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Eben Moglen

Eben Moglen (born July 13, 1959) is an American legal scholar who is professor of law and legal history at Columbia University, and is the founder, Director-Counsel and Chairman of Software Freedom Law Center.

Biography
Moglen started out as a computer programming language designer and then received his bachelor's degree from Swarthmore College in 1980. In 1985, he received a Master of Philosophy in history and a JD from Yale University. He has held visiting appointments at Harvard University, Tel Aviv University and the University of Virginia since 1987.

He was a law clerk to Justice Thurgood Marshall (1986–87 term). He joined the faculty of Columbia Law School in 1987, and was admitted to the New York bar in 1988. He received a Ph.D. in history from Yale University in 1993. Moglen serves as a director of the Public Patent Foundation.

Moglen was part of Philip Zimmermann's defense team, when Zimmermann was being investigated over the export of Pretty Good Privacy, a public key encryption system, under US export laws.

In 2003 he received the EFF Pioneer Award. In February 2005, he founded the Software Freedom Law Center.

Moglen was closely involved with the Free Software Foundation, serving as general counsel from 1994 to 2016 and board member from 2000 to 2007. As counsel, Moglen was tasked with enforcing the GNU General Public License (GPL) on behalf of the FSF, and later became heavily involved with drafting version 3 of the GPL. On April 23, 2007 he announced in a blog post that he would be stepping down from the board of directors of the Free Software Foundation. Moglen stated that after the GPLv3 Discussion Draft 3 had been released, he wanted to devote more time to writing, teaching, and the Software Freedom Law Center.

In February 2011, Moglen created the Freedom Box Foundation to design software for a very small server called the FreedomBox. The FreedomBox aims to be an affordable personal server which runs only free software, with a focus on anonymous and secure communication. FreedomBox launched version 0.1 in 2012.

Legal issues
In October 2023 the Free Software Foundation Europe and Software Freedom Conservancy announced their intention to end their cooperation with the Software Freedom Law Center and with Moglen following allegations of abusive behaviour towards employees and community members.

The same day, Bradley M. Kuhn publicly accused Moglen of being an abusive employer and of hostility toward the LGBTQIA+ community, stating that the Software Freedom Law Center is no longer a safe space and that he's often worried about Moglen's students.

Such behaviours have also been documented since 2017 by Matthew Garrett.

Free software
Moglen says that free software is a fundamental requirement for a democratic and free society in which we are surrounded by and dependent upon technical devices. Only if controlling these devices is open to all via free software, can we balance power equally.

Moglen believes the idea of proprietary software is as ludicrous as having "proprietary mathematics" or "proprietary geometry". This would convert the subjects from "something you can learn" into "something you must buy", he has argued. He points out that software is among the "things which can be copied infinitely over and over again, without any further costs".

Moglen's Metaphorical Corollary to Faraday's Law is the idea that the information appearance and flow between the human minds connected via the Internet works like electromagnetic induction. Hence Moglen's phrase "Resist the resistance!" (i.e. remove anything that inhibits the flow of information).

Other
Moglen has criticized what he calls the "reification of selfishness". He has said, "A world full of computers which you can't understand, can't fix and can't use (because it is controlled by inaccessible proprietary software) is a world controlled by machines."

He has called on lawyers to help the Free Software movement, saying: "Those who want to share their code can make products and share their work without additional legal risks." He urged his legal colleagues, "It's worth giving up a little in order to produce a sounder ecology for all. Think kindly about the idea of sharing."

Moglen has criticized trends which result in "excluding people from knowledge". On the issue of free software versus proprietary software, he has argued that "much has been said by the few who stand to lose". Moglen calls for a "sensible respect for both the creators and users" of software code. In general, this concept is a part of what Moglen has termed a "revolution" against the privileged owners of media, distribution channels, and software. On March 13, 2009, in a speech given at Seattle University, Moglen said of the free software movement that, When everybody owns the press, then freedom of the press belongs to everybody' seems to be the inevitable inference, and that's where we are moving, and when the publishers get used to that, they'll become us, and we'll become them, and the first amendment will mean: 'Congress shall make no law ... abridging freedom of speech, or of the press ...', not – as they have tended to argue in the course of the 20th century – 'Congress shall make no law infringing the sacred right of the Sulzbergers to be different'."

On the subject of digital rights management, Moglen said in 2006, "We also live in a world in which the right to tinker is under some very substantial threat. This is said to be because movie and record companies must eat. I will concede that they must eat. Though, like me, they should eat less."

title: Eben Moglen


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Wikipedia talk:Blank page idiomatic link

But it´s very usefull for people looking for translation for the words in the title that can use a search machine to find content in its native language ( what it´s not possible if wouldn´t exist blank page idiomatic links with the words of the title translated to the user´s native languge). Mac

 * But Wikipedia is not for helping translation. Google or Babelfish can do that. The aim is to make encyclopedia articles, and I don't think blank pages help that, particularly if they just point to more blank pages on other Wikipedias. This would appear to be very time wasting for readers trying to find some information. Angela 23:42, 30 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * You also don't know what the yet-to-be created page will actually be called. Therefore it could be completely futile. Secretlondon 23:46, Nov 30, 2003 (UTC)

Nonexistent interwiki links
Someone has written new policy, blank page idiomatic link, about adding interwiki links to pages that don't exist. I think this is a bad idea. Having a link to a page in another language at the top, only to click on it and find that there is actually no such page is annoying and a waste of time, I really wish they would stop adding such links. Maximus Rex 18:41, 30 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * I agree - it should be policy that at least a stub should be created when adding a interwiki link to a not yet existing article. As interwiki links cannot be red it is not possible to see that the article exists or not. But even worse than a interwiki link that points into nothing is a page which only contains the interwiki link back - that one will make the red links in that language disappear with brown small article links. What I do when I have a interwiki link which will exist soon (e.g. the german districts which are created on both de: and en:) is that I add the interwiki link with HTML comments around it like, so they are easy to activate once the target is created. This can also be useful for animals or plants - if one knows the name of an animal in the other language then a commented link can help to avoid that link being missed later. However too many commented interwiki links cluttering the beginning of the article is a drawback. andy 21:48, 30 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Hmmmm... are policies on instant deletion of sub-stubs and similar issues the same in all the various languages? It seems to me that such policies should to some extent reflect the culture associated with the particular language. Is this how it works?

 * I've watched with interest the development of this new policy. There are more issues here than might at first meet the eye IMO. Andrewa 22:59, 30 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * I wouldn't call it a new policy. More like one person's ideas on how these links should be treated. The policies on sub stubs are certainly not the same across different Wikipedias. For example, on the Arabic Wikipedia, pages with no text at all, but some interlanguage links are not deleted, whereas here they usually are. There seem to be objections to the creation of these empty pages at the Hungarian, French and Dutch Wikipedias that were expressed on the mailing list when a Polish was sent round to create these, but it's unclear whether the issue was more with the fact it was a bot than the pages per se. Angela 23:37, 30 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * We need a tittle index. So, the user knows the translation of the title article to his/her own native language and look for information in a search machien (Yahoo and similar) in his/her own language. This would be a great service to knowledge and to user. This can include or not links to existing wikipedia articles in another languages. For sure, we need a better wikipedia software for this indexesMac 10:58, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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ABN AMRO

ABN AMRO Bank N.V. is the third-largest Dutch bank, with headquarters in Amsterdam. It was initially formed in 1991 by merger of the two prior Dutch banks that form its name, Algemene Bank Nederland (ABN) and Amsterdamsche en Rotterdamsche Bank (AMRO Bank).

Following aggressive international expansion, ABN AMRO was acquired and broken up in 2007–2008 by a consortium of European banks, including Fortis which intended to take over its formed operations in the Benelux region. Fortis came under stress in the autumn of 2008, and was in turn broken up into separate national entities; the Dutch operations, namely Fortis Bank Nederland and the former ABN AMRO activities that Fortis had planned to absorb, were nationalized, restructured, and renamed ABN AMRO in mid-2010. On 20 November 2015, the Dutch government publicly re-listed the company through an IPO and sold 20 percent of the shares to the public.

ABN AMRO has been designated as a Significant Institution since the entry into force of European Banking Supervision in late 2014, and as a consequence is directly supervised by the European Central Bank.

Background
In 1824, King William I established the Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij (NHM) a trading company to revive trade and financing of the Dutch East Indies and it would become one of the primary ancestors of ABN AMRO. The NHM merged with the Twentsche Bank in 1964, to form Algemene Bank Nederland (ABN). Also in 1964, the Amsterdamsche Bank, established in 1871, merged with the Rotterdamsche Bank, established in 1873 (as part of a merger that included Determeijer Weslingh & Zn. from 1765), to form Amsterdamsche en Rotterdamsche Bank, known as AMRO Bank.

ABN and AMRO merger

On 22 September 1991, ABN and AMRO merged to form ABN AMRO. In 1993, two of its investment banking subsidiaries ― Bank Mees & Hope and Pierson, Heldring & Pierson ― merged in turn to form MeesPierson.

The two merged banks brought to ABN AMRO a large network of overseas companies and branches. From NHM, ABN owned a significant branch network in Asia and the Middle East, including the Saudi Hollandi Bank owned by the NHM Jeddah branch. Another, the Hollandsche Bank-Unie (HBU), which grew from the merger of the Hollandsche Bank voor de Middellandsche Zee (HBMZ) and the Hollandsche Zuid-Amerika Bank in 1933, gave ABN AMRO an extensive network of branches in South and Central America. In 1979, ABN had expanded into North America with the acquisition of Chicago-based LaSalle National Bank.

After the 1991 merger, ABN AMRO continued to grow through a number of further acquisitions, including the 1996-purchase of suburban Detroit based Standard Federal Bank followed five-years later by the acquisition of its Detroit-based competitor Michigan National Bank which was rebranded as Standard Federal. In 2005, Standard Federal became LaSalle Bank Midwest to unite ABN AMRO's two banking networks in the U.S. In 1995, ABN AMRO purchased The Chicago Corporation, an American securities and commodities trading and clearing corporation.

Other major acquisitions included the Brazilian bank Banco Real in 1998, and the Italian bank Antonveneta in 2006. It was also involved in the controversial acquisition of the Dutch local government mortgage and building development organisation, the Bouwfonds in 2000. ABN AMRO sold the Bouwfonds as a going concern in 2006.

In July 2006, Favonius Ventures, which was founded and headed by Roel Pieper, received all of the technology investments of ABN AMRO Capital which is the private equity business unit of ABN AMRO Bank N.V.

Mid-2000s weakness, acquisition and breakup

ABN AMRO had come to a crossroads in early 2005. The bank had still not come close to its own target of having a return on equity that would put it among the top five of its peer group, a target that the CEO, Rijkman Groenink had set upon his appointment in 2000. From 2000 until 2005, ABN AMRO's stock price stagnated. Financial results in 2006 added to concerns about the bank's future. Operating expenses increased at a greater rate than operating revenue, and the efficiency ratio deteriorated further to 69.9%. Non-performing loans increased considerably year on year by 192%. Net profits were only boosted by sustained asset sales. In 2006, research findings were publicly released regarding ABN AMRO Bank N.V.'s predecessors and connections to African slavery. An examination of 200 predecessors of ABN AMRO Bank N.V. founded before 1888, determined that some had connections to African slavery, either in the United States or elsewhere in the Americas.

By 2007, ABN AMRO was the second-largest bank in the Netherlands and the eighth-largest in Europe by assets. At that time, the magazine The Banker and Fortune Global 500 placed it 15th in the list of world's biggest banks and it had operations in 63 countries, with over 110,000 employees.

On 31 August 2007, ABN AMRO Bank N.V. Pakistan merged with Prime Commercial Bank which consisted of 69 branches across 24 cities for Sale of US$227 million and formed ABN AMRO Bank (Pakistan) Limited (Which later got merged into Royal Bank of Scotland Pakistan).

On 21 February 2007, The Children's Investment Fund Management (TCI) hedge fund called to ask the Chairman of the Supervisory Board to actively investigate a merger, acquisition, or breakup of ABN AMRO, stating that the current stock price did not reflect the true value of the underlying assets. TCI asked the chairman to put its request on the agenda of the annual shareholders' meeting to be held in April 2007. Events accelerated on 20 March 2007, when the British bank Barclays and ABN AMRO both confirmed they were in exclusive talks about a possible merger.

On 28 March 2007, ABN AMRO published the agenda for the shareholders' meeting of 2007. It included all items requested by TCI, but with the recommendation not to follow the request for a breakup of the company.

However, on 18 April, another British bank, the Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) contacted ABN AMRO to propose a deal in which a consortium of banks, including RBS, Belgium's Fortis, and Spain's Banco Santander Central Hispano (now Banco Santander) would jointly bid for ABN AMRO and thereafter divide the components of the company among them. According to the proposed deal, RBS would receive ABN's United States operations, LaSalle, and ABN's wholesale operations; Banco Santander would take the Brazilian operations; and Fortis, the Dutch operations. The three banks set up a joint venture, RFS Holdings (with a name based on their respective initials), to execute the transaction.

On 23 April, ABN AMRO and Barclays announced the proposed acquisition of ABN AMRO by Barclays. The deal was valued at €67 billion and included the sale of LaSalle Bank to Bank of America for €21 billion.

Two days later, the RBS-led consortium brought out its indicative offer, worth €72 billion, if ABN AMRO would abandon its sale of LaSalle Bank to Bank of America. During the shareholders' meeting the next day, approximately 68 percent of the shareholders voted in favor of the breakup as requested by TCI.

The sale of LaSalle was seen as obstructive by many: as a way of blocking the RBS bid, which hinged on further access to the US markets, in order to expand on the success of the group's existing American brands, Citizens Bank and Charter One. On 3 May 2007, the Dutch Investors' Association (Vereniging van Effectenbezitters), with the support of shareholders representing up to 20 percent of ABN's shares, took its case to the Dutch commercial court in Amsterdam, seeking an injunction against the LaSalle sale. The court ruled that the sale of LaSalle could not be viewed apart from the current merger talks of Barclays with ABN AMRO and that the ABN AMRO shareholders should be able to approve other possible merger/acquisition candidates in a general shareholder meeting. However, in July 2007, the Dutch Supreme Court ruled that Bank of America's acquisition of LaSalle Bank could proceed and Bank of America absorbed LaSalle effective 1 October 2007.

On 23 July 2007, Barclays raised its offer for ABN AMRO to €67.5bn, after securing investments from the governments of China and Singapore, but it was still short of the RBS consortium's offer. Barclay's revised bid was worth €35.73 a share — 4.3% more than its previous offer. The offer, which included 37% cash, remained below the €38.40-a-share offer made the week before by the RFS consortium. The revised offer did not include an offer for La Salle Bank since ABN AMRO could proceed with the sale of that subsidiary to Bank of America. RBS would now settle for ABN's investment-banking division and its Asian Network.

On 30 July 2007, ABN AMRO withdrew its support for Barclays' offer which was lower than the offer from the group led by RBS. While the Barclays offer matched ABN AMRO's "strategic vision," the board couldn't recommend it from "a financial point of view." The US$98.3bn bid from RBS, Fortis, and Banco Santander was 9.8% higher than Barclays' offer.

Barclays Bank withdrew its bid for ABN AMRO on 5 October, clearing the way for the RBS-led consortium's bid to go through, along with its planned dismemberment of ABN AMRO. RFS formally acquired ABN AMRO on 17 October 2007. Fortis would receive ABN AMRO's Dutch and Belgian operations, Banco Santander would get Banco Real in Brazil, and Banca Antonveneta in Italy and RBS would get ABN AMRO's wholesale division and all other operations, including those in Asia.

2008 financial crisis

Both RBS and Fortis were increasingly visibly overextended following the ABN AMRO acquisition. On 22 April 2008, RBS announced the largest rights issue in British corporate history, which aimed to raise £12billion in new capital to offset a writedown of £5.9billion resulting from the bad investments and to shore up its reserves following the purchase of ABN AMRO. On 11 July 2008, Fortis CEO Jean Votron stepped down after the ABN AMRO deal had depleted Fortis's capital. The total worth of Fortis, as reflected by its stock value, was at that time one-third of what it had been before the acquisition, and just under the value it had paid for the Benelux activities of ABN AMRO.

On 3 October 2008, Fortis was nationalised. The Dutch government bought a number of Fortis divisions plus Fortis's share in ABN AMRO for EUR 16.8 billion. It subsequently announced that the parts of ABN AMRO it had acquired would be integrated with Fortis Bank Nederland (FBN) to create a new ABN AMRO. On 13 October 2008, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown announced a UK government bailout of the financial system. The Treasury would infuse £37 billion ($64 billion, €47 billion) of new capital into Royal Bank of Scotland Group Plc, Lloyds TSB and HBOS Plc, to avert financial sector collapse. This resulted in a total government ownership in RBS of 58%. As a consequence of this rescue, the chief executive of the group Fred Goodwin offered his resignation, which was duly accepted. Later in October, Fortis announced that it would sell its stake in RFS Holdings, which included all activities that had not been transferred yet to Fortis (i.e. everything except asset management).

Disposals outside of the Netherlands
In 2008, RFS Holdings completed the sale of a portfolio of private equity interests in 32 European companies managed by AAC Capital Partners to a consortium comprising Goldman Sachs, AlpInvest Partners and the Canada Pension Plan for $1.5 billion through a private equity secondary market transaction.

In September 2009, RBS rebranded the Morgans sharedealing business in Australia as RBS Morgans. This followed the rebranding of the ABN AMRO Australia unit to RBS Australia in March that year.

On 10 February 2010, RBS announced that branches it owned in India and the United Arab Emirates were to be rebranded under its name. HSBC Holdings said it would buy the Indian retail and commercial banking businesses of Royal Bank of Scotland for $1.8bn, however the deal fell-through in December 2012.

The operations owned by Santander, notably those in Italy and Brazil, were merged with Santander, sold or eliminated.

Dutch operations restructuring

The Dutch government had obtained full control of all Fortis operations in the Netherlands, including those parts of ABN-AMRO then belonging to Fortis, at a price of €16.8bn. The government and the De Nederlandsche Bank president have announced the merger of Dutch Fortis and ABN AMRO parts will proceed while the bank is in state ownership. This was completed in July 2010, when Fortis operations in the Netherlands were rebranded ABN AMRO.

In November 2008, a Belgian court dismissed a suit by shareholders of Fortis objecting to the Belgian government's handling of the Fortis/ABN AMRO transaction and subsequent break-up.

The Dutch government appointed former Dutch finance minister Gerrit Zalm as CEO to restructure and stabilise the bank, and in February 2010 the assets it owned were legally demerged from those owned by RBS. This demerger created two separate organisations, ABN AMRO Bank N.V. and The Royal Bank of Scotland N.V. The former was merged with ABN AMRO Private Banking, Fortis Bank Nederland, the private bank MeesPierson (formerly owned by the original ABN AMRO and Fortis) and the diamond bank International Diamond & Jewelry Group to create ABN AMRO Group N.V., with the Fortis name being dropped on 1 July 2010. The remaining parts of the original ABN AMRO still owned by The Royal Bank of Scotland N.V., meanwhile, were renamed, sold or closed. As part of the agreement with the European Commission on state aid in the restructuring, ABN AMRO sold Hollandsche Bank-Unie to Deutsche Bank in April 2010, together with another subsidiary, IFN Finance.

Post-restructuring history
ABN AMRO acquired the specialist on-line mortgage provider Direktbank Hypotheken as part of the nationalisation and from 1 January 2011, it stopped selling these products under this brand to the public. It absorbed the mortgage business into its own products under the ABN AMRO brand as well as Florius brand.

In November 2020, ABN Amro announced it would cut 2800 jobs and sell its head offices as a plan to reduce costs, hoping to save €700 million by 2024.

In December 2023, ABN AMRO acquired BUX to boost its digital presence for an undisclosed amount.

Operations
ABN AMRO Bank has offices in 15 countries with 32,000 employees, most of whom are based in the Netherlands with only 5,000 in other countries. Its operations include a private banking division which focuses on high-net-worth clients in 14 countries as well as commercial and merchant banking operations that play a major role in energy, commodities and transportation markets as well as brokerage, clearing, and custody.

In April 2022, ABN AMRO Bank announced the company had signed a multi-year subscription extension with Switzerland based Banking and financial software development organisation Temenos. The deal was made to support ABN AMRO with customer growth and overall business expansion on the Temenos Banking cloud.

Marketing
The bank refers to itself as ABN AMRO in all capitals, based on an acronym of the two originating banks names Algemene Bank Nederland and the Amsterdam and Rotterdam Bank, in the second case the first two letters of each city make up the word AMRO. The letters in 'ABN' are pronounced separately and 'AMRO' is pronounced as a word. For this reason some media spell the name as 'ABN Amro'. In written text both versions are used, although the bank itself uses only the uppercase version. In conversations, the bank is sometimes referred to as simply ABN or AMRO bank depending on one's location around the world.

The green and yellow shield logo was designed by Landor Associates for ABN AMRO in 1991, and has been used as a brand for the bank and all its subsidiaries.

ABN AMRO was the main sponsor of Dutch football club AFC Ajax of Amsterdam from 1991 to 2008. The sponsor logo was at the time the only one in the world to be printed vertically down the right hand side of the front of the shirt. As of 2014, ABN AMRO is one of the strategic industry partners with Duisenberg School of Finance.

The bank's former art collection has been managed since the end of 2007 by a dedicated foundation, the Stichting ABN AMRO Kunstverzameling.

Madoff fraud
As a result of the alleged fraud by Bernard Madoff, Fortis Bank Netherlands (Holding) NV lost 1 billion euros on loans from the bank (through its subsidiary Prime Fund Solutions, part of Fortis Merchant Banking) to hedge fund and as collateral investments in Bernard Madoff Investment Securities. The Dutch government said on behalf of Fortis that a claim against the Securities and Exchange Commission would be considered.

Goldman Sachs SEC lawsuit
ABN AMRO was mentioned by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in court filings when it sued Goldman Sachs and one of Goldman's collateralized debt obligation (CDO) traders on 16 April 2010. The SEC alleges that Goldman defrauded both IKB Deutsche Industriebank and ABN AMRO by its failure to disclose that the CDOs it sold to both banks were not assembled by a third party, but instead through the guidance of a hedge fund that was counterparty in the CDS transaction. This hedge fund, Paulson & Co., stood to reap great financial benefit in the event of default.

Diamond Financing
ABN AMRO bank is one of the main banks financing the diamond business. ABN AMRO had branches in Botswana, New York, Hong Kong, Mumbai and Dubai, all of which they have sold or are in process of closing. They currently only have a branch in Antwerp, where they are also shrinking their business.

Notable alumni

 * Vladimer Gurgenidze ― Prime Minister of Georgia (2007―2008)
 * John Hewson ― Member of the Australian House of Representatives (1987―1995)
 * Graeme Le Saux ― English football player
 * Anne Boden ― Founder of Starling Bank
 * Anita Van Tuijn-Dillen—niece of Philips CEO: Cor Dillen and Coen Dillen

title: ABN AMRO


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Walter Scott (Canadian politician)

Thomas Walter Scott (October 27, 1867 – March 23, 1938) was the first premier of Saskatchewan from 1905 to 1916. Scott was Saskatchewan's second longest-serving Premier, serving one continuous term from 1905 to 1916). He led the Saskatchewan Liberal Party in three general elections, winning all three with majority governments before retiring. He was the first of six Liberal Premiers to date.  He was succeeded by William Melville Martin. Scott was also the minister of various departments during his tenure as premier. Prior to the creation of Saskatchewan in 1905, Scott was a Member of Parliament in the federal House of Commons of Canada, elected in the general elections of 1900 and 1904.

Early life
Scott was born in 1867 in London Township, Ontario, in rural southwestern Ontario, the child of George Scott and Isabella Telfer. He was born out of wedlock, a fact he kept secret for his entire life. He moved to Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, in 1885, and then – at the age of 19 – to Regina, the capital of the North-West Territories, in 1886. He worked for and then ran a number of newspapers which supported the Liberal Party of Canada.

He became a partner in the Regina Standard from 1892 to 1893. From 1894 to 1895, he was the owner and editor of the Moose Jaw Times. Scott then bought the Regina Leader (known today as the Regina Leader-Post) in 1895, and was its editor until 1900.

During this period, Scott gained a measure of fame as pitcher for a local baseball team.

Federal politics: Creation of Saskatchewan
In 1900, Scott ran as a Liberal in the federal riding of Assiniboia West and was elected to the House of Commons. He was re-elected in 1904. During the discussions about creating provinces out of the North-West Territories, Scott initially supported territorial Premier Frederick Haultain's proposal to create one big province (to be named "Buffalo") out of what is today Alberta and Saskatchewan – but then converted to the two-province option favoured by Sir Wilfrid Laurier's Liberal government.

In February 1905, the federal Government of Canada introduced legislation to create the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan effective July 1, 1905 (Dominion Day). Premier Haultain was resolutely opposed to this legislation since 1) he wanted one big province, not two provinces; and 2) under the terms of the legislation, the federal government retained jurisdiction over public land. Haultain's opposition – along with opposition in the Commons to the act's provisions for denominational separate schools – delayed the passage of the bill. It did not receive royal assent as the Saskatchewan Act until July 20. It came into force on September 1, 1905, creating the province of Saskatchewan.

On August 16, 1905, the Liberal Party of Saskatchewan held a leadership convention. Scott was the lone candidate. During his speech to the convention, the new leader of the Saskatchewan Liberals confidently predicted that Saskatchewan would soon become Canada's "banner province".

After the passage of the Saskatchewan Act and the creation of the province, the final step was setting up the government. Frederick Haultain, as the Premier of the North-West Territories, was a natural candidate for being either the first Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan or the first Premier. However, Haultain's opposition to the division of the Territories into two provinces, the denial of natural resources, and the Catholic school provisions had led the federal government to mistrust him. Prime Minister Laurier therefore appointed Amédée E. Forget, the Lieutenant Governor of the North-West Territories since 1898, as the first Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan. Forget then named the 37-year-old Scott as Premier of Saskatchewan. Some believed that he acted on the advice of Laurier while he was staying with Forget at Government House for the celebration of the creation of Saskatchewan, but Laurier denied having given that advice. The appointment created some controversy, both in the Canadian capital of Ottawa and in Saskatchewan. Scott was sworn into office on September 12, 1905.

First administration (1905–1908)
The new province's first election was held on December 13, 1905. (Scott had arrived in Regina on December 13, 1886, so the day held sentimental value for him.) Scott's Liberals ran under the slogan "Peace, Progress, and Prosperity." Scott easily retained the premiership, with his Liberals winning 16 seats in the provincial legislature, while Haultain's newly created Provincial Rights Party won only 9. (Though the popular vote was closer than this would indicate, with 52% of the vote going to the Liberals and 47% to the PRP.)

Saskatchewan's first legislative session was convened at the end of March 1906. The major issue dominating this first session was the selection of a capital city. (Regina had only been named temporary capital.) Scott had assumed that Regina would remain the capital, but in May – at a secret meeting of the Liberal caucus – Scott was shocked to learn that two-thirds of his caucus supported moving the capital to Saskatoon. Scott insisted on Regina, though, and his caucus eventually fell in line – when the Liberal MLA from Saskatoon, W.C. Sutherland, introduced a resolution to move the capital to Saskatoon on May 23, 1906, the motion was defeated by a vote of 21–2 in the legislature.

Scott, who was the Minister of Public Works in addition to serving as Premier, now began a search for a suitable location for the new Legislative Building. In late June 1906, his cabinet formally approved the location of the current Legislature. They agreed to develop the area around the Legislature into a public park (Wascana Park), which is today the largest urban park in North America. Following a design competition, the commission for the new Legislative Building was awarded to Maxwells of Montreal in December 1907.

In 1907, Scott appointed the province's first Royal Commission, the Municipal Commission, to study the issue of local government. This resulted in the Rural Municipality Act of 1908–9, which created nearly 300 Rural Municipalities (a form of local government unique to Saskatchewan and Manitoba) which are each 324 sqmi in area. During this period, Scott was the first Commissioner, then Minister, for Municipal Affairs, in addition to his duties as premier.

A third major policy initiative during Scott's first premiership involved telephone service. In 1907, the government appointed telephone expert Francis Dagger to study the issue, and the result, in 1908, was Saskatchewan's famous solution of letting rural residents form mutual or co-operative companies to provide local phone services.

The Scott government also concerned itself with transportation. In 1906, the Scott government spent nearly $100,000 on highway construction – a figure which would increase tenfold over the course of Scott's first term in office. During this period, Scott also served as the Commissioner of Railways.

The Scott administration also undertook a major expansion of public education in Saskatchewan. Between 1905 and 1913, the number of public schools jumped from 405 to 2,747. Normal schools were opened in Regina and Saskatoon.

Scott was also very interested in higher education, having promised the creation of a provincial university during the 1905 election campaign. In spring 1907, the legislature passed the University Act, designed to create a university for the province. In August 1908, Walter Murray, a philosophy professor from the Maritimes, was appointed as the first president of the new institution, although the site of the university had not yet been determined.

During the winter of 1906-07, Scott suffered a bout of pneumonia. From this point on, he left the province every fall in search of a warmer setting. In total, he spent approximately half of his tenure as premier outside of the province.

Second administration (1908 – 1912)
In August 1908, Scott was re-elected as premier of Saskatchewan. For this election, the Legislature had been expanded to 41 seats, and Scott's Liberals won 27 of these seats. Also in 1908, the Scott government passed the Children's Protection Act to care for neglected and dependent children.

In April 1909, over the opposition of President Murray, the government decided to locate the new University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon. The university's first classes were held in the Drinkle Building downtown in September 1909, while plans were made to develop the university on the east side of the South Saskatchewan River on land well suited for agricultural research.

Since Scott favoured a policy of decentralization (evidenced in the university going to Saskatoon instead of Regina), he continued this policy. In 1907, he appointed a commission to decide where to locate the provincial insane asylum, with it eventually being built in North Battleford in 1913. Further pursuing his scheme of decentralization, Prince Albert was awarded the provincial penitentiary in 1911. In October 1909, the Governor General of Canada, the Earl Grey was on hand to lay the cornerstone of the Saskatchewan Legislature, which Premier Scott had recently decided should be made out of Tyndall stone.

Continuing the policy of encouraging the development of transportation facilities, in 1909 the government agreed to back railway construction bonds (up to a limit of $13,000/mile) to encourage the Canadian Northern Railway and the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway to build new lines in Saskatchewan. By the time of the Great War, this programme had created more than 1000 mi of new rail track in the province.

In 1910, Scott appointed another royal commission, the Magill Commission, to study the issue of grain elevators. In October, the commission rejected proposals to create government-owned elevators, opting instead for a system of elevators owned and operated co-operatively by farmers.

Third administration (1912 – 1916)
In the 1912 election, the Legislature was expanded again, and Scott's Liberals won 46 of the 54 ridings. By this point, their opposition – the Provincial Rights Party – had decided to re-join mainstream politics and renamed itself the Conservative Party. Haultain resigned as leader in the wake of the 1912 electoral defeat.

Saskatchewan's importance in Confederation and the wider British Empire was confirmed in October 1912 when the Legislative Building was officially opened by Queen Victoria's favourite son Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, who was then the Governor General.

Scott also served as Minister of Education in his third administration. In 1913, he introduced legislation to require religious minority ratepayers (i.e. Catholics) to support their own separate schools. This proposal met with fierce opposition from the Rev. Murdoch Mackinnon, pastor of Regina's Knox Presbyterian Church (Scott's own congregation) who was resolutely opposed to measures which would financially strengthen the position of the Roman Catholic Church. Mackinnon would remain a thorn in Scott's side – as late as 1919 fiercely denouncing Scott's compromise position of allowing up to 1 hour a day of French language instruction in public schools.

Another development in 1913 was the creation of a provincial Board of Censors to deal with the corrupting influence of new-fangled motion pictures.

With the commencement of hostilities in World War I, Scott called an emergency session of the Saskatchewan Legislature on September 15, 1914. He pledged that all government MLAs would contribute 10% of their salaries to the Canadian Patriotic Fund, and that the province would donate 1500 horses to the British war effort. The Leader of the Opposition immediately rose to applaud these measures, and the session ended with Liberal and Conservative members joining in a rousing chorus of God Save the King.

Scott had long claimed to be in favour of women's suffrage, but as of 1912, Scott was musing that women didn't really want the vote. Pressed on the matter in early 1914, he said that he didn't feel his government had a mandate from the people to enact such a major change as introducing female suffrage. When, however, in late 1915, Scott learned that Manitoba had enacted women's suffrage, he was quick to follow suit – introducing legislation on February 14, 1916, to allow women to vote.

Scott had longed opposed the prohibition of alcohol, but the war made it all but impossible to resist the pressure of temperance advocates. In a March 1915 speech in Oxbow, Scott announced that all drinking establishments in Saskatchewan would be closed as of July 1, to be replaced by provincially run liquor stores. This move would prove inadequate in the following months, as both Alberta and Manitoba enacted Prohibition. Sensing the sign of the times, Scott held a provincial referendum on the topic – the first time women had been allowed to vote in Saskatchewan – and in December 1916, 80% of Saskatchewan voters voted to ban alcohol in the province.

Scott's departure from politics by this time was virtually certain, for two main reasons. First, he had become increasingly prone to bouts of depression – with his outburst against his own pastor, Murdoch Mackinnon, during the debate about educational policy, serving as indication to his supporters that he was no longer entirely up for the job of premier.

Second, in February 1916, Conservative MLA J.E. Bradshaw alleged in the House that Liberals had been receiving kickbacks for highway work, liquor licences, and public building contracts. A Royal Commission was appointed, and several Liberal backbenchers were indicted and eventually convicted. Amidst the scandal, Scott stepped down as premier on October 16, 1916.

Electoral history
Scott was the second-longest serving Premier of Saskatchewan, with one continuous term, from September 6, 1905, to October 20, 1916. He was in office for a total of 23 years, 46 days. Scott led the provincial Liberals in three general elections, winning majority governments in all three (1905, 1908, 1912).

Scott was elected three times to the Legislative Assembly and twice to the federal House of Commons. He was never defeated at the polls.

Scott is one of only four Saskatchewan premiers to win three or more majority governments, the others being Tommy Douglas, Allan Blakeney, and Brad Wall. Scott and the Liberals won over 50% of the popular vote in each of the three general elections, and also increased their number of seats in the second and third elections. The only other Saskatchewan premier to match this feat to date has been Brad Wall.

1905 General election
The first general election matched Scott and the Liberals against Haultain, former Premier of the North-West Territories, and the Provincial Rights Party. Scott and the Liberals won a substantial majority over Haultain.

1 Premier of Saskatchewan when election was called; Premier after the election. 2 Premier of the North-West Territories prior to creation of Saskatchewan; Leader of the Opposition after the election.

1908 General election
Scott again led the Liberal Party in the second general election, on August 14, 1908. Haultain was again his opponent, for the Provincial Rights Party. Scott was returned to office.

1 Premier when election was called; Premier after the election. 2 Leader of the Opposition when election was called; Leader of the Opposition after the election.

1912 General election
Scott again led the Liberal Party in the third general election, on July 11, 1912. The Provincial Rights Party by this time had re-named itself the Conservative Party of Saskatchewan, now led by Wellington Willoughby. Scott was returned to office.

1 Premier when election was called; Premier after the election. 2 Leader of the Opposition when election was called; Leader of the Opposition after the election. 3 The Legislative Assembly had 54 seats, but the election in Cumberland was declared void, resulting in a vacancy in the Assembly until a by-election was called on September 8, 1913.

Saskatchewan constituency elections
Scott stood for election to the Legislative Assembly three times, in two different ridings. He was elected each time.

1905 General election: Lumsden
E Elected.

1908 General election: Swift Current
E Elected.

1912 General election: Swift Current
E Elected. X Incumbent.

Federal constituency elections, 1900 and 1904
Scott stood for election to the House of Commons twice, in the riding of Assiniboia West, North-West Territories. He was elected both times.

Life after public office
Scott travelled widely in the years following his departure from public life in 1916. His mental health never allowed him to re-engage in politics or public affairs, nor any significant employment. He ultimately settled in Victoria, British Columbia, with his wife. His mental health did not improve and in 1936 he was committed to a private psychiatric home in Ontario for well-off patients. He died there in 1938 and is buried in Victoria. The circumstances of his death were not made public in Saskatchewan.

Honours

The Walter Scott Memorial was unveiled in 2012 in Wascana Centre, coinciding with the 100th anniversary of the Saskatchewan Legislative Building. The memorial is a full figured bronze statue of Scott facing the Legislative Building, holding a blueprint of the building, which he oversaw construction of while premier.

The Walter Scott Building on Albert Street in Regina was named in Scott's honour, and is the home of many provincial government agencies and departments.

In 2000, Gordon Barnhart, former Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan, released the first detailed biography of Walter Scott.

A bust of Scott was commissioned by the provincial government as part of its "Millennial Busts" project.

Scott Collegiate, a high school in Regina, is named after Scott.

title: Walter Scott (Canadian politician)


text:
Hillside

Hillside may refer to the side of a hill.

Australia

 * Hillside mine, a proposed mine on the Yorke Peninsula, South Australia
 * Hillside, New South Wales
 * Hillside, Victoria, a suburb of Melbourne

Canada

 * Hillside, Nova Scotia

United Kingdom

 * Hillside, Merseyside, a suburb of Southport
 * Hillside railway station, the railway station serving Hillside, Merseyside
 * Hillside, Angus, Scotland

United States

 * Hillside, Colorado
 * Hillside, Illinois
 * Hillside, Indianapolis, Indiana
 * Hillside, New Jersey
 * Hillside, New York
 * Hillside, Wisconsin
 * Hillside, Portland, Oregon, a neighborhood in Northwest Portland

Zimbabwe

 * Hillside, Harare

United Kingdom

 * Hillside, Brighton and Hove

United States

 * Hillside (Norfolk, Connecticut)
 * Hillside (Davenport, Iowa)
 * Hillside (Plymouth, Massachusetts)
 * Hillside (Natchez, Mississippi)
 * Hillside (Greensboro, North Carolina)
 * Hillside (Carlisle, South Carolina)
 * Hillside (Charles Town, West Virginia)

Entertainment

 * Hillside (TV series)
 * "Hillside", a song by E-40 from his 2011 album Revenue Retrievin': Overtime Shift

title: Hillside


text:
Alfred Drake

Alfred Drake (October 7, 1914 – July 25, 1992) was an American actor and singer.

Biography
Born as Alfred Capurro in New York City, the son of parents emigrated from Recco, Genoa, Drake began his Broadway career while still a student at Brooklyn College. He is best known for his leading roles in the original Broadway productions of Oklahoma! and Kiss Me, Kate and for playing Marshall Blackstone in the original production of Babes in Arms, (in which he sang the title song) and Hajj in Kismet, for which he received the Tony Award. He was also a prolific Shakespearean, notably starring as Benedick in Much Ado About Nothing opposite Katharine Hepburn.

Drake was mostly a stage and television actor; he starred in only one film, Tars and Spars (1946), but played several roles on television, including providing the voice for the Great Ak in the Rankin-Bass stop-motion animated adaptation of the L. Frank Baum novel The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus. He appeared in a minor film role as president of the commodities exchange in the classic comedy Trading Places (1983), with Eddie Murphy and Dan Aykroyd. His first musical television appearance was as Captain Dick Warrington in the January 15, 1955 live telecast of the operetta Naughty Marietta. This followed by his portrayal of Marco Polo in Neil Simon's The Adventures of Marco Polo on NBC Television's musical anthology series Max Liebman Presents in 1956.

Drake headlined the musical stage version of Jean-Paul Sartre's "Kean" on Broadway in 1961 with a score by Forrest and Wright, although it was a major flop. His 1964 stage performance as Claudius in the Richard Burton Hamlet was filmed live on the stage of the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre, using a "quickie" process called Electronovision, and shown in movie theatres in a very limited engagement. It was also recorded on LP. His final appearance in a Broadway musical was in 1973-74 as Honoré Lachaille in Lerner and Loewe's Gigi. Two years later he starred in a revival of The Skin of Our Teeth.

As a director he staged the 1974 premiere of The Royal Rape of Ruari Macasmunde at the Virginia Museum Theater. He was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame in 1981.

He was also a published author – writing at least a few plays: Dr. Willy Nilly, an adaptation of Molière's The Doctor in Spite of Himself, an adaptation of Goldoni's The Liar, and even at least one book on cards (specifically Gin rummy).

Drake was president of The Players from 1970 to 1978, a social club in New York City for people of the theatre, started in 1889 by actor Edwin Booth.

Death
Alfred Drake died of heart failure, after a long fight with cancer, in New York City on July 25, 1992, at age 77. He was survived by his wife Esther, his two daughters Candace Olmsted and Samantha Drake, and two grandchildren.

Theatre credits

 * The Gondoliers (1935)
 * The Yeomen of the Guard (1935)
 * The Pirates of Penzance (1935)
 * The Mikado (1935)
 * White Horse Inn (1936)
 * Babes in Arms (1937)
 * The Two Bouquets (1938)
 * One for the Money (1939)
 * The Straw Hat Revue (1939)
 * Two for the Show (1940)
 * Out of the Frying Pan (1941)
 * As You Like It (1941)
 * Oklahoma! (1943)
 * Sing Out, Sweet Land (1944)
 * Beggar's Holiday (1946)
 * The Cradle Will Rock (1947)
 * Kiss Me, Kate (1948)
 * Joy to the World (1948)
 * The Liar (1950)
 * Courtin' Time (1951) – rare outing as a director
 * The King and I (1952)
 * The Gambler (1952)
 * Kismet (1953)
 * Marco Polo (1954)
 * Kean (1961)
 * Zenda (1963)
 * Lorenzo (1963)
 * Hamlet (1964), directed by Sir John Gielgud, with Richard Burton as co-star
 * Those That Play the Clowns (1966)
 * Song of the Grasshopper (1967)
 * After You, Mr. Hyde (1968)
 * On Time (1968)
 * Gigi (1973)
 * The Royal Rape of Ruari Macasmunde (1974) directed by Drake at the Virginia Museum Theater with Keith Fowler as Sir Roger Casement
 * The Skin of Our Teeth (1975)
 * Gambler's Paradise (1975)

Radio

 * Musical Comedy Theatre (1952) ("The Barkleys of Broadway")

title: Alfred Drake


text:
INSYS

INSYS was formed in October 2001 by a management buy-out of Hunting Engineering and was subsequently acquired by Lockheed Martin UK Holdings, Ltd., a subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation in October 2005.

INSYS's products included lightweight anti-tank weapons such as the LAW 80 or the BL755 cluster bombs. As part of Lockheed Martin UK it undertakes the certification and supply of the WAH-64 Apache helicopter munitions. Support equipment includes the in-service and future Biological Detection Systems, field hospitals, power generation and supply.

title: INSYS


text:
User:MINDBOMB

Most of what, hell all of what I have tried to contribute has been removed including the link to my web page http://fruitofislam.com I believe this has been done by people with very little true understanding of the nature of islam its roots and its future.(Or people who have a very good understanding of islam and don't want that information deseminated) Personal attacks have been made against me by people who don't know me none of this surprises me. After 9/11 I found a thirst to find out about islam after visiting websites to learn about islam many sites where slowly changing or removed altogether the old pages of some of the site can be found on my site or on the way back machine internet archive. I had always believe that the God of Christianity Judaism and islam was the same God. I now know this is not true.The gospel of islam and Christ are as opposite as possible. islam is a Scam created to acquire money sex and power nothing more it was contrived by man and co-opted by Satan. I had hope for so much more when I learned this I was devastated. heartbroken for the billions who had and will lose their only possession to such a worthless scam. Many can be saved from the dreadful inevitability that comes from following a false prophet all they need to do is learn what it says in the quran and the haddith realize it is 20%incomprehensible gobbledygook.the rest is lies threats plagiarized and twisted bible stories

Islam is not a religion of peace it is a spiteful revenge scheme concocted

by muhahamods money grubbing wife built on polytheistic practices of the time.

I plead with every muslim to learn all they can about where islam came from. Stop the hate. Stop the ignorance.

m.bomb@verizon.net

Muhammad’s Terrorist Dogma Islam, in His Own Words

Terror: Bukhari Allah’s Apostle said, “I have been made victorious with terror!” Qur’an I shall terrorize the infidels. So wound their bodies and incapacitate them. Tabari The battle cry was: “Kill! Kill! Kill!” Fighting: Bukhari Fighting in Allah’s Cause is better than the world and whatever is in it. Qur’an Wipe the infidels out to the last. War: Qur’an Fight and kill the disbelievers wherever you find them. Take them captive, harass them, and ambush them using every stratagem of war. Qur’an Fight them till all opposition ends and the only religion is Islam. Ishaq We are pledging ourselves to wage war against all mankind. Murder: Tabari Killing disbelievers is a small matter to us. Bukhari The Prophet had their men killed, their women and children taken as captives. Ishaq The prophet declared, “Kill every Jew.” Torture: Qur’an Crucify them or cut off a hand and foot on opposite sides. Ishaq Muhammad ordered, “Torture him until you root out what he has.” Thievery: Qur’an Booty is lawful and good. Tabari Muhammad began seizing their herds and property bit by bit. Stupidity: Bukhari The Prophet said, “I have been caused by Allah to forget the Qur’an. So keep reciting it because the Qur’an escapes faster than a runaway camel.” Bukhari Satan circulates in human beings as blood flows in our bodies. Science: Bukhari If a man has sexual intercourse and gets discharge first, the child will resemble him. Tabari Gabriel brings the sun a garment of luminosity. It is longer in the summer. The sun puts it on as you put on your clothes. Tabari The sun tumbles from its chariot, causing a total eclipse. Tolerance: Bukhari If a Muslim discards his religion, kill him. Qur’an Prepare against the infidels whatever arms and weaponry you can muster so that you can terrorize them. Freedom: Qur’an No Muslim has any choice after Allah and his Apostle have decided a matter. Racism: Ishaq The Prophet said, “If a black man comes to you, his heart more gross than a donkey’s.” Women: Tabari The Prophet married Aisha. At the time, she was six. Qur’an You may take whomever you desire. Bukhari I was shown hell, and the majority of its dwellers were women. Money: Tabari What is this religion? Muhammad claims Allah has sent him with this religion so that the treasures of Persia and Rome will be given to him by conquest. Demons: Bukhari A person missed the morning prayer, so the Prophet said, “Satan urinated in his ears.” Ishaq Muhammad said, “Woe is me. I am possessed.” Deception: Qur’an Allah has sanctioned the dissolution of your vows. Qur’an Allah is not bound by treaties. Bukhari War is deceit. Qur’an You have in the Messenger a beautiful pattern of conduct to follow.

The above can be read in its entirety @ http://www.prophetofdoom.net/ Craig Winn has forensically exposed the "holy writing" of islam it is available online free of charge and must be read by every muslim so they know what it is they believe. It is a complete autopsy taking virtually every  sentence  from all of the five most accurate and excepted translations (of the quran & haddith) in chronological order. Muhammad and islam are destroyed be they very words that make up the religion.

title: User:MINDBOMB


text:
Sudan Airways

Sudan Airways (الخطوط الجوية السودانية) is the national airline of Sudan, headquartered in Khartoum. Since 2012, the company has been fully owned by the Government of Sudan.

One of the oldest African carriers, it was formed in February 1946 and started scheduled operations in July the following year. , Sudan Airways had 1,700 employees. The airline has been included in the list of air carriers banned in the European Union.

History
An Air Advisory Board was formed in 1945 to assess on the feasibility of starting air services in the country, recommending to set up an air company with the aid of foreign carriers that would provide their technical and management expertise. Initially, the new airline would restrict its operations to on-demand services. Sudan Airways was formed in February 1946 with the technical assistance of Airwork Limited, and the commercial support of Sudan Railways.

The initial fleet was composed of four de Havilland Doves, with test flights commencing in April 1947. The first scheduled operations were launched in July the same year, with the first timetable being published in September. Khartoum became Sudan Airways' hub from the very beginning. From there, the carrier started flying four different services all across the Sudanese territory, as well as to Eritrea. The first routes the company flew linked Khartoum with Asmara, Atbara, El Fashir, El Obeid, Geneina, Juba, Kassala, Malakal, and Port Sudan, all of them served by de Havilland Dove aircraft. An Airwork Viking flew the Blackbushe–Khartoum long-haul route. A fifth Dove was ordered in January 1948. That year, a route to Wadi Halfa was launched. Sudan Railways withdrew from the airline's management in 1949; the government and Airwork continued running the company thereafter.

Kassala and Asmara were removed from the airline list of destinations in 1952. In February that year, a fifth Dove was phased in. There was such a demand for flying that the toilets on the Doves were removed to make room for more seats, with these aircraft even carrying passengers in the cockpit. This prompted the airline to look for newer and bigger airliners, with the Douglas DC-3 and the de Havilland Heron being under consideration. Flown with Austers and Doves, by March 1953 the carrier was operating a domestic network that was 3000 mi long. That year, the carrier incorporated the first four DC-3s into the fleet. The boost in capacity allowed the company to carry both passengers and mail, to introduce new regular routes to Cairo and Wad Medani, and to carry out aerial survey tasks for the government. Also in 1953, the Chadian city of Abeche was made part of the route network, whereas regular flights to Jeddah were launched in June 1954. Services to Athens commenced in the mid-1950s. Two more DC-3s were bought in 1956. In 1958, after taking office, the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces decided to expand the carrier's international operations. A seventh DC-3 was incorporated into the fleet that year. Long-haul services started in June 1959 between Khartoum and London via Rome –the so-called "Blue Nile" service – using a Viscount 831 that was acquired new earlier that year in a joint venture with British United Airways. Beirut was added to the destination network in November the same year. Also in 1959, the airline joined IATA.

By April 1960, the fleet included seven DC-3s, four Doves, and a Viscount 831. The latter aircraft was used to resume operations to Asmara in December 1960. Aimed at replacing the DC-3s and the Doves in domestic and regional routes, the airline acquired three Fokker F27s in October that year; these were delivered in early 1962, with the first of them being deployed on domestic routes, making Sudan Airways the first African airline in operating the type. Also in 1962, two Comet 4Cs were bought in May, intended as a replacement of the Viscount service; Sudan Airways had considered the acquisition of two jets for deployment on the ″Blue Nile″ route since the frequency on the service was increased to twice weekly in 1961. The airline took delivery of the first Comet in November 1962, and the second aircraft of the type was delivered a month later. Comets commenced flying the ″Blue Nile″ service in January 1963; that year, the frequency was again increased to operate three times a week. The ″Blue Nile″ service first served Frankfurt in May 1963. Also in 1962, a fourth Friendship was ordered. In 1967, the company became a corporation run on a commercial basis; also, three Twin Otters were ordered as a replacement for the DC-3s. The first of these aircraft joined the fleet in 1968; the second aircraft of the type delivered to the company was the  produced by de Havilland Canada.

By March 1970, the route network totaled 12872 mi, with international destinations including Aden, Addis Ababa, Asmara, Athens, Beirut, Cairo, Entebbe, Fort Lamy, Jeddah, London, Nairobi and Rome. At this time, the fleet was composed of two Comet 4Cs, three DC-3s, four F-27s and three Twin Otters. The last passenger DC-3 left the fleet in 1971. In 1972, the Comets were put on sale and were replaced by two Boeing 707s leased from British Midland. Sudan Airways ordered two Boeing 707-320Cs in 1973, for delivery in June and July 1974. Pending delivery of two Boeing 737-200Cs ordered a year earlier, the two Boeing 707-320Cs were part of the fleet by March 1975, along with five F-27s, three Twin Otters, and a single DC-3.

The company had 2,362 employees at April 2000, with an aircraft park that included one Airbus A300-600, one Airbus A300-600R, three Boeing 707-320Cs, one Boeing 727-200, one Boeing 737-200C and one Fokker F27-600. By this time, the airline provided scheduled services to Abu Dhabi, Addis Ababa, Al Ain, Amman, Bangui, Cairo, Damascus, Doha, Dongola, Dubai, El Fasher, El Obeid, Eldebba, Geneina, Istanbul, Jeddah, Juba, Kano, Lagos, London, Malakal, Merowe, Muscat, Ndjamena, Niamey, Nyala, Paris, Port Sudan, Riyadh, Sanaa, Sharjah, Tripoli, Wadi Halfa and Wau. In 2007, the Sudanese government privatised the airline, maintaining only a 30% stake of the national carrier. The Kuwaiti private group that owned 49% of the shares since then sold its stake back to the state in 2011.

In the wake of the crash of Flight 109, in June 2008 the airline was grounded following an indefinite suspension of its operating certificate by the Sudanese government, despite the fact that it was stated as not being in connection with the accident. This decision was later rolled back, and the company was allowed to resume operations.

In 2017, it was announced that the Sudanese President Omar al Bashir signed several cooperation agreements with King Salman of Saudi Arabia during a visit to Riyadh. Among the agreements was a pledge from the Saudi General Authority of Civil Aviation to restructure SAR22.5 million riyals (US$6 million) worth of debt. In addition, provisions for fleet renewal at Sudan Airways were also made. It was reported Saudi Arabia may equip the Sudan Airways with fourteen aircraft including three B777s, three A320-200s, six Embraer Regional Jets, and two A330-200s.

Following the lifting of American sanctions in 2017, Sudan Airways announced plans to revive its fleet.

EU ban
In late March 2010, all Sudan-based airlines were banned by the European Union (EU) from flying into or within the member states. All the subsequent released ban lists included all airlines with an operator's certificate issued in Sudan as banned to operate into the member countries of the EU.

Key people
, the CEO position was held by Yasir Timo.

Headquarters
Sudan Airways has its headquarters in Khartoum.

Destinations

Following is a list of destinations served by Sudan Airways,. Terminated destinations are also shown.

Current

The Sudan Airways fleet consists of the following aircraft :

Retired
The company has flown the following aircraft throughout its history:

 * Airbus A300B4-600R
 * Airbus A300-600
 * Airbus A300-600F
 * Airbus A310-200
 * Airbus A310-300
 * Antonov An-24T
 * Antonov An-24RV
 * Antonov An-74TK
 * Boeing 707-120B
 * Boeing 707-320B
 * Boeing 707-320C
 * Boeing 720-020
 * Boeing 727-200
 * Boeing 737-200
 * Boeing 737-200C
 * Boeing 737-400
 * Boeing 737-500
 * Boeing 757-200
 * C-130H
 * Comet 4C
 * de Havilland Dove
 * DHC-6 Twin Otter
 * Douglas C-47B
 * Douglas DC-8-30
 * Douglas DC-8-60
 * DC-9-80
 * Fokker F27-200
 * Fokker F27-400
 * Fokker F27-500
 * Fokker F27-600
 * Fokker 50
 * Ilyushin Il-18D
 * Ilyushin Il-18V
 * L-1011-1
 * L-1011-500
 * McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30
 * Viscount 800
 * Yak-42D

Accidents and incidents
According to Aviation Safety Network, Sudan Airways records 21 accidents/incidents, 7 of them leading to fatalities. The worst accident experienced by the company took place in July 2003 near Port Sudan, when 117 people lost their lives on an emergency landing. All events included in the list below carried with the hull-loss of the aircraft involved.

title: Sudan Airways


text:
John Alden Dix

John Alden Dix (December 25, 1860 – April 9, 1928) was an American businessman and politician who served as 38th governor of New York from January 1911 to January 1913.

A native of Glens Falls, New York, Dix attended Cornell University before becoming active in several Dix family business ventures. He later expanded into the lumber and paper industries, where his success made him wealthy.

Dix became active in politics as a Democratic Party, and served terms as chairman of the Washington County Democratic Committee and the New York State Democratic Committee. In 1908, Dix was an unsuccessful candidate for Lieutenant Governor of New York.

In 1910, Dix was the successful Democratic nominee for governor, and he served one two-year term, January 1911 to December 1912. His term was largely concerned with issues of workplace safety in the wake of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire. In 1912, Dix ran for reelection, but lost the Democratic nomination to William Sulzer.

After leaving the governorship, Dix returned to management of his business interests. In retirement he became a resident of Santa Barbara, California. He died in New York City in 1928, and was buried in Albany, New York.

Life
Born in Glens Falls, New York, he was the son of James Lawton Dix (1816–1888) and his wife, Laura (née Stevens) Dix (1827–1893). His maternal great-grandparents, Ozias (1750–1835) and Lucy Hatch Dix (1752–1831), were first cousins. His second cousin, twice removed is Daniel H. Wells.

Dix graduated from Glens Falls Academy and attended Cornell University from 1879 to 1882. He was an initiated member of the Beta Charge of the Theta Delta Chi fraternity.

After college, Dix was employed in the Dix family businesses, including a quarry and a machine shop. He then began a career as the owner of several businesses in the lumber and paper making industry, the success of which made him wealthy.

He married Gertrude Alden Thomson, the daughter of Albany lumber merchant Lemon Thomson, who was Dix's business partner. Gertrude's sister, Nancy Sherman Thomson (1867–1927), was married to State Senator Curtis N. Douglas (1856–1919).

Political career
Dix also became involved in politics, including serving as a delegate to the 1904 Democratic National Convention, and chairman of the Washington County and New York State Democratic Committees. In 1906, he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic nomination for governor at the party's state convention.

In 1908, Dix was the Democratic nominee for Lieutenant Governor of New York on the ticket with Lewis S. Chanler, but was defeated.

Dix ran for governor again in 1910; he won the Democratic nomination, and won the November general election. During his term, Dix established a New York State Factory Commission to investigate factory conditions, a reaction to the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire; as a result of the commission's work, 32 worker safety laws were enacted by the legislature and approved by Dix. After a fire destroyed a large portion of the state capitol building, Dix successfully advocated state legislation that improved fire safety regulations and building codes.

Other Dix accomplishments in office included creation of the state Conservation Commission, the law authorizing direct primary elections, and a law limiting work weeks to 54 hours. In 1912 he was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention. He also ran for reelection in 1912, but lost the Democratic nomination to William Sulzer.

Death and burial
After leaving office Dix retired to Santa Barbara, California. He was also active in civic endeavors including service on the Cornell University board of trustees. In 1912, he received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Hamilton College.

Mrs. Dix died in Santa Barbara in 1923; the couple had no children.

Dix died in New York City on April 9, 1928, and was buried at Albany Rural Cemetery in Menands.

The other Governor Dix
John Alden Dix had the same first and last name as Union General and Governor of New York John Adams Dix, and was often referred to in the press as a nephew or a first cousin once removed of John Adams Dix. In fact, John Alden Dix had no known family relationship with John Adams Dix.

Trivia
Governor Dix planned to sail to Europe with his wife on April 20, 1912, aboard the RMS Titanic. For obvious reasons this journey was canceled.

title: John Alden Dix


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Game call

A game call is a device that is used to mimic animal noises to attract or drive animals to a hunter. Animal species attracted to game calls include deer, turkey, ducks, geese, moose, elk, raccoons, wild pigs, coyotes, bears, wolves, cougars, foxes, quails, squirrels, chipmunks, and crows.

title: Game call


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The Wild Party (poem)

The Wild Party is a book-length narrative poem, written by Joseph Moncure March, who also wrote The Set-Up.

Published in 1926 by Pascal Covici, Inc., the poem was widely banned, first in Boston, for having content viewed as lewd. The poem was a success notwithstanding, and perhaps in part due to, the controversy surrounding the work. March's subsequent projects were more mainstream.

The poem tells the story of show people Queenie and her lover Burrs, who live in a decadent style that March depicts as unique to Hollywood. They decide to have one of their parties, complete with illegal bathtub gin and the couple's colorful, eccentric and egocentric friends, but the party unfolds with more tumultuous goings-on than planned.

Some love is fire: some love is rust: But the fiercest, cleanest love is lust. And their lust was tremendous. It had the feel Of hammers clanging; and stone; and steel: And torches of the savage, roaring kind That rip through iron, and strike men blind: Of long trains crashing through caverns under Grey trembling streets, like angry thunder: Of engines throbbing; and hoarse steam spouting; And feet tramping; and great crowds shouting. A lust so savage, they could have wrenched The flesh from bone, and not have blenched.

A new hardcover edition was released in 1994 with the subtitle The Lost Classic. It featured about fifty black-and-white illustrations by Art Spiegelman, a long-time admirer of the poem. In his introduction to the volume, Spiegelman recalls his first meeting with writer William Burroughs. He indicates that the conversation was stilted until Spiegelman asked if the elderly Burroughs had ever encountered March's poem. "Burroughs had first read the book in 1938, when he was a graduate student at Harvard," Spiegelman wrote. "'The Wild Party,' [Burroughs] mused '...It's the book that made me want to be a writer.'" Spiegelman recalls that Burroughs then recited the opening couplet of the poem, in a manner that gave Spiegelman the impression that Burroughs could have continued the recitation, perhaps even to the final lines.

The Wild Party was adapted into a film version in 1975, and two stage musicals, both produced in New York City in the same 1999–2000 theater season. Michael John LaChiusa's version, directed by George C. Wolfe was mounted on Broadway and the other version, by Andrew Lippa, performed off-Broadway. The Wild Party has been translated into French, German and Spanish.

An altered quote from the first two lines of "Part II, ch. 9" was used in the 1959 Ian Fleming novel Goldfinger, although Fleming did not credit March. He also changed the word "fiercest" to "finest".

title: The Wild Party (poem)


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Talk:Harold Godwinson

Harold's coronation
My edit citing Robin Fleming in ODNB for Harold's coronation being the first in Westminster Abbey and deleting the citation of the Westminster Abbey as saying that this is uncertain has been reverted. An anomyous summary on an abbey website is not a reliable source for eleventh century history and also the wiki version which I revised is ambiguous. It appears to say that it is uncertain whether Harold's coronation was the first in the abbey, whereas the website says it is uncertain whether he was crowned there. Frank Barlow in his biography of Edward p. 254 also says that Harold was crowned there, so that is two reliable sources against one doubtful one. I have therefore reverted back to my version. Dudley Miles (talk) 13:09, 2 April 2019 (UTC)

Article Title Change
The article is currently titles as "Harold Godwinson" which is not as widely used as Harold II of England Which is both a better descriptor as well as more uniform with other historical monarchs' article titles. It looks like the article originally was titled "Harold II of England" and was changed to "Harold Godwinson" at some point. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Doc2830 (talk • contribs) 20:33, 24 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Hi Doc2830 - it is possible to change article titles, but you would need sourcing to establish that it's the more common name (I'm personally more familiar with Harold Godwinson) and you'd need to gain a consensus here. Do you have any sources to support the notion that he is more widely known as Harold II of England? Cheers Girth Summit  (blether)  20:53, 24 July 2019 (UTC)
 * I don't know why you claim that Harold II is more commonly used, because as far as I know and find in my history books, Harold Godwinson is a more common name for this monarch. So I don't think such an article change is really warranted... -- fdewaele, 24 July 2019, 23:16 CET.
 * As per fdeawaele, and unless you can show evidence that Harold II is more common AND gain consensus that the the article should be renamed, the status quo should remain. I have therefore reverted the name change pending such consensus. DerbyCountyinNZ  (Talk Contribs) 04:46, 25 July 2019 (UTC)
 * I note that a previous request for a page move (to Harold II of England) was clearly rejected here and re-iterated here. DerbyCountyinNZ  (Talk Contribs) 04:53, 25 July 2019 (UTC)

King Zedekiah
Watched a podcast with Marc Morris recently, in which he suggested that the arrow-in-the-eye tale may have been a deliberate reference to the Biblical King Zedekiah, who was an unfaithful vassal of the Babylonians (similar to what the Normans claimed Harold to be). He saw his sons killed in front of him (brothers in Harold's case) before being blinded.Paulturtle (talk) 06:21, 13 November 2021 (UTC)
 * We would need a better source than a podcast but it seems unlikely that the Normans would have wanted to identify with the Babylonian destruction of the temple of Jerusalem. Dudley Miles (talk) 08:59, 13 November 2021 (UTC)
 * As I am sure you know, there has been a good bit of scholarship discussing on the arrow in Harold's eye. Even with a better quality source, it would probably still be an WP:UNDUE drop in this bucket of speculation.  Not every novel take from a scholar, even a respected one, trying to squeeze one more paper for their CV out of thoroughly-tread history is fit for a general biography. Agricolae (talk) 12:35, 13 November 2021 (UTC)

Well, I’m not sure any of that is true – stating that the Normans would not have wanted to be compared to Nebuchadnezzar (who is, after all, portrayed as a mighty ruler in the Bible) looks like overthinking things, and if it was a recognised trope of art or literature at the time that a perjurer or disloyal vassal received a blinding injury in the course of meeting his end then it’s probably worth a brief mention. Morris discusses the matter on p 185 of his book on the Norman Conquest, sourced to a 1983 article by somebody else. He also argues that the story of Harold being hunted down and killed by a squad of Norman knights is very plausible because Norman sources ignore rather than denying it, and that it’s perfectly possible with so many arrows flying around that King Harold actually did just get an arrow in the eye. Still, it’s “not my period” and I’ve no real interest in having an argument about it.Paulturtle (talk) 04:49, 29 November 2021 (UTC)

Which Edith?
The present text of the "Marriages and children" section makes it hard to tell how many Ediths there were, and hard to know for certain which Edith is being referred to each time that name appears. It's probably clear enough to those who already know the facts, but someone learning the facts here for the first time might be lost. I certainly was. TooManyFingers (talk) 14:22, 9 September 2022 (UTC)
 * I have hopefully clarified this. Dudley Miles (talk) 15:48, 9 September 2022 (UTC)

Harold's death
@User:Ealdgyth can you please explain the reason for repealing the edits clarifying the dispute surrounding Harold death. 51.7.67.215 (talk) 14:34, 29 April 2023 (UTC)
 * It had unsourced speculation/conclusion drawing - we don't do that. "however, this would not account for the Tapestry's prior depiction of a lance and the figure to the left (who would be the first instance of Harold in the case of being lanced then dismembered) does not have an arrow wound." and "In the case that Harold was lanced and then dismembered the Tapestry's prior depiction of a lance would suggest that he was speared in the back, potentially in an act of treachery." Ealdgyth (talk) 15:05, 29 April 2023 (UTC)
 * In that case the correct course of action would be to request a source/correction, or in the extreme remove that speculation, not to repeal the whole edit (which had other edits as well) forcing other users to redo those edits and potentially creating a dispute.
 * Some might consider such a repeal, or even wholesale removal of text, (rather than a request for citation) to be vandalism. 51.7.67.215 (talk) 15:49, 29 April 2023 (UTC)
 * For "correction" please read "citation" 51.7.67.215 (talk) 15:52, 29 April 2023 (UTC)

@User:Ealdgyth again you are deleting edits rather than requesting references. As advised before, if you disagree with an edit the proper course of action is to request a reference to the academic work that supports it, not for you to delete text that you disagree with. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 51.7.67.215 (talk) 12:48, 2 May 2023 (UTC)
 * If there are sources to support the edits - they should be used. The material has been challenged, it should not be restored without reliable sources. And inserting the information into already sourced information does not count as being sourced, nor does historytoday.com Ealdgyth (talk) 13:16, 2 May 2023 (UTC)
 * @user:ealdgyth new sources for the information were included in the edit, deleting edits without requesting refernces prevents additional sources being added to the update. 51.7.67.215 (talk) 14:15, 2 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Harold Godwinson


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County of Brant

The County of Brant (2021 population 39,474) is a single-tier municipality in the Canadian province of Ontario. Although it retains the word "county" in its name, the municipality is a single-tier municipal government and has no upper tier. The County of Brant has service offices in Burford, Paris, Oakland, Onondaga and St. George. The largest population centre (2021 population 14,956) is Paris.

The County of Brant is a predominantly rural municipality in Southern Ontario. The County is bordered by the township of North Dumfries in the Regional Municipality of Waterloo; the City of Hamilton; Haldimand County; Norfolk County; and the townships of Blandford-Blenheim and Norwich in Oxford County. The County abuts the provincially-mandated Greenbelt. Although the city of Brantford is surrounded by the County, it is a fully independent city with its own municipal government. The Brant census division, which includes Brantford and the Six Nations and New Credit reserves along with the County of Brant, had a population of 144,771 in the 2021 census.

The County is named after Joseph Brant and was established in 1851. Brantford separated from the County when it incorporated as a city in 1877. Part of the County is situated on the Haldimand Tract, traditional territory of the Neutral, Mississauga, and Haudenosaunee peoples.

History
The area had previously been part of Wentworth and Oxford County. Brant County was formed in 1851 and originally consisted of:
 * Brantford Township (Brantford, Paris, Mount Pleasant, Cainsville), Area 71122 acre. First settlement made before 1810. The township was organized in 1840.
 * Burford Township (Burford, Scotland), Area 71122 acre. First of the midland townships to have settlers. Surveyed in 1793, four families settled on the land before 1800.
 * Oakland Township (Scotland, Oakland), Area 10676 acre. Originally called the Townsend Gore, then the Burford Gore, but organized a separate municipality in 1850.
 * Onondaga Township (Onondaga, Middleport), Area 20613 acre. First settled in 1838 within Oxford County. The formal surrender of the township by local Indigenous peoples did not take place until 1839.
 * South Dumfries Township (Paris, St. George, Glen Morris), Area 46265 acre.
 * Tuscarora Township (Six Nations Indian Reserve, New Credit Indian Reserve), created in 1784.

On January 1, 1999, the Town of Paris and the townships of Brantford, Burford, Oakland, Onondaga, and South Dumfries amalgamated to form a new city with the official legal name of County of Brant.

Early history
Erected by the provincial and federal governments, historic plaques and monuments in Brant County indicate a long and varied history which include many aspects related to the First Nations.

The Mohawk Chief Joseph Brant (Thayendanega) and the Mohawk people of New York state served with the British during the American Revolution. In 1784, the Crown granted Joseph Brant and his followers a land treaty along the Grand River to replace what they had lost in New York State at the Sandusky Council after the Revolution. Much of this grant was later rescinded. As chief of the united tribes, Brant led his people—including Brant's African slaves captured during the revolution —to Upper Canada; a group of 400 settled in 1788 on the Grand River at Mohawk Village which later became Brantford. Nearly a century later (1886), the Joseph Brant Memorial would be erected in Burlington, Ontario in honour of Brant and the Six Nations Confederacy.

The Mohawk Chapel, built by the British Crown in 1785 for the Mohawk and Iroquois people (Six Nations of the Grand River), was dedicated in 1788 as a reminder of the original agreements made with the British during the American Revolution. In 1904 the chapel received Royal status by King Edward VII in memory of the longstanding alliance. Her Majesty's Royal Chapel of the Mohawks is an important reminder of the original agreements made with Queen Anne in 1710. It is still in use today as one of two royal Chapels in Canada and the oldest Protestant Church in the province. Joseph Brant and his son John Brant are buried here.

Significant to the County, gypsum was discovered in 1793 on the east bank of the Grand River in what became Paris during a survey for the British Home Department. By late 1794 a road had been built from what is now Dundas, Ontario to Paris, called The Governor's Road (now Dundas St. in Paris). Records from 1846 indicate that the settlement (now Paris), in a hilly area called Oak Plains, was divided into the upper town and the lower town. In addition to successful farmers in the area, the community of 1000 people (Americans, Scottish, English, and Irish) was thriving. Manufacturing had already begun, with industries powered by the river. A great deal of plaster was being exported and there were three mills, a tannery, a woolen factory, a foundry, and numerous tradesmen. Five churches had been built; the post office was receiving mail three times a week. The village was incorporated in 1850 with Hiram "Boss" Capron as the first Reeve. It was incorporated as a town in 1856 with H. Finlayson as the first mayor.

Abraham Dayton from Connecticut arrived in 1793 and was granted the entire township of Burford; additional settlers began arriving in 1797. The 1814 Battle of Malcolm's Mills during the War of 1812 took place at what is now Oakland when American forces attacked the local regiments. Neither this battle nor the 1837 Duncombe's Uprising by militant "Patriots" at the settlement of Scotland were successful.

Chief John Brant (Mohawk leader) (Ahyonwaeghs) who had lived at Mohawk Village was one of the sons of Joseph Brant. He fought with the British during the War of 1812 and later worked to improve the welfare of the First Nations. He was involved in building schools and was the improving the welfare of his people. Brant initiated the opening of schools and from 1828 served as the first native Superintendent of the Six Nations. Chief Brant was elected to Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada for Haldimand in 1830 and was the first aboriginal Canadian in Parliament.

Records from 1846 indicate that the settlement of Scotland in Burford Township had a population of about 150. At that time there were two stores, two taverns, one tannery, one saddler, one chair maker, one cabinet maker, one blacksmith. There was also a carding machine and fulling mill near the village. Nearby Oakland had about 160 inhabitants; its post office was receiving mail daily. Oakland had a grist and a saw mill, a carding machine and fulling mill, one store, two taverns, one hatter, one wagon maker, one blacksmith, one tailor, one shoemaker.

Much of the County's early population began arriving in the 1820s as the Hamilton and London Road was improved and settlement increased after 1848 when navigation to Brantford was opened and again in 1854 with the arrival of the railway to Brantford. The stone and brick Brant County Courthouse was built on land purchased from the Six Nations in 1852. The structure housed court rooms, county offices, a law library and a gaol. During additions in the 1880s, the Greek Revival style, with Doric columns, was retained.

Chiefswood, now a Six Nations museum in Oshweken and one of the National Historic Sites of Canada, was built in about 1856 by Mohawk Chief George Henry Martin Johnson (Onwanonsyshon). His daughter, the Mohawk poet E. Pauline Johnson (Tekahionwake), gained great acclaim across Canada. Her work increased awareness of the history and cultural diversity of the First Nations. In 1886, the Joseph Brant Memorial was constructed in honour of Brant and the Six Nations Confederacy.

Railway development
Brant County saw relatively early railway development in Ontario's history, as it lay nearby and between major mid-19th century centres such as Toronto and London. Plans for railway development were underway in the 1830s as part of the proposed London and Gore Railroad between London and Hamilton, with a branch line planned to extend northward to Galt. After significant delays, the London and Gore eventually appeared in the form of the Great Western Railway, whose mainline opened between Hamilton and London in 1853.

Work had begun on the branch line to Galt in 1852, and it was completed in 1854. The branch line, as built, connected to the roughly east–west mainline at a junction in Brant County located at a key point aligned between four major manufacturing and administrative centres in the area: Brantford, Galt, Hamilton, and London. Originally known simply as Fairchild Creek Station, the railway town which grew up around the junction was eventually named Harrisburg after the then-president of the Great Western Railway, Robert W. Harris. This early construction date has led to some Ontario rail history writers such as Joachim Brouwer and Ron Brown to argue that Harrisburg was the first railway junction in Canada, and that the branch line to Galt was the first branch line in Canadian railway history. A second branch line, this one to Brantford, was also built south from Harrisburg in 1871, though an independent shortline named the Buffalo, Brantford and Goderich Railway reached Brantford earlier, in the 1850s.

Invention of the telephone
Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone at his father's homestead, Melville House, now the Bell Homestead National Historic Site. At the time, the homestead was in the County, outside the Brantford city limits. In a 1906 speech, Bell made the following comment, "the telephone problem was solved, and it was solved at my father's home". As well, two of the first successful voice transmissions of any notable distance were made in early August 1876, between the telegraph office in Brantford, Ontario and Melville House and Between Paris and Brantford.

Canada's first telephone factory, created and operated by James Cowherd, was also located in Brantford from about 1879 until his death in 1881. The first telephone business office which opened in 1877, not far from the Bell Homestead, was then located in the County just outside Brantford.

Communities
In addition to Brantford, population centres in Brant are Paris, St. George and Burford. Smaller communities in the municipality include Bishopsgate, Burtch, Cainsville, Cathcart, East Oakland, Etonia, Fairfield, Falkland, Glen Morris, Gobles, Harley, Harrisburg, Hatchley, Langford, Lockie, Maple Grove, Middleport, Mount Pleasant, Mount Vernon, New Durham, Newport, Northfield, Northfield Centre, Oakland, Onondaga, Osborne Corners, and Scotland.

City of Brant
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Brant had a population of $39,474$ living in $14,330$ of its $14,778$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $35,640$. With a land area of 817.66 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Government
The County of Brant is divided into five wards, each with two elected Councillors. David Bailey was elected as the Mayor in 2018. Previously, Ronald Eddy had held the position of Mayor from 1999 - 2018. The County is a single-tier municipality and provide the following services: roads, water, wastewater, garbage, recycling, facilities, parks, trails, planning, building, economic development, tourism, bylaw enforcement, library, fire and paramedic services but contracts with the Ontario Provincial Police to provide police services, overseen by the Police Services Board. (Ambulance services are provided in conjunction with the City of Brantford.) The customer service offices are located in Burford, Paris, Oakland, Onondaga and St. George Ontario.

Local organizations
Local organizations include the Kinsmen Club of Brantford is an all Canadian non-profit service organization that promotes service, fellowship, positive values, and national pride. They put on the Brantford Kinsmen Annual Car Show & Swap Meet in Paris Ontario in September and the Brantford Kinsmen Annual Ribfest in Brantford, Ontario to help raise funds for local charities. And Sustainable Brant dedicated to saving the disappearing farmland.

The County of Brant Public Library is the public library serving the communities in the county of Brant, Ontario, Canada. It has 5 branches located in Paris, Burford, Scotland, St. George, and Glen Morris, Ontario. The system's main branch, in Paris, Ontario, was originally a Carnegie Library, having received an endowment from Carnegie in 1902. The County of Brant Public Library maintains a Digital Historical Collection pertaining to Brant history at http://images.ourontario.ca/brant

The Women Teachers of Ontario, Brant Branch: https://rwto.org/branch/brant/

Album of honour
The Album of Honour for Brant County is a book compiled in 1946 by the Kinsmen Club of Brantford to commemorate those of Brantford, the County of Brant and the peoples of the Six Nations who served Canada during the Second World War. The book lists the names of the Brant County men and women who served in World War II. There are more than 3,500 photographs. In addition, local companies provided the names of employees who served in this war. The book is kept on the Digital Archives Page at the Brantford Public Library.

title: County of Brant


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Peaches Browning

Peaches Browning (born Frances Belle Heenan; June 23, 1910 – August 23, 1956), was an American actress. She was married to New York City real estate developer Edward West "Daddy" Browning (1875 – 1934), when she was 15 and he was 51.

Biography
Browning and Heenan met at a sorority dance on the evening of March 5, 1926, at the Hotel McAlpin and immediately began a very public courtship, despite the difference in their ages. Browning was 51, and Heenan was 15. Browning, who reveled in publicity, paraded Heenan in front of the paparazzi cameras as he lavished her with expensive gifts (spending $1000 a day on shopping trips ) and took her to New York's finest restaurants in his distinctive peacock blue Rolls-Royce automobile. On April 10, 1926, mere weeks after they met, Peaches and "Daddy" were wed in the village of Cold Spring, New York, far from media scrutiny. Both Peaches' father and her mother gave their permission for the marriage, which took place in part to thwart a campaign by Vincent Pisarra of the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children to halt their relationship. Peaches was the victim of an acid attack shortly before her wedding from an unidentified perpetrator.

The White Plains, New York, trial drew intense coverage by New York City tabloid newspapers such as the New York Daily News, the rival New York Daily Mirror and the more disreputable New York Graphic, which published a series of notorious composographs of the couple. The story was covered in depth by the national newspapers, from the tabloids to The New York Times and the couple became well known in U.S. popular culture of the time. Their romance is referenced in the 1927 Gershwin musical comedy Funny Face and F. Scott Fitzgerald's short story "The Love Boat", published the same year.

On October 2, 1926, Peaches and her mother loaded up their belongings and left the marital residence at the Kew Gardens Inn. Under New York law at the time, divorce was only possible if one party admitted adultery, so Peaches tried to obtain a legal separation, claiming cruelty. Among the notable aspects of the case were Peaches' allegations of odd behavior by her husband, including the fact that he kept a honking African goose in their bedroom. The phrase "Don't be a goof," which Daddy allegedly used as an insult to Peaches, came into national vogue, and later turned up in the lyrics of the title song from the 1936 Rodgers and Hart musical comedy On Your Toes. The judge accepted Daddy's version of the facts, ruling that Peaches had abandoned her husband without cause, and permitted him a legal separation without any obligation to pay alimony. Peaches remained legally married to Browning until his death from a brain hemorrhage. She went on to have three more husbands.

Peaches' notoriety gained her a career in vaudeville. She was managed by Marvin Welt (1883–1953), one of the first theatrical agents to demand a percentage of total ticket sales for some of his clients. She died at New York Hospital in Manhattan, New York City, on August 23, 1956, at age 46, after slipping in the bathroom at her apartment. She is buried in the Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York.

title: Peaches Browning


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User talk:Zmaz299

I love the University of Michigan Wolverines!!!

title: User talk:Zmaz299