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Brylcreem

Brylcreem is a British brand of hair styling products for men. The first Brylcreem product was a hair cream created in 1928 by County Chemicals at the Chemico Works in Bradford Street, Birmingham, England, and is the flagship product of the brand. The cream is an emulsion of water and mineral oil stabilised with beeswax. It is notable for the high shine it provides, which spawned the name of the product, stemming from "brilliantine" and "cream".

Ownership
The British pharmaceutical firm Beecham was the longtime owner of Brylcreem. Sara Lee acquired the personal care unit of SmithKline Beecham in June 1993. In January 2012, the global rights to the Brylcreem brand were sold by Sara Lee Corporation to Unilever.

Brylcreem is marketed in the United States by Combe Incorporated, in Europe by Unilever and in India by Hindustan Unilever Limited. Before Godrej acquired a 51% stake of Sara Lee, in their joint venture Godrej Sara Lee in May 2010, the brand was distributed by Godrej in India.

Jingle
It was first advertised on television with the jingle "Brylcreem — A Little Dab'll Do Ya! Brylcreem — You'll look so debonair. Brylcreem — The gals'll all pursue ya; they'll love to run their fingers through your hair!". Another version was "Brylcreem—a little dab will do ya! Use more only if you dare; but watch out! The gals will all pursue ya! They'll love to run their fingers through your hair!"

The jingle was created by Hanley M. Norins of the Young & Rubicam advertising agency. The television advertisement for Brylcreem included a cartoon animation of a man with (initially) shaggy hair, who happily has a little dab applied, and, miraculously, the hair combs and smooths itself.

When the dry look became popular, partly inspired by the unoiled moptops of the Beatles, the last line was changed from "They'll love to run their fingers through your hair", to "They'll love the natural look it gives your hair". Subsequent television advertisements used the mottoes "Grooms without gumming" and later, in the 1970s, in the United Kingdom and Canada, "A little dab of Brylcreem on your hair gives you the Brylcreem bounce".

Notable users and popular culture

 * The Brylcreem Boys is a film from 1998, directed and co-written by Terence Ryan, about the internment of Axis and Allied combatants during World War II.
 * Denis Compton, the Middlesex and England batsman and Arsenal footballer, was one of the earliest British sportsmen to make serious money from product endorsement when he advertised Brylcreem in the 1940s and 1950s.
 * Waylon Jennings during his years in the Nashville sound era of his career always sported Brylcreem over the much more popular Royal Crown brand of pomade sported by friends and other stars of the scene like Johnny Cash. Waylon later ditched the style in 1972, when he began growing out his hair, which would eventually become a part of his signature style.
 * In 1955 Fazal Mahmood was the first Pakistani cricketer to model for Brylcreem. It was the first time a commercial brand had hired a Pakistani cricketer as a model.
 * During the Second World War, members of the RAF became known as "Brylcreem boys". While there is a popular belief that it was intended as an insult by other branches of the forces due to the RAF's perceived safe and comfortable job back in Britain, in fact the truth is more prosaic: Brylcreem used an image of an RAF airman in their print ads from 1939.
 * Jimmy Buffett sang the Brylcreem jingle at the end of Pencil Thin Mustache.
 * In the Seinfeld episode "The Conversion", the balding character George Costanza mentions having Brylcreem in his medicine cabinet when discussing how people tend to hold on to older items that they may no longer need.
 * In the HBO Mafia drama series The Sopranos, mobster Junior Soprano is being investigated for racketeering. He laments, "Federal marshals are so far up my ass I can taste Brylcreem".
 * Actor Sidharth Malhotra is the brand ambassador for Brylcreem in India.
 * In Young Sheldon (Season 1, Episode 20), the main character Sheldon is seen using Brylcreem.

Slogans

 * Dipakai Pria, Disukai Wanita (Used by Men, Liked by Women)

title: Brylcreem


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Sipapu

A sipapu (a Hopi word) was a small hole or indentation in the floor of a kiva (pithouse). Kivas were used by the Ancestral Puebloans and continue to be used by modern-day Puebloans. The sipapu symbolizes the portal through which their ancient ancestors first emerged to enter the present world.

Hopi mythology (and similar traditions in other Pueblo cultures such as the Zuni and Acoma) states that this is the hole from which the first peoples of this world entered. As they stepped outside of the sipapu, they changed from lizard-like beings into human form. It is from this point that the "First Peoples" of the Earth began to divide and separate, becoming tribes. The original sipapu is said in Hopi and some other Uto-Aztecan Puebloan mythology to be located in the Grand Canyon.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sipapu


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User talk:Davidds

Please feel free to send any comments to me. It is always good to hear from others. :-)

David Delgado (Davidds)

Moodle and History
Just wondering if your article on moodle could include a history section. Some of the lower bits such as the maker can then be moved upwards. Major change so I thought it best left up to you to explore.

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some articles that you might find useful: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome!
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
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If you want to try out Wikipedia, please use the Sandbox, instead of making nonsense pages that only have to be deleted by an administrator. Hopefully you will contribute some meaningful material or even article to Wikipedia.

January 2007
Thank you for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and it has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you may want to do. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. — Isilanes 10:30, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

Thank you for experimenting with Wikipedia. Your test worked, and it has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any other tests you may want to do. Take a look at the welcome page to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. — Isilanes 10:30, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

 * ¿Te ha crackeado alguien la cuenta? Porque los dos últimos edits a Elgg y Moodle no se explican muy bien, si miramos a tus anteriores contribs. — Isilanes 10:30, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Lo siento, era una especie de complicidad con ambos proyectos. No debería haber usado la Wikipedia para ese tipo de tonterías. Mis más sinceras disculpas. Procuraré que no vuelva a pasar. davidds 00:51, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Sorry for adding non relevant information to the Elgg (software) and Moodle articles. It won't happen again. davidds 00:51, 2 February 2007 (UTC)

Unspecified source for Image:Davidds.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Davidds.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, then you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, then their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self-no-disclaimers tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Fair use, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their source and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following [ this link]. Unsourced and untagged images may be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If the image is copyrighted under a non-free license (per Fair use) then the image will be deleted 48 hours after 11:51, 6 May 2007 (UTC). If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Sherool (talk) 11:51, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

Fixed. It was self made and I put a Creative Commons Attribution Sharealike licence. 01:28, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

Image:Davidds.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Davidds.jpg, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Calliopejen1 (talk) 15:35, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

File:Daviddswiki.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, File:Daviddswiki.jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the discussion to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. OsamaKReply? on my talk page, please 10:39, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

Don't worry about those 2 pictures. I doon't even know why are them still there. Current one is Daviddswiki2.jpg, self made and with a creative commons license. You can delete those 2 other pictures. Thanks for the advise. davidds (talk) 20:43, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
Hi, You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 22:13, 30 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Davidds


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Northumbrian

Northumbrian may refer to:

Languages

 * present-day Northumbrian dialect, a variant of Northern English closely related to Scots
 * historic Northumbrian Old English, a variety of Old English spoken in the Kingdom of Northumbria

People

 * an inhabitant of the present-day region of Northumbria or North East England
 * an inhabitant of the historic county of Northumberland specifically
 * an inhabitant of the historic Kingdom of Northumbria

Transport

 * Northumbrian (locomotive), a locomotive built in 1830 and first to encompass smokebox and firebox within the boiler barrel

title: Northumbrian


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Ladybird, Ladybird

"Ladybird, Ladybird" is the first line of an English-language nursery rhyme that also has German analogues. It is included in the Roud Folk Song Index as number of 16215.

The rhyme
This traditional verse relates to ladybirds, brightly coloured insects commonly viewed as lucky. The English version has been dated to at least 1744, when it appeared in Tommy Thumb's Pretty Songbook Vol. 2. The verse has several popular forms, including:

 * Ladybird, ladybird fly away home,
 * Your house is on fire and your children are gone,
 * All except one, and her name is Ann,
 * And she hid under the baking pan.

A shorter, grimmer version concludes:
 * Your house is on fire,
 * Your children shall burn!

The child who hides may also be named Nan, Anne and Little Anne and she has hidden under a "warming pan", "porridge pan", "frying pan" or even a "pudding pan". Alternatively, her name may be Aileen and her hiding place a "soup tureen". A widely varying Peterborough version makes the remaining child a boy:
 * Ladybird, ladybird, fly away home, / Your horse is on foot, your children are gone;
 * All but one, and that's little John, / And he lies under the grindle stone.

Insect names
The insect goes by a variety of other names in British dialect rhymes. One Yorkshire version recorded in 1842 begins “Ladycow, Ladycow, ply thy way home”, while Charlotte Brontë calls it a “lady-clock”. In Scotland a rhyme from the same period is recorded as
 * Dowdy-cow, dowdy-cow, ride away heame,
 * Thy house is burnt, and thy bairns are tean.

American names include “ladybug”, first recorded in 1699, although the equivalent rhyme is not mentioned until the 19th century, as in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876). Also in the US, doodlebugs are substituted for ladybugs and are exhorted to “Come out of your hole”.

The name ladybird contains a reference to Mary, mother of Jesus, often referred to as Our Lady, a convention that occurs in other European cultures where the insect is similarly addressed. In Germany it is the Marienkäfer, where a nursery rhyme runs “Marybug, fly away, your house is on fire, your wee mother weeps” (Marienkäferchen, fliege weg! Dein Haüschen brennt, Dein Mutterchen flennt). In a similar rhyme it is addressed as Himmelsküchlichen: “Sky-winger, fly away, your house is in flames, your children together in tears” (Deiner Kinder weinen alle miteinander). In Sweden the religious connection was maintained by calling the insect Jungfru Marias Nyckelpiga (Virgin Mary's keyholder), but with a slightly different rhyme.

Adult's and children's lore

Because of the religious connotation of such names, one speculation would date the rhyme back to the 16th century and have it sung as a warning at a time when there was legislation against Catholics. Another connects it with a story that after prayers for help Our Lady brought the insect to destroy a plague of plant-destroying pests. According to other lore, farmers recite the rhyme to save the insects who do them this service before setting fire to stubble fields. Among children, it is common to place the ladybird on their hand or blow it from their clothing and make a wish while reciting the rhyme.

A literary variation on the rhyme was written by Caroline Anne Southey, published under the pseudonym "C." early in the 19th century. The nine-stanza poem appeared in an 1827 issue of Blackwood's Magazine. Titled "To The Lady Bird", the first stanza reads
 * Lady-bird, Lady-bird, fly away home,
 * The field mouse is gone to her nest,
 * The daisies have shut up their sleepy red eyes
 * And the birds and the bees are at rest

and continues with much the same formula and similar natural details for a further eight stanzas, at one point referencing the fairy myths of Oberon. To The Lady Bird, or excerpted stanzas from it, went on to appear in various publications through the next century and beyond. One stanza was also included at the head of an unpublished poem by Emily Brontë on a completely different subject.

title: Ladybird, Ladybird


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Baltimore oriole

The Baltimore oriole (Icterus galbula) is a small icterid blackbird common in eastern North America as a migratory breeding bird. It received its name from the resemblance of the male's colors to those on the coat-of-arms of 17th-century Lord Baltimore. Observations of interbreeding between the Baltimore oriole and the western Bullock's oriole Icterus bullockii, led to both being classified as a single species, called the northern oriole, from 1973 to 1995. Research by James Rising, a professor of zoology at the University of Toronto, and others showed that the two birds actually did not interbreed significantly.

The Baltimore oriole is the state bird of Maryland, and the namesake and mascot for the Baltimore Orioles baseball team.

Taxonomy
The Baltimore oriole was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Coracias galbula. He specified the type locality as America, but this was restricted to Virginia in 1931. Linnaeus based his account on the "Baltimore-Bird" that had been described and illustrated by the English naturalist Mark Catesby in his The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands that was published between 1729 and 1732. The Baltimore oriole is now one of 32 New World orioles placed in the genus Icterus that was introduced in 1760 by the French ornithologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson. The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.

Like all New World orioles, this species is named after an unrelated, physically similar family found in the Old World: the Oriolidae. The word "Oriole" ultimately derives from the Latin aureolus, "golden". The genus name Icterus is from the Ancient Greek ikteros, a yellow bird, usually taken to be the Eurasian golden oriole, the sight of which was thought to cure jaundice. The specific galbula is the Latin name for a yellow bird, again usually assumed to be the golden oriole.

Description
This medium-sized passerine measures 17 - 22 cm in length and spans 23 - 32 cm across the wings. Their build is typical of icterids, as they have a sturdy body, a longish tail, fairly long legs and a thick, pointed bill. The body weight averages 33.8 g, with a range of weights from 22.3 to 42 g. The male oriole is slightly larger than the female, although the size dimorphism is minimal by icterid standards. Adults always have white bars on the wings.

The adult male is orange on the underparts, shoulder patch, and rump, with some birds appearing a very deep flaming orange and others appearing yellowish orange. All of the rest of the male's plumage is black. The adult female is yellow brown on the upper parts with darker wings, and dull orange yellow on the breast and belly. The juvenile oriole is similar looking to the female, with males taking until the fall of their second year to reach adult plumage.

Distribution and habitat
Baltimore orioles live in the Nearctic in summer, including the Canadian Prairies and eastern Montana in the northwest eastward through southern Ontario, southern Quebec and New Brunswick and south through the eastern United States to central Mississippi and Alabama and northern Georgia. They migrate to winter in the Neotropics as far north as Mexico and sometimes the southern coast of the United States, but predominantly in Central America and northern South America. Some areas of the southern United States may retain orioles all winter if they have feeders that appeal to them. The range of this bird overlaps with that of the similar Bullock's oriole in the Midwest, and the two species were once considered to be conspecific under the name northern oriole because they form fertile hybrids. The Baltimore oriole is a rare vagrant to Western Europe.

Baltimore orioles are often found high up in large, leafy deciduous trees, but do not generally reside in deep forests. The species has been found in summer and migration in open woodland, forest edge, and partially wooded wetlands or stands of trees along rivers. They are very adaptable and can breed in a variety of secondary habitats. In recent times, they are often found in orchards, farmland, urban parks and suburban landscapes as long as they retain woodlots. In Mexico, they winter in flowering canopy trees, often over shade coffee plantations.

From 1966 to 2015, the Baltimore oriole experienced a greater than 1.5% annual population decrease throughout the northern and eastern parts of its breeding range. Among other causes Dutch elm disease destroyed a meaningful amount of their favorite nesting locations: elm trees.

Song and calls
The Baltimore orioles' song is a short set of recognizable, sweet whistles that sound like "tyew, pyeer, peededoo, and "teer." Calls include "veeer," which is an unusual nasal sound, a low chatter call, and two high calls which sound like "tyew-li and kleek."

The male Baltimore oriole song is a clear whistle with a vibrant tone that flows and includes a brief sequence of notes that are paired and repeated 2-7 times, lasting 1-2 seconds. Sometimes during breeding season mature male orioles will make a "flutter-drum sound" to each other while in flight by making noise as they move their wings. Male orioles sing to proclaim and protect territory. The female Baltimore oriole also sings to communicate and while protecting her nest she gives a distinctive call which sounds like a fierce screech. Both male and female orioles make specific warning calls that sound like inharmonious chatter during combative confrontations. If there are other species of orioles in the area that hear the chatter, they will respond to alert calls and try to help defend the territory.

Breeding
Baltimore orioles are basically solitary outside their mating season. The species is generally considered monogamous, although evidence suggests that extra-pair copulation is relatively common. In the spring, males establish a territory and then display to females by singing and chattering while hopping from perch to perch in front of them. Males also give a bow display, bowing with wings lowered and tail fanned. Depending on their receptiveness, the females may ignore these displays or sing and give calls or a wing-quiver display in response. The wing-quiver display involves leaning forward, often with the tail partly fanned, and fluttering or quivering slightly lowered wings.

The Baltimore oriole's nest is built by the female. It is a tightly woven, bundle-like pouch located on the end of a branch, consisting of any fine plant or animal materials available, hanging down on the underside. Trees such as elm, cottonwood, maple, willow, or apple are regularly selected, with the nest usually located around 7 to 9 m above the ground. The female lays three to seven eggs, with the norm being around four. The eggs are pale gray to bluish-white, measuring 2.3 x on average. The incubation period is 12 to 14 days. Once the nestlings hatch, they are fed by regurgitation by both parents and brooded by the female for two weeks. After this, the young start to fledge, becoming largely independent shortly thereafter. If the eggs, young, or nest are destroyed, the oriole is unable to lay a replacement clutch.

Mortality
Predation of adults is a common source of mortality, typically also occurring with eggs, nestlings, and fledglings. Common predators at Baltimore oriole nests can include common grackles, American crows, blue jays, black-billed magpies, tree squirrels, and domestic cats, which most commonly capture newly fledged orioles or adults engaged in brooding behavior. Rapacious birds commonly prey on both young and fully-grown orioles, the most prolific being the eastern screech owl and Cooper's and sharp-shinned hawks. Somewhat larger rapacious birds also sometimes opportunistically prey on the oriole, including peregrine falcons, great horned owls, and barn owls, while merlins may do so while orioles are migrating.

The oldest recorded Baltimore oriole lived to 11 years and 7 months in the wild. They have been recorded living up to 14 years in captivity.

Feeding

Baltimore orioles forage in trees and shrubs, also making short flights to catch insects. They acrobatically clamber, hover, and hang among foliage as they comb high branches. They mainly eat insects, berries, and nectar, and are often seen sipping at hummingbird feeders. Their favored prey is perhaps the forest tent caterpillar moth, which they typically eat in their larval stage, and can be a nuisance species if not naturally regulated by predation. The larvae caterpillar is beaten against a branch until their protective hairs are skinned off before being eaten. They will also consume beetles, grasshoppers, wasps, bugs, and spiders. Baltimore orioles' consumption of forest tent caterpillars at the stage of development when they do the most damage to forest trees and plants, plays an important role in the ecosystem.

Unlike American robins and many other fruit-eating birds, Baltimore orioles seem to prefer only ripe, dark-colored fruit. Orioles seek out the darkest mulberries, the reddest cherries, and the deepest-purple grapes, and will ignore green grapes and yellow cherries even if they are ripe. Baltimore orioles sometimes use their bills to "gape", stabbing their closed bill into soft fruits, then opening them to lap the juice with their tongues. During spring and fall, nectar, fruit, and other sugary foods are readily converted into fat, which supplies energy for migration. Many people now attract Baltimore orioles to their backyards with oriole feeders. Many contain essentially the same food as hummingbird feeders, but are designed for orioles, are orange instead of red, and have larger perches. Baltimore orioles are also fond of halved oranges, grape jelly, and in their winter quarters, the red arils of gumbo-limbo (Bursera simaruba). If they discover a well-kept feeder, orioles lead their young there.

Books

 * Rising, J. D., and N. J. Flood 1998. Baltimore Oriole (Icterus galbula). In The Birds of North America, No. 384 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.

Theses

 * Allen ES. Ph.D. (2002). Long-term hybridization and the maintenance of species identity in orioles (Icterus). Indiana University, United States, Indiana.
 * Brown BT. Ph.D. (1987). Ecology of riparian breeding birds along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona. The University of Arizona, United States, Arizona.
 * Butcher GS. Ph.D. (1984). SEXUAL COLOR DIMORPHISM IN ORIOLES (THE GENUS ICTERUS): TESTS OF COMMUNICATION HYPOTHESES (BIRDS, BEHAVIOR, BREEDING BIOLOGY). University of Washington, United States, Washington.
 * Irwin RE. Ph.D. (1989). A comparative study of sexual selection on song repertoire size in the avian subfamily Icterinae (Passeriformes:Emberizidae). University of Michigan, United States, Michigan.
 * Laudenslayer WFJ. Ph.D. (1981). HABITAT UTILIZATION BY BIRDS OF THREE DESERT RIPARIAN COMMUNITIES. Arizona State University, United States, Arizona.
 * Neudorf DL. M.Sc. (1991). Nest defense in four host species of the brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater). The University of Manitoba (Canada), Canada.
 * Parry D. M.Sc. (1994). The impact of predators and parasitoids on natural and experimentally created populations of forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hubner (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae). University of Alberta (Canada), Canada.
 * Rising JD. Ph.D. (1968). SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY ASPECTS OF INTERBREEDING BETWEEN THE ORIOLES, ICTERUS GALBULA AND I. BULLOCKII IN NORTH AMERICA. University of Kansas, United States, Kansas.
 * Underwood TJ. Ph.D. (2004). Proximate and ultimate influences on egg recognition and rejection behaviour in response to avian brood parasitism. The University of Manitoba (Canada), Canada.
 * Williams PL. Ph.D. (1988). Spacing behavior and related features of social organization in Northern Orioles of centraloastal California. University of California, Berkeley, United States, California.

Articles

 * Beletsky LD. (1982). Vocal Behavior of the Northern Oriole Icterus-Galbula-Galbula. Wilson Bull. vol 94, no 3. pp. 372–381.
 * Biermann GC & Sealy SG. (1985). Seasonal Dynamics of Body Mass of Insectivorous Passerines Breeding on the Forested Dune Ridge Delta-Marsh Manitoba Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol 63, no 7. pp. 1675–1682.
 * Blankespoor HD, Esch GW & Johnson WC. (1985). Some Observations on the Biology of Collyriclum-Faba. Journal of Parasitology. vol 71, no 4. pp. 469–471.
 * Bochkov AV & Galloway TD. (2001). Parasitic cheyletoid mites (Acari: Cheyletoidea) associated with passeriform birds (Aves: Passeriformes) in Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol 79, no 11. pp. 2014–2028.
 * Brawn JD. (2006). Effects of restoring oak savannas on bird communities and populations. Conservation Biology. vol 20, no 2. pp. 460–469.
 * Brown BT & Trosset MW. (1989). Nesting-Habitat Relationships of Riparian Birds Along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon Arizona USA. Southw Natural. vol 34, no 2. pp. 260–270.
 * Browning MR. (1975). FIRST OREGON SPECIMEN OF ICTERUS-GALBULA-GALBULA. Auk. vol 92, no 1. pp. 162–163.
 * Butcher GS. (1981). Northern Orioles Icterus-Galbula-Bullockii Disappear with Mount St-Helens Washington USA Ashfall. Murrelet. vol 62, no 1. pp. 15–16.
 * Butcher GS. (1984). The Predator-Deflection Hypothesis for Sexual Color Dimorphism a Test on the Northern Oriole Icterus-Galbula-Bullockii. Animal Behaviour. vol 32, no 3. pp. 925–926.
 * Butcher GS. (1991). Mate Choice in Female Northern Orioles with a Consideration of the Role of the Black Male Coloration in Female Choice. Condor. vol 93, no 1. pp. 82–88.
 * Conover MR. (1982). Behavioral Techniques to Reduce Bird Damage to Blueberries Methiocarb and a Hawk Kite Predator Model. Wildlife Society Bulletin. vol 10, no 3. pp. 211–216.

 * Conway WC, Smith LM & Bergan JF. (2002). Avian use of Chinese tallow seeds in coastal Texas. Southw Natural. vol 47, no 4. pp. 550–556.
 * Corbin KW & Sibley CG. (1977). Rapid Evolution in Orioles of the Genus Icterus. Condor. vol 79, no 3. pp. 335–342.
 * Corbin KW, Sibley CG & Ferguson A. (1979). Genic Changes Associated with the Establishment of Sympatry in Orioles of the Genus Icterus. Evolution. vol 33, no 2. pp. 624–633.
 * Davis CA. (2005). Breeding bird communities in riparian forests along the Central Platte River, Nebraska. Great Plains Research. vol 15, no 2. pp. 199–211.
 * Davis MA, Peterson DW, Reich PB, Crozier M, Query T, Mitchell E, Huntington J & Bazakas P. (2000). Restoring savanna using fire: Impact on the breeding bird community. Restor Ecol. vol 8, no 1. pp. 30–40.
 * Dixon KL. (1989). Contact Zones of Avian Congeners on the Southern Great Plains USA. Condor. vol 91, no 1. pp. 15–22.
 * Edinger BB. (1988). Extra-Pair Courtship and Copulation Attempts in Northern Orioles. Condor. vol 90, no 3. pp. 546–554.
 * Falardeau G & Desgranges JL. (1991). HABITAT SELECTION AND RECENT FLUCTUATIONS IN POPULATIONS OF FARMLAND BIRDS IN QUEBEC. Can Field-Nat. vol 105, no 4. pp. 469–482.
 * Flood NJ. (1984). Adaptive Significance of Delayed Plumage Maturation in Male Northern Orioles Icterus-Galbula. Evolution. vol 38, no 2. pp. 267–279.
 * Flood NJ. (1985). INCIDENCES OF POLYGYNY AND EXTRAPAIR COPULATION IN THE NORTHERN ORIOLE. Auk. vol 102, no 2. pp. 410–413.
 * Flood NJ. (1990). Aspects of the Breeding Biology of Audubon's Oriole. J Field Ornithol. vol 61, no 3. pp. 290–302.
 * Freeman S & Zink RM. (1995). A phylogenetic study of the blackbirds based on variation in mitochondrial DNA restriction sites. Syst Biol. vol 44, no 3. pp. 409–420.
 * Graf RL & Greeley F. (1976). NESTING-SITE OF NORTHERN ORIOLE IN AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS. Wilson Bull. vol 88, no 2. pp. 359–360.
 * Greenberg R, Bichier P & Sterling J. (1997). Bird populations in rustic and planted shade coffee plantations of eastern Chiapas, Mexico. Biotropica. vol 29, no 4. pp. 501–514.
 * Hobson KA & Sealy SG. (1987). COWBIRD EGG BURIED BY A NORTHERN ORIOLE. J Field Ornithol. vol 58, no 2. pp. 222–224.
 * Hubbard GB, Schmidt RE, Eisenbrandt DL, Witt WM & Fletcher KC. (1985). Fungal Infections of Ventriculi in Captive Birds. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. vol 21, no 1. pp. 25–28.
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title: Baltimore oriole


text:
Syama Prasad Mukherjee

Syama Prasad Mookerjee (6 July 1901 – 23 June 1953) was an Indian politician and academician. Noted for his opposition to Quit India movement within the independence movement in India, he later served as India's first Minister for Industry and Supply (currently known as Minister of Commerce and Industries) in Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's cabinet after breaking up with the Hindu Mahasabha. After falling out with Nehru, protesting against the Liaquat–Nehru Pact, Mukherjee resigned from Nehru's cabinet. With the help of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, he founded the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, the predecessor to the Bharatiya Janata Party, in 1951.

He was also the president of Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha from 1943 to 1946. He was arrested by the Jammu and Kashmir Police in 1953 when he tried to cross the border of the state. He was provisionally diagnosed of a heart attack and shifted to a hospital but died a day later. Since the Bharatiya Janata Party is the successor to the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Mookerjee is also regarded as the founder of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) by its members.

Early life and academic career
Syama Mukherjee was born during the British Raj on 6 July 1901 in Calcutta to a Bengali Brahmin family, now located in the West Bengal state of India. His grandfather Ganga Prasad Mukherjee was born in Jirat and was the first in the family who migrated to and settled in Calcutta.

Syama Prasad's father was Ashutosh Mukherjee, a judge of the High Court of Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, and was also the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Calcutta. His mother was Jogamaya Devi Mukherjee. was a very meritorious student and he came to Calcutta to study in Medical College with the help of the wealthy people of Jirat. Later he settled down in the Bhawanipore area of Calcutta.

Syama Prasad enrolled in Bhawanipur's Mitra Institution in 1906 and his behaviour in school was later described favourably by his teachers. In 1914, he passed his matriculation examination and was admitted into Presidency College. He stood seventeenth in the Inter Arts Examination in 1916 and graduated in English, securing the first position in first class in 1921. He was married to Sudha Devi on 16 April 1922. Mukherjee also completed an MA in Bengali, being graded as first class in 1923 and also became a fellow of the Senate of the University of Calcutta in 1923. He completed his LLB in 1924.

He enrolled as an advocate in Calcutta High Court in 1924, the same year in which his father had died. Subsequently, he left for England in 1926 to study at Lincoln's Inn and was called to the English Bar in the same year. In 1934, at the age of 33, he became the youngest Vice-Chancellor of the University of Calcutta; he held the office until 1938. During his term as Vice-Chancellor, Rabindranath Tagore delivered the University Convocation Address in Bengali for the first time, and the Indian vernacular was introduced as a subject for the highest examination. On 10 September 1938, the Senate of Calcutta university resolved to confer honorary D.Litt. on the Ex-Vice Chancellor in its opinion "by reason of eminent position and attainments, a fit and proper person to receive such a degree." Mukherjee received the D.Litt from Calcutta University on 26 November 1938. He was also the 15th President of the Association of Indian Universities during 1941-42.

Political career before independence
He started his political career in 1929, when he entered the Bengal Legislative Council as an Indian National Congress (INC) candidate representing Calcutta University. However, he resigned the next year when the INC decided to boycott the legislature. Subsequently, he contested the election as an independent candidate and was elected in the same year. In 1937, he was elected as an independent candidate in the elections which brought the Krishak Praja Party to power.

He served as the Finance Minister of Bengal Province in 1941–42 under A.K. Fazlul Haq's Progressive Coalition government which was formed on 12 December 1941 after the resignations of the Congress government. During his tenure, his statements against the government were censored and his movements were restricted. He was also prevented from visiting the Midnapore district in 1942 when severe floods caused a heavy loss of life and property. He resigned on 20 November 1942 accusing the British government of trying to hold on to India under any cost and criticised its repressive policies against the Quit India Movement. After resigning, he mobilised support and organised relief with the help of Mahabodhi Society, Ramakrishna Mission and Marwari Relief Society. In 1946, he was again elected as an independent candidate from the Calcutta University. He was elected as a member of the Constituent Assembly of India in the same year.

Hindu Mahasabha and Bengali Hindu Homeland Movement

Mukherjee joined the Hindu Mahasabha in Bengal in 1939 and became its acting president that same year. He was appointed as the working president of the organisation in 1940. In February 1941, Mukherjee told a Hindu rally that if Muslims wanted to live in Pakistan they should "pack their bag and baggage and leave India ... [to] wherever they like". Yet, the Hindu Mahasabha also formed provincial coalition governments with the All-India Muslim League in Sindh and the North-West Frontier Province while Mukherjee was its leader. He was elected as the President of Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha in 1943. He remained in this position till 1946, with Laxman Bhopatkar becoming the new president in the same year.

Mukherjee demanded the partition of Bengal in 1946 to prevent the inclusion of its Hindu-majority areas in a Muslim-dominated East Pakistan. A meeting held by the Mahasabha on 15 April 1947 in Tarakeswar authorised him to take steps for ensuring partition of Bengal. In May 1947, he wrote a letter to Lord Mountbatten telling him that Bengal must be partitioned even if India was not. He also opposed a failed bid for a united but independent Bengal made in 1947 by Sarat Bose, the brother of Subhas Chandra Bose, and Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, a Bengali Muslim politician. His views were strongly affected by the Noakhali genocide in East Bengal, where mobs belonging to the Muslim League massacred Hindus. It was Mukherjee who launched the Bengali Hindu Homeland Movement. It refers to the movement of the Bengali Hindu people for the Partition of Bengal in 1947 to create a homeland aka West Bengal for themselves within the Indian Union, in the wake of Muslim League's proposal and campaign to include the entire province of Bengal within Pakistan, which was to be a homeland for the Muslims of British India.

Opposition to Quit India Movement
Following the Hindu Mahasabha's official decision to boycott the Quit India movement and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh's decision of non-participation in the movement.

Mukherjee wrote a letter to Sir John Herbert, Governor of Bengal as to how they should respond to "Quit India" movement. In this letter, dated 26 July 1942 he wrote:

"Let me now refer to the situation that may be created in the province as a result of any widespread movement launched by the Congress. Anybody, who during the war, plans to stir up mass feeling, resulting internal disturbances or insecurity, must be resisted by any Government that may function for the time being"

Mukherjee in this letter reiterated that the Fazlul Haq-led Bengal Government, along with its alliance partner Hindu Mahasabha would make every possible effort to defeat the Quit India Movement in the province of Bengal and made a concrete proposal in regard to this:

"The question is how to combat this movement (Quit India) in Bengal? The administration of the province should be carried on in such a manner that in spite of the best efforts of the Congress, this movement will fail to take root in the province. It should be possible for us, especially responsible Ministers, to be able to tell the public that the freedom for which the Congress has started the movement, already belongs to the representatives of the people. In some spheres, it might be limited during the emergency. Indians have to trust the British, not for the sake for Britain, not for any advantage that the British might gain, but for the maintenance of the defense and freedom of the province itself. You, as Governor, will function as the constitutional head of the province and will be guided entirely on the advice of your Minister."

The Indian historian R.C. Majumdar noted this fact and states:

"Shyam Prasad ended the letter with a discussion of the mass movement organised by Congress. He expressed the apprehension that the movement would create internal disorder and will endanger internal security during the war by exciting popular feeling and he opined that any government in power has to suppress it, but that according to him could not be done only by persecution... In that letter he mentioned item-wise the steps to be taken for dealing with the situation..."

During Mukherjee's resignation speech, however, he characterised the policies of the British government towards the movement as "repressive".

Political career after independence
Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru inducted Mukherjee into the Interim Central Government as a Minister for Industry and Supply on 15 August 1947.

Mukherjee condemned the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi as the "most stunning blow that could fall on India. That he who had made India free and selfreliant, a friend of all and enemy of none, loved and respected by millions, should fall at the hands of an assassin, one of his own community and countrymen, is a matter of the deepest shame and tragedy." and began to have differences with Hindu Mahasabha after Gandhi's killing, in which the Mahasabha was blamed by Vallabhbhai Patel for creating the atmosphere that led to the killing. Mukherjee suggested the organisation suspend its political activities. Shortly after it did, in December 1948, he left. One of his reasons was the rejection of his proposal to allow non-Hindus to become members. Mukherjee resigned along with K.C. Neogy from the Cabinet on 8 April 1950 over a disagreement about the 1950 Delhi Pact with Pakistani Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan.

Mukherjee was firmly against their joint pact to establish minority commissions and guarantee minority rights in both countries as he thought it left Hindus in East Bengal to the mercy of Pakistan. While addressing a rally in Calcutta on 21 May, he stated that an exchange of population and property at governmental level on regional basis between East Bengal and the states of Tripura, Assam, West Bengal and Bihar was the only option in the current situation.

Mukherjee founded the Bharatiya Jana Sangh on 21 October 1951 in Delhi, becoming its first president. In the 1952 elections, the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS) won three seats in the Parliament of India, including Mukherjee's. He had formed the National Democratic Party within the Parliament. It consisted of 32 members of the Lok Sabha and 10 members of the Rajya Sabha; however, it was not recognised by the speaker as an opposition party. The BJS was created with the objective of nation-building and nationalising all non-Hindus by "inculcating Indian Culture" in them. The party was ideologically close to the RSS and widely considered the proponent of Hindu nationalism.

Opinion on special status of Jammu and Kashmir
After having supported the Article 370 during the parliamentary discussions over the legislation, Mukherjee became opposed to the legislation after falling out with Nehru. He fought against it inside and outside the parliament with one of the goals of Bharatiya Jana Sangh being its abrogation. He raised his voice against the provision in his Lok Sabha speech on 26 June 1952. He termed the arrangements under the article as Balkanization of India and the three-nation theory of Sheikh Abdullah. The state was granted its own flag along with a prime minister whose permission was required for anyone to enter the state. In opposition to this, Mukherjee once said "Ek desh mein do Vidhan, do Pradhan aur Do Nishan nahi chalenge" (A single country can't have two constitutions, two prime ministers, and two national emblems). Bharatiya Jana Sangh along with Hindu Mahasabha and Jammu Praja Parishad launched a massive Satyagraha to get the provisions removed. In his letter to Nehru dated 3 February 1953, he wrote that the issue of accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India should not be delayed, to which Nehru responded by referring to international complications the issue could create.

Mukherjee went to visit Kashmir in 1953 and observed a hunger strike to protest the law that prohibited Indian citizens from settling within the state and mandating that they carry ID cards. Mukherjee wanted to go to Jammu and Kashmir but, because of the prevailing permit system, he was not given permission. He was arrested on 11 May at Lakhanpur while crossing the border into Kashmir illegally. Although the ID card rule was revoked owing to his efforts, he died as a detainee on 23 June 1953.

On 5 August 2019, when Government of India proposed constitutional Amendment to repeal Article 370, many BJP members described the event as realisation of Syama Prasad Mukherjee's dream.

Personal life
Syama Prasad had three brothers who were: Rama Prasad who was born in 1896, Uma Prasad who was born in 1902 and Bama Prasad Mukherjee who was born in 1906. Rama Prasad became a judge in High Court of Calcutta while Uma became famed as a trekker and a travel writer. He also had three sisters who were: Kamala who was born in 1895, Amala who was born in 1905 and Ramala in 1908. He was married in 1922 to Sudha Devi for 11 years and had five children – the last one, a four-month-old son, died from diphtheria. His wife died of double pneumonia shortly afterwards in 1933 or 1934. Syama Prasad refused to remarry after her death. He had two sons, Anutosh and Debatosh, and two daughters, Sabita and Arati. His grandniece Kamala Sinha served as the Minister of State for External affairs in the I. K. Gujral ministry.

Syama Prasad was also affiliated with the Buddhist Mahabodhi Society. In 1942, he succeeded M.N. Mukherjee to become the president of the organisation. The relics of Gautam Buddha's two disciples Sariputra and Maudgalyayana, discovered in the Great Stupa at Sanchi by Sir Alexander Cunningham in 1851 and kept at the British Museum, were brought back to India by HMIS Tir. A ceremony attended by politicians and leaders of many foreign countries was held on the next day at Calcutta Maidan. They were handed over by Nehru to Mukherjee, who later took these relics to Cambodia, Burma, Thailand and Vietnam. Upon his return to India, he placed the relics inside the Sanchi Stupa in November 1952.

Death

Mukherjee was arrested upon entering Kashmir on 11 May 1953. He and two of his arrested companions were first taken to Central Jail of Srinagar. Later they were transferred to a cottage outside the city. Mukherjee's condition started deteriorating and he started feeling pain in the back and high temperature on the night between 19 and 20 June. He was diagnosed with dry pleurisy from which he had also suffered in 1937 and 1944. The doctor prescribed him a streptomycin injection and powders, however, Mukherjee informed him that his family physician had told him that streptomycin did not suit his system. The doctor, however, told him that new information about the drug had come to light and assured him that he would be fine. On 22 June, he felt pain in the heart region, started perspiring and started feeling like he was fainting. He was later shifted to a hospital and provisionally diagnosed with a heart attack. He died a day later. The state government declared that he had died on 23 June at 3:40 a.m. due to a heart attack.

His death in custody raised wide suspicion across the country and demands for an independent inquiry were raised, including earnest requests from his mother, Jogamaya Devi, to Nehru. The prime minister declared that he had asked a number of persons who were privy to the facts and, according to him, there was no mystery behind Mukherjee's death. Devi did not accept Nehru's reply and requested an impartial inquiry. Nehru, however, ignored the letter and no inquiry commission was set up.

Atal Bihari Vajpayee claimed in 2004 that the arrest of Mukherjee in Jammu and Kashmir was a "Nehru conspiracy" and that the death of Mukherjee has remained "even now an impervious mystery". The BJP in 2011 called for an inquiry to probe Mukherjee's death.

Legacy
One of main thoroughfare in Calcutta was renamed Syama Prasad Mukherjee Road on 3 July 1953 a few days after his death. Syamaprasad College founded by him in 1945 in Kolkata is named after him. Shyama Prasad Mukherji College of University of Delhi was established in 1969 in his memory. On 7 August 1998, the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation named a bridge after Mukherjee. Delhi has a major road named after Mukherjee called Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Marg. Kolkata, too, has a major road called Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Road. In 2001, the main research funding institute of the Government of India, CSIR, instituted a new fellowship named after him.

On 22 April 2010, the Municipal Corporation of Delhi's (MCD) newly constructed Rs. 650-crore building, the tallest building in Delhi, was named the Doctor Syama Prasad Mukherjee Civic Centre. It was inaugurated by Home Minister P. Chidambaram. The building, which is estimated to cater to 20,000 visitors per day, will also house different wings and offices of the MCD. The MCD also built the Syama Prasad Swimming Pool Complex which hosted aquatic events during the 2010 Commonwealth Games held at New Delhi. In 2012, a flyover at Mathikere in Bangalore City Limits was inaugurated and named the Dr Syama Prasad Mukherjee Flyover. The International Institute of Information Technology, Naya Raipur is named after him.

In 2014, a multipurpose indoor stadium built on the Goa University campus in Goa was named after Mukherjee.

The government of India approved the Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission (SPMRM) with an outlay of inr 51420000000 on 16 September 2015. The Mission was launched by the Prime Minister on 21 February 2016 at Kurubhata, Murmunda Rurban Cluster, Rajnandgaon, Chhattisgarh. In April 2017, Ranchi College was upgraded to Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University. In September 2017, Kolar, a town in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, was renamed as Shyama Prasad Mukherji Nagar by the state's Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chauhan.

Gajendra Chauhan played the role of Mukherjee in the movie 1946 Calcutta Killings.

On 12 January 2020, the Kolkata Port Trust was renamed as Syama Prasad Mukherjee Port by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

The Chenani-Nashri Tunnel on NH44 in Jammu and Kashmir was renamed after Mukherjee by the Indian government in 2020.

title: Syama Prasad Mukherjee


text:
Hey Diddle Diddle

"Hey Diddle Diddle" (also "Hi Diddle Diddle", "The Cat and the Fiddle", or "The Cow Jumped Over the Moon") is an English nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19478.

Lyrics and music
A version of the rhyme is:  Hey diddle diddle, The cat and the fiddle, The cow jumped over the moon; The little dog laughed To see such sport, And the dish ran away with the spoon.

The rhyme is the source of the English expression "over the moon", meaning "delighted, thrilled, extremely happy".

The melody commonly associated with the rhyme was first recorded by the composer and nursery rhyme collector James William Elliott in his National Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Songs (1870). The word "sport" in the rhyme is sometimes replaced with "fun", "a sight", or "craft".

Origins
The rhyme may date back to at least the sixteenth century. Some references suggest it dates back in some form a thousand or more years: in early medieval illuminated manuscripts a cat playing a fiddle was a popular image. There is a reference in Thomas Preston's play A lamentable tragedy mixed ful of pleasant mirth, conteyning the life of Cambises King of Percia, printed in 1569 that may refer to the rhyme:

They be at hand Sir with stick and fiddle; They can play a new dance called hey-diddle-diddle.

Another possible reference is in Alexander Montgomerie's The Cherry and the Slae from 1597:

But since you think't an easy thing To mount above the moon, Of your own fiddle take a spring And dance when you have done.

The name "Cat and the Fiddle" was a common name for inns, including one known to have been at Old Chaunge, London by 1587.

The earliest recorded version of the poem resembling the modern form was printed around 1765 in London in Mother Goose's Melody with the lyrics: Hey diddle diddle, The Cat and the Fiddle, The Cow jump'd over the Moon, The little dog laugh'd to see such Craft, And the Fork ran away with the Spoon.

In fiction
In L. Frank Baum's "Mother Goose in Prose", the rhyme was written by a farm boy named Bobby who had just seen the cat running around with his fiddle clung to her tail, the cow jumping over the moon's reflection in the waters of a brook, the dog running around and barking with excitement, and the dish and the spoon from his supper sliding into the brook.

In P. L. Travers's first Mary Poppins book, the titular character tells the children more about a cow they notice in the street, namely that she once jumped over the Moon to cure her dancing affliction, as advised by a king, who references an already-existing story of "the Cow Who Jumped Over the Moon".

In J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Fellowship of the Ring, the rhyme is said to be a remnant of a much longer narrative poem written by the character Bilbo Baggins.

Meaning
The numerous theories seeking to explain the rhyme have been largely discredited. James Orchard Halliwell's suggestion that it was a corruption of an ancient Greek chorus was probably passed to him as a hoax by George Burges. Another theory is that it comes from a low Dutch anti-clerical rhyme about priests demanding hard work. Still other theories refer to Hathor worship; various constellations such as Leo the cat, Lyra the fiddle, Taurus the cow, Canis Minor the little dog, and Great Bear and Little Bear (the Big and Little Dippers, Ursa Major and Ursa Minor) which align with the Moon around the winter solstice; Elizabeth, Lady Katherine Grey, and her relationships with the Earls of Hertford and Leicester; and the Flight from Egypt. The “cat and the fiddle” has been tied to Catherine of Aragon (Katherine la Fidèle); Catherine I of Russia, the wife of Peter the Great; Canton de Fidèle, an alleged governor of Calais; and the game of cat (trap-ball). The profusion of unsupported explanations was satirised by J. R. R. Tolkien in his fictional explanations of the poem "The Man in the Moon Stayed Up Too Late" referenced above. Although there is some support for the trap-ball theory, scholarly commentators mostly conclude that the verse is simply meant to be nonsense. Thusly, "Hey Diddle Diddle" can be considered a type of literary nonsense.

title: Hey Diddle Diddle


text:
Pussy Cat Pussy Cat

"Pussy Cat, Pussy Cat" or "Pussycat, Pussycat" is a popular English language nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 15094.

Lyrics and melody
Common modern versions include:
 * Pussy cat, pussy cat, where have you been?
 * I've been to London to visit/look at/see the Queen.
 * Pussy cat, pussy cat, what did you do there?
 * I frightened a little mouse under her/the chair.

The melody commonly associated with the rhyme was first noted by the composer and nursery rhyme collector James William Elliott in his National Nursery Rhymes and Nursery Songs (1870). For the original version, there is no 'do' in 'what did you there'.

Origins
The earliest record of the rhyme is publication in Songs for the Nursery, printed in London in 1805. The Queen most often depicted in illustrations is Elizabeth I, but Caroline of Brunswick has also been suggested.

title: Pussy Cat Pussy Cat


text:
Little Boy Blue

"Little Boy Blue" is an English-language nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 11318.

Lyrics
A common version of the rhyme is:

Little Boy Blue, Come blow your horn. The sheep's in the meadow, The cow's in the corn. Where is the boy Who looks after the sheep? He's under the haystack, Fast asleep. Will you wake him? No, not I, For if I do, He's sure to cry.

Origins and meaning
The earliest printed version of the rhyme is in Tommy Thumb's Little Song Book (c. 1744), but the rhyme may be much older. It may be alluded to in Shakespeare's King Lear (III, vi) when Edgar, masquerading as Mad Tom, says:

Sleepest or wakest thou, jolly shepheard?
 * Thy sheepe be in the corne;

And for one blast of thy minikin mouth
 * Thy sheepe shall take no harme.

It has been argued that Little Boy Blue was intended to represent Cardinal Wolsey, who was the son of an Ipswich butcher, who may have acted as a hayward to his father's livestock, but there is no corroborative evidence to support this assertion. A more plausible, simpler, suggestion, avoiding any reference to Wolsey, is made by George Homans in his book English Villagers of the 13th Century, who writes, after quoting Piers Plowman's description of the hayward and his horn: "The hayward's horn, his badge of office, must have been used to give warning that cattle or other trespassers were in the corn. Little Boy Blue was a hayward."

title: Little Boy Blue


text:
Serb enclaves in Kosovo

Serb enclaves are settlements in Kosovo outside North Kosovo ("south of the Ibar") where Serbs form a majority.

Serbs have often built roadblocks and barricades, to prevent access by Kosovo Police and customs officers. After the initial outflow after the Kosovo War the situation of the Kosovo Serb communities has improved. The 2013 Brussels Agreement allowed full operation of Kosovo Police and customs officials, while the Community of Serb Municipalities is planned to be created within the Republic of Kosovo legal framework.

History
According to the 1991 census in Yugoslavia, there were five municipalities with a Serb majority in the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija. Those were: Leposavić, Zvečan, Zubin Potok, Štrpce and Novo Brdo. The remaining municipalities had an Albanian majority, while other significant ethnic minorities (such as ethnic Muslims and Romani) did not form majorities in any of the municipalities. Prior to the 1999 Kosovo War, there were many more Serbs living in the territory of Kosovo. Many of them left in 1999, and some more left during the 2004 unrest, when the Serb community and Serbian cultural heritage were targeted, and as a result 35 churches, including 18 monuments of culture, were demolished, burnt or severely damaged. Estimates of the number of Serbs thus displaced range from 65,000 to 250,000   Only about 3.000 of them have returned since. Based on Serbian former Ministry for Kosovo and Metohija, 312 of 437 towns and villages in which Serbs lived were completely ethnically cleansed, and in the ensuing violence, more than 1.000 Serbs were killed, while 841 were kidnapped and 960 wounded.

Between 2000 and 2008, the UNMIK administration created eight new municipalities on the territory of Kosovo, three of which have an ethnic Serb majority: Gračanica, Klokot-Vrbovac and Ranilug. In 2008, the Community Assembly of Kosovo and Metohija was created to coordinate the efforts of the Serbian minority in Kosovo. There are some 120,000 Serbs in Kosovo, of whom about a third are in the north. They believe that if Republic of Kosovo government officials are deployed on the border, Kosovo will eventually take control of the north, which is now a de facto part of Serbia. Kosovo's Serbs, especially in the north, reject its independence.

During the ethnic tensions in the 2004 unrest in Kosovo, numerous Serb enclaves were assaulted by Kosovo Albanian rioters.

Municipalities
According to the 2011 census, which was boycotted in North Kosovo and partially boycotted by Serbs in southern Kosovo, the municipalities of Gračanica, Parteš and Ranilug (enclaves, outside North Kosovo) have a Serb majority, while Serbs form about 45% of the total population of Novo Brdo, Štrpce and Klokot.

Towns and villages
The administrative division given there represents settlements within their former municipalities. From 2009 to 2010, the new municipalities were formed of settlements with Serbian ethnic majority, in order to establish Community of Serb Municipalities in Kosovo. These municipalities are: Gračanica/Graçanicë, Klokot/Kllokot, Ranilug/Ranillugë, Parteš/Parteshi and Novo Brdo/Artana.

The former administrative division of municipalities with Serbian settlements:
 * Vushtrri/Vučitrn municipality: Gojbulja, Panjetina, Prilužje, Grace
 * City of Pristina: Plemetina, Gračanica
 * Lipjan/Lipljan municipality: Dobrotin, Livađe, Donja Gušterica, Gornja Gušterica, Suvi Do, Staro Gracko, Novo Naselje
 * Fushë Kosova/Kosovo Polje municipality: Batuse
 * Gjilan/Gnjilane municipality: Šilovo, Pasjane, Parteš (new municipality), Koretište, Donja Budriga, Stanišor, Kusce, Straža, G.Makreš, Kmetovce, Poneš
 * Peja/Peć municipality: Goraždevac; plurality: Belo Polje
 * Burim/Istok municipality: Osojane, Crkolez
 * Rahovec/Orahovac municipality: Velika Hoča
 * Skënderaj/Srbica municipality: Banja, Suvo Grlo
 * Dardana/Kosovska Kamenica municipality: Ranilug, Ropotovo, Donje Korminjane
 * Viti/Vitina municipality: Klokot, Vrbovac, Trpeza, Novo Selo, Žitinje
 * Artana/Novo Brdo municipality: Prekovce
 * Klina municipality: Vidanje
 * Theranda/Suva Reka municipality: Popovljane, Dvorane, Delovce; plurality: Mušutište, Topličane

Smaller Serbian communities are also present in Prizren, Gjilan and Kastriot (Obiliq).

Serbian-language media in enclaves

 * RadioKiM
 * Klokot radio
 * Radio Kontaktplus North Kosovska Mitrovica
 * RTV Puls

Notes and references

 * References:

title: Serb enclaves in Kosovo


text:
Fanta

Fanta is an American-owned brand of fruit-flavored carbonated soft drink created by Coca-Cola Deutschland under the leadership of German businessman Max Keith. There are more than 200 flavors worldwide. Fanta originated in Germany as a Coca-Cola alternative in 1941 due to the American trade embargo of Nazi Germany, which affected the availability of Coca-Cola ingredients. Fanta soon dominated the German market with three million cases sold in 1943. The current formulation of Fanta, with orange flavor, was developed in Italy in 1955.

Wartime product
During the Second World War, Germany was under a United States trade embargo, the British naval blockade and the import of Coca-Cola syrup was prohibited. To circumvent this, Max Keith, the head of Coca-Cola Deutschland (Coca-Cola GmbH), decided to create a new product for the German market, using only ingredients available in Germany at the time, including sugar beet, whey (a cheese byproduct), and apple pomace. He later described them as the "leftovers of leftovers". The name was the result of a brainstorming session, which started with Keith's exhorting his team to "use their imagination" (Fantasie in German), to which one of his salesmen, Joe Knipp, retorted "Fanta!".

The German plant was cut off from Coca-Cola headquarters following America's entry into the war after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. After the war, the Coca-Cola Company regained control of the plant, formula, and the trademarks to the new Fanta product—as well as the plant profits made during the war.

In 1943, 3 million cases of Fanta were sold in Germany. Many bottles were not consumed as a beverage but used as a cooking ingredient to add sweetness and flavor to soups and stews, as sugar was severely rationed.

During the war, the Dutch Coca-Cola plant in Amsterdam (N.V. Nederlandse Coca-Cola Maatschappij) suffered the same difficulties as the German Coca-Cola plant. Keith put the Fanta brand at the disposal of the Dutch Coca-Cola plant, of which he had been appointed the official caretaker. Dutch Fanta had a different recipe from German Fanta, elderberries being one of the main ingredients.

Fanta production was discontinued in 1949. In 1955, in Naples, production of a new formulation with oranges began.

Modern product
Following the launch of several drinks by Pepsi-Cola in the 1950s, Società Napoletana Imbottigliamento Bevande Gassate (SNIBEG) relaunched Fanta in 1955 with a different formulation. In 1960 Coca-Cola bought the brand, distributing it worldwide. The drink was heavily marketed in Europe, Asia, Africa, and South America, although it did not become widely available in the United States until the 1960s because the company feared it would undermine the strong market position of their flagship cola. Even then, its availability was limited especially after the 1980s due to sister brand Minute Maid selling similar products under its own name. In 2001, Fanta received a national push due to the U.S.'s growing Hispanic population and the drink's proven popularity in Latin America.

The modern-day orange Fanta was first produced in Naples, Italy in 1955 by a local bottling plant using locally sourced oranges. The design of the classic annulated bottle comes from these years.

75th anniversary version
In February 2015, a 75th-anniversary version of Fanta was released in Germany. Packaged in glass bottles evoking the original design and with an authentic original wartime flavor including 30% whey and pomace, it is described on the packaging as "less sweet" and a German original. An associated television ad referenced the history of the drink and said the Coca-Cola company wanted to bring back "the feeling of the Good Old Times" which was interpreted by many to mean Nazi rule. The ad was subsequently replaced.

International availability
The Orange flavor recipe outside the US contains orange juice, while the American version does not.

In Mexico, Fanta is made with sugar whereas the US version uses high fructose corn syrup. In the UK, the sugar content was reduced in 2017 to 4.6g per 100ml in the standard version (non-sugar free) to ensure that the product was below the 5g that would incur the country's sugary drink tax. This was a third lower than the recipe used before 2016, as some of the sugar was replaced by sweeteners.

In Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Poland, Serbia, Romania, Sweden, and some other European countries, there is Fanta Shokata (a wordplay on "soc" which means both "elderberry" and "shock" in Romanian) based on an elderflower blossom extract drink. In Russia, however, "Shokata" is the rebranding of Fanta Citrus, which is more like a common lemonade. This version of the drink is clear, like ordinary lemonade, while the bottle is blue-colored.

In early February 2023, The Coca Cola Company announced that Lilt (a pineapple and grapefruit soft drink sold in countries such as the UK and the Republic of Ireland) would be rebranded as Fanta Pineapple and Grapefruit flavor on 14 February 2023.

title: Fanta


text:
Foča

Foča (Фоча, ) is a town and municipality of south-eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina, located in the Republika Srpska entity on the banks of Drina river. As of 2013, the town has a population of 12,234 inhabitants, while the municipality has 18,288 inhabitants. Foča houses some faculties (including the Medical and Orthodox Theological Faculty of Saint Basil of Ostrog) from the Istočno Sarajevo University. It is also home to the "Seminary of Saint Peter of Sarajevo and Dabar-Bosna", one of seven seminaries in the Serbian Orthodox Church. Foča was also, until 1992, home to one of Bosnia's most important Islamic high schools, the Madrasa of Mehmed Pasha Kukavica. The Sutjeska National Park, which is the oldest National Park in Bosnia and Herzegovina, is located in the municipality.

Early history
The town was known as Hotča or Hoča during medieval times. It was then known as a trading centre on route between Ragusa (now Dubrovnik) and Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey). Alongside the rest of Gornje Podrinje, Foča was part of the Serbian Empire until 1376, when it was attached to the Kingdom of Bosnia under King Tvrtko, king of Serbs, Bosnia, Coastal Lands and Zachlumia. After Tvrtko's death, the town was ruled by the dukes of Zachlumia, most notably was Herzog Šćepan. Foča was the seat of the Ottoman Sanjak of Herzegovina established in 1470, and served as such until 1572, when the seat was moved to Pljevlja.

World War II
In 1941, the Ustaše killed the leading Serbs in Foča. Between December 1941 and January 1942 over two thousand Bosnian Muslim civilians were killed in Foča by the Chetniks as act of vengeance for repression over Serbs by Muslim soldiers in the ranks of the Ustaše. Additionally Chetniks attacked Ustaše and in Foča in August 1942.

On 13 February 1943, Pavle Đurišić reported to Draža Mihailović the actions undertaken by the Chetniks in the Foča, Pljevlja, and Čajniče districts: "All Muslim villages in the three mentioned districts were totally burned so that not a single home remained in one piece. All property was destroyed except cattle, corn, and senna."

In the operation Chetnik losses "were 22 dead, of which 2 through accidents, and 32 wounded. Among the Muslims, around 1,200 fighters and up to couple of thousands of civilian victims of both nationalitys." Đurišić said what remained of the Muslim population fled and that actions were taken to prevent their return. The municipality is also the site of the legendary Battle of Sutjeska between the Tito's Yugoslav Partisans and the German army. A monument to the Partisans killed in the battle was erected in the village of Tjentište.

Bosnian War
In 1992, at the onset of the Bosnian War, the city fell under the control of the Army of Republika Srpska. From 7 April 1992 to January 1994, Serb military, police and paramilitary forces enacted a campaign of ethnic cleansing in the area of Foča against Bosniak civilians. By one estimate, around 21,000 non-Serbs left Foča after July 1992. Most of them that managed to escape were settled in the town of Rožaje in Montenegro until the war ended. Only about 10 Muslims remained at the end of the conflict. Thirteen mosques including the Aladža Mosque were destroyed and the 22,500 Muslims who made up the majority of inhabitants fled. The Tribunal Judges determined beyond a reasonable doubt that the purpose of the Serb campaign in Foča was, among others, "to cleanse the Foča area of Muslims" and concluded that "to that end the campaign was successful.

In numerous verdicts, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) ruled that the ethnic cleansing, killings, mass rapes, and the deliberate destruction of Bosniak property and cultural sites constituted crimes against humanity. According to the Research and Documentation Center (IDC), 2,707 people were killed or went missing in the Foča municipality during the war. Among them were 1,513 Bosniak civilians and 155 Serb civilians. Additionally, Bosnian Serb authorities set up rape camps in which hundreds of women were raped. Numerous Serb officers, soldiers and other participants in the Foča massacres were accused and convicted of war crimes by the ICTY.

Post-war period
In 1995 the Dayton Agreement created a territorial corridor linking the once-besieged city of Goražde to the Federation entity; as a consequence, the northern part of Foča was separated to create the municipality of Foča-Ustikolina. Prior to that in 1994, the ethnically-cleansed town was renamed Srbinje (Србиње), "place of the Serbs". In 2004, the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina declared the name change unconstitutional, and reverted it back to Foča.

Since the war, around 4,000 Bosniaks have returned to their homes in Foča, and several mosques have been re-built. This has taken place largely due to the administration of Zdravko Krsmanović, who was mayor from 2004 to 2012. In the 2012 elections, however, Krsmanović was defeated and a new mayor, Radisav Mašić, was elected with support of parties SDS and SNSD.

The Aladža Mosque was rebuilt from 2014 and reopened in May 2019.

In October 2004, members of the Association of Women Victims of War (Udruzenje Žene-Žrtve Rata) attempted to lay a plaque in front of the Partizan sports hall (also used in 1992 as a rape camp) to commemorate the crimes that occurred there. Around 300 Bosnian Serbs, including members of the Association of the Prisoners of War of Republika Srpska, prevented the plaque from being affixed.

The Partizan sport hall was reconstructed by UNDP, with EU funding, following a selection by the Foča municipal council, also with the participation of elected representatives of local returnees.

In 2018 and 2019, the association of war victims have been commemorating rape as a weapon of war by congregating in front of Karaman's House in Miljevina and of the Partizan sport hall in Foča on the International Day for the Elimination of Sexual Violence in Conflict (19 June).

In 2021, a memorial to convicted Srebrenica massacre perpetrator Ratko Mladić was painted near a school in the town.

Settlements
After the Bosnian War the Northern area of the Foča Municipality was separated and incorporated into the Foča-Ustikolina Municipality, located in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The majority of its population are Bosniaks.

Aside from the town of Foča, the municipality includes the following settlements:

 * Anđelije
 * Bastasi
 * Bavčići
 * Beleni
 * Bešlići
 * Biokovo
 * Birotići
 * Bogavići
 * Borje
 * Borovinići
 * Brajići
 * Brajkovići, Foča
 * Brod
 * Brusna
 * Budanj
 * Bujakovina
 * Bunčići
 * Bunovi
 * Cerova Ravan
 * Crnetići
 * Cvilin
 * Čelebići
 * Čelikovo Polje
 * Ćurevo
 * Daničići
 * Derolovi
 * Donje Žešće
 * Drače
 * Dragočava
 * Dragojevići
 * Đeđevo
 * Fališi
 * Filipovići
 * Glušca
 * Godijeno
 * Gostičaj
 * Govza
 * Gradac
 * Grandići
 * Grdijevići
 * Hum
 * Huseinovići
 * Igoče
 * Izbišno
 * Jasenovo
 * Ječmišta
 * Jeleč
 * Jošanica
 * Kolakovići
 * Kolun
 * Kosman
 * Kozarevina
 * Kozja Luka
 * Kratine
 * Krna Jela
 * Kruševo
 * Kunduci
 * Kunovo
 * Kuta
 * Lokve
 * Ljubina
 * Marevo
 * Mazlina
 * Mazoče
 * Meštrevac
 * Miljevina
 * Mirjanovići
 * Mješaji
 * Mravljača
 * Njuhe
 * Orahovo
 * Papratno
 * Patkovina
 * Paunci
 * Petojevići
 * Podgrađe
 * Poljice
 * Popov Most
 * Potpeće
 * Previla
 * Prevrać
 * Prijeđel
 * Prisoje
 * Puriši
 * Račići
 * Radojevići
 * Rijeka
 * Rodijelj
 * Slatina
 * Slavičići
 * Stojkovići
 * Sorlaci
 * Susješno
 * Škobalji
 * Štović
 * Šuljci
 * Tečići
 * Tjentište
 * Tođevac
 * Toholji
 * Trbušće
 * Trtoševo
 * Tvrdaci
 * Ustikolina
 * Velenići
 * Vikoč
 * Vitine
 * Vojnovići
 * Vranjevići
 * Vrbnica
 * Vučevo
 * Vukušići
 * Zabor
 * Zakmur
 * Zavait
 * Zebina Šuma
 * Zubovići
 * Željevo

Economy
The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2018):

Culture
Museum of old Herzegovina and city theatre are located in Foča.

Twin towns – sister cities
Foča is twinned with:
 * 🇷🇸 Kragujevac
 * 🇲🇪 Nikšić
 * 🇲🇪 Herceg Novi
 * Larissa

Notable people

 * Risto Jeremić
 * Zehra Deović, folk singer
 * Rade Krunić, footballer
 * Aida Hadžialić, politician in Sweden
 * Maksim Vasiljević

title: Foča


text:
User talk:Helen~enwiki

I am a university student, and i am doing research about the global strategy of the company Philips, but till now i can't find anything about it. so i need your help!! could you offer me some help? If so, thank you very much!! you can email me:helen9162@sina.com.cn

 * Questions like this should probably be asked at the Reference desk. My suggestion would be to have a look at some of the material in the "Investor Information" section of the Philips corporate website (http://www.philips.com). --Robert Merkel 11:25, 1 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Hey, no one's welcomed you to Wikipedia yet? Not even your sister? Well, let me be the first to say that if there's another Angela out there, we'd greatly appreciate it if you stuck around here. ;-)

I'm not sure how much editing you plan to do, here are some useful links:

Welcome is a good place to start. How does one edit a page gives editing help. Manual of Style gives formatting info. Policies and guidelines tell about the principles we operate on. It's important, but don't try to read it all now; you'd die of boredom. Help covers a broad range of useful topics. Village pump is a place to ask questions.

You should also feel free to drop me a question on my talk page. I'll answer if I'm around.

Happy editing, Isomorphic 00:10, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Helen. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Helen~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 00:31, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 13:44, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Helen~enwiki


text:
Bullock's oriole

Bullock's oriole (Icterus bullockii) is a small New World blackbird. At one time, this species and the Baltimore oriole were considered to be a single species, the northern oriole. This bird is named after William Bullock, an English amateur naturalist.

Description
Bullock's orioles are sexually dimorphic, with males being more brightly colored than females. In addition, adult males tend to be slightly larger and heavier than females.

Measurements:

 * Length: 6.7 - 7.5 in
 * Weight: 1.0 - 1.5 oz
 * Wingspan: 12.2 in

Adults have a pointed bill with a straight culmen. In adult males, the tail is long, square, and jet black. All exposed skin is black, as are the claws and bill, though the base of the lower mandible lightens to bluish-gray.

Adult males are characterized by strongly contrasting orange and black plumage, a black throat patch, and a white wing bar. The underparts, breast, and face are orange or yellow; by contrast, the back, wings, and tail are black. A black line extends from each eye to the black crown. The wing coverts (feathers not directly used in flight) are fringed white, forming a wing patch. Although the tail is mostly black, the outermost three or four rectrices (flight feathers) are tipped orange, forming a "T" shape. Adult females, by contrast, have gray-brown upperparts, duller yellow on the breast and underparts, and an olive crown. Some females may also have a dark throat patch, similar to (but less extensive than) the one found in adult males; in all cases, females lack the black eye-line present in adult males. Females with throat patches are thought to be older individuals.

Following the general pattern observed among icterids, the overall plumage pattern seen in immature male Bullock's orioles closely resembles that seen in adult females. Juveniles resemble adult females, but have darker wings, fresh wing coverts, and a pink or whitish bill. Sexual dimorphism is not obvious in juveniles.

Reproduction
Bullock's orioles are seasonally monogamous. The breeding season typically lasts from May until July. The exact timing of the beginning of the breeding season tends to vary geographically; in general, breeding begins later in the northernmost and westernmost portions of its geographic range. Mated pairs of Bullock's orioles cooperate to weave deep, pendant baskets in which are deposited between three and six eggs, though females tend to do much of the work. The nest is woven of plant fibers, primarily bark and fine grass fiber, though animal hair is also commonly used. The nest is lined with down, hair, and moss.

Both males and females rear the young and defend the nest from predators and nest parasites.

Bullock's orioles and Baltimore orioles typically hybridize in the Midwest where their geographic ranges overlap.

Communication
Both males and females sing. While males have a sweeter voice, females tend to be more prolific singers. This bird's song is similar to that of the Baltimore oriole, but faster and somewhat more harsh.

Distribution
Bullock's orioles are native to western North America, though they are sometimes found as vagrants in the eastern half of the continent. During the breeding season, they are found as far west as the eastern foothills of the Cascade Range. Their breeding range stretches east to the Dakotas, Kansas, and northern Central Texas. This species can be found as far north as British Columbia in Canada and as far south as Sonora or Durango in Mexico. It is common throughout its range, but is absent in parts of Arizona and Idaho, where a combination of extreme elevation and an arid climate make for poor living conditions. During winter, this species retreats to Mexico and northern Central America. Its winter range extends south and east from Sinaloa to Oaxaca.

Habitat
Like other members of the Icteridae, Bullock's orioles prefer habitat edges. They especially prefer riparian corridors, open deciduous woodland, and scrub forest. Observations during the breeding season indicate that members of this species prefer areas with an abundance of cottonwood, pecan, and (if near water) willow. In dry areas, this species prefers salt cedar and mesquite. In California, eucalyptus trees are used as major sources of nectar.

Diet
These birds forage in trees and shrubs, also making short flights to catch insects. They mainly eat insects, berries, and nectar. Other fruits eaten include oranges and sometimes grapes. In some locations, they may be seen using hummingbird feeders.

These birds readily come to a dish filled with grape jelly. Their parents lead the fledglings, feed them jelly, and then the adult males leave the area. The young stay at the jelly dish from first feeding in early July and leave late September.

Related species
For a time Bullock's orioles were considered conspecific with Baltimore orioles, but breeding data, later followed by data on molt timing and DNA, showed that Bullock's orioles are a distinct species.

title: Bullock's oriole


text:
Solomon Lefschetz

Solomon Lefschetz (Соломо́н Ле́фшец; 3 September 1884 – 5 October 1972) was a Russian-born American mathematician who did fundamental work on algebraic topology, its applications to algebraic geometry, and the theory of non-linear ordinary differential equations.

Life
He was born in Moscow, the son of Alexander Lefschetz and his wife Sarah or Vera Lifschitz, Jewish traders who used to travel around Europe and the Middle East (they held Ottoman passports). Shortly thereafter, the family moved to Paris. He was educated there in engineering at the École Centrale Paris, but emigrated to the US in 1905.

He was badly injured in an industrial accident in 1907, losing both hands. He moved towards mathematics, receiving a Ph.D. in algebraic geometry from Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts in 1911. He then took positions in University of Nebraska and University of Kansas, moving to Princeton University in 1924, where he was soon given a permanent position. He remained there until 1953.

In the application of topology to algebraic geometry, he followed the work of Charles Émile Picard, whom he had heard lecture in Paris at the École Centrale Paris. He proved theorems on the topology of hyperplane sections of algebraic varieties, which provide a basic inductive tool (these are now seen as allied to Morse theory, though a Lefschetz pencil of hyperplane sections is a more subtle system than a Morse function because hyperplanes intersect each other). The Picard–Lefschetz formula in the theory of vanishing cycles is a basic tool relating the degeneration of families of varieties with 'loss' of topology, to monodromy. He was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1920 in Strasbourg. His book L'analysis situs et la géométrie algébrique from 1924, though opaque foundationally given the current technical state of homology theory, was in the long term very influential (one could say that it was one of the sources for the eventual proof of the Weil conjectures, through SGA 7 also for the study of Picard groups of Zariski surface). In 1924 he was awarded the Bôcher Memorial Prize for his work in mathematical analysis. He was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1925 and the American Philosophical Society in 1929.

The Lefschetz fixed-point theorem, now a basic result of topology, was developed by him in papers from 1923 to 1927, initially for manifolds. Later, with the rise of cohomology theory in the 1930s, he contributed to the intersection number approach (that is, in cohomological terms, the ring structure) via the cup product and duality on manifolds. His work on topology was summed up in his monograph Algebraic Topology (1942). From 1944 he worked on differential equations.

He was editor of the Annals of Mathematics from 1928 to 1958. During this time, the Annals became an increasingly well-known and respected journal, and Lefschetz played an important role in this.

In 1945 he travelled to Mexico for the first time, where he joined the Institute of Mathematics at the National University of Mexico as a visiting professor. He visited frequently for long periods, and during 1953–1966 he spent most of his winters in Mexico City. He played an important role in the foundation of mathematics in Mexico, and sent several students back to Princeton. His students included Emilio Lluis, José Adem, Samuel Gitler, Santiago López de Medrano, Francisco Javier González-Acuña and Alberto Verjovsky.

Lefschetz came out of retirement in 1958, because of the launch of Sputnik, to augment the mathematical component of Glenn L. Martin Company's Research Institute for Advanced Studies (RIAS) in Baltimore, Maryland. His team became the world's largest group of mathematicians devoted to research in nonlinear differential equations. The RIAS mathematics group stimulated the growth of nonlinear differential equations through conferences and publications. He left RIAS in 1964 to form the Lefschetz Center for Dynamical Systems at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.

Selected works

 * L´Analysis situs et la géométrie algébrique, Paris, Gauthier-Villars 1924
 * Intersections and transformations of complexes and manifolds, Transactions of the American Mathematical Society vol. 28, 1926, pp. 1–49, online; fixed-point theorem, published in vol. 29, 1927, pp. 429–462, online.
 * Géométrie sur les surfaces et les variétés algébriques, Paris, Gauthier Villars 1929
 * Topology, AMS 1930
 * Algebraic Topology, New York, American Mathematical Society 1942
 * Introduction to topology, Princeton 1949
 * with Joseph P. LaSalle, Stability by Liapunov's direct method with applications, New York, Academic Press 1961
 * Algebraic geometry, Princeton 1953, 2nd edn., 1964
 * Differential equations: geometric theory, Interscience, 1957, 2nd edn., 1963
 * Stability of nonlinear control systems, 1965
 * Reminiscences of a mathematical immigrant in the United States, American Mathematical Monthly, vol.77, 1970, pp. 344–350.

title: Solomon Lefschetz