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Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold

Eric David Harris (April 9, 1981 – April 20, 1999) and Dylan Bennet Klebold (September 11, 1981 – April 20, 1999) were two American high school seniors and mass murderers who perpetrated the Columbine High School massacre at Columbine High School on April 20, 1999 in Columbine, Colorado. Harris and Klebold killed 12 students, one teacher, and wounded 24 others. After killing most of their victims in the school's library, they died by self-inflicted gunshot wounds. At the time, it was the deadliest high school shooting in U.S. history.

The ensuing media frenzy and moral panic led to "Columbine" becoming a byword for school shootings, and becoming one of the most infamous mass shootings ever perpetrated in the United States.

Harris and Klebold were both born in 1981. Harris was born in Wichita, Kansas, but moved around frequently as a child due to his father's occupation in the United States Air Force, while Klebold was born and raised near Columbine. Harris's family eventually settled in Colorado in 1992. Shortly after, Harris and Klebold met while they were in the 7th grade. Over time, they became increasingly close. By the time they were juniors in high school, they were described as inseparable. There are differing reports; some say Harris and Klebold were very unpopular students once they were upperclassmen, as well as frequent targets of bullying, while others say they were not near the bottom of the school's social hierarchy and that each had many friends, along with active social lives. Columbine High School was known to have an intense "jock culture", which saw popular students, mainly athletes, benefit from special treatment from faculty and other students.

According to their journal entries, Harris and Klebold had seemed to begin planning the attack by May 1998, nearly a year before the attack. Throughout the next eleven months, Harris and Klebold meticulously built explosives and gathered an arsenal of weapons. Both Harris and Klebold each left behind several journal writings and home videos, ones they made both alone and together, foreshadowing the massacre and explaining their motives. Harris and Klebold hoped this content would be viewed by the public extensively and inspire followers, although much of the evidence has never been released by authorities.

Harris and Klebold often wore trench coats in school, and in general, as part of their everyday outfits, so after the massacre, it was widely believed Harris and Klebold were part of a clique in school called the "Trenchcoat Mafia", a group of misfits in the school who supposedly rebelled against the popular students. This turned out to be untrue, as neither Harris nor Klebold had any affiliation with the group. The pair's aforementioned writings and videos gave insight into their rationale for the shooting. The FBI concluded that Harris was a psychopath, who exhibited narcissistic traits, unconstrained aggression, and a lack of empathy, while Klebold was concluded to be an angry depressive with a vengeful attitude toward individuals who he believed had mistreated him. However, neither Harris nor Klebold were formally diagnosed with any personality disorders prior to the attack, so this conclusion is often debated. In the following years, various media outlets attributed multiple motivating factors to the attack, including bullying, mental illness, racism, psychiatric medication, and violence in music, movies, and video games. Despite these conclusions, the exact motive for the attack remains inconclusive.

Harris and Klebold have become pop culture icons, with the pair often portrayed, referenced and seen in film, television, video games, music and books. Many killers since the shooting have taken inspiration from the pair (dubbed the Columbine effect), either hailing them as heroes, martyrs and gods, or expressing sympathy for them. Harris and Klebold also have a fanbase, who have coined the term "Columbiners", who write fan fiction and draw fan art of them. Others have also dressed as the duo for cosplay or Halloween.

Eric Harris
Eric David Harris was born on April 9, 1981, in Wichita, Kansas. Harris's parents were both born and raised in Colorado. His mother, Katherine Ann Poole, was a homemaker. His father, Wayne Harris, was working in the United States Air Force as a transport pilot. In 1983, the family moved to Dayton, Ohio, when Harris was two years old. Six years later, the family relocated to Oscoda, Michigan. Michigan pastor William Stone lived across the street from the Harris family while they were located in Oscoda. Stone recalled them as "great neighbors" and often saw Wayne very engaged with his sons. The Harris family then moved to Plattsburgh, New York, in 1991. During his time at Stafford Middle School, Harris played Little League Baseball, regularly went to birthday parties and was "part of the crowd". Kyle Ross, a former classmate of Harris, said, "He was just a typical kid." The Harris family finally settled back in Littleton, Colorado the next year when Wayne retired from the military.

On a 1997 English class assignment, Harris wrote about how difficult the move was from New York to Colorado. "It was the hardest moving from Plattsburgh. I have the most memories from there", Harris continued. "When I left (his friends) I felt alone, lost and even agitated that I had spent so much time with them and now I have to go because of something I can't stop." Harris, in a basement tape, blamed his father for moving the family around, forcing Harris to "start out at the bottom of the ladder." Harris had a chest deformity known as pectus excavatum, in which the breastbone sinks into the chest. This made Harris reluctant to take his shirt off in gym class as other students ridiculed him. Harris had two cosmetic surgeries at age 12 and 13 to repair the deformity. The sunken chest was still mildly observable during his autopsy.

The Harris family lived in rented accommodations for the first three years that they lived in the Littleton area. While Harris was in 7th grade, he met Klebold. In 1996, the Harris family purchased and settled at a house south of Columbine High School. Harris' older brother, Kevin, attended college at the University of Colorado. Harris' father took a job with Flight Safety Services Corporation and Harris' mother became a caterer.

Harris entered Columbine High School in 1995 as a freshman. Columbine had just gone through a major renovation and expansion. From all accounts, he had many friends and was left forward and mid-field on the Columbine soccer team for his freshman and sophomore year. According to one of his teammates, Josh Swanson, he said Harris was a "solid" soccer player, who enjoyed the sport a lot. During his freshman year, Harris met Tiffany Typher. They had German class together. Typher later recounted that Harris quickly wooed her. Harris asked her to homecoming and she accepted. After the event, it appeared that Typher was no longer interested in seeing Harris anymore, for reasons never disclosed. When Typher refused to socialize with Harris again, Harris staged a fake suicide, sprawling on the ground with fake blood splashed all over him. When Typher saw him on the ground, she began to scream for help, at which point Harris and his friends began laughing, prompting Typher to storm off, shouting at Harris to get psychological help.

Dylan Klebold
Dylan Bennet Klebold was born on September 11, 1981, in Lakewood, Colorado, to Thomas and Sue Klebold. On the day after the shooting, Klebold's mother remembered that shortly after Klebold's birth, she described what felt like a shadow cast over her, warning her that this child would bring her great sorrow. "I think I still make of it what I did at that time. It was a passing feeling that went over very quickly, like a shadow." Sue said in an interview with Colorado Public Radio. Klebold was soon diagnosed with pyloric stenosis, a condition in which the opening between the stomach and small intestines thickens, causing severe vomiting during the first few months of life.

Klebold's parents had met when they were both studying art at Ohio State University. After they both graduated, they married in 1971, with their first child, Byron, being born in 1978. Thomas had initially worked as a sculptor, but then moved over to engineering to be more financially stable. Sue had worked in assistance services with disabled children. Furthermore, Klebold's parents were pacifists and attended a Lutheran church with their children. Both Klebold and his older brother attended confirmation classes in accordance with the Lutheran tradition. As had been the case with his older brother, Klebold was named after a renowned poet, Dylan Thomas. Klebold attended Normandy Elementary School for first and second grade and then transferred to Governor's Ranch Elementary School where he was part of the Challenging High Intellectual Potential Students program for gifted children. According to reports, Klebold was exceptionally bright as a young child, although he appeared somewhat sheltered in elementary school. When he transitioned to Ken Caryl Middle School, he found it difficult. Fellow classmates recalled Klebold being painfully shy and quiet, often to an uncomfortable degree. Klebold's parents were unconcerned with the fact that Klebold found the changing of schools uneasy, as they assumed it was just regular behavior among young adolescents. At the family home, the Klebolds also observed some rituals in keeping with Klebold's maternal great-grandfather's Jewish heritage.

During his earlier school years, Klebold played baseball, soccer and T-ball. Klebold was in Cub Scouts with friend Brooks Brown, whom he was friends with since the first grade. Brown lived near the house Harris' parents had bought when they finally settled in Littleton, and rode the same bus as Harris. Shortly after, Klebold had met Harris and the pair quickly became best friends. Later, Harris introduced Klebold to his friend Nathan Dykeman, who also attended their middle school, and they all became a tight-knit group of friends.

Personalities
Both Harris and Klebold worked together as cooks at a Blackjack Pizza, a mile south from Columbine High School. Harris was eventually promoted to shift leader. He and his group of friends were interested in computers, and were enrolled in a bowling class.

Some described Harris as charismatic, and others described him as nice and likable. Harris also often bragged about his ability to deceive others, once stating in a tape that he could make anyone believe anything. By his junior year, Harris was also known to be quick to anger, and threatened people with bombs. Classmates also related that Harris was fascinated by war, and wrote out violent fantasies about killing people he did not like.

Klebold was described by his peers and adults as painfully shy. Klebold often was fidgety whenever someone new talked to him, rarely opening up to people. Klebold was also exceptionally nervous in front of the opposite sex, sometimes avoiding a confrontation with girls altogether. In the last year of his life, many noted a change in Klebold's behavior. Unlike before, Klebold became short-tempered, often prone to sudden outbursts of anger.

Friendship
Much of the information on Harris and Klebold's friendship is unknown, on their interactions and conversations, aside from the Basement Tapes, of which only transcripts have been released, aside from a short audio clip recorded surreptitiously by a victim's father. The pair claimed they were going to make copies of the tapes to send to news stations, but never did so. Harris and Klebold met at Ken Caryl Middle School during their seventh grade year. Over time, they became increasingly close, hanging out by often going out bowling, carpooling and playing the video game Doom over a private server connected to their personal computers. By their junior year of high school, the boys were described as inseparable. Chad Laughlin, a close friend of Harris and Klebold, said that they always sat alone together at lunch and often kept to themselves.

A rumor eventually started that Harris and Klebold were gay and romantically involved, due to the time the pair spent together. It is unknown if they were aware of this rumor. Judy Brown believed Harris was more emotionally dependent on Klebold, who was more liked by the broader student population. In his journals, however, Klebold wrote that he felt that he was not accepted or loved by anyone. Due to these feelings, Klebold possibly sought validation from Harris. Klebold's mother believes Harris' rage, intermingled with Klebold's self-destructive personality, caused the boys to feed off of each other and enter in what eventually became an unhealthy friendship.

Columbine High School
At Columbine High School, Harris and Klebold were active in school play productions, operated video productions and became computer assistants, maintaining the school's computer server. According to early accounts of the shooting, they were very unpopular students and targets of bullying. While sources do support accounts of bullying specifically directed toward Harris and Klebold,  accounts of them being outcasts have been reported to be false, since both of them had a close knit group of friends.

Harris and Klebold were initially reported to be members of a clique that was called the "Trenchcoat Mafia", despite later confirmation that the pair had no connection to the group and furthermore did not appear in the group's photo in Columbine High's 1998 yearbook. Harris' father erroneously stated that his son was "a member of what they call the Trenchcoat Mafia" in a 9-1-1 call he made on the day of the shooting. Klebold attended the high school prom three days before the shootings with a classmate named Robyn Anderson.

Harris and Klebold linked their personal computers on a network and played video games over the Internet. Harris created a set of levels for the game Doom, which later became known as the "Harris levels". The levels are downloadable over the internet through Doom WADs. Harris had a web presence under the handle "REB" (short for Rebel, a nod to the nickname of Columbine High's sports teams) and other online aliases, including "Rebldomakr", "Rebdoomer", and "Rebdomine". Klebold went by the names "VoDKa" and "VoDkA", after the alcoholic beverage. Harris had various websites that hosted Doom and Quake files, as well as team information for those with whom he gamed online. The sites openly espoused hatred for people in their neighborhood and the world in general. When the pair began experimenting with pipe bombs, they posted results of the explosions on the websites. The website was shut down by America Online after the shootings and was preserved for the FBI.

Initial criminal activity
On the night of January 30, 1998, Harris and Klebold broke into a locked van to steal computers and other electronic equipment. A short while after a Jefferson County sheriff's officer drove upon the two boys parked further down road at another park entrance and since the park area was closed by that time of night, the arresting deputy decided to further inspect them. The deputy announced his presence as one of the boys prepared to move the stolen goods into the trunk of the car. Harris shortly after admitted to theft after the deputy asked about where the equipment came from. They were later charged with mischief, breaking and entering, trespassing, and theft. They both left good impressions on juvenile officers, who offered to expunge their criminal records if they agreed to attend a diversionary program which included community service and psychiatric treatment. Harris was required to attend anger management classes where, again, he made a favorable impression. The boys' probation officer discharged them from the program a few months ahead of schedule for good behavior. Regarding Harris, it was remarked that he was "a very bright individual who is likely to succeed in life", while Klebold was said to be intelligent, but "needs to understand that hard work is part of fulfilling a dream."

Several months later on April 30, Harris handed over the first version of a letter of apology he wrote to the owner of the van, which he completed the next month. In the letter, Harris expressed regret about his actions; however, in one of his journal entries dated April 12, he wrote: "Isn't america supposed to be the land of the free? how come, If im free, I cant deprive some fucking dumbshit from his possessions If he leaves them sitting in the front seat of his fucking van in plain sight in the middle of fucking nowhere on a fri-fucking-day night? Natural selection. Fucker should be shot. [sic]".

Hitmen for Hire
When an economics class had Harris make an ad for a business, he and Klebold made a video called Hitmen for Hire on December 8, 1998, which was released in February 2004. It depicts them as part of the Trench Coat Mafia, a clique in the school who wore black trench coats, extorting money for protecting preps from bullies. They were apparently not a part of the Trench Coat Mafia, but were friends with some of its members. They wore black trench coats on the day of the massacre, and the video seemed a kind of dress rehearsal, showing them walking the halls of the school, and shooting bullies outside with fake guns.

Both also displayed themes of violence in their creative writing projects; of a Doom-based story written by Harris on January 17, 1999, Harris' teacher said: "Yours is a unique approach and your writing works in a gruesome way — good details and mood setting."

Acquiring arms
Harris and Klebold were unable to legally purchase firearms due to their both being underage at the time. Klebold then enlisted Robyn Anderson, an 18-year-old Columbine student and old friend of Klebold's, to make a straw purchase of two shotguns and a Hi-Point carbine for the pair. In exchange for her cooperation with the investigation that followed the shootings, no charges were filed against Anderson. After illegally acquiring the weapons, Klebold sawed off his Savage 311-D 12-gauge double-barrel shotgun, shortening the overall length to approximately 23 in. Meanwhile, Harris's Savage-Springfield 12-gauge pump shotgun was sawn off to around 26 in.

The shooters also possessed a TEC-DC9 semi-automatic handgun, which had a long history. The manufacturer of the TEC-DC9 first sold it to Miami-based Navegar Incorporated. It was then sold to Zander's Sporting Goods in Baldwin, Illinois, in 1994. The gun was later sold to a firearms dealer, Larry Russel, in Thornton, Colorado. In violation of federal law, Russell failed to keep records of the sale, yet he determined that the purchaser of the gun was twenty-one years of age or older. Two men, Mark Manes and Philip Duran, were convicted of supplying weapons to the two.

The bombs used by the pair varied and were crudely made from carbon dioxide canisters, galvanized pipe, and metal propane bottles. The bombs were primed with matches placed at one end. Both had striker tips on their sleeves. When they rubbed against the bomb, the match head lit the fuse. The weekend before the shootings, Harris and Klebold had purchased propane tanks and other supplies from a hardware store for a few hundred dollars. Several residents of the area claimed to have heard glass breaking and buzzing sounds from the Harris family's garage, which later was concluded to indicate they were constructing pipe bombs.

More complex bombs, such as the one that detonated on the corner of South Wadsworth Boulevard and Ken Caryl Avenue, had timers. The two largest bombs built were found in the school cafeteria and were made from small propane tanks. Only one of these bombs went off, only partially detonating. It was estimated that if any of the bombs placed in the cafeteria had detonated properly, the blast could have caused extensive structural damage to the school and would have resulted in hundreds of casualties.

Massacre

On April 20, 1999, just weeks before Harris and Klebold were both due to graduate, Brooks Brown, who was smoking a cigarette outside during lunch break, saw Harris arrive at school. Brown had severed his friendship with Harris a year earlier after Harris had thrown a chunk of ice at his car windshield. Brown reconciled with Harris just prior to the shooting. Brown approached Harris near his car and scolded him for skipping his morning classes, because Harris was always serious about schoolwork and being on time. Harris replied, "It doesn't matter anymore." Harris followed up a few seconds later, "Brooks, I like you now. Get out of here. Go home." Brown, who felt uneasy, quickly left the school grounds. At 11:19 am, he heard the first gunshots after he had walked some distance away from the school, and informed the police via a neighbor's cell phone.

By that time, Klebold had already arrived at the school in a separate car, and the two boys left two duffel bags, each containing a 20-pound propane bomb, inside the cafeteria. Their original plans indicated that when these bombs detonated, Harris and Klebold would be waiting at their cars and would shoot, stab and throw bombs at survivors of the initial explosion as they ran out of the school. At noon, this would be followed by bombs set up in their personal cars detonating, killing first responders and others on scene. When these devices failed to detonate, Harris and Klebold resorted to gunning down their classmates and teachers. It was the deadliest high school shooting in U.S history until it was surpassed by the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting committed by Nikolas Cruz on February 14, 2018. Harris was responsible for eight of the thirteen confirmed deaths (Rachel Scott, Daniel Rohrbough, teacher Dave Sanders, Steve Curnow, Cassie Bernall, Isaiah Shoels, Kelly Fleming, and Daniel Mauser), while Klebold was responsible for the remaining five (Kyle Velasquez, Matthew Kechter, Lauren Townsend, John Tomlin, and Corey DePooter). There were 24 injured (21 of them by the shooters), most in critical condition.

Suicide
At 12:02 pm, Harris and Klebold returned to the library. Of the 56 library hostages, 34 remained unharmed, all of whom escaped after Harris and Klebold left the library initially. Investigators later found that Harris and Klebold had enough ammunition to have killed them all. This was 20 minutes after their lethal shooting spree had ended, leaving 12 students dead, one teacher dying, and another 24 students and staff injured. Ten of their victims had been killed in the library. It is believed they came back to the library to watch their car bombs detonate, which had been set up to explode at noon. This did not happen, as the aforementioned bombs failed. Harris and Klebold went to the west windows and opened fire on the police outside. No one was injured in the exchange. Between three and six minutes later, they walked to the bookshelves near a table where Patrick Ireland lay badly wounded and coming in and out of consciousness. Student Lisa Kreutz, injured in the earlier library attack, was also in the room, unable to move.

By 12:08 pm, Harris and Klebold had killed themselves. In a subsequent interview, Kreutz recalled hearing a comment such as, "You in the library", around this time. Harris sat down with his back to a bookshelf and fired his shotgun through the roof of his mouth; Klebold went down on his knees and shot himself in the left temple with his TEC-9. An article by The Rocky Mountain News stated that Patti Nielson overheard them shout "One! Two! Three!" in unison, just before a loud boom. Nielson said that she had never spoken with either of the writers of the article, and evidence suggests otherwise. Just before shooting himself, Klebold lit a Molotov cocktail on a nearby table, underneath which Ireland was lying, which caused the tabletop to momentarily catch fire. Underneath the scorched film of material was a piece of Harris's brain matter, suggesting Harris had shot himself by this point.

Suggested rationales

There was controversy over whether Harris and Klebold should be memorialized. Some were opposed, saying that it glorified murderers, while others argued that Harris and Klebold were also victims. Atop a hill near Columbine High School, crosses were erected for Harris and Klebold along with those for the people they killed, but the father of victim Daniel Rohrbough cut them down, saying that murderers should not be memorialized in the same place as victims.

Overview
Harris and Klebold wrote some about how they would carry out the massacre, and less about why. Klebold penned a rough outline of plans to follow on April 20, and another slightly different one in a journal found in Harris's bedroom. In one entry on his computer, Harris referenced the Oklahoma City bombing, and they mentioned their wish to outdo it by causing the most deaths in US history. They also mentioned how they would like to leave a lasting impression on the world with this kind of violence. Much speculation occurred over the date chosen for their attack. The original intended date of the attack may have been April 19; Harris required more ammunition from Mark Manes, who did not deliver it until the evening of April 19.

Harris and Klebold were both avid fans of KMFDM, an industrial band led by German multi-instrumentalist Sascha Konietzko. It was revealed that lyrics to KMFDM songs ("Son of a Gun", "Stray Bullet" and "Waste") were posted on Harris' website, and that the date of the massacre, April 20, coincided with both the release date of the album Adios and the birthday of Adolf Hitler. Harris noted the coincidence of the album's title and April release date in his journal. In response, KMFDM's Konietzko issued a statement that KMFDM was "against war, oppression, fascism and violence against others" and that "none of us condone any Nazi beliefs whatsoever".

An April 22, 1999, article in The Washington Post described Harris and Klebold:

"They hated jocks, admired Nazis and scorned normalcy. They fancied themselves devotees of the Gothic subculture, even though they thrilled to the violence denounced by much of that fantasy world. They were white supremacists, but loved music by anti-racist rock bands."

The attack occurred on Hitler's birthday, which led to speculation in the media. Some people, such as Robyn Anderson, who knew the perpetrators, stated that the pair were not obsessed with Nazism nor did they worship or admire Hitler in any way. Anderson stated, in retrospect, that there were many things the pair did not tell friends. In his journal, Harris mentioned his admiration of what he imagined to be natural selection, and wrote that he would like to put everyone in a super Doom game and see to it that the weak die and the strong live. On the day of the massacre, Harris wore a white T-shirt with the words "Natural selection" printed in black.

Bullying
At the end of Harris' last journal entry, he wrote: "I hate you people for leaving me out of so many fun things. And no don't fucking say, 'Well that's your fault,' because it isn't, you people had my phone number, and I asked and all, but no. No no no don't let the weird-looking Eric KID come along, ooh fucking nooo." However, in another entry by Eric in his journal, he stated that even if he were complimented and respected more by his peers, the attack would've still, in all likelihood, occurred.

Similarly, Klebold wrote in his journal both about perceived rejection, bullying others, his desire to belong, and his extreme contempt for others. In January 1997, he wrote, "I am GOD compared to some of those un-existable [sic] brainless zombies," referring to his perception of the morons of the world. In March 1997, he wrote, "I do shit to supposedly ‘cleanse’ myself in a spiritual, moral sort of way... trying not to ridicule/make fun of people ([name omitted] at school), yet it does nothing to help my life morally."

Klebold said on the Basement Tapes, "You've been giving us shit for years. You're fucking gonna pay for all the shit! We don't give a shit. Because we're gonna die doing it." However, they also stated on the tapes that nobody is to blame and nobody could have prevented the attack.

Accounts from various parents and school staffers describe bullying at the school as "rampant". Nathan Vanderau, a friend of Klebold, and Alisa Owen, Harris's eighth-grade science partner, reported that Harris and Klebold were constantly picked on. Vanderau noted that a "cup of fecal matter" was thrown at them. "People surrounded them in the commons and squirted ketchup packets all over them, laughing at them, calling them faggots", Brooks Brown says. "That happened while teachers watched. They couldn't fight back. They wore the ketchup all day and went home covered with it." In his book No Easy Answers: The Truth Behind Death at Columbine, Brown wrote that Harris was born with mild chest indent. This made him reluctant to take his shirt off in gym class, and other students would laugh at him.

"A lot of the tension in the school came from the class above us", Chad Laughlin states. "There were people fearful of walking by a table where you knew you didn't belong, stuff like that. Certain groups certainly got preferential treatment across the board. I caught the tail end of one really horrible incident, and I know Dylan told his mother that it was the worst day of his life." That incident, according to Laughlin, involved seniors pelting Klebold with "ketchup-covered tampons" in the commons. However, other commentators have disputed the theory that bullying was the motivating factor. Jeff Kass who has also published a book on the attack believes that bullying wasn't the cause. Peter Langman also argues against bullying being the cause of the attack. Other researchers have concurred.

Journals and investigation
Harris began keeping a journal in April 1998, a short time after the pair was charged with breaking into a van, for which each received ten months of juvenile intervention counseling and community service in January 1998. They began to formulate plans then, as reflected in their journals.

Harris wanted to join the United States Marine Corps, but his application was rejected shortly before the shootings because he was taking the drug fluvoxamine, an SSRI antidepressant, which he was required to take as part of court-ordered anger management therapy. Harris did not state in his application that he was taking any medications. According to the recruiting officer, Harris did not know about this rejection. Though some friends of Harris suggested that he had stopped taking the drug beforehand, the autopsy reports showed low therapeutic or normal (not toxic or lethal) blood-levels of fluvoxamine in his system, which was around 0.0031–0.0087 mg/ml, at the time of death. After the shootings, opponents of contemporary psychiatry like Peter Breggin claimed that the psychiatric medications prescribed to Harris after his conviction may have exacerbated his aggressiveness.

Klebold entitled his journal A Virtual Book: EXISTENCES. Klebold's first journal entry was March 31, 1997, over a year prior to when Harris began his own writings, and in it, he talks about his depression and suicidal thoughts, over two years prior to the massacre. For the rest of his writings, Klebold often wrote about his view that he and Harris were "god-like" and more highly evolved than every other human being, but his secret journal records the aforementioned self-loathing and suicidal intentions. Page after page was covered in hearts, as he was secretly in love with a Columbine student. Although both had difficulty controlling their anger, Klebold's anger had led to his being more prone to serious trouble than Harris. After their arrest, which both recorded as the most traumatic thing they had ever experienced, Klebold wrote a letter to Harris, saying how they would have so much fun getting revenge and killing police, and how his wrath from the January arrest would be "god-like". On the day of the massacre, Klebold wore a black T-shirt which had the word "WRATH" printed in red. It was speculated that revenge for the arrest was a possible motive for the attack, and that the pair planned on having a massive gun battle with police during the shooting. Klebold wrote that life was no fun without a little death, and that he would like to spend the last moments of his life in nerve-wracking twists of murder and bloodshed. He concluded by saying that he would kill himself afterward in order to leave the world that he hated and go to a better place. Klebold was described as being "hotheaded, but depressive and suicidal".

Some of the home-recorded videos, called "The Basement Tapes", have reportedly been destroyed by police. Harris and Klebold reportedly discussed their motives for the attacks in these videos and gave instructions in bomb making. Police cite the reason for withholding these tapes as an effort to prevent them from becoming "call-to-arms" and "how-to" videos that could inspire copycat killers. Some people have argued that releasing the tapes would be helpful, in terms of allowing psychologists to study them, which in turn could possibly help identify characteristics of future killers.

Media accounts
Initially, the shooters were believed to be members of a clique that called themselves the "Trench Coat Mafia", a small group of Columbine's self-styled outcasts who wore heavy black trench coats. Early reports described the members as also wearing German slogans and swastikas on their clothes. Additional media reports described the Trench Coat Mafia as a cult with ties to the neo-Nazi movement which fueled a media stigma and bias against the Trench Coat Mafia. The Trench Coat Mafia was a group of friends who hung out together, wore black trench coats, and prided themselves on being different from the 'jocks' who had been bullying the members and who also coined the name Trench Coat Mafia. The trench coat inadvertently became the members' uniform after a mother of one of the members bought it as a present.

Investigation revealed that Harris and Klebold were only friends with one member of the group, Kristin Thiebault, and that most of the primary members of the Trench Coat Mafia had left the school by the time that Harris and Klebold committed the massacre. Most did not know the shooters, apart from their association with Thiebault, and none were considered suspects in the shootings or were charged with any involvement in the incident.

Marilyn Manson was blamed by the media in the wake of the Columbine shooting, and responded to criticism in an interview with Michael Moore, in which he was asked, "If you were to talk directly to the kids at Columbine and the people in the community, what would you say to them if they were here right now?", to which he replied, "I wouldn't say a single word to them—I would listen to what they have to say, and that's what no one did", referring to people ignoring red flags that rose from Harris and Klebold prior to the shooting.

Psychological analysis
Although early media reports attributed the shootings to a desire for revenge on the part of Harris and Klebold for bullying that they received, subsequent psychological analysis indicated Harris and Klebold harbored serious psychological problems. Harris and Klebold were never diagnosed with any mental disorders, which is overwhelmingly uncommon in mass shooters. According to Supervisory Special Agent Dwayne Fuselier, the FBI's lead Columbine investigator and a clinical psychologist, Harris exhibited a pattern of grandiosity, contempt, and lack of empathy or remorse, distinctive traits of psychopaths that Harris concealed through deception. Fuselier adds that Harris engaged in mendacity not merely to protect himself, as Harris rationalized in his journal, but also for pleasure, as seen when Harris expressed his thoughts in his journal regarding how he and Klebold avoided prosecution for breaking into a van. Other leading psychiatrists concur that Harris was a psychopath.

According to psychologist Peter Langman, Klebold displayed signs of schizotypal personality disorder – he struck many people as odd due to his shy nature, appeared to have had disturbed thought processes and constantly misused language in unusual ways as evidenced by his journal. He appeared to have been delusional, viewed himself as "god-like", and wrote that he was "made a human without the possibility of BEING human." He was also convinced that others hated him and felt like he was being conspired against, even though according to many reports, Klebold was loved by his family and friends.

Lawsuits
In April 2001, the families of more than 30 victims were given shares in a $2,538,000 settlement by the families of the perpetrators, and the two men convicted of supplying the weapons used in the massacre. The Harrises and the Klebolds contributed $1,568,000 to the settlement from their own homeowners' policies, Manes contributed $720,000, and Duran contributed $250,000. The Harrises and the Klebolds were ordered to guarantee an additional $32,000 be available against any future claims. Manes was ordered to hold $80,000 against future claims, and Duran was ordered to hold $50,000.

One family had filed a $250-million lawsuit against the Harrises and Klebolds in 1999 and did not accept the 2001 settlement terms. A judge ordered the family to accept a $366,000 settlement in June 2003. In August 2003, the families of five other victims received undisclosed settlements from the Harrises and Klebolds.

Reaction of Sue Klebold
Sue Klebold, mother of Dylan Klebold, initially was in denial about Klebold's involvement in the massacre, believing he was tricked by Harris into doing it, among other things. Six months later, she saw the Basement Tapes made by Harris and Klebold and acknowledged that Klebold was equally responsible for the killings. She spoke about the Columbine High School massacre publicly for the first time in an essay that appeared in the October 2009 issue of O: The Oprah Magazine. In the piece, Klebold wrote: "For the rest of my life, I will be haunted by the horror and anguish Dylan caused", and "Dylan changed everything I believed about myself, about God, about family, and about love." Stating that she had no clue of her son's intentions, she said: "Once I saw his journals, it was clear to me that Dylan entered the school with the intention of dying there." In Andrew Solomon's 2012 book Far from the Tree, she acknowledged that on the day of the massacre, when she discovered that Klebold was one of the shooters, she prayed he would kill himself (before committing mass murder). "I had a sudden vision of what he might be doing. And so while every other mother in Littleton was praying that her child was safe, I had to pray that mine would die before he hurt anyone else."

In February 2016, Klebold published a memoir, titled A Mother's Reckoning, about her experiences before and after the massacre. It was co-written by Laura Tucker and included an introduction by National Book Award winner Andrew Solomon. It received very favorable reviews, including from the New York Times Book Review. It peaked at No. 2 on The New York Times Best Seller list.

On February 2, 2017, Klebold posted a TED Talk titled, "My son was a Columbine shooter. This is my story." As of January 2024, the video has over 12.1 million views. The site listed Klebold's occupation as "activist", and stated: "Sue Klebold has become a passionate agent working to advance mental health awareness and intervention."

Legacy
ITV describes the legacy of Harris and Klebold as deadly, as they have inspired several instances of mass killings in the United States and globally. Napa Valley Register have called the pair "cultural icons". Author of Columbine, Dave Cullen, called Harris and Klebold the fathers of the movement for disenfranchised youth. Harris and Klebold have also, as CNN referred to, left their inevitable mark on pop culture.

Copycats
The Columbine shooting influenced several subsequent school shootings, with many praising Harris and Klebold, referring to them as martyrs, heroes or gods. In some cases, it has led to the closure of entire school districts. According to psychiatrist E. Fuller Torrey of the Treatment Advocacy Center, a legacy of the Columbine shootings is its "allure to disaffected youth".

Ralph Larkin examined twelve major school shootings in the US in the following eight years and found that in eight of those, "the shooters made explicit reference to Harris and Klebold." Larkin wrote that the Columbine massacre established a "script" for shootings. "Numerous post-Columbine rampage shooters referred directly to Columbine as their inspiration; others attempted to supersede the Columbine shootings in body count."

A 2015 investigation by CNN identified "more than 40 people ... charged with Columbine-style plots." A 2014 investigation by ABC News identified "at least 17 attacks and another 36 alleged plots or serious threats against schools since the assault on Columbine High School that can be tied to the 1999 massacre." Ties identified by ABC News included online research by the perpetrators into the Columbine shooting, clipping news coverage and images of Columbine, explicit statements of admiration of Harris and Klebold, such as writings in journals and on social media, in video posts, and in police interviews, timing planned to an anniversary of Columbine, plans to exceed the Columbine victim counts, and other ties. 60 mass shootings have been carried out, where the perpetrators had made at least a single reference to Harris and Klebold.

In 2015, journalist Malcolm Gladwell writing in The New Yorker magazine proposed a threshold model of school shootings in which Harris and Klebold were the triggering actors in "a slow-motion, ever-evolving riot, in which each new participant's action makes sense in reaction to and in combination with those who came before."

Fandom
Harris and Klebold have also spawned a fandom who call themselves "Columbiners", mostly apparent on blogging site Tumblr. While some just have a scholarly interest in the pair or the event, the vast majority of these individuals, mostly young women, express a sympathetic, or sometimes even sexual interest, in Harris and Klebold. There has been homoerotic art drawn of the two, fan fiction created on the pair's future together had they not gone through with the shooting and costumes created on the outfits Harris and Klebold sported the day of the shootings.

"I relate to their feelings of hopelessness, being angry and not being able to change it, and wanting to be accepted and appreciated", an 18-year-old Tumblr user wrote on Harris and Klebold. "No one noticed they were struggling, and no one took their suffering seriously", added another user. A news site called "All That's Interesting" said on the fandom, "Many of these Columbiners have no positive feelings about the massacre, but are instead focused on the troubled inner lives of its perpetrators because they see themselves in them." The fandom has received criticism for heroizing Harris and Klebold and allegedly inspiring shooting plots such as the Halifax mass shooting plot.

Media about the duo
The 2002 Michael Moore documentary film Bowling for Columbine focuses heavily on a perceived American obsession with handguns, its grip on Jefferson County, Colorado, and its role in the shooting.

In 2004, the shooting was dramatized in the documentary Zero Hour, in which Harris and Klebold are played by Ben Johnson and Josh Young, respectively.

In 2005, game designer Danny Ledonne created a role-playing video game where the player assumes the role of Harris and Klebold during the massacre, entitled Super Columbine Massacre RPG!. The game received substantial media backlash for allegedly glorifying the pair's actions. The father of one victim remarked to the press that the game "disgusts me. You trivialize the actions of two murderers and the lives of the innocent."

The 2016 biographical film I'm Not Ashamed, based on the journals of Rachel Scott, includes glimpses of Harris's and Klebold's lives and of interactions between them and other students at Columbine High School. Harris is played by David Errigo Jr. and Klebold is played by Cory Chapman.

Fiction inspired by the duo
The 2003 Gus Van Sant film Elephant depicts a fictional school shooting, some of whose details were based on the Columbine massacre, such as one scene in which one of the young killers walks into the evacuated school cafeteria and pauses to take a sip from a drink left behind, as Harris did during the shooting. In the film, the killers are called "Alex and Eric" after the actors who portray them, Alex Frost and Eric Deulen.

In the 2003 Ben Coccio film Zero Day, which was inspired by the Columbine shooting, two shooters are played by Andre Kriegman and Cal Gabriel and called "Andre and Calvin" after their actors.

title: Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold


text:
User:Ashera~enwiki

Not much to say at the moment...

Note that I have no connection to Anthony Asher Wright, the ambient music composer who owns ashera.com.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Ashera~enwiki


text:
Hydrozoa

Hydrozoa (hydrozoans; ) is a taxonomic class of individually very small, predatory animals, some solitary and some colonial, most of which inhabit saline water. The colonies of the colonial species can be large, and in some cases the specialized individual animals cannot survive outside the colony. A few genera within this class live in freshwater habitats. Hydrozoans are related to jellyfish and corals and belong to the phylum Cnidaria.

Some examples of hydrozoans are the freshwater jelly (Craspedacusta sowerbyi), freshwater polyps (Hydra), Obelia, Portuguese man o' war (Physalia physalis), chondrophores (Porpitidae), and pink-hearted hydroids (Tubularia).

Anatomy
Most hydrozoan species include both a polypoid and a medusoid stage in their life cycles, although a number of them have only one or the other. For example, Hydra has no medusoid stage, while Liriope lacks the polypoid stage.

Polyps
The hydroid form is usually colonial, with multiple polyps connected by tubelike hydrocauli. The hollow cavity in the middle of the polyp extends into the associated hydrocaulus, so that all the individuals of the colony are intimately connected. Where the hydrocaulus runs along the substrate, it forms a horizontal root-like stolon that anchors the colony to the bottom.

The colonies are generally small, no more than a few centimeters across, but some in Siphonophorae can reach sizes of several meters. They may have a tree-like or fan-like appearance, depending on species. The polyps themselves are usually tiny, although some noncolonial species are much larger, reaching 6 to 9 cm, or, in the case of the deep-sea Branchiocerianthus, a remarkable 2 m (6.6 ft).

The hydrocaulus is usually surrounded by a sheath of chitin and proteins called the perisarc. In some species, this extends upwards to also enclose part of the polyps, in some cases including a closeable lid through which the polyp may extend its tentacles.

In any given colony, the majority of polyps are specialized for feeding. These have a more or less cylindrical body with a terminal mouth on a raised protuberance called the hypostome, surrounded by a number of tentacles. The polyp contains a central cavity, in which initial digestion takes place. Partially digested food may then be passed into the hydrocaulus for distribution around the colony and completion of the digestion process. Unlike some other cnidarian groups, the lining of the central cavity lacks stinging nematocysts, which are found only on the tentacles and outer surface.

All colonial hydrozoans also include some polyps specialized for reproduction. These lack tentacles and contain numerous buds from which the medusoid stage of the life cycle is produced. The arrangement and type of these reproductive polyps varies considerably between different groups.

In addition to these two basic types of polyps, a few colonial species have other specialized forms. In some, defensive polyps are found, armed with large numbers of stinging cells. In others, one polyp may develop as a large float, from which the other polyps hang down, allowing the colony to drift in open water instead of being anchored to a solid surface.

Medusae
The medusae of hydrozoans are smaller than those of typical jellyfish, ranging from 0.5 to 6 cm in diameter. Although most hydrozoans have a medusoid stage, this is not always free-living and in many species exists solely as a sexually reproducing bud on the surface of the hydroid colony. Sometimes, these medusoid buds may be so degenerated as to entirely lack tentacles or mouths, essentially consisting of an isolated gonad.

The body consists of a dome-like umbrella ringed by tentacles. A tube-like structure hangs down from the centre of the umbrella and includes the mouth at its tip. Most hydrozoan medusae have just four tentacles, although a number of exceptions exist. Stinging cells are found on the tentacles and around the mouth.

The mouth leads into a central stomach cavity. Four radial canals connect the stomach to an additional, circular canal running around the base of the bell, just above the tentacles. Striated muscle fibres also line the rim of the bell, allowing the animal to move along by alternately contracting and relaxing its body. An additional shelf of tissue lies just inside the rim, narrowing the aperture at the base of the umbrella, and thereby increasing the force of the expelled jet of water.

The nervous system is unusually advanced for cnidarians. Two nerve rings lie close to the margin of the bell, and send fibres into the muscles and tentacles. The genus Sarsia has even been reported to possess organised ganglia. Numerous sense organs are closely associated with the nerve rings. Mostly these are simple sensory nerve endings, but they also include statocysts and primitive light-sensitive ocelli.

Life cycle
Hydroid colonies are usually dioecious, which means they have separate sexes—all the polyps in each colony are either male or female, but not usually both sexes in the same colony. In some species, the reproductive polyps, known as gonozooids (or "gonotheca" in thecate hydrozoans) bud off asexually produced medusae. These tiny, new medusae (which are either male or female) mature and spawn, releasing gametes freely into the sea in most cases. Zygotes become free-swimming planula larvae or actinula larvae that either settle on a suitable substrate (in the case of planulae), or swim and develop into another medusa or polyp directly (actinulae). Colonial hydrozoans include siphonophore colonies, Hydractinia, Obelia, and many others.

In hydrozoan species with both polyp and medusa generations, the medusa stage is the sexually reproductive phase. Medusae of these species of Hydrozoa are known as "hydromedusae". Most hydromedusae have shorter lifespans than the larger scyphozoan jellyfish. Some species of hydromedusae release gametes shortly after they are themselves released from the hydroids (as in the case of fire corals), living only a few hours, while other species of hydromedusae grow and feed in the plankton for months, spawning daily for many days before their supply of food or other water conditions deteriorate and cause their demise.

Additionally, some hydrozoan species (particularly in Turritopsis genus) share an unusual life cycle among the animals - they can transform themselves from sexually mature medusae stage back to their juvenile hydroid stage.

Systematics and evolution

The earliest hydrozoans may be from the Vendian (late Precambrian), more than 540 million years ago.

Hydrozoan systematics are highly complex. Several approaches for expressing their interrelationships were proposed and heavily contested since the late 19th century, but in more recent times a consensus seems to be emerging.

Historically, the hydrozoans were divided into a number of orders, according to their mode of growth and reproduction. Most famous among these was probably the assemblage called "Hydroida", but this group is apparently paraphyletic, united by plesiomorphic (ancestral) traits. Other such orders were the Anthoathecatae, Actinulidae, Laingiomedusae, Polypodiozoa, Siphonophorae and Trachylina.

As far as can be told from the molecular and morphological data at hand, the Siphonophora for example were just highly specialized "hydroids," whereas the Limnomedusae—presumed to be a "hydroid" suborder—were simply very primitive hydrozoans and not closely related to the other "hydroids." So, the hydrozoans now are at least tentatively divided into two subclasses, the Leptolinae (containing the bulk of the former "Hydroida" and the Siphonophora) and the Trachylinae, containing the others (including the Limnomedusae). The monophyly of several of the presumed orders in each subclass is still in need of verification.

In any case, according to this classification, the hydrozoans can be subdivided as follows, with taxon names emended to end in "-ae":

Class Hydrozoa
 * Subclass Hydroidolina
 * Order Anthoathecata (= Anthoathecata(e), Athecata(e), Anthomedusae, Stylasterina(e)) — includes Laingoimedusae but monophyly requires verification
 * Order Leptothecata (= Leptothecata(e), Thecaphora(e), Thecata(e), Leptomedusae)
 * Order Siphonophorae
 * Subclass Trachylinae
 * Order Actinulidae
 * Order Limnomedusae — monophyly requires verification; tentatively placed here
 * Order Narcomedusae
 * Order Trachymedusae — monophyly requires verification

ITIS uses the same system, but unlike here, does not use the oldest available names for many groups.

In addition, there exists a cnidarian parasite, Polypodium hydriforme, which lives inside its host's cells. It is sometimes placed in the Hydrozoa, though its relationships are currently unresolved—a somewhat controversial 18S rRNA sequence analysis found it to be closer to the also parasitic Myxozoan. It was traditionally placed in its own class, Polypodiozoa, and this view is often seen to reflect the uncertainties surrounding this highly distinct animal.

Other classifications
Some of the more widespread classification systems for the Hydrozoa are listed below. Though they are often found in seemingly authoritative Internet sources and databases, they do not agree with the available data.Especially the presumed phylogenetic distinctness of the Siphonophorae is a major flaw that was corrected only recently.

The obsolete classification mentioned above was:
 * Order Actinulidae
 * Order Anthoathecatae
 * Order Hydroida
 * Suborder Anthomedusae
 * Suborder Leptomedusae
 * Suborder Limnomedusae
 * Order Laingiomedusae
 * Order Polypodiozoa
 * Order Siphonophorae
 * Order Trachylina
 * Suborder Narcomedusae
 * Suborder Trachymedusae

A very old classification that is sometimes still seen is:
 * Order Hydroida
 * Order Milleporina
 * Order Siphonophorae
 * Order Stylasterina (= Anthomedusae)
 * Order Trachylinida

Catalogue of Life uses:
 * Order Actinulida
 * Order Anthoathecata (= Anthomedusae)
 * Order Hydroida
 * Order Laingiomedusae
 * Order Leptothecata (= Leptomedusae)
 * Order Limnomedusae
 * Order Narcomedusae
 * Order Siphonophorae
 * Order Trachymedusae

Animal Diversity Web uses:
 * Order Actinulida
 * Order Anthoathecata
 * Order Laingiomedusae
 * Order Leptothecata
 * Order Limnomedusae
 * Order Narcomedusae
 * Order Siphonophorae
 * Order Trachymedusae

title: Hydrozoa


text:
Talk:Eastern Wu

What's the difference between the "State of Wu" and "Kingdom of Wu"? --Jiang 06:58, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)

The "State of Wu" usually refers to a state during the Spring and Autumn Period, but is occasionally used the describe the state governed by the Sun family during the decline of the Later Han dynasty, whereas the term "Kingdom of Wu" is used to describe the state after Sun Quan declared himself emperor. Chuximus

The Kingdom and State of Wu
As Sun Jian said in Dynasty Warriors 4, "I vow that one day, the Tiger of Jiang Dong, will bring peace back to the land." The preformance of Wu soldiers and generals can not be questioned but it can be challenged. At the time being of their struggle, the army of Wu with Sun Jian and Sun Ce had to retake back their own lands from regional leaders who invaded their land. During those times, Sun Jian died in battle and Sun Ce died after a wound reopens, but they managed to recruite or convince other officers to join their ranks. Looking at Wu, they did not have the one thing that they need most. The Wu kingdom had less man power, but they did fulfill the requirements of the others. They had generals of many talent and the strategy to combat any smaller enemy troops. This is where the alliance at Chi Bi with Liu that they were able to recover as well as gain more soldiers after Zhou Yu lead the South Land to victory. The Kingdom and State of Wu shows me and maybe others that they had many talented officers and generals yet they did not have enough man power to repel an overwheling force like Cao Cao and the kingdom of Wei.--Zhang Liao 16:07, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

Sun Jian actually spent very little time in Yang province, which was Sun Ce's power base. He held only local authority there for a brief time, and did not return after the Yellow Turban Rebellion. Sun Jian was killed while fighting on behalf of Yuan Shu, and Sun Ce's army during the time of Cao Cao's struggle with Yuan Shu was large and powerful enough to give Cao Cao and Liu Biao reason to fear. In addition, numerous censuses in the era show that for the overwhelming majority of the time, Wu was actually far closer to Wei in terms of manpower than Shu was. Most maps of the era show that Wu was nearly as large as Wei. -- Schlechtentag

"Zhang Liao"'s idea for the details of Wu's state should be ignored. It's a fan lover of the old Dynasty Warriors games. The quote should not be used and should be disregaurded since most of the information here isn't even remotely true. Schelchy here has it close, but I'm looking at my book **right now** written by Luo Guanzhong. (The one with heavy fantasy in it.) Guanzhong here claims Sun Jian did much fighing up north and was actually a protector in the areas east of Shou Chun (A bit north of the southland rivers.) Sun Jian was supposedly killed while returning home by Liu Bao's soldiers, not Yuan Shu. Sun Ce, Jian's son, took refuge along with the remants of the army under Yuan Shu's service. Sun Ce then borrowed forces, unified the south region and held there until his death and succession of his brother Sun Quan. In fact, Sun Ce did not 'recapture' his homeland, but instead pretty much invaded it.

In reguard to the note on Wu's strength, the Sun family forces were indeed strong, but not nearly as great as Cao Cao's. Wu, although the same size if not larger then Wei, hand conquored much of the southern jungles and hot areas there were generally unfavorable. The victory at Chi Bi was indeed an upset, and Cao Cao's forces would late rebuke the victors and Hei Fei. Wu was much like Canada, in that they were large in size, but the frontier borders consisted of undesired terrain. Shi Xie (if thats his name) was a governor of the land and submitted to Wu. He kept his position as leader, but since he was so far and so isolated from the capitol he could effectivly rule as though he had hardly no authority at all. That is just some elaboration on the truth on the kingdom of Wu. Should anyone want to write a legitmate piece of history, feel free to do that and not base it off a fictional video game. --Patricoo

Material about Wu Taibo and Japan
I've removed the material (again) because it doesn't pertain to Eastern Wu; it belongs in, if anywhere, Wu (state), and if someone puts it there I won't object. (Wu Taibo was the legendary founder of the State of Wu; Eastern Wu was centuries later with no connection to his line.) --Nlu 06:55, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

The Top Generals of Wu
Althought Wei and Shu had there own top five generals, Wu never had any generals that could match their feats or knowledge in war. If there were any top five generals in Wu though, they would be Zhou Yu, Zhou Tai, Lu Xun, Gan Ning, and Huang Gai.

1.) Zhou Yu aids Sun Ce in the campaign to take back the Wu territories. Later, he saves Sun Quan at Chi Bi against Cao Cao.

2.) Zhou Tai was noteable for his life risking journey every time Sun Quan was in danger.

3.) Lu Xun, I believe, earns his place in the top five for not only helping Lu Meng take back Jing but also for defeating Liu Bei at Yiling regardless if many of the veteran officers did not trust him.

4.) Gan Ning proves his worth by leading a night raid on the Wei troops and not a single horse nor soldier turned up missing.

5.) Huang Gai was mostly noteable for his services to the Sun family and his false defection that lead to the victory at Chi Bi.

Althought some people may not agree with these men as the top five, I believe they are comarable to the top Five Tigers of Shu and Top Five Wei Generals. If anyone thinks otherwise, please do post your expression. --Zhang Liao 22:58, 27 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure if Zhou Yu and Lu Xun (and Lu Meng) should be in the list. They were excellent generals, of course, but they were also top-notch advisors like Zhuge Liang and Sima Yi -- who were NOT among the Five Tiger generals and Five Wei generals respectively. For their replacements, I recommend Taishi Ci (who, ironically, performed his greatest acts before joining Wu) and either Cheng Pu or Jiang Qin. -- DragonAtma

 * This section is absurd fanservice. We should delete it and instead include "influential commanders." I also dispute user Zhang Liao's claims, as they are clearly opinion based and should be completely disregarded. While talent is in the eye of the beholder, influence is far more tangible. -- Schlechtentag

 * Huang Gai may have been an impressive warrior, but he was hardly of critical import to the Wu Kingdom when compared to others. Zhang Liao, as much as I love the Dynasty Warriors series, basing actual historical articles on said games is even more ridiculous than basing them on the Romance of the Three Kingdoms stories.  I'm certain that even the game developers at Koei would agree with this. Gamer Junkie 23:04, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

 * If this title existed i am sure Huang Gai would be included. Huang Gai, Cheng Pu, and Han Dang would most liekly all be in it becaus ethey were Sun Jian's first three generals. Then i would guess Zhu Zhi would be one of the 5 because he was around for a long time and a pretty strong general. And lastly, Gan Ning would most definitely be one of the 5 because he was Wu's strongest general. Hardworker111 09:43, 23 June 2007 (UTC)

Yizhou
After the Battle of Chibi, Zhou Yu was hoping to grab Liu Zhang's lands (the provincer Yizhou, which later became the heart of Liu Bei's empire) for Wu. Obviously they failed, but I'd say it's a valid possibility, as "Island" may have been a mistranslation, especially seeing how isolationist Liu Zhang and his father were. On a side note, a "What if" scenario in one of the Ro3K games (#9, I think) has Yizhou under Wu's control, with Liu Bei limited to (I think) southern Jing. -- DragonAtma

The Yizhou in question is not the same as Yi province, though Zhou Yu does advocate seizing it. The Chinese characters are different, and numerous biographies, such as Lu Xun's, make note that Yizhou is most likely Taiwan. -- Schlechtentag

The island in question would likely have been Taiwan, but I must say if you want to add in anything about the Wu state, and then go into details about particular provinces, I'd say talkabout Jingzhou instead. Yizhou is very minor in the full history of Wu and seems more like a passing dream. -_Patricoo

Un-Protection...
I think its time for unprotection, cao wei and shu han have been unprotected and all three became proteted on the same day. Who agrees, come on unprotect this page, or at least partially protect it. Teniii 12:38, 6 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Unprotected. If you get into a dispute again, please take it to the talk page instead of engaging in an edit war. Thanks. Sr13 (T|C) 08:18, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

List of important individuals
How many "important" individuals do you think should be listed for a state that lasted 58 years? When we get into lists like this, it really should be limited to the truly important individuals. --Nlu (talk) 05:17, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I would agree. Those people fundamental to the founding and survival of Sun WU.  We shouldn't include every single person of hsitorical significance as that would take forever and be massive in size.  People important to certain battles or events should be mentioned in their own articles or in the articles regarding the event.  For example, Huang Gai's fire attack at the Battle of Chibi. Gamer Junkie 05:51, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Haha, okay, heres what I will do than i will edit the list to what i think are the more important people meaning i will add some and delets some from the current list, if you disagree fell free to intrude, but I think I got it under control. Hardworker111 10:39, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

What's the point of your removing truly important individuals (key officials and empresses) and replacing them with people who actually had very little impact on Eastern Wu's history? In particular, Sun Shangxiang is fictional, even if based on a real individual. --Nlu (talk) 19:21, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

Sun Shangxiang wasn't fictional, she just had a differnt name historically, Its kind of like how the Dynasty Warriors series gave Empress Zhang the name Xing Cai which was not her name historically. Hardworker111 19:37, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

 * When you add so many attributes to a person -- including her name -- how much of the person remains real? In reality, she married Liu Bei in a political marriage and soon returned to her brother's camp; that's it.  She had no actual impact on either Eastern Wu or Shu Han otherwise.  Everything else was invented, literally, by the Romance.  It's like claiming that the charater of Jack Stanton in Primary Colors (modelled after Bill Clinton) "wasn't fictional, he just had a different name historically."  --Nlu (talk) 19:51, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I suppose you can look at it taht way, and I'm not going to argue with you, I'll leave her off, she wasn't really that important like you said anyway. Hardworker111 19:55, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I'd imagine the two Zhangs, Zhao and Hong, deserve some consideration as notable figures. Sun Chen (Sun Lin) was also a notable figure, but in the wrong kind of way. Similarly, Taishi Ci's impact with Wu was fairly miniscule; he was a reknowned man, but didn't necessarily have a big impact outside keeping Liu Pan at bay. It was also Sun Ce who truly had a hand in building the foundation of Wu; Sun Jian was a subordinate of Yuan Shu's and didn't really help build Wu at all (outside fathering Ce). This list, much like the one on the Shu page, happens to coincide with the Dynasty Warriors cast. Redmac54 (talk) 13:41, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eastern Wu


text:
Talk:Klasky Csupo

Garfield?
It's been quite a while since I've seen Garfield related animation, but a cursory check of imdb doesn't seem to support K-C invlolvement (unless Film Roman were spun off from K-C at some point). Is this documented elsewhere? knoodelhed 06:41, 12 July 2005 (UTC)

No, It was just a mistake. On the season four DVD of the Simpsons, Jim Reardon said on the commentary for Homer the Heritic that it was the first episode animated by Film Roman. "Up to that point, they were animating Garfield the Cat TV specials." Someone must of misheard and mistakened it for Klasky Csupo.

Template Theory
Theree's been some speculation on the part of myself and others (as I recognize writing styles from the K-C toon articles here, and commentary on Nickdisk as well as news:alt.tv.nickelodeon) as to whether K-C actively employs templates in character and plot design. While I think there's a good deal of empirical support for a template theory, I don't think I'd name it as such or post an article about it, but I will share my observations. Mind you, this applies to the "human" toons (RR, TWT, RP, ATBG, and AGU) and not necessarily to something like Duckman, Aah! Real Monsters!, etc.

Characters
''Possession of a trait doesn't necessarily correspond to a character's personality type or location within power structure. For example, Otto (RP) and little Chuckie (RR) both have unique hairstyles and wear noticeable glasses, but Otto is clearly a Leader while Chuckie is a Sidekick.''

Traits and Props

 * Glasses
 * Hairstyle
 * Chronic medical condition (Sammy: asthma. Chuckie: allergies)
 * Use of journals (Ginger) or videography (Twister, big Tommy)
 * Eats just about anything (DeVilles, Sammy)
 * Abnormal skill or interest (Eliza: talks to animals. Otto: coordination. Carl: alchemy. Noelle: psychotelekinesis)

Offices in the dramatis personae
Klasky Csupo
 * Meanie (Angelica, Debbie, Lars, Miranda, Samantha)
 * Fearless Leader (Otto, Eliza, little Tommy, Carl)
 * Sidekick (Twister, little Chuckie, Hoodsey)
 * Fraidy-cat (Darwin, Sammy, little Chuckie)

Re: Santo Bugito
Santo Bugito is misquoted as being made in 1998, when the stub it links to claims it was made in 1995. That, and it hit syndication on teletoon in 97. It's fairly old

Grammar Clean up
hi, I just read the page and it has numerous grammar errors and double negatives which make it hard to understand. For example "By 2004, Klasky Csupo shut down production on most of its shows, including Rugrats. All Grown Up! is still in production, however." So did they still make All Grown Up?. Then after it says "In 2005, Klasky Cuspo's store called it quits on 1 December." Not only is this sentance informal and not fitting for an article it doesn't make it clear if Klasky Cuspo closed down or just it's store. I would make these changes myself but not having any information on the studio any changes i would make could potentially remove important information. There is alot of potentially interesting and helpful information on this page it just needs to be cleaned up so that readers can see it clearly and easily. TheEnlightened 15:53, 3 May 2006 (UTC)

SpongeBob?
Some of the SpongeBob SquarePants episodes have the K-C logo after it however K-C does not have anything to do with the show. It is United Plankton Pictures that produces it. Does K-C have anything to do with it?

 * No. K-C's logo appearing after SpongeBob, as far as I think, is simply an error on Nickelodeon's part (I believe the masters for the logos are kept separate from the show masters at the request of the network). Last time this may have happened is in 2002. 67.41.140.184 15:20, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Also, K-C's "Robot" logo plasters the "Graffiti" one on Nicktoons Network now. WizardDuck 01:36, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

actually, the graffiti logo had an editing mistake and was accidently put at the end of Wet Painters/Krusty Krab Training Video episodes. its now been fixed though (please bring a new logo)--68.140.73.155 (talk) 11:12, 9 April 2010 (UTC)

sorry i should fix myself. the robot logo was the one accidentally showed on those episodes. my fault 68.140.73.155 (talk) 05:42, 10 August 2010 (UTC)

Chalkzone!?
A one second season episode of Chalkzone have the K-C "Chicken" logo after it as the same editing mistake as the "Robot" logo. It is Frederator Studios that produces it, not the K-C logo. -- Does it look like rocks to you!?  03:08, 30 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Actually, the "Chicken" logo is called "Rooster". — Preceding unsigned comment added by MattBoo (talk • contribs) 20:59, 24 December 2011 (UTC)

 * It's actually pretty funny too. "WAKE UUPP!!!" LOL, I love that saying. ~I am a stegosaurus!~ —Preceding undated comment added 22:26, 23 February 2012 (UTC).

Tag
I removed the top tag. If someone finds anymore errors, they can bring them to my attention. Dark jedi requiem 02:42, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

Exaggerated report of demise?
Not sure if the entire company is about to go 10-7, but I do recall that the December 2005 date refertrd to the closure of K-C's giftshop (it actually ceased to function some time around Thanksgiving). True, cooltoons.com is off line and they haven't put out a newsletter in a while, but klaskycsupo.com and kachew.com are still up, and a late night phone call got their voice mail system (they are looking to hire some 3-D specialists). knoodelhed 14:13, 21 July 2006 (UTC)
 * The Simpson's mailing list just got a report of the same thing, with no source cited. Nothing on Google News, and the web site is still alive and well. --DarkAudit 20:28, 6 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I think Klasky Csupo is still around. See this article from animation magazine, published only a couple of weeks ago: 青い(Aoi) 07:58, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

Klasky Csupo is alive and well. Watch for their booth and lots of new shows at Kidscreen. Rwf5 22:42, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

Ownership??
I don't remember Klasky-Csupo being under the ownership of anyone but Gabor-Csupo and Arlene Klasky. Will someone profile sufficent proof of 20th Century Fox and Nickelodeon ownership otherwise I'll be deleting this. Dancing is Forbidden (talk) 02:45, 23 June 2009 (UTC)

 * That's not likely, but it could be possible. Because, Klasky-Csupo provided the animation for the first three seasons of The Simpsons (along with the Tracey Ullman shorts), and Nick and K-C struck a pretty good deal of making animated Nicktoons for Nick. But being owned by Fox and Nick is VERY unlikely, even though K-C did take certain parts for both companies. ~MattBoo

A bit confused here...
It says the 3rd logo was last seen in "Rugrats in Austraila" which says was first shown next year (2011)???

Then the 4th has the same general confusion to it... 67.172.25.175 (talk) 05:23, 12 June 2010 (UTC)

Pronunciation?
The pronunciation of 'Csupó' in this article differs from that in Csupó's own article. Which is correct? magentafeelings (talk) 11:29, 29 March 2013 (UTC)

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More information
I want more information about the Klasky Csupo production endings and the Klasky Csupo robot guy.

Qwertyxp2000 (talk) 06:31, 15 September 2014 (UTC)

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Klasky Csupo — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:30A:C094:1EE0:7D79:1691:60B5:C0FC (talk) 17:22, 8 March 2019 (UTC)

Question
Could everyone tell me the reason why the descriptions about the criticisms of KC’s artstyle need to be removed from this article and the Ronald McDonald thing? Personally, it’s true the studio is notable for most of its animations with the very gross and weird-looking character designs, including with deformed heads, ugly haircuts, and sometimes with disgusting lips and tiny eyes, and I especially don’t like the character designs from The Wild Thorneberrys and As Told by Ginger, I honestly find them hideous (no matter how decent the concept and voice acting are), which makes Netflix’s Big Mouth has beautiful character designs! Wiki-Ikiw (talk) 15:35, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

This is my favorite logo.

I am making a sparta remix of him. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Joaomarbleraces (talk • contribs) 16:52, 25 March 2021 (UTC)

On vegas pro 15.0, i guess — Preceding unsigned comment added by Joaomarbleraces (talk • contribs) 16:59, 25 March 2021 (UTC)

i am currently on the madness, which VEGAS lagged and freezed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Joaomarbleraces (talk • contribs) 17:05, 25 March 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 17:07, 31 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Splaat (1998-2002 Klasky Csupo Logo).png

Klasky Chew Poh
Klasky Csupo 2603:900A:1B00:ACBC:D513:2ECD:B29:B4D8 (talk) 22:06, 1 September 2023 (UTC)

 * What? Chiagozie Elobuike (talk) 03:33, 3 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Klasky Csupo


text:
Talk:Joey Shithead

Could this use a NPOV edit? I have no interest in music or I would. -- Pakaran 07:03, 25 Nov 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Joey Shithead


text:
Grand Duchy of Posen

The Grand Duchy of Posen (Großherzogtum Posen; Wielkie Księstwo Poznańskie) was part of the Kingdom of Prussia, created from territories annexed by Prussia after the Partitions of Poland, and formally established following the Napoleonic Wars in 1815. Per agreements derived at the Congress of Vienna it was to have some autonomy. However, in reality it was subordinated to Prussia and the proclaimed rights for Polish subjects were not fully implemented. On 9 February 1849, the Prussian administration renamed the grand duchy the Province of Posen. Its former name was unofficially used afterward for denoting the territory, especially by Poles, and today is used by modern historians to refer to different political entities until 1918. Its capital was Posen (Poznań).

Background
Originally part of the Kingdom of Poland, this area largely coincided with Greater Poland. The eastern portions of the territory were taken by the Kingdom of Prussia during the Partitions of Poland; during the first partition (1772), Prussia took just the Netze District, the portion along the Noteć (Netze) river. Prussia added the remainder during the second partition in 1793. Prussia briefly lost control during the Kościuszko Uprising in 1794.

It was initially administered as the province of South Prussia. The Poles were the primary ally of Napoleon Bonaparte in Central Europe, participating in the Greater Poland Uprising of 1806 and supplying troops for his campaigns. After the defeat of Prussia by Napoleonic France, the Duchy of Warsaw was created by the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807.

1815–1830
According to the Congress of Vienna, put into action after the fall of Napoleon in 1815, parts of the Prussian territory partitioned from Poland were passed on to Russia. From the remainder the Grand Duchy of Posen was to be created, that was to be a nominally autonomous province under Hohenzollern rule with the rights of "free development of Polish nation, culture and language", and was outside the German Confederation. Originally the Grand Duchy was to include Chełmno and Toruń. Prussia, however, disregarded this promise from Congress of Vienna. At this time the city of Poznań was the administrative centre and the seat of the Statthalter "Prince Antoni Henryk Radziwiłł of Poznań". In reality the actual administrative power over the region was awarded by Prussia to provincial upper-president Joseph Zerboni di Sposetti, who was a Prussian of German ethnicity.

At the beginning of the Prussian takeover of Polish territories, the discrimination and repression of Poles consisted of reducing their access to education and the judicial system. Prussian officials identified Germanisation as the progress of higher culture over a lower one. As a result, the local administration discriminated against Poles. After 1824 attempts to Germanise the school system were hastened and the government refused to establish a Polish university in Poznań. Polish politicians issued protests against Prussian policies and a secret, patriotic Polish organisation was founded called Towarzystwo Kosynierów (Society of Scythemen). Resistance activity of Poles resulted in reaction from Berlin, where a trial was held in connection to links between Poles from the Grand Duchy with Poles from Russian-ruled Congress Poland.

1830–1840
The 1830 November Uprising within Congress Poland against the Russian Empire was significantly supported by Poles from the Grand Duchy. Afterward, the Prussian administration under Oberpräsident Eduard Flottwell known for his anti-Polonism introduced a stricter system of repression against the Poles. Prussian authorities attempted to expel Poles from administration to weaken the Polish nobility by buying its lands out, and, after 1832, the role of the Polish language in education was significantly repressed. Local self-government in the landed estates of land-lords, which was dominated by Polish nobility, was abolished, and instead the Prussian state appointed commissioners. Monasteries and their assets were confiscated by Prussia. The office of the governor (Statthalter) was abolished. Germanisation of institutions, education as well through colonisation was implemented.

1840–1846
On September 11, 1840, an audience was held by the Prussian king for deputies coming from the Grand Duchy. Count Edward Raczyński, in the name of all Polish members of the Grand Duchy Sejm (parliament), issued a complaint against the repression and discrimination of the Polish population which went against guarantees made in 1815. He accused the Prussian authorities of removing the Polish language from public institutions, courts and schools, as well as deleting the history of Poland from school teaching and substituting the name "Province of Posen" for the previous "Grand Duchy of Posen". He also blamed the authorities for erasing the Polish Eagle from the Grand Duchy's seals and emblems and for expelling Poles from offices in order to replace them with Prussians or foreign-born persons of German ethnicity. When land owners of Polish ethnicity sold land, it was often bought in order to resell it to colonists of German ethnicity. The Prussian king rejected the complaint; he was fully supportive of the Germanisation of Polish areas. However, he believed it had to be done through different methods, and in May 1841 decided to name Flottwell upper-president of the Prussian Province of Saxony, which included large territories annexed from the Kingdom of Saxony in 1815.

Greater Poland Uprising of 1846
Before 1848, repressions intensified in the Grand Duchy, censorship was strengthened, settlers of German ethnicity were brought in. Large patriotic demonstrations were held in memory of Antoni Babiński, a member of the Polish Democratic Society. He had been wounded by a gunshot, when the Prussian gendarme attempting to arrest him, engaged in a fight with him. Babiński was then captured, sentenced to death and executed in Poznań. His public execution in February 1847 was accompanied by public mourning. Cloth soaked in his blood and other remains were distributed as national relics. Large prayers were held in his memory, often against orders of Prussia. Members of such gatherings were persecuted by police. At the same time the national self-awareness grew among the rural population of Polish and German ethnicity alike. Whereas two thirds of the grand ducal population identified as ethnically Polish (mostly in the centre, south and east), one third envisioned themselves as being of German ethnicity. Anti-Prussian sentiment grew as response to policy of Germanisation and repression by Prussian authorities and the conspiracy organisation called Związek Plebejuszy found a potent ground. It was led by bookseller Walenty Stefański, poet Ryszard Berwiński and lawyer Jakub Krauthofer-Krotowski.

Frankfurt Parliament of 1848 and the Duchy
During the Revolutions of 1848, the Frankfurt Parliament attempted to divide the grand duchy into two parts: the Province of Posen, which would have been annexed to a to-be-created united Germany, and the Province of Gniezno, which would have remained outside Germany, but because of the protest of Polish parliamentarians these plans failed and the integrity of the grand duchy was preserved. However, on February 9, 1849, after a series of broken assurances, the Prussian administration renamed the grand duchy the Province of Posen. Nevertheless, the territory formally remained outside of Germany until the dissolution of German Confederation and the establishment of North German Confederation as late as 1866, while the Prussian Kings up to William II, German Emperor still held the title "Grand Duke of Posen" until 1918.

Area and population
The area was 28951 km2 and contained most of the territories of the historical province of Greater Poland, which comprised the western parts of the Duchy of Warsaw (Departments of Poznań, Bydgoszcz, partly Kalisz) that were ceded to Prussia according to the Congress of Vienna (1815) with an international guarantee of self-administration and free development of the Polish nation.

Population:
 * 900,000 (1815)
 * 1,350,000 (1849)
 * 2,100,000 (1910)

Since in the first half of the 19th century there was no census or other statistics also recording the ethnic identities of the inhabitants of the grand duchy its ethnic composition can only be derived from its religious makeup then recorded in the census. By 1815 in the grand duchy Catholics were by majority Polish-speaking, most Protestants were native speakers of German and many Jews then spoke Yiddish. Based on the religious data it was estimated that in 1815 ethnic Poles made up about 657,000 persons (or 73% of the overall population), while ethnic Germans were 225,000 (25%) and 18,000 (or 2%) were of the Yiddish culture. In 1819, according to Georg Hassel ethnic Poles were 77% of the population, ethnic Germans 17.5% and Jews 5.5%.

However, a simple identification of religion and ethnicity is misleading.

Whereas in 1812 Jews in then Prussia proper had been emancipated and naturalised, the Jews of the grand duchy were excluded from citizens franchise, but like women and non-propertied classes mere subjects of the grand duke. Only Christian men, if owning land, were enfranchised as citizens. Whereas Christians had freedom of moving from the grand duchy to Prussia proper, the grand duchy's Jews were forbidden to immigrate into Prussia. Prussian policy, however, opened an exception, Germanized Jews were enfranchised as citizens and granted freedom of move. So most adherents of the Yiddish culture Germanised themselves within a short period. Many traditional or newly established educational institutions using German language were attended by local Jews who, equipped with Prussian educational and German language skills, often emigrated to Prussia proper with some making their careers. Despite Germanisation efforts, the Polish-speaking population more than doubled to 1,344,000 and remained the majority, however, its percentage decreased to 64% of the population by 1910. However, there were regional differences, with Polish being the prevailing language in the centre, east and south, and German speakers majorities in the west and north.

Religion
According to contemporary statistics of 1825 the population consisted of the 65.6% Roman Catholics, 28.1% Protestants and 6.3% Jews. The Roman Catholic congregations formed part of the Ecclesiastical Province of Gnesen-Posen led by Primates of Poland, a Roman Catholic jurisdiction formed in 1821 by merging the archdioceses of Gniezno and Poznań, separated again in 1946. The bulk of the Lutheran and Reformed (Calvinist) congregations became part of the Ecclesiastical Province of Posen within the Evangelical Church in Prussia after 1817, with the congregations usually retaining their previous separate confessions. With the persisting resistance of some Lutherans against this administrative Prussian Union of churches the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Prussia emerged in 1841, government-recognised in 1845, with about 3,000 Old Lutherans in several congregations spread in the area of the grand duchy. Jewish religious life was organised in about 130 congregations spread all over the grand duchy. Since the government tolerated Judaism, but did not recognise it, no Jewish umbrella organisation, comparable to those of the Christian denominations or the former Council of Four Lands, forbidden in 1764, did emerge in the grand duchy. The migration of Posen Jews to Prussia was mostly blocked until 1850, when they were finally naturalised.

Territorial administration
The monarch of the grand duchy, with title of Grand Duke of Posen, was the Hohenzollern king of Prussia and his representative was the Duke-Governor (Statthalter): the first was Prince Antoni Radziwiłł (1815–1831), who was married to Princess Louise of Prussia, the king's cousin. The governor was assigned to give advice in matters of Polish nationality, and had the right to veto the administration decisions; in reality, however, all administrative power was in the hands of the Prussian upper-president of the province.

The Prussian administrative unit that covered the territory of the Grand Duchy was called the Province of the Grand Duchy of Posen in the years 1815–1849, and later to simplify just the Province of Posen (Provinz Posen, Prowincja Poznańska).

The territory of the grand duchy was divided into two regions (Rejencja), that of Bromberg and of Posen, whose borders reflected those of the Bydgoszcz and the Poznań Department of the previous Duchy of Warsaw. The regions were further divided into 26 original districts (Kreis(e), Powiat(y)) headed by Landräte ("district councillors"). Later, these were redivided into 40 districts, plus two urban districts. In 1824, the Grand Duchy also received a provincial council (term started in 1827) but with little administrative power, limited to providing advice. In 1817, the Culmerland (Chełmno Land) was moved to West Prussia. From the 1820s, the grand duchy had a parliament, the Sejm of the Grand Duchy of Posen.

Organisations
Organisations for items of general interest or province-wide purposes:
 * Archdiocese of Poznań-Gniezno, seated in Poznań/Posen, a joint diocese of the Roman Catholic Church, joint in 1821
 * Posener Provinzial-Bibelgesellschaft (Posen Provincial Bible society; established in 1817 in Posen/Poznań)
 * Ecclesiastical Province of Posen, seated in Poznań/Posen, a regional branch of the Evangelical Church in Prussia established in 1817/1826
 * Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein (Natural Scientific Association, established in 1837 in Posen/Poznań)
 * Central-Lehrer-Verein für die Provinz Posen (central teachers association; established in 1848 in Posen/Poznań)
 * Provinzial-Feuersozietät des Großherzogthums Posen (public fire insurance of the Grand Duchy of Posen; established in 1841 in Posen/Poznań)
 * Posener Provinzial-Lehrerverein (Posen provincial teacher association; established in 1872 in Posen/Poznań)
 * Provinzialverband Posen (provincial federation of Posen, public-law corporation of self-rule of all districts and independent cities within Posen Province for their common purposes; established in 1875 in Posen/Poznań)
 * Landwirtschaftskammer für die Provinz Posen (Chamber of Agriculture for the Province of Posen; established in 1875 in Posen/Poznań)
 * Historische Gesellschaft für den Netzedistrikt zu Bromberg (Historical Society for the Netze District in Bromberg, established in 1880)
 * Pestalozzi-Verein der Provinz Posen (Pestalozzi [paedagogical] association for the Province of Posen; established in 1883 in Lissa/Leszno)
 * Historische Gesellschaft für die Provinz Posen (Historical Society for the Province of Posen, established in 1885 in Posen/Poznań)
 * Posener Provinzialvereins zur Bekämpfung der Tuberkulose als Volkskrankheit (Posen provincial association for fighting tuberculosis as a people's disease; established in 1901 in Posen/Poznań)
 * Verband der Landwirtschaftlichen Genossenschaften für die Provinz Posen (Association of the agricultural cooperatives for the Province of Posen; established in 1903 in Posen/Poznań)
 * Sparkassenverband der Provinz Posen (Association of savings and loan banks in the Province of Posen; established in 1906 in Posen/Poznań)

Polish organisations

 * Scientific Help Society for the Youth of the Grand Duchy of Posen (established in 1841, Towarzystwo Naukowej Pomocy dla Młodzieży Wielkiego Księstwa Poznańskiego) – scholarship for the poor youth
 * Poznań Bazar (Bazar Poznański, established 1841)
 * Central Economic Society for the Grand Duchy of Poznań (established in 1861, Centralne Towarzystwo Gospodarcze dla Wielkiego Księstwa Poznańskiego, CTG) – promotion of modern agriculture
 * People's Libraries Society (established in 1880, Towarzystwo Czytelni Ludowych, TLC) promotion of education among the people
 * Poznań Society of Friends of Arts and Sciences (established in 1875, Poznańskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk, PTPN) promotion of arts and sciencies

German organisations
Organisations aiming at promoting German-speaking culture, settlements, or expressively addressing German-speaking audiences:
 * Prussian Settlement Commission (Ansiedlungskommision, established in 1886)
 * Deutscher Ostmarkenverein (DOV, German Eastern Marches Society; Polish abbreviation: Hakata; established in 1894 in Posen/Poznań)
 * Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kunst und Wissenschaft zu Posen (German society for art and sciences, established in 1901 in Posen/Poznań)
 * Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kunst und Wissenschaft zu Bromberg (German society for art and sciences, established in 1902 in Bromberg/Bydgosccz)

Notable people
(in alphabetical order)

(see also Notable people of Province of Posen)
 * Hipolit Cegielski (1815–1868), Polish businessman, social and cultural activist
 * Dezydery Chłapowski (1788–1879), Polish general, business and political activist
 * Bernard Chrzanowski (1861–1944), Polish social and political activist, president of the Union of the Greater Poland Falcons (Związek Sokołów Wielkopolskich)
 * August Cieszkowski (1814–1894), Polish philosopher, social and political activist, co-founder of the Polish League (Liga Polska), co-founder and president of the PTPN
 * Bolesław Dembiński (1833–1914), Polish composer and organist, activist of the singers societies
 * Franciszek Dobrowolski (1830–1896), Polish theatre director, editor of Dziennika Poznańskiego (Poznań Daily)
 * Tytus Działyński (1796–1861), Polish political activist, protector of arts
 * Akiva Eger (1761–1837), foremost leader of European Jewry of his era and outstanding Talmudic scholar
 * Ewaryst Estkowski (1820–1856), Polish teacher, education activist, editor of Szkoła Polska (Polish School) magazine
 * Eduard Flottwell (1786–1865), Prussian politician, over-president of the Grand Duchy of Poznań
 * Karl Andreas Wilhelm Freymark (1785–1855), titled bishop, first general superintendent of the Ecclesiastical Province of Posen between 1829 and 1853
 * Immanuel Lazarus Fuchs (1833–1902), Prussian mathematician
 * Paul von Hidenburg (1847–1934), general and statesman who led the Imperial German Army during World War I and later became President of Germany
 * Maksymilian Jackowski (1815–1905), Polish activist, secretary-general of the Central Economic Society (Centralne Towarzystwo Gospodarcze), patron of the agricultural circles
 * Kazimierz Jarochowski (1828–1888), Polish historian, publicist of the Dziennik Poznański (Poznań Daily), co-founder of PTPN
 * Hermann Kennemann (1815–1910), Prussian politician, co-founder of the German Eastern Marches Society
 * Antoni Kraszewski (1797–1870), Polish politician and parliamentarian
 * Karol Libelt (1807–1875), Polish philosopher, political and social activist, president of PTPN
 * Karol Marcinkowski (1800–1848), Polish physician, social activist, founder of the Poznań Bazar
 * Teofil Matecki (1810–1886), Polish physician, social activist, member of PTPN, founder of the Adam Mickiewicz monument of Poznań
 * Maciej Mielżyński (1799–1870), political and social activist
 * Ludwik Mycielski, Polish political, president of the National Council (Rada Narodowa) in 1913
 * Andrzej Niegolewski (1787–1857), Polish colonel during the Napoleonic Wars, member of parliament, shareholder of the Poznań Bazar
 * Władysław Oleszczyński (1808–1866), Polish sculptor, who created a monument of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań
 * Gustaw Potworowski (1800–1860), Polish activist, founder of the Kasyno in Gostyń, activist of the Polish League (Liga Polska)
 * Edward Raczyński (1786–1845), Polish conservative politician, protector of arts, founder of the Raczynski Library in Poznań
 * Antoni Radziwiłł (1775–1833), Polish duke, composer, and politician, governor-general of the Grand Duchy of Poznań
 * Walenty Stefański (1813–1877), Polish bookseller, political activist, co-founder of the Polish League (Liga Polska)
 * Florian Stablewski (1841–1906), Catholic priest archbishop of Poznań and Gniezno, member of Prussian parliament for the Polish faction
 * Heinrich Tiedemann (1840–1922), Prussian politician, co-founder of the German Eastern Marches Society
 * Leon Wegner (1824–1873), Polish economist and historian, co-founder of PTPN
 * Richard Witting (1812–1912), Prussian politician, lord mayor of Posen city/Poznań, 1891–1902

title: Grand Duchy of Posen