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King of Malaysia

The Yang di-Pertuan Agong, unofficially known as the king of Malaysia, is the constitutional monarch and head of state of Malaysia. The office was established in 1957, when the Federation of Malaya (now Malaysia) gained independence from the United Kingdom. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is elected by the Conference of Rulers, comprising the nine rulers of the Malay states, with the office de facto rotated between them, making Malaysia one of the world's few elective monarchies.

The 17th and current Yang di-Pertuan Agong is Ibrahim Iskandar of Johor. He was elected on 26 October 2023, at a special meeting of the Conference of Rulers; he took the oath of office and was sworn in at the Istana Negara on 31 January 2024. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong's queen consort is known as the Raja Permaisuri Agong, currently Raja Zarith Sofiah. The royal couple are styled in English as "His Majesty" and "Her Majesty".

Constitutional role
The Yang di-Pertuan Agong's role is that of a constitutional monarch. The Federal Constitution of Malaysia and Acts of Parliament made in accordance with it define the extent of his powers as the head of state. These are divided into two categories: powers exercised on the advice of the Cabinet or of a minister acting under the general authority of the Cabinet, the Conference of Rulers, or some other officer or institution, and discretionary powers.

The Constitution vests the executive power of the federal government in the monarch. However, with few exceptions, the king is bound to exercise this power on the advice of the Cabinet or of a minister acting under the Cabinet's general authority. In practice, most of the actual day-to-day work of governing is performed by the Federal Cabinet.

The discretionary powers of the king as stated by the Constitution and laws pertain chiefly to appointing the prime minister, withholding consent to dissolve Parliament, and calling meetings with the Conference of Rulers "concerned solely with the privileges, position, honours and dignities of Their Royal Highnesses". Under the Westminster system, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong is expected to appoint a prime minister who will command the confidence of a majority of the Dewan Rakyat, the elected lower house of Parliament. Should the prime minister be or become unacceptable, he may be forced out by a vote of no confidence, which would require the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to appoint someone else as prime minister or dissolve Parliament for an election. Conventionally, the prime minister is the head of the party with a majority in Parliament. This was the Barisan Nasional coalition from independence in 1957 until 2018, when the Pakatan Harapan coalition took office. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong renews the appointment of a prime minister after every general election until the minister decides to step down.

The Yang di-Pertuan Agong has discretionary powers to choose who he wants as the prime minister if no party has won a majority vote and is not bound by the decision of the outgoing prime minister (Article 40). It, however, does not afford him the right and authority to dismiss the prime minister. He also can dismiss or withhold consent to a request for the dissolution of parliament (Article 40). He may discontinue or dissolve parliament (Article 55) but he can only dissolve parliament at the request of the prime minister (Article 43). He can reject any new laws or amendments to existing laws but if he still withholds permission, it will automatically become law after 30 days from the initial submission to him (Article 66).

Appointments
The king appoints numerous high-ranking office holders in the federation under the terms of the Constitution and various legislative acts passed by Parliament. The constitution established procedures for such appointments.

The Cabinet of Ministers

 * Prime Minister, to preside over the Cabinet, appointed at his discretion from among the elected members of the House of Representatives who in his judgment is likely to command the confidence of the majority of the members of that house – usually the party or coalition leader.
 * Deputy Prime Minister, Ministers and Deputy Ministers, while acting on the advice of the Prime Minister.
 * Chief Secretary to the Government as the Secretary of the Cabinet, while acting on the advice of the Prime Minister.

Commissions and committees

 * The Election Commission, on the advice of the Conference of Rulers.
 * The Judicial and Legal Service Commission, after consultation with the Chief Justice
 * The Malaysian Public Service Commission at his discretion, after considering the advice of the Prime Minister and after consultation with the Conference of Rulers.

Judges

 * The Chief Justice of Malaysia, on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Conference of Rulers.
 * The Chief Judge of Malaya, on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Conference of Rulers.
 * The Chief Judge of Sabah and Sarawak, on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Conference of Rulers.

Senators
The king appoints 44 at-large senators to the Dewan Negara, the upper house of Parliament.

State governors
The king appoints the Yang di-Pertua Negeri (Governors), of the states of Penang, Malacca, Sabah and Sarawak, at his discretion, after considering the advice of the state's Chief Minister/Premier, for four year terms. The governor's term of office can be renewed also at his disrection.

He also appoints the Mayor and City Council of Kuala Lumpur.

Head of Islam
In addition, the king is the Head of Islam in the four states ruled by appointed governors, in the three Federal Territories (The cities of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya and Labuan Island), as well as in his own home state. In this role, he is advised by the State Islamic Affairs Council in each of the States.

The king appoints the chairman and members of each state council. He also appoints the State Mufti (head) in each of these states. There is a single Islamic Affairs Council with jurisdiction for the three Federal Territories. Its members and chairman are appointed by the king, who also appoints the mufti of the Federal Territories.

Commander-in-Chief
In accordance with Article 41 of the Constitution, the king is Commander-in-Chief of the Malaysian Armed Forces. As such, he is the highest-ranking officer in the military chain of command, holding five star rank in its branches.

As the Supreme Commander of the Malaysian Armed Forces, he appoints the Chief of Defence Forces, on the advice of the Armed Forces Council. He also appoints the service heads of each of the three branches of the armed forces.

History

On 31 August 1957, having rejected the suggested title of Yang di-Pertuan Besar in favour of Yang di-Pertuan Agong, the Conference of Rulers elected the first occupant of the federal throne. By seniority, the 84-year-old major general Ibrahim of Johor, Sultan of Johor since 1895, was first in line, but he declined the office due to old age. The next in line, Abu Bakar of Pahang, Sultan of Pahang since 1932, was rejected five times by his fellow electors and did not secure the necessary votes, in part because his various marriages to celebrities and cabaret dancers were seen as unbecoming of royalty – especially with the revelation (according to an oral interview with Tunku Abdul Rahman) of a surprise wedding to a ronggeng dancer and their honeymoon to Hong Kong. Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan, who had been elected to his state throne (Yamtuan Besar) in 1933, was elected king by eight votes to one.

The first Conference of Rulers after the formation of Malaysia comprised:

Election
The holder of the office and title of King of Malaysia is formally elected to a five-year term by and from the nine rulers of the Malay states (the nine states of Malaysia that have hereditary royal rulers), who form the Conference of Rulers. After a ruler has served his term as king, he may not stand for election until all rulers of the other states have also stood for election to the office and have served their office.

In the event of a vacancy of the office (by death, abdication, or deposition by a majority vote of the rulers), the Conference of Rulers elects a new office holder as king as if the previous term had expired. The new king is elected for a full five-year term by the Conference. After his term expires, it holds a new election, in which the incumbent would not be re-elected to the office.

The position de facto rotates among the nine state rulers. The selection of the candidate for the kingship initially followed an order based on the seniority (calculated by length of reign) of each ruler in 1957, at the Federation of Malaya's independence from the United Kingdom. The Conference of Rulers, which has the power to disqualify a candidate, has sometimes varied the original seniority order, as noted above. Since then, the states have followed a de facto established rotation order. Minors are automatically disqualified from nomination and holding the office.

The Conference of Rulers has met regularly since 1985. The four governors (Yang di-Pertua Negeri; the heads of states without hereditary rulers) also attend the Conference, but only rulers are allowed to vote and stand for election for the office of king.

Qualifications

 * Only a ruler may be elected king.
 * Only the rulers may vote for the nominated ruler.

The Constitution provides that a ruler is not eligible for election as king if:

 * The ruler is a minor.
 * The ruler has notified the Keeper of the Rulers' Seal that he does not wish to be elected to the office.
 * The Conference of Rulers by a secret ballot resolves that the ruler is unsuitable by reason of infirmity of mind or body, or for any other cause, to exercise the functions of the office of king. The resolution requires that at least, five royal members of the Conference to vote in favour of it.

Election proceedings
The election is carried out by a secret ballot. The ballot papers used are not numbered, but marked with the same pen and ink, and are inserted into a ballot box. Only the royal rulers of the states participate in the election.

A ruler may appoint another ruler as his proxy to vote on his behalf if he is unable to attend the Election Meeting.

During the election process, the Keeper of the Rulers' Seal distributes the ballot with only one candidate. Each ruler is requested to indicate whether the candidate is suitable or not to be elected King.

The most junior ruler, who is not listed as nominee for the office of king, or the outgoing King is appointed to count the ballot papers together with the Keeper of the Rulers' Seal.

The nominee must have obtained five votes before the ruler presiding over the Election Meeting informs him of his election to the office of King and asks him to accept the title. If the successful nominee declines the offer or the nominated ruler fails to secure the required majority votes for the office, the voting process is repeated with the nomination of the second most senior ruler based on the list of Seniority of States. Rulers are named and stand for election in turn.

The process is completed only after a ruler has accepted the offer of the office of King by the presiding ruler. The Conference declares the elected ruler to be the new king to hold office for a term of five years. The ballot papers are destroyed in the presence of the rulers as soon as the result of the election is announced.

On taking office as king months after election, he appoints a regent for the duration of his five-year term for the state which he rules. Usually, but not always, the prince regent is a close relative. The regent acts as head of state in that state for every purpose except for the role of head of Islam, which is retained by the king.

Order of seniority of states
Since the first cycle of nine kings (1957–1994), the order among the eligible state rulers has followed the order established by that cycle, namely:
 * 1)  the Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan
 * 2)  the Sultan of Selangor
 * 3)  the Raja of Perlis
 * 4)  the Sultan of Terengganu
 * 5)  the Sultan of Kedah
 * 6)  the Sultan of Kelantan
 * 7)  the Sultan of Pahang
 * 8)  the Sultan of Johor
 * 9)  the Sultan of Perak

With Brunei's decision not to participate in the formation of Malaysia in 1963, only the rulers of the nine royal states of Peninsular Malaysia have been made eligible for election for the throne. Had it been admitted as a royal state the Sultan of Brunei would have been granted the right to stand for election as king by the Conference of Rulers.

This cycle was originally established based on seniority. However, the current rulers are named (and stand as a candidate) according to the cycle, irrespective of whether they are currently the most senior. Since independence from British colonial rule, this has been the order of elected kings. However, the order is not a precedent and the election to the position and office of the king is at the pleasure of the Conference of Rulers. As an elective monarchy, there is no line of succession to the throne of Malaysia.

Four of the states of Malaysia currently have no hereditary royal rulers. These are Malacca, Penang, Sarawak and Sabah. Sarawak previously had three hereditary rulers (the White Rajahs) until it became a Crown Colony of the British Empire in 1946. These four states, along with Malaysia's three Federal Territories, do not supply the king.

Immunity
In 1993, amendments to the Malaysian constitution removed the legal immunity of the king and the state rulers in their personal capacity, due to public outrage over their behaviour. A Special Court (Mahkamah Khas Raja-raja) is established where civil and criminal proceedings can be made against a ruler with the approval of the Attorney General. The right to sue a ruler is limited to Malaysian citizens following a precedent. The Special Court also have jurisdiction where a ruler initiates legal actions against any party.

When a ruler is charged with an offence in the Special Court, he is required to stop exercising the functions of a ruler. In the event of a ruler being sentenced to imprisonment for more than one day, he will be forced to abdicate from his duties as a ruler unless a free pardon is granted.

The king or any ruler cannot pardon himself or his immediate family. In such case, they may request clemency from the Conference of Rulers.

The king cannot be sued in court for his actions while carrying out his official duties. Any claims can be made against the federal government.

Residences
The official residence of the King is the Istana Negara (the National Palace) located in Jalan Tuanku Abdul Halim in the federal capital Kuala Lumpur. It was completed in 2011. It replaced the old Istana Negara in Jalan Istana which had been turned into the Royal Museum in 2013. Other residences include the royal retreat, Istana Melawati in the federal administrative capital Putrajaya. The two palaces alternate as a venue of meetings of the Conference of Rulers.

Titles and style
The King's official full style and title in Malay is Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Seri Paduka Baginda Yang di-Pertuan Agong.

 * Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia literally means 'Under the dust of the Almighty', referring to how the regal power of the King is dust compared to God's power and the ruler is always subservient to God.
 * Seri Paduka Baginda refers to Seri as in a person. Paduka means victorious and the term Baginda is the Malay possessive pronoun for a royal in the third person.
 * Yang di-Pertuan Agong in literal English is 'He who is made Supreme Lord'. It is an archaic term for a presiding head which is Yang di-Pertuan or literally means 'One who is made lord'. "Agong" (or Agung in standard Malay) means 'supreme'. The term Agong is not translated, as in the Constitution of Malaysia.

Common English terms used in the media and by the general public include "Paramount Ruler", "Head of State", "Head of the Federation" and "Head of State of the Federation". The very common term "King" has also been conveniently used by the media and the public, although incorrectly as it is not an official or legal title of the federal ruler.

In Malaysian passports before 2010, the title "The Supreme Head of Malaysia" was used in the English version of the passport note. Since the issuance of ICAO-compliant e-passports in 2010, the untranslated title "His Majesty the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia" has been used.

In formal English correspondence, for many years the King was referred to as "His Majesty The Yang di-Pertuan Agong". In January 2024, this was changed to "His Majesty The King of Malaysia".

Formal address to the King is taken seriously in Malaysia. There are two ways of addressing the King:

 * Malay: Tuanku (literally 'My Lord')
 * English: Your Majesty

Royal Standards
The Royal Standard of the king is royal yellow with the Coat of arms of Malaysia in the centre, surrounded by a rice paddy wreath coloured gold – both are traditional royal colours in the peninsula. The same goes for the Royal Standards of the Queen and the Deputy King, but the designs are different. The queen's standard is green in colour, with the coat of arms at the centre surrounded by the paddy wreath. The deputy king's standard is bicolored, yellow at the top and light blue at the bottom, with the coat of arms at the centre (without the paddy) and below that is the office bearer's title in a gold scroll.

Deputy king
The Deputy King of Malaysia (Malay: Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong) is elected by the same process immediately after the king has been elected by the Conference of Rules. The office is usually (but not always) held by the ruler next in line to rule after the current king. The deputy king exercises the functions of the head of state during the king's absence, or inability to exercise the functions of his office due to illness or infirmity (similar to a regent or viceroy/vizier in other countries).

The deputy king does not automatically succeed as King of Malaysia when a vacancy occurs in that office. The deputy king acts as head of state in the interregnum period before the election of the new king and deputy king by the Conference of Rulers as stated by the Constitution and legislative acts of Parliament.

The current holder of the office of Deputy Yang di-Pertuan Agong is Sultan Nazrin Shah of Perak since 13 December 2016, the first to hold it for three straight terms of office.

Official birthday
The first Saturday of June, until 2015, was mandated by law as the official birthday of the king. It is marked with various activities all over the nation and the celebrations in Kuala Lumpur are the highlights of the national festivities, with the celebrations of it from 2013 onwards lasting a whole week between two weekends.

After the installation of Sultan Muhammad V as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong in 2017, the date for the official birthday was amended twice, first to the last Saturday of July, and then to September 9. This amendment was originally planned to take effect under the reign of Sultan Muhammad V until 2021, before his announcement of abdication. In March 2020, it was announced that Yang di-Pertuan Agong's birthday would be changed from the customary first Saturday of June (6 June) to the following Monday (8 June). From 2021, subsequent iterations of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong's birthday throughout Sultan Abdullah's reign will fall on the first Monday of June instead.

The King's Official Birthday is recognized by law as one of the official federal holidays of Malaysia. While it warrants government offices, including schools to be closed and banks and other offices would follow suit, most of it falls on Saturday which is the nation's common weekend day so no additional leave day will be given and premises would already be closed for the weekend. This was before the amendments made it a weekday holiday.

The Yang di-Pertuan Agong's Birthday Honours List Ceremony and Birthday High Tea
The Istana Negara in Kuala Lumpur serves as the venue for the annual Yang di-Pertuan Agong's Birthday Honours List and Address to the Nation ceremony attended by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and the Raja Permaisuri Agong, members of the Federal Government and Parliament, the state diplomatic corps, honoured guests and the Honours List members for the year, in the order of precedence of state medals. The event honours the year's national achievers and heroes with the awarding of state orders, medals and decorations and their accompanying titles. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong addresses the whole nation via radio and television on this day from the Throne Room of the palace complex. It is followed later by the traditional holiday high tea gathering at the palace grounds in the afternoon.

Trooping the Colour
Trooping the Colour in Malaysia, although inherited from the British, has transformed into a grander and more Malaysian celebration on the first Saturday of June annually live on Kuala Lumpur's Independence Square, which is both open to invited guests and the general public. As the Supreme Commander of the Malaysian Armed Forces, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong takes the salute on this day together with the commanders of the three services of the Malaysian Armed Forces, the Joint Forces Command, Malaysia and the members of the Malaysian Armed Forces Council, of which he is the chairman, plus military personnel and veterans in attendance. He wears the No.1 dress uniform on that day, and as each of the 8 state monarchs are Colonel-in-Chief of selected Malaysian Army regiments as well as of the Royal Malaysian Air Force and the Sultan of Selangor serves as Commodore-in-Chief of the Royal Malaysian Navy, he wears that regiment's coloured sash as part of his ceremonial uniform (for the Army), or the RMAF blue or RMN white No. 1 dress uniform. The 2013 edition was held on the second Saturday of June for the first time, while the 2016 parade was held on the fourth Friday of July (22 July) for the first time in Putrajaya, the national seat of government.

RTM broadcasts the ceremony live, starting at 8:50am.

Yang di-Pertuan Agong Scholarship
In November 2006, the 10th Yang di-Pertuan Agong awarded, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong Scholarship for the first time, to ten outstanding students to pursue postgraduate studies at high-ranking world universities. The award of scholarships was held at the Istana Negara in conjunction with the Independence Day celebrations and the Conference of Rulers.

Yang di-Pertuan Agong
The following rulers have served as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong:

Deputy Yang di-Pertuan Agong
The following rulers have served as the Deputy Yang di-Pertuan Agong (Deputy King of Malaysia):

* Denotes those who became the new Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King) immediately following the end of their tenure as Deputy Yang di-Pertuan Agong (Deputy King).

title: King of Malaysia


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Glenn Robbins

Glenn Maxwell Robbins (born 30 December 1957) is an Australian comedian, writer, actor, television and radio presenter. He is best known for The Comedy Company, portraying Kel Knight in Kath & Kim and adventurer Russell Coight in All Aussie Adventures. Robbins has appeared on The Panel, Thank God You're Here and Have You Been Paying Attention?.

Early life
Robbins attended Strathmore High School and graduated in 1975. He later studied drama and media at the Melbourne State College and graduated with a Bachelor of Education degree in 1979. He first moved into performing in 1981.

Television
Robbins began his acting career in 1984, appearing in two episodes of Prisoner and one episode of 'Special Squad'. In 1985 he appeared on the sketch show The Eleventh Hour. He shot to fame in 1988 when he starred in another sketch show, The Comedy Company, in which one of his characters, "Uncle Arthur", became very popular. In 1991 he joined the team of Fast Forward for two seasons. Other sketch shows in which he has appeared include Full Frontal (1993), Jimeoin (1994–95) and Something Stupid (1998).

In 1998, Robbins became a panellist on the weekly television show The Panel. This aired on Network Ten. The show lasted eight seasons, going into hiatus in 2005.

Robbins played Australian adventurer Russell Coight in All Aussie Adventures from 2001 until 2002 and again in 2018 on Network Ten, as well as the 2004 telemovie.

From 2002, he played the role of Kel Knight in the television comedy series Kath & Kim. He also appeared in the Da Kath & Kim Code telemovie in 2005. The series ended in 2007.

In 2006, Robbins appeared in two episodes of Network Ten's Thank God You're Here. He is executive producer of the Network 10 sketch comedy show The Ronnie Johns Half Hour. In 2008, he launched a new game show on the Seven Network entitled Out of the Question. In 2011 he was the guest on the fourth episode of the comedy program The Joy of Sets on the Nine Network.

From 2013, Robbins has appeared in the ABC comedy series Upper Middle Bogan as Wayne Wheeler, and has a semi-regular guest spot on Have You Been Paying Attention?.

Film
In 2001, Robbins played the role of Pete O'May in the award-winning Australian film Lantana. In 2006 he co-starred with Mick Molloy in the comedy feature BoyTown as an '80s pop-star called "Benny G.". In 2011 he appeared in the comedy Scumbus. In 2012 he reprised his role of Kel Knight in the movie Kath & Kimderella.

Radio
Robbins has a weekly one-hour radio segment on Melbourne radio station 3AW as part of The Weekend Break with Grubby and Dee Dee Sunday edition.

Awards
Robbins has been nominated at the Logies several times. He was nominated for Most Popular Actor in 2003 and 2004 for his role in Kath & Kim and again nominated in 2005 for his role in the telemovie Da Kath & Kim Code.

Personal life
The third son of Arthur and Gwen, Robbins is married to Selina, who is a nurse, and currently lives in Melbourne.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Glenn Robbins


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Terengganu

Terengganu (Terengganu Malay: Tranung, Jawi: ), formerly spelled Trengganu or Tringganu, is a sultanate and federal state of Malaysia. The state is also known by its Arabic honorific, Dāru l-Īmān ("Abode of Faith"). The coastal city of Kuala Terengganu, at the mouth of the Terengganu River, is both the state and royal capital as well as the most populous city in Terengganu. Other major cities and towns include Jerteh, Kuala Dungun, Chukai, Kuala Berang, Marang, and Permaisuri. At 13,035 square kilometres in size and a population of over 1.2 million people in 2023, Terengganu is Malaysia's 7th largest state and 10th most populated. Terengganu, along with Kelantan, Perlis, and the Federal Territory of Putrajaya, is one of the most homogeneous states/territories in the country of which 95% of the population are ethnic Malay-Muslims with its own distinct language/dialect, culture, history, and tradition.

Located on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia, Terengganu borders the state of Kelantan to the north and Pahang to the west and south, and the South China Sea to the east. Terengganu is geographically divided into sparsely populated and mountainous inland (known as the Terengganu Highlands of which the highest point is Mount Lawit at 1,519 metres) that span from the border with Kelantan to Kemaman district and largely flat coastal plains of which most of the state's 1.1 million people are concentrated. The state is known for having the longest coastline in Peninsular Malaysia and achieved the Malaysian Book of Records for having the cleanest beach in the country. Many of the most popular islands in Malaysia are located in of Terengganu such as Perhentian, Kapas, and Redang islands, as well as Bidong Island, which was once a refuge to tens of thousands of Vietnamese refugees in the 1970s.

Etymology
There are several theories on the origin of the name "Terengganu". One theory attributes the name's origin to terang ganu, Malay for 'bright rainbow'. Another story, said to have been originally narrated by the ninth Sultan of Terengganu, Baginda Omar, tells of a party of hunters from Pahang roving and hunting in the area of what is now southern Terengganu. One of the hunters spotted a large animal fang lying on the ground. A fellow party member asked what animal the fang belonged too. The hunter, not knowing which animal, simply answered taring anu (Malay: 'fang of something'). The party later returned to Pahang with a rich hoard of game, fur and sandalwood, which impressed their neighbours. They asked the hunters where they sourced their riches, to which they replied, from the land of taring anu, which later evolved into Terengganu. Terengganu was called Trangkanu (ตรังกานู) by the Siamese when it was under their influence. Terengganuans usually pronounce Terengganu as Tranung or Ganu with the G often being emphasized.

Chinese naming
The traditional Chinese name for Terengganu has been "丁加奴" (Pinyin: dīngjiānú), which is a direct transcription of the Malay name. However, in recent years, the Chinese community in Terengganu has raised objections to the name, citing that the characters used loosely translate to "giving birth to a child who will become a slave" (Chinese: 添丁加做奴). Therefore, they successfully petitioned the regulatory commission for Chinese language in Malaysia to change the Chinese name for the state to "登嘉楼" (Pinyin: dēngjiālóu), which can be loosely translated to "aspiring/stepping up to a higher level", in September 2004. The new name was in unofficial use by the state's Chinese community for at least 30 years before its official adoption.

Certain segments of the Chinese community opposed the name change, citing the fact that the new name contains too many character strokes, making it much more difficult to write. They have proposed to revert the name to the version used before 2004, but with the word "奴" (slave, which was mainly the cause of the controversy) to the similar sounding, but more positive "努" (perseverance).

Prehistory
Human activity may have been present in Terengganu as early as 16,000 years ago during the Paleolithic era as evidenced by the discovery of a skeleton in Gua Bewah, Hulu Terengganu in 2009. The skeleton, called Bewah Man (Malay: Orang Bewah), has been analyzed as 5,000 years older than skeletons found in Perak, making it the oldest known modern human skeleton in the country.

Hindu-Buddhist Era
Terengganu's location by the South China Sea ensured that it was on trade routes since ancient times. Based on Ptolemy's 2nd atlus Geography referred to what is now Terengannu as either Perimula, Kole Polis or Tharra. The earliest written reports on the area that mentioned the name "Terengganu" were by Chinese merchants and seafarers in the early 6th century A.D. During the early Hindu–Buddhist period, Terengganu was known as Tan-Tan which is based in what is now Kuala Telemong. It was a small ancient polity that came under the influence of Langkasuka, a powerful kingdom based either in Kedah or Patani in the 1st century AD. In the 7th century, the dynasty of Langkasuka that once ruled over Terengganu was replaced by a new kingdom called Srivijaya. Under Srivijaya, Terengganu traded extensively with other kingdoms in the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra, Champa, the Khmer Empire, the Majapahit Empire and especially the Chinese.

Medieval and early modern period
Terengganu was the first Malay state to receive Islam, as attested to by the Terengganu Inscription Stone with Arabic inscriptions found in Kuala Berang, the capital of the district of Hulu Terengganu. The inscribed date which is incomplete due to damage can be read as various dates from 702 to 789 AH (1303 to 1387 CE). Terengganu became a vassal state of Malacca, but retained considerable autonomy with the emergence of the Johor Sultanate.

Terengganu emerged as an independent sultanate in 1724. The first sultan was Tun Zainal Abidin, the younger brother of a former sultan of Johor, and Johor strongly influenced Terengganu's politics through the 18th century. However, in the book Tuhfat al-Nafis, the author, Raja Ali Haji, mentions that in 1708, Tun Zainal Abidin was installed as the Sultan of Terengganu by Daeng Menampuk – also known as Raja Tua – under the rule of Sultan Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah.

Scottish sailor Alexander Hamilton was known to have made several recorded visits to Terengganu in 1719 and 1720.

In 1741, Sultan Sulaiman installed Sultan Mansur as ruler of Terengganu, his rule from 1741 to 1793 saw him creating a strong united Malay front against the rising power of the Bugis. He expanded his power on a weakened and divided Kelantan in 1764, culminating in his son's marriage to the daughter of the ruler of Kelantan. European accounts of the time praised the well-ordered administration of his rule, while at the same time he was highly respected by his subjects.

In the 19th century, Terengganu became a vassal state of the Thai Rattanakosin Kingdom, and sent tribute every year called bunga mas. This occurred under the reign of Sultan Omar Riayat Shah, who was remembered as a devout ruler who promoted trade and stable government. Terengganu prospered, and was largely left alone by the authorities in Bangkok unlike in neighbouring Patani and Kelantan. The period also witnessed the existence of a Terengganuan vassal of Besut Darul Iman.

Modern era
The terms of the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 saw power over Terengganu transferred from Siam to Britain. A British advisor was appointed to the sultan in 1919, and Terengganu become one of the Unfederated Malay States. The move was highly unpopular spurring several uprisings in 1922 and 1925 before climaxing in May 1928 with the Peasant's Rebellion (Pemberontakan Tani) led by Abdul Rahman Limbong which was quashed by British military force.

During World War II, Japan occupied Terengganu and transferred sovereignty over the state back to Siam – which had been renamed Thailand in 1939 – along with Kelantan, Kedah, and Perlis. After the defeat of Japan, British control over these Malay states was reestablished. Terengganu became a member of the Federation of Malaya in 1948, then a state of a sovereign Malaya in 1957, which became Malaysia in 1963.

Following decades of rule by the Barisan Nasional coalition, the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) came to power in 1999, making Terengganu the second state in Malaysia to be ruled by the Islamist party (the first being neighbouring Kelantan). Barisan Nasional were brought back into power in Terengganu in the 2004 Malaysian general election, which continued to govern it until the 2018 Malaysian general election.

Geography
Terengganu is situated in eastern Peninsular Malaysia, and is bordered to the northwest by Kelantan, to the southwest by Pahang, and to the east by the South China Sea. The state has a total area of 13035 km2. Its topographical profile ranges from relatively level on the east coast and gradually becomes more hilly and mountainous towards the west, as its western borders are delineated by the Pantai Timur Range, with the highest point being Mount Lawit. The range acts as the main watershed for the state's riverine systems, as it is also home to Kenyir Lake, which is the source of the Terengganu River, is the largest man-made lake in Malaysia and serves as the state's major reservoir. Several outlying islands, including the Perhentians, Kapas and Redang, are also a part of the state.

Constitution
The Constitution of Terengganu came into force in 1911. It has a supplement that came into force in 1959. The official English title for the 1911 constitution is "The Constitution of the Way of Illustrious Sovereignty". The 1959 constitutional supplement is divided into two sections. The sections' official English language titles are "The Laws of the Constitution of Terengganu (First Part)" and "The Laws of the Constitution of Terengganu (Second Part)"

The Sultan of Terengganu
The Sultan is the constitutional ruler of the state of Terengganu. The State Constitution proclaims that the Sultan is "the Ruler and fountain head of all authority of government in the State and Territory of Terengganu", the Head of the Religion of Islam in the state and the source of all titles, honours and dignities in the state. He is also vested with the Executive Power of the State. The hereditary Sultan of Terengganu since 1998 has been Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin.

Regency
As per both the Malaysian and state constitutions, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or King of Malaysia cannot simultaneously reign as federal Head of State and ruler of his own state. This means that a state ruler must appoint a regent to govern in his absence. Between 2006 and 2011, the current Sultan served as the 13th King of Malaysia, naming his eldest son and heir apparent, Tengku Muhammad Ismail, as Regent (Pemangku Raja) of Terengganu. As he was only eight years old upon his father's election, the young Prince co-reigned with a three-member Regency Advisory Council (Majlis Penasihat Pemangku Raja) headed by Raja Tengku Baderulzaman (the King's younger brother) as dictated by syarat (2) Fasal 16 AA Undang-Undang Bagi Diri Kerajaan Terengganu (Bab Yang Kedua) of the Terengganu State Constitution.

Chief Ministers
When Terengganu was an absolute monarchy, the Chief Minister was selected by the Sultan. Since the declaration of independence of Malaysia (then called Tanah Melayu) and the first general election, the Chief Minister has been the State Assembly (ADUN) member elected by a majority of all State Assembly members, who are themselves elected by universal adult suffrage of the citizens of their constituencies. Below is the list of the Chief Ministers of Terengganu from 1925.

Note:* The state Government formed by PAS after the general election in 1959 was turned over to Perikatan in Nov 1961, due to a vote of no confidence in the State Assembly and the fact that two PAS assemblymen switched parties

2008 Menteri Besar appointment crisis
Following the ruling party UMNO's return to power over Terengganu after winning 24 out of 32 seats in the 2008 general elections, Prime Minister (PM) Abdullah Ahmad Badawi put forth the reappointment of Datuk Seri Idris Jusoh to a second term as Menteri Besar. In what political analysts described as a possible constitutional crisis, trouble began to precipitate after the Sultan of Terengganu, Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin, who is also the then Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King) of Malaysia refused to re-appoint and swear in Idris as Menteri Besar. Similar problems occurred in the state of Perlis where the PM's choice was also rejected, in which the latter eventually gave in to its Sultan.

The Sultan of Terengganu appointed Ahmad Said instead for the job, with the Regency Advisory Council handing him the letter of appointment. The PM claimed that the appointment of Ahmad Said was unconstitutional as it went against the wishes of the assemblymen and the Prime Minister's office who have supported Idris Jusoh candidacy for Menteri Besar.

In spite of threats to strip Ahmad Said of his party membership "for disobeying the leadership", he went to the office in Wisma Darul Iman to begin the first day of his new appointment on 25 March 2008. The party announced earlier that they made good on their promise to remove his membership, which technically disqualifies him to be appointed as Menteri Besar in the first place. The ruling also planned to vote down the sultan's choice through a motion of no-confidence by 22 UMNO state assemblymen.

The opposition party Parti Islam SeMalaysia in the meantime promised that its assemblymen would support Ahmad Said as Menteri Besar.

On 26 March 2008 however, PM Abdullah Ahmad Badawi and Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin met at Istana Negara to resolve the deadlock. The Prime Minister reversed his stance and decided to accept the King's appointment of Ahmad Said as Chief Minister of Terengganu. He also apologised to the King for the public spat over the appointment of the Menteri Besar, explaining that there was no intention to disparage or humiliate the royal household.

The apparent backdown was due to threat that the royal household would be prepared to dissolve the state assembly if the motion of no-confidence was initiated against Ahmad Said, which would trigger another election in what is already a climate of discontent towards the ruling party and the possibility of dissenting assemblymen defecting to the opposition.

The UMNO Supreme Council proceeded to endorse Ahmad Said as the new Menteri Besar of Terengganu. With the resolution of the impasse, Ahmad Said expressed his gratefulness on his appointment and paid tribute to Idris, an old friend he has known since university, for the work he has done for the Terengganu people so far and to seek his advice. After the swearing in ceremony where the duties are handed over from Idris, he also expressed hopes in moving on to discharge his responsibility to the people and eradicate poverty within the state.

Administrative divisions
Terengganu is divided into 8 districts (daerah), 99 mukims, and 7 local governments.

On 18 September 2014, it was announced that the Kuala Terengganu District sub-district of Kuala Nerus would become Terengganu's 8th district, to be called Kuala Nerus by sixth Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Razak.

Demographics
Terengganu has a population of 1,015,776, which increased to 1,149,440 in 2020. The official mid-year estimate in 2023 was 1,209,400. In 2006, Malays made up 94.7% of the population and Chinese, 2.6%, while Indians 0.2% and other ethnic groups comprise the remainder, 2.4%. According to the 2010 census, the ethnic composition of Terengganu was 97% Bumiputras, 2.6% Chinese, 0.2% Indian, and 0.1% others.

In 2000, the state's population was only 48.7% urban; the majority lived in rural areas. By the 2005 census, the proportions had changed significantly, with 51% of the population living in urban areas and 49% in the rural areas. Terengganu recorded the lowest life expectancy in Malaysia for both males and females for the period 2021-2023.

Ethnic groups
Terengganu is one of Malaysia's most homogeneous states along with Kelantan. More than 95% of the population is ethnically Malay, but there are other ethnic groups that live in the state as well, including Chinese (mostly Hokkien), Indians (mostly Tamils), Siamese, and Orang Aslis (Batek and Semaq Beri).

Malays
Malays are the largest ethnic group in the state with more than 94% of the population. The Malays in Terengganu are distinct from Malays of other parts of the country, they have unique cultures, traditions and spoken language. There are two sub-groups of Malays in the state:

Terengganu Malays

Terengganu Malays are the majority Malay sub-group in the state. They are the dominant Malay sub-group in all districts of Terengganu except for Besut and northern Setiu. They habitually speak Terengganu Malay language which is distinct but closely related to Kelantanese variety in the north. Terengganu Malays are also known for their rich cultures and traditions, one of the most well known is the Ulek Mayang.

Besut Malays

Besut Malays are predominantly found in the district of Besut and northern Setiu. Despite being Terengganu citizens, they are ethnically, linguistically, and culturally closer to, and still maintain strong ties with, Kelantan. Most Malays in Besut and northern Setiu speak only Kelantanese, although those who have long been exposed to other districts of Terengganu can speak Terengganuan as well.

Chinese
The Chinese Terengganuan form the largest minority ethnic group in the state. They are mostly Hokkien by ancestry and speak a dialect of Hokkien. Unlike other parts of Malaysia, the Chinese in Terengganu are much more assimilated; they speak fluent local Malay (Terengganuan in most parts of Terengganu and Kelantanese in Besut) and also share a similar lifestyle. They also have a local Peranakan culture known as "Mek Awang" which is a mixture of Chinese (mostly Hokkien) and Malay (Terengganu Malay) cultures, which can be seen in their cuisine and clothing and their language as well.

Indian
Indians in Terengganu are mostly Tamils and the majority are adherents of Hinduism, although a minority follow Islam. Like their Chinese counterparts, the Indian community in Terengganu are highly assimilated, with many fluent in Terengganu Malay along with Tamil, Standard Malay and English. There is one major Hindu temple in Kuala Terengganu. Most Indians in Terengganu live in urban areas like Kuala Terengganu.

Siamese
The Siamese in Terengganu maintain a small but well-organised community. They can be found in Besut and few in Setiu and Kuala Terengganu. Physically, there is little difference between Malays and Siamese other than their name and religion. Their native language is Southern Thai language but most speak Kelantanese as large numbers of them live in Besut.

Orang Asli
The Orang Aslis are the indigenous peoples of Peninsular Malaysia. In Terengganu they can be found mostly in Hulu Terengganu and Besut districts. There are two Orang Asli ethnic groups in Terengganu, the Semaq Beris live near Lake Kenyir or other parts of the district. They belong to Senoi group. Besides the Semaq Beris, there are also Batek people, a Semang ethnic group mostly found in interior parts of Terengganu, especially in Taman Negara area or in other parts of Terengganu. Both Semaq Beris and Bateks still maintain their semi-nomadic lifestyle, although some now live in permanent homes. Both are also speakers of Austroasiatic languages.

Languages
The people of Terengganu generally speak Coastal Terengganu Malay, which is distinct from standard Malay and Kelantan-Pattani Malay, except for those in Besut district, Perhentian Islands and some parts of Setiu where Kelantanese are more dominant. Those that live in Hulu Terengganu had their own distinct variant but closely related to Coastal Terengganu Malay. Chinese Terengganuans are predominantly Hoklo people and thus mostly speak Hokkien as their first language, although a number of Mandarin speakers are increasing. Indians in Terengganu mostly speak Malaysian Tamil. There is also an Orang Asli languages such as Batek and Semaq Beri, spoken in inland parts of Terengganu and is part of the Austroasiatic language family. There is also a small number of Cham language speakers spoken by a small community of Cham people in Dungun.

Religion
According to the 2020 Census, the population of Terengganu is 95% Muslim, 1.8% Buddhist, 1.3% Hindu, 0.2% Christian, and 0.2% follower of Chinese folk religions or unknown affiliation.

Statistics from the 2010 Census indicate that 91.4% of the Chinese population are identified as Buddhists, with significant minorities of adherents identifying as Christians (4.7%), Chinese folk religions (1.6%) and Muslims (1.4%). The majority of the Indian population are Hindus (69.8%), with a significant minorities of numbers identifying as Muslims (18.1%), Christians (5.3%) and Buddhists (4.9%). The non-Malay bumiputera community are predominantly Muslims (56.8%), with significant minorities identifying as Christians (33.2%) and Buddhists (5.6%). All Malays are Muslims.

Economy
Terengganu used to be Malaysia's poorest state until oil and gas were discovered off its coastline in the 80s. Terengganu's main industry now is petroleum and gas. There are huge petrochemical complexes near Paka and Kerteh, involving many joint ventures between the Malaysian national oil company, Petronas, and foreign multinationals. Tourism and fishing are also major industries in Terengganu, a state with a long coastline. Agriculture also remains important, with banana, rambutan, durian, watermelon, and various other fruits and vegetables available in season. Terengganu was traditionally famous for boatbuilding, with highly decorated carved wooden boats called bangau to be found in the harbour of every village and town in days not so long gone by, before electric motorboats became standard equipment for the state's fishermen.

Culture and attractions

Terengganu did not receive many Indian or Chinese migrants, and therefore Malay cultural influences predominate. Traditional pursuits such as kite-flying contests, top-spinning contests, and traditional arts & crafts, such as batik and songket are still very much alive. The people of Terengganu have always had a reputation for being socially conservative and devout Muslims.

The major tourist attractions in the state include: Kuala Terengganu, the capital; Islamic Heritage Park, Tasik Kenyir, a large artificial lake; Sekayu Waterfalls; Kuala Ibai Lagoons; Batu Burok Beach, Kemasik Beach, Rantau Abang, Setiu Wetlands, Marang, Chukai town and several offshore islands such as Pulau Redang, Pulau Lang Tengah, and Pulau Kapas, and the Pulau Perhentian, which attract beachgoers and snorkelers because of their picture perfect beaches. Many travellers find the relatively rural and tranquil atmosphere in the state conducive to a relaxing holiday.

Terengganu has recently been known internationally as the host of Monsoon Cup, which was first held in 2005 and then became an annual national sporting event. The event brought millions of ringgit of investment into the state from the private sectors and Malaysian Government. Tourists flocked to Kuala Terengganu and Duyong to witness this event, held during the monsoon season, which had previously been low season for tourism in Terengganu.

Culture
Terengganu, along with Kelantan, is known as the cradle of the Malay civilization in Peninsular Malaysia. There are various traditional dances in the state such as the Ulek Mayang, Rodat, Saba, Balai, and Nur Sakti; some even predate the arrival of Islam in the region. Terengganu is also one of few states to adopt the gamelan as part of their traditional theatre (after Riau and Pahang); the Terengganu gamelan has developed a distinct identity from Sundanese and Javanese gamelan. The gamelan was originally brought to Pahang and later to Terengganu, and was played only during royal occasions. Today the gamelan is part of the state's cultural heritage.

Events

 * 2008 National Horse Show at Terengganu Equestrian Resort 31 October to 2 November
 * Monsoon Cup- international sailing event
 * Sultan's Cup Terengganu Endurance Challenge - Horse Endurance Race
 * Formula Future- speed boat racing for under 15
 * Kapas-Marang International Swimathon- International swimming event
 * Kenyir Motocross Championship
 * Terengganu Masters- Golf
 * Kenyir International Mountain Bike Challenge
 * 'Candat Sotong' Fiesta - fishing competition
 * Kenyir Lake International Triathlon
 * Terengganu Starhill Tasik Kenyir 4x4 Challenge
 * Tasik Puteri Water Festival
 * Terengganu Traditional Games Competition
 * Terengganu International 4WD Rainforest Challenge 2007
 * FEI World Endurance Championship 2008
 * Le Tour de Langkawi 2012
 * Terengganu International Squid Jigging Festival

Cuisine
The most famous local food is Keropok Lekor, which is made primarily from a combination of dough (sago flour) and pounded fish mainly from mackerel and sardines, fried and served with hot chilli sauce for afternoon tea. Keropok Keping (fish crackers) are made from sun-dried slices of Keropok Lekor. Numerous keropok stalls are to be found on the side of the highway that passes through coastal communities. Keropok lekor is best eaten with local chili sauce, made from dried chili, tamarind, sugar and vinegar.

Budu, a very pungent and salty anchovy sauce is also popular among the locals. It is often mixed with sliced onions and chillies as condiments. Budu made from ikan bilis fermented with salt. There are other version of budu, known as Pelara were made by using mackerel were popular among the older generation, can be found in traditional market sold in bottles.

Laksam (or laksang in Terengganu Malay), a modified version of laksa, is made from rice flour (thick and soft slices). It is served in a bowl of light fresh coconut milk mixed with boiled fish flesh (mainly mackerel), finely chopped cucumbers, chillies, onions and long beans. It is eaten cold at breakfast.

Another Terengganu speciality is sata, a type of otak-otak or fish cake wrapped in banana leaves and cooked over a grill. Sata made from combination of fish and grated coconut, with some portion of spice.

Nasi dagang is also popular.

The state is also known for dedicated restaurants serving battered fresh seafood (in Malay: celup tepung, lit. 'flour-dipped') lining its beaches.

Education
There are several institutes of higher learning in Terengganu. They are either categorised as Institut Pengajian Tinggi Awam (IPTA); public university or Institut Pengajian Tinggi Swasta (IPTS); private university. Among public universities which have campus in Terengganu is the Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin and Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Both universities have campus in Gong Badak, in north Kuala Terengganu.

Beside that, Terengganu also had 3 Universiti Teknologi MARA branches, in Kuala Terengganu, Dungun and Bukit Besi. Also, Terengganu host several private university and college, such as TATI University College in Kemaman, UCSI Terengganu campus in Marang, Institut Teknologi Petroleum PETRONAS (INSTEP) in Batu Rakit, Kuala Terengganu and Kolej Teknologi Bestari in Setiu, Politechnics Sultan Zainal Abidin, among others.

List of Tertiary Institutes (public and private)
 * Politeknik Kuala Terengganu
 * Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin
 * Universiti Malaysia Terengganu
 * Universiti Teknologi MARA (3 branches)
 * Institut Teknologi Petroleum PETRONAS (INSTEP)
 * Politeknik Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin
 * Kolej PTPL
 * Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi Mara (KKTM) Kemaman
 * Kolej Teknologi & Inovasi KRIM
 * Institut Teknologi Petronas
 * Kolej Seri Iman
 * Kolej Ketengah
 * RANACO Education and Training Institute (RETI)
 * Kolej Teras Timur
 * Kolej Islam Sains Teknologi (KIST)
 * TATI University College(TATIUC)
 * MARA KETENGAH International College (MKIC)

Secondary school (high school) education is provided by Sekolah Kebangsaan (National School, e.g.: Sekolah Kebangsaan Sultan Sulaiman), Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (National-type School) Chinese primary schools, and Sekolah Ugama (Religious schools, e.g.: SMA Sultan Zainal Abidin Ladang). All of them follow the syllabus and curriculum provided and regulated by the Malaysian Ministry of Education (Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia). Every year the state government spends RM34 million to develop education in Terengganu. Part of these grants ensures that every eligible primary school student in Terengganu is able to get a Netbook worth RM1000 to help in their studies.

Air
There are three airports located in Terengganu, of which two of them are open to the public. Sultan Mahmud Airport located in Gong Badak, Kuala Nerus is the state's main airport and serves as a main gateway by air to and from Terengganu. Other public airport is the Redang Airport, located in Redang Island off the coast of Terengganu.

Kerteh Airport, located in the town of Kerteh, Kemaman is the state's second largest airport but is not open to public because the airport is owned and operated by Petroliam Nasional Berhad or Petronas via its East Coast Regional Office (ECRO), and was built to serve the purpose of airlifting its employees and ExxonMobil employees to their various oil platforms located 100–200 km offshore South China Sea. The airport although small, has a single 1,362 m (4,469 ft) long runway which can accommodate a Boeing 737-400 aircraft.

A military air force base, RMAF Gong Kedak is located between the borders of Kelantan (Pasir Puteh) and Terengganu (Besut) and has an airstrip which crosses the two state borders.

Movies

 * Tukang Perahu Pulau Duyong (2013)

title: Terengganu


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Keio University

Keio University (慶應義塾大学), abbreviated as Keio (慶應) or Keidai (慶大), is a private research university located in Minato, Tokyo, Japan.

It is the oldest institute of western higher education in Japan. Its founder, Fukuzawa Yukichi, originally established it as a school for Western studies in 1858 in Edo. It was granted university status in 1920, becoming one of the first private universities in the country.

The university is one of the members of the Top Global University Project (Top Type), funded by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Keio University is also one of the member universities of RU11 and APRU, and it is one of two Japanese universities (alongside the University of Tokyo) to be a member of the World Economic Forum's Global University Leaders Forum.

Overview
Keio traces its history to 1858 when Fukuzawa Yukichi, who had studied the Western educational system at Brown University in the United States, started to teach Dutch while he was a guest of the Okudaira family. In 1868 he changed the name of the school to Keio Gijuku and devoted his time to education. While Keio's initial identity was that of a private school of Western studies, it expanded and established its first university faculty in 1890. It was the first Japanese university to reach its 150th anniversary in 2008.

Keio has approximately 30 Research Centres located on its five main campuses and at other facilities for advanced research in Japan. Keio University Research Institute at SFC (KRIS) has joined the MIT and the French INRIA in hosting the international W3C.

As of June 2022, Keio University holds the largest endowment fund among all Japanese universities, with ¥78 billion. This is followed by Waseda University at ¥29 billion, Kyoto University at ¥20 billion and the University of Tokyo at ¥15 billion.

History
Keio University (慶應義塾大学) was first established in 1858 as a School of Western studies located in one of the mansion houses at Tsukiji by founder Fukuzawa Yukichi. Its root is considered as the Han school for Kokugaku studies named Shinshu Kan established in 1796. It later changed its name to "Keio Gijuku" in 1868, which originated from the era name "Keio", with "Gijuku" as the translation of Private school. It moved to its current location in 1871, established a Medical school in 1873, along with the university department of Economics, Law and Literacy studies in 1890.

In 1886, Keio University named Hiromoto Watanabe as the first chancellor of the Imperial University (University of Tokyo). Watanabe was the first chancellor of an officially authorised university in Japan. In 1899, Keio sent 6 students to study abroad. In the same year, it also accepted three international students from India, Qing-dynasty China, and Thailand. Eight international students entered from Taiwan (which had technically been a territory of the Japanese Empire since 1895) the following year. In 1946, Keio University began accepting female students. In 2006, a paper was published in the research journal Science with an undergraduate as its first listed author.

In 1916, Keio was visited by Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore. Another visit in 1922 included physicist Albert Einstein, who presented a special lecture on the theory of relativity. In 2008, Keio University was visited by Prince Charles. In 2023, Sam Altman provided a lecture on campus.

Presidents
Since the president system was established in 1881, Keio University has had 20 presidents.

Student body
In 2021, there were 33,469 students at Keio University, with 28,667 undergraduate students and 4,802 graduate students. Although two-thirds of the student body are males, the gender ratio differs between different majors (e.g. 56% of students are female in the Faculty of Letters, whereas in the School of Medicine, three-quarters of students are men.). There were 1,908 international students on May 1, 2021, with 874 undergraduate students (3.1% of total undergraduate students (=28,667)), 861 graduate students (18.0% of total graduate students (=4,802) ) and 173 other students. China provided the most international students with 1,016, followed by South Korea (436), France (66), Taiwan (51), the United States (36), Indonesia (34), and Germany (29).

Societies
In Japanese universities, student societies are known as "circles". There are over 410 circles at Keio University by estimate, including both official and unofficial circles.

Athletics
The interest of Keio's students in baseball stretches back to the early years of the 20th century. In 1913, an American touring team of players from the New York Giants and the Chicago White Sox played an exhibition game against the Keio team. In a 1932 exhibition game, the Keio team beat the University of Michigan team, which was then touring Japan. Keio's baseball team plays in the Tokyo Big6 Baseball League.

Kei-So rivalry
Traditionally, there has been a strong rivalry between Keio and Waseda University. There are annually many matches between the two universities in several sports, such as baseball, rowing, rugby, lacrosse, track and field, American football, association football, aikido, karate, basketball, tennis, swimming, fencing, figure skating, ice hockey, and field hockey. These games are called "Kei–So Sen (慶早戦)" or, more generally, "So–Kei Sen (早慶戦)".

The Kei-So baseball rivalry, which dates back more than a century, is especially famous because of its importance in Japanese baseball history. The most famous Kei-So baseball game, which was played on October 16, 1943, was made into a movie titled "The Last Game – the Final So-Kei Sen -" in 2008.

Scandals
In October 2016, six male students from Keio Advertisement Society, a long-standing student club known for its organisation of the Miss Keio pageant contest, were investigated for gang rape during a club activity. An out-of-court settlement was reached and the students were not prosecuted. In May 2018, another three students were arrested for sexual assaults.

In March 2017, a student tennis club was disbanded after a student died of alcohol poisoning during a club activity. Two other Keio students died due to over-drinking in 2012 and 2013.

In June 2017, the school's election committee unconventionally selected Haseyama Akira, a legal history professor who won second place at the general election among teachers and staff, to be the school's new president, breaking a 50-year convention.

In late 2019, both the American football team and the cheerleading club suspended club activities for "inappropriate behaviours".

In January 2020, it was reported that a former member of the school president's secretarial staff had installed a camera in a female toilet stall on the Mita campus, filming over a thousand videos over 3 months.

Academic rankings
Keio ranks 53rd in the world in the Times Higher Education's Alma Mater Index. It ranks 34th globally in the Center for World University Rankings (CWUR) and 3rd in Asia. Keio is ranked at 58th of the Reuters Top 100 innovative universities worldwide. British Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) company estimates that Keio is ranked the 192nd in QS World University Rankings 2017/18. It is ranked the 45th in QS World University Ranking 2017/18 for Graduate Employability Ranking. In the Asian University Ranking (2015), Quacquarelli Symonds also ranked Keio as 37th in Asia. The Academic Ranking of World Universities (2015), which is compiled by Shanghai Jiao Tong University, ranks Keio 151-175 in the world and 37 in Asia. Keio, with Waseda University, is one of the prominent private universities within Japan. The difficulty level of entrance exams at Keio University is one of the highest among private universities in Japan.

Research performance
According to Thomson Reuters, Keio is the 10th best research university in Japan, the only private university within the Top 15. In addition, Weekly Diamond reported that Keio has the 8th highest research standard in Japan in terms of research fundings per researchers in COE Program, and it is also the only private university within Top 10. The Asahi Shimbun summarized the number of academic papers in Japanese major legal journals by the university, and Keio was ranked 2nd during 2005–2009. Accordingly, Keio is a prominent research university in Japan.

According to The Asahi Shimbun, Keio's been ranked 7th in Japan in the economic research ranking during 2005–2009. More recently, Repec in January 2011 ranked Keio's Economic department as Japan's 6th best economic research university. Keio has provided 3 presidents of Japanese Economic Association in its 42-year history, and this number is 5th largest.

Nikkei Shimbun on 2004/2/16 surveyed about the research standards in Engineering studies based on Thomson Reuters, Grants in Aid for Scientific Research and questionnaires to heads of 93 leading Japanese Research Centers, and Keio was placed 8th in this ranking.

Business
Keio University ranks second in Japan, for the number of alumni holding CEO positions in Fortune Global 500 companies, according to Mines ParisTech: Professional Ranking of World Universities. Keio University is also ranked 1st in Japan for the number of alumni holding executive positions in listed companies of Japan, with the executive number per student (probability of becoming an executive) placing top.

Keio Business School (KBS) is Japan's first business school and one of four Japanese institutions holding The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) accreditation. Keio was ranked No. 1 in Japan by Nikkei Shimbun. Eduniversal also ranked Keio as the No.1 in Japan (75th in the world). In Eduniversal Keio is one of 3 Japanese schools categorized in "Universal Business schools with major international influence". In 2012, the Keio Business School became a founding member of the university alliance Council on Business & Society.

According to the Weekly Economist's 2010 rankings and the PRESIDENT's article on 16 October 2006, graduates of Keio University have the 3rd best employment rate in 400 major companies, and 3rd highest average salary in Japan.

Accounting
For over 30 years, Keio graduates have been ranked first in Japan in the number of successful national CPA exam applicants.

Medicine
There have been 4 presidents of Japan Medical Association related to this university (2 Alumni and 2 professors). This number is the 2nd largest among Japanese medical schools. Keio is one of 2 Japanese universities which provided a president for the World Medical Association.

Law
In 2010 and 2015, Keio University Law School ranked highest among all Japanese universities for the Bar Exam passage rate. The number of Members in Parliament who graduated from Keio is the 3rd highest in Japan.

Popularity and selectivity
The number of applicants per place was 11.7 (48260/4098) in 2011 undergraduate admissions. Its entrance difficulty is usually considered the highest with Waseda, among 730 private universities.

Nikkei BP has been publishing a ranking system called "Brand rankings of Japanese universities" every year, composed of various indicators relating to the reputation and brand power of Japanese institutions. Keio University was placed 1st in 2014, and ranked 2nd in 2015 and 2016 in the Greater Tokyo Area. Webometrics (2008) also ranks Keio University as 3rd in Japan, 11th in Asia, and 208th in the world for quantity and quality of web presence and link visibility.

In a unique ranking, TBS ranked Japanese universities by the questionnaire "Which university student do you want to have as your boyfriend?" to 300 girls in Shibuya, and Keio was ranked 1st in this ranking.

Finance
According to Keio's financial report, there was an operating revenue of 197 billion yen in 2010. The top three largest incomes were from "tuition and fees", "medical care" and "capital gain", with 49 billion yen, 48 billion yen and 21 billion yen respectively. The number of endowments in 2010 was about 5 billion yen. Keio is known for having one of the largest financial endowments of any Japanese university.

On the other hand, the top 3 largest expenses in 2010 were "Compensation and benefits", "Education & Research" and "Investment", with 65 billion yen, 52 billion yen and 33 billion yen respectively. The total asset value in 2010 was about 364 billion yen with an increase of 5 billion yen. In addition, the total amount of assets under management was approximately 109 billion yen in 2010, composed mainly of cash, deposits with banks and marketable securities.

Tuition fees
At Keio University, tuition fees vary and depends on the course. Social Science & Humanity studies have the lowest fees at approximately 1,110,000 yen per year, with the School of Medicine having the highest fees of around 3,610,000 yen per year. The tuition fees for various graduate schools cost much less than those for undergraduate studies, e.g. 690,000 yen per year for Social Science & Humanities and 1,313,000 yen per year for School of Medicine.

Although it is acceptable to pay twice with half in spring and half in autumn, the "entrance fee" must be paid before enrolment. The entrance fee for undergraduate study is 200,000 yen and the one for graduate study is 310,000 yen.

Scholarship/loan
In 2008, 9,764 students (about 30% of all students) used either scholarships or loans throughout their studies. Additionally, Keio funds over 3,000 students who receive, on average, scholarships of 300,000 yen.

Faculties
Keio University has ten undergraduate faculties, with each operating independently and offering educational and research activities. The faculties, with a planned annual number of enrolled first-year students in parentheses, are:

 * Faculty of Letters (800)
 * Faculty of Economics (1200)
 * Faculty of Law (1200)
 * Faculty of Business and Commerce (1000)
 * School of Medicine (112)
 * Faculty of Science and Technology (932)
 * Faculty of Policy Management (425)
 * Faculty of Environment and Information Studies (425)
 * Faculty of Nursing and Medical Care (100)
 * Faculty of Pharmacy (210)

Graduate schools
Keio has fourteen graduate schools. Many professors are associated with both an undergraduate faculty and a graduate school.

 * Graduate School of Letters
 * Graduate School of Economics
 * Graduate School of Law
 * Graduate School of Human Relations
 * Graduate School of Business and Commerce
 * Graduate School of Medicine
 * Graduate School of Science and Technology
 * Graduate School of Business Administration
 * Graduate School of Media and Governance
 * Graduate School of Health Management
 * Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
 * Law School
 * Graduate School of Media Design
 * Graduate School of System Design and Management

Media Centers
Keio's Media Centers, with combined holdings of over 4.58 million books and publications, are one of the largest academic information storehouses in the country.
 * Mita Media Center
 * Hiyoshi Media Center
 * Media Center for Science and Technology
 * Shinanomachi Media Center
 * SFC Media Center

Information technology Centers

 * ITC Headquarters
 * Mita ITC
 * Hiyoshi ITC
 * Shinanomachi ITC
 * Science & Technology ITC
 * Shonan Fujisawa ITC

Hospital
Keio University Hospital is one of the largest general hospitals in Japan, the number of surgeries for carcinoma uteri in 2007 was top and the one for lung cancer was third among all university hospitals. The number of trainee doctors who selected Keio as their first choice training hospital was 30 (33rd) among all Japanese teaching hospitals in 2010. Established in 1920, it has over 1,000 beds, a leading laboratory, and research and medical information divisions.
 * Keio University Hospital (慶應義塾大学病院 or 慶應大学病院)

Campuses
There are eleven campuses.

 * Mita Campus (2-15-45 Mita, Minato, Tokyo)
 * Hiyoshi Campus (4-1-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama, Kanagawa), home of the Hiyoshi tunnels
 * Yagami Campus (3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama, Kanagawa)
 * Shinanomachi Campus (35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo)
 * Shonan Fujisawa Campus (Fujisawa, Kanagawa, aka. SFC) designed by Fumihiko Maki
 * Shiba Kyoritsu Campus (Minato ward, Tokyo)
 * Shin-Kawasaki Town Campus (Kawasaki, Kanagawa)
 * Tsuruoka Town Campus of Keio (Tsuruoka, Yamagata, aka. TTCK)
 * Urawa Kyoritsu Campus (Urawa, Saitama)
 * Keio Osaka Riverside Campus (Osaka)
 * Keio Marunouchi City Campus (Tokyo)

Notable alumni
Keio alumni include Japanese Prime Ministers Junichiro Koizumi (2001–2006), Ryutaro Hashimoto (1996–1998), and Tsuyoshi Inukai (1931–1932). Dozens of other alumni have been cabinet members and governors in the post-war period. Keio alumni include 230 CEOs of major companies and 97 CEOs of foreign-affiliated companies. Keio has over 320,000 alumni in 866 alumni associations.

Politicians

 * Junichiro Koizumi, the 87th/88th/89th Prime Minister of Japan (2001–2006), the 20th President of Liberal Democratic Party of Japan (Economics, 1967)
 * Ryutaro Hashimoto, the 82nd/83rd Prime Minister of Japan (1996–1998), the 17th President of Liberal Democratic Party of Japan (Law, 1960)
 * Tsuyoshi Inukai, the 29th Prime Minister of Japan (1931–1932), the 6th President of Rikken Seiyūkai
 * Ichirō Ozawa, Former President of Democratic Party of Japan, Former Secretary General of Liberal Democratic Party of Japan (Economics, 1967)
 * Tamisuke Watanuki, President of People's New Party, Former Speaker of The House of Representatives of Japan (Economics, 1950)
 * Toshiko Hamayotsu, Minister for Global Environmental Issues and Director-General of Environment Agency of Government of Japan (1994).
 * Kenji Kosaka, Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Law, 1968)
 * Jirō Kawasaki, Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare (Business and Commerce, 1971)
 * Andrew Thomson, Minister for Sport and Tourism and Minister Assisting the Prime Minister for the Sydney 2000 Games in the Australian Government 1997 – 1998
 * Shigefumi Matsuzawa, Governor of Kanagawa (Law, 1982)
 * Akihiko Noro, Governor of Mie (Science and Technology, 1969)
 * Genjirō Kaneko, Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (2021-2022), Governor of Nagasaki (Letters, 1968)
 * Motohiro Ōno, Governor of Saitama (Law, 1987)
 * Hiroshi Nakai, Chairman of the National Commission on Public Safety, Minister of State for Disaster Management and the Abduction Issue (Economics, 1969)
 * Yūzan Fujita, Governor of Hiroshima (Business and Commerce, 1972)
 * Ryōzō Hiranuma, Mayor of Yokohama, Order of Culture
 * Keiichi Inamine, Governor of Okinawa (Economics, 1957)
 * Masaharu Ikuta, President of Japan Post, Former CEO of Mitsui O.S.K. Lines (Economics, 1957)
 * Yukio Ozaki, Mayor of Tokyo, Minister of Justice, Education, "Father of parliamentary politics" in Japan.
 * Nobuteru Ishihara, Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Minister of State for Administrative and Regulatory Reform, Candidate for the LDP presidency 2008
 * Heitaro Inagaki, Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry (Economics, 1913)
 * Banri Kaieda, Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry (Law)
 * Hirofumi Nakasone, Minister for Foreign Affairs
 * Yoshio Sakurauchi, Minister for Foreign Affairs
 * Kamata Eikichi, Minister of Education
 * Hidenao Nakagawa, Chief Cabinet Secretary
 * Mitsuo Horiuchi, Minister of International Trade and Industry
 * Yoshiyuki Kamei, Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
 * Seiichi Ota, Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
 * Ryu Shionoya, Minister of Education, Science and Technology
 * Kosuke Hori, Minister of Education
 * Fusanosuke Kuhara, Minister of communications
 * Shigeru Ishiba, Minister of Defense, Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Law, 1979)
 * Kazuyoshi Kaneko, Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism and Minister for Ocean Policy
 * Takeo Kawamura, Minister of Education, Science and Technology and Chief Cabinet Secretary
 * Koichi Yamamoto, Minister of Environment
 * Akira Amari, Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry and Minister of State in charge of Administrative Reform
 * Tatsuya Ito, Minister of State for Financial Services
 * Tadamori Oshima, Minister of Agriculture
 * Takeo Hiranuma, Minister of Transport and Minister of Economy, Trade, and Industry
 * Akira Nagatsuma, Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare, Minister of State for Pension Reform
 * Masajuro Shiokawa, Chief Cabinet Secretary of Japan
 * Heizō Takenaka, Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications (Emeritus Prof.)
 * Wataru Takeshita, Minister for Reconstruction
 * Jon Richards, Wisconsin legislator
 * Sommai Hoontakoon, Minister of Finance (Thailand) (Economics, 1942)
 * Set Aung – politician, economist and management consultant, incumbent Deputy Planning and Finance Minister of Myanmar
 * Yun Duk-min –ambassador of South Korea to Japan

Public servants, international Organizations

 * Takeshi Kasai, WHO Regional Director of Western Pacific (medicine, 1990)
 * Shigeru Omi, WHO Regional Director of Western Pacific,
 * Kiyoko Okabe, the first female justice of the Supreme Court of Japan (Master, Law, 1974)
 * Taro Takemi, president of the World Medical Association and Japan Medical Association (MD, medicine, 1930)
 * Ichirō Fujisaki, diplomat, Chairman of Executive Committee of United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (Economics (dropout), 1969)

Central Bank Governors

 * Shigeaki Ikeda, Minister of Finance, Commerce and Industry, Governor of The Bank of Japan
 * Makoto Usami, Governor of The Bank of Japan
 * Tarisa Watanagase (Thai), Governor of the Bank of Thailand, 2006–2010 (Economics)
 * Chang Kia-ngau (Economics, 1906–1908), Governor of the Central Bank of Republic of China

Astronauts

 * Chiaki Mukai, JAXA astronaut (MD, medicine, 1988)
 * Akihiko Hoshide, JAXA astronaut

Finance

 * Taizo Nishimuro, Chairman and CEO of Tokyo Stock Exchange, Former CEO of Toshiba Corporation (Economics 1961)
 * Koichiro Miyahara, Chairman and CEO of Tokyo Stock Exchange
 * Atsushi Saito, Chairman and CEO of Tokyo Stock Exchange,
 * Shigeharu Suzuki, President and CEO of Daiwa Securities Group (Economics 1971)

Media

 * Tōru Shōriki, owner of The Yomiuri Shimbun (Economics, 1942)
 * Tarō Kimura, journalist (Law, 1964)
 * Akira Ikegami, journalist (Economics, 1973)
 * Kazuhiko Torishima, president of Hakusensha (Law, 1976)
 * Motoaki Tanigo, CEO of Hololive Production (Science and Technology)

Business

 * Akio Toyoda, President and CEO Toyota Motor Corporation 2009–current
 * Yutaka Katayama, the first president of the U.S. operations of Nissan Motors (Economics 1935)
 * Osamu Nagayama, CEO of Chugai Pharmaceutical and Chairman of Sony Corporation
 * Katsuaki Watanabe, President of Toyota Motor Corporation (Economics 1964).
 * Yuzaburo Mogi, Chairman and CEO of Kikkoman Corporation (Law 1958)
 * Yotaro Kobayashi (Economics, 1956), chairman of Fuji Xerox, former chairman of Japan Association of Corporate Executives
 * Shinzo Maeda, President and CEO of Shiseido (Letters 1970)
 * Hidetaka Miyazaki, President of FromSoftware, game designer and director
 * Ichizō Kobayashi, Founder of Hankyu Railway and the Takarazuka Revue, Minister of Commerce and Industry in the 1940 Konoe Cabinet
 * Nobutada Saji, Chief executive of Suntory Ltd., the wealthiest individual in Japan as of 2004 by Forbes
 * Akira Mori, President and CEO of Mori Trust, the fourth-wealthiest person in Japan as of 2013 by Forbes
 * Keiichi Ishizaka, chairman and CEO, Warner Music Japan Inc. (Business and Commerce, 1968) – 2009 Medal of Honor Awardee
 * Lee Jae-yong, vice chairman of Samsung Electronics (MBA 1995)
 * Teruaki Yamagishi, received the 4th Class, Order of the Rising Sun Gold Rays with Rosette in 2008
 * Takeo Shiina, Chairman of IBM Japan, former Chairman of Japan Association of Corporate Executives (Science and Technology 1951)
 * Matsuo Yokoyama, former president of Walt Disney Enterprises of Japan

Academia
He is thought as one of the Nobel Prize candidates in Physics in terms of the achievement of plastic optical fibre. (Sci. and Tech)
 * Sho-Chieh Tsiang (undergraduate atten.), member of Academia Sinica
 * Toshihiko Izutsu (literature, 1937), Member of Japan Academy
 * Akira Hayami (economics, 1954), Member of Japan Academy, coined the notion of "Industrious Revolution"
 * Tokuzo Fukuda (prof.), Member of Japan Academy
 * Junzaburo Nishiwaki (economics, 1917), nominated for Nobel Prize, International Honorary Member of American Academy of Arts and Sciences
 * David J. Farber, fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science (the Distinguished Professor and Co-Director of Cyber Civilization Research Center)
 * Hamao Arata (1869), the third and eighth President of the Tokyo Imperial University
 * Sahachiro Hata (Prof.), nominated for Nobel Prize, member of Japan Academy,
 * Ken Sakamura (engineering, 1974), emeritus professor of University of Tokyo, Japan Academy Prize (academics), the creator of the real-time operating system architecture TRON project
 * Takao Suzuki (sociolinguist) (literature, 1950), former professor of Yale University
 * Hideyuki Okano (medicine, 1983)
 * Yoshitaka Tanimura, derived Hierarchical equations of motion with Ryogo Kubo, Professor of Kyoto University, Humboldt Prize Winner (Sci.and Tech)
 * Masayoshi Tomizuka (B.S. and M.S. degrees, Mechanical Engineering, 1968 and 1970)
 * Tatsuji Nomura (medicine, 1945), a pioneer in the development of laboratory animals with the aim of assuring the reproducibility of experimental results in medical research. Medal of Honor With Purple Ribbon from Japanese Government(1984).
 * Fumiko Yonezawa (Emeritus), The first female President of The Physical Society of Japan, the Laureate of L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science Awards in 2005.
 * Yasuhiro Matsuda, professor of international politics at the University of Tokyo (Law)
 * Yoshihiro Tsurumi, professor of international business at Baruch College of the City University of New York (Economics)
 * Jun Murai, "The Father of The Internet" in Japan, Legion of Honor (2018) (PhD, Engineering)
 * Yasuhiro Koike, Developed the High-bandwidth graded-index plastic optical fibre.
 * Masaru Tomita, Established the metabolomics analysis by using the CE-MS. (Environment and Information Studies)
 * Eitaro Noro, Marxian Economist. The Author of "History of the Development of Japanese Capitalism"(1930) (Native:「日本資本主義発達史講座」), Iwanami Shoten, Tokyo
 * Yuichi Motai, professor of electrical and computer engineering at Virginia Commonwealth University, NSF Career Award (2011)
 * Joi Ito, former director of the MIT Media Lab, professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University (PhD, Media and Governance, 2018)

Art

 * Shotaro Yasuoka, Member of Japan Art Academy
 * Yamamoto Kenkichi, Member of Japan Art Academy
 * Hiroshi Sakagami, Member of Japan Art Academy
 * Shusaku Endo (Literature, 1948) Akutagawa Prize, Order of Culture, honorary doctorate from Georgetown University
 * Daigaku Horiguchi, Poet, Translator, Member of Japan Art Academy
 * Tanaka Chikao, Member of Japan Art Academy (Literature)
 * Rofū Miki (undergraduate attendee), poet
 * Gozo Yoshimasu, Member of Japan Art Academy
 * Jun Etō, Member of Japan Art Academy, literary critic
 * Mantaro Kubota, Member of Japan Art Academy
 * Haruo Sato, Member of Japan Art Academy (Literature)
 * Kafū Nagai, Member of Japan Art Academy, Order of Culture (Prof.)
 * Shinobu Orikuchi, Ethnologist (Emeritus prof.)
 * Takitaro Minakami, author (Economics)
 * Yojiro Ishizaka, author (Literature)
 * Sakutarō Hagiwara, Poet
 * Yumeno Kyūsaku, Surrealistic detective novelist
 * Kazuki Kaneshiro, Zainichi Korean novelist
 * Kôhei Tsuka, playwright, theatre director, and screenwriter
 * Adebayo Adewusi, Lawyer and Public Administrator.
 * Yoshio Taniguchi (Engineering, 1960), member of Japan Art Academy. Architect best known for his redesign of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City which was reopened on November 20, 2004,
 * Fumihiko Maki (Keio High school, undergraduate attend.), International Honorary Member of American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Wolf Prize in Arts,
 * Kyoko Matsuoka, author and translator of children's literature

Others

 * Ryuichi Kuki, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, Governor of The Imperial Museum (The Tokyo National Museum, Kyoto National Museum, and Nara National Museum), The Father of Syuzo Kuki (1874)
 * Theodor Holm "Ted" Nelson, Computer architect, visionary, and contrarian (PhD, Media and Governance, 2002)
 * Wataru Kamimura, professional shogi player (the first university graduate to become a shogi professional) (Science and Technology / mathematical sciences, 2013)
 * Yūka Nishio, voice actress and musician
 * Ghib Ojisan, a travel YouTuber based in Singapore
 * Sho Sakurai, singer, actor, entertainer, newscaster, member of Arashi, first artist in Johnny & Associates to graduate from University. (Bachelor of Economics, 2004)

Notable faculty

 * Fukuzawa Yukichi, founder of Keio University, the former portrait of 10,000-yen banknote
 * Kohei Itoh, successfully generated and detected quantum entanglement between electron spin and nuclear spin in phosphorus impurities added to silicon with John Morton at Oxford University.
 * Genichi Kato, nominated for Nobel Prize, member of Japan Academy
 * Kitasato Shibasaburō, first dean of Keio University School of Medicine; member of Japan Academy, fellow of Royal Society of London, nominated for Nobel Prize
 * Ryogo Kubo, the Boltzmann Medal, Order of Culture, member of Japan Academy, International Honorary Member of American Academy of Arts and Sciences
 * Mikinosuke Miyajima, International Honorary Member of American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Japan's representative for League of Nations Health Organization.
 * Yone Noguchi, poet; also alumni
 * Shuichi Nosé, famous for the Nosé–Hoover thermostat
 * Keisuke Suzuki, member of Japan Academy
 * Toshiyuki Takamiya, professor emeritus; led the digital documentation, facsimile reproduction, and distribution of rare medieval books and manuscripts

title: Keio University


text:
Gunbarrel Highway

The Gunbarrel Highway is an isolated desert track in the Northern Territory, South Australia and Western Australia. It consists of about 1350 km of washaways, heavy corrugations, stone, sand and flood plains. The Gunbarrel Highway connects Victory Downs in the Northern Territory to Carnegie Station in Western Australia. Some sources incorrectly show the highway extending west to Wiluna.

The road was built as part of Australia's role in the weapons research establishment called Woomera which included Emu Field and Maralinga, both atomic bomb testing sites. The name comes from Len Beadell's Gunbarrel Road Construction Party, so named as his intention was to build roads as straight as a gunbarrel. The highway was protested by the Australian group Midnight Oil in their song of the same name as the highway.

History
There were three main reasons for the construction of the Gunbarrel Highway. The first was to provide access for a future meteorological station which was needed to forecast upper winds prior to the testing of atomic weapons in South Australia. The second was for instrumentation along the centre-line of fire for rockets launched from Woomera. The third was to allow surveyors from the Australian Division of National Mapping to continue the geodetic survey of little known areas of outback Australia. A consequence of the construction was the completion of the first east-west road link across the centre of Australia.

First stage
The road was built in four stages beginning in 1955. In early November, the Gunbarrel Road Construction Party (GRCP) assembled near Coober Pedy in South Australia, half coming from Adelaide together with a bulldozer, and half with a grader from Maralinga, led by Len Beadell. The starting point was Victory Downs homestead just north of the border with the Northern Territory, and 24 km west of the Stuart Highway.

Work began on 13 November 1955, and continued westward to Mulga Park. An interruption occurred after about 35 km when the grader's blade mounting bolts were snapped after hitting a submerged Mulga tree root. Beadell made a hurried return trip to Alice Springs for parts. The road reached Mulga Park on 2 December, where construction ceased for the year, as the bulldozer's starting pilot motor had failed.

Beadell continued ahead on a ground reconnaissance, then on 7 December made an aerial survey which departed from a natural airstrip in the Mount Davies vicinity, and flew towards the Rawlinson Ranges where the future weather station was to be located. With the knowledge gained, Beadell led a ground party of four Land Rovers to the site where a stone cairn was built on 12 December. The site was named Giles after Ernest Giles, the first European to explore the area in 1874. Beadell's Land Rover suffered a broken rear axle during the return towards Mount Davies, so an axle was borrowed from one of the other vehicles which was left behind to be recovered the following year.

Second stage
In February 1956, the second stage continued from Mulga Park to the Musgrave Ranges, then in March via the Mann Ranges and Tomkinson Ranges to Giles where the party arrived on 29 March. Beadell had hoped to take the road via Surveyor Generals Corner, but it was too rocky for road building. The first priority in establishing the weather station was to find water.

A boring plant was obtained from the nearest railhead 800 km to the east. It was slowly towed to Giles by the grader, and on the fourth drilling attempt, suitable drinking water was discovered. Work on the Giles establishment continued throughout April and May, which included laying out the airstrip. In June Beadell and the GRCP were called away to begin work on the Mount Davies road.

In 1957, no further work took place on the Gunbarrel Highway. Beadell continued work at Giles during the early months.

Third stage
The third stage of the highway began with a solo reconnaissance by Beadell from Giles to Warburton on 12 March 1958, when the weather was still very hot. In his book Too Long in the Bush, Beadell described the forbidding conditions in a chapter which he called "An Unshared Nightmare". Daytime temperatures were between 40 and 45 °C, which resulted in an overheating engine and fuel vaporisation. The extreme heat melted plastic parts of his instrument panel and radio transmitter, and loosened nails in his boots which caused the heels to fall off.

He lost his appetite and drank hot water only. His course took him along the southern edge of the Rawlinson Range towards Lake Christopher, then southwards through the eastern edge of the Gibson Desert. After battling through a series of jumbled sand ridges, and having three flat tyres, he found that his water supply was almost exhausted. When clear of the ridges, some rocky hills led to his discovery of a small pool of water in a creek run-off, which saved his life. He arrived at Warburton and rested for three days prior to the return journey to Giles via a different route.

After a delay caused by rain, building of the next section started on 22 March from Giles, keeping to the north and west of his earlier reconnaissance route, avoiding known obstacles. The road passed close by the position where it was estimated that Alfred Gibson had perished, then turned south towards Warburton, which was reached by early May. While at Warburton, Beadell and his team built a new airstrip much closer to the mission settlement.

Fourth stage
Building of the fourth stage did not commence until an altered arrangement for the survey took place. On this occasion, the survey reconnaissance from near Warburton to Carnegie was led by  (Bill) Johnson from the Senior Geodetic Surveyor Division of National Mapping, who was responsible for the planning and conduct of the Australian Geodetic Survey in that area. Johnson and Beadell both served in the Australian Survey Corps in the Second World War.

Johnson and Beadell each had a Land Rover in the advance party, and they were followed by two other Land Rovers and a supply truck. The second group included an officer from headquarters in Woomera, and an aboriginal affairs officer. Meanwhile, most of the GRCP returned to Giles, leaving the heavy equipment at a future turn-off (Jackie Junction) 69 km north of Warburton. The survey from the turn-off west towards Carnegie Station took place from 14 to 28 May during which a mountain was found. It was named Mount Beadell in honour of Beadell.

Construction of the final section began at Jackie Junction on 3 September, was abeam Mount Beadell on the 25 September, Everard Junction (with the Gary Highway) around 15 October, and reached Carnegie Station on 15 November 1958, just over three years from when the Gunbarrel Highway was begun. The length of new road built from Victory Downs was 1347 km.

Conditions
The route is a long and tough haul through very remote territory. Its isolation requires travellers to be totally self-sufficient with water, food and fuel. The longest distance between fuel outlets is 489 km, between Warburton and Carnegie Station. Part of the road between Jackie Junction and Warakurna, near Giles, is now known as the Old Gunbarrel Highway, and is no longer maintained due to the construction of the more direct route, the Great Central Road.

The route passes directly into Aboriginal land. It is a legal requirement for travellers to hold a valid transit permit at the time of travel. Three free permits are required in Western Australia and a permit is required to enter the APY Lands in South Australia.

Permits for the abandoned section from Warakurna and Warburton require at least two vehicles and either a HF radio or satellite telephone and requires a minimum of five working days turnaround. Entry to the abandoned section is only permitted at Warakurna or Warburton. Access to the abandoned section via Jackie Junction is not permitted. Jackie Junction Road is on sacred land and not open to the public.

title: Gunbarrel Highway