text:
Talk:Lead(II) sulfate

Untitled

 * Lead (II) sulfate just tech data DJ Clayworth 14:53, 28 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * What's wrong with having technical data? The page needs work but I don't see the need to delete. theresa knott 15:28, 28 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Keep; but needs re-write into plain English, plus some background - when was it discovered? What is it used for? Is the current version a copy vio? Who can't spell "sulphate"? ;-) Andy Mabbett 15:46, 28 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * IUPAC? -- Karada
 * Keep. Sulfate is acceptable; more correct in my experience (maybe American/British thing?) sulfate/sulfide - Marshman 20:09, 28 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * It is, of course. Maybe I need to follow Andy around explaining his humour. In the UK we have sulphur/sulphate. Secretlondon 20:13, Nov 28, 2003 (UTC)
 * American periodic tables say sulfur. (Keep the page, BTW.)Wiwaxia 11:08, 2 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * It's a copy vio, and actually a copy vio of a UK site. Maximus Rex 07:16, 30 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Keep, it's fine enough now and will undoubtedly get better. It's not a copyright infringement. It's ineligible for copyright protection under US law - factual data with a presentation which is esentially controlled by standards in the business. See Online service provider law. Read the full text of the Westlaw decisions to get some idea for where the law draws the line on creativity. Jamesday 05:04, 1 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Keep. Title needs to be changed.  Daniel Quinlan 17:08, Dec 3, 2003 (UTC)

IUPAC, ISO, and Americans say "sulfate".-- The Anome 22:43, 3 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Indeed. When the names of the chemical elements were finally standardized (late 1980s), it was the American spelling that won for sulfur (and the British spellings for aluminium and caesium). Physchim62 14:07, 24 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Even in UK, the official spelling is now -f- and that is taught in schools/academia. I propose to remove the rejoinder in the heading section about British spelling.--Mevagiss (talk) 17:49, 4 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Right, see WP:SULF. In chemistry it should be always sufur. Sulphur may be appropriate when translating Dante's "Inferno".  Stan J. Klimas (talk) 23:24, 4 July 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Lead(II) sulfate. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080111154608/http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/50.html to http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/50.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:30, 19 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lead(II) sulfate


text:
Misery (novel)

Misery is an American psychological horror thriller novel written by Stephen King and first published by Viking Press on June 8, 1987. The novel's narrative is based on the relationship of its two main characters – the romance novelist Paul Sheldon and his deranged self-proclaimed number one fan Annie Wilkes. When Paul is seriously injured following a car accident, former nurse Annie brings him to her home, where Paul receives treatment and doses of pain medication. Paul realizes that he is a prisoner and is forced to indulge his captor's whims.

The novel's title has two meanings: it is the name carried by the central heroine of Paul's book series, and King described such a state of emotion during the novel's writing. He has stated that Annie is a stand-in for cocaine. King has outlined the creation of Misery in his memoirs, and mentioned that the image of Annie Wilkes came to him in a dream. King planned the book to be released under the pseudonym Richard Bachman, but his identity was discovered before the book's release.

Misery won the first Bram Stoker Award for Novel in 1987 and was nominated for the 1988 World Fantasy Award for Best Novel. Critical reception of Misery was positive – reviewers praised King for avoiding the fantasy elements of his past works, and noted the novel's parallels with King's personal life and the study of the relationship between celebrities and their fans. The novel, which took fourth place in the 1987 bestseller list, was adapted into an Academy Award-winning film directed by Rob Reiner, in 1990, and into a theatrical production starring Laurie Metcalf and Bruce Willis in 2015.

Plot
Paul Sheldon is the author of the best-selling series of Victorian era romance novels featuring the character Misery Chastain, which he privately disdains. In a Colorado hotel, he finishes the final installment, Misery's Child, in which Misery is killed off. After completing the manuscript for his new crime novel, Fast Cars, which he hopes will receive serious literary acclaim and kickstart his post-Misery career, Paul gets drunk and impulsively drives towards Los Angeles instead of flying back home to New York City. He is caught in a snowstorm and crashes his car near the small, remote town of Sidewinder, Colorado.

Paul awakens to find that he has been rescued by Annie Wilkes, a local former nurse who is a devoted fan of the Misery series. She keeps Paul in her guest bedroom, refuses to take him to the hospital despite his broken legs and nurses him herself using her illicit stash of codeine-based painkillers. Paul quickly becomes addicted to a medication named Novril, which Annie withholds in order to threaten and manipulate him. She begins reading the recently published Misery's Child and coerces permission to read the Fast Cars manuscript, but disapproves of the darker subject matter and profanity. Paul assesses that Annie is mentally unstable: she is prone to trailing off into catatonic episodes and has sudden, unpredictable bouts of rage. When she learns of Misery's death, she leaves Paul alone in her house for over two days, depriving him of food, water and painkillers. During this time, Paul examines his legs and sees that they have been pulverized and deformed in the crash.

Upon Annie's return, she forces a weakened Paul to burn the Fast Cars manuscript in exchange for his painkillers. She sets up an office for Paul – consisting of an antique Royal typewriter with a non-functional N-key, writing paper and a wheelchair – for the purpose of writing a new Misery novel that will bring the character back from the dead. Biding his time and likening himself to Scheherezade, Paul begins a new book, Misery's Return, and allows Annie to read the work in progress and fill in the missing N's. As Paul writes, the text includes excerpts of Misery's Return, a macabre story in which it is found that Misery was buried alive while comatose.

Paul manages to escape his room using his wheelchair on several occasions, searching for more painkillers and exploring the house. He discovers a scrapbook full of newspaper clippings about deaths that reveal Annie to be a serial killer; her victims include a neighboring family, her own father, her roommate and, while she worked as a head nurse, many elderly or critically injured patients and eleven infants, the last resulting in her standing trial but being acquitted in Denver. When Annie discovers that Paul has been leaving his room, she punishes him by cutting off his foot with an axe and cauterizing his ankle with a blowtorch, "hobbling" him.

Months later, Paul remains Annie's captive. After he complains that more typewriter keys have broken and refuses to tell Annie how the novel ends before he has written it, she cuts off his thumb with an electric knife. A state trooper arrives at the house in search of Paul, and Annie murders him by running him over with her riding lawnmower. She hides the remains, but the trooper's disappearance draws attention from law enforcement and the media. Annie relocates Paul to the basement. It becomes clear that she does not intend to let him live. After Misery's Return is finished, Paul lights a decoy copy of the manuscript on fire, which Annie attempts to save. Paul throws the typewriter at Annie and engages her in a violent fight; he manages to escape the bedroom and lock Annie inside. Paul then hides and alerts the police when they return in search of the murdered trooper. Annie is found dead from her injuries in the barn — she apparently escaped through a window and was on her way to murder Paul with a chainsaw.

After Paul has returned to New York, Misery's Return is set to be published and becomes an international bestseller due to the interest in the circumstances under which it was written. Paul resists the suggestion to write a nonfiction account of his own experiences, partly in the belief that he would inevitably embellish events. He is able to walk with a prosthesis but still struggles with nightmares about Annie, withdrawal from painkillers, alcoholism and writer's block. When Paul finds random inspiration to write a new story, he weeps, both out of mourning for his shattered life and in the joy that he is finally able to write again.

Background
One of Stephen King's inspirations for Misery was the reaction his fans had to his 1984 novel The Eyes of the Dragon. Many fans rejected The Eyes of the Dragon because it was an epic fantasy book, with virtually none of the horror that initially made his reputation. Paul Sheldon feeling chained to the Misery books by his fans was a metaphor for King's feeling chained to horror fiction. Another source was King's addiction to drugs and alcohol, and his struggle to get sober. He stated: "Take the psychotic nurse in Misery, which I wrote when I was having such a tough time with dope. I knew what I was writing about. There was never any question. Annie was my drug problem, and she was my number-one fan. God, she never wanted to leave." When further addressing the idea of whether the character of Paul Sheldon was based on himself, King stated that in certain ways, he was, but in the ways where every character is a part of the author in some way: "It would be fair enough to ask, I suppose, if Paul Sheldon in Misery is me. Certain parts of him are ... but I think you will find that, if you continue to write fiction, every character you create is partly you."

King has also attributed a dream he had while on a trans-Atlantic flight to London with the situation and characters that became fleshed out in Misery. He noted that he wrote the idea on an American Airlines cocktail napkin when he woke up so he could make sure to remember it, writing: "She speaks earnestly but never quite makes eye contact. A big woman and solid all through; she is an absence of hiatus. 'I wasn't trying to be funny in a mean way when I named my pig Misery, no sir. Please don't think that. No, I named her in the spirit of fan love, which is the purest love there is. You should be flattered.'"

King and his wife, Tabitha King, stayed in London's Brown's Hotel, where he wrote "sixteen pages of a steno notebook"; the concierge let him work at a desk once owned by Rudyard Kipling, who had died of a stroke while using it. King thought that the book would only be around 30,000 words, but it ended up being almost four times that at 370 pages. Its working title was The Annie Wilkes Edition. While discussing the pros and cons (mostly cons) of pre-plotting novels, King mentioned that he had originally planned for Annie to force her prisoner to write a book, which she would then bind in Paul's skin. When commenting on why he chose not to go that route, King said: "... it would have made a pretty good story (not such a good novel, however; no one likes to root for a guy over the course of three hundred pages only to discover that between chapters sixteen and seventeen the pig ate him), but that wasn't the way things eventually went. Paul Sheldon turned out to be a good deal more resourceful than I initially thought, and his efforts to play Scheherazade and save his life gave me a chance to say some things about the redemptive power of writing that I had long felt but never articulated. Annie also turned out to be more complex than I'd first imagined her, and she was great fun to write about ...'"

Film
The novel was adapted into a film in 1990, directed by Rob Reiner and written by William Goldman. James Caan and Kathy Bates starred as Paul Sheldon and Annie Wilkes, with Lauren Bacall, Richard Farnsworth and Frances Sternhagen in supporting roles. The film was a critical and commercial success, and continues to be ranked as one of the best Stephen King adaptations. For her performance as Annie Wilkes, Kathy Bates won the 1991 Academy Award for Best Actress – one of the few Oscar wins for a performance in the horror genre, and the first for any King adaptation – and was launched into mainstream stardom. In June 2003, the American Film Institute included Annie Wilkes, as played by Bates, in their "100 Heroes and Villains" list, ranking her as the 17th most iconic villain (and sixth most iconic villainess) in the history of film. Director Balu Mahendra loosely adapted the novel into a Tamil film titled Julie Ganapathi in 2003.

Television
A version of Annie Wilkes, portrayed by Lizzy Caplan, is the main character of the second season of Castle Rock. The season finale concludes with Annie attending a book signing for a Misery novel by Paul Sheldon.

Stage
The novel was also adapted into a play by Simon Moore. The play premiered in London at the Criterion Theater in December 1992, starring Sharon Gless and Bill Paterson and directed by Moore. The play, directed by Alan Cohen, was revived in 2005 at the King's Head Theatre in London, starring Michael Praed and Susan Penhaligon. In 2014, Dutch composer and theater producer Florus van Rooijen adapted the novel into a "feel bad" musical.

A different play written by William Goldman (who also wrote the film's screenplay) and directed by Will Frears opened on Broadway in 2015 for a limited engagement. The play starred Bruce Willis as Paul Sheldon and Laurie Metcalf as Annie Wilkes. It opened in October 2015 and closed on February 16, 2016. For her performance as Wilkes, Metcalf was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play. The play was originally premiered in 2012 at Bucks County Playhouse before moving to Broadway. This new version is not connected to the earlier adaptation by Simon Moore.

In October 2019, a Finnish play adaptation of Misery called Piina was performed at the Tampere Theatre in Tampere, Finland. The play was directed by Antti Mikkola and starring Esa Latva-Äijö as Paul Sheldon and Mari Turunen as Annie Wilkes. Also in September of the same year, Kuopio City Theatre in Kuopio, Finland presented another interpretation under the name Piina, directed by Olli-Matti Oinonen and starring Seppo Pääkkönen as Paul Sheldon and Henna Haverinen as Annie Wilkes. In November 2022, Pori Theatre in Pori, Finland presented third interpretation, directed by Tuomo Aitta and starring Vesa Haltsonen as Paul Sheldon and Mirva Tolppanen as Annie Wilkes.

Radio
Moore's stage adaptation was itself adapted for radio and broadcast on the BBC World Service. The program was produced by Dirk Maggs, directed by Marion Nancarrow and starred Nicholas Farrell as Paul Sheldon and Miriam Margolyes as Annie Wilkes. The program was later released on CD by the BBC.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Misery (novel)


text:
Erhard Milch

Erhard Milch (30 March 1892 – 25 January 1972) was a German Generalfeldmarschall (field marshal) who oversaw the development of the German air force (Luftwaffe) as part of the re-armament of Nazi Germany (1933-1945) following World War I (1914-1918). He served as State Secretary in the Reich Ministry of Aviation from May 1933 until June 1944 and as Inspector General of the air force from February 1939 to January 1945. During most of World War II he was in charge of German aircraft production and supply. In the Milch Trial of 1947, a U.S. military court convicted Milch of war crimes and of crimes against humanity, sentencing him to life imprisonment. However, in 1951 John J. McCloy, the U. S. High Commissioner for Germany, commuted Milch's sentence to 15 years. Paroled in 1954, Milch died in 1972.

Ancestry and Jewish heritage
Milch was born in Wilhelmshaven, the son of Anton Milch, a Jewish pharmacist who served in the Imperial German Navy, and Clara, née Vetter. The Gestapo later investigated Milch due to his Jewish heritage. Under the Nuremberg Laws, Milch would have been categorized as mixed race (mischling). However, he would not have been considered Jewish according to that religion's orthodoxy (or halakha), which states that a person’s Jewish status is passed down through the mother.

In 1935, rumours began to circulate that Milch's father was a Jew. The Gestapo began an investigation which was halted by Hermann Göring, the commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe, who produced an affidavit by Milch's mother that his true father was her uncle, Karl Brauer. Milch was then issued with a German Blood Certificate. If true, that would mean that Milch's mother, Clara, committed not only adultery but also incest.

Author and Holocaust denier David Irving claimed in his book The Rise and Fall of the Luftwaffe: The Life of Field Marshal Erhard Milch, that Milch asked him not to reveal the truth about his parentage, so although Irving states that Erhard's father was not Anton Milch and concentrates on his wealthy great-uncle Karl Brauer (who died in 1906), he does not actually name Brauer as his father. However, Irving, who claimed to have had access to the Field Marshal's private diary and papers, says the rumours about Milch's parentage began to spread in the autumn of 1933, and that Erhard Milch personally obtained a signed statement by his putative father Anton that he was not the father of Clara's children. Furthermore, Irving claimed that Clara Milch had already written to her son-in-law Fritz Herrmann in March 1933 explaining the circumstances of her marriage, and that Göring had initiated his own investigation that identified his real father. During the Nuremberg trials 1946, Milch was again questioned about his alleged Jewish father and Göring's role in the matter by Chief United States Prosecutor, Robert H. Jackson.

World War I and interwar career
Milch enlisted in the Imperial German Army in 1910, where he rose to the rank of Leutnant and commanded an artillery unit in East Prussia at the beginning of the First World War. He saw action against the Russian Army on the River Deime in September 1914 and later on the Angerapp Line in February 1915. In July 1915, he was transferred to the Fliegertruppe (Imperial Air Force) and trained as an aerial observer on the Western front, seeing action on the Somme in 1916 (through the period of it becoming the Luftstreitkräfte in October that year) and later in Flanders during 1917. After a spell as a company commander in the trenches in the spring and summer of 1918, in the waning days of the war, he was promoted to Hauptmann and appointed to command a fighter wing, Jagdgruppe 6, even though he had never trained as a pilot and could not fly himself.

Milch resigned from the military in 1920 to pursue a career in civil aviation. With squadron colleague Gotthard Sachsenberg, Milch formed a small airline in Danzig under the banner of Lloyd Luftdienst, Norddeutscher Lloyd's union of regional German airlines. The airline linked Danzig to the Baltic States. In 1923, Milch became the managing director of its successor company. From there, Milch and Sachsenberg went to work for rival Junkers Luftverkehr, where Milch was appointed a managing director in 1925. In 1926, Milch was named a managing director (one of three) of the newly-formed airline Deutsche Luft Hansa. Milch joined the Nazi Party (number 123,885) on 1 April 1929, but his membership was not officially acknowledged until March 1933, because Hitler deemed it desirable to keep the fact hidden for political reasons.

On 5 May 1933, Milch took up a position as State Secretary of the newly formed Reich Ministry of Aviation (RLM), answering directly to Hermann Göring. In this capacity, he was instrumental in establishing the Luftwaffe, the air force of Nazi Germany. Milch quickly used his position to settle personal scores with other aviation industry personalities, including Hugo Junkers and Willy Messerschmitt. Specifically, Milch banned Messerschmitt from submitting a design in the competition for a new fighter aircraft for the Luftwaffe. Messerschmitt outmanoeuvred Milch, circumventing the ban and successfully submitting a design. The Messerschmitt-designed Bayerische Flugzeugwerke corporate entry, the Bf 109, proved to be the winner. Messerschmitt maintained its leading position within the German aircraft industry until the failure of the Me 210 aircraft. Even after that Milch, as the leader, did not depose him, but put him in an inferior position.

In 1935 doubts about the ethnic origin of Erhard Milch began when rumors circulated that his father Anton Milch was Jewish. The Gestapo began an investigation but it was stopped by Göring, who forced Erhard's mother to sign a document that Anton was not the true father of Erhard and his brothers but that it was her uncle Karl Brauer. Those events and the later extension of the "Certificate of German Blood" were the background to Göring's statement, "I decide who is a Jew in the air force". However, many believe that he was merely quoting Karl Lueger, the former mayor of Vienna.

World War II
In a reorganization of 1 February 1939, Milch, now with the rank of Generaloberst, was given the additional job of Inspector-General of the Luftwaffe. After the outbreak of World War II, Milch commanded Luftflotte 5 during Operation Weserübung in Norway. Following the defeat of France, Milch was promoted to Generalfeldmarschall (field marshal) during the 1940 Field Marshal Ceremony. Following the suicide of Generaloberst Ernst Udet in November 1941, Milch succeeded him as Generalluftzeugmeister, in charge of all Luftwaffe aircraft production, armament and supply. In April 1942 he was named to the Central Planning Board along with Albert Speer, Reich Minister of Armaments and War Production, and Paul Körner, State Secretary of the Four Year Plan, in an effort to coordinate control over all industrial war production.

Milch cancelled production of the ineffective and dangerous Me 210 and He 177 and put them back in development. Under his direction, aircraft production focused on mass production of the tested and tried models. Output doubled in the summer of 1943 in comparison with the winter of 1941–1942. Adam Tooze wrote "For the first time, the German aircraft industry was able to achieve substantial economies of scale. The resources pumped into the Luftwaffe in 1940–41 were now concentrated in mass assembly". To achieve this level of mass production, the Armaments Ministries and the industry cooperated with the SS to procure labour from concentration camps. Due to Milch's connections with the SS, the Luftwaffe had an advantage in obtaining slave labour. To increase the quantity, Milch also made some sacrifices in quality, notable in the case of the Bf 109. When the US Air Force began to directly challenge the fighter forces of the Luftwaffe, the cost of Milch's decisions was shown. The handling of the Bf 109 G was so bad that they became, in the words of Tooze, "little more than death traps".

On 10 August 1943, Milch finally addressed Germany's lack of a truly "four-engined" heavy bomber to carry out raids against Great Britain. He endorsed Arado Flugzeugwerke to be the subcontractor for the Heinkel He 177B separately engined heavy bomber design. Only three flyable prototypes were completed by early 1944. From March 1944, Milch, together with Speer, oversaw the activities of the Jägerstab ("Fighter Staff"), a governmental task force whose aim was to increase the production of fighter aircraft, in part by moving the production facilities underground. In cooperation with the SS, the task force played a key role in the exploitation of slave labour for the benefit of the German aircraft industry and the Luftwaffe.

When the agitation among the legions of foreign workers in his factories threatened production, Milch was able to refer to his association with Himmler

I spoke to Himmler recently about this, and told him his main task must be to see to the protection of German industry if unrest breaks out among this foreign scum.

If, for instance, there is a mutiny at X, an officer with a couple of men, or a lieutenant with thirty troops, must appear in the factory and let fly with their machine-guns into the mob. The object is to lay out as many people as possible, if mutinies break out. This is the order I have issued, even if the people are our own foreign workers.

Every tenth man is to be picked out, and every tenth man will be shot in front of the rest.

In 1944 Milch sided with Joseph Goebbels, the propaganda minister and Heinrich Himmler, the Reichsführer-SS, in attempting to convince Adolf Hitler to remove Göring from command of the Luftwaffe. When Hitler refused, Göring retaliated by forcing Milch out of his positions as State Secretary and Generalluftzeugmeister on 20 June 1944, and as Luftwaffe Inspector General in January 1945. From August 1944, he worked under Speer in the Rüstungsstab (Armaments Staff) but was sidelined and achieved little. He was injured in a car accident in the fall of 1944 and hospitalized for several weeks. Finally placed into the Führerreserve in March 1945, he was not reassigned.

Capture and assault
Milch was apprehended by the British No. 6 Commando on the Baltic coast on 4 May 1945. He was taken to the unit's command post of Brigadier Derek Mills-Roberts in Neustadt in Holstein, a man who was known to have a short temper. When Milch arrived, Mills-Roberts was said to be still seething from the suffering and atrocities he had seen during the liberation of Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. Milch reportedly addressed Mills-Roberts in a haughty manner, demanding good treatment, waving his Generalfeldmarschall's campaign baton around, and dismissing concerns about the inmates of several satellite Arbeitslager of Neuengamme concentration camp in the area.

Mills-Roberts became so incensed with Milch's tone, the British officer snatched the field-marshal's baton from him and began beating Milch over the head with it until it broke. He then grabbed a champagne bottle and continued fracturing Milch's skull. The bloodied field-marshal was then pulled up from the floor and driven back to Sierhagen Castle where he had been staying and robbed at gunpoint by British soldiers (which included his ceremonial jewel-encrusted Generalfeldmarschall baton). He was then sent to a holding camp for Nazi prisoners at Lüneburg near the field HQ of British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery.

A few days later Mills-Roberts went to the British HQ. On entering Monty's tent, the British Field Marshal is said to have covered his head with his hands quipping "I hear you've got a thing about Field Marshals". Mills-Roberts apologised for his actions but no further action was taken against the Commando Brigadier.

Trial and conviction at Nuremberg

Milch was tried as a war criminal in 1947 by a United States Military Tribunal in Nuremberg. He was convicted on two counts:
 * 1) War crimes, by participating in the ill-treatment and use of the forced labour of prisoners of war (POWs) and the deportation of civilians to the same ends.
 * 2) Crimes against humanity, by participating in the murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, imprisonment, torture, and the use of slave labour of civilians who came under German control, German nationals and prisoners of war.

Milch was sentenced to life imprisonment. Unlike the vast majority of other Nazi war criminals who were tried under U.S. military law, Milch was not immediately sent to Landsberg Prison to serve his sentence. He was instead sent to Rebdorf Prison, near Munich, but was eventually transferred to Landsberg. Milch's sentence was commuted to 15 years imprisonment in 1951, and he was paroled in June 1954. He lived out the remainder of his life in Düsseldorf, where he died in 1972 as the last living Luftwaffe field marshal.

Popular culture
In the 1969 film Battle of Britain, Milch was portrayed by German actor Dietrich Frauboes.

American actor Robert Vaughn portrayed Milch in the 1982 television film, Inside the Third Reich.

Awards

 * Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 4 May 1940 as Generaloberst and chief of Luftflotte 5 and Befehlshaber Nord (commander-in-chief north).
 * Grand Cross with Swords of the Order of the White Rose of Finland on 30 March 1942 as Generalfeldmarschall.

title: Erhard Milch


text:
Whiteleaf, Buckinghamshire

Whiteleaf is a hamlet in the civil parish of Princes Risborough and the ecclesiastical parish of Monks Risborough in Buckinghamshire, England. It is located 7 miles south of the county town of Aylesbury and 8 miles north of High Wycombe. It lies halfway up the northern scarp of the Chilterns, about half a mile from the parish church of Monks Risborough.

The hamlet's name is first found in the form White Cliff in the eighteenth century, referring to the white chalk cliff above the road to the east of the hamlet, which has the Whiteleaf Cross cut into the chalk on the side of Whiteleaf Hill above it, making an important landmark for miles around. In addition to the cross, there is a neolithic barrow on Whiteleaf Hill.

Whiteleaf is home to Monks Risborough Cricket Club and the 9-hole Whiteleaf Golf Club, both of which lie slightly south-east of the main road through the village, which follows the path of the Upper Icknield Way. The cricket ground has a significant slope and was tried by the BBC to see if it would be suitable for filming the cricket scene in the production of A. G. Macdonnell's England, Their England. However, it was not found to be sloping enough. The cricket club celebrated its centenary in 1993 and a book covering its history was published. The cricket club pavilion was largely destroyed by fire in 2010.

The village also has a public house, the Red Lion.

Children's writer Kevin Crossley-Holland grew up in Crosskeys, Westfields (a cottage now called Woodside). His father was the composer Peter Crossley-Holland.

title: Whiteleaf, Buckinghamshire


text:
Kentish Town station

Kentish Town is an interchange station located in Kentish Town in the London Borough of Camden for London Underground and National Rail services.

It is at the junction of Kentish Town Road (A400) and Leighton Road. It is in Travelcard Zone 2. The station is served by the High Barnet branch of the London Underground Northern line, and by Thameslink trains on the National Rail Midland Main Line. It is the only station on the High Barnet branch with a direct interchange with a National Rail line; furthermore an Out of Station Interchange (OSI) with Kentish Town West on the North London line is not charged as two separate journeys in electronic journey charging.

History
The first station was opened by the Midland Railway on 1 October 1868 on the extension to its new London terminal at St Pancras. Prior to that, Midland Railway trains used the London and North Western Railway lines to Euston or the Great Northern Railway lines to King's Cross. Until the St. Pancras extension was complete, and for some time afterwards, some trains exchanged the locomotive at Kentish Town for one fitted with condensing apparatus and continued to Moorgate station, then named Moorgate Street station. For some years trains ran from Kentish Town to Victoria station on the South Eastern and Chatham Railway.

The second largest motive power depot and repair facility on the Midland Rail was north of the station. In 1861 a collision occurred at a siding near the station in which 16 people were killed and 317 were injured.

From May 1878 to September 1880 the MR Super Outer Circle service ran through the station, from St. Pancras to Earl's Court Underground station via Cricklewood and South Acton. The main line station was rebuilt in 1983, nothing of the original station building remains. The separate London Underground station was opened on 22 June 1907 by the Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway (CCE&HR), a precursor of the Northern line. The station was designed by Leslie Green with the ox-blood red glazed terracotta façade and the semi-circular windows at first floor level common to most of the original stations on the CCE&HR and its two associated railways, the Baker Street and Waterloo Railway and Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway which opened the previous year. When Kentish Town station opened the next CCE&HR station south was South Kentish Town but that station closed in 1924 due to low usage. Gospel Oak station on the North London line opened in 1860 as "Kentish Town" but was given its present name in 1867 when the North London Railway opened Kentish Town West. It was the junction of services to Barking until 1981 when services were diverted to terminate and start from Gospel Oak. The spur line to Junction Road Junction was then closed, the track was removed and the trackbed has been sold for industrial use.

In April 2023, Transport for London (TfL) announced that the Underground station would be closed for "up to a year" from 26 June 2023 to allow both escalators to be replaced. TfL noted that the current escalators were the most unreliable on the network, owing to their age and bespoke manufacture. During the closure, the Underground station will be refurbished.

National Rail station
There are 6 tracks and 4 platforms at this station in northwest–southeast orientation.

Starting from the easternmost platform:
 * Platforms 1 and 2 are Thameslink platforms in regular use, where all Thameslink trains accessing the core pass through, although only a minority of them stop here.
 * Platforms 3 (which forms an island with platform 2) and 4 are on the slow lines of the Midland Main Line, which are normally used only by terminating services or a handful of Sunday morning services.
 * The fast lines of the Midland Main Line do not have platforms at this station in both directions.

The National Rail station entrance is normally locked, with access from the Underground station. It is only opened when the Underground station is closed.

London Underground station
There are 2 platforms at this station, Platform 1 heading northbound and Platform 2 heading southbound.

Location
On the London Underground, it is between Tufnell Park and Camden Town stations on the High Barnet branch of the Northern line. On the National Rail, it is between West Hampstead Thameslink and St Pancras International stations.

National Rail
National Rail services at Kentish Town are operated by Thameslink using EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 * 4 tph to St Albans City
 * 4 tph to Sutton (2 of these run via Mitcham Junction and 2 run via Wimbledon)

During the peak hours, the station is served by additional services to and from Luton, Orpington and Rainham, as well as some late evening services to and from Bedford.

The station is also served by a night service between Bedford and Three Bridges on Sunday to Friday nights.

London Underground
The typical off-peak London Underground service on the Northern line in trains per hour is:
 * 16 tph to High Barnet
 * 4 tph to Mill Hill East
 * 10 tph to Battersea Power Station via Charing Cross
 * 10 tph to Morden via Bank

The station is also served by a night service on Friday and Saturday nights as part of the Night Tube. The station is served by a train every 15 minutes between High Barnet and Morden via Charing Cross.

Connections
London Buses routes 88, 134, 214, 393 and night route N20 serve the station.

Incidents
On 21 August 2020 a man was badly injured after he was hit by a sign that fell off the façade of the entrance to Kentish Town station. The sign, with the logos of TfL and British Rail, had been reported as looking as if it was about to fall, but no action was taken at the time. In April 2023 it was announced that Kentish Town tube would close for one year from summer 2023, to allow for repair works, leading to fears for the impact on local business.

Station closure
As the station was closed, the Northern Line platform roundels were changed. Instead of being kept to being "KENTISH TOWN", they changed it to "STATION CLOSED". Platform entrances were chained so that it could prevent trespassing if they managed to enter the station. Engineering equipment was put on the tracks, maybe to remodel the escalators.

title: Kentish Town station


text:
User talk:Gadek

Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. Here are some useful links in case you haven't already found them;

 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Naming conventions
 * Manual of Style

If you have any questions, see the help pages, add a question to the village pump or ask me on my talk page. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian!

Tip: you can sign your name with ~

snoyes 22:43, 3 Dec 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gadek


text:
Hannah Storm

Hannah Lynn Storen Hicks (born June 13, 1962), known professionally as Hannah Storm, is an American television sports journalist, serving as the anchor of ESPN's SportsCenter. She was also host of the NBA Countdown pregame show on ABC as part of the network's National Basketball Association (NBA) Sunday game coverage.

Early life and career
Storm was born in Oak Park, Illinois, and is the daughter of sports executive Mike Storen, who was a commissioner of the American Basketball Association, general manager of that league's Indiana Pacers, Kentucky Colonels and Memphis Sounds franchises, and president of the Atlanta Hawks in the NBA. Her mother, Hannah G. Storen, is a real estate broker. Storm graduated from The Westminster Schools, in Atlanta, Georgia, and in 1983 from the University of Notre Dame.

Storm took her on-air name during her stint as a disc jockey for a hard rock radio station in Corpus Christi, Texas, in the early 1980s. While at Notre Dame, she worked for WNDU-TV, the then-Notre Dame-owned NBC affiliate in South Bend, Indiana. After graduation, she took a job as a disc jockey at KNCN (C-101) in Corpus Christi, Texas. Six months later, she got a job at a Houston rock station KSRR 97 Rock as the drive-time sportscaster and traffic reporter Storm stayed in Houston for four years doing a variety of radio and television jobs, including hosting the Houston Rockets halftime and postgame shows and also hosted Houston Astros postgame shows on KTXH television. She worked as a weekend sports anchor on WCNC-TV 36 (formerly WRET) in Charlotte, North Carolina, from 1988 to 1989. She transitioned to CNN from there.

CNN
Storm's national experience began as the first female host on CNN Sports Tonight from 1989 to 1992. She also hosted Major League Baseball Preview and reported from spring training, the playoffs, and the Daytona 500. In addition, she hosted the 1990 Goodwill Games for TBS.

NBC Sports
In May 1992, Storm left CNN and was hired by NBC. She hosted for the Olympic Games, as well as NBA and WNBA basketball, the National Football League, figure skating and Major League Baseball. Storm became the first woman in American television history to act as solo host of a network's sports package when she hosted NBC Major League Baseball games from 1994 to 2000 (CBS' Andrea Joyce preceded her, but co-hosted the sports packages). She then hosted The NBA on NBC from 1997 to 2002. Storm also anchored NBC Sports coverage of Wimbledon, French Open, Notre Dame football, World Figure Skating Championships, NBC SportsDesk, Men's and Women's U.S. Open (golf) and various college bowl games. Storm was also the first play-by-play announcer for the WNBA in 1997.

The Early Show
On October 28, 2002, she moved to CBS News and became one of the hosts of The Early Show. As co-host of The Early Show, she covered major news events, including the Iraq War, Hurricane Katrina, Super Bowls XXXVIII and XLI, the 2004 Democratic National Convention, the 2004 and 2008 presidential elections, and the 2005 London terrorist bombings. Storm has interviewed major newsmakers such as President George W. Bush, First Lady Laura Bush, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and Senators John McCain, Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama, as well as many sports and pop culture icons, including Elton John, Paul McCartney, Peyton Manning, Tiger Woods, Jamie Foxx, Halle Berry and Jennifer Aniston.

In addition to her duties on The Early Show, Storm hosted shows for the award-winning CBS newsmagazine, 48 Hours. She also served as co-host of the network's CBS Thanksgiving Day Parade for five years. In 2007, Storm conceived and wrote a daily blog for CBSNews.com, which featured behind-the-scenes insight and stories of inspirational women.

During an Early Show on-air segment, Storm revealed on camera that she had a congenital defect known as port-wine stain under her left eye.

In November 2007, CBS announced that Storm was leaving The Early Show. Storm's last day as an Early Show co-host was December 7, 2007.

ESPN/ABC
Storm joined ESPN on May 10, 2008. She anchors SportsCenter weekdays (except Fridays during the NFL season) from 9 am until noon and on Sunday mornings during the NFL season with Bob Ley. Her duties are to deliver highlights and to question analysts about sports topics.

In August 2009, she added tennis host to her ESPN duties by co-hosting the 2009 U.S. Open with Mike Tirico and Chris Fowler. She also co-hosted the 2010 U.S. Open, 2011 Wimbledon and the 2011 U.S. Open.

In February 2010, fellow ESPN colleague Tony Kornheiser criticized her outfit that day on his radio show, saying that her outfit looked like "a sausage casing", and was suspended from ESPN for two weeks. He later apologized to her via a 15-minute phone conversation. Beginning on April 3, 2010, Storm would host ESPN Sports Saturday, a show on corporate sibling ABC similar to that network's classic sports series, Wide World of Sports.

In June 2010, alongside fellow anchor Stuart Scott, Storm provided pregame coverage for the 2010 NBA Finals between the Boston Celtics and Los Angeles Lakers. She later became host of the NBA Countdown pregame show for the 2010–2011 season, alternating with Stuart Scott, until the 2011–12 NBA season.

When Scott died in 2015, Storm was tasked with announcing the news on SportsCenter. She nearly broke down during the segment. On August 10, 2016, she also announced the death of another colleague, John Saunders, while airing live from Olympics coverage in Rio de Janeiro.

Amazon Prime
In 2018, Storm and Andrea Kremer became the first female duo to call an NFL game, which they did for an Amazon Prime stream of Thursday Night Football.

Personal life
On January 8, 1994, Storm married sportscaster Dan Hicks. The couple have three daughters together. Storm is Catholic.

Storm was born with a large port-wine stain birthmark under her left eye which she talks about publicly in order to raise awareness about the condition. In 2008 Storm created the Hannah Storm Foundation, which raises awareness and provides treatment for children suffering from debilitating and disfiguring vascular birthmarks. She also sits on the boards of the Tribeca Film Festival, Colgate Women's Sports Awards, 21st Century Kids 1st Foundation, and has done extensive work with the March of Dimes, Partnership for a Drug-Free America, Boys and Girls Club, Special Olympics, the Women's Sports Foundation, Vascular Birthmark Institute, University of Notre Dame and the Diocese of Bridgeport. Storm also founded Brainstormin' Productions for the creation of educational and inspirational programming. In May 2011, Storm received "Celebrated Mom" award from LifeWorx, Inc., Chappaqua, New York. This award is given to a mother who inspires others, in spite of career and family challenges.

Notre Dame Inspirations funds a journalism scholarship in her name at her alma mater.

Storm has also contributed extensively to several magazines, including Cosmopolitan, Nick Jr., Family Circle, Child and Notre Dame Magazine.

Accidental burning
On December 11, 2012, Storm sustained second-degree burns to her chest and hands, and first-degree burns to her neck and face resulting from a propane-gas grill accident at her home. Her 15-year-old daughter alerted authorities to the accident. Storm lost her eyebrows, eyelashes and roughly half her hair. After receiving medical care from the Burn Center at Westchester Medical Center in Valhalla, New York, Storm returned to the air January 1, 2013, co-hosting the Rose Parade on ABC while wearing a bandage on her left hand and sporting hair extensions, and returned to SportsCenter on January 13, 2013, to host the Sunday-morning edition with Bob Ley.

Career timeline

 * 1989–1992: CNN Sports Tonight Anchor
 * 1995, 1997, 1999: World Series Host
 * 1997–2002: NBA on NBC Host
 * 1997: WNBA on NBC Play-by-Play
 * 2002–2007: The Early Show Co-Host
 * 2008–present: SportsCenter Anchor
 * 2010–2011: NBA Countdown Host
 * 2018–present: Amazon Prime Video Thursday Night Football, Play-by-Play
 * Hannah Storm Received the "Celebrated Mom" Award from LifeWorx, Inc, Chappaqua, NY in May 2011.

title: Hannah Storm


text:
Talk:Michael Shea (American author)

Untitled
Re: 'American'-> US which User:Rossami did on this page:

It's hard to conceive of any circumstances under which "American writer" or "American filmmaker" or any such construction could be "ambiguous"; i.e., not mean an inhabitant of the United States of America. I'm Canadian, and I think so! American is just the adjective referring to people from the USA in that context. It is 100% pure English phrasing, and 'US writer' or 'US filmaker' sounds weak by contrast.

Were it possible to confuse this with another meaning of 'American' (an inhabitant of South America, a native American Indian) it would NOT be in THIS context where it's clearly referring to the country of origin in the same sense as 'Canadian writer', 'British filmmaker', etc.

Encyclopedias use "American xxx", including the Britannica (http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=84515&tocid=0&query=kate%20chopin&ct= -- "American novelist and short story writer"); Encyclodepia.com: (http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/c/chopin-k1.asp -- "American author..."); The Columbia encyclopedia (http://www.bartleby.com/65/ch/Chopin-K.html -- "American author"), etc. etc.

So I'm reverting those pages.
 * See Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (US vs American). Lots of people disagree. Even if only a few people disagree, why would we deliberately choose the less precise term? But rather than argue about it here, I am only going to insist that you pipe the link. Rossami 16:29, 14 Dec 2003 (UTC)

is he Robert Shea's cousin?
Robert Shea, also called Bob Shea, is also a fantasy author, and co-author of "Illuminatus!" with Robert Anton Wilson. Is he related to Michael Shea? Many claimed he was his cousin. Does someone know more? 93.219.156.236 (talk) 08:15, 14 July 2011 (UTC)

Lovecraft homage, no pastiche
Among other things in one edit yesterday, I cut the parenthetical remark and punctuation (blue) from this paragraph.

(quote) Shea followed up with The Color out of Time (1984), (an homage to H. P. Lovecraft 's " The Colour out of Space " in which Shea only borrows the setting background, not attempting to pastiche Lovecraft's style); and In Yana, the Touch of Undying (1985), about a vain opportunist's search for immortality in a land of fable.

If verifiable, this belongs in the article somehow. (Indeed, such material re Lovecraft and other writers --Smith, Vance, King-- is important for this article to say better and to verify.) Here the expression is unusually clumsy but there may be no hyperbole, so my hasty edit summary is misleading at best.

(I did cut one great hyperbole as summarized --Polyphemus (1987): "in which many of the stories were multiple Hugo Award and Nebula Award finalists"-- but otherwise I re-wrote and down-wrote hyperbole, so to speak. For example I specified two World Fantasy Awards for "multiple" and distinguished those from many awards runners up.) --P64 (talk) 14:07, 5 June 2012 (UTC)

Awards
By reference to the Locus Index |ref name=SFawards-shea| i added two "runners up", 1975 British Fantasy and 1981 Locus, and i marked these two {citation needed}. Now I have deleted the quoted pair. Our linked article seems to cover 2005 BFA and does not mention Shea or Growlimb. HWA's list "... Nominees & Winners" claims to be complete from 1987 and does not mention Shea or Growlimb.
 * 2005 British Fantasy Award (The Growlimb)
 * 2005 Bram Stoker Award nominee, Horror Writers Association (The Growlimb)

... Shea's official website "Bio" provides a list of "Awards" that was previously copied here without specific acknowledgment. For the 2005 honors it provides bad internet links. --P64 (talk) 17:42, 5 June 2012 (UTC)

Editor S. T. Joshi
(quote) "Series editor" is my re-wording based on his biography. I am unsure about the role and whether we ordinarily list it, whatever it is. I think the book is a collection of works all by Shea. Anyway, if it doesn't belong in a bibliography listing, it suggests that Joshi may be a Shea editor who should be mentioned in the biography. --P64 (talk) 17:42, 5 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Copping Squid and Other Mythos Tales (Perilous Press, 2010), series editor S. T. Joshi

Unpublished novels
(quote) Novels by Shea as-yet-unsold include Cannyharme, Momma Durtt and The Plunderers.

I have cut that from the article. Many people have written books and not sold them. If notable this needs explanation and source(s). --P64 (talk) 17:42, 5 June 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Michael Shea (author). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101201074405/http://worldfantasy.org/awards/awardslist.html to http://www.worldfantasy.org/awards/awardslist.html/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 04:04, 10 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Michael Shea (author). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140311102046/http://www.locusmag.com/News/2014/03/michael-shea-1946-2014 to http://www.locusmag.com/News/2014/03/michael-shea-1946-2014
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120606151507/http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/NomLit118.html to http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/NomLit118.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:56, 22 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Michael Shea (American author)


text:
Talk:John Crowley (author)

Untitled
Re: 'American'-> US which User:Rossami did on this page:

It's hard to conceive of any circumstances under which "American writer" or "American filmmaker" or any such construction could be "ambiguous"; i.e., not mean an inhabitant of the United States of America. I'm Canadian, and I think so! American is just the adjective referring to people from the USA in that context. It is 100% pure English phrasing, and 'US writer' or 'US filmaker' sounds weak by contrast.

Were it possible to confuse this with another meaning of 'American' (an inhabitant of South America, a native American Indian) it would NOT be in THIS context where it's clearly referring to the country of origin in the same sense as 'Canadian writer', 'British filmmaker', etc.

Encyclopedias use "American xxx", including the Britannica (http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=84515&tocid=0&query=kate%20chopin&ct= -- "American novelist and short story writer"); Encyclodepia.com: (http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/c/chopin-k1.asp -- "American author..."); The Columbia encyclopedia (http://www.bartleby.com/65/ch/Chopin-K.html -- "American author"), etc. etc.

So I'm reverting this page.
 * See Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (US vs American). Lots of people disagree. But even if only a few people disagree, why would we deliberately choose the less precise term? Rather than argue about it here, I am only going to insist that you pipe the link. Rossami 16:45, 14 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Awards
I can't let this go a decade without any "Talk"!

My last edit may look more substantial than it is (view history) because I introduced references to the one list John Crowley in the Locus Index to SF Awards in place of references to about six different annual awards lists at World Without End. At the same time I added one award (the French one) and I tried to make consistent the double-listing/referencing of award "wins". So the one reference appears about fifteen times in sections Awards and Bibliography. Meanwhile it doesn't appear even once in-line the body of the article. I don't endorse the approach but tried to complete it and clean it up (em-dash in place of two hyphens, no bare URLs, etc). --P64 (talk) 18:30, 14 March 2012 (UTC)

Short fiction - Chapbook treatment
I just edited the reference to "Somewhere to Elsewhere" but refrained from other edits because I don't know Wikipedia's style guidelines. It would be nice if someone who does, upon seeing this, would make the appropriate edits.

The issue is Crowley's four chapbooks. Two were issued originally as chapbooks: An Earthly Mother Sits and Sings (DreamHaven) and Conversation Hearts (Subterranean); the former has since been collected (in Novelties & Souvenirs) while the latter has not been collected or anthologised. The other two - Great Work of Time and The Girlhood of Shakespeare's Heroines - originally appeared within larger books (Novelty and Conjunctions:39) but were then reprinted as chapbooks (Bantam and Subterranean); again, the former has been collected again, and repeatedly anthologised, while the latter has not, to my knowledge. The latter pair are not treated similarly, nor, really, are the former two.

Separately, I recently posted to the Usenet newsgroup rec.arts.sf.written a fairly massive treatment of Crowley's fiction, including some possibly new material on his early work. (This is my source for "Somewhere to Elsewhere", which makes my change, technically, original research. Fine with me if you take it out on that ground, so long as the original text, which is simply false, and also unreferenced, isn't restored in its place.)  I am, of course, not going to cite it on the page, but I wanted to point out its existence so others could decide whether to cite it.

66.212.78.220 (talk) 00:22, 5 January 2013 (UTC) Joe Bernstein, not a registered Wikipedian; the page most wholly my work is probably that on the Judiciary Act of 1793.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on John Crowley. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://www.noosfere.com/gpi/1999.php
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101201074405/http://worldfantasy.org/awards/awardslist.html to http://www.worldfantasy.org/awards/awardslist.html/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:30, 24 April 2017 (UTC)

Requested move 14 December 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Move. Consensus, supported by the evidence, is that this is not the primary topic. The dab page will move to the base name. Cúchullain t/ c 15:57, 21 December 2018 (UTC)

– Per WP:NOPRIMARYTOPIC. This article gets 78 daily views, while John Crowley (biotech executive) gets 135 daily views and John Crowley (director) gets 108 daily views. I have no objection to John Crowley (writer) or John Crowley (novelist). 153.205.75.164 (talk) 09:12, 14 December 2018 (UTC)
 * John Crowley → John Crowley (author)
 * John Crowley (disambiguation) → John Crowley
 * Support Per nom, clearly not the primary topic and views [|John_Crowley_(biotech_executive)|John_Crowley_(director)|John_Crowley_(politician)|John_Crowley_(bishop)|John_Crowley_(baseball)|John_Crowley_(disambiguation)] show than many users are going onto the DAB page, indicating that a significant of searches are landing on the wrong place. Many DAB pages only get around 2% of the views of the primary topic [|London_(disambiguation)|Manchester|Manchester_(disambiguation)|Colchester|Colchester_(disambiguation)|Lewis|Lewis_(disambiguation)|Glasgow|Glasgow_(disambiguation)], this one is higher, but not enormous, however the fact that 2 of the articles get more views than the current PT indicates that the current situation is incorrect.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 14:02, 14 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Support Since there are a few challengers for "John Crowley". desmay (talk) 18:00, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Oppose The two instances of Johnny Crowley (while they are harmless, even useful, on the disambiguation page) do not actually contest this title. I came here through the disambiguation page myself - although I wanted this John Crowley, the only one I've heard of. We should not be mechanical - or tied to spurts of enthusiasm caused by news stories. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 23:33, 20 December 2018 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:John Crowley (author)


text:
Talk:Terry Zwigoff

Untitled
Re: 'American'-> US which User:Rossami did on this page:

It's hard to conceive of any circumstances under which "American writer" or "American filmmaker" or any such construction could be "ambiguous"; i.e., not mean an inhabitant of the United States of America. I'm Canadian, and I think so! American is just the adjective referring to people from the USA in that context. It is 100% pure English phrasing, and 'US writer' or 'US filmaker' sounds weak by contrast.

Were it possible to confuse this with another meaning of 'American' (an inhabitant of South America, a native American Indian) it would NOT be in THIS context where it's clearly referring to the country of origin in the same sense as 'Canadian writer', 'British filmmaker', etc.

Encyclopedias use "American xxx", including the Britannica (http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=84515&tocid=0&query=kate%20chopin&ct= -- "American novelist and short story writer"); Encyclodepia.com: (http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/c/chopin-k1.asp -- "American author..."); The Columbia encyclopedia (http://www.bartleby.com/65/ch/Chopin-K.html -- "American author"), etc. etc.

So I'm reverting this pages.
 * See Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (US vs American). Lots of people disagree. But even if only a few people disagree, why would we deliberately choose the less precise term? Rather than argue about it here, I am only going to insist that you pipe the link. Rossami 16:31, 14 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Pseudonym?
In the last pages of Ice Haven, a character calls the name "Terry Zwigoff" an "obvious pseudonym." Is this true? --JohnnyLurg (talk) 00:10, 11 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Probably. It's a pun on 'Tear his wig off'. --RabbitFromMars (talk) 14:12, 27 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Terry Zwigoff


text:
Talk:Russell Hoban

Comment
Re: 'American'-> US which User:Rossami did on this page:
 * [.... Removed unsigned violation of WP:BLP (on sight). ---NYScholar (talk) 03:31, 23 March 2009 (UTC)]

It's hard to conceive of any circumstances under which "American writer" or "American filmmaker" or any such construction could be "ambiguous"; i.e., not mean an inhabitant of the United States of America. I'm Canadian, and I think so! American is just the adjective referring to people from the USA in that context. It is 100% pure English phrasing, and 'US writer' or 'US filmaker' sounds weak by contrast.

Were it possible to confuse this with another meaning of 'American' (an inhabitant of South America, a native American Indian) it would NOT be in THIS context where it's clearly referring to the country of origin in the same sense as 'Canadian writer', 'British filmmaker', etc.

Encyclopedias use "American xxx", including the Britannica (http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=84515&tocid=0&query=kate%20chopin&ct= -- "American novelist and short story writer"); Encyclodepia.com: (http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/c/chopin-k1.asp -- "American author..."); The Columbia encyclopedia (http://www.bartleby.com/65/ch/Chopin-K.html -- "American author"), etc. etc.
 * See Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (US vs American). Lots of people disagree. But even if only a few people disagree, why would we deliberately choose the less precise term? Rather than argue about it here, I am only going to insist that you pipe the link. Rossami 16:31, 14 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Cremation
I've removed the statement about the date and place of Hoban's cremation, because I can't find a usable source for that information. It was originally added by User:Thoughtcat, with a reference to a blog post which I happen to know is accurate since I was there, but of course that wouldn't be considered a reliable source for WP purposes-- and in any case Thoughtcat later removed the blog link, apparently (per edit history) after being asked to do so in personal communication from "a mourner". The only other sources I could find were 1. this page on russellhoban.org, which is a fan site that was granted official status by Hoban's family, but it doesn't have a citation for that information either so I'm not sure it is really usable for this, and 2. findagrave.com, which seems to be crowdsourced and not necessarily reliable. ←Hob 20:25, 19 March 2017 (UTC)

 * Perhaps I should have started by saying that I'm not sure that information was necessarily super-relevant for a Wikipedia article anyway. ←Hob 07:40, 20 March 2017 (UTC)

 * I agree, there was no reason to have it. —Mark Dominus (talk) 10:07, 20 March 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Russell Hoban. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121016201503/http://locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/NomLit61.html to http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/NomLit61.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060221090317/http://enjoyment.independent.co.uk/books/features/article340500.ece to http://enjoyment.independent.co.uk/books/features/article340500.ece
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090908205322/http://www.untitledbooks.com/features/interviews/russell-hoban/ to http://www.untitledbooks.com/features/interviews/russell-hoban/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100203115442/http://www.davidhigham.co.uk/clients/Russell_Hoban.htm to http://www.davidhigham.co.uk/clients/Russell_Hoban.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:57, 22 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Russell Hoban


text:
Neminem captivabimus

Neminem captivabimus is a legal term in Polish and Lithuanian historical law that was short for neminem captivabimus nisi iure victum (Latin, "We shall not arrest anyone without a court verdict").

In the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, it was one of the szlachta's privileges, stating that the king could neither punish nor imprison any member of the szlachta without a viable court verdict. Its purpose was to release someone who had been arrested unlawfully. Neminem captivabimus had nothing to do with whether the prisoner is guilty but only with whether due process had been observed.

It was introduced by King Władysław Jagiełło in the Acts of Jedlnia (1430) and Kraków (1433) and remained in use until the Partitions of Poland (1772–1795). The same acts guaranteed that he would not confiscate any szlachta property without a court verdict.

The Four-Year Sejm (1791) decided that the privilege be granted to inhabitants of royal cities who owned real property there and to the Polish Jews.

title: Neminem captivabimus


text:
Brook

Brook may refer to:

Computing

 * Brook, a programming language for GPU programming based on C
 * Brook+, an explicit data-parallel C compiler
 * BrookGPU, a framework for GPGPU programming

People

 * Brook (surname)
 * People with the given name Brook, or nickname
 * Brook Benton (1931–1988), American singer and songwriter
 * Brook Hannah (1874–1961), Australian rules footballer and missionary
 * Brook Mahealani Lee (born 1971), former Miss USA and Miss Universe (1997) from Hawaii, U.S.
 * Brook Lopez, American basketball player
 * Brook Taylor (1685–1731), English mathematician of Taylor series fame
 * Brook, a persona of Mary J. Blige
 * Brook, a fictional character in the manga and anime One Piece

Places

 * Brook (hydrology), a small river or natural stream of fresh water
 * Brook, Indiana, United States
 * Brook, Isle of Wight, England
 * Brook, Kent, England
 * Brook, Surrey, England
 * Brook, Guildford, a hamlet in the parish of Albury, Surrey, England
 * Brook Islands National Park, Australia
 * Brook House Immigration Removal Centre, a detention centre near Gatwick Airport, England

Other uses

 * Brook (One Piece), a fictional skeleton from the anime and manga One Piece
 * Brook Advisory Centres, a British contraceptive services organisation

title: Brook


text:
Lloydminster

Lloydminster is a city in Canada which has the unusual geographic distinction of straddling the provincial border between Alberta and Saskatchewan. The city is incorporated by both provinces as a single city with a single municipal administration.

Located in the heart of Treaty 6, Lloydminster is the traditional homeland of the Plains Cree, Wood Cree, Dene, Saulteaux and homeland of the Métis.

History

Intended to be an exclusively British utopian settlement centred on the idea of sobriety, Lloydminster was founded in 1903 by the Barr Colonists, who came directly from the United Kingdom. At a time when the area was still part of the North-West Territories, the town was located astride the Fourth Meridian of the Dominion Land Survey. This meridian was intended to coincide with the 110° west longitude, although the imperfect surveying methods of the time led to the surveyed meridian being placed a few hundred metres (yards) west of this longitude.

The town was named for George Lloyd, an Anglican priest who would become Bishop of Saskatchewan in 1922. Lloyd was a strong opponent of non-British immigration to Canada. During a nearly disastrous immigration journey, which was badly planned and conducted, he distinguished himself with the colonists and replaced the Barr Colony's leader and namesake Isaac Montgomery Barr during the colonists' journey to the eventual townsite.

The town developed rapidly: by 1904, there was a telegraph office as well as a log church; in 1905, the Lloydminster Daily Times started publication and the first train arrived on July 28. Its main north–south street, today named Meridian Avenue (or 50th Avenue), along which stores, businesses and the post office began locating, was situated right on the Fourth Meridian, although the actual road right-of-way was located in Saskatchewan. To comply with temperance principles, alcohol was not available in Lloydminster for the first few years after its founding.

While provincehood of some sort for the prairie territories was seen as inevitable by 1903, it had been widely expected by some, including North-West Territories premier Frederick W. A. G. Haultain, that only one province would eventually be created instead of two. The colonists were not aware of the federal government's deep-rooted opposition to the creation of a single province, largely due to the power such a province would hold rivalling the east, nor plans for a provincial boundary along the Fourth Meridian (110° W).

When the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan were created in 1905, the Fourth Meridian was selected as the border, bisecting the town right along its main street. Lloydminster residents petitioned for the new border to be revised so as to encompass the entire town within Saskatchewan, without success. Lloydminster functioned as two towns with separate municipal administrations until the provincial governments agreed in 1930 to amalgamate the towns into a single town under shared jurisdiction. The provinces, again jointly, reincorporated Lloydminster as a city in 1958.

Commemorating Lloydminster's distinctive bi-provincial status, a monument consisting of four 100-foot survey markers was erected in 1994 near the city's downtown core.

The majority of Lloydminster's population lived on the Saskatchewan side until recent decades; in the 2011 Canadian Census, nearly two-thirds of the city's population lived on the Alberta side. In 2000, the city hall and municipal offices were moved from Saskatchewan to an Alberta location on Meridian Avenue, also known as 50th Avenue, which runs along the Fourth Meridian.

Despite its bi-provincial status, Lloydminster was not exempted from anti-smoking legislation passed by the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan. Citizens responded by initiating a referendum against the wishes of the mayor, as permitted in the charter, which resulted in the enactment of a citywide anti-smoking bylaw. The matter became moot when Alberta enacted its own anti-smoking legislation, which was the solution that the mayor and council preferred.

Geography
The provincial border runs north to south, falling directly on 50th Avenue (Meridian Avenue) in the centre of Lloydminster. Meridian Avenue north of the Yellowhead Highway (also named 44th Street) remains the main downtown street for stores, offices and businesses, with some also located on the intersecting east–west streets. Addresses east of 50th Avenue are considered to be in Lloydminster, Saskatchewan and addresses west of 50th Avenue are considered to be in Lloydminster, Alberta. The city is bordered by the County of Vermilion River, Alberta, on the west, the Rural Municipality (R.M.) of Britannia No. 502, Saskatchewan, on the northeast and the R.M. of Wilton No. 472, Saskatchewan, on the southeast. The majority of the large retail properties serving the city, including larger stores, gas stations and hotels, are located in its Alberta portion, in particular along the Yellowhead Highway west of Meridian Avenue and along the Alberta side of 50th Avenue south of the Yellowhead Highway.

Lloydminster's distinctive situation is reflected in other legal matters, including its time zone. Most of Saskatchewan does not observe daylight saving time, instead staying on Central Standard Time year-round. However, Alberta mandates daylight saving time. Lloydminster's charter allows the city to follow Alberta's use of daylight saving time on both sides of the provincial border in order to keep all clocks within the city in synchronisation. This has the effect of placing Lloydminster and the surrounding area in the Mountain Time Zone along with Alberta. During the summer therefore, the entire city is on UTC−06:00—Mountain Daylight Time, which is the same as the rest of Saskatchewan where the time is defined as Central Standard Time. During the winter, Lloydminster is on Mountain Standard Time with the rest of Alberta, which is UTC−07:00, and is therefore one hour behind the time in the rest of Saskatchewan.

The provincial line divides the city in two aspects related to communications. Telephones on the Saskatchewan side are assigned to area codes 306 and 639, the two area codes assigned to that province, while land lines on the Alberta side have numbers in the 780 and 587 area codes, the two area codes assigned to northern Alberta. Similarly, Saskatchewan addresses have a postal code with a forward sortation area designation (first three characters) of "S9V", and addresses in Alberta have postal codes beginning with "T9V". All postal codes in Canada beginning with the letter "S" are assigned to Saskatchewan, and those beginning with "T" belong to Alberta.

Climate
Lloydminster experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb), which approaches a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc) due to May and September being only marginally above 10 C. Winters are long, cold and dry, while summers are short, warm and moderately wet. Year-round precipitation is fairly low, with an average of 408 mm, whilst the dry winters restrict snowfall to 98 cm.

The highest temperature ever recorded in Lloydminster was 38.1 C on 12 July 2002. The coldest temperature ever recorded was -50.0 C on 13 January 1911.

Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Alberta portion of the City of Lloydminster had a population of 19,739 living in 7,636 of its 8,530 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 19,645. With a land area of 23.98 km2, it had a population density of in 2021. The Saskatchewan portion of Lloydminster had a population of 11,843 living in 4,443 of its 5,002 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of 11,765. With a land area of 18.06 km2, it had a population density of in 2016. Overall, the entire City of Lloydminster had a population of $$ living in $$ of its $$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $$. With a land area of undefined km2, it had a population density of in 2016.

In the 2016 Census of Population, the Alberta portion of the City of Lloydminster had a population of 19,645 living in 7,444 of its 8,444 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2011 population of 18,032. With a land area of 24.04 km2, it had a population density of in 2016. Meanwhile, the Saskatchewan portion of Lloydminster had a population of 11,765 living in 4,392 of its 4,909 total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2011 population of 9,772. With a land area of 18.28 km2, it had a population density of in 2016. Overall, the entire City of Lloydminster had a population of 31,410 living in 11,836 of its 13,353 total private dwellings in the 2016 Census of Population, a change of NaN% from its 2011 population of 27,804. With a land area of undefined km2, it had a population density of in 2016.

The City of Lloydminster's 2015 municipal census counted a population of 31,377, a change of −0.3% from its 2013 municipal census population of 31,483. Of the 31,377 residents, 19,740 (63%) lived on the Alberta side and 11,637 (37%) lived on the Saskatchewan side.

There are substantial demographic differences between the populations on each side of the border, with the population on the Saskatchewan side being substantially younger; the median age on the Saskatchewan side is 26.6, nearly seven years less than the median age of 33.2 on the Alberta side. Even when combining the median ages for both sides of the city, Lloydminster has the youngest median age in all of Canada. Also, the specific age group of 20–24 is much more concentrated on the Saskatchewan side. The two sides of the city have virtually identical numbers of people in that age group (1,220 in Saskatchewan, 1,230 in Alberta ) even though the total population on the Alberta side is nearly twice that of the Saskatchewan side. This situation has been attributed in part to differential car insurance rates for drivers; because Saskatchewan has a public auto insurance system while Alberta relies on conventional private insurance, young drivers with the highest insurance rates can save thousands of dollars by living in Saskatchewan rather than Alberta.

The census agglomeration of Lloydminster includes both parts of the city, as well as the rural municipality of Wilton No. 472, the town of Lashburn, and the village of Marshall, Saskatchewan.

Language
About 94% of residents identified English as their first language. More than 1.4% of the population identified French as their first language, while 0.8% identified German, 0.7% identified Ukrainian, and 0.5% identified Cree as their first language learned. The next most common languages were Chinese and Spanish at about 0.3% each.

Ethnicity
More than 8% of residents identified themselves as aboriginal at the time of the 2006 census.

Religion
More than 78% of residents identified as Christian at the time of the 2001 census, while over 18% indicated that they had no religious affiliation. For specific denominations Statistics Canada found that 31% of residents identified as Roman Catholic, and 44% Protestants of which, 18% identified with the United Church of Canada, more than 7% identified as Anglican, about 5% identified as Lutheran, almost 3% identified as Pentecostal, about 2% identified as Baptists, and just over 1% of the population identified as Eastern Orthodox.

Economy

The local economy is driven primarily by the petroleum industry. Agriculture remains an important economic activity. The Husky Lloydminster Refinery is also located in the community. An issue in business is the sales tax. The only sales tax applicable in Alberta is the federal Goods and Services Tax (GST). Saskatchewan has, in addition to GST, a provincial sales tax (PST). To ensure that business will not float away from the Saskatchewan side in favour of lower prices in Alberta, PST does not apply in the Saskatchewan side of the city with the exception of hotels, vehicle registration and utility services.

Government
Lloydminster is governed by a seven-member city council, consisting of a mayor and six city councillors. The city follows the Saskatchewan schedule when voting in municipal elections.

Residents on the Alberta side are in the electoral district of Lakeland for elections to the federal House of Commons, and Vermilion-Lloydminster-Wainwright for elections to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta. Residents in Saskatchewan are in Battlefords—Lloydminster federally, and Lloydminster for the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan.

Taxation
Lloydminster's bi-provincial status has resulted in special provisions regarding provincial taxation within the city limits. The Saskatchewan side of the city is exempt from that province's sales tax, preventing businesses located there from being placed at a disadvantage relative to businesses in Alberta, which has no provincial sales tax. There is no exemption for provincial income tax, which is based solely on the taxpayer's province of residence. Other differences surrounding interprovincial costs are reflected within the treatment of automobile insurance, and housing taxes. For example, a driver under age 25 who lives on the Alberta side will pay approximately 2-3 times the average amount required of a Saskatchewan driver of the same age.

Health care
Lloydminster relies on health care resources from both Alberta Health Services and the Saskatchewan Health Authority. The Lloydminster Hospital was constructed in 1987 on the Saskatchewan side of the border.

In 2013, an independent report found that Lloydminster was underserved by health care services in comparison to similar catchment areas in Alberta. In 2007, Lloydminster was deemed to have outgrown the capacity of its hospital; calls for more operating rooms, acute care beds, and a dedicated MRI unit did not come to fruition, resulting in patients sometimes having to travel to larger cities such as Saskatoon for operations. Due to health data privacy laws in both provinces, the Lloydminster Hospital does not have direct access to AHS patient records, which have led to Alberta-based patients sometimes bringing their own paper records or receiving diagnostic tests a second time.

The city's contracts with WPD to provide ambulance service in Lloydminster have faced criticism over unsatisfactory performance, with some patients having had to wait up to 40 minutes for help to arrive; in August 2021, AHS pulled out of the contract and signed with a different provider, but WPD invoked an arbitration clause in Saskatchewan law that has prevented the SHA from immediately exiting the contract.

Transportation
The city is served by Lloydminster Airport. The Yellowhead Highway, (Alberta Highway 16 and Saskatchewan Highway 16) passes through the city from west to east, and Highway 17 (which is considered part of both Alberta's and Saskatchewan's highway system and is maintained by both provinces) travels along the provincial border from south to north. There is no local public transport serving the city.

Education
Elementary and secondary schools on both sides of the border all use Saskatchewan's curriculum. Lloydminster provides public and catholic education up to grade 12 as well as post-secondary education through Lakeland College, offering one and two year certificate and diploma programs.

Media

 * Newspapers
 * Lloydminster Meridian Booster, serves Lloydminster and area, circulating to 15,000 homes. Published Monday, Wednesday and Friday each week.
 * Lloydminster Source is a free weekly newspaper, distributed each Tuesday and Thursday.

 * Radio

Lloydminster is served by two broadcast television stations, operated as part of a twinstick operation owned by Newcap Radio:
 * Television

Notable people

 * Ron Adam – Canadian Football League (CFL) defensive back
 * Colby Armstrong – National Hockey League (NHL) forward
 * Calvin Ayre – founder of the online gambling company Bodog
 * Garnet "Ace" Bailey – NHL forward and scout, died on United Airlines Flight 175
 * Leon Benoit – Canadian politician
 * Samuel Delbert Clark – sociologist
 * Joan Crockatt – Canadian politician, journalist
 * Cory Cross – NHL defenceman
 * David Dziurzynski – NHL forward
 * Rosemarie Falk – Canadian politician
 * Scott Hartnell – NHL forward
 * Braden Holtby – NHL goaltender
 * Skip Krake – NHL forward who now lives in Lloydminster
 * Clarke MacArthur – NHL forward
 * Lucella MacLean – AAGPBL utility
 * James Hanna McCormick – Northern Irish politician
 * Keith Morrison – journalist, newscaster
 * Wade Redden – NHL defenceman
 * Richard Starke – Canadian politician
 * James Till – biophysicist who helped demonstrate the existence of stem cells
 * Lance Ward – NHL defenceman
 * Tyler Weiman – NHL goaltender
 * Colleen Young – Saskatchewan politician
 * Tanner Novlan – actor

title: Lloydminster


text:
Mesa

A mesa is an isolated, flat-topped elevation, ridge or hill, which is bounded from all sides by steep escarpments and stands distinctly above a surrounding plain. Mesas characteristically consist of flat-lying soft sedimentary rocks capped by a more resistant layer or layers of harder rock, e.g. shales overlain by sandstones. The resistant layer acts as a caprock that forms the flat summit of a mesa. The caprock can consist of either sedimentary rocks such as sandstone and limestone; dissected lava flows; or a deeply eroded duricrust. Unlike plateau, whose usage does not imply horizontal layers of bedrock, e.g. Tibetan Plateau, the term mesa applies exclusively to the landforms built of flat-lying strata. Instead, flat-topped plateaus are specifically known as tablelands.

Names, definition and etymology
As noted by geologist Kirk Bryan in 1922, mesas "...stand distinctly above the surrounding country, as a table stands above the floor upon which it rests". It is from this appearance that the term mesa was adopted from the Spanish word mesa, meaning "table".

A mesa is similar to, but has a more extensive summit area than a butte. There is no agreed size limit that separates mesas from either buttes or plateaus. For example, the flat-topped mountains which are known as mesas in the Cockburn Range of North Western Australia have areas as large as 350 km2. In contrast, flat topped hills with areas as small as 0.1 km2 in the Elbe Sandstone Mountains, Germany, are described as mesas.

Less strictly, a very broad, flat-topped, usually isolated hill or mountain of moderate height bounded on at least one side by a steep cliff or slope and representing an erosion remnant also have been called mesas.

In the English-language geomorphic and geologic literature, other terms for mesa have also been used. For example, in the Roraima region of Venezuela, the traditional name, tepui, from the local Pomón language, and the term table mountains have been used to describe local flat-topped mountains. Similar landforms in Australia are known as tablehills, table-top hills, tent hills, or jump ups (jump-ups). The German term Tafelberg has also been used in the English scientific literature in the past.

Formation
Mesas form by weathering and erosion of horizontally layered rocks that have been uplifted by tectonic activity. Variations in the ability of different types of rock to resist weathering and erosion cause the weaker types of rocks to be eroded away, leaving the more resistant types of rocks topographically higher than their surroundings. This process is called differential erosion. The most resistant rock types include sandstone, conglomerate, quartzite, basalt, chert, limestone, lava flows and sills. Lava flows and sills, in particular, are very resistant to weathering and erosion, and often form the flat top, or caprock, of a mesa. The less resistant rock layers are mainly made up of shale, a softer rock that weathers and erodes more easily.

The differences in strength of various rock layers are what give mesas their distinctive shape. Less resistant rocks are eroded away on the surface into valleys, where they collect water drainage from the surrounding area, while the more resistant layers are left standing out. A large area of very resistant rock, such as a sill, may shield the layers below it from erosion while the softer rock surrounding it is eroded into valleys, thus forming a caprock.

Differences in rock type also reflect on the sides of a mesa, as instead of smooth slopes, the sides are broken into a staircase pattern called "cliff-and-bench topography". The more resistant layers form the cliffs, or stairsteps, while the less resistant layers form gentle slopes, or benches, between the cliffs. Cliffs retreat and are eventually cut off from the main cliff, or plateau, by basal sapping. When the cliff edge does not retreat uniformly but instead is indented by headward eroding streams, a section can be cut off from the main cliff, forming a mesa.

Basal sapping occurs as water flowing around the rock layers of the mesa erodes the underlying soft shale layers, either as surface runoff from the mesa top or from groundwater moving through permeable overlying layers, which leads to slumping and flowage of the shale. As the underlying shale erodes away, it can no longer support the overlying cliff layers, which collapse and retreat. When the caprock has caved away to the point where only little remains, it is known as a butte.

Australia

 * Cockburn Range, Western Australia
 * Mount Conner, Northern Territory

Czech Republic

 * Děčínský Sněžník

France

 * Mont Aiguille, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes

Germany

 * Königstein, Saxony
 * Lilienstein, Saxony
 * Papststein, Saxony
 * Pfaffenstein, Saxony
 * Quirl, Saxony

India

 * Several near Owk mandal, Andhra Pradesh

Iraq

 * Amadiya, Kurdistan Region

Ireland

 * Kings Mountain, County Sligo
 * Knocknarea, County Sligo
 * Knocknashee, County Sligo

Israel

 * Masada, Southern District
 * Har Qatum

Italy

 * Monte Santo, Sardinia

England

 * Castle Folds, Cumbria
 * Cross Fell, Cumbria
 * Goldsborough Carr, County Durham
 * Higger Tor, South Yorkshire
 * Ingleborough, North Yorkshire
 * Pen-y-ghent, North Yorkshire
 * Shacklesborough, County Durham

Scotland

 * Healabhal Mhòr, Isle of Skye

United States
Many but not all American mesas lie within the Basin and Range Province.

Arizona

 * Anderson Mesa
 * Black Mesa
 * Black Mesa
 * Black Mesa
 * Black Mountain
 * Cummings Mesa
 * First Mesa
 * Horseshoe Mesa
 * Indian Mesa
 * Second Mesa

Arkansas

 * Mount Magazine

California

 * Redonda Mesa

Colorado

 * Battlement Mesa
 * Grand Mesa - largest flat-topped mountain in the world.
 * Green Mountain
 * Log Hill Mesa
 * North Table Mountain
 * Raton Mesa

Nevada

 * Mormon Mesa
 * Pahute Mesa

Oklahoma

 * Black Mesa
 * Mesa de Maya

Texas

 * Floating Mesa
 * Llano Estacado

Utah

 * Checkerboard Mesa
 * Crazy Quilt Mesa
 * Hurricane Mesa
 * Sams Mesa
 * Smith Mesa
 * South Caineville Mesa
 * Thompson Mesa
 * Wildcat Mesa
 * Wingate Mesa

Wisconsin

 * Gibraltar Rock
 * Grandad Bluff
 * Mile Bluff
 * Quincy Bluff
 * Rattlesnake Mound

On Mars

A transitional zone on Mars, known as fretted terrain, lies between highly cratered highlands and less cratered lowlands. The younger lowland exhibits steep walled mesas and knobs. The mesa and knobs are separated by flat lying lowlands. They are thought to form from ice-facilitated mass wasting processes from ground or atmospheric sources. The mesas and knobs decrease in size with increasing distance from the highland escarpment. The relief of the mesas range from nearly 2 km to 100 m depending on the distance they are from the escarpment.

title: Mesa