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North Berwick

North Berwick (Bearaig a Tuath) is a seaside town and former royal burgh in East Lothian, Scotland. It is situated on the south shore of the Firth of Forth, approximately 20 mi east-northeast of Edinburgh. North Berwick became a fashionable holiday resort in the nineteenth century because of its two sandy bays, the East (or Milsey) Bay and the West Bay, and continues to attract holidaymakers. Golf courses at the ends of each bay are open to visitors.

Name
The name Berwick means "barley farmstead" (bere in Old English means "barley" and wic means "farmstead"). Alternatively, like other place names in Scotland ending in 'wick', this word means 'bay' (Old Norse: vík). The word North was applied to distinguish this Berwick from Berwick-upon-Tweed, which throughout the Middle Ages the Scots called South Berwick. It was recorded as Northberwyk in 1250.

Prehistory and Archaeology
On the south side of North Berwick Law there is evidence of at least 18 hut circles, rich middens and a field system dating from 2,000 years ago. There have been numerous archaeological excavations in the town that have uncovered evidence of North Berwick's medieval and modern remains. One such excavation found evidence of pre-medieval occupation of the area in the form of several Iron Age Cist burials.

One of the largest excavations occurred when many of the water mains in the town were replaced in the 2000s and archaeologists monitored the work. These excavations found the first evidence of the city walls - all towns of Scotland on the east coast were required by an Act of Parliament (1503) to build walls, but until then there was no evidence that they were ever built. It also found that the High Street was the main street in the medieval burgh, rather than Quality Street that had been hypothesized.

Medieval

Excavations have shown that from as early as the eighth century, a ferry crossing to Earlsferry, near Elie in Fife was in existence, serving pilgrims on their way to the shrine of Saint Andrew. North Berwick Harbour was built in the twelfth century to meet the demands made of the existing ferry trade. This ferry was recently reinstated; during the summer, a boat travels between North Berwick and Anstruther in Fife, in homage to the original ferry.

Around 1150, Duncan, Earl of Fife of the Clan MacDuff founded an influential Cistercian nunnery (whose power continued until the Scottish Reformation, and its dissolution in 1588). Duncan's family shortly afterwards, at the start of the thirteenth century built North Berwick Castle erecting a wooden motte and bailey on the site of what is now Castle Hill in the east end of the town, at the start of Tantallon Terrace. This castle was attacked and held by the Earl of Pembroke around 1306; the English abandoned it by 1314, during the aftermath of the Battle of Bannockburn. Late in the fourteenth century the Lauder family (owners of the Bass Rock castle) erected a stone tower with a barmkin on the site; however they had abandoned it by 1420 in favour of the Bass, possibly as a result of conflict with the owners of nearby Tantallon Castle.

In the fourteenth century the town became a baronial burgh under William Douglas, 1st Earl of Douglas, who then built nearby Tantallon Castle to consolidate his power.

Post Medieval
Later, during the fifteenth century, the town became a royal burgh in the reign of James I of Scotland.

The "Auld Kirk Green" at the harbour was allegedly used for gatherings by the accused in the North Berwick Witch Trials (1590–92). Legend has it that Satan himself attended a ritual there in 1590. During the sixteenth century at least 70 people were implicated in the Witch Trials, and the events inspired works such as Burns' "Tam o' Shanter" and "The Thirteenth Member" by Mollie Hunter. One of the most famous witch trials at North Berwick was that of Agnes Sampson. She was accused of making a potion to create rough storms in the North Sea as King James VI was sailing home from Denmark with his new wife, Anne of Denmark. The trial took place in 1591, attended by King James. Agnes Sampson was tortured to confess, and then burnt at the stake, like many other innocent people.

Whaling in the eighteenth century
Local lore, place names, and the jawbone arch first erected atop the Law in 1709, suggest that the port was involved in the whaling industry, though there is little written evidence to prove it. If so, it would have been a minor participant in the industry, overshadowed by nearby Leith. Certainly, whales have washed ashore at North Berwick over the years, even in recent times.

Industrial and Modern
Despite the railway arriving in 1850, the Industrial Revolution bypassed the town. The late-nineteenth century saw North Berwick develop golfing and holiday facilities. The town soon became popular as a home for Edinburgh commuters and retirees.

The size and population of the town remained fairly steady until the 1970s, at which point housebuilding began in earnest around the periphery of the town, first to the south (1950s–70s), then in a series of major expansions to the west (1980s-present) along the line of the railway. There is talk of further developments focussing on "affordable housing", on the south side of the town. While the population has grown significantly but not truly "exploded", house prices have rocketed since the 1950s. North Berwick consistently appears at the top of national house price surveys, and like-for-like prices are comparable to Edinburgh. North Berwick was listed as the most expensive seaside town in Scotland in 2006, and was second to St. Andrews in 2009. In 2021, it was voted best place to live in Scotland.

Islands

Several of the Islands of the Forth are near the town and visible from it: e.g. Fidra, Lamb, Craigleith, and the Bass Rock; the last-named hosts a thriving colony of seabirds, including puffins and gannets. The Bass Rock appears white due to the white plumage of seabirds, and their white guano, which cover much of its surface. The seabirds can be observed at close range through remote cameras operated from the Scottish Seabird Centre near the harbour.

Attractions

 * Boat trips to the Bass Rock, Fidra and other islands, although landings are restricted and depend on sea conditions.
 * Scottish Seabird Centre – Visitor centre about seabirds found on Bass Rock and elsewhere.
 * North Berwick Law – A 613 ft volcanic hill that rises above the town, with a ruined Napoleonic era signal station just below its summit. The arch at the summit, formed by a whale's jawbone, collapsed in June 2005. It was replaced by a fibreglass replica in June 2008.
 * Beaches – One of North Berwick's main attractions, the beaches, have golden sands and igneous rocks sculpted into interesting shapes by the sea. The East Sands have a tide-filled boating pond/paddling pool.
 * Seacliff. An entry fee is charged at this private and largely unspoilt beach and estate, just east of the town.
 * Golf – There are two golf courses in the town, the West Links and the Glen, or East Links, and several others along the East Lothian coast. There are also two 18-hole putting greens, and a Golfing Heritage Trail through the town.
 * Tennis – The tennis courts at the Glen host the annual East Lothian Open Tennis Tournament.
 * The East Lothian Yacht Club hosts many national and international sailing events.
 * The John Muir Way, the East Lothian coastal path, passes through the town.
 * Tantallon Castle is an imposing if mostly ruined 14th-century fortress in the care of Historic Scotland, located 3 mi east of North Berwick.

Governance
Kenny MacAskill of the Alba Party has served as the Member of Parliament for East Lothian since 2019. Former East Lothian Council leader Paul McLennan of the Scottish National Party (SNP) has served as the MSP for East Lothian since 2021. There are three councillors for North Berwick Coastal.

Churches
There are several churches in the town. These include:

Church of Scotland

 * Abbey Church
 * Parish Kirk
 * St Andrew Blackadder Church
 * St Andrew's Old

Roman Catholic

 * Our Lady, Star of the Sea

Other churches

 * North Berwick Baptist Church
 * North Berwick Christian Fellowship
 * St Baldred's Episcopal Church

Education

North Berwick is served by Law Primary School, and North Berwick High School for secondary school-age children, which has an excellent reputation, frequently outperforming other East Lothian district schools in annual examination tables.

On film

Films which have shots of North Berwick include:
 * A View from the Bass (1963), 15 mins, colour. Directed by Henry Cooper.
 * Lothian Landscape (1974), 21 mins, colour. Narrated by Gordon Jackson
 * Lothians Part II, the: The Land and Its Use (1955), silent.
 * The Railway Man (2013), Milsey Bay beach and house on Melbourne Road
 * Outlaw King (2018), Seacliff beach

Transport
The town is served by North Berwick railway station. The North Berwick Line has provided a rail link with Edinburgh since 17 June 1850 and the line, now operated by ScotRail, is still the principal transit link between the town and the capital. The service takes 33 minutes and runs hourly with extra trains during peak commuting periods and on Saturdays. Combination rail-and-entry tickets for the Scottish Seabird Centre are available. There is an occasional service through to Glasgow Central station on weekdays, although anyone heading for central Glasgow is advised to switch to the Edinburgh – Glasgow Queen St. service. There is a regular bus service (nos 124 and X24) between the town and Edinburgh city centre. Edinburgh Airport is the nearest airport, not just to North Berwick but the whole county, and is approximately a 45-minute drive away, or around 1 hour 20 mins by public transport.

East Coast Buses, a subsidiary company run by Lothian Buses, runs a twice-hourly service between Edinburgh (Semple Street) to North Berwick Tesco via Portobello, Musselburgh, Prestonpans, Longniddry, Aberlady, Gullane and Dirleton. The bus in North Berwick runs on a loop from the High Street (Church Street bus stop) to the Tesco Terminus and back, then returns to Edinburgh. There are also local services to Haddington, Dunbar and attractions such as the National Museum of Flight at East Fortune.

Literary links
Robert Louis Stevenson (1850–1894) spent many holidays in the town during his childhood and as a young man. His father, Thomas Stevenson the engineer and lighthouse builder, took his family to stay in various locations in the town. The island of Fidra is said to be the original inspiration for Treasure Island, and much of his novel Catriona (the sequel to Kidnapped) is set locally.

The Scottish author William Dalrymple (born 1965), whose work primarily focuses on British India, has roots in the town, with his family having once owned much of the area. William's father Sir Hew Hamilton-Dalrymple is the current and 10th Baronet of North Berwick. William is the youngest of four brothers.

Notable people

 * John Adamson University Principal
 * William Anderson (1750–1778), naturalist who sailed with James Cook
 * Willie Anderson, golfer, four times U.S. Open Golf Champion, 1901, 1903–05
 * John Blackadder, Presbyterian field-preacher who had a Free Church named after him
 * Francis Chalmers Crawford FRSE (1851–1908), botanist
 * Hew Dalrymple, Lord North Berwick, Lord President of the Court of Session
 * Isobelle Ann Dods-Withers (1876–1939), artist
 * John Fian, executed in 1591 for sorcery during the North Berwick witch trials.
 * Alexander Home of North Berwick (d. 1597), Provost of Edinburgh
 * David Huish, professional golfer
 * George Livingstone (golfer)
 * Charles Lawrie (1923–1976), British golfer and golf course architect
 * Catriona Matthew, golfer with seven professional victories, including the Women's British Open in 2009, and five Solheim Cup appearances
 * Ben Sayers, golfer, golf course architect and golf club manufacturer; a statue of Sayers stands on Beach Road, near the Tantallon Golf Club
 * Sir Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer (1850–1935), Professor of Physiology at the University of Edinburgh from 1899 to 1933, and Emeritus Professor from 1933 until his death, commissioned the Scottish architect Robert Lorimer to design a substantial family house at North Berwick where he resided until his death.
 * Leonard Small (1905-1994), Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland (1966-1967)
 * David Syme (1827–1908), Australian newspaper proprietor and author
 * Ebenezer Syme (1825–1860), Australian newspaper proprietor and manager
 * James Douglas-Hamilton, Baron Selkirk of Douglas, politician, Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland 2012-2013
 * Maggie O'Farrell Novelist
 * Rear Admiral Neil E. Rankin CB CBE, Captain HMS Ark Royal, Tri-Service Command Falklands, Flag Officer Portsmouth
 * Sir David Tweedie (accountant) CVO FRSE, Accountant, Chair International Accounting Standards Board 2001-11
 * Katy Balls, Journalist
 * Keith Stewart, Baron Stewart of Dirleton, Advocate General of Scotland

Twin town

Since 1999, North Berwick has been twinned with Kerteminde, Denmark.

title: North Berwick


text:
User talk:Millosh/Archive 1

Fro personal attacks and wasting my time, feel free to use this page. I would move all related content to this set of pages. (No, you would not waste my time if you ask me something! If you are unsure about this issue, please compare two pages.) --millosh (talk (sr:)) 06:01, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Welcome and Description of standard Serbian language
Hello Millosh, welcome to Wikipedia. Regarding your question "what is the problem with Description of standard Serbian language" - I wasn't saying there was anything wrong with it in the long term, but at the time I looked at it, it didn't really have any content. Apart from links and references, it just had some notes about yourself. I temporarily redirected the page to Serbian language as it had not been worked on for a day. This doesn't stop you from going and finishing the article, but it couldn't be left in that state for too long else someone might have listed it for deletion. If you want to save an article before it is really in a state to be classed as an article, it might be better to start it in your user space first. For example, write it at User:Millosh/Description of standard Serbian language. Then, when it's finished, you can use the move this page link and move it to the actual encyclopedia. If an article is redirected, you can still edit it. At the top of the Serbian language page, you will see (Redirected from Description of standard Serbian language). Click on the link to Description of standard Serbian language, and then click edit, and you can overwrite the redirect, or better still go to the page history and get your original version up, then click edit. Your work hasn't been lost, and I wasn't saying there was anything wrong with it. I hope that makes sense. If not, drop me a note on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Angela. 19:36, 8 Dec 2003 (UTC)

--

Hi Millosh, I'm afraid I don't have any power to move Wikipedia to UTF-8. This could only be done by the Developers. The suggestion that it was moved to UTF-8 was made on the mailing list last month. See the Switching everything to UTF-8 thread, which I think concluded with Brion saying "We're not making a switch of the existing Latin-1 phase3 wikis to UTF-8 until compatibility code is in place." This is because there are browsers which would damage pages in UTF-8.

Regarding the Description of Serbian Language, if the pages are not complete enough, then they are best started in your user space, though it shouldn't take much to get them into a form that could stay in the main namespace, and all pages are a work-in-progress, so this is fine. You can ask at peer review or the Village pump for help from others if you want more people involved. Angela. 20:04, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I'm sorry I acted on the request without checking whether there was sufficient support for this. However, as you are the only admin, and recently a bureaucrat, I do think it is important that the Serbian Wikipedia gets at least one more admin fairly soon. I have no opinion on whether or not that should be Avala. I have suggested to Avala that a vote be set up so that the community can decide whether to grant sysop access. I have reverted my sysopping of Avala as all such adminships are subject to community approval, which this one doesn't seem to have. I will leave this in your hands now as you are a bureaucrat at sr, so you can decide whether to resysop Avala. Sorry if this has caused you any inconvenience. Let me know if there is anything I can do to help. I have also sent you an email. Angela. 17:19, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I just realised Никола Смоленски is also an admin there now, so ignore my other comment about needing more sysops. Angela. 17:25, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * I tried resending it directly rather than through the "email this user" link. Angela. 18:19, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Serbian Main Page
Wow, that's quite a change. It looks good, but the colors are a little dark. Having red links on a red backround isn't very accessible. Perhaps it could be faded a little bit? Angela. 13:25, Jul 31, 2004 (UTC)

 * It looks better now. :) I just noticed the Serbian Wikipedia hit 1000 articles too. If you know which date that happened, you might want to add it to Announcements and Wikimedia News. Angela. 10:22, Aug 1, 2004 (UTC)

 * I guess if no one removed it, they must think it's important enough. :) Angela. 21:24, Aug 1, 2004 (UTC)

A message Millosh sent to Juuitchan
I (Juuitchan) got this message:

''Hello, I am Millosh and I think I saw your text about Serbian Orthodox Church linked from Serbian Wikipedia. I gave to my friend, admin of Theological Faculty of Serbian Orthodox Church, your link on sr: and I think he will contact you soon. --Millosh 12:34, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)''

I think you sent it to the wrong person by mistake.

Serbian -> Roman transliteration
If you want Roman script, why not write the conversion program yourself, and have "script" be an option in the skin? If you don't want it, don't use it!

If the articles are written in Cyrillic script, that would probably cause no problem for viewing; it is only in case of wanting to edit that you might have a problem. (The only problem with viewing might be if you have Cyrillic characters used to write non-Serbian text in the article.)

Hi Millosh. If the issue is just technical, you should send an email to wikitech mailing list. However, if there are likely to be non-techincal objections as well, you might want to discuss it at wikipedia-l first. Angela. 11:39, Aug 7, 2004 (UTC)

--

Sorry, I'm not logging in frequently here. Please become a member of the mailing list for the pywikipediabot. The documentation is basically part of the source code, but if you want to know more, you're welcome to ask on the mailing list. Rob Hooft 14:31, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Paprika
Pogledaj na: dictionary.com Merriam-Webster Compact Oxford English Dictionary MSN Encarta

Svi kazu da je rec "paprika" madjarskog porekla. A madjarska rec "paprika" je srpskog porkela od reci "papar". Dakle, madjarska je rec u sustini, mada je koren iz srpskog. --Dejan Cabrilo 06:41, 7 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Od 'papar' do 'paprika' postoji cista slovenska/srpska derivacija... E, sad. Ne mogu da tvrdim, ali... Ipak, naravno, Webster i Oksfordski recnik su respektabilni... --Millosh 09:24, 7 May 2005 (UTC)

sr wiki
Milose, ako ti nije problem, reci mi kada si na IRC-u. Ja sam sada na #wikipedia-sr, username Pechorin, i ostacu ulogovan celu noc (po centralno-evropskom vremenu). --Dejan Cabrilo 22:51, 9 May 2005 (UTC)

Re:Origin of Serbs
Pasuti? Paštuni? In any event, da nisam i prije cuo takve price, zvucalo bi kao hrpa original researcha, a to ne bi bilo dobro.

Mislim da je glavni problem kod ovih prica to sto se za ne falit uvijek propusta naglasiti da su svi dokazi zapravo vrlo posredni i vrlo djelomicni, te da su bazirani na filoloskim i etimoloskim razmatranjima, a to je vrlo klimavo u usporedbi s necime recimo sto bi se iskopalo iz tada-suvremenih povijesnih zapisa, ili iz arheoloskih nalaza. Dok god ovi potonji dokazi ne potvrde ove prve, ne smije se nigdje propustiti naglasiti da su to interpolacije, a nakon toga neka se prica sto god se moze povezati, u biti. --Joy [shallot]   19:26, 3 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Pozdrav. Moram reci, nijednu jedinu rijec nisam razum[j]eo.  :D  --VKokielov 01:23, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Serbian portal
As the amount of material somehow connected with Serbs and Serbia on Wikipedia grows, I think it wouldn't be a bad idea to form a SCG/Serb portal, so that all the articles about famous Serbs, Serb history, the Serb republic etc are more closely interlinked. This would also provide the casual reader with a easy to use encyclopaedia of everything they could wish to know about RS, SCG, the Serb diaspora etc. Јес' да је Србија мала и да је мало Срба али ипак има Палестински портал, Doctor Who портал, зато нема разлога да и ми ово не покренемо. At this stage I'm just gauging the amount of interest out there for this. If you support this idea, and want to help out, then just drop by my talk page -- estavisti 20:02, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

OCS
I'm not sure where have you taken this bastardized name from, but I have to admit that the ъіиь cluster was particularly amusing. -- Naive cynic 02:15, 15 August 2005 (UTC)

Duklja
I noticed your questions about Stefan Vojislav. He was a Serb, ofcourse, he founded the House of Vojislavljevići from which is King Mihailo, the first Serb King. (look at List_of_Serbian_rulers) HolyRomanEmperor 12:56, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

No, thank you; not just now, at least
No thank you. I am already busy enough on this encyclopedia; and I saw that Skenderbeg was concidered as a Serb (I had changed it). HolyRomanEmperor 19:40, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

User Categorization
You were listed on the Wikipedians/Serbia and Montenegro page as living in or being associated with Serbia and Montenegro. As part of the User categorisation project, these lists are being replaced with user categories. If you would like to add yourself to the category that is replacing the page, please visit Category:Wikipedians in Serbia and Montenegro for instructions. -Alekk 23:11, 30 September 2005 (UTC)

Emir Arven
Hello, please refrain from making personal attacks on other users. GeneralPatton 03:34, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Vlachs
Moved to User talk:Millosh/PA Archive 1. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 06:01, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

War statistics from Yugoslavic wars
Hello my name is Andreas Brandt, and as you can read on my userpage I am planning to write an article about the actual war data/statistics from the wars in Yugoslavia. But everywhere you turn you hear different information, croats have their numbers and serbs and bosniacs their. So I need to get the point of view from all three different parts in order the make a good fair article.

And I do believe you're serbian or at least you are on the serbian wikipedia so please can you help me out with the article and as well introduce me to other balkanusers on the english wikipedia. I need all the thoughts and help I can get.

And there's another thing as well; I must say your talkpage looks terrible, there is a whole chapter dedicated to an argument with another user on the english wikipedia and as well some other personal non wikipedia relevant information. Please clean up your talkpage, and don't take it as personal but wikipedia is a place for knowledge and everything containing it, so it really gets me in a bad mood when I get to read on someone's userpage (in this case yours) about some argument or personal attacks. Wikipedia is simply not a place for that kind of nonsense, so please clean up your talkpage. And once again it's nothing personal and I am looking forward your help with the article. FranzFerdinand

 * As I am not historician nor I am good introduced in the war statistics from Yugoslav wars, I can suggest to you to contact User:PANONIAN and User:Nikola Smolenski, who have data about the war (Serbian side). You can contact User:Joy (Croatian side) and User:Emir Arven (Bosniak side). --millosh (talk (sr:)) 18:52, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Fascistic personal attacs against me should stay here until I archive it. This is talk page, not user page nor article page. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 18:52, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Milos Rancic
Moved to User talk:Millosh/PA Archive 1. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 06:01, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Well, I am back. DId you mean anything in presice when you invited me to join the Serbian encyclopedia? HolyRomanEmperor 16:33, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Outdated data ?
Moved to User talk:Millosh/PA_Archive_1. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 20:49, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Hello! Sorry for Serbian wiki, but no_can_do. It seems that I can only edit in English wikipedia (I have no idea whatsoever why) HolyRomanEmperor 21:45, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

It appears that I can only edit in English wiki... :( (regarding your invitation) HolyRomanEmperor 21:55, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

Satrovacki
Millosh, you can not just go about slapping POV tags willy nilly. Just because you don't like it, doesn't make it POV. Please be reasonable about it. If you think it's POV, go to the talk page, try to explain what exactly and how is POV (try to pin point the exact POV if you see it). I'm not sure what your agenda is exactly, but do keep some good faith at every point.

Shtokavian is not a good alternative for "Serbo-Croatian languages", because it's simply a dialect. Now, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian and Serbo-Croatian (as it was once used in Serbo-Croatian) is a better solution, but rather rugged and not particularly good prose. If you want to make a case for "Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian and Serbo-Croatian", than do so. POV tag is not resolving an issue, it's creating it.

Besides, you probably want to dispute the factual accuracy of that article in the first place, and not it's point of view. --Dejan Čabrilo 18:31, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

Democratic Party
I would appreciate if you would put condemnation of Amnesty and Human Rights with your statement. If that is not a problem of course.

--Trigor 19:12, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I added four links from HRW; I'll add links from AI soon. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 11:49, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

Like I said, my edits work on English wiki only :S HolyRomanEmperor 20:46, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

Birthday!
--User:Jenmoa 01:14, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

Thanks
Thank you for getting Wikipedia permission to use the article on Millosh Gjergj Nikolla. (And of course also thanks to the author Robert Elsie for granting it.) If I ever need to do something like that I will use your page as an example. Tom Harrison (talk) 00:19, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

I hope that we could still be friends (after that Montenegrin language)... You must understand that it is to my believe that none "lower" than the Serbo-Croatian language exists... HolyRomanEmperor 11:44, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

Thanks. I have discovered that the situation with Ivan Gundulić is the same as with Ruđer Bošković. Do you have anything that could help? HolyRomanEmperor 15:53, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

I guess that Croatian propaganda wins, look: Rudjer Boskovic HolyRomanEmperor 18:08, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

 * ( It appears that, no matter what I do or start to discuss, all folds down to my blood (so called ethnicity) or skin colour; I am thinking about permanently leaving wikipedia. HolyRomanEmperor 18:42, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

Are you a linguist? HolyRomanEmperor 18:53, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

OK. So, are you a linguist? HolyRomanEmperor 19:12, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

What is this with you being and not being a Serb (Emir_Arven) ? (I don't care if you are or aren't, I just don't get the problem) HolyRomanEmperor 19:14, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

Ajoj, pogledaj contributions od Emira Arven, malo mu fali do vandalizma i troll statusa. Imam slabu konekciju, ali zelim da upozorim administratore na njega... Jel' se slazes? HolyRomanEmperor 18:54, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

 * well thank you Millosh. Believe it or not, I'm not more a Slavist than a Persianist or a Polynesianist. I travelled the whole world when I was younger, have lived in eight countries and have developed a love for all languages, mainly ethnolinguistics. I have edited/discussed on many language matters outside the Balkan/Slavic regions. Another thing few people actuially realise, I use Wikipedia to learn more than to air my views, but as you know - ones views DO develop! I'm more interested in reading what you, and Duja, and Makedon (in the case of Torlakian) have to say than actually argue saying 'no, that is not right' like some of the other ghastly discussions :)
 * I did study linguistics in university and in 1991, I embarked on a thesis on language variation among related people living in adjacent regions, and to this I used Serbo-Croat as the central theme for the essays. Firstly, I speak reasonable Russian which gives me a conceptual understanding of Slavic languages, that puts me over the first hurdle, then there is the fact that I had kept communication with people from Yugoslavia, old and young, of all religions, and in each republic, but most of my work was down to scripts and literature. Today my work is in advertising and we have business partners all over Europe as well as long term Serbs, Croats etc based at our London office - and they get on very well, no politics there! Just the way it should be...
 * I responded on the Torlakian talk before logging in but you'll see that nothing is aimed at disagreement!
 * Talk to you again soon Celtmist 26-11-05

Jel' imas sada vremena da se pozabavis onim kontroverznim temama? HolyRomanEmperor 17:36, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

Pa, Elephantus sad sve drzi pod kontrolom. Npr. ispostavilo se da Ivo Andric uopste nije bio srpski-orijentisan (nije se izjasnjavao tako), a i mislio sam na Ivana Gundulica.... HolyRomanEmperor 21:28, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

A gdje nabavljas te info (je si li ti u nekoj tajnoj sluzbi?) Ono sto me konkretno zanima je da li ista postoji sto kaze da je Ivo bio srpsko-orijentisan (izjasnjavao) i da li bi trebalo staviti u clanke o Rudjeru i Gundulicu ulice koje su imenovane po njima? HolyRomanEmperor 20:38, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

So, you have nothing authentic enough for Ivo Andric? OK, thanks anyway then. HolyRomanEmperor 22:19, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

I have been blocked permanently on the Bosnian wiki - User:Emir_Arven is the leading administrator there... :))) HolyRomanEmperor 18:20, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

Jesi li citao OSMANa od Ivana Gundulica? HolyRomanEmperor 20:08, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

Hvala kolega Miranche 23:03, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

Serbian Wikipedia
Hi Millosh,

My Serbian is still very, very poor, and, worst of all, here at work I don't have the script for Cyrillic alphabet. I tried to install it, but it didn't work. Anyway, I'll see how I can help when I'm at home (there, I can write in Cyrillic alphabet, I have it installed in my computer.

Anyway, I'll keep reading Serbian Wikipedia, I believe it's a good way to learn!

Thanks,

Milena 10:38, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh, thanks! I didn't know that Serbian Wikipedia would have a Latin version! Anyway, I tried to search for articles about Brazil, and even though I typed it in Latin alphabet, I managed to find the main article. I could see many broken links there, it seems there's a lot of articles that need to be created. Although I feel I need to study and learn a lot more, I'll do my best to help! Milena 11:42, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

"Two-alphabets" Wikipedias
Dear Milosh, I heard about the project of automatic transcriptions between Cyrillic and Latin at sr.wiki. I'd like to ask you what is achieved till now in this sense? I'm from the romany.wiki, test phase, (the one you made a comment in the wikimedia mailing list), where we want also a dual alphabet script. Thank you, Desiphral 17:06, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

Možda bi glasao za moju administraturu? HolyRomanEmperor 17:02, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

Bošnjani
I've filled out the article. Hopefully its what you had in mind. Live Forever 05:00, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

Crkveni kalendar na sr. Glavnoj strani?!?!
Zamolio bih te kao predsednika Wikimedije SCG da obratiš pažnju na grubo kršenje principa WIkipedije. Trenutno se na sr. Glavnoj strani nalazi crkveni kalendar!?!? Ovo nije crkvena Wikipedija, a kalendare takve vrste treba potencirati na portalima o hrišćanstvu. Upravo je potenciranje ovoga na Glavnoj strani izazvalo sukob mene i antisemite Jovana. Ako se ovako nastavi, izgubiću snagu u borbi protiv desničara koji sve više polako okupiraju Wikipediju na srpskom jeziku. --M. Pokrajac 22:17, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

...A dotični se još jednom navukao na tanak led pristrasno uređujući članak Otačastveni pokret Obraz... --M. Pokrajac 23:31, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

If you have some info...
...on Milan Rešetar and/or Pero Budmani; please tell me (I can't find anything on those two; and as far as I heard; they're actually famous writers) --HolyRomanEmperor 16:59, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

Fuck the border
Thanks, I should have noticed that ;) - FrancisTyers 00:46, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

Qwertysoup
Hi there Millosh, Im Moe Epsilon. I would like for you to join in of the conversation about the above user at Wikipedia talk:Are You a Wikipediholic Test about his possible fake score on the test. I contacted you because you were one of the top scorers on the test, so you could probably tell if the score is fake or not. We would appriciate your input. — M o e   ε  21:19, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

Moldovan Wikipedia
Hello Millosh,

first of all I am sorry that you were welcome as you were on our pages. Now, to find out more about how we (Moldovans and Romanians) look at this issue, you could look at [Wikipedia-l] Why MO.wikipedia. - Moldovan, are written in cyrillic ? http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2005-December/042926.html, [Wikipedia-l] mo. cyrillic -> mo-cyr., when ? http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2006-January/043309.html. If you haven't yet done this.

What concerns the mo.wiki, it was created without any Moldovan or Romanian approval with the 100% effort of Node. Now Node fights desperately for his work not to get deleted. We consider this Wikipedia a complete aberration. Cyrillic alphabet was imposed to us during the communist era and we got rid of it as soon as we got our independance. We want that a Cyrillic Moldovan/Cyrillic Romanian encyclopedia not exist. Transnistria - it is also imposed, and people there are fighting to get back to the latin script.

However, I do agree that the election's page has to be in English for it to be recognized throughout Wikimedia.

"What do you think about that? --millosh (discuţii | дискуций (sr:)) 04:25, 14 January 2006 (UTC)" As far as I know Oleg Alexandrov would have never said this. This is just a very very interesting interpretation of his words. Dmitriid - I am almost sure that he comes from a Russian speaking family: such (some of them, not all) do not like Romanians, the least to say. --landroni 11:22, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

Hello Millosh! It says on my user page that I can contribute with an advanced level of Serbian, but in fact I know only a little. The reason why it appears that way is that I ask my parents for help. I don't know Latin either, but I have the help of my dad. Whatsoever, this was the first time I needed Serbian in Wikipedia, and it happened that I'll be away from home for a month. I'm sorry for the delay in reply, but I'd be very glad to cooperate with you in the matter of old Albanian writers. Thank you in advance for showing your interest in the field.--Pjetër Bogdani III 00:54, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

Permissions from Robert Elsie
Could you please forward this email to permissions at wikimedia dot org along with the titles of the articles for which you copied the contents from Mr Elsie's site? After that's done, please go to the talk page of each article that's been copied and add the following template:, replacing "URL" with the URL of the page where you copied the content from. That way, those articles won't be processed as copyright violations. Thanks.  howch e  ng   {chat} 23:45, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

Istorija jezika
Dakle, ti si lingvista, ba bih ti postavio par pitanja, ako nemas nista protiv: Da li vremenska podijela ide ovako:

 * Staro(crkveno)slovenski jezik
 * Crkvenoslovenski jezik
 * Slavenoserbski jezik
 * Srpski jezik

Ako ide, da li se dijele prva dva na 3 redakcije (Hrvatsku, Bugarsku i Srpsku) ili ih ima jos.

Da li mozda znas neki sajt gdje mogu naci o tome detalje?

Hvala unaprijed! --HolyRomanEmperor 13:11, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Takodjer, vidim da si bio u Serbian Unity Congressu. Imao sam sukob sa Emirom Arvenom. Iskoristio sam taj sajt za izvor jedne informacije. O Bosanskome Banu Stjepanu II Kotromanicu. Dakle, moj source je negiran, jer je Emir prilozio ovo:.

 * Mozes li malo pomoci u tome? Je li je stvarno SUC stvoren za sirenje srpske nacionalisticke propagande i da li u clanku zasluzuje da stoji to sto SUC pise? --HolyRomanEmperor 13:31, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Prvo da ti kazem oko SUC-a: Tamo se nalaze i vrlo relevantne i izuzetno problematicno relevantne stvari. Sajt je "s pocetka Interneta" dugo bio jedini iole znacajan sajt o Srbiji i Srbima na engleskom, pa je tu nakaceno svasta: i relevantnog i nerelevantnog i naucnog i propagatorskog. U tom smislu treba biti pazljiv. Ja se ne razumem u istoriju srednjovekovne Bosne, tako da ti u slucaju Stjepana II Kontromanica mogu biti od male pomoci. Inace, SUC jeste organizacija ciji je jedan od osnovnih ciljeva lobiranje za interese Srbije. Opet je tu pitanje sta se od materijala koristi. Uzmimo, veliki deo njihovih izvora predstavljaju marksisti iz Antiwara, tako da je tesko razgraniciti sta su manje a sta vise relevantni tekstovi tamo. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 15:04, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

 * 1) Staroslovenski jezik je vestacki jezik nastao na osnovu govora Slovena oko Soluna. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 15:04, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Na osnovu staroslovenskog nastale su tzv. "redakcije staroslovenskog jezika": --millosh (talk (sr:)) 15:04, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) bugarska; --millosh (talk (sr:)) 15:04, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 4) Na osnovu bugarske redakcije nastala je izmena srpskoslovenskog jezika, koju je u vreme Stefana Lazarevica izvrsio bugarski ucenjak Konstantin Filozof. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 15:04, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 5) srpska; --millosh (talk (sr:)) 15:04, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 6) Na osnovu srpske redakcije nastao je srpskoslovenski jezik. Taj jezik je bio dominantan u Srbiji sve do vremena Stefana Lazarevica i primer za taj jezik su dela Svetog Save. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 15:04, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 7) ruska; --millosh (talk (sr:)) 15:04, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 8) Na osnovu ruske redakcije nastao je ruskoslovenski jezik. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 15:04, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 9) Na osnovu ruskoslovenskog jezika i jezika Moskve i njene okoline nastao je ruski standardni jezik. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 15:04, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 10) Na osnovu ruskoslovenskog jezika nastao je crkvenoslovenski jezik, koji je danas u kanonskoj upotrebi Srpske pravoslavne crkve (od 18. veka). --millosh (talk (sr:)) 15:04, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 11) rumunska; --millosh (talk (sr:)) 15:04, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
 * 12) (verovatno jos neke, ali sam to zaboravio). --millosh (talk (sr:)) 15:04, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

 * OK, hvala. Znaci smatracu SUC na invalid source za wikipediju.

 * Da, postojala je jos i Hrvatska recenzija. Dakle to se opet svodi na moje sekundarno pitanje (o srednjovijekovnoj Bosni). Koja redakcija je tu bila - Srpska ili Hrvatska? Ako vidis Stjepanov clanak, vidjeces da je pisao na Latinskom i Srpskom - a kasnije rekao da mu je Hrvatski jezik materinji.

 * Inace, hvala ti puna za informacije o jeziku. Ali mi je Crkvenoslovenski jezik i dalje nepoznat.

 * Pozdrav! --HolyRomanEmperor 21:15, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

Marksisti iz Antiwara bi, teorijski, po pitanjima vezanim za dogadjanja u bivsoj SFRJ, trebalo da budu relevantni. Mada sam video tekst koji je na liniji pobijanja masakra u Srebrenici. Ukupno, kad je SUC u pitanju, znaci da bi svaki tekst dodatno trebalo proveriti. Moze biti relevantan, stavise, ima vrlo relevantnih stvari tamo. (Uostalom, ne treba samo prema SUC-u kao izvoru biti pazljiv, elementarna naucna etika govori da sve treba uzimati sa rezervom.) --millosh (talk (sr:)) 06:48, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

Crkvenoslovenski jezik je jednostavno ruska redakcija staroslovenskog jezika, koja je zbog istorijskih uslova (od onih zemalja u kojima je staroslovenski bio sakralni jezik jedino je Rusija ostala nezavisna) jedina (cini mi se) ostala ziva. Nju su preuzele i druge slovenske pravoslavne crkve, pa tako crkvenoslovenski jezik predstavlja savremenu etapu u razvoju staroslovenskog jezika, koja je prosla kroz Rusku pravoslavnu crkvu. Uzmimo, kao da se latinski jezik vise izmenio npr. u Nemackoj (a nije se izmenio puno) i kao takav ostao jedini sakralni jezik Rimokatolicke crkve. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 06:48, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Hvala, Milloshe. Jos samo da te informisem da sam zapoceo WikiProject Belgrade. Pozdrav! --HolyRomanEmperor 18:31, 26 March 2006 (UTC)

carramba
this is not an attack but a criticism. please check your spelling before posting examples in a language you don't speak. "carramba" is not a valid word in spanish, english, or any other language i know of. ("caramba" is a spanish exclamation, lacking the trilled 'rr' sound you referred to.) Aaronbrick 06:44, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Answer is on User talk:Aaronbrick. --millosh (talk (sr:)) 18:50, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

Speedy deletion
I noticed that you tagged the page Image:Vasari.jpg for speedy deletion with the reason "Moved to commons". However, "Moved to commons" is not currently one of our criteria for speedy deletion, so I have removed the speedy deletion tag. You can use WP:IFD if you still want the article to be deleted. Thanks! Stifle 00:26, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

I am under the impression he may be a sockpuppet of one of the most controversial editors in the Kosovo article. This sort of throwaway accounts have been appearing quite too often nowadays. This particular wikipedian also made threat-sounding remarks on the issue: "... before it is too late". I have so far not asked for a CheckUser (as these are generally declined for throwaway accounts). I also marked  for speedy deletion. Regards, Asterion 22:38, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

History
Primetih da si pitao Joy-a u vezi s Stefanom Vojislavom. Da li te nesto konkretno interesuje u vezi toga? --HolyRomanEmperor 20:16, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Millosh/Archive 1


text:
Chern–Gauss–Bonnet theorem

In mathematics, the Chern theorem (or the Chern–Gauss–Bonnet theorem after Shiing-Shen Chern, Carl Friedrich Gauss, and Pierre Ossian Bonnet) states that the Euler–Poincaré characteristic (a topological invariant defined as the alternating sum of the Betti numbers of a topological space) of a closed even-dimensional Riemannian manifold is equal to the integral of a certain polynomial (the Euler class) of its curvature form (an analytical invariant).

It is a highly non-trivial generalization of the classic Gauss–Bonnet theorem (for 2-dimensional manifolds / surfaces) to higher even-dimensional Riemannian manifolds. In 1943, Carl B. Allendoerfer and André Weil proved a special case for extrinsic manifolds. In a classic paper published in 1944, Shiing-Shen Chern proved the theorem in full generality connecting global topology with local geometry.

The Riemann–Roch theorem and the Atiyah–Singer index theorem are other generalizations of the Gauss–Bonnet theorem.

Statement
One useful form of the Chern theorem is that

 * $$\chi(M) = \int_M e(\Omega) $$

where $$\chi(M)$$ denotes the Euler characteristic of $$ M $$. The Euler class is defined as

 * $$e(\Omega) = \frac 1 {(2\pi)^n} \operatorname{Pf}(\Omega).$$

where we have the Pfaffian $$\operatorname{Pf}(\Omega)$$. Here $$ M $$ is a compact orientable 2n-dimensional Riemannian manifold without boundary, and $$\Omega$$ is the associated curvature form of the Levi-Civita connection. In fact, the statement holds with $$\Omega$$ the curvature form of any metric connection on the tangent bundle, as well as for other vector bundles over $$ M $$.

Since the dimension is 2n, we have that $$\Omega$$ is an $$\mathfrak s\mathfrak o(2n)$$-valued 2-differential form on $$ M $$ (see special orthogonal group). So $$\Omega$$ can be regarded as a skew-symmetric 2n × 2n matrix whose entries are 2-forms, so it is a matrix over the commutative ring ${\bigwedge}^\text{even}\,T^*M$. Hence the Pfaffian is a 2n-form. It is also an invariant polynomial.

However, Chern's theorem in general is that for any closed $$C^\infty$$ orientable n-dimensional $$ M $$,

 * $$\chi(M) = (e(TM), [M]) $$

where the above pairing denotes the cap product with the Euler class of the tangent bundle $$ TM $$.

Proofs
In 1944, the general theorem was first proved by S. S. Chern in a classic paper published by the Princeton University math department.

In 2013, a proof of the theorem via supersymmetric Euclidean field theories was also found.

Applications
The Chern–Gauss–Bonnet theorem can be seen as a special instance in the theory of characteristic classes. The Chern integrand is the Euler class. Since it is a top-dimensional differential form, it is closed. The naturality of the Euler class means that when changing the Riemannian metric, one stays in the same cohomology class. That means that the integral of the Euler class remains constant as the metric is varied and is thus a global invariant of the smooth structure.

The theorem has also found numerous applications in physics, including:

 * adiabatic phase or Berry's phase,
 * string theory,
 * condensed matter physics,
 * topological quantum field theory,
 * topological phases of matter (see the 2016 Nobel Prize in physics by Duncan Haldane et al.).

Four-dimensional manifolds
In dimension $$2n=4$$, for a compact oriented manifold, we get

 * $$\chi(M) = \frac{1}{32\pi^2} \int_M \left( |\text{Riem}|^2 - 4 |\text{Ric}|^2 + R^2 \right) \, d\mu $$

where $$\text{Riem}$$ is the full Riemann curvature tensor, $$\text{Ric}$$ is the Ricci curvature tensor, and $$R$$ is the scalar curvature. This is particularly important in general relativity, where spacetime is viewed as a 4-dimensional manifold.

In terms of the orthogonal Ricci decomposition of the Riemann curvature tensor, this formula can also be written as

 * $$\chi(M) = \frac{1}{8\pi^2} \int_M \left( \frac{1}{4}|W|^2 - \frac{1}{2} |Z|^2 + \frac{1}{24}R^2 \right) \, d\mu $$

where $$W$$ is the Weyl tensor and $$Z$$ is the traceless Ricci tensor.

Even-dimensional hypersurfaces
For a compact, even-dimensional hypersurface $$ M $$ in $$ \mathbb{R}^{n+1} $$ we get

 * $$\int_M K\,dV = \frac{1}{2}\gamma_n\,\chi(M) $$

where $$ dV $$ is the volume element of the hypersurface, $$K$$ is the Jacobian determinant of the Gauss map, and $$\gamma_n$$ is the surface area of the unit n-sphere.

Gauss–Bonnet theorem
The Gauss–Bonnet theorem is a special case when $$ M $$ is a 2-dimensional manifold. It arises as the special case where the topological index is defined in terms of Betti numbers and the analytical index is defined in terms of the Gauss–Bonnet integrand.

As with the two-dimensional Gauss–Bonnet theorem, there are generalizations when $$ M $$ is a manifold with boundary.

Atiyah–Singer
A far-reaching generalization of the Gauss–Bonnet theorem is the Atiyah–Singer Index Theorem.

Let $$D$$ be a weakly elliptic differential operator between vector bundles. That means that the principal symbol is an isomorphism. Strong ellipticity would furthermore require the symbol to be positive-definite.

Let $$D^*$$ be its adjoint operator. Then the analytical index is defined as

 * $$\dim(\ker(D))-\dim(\ker(D^*))$$

By ellipticity this is always finite. The index theorem says that this is constant as the elliptic operator is varied smoothly. It is equal to a topological index, which can be expressed in terms of characteristic classes like the Euler class.

The Chern–Gauss–Bonnet theorem is derived by considering the Dirac operator

 * $$D = d + d^*$$

Odd dimensions
The Chern formula is only defined for even dimensions because the Euler characteristic vanishes for odd dimensions. There is some research being done on 'twisting' the index theorem in K-theory to give non-trivial results for odd dimensions.

There is also a version of Chern's formula for orbifolds.

History
Shiing-Shen Chern published his proof of the theorem in 1944 while at the Institute for Advanced Study. This was historically the first time that the formula was proven without assuming the manifold to be embedded in a Euclidean space, which is what it means by "intrinsic". The special case for a hypersurface (an (n-1)-dimensional submanifolds in an n-dimensional Euclidean space) was proved by H. Hopf in which the integrand is the Gauss–Kronecker curvature (the product of all principal curvatures at a point of the hypersurface). This was generalized independently by Allendoerfer in 1939 and Fenchel in 1940 to a Riemannian submanifold of a Euclidean space of any codimension, for which they used the Lipschitz–Killing curvature (the average of the Gauss–Kronecker curvature along each unit normal vector over the unit sphere in the normal space; for an even dimensional submanifold, this is an invariant only depending on the Riemann metric of the submanifold). Their result would be valid for the general case if the Nash embedding theorem can be assumed. However, this theorem was not available then, as John Nash published his famous embedding theorem for Riemannian manifolds in 1956. In 1943 Allendoerfer and Weil published their proof for the general case, in which they first used an approximation theorem of H. Whitney to reduce the case to analytic Riemannian manifolds, then they embedded "small" neighborhoods of the manifold isometrically into a Euclidean space with the help of the Cartan–Janet local embedding theorem, so that they can patch these embedded neighborhoods together and apply the above theorem of Allendoerfer and Fenchel to establish the global result. This is, of course, unsatisfactory for the reason that the theorem only involves intrinsic invariants of the manifold, then the validity of the theorem should not rely on its embedding into a Euclidean space. Weil met Chern in Princeton after Chern arrived in August 1943. He told Chern that he believed there should be an intrinsic proof, which Chern was able to obtain within two weeks. The result is Chern's classic paper "A simple intrinsic proof of the Gauss–Bonnet formula for closed Riemannian manifolds" published in the Annals of Mathematics the next year. The earlier work of Allendoerfer, Fenchel, Allendoerfer and Weil were cited by Chern in this paper. The work of Allendoerfer and Weil was also cited by Chern in his second paper related to the same topic.

title: Chern–Gauss–Bonnet theorem


text:
Talk:Abundance of the chemical elements

''Parts of this article are taken from the public domain source at http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/fact-sheet/fs087-02/ Please update as needed. ''

== Chemistry carbon is the abundant material present in the universe ex. The abundant. Of chemical elements in the universe is dominated by the large amount of hydrogen. And helium which were produced in the big Bang ==

Chemistry 2406:B400:D5:271E:44B1:153A:E6C7:CFF9 (talk) 05:02, 1 December 2021 (UTC)

Chemistry
Abundant elements 196.189.88.67 (talk) 14:48, 14 January 2022 (UTC)

Numbering of the elements in the table
Is there some reason the table does not include an ordinal rank column? I would think this would be a natural addition, but I don't want to put it in if the idea has already been discussed and rejected. PianoDan (talk) 18:03, 24 February 2023 (UTC)

 * The relative rank of the elements is not notable. Sources don't give it and the variability of the values makes the relative rank vary. Johnjbarton (talk) 02:45, 6 April 2024 (UTC)

Proposal to remove Atomic fraction from the table.
The last column in the table "Estimated abundances of chemical elements in the Earth" is " fraction by number of atoms in parts per billion (ppb)". But these numbers are not from a source. What is their purpose here? Johnjbarton (talk) 02:47, 6 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Abundance of the chemical elements


text:
Peebles

Peebles (Na Pùballan) is a town in the Scottish Borders, Scotland. It was historically a royal burgh and the county town of Peeblesshire. According to the 2011 census, the population was 8,376 and the estimated population in June 2018 was 9,000.

History
Initially, a market town, Peebles played a role in the woollen industry of the Borders during the 19th and early-20th centuries. Most mills had closed by the 1960s, although the last one remained open until 2015. The character of Peebles has changed; the town serves as home to many people who commute to work in Edinburgh, as well as being a popular tourist destination, especially in the summer. In the mid-to-late 19th century health tourism flourished, centring on hydropathic establishments, which over time morphed into a hotel format, with Peebles Hydro Hotel being one of the few survivors of that era. Notable buildings in the town include the Old Parish Church of Peebles and Neidpath Castle. Other local attractions include a museum and the Kailzie Gardens. Peebles has won multiple awards for the range of shops on its High Street.

Location
Peebles lies at the confluence of the River Tweed and Eddleston Water (locally called "the Cuddy"). The Tweed flows west to east, and the Eddleston flows from the north, turning to flow southwest 300 yd before the confluence. This south-westerly turn demarcates a raised triangular piece of land, open to the east but contained by the rivers to the south and north. The name is generally accepted to come from the Brythonic pebyll tents, signifying a temporary settlement.

From around 1570, the eastern side was defended by a town wall, which ran in an east-facing arc, through which the road to Glentress passed at the East Gate. The road passing through this gate, the Eastgate, is one of four gates in Peebles, the others being Northgate, Bridgegate (where the Eddleston Water was crossed to the north of town), and Ludgate (the western gate of the town), now called Young Street.

At the junction of Eastgate and Northgate roads, where the Eastgate becomes High Street, is an ancient market cross. The present-day market is held in a car park adjacent to the site of the former railway station, at the north and south ends of which are the remains of the town wall. Peebles High Street runs parallel with the Tweed along the spine of a ridge, at the west end of which is the parish church.

Historic features and traditions

The oldest building in Peebles is the tower of St Andrew's Church. The church was founded in 1195. It was destroyed (along with many other Borders abbeys and priories) by the soldiers of Henry VIII. The stones of the ruins were pilfered for many other local buildings leaving only the tower standing amongst the gravestones of the churchyard. Another ancient church in the town is the Cross Kirk, founded in 1261. Although now mainly ruins, the Cross Kirk plays a prominent part in the local festival.

The annual local festival in Peebles is called the Beltane, and involves (as with many Borders festivals) a Common Riding. The Beltane, proclaimed at the cross, culminates with the crowning of the Beltane Queen (a girl chosen from one of three local primary schools) along with her court, including the likes of the First and Second Courtiers, Sword Bearer and Standard Bearer; on the steps in front of the parish church. The adult principal of the festival is the Cornet, a local young man chosen by the organizing committee on a basis of being considered worthy of representing the town, who then carries the town standard for a year.

To the west of the town is Neidpath Castle, which can be reached on foot through Hay Lodge Park; the route has views of the castle. The castle is now closed to the public.

On the south side of the High Street are the old burgh offices. These incorporate the town's library, art gallery, and local museum. The building occupied by these is called the Chambers Institution, being deeded to the town by William Chambers, a member of the Chambers publishing family who originated in the town. Chambers' house can be found on the oldest street in Peebles – Biggiesknowe. Peebles tolbooth, the civic centre of the medieval burgh, is the only medieval tolbooth site in Scotland to have been excavated by archaeologists.

Peebles is no longer connected to the railway network. In years past, the Symington, Biggar and Broughton Railway had lines that connected Peebles to Edinburgh and Galashiels, with a goods station and Peebles and Peebles West stations. A connection to Edinburgh is maintained by Borders Buses service X62.

Historically Peebles and the Scottish borders have been the location of many textile businesses. Still today, March Street Mills is the location of Robert Noble along with its sister company Replin Fabrics.

Coat of arms
The arms of the Royal Burgh of Peebles feature three salmon on a red field. The heraldic blazon is: Gules, three salmons counter-naiant in pale proper. The motto is Contra Nando Incrementum, Latin for "There is growth by swimming against the stream", referring to the annual migration of salmon up the River Tweed in order to breed. The one salmon facing forwards and two facing backwards represent the fact that for every salmon that goes up the river, two come back to the sea.

The arms are very old, first appearing on the town's mercat cross, which was built sometime before 1320. Originally the colours were not standardised, the background variously appearing as blue, green or red. The last seems to have been most common, and it was red that was chosen when the arms were formally granted by Lord Lyon in 1894, following a petition from the town clerk, William Buchan, who had previously received a letter from A. C. Fox-Davies questioning the burgh's right to use the arms.

After the abolition of the old Scottish burghs in 1975, the arms became redundant. In 1988 they were regranted to the Royal Burgh of Peebles and District Community Council, who continue to use the arms today, with the addition of a community council's coronet. The traditional province of Ångermanland in Sweden also has a very similar coat of arms, but with a blue background.

Facilities
In 2014 Creative Scotland named Peebles the most creative place of its size in Scotland, presenting the town with a Creative Place Award and £100,000 to enhance arts events, festivals, and arts commissions. Most arts performances take place in the Eastgate Theatre on the High Street which has a year-round programme of music, drama, dance, talks, and classes for children and adults. The town also has four major annual festivals – the Beltane Festival, Peebles Arts Festival, Tweedlove Bike Festival, and Imaginarium.

Peebles is a popular centre for walkers, cyclists, and horse riders. It is the eastern terminus of the John Buchan Way, a 22 km walking route which runs between Peebles and Broughton. The Cross Borders Drove Road, an 82 km route between Hawick and Little Vantage, also passes through the town.

The town is home to two long-established Scottish senior sporting clubs. Peebles Rovers F.C. provides Peebles with a senior Football team in the East of Scotland Football League, meanwhile Peebles RFC currently represent the town in Scottish National League Division Two in the Scottish Rugby pyramid system.

Peebles has an 18-hole golf course located at the upper end of Kirkland Street. The golf club was formerly owned and run by the local council before being taken over and run by its own members.

Peebles has three primary schools: Kingsland (now relocated to Neidpath Road from its original position on Rosetta Road), Priorsford, and the Roman Catholic Halyrude Primary School (now relocated from Elcho Street to the former Kingsland primary school building on Rosetta road ). Peebles also has the largest secondary school in the Borders, Peebles High School, which is attended by pupils from all over Tweeddale.

In 2005, a study by the New Economics Foundation ranked Peebles as the best town in Scotland (second best in the UK, after Hebden Bridge in Yorkshire) for a range of independent shops and 'home town identity'.

The local health facility is Hay Lodge Hospital in Neidpath Road.

Notable people

 * David Ballantyne (1914–1997), cricketer
 * John Bathgate (1809–1886), New Zealand politician who grew up in Peebles
 * Eric Bogle (b. 1944), Folk musician resident in Australia, born in Peebles
 * Scott Brash (b. 1985), Olympic gold medallist
 * John Buchan (1875–1940), author and politician with close family links to the town
 * Robert Chambers (1802–1871), publisher and author of Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation
 * William Chambers (1800–1883), publisher, brother of Robert
 * Finlay Christie, New Zealand rugby player born in Peebles
 * Brian Cook (football administrator) (b. 1955), Australian footballer administrator, born in Peebles
 * Bill Gilmour (b. 1939), Film and Television Producer/Director.
 * Sir Robert J. M. Inglis FRSE TD DL (1881–1962) railway engineer
 * O. Douglas (Anna Masterton Buchan) (1877-1948), novelist; Priorsford, in her novels, is based on Peebles
 * William Keddie FRSE (1809-1877) scientist and creator of the Scottish Sunday School system
 * Charles Leedham-Green Mathematician at QMUL, famous for his work on computational group theory
 * John Mathison (1901–1982), New Zealand MP born in Peebles
 * Ernest Maylard FRSE (1855–1947) surgeon and mountaineer, retired to Peebles and is buried there
 * B. N. H. Orphoot (1880-1964) architect
 * Mungo Park (1771–1806), practised medicine, and his house on the north of the Cuddy bears a commemorative plaque
 * Alexander William Stewart (1868-1933), a naval architect, engineer, and inventor
 * Catherine Maxwell Stuart, 21st Lady of Traquair (born 1964), born in Peebles
 * Kevin Thomson (b. 1984), footballer who grew up in Peebles
 * Marioun Twedy (fl. 1649), accused of witchcraft in Peebles.
 * John Veitch (1829-1894), philosopher and poet, born in Peebles
 * James Grieve (1841-1924), horticulturist and namesake of the James Grieve apple, born in Peebles

Twin town

 * 🇫🇷 Hendaye, Basque Country, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France

title: Peebles


text:
Pitlochry

Pitlochry (Baile Chloichridh or Baile Chloichrigh) is a town in the Perth and Kinross council area of Scotland, lying on the River Tummel. It is historically in the county of Perthshire, and has a population of 2,776, according to the 2011 census.

It is largely a Victorian town, which developed into a tourist resort after  Queen Victoria and Prince Albert visited the area in 1842 and bought a highland estate at Balmoral, and the arrival of the railway in 1863. It remains a popular tourist resort today and is particularly known for its Pitlochry Festival Theatre, salmon ladder and as a centre for hillwalking, surrounded by mountains such as Ben Vrackie and Schiehallion. It is popular as a base for coach holidays. The town has retained many stone Victorian buildings, and the high street has an unusual period cast iron canopy over one side.

History

Pitlochry today dates largely from Victorian times, although the areas known as Moulin and Port-na-craig are much older. History records that Moulin Kirk was granted by the Earl of Atholl to Dunfermline Abbey in 1180 and Moulin became a burgh of barony in 1511. Port-na-craig was the site of the original ferry over the River Tummel which operated until the suspension footbridge was built in 1913. Building between these two separate communities followed the construction of the military road north in the 18th century which followed the line of the present main street. Moulin contained the parish school which was attended by Alexander MacKenzie (1822–1892), the second Prime Minister of Canada. This schoolhouse "Blairmount" now operates as a luxury holiday rental.

In 1842 Queen Victoria visited Perthshire on one of her grand tours and her favourable opinion of the area caused the town to be more widely noticed. After its railway station was built in 1863, Pitlochry became a favoured destination for tourists.

Robert Louis Stevenson stayed at Fishers Hotel in June 1881 with his wife Fanny and mother. The party then moved to Kinnaird Cottage in nearby Moulin. Here Stevenson worked on "Thrawn Janet" (1881), "The Merry Men" (1882) and "The Body Snatcher" (1884).

In 1947 Pitlochry became a burgh. That year also saw the beginning of construction of a dam as part of the Tummel hydro-electric power scheme. The dam and its fish ladder are a popular tourist attraction today. The damming of the river created an artificial loch, Loch Faskally, but flooded a large area north of the town including the old Recreation Park, which was relocated to its current position. The new burgh council adopted the local public hall as Pitlochry Town Hall shortly after it was formed.

From the 1960s, Sir Robert Watson-Watt, an inventor of radar, and his wife, Dame Katherine Jane Trefusis Forbes, Director of the Women's Auxiliary Air Force in World War II, lived at her summer house, "The Observatory", in Pitlochry. Both are buried in the churchyard of the Episcopal Church of the Holy Trinity at Pitlochry.

Pitlochry Festival Theatre was founded by John Stewart in 1951, originally situated in a tent in the grounds of Knockendarroch House in Lower Oakfield. The tent became semi-permanent and remained there for 30 years until the current building at Port-na-craig opened in 1981.

The town was awarded a Gold Medal in the 2009 Britain in Bloom horticultural contest, and outright winner in the category of Small Town.

Governance
Pitlochry is part of the Perth and Kinross council area. The Scottish Parliamentary constituency is Perthshire North, represented by John Swinney of the Scottish National Party. The UK Parliament constituency is Perth and North Perthshire. The MP is Peter Wishart, also of the Scottish National Party.

Demography
At the 2011 census, Pitlochry had a population of 2,776. In the same census, 29.2% of residents were reported as being 65 years old or older – significantly higher than 16.8% for Scotland as a whole. The median ages for females and males were 51 and 49 respectively, compared to 42 and 40 for the whole of Scotland.

Economy
The town has two whisky distilleries, whose visitor centres are popular attractions: Edradour, which is the smallest legal distillery in Scotland, and Blair Athol Distillery, which dates back to 1798. Edradour sits to the east of town at the foot of the Moulin Moor. It is privately owned and produces only 12 casks per week with a production workforce of three men. Unchanged since it started making whisky, it is the last example of a traditional distillery and hugely popular with visitors. Blair Athol sits on the main road at the southeast of town and since 1933 has been owned by Bell's, now part of the Diageo group.

Pitlochry station is home to Pitlochry Station Bookshop. The bookshop was set up in 2005 and is situated on Platform 1.

The power station's dam is known for its 310-metre salmon ladder; fish can be viewed swimming from weir to weir within the ladder, via an underwater viewing station or a video from inside the visitor centre. Over 5,000 salmon pass through annually. The dam and power station were completed in 1951 as the last link in the Tummel hydro-electric power scheme which comprises nine power stations and reservoirs. The new reservoir, which was named Loch Faskally, was built across the River Tummel, flooding a large area upstream.

Churches
There are a number of churches in Pitlochry, including the Church of Scotland Parish Church of Pitlochry Church of Scotland on Church Road which was built in 1884. Holy Trinity, an Episcopal Church at the eastern end of Pitlochry, was built in 1858. Pitlochry Baptist Church, built in 1884, is situated at the east end of the main street. There is a Roman Catholic church, St Bride's, at Rie-achan near Loch Faskally which was established in 1949 as a temporary facility for workers building the dam and power-station there. However, when the workers moved on the chapel remained and following a fire a new church was built and opened in 1969 and serves the local Catholics and large number of Summer visitors.

Pitlochry Power Station
Pitlochry was one of the pioneer schemes for hydro-electricity. The Pitlochry Dam was proposed in 1947 by the newly created Hydro Electric Board. Designs were drawn up by Harold Tarbolton. Tarbolton was responsible for the power station but died soon after, and the scheme was then completed by architect T. H. Eley, being built by Sir Alexander Gibb and Partners. As a very early acknowledgement of ecological needs the scheme included the ingenious Pitlochry fish ladder to allow spawning salmon to bypass the dam.

Road
The town, which lies 26 mi north of Perth, has been bypassed by the main A9 Inverness to Perth road since 1981.

Rail
Pitlochry railway station is located on the Highland Main Line.

Walking
The town lies at the eastern end of the Rob Roy Way, a long distance footpath that runs from Drymen.

Arts and culture

In 1951, John Stewart created the Pitlochry Festival Theatre, originally held in a tent. A purpose built structure was created at Portnacraig near the River Tummel designed by Law & Dunbar-Nasmith in 1979 and completed in 1981.

Today it occupies a modern, spacious glass fronted building with open aspects across the river Tummell and Ben Vrackie. The theatre operates a unique repertoire system which means visitors to the area can see a different play every day during their Summer Season Festival. Open all year round.

The Winter Words Festival, first held in 2004, is a 10-day literary festival that takes place every year in early February. Most events take place at the Pitlochry Festival Theatre, which attracts over 40 authors, broadcasters, wordsmiths and personalities.

The sound and light show, The Enchanted Forest, takes place in Pitlochry's nearby Faskally Wood every year in October, attracting 70,000 visitors to the town.

Every Monday during the summer, the Vale of Atholl Pipe Band, hosts a traditional evening of music, dancing and song, beginning and ending with a short parade along the high street.

Climate
As with the rest of the British Isles, Pitlochry experiences a maritime climate with mild summers and cool winters. The nearest official Met Office weather station for which online records are available is Faskally, about 2 mi north-west of the town centre. Typically the warmest day of the year will rise to 26.3 C and the coldest night will fall to -10.6 C. Pitlochry is notable for its range in temperature on 9 May 1978. The temperature in the morning was recorded as -7 °C, rising to 22 °C in the afternoon, giving a range of 29 C-change. This is one of the biggest daily temperature ranges in the United Kingdom.

Sport
Pitlochry is home to the Vale of Atholl Football Club. The "Vale" were founded in 1879 and originally played at the old recreation park now situated at the bottom of Loch Faskally. Relocating along with the pavilion in the 1950s when the dam was built to the current location the Vale were regular competitors in the Scottish Cup in the past having played ties against the likes of Dundee and Hibernian. The Vale's most famous former player is Paul Sturrock, who remains a committed Vale supporter. The Vale's only First Division championship victory was in the 1990s but recently tasted Second Division success in 2004/5.

The Atholl Highlanders rugby team, established in 2007, also play at The Recreation Park.

Pitlochry Highland Games has been held annually on the second Saturday of September since 1852 and is the last event in the Scottish Highland Games calendar. In 1852 the original Recreation Park was formed on the north bank of the Tummel at the foot of Rie-Achan Road across what is now known as Lady's Dell. However, with the building of the dam, the old park was flooded in 1950 and the Games moved to the new and current Recreation Park. The original pavilion had been dismantled and was re-erected for 1951. It remains unchanged externally today but was upgraded internally in 1964. A feature of the Games is the Pipe Band Championship which attracts a large entry and culminates in the unique Massed Pipe Band parade at the end of the day.

Eve Muirhead, the Olympic curler, played at a club in Pitlochry before the demolition of the curling rink.

Twin towns

 * 🇫🇷 Confolens, France

title: Pitlochry


text:
Weil

Weil may refer to:

Places in Germany

 * Weil, Bavaria
 * Weil am Rhein, Baden-Württemberg
 * Weil der Stadt, Baden-Württemberg
 * Weil im Schönbuch, Baden-Württemberg

Other uses

 * Weil (river), Hesse, Germany
 * Weil (surname), including people with the surname Weill, Weyl
 * Doctor Weil (Mega Man Zero), a fictional character from the video game series
 * Weil, Gotshal & Manges, international law firm

title: Weil


text:
Selkirk, Scottish Borders

Selkirk is a town and historic royal burgh in the Scottish Borders council district of southeastern Scotland. It lies on the Ettrick Water, a tributary of the River Tweed. The people of the town are known as Souters, which means cobblers (shoe makers and menders). At the time of the 2011 census, Selkirk's population was 5,784.

Early origins
Selkirk was formerly the county town of Selkirkshire. Selkirk is one of the oldest Royal Burghs in Scotland and is the site of the earliest settlements in what is now the Scottish Borders. The town's name means "church by the hall" from the Old English sele ("hall" or "manor") and cirice ("church").

Selkirk was the site of the first Borders abbey, a community of Tironensian monks who moved to Kelso Abbey during the reign of King David I. In 1113, King David I granted Selkirk large amounts of land. William Wallace was declared guardian of Scotland in the town at the Kirk o' the Forest in 1297.

War of the Three Kingdoms
Selkirk sent a contingent of 80 men to fight at the Battle of Flodden in 1513; however, only one man, "Fletcher", returned from the battle, bearing a blood-stained English flag belonging to the Macclesfield regiment.

During the series of conflicts that would become known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, Selkirk played host to the Royalist army of James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose, with his cavalry installed in the burgh, whilst the Royalist infantry were camped at the plain of Philiphaugh, below the town. On the morning of 13 September 1645, a covenanting army led by Sir David Leslie attacked the royalist forces camped at Philiphaugh, and a rout ensued. Montrose arrived to find his army in disarray and had to flee the field. The surrendered Royalist troops were subsequently executed.

The novelist, Sir Walter Scott, presided, as the sheriff-depute, in the courtroom at Selkirk Town House in the early 19th century.

Recent history
Selkirk grew in the mid-19th century because of its woollen industry, although that industry largely closed in the 1970s. The town is also known for bannocks, a dry fruit cake, which was first sold in the market place by a local baker, Robbie Douglas, in 1859.

Traditions
The Selkirk Common Riding is a celebration of the history and traditions of the Royal and Ancient Burgh. It is held on the second Friday after the first Monday in June.

Landmarks
The remains of the "forest kirk", referred to in ancient times as the church of St Mary of the Forest, still stand in the old churchyard. It is also the final resting place of several maternal ancestors of Franklin D. Roosevelt, the 32nd President of the US.

Just to the south of the town is The Haining, the late 18th-century residence of the Pringle family. In 2009 the last owner died, and left the house and grounds "for the benefit of the community of Selkirkshire and the wider public." A charitable trust is now planning to restore the building as an art gallery.

The Selkirk Grace
The Selkirk Grace has no connection with the town of Selkirk, beyond its name; it originated in the west of Scotland. Although attributed to Robert Burns, the Selkirk Grace was already known in the 17th century, as the "Galloway Grace" or the "Covenanters' Grace". It came to be called the Selkirk Grace because Burns was said to have delivered it at a dinner given by the Earl of Selkirk at St Mary's Isle Priory, in Kirkcudbright in Galloway.

 * In Scots
 * Some hae meat and canna eat,
 * And some wad eat that want it,
 * But we hae meat and we can eat,
 * Sae let the Lord be thankit.

 * In English
 * Some have meat and cannot eat,
 * And some would eat that want it,
 * But we have meat and we can eat,
 * So let God be thanked.

Sport
Rugby union plays its role in Selkirk culture and society. Selkirk RFC play in their home games at Philiphaugh, competing in the Scottish Premiership and the Border League.

The town cricket club was formed in 1851 and still plays in the Border League. The cricket ground at Philiphaugh is the site of the Battle of Philiphaugh.

The town also has a footballing tradition, having produced some players of note in the Scottish game including Bobby Johnstone of Hibernian.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC Scotland and ITV Border. Television signals are received from the nearby Selkirk TV transmitter.

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Scotland on 93.5 FM and Greatest Hits Radio Scottish Borders and North Northumberland on 96.8 FM.

The Border Telegraph and Southern Reporter are the town's local newspapers.

Notable people

 * James Blair (1825–1901), Canadian farmer, born in Selkirk
 * Peter Blake (1951–2018), film and television actor
 * James Brown (J.B. Selkirk) (1832–1904), poet and essayist
 * James Marr Brydone (1779–1866), surgeon who sighted the French fleet, signalling the beginning of the Battle of Trafalgar
 * Rae Hendrie (b. 1977), television actress
 * Scott Hutchison (1981–2018), Grant Hutchison (b. 1984) and Billy Kennedy (b. 1984), members of the indie rock band Frightened Rabbit
 * Bobby Johnstone (1921–2001), Scotland international football player, member of the Hibernian Famous Five forward line
 * Andrew Lang (1844–1912), poet, novelist, literary critic and contributor to anthropology
 * Gideon Lang, Australian pastoralist and parliamentarian
 * Sandy McMahon (1871–1916), Scotland international footballer and Celtic's eighth highest all-time top goal scorer
 * Will H. Ogilvie (1869–1963), Scottish-Australian poet
 * Mungo Park (1771–1806), explorer of the African continent
 * John Roberts (1845–1934), wool merchant
 * John Rutherford (b. 1955), Scotland international rugby player, played for Selkirk R. F. C.
 * Tom Scott (1854–1927), artist
 * James Sorley FFA FRSE (1853–1923) Treasurer of Scottish Life Assurance Company
 * Tibbie Tamson, alleged to be variously a victim of the Scottish witch trials, a suicide victim, a plague victim, or a murder victim

Climate
Like the rest of the British Isles, Selkirk has a maritime climate with cool summers and mild winters. However the area appears to have one of the widest absolute temperature ranges in the United Kingdom. The absolute minimum temperature of -26.6 C at the nearest weather station is both a daily record, and the record lowest temperature for the UK outside of the Highlands. Conversely, Scotland's highest temperature of 32.9 C was recorded at Greycook, St. Boswells just 8 mi to the east.

Twinning

 * 🇩🇪 Plattling, Bavaria.

title: Selkirk, Scottish Borders


text:
Tain

Tain (Baile Dhubhthaich ) is a royal burgh and parish in the County of Ross, in the Highlands of Scotland.

Etymology
The name derives from the nearby River Tain, the name of which comes from an Indo-European root meaning 'flow'. The Gaelic name, Baile Dubhthaich, means 'Duthac's town', after a local saint also known as Duthus.

History
Tain was granted its first royal charter in 1066, making it Scotland's oldest royal burgh, commemorated in 1966 with the opening of the Rose Garden by Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother. The 1066 charter, granted by King Malcolm III, confirmed Tain as a sanctuary, where people could claim the protection of the church, and an immunity, in which resident merchants and traders were exempt from certain taxes.

Little is known of earlier history although the town owed much of its importance to Duthac. He was an early Christian figure, perhaps 8th or 9th century, whose shrine had become so important by 1066 that it resulted in the royal charter. The ruined chapel near the mouth of the river was said to have been built on the site of his birth. Duthac became an official saint in 1419 and by the late Middle Ages his shrine was an important place of pilgrimage in Scotland. King James IV came at least once a year throughout his reign to achieve both spiritual and political aims.

A leading landowning family of the area, the Clan Munro, provided political and religious figures to the town, including the dissenter the Rev. John Munro of Tain (died ca. 1630).

The early Duthac Chapel was the centre of a sanctuary. Fugitives were by tradition given sanctuary in several square miles marked by boundary stones. During the First War of Scottish Independence, Robert the Bruce sent his wife and daughter to the sanctuary for safety. The sanctuary was violated and they were captured by forces loyal to William II, Earl of Ross who handed them over to Edward I of England.

Facilities
Tain railway station is on the Far North Line. The station is unmanned; in its heyday it had 30 staff. The station was opened by the Highland Railway on 1 January 1864. From 1 January 1923, the station was owned by the London Midland and Scottish Railway. Then in 1948 the British railways were nationalised as British Railways. After the railways were privatised, the station was served by ScotRail.

Notable buildings in the town include Tain Tolbooth and St Duthus Collegiate Church. The town also has a local history museum, Tain Through Time, and the Glenmorangie distillery.

Tain has two primary schools; Craighill (274 pupils as of April 2011) and Knockbreck (just under 120 pupils as of April 2011). There is also a secondary school, Tain Royal Academy, with 590 pupils as of January 2017.

RAF Tain
With conflict looming in the 1930s, an aerodrome large enough for bombers was built next to the town on low alluvial land known as the Fendom bordering the Dornoch Firth. It was home to British, Czech (311 Sqn) and Polish airmen during the Second World War.

It was abandoned as a flying location after the war and converted to a bombing range for the Fleet Air Arm. In 1939 RAF Lossiemouth opened and was used until 1946 when the airfield was transferred to the Admiralty and becoming Royal Naval Air Station (RNAS) Lossiemouth then returning to the RAF in 1972 as an RAF airfield and the Tain range reverted to the RAF. Large parts of the original aerodrome were returned to civilian use after the Second World War and some are still accessible.

Sport & recreation
Tain Golf Club offers a Championship length links golf course. Overlooking the Dornoch Firth, the course was first designed by Old Tom Morris in 1890. Tain is represented in the Scottish Football Association affiliated North Caledonian Football League by senior football club St Duthus Football Club during the regular football season.

Local geographical and visitor features
The Gizzen Briggs are sandbars at the entrance to the Dornoch Firth, and with the right wind, they can be heard at low tide. The so-called "million dollar view" to the north-west of Tain, accessible via the A836 westward towards Bonar Bridge and then the B9176 Struie Road, gives a panoramic view of Dornoch Firth and Sutherland.

Five important castles are in the vicinity – Carbisdale Castle, built for the Dowager Duchess of Sutherland and now a youth hostel; Skibo Castle, once home of the industrialist Andrew Carnegie and now a hotel; Dunrobin Castle, ancestral seat of the Duke of Sutherland (castle and gardens open to the public); Balnagown Castle, ancestral seat of the Clan Ross, restored and owned by Mohammed Al Fayed; and Ballone Castle, restored by the owners of a local crafts business.

Highland Fine Cheeses, run by Ruaridh Stone (the brother of Liberal Democrat MP Jamie Stone), have a factory at Blarliath Farm, Tain.

Just outside Hill of Fearn near Tain lies the site of the medieval Fearn Abbey.

Parliamentary burgh
Tain was a parliamentary burgh, combined with Dingwall, Dornoch, Kirkwall and Wick in the Northern Burghs constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1708 to 1801 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1918. The constituency was a district of burghs known also as Tain Burghs until 1832, and then as Wick Burghs. It was represented by one Member of Parliament (MP). In 1918 the constituency was abolished, and Tain was merged into Ross and Cromarty.

Notable people

 * Saint Duthac (1000–1065), 11th century saint
 * Sir John Fraser (1885–1947), surgeon
 * Peter Fraser (1884–1950), 24th prime minister of New Zealand, was born in Hill of Fearn, near Tain.
 * George MacKenzie (1886–1957), president of the Institute of Banking, 1941–45
 * Rev John Munro of Tain, 17th-century religious dissenter, was a minister here.
 * David Robertson (born 1962), former Free Church of Scotland moderator and Christian commentator, grew up in Portmahomack.
 * Elizabeth Ness MacBean Ross (1878–1915), physician who was raised here and attended Tain Royal Academy.
 * John Ross (1726–1800), merchant during the American Revolution
 * Walter Ross Taylor (1805–1896), served as Moderator of the General Assembly to the Free Church of Scotland in 1884.
 * Professor Thomas Summers West (1927–2010), an internationally acclaimed analytical chemist, went to school at Tain Royal Academy.

Climate
Tain has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb).

Freedom of the Royal Burgh
The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the Royal Burgh of Tain.

Individuals

 * Sir Arthur Bignold: 1907.
 * Colonel James Alexander Francis Humberston Stewart Mackenzie of Seaforth: 1907
 * Sir John Fraser: 1925.

title: Tain


text:
Hoengseong County

Hoengseong County is a county located in southwestern Gangwon Province, South Korea, bordering Pyeongchang-gun to the east, Yangpyeong-gun, Gyeonggi-do to the west, Hongcheon-gun to the north, and Wonju-si and Yeongwol-gun to the south.

The roots of Codonopsis lanceolata (deodeok), a bonnet bellflower species, play an important role in local agriculture, as does Hanwoo beef, a specialty product.

The Korean Minjok Leadership Academy, a notable boarding school, is located in the county, an autonomous private high school that recruits students nationwide.

It may be confused with Hongseong-gun, Chungcheongnam-do because its name is similar.

Symbols

 * Tree : Zelkova
 * Flower : Peony
 * Bird : Heron

History
During the Goguryeo period (A.D. 413–475), it was called Hoengcheon-hyeon (橫川縣) or Eosamae (於斯買).[8] During the reign of King Gyeongdeok of Silla (AD 551), it was changed to Hwangcheonhyeon (潢川縣) and became the Yeonghyeon of Sakju (now Chuncheon). In the Goryeo Dynasty, it was changed to Hoengcheon again and subordinated to Sakju as before. Afterwards, it was made as a sub-hyeon of Wonju. In 1413 (13th year of King Taejong), Hyeongam was placed during the Joseon Dynasty, and Hoengcheon and Hongcheon were renamed Hoengseong in 1414 to avoid confusion due to the similar pronunciation.

Climate
Hoengseong has a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate (Köppen: Dwa) with cold, dry winters and hot, rainy summers. The climate reflects the location of the mountainous inland area of southwest. There is a wide seasonal difference in temperature. The highest temperature ever recorded in Hoengseong-gun was 37.0 °C on August 7, 1990 and the lowest was −29.8 °C on December 31, 1927, and it was one of the five coldest temperatures ever recorded in Korea.

Population
Hongseong's decline of population is the biggest matter among the county's residents and officers. The staggering decline has forced the educational system to close small schools (less than ten students per school) to close. Hoengseong county has established incentives for enrolling in the schools.

Korean beef
Han-u, or Korean beef, from Hoengseong is widely sold and famous in South Korea. The clean environment of the region makes it possible to rear high-quality Korean beef. The muscles of the cattle are built up through labour in the fields. Beef sets are delivered to department stores in Seoul and other metropolitan cities. Nowadays, improvements to transportation infrastructure have helped reduce the cost. The county began a strategic marketing campaign in 1995 to brand itself as the origin of the highest quality beef in Korea.

Recreational Areas
The Hoengseong area features large forested areas thanks to its location. More than four forest resorts are still in operation.

Forests are not completely natural, man-made forests are blended into existing natural forests. All kinds of wildlife, including roe deer, wild pigs, and rabbits, inhabit the forests.

Wind farms
Schemes for building wind farms started in 2005 and allowed investors to complete the construction of a first complex in January 2008.

Hoengseong did install wind power plants after 2009. Construction was planned and executed by Japanese developer Eurus Energy and POSCO, installing about 20 plants around windy area. Total plant locations were divided between the counties of Hoengseong (9) and Pyeongchang (11), respectively.

Sister cities

 * Linhai, Zhejiang, China
 * 🇯🇵 Kakegawa, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan
 * Seocho-gu, Seoul

Famous people
Famous people born in Hoengseong County include Kim Heechul of Super Junior, and Lee Hyung-Taik.

title: Hoengseong County