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List of presidents of the Government of Catalonia

The list of presidents of the Government of Catalonia compiles the official list of presidents of the Generalitat de Catalunya since its inception in 1359 to present time. It has been the traditional way of listing presidents, starting with Berenguer de Cruïlles. The most recent stable version of the list dates from 2003, by Josep M. Solé i Sabaté in his work Historia de la Generalitat de Catalunya i dels seus presidents. The procedure to set up this list is the following: for the period of the medieval Generalitat (Deputation of the General), the president was the most eminent ecclesiastic deputy of the Deputation of the General of Catalonia (popularly known as Generalitat), a body of the Catalan Courts dissolved in 1716 and reinstated for two years in 1874. From April 1931 on, the list includes the elected presidents as well as the proclaimed exiled presidents during the Francoist dictatorship. The functions of the President of the Government of Catalonia have varied considerably over history, in parallel with the attributions of the Generalitat itself.

Fourteenth century
Here follows a list of representatives of Catalan institutions through the ages. The Presidents as such first appeared with the modern Generalitat in the 20th century.

 * 1) Berenguer de Cruïlles, Bishop of Girona (1359–1366)
 * 2) Romeu Sescomes, Bishop of Lleida (1363–1364)
 * 3) Ramon Gener (1364–1365)
 * 4) Bernat Vallès, canon of Barcelona (1365–1367)
 * Romeu Sescomes, Bishop of Lleida (1375–1376)
 * 1) Joan I d'Empúries (1376)
 * 2) Guillem de Guimerà i d'Abella, Grand Prior of the Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem (1376–1377)
 * 3) Galceren de Besora i de Cartellà, almoner of Ripoll (1377–1378)
 * Ramon Gener (1379–1380)
 * 1) Felip d'Anglesola, canon of Tarragona (1380)
 * 2) Pere de Santamans, canon of Tortosa (1381–1383)
 * 3) Arnau Descolomer, cleric from Girona (1384–1389)
 * 4) Miquel de Santjoan, canon of Girona (1389–1396)
 * 5) Alfons de Tous, canon of Barcelona (1396–1413)

Fifteenth century
1. Alfons de Tous, canon of Barcelona (1396–1413)

2. Marc de Vilalba, Abbot of Montserrat (1413–1416)

3. Andreu Bertran, Bishop of Barcelona (1416–1419)

4. Joan Desgarrigues, Commendatory abbot of Masdéu (1419–1422)

5. Dalmau de Cartellà, Abbot of Ripoll (1422–1425)

6. Felip de Malla, canon of Barcelona (1425–1428)

7. Domènec Ram, Bishop of Lleida (1428–1431)
 * Marc de Vilalba, Abbot of Montserrat (1431–1434)

8. Pere de Palou, canon of Barcelona (1434–1437)

9. Pere de Darnius, chief sacristan of Girona (1437–1440)

10. Antoni d'Avinyó i de Moles, Abbot of Montserrat (1440–1443)

11. Jaume de Cardona i de Gandia, canon of Barcelona (1443–1446)

12. Pero Ximénez de Urrea, Archbishop of Tarragona (1446–1449)

13. Bertran Samasó, Abbot of Ripoll (1449–1452)

14. Bernat Guillem Samasó, Abbot of Àger (1452–1455)

15. Nicolau Pujades, archdeacon of Barcelona (1455–1458)

16. Antoni-Pere Ferrer, Abbot of Montserrat (1458–1461)

17. Manuel de Montsuar, canon of Lleida (1461–1464)

18. Francesc Colom, archdeacon of the Vallès (1464–1467)

19. Ponç Andreu de Vilar, Abbot of Ripoll (1467–1470)

20. Miquel Samsó, Abbot of Breda (1470–1473)

21. Joan Maurici de Ribes, Abbot of Santa Maria de la Real of Perpignan (Perpinyà) (1473–1476)

22. Miquel Delgado, Abbot of Poblet (1476–1478)

23. Pere Joan Llobera, sacristan of Sant Joan de les Abadesses (1478–1479)

24. Berenguer de Sos, deacon of Barcelona (1479–1482)

25. Pere de Cardona, Bishop of Urgell (1482–1485)
 * Ponç Andreu de Vilar, Abbot of Ripoll (1485–1488)

26. Juan Payo Coello, Abbot of Poblet (1488–1491)

27. Joan de Peralta, Abbot of Montserrat (1491–1494)

28. Francí Vicenç, prior of Tarragona (1494–1497)

29. Pedro de Mendoza, Abbot of Santes Creus (1497–1500)

Sixteenth century
1. Alfons d'Aragó, Bishop of Tortosa (1500–1503)

2. Ferrer Nicolau de Gualbes i Desvalls, canon of Barcelona (1503–1504)

3. Gonzalo Fernández de Heredia, Archbishop of Tarragona (1504–1506)

4. Lluís Desplà i d'Oms, canon of Barcelona (1506–1509)

5. Jordi Sanç, provost (paborde) of Valencia (1509–1512)

6. Joan d'Aragó, castellan of Amposta (1512–1514)

7. Jaume Fiella (1514–1515)

8. Esteve de Garret, archdeacon of Tortosa (1515–1518)

9. Bernat de Corbera, archdeacon of Tarragona (1518–1521)

10. Joan Margarit i de Requesens, archdeacon of Girona (1521–1524)

11. Lluís de Cardona i Enríquez, Abbot of Solsona (1524–1527)

12. Francesc de Solsona, canon of Lleida (1527–1530)

13. Francesc Oliver i de Boteller, canon of Tortosa (1530–1533)

14. Dionís de Carcassona, canon of Lleida (1533–1536)

15. Joan Pasqual, canon of la Seu d'Urgell (1536–1539)

16. Jeroni de Requesens i Roís de Liori (also known as Girolamo Doria), Archbishop of Tarragona (1539–1542)

17. Miquel Puig, Commedatory abbot of Serrateix (1542–1545)

18. Jaume Caçador, canon of Barcelona (1545–1548)

19. Miquel d'Oms i de Sentmenat, canon of Elna (1548–1551)

20. Onofre de Copons i de Vilafranca, cleric (1551–1552)

21. Miquel de Ferrer i de Marimon (1552)

22. Joan de Tormo (1552–1553)

23. Miquel de Tormo (1553–1554)

24. Francesc Jeroni Benet Franc, archdeacon of Barcelona (1554–1557)

25. Pere Àngel Ferrer i Despuig, Abbot of Sant Cugat del Vallès (1557–1559)

26. Ferran de Lloaces i Peres, canon of Elna (1559–1560)
 * Miquel d'Oms i de Sentmenat, canon of Elna (1560–1563)

27. Onofre Gomis (1563–1566)

28. Francesc Giginta, Abbot of Amer (1566–1569)

29. Benet de Tocco (also known as Marco Antoni di Tocco), Bishop of Vic (1569–1572)

30. Jaume Cerveró, canon of Tortosa (1572–1575)

31. Pere Oliver de Boteller i de Riquer, canon of Tortosa (1575–1578)
 * Benet de Tocco (also known as Marco Antoni di Tocco), Bishop of Girona (1578–1581)

32. Rafael d'Oms, archdeacon of Tarragona (1581–1584)

33. Jaume Beuló, canon of Vic (1584)
 * Pere Oliver de Boteller i de Riquer, canon of Tortosa (1584–1587)

34. Martí Joan de Calders (1587)

35. Francesc Oliver de Boteller, Abbot of Poblet (1587–1588)

36. Jaume Caçador i Claret, Bishop of Girona (1590–1593)

37. Miquel d'Agullana, canon of Girona (1593–1596)
 * Francesc Oliver de Boteller, Abbot of Poblet (1596–1598)

38. Francesc Oliveres (1598–1599)

39. Jaume Cordelles i Oms, canon of Barcelona (1599–1602)

Seventeenth century
1. Jaume Cordelles i Oms, canon of Barcelona (1599–1602)

2. Bernat de Cardona i de Queralt, Abbot of Cuixà (1602–1605)

3. Pere Pau Caçador i d'Aguilar-Dusai, canon of Barcelona (1605–1608)

4. Onofre d'Alentorn i de Botella, canon of Lleida (1608–1611)

5. Francesc de Sentjust i de Castre, Abbot of Arles (1611–1614)

6. Ramon d'Olmera i d'Alemany, commander of the Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem (1614–1616)

7. Miquel d'Aimeric (1616–1617)

8. Lluís de Tena, Bishop of Tortosa (1617–1620)

9. Benet Fontanella, Abbot of Besalú (1620–1623)

10. Pere de Magarola i Fontanet, Bishop of Elna (1623–1626)

11. Francesc Morillo, Archdeacon of la Seu d'Urgell (1626–1629)

12. Pere Antoni Serra, Bishop of Lleida (1629–1632)

13. Esteve Salacruz Abbot of Sant Pere de Galligants (1632)

14. García Gil Manrique, Bishop of Girona (1632–1635)

15. Miquel d'Alentorn i de Salbà, Abbot of Amer (1635–1638)

16. Pau Claris i Casademunt, archdeacon of la Seu d'Urgell (1638–1641)

17. Josep Soler (1641)

18. Bernat de Cardona i de Raset, archdeacon of Girona (1641–1644)

19. Gispert d'Amat i Desbosc de Sant Vincenç,Abbot of Sant Pere de Galligants (1644–1647)

20. Andreu Pont, Abbot of Amer (1647–1650)

21. Pau del Rosso, deacon of Barcelona (1650–1654)

22. Francesc Pijoan (1654–1656)

23. Josep Jeroni Besora, deacon of Barcelona (1656–1659)

24. Pau d'Àger, canon of Lleida (1659–1662)

25. Jaume de Copons i de Tamarit, canon of la Seu d'Urgell (1662–1665)

26. Josep de Magarola i de Grau, Abbot of Camprodon (1665–1668)

27. Joan Pagès i Vallgornera, canon (1668–1671)

28. Josep de Camporells i de Sabater, canon of la Seu d'Urgell (1671–1674)

29. Esteve Mercadal i Dou, archdeacon of Vic (1674–1677)

30. Alfonso de Sotomayor, Bishop of Barcelona (1677–1680)

31. Josep Sastre i Prats, Abbot of Sant Pau de Camp (1680–1683)

32. Baltasar de Muntaner i de Sacosta, provost (paborde) of Berga (1683–1686)

33. Antoni de Saiol i de Quarteroni, canon of Barcelona (1686–1689)

34. Benet Ignasi de Salazar, Bishop of Barcelona (1689–1692)

35. Antoni de Planella i de Cruïlles, Abbot of Besalú (1692–1695)

36. Rafael de Pinyana i Galvany, canon of Tortosa (1695–1698)

37. Climent de Solanell i de Foix, almoner of Àger (1698–1701)

Eighteenth century
1. Climent de Solanell i de Foix, almoner of Àger (1698–1701)

2. Josep Antoni Valls i Pandutxo (1701)
 * Antoni de Planella i de Cruïlles, Abbot of Besalu (1701–1704)

3. Francesc de Valls i Freixa (1704–1705)

4. Josep Grau, deacon of Solsona (1705–1707)

5. Manuel de Copons i d'Esquerrer, of Santa Maria de Banyoles (1707–1710)

6. Francesc Antoni de Solanell i de Montella, Abbot of Sant Pere de Galligants (1710–1713)

7. Josep de Vilamala, sacristan of Sant Esteve de Banyoles (1713–1716)

Second Republic and exile (1931–1977)

 * Governments:

Restored autonomy (1977–present)

 * Governments:


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Lewis

Lewis may refer to:

Names

 * Lewis (given name), including a list of people with the given name
 * Lewis (surname), including a list of people with the surname

Music

 * Lewis (musician), Canadian singer
 * "Lewis (Mistreated)", a song by Radiohead from My Iron Lung

Places

 * Lewis (crater), a crater on the far side of the Moon
 * Isle of Lewis, the northern part of Lewis and Harris, Western Isles, Scotland

United States

 * Lewis, Colorado
 * Lewis, Indiana
 * Lewis, Iowa
 * Lewis, Kansas
 * Lewis Wharf, Boston, Massachusetts
 * Lewis, Missouri
 * Lewis, Essex County, New York
 * Lewis, Lewis County, New York
 * Lewis, North Carolina
 * Lewis, Vermont
 * Lewis, Wisconsin

Ships

 * USS Lewis (1861), a sailing ship
 * USS Lewis (DE-535), a destroyer escort in commission from 1944 to 1946

Science

 * Lewis structure, a diagram of a molecule that shows the bonding between the atoms
 * Lewis acids and bases
 * Lewis antigen system, a human blood group system
 * Lewis number, a dimensionless number in fluid dynamics and transport phenomena
 * Lewis rat, an inbred strain of laboratory rat

Television

 * Lewis (TV series), a British television detective series
 * Lewis (The Simpsons), a character in The Simpsons

Other uses

 * Lewis (cat), a cat that was placed under house arrest
 * Lewis (lifting appliance)
 * Lewis (robot), a robotic wedding photographer
 * Lewis (satellite), a failed NASA satellite mission
 * HP Lewis, a CPU in certain Hewlett-Packard programmable calculators
 * Lewis's, a chain of department stores in England and Scotland (1856-1990s), originating in Liverpool
 * Lewis & Co, a firm of organ builders in Brixton, London from 1860 to 1919
 * Lewis University, a private school in Romeoville, Illinois
 * Lewis v. Harris, a New Jersey Supreme Court ruling on same-sex marriage

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lewis


text:
Gerhard von Scharnhorst

Gerhard Johann David von Scharnhorst (12 November 1755 – 28 June 1813) was a Hanoverian-born general in Prussian service from 1801. As the first Chief of the Prussian General Staff, he was noted for his military theories, his reforms of the Prussian army, and his leadership during the Napoleonic Wars. Scharnhorst limited the use of corporal punishments, established promotion for merit, abolished the enrollment of foreigners, began the organization of a reserve army, and organized and simplified the military administration.

Life and career
Born at Bordenau (now a part of Neustadt am Rübenberge, Lower Saxony) near Hanover, into a minor landowning family, Scharnhorst succeeded in educating himself and in securing admission to the military academy of William, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe, at the Wilhelmstein fortress. In 1778 he received a commission into the Hanoverian service. He employed the intervals of regimental duty in further self-education and literary work. In 1783 he transferred to the artillery and received an appointment to the new artillery school in Hanover. He had already founded a military journal which, under a series of names, endured until 1805, and in 1788 he designed, and in part published, a Handbook for Officers in the Applied Sections of Military Science (Handbuch für Offiziere in den anwendbaren Teilen der Kriegswissenschaften). He also published in 1792 his Military Handbook for Use in the Field (Militärisches Taschenbuch für den Gebrauch im Felde).

The income he derived from his writings provided Scharnhorst's chief means of support, for he still held the rank of lieutenant, and though the farm of Bordenau produced a small sum annually, he had a wife, Clara Schmalz (a sister of Theodor Schmalz, the first director of Berlin University) and family to maintain.

His first military campaign took place in 1793 in the Netherlands, in which he served with distinction under the Duke of York. In 1794 he took part in the defence of Menen and commemorated the escape of the garrison in his Defence of the Town of Menen (Verteidigung der Stadt Menin, Hanover, 1803), which, apart from his paper on "The Origins of the Good Fortune of the French in the Revolutionary War" (Die Ursachen des Glücks der Franzosen im Revolutionskrieg) remains his best-known work. Shortly thereafter he received promotion to the rank of major and joined the staff of the Hanoverian contingent.

After the Peace of Basel (5 March 1795) Scharnhorst returned to Hanover. He had by now become so well known to the armies of the various allied states that he received invitations from several of them to transfer his services. In January 1797, he turned down an invitation to join the Prussian Army when Hanover offered a promotion to lieutenent colonel and a raise in pay. In 1801 the Prussian offer was made again, at twice his pay from Hanover, and this time Scharnhorst accepted, on the condition that he retain his seniority, was provided with a good pension, and received a patent of nobility. He thus engaged himself to King Frederick William III of Prussia.

The Prussian Military Academy employed him, almost as a matter of course, in important instructional work (Clausewitz was one of his students) and he founded the Berlin Military Society. In the mobilizations and precautionary measures that marked the years 1804 and 1805, and in the war of 1806 that ensued, Scharnhorst served as chief of the general staff (lieutenant-quartermaster) of the Duke of Brunswick, received a slight wound at Auerstedt (14 October 1806) and distinguished himself by his stern resolution during the retreat of the Prussian army. He attached himself to Blücher in the last stages of the disastrous campaign, went into captivity with him at the capitulation of Ratekau (7 November 1806), and, quickly exchanged, had a prominent and almost decisive part in leading L'Estocq's Prussian corps, which served with the Russians. For his services at Eylau (February 1807) he received the highest Prussian military order Pour le Mérite.

It was apparent that Scharnhorst's skills exceeded those of a merely brilliant staff officer. Educated in the traditions of the Seven Years' War, he had by degrees, as his experience widened, divested his mind of antiquated forms of war, and realised that only a "national" army and a policy of fighting decisive battles could give an adequate response to the political and strategic situation brought about by the French Revolution. He was promoted to major-general a few days after the Peace of Tilsit (July 1807), and became the head of a reform commission that included the best of the younger officers, such as Gneisenau, Grolman, and Boyen. Stein himself became a member of the commission and secured Scharnhorst free access to King Frederick William III by securing his appointment as aide-de-camp-general. But Napoleon quickly became suspicious, and Frederick William repeatedly had to suspend or cancel the reforms recommended.

By slow and labored steps, Scharnhorst converted the professional long-service army of Prussia, wrecked at Jena (1806), into a national army based on universal service. Universal service was not secured until his death, but he laid down the principles and prepared the way for its adoption. Enrollments of foreigners were abolished, corporal punishments were limited to flagrant cases of insubordination, promotion for merit was established, and the military administration organized and simplified. The organization of the Landwehr (army reserves) was begun.

In 1809, the war between France and Austria roused premature hopes in the patriots' party, which the conqueror did not fail to note. By direct application to Napoleon, Scharnhorst evaded the decree of 26 September 1810, which required all foreigners to leave the Prussian service forthwith, but when in 1811–1812 France forced Prussia into an alliance against Russia and Prussia despatched an auxiliary army to serve under Napoleon's orders, Scharnhorst left Berlin on unlimited leave of absence. In retirement he wrote and published a work on firearms, Über die Wirkung des Feuergewehrs (1813). But the retreat from Moscow (1812) at last sounded the call to arms for the new national army of Prussia.

Scharnhorst, recalled to the king's headquarters, refused a higher post but became chief of staff to Blücher, in whose vigour, energy, and influence with the young soldiers he had complete confidence. Russian Prince Wittgenstein was so impressed by Scharnhorst that he asked to borrow him temporarily as his chief of staff, and Blücher agreed. In the first battle, Lützen or Gross-Görschen (2 May 1813), Prussia suffered defeat, but a very different defeat from those Napoleon had hitherto customarily inflicted. The French suffered significant casualties and, due in part to a severe shortage of cavalry, failed to follow up, rendering it an incomplete triumph. In this battle, Scharnhorst received a wound in the foot, not in itself grave, but soon made mortal by the fatigues of the retreat to Dresden, and he succumbed to it on 28 June 1813 at Prague, where he had travelled to negotiate with Schwarzenberg and Radetzky for the armed intervention of Austria. Shortly before his death he had received promotion to the rank of lieutenant-general. Frederick William III erected a statue in his memory, by Christian Daniel Rauch, in Berlin. Scharnhorst was buried at the Invalidenfriedhof Cemetery in Berlin.

Legacy
Scharnhorst became the namesake for several objects, places and groups:

 * SMS Scharnhorst, a 1906 German armored cruiser during World War I.
 * Scharnhorst, a 1936 German battleship during World War II and lead ship of the Scharnhorst-class battleship, which also included the Gneisenau.
 * Infantry Division Scharnhorst, a 1945 German infantry division and one of the last new Wehrmacht formations of World War II.
 * Scharnhorst Order, highest military order of the former East German National People's Army (NVA).
 * Scharnhorst (F 213), a 1943 British sloop, initially known as HMS Mermaid, transferred to West Germany in 1959.
 * Many streets in German cities, including Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, and Cologne, among others.

General Hans von Seeckt has been compared to Scharnhorst, mainly for his part in preparing the German Army of the Weimar Republic, which was severely limited by the Treaty of Versailles, for its eventual rearming, adapting secret doctrines, and preparing a General Staff. He has been credited with their unparalleled success in the campaigns of 1939-1940. After the rise of the Nazis in Germany, Field Marshal August von Mackensen compared von Seeckt to Scharnhorst, saying "The old fire burnt still, and the Allied Control had not destroyed any of the lasting elements of German strength." Winston Churchill also subscribed to this theory, believing von Seeckt was vital in the return of Germany to its place in the military world as rapidly as it had.

title: Gerhard von Scharnhorst


text:
Talk:Seventeen Seconds

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Cover
I am sorry to say that posting the album cover here seems to be a copyvio plain and simple. --Daniel C. Boyer 16:04, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * it's not, though.W guice 02:27, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

<^>v!!This album is connected!!v<^>

 * All song titles serve as redirects to this album, have their own pages, or have had disambig links placed at the appropriate article or disambiguation page.--Hraefen Talk 22:12, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

POV
I'm a big Cure fan but this is simply POV:

'The result is an inspired and inspirational record, and a far cry from a typical commercial musical product of the time.'

Also I heard that the master tapes of this album were accidently destroyed. Is that true?

drums on album - not Lol?
Ever since I bought the album years ago I've suspected the drums were all pre-programmed on a Boss DR-220A drum machine (or something with a similar sound); and that the only live "drums" were Lol playing the odd cymbal crash through a wah-wah pedal, or a couple live drum fills in "A Forest". Anyone know if this is true? There certainly seems to be little in the way of real drums on any Cure album from this to Pornography. AllGloryToTheHypnotoad (talk) 19:12, 29 May 2008 (UTC)

 * They certainly sound sequenced. It's been a long time since I read all the cure biographies, but I think I remember that the venerable Mr Smith said once that they were all live, in contrast to Pornography where there are a couple of sequenced tracks. Of course he says lots of things and isn't particularly consistent. Thehalfone (talk) 07:59, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

 * thats lol for you. He was a very old fashioned drummer in his delivery --A Chain of Flowers (talk) 15:47, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

 * In the following Sound on Sound article, producer Mike Hedges describes the type of mics used to give the drums their cold sterile sound on that album, suggesting that the drums were in fact played live. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.91.164.101 (talk) 17:26, 4 December 2013 (UTC)

Master tapes- washing machine magnet
I'm tempted to remove the sentence in the section about the 2005 re-release stating that the master tapes were erased by a washing machine magnet. This sentence went uncited for months and the current citation mentions nothing about this. The cited article mentions the home demos on the second CD being rough possibly due to "various stories about boxes being left (and warped) by Mike Hedges’ washing machine." Quite a different situation than the Seventeen Seconds master tapes being erased due to a washing machine magnet. Is this washing machine incident some well known story that I'm unaware of? If so, can it be better verified? Stangbat (talk) 02:36, 2 November 2008 (UTC)
 * It is fairly well known, I'm sure if you did a google search you'd find something about it. --JD554 (talk) 10:41, 2 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I Googled it and the evidence is pretty sparse. A couple of mentions of the washing machine, an interview with Smith full of rumor that mentions the tapes disappearing and reappearing minus "The Walk" and "A Forest".  I know strange things happen in the music world regarding master tapes but I find this all rather hard to believe.  There are too many differing stories and inconsistencies.  And regardless, the given citation does not support the current statement in the article.  Stangbat (talk) 01:33, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

Indeed, the given citation does not support the statement. I think it should be replaced with 'citation needed', any objections? Scatterkeir (talk) 22:47, 10 November 2011 (UTC)

Dead external links to Allmusic website – January 2011
Since Allmusic have changed the syntax of their URLs, 1 link(s) used in the article do not work anymore and can't be migrated automatically. Please use the search option on http://www.allmusic.com to find the new location of the linked Allmusic article(s) and fix the link(s) accordingly, prefereably by using the Allmusic template. If a new location cannot be found, the link(s) should be removed. This applies to the following external links: --CactusBot (talk) 10:39, 2 January 2011 (UTC)
 * http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=Awifwxqe5ldte

Frankie Rose – Seventeen Seconds full album cover
Frankie Rose – Seventeen Seconds was released Dec 2017. Is this worth inclusion? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Roy Szweda (talk • contribs) 12:08, 22 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Seventeen Seconds


text:
User:BL~enwiki/blablabla

''This page has been listed on Votes for deletion. Please see that page for justifications and discussion.''

The neutrality of this article is disputed.

The Palestinian refugee problem arose in the wake of founding of Israel. The 1948 Arab-Israeli War made refugees out of approximately 750,000 Arabs living in what was then called Palestine, in an event called by some historians "the Palestinian Exodus".

These refugees, the great majority of whom had lived there for generations. were not able to return home. Some emigrated to other countries, such as the U.S. and Canada; many remain in refugee camps to this day.

The situation of the Palestinian Arab refugees is one of the world's largest and most enduring refugee problems. Discussions on allowing them to return to their former homes within Israel, to receive compensation or be resettled in new locations have yet to reach a definite conclusion.

Whereas most refugees are the concern of UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Palestinian refugees come under United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA). On December 11, 1948, UN Resolution 194 was passed in order to protect the rights of Palestinian Arab refugees. Resolution 302 (IV) of 8 December, 1949, set up UNRWA specifically to deal with the Palestinian problem.

The term Palestinian refugee is generally applied differently than the term refugee is commonly used. That is, only to those who have left a country by force or due to persecution. Palestinian refugee is defined by the U.N. as "persons whose normal place of residence was Palestine between June 1946 and May 1948" and left the area for any reason connected to the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, including voluntarily and regardless of their place of residence before June 1946. Hence, refugee status was also given to a minority of peoples who had only recently moved to the area, although the majority of refugees had been present since at least the 1920s. This differs from the normal definition of refugee which, according to the 1951 Geneva Convention (Article 1A(2)) is applied to a person who: "owing to well founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his[/her] nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself[/herself] of the protection of his country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his[/her] former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it."

Also out of the ordinary involving Palestinian refugees is that the term applies to any offspring of the original refugees, who unlike normal refugees live in camps indefinitely without any attempt by surrounding governments to, as Article IV, Section D of the 1951 Geneva Convention relating to the status of Refugees states "to receive refugees in their territories and that they act in concert in a true spirit of international cooperation in order that these refugees may find asylum and the possibility of resettlement." This has created a large-scale humanitarian catastropher within these refugee camps, as the population continues to grow and conditions do not improve. It should be noted that the typical definition of refugee is sometimes awarded to children of original typical refugees, if no other alternative is found.

For many Arab countries, the Palestinian issue is the main obstacle in their recognition of Israel. However, some observers believe that they also exploit the issue. UNRWA's Ralph Galloway has stated that "The Arab states do not want to solve the refugee problem. They want to keep it as an open sore, as an affront to the United Nations, and as a weapon against Israel. Arab leaders do not give a damn whether Arab refugees live or die." Jordanian MP Abd'Allah Nawass once put it this way: "We shall be most insistent in perpetuating the Palestine problem as a life question ... The Palestine war continues by dint of the refugees only. Their existence leaves the problem open." (1952)

Israeli objections to the return of Palestinian Arabs to Israel include:

 * Israel was founded as a Jewish state to provide refuge to Jewish people, regardless of their ethnicity or previous nationality. To allow all Palestinian Arabs and their descendants, who have been bred on 50+ years of denial of the right of Israel to exist, to return home, would mean that Israel would cease to exist as a Jewish state.

 * After the UN partition of Palestine, the Arab countries declared war on Israel. Most Israelis believe that the Arab countries are responsible for the fact that there were refugees on either side, including areas not part of the Jewish state in the partition plan.  They believe that the Arab countries should have absorbed the Arab refugees.

 * Approximately 900,000 Jews left Arab countries between 1945 and 1956, and Israel took in 600,000 of them. Some of these Jewish refugees were forced to abandon their property, hence there is a quid pro quo.

There are very few Arabs whose views are compatible with the Israeli viewpoint:
 * Many Palestinians agree that some Arab regimes have not treated them as well as they should.

Most Arabs object to the Israeli viewpoint:
 * Palestinians claim that the fact that there are others who claim refugee status in the world does not limit their right of return.

See further

 * United Nations: A Question of Palestine
 * UN Resolution 194
 * UN Resolution 302
 * Israeli viewpoint
 * CNN
 * Washington Post
 * Monde diplomatique: Statistics of the refugees
 * PLO position
 * Palestinian Arab viewpoint
 * Jewish refugees
 * American Viewpoint
 * Newspaper Analysis of Refugee Situation
 * Advocacy Group for Jewish Refugees
 * Article on Refugee Status in Freeman Center for Strategic Studies

title: User:BL~enwiki/blablabla


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Talk:Brainiac

This is probably ripe for splitting into two real articles and a (disambiguation) page. Any objections? Phil 16:13, Dec 12, 2003 (UTC)

did all the names really come from eniac? the portmanteau "brain + maniac" comes to mind as a rather obvious find.

 * Pop Quiz: What was the first personal computer? says:

 * The GENIAC was the first of several similar machines designed and sold by Berkeley:

 * Geniac = Genius Almost-Automatic Computer
 * Tyniac = Tiny Almost-Automatic Computer
 * Weeniac = Weeny Almost-Automatic Computer (only 60 made)
 * Brainiac = Brain-Imitating Almost-Automatic Computer

 * I think this makes it clear that in Berkeley's mind the -AC ending stood for "Almost-Automatic Computer" and thus confirms that it was a reference to the -AC for "automatic computer" in ENIAC et. al., and not to "maniac." If Berkeley had had "maniac" in mind, it is likely that he would have used it as the name for the first in the series.

 * The GENIAC dates from 1955 and BRAINIAC from 1966. At that time, computer names ending in -AC common; in addition to the -IAC's, there was also UNIVAC which was extremely well-known to the public (having "predicted" the outcome of the 1952 election). It was a familiar meme, like -tron. Dpbsmith (talk) 21:37, 14 December 2005 (UTC)
 * So is it more-or-less confirmed that Otto Binder had that in mind when coming up with the Brainiac comic book character? Brainiac wasn't even originally a computer. Sunnan 08:20, 19 December 2005 (UTC)
 * No, that's why I moved the explanation in the article so it no longer says "all of these" and only applies to the toy computer. Dpbsmith (talk) 10:48, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brainiac


text:
Talk:Race (fantasy)

Merger Proposal
What should be done with Elf(D&D) and Dwarf(D&D)? Merge them into here or move them to a more appropriate title (like Elf (D&D), Elf (RPG))? I think they should be merged into this article.

Also, I think this might call for another "Wikipedia is not...": I've been seeing a lot of highly game-specific material that doesn't strike me as very encyclopedic (for example, games like Neverwinter Nights (see assassin (D&D)), StarCraft (see Damage Types (StarCraft)), Counter-Strike (see Counter-Strike console commands), and Pokemon (see Stage 2 Pokémon and the pages on individual critters)). Wikipedia is not a game manual or strategy guide. --Mrwojo 16:16, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Also at some point one begins to infringe on copyrights. It would be useful have an article comparing "assassin" as a player type in RPGs in general, so you can see how games adapt/alter material from real life and popular conceptions. Stan 17:54, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Yes I completely agree on both points. --Mrwojo 20:41, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Why the hell do we need this article? I think someone is just trying to pad their contributions list... - Lord Kenneth 04:17, Feb 4, 2004 (UTC)

Page moved
Per request on RFD, this page was moved. Please click on "what links here" and fix all the double redirects. --Jiang 07:50, 28 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Social aspects of Race in Fantasy
This article can be used to discuss Fantasy Race in a literary sense; I've felt for a while that the convention of race in fantasy is often used as an iron-clad characterization. That is to say, where in the real world the statement "All of a certain type of people always have a certain quality" is often incorrect, any such statement in a fantasy story, such as "Elves are frivolous" or "Dwarves are greedy" is always true. In the case of incidental characters their racial stereotype will usually override their own personal characteristics.

This seems to go outside the real-world definition of race, and makes the fantasy race more like a cartoon archetype like those of Redwall. In these stories a timid character, rather than being described as mouse-like, is actually a mouse; hence, their characterization comes almost pre-written. Race in fantasy stories is a literary construction couched in a biological term, and tries to draw on a biological sense of predestined behavior and quality. - May 2, 2006

Link formatting
The link  was edited to   to avoid the line break. I've reverted the change because the underscored link displays incorrectly for readers who've configured their browser to render links without underline (a better way to do this would be, and I can't find any guideline in the MoS that indicates this is an appropriate way to format links. --Muchness 20:26, 4 June 2006 (UTC)

Races and species according to J. R. R. Tolkien
Tolkien stated (unfortunately I don’t remember where) that elves and humans are one specie biologically. So elves and humans are different races (and half-elves exist in Middle Earth). As dwarves were created before elves and humans (and there are no half-dwarves), it is assumed that dwarves and humans are different species. As for orcs, the question is more complicated. Orcs were created from captured elves, assumingly by magic means, so they might be the same specie or they might not be. However, half-orcs are unheard of in Middle-Earth.

Species ala Tolkien
AFAIK, the only "half-elves" in LOTR are those like the line of Elrond who forsook their elven heritage to live among men. Thus, such offspring choose one lineage or the other and are not truly "half-elves" at all! In the Silmarillion, elves come from a very different source than humans and are clearly a different species, despite the ability to produce intermingled offspring. Of course, questions of species get somewhat complex when applied to mythologies where gods create beings....

24.240.209.230 22:33, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

Furries
In comics and other works of fiction that primarily use anthropomorphic, humanoid animals, the different species of animals are implied to be capable of interbreeding. Indeed, it is heavily implied that different species of animals in such works are related in a manner similar to the races of fantasy. I'm having an extremely difficult time explaining this, so you may need to examine individual furries to see this for yourself... --Luigifan 16:52, 9 July 2007 (UTC)

Proposal Deletion: Race (fantasy)
The article Race (fantasy) appears to be an essay which treats fantasy races, a concept that exists in fiction, as if they exist in the real-world. Fantasy races are a literary construct best described as a category of fictional characters, such as Category:Fantasy creatures. My view is that this article should be deleted, as the premise it is based on is based on original research. The article does not cite any reliable secondary sources to support its underlying premise that fantasy races are real. Does anyone else have a viewpoint?

title: Talk:Race (fantasy)


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The Gripping Hand

The Gripping Hand is a science fiction novel by American writers Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle, published in 1993. A sequel to their  1974 work The Mote in God's Eye, The Gripping Hand is, chronologically, the last novel to be set in the CoDominium universe (though in 2010, Pournelle's daughter, Jennifer, published an authorized sequel entitled Outies ). In the United Kingdom, it was released as The Moat around Murcheson's Eye (sometimes misspelled "The Mote around Murchison's Eye").

The Gripping Hand is set in the year 3046 (twenty-eight years after the events of The Mote in God's Eye) and revolves primarily around two characters of the first book, Captain Sir Kevin Renner (ISN, Reserve) and His Excellency Horace Bury, Imperial Trader Magnate. It also resolves many of the conflicts and tension remaining from the preceding novel, but much of the plot cannot be understood without reading The Mote in God's Eye.

Plot
At the end of The Mote in God's Eye, Renner and Bury are secretly enlisted into Imperial Naval Intelligence. Neither is happy about the arrangement at first, but they spend the next twenty-five years effectively preventing rebellions against the Empire so that the Imperial Navy can concentrate on blockading the Moties in their star system.

While investigating suspicious economic activity on the planet Maxroy's Purchase, Renner and Bury encounter wide idiomatic usage of the phrase "...on the gripping hand". The source of the phrase turns out to be innocuous enough — the governor picked up the expression as a crewman on INSS MacArthur on the expedition to Mote Prime — but the memories dredged up are too much for Bury. Driven by nightmares and a deep-seated fear for humanity's safety, Bury must confirm that the Empire is safe from the Moties. Renner and Bury travel to Sparta, the Imperial capital planet, to obtain permission to inspect the blockade.

In Mote, it is mentioned that a protostar is forming in the Coalsack Nebula. The Moties had studied it extensively and fooled Jacob Buckman, the astrophysicist on the only expedition to the Motie system, into believing that it would ignite in about 1,000 years. Bury and Renner discover, much to their horror, that the object is due to collapse and ignite much sooner. The newborn star will create one or more new Alderson Points for interstellar travel, giving the Moties another usable exit from their system. The sole currently existing Alderson Point leads to the photosphere of the supergiant red star Murcheson's Eye, which made the blockade much more practical.

Armed with this alarming knowledge and carrying influential passengers, Renner and Bury depart aboard Bury's ship Sinbad for New Caledonia, the closest human system to the Mote. There the Imperial Commission decides that ships must be sent to the hitherto ignored star system where the only dangerous Alderson Point will appear. All that can be sent on such short notice are two Imperial warships and Sinbad.

They arrive — just in time to observe seven unarmed Motie ships emerge from the new Alderson Point. The Moties scatter, and three human ships cannot possibly capture all of them, though they can block the exit. Renner and Bury decide they have no choice but to accept a Mediator's invitation to return with her to the Motie system.

The second half of The Gripping Hand is a tale of shifting alliances involving many Motie factions, diplomacy and space combat. With the aid of the grownup offspring of Lord and Lady Blaine, raised in the company of Mediators brought back by the first expedition, Bury and Renner fight to save the Empire. Key to their strategy is a genetically altered parasite developed by the Blaines' research institute. It limits the excessive reproduction rate that has condemned the Moties to Cycles of overpopulation, followed inevitably by war and the collapse of civilization. Two alliances coalesce, one in favor of peaceful co-existence with humans and another determined to escape the Motie system at any cost. The pro-human faction wins.

Reception
James Nicoll considered the novel to be an "utterly unnecessary sequel", "unmemorable", and "rather dull", with "[t]oo much irrelevant wheel spinning"; Nicoll also singled out "the entire Maxroy’s Purchase subplot" as superfluous.

Publishers Weekly described it as "perfectly adequate [but] largely irrelevant", noting that "the first third of the book drags" and that Niven and Pournelle "don't explore [the book's themes and subtexts] deeply enough." Kirkus Reviews called it "sometimes slow-paced and talky", but felt that readers would not be disappointed, and predicted that the book would be a finalist for the Hugo Award for Best Novel.

Background
In his 1991 collection Playgrounds of the Mind, Niven stated that he and Pournelle were contractually forbidden from collaborating on any projects until they had completed a sequel to The Mote in God's Eye.

title: The Gripping Hand


text:
List of graphical methods

This is a list of graphical methods with a mathematical basis. Included are diagram techniques, chart techniques, plot techniques, and other forms of visualization.

There is also a list of computer graphics and descriptive geometry topics.

Simple displays

 * Area chart
 * Bar chart
 * Histogram
 * Box plot
 * Dispersion fan diagram
 * Graph of a function
 * Logarithmic graph paper
 * Heatmap
 * Line chart
 * Pie chart
 * Plotting
 * Radar chart
 * Scatterplot
 * Sparkline
 * Spiral graphic
 * Stemplot
 * Stripe graphic

Set theory

 * Venn diagram
 * Karnaugh diagram

Descriptive geometry

 * Isometric projection
 * Orthographic projection
 * Perspective (graphical)

Engineering drawing

 * Technical drawing
 * Graphical projection
 * Mohr's circle
 * Pantograph
 * Circuit diagram
 * Smith chart
 * Sankey diagram

Systems analysis

 * Binary decision diagram
 * Control-flow graph
 * Functional flow block diagram
 * Information flow diagram
 * IDEF
 * N2 chart
 * Sankey diagram
 * State diagram
 * System context diagram
 * Data-flow diagram

Cartography

 * Map projection
 * Orthographic projection (cartography)
 * Robinson projection
 * Stereographic projection
 * Dymaxion map
 * Topographic map
 * Craig retroazimuthal projection
 * Hammer retroazimuthal projection

Biological sciences

 * Cladogram
 * Punnett square
 * Systems Biology Graphical Notation

Physical sciences

 * Free body diagram
 * Greninger chart
 * Phase diagram
 * Wavenumber-frequency diagram
 * Bode plot
 * Nyquist plot
 * Dalitz plot
 * Feynman diagram
 * Carnot Plot

Business methods

 * Flowchart
 * Workflow
 * Gantt chart
 * Growth-share matrix (often called BCG chart)
 * Work breakdown structure
 * Control chart
 * Ishikawa diagram
 * Pareto chart (often used to prioritise outputs of an Ishikawa diagram)

Conceptual analysis

 * Mind mapping
 * Concept mapping
 * Conceptual graph
 * Entity-relationship diagram
 * Tag cloud, also known as word cloud

Statistics

 * Autocorrelation plot
 * Bar chart
 * Biplot
 * Box plot
 * Bullet graph
 * Chernoff faces
 * Control chart
 * Fan chart
 * Forest plot
 * Funnel plot
 * Galbraith plot
 * Histogram
 * Mosaic plot
 * Multidimensional scaling
 * np-chart
 * p-chart
 * Pie chart
 * Probability plot
 * Normal probability plot
 * Poincaré plot
 * Probability plot correlation coefficient plot
 * Q–Q plot
 * Rankit
 * Run chart
 * Seasonal subseries plot
 * Scatter plot
 * Skewplot
 * Ternary plot
 * Recurrence plot
 * Waterfall chart
 * Violin plot

Other

 * Ulam spiral
 * Nomogram
 * Fitness landscape
 * Weather map
 * Predominance diagram
 * One-line diagram
 * Autostereogram
 * Edgeworth box
 * Lineweaver-Burk diagram
 * Eadie-Hofstee diagram
 * Population pyramid
 * Parametric plot
 * Causality loop diagram
 * Ramachandran plot
 * V model
 * Sentence diagram
 * Tree structure
 * Treemapping
 * Airfield traffic pattern diagram

title: List of graphical methods


text:
ALS (disambiguation)

ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) is a chronic and fatal form of motor neuron disease; also known as Lou Gehrig's disease in the US, or Charcot's disease in the French-speaking world.

ALS or Als may also refer to:

Places

 * Als (island), Denmark

Aviation

 * Airman Leadership School, a U.S. Air Force program
 * ALS – Aircraft Leasing Services, a Kenyan airline
 * Approach lighting system, an airport runway lighting system
 * San Luis Valley Regional Airport, IATA code ALS

Medicine

 * Advanced life support, a level of medical training
 * Anterolateral system, part of the nervous system
 * Antibodies from lymphocyte secretions, an immunological assay
 * Angular leaf spot, a bacterial plant disease

Science and technology

 * Acetolactate synthase, an enzyme
 * Advanced Light Source, a synchrotron radiation facility
 * ALSN, automatic train signalling (автоматична локомотивна сигналізація), a train protection system
 * Alternate line service, a mobile phone feature
 * Aluminized steel, as used in engineering drawings
 * Ammonium lauryl sulfate, a household chemical
 * Antilag system, a system used on turbocharged engines
 * Audio Lossless Coding, an audio codec
 * LS TTL, advanced low-power Schottky
 * Photodetector, ambient light sensor
 * Alternating least squares, a matrix factorization method

Organizations

 * Als, a nickname used for the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League
 * ALS Association, an American nonprofit organization
 * American Littoral Society, an American environmental organization
 * Arrowhead Library System (Wisconsin)
 * Australian Linguistic Society
 * Associated London Scripts, a comedy-writers collective founded by Spike Milligan

Other uses

 * A. Lange & Söhne, a German luxury watch brand
 * als, since 2003 prefix for the Wikipedia (als:Wikipedia:Houptsyte) of Alemannic German dialects like Alsatian, Swabian, Swiss German
 * als, since 2007 the ISO 639-3 code for the southern Albanian dialect (Tosk Albanian)
 * Alternative Learning System (Philippines), a modular non-formal education program
 * Associate of the Linnean Society of London
 * Auld Lang Syne, a traditional Scottish folk song
 * Autographed Letter Signed, a term used by autograph collectors
 * Singapore Area Licensing Scheme

title: ALS (disambiguation)


text:
Margaret Whiting

Margaret Eleanor Whiting (July 22, 1924 – January 10, 2011) was an American popular music and country music singer who gained popularity in the 1940s and 1950s.

Youth
Whiting was born in Detroit. Her family moved to Los Angeles in 1929, when she was five years old. Her father, Richard, was a composer of popular songs, including the classics "Hooray for Hollywood", "Ain't We Got Fun?", and "On the Good Ship Lollipop". Her sister, Barbara Whiting, was an actress (Junior Miss, Beware, My Lovely) and singer.

An aunt, Margaret Young, was a singer and popular recording artist in the 1920s. Whiting's singing ability was noticed at an early age and at seven she sang for singer-lyricist Johnny Mercer, with whom her father had collaborated on some popular songs, including "Too Marvelous for Words". In 1942, Mercer co-founded Capitol Records and signed Margaret to one of Capitol's first recording contracts.

Recording career
Whiting's first recordings were as featured singer with various orchestras. In 1944, her version of "Moonlight in Vermont", with Billy Butterfield's Orchestra, sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA. Other recordings included "That Old Black Magic", with Freddie Slack and His Orchestra (1942) and "It Might as Well Be Spring", with Paul Weston and His Orchestra (1945).

In 1945, Whiting began to record under her own name. "A Tree in the Meadow" was a number one hit in the summer of 1948, and her duet with country music star Jimmy Wakely, "Slippin' Around", was another number one hit in 1949. It sold 1.75 million copies, and Whiting was titled "Queen of the Jukeboxes". Other recordings include:
 * "All Through the Day" (1945, becoming a bestseller in the spring of 1946)
 * "In Love in Vain" (1945)
 * (these two from the movie "Centennial Summer")

 * "Guilty" (1946)
 * "Pretending" (1946)
 * "Oh, But I Do" (1946)
 * "Baby, It's Cold Outside" (duet with Johnny Mercer, 1949)
 * "Blind Date", a novelty record with Bob Hope (1950)
 * "Far Away Places" (1949)
 * "Silver Bells" (duet with Jimmy Wakely, 1951)

Until the mid-1950s Whiting continued to record for Capitol, but as she ceased to record songs that charted as hits, she switched to Dot Records in 1957 and to Verve Records in 1960. Whiting returned to Capitol in the early 1960s and then signed with London Records in 1966. On London, Whiting landed one last major hit single in 1966, "The Wheel of Hurt", which hit No. 1 on the Easy Listening singles chart. Her final solo albums were made for Audiophile (1980, 1982, 1985) and DRG Records (1991). Her distinguished conductors and musical arrangers through the years included Buddy Bregman, Frank DeVol, Russell Garcia, Johnny Mandel, Billy May, Marty Paich, Nelson Riddle, Pete Rugolo, and Paul Weston.

Radio career
Whiting co-starred on the 15-minute musical programs The Jack Smith Show and Club Fifteen. She also was a vocalist on The Eddie Cantor Show and was in the cast of The Philip Morris Follies of 1946 and The Railroad Hour. Additionally, she was hostess on the Spotlight Revue and a featured singer on the transcribed Barry Wood Show. She also appeared in the role of a young Sophie Tucker in the January 13, 1957 CBS Radio Workshop presentation of "No Time For Heartaches".

Television career
Margaret and Barbara Whiting starred as themselves in the situation comedy Those Whiting Girls. The show, produced by Desilu Productions, aired on CBS as a summer replacement series (in place of I Love Lucy) between July, 1955 and September, 1957.

Margaret Whiting was a regular guest on variety shows and talk shows throughout the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, including Faye Emerson's Wonderful Town, when the musical series focused on Whiting's hometown of Detroit; The Big Record, The Bob Hope Show, The Colgate Comedy Hour, The Tony Martin Show, The David Frost Show, The Ed Sullivan Show, The George Jessel Show, The Guy Mitchell Show, The Jonathan Winters Show, The Merv Griffin Show, The Mike Douglas Show, The Nat King Cole Show, Over Easy, The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom, The Patti Page Show, The Red Skelton Hour, The Steve Allen Show, The Ford Show Starring Tennessee Ernie Ford, The Texaco Star Theater, The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, The Virginia Graham Show, and The Voice of Firestone.

In 1960, Whiting appeared as Vinnie Berkeley in one of the last episodes, "Martial Law", of the ABC/Warner Brothers western series, Colt .45. Paul Picerni was cast in the same segment as Duke Blaine.

In 1984, Whiting appeared in the television musical movie Taking My Turn. It was basically a filmed version of the 1983 off-Broadway show in which she appeared. This ensemble show also included Marni Nixon, Tiger Haynes, and Cissy Houston among others. The music was composed by Gary William Friedman with lyrics by Will Holt. The revue was centered on issues regarding aging. The stage production opened at New York City's Entermedia Theatre on June 9, 1983. It went on to win the 1984 Outer Critic's Circle Award for Best Lyrics/Music and was nominated for the 1984 Drama Desk Award for Best Musical (losing to Stephen Sondheim's Sunday In the Park With George). A cast recording of the stage production was released and subsequently re-released on CD.

In the 2000s, Whiting was interviewed in several documentaries about singers and songwriters of her era, including Judy Garland: By Myself (2004), Fever: The Music of Peggy Lee (2004), Anita O'Day: The Life of a Jazz Singer (2007), Johnny Mercer: The Dream's on Me (2009), The Andrews Sisters: Queens of the Music Machines (2009) and Michael Feinstein's American Songbook (2010).

Cabaret Master Teacher
From 1989 through 2001, Whiting was the Artistic Director of the annual Cabaret and Performance Conference at the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center in Waterford Connecticut. With other performers such as Julie Wilson and Anne Francine as well as musical directors like Tex Arnold, she spent 10 days instructing selected professionals and amateurs in the cabaret performance process.

Marriages
Whiting was married four times, and had one child:
 * Hubbell Robinson Jr., a writer, producer, and television executive (married December 29, 1948 – divorced August 18, 1949)
 * Lou Busch, a ragtime pianist known as "Joe 'Fingers' Carr" (divorced; one daughter, Deborah, born 1950)
 * John Richard Moore, a founder of Panavision (married 1958 – divorced)
 * Jack Wrangler (John Stillman), 1970s and 1980s gay pornography film actor (married 1994, when Whiting was 70 and he was 48 – until his death from emphysema April 7, 2009)

Death
Whiting died on January 10, 2011, aged 86, from natural causes at the Lillian Booth Actors Home in Englewood, New Jersey.

Singles
Unrelated B-sides not shown

title: Margaret Whiting


text:
Talk:Children's Crusade

Pied Piper
Would it be relevant to mention that some people cite the Children's Crusade as the source of the Pied Piper story?--BruceGrubb (talk) 23:12, 10 July 2016 (UTC)
 * No. --OhNoPeedyPeebles (talk) 21:53, 7 February 2020 (UTC)
 * What a boring and dismissive response to an interesting and plausible interpretation of the Pied Piper of Hamelin. No wonder Wikipedia is in a malaise. AndrewHart500 (talk) 09:10, 11 August 2023 (UTC)

Issue with Sources
There were only 2 recent sources, and there are a couple of footnotes ("1" and "who") that need clarification. Some sources are missing too, unable to click on the link.

Brittn3 (talk) 17:16, 1 November 2017 (UTC)

Removed sentence fragment
The following is the sentence fragment from the 'In the arts' section. "ger who seeks to reclaim the City of Jerusalem and sets out with his friends, and later with many other followers."Wzrd1 (talk) 23:59, 4 August 2019 (UTC)

Cultural references
Per this community RfC, cultural references need to include secondary sourcing establishing not only the existence but the significance of the reference. At the moment the content below lacks such sourcing; it will need appropriate citations in order to be included. Nikkimaria (talk) 04:19, 27 January 2023 (UTC)

 * It's not "in popular culture" that's your interpretation. Sure sources can be added but that's no reason to immediately delete the entire section that has been in place for decades without complaint. That RfC is not a hard red line either every article has its own talk page and consensus. What's your rush? Slow down, your deleting stuff all over Wikipedia at a very rapid pace, sorry if this dispute slows you down some, that's just how it is not everyone will agree with you in every article.  --  Green  C  04:35, 27 January 2023 (UTC)
 * If you believe it can be sourced, by all means source it. But being longstanding doesn't mean it should be restored unsourced. It certainly doesn't mean it cannot be tagged. Nikkimaria (talk) 04:41, 27 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Longstanding is a type of consensus. Also that RfC is not very strong: old, not many attendees, many of the votes are nuanced, the closer did not incorporate many of the comments it's a simple close IMO. Something as far reaching as this should be codified in guidelines or policy and not for such massive deletions across all of Wikipedia. -- Green  C  04:55, 27 January 2023 (UTC)
 * "Longstanding" is no longer consensus once someone voices disagreement, and "longstanding" is not an exemption from the burden to provide sourcing. As to your concern about level of consensus: a community consensus is stronger than a local one, particularly one only assumed based on lack of complaint, but as it happens this consensus is indeed codified, in MOS:CULTURALREFS (which also notes that such content may have headings other than "in popular culture"). Nikkimaria (talk) 05:05, 27 January 2023 (UTC)

In the arts
Many works of art reference the Children's Crusade; this list is focused on works that are set in Middle Ages and focus primarily on a re-telling of the events. For other uses see Children's Crusade (disambiguation).

Books

 * La Croisade des enfants ("The Children's Crusade", 1896) by Marcel Schwob.
 * Pied Piper (1930), a novel by Daphne Muir (also published with title The Lost Crusade)
 * "The Chalet School and Barbara" Elinor Brent-Dyer (1954), the Christmas play references the Children's crusade.
 * The Children's Crusade (1958), children's historical novel by Henry Treece, includes a dramatic account of Stephen of Cloyes attempting to part the sea at Marseille.
 * The Gates of Paradise (1960), a novel by Jerzy Andrzejewski centres on the crusade, with the narrative employing a stream of consciousness technique.
 * The March of the Innocents (1964), a novel by John Wiles which retells the traditional French story of Stephen of Cloyes, with the relationships between the protagonists being more important than the narrative. Very gritty, especially when describing the excesses of the Albigensian Crusade.
 * Sea and Sunset (1965), a short story by Yukio Mishima (part of a collection entitled Acts of Worship), portrayed an old French man who took part in the Children's Crusade as a boy and, through complicated circumstances, wound up in Japan.
 * Slaughterhouse-Five (or, The Children's Crusade: A Duty-Dance with Death), is a 1969 novel by American author Kurt Vonnegut, telling the story of Billy Pilgrim, a young American soldier, and his experience during World War II. The alternative title references The Children's Crusade and compares it to World War II, suggesting it was yet another war fought by children who were drafted into the army at a very young age.
 * Crusade in Jeans (Dutch: Kruistocht in spijkerbroek), is a 1973 novel by Dutch author Thea Beckman and a 2006 film adaptation about the Children's Crusade through the eyes of a time traveler.
 * An Army of Children (1978), a novel by Evan Rhodes that tells the story of two boys, a Catholic and a Jew, partaking in the Children's Crusade.
 * Angeline (2004), a novel by Karleen Bradford about the life of a girl, Angeline, a priest, and Stephen of Cloyes after they are sold into slavery in Cairo.
 * The Crusade of Innocents (2006), a novel by David George, suggests that the Children's Crusade may have been affected by the concurrent crusade against the Cathars in Southern France, and how the two could have met.
 * The Scarlet Cross (2006), a novel for youth by Karleen Bradford.
 * 1212: Year of the Journey (2006), a novel by Kathleen McDonnell. Young adult historical novel.
 * Sylvia (2006), a novel by Bryce Courtney. Follows a teenage girl during the crusades.
 * Crusade (2011), a children's historical novel by Linda Press Wulf.
 * The True History of the Children's Crusade (2013), a graphic novel by Privo di Casato, narrated from the perspective of Stephen of Cloyes.
 * 1212 (1985), a quartet of historical novels aimed at children and young adults by Danish author and journalist Carsten Overskov.
 * Matrix (2021), a novel by Lauren Groff. Follows a fictionalized version of Marie de France and her thoughts on the crusade.

Comics

 * The Children's Crusade, an overarching title that covers a seven issue comic crossover published for Vertigo Comics which seemingly links the event to other events such as the true event that inspired the story of the Pied Piper. Published in 2015 by Vertigo Comics as Free Country: A Tale of the Children's Crusade.
 * Innocent shōnen jūjigun (インノサン少年十字軍, The Crusade of the Innocent Boys), a manga written by Usamaru Furuya (Manga F Erotics, 2005~2011, 3 volumes).

Plays

 * Cruciadă copiilor (en. Children's Crusade) (1930), a play by Lucian Blaga based upon the Crusade.
 * The Children's Crusade (1973), a play by Paul Thompson first produced at the Cockpit Theatre (Marylebone), London by the National Youth Theatre.
 * A Long March To Jerusalem (1978), a play by Don Taylor about the story of the Children's Crusade.
 * The Fire of Roses (2003), a novel by Gregory Rinaldi
 * Crusade of Tears (2004), a novel from the series Journey of Souls by C.D. Baker.

Musicals

 * Crusade (1998), a musical by Craig Christie and Wayne Hosking.

Music

 * La Croisade des Enfants (1902), a seldom-performed oratorio by Gabriel Pierné, featuring a children's chorus, based on La croisade des enfants'' ("The Children's Crusade") by Marcel Schwob.
 * The Death of the Bishop of Brindisi (1963), a dramatic cantata for two soloists, chorus, children's chorus and orchestra with words and music by Gian Carlo Menotti, focused on a Bishop's regret for having blessed the doomed journey of the children.
 * "Children's Crusade", a contemporary opera by R. Murray Schafer, first performed in 2009.
 * "Children's Crusade", a song by Sting from his 1985 album The Dream of the Blue Turtles. Not about the event as such, but using the name as an analogy.
 * "Children's Crusade", a song by Tonio K from his 1988 album Notes from the Lost Civilization.
 * "Untitled Track", a song by The Moon Lay Hidden Beneath a Cloud, found originally on the 10" EP Yndalongg (1996), then re-released as the track "XII" on the CD Rest on Your Arms Reversed (1999), which tells a version of the story of the Children's Crusade and implies that the visions were inspired by the Devil.
 * Seminal Australian progressive rock band Cinema Prague named their 1991 tour "The Children's Crusade" as a satirical reference to the ages of the members of the band, for at the time, most of the band were still teenagers.

Movies

 * Gates to Paradise (1968), a film version by Andrzej Wajda of the Jerzy Andrzejewski novel.
 * Lionheart (1987), a historical/fantasy film, loosely based on the stories of the Children's Crusade.
 * Crusade in Jeans, a.k.a. A March Through Time (2006), a motion picture predicated on unintentional travel by a soccer-playing boy from the modern Netherlands to the legendary German Children's Crusade led by Nicholas.

title: Talk:Children's Crusade


text:
Coenraad Jacob Temminck

Coenraad Jacob Temminck (31 March 1778 – 30 January 1858) was a Dutch patrician, zoologist and museum director.

Biography
Coenraad Jacob Temminck was born on 31 March 1778 in Amsterdam in the Dutch Republic. From his father, Jacob Temminck, who was treasurer of the Dutch East India Company with links to numerous travellers and collectors, he inherited a large collection of bird specimens. His father was a good friend of Francois Levaillant who also guided Coenraad.

Temminck's Manuel d'ornithologie, ou Tableau systématique des oiseaux qui se trouvent en Europe (1815) was the standard work on European birds for many years. He was also the author of Histoire naturelle générale des Pigeons et des Gallinacées (1813–1817), Nouveau Recueil de Planches coloriées d'Oiseaux (1820–1839), and contributed to the mammalian sections of Philipp Franz von Siebold's Fauna japonica (1844–1850).

Temminck was the first director of the National Museum of Natural History in Leiden from 1820 until now. In 1824, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society. In 1831, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1836 he became member of the Royal Institute, predecessor of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Works
Temminck, in collaboration with Heinrich Kuhl, is the author of descriptions of parrots, including the rosella Platycercus icterotis. A tailless mutant of a junglefowl Gallus lafayettii was described in 1807 by Temminck, which in 1868 the English naturalist Charles Darwin incorrectly denied existed. Another junglefowl, described in 1813 by Temminck as Gallus giganteus was, he believed, one of six wild ancestral species of domestic fowl; Darwin, however, demonstrated that the latter has a single (monophyletic) origin.

Species named after Temminck
A large number of animals were named for Temminck in the 19th century. Among those still in use are:

 * Sharks:
 * Broadfin shark Lamiopsis temminckii
 * Fishes
 * Ancistrus temminckii (an armoured suckermouth catfish)
 * Dark chub Zacco temminckii (a carp)
 * Nipponocypris temminckii (a cyprinid)
 * Samoan silverside Hypoatherina temminckii
 * The Longnose Pipefish Syngnathus temminckii Kaup, 1856
 * Oilfish Rovetus temminckii (synonym)
 * Goldribbon soapfish Aulacocephalus temminckii
 * Ditrema temminckii (a surfperch)
 * Thread-fin fairy-wrasse Cirrhilabrus temminckii
 * Kissing gourami Helostoma temminckii
 * Reptiles:
 * Macrochelys temminckii (alligator snapping turtle)
 * Tytthoscincus temmincki (a skink)
 * Birds:
 * Temminck's cormorant Phalacrocorax capillatus
 * Temminck's tragopan Tragopan temminckii
 * Bekisar G. varius × G. gallus "Gallus temminckii"
 * Temminck's courser Cursorius temminckii
 * Temminck's stint Calidris temminckii
 * Malaysian eared nightjar Eurostopodus temminckii
 * Purple-winged roller Coracias temminckii
 * Temminck's hornbill Penelopides exarhatus
 * Ochre-collared piculet Picumnus temminckii
 * Sulawesi pygmy woodpecker Dendrocopos temminckii
 * Temminck's fruit-dove Ptilinopus porphyreus
 * Cerulean cuckooshrike Coracina temminckii
 * Australian logrunner Orthonyx temminckii
 * Temminck's sunbird Aethopyga temminckii
 * Temminck's lark Eremophila bilopha
 * Temminck's babbler Pellorneum pyrrhogenys
 * Temminck's seedeater Sporophila falcirostris
 * Blue whistling thrush subspecies Myophonus caeruleus temminckii
 * Javan sunbird subspecies Aethopyga mystacalis temminckii
 * Black sparrowhawk subspecies Accipiter melanoleucus temminckii
 * Mammals:
 * Temminck's mole Mogera wogura
 * Temminck's flying fox Pteropus temminckii
 * Temminck's tailless fruit bat Megaerops ecaudatus
 * Dwarf dog-faced bat Molossops temminckii
 * Temminck's trident bat Aselliscus tricuspidatus
 * Temminck's mysterious bat Nycticeius aenobarbus
 * Temminck's pangolin Smutsia temminckii
 * Temminck's golden cat Catopuma temminckii
 * Southern right whale Hunterus temminckii (a synonym)
 * Temminck's mouse Mus musculoides
 * Temminck's striped mouse Hybomys trivirgatus
 * Temminck's giant squirrel Epixerus ebii
 * Temminck's flying squirrel Petinomys setosus
 * Temminck's red colobus Pilocolobus badius temminckii (subspecies)

Taxon described by him

 * See Category:Taxa named by Coenraad Jacob Temminck

title: Coenraad Jacob Temminck


text:
Bernard Ebbers

Bernard John Ebbers (August 27, 1941 – February 2, 2020) was a Canadian businessman and the co-founder and CEO of WorldCom. Under his management, WorldCom grew rapidly but collapsed in 2002 amid revelations of accounting irregularities, making it at the time one of the largest accounting scandals in the United States. Ebbers blamed his subordinates but was convicted of fraud and conspiracy. In December 2019, Ebbers was released from Federal Medical Center, Fort Worth, due to declining health, having served 13 years of his 25-year sentence, and he died just over a month later.

In 2013, Portfolio.com and CNBC named Ebbers as the 5th-worst CEO in American history. In 2009, Time named him the 10th-most corrupt CEO of all time.

Dubbed the "Telecom Cowboy," Ebbers often wore boots and blue jeans instead of the typical corporate uniform of a suit and tie. He also lived on a farm and loved to drive a tractor.

Early life and education
Ebbers was born in Edmonton, Alberta, the second of five children of Kathleen and John Ebbers, a traveling salesman. His family were devout Christians.

When Ebbers was young, the family moved to California and later lived for a while on a mission post on a Navajo Nation Indian reservation in New Mexico before moving back to Canada when Ebbers was a teenager.

After high school, Ebbers briefly attended the University of Alberta and Calvin College before enrolling at Mississippi College on a basketball scholarship. Between schools, he worked as a milkman and bouncer. An injury before his senior season prevented him from playing his final year and he was instead assigned to coach the junior varsity team. In 1967, he received a Bachelor's degree in physical education, with an academic minor in secondary education, from Mississippi College.

Career
Ebbers began his business career operating a chain of motels in Mississippi.

In 1983, in a coffee shop in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, he and 3 other investors formed Long Distance Discount Services, Inc. and in 1985, he was named chief executive officer. The company acquired over 60 telecommunications firms and in 1995, it changed its name to WorldCom.

In 1996, WorldCom acquired MFS Communications (originally Metropolitan Fiber Systems) and in September 1998, it acquired MCI Communications. In July 2000, it abandoned its planned $115 billion acquisition of Sprint Corporation after U.S. and European Union antitrust regulators raised objections.

Between September 2000 and April 2002, the board of directors of Worldcom authorized several loans and loan guarantees to Ebbers so that he would not have to sell his Worldcom shares to meet margin calls as the share price plummeted during the bursting of the dot-com bubble. By April 2002, Ebbers had lost substantial support on the board due to these loans. Additionally, a number of directors believed Ebbers had not charted a way forward after the Sprint merger collapsed. On April 26, Worldcom's board voted unanimously to demand that Ebbers resign, which he formally did on April 30, 2002. As part of his departure, his loans were consolidated into a single $408.2 million promissory note. In 2003, Ebbers defaulted on the note and Worldcom foreclosed on many of his assets.

Awards and accolades

 * Mississippi Business Hall of Fame (May 1995)
 * Member of Wired 25 (November 1998)
 * 25 most powerful people in networking by Network World (January 4, 1999)
 * Time Digital 50 (1999)
 * Honorary Doctor of Laws, Mississippi College (1992)
 * Honorary doctorate, Tougaloo College (1998)

Fraud
On June 25, 2002, WorldCom admitted to nearly $3.9 billion in accounting misstatements and on July 22, 2002, it filed for bankruptcy.

The figure eventually grew to $11 billion. This initiated a series of investigations and legal proceedings, which focused on Ebbers, WorldCom's former CEO.

Ebbers blamed the accounting scandal on his subordinates, including WorldCom CFO Scott Sullivan.

Congressional hearing
In response to a subpoena, Ebbers appeared before the U.S. House Committee on Financial Services on July 8, 2002. At these hearings, Ebbers stated "I do not believe I have anything to hide, I believe that no one will conclude that I engaged in any criminal or fraudulent conduct."

After making this statement, Ebbers asserted his right against self-incrimination per the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Ebbers's statement constituted testimony that could not undergo cross-examination and Ebbers was threatened with Contempt of Congress charges, although no charges were filed.

Criminal charges and verdict
On August 27, 2003, Attorney General of Oklahoma Drew Edmondson filed a 15-count indictment against Ebbers. The indictment charged that he violated securities laws by defrauding investors on multiple occasions between January 2001 and March 2002. On November 20, 2003, the charges by Oklahoma were dropped, with the right to refile retained, to defer to federal charges. On March 2, 2004, federal authorities indicted Ebbers on securities fraud and conspiracy charges. On May 25, 2004, federal prosecutors increased the list of charges to 9 felonies: 1 count each of conspiracy and securities fraud, and 7 counts of filing false statements with securities regulators. On March 15, 2005, Ebbers was found guilty of all charges. On March 30, 2005, an agreement to extend the statute of limitations on the charges from Oklahoma was signed, allowing Oklahoma prosecutors time to see the results of federal sentencing.

Sentencing and jail time
On July 13, 2005, federal judge Barbara S. Jones, of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, sentenced Ebbers to 25 years in a federal prison in Louisiana. Ebbers was allowed to remain free for another year while his appeal was being considered. His conviction was upheld in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in July 2006. On September 6, 2006, the presiding judge ordered him to report to jail on September 26 to start serving his 25-year sentence. Ebbers reported to Oakdale Federal Correctional Institution in Oakdale, Louisiana, on September 26, 2006, driving himself to the prison in his Mercedes-Benz vehicle. Ebbers served in the low-security portion of the complex, which typically houses non-violent offenders and is built like a school dormitory. He was granted early release after serving 12 years in December 2019, due to health problems.

Civil suits
On October 11, 2002, WorldCom investors brought a class action civil lawsuit against Ebbers and other defendants, alleging injuries as a result of Ebbers's securities fraud violations. Judge Denise Cote of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York ordered the parties in the lawsuit to negotiate. The parties agreed that Ebbers and his codefendants would distribute over $6.13 billion, plus interest, to over 830,000 individuals and institutions that had held stocks and bonds in WorldCom at the time of its collapse. Ebbers agreed to relinquish almost all of his assets, including a home in Mississippi, and his interests in a lumber company, a marina, a golf course, a hotel, and thousands of acres of forested real estate. After the settlement, Ebbers's wife was left with an estimated $50,000 in known assets. On September 21, 2005, Judge Cote approved the settlement and dismissed the lawsuit against Ebbers.

Marriages
In 1968, Ebbers married Linda Pigott and the couple raised three daughters. Ebbers filed for divorce in July 1997 and married his second wife, Kristie Webb, in the spring of 1999. She filed for divorce on April 16, 2008, less than two years after he entered prison.

Personal holdings
At his peak in early 1999, Ebbers was worth an estimated $1.4 billion and listed as 174th on the Forbes 400. His personal holdings included:
 * Douglas Lake Canada's biggest ranch – 500,000 acres (2,000 km2) in British Columbia. General partner/president. Acquired in 1998 for about $65 million. Sold on May 30, 2003, by MCI to E. Stanley Kroenke.
 * Angelina Plantation – 21,000 acres (85 km2) farm in Monterey, Louisiana. Co-owner with brother, John Ebbers. Acquired in 1998.
 * Joshua Holdings – which combined with Joshua Timberlands and Joshua Timber totals 540,000 acres (2,200 km2) of timberlands in Mississippi, Tennessee, Louisiana, and Alabama. Majority owner. Acquired properties in 1999 for about $600 million.
 * Pine Ridge Farm – Livestock and crop farm in Mississippi. Owner. LLC formed in 1997.
 * Columbus Lumber – High-tech lumber mill in Brookhaven, Mississippi. Majority owner since at least 1996.
 * Yachts – BCT Holdings, owner of Intermarine, a yacht building and repair company in Georgia. Primary owner. Intermarine acquired in 1998 for about $14 million.
 * Hotels – Nine hotels in Mississippi and Tennessee: Co-owner or owner. Acquired over many years.
 * Trucking – KLLM, a trucking firm in Mississippi. Director. Acquired with partner in 2000 for about $30 million. Was at one point led by K. William Grothe, who was an executive at WorldCom.
 * Sports – Mississippi Indoor Sports/Jackson Bandits, a minor league hockey team. 50% owner. Acquired in 1999. Sold stake in September 2003.

Other activities
From 1993 through 1995, Ebbers served as chairman of the board of directors of the Competitive Telecommunications Association, where he pleaded with the United States Congress to improve competition with the incumbent telecommunications companies.

In 1997, he became the chair for Mississippi College's New Dawn Campaign, a $100 million fundraising campaign to improve campus facilities.

In July 2001, Ebbers was proposed by George W. Bush as the chair for the President's National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee.

Religious faith
While CEO of WorldCom, Ebbers was a member of the Easthaven Baptist Church in Brookhaven, Mississippi. As a high-profile member of the congregation, Ebbers regularly taught Sunday school and attended the morning church service with his family. His faith was overt, and he often started corporate meetings with prayer.

When the allegations of conspiracy and fraud were first brought to light in 2002, Ebbers addressed the congregation and insisted on his innocence. "I just want you to know you aren't going to church with a crook," he said. "No one will find me to have knowingly committed fraud."

Death
Ebbers died at his home in Brookhaven, Mississippi, on February 2, 2020, at the age of 78, just over a month after being granted compassionate release from prison due to his ill health. His lawyers said that he was, by the time of his death, legally blind and suffering from dementia, anemia and significant weight loss.

title: Bernard Ebbers


text:
Tufa

Tufa is a variety of limestone formed when carbonate minerals precipitate out of water in unheated rivers or lakes. Geothermally heated hot springs sometimes produce similar (but less porous) carbonate deposits, which are known as travertine. Tufa is sometimes referred to as (meteogene) travertine. It should not be confused with hot spring (thermogene) travertine. Tufa, which is calcareous, should also not be confused with tuff, a porous volcanic rock with a similar etymology that is sometimes also called "tufa".

Classification and features
Modern and fossil tufa deposits abound with wetland plants; as such, many tufa deposits are characterised by their large macrobiological component, and are highly porous. Tufa forms either in fluvial channels or in lacustrine environments. Ford and Pedley (1996) provide a review of tufa systems worldwide.

Fluvial deposits
Deposits can be classified by their depositional environment (or otherwise by vegetation or petrographically). Pedley (1990) provides an extensive classification system, which includes the following classes of fluvial tufa:
 * Spring – Deposits form on emergence from a spring/seep. Morphology can vary from mineratrophic wetlands to spring aprons (see calcareous sinter)
 * Braided channel – Deposits form within a fluvial channel, dominated by oncoids (see oncolite)
 * Cascade – Deposits form at waterfalls, deposition is focused here due to accelerated flow (see Geochemistry)
 * Barrage – Deposits form as a series of phytoherm barrages across a channel, which may grow up to several metres in height. Barrages often contain a significant detrital component, composed of organic material (leaf litter, branches etc.).

Lacustrine deposits
Lacustrine tufas are generally formed at the periphery of lakes and built-up phytoherms (freshwater reefs), and on stromatolites. Oncoids are also common in these environments.

Calcareous sinter
Although sometimes regarded as a distinct carbonate deposit, calcareous sinter formed from ambient temperature water can be considered a sub-type of tufa.

Speleothems
Calcareous speleothems may be regarded as a form of calcareous sinter. They lack any significant macrophyte component due to the absence of light, and for this reason they are often morphologically closer to travertine or calcareous sinter.

Columns
Tufa columns are an unusual form of tufa typically associated with saline lakes. They are distinct from most tufa deposits in that they lack any significant macrophyte component, due to the salinity excluding mesophilic organisms. Some tufa columns may actually form from hot-springs, and may therefore constitute a form of travertine. It is generally thought that such features form from CaCO3 precipitated when carbonate rich source waters emerge into alkaline soda lakes. They have also been found in marine settings in the Ikka fjord of Greenland where the Ikaite columns can reach up to 18 m in height.

Biology
Tufa deposits form an important habitat for a diverse flora. Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts etc.) and diatoms are well represented. The porosity of the deposits creates a wet habitat ideal for these plants.

Geochemistry
Modern tufa is formed from alkaline waters, supersaturated with calcite. On emergence, waters degas CO2 due to the lower atmospheric $p$CO2 (see partial pressure), resulting in an increase in pH. Since carbonate solubility decreases with increased pH, precipitation is induced. Supersaturation may be enhanced by factors leading to a reduction in $p$CO2, for example increased air-water interactions at waterfalls may be important, as may photosynthesis.

Recently it has been demonstrated that microbially induced precipitation may be more important than physico-chemical precipitation. Pedley et al. (2009) showed with flume experiments that precipitation does not occur unless a biofilm is present, despite supersaturation.

Calcite is the dominant mineral precipitate, followed by the polymorph aragonite.

Occurrence
Tufa is common in many parts of the world including: Some sources suggest that "tufa" was used as the primary building material for most of the châteaux of the Loire Valley, France. This results from a mis-translation of the terms "tuffeau jaune" and "tuffeau blanc", which are porous varieties of the Late Cretaceous marine limestone known as chalk.
 * Pyramid Lake, Nevada, US – tufa formations
 * Big Soda Lake, Nevada, US – tufa formations only a century old
 * Mono Lake, California, US – tufa columns
 * Trona Pinnacles, California, US – tufa columns
 * Sitting Bull Falls, New Mexico, US - tufa waterfall
 * Matlock Bath, Derbyshire, United Kingdom
 * North Dock Tufa, United Kingdom
 * Basturs Lakes, Pallars Jussà, Catalonia – tufa mounds
 * Various parts of Armenia, such as Artik
 * The southwestern coastline of Western Australia
 * The Madikwe Game Reserve in the North West Province, South Africa
 * The Kadishi tufa fall, Blyde River Canyon Nature Reserve, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa
 * Various parts of southern Italy.

Dinaric karst watercourses

 * Rijeka Una Novi Grad.jpg river, Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Pliva, Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Trebižat, Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Buna, Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Bregava, Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * Plitvice Lakes National Park, Croatia
 * Krka, Croatia
 * Zrmanja with Krupa tributary, Croatia
 * Kupa, Croatia and Slovenia
 * Plitvice-RaiCast-2006.JPG, Slovenia

Uses
Tufa is occasionally shaped into a planter. Its porous consistency makes it ideal for alpine gardens. A concrete mixture called hypertufa is used for similar purposes.

In the 4th century BC, tufa was used to build Roman walls up to 10m high and 3.5m thick. The soft stone allows for easy sculpting. Tufa masonry was used in cemeteries, such as the one in Cerveteri.

title: Tufa