text:
Talk:N-Gage (device)

Original research
The devices section seems to be full of a lot of unsourced opinions.  Erpert  Who is this guy? 06:55, 30 March 2012 (UTC)

The first Phone/Game hybrid?
I was going to edit in that the N-Gage was the first Phone/Game portable hybrid. But I wanted to be sure that there were no others before it. From my knowledge, there were a couple released several months later, but the N-gage was the first.Leeroyhim (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 22:56, 2 February 2014 (UTC)

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Renaming
I think it would look much better to call this article simply "N-Gage", and rename N-Gage (service) to "N-Gage 2.0", which is a common name for it. --KaukoHaapavesi (talk) 22:52, 9 October 2018 (UTC)

Shock image origins?
according to rumors on the internet, the layout and face design of the N-Gage is inspired by GOATSE, which one of the engineers did as a joke after having to endure many remakes by directors and such. Do you think its notable enough to add to the main article? 2601:283:8401:4000:E0BF:8505:BDCF:A7D2 (talk) 00:46, 23 September 2022 (UTC)

As mentioned in the edit history, the source of this is one Twitter with no verifiable info. Anon Twitter->.... ->Cracked article -> other tech blogs and websites Suredeath (talk) 07:29, 11 January 2023 (UTC)

The rumor made it way to Wikipedia and Wikipedia was cited by various forums, reddit, cracked, YouTuber, it's about time it's removed Suredeath (talk) 07:36, 11 January 2023 (UTC)

It is blatantly based on goatse.cx 2600:1700:211:98D0:7E:D55D:7EFD:14DA (talk) 00:42, 30 August 2023 (UTC)

Screen resolution
Does anyone know of any sources that say what the screen resolution of the N-Gage is? If so, it would be useful if it was added. NintendoTTTEfan2005 (talk) 04:31, 26 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:N-Gage (device)


text:
Emblem book

An emblem book is a book collecting emblems (allegorical illustrations) with accompanying explanatory text, typically morals or poems. This category of books was popular in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries.

Emblem books are collections of sets of three elements: an icon or image, a motto, and text explaining the connection between the image and motto. The text ranged in length from a few lines of verse to pages of prose. Emblem books descended from medieval bestiaries that explained the importance of animals, proverbs, and fables. In fact, writers often drew inspiration from Greek and Roman sources such as Aesop's Fables and Plutarch's Lives.

Definition
"But if someone asks me what Emblemata really are? I will reply to him, that they are mute images, and nevertheless speaking: insignificant matters, and none the less of importance: ridiculous things, and nonetheless not without wisdom [...]"

- Jacob Cats, Voor-reden over de Proteus, of Minne-beelden, verandert in sinne-beelden.

Scholars differ on the key question of whether the actual emblems in question are the visual images, the accompanying texts, or the combination of the two. This is understandable, given that first emblem book, the Emblemata of Andrea Alciato, was first issued in an unauthorized edition in which the woodcuts were chosen by the printer without any input from the author, who had circulated the texts in unillustrated manuscript form. It contained around a hundred short verses in Latin. One image it depicted was the lute, which symbolized the need for harmony instead of warfare in the city-states of Italy.

Some early emblem books were unillustrated, particularly those issued by the French printer Denis de Harsy. With time, however, the reading public came to expect emblem books to contain picture-text combinations. Each combination consisted of a woodcut or engraving accompanied by one or more short texts, intended to inspire their readers to reflect on a general moral lesson derived from the reading of both picture and text together. The picture was subject to numerous interpretations: only by reading the text could a reader be certain which meaning was intended by the author. Thus the books are closely related to the personal symbolic picture-text combinations called personal devices, known in Italy as imprese and in France as devises. Many of the symbolic images present in emblem books were used in other contexts, on clothes, furniture, street signs, and the façades of buildings. For instance, a sword and scales symbolized death.

Miscellany
Emblem books, both secular and religious, attained enormous popularity throughout continental Europe, though in Britain they did not capture the imagination of readers to quite the same extent. The books were especially numerous in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, and France. Emblem books first became popular in the sixteenth century with Andrea Alciato's Emblemata and remained popular until the eighteenth century.

Many emblematic works borrowed plates or texts (or both) from earlier exemplars, as was the case with Geoffrey Whitney's Choice of Emblemes, a compilation which chiefly used the resources of the Plantin Press in Leyden.

Early European studies of Egyptian hieroglyphs, like that of Athanasius Kircher, assumed that the hieroglyphs were emblems, and imaginatively interpreted them accordingly.

A similar collection of emblems, but not in book form, is Lady Drury's Closet.

Authors and artists famous for emblem books

 * Andrea Alciato (1492–1550)
 * Guillaume de La Perrière (1499/1503 – 1565)
 * Georgette de Montenay (1540–1581)
 * Otto van Veen (c. 1556 – 1629)
 * Jacob Cats (1577–1660)
 * Albert Flamen (c. 1620 – after 1669)

Regional

 * The English Emblem Book Project
 * Emblem Project Utrecht - "27 Dutch love emblem books, religious as well as profane"
 * Glasgow University Emblem Website including French and Italian emblem books
 * Literatura Emblemática Hispánica

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Emblem book


text:
Talk:Saint-Étienne

comments from 2003
Note that the football club seems not to use the acute accent in the name of the place: see their official website http://www.asse.fr/, or do a Google search. However, the place consistently uses the accent. -- The Anome 10:59, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC)

French convention is often to use E for É anyway. Charles Matthews 11:03, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Stéphanois
Umm...

 * Inhabitants of Saint-Étienne are called stéphanois in French. They are named so because "Saint Etienne" is the patron of happy people and "stephanos" means "happy" in the ancient greek language.

Okay...I'd have thought it's because "Etienne" is the same name as "Stephen". This explanation seems entirely dubious to me. john k 22:03, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

I'm inclined to agree with john k. The base meaning of 'stephanos' in Ancient Greek is 'crown' or 'something encircling' which leads to crown. Their is no evidence (in my admittedly summary) search of the Liddell-Scott Lexicon which points to 'happy.' - matt - I've gone ahead and cut the references to 'happy' - matt 3/5/07

Anti-ASSE
Saint-étienne est un club de merde que personne aime la chanson "Emmenez moi a...." vient de supporters stéphanois mécontent de la descente de leur club. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nounourswt (talk • contribs) 13:29, 27 August 2013 (UTC)

Timeline of Saint-Étienne
What is missing from the recently created city timeline article? Please add relevant content! Contributions welcome. Thank you. -- M2545 (talk) 16:30, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

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Joseph Ritson

Joseph Ritson (2 October 1752 – 23 September 1803) was an English antiquary known for editing the first scholarly collection of Robin Hood ballads (1795). After a visit to France in 1791, he became a staunch supporter of the ideals of the French Revolution. He was also an influential vegetarianism activist. Ritson is also known for his collections of English nursery rhymes, such as "Roses Are Red" and "Little Bo-Peep", in Gammer Gurton's Garland or The Nursery Parnassus, published in London by Joseph Johnson.

Early life
Ritson was born in Stockton-on-Tees, County Durham, of a Westmorland yeoman family. He was educated for the law, mainly by Ralph Bradley the leading conveyancer. He then settled in London as a conveyancer at 22.

Writing career
Ritson devoted his spare time to literature, and in 1782, he published an attack on Thomas Warton's History of English Poetry. The tone of his Observations, in which Warton was treated as a pretender, charged with cheating and lying to cover his ignorance, caused a sensation in literary circles.

In nearly all the small points with which he dealt, Ritson was in the right, and his corrections have since been adopted, but the unjustly bitter language of his criticisms roused great anger at the time, much, it would appear, to Ritson's delight. In 1783 Samuel Johnson and George Steevens were attacked in the same bitter fashion as Warton for their text of Shakespeare. Bishop Percy was next subjected to a furious onslaught in the preface to a collection of Ancient Songs (printed 1787, dated 1790, published 1792). In a letter (14 March 1803) to Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey wrote that "Ritson is the oddest, but most honest of all our antiquarians, and he abuses Percy and Pinkerton with less mercy than justice".

Ritson usually spared no pains himself to ensure accuracy in the texts of old songs, ballads and metrical romances which he edited. His collection of the Robin Hood ballads is perhaps his greatest single achievement. However, unlike the other works he edited, he gave in to his own political prejudices as a Jacobin when he included the idea, uncommon until then, that Robin Hood robbed the rich and gave to the poor rather than simply robbing the bishops and the Sheriff of Nottingham. When Ritson was asked who gave Robin Hood a commission to rob from the rich and give to the poor, his response was:

"That same power which authorises kings to take it where it can be worst spared, and give it where it is least wanted."

Sir Walter Scott, who admired his industry and accuracy in spite of his temper, was almost the only man who could get on with him. According to Scott, Ritson was "a man of acute observation, profound research, and great labour". He features as 'the potato philosopher' in John Paterson's Mare, James Hogg's allegorical satire on the Edinburgh publishing scene first published in the Newcastle Magazine in 1825.

Spelling became one of his eccentricities; in his later books, he increasingly adopted a reformed spelling of his own devising. As early as 1796, Ritson showed signs of mental collapse, and on 10 September 1803, he became completely insane, barricaded himself in his chambers at Gray's Inn, made a bonfire of manuscripts, and was finally forcibly removed to Hoxton, where he died.

Ritson was an atheist.

Vegetarianism
Ritson was an early vegetarianism activist. He became a vegetarian in 1772 after reading Bernard Mandeville's The Fable of the Bees and adopted a diet that was based on vegetables and milk. His ideas were criticised in his day, but were influential to many vegetarians who came after him. Ritson has been described as a pioneer of animal rights.

In 1802, his An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty, was published by Sir Richard Phillips. The book utilised health and moral arguments for abstaining from animal foods. Biographer Bertrand Harris Bronson has noted that based on excerpts from Ritson's daily journal his vegetarian diet consisted of muffins, cake, cheese, bread, butter, milk, beer and ale.

title: Joseph Ritson


text:
University of Dundee

The University of Dundee is a public research university based in Dundee, Scotland. It was founded as a university college in 1881 with a donation from the prominent Baxter family of textile manufacturers. The institution was, for most of its early existence, a constituent college of the University of St Andrews alongside United College and St Mary's College located in the town of St Andrews itself. Following significant expansion, the University of Dundee gained independent university status by royal charter in 1967 while retaining elements of its ancient heritage and governance structure.

The main campus of the university is located in Dundee's West End, which contains many of the university's teaching and research facilities; the Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art and Design, Dundee Law School and the Dundee Dental Hospital and School. The University has additional facilities at Ninewells Hospital, containing its School of Medicine; Perth Royal Infirmary, which houses a clinical research centre; and in Kirkcaldy, Fife, containing part of its School of Health Sciences. The annual income of the institution for 2022–23 was £325.3 million of which £78.9 million was from research grants and contracts, with an expenditure of £320.8 million.

Foundation

The University of Dundee has its roots in the earlier university college based in Dundee and the University of St Andrews. During the 19th century, the growing population of Dundee significantly increased demand for the establishment of an institution of higher education in the city and several organisations were established to promote this end, including a University Club in the city. There was a significant movement with the intention of moving the entire university to Dundee (which the royal commission observed was now a "large and increasing town") or the establishment of a college along very similar lines to the present United College. Finally, agreement was reached that what was needed was expansion of the sciences and professions, rather than the arts at St Andrews.

A donation of £120,000 for the creation of an institution of higher education in Dundee was made by Miss Mary Ann Baxter of Balgavies, a notable lady of the city and heir to the fortune of William Baxter of Balgavies. In this endeavour, she was assisted by her relative, John Boyd Baxter, an alumnus of St Andrews and Procurator Fiscal of Forfarshire who also contributed nearly £20,000. In order to craft the institution and its principles, it was to be established first as an independent university college, with a view from its very inception towards incorporation into the University of St Andrews.

In 1881, the ideals of the proposed new college were laid down, suggesting the establishment of an institute for "promoting the education of persons of both sexes and the study of Science, Literature and the Fine Arts". The university currently identifies 1881 as the year of its foundation, as University College's endowment was dated 31 December 1881, but the year 1880, when the announcement of Mary Ann Baxter's funding was made, as well as the years 1882 and 1883 have also been cited as their foundation year by the institution in the past.

No religious oaths were to be required of members. Later that year, "University College, Dundee" was established as an academic institution and the first principal, Sir William Peterson, was elected in late 1882. When opened in 1883, it comprised five faculties: Maths and Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, Engineering and Drawing, English Language and Literature and Modern History, and Philosophy. The University College had no power to award degrees and for some years some students were prepared for external examinations of the University of London. By 1894, the faculties offered at the college remained essentially scientific in outlook, with three academics - including the principal, William Peterson - giving instruction in classics, philosophy, English and history at both the Dundee and St Andrews sites.

The policy of no discrimination between the sexes, which was insisted upon by Mary Ann Baxter, meant that the new college recruited several able female students. Their number included the social reformer Mary Lily Walker and, later, Margaret Fairlie who in 1940 became Scotland's first female professor. Another early female graduate, Ruth Wilson, later Young, became professor of surgery at Lady Hardinge Medical College in Delhi and later became its principal.

Incorporation into the University of St Andrews
Following discussions around various forms of incorporation and association, students were able to matriculate through the University of St Andrews from 1885. The full incorporation was completed in 1897 when University College became part of the University of St Andrews. This move was of notable benefit to both, enabling the University of St Andrews (which was in a small town) to support a medical school. Medical students could choose to undertake preclinical studies either in Dundee or St Andrews (at the Bute Medical School) after which all students would undertake their clinical studies at Dundee. Eventually, law, dentistry and other professional subjects were taught at University College. By 1904 University College had a roll of 208, making up 40 per cent of the roll of the university generally. By session 1909-10 234 students were studying at University College, 101 of whom were female. Among the notable students at this time were Robert Watson-Watt, the radar pioneer; William Alexander Young the epidemiologist who later died in Accra while studying yellow fever; and David Rutherford Dow who would go on to be a senior member of staff at the college.

In 1895, unlike the students at St Andrews, there were reportedly very few "bona-fide" matriculated students at Dundee who were "aiming to graduate". During the academic years of 1892–4, those students at Dundee who had matriculated at St Andrews were considered St Andrews University students and were subsequently  awarded degrees by St. Andrews. Although the union between the two institutions was then threatened by a lawsuit, by 1898 the union with St. Andrews was restored on the original basis.

University College's development in the early twentieth century has been described as "slow and fitful" and the interwar period saw virtually no new building projects, leaving large parts of the college housed in buildings which were not fit for purpose. Kenneth Baxter has claimed that World War I had a major impact on University College and stated that the conflict presented it with "a storm of challenges unlike anything it had faced" up to that point. Baxter contends that the War impacted the college greatly, with key consequences being declining student numbers which in turn led to a loss of income, as well as staff departures and the decaying of fabric. In 2018 it was revealed that research shows that while the college's war memorial records the names of 37 staff and former students who died at least a further 39 alumni of the college were not recorded on it. In 1920 the college received a war trophy in the form of a "40 ton, 15 cm field gun", which was thought to have been captured from Bulgarian forces and was sited in front of the students Union.

Attempts were made to raise income. In 1923 Rudyard Kipling, then the rector of the University of St Andrews, visited University College and asked the merchant princes and leading citizens of Dundee to give the college their money and support. Kipling implored those who had lost their sons in the Great War to consider giving a donation so that their names would live on. Staff of a high calibre continued to be employed by the university including Alexander Peacock and Margaret Fairlie, who in 1940 was appointed as professor of obstetrics and gynaecology and thus became the first woman to hold a professorial chair at a university in Scotland.

In 1947, the principal of University College, Douglas Wimberley released the "Wimberley Memo" (resulting in the Cooper and Tedder reports of 1952), advocating independence for the college. In 1954, after a royal commission, University College was renamed "Queen's College" and the Dundee-based elements of the university gained a greater degree of independence and flexibility. It was also at this time that Queen's College absorbed the former Dundee School of Economics as well as the jointly administered medical school and dental school.

Creation of the University of Dundee
The publication of the Robbins Report on Higher Education in 1963, which considered the question of university education expansion throughout the country, provided impetus to the movement to attain independent university status for Dundee. At this time, a number of new institutions were being elevated to this status, such as the University of Stirling, and second universities were created in Edinburgh and Glasgow (Heriot-Watt University and the University of Strathclyde) despite their having fewer than 2,000 students.

Queen's College's size and location, alongside a willingness to expand, led to an eventual decision to separate from the wider University of which it remained an integral part. In 1966, St Andrews University Court and the Council of Queen's College submitted a joint petition to the Privy Council seeking the grant of a royal charter to establish the University of Dundee. This petition was approved and the Charter was granted which saw Queen's College become the University of Dundee, on 1 August 1967. The university continued a number of the traditions of its originator college and university and continues to be organised under the ancient university governance structure.

Modern developments

In 1974, the university began to validate some degrees from Dundee's Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art and Design, and by 1988 all degrees from that institution were being validated in this fashion. In 1994 the two institutions merged, with the college becoming a constituent faculty of the university. In 1996, the Tayside College of Nursing and the Fife College of Health studies became part of the university, as a school of Nursing and Midwifery. For several years, Dundee College of Education prepared students for degree examinations at the University of Dundee, and in December 2001 the university merged with the Dundee campus of Northern College to create a Faculty of Education and Social Work.

In October 2005, the university became home to the first UNESCO centre in the United Kingdom. The IHP-HELP Centre for Water Law, Policy and Science is involved in research regarding the management of the world's water resources on behalf of the United Nations. A school of accounting and finance was introduced in 2007. These disciplines are now part of the School of Business.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the university suspended most face to face teaching from 16 March 2020. However, a "blended learning" approach was offered to many students with weekly tutorials available in person for small groups using COVID-19 protocols of social distancing and regular cleaning.

City Campus
The main campus is within the West End of the City of Dundee. It has expanded greatly since the university gained independence, from just four converted buildings when the University College was founded in 1881 the university has grown to consist of over fifty at present. However, many buildings survive from Dundee's period as a university college and as a constituent college of St Andrews University. The earliest purpose-built facility on campus was the Carnelley Building which opened in 1883 as part of the new University College. A £10,000 donation from Mary Ann Baxter provided for a chemistry laboratory situated in the building which was named for the university's first professor of chemistry, Thomas Carnelley.

Geddes Quadrangle
The buildings at the heart of the university form the Geddes Quadrangle. These include the Carnegie, Harris and Peters Buildings which were constructed in 1909 as part of the new college of the University of St Andrews. The Geddes Quadrangle was named for Patrick Geddes, a pioneering thinker in the fields of sociology and urban planning and former professor of botany at Dundee, as a botanist Geddes had originally proposed a garden in the center of the quadrangle to be used for teaching purposes. The designer was Victorian architect Robert Rowand Anderson, the architect of buildings such as the Scottish National Portrait Gallery and Mount Stuart House.

Post-war buildings
Amid the expansion of education in post-war Britain, the University College, Dundee commissioned the construction of several new buildings to cope with the increasing numbers of students and academics arriving. The first of these was the Ewing Building which had started planning in 1950 and was officially opened in 1954. Named after Sir James Alfred Ewing, the university's first professor of engineering. The Fulton Building gave the civil and mechanical engineering department a dedicated building, it was opened in 1964 and took its name from Angus Robertson Fulton, former principal of University College, Dundee (1939–1946).

The 1960s saw the further development of the Queen's College campus with some of the earliest multi-story towers in Scotland being built for both teaching and student accommodation. The Tower Building, opened in 1961 by Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, exemplified early Scottish modernist architecture and was designed by Robert Matthew; it stands 140 ft tall with ten storeys home to both academic, executive and administrative departments of the university. The Tower was built on the site of two of the original four Georgian houses which had housed University College, Dundee (originally known as Whiteleys). Its construction was notable as it was the tallest structure built in Dundee since the Old Steeple in the medieval period. The building was extended in the later 1960s was resulted in the demolition of the remaining two original buildings.

Belmont Halls of Residence took inspiration from Danish design and aimed to provide modern, spacious quarters for students while keeping costs cheap; it was completed in 1963 on the site of Belmont Works, a former jute mill.

Recent developments
The 2000s brought extensive renovation to the university's central campus, with a number of new and upgraded buildings introduced around 2007 to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the university's independence. Large extensions have been placed on the Main Library and sports centre, and a number of new halls of residence (Heathfield, Belmont, West Park and Seabraes) have been gradually phased into operation. The Dalhousie building was erected during this period as dedicated teaching accommodation for the university, in part replacing space previously at the Gardyne Road campus of Northern College, which has now been taken up by Dundee College. Significant improvement works have taken place in old buildings such as the Old Technical Institute, Medical Sciences Institute and Old Medical School buildings.

Kirkcaldy Campus
The School of Nursing and Health Sciences has a campus on Forth Avenue, Kirkcaldy, Fife. This offers degrees in nursing, midwifery and other health-related subjects. Placements are available often in conjunction with NHS Fife.

Governance

The University of Dundee is organised under the provisions of its royal charter, which granted the university its independence in 1967. Dundee, uniquely outside of the four ancient universities of Scotland has a governance framework which shares a number of similarities with the ancient governance structure which was developed in the 19th and 20th centuries through the various Universities (Scotland) Acts.

Chancellor
The chancellor is the head of the university and president of the Graduates' Council, with a role of presiding over academic ceremonies such as graduations. The six chancellors of the university to have held office since its independence are:

 * Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (1967–1977)
 * Simon Ramsay, 16th Earl of Dalhousie (1977–1992)
 * Sir James W. Black (1992–2006)
 * Narendra Patel, Baron Patel (2006–2017)
 * Dame Jocelyn Bell Burnell (2018–2023)
 * Baron George Robertson (2023-)

Rector
The rector of the university is an official elected by the matriculated students of the university for a three-year term. In common with other university rectors in Scotland, the position is largely ceremonial, although it does involve the representation of students on the University Court. The rector at Dundee, unlike that of the ancient universities, does not chair the University Court, that duty instead falling to a lay member. The rector may appoint an assessor who can carry out the rector's functions on their behalf when they are absent. The university gained national attention in 2001 when it seemed that actor David Hasselhoff may stand as rector.

As part of the process of installation, the students traditionally take the new rector on the 'rectorial drag' which involves them being 'dragged' from Dundee City Chambers to the university in the university's own carriage visiting on the way some of the many pubs in the city as part of the informal welcome to the university.

The present holder of the position is artist manager Keith Harris, who was installed in 2022. He replaced sports broadcaster Jim Spence, who was installed in 2019 but did not serve a full term partly due to changes in personal circumstances as a result of COVID-19. Prior to Spence, the rector was Mark Beaumont, the record-breaking endurance cyclist.

Previous Rectors since the university's independence have included Sir Peter Ustinov, Sir Clement Freud, and Stephen Fry, who each served two terms, and Craig Murray, Tony Slattery, Lorraine Kelly and Fred MacAulay, who each served one.

Principal and Vice-Chancellor
The Principal and Vice-Chancellor is the chief academic and administrative officer of the university, presiding over the Senatus Academicus. As a result of their title as Vice-Chancellor, the Principal can fulfill the duties of the Chancellor in their absence. Prior to the university's independence, when it was part of the University of St Andrews, a similar function was carried out by the Master of Queen's College. This position replaced the earlier post of Principal of University College, Dundee, which was first filled in 1882.

Following the announced resignation of Principal and Vice-Chancellor Sir Pete Downes in February 2018, the university appointed Professor Andrew Atherton to the post, to begin in January 2019. Atherton resigned following a dispute with the university in November 2019.

Holders of this position and its predecessors are:

Principals of University College, Dundee

 * William Peterson (1882–1895)
 * John Yule Mackay (1895–1930)
 * Sir James Irvine (1930–1939) – 'Interim' appointment
 * Angus Robertson Fulton (1939–1946) – 'Interim' appointment
 * Douglas Wimberley (1946–1954)

Masters of Queen's College, Dundee

 * David Rutherford Dow (1954–1958)
 * Arthur Alexander Matheson (1958–1966)
 * James Drever (1966–1967)

Principals of the University of Dundee

 * James Drever (1967–1978)
 * Adam Neville (1978–1987)
 * Michael Hamlin (1987–1994)
 * Ian James Graham-Bryce (1994–2000)
 * Sir Alan Langlands (2000–2009)
 * Sir Pete Downes (2009–2018)
 * Andrew Atherton (2019)
 * David Maguire (2020) Interim Principal
 * Iain Gillespie (2021-)

Structure
As of 1 August 2022, the University of Dundee is organised into eight schools containing multiple disciplines. Each individual school is formally headed by a dean. The following is a full list of the academic divisions of the university:

School of Art and Design
 * Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art and Design

School of Business
 * Accounting and Finance
 * Economics
 * Business, Management and Marketing

School of Dentistry
 * Dentistry

School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
 * Dundee Law School
 * Education and Society
 * Energy, Environment and Society
 * Humanities
 * Psychology

School of Life Sciences
 * Life Sciences

School of Medicine
 * Medicine

School of Health Sciences
 * Adult Nursing
 * Child Nursing
 * Mental Health Nursing

School of Science and Engineering
 * Anatomy and Human Identification
 * Computing
 * Engineering (Civil, Mechanical and Industrial, Biomedical)
 * Mathematics
 * Physics

University rankings
, Dundee is ranked within the top 500 universities in the world according to the major global rankings (Times, CWTS Leiden, QS, and ARWU); placing 301-350th in the Times World University rankings, joint 409th in the CWTS Leiden Ranking, joint 441st in the QS World University Rankings and 401-500th in the Academic Ranking of World Universities. The university was The Times Good University Guide's "Scottish University of the Year" consecutively in 2015/16 and 2016/17.

Subject rankings
In both the 2021 and 2014 Research Excellence Framework which assesses research output between 2008-2020, the quality of research for Biological Sciences at Dundee is ranked 2nd in the United Kingdom by GPA, behind only the specialist Institute of Cancer Research. According to the 2024 Times Higher Education World University Rankings by Subject, Dundee's strongest subjects are Life Sciences, ranked in the top 125 in the world and Law, ranked in the top 150 in the world. The 2023 QS World University Rankings by Subject ranks the university in the top 200 in the world for Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Biological Sciences, Art & Design, Nursing, and Medicine.

In the 2024 Guardian university rankings in the UK, Dundee's subject offerings in Dentistry (3rd in UK, 1st in Scotland), and Computer science and information systems (9th in UK, 3rd in Scotland) rank within the top ten nationally. In 2023/2024 Anatomy & Physiology, Art and Design, Biological Sciences, Social Work and Medicine rank within the top ten nationally in at least one of the rankings.

Student life
Students at Dundee are represented by the university's students' representative council and the Rector in common with other universities in Scotland sharing the ancient organisational structure.

Students' Association

The Dundee University Students' Association (DUSA), unlike many other students' unions in the United Kingdom, is not affiliated to the National Union of Students, mainly due to cost concerns and political objections.

Membership of the Students' Association is automatic for all students of the University, although it is possible under statutes to renounce this membership at any time. The Association, as with the other ancient universities in Scotland, co-exists with the University's students' representative council.

The DUSA building is located in Airlie Place, in the centre of the University's Main Campus and caters as a private members' club offering bar, nightclub and refectory services for students. DUSA also provides a number of other typical students' union services such as advocacy on behalf of its membership and assistance to individual students. In addition the DUSA facilitates the creation of student societies, as of 2023 there are 240 student-led societies on campus.

Sports facilities
As of 2016, there are 43 clubs affiliated with the Sports' Union. There is an annual award ceremony for the sports clubs, and a Blues & Colours Ball (see Blue (university sport)) to provide social interaction between the clubs.

The Institute of Sport and Exercise, unlike the Sports Union, is directly controlled by the university, but works closely with the students' organisations. Its chief building is located on Old Hawkhill in the main campus, which contains the main indoor sporting facilities and the university's gym.

Outdoor facilities are mainly based in the Riverside Sporting Ground, within a reasonable walking distance and bordering the Tay, although there are others – such as tennis courts – spread throughout the main campus. The ISE's 25m swimming pool is located within the Students' Association building on Airlie Place.

Notable sporting achievements of the university include winning the British University Gaelic football Championship in 1994 and being the first team in Scottish rugby history to win the league and SUS Cup double in the 2007/08 season.

Chaplaincy
The University Chaplaincy Centre was constructed in 1974 and extended in 1987 and houses both the University Chapel and a number of other related social facilities.

The university has a full-time chaplain, Fiona Douglas (since 1997), who is a minister of the Church of Scotland. There are also several part-time associate and honorary chaplains representing other faiths and denominations.

Traditions
Dundee students participate in a number of traditional events during the academic calendar. Towards the start of the year, a standard British Freshers' Week is organised, with a secondary one held when the university reconvenes after the Christmas vacation.

Traditions remaining from Dundee's days as a college of the University of St Andrews include the Gaudie Night (taking its name from the first line of the students' anthem, De Brevitate Vitae) – held early in the first semester and organised both as a Students' Union night and an event organised by the individual schools (for example by the Life Sciences, Medical, Law and Dentistry Societies) where students are assigned academic "parents" from the senior years. Some weeks later, a Raisin (alternatively spelled "Raisen") weekend is held to all new students to repay their academic parents' hospitality. Generally the school society run events are more traditional in nature than the Students' Union event.

Since 2004, the university has organised the Discovery Days series of public lectures hosted by University and visiting academics and persons of note, providing introductions into a number of major fields of work taking place at Dundee.

Student residences
The university has a number of student residences spaced around the city. Over the last decade there has been an attempt to move some of these halls of residence closer to the main campus. With the closure and re-building of West Park Hall in 2005, all of the halls are now self catered en-suite.

At present, there exist the following university residences:

 * Belmont Tower (including Belmont Upper/Lower) – Based on the main campus and consisting of two main sections: Belmont Tower, opened in 1966, located on Mount Pleasant next to Belmont Quadrangle; and Belmont Upper and Lower, a long and low building connected to the tower, raised up on stilts to accommodate for car parking underneath for residences staff.
 * Belmont Flats – Opened in 2006, these halls are of identical style to those of Heathfield and the new Seabraes halls. It is located on Old Hawkhill, across from the ISE and centred around Belmont Quadrangle.
 * Heathfield – Built at the same time as Belmont Flats. It is located on Old Hawkhill, immediately across from Belmont Tower.
 * Seabraes – A number of buildings containing flats, with a new hall identical in style to the new Heathfield and Belmont Halls being built at the foot of the complex. Located near to the south side of the main campus on Roseangle.
 * West Park – Located some distance to the west of the main campus, these halls were traditionally popular with medicine students due to their proximity to Ninewells Hospital. Consists of a relatively new complex known as West Park Villas, which are essentially student flats. The old hall (separate from the Villas) was largely torn-down in 2005 (leaving behind only the listed parts of the building) and the new complex (generally known as 'West Park Flats' by the university) will be available from the start of the 2007/08 term.

Some older halls, despite remaining open in the interim until building works were finished, are now out of use – the last students moved out in early 2007. These are:

 * Airlie Place & Springfield – A number of flats located in old terrace housing on the main campus, consisting of two streets mainly owned by the university. Both are architecturally noteworthy and have mostly been converted to offices.
 * Peterson Hall – An almost brutalist style building to be found further down Roseangle from Seabraes. This hall was traditionally a non-smoking hall of residence, and is now ear-marked for private development.
 * Wimberley Houses – The furthest university residences from the main campus, Wimberley – also the closest to Ninewells Hospital in the far west of the city. The residences themselves were a complex of buildings, each comprising a "house" which served as an independent flat for a number of students. They were named for Principal Douglas Wimberley.

Historic collections
The university's cultural and historic collections are looked after by Museum Services and Archive Services.

Museum Services

Dundee has significant museum collections acquired over the 140 years of its history. These include fine art, design furniture, textiles, scientific instruments, medical equipment and natural history specimens. The collections are accredited as a public museum and are cared for by Museum Services. In 2012 it was announced that Museum Services had been awarded a grant of £100,000 by the Art Fund to develop an art collection inspired by D'Arcy Thompson. This body promotes the various departments of the university involved in cultural activity and runs an annual culture day of short public lectures. In January 2014 it was announced that Museum Services had been awarded funding of £32,407 to acquire a new object database to aid the management of its various collections of nearly 30,000 items.

Archive Services
The university's Archive Services was established in 1976 and maintains the University of Dundee's manuscripts and records collections. The archives hold a wide range of material relating to the university and its predecessor institutions and to individuals associated with the university. Archive Services also holds a number of records relating to individuals, businesses and organizations based in the Tayside area. The records held include a substantial number of business archives relating to the jute and linen industry in Dundee and West Bengal, records of other businesses including the archives of the Alliance Trust and the department store G. L. Wilson, the records of the Brechin Diocese of the Scottish Episcopal Church, the Michael Peto photographic collection and the NHS Tayside Archive. Archive Services' other collections include the archives of Dundee Repertory Theatre and the papers of the Great War poet Joseph Johnston Lee. In addition to material relating to the local area, the archives have a number of documents relating to other countries, especially India. The Archives also hold the records of the Glasite Church.

The archives also house some special book collections. These include rare books relating to local history and the Joan Auld Memorial Collection, an important collection of labour history books donated to the university in 1996 in memory of Joan Auld, the first university archivist, who had died in a climbing accident the previous year.

Archive Services also runs an ongoing oral history project to record the memories of individuals who have lived and worked in Dundee and hold public events to promote the project.

Notable alumni and staff
This list includes certain persons who are graduates of the University of St Andrews, having studied at the University College or Queen's College in Dundee, as well as graduates of the University of Dundee. This is a result of the incorporation of this institution in the other from 1897 to 1967. Indeed, in a great many respects, the medical school at the University of Dundee is the direct inheritor of the medical traditions of the University of St Andrews. It also includes notable former members of staff of these institutions.

Former chancellor Sir James Black, who had studied medicine at the then University College Dundee, won the Nobel Prize for Medicine for his work on the discovery of propranolol – a beta-blocker for the treatment of hypertension. Ronald Coase served as a founding lecturer from 1932 to 1934 of the Dundee School of Economics and Commerce. Coase received the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 1991 for his work on the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy.

Business and economics

 * Ahmed Adamu, Nigerian economist and first global chairperson of the Commonwealth Youth Council
 * Sir Robert Horton, former Chairman of BP and Railtrack
 * Sir George Mathewson, Chairman of the Royal Bank of Scotland Group (2001–2006); Convenor of the Scottish Council of Economic Advisers (2007–2011)
 * Sanusi Ohiare, Nigerian economist and former Executive Director of Nigeria's Rural Electrification Fund (2017-2023)

Media and the arts

 * Johanna Basford, illustrator
 * Naetochukwu Chikwe (Naeto-C), musician
 * B. C. Forbes, founder of Forbes magazine
 * Holly Hamilton, BBC journalist and presenter
 * David Jackson, musician, best known for his involvement in Van der Graaf Generator
 * Alan Johnston, BBC correspondent based in Gaza, famously kidnapped in 2007
 * Gary Lightbody, lead singer of Snow Patrol
 * Fred MacAulay, comedian and former rector of the university
 * James McIntosh, food writer
 * Graham Phillips, Journalist noted for coverage of war in Ukraine
 * Karine Polwart, folk musician
 * Carla Romano, GMTV reporter
 * John Suchet, Channel Five news anchor, formerly of ITN

Artists

 * Calum Colvin
 * Luke Fowler, 2012 Turner Prize Nominee
 * David Mach, 1988 Turner Prize Nominee
 * Lucy McKenzie
 * Susan Philipsz, 2010 Turner Prize
 * Thomson & Craighead
 * Louise Wilson (of Jane and Louise Wilson) 1999 Turner Prize Nominees

Politics

 * John Peter Amewu, Member of Parliament, Parliament of Ghana; and Minister for Railways Development, Ghana
 * Malcolm Bruce, former Liberal Democrat Member of Parliament, Rector of the university (1986–89)
 * Christopher Chope, Member of Parliament, former Minister of State and barrister
 * Lynda Clark, Baroness Clark of Calton, former Member of Parliament and Advocate General for Scotland, now Senator of the College of Justice
 * Chris Clarkson, Conservative Member of Parliament
 * William Cullen, Baron Cullen of Whitekirk, Advocate, judge, Lord Justice General and Lord President of the Court of Session as well as life peer
 * Kurt Deketelaere, Secretary-General of the League of European Research Universities
 * Frank Doran, Former Labour Member of Parliament
 * Kevin Dunion, Scottish Information Commissioner between 2003 and 2012, as well as former Lord Rector of the University of St Andrews
 * Maurice Golden, Conservative Member of the Scottish Parliament
 * Boaz Kipchumba Kaino, former MP and Assistant Minister of Lands and Settlement. Republic of Kenya
 * Geoffrey Aori Mabea, first Executive Secretary of the Energy Regulators Association of East Africa
 * Finlay Macdonald, retired minister and Principal Clerk to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
 * Jenny Marra, Member of Scottish Parliament, attended Dundee to read the Diploma in Professional Legal Practice
 * Paul Masterton, former Conservative MP and solicitor
 * Bruce Millan, Labour MP, Secretary of State for Scotland and European Commissioner for Regional Policy
 * Lewis Moonie, Baron Moonie – Labour politician, former minister of state
 * Claude Moraes, former Commissioner for Racial Equality, former member of the European Parliament
 * Craig Murray, former British ambassador to Uzbekistan, former president of DUSA, former rector of the university
 * Elijah Ngurare, Namibian politician serving as the secretary general of the SWAPO Party Youth League
 * Nhial Deng Nhial, Minister of Foreign Affairs for the Republic of South Sudan
 * Alex Neil, Scottish National Party MSP, Cabinet Secretary for Health and Wellbeing
 * George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen, former Secretary-General of NATO, Labour MP and UK Secretary of State for Defence
 * John Stevenson, Conservative MP and solicitor
 * Brian Wilson, former Labour MP and Minister of State

Science, medicine and engineering

 * Sir James W. Black, pharmacologist and Nobel laureate
 * Sue Black, anatomist and forensic anthropologist
 * William Thomas Calman, zoologist
 * Richard A. Collins, scientist and author
 * Jane Eddleston, medical doctor, professor and critical care expert
 * Sir James Alfred Ewing, engineer and physicist
 * Margaret Fairlie, gynaecologist and first female professor in Scotland
 * Thomas Claxton Fidler, civil engineer
 * Angus A. Fulton, civil engineer
 * Sir Patrick Geddes, biologist, botanist and urban planning theorist
 * Johannes Kuenen, physicist
 * Peter LeComber, physicist
 * Doris Mackinnon, zoologist
 * Narendra Patel, obstetrician, former chancellor of the university
 * Alexander David Peacock, zoologist
 * William Peddie, mathematician and physicist
 * Harold Plenderleith, art conservator and archaeologist
 * George Dawson Preston, physicist
 * Dorothy MacBride Radwanski, occupational health nurse
 * Edward Waymouth Reid, physiologist
 * William G. Smith, botanist and ecologist
 * Walter Eric Spear, physicist
 * John Steggall, mathematician
 * Sir William Stewart, government chief scientific advisor
 * D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson, biologist, mathematician, and classical scholar
 * A. D. Walsh, chemist
 * Sir Robert Alexander Watson-Watt, pioneer of radar
 * William Alexander Young, doctor, surgeon and epidemiologist
 * Isham Jaafar, Minister of Health in Brunei Darussalam

Miscellaneous

 * Colin Norris, serial killer nurse who is believed to have been inspired by lectures at the university in 2001 to kill his patients
 * David Shayler, Security Service officer who revealed state secrets to the public, editor of Annasach magazine while at the university
 * Cardinal Cornelius Sim, Roman Catholic Bishop of the Apostolic Vicariate of Brunei Darussalam

title: University of Dundee


text:
Isaac Reed

Isaac Reed (1 January 1742 – 5 January 1807) was an English Shakespearean editor.

Biography
The son of a baker, he was born in London. He was articled to a solicitor, and eventually set up as a conveyancer at Staple Inn, where he had a large practice.

His major work was the Biographia dramatica (2 vols., 1782), a set of biographies of dramatists and a descriptive dictionary of their plays. This book, which was an enlargement of David Erskine Baker's Companion to the Playhouse (2 vols., 1764), was re-edited (3 vols.) by Stephen Jones in 1811. The original work by Baker had been based on Gerard Langbaine's Account of the English Dramatick Poets (1691), Giles Jacob's Poetical Register (1719), Thomas Whincop's List of all the Dramatic Authors (printed with his tragedy of Scanderbeg, 1747) and the manuscripts of Thomas Coxeter. Reed's Notitia dramatica (British Library, Add MSS 25390–25392), supplementary to the Biographia, was never published.

He also revised Robert Dodsley's Collection of Old Plays (12 vols., 1780); and re-edited Samuel Johnson and George Steevens's edition (1773) of Shakespeare. Reed's edition was published in ten volumes (1785), and he gave great assistance to Steevens in his edition (1793). He was Steevens's literary executor, and in 1803 published another edition (21 vols.) based on Steevens's later collections. This, which is known as the first variorum, was re-issued ten years later.

Reed directed the European Magazine as a proprietor and editor, from 1782 for the duration of his life. After his death, his library of theatrical literature was catalogued for sale as Bibliotheca Reediana (1807).

In 2016, it was announced that a Shakespeare First Folio had been discovered in the library of Mount Stuart House. The book was identified as a working copy once owned by Reed, who had bought it in 1786.

title: Isaac Reed


text:
User:Mandel

S a  l  u  t  !

 * I ’M Nobody
 * Who are you?
 * Are you -- Nobody, too? —
 * Then there's a pair of us —
 * don't tell!
 * They'd banish us, you know.

I mainly worked on articles on cinema, music, literature, sports and – more specifically – on Chinese/Asian literature, language, culture, history and etc.

Many of my earliest contributions are to clarify the translations of articles on Chinese literature et al, before I started more serious contributions.

The exact number of postings have been lost. ^^suffer from some (selective) amnesiac ^^. I first came to Wikipedia on the turn of the year 2004/5.

For examples of my first articles, see Kenji Mizoguchi, Emil Gilels.

I enjoy soccer. And yes, I am/was a regular watcher of the animated series The Simpsons. (D'oh.)

I am a RED fan.

Statement
Please don't take some of my comments personally. Some of my views may be pretty strong, and I am trying to be more temperate in my wordings. The intent is just to better Wikipedia, not as a personal attack.

Hap Thomas Hardy

If but some vengeful god would call to me From up the sky, and laugh: “Thou suffering thing, Know that thy sorrow is my ecstasy, That thy love’s loss is my hate’s profiting!”

Then would I bear, and clench myself, and die, Steeled by the sense of ire unmerited; Half-eased, too, that a Powerfuller than I Had willed and meted me the tears I shed.

But not so. How arrives it joy lies slain, And why unblooms the best hope ever sown? --Crass Casualty obstructs the sun and rain, And dicing Time for gladness casts a moan…. These purblind Doomsters had as readily strown Blisses about my pilgrimage as pain.

title: User:Mandel


text:
Jürgen Schmidhuber

Jürgen Schmidhuber (born 17 January 1963) is a German computer scientist noted for his work in the field of artificial intelligence, specifically artificial neural networks. He is a scientific director of the Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence Research in Switzerland. He is also director of the Artificial Intelligence Initiative and professor of the Computer Science program in the Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) division at the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) in Saudi Arabia.

He is best known for his foundational and highly-cited work on long short-term memory (LSTM), a type of neural network architecture which went on to become the dominant technique for various natural language processing tasks in research and commercial applications in the 2010s. He also introduced principles of meta-learning, generative adversarial networks  and linear transformers,   all of which are widespread in modern AI.

Career
Schmidhuber completed his undergraduate (1987) and PhD (1991) studies at the Technical University of Munich in Munich, Germany. His PhD advisors were Wilfried Brauer and Klaus Schulten. He taught there from 2004 until 2009. From 2009, until 2021, he was a professor of artificial intelligence at the Università della Svizzera Italiana in Lugano, Switzerland.

He has served as the director of Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence Research (IDSIA), a Swiss AI lab, since 1995.

In 2014, Schmidhuber formed a company, Nnaisense, to work on commercial applications of artificial intelligence in fields such as finance, heavy industry and self-driving cars. Sepp Hochreiter, Jaan Tallinn, and Marcus Hutter are advisers to the company. Sales were under US$11 million in 2016; however, Schmidhuber states that the current emphasis is on research and not revenue. Nnaisense raised its first round of capital funding in January 2017. Schmidhuber's overall goal is to create an all-purpose AI by training a single AI in sequence on a variety of narrow tasks.

Research
In the 1980s, backpropagation did not work well for deep learning with long credit assignment paths in artificial neural networks. To overcome this problem, Schmidhuber (1991) proposed a hierarchy of recurrent neural networks (RNNs) pre-trained one level at a time by self-supervised learning. It uses predictive coding to learn internal representations at multiple self-organizing time scales. This can substantially facilitate downstream deep learning. The RNN hierarchy can be collapsed into a single RNN, by distilling a higher level chunker network into a lower level automatizer network. In 1993, a chunker solved a deep learning task whose depth exceeded 1000.

In 1991, Schmidhuber published adversarial neural networks that contest with each other in the form of a zero-sum game, where one network's gain is the other network's loss. The first network is a generative model that models a probability distribution over output patterns. The second network learns by gradient descent to predict the reactions of the environment to these patterns. This was called "artificial curiosity." In 2014, this principle was used in a generative adversarial network where the environmental reaction is 1 or 0 depending on whether the first network's output is in a given set. This can be used to create realistic deepfakes.

Schmidhuber supervised the 1991 diploma thesis of his student Sepp Hochreiter and called it "one of the most important documents in the history of machine learning". It not only tested the neural history compressor, but also analyzed and overcame the vanishing gradient problem. This led to the deep learning method called long short-term memory (LSTM), a type of recurrent neural network. The name LSTM was introduced in a tech report (1995) leading to the most cited LSTM publication (1997), co-authored by Hochreiter and Schmidhuber. The standard LSTM architecture which is used in almost all current applications was introduced in 2000 by Felix Gers, Schmidhuber, and Fred Cummins. Today's "vanilla LSTM" using backpropagation through time was published with his student Alex Graves in 2005, and its connectionist temporal classification (CTC) training algorithm in 2006. CTC enabled end-to-end speech recognition with LSTM. By the 2010s, the LSTM became the dominant technique for a variety of natural language processing tasks including speech recognition and machine translation, and was widely implemented in commercial technologies such as Google Translate and Siri. LSTM has become the most cited neural network of the 20th century. LSTM was called "arguably the most commercial AI achievement."

In 2015, Rupesh Kumar Srivastava, Klaus Greff, and Schmidhuber used LSTM principles to create the Highway network, a feedforward neural network with hundreds of layers, much deeper than previous networks. 7 months later, the ImageNet 2015 competition was won with an open-gated or gateless Highway network variant called Residual neural network. This has become the most cited neural network of the 21st century.

Since 2018, transformers have overtaken the LSTM as the dominant neural network architecture in natural language processing through large language models such as ChatGPT. As early as 1992, Schmidhuber published an alternative to recurrent neural networks which is now called a Transformer with linearized self-attention  (save for a normalization operator). It learns internal spotlights of attention: a slow feedforward neural network learns by gradient descent to control the fast weights of another neural network through outer products of self-generated activation patterns FROM and TO (which are now called key and value for self-attention). This fast weight attention mapping is applied to a query pattern.

In 2011, Schmidhuber's team at IDSIA with his postdoc Dan Ciresan also achieved dramatic speedups of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) on fast parallel computers called GPUs. An earlier CNN on GPU by Chellapilla et al. (2006) was 4 times faster than an equivalent implementation on CPU. The deep CNN of Dan Ciresan et al. (2011) at IDSIA was already 60 times faster and achieved the first superhuman performance in a computer vision contest in August 2011. Between 15 May 2011 and 10 September 2012, their fast and deep CNNs won no fewer than four image competitions. They also significantly improved on the best performance in the literature for multiple image databases. The approach has become central to the field of computer vision. It is based on CNN designs introduced much earlier by Yann LeCun et al. (1989) who applied the backpropagation algorithm to a variant of Kunihiko Fukushima's original CNN architecture called neocognitron, later modified by J. Weng's method called max-pooling.

Credit disputes
Schmidhuber has controversially argued that he and other researchers have been denied adequate recognition for their contribution to the field of deep learning, in favour of Geoffrey Hinton, Yoshua Bengio and Yann LeCun, who shared the 2018 Turing Award for their work in deep learning. He wrote a "scathing" 2015 article arguing that Hinton, Bengio and Lecun "heavily cite each other" but "fail to credit the pioneers of the field". In a statement to the New York Times, Yann LeCun wrote that "Jürgen is manically obsessed with recognition and keeps claiming credit he doesn't deserve for many, many things... It causes him to systematically stand up at the end of every talk and claim credit for what was just presented, generally not in a justified manner." Schmidhuber replied that LeCun did this "without any justification, without providing a single example," and published details of numerous priority disputes with Hinton, Bengio and LeCun.

The term "schmidhubered" has been jokingly used in the AI community to describe Schmidhuber's habit of publicly challenging the originality of other researchers' work, a practice seen by some in the AI community as a "rite of passage" for young researchers. Some suggest that Schmidhuber's significant accomplishments have been underappreciated due to his confrontational personality.

Recognition
Schmidhuber received the Helmholtz Award of the International Neural Network Society in 2013, and the Neural Networks Pioneer Award of the IEEE Computational Intelligence Society in 2016 for "pioneering contributions to deep learning and neural networks." He is a member of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts.

He has been referred to as the "father of modern AI" or similar, and also the "father of deep learning." Schmidhuber himself, however, has called Alexey Grigorevich Ivakhnenko the "father of deep learning," and gives credit to many even earlier AI pioneers.

Views
Schmidhuber states that "in 95% of all cases, AI research is really about our old motto, which is make human lives longer and healthier and easier." He admits that "the same tools that are now being used to improve lives can be used by bad actors," but emphasizes that "they can also be used against the bad actors."

He does not believe AI poses a "new quality of existential threat," and is more worried about the old nuclear warheads which can "wipe out human civilization within two hours, without any AI." "A large nuclear warhead doesn’t need fancy face recognition to kill an individual. No, it simply wipes out an entire city with 10 million inhabitants."

Since the 1970s, Schmidhuber wanted to create "intelligent machines that could learn and improve on their own and become smarter than him within his lifetime." He differentiates between two types of AIs: AI tools directed by humans, in particular for improving healthcare, and more interesting AIs that "are setting their own goals," inventing their own experiments and learning from them, like curious scientists. He has worked on both types for decades, and has predicted that scaled-up versions of AI scientists will eventually "go where most of the physical resources are, to build more and bigger AIs." Within "a few tens of billions of years, curious self-improving AIs will colonize the visible cosmos in a way that’s infeasible for humans. Those who don’t won’t have an impact." He said: "don’t think of humans as the crown of creation. Instead, view human civilization as part of a much grander scheme, an important step (but not the last one) on the path of the universe from very simple initial conditions toward more and more unfathomable complexity. Now it seems ready to take its next step, a step comparable to the invention of life itself over 3.5 billion years ago."

He strongly supports the open-source movement, and thinks it is going to "challenge whatever big-tech dominance there might be at the moment," also because AI keeps getting 100 times cheaper per decade.

title: Jürgen Schmidhuber


text:
Kobudō

Kobudō (古武道) is a collective term for Japanese traditional techniques for the use of armour, blades, firearms, and techniques related to combat and horse riding. The kanji 古流武術 (old-school martial arts) and 古武術 (old martial arts) are other ways of writing it. The general umbrella term ko-ryū (古流) is also used to describe these ancient arts.

Definition and features
Kobudō (古武道) can be translated as 古 (old) 武 (martial) 道 (way) "old martial art"; the term appeared in the first half of the seventeenth century. Kobudō marks the beginning of the Tokugawa period (1603–1868) also called the Edo period, when total power was consolidated by the ruling Tokugawa clan. The term often refers to martial arts established before the Meiji Restoration of the 19th century. Since the Muromachi period, swordsmanship, jūjutsu, martial arts, archery, artillery, etc. have been technicalized and systematized as various schools. The term Kobudō (古武道, ancient martial arts) contrasts with Gendai budō ("modern martial arts") or shinbudō ("new martial arts") which refer to schools developed since the Meiji era.

Whereas modern martial arts are designed to develop humanistic ideals through physical and mental training, focusing on sports-related competitions and constructing technical systems (e.g., jūdō and kendō) that encourage team work, socially healthy values, and prosperity. The old historical martial arts intention was not fundamentally concerned with an outcome of winning a match as a Sports match. Training was for the sake of it and was often about life or death. Dangerous techniques that are excluded from modern martial arts include various hidden weapons, medicinal and poisoning methods, and magic. Old martial arts are linked to Zen and Buddhism. It may also include irrational movements whose original meaning have been lost even to those who are masters of the school, or movements added for aesthetic reasons during the peaceful Edo period.

The system of kobudō is considered in following priorities order: 1) morals, 2) discipline 3) aesthetic form.

Okinawan kobudō
Kobudō can also be used to refer to Okinawan kobudō where it describes collectively all Okinawan combative systems. These are entirely different and basically unrelated systems. The use of the term kobudō should not be limited, as it popularly is, to the describing of the ancient weapons systems of Okinawa.

Examples of taught skills

 * Bōjutsu
 * Jujutsu
 * Jittejutsu
 * Kenjutsu
 * Kyūjutsu
 * Naginatajutsu
 * Ōzutsu (大筒) hand cannon
 * Sōjutsu
 * Tantojutsu
 * Yabusame

title: Kobudō


text:
Edward Dowden

Edward Dowden (3 May 1843 – 4 April 1913) was an Irish critic, professor, and poet.

Biography
He was the son of John Wheeler Dowden, a merchant and landowner, and was born at Cork, three years after his brother John, who became Bishop of Edinburgh in 1886. Edward's literary tastes emerged early, in a series of essays written at the age of twelve. His home education continued at Queen's College, Cork and at Trinity College, Dublin. He contributed to the literary magazine Kottabos.

He had a distinguished career, becoming president of the Philosophical Society, and won the vice-chancellor's prize for English verse and prose, and the first senior moderatorship in ethics and logic. In 1867 he was elected professor of oratory and English literature in Dublin University.

Dowden's first book, Shakspere: A Critical Study of His Mind and Art (1875), resulted from a revision of a course of lectures, and made him widely known as a critic: translations appeared in German and Russian; his Poems (1876) went into a second edition. His Shakespeare Primer (1877) was translated into Italian and German. In 1878 the Royal Irish Academy awarded him the Cunningham gold medal "for his literary writings, especially in the field of Shakespearian criticism."

Later works by him in this field included an edition of The Sonnets of William Shakespeare (1881), Passionate Pilgrim (1883), Introduction to Shakespeare (1893), Hamlet (1899), Romeo and Juliet (1900), Cymbeline (1903), and an article entitled "Shakespeare as a Man of Science" (in the National Review, July 1902), which criticized T. E. Webb's Mystery of William Shakespeare. His critical essays "Studies in Literature" (1878), "Transcripts and Studies" (1888), "New Studies in Literature" (1895) showed a profound knowledge of the currents and tendencies of thought in various ages and countries; but his The Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley (1886) made him best known to the public at large. In 1900 he edited an edition of Shelley's works.

Other books by him which indicate his interests in literature include: Southey (in the "English Men of Letters" series, 1879), his edition of Southey's Correspondence with Caroline Bowles (1881), and Select Poems of Southey (1895), his Correspondence of Sir Henry Taylor (1888), his edition of Wordsworth's Poetical Works (1892) and of his Lyrical Ballads (1890), his French Revolution and English Literature (1897; lectures given at Princeton University in 1896), History of French Literature (1897), Puritan and Anglican (1900), Robert Browning (1904) and Michel de Montaigne (1905). His devotion to Goethe led to his succeeding Max Müller in 1888 as president of the English Goethe Society.

In 1889 he gave the first annual Taylorian Lecture at the University of Oxford, and from 1892 to 1896 served as Clark lecturer at Trinity College, Cambridge. To his research are due, among other matters of literary interest, the first account of Thomas Carlyle's Lectures on periods of European culture; the identification of Shelley as the author of a review (in The Critical Review of December 1814) of a romance by Thomas Jefferson Hogg; a description of Shelley's Philosophical View of Reform; a manuscript diary of Fabre d'Églantine; and a record by Dr Wilhelm Weissenborn of Goethe's last days and death. He also discovered a Narrative of a Prisoner of War under Napoleon (published in Blackwood's Magazine), an unknown pamphlet by Bishop Berkeley, some unpublished writings of William Hayley relating to Cowper, and a unique copy of the Tales of Terror.

His wide interests and scholarly methods made his influence on criticism both sound and stimulating, and his own ideals are well described in his essay on The Interpretation of Literature in his Transcripts and Studies. As commissioner of education in Ireland (1896–1901), trustee of the National Library of Ireland, secretary of the Irish Liberal Union and vice-president of the Irish Unionist Alliance, he enforced his view that literature should not be divorced from practical life. His biographical/critical concepts, particularly in connection with Shakespeare, are played with by Stephen Dedalus in the library chapter of James Joyce's Ulysses. Leslie Fiedler was to play with them again in The Stranger in Shakespeare.

Dowden married twice, first (1866) Mary Clerke, and secondly (1895) Elizabeth Dickinson West, daughter of the dean of St Patrick's. His daughter by his first wife, Hester Dowden, was a well-known spiritualist medium. Edward Dowden died in Dublin. His Letters were published in 1914 by Elizabeth and Hilda Dowden.

title: Edward Dowden


text:
Low-complexity art

Low-complexity art, first described by Jürgen Schmidhuber in 1997 and now established as a seminal topic within the larger field of computer science,  is art that can be described by a short computer program (that is, a computer program of small Kolmogorov complexity).

Overview
Schmidhuber characterizes low-complexity art as the computer age equivalent of minimal art. He also describes an algorithmic theory of beauty and aesthetics based on the principles of algorithmic information theory and minimum description length. It explicitly addresses the subjectivity of the observer and postulates that among several input data classified as comparable by a given subjective observer, the most pleasing one has the shortest description, given the observer's previous knowledge and his or her particular method for encoding the data. For example, mathematicians enjoy simple proofs with a short description in their formal language (sometimes called mathematical beauty). Another example draws inspiration from 15th century proportion studies by Leonardo da Vinci and Albrecht Dürer: the proportions of a beautiful human face can be described by very few bits of information.

Schmidhuber explicitly distinguishes between beauty and interestingness. He assumes that any observer continually tries to improve the predictability and compressibility of the observations by discovering regularities such as repetitions and  symmetries and fractal self-similarity. When the observer's learning process (which may be a predictive neural network) leads to improved data compression the number of bits required to describe the data decreases. The temporary interestingness of the data corresponds to the number of saved bits, and thus (in the continuum limit) to the first derivative of subjectively perceived beauty. A reinforcement learning algorithm can be used to maximize the future expected data compression progress. It will motivate the learning observer to execute action sequences that cause additional interesting input data with yet unknown but learnable predictability or regularity. The principles can be implemented on artificial agents which then exhibit a form of artificial curiosity.

While low-complexity art does not require a priori restrictions of the description size, the basic ideas are related to the size-restricted intro categories of the demoscene, where very short computer programs are used to generate pleasing graphical and musical output. Very small (usually C) programs that create music have been written: the style of this music has come to be called "bytebeat".

The larger context
The larger context provided by the histories of both art and science suggests that low-complexity art will continue to be a topic of growing interest. In respect to art history, the potential relevance of low-complexity art extends far beyond the minimalistic Renaissance encoding of beauty already cited in its literature. The idea of an intimate relationship between mathematical structure and visual appeal is one of the recurring themes of Western art and is prominent during several of its periods of fluorescence including that of dynastic Egypt; Greece of the classic era; the Renaissance (as already noted); and on into the Geometric abstraction of the 20th century, especially as practiced by Georges Vantongerloo and Max Bill.

In science and technology, low-complexity art may represent another case in which the relatively new discipline of computer science is able to shed fresh light on a disparate subject — an example being insights into the functioning of the genetic code garnered because of familiarity with issues already raised in the practice of software engineering. The topic of low-complexity art is expected to help foster a continued and fruitful interaction between the fields of computer science and aesthetics. Nor will the insights gained be purely qualitative; the formalizations on which low-complexity art is based are essentially quantitative.

title: Low-complexity art


text:
Talk:Bucharest Metro

Untitled
Removed some obvious ads under the guise of the "trip planner" section 208.190.179.2 14:12, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

Does anyone know why are most of the platforms in Bucharest metro so narrow? Halibutt 11:40, 17 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Linia M3 este Dristor 2 - Republica, iar Linia 1 este Industriilor - Eroilor

Semnele de la metrou sunt foarte clare, pe harta sunt desenate invers (Exemplu la Gara de Nor la intrare in statie te avertizeaza ca intri in M3(galben) si M4(verde). De asemenea noile trenuri anunta la Piata Victoriei, transfer la linia 3.

The message above says:

Line M3 runs from Dristor 2 - Republica, while Line 1 runs from Industriilor to Eroilor

The signs in the metro are very clear - on the map the lines are reversed (for example, in Gara de Nord, at the station entry, it is shown clearly that you are entering lines M3 and M4, not M1 and M4 as shown on the map. This is the same for M2 (new) trains which announce that at Piata Victoriei you are transferring to Line M3 not M1

 * Da, întradevăr aşa este. Bine că sunt corectate toate pe paginile de staţii. Le voi corecta şi pe lista de staţii. Harta nu ştiu cum poate fi corectată... fiind că nu ştiu cine a făcut-o.

 * Translation: Yes, that's true. It's good that all the actual metro station articles have been corrected. I will also correct the list of station. I don't know about the map, though, and how it can be corrected, because I have no idea who made it. Ronline 04:27, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)

New metro map
In response to the statements above about M1/M3 being reversed, I've made a new network map. The stations are a bit unclear though, because the map is originally of a very large size. I will try to make it so that the station names show up a bit more clearly. Ronline 05:15, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * The new map does not include some stations, such as Mihai Bravu and Timpuri Noi (between Dristor and Piaţa Unirii).bogdan ʤjuʃkə | Talk 14:19, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for telling me! I forgot to put them in. Will do very soon. Ronline 14:20, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Si pe liniile 2 si 3 incearca sa pui conexiunea la Piata Victoriei.

Ar mai fi de zis, desi este adiacent subiectului, ca CFR intentioneaza ca pana in 2008 sa creeze o centura a Bucurestiului pe care sa circule Sageti Albastre, care vor intersecta toate cele 4 (si viitoarea a5-a)magistrale in statiile extreme, conectand astfel sistemul feroviar cu cel subteran. Pentru a face functional sistemul trebuie extinsa magistrala 2 dincolo de IMGB. Sagetile vor circula la un interval de o ora si vor ocoli Buucrestiul intr-un interval de 1 ora si 10 minute. Vor pleca din Gara de Nord si ocolesc Bucurestiul in sens invers acelor de ceasornic, pentru a se intoarce tot in Gara de Nord. Centura feroviara va avea 14 statii, acoperite, semnalizate electronic, cu panouri de informare, iar pretul unei calatorii va fi identic cu cel de RATB/Metrorex.

 * Am făcut o hartă nouă cu Piaţa Victoriei... sper că este completă! Despre reţeaua propusă de CFR, ai mai multe informaţii? Ar fi bine dacă am face deja planul pentru această linie, în gri, pe linia de metrou... asta nu se poate numai dacă ştim staţiile. Eu nu am auzit de aşa plan până acum, dar ar fi ceva fantastic pentru Bucureşti. În final o cale ferată stil RER! Ronline 03:37, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC) (PS: Ştii cumva care sunt staţiile liniei de metrou uşor din Bucureşti? Ar fi bine să o includem tot pe harta de metrou).

Prices
Are you sure a 10-trip ticket on the Bucharest metro is worth NZ$3.50? A ten-trip ticket on my school's bus is NZ$10.00. I don't see how those guys can do it - especially at prices which might sound high. Scott Gall 11:04, 2005 Apr 17 (UTC)

A 10-trip card on Bucharest metro costs 60.000 lei=1,67EUR=2,15 USD (april 2005)

A 10 trip card is currently about 3 NZ$. Public transport in Bucharest is (heavily) subsidized. And money in Romania have quite different values (we have a huge price parity index)

Deci Metroul usor (deocamdata sa consideram doar linia 41) are urmatoarele statii: Piata Presei Libere (nordul orasului); Agronomie; Casin; Bulevardul Ion Mihalache; Pasaj Grant/Turda; Bulevardul Ceahlau; Piata Crangasi (transfer la M3-->Crangasi); Pod Ciurel; Orsova; Bulevardul Uverturii (transfer la M1-->Armata Poporului); Bulevardul Timisoara; Drumul Taberei; Tricodava; Brasov; Ghencea (sud-vestul orasului);

Maestre daca te apuci sa desenezi si linia 41 ar mai fi de zis ceva: Piata presei libere se afla pe langa aviatorilor, mai la vest un pic...statia Turda/Pasaj Grant se afla echidistant pe M4 intre Grivita si Basarab; Statiile Orsova si Bulevardul Uverturii sunt in cartierul Militari (M1 la Armata Poporului). SUCCES! AI facut o harta fff buna.!

Mai jos redau continutul unui articol referitor la reteaua metropolitana din Bucuresti; proiectul a fost lansat de Ministru Transporturilor acum o saptamana:

Ministerul Transporturilor vrea sa infiinteze linii de tren metropolitan in Capitala si in alte trei mari orase. Peste doi ani, Bucurestiul ar putea avea, la fel ca orice mare oras european, o linie de tren metropolitan. Aceasta va inconjura Capitala, facand legatura intre zonele industriale si rezidentiale de la periferie si Gara de Nord.

Pentru orice bucurestean, traversarea orasului de la un cap la altul este un adevarat calvar. In perioadele de varf ale zilei, daca vreti sa ajungeti din Prelungirea Ghencea in Pantelimon, de exemplu, veti pierde cu siguranta intre o ora si jumatate si doua ore, in functie de traseul ales si de mijlocul de transport utilizat.

Pe langa timpul irosit, daca aveti ghinionul sa locuiti intr-un colt al Capitalei si sa aveti serviciul in altul, migratia zilnica va poate duce la epuizare nervoasa. Cozi interminabile la fiecare semafor, claxoane, injuraturi, inghesuiala din autobuze si tramvaie – toate acestea trebuie suportate de zeci de mii de bucuresteni.

Doar metroul ar mai putea salva, insa actuala retea nu deserveste decat cateva cartiere. Dar situatia s-ar putea schimba peste doi-trei ani, cand este planificata inaugurarea unei linii feroviare metropolitane pe actualul traseu al centurii de cale ferata a Bucurestiului. In prezent, pe cei 72 de kilometri ai centurii sunt 11 statii CFR.

La acestea se vor adauga 14 noi puncte de oprire, situate la marea majoritate a iesirilor din oras. Acestea vor fi, practic, simple peroane dotate cu copertine si panouri de informatii. „Trenurile vor pleca din Gara de Nord, vor inconjura orasul, dupa care se vor intoarce in Gara de Nord. Frecventa de circulatie va fi de o ora, cu intervale mai mici in perioadele de varf ale zilei.

Intregul circuit va fi parcurs in circa o ora si zece minute", explica Gheorghe Dobre, ministrul Transporturilor, Constructiilor si Turismului. El vrea ca pe aceasta linie sa circule automotoare Desiro, cunoscute sub numele Sageata Albastra, care, de altfel, sunt proiectate pentru calatorii pe distante scurte si medii.

Lucrarile, care vor fi finantate dintr-un credit extern si ar putea incepe chiar in acest an, presupun mai intai reabilitarea actualei infrastructuri de cale ferata astfel incat sa permita cresterea vitezei de rulare de la 30-40 de kilometri pe ora, cat este acum pe o sectiune din partea de sud a centurii, la 60-80 de kilometri pe ora.

Ministrul Dobre spune ca tariful pentru calatoria cu trenul metropolitan va fi identic cu cel pentru o calatorie cu mijloacele RATB sau cu metroul. La Primaria Capitalei exista un proiect privind unificarea sistemului de taxare pe mijloacele de transport in comun, care va fi gata pana la sfarsitul acestui an.

Pentru ca noul tip de transport sa functioneze eficient este nevoie ca si RATB si Metrorex sa-si ajusteze traseele si orarele de circulatie. Ministerul Transporturilor cauta bani pentru finalizarea liniei de metrou Nicolae Grigorescu-Policolor-Centura si pentru extinderea pana la Centura de Sud a magistralei IMGB-Pipera.

Si regia de transport urban, confruntata cu supraaglomerarea liniilor proprii, pe care le deserveste cu un parc auto depasit, va avea de castigat de pe urma acestei initiative. Se va reduce numarul de pasageri pe unele rute pe care in prezent mijloacele sale de transport nu fac fata.

In acelasi timp, exista posibilitatea ca unele linii sa fie extinse pentru a face conexiunea cu noile statii metropolitane. Avantajele generale ale proiectului sunt evidente. Pe langa fluidizarea traficului in interiorul orasului, linia metropolitana va deservi noile zone rezidentiale si comerciale care se dezvolta in ritm sustinut la marginea orasului, dar si perimetrele industriale.

In plus, acest tip de transport este nepoluant si mult mai rapid decat cel rutier. „Trebuie sa tinem cont de faptul ca in prezent in Capitala sunt inmatriculate in jur de 700.000 de autoturisme, la care se adauga mii de vehicule de transport marfa si calatori. Cred ca oamenii o sa dea navala", afirma ministrul.

Autoritatile au propus finantatorilor de la Banca Europeana de Investitii sa ia in calcul realizarea unor proiecte similare si in alte trei orase mari din Romania. Printre acestea s-ar putea numara Ploiesti, Brasov sau Timisoara, insa o decizie definitiva nu a fost luata. Pe lista investitiilor vizate pentru transportul feroviar din Bucuresti se gaseste si Gara de Nord.

Aceasta urmeaza sa fie consolidata si modernizata, astfel incat sa fie adusa la rangul de euro-gara. Apoi, vor fi construite noi linii feroviare metropolitane.

Una dintre ele ar urma sa lege Gara Baneasa, aeroportul Baneasa si aeroportul Henri Coanda, in timp ce alta va utiliza actuala cale ferata industriala din zonele Grozavesti-Trafic Greu-Ferentari, pentru a face conexiunea intre Gara de Nord si Gara Progresu.

CUM VA ARATA RETEAUA

• Lungime totala: 72 km • Numar statii existente: 11 (16 Februarie, Chiajna, Bucuresti Vest, Varteju, Jilava, Berceni, Popesti-Leordeni, Voluntari, Otopeni, Mogosoaia si din nou 16 Februarie) • Numar puncte de oprire proiectate: 14 (Bd. Uverturii/Chiajna, A1, Prel. Ghencea, Sos. Alexandriei, Sos. Bucuresti-Magurele, Sos. Giurgiului, Sos. Berceni, Sos. Oltenitei, Bd. Theodor Pallady/comuna Catelu, Pantelimon, iesirile spre Draganesti, Stefanesti si Tunari, Sos. Bucuresti-Ploiesti) • Timp estimat de parcurs: o ora si zece minute • Trenuri utilizate: automotoare Desiro (Sageata Albastra) • Viteza maxima de circulatie: 80 km/ora • Planuri de extindere: Gara Baneasa-Aeroport Baneasa-Aeroport Otopeni, Gara de Nord-Trafic Greu-Gara Progresu.

TRANSPORTUL IN COMUN IN BUCURESTI

• Cele patru magistrale ale retelei de metrou insumeaza peste 62 de kilometri si 45 de statii. Sunt utilizate 50 de trenuri, care transporta zilnic circa 350.000-400.000 de calatori. • RATB administreaza 174 de trasee cu 2.523 de statii. Pe acestea circula 339 de tramvaie, 203 troleibuze si 857 autobuze. Numarul mediu zilnic de calatori transportati este de 3,14 milioane. Aproape trei sferturi din totalul autobuzelor au durata de viata expirata. • Anul acesta se preconizeaza achizitionarea unor mijloace de transport in comun noi.

Arhitecture
I understand the Bucharest Metro is pretty special in that every station is unique. Each one has a different style and different arhitecture. I found no mention in the article about this or the arhitecture of the network. Is this true?
 * Very true. Ranging from stations with pillars to stations held by arches, such as Titan Station. Some stations have similar architecture, mosaic tiles can be seen in many old stations. The M3 Line (more like the new part of it, towards Anghel Saligny) features a clean, simple, modern two-colour design. 188.26.170.0 (talk) 02:37, 1 August 2010 (UTC)

POV
On the whole this is a good article; however, there are some strongly POV statements that need to be redacted in my opinion. I, for one, do not find things in Metro stations like mosaics to be "useless", I find them often to be quite attractive. Whether they are or are not is a matter of taste and viewpoint and hence does not belong in a NPOV article, only the facts with regard to their presence or absence does. For now, I will attempt to limit my editing to the putting of passages into what I regard to be more formalised and idiomatic English; please feel free to improve on this. Rlquall 21:08, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

Rolling Stock
The list of train names just keeps getting bigger and I don't think it is that important. Plus, it is not very accurate: some trains bearing capital city names are actually traveling on M2 instead of M1/M3 (Paris and Helsinki). We should remove the list or place it in a more obscure place. apancu | Talk 20:56, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

Future lines map
The current plans map is SF and totally incorrect. (File:Harta reţelei bucureştene de metrou (actuale şi planificate).GIF). It does not present the correct routes of the 4 planed lines and extensions of the present ones. Most of the lines there haven't even been envisioned by the management of Metrorex. It's some guy's wet dream, and a bad one at that.

A correct map is the following:

Plans map —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ayceman (talk • contribs) 15:46, 7 June 2010 (UTC)

M5 cost?
"The expected construction cost is 740 euros. " That's pretty cheap for 18 km... [/sarcasm]. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 5.12.173.164 (talk) 11:56, 20 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks for spotting the typo. Expected construction cost corrected to 740 million euros as per referenced article. --Chaleyer61 (talk) 12:08, 20 May 2013 (UTC)

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Map
Given that the article is about the metro would a map that features the metro lines be more appropriate? Johnotm (talk) 00:19, 13 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bucharest Metro


text:
Conroy Maddox

Conroy Maddox (27 December 1912 – 14 January 2005) was an English surrealist painter, collagist, writer and lecturer; and a key figure in the Birmingham Surrealist movement.

He was born in Ledbury, Herefordshire, and discovered surrealism in 1935, spending the rest of his life exploring its potential through his paintings, collages, photographs, objects and texts. Inspired by artists such as Max Ernst, Óscar Domínguez and Salvador Dalí, he rejected academic painting in favour of techniques that expressed the surrealistic spirit of rebellion. Maddox officially joined the British Surrealist Group in 1938.

His creations soon began not only to challenge the conventional view of reality, but also to push pictorial expression to the limits of consciousness. He was even implicated in both scandal and controversy when, during World War II, Scotland Yard suspected him of fifth columnist sabotage and mounted a surprise raid to seize works thought to contain coded messages to the enemy.

Following the war he moved to Balsall Heath and began his most active period. In 1948, he married Nan Burton. They had a daughter and a son together, but had the marriage dissolved in 1955. He died in London, aged 92.

Exhibitions

 * 1938 - Wertheim Gallery, London
 * 1940 - London Gallery, London
 * 1940 - Surrealism Today, Zwemmer Gallery, London
 * 1940 - Artists International Association
 * 1945 - Leicester Galleries, London
 * 1947 - International Surrealist Exhibition, Paris
 * 1949 - Royal Birmingham Society of Artists Galleries
 * 1949 - Bilston Corporation Art Gallery
 * 1951 - Royal Birmingham Society of Artists Galleries
 * 1963 - Grabowski Gallery, London
 * 1967 - Zwemmer Gallery, London
 * 1967 - Exeter City Gallery, Exeter
 * 1973 - Hamet Gallery, London
 * 1976 - Gouaches of the 1940s, Fischer Fine Art, London
 * 1978 - Surrealism Unlimited, Camden Arts Centre, London
 * 1982 - Peinture Surrealiste en Angleterre 1930-1960, Galerie 1900–2000, Paris
 * 1994 - Paintings and Objects, Gallery M, London
 * 2000 - Surrealism in Birmingham 1935-1955, Birmingham Museums
 * 2001 - Conroy Maddox. A Surrealist Odyssey, Belgrave Gallery, London

title: Conroy Maddox


text:
Digital physics

Digital physics is a speculative idea that the universe can be conceived of as a vast, digital computation device, or as the output of a deterministic or probabilistic computer program. The hypothesis that the universe is a digital computer was proposed by Konrad Zuse in his 1969 book Rechnender Raum ("Calculating-space"). The term digital physics was coined in 1978 by Edward Fredkin, who later came to prefer the term digital philosophy. Fredkin encouraged the creation of a digital physics group at what was then MIT's Laboratory for Computer Science, with Tommaso Toffoli and Norman Margolus as primary figures.

Digital physics suggests that there exists, at least in principle, a program for a universal computer that computes the evolution of the universe. The computer could be, for example, a huge cellular automaton.

Extant models of digital physics appear incompatible with the existence of several continuous characters of physical symmetries, e.g., rotational symmetry, translational symmetry, Lorentz symmetry, and the Lie group gauge invariance of Yang–Mills theories, all central to current physical theory. Moreover, extant models of digital physics violate various well-established features of quantum physics, belonging to the class of theories with local hidden variables that have so far been ruled out experimentally by physicists using Bell's theorem.

However, covariant discrete theories can be formulated that preserve the aforementioned symmetries.

title: Digital physics