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De Havilland Canada DHC-1 Chipmunk

The de Havilland Canada DHC-1 Chipmunk is a tandem, two-seat, single-engined primary trainer aircraft designed and developed by Canadian aircraft manufacturer de Havilland Canada. It was developed shortly after the Second World War and sold in large numbers during the immediate post-war years, being typically employed as a replacement for the de Havilland Tiger Moth biplane.

The Chipmunk was the first postwar aviation project conducted by de Havilland Canada. It performed its maiden flight on 22 May 1946 and was introduced to operational service that same year. During the late 1940s and 1950s, the Chipmunk was procured in large numbers by military air services such as the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF), Royal Air Force (RAF), and several other nations' air forces, where it was often utilised as their standard primary trainer aircraft. The type was produced under licence by de Havilland in the United Kingdom, who would produce the vast majority of Chipmunks, as well as by OGMA (Oficinas Gerais de Material Aeronáutico) in Portugal. The type was slowly phased out of service beginning in the late 1950s, although in the ab initio elementary training role, this did not happen in the Royal Air Force until 1996, when it was replaced by the Scottish Aviation Bulldog.

Many Chipmunks that had been in military use were sold to civilians, either to private owners or to companies, where they were typically used for a variety of purposes, often involving the type's excellent flying characteristics and its capability for aerobatic manoeuvres. More than 70 years after the type having first entered service, hundreds of Chipmunks remain airworthy and are in operation around the world. The Portuguese Air Force still operates six Chipmunks, which serve with Esquadra 802, as of 2018.

The aircraft is named after the chipmunk, a small rodent.

Origins
Immediately following the conclusion of the Second World War, there was a desire within Canadian aviation circles to take advantage during the peace years of the recently expanded aircraft manufacturing industry which had been rapidly built up in Canada. Out of this desire, it was decided to embark on developing aircraft which would replace designs rendered obsolete by the rapid advances made during the war in the aviation field. One such company, de Havilland Aircraft of Canada Ltd, was interested in developing its own aircraft designs, and chose to focus on producing a contemporary aircraft for pilot training, specifically intending for the envisioned type to serve as a successor to the de Havilland Tiger Moth biplane trainer, which had been produced by the thousands before and during the Second World War, and saw military service with a number of nations in that conflict.

, a Polish pre-war engineer, served as the principal designer and led the design team in the development of the new aircraft, which became known as the Chipmunk. He designed a cantilever monoplane that incorporated numerous advances over typical trainer aircraft then in widespread service. These included an enclosed cockpit complete with a rear-sliding canopy, and various aerodynamic features to manage the aircraft's flight performance. Strakes were fitted to deter spin conditions and stall breaker strips along the inboard leading edges of the wing ensured that a stall would originate in this position as opposed to the outboard section. The Chipmunk would become the first indigenous aircraft design to be produced by de Havilland Canada. The Chipmunk prototype, CF-DIO-X, first flew on 22 May 1946 at Downsview, Toronto, piloted by Pat Fillingham, a test pilot who had been seconded from the parent de Havilland company. The prototype was powered by a 145 hp de Havilland Gipsy Major IC air-cooled inverted engine, this was replaced on the production version of the Chipmunk by a 145 hp de Havilland Gipsy Major 8 engine.

Production
de Havilland Canada constructed the type at its factory in Downsview, Toronto, Ontario, where it produced 217 Chipmunks during the 1940s and 1950s, the final example of which having been completed during 1956. In addition, 1,000 Chipmunks were produced under licence in the United Kingdom by de Havilland; manufacturing was initially performed at the company's facility at Hatfield Aerodrome, Hertfordshire; production was later transferred to their factory at Hawarden Aerodrome, Broughton near Chester. A further 66 Chipmunks were licence-manufactured in Portugal by OGMA (Oficinas Gerais de Material Aeronáutico), at Alverca from 1955 to 1961 for the Portuguese Air Force.

Both British-built and early Canadian-built Chipmunks are notably different from the later Canadian-built RCAF/Lebanese versions. The later Canadian-built aircraft were fitted with a bubble canopy, which replaced the multi-panelled sliding canopy that had been used upon early Canadian-produced Chipmunks, along with all of the Portuguese and British-built aircraft. On the early-built canopy, the rearmost panels intentionally bulged in order to provide the instructor's position with superior visibility. British-built Chipmunks also differed by a number of adjustments to suit the expressed preferences of the RAF. These included the repositioning of the undercarriage legs, anti-spin strakes, landing lights, and an all-round stressed airframe.

At one point, work was being conducted on a derivative of the Chipmunk which featured an extensive cabin modification to accommodate a side-by-side seating arrangement; the aircraft, which was referred to as the DHC-2, ultimately remained unbuilt. The DHC-2 designation was subsequently reallocated to the company's next product, the DHC-2 Beaver.

Design
The de Havilland Canada DHC-1 Chipmunk is a two-seat, single-engine aircraft that has been heavily used as a primary trainer aircraft. The basic configuration of the aircraft included a low-mounted wing and a two-place tandem cockpit, which was fitted with a clear perspex canopy covers the pilot/student (front) and instructor/passenger (rear) positions and provided all-round visibility. The Chipmunk uses a conventional tailwheel landing gear arrangement and is fitted with fabric-covered flight control surfaces; the wing is also fabric-covered aft of the spar. In terms of handling, the Chipmunk exhibited a gentle and responsive flight attitude. Early production aircraft were only semi-aerobatic, while later production models were almost all fully aerobatic.

The structure of the Chipmunk makes heavy use of metal, the majority of the airframe being composed of a stress-skinned alloy; this allowed the adoption of thinner wings and consequently provided for increased performance as well as a greater degree of durability. Numerous features were incorporated so that the type could better perform as a trainer, including hand-operated single-slotted wing flaps, anti-spin strakes, disc brakes on the wheeled undercarriage, a thin propeller composed of a solid lightweight alloy, the adoption of an engine-driven vacuum pump in place of external venturi tubes to power cockpit instrumentation, electric and Coffman cartridge engine starters as alternative options, cockpit lighting, onboard radio system, and an external identification light underneath the starboard wing.

In civilian service, individual aircraft would often be modified. Examples of these adaptations include extensive modifications that enabled it to perform competitive aerobatics, for which aircraft are often re-engined and fitted with constant speed propellers and inverted fuel systems; larger numbers of Chipmunks have been tasked as dedicated glider tows. It has become commonplace for Chipmunks to be re-engined, typically using the 180 hp Lycoming O-360.

United Kingdom
The Royal Air Force (RAF) had been one of the operators to quickly take notice of the new Canadian trainer, and encouraged its formal evaluation with an eye towards procuring it. Accordingly, a total of three Chipmunk aircraft were transported to the United Kingdom, where they underwent an evaluation by the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment (A&AEE) at RAF Boscombe Down, Wiltshire. Based upon this favourable evaluation, the British Air Ministry proceeded to formulate and release Air Ministry specification T.8/48 around the type as a replacement for the de Havilland Tiger Moth biplane then in use. This specification was also contested by the rival Fairey Primer, which lost out to the Chipmunk and ultimately did not enter production.

The fully aerobatic Chipmunk was ordered to serve as an ab initio trainer for new pilots. The RAF received 735 Chipmunks, which were designated in British service as the de Havilland Chipmunk T.10; these aircraft had been manufactured in the United Kingdom by de Havilland, the parent company of de Havilland Canada.

The Chipmunk T.10 initially served with Reserve Flying Squadrons (RFS) of the RAF Volunteer Reserve (VR), as well as the University Air Squadrons. During 1958, multiple Chipmunks were pressed into service in Cyprus for conducting internal security flights during the height of civil unrest during the Cyprus dispute. Eight disassembled aircraft were flown out in the holds of Blackburn Beverley transports; following their reassembly, these Chipmunks, which were operated by No. 114 Squadron, were operated for some months into 1959.

From 1956 to 1990, the Chipmunks of the RAF Gatow Station Flight were used to conduct covert reconnaissance missions by BRIXMIS over the Berlin area. A number of Chipmunk T.10s were also used by the Army Air Corps and Fleet Air Arm to conduct primary training. Notably, Prince Philip had his first flying lesson in a Chipmunk in 1952; he declared the type to be his favourite aircraft.

Until 1996, Chipmunks remained in service with Air Training Corps (ATC) and the RAF Sections of the Combined Cadet Force (CCF) for Air Experience Flights (AEFs); the final of these AEF flights to use the Chipmunk was No. 10 Air Experience Flight, RAF Woodvale, when they were replaced by the Scottish Aviation Bulldog. The last Chipmunks in military service are still operated by the British historic flights – the RAF Battle of Britain Memorial Flight (including one of the Gatow aircraft), the Royal Navy and Army historic flights, to keep their pilots current on tailwheel aircraft. In addition, the cockpit sections of some former RAF Chipmunks have been used as ground training aids; these are colloquially known as "Chippax" trainers.

In 1995 and 1996 the RAF planned for a pair of Chipmunks to circumnavigate the northern hemisphere to establish a route for light aircraft from Europe to North America via Russia. The RAF chose the Chipmunk because of its reliability and ability to operate with minimal ground support. Modifications were made before the journey, including expanding fuel capacity and updating navigation equipment. The Chipmunks were accompanied on the journey by a support aircraft. In 1996, the RAF started the journey, but had to stop in Moscow due to forest fires in central Siberia. The RAF successfully completed the journey in 1997, flying 16,259 miles over 64 days, visiting 62 airfields along the way. One of the two Chipmunks was added to the collection at the RAF Museum. The other belongs to a private owner, who has restored the Chipmunk to its condition during the round-the-world flight and flies it to aviation events.

Canada
In 1948 the RCAF accepted its first DHC-1 Chipmunk trainers, having received the first batch of a production run of 217 Chipmunks that would be manufactured in Canada. The Chipmunk was the first Canadian-designed aircraft to be made abroad under licence and as such, the majority of the home-grown production were destined for the RCAF. However, Canadian-built Chipmunks were also delivered to some overseas customers, including Egypt, Lebanon and Thailand. Of the 113 Chipmunks that entered RCAF service, 79 were assigned to serve as ab initio trainers, while 34 were assigned to flying clubs for use in refresher training for RCAF Reserve pilots. The type remained in use as a trainer until the early 1970s, the last example being retired from service by the Canadian Armed Forces in 1972, three years after unification of the Canadian Armed Forces. The Chipmunk's long service was due, in part, to its fully aerobatic capabilities and superb flying characteristics, which had contributed towards pilots frequently referring to it as being "a delight to fly".

On 2 June 2015, with the landing of his Chipmunk at Pearson International Airport in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, retired de Havilland Canada test pilot George Neal established a new world record for the oldest active licensed pilot at the age of 96 years 194 days.

Portugal
The Portuguese Air Force (FAP) received its first DHC-1 Chipmunk Mk. 20 in 1951, being delivered to the Military Aeronautical School in Sintra. It was the first of an eventual 76 that would be delivered, replacing its almost two decade old de Havilland Tiger Moths. Its first 10 were constructed in the United Kingdom while the following 66 were licence-built by OGMA in Portugal. The Chipmunks would fly with the Elementary Flying Training Squadron (Esquadra de Instrução Elementar de Pilotagem).

By 1986 only 36 Chipmunks still remained in service, flying with Esquadra de Instrução 101. With the Chipmunks being a 40-year-old design and with the annual attrition rate of the fleet being two aircraft, in October 1987 a decision was made by the FAP to replace the Chipmunks with 18 Aérospatiale TB 30 Epsilons. Epsilon deliveries was made throughout 1989, with all remaining Chipmunks being withdrawn from service by the time the last Epsilon was delivered. Shortly afterwards 7 Chipmunks were handed over to the Air Force Academy (AFA) to be used for glider towing.

In 1997 a major reform was made to the FAP's training syllabus which led to the need for cost savings. This resulted in the 7 AFA Chipmunks being used by the FAP for an initial screen testing programme for potential pilots – the Estágio de Seleção de Voo (ESV). The 7 Chipmunks (serials – 1306, 1312, 1315, 1316, 1319, 1335, 1339) were first upgraded before being put into use. These upgrades consisted of replacing the Gipsy Major engines with the more powerful Lycoming O-360, adding a metal propeller, a new radio and an IFF transponder. Five of these aircraft were upgraded by OGMA at Alverca do Ribatejo, while the other two were converted by Indústrias Aeronáuticas de Coimbra (IAC). The first two upgraded Chipmunks were delivered to Esquadra 802 in July 1997 and began their screening programme the next month on 18 August. On 17 March 1998 an upgraded Chipmunk (serial – 1312) crashed on take-off at Sintra causing it to be written off, neither of the occupants – an Angolan student and Portuguese instructor – were harmed. As of 2018, Esquadra 802 still operates the remaining 6 Chipmunks.

Others
From the 1950s, the Chipmunk also became a popular civilian aircraft, having been used for various roles, such as pilot training, aerobatics and crop spraying. The majority of civilian aircraft are ex-military that had been resold and frequently modernised. It is also a mechanically sound aircraft and, consequently, many ex-RCAF Chipmunks have since remained operational for decades with private owners and operators around the world. By 2001, several hundred Chipmunks were reportedly operational in private service.

Canadian-built

 * DHC-1A-1 (Chipmunk T.1)
 * Powered by de Havilland Gipsy Major 1C engine, only partially aerobatic.

 * DHC-1A-2
 * Powered by de Havilland Gipsy Major 10 engine, only partially aerobatic.

 * DHC-1B-1
 * Powered by de Havilland Gipsy Major 1C engine, fully aerobatic.

 * DHC-1B-2
 * Powered by de Havilland Gipsy Major 10 engine, fully aerobatic.

 * DHC-1B-2-S1
 * Powered by de Havilland Gipsy Major 10 for Royal Egyptian Air Force.

 * DHC-1B-2-S2
 * Powered by de Havilland Gipsy Major 10 for Royal Thai Air Force.

 * DHC-1B-2-S3 (Chipmunk T.2)
 * Powered by de Havilland Gipsy Major 10 for RCAF refresher training operated by Royal Canadian Flying Clubs.

 * DHC-1B-2-S4
 * Version for Chile.

 * DHC-1B-2-S5 (Chipmunk T.2)
 * Additional units built for Royal Canadian Air Force.

British-built

 * Chipmunk T.10 (Mk 10)
 * de Havilland Gipsy Major 8 engined version for the Royal Air Force, 735 built.

 * Chipmunk Mk 20
 * Military export version of T.10 powered by de Havilland Gipsy Major 10 Series 2 engine, 217 built.

 * Chipmunk Mk 21
 * Civil version of Mk 20 but fitted to civil standards, 28 built.

 * Chipmunk Mk 22
 * T.10 converted for civilian use. Conversion also involves restamping the Gipsy Major 8 (which is military) to a model 10-2 (which is civil).

 * Chipmunk Mk 22A
 * Mk 22 with fuel tankage increased to 12 Imperial gallons per side.

 * Chipmunk Mk 23
 * Five converted T.10s powered by de Havilland Gipsy Major 10 Series 2 engine and with agricultural spray equipment.

Portuguese-built

 * Chipmunk Mk 20
 * Military version powered by de Havilland Gipsy Major 10 Series 2 (145 hp) engine, 10 built in UK followed by 66 built by OGMA. From 1989 onward, seven aircraft where updated and modified at OGMA (5) and Indústrias Aeronáuticas de Coimbra (2) to be used by the 802 Sqn. "Águias" (Eagles) – Air Force Academy squadron. The main modification was the installation of a more powerful 180 hp Lycoming O-360 engine. Their main tasks are related to supporting the Air Force cadets' aerial activities, mainly initial aptitude screening, glider tow and initial flight proficiency.

Civil conversions
Modifications or conversions by Bristol Aircraft Ltd into a touring aircraft to design by Peter Masefield. Modifications could be made on Chipmunk Mk 20, Mk 21, Mk 22 and 22A aircraft. The Chipmunks could be fitted with luggage compartments in the wings, a blown canopy, landing gear fairings and enlarged fuel tanks.
 * Masefield Variant:
 * Super Chipmunk
 * Single-seat aerobatic aircraft, powered by a 194 kW (260 hp) Avco Lycoming GO-435 piston engine, equipped with revised flying surfaces and retractable landing gear; four conversions.

In 1967–1968 a Chipmunk Mk 22A was converted, tested and flown by Hants and Sussex Aviation. The Chipmunk was fitted with an 86.42-kW (116-shp) Rover 90 turboprop engine. and extra fuel capacity.
 * Turbo Chipmunk:

 * Aerostructures Sundowner
 * One Australian Chipmunk was fitted with a 180 hp (134 kW) Lycoming O-360 flat-four piston engine, wingtip tanks, clear-view canopy and metal wing skinning as the Sundowner touring aircraft.

 * Sasin Spraymaster
 * Three Australian Chipmunks were converted into single-seat agricultural spraying aircraft.

 * Supermunk
 * A prototype glider-tug designed and produced by officials of the British Gliding Association (BGA) led by the Chief Technical Officer, R.B. "Dick" Stratton (formerly flight test engineer for Saunders-Roe Aircraft ltd.). The prototype Supermunk aircraft (G-BBNA) was converted from a Chipmunk by fitting 180 hp Avco Lycoming O-360-A4A engines for use as glider tugs. Four further Chipmunks were converted by and are operated by the Royal Air Force Gliding & Soaring Association (RAFGSA), the five Supermunks are still in service (March 2020) and used for club launches, adventure training courses and major gliding competitions in the United Kingdom and Europe. A similar modification was carried out to seven Chipmunks used by the Portuguese Air Force Academy as basic training aircraft and as glider tugs.

 * Scholl Super Chipmunk
 * A number of Chipmunks were modified as aerobatic aircraft in the United States as the "Super Chipmunk". Along with an uprated engine, the aircraft underwent an extensive makeover including clipping its wings, adding retractable landing gear, conversion to a single-seat layout, adding an autopilot and being fitted with a red, white and blue wingtip and tail smoke system.  The control stick was lengthened by three inches  (76 mm) for greater control during extreme aerobatic manoeuvres.  For over 25 years a Super Chipmunk in distinctive bright colour scheme of blue stars and sunburst effect was displayed by the aerobatic pilot Art Scholl. Four Super Chipmunk conversions were modified, Scholl's N13A and N13Y, Harold Krier's N6311V and Skip Volk's N1114V.  Another more recent "Super Chipmunk" was converted by air show performer, Jim "Fang" Maroney who similarly modified an ex-RCAF example by strengthening the airframe, replacing the original 145 hp engine with a 260 hp version incorporating an inverted fuel and oil system, clipping three feet off the wings and adding 30% more rudder and 10% more elevator. A spatted landing gear was retained. Another similarly modified "Super Chipmunk", N1804Q, is owned and flown by air show pilot Greg Aldridge. N13Y is now on display at the National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Udvar-Hazy Center at Washington-Dulles International Airport., while N1114V is preserved at the EAA AirVenture Museum at Oshkosh, Wisconsin, USA.

Civilian operators
Today, the Chipmunk remains popular with specialized flying clubs and is also operated by private individuals located in many countries worldwide.

Military operators

 * Belgian Air Force In 1948, the Belgian Air Force acquired two DHC-1s for evaluation as a possible replacement for their de Havilland Tiger Moth trainers. In the end, they chose the Stampe-Vertongen SV.4 instead and the two Chipmunks were sold off to the civilian market in 1955. (retired)
 * Burma Air Force (retired)
 * Royal Canadian Air Force (retired)
 * 🇱🇰 Ceylon
 * Royal Ceylon Air Force (retired)
 * Royal Danish Air Force (retired)
 * Egyptian Air Force (retired)
 * Ghana Air Force (retired)
 * Irish Air Corps (retired)
 * Iraqi Air Force (retired)
 * Israeli Air Force – One aircraft only. (retired)
 * Royal Jordanian Air Force (retired)
 * Kenya Air Force (retired)
 * Lebanese Air Force (retired)
 * Royal Malaysian Air Force (retired)
 * Portuguese Air Force (six in use)
 * Squadron 802, Águias (Sintra)
 * Air Force Academy (Academia de Força Aérea, Sintra)
 * Royal Saudi Air Force - 12 Chipmunk T.10s received in 1955. (retired)
 * Spanish Air Force – One aircraft only. (retired)
 * Syrian Air Force (retired)
 * Southern Rhodesia
 * Rhodesian Air Training Group 4 Flying Training School. One aircraft WG354 preserved by the South African Air Force Museum. (retired)
 * Royal Thai Air Force, developed as RTAF-4. (retired)
 * Lebanese Air Force (retired)
 * Royal Malaysian Air Force (retired)
 * Portuguese Air Force (six in use)
 * Squadron 802, Águias (Sintra)
 * Air Force Academy (Academia de Força Aérea, Sintra)
 * Royal Saudi Air Force - 12 Chipmunk T.10s received in 1955. (retired)
 * Spanish Air Force – One aircraft only. (retired)
 * Syrian Air Force (retired)
 * Southern Rhodesia
 * Rhodesian Air Training Group 4 Flying Training School. One aircraft WG354 preserved by the South African Air Force Museum. (retired)
 * Royal Thai Air Force, developed as RTAF-4. (retired)
 * Spanish Air Force – One aircraft only. (retired)
 * Syrian Air Force (retired)
 * Southern Rhodesia
 * Rhodesian Air Training Group 4 Flying Training School. One aircraft WG354 preserved by the South African Air Force Museum. (retired)
 * Royal Thai Air Force, developed as RTAF-4. (retired)
 * Royal Thai Air Force, developed as RTAF-4. (retired)
 * Royal Thai Air Force, developed as RTAF-4. (retired)
 * British Army – Army Air Corps (retired)
 * Basic Fixed Wing Flight
 * Army Air Corps Historic Aircraft Flight
 * Royal Air Force (retired, in use with Battle of Britain Memorial Flight)
 * RAFVR RFS
 * No.8 Sqn
 * No.31 Sqn
 * No.114 Sqn
 * No.275 Sqn
 * No.613 Sqn
 * No.663 Sqn
 * RAF Gatow (Berlin) Station Flight
 * University Air Squadrons
 * Air Experience Flights (Air Training Corps)
 * Battle of Britain Memorial Flight
 * Royal Navy – Fleet Air Arm (retired, in use with Royal Navy Historic Flight)
 * 771 NAS
 * 781 NAS
 * 727 NAS Britannia Royal Naval College Flight
 * Royal Navy Historic Flight
 * Uruguayan Air Force (retired)
 * Zambian Air Force (retired)
 * Zambian Air Force (retired)
 * Zambian Air Force (retired)

title: De Havilland Canada DHC-1 Chipmunk


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Talk:Pencil sketching

Is this really true? How is one to differentiate this from simply sketching with a pencil; that is, what would one call simply sketching with a pencil? --Daniel C. Boyer 18:49, 10 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * i wonder the same thing. James C. 00:15, 2004 Jul 24 (UTC)

 * Looking at the article content, there is a lot of overlap. This should be merged in with Sketch (drawing). —C.Fred (talk) 01:04, 24 March 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Pencil sketching


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Lance corporal

Lance corporal is a military rank, used by many English-speaking armed forces worldwide, and also by some police forces and other uniformed organisations. It is below the rank of corporal.

Etymology
The presumed origin of the rank of lance corporal derives from an amalgamation of "corporal" from the Italian phrase capo corporale ("head of the body") with the now-archaic lancepesade, which in turn derives from the Italian lancia spezzata, which literally means "broken lance" or "broken spear", formerly a non-commissioned officer of the lowest rank. It can be translated as "one who has broken a lance in combat", and is therefore a leader. "Lance" or "lances fournies" was also a term used in Medieval Europe to denote a unit of soldiers (usually 5 to 10 men strong).

Brazil
After the independence of Brazil in 1822, the new Brazilian Army followed the Portuguese system of ranks, having also the rank of anspeçada. The rank existed also in the Brazilian States' Military Police Forces and in the Military Firefighters Corps. The rank of anspeçada was discontinued in Brazil in the first half of the 20th century.

Commonwealth of Nations
In Commonwealth forces, a lance corporal is usually the second-in-command of a section. Lance corporals are commonly addressed as "corporal", with "lance jack" or "half-screw" (with corporals being "full screws") being common colloquialisms for the rank. Much like the use of bombardier instead of corporal in artillery units, lance corporals are known as lance bombardiers in the UK, Australia and New Zealand. The badge of rank is a single chevron worn on both sleeves or on an epaulette.

Australia and New Zealand
Lance corporal is the lowest of the non-commissioned officer ranks in the Australian Army and New Zealand Army, falling between private and corporal. It is the only appointed rank, and thus demotion is easier than with other ranks. A commanding officer can demote a lance corporal, whereas other ranks require a court martial for demotion. A lance corporal is usually the second in command of a section, and is in control of the gun group in an infantry section. There is no equivalent rank within the Australian or New Zealand Air Force or Navy.

Second corporal was also formerly used in Australia in the same way that it was used in the British Army.

Bangladesh
In the Bangladesh Army, the rank of lance corporal is above the rank of sainik (সৈনিক) and below the rank of corporal.

Canada
The Canadian Armed Forces abolished the Canadian Army rank of lance corporal on their creation as a unified force in 1968.

British Army and Royal Marines
Lance corporal (LCpl or formerly L/Cpl) is the lowest ranking non-commissioned officer in the British Army and Royal Marines, between private and corporal (although officially they have a NATO grade of OR3, due to their having the same battlefield role of fire team commander as a sergeant in the U.S. Army they are often treated as OR5s when working with U.S. forces). The badge of rank is a single chevron worn on both sleeves, or on an epaulette on the front of the Combat Soldier 95 dress standard (although lance corporals in the Foot Guards, Honourable Artillery Company, 1st The Queen's Dragoon Guards, and The Queen's Royal Hussars wear two chevrons and in the Household Cavalry two chevrons surmounted by a gild crown are worn). The Royal Artillery uses the term lance bombardier instead. The date of introduction of lance corporals to the British Army is unclear, but the rank is mentioned in late-18th century military essays such as Major William Young's "An essay on the Command of Small Detachments" (1766) and John Williamson's "The Elements of Military Arrangement" (1781):

"'When from sickness or other causes there are not in a company a sufficient number of non-commission officers to do the duty, the captain can appoint corporals to do the duty of serjeants, who are called lance serjeants, and private men to do the duty of corporals, who are called lance corporals.'"

The designation "chosen man", used during the Napoleonic Wars, was possibly a precursor to the rank. The first mention of a lance corporal in The Times is in 1819, although the first mention in the London Gazette is not until 1831. The first mention in the London Gazette of a lance corporal in the Royal Marines is in 1838.

Until 1 September 1961, lance corporal and lance bombardier were only appointments rather than substantive ranks, given to privates who were acting NCOs, and could be taken away by the soldier's commanding officer (whereas a full corporal or bombardier could only be demoted by court martial). The Royal Engineers and Army Ordnance Corps also used the similar rank of second corporal, which was a substantive rank (also wearing one chevron), until 1920. Until 1920, bombardiers in the Royal Artillery were equivalent to second corporals and until 1918 (when the rank of lance bombardier replaced it), acting bombardiers were equivalent to lance corporals (both wearing one chevron).

In the infantry, a lance corporal usually serves as second-in-command of a section and commander of its delta fire team. It is also a rank commonly held by specialists such as clerks, drivers, signallers, machine-gunners, and mortarmen. In the Intelligence Corps and Royal Military Police, all other ranks are promoted to lance corporal on the completion of their training.

Royal Air Force
On 1 April 2010, the rank of lance corporal was introduced into the RAF Regiment, although it is not used by other branches of the Royal Air Force. RAF Regiment lance corporals have powers of charge over aircraftmen, leading aircraftmen and senior aircraftmen, but not junior technicians or senior aircraftmen technicians, who, despite being OR2s, require a corporal or above to charge if required.

Cadet forces
The British cadet forces reflect the ranks of their parent services, so the Army Cadet Force, the Army section of the Combined Cadet Force (CCF), and the various marine cadet organisations use cadet lance corporal as their lowest NCO rank. In the CCF (RAF), this rank is also used as the lowest NCO rank (it was formerly known as junior corporal before its introduction into the RAF Regiment). The Air Training Corps and the naval cadet forces do not use the rank.

Portugal
In the Portuguese Army, the equivalent of a lance corporal rank used to be that of anspeçada. This rank was replaced at the end of the 19th century by the present rank of segundo-cabo (second corporal), the former rank of cabo (corporal) being renamed primeiro-cabo (first corporal).

Singapore Armed Forces
The Lance Corporal (LCP) rank in the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) is between the rank of Private (PTE) and Corporal (CPL).

Lance-corporals who are appointed second-in-command/third-in-command of a section can give commands to the rest of the section. National servicemen are usually promoted to this rank after completing their respective vocational courses and within the first year of service. Servicemen who fail to pass their Individual physical proficiency test (IPPT) during their active service will have their rank capped at LCP regardless of vocation.

A lance-corporal wears rank insignia of a single point-down chevron with an arc above it (similar to an inverted US Army PFC rank insignia).

Uniformed youth organisations
In the National Cadet Corps (NCC), the National Police Cadet Corps (NPCC) and the National Civil Defence Cadet Corps (NCDCC), the rank of lance corporal is below the rank of corporal. Generally, the rank is awarded to cadets in secondary two. NCC, NPCC and NCDCC lance corporals rarely, if not never, have the chance to command a squad.

NCC lance corporals wear the same rank insignia as that of the SAF, except that the letters 'NCC' are below the insignia so as to differentiate NCC cadets from SAF personnel. NPCC and NCDCC lance corporals wear the same rank insignia as that of an SCDF lance corporal, except that the letters 'NPCC' and 'NCDCC' are below the insignia so as to differentiate NPCC and NCDCC cadets from Singapore Police Force and Singapore Civil Defence Force personnel respectively.

Army
Lance corporal was a title used in the United States Army to denote privates serving as temporary non-commissioned officers. The title of lance corporal existed in the U.S. Army since at least 1802, as the U.S. Army Institute of Heraldry documents its first occurrence in an "unofficial journal" dated that year. The first official use of the title of lance corporal is documented in the General Regulations for the Army, or, Military Institutes (Articles 18 and 20), authorised by an Act of Congress on 2 March 1821 and published by the War Department in July 1821 and again on 1 March 1825.

In the General Regulations for the Army of the United States (Article XVI, Paragraph 64), published on 25 January 1841, and again in the 1847 edition (Article XIII, Paragraph 121; Article XIV, Paragraph 134; and Article XLIX Paragraph 818), the title of lance corporal is authorised. Again, in the Revised Army Regulations of 1861 published on 10 August 1861 and in the 1863 edition "With An Appendix Containing the Changes and Laws Affecting Army Regulations And Articles Of War To June 25, 1863" (Article 40, Paragraph 971), lance corporal is authorised. Lance corporal is again authorised in Regulations of the Army of the United States and General Orders In Force on the 17th of February 1881 (Article LV, Paragraph 812) and in Regulations of the Army of the United States 1895 (Article XXXII, Paragraph 257).

In the edition of 1901 "With Appendix Separately Indexed And Showing Changes to January 1, 1901", in the Appendix, page 331, in Headquarters of the Army, General Orders, No. 42, June 30, 1897, Part II, the lance corporal is authorised to wear "...a chevron having one bar..." In Regulations for the Army of the United States 1904 (Article XXX, Paragraph 263), "...no company shall have more than one lance corporal at a time, unless there are noncommissioned officers absent by authority, during which absences there may be one for each absentee." This proscription appears again in Article XXX, Paragraph 272 of Regulations for the Army of the United States 1910, and the editions of 1913, and 1917 "Corrected to April 15, 1917 (Changes, Nos. 1 to 55)".

In 1920, the former lance corporal insignia of rank was assigned to the rank of private first class in War Department Circular No. 303, dated 3 August 1920. However, the Institute of Heraldry states that some older US Army Tables of Organization and Equipment still in use in 1940 continued to authorise lance corporals.

In February 1965, the US Army announced that effective from 1 September 1965, pay grade E-3 would be redesignated as lance corporal. The rank insignia was to be the pre-World War II specialist grade 6 insignia of one chevron above one arc, or "rocker". However, by September 1965 the plan was cancelled. The insignia was, however, adopted for pay grade E-3, which continued to be named private first class.

Marine Corps
Lance corporal (LCpl) is the third enlisted rank in order of seniority in the United States Marine Corps, just above private first class and below corporal. It is the most commonly held rank in the USMC, and the highest one that a marine can hold without being a non-commissioned officer.

The USMC is the only component of the U.S. Armed Forces to currently have lance corporals. Promotion to lance corporal is based on time in grade, time in service, and the conduct of the marine. Further promotion to the NCO ranks (corporal and above) is competitive and takes into account the individual service record of the marine. There can only be a certain number of corporals and sergeants in each MOS, so even with a qualifying score, promotions may be delayed due to an excessive number of corporals occupying billets in a certain MOS.

From the earliest years of the Corps, the ranks of lance corporal and lance sergeant were in common usage. The rank of lance corporal has been in the Marine Corps since the 1830s. Marines were appointed temporarily from the next lower rank to the higher grade but were still paid at the lower rank. As the rank structure became more firmly defined, the rank of lance sergeant fell out of use, with the rank of lance corporal remaining in the Corps into the 1930s, but this unofficial rank became redundant when the rank of private first class was established in 1917. The rank of lance corporal fell out of usage prior to World War II, before it was permanently established in the sweeping rank restructuring of 1958.

Other agencies
Some law enforcement agencies, most notably the South Carolina Highway Patrol, use the rank for non-supervisory officers.

Sweden
Sweden uses the rank of vicekorpral (previously vicekonstapel, or "vice constable", in the artillery and anti-aircraft artillery) between private and korpral. It was primarily a training grade discontinued in 1972 but reinstated in 2009.

title: Lance corporal


text:
Talk:Minersville School District v. Gobitis

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Witness
We do need to be specific about Jehovah's Witnesses because Witness is a legal term with a specific meaning. There would have to be a parenthetical after the first use to state that we will be using the shortened form "Witness" throughout the article. If we agree to use the shortened form, it should be consistent throughout the article, which it is not. The "Subsequent History" section reverts back to using the long form. It doesn't matter which form we use as long as it is consistent. Gnominist (talk) 05:58, 6 January 2023 (UTC)
 * You are mistaking "witness" for "Witness" The capitalized version refers to the denomination, especially in the context of a Witness case. A witness is a person who sees a crime, which is not relevant here. Vyselink (talk) 07:36, 6 January 2023 (UTC)


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Bar (unit)

The bar is a metric unit of pressure defined as 100,000 Pa (100 kPa), though not part of the International System of Units (SI). A pressure of 1 bar is slightly less than the current average atmospheric pressure on Earth at sea level (approximately 1.013 bar). By the barometric formula, 1 bar is roughly the atmospheric pressure on Earth at an altitude of 111 metres at 15 °C.

The bar and the millibar were introduced by the Norwegian meteorologist Vilhelm Bjerknes, who was a founder of the modern practice of weather forecasting, with the bar defined as one megadyne per square centimeter.

The SI brochure, despite previously mentioning the bar, now omits any mention of it. The bar has been legally recognised in countries of the European Union since 2004. The US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) deprecates its use except for "limited use in meteorology" and lists it as one of several units that "must not be introduced in fields where they are not presently used". The International Astronomical Union (IAU) also lists it under "Non-SI units and symbols whose continued use is deprecated".

Units derived from the bar include the megabar (symbol: Mbar), kilobar (symbol: kbar), decibar (symbol: dbar), centibar (symbol: cbar), and millibar (symbol: mbar).

Definition and conversion
The bar is defined using the SI derived unit, pascal: $Ba$ ≡ 100,000 Pa ≡ 100,000 N/m2.

Thus, $1 bar$ is equal to: and 1 bar is approximately equal to:
 * 1,000,000 Ba (barye) (in cgs units);
 * 1 bar
 * 1 bar
 * 1 bar
 * 1 bar
 * 1 bar
 * 1019.716 centimetres of water (cmH2O) (1 bar approximately corresponds to the gauge pressure of water (not absolute) at a depth of 10 meters).

Notes:
 * 1 millibar (mbar) = 1 one-thousandth bar, or $1 bar$
 * 1 millibar = 1 hectopascal (1 hPa = 100 Pa).

Origin
The word bar has its origin in the Ancient Greek word βάρος (baros), meaning weight. The unit's official symbol is bar; the earlier symbol b is now deprecated and conflicts with the uses of b denoting the unit barn or bit, but it is still encountered, especially as mb (rather than the proper mbar) to denote the millibar. Between 1793 and 1795, the word bar was used for a unit of weight in an early version of the metric system.

Usage
Atmospheric air pressure where standard atmospheric pressure is defined as 1013.25 mbar, 101.325 kPa, 1.01325 bar, which is about 1.00 atm. Despite the millibar not being an SI unit, meteorologists and weather reporters worldwide have long measured air pressure in millibars as the values are convenient. After the advent of SI units, some meteorologists began using hectopascals (symbol hPa) which are numerically equivalent to millibars; for the same reason, the hectopascal is now the standard unit used to express barometric pressures in aviation in most countries. For example, the weather office of Environment Canada uses kilopascals and hectopascals on their weather maps. In contrast, Americans are familiar with the use of the millibar in US reports of hurricanes and other cyclonic storms.

In fresh water, there is an approximate numerical equivalence between the change in pressure in decibars and the change in depth from the water surface in metres. Specifically, an increase of 1 decibar occurs for every 1.019716 m increase in depth. In sea water with respect to the gravity variation, the latitude and the geopotential anomaly the pressure can be converted into metres' depth according to an empirical formula (UNESCO Tech. Paper 44, p. 25). As a result, decibars are commonly used in oceanography.

In scuba diving, bar is also the most widely used unit to express pressure, e.g. 200 bar being a full standard scuba tank, and depth increments of 10 metre of seawater being equivalent to 1 bar of pressure.

Many engineers worldwide use the bar as a unit of pressure because, in much of their work, using pascals would involve using very large numbers. In measurement of vacuum and in vacuum engineering, residual pressures are typically given in millibar, although torr or millimeter of mercury (mmHg) were historically common.

Pressures resulting from deflagrations are often expressed in units of bars.

In the automotive field, turbocharger boost is often described in bars outside the United States. Tire pressure is often specified in bars. In hydraulic machinery components are rated to the maximum system oil pressure, which is typically in hundreds of bars. For example, 300 bars is common for industrial fixed machinery.

In the maritime ship industries, pressures in piping systems, such as cooling water systems, is often measured in bars.

Unicode has characters for "mb", "bar" and ミリバール, but they exist only for compatibility with legacy Asian encodings and are not intended to be used in new documents.

The kilobar, equivalent to 100 MPa, is commonly used in geological systems, particularly in experimental petrology.

The abbreviations "bar(a)" and "bara" are sometimes used to indicate absolute pressures, and "bar(g)" and "barg" for gauge pressures. The usage is deprecated but still prevails in the oil industry (often by capitalized "BarG" and "BarA"). As gauge pressure is relative to the current ambient pressure, which may vary in absolute terms by about 50 mBar, "BarG" and "BarA" are not interconvertible. Fuller descriptions such as "gauge pressure of 2 bars" or "2-bar gauge" are recommended.

title: Bar (unit)


text:
Talk:Bar association

Topics
Hi, this needs to be quick as I'm late for class.

I removed text from the article page, which appears fictitious. Can anyone confirm this? -- Pakaran 19:02, 10 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * According to the Oxford English Dictionary, testimony is from the Latin testimonium, which is a combination of testis (which means witness) and the suffix -monium. Lewis and Short's Latin dictionary (see http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/resolveform?lang=la ) says that testis can also mean testicle. No claim is made on whether these words are related or not, so I tend to disbelieve the claim that you removed. It's a nice story though. Jitse Niesen 13:45, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Furthermore, the Oxford dictionary of English etymology (1966) says that testis in the meaning of testicle is derived from testis in the meaning of witness, the organ being evidence of virility. Jitse Niesen 15:27, 11 Nov 2003 (UTC)

The comment in paragraph 2 about judges not being members of the bar needs to be qualified in some respect. In Georgia, U.S.A. for example, all judges of courts of record i.e. state court and superior court, are members of the Georgia bar and most of them maintain their membership in "active status" while sitting on the bench. 209.149.235.241 22:17, 10 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Does anyone know of a jurisdiction within the United States in which the Bar Association regulates anything? I am familiar with several state jurisdictions as well as the federal system, the only one I know of that any lawyer must belong to is the New Hampshire Bar Association (NHBA). Although the NHBA collects the Supreme Court's fee in addition membership dues, it does NOT regulate lawyers. Lawyers are, in my experience, regulated almost exclusively by the State Supreme Courts, or equivalent highest court of each state (because of the world in which we work, every court a lawyer appears before regulates his or her conduct to some degree during the period of a proceeding and can fine or even jail a lawyer for misconduct before the court). By the same token, I have not seen bar associations "operated" by the state government anywhere. Though the Supreme Court of New Hampshire, does require membership for New Hampshire lawyers.

 * More than one bar is an entity within the courts, e.g., Florida. Others have been expressly delegated that responsibility by the courts. Bars are each constructed a little differently under different authorizations/authorities. Ausmithesq (talk) 19:46, 21 January 2020 (UTC)

I personally have found it far more common to refer to the bar without the term "association" when lawyers mean to describe admission to practice and disciplinary actions, whereas, except in New Hampshire, they generally refer to the bar association when describing a voluntary professional association. When that doesn't give enough precision, reference to the exact arm of the State Supreme Court that regulates lawyers, may be necessary, for example the "Board of Bar Examiners", or the "Board of Overseers of the Bar". These have nothing whatsoever to do with any bar association. DH 20050613 1932UTC

 * In response to several of the questions above: Yes, there is such a jurisdiction where the bar association does regulate lawyers directly. In California, there is actually a state constitutional provision on point. Section 9 of Article VI states: "The State Bar of California is a public corporation. Every person admitted and licensed to practice law in this State is and shall be a member of the State Bar except while holding office as a judge of a court of record." This text comes from a Web page of the State Bar that lists constitutional provisions relevant to the Bar [www.calbar.ca.gov/state/calbar/ calbar_generic.jsp?cid=10156&id=1242].

 * Section 9 is further reinforced by various provisions of the State Bar Act in the Business and Professions Code. Section 6002 states that "The members of the State Bar are all persons admitted and licensed to practice law in this State except justices and judges of courts of record during their continuance in office."  Article 3 (sections 6040-6054) creates local administrative committees to "receive and investigate complaints as to the conduct of members," and gives them extensive powers, including the powers to take evidence, administer oaths, and issue subpoenas.  Section 6046 creates the examining committee which handles attorney admissions.

 * Article 6 lists the various disciplinary powers of the courts (and reaffirms the inherent power of the California Supreme Court to disbar or suspend attorneys), but then Section 6075, the first section of Article 5, states: "the provisions of this article provide a complete alternative and cumulative method of hearing and determining accusations against members of the State Bar." Section 6076 gives the State Bar the power to formulate rules of professional conduct (and as you may be aware, California is the only state that does not use either set of ABA model rules).  Within Article 5, Section 6086.5 creates the State Bar Court (the only one in the United States), for the specific purpose of handling disciplinary proceedings against attorneys.

 * Finally, Section 6125 requires that all persons practicing law in California must be active members of the State Bar, and Section 6126 makes it a misdemeanor for nonmembers to practice law. If you're interested in perusing the State Bar Act directly, it's available on the State Bar Web site.

 * I hope this helps. --Coolcaesar 22:34, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually, I just did a little more research. It turns out that voluntary bar associations are the minority (16 states), and most states have integrated or unified bars.  But California has probably been the most aggressive in integrating the State Bar into its government structure by directly mentioning it in both the state Constitution and numerous laws.  In contrast, Arizona "sunsetted" its State Bar Act in 1985, so that its State Bar operates only through the powers delegated to it through state supreme court rules.  It appears that several other state bar associations operate that way.

 * Also, I suspect that it is quite reassuring to the public that the duties of California attorneys are enshrined in a statute, Section 6068 of the Business and Professions Code, as opposed to being formulated in some vague collection of rules that can be modified at the pleasure of the state supreme court. Not only do we not use the ABA rules, we have the strongest confidentiality provision in the United States, subsection (e) of Section 6068: "To maintain inviolate the confidence, and at every peril to himself or herself to preserve the secrets, of his or her client." The only exception, allowing for disclosure to prevent death or great bodily harm, went into effect in July 2004.  --Coolcaesar 22:56, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * It is hard to ignore what seems apparent bias against the integrated or mandatory bar. It is fine to cite to others' characterizations, e.g., mandatory membership being "a type of government-granted monopoly" is incorrect no matter who said it. If it is a monopoly from other people desiring to regulate the profession, it is no more monopoly than is the government, itself. If the suggestion is that there is not permitted to be other types of state bar associations, I'm not sure that that is correct, either. The desire to deregulate the bar and return "to the days of Lincoln" ignore the significant harms that an unregulated bar wrought, which does not appear as part of history. Ausmithesq (talk) 19:57, 21 January 2020 (UTC)

History of the term "bar"
There are two different origins of the term listed. Which one is right? Osprey39 22:58, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

The only one listed at today's date is one I have never heard: "The name comes from the historic right of lawyers in London to pass the Temple Bar into Westminster without paying the usual toll." This seems so improbable to me that I have deleted it, pending some citation of authority. I have always understood the bar in court kept the public away from the bench; silks are called within the bar, and barristers to the bar; and the Inns used the analogous system.Burnettrae 00:35, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I slid in some basic etymology on the use of bar to mean lawyers or whatever. It could survive citating to a strong authority however. rewinn 01:10, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

Texas?
From the article: "See also State Bar of Texas." Why?

Mike Schiraldi 00:33, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I think the editor who added that was trying to show that Texas is another example of an integrated bar association. I agree it is probably a tangent, though; the State Bar of Texas is smaller than the State Bar of California.  --Coolcaesar 04:04, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

I would like the article to detail how BAR's acquired authority to interfere with the right of the People of the Preamble (and their Posterity) to function as Counsellors in law, or alternatively, how any lawful authority arose that allows private clubs (the BAR's) to have the authority to control ANY aspect of the system of law in the united states.

Furthermore, what is the foundation for the BAR's status as a religious 501(c)(3) organization?

It would also be nice to see more history on the BAR in the U.S. (first organized in Mississippi in 1825?)

And what about the "integrated bar" movement ("the condition precedent to the right to practice law") initiated in the US in 1914 by the American Jurisprudence Society?

This page should not be so sparse in information. It details NOTHING essential/informative about the BAR(s).

 * I think the reason why no one's done that yet is because we're all so busy fixing various other pigpens around Wikipedia. For example, I've been slowly finding and adding citations to Lawyer whenever I have the time.  I agree that this article should be expanded to cover the history of the integrated bar movement, among other things, but I don't have the time to do it!--Coolcaesar 16:33, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Dear fellow users: I'm the clown who inserted the reference to the State Bar of Texas (for the reason stated by Coolcaesar). Here in Texas, Pardner, we contend that WE have the largest state bar, since Texas [and that's pronounced "TEK-sizz"] is bigger than California geographically. Ooops, I forgot about Alaska, though. Darn it. Seriously, if the reference is deemed too tangential, be my guest and delete it.

 * I haven't checked on any of the voluntary (non-integrated) state bars, but with respect to Texas I suspect that the State Bar, as a governmental unit, is not a "501(c)(3) organization." (It seems like it wouldn't need to have a 501(c)(3) status or any other section 501 status, since its income as a unit of state government would presumably be non-taxable anyway, under . Also, for any organizations that are qualified under 501(c)(3), keep in mind that this provision covers a lot more than just "religious" organizations.

 * Regarding the anonymous user's questions, I can't address the rules in other states, but the State Bar of Texas has little if any authority to "control" any aspect of the system of law. The State Bar cannot, for example, disbar any of its members. There is a state bar grievance committee, but disbarment can be done only by a court in a formal legal proceeding. Even the rules governing conduct of members of the bar must be approved by the Texas Supreme Court. The State Bar is under the jurisdiction of the Texas Supreme Court. Even with respect to admission to the practice of law, that function is performed by the Texas Supreme Court itself, with the assistance of a separate agency called the State Board of Law Examiners. The State Bar certainly cannot enact statutes, etc., etc.

 * Under the English common law system -- whence U.S. law comes -- there is no "right of the People of the Preamble [sic] (and their Posterity) to function as Counsellors in law." The legal authority to regulate the practice of law has been an inherent power of the courts since before the founding of the United States of America. Nothing in the Constitution or the common law gives a power to the people in general to practice law without being subject to regulation by the judiciary. Today, some rules governing practice of law are promulgated by state legislatures by statute, and the courts also retain authority to govern the practice of law. In Texas, the Texas Legislature passed the statute that created the Texas Bar as an agency of the judiciary. So, if for whatever reason you want to blame someone in Texas, blame the elected officials who passed the law.

 * At any rate, even without an "integrated bar," I believe that the law in every state is that the judiciary has the authority to regulate the practice of law -- including the authority to say who can and cannot be an attorney at law.

 * I do think you could make a fair argument that the legal profession has always had a very great influence on the legal system in the United States. Alexis de Tocqueville pointed that out very well in Democracy in America. This arguably has both good and bad aspects.

 * I do argue that the State Bar of Texas is in no substantial sense a "private club." Any thoughts, anyone? Yours, Famspear 18:43, 26 June 2006 (UTC)

 * As for what is the foundation for the BAR's status as a religious 501(c)(3) organization? ... that would be a question based on facts not in evidence. There are no state bars in the United States that are religious organizations. I suppose a private bar could be organized on a religious basis, e.g. Zoroastrian Bar Association, as a matter of free association. rewinn 15:59, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

Issues

 * Membership in such associations is synonymous with being admitted to the bar or being licensed to practice law in that state or being admitted to practice before the courts of that state. No, this needs to be re-written. See Admission to the bar in the United States. In addition, sometimes you can be a member of a mandatory bar but not allowed to practice: status =  disbarred, suspended, retired, judical
 * I concur with you on this point but many of your other edits have serious issues. I am raising them directly on your talk page.  --Coolcaesar 05:54, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

Too many links?
Hey. Who put in the Toomanylinks template? the Section is named "External links" after all. Thanks, PEACE and PROSPeRITY to all.Riotrocket8676 (talk) 03:38, 7 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Well, it wasn't me, and I'm not sure that "toomanylinks" is quite the right template ... but the list of Selected bar associations is not really appropriate: who selected them and on what basis? Much better would be a SINGLE link to List of Bar Associations. What say you?  rewinn (talk) 04:42, 8 January 2009 (UTC)

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Fence contractor defaulted in civil court
Deposit of money involved 174.173.29.4 (talk) 20:23, 12 January 2023 (UTC)

Bar association
Being prosecuted 2 times for the same indictment after a rule 29 AQQUITTAL....having a GPS illegally on without a active protection order.. Micheal O'Malley prosecutor and 2 police officers of the 5th district...this is retaliation and misconduct with illegal procedure...my name is lavelle Gaddis and need help thank you 2603:6010:FA0D:1140:39EA:AAEA:BBBD:7B0F (talk) 01:45, 28 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bar association


text:
Ursinae

Ursinae is a subfamily of Ursidae (bears) named by Swainson (1835). It was assigned to Ursidae by Bjork (1970), Hunt (1998), and Jin et al. (2007).

Classification
The genera Melursus and Helarctos are sometimes also included in Ursus. The Asiatic black bear and the polar bear used to be placed in their own genera, Selenarctos and Thalarctos; these are now placed at subgenus rank.

 * Subfamily Ursinae Fischer de Waldheim, 1817
 * †Aurorarctos Jiangzuo & Flynn, 2020
 * †Aurorarctos tirawa Jiangzuo & Flynn, 2020
 *  Helarctos Horsfield, 1825
 * Helarctos malayanus (Raffles, 1821) – sun bear
 * †Helarctos sinomalayanus (Thenius, 1947)
 *  Melursus Meyer, 1793
 * Melursus ursinus (Shaw, 1791) – sloth bear
 * †Melursus theobaldi (Lydekker, 1884)
 * †Protarctos Kretzoi, 1945
 * †Protarctos abstrusus (Bjork, 1970)
 * †Protarctos boeckhi (Schlosser, 1899)
 * †Protarctos ruscinensis (Depéret, 1890)
 * †Protarctos yinanensis (Li, 1993)
 *  Ursus Linnaeus, 1758
 * Ursus americanus (Pallas, 1780) – American black bear
 * Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758 – brown bear
 * †Ursus deningeri Richenau, 1904
 * †Ursus dolinensis (Garcia & Arsuaga, 2001)
 * †Ursus etruscus Cuvier, 1823
 * †Ursus ingressus Rabeder, Hofreiter, Nagel & Withalm 2004
 * †Ursus kudarensis Baryshnikov, 1985
 * Ursus maritimus Phipps, 1774 – polar bear
 * †Ursus minimus (Devèze & Bouillet, 1827)
 * †Ursus pyrenaicus (Depéret, 1892)
 * †Ursus rossicus Borissiak, 1930
 * †Ursus sackdillingensis Heller, 1955
 * †Ursus savini (Andrews, 1922)
 * †Ursus spelaeus Rosenmüller, 1794 – cave bear
 * Ursus thibetanus (Cuvier, 1823) – Asiatic black bear
 * †Ursus vitabilis? Gidley, 1913

A number of hybrids have been bred between American black, brown, and polar bears (see Ursid hybrids).

title: Ursinae


text:
Kazimierz Zarankiewicz

Kazimierz Zarankiewicz (2 May 1902 – 5 September 1959) was a Polish mathematician and Professor at the Warsaw University of Technology who was interested primarily in topology and graph theory.

Biography
Zarankiewicz was born in Częstochowa to father Stanisław and mother Józefa (née Borowska). He studied at the University of Warsaw, together with Zygmunt Janiszewski, Stefan Mazurkiewicz, Wacław Sierpiński, Kazimierz Kuratowski, and Stanisław Saks.

During World War II, Zarankiewicz took part in illegal teaching, forbidden by the German authorities, and eventually was sent to a concentration camp. He survived and became a teacher at Warsaw University of Technology (Polish: Politechnika Warszawska).

He visited universities in Tomsk, Harvard, London, and Vienna. He served as president of the Warsaw section of the Polish Mathematical Society and the International Astronautical Federation.

He died in London, England.

Research contributions
Zarankiewicz wrote works on cut-points in connected spaces, on conformal mappings, on complex functions and number theory, and triangular numbers.

The Zarankiewicz problem is named after Zarankiewicz. This problem asks, for a given size of (0,1)-matrix, how many matrix entries must be set equal to 1 in order to guarantee that the matrix contains at least one a × b submatrix is made up only of 1's. An equivalent formulation in extremal graph theory asks for the maximum number of edges in a bipartite graph with no complete bipartite subgraph Ka,b.

The Zarankiewicz crossing number conjecture in the mathematical field of graph theory is also named after Zarankiewicz. The conjecture states that the crossing number of a complete bipartite graph $$K_{m,n}$$ equals
 * $$\text{cr}(K_{m,n}) = \left\lfloor\frac{n}{2}\right\rfloor\left\lfloor \frac{n-1}{2}\right\rfloor\left\lfloor \frac{m}{2}\right\rfloor\left\lfloor \frac{m-1}{2}\right\rfloor.\ $$

Zarankiewicz proved that this formula is an upper bound for the actual crossing number. The problem of determining the number $$cr(K_{m,n})$$ was suggested by Paul Turán and became known as Turán's brick factory problem.

title: Kazimierz Zarankiewicz