text:
Erhu

The  is a Chinese two-stringed bowed musical instrument, more specifically a spike fiddle, which may also be called a southern fiddle, and is sometimes known in the Western world as the Chinese violin or a Chinese two-stringed fiddle.

It is used as a solo instrument as well as in small ensembles and large orchestras. It is the most popular of the family of traditional bowed string instruments used by various ethnic groups of China. As a very versatile instrument, the is used in both traditional and contemporary music arrangements, such as pop, rock and jazz.

History

The can be traced back to proto-Mongolic instruments which first appeared in China during the Tang dynasty. It is believed to have evolved from the (奚琴). The is believed to have originated from the Xi people located in current northeast China.

The first Chinese character of the name of the instrument (二,, 'two') is believed to come from the fact that it has two strings. An alternate explanation states that it comes from the fact that it is the second-highest in pitch to the  in the modern Chinese orchestra. The second character (胡, ) indicates that it is a member of the family, with  commonly translated to mean 'barbarians'. The name literally means 'instrument of the Hu peoples', suggesting that the instrument may have originated from regions to the north or west of China generally inhabited by nomadic people on the extremities of past Chinese kingdoms.

For most of history, the was mostly a folk instrument used in southern China, whereas the  was preferred among northern musicians. However, in the 1920s, Liu Tianhua introduced the to Beijing, and since, it has become the most popular of the.

Historical and bowed string bows
Historic bowed zithers of China, including the, , and , and also the Korean , were originally played by bowing with a rosined stick, which created friction against the strings. As soon as the horsehair bow was invented, it spread very widely.

Construction

The consists of a long vertical stick-like neck, at the top of which are two big tuning pegs, and at the bottom is a small resonator body (sound box) which is covered with python skin on the front (playing) end. Two strings are attached from the pegs to the base, and a small loop of string (千斤, ) placed around the neck and strings acting as a nut pulls the strings towards the skin, holding a minute wooden bridge in place.

The has some unusual features:

 * Its characteristic sound is produced through the vibration of the python skin by bowing.
 * There is no fingerboard; the player stops the strings by pressing their fingertips onto the strings without the strings touching the neck.
 * The horse hair bow is never separated from the strings (which were formerly of twisted silk but which today are usually made of metal); it passes between them as opposed to over them (the latter being the case with western bowed stringed instruments).
 * Although there are two strings, they are very close to each other and the player's left hand in effect plays as if on one string. The inside string (nearest to player) is generally tuned to D4 and the outside string to A4, a fifth higher. The maximum range of the instrument is three and a half octaves, from D4 up to A7, before a stopping finger reaches the part of the string in contact with the bow hair. The usual playing range is about two and a half octaves.

Various dense and heavy hardwoods are used in making the. According to Chinese references the woods include (紫檀, red sandalwood and other woods of the genus Pterocarpus such as padauk),  (老红木, aged red wood),  (乌木, black wood), and  (红木, red wood). Particularly fine are often made from pieces of old furniture. A typical measures 81 cm from top to bottom, the length of the bow also being 81 cm.

The parts of the are:

 * (琴筒), sound box or resonator body; it is hexagonal (, southern), octagonal (, northern), or, less commonly, round.
 * (琴皮/蛇皮), skin, made from python. The python skin gives the its characteristic sound.
 * (琴杆), neck.
 * (琴頭), top or tip of neck, usually a simple curve with a piece of bone or plastic on top, but is sometimes elaborately carved with a dragon's head.
 * (琴軸). tuning pegs, traditional wooden, or metal machine gear pegs
 * (千斤), nut, made from string, or, less commonly, a metal hook
 * (内弦), inside or inner string, usually tuned to D4, nearest to player
 * (外弦), outside or outer string, usually tuned to A4
 * (琴碼), bridge, made from wood
 * (弓), bow, has screw device to vary bow hair tension
 * (弓杆), bow stick, made from bamboo
 * (弓毛), bow hair, usually white horsehair
 * (琴墊), pad, a piece of sponge, felt, or cloth placed between the strings and skin below the bridge to improve its sound
 * (琴托), base, a piece of wood attached to the bottom of the to provide a smooth surface on which to rest on the leg

Most are mass-produced in factories. The three most esteemed centres of making are Beijing, Shanghai, and Suzhou. In the collectivist period after the establishment of the People's Republic of China, these factories were formed by merging what had been previously private workshops. Although most were machine-made in production lines, the highest quality instruments were handmade by specialist craftsmen.

In the 20th century, there have been attempts to standardize and improve the, with the aim of producing a louder and better sounding instrument. One major change was the use of steel strings instead of silk. The move to steel strings was made gradually. By 1950 the thinner A-string had been replaced by a violin E-string with the thicker D-string remaining silk. By 1958 professional players were using purpose made D and A steel strings as standard.

Use of python skin

In 1988 China passed its Law on the Protection of Endangered Species after ratifying the UN Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), making it illegal to use and trade unlicensed pythons. To regulate the use of python skins, China's State Forestry Administration introduced a certification scheme between python skin sellers in Southeast Asia and musical instrument makers in China. From January 1, 2005, new regulations also require to have a certificate from the State Forestry Administration, which certify that the  python skin is not made with wild pythons, but from farm-raised pythons. Individuals are allowed to take up to two out of China when traveling; commercial buyers need additional export certificates.

Outside China, manufacturers of can issue their own CITES licenses with approval by governments of their respective countries. Such exports are legal as they have been made from legal skin sources.

Some are made of recycled products.

The Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra began their research for an alternative to python skin in 2005 and has since designed the Eco- series, which substitutes python skin with PET Polyester Membrane. For this innovation the Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra received the Ministry of Culture Innovation Award in 2012.

music

A notable composer for the was Liú Tiānhuá (刘天华/劉天華, 1895–1932), a Chinese musician who also studied Western music. He composed 47 exercises and 10 solo pieces (1918–1932) which were central to the development of the as a solo instrument. His works for the instrument include (月夜; Moon Night) and  (烛影摇红; Shadows of Candles Flickering Red).

Other solo pieces include (1950, Two Springs Reflecting the Moon) by Abing,  (Horse Race) by Huang Haihuai,  (Henan Folk Tune) by Liu Mingyuan, and  (1961, Sanmen Gorge Capriccio) by Liu Wenjin. Most solo works are commonly performed with accompaniment, although pieces such as the ten solos by Liú Tiānhuá and  (Two Springs Reflecting the Moon) originally did not have accompaniment.

In addition to the solo repertoire, the is one of the main instruments in regional music ensembles such as, Chinese opera ensembles, and the modern large Chinese orchestra.

The is used in the music of the Cirque du Soleil show O and in solo performances in select Shen Yun tours. Even fusion progressive rock groups like The Hsu-nami have incorporated the into their music and it is their lead instrument. It is incorporated in the Taiwanese black metal band ChthoniC and used in the song "Field Below" by Regina Spektor.

An instrumental album by artist Song Fei (宋飞) expresses the painting Along the River During the Qingming Festival (清明上河图; ) drawn in the Song dynasty by Zhang Zeduan (张择端). It was performed with the, , , , etc., to show the Livelihood, Trade, Festival of the Song dynasty; the album contains 18 parts.

More recently, the has appeared in several soundtracks, featuring prominently in the TV series Earth: Final Conflict (played by George Gao) and the massively multiplayer online role-playing game World of Warcraft: Mists of Pandaria (played by Jiebing Chen). An solo is featured in several cues related to Vulcans from 2009's Star Trek soundtrack by Michael Giacchino.

Musical groups for wedding celebrations in Cambodia often use the Tro, a similar instrument to the.

An is listed in the credits for the Doug Anthony All Stars album Icon as being played by Paul McDermott. The erhu can be heard in the character songs of China, a character in Axis Powers Hetalia.

In 2020, the release of Genshin Impact, Players around the globe were treated to a mixture of traditional Chinese music and fusion with Western orchestra, including pieces that featured the Erhu heavily.

Violin
The is often described as a Chinese fiddle. However, when compared to a western fiddle (violin), it has several key differences:

 * While most of both instruments are built largely from wood, the bridge and sound production mechanisms differ greatly. The bridge of an has a flat base, and does not require "fitting" onto an instrument. The reason is that the  uses a stretched and flattened python skin as its "top", whereas a violin uses a curved wooden plate.
 * The python skin is the primary tone-producing surface of the instrument with either no back or a decorative one, but the violin has a sound post that couples the top and the back's vibrations.
 * The bow's technique also differs. have the hairs of the bow strung between the two strings, and both sides of the bow hair are used. The violin is played with the bow hair placed on top of the strings.
 * The has only two strings while violin has four.

Tuning
The is almost always tuned to the interval of a fifth. The inside string (nearest to player) is generally tuned to D4 and the outside string to A4. This is the same as the two middle strings of the violin.

Position
The is played sitting down, with the sound box placed on the top of the left thigh and the neck held vertically, in the similar fashion as that of a cello or double bass player. However, performers of more recent years have played while standing up using a specially developed belt-clip.

Right hand

The bow is held with an underhand grip. The bow hair is adjusted so it is slightly loose. The fingers of the right hand are used to push the hairs away from the stick in order to create tension in the hairs. The bow hair is placed in between the two strings and both sides of the bow hair are used to produce sound, the player pushes the bow away from the body when bowing the A string (the outside string), and pulls it inwards when bowing the "inside" D string.

Because the bow rests on the barrel, either string can be bowed with minimal effort; the outer string can be played by pressing the stick downwards with the thumb, and the inner string by pressing the hair towards the player with the middle finger. All other fingers are technically unnecessary and are only used to support and stabilize the bow.

Aside from the bowing technique used for most pieces, the can be plucked, usually using the second finger of the right hand. This produces a dry, muted tone (if either of the open strings is plucked, the sound is somewhat more resonant) which is sometimes used in contemporary pieces such as Horse Race.

Left hand
The left hand alters the pitch of the strings by pressing on the string at the desired point. Being a fretless instrument, the player has fine control over tuning. Techniques include (slides),  (vibrato), and  (changing positions).

Notable performers

Prior to the 20th century, most instruments were used primarily to accompany various forms of Chinese opera and narrative. The use of the as a solo instrument began in the early 20th century along with the development of  (literally 'national music'), a modernized form of Chinese traditional music written or adapted for the professional concert stage. Active in the early 20th century were Zhou Shaomei (周少梅; 1885–1938) and Liú Tiānhuá. Liú laid the foundations of modern playing with his ten unaccompanied solos and 47 studies composed in the 1920s and 1930s. Liu Beimao (刘北茂; 1903–1981) was born in Jiangyin, Jiangsu. His compositions include (1943) (Little Flower-drum). Jiang Fengzhi (蔣风之; 1908–1986) and Chen Zhenduo (陈振铎) were students of Liú Tiānhuá, the piece (Autumn Moon over the Han Palace) was adapted and arranged by Jiang. Hua Yanjun (A Bing) (华彥君-阿炳, c. 1893–1950) was a blind street musician. Shortly before his death in 1950, two Chinese musicologists recorded him playing a few and  solo pieces, the best-known being.

With the founding of the People's Republic of China and the expansion of the conservatory system, the solo tradition continued to develop. Important performers during this time include Lu Xiutang (陆修堂; 1911–1966), Zhang Rui (张锐; born 1920), Sun Wenming (孙文明; 1928–1962), Huang Haihuai (黄海怀), Liu Mingyuan (刘明源; 1931–1996), Tang Liangde (汤良德; 1938–2010), Zhang Shao (张韶) and Song Guosheng (宋国生).

Liu Mingyuan (刘明源; 1931–1996) was born in Tianjin. He was known for his virtuosity on many instruments of the family, in particular the. His compositions and arrangements include (Henan Folk Tune) and  (On Grassland) for Zhonghu. For many years, he taught at the China Conservatory of Music in Beijing.

Tang Liangde (Cantonese: Tong Leung Tak; 汤良德; 1938–2010) was born in Shanghai into a famous Shanghainese musical family. He won the "Shanghai's Spring" competition and continued to be the soloist for the Chinese Film Orchestra in Beijing, his composition and solos can be heard throughout the Nixon to China documentary movie. Tang was the soloist and performed at the Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra, then went on to music broadcasting and education for the Hong Kong Government's Music Office making worldwide tours and was named Art Educator of the Year in 1991 by the Hong Kong Artist Guild.

Wang Guotong (王国潼; born 1939) was born in Dalian, Liaoning. He studied with Jiang Fengzhi, Lan Yusong and Chen Zhenduo and, in 1960, graduated from the Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing. He performed the premiere of (Sanmen Gorge Rhapsody) composed by Liu Wenjin. In 1972, Wang became the soloist and later art director of the China Broadcasting Traditional Orchestra. He returned to the Central Conservatory of Music in 1983 as head of the Chinese music department. He has written many books and articles on playing and has performed in many countries. Wang also worked with the Beijing National Instruments Factory to further develop design.

Min Huifen (閔惠芬; 1945–2014) was born in Yixing, Jiangsu. She first became known as the winner of the 1963 fourth Shanghai Spring Art Festival. She studied with Lu Xiutang and Wang Yi, and graduated from the Shanghai Conservatory of Music in 1968, and became the soloist with the Shanghai Folk Orchestra. She was the undisputed master of for 50 years.

title: Erhu


text:
User talk:Bcorr/Archive 200310

Archived talk from October 2003

• Etymology of the word Jew
I know it is a little lame right now because I do not have thereferences offhand, but I do know that they etymology was totally wrong. Jew comes from Hebrew not Juda. Perhaps another reader will understand the reference I am talking about & correct it. If you want to re-word what I have written be my guest. :) I just wish I could remember which language French borrowed Jewrey from but I know it was an eastern influence.

• Thanks for the comments
Thanks for taking time to write your thoughtful comment on RK's talk page. Im sure he will erase them, but thats a matter of course, since you actually disagreed with him, and stated yourself reasonably. Anyway-- I had'nt said "hello" to you yet so: hello! :-) --戴&#30505sv 17:13, 1 Oct 2003 (UTC)
 * Thank you. ¡La lucha continua! Bcorr 17:15, 1 Oct 2003 (UTC)

• Spock's Beard
Hello Brian

>Am I in some sort of parallel universe? yes

>RK is flat-out lying and attempting to "plant evidence" -- as silly as that seems when anyone can go back and look at the history. ''yes. silly :-) But most of us know it is not even worth looking. RK can be a great editor, but in his outbursts, he just "plants" evidence (I love that expression).''

>Can't someone do something about this escalating conflict! ''yes. You !''

Congratulations for your energy :-)

• Spock's Beard, pt. 2
On Talk:Christian-Jewish reconciliation, you stated that no one had ever added the comment that RK accused Stevertigo of adding. This turned out to be incorrect; I have posted a link to the relevant "diff". Cheers, Cyan 23:43, 1 Oct 2003 (UTC)
 * Thanks Cyan -- I apologized on that page! -- BCorr -- Брайен из Детройте 00:10, 2 Oct 2003 (UTC)

• Fear and Loathing
Brian, I hope you know that by posting your physical address you may be receiving information from individuals over which Wikipedia has no knowledge or control. A lot of online service providers do not allow individuals to post their addresses, of course here at Wikipedia your user page is your realm and as long as you do not break any laws (and maybe some Wikipedia policies) you are allowed to do whatever you want with it. Just want you to know that you don't have to post your snail mail address if you don't want to and I am sure if you decide it is a bad idea that Anthere and I (and probably a few other people as well) will advocate for having your current user page deleted (as if it were a subpage) and replaced. Hope you stay a while! Great to see an American around who has accurate knoweldge about Canada. Alex756 02:31, 2 Oct 2003 (UTC)
 * Thanks -- all taken care of! -- BCorr ¤ Брайен из Детройте 17:33, 2 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * You know it is still there? Alex756 03:31, 3 Oct 2003 (UTC)

 * Yes, but I'm not worried about people who know enough to search there -- anyone who'd do that could easily find me through the web anyway... Thanks again, BCorr ¤ Брайен из Детройте 04:20, 3 Oct 2003 (UTC)

• Piano
You're right that social history of the piano is a great article, but I'm afraid I can't take credit for it! I think you want to direct your praise at User:Opus33. All the best, Camembert

• Donisthorpe, pt. 2
Hi Brian, perhaps I shouldn't edit so late and things might make more sense, but I don't get what you're saying on VfD on September 27 about the Horace Donisthorpe pages. Which pages exactly need deleting? It isn't clear and I don't want to deleting the wrong things. I would appreciate it if you could clarify. Thanks. Angela 00:58, Oct 4, 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I was confused about whether you were suggesting the other pages in the "what links here" were also meant to go, but it seems not. I have deleted the one that Oliver agreed on. As there was a 50-50 split on the votes for deleting the rest of them (ie - you and Oliver), and the fact that redirects are usually kept because they are useful, I can't really delete those (see Wikipedia talk:Deletion policy/redirects), so have delisted these from VfD. Hopefully that's ok. I realise that the user in question may have been a problem, but if the article is being kept, then really the redirects should too. Angela 01:26, Oct 4, 2003 (UTC)
 * Thank you -- absoultely fine -- the whole process seems to have curbed the "Donisthorpization" of the 'pedia, which I guess was what I was hoping to do. And I appreciate your asking ;+) BCorr ¤ Брайен из Детройте 03:12, 4 Oct 2003 (UTC)

• Newbie No More -- with apologies to Vonnegut
I saw your post about RK on the mailing list, and I want to say that in my opinion, your record of contributions is all the standing you need to say whatever you want. Keep on like this and someone will eventually nominate you for adminship. Cheers, Cyan 03:02, 4 Oct 2003 (UTC)
 * Thank you, Cyan -- it's nice to be liked :•) BCorr ¤ Брайен из Детройте 03:12, 4 Oct 2003 (UTC)

• Why, indeed?
Why did you vote to keep Dmgice? I'm not challenging your vote - rather, I want to know if there's something you've thought of that I haven't. Cheers, Cyan 22:05, 13 Oct 2003 (UTC)
 * Well, this is sort of embarassing, but I was feeling that I had been becoming a bit of a deletionist, and decided to give the thumbs up to something that was on the edge of being encyclopedic. I certainly don't feel strongly about it, and after just looking again at the site the page refers to, it probably should go after all...perhaps I'll go back and change my vote the next time I edit that page. - BCorr ¤ Брайен 17:39, 14 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Don't let other people's labels stick to you :-). I don't consider myself either a pack rat or an axe murderer — I'm a Wiki-Hero! Cheers, Cyan 22:27, 14 Oct 2003 (UTC)
 * Thanks -- I think reading the mailing list the last few days has raised my worry level a tad. I'll just take a deep breath... BCorr ¤ Брайен 00:17, 15 Oct 2003 (UTC)

• How do you solve a problem like Teresa?
I think you're right. I do like to jump right in to issues like this, because I learn a lot about the process by doing so, and sometimes learn to change my views in the process. You give good advice. I have taken a second look at the main article, and I do think there is more hope than I previously thought that this debate can be handled in the main article. Paul Klenk 04:03, 21 Oct 2003 (UTC)
 * Thanks Paul -- glad to be helpful. Keep contributing! BCorr ¤ Брайен 04:17, 21 Oct 2003 (UTC)

• Baseless accusations and suchlike
Dear Bcorr-cyrilic-jumble, would you kindly explain why expressing a coherent and reasonable opinion on the votes for deletion pages amounts to "trolling", and furthermore explain what could possibly be wrong with my correct and factual posts regarding Donisthorpe over which you seem so keen to cast aspersions? 80.255 03:56, 24 Oct 2003 (UTC)
 * Dear Partial IP address, well...hmmm...let's see...I'd say once one starts voting for deleting things becuse they appear to you to be from the 'homosexual lobby'' -- whatever that is. OK, that's quite enough feeding for today. BCorr ¤ Брайен 04:04, 24 Oct 2003 (UTC)
 * The fact that - whether you want to use that particular term or not - the Pro-Homosexual Lobby (or "Gay Power", etc. if you prefer) are responsible clearly renders the article not NPOV in intent, and therefore it is perfectly reasonable to object to it for that reason. The reason I suggest that such a "lobby" was responsible was that reason I mentioned on the VfD page - i.e. the allegations that several of the people mentioned were homosexual are highly debatable, and stating that they were as an accepted fact is clearly misleading and POV. What is it about this position that you find so hard to comprehend? And I'm still waiting for you to explain your silly sniggering regarding my Donsthorpe contrinutions... 80.255 04:19, 24 Oct 2003 (UTC)

• Beet-red :-*
I am sorry, you sent your message to someone with a beet-red face :-* I rolled back the changes I made to Recent Deaths and the main page. I must have misheard who it was that died. I've got the beeb on the telly in the backround. I'll pickup who it was on the next news cycle, unless somebody else beets (pun intended) me to it. -- Cimon Avaro on a pogostick 05:44, Oct 24, 2003 (UTC)
 * Don't worry -- it made me smile! BCorr ¤ Брайен 05:47, 24 Oct 2003 (UTC)

• J'ai essayé de répondre à votre question
I tried to answer your question. Sorry, I was a bit irritated. a "fight" between a non-registered bot, a role account, and a problematic user on the fr pedia this evening is a bit too much at the same time :-)
 * Merci -- I'll answer you via email... -- BCorr ¤ Брайен 02:27, 28 Oct 2003 (UTC)

• WikiProject Computing
I noticed that you commented on some controversial computing issues. There's now a new WikiProject Computing and WikiProject Computing/Controversial articles to help form consensus on computing topics. Please consider watching the talk pages there and using them to let others know of issues you believe merit peer review. JamesDay 15:38, 28 Oct 2003 (UTC)
 * Thank you -- I'll check it out... -- BCorr ¤ Брайен 16:21, 28 Oct 2003 (UTC)

• #506BBA
the white police font around =, does not seem to work on all computers or skins; so all what was written in blue background was invisible to me (all headlines were in the same color than background). Don't know where the problem is. So I put a lighter color, that is pretty as well. I do not know how it appears on those cases where the white police work though. Anthère 07:00, 30 Oct 2003 (UTC)
 * Aha! Je cache le premier titre, "Table of Contents" de sorte qu'elle apparaisse seulement une fois -- mais seulement ce titre doit être invisible.  Peut-être il y avait un plus grand problème?  Maintenant la couleur apparaît-elle correctement, après mon dernier changement? -- BCorr ¤ Брайен  14:09, 30 Oct 2003 (UTC)

euh...non. Je regarderais la semaine prochaine. Bon week end Brian. Anthère

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Bcorr/Archive 200310


text:
User talk:Bcorr/Archive 200311

Archived talk from November 2003

• 2002 Gujarat violence
Hi Brian, you listed 2002 Gujarat violence on current disputes so I'm guessing you understand something about it. The page is currently protected due to an edit war between Wik and Conradx. I was wondering if you would be prepared to attempt to mediate the dispute. It seems the page will remain in dispute without someone who understands neutrality trying to explain this to one or both of them. I'd rather not get involved in it beyond protecting the page, so hopefully you'll be able to help. Thanks. Angela 03:06, Nov 8, 2003 (UTC)

 * Hi Brian and Angela, I would like a neutral arbitrator to listen to what I have to say and investigate who has introduced propaganda in their version. If you look at the talk page, you will find that I have attempted to point out facts, factual inaccuracies and weed out accusations. If someone who is truly neutral is willing to give a hearing, s/he will find that the version I posted is the one which stuck to the facts. The other version is nothing but propaganda as claimed by Communist Party of India(Marxist) and Communist Party of India(Marxist-Leninist). Why should crude allegations and mudslinging by political opponents be part of an article in an encyclopedia? I was very sincere in trying to enter into a discussion, but those who wish to propagate hatred are the ones who have refused to do so. It is not right that the page is locked in a version whose contributors have not had the decency to enter into a discussion. If you want to force a discussion, at least lock the version whose contributors at least posted valid points and attempted to objectively solve the issue. Regards, LibertarianAnarchist

 * It would be great if you could help. I've unprotected the page so that your mediated editing can commence. Good luck! :) Angela 21:26, 10 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * I am in the process of reviewing (I would not characterize it as "investigating") 2002 Gujarat violence, the edit history of the article and its talk page, the various comments linked to this page, and the email traffic here, here, here, here, and here (and a few other threads) on the mailing list related to it. Even though the page is unprotected, I would ask all parties involved to hold off editing this article voluntarily until I can offer a few suggestions, which I will do within a few hours. Thanks for your forbearance, BCorr ¤ Брайен  23:49, 10 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * BCorr, thanks for your help. I read your request only after I restored it a couple of times. My apologies. I'll let Wik do what he wants for now since he and his gang refuse to enter into a conversation. You may also want to look at Boud's posts ALL of which spew hatred. How can anyone claimj VR Krishna Iyer was not a Communist or some claim that he is a Communist? He won elections on a Communist Party ticket and was their candidate for President.

Yes, it is not mediation that is required here. But the problem is not only with chatterring, also about how some people choose to react to chatterring. amicalement. ant

 * Hey, just wanted to mention that the talk at Problem users is that LibertarianAnarchist is approaching being banned outright because of his actions on several articles and his abusive behavior towards users (now with a new account HistoryBuff). I appreciate you taking the time to mediate this, but again I really don't feel there are two sides to this in the Wikipedia neutrality sense.  Probably Angela hadn't studied the situation in depth when she asked you to step in, and so may not know how unambiguous it is.  Finding a "compromise" version may well be hopeless, although I suppose one can try.  At any rate, without him there is no dispute at all. -- VV 09:24, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC)

• Ecology
hello Brian

so when would you be available for a little participation with me on ecology ? are you still interested in helping ? Anthère

great ! there are two paragraphs ready

I put them in french in the text so you will see them :-)

I am busy with Looxix erasing presence of Eslios on all wikipedias as he requested :-(

Drop me a word if somethings needs clarification. I also have one or two paragraphs to clarify. You do not use irc by any chance ?
 * Sorry - I don't, but if you email me I usually will see it in a few minutes at most...

Thanks for your help :-))
 * Avec plaisir

also, do not hesitate to improve the text, or to tell me if something is improper or could be better
 * D'accord. Aussi, c'est possible que j'aurai des questions. Par example, j'ai traducir "L'écologie humaine est apparue dans les années 1920, par le biais de l'étude de successions végétales dans la ville de Chicago" à "Human ecology began in the 1920s, through the study of changes in vegetation in the city of Chicago." -- mais je ne sais pas si cette translation est correct. What do you think

 * I just made the change from vegetation to vegetation succession, which it really was. There was another misunderstanding I think, but that was easy to fix. No pb. ant

 * J'ai ne connu pas cette expression, mais j'ai trouver l'explication ici.

 * Nod, there is not any article on it yet :-) ant

Anthère 23:40, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC)

paragraphs are 2.6 and 2.7. Just do up to what you feel like. I will put back in comments what is not done afterwards. I did not put translation as I did for Matt, as you speak french :-) thanks.

this is precisely why we banned him that we are having problems

because he is not very motivated to quit us. On the 14th of november for ex, he created 100 pages that we deleted. This not counting reversion. http://meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adresses_ip_bloqu%C3%A9es_12_nov_archive is the list of blocking for 24 hours. We are currently blocking about 2/3 o switzerland for about 2 or 3 system/browser configuration (so perhaps 5 or 10% of people, I do not know precisely. This is tough.
 * C'est terrible!

at the same time, some user left because of the story, so we are busy erasing his existence. Otherwise, I *could* have done constructive work these days :-(

 * Je tout comprends, mais je pense que tu n'as pas de choix. I think that someone left en because of NightCrawler today. I've decided to try to focus more on writing and editing, and less on being a volunteer in the "fire department." I will keep working on ecology. Aussi, ma médiation d'article sur la violence de Gujurat n'a pas vraiment aidé. Seulement une personne a édité l'article, et l'anarchiste libertarien continue à discuter avec moi et avec Oncle Ed par courriel...

 * that happen. Now, I do not look at en meta matters, not even on undeletion matters, which I help to set up, for last time I undeleted an article, it was immediatement deleted again, and I was told I did not respect the rules, rules which keep changing ;-). I just do articles, and that is all; simpler. I work at ecology at User:Anthere/Ecology. Not very quickly :-) I initially intended to have it done by last monday :-). Good nite. Ant

-

yes, it was. Just one thing, I prefer that science is linked in the first paragraph, as it is important to say that it is first of all a science. Perhaps can we link the greek word, or do an invisible link behind "study" ?

The other thing is that I am thinking of removing part of para 1, because I think it is unecessarily confusing and not very good. I am glad you made some corrections here and there.

I go read the paragraph quietly now (hopefull, if pp is not back again) :-)

yes, it was all very well done. I thank you very much. I just fixed some links :-) You were very helpful.

I feel a bit depressed right now, because I just agreed for the isps of Chattering to be written to, and I fear it goes a bit against my principles. I will have to reflect on that. I think I just agreed to save the peace, and to relieve tim starling who is really spending a lot of time on that, but it truely goes a bit against my inner convictions :-( ant

• Lists of Counties
I like what you are doing on those county list pages. I had put in the history of the division and subdivision of counties in the individual counties' articles, though I'd only done a couple of states. But I think the way you have it all on one page has some merit. BRG 16:17, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Thanks, BRG -- I didn't even think anyone had noticed -- I guess I should keep working on them. :-) -- BCorr ¤ Брайен 17:01, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Please do. Ultimately I'd like to add information on the specific county pages of other states. But I think both what you've done and what I did are useful, and yours has the advantage of putting a lot of this history in one place. BRG 16:59, 18 Nov 2003 (UTC)

• Vandalism
You're welcome. I don't tolerate vandals as much as others do. RickK 02:21, 18 Nov 2003 (UTC)

-

Good morning.

I just did my little morning activity, deleting a 10-20 Chaterring silly pages.

Yes; somehow Es is a collateral victim, but not in the sense you could figure. He considers the way the french wikipedia has been acting toward papotages not to be consistent with his own ethical principles, so feels he can not be part of the projet anymore. That is why he wants to be entirely removed from it, to the point of following PP faith, which is to be banned. Right now, what we do with PP is just reversing and deleting him. Perhaps is that what Eslios want, this is not clear. I understand a bit what he feels in the way PP has been handled, because I also happen to agree with the fact there were many things wrong in what some people did to him; i just do not understand why it should lead to such a reaction from Es.

People aren't perfect; the ones that were bad ihmo, I just wish they could leave the project; the ones that failed in dealing with the issue (such as me), well we are just human; we can make mistakes. we just try to progress, and that is just it. Listing all the mistakes we did is not perhaps the best way. Right now, we must rebuild the community, find faith in us all again as a group, so perhaps deliberatly to exclude someone;

The last days, Loo mostly, and me a bit, we have been anonymising Es signatures (note that Es could have done it himself - in fact he requested again that this be done yesterday, while a good part had been done 2 days ago - I think that was rude of him not to acknowledge our efforts). Yesterday Tim Starling run a script so now all contributions are indicated as "FormerUser". Es wants his personnal pages (user, talk and sub pages) to be deleted, at this point, I consider it is up to him to list them on pages for deletion. I stronly begin to resent being told "do this and do that, why has not it be done yet, do you have no ethical sense ?".

Last, Es wants to be banned from all wikipedias. French people do not care. Meta has little interest in the matter, and here Jimbo decides of banning issues. So fine, I dropped a request on Jimbo's page (which again Es could have done himself). I hope Jimbo answers to Es himself, because banning people is really none of my business, and this is really getting me annoyed Bcorr. I am losing time with nonsense, instead of finishing that article :-)

Have a good day :-)

• Re:Re:Table of Contents
Hi Noldoaran, I noticed your question about the tables of contents on Angela's talk page. First, a really good place to post these sorts of questions is on the Village Pump, and you can also check the Wikipedia Help. And to answer your question, the Table of Contents automatically kicks in when you have 4 or more headers "== Header ==" -- try it and see! -- Thanks, BCorr ¤ Брайен 19:43, 20 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * I figured that it was created when so many headings(headers) were in the page, but i didn't know what the "magic number" was. Noldoaran 20:10, Nov 20, 2003 (UTC)

 * No problem (and sorry for the misspelling) -- BCorr ¤ Брайен

• Santorum, that frothy mixture...
If you really think the article on santorum should be deleted, you should list it on VfD with your reasons. Commenting on Votes for undeletion will put your views on record, but it won't actually change anything in the article namespace. (If you do nominate it for deletion, be prepared for the santorum-storm that will inevitably follow.) -- Cyan 19:40, 21 Nov 2003 (UTC)

• kiW

 * Well, its mostly a waiting game. Just a matter of time. As far as I can tell, Wik didn't actually revert anything at communications blackout; but, as you can see he certainly seems to "check-up" on whatever Im editing. There was also an edit I made to Jennifer Love which he didn't revert -- Im not sure why he didn't; they must have passed through whatever filter he is using to decide what stays and what doesn't.
 * I've noticed that he usually has some reason for why he is reverting, perhaps a comma is misplaced, perhaps a pronoun is misused, perhaps a sentence is slightly clunky. The problem is that, having spotted something which should be changed; rather than fixing the problem (or discussing it) he chooses to revert everything and insult the user. Not a very productive methodology...
 * Lirath Q. Pynnor
 * I know -- I'm not sure why this character is still running wild and free through the grassy spaces of the Wikisteppes... BCorr ¤ Брайен

• Gobble, gobble
Hi, hope you are having nice thanksgiving off time :-) thought of you as I am just starting a carrot cake, which is in my cookbook, listed in new england chapter, along with the thansgiving turkey :-) dunno why :-)) ant

Hope you feel better now. I have not stop not feeling very well since that stuff that looks like a quick flu I got 2 weeks ago. I hope holidays will do the deal, or I guess antibiotics will become necessary. The cookbook with the carrot cake and turkey is not a french one :-) I never saw such recipes in french books :-))) They come from an american book I bought over there; most recipe are great, though some obviously are not from america originally :-) We do carrot cake and pumpkin cake as well, but ours are entirely different from yours;

We spent the whole week on fr, trying to make a good article on cuisine. Many side articles were created and developped as well :-) I have reasonable hopes that this will attract more ladies :-) ant

Once, the english wikipedia has an "article of the day". It did not work. I think part of the reason why is that the time was too short. People just could not react immediately. A week is more reasonable. Now, perhaps en is too big for this ?

yes, I made a bit of work on ecology from time to time, as a break from the cuisine article. Now that the cuisine week is over, I want to finish this one :-) So I'll work on it a bit in the next days. You are welcome to help either for translation, or to fix my recent translations. Everything that is inside the article in comments is to my opinion ok to translate. If people want to rework on them later, so much the best :-). That might need other opinions as this is only my perception of the topic :-)

I will then just add sort of an introduction for ecological crisis that I will perhaps do later as a separate article. Because I am not done with it, and it is already very long. So it will not be desirable to put in the ecology article.

Then I think the paragraph on the political issue will need to be groomed a bit.

And likely, it will be Christmas by then :-)))

I will be very happy if you find some time to help.

As a side note, there are some discussions on fr to move all the french cooking recipies on wikibooks. I think it is not a bad idea, and at the same time, I fear that we won't have much work on them done over there. But who knows ? Anthère

title: User talk:Bcorr/Archive 200311


text:
Don't Panic: The Official Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Companion

Don't Panic: The Official Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Companion is a book by Neil Gaiman about Douglas Adams and The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. The book was originally published in 1986 in the United States and United Kingdom (ISBN 1-85286-013-8) by Titan Books.

A second edition, retitled Don't Panic: Douglas Adams & The Hitch Hiker's Guide to the Galaxy was published in the United Kingdom in July 1993, containing additional material by David K. Dickson (ISBN 1-85286-411-7).

A third edition, with another slight title revision (now known as Don't Panic: Douglas Adams & The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy) was published in the UK by Titan Books in June 2002, and contains further additional material, this time by M. J. Simpson (ISBN 1-84023-501-2).

An updated edition was published by Titan Books in October 2003 (ISBN 1-84023-742-2).

A further edition was published by Titan Books in September 2009 (ISBN 9781848564961).


text:
Talk:Hermann Oberth

University in Munich
I am currently in the process of translating from the Romanian-language article, which is the most comprehensive. That article refers to Oberth as studying medicine at the "Universitatea din Munchen" (University of Munich). I am unaware of any such University. I'd guess it means the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, but I'm really hesitant to put a guess in an encyclopedia article, so I am just saying he studied in Munich. If any one actually knows what university he studied at, please feel free to correct the article. Jmabel 00:06, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

German or Romanian?
Wouldn't it be more correct to say that Oberth was a Romanian Physicist?

 * No, because he was an ethnical german born in Austria-Hungary, in a region that is now Romania. Besides this, he spent much of his life in Germany and made most of his scientific discoveries there. So, he is a german physicist, but that doesn't mean he isn't highly respected on his birth place. Mihai -talk 08:21, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

 * If Gennadiy Borisov is listed as Crimean, why isn't Hermann Oberth listed as Transylvanian? As a Romanian myself, I agree that Romanian would be a bit far-fetched, but Austro-Hungarian-born German seems way more convoluted than it should be. TeslaBoy 07:03, 26 January 2023 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by TeslaBoy (talk • contribs)

Hei, that region was a romanian region from the year 1260.That land is and it will always be in Romania. TKS
 * Transylvania is part of Romania from 1918/1920, not from 1260. Also, it had major German and Hungarian population.Baxter9 (talk) 22:11, 17 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Sorry but it never had any other major population other than Romanian. Germans and Hungarians were always minorities. The treaty of trianon only returned Transylvania to Romania after 200 years of occupation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.127.140.221 (talk) 19:50, 13 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Dear unsigned commenter, let's stop debating something that has no relevance to this article and any propagandastic statement should be ignored in the future. Transylvania had many major populations from the late antiquity in which Hungarians dominated for a while, approx. until the 16th-17th century. Transylvania were joined - not returned - to Romania in 1920, and not after a "200 years occupation", just check the status quo and the existing states in 1720.(KIENGIR (talk) 18:14, 22 December 2013 (UTC))
 * German. My family is from Russia. We live in the USA now. We are 100% German.184.155.130.147 (talk) 05:36, 2 October 2014 (UTC)

 * He was born in Sibiu to Julius Oberth and Valeria Krasser, both German Saxons. He married Mathilde Hummel a saxon of Sighisoara. He had 4 kids, Julius, Erna, Ilse, Adolf. He started his studies in Muenchen with medicine as "official" topic. After the war episode he studied "medicine" in Budapest and officially got into physics while studying in Cluj then continued his studies in Muenchen, Gottingen and Heidelberg. He returned to teach as a physics teacher in Medias, another saxon city of Romania. He got a gig in Berlin and lucky for us that carried on his career on genius heights. He is nothing but German and it's the Germans that gave him the chance. No need for pointless nationality debating when you have his life history.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Drandrul (talk • contribs) 21:54, 18 July 2015 (UTC)

Azimuth?
The A4 (aka V-2) is credited with an "azimuth of 50 miles" in the article. I suspect a well-meaning but misinformed person is referring to the system's apogee (its maximum altitude). Apogee is a poor measure of a rocket's performance, however, without discussing the range and payload of the system. Describing a missile by its length and apogee is almost as bad as describing a racehorse by saying "he's brown with dark eyes, and he can run a mile." I suggest that the description of the A4 be replaced with information from the V-2 rocket article: "The V-2 had an operational range of about 300 km (200 statute miles) carrying a 1000 kg (2,200 lb) warhead."

Goddard's Criticism of Oberth
I don't know if folks want to include this, but Robert Goddard was extremely critical of Oberth. He believed that Oberth plagiarized the work Goddard published in 1920, and was very bitter about him all through his life. DonPMitchell 23:08, 19 August 2006 (UTC)
 * BTW, I don't believe Goddard was justified in this, although Oberth was aware of Goddard's 1919 book and some of this ideas (staged rockets, and some of the math) may have been borrowed from or inspired by Goddard. DonPMitchell (talk) —Preceding comment was added at 07:02, 18 June 2008 (UTC)

And let's not forget the influence of (Peruvian) Pedro Paulet on Goddard! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 179.7.87.89 (talk) 00:28, 17 February 2016 (UTC)

Bad revert
Sorry, but the name of any vessel, even a fictional starship, should be italicized, as "USS Enterprise", not "USS Enterprise". 2600:1004:B16A:1E3C:9871:80C:B80D:14FB (talk) 01:05, 5 November 2016 (UTC)

Greetings

Yes, at the time of his birth, Sibiu was part of the Austro-Hungarian empire and Oberth himself was an ethnic German. However, we should remember that it was at Cluj in 1923,he got his license in physics. Therefore in Romania (since 1918), under Romanian administration and under the guidance of Prof Augustin Maior, a Romanian, that he was received with open arms, appreciated and acclaimed. After seeing his concepts rejected by his own co-nationals. Also the Romanians were still there in time of need, helping him to survive decently the economic crisis, with his teaching job at the Roth High-School in Medias, for 14 years .still a Romanian era and another Romanian town. Romania doesn't claim Hermann Oberth ethnically, but I honestly think that it should be appreciated for a better vision, better treatment and the earliest recognition and encouragement of a Physics genius.

I was reading above about Goddard being bitter about Hermann Oberth, and calling him a plagiarizer, well, he really shouldn't have. He wasn't even in the same class, with his toy rockets that flew 1,5 miles. Small wonder that none of his patents produced anything remotely resembling the V1 or V2. Created by Von Braun, another genius, the real father of the American Space Program, the man who built the Saturns and put men on the Moon, who openly admitted that anything of importance in his formative years, he learned from Oberth. So, dear German and American brothers and sisters, when in need of insight and vision, don't hesitate to ask the Romanians :)PinteaG (talk) 23:37, 17 April 2017 (UTC)

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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 12:46, 8 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Hermann Oberth Enterprise stamp Paraguay1979.jpg

WWII Military Affiliation
During the war he supported building V2s for the Germans and received the Kriegsverdienstkreuz I Klasse mit Schwertern (War Merit Cross 1st Class, with Swords) in 1943 but was he actually a member of the German military with a rank? If so what was the rank and should it be added to the info box? Also should me mention his service to Nazi Germany in his intro/infobox as we do with his contemporary Wernher von Braun? BogLogs (talk) 12:50, 25 November 2022 (UTC)

Confusing word fragment
Under the heading "Space mirror" the second sentence of the fourth paragraph states "The fact that one could influence the trajectories of he barometric high and low pressure areas with these spatial mirrors seemed most important to Oberth" (emphasis added). I would guess that "...he is a fragment of "the", but I cannot be certain. Can anyone fix this? Bricology (talk) 21:06, 4 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hermann Oberth