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Ruthanasia

Ruthanasia, a portmanteau of "Ruth" and "euthanasia", is the pejorative name (typically used by opponents) given to the period of free-market policies conducted during the first term of the fourth National government in New Zealand, from 1990 to 1993. As the first period of reform from 1984 to 1990 was known as Rogernomics after the Labour Party Minister of Finance, Roger Douglas, so the second period became known as "Ruthanasia", after the National Party's Minister of Finance, Ruth Richardson.

Background
Ruthanasia and Rogernomics can be viewed as complementary reform packages implemented by successive governments which were aimed at liberalising the New Zealand economy. The packages came after a period of intense protectionism and fiscal control, particularly under the administration of Sir Robert Muldoon's National government between 1975 and 1984. Muldoon's protectionism had culminated in a three-year wage and price freeze imposed by Muldoon, who simultaneously held the posts of Prime Minister and Minister of Finance, in an attempt to suppress rampant inflation.

Conflict with manifesto
Ruthanasia was controversial as the National Party had fought the 1990 election on a manifesto promising "The Decent Society" and implicitly repudiating the radicalism of the Fourth Labour Government.

The Prime Minister, Jim Bolger, defended the move on the grounds that he had been badly misled in the run-up to the 1990 election as to the actual state of the New Zealand economy. He was told by officials on Sunday afternoon, the day after the election, of two unrelated financial crises: the country's broke .... and the largest bank .... was bankrupt. Bolger said that his "electoral honeymoon lasted seventeen hours". So he immediately summoned Don McKinnon, Bill Birch and Ruth Richardson to Wellington. The partly state-owned Bank of New Zealand required an immediate injection of capital to avoid insolvency as a result of the poor performance of a NZ$2.8bn loan portfolio in Australia. The bank held 40 per cent of the commercial paper (loans to businesses) in New Zealand.

Secondly; the outgoing finance minister David Caygill's projection of a modest fiscal surplus was inaccurate, and the country instead faced a fiscal deficit of NZ$3.7bn (4.8%) for 1991–92 if current fiscal policies continued. Current net public debt was 52% of GDP (43% after Telecom sale).

Focus
Where Roger Douglas had deregulated the industrial, financial, fiscal and agricultural sectors of the New Zealand economy, Ruth Richardson, under the auspices of a National (predominantly conservative) administration, was able to focus on social services and labour relations. These were sensitive areas which the preceding Labour administration had not been willing to reform in light of its traditional working class constituency.

Richardson and the then Minister of Social Welfare, Jenny Shipley, immediately reformed the Social Welfare programme in the "Mother of all Budgets" by reducing available unemployment, sickness and welfare benefits across the board. In 1991, the National government enacted the Employment Contracts Act (ECA), which effectively demolished New Zealand's post-war industrial relations framework, replacing collective bargaining and compulsory union membership in many sectors with the concept of the individual employment contract. Whilst the ECA did not directly address unions, the practical effect of removing the requirement for employees to be members, and allowing those employees who did want union membership to choose which union they wished to join, dramatically reduced the bargaining position of the unions in the New Zealand economy. This reform of labour laws had already been outlined in the 1990 National manifesto.

Ken Douglas, then president of the New Zealand Council of Trade Unions, recalled in the 1996 documentary Revolution:

The Employment Contracts Act was deliberately intended to individualise the employment relationship. It was a natural outcome of the ideological propaganda of rugged individualism, of self-interest and greed and the appeal to individuals that you could find better for you by climbing over the tops of your colleagues, your mates, and so on. Ruth Richardson was very clear, very blunt, very honest about its purpose. It was to achieve a dramatic lowering of wages, very, very quickly.

Roger Douglas, minister of finance in the preceding fourth Labour government, said (after his retirement from politics):

I think the labour market changes in 1990 were first class. I think, unfortunately, Caygill and the Labour party had let the fiscal situation slip from where it was in 1988 and Ruth put that back on the road.

"Ruthanasia" came to an end after the 1993 election, when National's majority was reduced from 18 (out of 99 seats) to 1. Jim Bolger responded by replacing Richardson with Bill Birch. Bolger then acknowledged both the benefits and unpopularity of Ruthanasia in his televised announcement of Richardson's removal:

I do not believe it would be too far from the truth if I put it something like this. We, the New Zealand people, accept that our nation had to change. The process was painful but the benefits are now apparent and must be retained. However, we believe the time has come to recognize the big moves are behind us and a different style of management is called for.

Long-term consequences: 1993–2008
Internal party ideological tensions also led to the secession of Winston Peters from the National Party caucus and the formation of New Zealand First in 1993. Peters was viewed as an acolyte of Rob Muldoon's protectionist economic policies and had a substantial support base amongst New Zealand's senior citizens and their related lobby organisations.

Peters' erstwhile prominence was due to the other consequence of Roger Douglas and Ruth Richardson's New Right economic policies, which fuelled a movement for electoral reform in New Zealand after Sir Geoffrey Palmer convened a Royal Commission on the Electoral System in 1985–1986. In two electoral reform referendums, the general public endorsed the Mixed Member Proportional electoral system as a response to what they perceived as an unaccountable New Right government. Jim Bolger believes that, had his government not instituted such unpopular policy prescriptions, MMP may not have passed.

After Richardson's resignation, National retained power for six more years against a divided Labour Party and splintered opposition, hampered by its own legacy of economic retrenchment. While several MPs seceded to form non-viable centre-right satellite parties before the 1996 general election National retained power by going into coalition with Winston Peters and New Zealand First. It eventually proved unpopular, and party rightists launched a coup against Jim Bolger in December 1997. As a consequence, Peters abandoned the National/New Zealand First coalition, splitting his party. National then governed for a further year, with the support of post-split ex-New Zealand First MPs, but the 1999 general election saw Helen Clark lead a centre-left coalition to victory. She would remain Prime Minister for most of the next decade, as National was paralysed by factional infighting over ideology and direction. When National won office again after the 2008 general election, National sought to shift towards the centre and projected an image that it had eschewed "radical" New Right industrial relations and welfare reform. Jettisoning Richardson's legacy.

As for Richardson herself, she became a member of ACT New Zealand, her philosophical successors.

A 2015 Treasury report said that inequality in New Zealand increased in the 1980s and 1990s but has been stable for the last 20 years although another 2015 article said that New Zealand's rate of rise of inequality had been the highest in the OECD, and that New Zealand's inequality had previously been low by OECD standards. The 1991 budget had profound social effects, child poverty rose from 15% in 1990 to 29% in 1994 while violent crime peaked between 1990 and 1997. Income inequality also accelerated, New Zealand's GINI index rose from 0.30 in 1990 to 0.33 in 1996 and thereafter 0.34 at the turn of the century. Poorer New Zealanders saw their standard of living fall from their 1984 level. Unemployment also remained high for much of the decade, from 11% in 1991 to 6% in 1996 and then up again to 8% following the Asian Financial Crisis.

title: Ruthanasia


text:
OMAR Mine Museum

The OMAR Mine Museum in Kabul, Afghanistan, contains a collection of 51 types of land mines out of the 53 that have been used in that country. OMAR is an acronym for the Organization for Mine Clearance and Afghan Rehabilitation.

Mine collection
The collection includes unexploded ordnance, cluster bombs and airdrop bombs used by the War in Afghanistan. The museum educates school groups to detect and avoid unexploded ordnance including landmines and cluster bomblets from historic and ongoing Afghan wars. The museum was seriously damaged in a July 1, 2019 attack.

The museum also displays a variety of other military hardware from wars fought in Afghanistan over the recent decades, including artillery, surface-to-air missiles, and a collection of Soviet military aircraft.

For security reasons, the museum is not open for casual visitors. All appointments must be made through the main OMAR office.

Aircraft on display

 * Su-7
 * Yak-40
 * L-39
 * Mi-8
 * MiG-17
 * An-2
 * Mi-24
 * Yak-11

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: OMAR Mine Museum


text:
Gemini 5

Gemini 5 (officially Gemini V) was a 1965 crewed spaceflight in NASA's Project Gemini. It was the third crewed Gemini flight, the eleventh crewed American spaceflight (including two X-15 flights above 100 km), and the nineteenth human spaceflight of all time. It was also the first time an American crewed space mission held the world record for duration, set on August 26, 1965, by breaking the Soviet Union's previous record set by Vostok 5 in 1963. This record might have been one day longer; however, Gemini V was cut short, due to the approach of Hurricane Betsy.

Support crew

 * Edwin E. "Buzz" Aldrin (Houston CAPCOM)
 * Virgil I. "Gus" Grissom (Cape CAPCOM)
 * James A. McDivitt (Houston CAPCOM)

Mission parameters
On August 21, 1965, at 16:07:15 UTC, the REP was released into orbit from the Gemini 5 spacecraft.
 * Mass: 3,605 kg
 * Perigee: 162 km
 * Apogee: 350.1 km
 * Inclination: 32.61°
 * Period: 89.59 min
 * REP (Rendezvous Evaluation Pod) sub-satellite:

Objectives
Gemini 5 doubled the U.S. space-flight record of the Gemini 4 mission to eight days, the length of time it would take to fly to the Moon, land and return. This was possible due to new fuel cells that generated enough electricity to power longer missions, a pivotal innovation for future Apollo flights, instead of the chemical batteries used on previous crewed spacecraft. Cooper and Conrad were to have made a practice space rendezvous with a "pod" deployed from the spacecraft, but problems with the electrical supply forced a switch to a simpler "phantom rendezvous," whereby the Gemini craft maneuvered to a predetermined position in space. Command Pilot and Mercury veteran Gordon Cooper was the first person to fly two Earth orbital missions. He and Conrad took high-resolution photographs for the United States Department of Defense, but problems with the fuel cells and maneuvering system forced the cancellation of several other experiments. The astronauts found themselves marking time in orbit, and Conrad later lamented that he had not brought along a book. On-board medical tests, however, continued to show the feasibility of longer flights.

Conrad, who had a reputation for frequently having a punchline on hand, called the mission "Eight days in a garbage can." (the garbage can referring to the small size of the Gemini cabin, which was about the size of the front seat of a Volkswagen Beetle)

Flight
The launch went perfectly except for a few seconds of pogo oscillation (axial vibration of the rocket). This was measured at +0.38 g (3.7 m/s$2$) during first stage flight, exceeding the permitted +0.25 g (2.5 m/s$2$) for a total of about 13 seconds. Conrad and Cooper found their vision and speech momentarily impaired by the strong vibrations. The cause was traced to improper gas levels in an oxidizer standpipe, and severe oscillations did not affect any subsequent Gemini flights. The initial orbit was 101 × 216 miles (163 × 349 kilometers). Film of the launch revealed a series of unexplained light flashes in the first stage exhaust plume, but telemetry data failed to indicate anything that could have caused them. Subsequent review of previous Gemini launches as well as film of Titan II ICBM tests also showed the presence of these light flashes. This phenomenon was thought to be caused by duct tape securing desiccant bags to the turbine exhaust pipe.

The top half of the Titan II's first stage, comprising the nitrogen tetroxide tank and its surrounding fuselage, was found floating on the surface of the Atlantic Ocean and retrieved; it is now on display at the US Space and Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama.

The first major event on the mission was the ejection of the Rendezvous Evaluation Pod (REP) at 2 hours and 13 minutes into the flight. The radar showed that the pod was moving at a relative speed of two meters per second. While out of radio contact with the ground, the crew found that the pressure in one fuel cell had dropped from 850 to 65 psi 4 hours and 22 minutes into the flight. This was still above the 22.2 psi minimum but Cooper decided to shut the fuel cells down. With only battery power, they would be unable to rendezvous with the REP, and it could also mean a premature end to the mission. The cause of this mishap was believed to be a short circuit in the oxygen tank heater that tripped a breaker.

Tests on the ground found that it was possible for the fuel cell to work, even with low oxygen pressure. However, with the fuel cells off, they would only be able to stay in orbit for a day and still have enough battery power for reentry.

It was decided to turn the fuel cells back on and test them by using equipment that required more and more power. These showed that the fuel cells were stable and the crew could continue the mission.

In the meantime, Buzz Aldrin had been working out an alternative rendezvous test. He had a doctorate in orbital mechanics and worked out a scheme where the crew could rendezvous with a given point in space.

The crew became cold as they drifted. Even with the coolant pipes in the suits turned off and the airflow on low, they still shivered. Stars slowly drifting by the windows also proved disorienting, so the crew put covers on the windows.

As with Gemini 4, the crew had difficulty sleeping in alternate rest periods. They still had little rest when they decided to take their sleep periods together.

The phantom rendezvous came on the third day. It went perfectly, even though it was the first precision maneuver on a spaceflight. They tried four maneuvers—apogee adjust, phase adjust, plane change, and coelliptical maneuver—using the orbit attitude and maneuvering system (OAMS).

The next day, flight controllers discovered another problem with the fuel cells: they were producing waste water not suitable for drinking, as it was too acidic, in 20% higher quantity than expected. The cells discharged into a storage tank on board used for both potable and non-potable water, separated by a bladder wall. However, as the astronauts would be draining the potable water for drinking, it was soon determined that there would still be room left over at the end of the mission. In general, the fuel cells were successful at producing cool drinking water, but the astronauts reported that it had a high quantity of gas bubbles in it.

On the fifth day, a major problem occurred when one of the OAMS thruster blocks (comprising thrusters 5, 6, 7, and 8) malfunctioned repeatedly. The exact reason for these problems was unclear and a variety of possible causes were suggested. This meant the cancellation of all experiments requiring the use of the thrusters and the crew were not able to get them operating again. Seventeen experiments were planned, with one cancelled, as it involved photography of the REP. Experiment D-1 involved the crew photographing celestial objects, and D-6 was a ground photography experiment. Experiments D-4/D-7 involved making brightness measurements of celestial and terrestrial backgrounds and of rocket plumes. Experiments S-8/D-13 investigated whether the crew's eyesight changed during the mission.

All of the medical experiments from Gemini 4 were performed, as well as experiment M-1 into the performance of the heart. This involved Conrad wearing inflatable leg cuffs. Experiment M-9 also investigated whether the astronauts' ability to measure horizontally changed.

The astronauts did not experience much of an appetite during the mission and averaged about 1000 calories a day, well below the intended 2700 calorie per day food intake. They reported dandruff to be a persistent problem to the point where their loose skin flakes would settle on the Gemini's instrument panel and partially obscure some instrument readouts. This condition was believed to be due to very low ambient humidity in the cabin causing the astronauts' skin to become dry and flaky. Postflight medical examinations showed some loss of red blood cells and plasma. Conrad's circulatory system returned to normal values within two days after the mission while Cooper took over four days.

S-1 involved Cooper taking the first photographs of the zodiacal light and the gegenschein from orbit. Another experiment involving using the crew's Hasselblad camera to photograph metereological phenomenon such as cloud formations. One photograph of the Zagros Mountains revealed greater detail than the official geologic map of Iran. Experiment S-7, the Cloud-Top Spectrometer revealed that the height of clouds could be determined from orbit.

Retrofire was initiated over Hawaii at 190 hours, 27 minutes, and 43 seconds into the mission. The astronauts controlled the reentry, creating drag and lift by rotating the capsule. Due to a computing error, the crew landed 80 miles (130 kilometers) short of the planned landing point in the Atlantic Ocean. Although the computer had worked perfectly, a programmer had entered the rate of the Earth's rotation as 360° per 24 hours instead of 360.98° See Sidereal day.

The Gemini 5 mission was supported by the following U.S. Department of Defense resources: 10,265 personnel, 114 aircraft and 19 ships. Recovery was by the aircraft carrier USS Lake Champlain (CV-39).

Insignia
This was the first NASA mission to have an insignia patch. After Gemini 3, NASA banned astronauts from naming their spacecraft. Cooper, having realized he had never been in a military organization without one, suggested a mission patch to symbolize the flight. NASA agreed, and the patches got the generic name of "Cooper patch". Cooper chose the image of a covered wagon due to the pioneering nature of the flight. The slogan "8 Days or Bust" was emblazoned across the wagon, but NASA managers objected to this, feeling it placed too much emphasis on the mission length and not the experiments, and fearing the public might see the mission as a failure if it did not last the full duration. A piece of nylon cloth was sewn over the official slogan.

Spacecraft location
The spacecraft is on display at Space Center Houston, Houston, Texas. It is on loan from the Smithsonian.

title: Gemini 5


text:
Leo Leandros

Leo Leandros (Greek: Λεό Λέανδρος; born Leandros Papathanasiou; 23 August 1923) is a Greek musician, singer, composer and record producer.

Biography
Born on 23 August 1923 in Astakos, Leandros left in the 1950s for Germany to pursue a career in singing and composing. He had some success, but shifted his focus to his daughter, Vicky, who had been singing from a very early age. He became her manager, composer and producer when she was 13 and took charge of her training and career. Under his pseudonym Mario Panas (Μάριο Πάνας) he was the co-composer (together with Klaus Munro) of "Après toi", the winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 1972, which Vicky performed for Luxembourg.

Leandros has composed and produced for many other artists such as Julio Iglesias, Demis Roussos, Nana Mouskouri, Ulli Martin, Freddy Quinn and Jairo, among others. In 1983, he retired but returned exclusively to the studio in the early 1990s for three albums with Vicky Leandros. His albums have sold over 120 million worldwide. A low-profile personality, Leandros avoids public appearances. In October 2005 though, he appeared on German/Austrian TV as a surprise guest for his daughter who was celebrating her 30-year stage Jubilee. He was also the first singer of the Hymn of Panathinaikos.

He turned 100 on 23 August 2023.

title: Leo Leandros


text:
Talk:Ariana Afghan Airlines

Untitled
anyone interested in incorporating into this article, PLEASE DO! :) Kingturtle 06:08, 10 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Accidents
According to the article, the airline was formed in 1955. The accident section listed one incident in 1954. DHN 19:37, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

CONTENTIOUS ISSUES RELATING TO THIS HI-JACK

"In February 2000, to escape a Taliban death squad, nine men, led by brothers Ali Safi and Mohammed Safi, hijacked a Boeing 727 containing more than 180 people. The plane was diverted through Central Asia and Russia before landing at Stansted Airport north of London, where the hijacking ended four days later with a peaceful surrender. The men were convicted in December 2001 of hijacking, false imprisonment and weapons offenses. They each served sentences of between 27 and 30 months, and have since been granted asylum."

This paragraph is highly contentious as there is no hard evidence that there was any death threat from the Taliban. The decision to allow armed hi-jackers asylum in the UK has been criticised by the British Media in the wake of 9/11. There is also some criticism as to why many of the passengers were also granted asylum when there was no threat to them from the regime all of which was subsidised by the UK taxpayers. Many passengers are believed to have an excessive amount of luggage for what was intended as a minor internal flight leading some observers to believe that there was collusion between the hi-jackers and the passengers.

Despite the new regime in Afganistan being supported by the UK government it has been decided that the country is not safe enough to deport the "terrorist" highjackers. This is the source of much amusement to the British public, media and elements of HM Government.

 * Well the Taliban government was still in power back then.150.101.89.147 (talk) 06:11, 17 September 2021 (UTC)

Photo caption
This caption "Ariana Afghan Airlines A310 F-GEMO is of scrapped, landing in Frankfurt,Germany" under the photo of the A310 makes no sense. Can someone clear this up? Shaz91 07:20, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

Ariana
If Ariana is totally banned why does it have an A321 flight from Frankfurt? WhisperToMe (talk) 08:02, 20 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Ariana is using a Turkish-registered (TC-TUC) Bestair A321 on short lease. The eu document says Air carriers listed in Annex A could be permitted to exercise traffic rights by using wet-leased aircraft of an air-carrier which is not subject to an operating ban, provided that the relevant safety standards are complied with. MilborneOne (talk) 17:26, 20 April 2008 (UTC)

Archived references not used in the article
--Jetstreamer $Talk$ 14:02, 10 August 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Taliban in 2021
There's some comments on the airline not being able to operate after the Taliban took over. I've put a couple of sources. You can leave it alone. And stop putting words in my mouth.150.101.89.147 (talk) 06:15, 17 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Domestic flights have resumed, so your addition is at least partly wrong.--Jetstreamer $Talk$ 11:47, 17 September 2021 (UTC)

 * By removing the whole paragraph you are also quite wrong.150.101.89.147 (talk) 05:37, 18 September 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:22, 16 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Mohammad Najibullah boarding Ariana Afghan Airlines flight.png

title: Talk:Ariana Afghan Airlines


text:
Henry Kuttner

Henry Kuttner (April 7, 1915 – February 3, 1958) was an American author of science fiction, fantasy and horror.

Early life
Henry Kuttner was born in Los Angeles, California in 1915. Kuttner (1829–1903) and Amelia Bush (c. 1834–1911), the parents of his father, the bookseller Henry Kuttner (1863–1920), had come from Leszno in Prussia and lived in San Francisco since 1859; the parents of his mother, Annie Levy (1875–1954), were from Great Britain. Henry Kuttner's great-grandfather was the scholar Josua Heschel Kuttner. Kuttner grew up in relative poverty following the death of his father. As a young man he worked in his spare time for the literary agency of his uncle, Laurence D'Orsay (in fact his first cousin by marriage), in Los Angeles before selling his first story, "The Graveyard Rats", to Weird Tales in early 1936. It was while working for the d'Orsay agency that Kuttner picked Leigh Brackett's early manuscripts off the slush pile; it was under his tutelage that she sold her first story (to John W. Campbell at Astounding Stories).

Kuttner and Moore
Kuttner was known for his literary prose and worked in close collaboration with his wife, C. L. Moore. They met through their association with the "Lovecraft Circle", a group of writers and fans who corresponded with H. P. Lovecraft. Their work together spanned the 1940s and 1950s and most of the work was credited to pseudonyms, mainly Lewis Padgett and Lawrence O'Donnell.

L. Sprague de Camp, who knew Kuttner and Moore well, has stated that their collaboration was so seamless that, after a story was completed, it was often impossible for either Kuttner or Moore to recall who had written what. According to de Camp, it was typical for either partner to break off from a story in mid-paragraph or even mid-sentence, with the latest page of the manuscript still in the typewriter. The other spouse would routinely continue the story where the first had left off. They alternated in this manner as many times as necessary until the story was finished.

Among Kuttner's most popular work were the Gallegher stories, published under the Padgett name, about a man who invented high-tech solutions to client problems (assisted by his insufferably egomaniacal robot) when he was drunk, only to be completely unable to remember exactly what he had built or why after sobering up. These stories were later collected in Robots Have No Tails. In her introduction to the 1973 Lancer Books edition, Moore stated that Kuttner wrote all the Gallegher stories himself.

Influence
Marion Zimmer Bradley is among many authors who have cited Kuttner as an influence. Her novel The Bloody Sun is dedicated to him. Roger Zelazny has talked about the influence of The Dark World on his Amber series.

Kuttner's friend Richard Matheson dedicated his 1954 novel I Am Legend to Kuttner, with thanks for his help and encouragement. Ray Bradbury has said that Kuttner actually wrote the last 300 words of Bradbury's first horror story, "The Candle" (Weird Tales, November 1942). Bradbury has referred to Kuttner as a neglected master and a "pomegranate writer: popping with seeds—full of ideas".

William S. Burroughs's novel The Ticket That Exploded contains direct quotes from Kuttner regarding the "Happy Cloak" parasitic pleasure monster from the Venusian seas.

Mary Elizabeth Counselman believed that Kuttner's habit of writing under widely varied pseudonyms deprived him of the fame that should have been his. "I have often wondered why Kuttner chose to hide his talents behind so many false faces for no editorial reason... Admittedly, the fun is in pretending to be someone else. But Kuttner cheated himself of much fame that he richly deserved by hiding his light under a bushel of pen names that many fans did not know were his. Seabury Quinn and I both chided him about this."

According to J. Vernon Shea, August Derleth "kept promising to publish Hank's and Catherine's books under the Arkham House imprint, but kept postponing them."

The Cthulhu Mythos
A friend of Lovecraft's as well as of Clark Ashton Smith, Kuttner contributed several stories to the Cthulhu Mythos genre, based on the writing of the former and added to, among other authors, by the latter. Among these were "The Secret of Kralitz" (Weird Tales, October 1936), "The Eater of Souls" (Weird Tales, January 1937), "The Salem Horror" (Weird Tales, May 1937), "The Invaders" (Strange Stories, February 1939) and "The Hunt" (Strange Stories, June 1939).

Kuttner added a few lesser-known deities to the Mythos, including Iod ("The Secret of Kralitz"), Vorvadoss ("The Eater of Souls"), the Hydra and Nyogtha ("The Salem Horror"). Critic Shawn Ramsey suggests that Abigail Prinn, the villain of "The Salem Horror", might have been intended by Kuttner to be a descendant of Ludvig Prinn, author of De Vermis Mysteriis—a book that appears in Kuttner's "The Invaders".

Etchings and Odysseys No 4 (1984), edited by Eric A. Carlson, John J. Koblas and R. Alain Everts, was a special Kuttner tribute issue featuring three reprinted tales by Kuttner - "It Walks By Night", "The Frog" and "The Invaders," together with various essays on Kuttner, and an interview with his wife and fellow writer C.L. Moore.

Crypt of Cthulhu 5, No 7 (whole number 41) (Lammas 1986), edited by Robert M. Price, was a special Henry Kuttner issue collecting eight Cthulhu Mythos stories by Kuttner. (It did not include "Spawn of Dagon" or "The Invaders").

The Book of Iod: Ten Tales of the Mythos is a collection of Kuttner's Cthulhu Mythos stories edited by Robert M. Price (Chaosium, 1995). (It also contains three additional tales concerning 'Iod's dread tome' by Robert Bloch, Lin Carter and Robert M. Price). The Kuttner stories included are: "The Secret of Kralitz", "The Eater of Souls", "The Salem Horror", "The Jest of Droom-Avesta", "Spawn of Dagon", "The Invaders", "The Frog", "Hydra", "Bells of Horror" and "The Hunt" - thus, all the Mythos stories which had appeared in the special Kuttner issue of Crypt of Cthulhu, plus "Spawn of Dagon" and "The Invaders". The story "The Black Kiss" (printed here, as often elsewhere, under the joint byline of Kuttner and Robert Bloch), was in fact written entirely by Bloch; Bloch co-credited Kuttner on the tale due to using the character Michael Leigh from "The Salem Horror". "Beneath the Tombstone" by Robert M. Price and "Dead of Night" by Lin Carter round out the volume. Price points out in his introduction to the volume that "Henry Kuttner's own private corner of the Cthulhu Mythos was, then, apparently derived in about equal measure from Lovecraft, Bloch, Zoroastrianism, and Theosophy."

Later life
Kuttner spent the mid-1950s getting his master's degree but died of a heart attack in Los Angeles in 1958.

Known pseudonyms

 * Edward J. Bellin
 * Paul Edmonds
 * Noel Gardner
 * Will Garth
 * James Hall
 * Keith Hammond
 * Hudson Hastings
 * Peter Horn
 * Kelvin Kent (used for work with Arthur K. Barnes)
 * Robert O. Kenyon
 * C. H. Liddell
 * Hugh Maepenn
 * Scott Morgan
 * Lawrence O'Donnell
 * Lewis Padgett
 * Woodrow Wilson Smith
 * Charles Stoddard (house pseudonym used by others as well)

Tony Quade stories

 * "I. Hollywood on the Moon" (1938)
 * "II. Doom World" (1938)
 * "III. The Star Parade" (1938)
 * "IV. Trouble on Titan" (1941)

Elak of Atlantis stories

 * "Thunder in the Dawn" (1938)
 * "Spawn of Dagon" (1938)
 * "Beyond the Phoenix" (1939)
 * "Dragon Moon" (1941)

Thunder Jim Wade series (as by Charles Stoddard)

 * "Thunder Jim Wade" (1941)
 * "The Hills of Gold" (1941)
 * "The Poison People" (1941)
 * "The Devil's Glacier" (1941)
 * "Waters of Death" (1941)

"Baldy" Stories

 * "The Piper's Son" (1945)
 * "Three Blind Mice" (1945)
 * "The Lion And The Unicorn" (1945)
 * "Beggars in Velvet" (1945)
 * "Humpty Dumpty" (1953)
 * "Mutant" (1953)

Cthulhu Mythos stories

 * "The Secret of Kralitz" (1936)
 * "The Eater of Souls" (1937)
 * "The Salem Horror" (1937)
 * "The Invaders" (1939)
 * "Bells of Horror" (1939)
 * "The Hunt" (1939)
 * "The Jest of Droom-Avesta"
 * "Spawn of Dagon"
 * "The Frog"
 * "Hydra"

Gallegher stories

 * "The Proud Robot" (as Lewis Padgett, 1943)
 * "The Time Locker" (as Lewis Padgett, 1943)
 * "Gallegher Plus" (as Lewis Padgett, 1943)
 * "The World Is Mine" (as Lewis Padgett, 1943)
 * "Ex Machina" (as Lewis Padgett, 1948)

Hogben stories

 * "The Old Army Game" (1941)
 * "Exit the Professor" (as Kuttner and as Lewis Padgett, 1947)
 * "Pile of Trouble" (1948)
 * "See You Later" (as Kuttner and as Lewis Padgett, 1949)
 * "Cold War" (as Kuttner and as Lewis Padgett, 1949)

Other

 * "The Graveyard Rats" (1936), adapted for Trilogy of Terror II (1996) and Guillermo del Toro's Cabinet of Curiosities (2022)
 * "Dictator of the Americas" (as James Hall, 1938)
 * "Avengers of Space" (1938)
 * "Beauty and the Beast" (1940)
 * "Dr. Cyclops" (1940)
 * "Masquerade" (1942), adapted for episode of television series Thriller (1961)
 * "Mimsy Were the Borogoves" (as Lewis Padgett, 1943) used as the basis for the 2007 film The Last Mimzy, and for the French TV adaptation "Tout spliques étaient les Borogoves" (1970)
 * "Clash by Night" (with C. L. Moore) (1943)
 * "Nothing but Gingerbread Left" (1943)
 * "The Twonky" (as Lewis Padgett, 1942), adapted for film of the same name in 1953
 * "The Eyes of Thar" (published in Planet Stories, Fall Issue, 1944)
 * "What You Need" (as Lewis Padgett, 1945) adapted for "What You Need" episodes of Tales of Tomorrow (1952) and The Twilight Zone (1959) television shows
 * "The Cure" (1946)
 * "The Dark Angel" (with C. L. Moore, 1946), later published as "Dark Angel" (as Lewis Padgett, 1975), adapted for episode of same name of television series Tales of Tomorrow
 * "Call Him Demon" (1946)
 * "Vintage Season" (with C. L. Moore; 1946), filmed in 1992 as Timescape
 * "Land of the Earthquake" (1947)
 * "Happy Ending" (1949)
 * "Satan Sends Flowers" (1953)
 * "Or Else" (1953)
 * The Best of Henry Kuttner anthologizes 17 stories. (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1975).
 * The Eyes of Thar (1944)
 * Atomic! (1947)

Fixups

 * Mutant (the Baldie stories) (1953)
 * Robots Have No Tails (the Gallegher stories, as Lewis Padgett) (1952)
 * Hollywood on the Moon (the Tony Quade stories) (2019)

Novels

 * A Million Years to Conquer (1940), published in book form as The Creature from Beyond Infinity (1968)
 * Earth's Last Citadel (with C. L. Moore) (1943, first book publication 1964)
 * The Fairy Chessmen (1946, as Lewis Padgett, also retitled as Chessboard Planet and The Far Reality)
 * Valley of the Flame (1946, first book publication 1964)
 * The Dark World (with C. L. Moore (assumed)) (1946, first book publication 1965)
 * The Brass Ring (with C. L. Moore) (1946, nongenre, also published as Murder in Brass)
 * Tomorrow and Tomorrow (1947, as Lewis Padgett)
 * Fury (as Lawrence O'Donnell with C. L. Moore) (1947, first book publication 1950, later published under the title Destination: Infinity in 1958)
 * The Day He Died (with C. L. Moore) (1947, nongenre)
 * The Mask of Circe (1948, first book publication 1971) (Illustrated by Alicia Austin in 1971)
 * The Time Axis (1949, first book publication 1965)
 * The Portal in the Picture (with C. L. Moore) (1949, also known as Beyond Earth's Gates)
 * The Well of the Worlds (1952, first book publication 1953)
 * Man Drowning (1952, nongenre)
 * The Murder of Eleanor Pope (1956, nongenre)
 * The Murder of Ann Avery (1956, nongenre)
 * Murder of a Mistress (1957, nongenre)
 * Murder of a Wife (1958, nongenre)

Collections

 * Ahead of Time
 * The Best of Henry Kuttner
 * The Best of Kuttner 1
 * The Best of Kuttner 2
 * The Book of Iod
 * Bypass to Otherness
 * Chessboard Planet and Other Stories (with C. L. Moore)
 * Clash by Night and Other Stories (with C. L. Moore)
 * Detour to Otherness (with C. L. Moore)
 * Elak of Atlantis
 * A Gnome There Was
 * Hollywood on the Moon / Man About Time: The Pete Manx Adventures (with Arthur K. Barnes) (announced for 2011)
 * Kuttner Times Three
 * Line to Tomorrow and Other Stories of Fantasy and Science Fiction (with C. L. Moore)
 * The Michael Gray Murders (with C. L. Moore) (announced for 2012)
 * No Boundaries (with C. L. Moore)
 * Prince Raynor
 * Return to Otherness
 * Secret of the Earth Star and Others
 * The Startling Worlds of Henry Kuttner
 * Terror in the House: The Early Kuttner, Volume One
 * Thunder in the Void
 * Thunder Jim Wade
 * Two-Handed Engine: The Selected Short Fiction of Henry Kuttner & C. L. Moore
 * The Hogben Chronicles—Kickstarter Project posthumously pushed by Neil Gaiman, F. Paul Wilson, Pierce Waters, Thomas L. Monteleone, and with special assist by Alan Moore.

Television

 * "The Martian Eyes" episode(s) of Lights Out series (1950 and/or 1951)
 * "Price on His Head" episode of series Sugarfoot (1958)
 * Tales of Frankenstein (pilot for television series that was not picked up, 1958)
 * "The Eye" episode of Out of the Unknown television series (1966)

Comic books

 * "Doiby Dickles Enters High Sassiety"; Green Lantern comic story; 13 pages; Green Lantern #12; Summer 1944
 * "The Gambler"; Green Lantern comic story; 13 pages; Green Lantern #12; Summer 1944
 * "The Lord Haw-Haw of Crime"; Green Lantern comic story; 13 pages; Green Lantern #13; Fall 1944
 * "Doiby Dickles, Da District Attorney"; Green Lantern comic story; 13 pages; All-American Comics #62; December 1944
 * "A Tale of a City"; Green Lantern comic story; 12 pages; Comic Cavalcade #9; Winter 1944
 * "The Cave Kid Goes To Town"; Green Lantern comic story; 13 pages; Green Lantern #14; Winter 1944-45
 * "The Jewel of Hope"; Green Lantern comic story; 13 pages; Green Lantern #16; Summer 1945
 * "Doiby Dickles, the Human Bomb"; Green Lantern comic story; 12 pages; All-American Comics #71; March 1946
 * "The Last of the Buccaneers"; Green Lantern comic story; 12 pages; Green Lantern #18; Winter 1945-1946
 * "The Man Who Doubled In Death, or, The Duplicity of Johnny Double"; Green Lantern comic story; 13 pages; Green Lantern #18; Winter 1945-1946
 * "Sing a Song of Disaster"; Green Lantern comic story; 12 pages; Green Lantern #19; April–May 1946
 * "Dickles Vs. Fate"; Green Lantern comic story; 13 pages; Green Lantern #19; April–May 1946
 * "Jonah Was a Jinx"; Green Lantern comic story; 13 pages; Green Lantern #19; April–May 1946
 * "The Gambler Comes Back"; Green Lantern comic story; 13 pages; Green Lantern #20; June–July 1946
 * "The Good Humor Man"; Green Lantern comic story; 13 pages; Green Lantern #21; August–September 1946
 * "What Makes Goitrude Go?"; Green Lantern / comic story / 13 pages; Green Lantern (1941 series) #21 August–September 1946
 * "The Man Who Insults Everybody"; Green Lantern comic story; 13 pages; Green Lantern #22; October–November 1946
 * "The Invisible World" Green Lantern comic story; 13 pages; Green Lantern #22; October–November 1946

title: Henry Kuttner


text:
User:Polonius

Good lord, is this still here?

title: User:Polonius


text:
Theta Tau

Theta Tau (ΘΤ) is a professional collegiate engineering fraternity. The fraternity has programs to promote the social, academic, and professional development of its members. Theta Tau is the oldest and largest professional engineering fraternity and has a membership of more than 50,000 men and women who study engineering in all its various branches on over 100 college campuses.

The Theta Tau Central Office is located in Springfield, Missouri.

Founding years (1904–1911)
Theta Tau was founded by four engineering students at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, Minnesota as the Society of Hammer and Tongs on October 15, 1904. Its founders were Erich J. Schrader, Elwin L. Vinal, William M. Lewis, and Isaac B. Hanks who were mining engineering students at the University of Minnesota. They agreed that character qualification should have top priority in membership selection.

Schrader served as its first Grand Regent and was chiefly responsible for the ritual, constitution, and bylaws adopted by the founders. He created one of the original artifacts of incorporation for the Society of Hammer and Tongs, the bolt of "strength and unity" in late 1904.

The constitution provided for the establishment of additional chapters at other leading engineering schools, and the fraternity soon began to expand nationally. Hanks spoke of the fraternity to his friend, Robert Downing, a member of the Rhombohedron Club at Michigan College of Mines. After correspondence and an inspection trip by Hanks, the club was installed as Beta chapter in 1906. Lewis transferred to the Colorado School of Mines and contacted the Square Set Club, which became the Gamma chapter in 1907. The Southwestern Alumni Association, the fraternity's first, was established in Douglas, Arizona, in 1908.

In 1911, representatives of the three chapters and the alumni association met at the University of Minnesota for the first national convention. The name was changed to Theta Tau, a revised ritual was approved, and the present badge was adopted. Perhaps most important for its future expansion, they decided that Theta Tau would include all branches of engineering.

Pre-World War II growth (1911–1935)
In the next two years, Delta, Epsilon, Zeta, and Eta chapters were installed. The second convention was held in Houghton, Michigan, in 1913. That convention designated The Gear of Theta Tau as the national fraternity's magazine and appointed Jack E. Haynes, A '08, as its first editor-in-chief. Previously, the magazine had been published by Beta chapter with Herman H. Hopkins, B '08, as editor. Hopkins, a member of the Rhombohedron Club, had been initiated by Beta chapter as an alumnus. He served until 1919 as the Grand Scribe and later (1935) was elected Grand Regent.

The third (1915) and fourth (1919) conventions were held in Cleveland, Ohio. Meanwhile, Theta, Iota, and Kappa chapters were installed. Elected as Grand Regent in 1919 was Dr. George D. Louderback, E '96, a charter member of the Epsilon chapter. During his tenure, rapid growth continued, with nine more chapters being installed. In 1920, Schrader became the Grand Scribe, serving in this capacity for 35 years.

J. Sidney Marine, H '21, was elected Grand Regent in 1925, the youngest to serve in that position. In 1926, Donald D. Curtis, O Hon. '19, was appointed editor. Three more chapters were installed during the terms of Grand Regent Dr. Richard J. Russell, E '19. He designed and issued the first 5,000 membership certificates and also designed the officer robes. Joseph W. Howe, O '24, and Paul L. Mercer, O '21, became editors of The Gear in 1929, producing the publication for 32 years.

Fred Coffman, L '22, served as Grand Regent during the depression years through 1935. Despite the conditions, three more chapters were installed. A period of very conservative extension began during the thirties with charters generally being granted only to petitioning long-established locals.

World War II history (1935–1944)
Regional Conferences were established during Hopkins' term as Grand Regent (1935–37). Dr. John M. Daniels, N Hon. '22, was the last to serve out his term as Grand Regent in the pre-World War II period. At the 1939 convention, Russell G. Glass, S '24, was elected Grand Regent and reelected in 1941. At the 1941 Convention, Theta Tau began a tradition of honoring a student chapter delegate as the convention's "Outstanding Delegate."

During World War II, conventions were discontinued and chapters decreased in size, but few went inactive. Hopkins was named Acting Grand Regent for the 27 months that Glass served abroad in the Navy. When conventions were resumed in 1946, Ralph W. Nusser, Z '28, was elected Grand Regent. During his term, the chapters grew unusually large due to the influx of returning veterans. Norman B. Ames, GB '17, was elected Grand Regent in 1948.

Post World War II (1944–1962)
Donald D. Curtis, who a few months after his initiation into the fraternity had been appointed Editor in 1926, added to his years of continuous service as a national officer and began his term as Grand Regent in 1950. Another longtime officer, Jamison Vawter, Z '16, was elected Grand Regent for the term concluding Theta Tau's first half-century. He had served for 27 years as Grand Treasurer and was honored by being the first for whom a Theta Tau Convention was named (1935).

The Founders' Golden Anniversary Convention was held in Minneapolis and was scheduled to include Founders' Day. It was a gala occasion marred only by the absence of founder Schrader and Editor Howe due to illness. It was attended by founders Lewis and Vinal and by many Past Grand Regents, including brother Louderback.

Donald D. Curtis served as Grand Regent from 1950 to 1952. A. Dexter Hinckley, T '25, was elected Grand Regent at the 1954 Convention. Norman B. Ames succeed Schrader as Grand Scribe but resigned to accept a Fulbright Lectureship in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). At its Founders' Golden Anniversary Convention in 1954, Theta Tau established the position of Counselor which only Schrader could hold. He continued to serve until he died in 1962. The position of Regional Director was established by the 1956 Convention.

At the 1958 Convention, Charles W. Britzius, A '33, was elected Grand Regent, the restriction of membership to those who were white was removed, and the fraternity appropriated funds to support extension efforts. Robert E. Pope, Z '52, was appointed Grand Scribe in April 1956 to succeed Ames, was repeatedly elected to that office for 38 years, and was first employed by the fraternity as the traveling secretary in October 1959. William E. Franklin, Z '57, was appointed editor-in-chief of The Gear in 1961, succeeding Howe and Mercer. He served until 1969.

Vietnam years (1962–1976)
At the convention in 1962, William K. Rey, M '45, was elected Grand Regent, and the fraternity established the position of executive secretary (now executive director) to which Pope was appointed. In 1963, for the first time, the fraternity had a central office. Britzius, retiring as Grand Regent, was elected Grand Treasurer, a position he was to hold for twelve years. The decade of the 1960s was one of moderate growth with seven new chapters installed. Annual alumni gifts were first solicited in 1964.

The convention in 1964 adopted the colony program as the standard route which a local fraternity would follow in becoming a Theta Tau chapter. It also adopted the official flag featuring four quadrants.

The 1966 convention elected C. Ramond Hanes, S 1924, as Grand Regent. The 1968 convention elected Dr. Charles E. Wales, EB '53, as Grand Regent. The position of a student member of the executive council was created in 1970.

The Executive Council Bulletin, in newsletter format, was first published during the 1970–72 biennium. Now generally issued monthly during the school year, it provides timely news and reminders to officers of the national fraternity, chapters, and alumni organizations.

Dr. George G. Dodd, Z '60, was elected Grand Regent in 1972; and the delegate-at-large (immediate Past Grand Regent) was made an official member of the executive council. The 1976 convention elected Grand Regent Stephen J. Barth, LB '67. In 1977, a plan adopted by the 1976 convention was implemented, making women eligible for membership with the Delta chapter at Case Western Reserve University, being one of the first to admit women.

A new era (1976–1991)
Richard A. Rummelhart, O '76, was appointed editor in 1978 and was succeeded by Arthur T. Petrzelka, O '79, who edited the magazine from 1979 to 1988. The first membership directory in forty years was published in 1979, and others in 1985, 1990, and 1994. A History of Theta Tau, compiled by Past Grand Regent Charles W. Britzius, was published in 1980. Regional conferences were replaced by a special convention in 1981, establishing the pattern of holding national meetings annually in August rather than biennially in the week after Christmas.

In 1982, A. Thomas Brown was elected Grand Regent. In 1983, Theta Tau moved the central office from the executive secretary's home to space in the Theta Xi Memorial Headquarters Building in Creve Coeur; held its first national conference; and first employed a second member, Dean W. Bettinger, T '81, as extension director/chapter consultant. Since then, others have been employed for limited periods, including Michael T. Abraham, EB '92, who served as an administrative assistant in 1988 and briefly in 1989.

The Theta Tau Alumni Hall of Fame was established in 1986 to honor members who distinguish themselves through the excellence of their contributions to their professions and/or to the fraternity. Randall J. Scheetz, O '79, was first elected Grand Regent in 1986. The fraternity experienced significant growth during his tenure with the installation of eight chapters and the certification of thirteen colonies. This extension effort was sparked by Jerome R. Palardy, EB '90, then a student member of the executive council in the Detroit area. The result was Xi Beta, Omicron Beta, and Phi Beta chapters. Pi and Gamma Beta chapters were re-established after being inactive since the late 1970s. Pi Beta, Rho Beta, Sigma Beta, and Tau Beta chapters were installed and four new alumni clubs were authorized.

The Rube Goldberg Machine Contest originated at Purdue University in 1949 as a competition between the Phi chapter of Theta Tau and Triangle; it was held annually until 1956. Phi chapter revived the contest in 1983 as a competition open to all Purdue students. From 1988 to 2013, the Theta Tau Rube Goldberg Machine Contest was a national competition held at Purdue University in March each year, with participation by winning entries from local competitions sponsored by Theta Tau chapters across the nation. The national contest gained much coverage by the press and television media.

Sean Donnelly, T'88, and Lawrence El-Hindi, T '87, were appointed co-editors-in-chief of The Gear of Theta Tau in 1988. At the direction of the executive council, the central office staff assumed responsibility for the regular publication of the magazine beginning with the spring 1994 issue. Dean W. Bettinger, who had served as a staff member in 1983, was first elected Grand Regent at the 1990 convention and was reelected in 1992 and 1994. During his tenure, nine chapters were installed: Upsilon Beta, Phi Beta, Chi Beta, Psi Beta, Tau (reestablished), Omega Beta, Delta Gamma, Epsilon Gamma, and Zeta Gamma; and six colonies certified.

The Theta Tau Outstanding Student Member Program was created in 1991 so each chapter could designate an outstanding student member for recognition by the national fraternity. The national fraternity gives recipients an engrossed certificate and an award dangle which the recipient displays on their badge's guard chain. One of these each year is selected as the fraternity's Outstanding Student Member with the announcement made at the national meeting. The national honoree is presented with a special certificate and with a jeweled dangle.

The present-day (1991-present)
In 1991, the central office moved to the 655 Office Building in the Creve Coeur Executive Office Park. Michael T. Abraham returned as a permanent staff member with the title of assistant executive director in 1992 and was elected Grand Scribe in 1994. In 1994, the appointive position of executive director was added to the executive council. Pope, who had served on staff for 37 years, retired in 1996 and was designated executive director emeritus by the executive council. Abraham was appointed executive director.

Lee C. Haas was elected Grand Regent in 1996 and reelected in 1998. He was instrumental in establishing the Theta Tau Educational Foundation in 1998 and served as its first president. In 1999, the foundation sponsored the fraternity's first Leadership Academy which replaced the National Conference. Haas presided at the installation of Eta Gamma, Theta Gamma, and Iota Gamma chapters.

At the fraternity's first convention held in Arizona, Glen A. Wilcox was elected Grand Regent. At the 2000 meeting, many structural changes were made in the constitution and bylaws to more fully integrate the central office into the laws. These changes reflected many practices already in place and allowed the executive council to focus on its responsibilities as the fraternity's board of directors. The convention also endorsed the national fraternity liability insurance standard adopted by the executive council in the spring of 1999.

In 2000, past Grand Regent Haas presided at the installation of the Kappa Gamma chapter at the Virginia Commonwealth University. Grand Regent Wilcox presided at the installation of Lambda Gamma at Clemson University on January 13, 2001, and he later presided at the installations of Mu Gamma and Nu Gamma in the spring of 2003. In November 2001, the central office moved from the St. Louis metropolitan area to Austin, Texas, and the fraternity's archives were moved from a room in the Alpha chapter house to the central office.

As the fraternity reached its centennial in 2004, Theta Tau had initiated over 30,000 members and had more active student chapters than at any time in its history. At the 2004 convention, Michael D. Livingston was elected Grand Regent. During his term, Omicron Gamma, Pi Gamma, Rho Gamma, Sigma Gamma, Tau Gamma, Upsilon Gamma, Phi Gamma, Chi Gamma, Psi Gamma, Omega Gamma, Zeta Delta, Eta Delta, Theta Delta, and Iota Delta chapters were installed. Additionally, Kappa, and Epsilon were re-installed, and Epsilon Delta and Pi Delta were installed.

In 2007, the central office moved from leased office space to its first fraternity-owned headquarters. The roughly 1500 sqft office condo is located at the corner of 11th and San Jacinto, within blocks of the capitol and university in downtown Austin, Texas. In the same year, the National Alumni Club of Theta Tau was created.

In the spring of 2010, Grand Marshal Brandon Satterwhite led a group of students and alumni on the fraternity's first national service project with the Habitat for Humanity chapter in Bonnell,

Symbols
The primary symbols of Theta Tau are the Hammer and Tongs, and the gear wheel. One of the fraternity's original artifacts of incorporation is the bolt of "strength and unity", fabricated by Schrader in 1904. Made of brass and painted the historic dark red found in the official crest, this bolt has survived almost unscathed over the years.

The flag of Theta Tau is broken into four quadrants, alternately colored dark red and gold. In the upper left corner is the crest of Theta Tau. In the opposing corner are Greek letters ΘΤ in gold. There is also an alternate flag that is divided along its length into three equal sections, the left and right dark red with gold in the center bearing dark red letters Θ and Τ arranged vertically. The letters ΘΤ in dark red are found in the center section.

The fraternity's colors are dark red and gold, while its gem is dark red garnet. The more common pyrope garnet, used in the member's badge, is used based on color and availability. The oldest symbol of the fraternity still in use is the coat of arms adopted in 1906. It may only be displayed or worn by members.

The first badge was a gold skull with the letters Θ and Τ on its forehead and a crossed hammer and tongs beneath, but this was replaced in 1911. The four items of official jewelry remain the member's badge, gear pin (called the sister pin until 1994), pledge insignia, and official recognition button. Other insignia have been adopted over the years. The colony program sparked the design of the simple colony pin and colony pledge pin.

The fraternity's open motto is "Whatsoever thy hand findeth to do, do it with thy might;..." – Ecclesiastes 9:10

Local chapter or individual misconduct
In December 2013, the Michigan Technological University chapter of Theta Tau was suspended for violations of "alcohol, endangerment, community order, disruptive behavior, and hazing provisions." Multiple times during their suspension, they were found in violation of alcohol provisions and failure to comply with the terms of their suspension, and as a result, were expelled in May 2017.

In April 2018, the Syracuse University chapter of Theta Tau was expelled after the student newspaper published videos of the chapter's members behaving in ways that the university chancellor considered to be "extremely racist, anti-Semitic, homophobic, sexist and hostile to people with disabilities."

In April 2024, The Cornell University chapter of Theta Tau was suspended for alleged drug and alcohol violations and hazing. Concerns arose after potential new members reported incidents involving cocaine use at fraternity events. Despite a cease and desist order, the chapter continued its activities until Theta Tau Central Office issued a suspension. Individual sanctions were imposed, and the fraternity's charter was suspended for two years. The chapter is expected to be expelled at the 2025 Theta Tau National Convention.

title: Theta Tau


text:
Talk:20 (number)

Redirects
Just a quick explanation of what I have done here. The headings for 22 to 29 is so that the actual number pages can have redirects to a defined point in this page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by AndrewKepert (talk • contribs) 06:36, 10 November 2003

 * The only problem with this, AndrewKepert, is that such a redirect doesn't actually work: the URL used by the browser is not changed by the redirect, and so contains no "#..." element. In other words, it still only points to the top, which is rather confusing if you follow a link to, say, twenty-nine.  Perhaps it would be better to also have a heading for twenty itself, below a line explaining which numbers this page (currently) covers.  This would make it clearer why the user had been redirected; it would also add an entry for twenty itself in the table of contents [if enabled], and move this into clearer view. (it frequently annoys me that these contents boxes don't appear until the first explicit heading, which can be a long way down the page) Obviously, this policy would then have to be applied to the other number articles that are in this form.
 * - IMSoP 22:09, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * (see also my more general comment on Talk:List of numbers)

 * I changed the formatting a bit, maybe it's easier to read now. Feel free to modify it.
 * BTW I was wondering why Special:Whatlinkshere/Twenty didn't show all the twenty-... redirects. Must be the anchors.
 * --User:Docu — Preceding unsigned comment added by Docu (talk • contribs) 22:48, 7 December 2003

 * Certainly makes it clearer what's covered if you have the TOC turned on. I'm not sure whether placing the other numbers at a lower level of hierarchy makes sense, though, and it needs a proper introduction at the very top.  I was holding back from fiddling until a consistent design had been agreed on, as it will also need to be applied at similar pages such as Thirty, Hundred and so forth.  In fact, perhaps we need a WikiProject Numbers template, since the layout of the information on each number is also somewhat variable at present... - IMSoP 23:14, 7 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Yes I know that it only half-worked -- it was a bit of an experiment that I left in place to draw attention to a problem that could either be fixed by a more creative solution in the current wiki engine, or by tweaking the wiki engine to handle in the obvious way. My workaround solution (aka kludge) to fix the other half was to create links like Twenty-eight or more probably Twenty-eight which currently work and degrade gracefully once a page for twenty-eight is created. I think the page in its current form is good. However, since I did the big rearrangement it has attracted interest and the sections have grown to the point where they could be split off. (This was partly my fault for raising "thirty-eight" as being "the first boring number" ... another story.) -- AndrewKepert 02:05, 9 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * In the meantime (before reading above explanation), I had fixed the remaining redirects. I had preferred to see Whatlinkshere working. I suppose the anchor part still works.
 * Indeed, it would be nice to have a template. To some extent I followed fourteen. I spent some time building links from the year pages, even if the current format could probably also be improved. BTW 20 would be the part of twenty (currently 20-29) to spin-off, but the current pape is still of readable size. -- User:Docu — Preceding unsigned comment added by Docu (talk • contribs) 06:44, 9 December 2003

Digits
Under mathematics, this article says "21 is the total number of digits on the human body". The disambiguation page for Digit says digits can be fingers and toes. Shouldn't this article say there are 20 digits on the human body? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.140.35.37 (talk) 01:42, 24 July 2006

Age 20
Deleted this section. The statement that one is officially an adult at age 20 is incorrect in many, if not most jurisdictions. The term adult in an legal contexct may have several meanings, but more common ages of majority are 18 or 21. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cmsg (talk • contribs) 16:45, 27 November 2007 (UTC)

20 in sports
Do we really the sports stars who wear the number 20? Where does it stop? They should either all be removed, or at least trimmed to only the particularly noteworthy personalities. Psym (talk) 02:22, 20 October 2009 (UTC)

Verification Requested
When Lincoln said in the Gettysburg Address "four score" (meaning 20 years), it suddenly clicked to me that four scores, as in the old roman counting system where each four vertical slashes with a horizontal slash thru the four (a score?) was a count of five. Is that a correct interpretation of a score? --173.69.135.105 (talk) 01:18, 19 November 2011 (UTC)

In currency
I've deleted this section. It had mentioned the UK ₤20 and US $20 bills and whose portrait was on them. Why only these two. How about euros, NZ dollars, Canadian dollars, etc.? How about coins 20¢, 20p, etc.? It might be interesting, though, to note that 20 is a common denomination for currencies in general (though no Canadian or US 20¢ pieces exist) and that there used to be 20 shillings to the pound. J IM ptalk·cont 03:07, 31 January 2013 (UTC)

No disambiguation page?
I had removed the Music section which, rather than dealing with the number twenty (the topic of this page), was a list of musical things with "twenty" or "20" in their names. It seemed to me that this kind of thing belongs at a disambiguation page. That's what we usually do with off-topic stuff with a related name. M0rphzone, however, reverted this stating "there is no other disambiguation page; this is it; see talk and the other number articles". Well, there is a disambiguation page but if there weren't, there should be. As for the other number articles, there are disambiguation pages for many of them too. Even if these disambiguation pages didn't exist, it wouldn't follow that they shouldn't. Disambiguation belongs on disambiguation pages. These number pages should be about numbers. Anyway, I came to talk as M0rphzone suggested and there was nothing here to justify his reverting me. J IM ptalk·cont 09:35, 3 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Really. You think I would just revert without checking? The fact that it was so hard to find—maybe that tells you something? If there is a dabpage, then why is it not linked in the dab? Why does the dablink redirect here? Why did you not properly update the links after moving the page? There're only 4 links that link to 20 (disambiguation). Next time fix them and clean up after your edits. Do you expect people to clean up after you? - M0rphzone (talk) 06:06, 4 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Of course I don't expect people to clean up after me. If I missed something, I'm sorry.  I'm also sorry for assuming that 20 (disambiguation) would be easy to find. J IM ptalk·cont 01:37, 5 February 2013 (UTC)

"It appears that"
The claim that 20 is the only number with more than one digit that can be written from base 2 to base 20 using only the digits 0 to 9 is sourced to a website where this assertion is moderated by an "It appears that". Shouldn't we do same here? elpincha (talk) 17:08, 11 March 2013 (UTC)

Number 20 in percent encoding / URL encoding
I want to add this *In percent-encoding, %20 represents the punctuatcion space in URL encoding under the "In science" section. Another user disagrees and argues that is it not helpful and that the addition is not related to the "number 20". I argued that there are a couple of entries in this article that is not the "number 20" in a strict sense, but add value to the article none the less and that linking to percent encoding may help some readers find what they are looking for. Does anyone else want to give input? --Bensin (talk) 15:24, 30 March 2014 (UTC)
 * It is really not a twenty, it is a two-zero. Even though I know this, it is percent-twenty to me when I see it. To me it should be in the article but perhaps create a new heading section for "Things that look like 20 but aren't"-- ☾Loriendrew☽  ☏(talk)  18:07, 30 March 2014 (UTC)

Retired jersey numbers
Per WP:PRESERVE, here is the list of retired #20 jersey numbers and racecars that were mentioned in the article:

 * The jersey number 20 has been retired by several North American sports teams in honor of past playing greats:
 * In Major League Baseball:
 * The Arizona Diamondbacks, for Luis Gonzalez.
 * The Baltimore Orioles and Cincinnati Reds, both for Hall of Famer Frank Robinson.
 * The Kansas City Royals, for Frank White.
 * The Los Angeles Dodgers, for Hall of Famer Don Sutton.
 * The Philadelphia Phillies, for Hall of Famer Mike Schmidt.
 * The Pittsburgh Pirates, for Hall of Famer Pie Traynor.
 * The St. Louis Cardinals, for Hall of Famer Lou Brock.
 * The San Francisco Giants, for Hall of Famer Monte Irvin, who played for the team when it was the New York Giants.
 * In the NFL:
 * The Detroit Lions, for Hall of Famer Barry Sanders.
 * The New England Patriots, for Gino Cappelletti, who played for the team when it was known by its original name of the Boston Patriots.
 * The Philadelphia Eagles, for Brian Dawkins.
 * In the NBA:
 * The Portland Trail Blazers, for Maurice Lucas.
 * In the NHL:
 * The Los Angeles Kings, for Hall of Famer Luc Robitaille.

 * In the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series, car #20 is currently owned by Joe Gibbs Racing. Tony Stewart won the Cup Series title twice in the #20 car with Joe Gibbs Racing. After Stewart left the team in 2009 to drive for himself in the Stewart-Haas Racing team, rookie Joey Logano took over the car until the end of the 2012 season to drive for Penske Racing. The #20 car is now being driven by Matt Kenseth, who left Roush Fenway Racing at the end of the 2012 season.
 * In Formula One, 20 is used by Danish driver, Kevin Magnussen, who drives for Haas F1 Team.

This material may be of interest for a future List of retired numbers in sports article. — JFG talk 22:42, 16 May 2017 (UTC)

Bingo names -
Please see Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Numbers for a centralized discusion as to whether Bingo names should be included in thiese articles. Arthur Rubin (alternate) (talk) 23:33, 3 June 2018 (UTC)

Airbus

 * The Roman version was the first designation of the A380, symbolising its double decks.

In the linked article I see no evidence that the XX in "A3XX" was anything but a placeholder. Even if the assertion here is true, it's non-notable in my humble opinion. —Tamfang (talk) 00:34, 4 June 2018 (UTC)
 * That claim clearly has nothing to do with the number 20. I've boldly removed it. Certes (talk) 01:27, 4 June 2018 (UTC)

Music
I've been thinking through inclusion criteria for entries in articles about numbers — my evolving thoughts are expressed here: User:Sphilbrick/Essay_regarding_inclusion_criteria_for_integer_articles. A few days ago, the article had zero references to songs or albums with "20" in the title. I started adding them but there are quite a few, and while some more well known than others, is not immediately obvious where to draw the line. (Obviously, if some unknown garage band writes a song with 20 in the title, and it doesn't get covered in a reliable source that's not going to be included.) I started including the items as a list, but it became quickly apparent that the complete list was going to take up a lot of the vertical space of the article. I decided to try including the entries as a table, to make the presentation more compact. The edit I am making at this time incorporates that table. I'm open to discussion about the best way to present the material. One possibility is that songs or albums with "20" in the title deserve inclusion only if the album song or artist are notable. My current list is broader than that, including artists who do not have their own article but for whom there is a reliable source confirming the existence of the song or album.-- S Philbrick (Talk)  11:55, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * The dab 20 holds the list of songs etc. which might be referred to as "20". I would leave them off the number page unless they have a special significance in describing an aspect of the number 20. Certes (talk) 12:25, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * , I considered that. As a minor note, the dab page contains only one song, and I found 28, but obviously, that can be cured by adding entries to the dab page. The challenge is that entries on a dab page ought to link to notable entries. it's my opinion that not every item in a numbers article needs to be standalone notable although it does need to be referenced. If we make the stronger claim that an item should only be listed if it is notable in its own right, then it would work to include those items on the dab page.
 * Yet another option is to require that either the song, or album or artist has to be notable, but a song could be listed if the artist is notable even if the song doesn't have a standalone article.
 * This would mean that the song "20" by Joe Cocker could be included because Joe Cocker is notable, even though we don't have a separate article for that particular song. I think that could be included in the dab page, but that might need a little research (or maybe you know off the top of your head). That approach would mean that "20" by Joe Cocker would be included on the dab page, but "20" by Ebbo Kraan would appear nowhere.
 * Frankly, I don't think any of the options jump out at me is the obvious right answer, which is why we are having this conversation. S Philbrick  (Talk)  13:33, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Per WP:DABMENTION, list entries have a lower notability hurdle than articles. A song described in the article for a notable album or singer may be included if it would provide value to the reader.  That's "may" rather than "must", and we might interpret "value" as having some detail beyond a mere appearance in a track listing.  Certes (talk) 13:45, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Frankly, I don't think any of the options jump out at me is the obvious right answer, which is why we are having this conversation. S Philbrick  (Talk)  13:33, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Per WP:DABMENTION, list entries have a lower notability hurdle than articles. A song described in the article for a notable album or singer may be included if it would provide value to the reader.  That's "may" rather than "must", and we might interpret "value" as having some detail beyond a mere appearance in a track listing.  Certes (talk) 13:45, 18 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Per WP:DABMENTION, list entries have a lower notability hurdle than articles. A song described in the article for a notable album or singer may be included if it would provide value to the reader.  That's "may" rather than "must", and we might interpret "value" as having some detail beyond a mere appearance in a track listing.  Certes (talk) 13:45, 18 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:20 (number)