text:
Talk:Nine Years' War

Archive: June 2005 – September 2006 Archive: September 2006 - February 2008 Archive: February 2008 - January 2010

First comment
Should Scotland be included among the list of belligerents? PatGallacher (talk) 17:32, 11 March 2010 (UTC)

Puducherry?
The reference to Pondicherry was changed to Puducherry with the edit summary : "Wikipedia uses Puducherry not "Pondicherry" (which is the name of the city, not the territory)" Whether this is actually the case is a moot point (as is whether it should) but as far as the article here goes, the French colonial territory referred to was called Pondicherry, and that is what all reliable sources here will say. So changing to the modern Indian name here is confusing at best, and misleading at worst. In any event the piped link here leads to Pudicherry page, which has an explanation that Pondicherry was the name until 2006, so I cannot see the point of changing the text here. Xyl 54 (talk) 22:45, 1 August 2010 (UTC)

Election of the Archibishop of Cologne
"Another testing point concerned the pro-French Archbishop-Elector, Maximilian Henry, and the question of his succession in the state of Cologne... When the Elector died on 3 June 1688 Louis XIV pressed for the pro-French Bishop of Strasbourg, William Egon of Fürstenberg, to succeed him. The Emperor, however, favoured Joseph Clement, the brother of Maximilian Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria. With neither candidate able to secure the necessary two-thirds of the vote the matter was referred to Rome."

Whose vote? What was the procedure for electing the Archibishop?

Top.Squark (talk) 15:10, 9 September 2010 (UTC)
 * The canons of the cathedral voted, I believe. john k (talk) 16:28, 9 September 2010 (UTC)

 * I added this clarification to the article Top.Squark (talk) 17:47, 9 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Btw, was this the normal procedure for appointing Catholic bishops? Or, was it specific to the Archibishop of Cologne? Is it still the way they do it today? Top.Squark (talk) 06:41, 10 September 2010 (UTC)
 * This was how it was generally done in the prince-bishoprics of the Holy Roman Empire. In France, I believe, the king appointed bishops.  I don't think either of those situations is what happens now. john k (talk) 15:10, 10 September 2010 (UTC)

Contradiction with Peace of Westphalia: Independence of Savoy
According to this article

"The Allies had offered Victor Amadeus handsome terms to join the Grand Alliance, including the recognition of Savoy as a sovereign state and the return of Casale to Mantua and of Pinerolo to himself"

However, according to Peace of Westphalia

"The independence of the Netherlands, Switzerland, Savoy, Milan, Genoa, Mantua, Tuscany, Lucca, Modena and Parma from the Empire was formally recognized"

Thus Savoy was already officially independent since the Peace of Westphalia.

Incidentally, it's also unclear what was the interest of Victor Amadeus in returning Casale to Mantua

Top.Squark (talk) 17:52, 9 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Peace of Westphalia is wrong; Savoy remained part of the Upper Rhenish Circle of the Empire after 1648. More broadly, I think it's absolutely wrong to say that the independence of Milan, Genoa, Mantua, Tuscany, Lucca, Modena and Parma from the Empire was formally recognized.  They continued to be de facto independent of the empire after Westphalia, just as they had before, but nothing in the treaty changed their status.  The imperial overlordship continued to be intermittently applied - the emperor seized Mantua as an imperial fief upon the extinction of the ruling line in 1708, and the treaties resolving the Modenese succession later in the century were signed by the emperor qua emperor, and approved by the Reichstag.  See heraldica for the Modenese succession.  Velde has other useful material which bears on this.  The Treaty of the Quadruple Alliance (1718), for instance, calls Parma and Tuscany "undoubted male fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire."  Northern Italy's relationship to the Holy Roman Empire was not changed by the Peace of Westphalia.  As for Casale, my understanding is that Victor Amadeus had a reversionary interest in Casale - he would inherit it upon the extinction of the then reigning duke, who was childless. According to the article on the last john k (talk) 18:59, 9 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Thx for setting this issue straight! I added the clarification regarding Casale to the article. Top.Squark (talk) 21:18, 9 September 2010 (UTC)

Apparent contradiction with Augustus II the Strong: Reason he was elected rather than Francois Louis
According to this article

"Emperor Leopold I... initially resisted the treaty, but... also sought terms and signed... However, the Emperor had netted an enormous accretion of power: ... the Emperor's candidate for the Polish throne, August of Saxony, had carried the day over Louis XIV's candidate, the Prince of Conti."

Thus, this article implies the victory of Augustus in the Polish elections was the result of the Nine Years' War, possibly an item in the treaty of the Empire with France. However, according to the other article

"It is sometimes incorrectly stated that Augustus 'defeated' the other leading candidates, Jakub Ludwik Sobieski, son of the previous king, and the French candidate, François Louis, Prince of Conti. Augustus actually received fewer votes than Conti (despite a massive bribery campaign), but he rushed to Poland and had himself crowned before the French candidate could set foot in the Commonwealth."

The later text creates the impression Augustus won only because he "got there first". The war isn't mentioned at all.

Top.Squark (talk) 21:25, 9 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm wary of the Augustus II article, which sounds rather partisan. It is astonishing what strong POVs make their appearance in articles about obscure questions of early modern history.  I don't think the Polish election had anything directly to do with the Treaty of Ryswick - for one thing, Augustus became king of Poland five days before the treaty of Ryswick was signed.  This could probably stand to be looked into more closely, though. john k (talk) 21:41, 9 September 2010 (UTC)
 * This article seems to present an accurate picture of events, and I don't think it implies anything about Augustus's election being related to the war. Instead of dropping that ugly template on this lovely article, why not just clean up the POV in Augustus II?  Coemgenus 10:41, 10 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I think it does imply. Augustus' victory is listed among the gains of the Empire during the war. It might be the error is in other article but I cannot know it. Top.Squark (talk) 18:03, 11 September 2010 (UTC)
 * So fix it. Coemgenus 15:37, 12 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I would gladly fix it if I knew how. Who is right? Was Augustus' victory in Poland a result of the Nine Years War in some way? John K thinks it should be looked into more closely, and I agree. Top.Squark (talk) 17:45, 12 September 2010 (UTC)

Contradiction with Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia: status of Vaudois inside Savoy
According to this article

"From their fort at Pinerolo the French were able to exert considerable pressure on the Duke of Savoy and force him to persecute his own Protestant community, the Vaudois... Amongst other concessions Louis XIV also promised not to interfere in Savoy's religious policy regarding the Vaudois..."

Thus, the Duke desired to grant religious freedom to the Vaudois and it were the French who forced him to do otherwise (initially).

However, according to the other article

"Victor Amadeus II began a large scale persecution of the Vaudois (Piedmontese and Savoyard Protestants) in 1685. Due to his alliances with England and the Dutch Republic during the Nine Years War, he was forced to cease this practice from 1688, and in 1694 granted an Edict of Toleration."

Here the picture is reversed: the Duke persecuted the Vaudois out of his own will, and it were the Allies who forced him to stop the persecution.

Top.Squark (talk) 09:33, 10 September 2010 (UTC)

 * This is also not a contradiction. Both articles say that Victor Amadeus initially persecuted the Vaudois, then stopped when he joined the Grand Alliance.   This article just discusses the reasons for the prosecution in more detail.  Why not just add that detail to Victor Amadeus's article instead of all this templating.  This article is quite good, and these templates make it appear that it's as flawed as those two biographical articles you've contrasted it with.  Coemgenus 10:45, 10 September 2010 (UTC)

 * The problem is that the two articles state very different reasons. One article depicts the Duke as "tolerant", and the persecutions being due to French coercion against his will. The other article claims the Duke was "intolerant", and that the end of the persecution was imposed on him by the William III of England. This is not a difference in level of detail, this a difference in essence. Regarding the templates, the aim is not making the article "look flawed". Since the articles are contradictory, there is a problem in at least one of them, and the templates draw the attention of editors towards the problems. The templates here have already done a lot of good by leading to correction of the Peace of Westphalia article and clarifications within this article. Top.Squark (talk) 11:22, 10 September 2010 (UTC)

 * If you wish an article corrected, then find a reliable source and fix it. It is not for you to leave assignments for other editors.  Why not contribute with well-sourced additions to the text, rather than this template-grafitti that purports to command other editors to fix problems?  This article didn't get written because someone dropped a template and moved on; it got written because editors (mostly User:Rebel Redcoat, I believe) saw a bad article and put in the hours of work to make it a good one.  Coemgenus 13:16, 10 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Templates are part of official Wikipedia policy, and I'm using them exactly as they were intended. Top.Squark (talk) 18:14, 11 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't see that this is much of a contradiction. Under pressure from Louis XIV, Victor Amadeus started a persecution of the Vaudois; then under pressure from the allies, he stopped persecuting the Vaudois; then in the treaty Louis XIV agreed not to pressure Victor Amadeus to persecute the Vaudois any more.  I don't think one needs to view Victor Amadeus as either tolerant or intolerant in this.  In all cases his religious policy is due to external pressures. john k (talk) 15:08, 10 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Possibly, but Victor Amadeus might have had an agenda of his own as well. Anyway, if the situation is symmetric than both articles must present both sides. Otherwise the result is not only omission of information but also introduction of POV. Top.Squark (talk) 18:13, 11 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, then, you should look up sources on the subject, see what they say, and correct the articles accordingly. john k (talk) 04:46, 12 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, I don't have access to any such sources. Top.Squark (talk) 17:47, 12 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, then, there's not much to be done, at the moment. I'm not familiar with the details here and don't have time to look into it right now.  Remind me about this in a month or so, and maybe I'll get a chance to do it. john k (talk) 03:13, 13 September 2010 (UTC)

Contradiction with Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia: sovereignty of Savoy revisited
According to this article

"The Allies had offered Victor Amadeus handsome terms to join the Grand Alliance, including the recognition of Savoy as a sovereign state..."

Thus Savoy became sovereign during the Nine Years' War.

However, according to the other article

"As a result of his aid in the War of the Spanish Succession, Victor Amadeus II was made King of Sicily in 1713 under the Treaty of Utrecht which ended the war. Victor Amadeus was forced to exchange Sicily for the less important kingdom of Sardinia in 1720 after objections from an alliance of four nations, including several of his former allies. Yet he retained his new title of King. The rule was that there were no kings within the Empire, but if a ruler subject to the Emperor also possessed a large territory outside the Empire he might claim this title as the Elector of Brandenburg had done, styling himself King in Prussia based on his sovereignty over the Duchy of Prussia."

This suggests Victor Amadeus was still subject to the Emperor after the War of Spanish Succession.

Top.Squark (talk) 11:29, 10 September 2010 (UTC)
 * This might be a case where small details could mean that both articles are correct. As far as I know, the statement in Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia is correct, and Savoy technically remained part of the Holy Roman Empire until the end (or 1792/1796, at any rate).  But there might have been some other type of "recognition of Savoy as a sovereign state" involved, I don't really know.  Looking for a specific source would probably be the best option here. john k (talk) 15:03, 10 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Being "subject to the emperor" was kind of a hazy standard, anyway. If a nation was strong enough to defy him, his technical status didn't matter much.  Princes defied the Emperor left and right after the Reformation got started.  Coemgenus 16:45, 10 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, yes and no. The Emperor and the Reichstag obviously had very limited power, especially over the more powerful secular princes, but what power they did have was real, and had real consequences.  The old idea of the Holy Roman Empire as completely irrelevant after 1648 has been pretty much abandoned by more recent historians; there's a lot of interesting work about the old Reich and how it worked. john k (talk) 17:39, 10 September 2010 (UTC)

Location of Nijmegen
Nijmegen is in the wrong location on the map labeled 'Low Countries c. 1700'. It is located on the south bank of the Waal river, not the Meuse. It needs to be moved a bit to the north-east, just west the small bends in the Waal after it splits from the Rhine. Coordinates: 51°50'51.1"N 5°51'49.2"E (map) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.145.126.97 (talk) 21:28, 22 March 2020 (UTC)
 * I suggest you comment directly to the author, who posted this map here: File:Low_Countries_1700.png His original actually showed Nijmegen in the location you describe. — Andy Anderson 22:23, 22 March 2020 (UTC)

Kingdom of Ireland as belligerent
Shouldn't Ireland be a belligerent on the French side? Considering the Irish parliament and army was briefly exclusively Catholic and supportive of the Jacobite cause. Therefore, the Kingdom of Ireland technically fought on the side of France– and the Protestant militias were rebels so to speak, who eventually received foreign aid.

Scotland is different because the Jacobites in Scotland were opponents of the Scottish parliament. The Scottish parliament was exclusively Protestant, supported William of Orange and Scottish government forces fought against the Jacobites. So technically the Jacobites in Scotland were the rebels–contrary to Ireland where the Jacobites were in government for a brief period. Iamdmonah (talk) 16:23, 21 June 2020 (UTC)

 * That does seem reasonable, it’s where King James II established his base, with French support, after he fled from England and was reduced from 3 to 1 kingdoms. — Andy Anderson 16:45, 21 June 2020 (UTC)

 * I understand the point but it's more complex than that, which is why if you look at any history of the Nine Years War, Ireland is not a belligerent.

 * Unlike Scotland, the Kingdom of Ireland was a subsidiary of the English Crown; so whoever was king of England was also king of Ireland. When Parliament replaced James with William, he automatically became king of Ireland; so anyone fighting against him was a rebel, regardless of religion or numbers.

 * When James landed in Ireland, he claimed to be king of England, Scotland and Ireland, in that order. Robinvp11 (talk) 18:10, 21 June 2020 (UTC)

Scotland had the same status as Ireland in terms of being ruled by the same monarch as far as I know. Scotland had the same status as Ireland so therefore I would suggest that Ireland be a belligerent if Scotland is.

 * Actually not. At this time the Kingdom of Ireland was considered to be under the dominion of the English, a "client state". They had a separate parliament but it was still subject to dictates of the English parliament in addition to the English King. Scotland, on the other hand, was still an independent country at this time, sharing a king with England in a "personal union", but not subject to its parliament. — Andy Anderson 22:46, 21 June 2020 (UTC)

But think of it this way. William claimed control of England, Scotland and Ireland, but in reality he had no control over Ireland. The Irish parliament and army recognised James as King, so therefore England and Scotland's claim that William is King is only as good as Ireland's claim that James is King, am I wrong?

If Ireland recognises that James as King, then theoretically James is the de facto King of Ireland– since he had the backing of the Irish government and army. But he could not be king of England and Scotland since both of those parliamentarians rejected him as the King of their respective nations. The parliament of Ireland, who was the official government of Ireland, went to war with England and Scotland. Does that not make Ireland a belligerent? Iamdmonah (talk) 19:17, 21 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Maybe Ireland should be listed then again maybe not. Without sources being provided explicitly backing up the opinions being expressed here then they remain just that. There were no doubt many technicalities making the whole picture more complex, such as how independent was the Irish parliament? Did it even have the ability to appoint or recognise its own monarch independent from that of England? Surely there are some reliable published sources dealing with the topic, which could be used to determine how to deal with the issue. Otherwise we should not simply be guessing Mabuska (talk) 22:07, 21 June 2020 (UTC)
 * But yes in principle Ireland should be seen as a belligerent however on what side is the real question due to the technicalities involved and that would need proper sourcing. Mabuska (talk)
 * Here’s a direct analogy, I think: in the page for the American Civil War, both the United States and the Confederate States are listed as belligerents. But as far as the former was concerned, the Confederacy was simply in rebellion and had no standing as an independent country. — Andy Anderson 22:32, 21 June 2020 (UTC)

Well in terms of which side they would be on, you could say that at the beginning (ca.1688-1691) the Irish Parliament was on the side of France, and the Williamite militias were on the side of the Grand Alliance. When the Jacobites were topped from power in Ireland, Ireland became a belligerent on the side of the Grand Alliance as the it was now in control of the Williamites? I may be wrong because the Irish Royal Army, the official army of the Kingdom of Ireland had gone into exile in France, so I therefore assume Ireland had no standing army after 1691?

But the point about the Irish parliament not being very independent is true, but at that point I would say Britain and Ireland were very different states– Ireland had their own King, their own Parliament and their own army– even if it was for only a brief period. Iamdmonah (talk) 10:00, 22 June 2020 (UTC)

 * A reason why sourcing is important is due to editors coming out with factually incorrect statements in their justifications for changes. Take for example Iamdmonah's statement: . The Irish parliament that was called in 1689 by Richard Talbot for James I, the first summoning of parliament in two decades, actually had 15 Protestants in it (6 MPs, 5 lay-lords and 4 bishops).
 * Away from that, the parliament of Ireland did recognise James I, and could be seen as a belligerent on the French side. Yet what about the Treaty of Limerick? What about after 1691 when the Irish parliament was recognising William III as monarch instead? Ireland thus stopped being a belligerent on the French side and was now on the Grand Alliance side being part of the William domain. I looked at the World War II article to see how it listed belligerent's considering Italy's switch during the war but instead it only focus's on the leaders rather than nations. Ireland could be mentioned in both columns with it bracketed the way Sweden's is, i.e. Ireland (until 1691) in the French corner and Ireland (after 1691) in the alliance corner. Mabuska (talk) 10:04, 22 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Ireland had its own king and parliament for several centuries so it wasn't for a brief period. However please provide sources for your controversial claims such as the "Irish Royal Army" the "official army" going into exile. Many of its Jacobite officers and soldiers opted to go into exile to France, but that doesn't mean the whole army did. Many Protestants returned to the rank and file of the Irish army and its officer ranks after Talbot's prior purging of them from it. Yet was the kingdom of Ireland directly involved in the Nine Years' War after 1691 or was it solely focused on Irish affairs? That is the question that needs answering with sources. Mabuska (talk) 10:16, 22 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Indeed here is a quote from History Ireland . So under the law William III was king of Ireland regardless of parliament's support of James I. Quite a complex situation, maybe that's why Ireland isn't listed at all in the article's list of belligerents. Mabuska (talk) 10:18, 22 June 2020 (UTC)

 * A lot of work put into this, thanks all. It's really not that difficult; William was king of Ireland, because he was king of England.
 * The 1689 Irish Parliament is irrelevant; (a) only the legal king, ie William had the right to call one, (b) it was 70 MPs short (230 v 300), and (c) per Poynings Law, all decisions had to be approved by the English Parliament (yes, very unfair, but since James himself supported that interpretation, hard to argue against it).
 * Wikipedia is an online encyclopaedia, which reflects generally accepted norms, and specifically excludes personal research. To the best of my knowledge, as someone who's edited a lot of articles on this period, you will not find any published resource that lists the 'Kingdom of Ireland' (ie rather than Irish Jacobites) as a belligerent on the side of France.
 * As a general point, if something looks odd, or you disagree, first identify a Source, then discuss; otherwise you're investing your energy, and that of others, on a debate that isn't going anywhere. There are plenty of better ways to spend that time. Robinvp11 (talk) 10:55, 22 June 2020 (UTC)

Correct, and James at that 1689 parliament outright refused demands to abolish Poyning's Law. Mabuska (talk) 12:07, 22 June 2020 (UTC)

Sorry, when I said exclusively Catholic I meant exclusively Jacobite- bad choice of words on my part. So in theory, the Irish parliament had no control of who they viewed as King- whoever England viewed as King, was automatically King of Ireland. I understand that, but I dont understand why therefore Ireland is listed as a separate belligerent in other conflicts– such as the Seven Years' War and French Revolutionary Wars. How it is not listed on either side really– whether as a separate country fighting against William or as a client-state of England fighting the French- like in the other conflicts I have listed above.

But anyway, here is a source detailing the Irish army after the Williamite-Jacobite War in Ireland, as requested by Mabuska.https://books.google.ie/books?hl=en&lr=&id=v2XQAAAAIAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR6&dq=childs+1987+history&ots=pHePkVxIFO&sig=HXb0FSQbz9LSKwfmBoof1T7B5no&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Pages 194-202

It states that the original Irish Army (the Jacobite one) went to France, maintaining their regimental organisation, their traditions and even their red coats. But the important part is after the Jacobite army left for France. Originally, the previously purged Protestant officers created regiments in the Army of the North. These regiments would later be incorporated into the new and reformed Irish Army. I do not believe the Irish army fought in the European conflict as a force, but William nevertheless drew many of his recruits from the army.

Regarding the Treaty of Limerick, the surrendering Irish soldiers were given three options: 1.Go into exile in France 2.Join the Williamites 3.Head home.

A source I read about the treaty stated that about 1,000 joined the Williamites and 2,000 went home, but the vast majority- about 14,000 if I'm not mistaken- went to France. Iamdmonah (talk) 13:07, 22 June 2020 (UTC)

 * I dont understand why therefore Ireland is listed as a separate belligerent in other conflicts– such as the Seven Years' War and French Revolutionary Wars.

 * Simple answer; they're wrong. They confuse areas of conflict with legal belligerent; in the Seven Years War, it is Britain, not Ireland, let alone British America or the East India Company. Which I've pointed out several times now :)
 * Easy to tell by looking at who signs treaties, and on whose behalf. William signed the Treaty of Ryswick as king of England - its not unusual; the Holy Roman Emperor signed on behalf of over 800 separate 'client-states.'
 * That's why I suggest finding a Source, then arguing the point; some editors seem to think they've uncovered a truth that has apparently been missed by historians for centuries. Once they've convinced themselves, its really hard to argue them out of that conviction, and I don't have the energy to fight too many of these battles. Robinvp11 (talk) 14:30, 22 June 2020 (UTC)

It was not my intention to start an argument or "battle"- so I apologise if that's the way you see it. I was just speculating as to why Ireland was not a belligerent when it is in other conflicts of a similar nature. I find it strange and really puzzling if I'm honest but I accept your view since you have obviously studied this area far more than me. But you should understand my view.

Perhaps it was that there were several reliefs, reforms and acts in the late 18th century (notably the Constitution of 1782) which gave Ireland far more independence, (including greater control over their own armed forces), removing Poyning's Law and bringing Ireland to the point they were nearly an independent state. Afterwards, as far as I know, Ireland didnt have to assist Britain in conflicts- only if the majority of the members of parliament voted in favour of it. So perhaps that would explain why Ireland is mentioned as a separate belligerent in later conflicts. This obviously ended with the Act of Union 1801 when the parliament and armed forces of Britain and Ireland were amalgamated. Iamdmonah (talk) 14:57, 22 June 2020 (UTC)

 * Let me say this one more time; the categorisation in the Seven Years War and elsewhere is wrong, wrong, wrong, wrong. It is based on the view of a single editor, is not supported by any third party, and I've pointed that out several times.
 * I wasn't suggesting this was a battle, but that for future reference, its a good idea to check third party source, then recommend a change. The energy spent on this topic could have been invested in improving the article - that's my point, and I really don't understand why we're still talking about it. Robinvp11 (talk) 17:36, 22 June 2020 (UTC)

 * Most of that is irrelevant to the discussion and I did not ask for sources on something not related to the point of this discussion... was Ireland a belligerent? Robinvp11 has described it well beyond a shadow of a doubt and I provided a source stating that the king of England under Irish law was also king of Ireland, backing up Robinvp11's earlier statement. Thus the discussion has run it's course as no sources to the contrary have been provided with only contested opinion backing it up. Mabuska (talk) 16:18, 22 June 2020 (UTC)
 * An idea could be to follow the example of the William War in Ireland article and list "Williamites" as a belligerent considering it and this one list "Jacobites". Obviously Jacobites covers James Irish supporters, but what of Williams supporters in Ireland? Williamites could be a simple solution. Mabuska (talk) 16:28, 22 June 2020 (UTC)

 * Not really; the Williamite War in Ireland is effectively a civil war, that's why they use those categories. This is fine as is. Robinvp11 (talk) 17:36, 22 June 2020 (UTC)

Well, the williamite militias which fought against the Irish Army in the Williamite war mostly either joined the reformed Irish army or fought for William in his European campaigns. So therefore, I think they would be listed under England? Iamdmonah (talk) 11:57, 23 June 2020 (UTC)

I was just making assumptions about why Ireland is listed in 18th century conflicts, I did not say that was the solution. And Mabuska what do you mean irrelevant to the subject? You said, quote

"Please provide sources for your controversial claims such as the "Irish Royal Army" the "official Army" going into exile."

Which I did. What is the problem? You aren't making sense. Though it probably doesn't matter and this isnt really the place for it. Iamdmonah (talk) 12:02, 23 June 2020 (UTC)

 * First, no one is arguing the terms under which the Wild Geese were evacuated. That's not a debate.
 * The issue is calling it the 'Irish Royal Army', a term you keep using, and which is incorrect. (And I say that having written large parts of the article of the Treaty of Limerick). Like it or not, William was legally the king of Ireland, by virtue of being King of England; anyone fighting against him was therefore a rebel. That's been explained at least three times.
 * Many of the regiments fighting for William in Flanders were made up of Huguenot French refugees; one of them, Ligonier, was one of the outstanding British commanders of the 18th century. Are you suggesting we should therefore include them as a belligerent? There is no difference.
 * All armies included large numbers of 'enemy soldiers', because soldiering was a career not restricted by nationality. Schomberg, killed commanding Williamite forces at the Boyne, was a French marshall (and a Spanish one). A regiment composed of Irish Catholics was part of the Allied garrison that surrendered Deinze in 1695.
 * Until you find a Source that lists the Jacobites as a belligerent in the Nine Years War, you are not entitled to simply add them to the Infobox because you think its a good idea.
 * Once again, find a reputable third party source, then discuss. Or let it go. Robinvp11 (talk) 18:19, 23 June 2020 (UTC)

I have already "let it go"– as I said already, I have accepted your judgement on this topic.

Furthermore, you seem to be confused as to what I am suggesting. I suggested Ireland be added– not the Jacobites, which was already present, and you have since removed. I have already accepted that William was legally the King.

I don't know what you mean on your point about the French Huguenots. Also, I never suggested soldiering was restricted by nationality– or religion for that matter– so I don't know what your point is.

Alas, I think we can consider this conversation over. Thank you for your contributions, and your insight and expertise in this topic. And I will try to heed your advice regarding third party sources from now on. Thanks Iamdmonah (talk) 21:01, 23 June 2020 (UTC)

 * Sorry, my mistake - thought you added the Jacobites. The problem is people confuse location (where the fighting takes place, or who does it) with 'belligerent', which is a legal entity. The easy way to determine is to look at who signs the treaty ending the war - and the Nine Years War is not the same as the Williamite.
 * For completeness....my point on the Huguenots was that just because there are 'Jacobite' regiments fighting for France, doesn't make them a belligerent, any more than French exiles fighting for William can be viewed as a separate force.
 * Always happy to discuss ideas, its just this point keeps coming up, so my apologies if it appears otherwise. Robinvp11 (talk) 18:15, 24 June 2020 (UTC)

To add to article
To add to the infobox: the number of casualties/deaths. 173.88.246.138 (talk) 02:30, 30 July 2020 (UTC)

Sweden belligerent?
@Waylon1104 Stapleton writes in a footnote on page 147 that Sweden never declared war on France, altough they were part of the League. What does your source say exactly?

Source: https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_etd/send_file/send?accession=osu1061304400&disposition=inline DavidDijkgraaf (talk) 01:54, 23 January 2023 (UTC)

My source mentions the Nine Years' War in the list of wars involving Sweden. I don't think whether had the Sweden declared war is a proper way to determine the Sweden was or wasn't. For example: In Sino-French War, both side was no declaration of war. Waylon1104 (talk) 05:12, 23 January 2023 (UTC)

 * In more modern wars belligerents indeed don't declare war on eachother every time, but in the 17th century declaring war was far more common. And Sweden didn't just not declare war, but also didn't wage war against France in any real way. They, just as Denmark, loaned out troops to the Grand Alliance. The only difference between Denmark and Sweden is that Sweden was originally part of the League. DavidDijkgraaf (talk) 11:21, 23 January 2023 (UTC)

Edit war
@Waylon1104 @Elxa izhne Can we please discuss here what should and what shouldn't go into the infobox. DavidDijkgraaf (talk) 17:01, 3 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Sure! Thank you for reaching out to me about this, it is my opinion that one of the most important things to have across Wikipedia articles is constancy. If something is said in one article (assuming it is correct) it should be followed in all others referring to the same topic. For example in the King William's War page the text explicitly states that "King William's War (also known as the Second Indian War, Father Baudoin's War, Castin's War, or the First Intercolonial War in French) was the North American theater of the Nine Years' War". In the Williamite War page, the article also references being a theater of the Nine Years' War, though not as explicitly as in the King William's War. If both the King William's War and Williamite War are theaters of the same conflict, it would make sense to include them in this article in the same level as other theaters and fronts in the war. It is also my belief that when talking about a conflict, it is important that all aspects of the conflict are included in order to broaden the scope of understanding for the reader.  Why should we just focus on the war in mainland Europe and Britain and not include the other participants in the war that fought in the other theaters?  What possible purpose could it serve not to include all aspects of the conflict?   Elxa izhne (talk) 13:16, 8 March 2023 (UTC)

Portugal a belligerent?
Do we have a source that states that Portugal joined the war? DavidDijkgraaf (talk) 17:25, 30 August 2023 (UTC)

Name Section? + confusion about redirects and alt. names
So i am aware this is far from a new issue, and there are many opinions to be made about the legitimacy and importance of names of this conflict, but thats not the main point here.

Around a few months ago the article had War of the Palatine Succession, War of the League of Augsburg, and War of the Grand Alliance in the first paragraph. This has since been removed, the only thing remaining is a footnote that includes some of the names. To get to the point:

There are still very much redirects from names like War of the Palatine Succession, but they just link to the Nine Year's War without the reader getting any elaboration on the name. This isnt a case of a slightly different spelling or formulation, this is a pretty big point of confusion and arguably inconsistency. there are all these links under historical names to this article which doesn't reference those names adequately, do you think we could have a name section

An old thread related to the name(s) of this page: []

Solution: A "Name"/"Names" section, both to clear up redirect/linking-related confusion and it feels like this is a topic that deserves a section about the name considering both historical and modern differences in naming this event. SpokenClaw (talk) 22:26, 1 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nine Years' War


text:
Adolfo Aguilar Zínser

Adolfo Aguilar Zínser (December 2, 1949 – June 5, 2005) was a Mexican scholar, diplomat and politician who served as a National Security Advisor to President Vicente Fox and as a UN Security Council Ambassador in the midst of the US invasion of Iraq.

Born in Mexico City into an upper-class family, Adolfo Aguilar was the son of Adolfo Aguilar y Quevedo a criminal lawyer and Carmen Zínser, a philanthropist. He was also the great-grandson of Miguel Ángel de Quevedo El apóstol del árbol ("Apostle of trees"), considered the first environmentalist in Mexico and Ángela Quevedo de Aguilar a philanthropist.

Aguilar studied law at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, international relations at El Colegio de México (1972–75) and completed a master's degree in international and public affairs at Harvard Kennedy School (1977–78). During the early seventies he briefly subscribed to Marxist ideology, and he headed Luis Echeverría's Center for Economic and Social Studies of the Third World during the mid-1970s.

He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies, representing the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) in 1994 and served until 1997. From 1997 to 2000 he served in the Senate, representing the Green Ecological Party of Mexico (PVEM).

Following Vicente Fox's election to the Presidency (representing a coalition of the National Action Party and the PVEM) on July 2, 2000, Aguilar served as the transition team's advisor on international affairs. After taking office, Fox appointed Aguilar his national security advisor.

In January 2002, Fox appointed Aguilar Mexico's permanent representative to the United Nations. His term coincided with Mexico's election to the Security Council and, in accordance with the Security Council's rules of procedure, he served as its president for two one-month terms.

Following a speech to students at Mexico City's Ibero-American University on November 11, 2003, in which Aguilar claimed that the political and intellectual class of the United States sees Mexico as "a country whose position is that of a back yard" (patio trasero) and that Washington was interested in only "a relationship of convenience and subordination" and "a weekend fling" (un noviazgo de fin de semana), President Fox requested his resignation on 18 November. Two days later, Aguilar announced his resignation in writing accusing Fox of treason and submission to US interests. Aguilar saw nothing controversial in his speech, considering it "obvious and historical"; it was, however, spun in the media to imply that Aguilar himself believed that Mexico was the US's backyard and was thus unworthy to represent the country at the UN. The speech served as a pretext to fire him and placate the US, although Mexico never gave the US what it wanted: support for the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

After leaving the UN, Aguilar received an honorary degree from Ricardo Palma University (Peru) and hosted a weekly current-affairs show on television. He died in a car accident near his summer chalet in Tepoztlán, Morelos, on June 5, 2005, at the age of 55.

In the run-up to the fifth anniversary of the Iraq War he was the subject of an episode of the BBC series 10 Days to War, in which he was played by Tom Conti.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Adolfo Aguilar Zínser


text:
Hyphenated American

In the United States, the term hyphenated American refers to the use of a hyphen (in some styles of writing) between the name of an ethnicity and the word in compound nouns, e.g., as in. Calling a person a "hyphenated American" was used as an insult alleging divided political or national loyalties, especially in times of war. It was used from 1890 to 1920 to disparage Americans who were of foreign birth or ancestry and who displayed an affection for their ancestral language and culture. It was most commonly used during World War I against Americans from White ethnic backgrounds who favored United States neutrality during the ongoing conflict or who opposed the idea of an American alliance with the British Empire and the creation of what is now called the Special Relationship, even for purely political reasons.

In this context, the term "the hyphen" was a metonymical reference to this kind of ethnicity descriptor, and "dropping the hyphen" referred to full integration into the American identity.

Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson were outspoken anti-hyphenates. Contemporary studies and debates refer to Hyphenated-American identities to discuss issues such as multiculturalism and immigration in the U.S. political climate; however, the term "hyphen" is rarely used per the recommendation of modern style guides.

Hyphenated Americanism, 1890–1920
The term "hyphenated American" was published by 1889, and was common as a derogatory term by 1904. During World War I, the issue arose of the primary political loyalty of ethnic groups with close ties to Europe, especially German Americans. In 1915, former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt in speaking to the largely Irish Catholic Knights of Columbus at Carnegie Hall on Columbus Day, asserted that, ""

President Woodrow Wilson regarded "hyphenated Americans" with suspicion, saying in his Pueblo speech: "Any man who carries a hyphen about with him carries a dagger that he is ready to plunge into the vitals of this Republic whenever he gets ready." In the 1920s, the Wall Street Journal condemned "hyphenates" who were said to be among the supporters of the Progressive Party's Robert M. La Follette Jr..

A vocal source of criticism of Roosevelt and Wilson's "anti-hyphen" ideology and particularly to their demands for "100 percent Americanism" came, quite understandably, from America's enormous number of White ethnic immigrants and their descendants. Criticism from these circles occasionally argued that "100 percent Americanism" really meant Anglophilia, as particularly demonstrated by Roosevelt, Wilson, and other leaders of the demand to only tolerate the English language in the United States.

A prime example of this criticism, which argued that there is no contradiction between preserving ancestral heritage languages and American patriotism may be seen in Bishop John Joseph Frederick Otto Zardetti's 21 September 1892 "Sermon on the Mother and the Bride", which is a defence of German-Americans desire to preserve their ancestral culture and to continue speaking the German language in the United States, against both the English only movement and accusations of being Hyphenated Americans.

Furthermore, in a letter published on July 16, 1916, in the Minneapolis Journal, Edward Goldbeck, a member of Minnesota's traditionally very large German-American community, sarcastically announced that his people would, "abandon the hyphen", as soon as English-Americans did so. Meanwhile, he argued, "Let the exodus of Anglo-Americans start at once! Let all those people go who think that America is a new England!"

Hyphenated American identities
Some groups recommend dropping the hyphen because it implies to some people dual nationalism and the inability to be accepted as truly American. The Japanese American Citizens League is supportive of dropping the hyphen because the non-hyphenated form uses their ancestral origin as an adjective for "American".

By contrast, other groups have embraced the hyphen, arguing that the American identity is compatible with alternative identities and that the mixture of identities within the United States strengthens the nation rather than weakens it.

"European American", as opposed to White or Caucasian, has been coined in response to the increasing racial and ethnic diversity of the United States, as well as to this diversity moving more into the mainstream of the society in the latter half of the twentieth century. The term distinguishes whites of European ancestry from those of other ancestries. In 1977, it was proposed that the term "European American" replace "white" as a racial label in the U.S. census, although this was not done. The term "European American" is not in common use in the United States among the general public or in the mass media, and the terms "white" or "white American" are commonly used instead.

Usage of the hyphen
Modern style guides, such as AP Stylebook, recommend dropping the hyphen between the two names; some, including The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS), recommend dropping the hyphen even for the adjective form. On the other hand, The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage allows compounds with name fragments (bound morphemes), such as and, but not "Jewish American" or "French Canadian".

American English
The first term typically indicates a region or culture of origin paired with. Examples:
 * Region, the continent or race: African American, Asian American, South Asian American, European American, Hispanic American, Middle Eastern American, Native American, Pacific Islander American, etc.
 * Ethnicity or nationality: Arab American, Armenian American, Bangladeshi American, Chinese American, Colombian American, Danish American, Dutch Americans, English American, Ethiopian American, Filipino American, French American, German American, Greek American, Haitian American, Indian American, Iranian Americans, Irish American, Italian American, Japanese American, Jewish American, Korean American, Mexican American, Norwegian American, Pakistani American, Polish American, Russian American, Scottish American, Spanish American, Swedish American, Turkish American, Ukrainian American, Vietnamese American, etc.

The hyphen is occasionally but not consistently employed when the compound term is used as an adjective. Academic style guides (including APA, ASA, MLA, and Chicago Manual) do not use a hyphen in these compounds even when they are used as adjectives.

The linguistic construction functionally indicates ancestry, but also may connote a sense that these individuals straddle two worlds—one experience is specific to their unique ethnic identity, while the other is the broader multicultural amalgam that is Americana.

Relative to Latin America
Latin America includes most of the Western Hemisphere south of the United States, including Mexico, Central America, South America, and (in some cases) the Caribbean. United States nationals with origins in Latin America are often referred to as Hispanic or Latino Americans, or by their specific country of origin, e.g., Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cuban Americans.

title: Hyphenated American


text:
Browne Falls

Browne Falls is a waterfall above Doubtful Sound, which is located in Fiordland National Park, New Zealand. In a temperate rain forest, the falls cascade down to the fiord near Hall Arm. Heights of 619 metres and 836 metres have been given for the falls. Their source is a tarn called Lake Browne (836 m above sea level) which when full, overflows down the side of the mountain face (similar to Sutherland's source). The stream makes 836 m height difference over 1,130 m horizontal difference, thus the mean gradient of stream is 42 degrees. This comparatively low angle makes the falls less impressive.

The falls are one of the two candidates for the title of New Zealand's highest waterfall. The other is sourced from a tarn behind Elizabeth Island which is also in Fiordland.

The falls are named after pioneering aerial photographer, Victor Carlyle Browne, who discovered Lake Browne and the associated falls on one of his flights over Fiordland in the 1940s.

There are at least two other notable waterfalls falling to Doubtful Sound: Helena Falls and Lady Alice Falls.

Natural history
There is a diversity of plant and birdlife in the vicinity and watershed of Browne Falls. Extensive stands of nothofagus dominated trees are present along with a wide variety of understory ferns and shrubs; examples of the forest floor vegetation include crown fern (Lomaria discolor).

title: Browne Falls


text:
Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus

Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus, 210 U.S. 339 (1908), was a United States Supreme Court decision concerning the scope of rights accorded owners of a copyright versus owners of a particular copy of a copyrighted work. This was a case of first impression concerning whether the copyright laws permit an owner to control a purchaser's subsequent sale of a copyrighted work. The court stated the issue as: "Does the sole right to vend (named in 4952) secure to the owner of the copyright the right, after a sale of the book to a purchaser, to restrict future sales of the book at retail, to the right to sell it at a certain price per copy, because of a notice in the book that a sale at a different price will be treated as an infringement, which notice has been brought home to one undertaking to sell for less than the named sum?"

The case centered on the publisher setting additional terms not specifically stated in the statute and claiming that the work was licensed and not sold. The Court's ruling established what came to be known as the "first-sale doctrine", which was later codified as § 109(a) of the Copyright Act of 1976.

Facts
Bobbs-Merrill Company sold a copyrighted novel, The Castaway by Hallie Erminie Rives, with the notice, "The price of this book at retail is $1 net. No dealer is licensed to sell it at a lower price, and a sale at a lower price will be treated as an infringement of the copyright" printed immediately below the copyright notice. The defendants, Isidor and Nathan Straus representing R.H. Macy & Co., purchased large lots of books at wholesale and sold copies of the book at retail at the price of 89 cents a copy.

Holding
The court held first that the copyright statutes protect an owner's right to "multiply and sell" the work on their own terms. The statutory right to sell, however, did not also create a right to limit resale.

The court did not hold that a contract or license imposed on the first sale could not create an obligation. In this case, there was no contract between the owner and the original purchaser, and there was not privity of contract between the owner and any third party.

title: Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus


text:
Kellie Waymire

Kellie Suzanne Waymire (July 27, 1967 – November 13, 2003) was an American stage, television, and film actress. She was known for her television roles on Six Feet Under, Friends, and Star Trek: Enterprise.

Life and career
Waymire was born in Columbus, Ohio to Jack and Vickie Waymire. She had two siblings, Tony and Rebecca. The family moved frequently, living in Lake Tahoe, Nevada; Denver, Colorado; Tampa, Florida; and Houston, Texas. In Houston, Waymire attended Lamar High School where she became interested in acting and was the drama club's president. She then attended Southern Methodist University where she won the Greer Garson Award.

Waymire completed a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Theater at SMU, and earned a Master of Fine Arts from the University of California, San Diego in 1993.

After graduating from college, Waymire moved to New York City. She began her television career in the role of "Emily" on the soap opera One Life to Live in 1993.

In 1997, she moved to Los Angeles and continued her career in a number of primetime television shows, including The Practice, Judging Amy, The X-Files, Wolf Lake, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, NYPD Blue, and Yes Dear.

Waymire was predominantly cast in offbeat or humorous roles. Two of her highest-profile roles were recurring ones on Six Feet Under, where she played Melissa, a prostitute; and on Star Trek: Enterprise, as Crewman Elizabeth Cutler. She had previously portrayed the role of Lanya in Star Trek: Voyager in the episode "Muse". She guest-starred in the Season 9 Seinfeld episode "The Blood", as a sickly mother who wants someone to take care of her son in the event of her death.

In 2003, Waymire was cast as a regular in the short-lived Fox sitcom The Pitts. It was canceled after four weeks. Among her final onscreen roles were guest spots on Friends (in the episode "The One Where Ross Is Fine", aired a month before her death), Everwood, and Wonderfalls, the last two of which aired after her death. The latter was dedicated to her memory. She appeared in a number of feature films, including a role as Jane in the comedy-drama Playing by Heart (1998).

In addition to her film and television work, Waymire was active in regional theater around the United States. She played the lead in A.R. Gurney's play Sylvia at San Diego's Old Globe Theatre in 1996. She appeared in a revival of the Noël Coward play Present Laughter at the Pasadena Playhouse in 1998, and in many other stage productions across the country. At the time of her death, she was starring as Anne in the stage adaptation of Kate Crackernuts at the 24th Street Theatre in Los Angeles.

Death
On November 13, 2003, Waymire died in her home in Venice, Los Angeles, California of cardiac arrest caused by an undiagnosed cardiac arrhythmia, likely related to mitral valve prolapse, a condition with which she had been diagnosed as a teenager. Her funeral was held on November 23, 2003, in West Milton, Ohio.

On December 8, 2003, a public memorial was held at the Ralph Freud Playhouse, Macgowan Hall at UCLA.

The Kellie Waymire Scholarship Fund was established in her honor.

title: Kellie Waymire


text:
Talk:Music of Albania

Comment
TUF-KAT, I am not sure I understand what a sharki is. I have never heard it in this form (is it an Albanian word?). Dori 03:30, Nov 19, 2003 (UTC)

Also, shouldn't the article be under Albanian music since it includes (and will probably include more) music from Albanians from other countries? Dori 03:36, Nov 19, 2003 (UTC)

 * According to my source (the one in the references section at the bottom of the page), the sharki is "big brother" to the çifteli, which it describes as a "deceptively simple two-stringed instrument related to the Turkish saz". I can't be of much more help than that, but it certainly seems to be an Albanian word.  Strangely, googling turns up lots of music-related articles concerning Morocco, Malaysia, India and the UK, but I don't see anything Albanian -- possibly it's not the most common transliteration.

 * I think it's the same thing as a çifteli . Dori 18:23, Nov 19, 2003 (UTC)

 * Most of the subpages of country articles are at Music of XXX, for various reasons, and I think it is important to be consistent in this. Some countries don't have a commonly-understood adjectival form (Nigerien music would be difficult to find for many) and others just sound awkward (Marshall Islander music is technically correct, but strange to the ear).  While I agree that Music of Albania might imply that it is only about Albanians living in Albania, I think this is only an implication that will not startle people -- for example, people often refer to salsa (invented by Cuban-Americans) as part of the music of Cuba, while Albanian music much more strongly implies an ethnic component and excludes, for example, Greeks living in Albania and may also indicate a language component.  Some of this has been discussed at Talk:Art and architecture of Japan.  I know many of these arguments don't particularly apply to Albania, since it is more or less monocultural, but it is important for consistency's sake.Tuf-Kat 04:11, Nov 19, 2003 (UTC)

Why I reverted
The general policy is spelled out at WikiProject World music. Music of Cuba, Music of Brazil, Music of Ireland, Music of India, Music of Jamaica, Music of Mexico, Music of Japan and even stubbly little Music of El Salvador and music of Turks and Caicos Islands all include info on music abroad, IIRC. Part of the study of the "music of Albania" is the study of Albanian music from outside of Albania. WRT the picture specifically, I would support its removal if it could be replaced by a better one. Tuf-Kat 18:15, Oct 29, 2004 (UTC)

Two unmatched footnotes

 * Shehu spent much of his life in prison for his religious beliefs, but managed to compose melodramas like The Siege of Shkodër, The Red Scarf and Rozafa, which helped launch the field of Albanian opera (note was here)

and

 * Styles of epics include këngë trimash (songs of bravery), këngë kreshnikësh, ballads and maje krahi (cries)(note was here)

Found in the course of Cite.php conversion and replaced them with fact tags. Circeus 16:21, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

GA under review
This article has been reviewed as part of WikiProject Good articles/Project quality task force/Sweeps. I question the quality of this article based on the Good article criteria. For that reason, I have listed the article at Good article review. Issues needing to be address are listed there. Regards,  T Rex  | talk  23:41, 23 August 2007 (UTC)
 * The result of the review was to Delist. An archive of the discussion can be found here. Drewcifer 06:23, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Albanian music
It could be better if this page is called Albanian music? —Anna Comnena (talk) 09:32, 13 September 2009 (UTC)

Bias
Does this not seem like a bias? "Its only fair to admit that their success was never recognised internationally, but that does not take away anything from their greatness. " Anonymous

I agree; the whole paragraph reads like a fan-page: "The best voices of contemporary Albanian music are those of Vaçe Zela and Nexhmije Pagarusha. The first one had a successful career in Tirana and the second one in Pristina. Its only fair to admit that their success was never recognised internationally, but that does not take away anything from their greatness. The Albanian music has never had the chance to get a worldwide publicity such as the one that would come from a successful movie or other event of international interest. It is really like an unexplored treasure of antiquity, that is waiting to be discovered." 84.198.246.199 (talk) 16:59, 26 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree. I deleted the editorial opinions and left the names. Kenji Yamada (talk) 04:08, 4 October 2011 (UTC)

Here is a link about the albanian iso polyphonic music which some greek editors like to name music from epirus
http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/00155 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.132.75.124 (talk) 12:38, 19 September 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
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Representation
I'm sorry, but is this article a fair representation or some individual's personal bias? Including a picture Fan Noli is completely inappropriate in proportion to contributions to Albanian Music, maybe include him in the literature article. You should have either Prenk Jakova, and more spoke about him in the article, and/or the pioneer of Albanian classical music, Martin Gjoka, who spawned all the great Albanian classical and folk composers of the 20th century. That would make much more sense. 142.126.212.22 (talk) 19:52, 10 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Music of Albania


text:
Lau

Lau or LAU may refer to:

People

 * Lau (surname)
 * Liu (劉/刘), a common Chinese family name transliterated Lau in Cantonese and Hokkien
 * Lau clan, one of the Saraswat Brahmin clans of Punjab
 * LAU (musician), Laura Fares

Places

 * Lebanese American University, a university in Lebanon
 * Lau, Estonia, a village in Estonia
 * Lau, Gotland, a locality on Gotland, Sweden
 * Lau, Nigeria, a local government area
 * Lau (crater), a crater on Mars
 * Lau Islands, Fiji
 * Lau Province, Fiji
 * Laurel station (Mississippi), a passenger railway station in Laurel, United States
 * LAU, IATA code for Manda Airport, a public airport on Manda Island, Kenya

Languages

 * Lau language of Nigeria
 * Lauan language, also called Lau, spoken in Fiji, ISO 639-3: llx
 * Lau language (Malaita), spoken in the Solomon Islands, ISO 639-3: llu

Other uses

 * Lau Chan, fictional character in video game Virtua Fighter Series
 * Lau (band), a British folk music group
 * Lambda Alpha Upsilon, a Greek letter intercollegiate fraternity
 * Local administrative unit (see Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics), a low level administrative division of a country, ranked below a province, region, or state
 * Lẩu, Vietnamese hot pot
 * Lauinger Library, the main library at Georgetown University, which is commonly known as "Lau"
 * Leeds Arts University
 * Lau Taveuni Rotuma (Open Constituency, Fiji), a former electoral division
 * LAU, a United States military designator for aerial rocket launchers

title: Lau


text:
Treaty of the Pyrenees

The Treaty of the Pyrenees was signed on 7 November 1659 and ended the Franco-Spanish War that had begun in 1635.

Negotiations were conducted and the treaty was signed on Pheasant Island, situated in the middle of the Bidasoa River on the border between the two countries, which has remained a French-Spanish condominium ever since. It was signed by Louis XIV of France and Philip IV of Spain, as well as their chief ministers, Cardinal Mazarin and Don Luis Méndez de Haro.

Background
thumb|300px|Territorial cessions made under the Treaty of the Pyrenees. France entered the Thirty Years' War after the Spanish Habsburg victories in the Dutch Revolt in the 1620s and at the Battle of Nördlingen against Sweden in 1634. By 1640, France began to interfere in Spanish politics, aiding the revolt in Catalonia, while Spain responded by aiding the Fronde revolt in France in 1648. During the negotiations for the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, France gained the Sundgau and cut off Spanish access to the Netherlands from Austria, and leading to an increase in hostilities between the French and Spanish.

An Anglo-French alliance was victorious at the Battle of the Dunes on 14 June 1658, but the following year the war ground to a halt when the French campaign to take Milan was defeated. Peace was settled by means of the Treaty of the Pyrenees in November 1659.

Content
France gained Roussillon (including Perpignan) and the northern half of Cerdanya, Montmédy and other parts of Luxembourg, Artois and other towns in Flanders, including Arras, Béthune, Gravelines and Thionville, and a new border with Spain was fixed at the Pyrenees. However, the treaty stipulated only that all "villages" north of the Pyrenees should become part of France. Because it was a town, Llívia, once the capital of Cerdanya, was thus unintentionally exempted from the treaty and became a Spanish exclave as part of the comarca of Baixa Cerdanya, in the Spanish province of Girona. This border was not properly settled until the Treaty of Bayonne was signed in 1856, with its final acts accepted 12 years later. On the western Pyrenees a definite borderline was drawn and decisions made as to the politico-administrative affiliation of bordering areas in the Basque region—Baztan, Aldude, Valcarlos.

Spain was forced to recognize and confirm all of the French gains at the Peace of Westphalia. In exchange for the Spanish territorial losses, the French king pledged to quit his support for Portugal and renounced his claim to the Principality of Catalonia, which the French crown had claimed ever since the Catalan Revolt, also known as the Reapers' War. The Portuguese revolt in 1640, led by the Duke of Braganza, was supported monetarily by Cardinal Richelieu of France. After the Catalan Revolt, France had controlled the Principality of Catalonia from January 1641, when a combined Catalan and French force defeated the Spanish army at Battle of Montjuïc, until it was defeated by a Spanish army at Barcelona in 1652. Though the Spanish army reconquered most of Catalonia, the French retained Catalan territory north of the Pyrenees.

The treaty also arranged for a marriage between Louis XIV of France and Maria Theresa of Spain, the daughter of Philip IV of Spain. Maria Theresa was forced to renounce her claim to the Spanish throne, in return for a monetary settlement as part of her dowry. This settlement was never paid, a factor that eventually led to the War of Devolution in 1667. At the Meeting on the Isle of Pheasants in June 1660, the two monarchs and their ministers met, and the princess entered France.

In addition, the English received Dunkirk, although they elected to sell it to France in 1662.

Consequences
The Treaty of the Pyrenees was the last major diplomatic achievement by Cardinal Mazarin. Combined with the Peace of Westphalia, it allowed Louis XIV remarkable stability and diplomatic advantage by means of a weakened Louis, Grand Condé and a weakened Spanish Crown, along with the agreed dowry, which was an important element in the French king's strategy.

All in all, by 1660, when the Swedish occupation of Poland was over, most of the European continent was at peace (though the third stage of the Portuguese Restoration War would soon begin), and the Bourbons had ended the dominance of the Habsburgs. In the Pyrenees, the treaty resulted in the establishment of border customs and restriction of the free cross-border flow of people and goods. The treaty also settled indefinitely the century and half long litigation over the Kingdom of Navarre, while the dispute over the Aldudes remained in place still throughout the 18th century.

French annexations
In the context of the territorial changes involved in the treaty, France gained some territory, on both its northern and southern borders.

 * In the north, France gained the County of Artois and smaller areas along its north-east border with the Holy Roman Empire.
 * In the south:
 * On the east: the northern part of the Principality of Catalonia, including Roussillon, Conflent, Vallespir, Capcir, and French Cerdagne, was transferred to France, i.e. what later came to be known as "Northern Catalonia".
 * On the west: the parties agreed to put together a field group to compromise a borderline on disputed lands along the Basque Pyrenees, involving Sareta—Zugarramurdi, Ainhoa, etc.— Aldude, and the Spanish wedge of Valcarlos.

title: Treaty of the Pyrenees


text:
Prince Koreyasu

Prince Koreyasu (惟康親王), also known as Minamoto no Koreyasu (源 惟康), was the seventh shōgun of the Kamakura shogunate of Japan. He was the nominal ruler controlled by the Hōjō clan regents.

Prince Koreyasu was the son of Prince Munetaka who was the sixth shōgun.

 * 26 August 1266 (Bun'ei 3, 24th day of the 7th month): Koreyasu was installed as the 7th shōgun at the age of two when his father was deposed.
 * 17 July 1287 (Kōan 10, 6th day of the 6th month): The shōgun was given the offices of Chūnagon and Udaijin in the hierarchy of the Imperial court.
 * 29 September 1289 (Shōō 2, 14th day of the 9th month): A revolt led by Hōjō Sadatoki (Sagami-no-Kami) caused Koreyasu to flee to Kyoto.

At age 25, the deposed shōgun became a Buddhist monk. His priestly name was Ono-no miya.

Family

 * Father: Prince Munetaka
 * Mother: Konoe Saiko (b. 1241)
 * Wife: unknown
 * Children:
 * Prince Hitozumi
 * a daughter married Prince Hisaaki (d. 1306)
 * Prince Yasutada
 * Prince Hitokiyo (1291–1302)
 * Prince Hitotada
 * Prince Hisazumi
 * Adopted son: Prince Hisaaki

Eras of Koreyasu's bakufu
The years in which Koreyasu is shogun are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.
 * Bun'ei (1264–1275)
 * Kenji (1275–1278)
 * Kōan (1278–1288)
 * Shōō (1288–1293)

title: Prince Koreyasu


text:
Sunsphere

The Sunsphere located in World’s Fair Park in downtown Knoxville, Tennessee, is a 266 ft high hexagonal steel truss structure, topped with a 75 ft gold-colored glass sphere that served as the symbol of the 1982 World's Fair.

Design
Designed by the Knoxville-based architectural firm Community Tectonics, the Sunsphere was created as the theme structure for the 1982 World's Fair. It was noted for its unique design in several engineering publications.

The World's Fair site later became a public park, the World's Fair Park, alongside Knoxville's official convention center and adjacent to the University of Tennessee's main campus. The Sunsphere remains standing directly across a man-made pond from the Tennessee Amphitheater, the only other structure remaining from the 1982 World's Fair.

In its original design, the sphere portion was to have had a diameter of 86.5 ft to represent symbolically the 865000 mi diameter sun. The tower's window glass panels are layered in 24-karat gold dust and cut to seven different shapes. It weighs 600 ST and features six double steel truss columns in supporting the seven-story sphere. The tower has a volume of 203689 ft3 and a surface of 16742 ft2.

History
During the fair it cost US$2 1982 to take the elevator to the tower's observation deck. The tower served as a restaurant and featured food items such as the Sunburger and a rum and fruit juice cocktail called the Sunburst. In the early morning hours on May 12, 1982, a shot was fired from outside the fair site and shattered one of the sphere's windows. No one was arrested for the incident.

The Sunsphere has been used as a symbol for Knoxville, appearing in postcards and logos. Between 1993 and 1999, the Sunsphere was featured in part on the logo for the Knoxville Smokies minor league baseball club. The 2002 AAU Junior Olympics mascot Spherit took its inspiration from the landmark. It featured red hair and a body shaped like the Sunsphere. On Sunday, May 14, 2000, nuclear weapons protesters scaled the tower and hung a large banner that said "Stop the Bombs." They remained on the tower for three days before surrendering to police.

Redevelopment
In March 1991, officials from the Pensacola Tornados of the Continental Basketball Association were looking at Knoxville for possible location and said of the Sunsphere as potential office space, "What better place for basketball offices than a giant gold basketball in the sky."

A pair of failed proposals was presented to the World's Fair Park Development Committee on March 31, 1994, that sought to reopen the Sunsphere as a restaurant (similar to Seattle's Space Needle, which features a restaurant at the top of the tower). The proposal from CEB Enterprises would have opened a casual dining restaurant called World's Fare Restaurant. The proposal from Cierra Restaurant Group would have opened a fine dining restaurant.

The Sunsphere was proposed to be included as part of the new Knoxville Convention Center. While not physically incorporated into the final design, the Convention Center was designed with an open curve along its north edge to allow access to the Sunsphere. During construction of the Convention Center, the observation deck, which had been briefly reopened by the city (still sporting the original World's Fair-era displays and explanations of the panorama), was closed while the tower was commandeered by the Knoxville Public Building Authority as offices for, quite literally, overseeing the construction of the Convention Center.

Reopening
The Level 4 observation deck was reopened July 5, 2007, to give visitors a view of Knoxville. The observation deck can hold 86 people. At the time of its reopening, Level 5 became a cafe with concession and an early evening drinks service. Level 6 served as an open space leased out for functions. As of October 2013, both the 7th and 8th floors are available for commercial rental.

On August 27, 2008, the 5th floor was opened as the SkyBox bar and lounge. It eventually closed, however, and real estate investor Tony Capiello opened Icon Ultra Lounge in its place, investing $450,000.

In June 2013, a patron accidentally broke an inside window; nobody was hurt. On November 13, 2013, it was announced that Visit Knoxville would update and renovate the 4th floor of the observation deck.

The Sunsphere observation deck was closed in 2020 due to the Covid-19 Pandemic.

On February 22, 2022, Visit Knoxville reopened the Sunsphere observation deck. The floor offers a 360-degree view stretching from downtown to the Great Smoky Mountains including World’s Fair Park, the Tennessee River and the University of Tennessee Campus. A 1982 World’s Fair timeline, gallery, memorabilia and gift shop await visitors. Admission is $5 per person and free for children under 12.

In popular culture
A March 1996 episode of The Simpsons, "Bart on the Road", features the Sunsphere. Bart and three friends (Nelson, Martin, and Milhouse) travel to Knoxville to visit the World's Fair, only to learn they are over a decade too late. In the episode, the Sunsphere has become a dilapidated storage warehouse for a wig store called the Wigsphere. Nelson then throws a rock at the Sunsphere, causing it to topple over and land on top of their rental car, destroying it and stranding them in Knoxville.

The Sunsphere has also been called "The Lord's Golf Tee".

title: Sunsphere


text:
Paul Williams (songwriter)

Paul Hamilton Williams Jr. (born September 19, 1940) is an American composer, singer, songwriter, and actor. He is known for writing and co-writing popular songs performed by a number of acts in the 1970s, including Three Dog Night's "An Old Fashioned Love Song" and "Out in the Country", Helen Reddy's "You and Me Against the World", Biff Rose's "Fill Your Heart", and the Carpenters' "We've Only Just Begun" and "Rainy Days and Mondays". He also wrote "Cried Like a Baby" for teen idol Bobby Sherman.

Williams is also known for writing the score and lyrics for Bugsy Malone (1976) and his musical contributions to other films, including the Oscar-nominated song "Rainbow Connection" from The Muppet Movie, and writing the lyrics to the #1 chart-topping song "Evergreen", the love theme from the Barbra Streisand film A Star Is Born, for which he won a Grammy for Song of the Year and an Academy Award for Best Original Song. He wrote the lyrics to the opening theme for the television show The Love Boat, with music previously composed by Charles Fox, which was originally sung by Jack Jones and, later, by Dionne Warwick.

Williams had a variety of high-profile acting roles, such as Little Enos Burdette in the action-comedy Smokey and the Bandit (1977) and the villainous Swan in Brian De Palma's Phantom of the Paradise (1974), which Williams also co-scored, receiving an Oscar nomination in the process. Since 2009, Williams has been the president and chairman of the American songwriting society ASCAP.

Early life
Williams was born in Omaha, Nebraska, the son of Paul Hamilton Williams, an architectural engineer, and his wife, Bertha Mae (née Burnside), a homemaker.

One of his brothers was John J. Williams, a NASA rocket scientist, who participated in the Mercury and Apollo programs and was awarded the NASA Distinguished Service Medal, their highest honor, in 1969. His other brother was Mentor Williams, a songwriter as well who wrote Dobie Gray's 1973 hit "Drift Away".

Musical career
Williams began his professional songwriting career with Biff Rose in Los Angeles. The two men first met while working together on a television comedy show. Together, they wrote the song "Fill Your Heart" which was recorded by Rose on his first album, The Thorn in Mrs. Rose's Side (1968). Tiny Tim covered it as the B-side of his hit "Tiptoe Through the Tulips" (1968). David Bowie recorded a version of the song on his album Hunky Dory (1971). Rose and Williams wrote "I'll Walk Away" (recorded by Rose on his third, eponymous album). Rose was instrumental in getting Williams his break with A&M Records which resulted in Williams working with songwriter Roger Nichols. Williams and Nichols were responsible for a number of successful pop hits from the 1970s, including several hits for Three Dog Night ("An Old Fashioned Love Song", "The Family of Man" and "Out in the Country"), Helen Reddy ("You and Me Against the World"), and the Carpenters, most notably "Rainy Days and Mondays", "I Won't Last a Day Without You", and "We've Only Just Begun", originally a song for a Crocker National Bank television commercial featuring newlyweds, and which has since become a cover-band standard and de rigueur for weddings throughout North America.

An early collaboration with Roger Nichols, "Someday Man", was covered by the Monkees (a group for which he unsuccessfully auditioned ) on a 1969 single, and was the first Monkees' release not published by Screen Gems.

A frequent co-writer of Williams' was musician Kenneth Ascher. Their songs together included "Rainbow Connection", sung by Jim Henson (as Kermit the Frog) in The Muppet Movie (1979).

Williams worked on the music for a number of films, including writing and singing on Phantom of the Paradise (1974) in which he starred and earned an Oscar nomination for the music, and Bugsy Malone (1976). Williams wrote and sang the song "Where Do I Go from Here", which was used in the end credits of the film Thunderbolt and Lightfoot. He contributed lyrics to the Cinderella Liberty song "You're So Nice to Be Around" with music by John Williams, and it earned them an Oscar nomination. Along with Ascher and Rupert Holmes, he wrote the music and lyrics to A Star Is Born (also 1976), with Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson. The love ballad, "Evergreen", (lyrics by Paul Williams, melody by Barbra Streisand) won the Academy Award for Best Original Song and a Grammy for Song of the Year. He has been nominated on other occasions for an Academy Award and several Golden Globe Awards.

In 1987 he wrote the songs performed by Dustin Hoffman and Warren Beatty in the film Ishtar.

He wrote the music for a musical production of Happy Days that debuted in 2007 and made a cameo appearance as an animated version of himself singing "Breathe in the Sunshine" in a 1998 episode of the animated series Dexter's Laboratory. He wrote and sang "What Would They Say", the theme song from the made-for-television film The Boy in the Plastic Bubble (1976).

Williams wrote music and lyrics of "Silence is Our Song" for Richard Barone's 2010 album Glow and collaborated with Scissor Sisters on their second album, Ta-Dah.

In March 2012, it was announced that Williams had "written a couple of tunes" on Random Access Memories, the album of French electronic duo Daft Punk. He co-wrote and sang vocals on "Touch" and co-wrote "Beyond". Williams and Nile Rodgers were the only featured artists to speak on behalf of Daft Punk at the 2014 Grammy Awards upon their receipt of the Album of the Year award for Random Access Memories. Williams told an anecdote about his work with Daft Punk: "Back when I was drinking, I would imagine things that weren't there and I'd get frightened. Then I got sober and two robots called and asked me to make an album." He communicated a "message from the robots" to the audience: "As elegant and as classy as the Grammy has ever been is the moment when we saw those wonderful marriages and 'Same Love' is fantastic. It is the height of fairness and love and the power of love for all people at any time in any combination is what [Daft Punk] wanted me to say. Captain Kirk uses the Enterprise. [Daft Punk] sail on a ship called Generosity. They are generous in spirit ... This is a labor of love and we are all so grateful."

Williams is a member of the Songwriters Hall of Fame, and his songs have been performed by both pop and country music artists. In April 2009, Williams was elected president and Chairman of the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP).

In September 2015, Williams, along with bass player Kasim Sulton, led a global virtual songwriting collaboration at Hookist.com. The mission was to write the first crowd-sourced anthem to be performed at FacingAddiction.org's concert and rally on The National Mall on October 4, 2015, headlined by Steven Tyler, Sheryl Crow and Joe Walsh among others. The theme of the song was "Celebrate Recovery" and the goal was to reduce the stigma associated with addiction. Williams, Sulton and Dr. Mehmet Oz opened the show and led 10,000 people in a singalong of "Voice of Change" at the base of the Washington Monument. Sulton led a singalong of the song on The Dr. Oz Show which went viral.

Film and television career
Although predominantly known for his music, Williams has appeared in films and many television guest spots, such as the Faustian record producer Swan in Brian DePalma's film Phantom of the Paradise (1974)—a rock and roll adaptation of The Phantom of the Opera, Faust, and The Picture of Dorian Gray, for which Williams wrote the songs —and as Virgil, the genius orangutan in Battle for the Planet of the Apes (1973).

On February 9, 1973, Williams made a joke appearance on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson in which he sang a song in full make-up as Virgil. He played Migelito Loveless, Jr. in The Wild Wild West Revisited (1979), a reunion film featuring the original cast of the television series The Wild Wild West. He played himself, singing a song to Felix Unger's daughter Edna, on the television series The Odd Couple in 1974. He made his film debut as Gunther Fry in the satire The Loved One (1965).

After appearing on The Muppet Show in 1976, Williams worked closely with Jim Henson's Henson Productions on The Muppet Movie, working on the soundtrack and appearing in a cameo part as the piano player in the nightclub where Kermit meets Fozzie Bear. He was also the lyricist for Emmet Otter's Jug-Band Christmas.

Williams was hired by TV producers Paul Junger Witt and Tony Thomas to write title tracks for two of their ABC comedies, It Takes Two (1982–1983), on which he sang a duet with Crystal Gayle, and Condo (1983), in which Williams' theme was sung by Drake Frye. Williams composed and performed the theme to the McLean Stevenson sitcom The McLean Stevenson Show in 1976.

Williams composed, and sang "Flying Dreams" for the animated film The Secret of NIMH.

Williams has appeared in many minor roles. He provided the voice of the Penguin in Batman: The Animated Series. He appeared on an episode of Walker, Texas Ranger as a radio DJ covering a modern-day Bonnie and Clyde. He appeared in 2008 in an episode of Nickelodeon's children's show Yo Gabba Gabba! entitled "Weather", where he performed "Rainbow Connection". He has also appeared on Cartoon Network's Dexter's Laboratory where he played Professor Williams in an episode entitled "Just An Old Fashioned Lab Song".

He made numerous television appearances in the 1970s and 1980s, including on The Odd Couple, Hawaii Five-O, Match Game '79, Hollywood Squares, The Love Boat, Police Woman, Fantasy Island, The Hardy Boys, The Fall Guy, The Flip Wilson Special, Gimme a Break!, and The Gong Show. He has also guest-starred in the Babylon 5 episode "Acts of Sacrifice" (Season 2 Episode 12) as Taq, the aide to Correlilmurzon, an alien ambassador whose species finalizes treaties and agreements by having sex with the other signees.

In October 1980, Williams was host of the Mickey Mouse Club 25th Anniversary Special on NBC-TV. He stated that he tried out for the show in early 1955 and was turned down. He was a frequent guest and performer on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. He appears as the man making the phone call at the beginning of the music video for Hank Williams Jr.'s song "All My Rowdy Friends Are Coming Over Tonight". In 2014, he appeared on Community as an illegal textbook dealer who declines to purchase a batch of misprinted chemistry textbooks. Williams appeared in the 2017 film Baby Driver as the Butcher, an arms dealer.

He portrayed the character of Little Enos Burdette in Smokey and the Bandit (1977), Smokey and the Bandit II (1980), and Smokey and the Bandit Part 3 (1983). He has a recurring role as a former lawyer and information source in 2018's season 2 and 2019's season 3 of Goliath.

Personal life
Williams has been married three times. He has two children, Sarah and Cole Williams (born 1981), from his first marriage (1971) to Kate Clinton. In 1993, he married Hilda Keenan Wynn, daughter of actor Keenan Wynn. His third wife was writer Mariana Williams.

An experienced skydiver, Williams completed over 100 jumps in the 1970s.

In September 2011, director Stephen Kessler's documentary Paul Williams Still Alive premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival.

Williams struggled with alcohol and substance abuse during the 1970s and 1980s. Sober since 1990, Williams has been active in the field of recovery from addictions and became a Certified Drug Rehabilitation Counselor through UCLA. In 2014, he co-authored Gratitude and Trust: Recovery is Not Just for Addicts, with Tracey Jackson.

Notable Hits

 * "Love Dance" (Williams provided the lyrics. Written with Ivan Lins and Victor Martins, it was recorded by Ivan Lins, Barbra Streisand, and Sarah Vaughan, among others. It is considered a jazz standard.)
 * "Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)" (#1 hit for Barbra Streisand - Billboard Hot 100)
 * "I Won't Last a Day Without You" (#1 hit for Carpenters - Billboard Adult Contemporary)
 * "Rainy Days and Mondays" (#1 hit for Carpenters - Billboard Adult Contemporary)
 * "We've Only Just Begun" (#1 hit for Carpenters - Billboard Adult Contemporary)
 * "The Family of Man" (US #12 & Canadian #5 hit for Three Dog Night)
 * "An Old Fashioned Love Song" (#4 hit for Three Dog Night)
 * "Out in the Country" (#15 hit for Three Dog Night)
 * "Talk It Over in the Morning" (Canadian #1 hit for Anne Murray)
 * "You and Me Against the World" (US Easy Listening #1 hit for Helen Reddy)
 * "Rainbow Connection" (Golden Globe and Oscar-nominated song, Entered into the US Library of Congress Archive, #25 hit for Kermit the Frog - Billboard Hot 100)
 * "Flying Dreams" (from The Secret of NIMH soundtrack)
 * "Let Me Be the One" (#18 US Easy Listening hit for Jack Jones and #18 R&B chart hit for Al Wilson)
 * "Someday Man" (The Monkees – 1969 – "B" Side of "Listen to the Band" single)
 * "Touch" (Daft Punk – 2013 – Random Access Memories – Williams also provided lead vocals)
 * "You're Gone" (US Country #4 hit for Diamond Rio)

Films

 * The Loved One (1965)
 * The Chase (1966)
 * Battle for the Planet of the Apes (1973)
 * Phantom of the Paradise (1974)
 * Bugsy Malone (1976)
 * Emmet Otter's Jug-Band Christmas (1977)
 * Smokey and the Bandit (1977)
 * The End (1978)
 * The Muppet Movie (1979)
 * The Night They Saved Christmas (1984)
 * Ishtar (1987)
 * The Muppet Christmas Carol (1992)
 * The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement (2004)

Theatre

 * Bugsy Malone (1997)
 * Happy Days (2007)
 * Emmet Otter's Jug-Band Christmas (2008)

Notable songs written for film soundtracks

 * "Where Do I Go From Here" (composed and performed by Williams for Thunderbolt and Lightfoot) (1974)
 * "Evergreen (Love Song from A Star Is Born)" (lyrics written by Williams, Academy and Golden Globe winner for Best Original Song) (1976)
 * "What Would They Say?" (for The Boy in the Plastic Bubble starring John Travolta and Diana Hyland) (1976)
 * "Rainbow Connection" (co-composed by Williams for The Muppet Movie, 2020 National Recording Registry inductee ) (1979)
 * "Flying Dreams" (co-composed with Jerry Goldsmith and performed by Williams for The Secret of N.I.M.H) (1982)
 * "When Love is Gone" (co-composed by Williams for The Muppet Christmas Carol) (1992)
 * "If We Could Remember" (co-composed with Jerry Goldsmith for The Sum of All Fears) (2002)
 * "Still Alive" (composed and performed by Williams for Paul Williams Still Alive) (2011)
 * "Old Souls", "The Hell of It" and "The Phantom's Theme (Beauty and the Beast)" composed for The Phantom of the Paradise (1974)
 * "I Love You Too Much" and "The Apology Song" (co-composed with Gustavo Santaolalla for The Book of Life) (2014)
 * "Time and Tide" (composed by Paul Williams and performed by Dale Menten for Lifeguard) (1976)

Other releases

 * The Holy Mackerel (with The Holy Mackerel, 1969)
 * We've Only Just Begun (Roger Nichols and Paul Williams, 2001)
 * Random Access Memories (Daft Punk, 2013) : Williams features on one track
 * Chris Black Changed My Life (Portugal. The Man, 2023) : Williams features on one track

Legacy
"Rainbow Connection" was inducted into the National Recording Registry in 2020.

title: Paul Williams (songwriter)


text:
Samoyedic languages

The Samoyedic or Samoyed languages  are spoken around the Ural Mountains, in northernmost Eurasia, by approximately 25,000 people altogether, accordingly called the Samoyedic peoples. They derive from a common ancestral language called Proto-Samoyedic, and form a branch of the Uralic languages. Having separated perhaps in the last centuries BC, they are not a diverse group of languages, and are traditionally considered to be an outgroup, branching off first from the other Uralic languages.

Etymology
The term Samoyedic is derived from the Russian term samoyed (самоед) originally applied only to the Nenets people and later extended to other related peoples.

One of the theories supposes that the term is interpreted by some ethnologists as originating somewhat derogatorily from Russian samo-yed literally meaning 'self-eater'.

Another suggestion for the term's origin is a corruption of the expression saam-edne, meaning "Land of the Saams".

The word Samodeic has been proposed as an alternative by some ethnologists.

In modern Russian the words самодийцы/самодийские (samodiytsy/samodiyskie), i.e., "samodians"/"samodian" are used for this ethnic grouping and the corresponding area of research is called "samodistika", i.e., "samodistics".

The word "самоед/samoyed" also refers in Russian to an excessively introspective or self-disparaging person i.e., the one engaged in самоедство/"self-devouring".

Classification
Traditionally, Samoyedic languages and peoples have been divided into two major areal groups: Northern Samoyedic (Nenets, Yurats, Enets, Nganasans), and Southern Samoyedic (Selkups) with a further subgroup of Sayan-Samoyedics (Kamasins, Mators) named after the Sayan Mountains. They are however purely geographical, and do not reflect linguistic relations.

Linguistic genealogical classifications point to an early divergence of Nganasan and (perhaps to a lesser degree) Mator, with Enets–Nenets–Yurats and Kamas–Selkup forming internal branches.

 * Samoyedic
 * Nganasan (Tavgi or Tawgi-Samoyed)
 * Avam
 * Vadey/Vadeyev
 * Core-Samoyedic
 * Enets-Nenets
 * Enets (Yenisei-Samoyed)
 * Tundra Enets
 * Forest Enets
 * Yurats
 * Nenets (Yurak-Samoyed)
 * Tundra Nenets
 * Forest Nenets
 * Kamas-Selkup
 * Selkup (Ostyak-Samoyed)
 * Northern Selkup (Taz)
 * Central Selkup (Tym)
 * Southern Selkup (Ket)
 * Kamassian (Sayan-Samoyed)
 * Kamas
 * Koibal
 * Mator (Sayan-Samoyed)
 * Taigi
 * Karagass
 * Soyot (Modern Soyots were subject to Turkification and do not speak the historical language)

Grammar
Samoyedic languages are primarily agglutinative. They have postpositions and suffixes and do not use articles or prefixes. Samoyedic languages also have grammatical evidentiality. Word order in Samoyedic languages is typically subject-object-verb (SOV). Below are two sentences in Nenets that demonstrate SOV word order and case in Samoyedic languages:

Säxäko boľńica-xana me

Seheko hospital-LOC be.[3SG]

"Seheko is in the hospital."

toxolkoda klass-xana me

student classroom-LOC be.[3SG]

"The student is in the classroom."

Nouns
Nouns in Samoyedic languages do not have gender, but they are declined for number (singular, dual, and plural) as well as case. All Samoyedic languages have at least seven noun cases which may include nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, locative, instrumental, lative, and/or prolative depending on the language.

Verbs
Many Samoyedic languages have the following three conjugation types: subjective, objective (in which the number of the object is expressed in addition to that of the subject), and reflexive. Verbs in Samoyedic languages have several moods, ranging from at least eight in Selkup to at least sixteen in Nenets. Other forms of verbs that can be found in Samoyedic languages are gerunds, participles, and infinitives. Of the Samoyedic languages, only Selkup has verbal aspect.

Phonology
Sonorant-obstruent consonant clusters with two consonants, of which the latter consonant is more sonorous than the former, are the most frequently occurring consonant clusters in several Samoyedic languages. Conversely, consonant clusters ending in glides are not found in any Samoyedic languages.

Unlike some other Uralic languages, Samoyedic languages do not have vowel harmony.

Vowel epenthesis is frequently used in Samoyedic languages to break up consonant clusters, particularly in the case of loanwords borrowed from Russian.

Vowel epenthesis from Russian to Nenets Vowel epenthesis from Russian to Nganasan Vowel epenthesis from Russian to Selkup
 * крупа (krupa)   >    xurupa   "cereals"
 * класс (klass)    >    xalas      "class"
 * бригада (brigada)   >    birigadә    "brigade"
 * метр (metr)             >    metәrә      "meter"
 * стекло (stʲeklo)   >    tʲekɨla    "glass"
 * стол (stol)           >    istol       "table"

Contact with Russian language
Samoyedic languages have experienced significant language contact with Russian to such an extent that members of the Nenets, Selkup, Nganasan, and Enets ethnic groups now often have Russian as a first language, with speakers of Samoyedic languages primarily belonging to elder age groups.

Russian loanwords in Samoyedic languages include: колхоз ("collective farm"), машина ("car"), молоко ("milk"), Москва ("Moscow").

Geographical distribution
At present, Samoyed territory extends from the White Sea to the Laptev Sea, along the Arctic shores of European Russia, including southern Novaya Zemlya, the Yamal Peninsula, the mouths of the Ob and the Yenisei, and into the Taimyr peninsula in northernmost Siberia. They are contiguous with the trans-Ural Ugric speakers and the cis-Ural Komi to the south, but they are cut off from the Baltic Finns by the Russians in the west. To the east traditionally dwell the northern Turkic Sakha. A substantial Samoyed city grew up at Mangazeya in the 16th century as a trade city, but was destroyed at the beginning of the 17th century.

The Southern Samoyedic languages, of which only the Selkup language has survived to the present day, historically ranged across a wide territory in central Siberia, extending from the basin of the Ob River in the west to the Sayan-Baikal uplands in the east. Records up to the 18th century sporadically report several further entities such as "Abakan", "Kagmasin", "Soyot", though there is no clear evidence for any of these constituting separate languages, and all available data appears to be explainable as these having been simply early forms of Kamassian or Mator.

title: Samoyedic languages