief bedrock scarp which trends to the north through the central part of the town. To the west, on the upper surface of the Escarpment, hummocky morainic ridges deposited by glacial ice form part of the Horseshoe Moraines physiographic region. To the southeast below the Escarpment, is a smooth glacial till plain partially bevelled by lacustrine action, which forms part of the South Slope and Peel Plain physiographic regions.

The Town of Halton Hills is underlain by Ordovician shales of the Queenston Formation east of the Niagara Escarpment, and by Silurian dolomites of the Amabel Formation west of the Escarpment. The escarpment face exposes a complex succession of shales, sandstones, limestones and dolomites of the Clinton and Cataract Groups. Red shales of the Queenston Formation underlie the eastern half of the town and are generally covered by more than 15 m of glacial sediments, predominantly the Halton Till. There are several areas of thin drift cover south of Georgetown.

The quarrying of limestone has been undertaken since the 19th century, and the lime industry was once quite prevalent. In 1886, the Toronto Lime Company had operations in Limehouse and Acton, employing a total of four draw kilns and eleven set kilns, producing common lime and water lime. At Limehouse, rock from the Clinton formation yielded green and brown shales and blue marl, which were used in the manufacture of mineral paints.

Small oil and gas deposits have been discovered northwest and south of Acton, and around Hornby. While exploration had occurred as early as 1908, with oil being discovered in 1912, significant strikes did not occur until 1954.

The town is located in an area that is considered to be of low seismic potential, and the largest recent earthquake to take place within its limits was of magnitude 3 on 29 June 1955. There is a POLARIS seismic monitoring station located just west of Acton.

Climate
Halton Hills has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb).

The Town has two distinct climate zones:
 * Zone 5a - north of the Niagara Escarpment
 * Zone 5b - south of the Escarpment

Environment and Climate Change Canada operates one climate monitoring station at Georgetown.

History
Both Georgetown and Acton, as well as the smaller communities in the rural area, have histories which go back about 200 years. Settlement began in the 1820s.

The hamlet of Hornby was home to the large Brain Brewery, established in 1845; it was eventually making 5,000 barrels of beer per year with ten employees. The facility closed when Prohibition started in 1916 and did not later reopen.

Halton Hills was formed in 1974 through the amalgamation of the former Towns of Georgetown and Acton, together with much of the former Esquesing Township, and a small portion of the Town of Oakville lying north of Ontario Highway 401. Originally named the Town of North Halton in the establishing legislation, provision was made for a name change to be adopted in consequence of a referendum, and Halton Hills was thus chosen in October 1973:

On August 1, 2013, Toronto Premium Outlets, the first Premium Outlets Centre in Canada, opened for business on Steeles Avenue at the south end of Halton Hills near the border of Milton, Ontario.

Demographics
In 2021, Halton Hills was 84.6% white/European, 13.6% visible minorities, and 1.8% Indigenous. The largest visible minority groups were South Asian (5.6%), Black (1.7%), Chinese (1.2%), Filipino (1.0%) and Latin American (1.0%).

80.8% of residents spoke English as their mother tongue. The next most common first languages were Polish (1.7%), Portuguese (1.6%), French (1.5%), Punjabi (1.4%), Croatian (1.2%), Italian (1.0%) and Spanish (1.0%). 2.2% of residents listed both English and a non-official language as mother tongues, while 0.5% listed both English and French.

61.4% of the population were Christian, down from 72.1% in 2011. 34.3% were Catholic, 16.8% were Protestant, 6.2% were Christian n.o.s, 1.6% were Christian Orthodox and 2.6% belonged to other Christian denominations or Christian-related traditions. 32.2% were non-religious or secular, up from 26.3% in 2011. 6.4% belonged to other religions, up from 1.6% in 2011.The largest non-Christian religions were Islam (2.0%), Sikhism (1.9%), and Hinduism (1.5%).

Local government
The town is divided into four wards, each of which elects two local councillors. Two regional councillors are also elected - one from Wards 1 and 2 (i.e., the area that was in the former Town of Acton and the former Township of Esquesing), and one from Wards 3 and 4 (i.e., the area in the former Town of Georgetown). The mayor is elected at large. The mayor and two regional councillors (who also serve on Halton Hills council) represent the town at the council meetings of the Regional Municipality of Halton.

The current (2022-2026) membership of the town council is as follows:

Halton Hills has its own fire department. However, policing is provided by the Halton Regional Police Services. The Town has its own official plan which came into force in March 2008 and was consolidated in 2017 with the Region's plan. The libraries in the Town are managed by the Halton Hills Public Library Board.

Symbols
In 1975, the Lord Lyon King of Arms awarded arms to the town, followed by the grant of a badge in 1984. Both were subsequently registered with the Canadian Heraldic Authority in 2005. They are specifically described as follows:
 * Arms: Per pale, dexter Or two bendlets wavy Sable, sinister Azure two escarpes wavy Argent, a chief per fess dancetty Azure and Argent, overall a white pine tree (Pinus strobus) proper;
 * Motto: Hereditas Integritas Veritas (Heritage, integrity, truth)
 * Badge: On an oval Azure a white pine tree Argent within a wreath of five oak leaves alternating with five papyrus leaves Or.

Transportation
The town has four main roads: East-west
 * connecting Acton and Georgetown
 * between Milton and Brampton

North-south Bus service is provided by GO Transit along Highway 7 on its Georgetown line corridor. Via Rail and GO Train service are provided at Georgetown GO Station.
 * between Acton and Milton
 * between Ballinafad and Oakville

The Grand Trunk Railway brought train service to the area in 1856, with stations at Acton and Georgetown. Passenger service to Acton ceased in the 1990s, but GO Train service is planned to be revived there in 2013.

Rail freight service is also provided by Canadian National on its Halton Subdivision from Georgetown southwest through Milton to Burlington. CN's Guelph Subdivision between Georgetown and London is currently managed by Goderich–Exeter Railway.

In November 2020, VIA Rail Canada rerouted some of its trains onto the Halton Subdivision through Stewarttown while their usual route was closed for signal upgrades.

From 1917 to 1931, Norval, Georgetown and Acton were also served by the Toronto Suburban Railway.

Media
HaltonHillsToday.ca is an online local news source in Halton Hills, offering the latest breaking news, weather updates, entertainment, sports and business features, obituaries and more.

Halton Hills is also covered by the following local newspapers and online media:
 * Georgetown Independent
 * Acton Free Press
 * The Acton New Tanner
 * The Halton Compass
 * Halton Herald
 * In Georgetown Community Website
 * Acton UP, local online news

A radio transmitter in Hornby is used by stations CFZM and CJBC.

Sister cities
Halton Hills has one sister city:

 * Wenjiang (Chengdu), Sichuan, China

title: Halton Hills


text:
User talk:BJ Computer geek Raven

I'm a RAVEN!(and a geek)

title: User talk:BJ Computer geek Raven


text:
Talk:Extermination camp

Missing comma
The third paragraph in the "Extermination procedure" section has a sentence missing a comma. It should read, "At Auschwitz, clothes . . ."

Thanks. MickRide808 (talk) 13:25, 26 August 2023 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 6 March 2024
In the part where it says "The victims of death camps were primarily murdered by gassing", remove the word "by" from the link that goes to the article called "Gas chamber". Swissairproud001 (talk) 22:27, 6 March 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ popo dameron   talk  22:36, 6 March 2024 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 7 March 2024
In the introduction, the genocide is described as "Nazi Germany's 'Final Solution...". The phrasing of genocide in these terms is sensitive, and the suggestion that the Holocaust was indeed a 'solution' is implicit in this sentence. I would suggest that the wording be changed to something like, "Nazi's described this genocide as..." or some such. VelvetCommuter (talk) 14:53, 7 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: The current wording is fine. The quotes show that it is a Nazi phrase, and to me "Jewish Question" implies some kind of solution. Phrasing it like this lets the reader see how banal the political discussion around the Holocaust was at the time. HansVonStuttgart (talk) 16:53, 7 March 2024 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 2 May 2024
I want to add in Junichsen (talk) 21:13, 2 May 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ Hyphenation Expert (talk) 22:13, 2 May 2024 (UTC)
 * thx Junichsen (talk) 22:36, 2 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Extermination camp


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Talk:Norfolk Park

This was a blank link, so I filled it. Hope that's okay. Cosywolf, Sheffield.

title: Talk:Norfolk Park


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Eric Alterman

Eric Alterman (born January 14, 1960) is an American historian and journalist. He is a CUNY Distinguished Professor of English and Journalism at Brooklyn College and the author of twelve books.

From 1995 to 2020, Alterman was "The Liberal Media" columnist for The Nation. He is a contributing writer there, and at The American Prospect, where under a two-year grant he wrote the newsletter, Altercation, until January 27, 2023. In his farewell newsletter column Alterman stated that he opened a Substack page also entitled, Altercation, on January 21, 2023, and that although publication plans were only in development, he was accepting free subscriptions.

Early life and education
Alterman was born to a Jewish family in 1960. He graduated from Scarsdale High School in the New York suburb.

He earned a BA in history and government from Cornell University, an MA in international relations from Yale University, and a PhD in U.S. history from Stanford University. His doctoral dissertation, completed in 2002 with Barton Bernstein as primary advisor, was entitled, Two lies: the consequences of presidential deception.

Journalism
Alterman began his journalism career in 1983, freelancing originally for The Nation, The Washington Monthly, The New Republic, Harper's, Le Monde diplomatique, and later, for Vanity Fair, The New York Times Magazine, The New Yorker, and The Atlantic Monthly, among others, while working as a senior fellow for the World Policy Institute in New York City and Washington, D.C. Not long after, he became the Washington correspondent for Mother Jones and, soon thereafter, Rolling Stone, before returning to The Nation as a columnist in 1995.

Alterman has been a contributing editor or columnist for many publications including Elle, Worth, Rolling Stone, and The Sunday Express (London), while he has also contributed to The New Yorker, The Atlantic, and Le Monde Diplomatique. In 2021, he restarted "Altercation" as a newsletter published by The American Prospect. It previously had been a daily blog featured by MSNBC beginning in 2002.

Television
Alterman was hired by MSNBC in 1996, appearing as a commentator on the cable channel and writing a column posted on its website. In 2002, MSNBC engaged him to create the blog daily "Altercation", one of the first blogs hosted by a mainstream media news organization. In September 2006, after a ten-year association, Alterman and MSNBC parted ways. Media Matters for America hired him as a senior fellow and agreed to host "Altercation", effective from September 18, 2006. Regular contributors to "Altercation" included the sportswriter Charlie Pierce and the historian and military officer Robert Bateman. On December 22, 2008, Alterman announced that "Altercation" would be moving to the website for The Nation in 2009, and would appear on a less regular basis than its previous Monday to Friday schedule. He also has worked as a history consultant for HBO Films.

Teaching career
Alterman has taught journalism at both New York University and Columbia University. Since fall 2004, he has been a professor of English at Brooklyn College, where he teaches courses in media and media history. In 2007, he was named a CUNY distinguished professor of English at Brooklyn College and professor of journalism at the CUNY Graduate School of Journalism.

Books
Alterman's first book was entitled, Sound & Fury: The Making of the Punditocracy, which won the 1992 George Orwell Award. Alterman wrote the book while studying for his doctorate in U.S. history at Stanford University. Alterman's other books include the national best-sellers, ''What Liberal Media? The Truth About Bias and the News (2003, 2004) and The Book on Bush: How George W. (Mis)leads America'' (2004). Other books he has authored include ''Who Speaks for America? Why Democracy Matters in Foreign Policy (1998) and the second edition of Sound & Fury'' (2000). His It Ain't No Sin to be Glad You're Alive: The Promise of Bruce Springsteen (1999, 2001) won the 1999 Stephen Crane Literary Award. In September 2004, Viking Press published When Presidents Lie|When Presidents Lie: A History of Official Deception and its Consequences – a version of his doctoral dissertation – on lies of major consequence told by American presidents.

His seventh book, published in 2008 by Viking was entitled, Why We're Liberals: A Political Handbook for Post-Bush America. Also in 2008, Alterman published a lengthy essay in The New Yorker on the decline of American newspapers and the future role of new media news sites. His eighth book, Kabuki Democracy: The System vs. Barack Obama, was published in early 2011. It was an extension of a lengthy article by him that was published by The Nation in summer 2010. Alterman's ninth book, The Cause: The Fight for American Liberalism from Franklin Roosevelt to Barack Obama (2012), is a history of postwar American liberalism co-authored with the historian Kevin Mattson. Three years later, in 2015, his tenth book, Inequality in One City: Bill de Blasio and the New York Experiment was published.

In 2020, he published his eleventh book, Lying in State: Why Presidents Lie and Why Trump is Worse.

His twelfth book was published in 2022 and is entitled We Are Not One: A History of America’s Fight Over Israel.

Media criticism
Alterman's media criticism was the subject of two of his books. In contrast to conservative media commentators, Alterman argues that the press is biased against liberals rather than biased in their favor. He was called "the most honest and incisive media critic writing today" in the National Catholic Reporter and the author of "the smartest and funniest political journal out there" in The San Francisco Chronicle. In 2008, Alterman became a regular columnist for the Jewish magazine, Moment, where he wrote regularly about Jewish issues. From 2009 to 2012, he was a regular contributor to The Daily Beast.

Quotes by and about
Alterman was and remains a critic of Ralph Nader for Nader's actions in the 2000 U.S. presidential election, arguing that Nader is to blame for the election of George W. Bush because of vote splitting. He has called Nader "Bush's Useful Idiot", myopic, and a deluded megalomaniac. In the documentary, An Unreasonable Man, he is quoted as saying about Nader:

"The man needs to go away. I think he needs to live in a different country. He's done enough damage to this one. Let him damage somebody else's now."

Alterman has criticized Steve Jobs for his avarice and for failing to give any of his wealth to the poor. Jobs died with more than $8 billion in various bank accounts and with shareholdings in a tax-free fund with assets of more than $70 billion. He has also accused Apple of business practices that ultimately result in the misery of Chinese workers.

He appears in the award-winning documentary film on Lee Atwater, Boogie Man: The Lee Atwater Story. In it, Alterman said, "...Race is poison, but it is poison that works for their side. People vote their fears and not their hopes, and Lee understood that." He also appears in Robert Greenwald's documentary, Outfoxed, and in Best of Enemies, a documentary about Gore Vidal and William F. Buckley.

His critics have called Alterman a member of the Israel lobby. Alterman notes, however, that his views on Israel are attacked by both the left for being too pro-Israel and by the right, such as The Weekly Standard, for not supporting Israel enough.

Major works

 * Sound & Fury: The Making of the Punditocracy (1992, 1993, 2000) ISBN 978-0-8014-8639-5
 * Who Speaks for America? Why Democracy Matters in Foreign Policy, (1998) ISBN 978-0-8014-3574-4
 * It Ain't No Sin to be Glad You're Alive: The Promise of Bruce Springsteen (1999, 2001)
 * What Liberal Media? The Truth About Bias and the News (2003, 2004) ISBN 978-0-465-00177-4
 * The Book on Bush: How George W. (Mis)leads America (2004) ISBN 0-14-303442-1
 * When Presidents Lie: A History of Official Deception and its Consequences, (2004, 2005) ISBN 978-0-670-03209-9
 * Why We're Liberals: A Handbook for Restoring America's Most Important Ideals (2008, 2009) ISBN 978-0-14-311522-9
 * Kabuki Democracy: The System vs. Barack Obama (2011) ISBN 978-1-56858-659-5
 * The Cause: The Fight for American Liberalism from Franklin Roosevelt to Barack Obama with Kevin Mattson (2012) ISBN 978-0-67-002343-1
 * Inequality and One City: Bill de Blasio and the New York Experiment, Year One (2015) ISBN 978-1-940489-19-3
 * Lying in State: Why Presidents Lie - And Why Trump Is Worse (2020) ISBN 978-1-541616-82-0

Honors and awards
During the course of his career, Alterman has been recognized for the following honors and awards:
 * Winner, 1993 George Orwell Award for Distinguished Contribution to Honesty and Clarity in Public Language for Sound & Fury: The Making of the Punditocracy
 * Winner, Stephen Crane Literary Award for It Ain't No Sin to be Glad You're Alive, 1999
 * Finalist, Mirror Awards for "Best Single Article, Traditional" and "Best Commentary, Digital", 2009
 * Finalist, Mirror Award for "Best Commentary, Digital", 2010
 * Winner, Mirror Award for "Best Commentary, Digital" and Finalist, "Best Commentary, Traditional", 2011
 * Finalist, Mirror Award for "Best Commentary, Traditional", 2012
 * Media Fellow, Hoover Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, June 2013
 * Finalist, Mirror Award for "Best Commentary, Digital" and "Best Commentary, Traditional", 2013
 * Finalist, Mirror Award for "Best Commentary, Traditional" 2014
 * Finalist, Mirror Award for "Best Commentary", 2016
 * Selected, Schusterman Fellow, Brandeis University, 2016
 * Elected to be Fellow of the Society of American Historians, 2016
 * Winner, Mirror Award for "Best Commentary", 2017

title: Eric Alterman


text:
Edith Tolkien

Edith Mary Tolkien ( Bratt; 21 January 1889 – 29 November 1971) was an Englishwoman known as the wife of the novelist J. R. R. Tolkien. She was the inspiration for his fictional Middle-earth characters Lúthien Tinúviel and Arwen Undómiel.

Early life
Edith Bratt was born in Gloucester on 21 January 1889. Her mother, Frances Bratt, was 30 years old, unmarried, and was the daughter of a local shoe and bootmaker.

According to Humphrey Carpenter, Frances Bratt never married, and the name of Edith's father is not listed on her birth certificate. Even so, Frances is reported to have always preserved a photograph of him and his name was known within the Bratt family. Edith, however, was always deeply conscious of having been conceived out of wedlock and never told her own children the name of their grandfather. Subsequent research has identified Edith's father as Birmingham paper dealer Alfred Frederick Warrilow, who had previously employed Frances Bratt as governess to his daughter, Nellie Warrilow. When Warrilow died in 1891, he named Frances as his sole executrix in his will.

Edith was brought up in Handsworth, a suburb of Birmingham, by her mother and also her cousin, Jenny Grove (related to Sir George Grove). According to Humphrey Carpenter, the circumstances of Edith's birth were a regular subject of neighbourhood gossip.

Frances Bratt died when her daughter was 14 and Edith was sent to the Dresden House boarding school in Evesham. The school was run by the Watts sisters, who had studied music in Dresden. Although the school had a very "strict regime", Edith was always to remember it fondly. It was at the Dresden House School where Edith "first developed her great love, and talent, for playing the piano."

Following school, Edith was expected to become a concert pianist or at the very least a piano teacher. While she considered how to proceed, Edith's guardian, solicitor Stephen Gateley, found her rooms at Mrs. Faulkner's boarding house at 37 Duchess Road, Birmingham.

Courtship
The boarding house at 37 Duchess Road "was a gloomy, creeper-covered house, hung with dingy lace curtains". It was owned and operated by Mrs. Faulkner, whose husband Louis was "a wine merchant with a taste for his own wares". Mrs. Faulkner was also a Roman Catholic and "an active member" of the parish attached to the nearby Birmingham Oratory.

Mrs. Faulkner hosted musical soirées which were often attended by the Oratory's priests. She was delighted to have, in Edith, a pianist to accompany the soloists. Whenever Edith attempted to practise, however, Mrs. Faulkner "would sweep into the room as soon as the scales and arpeggios began", and say, "Now, Edith dear, enough for now!"

In later years, Edith told her children that her life at 37 Duchess Road was "rather restricted". Once, Edith, who "had a lifelong enjoyment of the theatre", announced that she was going to a matinée at the Theatre Royal. In response, Mrs. Faulkner told her that, "she must take a book to read in the interval to avoid the risk of being talked to by strangers!"

Edith first met Tolkien early in 1908, when he and his younger brother Hilary were moved into 37 Duchess Road by their guardian, Fr. Francis Xavier Morgan of the Birmingham Oratory. At the time Tolkien, known within his family as Ronald, was 16 years old and Edith was 19. According to Humphrey Carpenter, "Edith and Ronald took to frequenting Birmingham teashops, especially one which had a balcony overlooking the pavement. There they would sit and throw sugarlumps into the hats of passers-by, moving to the next table when the sugar bowl was empty. ...With two people of their personalities and in their position, romance was bound to flourish. Both were orphans in need of affection, and they found that they could give it to each other. During the summer of 1909, they decided that they were in love."

However, before the end of the year the relationship had become known to Tolkien's guardian. Viewing Edith as a distraction from Tolkien's schoolwork and bothered by her Anglican religion, he forbade any contact between them until Tolkien became a legal adult at 21.

Tolkien grudgingly obeyed this instruction to the letter while Father Morgan's guardianship lasted. Edith's legal guardian, solicitor Stephen Gately, arranged for her to move to Cheltenham to stay with a family friend, solicitor C. H. Jessop and his wife.

Edith lived in relative comfort in the Jessop's spacious house and was waited upon by servants. Unlike at Mrs. Faulkner's house, she could play to her content upon the Jessop's grand piano.

Edith also played the organ at her local Church of England parish, which she later blamed for her subsequent lifetime of back problems. She also joined the Primrose League and attended local Conservative Party meetings. Aside from the local Vicar, however, the Jessops hosted few visitors and, aside from her school friend Molly Field, Edith felt starved for companionship of her own age.

Even though Edith affectionately called her hosts "Uncle Jessop" and "Auntie Jessop", Edith later told her children that her host was "a martinet with a strong temper and a weak heart. He dominated his wife, who in turn begged Edith not to cross him. Edith said she would often work out her frustrations on the piano, playing something powerful and stirring, such as a Schubert Impromptu or a Beethoven Sonata. She also spent hours copying music meticulously. One or two of her albums still remain, showing her taste ranging from Classical music to the lighter ballads of the time."

However, on the evening of his twenty-first birthday, Tolkien wrote a letter to Edith, which contained a declaration of his love and asked her to marry him. She replied saying that she had recently become engaged to her friend Molly's brother, Warwickshire farmer George Field, but implied that she had done so only because she felt, "on the shelf", and believed that Tolkien had forgotten her. Within a week, Tolkien journeyed to Cheltenham, where Edith met him at the railway station. That day, Edith returned her ring and announced her engagement to Tolkien instead.

Marriage
According to the couple's children John and Priscilla, "Their respective guardians were not enthusiastic, although Father Francis eventually gave his blessing."

John and Priscilla Tolkien later wrote that while their father was attending Oxford University, "Father Francis sometimes came to visit from Birmingham, once chaperoning Edith. She remembered the train stopping at Banbury and Father Francis insisted upon buying Banbury cakes – the local delicacy – which were very greasy. The grease got everywhere and caused considerable confusion."

Also following her engagement, Edith announced that she was converting to Roman Catholicism at Tolkien's insistence. Because her "Uncle Jessop", "like many of his age and class, was strongly anti-Catholic", Edith, who feared his explosive temper, at first resisted her fiancé's demands. Despite Edith's misgivings, Jessop was every bit as enraged as she had feared and instantly turned her out of the house.

According to the couple's children John and Priscilla Tolkien, "She found a rented house with her cousin, Jenny Grove, and her dog, Sam, in Warwick... Jenny, known in the family as 'Auntie Ie', became a substitute mother to Edith and the nearest thing her four children had to a grandmother." While at Warwick, Edith was also overjoyed to have her own piano, which she continued to play until arthritis forced her to give it up.

The Tolkiens were married in the Catholic Church of St Mary Immaculate on West Street in Warwick on 22 March 1916 and a blue plaque was unveiled at the church in July 2018 to commemorate this. Their week-long honeymoon was spent at Clevedon, in North Somerset, and included a visit to the Cheddar Caves.

Soon after their wedding, Tolkien commenced a course at the British Army signals school at Otley, and in order to be as close to his military camp as possible, Edith moved with her cousin Jennie Grove to a cottage in the village of Great Haywood, where she lived from April 1916 to February 1917. Due to their wedding occurring during Lent, only the Marriage Service and not the Nuptial Mass had been performed; the couple received a nuptial blessing at the Roman Catholic Church of St John the Baptist, in Great Haywood. In a 1941 letter to their son Michael, Tolkien expressed admiration for his wife's willingness to marry a man with no job, little money, and no prospects except the likelihood of being killed in the Great War.

World War I
Tolkien was subsequently commissioned as a second lieutenant into the Lancashire Fusiliers, transferring to the 11th (Service) Battalion, part of the 25th Division, with the British Expeditionary Force. After spending a last night with Edith at the Plough & Harrow Hotel in Birmingham, Tolkien reported to a troop ship at Folkestone and arrived in France on 4 June 1916. He later wrote: "Junior officers were being killed off, a dozen a minute. Parting from my wife then ... it was like a death."

Tolkien's service during the Battle of the Somme was terribly stressful for Edith. According to her children John and Priscilla, "Like thousands of others, our mother longed for the messages Ronald sent. They arrived on official forms, and it hard to tell much beyond the fact that the sender was still alive. Because of this, our parents devised a private code of dots. Edith kept a large map of France on the wall and could gauge fairly well where Ronald was at any time. During this period she carried the added burden of being Hilary's next of kin: he suffered a number of minor shrapnel wounds while serving as a Private in the Royal Warwickshire Regiment, helping to carry supplies over the notorious Passchendaele Ridge. Each time he was wounded, Edith received a telegram."

Homefront
After Tolkien's return from France, their first child, John Francis Reuel (16 November 1917 – 22 January 2003) was born in Cheltenham.

While Tolkien was stationed at Kingston upon Hull, Edith and he went walking in the woods at nearby Roos, and she began to dance for him in a clearing among the flowering hemlock: "We walked in a wood where hemlock was growing, a sea of white flowers." This incident inspired the account of the meeting of Beren and Lúthien, and from that the Song of Beren and Luthien."

Post-war
After World War I, the Tolkiens had three more children: Michael Hilary Reuel (October 1920 – 1984), Christopher John Reuel (1924–2020) and Priscilla Anne Reuel (1929–2022).

Professor's wife
Tolkien's professional career at the universities of Leeds and Oxford resulted in the family moving to these cities. According to Humphrey Carpenter, Edith was not an intellectual and had a difficult time functioning around her husband's colleagues and their families. As she often had no companionship other than the children and the servants, Edith's loneliness frequently manifested itself as authoritarianism. Another result of her loneliness was her envy and resentment of Tolkien's close friendship with C. S. Lewis, whom she regarded as an intruder into her family.

According to Carpenter, "There was also the problem of Edith's attitude to Catholicism. Before they were married, Ronald had persuaded her to leave the Church of England and become a Catholic, and she had resented this a little at the time. During the subsequent years she had almost given up going to mass. In the second decade of marriage her anti-Catholic feelings hardened, and by the time the family returned to Oxford in 1925 she was showing resentment of Ronald taking the children to church. In part, these feelings were due to Ronald's rigid, almost medieval, insistence upon frequent confession; and Edith had always hated confessing her sins to a priest. Nor could he discuss her feelings with her in a rational manner, certainly not with the lucidity he demonstrated in his theological arguments with author Lewis: to Edith he presented only his emotional attachment to religion, of which she had little understanding. Occasionally, her smouldering anger about church-going burst into a fury; but at last after one such outburst in 1940 there was true reconciliation between her and Ronald, in which she explained her feelings and even declared that she wished to resume the practice of her religion. In the event she did not return to regular church-going, but for the rest of her life she showed no resentment of Catholicism, and indeed delighted to take an interest in church affairs, so that it appeared even to friends who were Catholics that she was an active church-goer."

Later life
According to Humphrey Carpenter, "Those friends who knew Ronald and Edith Tolkien over the years never doubted that there was deep affection between them. It was visible in the small things, the almost absurd degree in which each worried about the other's health, and the care in which they chose and wrapped each other's birthday presents; and in the large matters, the way in which Ronald willingly abandoned such a large part of his life in retirement to give Edith the last years in Bournemouth that he felt she deserved, and the degree in which she showed pride in his fame as an author. A principal source of happiness to them was their shared love of their family. This bound them together until the end of their lives, and it was perhaps the strongest force in the marriage. They delighted to discuss and mull over every detail of the lives of their children, and later their grandchildren."

In a 1992 lecture, George Sayer recalled his friendship with the Tolkiens during the 1950s and 1960s, "If I was there in the right time in the afternoon he would take me to have tea in the drawing room of the floor below, Edith Tolkien's room. The atmosphere was quite different, with hardly any papers and few books. She did most of the talking and it was not at all literary. Frequent subjects were the doings of the children, especially Christopher, the grandchildren, the garden in which I think Ronald enjoyed working, the iniquities of the Labour Party, the rising price of food, the changes for the worse in the Oxford shops and the difficulty in buying certain groceries. The road had deteriorated since they moved there. It used to be a quiet cul-de-sac. Now the lower end had been opened up and lorries and cars rushed through on their way to a building site or to the Oxford United's football ground. There were some very noisy people on the road. They even had as near neighbours an aspiring pop group. Ronald... told me that when she was younger Edith had been a fine pianist. Some of the conversation was about music. On one occasion she played to us on a very simple old-fashioned gramophone a record she had just bought. Her husband was relaxed and happy with this domesticity. Anyway, it was an important part of his life. Without a liking for the homely and domestic, he could not have written The Hobbit, or created Frodo and Sam Gamgee, characters that sustain quite convincingly the story of The Lord of the Rings, and link the high romance to the everyday and the ordinary."

After his retirement during the 1960s, Tolkien decided to move with Edith to a location near Bournemouth, which was then a resort town patronised by the British upper class. Although his status as a best-selling author gave them both easy entry into local society, Tolkien was never comfortable in Bournemouth and missed the company of his fellow intellectuals. Edith, however, was at last in her element as a society matron, which had been Tolkien's intention in selecting their new residence in the first place. Their grandson Simon Tolkien states on his website that Edith loved spending time at Bournemouth's Miramar Hotel.

Death
Edith Tolkien died on 29 November 1971 in Bournemouth at the age of 82, and was buried in Wolvercote Cemetery, Oxford. Tolkien was buried with her when he died 21 months later.

Legacy
Below the Tolkiens' names on their grave are the names of the characters of Beren and Lúthien: in the Middle-earth legendarium, Lúthien was the most beautiful of all the Children of Ilúvatar, and forsook her immortality for her love of the mortal warrior Beren. After Beren was captured by the forces of the dark lord Morgoth, Lúthien rode to his rescue upon the talking wolfhound Huan. Ultimately, when Beren was slain in battle against the demonic wolf Carcharoth, Lúthien, like Orpheus, approached the Valar gods and persuaded them to restore her beloved to life.

Shortly after Edith's death, Tolkien wrote the following in a letter to their son Christopher. "I never called Edith Luthien – but she was the source of the story that in time became the chief part of the Silmarillion. It was first conceived in a small woodland glade filled with hemlocks at Roos in Yorkshire (where I was for a brief time in command of an outpost of the Humber Garrison in 1917, and she was able to live with me for a while). In those days her hair was raven, her skin clear, her eyes brighter than you have seen them, and she could sing – and dance. But the story has gone crooked, & I am left, and I cannot plead before the inexorable Mandos."

In popular culture

 * Edith Tolkien was portrayed onscreen by actress Lily Collins in the 2019 biopic Tolkien.

title: Edith Tolkien


text:
Nipkow disk

A Nipkow disk (sometimes Anglicized as Nipkov disk; patented in 1884), also known as scanning disk, is a mechanical, rotating, geometrically operating image scanning device, patented by Paul Gottlieb Nipkow in Berlin. This scanning disk was a fundamental component in mechanical television, and thus the first televisions, through the 1920s and 1930s.

Operation
The device is a mechanically spinning disk of any suitable material (metal, plastic, cardboard, etc.), with a series of equally-distanced circular holes of equal diameter drilled in it. The holes may also be square for greater precision. These holes are positioned to form a single-turn spiral starting from an external radial point of the disk and proceeding to the center of the disk. When the disk rotates, the holes trace circular ring patterns, with inner and outer diameter depending on each hole's position on the disk and thickness equal to each hole's diameter. The patterns may or may not partially overlap, depending on the exact construction of the disk. A lens projects an image of the scene in front of it directly onto the disk. Each hole in the spiral takes a "slice" through the image which is picked up as a temporal pattern of light and dark by a sensor. If the sensor is made to control a light behind a second Nipkow disk rotating synchronously at the same speed and in the same direction, the image will be reproduced line-by-line. The size of the reproduced image is again determined by the size of the disc; a larger disc produces a larger image.

When spinning the disk while observing an object "through" the disk, preferably through a relatively small circular sector of the disk (the viewport), for example, an angular quarter or eighth of the disk, the object seems "scanned" line by line, first by length or height or even diagonally, depending on the exact sector chosen for observation. By spinning the disk rapidly enough, the object seems complete and capturing of motion becomes possible. This can be intuitively understood by covering all of the disk but a small rectangular area with black cardboard (which stays fixed), spinning the disk and observing an object through the small area.

Advantages
One of the advantages of using a Nipkow disk is that the image sensor (that is, the device converting light to electric signals) can be as simple as a single photocell or photodiode, since at each instant only a very small area is visible through the disk (and viewport), and so decomposing an image into lines is done almost by itself with little need for scanline timing, and very high scanline resolution. A simple acquisition device can be built by using an electrical motor driving a Nipkow disk, a small box containing a single light-sensitive (electric) element and a conventional image focusing device (lens, dark box, etc.).

Another advantage is that the receiving device is very similar to the acquisition device, except that the light-sensitive device is replaced by a variable light source, driven by the signal provided by the acquisition device. Some means of synchronizing the disks on the two devices must also be devised (several options are possible, ranging from manual to electronic control signals).

These facts helped immensely in building the first mechanical television accomplished by the Scottish inventor John Logie Baird, as well as the first "TV-Enthusiasts" communities and even experimental image radio broadcasts in the 1920s.

Disadvantages
The resolution along a Nipkow disk's scanline is potentially very high, being an analogue scan. However the maximum number of scanlines is much more limited, being equal to the number of holes on the disk, which in practice ranged from 30 to 100, with rare 200-hole disks tested.

Another drawback of the Nipkow disk as an image scanning device: the scanlines are not straight lines, but rather curves. So the ideal Nipkow disk should have either a very large diameter, which means smaller curvature, or a very narrow angular opening of its viewport. Another way to produce acceptable images would be to drill smaller holes (millimeter or even micrometer scale) closer to the outer sectors of the disk, but technological evolution favoured electronic means of image acquisition.

Another significant disadvantage lay with reproducing images at the receiving end of the transmission which was also accomplished with a Nipkow disk. The images were typically very small, as small as the surface used for scanning, which, with the practical implementations of mechanical television, were the size of a postage-stamp in the case of a 30 to 50 cm diameter disk.

Further disadvantages include the non-linear geometry of the scanned images, and the impractical size of the disk, at least in the past. The Nipkow disks used in early TV receivers were roughly 30 cm to 50 cm in diameter, with 30 to 50 holes. The devices using them were also noisy and heavy with very low picture quality and a great deal of flickering. The acquisition part of the system was not much better, requiring very powerful lighting of the subject.

Disk scanners share a major limitation with the Farnsworth image dissector. Light is conveyed into the sensing system as the small aperture scans over the entire field of view. The actual amount of light gathered is instantaneous, occurring through a very small aperture, and the net yield is only a microscopic percentage of the incident energy.

Iconoscopes (and their successors) accumulate energy on the target continuously, thereby integrating energy over time. The scanning system simply "picks off" the accumulated charge as it sweeps past each site on the target. Simple calculations show that, for equally sensitive photosensitive receptors, the iconoscope is hundreds to thousands of times more sensitive than the disk or the Farnsworth scanner.

The scanning disk can be replaced by a polygonal mirror, but this suffers from the same problem – lack of integration over time.

Applications
Apart from the aforementioned mechanical television, which did not become popular for the practical reasons mentioned above, a Nipkow disk is used in one type of confocal microscope, a powerful optical microscope.

title: Nipkow disk


text:
Pass

Pass, PASS, The Pass or Passed may refer to:

Places

 * Pass, County Meath, a townland in Ireland
 * Pass, Poland, a village in Poland
 * Pass, an alternate term for a number of straits: see List of straits
 * Mountain pass, a lower place in a mountain range allowing easier passage

Permissions

 * Pass (military), permission for military personnel to be away from their unit
 * Backstage pass, allows admission to backstage areas of a performance venue
 * Press pass, grants special privilege or access to journalists
 * Season ticket, or season pass
 * Ticket (admission), also called a pass
 * Transit pass, permitting travel, including:
 * Boarding pass, allows a passenger to board an aircraft
 * Continent pass, a pass allowing air travel within a continent

People

 * A Pass (born 1987), Ugandan musician
 * Frank Alexander de Pass, English soldier, first Jewish recipient of the Victoria Cross in World War I
 * Joe Pass (1929–1994), American jazz musician
 * John Pass (engraver) (c.1783–1832), English engraver
 * John Pass (poet) (born 1947), British-born Canadian poet
 * Nelson Pass (born 1951), American designer of audio amplifiers
 * Patrick Pass (born 1977), American football player

Arts, entertainment, and media

 * Battle pass, a type of monetization and reward system in video games
 * Pass (cards), to make no bid when it is one's turn to do so
 * A type of card manipulation in close-up magic
 * Passed (band), a Hungarian band formed in the summer of 2014
 * "The Pass" (song), a song by the band Rush, from their 1989 album Presto
 * The Pass (1988 film), a Soviet animated short film
 * The Pass (2016 film), a film by Ben A. Williams based on the play by John Donnelly about football and homosexuality
 * Pro-Am Sports System, or PASS Sports, a former Detroit-area cable television channel

Businesses and organizations

 * The Pass Casino in Henderson, Nevada, United States
 * Pass Labs, an audio company based in Foresthill, California, United States
 * Professional Association for SQL Server, a global Microsoft SQL Server community group
 * Professional Aviation Safety Specialists, an AFL–CIO affiliated union

Education

 * Pass, a term used in grading to indicate a student has successfully completed academic requirements
 * Peer-Assisted Study Sessions, an academic support program often used in higher education

Law and government

 * Pass (legislature), the action of approving a proposed law
 * Pass laws, apartheid laws in South Africa which limited the movement of some people
 * Pass Plus, a UK scheme to improve driving skills among young drivers
 * Palmetto Assessment of State Standards (PASS), a standardized test taken in South Carolina, USA
 * Proof of Age Standards Scheme (PASS), an age identification program in the UK

Computing

 * Pass (software), a command line based password manager for Unix systems
 * PASS Sample Size Software, a computer program for estimating sample size
 * Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, and Successive Theory, a learning and intelligence model
 * Platform as a service, usually spelled PaaS, a category of cloud computing services

Other uses in science and technology

 * Pass (spaceflight), the period in which a satellite or other spacecraft is visible above the local horizon
 * PASS device, a personal safety device used by firefighters entering a hazardous environment
 * Plasma Acoustic Shield System, a disorientating weapon based on plasma explosions
 * The Pass (psychoanalysis), a procedure

Sport

 * Pass (ice hockey), the movement of the puck from one player to another
 * Basketball pass
 * Forward pass, in American and Canadian football
 * Lateral pass or onside pass, in American and Canadian football respectively
 * Passing (association football)
 * Pro All Stars Series, a super late model racing series
 * Rugby passes (disambiguation)
 * "The Pass", nickname for the 1996 CART Monterey Grand Prix

Other uses

 * Pass (sleight of hand), a sleight of hand move
 * Performer Availability Screening Services, a U.S. STI screening database

title: Pass


text:
Adobe ColdFusion

Adobe ColdFusion is a commercial rapid web-application development computing platform created by J. J. Allaire in 1995. (The programming language used with that platform is also commonly called ColdFusion, though is more accurately known as CFML.) ColdFusion was originally designed to make it easier to connect simple HTML pages to a database. By version 2 (1996) it had become a full platform that included an IDE in addition to a full scripting language.

Overview
One of the distinguishing features of ColdFusion is its associated scripting language, ColdFusion Markup Language (CFML). CFML compares to the scripting components of ASP, JSP, and PHP in purpose and features, but its tag syntax more closely resembles HTML, while its script syntax resembles JavaScript. ColdFusion is often used synonymously with CFML, but there are additional CFML application servers besides ColdFusion, and ColdFusion supports programming languages other than CFML, such as server-side Actionscript and embedded scripts that can be written in a JavaScript-like language known as CFScript.

Originally a product of Allaire and released on July 2, 1995, ColdFusion was developed by brothers Joseph J. Allaire and Jeremy Allaire. In 2001 Allaire was acquired by Macromedia, which in turn was acquired by Adobe Systems Inc in 2005.

ColdFusion is most often used for data-driven websites or intranets, but can also be used to generate remote services such as REST services, WebSockets, SOAP web services or Flash remoting. It is especially well-suited as the server-side technology to the client-side ajax.

ColdFusion can also handle asynchronous events such as SMS and instant messaging via its gateway interface, available in ColdFusion MX 7 Enterprise Edition.

Main features
ColdFusion provides a number of additional features out of the box. Main features include:
 * Simplified database access
 * Client and server cache management
 * Client-side code generation, especially for form widgets and validation
 * Conversion from HTML to PDF
 * Data retrieval from common enterprise systems such as Active Directory, LDAP, SMTP, POP, HTTP, FTP, Microsoft Exchange Server and common data formats such as RSS and Atom
 * File indexing and searching service based on Apache Solr
 * GUI administration
 * Server, application, client, session, and request scopes
 * XML parsing, querying (XPath), validation and transformation (XSLT)
 * Server clustering
 * Task scheduling
 * Graphing and reporting
 * Simplified file manipulation including raster graphics (and CAPTCHA) and zip archives (introduction of video manipulation is planned in a future release)
 * Simplified web service implementation (with automated WSDL generation / transparent SOAP handling for both creating and consuming services - as an example, ASP.NET has no native equivalent for )

Other implementations of CFML offer similar or enhanced functionality, such as running in a .NET environment or image manipulation.

The engine was written in C and featured, among other things, a built-in scripting language (CFScript), plugin modules written in Java, and a syntax very similar to HTML. The equivalent to an HTML element, a ColdFusion tag begins with the letters "CF" followed by a name that is indicative of what the tag is interpreted to, in HTML. E.g. <cfoutput> to begin the output of variables or other content.

In addition to CFScript and plugins (as described), CFStudio provided a design platform with a WYSIWYG display. In addition to ColdFusion, CFStudio also supports syntax in other languages popular for backend programming, such as Perl. In addition to making backend functionality easily available to the non-programmer, (version 4.0 and forward in particular) integrated easily with the Apache Web Server and with Internet Information Services.

Other features
All versions of ColdFusion prior to 6.0 were written using Microsoft Visual C++. This meant that ColdFusion was largely limited to running on Microsoft Windows, although Allaire did successfully port ColdFusion to Sun Solaris starting with version 3.1.

The Allaire company was sold to Macromedia, then Macromedia was sold to Adobe. Earlier versions were not as robust as the versions available from version 4.0 forward.

With the release of ColdFusion MX 6.0, the engine had been re-written in Java and supported its own runtime environment, which was easily replaced through its configuration options with the runtime environment from Sun. Version 6.1 included the ability to code and debug Macromedia Flash.

Cold Fusion 3
Version 3, released in June 1997, brought custom tags, cfsearch/cfindex/cfcollection based on the Verity search engine, the server scope, and template encoding (called then "encryption"). Version 3.1, released in Jan 1998, added RDS support as well as a port to the Sun Solaris operating system, while ColdFusion studio gained a live page preview and HTML syntax checker.

ColdFusion 4
Released in Nov 1998, version 4 is when the name was changed from "Cold Fusion" to "ColdFusion" - possibly to distinguish it from Cold fusion theory. The release also added the initial implementation of cfscript, support for locking (cflock), transactions (cftransaction), hierarchical exception handling (cftry/cfcatch), sandbox security, as well as many new tags and functions, including cfstoredproc, cfcache, cfswitch, and more.

ColdFusion 4.5
Version 4.5, released in Nov 1999, expanded the ability to access external system resources, including COM and CORBA, and added initial support for Java integration (including EJB's, Pojo's, servlets, and Java CFX's). IT also added the getmetricdata function (to access performance information), additional performance information in page debugging output, enhanced string conversion functions, and optional whitespace removal.

ColdFusion 5
Version 5 was released in June 2001, adding enhanced query support, new reporting and charting features, user-defined functions, and improved admin tools. It was the last to be legacy coded for a specific platform, and the first release from Macromedia after their acquisition of Allaire Corporation, which had been announced January 16, 2001.

ColdFusion MX 6
Prior to 2000, Edwin Smith, an Allaire architect on JRun and later the Flash Player, Tom Harwood and Clement Wong initiated a project codenamed "Neo". This project was later revealed as a ColdFusion Server re-written completely using Java. This made portability easier and provided a layer of security on the server, because it ran inside a Java Runtime Environment.

In June 2002 Macromedia released the version 6.0 product under a slightly different name, ColdFusion MX, allowing the product to be associated with both the Macromedia brand and its original branding. ColdFusion MX was completely rebuilt from the ground up and was based on the Java EE platform. ColdFusion MX was also designed to integrate well with Macromedia Flash using Flash Remoting.

With the release of ColdFusion MX, the CFML language API was released with an OOP interface.

ColdFusion MX 7
With the release of ColdFusion 7.0 on February 7, 2005, the naming convention was amended, rendering the product name "Macromedia ColdFusion MX 7" (the codename for CFMX7 was "Blackstone"). CFMX 7 added Flash-based and XForms-based web forms, and a report builder that output in Adobe PDF as well as FlashPaper, RTF and Excel. The Adobe PDF output is also available as a wrapper to any HTML page, converting that page to a quality printable document. The enterprise edition also added Gateways. These provide interaction with non-HTTP request services such as IM Services, SMS, Directory Watchers, and an asynchronous execution. XML support was boosted in this version to include native schema checking.

ColdFusion MX 7.0.1 (codename "Merrimack") added support for Mac OS X, improvements to Flash forms, RTF support for CFReport, the new CFCPRoxy feature for Java/CFC integration, and more. ColdFusion MX 7.0.2 (codenamed "Mystic") included advanced features for working with Adobe Flex 2 as well as more improvements for the CF Report Builder.

Adobe ColdFusion 8
On July 30, 2007, Adobe Systems released ColdFusion 8, dropping "MX" from its name. During beta testing the codename used was "Scorpio" (the eighth sign of the zodiac and the eighth iteration of ColdFusion as a commercial product). More than 14,000 developers worldwide were active in the beta process - many more testers than the 5,000 Adobe Systems originally expected. The ColdFusion development team consisted of developers based in Newton/Boston, Massachusetts and offshore in Bangalore, India.

Some of the new features are the CFPDFFORM tag, which enables integration with Adobe Acrobat forms, some image manipulation functions, Microsoft .NET integration, and the CFPRESENTATION tag, which allows the creation of dynamic presentations using Adobe Acrobat Connect, the Web-based collaboration solution formerly known as Macromedia Breeze. In addition, the ColdFusion Administrator for the Enterprise version ships with built-in server monitoring. ColdFusion 8 is available on several operating systems including Linux, Mac OS X and Windows Server 2003.

Other additions to ColdFusion 8 are built-in Ajax widgets, file archive manipulation (CFZIP), Microsoft Exchange server integration (CFEXCHANGE), image manipulation including automatic CAPTCHA generation (CFIMAGE), multi-threading, per-application settings, Atom and RSS feeds, reporting enhancements, stronger encryption libraries, array and structure improvements, improved database interaction, extensive performance improvements, PDF manipulation and merging capabilities (CFPDF), interactive debugging, embedded database support with Apache Derby, and a more ECMAScript compliant CFSCRIPT.

For development of ColdFusion applications, several tools are available: primarily Adobe Dreamweaver CS4, Macromedia HomeSite 5.x, CFEclipse, Eclipse and others. "Tag updaters" are available for these applications to update their support for the new ColdFusion 8 features.

Adobe ColdFusion 9
ColdFusion 9 (Codenamed: Centaur) was released on October 5, 2009. New features for CF9 include:
 * Ability to code ColdFusion Components (CFCs) entirely in CFScript.
 * An explicit "local" scope that does not require local variables to be declared at the top of the function.
 * Implicit getters/setters for CFC.
 * Implicit constructors via method called "init" or method with same name as CFC.
 * New CFFinally tag for Exception handling syntax and CFContinue tag for Control flow.
 * Object-relational mapping (ORM) Database integration through Hibernate (Java).
 * Server.cfc file with onServerStart and onServerEnd methods.
 * Tighter integration with Adobe Flex and Adobe AIR.
 * Integration with key Microsoft products including Word, Excel, SharePoint, Exchange, and PowerPoint.
 * In Memory Management - or Virtual File System: an ability to treat content in memory as opposed to using the HDD.
 * Exposed as Services - an ability to access, securely, functions of the server externally.

Adobe ColdFusion 10
ColdFusion 10 (Codenamed: Zeus) was released on May 15, 2012. New or improved features available in all editions (Standard, Enterprise, and Developer) include (but are not limited to):
 * Security enhancements
 * Hotfix installer and notification
 * Improved scheduler (based on a version of quartz)
 * Improved web services support (WSDL 2.0, SOAP 1.2)
 * Support for HTML5 web sockets
 * Tomcat integration
 * Support for RESTful web services
 * Language enhancements (closures, and more)
 * Search integration with Apache Solr
 * HTML5 video player and Adobe Flash Player
 * Flex and Adobe AIR lazy loading
 * XPath integration
 * HTML5 enhancements

Additional new or improved features in ColdFusion Enterprise or Developer editions include (but are not limited to):
 * Dynamic and interactive HTML5 charting
 * Improved and revamped scheduler (additional features over what is added in CF10 Standard)
 * Object relational mapping enhancements

The lists above were obtained from the Adobe web site pages describing "new features", as listed first in the links in the following list.

CF10 was originally referred to by the codename Zeus, after first being confirmed as coming by Adobe at Adobe MAX 2010, and during much of its prerelease period. It was also commonly referred to as "ColdFusion next" and "ColdFusion X" in blogs, on Twitter, etc., before Adobe finally confirmed it would be "ColdFusion 10". For much of 2010, ColdFusion Product Manager Adam Lehman toured the US setting up countless meetings with customers, developers, and user groups to formulate a master blueprint for the next feature set. In September 2010, he presented the plans to Adobe where they were given full support and approval by upper management.

The first public beta of ColdFusion 10 was released via Adobe Labs on 17 February 2012.

Adobe ColdFusion 11
ColdFusion 11 (Codenamed: Splendor) was released on April 29, 2014.

New or improved features available in all editions (Standard, Enterprise, and Developer) include:
 * End-to-end mobile development
 * A new lightweight edition (ColdFusion Express)
 * Language enhancements
 * WebSocket enhancements
 * PDF generation enhancements
 * Security enhancements
 * Social enhancements
 * REST enhancements
 * Charting enhancements
 * Compression enhancements

ColdFusion 11 also removed many features previously identified simply as "deprecated" or no longer supported in earlier releases. For example, the CFLOG tag long offered date and time attributes which were deprecated (and redundant, as the date and time is always logged). As of CF11, their use would not cause the CFLOG tag to fail.

Adobe ColdFusion (2016 Release)
Adobe ColdFusion (2016 release), Codenamed: Raijin (and also known generically as ColdFusion 2016) was released on February 16, 2016.

New or improved features available in all editions (Standard, Enterprise, and Developer) include:
 * Language enhancements
 * Command Line Interface (CLI)
 * PDF generation enhancements
 * Security enhancements
 * External session storage (Redis)
 * Swagger document generation
 * NTLM support
 * API Manager

Adobe ColdFusion (2018 Release)
Adobe ColdFusion (2018 release), known generically as ColdFusion 2018, was released on July 12, 2018. ColdFusion 2018 was codenamed Aether during prerelease.

As of March 2023, Adobe had released 16 updates for ColdFusion 2018.

New or improved features available in all editions (Standard, Enterprise, and Developer) include:
 * Language enhancements (including NULL, abstract classes and methods, covariants and finals, closures in tags, and more)
 * Asynchronous programming, using Futures
 * Command line REPL
 * Auto lockdown capability
 * Distributed cache support (Redis, memcached, JCS)
 * REST playground capability
 * Modernized Admin UI
 * Performance Monitoring Toolset

Adobe ColdFusion (2021 Release)
Adobe ColdFusion (2021 Release) was released on Nov 11th, 2020. ColdFusion 2021 was code named Project Stratus during pre-release.

New or improved features available in all editions (Standard, Enterprise, and Developer) include:

 * Lightweight installer
 * ColdFusion Package Manager
 * Cloud storage services
 * Messaging services
 * No-SQL database
 * Single sign-on
 * Core language changes
 * Performance Monitoring Tool set

Adobe ColdFusion (2023 Release)
Adobe released ColdFusion 2023 on May 17, 2023.

New features available are as follows:

 * Google Cloud Platform (GCP) - Storage, Pub/Sub, FireStore
 * Central Configuration Server (CCS)
 * SSO CF Admin Integration (SAML/LDAP) including CF Admin API updates
 * JSON Web Tokens
 * Avro & Protocol Buffer Serialization
 * New PDF Engine
 * Library Updates (Java, Solr, Hibernate)
 * Native GraphQL Query support
 * Bug fixes

Development roadmap
In Sep 2017, Adobe announced the roadmap anticipating releases in 2018 and 2020. Among the key features anticipated for the 2016 release were a new performance monitor, enhancements to asynchronous programming, revamped REST support, and enhancements to the API Manager, as well as support for CF2016 projected into 2024. As for the 2020 release, the features anticipated at that time (in 2017) were configurability (modularity) of CF application services, revamped scripting and object-oriented support, and further enhancements to the API Manager.

PDF generation
ColdFusion can generate PDF documents using standard HTML (i.e. no additional coding is needed to generate documents for print). CFML authors place HTML and CSS within a pair of cfdocument tags (or new in ColdFusion 11, cfhtmltopdf tags). The generated document can then either be saved to disk or sent to the client's browser. ColdFusion 8 introduced also the cfpdf tag to allow for control over PDF documents including PDF forms, and merging of PDFs. These tags however do not use Adobe's PDF engine but cfdocument uses a combination of the commercial JPedal Java PDF library and the free and open source Java library iText, and cfhtmltopdf uses an embedded WebKit implementation.

ColdFusion Components (Objects)
ColdFusion was originally not an object-oriented programming language like PHP versions 3 and below. ColdFusion falls into the category of OO languages that do not support multiple inheritance (along with Java, Smalltalk, etc.). With the MX release (6+), ColdFusion introduced basic OO functionality with the component language construct which resembles classes in OO languages. Each component may contain any number of properties and methods. One component may also extend another (Inheritance). Components only support single inheritance. Object handling feature set and performance enhancing has occurred with subsequent releases. With the release of ColdFusion 8, Java-style interfaces are supported. ColdFusion components use the file extension cfc to differentiate them from ColdFusion templates (.cfm).

Remoting
Component methods may be made available as web services with no additional coding and configuration. All that is required is for a method's access to be declared 'remote'. ColdFusion automatically generates a WSDL at the URL for the component in this manner: http://path/to/components/Component.cfc?wsdl. Aside from SOAP, the services are offered in Flash Remoting binary format.

Methods which are declared remote may also be invoked via an HTTP GET or POST request. Consider the GET request as shown.

http://path/to/components/Component.cfc?method=search&query=your+query&mode=strict This will invoke the component's search function, passing "your query" and "strict" as arguments.

This type of invocation is well-suited for Ajax-enabled applications. ColdFusion 8 introduced the ability to serialize ColdFusion data structures to JSON for consumption on the client.

The ColdFusion server will automatically generate documentation for a component if you navigate to its URL and insert the appropriate code within the component's declarations. This is an application of component introspection, available to developers of ColdFusion components. Access to a component's documentation requires a password. A developer can view the documentation for all components known to the ColdFusion server by navigating to the ColdFusion URL. This interface resembles the Javadoc HTML documentation for Java classes.

Custom Tags
ColdFusion provides several ways to implement custom markup language tags, i.e. those not included in the core ColdFusion language. These are especially useful for providing a familiar interface for web designers and content authors familiar with HTML but not imperative programming.

The traditional and most common way is using CFML. A standard CFML page can be interpreted as a tag, with the tag name corresponding to the file name prefixed with "cf_". For example, the file IMAP.cfm can be used as the tag "cf_imap". Attributes used within the tag are available in the ATTRIBUTES scope of the tag implementation page. CFML pages are accessible in the same directory as the calling page, via a special directory in the ColdFusion web application, or via a CFIMPORT tag in the calling page. The latter method does not necessarily require the "cf_" prefix for the tag name.

A second way is the developments of CFX tags using Java or C++. CFX tags are prefixed with "cfx_", for example "cfx_imap". Tags are added to the ColdFusion runtime environment using the ColdFusion administrator, where JAR or DLL files are registered as custom tags.

Finally, ColdFusion supports JSP tag libraries from the JSP 2.0 language specification. JSP tags are included in CFML pages using the CFIMPORT tag.

ColdFusion and Java
The standard ColdFusion installation allows the deployment of ColdFusion as a WAR file or EAR file for deployment to standalone application servers, such as Macromedia JRun, and IBM WebSphere. ColdFusion can also be deployed to servlet containers such as Apache Tomcat and Mortbay Jetty, but because these platforms do not officially support ColdFusion, they leave many of its features inaccessible. As of ColdFusion 10 Macromedia JRun was replaced by Apache Tomcat.

Because ColdFusion is a Java EE application, ColdFusion code can be mixed with Java classes to create a variety of applications and use existing Java libraries. ColdFusion has access to all underlying Java classes, supports JSP custom tag libraries, and can access JSP functions after retrieving the JSP page context (GetPageContext).

Prior to ColdFusion 7.0.1, ColdFusion components could only be used by Java or .NET by declaring them as web services. However, beginning in ColdFusion MX 7.0.1, ColdFusion components can now be used directly within Java classes using the CFCProxy class.

Recently, there has been much interest in Java development using alternate languages such as Jython, Groovy and JRuby. ColdFusion was one of the first scripting platforms to allow this style of Java development.

ColdFusion and .NET
ColdFusion 8 natively supports .NET within the CFML syntax. ColdFusion developers can simply call any .NET assembly without needing to recompile or alter the assemblies in any way. Data types are automatically translated between ColdFusion and .NET (example: .NET DataTable → ColdFusion Query).

A unique feature for a Java EE vendor, ColdFusion 8 offers the ability to access .NET Assemblies remotely through proxy (without the use of .NET Remoting). This allows ColdFusion users to leverage .NET without having to be installed on a Windows operating system.

Abbrevations
The initialism for the ColdFusion Markup Language is CFML. When ColdFusion templates are saved to disk, they are traditionally given the extension .cfm or .cfml. The .cfc extension is used for ColdFusion Components. The original extension was DBM or DBML, which stood for Database Markup Language. When talking about ColdFusion, most users use the acronym CF and this is used for numerous ColdFusion resources such as user groups (CFUGs) and sites.

CFMX is the common abbreviation for ColdFusion versions 6 and 7 (a.k.a. ColdFusion MX).

Alternative server environments
ColdFusion originated as proprietary technology based on Web technology industry standards. However, it is becoming a less closed technology through the availability of competing products. Such alternative products include :

These are discontinued or down :
 * Lucee - Free, open source CFML engine forked from Railo. Lucee's aim is to provide the functionality of CFML using less resources and giving better performance and to move CFML past its roots and into a modern and dynamic web programming platform. Lucee is backed by community supporters and members of the Lucee Association.
 * BlueDragon - Proprietary .NET-based CFML engine and free open source Java-based CFML engine (Open BlueDragon).
 * Coral Web Builder
 * IgniteFusion
 * OpenBD - The open source version of BlueDragon was released as Open BlueDragon (OpenBD) in December 2008.
 * Railo - Free, open source CFML engine. It comes in three main product editions, and other versions.
 * SmithProject

The argument can be made that ColdFusion is even less platform-bound than raw Java EE or .NET, simply because ColdFusion will run on top of a .NET app server (New Atlanta), or on top of any servlet container or Java EE application server (JRun, WebSphere, JBoss, Geronimo, Tomcat, Resin Server, Jetty (web server), etc.). In theory, a ColdFusion application could be moved unchanged from a Java EE application server to a .NET application server.

Vulnerabilities
In March 2013, a known issue affecting ColdFusion 8, 9 and 10 left the National Vulnerability Database open to attack. The vulnerability had been identified and a patch released by Adobe for CF9 and CF10 in January.

In April 2013, a ColdFusion vulnerability was blamed by Linode for an intrusion into the Linode Manager control panel website. A security bulletin and hotfix for this had been issued by Adobe a week earlier.

In May 2013, Adobe identified another critical vulnerability, reportedly already being exploited in the wild, which targets all recent versions of ColdFusion on any servers where the web-based administrator and API have not been locked down. The vulnerability allows unauthorized users to upload malicious scripts and potentially gain full control over the server. A security bulletin and hotfix for this was issued by Adobe 6 days later.

In April 2015, Adobe fixed a cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Adobe ColdFusion 10 before Update 16, and in ColdFusion 11 before Update 5, that allowed remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML; however, it's exploitable only by users who have authenticated through the administration panel.

In September 2019, Adobe fixed two command injection vulnerabilities (CVE-2019-8073) that enabled arbitrary code and an alleyway traversal (CVE-2019-8074).

title: Adobe ColdFusion


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Tadashi Kuranari

Tadashi Kuranari (倉成 正) was a Japanese politician, member of the Liberal Democratic Party. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1986 to 1987. He was a close confidant of Nakasone, who appointed him Foreign Minister after his 1986 re-election. Kuranari had concentrated on agricultural issues and was director of the Economic Planning Agency, a Cabinet post, in the 1970s. In 1987 he visited Sri Lanka, Fiji and other countries.

Foreign honour

 * : Honorary Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (P.M.N.) (1991)

title: Tadashi Kuranari


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User talk:Heshy

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