text:
Talk:List of chess players

Old talk
I removed some names from the list of "famous" chess players because these names do not have any special significance in the history of chess (or in some cases, not yet, since some of the players are still active GM's). There are literally hundreds of Grandmasters, many of them rated above 2600; just a strong rating should not qualify them in this list. Also, some of the entries were just ridiculous.

 * I don't see how any of them were ridiculous - who do you think was ridiculous? This page can serve as an index of articles about chess players. Yes, we might eventually have articles on hundreds of chess players, but that's OK, we can list them all here. If we start getting selective, we have to come up with criteria as to who to include and who not to include, and I don't see how we're going to do that (I mean, when you edited, you took out Leko (who is currently world number ten and one of the world's best known players), but left in Bruno Parma (who I guess most people have never heard of)). It's better to just list whoever we have an article on. --Camembert

 * (I think that removing the opening stuff about "famous" players was a good idea, by the way) --Camembert

Hello! I added a few players (a couple of US and Canadian champions, and Irving Chernev :), but I was wondering how the country associated with each player was being standardized. Place of birth? Country they played for/in regularly? For example, Chessbase's database apppears to use the country they played for/in. Also, having read the previous, I have to agree with Camembert - why not include all the players you can? If you want to impose criteria (like titled players only?) or split the pages, that's something to do in the future, isn't it? -- Khamsin 05:53, 18 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Country of Origin
Is Shirov a Spanish citizen now? ChessPlayer 01:09, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

 * I can't say for sure if he's a citizen of the country (though I think he his), but he certainly plays for Spain, and is listed as Spanish in the FIDE rating list. --Camembert

 * He has settled there, married a Spaniard and adopted Spanish nationality... Calexico (Talk) 13:01, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

Wikilinks
I hadn't noticed the inconsistent wikilinking until the bot-assisted change of a link halfway through. Currently, most of the country names aren't wikilinked, but a few are. The consistent policies would be: (1) link each country the first time it appears; or (2) don't link any of them. I favor #2 because anyone wanting more information about a player's origin will click on the link to that player's article, rather than go to the country article to look at its flag or whatever. JamesMLane 04:01, 12 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Female players
Is there a good reason for listing notable female players separately? When the page was created there were only fourteen names in total (including four women). Now that the male list has expanded so much, it looks a bit odd to have the two sections; on the other hand, I can see that it's important to recognise "women in chess" in some way. I'd like to merge the lists, but I'm not sure how best to avoid information loss - how should the female entries be marked, if at all? Perhaps it's worth creating Women in chess to cover the topic directly, and just list players here without any special marking. Thanks in advance for comments. --AlexG 21:20, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I can't think of a good reason for listing female players separately. The two reasons I can think of seem fairly feeble.  First, one might argue that strong female chess players are notably merely for their rarity.  But there are other classes (e.g. strong chess players from Indonesia, strong chess players who are black) which have relatively few representatives, and don't get extra attention for that reason.  Second, one might argue that women deserve greater recognition for playing chess well than men get for reaching the same level.  This seems patronizing to me.  We have separate competitions for women and men in things like the 100-meter dash, because men are on average bigger and stronger than women.  If we draw distinctions in chess it implies that men are, on average, smarter than women, or at least better able to play chess.  I vigorously oppose any explicit statement thus condescending to women, and would prefer not to do anything (such as maintaining two lists) which carries the same implication.

 * I fervently hope that Judit Polgar (or some other woman) will win the World Championship some day so that having a Women's World Championship will become obsolete. In the mean time, I support merging the female players into the main list of chess players.

 * Peace, --Fritzlein 22:19, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I prefer AlexG's suggestion, which is, as I understand it: (1) have a list that includes all notable players, and (2) have a separate list that includes only the notable women. It's not for Wikipedia to judge whether this division is patronizing.  The objective fact is that FIDE doesn't run a separate championship for blacks but does run one for women.  Given the existence of women's events, as well as the historical preponderance of men at the top ranks of chess players, it's foreseeable that some readers would have an interest in seeing a list that pulled out the women from the main list.  JamesMLane 06:08, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Having looked around a bit more, it seems there's already quite a bit of material at World Chess Championship about the separate women's competition and players' attitudes to that. (And it also includes a list of female winners, which largely overlaps with the list here.) So for now, I've just merged the lists at this article; if anyone has anything more to say about women in chess, they can use the WCC article as a basis. --AlexG 19:39, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

"Notable"
The word notable can be interpreted in many different ways. Surely we should have a concrete definition for who qualifies? Ludraman 14:20, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

Who is Richard Urwand?
I removed Richard Urwand (Egypt, France, 1914–2006) without prejudice against putting him back in if someone can demonstrate he was a notable chess player. Richard Urwand is a redlink, a google search was unproductive except for wikipedia mirrors, no Urwand games are found at http://chessgames.com, and there are no Urwand games in my Fritz/Chessbase database. 71.82.170.150 06:33, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

Verifiability
I would suggest to add external links for red-linked names (like I did for Abram Rabinovich), according to Verifiability policies. `'mikka (t) 16:07, 30 June 2006 (UTC)
 * It's a good idea, but once you have a single reference, that's already enough to write a decent stub. Shalom Hello 02:02, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

The original names (in their own languages)
There is a discussion on correctness of original names usage. I suggest to look at solid sources on chess. One of the best is http://www.olimpbase.org/ (see, http://www.olimpbase.org/statistics/all_id01.html). Mibelz 9:35, 18 November 2006 (UTC)
 * There is some ambiguity for some names, such as David Janowski or Dawid Janowski; and Aron Nimzovich or Aron Nimzowitsch. Both spelling variants can be found in chess literature.  For list purposes, it is acceptable to choose any valid name, even if it is a redirect and not an article title. Shalom Hello 02:08, 6 July 2007 (UTC)

Separate section for women?
Should we create a separate section for women chess players? I think we should because they compete in women-only tournaments, and have a women's world champion, so it is a relevant distinction - but I'd like some approval (even silent approval) so that if I do it, nobody will object. Shalom Hello 05:10, 8 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I rather think we shouldn’t, as it would imply the POV that women’s brains were not quite up to the standard of men’s brains. (Not something I have noticed.) —Ian Spackman 13:29, 8 July 2007 (UTC)

Edgar Allan Poe
I would like to continue to point out my objection to listing Edgar Allan Poe as an "avid" player of chess. I am very well aware of his essay on Maelzel's Chess Player (in fact, I wrote a fair amount of the article on it) but I have yet to find evidence that Poe himself was a player, let alone an "avid" one. It's like suggesting that Oscar Wilde was an accomplished painter because he wrote The Picture of Dorian Gray. Even the description on this list says, "The people in this list are famous in other areas of activity, but are known to have played chess or maintain a current interest in chess." So, someone needs to provide a source that shows he played chess or maintained an interest in chess. Frankly, Poe's inclusion on this page lies somewhere between misleading and absolutely incorrect. I suggest his name be removed (again) until a source is found that shows real evidence beyond conjecture. Please consider reading WP:V in particular if you want to make a case for Poe. --Midnightdreary 01:18, 30 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I suggest changing the introductory wording to "famous people who show/showed an interest in chess" or some such phrase. It covers a multitude of levels of engagement. I will do this in a few days, unless I hear to the contrary. Brittle heaven 01:32, 30 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Rename it as you will but I still don't think Poe belongs on that list. The essay which serves as the only (circumstantial) evidence being used to merit his inclusion actually has very little to do with chess. Again, there is no evidence that Poe had any interest in chess whatsoever other than a familiarity that the game existed (surely, that by itself does not merit a listing here, does it?). Ultimately, Poe's listing here is a violation of original research and is not verifiable. Please, listen to reason here! I don't know how else to argue this... --Midnightdreary 01:41, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Rename
Shouldn't this be renamed as "List of known Chess players"? Permafry42 (talk) 00:38, 25 April 2009 (UTC)

Armenian Players
What's the deal on the five or six Armenian players plunked miserably into the External References section? It's a visual eyesore and a conceptual non sequitur. Well, it seems more than obvious that they don't belong there. Should they be in the main list of chess players? I know virtually nothing about chess or its players. Would someone knowledgeable please figure out what to do with said Armenians, and act accordingly -- move, delete, whatever? Toddcs (talk) 21:32, 15 September 2009 (UTC) And on closer inspection it looks like those same guys were shoved mercilessly into a couple of other places on the page, too. Call it vandalism or ignorance, it's an ugly sight. Help! Toddcs (talk) 21:49, 15 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Removed for now.
 * Ruzan Khachatryan ( Yerevan, Armenia)
 * Andranik Kasovian (Gyumri, Armenia)
 * Nune Abrahamyan (Yerevan Armenia)
 * Anna Stostikian ( Artashat, Armenia)
 * Michael Bagadovorian (Ararat, Armenia)
 * Shushan Andorovian ( Ijevan, Armenia)
 * SunCreator (talk) 22:13, 15 September 2009 (UTC)

"Famous people connected with chess" section is WP:OR?
This seems to be trivial, unsourced, original research & unsustainable in its current state. It's effectively meaningless due to the overly broad criteria applied... I've placed a tag, and was tempted remove it entirely. Is this an essential part of the list for some category or Wikipedia infrastructure. If not, I Support removing it... thoughts? Boogerpatrol (talk) 15:21, 22 September 2013 (UTC)

 * I agree; it should be deleted. Toccata quarta (talk) 18:18, 22 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Some do have a perhaps notable connection, e.g. Humphrey Bogart. He organized tournaments.  See this. Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 20:35, 22 September 2013 (UTC)

Sultan Kahn
Can the name Sultan Kahn be added if it hasn't been already? Briaboru (talk) 05:12, 14 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of chess players


text:
Oracle (disambiguation)

An oracle a person or thing considered to provide wise and insightful counsel or prophetic predictions.

Oracle or The Oracle may also refer to:

Fictional entities

 * Oracle (Marvel Comics), a fictional character
 * Oracle, the DC Comics character Barbara Gordon
 * Gus Yale, a a Batman supporting character
 * Oracle, the original alias of the DC Comics character who would be reimagined as Aurakles
 * Oracle, in Spider Riders
 * Oracle, in streaming TV series Dota: Dragon's Blood
 * Oracle Inc., a company established by the Marvel character Namor
 * The Oracle (The Matrix)
 * The Oracle, a W.I.T.C.H. character
 * The Oracle, in Aladdin and the King of Thieves
 * The Oracle, in Casper Meets Wendy
 * Oracle Turret, a Portal character
 * Oracle, the codename for Futaba Sakura, a character from Persona 5

Film and television

 * ORACLE (teletext), a British teletext service
 * The Oracle (1953 film), or The Horse's Mouth, a 1953 film
 * The Oracle (1985 film), a 1985 film
 * Oracle (upcoming film), an American horror thriller film
 * The Oracle (TV series), a 1979 Australian drama series
 * "The Oracle" (The Amazing World of Gumball), a television episode

Literature

 * Oracle, a 2010 novel by Jackie French
 * "Oracle", a short story by Greg Egan, 2000
 * The Oracle (novel), by Catherine Fisher, 2003
 * The Oracle (University of South Florida), a student newspaper
 * The Oracle (magazine), a defunct role-playing games magazine
 * The Oracle, a 1951 novel by Edwin O'Connor
 * The Oracle, a student newspaper of Hamline University, Saint Paul, Minnesota, U.S.
 * The Oracle, a student newspaper of Stratford High School (Houston), Texas, U.S.
 * The Oracles, a 1955 comic novel by Margaret Kennedy
 * ORA:CLE, a 1984 novel by Kevin O'Donnell Jr.
 * San Francisco Oracle, a 1960s underground newspaper

Music

 * Oracles (band), a Belgian melodic death metal band
 * Oracle (Gary Peacock and Ralph Towner album), 1993
 * Oracle (Kittie album), 2001
 * Oracle (Michael Hedges album), 1996
 * Oracle (EP), by Sunn O))), 2007
 * Oracles (album), by Fleshgod Apocalypse, 2009
 * The Oracle (Cindy Blackman album), 1995
 * The Oracle (Dark Sermon album), 2015
 * The Oracle (Godsmack album), 2010
 * The Oracle (Hank Jones album), 1989
 * "The Oracle", a 2012 composition by Tony Banks
 * "Oracle", a 2013 song by Scale the Summit
 * "Oracle", a 2016 song by Timmy Trumpet

Computing

 * Oracle Corporation, a multinational computer technology company
 * Oracle Database, a database management system
 * ORACLE (computer), an early computer
 * Oracle machine, or oracle, in complexity theory and computability theory
 * Blockchain oracle, a service that connects smart contracts with the outside world

Places

 * Oracle, Arizona, U.S.
 * Oracle (workhouse), in Reading, England
 * Oracle Arena, now Oakland Arena, in Oakland, California, U.S.
 * The Oracle, Queensland, Australia, an apartment development
 * The Oracle, Reading, England, a shopping mall

Other uses

 * Oracle (rocket), model rocket for aerial photography
 * Oracle Team USA, an American yacht racing syndicate
 * Internet Oracle, a collaborative humor website
 * Oracle bone script, an ancient form of Chinese characters

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Oracle (disambiguation)


text:
Scold's bridle

A scold's bridle, sometimes called a witch's bridle, a gossip's bridle, a brank's bridle, or simply branks, was an instrument of punishment, as a form of public humiliation. It was an iron muzzle in an iron framework that enclosed the head (although some bridles were masks that depicted suffering). A bridle-bit (or curb-plate), about 2 x in size, was slid into the mouth and pressed down on top of the tongue, often with a spike on the tongue, as a compress. It functioned to silence the wearer from speaking entirely, to prevent the women from nagging. The scold's bridle was used on women. This prevented speaking and resulted in many unpleasant side effects for the wearer, including excessive salivation and fatigue in the mouth. For extra humiliation, a bell could also be attached to draw in crowds. The wearer was then led around town by a leash.

England and Scotland
First recorded in Scotland in 1567, the branks were also used in England and its colonies. The kirk-sessions and barony courts in Scotland inflicted the contraption mostly on female transgressors and women considered to be rude, nags, common scolds, or drunken.

Branking (in Scotland and the North of England) was designed as a mirror punishment for shrews or scolds—women of the lower classes whose speech was deemed riotous or troublesome —by preventing them from speaking. This also gives it its other name, the Gossip's Bridle.

It was also used as corporal punishment for other offences, notably on female workhouse inmates. The person to be punished was placed in a public place for additional humiliation and sometimes beaten. The Lanark Burgh Records record a typical example of the punishment being used: "Iff evir the said Elizabeth salbe fund [shall be found] scolding or railling ... scho salbe sett [she shall sit] upone the trone in the brankis and be banishit [banished of] the toun thaireftir [thereafter]" (1653 Lanark B. Rec. 151).

When the branks was installed, the wearer could be led through town to show that they had committed an offence or scolded too often. This was intended to humiliate them into repenting their alleged offensive actions. A spike inside the gag prevented any talking since any movement of the mouth could cause a severe piercing of the tongue. When wearing the device, it was impossible for the person either to eat or speak. Other branks included an adjustable gag with a sharp edge, causing any movement of the mouth to result in laceration of the tongue.

In Scotland, branks could also be permanently displayed in public by attaching them, for example, to the town cross, tron or tolbooth. Then, the ritual humiliation would take place, with the convict on public show. Displaying the branks in public was intended to remind the populace of the consequences of any rash action or slander. Whether the person was paraded or simply taken to the point of punishment, the process of humiliation and expected repentance was the same. Time spent in the bridle was normally allocated by the kirk session, in Scotland, or a local magistrate.

Quaker women were sometimes punished with the branks by non-Quaker authorities for preaching their religious doctrine in public places.

Jougs were similar in their effect to a pillory, but did not restrain the sufferer from speaking. They were generally used in both England and Scotland in the 16th and 17th centuries.

The New World
The scold's bridle did not see much use in the New World, though Olaudah Equiano recorded seeing it used to control a Virginia slave in the mid-18th century.

Escrava Anastacia ('Anastacia the female slave') is a Brazilian folk saint said to have died from wearing a punitive slave iron bit.

Historical examples
In 1567, Bessie Tailiefeir (pronounced Telfer) allegedly slandered the baillie Thomas Hunter in Edinburgh, saying that he was using false measures. She was sentenced to be "brankit" and fixed to the cross for one hour.
 * Scotland

Two bridles were bought for use by the magistrates of Walsall in the 17th century, but it is not clear what happened to them or whether they were ever used. The Quaker preacher Dorothy Waugh was subjected to the bridle in 1655 in Carlisle and wrote an account of her imprisonment.
 * England

In Walton-on-Thames, Surrey, a replica of a scold's bridle from 1633 that was stolen in 1965, was in a dedicated cabinet in the vestry of the church, with the inscription "Chester presents Walton with a bridle, to curb women's tongues that talk too idle." Oral tradition is this Chester lost a fortune due to a woman's gossip, and presented the instrument of restraint or torture out of anger and spite. The church states it came to the parish in 1723 from Chester. The bridle was donated by the parish to Big Heritage CIC, an organisation based in Chester, for use in their museum displays, as it was felt to be inappropriate to continue to display it in a church building.

Mediæval London (1906) named six instances "of branks preserved, I believe, to this day ... at Worcester, Ludlow, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Oxford, Shrewsbury ... Lichfield ... and many other places".

As late as 1856 such an item was used at Bolton le Moors, Lancashire.

In fiction

 * The Scold's Bridle is the title of a novel by Minette Walters, where a scold's bridle is a key element in the plot.
 * In Brimstone (2016) actress Carice van Houten is wearing a scold's bridle in some scenes.
 * In Three Men in a Boat (1889), the iron scold's bridle at Walton Church in Walton on Thames, Surrey, is mentioned as a local item of interest.

title: Scold's bridle


text:
Talk:Old Brick Capitol

Untitled
I had a relitive who was in the Old Capitol Prison, twice. The first time he was released after a prisoner exchange. The second time he stayed in for the remainder of the war.
 * Cool! What was his name and in which division of the army did he serve??  Have you thought about registering a wikipedia username? Alexandros 14:26, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I think his name was James Pullen. I do know that he fought in the 7th Virginia.

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title: Talk:Old Brick Capitol


text:
User talk:Sander123

Hey there! Welcome to Wikipedia! I hope you like this place--I sure do--and want to stay. If you need help on how to title new articles check out Naming conventions, and for help on formatting the pages visit the manual of style. If you need help look at Help and The FAQ, plus if you can't find your answer there, check The Village pump or The Reference Desk! Happy wiki-ing! Alexandros

Refreshing Brilliant Prose
I thought I'd let you know that the polling on the Refreshing brilliant prose pages has ended. If you'd like to participate in the process of determining which articles are the best in Wikipedia, I'd like to address you to Featured article candidates. Thanks, Gentgeen 19:31, 16 Feb 2004 (UTC)

SHACAL
Thanks for your article on SHACAL! I've made a couple of tweaks, and it looks to be a decent start. — Matt 15:15, 5 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Carlos Martínez
Hello, I'm new in the world of Wikipedia and I've just created my own account... Now I have followed the link to this page because of the Carlos Martínez biography. I was the one who published that article, with the permission of the management of C.M. and the author of the biography. If you have any questions, please contact me: contact@carlosmime.com. The webmaster of the mentioned link was not the one who created this article about Carlos Martínez!!! And now? What are the next steps? Thanks for your help. Kind regards, Jenny, Germany (FabJF)

Thomas Washington
For Thomas Washington, this was not a copyvio. The material was from the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, as was clearly noted. This information is in the public domain. Please revert the notice. Thanks! Jinian 17:43, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Kolorado
The anon that started the article is an obvious vandal, see his contributions, but this article is actually not complete nonsense. Paper Mario exists. -- [[User:Solitude|Solitude\talk]] 16:29, Nov 8, 2004 (UTC)

Operation Phantom Fury
Much thanks for the excellent edit and making The Dawn a redirect. Why didn't I think of that? PaulinSaudi 15:43, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)]]

Netgate
"Vanity" is not an acceptable grounds for speedy deletion. I've removed the delete tag; if you want this gone, you'll need to put it through the WP:VfD process. --jpgordon{gab} 18:21, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Same with Russell White. Thue | talk 17:30, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Hi thue,

 * Thanks for your feedback, it is appreciated. Is vanity an acceptable basis for speedy deletes? On the talk page of Jpgordon we had a short discussion about that. (You can see it in the history of his talk page  ). I pointed out that there is a lot of precedent for speedy vanity deletes, and that it is especialy appropriate given the load on vfd. In fact one other administrator (Texture) had independently from me deleted the page. He agreed with me and pointed out that vanity falls under the speedy deletion category vandalism. Sander123 09:48, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The Humungous Image Tagging Project
Hi. You've helped with the WikiProject Wiki Syntax, so I thought it worth alerting you to the latest and greatest of Wikipedia fixing project, User:Yann/Untagged Images, which is seeking to put copyright tags on all of the untagged images. There are probably, oh, thirty thousand or so to do (he said, reaching into the air for a large figure). But hey: they're images ... you'll get to see lots of random pretty pictures. That must be better than looking for at at and the the, non? You know you'll love it. best wishes --Tagishsimon (talk)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Making feeds by screen scraping (your edit to RSS (file format))
Hello Sander123. Would you consider moving your recent change to RSS (file format) over to the Web feed page? While scraping is a topic of interest, it doesn't appear to have much to do with the RSS file format. Also in the text Feedity was misspelled as Freedity. EdJohnston 16:00, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

User talk:84.246.54.3
Actually no, I completely disagree. test1 is used in circumstances where a user perhaps added "poop" or "I waz here" or some such test edit. I felt their edit here was abusive and entirely unnacceptable, and as such gave a test4im warning, which is used in cases of obvious vandalism. Is there a circumstance where you feel test4im is better used?  Glen 12:42, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Ah, I almost always leave the article name, as an example my last three warnings;   - the exception in that case was due to the fact you actually got the revert not me. And the IP has continued editing as it happens. :)  Glen  13:18, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

Subst'ing templates

 * By the way, you must start using subst! See below:

When using certain template tags on talk pages, don't forget to substitute with text by adding subst: to the template tag. For example, use {{subst:test}} instead of {{test}}. This reduces server load and prevents accidental blanking of the template.  Glen 13:22, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

Chicken Little (Character Page)
Hi. I saw that you have edited this page before, and I don't know how to revert a page to its prevandalized state, so I thought I'd tell you that it has been obviously vandalized. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Jax rerun (talk • contribs) 08:41, 10 December 2006 (UTC).

Approved for AWB!
Thank you for your recent application to use AutoWikiBrowser. I have approved your request and you should now be able to use the AWB application. Be sure to check every edit before you save it, and don't forget to check out the AWB Guide. You can get any help you need over on the AWB talk page. Feel free to contact me with any questions, Alphachimp 15:47, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

et al.
Hi the correction of your bot on this page Santa Fe Independent School Dist. v. Doe turned out wrong, replacing et al by et al does not work when the text is part of a larger part of italic text (such as in a template). Sander123 09:56, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Oops. Sorry about that. I've made a note of it so I won't make that edit again. Thanks, CmdrObot 22:02, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Warnings new users
In your warning to User_talk:81.159.67.16 you ought to say why you didn't like the edit instead of sentencing them straight to the sandbox. Presumably you didn't like "extended Parliamentary dispute" being replaced with a link to Parliamentary ping-pong which was what happend and how it was described in the news sources at the time. You could have at least replaced it with extended Parliamentary dispute.81.159.67.16 12:55, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

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article for creation
Hello Sander 123,

Thanks for bringing the "articles for creation" page to my attention, especially the Ellesmerocerida article on Wikipedia:Articles_for_creation/2006-08-23. The text appears to be sound, and though there are some modifications to make, it's an excellent starting article.

At the bottom of the submission, there's both an IP number and an author name (with email omitted). Should I include both in the edit summary? Cheers, Cephal-odd 16:40, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

Harvard referencing
I noticed that you changed some of my Harvard referencing from the depreciated style to the new style. I was unaware that the method I have been using has been depreciatd. Can you point me to a reference for the new style? Thank you. Bubba73 (talk), 02:45, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

Misleading edit summary
In this edit you labelled 'spell' you in fact radically changed the article, notably to an incorrect analysis of the game. Either way, if you are making changes to the content, 'spell' is not the correct edit summary to use. It took me a lot of digging to find that it was your edit that made those substantive changes - thankfully, another user caught it and switched it back.

A note on the content itself: The final position of the 1997 Deep Blue Game 6 is correctly judged by all major chess engines and chess scholars as being a lost position. Simply scroll to the bottom of this page for analysis by Grandmaster John Nunn - Kasparov did not resign too soon. Themindset 06:55, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

65.195.16.211
Regarding the vandalism, this is a school's IP address. I (a non-vandalizing student) will speak to the network administrator and to students suspected of vandalizing pages, but please do not penalize the entire school for the idiotic misbehavior of a few.

Rubik's Cube
I did not introduce any incorrect information to the Rubik's Cube article. I fixed the name of the movie The Pursuit of Happyness, which was previously incorrectly spelled as "Happiness." The title of the movie is deliberately misspelled with the "y," a point made very clear in the course of the film. 64.90.217.245 23:46, 29 January 2007 (UTC)

Scott Levy
Disambiguation pages are not needed in this case since there are only 2 artices that would need it. The disambiguation link at the top (that says something like "For the actor named Scott Levy, see Scott Levy (actor)", takes care of it. TJ Spyke 20:51, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

Blackjack
The explanation's at the top of the page: Featured article review. Andrew Levine 14:12, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

208.189.247.254
Could you please block him? He vandalised again. I'd like to block him myself, but I don't have the courage to nominate myself for adminship. Anyway, please block him. He vandalised the Talk:A Bug's Life page. Thank you, A•N•N•A  foxlove r   PLEASE SIGN, ANYONE!!!  20:11, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

Question
Why did you just give a final warning to someone that hasn't edited in two days? John Reaves (talk) 09:48, 7 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm going to have to revert your edits if you don't explain them. John Reaves (talk) 09:53, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

i am sorry
i am sorry for my pestilence i love you sorry do not block me :D:D:D:D

OOps! Didn't mean to edit your user page!
Hi, I came to your user page after I saw you had rvd vandalism to the Ginestar page. Then I saw "useful" with two Ls and just automatically corrected it without thinking. Sorry! AdeMiami 23:37, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

5 vandalism warnings
Yeah, it was awfully excessive, as I was reverting them, one after the other. I was going to report it this morning, but will confess someone would catch it and do the dirty work for me. I will report it. Thanks for noticing :) Arcayne 15:49, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

Évariste Galois
Thanks for restoring the text in Évariste Galois. The vandal and I apparently edited the article almost simultaneously, and his/her most recent blanking was not restored in the reversion even though my edit appeared above it in the article history. I'm not sure how that happened. Deor 16:54, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

63.69.17.98 Strikes Again
63.69.17.98 has vandalized Black Hand. You were involved with warning him before, so I'm notifying him that he has gone ahead and violated your final warning. Feel free to take care of him, or alert those who can. 20:01, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

Talk Page Reverts
Thank you for the numerous talk page reverts, I didn't catch that it happened until just now :) I guess this person was upset at a vandalism warning I gave them 3 months ago. — O cat ecir  Talk  05:59, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

Alantaylor222
I requested the block. It was vandal-only, but did you see what he did to Pedophilia? --Dweller 09:37, 25 April 2007 (UTC)
 * I highly doubt we can rehabilitate a user with only vandalistic edits. It is standard policy to indef-block such users. However, I will post a note on their talkpage telling them the procedure for appealing a block, and another admin can review my action. Regards, – Riana ऋ 09:38, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I endorse Riana's block. It's a vandal only account and indef blocks are the normal procedure against them. This user is free to create a new, untainted account if they wish to contribute productively in the future. By the way, 4-hour blocks are ineffective and seldom used. -- Hús  ö  nd  12:56, 25 April 2007 (UTC)
 * When he was listed the only warning he received was 'Please do not add nonsense to Wikipedia'. No warning that blocking would be the results of his actions. It takes only little delay to slap a 3rd or 4th level warning and see what happens. It is the proper thing to do. Sander123 14:50, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Not quite. Of course that a full set of warnings is preferable, but when a registered user is clearly making nothing but damage, then a permanent block is adequate. In fact, even without warnings sometimes, depending on the gravity of the vandalism. A vandal can of course be reformed and become a valued contributor, but what's the point in keeping an account that's been tainted with vandalism right from the beginning? In the blocked vandal's own interest, a new account is the best choice. As for IP users, by all means yes a full set of warnings is nearly always required before a block. Regards, Hús  ö  nd  00:57, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Tin Pot Operation
Hi The Tin Pot Operation [www.tinpotoperation.com] website clearly states that they are demoing and picking songs for a new album release. The link was posted. The Gendarmerie did close the club the TPO were originally booked to play (Les Mechaniques Ondulatoires) on the day of the gig, and it was moved to Le Klub at short notice. The forum post shows the last minute venue change. My french is too poor to attempt a decent search for any mention of the closure of the first club by the police however.

Rollback
Rollback turned on. :) Thanks for helping out. See WP:RBK and WP:New admin school/Rollback for more. Best, Peter Symonds ( talk ) 21:31, 13 February 2009 (UTC)

Huggle
Hi there, Please see the download page for the new release of huggle. It should work and should be the only version to work. Thank X  clamation point  and if you have any questions please get to me on my talk page as I will not be checking back here. -- ·Add§hore·  T alk T o M e ! 21:25, 21 February 2009 (UTC)

BFA
I noticed you removed alot of the text from the Black forest academy page. While i would agree that some of it was ill-phrased, im sure alot of it will get re-added shortly. As an alumnus of the school, i can tell you that the things under the residence and conspiracies tabs were all a very big part of life there, and should be public knowledge. Lets hope they come back with a slightly more objective and serious tone, but even if not, i think it was better the way it was then now. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.42.32.93 (talk) 22:11, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

You are now a Reviewer
Hello. Your account has been granted the "reviewer" userright, allowing you to review other users' edits on certain flagged pages. Pending changes, also known as flagged protection, is currently undergoing a two-month trial scheduled to end 15 August 2010.

Reviewers can review edits made by users who are not autoconfirmed to articles placed under pending changes. Pending changes is applied to only a small number of articles, similarly to how semi-protection is applied but in a more controlled way for the trial. The list of articles with pending changes awaiting review is located at Special:OldReviewedPages.

When reviewing, edits should be accepted if they are not obvious vandalism or BLP violations, and not clearly problematic in light of the reason given for protection (see Reviewing process). More detailed documentation and guidelines can be found here.

If you do not want this userright, you may ask any administrator to remove it for you at any time. Courcelles (talk) 18:36, 19 June 2010 (UTC)

Constitution
Yes it is right, I have been unconstructive about edition constitution, however I will try to make it better. So I ask You if it can be accepted, constitution (religion policy) A constitution is a law or set of fundamental principles so called a commandment (commandments) of Love. All laws and other principles are based on ( commandments )  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Amourcratez (talk • contribs) 08:12, 5 June 2013 (UTC)
 * 1) REDIRECT Great Commandment
 * 2) REDIRECT Great Commandment

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:53, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Your access to AWB may be temporarily removed
Hello Sander123! This message is to inform you that due to editing inactivity, your access to AutoWikiBrowser may be temporarily removed. If you do not resume editing within the next week, your username will be removed from the CheckPage. This is purely for routine maintenance and is not indicative of wrongdoing on your part. You may regain access at any time by simply requesting it at WP:PERM/AWB. Thank you! — MusikBot II  talk  17:11, 13 February 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sander123


text:
GKN (disambiguation)

GKN is a British engineering firm.

GKN or gkn may also refer to:

 * Gokana language (ISO 639-3 code)
 * Gulkana Airport (IATA airport code), Alaska, US
 * Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Dutch: Gereformeerde Kerken in Nederland)

title: GKN (disambiguation)


text:
Cubic

Cubic may refer to:

Science and mathematics

 * Cube (algebra), "cubic" measurement
 * Cube, a three-dimensional solid object bounded by six square faces, facets or sides, with three meeting at each vertex
 * Cubic crystal system, a crystal system where the unit cell is in the shape of a cube
 * Cubic function, a polynomial function of degree three
 * Cubic equation, a polynomial equation (reducible to ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0)
 * Cubic form, a homogeneous polynomial of degree 3
 * Cubic graph (mathematics - graph theory), a graph where all vertices have degree 3
 * Cubic plane curve (mathematics), a plane algebraic curve C defined by a cubic equation
 * Cubic reciprocity (mathematics - number theory), a theorem analogous to quadratic reciprocity
 * Cubic surface, an algebraic surface in three-dimensional space
 * Cubic zirconia, in geology, a mineral that is widely synthesized for use as a diamond simulacra
 * CUBIC, a histology method

Computing

 * Cubic IDE, a modular development environment
 * CUBIC TCP, a TCP congestion-avoidance strategy

Media

 * Cubic (film), a 2002 science-fiction film also known as Equilibrium
 * Cubic (TV series), a 2014 Thai soap opera

Other

 * Cubic Corporation, an American company that provides transportation and defense systems
 * Cubic Transportation Systems, a division of Cubic Corporation
 * Cubic (river), a tributary of the Ier in northwestern Romania

title: Cubic


text:
Talk:Scold's bridle

(unnamed section)
"Women were property and a good woman was a woman who obeyed her husband and did not complain about her treatment or beatings. Husbands were encouraged to beat their wives and women who did not complain were viewed as good Christians." - This is unreferenced and a gross exaggeration. Though women had fewer legal rights, a marriage of like-minded individuals who had similar interests, skills and outlooks was the perceived ideal in C16th-17th England. To suggest that a woman was 'property' and would be punished with a scold's bridle for complaining of domestic abuse is so far from the norm as to be absurd. 46.64.9.224 (talk) 23:34, 8 December 2011 (UTC)

I find the caption under the first image on the left (New England, 1885) highly misleading. The image may have been DRAWN in the year 1885, but it clearly is meant as a depiction of "Pilgrim" life through the eyes of a Victorian-era artist, rather than the image of then-current life implied by the caption. 76.202.136.28 (talk) 06:57, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

a pubescent sm fantasy.

While I agree that the previous article was prurient nonsense ("scolding hot" was a funny bit of pseudo-etymology though), it is a real device; it was used, in one form or another, up until the Victorian era. --Mirv 14:45, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)

The image is sexist and s&m!--86.29.143.190 (talk) 17:26, 18 March 2010 (UTC)

I agree!--Eagle's mouth qv (talk) 09:23, 12 August 2010 (UTC)

Feminist take on scold's bridles
I remember reading that feminists in England or Scotland had worn scold's bridles, or something like them, as part of an event recounting the oppression of women through the ages. Would this be an appropriate addenda for this article? Pat Powers 15:30, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

Yes, it would!--86.29.143.190 (talk) 17:27, 18 March 2010 (UTC)

It's sexist!--Sheron B. (talk) 09:06, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

Eddinburgh?
Re reference #3:

Chambers, Robert (1685). Domestic Annals of Scotland. Eddinburgh : W & R Chambers. p. 37.

I'm wondering if Eddinburgh is the actual spelling on the book or a typo. Thanks, Wanderer57 (talk) 16:09, 1 April 2011 (UTC)adam is a turd

Murdersville
It was shown in The Avenger's episode titled MurdersvilleI'm incontinent and wear Tena Slip Maxi (talk) 20:36, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

Lack of evidence
There is very little evidence here that the scold's bridle was actually used, certainly outside a few cases in Scotland, maybe because very little evidence exists. I may be wrong, but I suspect it falls into the same category as the iron maiden and the chastity belt, i.e. it is a neo-gothic fantasy. What do you think? --OhNoPeedyPeebles (talk) 20:29, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

 * It is used right now in Indonesia where my family is from. But all mention of it outside of Europe has been disappeared from the internet, about 1-2 years ago was the last time I researched this topic (it's an important tool in Islam for family problems) and now today there is 0 reference to it anywhere as if it never existed in the first place. I have caught Google doing this with many topics now where they just disappear images and links to things entirely as if they never existed in the first place. I cannot explain it. But yes, to this day this is VERY often used in Islam around the world. 2001:8003:2956:4300:50FD:2CD8:8930:2A5B (talk) 01:07, 26 December 2023 (UTC)

Modern day usage in Islam and Middle East.
Hello, this is very common in Islamic cultures and the middle east and Indonesia where I am from to this day. I used to see a lot about this online, but now when I google image search it all the images that used to be linked with +Islam added to the search words have gone, and now it appears everywhere exclusively lists only European countries as using it. Our name for it is a literal translation near identical so it's not that it is just listed under the local linguistic term, it truly appears it has been removed from Google searches. So I thought I would come here to find the photo I was looking for and there is no mention of Islamic usage. Does anyone know why it has been disappeared? Or why this article no longer talks about it's modern day usage? 2001:8003:2956:4300:50FD:2CD8:8930:2A5B (talk) 01:05, 26 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scold's bridle


text:
User:Sterlingda

Sterling D. Allan

Hi, You've reached my user page. See my profile page at PureEnergySystems.com

Also, at Wikipedia, see: Sterling David Allan

See my sister wiki project
 * http://peswiki.com
 * PESWiki - profile at Wikipedia

I commenced the List of energy topics at Wikipedia.

If you would like to drop me a note, click here, or send me an email message.

= Autobiographical Outline =

Recent Work
I keep my most recent publishings listed on several updates pages as linked from my personal website: SterlingDAllan.com.

 * Most Active (PES Network family of sites)
 * PESWiki.com - publicly editable directory of cutting-edge energy technologies
 * FreeEnergyNews.com - daily news and directory
 * NewEnergyCongress.org - reviews and rates energy technologies according to a fixed set of criteria
 * PESN.com - feature news sotries
 * Free Energy Now - weekly live 1-hour webcast show via BBSRadio.com
 * This Week in Free Energy™ - weekly live 7-minute radio briefing

 * Marginally Active
 * GreaterThings.com website - religious and political

Energy

 * Founded PES Network, Inc. and the New Energy Congress. See sites listed above.

Religio-Political

 * Authoring and publishing religio-political articles and studies to my main website: GreaterThings.com, which receives over 90,000 unique visitors a month.
 * Managing a web-based emergency preparedness products business (e)JosephPrep LLC

Projects on the back-burner

 * Founder and Coordinator of Remnant Saints Inter-Continental Congress (RSICC.org) whose objective is to establish documents akin to the U.S. Constitution that will "protect the freedom of all mankind," pooling from a world-wide body of representatives.
 * RemnantSaints.com - "survival of the Lord's people"
 * Parental Rights - "defending family against nanny state"
 * NovelTP.com -- "Toilet Paper Worth Reading"

Discovered Alphabetics
http://www.greaterthings.com/Word-Number/

In 1992 I spent nearly a year, full-time, digging chiasms and parallels from the text of scripture. I dubbed these "modern parables, for those who have eyes to see and ears to hear." See GreaterThings.com/Parallels/

In 1996 I discovered a code in the alphabetical sequence of words as given in the Old and New Testament lexicons. The phenomenon has to do with words in alphabetic vicinity providing commentary on one another, and the numbers associated with those words being relevant as well. For example, in the Old Testament lexicon the word for "web" is immediately followed by a word for "highway." I've dubbed this new code "Alphabetics" (see link below). Since that time I've compiled thousands of pages of studies on a wide range of topics including 911, Bush, Clinton, Gore, Christmas, New Years, the Internet, 144,000, 666, and a slew of phone numbers and addresses and dates and events and doctrines. Eventually, I plan to compile these studies now found at GreaterThings.com into a book. See GreaterThings.com/Word-Number/

Books
In 1987 I wrote The Vision of All: Our Past, Present, and Future as Foretold in Book of Mormon History,. The book compares the timeline of Book of Mormon History to the history/prophecy of the world as well as the progression of an individual through life: the appearance and reign of the Savior in Glory being the pinnacle for both.

Lots more books in the wings. Most of my publications go straight to the Internet in one form or another. I do plan on compiling some of those into book form.

Music Composer
I consider myself quasi talented in composing, but lack the professional time to bring anything to a completed form.

I composed a piece for my wife on our wedding day May 22, 1999, which several family members and friends encouraged me to record professionally. That piece, "You're Here," is found on my music index, though not with a vocal recording as can be found with some of the other song's I've composed and posted. (See GreaterThings.com/Music.)

The piece I considers to be my pinnacle thus far is A Message of Gladness. My dad composed the lyrics, and I put them to music for my parent's missionary (LDS) farewell when they left to serve for 1.5 years in the Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire).

= My Wikipedia Posts =

New Pages / Entries

 * Sterling's contribs at WikiPedia] - Computer-generated, comprehensive listing.
 * See also Sterling's contribs at PESWiki - computer generated

Major

 * List of energy topics - Index of pages that have been created at Wikipedia. (May 4, 2005)
 * PESWiki

Minor

 * Other projects similar to Wikipedia - moved and expanded content from subsection of Wikipedia's about page.
 * Cold Fire

Additions to Existing Entries

 * Chiasmus

=See also=
 * Profile page at PureEnergySystems.com
 * PESWiki.com - Alt energy wiki I founded
 * SterlingDAllan.com

title: User:Sterlingda


text:
11th Army Group

The 11th Army Group was the main British Army force in Southeast Asia during the Second World War. Although a nominally British formation, it also included large numbers of troops and formations from the British Indian Army and from British African colonies, and also Nationalist Chinese and United States units.

Formation

11th Army Group was activated in November 1943 to act as the land forces HQ for the newly formed South East Asia Command (SEAC), Admiral Lord Mountbatten, Supreme Commander of SEAC. The commander of 11th Army Group was General George Giffard, who had formerly been Commander-in-Chief West Africa Command and Commander of Eastern Army (part of GHQ India). The headquarters was first situated in New Delhi, eventually moving to Kandy, Ceylon. Its responsibilities were limited to the handling of operations against Japanese forces. GHQ India remained responsible for the rear areas and the training of the Army in India, although there was often overlap between the headquarters' responsibilities and (in the first year of Eleventh Army Group's existence) conflicts between their planners.

The main subordinate formations of 11th Army Group were Fourteenth Army (under General William Slim) and the Ceylon Army Command. The Indian XXXIII Corps, training in Southern India for amphibious operations, also came under Eleventh Army Group for some purposes.

It seemed logical that 11th Army Group should incorporate all Allied land forces, across the whole front in Burma, under a single command structure, including Northern Combat Area Command (NCAC), which was made up mostly of Republic of China Army divisions under General Joseph Stilwell, the most senior officer among US forces in China, Burma and India. Stilwell controlled significant forces: while NCAC units were to advance from Ledo (India), towards Myitkyina (Burma), to cover the construction of the Ledo Road, Stilwell also commanded the Chinese Expeditionary Force (CEA), which would advance into Burma from the north-east, out of Yunnan. If both of Stilwell's commands were placed under the 11th Army Group at the same level as the Fourteenth Army, the attacks could then be co-ordinated at Army Group level. As Stilwell was also Deputy Supreme Commander of SEAC and, technically, already Giffard's superior, this would have meant Stilwell relinquishing day-to-day field control of NCAC and CEA forces. However, Stilwell rejected this suggestion; he and Giffard had very different personalities and a poor relationship in general. Slim later commented wryly: "Stilwell ... bitterly resisted... To watch Stilwell ... shift his opposition [to Gifford] from one of ... his numerous Allied, American and Chinese offices, to another was a lesson in mobile offensive-defence." At a meeting organized by Mountbatten, to solve the problem, Stilwell surprised the others present by agreeing that, while he would direct NCAC and CEA in the field, "I am prepared to come under General Slim's operational control until I get to Kamaing". In effect, Stilwell would both temporarily become Slim's deputy and, de facto, temporarily vacate his role as Deputy Commander of SEAC. That is, Slim would continue to report to Giffard in regard to Fourteenth Army, but would report directly to Mountbatten in regard to NCAC/CEA. Mountbatten accepted this temporary command structure.

In practice, Slim found that he was able to work well with Stilwell and "this illogical command set-up worked surprisingly well". Once Stilwell's forces reached Kamaing on 20 May 1944, the arrangement ceased and Stilwell again took orders only from Mountbatten.

Allied Land Forces South East Asia
On 12 November 1944, Eleventh Army Group was redesignated Allied Land Forces South East Asia (ALFSEA). General Sir Oliver Leese succeeded Giffard in command. (Mountbatten's Chief of Staff, Lieutenant General Pownall, had been lobbying for some time for Leese to be appointed, but Leese could not be relieved of command of Eighth Army for several months).

Many of the land command problems in South East Asia had been relieved when General Stilwell was recalled to Washington on 19 October, at the behest of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. His replacement as commander of NCAC and the administrative HQ U.S. Forces, India-Burma Theater (USFIBT) was Lieutenant General Sultan. (Stilwell's replacements for his other responsibilities were Lieutenant General Wedemeyer as Chief of Staff to Chiang Kai-shek and General Wheeler as Deputy Supreme Commander, SEAC.)

As part of the reorganisation, NCAC was placed directly under ALFSEA, although they were also subject to directives from Chiang. Indian XV Corps, commanded by Lieutenant General Christison, was removed from command of Fourteenth Army and subordinated directly to ALFSEA. The Corps was responsible for operations in Burma's coastal Arakan Province, and had its own separate lines of communication and supply. Fourteenth Army, still under Slim's command, was the largest component of ALFSEA, making the main attack into Central Burma.

After the capture of Rangoon in May 1945, British Twelfth Army was formed in Burma, and became part of ALFSEA. Indian XV Corps reverted to the command of Fourteenth Army, which was preparing amphibious operations to recover Malaya. NCAC had previously ceased active operations. Leese was relieved and replaced as commander of ALFSEA by General Slim.

After Japan surrendered in August 1945, ALFSEA was responsible for deploying troops into Malaya, the Dutch East Indies, Thailand and French Indo-China to disarm Japanese forces and repatriate Allied prisoners of war. The headquarters was closed down later in the year.

title: 11th Army Group


text:
Quantitative research

Quantitative research is a research strategy that focuses on quantifying the collection and analysis of data. It is formed from a deductive approach where emphasis is placed on the testing of theory, shaped by empiricist and positivist philosophies.

Associated with the natural, applied, formal, and social sciences this research strategy promotes the objective empirical investigation of observable phenomena to test and understand relationships. This is done through a range of quantifying methods and techniques, reflecting on its broad utilization as a research strategy across differing academic disciplines.

There are several situations where quantitative research may not be the most appropriate or effective method to use:

1. When exploring in-depth or complex topics.

2. When studying subjective experiences and personal opinions.

3. When conducting exploratory research.

4. When studying sensitive or controversial topics

The objective of quantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories, and hypotheses pertaining to phenomena. The process of measurement is central to quantitative research because it provides the fundamental connection between empirical observation and mathematical expression of quantitative relationships.

Quantitative data is any data that is in numerical form such as statistics, percentages, etc. The researcher analyses the data with the help of statistics and hopes the numbers will yield an unbiased result that can be generalized to some larger population. Qualitative research, on the other hand, inquires deeply into specific experiences, with the intention of describing and exploring meaning through text, narrative, or visual-based data, by developing themes exclusive to that set of participants.

Quantitative research is widely used in psychology, economics, demography, sociology, marketing, community health, health & human development, gender studies, and political science; and less frequently in anthropology and history. Research in mathematical sciences, such as physics, is also "quantitative" by definition, though this use of the term differs in context. In the social sciences, the term relates to empirical methods originating in both philosophical positivism and the history of statistics, in contrast with qualitative research methods.

Qualitative research produces information only on the particular cases studied, and any more general conclusions are only hypotheses. Quantitative methods can be used to verify which of such hypotheses are true. A comprehensive analysis of 1274 articles published in the top two American sociology journals between 1935 and 2005 found that roughly two-thirds of these articles used quantitative method.

Overview
Quantitative research is generally closely affiliated with ideas from 'the scientific method', which can include:

 * The generation of models, theories and hypotheses
 * The development of instruments and methods for measurement
 * Experimental control and manipulation of variables
 * Collection of empirical data
 * Modeling and analysis of data

Quantitative research is often contrasted with qualitative research, which purports to be focused more on discovering underlying meanings and patterns of relationships, including classifications of types of phenomena and entities, in a manner that does not involve mathematical models. Approaches to quantitative psychology were first modeled on quantitative approaches in the physical sciences by Gustav Fechner in his work on psychophysics, which built on the work of Ernst Heinrich Weber. Although a distinction is commonly drawn between qualitative and quantitative aspects of scientific investigation, it has been argued that the two go hand in hand. For example, based on analysis of the history of science, Kuhn concludes that "large amounts of qualitative work have usually been prerequisite to fruitful quantification in the physical sciences". Qualitative research is often used to gain a general sense of phenomena and to form theories that can be tested using further quantitative research. For instance, in the social sciences qualitative research methods are often used to gain better understanding of such things as intentionality (from the speech response of the researchee) and meaning (why did this person/group say something and what did it mean to them?) (Kieron Yeoman).

Although quantitative investigation of the world has existed since people first began to record events or objects that had been counted, the modern idea of quantitative processes have their roots in Auguste Comte's positivist framework. Positivism emphasized the use of the scientific method through observation to empirically test hypotheses explaining and predicting what, where, why, how, and when phenomena occurred. Positivist scholars like Comte believed only scientific methods rather than previous spiritual explanations for human behavior could advance.

Quantitative methods are an integral component of the five angles of analysis fostered by the data percolation methodology, which also includes qualitative methods, reviews of the literature (including scholarly), interviews with experts and computer simulation, and which forms an extension of data triangulation.

Quantitative methods have limitations. These studies do not provide reasoning behind participants' responses, they often do not reach underrepresented populations, and they may span long periods in order to collect the data.

Use of statistics
Statistics is the most widely used branch of mathematics in quantitative research outside of the physical sciences, and also finds applications within the physical sciences, such as in statistical mechanics. Statistical methods are used extensively within fields such as economics, social sciences and biology. Quantitative research using statistical methods starts with the collection of data, based on the hypothesis or theory. Usually a big sample of data is collected – this would require verification, validation and recording before the analysis can take place. Software packages such as SPSS and R are typically used for this purpose. Causal relationships are studied by manipulating factors thought to influence the phenomena of interest while controlling other variables relevant to the experimental outcomes. In the field of health, for example, researchers might measure and study the relationship between dietary intake and measurable physiological effects such as weight loss, controlling for other key variables such as exercise. Quantitatively based opinion surveys are widely used in the media, with statistics such as the proportion of respondents in favor of a position commonly reported. In opinion surveys, respondents are asked a set of structured questions and their responses are tabulated. In the field of climate science, researchers compile and compare statistics such as temperature or atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide.

Empirical relationships and associations are also frequently studied by using some form of general linear model, non-linear model, or by using factor analysis. A fundamental principle in quantitative research is that correlation does not imply causation, although some such as Clive Granger suggest that a series of correlations can imply a degree of causality. This principle follows from the fact that it is always possible a spurious relationship exists for variables between which covariance is found in some degree. Associations may be examined between any combination of continuous and categorical variables using methods of statistics. Other data analytical approaches for studying causal relations can be performed with Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA), which outlines must-have conditions for the studied outcome variable.

Measurement
Views regarding the role of measurement in quantitative research are somewhat divergent. Measurement is often regarded as being only a means by which observations are expressed numerically in order to investigate causal relations or associations. However, it has been argued that measurement often plays a more important role in quantitative research. For example, Kuhn argued that within quantitative research, the results that are shown can prove to be strange. This is because accepting a theory based on results of quantitative data could prove to be a natural phenomenon. He argued that such abnormalities are interesting when done during the process of obtaining data, as seen below:

 * When measurement departs from theory, it is likely to yield mere numbers, and their very neutrality makes them particularly sterile as a source of remedial suggestions. But numbers register the departure from theory with an authority and finesse that no qualitative technique can duplicate, and that departure is often enough to start a search (Kuhn, 1961, p. 180).

In classical physics, the theory and definitions which underpin measurement are generally deterministic in nature. In contrast, probabilistic measurement models known as the Rasch model and Item response theory models are generally employed in the social sciences. Psychometrics is the field of study concerned with the theory and technique for measuring social and psychological attributes and phenomena. This field is central to much quantitative research that is undertaken within the social sciences.

Quantitative research may involve the use of proxies as stand-ins for other quantities that cannot be directly measured. Tree-ring width, for example, is considered a reliable proxy of ambient environmental conditions such as the warmth of growing seasons or amount of rainfall. Although scientists cannot directly measure the temperature of past years, tree-ring width and other climate proxies have been used to provide a semi-quantitative record of average temperature in the Northern Hemisphere back to 1000 A.D. When used in this way, the proxy record (tree ring width, say) only reconstructs a certain amount of the variance of the original record. The proxy may be calibrated (for example, during the period of the instrumental record) to determine how much variation is captured, including whether both short and long term variation is revealed. In the case of tree-ring width, different species in different places may show more or less sensitivity to, say, rainfall or temperature: when reconstructing a temperature record there is considerable skill in selecting proxies that are well correlated with the desired variable.

Relationship with qualitative methods
In most physical and biological sciences, the use of either quantitative or qualitative methods is uncontroversial, and each is used when appropriate. In the social sciences, particularly in sociology, social anthropology and psychology, the use of one or other type of method can be a matter of controversy and even ideology, with particular schools of thought within each discipline favouring one type of method and pouring scorn on to the other. The majority tendency throughout the history of social science, however, is to use eclectic approaches-by combining both methods. Qualitative methods might be used to understand the meaning of the conclusions produced by quantitative methods. Using quantitative methods, it is possible to give precise and testable expression to qualitative ideas. This combination of quantitative and qualitative data gathering is often referred to as mixed-methods research.

Examples

 * Research that consists of the percentage amounts of all the elements that make up Earth's atmosphere.
 * Survey that concludes that the average patient has to wait two hours in the waiting room of a certain doctor before being selected.
 * An experiment in which group x was given two tablets of aspirin a day and group y was given two tablets of a placebo a day where each participant is randomly assigned to one or other of the groups. The numerical factors such as two tablets, percent of elements and the time of waiting make the situations and results quantitative.
 * In economics, quantitative research is used to analyze business enterprises and the factors contributing to the diversity of organizational structures and the relationships of firms with labour, capital and product markets.

title: Quantitative research


text:
IWM

IWM may refer to:

 * Imperial War Museum, British national museum organisation
 * Information Warfare Monitor
 * iShares Russell 2000, NYSE Arca symbol
 * Integrated Woz Machine, Apple computer floppy drives
 * Intelligent workload management of computing resources
 * International Woman Master, now Woman International Master, chess titles
 * Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen ("Institute for human sciences") (IWM)

title: IWM


text:
15th Army Group

The 15th Army Group was an army group in World War II, composed of the British Eighth Army and initially the Seventh United States Army (1943), replaced by the Fifth United States Army (from January 1944), which apart from units from across the British Empire and United States, also had entire units from other allied countries/regions, including: one corps from Free France and one from Poland; one division from Brazil; multiple separate brigades of Italians and Greeks; plus support to, and from, local Italian partisans. It operated in the Italian Campaign from 1943 to 1945.

History
The 15th Army Group was activated in 1943 in Algiers, North Africa, to plan the invasion of Sicily, codenamed Operation Husky. Its main forces for this job were the Seventh United States Army, under Lieutenant General George Patton, and the British Eighth Army, under General Bernard Montgomery. Following the capture of Sicily, the army group became responsible for the invasion of mainland Italy for which the U.S. Seventh Army was replaced by the U.S. Fifth Army, under Lieutenant General Mark Clark. In January 1944, the army group was re-designated successively Allied forces in Italy and then Allied Central Mediterranean Force.

In March 1944, the army group was renamed Allied Armies in Italy. Throughout this period, the army group was under command of the British General Sir Harold Alexander. By late 1944, the army group had pushed northward through Italy, capturing Rome, and driving the retreating Axis forces into Northern Italy. Despite and due to the rapid advance of the Allied forces in Italy in June–July 1944, after the liberation of Rome, the high allied command in Western Europe decided to take away from the Italian front the French Expeditionary Corps and the U.S. VI Corps, reassigned for landing in the South of France in support of the advance in the north of that country, and to liberate southern France, including the huge port complexes of Marseilles and Toulon, and bring into action the seven divisions of the French 1st Army (1st and 5th armored, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 9th infantry) that had been reequipped in French North Africa by the United States. The gap in the ranks of the U.S. Fifth Army caused by the withdrawal of seven divisions (three US Army, the 3rd, 36th, and 45th infantry divisions; and four French, the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th divisions) was filled in 1944-45 by five US Army (10th Mountain, 85th, 88th, 91st, and 92nd infantry divisions) and one US-equipped Brazilian Army division (the 1st). Additional replacements and service elements were provided by conversion of the US Army's 2nd Cavalry Division, which had arrived in the theater in 1944.

In order to complicate the Allied ambitions in Italy, between October 1944 and March 1945, the available British forces were also weakened by breaking up the 1st Armoured Division because of a lack of replacements for 8th Army's casualties, and the withdrawal and deployment to Greece of two British infantry divisions (4th and 46th), the British-controlled 4th Indian Division, the British 23rd Armoured Brigade, the British 2nd Parachute Brigade, and the Greek 3rd Mountain Brigade. In addition, the Canadian I Corps and the British 5th Infantry Division were withdrawn and redeployed to northwestern Europe in Operation Goldflake, to make up for British and Canadian losses in France and Belgium in 1944. The British and Canadian divisions that were withdrawn to shore up 21st Army Group took advantage of the ports in southern France liberated by the US 7th and French 1st armies in Operation Dragoon. The new gaps on the Italian front was filled by four Italian "combat groups," each equivalent to a "light" (two brigade) division under the British table of organization and equipment, additional US troops (detached from the forces in France or converted from army-level cavalry and anti-aircraft units) and one additional brigade made up largely of infantry recruited in the British Mandate of Palestine.

In December 1944, Alexander was made Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces Headquarters responsible for all military operations in the Mediterranean theatre and Lieutenant General Mark Clark became the new commander and the army group was renamed 15th Army Group once again. After the definitive break up of the Gothic Line, the Axis forces in Italy were finally defeated in the 15th Army Group's spring offensive, with Axis forces surrendering on 2 May 1945. On 5 July, 15 Army Group was reorganized and redesignated the U.S. Occupational Forces Austria.

Order of battle
Order of Battle for 15th Army Group, August 1944-April 1945
 * US 15th Army Group.png 15th Army Group - (General Sir Harold Alexander)
 * British Eighth Army SSI.svg British Eighth Army - (Lieutenant-General Sir Oliver Leese)
 * V corps.svg British V Corps (Lieutenant-General Charles Keightley)
 * British 1st Armoured Division WW2 2nd pattern.svg British 1st Armoured Division - (Major-General Richard Hull)
 * 4 inf div -vector.svg British 4th Infantry Division - (Major-General Alfred Dudley Ward)
 * 4th indian infantry div.svg 4th Indian Infantry Division - (Major-General Arthur Holworthy)
 * 46 inf div -vector.svg British 46th Infantry Division - (Major-General John Hawkesworth)
 * 56 inf div -vector.svg British 56th Infantry Division - (Major-General John Yeldham Whitfield)
 * 25th Army Tank Brigade Formation Badge (2nd pattern).svg British 25th Tank Brigade
 * I Canadian Corps formation patch.png I Canadian Corps - (Lieutenant-General E. L. M. Burns)
 * 1 Canadian Infantry Division patch.svg 1st Canadian Infantry Division - (Major-General Christopher Vokes)
 * 2nd NZ.svg 2nd New Zealand Division - (Lieutenant-General Bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg)
 * 5 Canadian Armoured Division patch.png 5th Canadian Armoured Division - (Major-General Bert Hoffmeister)
 * 3rd Greek Mountain Brigade - (Lieutenant General Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos)
 * 21st armoured brigade.svg British 21st Tank Brigade
 * Odznaka 2 KP PSZ.jpg II Polish Corps - (Lieutenant General Władysław Anders)
 * Oznaka3dsk.png 3rd Carpathian Infantry Division - (Major-General Bronisław Duch)
 * Zubr 2.png 5th Kresowa Infantry Division - (Major-General Nikodem Sulik)
 * 2wdpanc 1.svg 2nd Armoured Brigade
 * X Corps.png British X Corps - (Lieutenant-General Sir Richard McCreery)
 * 10th Indian Division ww2.svg 10th Indian Infantry Division - (Major-General Denys Reid)
 * 9th Armoured.svg British 9th Armoured Brigade
 * Flag of Italy (1860).svg Italian Co-belligerent Army - (Lieutenant General Paolo Berardi)
 * United States Army North CSIB.svg US Fifth Army - (Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark)
 * II Corps.patch.gif US II Corps - (Major General Geoffrey Keyes)
 * 34th 'Red Bull' Infantry Division SSI.svg 34th Infantry Division - (Major General Charles L. Bolte)
 * 88th Infantry Division SSI.svg 88th Infantry Division - (Major General Paul W. Kendall)
 * US 91st Infantry Division.svg 91st Infantry Division - (Major General William G. Livesay)
 * US IV Corps SSI.svg US IV Corps - (Major General Willis D. Crittenberger)
 * 6TH SA ARMD DIV FLASH.svg 6th South African Armoured Division - (Major General Evered Poole)
 * 85th Division SSI.svg 85th Infantry Division - (Major General John B. Coulter)
 * US 92nd Infantry Division SVG.svg 92nd Infantry Division - (Major General Edward Almond)
 * COA 442nd InfReg.svg 442nd Regimental Combat Team - (Colonel Virgil R. Miller)
 * Brazilian Expeditionary Forces insignia (smoking snake).svg 1st Brazilian Infantry Division - (Major General Mascarenhas de Morais)
 * 10th Mountain Division SSI.svg 10th Mountain Division - (Major General George Price Hays)
 * XIII corps.svg British XIII Corps - (Lieutenant-General Sidney Kirkman)
 * 1st Infantry Division sign WW2.svg British 1st Infantry Division - (Major-General Charles Loewen)
 * 6th Armoured Division flash.svg British 6th Armoured Division - (Major-General Horatius Murray)
 * 8th indian infantry division.svg 8th Indian Infantry Division - (Major-General Dudley Russell)
 * Army Group Reserve
 * United States Army 1st Armored Division CSIB.svg US 1st Armored Division - (Major General Vernon Prichard)
 * Flag of Italian Committee of National Liberation.svg Italian resistance movement

title: 15th Army Group


text:
Un chant d'amour

Un chant d'amour (English: A Song of Love) is French writer Jean Genet's only film, which he directed in 1950. Because of its explicit (though artistically presented) homosexual content, the 26-minute movie was long banned. The film first screened publicly in 1954 with the sexually explicit scenes expurgated.

Plot
The film begins with a hand extended from prison bars, swinging a bouquet of flowers towards, but never reaching another hand extended from adjacent prison bars. The plot is set in a French prison, where a prison guard takes voyeuristic pleasure in observing the prisoners perform masturbatory sexual acts. In two adjacent cells, there is an older Algerian-looking man and a tattooed convict in his twenties. The older man is in love with the younger one, rubbing himself against the wall and sharing his cigarette smoke with his beloved through a straw.

The prison guard, apparently jealous of the prisoners' relationship, enters the older convict's cell and beats him. Following this, the inmate drifts off into a fantasy where he and his object of desire roam the countryside. In the final scene, it becomes clear that the guard's power is no match for the intensity of attraction between the prisoners, even though their relationship is not consummated. The prison guard makes the older prisoner suck on his gun in a sexual fashion. The guard therefore becomes a distorted reflection of the prisoners' love for each other. The film ends with the other hand grasping the flowers and taking the flowers behind his own bars.

Genet does not use dialogue in his film, but focuses instead on close-ups of bodies, on faces, armpits and penises. The film is also rich in symbolism, and the entire narrative may be read as symbolic of the desire for consummation of love between two persons, realised in part through the voyeuristic and sadistic intervention of a third.

Cast

 * Bravo	as older prisoner (uncredited)
 * Lucien Sénémaud as younger prisoner (uncredited)
 * Java as nude prisoner (uncredited)
 * André Reybaz as Guard (uncredited)
 * Coco Le Martiniquais as second dancing prisoner (uncredited)

Production
Un chant d'amour was French writer Jean Genet's only film, which he directed. Jean Cocteau was believed to be the film's cinematographer.

Controversy and ban
"When in 1966 distributor Sol Landau attempted to exhibit the film in Berkeley, California, he was informed by a member of the local police special investigations department that were he to continue screening it the film 'would be confiscated and the person responsible arrested.' Landau responded by instituting the case of Landau v. Fording (1966) in which he sought to show Genet's work without police harassment. The Alameda County Superior Court watched the film twice and declared that it,'explicitly and vividly revealed acts of masturbation, oral copulation, the infamous crime against nature [a euphemism for sodomy], voyeurism, nudity, sadism, masochism and sex...' The court rejected Landau's suit, further condemning the film as 'cheap pornography calculated to promote homosexuality, perversion and morbid sex practices.' He was similarly rebuffed in the District Court of Appeal of California, which accepted that Genet was a major writer but cited this as a lesser work of an early period and declared that in the end it was 'nothing more than hard-core pornography and should be banned.' When the case reached the U.S. Supreme Court, the decision was confirmed once more, in a 5-4 per curiam decision in which the justices simply stated that Un chant d'amour was obscene and offered no further explanation."

Critical reception
Un chant d'amour was described in The Queer Encyclopedia of Film & Television as "one of the earliest and most remarkable attempts to portray homosexual passion on-screen". Fernando F. Croce of Slant wrote "A revolutionary vision of emancipation through sensuality, Un chant d'amour is a song of love both universal and eternal." Jamie Rich of DVD Talk called it "an effective film, albeit a tad clumsy and pretentious" that is "still a progressive and interesting experiment worth the time one is willing to put into it." Phil Hall of Film Threat was more critical, writing "working in a silent film medium robs Genet of the lyrical language that dominated his artistic genius, and instead he presents a skein of imagery that becomes sillier and sillier as the film progresses. [...] Strictly of curio value, "Un chant d'amour" can offer contemporary viewers little more than some unintentional gay giggles."

On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 100% based on reviews from 8 critics.

Legacy
The film has been cited as an influence for many gay filmmakers, including Derek Jarman, Andy Warhol, and Paul Morrissey.

title: Un chant d'amour


text:
Inowrocław

Inowrocław (Hohensalza; before 1904: Inowrazlaw; archaic: Jungleslau, Junges Leslau, Junge Leszlaw, לעסלא ) is a city in central Poland with a total population of 70,713 in December 2021. It is situated in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship. It is one of the largest and most historically significant cities within Kuyavia.

Inowrocław is an industrial town located about 40 km southeast of Bydgoszcz known for its saltwater baths and salt mines. The town is the 5th largest agglomeration in its voivodeship, and is a major railway junction, where the west–east line (Poznań–Toruń) crosses the Polish Coal Trunk-Line from Chorzów to Gdynia.

History
The town was first mentioned in 1185 as Novo Wladislaw, possibly in honor of Władysław I Herman or after the settlers from Włocławek. Many inhabitants of Włocławek settled in Inowrocław fleeing flooding. In 1236, the settlement was renamed Juveni Wladislawia. It was incorporated two years later by Casimir Konradowic. In medieval Latin records, the town was recorded as Juniwladislavia. As a result of the fragmentation of Poland into smaller duchies, after 1230 Inowrocław was the capital of the Duchy of Kuyavia, and from 1267 to 1364 it was the capital of the Duchy of Inowrocław, before it became part and capital of Poland's Inowrocław Voivodeship, which covered northern Kuyavia along with the Dobrzyń Land. The voivodeship later also formed part of the larger Greater Poland Province. Inowrocław was a royal city of the Kingdom of Poland. The town's development was aided by the discovery of extensive salt deposits in the vicinity during the 15th century.

It was an important city of late medieval Poland. In 1321, a Polish-Teutonic trial was held in Inowrocław regarding the Teutonic occupation of Gdańsk Pomerania, while the city itself was occupied by the Teutonic Knights from 1332 to 1337. King Casimir III the Great often stayed in the city, and in 1337 he held a meeting with King John of Bohemia in the local castle. A strong garrison was located in the city during the Polish-Teutonic War (1409–1411), and it was the main base of King Władysław II Jagiełło after his victory in the Battle of Grunwald.

Inowrocław was occupied and plundered by Swedish troops during the Deluge in the 1650s, and was annexed to the Kingdom of Prussia in February 1772 during the First Partition of Poland and added to the Netze District. Following the Franco-Prussian Treaty in July 1807, Inowrocław was transferred to the newly created Duchy of Warsaw, which was a client state of the French Empire. The city was a headquarters for Napoleon Bonaparte during his 1812 invasion of Russia. Following the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Inowrocław (as first Inowraclaw and later Inowrazlaw) was transferred back to Prussia as part of the Grand Duchy of Posen. Initially, until 1838 the mayors were still Poles, then Germans. Despite Germanisation attempts, the city was an important center of the Polish resistance during the partitions. It flourished after the establishment of a railway junction in 1872 and a spa in 1875. The city and the region were given the Germanized name Hohensalza on December 5, 1904. It was electrified in 1908.

Interbellum
After the end of World War I, in November 1918, Poland regained independence and Polish insurgents re-captured the city in January 1919. Restoration to the re-established sovereign Polish state was confirmed in the Treaty of Versailles (which came into effect on January 10, 1920), and the historic name Inowrocław was restored. High unemployment resulting from trade embargoes led to violent confrontations between workers and the police in 1926 and hunger strikes killed 20 in 1930. Inowrocław was part of Poznań Voivodeship until 1925, when it became an independent urban district. This district was briefly assigned to Great Pomerania during the reform of Polish regional administration just before World War II.

World War II
Captured by the German 4th Army during the invasion of Poland on September 11, 1939, Inowrocław was again renamed Hohensalza and initially administered under the military district (Militärbezirk) of Posen before being incorporated into Nazi Germany first as part of the Reichsgau of Posen (1939) and then as part of Reichsgau Wartheland (1939–1945).

The Einsatzgruppe IV entered the city on September 12–15, 1939, to commit various atrocities against Poles. Poles arrested during the Intelligenzaktion were held in the local prison and in a transit camp, and afterwards mostly murdered in the prison or in the nearby Gniewkowo forest, while some were deported to Nazi concentration camps. In a large massacre, on the night of October 22–23, 1939, the Germans murdered 56 Poles in the prison, including numerous teachers. Families of the victims were expelled, alike local Polish activists and craftsmen, whose workshops were handed over to German colonists in accordance to the Nazi Lebensraum policy. In total, the Germans expelled a few thousand Poles from the city, including over 2,900 already in 1939. Several Poles from Inowrocław were also murdered by the Russians in the large Katyn massacre in April–May 1940. Multiple local members of the Home Army, a major Polish resistance organization, were imprisoned and murdered by the Germans in the prison camp in Żabikowo in 1944–1945.

Between 1940 and 1945, Hohensalza was used as a resettlement camp for Poles and an internment camp for Soviet, French and British prisoners of war. Germany also operated a forced labour camp in the city.

Recent period
Inowrocław returned to Poland and its original name following the arrival of the Soviet Red Army on January 21, 1945. The last German air raid occurred on April 4, 1945, when a single aircraft dropped four fragmentation bombs and fired on travelers waiting at the Inowrocław train platform. Between 1950 and 1998, the town was part of Bydgoszcz Voivodeship, but the 1999 reforms left it part of Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship.

Jewish community
The first recorded instance of Jews in Inowroclaw was in 1447. By the end of the 16th century, there was an established Jewish community with a rabbi. However, by the end of the 16th century, many of these Jews were murdered by Stefan Czarniecki's army in 1656. In 1680, John III Sobieski restored the rights of Jews in Inowroclaw that had been lost during the previous siege. By 1765, there were 980 Jews living in Inowroclaw, but in 1774 there was a fire that destroyed many Jewish homes, causing many to flee elsewhere.

The ongoing emancipation of Jews in the 18th and 19th centuries lifted restrictions on Jews. Nevertheless, the Jews of Inowroclaw remained devoted to their traditions. They were increasingly allowed into public life, and Jews were even allowed to run for seats in the Municipal Council. In the 1830s, illiteracy was abolished amongst Jewish boys in Inowroclaw as they were made to take German classes. However, there was a disparity between the young and old Jewish generations as many older Jews were interested in staying true to their traditions and did not want to be Germanized. A synagogue was created on 9 September 1836. However, in 1908, this synagogue closed and was turned into a beth midrash, house of prayer, and the seat of the community administration. A new synagogue, funded by Leopold Levy, one of the wealthiest Jews in the town, was created in its place. The community steadily lost its population in second half of the 19th century as many moved to Germany and the United States. In 1921, there were only 252 Jews left in the town.

On 14 September 1939, the Nazis seized Inowroclaw. The synagogue was plundered and set on fire. The next day, the Jews were ordered to stand in the synagogue, where Leopold Levy was executed. Both the old and new Jewish cemeteries were destroyed. The Inowroclaw Jews went through a selection process. The people chosen for extermination were sent to the Inowroclaw prison. In October, they were taken to the forest in Gniekowo and shot dead. By the end of 1940, there were no Jews left in Inowroclaw, with few surviving the war. The few Jews who survived came back to Inowroclaw after the war; however, there was no attempt to re-establish a Jewish community.

Landmarks and monuments

 * The romanesque church of the St Virgin Mary, dating back to the end of the 12th century or beginning of the 13th century, built from granite stones and brick. In 1834 it was destroyed by fire, and partially reconstructed in the 1950s. Since 13 July 2008 the St Virgin Mary's church is also the Minor Basilica (in Polish: Bazylika Mniejsza Imienia Najświętszej Maryi Panny)
 * The Gothic church of St. Nicholas, first built in the middle of the 13th century, the present church was built after damage in the 15th century, and rebuilt in the 17th century
 * The Neo-Romanesque church of the Annunciation to the Virgin Mary, built between 1898 and 1900, consecrated in 1902, the largest church in the city, with an imposing 77 m tower. The north side of the transept collapsed in a construction disaster in 1909 and was not rebuilt until 1929.
 * A large salt graduation tower complex. These wooden wall-like frames are stuffed with bundles of brushwood, and produce salt, as well as a saline atmosphere seen as healthy, akin to sea air. It also produces "Inowrocławianka," Poland's saltiest mineral water.
 * The garrison church of St. Barbara and St. Maurice
 * The house of Czabańscy family from c. 1800
 * Houses, hotel "Bast" and spa buildings from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries

Districts and neighborhoods

 * Śródmieście
 * Stare Miasto
 * Nowe Osiedle
 * Osiedle Bydgoskie
 * Osiedle Toruńskie
 * Osiedle Piastowskie
 * Uzdrowisko
 * Miechowiczki
 * Osiedle Bajka
 * Rąbin
 * Rąbinek
 * Mątwy
 * Szymborze
 * Solno
 * Kruśliwiec
 * Osiedle Zdrojowe
 * Osiedle Kolejowe
 * Cegielnia
 * Osiedle Sady
 * Osiedle Okrężek
 * Osiedle Lotnicze

Sport
The most popular sports in the city are basketball and football. Notable teams:
 * Noteć Inowrocław – men's basketball team, formerly playing in the Polish Basketball League, the country's top division.
 * Sportino Inowrocław – men's basketball team, which replaced SSA Notec, but in the 1st league.
 * Goplania Inowrocław – men's football team, they are playing in 4th league.
 * Cuiavia Inowrocław – men's football team, they are playing in 4th league.

Notable people

 * Adolph Salomonsohn (1831–1919), banker
 * Berthold Fernow (1837–1908), historian
 * Bernhard Fernow (1851–1923), chief of the USDA's Division of Forestry
 * Jan Kasprowicz (1860–1926), poet, playwright, critic and translator
 * Leopold Loeske (1865–1935), bryologist
 * Leopold Levy (1870-1939), Jewish politician, entrepreneur and lawyer
 * Gus Edwards (1879–1945), musician
 * Alfred Herrmann (1879–1960), politician
 * Gustav Heistermann von Ziehlberg (1898–1945), German general and resistance fighter
 * Hans Jeschonnek (1899–1943), Luftwaffe general
 * Arthur Sodtke (1901–1944), resistance fighter
 * Justus Frantz (born 1944), musician
 * Wojciech Polak (born 1964), Roman Catholic archbishop
 * Tomasz Wasilewski (born 1980), film director and screenwriter
 * Krzysztof Szubarga (born 1984), basketball player
 * Marcin Mroziński (born 1985), actor, singer
 * Tomasz Ziętek (born 1989), actor

title: Inowrocław


text:
Miesbach (district)

Miesbach is a Landkreis (district) in Bavaria, Germany. It is bounded by (from the west and clockwise) the districts of Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, Munich and Rosenheim, and by the Austrian state of Tyrol.

History
In medieval times, most of the district was occupied by clerical states. The Miesbach district today is the union of the areas that were formerly occupied by the Hohenwaldeck county, the territories owned by the powerful Tegernsee Abbey, the territories owned by the Weyarn Abbey and Valley County. Hohenwaldeck was annexed by Bavaria in 1734, Valley in 1777. The clerical states were dissolved in 1803 and fell to Bavaria as well. Miesbach was established in 1803: the foundation ceremony took place in the court district of Hohenwaldeck. In 1818 Tegernsee was established. The same year the Aibling district was established too and Miesbach had to deliver 12 municipalities. In 1939 Tegernsee was merged into Miesbach. During the territorial reform in Bavaria in 1972 Otterfing was merged into Miesbach too and the district Wolfratshausen as well.

Geography
The southern half of the district is located in the Bavarian Alps. This section of the Alps is called Mangfall Mountains (Mangfallgebirge) as the River Mangfall has its source here. The most important peaks are Rotwand ("Red Wall", 1,884 m), the highest mountain in the area, and Wendelstein (1,838 m).

The river Mangfall, a short but broad affluent of the river Inn, flows northward with the district's municipalities on either bank. In the initial part of its course it runs through Tegernsee Lake (9 km2).

Coat of arms
The coat of arms displays:
 * a red eagle and two crossed staves, symbolising the county of Hohenwaldeck
 * two water lily leaves above a wavy line, the ancient arms of the monastery of Tegernsee

title: Miesbach (district)