text:
Talk:Syfy

Region specific branding
The UK & Ireland has had SYFY rebranded to Sky Sci-Fi, if I find a source is it worthy enough to include on the article?  Thepenguin9  (talk) 19:28, 27 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Syfy


text:
Bewley's

Bewley's is an Irish hot beverage company, located in Dublin and founded in 1840, which operates internationally. Its primary business operations are the production of tea and coffee, and the operations of cafés. Bewley's has operations in Ireland, the UK and the United States; in the Boston area under the Rebecca's Cafe name and in California as Java City.

History
The Bewley family were Quakers who originated in Cumberland and moved to Ireland in the 17th century. They entered the tea trade, and in 1835, Samuel Bewley and his son Charles landed 2,099 chests of tea shipped from Canton in China. The Bewley family subsequently expanded into the coffee trade and in the late 19th century, they opened cafes in South Great George's Street in 1894, and Westmoreland Street in 1896. The flagship Grafton Street café was opened by Ernest Bewley in 1927. The Grafton Street building had once housed Whyte's Academy, a school whose pupils included the Duke of Wellington and Robert Emmet.

In 1986 the company was taken over by Campbell Catering forming the Campbell Bewley Group. By 1999, the company operated more than twenty cafes in Ireland and six overseas. In 2010 they employed around 800 people worldwide, although 140 jobs were lost in early 2015 with the closure of the Bewley's Oriental Café on Grafton Street in Dublin. In May 2018, Bewley's launched 100% recyclable cups.

Bewley's Grafton Street
The company has operated a café on Dublin's Grafton Street since 1927. Sometimes described as a "Dublin landmark" the building shows influence from the Art Deco movement, with its façade decorated with an Egyptian Revival mosaic, a style rare in Dublin. It was designed by the Dublin architectural firm, Millar & Symes. In the interior, there are stained glass windows by Harry Clarke showing orders of architecture. The windows are on the ground floor towards the back of the building. A stained glass window by artist Jim Fitzpatrick from the Mary Street branch was stored after its closure and then transferred to the remaining Grafton Street branch. A third stained glass artist's work is included in the Grafton Street store, a window by Pauline Bewick entitled Cafe Society. The building was modified extensively in 1995.

This outlet was closed between November 2004 and May 2005 for refurbishment and restoration. In 2007, its lease was challenged by the landlord, Ickendel Limited, after extensive works were carried out without landlord consent. The Grafton Street premises closed again for more extensive refurbishment works from February 2015. By October 2015, Bewley's announced that the length of the closure would extend, and by mid-2016, the date of reopening had been pushed back to the end of 2016. Ultimately, in November 2017, Bewley's Grafton Street was reopened after the "1000 day" multimillion-euro refurbishment.

In May 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, management informed staff that the Grafton Street café would close permanently "in the coming weeks", leading to the loss of 110 jobs. However, in late July 2020, it was announced that it would re-open on a phased basis.

The lease was subject to court proceedings from the landlord, as RGRE v Bewley's, related to the windows in the building.

US and UK

The company acquired the Rebecca's Cafe chain in the Boston, Massachusetts area in 1997, and expanded to the west coast in 2000 with the purchase of the Java City brand.

Bewley's entered the UK market in 2011 following the acquisition of speciality coffee supplier, Darlington's before acquiring Bolling Coffee in 2013 and UK foodservice distributor, Peros in 2015.

Former
Bewley's themselves operated a number of other branches in Dublin City Centre, including Fleet Street/Westmoreland Street (now a TGI Fridays); Mary Street and a short-term branch on South Great Georges Street during the refurbishment of the Grafton Street location. Branches also existed in Terminal 1 at Dublin Airport in some Waterstones stores, and in Arnotts department store as well as Belfast and Bangor.

A franchise operator ran multiple locations in suburban shopping centres including Nutgrove, The Square, Tallaght, Omni Park, Stillorgan Shopping Centre, the old Dundrum Shopping Centre as well as the chains first location on South Great Georges Street. Some of these locations had previous been run by the company directly. Franchised locations previously existed in Belfast and Portadown, closing in 1996.

Bewley's Hotels
Bewley's Hotels were a chain of hotels using the Bewley's trademark both in Ireland and in the United Kingdom, owned by Slaney Foods and the Moran Hotel Group.

This brand licensing agreement ended by mid-2015, following the sale of Moran Bewleys Hotels to Dalata Hotel Group.

The flagship hotel in the chain was in a restored 19th century Masonic school in Ballsbridge. Now known as the Clayton Hotel, Ballsbridge, some Masonic symbolism remains visible in the building's ornamentation.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bewley's


text:
Talk:Jane Roberts

Personal Life
We need some more information on Jane's life apart from Seth. . . childhood, death and so on. She talks of it some in The God of Jane, but the page here is still Seth-heavy and does kind of skimps on her biography. NoVomit (talk) 12:49, 7 January 2009 (UTC)

 * This page has matured again in recent months, so I will update an earlier question here: Responding to the query above, is there any interest in Jane's contributions to the writing process? Hers is the only per-minute documented writing process I know of. Word/hour data with pauses could ve valuable. She also certainly added some visibility to the method of dictation to a collaborator as a way to enhance creativity. TaoPhoenix (talk) 16:29, 28 March 2009 (UTC)

Re: "...is there any interest in Jane's contributions to the writing process?":

I think we can reasonably assume most readers will take the "writing process" to comprise "Jane's contributions" virtually completely (her husband presumably added a bit). To put it forthrightly, most readers will want some information to enable them to make some sort of judgement about whether this Roberts person was off her nut or cynically opportunistic or partly off her nut and partly cynically opportunistic. I think this a reasonable desire, and I think the article should try to accommodate it. TheScotch (talk) 20:53, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

Outsider comment: The intro reads like gossip. Are all the personal details relevant and needed?—j9t (talk) 15:43, 20 February 2017 (UTC)

 * agreed. This is definitely a fan that wrote this 47.37.226.123 (talk) 02:37, 5 April 2024 (UTC)

Re: Criticism
Does the criticism in this article meet Wikipedia’s standards? Videos like “Jane Roberts' Seth Speaks is Anti-Catholic Hate Books – Allowed By The Media"” don’t seem to come from reputable sources nor to make fair claims (let alone objective statements, but the topics are metaphysical in nature.)—j9t (talk) 15:43, 20 February 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Jane Roberts. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121121005115/http://www.spiritual-endeavors.org/seth/howitall.htm to http://www.spiritual-endeavors.org/seth/howitall.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:47, 19 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Jane Roberts. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120828002805/http://www.californiasethconference.com/about-seth.html to http://californiasethconference.com/about-seth.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:19, 22 November 2017 (UTC)

The bulk of this article is uncited
The bulk of this article is uncited, so I have added a template to the top. Softlavender (talk) 23:42, 7 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jane Roberts


text:
Kai Budde

Kai Budde (born 28 October 1979), is a professional Magic: The Gathering player, who holds the record for Pro Tour victories, and for a long time held the records for earnings and lifetime Pro Points. His performances earned him the nicknames "The (German) Juggernaut" and "King of the Grand Prix". Kai left the game in late 2004 to focus on his studies, and his appearances in tournaments are less frequent than in earlier years. Budde is widely considered to be one of the all-time greatest Magic: The Gathering players.

He has won five individual Pro Tour titles (no other player has won more than three), and two Team Pro Tour titles (alongside fellow Germans Marco Blume and Dirk Baberowski). Budde also won the 1999 Magic World Championship in Tokyo. His cash winnings in six years of premier Magic: The Gathering tournaments are well over $300,000. He has also been awarded a record four Player of the Year titles: 1999, 2001, 2002, and 2003.

Budde also won the 2001 Magic Invitational tournament in Cape Town. His prize was the rare opportunity to design an actual card; the result was Voidmage Prodigy. In 2007, Kai Budde was inducted into the Pro-Tour Hall of Fame.

Early years
Budde started playing Magic in 1994 when he learned about the game from fellow gamers. As a player from Cologne he quickly became acquainted with more experienced players from the city such as later Pro Tour winner Frank Adler. His rise to professional play coincided with that of Dirk Baberowski, another Magic player who had moved to Cologne. Being at a comparable level of playing, both worked together to qualify for the Pro Tour. Budde succeeded on his second attempt, thus qualifying for the 1997 Pro Tour New York. As he had not yet turned eighteen Kai chose to attend the Junior Division of the tournament, eventually finishing among the best 32. Afterwards, the Junior Pro Tour was discontinued and Budde was automatically qualified for the following Pro Tour in Mainz.

Kai finished 52nd in Mainz and for a while struggled to qualify for another Pro Tour but eventually managed to qualify for the 1998 Pro Tour Chicago. Fellow player and now friend Baberowski had finally managed to qualify for the Pro Tour, too. While Kai finished 19th Baberowski won the whole tournament. After a second place at Grand Prix Birmingham Budde added three Grand Prix titles within six months. The third one in Amsterdam even came by defeating Baberowski in the finals. With these finishes Budde had racked up enough Pro Points to be in contention for the Pro Player of the Year title in the final event of the 1998–99 season. Having not made a Pro Tour Top 8 appearance yet the leader in the Pro Player of the Year race did not consider him to be a threat, though. When Budde advanced to the final of the 1999 World Championship in Tokyo he had already secured the Pro Player of the year race. He added the World Champion title by defeating Mark Le Pine in one of the quickest Pro Tour finals ever.

After adding an 11th-place finish at the next Pro Tour in London the rest of the 1999–2000 season turned out to be disappointing. He was not able to make it beyond the first round in any of the newly introduced Masters events nor did he finish better than Top 64 at any of the succeeding Pro Tours.

Five Pro Tour titles in two years
It took Kai until November 2000 to make another final eight appearance. A third place at Grand Prix Florence was followed by his second Pro Tour win. The 2000 Pro Tour Chicago title made him the third player to win more than one Pro Tour, the other two being Jon Finkel and Tommi Hovi. Winning Pro Tour Barcelona in the same season, Kai managed to surpass Finkel and Hovi to become the first player to win three Pro Tours. In the semi-final at Barcelona Budde had even asked if he could concede to his friend Patrick Mello to make him eligible for the next Masters, but the officials had refused. Finally a 44th-place finish at the World Championship in Toronto sufficed to make Kai the first double Pro Player of the Year.

The 2001–02 season started very well for Kai Budde with consecutive wins at Grand Prix London and Pro Tour New York. For the Team Pro Tour New York Kai had chosen his friends Dirk Baberowski and Marco Blume, despite being able to play with virtually anybody he would have liked. Dirk had retired from the game for some time, but Kai managed to convince him to come along for the Pro Tour. Team "Phoenix Foundation" as they called themselves went on to become the most successful team in the Pro Tour history. Pro Tour New York is also the origin of the saying "Kai doesn't lose on Sunday". Several Pro Players had answered something to that extent when asked who their favorite amongst the final four teams was. Less than two months later Kai added another Pro Tour title, this time in New Orleans. He is still the only player in the game to have won back to back Pro Tours. In between, Budde had also won the Invitational which gave him the chance to create a Magic card of his own design. The card eventually became.

Throughout the season a few more Grand Prix titles followed and eventually he managed another Top 8 appearance at Pro Tour Nice, this time losing in the quarter-final to Bram Snepvangers. Before the final event of the season, the World Championship in Sydney, Kai was already locked in to succeed himself as Pro Tour Player of the Year. Only a week after Nice, Budde won the German Nationals, securing another title he had not won before and thus making the national team. While he finished 44th individually at the World Championship, Kai led the German team with Felix Schneiders, a fellow player from his Cologne days, and Mark Ziegner to the team title.

Phoenix Foundation won the first Pro Tour of the 2002–03 season, giving Kai an early lead in the Pro Player of the Year race. Also this set the three Phoenix Foundation members in the top three spots in lifetime Pro Tour wins until Jon Finkel overtook Blume with his victory in Kuala Lumpur five years later. After a few mediocre finishes through mid-season Kai won his seventh Pro Tour in Chicago, beating some of the most accomplished players such as Jon Finkel, William Jensen, and Nicolai Herzog along the way. Despite making no further Top 8 appearances in the season Kai was able to take his fourth Pro Player of the Year title with a comfortable lead.

Decline, Cancer diagnosis, and Player of the Year trophy
In 2003–04 Phoenix Foundation managed to open with another top 4 appearance, but lost in the semi-final to the eventual winners. Kai managed to make a few more Top 8 appearance at Grand Prixs, among those a victory at the then biggest Magic tournament ever at Madrid, but his performances declined notably. He managed an undefeated first day at Pro Tour Philadelphia in the following season, but was quickly eliminated from the event afterwards. Budde has since been considered to be retired from Pro Play although he has shown up for a Pro Tour from time to time. Eventually he was inducted into the Hall of Fame at the 2007 World Championship in New York. Over the next years he played on the Pro Tour occasionally, but without much success. However, in 2010 Budde made his tenth Pro Tour top 8 in Amsterdam, and in 2011 he made his fifteenth Grand Prix top 8 in Paris. Since Pro Tour Return to Ravnica Budde has been a part of the team currently called 'The Pantheon', alongside players such as Jon Finkel, William Jensen, and Gabriel Nassif. In 2019, he made the Top4 of the Mythic Championship III, a rebranded version of the Pro Tour, which was entirely played on Magic Arena. Then, in 2023, Budde made another Top8 at Pro Tour The Lord of the Rings in Barcelona.

On June 29th, 2024, it was announced that Kai was diagnosed with cancer years prior and that things had taken a turn for the worse. In honor of him, Wizards of the Coast named the 2024 season trophy "The Kai Budde Player of the Year".

Other accomplishments

 * Pro Player of the Year 1998–1999
 * Pro Player of the Year 2000–2001
 * Pro Player of the Year 2001–2002
 * Pro Player of the Year 2002–2003
 * Magic Hall of Fame class of 2007 vote leader

title: Kai Budde


text:
User:Agentv

...a helping hand from another information space.

Many of my efforts go to maintaining the Tech Whine blog, my LiveJournal, my Twitter feed, and a YouTube channel.

I also maintain Twitter feeds for the San Jose 48 Hour Film Project, the San Francisco 48 Hour Film Project, and Schoolhouse Earth.

title: User:Agentv


text:
The Helix, Dublin

The Helix, formally The Helix Centre for the Performing Arts, is a multi-purpose venue located on the Dublin City University main campus in Glasnevin, Dublin. Officially opened by then President of Ireland, Mary McAleese, on 5 March 1996, the Helix contains a concert hall, theatre, studio theatre, exhibition space, artists-in-residence studios, and a green room and other support spaces, along with an in-site café.

History
Originally conceived as an aula maxima for the university, and also as the "North Dublin (Performing) Arts Centre," the Helix was built at a cost of €56.5 million between 1996 and mid-1998.

Design and features
The Helix was designed by the late Polish-born Dublin-based architect Andrzej Wejchert of A&D Wejchert & Partners Architects. It is a three-level building with elevations of contrasting glass and granite, and with an open void through which light spills from the roof. The 11,650 square metres of the building are built around a wide foyer with inclined columns and a helix-shaped stairway - the building was named for the helical structure that dominates the entrance.

The performance spaces include the main concert hall, "The O'Mahony Hall," main Helix theatre, "The Space" - a studio theatre, exhibition space, artists-in-residence studios, and a green room, while ancillary spaces include a café, box office, small shop, toilets and other amenities.

Performances and events
The Helix has been host to world-class performances ranging from Zach Bryan, the Russian State Philharmonic Orchestra, The St Petersburg Ballet, international theatre and world singers through to popular West End shows. Opera singers performing have included Dame Kiri Te Kanawa, Lesley Garrett and Bryn Terfel. Rock musicians Van Morrison and Lou Reed have also played at the venue. Irish groups such as Celtic Thunder have also performed there.

Covid-19
Because of the COVID-19 pandemic it is being used as a vaccination centre since February 2021. The centre is scheduled to be operating 8am-8pm seven days a week. The capacity of the car park was a factor in choosing the building. The vaccination centre is the work of collaboration between general practitioners, practice nurses, medical students, Order of Malta Ambulance Corps, Order of Malta Ambulance Corps, Department of Health, Dublin City University and Dublin Airport.

TV programmes
Many TV programmes have been broadcast from or recorded in The Helix.

Awards

 * Irish Concrete Society Award – Building Category
 * Irish Joinery Award – Joinery of the Mahony Hall – 1st Prize
 * Plan Opus Building Awards Winner (2003)
 * Shortlisted for the Best Purpose-built Venue (2014)

title: The Helix, Dublin


text:
GloFish

The GloFish is a patented and trademarked brand of fluorescently colored genetically modified aquarium fish. They have been created from several different species of fish: zebrafish were the first GloFish available in pet stores, and recently the black tetra, tiger barb, rainbow shark, Siamese fighting fish, X-ray tetra, and most recently bronze corydoras have been added to the lineup. They are sold in many colors, trademarked as "Starfire Red", "Moonrise Pink", "Sunburst Orange", "Electric Green", "Cosmic Blue", and "Galactic Purple", although not all species are available in all colors. Although not originally developed for the ornamental fish trade, it is one of the first genetically modified animals to become publicly available. The rights to GloFish are owned by Spectrum Brands, Inc., which purchased GloFish from Yorktown Technologies, the original developer of GloFish, in May 2017.

Early development
The original zebrafish (or zebra danio, Danio rerio) is a native of rivers in India and Bangladesh. It measures three centimeters long and has gold and dark blue stripes. In 1999, Dr. Zhiyuan Gong and his colleagues at the National University of Singapore were working with a gene that encodes the green fluorescent protein (GFP), originally extracted from a jellyfish, that naturally produced bright green fluorescence. They inserted the gene into a zebrafish embryo, allowing it to integrate into the zebrafish's genome, which caused the fish to be brightly fluorescent under both natural white light and ultraviolet light. Their goal was to develop a fish that could detect pollution by selectively fluorescing in the presence of environmental toxins. The development of the constantly fluorescing fish was the first step in this process, and the National University of Singapore filed a patent application on this work. Shortly thereafter, his team developed a line of red fluorescent zebra fish by adding a gene from a sea coral, and orange-yellow fluorescent zebra fish, by adding a variant of the jellyfish gene. Later, a team of researchers at the National Taiwan University, headed by Professor Huai-Jen Tsai, succeeded in creating a medaka (rice fish) with a fluorescent green color, which, like the zebrafish, is a model organism used in biology.

The scientists from NUS and businessmen Alan Blake and Richard Crockett from Yorktown Technologies, L.P., a company in Austin, Texas, met and a deal was signed whereby Yorktown obtained the worldwide rights to market the fluorescent zebrafish, which Yorktown subsequently branded as "GloFish". At around the same time, a separate deal was made between Taikong, the largest aquarium fish producer in Taiwan, and the Taiwanese researchers to market the green medaka in Taiwan under the name TK-1. In the spring of 2003, Taiwan became the first to authorize sales of a genetically modified organism as a pet. One hundred thousand fish were reportedly sold in less than a month at US$18.60 each. The fluorescent medaka are not GloFish, as they are not marketed by Yorktown Technologies, but instead by Taikong Corp under a different brand name.

Introduction to the United States market
GloFish were introduced to the United States market in late 2003 by Yorktown Technologies, after two years of research. The governmental environmental risk assessment was made by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which has jurisdiction over all genetically modified (GM) animals, including fluorescent zebra fish, since they consider the inserted gene to be a drug. The FDA determined in December 2003: Because tropical aquarium fish are not used for food purposes, they pose no threat to the food supply. There is no evidence that these genetically engineered zebra danio fish pose any more threat to the environment than their unmodified counterparts which have long been widely sold in the United States. In the absence of a clear risk to the public health, the FDA finds no reason to regulate these particular fish.

Marketing of the fish was met by protests from a non-governmental organization called the Center for Food Safety. They were concerned that approval of the GloFish based only on a Food and Drug Administration risk assessment would create a precedent of inadequate scrutiny of biotech animals in general. The group filed a lawsuit in US Federal District Court to block the sale of the GloFish. The lawsuit sought a court order stating that the sale of transgenic fish is subject to federal regulation beyond the FDA's charter, and as such should not be sold without more extensive approvals. In the opinion of Joseph Mendelson, the Center for Food Safety's legal director: It's clear this sets a precedent for genetically engineered animals. It opens the dams to a whole host of nonfood genetically engineered organisms. That's unacceptable to us and runs counter to things the National Academy of Sciences and other scientific review boards have said, particularly when it comes to mobile GM organisms like fish and insects.

The Center for Food Safety's suit was found to be without merit and dismissed on March 30, 2005.

Subsequent developments
In addition to the red zebrafish, Yorktown Technologies released green and orange-yellow versions of the zebrafish in mid-2006. In 2011, blue and purple zebrafish were released. These lines of fish incorporate genes from sea coral. In 2012, Yorktown Technologies introduced a green version of a GloFish derived from a different species of fish, the black tetra. This was followed by a green version of a tiger barb. In 2013, Yorktown Technologies introduced orange, pink, and purple Tetras, which made Tetras the first GloFish to be available in pink. This was followed in 2014 by the release of red and blue Tetras. The colors are trademarked as "Starfire Red", "Moonrise Pink", "Sunburst Orange", "Electric Green", "Cosmic Blue", and "Galactic Purple".

Other fish released include the GloFish shark, available in orange, green, and purple. Though these fish are not scientifically related to sharks, they are based on the albino rainbow shark. In February 2020, green GloFish bettas also known as Globettas were released, with three different variations. These variations include female, (young) male, and premium (adult) male. Despite the speculation of aquarium enthusiasts that the eggs of the fluorescent fish were pressure treated to make them infertile, it has been found some GloFish are indeed fertile and will reproduce in a captive environment. However, the GloFish Fluorescent Fish License states "Intentional breeding and/or any sale, barter, or trade, of any offspring of GloFish fluorescent ornamental fish is strictly prohibited.".

Sale or possession of GloFish was made illegal in California in 2003 due to a regulation that restricts genetically modified fish. The regulation was implemented before the marketing of GloFish, largely due to concern about a fast-growing biotech salmon. The regulations were lifted in 2015 due to a growing body of evidence and the findings of the Food and Drug Administration and the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. GloFish are now legal in California for importation and commercial sale.

The import, sale and possession of these fish is not permitted within the European Union. On November 9, 2006, however, the Netherlands’ Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (VROM) found 1,400 fluorescent fish, which were sold in various aquarium shops.

In January 2009, the U.S. Food & Drug Administration formalized their recommendations for genetically engineered animals. These non-binding recommendations describe the way in which FDA regulates all GM animals, including GloFish.

Research published in 2014 assessed the environmental safety associated with GloFish. One paper concluded that there is little risk of invasiveness into the environment. A second study concluded that there is no difference in risk between GloFish and wild-type danios.

Public reception
The sentiments of aquarium retailers towards the GloFish have been used as an indicator of the public's positive reaction to controversial agricultural and aesthetic biotechnologies. The practical reception of GloFish among fish retailers was found to be affected by multiple effects, including concerns over ethics, customer demand, and the high cost of stocking the fish. Some retailers opted not to stock the fish due to low trust in federal agencies to properly regulate the organisms.

Vulnerability to predation
GloFish are more vulnerable to predation compared to the wild type, according to a study published in 2011. In experiments including habitat complexity, transgenic red fluorescent zebrafish were approximately twice as vulnerable as the wild type to predation by largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki), two native predators that potentially resist invasion by introduced fish.

Evolutionary outcomes
According to Howard et al. 2015, wild-type males had a significant advantage over GloFish when it came to mating. According to the mating trials that were analyzed in the study, wild-type males sired twice as much as the genetically modified fish due to their more aggressive nature. However, in Owen et al. 2012 by the same group, female zebrafish preferred the GloFish rather than wild-type males.

title: GloFish


text:
1603 in science

The year 1603 in science and technology involved some significant events.

Astronomy

 * Johann Bayer publishes the star atlas Uranometria, the first to cover the entire celestial sphere, and introducing a new system of star designation which becomes known as the Bayer designation.
 * Dutch explorer Frederick de Houtman publishes his observations of the southern hemisphere constellations.

Exploration

 * Acadia, the French colony in North America, is founded.

Mathematics

 * Pietro Cataldi finds the sixth and seventh perfect numbers.

Medicine

 * Girolamo Fabrici studies leg veins and notices that they have valves which only allow blood to flow toward the heart.

Institutions

 * August 17 – Accademia dei Lincei, the oldest scientific academy in the world, is founded in Rome by Federico Cesi.

Births

 * September 15 – John Jonston, Polish naturalist and physician (died 1675)
 * Blaise Francois Pagan, French military engineer (died 1665)
 * Abel Tasman, Dutch explorer (died 1659)

Deaths

 * February 23 – François Viète, French mathematician (born 1540)
 * Robert Alaine, English astronomer (born 1558)

title: 1603 in science


text:
Talk:Zeros and poles

Singularity
"A singularity which is not a pole is called an essential singularity. " This is not true... A singularity can be a removable singularity and even a branch point... This should be changed

In the first paragraph, wouldn't it be more accurate to say "isolated singularity" rather than just "singularity"? This is the impression I got by reading the corresponding Italian page, but I'm not confident enough to edit the page. bernie (talk) 01:44, 28 May 2015 (UTC)

Examples
Some more examples of poles or various orders should be included, as well as more information relating to what a poles order means. He Who Is 19:15, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Agreed. The introduction is completely theoretical.  Immediately providing some cursory, real-world examples, such as in RF filtering, would help keep people on board, for instance, frequencies at which the signal is completely blocked or is completely passed through.

 * Also, the introduction, which I think is supposed to give an overall definition, has in itself a dozen words and terms that are so specialized, those dozen words and terms link to other Wikipedia pages to find out what they mean. An introduction that is composed of a dozen words and terms that themselves require explanations is overwhelming for an introduction.  We could use a little less of the exacting mathematical terminology in the introduction.  Consider the audience; we came here because we're NOT experts in the field.  But this introduction as only suitable for experts -- it's only understandable by people that are already familiar with the subject matter at a post-graduate level.

 * I might have begun with the most basic electronic circuits that have 1 (one) zero or 1 (one) pole, with the understanding that the electronic circuits have analogies to other systems. Nei1 (talk) 14:34, 31 October 2020 (UTC)

 * I have edited the lead for making it less WP:TECHNICAL. In particular, I have moved to the top the last sentence (the only non-technical one). I hope that the new lead is easier to understand. In any case, all technical terms are now defined in this lead, except complex differentiable. D.Lazard (talk) 18:02, 31 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Hi D.Lazard. Thank you for your help. I think I'm starting to understand now. It says, "... a pole is a certain type of singularity of a function, nearby which the function behaves relatively regularly..."  But that definition leaves out what happens at the singularity, which is the punchline.  What would you think about, "... A pole is a value of x where f(x) = ∞"  Is that too simple and therefore incorrect?  Or maybe it's a good start, which can be elucidated with exceptions in further paragraphs?  Thanks again, Nei1 (talk) 03:35, 26 November 2020 (UTC)
 * The lead is not aimed for given technical definitions. It is aimed to summarize the content of the article. So, for learning what exactly is a pole, you have to go to section "Definitions". D.Lazard (talk) 09:17, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

Formal Definition
The article states: "If there exists a holomorphic function g : U → C and a nonnegative integer n such that
 * $$ f(z) = \frac{g(z)}{(z-a)^n} $$"

However I think g should be defined in the punctured disc around a, not necessarily in all of U. For example if f has two singularities. If this case is not being explicitly considered, then maybe it could be made more obvious? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Silasdavis (talk • contribs) 16:02, 19 November 2007 (UTC)

 * What does a "punctured disc" mean? If it means an open disc centred on $$ a $$ but excluding the point $$ a $$, then there is no problem: we can take U to be this punctured disc. JamesBWatson (talk) 09:51, 17 September 2009 (UTC)

Hole?
How does a holomorphic function have a hole. Holomorphic functions are "defined on an open subset of the complex number plane C with values in C that are complex-differentiable at every point." Clearly, you cannot differentiate at a pole. Perhaps the author meant a non-holomorphic function?
 * Where do you see the word "hole" in the article? If you ask how you can have a holmorphic function defined around a hole, that's very simple, the hole is not in the domain of the function. So the domain of the function is say an open disk without its center, which is an open set. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 02:09, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

 * We always talk about meromorphic functions when we talk about poles we never says "Poles of a holomorphic function" we always say "Pole of a meromorphic function". We talk about holomorphic functions as functions with no pole on their domain. By omitting the pole from the domain you may say that the function become holomorphic but studying the holomorphic functions does not include studying the poles. This is in the area of study of the behavior of meromorphic function. I think the first sentence should change to "pole of a meromorphic function" i think. ~ —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bossudenotredame (talk • contribs) 04:32, 7 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I have talked with my professor in Riemann Surfaces and Theta function, Dr. Marco Bertola, and he agreed that it is much more appropriate. So I'm going to change it to meromorphic functions Bossudenotredame (talk) 04:49, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

Use of 'Z'
The use of the variable 'Z' is somewhat confusing after browsing articles on DSP filtering and the Z transform, for example. I would have thought 's' was more appropriate. That's all. Raidfibre (talk) 14:07, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

Poles of order 0
The article says "a pole of order 0 is a removable singularity". However, the definition implies that a pole of order 0 could be either a removable singularity or a non-singular point. This could be rectified by modifying the definition to explicitly state that a pole has to be a singularity, but I am not sure whether there is any point in such an artificial convention: it seems to me much more natural to exclude this case by requiring $$ n $$ to be positive, rather than merely non-negative. I have no memory of ever having come across the concept of a pole of order zero before, so I have looked around to see what, if anything, is the standard usage. I found no definitions in books which allowed $$n$$ to be zero, and several which specified it had to be positive: I give a couple of example citations below. Online I found no definitions which allow $$n$$ to be zero except for ones which had wording identical to this Wikipedia article's wording or so similar that they were clearly not independent. Consequently I shall amend the definition in the article.

Here are a couple of books which specify $$ n $$ > 0:

Schaum's Outlines: Complex Variables By Murray R Spiegel: McGraw-Hill (1964) (ISBN-10: 0070602301, ISBN-13: 978-0070602304) Page 67

Functions of a complex variable: theory and technique By George F. Carrier, Max Krook, and Carl E. Pearson: Society for Industrial Mathematics (ISBN-13: 978-0-898715-95-8, ISBN-10: 0-89871-595-4) JamesBWatson (talk) 10:24, 17 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Google books finds a few that have that usage, ie meaning a regular point. So does Scholar.  Sp in ni  ng  Spark  14:20, 22 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes, you have made it clear that this usage does exist; thank you. It is worth mentioning for anyone who wishes to follow the above links that most of the hits for "pole of order zero" on both Google Books and Google Scholar do not refer to this meaning; for example some of them refer to poles in electromagnetic contexts, with a totally different meaning, and other pure mathematical meanings also occur. Also, where the meaning is the one referred to above, the full wording often suggests that the author does not regard the usage as 100% standard, as in "for convenience, we call a removable singularity a pole of order zero", and "this corresponds to ... regarding a regular point as a pole of order zero". However, the usage clearly does exist, and a very few authors include this in their definition of "pole" (e.g. Olof J. Staffans in "Well-posed linear systems"). Nevertheless it still seems to me better to leave it out of the definition in the article, both because it seems to be a minority usage and because that definition would require extra complications in some of the later parts of the article to make them consistent with the definition. JamesBWatson (talk) 14:52, 24 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I had realised that some of the hits were for point charges, and should have mentioned it. I could not immediately think of a simple search string to filter them apart and assumed that readers here would be bright enough to see that for themselves.  Sp in ni  ng  Spark  15:02, 24 October 2009 (UTC)
 * No criticism intended for not mentioning it, and yes, I agree that readers could realise it for themselves. However, I saw no harm in mentioning it; it is not out of the question that someone might just glance at the number of Google hits and be mislead, I have been as careless as that myself in the past. JamesBWatson (talk) 09:22, 27 October 2009 (UTC)

On reflection I have decided that, since the alternative definition (including "pole of order zero") exists, it should get at least a mention in the article, and so I have put one in. However, I still think it better to give most prominence to the more usual definition. JamesBWatson (talk) 09:28, 27 October 2009 (UTC)

Order of a pole
Shouldn't it be the largest, not the smallest, value of n? What is the order of 1/z^2 + 1/z. The definition we were given says 2. The definition listed here says 1.130.95.128.51 (talk) 05:49, 22 October 2009 (UTC)
 * It means the smallest n in the sense that g(z) does not contain the factor (z-a). A larger n is possible if this factor exists, but the order of the pole is not increased. In your example,
 * $$\frac {1}{z^2} + \frac {1}{z} = \frac {1+z}{z^2}$$
 * which does indeed have an order of 2. However,
 * $$\frac {z(1+z)}{z^2}$$
 * has an order of one because z2 does not have the lowest value of n possible.
 *  Sp in ni ng  Spark  13:59, 22 October 2009 (UTC)

Nearly-illegible math expression
In the first sentence on the page, it appears that the expression [reciprocal of z to the power of [pi]] appears, but with normal-sized text, the [pi] is essentially illegible. This is probably simple to fix, but I don't know how. (I'm using [ ] in ad hoc fashion, here.) Readers who know the subject shouldn't have trouble, but others would, I'd venture to say.

Regards, Nikevich 19:40, 25 September 2012 (UTC)

After move and merge
I have merged Zero (complex analysis) and Pole (complex analysis) into this new article. I have also rewritten the lead accordingly. The remainder of the article still deserve being updated, improved and expanded. D.Lazard (talk) 21:41, 14 January 2018 (UTC)

Order of vanishing
redirects here, but the is not explained. Can someone explain it, please? — Sebastian 16:41, 17 January 2018 (UTC)

 * It refers to the order (or multiplicity) of a zero. (I see that now "order of vanishing" is there, maybe added just after your comment.) — MFH:Talk 23:29, 21 May 2018 (UTC)

Lead section
The current lead section has a very confusing order and choice of content. The first couple sentences start by saying that a pole is a singularity but not an essential singularity or a branch point, and zeros aren't introduced until later. This is a vague and confusing definition, and makes the whole lead section disorienting.

Novice readers can't be expected to know what various types of singularities are (or even what "singularity" means), and even with examples included a novice is not going to immediately understand the difference from "relatively regular" behavior. Luckily an editor just corrected the long-term mistake introduced in October 2020 where 0 for the logarithm function (a logarithmic branch point) was given as a canonical example of an essential singularity, implied not to be a branch point.

It is significantly clearer to define zeros immediately at the beginning of the article, explaining that a zero is a point where a function takes the value 0. Whether or not to mention that the function must be holomorphic or complex analytic seems much less important than getting this basic point correct at the start. But if we are considering comprehensibility of jargon, the phrase "relatively regular" is not any more meaningful for less-technical readers than "meromorphic"; it just replaces a well-defined jargon word with a hand-wave that is equally unclear to everyone.

It seems fine to introduce poles either in the first paragraph or later, but a pole should immediately be defined as a point where the function's reciprocal is 0. This is a much more obvious concept for less-technical readers than the awkward hand-wave this article currently puts in its first sentence.

Whether or not we use the word 'meromorphic' in the lead section, including a paragraph defining meromorphic formally there is sort of structurally awkward, very unusual for a wikipedia article. We should perhaps replace such a definition by a shorter informal one in the lead and move any formal definition later.

The comparisons to other kinds of singularities and examples of those isn't really necessary to include in the lead at all (much less in the first sentence). The article could have a dedicated section about types of singularities ideally including figures.

Ping. –jacobolus (t) 16:48, 6 December 2022 (UTC)

 * The lead was also unnecessarily pedantic. I agree with the removal of the mention of other types of singularity. Also "zero of a function" needs to be linked, but has not to be defined here, as a reader that does not know what is a zero is likely to understand nothing in the article. I have rewritten the lead along these lines. D.Lazard (talk) 23:11, 6 December 2022 (UTC)
 * I find the rewrite to be no better than the previous version, from either a clarity / coherence of organization perspective, or an accessibility to non-experts perspective.
 * The word 'singularity' and the phrases 'holomorphic in some neighbourhood' and 'complex differentiable' are all jargon, no more comprehensible than 'meromorphic'. Saying it is the 'simplest' type of singularity is not meaningful to someone who doesn't know what a singularity is (and is unhelpful to someone who does). Explaining that the sum of poles equals the sum of zeros for a rational function seems like it should be deferred to later. The bits about neighborhoods and open sets are unnecessary here in the lead of this article (the definition at holomorphic function already clarifies that 'holomorphic' means in some domain.
 * I think the article should in the first sentence define zero (and bold it) as a point where a holomorphic function takes the value 0 (with or without using the word 'holomorphic'), then define pole as a zero of the reciprocal function. Adding 'technically' is not useful.
 * Instead of talking about holomorphic/meromorphic functions, one alternative might be to say that near a zero a function locally behaves like $$a(z - z_0)^n$$ for some complex constant $a$ and some positive integer $n$, and near a pole locally behaves like $$a(z - z_0)^{-n}$$. –jacobolus (t) 03:49, 7 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zeros and poles


text:
Ballymun

Ballymun is an outer suburb of Dublin, Ireland, at the northern edge of the Northside, the green-field development of which began in the 1960s to accommodate a housing crisis in inner city areas of Dublin. While the newly built housing was state-of-the-art at the time, comprising high-rise tower blocks and flat complexes, residents were moved in years before shops, schools and other infrastructure were fully ready, and the area became well known for both a strong community spirit and considerable social challenges. Ballymun has several sub-districts such as Sillogue, Coultry, Shangan and Poppintree, and is close to both the Republic of Ireland's only IKEA store and to Dublin Airport. The area is the source of one Dublin river, and parts lie in the floodplain of another, and there are a number of parks.

In 1997, a regeneration plan was announced, which led to demolition of the flats over time and their replacement by new low-rise housing, along with some civic amenities, a number of arts projects, including the participative tree-planting project amaptocare, and an unfinished civic plaza, but also saw the loss of many of the area's shops, including the demolition of the only shopping centre. The regeneration, originally budgeted at €442 million, had cost at least €1 billion as of 2016, for the public elements. A metro stop on a city-to-airport line was planned but the plans were later shelved.

The population of all electoral divisions labelled as Ballymun was 22,321 as of the 2022 census.

Geography
Ballymun lies on the plains of southern Fingal (the historic area, rather than the modern county), sloping from northwest to southeast, from the catchment of the Santry River through that of the Wad River. The Santry rises in Harristown and Dubber, northwest of Ballymun, and crosses and drains the northern parts of the district. The Wad is the area's main watershed, with branches most notably around Poppintree; it flows southeast, eventually reaching the estuary of the River Tolka at Clontarf

Ballymun neighbours Finglas, Glasnevin and Santry.

History
The name Ballymun most likely derives from Baile Muin, meaning the 'town of the shrubland', in reference to the once dense forest which covered the area. In the 1300s the land was controlled by the Baron Skryne, County Meath. Richard Stanyhurst was granted 180 acres at Ballymun in 1473 upon his marriage to Agneta of the Barons of Scyrne family. The Burnell family held the lands of Ballymun and Balgriffin until 1534, when John Burnell was executed for supporting the rebellion of Silken Thomas. The lands then passed to the Bathe family of Drumcondra. By 1615, Robert Barnwell of Dunbro held the lands of Ballymun, and by 1641 there were just 2 or 3 cottages and a single thatched house in the area. The population in 1659 was 10 people, 4 born in England, and 6 Irish. In 1662, just 3 residents paid a hearth tax in the area.

In the early 1700s, the tower house at Ballymun was constructed as a mill, which was subsequently taken over by an English educational society in 1744 to found a girls Charter School. It was later converted to a boys school, before closing in 1825. The building still stands and is today called Santry Lodge. Due to the dense woodland and sparse population, the area was generally regarded as dangerous in the early 1700s, with numerous highwaymen operating on the Drogheda Road. In 1829, the Freeman's Journal noted that Ballymun was a popular place for duels. The area known as Stormanstown is named after Lord Stormingston who was granted land in Ballymun by Henry VIII, with the original Stormanstown House which was built in the early 18th century. This tiled mansion was demolished in 1823, and another house of the same name replaced it. This house was used by the Albert Agricultural College as offices in the 20th century until it was demolished in 1970. Another house called Stormanstown on the corner of Glasnevin Avenue and Ballymun Road was the former residence of Brian O'Higgins. It too was demolished in the 1970s.

Public housing for Dublin
By the 1960s, Dublin's housing stock was not only under pressure from a rising population but was also poorly maintained. House collapses in Bolton Street and Fenian Street in 1963 led to the death of four people, forcing Dublin Corporation to adopt 'emergency measures' to deal with the crisis. In 1964, in a response to this housing crisis in inner city areas of the capital, plans were made to build high-rise flat complexes; construction started in 1966 and were completed by the following year. The seven 15-storey towers were named after Irish Republican revolutionaries, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the 1916 Easter Rising. The flat complexes consisted of five 8-storey "districts" (Balbutcher, Balcurris, Coultry, Shangan and Sillogue) and three 4-storey "districts," two of which were part of Shangan and Sillogue, the third being located in Sandyhill. The Poppintree area of Ballymun was constructed in the late 1970s.

Original development
At the time of its construction, Ballymun was a sought-after location and prospective tenants had to pass an interview to get housing there. There were three types of apartment building: seven "fifteen-storey" towers (which actually had 16 storeys plus plant rooms above), nineteen eight-storey blocks and ten four-storey blocks. The flats were built in the 1960s on contracts from the National Building Agency under the authority of Neil Blaney, the Fianna Fáil Minister for Local Government.

Later commentators described the development of the flats and the district as problematic, with the environmental journalist Frank McDonald, in his book The Construction of Dublin, calling it the Irish state's "worst planning disaster", but the issues were not with the apartment buildings as such but the failure to integrate construction of accommodation with provision of services, problematic maintenance, notably of the lifts, the lack of social mix, and the abrupt move of tightly knit inner-city community families to an isolated area on the very edge of the city. Dublin's City Architect, Ali Grehan, after working as a lead architect and designer with the Ballymun regeneration project, commented that the concept of the area, developed from green fields, and its new (for Ireland) types of accommodation were a "really great idea" but that the project was "doomed to fall into decline" due to poor planning and central government policies. She especially highlighted the scale of the development, its purely public housing nature, and its location — a "constructed around a roundabout ... a dead end". She also noted that the concept envisaged the shopping centre being available from the start, but delayed for years, and the issues with lift and centralised heating system (also a new idea for Ireland) maintenance.

The corporation had more gradual plans for development in multiple locations, and according to geographer Joe Brady of University College Dublin, Dublin Corporation were sceptical about the Ballymun scheme but given the weakness of Irish local government and especially its funding, had little choice but to work with the proposal from national government: "They were made an offer by... Blaney which they couldn't refuse. He offered to build them 2,500 housing units at a time when their own housing development programme had to be ramped up and when you had the additional misfortune of the collapse of the tenement blocks in Fenian Street which meant that Dublin Corporation was bounced into dealing with all of its condemned houses at once... They would have taken anything from anybody at that point."

The first tenants moved in between August 1966 and December 1966. By February 1969, when the National Building Agency's contract for Ballymun ceased and control of Ballymun was handed to Dublin Corporation, there was a total of 3,021 dwellings, fully comprising publicly-owned social housing.

Social challenges, community activity
Some social problems occurred in the early years, as families which had grown up in dense city terraces close to Dublin's retail core, found themselves at the edge of the city, with few amenities beyond a small and expensive travelling "van shop". Over time, Ballymun became notorious for a number of social problems, such as drug abuse and unemployment, and was impacted by negative media coverage of the area. At the same time, a wide range of local community organisations emerged, for particular areas and towers, and for purposes such as small enterprise support, anti-drugs campaigning and community project support.

The current Ballymun district is not substantially in the townland historically called "Ballymun" — instead, it occupies several nearby townlands, the most significant of which is Stormanstown. Due to what were seen to be undesirable associations, some say that the area has shrunk since the completion of the tower blocks. For instance, in the early days of Dublin City University (DCU), then called NIHE, Dublin, this institution was sometimes referred to as being in Ballymun (part of the "Ballymun Project"), or sometimes in Whitehall, while today it is referred to and has a postal address in Glasnevin, even though it has not changed location. Indeed, much of the present day central Ballymun lies on lands once in the northern reaches of the Albert Agricultural College estate, the forerunner of the present-day DCU. Streets have also been renamed — for example, Ballymun Avenue (which was previously Collins Avenue Extension) was renamed Glasnevin Avenue after a local plebiscite in the 1970s.

The city architect commented in 2015 that the "killer blow" for Ballymun was the offering of a tenant-purchase scheme in 1985, which gave good terms for local authority tenants to buy out their accommodation, but only if they had a house, not a flat, which led to many committed community members moving from Ballymun to be able to avail of the offer. This led to a "cycle of decline" and ultimately the need for a regeneration.

Regeneration of Ballymun
The government and Dublin City Council agreed an ambitious regeneration plan for Ballymun, with a budget exceeding €440 million. The creation of Ballymun Regeneration Limited as a limited company controlled by Dublin City Council initiated the main part of the project, beginning of the demolition of the Ballymun flats, and planned to conclude with the emergence of a "new town" of Ballymun. , six of the seven towers (Pearse, Ceannt, McDermott, McDonagh, Connolly, and Clarke) as well as three eight-storey blocks and seven four-storey blocks had been demolished by DSM, with the residents generally rehoused in new "state-of-the-art" housing in Ballymun. The new housing is a mixture of public, private, voluntary and co-operative housing. The residential aspects of the "new Ballymun" were largely completed by 2013. Several films and documentary TV programmes were produced during the regeneration period.

Positive aspects
The regeneration delivered the promised new housing, and many other amenities, including reworked park areas, a major City Council office facility, Health Service facilities, a public leisure centre, the Axis arts centre, student accommodation, a new hotel, and some renewed retail facilities.

Criticisms
During the planning and delivery process, the regeneration project attracted well-publicised questions about accountability and democratic participation. During it, most of the large number of community organisations closed. The regeneration saw the loss of many shops, including the emptying of the only shopping centre, Ballymun Town Centre. This meant the 18,000 residents had to travel to other districts for major grocery, and virtually all non-grocery, shopping. The plan for a replacement centre failed, and as of 2021, there is no central shopping facility. The shopping centre was eventually demolished in 2020.

Arts during the regeneration
During the regeneration and organisation, Breaking Ground, was set up as a "percent for art" scheme, and commissioned a wide range of projects, including prominent sculptures, and two headline projects, Hotel Ballymun and amaptocare.

In 2007, a floor of the by-then vacant Thomas Clarke Tower was temporarily transformed into a hotel as part of an art project; the project ran for a month and was heavily booked, with a waiting list.

As part of the New Ballymun, a major tree-planting project called amaptocare has been run, with more than 600 people sponsoring the planting of around 635 trees, and providing inscription texts which are engraved on plaques near the trees. Sponsors were informed that the all trees would be identified on a glass panel at Ballymun's central plaza; the plaza was completed by 2013, but the panel has, as of 2019, not yet been made.

The most-publicised sculpture was Misneach, which portrayed a young local woman on a horse, at 1.5 times life size. The model, Toni Marie Shields, was selected by public auditions, and 3D-imaged in London. Designed to be placed centrally in the district, it was temporarily erected in front of the area's only secondary school, where, as of 2021, it remains.

Local area plan
In 2017, with the formal end of the regeneration, and the dissolution of Ballymun Regeneration Limited, 2,820 apartments had been replaced by just under 2,000 units of social housing, and 1,350 units of privately owned housing, mostly rented out. The area had moved from 80% of residents living in social housing to just under 60%, with one in eight in private rental, and 28% owner-occupied. In July 2017, the City Council approved a Local Area Plan for the area, to govern future development. This plan provided for around 2,000 housing units, of which a significant percentage would be for sale, but with developers to be required to sell 10% to the council or an Approved Housing Body for social housing. The plan included guidance for 31 distinct sites, totalling 34 hectares, and including as a priority redevelopment of the almost-derelict central shopping centre.

2018 Metro Hotel Dublin
A multistorey hotel fire occurred in the building containing the Metro Hotel Dublin and two floors of apartments, on 21 March 2018. The fire broke out at approximately 8.00 pm and affected the top seven floors of the building. At least 12 units of Dublin Fire Brigade attended the building, and confirmed that the hotel was successfully evacuated. Dublin Fire Brigade reported soon after the fire was extinguished that there were no reports of any casualties or people unaccounted for. This included approximately 150 guests who were staying in the hotel. The fire broke out in a private residence on the 13th floor, above rooms for hotel guests.

The 15-storey hotel and apartment building was built as part of the Ballymun renewal, developed in 2006 by Pierce Contracting and a group of investors who included businessman Paddy Kelly. The hotel was designed by Shay Cleary Architects for Pierse Contracting and was originally scheduled to open on 9 June 2006, and was operated by the Days Inn Hotel group.

In 2007 a charter plane with 118 passengers and crew narrowly avoided crashing into the hotel after its pilot mistook the red lighting on the hotel's roof combined with its white internal light for the approach lights of a Dublin Airport runway. The incident occurred at 11.34 pm on the night of 16 August 2007, when the McDonnell Douglas jet was carrying 112 passengers and six crew on a charter flight from Lisbon to Dublin.

In April 2014, the 88-bedroom Metro Hotel was put on the market in the region of €2.5 million. Along with the hotel, the sellers sought €3 million for the 30 two-bed apartments on the upper floors of the property. In July 2016, planning permission was refused for the retention of masts and antennae on the hotel.

Transport
Ballymun is served by a number of Dublin Bus routes to the city centre including the numbers 4, 13 and the 155 while the Go-Ahead Ireland route 220 runs between Mulhuddart and DCU Helix and the 220T runs from Finglas Garda station to Whitehall.

The area was also envisaged to have an underground stop on the planned Metro North (Dublin city centre to Swords) line of the Dublin Metro. Plans for that have been revived with the Irish Government's 'Project Ireland 2040' scheme and the revised MetroLink concept. Journey time from Ballymun to the airport is estimated be around ten minutes by car, and to Dublin city centre 25–40 minutes.

Education
There are a number of schools in each sub-district, including a Gaelscoil (Irish-speaking) primary school in the Coultry district and another on Main Street, opposite to Trinity Comprehensive which is the only secondary school in Ballymun; this was formerly known as Ballymun Comprehensive and split between boys on the North side and girls on the South side before a major reconfiguration in 2005.

Retail
In the earliest years of the area's development, it was served by "van shops", often criticised for limited selection and high prices. The area's only shopping centre, Ballymun Town Centre, was built as a central point for the whole community, and was the main source for shopping for over 40 years. It was owned by the City Council, and rented units on commercial terms, with, as of 1991, a rent roll of half a million euro, and service charge income of 300,000 euro. By that time, there were urgent calls from traders and locals for serious refurbishment, but it proved hard to progress these issues due to questions about who should fund any work.

Redevelopment of the centre was a major element of the Ballymun Masterplan from 1997, and was to be private sector-led. 53% of the centre and surrounding site was sold to major developer Treasury Holdings for 6 million pounds in 2000, with the local authority retaining the rest. As of 2000, the centre was to be redeveloped by 2005, but there were delays, and it was 2009, after financial crisis had struck Ireland, before the developer secured permission for a complex to be called Springcross, involving a planned investment of 800 million euro to provide more than 70 shopping and office units, cinema and other entertainments, dining facilities, a new public library branch, and a creche. Construction was planned for 2010, but by then the site had been taken over by NAMA, and the project was unable to proceed.

Various units had closed during and after the disruption of the regeneration, and the anchor tenant, Tesco Ireland, handed back its unit early in 2014. In May 2014 NAMA and Treasury's receivers agreed to sell the 53% share back to the council, and in 2016 the Council used compulsory purchase powers to secure clear title to the whole complex, with the final lessees leaving mid-2018, and the centre being boarded up. In 2019 a 1.9 million euro contract to clear the site was awarded, and main demolition started mid-2019. The Council plans to sell the site to a new developer, who will be permitted to construct a combined retail and residential building. With the closure of the Tesco supermarket, the area is served by two standalone supermarkets, and otherwise by shopping centres in Finglas and Santry.

A small AIB branch, which used to be a Bank of Ireland branch before closure in 1984, was demolished in 2017 and replaced by a new AIB branch near the Civic Centre. The Republic of Ireland's only IKEA store is located nearby on St. Margaret's Road.

Civic centre
On the site of a former large underpass and roundabout, a brand new civic complex was built, including The Axis arts centre (opened in 2001), with the local health centre (completed and opened in 2003) and Garda station also moved here, although their defunct buildings remained across the road. City Council offices are also here, although the offices handling some services, such as driver licensing and motor taxation, closed as part of broader changes in such service delivery.

Other amenities
A number of green spaces, parks and playgrounds have been built around the district, and some were remodelled during the regeneration, notably Poppintree Park.

Two hotels, Travelodge and Metro are located in this area, as well as a city-owned gym and leisure centre (the old Ballymun swimming pool was demolished in 2016 after being defunct for a number of years).

Religion
There is a church in the old village centre, which was built in 1847 and replaced a penal chapel. Ballymun is a parish in the Fingal South West deanery of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dublin.

Sport
There are a number of local sports groups, including:
 * In soccer: Belclare Celtic, St Pats Phoenix Football Club and Ballymun United Football Club.
 * For the GAA, Ballymun Kickhams Gaelic Football Club and Setanta Hurling Club

Governance and politics
Ballymun is in the jurisdiction of Dublin City Council, and for local elections it is part of the Finglas-Ballymun local electoral area. It is in the council's Dublin North West area, and hosts one of two area offices for that division of the city, the other being in Finglas.

Ballymun in the media
For decades, Ballymun's reputation was damaged by a high level of negative publicity in the media, usually focusing on crime and drugs, whilst ignoring positive news.

About Ballymun
The 1992 film Into the West was set, and filmed, in Ballymun.

Other fictional works that were set in the area were the 1994 drama mini-series Family and the 1982 short film One Day Time.

Documentary
Several documentaries of the area have been made throughout the years, notably during the regeneration. A film of the leisure centre by filmmakers Joe Lawlor and Christine Molloy, LEISURE CENTRE, was made in 2007 and starred hundreds of Ballymun residents. A documentary film entitled Ballymun Lullaby was released in February 2011 and includes scenes detailing the regeneration of Ballymun as well as its impact on the culture of its populace. In 2018 The 4th Act looked back at the whole regeneration, with contextual material about the area's history; it had significant appearances from several community activists, and City Council and BRL officials, and the artists, Seamus Nolan and Jochen Gerz, who led the biggest Ballymun arts projects, Hotel Ballymun and amaptocare respectively. It also highlighted the compilation and even printing of the area's oral history project, which sponsor Ballymun Regeneration then refused to publish and distribute.

Using Ballymun as urban setting
Bloody Sunday, a 2002 British-Irish film written and directed by Paul Greengrass and based around the 1972 "Bloody Sunday" incident in Northern Ireland. The film was mostly shot in Ballymun, with some location scenes shot in Northern Ireland.

Books
In September 2006, Gill & Macmillan published The Mun, by Lynn Connolly. This is a memoir covering the history of Ballymun from its inception to the final regeneration of the town. The Mun was Connolly's account of another side of Ballymun, of which she had fond memories, not press stories about drug dealing and gangsters but accounts of a community that thrived in spite of the squalor.

In April 2009, Irish publisher Gill & Macmillan published Ballymun resident Rachael Keogh's account of her life as a heroin addict, Dying to Survive. Rachael started taking drugs aged 12 and for the next 15 years was hooked on a variety of substances. In 2006, after repeated attempts to get help, Rachael went to the media to publicise her plight.

In 2010 New Island Books published The Ballymun Trilogy by the Dublin playwright, Dermot Bolger: three plays that chart forty years of life in Ballymun and which were all premiered in Axis in Ballymun before being staged in Britain, America, Poland and elsewhere.

Notable residents

 * Patrick Clarke, filmmaker, Sillogue Road from 1967 to 1972
 * Aoife Dooley, writer, illustrator, comedienne lives there
 * Glen Hansard, musician
 * M. J. Hyland, author, lived there for two years and uses the experience in "Carry Me Down"
 * James McCarthy, Gaelic footballer
 * Philly McMahon, Gaelic footballer
 * Barney Rock, Gaelic footballer
 * Dean Rock, Gaelic footballer
 * Catherine McAuley, founder of the Sisters of Mercy, was born in Stormanstown House, a Georgian house that stood where Ballymun library currently is.

title: Ballymun


text:
Greystones

Greystones is a coastal town and seaside resort in County Wicklow, Ireland. It lies on Ireland's east coast, 3.5 km south of Bray and 24 km south of Dublin city centre and has a population of 22,009, according to the 2022 census. The town is bordered by the Irish Sea to the east, Bray Head to the north and the Wicklow Mountains to the west. It is the second largest town in County Wicklow (after Bray).

The town was named after a half-mile or one-kilometre stretch of grey stones between two beaches on the seafront. The harbour area and Greystones railway station are at the northern and southern ends respectively. The North Beach, which begins at the harbour, is a stony beach, and some of its length is overlooked by the southern cliffs of Bray Head, which are subject to erosion. The South Beach is a broad sandy beach about one kilometre long. It is a Blue Flag beach and receives many visitors and tourists, mainly in the summer.

In 2008, Greystones was named as the world's "most liveable community" at the LivCom Awards in China. The community received the same award again in 2021.

History
Greystones is located south of the site of an ancient castle of the Barony of Rathdown. There was a hamlet which, like Rathdown Castle, was known as Rathdown, and which appeared on a 1712 map. This site occupied an area now known as the Grove, north of Greystones harbour, but only the ruins of a chapel, St. Crispin's Cell, survive. Greystones is a much more recent settlement and is first mentioned in Topographia Hibernica, a 1795 publication. Here it is described as a "noted fishing place four miles beyond Bray."

In the early 19th century, there were some families scattered around the harbour, Blacklion, Windgates, Killincarrig and Rathdown. Delgany was a more substantial and longer-established village. However, Greystones was put on the map with the coming of the railway in 1855, a difficult undertaking which was performed in consultation with Isambard Kingdom Brunel, the famous engineer. The railway station was built on the line dividing the properties of two landowners: the La Touche family of Bellevue House (now in ruins, near Delgany), and the Hawkins-Whitshed family of Killincarrig House (which is now Greystones Golf Club). It provided links with Bray and Dublin and left room for development on the adjoining estates.

Elizabeth Hawkins-Whitshed (better known as Lizzie Le Blond) owned the Hawkins-Whitshed estate from 1871 and she developed Ireland's first planned housing estate, an area currently known as the Burnaby. Lizzie was a trailblazing mountaineer and explorer, a photographer, an author of mountaineering books, fiction, travel writing and a filmmaker. She donated for a nominal rent the site upon which the library in Greystones is built. Her first marriage to Frederick Gustavus Burnaby was short-lived and he is only known to have visited Wicklow once/ However the area is still given his surname. An adjoining estate to that of Elizabeth Hawkins-Whitshed was owned by the La Touche Family. It was during the time William Robert La Touche owned the estate that Greystones developed rapidly. To the north of the station, Church Road, Victoria Road and Trafalgar Road were laid out, and many houses were built. In the early 20th century, the Burnabys began to expand the town on their side of the station, and the roads and houses of the Burnaby were developed and the population grew considerably. The names of these two families remain well known today, with many roads and housing estates bearing their names.

Between 1885 and 1897, the people of Greystones campaigned for a harbour to aid the fishing industry and imports such as coal. The original pier, dock, sea wall and boat slip remained pre-2009 but had endured substantial damage. In the early 20th century, the town felt the effects of coastal erosion (which is still a major problem); the loss of fields and most of the houses on the North Beach Road, and the costly inland relocation of the railway have all resulted. In 1968, the old Kish lighthouse foundation was added to the end of the pier.

At the end of World War II, cars and petrol became widely available, allowing Greystones to gradually expand, filling in space between itself and outlying areas such as Blacklion, Killincarrig and Delgany. However, the popularity of the railway declined; its very existence being in jeopardy during the 1980s, as government cutbacks reduced the service to just a few trains per day. The 1990s brought a revival with the arrival of the electrified DART from Bray, and a much more frequent schedule.

Population and development
Greystones has experienced a huge increase in its population since the 1970s with the construction of mainly large housing estates. The first of these periods lasted for around a decade seeing the development of estates like Hillside, Applewood Heights, Redford Park and many other smaller ones like Burnaby Park. The second boom in construction came during the Celtic Tiger period of the early 2000s which saw developments such as Charlesland (the biggest) just south of the town, which includes over 1,000 dwelling units. Following the 2008 financial crisis little development took place, evident in the difference between the 2011 census and the 2016 census; an increase of only 1,000.

As of 2018, Greystones was experiencing a housing boom. A number of large-scale developments were taking place, mainly on the western fringes of the town, in the harbour area and around Charlesland. The main schemes included Seagreen and Waverly in Blacklion, Glenheron and Archer's Wood beside Charlesland and Marina village at the harbour. There are also multiple other similar schemes approved or pending approval. These new developments resulted in a population increase of almost 4000 between 2016 and 2022.

As of the 2022 census the population of Greystones–Delgany stood at 22,009, making it the second largest town in the county after Bray. In 2016, the Greystones Municipal District Population stood at 26,323.

Wicklow County Council and Greystones Municipal District Council plan for at least 24,000 by 2028 in the town itself.

Along with the housing developments, road networks and facilities have been "improved" to cater for the growth. The road between Greystones and Bray has been slightly widened and realigned. A dual carriageway link road (R774) connecting Greystones to the N11 has been completed to the south of the town. Construction of a full interchange with the N11 has also been completed. Chapel Road has been connected with Blacklion Manor Road forming a new section of wide higher capacity road from the junction at Lidl to the junction with the top of Applewood Heights, creating a complete bottleneck at Delgany village. Estates like Seagreen access from this road.

According to the 2016 census, Greystones had the largest Church of Ireland presence as a proportion of the population (8.2%) anywhere in the country, had the largest proportion of Protestants overall (10.5%), and was the least religious town in the country (18.3% 'no religion').

Road
Greystones is accessible from the N11 Dublin–Wexford road; an interchange (Junction 11 on the N11) near Charlesland connects with the town via a dual carriageway. This quickly changes into the M11. This then joins onto the M50 (Dublin's orbital motorway) about 10 km north.

Rail
Greystones railway station, which opened on 30 October 1855, is the southern terminus of the DART railway line, a service which connects thirty-one stations along Dublin's east coast. Iarnród Éireann diesel Commuter and InterCity trains also serve Greystones, linking the town with Wicklow, Arklow, Gorey, Wexford, and Rosslare Europort to the south, and Dublin's Connolly Station to the north.

Bus
Greystones is served by the 84, 84N, 84X and 184 bus routes whilst route 702 Aircoach service starting at Charlesland links the area with Dublin Airport.

Walking
Bray and Greystones are linked by a Cliff Walk, which follows the route of the railway line around Bray Head. The walk is 6 km long and takes approximately two hours.

Administration
Greystones is part of the Dáil constituency of Wicklow and the European Parliament constituency of South. , three of Wicklow's five TDs are based in Greystones: Stephen Donnelly (FF), Simon Harris (FG) and Jennifer Whitmore (SD).

In local government, the Greystones local electoral area (LEA) elects six councillors to Wicklow County Council who sit as Greystones Municipal District. This LEA also includes the neighbouring villages of Delgany, Kilcoole and Newcastle Lower.

In 1984, Greystones was granted town commissioners. This became a town council in 2002. All town councils in Ireland were abolished in 2014.

Marina
A €300 million redevelopment scheme for the harbour was proposed by the Sispar consortium (Sispar is a joint venture consortium of Sisk and Michael Cotter's Park Developments) in a public-private partnership with Wicklow County Council. This development was a topical issue in the town, with objections revolving around the privatisation of public beachfront land without a broad public agreement. The development includes a new harbour, 341 apartments, a 230 berth marina, a new public plaza and facilities for local sporting clubs.

On the granting of planning permission, 6,210 submissions were received by An Bord Pleanála on initial plans, of which more than 6,200 were objections. Many of the objections came from outside County Wicklow, according to a spokesman for Wicklow County Council. Many objected to specifics of the plan while approving the general idea. An oral hearing was held and the board requested the developers to make certain changes which resulted in the plans being scaled down by approximately 10%. Some 3,700 objections were made on these updated plans. On 9 August 2007, the board approved the final plans, while imposing 13 conditions on construction works, including the retention of public access to the Cliff Walk during the development period, strict guidelines in relation to dust suppression, the re-use of demolition materials, and limitations on the hours of operation and noise levels. The board also overruled an earlier inspector's report, instead permitting an old unlicensed landfill to remain beside the new apartments.

In February 2010, it was announced that development of the marina would be paused indefinitely due to conditions in the Irish property market.

After the development plans stalled, the loans attached to the development were transferred to NAMA. Sispar insisted that it needed funding from NAMA to finish the project. In September 2012 it was reported that NAMA had written off €50m owed for the troubled development of Greystones Harbour. It appeared that it was not the Sispar consortium but Sisk alone that controlled the loans.

Almost all of the new harbour facilities are now in use and available to the public, while the construction of apartments is ongoing.

Association football
The town is home the association football club Greystones United, which is based at Woodlands near the south beach. GUFC is the largest schoolboy/girl football club in the country and has in excess of 700 members. Perhaps the club's most famous alumnus is retired Irish international Paul McShane. Another club, Greystones AFC, is located at 'The Arch Field' just beside the railway bridge at the harbour. Five of their players have represented Ireland at various levels. Ian Horan, Chris Mason and Stephen McCann have represented the Irish Intermediate team and Stephen Roche and Richie O'Hanlon have represented the Irish Colleges team. The Saturday and Sunday sides both play in the top division of the Leinster Senior League.

Gaelic games
Éire Óg Greystones GAA club is located on Mill Road, at the south end of the town. The club has recently undergone a major reconstruction which saw improvements made to the clubhouse, pitches, lighting and parking facilities.

Golf
There are two 18-hole golf courses and a driving range within the town. Greystones Golf Club was founded in 1895 and overlooks the town, the countryside, and the Irish Sea. Charlesland Golf Club is newer, flatter, and located by the sea. There are other courses at Delgany, Glen of the Downs, Kilcoole, Druids Glen, and Bray. Current Lady Vice Captain of Greystones Golf Club is Janet Devin.

Marine
Greystones has many marine-based clubs including sailing and wind-surfing, angling, diving, rowing and Sea Scouts. Greystones rowing club, for example, was established in 1920.

Shore angling for cod and plaice at the beaches and the harbour attracts many people, especially during the summer. Swimming is popular in warmer weather, especially on the south beach.

Rugby
Greystones RFC is a rugby union team which participates in the All-Ireland League.

Tennis
Greystones Lawn Tennis Club has 12 outdoor floodlit courts and a clubhouse located on Mill Road at the south end of the town. It regularly hosts regional and national competitions.

Other sports
There is a lawn bowling club located at Burnaby Park. Greystones is also home to the Greystones Mariners Baseball Club, which competes nationally and which has seen several members represent the Irish national baseball team.

Greystones Cricket (formed in 2012), practices (nets) at Greystones RFC and play their home matches at the Greystones United F.C. grounds. They have three senior men's teams and one ladies' team playing in the Leinster Cricket Union competitions, a taverners and two junior teams.

St. Kilian's Badminton Club plays in Shoreline Leisure Center on Mill Road.

Religion
Greystones has a variety of Christian denominations in the locality, with most divisions of mainstream Christianity represented. There is a Roman Catholic, a Presbyterian, a Church of Ireland, an Evangelical, and an Evangelical Arminian church in Greystones. Recently after the Russian invasion of Ukraine, a large Ukrainian Orthodox population has been present.

Many foreign born migrants have moved to Greystones in recent years, with them making up 21% of the population according to the 2022 census. Many of these migrants are of other religions, such as Hinduism and Islam.

Carraig Eden Theological College is the premier Pentecostal centre for theological study and ministerial training in Ireland, offering BTh and MTh degrees in Applied Theology.

The majority of residents are Catholic; however, Greystones has the largest Church of Ireland presence as a proportion of the population (8.2%) anywhere in the country, has the largest proportion of Protestants overall (10.5%), and is the least religious town in the country (18.3% 'no religion'). (according to the 2016 census).

Education and research
Greystones has eight primary schools, including several national schools,     an Educate Together primary school, and an Irish-language Gaelscoil.

The town also has four secondary schools:
 * St. David's Holy Faith Secondary School is a public, co-educational school.
 * Temple Carrig School; a Church of Ireland, co-educational secondary school which opened in 2014.
 * Greystones Community College, a (non-denominational) secondary school which opened in 2020
 * SEK-Dublin, a private international school which offers Middle Years Programme (MYP) and Diploma Programme (DP) courses. It is located in Belvedere Hall and first opened its doors in 1981.

Wicklow County Council manages a Carnegie library opposite Burnaby Park on the main street (Church Road).

Entertainment
Greystones has a number of entertainment facilities; Charlesland Sports and Recreation Park which include a skate park, several all-weather football and basketball courts, a running track and a playground. The Whale Theatre, used for drama, dance, and concerts, is located in the town centre and is supplemented by Greystones Studios, which provide classes, performance space, practice rooms and AV studios.

Film and television

 * The Ormonde cinema in Greystones, which closed in July 2007, featured in the Father Ted episode "The Passion of Saint Tibulus" and also in an episode of Custer's Last Standup.
 * Greystones featured as the backdrop for some scenes in the popular BBC series Ballykissangel.
 * In the 1980s, many scenes from a series called "Rose of Dublin" were filmed around the harbour area of Greystones.
 * The town was commonly used in the Irish programme Glenroe.
 * Parts of the movie Taffin, starring Pierce Brosnan, were filmed in Greystones.
 * Greystones featured in an episode of Dream Team, a Sky One soccer soap series.
 * Parts of George Gently, a 2007 British detective one-off by BBC, were filmed around the Harbour. Martin Shaw starred in the production, which is set in 1960s Britain (Northumberland). The Beach House pub was renamed 'The Mariner's Rest' for the occasion.
 * The movie Yesterday's Children, starring Jane Seymour, was filmed in Greystones.

Economy
The Greystones area is the home to several businesses, including The Happy Pear food company, Goldfish Telecom,   and Smart Storage (RTÉ Dragons' Den-winning company based in nearby Newtownmountkennedy).

Greystones remains the most expensive Eircode (A63) outside of Dublin as of Q2 2021 at €495,000.

Notable people
Greystones and its environs (including Delgany) are home to several notable people including:
 * Amy Bowtell, professional tennis player
 * Éamon de Buitléar, wildlife film-maker and naturalist
 * Reggie Corrigan, former Ireland national rugby union team team member and Leinster player
 * Paul Dunne, golfer
 * Simon Harris, current Taoiseach
 * Seán Drea, former Irish Olympic rower
 * Ronnie Drew of The Dubliners lived in Greystones
 * Geraldine Fitzgerald, actress
 * Sean FitzPatrick, former chairman of Anglo Irish Bank
 * George Hamilton, commentator for RTÉ television
 * Ciara Kelly, broadcaster
 * Paul McNaughton, former Irish international rugby player, ex Leinster manager
 * Samuel Middleton, cricketer
 * John L. Murray, Chief Justice of Ireland 2004–2011
 * A. J. Potter, composer
 * Damien Rice, musician
 * Marten Toonder, artist, creator of Oliver B. Bumble

Town twinning
Greystones has town twinning agreements with:

 * Holyhead, Wales, United Kingdom.

title: Greystones


text:
Talk:Gaius Asinius Pollio

Untitled
"In 54 he impeached unsuccessfully C. Porcius Cato, who in his tribunate (56) had acted as the tool of the triumvirs." Now, what Cato is this? Not Cato the younger i hope... Muriel Victoria 10:05, 29 Nov 2003 (UTC)

I got that from my source. But I had trouble determining who this person was as well. I will go back and check again.

Birthdate of Pollio looks a little off. He obviously didn't enter public life at age 9.

Cleanup needed
This article needs some serious work. I've removed references to dodgy websites ("Jesus was Caesar") and other wikis, but all were really left with is encyclopedias. An encyclopedia article based on other encyclopedia articles is obviously unsatisfactory. I'll have a go at gathering some proper sources and rewrite it. --Nicknack009 21:02, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

Pollio and Vergil
The article says that Pollio introduced Vergil to Augustus in the year he died, 4 AD. This is taken from a webpage "The Believer". It's true that Pollio introduced Vergil to Augustus and that Pollio died in 4 AD (or 5, actually), but Vergil died in 19 BC and was introduced to Augustus in the 20s BC (I think). I'll try to clean this up when I have time but if someone is interested please go ahead. Curtisdozier (talk) 04:05, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Gaius Asinius Pollio (consul 40 BC). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060511143607/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/2770.html to http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/2770.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:39, 10 October 2017 (UTC)

Pollio not cuckolded by Dolabella
I removed the sentence stating that Pollio was cuckolded by Dolabella. The reference in Plutarch's Antony 9 is to Antony being cuckolded, not Pollio. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.193.117.66 (talk) 15:25, 14 December 2018 (UTC)

Three Consuls listed for the year 40 B.C.
There are three consuls listed for the year 40 B.C. None of them are listed as "Suffect". They obviously cannot all be correct. The three men listed as Consuls are, "Gnaeus Domitious Calvinus", "Lucius Cornelius Balbus" who according to Kenneth Harl WAS consul in 40 B.C., and "Gaius Asinius Pollio". They cannot all be correct. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2605:E000:1600:619D:81ED:4C79:E0D7:55B5 (talk) 18:47, 19 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gaius Asinius Pollio


text:
Talk:John I of Portugal

Acclamation or Coronation?
This is in response to recent edits by User:Walrasiad. Pay attention to pages 179-180 about information regarding the Roman Pontifical of Braga and Coimbra dioceses from 12th and 13th centuries (why bother including a coronation rite if it's never performed?): https://repositorio.ucp.pt/bitstream/10400.14/17362/1/V02402-173-194.pdf The entire Latin ceremony is described from page 185 onwards. Pay attention to section 14 (pages 189-190). The metropolitan bishop alone crowns the King's head, intoning the words: "Accipe coronam regni..."

Here's also a video of a professor from the University of Coimbra discussing the Coronation of Sebastian of Portugal: https://youtube.com/watch?v=MG0dcJ9ZiOg

Untitled
Quote "Fernando...died in captivity in Fez". Is this Fez in Morocco? --Menchi 10:05, 29 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Yes dear Menchi, the man is a Portuguese Saint, with according holiday, because he preferred to die in captivity rather than be free on the exchange of Ceuta. I'm planning an article on him, but catholic saints aren't very exciting. Muriel Victoria

"Good Memory??"
I don't speak Portuguese. Does his nickname "John of the Good Memory" really mean that he never forgot things? I suspect that it really means that, after he died, his subjects looked back on his reign with happy memories. In that case the proper English translation would be "John of Happy Memory". jnestorius(talk)

Is "the one of good memory" because it is remembered as a good king. Yes, in english John of Happy Memory probably sounds better. I will wait for more discussion on this before edit. Câmara 22:38, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Joestynes, that's correct. The proper translation should be John of Happy Memory, and it has absolutely nothing to do with the king's actual intellectual ability. Even the Portuguese Wikipedia explains it.  Let's just change it: there is no discussion to be had because the meaning of the name isn't even up for debate, and you can go to Fernão Lopes or Eanes de Zurara for sources should you need them. --Goblin ›talk 16:41, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

Please, correct two errors

 * This «This was in effect a declaration of war against Castile» it´s a falacy. Castile made war against Portugal, not Portugal against Castile. Juan I and his wife, Beatrice, have not title to be king and queen of Castile, Leon and Portugal, as they were acclaimed in Toledo in 1383, joining the signs of the two kingdoms. All what Juan I of Castile has done was in violation of the treaty of Salvaterra de Magos, negociated on March of 1383. You can read Pero Lopez Ayala, a cronista of Castile of that time, in his Cronica del rei don Juan lo primero de Castilla e de Leon, 5º year, chapters IX and XI, and 12º year, chapters I and II: it´s clear as water. The Cortes of 1385 didn´t exclude her as heiress in retrospect, João das Regras invoked the Treaty of Salvaterra and it's violations to consider and make constitucional (lato sensu) law so. She lost her rights since the day her husband proclaimed the two as king and queen of a single kindgdom that never existed: the mirage of the kingdom of Castile and of Leon, and of Portugal. And he did so since the beginning after the death of king Fernando of Portugal. There are no portuguese historians and, for what I no, there are also no spanish historians, that defend such theory of Beatrice as queen of Portugal. So please, confirm what I say and correct the articles about de 1383-1385 Crisis in Portugal.

 * I have correct for you the date of birth of João I, from 1357 to 1358, the real date, because it's a error of many (but not all) portuguese historians, as, for example, Mattoso and Joel Serrão. The truly ýear it´s 1358. Confirm on Crónica de D. Pedro I, chapter I, and Crónica de D. João I,chapter CXCII, last part, of our cronista Fernão Lopes. My excuses for my very bad english, um abraço88.157.243.179 (talk) 15:49, 20 January 2010 (UTC)

John/João Discussion
An RfC/RM discussion has opened up on the talk page Talk:João VI of Portugal, about the spelling of the article title for King John/João VI, which will probably be relevant to this article. Should the name be spelled in Portuguese or in English? Please give your comments and opinions over there. Walrasiad (talk) 03:48, 13 January 2012 (UTC)

"natural son"
Surelu illegitimate is clearer? Any reason why this should not be changed? Snori (talk) 21:45, 5 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:John I of Portugal